Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
LC
Volume 1
1745--1756
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
JANUARY, 1931
LC
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
RECEIVED
APR 5 1932
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
Alexandria, August 11, 1754.
Honble. Sir: Since my last to you, I have received, by Mr. Splitdorph, the letter therein alluded to, of the 1st Inst. the contents of which are nearly the same with the other received from the Governour four days before dated the 3d Inst. The following is an exact copy of it.
The Council met yesterday, and, considering the present state of our forces, and having reason to think that the French will be reinforced next spring, it was resolved, that the forces should immediately march over the Allegany mountains, either to dispossess the French of their fort, or build one in a proper place, that may be fixed upon by a council of war. Colonel Innis has my orders for executing the above affair. I am therefore, now, to order you to get your regiment completed to 300 men, and I have no doubt, that you will be able to enlist what you are deficient of your number very soon, and march directly to Will's Creek to join the other forces; and, that there may be no delay, I order you to march what companies you have complete, and leave orders with the officers remaining, to follow you, as soon as they shall have enlisted men sufficient to make up their companies. You know, the season of the year calls for dispatch. I depend upon your former usual diligence and spirit, to encourage your people to be active on this occasion. Consult with Maj. Carlyle what ammunition which may be wanted, that I may send it up immediately I trust much to your diligence and dispatch in getting your regiment to Will's Creek as soon as possible.
Colonel Innis will consult you in the appointment of officers for your regiment. Pray consider, if practicable, that, to send a party of Indians &c to destroy the corn at the fort and Logtown would be of great service to us, and a considerable disappointment to the enemy. I can say no more, but to press the dispatch of your regiment to Will's Creek, and that success may attend our arms and just Expedition, is the Sincere desire of, Sir, yours &c.
Thus, Sir, you will see I am ordered, with the utmost dispatch, to repair to Will's Creek with the regiment; to do which, under the present circumstances, is as impracticable, as it is (as far as I can see into the thing) to dispossess the French of their fort; both of which, with our means, are morally impossible.
The Governor observes, that, considering the state of our forces at present, it is thought advisable to move out immediately to dispossess the French. Now that very reason, "the state of our forces," is alone sufficiently opposed to the measure, without a large addition to them. Consider, I pray you, Sir, under what unhappy circumstances the men at present are; and their numbers, compared with those of the enemy, are so inconsiderable, that we should be harrassed and drove from place to place at their pleasure. And to what end would the building of a fort be, unless we could proceed as far as Redstone, where we should have to take water, and where the enemy can come with their artillery, &c, I cannot see, unless it be to secure a retreat, which we should have no occasion for, were we to go out in proper force and properly provided, which I aver cannot be done this fall; for, before our force can be collected, with proper stores of provisions, ammunition, working-tools, &c., it would bring on a season in which horses cannot travel over the mountains on account of snows, want of forage, slipperiness of the roads, high waters, &c. neither can men, unused to that life, live there, without some other defence from the weather than tents. This I know of my own knowledge, as I was out last winter from the 1st of Nov'er till some time in January; and notwithstanding I had a good tent, was as properly prepared, and as well guarded, in every respect, as I could be against the weather, yet the cold was so intense, that it was scarcely supportable. I believe, out of the 5 or 6 men that went with me, 3 of them, tho' they were as well clad as they could be, were rendered useless by the frost, and were obliged to be left upon the road.
But the impossibility of supporting us with provisions is alone sufficient to discourage the attempt; for, were commissaries with sufficient funds to set about procuring provisions, and getting them out, it is not probable that enough can be conveyed out this fall to support us thro' the winter; for you are to consider, Sir, as I before observed, that the snows and hard frosts set in very early upon those mountains; and, as they are in many places almost inaccessible at all times, it is then more than horses can do to clamber up them; but allow that they could, for want of provender they will become weak and die upon the road, as ours did, tho' we carried corn with us for that purpose, and purchased from place to place. This reason holds good, also, against driving out live stock, which, if it could be done, would save some thousands of Horse Loads, that might be employed in carrying flour, (which alone, not to mention ammunition, tools, &c.) we shall find will require more horses, than at this present moment can be procured with our means.
His Honour also asks, whether it is practicable to destroy the corn at the fort and at Log-town? At this question I am a little surprised, when it is known we must pass the French fort and the Ohio to get to Log-town; and how this can be done with inferior numbers, under the disadvantages we labour, I see not; and, of the ground to hope, we may engage a sufficient party of Indians for this undertaking, I have no information, nor have I any conception; for it is well known, that notwithstanding the expresses, that the Indians sent to one another, and all the pains that Montour and Croghon (who, by vainly boasting of their interest with the Indians, involved the country in great calamity, by causing dependance to be placed where there was none,) could take, never could induce above 30 fighting men to join us, and not more than one half of those serviceable upon any occasion.
I could make many other remarks equally true and pertinent; but to you, Sir, who, I am sensible, have acquired a pretty good knowledge of the country, and who see the difficulties that we labour under in getting proper necessaries, even at Winchester, it is needless: therefore I shall only add some of the difficulties, which we are particularly subjected to in the Virginia regiment; and to begin, Sir, you are sensible of the sufferings our soldiers underwent in the last attempt, (in a good season) to take possession of the Fork of the Allegany and Monongahela. You also saw the disorders those sufferings produced among them at Winchester after they returned. They are yet fresh in their memories, and have an irritable effect. Thro' the indiscretion of Mr. Splitdorph, they got some intimation that they were again ordered out, and it immediately occasioned a general clamour, and caused 6 men to desert last night; this, we expect, will be the consequence every night, except prevented by close confinement.
In the next place, I have orders to compleat my regiment, and not a 6d. is sent for that purpose. Can it be imagined, that subjects fit for this purpose, who have been so much impressed with, and alarmed at, our want of provisions, (which was a main objection to enlisting before,) will more readily engage now without money, than they did before with it ? We were then from the first of February till the first of May, and could not compleat our 300 men by 40; and the officers suffered so much by having their Recruiting expenses withheld, that they unanimously refuse to engage in that duty again, without they are refunded for the past, and a sufficient allowance made them in future. I have in the next place (to shew the state of the Regiment) sent you a report thereof by which you will perceive what great deficiencies there are of Men, Arms, Tents, Kettles, Screws (which was a fatal want before), Bayonets, Cartouch Boxes, &c., &c. Again, were our men ever so willing to go, for want of the proper necessaries of life they are unable to do it; the chief part are almost naked, and scarcely a man has either shoes, stockings, or hat. These things the merchants will not credit them for; the country has made no provision; they have not money themselves; and it cannot be expected, that the officers will engage for them again, personally, having suffered greatly already on this head; especially, now, when we have all the reason in the world to believe, they will desert whenever they have an opportunity. There is not a man that has a Blanket to secure him from cold or wet. Ammunition is a material article, and that is to come from Williamsburg, or wherever the Governor can procure it. An account must be first sent of the quantity which is wanted; this, added to the carriage up, with the necessary Tools, &c., that must be had, as well as the time of bringing them round, will, I believe, advance us into that season, when it is usual, in more moderate climates, to retreat into Winter Quarters, but here, with us, to begin a campaign.62
[Note 62: There was a misunderstanding between the governor and the House of Burgesses, which prevented any appropriation of money at this juncture. It had been a custom in former times that when the governor signed a patent for land, he should receive a fee of a pistole (about $3.60) for every such signature, which was a perquisite of his office. This fee had been revived by Governor Dinwiddie, but the House of Burgesses considered it an onerous exaction, and determined to resist it. As the governor refused to sign patents on any other terms, the burgesses had the year before passed some spirited resolves, and sent an agent to England with a petition to the King's Council that this custom might be abolished. The agent was Peyton Randolph, then attorney general of Virginia, and afterwards president of the first American Congress. While he was absent, the governor wrote to a correspondent in England: "I have had a great deal of trouble and uneasiness from the factious disputes and violent heats of a most impudent troublesome party here, in regard to that silly fee of a pistole; they are very full of the success of their agent, which I give small notice to." The attorney general returned, without effecting his whole object, but the board of trade made new regulations, by which relief was afforded in certain cases, and the fee was prohibited except where the quantity of land patented was more than zoo acres. (See Journal of the House of Burgesses, November, 1753.)
The agent's expenses were £2,500. The governor refused to sanction any bill for their payment. Piqued by this obstinacy, the House of Burgesses affixed the amount to a bill for raising £20,000 for his Majesty's service. Equally indignant at this presumption, the governor sent back the bill without his signature, and prorogued the assembly for six weeks. Thus no supplies were granted, and the governor was induced to write that "there appeared to him an infatuation in all the assemblies in this part of the world." The treasurer of the colony had already paid the agent by order of the assembly, without any special grant, which was no doubt a high disrespect to the governor and council. In giving an account of this affair to Governor Sharpe of Maryland, Governor Dinwiddie said: "I am now persuaded that no expedition can be conducted here with dependence on American assemblies; and I have written to that purpose home, and propose a British act of Parliament to compel the subjects here to obedience to his Majesty's commands, and to protect their property from the insults of the French."-- Sparks.]
The promises of those Traders, who offer to contract for large Quantities of flour, are not to be depended upon; a most flagrant instance of which we experienced in Croghan, who was under obligation to Maj. Carlyle for the delivery of this Article in a certain time, and who was an eyewitness to our wants; yet had the assurance, during our sufferings, to tantalize us, and boast of the quantity he could furnish, as he did of the number of Horses he cou'd command; notwithstanding, we were equally disappointed of these also; for out of 200 head he had contracted for, we never had above 25 employed in bringing the flour that was engaged for the Camp; and even this, small as the quantity was, did not arrive within a month of the time it was to have been delivered.
Another thing worthy of consideration, is, if we depend on Indian assistance, we must have a large quantity of proper Indian goods to reward their services, and make them presents; it is by this means alone, that the French command such an interest among them, and that we had so few. This, with the scarcity of Provisions, was proverbial; would induce them to ask, when they were to join us, if we meant to starve them as well as ourselves. But I will have done, and only add assurances of the regard and affect'n with which I am, &c,
Williamsburg, October 23, 1754.
Sir: Nothing could have given me, and the Officers under my command, greater satisfaction, than to have received the thanks of the House of Burgesses, in so. particular and honour able a manner, for our Behaviour in the late unsuccessful Engagement with the French at the Great Meadows; and we unanimously hope, that our future Conduct in the Service of our Country may entitle us to a continuance of its approbation. I assure you, Sir, I shall always look upon it as my indispensable duty, to endeavour to deserve it.
I was desired, by the Officers of the Virginia Regiment, to offer their grateful thanks for the Honour which has been confered upon them; and hope the enclosed will be indulgently received, and answer their, and the intended purpose of, Sir, Your most etc.
We, the Officers of the Virginia Regiment, are highly sensible of the particular Mark of Distinction, with which you have honoured Us, in returning your Thanks for our Behaviour in the late Action; and can not help testifying our grateful Acknowldgments for your high sense of what We shall always esteem a Duty to our Country and the best of Kings.
Favoured with your Regard, We shall zealously endeavour to deserve your Applause, and, by our future Actions, strive to convince the Worshipful House of Burgesses, how much We Esteem their Approbation; and, as it ought to be, Regard it, as the Voice of our Country.
Signed for the whole Corp,71
[Note 71: At this point in the record "Letter Book No. 1," Washington Papers, pages 10, 11, 12, and 13 are blank. It was evidently the intention to enter here Washington's letter to Dinwiddie, resigning his commission, the draft of which could not be located in 1784--85, the year in which the letters were copied into this volume. No copy of the resignation has as yet come to light.]
[NOTE: Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, had been commissioned by the King as commander in chief of all the forces to be used against the French. Colonel Fitzhugh of Rousby Hall, near the mouth of the Patuxent River, Md., was second in rank and commanded in the absence of Governor Sharpe. Brock thinks him a grandson of the emigrant William Fitzhugh, of Stafford, Va. Sharpe wished to bring Washington back into the service and Fitzhugh wrote persuasively to Washington (November 4): "I am confident, that the General has a very great regard for you, and will by every circumstance in his power make you very happy. For my part, I shall be extremely fond of your continuing in the service, and would advise you by no means to quit it. In regard to the Independent Companies, they will in no shape interfere with you, as you will hold your post during their continuance here, and. when the regiment is reduced, will have a separate duty."
Belvoir, November 15, 1754.
Dear Sir: I was favored with your letter from Rousby Hall, of the 4th instant. It demands my best acknowledgements for the particular marks of Esteem you have expressed therein; and for the kind assurances of his Excellency Governour Sharpe's good wishes towards me. I also thank you, and sincerely, Sir, for your friendly intention of making my situation easy, if I return to the service; and I do not doubt, could I submit to the Terms, that I should be as happy under your command, in the absence of the General, as under any gentleman's whatever: but I think, the disparity between the present offer of a Company, and my former Rank, too great to expect any real satisfaction or enjoyment in a Corps, where I once did, or thought I had a right to, command; even if his Excellency had power to suspend the orders received in the Secretary of War's Letter; which, by the by, I am very far from thinking he has, or will attempt to do, without fuller Instructions than I believe he has; especially, too, as there has been a representation of this matter by Govenour Dinwiddie, and, I believe, the Assembly of this State; we have advices that it was received before Deurmarree73 obtained his Letter.
[Note 73: Capt. Paul Demere (?).]
All that I presume the General can do, is, to prevent the different Corps from interfering, which will occasion the Duty to be done by Corps, instead of Detachments; a very inconvenient way, as is found by experience.74
[Note 74: That is, the independent and Colonial companies must always act separately and not in concert by detachments from each. The inconvenience of this method was proved in the case of Captain MacKay, previous to the battle of the Great Meadows. Colonel Innes, at Wills Creek, contrived to keep up a nominal command by acting under two commissions, his old one from the King, received in the former war, and his new one from Governor Dinwiddie, to each of which he appealed as occasion required.]
You make mention in your letter of my continuing in the Service, and retaining my Colo's Commission. This idea has filled me with surprise; for if you think me capable of holding a commisson that has neither rank nor emolument annexed to it, you must entertain a very contemptible opinion of my weakness, and believe me to be more empty than the Commission itself.
Besides, Sir, if I had time, I could enumerate many good reasons, that forbid all thoughts of my Returning; and which to you, or any other, would, upon the strictest scrutiny, appear to be well-founded. I must be reduced to a very low Command, and subjected to that of many who have acted as my inferior Officers. In short, every Captain, bearing the King's Commission, every half-pay Officer, or other, appearing with such a commission, would rank before me; for these reasons, I choose to submit to the loss of Health which I have, however, already sustained, (not to mention that of Effects,) and the fatigue I have undergone in our first Efforts; rather than subject myself to the same inconveniences, and run the risque of a second disappointment.
I shall have the consolation of knowing, that I have opened the way when the smallness of our numbers exposed us to the attacks of a Superior Enemy; that I have hitherto stood the heat and brunt of the Day, and escaped untouched in time of extreme danger; and that I have the Thanks of my Country, for the Services I have rendered it.
It shall not sleep in silence, my having received information that those peremptory Orders from Home, which, you say could not be dispensed with, for reducing the Regiments into Independent Companies, were generated, hatched and brought from Will's Creek. Ingenuous treatment and plain dealing, I at least expected.75 It is to be hoped the project will answer; it shall meet with my acquiescence in every thing except personal Services. I herewith enclose Governour Sharp's Letter, which I beg you will return to him, with my Acknowledgments for the favour he intended me, assure him, Sir, as you truly may, of my reluctance to quit the Service, and of the pleasure I should have received in attending his Fortunes, also inform him, that it was to obey the call of Honour, and the
[Note 75: Governor Dinwiddie wrote to the Earl of Halifax (October 25): "As there have been some disputes between the regulars and the officers appointed by me, I am now determined to reduce our regiment into Independent Companies, so that from our forces there will be no other distinguished officer above a captain." It is clear, therefore, that this was done at the governor's own motion, probably in concert with Governor Sharpe, and not by any orders which had as yet been received from higher authority. Dinwiddie could plead the Carthagena expedition as a precedent; but the memory of the treatment received by the Colonial troops on that expedition was not soothing to the Colonies. Washington resigned in October because of this fantastic scheme which would have placed him under officers whom he had formerly commanded.] advice of my Friends, I declined it, and not to gratify any desire I had to leave the military line. My inclinations are strongly bent to arms.
The length of this, and the small room I have left, tell me how necessary it is to conclude, which I will do as you always shall find me. Truly and sincerely etc.
[Note 76: Robert Orme was a lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards, who accompanied Braddock to Virginia as an aide, with the rank of captain. He was wounded at the Monongahela; returned to England, and resigned from the army. He married the only daughter of Charles, Viscount Townshend. His journal of the Braddock expedition was printed by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1855.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1755.
Sir: I was not favoured with your agreeable Letter, (of the 2d) till yesterday, acquainting me with the notice his Excellency, is pleased to honour me with, by kindly desiring my Company in his Family Its true, Sir, I have, ever since I declined a command in this Service express'd and Inclination to serve the Ensuing Campaigne as a Volunteer; and this believe me Sir, is not a little encreased, since its likely to be conducted by a Gentleman of the General's great good Character;
But beside this, and the laudable desire I may have to serve, (with my poor abilitys) my King and Country, I must be ingenuous enough to confess, I am not a little biass'd by selfish and private views. To be plain Sir, I wish for nothing more earnestly than to attain a small degree of knowledge in the Military Art: and believing a more favourable oppertunity cannot be wished than serving under a Gentleman of his Excellencys known ability and experience, it will, you must reasonably, imagine not a little contribute to influence me in my choice. But, Sir, as I have taken the liberty so far to observe that freely, I shall beg your Indulgence yet a little longer, while I say, that the only bar that can check me in the pursuit of these my desires is the inconveniences that must necessarily arise on some proceedings in a late space--(I mean before the General's arrival) had in some measure abated the edge of my Intentions and determined me to lead a life of greater inactivety, and into which I was just entering at no small expence, the business whereof must greatly suffer in my absence.
I shall do myself the pleasure of waiting upon his Excellency, so soon as I hear of his arrival at Alexandria, (and wou'd sooner, was I certain where) till which I shall decline saying further on this head; begging you'll be kind enough to assure him, that I shall always retain a grateful Sense of the favour he was kindly pleas'd to offer me, and that I should have embraced this oppertunity of writing to him, had I not some little time ago wrote a congratulatory Letter on his safe arrival &c. And as ! flatter myself, you will favour me in communicating my Sentiments herein, it will need no other mentn. or reptition.
You do me a singular favour, in proposing an acquaintance which cannot but be attended with the most agreeable Intimacy on my side; as you may already experience, by the familiarity and freedom with which I now assume to treat you; a freedom, which, even if disagreeable, you'll excuse, as I shall lay the whole blame at your door, for encouraging me to thro' lack of that formality which otherwise might have appeard in my deportment, on this occasion.
The hope of shortly seeing you will be an excuse for my not adding more than that I shall endeavour to approve myself worthy your friendship, and that beg to be esteem'd your most Obedient Servant77
[Note 77: The text is from the first letter in a small volume labeled "Letter Book Relating to Braddock's Defeat." It contains 48 letters and 1 or 2 memoranda, all in Washington's writing, and dates from Mar. 15, 1755, to December 6 of that year. It was this volume that drew from a well-known American author and scholar the comment that "Perhaps the most touching proof of his [Washington's] own self-depreciation was something he did when he had become conscious that his career would be written about. Still in his possession were the letter-books in which he had kept copies of his correspondence while in command of the Virginia Regiment between 1754 and 1759, and late in life he went through these volumes, and, by interlining corrections, carefully built them into better literary form."
Ford, in his edition of the Writings of Washington (vol. 1, p. xx), says: "The changes he [Washington] made at a late period of his life are so distinctive, both in form of letters and the colors of the ink, as to make an error of date impossible." The proper explanation of the matter is, simply, that after Washington returned to Mount Vernon in 1783 and had an opportunity to examine the magnificent piece of work done by Richard Varick in transcribing his Revolutionary War letters, the idea of preserving all his letters in book form seems to have crystallized. The earliest letters were these Braddock-campaign epistles and a casual perusal of them showed Washington the necessity of clarifying his youthful redundancy of expression and simplifying his involved thought, so that Robert Lewis could do the copying without making continual appeals for decisions as to punctuation and meaning. This is the common-sense view of the matter, when romance is rigorously excluded. Because of the value of the original texts as a record of Washington's letter-writing ability in his early twenties, a great deal of time and trouble has been given to deciphering them. The task was difficult, as the heavy ink of 30 years later has almost obliterated that of 1755, and in some instances Washington scraped off the original with a knife; but the texts here printed are Washington's letters as he wrote them at the time. The changes made at the later period were incorporated by Lewis in the letterbook record and were adopted by Ford, after deliberate consideration, in his edition of the Writings and have been followed by all others. His text should be compared with this edition for comparison as to the improvement of Washington's style and etymology in the course of 30 years.]
Mount Vernon, April 2, 1755.
Dear Sir: The arrival of a good deal of Company (among whom is my Mother, alarm'd with the report of my attending your Fortunes) prevents me the pleasure of waiting upon you to day as I intended;78 therefore I beg you'll be kind enough to make my compliments and excuse to the Genrl., who I hope to hear is greatly recover'd from his indisposition; and recruited sufficiently to prosecute his journ'y. to Annopolis.
[Note 78: General Braddock landed in Virginia on February 20. The transports with the British troops, who were to act under him, came into the Chesapeake soon afterwards. These he ordered up the Potomac to Alexandria, or, as it was then sometimes called, Bellhaven, where the troops debarked. Five companies were cantoned there, one company was stationed at Dumfries, six companies at Fredericksburg and Falmouth, three and a half companies at Winchester, and half a company at Conococheague. In Maryland one company was cantoned at Bladensburg, another at Upper Marlboro, and two at Frederick. Some of the troops were landed below Alexandria, at the nearest point to Fredericksburg. The general remained at Williamsburg, planning with the governor preparations for the approaching campaign.
The following order of the King, dated at St. James, Nov. 12, 1754, respecting the rank of Colonial officers, was brought out by General Braddock: "All troops serving by commission signed by us, or by our general commanding in chief in North America, shall take rank before all troops, which may serve by commission from any of the governors, lieutenant or deputy governors, or president for the time being. And it is our further pleasure, that the general and field officers of the provincial troops shall have no rank with the general and field officers, who serve by commission from us; but that all captains and other inferior officers of our forces, who are or may be employed in North America, are, on all detachments, courts-martial, and other duty, wherein they may be joined with officers serving by commission from the governors, lieutenant or deputy governors, or president for the time being of the said provinces, to command and take post of the said provincial officers of the like rank, though the commissions of the said provincial officers of like rank should be of elder date."
Since his resignation in October, Colonel Washington had remained inactive at Mount Vernon. General Braddock, knowing his value and the importance of securing his services to the expedition, directed Mr. Orme, his aide-de-camp, to write to him the following letter, the original of which is in the Washington Papers, proposing an expedient by which the chief obstacles of rank would be removed.
"Williamsburg, 2 March, 1755.
"Sir: The general, having been informed that you expressed some desire to make the campaign, but that you declined it upon some disagreeableness that you thought might arise from the regulations of command, has ordered me to acquaint you, that he will be very glad of your company in his family, by which all inconveniences of that kind will be obviated. I shall think myself very happy to form an acquaintance with a person so universally esteemed, and shall use every opportunity of assuring you how much I am, Sir, your most obedient servant.
"Robert Orme, Aid-de-camp."
-- Sparks.
Captain Orme was with the army at Alexandria, 9 miles from Mount Vernon. Soon after General Braddock arrived in Virginia he wrote (March 10) to the governors of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania, requesting them to meet him at Annapolis in Maryland to concert measures for future operation. The general, Commodore Keppel, and Governor Dinwiddie proceeded to Annapolis, but the place of meeting was afterwards changed to Alexandria, where they all assembled on April 13 and concerted measures for the united action of the middle and northern colonies. The minutes of this council are printed in Documentary History of New York, vol. 2, p. 376. It was thought by some that New York ought to be the center of operations, as affording greater facilities for attacking the French at their strongest points, but Braddock's instructions were positive for him to proceed to the Ohio. He marched from Alexandria on April 20.-- Sparks.]
I find myself much embarrass'd with my Affairs; having no person in whom I can confide, to entrust the management with. Yet, under these disadvantages and circumstances, I am determined to do myself the honour of accompanying you with this proviso only, that the General will be kind enough to permit my return, so soon as the [ ? ] or grand Affair is over, (if desir'd). Or, if there should be any space of inaction long enough to admit of a visit (for otherwise I coud by no means obtain my own consent, what ever private losses I might sustain) to endulge me therein and I need not add, how much I should be obliged by joining at Wills Creek only,79 for this the General has kindly promised. These things Sir, however unwarrantable they may appear at first sight, I hope will not be taken amiss when its consider'd how unprepar'd I am at present to quit a Family, and Estate scarcely settled, and in the utmost confusion.80
[Note 79: In reply Captain Orme wrote: "The general orders me to give you his compliments and to assure you his wishes are to make it agreeable to yourself and consistent with your affairs, and, therefore, he desires you will so settle your business at home as to join him at Will's Creek if more convenient to you; and, whenever you find it necessary to return, he begs you will look upon yourself as entirely master, and judge what is proper to be done."]
[Note 80: Lawrence Washington's estate, which included, of course, Mount Vernon. From 1755 on, for several years, Washington paid a yearly rent for Mount Vernon to Col. George Lee, who had married Lawrence Washington's widow, Ann Fairfax.]
I have inclos'd you a letter from Colo. Fairfax to Governour Shirley,81 which with his Compliments, he desir'd might be given to Mr. Shirley: He also sends his Blessing to you, and desires you may be a good boy and deserve them [ ? ] at present he entertains those pleasing, and sanguine hopes that a dutiful and worthy Son shou'd expect from the most paternal fondness of an endulgent Father, this for your comfort. I herewith send you a small Chart of the back Country, which tho' imperfect and roughly drawn (for want of proper utensils) may, not withstanding, give you a better knowledge of these parts than that you have hitherto had an oppurtunity of acquiring.82
[Note 81: Gov. William Shirley, of Massachusetts, commander in chief of the British operations in the Colonies.]
[Note 82: This map has not come to light. It was probably destroyed with the baggage lost at the Monongahela and Dunbar's retreat.]
I shall do myself the honour of waiting upon the General so soon as I hear of his return from Annopolis. My Compliments attends him, Mr. Shirley &c. And I am Sir etc.
[Note 83: Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates and treasurer of the colony.]
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1755.
Dear Sir: I little expected when I wrote you last I shou'd so soon engage in another Campaigne; but in this I hope I may be allow'd to claim some small share of merit; if it is consider'd that the sole motive wch. invites me to the Field, is the laudable desire of servg. my Country; and not for the gratification of any lucrative ends; this, I flatter myself, will manifestly appear by my going a Volunteer, without expectation of reward, or prospect of attaining a Command; as I am confidantly assur'd it is not in Genl. Braddocks power to give a Comn. that I wou'd accept. Perhaps with any other, the above declaration might be look'd upon as a piece of self sufficient merit; which, being unwilling to loose, I choose to proclaim it myself; but by you Sir, I hope it will be taken in a different light, who seem'd to sympathize in my disappointments, and lent your friendly Aid to reinstate me in a suitable Command; which mark of your approbation was not lost upon one who is always sensible off and ready to acknowledge an obligation; and this is the reason why I am so much more expressive in my Sentiments to you than I shou'd choose be to the World, whose Censures and Criticisms often place the best design's in the worst light; and but, to be ingenuous, I must confess I had other Intentions in writing and if there is any merit in going out upon such terms as I do I was unwilling to loose it among my Friends, who I did not doubt might be made to believe I had some advantageous offers that engaged my services, when in reality it is very far from it; for I expect to be a considerable looser in my private Affairs by going. Its true, I have been importuned to make this Campaigne by Genl. Braddock in his Family who I suppose, imagined that the small knowledge I have had an opportunity of acquiring of the Country, Indians, &c. worthy of his notice; and therefor thought I might become useful to him in the progress of this Expedition.
Colo. Carter Burwell the last Assembly, upon hearing that I had lost 50 odd pounds during my appt. as Paymaster, desir'd I wd. petition the Committee to have it refunded: assurg. me at the same time that he wou'd solicit the Gentn. in my behalf. I declined it then thinking it might not be well received, as I had been allowed a Comn.; but if he shou'd propose it at a future meeting, and it does not appear to carry a face of unreasonableness, I hope you will do me the favour to 2d. him. I must own after meeting with the indulgencies I did, I sh'd. not have ask'd this, had it not been proposed by a Member; and had I not been so considerable a looser before in the Service, loosg. many valuable Papers, cloathing, Horses and sevl. other things; some of which, and of no inconsiderable value, I car'd out entirely for the publick use, and forbore mentg. of it till this as I knew you were greatly Pester'd with complaints of this sort from Officers that were less able to bear them, tho' their losses are much more inconsiderable than mine, for I had unfortunately got my baggage from Wills Creek but a few days before the Engagemt. in wch. I also had a valuable Servt. Wounded, who died in a few days after. I thought it expedient just to mention these Facts that you might turn them to any advantage you see proper, or to drop it altogether, if you think they be unreasonable. I heartily wish a happy Issue to all your Resolves, &c.
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1755.
Dr. Sir: I was sorry it was not in my power to wait upon you at Westover last Christmas. I had enjoy'd much satisfaction in the thought when an unexpected accident put it entirely out of my power to comply either with my promise, or Inclination; both of which equally urg'd me to make the Visit.
I am now preparing for, and shall in a few days sett off, to serve in the ensuing Campainge; with different Views from what I had before; for here, if I can gain any credit, or if I am entitled to the least countenance and esteem, it must be from serving my Country with a free, Voluntary will; for I can very truly say, I have no expectation of reward but the hope of meriting the love of my Country and friendly regard of my acquaintances; and as to any prospect of obtaining a Comn. I have none, and am pretty well assur'd it is not in Genl. Braddock's to give such a one as I wou'd accept off as I am told a Compa. is the highest Comn. that is now vested in his gift. He disir'd my Company this Campainge, has honoured me with particular marks of Esteem, and kindly invited me into his Family; which will ease me of that expence, which otherwise wou'd undoubtedly have accrued in furnishing a proper Camp Provision; whereas the expence will now be easy, (comparatively speaking) as baggage Horses, tents and some other necessarys will constitute the whole of the charge tho' I mean to say to leave a Family just settling, and in the utmost confusion and disorder (as mine is in at present) will be the means of my using my private Fortune very greatly, but however this may happen, it shall be no hindrance to my making this Campaigne. I am Sir with very g't esteem, etc.
[Note 84: Chairman of the military committee of the House of Burgesses.]
Mount Vernon April 20, 1755.
Sir: From the goodness of your offer last Assembly, I flatter myself you will be kind enough to acquaint the Gentlemen of the Committee (at this meeting) with the loss I sustained during my Appointment as Paymaster to the Virginia Forces (either by Robery or neglect of charging) and so far favour my Pretenions, as to solicit them in my behalf, which I am convinced will be the means of them refunding me the money I lost to the amount of 50 odd pounds. I shou'd not have presum'd to ask this fay. (nor shall I in any shape urge it) as the Gentlemen were so kind to grant me an allowance for my trouble if I had not, in other respects, suffered considerably in the Service; for besides the loss of many valuable Paper's, a valuable Servant who died a few days after of his Wounds, my wearing Apparel, Books, Horses &c. which amounted to no trifling Sum in the whole, and in which I alone suffer'd by being the only person who got their things out a few days before the Engagement I say not to mention the above things, I lost at the time a very valuable and uncommon Circumportor calculated not only for Superficial Measure, but for taking of Altitudes, and other useful purposes which I carried out solely for the Public use imagining it necessary for laying of Grounds for Forti'ns. &c. I also lost many other things w'ch I sd. have receiv'd and sh'd have mention'd in a Publick way upon my first comg. in, had I not become Sensible of the Genl. was pretty much pester'd with complaints of this sort from several of the Officers whose losses, tho' I knew were greatly inferiour to mine, yet I also knew they were less able to bear them, and this motive alone prevented me from mentg. any thing relating to myself, on this hd. till now, when I hope you will be kind enough to serve me.
I am just ready to embark a 2d. time in the Service of my Country; to merit whose regard and esteem, is the sole motive that induces me to make this Campaigne; for I can very truly say I have no views, either of profitting or rising in the Service, as I go a Volunteer, witht. rank or Pay, and am certain it is not in Genl. Braddocks power to give a Comn. that I wd. accept; I might add, that so far from being serviceable I am thoroughly convinced it will prove very detrimental to my private Affairs, as I shall have a Family scarcely Settled, and in gt. disorder but however prejudicial this may be, it shall not stop me from going. A happy Issue to all your resolves is most sincerely wish'd by Sir etc.
Mount Vernon, April 23, 1755.
Dear Sir: I cannot think of quitting Fairfax85 without embracing this last opportunity of bidding you farewell. I this day set out for Wills Creek, where I expect to meet the Gen'l. and to stay, I fear too long, as our March must be regulated by the slow movements of the Train,86 which I am sorry to say, I think will be tedious in advancing very tedious indeed, as answerable to the expectation I have long conceived tho' few believ'd.
[Note 85: Mount Vernon is in Fairfax County.]
[Note 86: The train of artillery.]
Alexandria has been honoured with 5 Governors in Consultation; a happy presage I hope, not only of the success of this Expedition, but for our little Town; for surely such honours must have arisen from the Commodious, and pleasant situation of this place the best constitutional qualitys for Popularity and encrease of a (now) flourishing Trade.
I have had the honour to be introduced to the Governors; and of being well receiv'd by them all, especially Mr. Shirley, whose character and appearance has perfectly charm'd me, as I think every word and every action discovers the Gent'n. and great Politician. I heartily wish something of such unanimity amongst us, as appear'd to Reign between him and his Assembly; when they, to expedite the Business, and forward his journey here sat till eleven, and twelve o'clock at Nights.
It will be needless, as I know your punctuality requires no repetition's to remind you of an Affair, ab't. which I wrote some time ago; therefore I shall only beg my compliments to Mr. Nicholas87 and his Lady, and to all Friends who think me worthy of their inquirys. I am Dear Sir etc.
[Note 87: Robert Carter Nicholas, who succeeded John Robinson as treasurer of Virginia in 1766 and served until after 1775.-- Toner.]
Bullskin, April 30, 1755.
Dear Madam: In order to engage your corrispondence, I think it expedient just to deserve it; which' I shall endeavour to do by embracing the earliest, and every oppertunity of writing to you.
It will be needless to expatiate on the pleasures that communication of this kind will afford me, as it shall suffice to say; a corrispondance with my Friends is the greatest satisfaction I expect to enjoy, in the course of the Campaigne, and that none of my friends are able to convey more real delight than you can to whom I stand indebted for so many obligations.
If an old proverb can claim my belief I am certainly [ ? ]88 share of success; for surely no man ever made a worse beginning, than I have; out of 4 Horses which we brought from home, one was kill'd outright, and the other 3 render'd unfit for use; so that I have been detain'd here three days already, and how much longer I may continue to be so, the Womb of time most discover.
[Note 88: The erasure at this point was made with a knife and the writing is entirely obliterated.]
I must beg my Compliments to Miss. Hannah, Miss Dent,89 and any other's that think me worthy of their enquirys.
[Note 89: Hannah Fairfax, who married Warner Washington, of Gloucester, and Miss Elizabeth Dent, who lived at Belvoir. Miss Dent was the daughter, or sister, of Thomas Dent, long a clerk in the Northern Neck office.]
I am Madam Yr. most Obedt. Servt.
Winchester May 5, 1755.
Dear Sir: I overtook the General at Frederick Town in Maryland and from thence we proceeded to this place, where we shall remain till the arrival of the 2nd. Division of the Train, (which we hear left Alexandria on Tuesday last); after that we shall continue our March to Wills Creek; from whence it is imagined we shall not stir till the latter end of this Month, for want of Waggons, and other convenciences to Transports our Baggage &c. over the Mount'n.
You will naturally conclude that to pass through Maryl'd. (when no business requir'd it,) was an uncommon, and extraordinary route for the Gen'l. and Colo. Dunbarr's Regiment to this place; but at the same time the reason, however, was obvious to say that those who promoted it had rather have the communication should be that way, than through Virginia; but I now believe the Imposition has to evidently appeared for the Imposer's to subject us to the same Inconvencies again.90 please to make my Compt's. to Colo. G.91 to whom I shall write by the next oppertunity, and excuse haste. I am &c.
[Note 90: The selection of the route was due to Sir John St. Clair, who thought to gain dispatch by dividing the army, sending one division with powder and ordnance by Winchester and the other with military and hospital stores by Frederick, in Maryland. On reaching Frederick, Col. Thomas Dunbar found there was no road through Mary. land to Fort Cumberland, and be was compelled to cross the Potomac and take the Winchester route. St. Clair expected Governor Morris to build a road to Wills Creek, and taking him to task sharply for his failure, received a "set-down" from Morris, as Governor Shirley called it.-- Ford.]
[Note 91: George William Fairfax.]
Winchester, May 6, 1755.
My Lord: I have had the misfortune to lose 3 of my Horses since I left home; and not bringing money enough to buy other's and to answer all the contingent expences that may arise in the course of the Campaigne, I have made bold to solicit your Lordship's assistance which will infinitely oblige me.
About 40 or 50 £ will supply my wants, and for which I shou'd gladly pay your Lordship Interest, beside many thanks for the favour, as I am greatly distress'd at this present, not being able to proceed well with't.
The Gen'l. sets out to morrow, and proceeds directly to Wills Creek; which, together with the hurry of Business, that has happen'd since we came to Town, has been a means of depriving me of the pleasure of waiting upon your Lordship, as I intended to have done. Please to make my Compt. to Colo. Martin.92 I am Yr. Lordships etc.
[Note 92: Col. Thomas Bryan Martin was the son of Denny Martin and Lord Fairfax's sister Frances. He was county lieutenant of Hampshire and a burgess from that county, 1756--1758.]
Winchester, May 6, 1755.
Dear Jack: A very fatiegueing Ride, and long round brought me to the General (the day I parted with you) at Frederick Town; a small Village 15 Miles below the blue Ridge in Maryland from thence we proceeded to this place, where we have halted since Saturday last, and shall depart from Wills Creek to morrow.
I find there is no probability of Marching the Army from Wills Creek till the latter end of this Month, or the first of next; so that you may imagine time will hang heavy upon my hands. I meet with a familiar complaisance in this Family, especially from the General, who I hope to please without difficulty, for I may say it can scarce be done with as he uses, and requires less ceremony than you can well conceive.
I have order'd the Horse Gist to Bullskin,93 and my own here, if serviceable; otherwise you must have them carr'd down when Countess is sent up: I have conceive'd a good Op'n of Gist, therefore, I hope you will not let him want for proper usage, if he sh'd be s't instead of the Greys; which will be the case if they are able to perform the Journey.
[Note 93: Bullskin, the name of Washington's plantation in Frederick County.]
I hope you'll have frequent oppert'ys to expatiate upon the State of my Affairs, w'ch you adm'r to such degree of satisf'n to a Person in my situation. At present I have nothing to add but my comp'ts to all friends, particularly the good Family at Belvoir who I hope to hear are in good health.94
[Note 94: The Fairfax family. John Augustine Washington, the favorite brother of George Washington, was then living at Mount Vernon and taking care of the place. He became the father of Bushrod Washington, to whom George Washington transferred much of the affection he felt for John Augustine, after the latter's death.]
Winchester, May 6, 1755.
Honour'd Madam: I came to this place last Saturday, and shall set out to morrow with the General for Wills Creek; where I fear we shall wait some time for a sufficient number of Waggons to transport us over the Mountains.
I am very happy in the General's Family, and I am treated with a complaisant Freedom which is quite agreeable; so that I have no occasion to doubt the satisfaction I propos'd in making the Campaigne.
As we have met with nothing yet worth relating I shall only beg my Love to my Brother's and Sister's; and Compliments to Friends.
I am, Honour'd Madam,
Yr. most Dutiful and Obedt. Son,
[Note 95: Mrs. John Carlyle (Sarah Fairfax, sister-in-law of Sarah Cary, Mrs. George William Fairfax).]
Fort Cumberland, May 14, 1755.
Dear Madam: As I have no higher expectation in view than an intimate corrispondance with my Friends, I hope, in that, I shall not be disappointed; especially by you and Mrs. Fairfax, who was pleas'd (tho. seldom) to honour me with yours last time.96
[Note 96: When Washington marched toward the Ohio in 1754.]
We arrived here the 10th., and for ought I know may Halt till the loth. of next Month, before we receive Waggon's &c. to transport our Baggage and Horses to the Aligany.
We have no news in the Camp to entertain you with at present, but I hope to be furnish'd with some thing agreeable against my next, when I shall not fail to communicate it: Interim, I am Dr. Madam Yr. most Obedt. etc.
This Letter was not sent.
Fort Cumberland, May 14, 1755.
Sir: I Overtook the General at Frederick Town in Maryl'd. and proceeded with him by way of Winchester to this place; which gave him a good oppertunity to see the absurdity of the Rout, and of Damning it very heartily. Colo. Dunbar's Regiment was also oblig'd to cross over at Connogogee and come down within 6 Miles of Winchester to take the new road up, which gave me infinite satisfaction.
We are to Halt here till forage can be brought from Philadelphia, which I suppose will introduce the Month of June upon us; and then we are to proceed upon our tremendous undertaking of transporting the heavy Artillery over the Mountains, which I believe will compose the greatest difficulty of the Campaigne; For as to any apprehensions of the Enemy I think they need only to be provided against to be well regarded, as I fancy the French will be oblig'd to draw their force from the Ohio to repel the Attacks in the North, under the command of Governour Shirley &c, who will make three different attempts imediately.
I coud wish to hear what the Assembly and other's have done, and are doing, together with any occurances as may have happen'd since my departure.
I am in very great want of Boots, and have desir'd my Bror. Jno. to purchase a pair and send them to you, who I hope will contrive them to me, by the first oppertunity. I have wrote to my old corrispondant Mrs. Carlyle and must beg my Compliments to my good Friend Dalton,97 &c. I am &c.
[Note 97: John Dalton, of Alexandria.]
NB. This Letter was never sent.
Fort Cumberland, May 14, 1755.
Dear Madam: I have at last, with great pains and difficulty, discovered the Reason why Mrs. Wardrope is a greater favourite of Genl. Braddock's than Mrs. Fairfax; and met with more respect at the late review in Alexandria.
The cause I shall communicate, after rallying you for neglecting the means that introduced her to his favour which to say truth were in [ ? ] a present of delicious Cake, and potted Wood cocks; that wrought such wonders [ ? ] upon the Heart of the General [ ? ] as upon those of the gentlemen that they became instant Admirers, not only the charms, but the Politeness of this Fair Lady.
We have a favourable prospect of halting here three Weeks or a Month longer for Waggons, Horses and Forage; so that it is easy to conceive my situation will be very pleasant and agreeable, when I dreaded this (before I came out) more than every other Incident that might happen in the Campaigne.
I hope you will favour me with your corrispondance since you see my willing desirousness[ ? ] to deserve the Honour, and of approving myself Your most Obedt. and most Humble Servt.98
[Note 98: The bracketed query marks denote a word or words so crossed over or erased by Washington, 30 years after writing this letter, as to be indecipherable. The word "desirousness," in the last paragraph, is a doubtful reading, though the first two syllables are correct.]
Fort Cumberland, May 14, 1755.
Dear Brother: As wearing Boots is quite the Mode, and mine in a declining State; I must beg the favour of you to procure me a pair that is good, and neat, and send them to Major Carlyle, who I hope will contrive them as quick as my necessity requires.
I see no prospect of moving from this place; as we have neither Horses nor Waggons enough, and no forage for them to subsist upon but what is expected from Philadelphia; therefore, I am well convinced that the trouble and difficulty we must encounter in passing the Mountain for want of proper conveniences, will equal all the other Interruptions of the Campaigne; for I conceive the March of such a Train of Artillery in these Roads to be a tremendous undertaking: As to any danger from the Enemy I look upon it as trifling, for I believe they will be oblig'd to exert their utmost Force to repel the attacks to the Northward, where Governour Shirley and other's with a body of 8,000 Men, wall annoy their Settlements, and attempt their Forts.
The Gen'l. has appointed me one of his aids de Camps,99 in which Character I shall serve this Campaigne, agreeably enough, as I am thereby freed from all commands but his, and give Order's to all, which must be implicitly obey'd.
[Note 99: This appointment was proclaimed to the troops in general orders of May 10.]
I have now a good oppertunity, and shall not neglect it, of forming an acquaintance, which may be serviceable hereafter, if I can find it worth while pushing my Fortune in the Military way.
I have wrote to my two female corrispondents1 by this oppertunity, one of which Letters I have inclos'd to you, and beg y'r. deliverance off. I shall expect a Succinct acc't of all that has happened since my departure.
I am, dear Jack, etc.
[Note 1: Mrs. Carlyle and Mrs. Fairfax, who were sisters-in-law.]
The above Letter was not sent.
[Note 2: Augustine Washington was half brother to George and full brother to Lawrence. George Washington generally referred to him as Austin Washington.]
Fort Cumberland, May 14, 1755.
Dear Brother: I left home the 24th. of last Month, and overtook the General at Frederick Town in Maryland: from whence we proceeded by slow Marches to this place; where, I fear, we shall remain sometime for want of Horses and Carriages to convey our Baggage &c. over the Mountains; but more especially for want of Forage; as it cannot be imagin'd that so many Horses as we require, will be subsisted without a great deal.
We hear nothing particular from the Ohio; only that the French are in hourly expectation of being join'd by a large body of Indians; but I fancy they will find themselves so warmly attack'd in other places, that it will [not be convenient for them to spare many.]3
[Note 3: The phrase in brackets was inserted by Washington in 1785 after erasing that written in 1755 so completely that it can not be deciphered. The attacks on the French in other places alluded to the plans for the campaign in the northern colonies.]
I am treated with freedom, and respect, by the General and his Family; so that I don't doubt but I shall spend my time very agreeably this Campaigne, tho' not advantageously; as I conceive a little experience will be my chief reward, please to give my Love to my Sister, &c. I am, Dr. Sir, etc.
This Letter was not sent.
The 15th. of May I was sent to Colo. Hunter4 for a supply of Money of 4,000 £ Sterling and arriv'd as far as Winchester, on my way thither the day following, from whence I dispatch'd an express to him (fearing he might be out) to provide that sum, and meet me at Williamsburgh with it, and proceeded myself thro Fairfax where I was detained a Day in getting Horses.
[Note 4: Col. John Hunter, of Hampton, and paymaster general of Braddock's forces.]
Winchester, May 16, 1755.
Sir: I have Orders from the Gen'l. and Instructions from Mr. Johnston,5 to receive 4,000£ Stlg. at the rate of £4:0:7¼ pr. Oz., which will suffice for the present contingencies.
[Note 5: John Johnston.]
I have therefore dispatched this express with order's to make all imaginable haste to you, who I am told will imediately repair to Wmsburg. with the Money, and pay it there, according to contract. I must beg your utmost diligence in this affair as I have Order's not to wait, because the whole Army will halt at Wills Creek till I return, at an immense expence.
I have Letter's from the Gen'l. and Paymaster, with Bills and proper Instruction's; all of which I shall deliver when I have the pleasure of meeting you, which I expect will be in Williamsburg on Wednesday next, as I am now upon my way down, and shall delay no time. I am, &c.
Winchester, May 16, 1755.
Sir: If Colo. [Hunter] sh'd. be from home, I hope you will open this Letter to see and attend to the contents, that you may dispatch a Messenger to him immediately, to prevent his trouble in getting the 10 or 15 Th'd. Pounds ment'd. in a former Letter but repair immediately to W'msburg with the 4,000 L, which is all I am to receive at pres't. I am Sir, etc.
Claybourn's Ferry
8 O'Clock, Thursdy. Morng. [May 22, 1755.]
Dear Sir: In pursuance of His Excellency's Commands I proceeded, to this place with all convenient dispatch; But, as I apprehd., and very justly, that the getting and posting Horses at proper Stages, in order to expedate my return, wou'd. occasion some delay. I dispatched an express from Winchester to Hampton advising Colo. Hunter of my business, and desiring him to meet me in Williamsburg with the money: which sd. express I this day met on his return from there, with a verbal message from Govt. Dinwiddie informing me that Colo. Hunter set out to the Northward last Week for money, and wont be returnd. in 14 or 15 Days; and that my journey will prove abortive; however this may happen I shall continue down till I have other information; but thought it first expedient (as I compleatly believe the report myself) to give you this early intelligence that the Genl. may determine accordingly.
As I am fatigued and a good deal disorder'd by constant riding in a droughth that has almost destroy'd. this part of the Country I shall proceed more slowly back, unless I am fortunate enough, contrary to expectation, to receive the money, and in that case I shall hurry back with the utmost dispatch.
If His Excellency finds it necessary that the money can be had, he has nothing more to do than intimate the same to me; when I shall return back from any place that an express can meet me with his Order's. My Compts. attds. Morris, Shirley,6 and other Friends of our Party in Camp. I am, etc.
[Note 6: Capts. Roger Morris and William Shirley, both aides to Braddock. Morris was born in England; he married Mary Philipse, of Philipse Manor, New York, in 1758, and built the Roger Morris house, later known as the Jumel Mansion. Shirley was the son of Gov. William Shirley, of Massachusetts.]
Friday Noon [Williamsburg, May 23, 1755.]
Dear Sir: Since writg. from Claybourn's Ferry7 by the late express, I arriv'd at this place and met Mr. Belfour, who, I believe, will be able, with the assistance of the Govt. and some other of his Friends, to procure the money against the morning; which will enable me to set out and I hope to get to Winchester by Tuesday Night next; from whence I shall proceed to the Camp with all possible dispatch.
[Note 7: Claibornes Ferry, in New Kent County, on the main road to Williamsburg.]
As Colo. Hunter is gone to the Northward I cou'd get no positive answer concerning the further sum of Ten thousand pounds (which he was desir'd to send to Wills Creek) but Mr. Belfour his partner, thinks it may be depended upon. I shall, before I leave Town get his answer in writing, and deliver it on my arrival safe. Interim, I am, etc.
Winchester, May 28, 1755.
Dear Jack: I came to this place last Night, and was greatly disappointed at not finding the Cavalry according to promise; I am oblig'd to wait till it does arrive, or till I can procure a Guard from the Militia, either of which I suppose will detain me two days; as you may, with almost equal success, attempt to raize the Dead to life again, as the force of this County; and that from Wills Creek cannot be expected in less than the forementioned time without they are now upon their March.
The Droughth in this County, if possible, exceeds what we see below; so that, it is very reasonably conjectur'd they won't make Corn to suffice the People; and as for Tobacco, they decline all thoughts of making any.
The Inhabitants of this place abound in News, but as I apprehend it is founded upon as much truth as some I heard in my way down, I think it advisable to forego the recital till a little better authority confirms the report, and then you may expect to have a succinct acct.
I shou'd be glad to hear you live Harmony and good fellowship with the family at Belvoir, as it is in their power to be very serviceable upon many occassion's to us, as young beginner's. I wou'd advise your visiting often as one step towards it; the rest, if any more is necessary, your own good sense will sufficient dictate; for to that Family I am under many obligations, particularly to the old Gentleman.8
[Note 8: Hon. William Fairfax.]
Mrs. Fairfax and Mrs. Spearing9 express'd an inclination to hear whether I liked [ ? ]10 this place (with my charge safe), you may therefore acquaint them that I met with no other Interruption than the difficulty of gettg. Horses after I found her's for want of Shoes grew lame, I was oblig'd to get a fresh horse every 15 or 20 Miles, which render'd the journey tiresome. I shou'd have receiv'd greater relief from the fatigues of my journey, and my time wou'd have been spent much more
[Note 9: Mrs. Ann Spearing, one of the signers of the well-known, sprightly letter of welcome that went from Belvoir to Washington on his return from the Monongahela.]
[Note 10: Thirty years later the change was made to "express'd a wish to be informed of the time and manner of my reaching this place."] agreeably, had I halted below, rather than at this vile post but I little imagin'd I shou'd have occasion to wait for a Guard who ought to have waited for me; if either must have waited at all.
I have given Colo. Fairfax an Order upon you for £8:17:5 which please to pay, as it is on acct. of a horse w'ch I bought of Neale sometime ago. You will receive, Inclos'd, Bowce's receipt for Harry; and I shou'd be glad, if you have any oppertunity, that you wou'd demand my Bond which I had given, and cou'd not receive at [ ? ]11 of the money; this receipt you may put into my receipt draw. My Compliments attend my Friends who I wish health and happiness to, very sincerely; I am Dear Jack, your most Affectionate Brother
[Note 11: The later change was "at the time I paid the money."]
P.S. As I undersand your County is to be divided, and that Mr. Alexander intends to decline serving it, I shou'd be glad if you cou'd fish at Colo. Fairfax's Intentions, and let me know whether he purposes to offer himself a Candidate; If he does not I shou'd be glad to stand a poll, if I thought my chance tolerably good. Majr. Carlyle mention'd it to me in Williamsburg in a bantering way and asked how I shou'd like to go, saying at the same time, he did not know but they might send me when I knew nothing of the matter, for one or t'other of the Counties. I must own I shou'd like to go for either in that manner, but more particularly for Fairfax, as I am a resident there.
I shou'd be glad if you cou'd discover Major Carlyles real sentim'ts also those of Mr. Dalton, Ramsay, Mason,12 &c. w'ch I hope and think you may with't disclosing much of mine; as I know y'r own good sense can furnish you with means enough without letting it proceed immediately from me. If you do any thing in this pray let me know by the first oppertunity how you have succeeded in it; and how those Gentlemen stand
[Note 12: John Dalton, William Ramsay, and Thomson (?) Mason, of Fairfax.] affected; if they seem inclinable to promote my Interest, and things shou'd be drawing to a crisis you then may declare my Intentions and beg their assistance. If on the Contrary you find them more inclin'd to favour some other, I w'd have the Affair entirely dropped. Parson Green's and Captn. McCarty's13 Interests in this wou'd be of Consequence; and I shou'd be glad if you cou'd sound their Pulse upon the occasion; Conduct the whole till you are satisfied of the Sentim'ts of those I have mention'd, with an air of Indifference and unconcern; after that you may regulate your conduct accordingly. Captn. West14 the present Burgess, and our Friend Jack West, cou'd also be serviceable if they had a mind to assist the Interest of Dear Jack Your loving Brother.15
[Note 13: Rev. Charles Green, minister of Truro Parish, and Capt. Daniel McCarty, who lived near Pohick.]
[Note 14: Capt. John West, who was with Washington at Great Meadows and had succeeded to his brother Hugh West's seat in the House of Burgesses when Hugh died in 1754. Jack West was John West, jr.]
[Note 15: A further bit of information as to this Fairfax election is furnished by Adam Stephen's letter of December 23: "Such a spirit to revenge and indignation prevaild here, upon hearing you were insulted at the Fairfax election, that we were all ready and violent to run and tear your enemies to pieces...it would have been far better to have acquainted me with your intention of standing candidate for Frederick, my acquaintance there is very general...that with a weeks notice...you would have gone unanimously, in the mean time I think your poll was not despicable as the people were a stranger to your purpose, untill the election began." The election was held December 11, and a poll list, in Washington's writing, in the Washington Papers, does not mention his own name but gives those who voted for Capt. John West, who was elected with 252 votes, Col. George William Fairfax, 222 votes, and William Elzey, 224. There is also an undated poll list for Frederick County, in the Washington Papers (but not in Washington's writing), which gives the result of the vote as Hugh West, 271; Thomas Swearingen, 270; and Washington, 40.]
May 30, [1755.]
Upon my return from Williamsburg I found Sir Jno. St. Clair, with Majr. Chapman and a Detachm't of 500 Men were gone on to the Little Meadows in ord'r to prepare the Roads, erect a small Fort, and to lay a Deposit of Provision's there. The 2d. of June Mr. Spindelowe discover'd a communication from Fort Cumberland to the Old Road leadg. to the Aligany with't xing those Enormous Mountains which had prov'd so prijuducial to our Waggon Horses. This intercourse was open'd by the branch of Wills Creek, by the 7th. when Sir Peter Halkett with the first Brigade of the Line, began their March, and Incamp'd within a mile of the old Road; which is abt. 5 Miles from the Fort the same day. This Encampment was first called by the Name of the Grove but afterwards altered to that of Spindelowe's Camp.16
[Note 16: In Maryland.]
This day also, Captn. Gates's17 Independant Compy., the remaining Companies of the Provincial Troops, and the whole Park of Artillery, were order'd to hold themselves in readiness to March at an hour's warng. under the Comd. of Lieut. Colo. Burton:18 which they accordingly did the 9th followg.; but with g't difficulty got up to Sir Peter Halkett's Brigade; the difficulty arising in this March by too gt. a number of Waggon's was the occasion of a Council being called so soon as the General arriv'd (with Colo. Dunbar's Regim't.) the same day; In which Council it was determin'd to retrench the number of Waggon's and increase the pack Loads for Horses; in order thereto, the Officer's were call'd together, and the Genl. represented to them the necessity there was to procure all the Horses it was possible for his Majesty's Service; advis'd them to send back such of thier Baggage as they cou'd do with't and apply the Horses which by that means wou'd become spar'd to carry provisions for the Army, which was accordingly done with great cheerfulness and zeal.
[Note 17: Horatio Gates, later major general in the Continental Army.]
[Note 18: Burton died of wounds received at the Monongahela; he commanded the Forty-eighth Foot.]
Camp at Wills Creek, June 7, 1755.
Honble. Sir: I arriv'd with my charge safe in Camp the 30th. of last Month, after waiting a Day and a piece in Winchester expecting the Calvalry to Escort me up; in which I was Disappointed, and oblig'd to make use of a small Guard of the Militia of Frederick.
The General, by frequent breaches of Contracts, has lost all degree of patience; and for want of that consideration and moderation which shou'd be used by a Man of Sense upon these occassion's, will I fear, represent us [ ? ]19 in a light we little deserve; for instead of blameing the Individuals as he ought, he charges all his Disappointments to a publick Supineness; and looks upon the Country, I believe, as void of both Honour and Honesty; we have frequent disputes on this head, which are maintained with warmth on both sides, especially on his, who is incapable of Arguing with't; or giving up any point he asserts, let it be ever so incompatible with Reason.20
[Note 19: One word erased.]
[Note 20: The governors of the different colonies had promised much, but performed little; and the large deposits of supplies supposed to exist were soon found wanting, or in places where they could be of no service, and no means at hand to transport them to the army. It was at one of these crises that Franklin rendered such efficient aid. (See Franklin's Works (Bigelow edition), vol. 2, p. 419.) For 200 miles the troops marched with only salt provisions, and the general was forced to offer large rewards to such as would bring to the camp provisions, paying a higher price than was usual for whatever could be obtained. In one case some salted beef was condemned on its arrival in camp as unfit for food. The horses were stolen almost as fast as they could be obtained. The contractors failed to supply what they had contracted for, and Cresap lost his position as commissary through his gross negligence. On the other hand, General Braddock did not hesitate to enlist and take away servants and impress wagons, horses, teamsters, and even carriages and carriage horses.-- Ford.]
There is a Line of Communication to be open'd from Pensylvania to the French Fort Duquisne, along w'ch we are to receive, after a little time, all our Convoys of Provisions, &c.; and to give all manner of encouragement to a People who ought rather to be chastis'd for their insensibility of their own danger, and disobedience of their Sovereign's expectation. They are to be the choosen people because they have furnished what their absolute Interest alone induced them to do, that is 150 Waggons, and an Equivalent number of horses.21
[Note 21: These remarks are applied to the Pennsylvanians, who were singularly backward in rendering any aids for the public service. The merit of procuring the wagons and horses, here mentioned, was wholly due to Franklin, and not to any agency or intention of the assembly. Being at that time postmaster general in the Colonies, he visited General Braddock at Frederick Town for the purpose of maturing a plan for transmitting dispatches between the general and the governors. Becoming acquainted with the obstacles which opposed the progress of the army, he stipulated with General Braddock to furnish within a given time 150 wagons and a proportionable number of horses, for which a specified sum was to be allowed. He immediately returned to York and Lancaster, sent out an advertisement among the farmers, and in two weeks all the wagons and horses were in readiness at Wills Creek. He gave his personal security that the compensation agreed on should be duly paid according to contract.-- Sparks.]
* ... * ... * ... * ... *22
[Note 22: Two paragraphs omitted here are nearly a verbatim repetition of what Washington wrote to John Augustine Washington, June 7, post.]
General Innis has accepted of a Commission to be Governour of Cumberland Fort, where he is to reside, and will shortly receive another to be hangman, or something of that kind.
By a Letter from Governor Morris we have advice, that a party of three hund'd Men pass'd Oswego on their way to Fort Duquisne, and that another and larger Detachment was expected to pass that place every moment. By the Publick accts. from Pennsylvania we are assur'd that 900 Men has certainly pass'd Oswego, to reinforce the French on Ohio, so that from the accts. we have reason to believe we shall have more to do than go up the Hills to come Down again.
We are impatient to hear what the power's at home are doing; whether Peace or war is like to be the event of all these Preparations. I am Honble. Sir etc.
Camp at Wills Creek, June 7, 1755.
Sir: I had not the pleasure of receiving your favour till after my return from Williamsburg, when it was not in my power to be so serviceable in the affair of your Horses, as I cou'd wish; for they were sent out with a Detachment of 500 Men a few days before. I made immediate enquiry, and application for them; and believe I shall be able, notwithstanding our g't want of Horses, to procure their liberty when we come up with the Detachment; but when that will be, or in what order you may receive them, I can't absolutely say; for we are inform'd, they have kill'd some of their Horses outright, and disabled others, for which Reason I think it wou'd be too great to expect your's will escape the calamitys that befall those of other's: They are apprais'd (as I saw by one of the Waggon-Master's Books') to £16 the two; which with your Servant Simpson, is all that I can understand is here, belonging to you.
As I have taken this oppertunity of writing to Colo. Fairfax, and being just at this time a good deal hurried, which prevents me from enlargeing so fully as I otherwise wou'd, I shall beg to refer you to him for what little News is stirring in the Camp: please to make my Compliments to all Friends who think me worthy of their enquirys. I am etc.
Camp at Wills Creek, June 7, 1755.
Honour'd Madam: I was favour'd with yours by Mr. Dick, and am sorry it is not in my power to provide you with either a Dutch man, or the Butter as you desire, for we are quite out of that part of the Country where either are to be had, as there are few or no Inhabitants where we now lie Encamp'd, and butter cannot be had here to supply the wants of the Camp.
I was sorry it was not in my power to call upon you as I went to, or came from Williamsburg to'ther Day, which I shou'd have done if the business I went upon, which was for money, wou'd have suffer'd me to have made an hour's delay.
I hope you will spend the chief part of your time at Mount Vernon as you say, where I am certain everything will be order'd as much for your satisfaction as possible, in the Situation we are in.
There is a Detachment of 500 Men March'd from this towards the Aligany, to prepare the Roads &c. and it is imagin'd the main body will move now in abt. 5 days time.
As nothing else that is remarkable, occur's to me, I shall conclude, after begging my love and Compliments to all Friends Dear Madam Yr. Most Affect. and Dutiful Son
Fort Cumberland, June 7, 1755.
Dear Sir: I take this oppertunity, as it is the last I can expect before we leave this place, of enquiring after your health, which I hope is greatly amended since I saw you in Willaimsburg. I have not time, as we are now very much hurried, to communicate very particularly the little News that is stirring in the Camp; from whence, before I arriv'd, was Detach'd a body of 500 Men under the Command of Major Chapman and the Quarter-master General, who are to prepare the Roads and lay a Deposit of Provision's at the Little Meadows; where they are to Erect some kind of Defensive Work to secure our convoys. To morrow Sir Peter Halkett with the first Brigade March off and abt. the Monday following the Genl. and the 2d. will move from hence. We have no certain accts. of the French on Ohio; but have advises by Letter from Governor Morris that a Body of three hund'd past Oswego, and that a still larger body was hourly expected; so that I apprehend we shall not take possession of Fort Duquisne so quietly as was imagin'd.
The Inclos'd is to my good Friend Mrs. Carlyle, who I hope will not suffer our former corrispondance to drop; my Sincere wishes and Compliments attends all enquiring Friends: and I am, etc.
Camp at Wills Creek, June 7, 1755.
Dear Madam: As I have no higher expectation in view than an intimate Corrispondance with my Friends, I hope in that I shall not be disappointed; especially by you and Mrs. Fairfax, who was pleas'd (tho' seldom) to honour me with your's last time a year.
I arriv'd here in tolerable health tho something fatigued with the Journey; and found Sir Jno. St. Clair was Detach'd with 500 Men to amend the Roads, that the main body might pass with the greater ease who I suppose will be all in motion by Tuesday next.
Please to make my Compliments agreeable to Mrs. Spearing who has my most sincere and hearty wishes for every thing her heart can desire. I am Dear Madam etc.
Fort Cumberland at Willes Creek, June 7, 1755.
Dear Madam: When I had the pleasure to see you last, you express'd an Inclination to be informed of my safe arrival at Camp with the charge that was entrusted to my care; but at the same time desir'd it might be communicated in a Letter to some body of your acquaintance. This I took as a Gentle rebuke and polite manner of forbidding me corrisponding with you and conceive this opinion is not illy founded when I sifted it thus. I have hither to found it impracticable to engage one moment of your attention. If I am right in this I hope you will excuse my present presumption and lay the imputation to lateness at my successful arrival. If on the contrary these are fearfull apprehensions only, how easy is it to remove my suspicion, enliven my [ ? ],23 and make me happier than the Day is long, by honouring me with a corrispondance which you did once partly promise.
[Note 23: Indecipherable; the later change was "dull hours," which appears to be what was written in 1755, but will the addition of an extra word or two.]
Please to make my Complts. to Miss Hannah,24 and to Mr. Bryan25 to whom I shall do myself the pleasr. of writing so soon as I hear he is return'd from Westmoreland.
[Note 24: Hannah Fairfax. She later became the second wife of Warner Washington, first cousin to George.]
[Note 25: Bryan Fairfax, who became the eighth Lord Fairfax. He was a half brother of George William Fairfax, and was four years younger than George Washington. A lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment, he experienced a religious conviction which later carried him into the ministry. He lived with his first wife, Elizabeth Caty, daughter of Col. Wilson Cary, of Ceelys, at Towlston Grange in the vicinity of Difficult Run, Fairfax County. In 1778 he attempted to bring about peace between the States and Great Britain, but failed and, finding he could not conscientiously take the British oath, returned to Virginia and died there. He lived long after the close of the Revolution and helped organize the Episcopal Church in Virginia after the war. His first wife died in 1778, and he married Jane, daughter of John Donaldson, of Fairfax, in 1780. The latter part of his life was spent at Mount Eagle, which he built near Alexandria.]
I am Madam Your most Obedt. etc.
Camp at Will's Creek, June 7, 1755.
Dear Jack: As much hurried as I am at present, I can't think of leaving this place without writing to you; tho' I have no time to be particular. I was Escorted by 8 Men of the Militia from Winchester to this place; which 8 Men were 2 Days assembling; but I believe they wou'd not have been more than as many seconds dispersing if I had been attacked. Upon arrival here, I found Sir Jno. St. Clair26 with a body of 500 Men were March'd to prepare the Roads, lay a deposit of Provisions at the little Meadows, and to erect some kind of defensive work there.
[Note 26: St. Clair commanded a regiment and was Braddock's quartermaster general; he was wounded at the Monongahela.]
To morrow Sir Peter27 with the first Brigade, begin their March, and on Monday the General and the 2d. will follow. We have no certain acct. from the Ohio: but have advices from Philadelphia that a body of 300 F. pass'd Oswego on their way to Fort Duquisne, and that a larger Detachment was hourly expected. A Captn. of Sir Peter's Regim't with several of the common Soldiers of the different Corps has died since our Incampm't here, and many others are now sick with a kind of bloody Flux. I wrote from Winchester a Letter which I hope you have receiv'd and shou'd be glad of an answer as soon as possible; any Letter's to me, directed to the care of Mr. Cox,28 at Winchester, will be certain of a conveyance I am Dr. Jack Yr. most Affe. Brother
[Note 27: Killed at the Monongahela.]
[Note 28: William Cooke, Cocks, or Cox, of Winchester, whose house Washington afterwards occupied while in command on the Virginia frontier.]
Camp at George's Creek, June 14, 1755.
Dear Jack: I received your's of the 8th. Instant from Fredericksburg and am sorry to find that Allan is become importunate for a Debt of so short standing; but it is the way of the World, therefore not to be wonder'd at.
I am pleas'd to find you have a prospect of settling that affair with Patrick Kendrick, and shou'd be very glad to hear you entertain'd hopes of discovering my young Mare, as I had conceiv'd high expectation's of her. My negro's Cloathes I hope you will take care to get in time, and employ Cleo's leisure hour's in mak'g them. I am exceedingly rejoiced that Tobo. is likely to keep up its price, and doubt not but you'll endeavour to make the most of mine, and of every thing else I have entrusted to your care; as you know, and what entire confidence I repose in your managem't.29
[Note 29: John Augustine Washington was then managing Mount Vernon for George Washington.]
I receiv'd a Letter yesterday from my Broth'r. Saml. who desires a division of our deep run tract this Fall, which is very agreeable to me and I will abide by any settlement you shall make on my behalf30
[Note 30: Deep Run land, on the Rappahannock above Fredericksburg, a part of the estate left by Augustine Washington, father of George and Samuel.]
As I have wrote to you twice since the first Inst I shall only add that the difficulty's arising in our March from havg. a number of Waggon's will, I fear, prove insurmountable unless some scheme can be fallen upon to retrench the Waggon's, and increase the no. of Bat Horses which is what I recommended at first, and I believe, is now found to be the most salutary means of transporting our Provision's and Stores to Ohio. I am, Dr. Jack, Yr. &c.
P.S. I have been able to procure Townshend Washington a Comn. to be assistant Comy. with pay at 5/ Sterg. pr. Day and Anthony Strother31 a pair of Colour's in Colo. Dunbar's Regiment.
[Note 31: Anthony Strother, sr., one of the witnesses of Augustine Washington's will, acknowledged this appointment in a letter of July 9, 1755, which is in the Washington Papers. Strother's daughter Sarah became the grandmother of President Zachary Taylor.]
Camp, at George's-Creek, June 14, 1755.
Dr. Saml: I received your's of the 27th. of May, and assure you that nothing is more agreeable to me than to have our Deep run Tract divided; nor nothg. is more agreeable than for my Brothr. Jno. to act on my behalf, whose conduct in the affair I shall abide by: so that you have nothing more to do but consult with him about the time, and endeavour to get it done upon as cheap terms as possible.
I am excessively hurried, therefore have not time to be particular in informing you of the occurencies that have, or may happen; we have got thus far, and shall continue on to Fort Duquisne; where, I hope the dispute will soon be decided, and then I shall be able to give you a more particular acct. pray make my Compts. to my Sister and to Colo. Champes32 Family
[Note 32: Col. John Champe, of King George County.]
I am Dr. Saml. Yr. &c.
Gt. Xing. on the Yaugh., June 28, 1755.
Dear Jack: Immediately upon our leav'g the C. at George's Cr'k the 14th Inst. (from wh'e I wrote to you) I was seiz'd with viol't Fevers and Pns. in my h'd w'ch con'd w'out the l't. Intermisn. till the 23 foll'g when I was reliev'd by the Genls. absol'ly ordering the Phy'ns to give me Doctr. Ja's Powder, w'ch is the most excel't mede. in the W'd for it gave me immed. ease, and removed my Fev'rs and other comp'ts in 4 Days time.33 My
[Note 33: From June 17 to July 8 Washington was kept in the rear of the army by this illness. Robert James was a schoolfellow of Samuel Johnson and author of a medicinal dictionary in three folio volumes. "I never thought well of Dr James's compounded medicines," was Johnson's opinion. These famous fever powders were sold by Newbury, Goldsmith's publisher.] illness was too violent to suffer me to ride, therefore I was indebted to a cover'd Waggon for some part of my Transp'n; but even in this I c'd not cont'e for the jolt'g was so g't that I was left upon the Road with a Guard and necess'rys, to wait the Arr'l of Colo. Dunbar's Detach. wh'h was 2 days M. behind. The Genl. giving me his w'd of hon'r that I sh'd be brought up before he reach'd the French Fort; this promise, and the Doct'rs threats that if I persever'd it wou'd endanger my Life, determin'd my halting for the above Detach't.
As I expect the Comn. bet'n this and Wills Ck. will soon be too dangerous for single persons to pass, it will possibly stop the interc'e of Letters in any measure; therefore I shall attempt (and will go through if I have strength) to give you an acct. of my proceedings, of our situation, and of our prospects at present; which I desire you may com'e to Colo. Fairfax, and my Corrsp'ds, for I am too weak to write more than this Letter. In the L'r wh'ch I wrote fr'm Georges C'k, I acq'd you that unless the numb'r of Wag'ns were retrenched and the carry'g Hs. in cr'd that we never sh'd be able to see Duquisne: this, in 2 Days afterwards (w'ch was abt. the time they got to the little Meadows with some of their F. Waggons and strongest Teams, they themselves were convinced off, for they found that beside the almost impos'y of gett'g the wag'ns along at all; that they had often a rear of 3 or 4 miles of Waggons; and that the Sold'rs Guarding them were so dispersed that if we had been attack'd either in Front, Center, or Rear the part so attack'd must have been cut off and totally dispersed before they cou'd be properly sustained by any other Corps.
At the little Mead'ws there was a 2d. Council call'd, for there had been one before wherein it was represented to all the Off'rs of the diff't Corps the gr. necessity there was for Hs. and how laudable it wd. be to retrench their Baggage and offer the spare Hs. for the Publick Service. In order to encourage this I gave up my best Horse, (w'ch I have nev'r h'd of since) and took no more baggage than half my Portmanteau w'd easily cont'n. It was also sd. that the numb'r were to be lessen'd;34 but there was only from 210 or 12, to 200 w'ch had no perceivable difference.
[Note 34: Washington clarified this by his 1784--85 correction: "It is said however that the numbrs, reduced by this 2d. attempt was only from 210 or 12, to 200."]
The Genl. before they met in Council ask'd my priv'e Opin'n concern'g the Exp'n. I urg'd it in the warmest terms I was Master off, to push on; if we even did it with a chos'n Detacht. for that purpose, with the Artillery and such other things as were absolutely necessary; leav'g the baggage and other Con voys with the Remainder of the Army, to follow by slow and regular Marches, which they might do safely, while we were advanced in Front. As one Reason to support this Opinion, I inform'd the [Genl.] if we c'd cred't our Intelligence, the French were weak at the Forks but hourly expect'd reinf'ts, w'ch to my certain knowledge cou'd not arrive with Pro'vns or any Supplies dur'g the continuance of the Droughth as the Buffalo River down w'ch is their only comm'n to Venango, must be as Dry as we now f'd the g't xing of the Youghe., w'ch may be pass'd dry shod. This was a Scheme that took, and it was det'd that the Genl. with 1200 chosen Men and Officers of all the differ't Corps, with the following Field Officer's (viz,; Sr. Pet'r Halkett who acts as Brigadier, Lt. Colo. Gage, Lt. C. Burton, and Majr. Sparke, with such a certain number of Waggons as the Train w'd absolutely require, shou'd March as soon as things cou'd be got in readiness for them, which was compleated, and we on our March by the 19th, leav'g Colo. Dunbar and Majr. Chapman, with the residue of the two Reg's, Companys most of the women and in short every thing behind except such Provision's and other necessary's as we took and carried upon Horses.
We set out with less than 30 Carriages (Incl'g all those that transported the Howetzers, 12 prs. and 6 p'rs., etc.), and all of those strongly Horsed; which was a prospect that convey'd the most infinite delight to me tho' I was excessively ill at the time. But this prospect was soon over turn'd and all my sanguine hopes brought very low when I found, that instead of pushing on with vigour, without regarding a little rough Road, they were halting to level every Mold Hill, and to erect Bridges over every Brook; by which means we were 4 Days gett'g 12 Miles; where I was left by the Doct'r's Advice and the Genl's absolute Orders, otherwise I wou'd not have been prevailed upon to remain behind my own Detach't as I then imagin'd, and believ'd I shall now find it not very easy to join my own Corps again, which is 25 Miles advance'd before us; tho' I had the Genls. word of Hon'r pledg'd in the most solemn manner, that I sh'd be b't up before he arrived at Duquisne. They have had frequent Alarms, and several Men scalp'd; but this is only done to retard the March, and to harass the Men if they are to be turn'd out every time a small party of them attack the Guards at Night; (for I am certain, they have not sufficient strength to make head against the whole.
I have been now 6 Days with Colo. Dunbar's Corps, who are in a miserable Condition for want of Horses, not hav'g more one half enough for their Wag'ns; so that the only method he has of proceedings, is to March on himself with as many Waggons as those will draw, and then Halt till the Remainder are brought up which requires two Days more; and I believe shortly he will not be able to stir at all; but there has been vile management in regard to Horses and while I am mention'g this, I must not forget to desire, that you'll acq't Colo. G. Fx. that I have made the most strick enquiry after his Man and Horses, but can hear nothing of either; at least nothing that can be credited. I was told that the Fellow was taken ill upon the Road while he was with Sr. Jno. St. Clair's Detacht. the certainty of this I can't answer for, but I believe there is nothing more cert'n than that he is not with any part of the Army. And unless the Horses stray and make home themselves, I believe there is 1000 to 1 against his ever seeing them again: for I gave up a horse only one Day, and never cou'd see or hear of him afterwards: My strength wont admit me to say more, tho' I have not said half what I intended con'g our Aff'rs here. Business, I shall not think of, but dep'd solely upon your man't. of all my aff'rs, and doubt not but that they will be well conducted. You may thank my f'ds for the Lett'rs I have rec'd w'ch has not been one from any Mortal since I left Fairfax, except yourself and Mr. Dalton. It is a piece of regard and kindness which I sh'd end'r to acknow'e was I able and suffer'd to write. All your Letters to me I w'd have you send to Mr. Cocks of Winchester or to Govr. Innis at Fort Cumberland, and then you may be cert'n of their com'g safe to hand otherwise I can't say as much. Make my Complim'ts to all who think me worthy of their Enquirys.
P.S. July 2d. A Great Misfortune has attended me in my sickness was, the looseing the use of my Servant, for poor Jno.35 was taken abt. the same time that I was, with near the same disorder; and was confin'd as long; so that we did not see each other for several Days. he is also tolerably well recover'd. We
[Note 35: John Alton.] are sure advan'd almost as far as the g't Meadows; and I shall set out to morrow morning for my own Corps, with an Escort of 100 Men which is to guard some Provision's up; so that my Fears and doubts on that head are quite remov'd. I had a Letter yesterday from Orme, who writes me word that they have pass'd the Youghyangane for the last time, that they have sent out Partys to scour the Country thereabouts and have Reason to believe that the French are greatly alarm'd at their approach.
Great Crossing, June 30, 1755.
Dear Orme: I came to this Camp on thursday last, with the Rear of Colo. Dunbar's Detach't and shou'd have continued on with his Front, to day, but was prevented by Rain.
My Fevers are very moderate, and I hope are near a Crisis; when I shall have nothing to encounter but excessive weakness, and the difficulty in getting to you; which I wou'd not fail in doing ere you reach Duquisne, for 500£, but I have no doubt of doing this, as the General has given me his word and honour, in the most solemn manner.
As the Doct'r thinks it imprudent for me to use much exercise for 2 or 3 days, it will prevent my coming up; therefore, I shou'd be glad to be advised of your Marches from Gist's, and how you are likely to get on, for you may rest asusred that Colo. Dunbar cannot get from his present Incampment36 in less than two or three Days; and I believe really, it will be as much as he possibly can do to reach the Meadows at all; so that you will be greatly advanc'd before us. I am too weak to
[Note 36: Colonel Dunbar had advanced 7 miles beyond the Great Meadows, which was the position of his camp at the time of the action. Here he remained till he was met by General Braddock and his flying troops after the defeat at the Monongahela, when he destroyed his baggage and speedily retreated with the whole army to Fort Cumberland.-- Sparks.] add more than my Comp'ts to the Genl., Family, &c. and again to desire that you will oblige me in the above request, and advise the most effectual means for me to join you, I am Dr. Orme, etc.
Camp between the Gt. xing and Meadows, July 2, 1755.
Dear Sir: I shou'd take it infinitely kind, if you w'd be good enough to dispatch, by the first safe oppertunitys, after they come to hand, any Letters that you may receive either to, or from me; for I have been greatly surprised at not receiving any Letter's from my Friends since I came out; and must impute it to miscarriage, somewhere, for, I am certain it cannot be owing to their not writing.
I have been excessively ill, but am now recovering from violent Fevers and Pains, of w'ch my disorder consisted.
The Doctor's forbid me writing as very injurious to my health; therefore I cannot have the pleasure of giving you a particular acct. of our situation, &c. but I shall refer you to Mr. Caton, who has had an oppertunity of seeing the whole. I am etc.
[July 9, 1755.]
The 8th of July I rejoined (in a covered Waggon) the advanced division of the Army under the immediate Com'd of the General. On the 9th I attended him on horse back tho' very weak and low. On this day he was attacked and defeated by a party of French and Indians adjudged not to exceed 300. When all hope of rallying the dismayed troops and recovering the ground, our provisions and stores being given up I was ordered to Dunbar's Camp.37
[Note 37: This note was added by Washington to the 1755 "Letter Book" in 1785.]
[Note 38: General Braddock had left Colonel Innes with the command at Wills Creek, under the title of Governor of Fort Cumberland.-- Sparks.]
Little Meadows, July 15, 1755.
Sir: Captn. Orme being confined to his Litter and not well able to write, has desir'd me to acknowledge the receipt of your's; He begs the favour of you to have the room that the Gen'l. lodg'd in prepar'd for Colo. Burton, himself, and Capt. Morris, who are all wounded; also, that some small place may be had where convenient for Cooking; and, that if any fresh Provn. and other suitable necessarys for persons in their infirm condition, may be had, that you will be kind enough to engage it. He also begs, that, you will order the present w'ch was sent by Governour Morris to the Genl. and his Family, into the care of Mr. A. le Roy, the Steward, who is sent on for that, and other purposes. The Horses, that carry the wounded Gent'n. in Litters are so much fatigued that we dread their performance, therefore, it is desir'd that you will be kind enough to send out 8 or 10 fresh horses for their relief, which will enable us to reach the Fort this Evening. I doubt not but you have had an acot. of the poor Genl.'s death by some of the affrighted Waggoners, who ran off without taking leave. I am, etc. Sir,
Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755.
Honbl. Sir: As I am favour'd with an oppertunity, I shou'd think myselfin excusable? was I to omit giv'g you some acct. of our late Engagem't with the French on the Monongahela the 9th. Inst.
We continued our March from Fort Cumberland to Frazier's (which is within 7 Miles of Duquisne) with't meet'g with any extraordinary event, hav'g only a stragler or two picked up by the French Indians. When we came to this place, we were attack'd (very unexpectedly I must own) by abt. 300 French and Ind'ns; Our numbers consisted of abt. 1300 well arm'd Men, chiefly Regular's, who were immediately struck with such a deadly Panick, that nothing but confusion and disobedience of order's prevail'd amongst them: The Officer's in gen'l behav'd with incomparable bravery, for which they greatly suffer'd, there being near 60 kill'd and wound'd. A large proportion, out of the number we had! The Virginian Companies behav'd like Men and died like Soldiers; for I believe out of the 3 Companys that were there that day, scarce 30 were left alive: Captn. Peyrouny and all his Officer's, down to a Corporal, were kill'd; Captn. Polson shar'd almost as hard a Fate, for only one of his Escap'd: In short the dastardly behaviour of the English Soldier's expos'd all those who were inclin'd to do their duty to almost certain Death; and at length, in despight of every effort to the contrary, broke and run as Sheep before the Hounds, leav'g the Artillery, Ammunition, Provisions, and, every individual thing we had with us a prey to the Enemy; and when we endeavour'd to rally them in hopes of regaining our invaluable loss, it was with as much success as if we had attempted to have stop'd the wild Bears of the Mountains.39 The Genl. was wounded behind in the shoulder, and into the Breast, of w'ch he died three days after; his two Aids de Camp were both wounded, but are in a fair way of Recovery; Colo. Burton and Sir Jno. St. Clair are also wounded, and I hope will get over it; Sir Peter Halket, with many other brave Officers were kill'd in the Field. I luckily escap'd with't a wound tho' I had four Bullets through my Coat and two Horses shot under me. It is suppose that we left 300 or
[Note 39: "Fearful of an unpursuing foe, all the ammunition, and so much of the provisions were destroyed for accelerating their flight, that Dunbar was actually obliged to send for thirty horse loads of the latter before he reached Fort Cumberland, where he arrived a very few days after, with the shattered remains of the English troops."-- Review of the Military Operations in North America.] more dead in the Field; about that number we brought of wounded; and it is imagin'd (I believe with great justice too) that two thirds of both [ ? ]40 received their shott from our own cowardly English Soldier's who gather'd themselves into a body contrary to orders 10 or 12 deep, wou'd then level, Fire and shoot down the Men before them.
[Note 40: Two words obliterated.]
I tremble at the consequences that this defeat may have upon our back settlers, who I suppose will all leave their habitations unless there are proper measures taken for their security.
Colo. Dunbar, who commands at present, intends so soon as his Men are recruited at this place, to continue his March to Phila. into Winter Quarters:41 so that there will be no Men left here unless it is the poor remains of the Virginia Troops, who survive and will be too small to guard our Frontiers. As Captn. Orme is writg. to your honour I doubt not but he will give you a circumstantial acct. of all things, which will make it needless for me to add more than that I am, etc.
[Note 41: The regulars laid the responsibility of defeat on the provincials, alleging "that they were harassed by duties unequal to their numbers, and dispirited through want of provisions; that time was not allowed them to dress their food; that their water (the only liquor, too, they had) was both scarce and of a bad quality; in fine, that the provincials had disheartened them by repeated suggestions of their fears of a defeat should they be attacked by Indians, in which case the European method of fighting would be entirely unavailing."-- Review of the Military Operations in North America (1753 to 1756). The Gentleman's Magazine asserted these same forces--Irish, Scotch, and English--ran away "shamefully" at Prestonpans. The news of Braddock's defeat "struck a general damp on the spirits of the soldiers" in Shirley's and Pepperell's regiments, and many deserted. "I must leave a proper number in each county to protect it from the combinations of the negro slaves, who have been very audacious on the defeat on the Ohio. These poor creatures imagine the French will give them their freedom."-- Dinwiddie to Earl of Halifax, July 23, 1755.
Dinwiddie wished Dunbar to remain and make a new attempt on Duquesne; but a council of officers unanimously decided the scheme was impracticable, and on the next day (August 2) began his march toward Philadelphia]
[Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755.]
Honour'd Mad'm: As I doubt not but you have heard of our defeat, and perhaps have it represented in a worse light (if possible) than it deserves; I have taken this earliest opportunity to give you some acct. of the Engagement, as it happen'd within 7 miles of the French Fort, on Wednesday the 9th. Inst.
We March'd on to that place with't any considerable loss, having only now and then a stragler pick'd up by the French Scoutg. Ind'nd. When we came there, we were attack'd by a Body of French and Indns. whose number, (I am certain) did not exceed 300 Men; our's consisted of abt. 1,300 well arm'd Troops; chiefly of the English Soldiers, who were struck with such a panick, that they behav'd with more cowardice than it is possible to conceive; The Officers behav'd Gallantly in order to encourage their Men, for which they suffer'd greatly; there being near 60 kill'd and wounded; a large proportion out of the number we had! The Virginia Troops shew'd a good deal of Bravery, and were near all kill'd; for I believe out of 3 Companys that were there, there is scarce 30 Men left alive; Capt. Peyrouny and all his Officer's down to a Corporal was kill'd; Capt. Polson shar'd near as hard a Fate; for only one of his was left: In short the dastardly behaviour of those they call regular's expos'd all others that were inclin'd to do their duty to almost certain death; and at last, in dispight of all the efforts of the Officer's to the Contrary, they broke and run as Sheep pursued by dogs; and it was impossible to rally them.
The Genl. was wounded; of w'ch he died 3 Days after; Sir Peter Halket was kill'd in the Field where died many other brave Officer's; I luckily escap'd with't a wound, tho' I had four Bullets through my Coat, and two Horses shot under me; Captns. Orme and Morris two of the Genls. Aids de Camp, were wounded early in the Engagem't. which render'd the duty hard upon me, as I was the only person then left to distribute the Genl's. Orders which I was scarcely able to do, as I was not half recover'd from a violent illness, that confin'd me to my Bed, and a Waggon, for above 10 Days; I am still in a weak and Feeble cond'n; which induces me to halt here, 2 or 3 Days in hopes of recov'g. a little Strength, to enable me to proceed homewards; from whence, I fear I shall not be able to stir till towards Sept., so that I shall not have the pleasure of seeing you till then, unless it be in Fairfax; please to give my love to Mr. Lewis and my Sister,42 and Compts. to Mr. Jackson43 and all other Fds. that enquire after me. I am, Hon'd Madam Yr. most dutiful Son
[Note 42: Fielding Lewis, who married Elizabeth (Betty) Washington.]
[Note 43: Probably Robert Jackson, one of the witnesses to Augustine Washington's will.]
P.S. You may acqt. Priscilla Mullican that her Son Charles is very well, hav'g only rec'd a slight w'd in his Foot, w'ch will be cur'd with't detrimt. to him, in a very small time.
We had abt. 300 Men kill'd and as many, and more, wounded.
Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755.
Dear Jack: As I have heard since my arriv'l at this place, a circumstantial acct. of my death and dying speech, I take this early oppertunity of contradicting both, and of assuring you that I now exist and appear in the land of the living by the miraculous care of Providence, that protected me beyond all human expectation; I had 4 Bullets through my Coat, and two Horses shot under me, and yet escaped unhurt.44
[Note 44: The 1784--85 change is as follows: "oppertunity of contradicting the first and of assuring you that I have not as yet, composed the latter. But by the all powerful dispensams. of Providence, I have been protected beyond all human probability and expectation for I had 4 Bullets" etc.]
We have been most scandalously beaten by a trifling body of men; but fatigue and want of time prevents me from giving any of the details till I have the happiness of seeing you at home; which I now most ardently wish for, since we are drove in thus far. A Weak and Feeble state of Health, obliges me to halt here for 2 or 3 days, to recover a little strength, that I may thereby be enabled to proceed homewards with more ease; You may expect to see me there on Saturday or Sunday Se'night, which is as soon as I can well be down as I shall take my Bulb skin Plantation's in my way.45 Pray give my Compl'ts to all my F'ds. I am Dr. Jack, y'r most Affect. Broth'r
[Note 45: He arrived at Mount Vernon on July 26. He still retained the office of adjutant of the northern division of militia, and immediately wrote to the county lieutenants, ordering the militia to be ready and properly equipped in each county on certain days, when he should be present to review and exercise them. Such was the alarm created by the success of the French at Braddock's Defeat that volunteer companies embodied themselves in different parts of Virginia to march to the frontiers. The Rev. Samuel Davies, at that time a clergyman in Hanover County, preached a sermon to one of these companies on August 17, which was printed in Philadelphia and London, and entitled Religion and Patriotism the Constituents of a Good Soldier. After applauding the patriotic spirit and military ardor, which had begun to manifest themselves, the preacher adds: "As a remarkable instance of this, I may point out to the public that heroic youth, Colonel Washington, whom I cannot but hope Providence has has hitherto preserved in so signal a manner for some important service to his country."-- Sparks.]
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1755.
My Dear Orme: I arrived at Home the day before yesterday, without meeting with an Egachee,46 or any other remarkable event. I called at Belhavem purposely to acquaint Majr. Carlyle with your desire, who will use all possible means to procure a Vessel though I fear it will be somewhat difficult
[Note 46: It is possible that Orme and other army friends of Washington who had been wounded but survived the action at the Monongahela, rallied Washington on being a favorite of the gods because of his scathless escape from the massacre. This would permit the word "egachee" to be interpreted as ægises, in the sense of a protective influence, a plural which Washington spelled by its sound to him. An old spelling of ægis is egis.] at present as the Shipping have most of them employ'd, in transporting the Tobo. from the diff't. Warehouses
It is impossible to relate the difft. accts. that was given of our late unhappy Engagem't; but all tend'd, greatly to the disadvantage of the poor deceas'd Genl., who is censur'd on all hands. As I have no cert'n conveyance for this Letter I shall only add my sincere compt's to Morris, Burton, George and Dobson and shall take an oppertunity of writ'g to you at Philidelphia, and of being more particular, I am my Dear Orme, etc.
I shou'd take it particularly kind if Morris wou'd get the Order's copied from the 6th. of June to the 9th. of July, and send them to me by the first safe conveyance.
[Note 47: After Grymes returned from England he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1755.
Sir: I don't remember to have receiv'd more than one letter from you, and that I shou'd have answer'd; but knowing that I cou'd give you no satisfactory acct. myself, of your Bed &c., I thought it more advisable to desire Doctr. Walker48 to enquire of Mr. Gist,49 and of Colo. Cresap50 (at whose Ho. I perfectly remember the great Tent was left) concerning them, and to let you know their answer.
[Note 48: Dr. Thomas Walker, formerly a major in the British Army, whose daughter was the second wife of Hon. William Fairfax and the mother of George William Fairfax.]
[Note 49: Christopher Gist.]
[Note 50: Col. Thomas Cresap, one of the famous Colonial frontiersmen.]
I have since recollected, and think I am very certain, that Vanbraam (who was left out after Gist and I came off on Foot) charged with these and other things, told me that after hav'g most of his Horses tire, he was oblig'd to leave your things, with many of my own, out at Mr. Gists Ho. where they must have been burnt and destroy'd with his Plantation.51
[Note 51: The tent, bed, and other things which were carried on Washington's journey to Fort Le Boeuf in 1753--54.]
If you are going to England I heartily wish you a good Voyage, and the attainment of your utmost desires. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, August 2, 1755.
Dr. Sir: I must acknowledge you had great reason to be terrified with the first acc'ts, that was given of our unhappy defeat, and I must own, I was not a little surpris'd to find that Governor Innis was the means of alarming the Country with a report of that extraordinary nature, without having any better confirmation of the truth, than an affrighted waggoner's story. Its true, we have been beaten, most shamefully beaten, by a handful of Men ! who only intended to molest and disturb our March; Victory was their smallest expectation, but see the wondrous works of Providence! the uncertainty of Human things! We, but a few moments before, believ'd our number's almost equal to the Canadian Force; they only expected to annoy us. Yet, contrary to all expectation and human probability, and even to the common course of things, we were totally defeated, sustain'd the loss of every thing; which they have got, are enrichen'd and strengthened by it. This, as you observe, must be an affecting story to the Colony; and will, no doubt, license the tongues of People to censure those they think most blamably; which by the by, often falls very wrongfully. I join very heartily with you in believing that when this story comes to be related in future Annals, it will meet with ridicule or indignation; for had I not been witness to the fact on that fatal Day, I sh'd scarce give credit to it now.
Whenever it suits you to come into Fairfax I hope you will make your home at Mount Vernon. Please to give my Compts. to all inquiring Friends; and I assure you, nothing cou'd have added greater satisfaction to my safe return, than hearing of the friendly concern that was express'd on my suppos'd Death. I am, &c.
[Note 52: Augustine Washington was half brother to George and full brother to Lawrence; he was then at Williamsburg as a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses.]
Mount Vernon, August 2, 1755.
Dear Brother: The pleasure of your Company at Mount Vernon always did, and always will, afford me infinite satisfaction; but at this time, I am too truly sensible how needful the Country is of the assistance of all its members, to desire to hear that any are absent.53 I most sincerely wish that harmony and unanimity may prevail amongst you, and that a happy issue may attend your prudent resolutions.
[Note 53: Absent from the legislature.]
I am not able were I ever so willing, to meet you in Town, for I assure you it is with some difficulty and with fatigue that I visit my Plantation's in the Neck, so much has a sickness of five weeks' continuance reduced me: But tho it is not in my power to meet you there, I can nevertheless assure you, and other's (who it may concern to borrow a phrase from Governor Innes) that I am so little dispirited at what has happen'd, that I am always ready and always willing, to do my Country any Services that I am capable off; but never upon the Terms I have done, having suffer'd much in my private fortune, besides impairing one of the best of Constitution's.
I was employ'd to go a journey in the Winter (when I believe few or none wou'd have undertaken it) and what did I get by it? my expenses borne! I then was appointed with trifling Pay to conduct an handful of Men to the Ohio. What did I get by this? Why, after putting myself to a considerable expence in equipping and providing necessarys for the Campaigne I went out, was soundly beaten, lost them all--came in, and had my Commission taken from me or, in other words my Corn'd, reduced, under pretence of an Order from home. I then went out a Volunteer with Genl. Braddock and lost all my Horses and many other things, but this being a voluntary act, I shou'd not have mention'd it, was it not to shew that I have been upon the loosing order ever since I enter'd the Service, which is now near two year's; so that I think I can't be blare'd, shou'd I, if I leave my Family again, end'vt. to do it upon such terms as to prevent my sufferg., (to gain by it, is the least of my expectation).
I doubt not but you have heard the particulars of our shameful defeat, which really was so scandalous that I hate to have it mention'd. You desire to know what Artillery was taken in the late Engt; it is easily told, we lost all that we carr'd out, save 2 Six pound'rs, and a few Cohorns that were left with Colo. Dunbar; and the Cohorns have since been destroy'd to expedate his flight. You also ask whether I think the Forces can March this Fall. I must answer, I think it impossible, for them to do the French any damage (unless it be by starv'g) for want of a proper Train of Artillery; yet they may be very serviceable in erect'g small Fortresses at convenient places to deposit provisions in, by which the Country will be eas'd of an immense expence in the Carriage, and it will also be a mean's of securing a Retreat if we sh'd be put to the Rout again; the success of this tho' will dep'd gre'tly upon what Gov'r. Shirley does at Niagara, for if he succeeds, their Comn. with Canada will be entirely stop'd.
It is impossible for me to guess at the number of recruits that may be want'g, as that must depend altogeth'r upon the strength of the French on the Ohio, w'ch to my g't. astonishm't we were ever strangers to.
I thank you very heartily for your kind offer of a Chr. and for your goodness in sending my things; and, after begg'g you excuse the imperfect'ns. of the above which in part are owing to hav'g much Comp'y that hurrys me I shall conclude Dr. Sir, Yr. most Afft. Broth'r.
Mount Vernon, August 2, 1755.
Sir: I intend myself the honour of waitg. upon your County, in order to exercise the Militia; and shou'd be glad if you wou'd appoint your Officer's to meet me at the Court Ho., or some other convenient place with a Firelock, Ammunition, &c. on the ... of September next, and the Militia properly accoutre'd, the day following. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, August 2, 1755.
Sir: [The Army und'r the Com'd of G: Braddock has met with an unfortunate defeat, which has occasioned my ret'n]54 from the Ohio; [This circumstance enables me to order] the
[Note 54: The bracketed portions of this letter are the readings as changed in 1784--85. Washington made the erasures with a knife, and the original wording is completely obliterated.] Militia of the several Countys in my district, to meet me and I have therefore taken this earliest oppertunity of inform'g you of it; that you may not be troubled ab't any but Eastern Shore Countys, unless you will undertake to exercise the whole (saving the two Frontier Countys viz Fairfax and Prince Win. which I will take the trouble off) for the Consideration of 40,£'s if you accept of this offer, I shou'd be glad to know it before the first of Sept. and I have enclos'd you a Mem'm. of the appointed times that I have desit'd the Officer's, and Militia of each County to meet, that you may proceed accordingly. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, August 14, 1755.
Honor'd Madam: If it is in my power to avoid going to the Ohio again, I shall, but if the Command is press'd upon me by the genl. voice of the Country, and offer'd upon such terms as can't be objected against, it wou'd reflect eternal dishonour upon me to refuse it; and that, I am sure must, or ought, to give you greater cause of uneasiness than my going in an honourable Com'd.; for upon no other terms I will accept of it if I do at all; at present I have no proposals or any mention made abt. it only from private hands. I am etc.
[Note 55: Warner Lewis's letter is not in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress; it was inclosed in a letter from Charles Lewis to Washington, which is among those papers, and is printed in S. M. Hamilton's Letters to Washington (Boston: 1898), vol. 1, p. 75.]
Mount Vernon, August 14, 1755.
Dear Sir: After returning the most sincere and grateful thanks for your kind condolence on my late indisposition; and for the too generous, and give me leave further to say, partial opinion you have entertain'd of my ability's; I must express my concern for not having it in my power to meet you, and other Friends, who have signified their desire of seeing me (in Williamsburg). Your Letter only came to hand at nine last Night, and you inform me of the Assembly breaking up the latter end of the Week, which allows a time too short to perform a journey of 160 miles distance particularly by a person in my weak and feeble condition altho' I am happily recover'd from the low ebb to w'ch I was reduced by a sickness of near 5 Weeks continuance. Had I got timely notice, I wou'd have attempted the ride by slow and easy journeys, if it had been only for the satisfaction of seeing my Friends, who I flatter myself from what you say, are kind enough to sympathise in my good, and evil Fortunes.
The Chief Reason (next to indisposition) that prev'd me from coming down to this Assembly was a determination not to offer myself, and that determination proceeded from the following Reason's. 1st. a belief that I cou'd not get a command upon such terms as I shou'd care to accept;56 as I must confess I never will quit my Family, injure my Fortune, and (above all) impair my health to run the risque of such Changes and Vicissitudes as I have done; but shall now expect, if I am employ'd again, to have something certain again, was I to have
[Note 56: While Colonel Washington was writing this letter he had already been appointed to the command. The assembly voted £40,000 for the public service, and the governor and council immediately resolved to increase the Virginia Regiment to 16 companies, In the same same act the assembly also granted to George Washington the sum of £300, to the captains £75 each, to the lieutenants and surgeon £30, and to every soldier £5 as "a reward and compensation for their gallant behaviour and losses," at the Monongahela. Washington's grant was for his losses sustained.
"I have granted commissions to raise sixteen companies, to augment our forces to one thousand men, and have incorporated them into a regiment. The command thereof is given to Colonel George Washington, who was one of General Braddock's aids-de-camp, and I think a man of great merit and resolution. Our officers are greatly dispirited for want of his Majesty's commissions, that, when they join the regulars they may have some rank; and I am persuaded it would be of infinite service, if his Majesty would graciously please to honor them with his commissions, the same as General Shirley's and Sir William Pepperell's regiments; and I am convinced, if General Braddock had survived, he would have recommended Mr. Washington to the royal favor, which I beg your interest in recommending."-- Dinwiddie to Sir Thomas Robinson, Sept. 6, 1755.
Washington's commission from Dinwiddie, dated Aug. 14, 1755, appointed him colonel of the Virginia Regiment and commander in chief of all the forces now raised and to be raised for the defense of his Majesty's colony and for repelling the unjust and hostile invasions of the French and their Indian allies. A peculiar sense of economy inspired Dinwiddie to specially note that Washington's pay commenced September I. In the instructions accompanying the commission the French are accused of unjustly invading his Majesty's lands on the Ohio; the Virginia Regiment is to consist of 16 companies; goods and presents were to be purchased for the Indians: morality and virtue were to be inculcated among the troops and drunkenness and swearing were to be punished. The text of Washington's commission and instructions are printed in the Dinwiddie Papers, vol. 2, pp. 184--187.] the command, I shou'd insist upon somethings which ignorance and inexperience made me overlook before, particularly that of having the Officers in some measure appointed with my advice, and with my concurrence; for I must say, I think a commanding Officer not hav'g this liberty appear's to me to be one of the strangest thing in Life, when it is well known how much the conduct and bravery of an Officer influences the Men; how much a Commanding Officer is answerable for the behaviour of the inferiour Officer's; and how much his good or ill success in time of action depends upon the conduct of each particular Officer; especially in this kind of Fighting, where being dispers'd, each and every of them at that immediate time, has greater liberty to misbehave than if he were regularly, and compactly drawn up under the Eyes of their superior Officer's. However on the other hand, how little credit is given to a Commander, who perhaps after a defeat, in relating the cause justly lays the blame on some individual whose cowardly behav'r betray'd the whole to ruin; how little does the World consider the Circumstances, and how apt are mankind to level their vindictive Censures against the unfortunate Chief, who perhaps merited least of the blame. Does it not appear then that the appointing of Officers is a thing of the utmost consequence; a thing that shou'd require the greatest circumspection; ought it to be left to blind chance? or what is still worse, to a forced partiality? Shou'd it not be left to a Man whose powers and what is still dearer, whose honour depends upon their good Examples.
There are necessary Officer's yet wanting, which no Pro, vision have been made for. A small Military Chest is so absolutely necessary, that it is impossible to do without, nor no Man can conduct an affair of this kind who has it not. These things I shou'd expect, was I appointed.
But, besides all these, I had other Reasons wh'h with'd me f'm offering. I believe our Circumstances are now to that unhappy Dilemma that no Man can gain any Honour by conduct'g our Forces at this time, but rather loose in his reputation; for I am very confid't the progress must be slow for want of conveniences to transport our Provisions &c. over the Mountains and this chiefly occasion'd, by the late ill treatm't of the Waggoner's and Horse driver's, who have rec'd little for their Lab'r and noth'g for their lost Hors's and Wag'ns; w'ch will be an infallible mean's of prevent'g all from assist'g that are not oblig'd; so that I am truly sensible, whoever undertakes it will meet with such insurmountable obstacles that he will be soon look'd upon in the very light of an idle, indolent body, have his conduct censured and perhaps meet with opprobious abuse, when it is as much out of his power to avoid these delays as to com'd the rag'g Seas in a Storm. Seeing these things in the above light that I did, had no small influence upon me, as I was pretty much assur'd I shou'd loose what at present constitutes the chief part of my happiness, i.e. the esteem and notice the Country has been pleas'd to honour me with.
It is possible you may infer from what I have said that my intention's is to decline at all events, but my meaning is entirely different: I was determin'd not to offer, because to solicit the Command and at the same time to make my proposals I thought wou'd look a little incongruous, and to carry a face of too much self sufficiency, as if I imagin'd there were none other's equally (if not more) capable of conducting the affair than myself; But if the command shou'd be offer'd the case is then alter'd as I am at liberty to make such objection's as my Reason and my small experience have pointed out. I hope you'll make my Comp's to all inquiring F'ds. I am Dr. Warner Y'r etc.
Mount Vernon, August 14, 1755.
Dear Sir: I return most unfeigned thanks for your hearty demonstrations of Friendship, in kind congratulation's on my safe return, and I wish dear Charles, it was more in my power than it is to answer the favourable opinion my Friends have conceiv'd of my abilitys, let them not be deceiv'd, I am unequal to the Task, and do assure you it requires more experience than I am master of to conduct an affair of the importance that this is now arisen to.
If I do go, I shou'd think myself happy in havg. you of our party, if you have reconcil'd it perfectly to yourself and Family, otherwise I think you wou'd be blameable to involve them in so much uneasiness as your absence will necessaryly give; I have wrote fully to your Broth'r Wnr. to whom I must refer you for further particular's I am Dr. Charles, etc.
[Williamsburg], September [3], 1755.
First; That each Captain shall, by beat of Drum or otherwise, Raise Thirty men; Each Lieutenant Eighteen; and each Ensign, Twelve men.
Secondly: That each Captain shall appoint proper Persons to act as non-commissioned Officers, during their Recruiting Service: But those non-commissioned Officers, so appointed, are not to be confirmed, 'till approved of by me, or a Field Officer for that purpose.
Thirdly: That no Officer shall list any Men under Sixteen, or above Fifty years of age: Nor are they to list men under five feet four Inches high, unless they are well made, strong, and active; then, and in that case, they will be received.
Neither are they to list any men who have old Sores upon their legs, or who are subject to Fits; which will be inspected into by the Surgeons, upon their arrival at Quarters: and such as are found to come under these Articles, will be discharged; and the Officers have no allowance made.
Fourthly: That, when each Recruiting Officer has listed his Complement of Men, he is immediately to repair to the Place of Rendezvouz; which I hope, and expect, will be by the first day of October next: but if in case the whole should not be complete by that time; it is then my Orders, that each Captain shall forthwith send one of his Subalterns with all the Recruits, to the quarters assigned him, and remain with the other Subaltern to complete his Company, with all imaginable Diligence. There will be a Field Officer to receive, review, and examine the Recruits that are brought in; who will have power to reject and discharge, such as come under the above Articles.
Fifthly: That, for each Recruit that is passed by such Field Officer, the Officer who Listed him, shall receive two Pistoles, and an allowance of eight-pence per Day for Subsistance, from the day of his attestation, to the day of his being received into the Regiment.
Sixthly: That all Recruits, so soon as they are Listed, are to take the Oaths provided for that purpose; which is to be attested by the Magistrate who administered them.
Their Stature, Complexion, and so forth, is to be taken also, and entered by the Recruiting Officer in a Book kept for that purpose.
Seventhly: That no Officer shall bring in any charge against his Men for Necessaries; Each man being to receive full Clothing, on his arrival at the place of Rendezvous.
Lastly: That when you are on the Recruiting Service, and on your March; you are to observe the same good Order and Discipline, as in Camp or in Quarters; and you are to conform yourself, in every respect, to the Rules and Articles of War. Given under my hand etc.
All the Officers then present received the foregoing Instructions, and money for Recruiting; and some of them were appointed to act 'till further Orders, as followeth: Viz. To Captain Spotswoods57 Company, Lieutenant Lomax58 and Ensign Garter,59 were ordered to do Duty as Subalterns: and to Captain Harrison; Lieutenant John. Hall; Ensign Nathaniel Thompson. To Captain Lewis; Lieutenant Peter Steenbergen; Ensign Edward Hubard. To Captain Peachy,60 Lieutenant John Williams; Ensign William Dangerfield. To Captain Bell, Lieutenant John Campbell; Ensign William Fleming. To Captain McKenzie,61 Lieutenant James Baker, Ensign Leonard Price.
[Note 57: Capt. Robert Spotswood.]
[Note 58: Lieut. John Edward Lomax.]
[Note 59: Ensign Thomas Carter.]
[Note 60: Capt. William Peachy.]
[Note 61: Capt. Robert McKenzie.]
And were ordered by their Instructions, to Rendezvous as followeth:
Fredericksburgh; Captain Spotswood, and Company, Captain Harrison, and Company, Captain Lewis, and Company. Winchester; Captain Bell, and Company; Alexandria; Captain Peachy, and Company; Captain McKenzie, and Company.
The other Subalterns then present, videlicet; Lieutenant's Brockenbrough, Lowry62 and King: Ensigns, Millner,63 Dean and Weedon;64 who were not appointed to any particular Companies, were ordered to Rendezvous at
[Note 62: Lieut. John Lowry.]
[Note 63: Ensign Nathaniel Milner.]
[Note 64: Ensign George Weedon.]
Fredericksburg; Lieutenant Lowry; Ensign Weedon; Alexandria; Lieutenant Brockenbrough, Lieutenant John King, Ensign John Dean.
And received the following Orders.
[Note 65: Washington inclosed these instructions in a short note, reminding Hogg that he was the senior captain, and that as the orders admit of no delay "I must again repeat, that I expect your immediate compliance; and that no excuse shall occasion the least delay."]
September 6, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered, and strictly Commanded, to repair immediately, upon the Receipt of this, to Jackson's River, or the Head-Quarters of Captain Lewis's Company; and there take upon you the Command of said Company. You are therefore to be very punctual in obeying such Orders as have or may be given, by the Governour; and such as you shall receive from time to time, from me: And above all; you are to be particularly careful in using your best Endeavours, to Guard and Protect the Inhabitants and Settlers in those Parts from the Incursions of the French, and their Indians; and to conform and regulate your Conduct, in every respect, by the Strict Rules and Discipline of War.
September 6, 1755.
Sir; The Country have come to a Resolution, to Raise Sixteen Companies, to be Formed into a Regiment; the command of which they have honoured me with;66and were kind enough to allow me the Liberty of appointing my Field Officers. In consequence of which I have commissioned you, Major, and must desire you will, so soon as Captain Hogg arrives, to take the command of your Company; repair to Fredericksburgh with all imaginable Dispatch, to take the command of those Recruits, that shall be brought into that appointed place of Rendezvous. I know, your Diligence and Punctuality require little or no spur; yet as this is an Affair that calls for the greatest dispatch I must earnestly recommend it to you. You must be careful in getting a proper Return of your Company, that I may order Things accordingly.
[Note 66: As soon as Colonel Washington was informed of his appointment, he repaired to Williamsburg to consult with the governor respecting future operations. When he wrote this letter he was on his return to Winchester, which place was fixed upon as his headquarters. The two other points of rendezvous for the recruits were Fredericksburg and Alexandria.-- Sparks]
A Return must also be delivered to Captain Hogg, not only of the Men, but of the Arms, Tools, &c. and his Receipt taken. I am, &c.
After this, I sent to Mr. Dick; and finding him irresolute and indetermined, whether to continue to act as Commissary or no; I took an opportunity to write as followeth, in order to receive a written answer.67
[Note 67: These and similar memoranda which follow were evidently transcribed by Robert Lewis in 1784--85 from Washington's revision of the original record (a continuance of the editing process begun with the so-called Braddock Expedition Letter Book. Unfortunately the originals from which this volume was transcribed have not come to light. They may have been destroyed immediately after this transcript was made.]
September 6, 1755.
Sir: I called at your Store last night, in order to converse farther with you, concerning the Commission of Commissary; but not meeting with you there, I have taken this method of desiring to be better informed of your Sentiments; I have enclosed you a Copy of that Article of my Instructions,68 which empowers me to appoint another, in case you do not act; that you may see by what authority I am governed, and as the nature of the Service, absolutely requires that something should immediately be done; I shall be under a necessity of appointing a person for that purpose, if you discontinue your Services; which If I might be allowed to advise, I would be far from recommending, before October at least; when the Committee meet,69 and will no doubt, obviate your just objections: as they only now want your accompt settled, to discharge it. And as to the objection you offer, I am perswaded it will be in my power to remove; as money will be lodged in my hands for
[Note 68: From Governor Dinwiddie.]
[Note 69: The military committee of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Washington noted: "Mr. Dick hereupon resolved, to act until a meeting of the committee in October and received the following instructions." (See Orders For Commissary Charles Dick, September 6, post.)] that and other purposes. If you are determined nevertheless, to throw up at all events; I must beg to know what Stores of Provisions, &c. are in your hands, and where they lie. I should also be glad to know, whether you were in earnest, when you talked of preventing their issuing 'till you was reimbursed. But this I am satisfied you could never entertain a serious thought of, if once you considered the train of ills that may attend detaining the Kings or Country's Stores; and how ill-judged a Scheme it will be to come at your Money.
I would therefore advise you to a serious consideration of these things; and should be glad to know your determination by the Bearer. For as the Recruits are appointed to Rendezvouz at Fredericksburgh, Alexandria, and Winchester, there must be Provisions laid in at all those places, together with several other necessaries, that will require the immediate attention of a Commissary: For executing of which, if you incline to continue 'till you are better informed of the Terms, I shall give money and Instructions, to conduct yourself by. I am, Sir, etc.
September 6, 1755.
1st. So soon as you arrive in Town, you are to take upon you the Command of the Troops that are Recruited, and brought in from the different Counties by the several Officers: and after Reviewing, you are to Receive and reject such men as fall under the enclosed Instructions; which were delivered to each Recruiting Officer, to Regulate his Conduct by.
2dly. You are to be very careful in having exact Returns made every Day of each Company; by which you are to see no more Provisions are drawn for, than what is necessary.
3dly. You are to see that the Muster-Rolls of each Company and Party, are called three times a day; and that the men are as often called out and taught the New platoon way of Exercising, That you may be the better enabled to do this, I shall order a Sergeant or two from Fort Cumberland.
4thly. The Men are to Cook their own Provisions in the Barracks, provided by Mr. Commissary Dick; who you are to apply to for Kettles and other absolute Necessaries.
5thly. The Men are to be regularly practised in Shooting at Targets, in order that they may acquire a Dexterity in that kind of firing.
6thly. In all things, you are to see that good Regular Discipline is observed; in order to do which, you are to Govern yourself in every respect, by the Rules and Articles of War.
Herewith is enclosed the Orders for the several Recruiting Officers, which you may deliver as they come in.
[Fredericksburg], September 6, 1755.
As soon as you arrive in Town with your Recruits, you are to put yourself under the Command of Major Andrew Lewis, or the Field Officer appointed for that Rendezvous: And you are to be strictly obedient to all such lawful Commands, as you shall from time to time receive from him: and particularly to observe, that the Muster Rolls of your Men are regularly called three times a day, and that they are as often called out to their Exercise; at which times you are to be present. If it should so happen that you arrive before the Field Officer; you are then to receive your Orders from, and make your daily Reports to, the Oldest Officer present, having regard to the above Directions.70
[Note 70: The same orders were sent to Captains Lewis and Harrison, Lieutenant Lowry, and Ensign Weedon.]
Alexandria, September 11, 1755.
[Sir:] After waiting a day or two at Fredericksburgh, writing Orders for the Recruiting Officers appointed to that Rendezvous, and dispatching an Express for Major Lewis, who I have ordered Captain Hogg to relieve; I set out for this place in order to examine the Clothing, Provisions, &c.; and exact Return of which I herewith send.
I also enclose your Honour a List of such Things as Major Carlyle can furnish, which are suitable, and, I think, tolerably cheap.
All the Shoes, Stockings, Shirts, and Hats may be had here, also one hundred complete Suits at Sixty shillings or less, which I think would not be amiss to engage, as no one part of the Country can, I believe, furnish the whole.
However, I have desired Major Carlyle to Receive your Honours Directions in this particular; and for making the others below, a Pattern is sent: it would be right to have them differing in Size: unless there is a proper provision made to supply the Soldiers with Clothing, after they receive their first allowance, great inconveniences will necessarily arise; particularly Shoes, Stockings and Shirts, are not laid in; for those are the most durable, and the needed.
The Method I would recommend is, for the Country, or some Person, to provide these Things, and Lodge them, or a part thereof, in Camp, in the hands of the Quarter Master, who may be appointed to Receive and deliver them to the Soldiers, by particular Orders from their Captains; taking care to produce those Orders, and proper Vouchers for the delivery, each pay-day; when it must be deducted out of that Soldiers Pay, who receives it.
This, I think, will be a means of keeping them always provided, and fit for the Duty, preventing the Officers from supplying the Men, which is generally attended with misunderstanding, and will also be a means of discouraging Followers of the Army, from demanding such exorbitant Prices, as is usually practised on such Occassions.
However, I only offer this as the most Efficacious method I can at present think of; if any other more elligible can be found, I should be glad to see it practised; as something of the kind must be done, otherwise the Soldiers will soon be Barefooted &c. which always pleads exemption from Duty; and, indeed, in the approaching Season, will render it a very just Excuse. And these things can not be got, without sending all over the Country, and scarcely then; I think it would be advisable for your Honour to send to Philadelphia for Shoes, white-yarn Stockings, Blankets, Kettles, Tomahawks, a Quantity of Cartridge Paper, Stationery, and a proper Assortment of Indian Goods, which can not be had here. There is an opportunity of getting'em round immediately by the Hopewell, Captain Martin, who carries the Regimental Stores thither.
I applied to the Speaker, as your Honour directed me, for a Letter to Major Carlyle, about the Provisions; but he thought it advisable to postpone giving it until the Quantity was ascertained, to know whether it would Defray the Charges of Freighting a Vessel; which I have informed him of by this Express.
Major Carlyle is of opinion, that the West-India Markets will do better than New York, as the Returns will be in Rum; which he thinks may soon be turned into Flour at the Camp; and this will be much better than getting it from New York (if it is to be had there) as the Carriage afterwards, will almost equal the First Cost.
If all the Country Provisions are Shipped off, it will be necessary for your Honour to order the Irish Beef to be Served out to the Recruits as they arrive. I am afraid I shall not be able to push things with Spirit this Fall, for for want of a Commissary who will act with vigour; Mr. Dick seeming determined not to enter into further Contracts, unless he is better Supported, or until he meets the Committee in October; by which time the best Season for engaging Beef, will be over. Nor had I it in my power to assist him much, as the Sum was trifling I received. I greatly fear, we shall also proceed slowly in Recruiting; it was attempted at the General Muster in this County, without success. And the Officers newly appointed, began to express their apprehensions so soon as they had their Commissions. And to Draught them will answer no end, unless they are put under better Regulations: A proof of this is very flagrant in Fredericksburgh; where they were obliged to imprison the Men, who were afterwards Rescued by their Companions.
While I am speaking of the Companies, I can not help observing, that one Subaltern is insufficient to do the Duty.
As I understand several of the Officers are gone to Williamsburgh, I must beg the Favour of your Honour to Dispatch them as quickly as possible, and order them to proceed to Fredericksburgh, and from thence to Alexandria; if they do not meet me and wait my arrival from Fort Cumberland and Winchester; where they will Receive their Recruiting Orders &c. I have taken care to order Salt up, and this Day shall set out myself. I am your Honor's &c.
Major Carlyle tells me, that there were fifty Suits of Clothing sent down to your Honour, which he supposes are now at Hampton.72
[Note 72: Washington wrote this same day what was practically an identical letter to Speaker John Robinson, which Ford prints.]
After giving the necessary orders and collecting returns of provisions, clothing etc. at the place and stores at Rock Creek,73 I continued to Winchester, where I arrived on the fourteenth.
[Note 73: Rock Creek is a little to the north of Centerville, Fairfax County, on the direct road to Williams Gap.]
September 15th., 1755.
If it happens that I am not in Winchester when you arrive there with your Recruits; You are hereby Ordered to put yourself &c. under the Command of the oldest Officer then present; observing particularly, all such Directions as you shall from time to time receive from him. But, if it should so fall out, that you are the first that arrive there, or if you should be the oldest Officer there; you are then to govern yourself by the enclosed Instructions.74
[Note 74: The instructions, with an inconsequential variation, were the same as those to Maj. Andrew Lewis of September 6.]
From thence I continued to Fort Cumberland, and took upon me the Command of the Troops there; issuing the Daily Orders, and giving such Instructions and Directions, as appeared necessary.
Fort Cumberland, September 17, 1755.
Ensign Forgie75 for the Day.
[Note 75: The name Forgie does not appear in any other place than this; it is not in any of the available manuscripts or printed lists of Virginia soldiers. There are numerous evidences of inadvertence on the part of Robert Lewis, the copyist of 1784--85, and this name seems to be another of them.]
Parole Success.76
[Note 76: The parole was a password for the day given to officers, while the countersign was the password for all. As no countersign was established, it is conjectured that only officers were permitted to pass the sentries; but military practice in Colonial times is not entirely clear.]
George Washington Esquire, is by His Honor Governour Dinwiddie, appointed Colonel of the Virginia Regiment, and Commander in Chief of all the Forces that now are, and shall be Raised &c. &c.
Captain Adam Stephen is appointed Lieutenant Colonel; and Captain Andrew Lewis, Major of the same Regiment. Captain George Mercer, of the Virginia Forces, is Appointed Aid de Camp to Colonel Washington.
Lieutenants John Savage, John Mercer, Joshua Lewis, and Henry Woodward, are promoted as Captains in the Virginia Regiment.
Mr. Robert Spotswood, Carter Harrison, Charles Lewis, William Peachy, David Bell, and Robert McKenzie, are appointed Captains in the same Regiment.
Ensigns Thomas Bullet, Walter Stewart, John Blegg, Hancock Eustace, and George Frazier, are promoted to Lieutenants. Mr. John Edward Lomax, Peter Steenbergen, John Williams, Augustine Brokenborough, John Campbell, John Hall, John Lowry, John King, and James Baker, are appointed Lieutenants: Quarter Master, Mordecai Buckner, is appointed Ensign. Mr. John Polson, William Danger field, Edward Hubbard, John Dean, Nathaniel Milner, William Fleming, Leonard Price, Nathaniel Thomson, Thomas Carter, Charles Smith, Lee Hessius Dekeyzier,77 George Gordon, and George Weeden, are appointed Ensigns.
[Note 77: Lehaynsius De Keyser.]
The former Captains and Lieutenants, who are not promoted, continue in their former posts. James Livingston, Fort Major, is appointed Adjutant to the Virginia Regiment. Every Officer of the Virginia Regiment, to provide himself as soon as he can conviently, with a Suit of Regimentals of good blue Cloath; the Coat to be faced and cuffed with Scarlet, and trimmed with Silver: A Scarlet waistcoat, with Silver Lace; blue Breeches, and a Silver-laced Hat, if to be had, for Camp or Garrison Duty.
Besides this, each Officer is to provide himself with a common Soldiers Dress, for Detachments, and Duty in the Woods.
The Captain or Commanding Officer, of each Company, to give in an exact Return of the State of his Company; specifying the number of Arms, Tents, Kettles, and Clothing thereto Belonging. All Orders before given for the Regulation of the Fort and Camp, to be punctually obeyed.
Mr. Defever, Conductor of the Train, to give in an exact Return of the Ammunition of all Sorts, and Tools of every kind.
All the Officers of the Virginia Regiment, to attend Colonel Washington at five O'Clock this Evening; in the Room adjoining the Fort Majors'.
Fort Cumberland, September 18, 1755.
Ensign Buckner, Officer for the Day.
Parole Diligence.
Lieutenant Bronaugh78 is promoted as a Captain in the Virginia Regiment. All the Men of the Virginia Troops, are to be formed into two Companies, which are to be commanded by Captains Savage and Bronaugh, 'till further Orders.
[Note 78: William Bronaugh.]
Captain Savage, Lieutenant Blegg, and Ensign Smith, to take care of Captains Steven, Hogg, and Mercer's Companies; Captain Bronaugh, Lieutenant Stewart, and Ensign Polson, to take care of Captain Waggeners (late Polson, Peyrouny and Cockes Companies).
All the rest of the Officers of the Virginia Troops, to attend Colonel Washington at 12 O'Clock, to Receive their Recruiting Instructions.
Fort Cumberland, September 18, 1755.
Whereas the Service Requires a number of Men to be Raised, with all convenient Dispatch; you are hereby Ordered to Repair as soon as possible to Annapolis, and other publick Places in Maryland, and there to use your utmost Endeavours in Recruiting Men for His Majesty's Service, under my Command; taking particular care, to do nothing contrary to your Recruiting Instructions.
You are to send your Subalterns into the Back Parts of Maryland, Pennsylvania, or such other Places as you shall think most advisable, to Expedite the Recruiting Service. You are to send me an Account from time to time of your Proceedings, and of your Success, and to be punctual in obeying all such Orders as you shall Receive from me.
Lastly: I recommend it to you and your Officers, to use the utmost Diligence and all possible Dispatch.79
[Note 79: The same instructions were given to Capt. Thomas Cocke and, with necessary modifications, to Lieuts. Hancock Eustace and William Starke and Ensign Mordecai Buckner.]
Fort Cumberland, September 19, 1755.
Lieutenant McManners, Officer for the Day.
Parole England.
All the Men of the two Companies formed Yesterday, are to distinguish their Firelocks by some particular mark, which the Subaltern Officers of the Companies are to enter in a Book, which they are to keep for that purpose. And if any man changes or loses his Firelock, or other Arms, he is to be confined and severely punished. The Arms of all Deserters or Dead Men, are immediately to be delivered to the Commissary, who is to pass his Receipt for them to the Commanding Officer of the Company.
Any Soldier who is guilty of any breach of the Articles of War, by Swearing, getting Drunk, or using an Obscene Language; shall be severely Punished, without the Benefit of a Court Martial.
A Court Martial to sit immediately, for Trial of all the Prisoners in the Guard.
[Note 80: Capt. John Savage, Lieut. John Roe, Lieut. John Lemon (Linnon, Linn), of the rangers, Lieut. Walter Steuart, and Lieut. John Blagg (Blegg).]
The Officers of the two Companies formed yesterday are to have their Rolls called over thrice every Day; which the Officers are to attend and see Done by turns, beginning with the Captain: and if any Soldier is absent without Leave, he is to be confined immediately, and tried by a Court Martial, or punished at the Discretion of the Commanding Officer.
Fort Cumberland, September 19, 1755.
Sir: The number of the Virginia Forces is considerably augmented, and I have again taken them under my Command.
I am therefore very desirous of seeing you here; and the more so, because I have it in my power to do something for you in a Settled way, which I hope will be agreeable to you. You have, much contrary to my inclinations, been tossed about from place to place, and disappointed in your just Expectations: which Inconveniences I will Remedy, as much as lies in my power.
I desire you will bring some Indians along with you, which will put it more in my power to Serve you. They shall be better used than they have been, and have all the kindness from us they can desire.
If you think it proper to bring Mrs. Montour along with you, she shall Receive the best Usage, and be provided for. I am, &c.
[Note 81: Original is in the archives of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Dick was commissary general of the Virginia forces.]
Fort Cumberland, September 20, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered, to give in an exact Return of all the Cloathing of every kind; Arms of all Sorts; Ammunition, Provisions, Tents, Pack-Saddles, &c. &c. that are at Winchester; and to be very particular in Distinguishing the Quantity, and Quality of each Sort.
I must also desire you will provide Barracks, Provisions and other absolute necessarys, for the Recruits, as they arrive at that place of Rendezvous and If you find any Difficulty in getting Provisions in the Neighbourhood of Winchester, you must send to Conogogee: to enable you to do this, I have furnished you with £20.
I have left a Letter, and Orders for Captain Bell,82 or his Subalterns; which I desire you will Deliver, or cause to be delivered, as soon as they come to their Rendezvous; which will be the first of October. As the Letter contains the Officer's Instructions, the first that arrives, is ordered to open it.
[Note 82: Capt. David Bell.]
[H.S.P.]
Fort Cumberland, September 20, 1755.
1st. To complete the Stockade round the Magazine, as soon as possible; and to have that House which contains the empty Casks, covered with Dirt, and the Ammunition removed into it.
2ly. To have the Barracks well cleaned and Sweetened, as soon as the Hospital is Removed, and the Troops moved into them.
3ly. To have Wood on the other side of the Run cut down, and Burnt, or Corded up for Firing.
4ly. To Secure all the publick Horses that may be brought in by the Country People; and to use all possible Diligence, in getting those that are carried off by others.
5ly. To send out a Party after the Horses John Nickols informs of, also after Some that were Sold to John Nealand, without Leave; and to employ Hands to look after the whole, until I return.
6ly. To See that both Officers and Soldiers, are Regularly and constantly, Exercised twice a Day; and that the Adjutant is very Diligent in his Duty.
7ly. To be particularly kind &c. to Captain Montour, and to Treat the Indians, if any arrive with him, in the most familiar manner.
8ly. To Leave Instructions with Captain Savage, to observe the same Directions, when you come to Willaimsburgh.
9ly. When the Coopers arrive, to see they are constantly employed; and they are to make their Casks so small, that a Horse may carry two of them.
If they do not arrive soon, you are to send an Express for them.
10y. To see that the Gun-Smith is as Expeditious as possible, in Repairing the Arms: and to order the Carpenters to make Ram-rods for them.
11y. To send three Sergeants to each place of Rendezvous; as soon as they shall be thought capable of teaching the Recruits; and to deliver each of them one of the Country's Horses, if it is thought advisable; as they are to be answerable for them.
Fort Dinwiddie, September 24, 1755.
You are Hereby Ordered, to add Bastions to, and Build Barracks in the Fort, immediately: and to fall all the Wood within Musket-Shot, that you may be Guarded against Surprizes.
You are to provide Coopers, and have Casks to put your Provisions in, and See that Some of them are made of such convenient Sizes, that they may be easily transported on horseback.
You are to Engage Grain enough to Serve your Company twelve Months; and to Draw upon your Commissary for money to pay for it. Beef you may also engage to be delivered at your Fort, upon the most Reasonable Terms you can, and draw as above, for the money.
You are to see that the Muster-Rolls of the Company are regularly called three times a day; at which times an Officer is to be present: and that they are duly Exercised, when the Service will admit of it.
You are to transmit me weekly Returns of your Company, to be Signed by yourself and Officers; and a Return the first Day of every Month, reporting the variations that may have happened.
And when any of the non-commissioned Officers or Soldiers, should happen to Die, they are to be continued on the Rolls as Effective men, twenty-eight Days, to pay for their Coffins, &c. You are not to Supply the Men with any necessaries, deducting the same from their pay; you are only to be careful in Seeing they lay out their pay, or part thereof, for such Necessaries as they stand in need of. You are to use your utmost Endeavours in protecting the Inhabitants of Green-Briar, Jackson's River, and those within, from the Incursions of the French and Indians. In order to do which, you are frequently to send out strong Parties to Scour the Woods and Mountains, in those parts.
Lastly. You are to be very particular in Seeing that good Discipline and Order are observed in your Garrison, &c. and you are to Govern yourself, in every Respect, by the Rules, and Articles of War.
After Examining into the State of Affairs here, and giving such Directions as seemed convenient; I set out on my Return to Alexandria, where I arrived the second of October; and gave the following Instructions, &c.
Alexandria, October 3, 1755.
As the Service at present will not allow of Colonel Stephen, as was first intended; you are hereby ordered, to follow, the within Instructions, which were designed for him84
[Note 84: Waggener had been overlong in arriving at Alexandria, and Capt. George Mercer, aide to Washington, wrote him a sharp letter (October 2) by Washington's direction.]
If your Leisure will admit, while you Command here, you are to frequent the publick places hereabout, and endeavour to Enlist what Men you can for the Service.
As all the Officers Instructions direct them to apply to Colonel Stephen for Orders; it will be necessary to shew these Orders, as they arrive, that they may not hesitate to obey.
Alexandria, October 3, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered to Repair to all the publick Places, where you have the greatest probability of Success; and are to use your utmost Endeavours, to Enlist Men for His Majesty's Service under my Command: and you are to observe such farther Directions as are contained in the General Instructions herewith given you: And are by no means to exceed the time appointed for your Rendezvous here.
October 3, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered, to give out of the Stores left under your care by the English Troops, Beds, Blankets, &c. to the Officer appointed to take care of the Recruits; taking his Receipt for the same, for the number Delivered.
You are also Ordered, to deliver the allowance of Flour out of the Virginia Stores, and Beef from the Irish Beef left in your care, by Robert Leake Esquire.
Any Expences that may arise for Cooking, House-Rent, &c. that are Reasonable, you may pay, and it shall be repaid you again.
Arrived at Fredericksburgh, in my way to Willaimsburgh.
October 5, 1755.
As Captain George Mercer of the Virginia Forces, has been appointed Aide de Camp to Colonel Washington, and declared in Publick Orders at Fort Cumberland. To prevent any Disputes or delays of Orders, which may be issued by him. It is also thought proper to acquaint all Officers, &c. at this place, with the said appointment; and that all Orders which come from him are to be as punctually obeyed, as those which may come from the Commander in Chief.
Every Officer of the Virginia Regiment is, as soon as possible, to provide himself with an uniform Dress, which is to be of fine Broad Cloath: The Coat Blue, faced and cuffed with Scarlet, and Trimmed with Silver: The Waistcoat Scarlet, with a plain Silver Lace, (if to be had), the Breeches to be Blue; and every one to provide himself with a Silver-laced Hat, of a Fashionable size.
A Detachment of one Lieutenant, one Ensign, three Sergeants, three Corporals, a Drummer, and Fifty private men, under the Command of Captain Woodward, are to March on Monday next, for Fort Cumberland, and to proceed according to the following March Route: Viz.
Lieutenant Lomax and Ensign Hubbard, are Subalterns appointed for this Detachment, being the eldest at present fit for Duty. All the Officers, except such as Major Lewis shall think fit to stay in Town, to take care of the Recruits, are to disperse themselves to different parts, and have a farther time, 'till the 20th. of October, allowed them for Recruiting; on which Day, they are to Repair to their place of Rendezvous, without Failure, with what Recruits they can Raise.
[Fredericksburg], October 6, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered, to proceed with the Detachment under your Command to Fort Cumberland, according to the Route prescribed in the General Orders: You are to provide yourself at this place, with Sufficient Ammunition for your Detachment, as there is none at Winchester. When you arrive at Winchester, you are to procure a Waggon to assist you to Fort Cumberland.
You are to apply to the Commanding Officer at Winchester, for Arms for your Detachment: also for Sufficient Provisions to serve them to Fort Cumberland. When you arrive at the Fort, you are to see that the men are Exercised daily; and are to receive your Orders from the Commanding Officer there.
You are to observe Good Order.
[Note 85: These were William Picket, Martin Harden, Joseph Nevil, and Watts; Watts was at Goose Creek Ford, now Delaplane, Fairfax County.]
Friday, October 6, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered and strictly Required, to make proper provisions of meat, Bread, &c. for Sixty Men one day: they will be at your House on the ... Day of October, on their March to Fort Cumberland: and I will see you paid a reasonable Allowance.
From hence I set out on the 7th to Williamsburg; and from Todds Ordinary...continued my journey to Colonel Baylors, when I was over taken by an Express sent from Colonel Stephen, informing, that a Body of Indians had fallen on the Inhabitants, killed many of them, destroyed and Burnt several of their Houses.
[Note 86: Original in the J. P. Morgan Library.]
Fredericksburg, October 8, 1755.
Sir: I arrived at this place, in less than three hour's after I wrote you from Colo. Baylor's,87 and some small time after the arrival of Colo. Stephen who brings a worse acct, than he related in his Letter; but as he is the bearer I shall be less prolix referring to him for particular's.
[Note 87: Col. John Baylor. His son George was an aide-de-camp to Washington in the Revolutionary War.]
I shall set out this Evening for Winchester where I expect to be join'd by the Recruits from Alexandria and this place (as soon as they can possibly march that distance) also by one hund'd men from Prince Willm. and Frederick, and I have wrote to Fairfax coty. desiring that a Troop of Horse may hold themselves in readiness to March at an hour's warning, so that I doubt not but with the assistance of these I shall be able to repulse the Enemy if they are still committing their outrages on the Inhabitants.
We are at a loss for want of almost every necessary. Tents, Kettles, Arms, Ammunition, Cartridge-Paper, &c, &c, we are distress'd for, therefore I hope as your Honour did not send to Philadelphia for them, you will if possible endeavour to get them below, and send them by the first opportunity to this place or Alexandria with order's that they may be forwarded immediately to Winchester.
I must again take the liberty of mentioning to your honour, the necessity there is of putting the Militia, (when they are drawn out into actual Service) under better regulations than they are at present; as well as there is of putting us under a Military Law,88 otherwise we shall only be a burthensome charge to the Country, and the others will prove its ruin. That this may not appear an unmeaning expression I shall refer your Honour, to Lit-Colo. Stephen who can give you some late proofs of their disobedience, and inconsistent behaviour.
[Note 88: Of this the governor was convinced, for immediately after the defeat of Braddock he wrote to his superiors of his intention to press a military law, without which little dependence could be placed in the militia. In the August session a new regulation of militia was passed. (See Hening's Statutes at Large, vol. 5, P. 530.)]
I find I cannot possibly be in Williamsburg, (as these affairs will engage me some time) till abt the 6th. 7th. or 8th. of Novr. when I shoud be glad to meet a committee in order to settle with your Honour and them some points that are very necessary for the good of the Expedn.
Colo. Stephen has orders to receive (if he can) some money below that we may be enabled to pay the Troops and to keep up their spirits, and to answer such immediate charges as cannot be dispensed with til I come down; and I shoud be glad if your honour woud order him to repair therewith (so soon as his business is done with the Committee) to Winchester and from thence with a proper Guard to Fort Cumberland. I hope the Treasury will have a sufficient sum of money prepared against I come down, that I meet with no great Delay.
I should be glad your honour woud give Colo. Stephen all the assistance you can in gettg. the money, forwarding this to me that I may be the sooner down. There are abt 70 Recruits at this place, and I left 25 at Belhaven which I suppose are augmented before this by Officer's who I am sorry to say have paid slight regard to Orders, in not being to their places of Rendezvous according to appointment which was the first Instant, the most flagrant proof of this appears Capt. Harrison89 who I have heard nothing of since he rec'd his Instructions. I am, &c.
[Note 89: Capt. Henry Harrison.]
[M.L.]
Fredericksburg, October 8, 1755.
[Sir:] Being much hurried, I shall refer you to Colonel Stephen for Particulars, who brings a melancholy account of Back-Settlers. He waits on you for some money to pay the Recruits, and answer such immediate Charges as may arise before I can see you in Williamsburgh; which can not be now, until about the 8th. or 9th. of November: at which time I should be glad to see you there, and to Receive such a Sum, as you think proper to Lodge in my Hands.
I only wait here to issue Orders for the Recruits; and then shall Repair to Winchester with all imaginable Dispatch, and full hopes, of having it in my power to Repel those Barbarous and insolent Invaders, of our Country. I am &c.
October 8, 1755.
You are to March all the Recruits, now Rendezvousing in Fredericksburgh, under the conduct of the following Officers, Viz:
Captain Henry Woodward, Captain Charles Lewis; Lieutenants John Edward Lomax, and Peter Steenbergen; Ensigns Hubbard and George Weedon, to Winchester immediately; using the utmost. Dispatch in your March. You are to leave Orders with Captain Spotswood, to Recruit hereabouts, and to Receive the Recruits which may be sent to Rendezvous here; and that whenever he can collect about twenty men, he is to send a Subaltern or a trusty Sergeant, with them to Winchester.
You are to collect all the Ammunition that can be had here, or what you think a sufficient quantity, and take it up to Winchester with you.
As you will have Officers, more than sufficient for the command with you: You are to send one off every Morning to engage Provisions for the Men where you intend to Quarter that night, or to use other methods in that respect, as you may think most Expedient.
October 8, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered to proceed to Alexandria, with all possible Dispatch, and to take all the men there under your Command; which, with what Officers you shall think necessary for the number, you are to March immediately to Winchester, when you will receive further Orders.
You are to provide them at Alexandria with Arms, as far as they will go, Ammunition, &c.; if there is any Ammunition there to spare, you are to take it up to Winchester with you, and Lodge it in the Commissary's Store there.
If you think that Provision can not be got on the Road for your Command; you must take it from the Stores at Alexandra. I would have you to use Pack-Horses or Waggons, whichever you shall judge best, for forwarding your March.
You are also to provide your Men with Haversacks.
Fredericksburg, October 8, 1755.
[Sir:] As I understand Lord Fairfax has had great reason to order one hundred of the Militia of your County90 to march, to assist in the protection of our Frontiers; I must desire, that you will see that they come on Horse-back, as they will thereby be enabled to make Dispatch and to carry Provisions with
[Note 90: Prince William County.] them, which must be done, as the scarcity of Bread between this and Fort Cumberland, renders it absolutely necessary. I must earnestly recommend dispatch to you, as you must be truly sensible, that the present situation of Affairs, will not admit of the least delay.
I shall be at Winchester to-morrow, and shall expect to see your Detachment there the next Day or the day after, at the farthest. I am Yours,
Fredericksburg, October 8, 1755.
From the concurring Accounts from Will's-Creek, we have reason to believe, that a greater number of men is wanting than what we are able to Muster at present: it would therefore be advisable to Order a Troop of Horse of your County, to hold themselves in Readiness to March at an hour's warning, in case they should receive such Orders from Lord Fairfax, with whom I expect to be, as soon as the distance &c. can possibly admit. It would be advisable, if they do come, to bring eight or ten Days provision with them. I am &c.
At this place I pressed Horses, and Rode immediately to Lord Fairfax's and Winchester; and finding every thing in the utmost confusion, and no certain accounts of the Enemy; I hired two Scouts to go to the Branch,91 and Endeavour to procure Intelligence: by them I wrote as followeth.
[Note 91: The South Branch of the Potomac River.]
[Note 92: Of the ranger companies.]
Winchester, October 10, 1755.
I received an Express as I was going to Williamsburgh, informing me of the Ravages committed by the Indians on the Back Inhabitants: upon which I rode post to this place, after ordering the Recruits from Fredericksburgh, Alexandria, &c. to Repair here, where I expect them every moment. So that I doubt not you will be encouraged by this to make a Stand, in case you are Attacked or Besieged; as I hope very quickly to Relieve you, and make the Savages and French (who are no better) pay for their Presumption.
I have hired the Bearer to go to you in order to receive a particular account of your Situation, wants, &c. and I must desire you will be very explicit in reciting the Number, and Design of the Enemy.
If their numbers are not large, from many concurring accounts, you ought to send out Parties to stop their progress, which the Timidity of the Inhabitants has been the cause of.
If it should so happen, that you are obliged to quit your Fort for want of Provisions, &c.
You are hereby positively Ordered, to Retreat no farther than Joseph Edwards on Cacapehon: where you will be joined by other Parties as fast as they can be collected. I shall only add, that I wish you Success, and expect to hear you have; and will Behave consistently with your Character, as Relief is so near at hand. I am &c.
Winchester, October 10, 1755.
Hearing that you had quit the Branch, which will not only Discourage those left Behind, but also terrify the Lower Inhabitants, and occasion all of them to abandon their Plantations.
I do hereby Strictly Order and Require of you, to Halt at Joseph Edwards's on Cacapehon, until further Orders; unless you should be drove from thence by Superior Force. You will be quickly joined there by Numbers sufficient to prevent those insolent Invaders from committing such inhuman Outrages; and I hope to Retaliate their Crimes.
It would be right to acquaint the Inhabitants, as I doubt not but you may see many of them Retreating, how necessary, and how much it is their Duty and Interest, to Lodge their Families in some safe place, and join our Party in Dislodging the Enemy from their Lurking places. They will be under no disagreeable Command, nor will they be confined an hour longer than this particular Service Requires; should that be only one week. This you may acquaint them with from me. I am &c.
October 10, 1755.
By Virtue of the Power and authority to me given, as Commander in Chief of all the Forces now Raised &c.
I do hereby Impower you, Powell Hazel, to impress any Horse or Horses, for His Majesty's Service, for the better transporting yourself to and from the Fort, wherein William Vance and Company are.
Winchester, October 10, 1755.
One Corporal and Seven Men to Mount a Guard, which is to be Relieved at Sun-set to-morrow.
A Centry is to be placed over the Magazine and Gun powder.
Lieutenants Linnon and Rutherford, are to take it by turns, to examine the State of the Recruits, and see that they commit no Irregularities.
An Orderly Man is to attend Colonel Washington to morrow; and while he stays, is to be Relieved every two hours, regularly.
As the Sheriff can not attend to-morrow, the Orderly Officer is to look after ... or any other Waggons which shall come to Town; and is to Report them immediately to Colonel Washington.
Lieutenant Linnon for the Day.
Winchester, October 10, 1755.
Dear Sir: Captain Harden arrived in about half an hour after you went away, and informs me, he has about Seventeen Men coming to Town.
This I thought proper to acquaint you of, that you may advise with his Lordship, whether with these Rangers in Town, the Twenty odd you spoke of, and those Captain Smith thinks he is sure of getting, it would not be necessary to attempt Something. I have sent off these two Men you saw for Intelligence, but have little hope of any Satisfactory account from one of them, who seems much addicted to Drinking. If you think these Men and Officers may be depended upon; I do not know but it would be advisable, to send them up: it will at least be a Strong Reconnoitering Party.93 Pray make my Compliments to His Lordship, and believe me to be, Yours &c.
[Note 93: The situation in Winchester was depressing. In addition to the uneasiness, there was no ammunition and an urgent call was sent out for a supply; horses could neither be hired nor impressed, and the troops were half naked from lack of clothing.]
Winchester, October 10, 1755.
You are to proceed to Conogogee immediately; where I expect you will meet with the Waggons you yesterday engaged, by the return of Mr. Defever, Conductor of the Train.
There should be at Conogogee Thirty Boxes of Musket Ball; these you are to bring with you. If there is any Powder in Store, you are also to bring it, and a Cask of Flints. You are to Load the Remainder of the Waggons which you have, or may engage on your way thither, with Flour; which is to be brought to this place, for the use of the Troops which Rendezvous here.
I must particularly, on this occasion, recommend Diligence and Dispatch to you.
[Winchester, October 10, 1755.]
Dear Montour: I wrote you a Letter of Invitation sometime ago desiring yourself, your Family, and Friendly Indians, to come and reside among us; but that Letter not coming to Hand, I am induced to send another Express with the Same Invitation: being pleased that I have it in my power to do something for you, on a better Footing than it ever ever has been done. I was greatly enraptur'd when I heard you was at the head of three hundred Indians on a March toward Venango; being satisfied that your hearty attachment to our Glorious Cause; your Courage, of which I have had sufficient proofs, and your presence among the Indians, would animate their just Indignation to do something Noble, something worthy themselves, and honourable to you.94 I hope you will use your Interest (as I know you have much) in bringing our Brothers once more among us.
[Note 94: The Dinwiddie Papers (vol 2, p 243) dates this October 11, and the copy by Kirkpatrick in those papers is so indorsed. The Washington "Letter Book," from which this text is taken, gives October 10.]
Assure them, as you truly may, that nothing which I can do, shall be wanting. Assure them also, that as I have the chief Command, I am invested with power to Treat them as Brethren and Allies; which I am sorry to say, has not been of late.
Recommend me kindly to our good Friend Monocatoothe, and others; tell them how happy it would make Conotocaurious to have an opportunity of shaking them by the Hand at Fort Cumberland; and how glad he would be to treat them as Brothers of our Great King, beyond the Waters!
Flattering myself that you will come, and I doubting not but you will bring as many of them with you as possible, as that will afford me what alone I want, that is, an opportunity of doing something equal to your Wishes.
I am, etc.
N.B. I doubt not but you have heard of the Ravages committed on our Frontiers by the French Indians, and I suppose French themselves: I am now on my March against them; and hope to give them cause of Repenting their Rashness.
[V.H.S.]
Winchester, October 10, 1755.
Before I got to Williamsburgh, the Commissions were chiefly disposed of; yet having you strongly in my mind (which occasioned an earnest solicitation) I succeeded in procuring the only Commission that was vacant, i.e. to be Captain of a Company of Scouts. This is attended with equal Honour, Rank and Profit, with the other Captains; but will be accompanied with more Fatigue; which you will not regard, as you are greatly inured to it. It is intended, that your Company shall consist as much of active woodsmen, capable of something adequate to your names; I must therefore desire you will Repair immediately thither, in order to receive Money and Instructions to Recruit them; and you may be assured, that I shall Endeavor to provide for your Son in the same Company.
I doubt not but you have heard of the Ravages committed by our inhuman Foes, on the back inhabitants; I am now upon my March against them, with full hopes, that I shall be able to get Satisfaction for their cruel Barbarities.
Never were Indians more wanted than at this time; I have therefore sent to Montour, inviting him, and all he can bring, and should be glad that you would come that way, and use all your interest (as I know you have much with him) to engage his coming; I will promise if he brings many, to do something handsome for him. You had better be silent on this head, though; least where you are measures may be taken by the Pennsylvanians, to prevent him from bringing any Indians. I am, &c.
October 10, 1755.
As the situation of our Affairs here may detain me longer than I expected, which will prevent me from coming through Alexandria, in my way to Williamsburgh.
You are hereby strictly ordered to send (in case I am not at your Rendezvous by the first of November, at night,) and Express to Fredericksburgh, informing me what Officers there are in town, what number of Recruits, what Parties you have sent off, and when; together with a particular account of every occurrence that has happened since your appointment there. You are not to fail in sending off parties of twenty or twenty five men as fast as they are formed, under the care of a Subaltern or trusty Sergeant. I am &c.
N.B. Twenty or twenty-five men are rather too many for a Sergeants Command; therefore it would better to appoint an Officer to that Command, who is to get Arms at Alexandria, if any arrive there from Williamsburgh; but if this should not be the case, I shall endeavour to Lodge Arms at Winchester for them.
October 11, 1755.
As I have been informed that there are Indians lurking about the Plantation of Stephen Julian, it is my Orders, that you, with the Men under your Command, proceed there very early to-morrow morning, and Scour all the woods and suspicious places thereabouts, before you proceed to Meet Captain Smith,95 and make a Report to me of what you shall observe.96
[Note 95: Capt, Daniel [?] Smith.]
[Note 96: These orders were countermanded October 12 and the troops ordered to await further orders. Lieutenant Lemon was ordered, October 13, to march the ranger recruits to the South Branch of the Potomac, there to join their respective companies.]
Winchester, October 11, 1755.
Honble. Sir: As I think it my indispensable duty to inform you particularly of my proceedings, and to give the most plain and authentic Acct. from time to time, of our situation, I must acquaint your Honour that, immediately after giving the necessary Orders at Fredericksburg, and despatching Expresses to hurry the Recruits from Alexandria, I rid post to this place, passing by Lord Fairfax's who was not at home, but here, where I arrived Yesterday about noon, and found every thing in the greatest hurry and confusion, by the back Inhabitants flocking in, and those of the Town removing out, which I have, prevented as far as it was in my power. I was desirous of proceeding immediately, at the head of some Militia, to put a stop to the Ravages of the Enemy; believing their Numbers to be few; but was told by Colo. Martin,97 who had attempted to raise the Militia for the same purpose, that it was impossible to get above 20 or 25 Men; they having absolutely refused to stir; choosing as they say to die, with their Wives and Familys. Finding this expedient was likely to prove abortive, I sent off expresses to hurry on the Recruits from below, and the Militia from Fairfax, Prince William, &c., which Lord Fairfax had ordered; and also hired Spies to go out and see to discover the Numbers of the Enemy, and to encourage the Rangers who we were told, were blocked up by the Indians in small Fortresses. But if I may offer my opinion, I believe, they are more encompassed by Fear than by the Enemy: I have also impressed Waggons and sent them to Conogogee for Flour, Musket Shott, and Flints; Powder, and a trifling quantity of Paper, bought at extravgant prices for Cartridges, I expect from below. Six or eight Smiths who are now at Work, repairing the fire Arms that are here, which are all that we have to depend on. A man was hired the 24th of last Month, to do the whole, but neglected and was just moving off in Wagons to Pensylvania. I pressed his Waggons and compelled him by Force, to assist in this Work. In all things I meet with the greatest opposition. No Orders are obey'd, but what a Party of Soldiers, or my own drawn Sword, Enforces; without this, a single Horse, for the most, urgent occasion cannot be had: to such a pitch has the insolence of these People arrived, by having every point hitherto submitted to them; however, I have given up none, where his Majesty's Service requires the Contrary, and where my proceedings are justified by my Instructions; nor will I, unless they execute what they threaten, i.e. "to blow out my Brains."
[Note 97: Col. Thomas Bryan Martin.]
I have invited the poor distressed People, who were drove from their Habitations, to lodge their Familys in some place of security, and to join our Party's in Scouring the Woods where the Enemy lie; and believe some will cheerfully assist. I also have and shall continue to take every previous Step to forward the March of the Recruits, &c, so soon as they arrive here: and your Honour may depend that nothing that is in my power to do, shall be wanting for the good of the Service. I wou'd again hint the necessity of putting the Militia under a better Regulation; had I not mention'd it twice before, and a third time may seem Impertinent; but I must once more beg leave to declare, (for here I am more immediately concern'd), that unless the Assembly will Enact a Law, to enforce the Military Law in all its Parts,98 that I must, with great regret, decline the Honour that has been so generously intended me; and for this only Reason I do it,--the foreknowledge I have of failing in every point that might justly be expected, from a person invested with full power to exert his Authority. I see the growing Insolence of the Soldiers, the Indolence and Inactivity of the Officers; who are all sensible how confined their punishments are, in regard to what they ought to be. In fine, I can plainly see, that under our present Establishment, we shall become a Nusance, an insupportable charge to our Country, and never answer any one expectation of the Assembly. And here, I must assume the Freedom to express some surprize, that we alone, should be so tenacious of our Liberty, as not to invest a power, where Interest and Politicks so unanswerably demand it; and from whence so much good must consequently ensue; do we not see that every Nation under the Sun find their acct. therein; and without, it no
[Note 98: A mutiny bill was framed by the legislature in the October session. (See Hening's Statutes at Large, vol. 5, p. 559).] Order no regularity can be observed? Why then shou'd it be expected from us, (who are all young and inexperienced,) to govern, and keep up a proper spirit of Discipline with't Laws; when the best, and most Experienced, can scarcely do it with. Then if we consult our Interest, I am sure it is loudly called for. For I can confidently assert, that Recruiting, Cloathing, Arming, Maintaining, and Subsisting Soldiers, who have deserted; has cost the Country an immense Sum, which might have been prevented, were we under Restraints, that would terrify the Soldiers from such practices. One thing more on this head I will recommend, and then quit the Subject; i.e., to have the Inhabitants liable to certain heavy Fines or Corporal Punishments, for Entertaining of Deserters, and a Reward for taking them up. If this was done, it would be next to an impossibility for a Soldier to Escape; but, on the contrary, as things now stand, they are not only Seduced to run away, but are also harbour'd, and assisted with every necessary means to make their escape.
Sunday noon.--Last night at 8 o'clock, arriv'd an express, just spent with fatigue and fear, reporting that a party of Indians were seen at the Plantation of one Isaac Julian ab't 12 Miles off and that the Inhabitants were flying in the most promiscuous manner from their dwellings. I immediately ordered the Town Guards to be strengthened; Perkins's Lieut. to be in readiness with his Company, some Recruits (who had only arrived ab't half an hour before) to be armed; and sent two men, well acquainted with the Woods, to go up that Road, and lay wait to see if they could discover the Numbers and Motion of the Indians, that we might have timely notice of their approach. This Morning, before we could parade the Men, to March upon the last Alarm, arrived a Second Express, ten times more terrified than the former, with information that the Indians had got within four Miles of the Town, and were killing and destroying all before them; for that he himself had heard constant Firing, and the Shrieks of the unhappy Murder'd! Upon this, I immediately collected what Force I could, which consisted of 22 Men, recruited for the Rangers, and 19 of the Militia, and Marched therewith directly to the place where these horrid Murders were said to be committed. When we came there, whom shou'd we find occasioning all this disturbance, but 3 drunken Soldiers of the Light-Horse, carousing, firing their Pistols, and uttering the most unheard-of Imprecations; these we took, and Marched Prisoners to Town, where we met the Men I sent out last Night, and learned that the party of Indians, discovered by Isaac Julian, proved to be a Mulatto and Negro, seen hunting of Cattle by his Son, who alarmed the Father, and the Father the Neighbourhood. These Circumstances are related only to shew what a panick prevails among the People; how much they are alarmed at the most usual and customary Crys; and yet how impossible it is to get them to act in any respect for their common Safety's; an Instance of this then appeared Colo. Fairfax, who arrived in Town while we were upon the Scout, immediately sent to a Noble Captain (not far off) to repair with his Company forthwith to Winchester; with coolness and moderation this great Captain answered, that his Wife, Family and Corn was at stake; so were those of his Soldiers; therefore it was not possible for him to come, Such is the Example of the Officers! such the Behaviour of the Men; and such the unhappy Circumstances on which our Country depends!
Monday morning.--The Men I hired to bring Intelligence from the Branch, returned last Night with Letters from Captain Ashby,99 and the other Parties up there, by which we learn,
[Note 99: Capt. John Ashby, of the family from whom Ashbys Gap in the Blue Ridge is named.] that the Indians are gone off. Scouts having been dispersed upon those Waters for several days, without discovering tracts or other Signs of the Enemy.
I am also informed, that it is believed, their Numbers amounted to 150; that 70 or near it of our People are kill'd and missing; and that several Houses and Plantations are destroy'd; but not so great havock made as was at first represented. The Rangers and a small company of Militia, ordered there by Lord Fairfax, I am given to understand, intend to March down on Wednesday next, who will be immediately followed by all the Inhabitants of those parts, that had gathered together under their protection: I have therefore sent Peremptory Orders to the Contrary; but what obedience will be paid to it a little time will reveal. I have ordered those Men that were Recruited for the Rangers, to join their Respective Companies; and there is also a party of 20 Militia marched with them, under the Command of Captain Hardin. Captain Waggener is this Instant arrived with 30 Recruits, which he marched from Alexandria in less than three days,--a great March indeed! Major Lewis and his Recruits from Fredericksburg, is expected in To-morrow, when with these, and 22 Men of Captain Bell's now here, I shall proceed by quick Marches to Fort Cumberland, in order to strengthen the Garrison there. Besides these, I think it absolutely necessary, that there should be two or three Companies (exclusive of Rangers) to Guard the Potomack Waters, till such times as our Regiment is compleated: and indeed these Rangers and Volunteer Companies in Augusta, with some of their Militia, should be properly disposed of on these Frontiers, for fear of an Attack from that Quarter. This, thot. is submitted to your Honour's Judgment; and waits your Orders for execution, if it shou'd be thought expedient. Captain Waggener inform'd me, that it was with difficulty he pass'd the Ridge for the Crowds of People, who were flying as if every moment was death. He endeavoured, but in vain to stop them; they firmly believing that Winchester was in Flames. I have sent expresses down the several Roads in hopes of bringing back the Inhabitants, who are really frightened out of their Senses. I despatched an express immediately upon my arrival to this place, with a Copy of the Inclosed to Andr'w. Montour, who I heard was at a place called long Island,1 with 300 Indians, to see if I cou'd engage him and them to join us. The letter savours a little of Flattery, &c, &c, but this, I hope, is justifiable on such occasions. I also wrote to Gist, acquainting him with the Favour your Honour intended him; and desired he would repair home, in order to raise his Companies of Scouts.2
[Note 1: Also spoken of as Great Island; in the Holston River. Montour was there with Monacatoocha to meet the Delawares.]
[Note 2: Gist had been sent to Philadelphia for some object connected with the service, and on October 15 he wrote to Colonel Washington from Opeekon: "Your name is more talked of in Pennsylvania than any other person of the army, and everybody seems willing to venture under your command and if you would send some discreet person, doubt not he would enlist a good number, especially to be irregular, for all their talk is of fighting the Indian way. The Assembly of Pennsylvania is now sitting...Mr. Franklin and indeed Mr. Peters both told me, if you was to write a pressing letter to them, informing them of the damage and murder, and desire their assistance, you would now get it sooner than any one in America." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall defer writing to the Speaker and Committee upon any other head than that of Commissary; still hoping to be down by the time I mentioned in my last (provided no new disturbances happens) having some points to Settle, that I am uneasy and urgent abt. I have been obliged to do dutys quite foreign from my own, but that I shall never hesitate abt, when others do; and the good of the Service requires the contrary.
In a journey from Fort Cumberland to Fort Dinwiddie, which I made purposely to see the Situation of our Frontiers, how the Rangers were Posted, and how Troops might be disposed off for the defence of the Country; I purchased 650 fine Beeves, to be deliver'd at Fort Cumberland by the First day of November, at 10/ pr. hund., except a few that I was obliged to give Eleven Shilg. for, and have my own Bonds now out for the performance of Covenants; this being the Commissary's Business, who, I am sorry to say, has hitherto been of no use, but of disservice to me, in neglecting my Orders, and leaving this place with't Flour, and Fredericksburg with't any Provisions for the Recruits, although their was timely notice given: I must beg, that if Mr. Dick will not act, some Person may be appointed that will; for if Things remain in this uncertain Situation, the Season will pass with't hav'g any provision made for the Winter's or Summer's Campaign: whoever acts as Commissary, should be sent up immediately abt. Salting the Provisions &c. It will be difficult I believe, to provide a quantity of Pork. I enquired as I rode thro' Hampshire, Augusta, &c, and cou'd not hear of much for Sale.
Most of the new appointed Officers have been extremely deficient in their Duties by not repairing to their Rendezvouses, according to Appointment. Captain McKenzie, Lieut King, and Ensigns Milner and Dean,3 who were ordered to send their Recruits to Alexandria by the first of October, were not arrived when Captn. Waggener left that place, nor have we heard anything of Captn. Harrison, whose Recruits should have Been at Fredericksburg by the same time; and Captn. Bell only sent his here on Saturday last. If these Practices are allowed off, we may as well quit altogether, for no duty can ever be carried on, if there is not the greatest punctuality observed, one thing always depending so immediately upon another.
[Note 3: Capt. Robert McKenzie, Lieut. John King, Ensigns Nathaniel Miller, and John Dean.]
I have appointed Captain George Mercer (whose Seniority entitled him to it) my Aid de camp; and Mr. Kirkpatrick4 of Alexandria, my Secretary, a young Man bred to Business, of good Character, well recommended, and a Person of whose Abilitys cou'd not be doubted.
[Note 4: John Kirkpatrick.]
I hope your Honour will be kind enough to dispatch Colonel Stephen, with Orders to repair here immediately, and excuse the Prolixity of this; I was willing to give a circumstantial acct. of our Situation &ca. that you may be the better enabled to judge what Orders are necessary to give. I am, &c.
Winchester, October 14, 1755.
Majr. Lewis is just arrived, and on Thursday I shall begin my March to Fort Cumberland, allowing the Rects. I day to refresh themselves.
[V.H.S.]
[October 13, 1755.]
An inconceivable Panick which prevailed amongst the people of this County, induced me to write the following Advertisement:
Whereas divers timorous persons run through the Country and alarm its Inhabitants by False Reports, of the Indians having attacked and destroyed the Country, even Winchester itself, and that they are still proceeding: This is to give Notice to all people, that I have great reason to believe that the Indians who committed the late Cruelties (though no lower than the South Branch) are returned Home, as I have certain Accounts that they have not been seen nor heard of these ten days past: And I do advise all my Countrymen, not to be alarmed on every false Report they may hear, as they must now be satisfied, from the many false ones that have been made; but to keep to their Homes and take care of their Crops; as I can venture to assure them, that in a short time the Frontiers will be so well Guarded, that no mischief can be done, either to them or their Plantations, which must of course be destroyed, if they desert them in so shameful a manner.
Winchester, October 14th., 1755.
It is my express Orders, that you do not presume to March your Company down on any pretence whatsoever, unless compelled by the Enemy. Clothes will be sent up immediately to you, which you may distribute to the most needy of your Company; and Money I shall bring up to pay them off, if wanted.
Winchester October 14, 1755.
Lieutenant Williams for the day.
Parole Abington.
A Return to be given in immediately of the Smiths belonging to Captain Waggeners Command; who are to assist in cleaning the Publick Arms here in Store; the Officer of the Day is to visit the Smiths at work on the Arms, and to see that they do not neglect their Business. He is also to visit the Guard and Recruits, and see that no irregularities are committed by them, and to see the Guard properly relieved. A Return to be made every morning at 8 O'Clock, of the number of men here; and a regular Report of the Guard to be brought in by the Officer of the Day. Lieutenant Campbell for the Day, to-morrow, who is to observe these Orders. One Sergeant, one Corporal and Sixteen private men. The Guard to-day, to be composed of Captain Waggeners and Lieutenant Campbells Command; An Orderly Sergeant to attend Colonel Washington at his Quarters. All Reports of the Guard &c. to be made to the Aid de Camp. A Court Martial to sit immediately for the trial of a prisoner in the Guard.
Winchester, October 15, 1755.
Captain Woodward for the day.
To morrow one Subaltern, one Sergeant, one Corporal, one Drummer, and twenty five private men, for the Guard. The Recruits to be completely armed, as far as they will go. The Orders given at Fredericksburgh, to have the Rolls called three times a day, are always to be observed; and the Officers are, at calling the Rolls in the Evening, to see that the men have their Arms in good Order and Repair. The Officers of each Company, are to see that the men distinguish their Arms by some particular mark, which the Subalterns are to enter in a Book, they are to keep for that purpose. Lieutenant Campbells Recruits are to be joined with those under the Command of Captain Waggener, until further Orders. The commanding Officers of the Recruits are to give in a Return of the Arms they have received, and what kinds they want to complete them. If any of the men want Haversacks their Officers are to apply for Orders for Linen for that purpose, and see it immediately made up; Blankets are to be delivered by the Commissary to those of Lieutenant Campbells Recruits, who have not received Rugs, for which he is to pass his Receipt to the Commissary.
Winchester, October 16, 1755.
If the Clothes, &c. which were mentioned in the last to you, are not sent up, I desire you will provide Waggons to send them up with the men which are to come up, immediately. Inclosed, you a have a list of Tools which we want very much, as the Boots on the Road all want Repairs; therefore desire you will get them or what you can of them, and send them up immediately. Yours, etc.
Winchester, October 16th, 1755.
I received yours, and am as much surprized at your delay in repairing to your Rendezvous, as being at a loss for Orders after you did arrive there.
I Order, that upon the receipt of this, you March the Recruits immediately to this place, where Clothes and Ammunition will be provided: for your provision is sent to meet you on Martin Hardens' Road, by which you are ordered to March.
If Captain Harrison is at Fredericksburgh, he is to take Command of the Recruits, and March them up here; if not, do not wait for him; march them up without, and wait there for Orders. You are to provide Linen at Mr. Dicks for Haversacks for the men, and bring it up with you, if you can, conveniently.
Winchester, October 16, 1755.
You are hereby ordered, to send off all the Recruits which are now under your Command at Alexandria, immediately to Winchester; if there is a Captains Command, you are to order the next eldest Captain to march them up; if not, they are to be marched up by Lieutenant Bullet. The Order of the eleventh instant, about sending a Return to Fredericksburgh, by no means to be neglected. All the Officers who were appointed to Rendezvous at Alexandria the 20th. are allowed a further time, until the 15th. of November; when it is Ordered, that they appear there without delay, with what Recruits they may raise. You are to clothe all the men before you send them off, and must give the Officer who comes with the Recruits, a strict charge of the remainder, Orders will be left for him with Commissary Jones.
Winchester, October 16, 1755.
Parole Cumberland.
Captain Lewis the Day, to-morrow. One Subaltern, one Sergeant, one Corporal, one Drummer, and twenty-five private men, the Guard to-morrow. The Troops now quartered here, to hold themselves in Readiness to march to morrow. The Waggon ordered down to Fredericksburgh, to set out immediately; and the Commissary to see the rest of the Waggons (except three which are to carry Provisions &c.) loaded with Salt.
Major Lewis to Detach a Subaltern and twenty men, to morrow morning to Philip Bebbs, there to receive some publick Cattle, which they are to Guard to Pearis's, and wait there until the whole Body joins them. All the Soldiers of the Lighthorse, &c. who do not belong either to Major Lewis or Captain Waggeners Commands, are to wait upon the Aid de Camp to morrow morning at 8 O'Clock, to receive their Orders. Officers who want Haversacks for their Men, are to apply to Mr. John Dow, Merchant, for Linen, for which they are to give their Receipts. The Soldiers who brought down, or have any of the Country Horses, are to make a Return of them immediately, and to deliver them to the Aid de Camp.
Winchester, October 17, 1755.
Parole Dartmouth.
Captain Waggener the Day to-morrow.
One Subaltern, one Sergeant, one Corporal, one Drummer and twenty-five private men, the Guard, to-morrow. The March of the Troops is postponed until to-morrow. The Officers to examine into the state of their Companies and see if they want any necessaries; and if properly provided for a march, the Commissary to see the Waggons loaded as soon as they arrive, according to yesterdays Orders. If he wants any men to assist him, he must apply to Major Lewis, who will order him what he thinks necessary. The Guard for the Cattle is also postponed, it is to March early to-morrow; and observe yesterdays' Orders.
Winchester, October 17, 1755.
Sir: Last night by the return of the Express, who went to Captain Montour, I received the enclosed from Mr. Harris at Susquehanna.5 I think no means should be neglected, to preserve what few Indians still remain in our Interest. For which reason I shall send Mr. Gist, as soon as he arrives (which I expect will be to-day), to Harris's Ferry,6 in hopes of engaging and bringing with him the Belt of Wampum and other Indians that are at that place; I shall further desire him to send an Indian express to Andrew Montour, to try if he cannot be brought with them.
[Note 5: John Harris, who lived a few miles east of the Susquehanna, in Paxton.]
[Note 6: Harris's Ferry, on the Susquehanna is now Harrisburg, Pa.]
In however trifling light the French attempting to alienate the affections of our Southern Indians, may at first appear, I must look upon it as a thing of the utmost consequence, that requires our greatest and most immediate attention. I have often wondered at not hearing this was attempted before, and had it noted among other memorandums to acquaint your Honor of, when I should come down.
The French policy in treating with the Indians is so prevalent, that I should not be in the least surprised, were they to engage the Cherokees, Catawbas, &c. unless timely and vigorous measures are taken to prevent it. A pusillanimous Behaviour now, will ill suit the times; and trusting to Traders and common Interpreters, who will sell their integrity to the highest Bidder, may prove the destruction of these affairs; I therefore think that if a person of distinction, acquainted with their language, is to be found, his price should be come to at any rate. If no such can be had, a man of Sense and Character, to conduct the Indians to any Council that may be held, or superintend any other matters, will be found extremely necessary. It is impertinent, I own, in me to offer my opinion in these affairs, when better Judges may direct; but my steady and hearty zeal for the cause, and the great impositions I have known practised by the traders &c, upon these occasions, would not suffer me to be quite silent; I have heard, from undoubted authority, that some of the Cherokees, who have been introduced to us as Sachems and Princes, by this interpreter, who shares the profits, have been no other than common Hunters, and bloodthirsty Villains!
We have no accounts yet of the militia from Fairfax, &c. This day I march with about one hundred men to Fort Cumberland. Yesterday an Express informed me of eighty odd Recruits at Fredericksburg, which I have ordered to proceed to this place; but, for want of that regularity being observed, by which I should know where every Officer &c. is, my orders are only conditional, and always confused. The Commissary is much wanted; therefore I hope your Honor will send him up immediately, if not, things will greatly suffer here. Whatever necessaries your Honor gets below, I should be glad to have sent to Alexandria; from whence they are much more handy than from Fredericksburg. Besides, as Provision is lodged there, and none at any other place, it will be better for the men, to be all sent there, that can any ways conveniently. For we have met with insufferable difficulties at Fredericksburg; and in our march from thence, through neglect of the commissary, who is greatly wanted up here. Therefore, I hope your Honor will order him.
Winchester, October 18, 1755.
Parole Epsom.
The Troops are not to March until to-morrow, there being no Waggons to carry the Provisions, &c.
Every Officer to keep an Orderly Book, to enter regularly all Orders as they issue, that they may be the better complied with. The Sergeant of the Guard with a file of men, to patrole through the Town, immediately after the Tattoo, and about midnight; and he is hereby expressly ordered, to take up all disorderly or other Soldiers which he may find in the Taverns, or from their own Barracks, and confine them in the Guard. For the future, the Officer of the Guard is to see all Orders which may issue during his tour of duty, relating to the guard, entered in a Book to be kept only for that purpose, and is to be left always in the guardhouse, and delivered over to the Relieving Officer, to prevent a repetition of Orders. Captain Woodward, the Day to-morrow. One Subaltern, one Sergeant, one Corporal and twenty-five men, the Guard to-morrow.
Major Lewis, the three Captains, and the eldest Lieutenant, are to examine into Mr. George West's claim to a man, said to be his Servant, now in the Guard; which if he makes good, they are to deliver him up, and he to return the Bounty-money, or his Master to make it good. They are also to try all the Prisoners in the Guard. All Orders relating to the Soldiers, are to be read to them every day, by the Sergeants of their Companies; that they may not plead ignorance. The Guard for the Cattle is not to march until to-morrow.
Winchester, October 18, 1755.
1. You are hereby ordered to Repair to Harris's Ferry, and other places where the Indians are upon the Susquehanna, and to use your utmost endeavours to engage them to come and lodge their Wives and Families in our Forts, and assist us in fighting their own Battles.
2ly. You are, so soon as you arrive at the first of those Town or Parties, to hire an Indian to go Express to Captain Andrew Montour; to whom you are to write, desiring him to come and assist you, in bringing them to Fort Cumberland.
3ly. You may assure the Indians that they shall meet with plenty of Provisions, &c. and that we shall take every opportunity to testify the Love we bear them.
4ly. If they should want Horses &c. to assist them along, you are to Hire; this, with all other reasonable charges, will be allowed you.
5ly. You may acquaint the Belt of Wampum, and other Chiefs, that I have complied with their Requests in letting the Governor of Virginia know, that the Shawnees and Delawares have taken the Hatchet against us; and of the French Scheme in setting the Southern Indians against us; which will now be prevented.
6ly. You may also promise Captain Montour from me, that if he will get and bring a Company of Indians consisting of Sixty men (which is the number of our Companies) that he shall have a Captains Commission, and receive ten shillings a day, and be paid once a month regularly; and if he brings more Men, he will meet with further encouragement.
7ly. If you should meet with any likely young Fellows (Woods-men) you are to enlist them for His Majestys' Service, in your own Company: observing always the Instructions given you for that purpose. Given &c.
Winchester, October 20, 1755.
Mr. Gist being appointed Captain of a Company of Scouts, and informing me that you had a mind to engage in our Service; I thought it expedient to acquaint you, that if you can assist him in Recruiting some likely young Fellows, acquainted with the woods, that you will meet with proper Encouragement for so doing; either by receiving a post among us, or full Satisfaction for your trouble. I am &c.
Winchester, October 20, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered, to purchase on the best terms you can, 5000 LB of Flour; which must be laid in Store here as soon as possible. If you find that you can not purchase thereabouts, you are to have that Quantity brought from Conogogee.
You are hereby positively Ordered, to collect as many Waggons in this Town by the 30th. Instant, as will carry up all the Salt which is in Store here; and Provisions for one hundred and fifty men, who will March from this place at that time. If the Inhabitants who have Waggons &c. refuse to send them in; you are to apply to the Commanding Officer here, who will order you a party of Soldiers to bring them in by Force. Provision is to be delivered out to the Soldiers regularly; taking special care that no more is delivered than the number you have returns for; which will be made you every day. You are to purchase all the Forage you can for the Publick; and have it delivered here for you, as soon as possible; at which time you may engage to pay them the money for what they deliver. &c.
Winchester, October 20, 1755.
You are hereby ordered to Halt with the men under your Command, until my Return from Fort Cumberland. You are to make regular Returns, signed by yourself, to the Commissary every day, of the number of men you have under your Command, for which he is to deliver you Provisions.
The Court House and Barracks at Lemons, are allotted for your men. You are to apply to the Commissary for some body to dress provisions for your men, and to provide firewood for them. The Guard left on the Magazine is to join the Recruits, and you to mount a fourth part of your men as a Guard, which is to be Relieved every Day, &c.
Winchester, October 20, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered to remain at this place with the Recruits which may arrive here from Alexandria, &c. until my Return from Fort Cumberland: and you are, so soon as an Officer arrives with his men, to review them, and discharge such as are not answerable to their Recruiting Instructions.
Those that pass, are to receive their Clothing immediately; taking care to have what necessaries they have received from their Officers, deducted out of those allowed them by the Country.
If they should seem uneasy about their Pay, you must get a Pay-Roll made out by their Officers to the 1st. of October, and pay them off. Their Pay to commence from the day of their Attestation.
The Guard left on the Magazine to join the Recruits; and a fourth part of them are to mount Guard every Day &c.
Winchester, October 20, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered to wait at this place until my return from Fort Cumberland, that you may be ready to receive the necessary Orders. As the Recruits will March up at my return, which will be the 30th., if you think proper, you may order the Cattle up with that Escort.
There is a man arrived from Governour Dobbs,7 with one hundred and eighteen Cattle; him I have engaged to wait your arrival, or my Return. &c.
[Note 7: Gov. Arthur Dobbs, of North Carolina.]
Winchester, October 21, 1755.
I have sent two Waggon8 for the remainder of the Clothing, which I desire you will immediately dispatch, as I expect it here by the 30th. If the two Waggons should be more than sufficient for bringing the Clothes, the Loads must be made up with Provision, or any other necessaries you think we want. &c.
[Note 8: To Alexandria.]
[Note 9: Similar orders were issued to Capts. John Ashby and Henry Van Meter this same day.]
Pearsalls,10 October 23, 1755.
[Note 10: On the South Branch of Potomac.]
You are hereby Ordered to remove with your Company from the place where you are now Quartered, to the Plantation of Nicholas Reasmer, in order to Escort Waggons to and from Fort Cumberland, and protect the Inhabitants, by sending out frequent Scouting Parties. You are to apply to Henry Vanmeater for Beeves, (or Provision) which he will deliver out of those I contracted with him for. You are to pass a Receipt to him for such as you receive. You will receive further Orders, as I return from Fort Cumberland.
Pearsalls, October 23, 1755.
Sir: We arrived here to-day, where I met Captains Cocks and Ashby, whom I have appointed to remain on Pattersons Creek;11 the one at Nicholas Reasmers, the other at Sellars's12 in order to protect the Inhabitants on those Waters, and to Escort any Waggons to and from Fort Cumberland, with necessaries for the Service. It would be also necessary to have a party of the Militia appointed to this place, for the same purpose; the rest should be stationed above the Trough, at such convenient posts or passes, as you and Colonel Martin shall think advisable. Captain Cocks applied to me for pay; I have referred him to you. Have nothing particular to add, but Compliments to Colonel Martin, &c. Yours, etc.
[Note 11: Pattersons Creek enters the Potomac about 12 miles below Cumberland.]
[Note 12: Charles Sellars.]
Pearsalls, October 23, 1755.
The General to beat to-morrow morning at day-break, and the Troops to march an hour after. As soon as the Guard is Relieved, and the Waggons fitted, the Men are to be called to Arms, by Beat of Drum, and to be tolled off into Platoons, and Marched off Regularly, with each Officer at the head of his Platoon; from which no Soldier is to stir, without leave from his Officer. The great Complaints made of the Soldiers, all the Roads they have Marched, pilaging and plundering of Houses; makes it necessary to give this Publick Notice. That, if any such irregularities are committed for the future, the person guilty shall receive five hundred Lashes, without the Benefit of a Court Martial. And it is Colonel Washingtons particular Orders, that every Officer does endeavour to prevent such things for the future. The Captain of the Day is to go the Rounds every night, and visit the Guard and Centries. He is to be received as grand Rounds. The Officer of the Guard, to go the Rounds thrice every night, and see that the Centries are alert. The Cattle for the future to be drove in the Rear of the whole body.
[Note 13: Of the Maryland independent company.]
October 26, 1755.
You are to proceed to George Parkers Plantation, where you will meet with Captain William Cocks and his Company of Rangers, who are ordered to erect a Work of Defence at the said place.
You are to make choice of the most convenient Ground, and direct them in building a Quadrangular Fort of Ninety feet, with Bastions. You will direct them in what part of the Fort to build their Barracks, and the most convenient part for a Magazine. Another Fort of the same dimensions is to be built by Captain Ashby's Company, at the Plantation of Charles Sellars, or the late McCrackins; whichsoever you shall judge the most convenient Situation. You are to apply to each of these Companies for a Guard to escort you backwards and forwards, as often as you shall have occassion to to go &c.
Fort Cumberland, October 26, 1755.
The clothing here in Store, to be delivered out to the most needy of the Men. Those which belong to the Officers, which they formerly received for the use of their Companies, are to be delivered out also: Shoes and Blankets are likewise to be delivered. The Officers to take particular accounts of what is delivered each man. All the men of the Virginia Regiment to be under Arms immediately, in order that they may be inspected by their Officers; and a due Return made of what is most necessary for them. Captain Savage, Lieutenants Blegg, Williams and Stewart,14 are ordered down to Recruit, and immediately to prepare themselves to set off at an hours warning. The Recruits that came up under the command of Major Lewis, are to be commanded by Captains Woodward and Lewis; Lieutenants Steenbergen and Campbell; and Ensigns Hubbard and Weedon.15
[Note 14: Capt. John Savage, Lieuts. John Blagg, John Williams, and Walter Stewart.]
[Note 15: Maj. Andrew Lewis, Capts. Henry Woodward and Charles or Joshua Lewis, Lieuts. Peter Steenbergen and John Campbell, Ensigns Edward Hubbard and GeorgeWeedon.]
The Company, formerly under the command of Captain Bronaugh,16 to be continued so, until further Orders. The Men
[Note 16: Capt. William Bronaugh.] are to be acquainted, that their Officers are only sent off for the present occasion to Recruit, and that as soon as they all join, they will be put under the Command of the Officers who enlisted them. The Officers who have taken the Soldiers Clothes, are desired to return them immediately to the Publick Stores; as there are not Clothes sufficient in Store for the men.
Captain Waggener17 is appointed to take care of the Company, lately under Captain Savages command, until further Orders. Lieutenant Lowry18 to act in Captain Bronaugh's Company, in room of Lieutenant Stewart, until further Orders.
[Note 17: Capt. Thomas Waggener.]
[Note 18: Lieut. John Lowry.]
[Fort Cumberland], October 26, 1755.
You are to see that the Arms here in Store be immediately inspected by Mr. Frasier;19 and those fit for duty, to be packed in Chests to be sent down to Winchester the remainder to be repaired by Mr. Frasier. You are to see that as many of the Country Waggons as you have Harness and Horses for, be fitted out immediately. You are to engage all the Coopers you can to make and repair Barrels for the Beef, &c. You are to apply to Major Lewis, who will let you have those that came up with his party.
[Note 19: John Frasier.]
You are to receive and take an exact account, of all the Corn which is brought in here from the neighbouring plantations, which together with the Oats in Store, is to be delivered out only for the publick use, unless by particular Orders from me. You are to send down a Barrel of Flints with the Arms, to Winchester, and about two thousand weight of Flour, for the two Companies of Rangers; twelve hundred of which to be delivered Captain Ashby and Company, at the Plantation of Charles Sellars; the rest to Captain Cockes' Company, at Nicholas Reasmers.
October 27, 1755.
Parole Dinwiddie.
The date's of all the Officers Commissions that came up yesterday, to be given in to the Adjutant: Corporal Broughton, of the Light Horse, to take all the Horses to the same place where they were before; to remain and take care of them. Lieutenant McManas, Fort Guard to-morrow; Lieutenant Bacon, the Redoubt-Guard.20 The men who are to be discharged, are to receive a months Pay from Mr. Boyd21 for each; and to make a deduction for the Nurse of the Hospital,22 according to the weekly stoppages that should have been made for her.
[Note 20: Of the Maryland troops.]
[Note 21: Alexander Boyd.]
[Note 22: Mary Bailey, of the hospital at Winchester.]
October 27, 1755.
You are hereby ordered to send out Parties to gather the Corn at the Plantations of those people, who are supposed to be killed or taken prisoners by the Indians, and have it secured for the Publick; taking a particular account of what is gathered from each Plantation. You are also to send out small Parties to Protect the Country People, while they gather their their Corn that is near the Fort. When the Indians arrive with Captain Montour or Gist, you are to see them properly provided with all necessaries, and use your utmost endeavours to see them duly encouraged; and the Officers are all desired to take notice of them and treat them kindly, as their assistance at this time is absolutely necessary. As there are several people near this place who were killed by the Indians, and have not yet been buried, you are to send out a Party for that purpose. You are to collect all the Arms which have been given out to the Country People, and Fuses (intended for the Indians) which were delivered to the Sergeants here, and return them to the Stores. You are to cause the Bottom on the other side of the Creek to be cleared immediately; which the frequent alarms and hard Duty, have hitherto prevented. You are to see that the Blankets belonging to the Publick, which the Officers made use of on the march, be immediately restored; and you are to deliver to the most needy of the men of the Virginia Regiment, Shoes and Blankets.
The Officers to take notice what men are Served. You are to see that the Articles of War are frequently read to the men.
October 27, 1755.
You are hereby ordered, to remain with your Companies at George Parkers' Plantation, where you are to erect a Stockade Fort; in building of which, you are to follow Lieutenant Bacons Instructions; he being sent to direct and plan the same: As this is intended for the protection of the Country People, there is no doubt but they will assist all in their power, especially in providing Tools which, without, you may meet with some difficulty. If Lieutenant Bacon should apply for an Escort to conduct him to Captain Ashby's Company, or to any other place, to which it may be dangerous travelling without; you are to see that he is allowed it: You are to send a trusty Sergeant with proper powers &c. for Recruiting, in order to complete your Company. You are to be very careful to see that no h'regularities are committed by your Company, that strict Discipline is observed, and that great pains be taken to inculate morality and good Harmony, among the Men.
You are to build Barracks therein for your Men, and a Magazine for the Reception of the Stores which are to be sent hither. Also, to receive necessaries for your own Company.
You are to collect all the Publick Arms and Horses, which you may hear of in the parts adjacent to you, and secure them until they are called for. You are to transmit me the first day of every month, a particular Return of the State of your Company, relating to the variations that may have happened; as also an exact account of your proceedings since your last Return.
Besides these, you are to send me a weekly Return, signed by yourself and Officer, of the State of your Company. You are to provide yourself upon the most reasonable terms, with such Tools as you find absolutely necessary to carry on the work. You are to receive provisions for immediate use, according to my Order at Pearsalls; and you will hereafter be supplied from this Fort with what you want. By return of the Waggons which came up with Major Lewis's party, you will receive about eight hundred weight of Flour; and that you are to be particular in seeing no waste is committed &c.
N.B. Captain Ashby's Company is stationed at Sellar's and McCrackins;23 at the direction of Lieutenant Bacon.
[Note 23: About 5 miles south of Fort Cumberland on the road to Winchester.]
Winchester, October 28, 1755.
Parole Hampton.
The Officers who came down from Fort Cumberland with Colonel Washington, are immediately to go Recruiting; and they are allowed until the 1st. of December; at which time if they do not punctually appear at the place of Rendezvous assigned them, they will be tried by a Court Martial, for disobedience of Orders.
They are to wait upon the Aid de Camp at one of the Clock, to receive their Recruiting Instructions. Each Officer present, to give in a Return immediately of the number of men he has enlisted. One Subaltern, one Sergeant, one Corporal, one Drummer, and twenty-five private men, are to mount Guard to-day, and to be relieved to-morrow at ten o'clock. All Reports and Returns are to be made to the Aid de Camp.
[Note 24: William Fleming, who later settled in Botetourt County. In 1774 he commanded a regiment at the Battle of Point Pleasant. He became a member of the House of Burgesses and remained in Richmond in 1781 after the governor and legislature fled before Benedict Arnold's advance; as the only State official present he acted as governor, and his measures were later legalized by the legislature.]
October 28, 1755.
You are hereby ordered to repair to Captain Hogg's Company at Fort Dinwiddie, with eight good men; as that Company is without a Surgeon, if you will do that duty, an allowance will be made you for it. You are to provide medicines, &c. upon the best terms you can. This Order I expect will be immediately complied with; and that no Delays be offered. You are to account with Captain Bell for your recruiting money, before you leave him. If you should arrive at Augusta Court-House before Sergeant Wilper25 and his Party, you are to halt there until he joins, in order to escort the Ammunition, &c. for the Fort; where you will receive Clothes and Arms for the Men.
[Note 25: John David Wilper (Woelper).]
October 28, 1755.
I have Ordered Ensign Fleming to Repair to Captain Hoggs Company with eight good men; which I expect you will see immediately complied with. He is to account with you for his recruiting money before he leaves you.
You are hereby Ordered, peremptorily, to be at this place with what men you have, or can enlist by the 1st. of December. Your late disobedience of Orders has greatly displeased me. It is impossible to carry on affairs as they ought to be, when you pay so little regard to the Force of a Military Order. You must be conscious within yourself (or at least ought to be) that your Crime is sufficient to Break the best Officer that ever bore a Commission.
October 28, 1755.
Sir; I received yours of the 6th. of October, inclosing the Returns of your Company, only this day. Ferguson26 was sent after you, but falling ill, by a Sore on his Arm, was ordered to halt here, where he now remains unfit for Duty: therefore I have sent ... in his room. Sergeant Wilper has received from Fort Cumberland and this place, Arms and Clothing to complete your Company to the Establishment. He has enlisted three men on his March, and I have ordered Ensign Fleming, with eight others, to join you; he being a Surgeon, he is desired to take care of your Company; for which he will be allowed. You must use your best endeavours to secure your provisions, and do with it as you see most needful: It is impossible I can direct about it at this distance, properly. As we have contracted for a large quantity of Beef already, you are desired to engage no more than what will suffice for your own Company. I shall see that money is lodged with Mr. Dick for your use, when I see him. You are to see the usual stoppages from the mens pay while they are in the Hospital, to answer the expence of Nurses, &c.
[Note 26: Duncan Ferguson.]
You must be very careful not to slip the opportunity of purchasing Grain for your Company, that being your only dependance for Bread; the Commissary having no orders to make provisions for you. If any of your men should desert or die, you are immediately to Recruit others, keeping your Company to the Establishment.
[Note 27: Of the Maryland independent company.]
October 28, 1755.
Sir; As those Stockades on Pattersons Creek, are only intended by way of cover to the Rangers, and as a Receptacle now and then for Provisions; you are desired not to plan any work, which requires much time to execute. We have neither Men or Tools, to carry on the undertaking with vigour.
Winchester, October 29, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered, so soon as the Waggons arrive from Alexandria and Fort Cumberland, with Clothing and Arms, to see the men completely furnished with both; and march them immediately to Fort Cumberland; observing to take up all the Salt which the waggons, provided by the commissary, will carry. There will come down some of the country waggons, which must also be loaded up with Salt.
As there is some clothing wanting to complete the Companies at Fort Cumberland, you are to take up for that purpose forty Coats, thirty-nine waistcoats, and fifty-six pair of Breeches; thirty-eight Hats and eighty Shirts; which you are to have delivered out to the Companies, according to the Return made me at Fort Cumberland, October 26th. I have sent more Suits than are necessary, in case of getting a Recruit &c. You must do the best you can in Lodging the men, as the Barracks in the Fort are full. As Sergeant Wilper is waiting the return of the waggons from the Fort, for necessaries for Captain Hoggs Company; so soon as they arrive, you are to see that he receives such things as he has orders for, and dispatch him immediately. If no other Horses, belonging to the Country, can be had here, one of the Country Teams must be stopped, and the horses given to him. You must engage the herdsmen to remain with the Cattle, until they hear from the Commissary or from me. You must engage all the Coopers you can to make Barrels for packing the Beef; and if any of the Soldiers are Coopers, they must be set immediately to work. You are to receive from the Stores here thirty pounds of Goose-shot, which you will deliver to Captain Ashby's Company as you pass by, directing him to be particularly careful of it. If either of the Captains of the Rangers should apply to you for Ammunition, you are to supply him from the Fort. A Drummer, with his Drum, is to be sent from this place with Sergeant Wilper, in the room of Duncan Ferguson, who is to go up to Fort Cumberland. You are to see that the men of the Virginia Regiment are exercised as often every day as the duty will admit; and that they are practised also in shooting at Targets; and if there are any who are remarkably awkward, particular pains must be taken with them. You must observe on your march good order and discipline, and see that no irregularities happen; and that the men are not allowed to pillage the Country, which was very much complained of in the last Detachment. You are to apply to Major Lewis for the Instructions which I left with him, and see that they are observed.
Winchester, October 29, 1755.
You are, so soon as you arrive here, to give such directions as you shall see necessary about driving the Cattle to Fort Cumberland. You are to send up Doctor Walker, or go yourself there, to see them killed and properly salted. Whichever of you remains here, must purchase such a quantity of Pork, as you imagine will be necessary for the Troops, upon the most reasonable terms you can; and oblige them to deliver it at whatever time you shall judge most proper. You are to answer, out of the money in your hands, whatever Draughts Captain Hogg may draw on you for the subsistance of his Company, from time to time. You are to see that Coopers are engaged to make Barrels for the Provisions, and to provide all other necessaries for the Expedition, which you know will be wanted.
As there are several Contracts made by me to have Cattle delivered here &c. by the 1st. of next month, I desire that for such as you receive upon that account, if you have money in your hands, you make immediate payment.
Winchester, October 29, 1755.
Parole Williamsburgh.
One Subaltern, one Sergeant, one Corporal, one Drummer and twenty-five private men, the Guard to-day. Captain Peachy is ordered to take upon him the command of the Recruits which arrived here under Lieutenant Hall and Ensign Price;28 who are also ordered to act under him, until further orders. Ensign Hedgeman,29 and the Recruits which arrived with him, are
[Note 28: Lieut. John Hall and Ensign Leonard Price.]
[Note 29: Ensign George Hedgeman.] ordered to join Lieutenant King,30 and be under his command until further orders. Lieutenant Eustace,31 and the eight men with him, are to join (as soon as they arrive at Fort Cumberland) the Company which Captain Waggener commands at present; and the Party left with Sergeant Shaw,32 is to return to their respective Companies, so soon as they reach the Fort. The Commissary is to see that the Magazine is secured, by fastening up the windows &c. better than they now are. The Officers are to see that the men are clothed to-morrow, and to be very particular in their Accounts of what they receive. They will also receive Arms so soon as they arrive from Fort Cumberland, to complete their Recruits. They are to see that each man distinguishes his Firelock by some particular mark, which the Subalterns of the Company are to enter in a Book, they are to keep for that purpose. Every Officer is to provide an Orderly Book to enter the Orders in as they issue every day regularly, that they may examine them often, and see they are duly complied with. Captain Bronaugh, Lieutenant Stewart, Blegg and Williams, sent Recruiting, and to Rendezvous at Alexandria, the 1st. of December.
[Note 30: Lieut. John King.]
[Note 31: Lieut. Hancock (Heindrick or Hendrick) Eustace.]
[Note 32: Sergt. William Shaw.]
October 31, 1755.
You are hereby ordered, as soon as the Clothes and Arms arrive, to furnish all the men who now Rendezvous at Fredericksburgh, with both; and march them immediately with the utmost dispatch to Fort Cumberland, to reinforce the Garorison. When you arrive at Winchester, you must provide your men with Cartridges. You are to be very careful and circumspect in your march; and see that your men do not on any account whatsoever, plunder or pillage the Houses which the people have deserted, or any others, or Plantations. Lieutenant Frazier and Ensign Carter,33 are appointed to this Command.
[Note 33: Lieut. George Frazier and Ensign Thomas Carter.]
Fredericksburg, November 1, 1755.
As Colonel Stephen has brought £1000 which I wrote for to pay off the Troops, it will save you a journey to Williamsburg at this time; but I think it absolutely necessary that you should, after paying the Troops in Garrison, go into Augusta, to pay off Captain Hoggs Company, which is now complete; unless you can send the money by Mr. McClenachan,34 or some safe hand from hence. The Recruits at Fort Cumberland are all paid off to the 1st. of October as private men, there being no distinction made between them and Sergeants, none having yet been regularly appointed.
[Note 34: Thomas(?) McClenachan.]
Colonel Stephen will give you an account of those he has paid, and how. If any have received Sergeants pay, it must be deducted next payment: as also two-pence per month, from each non-commissioned Officer and Soldier for purchasing medicines; this is to be paid to the Surgeon Quarterly. There is also six-pence per month to be stopped from the Drummers, to be paid to the Drum-Major for teaching them, and repairing the Drums. These deductions you are hereby ordered to make each pay-day; less countermanded by the Governor or myself. If any non-commissioned Officer or Soldier should happen to die, he is to be continued on the pay-roll as an effective man, for twenty-eight days, to pay for his Coffin, &c.35 I am &c.
[Note 35: This precise direction was Governor Dinwiddie's instruction to Washington.]
Williamsburg, November 11, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered to proceed with the utmost dispatch to Winchester, where you will receive the Orders left there by me, which you are, as soon as possible, to execute. The Cattle I shall leave entirely to you, to order up altogether or in small droves, as you shall think proper. You are to set up Advertisements, at all the public places convenient to the Fort, for the Inhabitants to bring in all the Pork they can spare, and that they will be allowed the market price, and ready money for any Quantity. You are then to proceed to the Fort, where the Beeves and Hogs are to be killed, with all convenient dispatch; and you are to see that they are well salted and packed up in the Barrels, which you are to have made for that purpose. The Salt is to be forwarded to the Fort with the utmost dispatch from Winchester, or other places where it is lodged.
Fredericksburgh, November 18, 1755.
Sir: I came to this place on Sunday last, and intended to proceed immediately up;36 but receiving yours and other Letters contradicting the reports lately transmitted, determined me to go to Alexandria; where I shall wait a few days, in hopes of receiving the express from General Shirley, who the Governor sent to for commissions for the Field Officers.
[Note 36: To Winchester.]
I beg that you will be particularly careful in seeing strict order observed among the Soldiers, as that is the Life of Military discipline. We now have it in our Power to enforce obedience; and obedience will be expected from us; the Men being subject to death, as in Military Law. The Country have also offered a reward to all who will apprehend deserters; and a severe punishment upon those, who shall entertain or suffer them to pass; also upon any constable who refuses to convey them to their Quarters, or suffer them to Escape, after such deserter is committed to their custody.
These things, with the Articles of War, and a proper exhortation, I would have you immediately read to the Men; and see that it is frequently done hereafter. I must desire that you will use all possible means to facilitate the Salting our Provisions; and to give the Commissary such assistance of Men &c. as he shall ocasonably require. The Governor approves of the Committee's resolve, in not allowing either the Maryland or Carolina Companies to be supported out of our Provisions; this you are desired to make them acquainted with, and in case either of the Company's shoud be discharged, to use your utmost endeavours to enlist so many of their Men as you can. Lieutenant McManus'37 has leave to go to Carolina if he desires it. The Assembly would make no alteration in the Militia Law; nor would the Governor order them to be draughted to compleate our Regiment; so that the slow method of Recruiting, is likely to be our only means to raize the Men. I think, coud a brisk Officer and two or three Sergeants be sent among the Militia stationed on the South Branch, they would have a probable chance of engaging many; as some seemed Inclinable in Winchester to enlist. Doctor Craik38 is expected round to Alexandria in a Vessel, with Medicines and other Stores for the Regiment; so soon as he arrives, I shall take care to despatch him to you.
[Note 37: Lieutenant McManus belonged to the North Carolina troops.]
[Note 38: Dr. James Craik, of Alexandria, a lifelong friend of Washington. He was surgeon to the Virginia Regiment and later chief physician and surgeon of the Continental Army. He was one of the attending physicians at Washington's last illness.]
The Colonels Bird and Randolph, are appointed Commissioners;39 and will set out very shortly with a present, c. to the Country of the Cherokees, in order to engage them to our Interest.
[Note 39: Peter Randolph and William Byrd. Commissioners to treat with the southern Indians. They successfully negotiated a treaty and returned to Williamsburg in 1756.]
We have advices that the King return'd to London from Hanover on the 26th. of September, that War was Proclaim'd the 29th., and that we have already taken 5 of their Men of War and 120 Sail of Merchent Men; a bold stroke by jove; a glorious beginning; and I hope presages our future success. The Man of War mention'd in my last is not yet arriv'd, tho hourly expected; it is said (tho I can't believe it the King not being arriv'd when other ship left England) that she has Commission's for us:40 Another ship of War was said to be dispatched to America imediately upon the declaration so that I have sanguine expectation's we soon shall receive them if they are not already on their way. I am encourag'd to hope this as all the Publick Prints, private Letters, and Gentleman from England say; that the behaviour of the Virginia Troops is greatly extold, and meets with public praises in all the Coffee Houses in London. Yea they exceed the bounds of probability (which I am sorry for) by saying in the London Magazine for August, that 300 Virginians maintain'd an unequal fight against 1600 French and Indians for three hour's after the Regular's fled. The Generals conduct is much condemn'd and the acct. further says; it is not to be wonder'd that those Regiments shou'd act so scandalously here when their behaviour reflected such dishonour on their Country at the Battle of Preston Pan's.41
[Note 40: That would settle the dispute of rank with the captains of the independent companies.]
[Note 41: Prestonpans, in Scotland, a few miles from Edinburgh. The battle (in the War of the Austrian Succession) occurred Sept. 21, 1745, and was a victory for the pretender, Charles Edward.]
By return of the express that brings this, I desire to have a return of the Troops with any occurances and the News that may have happen'd. I am etc.
[Note 42: Of the Light Horse.]
Fredericksburgh, November 18, 1755.
You are to repair immediately to Winchester; in the neighbourhood of which you are to recruit your Troops to the establishment of men. You are not to go any distance from that Town, until further Orders, as you will have the care of the Recruits which rendezvous there. You are to direct Corporal Broughton, who has the charge of the Troop of Horses, to be particularly careful of them; and you are to receive a horse that was left at Joseph Edwards, as one of the number. If any advices should come from Fort Cumberland or other places, you are to dispatch an Express with a return of the Troop, and Letters to me immediately, ordering him to proceed to Alexandria by Vestalls Gap.43 You are not to enlist Servants or Apprentices; nor are you to discharge any person after he is duly enlisted; which I am informed has been practised by some of the Officers. You are to forward the Letter for the Pay-master, by that Messenger you send to the Fort for your Sergeant.
[Note 43: Later known as Williams Gap; farther north in the Blue Ridge than Snickers Gap, which became the more-traveled route into the Shenandoah.]
Fredericksburgh, November 18, 1755.
You are to proceed to those public places, where you have the greatest probability of success, and use your utmost endeavours to enlist what able-bodied men you can for his Majesty's Service. You are not to enlist Servants or Apprentices, nor discharge any man after he is duly enlisted, upon any pretence whatsoever. In marching your Recruits to the place of Rendezvous, if there are any complaints of their misbehaviour, you will be liable to the censure of a Court Martial. You are to have particular regard to your recruiting Instructions, and to be at Alexandria, your place of Rendezvous, with what men you have raised, on the 1st of December precisely.
N.B. The same instructions to Ensigns Milner and Smith;44 with this difference, that Milner is allowed to the 25th. of December.
[Note 44: Ensigns Nathaniel Milner and Charles Smith.]
Fredericksburg, November 18, 1755.
I have had advice of Captain Hogg's Company at Fort Dinwiddie mutinying for want of their pay; which must be attributed entirely to your neglect: as I gave you orders in my last, to go, or send to that Fort, with the money for that Company. If you should not have sent it before this reaches you, you are to proceed immediately to that Fort, with two months' pay. You are only to pay the effective men &c.
November 22, 1755.
I am very sorry you have given me occasion to complain of your conduct in Recruiting; and to tell you, that the methods and unjustifiable means you have practised, are very unacceptable, and have been of infinitely prejudice to the Service: of this I am informed by many Gentlemen, as well as by all the Officers who were ordered to recruit in these parts: and am further assured, that it is next to an impossibility to get a man where you have been; such terror have you occasioned by forcibly taking, confining and torturing those, who would not voluntarily enlist. These proceedings not only cast a slur upon your own Character, but reflect dishonour upon mine; as giving room to conjecture, that they have my concurrence for their source. I must therefore acquaint you, that such Behaviour in an Officer would shake his Commission! Let it then be a warning to you, who I still hope, erred more through inadvertence than design; for which reason, I shall forget the past, in sanguine hopes of what is to come. I am &c.
Alexandria, November 28, 1755.
Sir: I received your two Letters by Jenkins last Night, and was greatly surpris'd to hear that Commissary Walker45 was not arriv'd at Camp, when he came away. He set out from Williamsburgh about the 12th instant, with orders to proceed immediately up; but such disobedience of commands, as I have generally met with is insufferable, and shall not go unpunished! The account you enclosed of the method of receiving the Beef, I suppose is customary; but for want of judgment in those affairs, I can neither applaud nor condemn it. I am as much astonish'd as you was surprized, at the quantity of Salt said to be wanted for the Provision's, but certain it is, that if it, or a greater quantity is absolutely necessary, it must be had. I have left a discretionary power in Commissary Walker, to kill or Winter the Carolina Beeves, as the Interest of Service requires. Pray assist him with your advice, and urge him on to make the necessary purchases of Flour and Pork, in time.
[Note 45: Thomas Walker; appointed as an additional commissary]
The Governour did not seem inclinable to promote the removal of the Fort; however, the Committee have lodged a discretionary power in my hands, and have resolved to pay for all extraordinary Work.46 I would therefore have as little labour lost at Fort Cumberland as possible; at least until I come up, which will be very shortly, my stay here being only for a few days, in order to receive Recruits, and hurry up the Stores to Winchester.
[Note 46: On the fort at Wills Creek.]
I believe those, who say Governour Sharpe is to command, can only wish it. I don't know that General Shirley has a power to appoint a chief to our Forces,--to regulars he may. As to that affair of turning the Store-House into a dwelling Room; I dont know what better answer to give, than saying, that this is one among the many instances that might be given, of the inconveniences of having the Fort in Maryland. As soon as I hear from Governor Shirley, which is hourly expected, I can then send a more determined answer.
There has been such total negligence among the Recruiting Officers in general; such disregard of the Service, and such idle proceedings, that I am determined to send out none until we all meet together, when each Officer shall receive his own men and have only this alternative, either to compleat his number, or loose his Commission. There are several Officers who have been out 6 weeks and two months, without getting a Man; spending their time in all the gayety of pleasurable mirth, with their relations and Friends; not attempting, or having a possible chance of recruiting any but those who, out of their inclination to the service, will proffer themselves.
I should be glad to have ten or twelve Waggons sent to this place, for salt, enough may be had here to load that number; and it comes upon easier terms than at Fredericksburg by 6d. or 8d. per bushel. Those stores at Watkins's Ferry and Conogochieg should be hurried up as fast as the Water affords opportunitys, if it were only to prevent disputes. The enclosed for Lieutenant McManus I shou'd be glad to have forwarded by the first opportunity.
If the paymaster is at Winchester, and not on his way to Fort Dinwiddie, order him down here immediately. If he should be going with Pay to Captain Hogg47 he is to proceed with despatch; but if he is at Fort Cumberland, order him down to Winchester, to wait there until I arrive. I am, &c.
[Note 47: Captain Hogg's men had mutinied because of the failure to pay them.-- Sparks.]
Alexandria, November 28, 1755.
I am sorry to find by your Returns that the men are deserting, and fear you do not take proper means to prevent it. The last account I had from you was of the 3d. instant; mentions your not having received the Salt, Iron, &c. which surprizes me greatly; Major Lewis having ordered it up sometime ago: and by Mr. Dicks accompt., I stand charged with the several Articles. However, I have repeated my Orders, and hope you will be soon supplied, if it has not already reached you.
I ordered from Winchester in October, that two months pay should be remitted you immediately by some safe hand; if that could not be done, the paymaster was then to carry it himself: and I can not conceive the reason that you have not received it. As to the pay for your Beeves, it may be had by drawing upon Mr, Walker, who is now appointed Commissary for the Expedition.
The late Assembly have offered a reward to all who will apprehend Deserters; and a severe punishment upon any who shall detain or assist them in escaping. Also upon all Constables who shall refuse to receive and convey them to the Troop or Company to which they belong; or shall suffer them to escape after they are committed to their care.
I must again order, that you will be diligent in seeing those Orders executed which I left with you. I expect some Recruits here the 1st. of next month: and shall, if any can be spared, order another Subaltern and twenty-five men, to join you. Yours &c.
Alexandria, December 3, 1755.
Captain Bronaugh is ordered to hold himself in readiness to repair to Winchester immediately. All the other Officers now present, except Captain John Mercer, and Ensign Buckner, are to hold themselves in readiness to set out for Recruiting, and are to wait on Colonel Washington, at 2 O'Clock this Evening for their Orders. Captain John Mercer is to prepare himself to go to Williamsburgh; and Ensign Buckner to remain here, to take charge of the Recruits, receive and deliver the Public Stores. Each Officer to make out an accompt. of what pay is due himself and men to the 1st. of December, and to give them in to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock, to the Aid de camp, and they will be paid. If any of the Volunteers or Cadets have a desire to go with any of the Recruiting Officers, to assist them, they will have leave.
And it is Colonel Washingtons orders, they do not attempt to Recruit by or for, themselves.
Alexandria, December 3, 1755.
You are hereby ordered, to continue Recruiting until the 25th. Instant; at which time you are with your Recruits, to be at Winchester without fail.
You are to proceed to all Elections and other public meetings that you can possibly attend, between this and the said 25th. of December; and use your utmost endeavours, to enlist such able-bodied men as are fit for his Majesty's Service.
You are to enlist no Servants or Apprentices; nor are you to discharge any man after he is duly enlisted, upon any pretence whatsoever; neither are you invested with power to impress Horses, &c. as had been practised hitherto without leave: In all other respects you are to govern yourself strictly by your General Instructions: and be assured, if any just complaint is made of the misbehaviour of your men, in their march to the place of Rendezvous, you will be liable to answer it before a Court Martial.
Alexandria, December 3, 1775.
You are hereby ordered to proceed immediately to Winchester, with the money entrusted to your care, which is to be delivered to Mr. Boyd, Paymaster; taking his Receipt for the same. If it should happen that Mr. Boyd is returned to Fort Cumberland, you are to follow him to that place. After delivering this money, you are to employ your time diligently until the 25th. of December, in recruiting; at which time you are to be at Winchester without fail. You are to observe the Instructions given you before; * * *48
[Note 48: The rest of the instructions are the same as those given to Capt. Joshua Lewis, this date.]
Alexandria, December 3, 1755.
I received yours by Lieutenant Lemon, and am sorry to find that the Carolina Beeves are so unfit for Slaughtering: of this I was informed in a late Letter from Colonel Stephens: in consequence I desired him to assist you with his advice, either to kill & salt, or feed them this winter; as Mr. Dick entered into contract with Shepherd,49 whose all I believe, depends upon my confirming or rejecting the Bargain: I shall endeavour to avoid, as much as is in my power taking any advantages that may distress the poor man; or disannul any agreement Mr. Dick has made: but you are nevertheless to make the best of this bad bargain; perhaps he would take the poor Cattle back to Carolina, and keep them until the Spring, for a small consideration. Provender is very scarce in this Colony; however consult Colonel Stephen and others who can advise; and do the best with them for the good of the Service. I have engaged about two hundred bushels of Salt at this place, which you are to send for as soon as possible. Whoever you have appointed Deputy at Winchester, must be very diligent in seeing this done.
[Note 49: Andrew Shepherd.]
I do not care to lay in Provisions for more than twelve hundred men, without particular Orders from the Governor; whom I shall consult on that head, and let you know. If you find our paper-money will not pass current in Maryland, you should be careful to employ as few of their water-men as possible; that we may sustain no loss upon that account. You should also, for the same reason, purchase what Flour &c. you can, in our own Colony. As I am unacquainted with the proper methods to cure provisions, I must desire you will consult the principal Officers at the Fort; and if their opinions corroborate with yours, let some of the Beef be dried, as you propose. I must recommend diligence in the strongest terms to you (at this time particularly) much depending upon your activity, as the Season is so far advanced. I can not help telling you, I am sorry you was so long between Williamsburgh and Winchester.
I am informed, that meat will lie sometime in bulk without salt. I think you should not delay slaughtering the Beeves one moment.
I hope you have sent Orders to Mr. McLean already about this; if not, pray do; for the Cattle must lose flesh every hour. I am &c.
Alexandria, December 3, 1755.
Your Letters, by Jenkins,50 were sometime coming to hand; as I suppose mine will be in getting to you; he being ordered round by Fredericksburgh. The Employ you mention, in apprehending Deserters, is very laudable; nevertheless I must desire you will repair immediately to the Fort, to see that the Orders left there, and those you have since received, are punctually complied with. If you find that the Hill apposite to Fort Cumberland, upon a proper review, is capable of containing a sufficient work of defence, and that the adjoining hill has not the command of it; you may order Timber and other necessaries to be got, to erect a Fort and Barrack there.
[Note 50: William Jenkins, express rider.]
I have ordered some falling axes to be made here, and shall provide some broad ones out of the Stores, which shall be sent up by the first Waggons. I wait here in hourly expectation of seeing a Vessel from Hampton with Sundries for the use of the Regiment a soon as she arrives, and I have sent off the contents, I shall set out for Winchester.
I am extremely sorry to hear that the men still continue to desert; and must think, it is partly owing to mismangement: and their escape, to inactivity of the Officers: Surely they do not pursue them with proper resolution, or they might be taken. I have not yet received the Mutiny Bill; it shall be forwarded when I do. Yesterday being the time appointed to Rendezvous here, came in ten Officers, with twenty Recruits; which make up the number at this place, twenty-five Great! As to what you desire, of going on an Embassy to the Creeks and Cherokees; I have no more right to give leave for as long an absence, than I have to commission you with proper authorities for such an undertaking: both must proceed from the Governour. If he approves, I have no objection. But, if I may offer my opinion, I can scarcely think he will; since the Colonels, Bird and Randolph, are already appointed. I have sent up a thousand pounds to Mr Boyd, for payment of the Troops: and Mr. Lemon informing me the Rangers were complaining on this head; I have ordered him to send money for paying them also: Colonel Fairfax not being in the way to do it.
I would have you send as many Officers as you can spare, after acquainting them with the determination mentioned in my last, to the Election in Fredericksburgh and Hampshire, and to all other public meetings: I am deceived, if those public places will not afford men, if pains are taken. Give each a copy of the enclosed Instructions. I have thought it advisable, since my last letter to you, to employ the Officers in this Service; the Elections affording favourable opportunities to increase our numbers: to neglect which I should be loth. They must be punctual in repairing to the Rendezvous at the limited time; for then I shall endeavour to put this Service under better regulations, &c. Yours
N.B. I wish you would take a party, and examine well the Hill at the mouth of Patterson's Creek: I have a great notion that is a very good place.51
[Note 51: For a fort.]
Alexandria, December 3, 1755.
You will receive from the Bearer, Captain Bronaugh, one thousand pounds, for payment of the Troops; which you are to see immediately done, agreeably to their muster Rolls; having regard to those Instructions of the 28th. October. As I understand the Rangers are complaining for want of their pay; you must send such part of this money as is sufficient to do that; and also one months pay to Captain Hogg's Company, if any opportunity offers.
You are to be particularly exact and careful in these payments: seeing that there is no disagreement between the Returns, and your Pay-Rolls; as there will be strict examination into it hereafter. I am &c.
Alexandria, December 5, 1755.
Honble. Sir: I have sent the bearer, Captain John Mercer (who has accompts. to settle with the Committee), to the treasurer for the balance of that ten thousand pounds; and to acquaint your Honour, that, meeting with letters at Fredericksburg, as I returned from Williamsburg, informing me that all was peaceable above, and that nothing was so immediately wanting as salt. I got what I could at that place, and hastened on here to engage more; to receive the recruits expected in; and to wait the arrival of the vessel with arms, &c., from James River, in order to forward them up with the greater despatch. The vessel is not yet arrived.
I have impatiently expected to hear the result of your Honour's letter to General Shirley; and wish that the delays may not prove ominous. In that case, I shall not know how to act; for I can never submit to the command of Captain Dagworthy, since you have honoured me with the command of the Virginia regiment, &c.52
[Note 52: The old difficulty of rank between provincial officers and those holding commissions from the King had been revived at Fort Cumberland. Immediately after the affair of the Great Meadows the Assembly of Maryland granted the small sum of £6,000 for the defense of the frontiers, and in the following December they passed an act authorizing the governor to raise a military force. A few soldiers only were enlisted, and at this time a Maryland company of 30 men was stationed at Fort Cumberland under the command of Capt. John Dagworthy, who had been an officer in the Canada expedition during the last war and had received a King's commission. Governor Innes had gone home to North Carolina on his private affairs. Dagworthy assumed the command and refused to obey any orders of a provincial officer, however high in rank. This created wrangling and insubordination among the inferior officers, who took sides. The Governor of Maryland was tardy in giving any decisive orders to Dagworthy, because the fort was in that province, and he seemed willing to consider it under his command. Governor Dinwiddie argued that it was a King's fort, built by an order sent to him from the King, chiefly by forces in the King's pay, and that it could in no sense be regarded as subject to the authority of Maryland. And, moreover, as Captain Dagworthy had commuted his half pay for a specific sum of money, his commission had thereby become obsolete, and there was no propriety in his pretending to act under it; and it was an absurdity for a captain with 30 men, who in reality had no other commission than that from the Governor of Maryland, to claim precedence of the commander in chief of all the Virginia forces. Colonel Washington made a forcible remonstrance to the governor and council at Williamsburg and insisted on a speedy arrangement that should put an end to the difficulty. To effect this purpose Governor Dinwiddie sent an express to General Shirley, commander of his Majesty's forces in North America, stating the particulars of the case and requesting from him brevet commissions for Colonel Washington and the field officers under him; proposing, at the same time, that these commissions should only imply rank, without giving any claim to pay from the King.]
The country has sustained inconceivable losses by delaying the commissaries at Williamsburg: Many of the Carolina beeves are dead, through absolute poverty; and the chief part of them too poor to slaughter. We are at a loss how to act, for want of the mutiny bill; and should be obliged to your Honour, if you will have fifty or a hundred printed, and sent by the bearer. There is a clause in that bill, which if you are not kind enough to obviate it, will prevent entirely the good intention of it: i.e., delaying the execution of sentences, until your Honour shall be made acquainted with the proceedings of the court. This, at times when there is the greatest occasion for examples, will be morally impossible (I mean, while we are on our march; perhaps near the Ohio,) when none but strong parties can pass with safety: at all times it must be attended with great expense, trouble and inconveniency. This I represented to Colonel Corbin, and some other gentlemen of the Council, when I was down; who said that that objection to the Bill would be removed, by your Honour's giving blank warrants, to be filled up as occasion should require. This would effectually remedy all those evils, and put things in their proper channel.
We suffer greatly for want of kettles: those sent from below being tin, are of short duration. We shall also, in a little time, suffer as much for the want of clothing; none can be got in these parts; those which Major Carlyle and Dalton contracted to furnish, we are disappointed off. Shoes and stockings we have, and get more if wanted, but nothing else. I should be glad your Honor would direct what is to be clone in these cases; and that you would be kind enough to desire the treasurer to send some part of the money in gold and silver: were this done, we might often get necessaries for the regiment in Maryland, or Pennsylvania, when they cannot be had here. But with our money it is impossible; our paper not passing there.
The recruiting service goes on extremely slow. Yesterday being a day appointed for rendezvousing at this place, there came in ten officers with twenty men only. If I had any other than paper money, and you approved of it; I would send to Pennsylvania and the borders of Carolina: I am confident, men might be had there. Your Honor never having given any particular directions about the provisions; I should be glad to know, whether you would have more laid in than what will serve for twelve hundred men; that I may give orders accordingly.
As I cannot now conceive, that any great danger can be apprehended at Fort Cumberland this winter; I am sensible, that my constant attendance there, cannot be so serviceable as riding from place to place, making the proper dispositions, and seeing that all our necessaries are forwarded up with despatch. I therefore think it advisable to inform your Honour of it, hoping that it will correspond with your own opinion.
I forgot to mention when I was down, that Mr. Livingston,53 the Fort Major, was appointed adjutant to our regiment: I knew of none else whose long servitude in a military way, had qualified better for the office; he was appointed the 17th of September.
[Note 53: James Livingston.]
Captain Mercer's pay as aid-de-camp seems yet doubtful; I should be glad if your Honour would fix it; so is Captain Stewart's.54 If Captain Stewart's is encreased, I suppose all the officers belonging to the light-horse will expect to have theirs augmented also. Colonel Stephens, in a late letter, discovered an inclination to go to the Creek and Cherokee Indians this winter. I told him where to apply, if he had any such thoughts. I believe, on so useful a business, he might be spared until the spring. If your Honor think proper to order the act of Assembly for apprehending deserters, and against harbouring them, to be published every Sunday in each parish church, until the
[Note 54: Capt. Robert Stewart.] people were made acquainted with the law, it would have a very good effect. The commonalty in general err more through ignorance than design. Few of them are acquainted that such a law exists: and there is no other certain way of bringing it to their knowledge. There are a great many of the men that did once belong to our companies, deserted from the regiments into which they were draughted, that would now gladly return, if they could be sure of indemnity. If your Honor would be kind enough to intimate this to General Shirley, or the colonels of those regiments, it would be of service to us: without leave, we dare not receive them. I am, &c.
Alexandria, December 5, 1755.
As a quantity of Salt is wanted at Fort Cumberland for curing the provisions, you must endeavour to purchase it upon the best terms you can; and I shall fulfil any contract you may enter into. What I have engaged here has been at 2/ per bushel. You may procure six or eight hundred bushels at that rate, and see that they are forwarded to Winchester as expeditiously as possible: in order to do this, you must hire and impress Waggons; those Horses which were send round from Williamsburgh, are also to go up; and a Military Chest which Mr. Allen55 made for me, is to receive the first conveyance. You are to remain in Fredericksburgh and Falmouth, seeing these things done, until further Orders.
[Note 55: James Allen]
All the Recruits which now are, and shall arrive at Fredericksburgh, between this and the 25th. Instant, must immediately proceed to the Rendezvous at Winchester.
N.B. Enquire of Mr. Dick and other Merchants, whether Commissary Walker has engaged Salt of them: if he has, you have then only to forward it up.
December 6, 1755.
Sir: Inclos'd is a Bill of Lading for three H'hds Tobo. Ship'd on Board the ... 56 Captn. Merrie for London which please to make the most of.
[Note 56: Left blank in the original. As the first order on London for goods, both letter and invoice merit attention. Richard Washington, the London merchant, was considered by George Washington as a relation, though the exact kinship is vague.]
I ought first Sir, to have apologiz'd for the abrub't manner in which I begin this corrispondance but I hope to obtain an excuse when I say I was induc'd to this by the good opinion I have conceiv'd of your merit from the reports of Colo. Fairfax and others who are happier than I, in being of your acquaintance. If you approve of my Beginning I shall have it in my power to Ship a larger quantity of Tobo., and shall Consign them to you. These three were only put on board to oblige Merrie who labour'd under some difficulty in getting a Load.
I have a Ball'e. of £6-18-1 in the hands of Mr. Anthony Bacon;57 please to call upon him for it, he is advis'd thereof. Inclos'd is an Invoice of Sundries which I entreat you to buy and send me by the first Ship in the Spring either to the head of Potomack or Rappahannock; the cost of these things will amount to more than the Tobo. &c. for which Reason I shall take the earliest oppertunity of remitting you a Bill of Exchange. I have left many of the Articles with blank prices leaving it discretionary in you to fix them with this only desire, that you will choose agreable to the present taste, and send things good of their kind. The Livery Suits must be made by measures taken of Men as near their size as you can judge. I shou'd be glad to cultivate the most intimate Corrispondance
[Note 57: Anthony Bacon, a London merchant. Washington purchased supplies from him later.] with you, not only for names-sake but as a friend, and that endeavour in all things to approve myself worthy your regard. I am Sir, Yr. Most Obed't H'bly Serv't
Alexandria, December 8, 1755.
You are hereby required to take charge of the Recruits sent to Winchester by Captain Gist; whose Son you must Order to proceed immediately and join his Father.60
[Note 60: Capt. Christopher Gist, who commanded a company of rangers. His two sons. Nathaniel and Thomas, were both in the service.]
Captain Gist this day received one hundred pounds to recruit with; and the same Orders that were given to the other Officers on the 3d. instant. &c.
Alexandria, December 16, 1755.
So soon as the Vessel with the Stores and medicines arrives, you are to embrace the first opportunity that offers, of conveying up your Chest, and proceeding, yourself, to Winchester. You are to provide yourself here, with what you think will be wanting for the Hospital, and bring them up with you; taking care to purchase no more than is absolutely necessary, for the support and relief of the Regiment.
Winchester, December 20, 1755.
Parole Albemarle.
A Return to be given in immediately of the Recruits now in this town, by the several Officers who enlisted them; mentioning their height, age, trade, &c. The Officers to see that the Sergeants who understand the manual Exercise, do drill the Recruits, at least twice a-day.
Winchester, December 22, 1755.
Parole Boston.
A Return is to be made every morning to Colonel Washingtonof the number of men in this town; and all contingences.
During his stay here, no provision is to be delivered out, but by a written order from him or the aid de camp. The Commissary is to send up the Cask of Tools by the first Waggon that goes to the Fort. The following men being judged unfit for Duty, on Review; are ordered to be discharged: Viz.
The Commissary is to allow each of them eight days provision to carry them home.
All the Recruits now in town, who have not received Clothes and Arms; are to have them delivered to them to-day. The Officers and Commissary to be very exact; and see that none of them receive twice. The Commissary to see that the Store-Houses are immediately repaired and secured: he is also to give in a return of the Arms which have been delivered to George Wright to repair.
Winchester, December 23, 1755.
Parole Chichester.
The soldiers who received their discharge yesterday, are to attend at the Head-Quarters at 2 O'clock; and they will receive some money to bear their expences home.
They are not to be allowed to take their Regimentals with them; but, if they are very naked, may take their Blankets.
Although there were express orders given for Returns being made regularly every morning, none have yet been given in. If it is neglected again, the Officer, whose duty it is to collect and make them, will be put under an Arrest.
December 25, 1755.
It is Colonel Washington's Orders, that all the Recruits now in this town, except those belonging to the Troop of Light Horse, be under the Command of Captain Bell; and that Ensign Thompson act as his Subaltern, until further Orders. The Commanding Officers of Companies to give in an exact return to the Commissary to-morrow morning, at 9 O'Clock, of their men, signed by themselves.
The Recruits, belonging to the Troop of Light Horse, to be in Town to-morrow morning, by nine o'clock, and to be drawn up with those under the Command of Captain Bell, and have the Articles of War read to them. The Commissary is to deliver out, at ten o'clock to-morrow, three days provision to all the Recruits, agreeable to the returns which he shall receive, signed by the Officers.
As two of the Deserters, mentioned in the morning Orders, are brought in by some country people; those Orders are Countermanded. Any Soldier who shall desert, though he return again, shall be hanged without Mercy.
No Soldier upon any pretence whatsoever, is to go more than a mile, (without leave) from the Town. Any Soldier taken, beyond that distance, will be treated as a Deserter. All Orders relating to the men, are constantly to be read to them by an Officer of the Company. The Roll of each Company to be called by a Commissioned Officer, morning, noon and night; and a Return of the absent or disorderly to be given in to the Commanding Officer of the Regiment.
Winchester, December 27, 1755.
In pursuance of Commands from the Governor to me, you are hereby ordered to proceed to Augusta, and there to take upon you the command of Captain Hogg's Company; three Companies of Rangers, and such Cherokee Indians as you shall find there; and march them to such place or places, and obey such order or orders, as the Governor shall direct.
Winchester, December 27, 1755.
I wrote you fully the 28th. ultimo; since when I have only received two returns; one of the twenty-sixth, the other of the twenty-ninth of November; by which I find you still want men to complete your Company. The present allowance for Recruiting is two Pistoles per man, and eight pence per day subsistance, from the time of their attestation, until they are received at Quarters; and no men are allowed for, but those who shall be actually reviewed and passed.
Lieutenant McNeil61 received two hundred pounds from the Commissary to pay for your Provisions &c. which I expect will be very punctually accounted for. As to your mens complaints about the stoppages &c. they are groundless and unnecessary; it is the custom of the army; and what the Soldiers here submit to with chearfulness.
[Note 61: Lieut. John McNeill.]
I think it will be advisable to detain both Mulatto's and negroes in your Company; and employ them as Pioneers or Hatchet-men.
You will receive by this conveyance the late Act of Assembly against Mutiny and Desertion; and you are to have the Deserters punished accordingly.
Major Lewis, who is ordered there to take upon him the command of three Companies of Rangers, which are to be joined by your Company and the Cherokee Indians, for certain purposes; will give you his advice and assistance in this affair.
I never received any Letter even mentioning of John Johnston, but that of the 29th. of November, speaking of him among other Deserters.
By Major Lewis you will receive an hundred and fifty-seven pounds, thirteen and three pence, pay for your Company for the months of December and January. And he will also settle with them and pay off their arrears. The money that he brings will be more than sufficient for two months pay; so that you are to keep regular pay-rolls, and transmit to me or the pay-master, regular accompts. of your disbursements, signed by yourself and Officers, and Receipts from each non-commissioned Officer and Soldier for their months pay. Another receipt you are always to keep yourself, regularly entered into a Book for that purpose.
You must also transmit to the Commissary an accompt. of money expended for Provisions, &c. signed as above. These Directions I received from below. The Governor complains of your laying in provisions for twenty months, instead of the twelve, which I ordered; and takes notice of an extraordinary charge of ten pounds, for a Trough, which amazes me: the like sure was never heard of.
If the Carpenters are kept closely to their work, you may allow them one Shilling per day, besides their soldiers pay; but you are to be cautious how they are employed; and not throw away the Countrys money idly: neither are they to receive extraordinary pay for any work, which shall be deemed soldiers duty. As to Smiths work, you can not have a great deal to do; therefore agree upon the most reasonable terms. If you have not got the Tools from Fredericksburgh, you must try to get them made in Augusta; or purchase from the Country people, if they are to be had.
You will let Ensign Fleming know that Captain Bell will be with him in a few days to settle his accompt. for Recruiting; when that is done, he will receive the arrears of his pay.
I am sorry to find Mr. Chew still dissatisfied for his Servant; and did not expect such Behaviour from an Officer. I hope therefore you will make him immediate restitution, or expect to answer it in a more disagreeable way. I am, &c.
P.S. I have sent you General Recruiting Instructions, which you are to observe, when you want men to complete your Company.
Winchester, December 28, 1755.
Parole Hampton.
The Recruiting Officers now in town are to make out their Accompts. and deliver them to-morrow at ten o'clock. They are to charge two Pistoles for each man received at the place of Rendezvous; and eight-pence per day for their maintenance: no other charges will be allowed. Three Recruits that Ensign Smith reviewed and passed this day, are to be furnished with Clothes, Arms, &c.
A Court of Enquiry to sit immediately to examine whether Abraham Dale, recruited by Ensign Dekeyzer, be duly enlisted. Captain Stewart, President. The Officers to give in an accompt. to-morrow at ten of the clock, of the arrears due themselves and men now effective.
John Campbell of Captain Gist's Company, is released from confinement; having received a sufficient reprimand for his disorderly behaviour.
Mr. Nathaniel Gist is appointed Lieutenant, and William Crawford, Ensign, in a Company of Scouts commanded by Captain Christopher Gist.
N.B. It was the unanimous judgment of the Court of Enquiry, that Dale is duly enlisted.
Winchester, December 28, 1755.
Sir: Captain John Mercer only returned last night from Williamsburg; and brings no satisfactory answers to any thing I question'd the Governor upon. The express that was sent to Genl. Shirley, is returned without seeing him: however, the Governor writes that he expects answers to his Letters by Colo. Hunter,62 who is now at New York, and waits the arrival of the Genl. at that place. The Governor is very strongly of opinion that Captn. Dagworthy63 has no right to contend the Command; and in his Letter he says, after mentioning the return of the express, and his expectancy of satisfactory Letters, "but I am of opinion you might have obviated the inconsistent dispute with Captn. Dagworthy, by asking him if he did not command a Provin'l Company and by virtue of Gov. Sharpe's Comn. as that he had formerly from his Majesty now ceases, as he is not on the half-pay list; if so, the method you are to take is very obvious, as your Commission from me is greater than what he has," and in Williamsburg when I was down there, both he and Colo. Fitzhugh told me, that Dagworthy cou'd have no more pretensions to Command me or either of the Field Officers of the Virg'n Regt. than we have to Com'd Genl. Shirley; and further gave it as their opinions, that as Dagworthy's was only a botched up Comn. at best; and as he commanded a Provincial Company and by virtue of a Governor's Comn. that he ought to be arrested for his presumption, they say, allow'g his Comn. from the King to be valid; yet as he is not there by order of his Majesty; that he can have no better pretension's than a visiting half pay Officer who transiently passes thro' the Camp, to assume the Com'd. I wish you would sound him on this h'd, and hear how he will answer these things, and let me know when you come down, which I desire may be immediately; as I want much to consult you upon several accounts. The Paymaster, and Commissary if he is not very much engag'd must accompany you, desire both to have their accts. settled and brought with them, as that is
[Note 62: Col. John Hunter.]
[Note 63: Capt. John Dagworthy, of a Maryland independent company. His commission was from the King of Great Britain, like those of officers in the regular British Army. The claim was that such a commission was superior to any granted by a Colonial governor.] necessary before I can give more money. Also desire all the Officer's who have received money for Recruit'g to make up their accts. immediately and charge for no more Men than have actually been received at the several Rendezvous, allowance will be made for no others; the Arrears of Pay for these Officers and Soldiers who have not rec'd for the Months of Jany. and Feby. are im'y to be made out and sent down by you with the Rec'g accts.; desire them to charge for no Men but what are present, as I can pay for no others now.
I have sent you one of the Mutiny Bills which I rec'd from below; but I think indeed I believe it is absolutely necessary as we still want the power, to postpone tryal until after your return. Order Com'y Walker to see that there is particular care taken of all the Bags and to send them down if more Salt is wanted. Also order him to call upon Mr. McLean to render an acct. of the disbursements of Sundry sums of money to the amount of 70 £s, [I] let him have since the 17th. of Sept. last and bring that down with him.
Inclos'd is a Commission for Captn. Waggener which I have neglected giving before; so long as I have had it desire him as the comm'd will upon your leaving the place, devolve upon him to be very circumspect in his duty; and to see that the Troops are duly drawn out and train'd to their exercise and practis'd to bush fighting. As I expect in a very few days to have the pleasure of seeing you, I shall only add that I am, &c.
Winchester, December 28, 1755.
You are hereby ordered to repair to your Company with all possible dispatch. I have found it impracticable to procure Clothes for your men. I think none so proper for Rangers as Matchcoats; therefore would advise you to procure them.
Those who have not received Clothing; for the future will have their full pay, without stoppages; and those already made, will be repaid to them. Those who have been clothed, must either return them, or allow stoppages.
I would have you consult your men, and fall upon some method to supply them immediately. I would have all your accompts. with your men fairly stated against I come up: and always when you make payment hereafter, take receipts from each man; one of which you are to have entered in a Book kept for that purpose, for your own use: the other on a sheet of paper, and transmitted to me monthly.
You will receive a Bill against Mutiny and Desertion, which you must have often read to the men. And further assure them that if any Soldier deserts, although he return himself, he shall be hanged.
Winchester, December 28, 1755.
I am very much surprized to hear the great irregularities which were allowed of in your Camp. The Rum, although sold by Joseph Coombs, I am credibly informed, is your property. There are continual complaints to me of the misbehaviour of your Wife; who I am told sows sedition among the men, and is chief of every mutiny. If she is not immediately sent from the Camp, or I hear any more complaints of such irregular Behaviour upon my arrival there; I shall take care to drive her out myself, and suspend you.
It is impossible to get clothing here for your men. I think none so proper for Rangers as Match-coats; therefore would advise you to procure them. Those who have not receive clothing, for the future will receive their full pay without stoppages; and those already made, will be repaid them.
Those who have been clothed must either return them or allow stoppages. I would have you consult your men, and fall upon some method to supply them immediately. I have heard very great complaints about the mens pay; and that it has been misapplied: to prevent any for the future I Order, that you have your accompts. with the men properly stated against I come up. And always after you make payments hereafter, to take two receipts from each man: one of which you are to have entered in a Book kept for that purpose, for your own use; the other must be taken upon a sheet of paper, and transmitted to me monthly.
I have sent you one of the mutiny Bills which you are (as far as it relates to the men) to have frequently read to them. Further; acquaint them, that if any Soldier deserts, altho' he return himself, he shall be hanged.
Winchester, December 30, 1755.
Parole Kendal.
The Commissary is immediately to engage eight Waggons to be sent to the Quarter-master at Alexandria, to bring Stores, &c. from that place: and he is to make a Report, as soon as he has engaged that number. A Sergeant and six men to pile up the Cannon Ball that lie scattered before the Magazine; and the Sentry there is to have Orders, not to let them be thrown about again.
Whereas there have been some mistakes about settling the arrears of the mens pay for the months of December, January and February last: It is Colonel Washington's Orders that the Officers who were employed in the Recruiting Service at that time, and had the men under their own command until the Draughts were made in March last, do make off from the Paymaster Books, an exact account of the arrears due the men enlisted by them, who are now effective: they then will receive the amount; and each Officer must settle with his own Recruits, and pay them off; making stoppages of his just accompts., and take each roans receipt for the full arrears due him: which receipt must afterwards be produced to Colonel Washington. The Subaltern Officers who received money from their Captains for Recruiting must account with them for it as each Captain has given his receipt for the full sum received, for Recruiting. Three Subalterns who received money from Colonel Washington, must account with him.
Winchester, December 31, 1755.
Parole Limrick.
As there has issued Orders several times for every Officer to provide himself with a proper Regimental Dress (which dress is also particularly described:) Colonel Washington is a good deal surprized to find that some Officers are yet unprovided; and declares, that if they do not immediately procure them, or such thereof as can be had; it will be looked upon as disobedience of Orders, and will be tried accordingly.
There are more persons returned as Sergeants than are necessary for the number of Recruits in Town. Therefore a Return must immediately be given in of the names who call themselves; so; that a proper choice may be made to do the Duty of Sergeants: the rest are to act as private Centinels, until further Orders.
Winchester, December 31, 1755.
You are hereby Ordered to proceed to those public Places where you have the greatest probability of success; and continue Recruiting until the first day of March; at which time it is expected you will repair to this place.
You are, with some trusty person, to send your Recruits here, so soon as you raise a squad of five or ten men; and the person with whom you entrust them, is to take a receipt from the Officer, who will be appointed here to receive them, for the number delivered, specifying their names, &c. * * *64
[Note 64: An omitted paragraph duplicates the instructions as to enlisting servants and apprentices, in Washington's letter to Joshua Lewis, December 3, ante.]
You may dispose of your Subalterns or seems best to you for the Service; giving them the same Orders you receive.
Winchester, Saturday, January 3, 1756.
Parole Ostend.
The Guard is to be regularly relieved every morning at ten o'clock.
The Drummer must observe to beat, at the appointed times, the following Beats. Revele at day-break; Troop, at ten o'clock; Retreat at sun-set; and Tattoo, at nine o'clock at night. An Officer is to see that the above Orders are duly executed.
This Tour of Duty to begin with the eldest Captain; and to continue through the rest of the Officers, according to Seniority. The Officer of the Day is to make a Report of the Guard, as soon as he is relieved.
[Note 65: Governor of Pennsylvania.]
Winchester, January 5, 1756.
Honble. Sir: I am sorry it has not been in my power to acknowledge the receipt of yours till now. At the time that your letter came to Winchester, I was at Williamsburg; before I got back, it was conveyed thither; and so from place to place has it been tossing almost untill this time.
There is nothing more necessary than good intelligence to frustrate a designing enemy, and nothing that requires greater pains to obtain. I shall, therefore, cheerfully come into any measures you can propose to settle a correspondence for this salutary end; and you may depend upon receiving (when the provinces are threatened) the earliest and best intelligence that I can procure.
I sympathized in a general concern to see the inactivity of your province in a time of eminent danger; but am pleased to find, that a feeling sense of wrongs has roused the spirit of your martial Assembly to vote a sum, which, with your judicious application, will turn to a general good.66
[Note 66: The trouble in taxing the Pennsylvania proprietaries' lands had delayed an appropriation. Sparks goes into the matter rather fully in a footnote. When the news of Braddock's defeat reach England the proprietaries, alarmed at the progress of the enemy, or, as Doctor Franklin has said, "intimidated by the clamor raised against them for their meanness and injustice," ordered the receiver general to add £5,000 to such sums as the assembly should grant for the security of the province. When this was made known to the house, a new bill was framed, granting £60,000 for the use of the Crown, with a clause exempting the proprietary estates from the tax. (See Votes and Proceedings, Pennsylvania Assembly, November, 1755.) In May, 1755, the Pennsylvania Assembly had given £15,000 for the King's use by an order appropriating funds then within their control; £5,000 of this money was applied to victualling the King's troops in Virginia and £10,000 to procuring and transporting provisions for the Massachusetts troops engaged in the King's service. In November the grant of £60,000 was made, and a bill for establishing and disciplining a voluntary militia was drafted by Benjamin Franklin, which, as he says, passed through the house with little difficulty, as the Quakers were left at liberty. Several companies were organized, but none ever joined the Virginians in any expedition against the Indians. The money was chiefly expended in building forts on the Pennsylvania frontiers, under the superintendence of Franklin, who was commissioned for that purpose by the governor. (See Franklin's Works, vol. 1, p. 153.)]
We took some pretty vigorous measures to collect a force upon our frontiers, upon the first alarm; which have kept us peaceable ever since: how long this may last, is uncertain. Since that force (which were Militia) are disbanded; and the Recruiting Service almost stagnated.
If you propose to levy Troops; and their destination is not a secret; I should be favoured, were I let into the scheme, that we may act conjunctly, so far as the nature of things will admit. Pray direct to me at Alexandria, to which place I design to go in about ten days from this. I am, &c.
Winchester, Tuesday, January 6, 1756.
Parole Richmond.
Whereas it has been represented to Colonel Washington, that Ensign Dekeyser has been guilty of a breach of the twenty third article of War; by behaving in a manner unbecoming the character of a Gentleman, and an Officer. He is ordered to appear before a Court of enquiry, which will sit to examine into the complaint to-morrow at ten of the clock. The Court to consist of nine Officers; none under the degree of a Captain; Lieutenant Colonel Stephen, President. All Evidences to attend.
Winchester, Thursday, January 8, 1756.
Parole Tweed.
All the Officers in town to attend Lieutenant Colonel Stephens immediately at Limon's House. As soon as the Congress is over, three of the youngest Subalterns, and Sergeant Waters, are to go immediately in pursuit of the two Deserters, who made their escape last night; and to use their utmost endeavours to apprehend them.
Three days provision to be delivered to the Troops tomorrow, at twelve o'clock.
Lieutenant Colonel Stephen has orders to read the following suspension and admonition to all the Officers.
"Whereas the Court of Enquiry that was held yesterday in behalf of our Sovereign Lord, the King, for examining into a complaint against Leehaynsious Dekeyser, Ensign in the Virginia Regiment, for a breach of the twenty-third Article, fifteenth Section of War: Were unanimous in opinion, that he was not only guilty of the crime for which he was arrested; but had acted inconsistently with the character of a Gentleman, and scandalously for an Officer; whose character should be preserved by the nicest rules of Honour.
For these and other reasons, unnecessary to enumerate; I think it for the Honour of his Majesty's Service, and the good of the Regiment, that the said Lehaynsius Dekeyser be Suspended; and he is hereby suspended and debarred from holding any post or having any connection with the said Regiment, until the Governors pleasure be known; or until he is acquired by a general Court Martial; if he thinks proper to appeal for a further hearing.67
[Note 67: Dekeyser was accused of cheating at cards. The original proceedings of the court, dated Jan. 7, 1756, are in the Washington Papers, Library of Congress.]
This timely warning of the Effects of misbehaviour will, I hope, be instrumental in animating the younger Officers to a laudable Emulation in the Service of their Country. Not that I apprehend any of them can be guilty of Offences of this nature: but there are many other misdemeanors that will, without due circumspection, gain upon inactive minds, and produce consequences equally disgraceful.
I would therefore, earnestly recommend, in every point of Duty; willingness to undertake; and intrepid resolution to execute.
Remember, that it is the actions, and not the Commission, that make the Officer and that there is more expected from him than the Title. Do not forget, that there ought to be a time appropriated to attain this knowledge; as well as to indulge pleasure. And as we now have no opportunities to improve from example; let us read, for this desirable end. There is Blands and other Treatises which will give the wished-for information.
I think it my duty, Gentlemen, as I have the Honour to preside over you, to give this friendly admonition; especially as I am determined, as far as my small experience in Service; my abilities, and interest of the Service, dictate; to observe the strictest discipline through the whole economy of my Behaviour. On the other hand; you may as certainly depend upon having the strictest justice administered to all: and that I shall make it the most agreeable part of my duty, to study merit, and reward the brave, and deserving. I assure you, Gentlemen, that partiality shall never bias my conduct; nor shall prejudice injure any: but throughout the whole tenor of my proceedings, I shall endeavour, as far as I am able, to reward and punish, without the least diminution."
Winchester, Friday, January 9, 1756.
Parole Versailles.
The Tour of Duty, mentioned in the Orders of the third instant, it to be done only by the Captains. A general Return is to be given in at ten o'clock, of all the Troops in this Town; except those that belong to Captain Stewart. The Commissary must also give in a Return of all the Kettles he has in Store here.
All the Officers now in town, are to hold themselves in readiness to attend Lieutenant Colonel Stephen to Fort Cumberland tomorrow; except Captains Stewart, Peachy and Bell.
The Virginia Regiment is now formed into Companies; and are (without a particular Order to the contrary) to remain, and be as followeth, viz.
[Note 68: Ensign George Hedgman or Hedgeman.]
[Note 69: Ensign George Gordon.]
[Note 70: Ensign William Stark.]
Ensign Weedon71
[Note 71: Ensign George Weedon.]
[Note 72: Ensign Charles Smith.]
[Note 73: Lieut. Hancock (Heindrick or Hendrick) Eustace.]
Ensign
[Note 74: Lieut. John King.]
Ensign Buckner75
[Note 75: Ensign Mordecai Bucknet, who also acted as quartermaster.]
[Note 76: Lieut, Austin Brockenbrough.]
Ensign
[Note 77: Lieut. John Edward Lomax.]
Ensign Carter78
[Note 78: Ensign Thomas Carter.]
[Note 79: Capt. Henry Harrison.]
Lieutenant Hall80
[Note 80: Lieut. John Hall.]
Ensign Thompson81
[Note 81: Ensign Nathaniel Thompson.]
[Note 82: Lieut. Peter Sternbergen.]
Ensign Hubbard83
[Note 83: Ensign Edward Hubbard.]
[Note 84: Lieut. John Williams.]
Ensign Dangerfield85
[Note 85: Ensign William Dangerfield.]
[Note 86: Lieut. John Campbell.]
Ensign Deane87
[Note 87: Ensign John Deane.]
[Note 88: Lieut. James Baker.]
Ensign Price89
[Note 89: Ensign Leonard Price.]
Each Captain is to receive his own, and his Subalterns Recruits upon his arrival at Fort Cumberland: and the Soldiers that were in the late Companies of Captains Stephen, Hogg, Polson, and Peyrounie; are to be equally divided among the promoted Lieutenants: Viz. The Captains Savage, Bronaugh, Mercer, Lewis and Woodward: who are ordered to complete their Companies, without further delay.
The new appointed Officers, who obtained their Commissions upon condition that they should raise their Companies: are hereby informed. That it is expected the terms will be complied with, with the greatest punctuality. And it is recommended to the Serious consideration of all the Officers, who value their appointments; to set about this Duty with the greatest alacrity and dispatch: for the terms on one side, will assurdly be observed. I have my instructions from the Governour.
The Balances of the Recruiting Accompts. are to be paid on demand, to Lieutenant Colonel Stephen. And it is again desired, that no Officer will pretend to charge for any men, but what have actually been received (as some have done at Fort Cumberland; not only contrary to their Instructions, but against a positive Order).
It is also desired; that no Article may encumber the Recruiting Accompts., but such as have relation to them. The Officers pay, and pay for Sergeants, Drummers, &c. are Charges against the pay master; of whom they will receive the money.
All Subalterns who received Recruiting money from their Captains, are to account with them for it; as the Captain is to make out a General Accompt. for me, agreeable to a form herewith sent: they being answerable for the money. And as complaint has been made, that some Subalterns have expended the money without Recruiting Men equivalent: I do hereby Order that their pay be stopped; until their Captains have full and just satisfaction made to them.
And I do also declare; that if any Officer for the future shall apply the money delivered him for public uses; such as Recruiting &c. to his private purposes; that he or they shall answer it before a General Court Martial; and may depend upon suffering to the utmost rigour of their Sentence.
The Officers who have not received are to draw upon the Paymaster for their own and Mens arrears for the months of January and February last; agreeable to the Order of the thirtieth of December: and to see that the men are duly paid while they are at Fort Cumberland. They are to take receipts from each particular man; which with a general accompt., is to be lodged with Lieutenant Colonel Stephen: and as Lieutenant Colonel Stephen has received part of most of their arrears; care must be taken that the Sums so received, are duly deducted. This Accompt. will be lodged in the paymasters hands for that purpose.
The Officers who will be Ordered out Recruiting, will receive their instructions from Lieutenant Colonel Stephen.90
[Note 90: From Winchester (January 9) Washington issued general instructions for the recruiting officers of the Virginia Regiment. They are practically the same as those issued Sept. 3, 1755, ante.]
Winchester, January 9, 1756.
Sir: You are Ordered to proceed from this to Fort Cumberland and to be accompanied by all the Officers now in Winchester, on your way thither. You are to Reconnoitre well the Ground about Ashby's Fort; and from thence down to the mouth of Patterson's Creek: and inform me, if you meet with a convenient situation to erect a Fort on. If you find none there; take notice of the ground, between that and Fort Cumberland, and Report accordingly as you find it. This account must be transmitted by the first opportunity. You are desired to settle such Recruiting Accompts. as have not passed my examination, and call in the balances (which you are to do, to see that the money has not been misapplied:) You are to Order the Captains or Commanding Officers of each Company, to take the most elligible means to complete their Companies agreeable to the Orders issued this day. And you are to see that proper Officers are left to do the duty: and those who are sent out, are to receive a Copy of the enclosed Instructions.
You are, so soon as you arrive at Fort Cumberland, to detach Captain Waggener with two Subalterns, three trusty Sergeants, three Corporals, a Drummer, and sixty private men, to the South Branch, above the Trough; where they are to erect small Fortresses; and use their utmost endeavours to protect the inhabitants of those Waters. His Orders will be sent to him. When you come to the Regiment, you are to give out in Orders, that every Captain or other Officer Commanding a Company is to keep exact accompts. with, and a pay-roll for, their men; and to take two receipts from each man, for their months pay: which are to be entered regularly in separate Books kept for that purpose; one of which books is to be delivered to me after each pay-day; or to the Paymaster, if I should not be present. If any non-commissioned Officer or Soldier, after having received the Country's allowance of Clothing; should be in want of Shoes, Stockings or Shirts; he is to apply to his Captain: and if it is found that he really does stand in need of any of those things; his Captain, or Officer commanding the Company, is to draw upon the Quarter Master for them; who is to charge those things to the Captain or &c. and the Captain to the men; taking care to deduct the value next pay-day: the balance is then to be paid, and the receipt taken in full.
The Officer is not answerable to the Regiment for the value of those things, in case the men die or desert; unless it can be made appear, it is lost through his neglect, in not charging it, or stopping the value of such thing or things after it is charged.
The Quarter Master must be very careful of all the Stores, &c. committed to his care; as he will be answerable to the Regiment for their disbursements. As soon as you get up, you are to summons the Officers to appear, and to fix upon the proper persons in each Company for Sergeants; having regard to their outward appearances as well as their Moral character and Qualifications. John Sallard, and Francis Moreland, have my promises: and I think there are many more of the new ones, that will grace the Officers better than the old dirty ones, that were made through necessity.
You are to allow three to a Company, according to the Establishment; and when they are ascertained, they will then receive Sergeants pay. You are to transmit me an account by the first opportunity, of those Officers that are sent out. Lieutenant John Edward Lomax, with the party guarding the Stores at Connongogee, is to be Relieved.
I must recommend earnestly the strictest obedience to all those Orders; and wishing you success, I am &c.
January [9], 1756.
I have ordered Lieutenant Colonel Stephen, so soon as he arrives at Fort Cumberland to detach you with two Subalterns, three trusty Sergeants, three Corporals, one Drummer, and sixty private men to the South Branch; to protect the inhabitants of that place.
With this Detachment you are to proceed to Colonel Vanmeeters on the South Branch; and when you arrive there, you are to summon all the chief men of that place to meet you, and agree with you on the most proper place to erect a Fort, to protect the inhabitants. You must build the Fort as large as those on Patterson's Creek, and the same model; taking care not to build any thing that you think will be expensive to the Country.
As this work is intended entirely to defend the inhabitants of the place; there is no doubt they will assist all in their power. Tools they must supply you with; for we can get them no where. So soon as this Fort is finished (if you do not receive Orders to the contrary) you are to leave one Subaltern, one Sergeant, and fifteen private men to Garrison it; and proceed about fifteen or twenty miles higher up the Branch; and there, in the most proper place which you and the Inhabitants can pitch upon, erect another Fort of the same dimensions.
You are to be very exact in paying your men, and to take two Receipts from them; one for your own satisfaction; the other to be transmitted to me, or the Paymaster in my absence, at Fort Cumberland, every pay-day. If your men want any necessaries, you are to draw upon the Quarter-Master of the Regiment. Those you deliver the men, are to be stopped from the next pay. You will not be liable to pay for any necessaries, which you deliver to any man, if he should desert, or die; unless it can be made appear it is lost by negligence.
All leisure hours are to be employed in exercising and disciplining your men; this must by no means be omitted. The Commissary will furnish you with provisions, &c.
The Roll of your Company is to be called three times every day; and every step taken to prevent desertion: but in case any of your men should desert, you are immediately to send in pursuit of them; and use the utmost of your endeavours to apprehend them. If you find that the plan of the Forts on Patterson's Creek, will be too tedious to erect (as the Bastions are of hewn logs) you are to make the whole a Stockade.
January 9, 1756.
You are hereby Ordered to remain in this town until further Orders: when you are to receive and pass receipts for all the good Recruits which are brought to town.
So soon as any Recruits come in, you are to review them; and if you find any that do not answer the instructions, you are immediately to discharge them. You are to be very particular in observing the day the Recruits are delivered here; and are to take a list of those you receive; mentioning their names, age, height, &c. and the Officers to whom they belong. The Commissary is not to deliver provisions, &c. without your order. You are to bring in all your Recruits, which you keep for the Troop, into this Town; except a Corporal and three or four men to take care of the Horses, and see that Sentries are always kept over the Magazine, and other Houses where the Stores are, in this place. You are to forward to me, at Alexandria, all Letters which may be sent here for me, and, if any Express should arrive here, you are immediately to dispatch it to me. During your stay here, you are to enlist all the able-bodied men you can for his Majesty's Service. You are to have the provisions in town inspected; and call in any two or three persons, whom you think proper to advise with, to assist you.
Winchester, January 10, 1756.
You are, out of the public money in your hands, to pay off all the Troops of the Virginia Regiment to the first of this instant with what arrears are due both Officers and Soldiers. After doing that, if you do not receive a supply of cash from me; and shall not have sufficient in your hands to pay the whole, this present months pay; you are, in order to keep the Soldiers quiet, only to pay them, and those of the Officers who are most in want of it. The rest will receive their pay, as soon as I can send you money. "Arrears are only to be paid those men who are now actually in the Service, which you will see by your pay-rolls: and the sums which Colonel Stephen received, are to be deducted from each man."
Sergeants will be appointed to each Company; those you are to pay full pay.
You are to make the proper stoppages from each person, according to a former Order. "The Officers are ordered to take two Receipts from each man; one of which I have ordered to be delivered you, in my absence, before you make the next payment."
Let the arrears paid the Officers and men, be kept in a separate accompt. from the ordinary payments.
Winchester, January 10, 1756.
Parole Williamsburgh.
Yesterdays Orders for Lieutenant Colonel Stephen's March, are countermanded, and postponed until to-morrow; when he and the Officers are to set for Fort Cumberland.
Captain Stewart is to send off Sergeant Hughes, and one or two men of the Troops, upon Troop Horses, in pursuit of John Emre and David Christian, who deserted last night.
Captain Bell is to make out Advertisements of these two Deserters; and have them dispersed, for the better apprehending of them. On the return of the Officers, who went in pursuit of David Kennedy, and Abraham Dale; the horses impressed are to be delivered to the Commissary; who is to return them to their owners; making reasonable satisfaction for the use of the Horses. The Commissary must enquire after the Arms of the Deserters, and receive them into the Store: and by the first waggons that go to Fort Cumberland, to send half the Kettles here in Store; and about forty Blankets.
Winchester, January 10, 1756.
You are to lay in at Cockes and Ashby's Forts, three months provision.
As I can not yet determine where Store and Smoke-Houses are to be built; I would have you do the best you can, until you hear from me again. You are to provide three or four months provision to be carried on horse-back. If the Flour at Conongogee, should be demanded by the Kings Commissary; you must acquaint the Governour of it, and receive his Orders before you deliver it, or enter into any contract about it: it will nevertheless be necessary to lay in some more.
You are to provide provision on the South Branch for seventy men; which will be detached there under Captain Waggeners command. So soon as you arrive at Fort Cumberland, you are to demand the Country Horses that have been delivered to the Officers, for which they passed their Receipts: no more are to be delivered them unless they oblige themselves to see them forth-coming.
You may give a Reward to any person that finds any of the Country Horses; but they are not to be allowed to sell or keep them for their own use.
No Forage is to be issued at Fort Cumberland, but to the public Horses. If you can buy any quantity of forage at a moderate price, you may lay it in, both at the Fort and this place. The number of Tools, Saddles, nails, &c. can not be yet fixed on; so you may delay purchasing them a little.
You are to issue to the Officers at Fort Cumberland a sufficient allowance of Tallow, monthly. There are three thousand weight of Pork laid in at Job Pearsalls, which I would have you receive, and supply Cockes's Fort out of it. You are to make out as distinct an accompt. as possible, of the different Quantities and weights of the Beeyes that were killed at the Fort; which with particular accompts. and general receipts from all the Coopers, Herdsmen, and Butchers; is to be transmitted to me, by the first safe hand.
Three woman are to be allowed each Company and provisions drawn for them; on condition of their behaving well, and washing for the men: Nor more women will be allowed to draw provisions.
I would advise you to be very exact in Deliveries, payments, and receipts; and in every thing to consult the good of the Service you are employed in.
Particular care is to be taken of all the Bags you receive.
Winchester, January 10, 1756.
Sir: Since writing you by Major Lewis, I have received yours; enclosing Returns of the eighth and fifteenth of December. In your letter, you speak of Johnstons91 claim to a discharge, as mentioned in a former letter; that letter I never received; and know of no pretence he can have, unless disobedience of Orders and other villanous practises, are sufficient grounds to claim a discharge. As he deserted before the present Act of Assembly took place, I do not imagine that any very
[Note 91: John Johnson (Johnston).] rigorous measures can be justified; therefore, in this case, I would recommend moderation. For want of being acquainted with the particulars of Sergeant McCully's92 charge, it appears to me to be a very exorbitant one: therefore I can not give orders for payment, further than the stoppages you mention. Sergeant Wilper received twenty shillings from me to defray his Expences; if you find that insufficient, make a further allowance of what is reasonable.
[Note 92: Sergt. John McCully.]
I can not conceive what charge Mr. Fleming93 can have; since he is allowed eight-pence per day, and no more, for the maintenance of his Recruits, until they are received: which was not before they arrived at your Garrison. Three of his men were discharged here; viz. Francis Harlowin, William Cross, and William Passwater: being judged unfit for Service. Captain Bell has orders to settle Ensign Flemings Recruiting Accompts.; allowing two pistoles for each man received; and eight-pence per day for their subsistance; from the time of attestation, to the day of delivery, and no more. He will be allowed his arrears of pay for the months of September and October: and then the balance, if any, must be paid to Captain Bell; who is to account with me. You must be very circumspect in employing Mr. Fleming as a Surgeon; and to see that he has no more opportunities than what are absolutely necessary, to enhance a Bill; as these accompts. will meet with strict scrutiny from the Committee. It is customary for all Soldiers while they are sick in the Hospital to have stoppages from their pay, for expence of Nurses, &c.
[Note 93: Ensign William Fleming.]
I find it next to an impossibility to strengthen your Garrison with a Subaltern and twenty men, as I was in hopes of doing sometime ago: so slowly do we proceed in the Recruiting Service: but if the Service you are ordered upon, does not continue long; and you can find time to recruit twenty or twenty-five men; I will see that another Subaltern shall be added to your Company.
Lieutenant McNiel has an appointment in the Light Horse. In his room, you will receive Lieutenant Frazier; who must arrive there, before the other quits.
You are to return me a pay-roll for September, as you received that months pay from me: but for the subsequent months, you are to account with the pay-master; transmitting regular Rolls and Receipts, signed by yourself and Officers; as mentioned in my last. You are to account with Mr. Walker (Commissary) for the twenty pounds received of me; and the two hundred pounds by Lieutenant McNeil; as he is charged with those sums.
I expect the Governor, as he is providing many necessaries for Major Lewis's expedition,94 will furnish you with Kettles. If he should not, you must endeavour to supply yourself among the Settlers; for the expence of sending them from this, is of greater value than the Kettles themselves. And indeed I can not see why your men, while they are in Garrison, may not use one Kettle as well now, as they did before; were there a certain place appointed for Cooking. I am &c.
[Note 94: Maj. Andrew Lewis, who went into the Cherokee country in 1756.]
Alexandria, January 13,95 1756.
[Note 95: Ford dates this letter January 14; the original is dated January 13 by Kirkpatrick.]
Honble. Sir: Majr Lewis, being at Winchester when your Letter came to hand, was immediately despatched to Augusta, to take upon him the command of the Troops destined against the Shawnese Town;96 with orders to follow such directions as he shou'd receive from you. This scheme, tho' I am apprehensive will prove abortive,97 as we are told that those Indians are removed up the River, into the Neighbourhood of Duquisne.
[Note 96: "The Cherokees have taken up the Hatchet against the Shawanese and French, and have sent 130 of their warriors into New River, and propose to march immediately to attack and cut off the Shawanese in their towns. I design they shall be joined with three companies of rangers and Capt. Hogg's company, and I propose Colo. Stephens or Major Lewis to be commander of the party on this expedition."-- Dinwiddie to Washington, Dec. 14, 1755. Known as the Sandy Creek Expedition.-- Ford.]
[Note 97: Washington's idea proved correct; Major Lewis's expedition failed of results.]
I have given all necessary orders for training the Men to a proper use of their Arms, and the method of Ind'n Fighting, and hope in a little time to make them expert. And I shou'd be glad to have your honour's express Commands, either to prepare for taking the Field, or for guarding our Frontiers in the spring, because the steps for these two are very different. I have already built two Forts on Patterson's Creek, (which have engaged the chief of the Inhabitants to return to the Plantns) and have now ordered Captain Waggener with 60 Men to build and Garrison two others, (on places I have pointed out high up) on the South branch, which will be a means of securing near an 100 Miles of our Frontiers, exclusive of the Command at Fort Dinwiddie, on Jackson's River. And, indeed, without a much greater number of Men than we have a visible prospect of getting, I don't see how it is possible to think of passing the Mountains, or acting more than defensively. This seems to be the full determination of the Pensylvanians; so that there can be no hope of assistance from that quarter. If we only act defensively, I would most earnestly recommend the building of a strong Fort at some convenient place in Virginia, as that in Maryland, not to say any thing of the situation, which is extreamly bad, will ever be an Eye Sore to this Colony, and attended with more Inconveniences than it is possible to enumerate. One Instance of this I have taken notice of, in a letter that accompanies this, and many more I could recite, were it necessary.
If we take the Field, there is not time to carry on a work of this kind, but we shou'd immediately sett about engaging Waggons, Horses, Forage, Pack Saddles, etc. And here I cannot help remarking, that I believe it will be impossible to get Waggons or horses sufficient, without the old Score is paid off; as the People are really ruined for want of their money, and complain justly of their grievances.
I represented in my last the Inconveniences of the late Act of Assembly, which obliges us first to send to your honour for a Commission to hold Genl. Courts Martial, and then to delay execution until a warrant can be had from Williamsburg, and hope you will take the same into consideration. We have several Deserters now on hd, which I have taken by vigorous measures, and that shou'd be made examples to others, as this practice is continued with greater spirit than ever.
Unless Cloathing is soon provided, the Men will be unfit for any kind of Service. And I know of no expedient to procure them, but by sendg. to the Northward, as cloath cannot be had here. I left, among other returns, an exact acct of the Cloathing at every place, when I was in Williamsburg. I shan't care to lay in Provisions for more than 1,000 Men, unless I have your honour's orders. We have put out such of the Beeves as were unfit for Slaughtering. If they survive the Winter, they may be useful in the Summer.
Ensign Polson havg. received a Commission in Colo. Gage's Regt. makes a vacancy here which, with your approbation, will be filled by Mr. Dennis McCarty, whom you once appointed a Captain. He has continued a Volunteer ever since, and has recruited several Men into the Service, and I hope your honour will allow me the liberty, as you once promised me, of filling up the vacancies, as they happen, with the Volunteers, that serve with that expectation. We have several with us, that seem to be very deserving young Gentn. I shall observe the strictest justice in promotg. them according to their merit, and time of entering the Service. I have ordered Captn. Hog to render immediately a fair acct. to the Com[missar]y of the money sent him; he was ordered to lay in Provisions for only 12 Months. Captn. Stewart has recruited his Complement of Men. I should be glad to know whether he is to compleat his horse against the Spring and provide accoutrements.
I have been obliged to suspend Ensign Dekeyser for Misbehavior till your pleasure is known. See the proceedings of the enquiring Court. His Character in many other respects has been infamous. I have also been obliged to threaten, in your name, the new appointed Officers with the same Fate if they are not more diligent in Recruiting the Companys, as each received his Commission upon those terms. Captn. Mercer comes down for more money and to satisfy how the £10,000 has been applied.
The Skipper of the Vessels has embezzled some of the Stores; but for want of a particular Invoice of them, we cannot ascertain the loss. He is kept in confinement until your Honor's pleasure is known. I am, &c.
[V.H.S.]
[Alexandria], January 27, 1756.
Dear Charles: The first of March I appointed for the general Rendezvous; as I conceived a plan of operations for the ensuing Campaign would be concerted and ordered by that time: However, yours is Hereby prolonged until the twentieth of the month; at which time, without a further prolongation, you are Ordered to repair to Winchester without fail.
I am greatly astonished at Mr. Starke's behaviour, but more surprized at the Courts opinion; who must (at least ought) to know, that if Captain Dagworthy really was Commander which by the by, is a point I have never yet agreed to) that there are certain Compliments due from Troops to their own Field Officers, which can not well be dispensed with; but more of this anon.
If you can inform particularly of these proceedings it will be agreeable, in a letter, when opportunity offers, to Alexandria.
It gave me infinite satisfaction to hear Colonel Stephen express his approbation of your conduct. Assure yourself, dear Charles, that activity and Bravery in Officers are the means to recommend them to their Country's applause; and will ever endear them to reel Your courage and abilities were always equal to my wishes: But I dreaded the pernicious effects of liquor; especially as I knew it bereft you of that prudent way of reasoning, which at other times you are master of. Such inconsistent behaviour as liquor sometimes prompts you to, may be borne by your Friends; but can not by Officers; and in a camp, where each individual should regulate his conduct for the good of the whole, and strive to excel in all laudable Emulations. This comes from me as your Friend, not as a Superior Officer; who must, when occasion requires, condemn as well as applaud: Though in sincerity I tell you, it would grate my nature to censure a person for whom I have a real love and esteem; and one, too, who I know has a capacity to act as becomes the best of Officers.2
[Note 2: Capt. Charles Lewis, later major, was a younger brother of Col. Andrew Lewis. Captain Lewis was killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774.]
This timely admonition will not, I hope, be thought unseasonable. I am influenced by friendly motives to give this advice: and offer it as a proof of the Regard with which I am, etc.
January 27, 1756.
Sir: You are really appointed to Captain Hoggs Company as Captain Peachy told you; and I am sorry to say, as it is disagreeable to you, that you must abide by this regulation; and repair to the Company with all convenient dispatch.
If it is absolutely necessary for you to go by Fort Cumberland; I must recommend diligence, as your presence may be wanting. As to your having Fort Duty this year, it is no other than what I expect we all shall have (I see no prospect of taking the Field:) and if I judge right, you may have as good and opportunity to reap Laurels on Jackson's River, as at any other Station on our Frontiers; along which I expect the Troops will all be posted.
Since you mention how much Captain Hogg and Son are addicted to disputation; I think it my duty to caution you against it. For if any difference arises, by which the Public Service is in the least retarded; the Offender shall certainly answer it to a General Court Martial; and undergo the utmost rigour of the Sentence.
It is possible, Captain Hogg's Company may be marched on a certain expedition, Ordered by the Governor; should this be the case, you are to remain at the Garrison until his return; and as soon as that happens, relieve Lieutenant McNeil, and order him to join his Troop.
Alexandria, February 1, 1756.
Sir: As the contention about the command is risen to the disagreeable height it now is; and would probably, if not timely prevented, be attended with very bad consequences to the public: I solicited leave, which is obtained, to visit the General and represent all those matters to him and accordingly I set out on Monday next.3
[Note 3: Gen. and Gov. William Shirley, at Boston, Mass.]
When I saw you last, you proposed as a thing which you believed might be accomplished, to reduce the hire of Waggons by contracting with a certain number for certain prices: If this can be done, it will be very advisable; as their demands are very exorbitant at present.
Such Stores as are now lying at Winchester and are wanted at the Fort, must be got up as fast as conveniency will admit. And as Houses may be wanted for the provisions, &c. they must be built: but I must intreat, that every unnecessary expence be avoided: as it is uncertain whether the Fort will be continued at Will's Creek or not. As it is possible you may want money before my return (which can not be before the middle or last of March) you must draw upon the Secretary Mr. Kirkpatrick, who has Orders to pay.
Mr. Boyd, the Pay-master, is ordered to Alexandria; to receive money for payment of the Troops: you may desire him to receive for you.
I must earnestly recommend diligence to you in this important season; and closely attend the Duty, let it call you wheresover it will. I am etc.
Alexandria February 1, 1756.
Sir: If you find that a good road by Ross's Mill can be so easily cut, the sooner it is set about the better. As the Governor is still silent concerning what I represented about building a fort on Patterson's Creek, I would have you desist, at least for a while, and erect such buildings as are absolutely necessary at Fort Cumberland, and no more.
You may depend upon it I shall take proper notice of the late proceedings you speak of, but for certain reasons am obliged to postpone it. Things not yet being rightly settled for punishing deserters according to their crimes, you must go on in the old way of whipping stoutly.4
[Note 4: Stephen had asked if he should continue the whipping punishment for desertion. The other matter was the case of a defiant officer who seemed to have been imitating Capt. John Dagworthy in questioning Washington's authority. Stephen did not mention names.]
If casks are still wanted, there should be great care used to provide them in time.
Looking upon our affairs at this critical juncture to be of such importance, and having a personal acquaintance with General Shirley, which I thought might add some weight to the strength of our memorial, I solicited leave, which is obtained, to visit him in person, and accordingly set out in two days for Boston, having procured letters, &c. from the Governor, which was the result of a Council for that purpose called. You may depend upon it, I shall leave no stone unturned for this salutary end; and, I think, if reason, justice, and every other equitable right can claim attention, we deserve to be heard.
As I have taken the fatigue &c. of this tedious journey upon myself, (which I never thought of until I had left Winchester,) I hope you will conduct every thing in my absence for the interest and honor of the service. And I must exhort you in the most earnest manner to strict discipline and due exercise of arms.
You may tell Mr. Livingston from me, that, if the soldiers are not skilled in arms equal to what may reasonably be expected, that he most assuredly shall answer it at my return. And I must ingenuously tell you, that I also expect to find them expert at bush-fighting. You are to order that a particular account be taken of the provisions that are delivered to the Maryland and Carolina companies by the commissary.
The Governor seems determined to make the officers comply with the terms of getting their commissions, or forfeit them, and approves of Dekeyser's suspension,5 and orders, that he shall not be admitted into the camp. He seems uneasy at what I own gives me much concern, i.e., that gaming seems to be introduced into the camp. I am ordered to discourage it, and must desire that you will intimate the same.
[Note 5: Lehaynsius Dekeyser was tried by court-martial on a charge of conduct "unbecoming a gentleman and an officer," in cheating at cards, and found guilty. (See Orders, January 8, ante.)]
I have sent Commissions for McCarty and Doctor Roy; which deliver, and have them declared in Orders.
As money may be wanted for paying the troops, and other incidental charges, order the paymaster down to Alexandria, where he may receive of Mr. Kirkpatrick the sum requisite.
I have ordered Ensign Deane with a party that was here; to relieve Lieutenant Lomax.
I think of nothing else at present worth relating: so, with once more exhorting you to strict observation of discipline, conclude, yours, &c.
Alexandria, February 2, 1756.
Honble. Sir: I can but return my very hearty thanks for your kind condescension in suffering me to wait upon General Shirley, as I am very well assured it was done with the intention to favor my suit.
There is as yet an unanswerable argument against our taking the field, which I forgot to mention in my last; that is, the want of a train of artillery, and, what is full as necessary, engineers to conduct the affair, if we hope to approach Fort Duquisne. By the advices, which we have received hitherto from the northward, the Pennsylvanians are determined to act defensively. For that purpose they have posted their new raised levies upon their frontiers at different passes, and have received the additional strength and favor of a detachment or two from the regulars. I have ordered, besides the forts that are built, and now building, that a road which I had reconnoitred, and which proves nearer and better, to be immediately opened for the more easy transportation of stores, &c. from Winchester to Fort Cumberland; so there is not the least fear of the soldiers being corrupted through idleness. The commission for calling general courts-martial appears to me to be imperfect, (notwithstanding it is drawn by the attorney-general,) as it rather, by the words, appoints me, or whoever it is directed to, president of the said court, than invests a power to call one as often as occasion shall require. For which reason it is not in my power to hold a court-martial without its being first ordered by you; whereas, the commission should empower to appoint a court, of which he is to be president. But as I hope there will be little occasion for any until I come back, it may be deferred until then, when that and other things, I hope, will be properly settled.***
As to those fifty suits delivered Colonel Fairfax for the Rangers I have no cognizance of them; they were delivered by himself, Colonel Martin, Lord Fairfax, and the Officers of the said Rangers with the greatest irregularity; as indeed some other of the public Stores have been by their order's; such as ammunition &c. I shall take care to give your Honour previous notice of all new appointed Officers; and have sent an order to Col. Stephen, to confirm DeKeysers suspension.
I have always, so far as it was in my power, endeavoured to discourage gaming in the camp; and always shall so long as I have the honor to preside there.
I have delivered the skipper to Mr. Carlyle, who proposes, in order to save expenses to send him round by water, in the vessel that brought up the stores. The evidences in this affair will be Mr. Carlyle, Ensigns Buckner and Deane, and one of the men that is now in the vessel.6
[Note 6: The skipper had embezzled some of the stores which his vessel had brought from Williamsburg up the Rappahannock.]
I cannot help observing, that your Honor, if you have not seen the clothing lately sent up, has been imposed upon by the contractors, for they are really unfit for use; at least, will soon be so.
I have nothing particular to add, but to assure your Honour, that I shall use my utmost diligence in the prosecution of my journey and pretensions, and that I am, &c.7
[Note 7: Colonel Washington with his aide-de-camp, Capt. George Mercer, and two servants, Thomas Bishop and John Alton, left Alexandria on his journey to Boston, February 4. He started on his return March 2. En route he passed through Philadelphia, New York, New London, Newport, and Providence, visited the Governors of Pennsylvania and New York, and spent several days in each of the principal cities.
General Shirley furnished Washington with the following decision:
"Boston, March 5, 1754.
"Governor Dinwiddie, at the instance of Colonel Washington, having referred to me concerning the right of command between him and Captain Dagworthy, and desiring that I should determine it, I do therefore give it as my opinion, that Captain Dagworthy, who now acts under a commission from the governor of Maryland, and where there are no regular troops joined, can only take rank as a provincial captain, and of course is under the command of all provincial field-officers; and, in case it should happen, that Colonel Washington and Captain Dag'worthy should join at Fort Cumberland, it is my order that Colonel Washington shall take the command.
"W. Shirley."]
Winchester, April 7, 1756.
Honble. Sir; I arrived here yesterday, and think it advisable to despatch an express (notwithstanding I hear two or three are already sent down) to inform you of the unhappy situation of affairs on this quarter. The enemy have returned in greater numbers, committed several murders not far from Winchester, and even are so daring as to attack our forts in open day, as your Honor may see by the enclosed letters and papers. Many of the inhabitants are in a miserable situation by their losses, and so apprehensive of danger, that, I believe, unless a stop is put to the depredations of the Indians, the Blue Ridge will soon become our frontier.
I find it impossible to continue on to Fort Cumberland, until a body of men can be raised, in order to do which I have advised with Lord Fairfax, and other officers of the militia, who have ordered each captain to call a private muster, and to read the exhortation enclosed (for orders are no longer regarded in this county), in hopes that this expedient may meet with the wished-for success. If it should, I shall, with such men as are ordered from Fort Cumberland to join these, scour the woods and suspected places, in all the mountains, valleys, &c. on this part of our frontiers; and doubt not but I shall fall in with the Indians and their more cruel associates! I hope the present emergency of affairs, assisted by such good news as the Assembly may by this time have received from England, and the Commissioners, will determine them to take vigorous measures for their own and country's safety, and no longer depend on an uncertain way of raising men for their own protection. However absurd it may appear, it is nevertheless certain, that five hundred Indians have it more in their power to annoy the inhabitants, than ten times their number of regulars. For besides the advantageous way they have of fighting in the woods, their cunning and craft are not to be equalled, neither their activity and indefatigable sufferings. They prowl about like wolves, and, like them, do their mischief by stealth. They depend upon their dexterity in hunting and upon the cattle of the inhabitants for provisions. For which reason, I own, I do not think it unworthy the notice of the legislature to compel the inhabitants (if a general war is likely to ensue, and things to continue in this unhappy situation for any time), to live in townships, working at each other's farms by turns, and to drive their cattle into the thick settled parts of the country. Were this done, they could not be cut off by small parties, and large ones could not subsist without provisions.
It seemed to be the sentiment of the House of Burgesses when I was down, that a chain of forts should be erected upon our frontiers, for the defence of the people. This expedient, in my opinion, without an inconceivable number of men, will never answer their expectations.14
[Note 14: In March the burgesses had voted to erect a chain of forts "to begin at Harry Enochs, on Great-Cape-Capon. in the county of Hampshire, and to extend to the South-Fork of Mayo River in the county of Halifax, to consist of such a number, and at such distance from each other, as shall be thought necessary and directed by the governor, or commander in chief of this colony."-- Sparks. (See Hening's Statutes at Large, vol. 7, P. 18), Louis K. Koontz's The Virginia Frontier, 1754--1763 (Baltimore: 1925) is the best account of these forts. (See note to Washington's letter to John Robinson, April 24, post.)]
I doubt not but your Honor has had a particular account of Major Lewis's unsuccessful attempt to get to the Shawanese Town. It was an expedition, from the length of the march, I own, I always had little expectation of, and often expressed my uneasy apprehensions on that head. But since they are returned, with the Indians that accompanied them, I think it would be a very happy step to prevail upon the latter to proceed as far as Fort Cumberland. It is in their power to be of infinite use to us; and without Indians, we shall never be able to cope with those cruel foes to our country.15
[Note 15: Major Lewis's party suffered greatly on this expedition. The rivers were so much swollen by the rains and melting snow that they were unable to reach the Shawanese town; and after being six weeks in the woods, having lost several canoes with provisions and ammunition, they were reduced nearly to a state of starvation and obliged to kill their horses for food. A full account of this expedition is given by L. C. Draper in Virginia Historical Register (1852); also by Waddell in Annals of Augusta County (p. 81).-- Ford.]
I would therefore beg leave to recommend in a very earnest manner, that your Honor would send an express to them immediately for this desirable end. I should have done it myself, but was uncertain whether it might prove agreeable or not. I also hope your Honour will order Major Lewis to secure his guides, as I understand he attributes all his misfortunes to their misconduct. Such offences as those should meet with adequate punishment, else we may ever be misled by designing villains. I am your Honor's, &c.
Since writing the above, Mr. Pearis,16 who commanded a party as per enclosed list, is returned, who relates, that, upon the North River, he fell in with a small body of Indians which he engaged, and, after a dispute of half an hour, put them to flight. Monsieur Douville, commander of the party, was killed and scalped, and his instructions found about him, which I enclose. We had one man killed, and two wounded. Mr. Pearis sends the scalp by Jenkins; and I hope, although it is not an Indian's, they will meet with an adequate reward at least, as the monsieur's is of much more consequence. The whole party jointly claim the reward, no person pretending solely to assume the merit.17
[Note 16: Richard Pearis, or Paris; later a captain. He seems to have been an Indian trader and frontiersman on the Holston River.]
[Note 17: At this time there was no law in Virginia fixing the rewards for scalps, and it was probably left to the discretion of the governor. Shortly afterwards, a reward of £10 was established by law for every hostile Indian taken prisoner or killed. This law was to remain in force during the war. It applied only to Indians, and not to enemies of any other description. In Maryland at one time the bounty for each Indian prisoner, or scalp, taken within the province was as high as £50. But this allowance was not made to soldiers in public pay. (See Hening's Statutes at Large, vol. 7, p. 551, and Acts of the Maryland Assembly, September, 1756.) For service in Indian wars, Sparks quotes from Penhallow's Indian Wars, in the Collections of the New Hampshire Historical Society, vol. 1, pp. 52, 105, 110, that the commissioners of the United Colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut decreed that the soldiers should have "the benefit of the captives, and all lawful plunder, and the reward of £5 per head for every fighting Indian man slain by them, over and above their stated wages." By "the benefit of the captives" is here meant the privilege of selling them into slavery, a practice which seems gradually to have been abandoned. At a later period Massachusetts and New Hampshire offered by law a bounty of £50 for each scalp, and on some occasions as high as £100.]
Your Honor may in some measure penetrate into the daring designs of the French by their instructions, where orders are given to burn, if possible, our magazine at Conococheague, a place that is in the midst of a thickly settled country.
I have ordered the party there to be made as strong as time and our present circumstances will afford, for fear they should attempt to execute the orders of Dumas.18 I have also ordered up an officer and twenty recruits to assist Joseph Edwards, and the people on those waters.19 The people of this town are under dreadful apprehensions of an attack, and all the roads between this and Fort Cumberland are much infested. As I apprehend you will be obliged to draft men, I hope care will be taken that none are chosen but active, resolute men,--men, who are practised to arms, and are marksmen.
[Note 18: Dumas had succeeded Contrecoeur in the command of Fort Duquesne. The following is a translation of the orders found on Douville, which, at least, give a favorable indication of the commandant's humanity.
"Fort Duquesne, March 23, 1756.
"The Sieur Douville, at the head of a detachment of fifty savages, is ordered to go and observe the motions of the enemy in the neighbourhood of Fort Cumberland. He will endeavor to harass their convoys, and burn their magazines at Conococheague, should this be practicable. He must use every effort to take prisoners, who may confirm what we already know of the enemy's designs. The Sieur Douville will employ all his talents, and all his credit, to prevent the savages from committing any cruelties upon those, who may fall into their hands. Honor and humanity ought, in this respect, to serve as our guide."
"Dumas." This is doubtless the same officer who commanded the French and Indians at the Monongahela, after the death of M. de Beaujeu.-- Sparks.]
[Note 19: Great Cacapon. Edwards was between Winchester and Romney.]
I also hope that a good many more will be taken than what are requisite to complete our numbers to what the Assembly design to establish; as many of those we have got are really in a manner unfit for duty; and were received more through necessity than choice; and will very badly bear a re-examination. Another thing I would beg leave to recommend; and that is, that such men as are drafted, should be only taken for a time, by which means we shall get better men, and which will in all probability stay with us.
Winchester April 7, 1756.
Dear Sir: I arrived here yesterday, and though not a little fatigued, and incessantly hurried by the afflicting news from the back inhabitants, who are hourly importuning me for assistance, which is not in my power to give. I can not omit this favourable opportunity to give some account of the gloomy aspect that things bear at present. And I am sorry to say, that unless there are speedy and vigorous measures taken by the Assembly, I fear things will still assume a more melancholy appearance! I have transmitted to the Governor sundry accounts which have arrived here since I did, which I hope he will lay before you, as I have not had time to copy them. The people in general are greatly intimidated, and so apprehensive of danger, that I really believe the blue ridge Mountains will in a little time become the Frontiers of Virginia. If the fears of the people do not magnify numbers, those of the Enemy are not inconsiderable. They have made many ineffectual at. tempts upon several of our Forts; destroyed Cattle, burned Plantations; and this in defiance of our smaller parties, while they dextrously avoid the larger.
Our Detachments, by what I can learn, have sought them diligently; but the cunning and vigilance of Indians in the woods are no more to be conceived, than they are to be equalled by our people. Indians are only match for Indians; and without these, we shall ever fight upon unequal Terms.
I hope the Assembly, since they see the difficulty of getting men by enlistment, will no longer depend upon that uncertain way of raising them; but make each of the lower Counties furnish its full proportion. Many of the men which we have already got, are extreme sorry; but I did not care to discharge them, until others could be had in their stead.
I would therefore beg leave to recommend, that more should be draughted than what are necessary to complete our numbers, which may be seen by Colonel Stephens return to the Governor; and then out of the whole our Complement may be chosen of active and resolute men; such as have been practised to the use of Arms; and are what is commonly called marksmen: and in order to encourage those to go with less reluctance, I think it not amiss, that they should only serve eighteen or twenty months and then be discharged: Twenty months will produce two full campaigns; which will, I apprehend, bring matters nearly to a crisis one way or other.
However unaccountable it may appear to Gentlemen unused to the Indian method of warring; to say that five hundred Indians have more power to annoy and disturb our Inhabitants than ten times as many Regulars, it is yet literally true; for besides the advantage they have in the woods, their cunning and patience in waiting for opportunities to commit their murders, are no more to be paralleled, than their activity and indefatigable Sufferings. Their cunning is only to be equalled by that of the Fox; and, like them, they seize their prey by stealth. They will travel from pole to pole, depending upon chance, and their own dexterity for provision. But here, they have not that occasion; for the Cattle of the Inhabitants have become their chief subsistence. For which reason, as I observed to the Governour, I do not think it unworthy the consideration of the Legislature to compel the Inhabitants, if there is a prospect of a General War or certainty that these disturbances may continue, to dwell in Townships, working at each others Farms by turns: and to drive their Cattle into the more internal parts of the Country. Were this done, they would be an overmatch for small parties of Indians; and large ones could not subsist without the assistance of their Stock, as Game is now very scarce among the Inhabitants. I hope you will be kind enough to excuse the freedom with which I have offered my opinion; and impute it to the hearty zeal I owe to, and wish to serve my Country. I was disappointed in my expectations of continuing on to Fort Cumberland for want of an Escort. I applied to Lord Fairfax to see if we could raise a number of the Militia; and have also ordered a party of one hundred men from Fort Cumberland to join this body; if any such are collected at Enochs's; with which I shall endeavour to scour the mountains and suspected Grounds between this and the Allegany, but I will discover their lurking places.
His Lordship thought it expedient to use exhortations with the men; for Orders are no longer regarded here. So that the success of this attempt I can not pretend to determine. This much you may be assured of, that nothing in my power shall be unattempted to repel the Enemy, and quiet the people. I am, Dear Sir, etc.
Winchester, April 7, 1756.
Sir: I am very much surprized to hear that the Officers with the Detachments from Fort Cumberland, are returned without meeting with the Enemy; as they were committing their depredations and cruelties in all parts at that time, even as low as Sleepy-Creek. It is determined here by Lord Fairfax and others of the militia, that a number of them shall be raised to march out and scour the Country. They are to rendezvous here this day Sennight; and I shall march them up immediately to Enochs's; where I order that you immediately detach one hundred, or an hundred and fifty men, under proper Officers, to join me there. I desire you will Order Captain Gist when he comes, down to Connongochieg again for the Stores; to procure a sufficient number of Battoes and Canoes, to take them all up at one Trip: as it will be less fatiguing for the men, and more secure.
You must see that the party you send down have their Arms in very good order, and are well supplied with ammunition and Provision. Send down about five hundred spare flints, and some cartridge-paper. I am &c.
April 7, 1756.
You are hereby Ordered to proceed with the party under your command, with the utmost expedition to Joseph Edwards's on Great Capecapon: where you are to remain, and endeavour to procure what intelligence you can, and transmit to me from time to time. I would by no means have you go in pusuit of the Enemy, unless you are joined by such parties of the Militia, as you judge from the intelligence you may receive, may be able to drive them off. and even in that case you are not to pursue them too far from your Station, until you receive further Orders from me.
You must endeavour to keep the inhabitants of the place together, as much as possible; to keep them quiet; and afford them all the assistance you can in compliance with your Orders.
You are to endeavour to keep a communication open with Ensign Hubbard at Enochs; who must transmit what intelligence he receives of the Enemy. And if you think it of consequence, you are immediately to let me know. Above all things, I must recommend to you diligence and care to guard against any Surprize.
Winchester, April 8, 1756.
You are Hereby Ordered to proceed immediately to Conogochege; and are there to take upon you the Command of the Troops now stationed there, for defence of the Stores, &c. You are to endeavour with all possible expedition to procure a sufficient number of Batteaus and Canoes (assisted by those which are already gone up with Captain Gist) to transport all the Stores up at one Trip. You are to endeavour to get every thing in readiness to embark as soon as possible after the return of Captain Gist; whom you are to join with your party, except a Subaltern and twenty men; and escort all the Stores safely up. You are to Order down two or three Evidences to assizes at Frederick Town, on the fifth day of May next; to attend the trial of the person who it is said killed Mr. Gordon.20 I would have Sergeant Hughes (if he can be spared from the Troop) sent as one. And you must give him Orders to apprehend all the Deserters which he may hear of in those parts before he returns.
[Note 20: Ensign George Gordon.]
I would recommend it to you, to guard against any Surprize from the Enemy; and endeavour as much as possible to prevent your men from desertion: and if any should desert; I desire that you may use all possible means to apprehend them.
April 10, 1756.
As the Inhabitants of the place seem much alarmed, and under continued apprehensions of being attacked. It is my Orders, that you keep out constant Scouting Parties of the Light Horse, &c. in order that you may receive timely notice of the approach of the Enemy; which you are immediately to communitcate to the Inhabitants. If you think you can strengthen the place where you are, by throwing up more works, you are immediately to set upon it; in order to be well prepared in case of an attack. You are to be careful not to weaken your Detachment, by sending out too large parties on the Scout; and that your men are exercised daily.
Winchester, April 12, 1756.
Parole Epsom.
The Officers are to examine the Arms, Ammunition, &c. of the men, immediately. They are to have all the muskets discharged by some good marksman, in order to see if they are straight; those that are not, are immediately to be carried to the Smith to put them in order. They must also examine the locks and ram-rods, and see that they are fit for Service.
They must see that all the men are complete with good Cartridges; those that are not, must receive to night at Retreat Beating; and each must have two good spare flints delivered to him at the same time. If there are not Cartridges sufficient in the Store to complete all the Men; the Sergeants to be employed immediately in making more: and an Officer must be present to see that no waste is made.
The Troops now quartered here, are to receive four clays provision to-day at ten o'clock.
Winchester, April 16, 1756.
Honorable Sir: All my Ideal hopes, of raising a Number of Men, to scour the adjacent Mountains, have vanished into Nothing. Yesterday was the appointed Time, for a General Rendezvous of all who were willing to accompany Me, for that desirable End; and only 15 appeared: So that I find myself reduced, to the farther Necessity of waiting at this Place a few Days longer, till the Arrival of a Party, which was ordered from Fort Cumberland, to escort Me up; the Roads being so infested that none but Hunters, who travel the Woods by Night, can pass in Safety.
I have done every Thing in my Power, to quiet the Minds of the Inhabitants, by detaching all the Men that I have any Command over, to the Places which are most exposed: there have also been large Detachments from Fort Cumberland, in pursuit of the Enemy these 10 Days Past; yet nothing I fear will prevent them from abandoning their Dwellings, and flying with the utmost Precipitation.
There have been no Murders committed since I came up; but the Express I sent up to Colo. Stephen (notwithstanding he was an excellent woodsman, and a very active Fellow) was fired upon 5 Times, at a place called the Flats, within 6 Miles of Fort Cumberland. He had several Balls thro his Coat and his Horse shot under him, yet made his Escape from them.
By a Letter from a Gent in Williamsburgh, we are informed, that the Assembly have generously given the further Sum of £20,000 and voted the augmenting our Forces to 2000 Men, which is a Number, that under good Regulations, we may have some Expectations from, if they are properly appointed; for which Purpose as I have never heard your Honour offer your Opinion, I have been free enough to project a Scheme, which is now inclosed, to have the whole 2000 formed into one Regiment, consisting of two Battalions, of ten Companies each, with five Field Officers, each of which to have a Company: and every other Company to consist of 1 Captain, 2 Lieutenants, one Ensigns; 4 Sergeants, 4 Corporals, 2 Drummers, and 87 private Men: which will save the Country the annual Sum of £500 6. 6. 8 and We be better appointed, and established more after the British Manner, than We now are, or should be, if formed into two Regiments, or one Regiment with only 50 Men in a Company, and I humbly conceive, where We can pattern after our Mother Country, upon as easy Terms, as pursuing Plans of our own, that we shoud at least pay that Deferrenee to her Judgment, and Experience. By the Scheme proposed, of forming the Regiment into two Battalions, and of encreasing the Number of Men in a Company to 87 Private, the Country will save the Pay of many commissioned, as well as Non-commissioned Officers; who are the Persons that enhance the Expence; for the whole annual Pay of the 2000 Men, including all the Staff Officers, as well as other Commissioned Officers, Sergeants, Corporals, Drummers, and private Men; amounts only to 3£4145.10.0. whereas were they formed into two Regiments, or one Regiment, of Fifty (but that woud be quite incongruous) the Expence, woud amount to £30. 152. 6. 8. which makes the aforesaid Difference of £500 6' 16' 8. Then again, we do not allow our Field Officers Companies, which I believe is the only Instance that can be given, where they are not; and this makes the Difference of three Captains Pay, for the Country allows in the same Proportion.
I have been free enough to offer my opinion very candidly; and that Light I hope it will be received in. Though it may meet [not] with your Honours approbation; I had no other Motive in proposing this Scheme, than the pleasing hopes of serving my Country. If I have mistaken the Means, I am sorry for it; and beg pardon for my Presumption.
As I am convinced that no other Method can be used to raise 2000 Men, but by draughting; I hope to be excused, when I again repeat, how great Care should be observed in choosing active Marksmen; the manifest Inferiority of inactive Persons, unused to Arms, in this kind of Service, although equal in Numbers; to lively Persons who have practised Hunting, is inconceivable. The Chance against them is more than two to one. Another thing I hope will merit the Consideration of the Assembly; and that is, that they will put all such Men as are raised for the Expedition in actual Pay, and under the same Discipline that ours are at present: otherwise I am very well convinced, their good Intentions will prove obortive, and all the Draughts quit the Service, as soon or before, they are brought into it.
I do not conceive it to be a Hardship to put even Draughts under Martial Law, if they are only taken for a certain Time; which I could wish to be the case; as I thereby hope for better Men. I am your Honor &c.
P.S. I have a brother that has long discovered an Inclination to enter the Service; but has till this been dissuaded from it by my Mother, who now, I believe, will give consent. I must, therefore, beg that if your honour should issue any new Commissions before I come down, that you will think of him and reserve a Lieutenancy. I flatter myself that he will endeavour to deserve it as well as some that have, and others that may get [them].22
[Note 22: This is an L. S. in the writing of John Kirkpatrick; the postscript is in Washington's hand. Dinwiddie answered this (April 23): "I have not the least objection to your broth's being a Lieut." The appointment, however, does not seem to have been made, as Washington's brother's name does not appear on any of the surviving returns of the Virginia Regiment of subsequent date.]
[V.H.S]
Winchester, April 16, 1756.
Dear Sir: When I wrote you last, I was in high hopes of being by this time at the head of a large party scouring the Allegany Hills. But the timidity of the inhabitants of this county is to be equalled by nothing but their perverseness. Yesterday was the time appointed for all to meet who were inclined to join for this desirable end, and only fifteen came, some of whom refused to go but upon such terms as must have rendered their services burthensome to the country. Therefore, I am again reduced to the necessity of waiting the arrival of a party from Fort Cumberland before I can leave this place. There has been no mischief clone since I wrote you last, which I attribute in some measure, to the frequent parties I have ordered out in pursuit of the enemy. Yesterday I received an account which made me suspect that the Indians rendezvoused upon the back of the Warm Spring Mountain. I have, therefore, sent orders to an officer23 who is out with a party of one hundred men, to proceed thither with the best guides he can procure, and search that mountain well; which, if the intelligence be true, I hope he will render a good account of them.
[Note 23: Capt. John Mercer. (See Washington's letter to Dinwiddie, April 18, post.)]
Nothing, Sir, equals the pleasure I felt at hearing of the generous supplies the Assembly have voted. But to find that the men and money which they have given are properly disposed of, and that the men are formed for the service of the country, and not to make commissions to serve individuals, I have sent the Governor a plan or scheme of which you have a copy.***24
[Note 24: The omitted portion, which is printed by Ford, is the same as that in Washington's letter to Dinwiddie of this date, with a trifle more financial detail for the evident benefit of the burgesses, who would settle the appropriation.]
This calculation is made for the two thousand men, to include officers; but if that is not the intention of the Assembly, the scheme still holds good, or better in proportion, and differs in this respect only: that each company is to contain one hundred men instead of eighty-seven, and to have the addition of a sergeant or two to each.
I have made bold, Sir, to offer my opinion freely; and if it meets with the approbation of your House, I should be glad glad if you would help it into execution. Otherwise, as I am sensible, the Governor may be strongly importuned for commissions, he may good-naturedly grant them, without considering how manifest an injury it will be to the country and service in general.***25 I am &c.
[Note 25: See Washington's letter to Dinwiddie, April 16, ante.]
April 17, 1756.
Sir: As the great rains have prevented your march on the expedition Ordered: you are to halt at the place where you now are, until the waters are passable: and then proceed to Enoch's Fort and no farther; and remain there until you receive further Orders from me.
You must endeavour to procure some good Woodsmen, well acquainted with the place; and honest people, to send out as Spies to the Springs and whatever you engage for to them, that is reasonable, I will pay.
The persons you engage as Spies, must set out immediately; and if they bring you any intelligence, you must transmit it immediately to me.
If you find, from any intelligence you receive, that it will be possible to fall in with the Enemy. You must detach Parties to way-lay them; and are to keep out constant Scouting Parties from the place you are posted. The Waggons must be sent back, as you will have no use for them. You must take with you the men ordered in my last; and what provision you can.
Use all methods to get intelligence of the Enemy; and endeavour to post some parties to fall in with them. You are not to delay one moment transmitting me intelligence, if you find the Enemy is at the Warm-Springs. Yours, &c.
Winchester, April 18, 1756.
Honble. Sir: It gave me infinite concern to find in yours26 by Governor Innes, that any representations should inflame the Assembly against the Virginia regiment, or give cause to suspect the morality and good behaviour of the officers. How far any of the individuals may have deserved such invidious reflections, I will not take upon me to determine, but this I am certain of, and can call my conscience, and what, I suppose, will still be a more demonstrable proof in the eyes of the world, my orders, to witness how much I have, both by threats and persuasive means, endeavoured to discountenance gaming, drinking, swearing, and irregularities of every other kind; while I have, on the other hand, practised every artifice to inspire a laudable emulation in the officers for the service of their country, and to encourage the soldiers in the unerring exercise of their duty. How far I have failed in this desirable end, I cannot pretend to say. But it is nevertheless a point, which does in my opinion merit some scrutiny, before it meets with a final condemnation. Yet I will not undertake to vouch for the conduct of many of the officers, as I know there are some, who have the seeds of idleness very strongly ingrafted in their natures; and I also know, that the unhappy difference about the command, which has kept me from Fort Cumberland, has consequently prevented me from enforcing the orders, which I never fail to send.
[Note 26: Dinwiddie had reported that "the Assembly were greatly inflamed, being told that the greatest immoralities and drunkenness have been much countenanced and proper discipline neglected."-- Ford.]
However, if I continue in the service, I shall take care to act with a little more rigor, than has hitherto been practised, since I find it so absolutely necessary.
I wrote your Honor in my last how unsuccessfully we attempted to raise the militia, and that I was reduced to the necessity of waiting here the arrival of an escort from Fort Cumberland.
Should this escort arrive before Mr. Kirkpatrick does from Williamsburgh (whom I hourly expect), I must yet wait a little longer, he being left with all my accounts and papers to lay before the committee, and were I to go up without him, it would put it out of my power to settle with the recruiting officers above, in order that I might make a final settlement with the committee below. The garrison at Fort Cumberland is barely manned. The rest are out on parties; yet the Indians continue to hunt the roads, and pick up straggling persons. This your Honor may see by the enclosed from Captain John Mercer, who, being out with a scouting party of one hundred men, I have ordered to search the Warm-Spring Mountain, where, it is lately reported, that the Indians rendezvous. The commission your Honor has sent for holding courts-martial is yet insufficient, as it is copied, (I suppose, too literally) after Governor Innes's, who had no power to hold a general court-martial, or to try commissioned officers, having none either to hold a court, or in short any to try. But this may be postponed until I come down, which will be in a short time after I arrive at Fort Cumberland. I am your Honor's, &c.
Winchester, April 19, 1756.
Honble. Sir: Since writing my Letter of Yesterday's date, the inclosd came to hand, by which your honr. will be informed of a very unlucky affair.27
[Note 27: A skirmish with the Indians at Edwards Fort, in which Capt. John Mercer and several of his party were killed.-- Sparks.]
I immediately consulted Colo. Innis, and such Officers of my own Regiment as were at this place, on the necessary steps to be taken. They unanimously advised, that I should remain here with the 50 Recruits that are in Town, for the defence of the place, till the Militia are raisd, that we may thereby compose a Formidable body, and march out against the Enemy. This engagemt. happened within 20 Miles of Winchester; and the Sergeant, who brought the letter, assures me that they have Reason to imagine, that their numbers are greater than the Letter informs. He says that there were many French amongst them, and that the chief part of the whole were mounted on Horses; so that there is great probability that they may have a design upon this place.
I have sent an express to Lord Fairfax, with a copy of Starke's Letter,28 and wrote to him as your honour will see by the inclosd. to raise the Militia with all expedition: but alas! that is a poor resource, a very unhappy dependence! tho' our only one at present. I have not time to add more than that I shall endeavour to do the best I can till we have assistance and that I am etc.
[V.H.S.]
[Note 28: Starke's letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
Winchester, April 19, 1756.
Sir: You are hereby Ordered to repair to Joseph Edward's Fort, and there to take upon you the command of all those different parties that are at that place. You are to use your utmost endeavours to protect the people, and be very circumspect in your conduct; taking care to do nothing without first advising with your Officers, and receiving their Counsel. You are to be very careful that you are not decoyed into any snares of the Enemy: And if you ever detach any parties from the Fort, be sure to cover their retreat; and, if possible, draw them between your Fires, by advancing a Body of men before your main Body; with Orders to retreat gradually between your parties, which you must have posted securely for that purpose. You must be very careful that no waste is made of the Ammunition; and that the men are not allowed to make random shot; but watch their opportunities to fire sure. You are to be careful in transmitting me constant reports of the occurences that may attend while there: and are to endeavour to keep a communication with the Detachment at Enoch's.
You are also, by any opportunities that shall offer, to send word to all such places as have men stationed; and to warn the Inhabitants to be on their Guard. You are strongly enjoined to be diligent and watchful; and use all previous measures to guard against a Surprize, either in the Fort or otherwise.
[Note 29: Thomas, the sixth Lord Fairfax, of Cameron (1693--1781), second child and eldest son of Thomas, fifth Lord Fairfax, and Catherine Culpeper, possessed by inheritance a large tract of land, estimated to contain 5,200,000 acres, in what was called the Northern Neck of Virginia, between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers. He was the only British peer resident in America during the greater part of the eighteenth century. He came to Virginia in 1735 and established himself at Greenway Court, Frederick County, a few miles from Winchester.]
Winchester, April 19, 1756.
My Lord: The inclosed is the Copy of a Letter that came to my Hands by Express this Instant, which I send, in Hopes that your Lordship will give Orders for raising not only a part of the Militia of this County, but of the adjacent ones also, and that with the utmost Expedition; otherwise, it is uncertain how far the Enemy may attempt to pursue their Victory. I have consulted Colo. Innis and the Officers of my Regiment, who are unanimous in Opinion that the Men I have here, which are only 50, should be detained till they are reinforced by the Militia for the defence of the Town, as it is more than probable that the Enemy may extend their Designs to this place.
Notwithstanding I am sensible how much your Lordship will exert yourself on this Occasion, I can't help repeating that nothing but Dispatch can answer our present Purposes; for unless I can throw some Amunition into Edwards's Fort to Night, the Remainder of our Party and the Inhabitants that are there will more than probably fall a Sacrifice to the Indians, as the Bearer, who came off with the inclosed, assures Me that the Fort was surrounded, and that an Assault was expected to-Day. I am Your Lordship's most ob'd't h'ble Serv't.
[V.H.S.]
April 20, 1756.
Sir: I received yours, dispatched last night by Express about two o'clock this morning. There is ammunition already sent up, but I send you more now. I hope ere this, Captain Harrison is safe arrived with you. Let him know it is my Orders, that he return the Horses he took up with him, per the first safe hand that is coming down: and that he transmit me constantly what intelligence he may receive.
I can scarcely give credit to any part of the Report you transmitted to me, from Captain Ashby. If Captain Harrison can, by good woods-men, get intelligence of the number of the Enemy, and their place of Rendezvous, if near your Station. I would have them endeavour to surprize them in the night, by failing upon them at their sleeping places. Yours, &c.
April 20, 1756.
Sir: You will receive by the Bearer as much powder as I think will suffice: Ball, according to your own account, you have enough of. I am informed by the Bearer, that the Inhabitants at Enochs's (where your party it garrisoned) are desirous of moving. I would therefore recommend that you may, if you can convey them, and such Stores as are in your Custody, to retreat to Edwards's. If you find this impracticable; Captain Harrison is ordered to send a Sergeant and ten men, to strengthen you, from that place. You are to take care that it is sent for that purpose. I expect in a very little time to have a number of men to relieve the Inhabitants on all the waters: But in case this should not be done; you must give to that poor distressed people, part of the provision which you have for the Garrison: and see that there is the greatest care and economy therein. I am, Sir, &c.
Winchester, April 21, 1756.
Parole Oxford.
A Court Martial to sit immediately, to try those who were confined for being absent from their alarm-post last night. Captain Stewart, President.
I do hereby promise to any persons who engage now to go out as Volunteers, without any expectation of pay; that they shall be furnished with provision and ammunition from the public Stores, sufficient for the time they shall be upon the Scout. To draw the provision as soon as they are ready to March out.
Winchester, April 21, 1756.
My Lord: By several Expresses just arrived from the Officers and Inhabitants between this and Fort Cumberland, their situation seems most deplorable; for they have neither provision, nor a sufficient force at either place, to go out to collect any; and consequently, must run themselves into the jaws of the Enemy, or perish in their places with Hunger: and I dare believe your Lordship is sensible, that without a considerable Body of the Militia, the marching from this Town would be of the greatest ill consequence. For which reason I advise (if you have not already done it) you would send immediately to Culpeper, with Orders to raise and send such a number of men as you shall judge can be spared from thence; with such Arms, Ammunition, and provision as they can procure; for we are illy supplied with either here. I have wrote to the Commanding Officers of Prince William and Fairfax, desiring they would use their utmost endeavours in dispatching the Militia from these Counties: and beg you would renew your Orders to those Gentlemen, on that head. I am, my Lord, &c.
April 21, 1756.
Gentlemen: I have just now received several Expresses who bring the most shocking accounts of the distressed condition, not only of the few poor families that yet remain back of this place; but of the Rangers that Garrison the small Forts: as nothing but a large and speedy reinforcement can save them from utter destruction! I must desire that you will not lose one moment in drawing together all the men you can provide with Arms, Ammunition, and Provision, in the best manner the time will admit of; and join me with all imaginable expedition. And as this is an Affair of the last importance, I hope nothing in your power will be left undone. I am &c.
April 21, 1756.
Sir: It is out of my power at this junction to supply you with any Provision. Therefore I would have you apply to Edwards, to whom I write. Acquaint him, that whatever he expends, he shall receive a reasonable satisfaction for: and hint to him, that without his compliance the Garrison now there, must depart to this place. You are likewise Ordered (on Mr. Hubbard, at Enocks, signifying his want of assistance in aiding his retreat to your Fort) to supply him with at least fifty of your Garrison, who will Escort that under his command to your place, where he is Ordered. Dispatch the enclosed letter, on arrival, by Express. I am &c.
Winchester, April 22, 1756.
Honble. Sir: This encloses several letters, and the minutes of a council of war,30 which was held upon the receipt of them. Your Honor may see to what unhappy straits the distressed inhabitants as well as I, am reduced. I am too little acquainted, Sir, with pathetic language, to attempt a description of the people's distresses, though I have a generous soul, sensible of
[Note 30: These minutes are in the Washington Papers. The question was whether to march against the enemy with the small force at Winchester and Fort Edwards or to remain at Winchester. The decision was to remain.] wrongs, and swelling for redress. But what can I do? If bleeding, dying! would glut their insatiate revenge, I would be a willing offering to savage fury, and die by inches to save a people! I see their situation, know their danger, and participate their sufferings, without having it in my power to give them further relief, than uncertain promises. In short, I see inevitable destruction in so clear a light, that, unless vigorous measures are taken by the Assembly, and speedy assistance sent from below, the poor inhabitants that are now in forts, must unavoidably fall, while the remainder of the country are flying before the barbarous foe. In fine, the melancholy situation of the people, the little prospect of assistance, the gross and scandalous abuses cast upon the officers in general, which is reflecting upon me in particular, for suffering misconducts of such extraordinary kinds, and the distant prospects, if any, that I can see, of gaining honor and reputation in the service, are motives which cause me to lament the hour, that gave me a commission, and would induce me, at any other time than this of imminent danger, to resign without one hestitating moment, a command, which I never expect to reap either honor or benefit from; but, on the contrary, have almost an absolute certainty of incurring displeasure below, while the murder of poor innocent babes and helpless families may be laid to my account here !
The supplicating tears of the women, and moving petitions from the men, melt me into such deadly sorrow, that I solemnly declare, if I know my own mind, I could offer myself a willing sacrifice to the butchering enemy, provided that would contribute to the people's ease.
Lord Fairfax has ordered men from the adjacent counties, but when they will come, or in what numbers, I cannot pretend to determine. If I may judge from the success we have met with here, I have but little hopes, as three days' incessant endeavours have produced but twenty men.
I have too often urged my opinion for vigorous measures, therefore I shall only add, that, besides the accounts you will receive in the letters, we are told from all parts, that the woods appear to be alive with Indians, who feast upon the fat of the land. As we have not more than a barrel or two of powder at this place, the rest being at Fort Cumberland, I could wish your Honor would send up some. I have wrote to Alexandria and Fredericksburg, desiring that two barrels may be sent from each place, but whether there is any at either, I know not. I have sent orders to Captain Harrison to be diligent on the waters where he is posted, and to use his utmost endeavours to protect the people; and, if possible, to surprise the enemy at their sleeping-places. Ashby's letter is a very extraordinary one.31 The design of the Indians was only, in my opinion, to intimidate him into a surrender. For which reason I have wrote him word, that if they do attack him, he must defend that place to the last extremity, and when he is bereft of hope, then to lay a train to blow up the fort, and retire by night to Cumberland. A small fort, which we have at the mouth of Patterson's Creek, containing an officer and thirty men guarding stores, was attacked smartly by the French and Indians; and were as warmly received, upon which they retired. Our men at present are dispersed into such small bodies, guarding the people and public stores, that we are not able to make, or even form a body. I am your Honor's, &c.32
[Note 31: Capt. John Ashby wrote from his fort (April 15) that 400 Indians had demanded file surrender of his fort; 1,500 had gone to Fort Cumberland and 2,000 to the Juniata. The letter, an extract of which is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p, 221, was written to Col. Henry Van Meter.]
[Note 32: The governor, on receiving this letter, immediately ordered out one-half of the militia in 10 of the upper counties. Colonel Fairfax, one of the council, wrote to Colonel Washington (April 26): "The House of Burgesses are pleased with the Governor's orders, and depend on your vigilence and success. Your endeavours in the service and defence of your country must redound to your honor; therefore do not let any unavoidable interruptions sicken your mind in the attempts you may pursue. Your good health and fortune are the toast at every table. Among the Romans, such a general acclamation and public regard, shown to any of their chieftains, were always esteemed a high honor, and gratefully accepted."
Landon Carter also wrote as follows: "Virginia has been a neglected Colony by the mother country, and had there been a more active king on the throne of France, they must have made a conquest of it long ago. Should we talk of obliging men to serve the country, you are sure to hear a fellow mumble over the words 'liberty' and 'proerty' a thousand times. Sir, I think as you do. I have endeavoured, though not on the field, yet in the senate, as much as possible to convince the country of danger, and they know it; but like stingy creatures they are willing to wait for rains to wet the powder, and rats to eat the bow-strings of the enemy, rather than attempt to drive them from their frontiers."
These letters are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, pp. 230, 234.]
April 23, 1756.
Sir: It has been determined here in a Council of War, that it would be most advisable for you to repair to this place; as a small party would defend Edwards's Fort.
In consequence of which you are hereby ordered to proceed (as soon as you are joined by Ensign Hubbards party) to this place: and escort such of the inhabitants as are willing to come to this place. You must acquaint the people at Homers' Fort, that you are coming down with a party; and that if they choose to come with you, you will escort them here, or to Edwards's. If they agree to this you must detach a party to escort them to Edwards's. You are to have a Subaltern, two Sergenats, and twenty-five rank and file, at Edwards's Fort; unless the inhabitants desire to come down here. If so, you are to take them under escort: and must take care, if they insist upon leaving the Fort, to destroy it; as you must that at Homers, if the inhabitants come off. With the rest you are to proceed here, after complying with your other Orders. You must bring down the Waggons and Horses that are there; and must call at Captain Smiths, and bring down what Stores belonging to the Country, are at that place.
I would recommend it to the inhabitants if they come off, to bring their Cattle, &c. with them.
April 23, 1756.
Sir: It has been determined here in a Council of War, that it would be most advisable for you to evacuate your Fort at Enocks's; destroy it, and join Captain Harrison at Edwards's, with your Party, stores, and the inhabitants. As we are not acquainted with their situation at Cox's, it was thought best that you should send the Sergeant there, a conditional Order to join you at Enocks's, or keep possession where he is (which ever he and the Inhabitants, from the situation of affairs, think most advisable;) until we can send them some assistance, which will, I hope, be very soon; as I expect to be joined by a number of men shortly.
You are to send him this Order immediately. If he retreats to your party, you must order him to destroy the Fort, ere he quits the place.
I would recommend it to the Inhabitants, to drive down their Cattle, &c. with them. Yours, etc.
Winchester, April 24, 1756.
Honble. Sir: Not an hour, nay scarcely a minute, passes, that does not produce fresh alarms and melancholy accounts. So that I am distracted what to do! Nor is it possible for me to give the people the necessary assistance for their defence, upon account of the small number of men we have, or is likely to be here for some time. The inhabitants are removing daily, and in a short time will leave this county as desolate as Hampshire, where scarce a family lives!
Three families were murdered the night before last, at the distance of less than twelve miles from this place; and every day we have accounts of such cruelties and barbarities, as are shocking to human nature. Nor is it possible to conceive the situation and danger of this miserable county. Such numbers of French and Indians are all around, no road is safe to travel; and here we know not the hour how soon we may be attacked.
But as it is not in my power to give your Honor a full account of every thing, I have sent Captain Peachey to wait upon you, who can be more ample and satisfactory in every point, that requires your Honor's notice. I have written for the militia of Fairfax, Prince William, and Culpeper, and expect them here in a few days. But how they are to be supplied with ammunition and provision, I am quite at a loss. The distance of Fort Cumberland from us, where these supplies are, renders them useless, in a manner, and puts us to the greatest straits; and the inhabitants leaving their farms, will make it impossible for the militia to subsist without provisions, which are now very scarce, and will be more so. I should therefore be glad your Honor would send arms, ammunition and provisions up, and give immediate orders for the Irish beef at Alexandria, which cannot be had without your consent.
Your Honor spoke of sending some Indians to our assistance, in which no time should be lost, nor means omitted to engage all the Catawbas and Cherokees, that can possibly be gathered together and immediately despatched hither. For without Indians to oppose Indians, we may expect but small success. And I should think it no bad scheme, (while the Indians remain here in such numbers,) to have a detachment sent out with some friendly Indians to make an attempt upon their towns,--though this should be executed with all imaginable secrecy.
I hear the Assembly are for augmenting the forces (in pay) to fifteen hundred, which are far too few to defend the frontiers against so numerous an enemy. But I have often wrote you my sentiments upon this and other subjects, so shall not now enlarge. I have also written to the Speaker by Captain Peachey, who will, I imagine, communicate to your Honor what demands your immediate regard.
I wish your Honor would resolve me, whether the militia that are expected here must be supplied out of the public stocks of provisions laid in for the soldiers, or if they are to find themselves? The want of due direction in matters of this nature causes great inconvenience. Give me leaves to urge your Honor's speedy care of sending men and ammunition to our assistance, else the consequences may prove very fatal in a little time.
I have been just now informed, that numbers about the neighbourhood hold councils and cabals to very dishonorable purposes, and unworthy the thoughts of a British subject. Despairing of assistance and protection from below (as they foolishly conjecture), they talk of capitulating and coming upon terms with the French and Indians, rather than lose their lives and fortunes through obstinacy. My force, at present, is very weak, and unable to take the necessary measures, with those suspected; but, as soon as the militia arrive, be assured I will do my utmost to detect and secure such pests of society, if my information is not groundless, which I should be glad to find so.
I enclose your Honor a copy of a council of war lately held here,33 and copies of some letters since my last to you; one of which, for Colonel Martin, was just sent to me from Fort Hopewell, on the South Branch. They have had an engagement there, with the French and Indians, the particulars of which you will see by the enclosed. Captain Waggener, with a party of his men, joined them next day, and went in pursuit of the enemy, but could not come up with them. The waters were so high, that although Captain Waggener heard them engaged, he could send them no assistance. From these and other circumstances, you may form but a faint idea of the wretched and unhappy situation of this county, nor can it be conceived.
[Note 33: The proceedings of this council of war, dated Apr. 23, 1756, are in the Washington Papers. It was determined that Enoch's Fort should be abandoned and destroyed, and all of the garrison that could be spared from Fort Edwards should march to Winchester.]
My extreme hurry, confusion, and anxiety must plead an excuse for incorrectness, &c. I am your Honor's, &c.
Winchester, April 24, 1756.
Dear Sir: Yesterday I received yours by Mr. Kirkpatrick,34 and am sorry to hear the reflections upon the conduct of the officers. I could wish that their names had been particularized, that justice might be done to the innocent and guilty! for it is extremely hard, that the whole corps should suffer the most ungenteel reproaches for the inadvertence and misconduct of a few.35
[Note 34: John Kirkpatrick, of Alexandria, who was Washington's secretary.]
[Note 35: For the orders Washington issued in a further attempt to enforce discipline, see Orders, May 1, post.]
The deplorable situation of this people is no more to be described, than my anxiety and uneasiness for their relief. And I see in so clear a light the inevitable destruction of this county without immediate assistance, that I cannot look forward but with the most poignant sorrow.
You may expect, by the time this comes to hand, that, without a considerable reinforcement, Frederick county will not be mistress of fifteen families. They are now retreating to the securest parts in droves of fifties. In short, every thing has too melancholy an appearance for pen to communicate. I have therefore sent an officer, whose good sense and judicious observations will be a more effectual way of transmitting an account of the people's distresses.
I wish the Assembly had given two thousand men, instead of fifteen hundred, and that I had been acquainted with the dispositions they intended to make. Since I am ignorant of this, I hope it will not be thought presuming when I offer my sentiments upon the subject.
We are, Sir, first to consider, that if a chain of forts is to be erected upon our frontiers, it is done with a design to protect the people. Therefore, if these forts are more than fifteen and eighteen miles, or a day's march, asunder, and garrisoned with less than eighty or an hundred men each, the intention is lost, and for these reasons. 1st, if they are at greater distances, it is inconvenient for the soldiers to scout, and allows the enemy to pass between without being easily discovered, and when discovered so soon pursued. And secondly, if they are garrisoned with less than eighty or an hundred men, the number is too few to afford detachments. Then, again, our frontiers are so extensive, that, were the enemy to attack us on the one side, before the troops on the other could get to their assistance, they might overrun and destroy half the country. And it is more than probable, if they had a design upon the first, they would make a feint upon the other. Then we are to consider what sums the building of twenty forts would cost, and the removing stores and provisions to each, and in the last place, we are to consider where and when this expense is to end. For, if we do not endeavour to remove the cause, we are liable to the same incursions seven years hence as now, if the war continues, and they are allowed to remain on Ohio.
I shall next give the reasons, which I think make for a defensive plan. If the neighbouring colonies refuse us their assistance, we have neither strength or abilities or ourselves to conduct an expedition; or, if we had, and were the whole to join us, I do not see to what purpose, since we have neither a train of artillery, artillery-men, engineers, &c, to execute any scheme beyond the mountains against a regular fortress. Again, we have not, that I can see, either stores or provisions, arms or ammunition, wagons or horses, in any degree proportioned to the service; and to undertake an affair, where we are sure to fall through, would be productive of the worst consequences, and another defeat would entirely lose us the interest of every Indian.
If, then, we cannot act offensively with a prospect of success, we must be upon the defensive; and that there is no way to protect the people, or save ourselves (but by a chain of forts, is evidently certain.
I would beg leave, in that case, to propose that there should be a strong fort erected at this place, for a general receptacle of all the stores, &c, and a place of residence for the commanding officers, to be garrisoned with one company for the security of the stores, and to serve as escorts for all wagons, that are going higher up, because it is the most public and most convenient for intelligence of any in the country, and the most convenient to the part that will ever be attacked by numbers, it lying directly on the road to Fort Duquisne, from whence, and their Indian allies, who are still up higher, we have the greatest reason to apprehend danger. It also lies convenient to the inhabitants for raising the militia when occasion requires.
I have found by experience, that being just within the inhabitants is absolutely necessary to give orders for the defence of the people; and that Fort Cumberland is of no more use towards the defence of the country, than Fort George at Hampton, and know as little what is doing. For the people so soon as they are alarmed, immediately fly inwards, and at this time there is not an inhabitant living between here and Fort Cumberland, except a few settlements upon the Manor about a fort we built there, and a few families at Edward's, on Cacapehon, with a guard of ours, which makes this very town at present the outmost frontiers, and though a place trifling in itself, is yet of the utmost importance, as it commands the communication from east to west, as well as from north to south, for at this place do almost all the roads center, and secures the great roads of one half of our frontiers to the markets of the neighbouring colonies, as well as to those on Rappahannock and Potomack &c. At Fort Cumberland I would have one company garrisoned to secure the place, to procure the earliest intelligence, and to cover all detachments that may be sent towards the Ohio, which is all the use it can ever be of. In the next place, I would propose, that a good fort should be erected between this and Fort Cumberland, which shall be in a line with the chain of forts across the country, and be garrisoned with two companies. This I would advise, because, as I before observed, if we are ever attacked by a large body, it must be here, as they have no other road to our frontiers, either to transport men or necessaries.
These three forts that I have already spoken of will employ four companies, which will be a tolerable body, if the companies are large, which they would be, according to the scheme I sent you. And it would be a trifling expense to augment each company to one hundred privates, which will make two thousand, exclusive of officers, which were included in the scheme last sent.
After this is done, I would post the remaining companies equidistant, or at proper passes, along our frontiers, agreeable to the enclosed sketch, and order communications to be opened between fort and fort, and large detachments scouting between to discover the tracts of the enemy.
And now, sir, one thing to add, which requires the Assembly's attention, and that is, what vale, or upon what part of our frontiers these forts are to be built? For I am to tell you that the Great Ridge or North Mountain, so called in Evans's map, to which I refer, is now become our exterior bound, there not being one inhabitant beyond that on all the Potomack waters, except a few families on the South Branch, and at Joseph Edwards's, on Cacapehon, (which I have already mentioned,) guarded by a party of ours. So that it requires some consideration to determine whether we are to build near this to protect the present inhabitants; or on the South Branch, or Patterson's Creek, in the hopes of drawing back those, who have forsaken their dwellings,
If we do not build there, that country will ever want settlers; and if we do, there is so great a blank, with such a series of mountains between, that it will be next to impossible to guard the people effectually. I could again wish, that the Assembly had given two thousand men, exclusive of officers, to be formed into two battalions of ten companies each, with four field officers. Indeed, fifteen hundred men are a greater number than ever was in a regiment of only one battalion, and they should be divided into two, with four field-officers, who should be posted so as to have the immediate care of a certain number of forts, with orders to draw from one to another, as occasion should require.36
[Note 36: Governor Dinwiddie had formed a project of a much more extensive chain of forts, embracing the whole line of frontier from Crown Point to the country of the Creek Indians. This project he communicated to the board of trade on February 23. A peculiar feature of this plan was, that the expenses of erecting and supporting these forts should be provided for by a land and poll tax, to be levied by an act of Parliament, which should take effect equally throughout all the Colonies. He proposed a poll tax of 1 shilling sterling for two years, which he thought would be sufficient for building the forts; and a perpetual land tax of 2 shillings on every hundred acres of land, as a fund for keeping up the garrison. "I know," he adds, "that our people will be inflamed, if they hear of my making this proposal, as they are averse to all taxes; but in my duty, and in obedience to your commands, I cannot but think it the most eligible, and it will remain as long as the land; but, if not done by an act of the British Parliament, I may venture to affirm, that no governors on this continent will be able to prevail on the Assemblies to pass laws for this purpose." By his calculation there were at least a million of taxable polls in the Colonies. Hence this tax would produce £50,000 a year. And the land tax, estimated by the quit rents paid in Virginia, he believed would yield annually £60,000. The population of Virginia he considered at this time to be 293,472, of whom 173,316 were white and 120,156 black. The militia were computed at 35,000 men fit to bear arms. The governor wrote to Mr. Fox, one of the secretaries of state; "We dare not venture to part with any of our white men any distance, as we must have a watchful eye over our negro slaves, who are upwards of one hundred thousand."-- Sparks.]
I could add more on this subject, but am so hurried, that I am obliged to refer for further particulars to the bearer, who will tell you, that, to carry on all these works, a number of tools, as well as many other necessaries, will be absolutely wanting.
I have given my opinion with candor, and submit to correction with the greatest pleasure. Confusion and hurry must apologize for the incoherence and incorrectness hereof. I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.
April 25, 1756.
Sir: As the roads at present are so much infested, I do not think it safe to send the things you wrote for until another opportunity. I must desire that you will be very diligent, and guard against a Surprize from the Enemy, as they will certainly attact you, if they find it possible to surprize you.
You are to detach Ensign Crawford with twenty men, to reconnoitre the Country towards Hires, on Opekon; and towards Bullskin, or wherever he finds these Inhabitants have retired to: He is to act rather as a reconnoitring party, than as an Offensive one. Yours &c.
April 26, 1756.
Sir: If you receive this before you leave Edward's, I would have you proceed with a Detachment of yours, in your way to this, by Darby McIvers, who, with his Servant, &c. is killed by the Enemy. And endeavour, if the Bearer can shew you their bodies, to have them Buried.
You must endeavour to bring off the Cattle, &c. of the Inhabitants about there if possible, if you do not hear that the Enemy are too strong in that Quarter for you to make an attempt of this kind. If you should get intelligence that they are; I would have you proceed here with your party, without regard to these Orders. Make all the dispatch you possibly can to this place; as I wait your arrival with great impatience. Yours &c.
Winchester, April 26, 1756.
Sir: I received your several Letters yesterday, and am very glad to hear that all our Garrisons are safe. We every day expect very strong reinforcements and as soon as they arrive, shall scour all the woods between this and Fort Cumberland: and put what is possible to spare into the Garrisons: But, until I have effected the first plan, can not possibly join you; as it would be of the worst consequence to leave the Enemy, who have now burnt, killed, and destroyed every thing they fell in with, even as low as Opekon in the heart of this County, to proceed to that Fort. I must desire you will be very diligent; and send your Orders to the other Garrisons oft as you see occasion. Yours &c.
Winchester, April 27, 1756.
Dear Sir: In my last I omitted to observe one thing touching the defence of our frontiers by a chain of forts, and it is this:
If the province of Maryland makes no provision for its frontiers, we shall have a long, unguarded space quite open and defenceless from Wills Creek to the mouth of Shanandoah, where the enemy may have, and have already given proof of, free egress and regress in crossing Potowmack; plundering, burning, murdering and destroying all before them. It is matter of moment, and worthy the Assembly's notice. For we must secure that weak side, if our neighbours are so indifferent as to disregard their own safety, because of its connexion with ours. In this case the number of forts will be increased to two or three more. Another material point to be regarded by the Assembly, and of very great importance to the inhabitants, is the situation of these forts intended along the frontiers. As I mentioned to you before, that placing them on the former outmost frontier, would be of small service to defend the present frontier settlements, now so remote from the former.
For the enemy would still make incursions, and carry off their booty with impunity, without a considerable number of men posted at these forts constantly patrolling in order to interrupt them. And without such defence and protection, the people will never be induced to return again to their plantations.
Again, if the forts are built upon the present exterior settlements, the former lands will remain unsettled: nor need we expect that the inhabitants will extend their improvements beyond these forts, while such disturbances continue.
I would again urge the necessity of a large and strong fort at this town37 for very cogent reasons, as I hinted in my former, it being the center of all the public roads, and a place of the most importance on the frontiers. I would advise its being large, as it will be the sole refuge for the inhabitants upon any alarm, where they may be received and protected until they can return with safety to their plantations. And as it must be the magazine of stores, to supply many other forts, the country and soldiers with provisions, ammunition, &c., it ought, of consequence, to be large and pretty strong.
[Note 37: The fort ordered to be built at Winchester was named Fort Loudoun. It was erected from a plan drawn by Washington, which is in the Washington Papers, in the Library of Congress.]
Had such a place of defence been here, it would have hindered some hundreds of families from moving further than this, that are now lost to the county. The women and children might have been secure, while the men would have gone in a body against the savages, whereas the number of men now left is so small, that no resistance or defence can be made to any purpose. Winchester is now the farthest boundary of this county,--no inhabitants beyond it: and if measures are not taken to maintain it, we must retire below the Blue Ridge in a very short time.
Let me therefore recommend to yours and the Assembly's particular care, that no time be lost in this salutary proposal: for should this panic and fear continue, not a soul will be left on this side the Ridge: and what now remain, are collected in small forts (out of which there is no prevailing on them to stir) and every plantation deserted.
I have exerted every power for the protection and peace of this distressed, unhappy people, and used my utmost to persuade them to continue, until assistance come, though to little effect. I have repeatedly urged Lord Fairfax to send for the militia of the adjacent counties, and have sent myself several expresses to hurry them on.
If the Assembly approve the scheme of erecting a fort here and at other places, tools of all kinds will be wanting, and must be sent up immediately, that no time may be lost. Carpenters from below should likewise be engaged; and every proper method for dispatching so desirable and so general a good, as this defence for Frederick, &c.
I have now and formerly been very full upon these Topics, which I thought most conducive to the good of the Country; and have had no other point in view but the Public interest, in all my advices, my actions, and intentions: and would chuse to avoid censure in every part of my conduct, by acting agreeable to the directions of the Assembly, the Governour, and a good conscience. So shall not for the future trouble you further on this subject. Yours etc.
Winchester, April 27, 1756.
Sir: I sent an express to Fort Cumberland on Tuesday last, who is just returned with the enclosed letters, which I send, to prevent the trouble of extracting a part.
In my letter to Colonel Stephen, I did among other things inform him of the accusations laid to his charge, and that he must expect to have the matter inquired into. Your Honor will see what he says upon the subject.38
[Note 38: Dinwiddie's answer (May 3) was characteristic: "I observe Colo. Stephen's Letters vindicating his character, and I hope the Reports were without Foundation and in course malitious."]
Desolation and murder still increase, and no prospects of relief. The Blue Ridge is now our frontier, no men being left in this county, except a few that keep close with a number of women and children in forts, which they have erected for that purpose. There are now no militia in this county; when there were, they could not be brought to action. If the inhabitants of the adjacent counties pursue the same system of disobedience, the whole must fall an inevitable sacrifice; and there is room to fear, they have caught the infection, since I have sent (besides divers letters to Lord Fairfax,) express after express to hurry them on, and yet have no tidings of their march. We have the greatest reason in life to believe, that the number of the enemy is very considerable, as they are spread all over this part of the country; and that their success, and the spoils with which they have enriched themselves, dished up with a good deal of French policy, will encourage the Indians of distant nations to fall upon our inhabitants in greater numbers, and, if possible, with greater rapidity. They enjoy the sweets of a profitable war, and will no doubt improve the success, which ever must attend their arms, without we have Indians to oppose theirs. I would therefore advise, as I often have done, that there should be neither trouble nor expense omitted to bring the few, who are still inclined, into our service, and that, too, with the greatest care and expedition. A small number, just to point out the wiles and tracks of the enemy, is better than none; for which reason I must earnestly recommend, that those, who accompanied Major Lewis, should be immediately sent up, and such of the Catawbas as can be engaged in our interest. If such another torrent as this has been, (or may be ere it is done,) should press upon our settlements, there will not be a living creature left in Frederick county; and how soon Fairfax and Prince William may share its fate is easily conceived, if we only consider a cruel and bloodthirsty enemy, conquerors already possessed of the finest part of Virginia, plenteously filled with all kinds of provision, pursuing a people filled with fear and consternation at the inhuman murders of these barbarous savages!
I have exerted every means that I could think of, to quiet the minds of these unhappy people: but, for a man to have inclination, and not power, he may as well be without either, for the assistance he can give.
The inhabitants of the county, who are now in forts, are greatly distressed for the want of ammunition and provision, and are incessantly importuning me for both; neither of which have I at this place to spare. And if I had, I should be much embarrassed how to act. I could not be safe in delivering either without your orders; and to hear the cries of the hungry, who have fled for refuge to these places, with nothing more than they carry on their backs, is exceedingly moving. Therefore I hope, your Honor will give directions concerning this matter.
I have wrote to the Assembly, setting forth the great and absolute necessity there is of erecting a large and strong fort at this place, to serve as a receptacle for all our stores, &c., and a place of refuge for the women and children in times of danger. Was this necessary work completed, the men would, upon any alarm, (as they say themselves,) immediately lodge their families here, and turn out against the enemy. But without some such place of defence, they must always fly in the manner they have, in order to secure their wives and children!
This is the place generally fixed upon, as it has a free and open communication with all the country, from its centrical situation. It also secures the communication with the neighbouring colonies, as well as the trade, to the rivers of Rappahannock, Potomack, &c., and, though trifling in itself, a place of the utmost importance to the country in general, being contiguous to that part of our frontiers (but alas! this is the utmost frontiers at present) which ever must, if any, sustain the attack of numbers, as it is the nearest to Fort Duquisne, to which place we have opened a free communication. It is also contiguous to their Indian allies, who are at present higher up the Ohio than themselves. It is also conveniently situated for procuring the earliest intelligence, when the enemy is about, and to obtain relief from the militia below. In short it would be needless to urge all the cogent reasons that plead in its behalf, and shew how conveniently situated it is for the commanding officer to reside at. But one I shall add, which alone would be sufficient, and that is what I have before observed, viz., the procuring intelligence. This I now am truly sensible of, from the experience I have had since I came to this place. Since the first murders were committed by the Indians, I have never missed of receiving intelligence of their motions; while Colonel Stephen has, in a manner, lived in total ignorance thereof. The reason is very obvious; for Fort Cumberland is detached so far without the inhabitants, no person thinks of alarming them, but immediately, upon the first fright, retire into the inhabitants. And secondly, it is absolutely necessary to have one large magazine to supply the different forts with stores, &c. which magazine should be rather within the inhabitants, for the greater security in receiving and delivering them out again, and furnishing any reinforcements that may arrive from below, with provision, ammunition, &c. which will always facilitate their march. There should also be ammunition lodged here for supplying the country people when found useful.
Your Honor will observe some parts of Colonel Stephen's letters, as about reinforcements from the second division, and the number of men, &c., which were only finesses in case the letters had fallen into the enemy's hands. The letters, that conveyed the true accounts, were put into the pummel of the saddle, as were mine to him.
I have been formerly, and am at present, pretty full in offering my opinion and counsel upon matters, which regard the public safety and interest. And that have been solely the object of all my thoughts, words, and actions; and, in order to avoid censure in every part of my conduct, I make it a rule to obey the dictates of your Honor, the Assembly, and a good conscience.
I shall not hereafter trouble you further on these topics, as I can add nothing to what I have said. I am your Honor's, &c.
Winchester, April 29, 1756.
Parole Xerxes.
Colonel Washington Orders, that no Officer presume on any pretence whatever, to impress any Horse, &c. without first applying to him for a warrant or order. And as complaint has been made, that the Soldiers do take horses without leave; He desires the Officers to be very careful, that no such thing is done for the future: and to warn the Soldiers, that they shall be severely punished, if it can be proved upon any of them hereafter.
Winchester, May 1, 1756.
Parole Augusta.
A Return to be given in immediately of the whole number of men of the Virginia Regiment now in this Town; and those that are fit for Duty.
[Winchester, May 2, 1756.]
A Return to be given in immediately of the Detachments from Fort Cumberland, Cocke's and Ashby's Forts; by the Officers; of what necessaries the men want, which will be delivered them immediately. They are also to return the number of men each of those Officers has under command; and they shall receive a months' pay for each man.
The General Court Martial, whereof Captain Stewart was president, is dissolved.
Colonel Washington has approved of the sentence of the said Court martial, which was unanimous in opinion, that Lieutenant Lomax was not guilty of neglect of Duty; and that he remained in the Fort in consequence of his Orders; and that his conduct is not culpable.
A General Court Martial, to consist of four Captains and five Subalterns, to sit immediately for trial of Sergeant Nathaniel Lewis; for retreating with a party without Orders. And those men, confined for throwing away their Arms in the retreat of the party, defeated on the eighteenth of April last, near Edwards's Fort.
Captain Woodward, President: who is to wait on Colonel Washington for his Orders.
Mr. Kirkpatrick, Judge Advocate.
All Evidences to attend.
Winchester, May 3, 1756.
Honble. Sir: I received your two letters of the 23d and 26th ultimo.
I have sent down an Indian scalp, which was taken off at the place where Captain Mercer had his engagement. He was found thrust under some rocks, and stones piled up against them. They have reason to believe there were more killed, from the quantity of blood found on the ground where the Indians fired from, and from other discoveries of their attempts to make more graves. But a hard shower of rain prevented their making a farther search.
We have some reason to believe, the Indians are returned to Fort Duquisne, as some scouts from Fort Cumberland saw their tracts that way; and many corroborating accounts affirm, that the roads over the Allegany Mountains are as much beaten, as they were last year by General Braddock's army. From these and other circumstances we may judge their numbers were considerable. Whether they are gone for the season, or only to bring in a larger party, I am at a loss to determine.
For which reason, and from the scarcity of provisions on this side Fort Cumberland, I must beg leave humbly to offer it to your Honor's superior judgment, if it would not be advisable to stop all the militia, that are ordered from the ten counties, save about five or six hundred from the adjacent ones? which will serve to cover our frontiers on this quarter, which is the only part that ever will or can be much exposed,) until the regiment is completed by draughts and until they can erect fortresses, if the country intend a chain of forts for their defence. fence. Draughts, if they are judiciously chosen, will be of infinitely more service, and much less expense to the country, and can be immediately put to their posts.
I am convinced, if your Honor has a mind to stop any part of the militia, you will have full time, notwithstanding they are ordered to rendezvous at this place on the 10th instant. I never knew any yet to appear in ten days after they were expected; and I am also apprehensive, that having so many of the militia out will be the means of retarding the draughts, which, above all things, I wish to see.
Though I have often troubled you on this head, I must again beg leave to desire your particular instructions and information, of what is to be done, as, being in a state of uncertainty, without knowing the plan of operations, or what scheme to go upon, reduces me to the greatest straits, and leaves me to guess at every thing. Orders, that are absolutely necessary to be despatched to the officers one day, appear the next as necessary to be contradicted; so that I really cannot tell how to act for the good of the service, or satisfaction of any individual. Was the regiment complete, and things put on a proper footing, the whole would go on smoothly and regularly, which is now rendered impossible. So much am I kept in the dark, that I do not know whether to prepare for the offensive or defensive; and what might be absolutely necessary in the one, would be quite useless in the other.
Great inconveniences arise from our being so dispersed through the country. The men cannot be regularly paid or supplied. If every company had its proper post assigned, pay might be sent to them, and necessaries always provided in due season. We could also have the same advantages were we collected in one place. But there are so many detachments out, one officer may command men of every company of the regiment, t, and if necessaries are sent them he is removed from his command, and those things cannot be stopped out of their pay. So by this method the country loses money, the men are badly supplied, and always discontented.
I find the act of Assembly against mutiny and desertion quite insufficient, except in those two particular crimes. There is no notice, nor can a court-martial be held, by virtue of this act against any officer or soldier who is charged with cowardice, holding correspondence with the enemy, quitting or sleeping upon a post, nay, many other crimes, which are provided against in the articles of war. I think, at this time, it would be for the good of the service to make an act to enforce the articles of war in general, except two or three particular ones, such as impressing wagons, &c. They are in force in our mother country. They think them the best calculated for keeping soldiers under discipline; and none of them would prove burthesome, or inconvenient, either to the public or any individual and I cannot, nor I imagine few others can assign any reason, why we should pretend to quit that which by long experience has been found the best, to introduce one quite insufficient.
There are now in town about one hundred and fifty of the Fairfax militia. Three hundred are expected from Prince William. With the soldiers and militia now here, I intend to go out and scour the woods hereabouts for three or four days until the others arrive.
I want very much to go to Fort Cumberland to regulate affairs there, but fear I cannot spare time, as my presence will be very necessary here.
Clothes for the men are very much wanted. There are none in store, and some men, who have been enlisted these two months, to whom we could give nothing but a blanket, shoes, and shirt, are justly dissatisfied at having two pence per day stopped from them.53 Provision here is scarce, and the commissary much wanted to lay in more. I have been, and still am, obliged to do this duty, as well as most others, which I would take upon me, rather than let any thing be wanting for the good of the country, which I could do.
[Note 53: The soldiers were paid 8 pence a day. Out of this amount 2 pence a day were reserved for supplying them with clothes. (See Washington's letter to Alexander Boyd, Nov. 1, 1755, ante.)]
I enclose your Honor the sentence of a general court-martial, which was held here upon a sergeant for running away with his party.54 They have, I think, very justly adjudged him to suffer death, which sentence I hope you will approve of as there never was a fitter object to make an example of, being the second time he has been guilty of the same crime, nor a better time, as the newly draughted recruits for the regiment may be here by that time to see it executed, and it will be a good warning to them...55
[Note 54: Nathan Lewis, who had shown his cowardice in the affair at Edwards Fort in which John Mercer was killed. A copy of his court-martial is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 247. The original, signed by all the court and approved by Washington, is in the Virginia State Library.]
[Note 55: An omitted paragraph as to the pay of William Jenkins, the express rider.]
Winchester, May 3, 1756.
Sir: You are Hereby Ordered to repair to Maidstone, the place where your Troop is Quartered; and remain there until further Orders.
You are to hold a Court Martial for punishing the ring-leading mutineers of your Troop.
You will receive two hundred and sixty-four pounds, eighteen shillings and a penny, for payment of your own Troop, and the other Detachments at that place. And you are to see that the Officers make you out regular pay-rolls for their men; before you deliver the money: And are to Order them to take two Receipts from each man; as directed in a former Order.
You are also desired, to settle the Recruiting Accompts. of those Officers that are now at Maidstone: and to acquaint them who fall in debt to the Country; that the Committee have ordered me to stop their pay, until the respective Sums are discharged; and I must desire that you will do it.
You are to Order the Officers to make all the usual deductions from the mens pay; and to keep them for the Paymaster. You are also to desire that the Officers will see that their men lay out their pay in necessaries; and not foolishly spend it.
You are also to desire that they will stop the prices of such necessaries as the men may have had, over and above their allowances. And pay no men, Sergeants and Corporals pay, but such as have actually been regularly appointed at Fort Cumberland.
You must be very diligent in sending out reconnoitring parties to scour the Woods; and use your utmost endeavours to protect the people in those parts.
Winchester, May 3, 1756.
The General Court Martial, whereof Captain Stewart was President, is dissolved.
Colonel Washington approves of the Sentence of the Court; was unanimous in opinion, that Sergeant Nathan Lewis, for his misbehaviour, in running away with his Party, should suffer Death.
The three eldest Captains, eight Subalterns, ten Sergeants, one Drummer, and an hundred Rank and File, to hold themselves in readiness to march to morrow morning upon a Scout.
The Officers to examine the mens arms and ammunition; and see that they are in good order; and are completed with Cartridges. This command to draw two days provision more to-night.
The Captains for this command to see that these Orders are punctually complied with.
Of the Fairfax Militia one hundred men must march tomorrow for the South Branch; under two Captains and four Subalterns; and to receive their Orders from Colonel Washington. The remainder of the Fairfax Militia, and the Company of Volunteers, under Captain John Dalton; are to join the above party, ordered to Scout.
Winchester, May 4, 1756.
Sir: You are with your party under command, to proceed up the new road to Fort Cumberland, as far as Back Creek: when you come there, you must take down these waters, and scour the woods down the Creek, until you come to Potomac River; detaching small reconnoitring parties into the Mountains.
You are to use all possible precaution in your Search; and above all things, to guard against a Surprize.
You are to endeavour to procure persons acquainted with those parts, for Guides. When you, arrive at Potomack, you are to take down the river to Conogochieg; where you are to draw provisions for your Party, sufficient to bring them back to this place; where you are to proceed with the utmost expedition, after finishing the Route above ordered.
[Note 56: Capt. John Dalton, of the Fairfax volunteers.]
Winchester, May 4, 1756.
Sir: You are hereby Ordered to join with the Volunteers and Militia under your command, the Detachment sent with Captain Woodward, to scour Back-Creek, &c. He is directed to proceed down the said Creek, until he comes to Potomack River; and then to march to Conogochieg to get provisions. When you arrive there, you must consult with the Inhabitants the best place to post the Militia at, under command of Captain Russell;57 and proceed yourself to this place; Captain
[Note 57: Capt. William Russell, of the militia.] Swearingham58 can give you the best information concerning this matter.
[Note 58: Capt. Thomas Swearingham, of the militia.]
Winchester, May 4, 1756.
Sir: You are hereby Ordered to repair with the Detachment under your command to Job Pearsals and John Kirkindalls; with whom you are to consult and arise upon the proper place to make your Head-Quarters.
You are to take care to provide your Company with necessary provisions, agreeable to the Act of Assembly. And you are to be careful in sending out frequent scouting parties: and to use your utmost endeavours to protect the Inhabitants, and keep them quiet.
Winchester, May 4, 1756.
Parole Dartmouth.
As Colonel Washington has received certain advice of the Militia of some of the adjacent Counties, being on their march near this place. It has prevented his going out with the party ordered yesterday. And those Orders are countermanded.
The eldest Captain, six Subalterns, six Sergeants, one Drummer, and one hundred rank and file, are to march immediately upon the Scout. The Captain to wait upon Colonel Washington for his Orders.
The following prices are fixed for the necessaries delivered the Soldiers; Vizt.
These Articles being better in their kind than usual, are calculated at the lowest prices. The Guard is reduced to a Sergeants Command.
Winchester, May 4, 1756.
Sir: you are hereby ordered to proceed with the Detachment under your command, as far as Colonel Henry Vanmeeters, on the South Branch; and when there to consult with him and Captain Waggener, on the properest place to fix your Head Quarters, for the protection of the Inhabitants of those waters. And you are to be careful in seeing that your Company is provided with provisions, as the Act of Assembly shall direct.
You must not post your Company too near the men that are already stationed there; but endeavour to cover as much ground as possible; and to keep out constant scouting parties.
Winchester, May 5, 1756.
Sir: I was not a little surprized to hear of the misbehaviour of your party last night at Jesse Pugh's. He has been with me this morning, and complained that they killed his Fowls, pulled down one of his Houses for firewood; turned the Horses into his meadow and corn; destroyed them and his Fences.
As I should imagine that your sense would direct you better, were it not absolutely contradicted by an express order, which I found it necessary to give last October, when you was present.
I can not credit the Report; but only send this in order that you may be particularly careful for the future: as you may depend I shall call you to account, for any irregularities that are committed by your party.
If they are guilty of such misbehaviour it entirely perverts the design they were sent upon; as they are intended to relieve, and not add to the distresses of the people.
I desire you will shew this to Captain Dalton; to let him know what complaints are made. I have sent Orders to Captain Stewart to stop you at Conogochieg, until the Waggons arrive there for Provisions. I am &c.
Winchester, May 7, 1756.
Sir: You are hereby Ordered to proceed immediately to Edwards's Fort, to relieve Ensign Hubbard: and acquaint him it is my Orders, that he proceed directly to this place. If your command there should want provisions, you are hereby. empowered to purchase Beef, mutton, &c. upon the best terms; and draw upon the Commissary for the money. Taking care to purchase only as you want; for it is uncertain, how long your command will remain at that place.
You are to transmit me an account of what intelligence you receive from time to time; if you think it necessary to be communicated. You are to use your utmost endeavours and diligence, in protecting and keeping the Inhabitants quiet: and are to keep your party under strict discipline; and see that they commit no irregularities, nor give any cause for complaint.
You will receive twenty-five Shirts, and twenty-five pair of shoes; of which you are to take a particular accompt. in the delivery; and stop them out of the mens pay; as they will be charged to you.
You will receive Twenty-three pounds seventeen shillings for payment of the said Detachment: and you are, so soon as they are paid, to transmit me the pay-roll; and each marts receipt for the money, agreeable to the usual custom.
May 8, 1756.
Sir: I received yours by the Bearer. As neither Captain Bell nor Captain Gist, can make out regular pay-rolls for their men; a months pay will be sufficient at this time to give them. If any Officer is in want of pay, and not indebted to the Country for Recruiting; Let him receive out of the Balance in your hands: but let them all know, that it will appear a little dark on their side, if they should draw pay, and are owing the Country: as I have Orders to the contrary.
I do not know what you can do with your Sick; we have no Surgeon to spare: and to send medicines without a person to apply them, will be needless. Out of the few Tents that are at this place, I will send two or three per the first opportunity. I would, were I in your place, make Captain Caton59 produce Lord Fairfax's Order, before I would give up the House. If you are not apprehensive of the Enemys destroying the Flour at Stoddarts Fort in any short time, I would let it remain there; and send up a party to see that it is properly secured. If you should send up for it, employ as few of the Country people as possible; that the Country may be at little expence.
[Note 59: Capt. Thomas (?) Caton.]
You are directed to receive Captains Bell and Gists' Recruits; and to be very circumspect in your choice; as I would not receive any but very likely fellows at this time. I must desire you will put your Works at Maidstone, in as good a posture of Defence as possible. To do which, borrow or hire Tools of the Country people; for there are none of any kind at this place. Soon as this reaches you, hurry off what Waggons are at the Stores, loaded with Flour, under a proper Escort. And Captain Woodward will wait until Monday, so see if more do not arrive. Until I know what fixed Resolves the Assembly have come to, about raising and appointing their Troops; I can not confirm Mr. Campbell, or order any other to the Troop of Horse. It would look very partial to give Mr. Duncanson60 the highest post of Honor, who is not yet an Officer; preferable to those who have served sometime as Ensigns. I am, &c. yours
[Note 60: James Duncanson. He afterwards became a lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment.]
Winchester, May 9, 1756.
Parole Jersey.
As there are some Indians coming up to this place, and the ill consequence of giving them Liquor is well known to all who have ever heard of an Indian. It is Colonel Washingtons particular request and Orders That none of the Officers, or any other person, will pretend, upon any pretence whatever, to give them any money or spirituous liquor; as it will be impossible to make them serviceable, if they can get liquor when they want it, or can buy it. A Sergeant and Drummer, immediately to go through the Town, and proclaim this Order.
Winchester, May 10, 1756.
Sir: I have received yours this morning; and wonder you were not more explicit in the reasons you have for believing the Enemys return. You are sensible, the want of proper intelligence, retards and disappoints the necessary expedients for Defence and Assistance. You must endeavour to procure Tools for the Carpenters; either from the inhabitants, or made by the Smiths there, upon the lowest terms: as we have no kinds here, nor can by any means supply you. And I hope you will take all care to make that place as impregnable as you possibly can; in case you should meet with an attack.
In my former, I promised to send you some Tents; but, upon examination, the whole Stock consists only of twelve; which does not suffice half the number of men here: and the Militia taking up the houses in town; we are at present obliged to make use of tents. However, when the Militia march hence, I shall send what can be spared. Until then, you must make the best shift you can. You must try to supply yourself with cartridge paper in the neighbourhood; there being very little in Store here.
As you will have frequent opportunities here, you must make out a particular Accompt. of what Cartridge Boxes, Blankets, and other necessaries; that we may furnish you with what we can.
I would desire you to be careful how you employ that Doctor. The country has great objections to those occasional Quacks; whose only study is to swell their Bills, and to make their profit of the Country. Let him be used as seldom as possible; as I believe he can administer not a deal of comfort to those indisposed, if one may judge by his sobriety! You have what can be got of the medicines wrote for. The Horses I would have you send to some good pasture and let them recruit, if you can find one convenient. If Stoddarts Fort is to be burnt; I would have you send a pretty strong Guard to bring off the Flour, as soon as you can. Captain Woodward is arrived; and in order to preserve your strength, I have ordered an Escort from this to Conogochieg, to return with the Waggons. You may pay the Officers a months pay, as I directed formerly.
What have you done in these Recruiting Accompts. you had a note of? You will be careful of the Rolls and Receipts, for the Paymaster; so as he may be able to adjust his Accompts. I am &c.
[Note 61: Captain of the First Company of Rangers.]
May 12, 1756.
Sir: Captain Baylis,62 of the Prince William Militia, will give you this; and leave you a reinforcement of twenty men; with these, and the Detachment of your own Company, which has now certainly rejoined you; you will be sufficiently able to send out several scouting parties: And it is my desire, you do your utmost to scour these parts, and protect the people.
[Note 62: Capt. John Baylis.]
You will deliver Mr. Baylis what Carpenters tools you have in the Fort: as he has Orders to build a small Fort at the mouth of Little Capecapon. Take Receipts for the several Tools you deliver the Officers. I am, &c.63
[Note 63: A copy of this was also sent to Capt. John Ashby.]
[Note 64: Of the Prince William militia.]
Winchester, May 12, 1756.
You are hereby Ordered to proceed with the Detachment under your command along the old waggon-road, until you come to Cockes's Fort, on Patterson's Creek; where you are to leave a Subaltern, one Sergeant, and twenty men, to strengthen that Garrison. From thence you are to continue your march to Ashby's Fort; which you are also to strengthen with the same number of men; and from there you are to proceed to Friend Cox's, at the mouth of Little Capecapon. Post your party at that place; and immediately set about erecting a Fortress, for the security of the pass, and for the defence of your Detachment.
You are to draw out all such Carpenters tools as can possibly be spared from the two Forts: and you are to be very circumspect in chusing the spot of Ground to erect the Work on: which must be of the same dimensions, and built after the same model of Ashby's. For which reason you must be very careful in examining of it.
You are always to keep covering parties to secure your Work. men: and to mount a Guard regularly on your March, and at your Station, to prevent Surprizes.
You must apply to the Commissary for provisions to carry with your Detachment; and to take his Directions how to keep your party supplied for the future.
I earnestly entreat, that you will be careful to observe good Order and Discipline among your men: that you will ever be mindful of the charge you are entrusted with: and diligent in executing with the utmost Dispatch, all these several Orders.
May 14, 1756.
At a Council of War, Held at Winchester, the 14th. day of May, 1756; for considering and determining upon the necessary measures to be taken at this juncture with the Militia ordered here by His Honor, the Governor.
Upon the Question being put by Colonel Washington, whether it was advisable to send part of the Militia now here, to Guard and cover our Southern Frontiers?
It was resolved in the negative; and for the following reasons: vizt.
1st. The Southern Frontiers lying at a greater distance from, and less exposed to the Enemy, than these northern frontiers; and being more difficult to come at: It is believed they can not suffer much, before the Draughts for completing the Regiment, may be sent thither.
2ly. By His Honor, the Governor, ordering none but the northern Counties to be Draughted; and those all directed to Rendezvous at this place; it appears plainly to have been his opinion in Council, that the southern Counties which lie contiguous, should be left to march out, in case the Enemy should invade the Country on that Quarter.
3ly. As it would be attended with great hardships upon numbers of poor men draughted out of these ten northern Counties, to march to the Frontiers of Augusta, when there are so many Inhabitants, that are much more convenient for its Defence.
4thly. Upon advising with the Commissary, we were in formed, that it would require some time to lay in Provision for a Body of men on that Quarter; and, unless Troops were immediately put there, it would not answer the salutary end proposed: which can not be done sooner than by the Draught for the Regiment.
5ly. We have no certain advices of the Enemy being now down; but on the contrary many corroborating account affirming that their tracts in great numbers have been discovered repassing the mountain.
It was judged advisable to discharge all of the Militia, except what were absolutely necessary to resist a second invasion upon this Quarter.
Go: Washington P.
John Spotswood
J. Baylor
Henry Lee
John Thornton
Henry Fitzhugh Junior
Thomas Slaughter
William Taliaferro
George Muse
William Green
Francis Taylor
Benj. Pendleton
Joseph Stevens65
[Note 65: Stevens's name in the list of members of the council, spelled Stephen, is an error of the copyist of 1784--85. The absence o[ Col. Thomas Bryan Martin's name among the signers is probably due to the same cause.]
May 15th. 1756
Since Holding the above Council, the Subscribers from Louisa, with the Militia of that County, came into Town; and heard the determinations and reasons of the Council are satisfied, and agree to the above resolves.
Charles Barret
Robert Anderson
[May 15, 1756.]
The Commanding Officers of the Militia left at this place, are to order all their Men to be under Arms at Retreat-beating this Evening: and are to acquaint them, that if any of them desert, they will be immediately draughted as Soldiers into the Virginia Regiment.
They are also to order them to lodge their Arms in some secure place; and not suffer them to go about the Streets with their Arms. They will be Relieved as soon as the Draughts for the Regiment are made: and will not be liable to a chance of being draughted themselves.
In consequence of the Council of War that was held the14th. instant: Such part of the Militia of the several Counties as rendezvous'd at this place, and were detained here; are ordered to be posted as follows vizt.
At Mendenhalls Fort Lieutenant Thomas, with two Sergeants and twenty-five private men, from Orange-County.
At the Mouth of Sleepy-Creek; Captain Woodford; one Lieutenant, three Sergeants, and fifty private men, from Caroline.
At the Mouth of Little Capecapon, Colonel Peyton; one Captain, four Subalterns, four Sergeants, and Ninety men, from Prince William.
At Ashby's Fort, Lieutenant Newgent; two Sergeants, and twenty-five private men, from King George; Lieutenant Lewis; two Sergeants and thrity-five private men, from Spottsylvania.
At Cocke's Fort, Captain Minor; one Lieutenant, one Ensign, two Sergeants, and forty-five private men from Fairfax.
At, or about Pearsalls, Captain Hamilton, one Lieutenant, one Ensign, two Sergeants, and forty-five private men, from Fairfax.
At Harnesses Fort, Lieutenant Hedgman, two Sergeants and thirty private men, from Stafford.
At Luney's Creek, Captain Fields, one Lieutenant, two Sergeants, and fifty private men, from Culpeper.
At Enock's, Lieutenant Bebb, with two Sergeants, and thirty-five private men, from Louisa.
At Winchester, Carpenters, Seventy-five, from the whole.
May 16, 1756.
Sir: You are immediately upon receipt of this, with the men under your command, to march to Cocke's Fort, on Pattersons Creek; and there join him. You are to consult with Captain Cocke, and take his directions, in sending out frequent Scouting parties, to scour the Country, and make discoveries.
It is expected that strict obedience will be paid these Orders; as they are in consequence of a Council of War, which has regulated and appointed the Militia to different Stations.
Your Station at this Fort will be more agreeable, as you will have a cover for your men, and be clear of the trouble of procuring provisions.
When you join Captain Cocke, you are to shew him these Orders; and tell him, that Captain Waggener has Directions to draw out all the Forces but what is just sufficient to defend the place upon any alarm: in order that he may be strong enough to pursue the Enemy. I am &c.
Winchester, May 16, 1756.
Sir: A party of the Militia of Stafford, is ordered to Harnesses Fort; and will march to-morrow: as will a party of the Culpeper Militia, to your upper fort. So soon as they arrive there, I would have you order down your men from that, to your station at Vanmeeters; as you will be posted there to assist the Inhabitants, with your Company and advice, in case of any alarms; and a second descent of the Indians. I would have you collect from these different Forts near you, a sufficient number of men, and endeavour immediately to drive them off.
The different stations of the Officers and men, which you will have the direction of; and must order as you think proper, upon any alarm; are as follows:
At Cockes, Harnesses, and your upper Fort66 You are immediately to make out a Pay-Roll for pay due your Company; and send it by an Officer immediately to the Pay-Master, at Fort Cumberland: and he will receive the money.
[Note 66: Evidently blanks were left for the number of men to be ordered to these alarm posts, but the copyist has ignored them.]
If your Officers should arrive at the Fort, before the PayMaster receives advice from me; he must wait until he does.
So soon as he returns and you pay your men off; you must transmit me their Receipts for their pay, not only now, but for all you have paid them since you have been at that Station; as directed in a former Order. I am, Sir, Yours etc.
Winchester, May 16, 1756.
Sir: The Detachment from King George, under Lieutenant Newgent, is to be stationed at Ashby's Fort; and you are to proceed with the whole of your Militia, to the Mouth of Little Capecapon; and are not to station any of them at Cocke's or Ashby's Forts; as reinforcements from the other Militia will be sent there.
I expect a strict compliance with these Orders, and diligence in executing them; and those you have before received (except here contradicted). You are to acquaint Mr. Newgent that it is my Orders, he obey Captain Ashby; and assist in sending out frequent Scouting parties. I am &c.
Winchester, May 16, 1756.
Sir: You are hereby ordered to proceed with the Detachment under your command to the mouth of Sleepy-Creek; and chuse at that place, or in the neighbourhood thereof, the most convenient place to post your party: In doing which, consult the most judicious and knowing of the Inhabitants. You must get your men into some of the most tenable Houses; and endeavour to erect or throw up such necessary works of defence, as will secure them from any sudden assaults of the Enemy. The Settlers, will no doubt give you all imaginable assistance of men and Tools to carry on the work, as it is intended for their security. You are to use your utmost endeavours to protect the people from the insults of the enemy; and to encourage them by all fair and lawful means, to return to their Dwellings. You are to be particularly careful that no irregularities happen among yourselves. That there is due discipline observed; and that your Men are not suffered to go out in small parties marauding; but are to have your lists at least called twice a-day, to prevent their stragling, and Deserting. Scouting parties you are frequently to send out to range the hills and waters, to see if any tracks of the Enemy can be found: These parties in a general way, should consist of one-third of your men. You are to mount Guard regularly every twenty-four hours; from which Sentries are to be posted and relieved every hour, for the security of your camp, and to prevent surprize. Your ammunition should be well secured, and great care taken of it; and your arms in constant good order; that you always be in readiness for the worst events.
The Commissary will deliver to you provisions; and instruct you in the means of procuring more, as your party shall want.67
[Note 67: Practically the same instructions were sent to Lieutenant Hedgman, of the Stafford militia, ordered to Harness's Fort; to Capt. John Field, of the Culpeper militia, ordered to the South Branch; to Lieuts. Cornelius Thomas, Orange militia, ordered to Mendenhall's; and Thomas Beeb, Louisa militia, ordered to Henry Enoch's.]
Winchester, May 17, 1756.
Sir: You are hereby ordered to proceed with the utmost expedition to Job Pearsails on the South-Branch: You will be joined by the Militia of Spotsylvania and Orange, who are to march with you to that place.
When you arrive there, you are to summon a Council of War, of the Officers with you, and those already at the South Branch; and consult upon the most proper steps to be taken. If you find the Indians still continue about there, you must all unite; and endeavour if possible to surprize them in the night at their sleeping places. But if they are gone off; I would have you and the rest of the Officers with the Men, to proceed immediately to the posts allotted to them in yesterdays Orders.
May 17, 1756.
Sir: I would have you remain at Kirkendalls with your party until Colonel Peytons return to the Branch; and then march to the place directed in your former Orders; and take the advice of Captain Waggener, &c. how to act for the security and defence of the Inhabitants. Be very diligent and circumspect on your march or otherwise; and use every endeavour to prevent a surprize from the Enemy, as they will be sure to attack when unguarded. Give all assistance you can to secure the peoples cattle and Grain: And be active in every thing for their protection. Let me hear immediately any intelligence you receive of the Enemy worth regarding. I am, &c.
Winchester, May 17, 1756.
Sir: I had yours last night; and observe your dangers from the Indians about the Neighbourhood. I would have you consult with Governor Innes upon the most expedient measures to pursue: and by all means, let me advise you never to be unguarded in case of a Surprize.
I have had some conversation with people from the Branch since I wrote to you last; and find it requisite to continue your command on these waters, to range and scout about, and to secure the Grain and Cattle of the Inhabitants from the Enemy; than to build that Fort on Capecapon, for sometime yet.
Before this reaches you, you may (perhaps) have marched from Pearsails; as I understand you intend it. Upon your return from escorting Governor Innes, I would have you make Pearsalls your Head-Quarters, and to send out your Scouting parties as low as the mouth of the River. If you learn any further intelligence about the strength and motions of the Enemy, which you may think worth regarding; I desire you would lose no time in communicating it to me. I am &c.
May [17], 1756.
Sir: Yours last night. Let nothing put you off your guard, and be prepared for the worst alarms. I would advise you to remain at Pearsalls until Captain Peytons return from escorting Governor Innes; and then you are to take Captain Minors' post at Kirkendalls; as he is ordered at Colonel Peytons return, also to remove to the South-Branch. I hope there is no need of advising you to be diligent and careful, both in the defence of the people, and in taking proper care of your party. When you hear intelligence of the Enemy worth regarding, lose not one moment in transmitting it to, Sir, Yours, &c.
Winchester, May 18, 1756.
Sir: You was informed of the insufficiency of your Accompts. before the Committee and desired to make them out more plain and satisfactorily; which I hope you have done as far as you can. You have herewith money sent to pay the Troops and copies of the pay-rolls, and Receipts for payments made the Officers here; in order that you may not make any mistakes in your Settlements with them and the men. As I would have you very exact and precise in all your Accompts. and Disbursements. Otherwise the Committee will not approve of them, nor grant us further Supplies.
You have enclosed a list of Balances due from sundry Officers for Recruiting; which you was to detain in your hands from their pay, according to Colonel Stephens directions after he settled with them. And as many of the Officers now return to the Fort on purpose to have their Accompts settled: you will be careful to see that they discharge the balances respectively due, before you pay them any money: and take care to bring down with you every recruiting accompt. in Colonel Stephens hand, or these balances you have settled. As to payment of Captain Waggeners Detachment, if you have no opportunity, before you leave the Fort, of sending him the money, I would advise you to bring it with you to Captain Cocks's and desire him to transmit it, with an Escort, to Captain Waggener. There is nothing I am so desirous of, as having distinct, regular and plain accompts to present to the Committee; and the greatest part depends on yours. Let me recommend your care to have every thing in a clear light; that no doubts or objections may be raised. Nor must you mix your pay-rolls with contingencies or arrears, as they are each separate articles of accompts. And as you may be hurried in coming away, without having all your accomp't duly settled and stated; I would have you bring all your papers and accompts. down, that they may be properly made out here.
If the money (you now receive) is not enough to discharge the pay due to both Officers and Soldiers; I desire at least the Soldiers may all be paid off to the first of this month; that no murmurs or complaints may be made on that score.
Remember to take Receipts from the Officers of each company for the pay of their men, monthly; and I wish you would endeavour to get receipts for payments made the Soldiers by the Officers, for every month preceeding the Order for taking general and double receipts to the time of my coming into the Service, to lay before the Committee, that they may be convinced no fraud or injustice has been offered the Soldiers, as some take upon them to assert: but that every individual has received the full pay he had a right to expect. You must likewise exhibit an exact account of all the Stoppages and Deductions from the Soldiers, and how they have been applied. If you find money run short in paying the Soldiers; perhaps you might borrow some from Mr. Woodrow: It shall be repaid him or order on demand, for whatever he helps you to. The money you will receive from Captain Spotswood is three thousand pounds; which I should think sufficient to pay all off if you find it does, I desire you would come by Ashby's, Cocks's, and the Detachment at the mouth of the Creek, and also pay them off. If a balance remains in your hand, you must bring it down with you. Nor would I have you make any delay in coming here, as you must immediately go to Conogochieg to settle there; and must continue to send Captain Hogg some money, &c. &c. I am &c.
Winchester, May 18, 1756.
Sir: When I wrote to you last, I expected to have been at Fort Cumberland ere this; but the multiplicity of business in which I am engaged, will prevent me now until my return from Williamsburgh; which may be sometime hence: as I wait, at this place, the arrival of an association of Gentlemen; who are, I am told by the Governor, to point out the places for Forts to be built on our Frontiers. I am also detained here to construct and erect a fort, which the Governor has ordered to be done with expedition.68 As it will be necessary to have a number of Carpenters, &c. to carry on the work with spirit, and vigour; you are desired to send down all the men of Captain
[Note 68: Washington's plan for this fort, which was called Fort Loudoun, is in the Washington Papers, Library of Congress. An extract of the act of the Virginia Legislature, dated May 12, 1756, authorizing the building of the fort, is also in the Washington Papers.] George Mercers Company; those that are there of Captain Bells. All the men that are really skilled in masonry: and if all these do not make up fifty; you are to complete the party to that number, out of the best Carpenters in other Companies. The rest, with those who now go up, are to remain under the following Officers; Videlicet. Captains Cocke, Savage and Bronaugh; Lieutenants Lomax, King, Steenbergen, and Gist. Ensigns Thompson, Danger field, Price and Roy; which will be leaving an Officer to have the care of each Company. All the rest, with the Adjutant, and as many trusty Sergeants as can be spared; are to be sent down with the party in order to go to Fredericksburgh, and receive the Draughts that will be sent to that place to complete the Regiment. These Orders I expect will be strictly complied with, and the party immediately sent off; as all the Draughts are to rendezvous at Fredericksburgh by the last of this instant.
Let nothing prevent the party from coming off so soon as you receive this; without Mr. Boyd and the Officers who have recruiting accompts. to settle may require a day or two that can be allowed to settle and prepare their Business in order to bring or send those that do not come, their respective accompts. by the Pay-Master; who is ordered down to make a full Settlement for all the money he has received; that I may account with the Committee for my Disbursements. I must desire also that you will commit to his care, all the Accompts. that you settled; together with all other papers that have the least tendency to public concerns. Mr. Boyd will receive by this conveyance three thousand pounds for payment of the Troops; has orders to pay no officers who, upon settlement, fall indebted to the Country and even those that are clear, if they can do without their pay, are desired not to draw for all; if he has not money to pay the Soldiers fully; I want much to pay them off, to appease murmurs, and silence complaints. I received a remonstrance of theirs in justification of their Behaviour. Tell them, that I hope their conduct will ever be stimulated by a just sense of their Duty. That Heroick Bravery and Sobriety, influenced by a hearty zeal to serve their Country will always be the standard of their actions, and is the certain means of meriting my regard and esteem, as well as obtaining the love and applause of the Country: while a contrary Behaviour, you may strongly assure them, shall never fail to meet with adequate punishments. Instances of this are now before them of Nathan Lewis, Corporal James Thomas, and Henry Campbell, all under Sentence of Death. The first for his cowardice at the action at Edwards's; the others for desertion. I have a Warrant from the Governor for shooting of Lewis, and shall delay the execution until the arrival of the new Recruits. The others were tried but to-day; and the proceedings of the Court will be sent to the Governor; if he approves the Sentence; I shall make it my particular care to see them executed; as I shall every individual that offends in the like cases.***69
[Note 69: Omission is an arrangement of troop detail.]
Mr. Dick, who is but just arrived from the northward, says, that Orders are issued for drawing out all the Ammunition and Kings Stores of every kind from Fort Cumberland. Can not you manage, before these Instructions arrive, to furnish the neighbouring Forts plentifully with all these necessaries? De Fever may be worked upon with good management, I dare say, to deliver them. I have sent up a Waggon on purpose to transport a good many of the Tools to this place to carry on the Fort; and beg of you to take particular care in sending them, especially intrenching tools. I would advise you to have all the Arms put into repair, and properly straightened.
Sir John St. Clair, when I was at New York, desired I would send him lists of all those men in the Virginia Regiment who were employed in cutting the Road from Fort Cumberland to the Monangehela last year. They will be allowed six-pence per day; and the Officers three shillings; i.e. the Subalterns: The tests for the number of clays are to be signed by the Officers. Do speak about it, and have them sent to me, that I may enclose them to the Quarter-Master General. I must desire you will have the Suttlers put under proper restrictions: and order the Officers, as there will be many of them there, to agree and fix reasonable prices upon all Liquors, &c. Do take great pains to prevent all irregularities in the Garrison; but especially those of Drinking, Swearing and Gaming! I could wish to see and find every thing in good order, when the Associators come up; which will be about the last of this instant. The Associators will be composed of a Body of the best Gentlemen in the Country, headed by the Attorney General.70 Mr. Harvey made me a present of a Marquee', which he left in charge with Mr. Livingston: pray enquire where it is, and order it to be properly secured. Mr. Woodward also gives an Order upon Mr. Livingston for a Bed-stead, formerly General Braddocks; pray desire Mr. Livingston to see it put into the Waggon which brings the Tools, and do not let the Waggon be overloaded with any private baggage, so that the march of the party be thereby retarded. I must desire you will be very cautious in ordering Mr. Boyd to advance money upon any occasion: The Committee do not seem to like it. And I do not know how that matter will be taken; your ordering Captain Gist an hundred pounds: He will fall greatly short when his accompts. are
[Note 70: "The Gentln. Associators being Volunteers at their own Expence, I gave them no Instructions, but recommended them to consult with you what was proper to be done and as they went with great alacrity I doubt not of the readiness to do every Thing that may be for the Service of the Coun'try."-- Dinwiddie to Washington, May 27, 1756.] settled; and I believe is very unable to pay the Balances. Pray what is gone with the Horses that were taken up last Fall? I wish it were possible for you to remove the Stores which are at the mouth of Pattersons Creek to Ashby's Fort. The Country have at last determined to act defensively; and I believe in a little time will entirely abandon Fort Cumberland. They have resolved that the Draughts that are now raising, shall not be marched out of the Colony. If you find it impracticable at this time to remove the Stores before spoken of; do endeavour to have that lodgement made as tenable as possible; strengthen the Garrison; and put a more experienced Officer than Mr. Brockenbrough at it; whose youth perhaps may be a means of his doing something inconsistent. If any Officers at the Fort have the prices of necessaries to deduct from the pay of those men that are either at the Branch with Captain Waggener; at Edwards's, Conogochieg, or at this place; they are to enclose lists thereof to their Officers, that such stoppages may be made, for the pay-master will have orders to clear all off. And he is, if it is found any way convenient, to come down the old road, that he may pay off Ashbys Rangers and Cockes's; leave money there to be sent to Waggener; and also to pay off the party posted at Edwards's. Since writing the above, I find it absolutely necessary that the party ordered, should come down by Ashby's &c. for the reasons aforesaid. I also desire that you will by no means fail to send all the Masons at Fort Cumberland even if Captain Mercer and Bells men should exceed fifty. There come up thirteen of the Nottaway Indians, and I recommend them to your care and direction: They may be serviceable with proper management. I promised them a Jacket a-piece; which you must give them, if such things can be procured there. Any other little necessaries may be ordered them; but take great care to keep them from liquor. I am informed, many of the Soldiers are affected by the wild Sallard they eat: Therefore I would recommend that care should be taken to prevent it. Some of the Volunteers have wrote to me concerning their expectations. Tell them I have no Commissions by me at present; nor do I know what Regulations the Governor will make in the Regiment. There are vacancies which they must fill, but this can not be done, until I go down or hear from the Governor. I am &c.
[Winchester, May, 1756.]71
[Note 71: The date of issue of this notification would be between May 18 and 26.]
Whereas I have great reason to believe, the Dangers apprehended from the French and Indian incursions are now pretty much over; none of them being seen or heard of for sometime past; and having certain advice of several parties of them returning over the Alleghany mountains. I take this method of informing and persuading those unfortunate people who were obliged to abandon their Plantation, of their security and necessity to return again. Numbers of the Militia being already, and more will be very soon, so posted and dispersed around the Frontiers. Building Forts, scouting, scouring and patrolling the woods; that the least appearance of the Enemy will soon be discovered and every necessary measure taken to repel them, and defend the Inhabitants from any danger or trouble. It is to be hoped, that people will pay regard to this notice; if their own interest or the public good can be motives to prevail with them to return and take care of their cattle and Crops. As they will be so well guarded and defended, that with good assistance, they may for the future live in the greatest security and peace.
Winchester, May 23, 1756.
Honble. Sir: The method I shall use to inform your Honour of the proceedings of the militia, is to enclose a transcript of my journal72 that relates to that affair, and to send a copy of a council of war held here by the field-officers of these counties, you were pleased to order to our assistance.73 There I hope will be sufficient to discover the springs that actuated my conduct.
[Note 72: This journal is not now among the Washington Papers in the possession of the Government.]
[Note 73: The militia, who had assembled at Winchester upon the recent alarm, had given Washington infinite trouble and anxiety. On this subject Col. William Fairfax wrote to him (May 13): "I am sensible, such a medley of undisciplined militia must create you various troubles, but, having Cæsar's Commentaries, and perhaps Quintus Curflus, you have therein read of greater fatigues, murmurings, mutinies, and defections, than will probably come to your share; though, if any of those casualties should interrupt your quiet, I doubt not but you would bear them with a magnanimity those heroes remarkably did....The Council and Burgesses are mostly your friends; so that if you have not always the particular instructions from the Governor, you may think necessary and desire, the omission, or neglect, may proceed from the confidence entertained of your ability and discretion to act that what is fit and praiseworthy."]
The spirit of desertion was so remarkable in the militia, that it had a surprising effect upon the regiment, and encouraged many of the soldiers to desert: but as I never had failed in sending officers on different roads upon the first reports, so neither did I neglect it now, and luckily caught two, who being brought to trial, were both convicted, as your Honor will see by the court's proceedings. James Thomas, one of them, was among the first of my followers, and always behaved himself with the greatest sobriety, honesty and diligence, so far as I have ever seen or heard. And I imagine if he did not lose the money, as he says in his defence, he might be prevailed upon to spend a part in liquor, and then was afraid to meet his officer with the rest.
The other criminal, Henry Campbell, is a most atrocious villain, and richly deserves an ignominious death for a former as well as the present offence. He was once a sergeant and entrusted with some goods from Alexandria, part of which he embezzled, and, because it could not be absolutely proved, was only reduced. After that (in December last,) he deserted, and carried several men with him; and, upon the most solemn promises of good behaviour, was pardoned, but for this only reason, we had no power to hold general courts martial. And now he was instrumental in carrying off seven others, two only of whom were taken. For these reasons I hope your Honor will think him worthy an example against desertion, as Lewis against cowardice, whose execution I have delayed until the arrival of the draughts. These examples and proper encouragement for good behaviour will I hope, bring the soldiers under proper discipline.
I found it absolutely impossible to go to Fort Cumberland at this time, without letting matters of greater importance suffer in my absence here; such a multiplicity of different kinds of business am I at present engaged in. Governor Innes is gone up, who, I hope, will assist with his advice in setting things to rights, if any irregularities have been practised contrary to the custom of the army; but I cannot find by any inquiries that I have been able to make, that there have.
I have ordered a sufficiency of officers to be left at Fort Cumberland, and the rest to repair to this place, in order to proceed to Fredericksburg, agreeably to your Honor's commands. And as soon as the gentlemen Associators arrive here, I shall take that place in my way to Williamsburg, to settle my accounts, and receive more money, which is already scarce with me. I am heartily glad, your Honor has fixed upon those gentlemen to point out the place for erecting of forts, but I am sorry to find their motions so slow.74 The summer season will be so far
[Note 74: This company appears to have originated among the lawyers and the association was entered into on May 3. On the 8th the governor wrote that "these gentlemen will march from north to south, with your advice, to propose the the proper places to erect these forts." They then numbered about 100 men, with the attorney general, Peyton Randolph, at their head. Being volunteers, serving at their own cost, the governor gave them no orders. They marched toward Winchester, but the alarm subsided before they had an opportunity of putting their martial spirit to the test. Mr. Robinson, the speaker, after giving notice to Colonel Washington (May 3) of the organization of this company of gentlemen volunteers and the passage of the bill authorizing the erection of a fort at Winchester, added: "The Council and House of Burgesses have agreed to a representation to his Majesty, in which you and the other officers are recommended to his Majesty's favor...Our hopes, dear George, are all fixed on you for bringing our affairs to a happy issue, and I am very sure if you are properly assisted they wont be disappointed in their Expectations." Sparks quotes from Dinwiddie's Letter-Books, that the governor wrote as follows to Major General Abercrombie (May 28): "As we are told the Earl of Loudoun is to raise three regiments on this continent. on the British establishment, I dearn't venture to trouble him immediately on his arrival with any recommendations; but, good Sir, give me leave to pray your interest with his Lordship in favor of Colonel George Washington, who, I will venture to say, is a very deserving gentleman, and has from the beginning commanded the forces of this dominion. General Braddock had so high an esteem for his merit, that he made him one of his aid-decamps, and, if he had survived, I believe he would have provided handsomely for him in the regulars. He is a person much beloved here, and he has gone through many hardships in the service, and I really think he has great merit, and believe he can raise more men here, than any one present that I know. If his Lordship will be so kind as to promote him in the British establishment, I think he will answer my recommendation."] advanced, that, if we meet with opposition in conducting the work, the difficulties and delays that must attend the execution cannot be described.
It gave me infinite concern to find the Assembly had levied their troops until December only. By the time they shall have entered into the service, they will claim a discharge. To get the least smattering of the duty they cannot, and we find by experience, that our poor and ragged soldiers would kill the most likely militia in five days' marching, so little are the latter acquainted with fatigue. Men would almost as soon have entered the service for seventeen months, as for seven, and in that time I am convinced we could have enlisted them all upon our own terms. As it is, some perhaps may be got. Pray does your Honor approve that they should. One of those would be of more worth than two of the others.
Your Honor in a letter of the--ult. approved the scheme I sent down for forming the regiment into two battalions of twenty companies, (giving the field-officers each one,) but never gave any directions concerning the appointment. Nor do I think there can be any plan judiciously concerted, until we know what number of forts are to be built on our frontiers, as the number of our companies must in a great measure depend upon the divisions of the regiment. As the case now stands, there are several vacancies in the regiment, and I have but one blank commission. Though, if I had, I should not think it prudent to fill up more, until matters are a little better regulated.
At this place I have begun the fort according to your orders, and found, as little of the matter as I know myself, that the work would not be conducted, if I was away, which was one among many reasons, that detained me here. I have also ordered Captain Stewart, who commands at Conogochieg, to fortify that place as well as he can, with the tools he can procure, and shall endeavour in all things, so far as I am capable, to act for the best.
Mr. Dick, (who is just returned from the northward,) says, there are orders for drawing out all the ammunition and other stores that belong to the train at Fort Cumberland, and to send them immediately round to New York. I have thought it expedient to give your Honor the earliest advice that you may order accordingly; for should this be done, it will leave that place entirely defenceless, and stop the source that can supply us otherwise. I have given Colonel Stephen previous notice of it, and have desired he will work on the conductor of the train, (in whose care it is left,) to have the forts of Ashby, Cockes &c., plentifully furnished, before such an order arrives. I am, &c.
[Winchester], May 26, 1756.
As many Draughts are expected up for the Regiment immediately the Commissary is to call in all the Countrys Arms, which he has delivered out of the Stores, upon receipts given to the people. If the people of the Town or Country, have any Arms, clothes, Blankets, &c. &c. belonging to the Soldiers, which they have bought; they are desired to give them in immediately to the commanding officers: If they are found in their possession after issuing this Order; they must expect to be prosecuted to the utmost riguor of the Law; which has laid a penalty of twenty pounds (upon any person who buys or exchanges any Arms, Clothes &c. with a Soldier;) to be paid to the Informer.***
June 2, 1756.
Sir: I received yours, and observe the contents: The Bearer added, that seven other Indians were seen. This I gave no credit to, as it was not certified in the Letter.
The Assembly have resolved that their Troops shall not march out of the Colony. Whether this is binding on the whole, or only the Draughts, I know not; therefore I would not advise your going into Maryland, unless it be to procure some manifest advantage to Virginia; in keeping the Enemy out of it &c. To range for and search them in another province, I can not think consistent with the intention of the Assembly. Nor is it the design of the Assembly or Governor; as the men are raised solely for the Defence of the Colony, and not acting in conjunction with other Corps; that Governor Sharpe, or his Officers, shou'd have any connection with them. You are therefore to pay no regard to any Orders that you may receive from him or any other than the Governor of Virginia, myself, or your Superior Officers in the Virginia Regiment. The instant this comes to hand dispatch Captain Gist to this place, that he may settle his recruiting accompt. before I go Williamsburgh. I only wait his arrival; and shall do it impatiently, unless he is expeditious. His stay here may be long: Perhaps he may be ordered to accompany the Associators; therefore he should order his things to follow him.
Captain Bell, with all his men that are here, sets out to-day to join you. Let Sergeant Hughes's Recruit be sent to this place in their room.
The Pay Master attends Captain Bell and will pay off all the Recruits to the first of May. He will also pay Sergeant Hughes's recruiting accompt: and from thence will proceed to Williamsburgh to meet me. Yours &c.
Winchester, June 4, 1756.
Sir: I received yours, complaining of the irregular method of supplying you with provisions; and communicated the contents to Commissary Walker, who writes you on this head: this directions you must follow. You must make out an accompt. of the pay which is owing to you, and transmit it to me per the first opportunity. Take care to be very vigilant and active; and to communicate all the intelligence that is remarkable and certain. You must always, upon any alarm, have regard to the summons of each other; and to unite on all extraordinary occasions. Endeavour at working by stratagem; to way-lay and surprize the Enemy; rather than seek them in any open pursuit.
I was greatly surprized and angered to hear of the dastardly behaviour of seven of your men, who fled from a less number of the Enemy, without discharging their pieces. Such behaviour merits the fate that some of our men (for the like offence) will soon meet with. And, you may assure your company that they shall not escape unpunished for such Offences. Your parties that go for provision, should always be made strong. I am &c.
Winchester, June 4, 1756.
You are hereby Ordered to remain at this place until my return from Williamsburgh: unless by any advices from Fort Cumberland, or any other of the Forts it is thought advisable, in a council of War, (which you are to hold of your own Officers) to march to their assistance. In that case, you are to proceed with all the Soldiers, except those of Captain Mercers Company; the Masons, and a few of the best Carpenters of the Draughts; to such place or places as are so infested by the Enemy.
You must be particularly careful that there are exact returns made of the Troops every day, that there may be no more provisions drawn for than is right: and you are to sign all Orders for provisions, and such other absolute necessaries as are required. Captain Peachy will have the overlooking and management of the Workmen and is to be exempted from other Duty. He has orders to draw out as many men daily to work (reserving enough to mount Guard) as can be employed to advantage; and is to have such Officers to assist him, as he shall apply for. All the Soldiers that are unemployed, in the aforesaid Duty, are to be formed into Squads and duly exercies and regularly trained twice or thrice a-day. You must endeavour to inculate due obedience upon the new Recruits and to discourage Swearing and Drinking. All that are brought to this place you are to receive, and put under proper command and regulation until I arrive, and to take care that none of them desert; if they do, to send immediately after them.
Winchester, June 25, 1756.
Honble. Sir: I doubt not but your Honor will be as much surprised, as I have been concerned and vexed, at my stay here.
When I left Williamsburg, I did it with a design to proceed with the utmost expedition to Fort Cumberland. In order thereto I arrived at Fredericksburg to dinner, the day after I left your Honor, at one o'clock, and gave the officer, posted at that place, a list of such tools as were wanted to build the chain of forts, and ordered they might be sent by a wagon, pressed for that purpose, immediately to Winchester, to which place I repaired to get every thing in readiness, and wait their coming to escort them to Fort Cumberland.
After I had been here two or three days I received a letter enclosing a list of the tools from the officer, who informed me that he had, according to order, despatched them in a wagon, hired for that purpose; for which wagon I have been waiting with the greatest impatience and uneasiness imaginable. How to account for this delay I am quite at a loss (as I am certain they were sent) unless the wagoner has lost his horses or run off with the wagon and contents.
I thought it needless to proceed without them, as nothing can be done for want of tools. I have sent two or three expresses to hurry them on, and shall make no delay when they arrive. I intend to take the advice of a council of war, (when I arrive at Fort Cumberland,) about the line on which these forts are to be erected, &c. and shall visit all the ground that I conveniently can, and direct the building.75
[Note 75: A copy of the proceedings of this council of war, held July 10, at Fort Cumberland, on the building of these forts, is in Washington's "Letter Book." The original proceedings are in the Washington Papers.]
It is a work, that must be conducted extremely tedious for these reasons, vizt., the scarcity of tools, smallness of our numbers, and want of conductors. The strength of our forces will not admit of many divisions, because in that case, each party may probably be demolished. We can, therefore, only attempt, with such men as can be drawn out of the garrisons already established, to build fort after fort, and not, by attempting too many at a time, thereby run the risk of having the whole demolished. To go on in the manner above mentioned must be extremely tedious, unless your Honor will be pleased to put the militia that are upon our southern frontiers under the command of Captain Hogg, and order them to begin on the Mayo River, and proceed in their buildings until they meet our parties, which will advance to the southward. I can point out no other method at present to expedite this necessary work. If your Honor approve this scheme, and will let me know by express, I shall despatch another to Captain Hogg, to inform him thereof, and shall enclose him such a plan, as the whole will be directed by. Your Honor's orders to the militia, and indeed to the inhabitants of those parts, to assist with their advice in fixing upon the places, and with their labour in forwarding the work, must be absolutely necessary.
Your Honor never gave me a decisive answer to a question I asked, about giving the field-officers companies. For which reason I have presumed to repeat it again, because there are two companies now vacant, by the death of Captain John Mercer, and the resignation of Captain Savage, and should either be given to the field-officers, or oldest lieutenants. There is no advantage can possibly arise to the field-officers by having companies, (but trouble there certainly will) as they are allowed, I suppose, the same pay now, as though they had.
The only reason that urges me to repeat it is because I look upon this to be a singular instance to the contrary, and running the country to the additional expense of three supernumerary captains.
Two hundred and forty-six draughts are the total number brought in, out of which number several have deserted. Three were discharged, being quite unfit for service, (and indeed several more ought to be, if men were not so scarce,) and there remain now in confinement six Quakers, who will neither bear arms, work, receive provisions or pay, or do any thing that tends, in any respect, to self-defence. I should be glad of your Honor's directions how to proceed with them.76 I cannot yet return to your Honor the names of the volunteers, that will be appointed to the vacancies, but as soon as I arrive at Fort Cumberland shall acquaint you according to request.
[Note 76: "If the six Quakers will not fight you must compel them to work on the forts, to carry timber, &c.; if this will not do confine them with a short allowance of bread and water, till you bring them to reason."-- Dinwiddie to Washington. July 1, 1756.]
Governor Sharpe is building a fort on Potomac River, about fifteen miles above Conogochieg, which may be of great service towards the protection of our people on that side. It is thought the fort will cost the province of Maryland near thirty thousands pounds, before it is finished.77 I am, &c.
[Note 77: The Governor and Assembly of Maryland had come at last to a temporary reconciliation of their differences, so far as to agree in a bill for raising £40,000 for his Majesty's service. Of this sum £11,000 were to be appropriated to building a fort on the frontiers, near but not beyond the North Mountain; and £25,000 for carrying on any expedition for the public service, in which the other colonies might join. By the same act the governor was authorized to raise 200 men, to be employed in constructing the fort. (See Acts of the Maryland Assembly, May, 1756, and McMahon's History of Maryland, vol. 1, p. 305.) The fort was called Fort Frederick. It was a work of considerable magnitude, of a quadrangular form, and constructed of durable materials, situated on an eminence about 500 yards from the Potomac River. Parts of it still remain.]
Fort Cumberland, July 6, 1756.
Parole Xantippe.
The General Court Martial, whereof Lieutenant Colonel Stephen was President, is dissolved. Colonel Washington has approved of the Sentence of the said Court which was, that Lieutenant King had been guilty of Disobedience of Orders; and consequently of a Breach of the fifth article of the second section of war: But, in consideration of his inexperience, and this being the first Detachment he had the sole command of. They think his being reprimanded by Colonel Washington, at the head of the Battalion, will be a sufficient punishment for this first (though unhappy) fault.
The Regiment is to be under arms this Evening at four o'clock. No Officer nor Soldier off Duty, to be absent. The Articles of War are then to be read.***78
[Note 78: The Articles of War are printed in the Dinwiddie Papers, vol. 1, p. 107--109.]
Colonel Washington expressly orders, that no Officer do provide himself with any other kind of Clothes than those ordered the 17th. of September last: as they will not be allowed to appear in them. Every Officer who has not complied with that order, to do it immediately; and they are all to procure Sashes, if to be had. They may be supplied with Hats, and waistcoat lace, at Mr. Peters's, Rock Creek and sword knots. The Quarter Master is to take a man per company, and see the Streets, between the Barracks, well cleaned; the Bog-houses cleaned, and all the filth and garbage near the Fort carried off. All non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers are expressly ordered to wear their hair; which it is expected the Officers will observe; and see that they dress their hair, and appear as soldier-like as possible.
As the Uniform ordered in September last at this Garrison, is now fixed upon for the Virginia Regiment; and clothes and all other necessaries for the Soldiers are shortly expected in from Great Britain. It is again requested, that no, Officer will fail to embrace the first opportunity of providing himself with such an uniform.
Fort Cumberland, July 7, 1756.
Parole Yorkshire.
A Detachment of sixty men and ten of the best water-men, to parade immediately and go down the Potomack, to bring back the Flatt carried off by the Fresh. All the men of the Regiment, except the Draughts, to be under arms this Evening at five o'clock, to go through their Exercise, and afterwards to practise Bush-fighting.
Colonel Washington has observed, that the men of his Regiment are very profane and reprobate. He takes this opportunity of informing them of his great displeasure at such practises; and assures them if they do not leave them off, they shall be severely punished. The Officers are desired, if they hear any many wear, or make use of an oath or execration; to order the Offender twenty-five lashes immediately, without a Court Martial. For the second offence, they will be more severely punished.
The Sergeants are ordered to take notice of the mens Behaviour in their Barracks and endeavour to break them of that ill habit. As the Soldiers have made some complaints of their provision being very bad. The Commissary is ordered to inspect all that he can have the least doubt of and if there is any that can be saved, to put it into fresh pickle; what can not, must immediately be thrown away.
A Return from the several Officers of all the men here, who were in the Engagement with General Braddock at Monongehela, and have not received the five pounds allowed by the Country; is to be given in to Colonel Washington this evening at four of the clock: At which time the men are to wait upon him to receive their allowance.79
[Note 79: A record of receipts of members of Capt. Thomas Waggener's company, for this premium money, dated July 7, 1756, is in the Washington Papers. It seems to be the only one that has survived.]
Fort Cumberland, July 13, 1756.
You are to proceed with your Company to the Fort, now commanded by Captain William Cox; and take the command of it until the Militia at Pearsalls, &c. are discharged which will be as soon as Harvest is over.
You must then remove to Pearsalls Forts, and take the command there: During your stay at Cox's, you must escort all Waggons, Expresses, &c. going up as far as Ashbys', and coming down, to Pearsalls. As your own Company and Captain Cox's will furnish a strong party, I would have you send out frequently, and scour the woods well. So soon as you arrive at your first post, you are to inform Lieutenant Neugent of the King George Militia; that he with his command, must immediately proceed to John Parkers on the South Branch, who, with the inhabitants about there, is to use his utmost endeavours to protect and assist them, while they are gathering in their Harvest. You may acquaint Captain Cox, that he has my leave to go to Winchester, and he may take the apportunity of the Escort which will be sent down with the Waggons. You are to use your utmost care and endeavours to enlist what men of the company of Rangers you can; but are to give them no more enlisting money than twenty-five shillings. When you remove over to Pearsalls you must send a Subaltern and fifteen men over to Kirkendalls Fort, to keep the inhabitants on that Quarter quiet. By every opportunity you are to transmit me Accounts of your proceedings and of all occurrencies. I would have you keep up a constant correspondance with those of the other Forts; and transmit what intelligence you receive from each other immediately.
Fort Cumberland, July 13, 1756.
Sir: The companies of the Virginia Regiment are completed to an equal number, except yours, which, through mistake of the returns, is not. But as I expect more men every minute, you shall be immediately completed.
As you have on command with you several men of other companies, the officers have received orders to apply to you for them, and you must deliver them up. I desire you will send James Campbell, the Drummer, by the first escort that comes to Winchester.
From the great confidence I respose in your diligence, I have appointed you to a command, on which much depends; and I doubt not you will see the work carried on with expedition. And I must particularly recommend it to you to keep up a strict command, both over officers and men, as you will be answerable for any delays or neglect which may happen for want of due discipline; and I would not wish your good nature should occasion you to overlook a fault in an officer, who may be your best friend.
As I am informed by the people who met me at Pearsalls, that there is a fort now kept by the country people, about twenty miles from your upper one, in a proper place; if, upon arriving there you find it will do with a little alteration or amendment, I would have you take it in behalf of the country, leave men to garrison it, and so proceed on to the next place. When you arrive there, you may get all the timbers ready, and by that time I shall send you a plan of the kind of forts I would have you build.
The people whom I have conversed with on the subject, seem to think there will be no difficulty in providing provisions for the men. I would have you provide for these in the same manner you have hitherto done for your own company; and whatever orders you give on that account shall be duly honored. I would have you from time to time transmit me an account of all occurrences.
The governor has ordered the militia to be discharged as soon as harvest is over, since they are so unwilling to continue until December; and should you march on with all the men to building these forts, it might give the inhabitants uneasiness, and raise complaints to be left unguarded. I would, therefore, desire you to leave small parties at proper places to keep them quiet and easy, in case you see occasion for it.
If you have occasion for more ammunition, you must send to Fort Cumberland for what you want.
Winchester, July 21, 1756.
Sir: I received your several letters of the 14th. 25th. and 26th. ultimo, and that of the 3d. of February, enclosing the pay-rolls. Major Lewis, as I before wrote you, received money to pay off the arrears of his company, and you must settle with him. Those of your former company have been paid off here, long since per the paymaster, who will, if you draw upon him for your own (and make it appear they are due) pay you.
I was very much surprized to find Corporal Smith here upon such an Errand. Your suffering such clamours among the men, argues very great remissness in you: I imagined your being put there over them was partly with an intent to keep them quite and passive; but this Express sent purely to humour them, seems as if you were afraid to do your duty among them: and by the subject of your letter it appears to me you were much of the same way of thinking with them, and seem equally dissatisfied.
Let me tell you in your own words that "I was very much surprized" at the contents of your letter, wrote in such a commanding style; and your demands so express and peremptory, that the direction was the only thing which gave me the least room even to suspect it could be wrote to any but John Roe, or some other of your menial Servants! I shall always act for the good of the Service, and inform you (when I find it necessary) of my proceedings. Your men have, or ought to have, as good Clothes as those here: they received them at the same time, and the same quantity; though you say, they never got but one Shirt, a pair of Stockings, and a pair of Shoes. The rest of the Companies have received none since they did, so they have been misinformed; which I imagine you could have satisfied them of, and of their great mistake in saying the Carolina Companies have been completed with their Clothes. In short after they were dismissed from the parade if their discontents were so high, those who made use of any such speeches as you seem to hint, you ought to know what course to have taken with them, and even the Sergeants, who complained of being worse used than the other Companies and it surprizes me you should overlook it. Clothes, and extremely good ones, are sent for, and may be expected before the cold weather; and they shall immediately receive them: But at this time there is not, nor has been, for these six months past, one suit in the Store.
I have sent you sixty Blankets, sixty Shirts, and sixty pairs of Shoes and Stockings which is all the clothing we have for the men here; as you may be further informed by your Express; and on whom, I suppose, you will more rely. There is a Commissary appointed for the whole; but the great distance you are from us, prevents his being of any Service to you. So if you think there is any danger of the Beef being all bought up, you may engage immediately for a sufficiency for your Company, to be delivered at the proper time for Slaughtering. Beef is cheaper now than it has been for years past. As to McCulley's charge, it must be stopped from the mens pay: I am surprized they had not considered the consequence before they went off: It is too late now to complain. There is part of your recruiting accompt. which much astonishes me; and I thought you nor no Officer, who valued his character, would have presumed to have done such a thing; as he must be certain it would appear as a palpable fraud in him. Three men were enlisted here by Sergeant Wilper; he received both money and provision from me for carrying them up to you; and as that afterwards appeared insufficient, had a further allowance made; and will you after that presume to charge eight-pence per diem, for their subsistance 'till they were delivered to you? Did you pay a farthing on that account? And do you not know the eight pennies were allowed the Officers for the expence of maintaining and marching their Recruits to the Rendezvous? You have been paid these ten months for a full company, and by your returns, have never been complete; I have instructions to allow for no men but those present: Therefore I hope you will account for all the non-effective money you have received, by the next opportunity agreeable to your returns. You may deduct your recruiting accompt. out of the money, after striking off the subsistance for three men enlisted by Sergeant Wilper; and recruit your Company with the Balance: if not sufficient, advance your own money, and you shall be repaid.
Lieutenant Bullet is sent to relieve Captain McNeill; who is to proceed to this place with the utmost expedition.
I am sorry to find your conduct so disagreeable to all the Officers, as to occasion two who were appointed to your Company, to resign; and I belive it would have gone thro' the Regiment had I only used persuasive arguments to them; or have suffered a third to follow the example. I must therefore desire you will act circumspectly; as I assure you, if I have any just complaints made of you, you may expect to answer them. If these three Sailors can produce three as good, able-bodied men as themselves, and fit for Service, you may discharge them when the others are entertained, but not until then. Enclosed you will receive a list of the Tools ordered you from Fredericksburg, and those sent from this place by Lieutenant Bullet's waggon; which are to be employed in the public Service, when wanted, perferable to any others: he conforming to the same Rules and Regulations as others do. The Tools marked wanting, are those sent for to Fredericksburg, which I have directed to be sent to the care of Mr. Wright, at Augusta Court-House. Those marked sent, are what you will now receive. If all these are insufficient to carry on your Works you must provide others in the best manner you can; and the Commissary will pay for them, when drawn upon.
Take care when you engage Beef for your Company. to allow for Pork, if it is to be had. As the Governor sent me yours open, I took out a letter enclosed for the commanding Officer of the Militia in Augusta, that he might receive it the sooner. I am Yours &c.
Wrote to Captains Hamilton, Minor, Baylis, Fields; and to Lieutenant Neugent; that the Governour has ordered them and their men to be discharged as soon as the harvest is cut and secured. And ordered them to march through Winchester, to leave the Arms, &c. belonging to the Country.
Winchester, July 21, 1756.
Parole Kendall.
As several complaints have been made to Colonel Washington, that the Soldiers do often, at the deserted Plantations and in the woods, take up Horses to ride and carry their Baggage.
He hereby declares, that if any Soldier, upon any pretence whatever, upon any party or post, do presume to take Horses for their own use, they shall be severely punished: And the commanding Officers of parties are ordered to have particular regard to this; and not allow their men to do so for the future.
The Troops are not to march until to-morrow morning.
Winchester, July 21, 1756.
Sir: I have yours of the 27th. ultimo: and in answer, you will observe, that the few men enlisted by the Captains, and the small number now in the Regiment, has much displeased the Governour: So that he has lessened the number of Captains and ordered that the Field Officers should have each a Company: which retards your promotion something longer, until the Majors be established by him. However, you may be assured of my Services for you, and may depend upon your rank being preserved, whenever a vacancy shall fall out for your advancement; however disagreeable it may be to the other Officers.
You are appointed Captain-Lieutenant in my Company. And I desire you may immediately repair to this place to join us. Should be glad you would endeavour to enlist all the ablebodied likely men you can as we want a great many of our Complement. I imagine you are not to be informed, that your present Office entitles you to the rank of Captain; and exempts you from the Duty of a Subaltern? You may tell Captain Hogg, that another equally good as the mulatto, will be as agreeable. I am &c.
Winchester, July 21, 1756.
Sir: You are to use your utmost endeavours with the men under your command to gather in all the Harvest on the Plantations abandoned by the Inhabitants, and secure it in the best manner you can. You are also to assist the inhabitants about you all you can in collecting their harvest; and guard them while they are about it. Let Captain Hamilton, and the rest of the Officers of the Militia, know the contents of this letter. And they are also ordered to observe the same Directions about where they are posted. Advise the people to tread out the grain with all possible expedition, and bring it within their Forts, to prevent its being burned by the Enemy.
So soon as this service is over, you may acquaint them, that they will all be discharged. As there have been many complaints made to me of the Militia Officers impressing Horses to come down here, and ride about upon their own Business. Let them know it is my orders, that they do not presume to do so for the future; as it is expressly against the Act of Assembly. I am yours, &c.
Winchester, July 21, 1756.
Sir: I now enclose you the plans promised in my last; which if you observe, you can not possibly err. The one shews the Ground-work or foundation of the Fort. The other, the Houses and conveniences therein: with such plain and easy directions for constructing these Buildings, that you can not mistake the design. You will also receive by Ensign Smith men, to make your Company equal to the rest. I most earnestly recommend diligence to you. You must see an indispensable necessity for it.
John Cole, who was appointed to your Company, a Sergeant, has since been broke for neglect of Duty. You will receive him as private and in his room as Sergeant, Mark Hollies.
Fail not to send down per the first opportunity Campbell the Drummer: nor omit by any conveyance, to transmit me an account of your proceedings. Above all things, guard against Surprizes, by keeping out evening parties to secure your workmen. Your worst men are to be draughted for that duty; reserving the best, to work on the Forts: and they will be allowed double pay for every day they work, of which you and your Officers are to keep accounts. I am &c.
Winchester, July 22, 1756.
Sir: Herewith I enclose you two plans of the kind of Forts that are intended to be built. One of the ground-work, the other of the houses and all conveniences, with such directions that I think it impossible for you to err if you will attend thereto. Enclosed you will also receive a list of such tools as I have been able to procure, with which and such as you may get of the inhabitants by borrowing, hiring and buying, you must be content. These must be put in the hands of the best tradesmen, and most laborious workmen; who will receive six. pence extra ordinary pay for every day they work, an account whereof must be kept (exactly) by yourself and officers. The men that remain after the workers are draughted, must act as covering parties, to prevent surprizes, against which you must carefully guard. It is impossible for me to fix upon the identical piece of ground to erect this fort on. Therefore, I shall confine you to the most convenient spot, between the mouth of Sleepy Creek and Barracks, which you will make choice of, with the approbation of your officers. There is a hill which overlooks Boyle's field and extensive country round that may be made infinitely strong, and will answer the purpose well, if it is not too high and inaccessible. This you must examine into.
I have too great an opinion of your good sense and discretion to think you need any admonition to induce you to a diligent discharge of your duty. You see our situation, know our danger, and bear witness of the people's sufferings, which are sufficient excitements to a generous mind.
As many things will occur that I cannot possibly direct in, let the interest of the service and your own prudence, assisted by the advice of the officers under your command, be your direction. This instant I received yours of yesterday's date, and am extremely sorry that the Indians have visited us at this critical juncture of harvesting, especially as it will prevent your proceedings in the operations ordered. As your conduct must be guided by the movements and numbers of the enemy, I will not take upon me to order positively at this distance, but recommend it to you to consult your officers on all occasions, and act by their advice. If you can learn from good intelligence, that their numbers are great and motions designed for Virginia, endeavor to give the inhabitants notice that they may lodge their women and children, and assist against the enemy.
If you find they are only flying parties of the Indians, I would advise the settlers by no means to neglect their harvest, as their whole support depends upon it, and your assistance to get it in.
I must order above all things that you will send out small parties, or rather single persons, as spies every day, up and down the river for a number of miles, to see if they can make any discovery of the enemy's crossing. I have sent you two barrels of powder, and four boxes of ball. As to cartridge paper, I neither have nor can get any upon no terms. You must get horns and pouches, if you send over the neighborhood for them. Transmit me constant accounts of the enemy, if they continue in your neighborhood.
Winchester, July 27, 1756.
Sir: I received yours and immediately set the Smith to work about the Tools; which you will receive very soon: but as they are not necessary for beginning the work, need not delay you.
I can not pretend at this time to fix on a day for your march, as the Enemy are about us. It must be left to yourself to determine: If it can be done without leaving the Inhabitants in danger, the sooner you march the better. But if you judge, from the accounts you receive, that they will be exposed by your quitting the place; I would have you remain there sometime longer. I designed to have made the Gate wider, but thought it would cramp the guard-rooms too much: if you think they will be large enough, you may widen the gate. I desire you will send me an exact Return of your Company, agreeable to the enclosed; and I must have weekly returns made me in the usual manner, of your own Company; and direct Captain Gist to the same.
As to providing a Surgeon for your Detachment, it is impossible it can be done. The Committee have only allowed two; who must be kept at this and Fort Cumberland, as there is the greatest number at those two places. I can not pretend to allow the Doctor now with you any thing, unless upon extraordinary occasions. As to the Officers and men doing it, I have no objection. The Surgeon is obliged to furnish medicines for the men. The Commissary will be down with you to consult on the ways and means of supplying you with provision. As I have no concern with the Provisions nor medicines; you must for the future write to the Commissary and Surgeon upon those heads. I am, &c.
Winchester, July 29, 1756.
Sir: I received yours and much approve of your Halt, as the times are so perilous. The great distance I am from you, and the uncertain motions of the enemy, render it impossible for me to give you peremptory Orders. I would have you, however, not proceed to building the Forts until the Harvest is well secured; in doing which you must give the inhabitants all the assistance in your power. I would then have you move on to the place mentioned in your instructions, about twenty miles above your upper fort, and finish one with all despatch; and then proceed on to the next body of Inhabitants, which I am told is about twenty miles above that, and erect a second. In the meantime I would have you procure the best intelligence you can, of the country between your fort and Dinwiddie; and if you find it then as you represent it to me, halt, after building your second fort, until you receive further Orders from me.
I shall approve of the determination of your Officers in Council, so would have you consult them on all occasions (as I trust you will do the best for the Honor of the Service you are employed in) so must leave you to act as shall be judged most expedient by your Officers, in whom I put great confidence. As you have a pretty considerable force with you, I would have you disperse them in the best manner thro' the Inhabitants; to protect them while they are getting in their Harvest; which I would have secured before you proceed to fort building.
I would have you agree with Colonel Vanmeter, some other person, whom your judge most proper to do the duty of Commissary; who can give good Security for the well discharging his trust; and I will see that he has a reasonable allowance made. I received a petition from some of the inhabitants of the Branch, desiring that some of the Soldiers might be left there to protect them. I wrote you in my last, that Company must remain at their present post; and you may let them know I will leave all the assistance that it is possible, with them, which you must observe, is done.
The great distance and division of our Troops make it impossible to furnish, or even have a Surgeon convenient to every party.
I would advise you to employ some old woman from whom they have often relief; and what you allow her, shall be repaid you. I am, Sir, Yours &c.
Winchester, July 30, 1756.
Parole Tunbridge.
Colonel Washington takes this method to inform the inhabitants of this town, that the Militia will be discharged in a short, time, and consequently the completing of the Fort be much retarded: He therefore hopes, and desires every family in town, will send a man to work upon it; and that every young Fellow, without the charge of a family, will readily give his assistance towards it.
As this public work is intended for the general good of the Country, it is hoped no other arguments need to be used to induce the towns people to contribute their assistance, than the singular advantages which must inevitably arise to this place in particular, both now and hereafter.
The Adjutant must acquaint the Inhabitants of the above Orders, and use his endeavours to enforce them.
Winchester, August 4, 1756.
Honble. Sir: Giving the necessary orders and directions, about the chain of forts to be built on the frontiers, has kept me so closely employed, that I could not write fully to your Honor until this. But I have got that trouble now pretty well off my hands, as I have despatched orders, plans, and tools to all the officers appointed to that duty.
By the enclosed council held at Fort Cumberland, you will see our determination, there and where it is necessary to erect the forts. Although we have not kept strictly to the act of Assembly, I hope it will be overlooked, as I am sensible that this will be the best chain that can possibly be erected for the defence of the people, and that the Assembly aimed at that, but, being unacquainted with the situation of the country, had fallen into an error. Agreeable to this council the chain is ordered to be built.
Your Honor, by the enclosed rolls of the companies, may see their present establishment; and I send you a copy of their former one, agreeable to your orders, together with the number of drafts from each county delivered at Fredericksburg. But many of them deserted on their march to this place, and after their arrival here; so we are short of that number now. What remain, are divided among the companies, to make them equal.
Captains Hogg and Waggener's rolls I cannot yet send, as they are not come to hand.
The two vacant companies, Captain Savage's and the late John Mercer's, as I had your Honor's approbation for the field officers having companies, are disposed of to Colonel Stephen and myself. The next vacancy the Major must fill.
I am very glad your Honor intends to order the drafts now to be made to be sent here. Prince William, Fairfax and Culpeper, are more convenient to this place than Fredericksburg. Then their being ordered here saves a ninety miles march.
I make no doubt, that your Honor has ere this heard of the defeat of Lieutenant Rutherford83 of the Rangers, escorting an express to me at Fort Cumberland, and of the dastardly behaviour of the militia, who ran off without one half of them
[Note 83: John Rutherford, of prominence in New York, where he had been a member of the council, had come to Virginia with the independent company in 1754. He was afterwards a major in the Royal American Regiment and was killed before Ticonderoga in 1758.-- Ford.] having discharged their pieces, altho they were apprised of the ambuscade by one of the flanking partys, before the Indians fired upon them; and ran back to Ashby's Fort, contrary to orders, persuasions, threats, &c. They are all ordered in, as soon as the people have secured their harvest. Those of King George and Caroline are already here. The rest I expect shortly. Through the passive behaviour of their officers they have been very refractory.
Captain Stewart's troop has for these twelve months past, and must still continue to do duty on foot. Their pay is very great. I should be glad of your Honor's orders in regard to them, whether they are to be continued. I think with the number of men we have, there is but a poor prospect of finishing our forts in time, and a much worse of defending our frontiers properly, and I would be glad some expedient could be fallen upon to augment it.
There is an act of Parliament to allow all servants to enlist, and the owners to be paid a reasonable allowance for them. If we had this privilege, we could soon complete the regiment; and I doubt not but his Majesty would order them to be paid for, if we enlisted, as soon as for the regulars; nay, should he not, the ten pounds' fine through the country would go a considerable way towards it.84 And this we may depend upon, if we have not this liberty granted us, the servants will all run off to the regular officers, who are recruiting about us; and that would be to weaken our colony much, when it could receive no immediate benefit from it, but only be benefited in a general way. For my part, I see no other expedient.85
[Note 84: The act of assembly allowed a person drafted to pay £10 and escape service. The result was that most of the drafts paid the fine and the companies remained unfilled.]
[Note 85: The question of enlisting indented servants--that is, immigrants who had hired themselves for a term of years to repay the money that had been advanced for their passage--proved a knotty problem to the Colonies. When completing the regiments after Braddock's defeat, the recruiting officers did not hesitate to take such servants, often secretly and generally without making recompense to the masters. In Maryland the planters of the eastern shore were so incensed by such acts that they attacked the recruiting officers and "some blood was spilt." Gen. and Gov. William Shirley, though he could cite the example of Massachusetts, where indented servants had been impressed and used for garrisoning the frontier forts, was convinced of its impolicy when applied to the middle colonies. The Assembly of Pennsylvania earnestly protested against the practice. (See Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vol. 7, p. 37.) And Franklin, in his draft of instructions for the agents of the Colonies ( Works, vol. 2, pp. 491, 492, 513) instanced it as one of the grievances of which the province had cause to complain. "You must know that most of the servants in this country are more particularly their masters' property, than they are in any other parts of his Majesty's dominions, and that masters of such servants will easily resign their interest in them cannot, I think, be expected."--J. Ridout in Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 2, p. 734. In Virginia such servants were expressly exempted from military duty, but slaves appear to have been taken.-- Ford.
When Lord Loudoun succeeded Governor Shirley as commander of the forces in America, he was empowered to raise a regiment in the Colonies, consisting of four battalions, to be commanded by officers bearing the King's commission, and called the Royal American Regiment. He was authorized, also, to enlist servants of the above description, paying to their masters a proper compensation for the time they had yet to serve. Recruiting officers were now employed in Virginia, enlisting men for the Royal Regiment, and interfered essentially with the enlistments for the service of the colony. The governor endeavored to prevail on the assembly to draft militia for this regiment, but without success. They voted £8,000 to be paid for enlisting men and transporting them to New York.
The Maryland Assembly appropriated £5,000 to aid enlistments in that colony for the Royal Regiment and resolved to raise 300 men. A bounty was given not exceeding £5 for each man enlisted. A letter was received by the governor from Henry Fox, one of his Majesty's principal secretaries of state, directing that the compensation to masters for enlisted servants should be paid by the colony; but the assembly refused to comply with this order by a majority of more than 2 to 1. (See Votes and Proceedings, Aug. 19, 1756.) Governor Dinwiddie said in reply: "If you can enlist servants agreeable to the act of Parliament, the master of such servant shall be paid for the time they have to serve in proportion to the first purchase, but I think you should be careful not to enlist convicts, who may be fractious and bad examples to the others."-- Sparks.]
Now your Honor sees plainly the effect the act of Assembly, in regard to the draughts has had; and how little our strength has been augmented by that scheme, and in three or four months we shall not be the better for them. Then they are to be discharged.
I am confident, if we had authority to enlist servants, the regiment would have been complete ere this, and with little trouble, for many have offered, and many have been discharged after enlisting. Mr. Kirkpatrick will deliver your Honor a list of the preferments in my Regiment, with the dates of the officers commissions. There are five or six more still waiting. Lieutenant Stark has followed Frazier's example, upon the like occasion, being appointed to Captain Hogg's company.
I have sent Lieutenant Bullet to relieve Lieutenant McNeill, whose seniority entitles him to Captain-Lieutenancy, and he has my promise when a vacancy happens to have his commission antedated, and to take his proper rank in the regiment, as I take him to be a very diligent good officer, and as he was overlooked in the promotions, this indulgence has been promised him.
I could wish we were clear of Fort Cumberland. It takes a great part of our small force to garrison it, and I see no service it is to our colony; for since the Indians have drove the inhabitants so low down, they do not hesitate to follow them as far as Conogochiege and this place. There have been several families murdered within two miles of the mouth of Conogochiege, on the Maryland side, this week; and Fort Cumberland is now so much out of the way, that they seldom hear of those things within a month after they are done. Our men want many necessaries, until the arrival of their regimentals, which cannot be had without sending to Philadelphia; and the great loss, we shall suffer by sending them our paper money, has prevented my purchasing these things, until the men are almost naked.
I should be glad your Honor would send me a letter of credit to Mr. Allen, or some person there; or gold or bills, for we cannot afford to put up with the loss of sending paper money, which I am credibly informed, may be bought up in Philadelphia for fifteen per cent their currency; so that the least we would lose by that traffic would be ten per cent.
We are in great want of drums here, and none can be bought. We now have many young drummers learning here, so I must beg you will please to order some immediately from Williamsburg to us, for we cannot do without them.
The rangers are still paid out of the money in my hands. I never received but one hundred pounds from Lord Fairfax, or Colonel George.
Captain Gist has some accompts. against the Country for necessary services. I doubt not your Honor will consider the justice of them, and assist the poor man in the affair, as he is put to great inconveniences for want of the money, has been obliged to advance his own, as far as it would go, and people to whom he owes balances upon that account are daily threatening him with suits.
Captain McNeill writes me that out of the three companies of rangers on the frontiers of Augusta, which ought to be one hundred and twenty men, there are not thirty. I hope your Honor will have that affair inquired into.
I am to be summoned against one Napp for making counterfeit paper money here. I desire your directions, whether I must appear or not. It may, perhaps, be at a time when I am much wanted here.
I could by no means bring the Quakers to any terms. They chose rather to be whipped to death than bear arms, or lend us any assistance whatever upon the fort, or any thing of self-defence. Some of their friends have been security for their appearance, when they are called for; and I have released them from the guard-house until I receive further orders from your Honour, which they have agreed to apply for.86
[Note 86: "I believe you will not be summoned on Napp's Affair, ... as I shall be glad you were here about the 20th of Nov. ... A great body of Quakers waited on me, in regard to their friends with you, praying they may not be whipped. Use them with lenity, but as they are at their own expense I would have them remain as long as the other Draughts."-- Dinwiddie to Washington, Aug. 19, 1756. This letter is printed in full in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 342.]
I am informed there has been application made to your Honor, for the discharge of some of the militia who enlisted here. As the case may have been represented to your Honor in a wrong light by prejudiced persons, I shall give you a true state of it, from my own knowledge.
After the militia were fixed on to march to their different posts, it was common for twenty or more to desert of a night. In consequence of which I despatched the militia officers with what remained, and some of my own officers in pursuit of these deserters, who apprehended seventeen or eighteen of them and brought them to town. The militia had then marched. To send these men after them I was certain would not answer; to avoid that, was the cause of their desertion. And I could not spare men to send an escort with them to their different parties; and if I had let them pass unpunished, it would have occasioned all the militia at work on the fort to desert. So I thought it most advisable to punish them, to deter the rest, and prevent a second fault in them, and accordingly ordered them twenty lashes each, and then intended to have set them to work on the fort.
When they had marched from the guard-house (where several had enlisted before any punishment was ordered them) some of the officers applied for money, and said all the militia would enlist; which I gave them, and at the same time a charge, to use no unfair means or threats, which they engaged.
In order to prevent any, I sent out Captain Mercer to acquaint them with my charge to the officers, and to tell them, that if any unfair means had been made use of to engage them to take the money, to declare it, and they should be allowed to return it, and further be acquainted with the indulgence allowed them by Act of Parliament; and that they had a right to return the money within twenty four hours, if they should repent of what they had done in that time. They all declared their willingness to enlist, said no unfair means had been made use of, and that it was better to enlist at once than to be subject to be draughted every week. When they were soldiers they knew what to depend upon, which they could not before, as their being draughted at an unseasonable time might ruin them. They used the same arguments again to Captain Mercer, when he read the Articles of War to them; and he again repeated what he had told them before in the morning, as I have been assured by several of the officers then present.
The men have always appeared well satisfied, and never have made the least complaint; nor will not, I am sensible, if they are not persuaded to it by the people below. They have now been enlisted upwards of ten weeks, and are very good men, upon the whole.
I dare say your Honor will judge the men to be fairly enlisted, and that they are no ways entitled to a discharge, which will be applied for by some gentlemen below. But I shall take your Honor's directions on that point.
In obedience to your Honor's commands to incorporate the rangers into the regiment, I gave furloughs to the Captains (who both desired it) knowing they would oppose any measures to enlist the men; and then sent some of my officers to use their influence to engage the men. Their success I have not yet heard of, but should be glad to know if you approve of this method, or will direct any other. As rangers under the present establishment, they are of no use or benefit to the country. This, I believe, your Honor, as well as the country, have long since been convinced of.
I have supplied the Nottoway Indians with some necessaries, and have allowed them to take their arms with them; but they have received no pay, and say they were promised a Bitt87 per day. Captain Torn has promised to go to the Tusks with a speech and wampum, which I have given them. He says they
[Note 87: A small piece of silver, probably the Spanish eighth of a dollar, or twelve and a half cents.-- Sparks.] have an hundred fighting-men to spare. They would be a great assistance to us, if they could be engaged to come.
Besides the men on the rolls sent your Honor, there are about one hundred draught, not disposed of in the different companies which are at work on the fort, and garrisoning some of the country forts.
I have just received your Honor's letter of the 12th ultimo. If Mr. Timberlake will enter as a volunteer in the regiment, and wait, as others have done, his turn, I shall be glad to serve him. But I cannot pretend to put him over young gentlemen who have served some months at their own expence, waiting preferment, without orders from your Honor; as such things have caused the greatest discontent and confusion in the regiment already.
I observe your Honor's proposal to Lord Loudoun88 of carrying on an expedition against the Ohio. I have always thought it the best and only method to put a stop to the incursions of the enemy, as they would then be obliged to stay at home to defend their own possessions. But we are quite unprepared for such an undertaking. If it is fixed upon, now is the time for buying up provisions, and laying them in at the most convenient place. The Pennsylvania butchers are buying quantities of beef here, which should be put a stop to, if we are to march towards the Ohio. If we are still to remain on the defensive, and garrison the chain of forts, provisions must be laid in at each of them; and I much fear, if we march from the frontiers, all the inhabitants will quit their plantations. Your Honor's sentiments and orders on this head will be very agreeable to me, and shall be punctually complied with. By the latest advices from Augusta, it is thought that these outrages were committed by the Cherokees. There have been no accounts of any thing since the first
[Note 88: The Earl of Loudoun had been appointed by the King to command in America.] attempt; but still, I think it would not be improper to keep the militia on the frontiers to oppose a second; and if your Honor should think it proper to order them to assist on the forts to be built in Augusta, I think they could not better employ their time.
Winchester, August 5, 1756.
Dear Sir: I hope you will not be surprized at my sudden demands for money, nor at the uncommon length of this epistle.
The five thousand pounds last received went chiefly in paying arrears which were due the soldiers for two months before; discharging sundry accompts. for necessaries for the regiment with many other things, as will appear per accompts. And the disappointments I have so often met with in settling my accompts. with the gentlemen of the Committee, and laying sundry matters before them for their approbation, oblige me to be more particular and prolix in this letter.
I flatter myself that my accompts. will appear in so clear a light that there can arise no scruple in the settlement, and that they may be adjusted in as full and distinct a manner by Mr. Kirkpatrick, as if I were present myself. There were some objections made to a few trifling articles before (none of which I believe exceeded twenty shillings) for want of receipts. In this I own I was a little remiss, sometimes paying horse hire for a day or two, and such like incidental charges for the use of the public, without thinking it very material to draw receipts. Indeed, I have often made those payments at times when I had no opportunity of being thus particular. But I believe the whole amount of these does not exceed five pounds, and since that time I have not parted with a sixpence without. The paymaster I have sent down to evince any doubts that may arise in his accompts. I believe they are strictly just, tho' a little broken and irregular, representing our disjointed service in a true state. This was impossible to be avoided; tho' if you will consider, Sir, the disagreeable services we have been engaged in, the extent of ground and people to be defended, and the division of our force in recruiting, marching, counter-marching, and garrisoning of forts, guarding stores, &c, which rendered them so extremely difficult to pay, as well as to supply with such necessaries and conveniences, as to render the service tolerably supportable. Mr. Boyd was obliged to pay the men when and where he could meet with them, without adhering to that regular form which ought to be observed. The Commissary stands charged with £--, which I have not had an opportunity to settle. Upon my return from Fort Cumberland a few days ago, I found him retired at his own house, indisposed; but received a letter informing that the money was just expended. This I have no doubt of, knowing the demands he has had on account of provisions for the draughts and militia (occasioned by our whole stock being laid in at Fort Cumberland by the Governor's orders; which renders it useless to all the forces on this side); wagonage of all the flour and stores from Conogochieg, to secure them here; purchasing of tools, &c; for erecting the public works, ordered by Act of Assembly, &c.
All accompts. that appeared extravagant or not clear in other respects, or that I conceived I had no power to settle, I have referred them to the gentlemen of the Committee. Among these is Finnie's, for money advanced the soldiers while he was recruiting. This accompt may be, and doubtless is just; yet as it happened at a time when I had no concern with the forces, it is not to be expected I can have any knowledge of the matter. Therefore, unless it was to meet with your, or the concurrence of the Committee, I should not care to pay it. Moses Quales, who gives Mr. Finnie an order upon you for five pounds eighteen shillings, was among those who escaped from the overthrow of General Braddock, but was slain in Captain Mercer's defeat.
Captain McKenzie's accompt. for the hire of a vessel to transport his recruits to Alexandria, I did not care to allow without directions; tho' several officers have petitioned in the same manner, because they were to receive two pistoles a man, and eight pence per day subsistence, as a full allowance (tho' quite too small) until they came to the rendezvous.
The article of rugs, he should be allowed. Doctor Shepherd also prefers an account for attending and administering to sundry recruits while they lay at Alexandria: as also Dr. Halkerson for those at Fredericksburg. These accompts you will please to have examined, and deliver your sentiments thereon.
Ensign Fleming has, at my request, acted as surgeon to Captain Hogg's company. He encloses an accompt. Pray order what you think sufficient for his trouble. Lieutenant Baker's accompt is also among these for twenty-three pounds, nine shillings and eleven pence; expences in going for and bringing the Nottaway Indians. In this I must crave directions. I could not get a more particular accompt than the one now sent, he being on command. Captain Gist also has at divers times entreated me, in the most interesting manner, to intercede in his behalf, that he may get the balance of his accompt, his distresses calling aloud for all the assistance that all these sums can contribute. I do not know really, who to apply to for this purpose, or whose right it is to pay the accompt, but it is certainly wrong not to pay him at all. If a hearty zeal for the interest of this colony, many losses in serving it and true distress, can recommend him to any favor, he certainly merits indulgence. When he offers his accompts. to the Governor, his Honor bids him go to the committee; and the gentlemen of the committee think the Governor should pay it. So that the poor man suffers greatly and would be glad to know his doom at once, as it has been so long depending. Many applications have been made to me for the ferriages of the forces in passing Shenandoah, Capecapon, the South Branch &c. I should be glad to know whether they are to be paid, and at what rates. I could heartily wish the governor and Committee would resolve me, whether Fort Cumberland is to be garrisoned with any of the Virginia forces or not. It lies in a most defenceless posture, and I do not care to be at expence in erecting new, or repairing the old works, until I am satisfied in this point.
This place at present contains all our provisions and valuable stores, and is not capable of an hour's defence, if the enemy were to bring only one single half-pounder against it; which they might do with great ease on horseback. Besides, it lies so remote now from this, as well as the neighbouring inhabitants, and at the same time is not a whir more convenient than Cocke's Fort, on Patterson's Creek, to the enemy, which is twenty five miles nigher this way, that it requires as much force to keep the communication open to it, as a fort at the Meadows would do, and employs 150 men, who are a dead charge to the country, as they can be of no other use than just to protect and guard the stores, which might as well be lodged at Cox's;89 indeed better, for these reasons it would then be more contiguous to this, to the inhabitants, and to the enemy, if we should ever carry an expedition over the mountains, by opening a road the way the Indians have blazed.90 A strong garrison there would not only protect the stores, but also the few remaining inhabitants on the Branch,91 and at the same
[Note 89: This fort was on Pattersons Creek, 25 miles from Fort Cumberland.]
[Note 90: Blazing consists in stripping a vertical piece of bark from the tree trunk so the white wood shows; each blaze was within sight of the other and an experienced woodsmen could travel by such direction without hesitation.]
[Note 91: The South Branch of the Potomac.] time waylay and annoy the enemy, as they pass and repass the mountains. Whereas, those at Fort Cumberland, lying out in a corner, quite remote from the inhabitants, to where the Indians always repair to do their murders, can have no intelligence of any thing that is doing, but remain in total ignorance of all transactions. When I was down, I applied to the Governor for his particular and positive directions in this affair. The following is an exact copy of his answer. "Fort Cumberland is a King's fort, and built chiefly at the charge of the colony, therefore properly under our direction, until a governor is appointed."92 Now whether I am to understand this ay or no, to the plain, simple question asked, vizt. "Is the fort to be continued or removed?" I know not. But in all important matters I am directed in this ambiguous and uncertain way.93
[Note 92: Both Sparks and Ford put Washington in the wrong. The original letter is in the Washington Papers, and Washington's quotation is exact and correct.]
[Note 93: "The Committee were all of opinion with you, that the keeping Fort Cumberland was an unnecessary expense; but upon my mentioning their opinion to the Governor, he appeared very warm, and said my Lord Loudoun might do what he pleased, but for his part he would not remove the garrison, or order the fort to be demolished for his right hand."-- Robinson to Washington, Aug. 19, 1756. This letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 349.]
Great and inconceivable difficulties arise in the execution of my commands, as well as infinite loss and disrepute to the service, by my not having power to pay for deserters. I would, therefore, humbly recommend it to the consideration of the Committee, whether it would not be more for the interest of the country, (I am sure it would be of the service,) were I allowed to pay these demands, rather than have them levied in the public claims. Many of our deserters are apprehended in Maryland, and some in Pennsylvania, and, for the sake of a reward, are brought hither. But when they are to receive certificates only, that they are entitled to two hundred pounds of tobacco, and those certificates are to be given in to a court of claims, there to lie perhaps till they are quite forgot, gives so much dissatisfaction, that many, I believe, rather than apprehend one, would aid fifty to escape, and this, too, among our own people. By this means the country loses numbers of men: consequently the sums of money which each man costs, besides many incident charges, such as horse hire, expenses in sending after and advertising them.
Another thing, I should be glad to know, and that is, whether the act of Assembly prohibits the whole forces, or only the draughts, from marching out of Virginia, and whether it is contrary to law, even to take the draughts out, provided it is done with their own will. If we cannot take any of the forces out of the colony, the disadvantages, the country may labor under, are not to be described; for the enemy, in that case, may commit the most unheard-of cruelties, and, by stepping across the Potomac, evade the pursuit, and mock our best endeavors to scourge them.
The inconveniences that arise from paying the soldiers in large bills, are not to be conceived. We are obliged afterwards to give the pay of two or three soldiers to one man. He, ten to one else, drinks, games, or pays it away; by which means the parties are all dissatisfied, and perpetually complaining for want of their pay. It also prevents them from laying out their pay for absolute necessaries, and obliges them many times to drink it out; for they put it into the tavern-keeper's hands, who will give no change, unless they consent to take the greatest part in liquor. In short, for five shillings cash you may at any time purchase a month's pay from the soldiers; in such contempt do they hold the currency. Besides small bills, (if the thing is practicable,) I should be extremely glad to receive some part of the money in Spanish and Portugal gold and silver. There are many things wanted for the use of the regiment, which cannot be had here, and may at Philadelphia; but their undervaluing of our money, has prevented my sending thither.
When I went to Fort Cumberland I left fifty pounds with Capt. Peachy, to pay the workmen once a week, as I had usually done, which money, with some of his own, he was robbed of, and the most diligent search has not been successful in getting the least intelligence of it. I should be glad to know whether I am to suffer this loss, or whether I may with propriety charge it to the country?
At the repeated instances of the soldiers, I must pay so much regard to their representations, as to transmit their complaints. They think it extremely hard, as it is indeed, Sir, that they, who perhaps do more duty, and undergo more fatigue and hardship, from the nature of the service and situation of the country, than any troops upon the continent beside should be allowed the least pay, and smallest encouragements in other respects. The Carolinians received British pay; the Marylanders, I believe, do the same; Pennsylvania is exorbitant in rewarding their soldiers;94 the Jerseys and New Yorkers, I do not remember what it is they give; but the New England governments give more than a shilling per day, our money, besides an allowance of rum, peas, tobacco, ginger, vinegar, &c, &c.
[Note 94: Pennsylvania was paying its soldiers 18d. a day and subsistence.-- Ford.]
Our soldiers complain, that their pay is insufficient, even to furnish shoes, shirts, stockings, &c, which their officers, in order to keep them fit for duty, oblige them to provide. This, they say, deprives them of the means of purchasing any of the conveniences or necessaries of life, and obliges them to drag through a disagreeable service, in the most disagreeable manner. That their pay will not afford more than enough (if that) to keep them in clothes, I should be convinced of for these reasons, if experience had not taught me. The British soldiers are allowed eight pence sterling per day, with many necessaries that ours are not, and can buy what is requisite upon the cheapest terms; and lie one half the year in camp or garrison, when they cannot consume the fifth part of what ours do in continual marches over mountains, rocks, rivers, &c, is computed to receive only -- per day. Then, Sir, is it possible that our men, who receive a fourth less, have two pence per day stoppages for their regimental clothing, and all other stoppages made that British soldiers have, and are obliged, by being in continual action, to lay in triple the quantity of ammunition and clothes, and at double the price, should be able to clear quarters? It is not to be done, and this is the reason why the men have always been so naked and bare of clothes.
And I dare say you will be candid enough to allow, that there are few men who would choose to have their lives exposed, without some view or hope of a reward, to the incessant insults of a merciless enemy. Another thing there is which gives them great uneasiness, and that is, seeing no regular provision made for the maimed and wounded. They acknowledge the generosity of the Assembly, and have the highest veneration for that respectable House; they look with gratitude on the care, that has been taken of their brother soldiers; but say, this is only an act of will, and another Assembly may be much less liberal. We have no certainty, that this generosity may continue, consequently can have nothing in view but the most gloomy prospects, and no encouragement to be bold and active; and the probable effects of which are wounds, which no sooner happen and they unfit for service than they are discharged, and turned upon an uncharitable world to beg, steal, or starve! In short, they have a true sense of all that can happen, and do not think slightly of the fatigues they encounter, in scouring these mountains with their provisions on their backs, lying out and watching for the enemy, with no other covering or conveniency to shelter them from the inclemency of the weather, than trees and rocks! The old soldiers are affected, and complain of their hardships and little encouragement in piteous terms; and give these as reasons for so much desertion. The money that is given in paying for deserters, expresses, horse-hire, losses and abuse of horses, would go a great length toward advancing their pay, which I hope would contribute not a little towards removing the cause of this expense. I would not have it here understood, tho', that I mean to recommend any thing extraordinary; no, I would give them British pay, and entitle them to the same privileges during their stay in the service, and as a reward or compliment for their toil, rather than a matter of right. Were the country to give them one suit of regimental clothes a year, without receiving the two pence stoppage, it would be a full allowance, and give great content and satisfaction. All they want (they say) is to be entitled to the privileges and immunities of soldiers, of which they are well informed, by some who have been a number of years in the army, then they should think it no hardship to be subject to the punishments and fatigues. Were this done, and an order given by the Committee empowering me to provide for them, according to the rules and customs of the army, I then should know what I was about, and could do it without hesitation or fear, and, am convinced, to the satisfaction and interest of the country. As the case now stands, we are upon such odd establishment, under such uncertain regulations, and subject to so much inconvenience, that I am wandering in a wilderness of difficulties, and am ignorant of the ways to extricate myself, and to steer for the satisfaction of the country, the soldiers, or myself. Having no certain rules for the direction of my conduct, I am afraid to turn to this hand or to that, lest it should be censured. If such an order, as I before spoke of, was to issue from your Board, I would then immediately provide upon the best terms a quantity of all kinds of ammunition, clothes, &c. for the use of the regiment, and deliver them out to each company, as their wants required, taking care to deduct the value of all such things from their pay. By this means the soldiers are always provided and fit for duty, and do it cheerfully, and the country sustains no other loss, than advancing and lying out of the money for a few months to lay in those stores, as this money is always restored by the soldiers again.95
[Note 95: These requests, in regard to the soldiers, were so far complied with, that the soldiers afterwards received full pay without any stoppage for their clothing. (See Washington's letter to Adam Stephen, September 6, post.)]
I have hitherto been afraid to advance any sums of money for this salutary purpose, and always bought at extravagant prices, and have been obliged to send to different parts, ere they could be had, which has also contributed to the cause of their nakedness. The officers are almost as uneasy and dispirited as the men, doing every part of duty with languor and indifference. When they are ordered to provide themselves with suitable necessaries, they complain of an uncertain establishment, and the probability of being disbanded, and so, things rendered useless. So that I really most heartily wish for a change. The surgeon has entreated me to mention his case, which I shall do by enclosing his letters. He has behaved extremely well, and discharged his duty, in every capacity, since he came to the regiment. He has long discovered an inclination to quit the service, the encouragement being so small; and I believe would have done it, had not the officers, to show their regard and willingness to detain him, subscribed each one day's pay in every month. This, as they are likely to be so much dispersed, and can receive no benefit from him, they intend to withdraw, (he says) and therefore begs me to solicit the gentlemen of the Committee in his behalf; otherwise he shall be obliged to seek some other method of getting his livelihood.
If it is thought necessary to establish an hospital, I believe there can scarcely be a doubt but that this is the place; and then I hope he will be appointed director, with advanced pay. Whether or not, I could really wish his pay or perquisites was increased, for the reasons he gives.
I beg, Sir, with very great earnestness, that the gentlemen of the Committee will communicate their sentiments fully upon all these several matters, and approve or disapprove of every thing therein. I only wait to know their intention, and then act in strict conformity thereto.
Since writing the preceding pages, I find on examining Mr. Boyd's accompts. that he has unadvisably paid Mr. Finnie96 what arrears were due Quales. But having already appealed for approbation of the Committee in this and other accompts, which I had no distinct knowledge of, or concern in, I yet submit to your determination, and Mr. Finnie must abide by your judgment, and refund if found reasonable.
[Note 96: Alexander Finnie.]
If the Committee find my account satisfactory and distinct, as I have no doubt of it, it would be a great obligation, if they would make a final settlement to that date, and begin a new account, as it would be the means of keeping matters more clear and intelligible hereafter. For long accounts and references to doubtful points, instead of gaining any light, are but darkened and confused by procrastination. The late regulation of our companies will occasion more regularity in the paymaster's account, and be more satisfactory in every shape, for the future. Besides, the gentlemen of the Committee will find little trouble, or difficulty, in overhauling short accounts, kept in a regular method, plain and perspicuous, which is the very life of business.
I would again entreat your regard to my request, for these and many other reasons. I am, etc.
Winchester, August 5, 1756.
Sir: I have so many places and people to defend; so great calls from every quarter for men, and so little prospects for getting any, that I find it impossible to comply with the act of Assembly, and opinion of the Council of War, in building the chain of forts on the frontiers. You must therefore, notwithstanding all the orders which have heretofore been given, immediately despatch Captain Bell, with his whole company to Captain Cox's fort; where he is to remain himself with twenty men, taking command of said fort, and escorting all Expresses, wagons, &c, to and from Fort Cumberland, as far as Ashby's and Pearsalls. The rest of his men he is to divide into two equal parts; one of which, with his Ensign, is to march to, and be stationed at Kirkendalls, for the protection of the people there. The other party, with a trusty sergeant is to march to, and put themselves under the direction of the officer commanding at Ashby's, in order to strengthen that garrison and enable them to afford escorts with the greater safety. Your own and the two remaining companies, you are to dispose of in the most eligible manner for the protection of the inhabitants above the Trough; and I could most earnestly wish that you would, if the thing is practicable, erect a fort in that settlement, twenty miles above your upper fort, that the people in those parts may be sheltered from the enemy, and that we may so far as is possible, shew our willingness to comply with the laws of our country that direct this chain.
I wrote you yesterday, desiring that all the captains would be punctual in making me exact weekly returns, to be signed by themselves and officers, of the state and strength of their companies, and must repeat those orders, as I am fully resolved to suspend the first captain or commander of a company that neglects in sending me them; or that is careless in correcting or returning them exact, tho' they may vary but a man.
All the militia that are not already marched, must be immediately ordered down, to call at this place to lodge their arms. I am, etc.
Winchester, August 5, 1756.
Sir: Yours of the 20th ultimo and 1st inst. I have just received. I am sorry to hear you even mention recalling Capt. McKenzie from his post. It must have been an extraordinary occasion that would have reconciled me to that proceeding, which would have left Cox's, Pearsalls, and Kirkendalls forts quite defenceless, to strengthen a garrison which was only intended to defend the stores, and might be protected by 100 against musketry, as well as by more; and all the men we have could not save it against any thing else. I have, in order to strengthen the several garrisons that maintain the communications with Fort Cumberland, ordered Captain Bell to march to Cox's, and there remain with twenty men, while the rest of his company is equally divided, one part to strengthen Ashby's, the other to protect the inhabitants at Kirkendalls. By this means McKenzie's company will be kept entire at Pearsalls, and enable him to furnish the stronger escorts. I hope you will mention that matter to Rutherford, which we talked of at Fort Cumberland, about recruiting the rangers. The militia now can neither serve nor disserve us, for, they are by the Governor's directions, all called in. The views of the enemy are designed against the lower inhabitants. They have laid Maryland and Pennsylvania waste, as low as Carlisle, the inhabitants of which place we are told are flying with the utmost consternation. They have made an attempt on the Virginia side, killed one and captivated another on the Conogochieg road, four miles hitherwards, but retreated back, for how long a time, God knows. I communicated the contents of yours to the Doctor concerning the medicines, and he will send them up so soon as procured. At present he has none of them.
Having occasion to write to Captain Waggener, I have ordered him to despatch the men belonging to your garrison immediately.***97
[Note 97: The omitted portion is a verbatim repetition of his direction to Captain Waggener, August 5, ante, regarding exact returns.]
By my returns of the regiment including drafts, scouts and rangers, I can only make 926 men; while Mr. Boyd, exclusive of Captain Hogg's company, has issued pay for 1080. What am I, or what are the Governor and Committee, before whom all these widely different returns must be laid for examination, to think of them? Sure the least they can say is, that [it] is unhappy for the country to have officers so little acquainted with the management of their companies as to make returns to me for 926 men only, and others to the Paymaster for 1080. You desire to have a map sent you of the lakes, &c. I have none but Evans's, which you have also: nor have I heard a syllable from Major Lewis, altho' Mr. Jones is now here from Augusta; nor any thing about an engagement on the Lakes. I am, etc.
Winchester, August 5, 1756.
Sir: I wrote you yesterday; since which I have received yours of the 3d. instant, and observe the contents. I find it impossible with the few men I have to erect a chain of Forts on the Frontiers; as the Assembly have ordered, and the Council of the 10th. instant advised: For which reason, and to relieve yours, as well as the complaints of others, the enclosed to Captain Waggener covers Instructions to Captain Bell, to march with his Company immediately to Cox's Fort, where he is to remain with twenty men, to cover and secure all convoys, expresses, &c. that are passing and repassing to and from Fort Cumberland; as you are likewise to do betwixt him and Edwards's. The remainder of Captain Bells' men are to be divided into two parties, one of which is to strengthen the garrison at Ashby's, for the aforesaid purposes, while the other with his Ensign, remains at Kirkendalls, for the protection of that Settlement. By this means you will be eased from that duty; and by drawing off your Force left at Cox's (which you are to do, so soon and not before Captain Bell arrives there) you will be enabled with your whole Company to oppose the enemy, and afford the stronger Escorts. I would urge it as very necessary to erect a covert-way to secure your water, which might be done with great ease and tolerable security, with nothing more than a common fence eight or ten feet deep, covered at top: It should be a staked fence and strait, two stakes drove in the ground a foot asunder, at the distance of a sails length from the water, and filled in close, will be sufficient proof against musquetry.
What relief to afford, or how to direct you concerning your provisions, I know not. The Commissary whose business it is, has been absent this month: while you have grain in the fort you can not suffer; tho' put to difficulty in getting it ground. Your meat make Pearsall buy, and in his Fields; his protection was one motive among others, of your being there; and he can do no less for your present support. What store of provisions is wanting, must be laid in, so soon as the Governor directs, to whom I have wrote.
I had no opportunity of directing further about the Rangers, but you are now to acquaint Mr. Lemon, that he is to remain at his Fort, and act as Lieutenant to the Rangers, until further orders: and when he has retired from that, he may seek a Service which he more prefers, since he has refused my offer. Tell him also not to stir from thence at his peril, until he has leave; if he does, I will arrest him for disobedience of orders, and try him so soon as he arrives here. In my letter of yesterdays date, I desired that you would be punctual in sending me exact weekly returns, to be signed by yourself and Officers, of the strength and state of your company: and do again repeat that order; as I am fully resolved to suspend the first Captain or Commander of a Company who fails in sending them regularly to me; or is negligent or careless in making them out; if an error is found of one single man, I will do it. By my returns of the strength of the Regiment, Companies of Rangers, &c. and by the size-rolls delivered by each Officer; I can make only 926 men, while Mr. Boyd makes 1080 paid; what am I, or what is the Governor, who examines these returns, to think of them? Sure, the most favourable construction that can be made of this is, that the Officers have very little concern in the management of their Companies, to suffer such idle and different returns. I am &c.
Winchester, August 7, 1756.
Parole Dorset.
As every method hitherto practised has been found ineffectual to restrain the paltry tippling houses and Ginn-shops in this town, from selling liquor, contrary to orders, to the Soldiers, to the Detriment of His Majesty's Service, and irreparable loss of their own Health. It is hereby expressly ordered, that as many men as the Tents will contain, do immediately encamp; and all the rest, except those in the Hospital be on Monday, new quartered upon Brinker, Heath and Lemon; who are charged not to sell more than a reasonable quantity of liquor, and at reasonable rates to each man per day; as they will answer the contrary. And any Soldier or Draught who is found drinking in any of the other houses, or who is known to purchase, by direct or indirect means, any liquor from other places; or who shall be found ever going into, or sitting down in any of the other houses, without giving a sufficient excuse why he did so; shall immediately receive 50 lashes, without the benefit of a Court Martial. And all the Officers are strictly required to see all these Orders strictly complied with. It appearing by the Returns, that there are many more women drawing provisions than what are necessary. It is hereby ordered, that only twelve be allowed provisions; and those to wash and cook for the men; or be struck out of the return, and no provisions be allowed them.
As there appears to be no immediate danger, the Guard for the ease of the Soldiers, is to be reduced to a Sergeant and twelve; who are to mount at the usual time of retreat-beating. As this will afford great relief to the workmen, it is expected they will continue longer at their work in the evening, and turn out earlier in the morning. And, as an encouragement to them to behave well, and to attend diligently to their Duty, the Colonel promises to give them, so long as they deserve it, four gallons of rum, made into punch, every day. And the Officer of the Day, who is to give close attention to the work during his tour of duty; is to see that they have it: and also to see that the working-tools are brought and lodged every night at the Guard-house. The Militia of the several Counties that are now in town, are to be immediately discharged.
Winchester, August 8, 1756.
Parole Epsom.
Colonel Washington requests it once more of the Officers who review their men, to be very particular that none of their Ammunition is wanting; as there are frequent complaints of deficiences, notwithstanding they were completed last week: and suspect it is wasted by means of the Soldiers firing in the woods. Therefore, the first that is found discharging his piece either at marks or game, shall be most severly punished; beside paying for the ammunition exhausted or carelessly lost.
Notwithstanding there have been orders given that no man should cut off his hair, yet the Colonel has observed that some of them have acted contrary to these Orders. He desires the Officers will take notice of those persons, and confine them. His Honor, Governor Dinwiddie has been pleased to appoint Lieutenant John McNiel, Captain-Lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment, whereof George Washington Esquire is Colonel; and to be obeyed as such. All orders relating to the men, to be read to them in the presence of an Officer.
Winchester, August 12, 1756.
Sir: You are to proceed with the party under your command to the Plantation of Henry Enock; and then endeavour to dispose of your men in such a manner, as to way-lay and surprize the Enemy if possible; or to enquire from the height of the Hills or Mountains, if any discovery can be made of their sleeping places, by their fires or smoke, which will appear very distinctly in the night, tho' at a distance. You may remain at and about this place, searching for the tracks of the enemy, until Saturday morning; and if in that time you can make no discoveries (by which your conduct must be guided) you must cross away over (if you find it more elligible than going down Capecapon) to the old road which leads from Edwards's to the Branch at Pearsalls, and dispose of your men in the most secure and private manner upon that road; watching to see if you can meet with the Enemy, passing or repassing.
On this road, and in this manner you are to remain, until your provision is out; and then repair to Edwards's Fort; where you will receive a sufficiency to bring you to this place, which I expect will be on Tuesday; except you have a prospect of some manifest advantages, by staying out longer. In that case, your return is left discretionary.
I must advise you above all things, to take every precaution to guard against Surprizes. To give every man his orders, that he may act bravely and without confusion. Inspire them with a just notion of their duty; and note every mans behaviour which with an account of your proceedings, and these Instructions, must be returned to me as soon as you return.
Winchester, August 14, 1756.
Honble. Sir: The return of the express, that came with La Force's escape, (for which accident I am extremely concerned, and fear its productions if he is not retaken,) affords me an opportunity to inform your Honor of some occurrences, which have happened since my last.98
[Note 98: La Force, it will be remembered, was one of the prisoners taken in the skirmish with Jumonville's party. He was capable, enterprising, active, and had been instrumental, before his capture, in exciting the Indians to commit depredations on the frontiers. He was thrown into the jail at Williamsburg. From this abode, after more than two years' confinement, he bad the address to escape, but was seized before he had advanced far into the country, remanded to prison, and loaded with irons.-- Sparks.]
Repeated complaints and applications from all quarters for men, but more especially from the garrisons which secure the communication with Fort Cumberland, (a place very useless in itself, and expensive to the country; containing an hundred and fifty men solely employed in guarding the stores, which could be better defended at any other place) obliged me to order a company from Captain Waggener's detachment (for none else could spare a man) to reinforce and enable those garrisons to send escorts with wagons and expresses, going to and returning from Fort Cumberland. This reduced Captain Waggener's command to a number insufficient to disperse parties among the settlers, and retain a strength to conduct the buildings. Therefore, the grand point then turned on this: whether he was to neglect the inhabitants and build the forts, or neglect the forts and mind the inhabitants.
His council were of the latter opinion unanimously, and sent to know my sentiments, which I own corresponded with theirs, for these reasons. First, I look upon it, that the protection of the inhabitants was the motive for ordering these forts; and to lose them, while we are at work, is perverting the intention. Secondly, we have built some and altered other forts, as far south on the Potomac waters as any settlers have been molested; and there only remains one body of inhabitants, at a place called the Upper Tract, which needs a guard upon these waters, and thither I have ordered a party. After this, if I am not misinformed, there is nothing but a continued series of mountains uninhabited, until we get over on James river waters, not far from that fort, which takes its name from your Honor; down which to Mayo River, Captain Hogg, by your Honor's orders, is to have the direction of. If I have done amiss, in not adhering to the letter of the law, I hope your Honor will intimate the same, and give directions how I am to proceed.
There have been two or three men killed and scalped at different places, since my last, though every precaution has been taken to prevent it. The fatiguing service, low pay, and great hardships in which our men have been engaged, cause, notwithstanding the greatest care and vigilance to the contrary, great and scandalous desertions. Yesterday I received an account from Captain Stewart, of sixteen deserting in a party. Frequently two or three went off before, as they have done from this place. We never fail to pursue, and use all possible means to apprehend them; but seldom with success, as they are generally aided and assisted off by the inhabitants. There are now two parties in pursuit of these fellows, who have made towards the northward to enlist with the recruiting officers in Pennsylvania, &c. I fear without a stop can be put to it we shall lose numbers of our men.99 A report prevailed in town
[Note 99: "The many desertions from your corps and our militia give me much concern, as it must be known to the enemy, and encourage their so-frequent invasions and hostilities, Our several captains were ordered out last Sunday, to enquire after, search for, and apprehend the deserters from Captain Minor and Captain Hamilton, but without success, which denotes a too-great pusillanimity or want of consideration on our country's lying naked and almost defenceless against an implacable and bloodthirsty crew of savages. None can wonder if Colonel Washington is uneasy at the backwardness of the Lower Country's not sending their drafted men to complete his regiment. He has great reason to repeat and often enforce his representations. It is on record, you know, that a certain widow gained her suit by much importunity and teasing."-- W. Fairfax to Bryan Fairfax, Aug. 1, 1756.] yesterday, said to come from a man, who had it from a person who was at Governor Morris's treaty with the Indians, and heard them say, that a large body composed of different nations, and headed by some French, intended to attack Fort Cumberland this fall. Reports of this kind often take rise without good foundation; yet, as this is an affair of great importance, the slightest intelligence ought not to be discountenanced, especially when we consider that our provision, and, what is still more valuable, all our ammunition and stores, are lodged in that defenceless place. The consequence of a successful enterprise of this sort, and the absolute impossibility (considering the weakness of the place, badness of situation, and division of our force) to preventing its falling, are, without previous notice, motives sufficient to apprehend the worst. Therefore, notwithstanding I enlarged on this subject in a former letter, think it my duty to hint this again, and to get directions how I am to proceed.
It is true, I give no credit to this intelligence, because I flatter myself such important information as this would be communicated, in the most distinct and expeditious manner, by Governor Morris; yet, as I before said, it being an expedition they cannot fail of succeeding in, what should deter them from attempting it? We have certain advice, that two of our deserters have reached Fort Duquesne, and were heard to speak in high terms, before they went off (but this not known till after they were gone) of the reward that would be got for communicating the weakness of the works and garrison at Fort Cumberland. All the militia are returned save thirty from Culpeper, who stay willingly with Captain Fields.
As a general meeting of all the persons concerned in the estate of my deceased brother1 is appointed to be held at Alexandria, about the middle of September next, for making a final settlement of all his affairs; and as I am very deeply interested, not only as an executor and heir to part of his estate, but also in a very important dispute, subsisting between Colonel Lee,2 who married the widow, and my brothers and self, concerning advice3 in the will, which brings the whole personal estate in question,--I say, as this is a matter of very great moment to me, I hope your Honor will readily consent to my attending this meeting, provided no disadvantage is likely to arise during my absence; in which case, I shall not offer to quit my command.
[Note 1: Lawrence Washington.]
[Note 2: George Lee. He was an uncle of Arthur and Richard Henry Lee; married Mrs. Lawrence Washington.]
[Note 3: The difficulty with this word is caused by the carelessness of the 1784--85 copyist. Sparks's suggestion that "a devise" is meant seems the correct solution. In 1754 Washington obtained a legal opinion from George Mercer on the devise of the Mount Vernon negroes, and as late as 1769 an opinion from Edmund Pendleton on the devise of certain lands of his father's estate.]
If war is to be declared at this place, I should be glad if your Honor would direct the manner. I know there is ceremony required, but the order I am ignorant of.4 I am, &c.
[Note 4: War against France had been formally declared by the King on May 17. Notice of this action was published in Williamsburg August 7. Governor Dinwiddie answered (August 21): "The method, you are to declare war, is at the head of your companies, with three vollies of small arms for his Majesty's health and a successful war."]
Winchester, August 29, 1756.
My Lord: It is with infinite concern, I see the distresses of the people, and hear their complaints, without being able to afford them relief. I have so often troubled your Honor for aid from the militia, that I am almost ashamed to repeat my demands; nor should mention them again, did I not think it absolutely necessary at this time to save the most valuable and flourishing part of this county from immediate desertion. And how soon the remainder part, as well as the adjacent counties, may share the same fate, is too obvious to reason, and to your Lordship's good sense for me to demonstrate. The whole settlement of Conogochieg in Maryland is fled, and there now remain only two families from thence to Fredericktown, which is several miles below the Blue Ridge. By which means we are quite exposed, and have no better security on that side, than the Potomac River, for many miles below the Shenandoah; and how great security that is to us, may easily be discerned, when we consider, with what facility the enemy have passed and repassed it already. That the Maryland settlements are all abandoned is certainly fact, as I have had the accounts transmitted to me by several hands, and confirmed yesterday by Henry Brinker, who left Monocacy the day before, and also affirms, that three hundred and fifty wagons had passed that place to avoid the enemy, within the space of three days.
I thought it expedient to communicate the above in order to inform your Lordship of the reasons for asking succours for these unhappy people, and how absolutely necessary it is to use, (without delay,) such vigorous measures as will save that settlement from total desolation.
We see, my Lord, the absurdity of the people's arguments, and the consequences of leaving one county, nay, one part of the county, or, to go still farther, a single company, that is more exposed than another, to defend itself and the parts in danger. When Hampshire was invaded, and called upon Frederick for assistance, the people of the latter refused their aid, answering, "Let them defend themselves, as we shall do if they come to us." Now the enemy have forced through that county, and begin to infest this, those a little removed from danger are equally infatuated; and will be, I fear, until all in turn fall a sacrifice to an insulting and merciless enemy.
These observations may be improperly offered to your Lordship, but they occur in so refulgent a light to me, that I could not resist the impulse of dictating them. I am so weak-handed here, that I could not, without stagnating the public works, spare a man to these people's assistance. Yet I look upon the retaining of them to be so essential to the well-being of the county in general, that I have ordered all the men, that can possibly be spared, to march thitherwards; and they accordingly set out tomorrow morning, to remain there until your Lordship can relieve them, that they may return to these works, which in my opinion are of no little importance to the safety of the county, if we should be attacked by numbers, as we have reason to apprehend. I hope your Lordship will exert your authority in raising men for this salutary end, and that you will think it advisable to make every company furnish their quota. This will redress the complaints of the people below, who say they cannot leave their families to the mercy of the enemy, while they are scouring the woods.
This is the reason given by some why Caton's party consists but of ten men, while others say it proceeds from dislike to the man. I acquainted his Honor the Governor with your Lordship's order for raising fifty men for this service, who approved thereof, and has been pleased to direct me to continue them there so long as I see cause.
I cannot conclude without again mentioning how agreeable it would be, if your Lordship would order a party immediately to these parts, that I may withdraw my men to their duty at this place.6 I am, my Lord, &c.
[Note 6: Lord Fairfax immediately ordered a militia captain and 36 men to march to the upper Potomac.]
Winchester, August 30, 1756.
Parole Babylon.
Colonel Washington being inclined upon all occasions to shew his willingness to serve the deserving and industrious men of his Regiment: And at the same time, resolved to punish in the most exemplary manner, all irregularities in the illdisposed. Takes this method to acquaint the workmen that did not work, in order to prevent counterfeit sickness, and other pretences to avoid this Duty. But as by this means the best as well as worst and idlest men, suffered equally alike. He assures those, who by their constant and steady attachment to the Service, have approved themselves good Soldiers, that he will not only continue their pay for all Days to come, while they are employed on the public Works; but will also see at the next payment, that they receive the sums which were deducted at this. And will also do the same justice to those who have hitherto endeavoured, by all idle practices, to avoid this necessary Work. If they will amend their manners, and attend diligently to their duty. And in order to prevent any but lawful Excuses screening them from their Duty. It is hereby ordered, that the Rolls of each Company be regularly called twice a day, as before directed; when the Officer is to be present, and inspect narrowly into the matter, to see that no imposition is offered by the Sergeants. As the Sergeants have extraordinary pay for over-looking the men at work, it is expected that they will be diligent in their Duty: Those who are found to be the least remiss, will be punished. They are also to answer for the misbehaviour of the men under their command. The Sergeant-Major is also to attend, to receive the names of the absent and sick men; to search after the first, and conduct the latter to the Hospital, to be examined by the Doctor; who is ordered to receive and enter the names of none without just cause; nor entertain any longer than the nature of the Disorder requires: But immediately upon the cause ceasing which brought them there, to return their names to the Adjutant or Sergeant-Major, to be ordered to their Work. It is further Ordered, when any person under cloak of sickness, lameness, &c. is discovered in the deceit by the Surgeon; that he shall be immediately reconducted to the Fort, and delivered to the Officer of the Day, who is expressly ordered to give him in the face of all the men, 50 lashes with a cat-and-nine-tails; and set him to work again. This he is also to do with the men who delay to appear at roll-calling, without sufficient excuse, or who shall be idle while present.
The Sergeant or Corporal of the Guard is to make his report to the Officer of the Day; who is to report that and all Occurences, which happen in his tour of Duty, to the Colonel in writing; in which and in all the foregoing particulars, it is expected that he and the parties concerned will pay the strictest observation to it. It is also expected the Officers will see the greatest punctuality observed, in following the Orders for preventing the men from buying any liquors from any Houses but those appointed. And it is hereby declared, that if any Soldier detects another in committing this crime, he shall upon proof thereof, receive 5/ from such Soldier's pay, and the Colonels thanks for his good Behaviour: And as precautions will confine the Custom to the aforesaid places; it is expected they will sell only a moderate quantity to each man per day, and that at reasonable rates; as great complaints have been made of the demands for Liquor.
To LIEUTENANT COLONEL ADAM STEPHEN
Winchester, September 6, 1756.
Sir: Yours of the 17th & 23d August I received. Mr. Boyd is just returned from Williamsburg, settling his accompts and getting a supply of cash. He will be with you to pay you off.
I am in hopes our men for the future will be better satisfied, as the Committee have allowed them 8 d per day and their clothes without any stoppages or deductions. The Governor expects this encouragement will engage the Rangers to enlist.
I wrote him about Fort Cumberland being put down; but he says, as it is a King's fort he cannot venture to abandon it, without further orders from a higher power. He says, Lord Loudoun will be at Williamsburg about the 20th November, and then the affair may be properly represented to him. He has however sent me orders to draw from thence a sufficient quantity of stores for this and the other forts, and I have accordingly sent wagons to be loaded with ammunition, &c. for that purpose.
The Governor informs me too, that he just received an express from Major Lewis, acquainting him that he might expect 150 Cherokees to be at this place in a fortnight; that the Catawba King was gone to South Carolina, and had engaged to send 50 warriors to our assistance, on his return from thence. This will be a considerable help to us, as we shall be able to carry the war into their own country, and use them in the same manner they have us for 12 months past. He adds, that the Catawbas and Cherokees are very firmly attached to our interest, and will still furnish us with more assistance when the fort in that country is completed. 'T is already in great forwardness. I have wrote to Captain Waggener of this, and ordered him to keep up a correspondence with yours and the other forts, that you may hear from each other every week. I beg you will see to have every man at the fort supplied with a powder-horn and shot-bag.
The Governor has sued Hedgman for scandal and has ordered Lieutenant Hall to attend the General Court, the 14th of October, as an evidence. Acquaint Mr. Hall of this, and send him down. I have got orders from the Governor to enlist servants, the masters to be paid a reasonable price upon the first purchase, deducting for the time they have served. You will observe this, if any should fall in with you. Complaint has been made that the officers and soldiers upon party, take up the strays they find in the woods. Let these practices be discouraged. Ensign Roy had my promise to be appointed to my company, as it is the company he before belonged to, in case my brother did not accept, and he has declined it. I desire you will send Mr. Roy down immediately to this place. I have received no monthly returns, which I expected regularly, besides weekly ones.
Let all your leisure hours be employed in disciplining the men; for as Lord Loudoun is to be here, and will probably see them, I would willingly have them make the best appearance possible.
The wagons must be despatched as soon as possible, loaded with powder chiefly, the rest with grenades, musket-ball and a quantity of flints, with some 12 lb. & 4 lb. grape-shot.
The powder is the must material, so let the greater proportion of that be sent. The men returned by the officers above-mentioned, at this place, are employed on the public works, but they must still continue them on their rolls and returns, and shall have them returned to their companies, as soon as they have done here, if they belong properly to them.
Waters and Burrass behaved extremely ill when they were sent down last. If I could lay my hands on them, I would try the effect of 1000 lashes on the former, and whether a general court-martial would not condemn the latter to a life eternal] I shall not at this time enumerate the different kinds of charges laid to both, but desire you will enquire minutely of Mr. Burrass what he did with the mare he brought from Fort Cumberland. She was a creature belonging to the heirs of Theobald, caught by Captain Ashby for me. I intended to have had her appraised, and allowed the heirs her full value. She was first carried to Fort Cumberland, then brought down by that villain Burrass, and here sold or swapped, I want to know to whom, that I may get her and do as I first intended. Captain Peachy applied to me for leave to take up strays, &c. and said it was practised by the Marylanders & Pennsylvanians. If the people of those provinces are guilty of unlawful practices, I cannot think it should be any excitement to us to follow their example: for under that pretence of getting strays in the mountains, is carried on a scene of the greatest iniquity that can be imagined. The horses on Pattersons Creek, South Branch, and other of our deserted settlements hitherwards, are taken up, sold and made away with, to the infinite detriment and oppression of the people who complain of these grievances in the most sensible manner, and urge that they are more oppressed by their own people, than by the enemy. Were there a limitation given, the officers might, but the soldiers would not observe any, and all strays whatever got, would be said to come within limited bounds. However, if you think you can put the garrison of Fort Cumberland under proper restraints in this particular, I would rather that they be benefited by any advantages of this kind than the enemy, or those who have no pretence should take them off. Therefore suffer no horses to be deemed strays, or taken up as such, which run anywhere below the Flats, either on the Virginia or Maryland side; and if any are caught above, if it is not known to whom they belong, let them be appraised by indifferent officers, upon their honor; and the valuation, with the marks and brand, be registered in a book for that purpose. Then let the person who takes such horses up, and claims them by this right, deliver to the owner, if any should come, the valuation, if such horses should be sold, or in his use and service, or else to deliver up the horse. But if the horse should die, be killed, or stray away from the Fort, in that case the person who takes him up, not to be answerable for the horse or valuation. No person tho' is under any pretence to take up with a view of keeping and detaining as his property, horses where the owner is known. I will by no means consent that any horses below the Flats shall be taken upon the above terms, lest the property of the people be affected, when they may have better chances of securing their own. In the above I have given you my sentiments, which you may in a court of officers put under proper articles and heads, and made publick to, and strictly practised in the garrison, under very severe penalties on officers, and heavy corporal punishments on the soldiers.
One thing more I think necessary, before any officer or soldier can pretend to lay just claim under the aforesaid articles: that is, to advertise in the nearest publick places in Maryland and Virginia, such as Winchester & Frederick-Town, any horses so taken, that the real owners upon procuring attested proof, may receive their creatures by coming or sending for them. You will receive herewith a cask of shoes, containing 14 dozen pairs, which are to be distributed among the needy of the soldiers, taking care that account is kept to whom they are delivered, so that the price may be stopped from their pay, at the usual rates of 7/6 per pair, and let me be immediately advised of their delivery and payment. You will order as strong an escort with the wagons as you can, as far as Pearsalls; and should any of the wagoners want provision, let them be served, ordering your commissary to remit an account of it to the commissary here, that it may be deducted from their wages. I am, etc.
Winchester, September 6, 1756.
Sir: I received yours by Captain Spotswood. I was obliged to order the waggons down to Alexandria for Salt, as we had none in store here; which no doubt has detained them longer than you expected. Enclosed I return your Size-roll, as it is not agreeable to the Instructions. A particular description of the men was the chief intent of them, and that you have not attempted. I desire you will make it out now, and be very particular in describing every man, and send me two of them per the first opportunity. Inform the Officers, that I expect at the bottom of their weekly and monthly returns, they will mention all the contingencies, and set down the persons names, the day of the month they died, deserted or joined. I can by no means consent to your leaving your command at the time you mention. Things at present are, and I expect will then be so precarious, that your presence will be absolutely necessary. If all is quiet, you may get leave to go down in December, to the Ayer and Terminer Court, when the Committee will meet.
It has been ordered that the several Officers commanding at different posts, should transmit each other all the intelligence they can receive; so that they might hear from every Fort at least one a week. Colonel Stephens complains of not hearing from you on the Branch. I would have you keep open the communication, and observe these Orders. I have received Orders from the Governor (in consequence of an Act of Parliament) to instruct all the Officers to enlist Servants. I would have you, and the other Officers under your command, observe this; acquaint them all with it, and further, that it is the determination of the Governor and Committee to reduce all the Officers who do not immediately complete their companies. The Owners of the Servants will be paid by the Governor a reasonable allowance for them; reckoning what they cost, and deducting for the time they have served.
I desire you will take care to have each man of your command furnished with powder-horns and shot-bags. Let the Officers know I shall look to them if this Order is neglected. I desire the practise (too much used) of taking up strays in the Woods, may be discouraged. Let all the Officers and Soldiers know this. Colonel Vanmeter tells me, there are many of the countrys cattle on New-Creek; when the proper season comes for Salting them, I desire you will have them collected. If you could hire the Country people for this Job, it would be best. I have had several complaints from the people that the Soldiers plunder and rob their Gardens, and destroy their Fowls, and every thing they can lay their hands on. Pray endeavour to stop these proceedings, as they occasion the Officers to be much reflected on. I have yet received no monthly returns of the Troops on the Branch. I expect these to be regularly sent me, as well as the weekly ones.
Instruct the Officers at all leisure hours to keep their men constantly to their exercise. For as Lord Loudoun is to be here as soon as the Campaign is over, and will review the Regiment; I would (as I am sure every Officer would) be willing they should make the best appearance. If you think you have not a sufficient quantity of ammunition at the Fort under your command, to withstand an attack; you must write to Captain McKenzie to keep as much for you out of that which will be sent from Fort Cumberland. There are many things in which you desire my directions, which at this distance I can not possibly be a judge of. In these affairs I had always rather you would consult your Officers, than delay the time until you consult me. I doubt not your stedfast design to promote the publick interest; and shall always concur in opinion with you and your Officers in every thing. Colonel Vanmeter in the execution of his office, will have much trouble; and will necessarily need advice often. I would also have you to consult your Officers in any affairs in his way, in which he may desire your assistance. Colonel Vanmeter is ordered to lay in provisions only until the 1st. April; that in case no Expedition is carried on over the mountains, nothing may be lost. I would have you observe this, lest any superfluous stock be laid in, or any measures taken contrary to the present intention. I am &c.
Winchester, September 6, 1756.
Sir: I received yours of the 15th. August; which I have answered before I received yours of the 25th. I am sorry the Rangers seem to dislike the Service so much, but am still in hopes, the encouragement given by the committee will have some weight with them. They have allowed our Soldiers 8d. per day, without deductions for clothes or Surgeon: A General Hospital is established for their reception in case of accidents. The Clothes which are now given them, besides the 8d. per day, will be as good as any Soldiers in Europe. All these advantages they may enjoy, if they will only embrace this opportunity of enlisting. However, rather suffer them to remain Rangers, than use any harsh methods with them. Barracks ought to be built before the cold weather sets in; and as they must be without the Fort, I think it would be best to build them under the Hill, tho' in such a manner as to lie under the immediate command of the fort, and may be closed in a short warning. I desire you will have all your command provided with powder-horns and shot-bags; and let them employ all their leisure hours in learning their exercise. I have wrote Captain Waggener to keep a constant correspondence with the other forts, so that you may all hear from each other once a week at least, even tho' you have nothing remarkable to transmit.
The Governor has sent me Orders to enlist Servants: if any should come your way, you will observe this order. If you should want any tools for building Barracks, &c. you must draw on Captain Waggener for them. Several complaints have been made of the Officers and Soldiers taking up strays they find in the woods, and making use of them. I desire this practice may be discouraged. I ought to have received the monthly return from your Garrison before this. If you think you have not a sufficient quantity of ammunition in your fort to withstand an attack, you must stop what will be really necessary, from the Waggons as they come down; and as they go up, I desire you may reinforce Captain McKenzies party as much as you can.
Discontinue in your future returns of your Company, those men carried by Ensign Fleming to Captain Hogg: as it makes a double and irregular accompt. I am &c.
Winchester, September 8, 1756.
Honble. Sir: I received your favours of the 19th, 20th, and 21st ultimo, and wrote immediately to the commanding officers of the counties of Prince William, Culpeper, and Fairfax, to march their drafts to this place. There are none of them yet arrived, nor do I know whether they are made.
Your Honor's letter of the 19th mentions that I may enlist servants agreeable to the act of Parliament; but as I have not yet seen that, am at a loss how to proced, until I receive your further orders or a copy of the act.8 It will occasion great murmuring and discontent to the masters, if they are not paid immediately for their servants; so I hope your Honor will order them to make application to you for the money. When these points are settled, and I have received your Honor's farther orders, I shall send out some officers to recruit. It is the best, most expeditious, nay, only method, I know of now to recruit the forces, as I doubt not we shall meet with as good success as our neighborhood. And I am credibly informed, an officer of the regulars enlisted 30 in one day in Maryland. I shall in the meantime recruit all that offer, to prevent their leaving the Colony, but shall be glad of farther instructions. A copy of the act I ought to have above all things. The men are much satisfied with the augmentation of their pay, but nothing will prevent their desertion while they are kindly received and entertained thro' the Colony, and even under the eye of the civil magistrate. Perhaps a proclamation of pardon to all who would surrender themselves and return to their duty might be of service. Those delivered to the constables are always suffered to escape, and no notice taken of it. All the necessaries I can get in the Colony, the men do not want for; but others indispensably necessary cannot be had. We are in great want of drums. I got one from Colonel Randolph. We have got no conveniences to mend old drums, tho' we do the best with what we
[Note 8: The governor had merely copied the words from one of Washington's letters, and was ignorant of any act of Parliament authorizing the enlistment of servants. When the general assembly met towards the end of September the governor stated that he had been "ordered to recommend" a proper provision for paying the masters of servants as should enlist, and the assembly so provided.-- Ford.] have, which I believe is scarcely more than four very bad ones to the whole regiment; and we have drummers for all the companies learning.
I shall be down at the time your Honor directs to wait upon the Earl of Loudoun. I am in hopes they can do without me in Napp's affair. I have ordered Lieutenant Hall down to the day you appointed.9 The Quakers still remain here, and shall until the other drafts are discharged. Thro' the means of their officers chiefly, I believe, the Rangers are quite adverse to enlisting into the regiment. Cockes tells them they are obliged to serve no longer than he commands them, and it was upon these terms they say, they enlisted, and that they will serve if they can continue under the command of their own Captains. So they must be discharged, as the fund is exhausted. They are acquainted with the late encouragement, but nothing will engage them to enlist. I should be glad of express orders in this affair. It may be of service in engaging the Tusks to assist us, if the Nottaways are paid; and I refer them to your Honor for a consideration. The Indians are a very covetous people, and expect to be well rewarded for the least service.
[Note 9: "I desire you will order Lieut. Hall down here till the 14th of Octr., to be evidence against Mr. Hedgeman, who has treated my character in a villainous manner and with great injustice, and I am determined to make an example of him."-- Dinwiddie to Washington, Aug. 19, 1756. This letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 345.]
I am afraid military threats will not deter the Pennsylvanian butchers from driving away the cattle. I would have been glad to have received particular directions concerning the provisions, as to the quantity, and where it must be deposited. I fear it is scarcely practicable to get Indians to go now to the Twightwees; I doubt not it would be of service, but how it is to be effected I know not, as we have no Indians in our assistance, but those expected from the Southward. People here in general are very selfish; every person expects forces at his own door, and is angry to see them at his neighbours. I imagine they are much of the same stamp in Augusta.
I wish the new commission for this county may have the intended effect. The number of tippling houses kept here is a great grievance.
All the efforts which have been made here to raise the militia have proved ineffectual.
War having been proclaimed here and at Fort Cumberland, and the guns from Rock Creek brought up some time ago, Ensign Fleming, in Captain Hogg's absence, will be wanted at his post. But your Honor will be pleased to do as you like in the affair. I am glad the Cherokees have determined to come to our assistance, and to hear of the firm attachment of them and the Catawbas to our interest. They will be of particular service more than twice their number of white men. When they arrive, which I pray may be soon, we may deal with the French in their own way; and, by visiting their country, will keep their Indians at home. I sent off expresses to enquire for fuzees for them. Have not yet heard from Colonel Mason. In Fredericksburg, I am informed, there are about 29. Mr. Hunter of that place informs me that Mr. George Braxton has at least 500 very good, light and fit for Indians. I shall send immediately to Fort Cumberland for a sufficient quantity of the stores. Our men are very much harassed in endeavoring to protect the frontiers, which the great extent of territory renders impossible to be done properly with our small numbers. But we have been happy in being tolerably peaceable and holding our own of late, while Maryland and Pennsylvania fly in the utmost consternation. The frontiers of Maryland are abandoned for many miles below the Blue Ridge, as low as Frederick-Town, thro' which place I am credibly informed no less than 350 wagons, transporting the affrighted families, passed in the space of three days. By which means, Potomack River, which is now our frontier, is deserted on the Maryland side 40 miles below Conocgch. and as much in a parellel below Winchester, and is now more than any the theater of bloodshed and cruelty.
Those Indians who are now coming should be shewed all possible respect, and the greatest care taken of them, as upon them much depends. 'T is a critical time, they are very humoursome, and their assistance very necessary! One false step might not only lose us that, but even turn them against us. All kinds of necessary goods, &c, should be got for them.
If your Honor does not care to trouble yourself about it, and please to give me orders, and furnish me with money or letters of credit (for our paper money passes to great disadvantage, and the Committee will not agree to provide those necessaries as they expect Indian affairs come more properly under your regard) I will get them immediately from Philadelphia, which is the only place that I know of that we can possibly be supplied from.
Sometime ago I wrote to your Honor about Jenkins' pay, which you then ordered me to advance. But as the Committee have ordered that £610, which I paid him, should be got back, I thought proper to acquaint your Honor with it, as I must bring it in now as a private charge against your Honor, it being disallowed in my accompt. I have also paid the expresses with the declaration of war and the proclamation concerning La Force, which I shall include in the same accompt, and settle with your Honor at meeting. Your Honor mentions that when the drafts are discharged, the number of officers must be reduced. It is true we have a greater number than is necessary for that of the men, at present; but as it is absolutely necessary to keep the forces, and a larger number than we now have, I think some means should be fallen upon to augment them. And altho' the officers have not complied with their promises, I will venture to say they did it as well as any after appointed will do, unless some scheme is fallen upon, and a better foundation for recruiting. And as the most of our present corps are gentlemen of family, and have now been sometime in the service, I fear we should exchange for the worse, if we aim at a change.
I think it highly necessary some vigorous measures should be taken to engage or compel the deserters to return to their duty. It certainly would be of service were the King's attorneys in the several counties, ordered to prosecute all who harbour them, without respect of persons. The immediate loss we suffer for want of their services is greater than the prejudice they do the service in general thro' the country, by asserting falsehoods of the ill-treatment they received from their officers, and the great want of every thing in the regiment except bad usage. This they do, in order to gain the compassion of credulous people, who immediately receive them with open arms, listen to their complaints, and industriously propagate them thro' the country, and screen the offenders from justice! There is one Crisp here, a ship-carpeter, who says he was enlisted by your Honor at 2/ per day. He is of no service to us now, and I should be glad to know what must be done with him, and who is to pay his wages? For the Committee I know will grudge him 2/ per day, for which we received no equivalent service of any kind.
As it seems uncertain when the Assembly will meet, I think it my indispensable duty to observe to your Honor the bad consequences that may arise from want of proper measures to reinforce the Regiment, or to keep up a sufficient strength for the protection of the frontiers, when the drafts are to be discharged in December.10 The timorous disposition of the inhabitants occasions much confusion and trouble; and constantly are for flying off on the least noise or report of danger. And if they are lessened in their notions of security by a reduction of our forces, what must then be the event?
[Note 10: The assembly convened September 23. £8,000 were appropriated to raise Virginia's proportion of the Royal American Regiment. (See Hening's Statutes at Large, vol. 7, p. 61.)]
The only body of inhabitants is now, and has for some time past been settled on the South Branch; and it is with the greatest difficulty they can be prevailed upon to stay. Should they once give way, we shall not have a soul betwixt this and Fort Du Quesne, except what few soldiers are contained in the little forts on Pattersons Creek.
At present, affairs are still and peaceable, but how long they will remain so is uncertain. The French, flushed with so much success in all their attempts hitherto, may have some grand scheme in view, and surprize us, as in that most unlucky affair of Oswego, which I heartily wish may be yet groundless.
These letters enclosed will show your Honor what obstacles we meet with in enlisting servants; and as I expect opposition will be made in every place I send to recruit at, I beg your Honor would be peremptory and particular in your instructions relative to this affair, both as to masters and magistrates.
Mr. Jones is just come to town from Augusta, who informs me no account of the Cherokees is yet known of in that county; so that we need not look for them these two or three weeks yet.
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1756.
Honble. Sir: Under your kind indulgence I came to this place a few days ago, expecting to meet the executors of my deceased brother, in order to make a final settlement of his affairs. I was disappointed tho' in this design, by the Assembly having called away the principal persons concerned, which I was unacquainted with until Jenkins' return, near about the same time that I got down. I shall remark, in obedience to your Honor's request, such things relating to the Virginia regiment as occur to me now, requiring the Assembly's attention;11 and if any thing further presents itself, I shall communicate it from Winchester, for which place I shall set out this afternoon. I have often urged, for one thing, the necessity of enforcing the articles of war in all its parts, where it is not incompatible with the nature of this service. I have been surprised, as often as I have reflected, and really cannot devise any reason, why the Assembly should be so much averse to established rules for the regulation of their forces, which long experience in established armies fully evinces the necessity of. And my surprise is yet increased, when I consider how cautiously worded the act of Parliament is, to preserve the rights and liberties of the people against the arbitrary proceedings of the military officers.
[Note 11: This letter, through the delay of the messenger, did not reach Dinwiddie until the assembly had been prorogued.-- Ford.]
We are under a kind of regulation at present that renders command extremely difficult and precarious, as no crimes, I believe, are particularly notified but mutiny and desertion in the act of Assembly, notwithstanding there are many others equally punishable by act of Parliament.
One thing more, which particularly requires attention, is the billeting, quartering, and dieting of soldiers upon the inhabitants, which in many cases cannot be avoided.
I have, in several letters to your Honor, expressed my opinion with candor and freedom, about the situation, works, and garrison at Fort Cumberland. I shall, nevertheless (as you command me to lay before your Honor such things as require the Assembly's notice,) repeat on this occasion my apprehensive fears once more for that place, to avoid, if any accident should happen to it, the malicious reflections, which inseparably attend misfortunes of the kind. I have upon all occasions said, that Fort Cumberland is a place of no strength, and never can be tenable from the badness of the ground. It is far remote from any of our inhabitants, exposed to the insults of the enemy, renders the communication between that and the inhabitants difficult, and it is not the more convenient for annoying the enemy; contains all our valuable stores (save what I have removed to Winchester), and a garrison of one hundred and seventy, which are too many a number to be spared from other places, just to defend the stores at this, and not enough to afford detachments to waylay and surprise the enemy. I shall, therefore, beg leave to observe, in regard to Fort Cumberland, that if it is continued, we confined to act defensively, and keep our forces dispersed as they now are. The place must be fortified with strong works, or else inevitably fall, garrison and stores, into the enemy's hands. How fatal a stroke! and what noise this will make, the censure of mankind will speedily declare.
I enclose your Honor Colonel Stephen's letter on this head, in answer to one I wrote to him on the subject.
I did, from the beginning, express my sentiments against having small garrisons in a chain of forts along our frontiers; garrisons not sufficient to defend the walls (how then the inhabitants when the enemy are about?) and shall now give a few reasons upon which this opinion was grounded. We have a frontier of such immense extent, that to build forts at convenient distances would employ such numbers of men or divide our troops into such trifling [numbers] that no one part could defend itself, much less the inhabitants, were the country invaded.
The most effectual way that I can see, though none can answer while we act defensively, is to have no more than three or four large, strong forts, built at convenient distances, upon our frontiers; in which strong garrisons must be contained, that parties able to cope with when they hear of or do meet the enemy may be sent out, and these parties in constant succession to be ranging and securing the country. Here a difficulty will arise, as others will in every defensive plan that can be offered. How are these ranging parties, sent out in this manner, and probably remaining on the scout from ten to fourteen days, to be supplied with provisions, the inhabitants being so thinly settled, and the forts so far extended? The difficulty is great, yet not sufficient to render this plan inferior to the former. For in the other case, when the enemy is heard of, the garrison can only send out parties, more fit to reconnoiter than oppose. These parties, if they prove too small (which in all probability they may), are certain of falling a prey to the enemy, whose numbers cannot be known until thus proved. I could urge many things more on this head, but believe it useless. What I have already said, I hope, is sufficient to give your Honor a hint of the matter, and that is all I aimed at. We may form many schemes to defend ourselves, but experience will shew, that none but removing the cause will prove effectual. Unless the Assembly concerts some measures to augment their force, the country, I fear, must inevitably fall. The frontiers, since this time a twelve month, are totally deserted for fifty miles and upwards quite from north to south, and all below that greatly thinned by the removal of numbers; occasioned in some measure by Maryland and Pennsylvania giving ground so much faster than we do, which exposes a very fine country of ours on that side, as low as Monocacy in Maryland, several miles on this side the Blue Ridge.
I believe I might also add, that no person, who regards his character, will undertake a command without the means of preserving it; since his conduct is culpable for all misfortunes, and never right but when successful.
I cannot think any number under two thousand men sufficient to cover our extensive frontiers, and with them it is impossible to prevent misfortunes, however easy the world may think it. What means can be used to raise these men, I know not, unless the listing servants is thought expedient; and that (alone) will prove ineffectual. Some resolve should be come to about the ranging companies. Under what regulations those are in Augusta, and what service they have done the country, I know not. Those on this quarter have done little service, and amount (both companies) to about thirty men only at this time. I apprehend it will be thought advisable to keep a garrison always at Fort Loudoun; for which reason I would beg leave to represent the great nuisance the number of tippling-houses in Winchester are of to the soldiers, who, by this means, in despite of the utmost care and vigilance, are, so long as their pay holds good, incessantly drunk, and unfit for service.
The rates of their liquor are immoderately high, and the publicans throughout the country charge one shilling per meal, currency, for soldier's diet; and the country only allows the recruiting officer eight pence per day for the maintenance of a soldier, by which means he loses in proportion as he gets men, which is much complained of, and is in reality a discouraging circumstance meriting redress. The want of a chaplain does, I humbly conceive, reflect dishonor upon the regiment, as all other officers are allowed. The gentlemen of the corps are sensible of this, and did propose to support one at their private expense. But I think it would have a more graceful appearance were he appointed as others are. I could wish some method were practised to bring the commonalty acquainted with the laws against entertaining of deserters, and to enforce those laws more effectually than they ever have been. The number of cattle that has been drove, and now is continually driving to Pennsylvania, may be thought worth noticing.
I informed your Honor immediately after my accompts were cursorily examined in April last, that the Committee objected to the money advanced Jenkins; and you ordered me to pay him as the money became due, which you would see me paid. In August last, when my accompts were again examined, and the same charge still remaining, the Committee resolved that I should get it back from Jenkins; which cannot be done, unless your Honor will please to do it. As they have absolutely refused to allow this charge, I should be glad to receive directions how to act with Jenkins; and to know whether you would have him continued any longer as a rider.
There is an officer of the American Regiment recruiting at Alexandria, and purposes to go thro' the country, and pass into Carolina. He has enlisted some servants, and purposes to take all he can meet with. This, I believe, may evince the necessity of our following his example, otherwise we suffer our country to be weakened by those and receive no immediate advantage from it; tho' I imagine the expense will be near the same to the country, their being in the King's or country's service.12
[Note 12: For some time complaints were freely made of the misbehavior of the officers in the Virginia Regiment. In May both the governor and the speaker had written to Washington of the reported immoralities and drunkenness among his force, and the gross neglect of duty that prevailed, but his friends were agreed that no charge had been made against him personally. In the fall the attacks came to a head and a series of crimes and misdeeds of which the Virginia Regiment had been guilty was published in the Virginia Gazette, the official paper of the colony, over the signature "Centinel X." This scurrilous writing angered Washington, and in spite of the advice of his brother, of the speaker, and other intimate friends to take no notice of it, he determined to resign or to obtain such a vindication as would prove the falsity of the charges. The principal officers under his command threatened to throw up their commissions, and appealed to the governor and the assembly for redress, and satisfaction equivalent to the injury; that is, a public declaration of confidence in them. In his cash book is an entry of 105. sent to Augustine Washington, for "publishing an answer to the 10th centinel," but no such answer appeared in print-- Ford. Augustine Washington's letter to George (October 16) gives his reason for delaying the publication that Washington desired.]
Winchester, September 22, 1756.
Parole Cork.
The Court-house to be cleared out immediately, the waggons unloaded, and the ammunition lodged above stairs; Sentries to be posted over it; and the Quarter-master to see the windows secured with green hides.
Winchester, September 23, 1756.
Parole Dublin.
Ensign Price to march the men under his command to-morrow morning, to their respective cantonments. The Quartermaster to provide a lock and key for the Town-house, and secure all the windows above and below with hides; and to employ the Drummers, and those of the Sentry now on guard, are likewise to assist to clean out the house.
Winchester, September 24, 1756.
Parole Exeter.
A Sergeant and twelve men, volunteers, to parade immediately, and go 5 or 6 miles up the new road, and return by the old road.
The eldest Subaltern and 25 men volunteers to march out to-morrow morning at revile' beating, up the new road to Hog-Creek, and to call at Paris's Fort for a Guide to shew the tracts and bushes which were seen and cut down this evening by report, and to proceed down the Creek. If he makes no material discoveries on the new road. To be very circumspect in his march, searching after the enemy; and then return with the party which marched out this evening to reinforce the Guard. The whole to be very alert, and alarm the Town upon the least noise.
Winchester, September 25, 1756.
Parole Falkirk.
The men are to parade at beating the long roll to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock; and be marched as usual to the Fort, to attend Divine Service. The Officers to be present at calling the roll, and see that the men do appear in the most decent manner they can.
Winchester, September 28, 1756.
Honble. Sir: I arrived here last night, and find things in the peaceable state I left them on this Quarter; and therefore set out to-morrow for Augusta. As Mr. Walker has declined, it is absolutely necessary to have a Commissary immediately appointed, who should have express orders where, and for what number of men to lay in Provisions; and should be furnished with cash before he sets out, as every thing will be got with less trouble & cheaper by that means. The time for buying provisions will soon be elapsed. I have ordered the Assistant Commissary here, that time may not be lost, to lay in twelve months provision for a thousand men. To have at each fort as much provision as will maintain the Garrison until the 1st May; and the rest to be lodged at this place of safety; so that in case an Expedition should be determined upon in the Spring, it may be in readiness, and the several Garrisons rendezvous'd, without the incumbrances of transporting stores and Provisions. These orders I have given, not knowing what else would be satisfactory; being ignorant of the plans, &c concerted, and acting entirely like a Wanderer in unknown paths I If it should not corroborate with your Honor's sentiments and with those of the Assembly, it is not too late to alter the directions, and give any others. It is for this purpose I mention it now that your Honor may, as Assembly are sitting, appoint the Commissary, and give me directions what quantity of provision to provide and in what magazines to lodge them; and then I will take the blame if it is not done, late as the season is.
The number of little paultry forts along the frontiers, render the forces very difficult and expensive to be supplied with provision. If the Assembly should continue determined to act defensively and should come into a Resolve of building a few Forts instead of the many intended, I would recommend only one at the most convenient place in each frontier county, vizt., Hampshire, Augusta, and Bedford, and that the one in Hampshire be built on a line betwixt this and Fort Du Quesne, and made cannon-proof; as it lies most exposed and has a free communication for carriages from the Enemy. As to the others, there being no possibility, without first opening the roads, to approach them with Artillery I conceive if they are built large, regular and defensible against musketry it is sufficient, for others will be very expensive.
I desired to know in my last what should be done with the Ranging Companies, since that, I am told they have all deserted to a few. Their posts must be filled with a Company of the Regiment from the Branch; which will occasion fresh uneasiness to the Inhabitants, as they are continually pestered by the enemy; a party of whom was defeated the other day by Ensign Smith and 12 men of the Regiment, who killed one man, took a number of -- moccasins, scalping knives, and 4 neat french Fuzees.
As Captain Mercer is summoned and must appear against Napp (as I do not) at the 6th day of the court, I expect he will get a supply of cash from the Treasurer, the last being all gone.
Blankets, Shirts & Cartridge-paper are much wanted for immediate use; and must if possible be soon provided, as we cannot do without them. They have had information on the Branch, that the Dunkers who are all Doctors) entertain the Indians who are wounded here, and that there were several then with them. Captain Spotswood marched out with 80 men to their Houses, to bring in all he finds there.
Winchester, September 28, 1756.
Sir' I arrived here last night, and observe your several letters concerning your present situation; and must acknowledge I have the greatest apprehensions of your danger: but as I have frequently expressed them to the Governor, and he has returned me no satisfactory answer, and know the determination of the Assembly and Committee is against improving that Fort: I can not give any orders as to your erecting new, or strengthening the old works. I have (enclosing one of your letters on the subject) wrote in most express terms now: and as the Assembly are sitting, it will be laid before them by the Governor; I expect his answer, which I shall immediately acquaint you with.
The waggon you mention was proved here to be the property of a poor man, who was obliged to quit it near Cox's Fort, being pursued by the Indians, and it was delivered to him, but I never concerned with the Horses; I understand they were claimed here by people who have left their Settlements. You have more waggons and many strays. Upon a representation of the affair you are to be allowed two pistoles for the Rangers or Drafts you enlist; of which you may acquaint the Officers. I shall very shortly send up ten or twelve waggons, which you must load with what you think least necessary to you, and most so to the Enemy, should they fall into their hands. The powder and grape we shall want. There was no accompt. of the Stores sent down. This makes me at a loss what to order, so leave it to you. I set out for Augusta to-morrow, to settle affairs on that Quarter. I am &c.
Halifax, October 10, 1756.
Sir: This day within five miles of the Carolina line, as I was proceeding to the southernmost fort in Halifax, I met Major Lewis on his return from the Cherokees, with seven men and three women only of that nation. The causes of this unhappy disappointment I have desired him to communicate, that your Honor may take measures accordingly.14 This account is sent by express, to give the earnest notice while the Assembly is sitting. I shall defer giving a particular detail of my remarks and observations on the situation of our frontiers, until I return to Winchester, as I expect by that time to be more intimately acquainted with the unhappy circumstances of the people. Yet I shall not omit mentioning some occurrences, which have happened in my tour to this place. I wrote your Honor from Winchester, that I should set out the next day for Augusta. I accordingly did, with Captain McNeill; and hearing at the Court-House, that the Indians still continue their depredations, although not so openly as at first, I applied to Colonel Stewart, then present, to raise a party of the militia, and said I would head them, and march to Jackson's River, to try to scour the woods, and, if possible, fall in with the enemy. He gave me very little encouragement to expect any men, yet desired I would wait four days, until Monday, and he would use his endeavours to collect a body. Until Tuesday I waited,
[Note 14: There had been sanguine expectations that 400 Cherokee Indians would join the Virginia forces, and it was supposed that Major Lewis would return with that number.-- Ford.] and only five men appeared. This being too inconsiderable a number to expose to a triumphant enemy, I was advised to apply to Colonel Buchanan for men, between whom and Colonel Stewart there was contention about command. As Colonel Buchanan lived at Luney's Ferry, on James River, sixty miles along the road to Vass's, on the Roanoke, where Captain Hogg was building a fort, to which place I did intend if I could have got men to range along the frontiers with me. I set out immediately for his house, attended by Captain Preston, who was kind enough to conduct me along, and acquainted the Colonel with the motives that brought me thither. He told me with very great concern, it was not in his power to raise men; for that, three days before, some of the militia in a fort, about fifteen miles above his house, at the head of Catawba Creek, commanded by one Colonel Hash, was attacked by the Indians, which occasioned all that settlement to break up totally, even to the ferry at Luney's; that he had ordered three companies to repair thither, to march against the enemy, and not one man came, except a captain, lieutenant, &c, and seven or eight men from Bedford. Finding then that it was impossible to get a party to range and scour the frontiers, it remained only to proceed without men to see the situation of the forts, or to return back again. The latter I was loath to do, as I had got thus far, and was anxious to see what posture of defence they were in. I therefore determined to come forward, at least to Vass's, and accordingly set out in company with Colonel Buchanan, who, being desirous that I might see and relate their unhappy circumstances, undertook to accompany me. We got safely to Vass's, where Captain Hogg, with only eighteen of his company, was building a fort, which must employ him till Christmas without more assistance. One Captain Hunt from Lunenburg, was there with thirty men; but none of them would strike a stroke, unless I would engage to see them paid forty pounds of tobacco per day, which is provided by act of Assembly for militia carpenters. This I certainly could not do, as your Honor, (who I thought had ordered them purposely out for this duty,) had given no directions in the affair. Whatever expectations your Honor may have had from the militia assistance, I am told they never lent a hand, save a few, that first came out with Captain Hogg, whom he has paid after the same rates with our men, at sixpence per diem. Vass's place is a pass of very great importance, being a very great inroad of the enemy, and secure, if it was strongly garrisoned, all Bedford and the greatest part of this county, notwithstanding they have built three forts here, and one of them, if no more, erected in my opinion in a very out-of-the-way place. This they call Fort Trial.
From Vass's I came off with a servant and a guide, to visit the range of forts in this county; and in less than two hours after, two men were killed along the same road, as will appear by Captain McNeill's letter, which I have just received, and herewith send, to let your Honor see, by the account of Captain Hunt's behaviour, what dependence may be put in the militia. The inhabitants are so sensible of their danger, if left to the protection of these people, that not a man will stay at his place. This I have from their own mouths, and the principal persons of Augusta county. The militia are under such bad order and discipline, that they will go and come when and where they please, without regarding time, their officers, or the safety of the inhabitants, but consulting solely their own inclinations. There should be, according to your Honor's orders, one third, of the militia of these parts now on duty at once; instead of that, I believe scarce one-thirteenth is out. They are to be relived every month; they are more than that time marching to and from their stations, and will not wait one day longer than the limited time, whether they are relieved or not, let the necessity for it be ever so urgent. An instant of this happened in my presence about four days ago, in the case of Captain Daniel from Albemarle, who was intreated by Colonel Buchanan to stay, at the time he was gathering or attempting to gather men, upon that alarm of the Catawba settlement before mentioned. But his month was out, and go he must and did. Nay, I believe I may venture to say, that, whether his month had been out or not, this would have induced him to go; for this gentleman went away fore Vass's, because he thought it a dangerous post, giving that for his reason, and left Captain Hogg with eighteen men, exposed to the insults of the enemy.
Perhaps it may be thought I am partial in my relation, and reflect unjustly. I really do not, Sir. I scorn to make unjust remarks on the behaviour of the militia, as much as I despise and contemn the persons, who detract from mine and the character of the regiment. Were it not, that I consulted the good of the public, and thought these garrisons merited redress, I should not think it worth my mention. I only want to make the country sensible, how ardently I have studied to promote her cause, and wish very sincerely, my successor may fill my place more to their satisfaction in every respect, than I have been able to do. I mentioned in my last to your Honor, that I did not think a less number than two thousand men would be sufficient to defend our extensive and much exposed frontiers from the ravages of the enemy. I have not had one reason yet to alter my opinion, but many to strengthen and confirm it. And I flatter myself, the country will, when they know my determinations, be convinced that I have no sinister views, no vain motives of commanding a number of men, that urge me to recommend this number to your Honor, but that it proceeds from the knowledge I have acquired of the country, people, &c, to be defended.
Your Honor, I hope, will give directions about laying in provisions on our southern frontiers. It is not in my power to do it, as I know not what troops can or will be put there; for the regiment is at present too weak to allow any men to march from the quarter in which they are now stationed. I set out this day on my return to the fort, at the head of Catawba, where Colonel Buchanan promised to meet me with a party to conduct me along our frontiers, up Jackson's River to Fort Dinwiddie, and higher if needful. If he does not meet me, I shall immediately proceed to Winchester, as it will be impossible to do any thing without men.
If your Honor thinks proper to advance the pay of the militia, in order to engage them to work, please to acquaint Captain Hogg therewith, and send him money for that purpose, and were there more men ordered to cover his party, and assist in the work, it would be highly advisable, for he lies greatly exposed. Major Lewis is extremely unwell. This express is referred to your Honor for pay. I have not money to do it. I am hurried a good deal, but have given a plain account of all those several matters mentioned in the foregoing sheet. I am, &c.
[Note 15: Of the Albemarle militia, at Millers Fort.]
Fort Dinwiddie, October 18, 1756.
Sir: Lieutenant Bullet, who commands at this place, in the absence of Captain Hogg, tells me that he applied to you for a few men to join such parties as this Garrison can afford, to range the woods, and assist the inhabitants in securing their Grain, gathering their Corn, &c, and that you have refused to aid him. I conceive if you did so, it must have proceeded from a misapprehension of his meaning. Therefore I apply to you myself on this head; and desire your compliance, or reasons for refusing.
I presume, Sir, it will be needless to acquaint you; your own good sense will doubtless evince it, that the intent of sending men hither was to protect the frontier inhabitants, and offer them comfort by relieving their distresses, and wants; which not in any wise be accomplished, while you remain in a body at a certain place, forted in, as if to defend yourselves were the sole end of your coming.
You will I hope excuse the liberty I have taken in mentioning this affair, when I tell you I am in a great measure authorized by the Governor to direct in these matters.
Winchester, October 23, 1756.
Sir: Last night I returned from a very long and troublesome jaunt on the Frontiers, as far as Mayo; where affairs seem to be in a dangerous situation: and to add to our misfortunes, I find our neighbourhood here on the wing, you and your Garrison in great distress and danger; the Enemy ravaging the country about Conogochieg, Stony-Run, and South Branch; loud and general complaints for protection; few or no men to send abroad for any Service. In short, so melancholy a scene, without the power of changing it to our satisfaction and interest, fills me with the greatest anxiety and uneasiness. I shall recite you all the Governor's last letter to me relative to Fort Cumberland as I had written for his positive directions, vizt.:
You have frequently complained to me of the situation, &c, of Fort Cumberland, and I have wrote you how disagreeable it was to me to give up any place of strength, as it wou'd raise the spirits of the enemy, at the same time suspect us to be in fear of them; and therefore if that place could be sustained with safety, till Lord Loudoun gives orders thereon, I should be glad. But as you are upon the spot, and think it very prejudicial to the Service to keep that Fortress; I desire you may call a council of officers and consult, whether the most advisable to keep it or demolish it, if the last, you must take care to have all the ammunition, &c. brought to Winchester; and detroy every thing which you conceive may be of any service to the enemy. This affair is now left to the determination of a Council of Officers; and I desire you to be very explicit in your arguments on the head, as they must be laid before Lord Loudoun. I was always averse to small garrisons on our frontiers, as they in course divide our men into small parties, but you know that the Assembly were so fond of them, that they passed a Law for that purport--and I cannot at present alter that determination.16
[Note 16: The original, dated September 30, is in the Washington Papers, and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 372.]
Thus far his Honor. As it appears to be an affair of much importance, I cannot pretend to offer my advice, but would desire you and the officers there to deliberate seriously in Council, what you think most proper, to be done; and send me immediate notice that I may come up with a sufficient number of waggons, (if to be abandoned) to remove the Stores, and likewise to hold a General Court Martial on the matter, to avoid future reflection. I have frequently mentioned my dislike to the place, for these Reasons: First, Its insufficiency for any tolerable defence, Secondly, its distance from the inhabitants, difficulty of communication, and answering no other purpose than burying the service of 170 Men, in guarding the Stores, which might be more conveniently clone in other forts. Indeed, had we men enough to afford constant scouting parties from that place and cou'd defend the country hereabouts, I shou'd approve its being supported and improved in strength on account of the advantages we might expect from it, but as this is not the case, I look upon it as rather prejudicial to the country. The additional works you mention as necessary to strengthen the fort, I cannot consent to without positive orders from the Governor; as I shou'd become answerable from my own Estate for such expenses; unless commanded by the Governor or Assembly. The Assembly is prorogu'd to the second Thursday of next month, when we may depend upon some alterations in our present constitution: and if you think, after the removal of part of the Stores, it can be maintained, till we have their determination, probably may be more advisable, as His Excellency Lord Loudoun is then expected. But upon the whole, as you must be a better judge of your own situation and danger, and the Governor leaving the affair to a council of Officers, I refer the case entirely to your discretion; hoping you will observe the greatest circumspection and prudence in all your measures; so that we may be liable to no blame for any future consequences. Enclosed is a scheme I intend to offer the Assembly, if they cannot be persuaded off their defensive notions, although I am determined to urge my utmost to evince the advantages and necessity of an offensive campaign; as you and every body else must allow that carrying the war into the enemy's country is the surest method of peace at home and success abroad. And until an attempt is formed against Duquesne, so as to remove the fountain of all our disturbance and trouble, we never may expect a peaceable day. The policy of the French is so subtle that not a friendly Indian will we have on the continent, if we do not soon dislodge them from the Ohio.
I shall exert every power to make this plan go down with the Assembly, and press them to vigorous measures for the safety and interest of the Country, preferably to the Defensive, and demonstrate fully to them every thing I think demands their concern, as to the Frontiers. I also would have you collect whatever comes under your own observation in these respects, that we may omit nothing requisite for the Assembly's regard. As the fund for support of the Rangers is long since exhausted, the Governor orders them to be discharged. You will therefore acquaint the officers and men of these Companies, that they are discharged accordingly, &c, &c.
Winchester, October 23, 1756.
Parole Dinwiddie.
It is Colonel Washington's positive orders to the Officers of the Day, to Captain Stone, and all Overseers of the public works, not to suffer any man to straggle from his work, on any pretence whatever, as they are constantly running about the Streets, when they shou'd be employed. Therefore no man is to be seen in town without a ticket in writing from his Overseer, setting forth the reasons of his being absent. It is likewise expected the Overseers will be more circumspect in staying with the men, and not leave their stations, until the hours allotted for their refreshment, as they shall answer for the same.
The men are to be acquainted, that if any is found acting contrary to these orders, he will immediately be sent up to the Fort, and punished. It is likewise recommended to all Officers on duty, to examine every straggling Soldier they see in town without proper permits; that they do directly put the above Orders into execution.
The Drummers to take the Guard to-morrow as usual; and no man to be excused from work on any pretence, except by the Doctor. And those who stay not in the Hospital, are to be brought before the Doctor at Breakfast time, by a Sergeant or Corporal of each company, that he may pass his opinion of their capacity to work. Any Sergeant or Corporal, found screening any person on any pretence, and acting contrary to the above Orders, will not only be reduced, but also punished.
The Colonel having indulged them hitherto, is resolved not to forgive such evil practices for the future.
Winchester, October 28, 1756.
Parole Blakeney.
As Colonel Washington is to hold conference with the Catawba Indians, betwixt eleven and twelve o'clock. He desires all the Officers in town to attend at that time. And during the time of conference, he orders a Sergeant and Drummer to beat through the Town, ordering all Soldiers and Towns people to use the Indians civilly and kindly; to avoid giving them liquor, and to be cautious what they speak before them: as all of them understand english, and ought not to be affronted.
[Note 17: The Catawbas were one of the eight Indian nations of North America discovered by the Europeans in the seventeenth century. Their region lay southward of the Tuscaroras, between the Yadkin and Catawba Rivers. They were brave, but not aggressive, in warfare, and although at one time they belonged to the powerful league of southern Indians who were determined to extirpate the whites, later on they allied themselves with the English and remained stanch friends to them ever after.--Hamilton's Letters to Washington.]
[Winchester, October 28, 1756.]
Capt. Johnne: We Desire you to go to the Cherokees, and tell them the Road is now clear and Open; We expected them to War last Spring, and love them So well, that Our Governor Sent Some few men to build a fort among them; but we are mighty Sorry that they hearken so much to lies French tell, as to break their promise and not come to war, when they might have got a great deal of honour; and kill'd a great many of the French, whose hearts are false, and rotten as an old Stump. If they Continue to Listen to What the French Say much longer they will have great cause to be sorry, as the French have no Match locks, pow'd and Lead but what they got from King George our father, before the War began and that will soon be out; when they will get no more, and all the French Indians will be starving with Cold, and must take to Bows and Arrows again for want of Ammunition.
Tell them we long to Shake hands with them;
Let them get their knives and tomhawkes Sharpe, we will go before them, and show them the way to honour, Scalps, prisoners, and money Enough, We are mighty sorry they stay at home idle, when they should go to War, and become great men, and a terror and dread to their Enemies. Tell them they shall have Victuals enough, and used very kindly.
[November 9, 1756.]
A Plan of the Number of Forts, and strength necessary to each extending entirely across our Frontiers, from South to North.
[Note 19: Spelled indifferently Dickinson's, Dickersons, or Dickenson's.]
This plan is calculated upon the most moderate and easy terms for sparing the country expences, and I believe with tolerable justness may answer the design of protecting the inhabitants. It may be objected, that the distance between some of the forts is too small; in answer to which I must observe they are generally fixed upon the heads of creeks, &c, extending towards the Alleghany mountains with almost inaccessible mountains between them, and are placed in the most commodious manner for securing the inhabitants of such waters. Some Garrisons are larger than others, according as they cover a thick or thin settlement. The fort at Vass's (which Capt. Hogg is now building) is in a much exposed gap; subject to the inroads of the Southern Indians, and in a manner covers the greatest part of Bedford and Halifax.
Dickersons is situated for the defence of a once numerous and fertile settlement, on the Bull Cow and Calf pastures; and lies directly in the Shawnese path to Ohio, and must be a place of rendezvous, if an Expedition is conducted against the Ohio Indians below Duquesne.
The Garrisons on the Potomack waters, are yet larger than any; because an invasion is most to be dreaded on this Quarter.
It will be seen Fort Cumberland is not mentioned in this plan. If we act only on the defensive (a system on which this plan is founded) I think it employs a large garrison to very little advantage to Virginia. If we act offensively, it may be of infinite use, if properly fortified; and the Garrison at Cockes's will then only consist of about 50 or 60, as the rest may be removed to Fort Cumberland.20
[Note 20: "As to the affair of Fort Cumberland, I own it gives me great uneasiness; and I am of the same opinion with you, that it was very material to have supported that fort this winter, and after that we could easily have made it a better post than ever it has been, from what I hear of it. I can't agree with Co. Washington in not drawing into him the posts from the stockade forts in order to defend the advanced one; and I should imagine much more of the frontier will be exposed by retiring their advanced post near Winchester, where I understand he is retired; for, from your letter, I take it for granted he has before this executed his plan without waiting for any advice. If he leaves any o[ the great quantity of stores behind, it will be very unfortunate, and he ought to consider it must lie at his own door. This proceeding, I am afraid, will have a bad effect as to the Dominion, and will not have a good appearance at home."-- Loudoun to Dinwiddie, November or December, 1756.]
Winchester, November 9, 1756.
Honble. Sir: In mine from Halifax I promised your Honor a particular detail of my remarks and observations upon the situation of our frontiers, when I arrived at this place. Although I was pretty explicit in my former, I cannot avoid recapitulating part of the subject now, as my duty, and its importance for redress are strong motives.
From Fort Trial on Smith's River, I returned to Fort William on the Catawba, where I met Colonel Buchanan with about thirty men, (chiefly officers,) to conduct me up Jackson's River, along the range of forts. With this small company of irregulars, with whom order, regularity, circumspection, and vigilance were matters of derision and contempt, we set out, and, by the protection of Providence, reached Augusta CourtHouse in seven days, without meeting the enemy; otherwise we must have fallen a sacrifice, through the indiscretion of these whooping, hallooing gentlemen soldiers!
This jaunt afforded me an opportunity of seeing the bad regulation of the militia, the disorderly proceedings of the garrisons, and the unhappy circumstances of the inhabitants.
First, of the militia. The difficulty of collecting them upon any emergency whatever, I have often spoken of as grevious; and I appeal to sad experience, both in this and other countries, how great a disadvantage it is; the enemy having every opportunity to plunder, kill, and escape, before they can afford any assistance. And not to mention the expensiveness of their service in general, I can instance several cases, where a captain, lieutenant, and, I may add, an ensign, with two or three sergeants, and six or eight men, will go upon duty at a time. The proportion of expense in this case is so unjust and obvious, your Honor wants not to be proved.
Then these men, when raised, are to be continued only one month on duty, half of which time is lost in their marching out and home, (especially those from the adjacent counties,) who must be on duty some time before they reach their stations; by which means double sets of men are in pay at the same time, and for the same service. Again, the waste of provision they make is unaccountable; no method or order in being served or purchasing at the best rates, but quite the reverse. Allowance for each man, as other soldiers do, they look upon as the highest indignity, and would sooner starve, than carry a few days' provision on their backs for conveniency. But upon their march, when breakfast is wanted, knock down the first beef, &c, they meet with, and, after regaling themselves, march on until dinner, when they take the same method, and so for supper likewise, to the great oppression of the people. Or, if they chance to impress cattle for provision, the valuation is left to ignorant and indifferent neighbours, who have suffered by those practices, and, despairing of their pay, exact high prices, and thus the public is imposed on at all events. I might add, I believe, that, for the want of proper laws to govern the militia by (for I cannot ascribe it to any other cause), they are obstinate, self-willed, perverse, of little or no service to the people, and very burthensome to the country. Every mean individual has his own crude notions of things, and must undertake to direct. If his advice is neglected, he thinks him self slighted, abased, and injured; and, to redress his wrongs, will depart for his home. These, Sir, are literally matters of fact, partly from persons of undoubted veracity, but chiefly from my own observations.
Secondly, concerning the garrisons. I found them very weak for want of men; but more so by indolence and irregularity. None I saw in a posture of defence, and few that might not be surprised with the greatest ease. An instance of this appeared at Dickinson's Fort, where the Indians ran down, caught several children playing under the walls, and had got to the gate before they were discovered. Was not Vass's Fort surprised, and a good many souls lost, in the same manner? They keep no guard, but just when the enemy is about; and are under fearful apprehensions of them; nor ever stir out of the forts, from the time they reach them, till relieved on their month being expired; at which time they march off, be the event what it will. So that the neighbourhood may be ravaged by the enemy, and they not the wiser. Of the ammunition they are as careless as of the provisions, firing it away frequently at targets for wagers. On our journey, as we approached one of their forts, we heard a quick fire for several minutes, and concluded for certain that they were attacked; so we marched in the best manner to their relief; but when we came up, we found they were diverting at marks. These men afford no assistance to the unhappy settlers, who are drove from their plantations, either in securing their harvests, or gathering in their corn. Lieutenant Bullet, commanding at Fort Dinwiddie, sent to Major Lewis of Albemarle, who commanded a party of sixty militia at Miller's, about fifteen miles above him, where were also thirty men of Augusta, for some men to join his small parties to gather the corn. Major Lewis refused assistance, and would not divide his men. I wrote to him, but got no answer. Mr. Bullet has done what he could with his few; not quite thirty. Of the many forts, which I passed by, I saw but one or two that had their captains present, they being absent chiefly on their own business, and had given leave to several of the men to do the same. Yet these persons, I will venture to say, will charge the country their full month's pay.
Thirdly, the wretched and unhappy situation of the inhabitants needs few words, after a slight reflection on the preceding circumstances, which must certainly draw after them very melancholy consequences without speedy redress. They are truly sensible of their misery; they feel their insecurity from militia preservation, who are slow in coming to their assistance, indifferent about their preservation, unwilling to continue, and regardless of every thing but their own ease. In short, they are so affected with approaching ruin, that the whole back country is in a general motion towards the southern colonies; and I expect that scarce a family will inhabit Frederick, Hampshire, or Augusta, in a little time. They petitioned me in the most earnest manner for companies of the regiment. But alas! it is not in my power to assist them with any, except I leave this dangerous quarter more exposed than they are. I promised, at their particular request, to address your Honor and the Assembly in their behalf, and that a regular force may be established in lieu of the militia and ranging companies, which are of much less service, and infinitely more cost to the country. Were this done, the whole would be under one direction, and any misbehaviour could never pass with impunity. Whereas the others are soldiers at will, and in fact will go and come when and where they please, without regarding the orders or directions of any. And, indeed, the manner in which some of the ranging captains have obtained their commissions, if I am rightly informed, is by imposture and artifice. They produce a list, I am told, to your Honor, of sundry persons, who are willing to serve under them. One part, it is said, are of fictitious names; another, the names of persons who never saw the list; and the remainder are persons drawn into it by fallacious promises, that cannot be complied with without detriment to the service. But were it otherwise, surely any person, who considers the pay of the soldiers and that of the militia, will find a considerable difference, tho' both under the best regulations.
As defensive measures are evidently insufficient for the security and safety of the country, I hope no arguments are requisite to convince of the necessity of altering them to a vigorous offensive war, in order to remove the cause. But, should the Assembly still indulge that favorite scheme of protecting the inhabitants by forts along the frontiers, in which many of them too put their dependence, and as the building of these forts has been encouraged and confirmed by an act of the Assembly, I take the liberty to present your Honor with a plan of the number of forts, and strength necessary to each, reaching entirely across our frontiers from north to south. This plan is calculated upon the most moderate and easy terms for sparing the country's expense, and, I believe, with tolerable propriety to answer the wished-for design of protecting the settlers. Besides, most of the forts are already built by the country-people or soldiers, and require but little improvement, save one or two, as Dickinson's and Cox's. Your Honor will see Fort Cumberland excluded in this list.
The advantage of having the militia in Augusta, &c, under one command, I have already hinted; and I think Major Lewis should have your Honor's orders to take that duty in hand, with directions and orders to secure those important passes of Dickinson's and Vass's, by building a fort in the neighbourhood of Dickinson's, or by other means. And were it practicable to get the people to assemble in little towns contiguous to these forts, it would contribute much to their mutual peace and safety, during the continuance of the Indian war. The Augusta people complain greatly for want of money.
The other day eleven Indians of the Catawba tribe came here, and we undoubtedly might have had more of them, had the proper means been used to send trusty guides to invite and conduct them to us; but this is neglected. One Matthew Tool makes his boast of stopping them until he shall be handsomely rewarded for bringing them; and Major Lewis can inform your Honor of one Bemer, who uses every method to hinder the Cherokees from coming to our assistance. Complaint should be made to Governor Littleton of these persons. Indian goods are much wanted to reward the Catawbas, and encourage them to engage in our service. In what manner are they to be paid for scalps? Are our soldiers entitled to the reward like indifferent people? It is a tedious and expensive way to defer payment until proved and sent to your Honor.
Your Honor and the Assembly should determine these points and many others very essential, vizt., a proper method of paying rewards for taking up deserters, the present being very discouraging, in delaying payment until Courts of Claims, &c.; means to replace the drafts, that must be discharged in December; ascertaining the pay of workmen employed on all public works, or empowering the commanding officer to agree on the cheapest terms with them; how the servants enlisted for the Virginia regiment are to be paid for. We have already recruited fifty odd and are daily dunned for payment by the masters. A report prevails, to my great surprise, tho' disbelief, that your Honor had told some persons, who applied to you for satisfaction for their servants, that I had no orders to enlist any. This false rumor occasions very strange reflections, and must make me appear in a very unjust light to the world. I have, therefore, desisted from recruiting until your Honor directs me in what manner those already obtained are to be satisfied; and I beg your Honor will give me immediate advice on the affair, as the people are impatient, and threaten us with prosecutions from all quarters.
Your Honor has herewith a copy of the council of war, held in behalf of Fort Cumberland, in which the arguments are justly and fully laid down, both with regard to Virginia in particular, and in general, as to the three colonies whose mutual interest highly concerns, and should be by them equitably supported. On the back of the copy are my sentiments on the matter candidly offered your Honor,21 and to your Honor I leave the determination of this important affair, with the officers of the council. I have frequently wrote your Honor, desiring you would appoint a commissary in lieu of Mr. Walker, who has declined acting, and been absent for many months; but as I never had your Honor's answer, I have in consequence of your first and since repeated instructions made choice of a person, who I believe will do that duty with every necessary diligence and care; and hope your Honor will approve my proceeding. The £100 paid Colo. Stephen of the Ranger's money (by Colonel Fairfax) have already been accounted for to the Committee. I have since received from Colo. Fairfax £68.13.9 on the country's credit, and to be settled with my other accompts.
[Note 21: See Remarks on the Council of War, November 5, ante.]
As touching a chaplain, if the government will grant a subsistence, we can readily get a person of merit to accept of the place, without giving the commissary any trouble on that point, as it is highly necessary we should be reformed from those crimes and enormities we are so universally accused of.22
[Note 22: In reply to a request for the appointment of a chaplain to the regiment, Governor Dinwiddie wrote (November 16): "In regard to a Chaplain, you should know that it's necessary his qualifications and the Bishop's Letter of License should be produced to the Commissary and Self, but this Person is also nameless."]
Your Honor has had advice of two spies, that were taken at Fort Cumberland; one of whom they quickly hung up as his just reward, being a deserter; the other was sent to Governor Sharpe, to give information of the infernal practices followed by some of the priests of that province, in holding correspondence with our enemy.23 I am just setting out for Fort Cumberland. I am, &c.
[Note 23: A priest by the name of Neal had employed a William Johnston or Johnson as a messenger two years before. Governor Sharpe obtained considerable information from the latter. (See Correspondence of Sharpe, Maryland Archives, vol. 6, pp. 501--504.)]
Winchester, November 9, 1756.
Dear Sir: I am just returned from a tedious and troublesome tour around our frontiers which has afforded me many unpleasing views of the melancholy condition of our Countrymen: arising chiefly from the indolence and irregularity of the Militia, posted in different places for their protection.
I have always made it a principle of duty to promote the interest and Service of my Country by every endeavour, in contempt of all the calumny and censure that malice and illnature may suggest. And as many matters require speedy redress; I shall hint such as I think claim the serious regard of the approaching Assembly; which I hope will be received as the sincere dictates of a dispassionate mind, void of every view but the public good!
1st. The bad order of the Militia, and the insufficiency of defending the Inhabitants by them, are absolute certainties I have long been convinced of: But in Augusta and other frontier counties, they prove it by sad experience; which I have often regretted. The difficulty of collecting them in time of danger is so prejudicial, that the Enemy have every oppertunity to plunder, kill, scalp, and escape before they appear. The want of order, regulation and obedience, prevent any good effects, their assistance and force might have. For every petty person must assume command, direct and advise: otherwise he takes huff, thinks his wisdom and merit affronted, and so marches off in high contempt of every social Law. Then the expensiveness of supporting them, is in general very burthensome but where instances are of a Capt. Lieut. and Ensign, with two or three Sergeants, and six or eight men, going upon duty at a time; The disproportion of men and Officers is so remarkable as to need no further proof of the injustice done the country. Again, the waste of provision is unaccountable; they follow no method in serving a certain quota to each man. This wou'd be the highest indignity and they would sooner starve than carry a few days provision on their backs, for conveniency, as other Soldiers do. But regardless and prodigal of every thing; upon their marches they kill the first cattle they meet with, when Breakfast is wanted; and after this repast, march on 'till Dinner calls, then take the same method and so also for Supper; leaving the remainder after eating, for Wolves and buzzards. If by chance they impress provisions; the valuation is left to ignorant and indifferent people, who have themselves suffered by those practices; and who, despairing of pay, exact high prices. Lastly these Militia being raised only for a month, lose half the time in marching out and home (especially those who come from the adjacent counties) who must be on duty sometime before they reach their Station; by which means double sets of men are in pay at the same time, and for the same Service.
2ly. The Garrison I found weak for want of men; but more so thro' indolence and want of order. None I saw were in a posture of defence; and few that might not be surprized with the greatest ease. An instance whereof happened at Dickerson's fort; when the Indians ran down, caught several children playing under the Walls, and had got to the Fort gate before they were discovered. Thus Vass's fort was surprized and lost with the Garrison. They keep no Guards, but just when the enemy is about, or under fearful apprehensions of them: nor ever stir out of the forts from the time they reach them, until relieved, when their month is out: and then they march off, whatever be the event. Their diligence and resolution in pursuing the enemy are exemplified in Capt. Hunt, of Lunenburgh; who was persuaded by Capt. McNeil, on seeing a poor man inhumanly massacred on the road close by where I came, to go in search of the Savages. They followed the tracks, and came to a run, thro' which they had just passed, it being muddy, and the stones yet wet; the number of the enemy was supposed to be about 20, by all the signs that appeared. Here the Captain stopped, and finding he came fast up with them thought proper to desist his pursuit; and after some consultation with his men, contrary to the advice and entreaties of Capt. McNeil, &c. &c. did retreat; as appears by the depositions of Capt. McNeil and Colo. Buchanan on this occasion; nor is this the only instance. Some Militia of this county under Capt. Riddle, upon a late alarm, refused to proceed; on coming to fires from which Indians had just fled. All this owing to want of due command and obedience. The Militia are likewise negligent of their ammunition, and waste it in as great profusion as they do their provision; hunting with it, and firing it away at marks for wagers, &c. as I found in my last Journey. Of the many Forts I passed by, I saw but few that had the Captain present: most of them absent on their own business, and had given leave for many of the men to do the same.
From these and other circumstances too tedious to mention, it must appear a very natural conclusion, that the situation of the Frontiers is much to be pitied. And indeed they have a thorough sense of their danger, while dependant on the protection of the Militia: To avoid which they in general declare they must move off to the southward, without some favourable alteration in a little time. They petitioned me with the greatest earnestness for some Companies of the Regiment: But alas! it is out of my power to assist them with any. Unless I shou'd leave this dangerous quarter more exposed than they are. I promised to remonstrate in their behalf to the Assembly and Governor, that a Regular Force might be established in lieu of the Militia and Ranging Companies; which are of much less service, and of infinitely more cost, to the Country. Were this done, the whole wou'd be under one Direction; and no misbehaviour pass unpunished. Whereas the others are Soldiers at will, and in fact will go and come when and where they please, without regarding the Orders or direction of any person. I have likewise been informed, several of the Ranging Captains have obtained their Commissions by a subtle fraud imposed on the Governor. The certainty of advantage by an offensive scheme of action, is beyond any doubt much preferable to our defensive measures, and requires no arguments with you, Sir, I presume, for proof. Our scattered force avails little to stop the secret incursions of the Savages; so separated and dispersed into weak parties: and can only perhaps put them to flight, or 'fright them to another part of the Country; which answers not the end proposed. Whereas, had we strength enough to invade their lands, and assault their Towns, we shou'd then restrain them from coming abroad, and leave their families exposed. We should then remove the principal cause, and have stronger probability of success. We shou'd then be free from the many alarms, mischiefs and murders that now attend us. We shou'd then inspirit up the hearts of our few Indian friends, and gain more esteem with them. In short cou'd Pennsylvania and Maryland be induced to join us in an expedition of this nature; and to petition His Excellency Lord Loudon, for a small train of Artillery, with some Engineers. We shou'd then be able in all human probability to subdue the terror of Fort DuQuesne; retrieve our character with the Indians, and restore peace to our unhappy Frontiers.
I wish sincerely the three Colonies cou'd be brought to act in conjunction as our frontiers are so contigious, and our mutual interest so closely connected. But, shou'd our Assembly still pursue the defensive, by confiding in the security of Forts; a system of much incertainty and danger, where the frontiers is so very extensive, and next to an impossibility of being defended; after all shou'd they yet encourage this method allow me, Sir, to offer a plan of the strength necessary to support these Forts, and the number of Forts that is requisite, most of which are already built by the Militia and Soldiers and want little improvement; save those of Dickenson and Cocks's.
This plan is calculated upon the most moderate terms; and employs as few men as possibly can be proposed for the Service. And indeed the most probable method to render this plan efficacious wou'd be to induce the inhabitants to assemble in Townships, contiguous to these Forts; as many of them seem agreeable to the proposal, and would be more encouraged by the sanction of the Assembly. Then they cou'd cultivate their lands, preserve their Stocks, and contribute to their mutual security.
Thus did the New Englanders settle when infested as we are now. And answers well in either case, defensive or offensive. The number of men I have computed also, to serve in both cases, fewer cou'd not do, to afford a number sufficient to join in an expedition, and leave enough to preserve the Forts. And, shou'd they only act as Scouts, in defending the country; a less number could not afford constant Ranging parties, and cover the scattered inhabitants: besides the expence of 2000 Regulars, would not surpass the present charge of the Militia, Rangers, &c. now employed. And to raise this number of men, I know of no other method than to enlist Servants, even Convicts not excepted; the difficulty will be so great. We have already recruited 50 Servants or more, in consequence of the Governors Orders; but no provision being yet made for satisfying their masters by act of Assembly, I shou'd be glad to know what must be done in this case, as I am constantly importuned for their value. In case the Assembly shou'd come to the resolution of raising this number of men; I wou'd recommend the plan of Regulation I formerly offered in a letter to you of the 16th. April, when the Assembly were sitting.
As the Act for punishing Munity and desertion, is now expired; I wou'd press the Assemblys' regard to enforce the articles of war in general: at least so many of them as are not incompatible with the nature of the Service and establish certain rules for the regulation of your Troops. Also, some other method of paying rewards for taking up Deserters; as it is but small encouragement to be refered to a court of claims, then to the Assembly, and lie some years out of the money; whereas, had they immediate satisfaction, it wou'd be a great inducement to the people to be active in apprehending them. And cou'd the common people be brought better acquainted with the Laws against Desertion, and the rewards offered for discouraging it, we would perhaps lose fewer men. The Billeting Soldiers on the inhabitants. And the rates of Soldiers diet. It will never answer to pay 1/ for a meal, when 8d. are only allowed for a days maintenance. The wages or rates of workmen employed on public works should be ascertained, or left to the commanding Officer to agree in the cheapest way. The premium for Scalps', how to be paid the Indians? and whether our people are entitled to the reward as indifferent people? The way of proving and sending down to the Governor for payment, is both expensive and tedious; and will not suit with the suspicious temper of an Indian, who may think it an evasion of their promises. A Chaplain for the Regiment ought to be provided; that we may at least have the show, if we are said to want the substance of Godliness! As Fort Loudon must be supported; I would represent the prejudice we suffer by the number of Tippling-houses kept in this Town; by which our men are debauched, and rendered unfit for duty, while their pay lasts. Neither do the Court take any notice of them, tho' often complained of. The ruinous state of the frontiers, and the vast extent of land we have lost since this time twelvemonth, must appear incredible to those who are not eyewitnesses of the desolation. Upwards of fifty miles of a rich and (once) thick-settled country is now quite deserted and abandoned, from the Maryland to the Carolina lines: Great numbers below that, removed thro' fear, and apprehensions of danger; and the whole Settlement deliberating whether to go or stay. The cause of such desertion I believe is in great measure owing to Maryland and Pennsylvania giving ground so much faster than we do: whereby we are left exposed in a very fine tract of land as low as, Monocasy, on the Maryland side.
As the affair of Fort Cumberland will come under your cognizance; I have here with sent you a copy of a Council of War held there to enquire, whether it was advisable to continue or demolish it. The reasons for and against it, are very just; and as it respects Virginia in particular, answers no other end than guarding Potomack, securing the only road fit for wheel-carriages to Ohio, and employing 170 men, who might be of other service elsewhere. Indeed, to view it in the general regard to Pennsylvania, Maryland, and our Colony; it is of the first importance, and might answer great purposes, were it on a good spot of ground made cannon-proof, and well garrisoned; which might easily be done, if the three Colonies wou'd consent to support and strengthen it. Give me leave to refer you for many things I wanted to have observed and resolved in a long letter wrote you last August, when I sent down to settle my accompts. There you will find matters that require the attention of the Assembly &c. Ensign Fleming complains of the short allowance made him by the Committee for his trouble and attendance upon the Sick. And indeed as he acted as Surgeon to the whole party, upon the expedition against the Shawnese, as Major Lewis certifies; it was rather little, and more especially as he has had the care of Capt. Hoggs company for this twelve-month past. He now declines acting as Surgeon longer, without assurance of recompence. And as that Company is out of the reach of our Surgeon, should be glad you would take it into consideration. Also, that affair of Capt. Peachy being robb'd of £50; as mentioned in the aforesaid letter. Last week eleven of the Catawba Indians came to us; and say we might have had more of them, had we sent proper Guides to conduct them. These essential matters we are very negligent about. As we must reward those few in an extraordinary way, to encourage the others to come to our assistance; I am at a loss how to do it, having no Indian Goods, and know not how to be supplied. You have heard no doubt of their having taken two Spies at Fort Cumberland: one of whom informs us, of very unnatural and pernicious correspondence held with the French, by some Priests, &c. of Maryland. We have sent him to Governor Sharpe, to make the proper use of him. the other being a Deserter of ours, was justly hanged up, in reward for his villanous disloyalty. I am Sir, &c.
Winchester, November 9, 1756.
Parole Georgia.
To-morrow being the Anniversary of His Majesty's Birthday, the men to be drawn up at 12 o'clock, and Marched to the Fort, there to fire three vollies, which is to be taken from the cannon; Officers to appear in their Regimentals; and the Soldiers to dress as clean as possible.
The Colonel recomends it to the Officers to be very circumspect (during his absence to Fort Cumberland) in their several duties; especially those who oversee the works.
Alexandria, November 24, 1756.
Honble. Sir: At this place, on my way to Williamsburg, I received your Honor's letter of the 18th instant,24 and shall take care to pay the strictest obedience to your orders, and the opinion, so far as I can. The detachment ordered from
[Note 24: Dinwiddie had written (November 16): "The abuses mentioned in yours I have been made acquainted with from several hands; but I expected you would have been more particular in regard to the officers neglecting their duty, and the different forts not being properly garrisoned with men,--nay, without their officers. This vague report makes it impossible for me to call on the delinquents...I am of opinion the string of forts proposed is only weakening our strength, and will be a poor defence to our frontiers. I hope you will keep the Indians properly employed. Major Lewis has orders to send up the Cherokees. You seem to attribute neglect in me, not having proper conductors. The charge is unmannerly, as I did what I thought proper, though disappointed by the villanous traders...If you had sent down the amount of the money due for the servants enlisted, I would have given a warrant for the money. It's probable I might have refused payment to the masters of some of the servants enlisted, for want of certificate, but never said you did not act properly in enlisting them...I received the opinion of the council of war in regard to Fort Cumberland; as it was an affair of great consequence, I called the council for their advice and enclose you my and their opinion thereon. In consequence thereof, I hereby order you immediately to march one hundred men to Fort Cumberland from the forces you have at Winchester, which, Captain Mercer says, are 160 enlisted men. You are to remain at Fort Cumberland, and make the place as strong as you can, in case of an attack...You are to order one of your subaltern officers, (in whom you can confide,) to command at Winchester, and to oversee the finishing of the fort building at that place. These orders I expect you will give due obedience to, and I am with respect."] Winchester exceeds, I believe, the number of enlisted we have there; and the drafts, which made our strength at that place to consist of about one hundred and sixty men, will leave us in seven days. I have no hope of enlisting any, nor prolonging their stay, as we have heretofore engaged those, who were willing to serve. However my true endeavors shall be strictly aiding for this (more than ever) necessary purpose.
I am very sorry any expression in my letter should be deemed unmannerly. I never intended insults to any; on the contrary, have endeavoured to demean myself in that proper respect due to superiors. In the instance mentioned, I can truly say, so far from intending a charge or affront of any kind, it was distant from my thoughts; and I meant no more than to shew what strange, what unaccountable infatuation prevailed among the magistrates, &c., of the back parts of Carolina; who were so regardless of the common cause, as to allow fifty Catawbas to return, when they had proceeded near seventy miles on their march, for want of provisions and a conductor to entice them along. This was a fact I did not suppose your Honor was uninformed of, knowing Colonel Cobb25 had wrote you on the subject. I therefore thought I might be less explicit, and not have incurred this censure by that means.
[Note 25: Samuel Cobbs, of York, and afterwards of Amelia County. Hamilton notes that Cobbs married Edith Marot, daughter of the Huguenot emigrant, Jean Marot.]
I seem also to be reprimanded for giving a vague account of my tour to the southward. I was rather fearful of blame for prolixity and impertinence, in meddling with matters I had no immediate concern with; and related them rather as hints, to set you upon inquiring, than as a circumstantial account of the facts. And this I chose more especially to do, as Colonels Lewis and Buchanan, from whom, being heads of the militia, these representations, fully authenticated, more properly came. And they were represented, at least by the latter, then on his road to do so; and had as he told me, taken the testimony and depositions of several persons for this purpose, in order to demonstrate the thing more clearly and to shew who had and who had not done their duty. When I went to Augusta, it was with a good design, to relieve, if possible, a much distressed settlement; but, finding this impracticable without men, and hearing some complaints of Captain Hogg, and at the same time being desirous of seeing in what manner he proceeded, I continued on in no small danger; yet pleased with reflecting on this extraordinary duty, and of bringing myself more intimately acquainted with the situation of our frontiers, which, Sir, I related as well as I was capable, with a design, from which I have never intentionally swerved, to serve my country. And am sorry to find, that this, and my best endeavours of late, meet with unfavorable constructions. What it proceeds from, I know not. If my open and disinterested way of writing and speaking has the air of pertness and freedom, I shall redress my error by acting reservedly, and shall take care to obey my orders without offering at more. I should not have presumed to have appointed a commissary, had not your first instructions been plain and explicit on this point, and reiterated letters since that invested me with power. The omission of the name was a neglect indeed accidental, not designed. The gentleman intended was Mr. Ramsay of this place, well-known, well-esteemed, and of unblemished good character, practised in business and comes now properly recommended. I should not have appointed this gentleman or any other to serve as commissary, had not Mr. Walker in repeated letters desired it, and his absence from and neglect of duty rendered another highly necessary. This, I presume, you were unacquainted with, when you desired his continuance. Nor may you know that Mr. Walker intends to reside at home and act by a deputy, which, if I may be allowed to say, is equally inconsistent, as if I were to do it. This it is that encourages Mr. Ramsay to wait upon your Honor to be thoroughly informed. As the duty now will become more divided between Fort Cumberland and the lower forts, it may not be thought amiss if Mr. Ramsay26 is appointed to join a second in the commission. The business by this means must be conducted infinitely better, and in that case I would beg leave to mention Mr. Carlyle,27 who is willing to act, and whose knowledge and experience in this business are so well known, and need no recapitulating. They are both agreed to hold it in conjunction upon the same terms that Mr. Walker now has it.
[Note 26: William Ramsay, Alexandria merchant.]
[Note 27: John Carlyle.]
When I spoke of a chaplain, it was in answer to yours. I had no person in view, tho' many have offered; and only said, if the country would provide a subsistence, we could procure a chaplain, without thinking there was offence in the expression.
Because I was told the commissary had endeavored, but could get no one to accept of it. When I spoke about scalps, I had the Indians chiefly, indeed solely, in my view, knowing their jealous, suspicious natures are apt to entertain doubts of the least delay and a suspension of rewards causes a dissatisfaction and murmuring among them, which might be productive of bad events at this critical juncture.28So soon as I march
[Note 28: Atkin disapproved of offering high rewards to Indians for scalps, as it encouraged "private scalping, whereby the most innocent and helpless persons, even women and children," were murdered for their scalps. He instanced also some cases where the Indians picked quarrels among themselves that the scalps of the killed might be sold. Further, the high rewards sharpened the ingenuity of the Indians "for the Cherokees in particular have got the art of making four scalps out of one man killed." Atkin asserted that he was "well assured Lord Loudoun detests that practice [of purchasing scalps], and that the French general Montcalm in Canada does the same. Sir Win. Johnson gives no reward at all in particular for scalps by name."-- Ford. (See Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 3, p. 199.)] from Winchester, which will immediately happen, as I am setting out thence, and sent orders by Jenkins to have the troops paid and in readiness to march, I shall write your Honor a more distinct account of the situation of that place, which will be left entirely destitute of all protection, notwithstanding it now contains all the public stores of any importance, as they were removed from Fort Cumberland, and in the most dangerous part of our frontiers, at least in a part that has suffered this summer more than any (which has been so well secured) by the ravages of the enemy. The works, which have been constructed and conducted with infinite pains and labor, will be unfinished and exposed; and the materials for completing the building, which have been collected with unspeakable difficulty and expense, left to be pillaged and destroyed by the inhabitants of the town; because, as I before observed, one hundred men will exceed the number, I am pretty confident, we have there, when the drafts go off. So, to comply with my orders, (which I shall literally do, if I can,) not a man will be left there to secure the works, or defend the King's stores, which are almost wholly removed to that place.
Fort Loudoun, December 2, 1756.
Honble. Sir: When I wrote your Honor from Alexandria, I expected to have been at or near Fort Cumberland by this; but, upon coming here, and expecting wagons and provisions in readiness to go up with this escort, I received the enclosed from the commissary, which I send to evince that no delays or protracting of orders proceeds from me. The return of our strength, which I called in so soon as I arrived, is herewith sent, signed by the adjutant, amounting, exclusive of the drafts, to eighty-one effectives, including the sick, and young drummers, who were sent here to learn.
When Captain Mercer went down, our strength consisted of about twenty-five more, including drafts, which have been sent ever since the middle of October, to Conogochieg, Swearingen's Ferry, &c, to encourage that body of inhabitants to stay at their places, who otherwise were determined to forsake them. Your Honor's late and unexpected order has caused the utmost terror and consternation in the people, and will, I fear, be productive of numberless evils, not only to this place, and the public works erecting here, but to the country in general, who seem to be in the greatest dread for the consequences. The stores of every kind have all been brought from Fort Cumberland, save those indispensably necessary there, at a very great expense, and lie in the court-house and other public buildings, to the no small inconvenience and detriment of the county. I have frequently been importuned by the members of the court, and other public officers, to remove them, and have as often by gentle persuasives protracted the time; which was the more cheerfully granted, as it was evident that there were no other places to receive them, and that I strove with the utmost diligence to prepare the proper receptacles. What course to take with them now, I know not, and hope you will direct.
I am convinced, were your Honor informed how much this place (which is in every degree our outmost and most exposed frontier, there being no inhabitants between this and the Branch, and none there but what are forted in,) I say, I am convinced, if your Honor were truly informed of the situation of this place, of its importance and danger, you would not think it prudent to leave such a quantity of valuable stores exposed to the insults of a few; for a very few indeed might reduce them and the town too, to ashes. In the next place, as I observed in my last letter, the works, which have been begun and continued with labor and hardship, which lie open, untenable, and exposed to the weather, to say no more; and the materials, which have been collected with cost and infinite difficulty, to the mercy of every pillager; our timber and scantling for building used and burnt by the town's people; our plank, which has been brought from far, stolen and destroyed; and the lime, if not stolen, left to be wasted, &c., &c. And this is not the worst. A building, which in time might and would have been very strong and defensible, and an asylum in the greatest danger, in a manner totally abandoned. As the case now stands, we have no place tenable, no place of safety; but all is exposed and open to attacks; and by not having a garrison kept at this place, no convoys can get up to us, and the communication with the inhabitants entirely cut off, so that soldiers and inhabitants cannot be assisting each other.
In regard to myself residing at Fort Cumberland, I shall lay before your Honor such inconveniences as must unavoidably arise, while we pursue these defensive measures; in doing which, I think I only do my duty. First, Fort Cumberland lying more advanced, and wide of all other forts, will prevent me from having the immediate direction of any but that. Secondly, the stores being at this place, and I at that, will render it impossible to deliver them regularly. I either must trust to a subaltern officer to order them discretionally, or else an express must be first sent to me, and then I must send to the storekeeper to deliver the necessaries wanting to each garrison. How inconsistent this is for many reasons, your Honor may judge; but more especially, when it is known that there is no travelling to Fort Cumberland but endangering of life, without a pretty strong escort. Thirdly, by being at Fort Cumberland a total stagnation of business must ensue, because money is lodged with me for discharging all contingent expenses arising in the service, and no persons will, or can, come to me there. In course they will be slack in furnishing us with wagons and necessaries of every kind, which now by due payment may be had at call. And lastly, Winchester is in the center, as it were, of all the forts, is convenient for receiving intelligence and distributing orders; and notwithstanding any thing to the contrary, lies in a vale of land, that has suffered more than any other from the incursions of the enemy. I hope, after receiving a peremptory order, the mentioning of these things will not appear presuming or odd. I do not hesitate a moment to obey; on the contrary, shall comply the minute I can. I mean nothing more than to point out the consequences, that must necessarily attend, as I apprehend your Honor was not thoroughly apprised of our situation. Some, Sir, who are inclined to put an unfavorable construction upon this generous recital, may say, that I am loath to leave this. I declare, upon my honor, I am not, but had rather be at Fort Cumberland, (if I could do the duty there,) a thousand times over: for I am tired of the place, the inhabitants, and the life I lead here; and if, after what I have said, your Honor should think it necessary that I reside at that place, I shall acquiesce with pleasure and cheerfulness, and be freed from much anxiety, plague, and business. To be at Fort Cumberland sometimes, I thing highly expedient, and have hitherto done it. Three weeks ago I came from that place. I have used every endeavour to detain the Drafts, but all in vain. They are home-sick and tired of work. They all declare if an expedition is conducted in the spring, they will serve two, three, or four months; these tho' are words of course. The Catawbas' are out on the scout with an officer and some men of ours. They proposed, when I was at Fort Cumberland, to stay only one moon, and then to set out for their nation, with a report of the country and its convenience to the enemy, (but rather with a report of our usage, I believe.) It therefore behoves us to reward them well, and keep them in temper. They applied to me for several necessaries, such as each a suit of clothes, wampum, pipe, tomhawks, silver trinkets for the wrists and arms, &c. The wampum and tomhawks I have purchased; the want of the others may occasion some murmuring, and there are very few things suitable at Fort Cumberland. They seemed very desirous, that an officer shou'd return with them, and gave strong assurances of his bringing in a number. If your Honor approves it, I shall endeavour to fix upon some officer, that falls most in with their customs, and send him upon this duty. The Indians expect to be sent back upon horses. Does your Honor approve that they should? I will not take upon me to buy horses without your orders. The Cherokees are not yet arrived, nor the arms from Augusta. I am, &c.
Fort Loudoun, December 4, 1756.
Honble. Sir: Since writing to your Honor yesterday, a very base and villainous scheme has been discovered; which has been I believe, the sole cause of 18 Soldiers deserting from us last night. The Gentleman concerned is our (late Ensign) Denis McCarty; of whose Character and practises, the enclosed Depositions will afford your Honor a Specimen, and with whom all his ties of honor and morality are of no force. By virtue of your Honor's Commission to recruit for the Royal American Regiment, and under the specious pretence of immunity, offered in a late proclamation, he boasts the power & authority of enlisting Deserters and Delinquents of any kind whatever. With these pretences and his ungenerous principles, he scandalously and underhandedly seduced these, and I am afraid many more to abandon their duty and desert the Service. The Behavior of Mr. McCarty while in our Regiment was not so becoming and genteel as it ought: and had he not apprehended the danger of a Court Martial with disgrace, he would not have resigned to your Honor with so much privacy. I hope this flagrant instance of his unnatural, unjust and dishonorable proceedings will prompt your Honor to punish such pernicious practises so destructive in their consequences, and so fatal in their effects. I have despatched a party of 25 men under Capt. Mercer with orders that every endeavour and all possible diligence be made use of to apprehend those Deserters, who I imagine are gone to McCarty and should be glad your Honor wou'd direct what punishment shou'd be inflicted; as the act for that purpose is sometime ago expired. The loss of the Drafts and those desertions, render us unable to manage such heavy timber as is required about the Fort; or even sufficient to do other necessary work there. These misfortunes and the want of flour with the Commissary, conspire to retard my march longer than I had expected.
Fort Loudon, December 7, 1756.
Sir: Yours by Mr. Jones, was delivered to me this Evening. I know of no better expedient to relieve your distress than directing you to send the valuation of the Servants to the Governor representing the case at the same time as it really stands. I wrote you before in what manner I was instructed to proceed; and can not swerve from my orders, and advance you money, without positive direction.
His Honor, the Governor, in a letter to me, says "You shou'd send the amount of money due for Servants, and my warrant shall issue for payment". Now as you have not transmitted me the certificates on any account of the sum, it is not in my power to do this (unless I first send to you, which is protracting the conclusion of this affair) at a time when yours and the Service of the Recruits, is exceedingly wanted. And was the reason for ordering you in here. I therefore desire you will make off from the Majistrates certificates an exact list of the sums due each respective Owner for his Servant; taking care to specify the name of the Master and man, and to affix the sum. Have this certified by two Majistrates, to make it authentic and indisputable, and send it to His Honor the Governor, by a person in whom you can confide to receive the money: I shall in the meantime advise of this step, and the cause why this accompt, is not signed by me. As I mean nothing but what is fair and honest with the people (in respect of their Servants) I wou'd have you do nothing but what is strictly so. Yet as the Troops now here are to abandon this place and the Stores. It is indispensably necessary, to prevent not only the Inhabitants of the Town, but all between it and Potomack, from forsaking their dwellings, that a party shou'd be thrown in immediately, as Militia can not be raised: I wou'd I say for these reasons, be extremely fond of having your Recruits sent up, if it can be done without incensing the mob or fomenting disturbances. But this, at all events, avoid; as malice and envy are ever on the wing to misrepresent actions, and pervert our intentions, tho' never so laudably meant. I am &c.
[Note 29: Of the Royal American Regiment, at York.]
Fort Loudon, December 8, 1756.
Sir: I am informed you have enlisted one Patrick Murphy a Deserter from my Regiment who was confined in the Goal at York, tho' you had previous knowledge of his being so. You must be sensible such proceedings are repugnant to the public interest, and contrary to established articles of war; to say nothing of the ill effects that follow precedents of this nature. The suspicion of a Soldiers disloyalty, I shou'd have thought sufficient to suspend your desire of recruiting him, until confirmed of the truth: And as you then refused to give him up to a Sergeant sent on purpose to receive him: and now assured of his belonging to my Regiment, I hope you will take the first opportunity of returning him to his company at Maidstone (under command of Capt. Robert Stewart). It being impracticable to send so far as Philadelphia for him.
Your compliance will oblige Sir yours &c.
Fort Loudoun, December 10, 1756.
Honble, Sir: Capt. Mercer returned the 7th with sixteen of the Deserters; the other two escaped his diligence. They confirm the suspicion of Mr. McCarty's villany, by confessing he had inveigled them with promises of protection, rewards, and good usage! and a deep-laid plan was concerted for accomplishing his base designs, binding each individual with an oath to follow him; to stand true to each other in case of being pursued; to kill the officer who attempted the command; and in case of a separation, private instructions to repair to McCarty, or some of his friends who were to receive and entertain them. These proceedings and the within depositions must convince your Honor, how dangerous a person of Mr. McCarty's principles must be to the peace and quiet of Society.
The Soldiers surrendered to Capt. Mercer upon promise of pardon; and as they seem sorry for their Behaviour, assuring all duty and obedience for the future, I thought it most expedient to forgive them knowing we have no law at present to punish them, and believing the poor ignorant fellows less culpable than their Seducer.
I hope your Honor will therefore approve of my measures in this matter.
Before this reaches your Honor I imagine you will have received Capt. John McNeill's relative to the Servants recruited in Augusta. I desired him to transmit the valuation of them, according to your Honor's directions fully authenticated, in order to receive the money. Capt. McNeill's distance from me deprived me of the opportunity of certifying the accompts; and to prevent loss of time, expence and trouble, I ordered him to take this method, which I hope will not be disagreeable to your Honor.
Upon receiving your Honor's and the Council's resolve to make Fort Cumberland tenable, I wrote to Lt. Colonel Stephen to set immediately about it, but the want of tools for three parts of the men there will prevent its progress.
At Alexandria I gave orders to purchase a quantity; and Colonel Carlyle had gone to Annapolis for that purpose; so I look daily for the tools. The demand upon us at this time for money is very great, buying provisions, &c. We have almost exhausted the last sum received, and must be under the necessity of applying to your Honor for another supply in a little time. We long much for the arrival of the soldiers Clothing. The weather very severe, the Service hard, and men naked, are motives too strong for their accepting the specious promises of McCarty and others.
Fort Loudon, December 13, 1756.
Sir: I was not a little surprized to find what a quantity of provision had been consumed by your Command, in the short space they have been stationed on the Branch: There certainly must have been great waste and neglect. To prevent which for the future, it is my Orders; That you direct each of the Commanding Officers where the troops are stationed on the Branch to appoint a Sergeant of his command (the most trusty one) to be exempt from all other duty; to receive and issue the provisions which are brought to that Garrison. Let the Officer certify the quantity he receives from each person; and let regular returns be made each drawing day, signed by the Officer commanding each Detachment; and he must issue provisions agreeable thereto, and deliver none without a written Order from the Officer which will be his vouchers for the consumption of what he receives.
As some of the Officers have only small commands, and can not spare a Sergeant for this Duty. You must direct to take one of the best of the men, or make him do the Sergeants duty, which ever is most convenient. Let all the Officers know I expect they will account for the Shoes, &c. received from the Store, which they stand charged with on the Quartermasters Book. I am &c.
Fort Loudon, December 17, 1756.
Sir: You are strictly required, immediately upon receipt of this, to transport your provisions and Stores to Capt. Waggeners Fort, and there leave them: Then march your Company to Pearsals, in order to escort a quantity of Flour to Fort Cumberland; where you and your whole Company are to remain, to strengthen that Garrison. I expect you will pay due regard to this Order, and put it in execution with the utmost alacrity, as it is in consequence of express directions from the Governor and Council. I heartily commiserate the fate of the poor unhappy Inhabitants, left by this means exposed to every incursion of a merciless Enemy: And wish it was in my power to offer them better support, than good wishes (merely) will afford. You may assure the Settlement, that this unexpected, and if I may be allowed to say, unavoidable step, was taken without my concurrence and knowledge. That it is an express Order from the Governor; and can neither be evaded nor delayed: Therefore, any representations to me of their danger, and the necessity of continuing Troops among them, wll be fruitless: For, as I before observed, I have inclination and no power left to serve them. It is also the Governors Orders that the Forts be left standing, for the Inhabitants to possess if they think proper. I am Sir, &c.
N.B. A Copy of the above Orders was sent to Captains Cocke and Lewis on the Branch. Wrote Capt. Vanmeter to procure waggons, &c. and to assist in the removal of the provision and Stores; and to take due care of them. Wrote Lt. Walter Stewart, to receive those Stores and Provisions, and take care of them.
Fort Loudon, December 17, 1756.
Sir: Ensign Crawford has referred a dispute to me concerning his rank in the Army. I must determine in his favour: and allow their Officers to rank by the dates and dignity of their Commissions. For these reasons; vizt. That Companies, tho' esteemed and called Scouts, are raised and supported upon the same funds as those of the Regiment; have the same pay, entitled to the same privileges and immunities; and are subject to the same laws and punishments: therefore ought, in justice, to have the same rank. The only distinction between them and the Companies of the Regiment lies in this. Were we upon a march, they must, from the nature of their Establishment, encounter more hardship danger and fatigue; which in my opinion, shou'd rather encrease than diminish their claim to Honor!
It is a mistaken notion, in some, that they are Rangers, and shou'd rank as such. The Rangers had a particular sum levied for their support, and laws made to govern them by; distinct from those we have the honor to act under. To put an end to all future disputes, let the Officers be made acquainted with the contents of this letter. I am Sir, Yours &c.
Fort Loudoun, December 19, 1756.
Honble. Sir: Your letter of the 10th came to hand the 15th; in consequence whereof I despatched orders immediately to all the garrisons on the Branch to evacuate their forts, and repair to Pearsall's, where they would meet the flour, &c. from this place, and to escort it to Fort Cumberland. I expect the provisions purchased for the support of these forts, and now lying in bulk, will be wasted and destroyed, notwithstanding I have given directions to the assistant commissary on the Branch, and to Waggener's company, to use their utmost diligence in collecting the whole, and securing it where his company is posted. An escort, with all the flour we have been able to procure (which amounts to an insufficient quantity for want of water), sets out from this on Tuesday next. I expect to depart sooner myself, after leaving directions with Captain Mercer, whom I have appointed to command here, and shall repair as expeditiously as possible to Fort Cumberland.
I am a little at loss to understand the meaning of your Honor's orders, and the opinion of the Council, when I am directed to evacuate all the stockade forts, and at the same time to march only one hundred men to Fort Cumberland, and to continue the like number here to garrison Fort Loudoun. If the stockade forts are all abandoned, there will be more men than are required for these two purposes, and the communication between them, of near eighty miles, will be left without a settler, unguarded and exposed. But I mean nothing more by asking this question, than to know your Honor's intentions, which I would willingly pay strict obedience to.
Mr. Walker has been here, settled his accompts, and gone home again, fully resolved no longer to continue commissary. I acquainted him with the contents of your Honor's letters of November, and he has wrote you (he tells me) his reasons for resigning. What Indian goods were left by Colo. Innes I know not; no return was ever given to me, nor to the commanding officer, when he went away, if I am rightly informed.
I shall when I arrive at Fort Cumberland get a return of them, and transmit to your Honor.
A return of the stores at this place is enclosed. I should have sent it before, but waited to add those at Fort Cumberland, of which there are none yet come down.
If Captain McNeill goes to the Cherokee nation, it would be well for him to conduct the Catawbas home. But when I recommended an officer's going with them, it was with a view of engaging a body of their men to come to our assistance in the spring, and to march in with their warriors, not choosing to trust altogether to their unmeaning promises and capricious humors. But your Honor will be pleased to direct as you see proper in this affair. I have advanced very little money hitherto to the masters of servants, because I waited your directions on this head. I received forty-one last night from Captain McNeill, who desires leave to continue recruiting. I do not consent to it, until I know whether it is agreeable to your Honor, and whether I may send out as many other officers as can be spared for the same service. If this is approved of I should be glad that your Honor would send me general instructions, that I may know how to give mine, and to act consistently with the rules for recruiting servants for his Majesty's regiments. I should have been excedingly glad, if your Honor and the Council had directed in what manner Fort Cumberland is to be strengthened; i.e., whether it is to be made cannon-proof or not; and that you would fix the sum beyond which we shall not go, for I must look to you for the expense, knowing that the country has already rejected some articles of this. Immediately upon receiving your Honor's letter to McCarty, I enclosed it to Colonel Fairfax (as directed), and desired him to do what is needful in regard to the commission, as it was not in my power to deal with him as he deserved: first, because he has left this service; and next, because if he was still in it, we have no martial law to punish him, the mutiny and desertion act having expired in October last. The same with respect to the soldiers, but their penitent behavior induced me to pass by their faults. I have read over that paragraph in Lord Loudoun's letter, (which your Honor was pleased to send me,) over and over again, but am unable to comprehend the meaning of it. What scheme it is, I was carrying into execution without awaiting advice, I am at a loss to know, unless it was building the chain of forts along our frontiers, which I not only undertook conformably to an act of Assembly, and by your own orders, but, with respect to the places, in pursuance of a council of war. If, under these circumsctances, my "conduct is responsible for the fate of Fort Cumberland," it must be confessed, that I stand upon a tottering foundation indeed. I cannot charge my memory with either proposing, or intending, to draw the forts nearer to Winchester. The garrison of Fort Cumberland, it is true, I did wish to have removed to Cox's, which is nearer to Winchester by twenty-five miles; but not further from the enemy than where it now is, if a road from thence to the Little Meadows, which is about twenty miles distant, and the same from that place ( i.e. Fort Cumberland,) and more in the warriors' path, was opened. However, I see with much regret, that His Excellency Lord Loudoun seems to have prejudged my proceedings, without being thoroughly informed what were the springs and motives, that have actuated my conduct. How far I have mistaken the means to recommend my services, I know not, but I am certain of this, that no man ever intended better, or studied the interest of his country with more affectionate zeal, than I have done; and nothing gives me greater uneasiness and concern, than that his Lordship should have imbibed prejudices so unfavorable to my character, as to excite his belief that I was capable of doing any thing, "that will have a bad effect as to the Dominion, and no good appearance at home."
As I had your Honor's permission to be down when his Lordship shall favor us with a visit, I desired Colonel Carlyle to inform me when he should pass thro' Alexandria, and I will set out accordingly. I hope nothing has intervened to alter this indulgence. It is a favor I should not have thought of asking, had I believed the service would suffer in my absence; but I am convinced it will not. And I cannot help saying, I believe we are the only troops upon the continent, that are kept summer and winter to the severest duty, with the least respite or indulgence.
Captn. Pearis came to town the other day with six Cherokees and two squaws. He brought no orders from your Honor, and applies to me for direction of his services. I have desired him to carry the Indians to Fort Cumberland, as we can make nothing of them without an interpreter; and there wait the return of your Honor's instructions. Lt. Baker has leave of absence upon very urgent business, relative to an estate left him. He applied to your Honor and, having received no answer, I made free to grant this indulgence in so material a point. Lt. Lowry has applied for permission to quit the service; I referred him to your Honor, and he now waits your answer in a state of much anxiety and sickness. His resignation I apprehend will occasion no void or any loss to the service. I have therefore allowed him to go down, in order to support his spirits and comply with your Honor's pleasure, whatever that be. While Lt. Baker is absent, I would offer it to your Honor as expedient, he should make interest among the Tusks and Nottoways. His intimacy with these nations may be of service in engaging some assistance from them, and I think him very capable of the undertaking. He might also recruit, if your Honor approves of the proposal I have already offered.
The delay of the soldiers' clothes occasions unaccountable murmurs and complaints, and I am very much afraid we shall have few men left, if they arrive not in a week or two. Your Honor would be astonished to see the naked condition of the poor wretches. And how they possibly can subsist, much less work, in such severe weather. Had we but blankets to give them, or any thing to defend them from the cold, they might perhaps be easy.
I have formerly hinted to your Honor our necessity for a speedy supply of cash, and have advised with the Speaker likewise, that he might not be unprepared. I purpose to send down by the 10th of next month or sooner if I could be served. The men are quite impatient, and the want of small bills is very prejudicial to their peace. I should be glad your Honor would advise per return of Jenkins how soon I may send down. I cannot supply your Honor with a return of our strength as yet, because our scattered disposition hinders a regular discharge of the adjutant's duty. I am, &c.
Winchester, December 19, 1756.
Sir: You are no stranger, I presume, to the late resolutions of the Governor and Council, the consequence of which I meditate with great concern. We are ordered to reinforce Fort Cumberland with one hundred men, and, to enable me to carry that number thither, all the stockade forts on the Branch are to be evacuated, and in course all the settlements abandoned, except what lie under the immediate protection of Captain Waggener's fort, the only place exempted in their resolve. Surely his Honor and the Council are not fully acquainted with the situation and circumstances of the unhappy frontiers, thus to expose so valuable a tract as the Branch, in order to support a fortification, in itself (considering our present feebleness) of very little importance to the inhabitants or the colony. The former order of Council would have endangered not only the loss of Fort Loudoun, the stores, and Winchester, but a general removal of the settlers of this vale, even to the Blue Ridge. This last hath the same object in view, vizt., Fort Cumberland, and, to maintain it, the best lands in Virginia are laid open to the mercy of a cruel and inhuman enemy. These people have long struggled with the dangers of savage incursions, daily soliciting defence, and willing to keep their ground. To encourage them, all my little help has been administered, and they seemed satisfied with my intentions, resolving to continue while any probability of support remained. The disposition I had made of our small regiment gave general satisfaction to the settlements, and content began to appear everywhere. The necessary measures for provision and stores were agreeably concerted, and every regulation established for the season. But the late command reverses, confuses, and incommodes every thing; to say nothing of the extraordinary expense of carriage, disappointments, losses, and alterations, which must fall heavy on the country. Whence it arises, or why, I am truly ignorant; but my strongest representations of matters relative to the peace of the frontiers are disregarded as idle and frivolous; my propositions and measures, as partial and selfish; and all my sincerest endeavours for the service of my country perverted to the worst purposes. My orders are dark, doubtful, and uncertain; to-day approved, to-morrow condemned. Left to act and proceed at hazard, accountable for the consequence, and blamed without the benefit of defence! If you can think my situation capable to excite the smallest degree of envy, or afford the least satisfaction, the truth is yet hid from you, and you entertain notions very different from the reality of the case. However, I am determined to bear up under all the embarrassments some time longer, in hope of better regulation on the arrival of Lord Loudoun, to whom I look for the future fate of Virginia.
His Lordship, I think, has received impressions tending to prejudice, by false representations of facts, if I may judge from a paragraph of one of his letters to the Governor, and on which is founded the resolve to support Fort Cumberland at all events. The severity of the season, and nakedness of the soldiers, are matters of much compassion, and give rise to infinite complaints. Nor is it possible to obviate them, unless their clothing come in immediately. You would be surprised how the poor creatures live, much more how they can do duty. Had we but blankets, they might be appeased for a little time; and as we have not, I doubtful many will desert.
I advised you formerly of our necessity for cash, and would earnestly desire it soon. I think of sending down by the 10th of next month, or sooner if agreeable. Please to inform me, by Jenkins, what I may depend upon on that head, as our men are impatient, and with some reason, when without both money and clothes. I need not urge the comparative advantage of small bills; as you are truly sensible how disadvantageous large ones are in paying individuals and occasioning many other inconveniences. We shall have occasion for at least six thousand pounds to clear us to the 1st of January. The commissary wants above half that sum to furnish his stocks of provisions, &c; the other will be exhausted in paying the troops. We ought always to have money in hand, as we are often reduced to many inconveniences on account of waiting for it, not to mention the expenses and trouble.30
[Note 30: In reply to this letter, Speaker John Robinson wrote (December 31): "I am truly concerned at the uneasiness you are under in your present situation, and the more so, as I am sensible you have too much reason for it. The resolution of defending Fort Cumberland, and evacuating the other forts, was taken before I knew or mistrusted any thing of the matter. I must confess I was not a little surprised at it, and took the liberty to expostulate with many of the Council upon it, who gave me in answer, that Lord Loudoun had insisted that Fort Cumberland should be preserved at all events, and, as we had so few troops, it could not be done without breaking up the small forts, and taking the men from them. It was to no purpose to tell them that our frontiers would thereby be entirely exposed to our cruel and savage enemy, and that they could receive no protection from Fort Cumberland, as it was in another province, and so remote from any of our inhabitants;--and further, that the act of Assembly. which gave the money solely for the defence and protection of our frontiers, would be violated, and the money applied otherwise than the Assembly intended. Yet, notwithstanding all I could say, they persisted in their resolution, without alleging any other reason, than that it was in pursuance of Lord Loudoun's desire. It can't be any difficult matter to guess, who was the author and promoter of this advice and resolution, or by whom Lord Loudoun has been persuaded, that the place is of such importance. But supposing it was really so, surely it ought to be defended by the people in whose province it is [Maryland], or at least at the expense of the three colonies jointly, and not leave our own frontiers exposed for the defence of a place, from which we can't receive the least advantage or protection. The present unhappy state of our country must fill the minds of every well wisher to it with dismal and gloomy apprehensions; and without some speedy alterations in our counsels, which God send, the fate of it must soon be determined."]
Mr. Kirkpatrick will have my accompts to lay before the Committee, and will shew how the money has been applied.
December 20, 1756.
As I have Orders from his Honor Governor Dinwiddie to repair to Fort Cumberland, and leave an Officer here with the command of this Garrison; I have appointed you to this Command, and expect your particular diligence and care. You must observe all former Rules and Orders which have been given for the regulation of this Garrison; and let no Stores or other thing issue without an Order signed by you. So soon as you hear of the arrival of the Clothing at Alexandria, you must order a sufficient number of waggons down for them; and have them brought to this place, from whence you must send what are necessary to the several Garrisons and Commands; the remainder to be left here. As it will be necessary to supply the Workmen here with the usual allowance of Rum during the winter season, you must endeavour to provide it from time to time for them, upon the most reasonable terms. All Expresses on His Majestys Service, you are immediately to forward. Use your utmost endeavours as well to prevent Desertion, as to apprehend all that are guilty of that crime; and indulge the men as much as possible in their Duty during the cold weather. Whatever Tools, &c. are wanted for the works here, you must also procure from below. You are not to give Discharges to any men, nor grant Furloes to them for more than two days at a time. You are to settle with the Masters of Servants, and take certificates for each man on the back of his Indentures, to be laid before the Governor. You are to pay out of the money which will be left in your hands for all trivial contingencies, such as horse-hire, with Expresses, &c. observing the greatest economy therein.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 2
1757--1769
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
JUNE, 1931
Fort Cumberland, January [12], 1757.
Honble. Sir: Your letter of the 27th ultimo came to hand the 9th instant. I wrote to your Honor by Capt. Spotswood (who was charged with the care of Catawba Indians as far as Williamsburgh,) that I had sent Colo. Stephen with a detachment to bring the mutineers on the Branch to this place in irons. They were secured before he got there and he has brought all but six, who deserted from Capt. Joshua Lewis's company, before he reached it. We have held a General Court Martial on the Ring-leaders; flogged several severely; and have some under sentence of death. The proceedings of the Court I thought it needless to send, or ask warrants for execution, as we have no Law to inflict punishments even of the smallest kind.
I shall keep those criminals in irons, and if possible, under apprehensions of death, until some favourable opportunity may countenance a reprieve. We have as many men at work here, preparing Timber to strengthen the works, as tools will supply: but I wish I had been ordered to build a new fort altogether, rather than attempt to repair the old one.
Your Honor thinks Mr. Walker's discontinuing was for want of countenance, I must beg leave to answer, and I dare believe Mr. Walker will do me the justice to declare, that I have uniformly treated him with all the respect and complaisance in my power. That I did not approve of his staying is certainly true; I thought it was doing injustice to the service for him to be absent when his presence was requisite, and mentioned this circumstance to him accordingly. And since the subject hath been mentioned, I beg leave to add that if your Honor conceives Mr. Walker has been at any trouble in laying in provision, you have been exceedingly mis-informed. He left the Service the last of June or 1st of July, and has never done a day's duty since; either in making contracts, directing the purchases, or concerning himself in any manner whatever with the business; nay, no more than a stranger wou'd do: but either declined the Service altogether at that time, or intended to throw the principal burden of his office upon me. Had Mr. Walker continued to discharge the duties of a Commissary I never shou'd have thought of any other, as there is the greatest friendship between us. The part I have acted with that Gentleman, I shou'd have acted with my brother had he been in his place. But, to acquit myself of all suspicion of this sort, I shall observe that there never was the least disagreement between Mr. Walker and myself, either in words or actions before he left the Service, (which he did with my knowledge,) since which I have never seen him at this place, until he came up in December to settle his accompts: nor did I hear from him in all that time but once, when he informed me it was his intention to resign.
If your Honor thinks it proper to send Capt. McNeill (whom I also esteem a very sensible judicious Officer) home with the Catawba Indians, you will please to send for him: He must be at Winchester by this time, Capt. Spotswood having had charge of them to Williamsburgh only. When I left Winchester, I gave directions about carrying on the works at Fort Loudoun with all possible dispatch. But a letter from Capt. Mercer which accompanied your Honor's, informs me, that they are at a loss in respect of the manner of making the Ambrazures thro the parapet; although I gave directions in person before I came away on this head; they propose a method that will spoil the whole work. And as I could not make them sensible of my plan by instruction only when present, I have little hope of accomplishing it by writing, consequently am reduced to a disagreeable dilemma!
I have directed the provision on the Branch to be smoked, if there are conveniences for doing it.
No more forts were evacuated than were requisite to reinforce this Garrison with 100 men, and to continue 100 at Fort Loudoun, according to order. The others are continued at their former posts, as may be seen by the return of our strength, which I have caused to be noted.1 A Return of the Indians was sent in my last. I am &c.
[Note 1: A return of the strength and disposition of the Virginia Regiment, in Washington's writing, dated Jan. 1, 1757, is in the Washington Papers.]
January 26, 1757.
Sir: Yours from Staunton of the 1st. instant I have received. I am sorry you did not make a final settlement of your accompts, as it was for that purpose I appointed the meeting.
As I do not meddle with any accompts. or vouchers relative to provision, you must still settle that matter with the Commissary in the best manner you can, as it was prevented before, and draw upon him for money. At present I am entirely without, and shall be, until Mr. Kirkpatrick comes from Winchester. I have examined your accompt of contingencies, and some articles without vouchers (which you ought to have known would be required by the Committee for every farthing that is paid) will not pass: Others which relate more particularly to yourself, such as horse feeding &c. I can have nothing to do with. If Edmond Withs' disease is found so bad as to render him unfit for Service, it sho'd be certified by the Surgeon, and then Major Lewis may discharge him, 'till such time as the Committee shall come to some determination in regard to the pay of Ensign Fleming, as Surgeon, I can not desire him to officiate in that capacity.
I hope, and dare believe, his humanity and good disposition will induce him to assist the needy, as he has knowledge in physic.
If Mr. Wright's charge against Win. Bishop (who I suppose to be the person you speak of) be just, it ought to be paid.
With regard to David Evans, you cannot complain; when you consider that I ordered you three men from another Company, for which you have made no allowance.
The Governor has forbid me listing any more Servants 'till further Orders. You will observe this accordingly. I am &c.
[January], 1757.
My Lord: The posture of affairs in this quarter is really melancholy, and the prospect was rendered more gloomy while there appeared no hopes of amendment; but, from the presence of your Lordship at this time in the Dominion, we conceive hopes of seeing these threatening clouds dispelled.
The sums of money, my Lord, which have been granted by this colony to carry on war, have been very considerable; and to reflect to what little purpose is matter of great concern, and will seem surprising to those, who are not acquainted with the causes, and the confusion with which all our affairs have hitherto been conducted, owing to our having no fixed object, or pursuing any regular system, or plan of operation.
As I have studied with attention and care the nature of the service in which we are engaged, have been engaged therein from the beginning of the present broils, and have been an eyewitness to all the movements and various proceedings, I beg leave to offer a concise and candid account of our circumstances to your Lordship; from which many errors may be discovered, that merit redress in a very high degree.
It was not until it was too late, we discovered that the French were on the Ohio; or rather, that we could be persuaded they came there with a design to invade his Majesty's dominions. Nay, after I was sent out in December, 1753, and brought undoubted testimony even from themselves of their avowed design, it was yet thought a fiction, and a scheme to promote the interest of a private company, even by some who had a share in the government These unfavorable surmises caused great delay in raising the first men and money, and gave the active enemy time to take possession of the Fork of Ohio (which they now call Duquesne), before we were in sufficient strength to advance thither, which has been the chief source of all our past and present misfortunes. For by this means, (the French getting between us and our Indian allies,)5 they fixed those in their interests, who were wavering, and obliged the others to neutrality, 'till the unhappy defeat of his (late) Excellency General Braddock.
[Note 5: The Six Nations.]
The troops under Colonel Dunbar going into quarters in July, and the inactivity of the neighbouring colonies, and the incapacity of this, conspired to give the French great room to exult, and the Indians little reason to expect a vigorous offensive war on our side, and induced the other, which promised the greatest show of protection. This is an undeniable fact, and that all of the Indians did not forsake the English interest, 'till three months after the battle of Monongahela, but actually waited to see what measures would be concerted to regain our losses, and afford them the protection we had but too liberally promised them.
Virginia, it is true, was not inactive all this time: On the contrary, voted a handsome supply for raising men to carry on the war, or, more properly, to defend her self; matters being reduced to this extremity for want of assistance. But even in this she signally failed, arising, I apprehend, from the following causes:
The men first levied to repel the enemy marched for Ohio the beginning of April, 1754, without tents, without clothes, in short, without any conveniences to shelter them, (in that remarkably cold and wet season,) from the inclemency of the weather, and to make the service tolerably agreeable. In this state did they, notwithstanding, continue, till the battle of the Meadows, in July following, never receiving in all that space any subsistence; and were very often under the greatest straits and difficulties for want of provisions.
These things were productive of great murmurings and discontent, and rendered the service so distasteful to the men, that, not being paid immediately upon coming in, they thought themselves bubbled, and that no reward for their services was ever intended. This caused great desertion; and the deserters, spreading over the country, recounting their sufferings and want of pay, (which rags and poverty sufficiently testified,) fixed in the mind of the populace such horrid impressions of the hardships they had encountered, that no arguments could remove these prejudices, or facilitate the recruiting service.
This put the Assembly upon enacting a law to impress vagrants, which added to our difficulties, for, compelling these abandoned miscreants into the service, they embraced every opportunity to effect their escape, gave a loose to their vicious principles, and invented the most unheard-of stories to palliate desertion and gain compassion; in which they not only succeeded, but obtained protection also. So that it was next to impossible, after this, to apprehend deserters, while the civil officers rather connived at their escape, than aided in securing them.
Thus were affairs situated, when we were ordered, in September, 1755, to recruit our force to twelve hundred men. 'Tis easy therefore to conceive, under these circumstances, why we did not fulfil the order, especially when the officers were not sufficiently allowed for this arduous task. We continued, however, using our endeavours until March following, without much success.
The Assembly, meeting about that time, came to a resolution of augmenting our numbers to fifteen hundred men, by drafting the militia, (who were to continue in the service until December only,) and by a clause in the act exempting all those, who should pay ten pounds, our numbers were very little increased, one part of the people paying that sum, and many of the poorer sort absconding. This was not the only pernicious clause in the act for the funds arising from these forfeitures were thrown into the treasury; whereas, had they been deposited in proper hands for recruiting, the money might have turned to good account. But a greater grievance than either of these was restraining the forces from marching out of the colony, or acting offensively, and ordering them to build forts, and garrison them, along our frontiers (of more than three hundred miles in extent.) How equal they or any like number are to the task, and how repugnant a defensive plan is to the true interest and welfare of the colony, I submit to any judge to determine who will consider the following particulars.
First, that erecting forts at greater distances than fifteen or eighteen miles, or a day's march asunder, and garrisoning them with less than eighty or a hundred men, is not answering the intention; because, if they are at a greater distance from each other, it is inconvenient for the soldiers to scout between, and it gives the enemy full scope to make their incursions without being discovered, until they have fallen on the inhabitants and committed a ravage. And, after they are discovered, the time required in assembling troops from forts more distant, prevents a pursuit being made in time, and allows the enemy to escape without danger into a country so mountainous. and full of swamps hollow ways covered with woods. Then, to garrison them with less than eighty or a hundred men, the number is too small to afford detachments, but what are very liable to be cut off by the enemy, whose numbers in this close country can scarcely be known till they are proved. Indian parties are generaly intermixed with some Frenchmen, and are so dexterous at skulking, that their spies, lying about these small forts for some days and taking a prisoner, make certain discoveries of the strength of the garrison; and then, upon observing a scouting party coming out, will first cut it off, and afterwards attempt the fort. Instances of this have lately happened.
Secondly, our frontiers are of such extent, that if the enemy were to make a formidable attack on one side, before the troops on the other could get to their assistance, they might overrun the country; and it is not improbable, if they had a design upon one part, they would make a feint upon the other.
Thirdly, what it must cost the country to build these forts, and to remove stores and provisions into them; and
Fourthly, and lastly where and when this expense will end? For we may be assured, if we do not endeavour to remove the cause, we shall be as liable to the same incursions seven years hence as now; indeed more so. Because, if the French are allowed to possess those lands in peace, they will have the entire command of the Indians, and grow stronger in their alliance; while we, by our defensive schemes and pusillanimous behaviour, will exhaust our treasury, reduce our strength, and become the contempt of these savage nations, who are every day enriching themselves with the plunder and spoils of our people.
It will evidently appear from the whole tenor of my conduct, but more especially from reiterated representations, how strongly I have urged the Governor and Assembly to pursue different measures, and to convince them, by all the reasons I was capable of offering, of the impossibility of covering so extensive a frontier from Indian incursions, without more force than Virginia can maintain. I have endeavoured to demonstrate, that it would require fewer men to remove the cause, than to prevent the effects, while the cause subsists. This, notwithstanding, as I before observed, was the measure adopted, and the plan under which we have acted for eight months past, with the disagreeable reflection of doing no essential service to our country, gaining honor to ourselves, or reputation to our regiment. However, under these disadvantageous restraints I must beg leave to say, that the regiment has not been inactive; on the contrary, it has performed a vast deal of work, and has been very alert in defending the people, which will appear by observing, that, notwithstanding we are more contiguous to the French and their Indian allies, and more exposed to their frequent incursions, than any of the neighbouring colonies, we have not lost half the inhabitants, which others have done, but considerably more soldiers in their defence. For in the course of this campaign, since March, I mean, (as we have had but one constant campaign, and continued scene of action, since we first entered the service), our troops have been engaged in upwards of twenty skirmishes, and we have had near an hundred men killed and wounded, from a small regiment dispersed over the country, and acting upon the defensive, as ours is by order. This, I conceive, will not appear inconsiderable to those, who are in the least degree acquainted with the nature of this service, and the posture of our affairs; however it may to chimney-corner politicians, who are thirsting for news, and expecting by every express to hear in what manner Fort Duquesne was taken, and the garrison led away captive by our small numbers; altho' we are restrained from making the attempt, were our hopes of success ever so rational!
The next things, I shall beg leave to mention, is our military laws and regulations.
The first men raised, if I rightly remember, were under no law; if any, the military6 law, which was next of kin to it. But under this we remained a short time, and, instilling notions into the soldiers, who knew no better, that they were governed by the articles of war, we felt little inconveniences; and the next campaign we were joined by the regulars, and made subject to their laws. After the regulars left us, the Assembly, as I before mentioned, passed an act in September following to raise twelve hundred men, and, in order (I suppose) to improve upon the act of Parliament, prepared a military code of their own, but such a one as no military discipline could be preserved by while it existed. This being represented by the most pressing and repeated remonstrances, induced the Assembly to pass a bill in October following, for one year only, making mutiny and desertion death, but took no cognizance of many other crimes, equally punishable by act of Parliament. So that no officer, or soldier, accused of cowardice, holding correspondence with the enemy, quitting a post, or sleeping upon it, and many other crimes of a capital dye, or pernicious tendency, could be legally tried. Neither was there any provision made for quartering or billeting of soldiers, impressing wagons, &c., &c.
[Note 6: Sparks suggests that this word should be "militia." The text is from the copyist's record of 1784--85, and the instances of his carelessness in transcribing are numerous.]
But that which contributed the most towards rendering this law inconvenient and absurd, and at the same time to demonstrate that the Assembly fully intended to prevent any enterprise of their troops out of the colony, was a clause forbidding any courts-martial to sit out of it; by which means all proceedings held at Fort Cumberland (in Maryland) were illegal, and we were obliged to remove to Virginia for trial of offenders, or act contrary to law, and lie open to prosecution. How then were we to behave upon a march perhaps fifty, eighty, or an hundred miles distant? These circumstances concurring to render the law ineffectual, induced me again to recommend an amendment, which I did with all the force and energy of argument I was master of. But no regard has hitherto been paid to my remonstrances. To what cause it is owing, I know not, unless to short sittings and hurry of business; for I can conceive of no reason upon earth, why the Assembly should be against instituting rules for the regulation of their forces, which long experience in established armies has fully evinced the necessity of. But, to cut short the account, we are under no government at all, to speak properly. Indeed, there is a jumble of laws that have little meaning or design in them, but to conspire to make the command intricate, precarious in supporting authority, and not to offend the civil powers, who, tenacious of liberty, and prone to censure and condemn all proceedings which are not strictly lawful, not considering what cases may arise to render them necessary.
Another grievance, which this act subjects us to, is the method prescribed to pay for deserters. Many of our deserters are apprehended in Maryland and Pennsylvania, and, for the sake of reward, are brought to the regiment; instead thereof they receive certificate only, that they are entitled to two hundred weight of tobacco. This certificate is to be given into a Court of Claims, they refer it to the Assembly; and there it may lie perhaps two or three years before it is paid. This causes great dissatisfaction, and the ill-disposed to aid, rather than prevent, the escape of soldiers.
No regular provision is established for the maimed and wounded, which is a discouraging reflection, and grievously complained of. The soldiers justly observe, that the result of bravery is often a broken leg, arm, or incurable wound; and when they are disabled, and no longer fit for service, they are discharged, and reduced to the necessity of begging from door to door, or perish thro' indigence. It is true, no instance of this kind hath yet appeared; on the contrary, the Assembly have dealt generously by those unfortunate soldiers, who have met with this fate. But then, this provision is not established, nor in any wise compulsory, and a man may suffer in the interval of their sitting.
After giving this short and genuine account of our military laws, and then observing that these laws are expired, I conceive there need but few arguments to prove the difficulty of keeping soldiers under proper discipline, who know they are not (legally) punishable for the most atrocious crimes. When this happens to be the case, as it is ours at present, how is it to be wondered at, if mutiny, desertion, and all other irregularities should creep into the camp, or garrison? more especially if we consider that hard duty, want of clothes and almost every necessary that renders a soldier's life comfortable and easy, are strong incentives, and, to go further, when these in themselves intolerable grievances are set to view in the most glaring point of light by a person, who, lost to all sense of honor and virtue, (and building, I am sorry to say, upon a proclamation inviting the deserters from the Virginia Regiment to enlist into the Royal American Regiment,) hath made use of every artifice to represent the fatigues and hardships of this service, and the ease and conveniences of the other, to seduce them from their duty.
Want of clothing may be esteemed another principal grievance, which our soldiers have labored under. In the first twelve months of their service they received no clothing; but in March, 1754, they were presented each with a suit made of thin, sleazy cloth without lining, and flannel waistcoats of an inferior sort. After that no others were sent for (and two pence stoppages drawn from every man's pay, recruits not excepted,) until repeated complaints and remonstrances from me, enforced in June last by a representation of many gentlemen of the Assembly, (who had formed an association, and saw the disagreeable situation of the soldiers,) induced the Committee, to whom those addresses were presented, to send for clothing, &c. These were to have been here by the middle of October, but no advice is received of them yet, which gives the soldiers some pretence to suspect they are deceived. And it is owing to this irregular pay, and the causes aforementioned, that their late disobedience ought to be ascribed. For I can truly say, and confidently assert, that no soldiers ever were under better command than these were before.
Perhaps it may be asked, by gentlemen not thoroughly acquainted with the nature of our service, why the officers do not see that their men's pay is more properly applied? In answer I must beg leave to observe, that, after the soldiers have appropriated a part for purchasing reasonable and fit necessaries, the remainder is barely sufficient to keep them in shoes, owing, in the first place, to the very great consumption the service occasions, and, in the next, to the exorbitant price, which this article bears. I have known a soldier go upon command with a new pair of shoes, which shoes perhaps have stood from seven shillings and sixpence to ten shillings, and return back without any; so much do they wear in wading creeks, fording rivers, clambering mountains covered with rocks, &c.
As great a grievance as any I have mentioned is yet unnoticed, i.e., the militia under their present regulation. A representation of this matter comes better and more properly from others; yet my zeal for the service and my interest in the welfare of my country, have influenced me to touch slightly on some things relative to their conduct, as I cannot enter deeply into the causes that produce them.***7
[Note 7: The three paragraphs omitted were copied verbatim from Washington's letter to Speaker Robinson, Nov. 9, 1756, ante.]
When they come into service it is with the utmost difficulty they are prevailed upon to take measures for self-defence, much less for the protection of the inhabitants; But indolent and careless, and always unguarded, are liable to be surprized. By this means Vass's fort was taken (and the garrison destroyed, and Dickinson's was on the point of sharing the same fate!
To set forth all the reasons that can contribute to render the militia of little use, and to point out all the causes which combine to make our service infinitely hard and disagreeable, would swell these observations into a volume, and require time, and a more able pen than mine. But there are yet some things that require to be spoken to the ill-judged economy that is shown in raising of men. We are either insensible of danger, till it breaks upon our heads, or else, thro' mistaken notions of economy, evade the expence, till the blow is struck, and then run into an extreme of raising militia. These, after an age, as it were, is spent in assembling them, come up, make a noise for a time, oppress the inhabitants, and then return, leaving the frontiers unguarded as before. Notwithstanding former experience convinces us, if reason did not, that the French and Indians are watching their opportunity, when we are lulled into fatal security and are unprepared to resist an attack, to muster their force to invade the country, and by ravaging one part terrify another, and then retreat when our militia assemble, repeating the stroke as soon as they are dispersed, sending down parties in the intermedium to discover our motions, procure intelligence, and sometimes to divert our troops. Such an invasion we may expect in March, if measures to prevent it are neglected, as they hitherto have been.
The want of tools occasions insurmountable difficulties in carrying on our works, either offensive or defensive. Cartridgepaper is an article not to be met within Virginia. And now, before I sum up the whole, I must beg leave to add, my unwearied endeavours are inadequately rewarded. The orders I receive are full of ambiguity. I am left, like a wanderer in a wilderness, to proceed at hazard. I am answerable for consequences, and blamed, without the privilege of defence. This, my Lord, I beg leave to declare to your Lordship, is at present my situation. Therefore, it is not to be wondered at, if, under such peculiar circumstances, I should be sicken'd in a service, which promises so little of a soldier's reward. I have long been satisfied of the impossibility of continuing in this service, without loss of honor. Indeed, I was fully convinced of it before I accepted the command the second time, (seeing the cloudy prospect that stood before me;) and did for this reason reject the offer, (until I was ashamed any longer to refuse,) not caring to expose my character to public censure. But the solicitations of the country overcame my objections, and induced me to accept it.
Another reason of late has continued me in it until now, and that is, the dawn of hope that arose, when I heard your Lordship was destined by his Majesty for the important command of his armies in America, and appointed to the government of his dominion of Virginia. Hence it was, that I drew my hopes, and fondly pronounced your Lordship our patron. Altho' I had not the honor to be known to your Lordship, your Lordship's name was familiar to my ear, on account of the important services performed to his Majesty in other parts of the world. Do not think, my Lord, that I am going to flatter; notwithstanding I have exalted sentiments of your Lordship's character and respect your rank, it is not my intention to adulate. My nature is open and honest and free from guile!
We have, my Lord, ever since our defeat at the Meadows, and, behaviour under his Excellency General Braddock, been tantalized, nay, bid to expect most sanguinely a better establishment, and have waited in tedious expectation of seeing this accomplished. The Assembly, it is true, have, I believe, done every thing in their power to bring this about; first, by soliciting his Honor, the Lieutenant-Governor, to address his Majesty; and next, by addressing his Majesty themselves in favor of their regiment. What success these addresses have met with, I am yet a stranger to.
With regard to myself, I cannot forbear adding, that, had his Excellency General Braddock survived his unfortunate defeat, I should have met with preferment agreeable to my wishes. I had his promise to that purpose, and I believe that gentleman was too sincere and generous to make unmeaning offers, where no favors were asked. General Shirley was not unkind in his promises, but he has gone to England. I do not know, my Lord, in what light this short and disinterested relation may be received by your Lordship; but with the utmost candor and submission it is offered. It contains no misrepresentations, nor aggravated relation of facts, nor unjust reflections.
Virginia is a country young in war, and, till the breaking out of these disturbances, has remained in the most profound and tranquil peace, ne'er studying war nor warfare. It is not, therefore, to be imagined, that she can fall into proper measures at once. All that can be expected at her hands she cheerfully offers, the sinews of war, and these only want your Lordship's ability and experience to be properly applied and directed.
It is for this reason I have presumed to lay this information before your Lordship, that, if there be any thing in it which appears worthy of redress, and your Lordship will condescend to point out the way it may be obtained.
And now, my Lord, how to apologize to your Lordship, for assuming a freedom, which must (at any rate) give you trouble, I know not, unless an affectionate zeal to serve my country, steady attachment to her interests, the honor of arms, and crying grievances she is struggling under, will plead an excuse, till I am so happy as to have an opportunity of testifying how much I admire your Lordship's character, and with what profound respect I have the honor to be, &c.
February, 1757.
We, the Officers of the Virginia Regiment, beg leave to congratulate your Lordship on your safe arrival in America; and to express the deep sense We have of His Majestys great Wisdom and paternal care for His Colonies, in sending your Lordship to their protection at this critical Juncture. WE likewise beg leave to declare our singular satisfaction and sanguine hopes, on your Lordships immediate appointment over our Colony; as it in a more especial manner Entitles Us to your Lordships patronage.
Full of hopes that a perfect Union of the Colonies will be brought about by your Lordships Wisdom and Authority; and big with expectations of seeing the extravagant insolence of an insulting, subtile and inhumane Enemy Restrained; and of having it in Our power to take our desired Revenge.
We humbly represent to Your Lordship, that WE were the first Troops in Action on the Continent, on occasion of the present Broils, and that by several Engagements and continual Skirmishes with the Enemy, We have to our cost acquired a knowledge of them, and of their crafty and cruel practises: Which We are ready to testify with the greatest chearfulness and Resolution, whenever We are so happy as to be honored with the Execution of your Lordships Commands.8
[Note 8: Washington probably composed this. The "Letter Book" copy, however (made in 1784--85), which is the only one available, is unsatisfactory because of some evident carelessness with which the record was made.]
[Alexandria] April 5, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: A letter which I received from Capt. Mercer, upon my return to Alexandria, informs me, that 95 Cutawba's, beside 25 that are gone to Williamsburgh, are now in Winchester, waiting orders how to conduct themselves. That, according to custom they are in want of matchcoats, Shirts, leggings, and all other necessaries. I shou'd be glad to receive your Honors particular directions with respect to providing them with those things, and in what manner they are to be employed: as I understand they intend to accompany (in a body) any Troops of ours that may march towards DuQuisne: Or, if no Expedition of that kind is intended, then to go out in small Scalping parties against the Enemy.
As your Honor gave me no particular directions concerning withdrawing the Troops from Fort Cumberland, or how they are to be employed and posted, when relieved by the Marylanders; I shou'd be glad of orders now also, whether I am to bring off all the Virginia Stores (Provisions excepted) at the same time that the Indian Goods are removed.
If your Honor does not choose to give particular directions concerning the disposition of the Troops, but leave it to me; I shall endeavour to post them in the most advantageous manner I can, until I have the pleasure of seeing you; when this and many other affairs may be fully settled. And I hope you will not think it advisable to order any part of our small Regiment to march for Carolina, 'till the Assembly meet and come to some determination about raising more, as the consequences might be bad.
Notwithstanding I know it was determined that only--Forts shou'd be retained and that these were fixed on; I shall not evacuate the others without orders as I know it wou'd be attended with very ill effects. Nor do I think it advisable that they should be dismantled just at this time. However, in this as in all other points, I only wait your Honors determinations, to carry them into execution.
I set out immediately for Fort Loudoun, and from thence to Fort Cumberland, if time will admit of it. I have ordered this Express to proceed as soon as he receives your Honors Despatches, to the former. Governor Sharpe did not incline to give Captain Dagworthy orders to march to Fort Cumberland, until you shall have given particular Orders about withdrawing our Garrison. Therefore the sooner I receive them the better. I shall be down by the 28th. if possible, and remain. You Honors, &c.
Fort Loudoun, April 15, 1757.
Dear Sir : After so long Silence it maybe expected, I shou'd introduce this Letter with an Apology for my seeming neglect, it is necessary to urge something in my defence I own Sir, that I may satisfy you it proceeds from a very different cause than the want of Inclination, and what can be so proper as the truth.
I have been posted then for twenty Months past upon our cold and Barren Frontiers, to perform I think I may say impossibilitys that is, to protect from the cruel Incursions of a Crafty Savage Enemy a line of Inhabitants of more than 350 Miles in extent with a force inadequate to the taske, by this means I am become in a manner an exile and Seldom inform'd of those oppertunitys, which I might otherwise embrace, of corrisponding with my friends.
Experience Sir, has convinc'd every thinking Man in this Colony, that we must bid adieu to peace and Safety whilst the French are allow'd to possess the Ohio, and to practise their hellish Arts among the numerous Tribes of Indian Nations that Inhabit those Regions. They are also convinc'd that it must be attended with an expence infinitely greater to defend our Possessions (as they ought to be defended) against the sculking Enemy than to remove the cause of our groundless Fears, in the reduction of the Place, Fort Duquesne I mean, yet, from what strange Causes I know not, no attempts this Season will be made I fear, to destroy this Hold of Barbarians, for they deserve no better a name who have become a Terror to three populous Colonies. Virginia may justly say that she was always willing to furnish her full proportion of Men and money for this desirable end; and I think I can venture to affirm that there never was, and verily I believe never will be, a more favourable time than the present for an Enterprise of this kind while the Enemy's Troops are doubtless drawn of to the Northward to defend themselves at home against the more formidable attacks of Lord Loudoun.
I have now to add. That I am so little acquainted with the Business relative to my private Affairs that I can scarce give you any information concerning it. I know that I ought to have some Tobacco and that it ought to be shipp'd; that I have beg'd the favour of Colo. Carlyle on Potomack and Fielding Lewis, Esqr., on Rappahannock to do this for me and I desir'd them to write you in my behalf and draw for Sundry things which I am in want of; but whether any part, or all of this is done I know not. I shall therefore desire these two things of you; first that you may put yourself to no real Inconvenience in providing Goods to greater amount than my remittances will fetch, because I by no means intended to be troublesome when I solicited your Corrispondence; and secondly, that whatever Goods you may send me where the prices are not absolutely limited you will let them be fashionable, neat, and good in their several kinds. Enclos'd is a List of Sundries which I shou'd be glad to receive agreeable to those Directions. I am, &c.
Fort Cumberland, April 16, 1757.
Honble. Sir: Your letter by express, of the 5th9 instant, I fear has fallen into the hands of the common Enemy, for I never have seen it. The other of the 7th I this day received; and being exceedingly embarrassed to come to your Honor's intentions, and really at a loss to know in what manner to act, in such perplexed and difficult circumstances, I called a council of officers to my aid. The result of their advice you will find in the enclosed.
[Note 9: The "Letter Book" copy has the 8th instant.]
It will not be in my power to be in Williamsburg by the 22d, as your Honor desires; but as soon after as I can, I certainly will. I shall leave orders with Colonel Stephen to march this garrison to Fort Loudoun, as soon as it is relieved, which cannot be before this express may return, and then your Honor's further orders may be received. We have no advice of Dagworthy's marching, tho orders were sent to him.
I shall order all the country's stores to be carried to Fort Loudoun, and the two companies on Patterson's Creek to be posted on the Branch, to complete the number that was designed for that place. I have ordered a particular return of the provisions to be made out, and Colonel Stephen to take Captain Dagworthy's receipt for the quantity left.
We have been at a good deal of unavoidable expense and trouble to furnish the Indians with such things as they wanted. Some enemy Indians killed two Catawbas on Thursday last, at about one hundred and fifty yards from the fort, and seventy from a sentry, and made their escape, tho pursued by other Catawbas and near two hundred men. And the day before yesterday, two soldiers were killed and a third taken prisoner, as they were coming to this place from the fort below. The rest of the party, being ten in number, with Captain Waggener among them, made their escape.
The enclosed remonstrance:10 I received just now and think it expedient to send it to your Honor, that you may know the temper and disposition of the troops. As I expect to be with your Honor in two or three days after the express, I think it needless to add any thing but an apology for the incoherence of this. The Indians are all around teazing and perplexing me for one thing or another, so that I scarce know what I write. I have the honor, &c.
[Note 10: See following document.]
[Note 11: This remonstrance seems to have been inclosed in Washington's letter to Dinwiddie of April 16. It is, doubtless, a collaboration in which Lieut. Col. Adam Stephen and other officers joined; but the flavor of Washington's manner of expression may be found therein.]
[April 16?], 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: We may I think with great propriety and justice represent That The Virginia Regiment was the first in arms of any Troops on the Continent, in the present War. That the three years they have served has been one continued scene of action That, Whilst other Troops have had agreeable recess in Winter Quarters, the nature of the Service in which we are engaged, and the paucity of our numbers (so unequal to the task) have kept us constantly in motion. That, nevertheless all these Services have hither to been performed with great spirit and chearfulness: But, that continuing in a Service precarious and uncertain; hazarding life, fortune and health to the chances of War, for a present and bare subsistance, are serious and melancholy considerations, evidently tending to promote langer and indifference: They sicken for that laudable and generous Emulation, so necessary among Troops: It is nipping the hopes we were led to cherish: It is discouraging to merit, and (I can not help repeating) it is in the greatest degree dispiriting to those Officers who, having thrown themselves out of other employments, must now perceive that they are wasting the prime of the life and constitution, in a Service at once the most hazardous and uncertain that can be! In which they can expect to be continued no longer than hard blows and continual dangers render it necessary. And when these cease their Services are to be dismissed; perhaps in a state of disability and indigence occasioned by wounds, &c.
These are reflections which strike deep in every breast, and have made our Officers anxiously solicitous to know their fate at once and the extent of their dependence; that they may regulate themselves accordingly. We can not conceive that because we are Americans, we shou'd therefor be deprived of the Benefits common to British Subjects, nor that it shou'd lessen our claim to preferment. And we are certain, that no Body of Regular Troops ever before served three bloody Campaigns, without royal notice!
The idle argument which is often used, namely, you are defending your Country and property; is justly look'd upon as inapplicable and absurd. We are defending part of the Domain of Great Britain: And altho' the inhabitants of our Mother Country are a little farther removed from danger than the most of us are, yet they are equally concerned and interested in the fate of the War. Therefore, if we shed our blood and waste our Substance in defence of the Country, we do service to them, and have an adequate right to preferment. Some, boast of their long Services, meaning I suppose the length of time they have borne a commission: shou'd this alone recommend a man? I apprehend it is the Service he has done, not the length of time he has borne a Commission, that can merit reward; and that there may be as just a claim to promotion from 3 years hard and bloody Service, as from ten, where neither real danger or Field of Battle was ever seen.
If it shou'd be said the Troops of Virginia are Irregulars and ought not to expect more notice than other provincials: we beg leave to deny the assertion, and observe, that we want nothing but Commissions from His Majesty to make us as regular a Corps as any upon the Continent. Because we were regularly enlisted, attested and bound, during the Kings or Colonys pleasure. We have been regularly Regimented and trained; and have done as regular Duty for upwards of 3 years, as any regiment in His Majestys Service. We have been regularly and uniformly clothed, both Officers and Soldiers. We have been at all the Expence that Regulars are, in providing Equipage for the Camp. And, in a word; we labour under every disadvantage, without enjoying a single benefit which the Regulars do. How different the establishment from all others this is, may easily be seen, when we consider, that they are raised for a time assembled in the Spring, and dismissed in the Fall: consequently are totally ignorant of regular Service. They knew their dependance, and had nothing to expect. They are never clothed, and are at little expence; as they act as Regulars, and are paid exorbitantly!
But, were there not these differences to give us the preference, the following, in my opinion are fully sufficient to obviate all scruples, vizt. We have been in constant pay, and on constant hard duty, since the beginning of these Broils, while none others have. We are, Sir, etc.
The Colonel laid before the Council a Letter which he had just received from His Honor, Governor Dinwiddie, (dated at Williamsburgh the 7th. instant;) referring him to another letter, by Express, of the 5th. which had not yet come to hand; for Orders and Directions concerning the marching two hundred men to Fredericksburgh by the 20th. instant, for the purpose of embarking them for Carolina. Also for the disposition of other Troops for the benefit of the frontier inhabitants: As also, concerning the sending out parties of Soldiers with the Indians. And desired their advice on the most expedient and proper measures to be used in the present situation of Affairs. The Governors letter of the 7th. without that of the 5th. inst. being altogether inexplicable.12
[Note 12: Dinwiddie's letter of April 5 finally arrived, but it could not have altered the situation, as it is assumed that the Maryland troops had arrived at Fort Cumberland. His letter of the 7th contains these statements: "Mr. Sharpe told me he had wrote by you to Captn. Dagworthy to march his men to take possession of Fort Cumberland when you withdrew your forces from thence and I was in hopes it wou'd have been immediately done...I wonder Govr. Sharpe shou'd hesitate in sending Capt. Dagworthy with his men to Fort Cumberland, when he knew you had positive orders to withdraw our troops on his arrival at that place, and delays may now prove of bad consequence." These two letters are in the Washington Papers and are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, pp. 61--62.]
The Council after duly considering the Governors letter, and weighing the consequences of evacuating Fort Cumberland, before the expected relief shou'd arrive: and thereby exposing the frontier inhabitants to inconceivable danger, were unanimously of opinion.
First, that Fort Cumberland shou'd not be evacuated by the Virginia troops 'till they were relieved by those from Maryland, and the Stores cou'd be removed; unless more explicit orders shou'd arrive from the Governor, requiring it.
Secondly, That the Detachment ordered to march with the Cuttawba Indians, to gain intelligence and annoy the enemy; ought not to be countermanded, because it might create Jealouses and uneasiness among the Indians, who earnestly desired to be accompanied by Soldiers.
Thirdly, That, as the French and Indians have already this Season committed acts of hostility upon the Inhabitants; of the Branch, which had, together with the small force that was posted among them, discouraged the Settlers from planting, and determined a pretty large part of them to move off entirely. It is thought absolutely necessary to post troops upon the said Branch, in order to preserve that valuable Settlement, to induce the people to plant a sufficiency of Corn; and to prevent by that means, the vale of Winchester from becoming the Frontier.
Fourthly, That in order to this it is advisable to evacuate the Forts on Pattersons Creek (which serve no other purpose than to Secure the Communication between the forts Loudoun and Cumberland).
Fifthly, We humbly conceive, that the measures here proposed by this Council, are, under our present circumstances, absolutely requisite for the good of the Service, and are in no wise contradictory to any thing contained in the Governors Letter of the 7th. whose Intentions, for want of the letter of the 5th. instant, are not to be understood.
[Fort Cumberland], April 17, 1757.
Sir: You are to remain with the Garrison at this place, 'till the Maryland troops shall relieve you: As soon as possible you are to march the Virginia Troops to Fort Loudoun; taking care to carry all the Virginia Stores to that place, except a few tools which shou'd be sent to the Branch.
But, if it shou'd so happen that there do not come waggons enough to carry off the whole at once; you must have the remainder well secured here, and left under a Guard of our own Soldiers, which is to escort them down when more waggons arrive.
You are also to order the two Garrisons on Pattersons Creek (as soon as they can get waggons to transport their Stores to Pearsalls) to march to the South-Branch: One of which to be posted at Harness's Fort; the other at the Upper Tract (unless any of the Militia are there) then and in that case, they are to be posted at Fort Defence: and to use their utmost endeavours in protecting the Inhabitants, and encouraging them to plant. You must have the most exact account taken of the provisions that are in this Garrison; they are to be left for the use of the Marylanders, and a receipt taken from the commanding Officer for the quantity delivered.
The Indian Goods are to be removed to Fort Loudoun. Order the Quarter Master to have them and the Tools, together with the Soldiers clothing; and all the small things that are liable to be lost or stolen, carefully packed up.
In the execution of all these things I recommend it to you, to be as expeditious as possible, and to have due regard to the Interest and honor of Virginia.
Williamsburgh, Friday morning, April 29, 1757.
Honble. Sir: I make use of this as a less troublesome, the most effectual, and (I think), most expeditious method of recommending certain matters relative to the Regiment, &c., to your Honor's notice. And to begin:
The act of Assembly which subjected the Virginia troops to Martial law, is now expired; and when in force, was altogether ineffectual for the purpose. It is I think quite obvious, that we can prepare no Law more fit than that provided by Act of Parliament, as a military code for the government of our Troops.
We now have, and are likely to get a goodly number of Indians. I would therefore humbly recommend, that a judicious person acquainted with their customs, be appointed to the care of them: To conduct them agreeably to your Honor's direction, or to the orders which he may receive from the Commanding Officer. To make it his business to see that they are well supplied with provisions and commit no waste of them. To provide them with such necessaries as they may stand in need of, and are allowed by the country. To keep regular Accompts of all expenses occurring, &c.
It cannot be supposed that this duty (which will fully employ, to execute as it shou'd be, the time of any one person,) ought to fall upon the Commanding Officer; whose other engagements will render it absolutely impossible for him to pay so much attention to it, as the service requires. And if they are neglected the consequences will be bad. The paying a person for this extraordinary duty, will, in the end, be an advantage to the Country. A good many goods should be provided for this purpose, and that immediately.
There are many Masters of Servants yet unpaid, who are very anxious to receive their valuation. I shou'd be glad if there cou'd be a way pointed out to do it, as the owners look to me for the money.
The choice of good men to complete the Regiment is really a matter of great importance.
We received (because necessity obliged us) many Drafts last year, who were unfit for any sort of Duty and who were rather an expense than service to the Country. The Officers hearing that their numbers are to be reduced, are very desirous of knowing who are to go out.
Some other method to pay for Deserters besides that prescribed by act of Assembly, is absolutely necessary. It is also necessary that some expedient should be used to bring the commonalty acquainted with the consequences of harbouring and buying clothes and arms from Deserters, &c.
Not to confine the troops to our own frontiers and defensive measures only. By this means we put it into the power of the enemy, to use advantages as they offer. Last year we could not, without transgressing the Law, move out of the Colony.
[Not] Paying Soldiers in small bills is an intolerable grievance. It wou'd add to the credit of the Service and be a strong inducement for numbers to enlist, were the Assembly to make some regular provision for the maimed and wounded Soldiers, who shall be disabled in the Country service. It is an uncertain tedious and expensive way for each individual, after he is rendered unfit to serve, to come down and petition the Assembly for subsistence.
The Commissary's Office has for a long time, been under very bad direction thro' Mr. Walker's uncertainty of continuing. It wants much to be regulated.
The Garrison which, by the Council at Philadelphia, is to be fixed at Enochs's plantation, in order to secure a communication with Fort Cumberland; will be a manifest disadvantage to the Country; as it can answer no other purpose, and will be attended with the ill consequence of leaving exposed the old road to Fort Cumberland; which also is the road to our Settlers on the South-Branch, betwixt whom and the Inhabitants about Fort Loudoun, are not any persons living, save those at the Forts, which we have built, and garrisoned for securing the said communication. Were the men who are appointed to Enochs's divided, and one part put at Edwards's, and the other (which shou'd be the largest) at Pearsalls; it wou'd be of infinitely more service to Virginia, and still keep open a communication with Fort Cumberland: But not m so direct a course; nor could the road this way, pass by the Fort at Cresaps.
When my opinion was asked concerning a place to build on between Fort Loudoun and that at Cresaps, I was obliged to say Enochs's, because there was no other place more suitable than Enochs's on that road; and to that road I was confined. But, at the same time, I mentioned the other road as answering the two ends of securing the communication with Fort Cumberland and the inhabitants of the Branch. And asked Lord Loudoun in a particular manner, whether the Troops were to be confined to the places specified? His answer was "no, because" (says he) "that might defeat our intentions. The places now fixed upon are only nominated as passes which appear to be of the most importance; but the Troops will be removed to this place or that as occasion may require"; which was my motive for saying no more on the disadvantages that might arise from building a garrison at Enochs's. A full and discretionary power being thereby left in the commanding officer to post them here or there, as the good of the service, and change of circumstances, in his judgment might require, I therefore beg leave to offer this matter to your Honor's consideration, in time; as it may and doubtless will be attended with very bad consequences to this Colony, to secure the direct road that leads to Fort Cumberland only: and neglect the security of the other which is now become of much more comparative importance to the Settlers.
I also beg leave to observe here that the Fort at the Upper Tract, notwithstanding it is more in the Indian pass of the mountains, is too high up; since numbers of the inhabitants from those parts, if I am rightly informed, are lately moved down about Harness's, and a place called Butter-Milk-Fort; which renders it necessary to place the troops, or at least a principal part of them, there also; to protect the Inhabitants in sowing and gathering their Crops, &c.
It is a hardship upon the Regiment I think, to be denied a Chaplain.
Establishing the militia upon a good footing is a matter of very great moment. Under this present regulation they are of very little Service, upon any emergency, and very expensive! The rates of Soldiers diet when marching thro' the Country, or upon recruiting parties, ought to be settled. As also the Bounty-money allowed the Officers to recruit with; in case the Country compleats the Regiment by Enlistment. The Officers complain heavily of their losses in the recruiting service. Their allowance is much inferior to that of the British Officers; while their duty and fatigue are equally hard, if not more so.
I doubt not but your Honor will, when you settle with Governor Sharpe, about the provisions, at Fort Cumberland consider that the carriage of them up, &c., should be added to the first cost. If we only receive the like quantity at Fort Loudoun, the Country will sustain a considerable loss; as the carriage, &c., is almost if not quite as much as the first cost of the provisions.
I have, in the preceding pages mentioned every thing that occurs to me relative to the service in general, and must now beg leave to know, as there are new regulations making in respect to the strength and establishment of the Regiment, upon what terms your Honor purposes to continue me, and what may be my certain Dependence?
The Speaker informs me that the Country Committee have determined no longer to be concerned in disposing of the public money; nor have any thing more to do with settling accompts, &c., and that the House have committed or intend to commit the care of it to your Honor's management. The Speaker farther informs me, that he has made your Honor acquainted with the allowance the country have made me, vizt., 30/ per day, pay, and two per cent commissions for examining, settling and paying off accompts; and that you seemed to think it high. I flatter myself Sir, that your Honor will not differ in opinion from the whole country in this particular. For the Committee first gave it, and the Assembly afterwards allowed it as a recompense for my services and the extraordinary trouble and confinement I shou'd meet with in the prosecution of such complicated duties, as the nature of this service wou'd oblige me to engage in. I also hope, that your Honor will not, after the repeated assurances given of your good inclination to better my Command, render it worse by taking away the only perquisite I have; and the only thing that enables me to support the expence which unavoidably attends my Table and removing about from place to place on our frontiers where every kind of necessaries is accompanied with incredible expence, from the distresses which exist there.13
[Note 13: Two instructions to Colonel Washington, dated May 16, 1757, both signed by Dinwiddie, are in the Washington Papers; one is in Washington's writing and the other in that of George Mercer. By them the 2 per cent commission was discontinued and a lump sum of £200 a year allowed Washington for his table and expense. "In all other Respects you are to be on the same footing as formerly; and to Act as you heretofore have done." The Virginia Regiment was reduced to 10 companies of 100 men each and all captains, except 7, were reduced to lieutenants to the number of 20; there were to be 10 ensigns. Stations of the troops are specified and Washington ordered to remain at Winchester. "You are no longer to have concern with, or the management of, Indian affairs."]
Fort Loudoun, May 24, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: The Bearer of this is Sergeant Feint,14 a young fellow who went out with the first party of Cuttawba Indians, commanded by Capt. Johny, and taken near the french fort at the time we supposed and reported him to be killed, from the information which the Indians brought in.
[Note 14: Joseph Fent, Fant, Feint, who had recently escaped from Fort Duquesne. The governor described him as "a well-behaved man." He, later, became a lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment.]
He made his escape from a small Delaware Town on a branch of Muskingum called White Womans Creek, in company with a Cuttawba who was taken when he was. As he is a Sensible young fellow, I beg leave to refer your Honor to him for particulars, with regard to his observations on the country; strength of the Enemy, and the manner of his escape.
He is now going with my consent to visit his friends. I have inform'd the disbanded Captains at this place that they were not discontinued from any misconduct that hath been attributed to them: and that you were pleased to offer them Commissions as Lieutenants, But I have met none who are inclinable to accept of such. I have also dispatched an Express to the Branch, informing the Officers there of your Orders: But have received as yet no answer from them.
I shall endeavour so soon as the regulation of companies is made, to dispatch those destin'd to the Southern frontiers immediately to their respective posts: and apprehend I shall meet with much difficulty in getting them off before they are paid: as the march of the Detachment for So. Carolina was attended with innumerable inconveniences and grievous complaints from their Creditors.
It seemed to be the intention of the House of Burgesses (when I left Town) to raise a greater number of Regulars, and not to employ Militia. If this plan shou'd be carried into execution, it may employ all the Captains now in the Service, and more Subalterns will be wanted: in which case I must beg leave to recommend the Volunteers in the Regiment that have served 15 and 18 months, in hope of preferment. They amount to eight, in the whole.
I must also beg leave to mention Mr. Kirkpatrick again to your Honor. As the hurry of Business and other Solicitations may have caused you to have forgotten him. I presume to recommend him to your Honor in this warm manner from two motives. First, he has merit to deserve any favour that you may please to confer on him, and Secondly, I think myself bound in honor, as well as from inclination to Serve him, as I prevailed on him to accompany me, under expectation of an appointment as Commissary of Musters, added to some other Commission, might be worth his acceptance.
I doubt not but your Honor before this is informed, that a party of Cherokees under Warhatchie is come in with 4 Scalps and 2 Prisoners: They are much dissatisfied that the presents are not here. Look upon Capt. Mercers going off as a trick to evade the performance of the promise that has been made to them; will not believe that Mr. Atkin is coming; and in short, they are the most insolent, most avaricious, and most dissatisfied wretches I have ever had to deal with. If any thing shou'd detain Mr. Atkins arrival, it will not be in my power to convince them that it is not a mere hum! All the rhetoric I can muster is not likely to detain them more than two or three days to wait this event.
I imagine your Honor must have been much surprized to find so few of the Officers whom you had ordered for Carolina with the Detachment. And it was matter of astonishment to me when I found upon my arrival at this place, that Colo. Stephen had taken the liberty to dispense with your Orders on this point. However, this is not the only instance in which he has used such liberties.
The Regimental Stores are, by his Orders, distributed among the Indians although I left express Instructions to the Contrary with Capt. Mercer and the Quarter Master when I went from this place. Had I met with him here I Shou'd most assuredly have made him answer for his conduct; which has also been pretty extraordinary in drafting the men for his Detachment. I am &c.
May 28, 1757.
Sir: Your Orders of the 23d. instant I was favoured with this morning; and have complied therewith as punctually as possible. The following is a List of the particulars which John Spour15 hath passed his receipt to me for; and promised to deliver to Edward Shippen, Esquire (at Lancaster) agreeable to your direction.
[Note 15: Spore's receipt, dated May 28, 1757, is in the Washington Papers.]
There is not, belonging to His Majesty at this place, either match or cartridge-paper: neither brimstone, Saltpetre, or three-pound ball.
We have but 20 Rheam of cartridge paper for the use of the Regiment: and that I bought and sent from Philadelphia, during my Stay there in March last.
In a Return which was given in to His Excellency, the Earl of Loudoun, mention was made of a cask containing matches and Cartridges: But, upon a later examination, we discover that no matches were in it; and that we are in want of this article ourselves. The load of each waggon is completed with six-pound ball to the amount as above.
A Return of His Majestys Stores I herewith send (at least at this place) as given to me by the Quarter-Master of the Virginia Regiment. For there never has been any person appointed (since Mr. DeFever left us) to take charge of them.
The Cuttawba's have been of little use, but a great expence to this Colony; and are now gone home: The Cherokees I apprehend will follow their example. There is a party of 70 or 80 of them, with some Soldiers, now out, commanded by Major Lewis of the Regiment. But I expect very little from them; as I conceive it will scarcely be in the power of the Officers to carry them far enough to do much Service.
We are still without pay, and must continue to be so for six weeks longer. Yet I have been lucky (for I can call it nothing but luck) under my circumstances, to keep the Soldiers from mutiny and desertion; employed as they are on very fatiguing and laborious Duty.
You will excuse me, Sir, for saying that I think there never was, and perhaps never again will be, so favourable an opportunity as the present for reducing Fort DuQuisne. Several Prisoners have made their escape from the Ohio this Spring and agree in their accounts, that there are but 300 men left in the Garrison. And I do not conceive that the French are so Strong in Canada as to reinforce this place, and defend themselves, at Home, this Campaign. Surely, then this is too precious an apportunity to be lost.
Any Commands wherewith you are pleased to honor me, I shall take delight in obeying. And am Sir,
Fort Loudoun, May 29, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: Mr. Atkins delay is productive of numberless ill consequences. I am teased incessantly by the Indians to know when he will come; and have put them off so long, that their patience is quite exhausted; and several of them are going off without waiting his arrival. Among these are three who I must beg leave to recommend to your Honors particular notice. The first is Capt. Aires, about Hixayoura; a Cuttawba: He was the Indian that took the Scalp which King Hiegler brought to your Honor; and shewed a great desire to encourage his Brethren to go to war again, and did go himself with Capt. Bullen. The next is Captain Tom, the Chief of the Nottoways: He has received less, and deserves more than any of them; as he used great pains to bring the Tusks, and has met with no reward for it, although he was promised one.16 And the last is a young Cuttawba fellow, who made his escape with Sergeant Feint, after having killed and scalped two of the enemy just by their own Town: The scalps he has with him. I am, etc.
[Note 16: That is, to persuade certain Tuscarora Indians to join the Virginia forces.]
May 30, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: The Indians are so dissatisfied at Mr. Atkin's delay, that I am obliged to send this Express to beg the favor of your Honor to hurry him up immediately, or to give Orders in what manner the Present shou'd be disposed of, which arrived here two days ago from Mr. Donald. If one or the other of these is not done, and in a very short time too, it will not be in my power to prevent their going off full of resentment! They complain in very opprobious language of the treatment they have received; of their being referred from one to another for the Presents, which ought, according to promise, to have been ready before they left their nation: And, in Short, recapitulate a great number of grievances which they say have arisen from the perfidy of our promises.
It is disagreeable to me to repeat this Subject to your Honor, but it is necessary you shou'd be informed of the disposition of these people: and it is for this reason only that I mention it in the terms they express themselves to me.
The Indians not being under one direction, is the cause of great expence to the Country; and has other pernicious tendencies. For, as we are Strangers to the only proper method of managing them; and all of us being desirous of pleasing them, as knowing their importance: they have been very much indulged, to little purpose. Which will ever be the case while they are left to the management of different people.
I therefore beg leave to recommend (not from an inclination to dictate; much less from a disposition to intermeddle, but with due Submission) that some person of good Sense and probity, with a tolerable share of the knowledge of their customs, be appointed to transact, under your Honors direction, or that of the Southern agent, the Indian Affairs of this Colony, of every kind whatever. That a Stock of Goods, suitably chosen, be put into his hand; and that he may have power to reward them occasionally as their Services require: Pay them for Scalps; provide them with Provisions, arms, clothing, &c.
It appears in a very clear light to me Sir, that, unless something of this Sort is done, the Country will be involved in insuperable expence, immense difficulties; and no advantage meanwhile will accrue from the Indians. An Indian will never forget a promise made to him: They are naturally Suspicious; and, if they meet with delays, or disappointment, in their expectations; will scarcely ever be reconciled. For which reason, nothing ought ever to be promised but what is performed; and one only person be empowered to do either. If your Honor shou'd think this an advisable measure, and be inclined to carry it into execution, I wou'd beg leave to recommend Mr. Gist as the most proper person I am acquainted with to conduct the Business. He knows but little of their language it is true, but is well acquainted with their manners and customs; especially of the Southern indians. And, for his honesty and zeal I think I dare vouch.
It is also advisable that such a person shou'd be appointed, if it were for no other purpose than to receive, examine, and pay off the innumerable accounts that have arisen to the Country on account of these Indians. I have been presented with numbers of them myself, and have promised the people to represent their case to your Honor, that you may direct in what manner they are to apply for their money. Many of those accompts. are for provisions, &c. as they have marched along: while others are for presents &c. and certified (principally) by Colo. Stephen and some other Officers.
Capt. Bullen17 has proposed a scheme to Capt. Gist, for bringing in the Creek and Cherokee Indians: and I have desired them to communicate it to your Honor.
[Note 17: Capt. Jemmy Bullen, a Catawba Indian.]
If this cou'd be effected so as to have them here at a time when a body of troops was marching for Fort DuQuesne; it wou'd be a propitious circumstance and worthy of Bullen: whom I beg leave to recommend to your Honor as deserving particular encouragement for his endeavours to save the Country. He has Spent more of his things to inspirit his own people, as well as £10 cash in bringing them in.
Colo. Stanwix has sent to this place, and taken away 100 Barrels of gun-powder; three ton of musket-ball, 100 of 6 lb round-shot, and 12,000 musket-flints.
I fear, Sir, it will not be in my power to move the Troops from their present posts 'till the money arrives; as they are so involved in debt, and so much arrears due to them.
The Works at Fort Loudoun go on so slowly with the small number of men now employed, that I despair of getting them finished in time. I am your Honor's &c.
Fort Loudoun, May 30, 1757.18
[Note 18: The assembly, "having considered the great expense the Virginia regiment has cost the country from the number of companies it has consisted of, and those companies not half complete in proportion to the vast charge of officers," remodeled it in form, and made it consist of 10 companies of 100 men each, reducing all captains but 7. The force was distributed as follows: At Fort Loudoun, 100 men, commanded by Washington; at Maidstone, 70 men, commanded by Captain Stewart; at Edwards, 25 men, commanded by a subaltern; at Pearsall's, 45 men, commanded by Captain McKenzie; in the neighborhood of Buttermilk Fort, 70 men, commanded by Captain Waggener; at Dickinson's, 70 men, commanded by Major Lewis; at Voss's, 70 men, commanded by Captain Woodward. Washington was to remain at Winchester, and was deprived of all "concern with or management of Indian affairs," Mr. Atkin being appointed the King's agent to take charge of all affairs relating to the Indians who inhabited the country between Pennsylvania and Georgia. (See Dinwiddie's letter to Washington, May 16, 1757.) Dinwiddie's letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 71.]
Dear Sir: We receive fresh proofs every day of the bad direction of our Indian affairs. It is not easy to tell what expenses have arisen on account of these Indians, how dissatisfied they are, and how gloomy the prospect of pleasing them appears, while we pursue our present system of management.
I therefore beg leave to propose a plan, which I know is exactly agreeable to the French policy of treating them and which may, if properly executed, be a means of retrieving our lost credit with this people, and prove of infinite advantage to the country. The French, Sir, have a proper person appointed to the direction of these affairs, who makes it his sole business to study their dispositions, and the art of pleasing them. This person is invested with power to treat with and reward them for every piece of service, and, by timely presents on suitable occasions, obtain very great advantages. There is always a store of goods committed to his care to answer these purposes, and no other person is suffered to meddle with it; by which means the whole business is thrown into one channel, and it thereby becomes easy and regular. Whereas, with us it is every body's business, and no one's, to supply. Every person attempts to please, and few succeed in it, because one promises this, and another that, and few can perform any thing, but are obliged to shuffle and put them off, to get rid of their importunities.
Hence they accuse us of their perfidy and deceit! I could recapitulate a great number of their reproachful complaints, if I judged it necessary to confirm what I have already advanced. But I believe, Sir, you are convinced from what you have seen, that there can be no deception in my story. Therefore, I shall endeavor to remark with candor, freedom, and submission, that, unless some person is appointed to manage the Indian affairs of this colony, under the direction of the Governor, or the southern agent, that a vast expense and but little advantage will accrue from the coming of those Indians among us. And I know of no person so well qualified for an undertaking of this sort as the bearer, Captain Gist.19 He has had extensive dealings with the Indians, is in great esteem among them, well
[Note 19: "When I proceed to the southward, I shall appoint some person to act for me in this colony according to my instructions during my absence, who I believe will be Capt. Gist, who resigns his post in the Virginia regiment. He is so well recommended to me, and does I believe understand the Indian affairs so much better than any man else I can find or hear of in this colony, that I hope he will give satisfaction to all that will be interested in his behaviour."-- Atkin to Governor Sharpe, June 30, 1757.] acquainted with their manners and customs, is indefatigable, and patient, most excellent qualities indeed where Indians are concerned. And for his capacity, honesty, and zeal, I dare venture to engage. If he should be appointed to this duty, or, if this plan should take effect, I dare say you will judge it advisable to send for a large assortment of those species of goods which are the most likely to carry on the above mentioned business.
Bullen, a Catawba warrior, has been proposing a plan to Captain Gist for bringing in the Creek and Chickasaw Indians. If such a scheme as this can be effected by the time we shall march for Fort Duquesne, it would be a glorious undertaking, and worthy of the man. I am, &c.
June 3, 1757.
Sir: In a letter which I wrote to you yesterday, I desired that the Indians might not be brought to this place if it cou'd possibly be avoided: Since which, the Hon'ble Edmund Atkin, Esquire, Superintendant of Indian Affairs, is arrived, and desires to hold a conference with them here.
No bad consequences are likely to ensue by bringing them from the Frontiers (of which, however, you are to judge from appearances.) Mr. Smith the Interpreter,20 you are to bring without fail; as, without his assistance, no conference can be held. I am &c.
[Note 20: Richard Smith, Indian interpreter.]
Fort Loudoun, June 6, 1757.
You are Ordered to take under your command the men belonging to your own Company, together with those joined thereto by a late Order; as also those (now) of Capt. Spotswoods Company: And, with Lieutenants Lomax and Steenburgen, and Ensign Thompson, with four Sergeants, four Corporals and a Drummer. You are to march to Maidstone, in order to relieve Capt. Stewart and the Troops under his command; except those of my Company,21 at Forts Patterson, Mendenhall and Neally: and as many of the said Company (which are now at Maidstone) as will replace the number of private men detained from you to work on the Fort at this place.
[Note 21: In Colonial and early Revolutionary times it was the military custom to have the field officers of a regiment also command a company of the regiment; when the regimental duties interfered, the command of the company devolved upon the lieutenant of the organization.]
These will reinforce your Detachment until I direct further concerning it. When you get to your post you are then and there, to observe the following Instructions: Vizt.
First, To take an exact account of all the Stores, provisions, and other necessaries at that place belonging to the public, and pass your receipt to Capt. Stewart for the Same (except it be for the Tents he is to bring up here); and you are to be careful in preventing waste of any part or parcel thereof: and to see that the whole be used with the greatest economy, and prudence for the Country.
Secondly, As the principal end proposed in sending you to that Post is, to protect the Inhabitants of parts adjacent, and to keep them if possible easy and quiet: I injoin it upon you, to use every means which you and your Officers shall judge advisible to answer this Salutary purpose, especialy the following; First, at the Forts above-mentioned, to post a Sergeant and fifteen men: vizt. the Sergeant and 7 at Pattersons, and the remaining 8 at the other two places; namely, Mendenhalls and Nealys; four at each, which you are to relieve weekly, and cause (after the Country provisions now at these Forts are expended) them to take their weeks allowance with them; as also other Suitable necessaries; and a sufficient quantity of ammunition. Secondly, with the remaining part of your Detachment you are to keep out constant Scouts, to consist of not more than one-third of your well men at a time, if necessity shou'd not require more. And order them generally to range the woods and country about the Falling Waters, and heads of Garlands, and Peter Tustees Springs. In these Tours of Duty an Officer is frequently if not always to command, although he may judge the party too Small, for his Rank...22
[Note 22: The third to ninth instructions which follow are included, practically verbatim, in the General Instructions to all the Captains of Companies, July 29, post.]
To cause all the provisions to be exactly weighed out; and when you want more, to apply to the Commisary at this place, who will have orders to Supply you. You must also apply here for ammunition and other necessaries which may be wanted for the use of your Garrison...23
[Note 23: This variation from the General Instructions to all the Captains of Companies, July 29, post, is in the fifth paragraph.]
Fort Loudoun, June 7, 1757.
You are hereby Ordered to take charge of the Cherokee Indians, whereof Warhatchie and Yautanou are Chiefs, and to conduct them in the nearest and best way you can from this place, thro' Augusta, Bedford and Halifax Counties, to the Borders of North Carolina; and deliver them over to some Civil or Military Officer of that Province, in order to their being further conducted towards their Nation.
That the Indians may not be disappointed in provisions, you are to send on a man a days march before, you, to provide them. You are to get exact accounts of the kinds, quantities and value, from every man that supplies you; which you are to certify and keep copies, and endeavour to be as frugal of, as possible. The person who goes on before is to desire the people at whose Houses the Indians may halt, carefully to conceal any liquor they may have. Shou'd the Indians however, behave in a mild discreet manner, you may at night give them a little rum mixed with water, if to be had; which you are to inform them is procured thro your own influence upon the White people, on account of their good Behaviour, and not by virtue of Orders.
Shou'd any of the Indians misbehave, you are not to find fault with the Agressor, but to apply for redress to Warhatchie24 only.
[Note 24: Warhatche, spelled also Wawhatchee, and probably the Wahawtehew mentioned by Dinwiddie, was chief of all the southern Cherokee towns. Edmund Atkin described him as the "greatest rogue among them, most certainly of unbounded avarice, well and long known to me in particular, and not having the least regard for the English, further than he can get presents from them." The cause of the separation mentioned by Washington is fully described in a letter from Atkin to Croghan in Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 3, P. 175.-- Ford.]
The party now at this place from Capt. Hogg's Company, is to march with you so far as their road and yours is one (and shou'd be supplied with provisions in the same manner that the Indians are; as they are intended for an Escort to them:) After which you are to order them to join their Company; unless you shall find it necessary to take them farther, to keep the Indians from mischief. In such case you may carry the men, but in no other.
As you have applied to me for liberty of absence, you have hereby liberty for days, after you shall have conducted the Indians, agreeably to the above Orders.
June 10, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: Your letters of the 23d. ultimo and 2d. instant are received.
Mr. Atkin will write your Honor by this opportunity; therefore my observations shall be principally confined to Indian Affairs. In the first place, I fear that, the different colonies struggling with each other for their assistance, will be productive of very great Evils; and, in the end, introduce insupportable expence to these Governments, or to the Crown.
Maryland hath already held treaties with, and given presents to them.
Pennsylvania hath sent Speeches to them, and offers presents (and to the latter a great part is now gone). The consequence is, those Savages look upon themselves in a more important light than ever, and have behaved very insolently thereupon; as Mr. Atkin can inform you.
Part of the Cherokees is returned to their nation. I have sent, agreeably to your Honors Order, a person with them, to procure provisions along the road; and a small Detachment (a large one we cou'd not afford, as we are greatly straightened for want of men every where, especially at this place, to carry on the Works) to escort them to Vauses Fort.
I have in late letters mentioned some of the inconveniences which arise for want of money: and must now add, that unless there is a good deal sent up in a very short time, I must inevitably Suffer, as well as the Service, in a very great degree: As all the country people who have any demands upon the Public, think I am liable, and look to me for payment. Mr. Atkin has received the Indian Goods which were at this place, brought from Fort Cumberland and elsewhere, the enclosed is a copy of the return of them: A return of our strength is also enclosed, as the Companys stood after the Draughts were taken for South-Carolina;25 and, at the reduction of the Captains, the reason why my Company appears so much larger than
[Note 25: This return, dated May, 1757, is in the Washington Papers.] the others, is because all the Workmen that have been taken out of other Companies for this employment, have been returned in it.
That Capt. Paris26 has misbehaved, I verily believe: He has a commission in the Maryland Forces: which I think pretty extraordinary on every account. However, as your Honor empower'd Mr. Atkin to enquire into his behavior, I did not interfere, or concern myself in any shape with him.
[Note 26: Capt. Richard Pearis or Paris. He seems to have raised a company, which was incorporated into the Virginia Regiment; then accepting a commission from Maryland, he insisted that both he and his company were still in Virginia's pay. Dinwiddie wrote to Washington (June 24): "Capt. Pearis having excepted a Como. from Govr. Sharpe, forfeits any expectations from this Colony, his conduct has been bad, so I think its a good ridance of him."]
Colo. Bouquets information after what I was told to the northward, after what I know was established under General Braddock (from whom, if I am rightly informed, proceeded the allowance of Bat-men, to the Virginia Officers;) and, after giving in, at His Excellency Lord Loudouns own request (and to his satisfaction, as far as I cou'd learn) the quantity of provision, number of Batmen, &c. allowed each Officer. And, that I did this, Capt. Stewart knows to be fact (for he himself made a fair copy of the return for me:) I say, after all this, Colo. Bouquets' information is matter of surprize to me.
However, if this is the practice of the Army by any late regulations, I dare say every Officer here will chearfully acquisce in it: and wou'd wish from their very heart, that every other regulation that is dispensed to the Regular Officers, was extended equally to them.
The Wampum which Capt. McNeil lost, is since found and delivered to Mr. Atkin. I shall order Capt. Woodward to march his Company to Vauses and relieve Capt. Hogg, whose Company will be given to Major Lewis, as it formerly belonged to him.
I am importuned by the country people inhabiting the small Forts, for Supplies of ammunition. I have refused them all, until I know your Sentiments. Ammunition is not to be purchased; and indeed some of them are too poor to buy, if it was. Therefore they apply to me. If your Honor thinks proper to order me to deliver it out to such people as I conceive will appropriate it to a good use, and in such quantities as we may be able to spare, I will do it; but not without.
I have found it expedient to relieve the Detachment at Maidstone, commanded by Captain Stewart, and bring them to this place. There were several material reasons which urged me to this Step; but the two following will, I hope, meet with your approbation. I have found by experience, that it is impossible to work Soldiers, and train them to the use of their arms at the same time: and that, if both are attempted, both will be more or less neglected. For which reason it appeared to me evidently for the Interest of the Service, that the men at this place (except the necessary tradesmen) shou'd be removed to some other post; where they might be regularly exercised, when they are not upon the Scout. Then there was no Company so proper to relieve them as Capt. Stewarts; who having had and improved the opportunity of discipling his men, was desirous of coming hither, as they have been a long time detached from the body of the Regiment. The other reason is, half the men at Maidstone being enlisted by Capt. Gist, in Maryland, and so contiguous to, and under the immediate influence and persuasion of their friends (who encourage them to desert: and not only do so, but protect them openly in it, under the eye and authority of their Majistrates, if we are rightly informed) that in a little time, not one wou'd have been left. Eleven are at this time under confinement for desertion from this Company. I hope your Honor will direct me in what points and how far I am to pay regard to Colo. Stanwix's Orders: If I shou'd meet with any thing from him at any time, that may clash with yourinstructions to me, how I am to conduct myself in the affair.A case of this kind happened in Maryland, as I am told, andColo. Stanwix sent orders to the Officer under ... 27 to disobey his (Stanwixes) orders at his peril.
[Note 27: Blank in the manuscript.]
Major Lewis cou'd not prevail with the Cherokee Indians to take out with them any more than 8 days provisions; the consequence of which is that he is come in with a part of them. There are yet out two parties, one of which consisting of 20 Indians and 10 Soldiers, under Capt. Spotswood, and are gone toward Fort DuQuesne: while the other amounts to 15 Indians and 5 Soldiers, under Lt. Baker, bent their course for Log's Town.
I wrote your Honor in my last, that Colo. Stephen did, whilst I was in Williamsburgh, give out many of the Regimental Stores for the use of the Indians, among which were 122 Blankets. There are at this place, come up for the Indians, several pieces of dutch blanketing. I shou'd be glad to know whether we may not take out of them (if there is a sufficiency to replace our loss) as the Indians have all been supplied?
I doubt not that your Honor has been informed of the fate of our Beef at Fort Cumberland: I was all along apprehensive that this wou'd be the consequence of Mr. Walkers absence. And as soon as I heard the account, I desired Mr. Rutherford to go up and overhale the casks and see what cou'd be saved. His answer was, that he was employed by Mr. Walker to trans. act the business at this place, and did not care to undertake it without his instructions. I thereupon desired he wou'd communicate the affair to Mr. Walker, and receive his directions, as I apprehended the Country wou'd look to him for the damage. What notice Mr. Walker has taken of it I know not. But since I have heard they have destroyed the provisions in an unwarrantable manner. Indeed I shou'd be glad if your Honor wou'd direct what is to be done in this affair.
Capt. Bell waits upon your Honor in hopes he may be able to obtain one of the additional compys. which we hear are to be raised. I have been greatly importuned by his friends to Speak in his favor, or say what I know of him. All that I can say is that, so far as I have had an opportunity of judging, he appears to be a good-natur'd honest man; and willing to do his duty. He has had no opportunity of proving his Bravery, that I know of, nor do I remember ever to have heard it called in question.
As to his abilities in other respects, and his bodily activity, your Honor can judge of them better than I, being more acquainted with him.
I must once more presume to ask your Honor leave to attend the Settlement of my (deceased) Brothers Estate (when the Executors and Colo. Lee will fix upon a time)28 You were so indulgent on a former occasion as to consent to my being absent for this purpose. But the Assembly called off my Brother,29 and several others who were principally concerned, and prevented the completion of this affair since. Altho' it is matter of great moment to have this business finished, it yet lies open. I am &c.
[Note 28: That of Lawrence Washington. Col. George Lee had married Lawrence's widow. The estate included Mount Vernon.]
[Note 29: Augustine Washington, half brother to George, whom the latter called Austin.]
Fort Loudoun, June 10, 1757.
Dear Sir: A person of a readier pen, and having more time, than myself, might amuse you with the vicissitudes, which have happened in the Indian affairs since Mr. Atkin came up. I acknowledge my incompetency, and therefore shall only observe, that the Indians have been pleased and displeased oftener than they ought to have been; and that they are gone off (that party under Warhatche, I mean,) in different ways, and with far different views; one part southwardly to their nation; and the other northwardly to treat with the Pennsylvanians, contrary to the sentiments of Mr. Atkin, who has, I believe, sent to forbid any conference to be held with them.30
[Note 30: As to Indian matters, you must know I can be but a stranger, and I find all those employed as agents very jealous of one another, and I can perceive Mr. Croghan so of Colonel Armstrong, and...Mr. Atkin so of them all, as well as of the Provinces."-- Colonel Stanwix to Governor Denny, June 12, 1757.
Armstrong said that Atkin was "miffed" about the provinces taking any notice of the southern tribes without first consulting him; while Croghan believed that Atkin had been prejudiced by the Virginians. Atkin wrote to Croghan (June 8) that on arriving in Virginia he "found it just on the brink of confusion and distraction, by means of the very Indians that had been drawn with great pains and expense to its assistance," as they "behaved like freebooters in an enemies' country." And to Governor Sharpe: "You will see how fortunate my being at Williamsburg was, to prevent a convulsion which must otherways happened in this colony and shaken all the colonies in its consequences."-- Ford.]
Major Lewis is returned with part of the Indians, that went out with him, in consequence of their having taken only eight days' provisions with them. He was unable to prevail with those savages to take more. One party of twenty, with ten soldiers, is gone towards Fort Duquesne, under Captain Spotswood; and another party of fifteen, with five soldiers, under Lieutenant Baker, but they course towards Logstown. God send them success and a safe return, I pray.
Unless you will interest yourself in sending money to me to discharge the public debts, I must inevitably suffer very considerably, as the country people all think me pledged to them, let what will happen. They are grown very clamorous, and will be more than ever incensed if there should come an inadequate sum, and that sum be appropriated to the payment of the soldiers.
I am convinced it would give pleasure to the Governor to hear that I was involved in trouble, however undeservedly, such are his dispositions toward me.
I should be glad to know whether Capt. Mercer received any money from the public while he was down; and if he did, on what account. If he did not, I would be glad you would pay none, until you hear further from me, altho' he may have drawn orders. 'Tis on the account of the public I desire this.
June 11, 1757.
Sir: The exorbitant expence, and bad precedent of giving to every Indian who is pleased to demand it, a Horse to ride, compel me to tell you, that a stop must be put to the practise, or the Officer who directs it will be made liable for the cost. The County will not allow it; Nor are you to give them liquor, but upon extraordinary occasions.
I have the pleasure to inform you, that you are one of the Captains continued in the Service; and that I have passed all your accompts which you put into my hands, except that of contingencies, which lies over for Vouchers: As soon as you procure these, the Committee consent to the payment. After this it will, I presume be needless to say, that you ought not to pay a farthing without taking a receipt for it. I am Yrs. &c.
June 12, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: The enclosed is a return of the Subaltern Officers and Cadets in the Virginia Regiment, Set down according to their Seniority. I think it proper to send this to your Honor that you may be enabled to fill up the Commissions below, if you prefer, it, rather than sending blank ones to the Officers who have resigned their Commissions at different times, of which your Honor has been informed. Since I came up two only have followed their example: Namely, Lieutenant Williams, of Capt. Peachy's Company; and Ensign Deane, of Cap. Bell's. The latter was afraid of having his conduct enquired into, concerning an arbitrary exertion of Military power: and chose this method of avoiding an examination, as it was agreeable to all parties; and the Service, I very well knew, wou'd not suffer by his resignation. I gave him my consent accordingly; and hope it will meet with your Honors approbation. Capt. Gist is the only one of the reduced Captains who is agreed if he can regularly, to accept of a Lieutenancy. And he accepts of it upon condition that he is appointed the next oldest Lieutenant to Capt. McNeil whose first commission is dated the 4th. day of December 1754; and his second, the 18th. of August, 55. This I thought highly consistent with justice, and therefore promised my endeavours to have it so. Because these Captains wou'd otherwise have become the youngest Lieutenants; and might have been commanded by those Officers, whom they once had in their own companies as Subalterns.
There is no other method therefore, that I can see, to do them justice (and to preserve the proper Rank of the Subalterns) than to antedate their Commissions: It is attended with no expence nor inconvenience.
Being informed that the Money-Bill is passed, and that Troops will be raised by drafting the Militia; I shou'd be glad to receive timely Instructions, in what manner, and where I am to receive them. What privileges and immunties they are entitled to; and what Laws they are to be governed by, &c. I shou'd also be glad to know on what footing the Ranging Companies are to be established, and how they are to rank; compared with the Regiment? and whether (but this can not be) they are entitled to any of our Regimental clothes, &c. I recommended when I was in Williamsburgh, Sergeant Hughes (of Captn. Stewarts Company) for the Adjutantcy of the Regiment. Your Honor seemed to approve of it then, and will now, I hope, send him a Commission. We shou'd also be glad if our Chaplain was appointed, and that a Gentleman of sober, serious and religious deportment were chosen for this important Trust! Otherwise, we shou'd be better without. Enclosed your Honor will receive a copy of the proceedings of a Court of Enquiry, held upon Lt. Campbell, for not going according to Orders, with the Detachment to Carolina. Lt. Steenburgens case was pretty nearly the same with this and many other cases extraordinary in their nature, were transacted by Colo. Stevens, while I was at Williamsburgh.
Mr. Boyd goes down for money. I am &c.
If your Honor is pleased to promote the Officers &c. according to their Seniority, and present Rank in the Regiment: They will then, if there are twelve Companies, stand as follows.
There remains according to this, a vacancy for an Ensign, to which I wou'd humbly recommend Mr. Kirkpatrick; with the Office of Commissary of Musters. If Captn. McNeil should be promoted, Capt. Gist will be Captn. Lt. in his room; and another Ensign will be wanted: In that case the oldest Ensign will be made Lt. and I would beg leave to speak in behalf of Mr. Thomas Rutherford for the vacancy of Ensign. He is a young man who, for his modesty and good behaviour gained a very good reputation as Lieutenant of one of the Ranging Companies on this quarter. I am etc.
June 12, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: Since closing my packet for your Honor of this date, I have received by Express, from Fort Cumberland the agreeable news of Lt. Bakers return to that place with 5 Scalps &c. one french officer, prisoner. Two other Officers were also made prisoners; but one of them being wounded and unable to march, the Indians killed; and the other they served in the same manner soon after: and both contrary to the intreaties of Mr. Baker. In this they took revenge for the death of the truly brave Swallow-Warrior, who was killed in the Skirmish, and for the wound received by his son; whom they brought from the head of Turtle-creek, where the Engagement happened (about 100 miles beyond Fort Cumberland) on their Shoulders, without eating a morsel the whole distance. The name of the Officer commanding the french troops on the Ohio, together with the names of the two who were killed, and the other taken prisoner, are given in by the latter, as enclosed. The party they engaged, consisted of 10 french, 3 of whom were Officers; who had parted only the day before with fifty odd Shawnese, returning from war. Our people wou'd have taken the whole party, had it not been for the unfortunate loss of the indian chief, which put a stop to his mens pursuing. If this party was to meet with a reward for their Scalps and Services, with no more difficulty, than Warhatchie did in Maryland; it wou'd be attended with happy consequences. If they do not, discontent and murmuring will ensue.
I have spoken to Mr. Atkin about the prisoner whom the Indians have brought in; and he will endeavour to have him brought to this place.
I have this instant received your Honors letter by Captn. Gist; and must observe in answer thereto, that it was the refactory behaviour of the Cherokee indians, which caused Capt. Mercer to promise them presents. It is very certain he had no power or authority to do it: But his case was peculiar, These Indians came upon him expecting presents; and no Orders or Instructions (I believe) were Sent concerning the manner in which they were to be treated: Upon which they grew dissatisfied and unruly; and he therefore, with the advice of the Officers, chose rather to make them the promise he did, than suffer them to run back in a discontented mood! This was the (alone) alternative he was reduced to, if I am rightly informed. I fancy your Honor will not think, him, upon a second thought, so much to blame, as might appear at first view: especially when it is considered that he (nor are any of us who are now here) is but little acquainted with the proper manner of treating them. Indeed I am fearful, as I have frequently observed, that unless some person is appointed whose sole business it shall be to take charge of those people, there will be many other errors committed equally pernicious with this (if it be a wrong measure at all.) I have spoken to Mr. Atkin sundry times on this head. He thinks it the most advisable, yea, the best plan that can be devised, to answer our purposes. But says, unless the Colony will Support the expence, he can not appoint such a person, having no authority from the Crown to incur the expence which wou'd attend that appointment.
Enclosed is a return of the arms and ammunition at this place. I shall acquaint Colo. Stanwix that your Honor desires to know whether arms may be had of him, if they shou'd be wanted.
There are many indian accompts against the Country. The people are continually at me to know who is to take them in, and how they are to be paid. I hope your Honor will direct Mr. Boyd, that he may satisfy the Creditors. I am &c.
June 12, 1757.
Dear Sir: I embrace this opportunity of congratulating you upon your Safe return; and of thanking you, for the Services you have done the public, in your late Scout and Skirmish.
I was greatly surprized at not receiving an account of this matter from yourself: but am satisfied, there was some particular reason why I did not. For I can not belive that you, who have behaved so well in one respect, wou'd be so deficient in your duty in another.
Mr. Smith, at the instance of Mr. Atkin, has written to the Indians, requesting that the french officer be brought to this place.31 Use all fair arguments and endeavours to encourage this, but no foul measures must be taken. You must remain yourself with the company at Pearsalls; if there is no particular
[Note 31: Baker's letter to Washington, describing his skirmish, dated June 10, 1757, is in the Washington Papers. The fight occurred on Turtle Creek, Pa., about 35 miles from Turkey Foot and about 20 miles from Fort Duquesne. The failing of The Swallow, a Cherokee chief, so enraged the Indians that they murdered two of the French prisoners. The one whose life was saved by Baker was an ensign named Velistre.] reason, on account of the Indians, to the contrary? I am your most obedt. Servt.
[Note 32: Colonel Stanwix was stationed by the Earl of Loudoun on the frontiers of Pennsylvania, with the command of five companies of the Royal American Regiment, and such troops as Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia might raise. He was now at Lancaster, Pa., but his headquarters were afterwards at Carlisle, Pa.-- Sparks.]
Fort Loudoun, June 15, 1757.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that a scouting party, consisting of 5 soldiers and 15 Cherokee Indians, that were sent out the 20 ultimo towards the Ohio, under Lieutenant Baker, returned the 8th instant to Fort Cumberland with 5 scalps, and a French officer, prisoner, having killed two other officers of the same party. Mr. Baker met with this party vizt., ten French, three officers on the head of Turtle Creek, twenty miles distance from Fort Duquesne, (the day after they had parted with 50 Shawanese Indians returning from the war,) and would have killed and made prisoners of them all, had it not been for the death of the Indian chief, who being killed prevented his men from pursuing them. The name of the officer taken, according to his own account, is Velistre; and of those killed, Lasosais and St. Oure; all ensigns.
The commandant at Duquesne and its dependencies is Delignery, a knight of the military order of St. Louis, and captain of a company of detached troops from the marine. This officer likewise says, that the garrison at Fort Duquesne consists of six hundred French and two hundred Indians. I believe he is a Gasconian. We sustained on our side of the loss of the brave Swallow warrior, and one other Indian was wounded, and brought in on a bier, near 100 miles by the party, who had nothing to live upon for the four last days but wild onions. Mr. Atkin (who is now here) and I shall use our endeavours to have the French prisoner brought to this place.
Captain Spotswood, with 10 soldiers and 20 Indians, who went out at the same time with, but to a different place, from Lieut. Baker is not yet come in, nor any news of him; which makes me uneasy.
Our Assembly have granted a further sum of eighty thousand pounds for the service of the ensuing year, and have agreed, (I believe,) to complete their regiment of this colony to 1200 men, besides three companies of rangers, of 100 each. Our strength, since the detachment has embarked for Carolina is reduced to 420 rank and file only and these much weakened, by the number of posts we hold. Governor Dinwiddie is apprehensive, that he shall not be able to provide arms for all these men, and desired me to advise with you thereupon.
If it is not too troublesome I should [be glad] to be informed what proportion of bat-men there is allowed to a company of 4 officers and 100 men, in the Royal American battalions? or rather, the allowance to each officer, beginning with the colonel.33 And how these bat-men are clothed, paid and victualled, and by whom? Whether the officers have any allowance made them for their servants, and if the officers in garrison receive provisions as soldiers or an allowance in lieu of it, and how much to each? Also, if the officers in their battalions provide bat-horses at their own expense, or have their baggage transported at the King's? Whether any forage
[Note 33: Washington had recently been taken to task by the governor for asking allowance for a greater number of batmen than Colonel Stanwix had. "Surely Colo. Washington cannot expect more than Colo. Stanwix, and I think it was your duty to inform me of this and to conform your regiment to the allowances given the [Royal] Americans; and pray, how shall I appear to Lord Loudoun on my report of our regiment, when so widely different from that he commands...You know the clamor of the people in regard to the vast expense, and it's your duty as well as mine to make all prudent savings." (See Dinwiddie's letter to Washington, June 2, 1757.) The entire letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 83.] money is allowed them, and what other allowances they have made to them? Should also be glad to know what proportion of women is allowed to a company.
It is wrong, I must confess Sir, to trouble you in this manner; but I have particular reasons for asking these questions, and getting them answered by authority, and none unwarrantable.
Duty and inclination equally induce me to communicate all remarkable occurrences to you, and shall be punctual in doing so.
Fort Loudoun, June 16, 1757.
Honble. Sir: This instant the enclosed letters came to my hands. I have not lost a moment's time in transmitting them to you, as I look upon the intelligence to be of the utmost importance. If the enemy are coming down in such numbers, and with such a train of artillery, as we are bid to expect, Fort Cumberland must inevitably fall into their hands, as no timely efforts can be made to relieve the garrison. I send you a copy of a council of war held upon this occasion. The advice I intend to pursue, and until I shall receive orders how to conduct myself. It is morally certain, that the next object, which the French have in view, is Fort Loudoun, and that is yet in a very untenable posture. They have no roads for carriages into any other province, but thro' this; and there lies a quantity of stores here, belonging to his Majesty and to this colony, very much exposed and unguarded.
I shall not take up your time Sir, with a tedious detail. You will be a sufficient judge of the present situation of affairs, from those circumstances already related. I have written to the commanding officers of Fairfax, Prince William, and Culpeper: (a copy of which letters I enclose your Honor) to march part of their militia to this place immediately, that no time may be lost. I shall you may be assured, Sir, make the best defence I can, if attacked. I have wrote to Colonel Stanwix an account of this affair, and enclosed him copies of the letters and council of war.34 I am, &c.
[Note 34: Six Cherokee Indians came to Fort Cumberland and told Captain Dagworthy that they saw the French near Fort Duquesne coming in that direction with wagons and great guns. An attack was apprehended, the country alarmed. the militia called out, and Colonel Stanwix's regulars were put in motion; but it proved to be a false report. "Colonel Washington told me," Armstrong wrote to Governor Denny, "if he [the enemy] came without erecting something by the way, that it was not in his power to be early enough to assist the garrison, nor would all his men be more than a breakfast to the French and their Indians."-- Ford. (See Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 3, p. 189.) The council's proceedings are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 94. The purport of the above letter, with copies of those from Dagworthy and Livingston, were sent to Colonel Stanwix and to Governor Sharpe. Dagworthy's and Livingston's letters, dated June 14, 1757, are printed in the Maryland Archives.]
The following account sent to Colo. Stanwix and Governor Dinwiddie together with the Council of War.
Fort Loudoun, June 16, 1757.
The number of men fit for Duty in the Virginia Regiment, exclusive of the Detachment gone for Carolina; where Stationed, and the distance of each Garrison from this place.
June 16, 1757.
Sir: I have just received intelligence from Capt. Dagworthy and Major Livingston, that they were informed by six Cherokee indians, of a large body of French and Indians being on their march towards Fort Cumberland.
You are therefore ordered to use every method (by means of the indians &c.) to gain intelligence of the real design and approach of this body of the Enemy: and if you find that they are numerous, and that their object is an attack upon Fort Cumberland, rather than the establishment of an advanced post for themselves, you are immediately to evacuate the small Forts on the Branch, and retire with the Garrison to this place. You should give the country people notice of their danger, and advise them at all events to send off their women and children before it may be too late! *Take especial care to communicate to me all the intelligence you possibly can procure, if you shou'd be obliged to retire hither. Perhaps it may be more advisable to cross the mountains above the Trough, rather than come down to Pearsalls, as your retreat may be intercepted at this place.
N. B. To this mark (*) is a copy of the Letter wrote Captn. McKenzie.
June 16, 1757.
Sir: I have seen your letter, and have dispatched copies of it by good Expresses to Governor Dinwiddie, Govr. Sharpe, Colonel Stanwix and the County Lieutenants of four counties. So that I have no doubt that a very considerable force will be with you in a very short time. I have dispatched the Bearer to inform you of this, that it may inspirit your Garrison. I heartily wish you all the success your merit may deserve; and am Sir, etc.
Fort Loudoun, June 16, 1757.
Gentlemen: This moment the enclosed is come to my hand, with another letter much more particular, but too long for me to copy, as I think no time shou'd be lost in transmitting intelligence of this important nature. Three Indians are come in wounded, and saw the french army this side of Monongahela, near the place of Genl. Braddocks defeat: So that the truth of this report is, I believe, unquestionable.
I therefore hope you will not think it needful at so critical a juncture as this, to wait the Governors Orders for marching your Militia, or part thereof to this place.
You may be assured, the more dispatch you make, the more agreeable it must be to the Governor, and to, Gentlemen, Your most obt. H'ble Servant,
Fort Loudoun, June 20, 1757.
Sir: Yours of the 18th from the camp at Carlisle I received about noon this day, when I was examining (in company with his Majesty's agent for Indian affairs) the French prisoner brought to this place by Lieutenant Baker and the Cherokee Indian. A copy of this examination I herewith enclose. You will find, Sir, from the tenor of his answers, that a large body of Indians was hourly expected at Fort Duquesne, and that, altho' there was not (if his intelligence is to be literally credited, and surely it is not) a train of artillery fit for such an expedition; yet this might have been brought by those three hundred men, who arrived there after he left the place.
It is altogether evident, (if the Indian intelligence may be relied on,) that the French are bringing howitzers with them for the easier reduction of the place, if they should attack us. For, they say, your guns are but muskets, compared with those the French have with them. Theirs will admit a fawn in the muzzle, while yours will not take in a man's fist. To any person, who is in the least degree acquainted with the mountainous country about our settlements, it is clear, that the French can bring artillery along no other road, than that from Fort Duquesne to Fort Cumberland, without spending immense time in mending one. Then I conceive the garrison at Fort Augusta has been very negligent and inactive, not to discover the enemy sooner. On the other hand, we all know that a blazed path in the eyes of an Indian is a large road; for they do not distinguish, between one track and another without a circumspect inquiry, i.e., between a track which will admit of carriages, and a road sufficient for them to march in.
These, Sir, are only my own sentiments, and I submit them to your better judgment for improvement. We very well know, that from Fort Duquesne to Fort Cumberland there is a plain road already made, and bridges also. I shall, however, continue to pursue every means in my power to gain the earliest and best intelligence I can of the approaches of the enemy, and shall transmit it forthwith to you. I have sent Major Lewis of the regiment fifty miles advanced from this, with orders to keep out constant spies for intelligence, and to lose no time in transmitting it to me.
We have received nothing new from Fort Cumberland since the 16th. The Indians, who brought the first intelligence, imagine, that some of Spotswood's party are yet skulking after and watching for the motions of the enemy. On the contrary, I apprehend they are all cut off; for a man, who left Fort Cumberland the 16th, says, that the woods appear to be quite alive with enemy Indians, who shew themselves openly in the day. This is unusual for them to do, unless they are strong. We work on this Fort, both night and day, intending to make it tenable against the worst event. Mr. Croghan, &c. write you by this express, and will no doubt be more explicit on Indian affairs, than I can pretend to be, and to them I refer.
It would have given me great pleasure, had you been pleased to signify your sentiments on the Revolution having come to this place, that I might act conformably with your orders.
[Note 36: Of the Maryland independent company.]
June 20, 1757
Sir: Yours of the 19th. instant came to hand about noon this day. As there now remain but a few Indians here, who cou'd by no means be prevailed on to return towards Fort Cumberland, altho so much wanted on that Quarter; imagining we wished to sacrifice them by attempting to expose them to (what they think) certain destruction, they positively refused marching until they saw such numbers as wou'd give some probability of success against the formidable force of the enemy.
I have had no account later than that of the 16th., that one Trotter left that Garrison: Does he add what C. D.37 transmitted the 14th. more than that the enemys indians were in great numbers about that place, and frequently appeared openly to the Garrison?
[Note 37: Capt. John Dagworthy.]
Should I receive any thing remarkable, will communicate it to you. I correspond in opinion with you, as to the chanel of conveying Colo. Stanwix's intelligence. Therefore I enclose you a letter for him, which I must request, you will lose no time in forwarding.
I have endeavoured all in my power to raise the Militia, but have only a small prospect for success.
June 21, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: I this day received the enclosed from Capt. Dagworthy. The Indians mentioned therein are likewise got here with their Scalps: and altho' I believe from several circumstances that the Enemy are bringing down no Artillery. Yet, as they all agree that a formidable body of french and indians is certainly on their march down; and as it is impossible to know what province they will make an eruption into. I did not think it proper to countermand the march of the Militia, which I am informed are ordered hither from Culpeper and Fairfax consisting of one hundred from each county: As I conceive the great expence of these Militia, until we can learn the enemys destination, for a short time, is trifling compared with the risque of having this part of the country laid waste, shou'd the enemy march this way when we were unprepared for their reception.
In consequence of the first intelligence which I received from Fort Cumberland, and the result of the Council of War held on that occasion: I gave Major Lewis (who at present commands at the South-Branch) orders to give all the country-people warning of the danger with which they were threat'ned; and that he, and the troops under his command, shou'd hold themselves in readiness to retreat hither, in case it shou'd prove expedient; but not to evacuate the Forts on the Branch, until he shou'd have certain accounts of the enemys intentions against that Quarter.
I wrote to Colo. Stanwix, to know if he cou'd supply us with arms: and, altho' I have since heard from him, he does not answer that part of my letter. I send your Honor, enclosed, a copy of the french Officer's38 (who is now here) examination. I am etc.
[Note 38: Ensign Velistre.]
[Fort Loudoun], June 21, 1757.
Sir: Since writing to you by Express, last night, I have received a letter from Capt. Dagworthy (a copy of which I enclose:) and have had an opportunity of examining the Indians, who brought him the last intelligence myself. They unanimously agree, there is a large party of French and Indians marched from Fort Duquesne; but, whether they are destined against the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland or Pennsylvania, or all of these, is yet uncertain. The enemy, however, are without carriages; and by their track (for the Indians did not see more than a party of about 100) pursued them towards Rays-Town. This they would do whether they be coming to either of the above Provinces (without artillery) It is the way they have used altogether of late, in coming to, and returning from us.
I return you my thanks, Sir, for answering my queries; as you took no notice of the arms I asked for, by the Governor's Order.
N. B. There was a great misapprehension between Capt. Dagworthy and the Indians that first came in. They deny to me, having said that there was a body of the enemy with wheel-carriages, on their march to attack Fort Cumberland. These Indians were not within 30 miles of Fort Duquesne; but nevertheless heard the discharge of the French artillery which they conceive, was fired at the departure of a large body of troops from that place. Capt. Dagworthy might easily have misunderstood these people for want of a good interpreter.
Fort Loudoun, June 21, 1757.
Sir: I received yours of the 20th. instant; and am glad of the judicious, regular step which you have taken; and judge it necessary you shou'd lose no time in marching the Detachm't up here; as we have received no intelligence which contradicts that formerly received a few days ago. A man arrived here from Fort Cumberland who left that Garrison on the 16th. instant: at which time there were great numbers of the enemy's indians around that place, who frequently appeared openly to the Garrison. This is probably a party detached from the main Body, and sent out before it, to reconnoitre. I keep Major Lewis 50 miles advanced from this place, with Orders to use all possible means of procuring Intelligence. I am &c.
Fort Loudoun, June 24, 1757.
You are with the company of Mila. under your command, to march with all convenient expedition from hence to Pattersons' Fort: From whence you are to send out parties for the protection of that neighbourhood. You are to maintain a proper command; to place sentries at proper places by day and by night, when in Garrison; and to be very circumspect in your marches, and counter-marches, by keeping some alert woodsmen advanced a small distance before, and on your flanks. This, every party, however small, is constantly to observe. In short; you are to use every precaution to prevent surprizes, which generally prove fatal: And, as the principal intention of your being ordered thither, is to protect the Inhabitants. You are to spare no pains or trouble to accomplish that desirable end.
You are to use all possible means of procuring what intelligence you can of the enemys numbers, motions, and intentions, and give me due information of all material occurencies.
You are to send me an exact return of all the ammunition and Stores you find at that place, of which (with what you carry with you) you are to be particularly careful. And give your Officers and men plainly to understand, that they will be answerable for what they may lose, waste or spoil. The provisions are to be weighted and regularly served; vizt. a pound of flour and a pound of meat for each man, per day. Shou'd you find that the inhabitants in the neighbourhoods of Mendenhall and Neally's Forts, will not remain there without some additional protection to their own; you are to send a few men to each of these places, under the command of a Sergeant or Corporal, and to relieve them every week.
Fort Loudoun, June 25, 1757.
Gentlemen: This will serve to acquaint you, that I have received subsequent intelligence to that transmitted to you, which contradicts the report of the enemys having carried down a train of artillery, and that they have taken Ray's-town road, by which it is imagined their intention is more probably against Pennsylvania than this province. Therefore I hope that the Militia may not be immediately wanted. However shall leave it to you to act as you shall think proper.
As I am informed by the Governor that he has (in consequence of our first intelligence) ordered up a third of the Militia of several Counties; among which yours are included; and as I sent him an express immediately upon the receipt of this last account: And, altho' it is beyond a doubt, that a considerable body of the enemy is coming down, yet I think by their rout, they will not send their principal force this way. I am, &c.39
[Note 39: Practically the same letter was sent to the county lieutenants of Orange, Stafford, and Spotsylvania, Va.]
Fort Loudoun, June 25, 1757.
Sir: I have sent the enclosed to Colonel Lee, open to you, that you may peruse it, and afterwards transmit it immediately to him.
As I have many Expresses to dispatch, I am puzzled to procure Horses for that Service. I send you enclosed, letters for the County Lieutenants of Stafford and Spotsylvania; which I must desire you will forward with the utmost expedition; as it may be the means of preventing a great deal of trouble to them, and a heavy expence to the Country. I am &c.
Fort Loudoun, June 25, 1757.
Sir: I was this day favoured with yours of the 23d. instant. I think your proposals relative to the provisions at Fort Cumberland quite equitable. But as the management of them properly belongs to Mr. Walker, I do not choose to interfere in the business without Governor Dinwiddie's instructions. I have therefore enclosed your letter to His Honor, that he may be the better able to give explicit directions concerning the matter; and will inform you of his resolutions on the head, so soon as his answer returns to my hand. But, in the mean time, I hope care will be taken of those provisions, and an exact account taken of what is used; as it is evident some must be used, the people having no other to live on. It wou'd be obliging were you to direct fresh pickle to be put to the meat, or any other means whereby to preserve it; for which you wou'd be properly compensated. I am &c.
June 25, 1757.
Dr. Sir: Your favors of the 17th. and 19th. instant I have received. Captains Fairfax40 and Minor arrived here with their companies on tuesday last. The latter I have sent to Pattersons
[Note 40: Capt. Bryan Fairfax and Capt. Nicholas Minor.] and Mendenhalls; small forts lying under the North-mountain and much exposed to the incursions of the Enemy.
The storm which threatened us with such formidable appearances is, in a manner, blown over. It arose in a great measure from a misunderstanding (in Captn. Dagworthy) of the Indians, for want of a proper interpreter. The indians are, nevertheless unanimous in asserting that a large Body of French and Indians have marched from Fort DuQuesne; but without artillery; and that they pursued the Ray's-town road which leads very conveniently, to the three Colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania.
I have for this reason, and because the enemy have already committed several depredations in this, as well as the neighbouring Colonies, since Sunday last, thought it expedient to detain what Militia have already arrived, a few days longer.
I do not think we have any occasion for more: and judge it necessary to apprize you thereof, knowing the Governor has ordered one-third of the Militia to repair to this place, that you may act as you shall see meet on this occasion, or 'till you may hear further from the Governor, to whom I wrote (on Tuesday last) an account of our subsequent intelligence.
Our Soldiers labour on the public works with great spirit and constancy, from Monday morning 'till Sunday night, notwithstanding there is a month's pay due to them. We have no other assistance.
I have been exceedingly hurried of late, and still am so; which prevents my being explicit on the occurrencies that have happened on this Quarter.
Poor Spottswood,41 and a party that went towards duquesne, with some Cherokee indians are, I fear, lost! Lt. Baker from the said place, has brought 5 scalps, and a french Officer, prisoner, after killing two others.
[Note 41: Capt. Robert Spotswood.]
Kieruptica, a Cherokee Chief, is just come in with two scalps, which, according to his own account, he took within musket-shot of fort duquesne. He is now permitted, by Mr. Atkin, to go to Pennsylvania with Captn. Croghan.
Outossita42 came to town last night with 27 Cherokee indians from his nation. And by him we learn, that a large party may soon be expected.
[Note 42: Outasitta, Outacite, Wootassitie, Otassity, or Mankiller, a king of the Cherokee Nation. See note 50, page 82, post.]
These, I think, are the most material occurrencies.
I have been obliged to furnish your Militia with provisions and ammunition, but with a good deal of reluctance; as I was blamed for the like proceeding last year.
I offer my Compliments in the most affectionate manner, to the family at Belvoir. Yours,
[Note 43: Of the Culpeper, Va., militia.]
Fort Loudoun, June 26, 1757.
You are with the Militia under your command, to march from hence to Back-Creek, and carefully range it quite down to its mouth. From thence you are to march to New-kirks fort where, and in its neighbourhood, you are to remain 'till further Orders.
You are to maintain strict discipline among your men; and when you are in Garrison, to place Sentries at proper places by day and by night. In your marches and countermarches, you are to be very circumspect, to keep a few alert woods' men always advanced before, and on your flanks; and use every precaution to prevent surprizes: as you have to deal with a cunning dextrous enemy.
You are not to indulge your men in idleness, but keep them constantly on the Scout, as the most effectual means of answering the desirable end expected from you, that of protecting the distressed Inhabitants.
Shou'd you discover certain signs of any large Body of the Enemy being near to you; you are instantly to inform Mr. Pearis, and Captn. Minor of it. You are likewise to inform me of all material occurrencies.
Fort Loudoun, June 27, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 16th. instant by the Cherokee Warrior, Autasity, who I am in hopes will be of service to us.
I hinted to Mr. Gun44 your Honor's proposals. He seemed surprized, and said you well knew he wou'd not serve for Lieutenants pay. I do not understand he has much to say with the Indians.
[Note 44: Mr. Gun seems to have been a person of some influence with the Cherokees, whom those Indians asked to have sent out on the warpath with them. Dinwiddie answered Washington to the effect that if Gun would not accept a lieutenant's pay he need be noticed no further.]
Yours of the 20th. came safe to hand. And as I wrote to you, by Jenkins concerning the subsequent intelligence I received of the enemy's motions, and from what those contradictory accounts took their rise.
I therefore beg leave to refer your Honor to a former letter. I have since received various intelligencies of their appearing at many different parts, widely distant from each other, at the same time, which inclines me to think that they have detached their principal force into many scalping parties. I have therefore made the best dispositions I cou'd by posting my small numbers at the most advantageous posts for obstructing their inroads, and protecting the inhabitants.
The enemy have captured 3 children near Cunninghams fort, 12 miles from hence; and killed several person near Conogochiege, on the Maryland-side. They attempted to surprize some people upon the South-Branch (where our troops and inhabitants yet maintain their ground:) and are constantly heard and seen about Fort Cumberland.
Colo. Stanwix is at Carlyle; from whence he purposed to have marched to this place, had the enemy come down in the manner we once had reason to expect. I presented your Honors compliments to the Colo.; and will pay due regard to his Orders.
We are indefatigably assiduous in forwarding the workmen; All work from day-light to day-light, sundays not excepted, and but one hour in the day allowed for eating, &c. But it is impossible that so small a number of men as we had and now have at work, can be imagined sufficient to complete such a vastly heavy piece of work, in a much greater time than you mention. Nay, 300 men could hardly finish it by next October.45 And as with our present number it will require a considerable time to put it in a tolerable posture of defence; and as the great importance of this place, renders the completion of its works so necessary; I hope you will give me leave to employ at least double its present Garrison upon them when the Draughts come up.
[Note 45: Fort Loudoun, Va.]
I have ordered 5 Subalterns, 4 Cadets, and five Sergeants to Fredericksburgh to receive the draughts; who will be soon followed by Major Lewis: No more Officers can be spared. I expected you wou'd have completed the number of Officers, now much wanted.
I think myself under the necessity of informing your Honor, of the odd behaviour of the few Militia that were marched hither from Fairfax, Culpeper, and Prince William counties. Many of them unarmed, and all without ammunition or provision. Those of Culpeper behaved particularly ill: Out of the hundred that were draughted, seventy-odd arrived here; of which only twenty-five were tolerably armed.
I proposed to the unarm'd, that as they came from home (at least with a shew) of serving their country; and as they were, from the want of arms, incapacitated to defend themselves, much less to annoy the enemy, or afford any protection to the Inhabitants; that they shou'd (during their short stay here) assist in forwarding the public works; for which I offered them 6d. per day extraordinary. But they were deaf to this and every other proposition which had any tendency to the interest of the Service.
As such a conduct is not only a flagrant breach of the law, and a total contempt of Orders, but will be such a precedent (shou'd it pass with impunity) as may be productive of the most dreadful consequences. I therefore flatter myself, your Honor will take proper notice of these men. I have written to their County Lieutenant on this subject.
I have been under a necessity of delivering out some ammunition to several parties of the Militia. And shou'd be glad to have your Honors' directions for my government on the like occasions; as the few of them that were willing to do service, cou'd do none, without ammunition.
Enclosed is Doctor Ross's (the Commissary for the Maryland troops) letter, about the provisions at Fort Cumberland; I shall gladly receive your explicit directions relative to this affair.
I have not been able to send any men to the Southward. The continual alarms on this quarter retarded it, until we received the news of the french marching with artillery, and then it was judged quite imprudent to draw them from a part so much exposed.
Mr. Boyd arrived here this evening; by whom I am not honored with a Letter from you, altho' I was in hopes you wou'd, by him have answered those parts of my letter, the hurry you was in, when you wrote yours of the 20th. obliged you to pass over.
I imagined I was to have been supplied with cash to pay off the Draughts on their arrival here: as their not being paid may be of bad consequences.
I have written twice to Colo. Stanwix about arms: but he takes no notice thereof in his letters to me. From which I conclude he is not inclined to furnish us with any. We shall want them much.
The money Mr. Boyd brought up is very insufficient to pay off the large demands against the Regiment for provisions and contingent charges, and as we are quite plagued by the continual dunning of the country people; I hope a sufficient sum will be sent up soon.
This place when finished, will mount 24 Guns; and we have no more than 4 twelve-pounders, and 10 four-pounders. Six more wou'd do tolerably well. I understand there are some pieces of cannon at Colonel Hunters, belonging to the Colony, which I imagine wou'd be of greater service here.
Fort Loudoun, June 28, 1757.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your two favors both of the 22d instant. We were reinforced, upon the late alarm, by one hundred and seventy militia from the adjacent counties, one half of them unarmed, and the whole without ammunition or provisions.
Had you, Sir, in consequence of Captain Beale's46 suggestions, ordered me to reinforce Fort Cumberland, with part of
[Note 46: Capt. Alexander Beall, commandant of the garrison at Fort Frederick in Maryland.-- Sparks.] my regiment, I should have given you proof of my willingness to obey your commands, in a speedy compliance with them; but since you are so kind as to leave it discretionary in me, I freely confess that I cannot entertain any thoughts of parting with the few soldiers I have to strengthen a place that now seems to be in no actual danger. And can not help observing, that I think it a little odd Captain Beale, after having received subsequent notice of the first should intimate that it was reasonable to reinforce Fort Cumberland, at the expense of Virginia, which has a frontier thirty times the extent of Maryland to defend, and that frontier left solely to the protection of her few regular troops.47
[Note 47: Colonel Washington was in some sort under the command of Colonel Stanwix, but to what extent he did not know, as he had received no instructions on that head. and the governor continued to issue his orders as formerly. At length the governor wrote as follows: "Colonel Stanwix, being appointed commander in chief [of the middle and southern provinces], you must submit to his orders without regard to any you have from me; he, being near the place, can direct affairs better than I can." Notwithstanding the above direction, the governor did not cease to write, give commands, require returns, and utter complaints as usual, thereby increasing the endless perplexities and bewildering doubts with which Colonel Washington was harassed in all his plans and operations. It has hereinbefore been seen that he had requested leave of absence for a few days to attend to certain private affairs of a very pressing nature at Mount Vernon. He afterwards repeated this request, and as he seemed to be under two commanders he thought it expedient to consult them both. The governor answered: "As to the settlement of your brother's estate, your absence on that account from Fort Loudoun must be suspended, till our affairs give a better prospect." Colonel Stanwix replied to the same request: "More than two weeks ago I answered your letter, in which you mentioned its being convenient to your private affairs to attend to them for a fortnight. In that answer I expressed my concern that you should think such a thing necessary to mention to me, as I am sure you would not choose to be out of call, should the service require your immediate attendance; and I hope you will always take that liberty upon yourself, which I hope you will now do."-- Sparks.]
I would only ask Capt. Beale which is most eligible: the militia of Maryland (who were also in motion at the same time with those of Virginia) defending whatever stores that province might hold at Ft. Frederick, while the troops in that garrison should march to the other; or, for us to leave the valuable stores which are at this place, belonging to his Majesty and the Colony in an unfinished fort, to the uncertain defence of militia, who would not be prevailed upon to give the least assistance towards the public works at this place, and march a part of the only force which we can in any wise depend upon from a much-exposed part of the country, in order to ease Maryland. If the expense of keeping her militia in arms is really the question, Capt. Beale can appear in no favorable point of light to me.
I flatter myself, the expected attack of Fort Augusta, will prove more favorable, than Colonel Weiser48 imagines; for I have no conception, that a road fit for the reception of carriages can be cut within ten miles of a fort, without the garrison discovering it. It was a careless mistake of my Quarter master to send you 101 barrels of gun powder.
[Note 48: Conrad Weiser, Pennsylvania Indian agent. He is credited with delaying alliances between the French and Indians until the English Colonies had developed strength enough to defend themselves.]
It is quite manifest to every person who has had an opportunity of experiencing the advantage of Indian services, that the friendship and assistance of the Cherokees are well worth cultivating. For my own part, I think they are indispensably necessary in our present circumstances, and am sorry to find such unseasonable delays in bringing them amongst us. Since Captain Croghan49 left this Outassity,50 an Indian warrior of that nation, with twenty-seven followers, has arrived here. He brings an account of many more that are coming; but whether they will wait for Mr. Atkin's passport, or will come on with their own, I know not.
[Note 49: George Croghan.]
[Note 50: Also spelled Outacita. He was one of the most noted Cherokee chiefs of the day, and as early as 1721 was known as king of the lower and middle Cherokee settlements. In 1730 he visited England with Sir Alexander Cumming and entered into a treaty with George II. He was in the service of Virginia in 1755 and 1756; his name occurs frequently in connection with Indian affairs in the Colonial records, and as late as July, 1777, he signed the treaty of Holston.--Maxwell's Virginia Historical Register, vol. 5.]
I have just received a letter from Governor Dinwiddie, in which he desires me to present his compliments to you. I am, &c.
[Note 51: Of the Prince William, Va., militia.]
Fort Loudoun, June 30, 1757.
Sir: I have received yours of the 28th. instant, in consequence whereof I have discharged John Wood (who has employed Doctr. Bowles to serve in his room.) I have, also, finding it inconsistent with the interest of the service, discharged John High Werden, who, thro' age and consequent infirmity, is altogether unfit to undergo the fatigues of a Soldier.
As the number of draughts I have received from your County, is far short of the complement you are to furnish; I recommend it to you (and at the same time flatter myself you will conform thereto,) to use the most speedy and effectual means of sending your quota; for we stand greatly in need of them. I am, Sir, etc.
July 8, 1757.
Dr. Sir: The enclosed was wrote the 28th. ulto. upon Mr. Atkins giving me notice that he shou'd send an Express to you the next day. But, the important affairs in which he is continually engaged, have detained the express day after day 'till now.
Nothing remarkable has happened in this quarter. We continue to discover tracks and signs of the enemys parties, but none appear to be numerous: nor have they done any mischief lately. Outassity, with about 30 Indians, &c. and an Officer from my Regimt. are marched from this, and intend, if they shou'd not meet with the enemy sooner, to go the length of Fort duquesne.
We have received 210 Draughts towards compleating this Regiment, and sustained great loss by desertion. More men are expected, and I do not know what we shall do, for want of arms for them. When the hurry of this Duty is over (which I expect will be before August) I shou'd be much obliged, cou'd I obtain your permission to be absent about 10 days, to settle some private affairs of very great consequence to me. You may be assured, Sir, I shall make no ungenerous use of your indulgence if my request is granted; and that I shall not quit my post if there is even an appearance of danger. I am Sir, etc.
Fort Loudoun, July 10, 1757.
Dr. Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favours of the 21st. and 29th. ultimo. I did indeed begin to think (tho' I cou'd scarcely believe it) that you had quite forgotten me.
I am greatly at a loss how to proceed, wanting the mutiny-bill and do not know whether the Assembly have provided any reward for apprehending Deserters, which is very detrimental, and impedes the service much at this time, as more than one fourth of the draughts deserted before they reached this; and still continue to go off, notwithstanding I use every precaution I can possibly devise, to prevent this infamous practice.
I am greatly obliged to you for your endeavours to serve Capt. Gist. He seems to have sanguine hopes of Mr. Atkins, doing something for him. How justly they are formed, I know not.
I received the money you mention in your first letter, by Mr. Boyd, and have disbursed the greatest part of it, and with the best economy I cou'd, to give content. The sum was trifling, and unless more is speedily sent, we shall be in the suds again.
The accounts transmitted by Capt. Dagworthy, made our Affairs appear with a gloomy aspect; but they begin to revive again. It was a surprising mistake for an Officer (in the least degree acquainted with the service) to make.
I had an opportunity of examining the same indians afterwards, and to me, they denied having given such an account, but all agree, that many large scouting parties were sent hitherwards. And I believe they are exercising their cruelties in Pennsylvania, as I heard of several murders committed there lately.
Capt. Dagworthy did I suppose for want of a good Interpreter, misunderstand the Intelligencer who was brought to him. I have received the two thousand pounds which you sent to Fredericksburgh; and have also received the Draughts etc. and from your County, except John Stevens and James Johnston who have deserted. We have at this place in all, about 210 Draughts: Have lost since their arrival at Fredericksburgh near 80; and shall I fear lose very many more, unless severe Examples are made of some: which can not be done unless the military and civil powers, in their respective counties, will unite to apprehend these Fellows, who go off in full confidence of finding protection.
It is I fear beyond all doubt that poor Spotswood has fallen into the hands of the Enemy. Three men of his party are come in, who left him by his own order (to disperse) after they had fled from a party of Indians. They are however positive that he escap'd that party of indians. But the certainty of this is doubted. That matter which I hinted to you about Mercer, is since cleared up. He borrowed £250 by my order, and for the use of the public, while he remained at this place, and I was ordered to Ft. Cumberland: and went off from here without rendering me any account of it; so that I was liable for payment, and unacquainted with the disbursements. But since that he has pointed out the method to re-imburse Cox (who is crying every day thro' apprehension of wrong). The sum of £164.1.5d. which you speak of, is to assist in discharging this debt. I send you Mr. Palmers certificate, and shou'd be obliged to you for the money: (I believe it may safely be trusted with Jenkins) that Cox's doubts may be removed. I will send you a receipt for the money as soon as I get it.
I have settled Mr. Carlyles accompt. for necessaries furnished, and was obliged to pay him £70 to appease his complaints. It was hard he said, to have the balance from myself to him of £186.9.2 stopped, because he owed the country according to another accompt which he produced, only £25.1. (unless the country wou'd not pay him £93..¾ accompts which he has charged and advanced money for 3 years ago). I did not care to pay him more than 70£ till I acquainted you with the affair; and shall now be glad if your sentiments on this matter: that is, whether I may allow him my whole accompt, and let him settle his other with the Committee; deduct the £25.1 only, or the 25 and 93 £ both?
Working destroys and wears out Soldiers clothing very much, and unless some timely measures are taken, to lay in a supply, we shall be as bad off as formerly.
Were we to begin now to engage those things, it wou'd be next fall twelvemonths ere they wou'd come to hand; and that wou'd bring two years about, between their receiving one Suit and the other.
If there shou'd be any thing done in it, I hope, as it is a perquisite inseparable from the Colonel, that the Country will allow it to me: especially since the Governor has strip'd me of the only one that was allowed, and substituted a very inadequate reward in its room.
I shou'd be glad to know whether the overplus of the two thousand pounds, after paying enlisting money to the Draughts and volunteers, may not be applied to other purposes?
Since writing the above, 71 out of 95 Draughts that marched from Fredericksburgh on Wednesday last, arrived at this place, the rest deserted. I am with great sincerity, etc.
P.S. We are greatly distressed for want of Arms for the Draughts. I have mentioned this to the Governor; but on this head, as on most others, he is silent.52
[Note 52: The "Letter Book" copy attributes this letter to the Treasurer.]
July 10, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: I received your Honors letter of the 27th. ultimo by Jenkins. The whole of the Militia from the adjacent counties that arrived here did not amount to more than 170 men: One half of those were unarmed, and the whole without ammunition or provisions. I detained such as were fit for Service, and discharged the rest; with threats to acquaint your Honor with the naked manner in which they came out. We have at this time about 50 of the Militia from Fairfax, 20 from Culpeper, and 40 from this County at different posts, employed in scouting, and assisting the inhabitants in harvesting.
The Letters I had from Colo. Stanwix53 only informed me, that he had determined (and agreeably to that determination, had procured waggons and every thing in readiness) to march to this place which, upon the first intelligence from Captn.
[Note 53: Two letters, both dated June 22, 1757. They are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington.] Dagworthy, he intended to make the general Rendezvous; and stand, until proper measures cou'd be concerted. That he approved much of the steps I had taken; and of the council of War held here. And that, upon the second advice, he had dismissed his waggons, and intended to remain at his camp near Carlyle. This is the purport of what he has written to me, except in answer to a letter of mine concerning Bat-men, which I desired to have certified by himself, as your Honor seemed to imagine I intended an imposition, in setting down the allowance due to the Officers of the Virginia Regiment.
As your Honor was pleased to make the Regulars a precedent for reducing out Bat-men; we hope you will also do it for establishing an allowance for the expence of keeping them, and for affording the other allowances of Waggons, &c. to transport the Officers Baggage and necessaries (which hitherto has always been done at their own private cost).
I send your Honor the original writing under Colo. Stanwix's own hand, as it came to me, annexed to his letter. I forgot to mention before, that Colo. Stanwix also wrote me, he had received advice from Colo. Wiser,54 that the Garrison of Fort Augusta, at Shamoken, apprehended an attack; because some Indians who had just come in reported, that the french and indians had cut a large road within 10 miles of that fort. This letter was dated the 16th. ulto. and the Colonel observed, that he shou'd wait for further intelligence, before he moved.
[Note 54: Colonel Weiser, Pennsylvania Indian agent. He was adopted by the Mohawk Tribe; lived with the Iroquois, learned their language, and was adopted also by them.]
There are 209 Draughts at this place; great numbers deserted before they got here, and some since: and, unless the civil and military Officers in the respective counties will exert themselves in apprehending these fellows, and severe examples are made of some (as warning to others) we shall not be able to keep a man, notwithstanding I take every precaution I possibly can to prevent this infamous practise. Very few of the Draughts have arms; I have several Smiths employed in repairing the old ones in store here, which can scarcely be made serviceable. They can not be completed with Bayonets and cartouch-boxes. It was not 'till lately, I have been able to procure an Armourer; altho I had used my best endeavours to do so these 8 months past. That the Draughts may not be useless (thro' the want of arms) I shall employ them on the public works until your Honors pleasure, on this head, is known.
I think it my duty to represent, that the contractors or Commissaries, who are to lay in provisions for the forces of this Colony for the ensuing year, shou'd be immediately appointed; as the season for engaging Beef is fast approaching, and the Pedlars and Butchers from Pennsylvania, are coming amongst the Settlers for the purpose of buying.
After the arrears if the Regiment (for which I am answerable) are paid off; it is necessary I shou'd have a fund of money lodged in my hands, to answer the contingent Expences of the Service.
I have acquainted many people with the answer your Honor gave to my representation in behalf of the accompts of the indians. They are greatly dissatisfied at the thoughts of going to Williamsburgh; and I believe it will be attended with such bad effects, that no services of a similar kind, will ever again be done by them on the most urgent occasion.
I wou'd therefore, to prevent this which may be very injurious in its consequences, beg leave humbly to recommend, that some person should be appointed to take in and adjust, if not to pay off, all these accompts; and at the same time wou'd mention Captn. Gist for this Duty: Because I understand Mr. Atkin intends to give him the management of all matters that relate to the Indians on this quarter, and it will therefore be consisted with his Office.
I now enclose two receipts which I presented to your Honor in Williamsburgh, for money which Capt. Mercer laid out for Moccasons for the Indians. The Committee refused having any thing to say to them; because the money was to come properly out of a fund, of which your Honor has the management alone: and desired me to apply to you for it; and if your Honor remember, you returned for answer, that there was no money in your hands: offering at the same time a warrant upon the Speaker for it; which I did not take, as he had before assured me, there was no money in the Treasury.
I hope you will be kind enough to send it now by Jenkins, as it is very much wanted. I shou'd be glad to know whether your Honor intended to continue Jenkins's pay?
Two Officers have desired leave to resign, since I wrote you last; namely, Lt. Eustace and Ensign Pert.55
[Note 55: Lieut. Hancock Eustace and Ensign Griffin Pert.]
I have received 2,000 £ of the Speaker, to pay the Draughts: We are greatly at a loss how to proceed, wanting the mutiny and desertion Bills (passed by the last Assembly:) and I shou'd be very glad to know what reward the Assembly have given for apprehending deserters; and in what manner payment is to be made.
It is not in my power to send your Honor a return of our Strength, because I have not received the returns from the Officers at the detached posts. There is however, but little alteration from that of May.
Since writing the above, 70 more Draughts out of 95 that marched from Fredericksburgh on Wednesday last, are arrived here; the rest deserted. When the whole have joined the Regiment I shall (if your Honor is pleased to signify it as your desire,) send you the number I receive from each County; and, if you require a return yet more particular, will transmit the names of each man. I am your &c.
July 11, 1757.
Honble. Sir: I had just closed mine yesterday, and was going to send off Jenkins56 with it, when yours of the 24th ultimo came to hand.
[Note 56: An express rider between Williamsburg, Va., and the army.]
The Deserters apprehended at Maidstone, were treated with such lenity as their subsequent behaviour convinces me was misplaced: several of them having since deserted.
This infamous practice, wherein such numbers of our men have (by means of the villainy and ill-judged compassion of the country-people, who deem it a merit to assist Deserters,) has been wonderfully successful; and is now arrived at such a height, that nothing can stop its scandalous progress, but the severest punishments, and most striking examples. Since mine of yesterday, no less than 24 more of the Draughts (after having received their money and clothes) deserted: notwithstanding every precaution I cou'd suggest was taken to prevent it: among others, I had all the roads way-laid in the night.--Seven of those who went off last night, took that road which happened to be blocked up. Mr. Hughes (whom your Honor has been pleased to appoint adjutant) and two Soldiers, took two of them, after exchanging some shot, and wou'd in all probability have taken them all, had he not been disabled in the right hand, and one of our Soldiers shot thro' the leg; and, it is believed, one of the Deserters was killed in the conflict.
I must again, earnestly request, your Honor will please to send me up a copy of the mutiny and desertion bill, passed the last Session of Assembly,57 with blank warrants to execute the Sentence of the Courts martial; without which I fear we will soon lose, not only all the draughts, but, by their going off with impunity, there is such a bad example, as will render even the detention of the old Soldiers impracticable.
[Note 57: "Our printing office is so closely engaged in printing the paper currency that I could not get the mutiny and desertion act in print."-- Dinwiddie to Washington, July 18, 1757.]
As the pressing exigency of this unhappy juncture demands the utmost expedition, in which the welfare of the Colony is so nearly concerned; I flatter myself your Honor will not hesitate at sending me blank-warrants.
By a course of unerring experience, I am convinced beyond any doubt, that nothing but the most rigorous measures can have the least effect.
The inconceivable trouble those discontented turbulent fellows give us, and the few Officers that now remain here, have greatly impeded the service; and laid me under the necessity of appointing the three oldest volunteers, vizt. Mess: Speake, Felt, and Wood, Ensigns, which I hope your Honor will approve of.
I am glad your Honor does not think of the additional companies, or Rangers, till the Regiment is complete. A short time has already demonstrated how justly founded your apprehensions on that head were. As I now begin to despair of seeing the 8 companies that remain in the Colony, compleated, I am convinced every day will lessen our numbers 'till some sad examples are made of the Deserters.
As the unhappy fate of poor Capt. Spotswood seems now to be ascertained, and made a vacant company in the Regiment; I beg leave to recommend Capt. McNeill in the warmest manner to your Honor for it; not only from his undoubted title of seniority but from his great merit, hard fate, and long sufferings in his rank and pay.
Should he be again superseded, it cannot be imagined that a man of his spirit will be any longer detained in the service however prejudicial his leaving it may otherwise be to him. And I must confess it would give me pain that we should lose a good officer thro' the default of common justice.
Your Honor seems surprized at my returning 432 men in May, and but 384 in June. It is true, there were several desertions in that interval, but if your Honor will take the trouble of looking [at] those two returns it will immediately remove your surprize; That of May was of my total effectives; and that of the 16th of June was only of the number I then had fit for Duty; designed to shew your Honor what I [had] actually fit for service, at a time when we were threatened with the most imminent danger.
The reason of my being so urgent for the blank warrants is that I am persuaded, that postponing the punishments ordered by the courts-martial will not only diminish the terror of delinquents, but encourage other of the Soldiers to follow their base example. And, would your Honor think proper to issue your proclamation, commanding all the officers, civil and military, to exert themselves in apprehending these Deserters, it wou'd probably have a good effect.
I have ordered a roll to be made out of the Draughts that deserted, since they were received at Fredericksburg, which I here enclose your Honor, that you have it advertised, if you shall think it proper.
Although my Brother's affairs have been long in an unsettled state; and I am nearly interested in having them properly adjusted, and which cannot be done without my presence, being one of the Executors; yet I did not purpose when I asked leave, nor ever intended to be absent, but at some favorable time, when the Service cou'd admit of it without any detriment.
In mine of the 27th ultimo, I enclosed your Honor Doctr. Ross's (commissary for the Maryland troops) letter, relating to the provisions at Ft. Cumberland; and desired your Honor's instructions on that head. Since which the enclosed, on the same subject, came to my hand.
As Mr. Atkin, will not agree to part with any of the Dutch blankets which came up for the Indians, to replace those of the Regiments, which Colo. Stephen injudiciously gave away, I shall be at a great loss, not having a Blanket left. And unless they can be sent up soon from Williamsburgh, I shou'd be glad to receive orders to send for them to Pennsylvania. I am, &c.
July 12, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: After Jenkins left this yesterday evening, the enclosed, from Capt. Dagworthy, came to hand.
We have pretty many men, and very few arms here (that are fit for service). I must now beg the favor of your Honor, to send me a commission for holding General Court's-martial; as I apprehend that which I had under the former act, was no longer in force, than while that act existed. Irregularity and confusion will continually prevail among us, till the Companies are formed, and the proper Officers appointed to each: which can not be done, unless your Honor will take the trouble upon yourself, or invest me with power and blank commissions to do it. At this time it will take nearly a dozen and an half commissions to complete the eight Companies in Virginia with Officers, and to make the necessary changes.
There are (including those which I have appointed the oldest volunteers to) five or six vacancies, besides nine or ten Ensigns that will be made Lieutenants: and if Captn. Spotswood's company shou'd be disposed of to McNeill (but I think it would be a little premature to give the company away till time or something else, shall confirm his death) there will be another vacancy occasioned by his promotion.
Capt. Woodwards company, nor any of the companies on the Branch were brought to this place. I am &c.
July 15, 1757.
Dear Sir: Your obliging favor of the 11th instant I received this morning. It will seem odd to send you three letters under one cover, and those so widely differing in their dates: But the truth only shall account for it.
Mr. Atkin has told me day after day, since the date of my first, that his Express would go off the next morning, as he would the preceding evening be able to finish his despatches to you. This prevented my enquiring after any other conveyance, and is the cause of the delay of my letters 'till now.
Militia, you will find, Sir, will never answer your expectation, no dependence is to be placed upon them; They are obstinate and perverse, they are often egged on by the Officers, who lead them to acts of disobedience, and, when they are ordered to certain posts for the security of stores, or the protection of the Inhabitants, will, on a sudden, resolve to leave them, and the united vigilance of their officers can not prevent them.
Instances of the above nature I have now before me, which put me to some difficulty.
No man I conceive was ever worse plagued than I have been with the Draughts that were sent from the several counties in this Government, to complete its Regiment: out of 400 that were received at Fredericksburgh, and at this place, 114 have deserted, notwithstanding every precaution, except absolute confinement has been used to prevent this infamous practice. I have used the most vigorous measures to apprehend those fellows who escaped from hence (which amounted to about 30) and have succeeded so well that they are taken with the loss of one of their men, and a Soldier wounded. I have a Gallows near 40 feet high erected (which has terrified the rest exceedingly), and I am determined if I can be justified in the proceeding, to hang two or three on it, as an example to others.
An affair has happened at this place, which may, I apprehend, be productive of very unhappy consequences; it is this: About 6 days ago, came to this town, from Chota, in the Cherokee Nation, ten Indians; some of whom call themselves Mingo's tribe of the Six Nations; others Cherokees, &c. But as they gave no good account of their intentions, Mr. Atkin suspected their loyalty; and taking them for Spies, has caused them to be put in close confinement, in which they now remain.
This procedure greatly alarmed and at the same time exasperated about 12 Cherokees, who were at this place and knew all the prisoners: and has obliged Mr. Atkin to send an Express to the South Branch to bring Outassity down, who now lies sick there, to clear the matter up. He is not yet arrived. Nineteen Indians and the Officer I mentioned in my last, marched from Fort Cumberland the 9th instant, for Ft. Duquesne. By their return I hope I shall reecive some intelligence worth transmitting to you. At present we are pretty peaceable.
The Philadelphia post, which formerly came to this place, being stopped, prevents our hearing any foreign news; but what are transmitted in the channel of friendly Letters. We greatly regret the loss of this post, and wou'd gladly keep it up by private subscription, from this to Carlyle, if it comes that length.58
[Note 58: The post office of the Colonies was at this time under the management of Benjamin Franklin and Col. John Hunter, and its service extended from Georgia to New Hampshire. The Assembly of Pennsylvania, when Braddock marched west, had established a special post from Winchester to Philadelphia, "for the accommodation of the army chiefly"; but as early as August, 1756, Franklin had given notice that it must be discontinued unless supported by grants from Maryland and Virginia. (See Franklin's Works, vol. 2, p. 470.) Governor Denny, of Pennsylvania, asserted that Franklin took advantage of his official position to circulate his newspaper and receive intelligence free, "which he may make the best or worst use of in the present situation of affairs." (See Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vol. 7, P. 447.)-- Ford.]
July 19, 1757.
Dr. Sir: Your favour of the 14th. instant is come to hand.
I wrote you fully in three several letters, under one cover, about four days ago. Before yours came to hand, I had received a letter from Captn. Dagworthy, enclosing a copy of Steels deposition; and made particular enquiry (of the bearer) whether the account was transmitted to you, being answered in the affirmative, and hearing by the Express to Mr. Atkin that the Messenger was near Carlyle; I forbore, in my last, troubling you with a repetition of it. I sent one to Governor Dinwiddie, that, in case the affair shou'd turn out worse than I apprehended, the charge of negligence shou'd not lie at my door. But I shall not literally believe every account (now) from that quarter; as the late alarming news was founded in so little truth.
I can not believe, either, that the french on the Ohio do think of more than their own defence, and sending out scalping parties of Indians to annoy and keep our frontiers in terror. Be this as it may, I shall always think it my duty to stand in the best posture of defence, that the situation of my affairs will possibly admit.
I beg leave to offer my compliments to those Gentlemen of your Battalion, with whom I have the honor to be acquainted. I am, Sir, etc.
July 20, 1757.
Sir: I have undoubted intelligence that many Deserters from the Virginia Regiment are gone to, and are harbored and protected in several counties of your province, especially Baltimore County, under the specious pretext of their unjust detention, after the expiration of the time, which, the Deserters (I learn) pretend was limited when they enlisted. And some in authority, either from an ill placed compassion, or from that spirit of opposition to the service, which is too prevalent through the Continent, have not only countenanced those Deserters, but made use of your Excellency's name for that purpose; as you may observe by the enclosed, (a copy of the original is in my possession.)
I am quite certain, that no orders have been issued, since I have been honored with the command of this Regiment, to enlist for any limited term, and Captn. Gist (upon whom the Deserters would fix this charge) declares on his honor, that he never mentioned limiting their time of Service in any other way than this, that they should be discharged at the conclusion of the War or Expedition, which might possibly be ended in 6 or 8 months: which could be deemed nothing more than one of those little subterfuges which, from the disagreeable nature of the Recruiting Service, has, at some junctures been considered necessary; Though I must still think, [it] would come with a better grace, from a Sergeant, than a commissioned Officer.
I am sure, from your Excellency's good sense, experience, and knowledge in military affairs, that you have given no decision in this affair, without a proper enquiry, which cou'd not well be made without the attendance of those who recruited the Deserters; and that Magistrates have, from the report of the Deserters, afforded them this unjustifiable protection. As this is the point of view in which it appears to me; I have ordered Ensign Fell, (who assisted in recruiting them) to wait on Your Excellency; and request you wou'd be pleased to have the affair enquired into; that if the allegations of the Deserters be false, you will please to give such orders as will enable me to have them apprehended and if they are well grounded, that I may have Captn. Gist's conduct, for disobedience of orders, enquired into.
I judge this step necessary to be taken, previously to my laying the affair before the Commander in Chief, therefore hope His Excellency will forgive this trouble from him who has the honor of being with great respect, &c.59
[Note 59: Upon the receipt of this letter Governor Sharpe at once issued circular instructions calling upon "all and every of the officers, both civil and military in Baltimore County" to use their best endeavors in securing the deserters.-- Ford.]
July 24, 1757.
Sir: I should have written fully to you long since, and sent an Officer to relieve you, but the expectation we were in (by reports from Fort Cumberland) of a french invasion from Ohio, kept us in continual alarm, and readiness to oppose the attempt.
I must now, as I formerly have done, say, that all accompts relative to provisions must be settled with the Commissary; and all that concern the payment of your company, with the pay-master. I have nothing to do with either, nor do I choose to interfere with their Business. I shall send money by Major Lewis (if the pay-master does not go himself) to discharge your recruiting accompt, and the sums due to the Masters of such Servants as you may have enlisted. The reason why this was not done before, was the want of money, which I have been without since December, 'till about a fortnight ago; and now an insufficient sum is come to hand, to answer the numerous demands against the public.
I mentioned to Captn. McNeill your demand upon David Evans, and he has stopped the money: But as he writes to you by this opportunity, I refer to him. In respect to your other demand, against Trotter,60 it wou'd have been regular to have made out your accompt and sent it to the commanding Officer of the Company he is in; and then if Trotter refused to pay it, I shou'd have appointed a Court of Enquiry to sit and examine into the justice of your claim, and the reason of his denial, and order'd payment, if they thought it due. But I never will assume an arbitrary power, and oblige any person to pay a sum, unheard. I have heard nothing more about the matter; and the company in which Trotter is Sergeant, lies at a great distance
[Note 60: Sergeant Richard Trotter.] from this: So I presume, that affair either is, or may be settled without my interposition.
I have great complaints made concerning your manner of carrying on the works at the Fort you are building. It has cost infinitely more money than ever was intended for it. and, by the injudicious spot of ground you have chosen to fix it upon, it has caused a general clamour.
Mr. Bullet and Mr. Fleming inform me, that you refuse to do the necessaries belonging to it.
I therefore desire you will immediately upon receipt of this, deliver up the company, arms, stores and fort, to the command of the former; that the Kings Service may not suffer: You are to take Lt. Bullets' receipt for every thing delivered to him.
I shall suspend giving any directions concerning the provisions at Ft. Dinwiddie, or matters relative to the company. Major Lewis will have the command of it, and will be instructed in these points. I am &c.
July 24, 1757.
Sir: I have received two or three letters from you and Ensign Fleming. In answer I shall observe, that I think you have an undoubted right to sit as a regimental court martial, and to punish offenders; and that I am sorry to hear of the desertions which have happened in your company, and the temper of mind that prevails in your men; and hope, that you hitherto have, and do still continue to check this growing evil, and to maintain discipline.
It was a mistake (I believe I might say negligence) in the Quarter-master, that he did not send Hats for your Company, Garters and Buckles; as to spatter-dashes,61 none of the Soldiers have received any: and, with regard to what they call half-mounting,62 I must tell you, that every Soldier who has received these, has paid for them. So that you may assure your Company, there is no distinction made.
[Note 61: Leggings, or knee-length gaiters, the equivalent of the puttees of to-day, though the colonial protection was either buttoned or laced.]
[Note 62: Half-mounting was, generally, the underclothes and minor articles of dress; it may have meant, in Virginia, the stock, shirt, shoes, and stockings.]
If you have one Halbert, it is more than we have in the whole Regiment; and I desire it may be laid aside, and a musket, &c. substituted in its place. Cartridge-paper is an article not to be had here; and we make use of horns and pouches in its stead, which you must also do. Drums will be sent by Major Lewis, who is to have the command of your company, and will move it hitherwards.
I have directed Capt. Hogg to give up the command of the company to you; and I desire that you will exert your best endeavours to finish the fort in the most expeditious manner; altho' it shou'd, by that means, be roughly done. You are to take an exact account of all the stores and of every thing you receive from Captn. Hogg; and pass your receipt for them.
In answer to the Queries which you and Mr. Fleming have put, I shall observe, that it is the duty of every commanding Officer to use the greatest diligence and care, to pursue and apprehend Deserters; and that at as little expence as possible; but that such expence as must inevitably arise, be paid by the country.
The second case is pretty clear, from several of the articles of war; one of which requires the commanding Officer to forbid a Soldiers being credited, without orders from him: another prohibiting any persons dealing with Soldiers without his leave. No Soldier is to be credited for more than his pay: and that pay so much as is due (and not more) shou'd be applied in paying off his accompt with the Captain, or other Officer, who keeps the Companys accompts, and furnishes them with necessaries: and the remainder to pay the expence apprehending them.
I think, whoever enlisted a man under the late regulation for recruiting, was entitled to the two pistoles, bounty-money; but it cou'd not be expected that the Captain wou'd advance this sum, if he had no money of the Countrys in his hands.
By the present act of Assembly, the person or persons enlisted, are entitled to £5 without the least deduction, and the Officer to his expences. If they are sent recruiting no person (either Servant or any other) after they are enlisted and attested, can be discharged by no person but myself, or the Officer whom I may appoint: and whoever assumes this liberty, subjects himself to be tried by a General Court Martial.
I have got several small accompts amounting to £2.12. which you sent me down, passed for the Soldiers; and will send the money by Major Lewis.
Give my Complim'ts to Mr. Fleming, and tell him, that if the appointment of Officers is left to me, his detached situation will be no prejudice to his promotion.
Fort Loudoun, July 29, 1757.
Sir: You are ordered forthwith to march with all the Draughts which are at this place belonging to your own Company and Capt. Woodwards, together with Capt. Spotswoods, to Dickinsons plantation, on the cow-pasture; where I expect you will meet Captn. Woodward on his march to Vauses. When a junction of these three Companies is formed, you are, if the ravages of the Enemy, and circumstances of the Inhabitants, do not render other dispositions necessary, to detach Capt. Woodwards whole company; and an officer and 25 men of Captn. Spotswoods, to occupy Vases fort and, (if you think proper) the posts on Cuttawba, and at Campbells place: and with the rest you are to proceed to Dickinson's fort; where you are to order Lt. Bullet, and that part of your company under his command, to join you.
I can not at this distance, with the least degree of propriety, pretend to order a disposition of your command further than to advise you, not to divide it into too small parties. You are nevertheless to assist any body of Inhabitants, which may have gathered together in certain places, and need protection, but to appoint no more men to this service, than what are absolutely necessary to act upon the defensive, reserving as many as possible under your immediate direction, at Dickensons fort, to turn out in pursuit of the Enemy, when you hear they are about.
You will have the direction of the aforesaid Companies, till further orders, and to you they are to apply for instructions, to you make the returns, as required in my general instructions; and from you I expect them myself.
You will deliver Captn. Woodward the Kettles sent for his company. You will receive from me £21.18. the contents of a recruiting accompt of Capt. Hogg which you are desired to pay him. You will also receive £30.4.2 value of sundry Servants enlisted in that part of your company lately under Captn. Hogg's command: And I shall be glad if you will settle this matter, and pay the Masters according to appointment, which is as follows; Charles Campbell for Mark Donally, £9. to Wm. Lewis, for Francis Adams, £13.11.6 To Andrew Duncan, for Thomas Davis, £7.12.8.
You will likewise receive £2.12 to be paid to the following Soldiers, in the following sums, agreeably to their several accompts handed in by Lt. Bullet: To John Heart, 8/ John Leak, 8/ Mark Donally, 4/ and Moses Gawin 32/.
You must apply to the Surgeon of the Regiment for a small assortment of medicines, which Mr. Fleming has promised to administer to the sick of your Detachment. For other directions, I refer you to my General Instructions herewith delivered.
Fort Loudoun, July 29, 1757.
Sir: You are Ordered forthwith to march from hence to the South-branch with your own men, and such of Capt. McKenzie's as are at this place. The latter you are to deliver to him so soon as you arrive at this Garrison (with the Orders and Instructions herewith given you for him). And, immediately after he has taken a size and necessary roll of his company, you are to demand 25 men and an Officer, (if he can possibly spare one) to reinforce your command; and with them proceed to the post assigned you (namely, Butter-milk-fort) and there use your utmost endeavours to protect the numerous body of Inhabitants in all those parts.
I am sensible, there is a necessity of throwing a few Soldiers into some of the country-forts, in order to detain the Inhabitants in them; and I approve of your doing it; but at the same time recommend, that no more be appointed for this Service, than what are absolutely necessary to detain the inhabitants, and to resist any sudden attempts of the enemy to surprize the fort; reserving the principal part of them at the fort you reside at, to turn out and pursue the enemy, when you hear they are about it.
You are, as soon as you arrive at Captn. McKenzie's Garrison, to dispatch a Messenger to Captn. Woodward, that he may hold himself in readiness to march immediately upon your arrival; (and to take with him the company lately belonging to Captn. Bronaugh, which is now joined to his own).
You are also to inform the Officer (Lt. Weeden) commanding the company, lately Captn. Cocke's, now joined to Captn. Lewis's, that he is to march those men to Conogochieg immediately upon your arrival. And you are to see that not the least delay is made, after you do arrive, in having this done.
As all the companies, agreeably to their present regulations, are now supplied with Kettles from the public stores; you are desired to collect all the old ones, pots, &c. that are among the troops upon the branch, and send them down to this place, under escort of Lt. Weeden, giving him a strict charge to be careful of them: and you will deliver to Captn. McKenzie, those which you have received at this place, for the use of his company.
You are, for farther direction, referred to the General Instructions herewith delivered to you.
Fort Loudoun, July [29], 1757.
Sir: You are ordered, immediately upon receipt hereof, to march with your own company (which by a late regulation, has the one that was Capt. Bronaughs added to it) to the plantation of Captn. Dickenson on the cow-pasture; and to pursue the following rout, vizt. First you are to go up the south fork; thence to the head of the cow-pasture river, and thence down the same to Dickensons; where you are to halt 'till joined by Major Lewis, and the Draughts sent by him to strengthen your company; or till you receive Orders from the Major, what to do, if he shou'd not be there himself.
That he may have timely notice of your coming to Dickensons; you are to despatch an Express to him at Augusta Courthouse, so soon as you begin your march. I expect you will make but little halt at Dickensons, as your place of destination is Vauses, on Roanoake, to relieve the company that is posted there. Not knowing what may intervene at this distance, to render other orders necessary; you are as above, to receive directions from the Major, who is ordered to command the Detachment of the Regim't in that Quarter. And to him you are, till further orders, to apply for instructions in any thing you may require. You are also to send your Returns (agreeably to my General Instructions herewith sent you) to him; who is to send them with his own and Captn. Spotswoods, to me.
As you will receive new Kettles from the public stores (to be delivered you by Maj. Lewis:) I have desired Captn. Waggener to call in all the old ones, pots, &c. which were made use of in yours and Bronaugh's late company; and to send them to this place, and I desire you will be punctual in seeing this done, as well as in seeing that great care is taken of the new kettles.
As the Fort which Captn. Hogg is building, and to which you are now going, has, either thro bad conduct in the Director, idleness in the workmen, or thro' some other cause which I can not comprehend, been of infinitely more expence to the country, and much longer about, than was ever expected. You are required to finish it with the utmost dispatch; and that in any manner, however rough, if it will secure you upon an attack. You are for farther direction referred to the General Instructions herewith delivered you.
July 29, 1757.
Sir: I have received yours, and have paid Doct. Craik the contents of your recruiting accompt.
Colo. Stephen has given so many strange Orders, Orders, so inconsistent with my Instructions and incompatible with his own; that it will be with great difficulty, if it is even possible, to extricate the Officers and myself from the dilemma and trouble they have occasioned. What right Colo Stephen had to order any repairs to your fort, without giving me previous notice of his design, I know not; and why you shou'd apply to him for those orders (when I was nearly as convenient, and alone had the right to direct) is matter of surprize to me.
The fund established for building of forts, has long been expended, and how your demand will be answered, I am at a loss to determine. However, that you may not suffer by complying with Colo. S[tephen]s'; draw out an exact accompt, and what assistance I can be towards procuring your money, shall be chearfully given.
I have ordered the Adjutant to transmit you copies of those Orders, relative to the regulation of the Companies. General Instructions I have myself sent, and kettles will be delivered to you by Captn. Waggener, whom I have given orders to demand a detachment of 25 men from your Company, and an Officer (if you can spare one) to strengthen his command, for the better protecting the Settlers above the Trough. All your old kettles, pots, &c. are to be sent to this place; and great care taken of the new. I am Sir, etc.
July 29, 1757.
Gentlemen: The principal end proposed in sending you to the post to which you are ordered is to protect the Inhabitants of those posts, and to keep them if possible easy and quiet.
I enjoin it upon you, therefore, to use every means which you and your officers shall judge advisable, to answer this salutary purpose, particularly by keeping out constant scouting parties; who with diligence care and precaution, are to range all those parts thro' which the Enemy make their inroads; and, when the enemy draw near the Quarter you are in, to exert your utmost efforts in preventing the inhabitants from suffering, by giving them all the intelligence you can of their danger, and by endeavouring to cover them, by way-laying those defiles, thro' which the enemy are most likely to pass, before they can penetrate into the Inhabitants.
These parties are to consist of such numbers as the service may require, and your circumstances will admit. But in general I wou'd have a third part of your well men and an officer (frequently, if not always to command; altho' he may judge the party too small for his rank.)
You are by no means to impress Horses, yourself, or licence any person or persons under your command to do it, except in cases of necessity and where the Interest of the Service indispensably requires it for Expresses, &c, and then you are to be careful in seeing that, as soon as the service is performed, they be immediately returned to their proper owners in good order; paying the hire of them, or else to give a certificate, specifying for what service they were pressed, and how long employed in it.
You are not to accommodate any Indians, that may happen to pass your way, with Horses, unless it be upon extraordinary cases, nor are you to hold any Conferences with them upon Business, only on such points as relate to the Service in which you are immediately engaged. Neither are you to attempt making Treaties with them, or to make them presents, promises, &c., or give any liquor, but in a very sparing manner.
If at any time or upon any occasion, you shou'd pay away money for contingent Expences, you are to take receipts for them, ascertaining the sum, and for what service paid; and keep an exact accompt thereof, in order to lay it before me, or any other person whom the Government may think proper to substitute. And all Services done the public for which you do not pay ready money, you are to give certificates, setting forth the nature and causes thereof, as aforesaid. And all accompts relative to provisions you are to settle with the Commissary or agents whom the Governor shall appoint and all that relate to your own and company's pay, with the pay-master.
You are to take care that only one pound of flour, and the like quantity of meat, be delivered to each man per day, and that no more women draw provisions, than in proportion as 6 to 100 men.
You must prevent any provisions issuing without a written order from yourself, or the officer commanding in your absence. To have regular returns made out for that purpose. To cause all provisions to be exactly weighed, &c.
You are to use every imaginable precaution to prevent irregular suttling, licentious swearing, and all other unbecoming irregularities and to neglect no pains or diligence in training your men (when off duty) to the true use and exercise of their arms; and teaching them in all other respects, the duties of their profession.
Be particularly careful in seeing that they take proper care of their clothes and accoutrements; which you are to do, by inspecting narrowly every Saturday at least, into their order; and by furnishing and making stoppages from those who have lost, sold, or otherwise made away with, or abused their things, till full reparation is had.
That this piece of duty may be conducted with ease; divide your men into as many squads as there are Sergeants, and make it the duty of each Sergeant (who is to keep the Roll of their necessaries for that purpose) to see that the men of his squad have their clothes, arms, and accoutrements always together, and in good order. This method I recommend as an alleviation of but not an excuse for the officers to neglect this duty themselves.
I also desire that the greatest regularity may be constantly observed in relieving the Guards, the Sentries, and all other parts of ceremonious duty. That the men may not by neglecting this, contract bad habits, but rather thro' a strict observance, become intimately acquainted with, and knowing in their duty. And as I wou'd have the whole regiment tho' never so much divided at present, pursue the same system of discipline, even in the most minute punctilios, You are to send an alert Sergeant or Corporal and two or three men, fit for the Drill, to this place to be perfected therein, who, on their return, are to instruct the rest of your Command.
I recommend it to you, likewise, and in the strongest terms, that you and the officers under your command, do make yourselves master of the necessary salutes.
You are to give in an exact size, and necessary role of your company and to see that no non-commissioned Officer or Soldier is ever provided with less than 3 good shirts, two pair of good Stockings, and one pair of good Shoes, and that the initial letters of their names are marked upon their ammunition, clothes, and accoutrements, which you must cause to be entered in a Book kept for that purpose, to prevent their swapping and changing their things. You are also to be vastly careful in making them preserve their Regimentals, and to make them appear always neat and clean, and soldier-like, especially when they are upon Duty.
You are to transmit me the most exact and regular returns, made out once a month, not only of the strength of, and alterations in, your company (or command) but also of the arms, ammunition, clothes, and stores, carefully examined by yourself, to prevent such egregious mistakes as often happen thro' the negligence of the Officers in trusting to the Sergeants, as, upon failure herein, you may depend upon being relieved and tried for disobedience of orders.
You are also to hold me duly advised of all material occurrences in your Quarter. You are not to give furloughs to more than one Soldier at a time, unless some particular cause requires it, and then you are to insert the reasons and time of their absence at the foot of your return, if they should not happen to be present at the time it is made. Shou'd any of your men desert, you are to use your utmost endeavours in having them apprehended; and whatever expence you are at, over and above what the country allows, is to be deducted from the pay of such offending Soldiers, if they shou'd happen to be taken.
Each Deserter is advertised at 40 s. reward, and more, when other aggravating circumstances accompany his desertion.
I expect you will take great pains to make your Soldiers good marks-men by teaching them to shoot at Targets.
I have been thus particular in my Instructions to you, because I expect the most punctual obedience will be paid to them; being determined not to overlook neglects of duty in any, but to act with the utmost strictness (agreeably to the Instructions which I am honored with from the Governor): and therefore, in order to enable you to support a proper command:--
I hereby require, that you do put any officer under arrest whom you shall find negligent in his duty, or misbehaving as a Gentleman, and either enquire into his conduct with your own Officers (in order to a further examination at this place), or send him here, (at once) for that purpose.
And I do hereby direct you to hold courts martial for trying and punishing non-commissioned officers and soldiers (Without which the former are not to be broke, and after which, by no means to be reinstated, nor new ones appointed, without my approbation.) In all other respects you are to govern yourselves exactly agreeable to the articles of War, and the rules and customs of the Army.
Permit me before I finish (and now that the companies are formed for service, and agreeable to order) to recommend, and I do in the strongest manner I can to you and your Officers, to devote some part of your leisure hours to the study of your profession, a knowledge in which cannot be attained without application; nor any merit or applause to be achieved without a certain knowledge thereof. Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable; procures success to the weak, and esteem to all; and may, in a peculiar manner to us, who are in the way to be joined to Regulars in a very short time, and of distinguishing thro' this means, from other Provincials.
You are to be at no expence in building or repairing old works, without first apprizing me thereof, because the money appropriated to that purpose is expended. The safety and convenience of soldiers render it a duty upon them to repair the works, and make lodgments for themselves. I wou'd therefore have you observe this, and act conformably to it.
Fort Loudoun, July 30, 1757.
Dear Sir: My former letters wou'd inform you how little share I had in confining the Indians in the public jail at this place.
Mr. Atkin, in his Majesty's name, applied to me as commanding officer for aid to secure these people, which I thereupon did, but not without first representing the consequences, that might and in some measure really did happen. This step was no sooner taken, than the Cherokees in town, about twenty two in number, despatched a runner to inform their people, that the English had fallen upon their Brethren, and desired that they (the Cherokees) would stand upon their defence. Another runner, you are sensible, came to Carlisle to inform the warriors there of it, who returned fully resolved to rescue the prisoners, or die in the attempt. The former they did, and were so enraged with Mr. Atkin, that they wou'd hold no conference with him the next day, when he sent to desire it, till they had first been with me for information. I took great pains to convince them, that it was a mistake, and happily succeeded; they readily agreed to send an Indian with an express, which I might procure, to their nation to prevent a massacre of all the traders and white people there, which they looked upon as inevitable, except timely measures were taken to prevent it.
Out of the great number of Draughts that have deserted from us, we have been able to apprehend twenty-two; of whom two were hanged on Thursday last. The eight companies now remaining in Virginia are completed to about eighty, rank and file, four commanding officers, four sergeants, and two drummers, and are all marched to the several posts assigned them.
The commission, which I have received from Governor Dinwiddie, to hold general courts-martial, is very long, and rather a repetition of the act. I shou'd be obliged, if you wou'd let me know whether this be right or not. I took the liberty in a letter of the -- to ask leave to be absent about twelve or fourteen days, if circumstances in this quarter would permit, but having heard nothing from you since, I am inclined to address you again on that head, because the 1st of August is the time appointed for the meeting of the executors (of which I am one) of an estate that I am much interested in a dividend of; and have suffered much already by the unsettled state it has remained in. This estate does not lie more than a day's journey from this place, so that I could return very quickly, if occasion required it.
P. S. Since writing the above I have received the enclosed from Captn. McKenzie. Captn. Waggener just before with upwards of 100 men, had marched to the place he speaks of, to strengthen the garrisons on the Branch. I have sent him orders to select a good company (if the enemy still remain there) and use his best endeavors to fall in with their encampment; and I am certain he will neglect no means to accomplish it. I have also advice from the southern frontiers of Augusta County, that the Indians have appeared, and done some mischief. Major Lewis with a detachment of 250 men (including a company of 50 already in those parts) marched to occupy Vausses and Dickinson's forts, and to repel the enemy if they still continued to commit depredations.
Fort Loudoun, August 3, 1757.
Hon'ble Sir: Your favours of the 13th. and 18th. ultimo, with the commissions, Warrants, and money, I have received.
The Indian accompts I have so often mentioned, and which your Honor says, you do not understand, are expences which have accrued on account of provisions, as they have marched from place to place (for they will not eat salt meat; but kill fresh wherever it is to be found). Liquor, unavoidably to be given them; Horses, pressed for the use of their sick, &c. and never returned: Tomahawks, and a great many other things which there was a necessity of purchasing for them. The people will never trust their vouchers, for the delivery of these things, to doubtful Messengers; and most of those articles are too inconsiderable to induce them to go down to Williamsburgh. They therefore think themselves ill used, and complain of oppression.
We have received Draughts as per the enclosed list: which list is agreeable, I hope, to your Honors orders to me. Their number has fallen so far short of expectation, that the 8 remaining companies will not exceed 90 rank and file, each. It is not in my power to send a roll of each company, 'till the Captains get all their men together; as soon as this is done, I have ordered an exact size-roll to be transmitted to me, of each company, and I shall forward them to your Honor, without loss of time.63 As the best Captains were fixed upon by your Honor, below; and some of our worst Subalterns resigned since, I have filled up the vacant commissions according to seniority, and hope it will be agreeable, as I think it was most equitable. Your Honor desired I wou'd give Sergeant Feint an Ensigns commissions: But I apprehend you only meant it, in case there had been Draughts enough for 12 companies. And therefore I declined doing it 'till I hear further from you: especially as there are yet volunteers in the Regiment, who have long served in hope of preferment, and given equal proofs of good Behaviour and of course expect to be preferred before Sergeants.
[Note 63: Washington forwarded the size roll of his own (the colonel's company) on August 28. It is in the Washington Papers.]
However, I have reserved one vacancy, to be filled up either with Feint or Mr. Chew64 (the oldest volunteer) as your Honor shall now direct.
[Note 64: Coleby Chew. He was, later, a lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment.]
The present Officers names, and dates of their commissions, may be seen by the enclosed. The men are marched for Augusta, that were designed for the forts at Vauses and Dickensons, and Major Lewis sent to command there. Those for the Branch, under Captn. Waggener, are also marched: and there now remain here no more than Capt. Stewarts company and my own, except about 40 workmen which I took from the Draughts, to work at this place.
I have ordered two Officers to Ft. Cumberland to inspect the refused Beef; and have sent up Mr. Kennedy, who acted as Commissary, there, with directions to use every means to save it, as adding fresh pickle, &c.
I send your Honor a copy of the proceedings of a General Court martial. Two of those condemned, namely, Ignatious Edwards, and Wm. Smith, were hanged on thursday last, just before the companies marched for their respective posts. Your Honor will, I hope excuse my hanging, instead of shooting them. It conveyed much more terror to others; and it was for example sake, we did it. They were proper objects to suffer: Edwards had deserted twice before, and Smith was accounted one of the greatest villians upon the continent. Those who were intended to be whipped, have received their punishment accordingly; and I should be glad to know what your Honor wou'd choose to have done with the rest?
A return for the month of June, I herewith send.65 I had a letter from Colo. Stanwix the other day, concerning the deposition of Street. He seems to put no great confidence in the report; and wrote me, that he was intrenching himself at Carlyle.
[Note 65: This return, dated July 1, 1757, is in the Washington Papers.]
I have received advice from Augusta, that the Indians had appeared in large bodies there, and done some mischief. A letter also from Captn. McKenzie, on the South-Branch, informs me, that the enemy had taken away four or five men, and scalped another, who was carelessly reaping in a field.
As Major Lewis is gone towards the first, and Capt. Waggener towards the latter parts, I am in hopes they will keep the inhabitants from hurt.
We are, by reason of our dispersed situation, greatly at a loss for the articles of war, I should be glad if your Honor wou'd order many of them to be printed: In the regular Service there is scarcely a Sergeant but what has a copy.
I shou'd be glad to know too, in time, whether your Honor intends to pursue the last resource of the Act of Assembly for compleating the Regiment vizt. recruiting? If so, money will be wanted. I am &c.
Fort Loudoun, August 3, 1757.
Sir: As the inhabitants in general unanimously concur in opinion, that Pattersons wou'd much better answer the end proposed by your Command (vizt. the protection of the Inhabitants) than your present Station; You are therefore upon receipt of this, immediately to quit your present post, and proceed to Patersons, leaving five men at Captain Catons. You are to apply to Patterson and his neighbours for waggons &c. They have tendered every service in their power to expedite your march. When you arrive at Pattersons, you are to detach 10 men to Neillys' 6 to Bells, and 4 to Mendenhals: The remainder of your command is to be employed in scouting agreeably to your former Orders. And apply to the country people, who I doubt not will act as your guides.
As the small parties will have only Garrison duty, I wou'd recommend the sending your sick to those places, who may do that duty nearly as well as these; and, by change of air, and there being but few together, may recover much sooner than they otherwise wou'd.
As I think fresh provisions now and then, by way of change, necessary; you may purchase (if you can do it upon reasonable terms) from the country people. As to Bacon, I shall not meddle with it; that being under the direction of the Commissary: Therefore, all applications of this nature must be made to him only. You may have the same match-coats which you had at Maidstone, when you send for them. I am a good deal surprized at your taking 13 more Blankets than you had occasion for: especially as you knew how much we stand in need of them. You are to send them back so soon as you arrive at Pattersons. I am &c.
Fort Loudoun, August 4, 1757.
Sir: I received yours of the 3d. instant, covering a size and necessary roll of your company; which, being incomplete, is not what I wanted. Whenever you get all your company under your own command, you are to have them completed with necessaries agreeably to Orders; and then to transmit an exact size and necessary roll of the whole; and afterwards you are each month to send me a return of your company, as usual, and a general return of its necessaries agreeably to the enclosed form.
I wrote you fully yesterday when I desired you to send what spare Blankets you had, to this place, so soon as you arrived at Pattersons. I have sent you the articles of War; which you will return when you are done with them.
Fort Loudoun, August 27, 1757.
Sir: Your favor of the 13th by Mr. Boyd, I have received. The draughts from Lunenburg are arrived, to the number of sixteen, which does not replace the soldiers, that have deserted since my last so prevalent is this infamous practice yet. The draughts, when they were divided among the eight companies in July, completed them to eighty-six rank and file; and there remained over and above forty workmen, which I detained at this place, as mentioned in a former letter.
What the strength of the companies is just at this time, I am no more able to say, (not knowing what casualties may have happened since,) than I am to send your Honor a return of the regiment, which is impossible to do till I get my returns from the several out-posts; and that, I believe your Honor must be sensible, is difficult and precarious, dispersed as the regiment is. I have given express orders, however, that those returns shall be made to me as regularly as the nature of things will admit, and I shall not be wanting in my duty to forward them, nor shall I delay to send the companies' size-rolls, when they come to my hands, and I have directed these last also be made out and sent to me, carefully examined.
The enclosed is a copy of a report made to me by two officers, who were instructed to inspect into the state of the provisions at Fort Cumberland. Mr. Kennedy, who was entrusted with the care of these provisions, is now there repacking and pickling them; and when he has finished, I shall endeavour to do the best I can with them, but despair of turning them to the least advantage.
A letter, which I received a few days ago from Captain Waggener advises, that the enemy appeared upon the Branch, not far from his neighbourhood, (their numbers uncertain,) and killed ... men, and captivated others, without his being able to meet with them. On Sunday last, a small party of five Cherokees, who came here a few days ago, set out to war.
Your Honor having asked my opinion concerning recruiting, I shall give it candidly as follows. I believe, unless we are permitted to enlist servants, we should spend much time to little purpose in this service; There is such a spirit of opposition prevailing in one sort of people, and so little spirit of any kind in another. I never thought, in the most distant degree, of recruiting for the additional companies, till the others were complete; nor should I have mentioned that but thinking it was required by act of Assembly.
As your Honor were pleased to leave to my discretion to punish or pardon the criminals, I have resolved on the latter, since I find examples of so little weight, and since those poor unhappy criminals have undergone no small pain of body and mind, in a dark room, closely ironed!
I have filled up a commission for Sergeant Feint, and will send it to him by the first safe conveyance. Colonel Stanwix, I am told (the truth of which I doubt), is marched to the northward. I have had no account from him for these four weeks.
Mr. Boyd, (whom I have spoken to on the matter,) conceives, there will be no money left for contingent expenses, when he has paid the troops. I shall do as your Honor directs, with regard to escorting Mr. Boyd to Augusta, and ordering officers to wait upon him at this place, however inconvenient it prove to the service.
Nothing remarkable has happened, for which reason I have nothing particular to add. I must beg leave, however, before I conclude, to observe in justification of my own conduct, that it is with pleasure I receive reproof, when reproof is due, because no person can be readier to accuse me, than I am to acknowledge an error, when I am guilty of one; nor more desirous for atoning for a crime, when I am sensible of having committed it. But, on the other hand, it is with concern I remark, that my best endeavors lose their reward, and that my conduct, although I have uniformly studied to make it as unexceptionable as I could, does not appear to you in a favorable point of light.66
[Note 66: The governor had written (August 13): "You have sent a detachment from the regiment to Augusta, but you do not mention the number; or do you mention the receipt of the small arms sent from this; or any account of the misunderstanding with the Indians at Winchester. You must allow this is a loose way of writing, and it's your duty to be more particular to me."-- Sparks.] Otherwise your Honor would not have accused me of loose behaviour and remissness of duty, in matters where, I believe, I have rather exceeded than fallen short of it. This, I think, is evidently the case in speaking of Indian Affairs at all after being instructed in very express terms, not to have any concern with or "management of Indian affairs." This has caused me to forbear mentioning of Indians in any of my letters to your Honor of late, and to leave the misunderstanding, which you speak of, between Mr. Atkin and the Indians, to the former to relate, knowing that he maintained a correspondence with your Honor on matters relative to his office. But, with regard to the accompts, when he would have nothing to do with them, and when I was hourly importuned for the payment, and knew I had not the means to do it, what could I do less than promise the people, that I would recommend their cases to your Honor, in hopes that you would appoint a person, in whom you could confide, to take in and pay off their accompts, as I always looked upon it as a duty distinct from mine, and therefore was unwilling to intermeddle in the affair?
I really thought it unnecessary to say more, than that "the detachment destined for Augusta was marched," because your Honor gave me a copy of the council held at Philadelphia, which directed one hundred and fifty men to be posted at Dickinson's, and one hundred at Vauses, which direction I observed, and thought it would be sufficiently understood when I wrote as above.
I should have acknowledged the receipt of the arms, had they come, but they were not arrived when my last was wrote; which obliged me to disarm the men that remained here, in order to supply those who marched, rather than detain them, as I had sent wagons to Falmouth to bring 'em from thence. However, if I have errd in these points, I am sorry for it, and shall endeavour for the future to be as particular and satisfactory, in my accounts of these things, as possible. I am, &c.
Fort Loudoun, September 10, 1757.
Dear Sir: The Inclos'd addresses Copy of mine of the 15th. April by a Vessel which I find has mistaken her Rout and got to France.
On board the Integrety Captn. Thompson I ship'd 14 Hhds. of best Sweet-Scented Tobo. for 4 of which and no more I was allow'd liberty of Consignment; and these four I Ship'd to you; the other ten together with 8 More in Captn. Younger are sent to Mr. Bacon; of whom please to demand the neat proceeds.
Alexandria Captn. McKay is preparing with all possible dispatch to Sail with the Convoy: On Board her I have put eight Hhds. consign'd to yourself and I have order'd my present Crop (which at this time wears a very favourable Aspect, and without some Signal Stroke of Providence will equal my most Sanguine expectations) to be got ready for the first Ships, after these which are just taking their Departure; and for as many as I can get liberty I will ship to yourself, but it is with concern I tell you, we have very little choice.
I have receiv'd your favour of the 2d. of April, and find Insurance so exorbitantly high, that I have determined to risk my Tobo, as it is convey'd in several bottoms. But my Goods, unless they come under Convoy (and even then if you think proper) I wou'd choose to ensure. In the Invoice Mr. Caryle sent you for me I think [ ... 67] for a Small Sword of 8 or
[Note 67: Space between brackets indicates mutilated manuscript.] 10 Guins price. This is of 12 Months standing, which gives me cause to fear, having heard no mention of it by you, that his Letter has miscarried; if this is really the case please to embrace the earliest oppertunity of complying w' this desire and send'g spare Scab'ds and Slips w' it. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Fort Loudoun], September 10, 1757.
Gentn: I hope by the time this comes to hand you will receive Eighteen Hogsheads of my Tobo. Ten in the Integrety and eight in the endeavour Captns. Thompson and Younger. That in Captn. Thompson was of the best Sweetscented, neatly handled; and must if the Ship arriv'd Safe get to Market in the Nick of time. The other by Captn. Younger is also of the best quality and Weights, for which Reasons I expect they will Command such prices as I know the like Tobo. fetches to my Acquaintances in Virginia.
I can't forbear confessing Sir, that the exceeding low price you got for my first venture to you discourag'd me for sometime from making a Second; but as I expect for the time to come, to Ship, if I find my Accts. in it, a pretty considerable quantity of the best Tobos. of my own growth annually I flatter myself you will deal by me in such a manner as to render a change of Merchts. unnecessary. The Nett proceeds of these Tobaccos you will please pay my name-sake Mr. Rich'd Washington.
I thank you very heartily Sir, for the Magazine you sent me, and your kind offer to render me Services. I am now remov'd to this place, and shall if continued at it, be more convenient than I have been to Cultivate a more intimate corrispondance.[ ... 68]
[Note 68: Space between brackets indicates mutilated manuscript.]
Fort Loudoun, September 17, 1757.
Sir: Your favor of the 2d instant came safe to hand, and Jenkins's sickness has prevented my answering it sooner.
I apprehend that thirteen of the twenty-nine draughts from Lunenburg have deserted, as sixteen only have arrived here, and I have no accounts of any more being upon the march. Your Honor may observe by the enclosed list of deserters, all of whom have left the regiment since the last return I sent, and after having received too their clothes, arms, and bounty money, how prevalent still is that infamous practice among the dastardly draughts, especially at this garrison, where I indulge them in every thing but idleness, and in that I cannot, the nature of the work requiring the contrary. Lenity, so far from producing its desired effects, rather emboldens them in these villainous undertakings. One of those who were condemned to be hanged, deserted immediately upon receiving his pardon. In short, they tire my patience, and almost weary me to death. The expense of pursuing them is very considerable, and to suffer them to escape, without aiming at pursuit, is but giving up the point, altho' we have had but little success of late.
The uncertain and difficult communication with the outposts must apologize for my not sending you a return of our strength for August. For the second month will always be far advanced, before I can get in the returns of the preceding, as the latter must be first expired, before the returns can be made out, and then some of them are to come two hundred and fifty miles, and great part of that distance thro' an uninhabited country.
If special messengers are always sent with these returns, it will be a pretty considerable expense. I should therefore be glad if your Honor would be pleased to direct, whether they are to be sent me by express, or to embrace the best conveyance without. In the one case, as I before said, there must be a constant expense, and in the other, great uncertainty. By the enclosed for July, your Honor will see that our total strength amounted to six hundred and ninety-nine; but, as there happened many changes and casualties in that month, by reason of the draughts joining, deserting, and the companies not being properly formed, this return will, I apprehend, appear confused and irregular. Our present strength, I guess, is about seven hundred. Major Lewis did, as he wrote your Honor, march from this place with about one hundred and forty men only; but then Captain Woodward, who also marched at the same time, with his company from the South Branch, joined him at Dickinson's; which with the men under Captain Hogg, formed a body of something more than two hundred and fifty men, agreeably to the number appointed at Philadelphia for the forts at Dickinson's and Vauses.
I am sorry I did not know it was necessary to give the name of each officer of the command, but shall do it now, and set them down as they are placed in companies: Major Lewis, Lt. Bullet, Lt. Fleming, Ensn. Speake, Capt. Woodward, Lt. Dangerfield, Lt. Milner, Ensn. Sumner, Capt. Spotswood, Lt. Lomax, Lt. Crawford, Ensn. Starke.
The above are the officers belonging to three companies that went to Augusta. But your Honor knows Capt. Spotswood was absent; Mr. Milner was also absent, and has been so at his father's these 8 months, in a consumption, as I am told. And I have given a Sergeant a commission and appointed him to Woodward's company, in lieu of Ensign Sumner, who is now to join Capt. McKenzie's company.
As soon as I was informed that Colo. Reid was to supply the troops in Augusta with provisions, I acquainted Major Lewis therewith.
As there is no addition made to the draughts, no men recruited, and our numbers daily diminishing by desertion, I cannot see how you can expect that I should complete the companies that are now under 90 to 100 rank and file each, as you mention in your letter.
I never expected, nor ever desired, that there should be an addition made to the number of those persons appointed to transact public business, much less that there should be one to settle every little affair. I only humbly proposed, that, as Captain Gist was empowered with your Honor's approbation to manage the Indian affairs here, and as he is to be paid for that duty by this colony, that he, as a more proper person than myself, should take in and adjust the accounts against the Indians (so often mentioned), as it cannot reasonably be supposed that I, who am stripped of the help I once was allowed (and told that I should be freed from these things in consequence), can turn my hands and my thoughts to such a multiplicity of business, as naturally arises out of the variety of occurrences, which are occasioned by our scattered and detached situation and the many extraneous concerns of the Indians. Every person, who sees how I am employed, will readily testify, that very little recreation falls to my lot. Nevertheless, if it is your Honor's orders, that I shall collect these accompts, I will do it in the best manner I am able, and that with cheerfulness; but it will be some time ere it can be accomplished, as I have turned them off once.
The Indian chiefs, before they departed for their nation, warmly solicited me for some drums; and, as I had none but those belonging to the regiment, which could not be spared, I was obliged to promise them, that I would acquaint your Honor with their request, that you might, if you thought proper, provide them against their return.
Since my last, the enemy returned to the Branch, where they killed four men, wounded one, captivated a man and woman, and burned some grain, notwithstanding the utmost efforts of the troops, who are constantly scouting. The people in that quarter are terribly affrighted by this last eruption, and I fear can hardly be prevented from evacuating that valuable settlement.
Enclosed is a return of the Deputy Commissary's return and report of the state of the provisions at Fort Cumberland and my letter to Doctr. Ross69 on that subject, an answer to which I hourly expect. I have heard from second-hand, that they intend to make no allowance for the fish we left there, saying they were the King's fish, as they really were, and therefore as much theirs as ours. I should be glad to know your Honor's sentiments on this matter. I apprehended they would claim the fish as a right, and therefore when I left Ft. Cumberland, to attend the Committee in the Spring according to order, directed Colo. Stephen to have them removed, which he neglected to do.
[Note 69: The letter to Dr. David Ross (September 6) concerned the use of the salt beef at Fort Cumberland by the Maryland troops. "To settle this matter to the reciprocal satisfaction of both colonies, in an amicable way wou'd be quite agreeable to me." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have received from Mr. Boyd, notwithstanding his first declaration to me, £500. Which, with what remains of the 2000, shall be applied and accounted for as you direct.
I was obliged to detain £250 out of the first sum which came up for the companies, but can now refund it.
When your Honor is pleased to order the vacancy, which Captain Spotswood occasions to be filled up in the name of Captain McNeill, there will be room for a lieutenant; and then if you please to bestow it on Mr. Fairfax,70 I should take it infinitely kind, if you would oblige me so far as to send the
[Note 70: William Henry, the son of Colonel Fairfax.-- Ford.] commission immediately from yourself to that gentleman.71 For altho I esteem him greatly on account of his father, for whose memory and friendship I shall ever retain a most grateful sense, yet, making him lieutenant over many old ensigns, will occasion great confusion in the corps, and bring censure on me; for the officers will readily conceive, that my friendship and partiality to the family were the causes of it. If Mr. Fairfax would accept of an ensigncy, the matter might pretty easily be accommodated. The letter under cover to Colonel Fairfax is not come to hand.
[Note 71: The commission had not been solicited by Colonel Washington nor was the application of Mr. Fairfax's friends made through him but directly to the governor.-- Sparks.]
I have heard nothing yet from Colonel Stanwix; but soon shall, as I wrote to him a few days ago, and expect his answer. Robert Holmes is among the deserters.
I send your Honor a size-roll of my own, Captains Stewart and Lewis' companies. The others were sent to me, but being signed by the commanding officer only, as is usual, I was obliged to send back for the subalterns to sign also. When these come in I shall forward them.
As we have not at this time either commissary or assistant here, it is not in my power to send a return of the provisions with any tolerable exactness. But I do not doubt, that Mr. Rutherford, our acting commissary, who is now down, has satisfied your Honor fully in this particular; if he has not, I will take care to do it in my next.
The monthly return for July, mentioned in the body of this letter as sent, upon re-examination I find so unintelligible, by reason of some mistakes in Captns. Spotswood's and Woodward's return, that I am ashamed to sign it, 'till the mistakes are rectified, and for this end, I have ordered those companies in a peremptory manner to be careful for the future, or answer the contrary.
Your Honor in estimating our numbers at about 700, will be near the complement; but if I may presume to advise, the contractors should provide for companies of 100 each, as it is supposed we shall complete to that number as fast as possible.
I doubt not your Honor will see the necessity of making an agreement with the contractors, for furnishing the Indians with provisions; otherwise they will take no concern in this matter, as I conceive they are allowed so much for each soldier, that shall be returned, in which case Indians are included. If they were not, no person would supply them on the same terms they do soldiers, for Indians eat and waste triple what the latter do. I am, &c.
Fort Loudoun, September 17, 1757.
Honble. Sir: A letter of the 22d ultimo, from Captain Peachy, came to my hands the other day, contents as follows: (here was inserted the letter).72 I should take it infinitely kind, if your Honor would please to inform me, whether a report of this nature was ever made to you; and, in that case, who was the author of it?
[Note 72: The letter begins by detailing a conversation, which the writer had lately held with Mr. Charles Carter, of Shirley, Va., respecting a transaction in which Captain Peachy has been concerned some months before, on a mission to Williamsburg, Va., when the frontiers were in great alarm from the incursions of the enemy; and then proceeds: "He [Mr. Carter] says, that Mr. Christopher Robinson told him he heard Colonel Richard Corbin say, that I affirmed, that my whole business at that time was to execute a scheme of yours to cause the Assembly to levy largely both in men and money, and that there was not an Indian in the neighbourhood; that the frontiers, or even Winchester and the adjacent country, did not appear to be in any more danger at that time than any other. Mr. Robinson also informed Mr. Carter, it was said, that that piece of deceit, or imposition of yours (as they term it), had lessened the Governor's and some of the leading men's esteem for you; or, at least, they make use of it as a reason for their ill treatment, and the worse opinion (they say) they have than formerly of you. I hope Colo. Washington knows me better than even to suppose I could be guilty of a thing of this kind; therefore, shall only add, that you may depend I shall use my endeavor to trace the matter, fill I find the scoundrel that dares make himself the author of such a scandalous report. If you think fit to make use of the above, you are at full liberty to do so." The entire letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2. p. 181.]
It is evident, from a variety of circumstances, and especially from the change in your Honor's conduct towards me, that some person, as well inclined to detract, but better skilled in the art of detraction, than the author of the above stupid scandal, has made free with my character. For I cannot suppose, that malice so absurd, so barefaced, so diametrically opposite to truth, to common policy, and, in short, to every thing but villainy, as the above is, could impress you with so ill an opinion of my honor and honesty.
If it be possible, that Colonel Corbin, (for my belief is staggered, not being conscious of having given the least cause to any one, much less to that gentleman, to reflect so grossly,) I say, if it be possible, that Colonel Corbin could descend so low as to be the propagator of this story, he must either be vastly ignorant in the state of affairs in this county at that time, or else he must suppose, that the whole body of inhabitants had combined with me, in executing the deceitful fraud. Or why did they, almost to a man, forsake their dwellings in the greatest terror and confusion; and while one half of them sought shelter in paltry forts, (of their own building,) the other should flee to the adjacent counties for refuge, numbers of them even to Carolina, from whence they have never returned?
These are facts well known; but not better known, than that these wretched people, while they lay pent up in forts, destitute of the common supports of life (having in their precipitate flight forgotten, or were unable rather to secure, any kind of necessaries,) did dispatch messengers of their own (thinking I had not represented their miseries in the piteous manner they deserved), with addresses to your Honor and the Assembly, praying relief. And did I ever send any alarming account, without also sending the original papers, (or the copies,) which gave rise to it?
That I have foibles, and perhaps many of them, I shall not deny. I should esteem myself, as the world also would, vain and empty, were I to arrogate perfection.
Knowledge in military matters is to be acquired by practice and experience only; and, if I have erred, great allowance should be made for my errors for want of it; unless these errors should appear to be willful; and then, I conceive it would be more generous to charge me with my faults, and let me stand or fall according to evidence, than to stigmatize me behind my back.
It is uncertain in what light my services may have appeared to your Honor; but this I know, and it is the highest consolation I am capable of feeling, that no man, that ever was employed in a public capacity, has endeavoured to discharge the trust reposed in him with greater honesty, and more zeal for the country's interest, than I have done; and if there is any person living, who can say with justice, that I have offered any intentional wrong to the public, I will cheerfully submit to the most ignominious punishment, that an injured people ought to inflict. On the other hand, it is hard to have my character arraigned, and my actions condemned, without a hearing.
I must therefore again beg in more plain, and in very earnest terms, to know, if Colonel Corbin has taken the liberty of representing my character to your Honor with such ungentlemanly freedom as the letter implies? Your condescension herein will be acknowledged, as a singular favor done your Honor's most obedient, humble servant.73
[Note 73: To this request, Governor Dinwiddie replied (September 24): "Your other letter of the 17th I perused. I would gladly hope there is no truth in it. I never heard of it before, or did I ever conceive you would have sent down any alarms without proper foundation. However, I shall show it to Colonel Corbin when he comes to town; but I'd advise you not to give credit to every idle story you hear; for if I was to notice reports of different kinds, I should be constantly perplexed. My conduct to you from the beginning was always friendly; but you know I had great reason to suspect you of ingratitude, which I am convinced your own conscience and reflection must allow, I had reason to be angry, but this I endeavor to forget; but I cannot think Colonel Corbin guilty of what is reported. However, as I have his Majesty's leave to go home, I propose leaving this in November, and I wish my successor may show you as much friendship as I have done." Dinwiddie's letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 204.]
Fort Loudoun, September 18, 1757.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 22d ultimo came to hand about four days ago. In answer to that part, which relates to Colonel Corbin's gross and infamous reflections on my conduct last spring, it will be needless, I dare say, to observe further at this time, than that the liberty, which he has been pleased to allow himself in sporting with my character, is little else than a comic entertainment, discovering at one view his passionate fondness for your friend, his inviolable love of truth, his unfathomable knowledge, and the masterly strokes of his wisdom in displaying it. These several talents he has, I think, exhibited in a most conspicuous manner to every person, who was in the least degree acquainted with the situation of affairs in this county at that juncture. The report of your false musters is equally absurd, and may take credit as above.
You are heartily welcome to make use of any letter, or letters, which may at any time have been written to you; for, altho' I keep no copies of epistles to my friends, nor can remember the contents of all of them, yet, I am sensible, that the narrations are just, and that truth and honesty will appear in my writings; of which, therefore, I shall not be ashamed, though criticism may censure my style.
Mr. Boyd is now in Augusta. I am perswaded he told me that the Governor forbad his paying you for the month of June. I have nevertheless certified, that you did duty until sometime in July and wish it had been your lot to have continued with [ sic]
That our poor friends Spotswood, and Benj. Bullet are lost, is a truth (I believe) too certain. I am, etc.
Fort Loudoun, September 24, 1757.
Honble. Sir: Enclosed is a copy of a letter, which I received from Captain McKenzie. Since my last, the different parties I detached in quest of the enemy, (who committed the late depredations in this neighborhood,) are returned, after having prosecuted the most probable measures, and exerted their utmost efforts in vain, in endeavoring to come up with and prevent the enemy's escape. Nor is it in any degree surprising, for when the vast extent of country, the scattered and distant manner in which the inhabitants are settled, the nature of the ground, and disposition of the enemy we have to cope with, are collectively considered, it is next to impossible, that any of our parties should ever see the enemy, except when they possess such advantages as render their victory certain.
The inhabitants of this valuable and very fertile valley are terrified beyond expression. Some have abandoned their plantations, and many are packing up their most valuable effects in order to follow them. Another irruption into the heart of this settlement will, I am afraid, be of fatal consequence to it. I was always perswaded, and almost every day affords new matter for confirming me in the opinion, that the enemy can, with the utmost facility, render abortive every plan, which can be concerted upon our present system of defence; and that the only method of effectually defending such a vast extent of mountains covered with thick woods, as our frontiers, against such an enemy, is by carrying the war into their country. And I think I may, without assuming uncommon penetration, venture to affirm, that, unless an expedition is carried on against the Ohio next spring, this country will not be another year in our possession.
Sickness, and the different parties, which the distressed situation of affairs here obliged me to detach from this garrison, so greatly retard the works, that finishing even the principal parts of them, before the winter sets in, will, I am afraid, prove impracticable.
I understand there are a mortar and a number of shells for it at Williamsburg, which would be of infinite service here, tho' of little or none where they are. We have a quantity of round and grape-shot for six-pounders, but no cannon to use them. A few pieces of that size would be a great addition to our strength; and, as this is the only place we have, (were it finished,) where a stand could be made, in case of any formidable attack, I conceive nothing in our power should be omitted to make it as defensible as we can.
Mr. Rutherford is not yet returned. Enclosed is a list of the killed and captured by the enemy, when last down. This is sent to Fredericksburg, in order to go by post.
Fort Loudoun, October 5, 1757.
Honble. Sir: Both your Honor's letters of the 24th ultimo I received by Jenkins. As I cannot now send a proper monthly return of the regiment, for want of the remarks of the officers at the out-posts, I enclose your Honor an exact return, however, of our effective strength, and how disposed of, which will at present answer the end proposed equally well. I likewise send you enclosed the return of provisions, specifying the time they will serve.
I am informed "the contractor is to lay in the provisions for the troops in New [ sic] Hampshire, at this place; that he is to have 6 d a man per diem for the whole he supplies, and that he is not to pay those who must inevitably be employed in issuing out the provisions at the different garrisons."
This information, I flatter myself, is without foundation; as it is beyond doubt that provisions could be purchased in Hampshire, where the troops are quartered for half of what the contractor has for laying them in here, and that the amount of the waggonage and other charges of transporting these provisions from hence to New [ sic] Hampshire will exceed the whole cost of the provisions, if purchased there; not to mention the great risque, trouble of escorts, &c., &c.
The assistant commissaries must still be continued, or some persons in their room, who, under the direction of a principal, would have purchased the provisions upon as good terms as any contractor. Besides, the commissary used to act as wagonmaster, supply the different garrisons with candle, made from the tallow of the country's beeves, and do many things for the good of the service, not to be expected from a contractor.
I shall take the earliest opportunity of communicating your Honor's intentions, respecting the ranging company, to Captain Hogg, who, I am informed, is lying ill, in consequence of the bite of a snake at Dickinson's Fort, and will, I fear, be unable to raise the men I am afraid the recruiting one hundred men will be found a very difficult task. I am quite at a loss how to act, as you did not inform me upon what terms they are to be levied and supported, what bounty money to allow, what pay to engage the officers and men, how clothed and supported, what the officers' pay and what kind of commissions they are to have.
Mr. Robert Rutherford, late deputy-commissary here, says that he could raise the men in a shorter time than any other, and from his universal acquaintance on the frontiers, and the esteem the people in general have for him, I am apt to believe he could raise them as soon as any person whatever.
If they should have the same bounty, allowed by the Assembly for recruits, I shall want money for that purpose. The £68 13 s 8 d I received from Colo. Fairfax of the country's money I accounted with the committee for in April last. Enclosed is a copy of the last letter I received from Colonel Stanwix.
The enemy continue their horrid devastations in this settlement. Enclosed is a copy of a letter from Capt. Josha. Lewis. Immediately on receipt of Capt. Lewis', Capt. McNeill, 3 subalterns, 4 sergeants, and 70 rank and file, marched up to act in conjunction with Captn. Lewis. The day before Captain Lewis was attacked, twenty Cherokees, headed by one of the principal warriors of that nation, marched from hence to the South Branch, which with the troops under Captains Waggener and McKenzie, will, I hope, secure that quarter.
So soon as Captn. McNeill returns, I will order him up to his company to which I have by your orders appointed him; as I have Mr. Chew in room of Mr. Fell.
When Mr. Atkin went from here he carried Mr. Gist and the Indian interpreter with him. Since several parties of Cherokees have been here, by which I and my officers were involved in inconceivable trouble, as we had neither an interpreter, nor a right to hold conferences with them; nothing to satisfy their demands of things of which they were in the greatest need; nor liberty to procure them. These warlike, formidable people, altho they seem to have a natural strong attachment to our interest, will, I am afraid, be induced by such treatment to hearken to the pressing solicitations of the French, who (by the latest and best accounts, copies of which I enclose) are making them vastly advantageous offers. The Chief of the Cherokee party, who went last to the Branch, (and is said to be a man of great weight among that nation), was so incensed against what he imagined neglect and contempt, that, had we not supplied him with a few necessaries, without which he could not go to war, he threatened to return, fired with resentment, to his nation. In short, I dread that, by the present management of Indian affairs, we are losing our interest of that people, the preservation of whose friendship is of the last importance to the colonies in general, and this in particular.
I am sorry to acquaint your Honor that Hamilton, the quartermaster hath misbehaved egregiously, embezzling and disposing, (in a clandestine manner) of some of the regimental stores, and afterwards running away and carrying a man of the regiment with him. He had leave to go to Alexandria, to order up some of the stores left there, and managed his affairs with such cunning, that he was gone too long to be pursued, before he was suspected.
Enclosed is a copy of the proceedings of the court of enquiry. Several things were found at many different houses, and the magistrates did not behave consistently with their duty.
I do not know, that I ever gave your Honor cause to suspect me of ingratitude, a crime I detest, and would most carefully avoid. If an open, disinterested behavior carries offence, I may have offended; because I have all along laid it down as a maxim, to represent facts freely and impartially, but no more to others, than I have to you, Sir. If instances of my ungrateful behavior had been particularized, I would have answered to them. But I have long been convinced, that my actions and their motives have been maliciously aggravated.
As your Honor proposes to leave the colony in November, I should be glad of liberty to go down to Williamsburg towards the last of this month, or first of the next, if nothing should intervene, to settle some accounts with your Honor and the Committee, which may not be done in so satisfactory a manner after you are gone.79
[Note 79: "I cannot agree to allow you leave to come down here at this time. You have been frequently indulged with leave of absence. You know the fort is to be finished, and I fear when you are away little will be done; and surely the commanding officer should not be absent when daily alarmed with the enemy's intentions to invade our frontiers, and I think you are in the wrong to ask it. You have no accounts that I know of to settle with me; and what accounts you have to settle with the country may be done at a more proper time."-- Dinwiddie to Washington, Oct. 19, 1757. The copyist (in 1785) of this letter in the "Letter Book" was more than usually careless. The two instances of writing New Hampshire and "maliciously aggravated" (pp. 140 and 141) are evidence of this. Dinwiddie's letter is in the Washington Papers, and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 216.]
The last alarm occasioned a great many of the inhabitants in this county to go off, whereupon vast numbers are still moving. I fear that, in a short time, this very valuable valley will be in a great measure depopulated; and what farther steps to take, and how to obviate so great a misfortune, I am quite at a loss. As I have hitherto neglected nothing in the compass of my power, it is very evident, that nothing but vigorous offensive measures, (next campaign,) can save the country, at least all west of the Blue Ridge, from inevitable desolation.
We are in great want of a Quartermaster to take care of the stores, and I really do not know of a fit person, unless your Honor will please to bestow the office upon Mr. Kennedy. He acted sometimes as Quartermaster-sergeant, then as Commissary, and I believe is better acquainted with the duty than any one we can get. He bears a good character and is acquainted with figures.
The Dunkard doctor gave me notice of his intentions to wait upon your Honor again for his release, I in a late letter transmitted an information of the French deserters (who came from Fort Cumberland) against them, and think it my duty further to add, that I firmly believe they are employed as spies, and are useful to the French. Of this, all the frontier inhabitants seem convinced, and are so apprehensive of the consequences that it has caused numbers to remove, and will cause a general terror among them, if this person is suffered to return and the others to remain out there. For which reason I should really be glad to receive orders to bring the others in. 'Tis better, provided they do not assist the enemy, to bring them in, than to keep a whole country in perpetual uneasiness on their account.
Mr. Rutherford set about making his return, the moment your Honor's letter came to hand, and but this instant has finished it, having everything to measure and weigh, in order to be exact.
Since writing the foregoing, the express, which I sent to Major Lewis, is come in, and brings returns of those companies; so that your Honor will now receive proper monthly returns of our strength for July and August; by which you will see, that our total strength amounts to thirty-two commissioned officers, forty-eight noncommissioned, and seven hundred and three rank and file; whereof twenty officers, thirty non-commissioned, and four hundred and sixty-four rank and file, are employed in this county and Hampshire. But there are always six women allowed to a company, who draw provisions; and the officers receive more or less according to their respective rank, as your Honor would see by the estimate I received from Colonel Stanwix, and enclosed you some time ago; which must be allowed for in the calculation.
I have this instant received letters from Captains Waggener and McKenzie, by express. The first writes that two men were killed, [or] captured about 2 miles from his fort. The other says that a Cherokee party just as they were setting out to go to Captn. Waggener's heard that Pearis was at Fort Cumberland and marched to him.
Fort Loudoun, October 8, 1757.
Dear Sir: I am favored with an opportunity by Mr. Livingston, to acknowledge the receipt of your agreeable favor of the 19th ultimo; and to inform you of a very extraordinary affair, which has happened at this place, namely, the desertion of our quartermaster. This infamous fellow, as he has proved himself, after having disposed, in a clandestine manner, of many of our regimental stores, being called upon to settle his accounts (not that I, or any officer in the regiment, had the least suspicion of the scene of roguery he was carrying on), pretended, that he could not come to an exact settlement without going to Alexandria, where some of the stores yet lay. Several of our soldiers deserting at the same time, (being the time when Lt. Campbell called upon you) he was sent in pursuit of them, which (for we had no doubt of his honest intentions) afforded him the desired opportunity of making his escape. He was ordered too to take Alexandria in his return. His villainy was not laid open, before his departure, and was at last only accidentally discovered. This person John Hamilton had been several years a sergeant in one of his Majesty's regiments, in which character he served three years under me. During that time he gave such signal proofs of his bravery and good behavior, as bound me, in honor and gratitude, to do something for him. And I therefore got him promoted to be quartermaster, as he was acquainted with the duty, and capable, (I thought,) of discharging it.
We have had several visitations from the enemy, and much mischief done, since my last to you. About the 17th ultimo there were upwards of twenty persons killed only twelve miles from this garrison, and notwithstanding I sent a strong detachment from hence to pursue them, and ordered the passes of the mountains to be waylaid by commands from other places, yet we were not able to meet with these savages.
On Friday se'nnight, a body of near or not quite a hundred fell upon the inhabitants along the great road between this place and Pennsylvania, got fifteen more. The mischief would have been much greater, had not an officer and twenty men of the regiment, who were then out, fallen in with and engaged the enemy. Finding, however, that his party was overpowered, and like to be surrounded, he retreated to a stockade, not far distant, in which they were besieged for three hours; but the firing communicated an alarm from one habitation to another, by which means most of the families were timely apprised of their danger, and happily got safe off. Our party killed one Indian, (whose scalp they obtained,) and wounded several others.
I exert every means in my power to protect a much distressed country, but it is a task too arduous. To think of defending a frontier as ours is, of more than three hundred and fifty miles' extent, with only seven hundred men, is vain and idle, especially when that frontier lies more contiguous to the enemy than any other. I am, and have for a long time been, fully convinced, that, if we continue to pursue a defensive plan, the country must be inevitably lost.80
[Note 80: From the time that the Virginia Regiment was organized it had been Colonel Washington's opinion that an offensive war should be kept up against the enemy. In this sentiment Governor Dinwiddie agreed with him, and he urged upon Lord Loudoun the advantage of an expedition against Fort Duquesne. But the great operations at the north absorbed his lordship's attention, and he placed the whole southern frontier upon the defensive. Hence the enemy made perpetual inroads, committing murders and ravages. Considering the weak state of the garrison at Fort Duquesne, a large portion of which had been withdrawn to defend the Canada borders, it was deemed an object of easy attainment, as no doubt it was, for Colonel Stanwix, with his 500 Royal Americans, in conjunction with the Virginia and Maryland troops, to seize that fort. This would have effectually put a stop to all the savage depredations. But such were not his orders, and nothing was done. The Indians were emboldened by this inactivity, and the frontier inhabitants were molested in every quarter.-- Sparks.]
You will be kind enough, Sir, to excuse the freedom with which I deliver my sentiments, and believe me to be, (for I really am,) with unfeigned truth and regard, your most obedient, humble servant.
N.B. These constant alarms and perpetual movements of the soldiers of this garrison, have almost put a stop to the progress of the public works at this place.
October 9, 1757.
Honble. Sir: As I wrote to your Honor fully by Jenkins, have little more to add, than the affair hinted at in my last, on the conduct of the magistrates here, which (from what I can collect) appears to me to be of a most extraordinary nature and whose substance is, or nearly, as follows, vizt.:
From the Court of Enquiry upon the Quartermaster's affairs, and from the credit which the tippling house keepers (with which Winchester abounds) gave to many of the Soldiers, we had reason strongly to suspect, that some there had received and concealed some of the Stores, arms, &c., belonging to the Regiment: and upon application, Justice Speake issued his search-warrants. But Thomas Wood, Constable, refused to execute them, from various frivolous pretences: nor was there one in the town who wou'd act even pro tempore: So that affair must have been dropped, had not Mr. Alexander Wood, now a merchant here, genteelly offered his service, and executed the Warrants with indefatigable assiduity. Enclosed is a copy of his return. The goods, and the people at whose houses they were found, were brought before Mr. Speake, who, being a young Justice, desired the assistance of Captn. Thomas Swearingen, one of the representatives of the County, and a man of great weight among the meaner class of people, and supposed by them to possess extensive knowledge.
Mr. John Lindsay, another Justice, likewise sat on this affair; and after having examined the goods and people brought before them, Mr. Swearingen sagaciously determined that the affair must be further tried at Court; the other two Justices readily coincided in opinion with him; and accordingly, without giving any other judgment or taking any security for the appearance of the delinquents, tho' many of them have few obligations to common fame for their character, they dismissed them by telling them they must appear at the next Court. When that period arrived, I ordered Captn. Stewart to apply to Mr. Gabriel Jones for his advice and assistance, as I conceived that procedure of the Magistrates not only to be absurd and irregular but expressly illegal. Enclosed is a copy of what he did, and advised, taken in writing and signed by himself.81
[Note 81: Gabriel Jones's opinion is entered in Washington's "Letter Book" immediately preceding this letter.]
Mr. Jones further advised me, to transmit to your Honor an account of the whole; and observed, that you no doubt wou'd direct the Attorney General to prosecute the Magistrates, as bringing a suit against them in this court wou'd not avail for this end.
I have taken every precaution I cou'd possibly suggest, to prevent the Soldiers of this Garrison from having any dealings whatever with the inhabitants of the town; and have issued the strictest orders against their parting with any of their clothes, arms, &c.; and moreover several severe examples have been made of those detected in the breach of those orders. But from the all alluring temptations of liquor, &c., many ventured to transgress, and the fear of consequent punishment, induced them to desert.
Were it not too tedious, I cou'd give your Honor such instances of the villainous Behavior of those Tippling-Housekeepers, as wou'd astonish any person; but the little I have already said, will suffice to convince your Honor, that it is impossible to maintain that discipline and do that Service with a Garrison thus corrupted by a set of people, whose conduct looks like the effect of a combination to obstruct the Service, and frustrate the methods pointed out for their own preservation. And when some of those practises were at length proved, the laws made for the punishment of such gross offences, trifled with by the Magistrates, in the manner the above fact and the enclosed will render conspicuous: I could [not] believe did I not see it, that these are the people of a country whose bowels are at this juncture torn by the most horrid devastations of the most cruel and barbarous enemy.
But enormities of this kind have got to such a height, that nothing, I fear, but your Honor's interposition in ordering those Magistrates to be brought to Justice, and appointing others from whom more may be hoped, can prevent the worst of consequences to a (seemingly) infatuated people.
The enemy did not so much mischief in their last irruption as was at first apprehended. Ten of those who were missing, and supposed to be killed or captivated, have since appeared.
The party of the regiment that was out with Captain Lewis suffered greatly in point of clothes and necessaries. From the first intelligence Captain Lewis received of them he imagined the enemy's numbers trifling and inconsiderable; and, in order to better his chance of coming up with them, stripped and ordered his men to follow his example. In that condition he soon overtook them, but was obliged to make a very precipitate retreat, the enemy getting near the fort almost as soon as he did. He has applied to me in behalf of his men, to get them supplied out of the public stores, for what they lost; but as I had no directions in such case, cou'd not let them have any thing, altho' I thought they deserved it. They have likewise applied for the reward of the scalp they took, which I have sent your Honor, and hope they will by Mr. Byrd's return receive it which will greatly encourage them. Enclosed is a copy of Doctr. Ross's Letter respecting the provisions at Fort Cumberland. I am, Sir, &c.
October 23, 1757.
Sir: You are immediately to proceed from hence with the party of Cherokee and northern Indians now here, to Captain Waddell's fort, or the nearest Garrison (otherwise) in N. Carolina, taking the safest and best road.
When you arrive there, you are to deliver them over to Captn. Waddell, or the Officer commanding the Garrison, at which you shall deliver them.
In your march you are to use your utmost endeavours in getting the Indians accommodated with provisions and other necessaries. You are to be particularly careful to procure those necessaries on the best terms; keeping the most exact accompts of all your disbursements; and taking receipts for every farthing you pay.
After having delivered over the Indians, you are to apply to him for some deserters from the Virginia regiments, which I am informed he has entertained; and of which you have herewith a list.
Shou'd he hesitate at delivering them up, you are to demand his reasons for so illegal a proceedure in writing. It being not only expressly contrary to an Article of War; but evidently detrimental to His Majestys general interest: and which I will not fail to represent to the Commander in Chief. But shou'd he deliver them up (as I am apt to believe he will) you are to apply to him for an Escort for them to the first Garrison in this Colony.
You are to make the greatest expedition, and rejoin this Garrison as soon as the nature of the service, to which you are now ordered, will admit.
[Note 82: Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania.]
Fort Loudoun, October 23, 1757.
Sir: Your favour Inclosing Sir William Johnson's Letter, I had the Honour to receive Yesterday between four and five P.M. at which time the Indians therein spoke of arrivd here. About the same hour to day they depart; Escorted by an Officer whom I have chargd with the care of conducting them to the first Garrison in Carolina.
I have bought of the bearer, Mr. James Innis, the Horses which conveyd them hither, and which he tells me, he was Instructed to sell. All other necessary Expences arising in their March through this Colony, I shall pay in behalf of this Government. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
[Fort Loudoun], October 24, 1757.
Honble. Sir: Your favour of the 19th instant was delivered to me this evening.
The raising a company of Rangers, or augmenting our strength in some other manner, is so far necessary, that without it, the remaining inhabitants of this (once fertile and populous) valley will scarcely be detained at their dwellings 'till the Spring. And, if there is no Expedition to the westward then, nor a force more considerable than Virginia can support, posted on our frontiers (if we still adhere to our destructive, defensive schemes,) there will not, next campaign I dare affirm, be one soul living on this side the Blue Ridge the ensuing autumn; unless it be the Troops in Garrison, and a few inhabitants of this town, who may shelter themselves under the protection of this fort. This I know to be the immovable determination of all the settlers of this County; which to give a more succinct account of than I cou'd in writing, was the principal among many other reasons that induced me to ask leave to come down. It was not to enjoy a party of pleasure I wanted leave of absence; I have been indulged with few of those, winter or summer! I must here add, that an incredible number of Inhabitants has fled in consequence of the two last incursions of the Enemy, of which your Honor has already been advertised. And that I have taken indefatigable pains, and found it no easy task to prevail on the bulk of the country to wait the consultations of this winter, and the event of this Spring. I do not know on whom this miserable and undone people are to rely for redress. If the Assembly are to give it to them, it is time that measures were concerting; if we are to seek it of the Commander-in-chief, it is time our grievances were made known to him: for as I before said, another campaign, such as was the last, will depopulate this country. Then let the consequences be considered, where are we to get supplies of provisions for our armies, when this valley which is the only support of them, is entirely abandoned to an Enemy, which by that means will be entirely possessed of every thing necessary to pursue their conquest; and that the adjacent counties will fly much faster than this, not being half so well settled, is a fact indisputable.
I shall also add, what I did not in my last (lest it shou'd be thought I spoke from prejudice) that Captain Hogg is the most unfit person in the world, to raise and command a company of Rangers. He in the first place is generally disliked, were he not, he has neither activity, spirit or knowledge enough of the woods, to answer this end. And again, the men most proper for such an undertaking would be backward to enlist under him, fearing his discipline; whereas, I conceive, a person in some degree upon a level with themselves wou'd have it in his power to engage for the good pay which is offered, huntsmen, who have been used to arms from their childhood, and in a particular manner acquainted with the country from which many have been drove.
These are my reasons against Capt. Hogg, and in behalf of some such person as Mr. Rutherford, to whom I have no particular attachment, or desire to serve. He refuses to accept of the second command.
I have expressed my sentiments upon this latter, as well as the first affair, with the utmost candor and sincerity; in doing which I conceive I have done no more than my duty. The whole is submitted to your Honor's better judgment.
Yesterday arrived here the Indians spoken of in the enclosed (copies of letters which came with them to me) I purchased four Horses, bridles, and saddles, for £14., and send them off to-day, escorted by an officer who is charged with the care of conducting them thro' this Colony. The Cherokees that were on the Branch, are on their return to their nation, having left this for that purpose several days ago. They met (about 8 miles beyond Fort Cumberland) a party of Indians under command of a French cadet, whom they engaged. The French cadet was killed and scalped, his orders found, which Captain Dagworthy detained, without even sending me a copy of them. I understand, however he was ordered to take a view of Fort Cumberland and then proceed into the Inhabitants, to kill, captivate, and lay waste the country.
Mr. Kennedy I shall appoint in the place of Mr. Hamilton. I am, &c.
P.S. Your Honor has not mentioned what pay the officers commissioned and non-commission'd, are to have.
I cou'd settle the provisions in dispute at Fort Cumberland, with Doctor Ross upon no other terms than these; He is to replace the flour and so much of the beef as the Marylanders used at this place, and to pay for the flour and beans. The remainder of the beef I must have transported to the Branch.
Fort Loudoun, October 25, 1757.
Sir: I applied to the Governor for leave to come down in order to settle my accounts before he left the country, and to represent the melancholy situation of our distressed frontiers, which no written narrative can so well describe, as a verbal account to a judicious person inclined to hear. In a verbal account, the questions resulting from one relation beget others, 'till matters are perfectly understood; whereas the most explicit writing will be found deficient. But his Honor was pleased to deny his leave, thinking my request unreasonable, and that I had some party of pleasure in view.
I have, in a letter by this conveyance, endeavored to set in as clear a point of light as I am able, the situation of our frontiers, and the disposition of the inhabitants, to the governor; and shall endeavor also, in as succinct a manner as possible, to make you sensible of both.
In doing which it will be necessary to observe to you that the inhabitants of this fertile, and (once) populous valley, are now become our most western settlers, save the few families that are forted on the Branch; that the enemy have, in great measure, ceased committing hostilities on the Branch, and fallen upon the people of this valley; and that a considerable part of them have already removed. This, by persons unacquainted with the country, and the enemy we have to deal with, may be attributed to the cowardice of the inhabitants, or inactivity of the soldiers, but by others it will be imputed to neither. No troops in the universe can guard against the cunning and wiles of Indians. No one can tell where they will fall, till the mischief is done, and then 't is in vain to pursue. The inhabitants see, and are convinced of this, which makes each family afraid of standing in the gap of danger; and by retreating, one behind another, they depopulate the country, and leave it to the enemy, who subsist upon the plunder. This, Sir, is a matter of fact which you may depend on from me; and further, if we pursue a defensive plan next campaign, there will not, by autumn, be one soul living on this side of the Blue Ridge, except the soldiers in garrison, and such of the inhabitants as may seek shelter therein. This, Sir, I know to be the immovable determination of the people; and, believe me, when I tell you, that I have been at great pains, before I could prevail on them to wait the consultations of this winter, and the event of spring.
I do not know on whom those miserable, undone people are to rely for redress. If the Assembly are to give it to them, it is time that measures at least were concerting, and not when they should be going into execution, as has always been the case. If they are to seek it from the Commander-in-chief, it is time our grievances were made known to him; for I cannot forbear repeating again, that while we pursue defensive measures we pursue inevitable ruin, the loss of the country being the inevitable and fatal consequence. There will be no end to our troubles, while we follow this plan, and every year will increase our expense. This, my dear Mr. Speaker, I urge not only as an officer, but as a friend, who has property in the country and is unwilling to lose it. This it is, also, that makes me anxious for doing more than barely represent, which is all that is expected of an officer commanding.
It is not possible for me to convey a just sense of the posture of our affairs. It would be vanity to attempt it. I, therefore, content myself with entreating you to use your influence to prevent such delays, as we have hitherto met with, if you think this affair depends upon the Assembly. If you conceive the Assembly have done what they are able, and that recourse must be had elsewhere, I am determined, as I will neither spare cost nor pains, to apply to Colonel Stanwix (who commands on this quarter, with whom I am acquainted, and from whom I have received several kind and affectionate letters,) for leave to wait on him with an account of our circumstances.
Through these means, perhaps, we may be able to draw a little of Lord Loudoun's attention to the preservation of these colonies.
Pray let me have your sentiments83 in respect to these affairs. I have not time to put my thoughts on these matters in a proper
[Note 83: The speaker, at the conclusion of his answer to this letter (November 3), after mentioning the governor's intended departure, writes: "We have not yet heard who is to succeed him. God grant it may be somebody better acquainted with the unhappy business we have in hand, and who, by his conduct and counsel, may dispel the heavy cloud at present hanging over this distressed and unhappy country. Till which happy event, I beg, my dear friend, you will bear, so far as a man of honor ought, the discouragement and slights you have too often met with, and continue to serve your country, as I am thoroughly convinced you have always hitherto done, in the best manner you can with the small assistance afforded you." Robinson's letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p.230.] dress. The bearer is in waiting, and I am in other respects hurried. But the truth of what I have asserted, believe me, is unquestionable; as well as that I am, with the most affectionate regards, your most obedient servant and friend.
Fort Loudoun, November 1, 1757.
Sir: Your favour of the 25th. ultimo was delivered me to-day. If you had been more explicit in relating the circumstances of the abuse you were pleased to complain of, I shou'd have been better enabled to judge of the fact. But, after confessing, as you have done, that you made no enquiry at all into the affair, I am not more surprized at your making the complaint, than I am at a loss how to redress it.
I hope you will do me the justice to belive, that I never countenance commissioned, much less non-commissioned, Officers, or private men, irregular and disorderly Behaviour: especially in matters that may interrupt the good harmony subsisting, or which ought to subsist between troops of the different Governments. It hath been my study to cultivate unanimity and a quiet correspondence among them, and to prevent every thing which might have had a contrary tendency.
Henry Williams, the Sergeant, of whom you complain, belongs to Capt. Lewis's Company, and is posted not far from your Garrison. If, therefore, you will produce testimony of this outrage to his Captain, he will see that satisfaction is made to the injured party. The enclosed directs you there. I am, Sir,
Fort Loudoun, November 5, 1757.
Sir: Duty to my Country, and his Majesty's interest, indispensably requires, that I again trouble your Honor on the subject of Indian affairs here; which have been impeded and embarrassed by such a train of mismanagement, as a continuance of which must inevitably produce the most melancholy consequences.
The sincere disposition the Cherokees have betrayed to espouse our cause heartily has been demonstrated beyond the most distant doubt; and, if rewarded in the manner in which that laudable and meritorious disposition entitles them to, wou'd, in all human probability, soon effect a favorable change in the present (apparently) desperate situation of this poor, unhappy part of his Majesty's dominions.
But, in the stead of meeting with that great encouragement, which the esential services of that brave people undoubtedly merit, several of them, after having undergone the rudest toils and fatigues of an excessively long march, destitute of all the conveniences and almost necessaries of life, and, (to give us still more convincing proofs of their strong attachment to our interest) in that very situation went to war, and in the way behaved nobly (from which we reaped a signal advantage,) and when they returned here, with an enemy's scalp, baggage and other trophies of honor, they must have gone home without any kind of reward or thanks, or even provisions to support them on their march, justly fired with the highest resentment for their real-treatment, had not I and my officers strained a point, procured them some things, of which they were in absolute want, and made it the object of our care, in various respects, to please them.
Another party of those Indians since very opportunely arrived to our assistance, at the very juncture the enemy made an irruption into this settlement, pursued their tracks, came up with three of them, two of whom they scalped, and wounded the third. They are now returned from this pursuit, and are nearly in the same situation with those abovementioned. I applied to Captain Gist in their behalf, and told him I must represent the matter to your Honor. But he assures me that he has neither goods to reward them, money to procure them, or even an interpreter, which totally incapacitates him for doing any kind of service. If so (which I have no reason to doubt) it is surprising, that any man shou'd be entrusted with the negotiating of such important affairs, and not be possessed of the means to accomplish the undertaking. By which he, and several others, who received high pay from Virginia, are not only rendered useless, but our interests with those Indians is at the brink of destruction. Whenever a party of them arrive here, they immediately apply to me; but I have neither any thing to give them, nor any right to do it. Nor is there anybody to inform them to what these and their other disappointments is owing; which reduces me to such a dilemma, as I wou'd most gladly be extricated from.
I must likewise beg leave to mention to your Honor once more the vast hardships, many of the people groan under here, having been so long kept out of the money, which the country owes them on account of the Indians. When I proposed going down to Williamsburgh, many of them brought their accounts to me, which I intended (had you given me liberty,) to have laid before your Honor. I mention this circumstance, not with any view of being employed in examining and paying off those accounts, (which for many reasons I can by no means undertake,) but in hope that your Honor will be pleased to give directions to and denominate some person for that purpose, for the neglect of which so many poor people greatly suffer.84 I am, &c.
[Note 84: This was Washington's last letter to Governor Dinwiddie. In his answer (November 14) Dinwiddie expressed surprise at Edmund Atkin's failure to manage the Indian affairs properly. He gave orders to send up the Indian goods required and sailed for England in January, 1758.
Colonel Washington was now laboring under an indisposition, which shortly increased to an alarming illness. He left the army at the pressing request of Doctor Craik, his physician and intimate friend through life, and retired to Mount Vernon, where he was reduced so low by dysentery and fever that it was more than four months before he was able to resume his command. Dinwiddie wrote to Captain Stewart (November 15): "The violent complaint Col. Washington labors under gives me great concern, it was unknown to me or he shou'd have had leave of absence sooner, and I am very glad he did not delay following the Doctrs. advice, to try a change of air. I sincerely wish him a speedy recovery." This letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 239.]
[Note 86: A merchant of Bristol, England.]
Mount Vernon, December 26, 1757.
Sir: Your favour of the 28th. September came to hand the 20th. Inst't. My Goods, that is, such part as you have sent me I am told will be round from Rappahannock River shortly. I can't help expressing great concern, and some Surprize at your not sending the following Articles, which were Included in an Invoice sent the 18th. Jan'y last, the Receipt of which you acknowledge. (viz)
These are Articles Sir, I greatly wanted, and must now be oblig'd to buy in the Country for this years use at exorbitant prices and that perhaps after sending over good part of the Country before they can be procur'd.
On board the Nugent Only I have 14 Hhds. Tobo. of the best Mountn. Sweetscented; your best endeavours in the Sales will be exerted I hope in my favour. Tobo. of the like kind, sent by my acquaintances to the London Market commands great prices, and this of mine made upon the same sort of Land as theirs is and handled equally as Neat will, I flatter myself, sell full as high in that of Bristol.
The Nett proceeds of this Latter, and Ball'e of the former Tobo. please to pay to Mr. Rich'd Washington of London, who is directed to draw upon you to the amount. Please also to Insure one hund'd pounds on the 14 Hhds., a Sum much less than the value of the Tobacco but I choose to risk part; I doubt not of hearing from you soon and receiving Accounts of Sales, and Acct. Curr't. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, December 26, 1757.
Dear Sir: I have been under concern for sometime past at your long Silence; and have been put to many Shifts, and some Expence for want of my Goods: I have wrote you several times and address'd Copies, to which be refer'd.
I have now to inform you that finding no Ships for London and despairing of oppertunities of consigning to yourself; I have put on board the Nugent Only, Captn. Copythorne for Bristol, fourteen Hhds. of best Sweet Scented Tobo. (this years Crop) and Consign'd them to Mr. Knox who I have drawn upon for some few things and desir'd him to pay the Ball'e of this as also of some former Tobo's into your Hands. I shall Ship more in the first Vessells for London or elsewhere if I find the Markets favourable; I hope you will take the first oppertunity of sending me (if you have not already done it) all the Goods which, from time to time I have wrote for, and Inclose at the same time my Acct. Curr't. I am, with great Esteem, etc.
Mount Vernon, January, 1758.
Sir: I wrote to you on the 26th. and 30th. Ulto. and Address'd Copies Since which I have receiv'd my Bill of Lading for 14 Hhds. Tobo. one of which is Inclos'd. I have also receiv'd my Goods from the Recovery, and cant help again complaining of the little care taken in the purchase: Besides leaving out one half, and the most material half too! of the Articles I sent for, I find the Sein is without Leads, Corks and Ropes which renders it useless;87 the Crate of Stone ware dont contain a third of the Pieces I am charg'd with, and only two things broke, and every thing very high Charg'd. It wou'd be in my power, cou'd I be upon any degree of certainty that my Tobo. wou'd suit the Bristol Market, to Ship you a pretty large Quantity annually, but I apprehend the quality and Management will scarce meet an adequate price; what I have on board the Nugent is of this sort, and all of the present Years growth; the Sales of which will probably determine my future Shipp'g. If I can get any of my Tobo. Rents88 in time enough for your Ships I shall recom'd them to your Care also.
[Note 87: The seine was for the Potomac fishing, the fish runs being utilized by Washington to lay up a stock of fish for food for his slaves as well as for sale. The catches weresalted down in barrels and formed one of the staples of the negroes' food.]
[Note 88: The tobacco Washington received from tenants upon his lands in the Shenandoah Valley and elsewhere.]
In my last I desir'd two pair of Work'd Ruffles at a guinea each pair; if work'd Ruffles shou'd be out of fashion send such as are not, and to the things wrote for in my last add these following viz.
Your sending these things together with those wrote for in my last by the first Vessel will very much Oblige, I am,
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1758.
Dear Sir: I wrote you a Letter of the 26th. Ulto.; since which I have had an oppertunity of seeing the great damage China is apt to come to in its transportation to this Country (unless much care is us'd in the Package) which has determin'd me to desire you if this gets to hand time enough for that purpose, to send me instead of what was directed in a former Invoice 2 doz'n Dishes (properly sorted) 2 doz'n deep Plates and 4 doz'n Shallow Ditto that allowance may be made for breakage, pray let them be neat and fashionable or send none.
I shall be very glad to send my Goods by the first opertunity; together with a true state of the Accts. between Us. I am, etc.
[Note 89: John Blair was born at Williamsburg, Va., in 1689 and died there Nov. 5, 1771. He was long a member of the House of Burgesses, member of the council, its president in 1757--58, and Acting Governor of Virginia in 1768.-- Ford.]
Fredericksburgh, January 30, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: Hearing of the Governor's departure for England; I think it a duty incumbent on me to inform your Honor, that I lingered a long time under an illness, which obliged me to retire from my command (by the Surgeons advice, and with the Governors approbation) and that I am yet but imperfectly recovered from it: which is the cause that detains me from my Duty.
I have many accompts to settle with the country committee, and should be glad to obtain leave to come down for that purpose now. This being the proper season, as our Frontiers are quiet. I also want to receive money, for contingent Expences, before I return to Winchester; as there are several demands of the Public, that I shou'd be glad robe provided against. And further I shall, at that time, have an opportunity of laying before your Honor, a state of the frontier Settlements; a matter worthy of great attention; as the well being of the people depends upon seasonable and well-concerted measures for their defence!
If your Honor has any Orders for the Troops under my command, please to favor me with them, and they shall be forwarded up; while I come down myself, for the purposes aforesaid. I am, with great Esteem, etc.
Fredericksburg, January 31, 1758.
Honble. Sir: I wrote to your Honor yesterday. Since which your favor of the 25th is come to hand, I am greatly distressed to know what conduct to observe with regard to the Indians that are coming to our assistance. I would notwithstanding the ill state of health I am in, go directly to Winchester, cou'd I flatter myself that the Service wou'd reap any real advantage from it; but as I am not entrusted with the management of Indian Affairs, farther than directing their war-route's (and even here, they are governed by caprice and whim rather than by real design), I am of opinion, I should only share in Mr. Gist's embarrassments, without rendering him, the desired assistance. Because, if he informs me rightly, he is in no wise prepared for the reception of such a party, either with arms, or proper goods, and how he can be timely supplied with either, I know not. But this I am certain of; that were I on the spot, all their disappointments would be attributed to me, as they look upon the commanding officer to be culpable in all those cases.
Never was any thing more unlucky, perhaps, than these Indians coming at this time, having very little to apprehend, and the season being too rigorous to admit of incursions into the Enemy's country. If they were sent out to war, it is more than probable that they would return to their nation as soon as they came in; by which means we should need their assistance in the Spring, when they would be of infinite service in offensive or defensive measures; and to feed and clothe them thro' the winter, if they could be prevailed with to stay, would be at; tended with great expence.
Upon the whole, it appears to be a very ill judged step, the sending them in at this time and an affair of so much importance, that I do not care to meddle in it, without particular instructions from your Honor.
I have dispatched a special messenger to Mr. Gist, apprizing him of this matter, and shall wait at this place for your Orders, as to my own conduct. I am, &c.
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: I set out for Williamsburgh the day after the date of my letter by Jenkins; but found I was unable to proceed, my fever and pain encreasing upon me to an high degree; and the Physicians assured me, that I might endanger my life in prosecuting the journey. In consequence of this advice, I returned back to this place again, and informed your Honor of the reason of my detention by the Post, whom I met with on the road, and who I have since understood, never lodged my letter in the Post-office at Fredericksburgh; which is the cause of my writing this second one to the same purport. Whenever I shall be sufficiently able to attempt the journey again, I can not say: but shall delay no time after I am in a condition to perform it. I am your Honor's &c.
Mount Vernon, March 4, 1758.
My Dear Colonel: Your favors of the 13th January and the 24th ultimo, with the extract of a letter from Lord Loudoun, were this day delivered to me. In the latter you condescend to ask my opinion of Major Smith.90 Pray, does not his plan sufficiently indicate the man? Can there be a better index to his abilities, than his scheme for reducing the enemy on the Ohio? and his expeditious march of a thousand men to Detroit? Surely, he intended to provide them with wings to facilitate their passage over so mountainous and extensive a country, or what way else could he accomplish it in?91
[Note 90: Maj. John Smith.]
[Note 91: Colonel Stanwix replied (March 10): "have been favored with your obliging letter, and find your judgment tallies with Lord Loudoun's and mine, in regard to Major Smith's wild scheme."]
I am unacquainted with the navigation of the rivers he proposes to traverse, and, consequently, cannot be a competent judge of his scheme in this respect; but the distance is so great, and that through an enemy's country, that, I candidly confess, it appears to me a romantic plan, in general, that may exist in the imagination, but cannot be executed. For, if we are strong enough to attempt the reduction of the Ohio, what necessity is there for our making such a circuitous march, and leaving Fort Duquesne behind us, which is the source from whence flow all our ills? And if we are too weak to attempt this place, what have we not to dread from leaving it in our rear?
These, Sir, are my sentiments upon Major Smith's plan. With regard to the person, if I have been rightly informed, he actually had a commission to command a ranging company, and obtained it by making promises, he never could comply with. He was adjudged, by persons better acquainted with him than I am, to be quite unfit to command even a company, and lost the Block-House, in which he commanded, by suffering his men to straggle from it at pleasure, which the Indians observing, took advantage of his weakness, and attacked him at a time when he had no men in his works. It is, nevertheless, agreed on all hands, that he made a gallant defence, but I never before heard of any capitulation that was granted to him.
I have not had the pleasure of seeing Major Smith, though I have been favored with a letter from him, in which he politely professes some concern at hearing of my indisposition, as it prevented him from seeing me at Winchester; but desires, at the same time, that I will attend him at his house in Augusta, about two hundred miles hence! or in Williamsburg by the 20th instant, when, I suppose, he intends to honor me with his orders.
I have never been able to return to my command, since I wrote to you last, my disorder at times returning obstinately upon me, in spite of the efforts of all the sons of Æsculapius, whom I have hitherto consulted. At certain periods I have been reduced to great extremity, and have now too much reason to apprehend an approaching decay, being visited with several symptoms of such a disease.
I am now under a strict regimen, and shall set out to-morrow for Williamsburg to receive the advice of the best physicians there. My constitution is certainly greatly impaired, and as nothing can retrieve it, but the greatest care and the most circumspect conduct, as I now have no prospect left of preferment in the military way, and as I despair of rendering that immediate service, which my country may require from the person commanding their troops, I have some thoughts of quitting my command, and retiring from all public business, leaving my post to be filled by some other person more capable of the task, and who may, perhaps, have his endeavors crowned with better success than mine have been. Wherever I go, or whatever becomes of me, I shall always possess the sincerest and most affectionate regards for you; being, dear Sir, your most obedient and obliged humble servant.92
[Note 92: Washington set out for Williamsburg, Va., the same day he wrote this letter, where he consulted Doctor Amson on March 15. He seems to have received the proper treatment, for he was able to be back to his command at Fort Loudoun April 5. The assembly passed an act (April 7) to augment the forces of the colony to 2,000, besides the three companies of rangers. A bounty of £10 was to be paid to every new recruit to serve only till December. The Second Virginia Regiment was organized, and William Byrd appointed its colonel. By the same act all the Virginia forces were to be united, by direction of the president, or commander in chief, to such troops as should be furnished by his Majesty, or by the other colonies, for a general expedition against the enemy, and were to be subject to the orders of the commanding officer of his Majesty's forces in America. Washington was placed in command of the two regiments with the title of brigadier.]
Williamsburg, March 18, 1758.
Dear Sir: Since my last of the 8 Jan'y I have receiv'd your favour of the 9th. of Septr. proceeding together with an Invoice and Acct. Currt.; but the carelessness of the Captn. prevent'd their coming to my hands till near Six Weeks after his arrival: and the Goods got home but a few days ago. I suppose I shou'd not have receiv'd them at all, had I not been at great pains and expence myself to send them up. So unaccountably Indolent is Captn. Dick! The Powder I have not receiv'd; and the Cyder was all lost.
The China came without any breakage, for which Reason I must counter order the addition to it desir'd in my last, and instead thereof beg you'll send me a Sumpture Saddle,93 Bridle &ca. cornpleat for Furniture; with a sett of Holster Caps and a housing of fine blew Cloth, with a small edging of Silver Embroidery round them. My expectation of a large Crop of Tobo. has fallen greatly short; However, besides those you have an Acct. of already, I shall put on board a Vessel of Mr. Grymes's to your Consignment about 15 Hhds. which I hope you will make the most of; and least she may (being a very large Ship) lye sometime in the Country I shall remit you a Bill of Exchange, so soon as I can meet with a good one, of about £50 or 60; which with my other remittances and the £50 Insurance sav'd in the Integrety Captn. Thompson may go to my Credit.
[Note 93: A packsaddle.]
I have been much afflicted by Sickness since last Fall, and am not yet recover'd, but hope I am now in a fair way of regaining my health; I shou'd always be glad to hear of your prosperity and am, etc.
March 18, 1758.
Sir: If this reaches you in time, it is intended to prevent your purchasing the Saddle and Furniture, and two pair Work'd Ruffles desir'd in a Letter of the 30th. of Dec'r last; and instead thereof send me 60 Ells of Sheeting at about 4/pr. Ell. I am, etc.
On the road to Winchester, April 2, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: The Bearer, unfortunately pursuing me, insted of continuing on from Fredericksburgh (when he heard that I had passed that place, in my way to Alexandria) is the cause of the enclosed being detained so long from your Honor. The business which carried me by Alexand'a, was partly of a public and partly of a private nature; and I embraced this opportunity of accomplishing both, doubting whether another might offer, before I should be obliged to take the field.
The enclosed papers contain matters of a most important and interesting nature. The subject is explicitly handled; for which reason I shall urge nothing more on it, than to recommend, in the most pressing and submissive manner, the necessity of providing for the reception of our Indian Friends. The consequence of inviting these people to our assistance, and their finding us so unprepared when they come, may be destructive of our Interest; it being the cause already of much murmuring and discontent. These people are too sensible of their importance, to be put off with vague promises. I do not know at whose expence those numerous parties of Indians are to be furnished, whether at the charge of the Southern Colonies in general, or this Government in particular? But of this I am fully satisfied, that, until such time as the indian Agent, or some other person, is invested with Power, and the means also of laying in suitable necessaries for them; we shall never be in a condition either of fitting them for war, or giving them content. For, although much money hath been laid out for Goods to present them with yet those presents have been so injudiciously chosen, that, when they have been offered to the Indians, they have laughed at, and refused them. I have no other motive for representing this matter so freely to your Honor, than as the Assembly are about to sit, that those Inconveniences, if the should appear such, being fully represented, may be redressed.94
[Note 94: Blair answered this (April 9) by informing Washington that he had sent up £1,500 worth of Indian goods and paid £500 in the discharge of debts for what was already due for such supplies.]
I have now, Sir, to apologize for my paper, &c. The Bearer overtook me on the road within less than a days ride of Winchester; and being unwilling to detain the enclosed put into the first house to dispatch him, which was unprovided with paper; except such as could be taken from a Book; and such is made use of by your Honors' Most obed. Servant.
Winchester, April 5, 1758.
Dear Sir: Captn. Whiting is arriv'd and my Letters by him are come to hand, but not the Goods: the latter I apprehend is in bad order as I understand the Captn. enter'd a protest immediately upon his arrival. The Locks and Hinges I fear are slight if I am to judge from their Sizes and price. The Sword pr. Captn. Nicholson I have receiv'd.
The Inclos'd is a Bill of Excha. for £100 Sterlg. 60 of w'ch the Cash is receiv'd must go to the Credit of Lord Fairfax. Mr. Carlyle will send the other's of the same Tenor and write fully on the matter; I lodg'd the other day £72.10 with Field'g Lewis Esq'r to buy me a Bill of £50 and hope you will receive that also in a very short time as he had hopes of purchasing of Mr. Hunter upon Lyde of London.
You will perhaps think me a crazy fellow to be ordering and Counterordering Goods almost in a breath. It was but the 18th. Ulto. from Williamsburg that I wrote you Via Bristol, advising the arrival of my Goods pr Captn. Dick and desiring you wou'd desist sending me the China wrote for in a Letter of the 8th. Jan'y and in lieu thereof to send me a compleat sett of Horse Furniture I must here beg you will forbear sending either as I am now provided with the latter but dispatch the following things by the first Ship bound to any part of Virginia (Viz)
A Compleat hunting Saddle and Bridle with two neat Sadle Cloths to cost 40/ the whole.
As much of the best superfine Blue Cotton Velvet as will make a Coat Waistcoat and Breeches for a Tall Man with a fine Silk button to suit it and all other necessary Trimmings and Linings together with Garters for the Breeches.
Six pr. of the very neatest Shoes (viz) 2 pr. double Channel pumps; 2 pair turn'd Ditto and 2 pr. stitch'd Shoes to be made by one Didsbury on Colo. Bailers Last but to be a little wider over the Instep
Six pair Gloves, 3 pr. of w'ch to be proper for Riding and not to have Stiff Top's; the whole larger than the middle size.
I shou'd be extreamely glad to have the above things in as soon as possible. If they go either to York or James River, recommend the Package to Peyton Randolph Esq'r Attorney Genl. Wms'burg and he will see that they are forwarded. This Letter is intended to go by the Packet from New York, and the Post is just setting out for that place which prevents my adding more than that I am, etc.
P.S. You are pleas'd to Dub me with a Title I have no Pretension's to, that is, the Hon'ble.
Fort Loudoun, April 9, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: Since my last of the 2d. instant, nothing remarkable has occured: But, having an opportunity, by the Sheriff of this County, I enclose your Honor returns of the Regiment for the months of January and February.95 Those for March, are not yet come to hand from the several out-posts; for want of which a general return can not be made. About 400 Indians had come to this place before I arrived, and the most of them
[Note 95: These returns, dated Feb. 1 and Mar. 1, 1758, are in the Washington Papers.] (accompanied by some Officers and Soldiers) are gone out to War. One hundred and forty more are expected in to-day, and numerous other parties we hear are upon their march to join us: So that Colo Byrd96 will, in a manner, find the Business done to his hands, when he gets to their nation; if he proceeds that length. I wish we may be able to detain those People still: but I fear it will be a difficult matter, without an early campaign, of which I am sorry to see so little prospect. I shall impatiently expect your Honors' Instructions about assembling the Regiment; as it will be of great service to have them rendezvous some short time before they enter upon the Campaign, many things being requisite to prepare, which can not be so well accomplished whilst we remain in the present dispersed situation. Indeed it is necessary for the ease of the Troops; some of them having a march to perform of more than 200 miles before they join the main Body of the Army, if it shou'd even happen at this place. I have written to Major Lewis concerning Captn. Hogg, as your Honor desired. I am with great Respect, etc.
[Note 96: Col. William Byrd, who had been appointed to the command of the Second Virginia Regiment, was also commissioner to the Cherokee and Catawba Indians.]
Fort Loudoun, April 10, 1758.
Dear Sir: Permit me, at the same time I congratulate you, (which I most sincerely do) upon your promotion, you have met with and justly merited, to express my concern at the prospect of parting with you.97 I can truly say, it is a matter of no small regret to me! and that I should have thought myself happy in serving this campaign under your immediate command. But every thing, I hope, is ordered for the best; and it is
[Note 97: Colonel Stanwix had been promoted to brigadier general. He was ordered to a station between the Mohawk River and Lake Ontario, where he built Fort Stanwix.] our duty to submit to the will of our superior. I must, nevertheless, beg, that you will add one more kindness to the many I have experienced, and that is, to mention me in favorable terms to General Forbes, (if you are acquainted with that gentleman,) not as a person, who would depend upon him for further recommendation to military preferment, for I have long conquered all such expectancies, (and serve this campaign merely for the purpose of affording my best endeavors to bring matters to a conclusion), but as a person, who would gladly be distinguished in some measure from the common run of provincial officers, as I understand there will be a motley herd of us.
Nothing can contribute more to his Majesty's interest in this quarter, than an early campaign, or a speedy junction of the troops to be employed in this service. Without this, I fear the Indians will with difficulty be restrained from returning to their nation before we assemble, and, in that event, no words can tell how much they will be missed. It is an affair of great importance, and ought to claim the closest attention of the commanding officer; for on the assistance of these people does the security of our march very much depend.
There should be great care taken, also, to lay in a supply of proper goods for them. The Indians are mercenary; every service of theirs must be purchased; and they are easily offended, being thoroughly sensible of their own importance. Upwards of five hundred are already come to this place, the greatest part of whom are gone to war. Many others are daily expected, and we have neither arms nor clothes (proper) to give them. Nor, indeed, is it reasonable to expect, that the whole expense accruing on account of these people should fall upon this government, which hath already in this as well as in many other respects, exerted her utmost abilities for his Majesty's interest, and, in the present case, shares only an equal proportion of the advantages arising from Indian services.
These crude thoughts are hastily thrown together. If you find any thing contained in them, which may be useful, be pleased to improve them for his Majesty's interest. The latitude which you have hitherto allowed me, joined to my zeal for the service, has encouraged me to use this freedom with you, Sir, which I should not choose to take unasked with another.
If it is not inconsistent, I should be glad before I conclude to ask what regular troops are to be employed under Brigadier-General Forbes, and when they may be expected? Also, where they are to rendezvous?
Fort Frederic,98 I hear, is mentioned for this purpose, and, in my humble opinion, a little improperly. In the first place, because the country people all around are fled, and the troops will, consequently, lack those refreshments so needful to soldiers. In the next place, I am fully convinced there never can be a road made between Fort Frederic and Fort Cumberland, that will admit the transportation of carriages. For I have passed it with many others, who were of the same opinion; and lastly, because this is the place to which all Indian parties, either going to, or returning from war, will inevitably repair.
[Note 98: The ruins of Fort Frederick still exist. It was built by Governor Sharpe in 1755, on the Potomac, about 50 miles east of Fort Cumberland and 14 miles west of Conococheague, now in Washington County, Md.]
I am with most sincere esteem, dear Sir, your most obedient and obliged humble servant.
[Note 99: Quartermaster general of the forces under General Forbes.]
Fort Loudoun, April 12, 1758.
Sir: Your favor of the 7th. from Philadelphia, I had the honor to receive this Evening. It gave the Officers at this place and myself, very sensible pleasure, to find your sentiments correspond with ours, on the measures taken with the Cherokee Indians. And we are not less pleased, to find you determined to interest yourself in the well-ordering of those important affairs, on the good regulation of which so much depends.
Great pains have already been taken to encourage the Indian scouts to preserve their prisoners. Some Officers and volunteers of the Regiment have gone to war with those Parties for this salutary end: But the hard frosts, and exceedingly deep snows upon the Alleghany mountains, have forced the most of them back again.
I have directed Mr. Gist, Deputy-agent for indian Affairs, to transmit you an exact return of the number of Indians that have marched from this to war; what now remain here, and such as he has undoubted reason to expect; together with a succinct account of indian affairs in general; that you may be thereby enabled to judge of our situation, and to inform General Forbes of it.
As yet, I have received no Orders from Mr. Blair on the head you mention, nor have we received any advice of the arrival of our two Companies from Carolina. A return of our strength for February, and how that strength was disposed of, is enclosed. The returns from the out-posts for March, are not yet come to hand, but I believe little alteration has happened since February. Those men returned upon command, are small parties detached among the country people, to encourage them to plant: without this precaution, the whole country wou'd have been depopulated. So soon as it shall suit your convenience to come up, we shou'd think ourselves happy in seeing you here; in the meantime, I shall communicate your desires to the Farmers on the score of Forage and Waggons; but I do not think that much dependence should be placed on them for either. The cold and backward Spring has caused a scarcity of provender; hay especially, and the country does not much abound in Waggons.
We are highly delighted at the prospect of seeing Sr. John once more among us. The officers have desired me to testify this in their behalf; and very heartily join with me to offering their compliments to you. I have the pleasure to be, etc.
Fort Loudoun, April 12, 1758.
My Dear Halket: Are we to have you once more among us? And shall we revisit together a hapless spot, that proved so fatal to so many of our (former) brave companions? Yes! and I rejoice at it, hoping it will now be in our power to testify a just abhorrence of the cruel butcheries exercised on our friends, in the unfortunate day of General Braddock's defeat; and, moreover, to show our enemies, that we can practise all that lenity of which they only boast, without affording any adequate proofs at all.
To cut short, I really feel a degree of satisfaction upon the prospect of meeting you again, although I have scarce time to tell you so, as the express is waiting.
I am with most sincere regard, dear Sir, yours, &c.
Fort Loudoun, April 12, 1758.
Dear Sir: With a great deal of sincerity I thank you, for the notice you have been pleased to take of Mr. Hall. And, if possible, I more sincerely congratulate you upon the promotion you have justly met with, yourself.1
[Note 1: Gage had been promoted to colonel of the Eightieth Foot.]
I wou'd now, altho' I think modesty will scarcely permit me to ask it, beg the favour of you to mention me to Gen'l Forbes (if you are acquainted with that Gentleman:) I mean not, Sir, as one, who has favors to ask of him; on the contrary, having entirely laid aside all hopes of preferment in the Military line, (and being at present induced to serve this Campaign from abstract motives purely laudable.) I only wish to be distinguished in some measure from the general run of provincial Officers, as I understand there will be a motley herd of us! This, I flatter myself, can hardly be deemed an unseasonable request, when it is considered, that I have been much longer in the Service than any provincial officer in America.
I most sincerely wish you success in whatever Enterprize you may go upon; and with the most affectionate regard, I am etc.
Fort Loudoun, April 17, 1758.
Honble. Sir: An unlucky, but unavoidable accident happened in the neighborhood of Patterson's fort the other day.
The proceedings of an examining court of officers on that occasion (which are herewith sent) will bring your Honor acquainted with the circumstances. I caused a very strict enquiry to be made into the conduct of Mr. Chew, that equal justice might be done to the dead and to the living; and it appeared that Mr. Chew had acted with great spirit and activity in pursuing the tracks of those people; and that in shooting them (altho' it was unlucky in the event) he had done nothing that was not strictly warrantable, Lane and Cox appearing both in dress, disguise and behavior, to be no other than Indians.2
[Note 2: Capt. John Baker's letter to Washington describing this unfortunate affair of mistaken identity, dated Apr. 10, 1758, is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 276.]
I think it incumbent on me to be informed by your Honor, how the regiment under my command is to be furnished with tents, ammunition, cartridge-paper, and many other requisites, that may be wanted in the course of the campaign. We expect it is here to be furnished with all those articles from his Majesty's stores, but it is necessary for me to learn this from your Honor.
Captain Joshua Lewis, of the Virginia regiment has applied to me for leave to resign, urging as a reason, that his interest lies in the navy, and if longer neglected, it may be very detrimental to him. He has therefore obtained my consent to do so, and my promise of mentioning the thing to your Honor.
Captn. Lt. Thomas Bullet will in this event, by seniority, succeed to his company; which with the death of Lt. Milner, and the removal of Mr. Wm. Henry Fairfax to the northward, cause two or three vacancies (to be filled up, I hope, by the volunteers who have served for that purpose) and some promotions of Ensigns to Lieutenants, which will require at least half a dozen blank commissions. I therefore beg the favor of your Honor to send them to me; and you may depend, that in filling them, I shall have strict regard to justice, and will act conformably to the rules of the army. I have, at this time, four or five blank commissions of Govr. Dinwiddie's signing, but they are now useless.
The last Assembly, in their Supply Bill, provided for a chaplain to our regiment, for whom I had often very unsuccessfully applied to Governor Dinwiddie. I now flatter myself, that your Honor will be pleased to appoint a sober, serious man for this duty. Common decency, Sir, in a camp calls for the services of a divine, and which ought not to be dispensed with, altho' the world should be so uncharitable as to think us void of religion, and incapable of good instructions.
I now enclose a monthly return for March, and am, honorable Sir, your most obedient, humble servant.
Fort Loudoun, April 18, 1758.
Sir: Your letter of the 13th addressed to Captain Bullet, came to my hands about an hour ago. I have not words to express the great pleasure I feel, at finding General Forbes and yourself so heartily disposed to please the Indians, who are our steady friends and valuable allies.
Mr. Gist will send you a return of the number of Indians who have come to our assistance, of what nations they are composed; how many are gone to war; and what number is yet expected in; and I shall enclose you a return of the Virginia Regiment, for the month of March last.3 The Indians seem hearty in our cause, and full of spirits at the prospect of an Expedition, which they have long been wishing for. But I fear the rendezvous of the troops at the mouth of Conogochieg will give them some disgust; because from long use, this place is become perfectly known and familiar to them; and it is here they repair upon every occasion. Here, also all their scouting parties, that are gone to war, will return, and at this place, the earliest intelligence of occurrencies on the frontiers, will always arrive.
[Note 3: This return is in the Washington Papers.]
I have taken great pains to encourage all that have gone to war, since my return here to take each a prisoner; and if they should get more than one, to keep them asunder; which they have promised to do.
That part of your letter relative to the building flats, I have communicated to Lt. Smith, and we shall endeavor to get plank and other materials in readiness; but at the same time I must observe, that all the men of this garrison are employed (by authority of this government) in finishing the works here; and I do not know how far my conduct may be justified in withdrawing them from them, as I have received no order from the President to regard any instructions but his own.
I now flatter myself, that this settlement will be able to furnish a pretty number of waggons, and willingly; but what quantity of forage may be had, I am unable to say. I have, however, made your desires known to the people on this occasion.
I have advice, that our Assembly have voted 2,000 men for the expedition; which are to be commanded by General Forbes, besides militia, for the security of the frontiers; and that they have also voted an additional fund of £6,000 for Indian expences.
Your express with letters of the 7th came safe to this place, on the 12th in the Evening, and was dispatched early next morning. I am, &c.
Fort Loudoun, April 21, 1758.
Sir: I do not yet know, whether any of the Levies raised by the newly appointed Officers, in consequence of the late Act of Assembly, will fall to our share; and as we want about 130 men to complete the Virginia Regiment, I earnestly recommend, that you will use the most efficacious means in your power to recruit your quota in Augusta, and its Borders: Farther than this District I wou'd not have you send Officers recruiting, as they must be ready to join you as soon as the Troops are ordered to this place. I have no money to send you for this purpose (which is a misfortune) but you may give the Recruits the strongest assurances, in my name, that they shall, upon their arrival at this place, receive each man £10 and a suit of Clothes, advantage of the Recruits for the New Regiment. I would have you send Lt. Crawford4 directly to this place; he is well acquainted in those parts, and I hope from such encouragement, will be able to pick up some clever fellows.
[Note 4: Lieut. John Crawford.]
I have so often, and earnestly recommended the due practice of the Soldiers in their Exercises, that it is needless, I hope, to urge it again to [you] in this letter. But I must desire, that you will take great pains to get all your Arms straightened, and the men taught to shoot well at Targets, as that is an highly necessary qualification in our Service.
I offer my Compliments to Captn. McNeill, and all the Officers, and am, Sir, etc.
[Note 7: Forbes was in command of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. He was of the Seventeenth Foot and had been Lord Loudoun's adjutant general.]
Fort Loudoun, April 23, 1758.
Sir: Permit me to return you my sincere thanks for the honor you were pleased to do me, in a letter to Mr. President Blair: and to assure you, that, to merit a continuance of the good opinion you have therein expressed for me, it shall be one of my principal studies. I have no higher ambition than to act my part well, during the compaign, and, if I should thereby merit your approbation, it would be the most pleasing reward, for the toils I shall undergo.
It gives me no small pleasure that an Officer of your experience, abilities, and good Character, should be appointed to command the Expedition, and it is with equal satisfaction I congratulate you upon the promising appearance of a glorious campaign.
The Indians seem to anticipate our success, by joining, thus early, with 700 of their Warriors; of whose good inclinations to assist His Majestys Troops, Captn. Bosomworth,8 who held a conference with their Chiefs, can fully inform you; and to whom I shall refer. There are two things, however, which I must beg leave to indicate as likely to contribute greatly to their ease and contentment. To wit, an early campaign, and plenty of Goods: These are matters which they often remind us of, both in their public Councils, and private Conferences.
[Note 8: Capt. Abraham Bosomworth.]
I have received no Orders yet to assemble the dispersed Companies of the Virginia Regiment; some of whom are 200 miles distant from this: So that I fear, we shall make a shabby appearance at the General Rendezvous. We are very much in want of Tents, having none with which to encamp the Regiment when it assembles; and this fort can not yet furnish Barracks, or the Town, quarters for it. I am Sir, with very great respect, etc.
Fort Loudoun, April 24, 1758.
Sir: Your letter of the 19th instant, intended to come by Colonel Stephen, was delivered me to-day about noon by express. As there are several matters contained in it of an interesting nature, I chose to be aided in my determinations by the advice of my officers, and have enclosed your Honor their and my opinion on the several heads.
I could by no means think of executing, (willingly,) that discretionary power, with which you were pleased to invest me, of ordering out the militia.9 It is an affair, Sir, of too important
[Note 9: This power of drafting the militia, with which the forts were to be garrisoned while the regular troops were employed in the expedition, was conferred equally on the president of the Virginia council and the commander in chief; a substantial proof of the confidence reposed in the latter by the assembly. Washington called a council of officers on the subject, and, after viewing the matter in every light, it was the opinion that it was best to leave the ordering out of the militia to the president and council. The proceedings of this council are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 281.] and delicate a nature for me to have the management of; for much discontent will be the inevitable consequence of this draft.
Your Honor will no longer be at a loss for a return, after you receive my letter by Jenkins; and lest any accident may have happened to that, I herewith enclose another for the same month.
When the relief of our outposts in Augusta marches, Major Lewis, who commands on that quarter, should be advised thereof, and he will order them to their stations.
That was a most extraordinary request of Colonel Mercer, concerning the exchange of officers, and calculated, it would seem, rather to breed confusion, and to gratify his own vanity, than to benefit the other regiment.10 There is not an ensign there, that would not rather quit the service, than accept of a company in the other regiment, so much do they disapprove Colonel Mercer's proposal; and I have neither inclination nor power to force their compliance.
[Note 10: George Mercer was lieutenant colonel of the second, or new, regiment. The commanding officer was Col. William Byrd.]
Captain Rutherford's company was raised and posted on this quarter by Governor Dinwiddie's express orders, and can be more useful here, then any other men whatever, being all sons of the neighboring farmers, men of property, young, active, and entirely acquainted with the woods on these frontiers. Whereas, if they go to the southward, they will be utter strangers to the enemy's haunts, and of no more use there, than the militia of an adjacent county; while their places here must be supplied by militia equally ignorant of these woods as they will be of any others; besides giving them a useless march of two hundred miles, and exposing the frontiers in the mean time. Another reason may be urged; their property all lies in this county. Interested motives induced them to enlist, and to be vigilant in defending it, and, I believe, they would desert, rather than go to the southward.
If your Honor will please to remember, it was one among the last questions, I had an opportunity of asking, if I should send parties a recruiting? You replied, "that, as the Assembly was so near meeting, you would defer giving any directions on that head," and as I had no money for that purpose, I hope it will not seem surprising, that we have recruited but a few men since, and that I have been waiting for orders to complete the regiment. I shall now use my best endeavors, with what few officers, can be spared from the garrisons, (which will be very few, indeed!) dispersed as we are. I shall also be under a necessity of sending down for money to carry on this service; and should be glad that your Honor would order it to be ready immediately to prevent delay of the officer, who will set off to-morrow, or the next day after at the farthest. I am, &c.
April 24, 1758.
Sir: I have this instant, and not before, received Orders from the President to complete the Regiment under my command. But, as no money is yet come for that salutary purpose, I am at a loss how to act. However, that no time may be lost, or blame laid at my door; I desire that you will send as many Officers on this Service as can be spared from your command; and let them recruit about Fredericksburgh and the parts adjacent. You will no doubt take care to direct them, to enlist such men as will not finally be refused. Let the Officers give a little advance, and an order upon me for the balance of the levy-money, to each recruit; which shall be paid to them immediately upon their arrival. They are to enlist upon the same footing with the new raised regiment; with this advantage, to the recruit, that he will receive clothing immediately upon his coming here. For other necessary directions I must rely on you, being extremely hurried and not able (therefore) to write fully to you at this time.
I entreat you to forward a letter herewith sent, to the President, with the utmost expedition; not one moment should be lost. I am Sir, etc.
Fort Loudoun, April 25, 1758.
Sir: I received Orders yesterday from the President, to direct the Captains of the Virginia Regiment to complete their Companies, with all possible expedition, to 100 Rank and File. Ten pounds, bounty-money, are to be allowed to each recruit; the Officers (reasonable) Expences borne, and the men so enlisted, to be discharged, the first day of December next: which is greater encouragement than hath been given before; and I hope will be the means of procuring us the Complement we want, speedily.
I must desire, you will send an Officer or two to this place for the above purpose, if you can spare them; and use your utmost endeavours to pick up what able-bodied men you can upon the Branch. Inform all the Officers under your care, that this is expected of them; and strictly charge them to enlist no men but those entirely fit for the Service.
I have no money to send you, having received none from below; but if you can muster up a little for advance, you may give each Recruit an Order on me for the balance of his £10 and it shall be duly paid.
There is another encouragement which I forgot to mention at first, and that is; clothing, which they will receive.
Doctor Johnston is sent for down. I am, Sir, etc.
Fort Loudoun, April 26, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: Having wrote fully to your Honor on the 24th. past, I have little to offer at this time. I then thought to have sent an Officer for money but all of them that can be spared from the several Garrisons, must be employed in recruiting. I have therefore ordered Mr. Gist, a volunteer in my Regiment, to wait upon your Honor for this purpose.
I have not as yet received any returns from Colo. Stephen, but hear that he wants near 30 men to complete the companies he commands; if so, we shall, in the whole, want 150 men of our complement; to recruit which will require £1,500 levy money, besides officers expences, and other incidental charges, that must I dare say, amount to near £300 more. The £600 which I received on your Honor's warrant, for contingencies, is just expended, there being many more demands upon me than I could have apprehended, for waggonage and other services done the public in my long absence (which was occasioned by sickness.) An account of those payments, I shall send down by Mr. Boyd, about the first of next month, when he goes for the Regiments pay.
In the mean time I beg leave to assure your Honor, that I am, etc.
April 26, 1758.
Sir: I have this instant and not before, received the Presidents orders to direct the Captains of the 1st. Virginia Regim't to compleat their Companies with all possible expedition, to 100 Rank and file each. The enclosed is a copy of the Instructions which I have given the Officers sent out from this place. You may give the same to yours; with this only difference; that all the Officers you can possibly spare for this service, be directed to rendezvous, the 10th. of May, at Staunton, if you shall not have marched before for this place; and to follow you as fast as possible, if you have.
I have received no money yet to carry on this Service; but shall this day send down to Williamsburgh for some.
You are not to delay a moment in marching to this place, after you are relieved; and orders, I believe, are issued to the Militia for that purpose. Take great care to distribute the Militia properly, according to the numbers that may come out. l scarcely know what direction to give you about the Country Stores (ammunition and Tools, I mean) as I can not tell in what manner the Militia will be provided with those Things. The tools, I think, if they are not absolutely necessary there, ought to be brought to this place: as they certainly will be wanted here. The Pay-Master will appoint a time to meet your Companies pay-rolls at Staunton; and you must punctually observe it. I am etc.
April 27, 1758.
Dr. St. John: The Post calling suddenly upon me, only allows me time to acknowledge the receipt of your obliging letter (by Rinker) and to inform you, that I have received Mr. Presidents Orders, to obey any Command you shall be pleased to honor me with: also, to tell you, that the two Companies from Carolina were at Fredericksburgh, and may be expected here daily.11
[Note 11: These two companies, under the command of Lieut. Col. Adam Stephen, were returning from South Carolina, having been sent down to that colony by Governor Dinwiddie.]
I have made known the contents of your letter to Mr. Gist; who thinks himself extremely obliged by the care you have taken of Indian Affairs. We do all we can to keep them in temper, but I have still apprehensions that many of them will return home, if the Troops are long in Assembling; not on account of their treatment, but the nature of these people is such as induces them to retire with their first scalps.
It gave me real pleasure to hear you say, that my Company was desired by the General, Sr. John, and Major Halkett: I shall think myself quite happy, if I shall be able to return the good opinion they seem to entertain of me: for I have long despaired of any other reward for my Services, than the satisfaction arising from a consciousness of doing my Duty, and from the Esteem of my Friends. I am, with great regard, etc.
May 1, 1758.
Dr. Sir: The enclosed came to my hands, by Express, about five days ago; but as it was addressed to you, at this place, and I had hopes of seeing you here shortly, I shou'd have detained it 'till your arrival, had not Mr. Rutherford told me, you would make some stay at Lancaster, and desired that you might be directed to at that place, if any letters were sent.
Nothing particular hath occured since my last: I shall therefore embrace this opportunity of asking your advice how, and what sort of conveyancies I am to provide for carrying our regimental Stores, and Companys Baggage; and what allowance is made for those purposes? I should not have troubled you on this head, now, were I not afraid it may be too late when you arrive; and I should be sorry to be taken unprepared!
We are upon a queer establishment; the Country having made no provision for the expences of a march; but expect, and I believe are willing, that we should be governed in such cases by the Rules observed by the Regular Troops.
I am sorry to give you so much trouble at a time when I am sensible you are greatly hurried, and employed in more important affairs. But, the importunate enquiries of my Officers concerning those matters, have induced me to ask this favor. I never received Orders to recruit till the 24th. ultimo; and then had no money sent me for that purpose: However, I have sent down for the cash, and shall use my best endeavours to get the Regiment compleated to its establishment.
As our Detachments at the out-posts are to wait till the Militia relieve them I fear it will be some considerable time ere I get the Regiment together. The President gave me a discretionary power, to order out an equitable draught of the Militia; but it was so vague an one and attended with such delicate and peculiar responsiblity, that I do not incline to avail myself of it.12 I am, etc.
[Note 12: This determination was based upon the decision of a council of war of April 24.]
May 1, 1758.
Sir: I shall be much obliged, if you would provide for me, and send immediately to this place, by the Bearers waggon, the following articles: vizt.
As much green half-thick's, as will make indian-leggings for 1,000 men: if green can not be had, get white; if there is not enough of that, then get any other colour.
Two proper English pack-saddles, for carrying field-baggage on; and four wanteys [ sic] suited to ditto. Three leading-halters. A travelling letter-case, with stands for ink, wafers, &c. A pair of light shoe-boots, round toes, without linings, and jockey-tops made of thin, english calf-skin, by the enclosed measure. A hair-cloth, [trunk] to go under a field-bed. Half a dozen china cups and saucers.
Unless those articles come to hand speedily, they will be useless to me. Mr. White, I believe, can furnish the Leggings, if you have them not by you; and may be usefully employed in providing the other Things ( Boots and china excepted.) I sent a few weeks ago for 4 Pack-saddles; and the dutchman who undertook to procure them, brought common saddles, such as indian traders generally use, that were of little service to me.
Please to send your accompt with these things, and the money shall be paid to your order, or lodged with any person in this place, whom you shall think proper to direct.
I must beg to know how our paper money passes with you; for I suppose I shall be under the necessity of paying in that currency, having little of another kind with us.13 I hope you will excuse the liberty I have here taken, without first knowing whether it would be agreeable to you. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 13: Franks was in Philadelphia, and as each colony had its own currency Washington was asking the rate of exchange between the Virginia and Pennsylvania currency.
In the personal preparation for the campaign, the following entry, dated May 4, 1758, is found in "Ledger A": "By Cash sent Mrs. Fairfax to Pay Miss Dent for making some Shirts for me £3:12."]
Fort Loudoun, May 4, 1758.
Dear Sir: I have now had an opportunity of examining Ucahula, an Indian Warrior, who brought in the scalps mentioned in my last. His account is nearly the following:
That, about the 1st. of last month, Lt. Gist with 6 Soldiers, and 30 Indians, left the South-branch of Potomack-river; and after a tedious march, occasioned by deep snows on the mountains, they got upon the waters of Monongahela, where Mr. Gist, by a fall from a steep Bank, got lamed, and was rendered incapable of marching: That the white men and some Indians staid with him, and the remainder of the Indians divided into three small parties and proceeded, when he (Ucahula) with two others, went down the Monongahela in a bark-canoe, and landed on the north-side, not far from Ft. du Quesne.
That they lay concealed two days to make discoveries and, if possible to get a prisoner; but no favourable opportunity offering to accomplish the latter, they attacked a canoe in which two french-men were fishing; both of whom they killed and scalped, in sight of some other frenchmen, also a fishing.
This indians account of Ft. DuQuesne, corresponds with most others I have heard, vizt. that it is strong on the land-side, but stockaded only, where it faces the Ohio-river. It does not appear, from his information, that there are many men there, or that they have thrown up any New Works. He saw a party on the other side of the river, which he supposed to be newly come, because there were several canoes near them, and they seemed to be busy in putting up bark-huts, which however were not many; and only two Tents pitched. When he had got about 15 miles on this side of Fort du Quesne, he came upon a large indian encampment, and tracks, steering towards Virginia, and after the parties had joined and were marching in, Lt. Gist came upon a track of another large party, pursuing the same course. These parties have since fallen upon the back-inhabitants of Augusta-County, and destroyed near 50 persons, besides an Officer and 18 men, belonging to Captn. Hogg's ranging-company, who we suppose (for I have no advice from him) were sent to the country-peoples' assistance. As soon as I obtained notice of this, I ordered a Detachment from the Regiment, and some Indians, that were equipped for War, to march, and endeavour to interecept their retreat, if they are not too numerous. I have also engaged Ucahula, with a small party of brisk men, to go immediately for Ft. du Quesne, and try to get a Prisoner. He seems confident of success, and promises to be back in 20 days at the farthest.
The two Virginia Companies from Carolina, came to this place yesterday. Enclosed is a Return of their strength. I am etc.
Fort Loudoun, May 4, 1758.
Honble. Sir: The enclosed letter from Capt. Waggener, will inform your Honor of a very unfortunate affair.14 From the best accounts I have been able to get, there are about 60 persons killed and missing. Immediately upon receiving this Intelligence, I sent out a Detachment of the Regiment, and some Indians, that were equipped for war, in hopes of their being able to intercept the Enemy in the retreat. I was fearful of this stroke, but not time enough to avert it, as your Honor will find by the following account which came to hand just before Capt. Waggener's letter, by Captn. McKenzie:
[Note 14: The Indian raid on Augusta County, Va., backwoods inhabitants. (See Washington's letter to Sir John St. Clair, May 4, ante.)]
"Lieutenant Gist with 6 soldiers and 30 Indians marched the 2d of April from the South Branch; and after a tedious march (occasioned by the deep snows on the mountains) got on the waters of the Monongahela, where Mr. Gist was lamed by a fall from a steep bank, and rendered incapable of marching. The white people and some of the Indians remained with him; and the rest of the Indians divided themselves into three parties and separated. Ucahula and two more went down the Monongahela in a bark canoe and landed near Ft. Duquesne, on the no. side, where they lay concealed for two days. At length an opportunity offered of attacking a canoe, in which were two French men fishing; those they killed and scalped in sight of two other canoes with French men in them, and came off safe.
"When he got about 15 miles on this side Ft. Duquesne, he came upon a large Indian Encampment, from the size of which, and the number of tracks, judged to be at least 100, making directly for the frontiers of Virginia, as they again discovered by crossing their tracks."
At present I have nothing more to add to your Honor, having written several times lately on matters, to which I have received no answer.
I had wrote thus far, and was going to send off an Express with this melancholy account, when I received advice, that the Particulars relative to those murders had been transmitted from Augusta, to your Honor. I thereupon thought it most advisable to postpone sending 'till I should receive answer to my several letters by Jenkins and Mr. Gist; which I was accordingly honored with, the 7th and last night.
May 10th. After due deliberation on your Honor's letter of the 2d by Gist, I am of opinion, that the number of Militia you have ordered for the defence of the Posts, to be evacuated by the regiment, will be sufficient, unless the completing the works at this place should be thought necessary.
As it can not be supposed that the Enemy will attempt any formidable inception after the march of our army; and as to the depredations to be feared from their small scalping-parties, it would be out of the power of thrice the proposed number (or indeed of any number) effectually to prevent them. But, as you are pleased to desire my opinion, I beg leave to offer a few, things relative to the disposition you propose.
I humbly conceive therefore, that it would be infinitely more for the interest of the service, to order the 100 from Prince William to the South Branch, and continuing Rutherford's company in its present station, making this its headquarters. For, as that company is perfectly acquainted with all that range of mountains, extending from the Potomack to the Augusta Line, and thro' which the Enemy make incursions into this settlement, they could with greater facility obstruct their inroads and assist the inhabitants of this valley (of whom they themselves form a very great part) than those who are ignorant of the ground. The militia from Prince William, equally know the Branch and this vicinity, and therefore may be supposed to do as much there, as here; whereas moving Rutherford's there, would be stripping them of those essential advantages which they may derive from their thorough knowledge of these parts, and removing them from defending their immediate rights (the sole motive of the enlisting).
One half of this company, were it continued here, might be constantly ranging, and the other left in this fort, which is centrical to their present station.
It the works here are to be completed, which from their great importance I should think highly necessary, in that event, an additional number of 60 or 80 good men from the militia, for that particular service, would be wanted; and I do not know any person so capable of directing the works as Major Joseph Stephen, of Caroline County. He formerly had the overlooking of them, and managed with remarkable industry.
A part of the militia ordered for the Branch should take post at Edwards's (on Cacapehon) and at Pearsalls, for the security of convoys passing from hence to Fort Cumberland.
I really do not know what method can be practised to compel the country people to deliver up the public arms, unless there could be a general search in every county.
Governor Dinwiddie, if I remember right, issued two or three proclamations ordering them in, to no purpose.
With regard to opening the roads, I think it would be most advisable to postpone all attempts, 'till Sir Jno. St. Clair's arrival, as he is expected so soon. For Pearsalls, altho' it is the most convenient road for the Virginia, may not be used by the northern troops; as I understand their rendezvous is ordered at Fort Frederick in Maryland. This may also (altho' I cannot yet absolutely say) render garrisons at Edwards and Pearsalls, useless, unless it be a few to preserve the forts and the families gathered into them.
As several of our best sergeants were made officers in the Carolina Regiment (besides some other vacancies in that Rank) parting with 10 for the use of the new Regiment will be a very great hardship at this juncture.
We are likewise short of our number of Drummers, and many of those we have are raw and untutored. As the General expects not regularity from the new levies, well knowing how little any attempts towards it, in a short time, would avail; I can not help being surprized at their requesting your Honor to give direction for doing what would be of no real service to the new Regiment, and would be of vast prejudice to that I have the honor to command.
In consequence of your orders for completing the Regiment (with all possible despatch) by recruiting, I sometime ago sent all the officers I could spare to those parts of the Country where there is the greatest probability of success and furnished them with all the money I had, and directions to draw upon me for whatever sum they might want for that service. I likewise engaged some of the most popular of the country gentlemen to recruit for me, giving them the same liberty to draw upon me. Well knowing the difficulty of getting any tolerable number in a short time, I exerted myself in prosecuting every measure, that afforded a prospect of success, having then not the least reason to doubt of being duly supplied with money: But how great is my surprise at that paragraph of your Honor's letter, that you can not send me any for that service. As I had immediate demands upon me, which I put off until Mr. Gist's arrival, I consulted with my officers about applying the £400, sent for contingencies, towards these demands; and enclose you their opinion on that head; and I must earnestly request, that you will be pleased to fall upon some measures of sending me 800 or 1,000 £ more; as your honor, the honor of the Colony, as well as mine, and the officers, together with that of those gentlemen above-mentioned, who I have employed, is so nearly and immediately interested in the completion of those engagements, which I have, in consequence of your orders, entered into. Surely it cannot be imagined that I can pay the money (if I had it to deposit) out of my own private fortune; nor does the shortness of the time, nor the circumstances I am under, admit of any other alternative.
I will chearfully bespeak, and can easily procure, the Stage Horses you desire; when furnished with money for that purpose.
As Jno. Berry was made a soldier (how legally the Court of Officers &c, that sent him can better declare) I must think it not only repugnant to law, but to the articles of War, and the customs of the army, to allow him to enlist in any other corps; for, by this means, if there were no other bad consequences attending it, he defrauds the Country of double-bounty-money.
I shall make a prudent use of the power you have been pleased to give me, respecting the issuing orders to the parties of militia.
Your favor of the 3d by Mr. French Mason, I have just been presented with; and would gladly have appointed him Ensign in the regiment, had not the vacancies been disposed of, in the following manner, before it came to hand, vizt.:
Capt. Lt. Bullet, to Joshua Lewis's company, Mr. Duncanson, oldest Ensign, to the Lieutenancy occasioned by this removal: and Mr. Thomas Gist and Mr. Allen, volunteers, and John McCully and John Sallard, worthy Sergeants, (all of whom had served a considerable time with credit and reputation) to be Ensigns. I had likewise before the receipt of yours, promised Major Hire,15 of this County, a gentleman of good
[Note 15: Probably John Hite, of Frederick County, Va., referred to as Colonel Hite.] character, the Colors that would become vacant; upon the event of Colo. Mercer's Company being filled up; as he in consideration, had engaged to recruit 50 men, for the service which I then thought would be a vast advantage. I am, &c.
Fort Loudoun, May 11, 1758.
Dear Sir: I am this day favored with yours of the 4th instant, and would have thought myself extremely culpable and deficient in my duty, had I delayed one moment in transmitting to the General any intelligence I could procure; much less such a material one as that he has had information of. I must, therefore, beg that you will, from me, assure the General, the Catawbas have not this year brought in one prisoner or scalp to this place, nor indeed to any other that I ever heard of. There hath been no prisoner taken by any of our friendly Indians this season, and no scalps, except the two taken near Fort Duquesne by Ucahula, of which, and all the intelligence of the enemy in that quarter, which that young warrior was able to give, I, by the last post, sent to the General a full and circumstantial account. Nor would I have failed to have kept him duly informed of every interesting occurrence, even had it not been recommended to me.
It gave me no small uneasiness when I was informed of there solution which some of the Cherokees had made of wandering towards the Indian settlements in Maryland and Pennsylvania, clearly foreseeing the bad consequences such a peregrination would produce. I therefore represented the matter to Captain Gist in the strongest manner, and must do him the justice to say, that nothing in his power was left unessayed to prevent it. But our efforts proved ineffectual, as those two provinces last year, very impolitically I humbly conceive, made those Indians presents, and encouraged their returning thither this spring. And such is the nature of Indians, that nothing will prevent their going where they have any reason to expect presents, and their cravings are insatiable when there is any farther prospect of getting a benefit.
I and my officers constantly have, and always will pay, the strictest regard to every circumstance, that may contribute to put and keep the Indians in a good humor. But, as Governor Dinwiddie ordered me not to meddle or interfere with Indian affairs on any pretence whatever, the sole management of them being left to Mr. Atkin and his deputy Mr. Gist, and those orders never having been countermanded, neither I, nor my officers, have adventured to do any thing relative to them, but in a secondary manner through Mr. Gist.
The Raven warrior was on a scout,16 in which he was unsuccessful. On his return hither, he produced two white men's scalps, which he brought from his own nation, and wanted to pass them for the enemy's, taken in his unsuccessful scout. In this villany he was detected by the other warriors, who were highly offended at so base a deceit, and threatened to kill him for it. A consciousness of his guilt, and a dread of being called to a severe account by his own countrymen, were the reasons which many of them assigned for his going away in so abrupt (but by no means dissatisfactory) a manner to the English. As Captain Bosomworth was here transacting Indian affairs, under the immediate orders of the Commander-in-chief, when the Raven warrior returned and was detected, I only wrote in mine to General Forbes superficially on the subject, referring
[Note 16: From Fort Frederick, in Maryland.-- Ford.] to Captain Bosomworth for particulars imagining it more properly belonged to him to do so.
It gives me infinite pleasure, that the General seems (by the great pains he takes) to be so well satisfied of the importance their services will be of; but cannot help being under some uneasiness that it will be almost impracticable to keep them until they will be wanted. They say that they did not leave home with an intention of staying any considerable time, that they can see no appearance of our being soon able to take the field, that staying any time for our assembling, and afterwards for our slow motions, would detain them too long from their own nation; but that they would go home and be back again by the time they are wanted. These and many things to the same purpose are used by must of the parties that come in from war, as reasons for going off; and altho' we have (here) done every thing in our power to remove these objections and to prevent their going, yet a party of 25 Cherokees went off this morning. But on receipt of your letter I followed them, told them it was from the General, and by its assistance at last prevailed on them to return. Yet I dread that unless they see the troops assemble soon, it will be very difficult if not impossible to retain any number of the Cherokees, altho' nothing in my power will be wanting to prevent their leaving us, which might be of the most fatal consequences to this part of the continent.
Enclosed is my return for April, but you will please to observe that Captn. Woodward's is made out from his last, as his great distance from hence puts it out of his power to send it in due time.
I beg you will inform the General, that I shall, with great alacrity, obey all the orders, with which he may honor me with. In the mean time, I am, with unfeigned regard, dear Halkett, yours, &c.
Fort Loudoun, May 11, 1758.
Your favor of the 7th. from York, I had the pleasure of receiving last night.
The Raven Warrior, with 30 others (some of whom afterwards returned) left this place for their nation about the 24th. or 25th. of last month. I took no notice of it in my letters, because Capt. Bosomworth was here, a Superintendant (as he said) of Indian Affairs, when that party came in. He was in consequence made acquainted with the motives of their returning home, and set out the next day to report distinctly the situation of Indian Affairs (at this place) to the General; and proposed seeing you in his way.
You yet seem to be unacquainted with the villainy of the Raven warrior and his Party. I shall therefore inform you, that he brought two white mens scalps from his nation, and after making a small excursion from Fort Frederick in Maryland, endeavoured to impose them upon us for the enemy's scalps; but being detected, by the rest of the warriors, in this deception, and fearing the effects of their resentment (as it was a reflection upon their nation) he thought it proper to march off; but not before the Deputy-agent, who wou'd not seem to credit the account, gave him some Presents, to prevent bad talks (as they term evil reports) among his People.
Every kind of business which I have had with the Indians since June last, has been transacted thro' the Agent or his deputy. Because, first, I thought it might be attended with bad consequences for more than one to confer with them. And next, because I had Governor Didwiddie's express Orders, not to interfere in any shape, with their Affiars: but, upon receiving the General Orders on several matters relative thereto; I sent for Mr. Gist to communicate, them; when I was informed, that another party of 25 had set off homewards: I immediately followed them with the Interpreter; and with great difficulty brought them back. But I am notwithstanding under great apprehension, that no exertions in my power will prevent other parties of the Cherokees from returning home, unless the Troops assemble sooner than there seems to be a possibility of their doing.
I have, for a considerable time past had an Armourer to work repairing our Arms; and those you send will be a great assistance to him. I have engaged Lodgings for you at Mr. P. Buchby's, much the best House in this Town.
The Gentlemen at this Garrison, offer their Compliments and wishes to you. I am, etc.
Fort Loudoun, May 21, 1758.
Sir: Immediately upon receipt of this, you are to put a stop to Recruiting, and to call in all your Officers, who are employed on this Duty. You are not to receive any but good Men; and those to be according to the Instructions I sent to you.
I was in hopes that, by this time, your Companies would have been relieved, and you on your march for this place. I beg that you will not delay one moment after the Militia get to you. In the mean time, if you were to make out a list of such necessaries as (perhaps) may be wanted for your Companies, and send it by Captn. McNeill, or some other Officer to this place, the Things might be providing against your arrival, and prevent further delays when you shall get here.
I am sensible that your own good sense has sufficiently prompted you to study the nature of your Duty; but at the same time permit me (as a duty incumbent on myself) to recommend in the strongest terms to you, the necessity of qualifying yourself (by reading) for discharging the Duty of Major; a post that requires a thorough knowledge of the Service; and on the due execution of which, your own, as well as the Credit of your Regiment, greatly depends.
If you have any advice, or knowledge of the time you are to be relieved, inform me of it. I offer my Compliments to all the Gentlemen of your Command, and am, etc.
Fort Loudoun, May 24, 1758.
Sr. John St. Clair having, by virtue of a Power from the Commander in Chief for the Southern district, put the Troops of this Colony under marching Orders; and at the same time thought it necessary, that I should wait upon the President, to settle the Affairs of the two Virginia Regiments. You are therefore if no contradictory Orders come from a Superior Officer, to remain at this place; ready to execute any Instructions that may arrive for me.
For this purpose, you are to open all Letters that may come directed to me, on His Majesty's Service.
I expect you will be very diligent in having the Mens Arms and Clothes put in the best repair: and that every other necessary step, which time and circumstances will admit, be taken to equip them for the Field. As I expect the Detachment from the Prince William Militia (who were ordered to relieve this Garrison, but forgot their Arms) with which they will be furnished in a few days. You are, rather than suffer them to be idle, to send them toward Stoney-Creek (or any other distressed Settlement not very far off) until the Troops are ready to march from this place.
The Companies of the 1st. Regiment, as they arrive at this Garrison, are, every morning to be exercised by Battalion, with those now here, the remainder of the Day to be employed in mending their own Clothes, &c. if they can not get Taylors to do it for them fast enough. Perhaps a number of Taylors might be hired out of the Second Regiment, to assist in this Work.
You will see by my Orders (a copy of which I shall leave with you) what is expected from me by the General, and will regulate your conduct accordingly.
You are to cause the New Barrack to be covered in, and rough floors laid, as expeditiously as possible, for Lodgments to the Companies expected at this place. And you are to see that the Exercise we now use, be followed strictly.
I expect Sir Jno. St. Clair will send a parcel of Powder-horns and shot-pouches to this place. Out of these, all the Soldiers of the first Regiment (who are not already supplied) must be furnished, and laid under stoppages to pay for them.
You are to get 40 men from the Second Regiment, to supply the places of the like number to be taken out of the First, to assist in forming a Troop of Light Horse: And, to prevent, the evil consequences of forcing men out of one Regiment into the other; you are, with Colo. Mercer (who will assist you in the undertaking) to use your best endeavours to persuade the number of men wanted, to offer themselves voluntarily.
Since writing the above I am informed that there will not be powder-horns &c. enough for the New Regiment.
You are therefore, to take no concern about them.
Fort Loudoun, May 24, 1758.
Sir: I can not Order your march to this place in more effectual Words, or in a more effectual manner, than by enclosing you a Copy of my Orders from Sir John St. Clair.
You will see by these, that not a moment shou'd be lost in beginning your march, nor the least delay in prosecuting it to this; you will also see, the necessity of providing for your Companies wants, in time, as there will be so little time allowed you to stay here, before we begin our march to join the Main Body of the Army.
I expect 1,000 pair of Indian Leggings every hour from Philadelphia. I also expect to get Spatterdashes made for the whole Regiment, by the time you join: Those are Articles, therefore which you need not provide.
You will lose no time in sending these Orders to Captn. Woodward; write pressingly to him, to march forthwith to this place.
I have the pleasure to tell you, that I have got Ensigns commissions for Mr. Allen, and Sergt. McCully,17 but shall keep them until they arrive here. They may, however, in the mean time, act as Officers. I am, etc.
[Note 17: Ensigns John Allan and John McCully.]
Williamsburg, May 28, 1758.
Honble. Sir: I came here at this critical juncture, by the express order of Sir John St. Clair, to represent in the fullest manner the posture of our affairs at Winchester, and to obviate any doubts, that might arise from the best written narrative. I shall make use of the following method, as the most effectual I can at present suggest, to lay sundry matters before you, for your information, approbation, and direction. And I hope, when your Honor considers how we are circumstanced and how absolutely necessary [is] despatch, that you will please to give me explicit and speedy answers, on the several points which are submitted. For without the latter the service will be greatly impeded and wanting the former, my conduct may be liable to error and to censure. To begin:
1st. Sir John St. Clair's letter will, I apprehend, inform your Honor of our principal wants, namely, arms, tents, and other sorts of field-equipage, articles so absolutely and obviously necessary, as to need no argument to prove, that the men will be useless without them, and that the vast sums of money which have been expended in levying and marching them to the place of rendezvous, will be entirely lost, besides impeding if not defeating the expedition, and losing every Indian now on our frontiers by delay.
2. The officers will be entirely unprovided with the means of taking the field, till they have an allowance made to them of baggage, forage, and bat-money. Governor Dinwiddie, from what cause I could never yet learn, thought proper to discontinue this allowance to the companies that remained in Virginia, at the same time that he allowed it to those who went to Carolina, although I produced [evidence] under General Stanwix's hand, (the then commanding officer on this quarter) that all officers were entitled to it, and that it was indispensably necessary to equip them for, and enable them to take the field. General Forbes has obtained this allowance for the Pennsylvania troops, and desired Sir John St. Clair (who has given me a copy of it signed) to urge it strongly on this government also. See the copy.
3. The different pay of the two Virginia regiments will, I conceive, if a stop is not put to it, be productive of great discontent, and many evils. For the soldiers of the first regiment think their claim upon the country equally good, if not better than that of the second, because their services are not limited.18 They
[Note 18: The second regiment was raised for the campaign only, and, by the terms of the act of assembly, it was to be disbanded, and the men discharged on December 1; whereas the soldiers of the first regiment were enlisted to serve during the war.-- Sparks.] have lacked the great bounty, which the others have received, and have had no clothes for near two years, when in strictness they have an annual call for and an equal right to expect them.
4. As our regimental clothing cannot possibly last the campaign, will it not be advisable to send for a supply against next winter? I have sent to Philadelphia for one thousand pair of Indian stockings, (leggings), the better to equip my men for the woods; and should be glad to know whether I am to pay for them in behalf of the country, or deduct the cost out of their pay. As they have not received the clothing they are entitled to, they may think this latter rather hard.
5. Should not the pay of the surgeon's mates in the first regiment be equal to that of those in the second? The latter have four and the former only three shillings per day, and should there not be the same number of surgeon's mates allowed to the old as are to the new regiment?
6. It will cause great dissatisfaction in the regiment, if Lieutenant Baker is put over the heads of older officers. It is granted, that Mr. Baker is a very deserving officer, but there are others equally deserving, and have adventured equally to seek glory, and to merit applause. Ensign Chew, for instance, was with him when the scalps were taken; Capt. McKenzie, Lt. Gist, Mr. Woodward and many others have adventured as far into the enemy's country, tho' with less success. I therefore hope (to prevent the disorders consequent upon his advancement) that your Honor will suffer Colo. Mercer's company to be given to Mr. Stewart, the oldest Lieutenant, as Captn. Lewis' in the like case was to Mr. Bullet.
7. Sir John St. Clair directs in consequence of orders from the General, that the first Virginia regiment shall immediately be completed, and leaves the mode of doing it to your Honor. I should be glad of direction in this affair. The season, I fear, is too far advanced to attempt it now by recruiting.
8. Lt. Steenbergen, having been guilty of several irregular and ungentlemanly practices, and finding his conduct was about to be inquired into, begged leave to resign, which I granted so far as depended upon me; because the crimes he was then accused of, were not sufficient to break him, altho' quite sufficient to give the whole corps the most indifferent opinion of his morals. This resignation, and Captn. Lt. Stewart's promotion will cause two vacancies in the regiment; to fill up which, and to make the several promotions hereby occasioned will require five blank commissions.
9. I should be glad to know if the works at Fort Loudoun are still to go on? In what manner to be forwarded? and under whose direction? Nothing surely will contribute more to the public weal, than this fort when completed; because it will be a valuable repository for our stores, if the event of our enterprise prove successful, and an asylum for the inhabitants, (and place of retreat for our troops,) in case of a defeat.
10. Great advantages must consequently arise, by appointing Lieutenant Smith to that direction, and to the command of Fort Loudoun. First, because he has had the overlooking of the works for nearly two years, is, by that means, become perfectly well acquainted with every thing intended to be done, and is exceedingly industrious. Secondly, because there must necessarily be many sick and lame soldiers left at that garrison, who may require the eye of a diligent officer to keep them together. Thirdly, because all the regimental stores and baggage must be left at that place, and ought to be under the care of an officer, who can be made accountable for his conduct; and not left to the mercy of an ungovernable and refractory militia. And fourthly, it is necessary, if for no other reason than to preserve the materials for finishing the works that are now lying there.
11. I conceive we shall be ordered to take with us the greatest part of the ammunition now at Fort Loudoun. It will be necessary, therefore, to have a supply laid in there for the use of the frontier garrisons.
12. I did in a late letter endeavor to point out, in what manner the service would be benefited, by continuing Rutherford's rangers in the parts they now are, and sending the militia of Prince William to the Branch in their stead, and I again recommend it, for the reasons then given, and for many others, which might be given.
I must now conclude, with once more begging, that your Honor would come to some speedy determination on these several matters. From what Sir John St. Clair has wrote, from my orders, and from what I have here set forth, I conceive it must sufficiently appear, that the greatest dispatch is absolutely necessary, the success of our expeditions, in a manner, depending upon the earlycommencement of it. Every delay, therefore, may be attended with pernicious consequences.
The Indians, glad of any pretence for returning home, will make use of delays for a handle; and a spirit of discontent and desertion may spring up among the new levies for want of employment.
These are matters obvious to me, and my duty requires, that I represent them in this free and candid manner.19 I am, etc.
[Note 19: As the government in England had determined to prosecute offensive operations on the southern frontiers, great preparations had been contemplated for a vigorous campaign under General Forbes against Fort Duquesne. William Pitt had, on December 30, written a circular to the Governor of Pennsylvania and the several Colonies at the south, requesting a hearty cooperation from the assemblies in aid of General Forbes's expedition. He stipulated that the colonial troops raised for this purpose should be supplied with arms, ammunition, tents, and provisions, in the same manner as the regular troops, and at the King's expense; so that the only charge to the Colonies would be that of levying, clothing, and paying the men. The governors were also authorized to issue commissions to provincial officers, from colonels downward, and these officers were to hold rank in the united army according to their commissions. Had this liberal and just system been adopted at the outset, it would have put a very different face upon the military affairs of the Colonies. Maj. Gen. James Abercromby, who had succeeded Lord Loudoun to the command in America, assigned 6,000 troops to Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland as their quota for the expedition to the Ohio. Of this number the Pennsylvania Assembly resolved to raise 2,700. (See Votes and Proceedings of the Assembly, vol. 4, p. 799.) The Maryland Assembly voted 1,000, but their bill was defeated by the usual quarrel with the governor, who refused his assent to their proposed mode of levying the tax to defray the expense. (See Votes and Proceedings, March, 1758.) The troops actually employed under General Forbes were 1,200 Highlanders, 350 Royal Americans, about 2,700 provincials from Pennsylvania, 1,600 from Virginia, 200 or 300 from Maryland who had been stationed in garrison at Fort Frederick under Colonel Dagworthy, and also two companies from North Carolina; making in all, including the wagoners, between6,000 and 7,000 men,-- Sparks.]
Fort Loudoun, June 14, 1758.
Dear Sir: I found upon my return to this place, last Night, the Letters Inclos'd. I shou'd hardly have opened them, notwithstanding you desir'd it had not Col. Byrd advis'd it as necessary, thinking there might be something contain'd that we might be preparing to execute.
I greatly fear that we shall be in want of Arms. at all events we have but a Scanty allowance; and if those from Williamsburg shou'd be in bad Order, as we have reason to apprehend they are from the Inclos'd Letters; I don't know what we are to do: delay'd we must be at least till they are clean'd, and made fit for Service. There will be a difficiency of Bayonets when the Maryland Arms are returned; and there is not a possibility of my supplying Byrds Regiment with Cartooch Boxes, as the Arms which Mr. Henry is repairing are entirely without these Appendiges. My regiment will I expect, be compleat in both these Articles.
Mr. Cunningham20 in a P S to me adds "McSwaine this moment tells me the two Waggoners have escap'd from Colo. Lewis; so that the Blankets will not be up so soon as I wrote Sir John".
[Note 20: Capt. James Cunningham.]
Among the Inclos'd, you will find a Letter from Mr. Strother,21 concerning the French Negro I wrote to him for at
[Note 21: Anthony Strother.] your desire; this Negro I find to be a shrewd, Sensible Fellow; and may be useful if he did not come into the Inhabitants for the purpose of discoveries, rather than his escape from our Enemies, he is very well acquainted with the Ohio, and those parts, but has been longer from Fort DuQuense than I at first understood him. He will set out from this to-morrow, with a Waggon I shall send towards Fort Loudoun in Pennsylvania, and I shall desire he may be forwarded to you from thence. I am Dr. Sir, etc.22
[Note 22: This and most of the subsequent letters up to September 12, inclusive, are from what is known as the "Bouquet Expedition Letter Book," a small folio of 80 pages containing 51 letters in Washington's writing. The original covers are missing and one leaf, containing two letters, has been abstracted by an unknown spoilsman. Two or three of the letters are in the hand of John Kirkpatrick, but they are signed, with one exception, by Washington. This record "Letter Book," like the one of the Braddock expedition (1755), was revised by Washington in 1784--85 for his copyist, and, as revised, the letters were entered in "Letter Book No. 2" and "Letter Book No. 4," 27 years later. The texts here printed follow the letters as written in 1758 and ignore the later alterations, which are not nearly so numerous as those made in the 1755 letters and are, generally speaking, of little consequence. Ford notes that the original letters of 1758, as sent, are in the British Museum, and he uses the text of William Henry Smith, who printed 26 of these 53 letters in the Magazine of American History (February, 1888). In that magazine Smith published a facsimile of Washington's letter of Aug. 7, 1758, to Bouquet, and a comparison of this letter, as sent, with the record copy made by Washington at the time shows minor transposition of words but no alteration of meanings. The editor uses the text of these record copies m Washington's writing rather than the printed text of Smith's publication or the transcriptions of 1784--85. Where Smith's print shows additional matter this is noted. As both Ford and Sparks printed such of these letters as they used in the revised form of 1784--85, the curious, who wish to compare Washington's later idea as to phraseology, can easily do so by consulting the Ford and Sparks editions It would be difficult to present both versions (1758 and 1784--85) with clearness in type on the same page.]
Fort Loudoun, June 15, 1758.
Sir: As you have been long under Marching Orders, I can't doubt your readiness to depart from your present Station. I shall leave this the 23d. Inst't with three Companies of my Regiment; one of the Second Regimt.; and the Troop of Light Horse; and expect to be at Pearsalls the 25th., if not delay'ed by my Waggons. I also expect that you will join me there at that time with your own, and McKenzie's Companys.
If possible, I shall get the Prince William Militia up in time, to relieve your Parties; but if this shou'd be found impracticable, you are not to delay y'r Marching waiting for them.
Use your best endeavours to procure all the Horns you can for carrying your Powder. You cannot get two many of them, nor of Shott Pouches; as the first, as well as Second Regiment, are in want of them.
You will receive Sundry necessaries from Lt. King for the use of the two Companies on the Branch, you will also receive by him the Country's allowance of Forage and Bat-money for yourself and Ensign; the other Officers of your Company will be paid these Art'ls here.
Have an exact review of the two Companies with you, and let me know by express, the names, and number of Men unfit for Service; and which ought to be discharg'd, also of those who, tho not able to March, may do Garrison duty. I likewise desire that you will send me at the same time an exact report of the bad Arms; and of the Arms wanting repair in these Companies. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 23: Of Rutherford's Rangers.]
June 17, 1758.
Sir: Captn. Stephen assuring me, that so soon as the Prince William Militia are taken from his House the Families there, and in the Neighbours also will immediately remove; I am oblig'd, having it no otherways in my power to Order a few of your Men to be station'd there in their place: you are not to put so many there, as to distress the other Posts you secure; and if Swearingen'24 Division can afford you any for this place, I shall take care to Order some accordingly. I am, etc.
[Note 24: Capt. Van(?) Swearingen.]
[Note 25: Lieutenant Governor of Virginia.]
Fort Loudoun, June 17, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: Although but a poor hand at Complimenting, but permit me, nevertheless to offer your Hon'r my congratulations on your appointment; and safe arrival to a Government which His Majesty has been Graciously pleas'd to entrust to you with the Administration of, and to assure you, that I most sincerely wish your Administration may be attended with pleasure to yourself and strength to the People Governed.
I flatter'd myself with the pleasure of seeing your Honour in Williamsburg, when I was down, but the business that carried me there was of too Urgent a Nature to admit of delays, when I had once got it accomplish'd. Mr. President Blair has, no doubt, inform'd you of that business and of the State of the Troops here, and situation of other Affairs in this Quarter; I will not therefore, trouble your Hon'r with a repetition of them; but Enclose you a Copy of my last Orders, which I am preparing to execute with the greatest exactness. Sir John St Clair set out from hence for Connegocheague the 11th. Inst't, to which place I accompanied him by Summon's from Colo. Bouquet.26 He proceeded on to Carlyle and I return'd here; where at present I have the Hon'r to Command.
[Note 26: Col. Henry Bouquet had command of the advance guard of the expedition against Fort Duquesne.]
I shall transmit your Honour, so soon as I leave this place (I can't well do it before, as alterations are continually happening while the Troops remain here) an exact return of our Stores, agreeable to the Presidents Orders. Inclos'd is a return of the Strength of the first Regiment; I have directed one to be made out and sent of the 2d. Also.
When I was down, the President was pleas'd to promise me5 blank Commissions to compleat my Regiment with Officers; by mistake I got one less, and must therefore beg the favour of your Honour to send me one now; or, that you wou'd be pleas'd to take the trouble yourself, of appointing Mr. Jno. Lawson (who is the oldest Ensign in my Regiment) to be Lieutenant in Lieut't Colo. Stephen's Company, where there is a Vacancy. This wou'd have been clone before, had not the above mistake happen'd.
I enclose your Honour the Pay Rolls of Captn. Rutherford's Company of Rangers, and beg the favour of you to send the money to Mr. Thos. Rutherford of this place, and he will pay them of in behalf of his Brother; who, being in an ill state of health, got leave to visit Doct'r Brown27 of Maryland, to consult him in the case, and is not yet return'd.
[Note 27: Dr. Gustavus Brown, of Port Tobacco, Md. He was one of the attending physicians during Washington's last illness.]
When I was in Williamsburg last, I endeavour'd to make Mr. President Blair and the Council, sensible of the great want of Cloaths for the first Regiment; and how necessary it is to send to England for a Supply. They declin'd doing any thing in the case at that time, because the Funds granted by the late Act of Assembly were almost exhausted. But I hope it will not escape your Hon'rs notice if an Assembly shou'd be call'd. Field equipage of all kinds will also be wanting and will come better and much cheaper from there. Colo. Byrd is fearful of wanting Cloaths for his Men, if we shou'd be late taking the Field; but his redress must be immediate or else useless, as that Regiment by Law will be discharged the first Day of December next; I have the Hon'r to myself with g't Respect. Y'r H'nrs etc.
Fort Loudoun, June 19, 1758.
Sir: Pardon the liberty I am going to take; a liberty, that nothing but the most disinterested regard for the safety and welfare of these Colonies wou'd cause me to take. How far my notions on what I am going to observe is compatable with Reason, and how far they may corrispond with your Sentiments on the matter, I shall candidly submit to your [Excellency's determination].28
[Note 28: The words in brackets were added by Washington in 1784--85. He has erased the 1758 phrase with a knife so thoroughly as to defy deciphering.]
The unfortunate arrival of the Cherokees into these Goverments so early in the Spring, and the unavoidable Accidents that have hitherto prevented a junction of the Troops, intended for the Western Expedition, has caus'd the Indians (who naturally are of a discontented Tempers) to be tired of waiting, and all, except those who came with Colo. Byrd, and a few others that have promised to join him, to return home; how long these can be prevail'd upon to remain with us, I won't absolutely affirm; but this I can venture to say not 6 Weeks, if it requires that time to form our Magazines and prepare for our March, as Colo. Bouquet seem'd to think it will. Now, in this event, we are left to perform a March of more than 100 Miles from our most advanc'd Post, before we shall arrive at Fort Duquesne; a great part of which over Mountains and Rocks, and thro' some such defiles as will enable the Enemy, with assistance of their Indian's and Irregulars; and their Superior knowledge of the Country, to render our March extremely arduous, perhaps impracticable; and at best very tedious; unless assisted by a considerable Body of Indians, who I conceive to be the only Troops fit to cope with Indians in such Grounds; for, I must beg leave further to add, that I can not look upon strength and Success in the Woods to be the Consequence of Numbers; on the contrary, I conceive the designs of an unwieldy Body of Troops, marching as Convoys, may be frustrated by a few; this I am certain off, they may be greatly harrass'd; and their March much incommoded by the Sculking Enemy we shall have to deal with.
From what has, and might be said on this [occasion it would]29 appear that Indians, to Us, are of the utmost Importance; and as I understand your Excellency proposes to keep open the Communication with the Inhabitants, and secure a retreat by the construction of Posts at advantageous situations, and proper distances, as the Army advances; (a work truly of the greatest Importance, especially as we will too probably begin our March with a handfull of Indians) I think it wou'd be practacable by the prosecution of this plan, to get a Number of the Indians, (by sending a person of abilities and adress immediately for them) before we cou'd approach Fort Duquesne; and I think it is not likely we shall meet with any formidable attack till we get pretty near that place.
[Note 29: The words in brackets were added by Washington in 1784--85. He has erased the 1758 phrase with a knife so thoroughly as to defy deciphering.]
Another great advantage that might be deriv'd from sending such a such a Person instantly to the Cherokee Nation, wou'd be making up ('tis to be hop'd) those differences that lately happen'd between them, and some of the natives of the Southern Frontiers of this Colony; which unhappy broils, if not properly, and timously attended to, may be productive of the most destructive consequences to the british Affairs in America, and terminate in the ruin of our Southern Settlements. The Southern Indians, of late, seem to be in a very wavering situation, and have, on several occasions, discover'd an Inclination to break with Us; I think it can admit of no doubt, that, if we shou'd be unsuccessfull in this Quarter, which Heaven avert! that the united Force of several powerfull Nations of these Indians might be employ'd against Us; and, that such acquisition to the Enemy wou'd enable them to exterpate our Southern Colonies, and make themselves Masters of this part of the Continent at least. Wherefore, that nothing shou'd be omitted that might contribute to prevent so dreadfull a Calamity; if a proper Person as I before said was immediately sent to the Cherokee Nation, he might not only accomplish this great work, but get a Body of them to join the Army on their March; and no Person, surely, who has the Interest of our Important Cause at Heart, wou'd hesitate a moment to depart in such a Service, on the event of which, our all in a manner depends.
There is now a large Cargoe of proper Goods for Trading with them just arriv'd from England, in this Colony, necessary supplies might be drawn from thence and laid at proper places for them, which wou'd prevent those delays and disappointments which they have had too much reason to complain off.
It wou'd, I confess, require a considerable time before the Indians that are (yet to be sent for) cou'd join Us; but, as the inevitable obstructions to be met with in forming Magazines, erecting the Posts, and marching on, must require much time, it may be effected, and the farther the Summer is advanced, the Operations of the Campaign for many obvious Reasons, cou'd be executed with the greater security, unless there shou'd, e'er then, happen a decisive action to the No. ward and the Enemy prove successful; in that case they wou'd pour in their Troops upon Us to the Southward. At all events they cou'd easily prevail upon many of their Northward Indians, by promises and the views of Plunder, to join their Troops upon the Ohio. Another Misfortune that wou'd arise by a late Campaign is that the limited time for the service of the 2d Virginia Regiment wou'd be near or perhaps quite elapsed before the Campaign cou'd be over.
What time the French may require to Assemble a formidable Body of Indians at Fort Duquesne; how they are provided for victualling such a body there, and how far they are able to prevail upon these Indians to wait the uncertain March of our Army which they have Assembled them; are matters I profess myself ignorant in. But if we may draw any inferences from our own difficulties in these cases, we may in the first place conclude I think, that our Preperations &ca. have sufficiently alarm'd them, and that they have got together what Indians they can; next, that those Indians will require the same Provisions and humoring that ours do; and lastly, that they may also get dissatisfied at waiting, and return home like ours have done; thinking our Preparations a feint only to draw of their Attention and from the Northward.
My Sollicitude on account of Indians sufficiently appears throughout all I have said. Your Excellency is the best judge of the Plan you have to execute and the time it will require to bring your operations to bear; you are also a proper judge of the time it will take to accomplish the Scheme I have propos'd of getting Indians to our Assistance, and how far it may corrispond (in point of time) with other measures; and therefore it wou'd be impertenent after I have endeavour'd, tho' a little incoherently, to shew the necessity of Indians, and the advantages and disadvantages of a late Campaigne, to say any thing more unless it be to apologize once more for the freedom I have taken of mentioning matters which I suppose you are equally, if not better acquainted with than I am; and to assure your Excellency that I am, with greatest respect, etc.
Fort Loudoun, June 19, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: The Letter herewith Inclos'd, wou'd have been sent according to the date, but I have been waiting till now for Captn. Rutherfords Pay Roll, his Company being much dispers'd in the Ranging Service.
This day the Prince William Militia are to March for the South Branch, to relieve two Companies of my Regiment, agreeably to Orders. Inclos'd is a return of their present strength. I shou'd think myself difficient in my duty were I to pass over in Silence the transactions of and State of this Company from their first coming out, about the 20th. Ulto.
One hundred Militia then, were Order'd from Prince William County (but at what time I can't exactly say by Mr. President Blair) instead of that number, they sent 73 and every one of them unprovided with either Arms or Ammunition, as the Law directs; by which means they were useless but burthensome to the Country, as they receiv'd true Allowance of Provisions and had their Pay running on. This matter was represented to Colo. Henry Lee, Lieut't of that County, by Sir Jno. St. Clair then Commanding Officer here. The Consequence of this representation was; that about the first of this Inst't, near 100 Arms were sent up by his order out of which number Scarce 5 were Serviceable; and not more than 30 cou'd possibly be made to Fire. This was also represent'd to Colo. Lee who after professing a Concern for it said, they expect'd Arms from England, (I think) every day, and took no further Acct. of the matter that I have yet heard of. I immediately set Smiths to repairing their Arms, and have at last, with the Assistance of 35 old Muskets which I caus'd to be deliver'd out of the Store here, got this Company, which shou'd consist of 100 Men, (tho' there is but 68) at last compleated.
'Till this time, they have been a dead expence to the Publick, and no Service to the Inhabitants. This Sir, are serious Facts, and really merits [reprehension]30 for, if such behaviour is suffer'd to escape unnoticed, the most destructive Consequences may accrue to the Country, as in the present case for Instance, if the Troops had March'd agreeable to my first Orders, the Companies on the South Branch wou'd have been drawn off, and the Inhabitants left either destitute of relief, or have come off with them, which they determin'd to do. This I understand actually happen'd in Augusta County, when Maj'r Lewis came from thence, by the negligence, I suppose, of the County Lieutenants. I am etc.
[Note 30: This word was added in 1784--85. The original word has been erased with a knife and is indecipherable.]
Fort Loudoun, June 19, 1758.
Sir: The bearer Captn. McClanaham comes up to relieve you, you are therefore to give him Orders where to Post his Men; in the manner that will best promote the Interest of the Service, and give the most satisfaction to the generallity of the Inhabitants in that Quarter. You are likewise to deliver him a necessary supply of Ammunition; I am Sir, etc.
[Note 31: Of the Prince William, Va., militia.]
Fort Loudoun, June 19, 1758.
You are forewith to March with all convenient Expedition to the Fort on the South Branch; at which Captn. Thomas Waggener Commands, to relieve him and follow such Orders as he may judge most conducive to the Interest of the Service with regard to the different Posts in that Quarter, to be defended by your Men; you are likewise to apply to him for a necessary supply of Ammunition of which you are to be particularly careful, and see that none of it be wasted.
You are to keep an exact daily return of your Command, that you may be able (at any time its requir'd of you) to give an Acct. of the Number of your Men you have on Duty, and that pay may be drawn only for your effectives. You are to keep a particular acct. of the Ammunition you may use, and for what Service Expended.
Fort Loudoun, June 23, 1758.
Sir: I have receiv'd your favours of the 18th. and 20th. Inst., and beg leave to refer you to Captn. Stewarts Letter, knowing he writes fully, on Matters relative to the light Horse.
I expect to March tomorrow, agreeably to my Orders; Woodwards Company of the first Regiment, cover'd the Artificers of the 2d., and left this the 22d. to open the Road from hence to Pearsalls; which, by information, is almost impassable.
Colo. Byrd will be sadly distress'd for Arms when those from Maryland are deliver'd up. The Arms from Williamsburg came here in such bad Order, that they cannot possibly be repair'd in time; Colo. Byrd writes to you on this subject himself, it will therefore be needless for me to enlarge upon or repeat His complaints.
I have receiv'd no Hatchets from Connegocheague, the Canteens came up according to Expectation; and I have written to the Commanding Officer there, desiring to know why the former, the following contains his answer; "I have made Inquiry concerning the 200 Hatchets mention'd in yours, but have got no information concerning them"; sign'd Jno. Kidd, dated 21st. Inst. I am with very great regard, etc.
Fort Loudoun, June 24, 1758.
Sir: Herewith you will receive a Copy of my last Orders from Sir John St Clair, dated the 13th. Instant; such parts of them as regard yourself, and Regiment, you are desir'd to observe, and act litterally up to them.
I have directed half the Provisions and Ammunition intended for Fort Cumberland to follow me, under your escort. Mr. Walker will take care that the former of these Articles comes, and I hope you will observe that your Quarter Master brings the latter.
You will want Provision's at Edward's and Pearsalls, for that Company of y'r Regiment Order'd to be left at those places; and you will no doubt order them being supplied accordingly.
Take an exact Acct. of the No. of Arms rec'd from Williamsburg, and how they have been dispos'd of: if any remain you may lodge them in the Stores here, and take Lt. Smiths receipt for them.
Fort Loudoun, June 24, 1758.
Sir; You are to take an exact acct. of all the Virginia Stores at this place; for which you are to pass your receipt to Mr. Kennedy, Quarter Master and to deliver none out after my departure but by Letter from me, or Orders from the Governor, or Commander in Chief; except it be Ammunition &ca. for the use of the Garrison; and for supplying the Ranging Companies; in doing which, you are to observe the greatest Oeconomy.
You must get an exact Acct. of all the Arms that have been deliver'd out by Mr. Kennedy to the Armourer; endeavour also to get an Acct. of those which Mr. Henry rec'd from Fredericksburg, and see how the whole have been dispos'd of; taking care to receive into the Stores all that are in his hands after the Troops are supplied, and Marched from this place; and to transmit me a return of your proceedings in this matter.
I have directed Captn. Rutherford to detach 20 Men of his Company to strengthen this Garrison (which is to be your principle concern); you will take care therefore to keep up Discipline at the same time use lenity, to prevent discontent and Desertion. Be vigilent, and keep your Men Sober observe Order and Regularity in the Garrison; which keep clean and wholesome; and as your numbers will be few, keep a regular and strict watch; place two Sentrys in opposite Bastions, and one in the Front Porch; and I believe it will be sufficent.
The place now used for an Hospital, you are to give up to the owner, and appoint a Room in some of the Barracks in the Fort, for your Sick.
If any Deserters shou'd be brought to this place by Country People, you are to pass receipts for them, and send them on to their respective Regiments, or Companies if any oppertunity Offers; if there shou'd not, you are then to employ them at this Garrison, or elsewhere, that they can be found useful; in passing y'r receipts you are to specify the Regiment and Company such Deserter belongs to.
Expresse's on the Kings Service, whose Horses may tire, or otherwise be unfit to proceed, you are to get others for; giving receipts in all these Cases mentioning for what they were Press'd, for what particular Service and how long they were employ'd in it; and take particular care always to have them deliver'd up to the owners so soon as they are return'd.
Fort Loudoun, June 24, 1758.
Sir: You are to appoint 20 of your worst Rangers, to do Duty at Fort Loudoun, under Lieut Smith; who is charg'd with the Command of this Place. They may be kept constantly there or reliev'd, as you see cause. The remainder of the Company to be employ'd in the Ranging Service as they now are, or otherwise, as shall be judg'd most conducive to the safety of the People.
If any Inception shou'd be made into the County by the Enemy, or mischief done; it will be your duty to consult with Lieut. Smith on the most effectual means of assisting the Inhabitants, and giving the earliest, and best Intelligence thereof to the Governor.
Fort Loudoun, June 24, 1758.
Sir: So soon as you have Compleated Colo. Byrd's Regiment, and Captn. Stewarts Troop of Light Horse with Arms, you are to set about cleaning and putting all the Virginia Arms in the best repair you can, till further Orders.
Take care that they are well pack'd up in cases, 25 in each, and deliver'd into the Magazine now under the care of Lieut't Smith. The principal design of this is to keep the Arms from receiving hurt, by lying in Rust. You will therefore direct your managem' of them accordingly.
Such Pieces as want Locks, or in other respects much repair, let be your last care. and when you may be call'd away you are to deliver in a faithful Acct. of all the Arms that have pass'd thro your hands, from the first of your coming, to the Store keeper Lt. Smith, and bring, or send, another Copy to me.
Fort Loudoun, June 24, 1758.
Sir: Last night the Inclos'd March Rout came under cover to me for you, with this Paragraph from Sir Jno. St. Clair; "I have inclos'd you a March Rout for a hundred of the No. Carolina Provincials, that ought to be at Winchester, they will serve for an Escort for Mr. Walkers second Convoy of Provision's. You'll please tell the Commanding Officer that any Carriages he may want upon his March shall be paid for upon his giving them a Certificate of their Service; the other two hundred of them that arriv'd at Alexandria, are to March up by Fort Frederick".
As your March from hence depends upon the readiness of the Convoy, you are to consult Mr. Commissary Walker on that head. I am Sir, etc.
[June 26, 1758.]
Sir: I was last night favour'd with yours of the 22d., and have Inclos'd your Orders for Marching to the Commanding Officer of the Carolina Troops and left it with Mr. Walker, who, in consequence of some Letters he receiv'd from Mr. Hoops, does not think of sending a second Convoy of Provisions; but as he writes you fully on that Subject begs leave to refer you to him; he has Provided a Months Provisions which will be escorted up by Colo. Byrd and myself.
I have inclos'd you a Copy of the Orders I have given Mr. Henry, the Armourer; if you shou'd find any thing amiss, or omitted, be pleas'd to send him others. I am just going to March, and beg leave to subscribe myself, Y'r most Obedt. etc.
Camp at North River, June 26, 1758.
Sir: I have just encamped at this place on my march to Ft. Cumberland, with a weak escort to a large convoy of Provisions, &c.
The intent of this, therefore, is to desire, that you will immediately upon receipt of it, detach 100 men, and 3 waggons to our assistance; do not suffer the least delay.
I order the waggons upon a supposition that you have some at Pearsalls in pay; but if I am wrong in this, be pleased to engage any you can, in time for this service, as we are plagued in a most extraordinary manner, with bad Teams. I am, etc.
Pearsalls, June 30, 1758.
Mr. Wilper: You are to remain at this place with a Corporal and 12 men for defence of the Post, and such of the People as may resort to it: as also for security of the Stores, &c. that now are or may be lodged here: taking care to pass your Receipts for them, and to produce proper vouchers for their delivery again.
You are to observe strict discipline; suffer no Soldier to straggle from the Fort, without leave; nor any liquor to be sold to your men without your permission. Make regular returns of your command to me while I am at Fort Cumberland, and to Lt. Smith after I shall have marched from that place (unless you receive Orders to the contrary) and apply to him for what ammunition you may want.
In every respect you are to conform to the Rules and Discipline of war, in the like cases.
[Note 32: Col. Henry Bouquet served in the Dutch Army as lieutenant colonel of Swiss Guards. Entered the English Army in 1756 and became colonel of the Sixtieth Foot in 1762 and a brigadier general in 1765. In 1758 Bouquet commanded the Royal American Regiment, and was ordered by Secretary William Pitt to move from its station in South Carolina to join General Forbes in Pennsylvania. Bouquet was energetic in pushing the building of a new road from Raystown (now Bedford), Pa., toward Fort Duquesne rather than have the British expedition take the old Braddock route, favored by Washington. He died in Pensacola, Fla., in 1766.]
Camp near Fort Cumberland, July 3, 1758.
Sir: Your favours of the 27th. Ulto. and first Inst't I have had the honour to receive.
According to Order, I march'd from Winchester the 24th., and arriv'd at this place Yesterday in the Afternoon, with five Companies of the first Virginia Regiment, and a Company of Artificers of the 2d., as you may observe by the Inclos'd return.
My March, by bad Teams and bad Roads (notwithstanding I had sent the Artificers and a Covering Party on three days before) was much delay'd.
I herewith send a return of the Provisions and Forage that came up under my Escort: we lost three Bullocks, and that in driving. I can't absolutely say for what purpose the Forage is intended, or where to be lodg'd. It was engag'd by Mr. Walker at Sir Jno. St. Clair's request, and I believe for the light Horse. The Principal part of it met us at Pearsalls on the South Branch; and neither myself, nor any Person else was empower'd, or even desir'd to receive and pay for it. I was at a loss how to act, but thought it most advisable to bring it on; if it is not intended for the light Horse as I apprehen'd I shou'd be glad of your directions concerning it; for Captn. Stewart, who possibly may be Instructed for this purpose, I left equipping his Troop at Winchester, and has not yet join'd me.
As I can't suppose you intended to order any part of my Men upon the Roads till join'd at this place by Colo. Byrd, I shall decline sending any upon that Service till his arrival; which I suppose may be to-morrow, as he was preparing to March the 26th after me.
I enclose you an exact return of the Maryland Troops in Garrison, at this place, also of their Provisions; and of the King's stores,33 and shou'd be glad to know what strength you wou'd have this Garrison consist of, how many days Provisions left for them, and what quantity of Ammunition. I brought one half of all that was order'd from Winchester by Sir Jno. St. Clair, and left the other half to follow with Colo. Byrd--
[Note 33: These returns, dated July 2, 1758, are in the Washington Papers.] Powder excepted, and of that Article there was only 16 Barrels in the Stores there, besides 6 others that were made up into Cartridges, which are also brought up between us.
Mr. Walker, in consequence of Instructions from Mr. Hoops (who I believe purpos'd to supply us from Rays Town) put a stop to a further purchase of Provisions: You will see by the Returns for what number of days I am supplied, and I desir'd Colo. Byrd to bring as much to this place as wou'd serve his Men a fortnight, at least. I am at a loss to know whether Officers' Serv'ts, that are not Soldiers, are allow'd to draw Provisions; and shou'd be thankfull for your directions, as I have had many applications on that head.
There are few Tools for the Services requir'd; but before a supply cou'd be got to this place from Sir Jno. St. Clair, or Govnr. Sharpe the Work (with what few we have) I hope may be near finish'd. Rum too, I fear will be a scarce Article with Us.
Pray what will be done with that Company of Byrd's Regiment order'd to take Post at Edwards's and Pearsalls? shall they continue there, or join their Regiment? I left in consequence of your Orders an Officer and 30 Men Invalids at Fort Loudoun for safety of the Stores &c., lodg'd there, and also a Sergeant and 12 at Pearsalls to secure that Post, and keep open the Road for Expresses (for no more can be expected from so small a Command). Byrd I hope will leave 6 or 8 of his Invalids or bad Men at Edwards's for the same purpose.
There came 28 waggon's to this place with me, and I believe if they were wanted, 10 more might be had upon the South Branch, strong and good; but carrying Horses are certainly more eligible for the Service we are destin'd.
I have us'd my best endeavours to get my Men equip'd with Powder Horns and Shott Pouches, and have procur'd 330 of the former, and 339 of the latter; besides the Linnen ones, with which we are compleated.
I have receiv'd a very Scanty allowance of Tents for the 5 Companies with me, vizt., sixty-nine only; out of these most of the Officers must either be supplied, or lye uncover'd; they will readily pay for what they receive, if requir'd. No. Bell Tents were sent to Us.
My Men are very bare of Cloaths (Regimentals I mean), and I have no prospect of a Supply; this want, so far from my regretting during this Campaigne, that were I left to pursue my own Inclinations I wou'd not only order the Men to adopt the Indian dress, but cause the Officers to do it also, and be the first to set the example myself. Nothing but the uncertainty of its taking with the General causes me to hesitate a moment at leaving my Regimentals at this place, and proceeding as light as any Indian in the Woods. 'T is an unbecoming dress, I confess, for an officer; but convenience rather than shew, I think shou'd be consulted.34 The reduction of Bat Horses alone, is sufficient to recommend it; for nothing is more certain than that less baggage will be requir'd, and that the Publick will be benifitted in proportion.
[Note 34: The frontiersmen, or woodsmen garb, of hunting shirt and leggings, sometimes described as Indian dress. Bouquet wrote (July 14): "I am extremely obliged to you for this extraordinary dispatch [the arrival of Maj. Andrew Lewis's detachment]. Their dress should be our pattern in this expedition."]
I was desirous of being thus full in my Letter to you; how far it may be consistent with good Policy, as there is at least a possibility of its falling into the Enemy's hands, I know not: but I shall be directed in these affairs by you. I am, etc.
July 3, 1758.
Sir: Since closing mine of this date, a dispute has arisen between Mr. Joseph Gailbraith (an Assistant Victualler of Mr. Hoops') and I concerning Salt. Our Stock of Meat is chiefly fresh, and he refuses to find Salt for it; whether it is his duty to do it or not, I can't say; but unless it is done, the Men will inevitably be visited with fluxes and other Disorders that may render them incapable of immediate Service. There is some Salt at this place belonging to Virginia, which I shall make use of till I receive your Orders on this head.
There is one Jno. McCullough here, who wou'd make an exceeding good Waggon Master, and we shall certainly want one, or two, if all the Waggon's that I have together with those which Colo. Byrd may bring, shou'd be detain'd in the Service.
I shou'd be glad to know if such Persons are allow'd? and if they are, how many Waggons each takes charge of?, and their Pay pt. Day? I am Sir, etc.
Camp near Fort Cumberland, July 7, 1758.
Sir: Colo. Byrd with 8 Companies of his Regim't arriv'd here yesterday, he left many sick Men behind him, as may be seen by the Inclos'd report; which, with the Company he Posted at Edwards's and Pearsalls, reduces our strength Considerably.
I am a good deal at a loss therefore, to know how to Act for the best, since your last Orders for joining you at Rays Town were not positive, and seem'd to be given on a supposition that Mr. Walker either cou'd not, or was not to supply us with Provisions here. Your doubts will in some measure be obviated when you see Mr. Walker's Letter to me on this head; and the returns of our Provisions; which I now send. If this therefore was your motive for desiring a Garrison to be left at this place, and for me to March on to Rays Town with the remainder of the Virginia Troops, you will, I presume, countermand our March to that place, for the following Reasons: first, because 300 Men may, I think, open the Communication to Rays Town with safety, and with much greater case and convenience than if our whole Body Marches on, incumber'd with a number of Waggons. Secondly, it will, if the Army is oblig'd to take this Rout as I am told from all hands it certainly must, prevent the fatigues of a Counter march to Men and Horses, just going upon Service; thirdly, it will afford us an opportunity of lodging our Provisions and Stores here, while the Waggons may return for another Convoy, and save by that means the great expense of transporting them to there and back again, if we shou'd not be able to proceed from thence. And fourthly, Colo. Byrd Assures me that the Indians with him absolutely refuse to march any other Road than this they are acquainted with.
I was advis'd to hint these things to you, and wait the result of your answer before I put the whole in Motion. Whatever you direct under the Circumstances I shall execute with the greatest punctuality, and Expedition in my power. I enclose a return of the No. of Waggons now at this place, that you may be judge of the Expence.
Captn. Dagworthy telling me that Governor Sharpe is to open the Road to the Town Creek (which is within 15 Miles of this place) and as Maryland has near 200 Men here fit for Duty, I hope you will be of opinion that they are sufficiently strong to proceed on the Fort Frederick Road, without needing a reinforcement from us; especially if you will please to consider at the same time, that they are in a manner cover'd by the Troops at this place, and those which may be employ'd on the Road to Rays Town, on which I shall send a detachment to Work tomorrow.
I had wrote thus far when your Letter of yesterday came to hand; as we lye so contiguous, and can hear in so short a time from you, I shall only be preparing to obey your Orders; but shall not actually March till I hear from you again.
A pretty good stock of Liquor came up with the last convoy. We have no Hay at this place; 'twas Corn I call'd forage. We shall have Tools sufficient for opening the Road to Rays Town among the Artificers of Colo. Byrd's Regiment, and I enclose a list of what is here, belonging to Maryland, that you may be able to judge of their wants.
I am sorry to hear that the Cattawbas have so egregiously misbehav'd. When I write to Govr. Fauquier, which I expect may be in a few days; I shall touch on this subject. I am etc.
Camp near Fort Cumberland, July 9, 1758.
Sir: Your favour of yesterday was deliver'd me last Night. I immediately directed all your Orders to be executed. The Waggons (save those attending the Road Cutters) go of to day. Three Companies under Colo. Mercer proceed on the Rays Town Road, which we began to open Yesterday; they carry 6 days Provisions with them, and Orders to apply to you for more, if that don't suffice. Captn. Dagworthy and the Marylanders begin to open the Road to Morrow toward Fort Frederick; and are furnish'd with 10 days Provisions for that purpose; but an extraordinary Affair has happen'd in regard to their Provisions; I mean that having no Flour, notwithstanding 6000 lbs. and better, was included in a return which I sent you Sign'd by their Commissary, I have been oblig'd already to supply them with 2000 w't. of this Article, and shou'd be glad to know if they are entitled to any part of the Provisions laid in here by Mr. Walker for the use of the Virginia Troops; under the Circumstances they were; I was oblig'd to deliver out the above Flour, or see them starve, or desert, the latter they yet seem very Inclinable to do.
Maj. Lewis of the first Regiment attends you with 200 Men with whom I have Order'd Captns. Frazer and Walker to proceed to you. I am Sir with great regard, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, July 10, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: Your favour of the 25th. past, I had the Honour to receive Yesterday. I am oblig'd to you for the blank Commission you sent me, your honour may depend, I shall have regard to strict justice in disposing of it.
I March'd from Winchester the 24th. Ulto. according to Orders, and Incamp'd at this place the 2d. Inst., Colo. Byrd follow'd the 26th. and arriv'd here 4 days after me; before I left Winchester I appointed Lieut't Smith of my Regiment and 30 Invalids to remain at Fort Loudoun to take care of our Stores; and I order'd him to continue the minor at Work in the Well, and to proceed in covering the Barracks till your Honour shou'd be pleas'd to direct him further in this matter. The Works wou'd have sustain'd considerable damage if these small but essential parts of it, were neglected. I left Mr. Smith £25 for this purpose, which he is to account for.
Inclos'd is an account of the Stores left at Winchester; the Arms are not Included; because they were then repairing at the Armourers. I have however directed Mr. Smith to transmit your Honour an Acct. of them by this Express. I have also Inclos'd an Account of the Tools deliver'd out of our Stores, to the Artificer's of Colo. Byrds Regiment, by Order of Sir Jno. St. Clair; and have directed Mr. Ramsay (Contractor for supplying the Troops of Virginia with Provisions) to render your Honour an exact account of all the Provisions that has been expended, of his purchasing, since the time of Sir John St. Clairs first arrival at Winchester; that you may be able to settle that matter on the part of Virginia; it being imagin'd, we are entitled to Provisions from the Crown, since that time.
A letter from Colo. Bouquet of the 6th. which I have just receiv'd Contains this Paragraph.
"The Cuttawba's under the Command of Captn. Johnne are gone to Winchester; they have behav'd in the most shamefull manner, and run away as a parcell of thieves rather than Warriors without seeing me; they have never kill'd a deer, and there is the strongest suspicians that the Scalp they pretend to have taken was an old one.
I think it wou'd be very necessary to send a message to their Nation to complain of their Conduct and know at once if they are Friends or Enemies. if you approve of it, I shou'd be oblig'd to you to proprose the thing to the Governor of Virginia: I write to General Forbes on the subject."
We have no advice of the General, and there is the greatest uncertainty when we shall move from this place. I am etc.
Camp at Fort Loudoun, July 13, 1758.
Sir: Your favour of the 11th., I had the pleasure to receive the same day by Doct'r Johnston,35 nothing extraordinary since my last has occurr'd.
[Note 35: Dr. John Johnston.]
By a party from Colo. Mercer, to this place for Provisions; I find they have open'd the Road 6 Miles only; and that they proceed much slower in this Service than I expected: this possibly may arise from the pains they take to make the Road good, and from the width of it (30 Feet) which I directed, that two Waggons might go a brest conveniently; if you don't open yours in this manner, I shou'd be oblig'd to you to direct Captn. Mercer otherwise, as it will be useless to have one part wide, and the other narrow.
It gives me great pleasure to find you approve of the dress I have put my Men into. It is evident, Sold'rs in that trim are better able to carry their Provisions; are fitted for the active Service we must engage in; less liable to sink under the fatiegues of a36 March; and by this means, get rid of much baggage that wou'd consequently, if carri'd protract our line of March; this, and not whim or caprice, are really my reasons for ordering them into it.
[Note 36: The letter as sent, which is printed by Smith in the Magazine of American History, reads: "a long March besides the advantages of contracting by this means our line of March which must extend always in proportion as we are incumber'd with carriages or horses." Washington also omitted, in copying his letter into the "Bouquet Expedition Letter Book," "I beg pardon for the liberty I have taken in recommending a letter for Majr. Halket to your care." The letter to Halkett was that of July 16.]
I have heard nothing from Captn. Dagworthy since he March'd; but expect the Waggons are at Winchester by this time, that I dispatch'd the same day.
With most sincere regard I am. etc.
Camp at Fort Cumbd. abt 9 Thursday Night, July 13, 1758.
Sir: About 4 Oclock this Afternoon, after I had clos'd my letter to you, I receiv'd Intelligence that two Men were kill'd and a third taken prisoner on the Road about a Mile from this place. I got the Indians to go, and sent a Command of 50 Men immediately to the spot, where they took the Track of six Indians, and followed them till near dark; when the Indians return'd, as did our Party also.
They discover'd that one of the Men kill'd was a Soldier of the second Regiment; and that the other two were herders going to our Grass Guards37 in the most careless, stragling manner, contrary to repeated Orders and positive orders given, to prevent Soldiers stragling from camp, or small Parties going out.
[Note 37: A guard stationed at the grazing grounds to protect the cattle.]
The Mischief was done about 8 this Morning. Our discovery of it too late to give us a chance to overtaking the enemy. I thought it advisable nevertheless to give you Information that the Enemy are abt., and that I expect we shall be pester'd w'h them all this Moon; haunting our Camps; and watching our Motions.
I have appriz'd Colo. Mercer, Captn. Dagworthy and all our out Parties of this Murder, that they may be strictly upon their Guard Marching; and vigilant in their Camps.
The Inclos'd I this Inst't receiv'd from Captn. Dagworthy; if it is not in your power to afford him assistance; as it is entirely out of mine to do it. Captn. Bosomworth &c, are safely arriv'd here; he and Colo. Byrd join me in their Complim'ts. I am etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, July 16, 1758.
Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 14th. Inst't, at 11 Oclock last Night, the Express who brought it, informs me, that he was twice fired at by six Indians, and oblig'd to abandon his Horse
There's three Parties gone from hence towards the Enemy's Country within these few days. The largest of them, (consisting of an Officer and 18 Cherokees,) March'd 3 days ago. I always send out some white people with the Indians, and will to day or to morrow, send an Officer and some alert white men, with another Party of Cherokees as you desire it; tho' I must confess, that I think these Scalping Parties of Indians we send out, will more effectually harass the Enemy (by keeping them under continual Alarms) than any Parties of white People can do; because small parties of ours are not equal to the undertaking, (not being so dexterous at skulking as Indians;) and large ones will be discover'd by their spies early enough to give the Enemy time to repell them by a superior Force; and at all events, there is a great probability of loosing many of our best men, and fatiguing others before the most essential Services are enter'd upon and am afraid not answer the propos'd end.
You are pleas'd to desire my Opinion with regard to making an Irruption into the Enemy's Country with a strong Party. As such an Enterprize, at this juncture, when we may suppose the Enemy have, or are collecting their principal force in that Vicinity, wou'd require a formidable party, the supplying of which with Provisions, &ca, immediately might be difficult and the March of such a Body so considerable a distance must be discovered, as they have Parties continually watching our Motions, which wou'd too probably terminate in the miscarriage, of the Enterprize, and perhaps the destruction of our Party. I shou'd think it more eligible therefore to defer it, till the Army reaches pretty near that Country.
I shall direct the Officer that Marches towards the Enemy to be at particular pains in reconnoitring General Braddock's Road; tho I have had repeated accounts of it wanting such small repairs as can with ease be done as fast as the Army can March; it is impossible for me to send out any Men to repair it, as Colo. Mercer and Captn. Dagworthy got every Tool for that purpose I had. If we had Tools to go upon the Roads, the 2d. Company of Artificers wou'd no doubt be wanted here, but as it is, I imagine they will be better employed with you.
The malbehaviour of the Indians with you, gives me great concern;38 if they were hearty in our Interest their Services wou'd be infinitely valuable, as I cannot conceive the best white Men to be equal to them in the Woods; but I fear they are too sensible of their high Importance to us, to render us any very acceptable Service.
[Note 38: The Cherokees had gone away with stolen goods. Bouquet wrote (July 14): "It is a great humiliation for us to be obliged to suffer the repeated insolence of such rascals. I think it would be easier to make Indians of our white men, than to cox [coax] that damned tanny race."]
As the Par of Exchange between Virginia and Pensylvania is, by the Laws of the two Provinces, settled at 25 pr. Ct. in favour of the former, I apprehend we can have no right to settle on any other footing; especially as any material deviation therefrom might be productive of very bad consequences.
Since writing the above, the Warrior of the Party of Cherokees insisted on Marching Instantly, and that but one white Man shou'd go, they are gone, and I have given the white Man necessary Orders relative to the Road &c.
Inclos'd is a return of our Provisions; since the making out of which, the Marylanders drew 10 days Prov'n for 200 Men. I am etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, July 16, 1758.
Dear Halkett: Last night I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 8th. Inst't from Carlyle, covering general Orders; from the General. I have all along acted agreeble to the greatest part of them; and shall obey with the utmost exactness, so far as I am able, the others; but there are some things contain'd there which the Nature of the disagreeable Establishment I am on, renders impractacable; for how Impossible that Men; who only receive Pay once in two Months; and sometimes not so often, and then have a £5 or 10£ Bill (for we seldom get any small ones) given amongst several of them, can pay ready money for every little necessary they may want; nor can any money procure prickers and Brushes in this Country, brushes especially.
With regard to a return of those that draw Provisions; the first Regiment is at present so much dispers'd that it is now Impossible for me to send you an exact return but will loose no time in collecting those from the different Detachments, and sending you a general one of the whole by the first oppertunity afterwards.
It gives me a great deal of pleasure to find that I have in a great measure, anticipated the Generals Sentiments and Orders, in regard to dress. And reduction of Baggage; I am sensible that I have by this means lessen'd the appearance of the first Virginia Regiment, but I beg the General will think that, I have render'd them more fit for the active Service they are to engage in, by this means; now give me leave to say that I ever must be Yrs. most Affectionately,
Camp at Fort Cumberland, July 16, 1758.
Sir: Your favours of the 13th. and 14th. lye before me to answer, I have Order'd the Paymaster, and Quarter Master, to make use of the Escort that attends Governor Glen,39 and desire you will cause them to return to this place as soon as possible. The Quarter Master brings you all the stuff he has for Breech Clouts: if the quantity falls short you must purchase more, and charge the Publick with the cost (if he has not oppertunity of doing it himself while there).
[Note 39: James Glen, former Governor of South Carolina.]
I have directed the adjutant to transmit you a Copy of several Orders that I have Issued at this place for regulating the Mens dress; and beg that you will cause them to be punctually observ'd by that part of the first Regiment under your Command. It gives me great pleasure to find this Dress; or undress as you justly remark; so pleasing to Colo. Bouquet, and that therein I seem to have anticipated the Generals Orders. If my Orders shou'd be a little unintelligable in any Instance you will make the dress of the Officers and Soldiers of Maj. Lewis's Company a guide to come at my meaning; that we may, even in this trim, have some regard to uniformity.
Leaving all our Cloathing at once place is certainly right, and I shou'd be glad if you cou'd contrive yours here least you shou'd take some other Rout.
You have doubtless heard the Generals Orders of the 5th. publish'd at Rays Town, I expect therefore, that you will pay strict regard to them.
I offer my Compliments to all our Officers with you, and am Sir, etc.
Camp near Fort Cumberland, July 19, 1758.
Sir: Your obliging favour of this date, I just now had the pleasure of receiving. You make me quite happy by your coinciding on opinion with me, relative to the propos'd Expedition.
Captain Dagworthy's Party return'd hither yesterday in consequence of Orders from Sir Jno. St. Clair, forwarded by the Commanding Officer at Fort Frederick. I have directed him to finish a Bridge at this place, which I imagine he will effect by to morrow Night, with his Tools; I will next day send out a Party on General Braddock's Road, which I shall be able to reinforce when Colo. Mercer returns.
I am excessively oblig'd by the very handsome and polite manner by which you are pleas'd to give me leave to attend the Election at Winchester. Tho' my being there on that occasion, wou'd, at any other time, be very agreeable to me, yet at this juncture I can hardly perswade myself to think of being absent from my more immediate Duty, even for a few days. I will not however come to any absolute determination in this matter till I receive answers to some Letters on that subject (which I expect this Night, or to-morrow)40 in the meantime, I beg you will allow me to Subscribe myself with great truth and sincerity, etc.
[Note 40: Washington had decided to offer himself to the electors of Frederick County, Va., as a candidate for the House of Burgesses. Some opposition was aroused that seemed to his friends to require his presence to allay during the poll, and Colonel Bouquet gave him leave to attend the election, a permission of which he did not avail himself. In his absence, Col. James Wood, the founder of Winchester, represented him, being "carried round the town in the midst of a general applause and huzzaing for Colonel Washington." "We have dull barbacues," wrote his former secretary, John Kirkpatrick, "and yet duller dances. An election causes a hubbub for a week or so, and then we are dead a while." The vote was taken on July 24, and resulted in the election of Washington and Col. Thomas Bryan Martin, the poll standing as follows: Washington, 307; Colonel Martin, 240; Captain Swearingen, 45; and Hugh West, 199. Colonel Martin was a nephew of Lord Fairfax and afterwards agent of the Fairfax estates. A copy of the poll in Washington's writing is in the Washington Papers.
Lieut. Charles Smith handled the election expense accounts for Washington. There are five accounts in the Washington Papers showing the items of Washington's expenses for entertaining the voters at this election:
Camp near Fort Cumberland, July 21, 1758.
Sir: I had, before Colo. Stephen came to this place, abandon't all thoughts of attending Personally at the Election in Winchester; choosing rather to leave the management of that matter to the care of my Friends, than be absent from my Regiment when there is a probability of its being call'd upon. I am much pleas'd now that I did do so.
Colo. Byrd has given me your Letter of Yesterday; in consequence, I send you a return of the Forage, and he writes to Mr. Gist for Vermilion for the Indians.
We participate in the joy felt for the success of his Majesty's Arms at Louisburg, &ca.; and sincerely lament the loss of that brave and active Nob'n Lord Howe.42
[Note 42: George Augustus, Viscount Howe, brigadier general in America. He was killed near Ticonderoga, N.Y., on July 6 He was well liked throughout the Colonies.]
We have got the bridge finish'd at this place, and to morrow Maj'r Peachy, with 300 Men, proceed to open Genl. Braddock's Road. I shall direct their going to George's Creek, 10 Miles advanc'd; by that time I may possibly hear from you; if they go further, it may be requisite to reinforce the Party, but this matter I suppose will be Order'd according to the Route determin'd on by the General; for it will be needless to open a road that no use is made of43 afterwards.
[Note 43: "The general has sent my brother George to Reas' Town, with orders to take with him a hundred men, in order to find out and mark a road from Reas' Town as near to Fort Duquesne as he can possibly go, leaving General Braddock's road and the Yohiogaine entirely to the left."-- Col. John Armstrong to Governor Denny, July 20, 1758. This letter is in the Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 2, p. 483.]
Colo. Stephen gives me some room to apprehend that a Body of light Troops may soon move on. I pray your Interest, most Sincerely, with the General, to get my Regiment and myself Included in the Number. If there needs any Arguments to obtain this favour, I hope, without vanity, I may be allow'd to say that from long Intimacy, and frequent Scouting in these Woods, my Men are as well acquainted with all the Passes and difficulties, as any Troops that will be employ'd, and therefore may answer any purpose intended by them, as well as any other Body.
The General directs, that the Troops be provided with covers to their Locks. Where to get these I know not; there is but one possible way of succeeding, and that is by taking the neats Hides; and these will fall short. The Commissaries ask 18/. apiece for them. I should be glad of your advice in this case, as also what will be done with the Waggons expected up in our next Convoy. I can't say exactly what Number there may be of them, but suppose the Provisions, Forage, and Stores, can't employ less than 50. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The letter as sent, printed by Smith in the Magazine of American History, adds "Please to offer my compliments to Mr. Glen and forward a letter herewith to Majr. Halket."]
Fort Cumberland, July 21, 1758.
Dear Halkett: Inclos'd are two returns, one of the number of Persons we draw Provisions for; the other of the strength of the Regiment, made out from those lately receiv'd from the several Detachments. I hope they will please, but if any other form is required to be kind enough to advertise me of it, and I shall execute the Orders.
It is morally impossible to get at this place, covers for our Gun Locks having nothing but Neats Hydes to make them of; and an insufficiency of those to answer the purpose. The Commissaries ask 18/ a piece for them; pray give me your advice in this case.
I find by the Generals Orders that a Brigade Major is appointed pointed to the Pensylvania Troops, if any is allow'd for Ours, give me leave to sollicit your Interest in favour of Captn. Robt. Stewart (if it shou'd not be found incompatable with his duty as a Horse Officer). His Military knowledge is Second to none in our Service and his assiduity I can greatly confide in. I can't use the freedom of mentioning it to the General, nor shou'd I trouble you with it at this time, were I not appris'd that application cation in behalf of others either have been making, or are intended to be made.
farewell my dear Halkett. I heartily wish you every perfect enjoyment your Soul can desire, and am most Affectionately, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, July 24, 1758.
Sir: The Inclos'd came to my hands a few hours after I dispatch'd my last by Frazier. I did not know but it might enable you to determine what had best be done with the Waggons, and therefore I send it. If we are to lye at this place any time, perhaps you may think it advisable to send the Waggons down for another Convoy. I shou'd not choose to propose any thing that might seem officious; but wou'd it not facilitate the Operations of the Campaigne if the Virginia Troops were Order'd to proceed as far as the great Crossing and construct, Posts at the most advantagious situations; opening the Road at the same time as they go, if any use is intended to be made of this Road, great advantages will be diriv'd from such a procedure, certainly. In such an event, I shou'd be glad to be joined by that part of my Regiment at Rays Town.
Major Peachy, who Commands the Working Party on Genl. Braddocks Road, writes me, that he finds little repairs wanting; I shall however Order him to Night, to proceed as far as Savage River and then Return, as his Party is rather too Weak to adventure it further.
All the Indian Parties that went out, are now return'd (save one, consisting of three only) without making any discoveries.
I beg leave to assure you that I am most Sincerely, Sir, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, July 25, 1758.
Dear Sir: I wrote you by Colo. Stephen, since which I have been favor'd with your kind, and agreeable favour of Yesterday.
We have advice that our Second Convoy of 70 odd Waggons (contents I enclos'd you Yesterday) will be at the South Branch to day, where I expect they will be join'd by some Waggons with forage, the number I can't ascertain, and all proceed to this place immediately, on Friday I shall look for them.
I shall most chearfully proceed on any Road; pursue any Rout; or enter upon any Service; that the General or yourself can think me usefully employ'd in; and shall never have a Will of my own, when a duty is required of me: but since you desire me to speak; permit me to observe this that after having convers'd with all the Guides, and been convinced by them and every other who has knowledge of the Country, that a Road comparable to General Braddocks (or indeed fit for any Service at all even for carrying Horses) cannot be made, I own I say after this, I shou'd sollicit that rout with less Warmth; not because difficulties appear in it; but because I shou'd much doubt giving satisfaction in the executive part; I don't know what reports you may have got from your reconnoitring Parties but I have been told on all hands that if any thing is expected there must be disappointments; for nothing can be taken that way without destroying our Horses.
I shou'd however be extremely glad of one hours conference with you and that when the General arrives. I cou'd then better [explain myself]45 and think I cou'd demonstrate the advantages of pushing out a Body of light Troops on this
[Note 45: The words in brackets were added by Washington in 1784--85 after erasing the 1758 words with a knife so thoroughly as to be indecipherable.] Quarter; I shou'd make a Trip to Rays Town with great pleasure if my absence here cou'd be dispens'd with a day or two, and that you can best now judge of.
We shall need no Provisions from you, this Second Convoy added to what we have, will furnish us with a tolerable good stock.
If Maj. Livingston, or any other Officer at this place draws more than one Ration, it is contrary to Orders, and my knowledge; and must be attributed to the Commissary, whose fault chiefly it must be for delivering it.
We have been oblig'd, for the sake of our Cattle, to move our Grass Guard to Cresaps, 15 Miles from [hence],46 there the Provisions is slaughter'd and serv'd out to the Guard; and to the Troop of light Horse also at that place); it is therefore necessary that Mr. Dow, or an attendant of the Commissarys shou'd be present and see to the Issuing of it. There were two Commissaries at this place, besides a numberless train of Butchers, Herders, &ca., so immensely Lazy that I was under a necessity of Ordering some of them to attend the Guard, for the Commissaries looking upon the Cattle to be at the Kings risque, was under no concern what went with them, and gave themselves no trouble on that Score about them.
[Note 46: The word in brackets was added by Washington in 1784--85 after erasing the 1758 word with a knife so thoroughly as to be indecipherable.]
I send you a return of Colo. Byrds Regiment,47 and of the Maryland Troops at this place. I shou'd also have sent you one of the first Regiment, but the Adjutant got leave to accompany Colo. Stephen to Ray's Town on some business of his own, and lock'd up the Returns; I can therefore make out one only for the Companies present and this I send to him to compleated for your use.
[Note 47: This return, dated July 24, 1758, is in the Washington Papers.]
Kelly and Stalnaker (two guides) are on the Road with Maj. Peachy; all the rest, at this place, I directed to attend you.
It wou'd be extremely Inconvenient for me, at this time, to Garrison the Block House on Rays Town Road, having such large Commands already out, and the Camp Duty very hard upon us. I am with most sincere Regard etc.48
[Note 48: In reply Colonel Bouquet wrote (July 27): "Nothing can be greater than your generous dispositions for the Service and the candid Exposition of your Sentiments; I See with the utmost Satisfaction, that you are above the Influences of Prejudice, and ready to go heartily where Reason and Judgment Shall direct. I wish, Sincerely, that we may all center in one and the Same opinion; therefore I desire to have an Interview with you at the houses built half Way betwixt our Camps. I will communicate all the Intelligence, I was able to collect; and, weighing impartially the advantages and disadvantages of Each Communication We shall I hope be able between you and I, to determine what is most eligible, and Save to the General trouble and loss of time." The interview took place, but Forbes was not convinced by Washington.]
Camp at Fort Cumberland, July 28, 1758.
Dear Sir: Your favour of yesterday I had the pleasure of receiving last Night. I detain'd the Party till my Adjutant's return from Rays Town (which I hourly Expected) imagining something by him, might arrive that wou'd require answering by it.
I have given Captn. Dagworthy Orders to March to Rays Town so soon as he can draw in his Grass Guard. Inclos'd is a return of the Tents wanting to compleat the first Regiment and I have desir'd Colo. Byrd to send one for the 2d. Regiment also.
I will agreeable to your direction's, send the Waggons back to Winchester, having receiv'd no Orders to the Contrary from the General or Sir John.
Forty Six of Colo. Byrds Indians have left this for their Nation; 16 Only remain. I was greatly surpris'd to hear of a Report spread, and believ'd in your Camp, that a Party of Delawares were come into this place; there never has been the least distant cause for such a report.
As I shall have the great pleasure of seeing you to morrow, will till then, defer entering upon the most important parts of your Letter. In the meantime I beg leave to Subscribe myself with great sincerity. Dear Sir, etc.
[July, 1758.]
My Dear Colonel: If thanks flowing from a heart replete with joy and Gratitude can in any Measure compensate for the fatigue, anxiety and Pain you had at my Election, be assured you have them. 'tis a poor, but I am convinced welcome tribute to a generous Mind; such, I believe yours to be.
How I shall thank Mrs. Wood for her favourable Wishes? and how acknowledge my Sense of Obligations to the People in General for their choice of me I am at a loss to resolve on; but why; Can I do it more effectually than by making their Interests (as it really is) my own, and doing everything that lyes in my little Power for the Hon'r and welfare of the County; I think not; and my best endeavours they may always Command. I promise this now, when promises may be regarded, before they might pass as words of Course.
I am extreme thankful to you and my other friends for entertaining the Freeholders in my name. I hope no Exception were taken to any that voted against me but that all were alike treated and all had enough; it is what I much desir'd; my only fear is that you spent with too sparing a hand.
I don't like to touch upon our Public Affairs; the Prospect is overspread by too many ills to give a favourable Acct. I will therefore say little, but yet say this, that backwardness appears in all things but the approach of Winter;--that joggs on apace.52
[Note 52: This letter, which was written after the Fairfax election (Ford dates it July), was drafted by Washington on the address leaf of Colonel Wood's letter to him of July 7. William Sprague appropriated the Wood letter, tore off this address leaf, and left it, with a copy of Wood's, in the Washington Papers. He either did not recognize Washington's handwriting or else had no interest in the drafted answer because it is unsigned.]
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 2, 1758.
Sir: Those matters we talk'd of relative to the Roads has since our parting been the object of my closest attention, and so far am I from altering my opinion that the more time and attention I give thereto, the more I am confirm'd in it; as the validity of the reasons for taking the old Road appear in a stronger point of view. To enumerate the whole of these Reasons wou'd be tedious: and to you who is become so much master of that Subject, unnecessary; therefore I will only briefly mention a few which I conceive so obvious in themselves, as must to any unbiass'd mind effectually remove what is objected to General Braddock's Road, and urg'd in favor of a Road to be open'd from Rays Town.
Several years ago the Virginians and Pensylvanians commenc'd a Trade with the Indians settled on the Ohio, and to remove the many Inconveniences a bad Road subjected them to, they, after reiterated efforts to discover where a good one might be made were found ineffectual, employ'd several of the most intelligent Indians who in the course of many years hunting acquired a perfect knowledge of these Mountains to attempt it, but these Indian's after having taken the greatest pains to gain the Rewards then offer'd for this discovery declared the Path leading from Wills Creek was infinitely preferable to any that cou'd be made at any other place; Time and experience so clearly demonstrated this truth, that the Pensylvania Traders commonly carried their Goods thither by Will's Creek, therefore the Ohio Company in 1753 at a considerable Expense open'd a Road thither. In 1754 the Troops I had the hon'r to Command greatly repair'd it as far as Gist's Plantation; and in 1755 it was widened and completed by General Braddock within 6 miles of Fort Duquesne; consequently a Road that has been so long open'd, so well repair'd; and so often, must be much firmer and better than a new one, allowing the Ground to be originally equally as good.
But supposing it was practicable to make a Road from Rays Town quite as good as General Braddock's, I ask if we have time to do it? certainly not, Surmounting the vast difficulties to be encounter'd in making it over such monstrous Mountains, covered with woods and Rocks wou'd require so much time as to blast our otherwise well grounded hopes of striking the long wish'd for and Important Stroke this Season; and deferring it to another year wou'd, I am morally certain, be productive of the most destructive Consequences to the Southern and middle Colonies; for they have to make a noble push towards ending those Calamities under which they so long have groan'd, granted supplies beyond their abilities. These Funds will, in a few months be exhausted; the Troops of course disbanded. Their inability and discouragement from so great a disappointment will prevent their attempting a similar effort against another Season, and experience evinces, that Expence and Numbers must be encreas'd in proportion to our Delays.
The Southern Indians have from our bad Success, and inactivity, long look'd upon us in a despicable light, have already committed Hostilities on our Frontiers, and only wait the result of this Campaign to unmask themselves; which wou'd be such an acquisition to the Enemy as might terminate in our Destruction.
The favourable accounts some give, of the Forage on the Rays Town Road being so much better than the other is certainly exaggerated, greatly, as every unprejudiced person who are acquainted with both, agrees that the only difference between the Mountains here and there is, that those are more inaccessible; And it is well known that in both, the rich Valleys, between the Mountains abound with good food, and those that are Stony and Brushy are destitute; Colo. Byrd and the Engineer that accompanied him confirm this truth; And surely the Meadows on this Road wou'd greatly overbalance the advantage of having Grass to the foot of the ridge on this side the Mountain on the Rays Town Road and all agree that a more barren Road is no where to be found than from Rays Town to the Inhabitants which is likewise to be consider'd with the badness of the Road.
And the Principal objection made to Genl. Braddock's Road is that of the waters to pass; but these very rarely swell so much as to obstruct the Passage. The Yaughyaughgane which is the most rapid and soonest filled I with a Body of Troops, have cross'd after 30 odd days almost constant Rain. In fine any difficulties that may arise therefrom are so trivial that they are really not worth mentioning. The Monongahela the largest of all these Rivers may, if necessary, be easily avoided as Mr. Frazer, (the principal Guide) informs me by passing a Defile which I cannot conceive to be so bad as commonly represented; but even that he tells me, may be shunn'd.
It is said again that there are many Defiles on this Road, I grant there are some, but know of none that cannot be travers'd if found necessary; and I shou'd be glad to know where a Road can be had over these Mountains not subject to this Inconvenience; unless they kept the heights always, and that is impracticable.
The shortness of the Road from Rays Town to Fort Duquesne by Loyal hanny,53 is us'd as an argument in disfavor of this Road, and bears some thing in it unaccountable to me, for I must beg leave to ask here, if it requires more time, or is it more difficult and expensive, to go 145 miles in a good Road already made to our hands, or to cut 100 miles in length, great part of which over almost inaccessible Mountains, and, to say, or think, we can do nothing more this Fall than to fortify some Post on the other side of the Mountains and prepare against another Campaigne I must pray Heaven, most fervently, to avert! till we find it impracticable at least to prosecute with prudence the Enterprise in hand. We have yet time enough to Transport Provisions to last the Siege and to support the Troops that may Winter there, as I shall endeavor hereafter to shew, at any rate it never can be an argument for opening the other Road at this time, because supposing we are not able to do no more than construct a Post on the other side the Mountains, that Post undoubtedly must be on a Road that has the easiest and nearest Communication with the Settlements where supplies are to be drawn from; for to say nothing of the great advantage of water Carriage this way which certainly is immense (as you will find by Doctr. Ross's Estimation that you shewed me) or of the infinite odds in the goodness of the Roads w'ch is very evident to all who have travelled both, either from the Inhabitants to the advanced Posts or from the advanced Posts to Fort Duquesne, I say to put these reasons aside (altho' they ought to have their due weight) yet this way as being so much nearer the Settlements has much advantage. That it is nearer Winchester in Virginia and Fort Frederick in Maryland by
[Note 53: Loyalhanna, Pa. Fort Ligonier was afterwards built on this spot. In the New York Public Library is a manuscript map, made by Washington, of a section of Bouquet's new road, from the thirty-second to the forty-third mile tree. It includes a road area of approximately 12 miles, but the exact location is difficult to fix.] many miles are facts incontestable; and I here shew the difference of the two Roads to Carlyle by giving you the distance of the different stages; some of which I have from information only, but believe them to be just.
From Carlyle to Fort Duquesne by Rays Town.
From Carlyle to Ft. Duquesne by Ft. Fredk. and Cumberland.
By this Computation there appears to be a difference of 19 miles only, were all the Supplies oblig'd to come from Carlyle it is well known that the goodness of this Road is a sufficient compensation for the shortness of the other, as the wreck'd and broken waggons clearly demonstrate.
I shall next give you my reasons against dividing the Army in the manner you propose, and after that endeavour to shew how the Grass on the other road can be made proper use of.
First then by dividing our Army we divide our strength, and by pursuing quite distinct Routs put it entirely out of the power of each Division to succor the other as the propos'd new Road has no Communication with the old.
Secondly to March in this manner will be attended with many Inconveniences; as first if we depart from our advanc'd Posts at the same time and make no Deposits by the way, those troops who goes from Rays Town as they will be lights having Carrying Horses only, will arrive at Fort Duquesne long before he others, and must if the Enemy are strong there, be expos'd possibly to many Insults in their intrenchments from the Cannon of the Enemy which they may draw out upon them at their pleasure: if they are not strong enough to do this to that Division we have but little to apprehend from them go which way or how we will. Thirdly if that Division that Escorts the Convoy is permitted to march first, we risk our all in a manner, and are ruin'd if any accident happens to the artillery, to the Stores &ca.; and lastly if we advance on both roads by Deposits we must double our number of Troops over the Mountains, and distress ourselves by victualling of them in these Deposites, besides losing the propos'd advantage, that of stealing a march; For we cannot suppose the French who have their Scouts constantly out, can be so deficient in point of Intelligence as to be unacquainted with our motions when we are advancing by slow Degrees towards them.
Now Sir, the advantage I wou'd propose to make of the Forrage along the other Path is, to support all the Carrying Horses that can possibly be collected, and sent that way after we are fortunate enough to lie before Fort Duquesne; here not only the carrying Horses that were to be us'd out as such, but officers' horses, and even the waggon Horses also, may be employ'd in this Service, if saddles or packs are provided in the meantime at Rays Town for them to return with.
Great advantages may be Derived from such a measure, because as the food of the old Road wou'd be entirely eaten up going, and the horses get weak, it wou'd be impossible that the waggons cou'd return for another Convoy; tho' the horses might nevertheless be in a condition to come down light along a Road abounding with food, and be able to carry up another Convoy, giving them two or three days rest at the most convenient feeding places; by this means the Waggon horses wou'd be eas'd of the fatigue of bringing down even the empty waggons which is something along a Road strip'd of its food. In the condition the horses by this time may be suppos'd to be they will I conceive carry near or quite as much weight on their backs as they could draw in a Waggon.
From what has been said relative to the two Roads it appears I think very clearly, that the old one is infinit'ly better than the other can be made; and that there is no room to hesitate a moment which to take, when we consider the advanced Season and little time left to execute our plan. I shall therefore in the last place offer (as desired) my Sentiments on advancing by Deposites; the first of which I should have been for getting at the Little Meadows wou'd time have permitted, but as the case now stands, I suppose at the Great Crossing, or great Meadows our first must be form'd. The great Crossing I esteem the most advantageous Post on several accounts, especially that of water, and Security of the Passage, but then it does not abound in food as the Meadows, nor has not so much level land about it fit for Culture.
To this latter place a Body of 1500 Men may March with 300 Waggons or Carrying horses (which wou'd be much better,) equivalent; allowing each Waggon to carry 800 lbs of flour, and 400 of Salt meat you carry 40 days' of the former and 20 of the latter for 6000 men; besides your live Cattle, any number of which might, but ought not to be carried for these two Reasons, first they wou'd destroy your Pasturage, and next, your Men being employed at work, you wou'd have none to attend or Guard them. Your next Convoy which I suppose to consist of 500 Provision waggons and all the Army, will at the above rate carry 66 days Provisions of flour and 33 of Salt Flesh, besides 6 days which the men may carry on their backs as it is suppos'd the 1500 are to do also, so that you have at the Meadows according to this Calculation 113 days' Flour and 56 Salt meat deducting the daily Consumption; now to accomplish this I allow 26 days, to wit to the great Meadows 8; to unload and return 6, then I allow the army 12 days more to prepare pare and arrive in, by which I apprehend our works may be finish'd and the whole ready to proceed.
Our next Deposite probably will be at Salt Lick about 35 miles from the Meadows, to this place I conceive it necessary to send 2500 men to construct some Post, taking 6 days Provisions only which is sufficient to serve them till the Convoy comes up; against which time, an Entrench'd Camp or some other kind of defensible work may be effected, and from hence I conceive it highly expedient to Detach 3 or 4000 of the best Troops to Invest the place, and prevent if possible an Ingagement in the woods, which of all things ought to be avoided. The Artillery and Stores may be up in 4 days from Salt Lick, and from that time I will allow 18 days more for the Carrying horses to make a Trip to Rays Town for Provisions passing along the old Path by Loyal Hanny, In this time they may do it, as the horses will go down light, but what quantity of Provisions they can bring up I cannot say, that depending on the number of horses fitted out with Saddles &ca.
From this State of the matter (which is really a candid one) and from my Calculations, in which large allowances are made for the quantity of Provisions, as well as for the time of Transporting them, it appears that from the time the Front Division begins its March from hence, till the whole army gets before Fort Duquesne is 34 days, at which time there will be 87 days Provisions on hand allowing for the consumption on the March; and that 18 days added to this make 52 in all; which is required for our operations and these ought to be finish'd if possible by the middle of October.
I have offered nothing but what to me appears beyond a Probability: I have nothing to fear but for the General Service, and no hopes but the advantages it will derive from the Success of our operations, therefore cannot be suppos'd to have any private Interest or sinister views by any freedom my regard for the benefit of the Service on this occasion has induced me to use. I am, &c.54
[Note 54: This letter is in the "Bouquet Letter Book" in the writing of John Kirkpatrick, with a word here and there in Washington's writing.]
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 2, 1758.
My dear Halkett: I am just return'd from a Conference held with Colo. Bouquet. I find him fix'd, I think I may say fix'd, upon leading you a New way to the Ohio; thro a Road, every Inch of it to cut, at this advanced Season, when we have scarce time left to tread the beaten Tract; universally confess'd to be the best Passage through the Mountains.
If Colo. Bouquet succeeds in this point with the General, all is lost! All is lost by Heavens! Our Enterprise Ruin'd; and we stop'd at the Laurel Hill this Winter; not to gather Laurels, by the by, desirable in their effects. The Southern Indians turn'd against Us, and these Colonies become desolated by such an Acquisition to the Enemy's Strength.
These are the Consequences of a Miscarriage; and a Miscarriage the Consequence of the Attempt; I have drawn my Reasons out at large and now send them to Colo. Bouquet. He desir'd I wou'd do so, that he might forward them to the General; should this happen, you may judge of their weight.
I am uninfluenced by Prejudice, having no hopes or fears but for the General Good. That be assur'd of, and my Sincere Sentiments are spoke on this occasion. I am, Dear Halkett Most Affectionately yours,
Fort Cumberland Camp, August 5, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: Your favour of the 20th. Ulto. I was honour'd with the day before yesterday. I am sorry to find Mr. Smith55 has not sent you a return of the Arms, nor Mr. Ramsay56 one of the Provision's. I will write to both those Gentlemen on this reason. Inclos'd is a return of the first Regiment.
[Note 55: Lieut. Charles Smith.]
[Note 56: William Ramsay, a commissary.]
I neglected till now, purposely, (since my last of the 10th. Ulto.) to give your honour any acct. of Our Expedition; hoping at last to be furnish'd with something agreeable; being disappointed in this, I am sorry to inform you that we are still Incamp'd here, and have little prospect of de-camping, unless a fatal Resolution take place of opening a New Road from Rays Town to Fort Duquesne, in this event, I have no doubt but we shall be honour'd with a full share of the Labour; as we have already been in opening a Communication from hence to Rays Town; and doing the principal part of the Work at that place.
I am just return'd from a Conference held with Colo. Bouquet on this occasion. The General lyin indispos'd at Carlyle. In this conference I urg'd, in the most persuasive terms I was Master of, the advanc'd Season as an argument against new discoveries I press'd also; the difficulties of cutting a Road over these Mountains; the length of time it must require to do it; the little time left for that Service, the moral certainty of its obstructing Our March; and the Miscarriage of the Expedition from that Cause, and lastly, I endeavour'd to represent the distress'd Condition the Colonies wou'd be reduc'd to, consequent thereupon. In fine, I said, and did every thing to avert a mischief that seem'd to forebode our manifest Ruin; this is the light it appears to me. I pray Heaven my Fears may prove imaginary only; but the thoughts of opening a Road 100 Miles in length; over Mountains almost inaccessible, at this advanc'd Season, when there is already a good Road made. a Road universally confess'd to be the best that either is, or can be found any where thro these Mountains, prognosticates something; not quite favourable.
I have now drawn up a Representation of real Facts to be presented to the General; in which I think the advantages of going the old Road, and the Moral certainty of failing in the new are so clearly demonstrated, that it must strike every unbiass'd Mind, as the greatest perspicuity, and impartiallity runs through the whole account.
The small Pox getting among the Troops, is another unpromising Circumstance attending the Expedition. An Officer and two Men of my Regiment are now down with it at Rays Town; from this short narrative of our Affairs your Honour may draw conclusions: you may depend upon the acct. being geniune, free from exagerations; and flowing from a Mind deeply affected at the prospect before Us. I hope, as I once before said, that I see matters in a false point of view; and, that my Apprehensions for the Consequence of opening a new Road, are Groundless, my next perhaps may declare. I am with all due Respect, etc.
P.S. I was this moment presented with a Letter from Colo. Bouquet telling me, that the General had directed the other Road to be open'd; I expect therefore to be Order'd that way immediately; Order's are not yet arriv'd.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 6, 1758.
Dear Sir: The Generals Orders, or the Orders of any Superior Officer, will, when once given, be a Law to me. I shall never hesitate in obeying them; but, till this Order came out, I thought it incumbent upon me to say what I cou'd to divert you, (the Commanding Officer present) from a Resolution of opening a new Road, of which I had the most unfavourable reports, and believ'd from the hight of the Hills, the steepness of them, the unevenness of the Ground in general, and, what above all principally weigh'd with me the advanc'd Season, that it was impossible to open a Road in time to answer our purpose. I am still of this opinion; partly from my own observations of the Country, and partly from the Information of as good judges as any that will be employ'd.57 My duty therefore to His Majesty, and the Colony whose Troops I have the Honour to Command, oblig'd me to declare my Sentiments upon the occasion with that candour and freedom of which you are witness. If I am deceiv'd in my opinion, I shall acknowledge my Error as becomes a Gentleman, led astray from judgment, and not by prejudice, in opposing a measure so conducive to the Publick Weal as you seem to have conceiv'd this to be. If I unfortunately am right my conduct must acquit me of having discharg'd my Duty on this Important occasion; on the good Success of which, Our All, in a manner Depends.58
[Note 57: "The road up the Allegheny Mountains so far as cleared (by information), is steep, stony, and of very difficult access, even alpine difficulties attend the lightest carriages. How the artillery, &c., will be got up this and Laurel Hill, must be left to better judges and time to determine."-- William Ramsay to Washington, Aug. 17, 1758. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 58: The question of the road by which the troops were to reach the Ohio occasioned great uneasiness in Washington, and gave rise to a belief on his part that Lord Loudoun had been unduly influenced by Pennsylvania in his decision. In March, 1757, General Forbes had called for a description of the frontiers, and Pennsylvania promptly replied, showing that through the county of Cumberland was "a great and good wagon road thro' this Province to Virginia and Carolina, on which are Harris Ferry, the towns and forts of Carlisle and Shippensburg, the magazine at McDowell's Mill, and Forts Loudoun and Lyttleton; to this fine valley there is an easy access from the Ohio by several good passes in the mountains." Through one of these passes ran a path through Raystown, 65 miles from Shippensburg, and through another a path leading to Frankstown, situated about 30 miles north of Raystown, and affording a bad passage by reason of swamps and broken hills. "A new road was opened and cleared thro' Rays Town over the Allegheny Hills, for the use of General Forbes, and is now a good one." (See Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vol. 7, p. 445.) In June Sir John St. Clair asserted the necessity of opening one or more roads on the frontiers of Cumberland County, and it was doubtless to his efforts that an attempt to cut a new road was determined upon. This new route instead of passing through Carlisle was to be directed through York, Fort Frederick, and Fort Cumberland, making the distance from Lancaster to Fort Duquesne about 245 miles, or no longer than the existing road, but easier to get over, and allowing some use of the Potomac for transport of goods. Not only would the passage of the troops carry advantage to the colony through which it was made, but the rich lands of the Ohio would attract settlers, and it was the wish of Virginia to possess the main road to that region. This was one of the reasons for Washington's insistence, and he was certain of a support from the colony. "The Virginians are making great interest that our Rout may be by Fort Cumberland, but I hope they will not succeed." (See letter of James Young to R. Peters, July 23, 1758.) "The Virginians are much chagrined at the opening of the road through this government, and Colonel Washington has been a good deal sanguine and obstinate upon the occasion." (See letter of Armstrong to Peters, Oct. 3, 1758.) Such was his insistence that General Forbes took offense, and in writing to Bouquet advised him to consult with Washington, "though perhaps not follow his advice, as his behaviour about the roads was no ways like a soldier." General Forbes had good reason for delay, as the Indian allies of the French were in council with the English Colonies, and should they be weaned from their hostility a serious blow would be given to French influence and French power in that quarter, a success far greater than mere force of arms could attain. It was Bouquet's opinion after the fall of Duquesne that had the Braddock road been taken at first, as Washington wished, the expedition would have been doomed. (See letter of Bouquet to Allen, Nov. 25, 1758.) As it was, the treaty of Easton deprived the French of their main strength, and when it was perceived that the season was too advanced to complete the new road, the troops employed upon it were recalled, and an advance ordered by way of Turkey Creek, with ultimate success. (See Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. 2, n. 133 et seq.)-- Ford.]
I have repair'd the Road over the Mountain, at this place as Sir John St. Clair desir'd. I had also sent the Second Company of Artificers to make Bridges on the Rays Town Road according to your Orders, transmitted me thro' by Colo. Stephen; twas yesterday before I cou'd get them in: and to day they March.
Nineteen Waggon's came here Yesterday Loaded with Musket Ball from Fort Frederick; 18 more left their loads at the old Town, and are gone back, the first 19 Waggons, and an Escort are gone to bring up their Loads, and will be here to day. I can't send you a return of the Contents having receiv'd none.
The Waggoners are constantly applying for Grain to give their Horses. I shou'd be glad if you wou'd direct how I am to act in this Case.
Inclos'd is a Return of Provision's wanting to serve Us till our next Convoy arrives from Winchester, We have not above 5 days Flour upon hand, I shall therefore send the Waggons to Rays Town to Morrow for this Article, &ca., after they return from the old Town.
Twelve Tents was the number I return'd for, and they are safe arriv'd.
If you approve of it, I wou'd send 50 Men the length of the Great Crossing to way lay the Road thereabouts: I conceive to be the most eligible method of taking a Prisoner for Intelligence. The Enemy about our Garrison's are watchful and near their own are difficult to be brought of with safety, the distance is so great and relief always at hand. I am, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 7, 1758.
Dr. Sir: Captn. Waggoner and 50 Men with 19 Waggons wait upon you for Provision's agreeable to a return sent you yesterday.
A Letter which I have just received from Mr. Walker, tells me, that the Convoy may be expected at Pearsall's the 15th. Inst., and desires that the Escort (already consising of 75 Men) may be augmented, as the Waggons and Cattle will cover a long space of Ground.
Pray what will you have done with these Waggons when they come up ? and those now going to Ray's Town, when they Return with Provision's?
I was this Inst't favour'd with your's pr. Express; I am not surprized to hear the Enemy are about, but have really been astonished at the calm that has prevail'd so long. I shall this moment send out a Party to way lay the Road; I anticipated this Order, by requesting leave to do it in a Letter I wrote to you yesterday.
Inclos'd is a return of the Shott &ca. that have been brought to this place since my arrival here. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 11, 1758.
Dear Sir: I receiv'd a Letter from Colo. Bouquet last Night containing the Paragraph following.
"Please to write to Mr. Walker to send Us as soon as possible a supply of Cattle: The Calculation upon Paper will starve Us."
I have lost no time in transmitting this to you. I expect Orders every moment for Marching the Virginia Troops to Rays Town, that being the Rout Determin'd on for the Army. They have already work'd on the Road to be open'd from thence to Fort Duquesne and flatter themselves with getting a better than Genl. Braddocks; they may do so, and I shall believe it when I am an eye witness to it.59
[Note 59: In 1784--85 Washington added to this sentence "not before." The recollection of his struggle over the Raystown road was still vivid that long afterwards.]
In my last I gave you my thoughts of the Expedition, they are not alter'd from any thing I have since seen. I wish you were well and among Us. none wou'd be more rejoic'd to see you than Dr. Sir, Y'r etc.
P.S. I shall send a Party to meet the Convoy at Pearsalls the 15th.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 11, 1758.
My clear Stewart: I am sorry to transmit an Order that will give you pain; but must nevertheless tell you, that the following came in a Letter from Colo. Bouquet to me last Night.
"As our Troop of light Horse is too much harrass'd by continual Service; I desire you will send me half of Captn. Stewarts Troop, with one or two of his Officers, as you may think necessary to take care of them."
As the Colo. gives me a discretionary power to send one or two, one must be his Lot; and that I think shou'd be your Cornet; as Mr. Crawford is appointed to the Troop pro-tempore only, he shou'd be put to little Inconvenience.
It will be scarce worth your while, to confine yourself with the other half of the Troop; I shou'd be glad therefore to have your Company at this place, as I think you may Trust to Mr. Crawfords care; however, in this case, pursue your own Inclinations.
Your Letter to Majr. Halkett got to Rays Town in less than 24 hours after you writ it. I shall appoint no Person to do Brigade Majrs. Duty till I hear more from that Gentleman, as you may be assur'd in this, as in all things else, I have the strongest inclination to serve you; being Dr. Stewart with most unfeigned truth. Y'r Affect'e Friend, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 13, 1758.
Dr. Sir: Your favour of the 9th. I was honour'd with the 11th.: 39 Waggons are loaded with Stores according to your Orders. 8 other Waggons contain 160 Bushels of Indian Corn which with 94 deliver'd to the 47 Waggoners returning to you (two Bushels to each) and 18 more to the Maryland Waggon Master, takes all the Grain we have, save about 60 Bushel reserv'd for the light Horse; Captn. Stewart telling me it was your orders he shou'd have grain.
The Maryland Waggons under Mr. Long, will go with an Escort (intended to reinforce that with the Convoy from Winchester) to Pearsalls for the Grain at that place: with which they shall proceed to Rays Town when that Convoy does, according to Order.
We have neither Grindstones or Intrenching Tools at this place.
I offer you my sincere congratulation's upon your safe return from Loyalhanning; and upon the discovery of a good Road which I hear you have made; I am with very great Regard, Dr. Sir, etc.
Camp Fort Cumberland, August 13, 1758.
Dear Sir: The Waggons met with all possible dispatch in loading, but being assur'd that the Horses were not able to return till today, I did not Order them of sooner.
My Soldiers Cloathing, unluckily, are sent to this place. If I march that way I shall take them along, with those of that part of the Regiment now with me. Since we are like to make so late a Campaigne of it.
I sent Orders to Captn. Stewart to detach half his Troop under an Officer to you. They are not yet arriv'd from the Grass Guard 15 Miles of.
I wish with all my Soul you may continue to find little difficulty in opening your Road. I am certain if you find much, you will not have time for any other Service this Campaigne.
I detach'd Captn. McKenzie with 4 Officers and 75 Rank and file to way-lay the Road at the great Crossing; from him a Sergeant and four active Woodsmen of my Regiment is to proceed to Fort Duquesne so that I am in great hopes we shall be able to get some Intelligence of the strength of the Enemy at that place.
I cou'd wish most sincerely, that our Accounts from the No. Ward were clearer, and more favourable than they appear to be. If you have any Intelligence from Ticonderago, I shou'd be extreme thankful for the acct. We have expected hourly, to hear that Louisburg is in Our hands, pray Heaven we may not be disappointed at last.
I transmitted your request of Cattle to Mr. Walker pr. Express. No Tools are yet arriv'd from Fort Frederick, nor have we any Minors at this place. There were one or two pretty good one's in my own Company, and where that Company is you best can tell. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 18, 1758.
Dear Sir, I am favour'd with yours of Yesterday, intimating the probability of my proceeding with a body of Troops on G-- B-- R--d and desiring my retaining for that purpose a Months Provisions at this place, a thing which I shou'd be extreme fond of, but as I cannot possibly know what quantity of Provisions may be necessary for that time, without knowing the Number of Men I may probably March with, and when it is likely I may leave this, I hope you will be pleas'd to give me the necessary Information on this head. As also how this place is to be Garrisoned, and what Provision's and stores shou'd be left in it.
I have talk'd a good deal with Kelly upon the Nature of the Intervening Ground from the New R--d to B--s, and from what he says, I apprehend it impracticable to effect a junction with the Troops on the new R--d till we advance near the Salt Lick which is no great distance from F--D--Q and how far it may be advisable to send a small Body of Troops so near the Enemy, at so great a distance from the Array without any kind of Tools (which is certainly our Case) for repairing the Roads, or throwing up any kind of Defence in case of need, I shall not presume to say, but I cannot help observing, that all the Guides and Indians are to be drawn from hence, and that the greatest part of my Regiment is on the other Road; so that I have but few remaining with me of the first Regiment, and 8 Companies of the Second only; whose Officers and Men can be suppos'd to know little of the Service, and less of the Country, and near, or I believe quite a fifth of them Sick; I thought it incumbent on me to mention these things, that you might know our Condition; at the same time I beg leave to assure you, that nothing will give me greater pleasure than to proceed with any number of Men, that the General or you shall think proper to Order.
With Regard to keeping out a Succession of strong Parties on his R--d from the Troops here,60 I must beg leave to remark that we have not so much as one Carrying Horse to take Provision's out upon, being under a necessity t'other day of pressing 5 Horses from some Country-men, (that came to Camp upon Business) before I cou'd equip Captn. McKenzie's Party for a 14 days March. That we have not an Oz. of Salt Provision's of any kind here, and that it is impossible to preserve the Fresh (especially as we have no Salt) by any other Means than Barbacuing it in the Ind'n manner; in doing which it looses near a half; so that a Party who receives 10 days Provision's will be obliged to live on little better than 5 days' allowance of meat
[Note 60: "As it is highly necessary to keep the enemy in doubt about our roads, the General desires that you continue sending strong parties along, with orders to reconnoitre where the junction of the two roads could be made. I hear by Kelly, who is gone from Loy: H.-- to the Salt Lick, that it is about 16 miles across from that post to the end of Chestnut Ridge, where this path goes; and the woods so open that without cutting, carrying horses may easily go through, all pretty level."-- Bouquet to Washington, Aug. 17, 1758. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] kind, a thing Impracticable. A great many of Colo. Byrd's Men are, as I before remark'd very sickly, the rest become low spirited and dejected; of Course the greatest share of that Service must fall upon the 4 Comp'ns of the 1st. Regt. This Sickness, and depression of Spirits, cannot arise I conceive from the Situation of Our Camp, which is undoubtedly the most healthy (and best Air'd) of any in this Vicinity; but is caus'd I apprehend by the change in their way of living (most of them till now having lived in ease and Affluence), and by the Limestone Water and Air. The Soldrs. of the 1st. Regt. like those of the 2d; wou'd be sickly, were it not owing to some such Causes as these.
Captn. McKenzies Party is not yet Return'd,61 I will advertise you of his discoveries if any are made by him.
[Note 61: In Smith's publication in the Magazine of American History is the following paragraph, which Washington omitted in his "Letter Book" copy: "The convoy from Winchester has been detained much longer than was expected. Mr. Walker desired a party to reinforce the escort at Pearsalls (30 miles distant), the 15th Inst. which was accordingly sent; but I have since been informed that the waggons did not leave Winchester till a few days ago."]
We have Reason to believe that Parties of the Enemy are likewise at this place, about us, a waggoner being shott at yesterday afternoon, and his horse kill'd under him abt. 3 Miles from this place.
We have no Indian Goods of any kind here. It gives me great pleasure to hear that the General is getting better, and expected soon at Rays Town.62 Colo. Byrd joins me in his Compliments to you. I am etc.
[Note 62: According to Sparks, General Forbes had been detained at Carlisle, Pa., by illness.]
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 19, 1758.
Dear Sir: This afternoon the Party Commanded by Captn. McKenzie returning without being able to discover any thing of the Enemy's Motion's, they waylaid the Road for several days near the great Crossing and intended to have advanc'd quite to that Post, had not their Provision's entirely spoil'd, notwithstanding every method, and the utmost pains for its preservation was taken.
Some of their advanc'd Sentries had nearly kill'd a small Party of 3 Cherokee Indian's, returning from War. This small Party went from hence upwards of Six Weeks ago and this is the 4th. day since they left Fort Duquesne, the Environs of which they long watch'd and at length was oblig'd to Cross the Ohio where they kill'd two Squaws whose Scalps they brought in here.
They say there are a good many Women and Children on that side the River, but very few Men, either French or Indians at the Fort.
Captn. McKenzie says there is no signs of the Enemy's having been in General Braddocks Road, so far as he proceeded on it; Sergeant Scott and 4 privates of his Party went on to Fort Duquesne; so soon as they return will transmit you any Intelligence they may procure.
I shou'd be extremely glad to receive some Bacon or Salt Prov'n of some kind, without which it will be Impossible for any Party I can send out to answer the propos'd end.
The Convoy from Winchester was yesterday at the No. River (five days March for them, from hence) so that we cannot expect them in less than 5 or 6 days, especially as they have lost their Horses.
This Moment an Officer came in to inform me, that Captn. Beale and a Party of abt. 90 Marylanders were escorting some store Waggons, and wou'd be in immediately, I shall forward them to you to Morrow, agreeable to Sir Jno. St. Clairs Order's. I am Dr. Sir. etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 21, 1758.
Dear Sir: Twenty five Cuttawbas came here this Evening; and the Convoy may be expected the day after tomorrow, as it was at Pearsalls last Night.
Governor Sharpe may be expected here in a day or two. I am at a loss to know how he Ranks, and whether He is entitled to the Command. In the Army his Rank is that of Lieut't Colonel only; but what it may be as Governor in his own Provence I really don't know; or whether it is any thing or not. I shou'd therefore be glad of your Advice, being unwilling to dispute the point with him wrong fully, or to give up the Command if I have a right to it; neither of which wou'd I do knowingly.63 I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note 63: "The Governors in America have no command of the troops even of their own Province as soon as they are joined with any other of his Majesty's forces, unless they have a commission from the Commander-in-chief for that purpose. I have commanded the forces at Philadelphia and at Charles Town, tho' the Governor was Captain General in his Province, and was entirely independent from them. Governor Sharpe will not expect to have the command as governor; and as Lieut. Col. he cannot, and would not, I suppose, choose to serve in that rank. Therefore, you are very right in keeping it."-- Bouquet to Washington, Aug. 23, 1758. This letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, p. 46.]
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 24, 1758.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 21st. Inst't accompanied by the 20 Pack Horses with about 3000 w't of Salt Pork came safe to hand, as likewise did your Letter of the 23d. The General's happy recovery, affords me vast satisfaction; and I am glad the New Road turns out so much to your liking.
The Convoy from Winchester arriv'd here the 23d. Inst't they set out with 468 Beeves, 9 were kill'd on the Road, and 411 deliver'd here the rest were lost on the Road, but as their Officer sent immediately back after them, we are in hopes your greatest part of them will be found.
As only 26,000 W't of Flour came up; (which is not quite a Month's Provision's for the Troops here) I have according to your Orders detain'd it, and likewise 90 Beeves, the rest sets out early to morrow morning for Rays Town, as does all the Forage except 60 Bushels of Corn.
When the Convoy got within 6 Miles of this garrison 3 Cuttawba men and 2 Squaws (contrary to the advice of the Officers) set on before the Convoy for this Camp, and soon after were fir'd upon by about 10 or 12 of the Enemy; who kill'd Captn. Bullen, and Captn. French, and wounded one of the Squaws; the loss we sustain by the death of these two Indians, is at this juncture very considerable, as they were remarkable for their bravery, and attachment to Our Interest; particularly poor Bullen whom (and the other) we buried with Military Honours. The Rest of the Cuttawbas, and what Nottoways and Tuscarora's that are here set out to morrow with the Waggon's for Rays Town.
As we had Intelligence of several Parties of the Enemy being about, I detach'd Parties different way's in hopes of coming up with them, or cutting of their Retreat, but without any Effect. at the same time, I reinforced the Convoy w't 50 Men.
There are several Waggons which came up here with the Flour, that I am at a loss what to do with.
Sergeant Scot (mention'd in a late Letter) return'd this day; he, when within two Miles of Fort Duquesne, unfortunately came upon a few fresh Tracks making Inwards which he follow'd apprehending they were just at hand, till his Provisions were expended, and was thereby oblig'd to Return without making any discoveries worth mentioning. I am glad Mr. Chew and Mr. Allen has been able to give you accts. so agreeable.
Captn. Woodward of the first Regiment 3 Subs and 75 Rank and File Marches tomorrow with 12 days Prov'ns to way lay the Road in the same manner that Captn. McKenzie did.
Inclos'd is an exact Account of Our Strength at this place. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, August 28, 1758.
Dear Sir: Your favour by Mr. Hoops has in some measure reviv'd a hope that was almost extinguish'd, of doing something this Campaign. We must doubtless expect to encounter many difficulties in opening a new Road thro' bad Grounds in a woody Country, of which the Enemy are possed; but, since you hope our point may be carried, I would fain expect the Surmounting these Difficulties;
Tis a melancholy reflection tho' to find there [has] even [been] a doubt [with you] of Success when so much is depending; and when, in all human probability we might have been in full possession of the Ohio by now, if rather than running ourselves into the difficulties and expense of cutting an entire new Road the distance we have first and last [done] Braddock's had been adopted.
Every one knows what could have been done [on] the old road--few can guess what will be [done on] the new there being not only the Difficulties of the Road to encounter, but the chance of a French Reinforcement also; but it is useless to add on this head I should rather apologise for what I have said.
All the waggons at this place fit for service, come to you under the Escort Ordered for Mr. Hoops.
Any Troops not of Virgina, shall be forwarded to you according to Order; and I could wish most sincerely that our Rout was fixt that we might be in motion; for we are all of us most heartily tir'd and sick of Inactivity. Colo. Byrd in particular is really Ill.
A letter which Colo. Byrd recd. from the Genl. of the 19th Inst: gives room to imagine that the Destination of the Virg'a Troops will be fix't on so soon as he arrives at Rays Town, as he there expresses a desire of Colo. Byrd and I there immediately.
Frazer having left this with the Convoy must be with you e'er now. I am very glad to hear that your artillery pass the Allegany with so much ease. I am etc.64
[Note 64: This letter is in the writing of John Kirkpatrick in the Washington "Letter Book," but is there signed by Washington. The words in brackets are in Washington's writing. An additional paragraph appears at the end of Smith's print in the Magazine of American History. Washington evidently thought it too inconsequential to have copied into his records: "Mr. Waller was along time as he enformed me, under doubtful Orders in regard to his purchase of cattle, so that he was oblig'd at last to pick up what he cou'd get at a short warning; which is I believe, the real reason of the cattle not having [been] so good as they other wise might be."]
Camp at Fort Cumberland, September 1, 1758.
My dear Sir: We are still Incamp'd here, very sickly; and quite dispirited at the prospect before Us.65 That appearance of Glory once in view, that hope, that laudable Ambition of serving Our Country, and meriting its applause, is now no more! Tis dwindled into ease; Sloth, and fatal inactivity, and in a Word, All is lost, if the ways of Men in power, like the ways of Providence are not Inscrutable; and, why [are] they not? for we who view the Action's of great Men at so vast a distance can only form conjectures agreable to the small extant of our knowledge and ignorant of the comprehensive Schemes intended; mistake, plaugily, in judging by the Lump;
[Note 65: On the next day Washington received orders to march by the Braddock road and take position at Salt Lick.-- Ford.] this may be, and yet every F--l will have his Notions; prattle and talk away, and pray why may not I?
We seem then, to act under an evil Geni, the conduct of our Leaders (if not actuated by superior Orders) is temper'd with something, I don't care to give a name to, indeed I will go further, and say they are d--ps, or something worse to P--s--v--n Artifice, to whose selfish views I attribute the miscarriage of this Expedition, for nothing now but a Miracle can bring this Campaigne to a happy Issue.
In my last I told you (I think) that I had employ'd my little abilities in opposing the measures then concerting. To do this I not only represented the advanc'd Season, the difficulties of cutting a new Road over these Mountain's; the little time left for that Service, the Moral certainty of its obstructing our March, and the miscarriage of the Expedition consequent thereupon, but endeavour'd to represent also the great struggle Virginia had made this year in raising a Second Regiment at so short a notice and great expence, and her inability of a future exertion in case of need; I spoke my Fears concerning the Southern Indians in the event of a miscarriage; and in fine spoke all unavailingly, for the Road was immediately begun, and since then, from one to two Thousand Men have constantly wrought upon it. By the last Accts. I receiv'd they had cut it to the Foot of Lawrel Hill about 35 Miles and I suppose by now 1500 Men have taken post at Loyal hanning about 10 Miles further, where our next Fort is intended to be constructed.
We have certain Intelligence that the French Strength at Fort Duquesne the 13th. Ulto. did not exceed 800 Men, Indians Included; of whom there appear'd to be 3 or 400 this Acct. is corroborated on all hands; two Officers of the first Virginia Regiment in different Parties and at different times, having come from thence since that time, after lying a day or two in full view of the Fort Secreted, and observing the motions and strength of the Enemy.
See therefore how our time has been mispent; behold the golden oppertunity lost; and perhaps never regain'd. How is it to be accounted for? can G--l F--s have Orders for this? Impossible: Will then our Injur'd Country pass by such abuses? I hope not. Rather let a full Representation of the matter go to His Majesty. Let him know how grossly his Hon'r and the Publick money have been prostituted. I wish I was sent immediately home as an Aide to some other on this Errand. I think without vanity I cou'd set the Conduct of this Expedition in its true colours, having taken some pains, perhaps more than any other to dive into the bottom of it. But no more, adieu my dear Sir. It has long been the luckless Fate of Poor Virginia to fall a Victum to the views of her Crafty Neighbours; and yield her honest efforts to promote their common Interest, at the expence of much Blood and Treasure; while her sincerety justified her Measures. We now can only bewail that blindness, and wish for happier times, which seem at so remote a distance, that it is rather to be wish'd than expected.
Colo. Byrd who is really unwell joins me in Compliments to you, the Attorney and the rest of Our Friends, I am with the Utmost Sincerety, etc.
Camp Fort Cumberland, September 2, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: Your favour of the 17th. Ulto. I had the hon'r to receive the 30th. following. If you are surpriz'd to find us still Incamp'd at this place I shall only remark that your surprize prize cannot well exceed my own.
In my last I inform'd your Hon. that a Resolution was taken to open a new Road from Rays Town to Fort Duquesne, 'twas instantly begun, and since that time from one to two Thousand Men have wrought on it continually.***66
[Note 66: The omitted sentences are the same as those in the letter to Speaker John Robinson, September 1, ante.]
What time it will require to Build a Fort at Loyall Hanning, and after that is accomplish'd, what further time is necessary to cut the Road thro' very rugged Grounds to Fort Duquesne (Grounds of which the Enemy are actually possessed and know every advantageous Post to harass and dispute with us in) I say what time is required for the completion of all this, I must leave to time that faithfull expositor of Events to reveal, not caring even to guess at it myself.
The first Division of the Artillery has past the Allegany Hill and I suppose may be now be got up with the advanced Working Party, the 2d. Division I believe may have March'd by this; and they talk of putting all the Troops in motion immediately.
We have not in our Stores at Rays Town two Months Provisions visions for the army; and if the best judges are to be credited, the nipping Frosts will soon destroy the [Herbage]67 on the Mountains, and then, altho' the Communication be not quite stopp'd, the subsistence for horses is render'd very difficult till Snows and hard Frosts prevents all intercourse w'h the Ohio and these sets in early in November.
[Note 67: This and the words in brackets throughout the letter were added by Washington.]
The Road from Reas Town to Carlyle whence the Provisions and Stores chiefly come is perhaps worse than [any] other upon the Continent, infinitely worse than any part of the Road from hence to Fort Duquesne along General Braddocks Road, and hath already worn out the greatest part of the horses that have been employ'd in Transporting the Provisions, the Carriage of which only it is said and from good authority, I have it, stands the Crown upwards of 40/ every hundred weight.
We have certain advice's that the French on the 13th. ulto. had rec'd no new Reinforcements at Fort Duquesne from Canada and that their Totall strength at that Garrison could not exceed 800 Men, Indians Included.***68
[Note 68: The omitted sentences are the same as those in the letter to Speaker John Robinson, September 1, ante.]
Their accounts exactly agree and have given great satisfaction to the Commanding Officer being corroborated also by Indian Intelligence, a Party of Cherokee's having been out there and some Delawares come in. What a Golden opp'y have we lost! but this is past, irretrievably gone I fear.
A party of our Troops 75 in num. is now 40 miles advanc'd, way laying the Road, from whom I hope a Prisoner if the Enemy [should be] passing or repassing; I sent out also the day before yesterday a Sergeant and 5 Men to Fort Duquesne for Intelligence; they will be back in fourteen days.
I can give your Hon. no satisfactory acct. of the General. He lay ill at Carlyle a long time of a Flux, from thence getting a little strength he mov'd to Shippensbourg where his Disorder return'd and he continues. By a Letter the other day he hopes soon to be at Rays Town where he desires to see Colo. Byrd and I, but alas! the Expedition must either stand or fall by the present Plan.69
[Note 69: General Forbes arrived at Raystown on the 15th, and Colonel Washington was called to that place.-- Ford.]
In the conference I had with Colo. Bouquet and of which I gave your Hon. an acct. in my last I did among other things to avert the resolve of opening a new Road, represent the great Expence the Coloney of Virg'a had been at to support the War, the Charge of raising a 2d. Regt. at so short a notice; the time limited for the Service of it; and the Cruelty therefore of risking the success of an Expedition upon such precarious Measures when so much depended on it; and our inability to do more. I then exprest my apprehensions of the Southern Indians Case of a miscarriage, and the encrease of French strength in new Alliances; and after this demonstrated very clearly the time it wou'd take us to proceed on the old Road; and at how much easier expence, even if we were oblig'd to get all our Provisions and Stores from Pensylvania; and no occasion for this surely. In fine I urg'd every thing then I could do now; and repeated by Letter Copies of which I have now to shew; if required, but urg'd in vain, the Pensylvanians whose Interest present and future it was to conduct the Expedition thro' their Government, and along that way, because it secures their Frontiers at present, and the Trade hereafter, a Chain of Forts being Erected, had prejudic'd the General absolutely against this Road; made him believe we were the partial people and determin'd him at all Events to pursue that Rout, so that their Sentiments are already fully known on this matter; and to them as Instigators, may be attributed the great misfortunes of this miscarriage; for I think now nothing but a miracle can procure Success.
The Contractor has Orders to lay in at Loyall Hanning for 4000 Men the Winter from whence it is imagin'd that our Expedition for this Campaign will end there: shou'd we serve to make up the Number of Troops which Garrison that place our Frontiers is thereby not only expos'd but the Soldiers for want of Cloathing and proper conveniences absolutely perish; few of them having a whole Coat to their backs and many none at all; this is a matter I fully and repeatedly wrote about these 12 Months past: I hope it will now merit the Assembly's notice.
A Major of Brigade to the Virginia Troops is an Officer absolutely necessary, while there is more than one Regt., the General has repeatedly urg'd this matter; and Colo. Byrd who once Recommended another Gentleman that is now found to be too deeply engag'd in Indian Affairs; Joins me in proposing Capt. Robt. Stewart for this office; a Gentlemen whose assiduity and Military Capacity is second to none in our Service; we beg the favour therefore of a Commission for him, and that your Hon. wou'd be pleas'd to have the Date of it Blank in Order that he may take Rank before some other Majors of Brigade to which his longer Services entitles him.
The First Virg'a Regt. have August's Pay due to them and no money in the Pay Master's hands; this he will inform your Hon. off more particularly, as desired.
Capt. Bullen and Capt. French two Catawbas much esteem'd for their Bravery and steady attachment to our Interest, were kill'd about ten days ago on their way from Winchester to this Camp by the Enemy we got very early notice of it at this place (it happening within 3 Miles) and sent out several Partys to pursue which they did fruitlessly.
I have wrote to Mr. Gist who had the Direction of Indian Affairs to make out such a Return as your Hon. requires and forward it to you; he is now at Rays Town. Inclos'd is a Return of my Regiment I believe it is exact but as six of the Com'pys are upon the new Road I can not absolutely say what alterations have happened there since my last advices.
Thus Sir, I have given your Hon. a full and impartial Acct. of the present posture of our affairs here of which any use may be made you think proper. I may be blam'd possibly for expressing my Sentiments so freely; but never can be asham'd of the Truth; and none but obvious Facts are Stat'd here. The General I dare say; from his good Character; can acct. fully for these Delay's that surprize all that Judge from appearances only, but I really cannot.
Colo. Byrd being very unwell has desired me to offer his Complements to your Hon. and excuse (which is Sickness) for his not writing. I am etc.
P. S. Upon Second thoughts I have transmitted Copies of some of the Letter's I wrote to Colonel Bouquet (who Commands in the Generals absence upon the Posture of our Affairs; particularly my Sentiments of the New Road. It will give your Honour some trouble in reading them; but it will at the same time shew, that nothing in my power has been wanting to bring this Expedition to a speedy, and happy conclusion, as I well foresee that every delay still subjected Us to further difficulties; and the chance of encountering a French Reinforcement; which very clearly appear's they had not receiv'd the Middle of August; long before which, might we have been there had the old Road been timely adopted; as above I am etc.70
[Note 70: This letter is in the writing of John Kirkpatrick, with the words in brackets and the postscript in that of Washington.
"The Assembly met the 12th of September, and from the long delay of the march of the forces, and the partiality they imagined shewn to Pennsylvania, were not in a very good humor; and not thinking any attempt would be made on Fort Duquesne so late in the year, they passed an act to withdraw the first regiment from the regulars after the first of December, and station them upon the frontiers of this colony for the protection of the inhabitants. But upon some letters that the Governor received about a fortnight after that Assembly broke up, assuring him that an attempt would be made, he thought it proper to call the Assembly again, and they accordingly met on Thursday last, when he laid the letters before them, which they immediately took into consideration, and that no blame might be laid to this Colony, for the failure of the expedition which they imagined some people would be glad of having an opportunity of doing, they proceeded with a despatch never before known, and in three days passed an act to empower the Governor to continue the forces in the pay of this Colony on that service till the first of January, if the expedition was not over before that time."-- Robinson to Washington, Sept. 13, 1758.
Governor Fauquier hoped that "the ardor this Colony has shewn to support the war will continue for another year, the flame being a little stifled by the inactivity of this campaign." (See letter of Fauquier to Washington, Sept. 16, 1758.) The speaker's letter gives an impression that he was describing the proceedings of two assemblies, but Ramsay shows it was the same.
"The 1st Virginia Regiment had like to have been broke by a vote of the House, but the old and judicious carried it against the young members by a majority of five. However, they have so far prevailed, that unless the regiment return into this Colony by the 1st of December next and guard our frontiers, they are to be no longer in the pay of this Colony. There is to be no Lieut. Colo., Quarter Master, Adjutant nor Chaplain, and the yearly allowance for your table is voted away."-- Ramsay to Washington, Oct. 17, 1758. (The act is printed in Hening's Statutes at Large, vol. 7, p. 171.)
"Some other saving schemes were obliged to be complied with, for fear the whole should be given up. By a letter I received from Col. Byrd I find the army will be in the heat of action, and the fate of Du Quesne depending at that time [Decem. 1.] I have therefore summoned an Assembly to meet on Thursday the tenth inst. in order to prolong the time for both the regiments to remain in the field in conjunction with the rest of his Majesty's forces. This is the only step I could take to prevent the ruin of the whole expedition, and save this colony from the censure they would lie under as being the sole cause of the miscarriage of the whole, if the fort should not be reduced by that Day."-- Fauquier to Washington, Nov. 4, 1758.
These letters are in the Washington Papers and are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, pp. 94, 103, 117, 125.]
Camp at Fort Cumberland, September 2, 1758.
Sir: Colonel Bouquet desires 100 Waggons, if possible, may be Engag'd in Virginia; and that as many of them as can, may be sent to this place loaded with Flour, and the remainder with Indian Corn (Oats I suppose will do) where they will receive further Orders.
I beg you will, therefore, use your utmost diligence to Comply with this request; and let me know also, immediately, how far you think you shall be able to comply with it; first in regard to the No. of Waggons, next the q'ty of Flour and Corn; and lastly, what time you think they may be got to this place. Such Waggon's as cannot get Loads, must come up empty.
You must not expect an Escort from hence; I shall certainly be March'd before you can need one. You must therefore apply to His Lordship [Fairfax] who I flatter myself will Order you one from the Militia, or from Captn. Rutherfords Rangers, if they can be spar'd. I am Sir, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, September 2, 1758.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 30th. and 31st. Ulto. I was favour'd with in the Evening yesterday, not time enough tho' to prepare my answer till to day, and for safety I have detain'd the Express for the Cover of night.
I enclose you an exact Return of all the ammunition and Provisions; which we have at this place that you may Judge what supply is necessary to send here. If the Pork is in Keggs of 100 w't and the Flower in Baggs they can easily be carried on horse back; and I shou'd for many reasons, prefer back loads infinitly to Waggons. Tools Powder and Lead might also be carried on horseback, which wou'd reduce our number of Waggons and Facilitate our March greatly, indeed this is absolutely [necessary] to be done or else so small a Body as we shall compose [will be] expos'd to many Insults extended in such a manner as a number of Waggons must necessarly occasion in our Line of March.
If it was possible I could March with Carrying horses only, and those good I cou'd be at the place you mention in six days; but if I am incumber'd with Waggons, it will probably be ten days; and if the Teams shou'd be bad there is no guessing at the time.
The Sick most certainly must go to the General Hospital, for we can neither afford Surgeons nor Medicenes from the Regiments to be left for their benefit and many are not in a Condition to move.
I have wrote to Mr. Walker, or person acting in his place for the Waggons you desire: they cou'd easily have been had on timely notice but now I cannot promise; in case he succeeds I have desir'd him to apply to Lord Fairfax for an Escort of the Militia, but I cannot promise he will get one.
I am extremely sorry to hear of the miscarriage of your Letters; it may be attended with bad consequence. We have rejoc'd here on the happy occasion of Louisburg's Reduction and I most heartily wish the same success may attend His Majesty's arms in other parts.
I shall be very desireous of a Conference with the General before I March, as there may be many things necessary to settle, I shall loose no time in attending him when I have notice of his arrival.
The Officer that Commanded the Escort from Winchester is Detach'd 15 Miles from hence (at our Grass Guard) so that I cannot now get the Certificate you desire. I have no Person here who can give me any satisfactory accts. of the way and Distance between the two Roads as you desire.
I have heard nothing yet from Captn. Woodward's Party; on Wednesday last Sergeant Scot with five men went out once more to try their Success at Fort Duquesne. I can answer for his good endeavours, but it is not more tedious than dangerous bringing a Prisoner such a Distance.
Colo. Byrd is very ill but desires nevertheless that his Complem'ts may be made to you. I am, etc.71
[Note 71: This letter is in the writing of John Kirkpatrick in the Washington "Letter Book," but is signed by Washington. The words in brackets were added by Washington.]
Camp at Fort Cumberland, September 9, 1758.
Sir: I this moment receiv'd notice from the Commissary, that only three day's Flour remain upon hand for the Troops at this Incampment. Mr. Hoops is wrote to on the occasion, and I must beg the favour of you to facilitate any measures he shall propose to supply us in time; by affording an Escort &ca. Not knowing how soon we may be order'd to join you, I can't tell how much Provisions is wanted; possibly, ten days will serve till, the Generals pleasure be known. We have no Waggon's at this place, otherwise I wou'd have given you no trouble in this affair. I am Sir, etc.
Camp at Fort Cumberland, September 12, 1758.
Sir: In consequence of a Letter from Colo. Bouquet, I wrote to Mr. Walker, or Person acting in his behalf, for all the Waggons he cou'd readily procure, and desir'd that those Waggon's might be loaded up with Flour or Corn, agreeable to the Colo.'s request. The Inclos'd is an answer to that Letter. Colo. Bouquet being advanc'd I was at a Loss to whom I shou'd communicate the contents, and therefore have taken the liberty of sending it to you, Sir, that you may Issue such Orders as appear necessary on this occasion.
I am extreamely sorry to hear of your Excellency's Indisposition, but hope to have the pleasure shortly of seeing you at Rays Town much amended, if not quite recover'd. I am Yr etc.
Camp at Raystown, September 25, 1758.
Honble. Sir: I think it incumbent upon me to give you the following account; altho' it is with very great concern I am furnished with the occasion.
The 12th instant Major Grant, of the Highland-battalion, with a chosen detachment of 800 men marched from our advanced post, at Loyal Hannan, for Fort Duquesne; what to do there (unless to meet the fate he did) I can not certainly inform you. However, to get intelligence and annoy the Enemy, was the ostensible plan.
On the 13th, in the night, they arrived near that place, formed upon the hill in two columns, and sent a party to the fort to make discoveries, which they accomplished accordingly, and burned a log-house not far from the walls without interruption. Stimulated by this success, the major kept his post and disposition until day, then detached Major Lewis and part of his command 2 miles back to their baggage guard and sent an Engineer with a covering party in full view of the fort, to take a plan of the works, at the same time causing the revilé to beat in several different places.
The enemy hereupon sallied out, and an obstinate Engagement began, for the particulars of which I beg leave to refer your Honor to the enclosed letters and return of the Regiment. Major Lewis it is said met his fate in bravely advancing to sustain Major Grant. Our officers and men have acquired very great applause for their gallant behavior during the action. I had the honor to be publickly complimented yesterday by the General on the occasion. The havock that was made of them is a demonstrable proof of their obstinate defence, having 6 officers killed, and a 7th wounded out of 8. Major Lewis who chearfully went upon this Enterprise (when he found there was no dissuading Colonel Bouquet from the attempt) frequently there and afterwards upon the march, desired his friends to remember that he had opposed the undertaking to the utmost. He is a great loss to the Regiment, and is universally lamented. Captn. Bullet's behavior is matter of great admiration and Capt. Waiter Stewart, the other surviving officer, distinguished himself greatly while he was able to act. He was left in the field, but made his escape afterwards.75
[Note 75: In the Washington Papers, in Washington's writing, is a list of officers and soldiers missing, wounded, and returned from the action near Fort Duquesne September 14. Grant was captured and sent as a prisoner to Canada.]
What may be the consequence of this affair, I will not take upon me to decide, but this I may venture to declare, that our affairs in general appear with a greater gloom than ever76; and I see no probability of opening the road this Campaign: How then can we expect a favorable issue to the Expedition? I have used my best endeavors to supply my men with the necessaries they want.77 70 blankets I got from the General upon the promise to return them again. I therefore hope your Honor will direct that number to be sent to Winchester for his use. I must also beg the favor of having blank-commissions sent to me, it will take near a dozen for the promotions and vacancies. I must fill up the vacancies with the volunteers I have, and some of the best Sergeants. I marched to this Camp the 21st instant, by order of the General.
[Note 76: "The Major [Grant] conducted the march so that the surprise was compleat, and the enterprise must have succeeded, but for an absolute disobedience of orders in a provincial officer, the night they reached the Ohio; and by this man's quitting his post next morning, the party was in a manner cut to pieces. Major Grant, as he was unfortunate, may be blamed, but from his letter to General Forbes...you will not only see he was not in fault; but from the behaviour of the provincial officer, you will be satisfied that a planter is not to be taken from the plough and made an officer in a day."--Letter from an officer who attended Brigadier General Forbes, printed in the Gentleman's Magazine (1759).]
[Note 77: Three days later General Forbes threatened to draw off the army into the more populous districts unless provisions were supplied at Raystown. (See Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vol. 8, p. 167.)]
Having little else of moment to relate; I beg leave to assure your Honor that I am, &c.
Camp at Raystown, September 28, 1758.
Honble. Sir: I forgot to notice in my last of the 25th instant that a flag of truce was sent to Fort Duquesne by Colo. Bouquet. It is now returned, and we learn with certainty (tho' few things have yet transpired) that Major Grant with two other Highland officers, and Major Lewis, with two officers of the Royal Americans, and one belonging to Pennsylvania, together with 2 Sergeants and 30 private men, were made prisoners in the late action, and sent immediately to Montreal. From all the accounts I have yet been able to collect, it appears very clear, that this was either a very ill-concerted or very ill-executed plan: perhaps both: but it seems to be generally acknowledged that Major Grant exceeded his orders in some particulars; and that no disposition was made for engaging.
The troops were divided: which caused the front to give way, and put the whole into confusion, except the Virginians, commanded by Captn. Bullet, who were (in the hands of Providence) a means of preventing all of our people from sharing one common fate.81
[Note 81: Bouquet's letter to Amherst (September 17) states that the loss would have been greater "had not Captain Bullet of the Virginians, with 100 men, sustained the combat with all their power, until, having lost two-thirds of his men, he was driven to the shore of the river."]
This mistake, I fear, may be productive of bad consequences to the common cause!
The promoters of opening a new road, either do believe (or would fain have it thought so,) that there is time enough to accomplish our plan this season: but others who judge freer from prejudice, are of a quite contrary opinion. As the road is not yet opened half-way, and not 20 days' provision for the troops got the length of this place, which cannot be attributed to a juster cause than the badness of the road; altho' many other reasons are assigned for it. We find that the frosts have already changed the face of nature among these mountains. We know there is not more than a month left for enterprize, we know also that a number of horses can not subsist after that time, on a road stripped of its herbage, and very few there are who apprehend that our affairs can be brought to favorable issue by that period, nor do I see how it is possible, if every thing else answered, that men half-naked can live in Tents much longer. I am, &c.
Camp, at Raystown, October 8, 1758.
Sir: In consequence of your request of the Colonels assembled at your Lodgings the 5th Inst. I offer the Plans on the other side to your consideration. They express my thoughts on a Line of March through a country covered with woods, and how that Line of March may be formed, in an Instant into an Order of Battle. The Plan of the Line of March, and Order of Battle,82 on the other side, is calculated for a Forced March with field pieces only, unincumbered with Waggons. It Represents, first, a Line of March, and secondly, how that line of March may in an Instant, be thrown into an Order of Battle in the Woods. This Plan supposes 4000 Privates, 1000 of which (pickd Men,) are to March in Front, in three Divisions, each division havg. a field-officer to com'd it, besides the Commander of the whole, and is to be in readiness always to oppose the Enemy whose Attack, if the necessary precautions are observed, must always be in front.
[Note 82: See diagram. Sparks printed only the "First Plan" and Ford followed Sparks. The "Second Plan" and explanation were ignored by both. The original is now in the J, P. Morgan Library.]
The First Division must, as the 2d. and 3d. ought likewise to be, subdivided for the Captains; these subdivisions to be again divided for the Subalterns; and the Subalterns again for the Sergeants and Corporals, by which means every Non Commissioned Officer will have a Party to Command under the Eye of a Subaltern as the Subalterns will have, under the direction of a Captain, &c.
N. B. I shall, tho I believe it is unnecesary, remark here, that the Captain's, when their subdivisions are again divided, are to take commd. of no particular part of it but to attend to the whole subdivision as the Subalterns are to do with theirs; each Captain and Subaltern acting as Commandant of the Division he is appointed to under the field-officer, visiting and encouraging all parts equally alike, and keeping the Soldrs. to their Duty. This being done, the first Division is, so soon as the Van-gd. is attackd (if that gives the first notice of the Enemy's approach), to file of to the Right and left, and take to Trees, gaining the enemy's flanks, and surrounding them as described in Plan the 2d.83 The Flank Guards on the Right, which belong to the 2d. Division are immediately to extend to the Right followd by that Division, and to form as described in the aforesaid Plan. The Rear-Guard Division is to follow the left Flankers in the same manner in order if possible to Encompass the Enemy, which being a practice different from any thing they have ever yet experienced from Us, I think may be accomplished. What Indians we have shou'd be order'd to get round, unperceived and fall upon the Enemy's rear at the same time. The Front and Rear being thus Secured, there remains a body of 2500 Men to form two Brigades, on the Flanks of wich 600 Men must March for safety of them, and in such Order as to Form a Rank entire by only Marching the Capts. and Subaltns. Guards into the Intervals between the Sergeants Parties as may be seen by 2d Plan. The main body will now be reduc'd to 1900 Men, which sh'd. be kept a Corps de reserve to support any part that shall be fd. wk. or forc'd.84
[Note 83: This paper was reproduced in facsimile and published in Monuments of Washington's Patriotism (1841).-- Ford.
Sparks stated that the plan was not preserved. It is here reproduced from a tracing made from the 1841 facsimile. The original finally found its way to the Huntington Library, California, where it now is. Spark prints a diagram which is a curious combination of Washington's two plans and conveys a wrong impression. Ford reproduced Sparks's diagram.]
[Note 84: On the 14th the army was divided into three bodies, to be commanded by Colonels Bouquet, Montgomery, and Washington, acting as brigadiers. To Washington was assigned the command of the right wing, consisting of the First Virginia Regiment, two companies of artificers, and men from North Carolina, Maryland, and the lower counties. "Our army in its approach, was divided into three brigades, one commanded by Col. Bouquet; another by Col. Montgomery; and the third by Col. Washington. These brigades marched in columns to shorten their lines, and enable them to form expeditiously. Flanking parties of the best gunmen marched on the flanks; Indians and light horse reconnoitred the ground as we advanced; and parties had been out the night before all round; a strong guard was advanced before the army, in the rear of which the General was in his litter with an officer's guard, a little advanced before Col. Montgomery, who commanded the center brigade. A strong rear guard was likewise ordered, as also a guard for the artillery."-- Ford.]
The whole is Submitted to Correction with the utmost Candour, by Sir, &c.
Camp, at Loyal Hanna,85 October 30, 1758.
[Note 85: An orderly book of 1758, in the Washington Papers, shows the following course of the advance troops, by encampments:
Honble. Sir: Colo. Byrd promised to apologize to you for my not writing by Jenkins; since which I have been honored with your second favor of the 7th instant, both of which now lie before me for acknowledgement. My sudden march86 from Raystown (the intent of which I presume you are already informed of) allowed me no time to furnish Mr. Boyd with proper estimates for drawing the pay of our regiment, and I was the less anxious on that head, as the officers equally with myself considered that our affairs would some how or other come to a conclusion before he could return, and that it might be difficult and very unsafe for him to follow us. I am very much obliged to your Honor for the commissions you were pleased to send. Be assured, Sir, the confidence which you have reposed in me shall never be wilfully abused. I am not less obliged to your Honor for the favor of returning so readily the blankets which I borrowed of the General. I am, however sorry to inform you, that, upon reviewing the six companies of
[Note 86: Colonel Washington had been sent forward, in advance of the main body, to take command of a division employed in opening the road.-- Ford.] my regiment at this place, (which had been separated from me since my last,) I found them deficient in the necessaries contained in the enclosed return, and consequently I am under an indispensable duty of providing them, or more properly of endeavoring to do so; for I yet doubt very much the possibility of succeeding. Your Honor, therefore, will not, I hope, be surprised, should I draw on you for the amount, in case of success.
Governor Sharpe in person commanded a garrison of militia, (from his province,) at Fort Cumberland, when the magazine was blown up, and had, I believe, his store-keeper included in the blast. I have desired Mr. Smith to furnish any express which he may have occasion to send your Honor, with money to bear their expences. The want of three months, and the unavoidable expence that an officer is continually exposed to, while on duty (rather than a doubt of repayment) was, I apprehend the cause of Davis's distress. Mr. Smith might however have borrowed money on such an extraordinary occasion.
My march to this post gave me an opportunity of forming a judgment of the road; and I can truly say, that it is indescribably bad. Had it not been for an accidental discovery of a new passage over the Laurel Hill, the carriages must inevitably have stopped on the other side. This is a fact nobody here takes upon him to deny! The General and great part of the troops, &c, being yet behind, and the weather growing very inclement, must I apprehend terminate our expedition for this year, at this place. But as our affairs are now drawing to a crisis, and a good or a bad conclusion of them will shortly ensue, I choose to suspend my judgment, as well as a further account of the matter, to a future day.87
[Note 87: When the general reached Loyal Hanna a council of war was called, and it was determined to be inadvisable to proceed further that season. But the report of three prisoners, who were shortly afterwards brought in, and who communicated the weak state of the garrison at Fort Duquesne, induced a change of opinion, and the enterprise was prosecuted.-- Sparks.]
Camp Loyal Hannon, November 5, 1758.
Hon'ble Sir: Being unwilling to omit any opportunity that offers of writing to your Honor, I embrace the present, that serves the General. I have, however, very little to say, as I wrote fully on the 30th. ultimo; and have received no letter from your Honor since the 7th. of the same month. Our affairs, as I observed in my last, are drawing to a crisis. The Genl. being arrived, and most of the artillery and troops, we expect to move on in a very few days; encountering every hardship, that an advanced season, want of clothes, and indeed (no great stock of Provisions) will expose us to. But it is no longer a time for pointing out difficulties; and I hope my next will run in a more agreeable strain.
In the mean time I beg leave to assure your Honor that, with very great Respect, I am, etc.
Camp, on Chesnut-Ridge, (11 o'clock at night), November 15, 1758.
Sir: An Express from Colo Armstrong,88 affords me an opportunity of informing you that we marched hither about 4 o'clock this afternoon, and that I found Mr. Basset89 and 30 men here late as it was, Immediately ordered working parties on the road, that no time might be lost in opening it, but apprehend I shall not proceed so fast as you could wish, since after all my delays, and waiting for Tools to-day, Capt. Fields90 was able to get only 42 falling axes. These however, added to
[Note 88: Col. John Armstrong, of the Pennsylvania troops.]
[Note 89: Lieut. T. Bassett, an engineer.]
[Note 90: Capt. John Field.] 30 others now here with Mr. Basset shall be employed tomorrow at day-light, to the best advantage. I understand that Captn. Shelby was to have accompanied Mr. Gordon to-day, but upon examining the Bearer, I find he did not, and that the road (intended) is but very slightly blaz'd. It may be necessary, therefore to send Capt. Shelby, to prevent mistakes. This camp (I ought before to have said) is about 6 miles from Loyalhannon, and where the new road strikes out.
I shall write again in the morning, enclosing Returns of my Brigade; in the mean time permit me to add that I am, etc.
Camp Chesnut-ridge, Thursday, November 16, 1758.
Sir: I was not so explicit last night, on the head of Mr. Basset's Party, as I ought to have been.
I conceived an idea (on what ground founded I really can not say) that Mr. Basset was to have joined Colo. Armstrong with the Party and Tools which I found here. But, upon enquiring into his orders it appears he was only to repair some bad places on the Road between this and Loyal-hannon; and was desired afterwards by Mr. Gordon (as he passed by) to remain here till I came up. Now, if Mr. Basset really was intended for Colo. Armstrong the disappointment on the part of the latter, will be very great; as he will have no Tools to throw up any works with. But, as Colo. Armstrong does not complain of any want of this kind, it is possible he is otherwise provided: I shall therefore keep the Tools, &c. to assist in opening the Roads, until I join him, or am better informed.
The enclosed is a Return of my Division that marched yesterday. There has been, I am told, a considerable desertion in the lower County troops, so that I can not ascertain the exact number that is left: The other Corps are quite right. Five men of the lower Counties, deserted from Basset's Party so that 25 only are left and they provided only with 3 days provisions. One of these people was hurt this morning by the falling of a Tree; I have sent him under an Escort of 6 Men, who are to rejoin me again.
The keeping Fort du Quesne (if we should be fortunate enough to take it) in its present situation, will be attended with great advantages to the middle Colonies; and I do not know so effectual a way of doing it, as by the communication of Fort Cumberland and Genl. Braddock road; which is in the first place good, and in the next, fresh, affording good food if the weather keeps open, which is more than a road can do as much used as this has been. If, when these supplies of Provisions reach Ft. Cumberland, it should be found impracticable (or unnecessary) for them to proceed farther; by reason of the weather or other causes; the transportation of them to Raystown will be found very easy. Every useful tool is employed in opening the Road, and I hope we shall proceed to your expectation. I am, etc.
P.S. We have but 4 days of meat; and our 6 Bullocks are not yet come up.
Camp Chestnut-ridge, November 17, 1758.
Sir: After the most constant labour from day-break till night, we were able to open the Road to this place only, about 6 miles from our last Camp. Here it was that Capt. Shelby overtook us, and presented me with yours and Colo. Bouquets letters, enclosing one to Colo. Armstrong; all of which were forwarded to that Gentleman last night by Shelby, as soon as the last of the enclosed came to my hands.
A junction with Colo. Armstrong this morning would have prevented the good effects of a fortified Camp to night and retarded our operations a day at least: for which reason I desired him to march forwards this morning, at 2 o'clock to such place as Captn. Shelby should point out (with Capt. Gordons approbation of the Ground) and there secure himself, as you have directed. If he accomplishes that work before night he is, in that event, to begin opening the Road towards me. I shall struggle hard to be up with him to night, being but 2½ miles from his last camp. I received but 36 of the 42 axes sent by Colo. Montgomery, and those in the very worst order, last night was spent in doing the needful repairs to them. We have 4 carriages with us, that follow with great ease.
If Indians ever can be of use to us, it must be now, in the front, for intelligence. I therefore beg you will order their conductors to bring them at all events, and that we may get our Bullocks immediately up; otherwise, as our meat will be out to-morrow, we shall possibly be delayed the next day in serving it out, when we should be marching to the next Post.
There was a Sergeant (Grant)91 of mine, confined for insolent behavior to an officer of Pennsylvania, and tried at the last General Court martial; but the sentence was not known when I came away, altho' the Court sat 5 days before. I applied (thro' Major Halkett) to get him released, but could not. He is a very fine fellow, and I am as desirous of getting him, as he is to come.
[Note 91: William Grant.]
I should be glad, therefore, if the nature of his offence will admit of it, with propriety, that he was sent on accordingly. I am, Sir, etc.
Camp, (at night), November 17, 1758.
Sir: Colonel Bouquet's letter came to my hands, (just as the bearer was passing by,) from Colonel Armstrong. I shall punctually observe all the directions contained therein, altho' I shall at the same time confess I think it much safer and more eligible to have marched briskly on to our second post, leaving the road for Colonel Montgomery to open. We should by that means have been as good as a covering party to him, while we are fortifying a camp, which may be of great importance to the army. Less time would be lost by this means, and a straggling front, (which will ever happen in expeditious cutting,) would be avoided; besides the advantage of (perhaps) getting into a secure camp before we might be discovered.
I have opened the road between seven and eight miles to day, and am yet three miles short of Colonel Armstrong, who marched at eight o'clock. I understand by Captain Shelby, who is just come from him, that Col. Armstrong is not yet begun entrenching his camp, which must again retard us tomorrow. Forwarding provisions is highly necessary; hard labor consumes it fast; but all the men are in high spirits, and are anxious to get on.
I shall be much pleased to see the Indians up, and am very glad to hear that Mr. Croghan is so near at hand. The number with him is not mentioned. I wish they were in our front also.
I was extremely sorry to hear of your indisposition to day, being, Sir, yours, &c.
Armstrong's Camp, November 18, 1758.
Sir: I came to this camp about eleven o'clock to-day, having opened the road before me. I should immediately have proceeded on, but, as the bullocks were to slaughter, and provisions to be dressed, I thought it expedient to halt here till three in the morning, when I shall begin to march on with one thousand men, leaving Colonel Armstrong and five hundred more in this camp, until Colonel Montgomery joins. I took care that the road should not be delayed by this halt, for I ordered out a working party, properly covered, before I came here, to cut it forward till night should fall upon them, and then return back again.
I fear we have been greatly deceived with regard to the distance from hence to Fort Duquesne. Most of the woods-men, that I have conversed with, seem to think that we are still thirty miles from it. I have sent out one party that way to ascertain the distance, and the kind of ground between; and two others to scout on the right and left, for the discovery of tracks; &c. To-morrow, Captn. Shelby and Lt. Gist of my regiment, will go off on the like service that the former of these parties has done this day, under Lt. Ryley.
I found three redoubts erecting for the defence of this camp. Mr. Gordon95 thinks, that it will be sufficiently secured by this means; but, for my own part, I do not look upon redoubts alone, in this close country, to be half as good as the slightest breastwork; indeed, I do not believe they are any security at all where there are no other works.
[Note 95: Gordon, of the British Engineers.]
I enclose you a return of the total strength of this place,96 and for what time they are served with provisions, by which you will see how much a supply is needed, and I must beg, that commissaries and stillards97 may be sent forward, otherwise a continual dissatisfaction will prevail, as well on the part of the contractors, as on that of the soldiers, who think they have injustice done them in their allowance, notwithstanding the fifteen bullocks, which were received as provisions for four days, were issued out for three only, by the judgment of an officer of each corps, as well as my own, for I took pains to examine into it myself.
[Note 96: This return is in the Washington Papers, under dates of November 16, 18, 20, and 21.]
[Note 97: Steelyards.-- Ford.]
I had wrote thus far, when your favor of this morning came to hand. I shall set out at three o'clock, as above, leaving the Highlanders to finish the redoubts, according to Mr. Gordon's plan, and to secure the tools, until Colonel Montgomery comes up, leaving it then to Colonel Bouquet's option to bring or leave them.
We shall, I am apprehensive, have a great space between this post and the next, as I have before observed, tho' I shall be a better judge to-morrow night.
The enclosed return shews what provisions each corps ought to have upon hand; but few can make it hold out, so that I must again urge the necessity of a commissary and weights, also of provisions, for were we all completed properly to a certain day, there are yet parties and light-horsemen coming and going, who complain much on this head.
Your chimney at this place is finished. I shall take care to put up one at the next post.98
[Note 98: The general had ordered a chimney to be built for his use at each of the entrenched camps.-- Sparks.]
I shall use every necessary precaution to get timely notice of the enemy's approach, so that I flatter myself you need be under no apprehensions on that head. A scouting party is just returned, and reports, that, five miles advanced of this they discovered the tracks of about forty persons making towards Kiskamanetes.99 The tracks appear to have been made to-day, or yesterday. I am, &c.
[Note 99: The name Kiskaminities was applied to Loyalhanna, Pa. Toner states that it was later restricted to the country at the "forks of the Loyalhannan and Conemaugh Rivers." A stream called the Kiskaminities flowed into the Allegheny.]
Camp, at Fort Duquesne, November 28, 1758.
Honble. Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you, that Fort Duquesne, or the ground rather on which it stood, was possessed by his Majesty's troops on the 25th instant. The enemy, after letting us get within a day's march of the place, burned the fort, and ran away (by the light of it,) at night, going down the Ohio by water, to the number of about five hundred men, from our best information. The possession of this fort has been matter of great surprise to the whole army, and we cannot attribute it to more probable causes, than those of weakness, want of provisions, and desertion of their Indians. Of these circumstances we were luckily informed by three prisoners, who providentially fell into our hands at Loyal Hannan, at a time when we despaired of proceeding, and a council of war had determined, that it was not advisable to advance beyond the place above mentioned this season, but the information above caused us to march on without tents or baggage, and with a light train of artillery only, with which we have happily succeeded. It would be tedious, and I think unnecessary, to relate every trivial circumstance, that has happened since my last. To do this, if needful, shall be the employment of a leisure hour, when I have the pleasure to pay my respects to your Honor.
The General purposes to wait here a few days to settle matters with the Indians, and then all the troops, (except a sufficient garrison which will I suppose be left here, to secure the possession,) will march to their respective governments. I therefore give your Honor this early notice of it, that your directions relative to those of Virginia may meet me timely on the road. I cannot help premising, in this place, the hardships the troops have undergone, and the naked condition they now are in, in order that you may judge if it is not necessary that they should have some little recess from fatigue, and time to provide themselves with necessaries, for at present they are destitute of every comfort of life. If I do not get your orders to the contrary, I shall march the troops under my command directly to Winchester; from whence they may then be disposed of, as you shall afterwards direct.
General Forbes desires me to inform you, that he is prevented, by a multiplicity of different affairs, from writing to you so fully now, as he would otherwise have done, and from enclosing you a copy of a letter which he has written to the commanding officer stationed on the communication from hence to Winchester, &c. relative to the Little Carpenter's conduct, (a chief of the Cherokees). But that, the purport of that letter was to desire, they would deprive him of the use of arms and ammunition, and escort him from one place to another, to prevent his doing any mischief to the inhabitants, allowing him provisions only. His behavior, the General thought, rendered this measure necessary.
This fortunate, and, indeed, unexpected success of our arms will be attended with happy effects. The Delawares are suing for peace, and I doubt not that other tribes on the Ohio will follow their example. A trade, free, open, and upon equitable terms, is what they seem much to stickle for, and I do not know so effectual a way of riveting them to our interest, as sending out goods immediately to this place for that purpose. It will, at the same time, be a means of supplying the garrison with such necessaries as may be wanted; and, I think, those colonies, which are as greatly interested in the support of this place as Virginia is, should neglect no means in their power to establish and support a strong garrison here. Our business, (wanting this) will be but half finished; while, on the other hand, we obtain a firm and lasting peace, if this end is once accomplished.
General Forbes is very assiduous in getting these matters settled upon a solid basis, and has great merit (which I hope will be rewarded) for the happy issue which he has brought our affairs to, infirm and worn down as he is.1 At present I have nothing further to add, but the strongest assurances of my being your Honor's most obedient and most humble servant.2
[Note 1: General Forbes died a few weeks afterwards in Philadelphia.-- Sparks.]
[Note 2: The French account of the later events of this campaign may be found in the Papers Relating to the French Occupation in Western Pennsylvania, published in the Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, vol. 6. Extracts from a few of the more important letters are here quoted:
"M. de Ligneris has written me from Fort Duquesne on the 30th of last month; he continues to have parties out, who brought him two prisoners on the 30th, from whom he learned that General Forbes was immediately expected at Royal Amnon; where there were more than 2,000 men, under the command of Colonel Bouquet, with 8 pieces of cannon on field carriages and several mortars; that a fort had been built there of piece upon piece, and one saw mill; as for the rest, they are ignorant whether Fort Duquesne is to be attacked this fall; that the Provincials had orders to go into winter quarters; that they had been since countermanded, but that people still spoke of dismissing them; that there are no more horned cattle at Royal Amnon, but plenty of provisions of flour and salt meats; that the English suppose us to be very numerous at Fort Duquesne. I am not sure, my Lord, whether the enemy will organize any expedition this fall, or wait until spring; the advanced season and the two advantages we have gained in succession over them, would lead me to hope that they will adopt the latter course. 'Tis much to be desired, for 'twould not be possible for M. de Ligneris to resist the superiority of the enemy's forces. Meanwhile, he will use all means in his power to annoy them; embarrass their communications and intercept their convoys. It is a great pity that he has been absolutely obliged, by the scarcity of provisions, to reduce his garrison to 200 men; fortunately, the messages he has delivered in my name, to the Delawares and Chawenons of the Beautiful river, have confirmed these nations in their attachment to the French. The Delawares of the mountains have also favorably received the messages sent to them, and are beginning to remove their villages to our territory. I have renewed my orders to all the posts to procure for M. de Ligneris, early in spring, all the assistance in their vicinity. I beg you, my lord, to be pleased fully to assure his Majesty that I will neglect nothing to procure for him the possession of the Beautiful river, and of this colony in general; that it will not be my fault, should our enemies make, eventually, any progress, but in fact and strict truth, the salvation of this colony will depend on the prompt arrival of the succors of every description, which I have had the honor to demand of you."-- M. de Vandreuil to M. de Massiac, Nov. 28, 1758.
"We obtain[ed] some new advantages on the Beautiful river, at the close of the month of October. The English repaired in force, on the 23d of November, to within three leagues of Fort Duquesne, which was abandoned after having marched out of, and burned it; the artillery has been sent to the Illinois, by descending the Beautiful river which empties into that of the Onias, the latter flowing into the Mississippi, which is ascended thirty leagues to reach the fort of the Illinois; and the garrison retreated to Fort Machault, where it still remained on the 8th of March, according to intelligence received on the day before yesterday...Scarcity of provisions and the bad position of Fort Duquesne have compelled its abandonment. The consequences may become unfortunate, if the Indians pronounce in favor of the English. Although they hesitate, they appear still attached to us; 'tis to be hoped that they will remain at least neutral. M. de Ligneris, who commands at Fort Machault, writes that the English are constructing forts at Attiqué and Loyal Hannon; that the Indians are become very familiar with them; he flatters himself, however, that he will induce them to strike, if he receives reinforcements capable of controlling them; the greatest part of them are on the way."-- M. Malartie to M. de Cremille, Apr. 9, 1759.]
Loyal Hanna, December 2, 1758.
Sir: The enclosed was wrote with the intention to go by an express of the General's, but his indisposition prevented that express from setting out for three days afterwards; and then the General thought, that my waiting upon your Honor would be more eligible, as I could represent the situation of our affairs in this quarter more fully, than could well be done by letter. This I accordingly attempted; but, upon trial, found it impracticable to proceed with despatch, for want of horses, (now having near two hundred miles to march before I can get a supply,) those I at present have being entirely knocked up. I shall, notwithstanding, endeavor to comply with the General's request, as I cannot possibly be down till towards the 1st of next month, (and the bearer may much sooner).
The General has, in his letters, told you what garrison he proposed to leave at Fort Duquesne,4 but the want of provisions rendered it impossible to leave more than two hundred men in all there. These, without peculiar exertions, must, I fear, abandon the place or perish. To prevent, as far as possible, either of these events happening, I have by this conveyance wrote a circular letter to the back inhabitants of Virginia, setting forth the great advantages of keeping that place, the improbability of doing it without their immediate assistance, that they may travel safely out while we hold that post, and will be allowed good prices for such species of provisions as they shall carry. Unless the most effectual measures are taken early in the spring to reinforce the garrison at Fort Duquesne
[Note 4: General Forbes had determined to leave at Fort Duquesne 200 of the provincial troops of Pennsylvania, with a proportionable number of Virginia and Maryland forces.-- Ford.] the place will inevitably be lost, and then our frontiers will fall into the same distressed condition that they have been in for some time past. For I can very confidently assert, that we never can secure them properly, if we again lose our footing on the Ohio, as we consequently lose the interest of the Indians. I therefore think, that every necessary preparation should be making, not a moment should be lost in taking the most speedy and efficacious steps in securing the infinite advantages which may be derived from our regaining possession of that important country.
That the preparative steps should immediately be taken for securing the communication from Virginia, by constructing a post at Red-stone Creek, which would greatly facilitate the supplying of our troops on the Ohio, where a formidable garrison should be sent, as soon as the season will admit of it. That a trade with the Indians should be upon such terms, and transacted by men of such principles, as would at the same time turn out to the reciprocal advantage of the colony and the Indians, and which would effectually remove those bad impressions, that the Indians received from the conduct of a set of rascally fellows, divested of all faith and honor, and give us such an early opportunity of establishing an interest with them, as would be productive of the most beneficial consequences, by getting a large share of the fur-trade, not only of the Ohio Indians, but, in time, of the numerous nations possessing the back countries westward of it. And to prevent this advantageous commerce from suffering in its infancy, by the sinister views of designing, selfish men of the different provinces, I humbly conceive it absolutely necessary that commissioners from each of the colonies be appointed to regulate the mode of that trade, and fix it on such a basis, that all the attempts of one colony undermining another, and thereby weakening and diminishing the general system might be frustrated. To effect which the General would (I fancy) cheerfully give his aid.5
[Note 5: While the capture and destruction of Fort Duquesne, and the occupation by the English removed for the time the fear of a French invasion, the western and northern tribes of Indians were still too closely bound to the French, and offered a more dangerous and insidious weapon of offense against the frontiers of the Colonies than any line of French forts or number of French troops could have supplied. French influence still controlled among the Indians of the upper country, though shaken by the retreat from Fort Duquesne; French missionaries were more active in maintaining and extending French interests; French traders divided with the English the rich fur trade of the western country; and a greater liberality and a more intelligent exercise of authority gave the French a hold upon the tribes that the English in vain long sought to break. The high utility of Indian allies, and the importance of maintaining their influence over the tribes, were clearly recognized by Montcalm, de Vaudreuil, and other of the French commanders, and no effort was spared to establish that influence the more firmly. To counteract these endeavors the Colonies sought, first, to so intimidate the openly hostile tribes as to induce them to break with the French and become allies of the English, or, at all events, neutral in case of war; and, secondly, to remove all causes of complaint by prohibiting settlement on lands claimed by the Indians and by regulating the system of conducting trade with the Indians.
To accomplish these ends effectually the united action of the Colonies was desirable No single colony would be able to cope with the Indians in war, and the different measures adopted by the different Colonies presented serious obstacles to the proper control and regulation of relations with the Indians in time of peace. The organ of communication between the Crown and the Indians had been the governors of the respective Colonies. The engrossing and multifarious duties of the governors in other directions led to a neglect of Indian affairs, while the want of proper agents, of system and uniformity of treatment, arising from this neglect, and a conflict of interest among the Colonies, induced great abuses and kept the Indians and settlers perpetually at difference and oftentimes at war. The Colonies licensed traders, but the character of these privileged persons was not inquired into, and the contempt which Washington had for them was in general the uniform sentiment, north as well as south. Franklin ( Works, vol. 2, p. 467) called them "the most vicious and abandoned wretches of our nation." Sir William Johnson spoke of the Albany commissioners for Indian affairs as "persons of very little capacity, who were all devoted to their own interest and trade, and by whose means the French were constantly supplied with Indian and other goods, thro' the channel of Canada Indians." (See letter to the Lords of Trade, Nov. 13, 1763.) Massachusetts was successful in bettering her relations with the Indians by constructing "truckhouses" where the natives could purchase at stated prices, or exchange their peltries, and were assured of the quality of the goods sold. Such houses for Indian trade were "a more effectual bar against private trade than all the laws that can be invented." (See Governor Bowdoin's letter to Franklin, in Franklin's Works [Bigelow edition], vol. 2, p. 316, note.) Pennsylvania adopted the Massachusetts idea at the treaty of Carlisle (1753), and it was the place of deposit constructed by the Ohio Company that led to the Indian war in which Washington served. Franklin urged the framing of some uniform policy of direction before the Albany congress of 1754.
The plan of union was not adopted, and in default of action by the Colonies the Crown introduced a new system. The Colonies were divided into two districts, the northern and the southern, and over each was placed a superintendent or agent for the affairs of Indians, holding his commission from the Colonies and independent of the colonial government. The Indian outbreak of 1763 directed attention to certain inconveniences of this arrangement, and the English Government called upon the agents to suggest alterations. The reply of Sir William Johnson, one of the ablest and most successful Indian agents of that period, may be found in the second series of the Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 6, p. 600. The royal proclamation of October, 1763, appears to have anticipated in a measure his recommendations. (See note 74, Washington's letter to Crawford, Sept. 21, 1767, post.) The policy thus introduced, of confining the trade to certain posts and places, was advantageously applied to the Southern Colonies, but was not so effective in the north, principally because of the easy connection the Indians could have with Canada, and the number of posts necessary and the expense of maintaining them. In 1769 the commissioners of trade proposed to entrust the entire management of the Indian trade to the Colonies themselves. (See Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 4, pp. 319, 320.)-- Ford.]
Although none can entertain a higher sense of the great importance of maintaining a post on the Ohio than myself, yet, under the unhappy circumstances my regiment is, I would by no means have agreed to leave any part of it there, had not the General given an express order for it. I endeavored to shew, that the King's troops ought to garrison it; but he told me, as he had no instructions from the ministry relative thereto, he could not order it, and our men that are left there, are in such a miserable situation, having hardly rags to cover their nakedness, exposed to the inclemency of the weather in this rigorous season, that, unless provision is made by the country for supplying them immediately, they must inevitably perish, and if the first Virginia regiment is to be kept up any longer, or any services are expected therefrom they should forthwith be clothed; as they are, by their present shameful nakedness, the advanced season, and the inconceivable fatigues of an uncommonly long and laborious campaign, rendered totally incapable of any kind of service; and sickness, death, and desertion must, if not speedily supplied, greatly reduce its numbers. To replace them with equally good men will, perhaps, be found impossible. Colo. Byrd begs that the money for which he wrote may be sent by Express to Winchester; as detaining his Regiment there, will encrease that demand, and add to the general expence. With the highest respect, I am, &c.
Winchester, December 9, 1758.
Sir: I arrived at this place last night, and was just setting out (tho' very much indisposed) for my own House, when I was honored with your obliging favour of the 3d. instant. My last letters would fully inform your Honor of the success of His Majesty's Arms under General Forbes; of the march of the Virginia Troops to Winchester, and the condition (the very distressed condition) the 1st. Regiment is in: It is needless therefore, to recapitulate facts, or trouble your Honor further on this head.
Reason, nay, common humanity itself points out that some respite should be granted to Troops returning from every toil and hardship that cold, hunger and fatigue can inflict: and I hope your honors sentiments correspond therein.
If I easily get the better of my present Disorder, I shall hope for the honor of kissing your hand, about the 25th. instant. The want of almost every necessary for the journey; and a still greater inducement if possible, the want of my Papers, requisite to a full and final settlement with the Country oblige me to take my own house in the way down.6
[Note 6: Before this date Washington had determined to resign, and his determination was known. On December 31 the officers of the Virginia Regiment signed an address to Washington in which occurs these sentiments: "Your steady adherance to impartial Justice, your quick Discernment and invariable Regard to Merit, wisely intended to inculcate those genuine Sentiments of true Honor and Passion for Glory, from which the great military Achievements have been deriv'd, first heighten'd our natural Emulation, and our Desire to excel...Judge then, how sensibly we must be Affected with the loss of such an excellent Commander, such a sincere Friend, and so affable a Companion. How rare is it to find those amable Qualifications blended together in one Man?...Adieu to that Superiority, which the Enemy have granted us over other Troops, and which even the Regulars and Provincials have done us the Honor to publicly acknowledge. Adieu to that strict Discipline and order, which you have always maintained. Adieu to that happy Union and Harmony, which has been our principle Cement!...our unhappy Country will receive a loss, no less irreparable, than ourselves. Where will it meet a Man so experienc'd in military Affairs?...Who has so great knowledge of the Enemy we have to deal with?...Who so much respected by the Soldiery?..." The original of this address is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, p. 143.
Washington's accounts with Virginia, balanced to Dec. 30, 1758, bear the attestation of the auditors--William Prentis, James Cooke, and Thomas Everard--as to their correctness.]
Those matters which your honor has glanced at in your letters, have been fully communicated to me. That you had not the least share in causing it, I am equally well satisfied of; and shall think myself honored with your Esteem: Being, with the greatest Respect, etc.
Williamsburg, December 30, 1758.
Sir: The Governor's writing fully to [you] upon the posture of affairs here, and the present system of management, leaves me no room to add. I was in hope a General Assembly would have been called immediately; but the Council were of opinion, that, as they had met so lately, and were summoned to attend some time in February, it would be inconvenient to convene them sooner; so that no measures for securing the communication between Fort Cumberland and Fort Duquesne, or, in short, any thing else, can be effectuated, or even attempted, until their resolutions are known thereupon.
Captain McNeill, (who commanded the first Virginia regiment in my absence,) committed an error, I am informed, at Raystown, in confining Mr. Hoops, the commissary. I am not thoroughly acquainted with the particulars of that affair, but believe, from the accounts which I have received, that Mr. Hoops was equally culpable in detaining the provisions from half-starved men. This piece of rashness, I am told, is likely to bring McNeill into trouble. I therefore beg the favor of you, Sir, as I am well convinced McNeill had nothing in view but the welfare of his men, to interpose your kind offices to settle the difference. This will be doing a singular favor to Captain McNeill, as well as to myself.
I should be extremely glad to hear of your safe arrival at head-quarters, after a fatiguing campaign, and that a perfect return of good health has contributed to crown your successes.7 I am, etc.
[Note 7: Washington was married on Jan. 6, 1759, to Martha Custis, widow of Daniel Parke Custis, and daughter of John Dandridge. Ford states that the ceremony was performed by the Rev. David Mossurn in St. Peters Church, a few miles from the Gustis White House, which was on the Pamunkey River, in New Kent County, Va., but documentary evidence that the ceremony was performed in St. Peters is not available.
Being now a member of the House of Burgesses, he joined that assembly when it was next convened. The house resolved to return their thanks to him, in a public manner, for the services which he had rendered to his country, and this duty devolved on his friend the speaker. Mr. Wirt, in his Life of Patrick Henry (p. 45), relates the anecdote in the following words, on the authority of Edmund Randolph: "As soon as Colonel Washington took his seat [in the assembly], Mr. Robinson, in obedience to this order, and following the impulse of his own generous and grateful heart, discharged the duty with great dignity, but with such warmth of coloring, and strength of expression, as entirely to confound the young hero. He rose to express his acknowledgments for the honor; but such was his trepidation and confusion, that he could not give distinct utterance to a syllable. He blushed, stammered, and trembled. for a second; when the Speaker relieved him, by a stroke of address, that would have done honor to Louis the Fourteenth, in his proudest and happiest moment. 'Sit down, Mr. Washington,' said he, with a conciliating smile, 'your modesty is equal to your valor, and that surpasses the power of any language that I possess.' "-- Sparks.]
Williamsburg, May 1, 1759.
Gentln. The Inclos'd is the Ministers Certificate of my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis, properly as I am told, Authenticated, You will therefore for the future please to address all your Letters which relate to the Affairs of the late Danl. Parke Custis Esqr. to me, as by Marriage I am entitled to a third part of that Estate, and Invested likewise with the care of the other two thirds by a Decree of our Genl. Court which I obtain'd in order to strengthen the Power I before had in consequence of my Wiles Administration.
I have many Letters of yours in my possession unanswered but at present this serves only to advise you of the above Change and at the same time to acquaint you that I shall continue to make you the same Consignments of Tobo. as usual, and will endeavour to encrease it in proportion as I find myself and the Estate benefitted thereby.
The Scarcity of the last years Crop, and the high prices of Tobo. consequent thereupon wou'd in any other Case, have induc'd me to sell the Estates Crop (which indeed is only 16 Hhds.) in the Country but for a present, and I hope small advantage only I did not care to break the Chain of Corrispondance that had so long subsisted, and therefore have, according to your desire, given Captn. Talman an offer of the whole.
On the otherside is an Invoice of some Goods which I beg of you to send me by the first Ship bound either to Potomack or Rappahannock, as I am in immediate want of them. Let them be Insur'd, and in case of Accident reshipp'd witht. Delay; direct for me at Mount Vernon Potomack River Virginia; the former is the name of my Seat the other of the River on which 'tis Situated. I am, &c.
Mount Vernon, May 7, 1759.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 9th. of Septr. Inclosing a Copy of your former of the 5th. July preceeding came to my hands about the first of March last: I am glad that the several Bills remitted you were accepted; I had no Cause to doubt their goodness, but we notwithstanding are often deceiv'd. I now Inclose you one for £40.9. as I find Mr. Knox has sold my Tobo. for about one third part of its value, and Mr. Bacon that which I sent him under its real worth; I have no Accts. yet of the Sales of that sent you.
The Short Crops last year puts it out of my power to Ship you any Tobo. this; I made very little myself, and none is to be bought Under 50/pr. ct. I shall shortly take an oppertunity of remitting you another Bill as I don't know how our Acct. stands Ballanc'd.
'Till I hear from you, I have nothing worth mentioning, I have quit a Military Life; and Shortly shall be fix'd at this place with an agreable Partner, and then shall be able to conduct my own business with more punctuality than heretofore as it will pass under my own immediate Inspection; a thing Impractacable while I discharg'd my Duty in the Publick Service of the Country, I am, etc.
Virginia, June 12, 1759.
Gentn: In a Letter which I wrote you the first of last Month was Inclos'd an Invoice of Sundries which I then was, and still am, much in need of. If those Goods shou'd not be Ship'd before this Letter gets to hand pray add to your purchase the things which you will find on the other side and send them as there directed.
I shall find occasion to write you fully by the Fleet and Inclosing a list of Sundries that will be wanted for the Estates use, and till then I shall forbear to trouble you with particulars, as I shall expect also by that time to get some Acct. of the Sales of the Estates Tobo. sent you, and an Acct. Currt. as this last is necessary for me to compare with my own Accts. in order to a satisfactory Settlement with our Genl. Court I entreat you to be punctual in sending me one Spring and Fall yearly.
I shall keep the Estate under the same direction as formerly, neither altering the managers, kind of Tobo. or manner of treating it, unless you advise otherwise for our Interest, and while I continue to persue this method I hope you will be able to render such Sales as will not only justifie the prest. Consignments to you but encourage my enlarging them; for I shall be candid in telling you that duty to the Charge with which I am entrusted as well as self Interest will incline me to abide by those who gives the greatest proof of their Abilities in selling my own and the Estates Tobo. and purchasing Our Goods which I can no otherwise judge of than by the Accts. that will be render'd; and here permit me to ask if it wou'd be advisable to change the Marks of any of the Tobo. or had I best Ship it all under the usual Marks, if so, my part may be known by some small distinction, such as you can best advise.
In my last among other things I desir'd you wou'd send me (besides a Small Octavo volume) the best System now extent of Agriculture; since which I have been told that there is one lately publish'd; done by various hands, but chiefly collected from the Papers of Mr. Hale9 If this is known to be the best pray send it but not if any other is in higher Esteem. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note 9: Probably Thomas Hale's A Compleat Body of Husbandry, published by T. Osborne (London: 1758-59).]
Virginia, June 12, 1759.
Gentn: It will be needless I presume, unless it be for Formsake, to tell you so long after the thing has happen'd, of my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis; you doubtless have heard of it before this can reach you, but as I thought proof might be requisite I sent over the Ministers certificate (which I was told was sufficient testimony) to Messr. Cary & Compa. and to that I also refer you for your further satisfaction on this point.
I must now desire that you will please to address all your Letters which relate to the Affairs of the Deceas'd Colo. Custis to me as by Marriage I am entitled to a third part of that Estate, and invested with the care of the other two thirds by a Decree of our Genl. Court which I obtain'd in order to strengthen the power I before had in Consequence of my Wiles Administration.
Your several Letters of last Year that are unanswer'd bearing date the 6th. July, 12th. Septr. and 26th. Deer. now lye before me, and I shall take notice of them accordingly; but give me leave in the first place to condole with you, and I do it very sincerely, on the Death of your Relation and Partner, John Hanbury Esqr. The 28 Hogsheads Tobacco Ship'd you pr. the King of Prussia has not only fallen short very greatly of the Sales of those Consign'd Mr. Cary, but even of your own Sales in other years which I am the more surpriz'd at as Tobo. was scarce that year and I assur'd by the Manager of that belonging to the Estate that it pass'd thro their hands in the same good Order as usual, and that it was of the same kind and Quality.
I hope your next will Account for the Tobo. taken in the Anna Pink which I think has long remain'd in an undeterminate state.
Dunbars Lawsuit is again brought to Virginia; what the Reports might be that were spread to your prejudice I really know not for my own part I shou'd never harbour a Suspicion of any Gentlm. who is charged with the management of a Suit of that Importance. It wou'd be very disengenuous, and dishonourable; give it no worse a name, first to undertake, and then neglect a Cause that so nearly Affects the Interest of a distant friend, and Antient Corrispondant and therefore you stand fully acquitted in my Eye.
The exceeding short Crops of Tobo. last year render's it impractacable for me to Ship you any this Summer; next, as things wears a favourable aspect at present I shall possibly have it in my power to do it; but give me leave to add here, that Duty to the charge which I am entrusted as well as self Interest will induce me to abide by the Merchants who shews the greatest Exertion in the Sales of my own and the Estates Tobo. which will be made under the same direction, and without altering the kind or manner of treating unless you can advise a better method of making it sell well.
I cannot help expressing some little Surprize at not receiving your Acct. Currt. with the Estate when I find it requir'd in almost every Letter that has been wrote you since Colo. Custis's Death and as often promis'd by you. I must once more require in the strongest terms that it may be sent half yearly from the time of that Gentlemans Death, that by comparing these with his Books I may be able to make out clear and Satisfactory Accts. to Our Genl. Court and that they also be punctualy sent Spring and Fall for the time to come, I am, etc.10
[Note 10: On September 20 Washington again wrote Hanbury practically a duplicate of this letter of June 12. and on November 30 another of practically the same tenor.]
Virginia, June 12, 1759.
Sir: Doubtless before this you have heard of my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis; but the Inclos'd is the Ministers certificate of that Marriage, and will serve to evince it, be pleas'd therefore for the future to address all your Letters which relate to the Estate of the late Danl. P. Custis, Esqr. to me, as I am, besides my property therein invested by a Decree of Our Genl. Court w' the care of the rest.
Before me now lye your fav'rs of the 13th. of June 1758 and 21st. Feby. following Inclosing an Invoice of Sundrys which have been all deliver'd except the Crate of Stone Ware, and this I don't know as yet who to look to for; in your former you Speak of Accts. of Sales being sent for 16 Hhds. Tobo. Ship'd you by the Gildart Captn. Mulloy and five others by the Hare but whether you forgot to Inclose them, or they have been misplac'd since their arrival I can't take upon me to determine but certain it is, that neither of them are to be found I must therefore desire you will transmit me Copies of them by the first Vessell and at the same time send me the Accts. Currt., this you have in several Letters promis'd to do but none has ever yet appear'd. I want them every half yearly since Colo. Custis's death that by comparing them with his Books I may render Satisfactory Accts. to Our Genl. Court of my Wifes Administration and I hope for the future you will be punctual in observing it.
I cant imagine how it happens that the last Tobo. Ship'd you sh'd be of a worse quality than formerly; the Overseers all Affirm to me that the Tobo. was of the same kind and quality here, however I am perswaded you have before this made the most of it and we must therefore be satisfied. The exceeding short Crop last year in genl. and the little made by this Estate in particular puts it out of my power to Consign you any Tobo. this Summer, but the promising appearance that the present Crop assumes may enable me to do it next if your Sales will justifie me in it. I apprehend an occasion of writing to you as formerly [for] Goods for the Estates use and I shall take an oppertunity of doing so accordingly sometime this Summer, at present I have only to add that, I am Sir, etc.11
[Note 11: On September 20 Washington wrote to Gildart practically a duplicate of this letter of June 12.]
Virginia, July 2, 1759.
Gentln: By the Fair American William Thompson Master a Ship belonging to--I send you fifteen Hhds. Tobo. the whole Amount of the Estates Crop this Year; one tho only excepted, which I cou'd not get on board in time as it lay up Pamunky River. Be pleas'd therefore to Insure the above fifteen Hhds. in the usual manner for the Estates Interest, and being perswaded you are the best Judge of this, I leave it to your Descretion to fix upon a Sum. I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, August 26, 1759.
Gentn: I shall draw upon you in a few days to the Amount of about £150 in two setts of Exchange: the one payable to Messrs. Champe and Hunter of Virginia and the other to Mr. Richd. Washington of London. I did not think it amiss to give you this earliest Advice (via Whitehaven) of my Intentions but shou'd not have doubted your Acceptance of my Bills without it as I in a former of the 12th. June advertis'd you of my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis Relict of Danl. P. Custis Esqr. deceas'd by which I am empower'd to draw for the Estates money in your hands. I am Gentn., etc.
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1759.
Gentn: This will make the fourth Letter I have wrote to you since my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis; the two first serv'd to cover Invoices of such Goods I wanted, and to advise you at the same time of the change in her Affairs, and how necessary it wou'd be to address for the future, all your Letters which relate to the Estate of the deceas'd Colo. Custis to me; the last tended only to order Insurance on 15 Hhds. Tobo. pt. the Fair American.
I shall now endeavour to take notice of such parts of your Letters, as require answering, and then advise what is needful to be done as matters are Circumstanc'd at present. In regard to the former, there remains no great deal to be said, unless you will permit me to condemn your premature Sales of the Estates Tobo. by Whelden in wch I shou'd have thought a little delay w'd have appear'd absolutely advisable for another Reason besides that mention'd by you of an additional Duty taking place and th't was the great Demand of Tobo. and rising price in the Country of w'ch you cou'd not be unadvis'd from your Corrispondants in Virginia; however I dare say you did for the best, and we must therefore be satisfied; and in this place, as an Individual give me leave to offer you my thanks for the Opposition you made to this Duty, had all y'r Brethren in the Trade merited our acknowledgm'ts in the same manner this duty, probably, might never have been laid. I remark the pains you take to shew the Impropriety of pay'g the Duty of the Estates Tobo.; when money is want'g it can't be expected, but when a Sum lyes in your hands it sh'd certainly be applied that way as far as it will go. I likewise observe the Difficulties you have met with in settling for the Interest of the Bank Stock, but I hope that is now over, unless any part or the whole shou'd require transferring (when a division of the Estate is made) and then timely notice will be given, but till this happens, it may be receiv'd and plac'd to the Estates Credit in the usual manner.
From this time it will be requisite, that you shou'd raise three Accounts; One for me, another for the Estate, and a third for Miss Patty Custis; or if you think it more eligable and I believe it will, make me Debtor on my own Acct. for Jno. Parke Custis, and for Miss Martha Parke Custis, as each will have their part of the Estate Assign'd them this Fall, and the whole will remain under my management whose particular care it shall be to distinguish always either by Letter or Invoice from whom Tobacco's are ship'd, and for whose use Goods are Imported in Order to prevent any mistakes arising. The Estates Credit now in your hands may be applied towards answering the whole Drafts that have been, and shall be made this year; and it must appear very plain from my former Letters, as well as from what is here said how necessary it is to send regular Accounts Currt. that by comparing them with the Books here Satisfactory Settlements may, from time to time, be made to our Genl. Court.
The Tobo. per the Fair American will make its appearance I apprehend in a very irregular manner. Captn. Talman first engag'd it to be sent by the Cary, then by the Randolph; and being disappointed in both I had to seek for a Conveyance myself and by mere good luck got it on board Captn. Thompson but not till I had first been at the trouble and expence of Carting it across from York to James River for his Craft to take it in. The Vessel being upon the point of sailing at that time a Gentleman at Norfolk where she lay promis'd to receive the Bills of Lading and send them by different oppertunities under cover to you, but loosing my Memm. wrote to me a Month afterwards for fresh directions which I suppose did not reach him till some time after the Vessel had Sail'd. I shall endeavour to put what Tobacco I can on Board the Cary, as I understand she is to wait for the New Crop; it will be needless I am persuaded to bespeak your best care in the Sales of it as you must be sensible the present high price of Tobo. gives us room to expect extraordinary returns for this years produce so early Ship'd.
I am possess'd of several Plantations on this River (Potomack) and the fine Lands of Shenandoah, and shou'd be glad if you wou'd ingenuously tell me what prices I might expect you to render for Tobacco's made thereon of the same seed of that of the Estate's and manag'd in every respect in the same manner as the best Tobacco's on James or York River's axe. I ask this question for my own private Information, and my Shipping of these Crops will be govern'd in a great measure by the answer you may give; therefore you will excuse me I hope, if I again desire the favour of you to take some pains to inform yourselves exactly, because shou'd the prices differ from those of the Estate I might possibly think myself deceiv'd and be disgusted of Course.
Please to send the Goods contain'd in the Inclos'd Invoices and charge them as their directed. I flatter myself that particular care will be taken in choosing them, the want of which gives some Tradesmen an oppertunity of Imposing upon us most Vilely. The Coarse Goods for the Estates use are order'd from Liverpool this year, all but the Plaid Hose and these I beg you will cause to be sent from Glasgow in the usual manner and number directed to the care of Mr. Joseph Valentine or person managing the Estates business York River. I am Gentn. &c.12
[Note 12: The letter sent is in the University of Chicago Library; the "Letter Book" copy, in Washington's writing, is in the Washington Papers, Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1759.
Dear Sir: Inclos'd you will receive a Bill (promis'd in my last of the 7th. May) which please to receive and place to my Credit, Since mine of the above date your agreable favour of the 26th. March covering Invoice of Sundries pt. the desire is come to hand as has the Goods also in good Order which is more than most of the Importers by that Ship can boast great part of her Cargo being damagd; thro' the Negligence tis said of the Captain.
My Brother is safe arriv'd but little benifitted in point of Health by his Trip to England. The longing desire, which for many years I have had of visiting the great Matrapolis of that Kingdom is not in the least abated by his prejudices because I think the small share of Health he enjoy'd while there must have given a Sensible Check to any pleasures he might figure to himself, and wou'd render any place Irksome; but, I am now tied by the Leg and must set Inclination aside.
The Scale of Fortune in America is turn'd greatly in our favour, and Success is become the boon Companion of our Fortunate Generals. Twoud be folly in me to attempt particularising their Action's since you receive Accts. in a Channel So much more direct than from hence.
I am now I believe fixd at this Seat with an agreable Consort for Life and hope to find more happiness in retirement than I ever experienc'd amidst a wide and bustling World; I thank you heartily for your Affectionate Wishes; why wont you give me an occasion of Congratulating you in the same manner? None wou'd do it with more cordiality, and true sincerity than, Dear Sir, &c.
Virginia, November 25, 1759.
Gentln: Sometime this Week I expect to get on board the Cary for your House Fifty Hhds. Tobacco of my own and John Parke Custis; which please to ensure in the usual manner. I shall also by the same Ship send you ten or twelve Hhds. more if I can get them on board in time, but this I believe will be Impractacable if Captn. Falman uses that Dispatch in Loading which he now has in his power to do. My Goods pr. Captn. Yates are arriv'd in James River and I am oblig'd to you for your Deligence in sending them. I am Gentln., etc.
Virginia, November 25, 1759.
Gentln: On Board a Ship of Mr. Mills's (Virga.) call'd the Deliverance I have Ship'd 20 Hhds. Tobo. for your House which please to Insure in the usual manner; and sell to the best Advantage of Gentln. Yr. etc.
November 30, 1759.
Gentn: By the George and ... Captns. Richardson and Nicks who saild with the Fleet in September last I sent Invoices of such Goods as were wanting for myself Estate &cta. but knowing that the Latter unfortunately founderd at Sea soon after her Departure from Virginia and that the former may probably have sufferd by that Storm or some other accident, by which means my Letters &cta would miscarry I take this oppertunity by way of Bristol of addressing Copies of them, and over and above the things there wrote for to desire the favour of you to send me a neat Grait (for Coal or small Faggots) in the newest taste and of a Size to fit a Chimney abt. 3 feet wide and two Deep, and a fender suited to Ditto, Steel I believe are most usd at present; also send me a New Market Great Coat with a loose hood to it made of Blew Drab or broad Cloth with Straps before according to the present taste, let it be made of such Cloth as will turn a good Shower of Rain and made long, and fit in other respects for a Man full 6 feet high and proportionately made, possibly the Measure sent for my other Cloths may be a good direction to these. Please to add also to the things Orderd for Mrs. Dandridge 12 yds. of Silver cold. Armozeen or Ducape and cause it to be packd up with the Rest of her things chargd with them &ca.
Five Days ago I dropt a Letter at Williamsburg, to take the first Conveyance to you, desiring Insurance on 50 Hhds Tobo pt. the Cary since then I have got 4 more Inspected and all on Float ready to deliver at the Ships side You will therefore Insure that quantity and dispose of them in the best manner for Our Interest. If Captn. Talman uses that Dispatch in Loading of his Vessell which I am sure he now has in his power to do this Tobo. wl come to a very good Market I hope.
It is almost as much trouble and expence getting Goods from any of the Rivers round to Potomack as the Original Charges of Shipping them amounts to, unless they are committed to the charge of very careful Captains who has an Interest in forwarding. I should be glad therefore if you woud take the oppertunity of some Ship to that River of sending my Goods for the Future.
Your favour of the 6th. Augt. I have had the pleasure of receiving, and acknowledge myself particularly obligd to you for your polite Congratulations on my Marriage, as I likewise am for your Dispatch of my Goods. I am Gentn.
[Note 20: A shoemaker of London.]
Virginia, November 30, 1759.
Sir: The first Shoes which I desir'd might be made by you for me, on Colo. Baylors Last are come in, and fit me tolerably well except that some of them are (if any thing) rather too short; as I imagine you will now be able to suit my foot exactly I beg you will for the future observe the following Directions in making the Shoes.
Let the hind Quarters always be high and very short so that they may Buckle high up on the Instep; the Heels midling high also.
Never more make any of Dog leather except one pair of Pumps in a Cargoe (which let be very neat) unless you send better Leather than they were made of before, for the two pair of Shoes scarcely lasted me twice as many days and had very fair wearing. If I shou'd find occasion to alter at any time these Directions you shall be timely advis'd of it, at present please to send me:
Mr. Cary will pay the Cost and I am Sir, etc.
Virginia, April 28, 1760.27
[Note 27: Washington was at Williamsburg when he wrote this letter.]
Gentln: On Board the Russia Merchant Captn. Boyes I send you fifteen Hogheads of my own and Jno. P. Custis's Tobo. which please to Insure in the usual manner. By mistake four of the Fifty four Hhds intended you by the Cary were left out (serving now to make up the Fifteen Hogsheads) I suppose the Insurance of them may be withdrawn.
Please to send by the first Ship to York River28 two Seins directed to the care of Mr. Joseph Valentine29 and charge them
[Note 28: In the invoice of March, 1760, from Robert Cary & Co., is an item of--
[Note 29: Joseph Valentine was overseer of the Custis York River plantation.] to John Parke Custis. It is needless I apprehend to describe the Sizes as you may see by your Books what sorts have been sent every other year for sometime past; they must be here by the first of March certainly since the fishing Season begins then, and is of no long Continuance in that River. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note 30: A merchant of Bristol, England.]
Mount Vernon, Virginia, July 30, 1760.
Sir: Captn. Cawsey at the time he receivd my Tobo. wrote me, that he shoud be in these parts before he Saild in order to give Bills of Lading and receive Letters for your House. But I suppose the Captns. business render'd it inconvenient for him to do so, and my not seeing, nor hearing from him since; and getting no Bills of Lading at all, must plead an excuse for my silence till now.
He has doubtless informd you that I had Eight Hogsheads on Board the Tyger, which please to sell to the best advantage, and out of the proceeds pay Mr. Knox31 the Sterling Sum of Fifty one pounds five Shillings and Eleven pence, balle. of my Account with him.
[Note 31: Thomas Knox, also a Bristol merchant.]
I have once or twice in my Life been very sensibly disappointed in the Sales of some Tobacco's; and that in Bristol, which obliges me to add, that if these Eight Hhds dont fetch the Amount of Mr. Knox's Account I must nevertheless desire the favour of you to discharge it, and draw for the Balle. on Robt. Cary Esqr. and Corn. London, who will immediately pay what you may advance on my behalf. I am Sir, etc.
By the Nugent Only, Capt. Copithorn Copy, By Captn. Littledale, in the Hero
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1760.
Dear Sir: Colo. Fairfax's departure for England in a Ship for London, affords me the best opportunity imaginable to acknowledge the Receipt of your favors of the 22d Novr., 12th. Decr. and 26 March, which are all the letters I have received from you since those taken notice of in mine of the 20th. of Septr. last.
I must confess that my disappointment in the Sales of my Tobo. per Couzens, was a very sensible one, having seen no Accts. of Tobaccos by that Ship (till then) under £12 pr. Hhd., and few, very few indeed, that did not averige 14, and from that to 15 and 16 pounds pr. Hhd: mine being all Sweetscented and neatly managed, left me no room to suspect coming in at the Fall of the Market. The discouraging Sales I have generally got for all Tobos. Shipped of my own growth, has induced me to dispose of my last year's Crop in the Country, the price being good and certain. but this may not always happen, and while I can Ship without loss I shall always be glad to have it in my power of consigning you a part. I dare say your Account Currt transmitted in Deer. last is very right, altho I shoud have understood it better had you credited me for £50 Insurd on my Tobacco pt. the Integrety, and made me debtor for the Premio, &ca. There is another Article of Interest short £12 which I should be glad to have explaind; if it is for Interest on the money you have lain in Advance for me I am extreamely willing to allow it, thinking it just and never intending to put you to the least Inconvenience on my Account. I hope, before this Letter can have reached you, that you have recovered my loss of Goods retaken in Captn. Down's.
The French are so well Drubd, and seem so much humbled in America, that I apprehend our Generals will find it no difficult matter to reduce Canada to our Obedience this Summer,32 but what may be Montgomery's Fate in the Cherokee Country I wont so readily determine.
[Note 32: In the year 1759 Ticonderoga had been taken by General Amherst, Niagara by Sir William Johnson, and Quebec had fallen in consequence of the victory of Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham.]
It seems he has made a prosperous beginning having penetrated into the Heart of the Country, and he is now advancing his Troops in high health and Spirits to the relief of Fort Loudoun. But let him be wary, he has a crafty, Subtil Enemy to deal with that may give him most trouble when he least expects it.33 We are in pain here for the King of Prussia, and wish Hanover safe, these being Events in which we are much Interested.
[Note 33: Such proved, in fact, to be the fate of Colonel Montgomery. He marched from South Carolina with a party of regular troops and militia, and was at first successful in destroying several Indian towns, but fell at length into an ambuscade, where the Indians defeated him, with a loss of 20 of his men killed and 71 wounded. He was obliged to retreat and return to South Carolina without making any farther progress. Fort Loudoun (in Pennsylvania), situate on the borders of the Cherokee country, was reduced to the greatest extremity by hunger, and the garrison forced to capitulate on August 6 to the Indians, who agreed to escort the officers and men in safety to another fort. They were, however, made the victims of treachery, for the day after their departure a body of savages waylaid them, killed some, and captured the others, whom they took back to Fort Loudoun. (See Ramsay's History of South Carolina, vol. 1, p. 177, and Gentleman's Magazine (1760), pp. 393, 442, 541.)]
My indulging myself in a trip to England depends upon so many contingencies, (which, in all probability, may never happen) that I dare not even think of such a Gratification, than which nothing is more ardently desired; but Mrs. Washington and I both woud think ourselves very happy in the oppertunity of shewing you the Virginia Hospitality, which is the most agreable entertainment we can give, or a Stranger expect to find in an Infant Woody Country, such as ours is. I am, &c.
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1760.
Gentn: By my friend Mr. Fairfax34 I take the oppertunity of acknowledging the receipt of your favour pt. Captn. Waker and once since of later date by Capt. Chew. I am very sorry for the Account (given in the latter of the Deliverance being lost. All the Tobacco I had on board her was? and I dare say woud have disgracd no Market whatever, but accidents of this Nature are common and ought not to be repind at.
[Note 34: Col. George William Fairfax.]
We had a very favourable prospect sometime ago of making large Crops of Tobacco, but a continued series of Rain for near 4 Weeks has given a sad turn to our expectations and now I verely believe that unless some very surprising change happens for the better again the Crops will be very short. A great deal of Tobo. being Drownd, and the rest spotting very fast, which is always a consequence of so much Wet Weather.
I hope you will have receivd for the Books retaken in Captn. Downs35 before this Letter can reach you: they are not intended for ourselves, for which Reason I must get the favour of you to State an Acct. of the Costs with proper Credits that I may know how to settle for them here. I am Gentn. etc.
[Note 35: Captain Downs's ship had been captured by the French and again recaptured by the English.]
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1760.
Gentn: By my Friend Mr. Fairfax I take the oppertunity of acknowledging the Receipts of your several favours that have come to hand since mine of the 30th. of November last, and observe in one of them of the 14 Feby. by Crawford that you refer to another by the same Ship, but this has never yet appeard.
Inclosd you are presented with the Memm. for receiving the Interest of the Bank-Stock signd as directed.36 The Estate not yet being so amply settled as it ought, an entire division has not been made which leaves many matters upon an instable footing, and among the rest the money in your Hands which has not been Assignd to Individuals altho I believe it will Chiefly, it not all fall into my part since it best suits my purposes to have Money that can be Commanded, than money at Interest. However till matters comes to a more conclusive Settlement you may let the Accounts stand as you have stated them, charging each party with their own Drafts and Orders, and letting the Credits remain in favour of the Estate as a Common Stock till further Directions. The Tobacco Shipd pr. the Fair American, Cary, and Russia Merchant may be applied the same way but the present (growing) Crop will be Shipd on my own, and Jno. Parke Custis's particular Accounts (each having our Plantation's allotted Us) and must be applied to Our several Credits as you will be directed; so must all the remittances hereafter to be made.
[Note 36: See Order on Bank of England, Nov. 16, 1759, ante.]
The Insurance on the Tobo. pr. Talman37 was high I think, higher than expected; And here Gentn. I cannot forbear ushering in a Complaint of the exorbitant prices of my Goods this year all of which are come to hand (except those packages put on board Hooper). For many Years I have Imported Goods from London as well as other Ports of Britain and can truely say I never had such a penny worth before. It woud be a needless Task to innumerate every Article that I have cause to
[Note 37: Washington spells this both Talman and Falman.] except against, let it suffice to say that Woolens, Linnens, Nails &ca. are mean in quality but not in price, for in this they excel indeed, far above any I have ever had. It has always been a Custom with me when I make out my Invoices to estimate the Charge of them, this I do for my own satisfaction, to know whether I am too fast or not, and I seldom vary much from the real prices doing it from old Notes &ca. but the amount of your Invoice exceeds my Calculations above 25 pt. Ct. and many Articles not sent that were wrote for.
I must once again beg the favour of you never to send me any Goods but in a Potomack Ship, and for this purpose let me recommend Captn. John Johnson in an annual Ship of Mr. Russels to this River. Johnson is a person I am acquainted with, know him to be very careful and he comes past my Door in his Ship: I am certain therefore of always having my Goods Landed in Good time and Order which never yet has happend when they come into another River: This year the Charming Polly went into Rappahannock and my Goods by her, recd. at different times and in bad order. The Porter entirely Drank out. There came no Invoice of Mrs. Dandridges Goods to me; I suppose it was forgot to be Inclosd.
I was owing Mr. Knox of Bristol a Balle. of £51.5.11 to discharge which, and be out of that Gentns. Debt. I Shipd Mr. Farrel eight Hhds. Tobo. in April last desiring him out of the proceeds to pay the above Sum but if in case (which I thought hardly possible) this Tobo. shoud be insufficient to answer this purpose then for him to draw upon you for what it might fall short; you will please therefore to notice this, and Mrs. Fairfax having kindly undertaken to purchase somethings for Mrs. Washington to the amount I suppose of Fifty or Sixty pounds I must likewise desire the favour of you to pay my Order in his favour so soon as presented. When you have receivd the Money for the Inclosd Bill please to Credit my Acct. for it.
As I shall write to you again by the Fleet I shall decline giving any directions about the Busts tilt then; sometime ago there was a prospect of making a large Crop of Tobacco this Summer but a Series of wet weather for near a Month, with little or no Intermission has causd general Complaints among the Planter and now it is feard that the Crops will be short. The Tobo. in many places being under Water and Drownd, and in other's suffering much by the Spot which is always a Consequence of such Rains.
My Steward on York River writes me that he has receivd the Goods Orderd from Glasgow. Inclosd I address you the Copy of a Letter wrote from Williamsburg in April last, and in a Letter of the 20th. June I advertisd you of two Drafts I had made upon you, the one in favour of Mr. Jno. Addison for £364.19.0 and the other of Mr. William Digges for £304.15.3. These payments were in part for a valuable purchase I had just made of abt. 2000 Acres of Land adjoining this Seat. There are more payments yet to make, and possibly I may have occasion to draw upon you for a further Sum; tho not more I am well perswaded than you have effects to answer. Yet if at any time a prospect of Advantage should lead me beyond this a little I hope their will be no danger of my Bills returning. I mention this rather for a matter of Information (in case of such an Event) than as a thing I ever expect to happen; for my own aversion to running in Debt will always secure me against a Step of this Nature, unless a manifest advantage is likely to be the result of it.
Since writing the foregoing I have added to my Landed purchase, and shall have occasion in a few days to draw upon you to the amount of about £250 payable to Mr. Robt. Brent, save a Bill of about £40 which will be passed in favour of Mr. Clifton. I am Gentn., etc.
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1760.
Gentn: Your Letter of the 31st. May Via Bristol came to hand a few days ago; and I take the oppertunity by Captn. Johnston of Inclosing you my Second Bill of Lading, which is all that Captn. Talman gave; as my Steward inforind me. You will find by that there was only 50 Hhds Tobacco Shipd pr. the Cary, four by mistake being left out (as I wrote you in a Letter of the 28th. of April last) which went afterwards in the Russia Merchant with 12 others consignd to yourselves. I hope they are safe arrivd.
By this conveyance, and under the same cover of this Letter, you will receive Invoices of such Goods as are wanting, which please to send as there directed by Captn. Johnston in the Spring; and let me beseech you Gentn. to give the necessary directions for purchasing of them upon the best Terms. It is needless for me to particularise the sorts, quality, or taste I woud choose to have them in unless it is observd; and you may believe me when I tell you that instead of getting things good and fashionable in their several kinds we often have Articles sent Us that coud only have been usd by our Forefathers in the days of yore. 'Tis a custom, I have some Reason to believe, with many Shop keepers, and Tradesmen in Lodon when they know Goods are bespoke for Exportation to palm sometimes old, and sometimes very slight and indifferent Goods upon Us taking care at the same time to advance 10, 15 or perhaps 20 pr. Ct. upon them. My Packages pr. the Polly Captn. Hooper are not yet come to hand, and the Lord only, knows when they will without more trouble than they are worth. As to the Busts a future day will determine my choice of them if any are wrote for. Mrs. Washington sends home a Green Sack to get cleand, or fresh dyed of the same colour; made up into a handsome Sack again woud be her choice, but if the Cloth wont afford that, then to be thrown into a genteel Night Gown. The Pyramid you sent me last year got hurt, and the broken pieces I return by this opportunity to get New ones made by them; please to order that they be securely Packd.
I now address Copies of my last by Mr. Fairfax, in the Ship Wilson Captn. Coolage; and take occasion again to assure you, that the Crops of Tobacco this year will be shorter than you seem to expect. A very Wet Summer was the Cause of a good deal of Tobacco's drowning in the low Grounds, and of its firing on the high Lands. My Steward on York River writes me that their Expectations in those parts are greatly fallen, mine here is not a little shortned; however, if the Frosts dont take what little I have remaining, I purpose to Ship you 40 or 50 Hhds. of my own Crop from this River, but how much I shall be able to send you from York River I really cant say till I go down there, which will happen in a very few days, and from thence I will write you again. I shall endeavour however to contribute something towards the dispatch of your Ship. The Bill which I thought I shoud have occasion to draw in favour of Mr. Clifton passed my hands the 20th. Ulto. for £30 Sterling. I have neither seen, nor heard, any thing concerning the Salt from Liverpool yet. I am Gentn., etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing Letter, I recollect the expediency of having the Bill of Lading mention'd to be Inclos'd in the first part recorded, before I part with it for fear of Accident, this will consequently prevent its going by Johnston; but the first outward bound Ship from York or James River after I get down shall carry it.
Virginia, September 28, 1760.
Mr. Lawrence: For two years past Messrs. Cary and Company have sent me a suit of Cloaths of your making, that dont fit me so well as I coud wish; this I attribute to some error in the measure that was sent.
Having now occasion for 4 pair Breeches as underneath (for which Mr. Cary will pay you) I have sent another measure for them, taken according to directions of a Taylor here: please to cut them out exactly by it, and if any faults shoud appear, I will endeavour to point them out in my next to you; be so good therefore to keep the Measure; and send me directions how to measure for a Coat. You will please to take Notice that the Inclosd measure is the exact size of the Thigh &ca. because it was taken over a thin, close pair of drawers, and no allowance made. I am Sir, etc.
Williamsburg, October 8, 1760.
Gentn: This serves to cover a Certificate of the Tobo. I Shipd you in the Cary, which I hope will answer the end of a Bill of Lading. I am told it will do instead of recording the Bill, and as it is less expensive and soonest obtaind, I embrace the method.
Since my last I have past a sett of Bills in favour of Mr. George Brent (instead of Robt. Brent) for two hundred pounds Sterling which please to pay, and place to acct. of Gentn., etc.
York River, October 24, 1760.
Gentn: I forebore in my Letter of the 28th. Ulto. to mention what quantity of Tobacco you might probably receive from myself and Ward from our Plantation on York River till I came down here, and now I am almost as much at a loss, as I was then, to guess; so bad is the Tobacco, and so short are the Crops (where proper care is taken to cull it, and that I have strictly chargd all my Overseers to do, being determind never to Ship any but the very best sorts). However, this you may be assurd of, that the greatest share of what is made shall go consignd to you and I am not without hopes that I shall be able to Ship you about 30 Hhds. on my own Acct. and perhaps 40 or more on my Wards.
On the other side you will receive Invoices of such Goods as will be wanting for my own and Mr. Jno. Parke Custis's Plantations on this River which please to send as there directed, under distinct Marks, and chargd to our respective Accounts but both consigned to our Common Steward, Mr. Joseph Valentine with Copies of the Invoices (Originals to me) that he may commit no errors in appropriating the several Articles to our respective uses.
Your Letter of the 27th. of June Inclosing the Charge of Insurance of 15 Hhds. Tobacco pr. the Russian Merchant is come to hand, and my Letter of the 10th. of August last will direct how the proceeds of that, and all former Tobacco's should be applied. I hope the quantity of Tobo. mentiond by you, to be on hand, has not affected the Sales of the 15 Hhds. and I think I can venture to pronounce, your market will not be glutted with the present Crop. You have doubtless been fully informd by many of your Friends of the misfortune attending your Charterd Ship, it will be needless therefore for me to touch upon the Subject.
I have at different times sent for Hale's Husbandry but never yet got it, which I begin to attribute to a wrong description of the Title, having never till lately seen the Book; you will know it now by "A Cornpleat Body of Husbandry compiled from the Original Papers of the late Thomas Hale Esqr., enlargd from the Collection of others, &ca.". If any oppertunty shoud offer into Potomack before Johnston may Sail in the Spring or, if any Ship shoud be bound for Rappanhannock River, please to send it to me; together with Hartlibs Legacy of Husbandry and if it shoud so happen, that the first oppertunity presents itself for the latter River, be pleasd then to address the Books, and following things to the care of Fielding Lewis Esqr. at Fredericksburg. viz. Circumferentor; Pocket Book; Garden Seeds, Accordg. to mine of the 28th. Ulto. and Hop Clover: let be 4 Bushels. and to them pray add abt. 20 Bushels of the best, and true Ray Grass Seed for all of them are Articles I woud gladly get to hand as soon as possible. I mentioned in a former Letter, and perhaps it may not be amiss to remind you here, of the necessity of putting all these Seeds in the Cabbin, or some place where the closeness, and heat of the Ship may not destroy the Vegetative virtue of them, which scarce ever fails to happen in a contrary Case. I am Gentn. etc.
Williamsburg, November 5, 1760.
Gentlemen: I am apprehensive, that by some mistake or other, my Letter of the 24th. Ulto. and the Duplicate were put on Board the same Ship; I therefore send other Copies under this Cover.
My Friend and Acquaintance Mr. Bartholomew Dandridge having purchasd an Entaild Estate in Lands of one Charles Lewis procurd an Act of General Assembly for Docking the said Entail (other Lands of equal value being settled in lieu thereof) but till such time as the Royal assent is obtaind he cannot enter into quiet possession of the Freehold. He has therefore requested me, to ask the favour of you, to sollicit the Affair for him, which I accordingly do, not conceiving that any difficulty or trouble can arise thereupon, all parties here, being perfectly satisfied. The shortness of my corrispondance with you will not Authorise such liberties, but I hope you will excuse it in the present case. Mr. Dandridge will send you a Bill to defray the Charges.
Please to give my Acct. Credit for the Inclosd Bill when Receivd. I am Gentn. etc.
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1760.
Dear Sir: Had your Letter of the 17th, [12th] of August come to my hands before the 18th. Inst., I should not have given you the trouble of perusing my answer to it at this late Season. I am sorry you shoud think it necessary to introduce a request that is founded upon Reason and equity with an Apology, to me; had you claimd that as a Right, which you seem rather to ask as a favour I shoud have thought myself wanting in that justice which is the distinguishing Characterestick of an Honest Man to have with-held it from you.
But how to answer your purposes and at the same time to avoid the Imputation of Impertinence, I am I confess, a little more at a loss to determine. That Genl. Amherst may have heard of such a Person as I am, is probable; And this I dare venture to say is the Ultimate knowledge he has of me; how then shoud I appear to him in an Epistalory way and to set down and write a Certificate of your behaviour carries an Air of formality that seems more adapted to the soldiery than Officers. I must therefore beg the favour of you to make what use you please of this Letter.
For Sir, with not more pleasure than truth, I can declare to you, and the World, that while I had the honour of Commanding the Regiment, your conduct both as an Officer and Gentleman were unexceptionable good; and in every Instance, as far as I was capable of discerning, such, as to have merited applause from better judges. Since my time Colo. Byrd has been witness to your Behaviour and his Letter Recommendatory must I am perswaded do you more Service than my sanguine endeavours can. Altho he, nor no other Person, is more sensible of your worth nor more Inclind to contribute their best Offices towards the Completion of your wishes than etc.38
[Note 38: McKenzie's request of Washington, dated Aug. 12, 1760, is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol 3, p. 163.]
Williamsburg, April 3, 1761.
Gentn: Before I left home I shipd 18 Hhds. of my Potomack Tobacco on Board the Bland Captn. Hugh Wylie now lying in Rappahannock River on which please to Insure £140 only. This Ship is a Letter of Marque, carry's 18 Six pounders and well Mand for which Reasons I do not secure the full value of my Tobacco by Insurance judging by the same parity of Reasoning that the Premio will also be moderate. The Ship will not Sail till the last of the Month at soonest you need be in no hurry therefore to make the Insurance unless a favourable Crises offers. I shall have about 10 or a dozen Hhds. more to send you from the same River which is all I can spare your House from Potomack this year so much short of expectation has my Crops fallen; the greater pains imaginable has been used in the management of this Tobacco which is one essential cause of the quantity falling short but I expect the price you may procure will at least be adequate thereto. Please to note that this Tobo. is to go to my own particular Credit.
I woud not have you be hasty in selling this or any of the Tobo. I may Ship you this year unless a very good Market presents itself, for confident I am that the small quantity of Tobo. made last year must command a very good price when the Fact once becomes well ascertaind. I wish heartily for Boyces arrival having kept my Tobo. longer than I chose in expectation of your sending a Ship; I suppose I shall have (as I once before wrote you) about 30 Hhds. of my own and 40 of my Wards ready to put on board him from York River, but of this you will be more fully Advertised after his. arrival if it happens while I am here. Your friends no doubt will endeavour to dispatch him as soon as possible but there are a great number of Ships in the Country at this time solliciting Freight (which is much fallen) many of which I am well convincd cannot get Loaded at any rate. I am at a loss to conceive the Reason why Mr. Wormeleys, and indeed some other Gentlemen's Tobacco's shoud sell at 12d last year and mine by Boyce only fetch 11½, (and that I am certain of for no more than a part having Accts. of only 4 Hhds). Certain I am no Person in Virginia takes more pains to make their Tobo. fine than I do and tis hard then I shoud not be as well rewarded for it.
Yours of the 12th. Decr. covering H. Churchills protested Bill is come to hand so is your other of the 26th. pt. Coolage who is safe arrived. I am very much obligd to you for the Notice taken of my recommendation of Mr. Dandridges Affair, I hope the matter will be accomplishd without much Difficulty. I am Gentn. etc.
Williamsburg, April 3, 1761.
Sir: Several of your favours now lye before me, but the last of Novr. 9th. I shall particularly take notice of. With astonishment then did I receive the Account of Sales of that Hhd. Tobo. pr. the Everton where only £8 4.1¼. is rendered for it at the sametime that Mr. Cary was selling the like Tobo. at £17 and 18£ a Hhd. As to the exceptions which for two or three years past you have made to the quality of the Tobacco, give me leave to say Sir 'tis altogether inconsistent. We continue the same management as usual, and the Tobo. Consignd you has been made at the same Plantations, by the same hands, and under the same Overseers as that sent Mr. Cary. No picking or choosing of Hhds has ever been allowd of, but promiscuously taken for both as the Ships had a demand for it; he never gives less than twelve but generally Sixteen pounds a Hhd. 'tis unreasonable therefore to expect I can continue a Corrispondance under such obvious Disadvantages. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, July 5, 1761.
Gentn: The Fleet is arrivd but some Ships are, missing among which number Captn. Jno. Johnston happens to be one, and a report prevails that he is taken, but from whence it arises I really cant say. I believe it is conjecture only, but at the sametime I must observe it is a conjecture founded upon very probable Circumstances, since the fleet has been in 14 or 15 days and no Accounts of him.
Receiving my Goods so late in the year as this is, is attended with many disadvantages, but it will proove a real misfortune to me if they shoud now be lost. In this Event I beg that you will upon the first certain advice of it, have others, exactly agreeable to my former Orders, Shipd by the first Vessell bound to this, or Rappa: River. I have no doubts of my Goods being Insurd; but this, altho it is some recompense in regard to the Expence it is none as to the Disappointment.
By Captn. Coverdale (the Ships name I really do not know, however She is in Mr. Bacons employ) I send you Eleven Hhds more of my Potomack Tobacco, on which please to ensure no more than Eighty pounds. In this you will perceive I follow the same Conduct as I did by the Bland Captn. Wylie, that is, to risque a part. I cannot say exactly when this Ship will Sail, but dare believe not till sometime in August perhaps the first of that Month.
The Sudden Notice I got of this oppertunity, and little time allowd to write in, will not suffer me to descend to particulars, I shall therefore inform you only, that Boyce arrivd sometime ago, and that I directed my Steward on York River to Order the Delivery of the Tobo. I promised you in my Letter of the 3d. of Apl. I dont doubt but they are on board by this time, and as soon as I get advice of it you shall be informd, that Insurance may be made thereon. I am Gentn., etc.
(Sent pr. Captn. Baynes, London)
Mount Vernon, July 14, 1761.
Dear Sir: Since my last by Mr. Fairfax, I have had the pleasure of receiving your obliging layouts of the 16th October and first of January following. A Mixture of bad Health and Indolence together, has kept me from paying that due respect to your Letters which I am sure they much merited at my hands, till this time, and now, having nothing to relate that coud in any wise claim your attention I think I was Inclind to a further delay when it came into my head that having put Six Hhds Tobo. on Board the Phoenex Captn. McGachin to your Address it woud not be amiss to secure some part of the Value by Insurance, that in case the Ship shoud meet with the Fate attending many others in the same Trade I might not loose the whole, and therefore Sir, I beg the favour of you to Insure Five pounds a Hhd on the Tobo Accordingly.
The entire Conquest of Canada, and dispossession of the French in most parts of North America becoming a Story too stale to relate in these days we are often at a loss for something to supply our Letters with.
True it is the Cherokee Nation by a perfidious Conduct has causd Colo. Grant to be sent once more into their Country with an Armd Force but I believe their Supplies from the French on Mobile River come in so Slack that they are more sincerely disposd to Peace now than ever they were before.
This Publick turn may be causd in some Measure too by another Regiment in the Pay of this Colony which is ordered to penetrate into their Country by another Passage, but it is generally thought their Submission will put a stop to any further progress of our Arms.41
[Note 41: Colonel Grant had an engagement with the Cherokees, near the place of Colonel Montgomery's ambuscade, which lasted for several hours, but the Indians were repulsed, He then destroyed all the villages and provisions that came in his way and took post for some time in Fort Prince George. Here the Cherokees, through their chief, Attakulla-kulla, sued for peace, which was conceded to them, and which continued till the breaking out of the Revolutionary War.-- Sparks.]
We have receivd the Account of Belleiles reduction, and hear of another Expedition Fleet destind for some Service of which we are Ignorant: but that which most engrosses our Attention at this time is the Congress at Augsburg as I believe nothing is more sincerely desird in this part of the World than an honourable Peace.
Colo. Fairfax very much Surprizes his Friends in Virginia by not writing to any of them. Just upon his arrival at London he favourd a few with a short Letter advertising them of that agreable Circumstance and I have heard of no other Letter that has come from him since altho' I have seen some from the Ladies the Superscription of which has been in his hand-Writing. I am &c.
Sent by the Potomack via Glascow Copy pt. the Sarah-- Captn. Coverdale.
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1761.
Gentn. When I wrote to you on the 14th Ulto. neither your Letters nor my Goods by Captn. Johnston were come to hand, now both are receivd; and I must beg leave to point out some mistakes which I have discoverd in them, and first in regard to the Accounts which you sent. In these there are several Errors which need rectifying as you will perceive by perusing the Inclosd Accounts. Copied from my Books, but taken in a manner altogether from your own writings; for it is to be observd here, that the Estate is debited for some Articles which ought to be placed to me, and for some others which shoud go to Account of Master Custis. You will likewise perceive that both the Estate and I, are chargd with the Goods sent by Captn. Yates amounting to £151.5.10 and that I have given you credit for a Draft in fav'r of Wm. Clifton for Thirty pounds imagining it was paid as the Bill passd my hands sometime before that of Brents did; these sev'l Alterations being made the Ballances will stand
After you have made these necessary alterations the Accts. may remain as stated till it be known in what manner the Estate Ball'e will be disposd of, and this I fancy will be determined at our next General Court in October; having some hopes of getting a finish put to these matters at that time; however you shall be timely advisd whenever any of these alterations happens.
I have now to inform you of a very great mistake which you have committed in sending me 2 dozn. Whip saws, when I only wanted, and wrote for two; what I shall do with the abundant overplus I really know not as I apprehend it will be a difficult matter to dispose of such a quantity in this part of the Country. And here while I am mentioning his Affair, another thing occurs which must not escape unnoticed; and that is, A Case bought of Phil Bell at the price of 17 Guineas. Surely, here must be as great a mistake, or as great an Imposition as ever was offerd by a Tradesman. The Case is a plain one, and such as I coud get made in this Country (where Work of all kinds is very dear) of the same stuff, and equally as neat for less than four Guineas; is it possible then that 16 Gall'n Bottles with ground Stoppers can cost 13 Guineas? I think I might safely answer No. I woud have sent it back immediately, but being convinced that there must be some mistake in the Case I have postpond that resolution till you can make a proper enquiry into it, and advice me thereon.
Please to order me a Pipe of good old Maderia from that Island, let it be well securd, and direct it to be sent by some Vessell bound to this River (Potomack). Your Corrispondants in Liverpool, I must beg leave to say, are a little negligent of your Orders and I am the Sufferer by it; for I have never receivd any Salt from thence notwithstanding my repeated Application's for these two years past. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by the Sarah Captn. Coverdale
Copy pr. the Phonex Captn. McGachin
Aug. 6 Postscript to the above Letter. Since writing the above, I have found occasion to draw a Bill upon you to the amt. of £259 Sterg., payable at Sixty days sight to Messrs. Chs. Graham, Win. Fitzhugh, and Benja. Fendall. It being the Consid'n Money of Sundry Slaves w'ch I bought of those Gentn. Yesterday. I hope the Bill will meet with due Acceptance and I am as before, Gentn. etc.
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1761.
Gentn: An Indisposition which I have been under 3 or 4 Months, inducd me to take a trip Northward to try the effects of Exercise and our Mountain Air upon my disorder. I find some benefit from the journey, but not returning till within these few days I came too late to make out and send my Invoices by the Fleet; however no disappointment of Goods will follow from thence I hope because there will be frequent oppertunities of sending Letters by Single Ships all the Winter as many remain behind not being able to get loaded so as to Sail with Convoy.
The Intent of this Letter is to desire the favour of you to send me 12 Bushels of the true red Ray grass Seed; or more properly red Darnel. There is two or three different kinds of this Seed; that is to say, there be of it the red and white, of the Ray grass or Darnel kind; and there is another sort commonly calld (as the whole indeed is) Rye grass, this is a filthy kind and ought to be rooted out of all Places, and is the Reason why I am so particular in order to avoid getting it here because the similitude of the Names, and oftentimes the ignorance of the Seedsman is such, as to cause a good deal of confusion and disappointment in these matters. I must also beg the favour of you to send me two Bushels of Hop cloverseed, and the like quantity of Tares; please to direct that the Seeds be all fresh and good, and sent by the first Vessel bound to this River which I expect will be a convict Ship43 of Stuarts and Compay. Commanded by Captn. McGachin, an Acquaintance of mine, who I am perswaded will readily take them in, and give them a proper birth upon a hint of the probability of their Spoiling in the Hold. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note 43: The old English law provided for confining convicts on ships which sailed the seas instead of lying at anchor as did the hulks and galleys.]
N.B. Sent by Captn. Baker to Bristol
Copy by Captn. Marshall Liverpool
Mount Vernon, October 12, 1761.
Gentn: Herewith you will receive sundry invoices for Goods wanted, those for my own and the Childrens use please to send by Captn. Johnston or the first Vessell bound for this River in the Spring. Mrs. Dandridges must go in a Ship for York. I cannot make out an Account of the necessarys which may be wanting for my own and Master Custis's Plantations on York River till I go down there which will happen in a fortnights time, and then I shall address you again.
Your Letter of June the 2d. I receivd a few days ago and Note the Contents of it. If my Tobacco, contrary to expectations, shoud not answer for the best Market please to point out the Reasons that I may regulate accordingly for I am more anxious about the quality than quantity of what I Ship I have directed Mr. Valentine to be very careful in the management of their present Crop, and in a particular manner have cautioned him in their Prizing that Bruising and other ill effects may be prevented for the time to come. 20 Guineas is a very great insurance, a Person had better risque the loss themselves than part with so large a proportion of the years produce to secure the rest and I believe I shall do it for the future shoud the War continue. I was very sorry for the Advantage obtaind by the Dutch in the Article of Stocks, I think they shoud have met with other guess treatment, not only on this but on many other occasion's for their conduct in the course of the War.
Mr. Magowan44 Tutor to Master and Miss Custis having occasion of a small London Bill I drew upon you in his favour the 9th. Instt. for Sixteen pounds Sterling which when paid must be charged to their respective Accts. equally that is £8 to each. I hope by the time this gets to your hands you will be happy in
[Note 44: Rev. Walter Magowan. He, later, had a charge at Herring Bay, Md.] an honourable, and permanent Peace; this I believe is become the pretty sincere desire of most People, but of none more than Gentlemen, etc.
By the Unity Captn. Robson for London
Copy King of Prussia Glassford Glasgow
Mount Vernon, October 12, 1761
Sir: Inclosd you have my Measure for Boots; please there fore to send me two pair of them; one of which made of stout strong Leather for Winters use, the other pair to be light and thin for Summer; both pair Shoe Boots; likewise send me two pair of real turnd Pumps and four pair of neat, but at the sametime strong Shoes. Mr. Cary will pay the amount and I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, October 20, 1761.
Dear Sir: Since my last of the 14th. July I have in appearance been very near my last gasp; the Indisposition then spoken of Increased upon me and I fell into a very low and dangerous State. I once thought the grim King woud certainly master my utmost efforts and that I must sink-in spite of a noble struggle but thank God I have now got the better of the disorder and shall soon be restord I hope to perfect health again.
I dont know that I can Muster up one tittle of News to communicate, in short the occurrances of this part of the World are at present scarce worth reciting for as we live in a state of peaceful tranquility ourselves, so we are at very little trouble to enquire after the operations against the Cherokees who are the only People that disturbs the repose of this great Continent and who I believe woud gladly accommodate Differences upon almost any Terms not I conceive from any Apprehensions they are under on account of Our Arms but because they want the Supplys which we, and we only, can furnish them with. We catch the reports of Peace with gaping Mouths, and every Person seems anxious for a confirmation of that desirable Event provided it comes, as no doubt it will, upon honourable terms.
On the other side is an Invoice of cloathes which I beg the favour of you to purchase for me and to send them by the first Ship bound to this River. As they are designd for Wearing Apparel for myself I have committed the choice of them to your fancy, having the best opinion of your taste. I want neither Lace nor Embroidery; plain Cloathes with a gold or Silver Button (if worn in genteel Dress) is all I desire. I have hitherto had my Cloathes made by one Charles Lawrence in old Fish Street but whether it be the fault of the Taylor, or the Measure sent I can't say but certain it is my Cloathes have never fitted me well. I therefore leave the choice of the Workman to your care likewise. I enclose a Measure and for a further Insight I don't think it amiss to add that my stature is six feet; otherwise rather slender than Corpulent. I am sincerely, etc.
Williamsburg, November 3, 1761.
Gentn: I came to this place last Night, and find that the Articles contain'd in the Inclosd Invoices are wanted for mine and Master Custis's Plantation's on York River, please therefore to send them as there directed and charge the amounts to our respective Accounts.
We have little or no News stirring, our Assembly is at present Convend to grant Supplies for carrying on the War against the Cherokee Indian's shoud they choose to continue it, but this I am perswaded they are by no means Inclind to do, nor are they prepard for it as they have been solliciting Peace for sometime past. I wish the Powers of Europe were as well disposd to an Accomodation as these poor Wretches are a stop woud soon be put to the Effusion of Human Blood and Peace and plenty woud resume its Empire again to the joy and content (I believe) of most Ranks and degrees of People. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent By the Liverpool Captn. Birch for Liverpool
Copy Gave Mr. James Hunter of Fredericksburg
*To ROBERT CARY & COMPANY
Mount Vernon, March 16, 1762.
Gentn.: A Relation and Friend of mine having desired me to send for a Post Chariot for him, I now do it in the Words of, his own Mem'm which are as follows.
Colo. Washington to send for a neat light Post Chariot for F.L. of a price not exceeding One hundred pounds Sterling and to have light Harness for Six Horses. To desire the favour of the Merchant not to let the Tradesman know it is to be sent abroad. To have it made of well Seasoned Wood and painted of a genteel and fashionable colour without any Arms; and to be Insured."
The Gentleman at the time of his giving me this Mem'm was not provided with an Impression of his Arms about him, but if I shoud receive it timously I will inclose it by the next oppertunity. You will please to order the Chariot so soon as finished by the first Ship bound to Rappahannock River, and direct it to be sent to Colo. Fielding Lewis at Fredericksburg who has promised to lodge a Bill of Excha: with me for the cost and Charges so soon as he is informed thereof which Bill I shall immediately remit to you; in the meantime make me answerable for the amount.
By the Unity Captn. Couzens I am now Shipping Twenty Hhds. of my Potomack Tobacco on which please to Insure One hundred and Fifty pounds only. It is expected this Vessell will Sail with Convoy about the first of June next your Insurance therefore may be made Accordingly. I am, Gentn. etc.
[Note 46: Of New Kent County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1762.
Dear Sir: Soon after the Appraisment of the Decd. Colo. Custis's Estate it seemed to be a matter of doubt whether Davy (a boy) who was appraised among his Negroes belonged to him, or Mr. Dandridge your Father. Your Bro: then having, as I have understood, the Administration of his Affairs, conceived him to be the property of the latter and offered the boy to Mrs. Washington at the Appraisment price, which She agreed to, and I thought the thing had been concluded upon, but as it appeared to be a matter liable to dispute I intended to take the Courts direction's upon it (allowing John Custis in case they thought he ought to be given, for the loss he woud sustain by it) untill mentioning the Affair again to your Bro:, he told me that he now had nothing to do in it, and that I must speak to you about it. I was a little surprizd at this, yet nevertheless intended to do so when I was down last, but delaying it from time to time at length forgot it altogether. I therefore take this method of knowing if it is agreable to you for me to take the boy at the Appraisd price, provided the Court shall adjudge the Right to him to lye in your Father. Mr. Bassett and your Brother were consenting when I talked to them, and as Mrs. Washington relinquished her right to a Childs part of the whole Estate, and seems desirous of making a Gardner of this boy, I imagine you will not be against it; however, please to let me know your Sentiments upon the occasion as that is to determine my Application to the Court or not.
Please to offer my Complim'ts to Mrs. Dandridge and your little Sister's; at all times I shall be glad to see you at this place, and am Dr. Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1762.
Gentlemen: Your unacknowledged favours of the 26th June; 10th. Augt.; 16 and 19th. Septn. and the 19th. of Octr. following now lye before [me]; in that one of Augt. 10th. I perceive you bring the shortness of some of the Bundles of the Tobo. Shipped in the Bland to acct. for the lowness of the Price. That some of the Tobo. was small I shall not undertake to dispute, but at the sametime I must observe that it was clean and neatly handled which I apprehended woud have rendered the other objection of very little weight. As to stemming my Tobo. in the manner you recommend I woud readily do it if the returns woud be equivalent to the trouble, and loss of the stem, and of this I shall be a tolerable judge as I am at no small pains this year to try the quality with the advantages and disadvantages of deferent kinds of Tobos. and shall at the sametime find out the difference between a hhd. of Leaf and a hhd. of stemrod Tobo., by comparing then the loss of the one with the extra price of the other I shall be able to determine which is the best to pursue and follow that method which promises the most certain advantages.
Some of the Tobo. which I put on board the Unity Captn. Cuzzens got damaged in carrying to the Warehouses for Inspection and had a part cut of which will no doubt deface a little but as this happened while I was at Williamsburg I am able to give you no exact Information concerning it. In this parcel of Tobo. there are three kinds which please to give me your opinions upon; No. 1 to 6 Inclusive are of one kind, from 9 to 14 are of another, and 15 and 16 are of a third sort; the rest are of the same kinds of these three but made on other Plantations.
As I have ever laid it down as an established Maxim to believe, that every person is, (most certainly ought to be) the best judges of what relates to their own Interest and concerns I very rarely undertake to propose Schemes to others which may be attended with uncertainty and miscarriage; this will at once acct. for my being among the last who shoud advise your sending a Vessell into Potomack for the accomodation of your Friends there. That I have often thought of it as a desirable thing for the Shippers, I will readily confess and have as often concluded that so soon as you found an established consignment formed here you woud do it of course; and sooner we ought not to expect it. Since you have proposed the matter yourself to me, I certainly must approve of it, and as you are so obliging to write that you shall direct the Master to be under my notice I hope you will be petswaded to believe that I shall readily contribute my best advice and assistance towards his dispatch. The Tobacco's most of your friends upon Potomack (or that Ships from thence) lyes within 15 Miles above and below this place, and as good, or the best harbour (Piscataway) is within sight of my Door. It has this great advantage besides good Anchorage and laying safe from the Winds that it is out of the way of the Worm which is very hurtful to Shipping a little lower down and lyes in a very plentiful part of the Country. I thought it incumbant upon me to mention these things after which do as you please. If I had receiv'd any Intimation of your sending a Vessell into this River I shoud not have engaged any part of my Tobo. to Cuzzens, and while I remain in expectation of her arrival will not seek a freight else where for the residue of what I intend your house from this River which probably may amount to about 30 hhds. more.
My Letter of the 25th. of Jany. will inform you how the Interest of the Bank stock is to be applied, as that fund was appropriated towards the payment of Miss Custis's Fortune I am informed that the Stock ought to be transferred to her, you will please therefore to have done accordingly and what ever charges may arise in so doing place to her own Acct. I hope Messrs. Hill and Co. will send the Wine into this River for I had rather have it in Madeira than York.
Thus far had I wrote and was going to conclude when your favour of the 18th. Jany. was presented to me; I am sorry to hear the Accts given of the Tobo. Shipped in Boyes but as you don't particularize the proprietor's names who suffered most I am in hopes my 70 hhds. have pretty well escaped the genl. complaint. If it has not I confess it to be an Art beyond my skill, to succeed in making good Tobo. as I have used my utmost endeavours for that purpose this two or 3 years past; and am once again urged to express my surprize at finding that I do not partake of the best prices that are going; I saw an Acct. rendered by Mr. Athaws of some Tobo. which he sold for Mr. Fairfax at 12½d. the Tobo. went from this River and I can aver was not better than 12 hhds. of my Mount'n Crop which you receivd in the Sarah and Bland last Summ'r. In fact Mr. Fairfax's Plantation's and mine upon Shannondoah lye in the same neighbourhood. The Tobo brought to the same Inspection, and to be short, is in all respects exactly alike, none of mine however sold for more than 11d. or 3½, which you please while his went of a little before at the price of 12½ aforesaid; this is a difference really too great and I see it with concern, however Gentlemen I hope to find it otherwise for the time to come. I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1762.
Gentn.: The other side contains a Copy of my last, since which I have received from Messrs. Hill, Lamar and Hill a pipe of Wine price in Madeira £30.16. Sterl: for which they value upon you, I have also received advice of Seventy Sacks of Salts coming into Rappa. River from Mr. Backhouse on my Acct. Mr. Lewis who gives this Information has promised to send it round but the expences and trouble attending this is so great that I had almost as soon have Goods in any part of Great Britain as in any River except the one on which I live.
We have had one of the most severe Droughts in these parts that ever was known and without a speedy Interposition of Providence (in sending us moderate and refreshing Rains to Molifie and soften the Earth) we shall not make one oz of Tobacco this year. Our Plants in spite of all our efforts to the contrary are just destroyed, and our grain is absolutely perishing, how it may be in other parts of the Country I can not postively say, yet I have heard much complaining, shoud it be with Reason of which you can guess by the Letters of your different corrispondants I am perswaded you will be in no haste to dispose of the Tobo. I have put on board the Unity shoud it get safe to hand, with the Convoy with whom (the Chesterfield) She is to Sail sometime this Month. The London fleet is not yet arrived nor have we any Accts. of it. I shall take the first oppertunity that offers of writing to you again on these heads, In the meantime I remain, Gentn. etc.
Sent by the Alexandria, Captn. Cranford, Glasgow
Mount Vernon, September 18, 1762.
Gentn: The Inclosed is a Copy of my last for Insurance on Tobacco's as therein mentioned. I have now to acknowledge the receipt of your favours of April the 10th. and 1st. of May following, accompanying my Goods in the Unity which came regularly to hand (and without damage) except the box of Shoes (said to be sent to Portsmouth) these have never yet appeared, nor do I know to whom to apply for them, as no Bill of Lading was forwarded, nor mention made in what Ship they were put; Captn. Robson disavows any such coming to him. There must likewise have been a mistake in Shipping the Plows, for many of, the most material parts being wanting, the rest, according to the Bill of Parcells, is entirely useless, and lye upon my hands a dead charge.
I am sorry to find that in spite of my utmost care and caution we fail in the Sales of our Tobaccos, and that the? & D. P. C. is brought into such low esteem as to sell for export at 3½ pr. lb., a practise and price never known till now. True I cannot, at the distance I live from York River, see to the management of the Tobacco in all its process, but as it is made under the usual director, and in the usual manner, and moreover as I am assured by the Inspectors that it is of the same quality and kind as formerly, I own I am a surprized at the alteration of price indeed I shoud be more than a little so did I not know, that the Crops made in 1760 of which the 70 hhds. pr. Boyes was part were generally mean, occasioned by the incessant Rains that fell in the course of that Summer. You now Gentn. have Thirty two hhds of mine, and fifty nine of Master Custis's Tobacco Shipped in the Nautilus and Brunswick, which I hope will come to a better Market than the last and before I quit this Subject I must beg the favour of you to direct the Master of your York River Ship to be more cautious in his promises for the time to come, or a little stricter in adhering to them, because for want of one of these I was very near having 40 hhds. of my Tobo. left in the Country, Captn. Boyes punctually promising my steward (as he writes me) to take all the Tobacco which I had ordered for you, namely 94 hhds.; and when it came to the test refused 42 of them leaving him, short as the time was, to seek else where for a freight: now had the Captn. informed him, or me at first, that he woud only take such a quantity, no harm woud have been done or disappointment happened for then I coud easily have added to my Consignment to Messrs. Hanbury and others. The case I must beg leave to observe, is different with me from most other's of your Corrispondants on York River because upon the arrival of the Fleet I direct my Steward in what manner he is to dispose of the Tobacco and in case of disappointments I am not upon the Spot to alter and change as Circumstances may require but must be subject to inconvenience, from the distance which others can easily extricate themselves from; besides, as I always have taken care to fulfil my own engagements with the Captns. and shall continue so to do with punctuality I must expect in return the same strict observance from whom ever I deal with. I have been induced to run into a more particular recital of this matter now, as it is the Second or third time I have been trifled with by the Master or manager of your Ships here, and therefore with more confidence shall ask your excuse for the trouble I have given you in this place. In expectation of the Latitia's arrival, I have refused such of my Potomack Tobacco as was intended for you, to other Ships upon Liberty by which means I shall miss the Convoy, and enhance the Insurance I fear.
With certainty I think I can venture to assure you now, that the Crops of Tobacco made in the Country this year must be short, experimentally I can say so of my own upon this River, and my Steward gives me no great hopes of expecting a better prospect on York; Tobacco must therefore I conceive sell well in consequence of the reduction. These things entirely disconcerts my intended experiments, mentioned in a Letter of the 28th. of May, for I have not succeeded in any one sort of Tobacco which I then purposed to plant and my whole Crop fails short by at least one half, of the usual Compliment.
My Letter of the 11th. will inform you of Captn. Cuzzens return, please therefore to judge of the expediency of making fresh Insurance or not, and act accordingly. I apprehend that your Insurance woud run with Convoy, being so advised, and of course stand for nothing as She was obliged to Sail with out, after waiting a considerable time for the Chesterfield Man of War. Among the Goods sent in for Miss Custis (by the Unity there came a black Callimanca Petticoat and full trimmed Night Gown of a straw coloured Lustring marked MPC. but as they were of Womens size, and not charged in her Account we concluded they must bepacked up by mistake; and as some expence and risque woud accompany a return of them Mrs. Washington will keep them herself, and the cost please to place to my acct.
I cannot Inclose my Invoices at this time because I have not yet got an acct. of the necessaries wanted for our Plantation's on York River, so soon as this comes to hand, and I every day expect it, the whole shall be forwarded. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent Via New York by Colo. Carlyle.
[Note 47: A merchant in New York City at this time.]
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1762.
Dear Sis': Collo. Carlye, the bearer of this, going to New York to dispose of some English Horses which he has been encouraged to carry thither, affords me the best of oppertunity's to present my Compliments to your Lady, self, and Family and to ask how you have all done during an Interval of 3 or 4 years spent in profound silence with each other; tho' not without constant enquiries on my side after a family from who I have received such distinguishing marks of Civility.
I have been told that refined Sugar and Spirma-ceti Candles come at very easy rates from New York if you will please therefore to accept of a small Corn: from me I woud beg the favour of you to send me
few oppertunitys I conceive will happen directly to Alexandria (near to w'ch place I live) but many probably may offer to Norfolk with which place we have a constant Intercourse be so good then Sir as to direct them to the care of Collo. Tucker, or any of your corrispondants there, and let me know the method in which it woud be most agreable to pay you and it shall be punctually observed.
We have little or no domestick News; none however at this time that can give entertainment, and all other kinds which comes to our knowledge is thro' your Chan'l. I have only to desire therefore that you will please to accept of my sincere good wishes for yourself and Family and that you will make a tender of my best respects to Mrs. Philips, and Mrs. Morris48 when you see her. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note 48: Mrs. Philipse, mother of Mary Philipse, who was then Mrs. Roger Morris.]
Mount Vernon, September 30, 1762.
Gentn: Since mine of 18th. the Latitia is arrived, and the box of Shoes for Miss Custis come to hand; but of so small a size as not to fit her.
I have already directed Thirty one Hhds. of my Tobacco to be put on board of that Ship, on which please to make Insurance in such a manner as to receive eight pounds pt. hhd. in case of loss. Her arrival at the juncture she did, was fortunate (since she did not come sooner) for Collo. Lee49 it seems had just Chartered a Vessell for the accomodation of himself and Friends which, had the Contract gone into execution, might have been hurtful in many respects: I have not yet seen Captn. Hammond, nor do I know what may be his dependance on that Gentleman; but this I am confidant of, that much Tobacco which he might have commanded at a proper time is now disposed of in other bottoms; for his coming was so late, and arrival so precarious, that few People chose to risque the advantages of the expected Convoy the 20th. past. A Convoy which seems now to have vanished as the Man of War did in June last; and our Ships left to depart by themselves, or wait upon Charges and uncertainty, for what never may happen. It is hoped however, that the Latitia can meet with no great delay since Collo. Lee in consequence of his Chartering the Peggy, and asking my Tobacco for her, wrote me, that if Hammond shoud arrive, which he did not expect, there woud still be Tobacco enough left to Load him; this I suppose he advanced upon good foundation, and therefore no disappointment one woud think, coud happen in his dispatching of one Vessell.
[Note 49: Col. George Lee, who married Ann Fairfax Washington.]
In a Letter of the 6th. of August to Messrs. Mayne, Burne and Mayne's, Merchts. in Lisbon I desired them to send me a Pipe of that Wine, and draw upon you for the value; I expect also to have occasion for another Pipe of Madeira in a very little time, but as I shall write to a different house (than Hill's) for it, you will be advised of my order so soon as it Issues for the Wine.
Yours of the 31st. of May, Inclosing the Sales of 21 hhds. D. P. C. is come to hand, and your next will probably transmit an acct. of the remaining?, and D. P. C.50; what you have done in regard to the 2 hhds. of G. W. is very agreable, and I hope Mr. Giles the purchaser will be a gainer by it.
[Note 50: These letters (?. D. P. C., and G. W.) were merely arbitrary invoice marks that distinguished certain hogsheads of tobacco.]
Upon the Important Conquest of the Hayanna, I heartily congratulate you; a stroke so signally given at the commencement of a War must ever prove the sure means of humbling a proud People and settling Peace upon an honourable and Permanent footing; that this soon may happen is a sincere wish of Gentn., etc.
Sent to the Northward--to go by Packet
Copy by the Hudson--Via Whitehaven
Williamsburg, November 15, 1762.
Gentn: As I got to this place after the Fleet Sailed, I am obliged to make use of a Scotch Ship bound to Glasgow to forward the Inclosed Invoices for Goods, which please to send, and charge as there directed.
I am left in a very odd situation in regard to the Tobacco which I kept for, and expected had gone in, the Latitia, many oppertunities I refused of putting it on board other Ships that offered liberty of Consignment because I woud not be instrumental tho' but in a small degree towards the disappointment of the Vessel you might send to us, and now Captn. Hammond is not only gone without it (after I have directed Insurance to be made, and actually saw the Tobacco put into Craft which Collo. Lee sent up for it) but I do not even know what is become of the Tobacco for Collo. Lee who seemed to take upon himself the management of these matters is not yet come to Town and I have only bare report for his having put it on board of some other Ship; but what Ship, and whether she went with Convoy, or is yet in the Country I am a stranger to, this matter carries evident Marks of ill usage however, but on whom to fix the blame I am as yet, a little at a loss to determine, time may shew.
I find my own Crops (and those of my Ward) on this River something better than I was given to expect and hope the Tobacco, what there is of it, will proove exceeding good this year; but my Tobacco on Potomack as formerly mentioned will fall greatly short of the usual Quantity. I was not a little surprized to find, upon coming to this place, that there was nothing in the report of the Unity's putting back by distress of Weather, as I had informed you in two or three Letters. The advice of her doing so came to me through such a Channel, that I coud not conceive a posibility of doubting it; and therefore gave you the earliest notice I coud of it. I shall expect soon to hear what has become of that Tobacco, and to get the Sales of all such as was Shipped last year.
I have drawn upon you (the 9th. Instt.) for Twenty pounds Sterling, payable to Mr. Walter Magowan Tutor to Master and Miss Custis, which Sum is to be paid by the Children equally, and to them respectively charged. I am Gentn., etc.
[Mount Vernon, 1762.]
Sir: At your request I [have searched] for the remarks [among] my Papers and found the remarks I made upon the Navigation of Potomack in the year 1754 and found that...a Letter which I wrote to a gentn. of our Assembly at that time in Aug. 1754 the followg. is an extract thereof.53
[Note 53: At this point Washington copies verbatim his letter to Thomas Lee, dated August, 1754, ante. This draft is badly mutilated, and the missing portions are denoted above by dots(...). The words in brackets are supplied from surviving portions of the text.]
These Sir are the Observns...year 1754 when I hoped (upon seeing the practicability of the thing) that the expediency of...this Comn. wou'd have been attended to and that...our future operations wd. have been conducted thro this most national and po'mted Channel but Genl. Braddocks...late coming in Spring 1755 and hurry of business immediately upon his arrival allowed no time for...attemps of this sort and afterwards our Affairs as everybody knows took quite another and a very different turn and was conducted from a very difft. Quarter.
I cannot charge my Memory with any...further knowledge but you are welcome to make what use you...please of the Informn.
Williamsburg, April 26, 1763.
Gentn: Your favours of the 24th. of April 29th. July and first of December now lye before me, and I coud heartily have Wished that the last had brought an Acct. of the Tobaccos lost in the Deliverance and Joseph which remains along while I think in an underterminate manner.
You will please to observe that the 20 Hhds pr. the Deliverance is part of the Estate of Danl. Parke Custis Esqr. deceasd, because it was made and Shipped before a Devision of it took place therefore when that matter is adjusted must have credit for the Tobacco, and made chargeable with the Costs; but the 14 hhds in Easton were made after the said Division and was the Sole property of Master John Parke Custis, for whom you are to raise an Acct. beginning with the premium of Insurance and other charges of this 14 hhds, and to be credited by the proceeds; the other 12 hhds pr. Captn. Lewis you have already been informed were the young Gentlemans and I shall take care at all times to advise you in this particular that no mistakes may arise.
Business brot. me to this place a few days ago and havg. seen Captn. Easton I have given directions for putting Twelve hhds Tobo. on board his Ship to your address on which please to Insure Ten pounds pr. Hhd in behalf of Mastr. Custis whose Tobo. it is, and to whose acct. it must go.
We are much pleased with the assurance of Peace, things it is hoped will now fall into an easy and regular Channel to the mutual advantage of both Mercht. and Planter. I am Gentn., etc.
By the Betcy Captn. Car.
Williamsburg, April 26, 1763.
Gentn: My Letters of the 18th. and 30th. of Septr. and 15th Novr. following fully explains my sentiments relative to the Tobacco's lately Shipped, and other matters therein mentioned, but I have your favours of the 10th. and 25th. of August 30th. of Octor. and 4th. of Decr. now lying before me, and shall remark upon; and answer such parts of them as require it.
In regard to the Estates Ball'e then in your hands, I must observe, that it was not in my power to direct the Application of it sooner, because some of those Tobaccos lay in Messrs. Hanbury's, and other's in Mr. Gildarts hands unaccounted for; the want of which Sales, and some other Ballances due to and from the Estate not coming in so soon as might have been expected kept open the Accts. and prevented an exact dividend of the money; and is a Reason why that Ball'e has remained so long undisposed of on your Books; indeed there is yet 34 hhds of Tobo. which was lost in the Deliverance and Joseph (Ships of Messrs. Hanbury's) of which no Accts. are rendered and retards a final Devision, but I have now caused the money so far as it can be ascertained, to be divided, and a Sum of £1440--19s.11 Sterlg. fall'g to Master Custis's part I shall allot it to him out of the money in your Hands, you will please therefore to give his Acct. credit for the said Sum of £1440.19s. 11 Ster: and carry the residue thereof to my Acct. which will Ball'e the Estates Acct. on your Books. My debt is greater than I expected to have found it, owing in some measure to the short prices of my Tobacco but I shall endeavour to discharge it as fast as I can conveniently make remittances.
In your Letter of the 30th. of Octr. I find you have entirely mistaken the meaning of mine of the 28th. of May giving an Acct. of the qualities of the Tobacco Shipped in the Unity: if you will be at the trouble of reading that Letter over again, you will perceive that I take notice of 3 sorts of Tobo. under such and such numbers, for Instance, from No. 1 to No. 6 Inclusive I tell you is of one kind, from 9 to 14 of another, and 15 to 16 are of a third; and then observe, that the rest of the Tobacco is of the same sorts of these 3, only made on different Plantation's; this I did with a view of getting your opinion on the several sorts, that by comparing the produce of each kind here. with the Sales with you, determine my choice of them, the ground yielding more of some sorts than it does of others; but it is very observable that the narrow leaf Tobo. (for the Hhd. No. 10, 13 and 19 noticed in yours of Octr. the 30th. are of that kind) hits not your taste, nor do I much wonder at it for it was a sort planted by mistake, and altogether without my approbation, and I am so unlucky as to have some of it this year again mixed with the others.
I do not like to recriminate on a Subject and shall therefore observe in few words, that Collo. Fairfax's Tobo. which Mr. Athaws sold at 12d. was no more than leaf, and of the same kind exactly with No. 15 and 16 of mine by the Unity; I coud conceive no reason therefore why his Tobacco shoud so far out sell mine, even that of York River which has always been esteemed for its quality, however I shall dwell no longer on the matter, but rest perswaded that you will exert your best endeavours for my Interest, more especially as you must be sensible, that I have in a manner confined my corrispondance to your House alone, and with this assurance, that I am not fond of change and want nothing but justice; so long then as I meet with good Accts. and neighbourly fare I shall continue my Consignments, and farther I dare say you cannot expect.
The Ship which carried the Tobacco that was reserved for Hammond was called the Thomas one Captn. Agar, Master but whether she is arrived or not I cannot tell, for She missed the Convoy; before I leave this place I shall direct my Steward in what manner he is to dispose of his Tobacco, and from myself and Ward I suppose you may expect about 75 Hhds.; near 30 of which will be Shipped on my own Acct. but of this you will be more particularly informed when I get advise of the arrival of the Ship, what qty of Tobo. I may have on Potomack is yet uncertain, but in a little time I shall be able to determine.
By the first oppertunity to Madeira I shall Write to Messrs. John and James Searles for a Pipe of Wine, directing them to draw upon you for the amount, and hope their Bills will be honoured. The Inclosed to Mr. Lawrence is for a suit of Cloaths which please to send me by the first Ship to either of the Rivers Potomack, York or James; if to one of the two last named, be so good as to direct the Package to the care of Mr. Jos. Valentine at Williamsburg. Mrs. Washington also begs to have 4 yds. of Silk sent according to the Inclosed pattern w'ch was bought in the year 1759 of Palmer & Co. and made into a suit of Cloaths by I Scherberg, but now having occasion to turn it into a Sack and Coat it cannot be effected with't more of the same; this (if to be had) may be sent with my Cloaths.
We are much rejoiced at the prospect of Peace which 'tis hoped will be of long continuance, and introductory of mutual advantages to the Merch't and Planter, as the Trade to this Colony will flow in a more easy and regular Chan'l than it has done for a considerable time past. The Inclosed Excha on Mr. Thos. Usher for one hund'd pound Sterl. please to receive and place to the Credit of Gentn., etc.
By the Betcy Captn. Car. from Jas. River.
[Williamsburg], Virginia, April 26, 1763.
Mr. Lawrence: Be pleased to send me a genteel suit of Cloaths made of superfine broad Cloth handsomely chosen. I should have Inclosed you my Measure, but in a general way they are so badly taken here that I am convinced it woud be of very little Service. I woud have you therefore take measure of a Gentleman who Wares well made Cloaths of the following size: to wit, 6 feet high and proportionably made; if any thing rather slender than thick for a person of that highth with pretty long Arms and thighs. You will take care to make the Breeches longer than those you sent me last, and I would have you keep the measure of the Cloaths you now make, by you, and if any alteration is required in my next it shall be pointed out. Mr. Cary will pay your Bill and I am, etc.
Note. for your furth'r governm't and knowledge of my size, I have sent the Inclosed, and you must observe that from the Coat end--
April 27, 1763.
My Dear Stewart: Your Letters of the 18th. Jany. and 2d. of Mar. came to my hands at the same time about the 10th. Instr. I knew of no ship then on the point of Sailing for any part of Great Britain, and therefore have been unavoidably silent till now; indeed I coud have given but a very unsatisfactory answer before this. I participated in the pleasing prospect which seemed to flatter your wishes about the time of writg. your first Letter, as much as I felt for its reverse in the next, but human Affairs are always chequered, and Viscissitudes in this Life are rather to be expected than wondered at.
I wish my dear Stewart that the circumstances of my Affairs woud have permitted me to have given you an order upon any Person, in the world, I might add, for £400 with as much ease and propriety as you seem to require it, or even for twice that Sum if it woud make you easy; but alas l to shew my inability in this respect, I inclose you a copy of Mr. Cary's last Acct. currt. against me, which upon my honr and the faith of a Christian is a true one, and transmitted to me with the additional aggravation of a hint at the largeness of it. Messrs. Hanbury's have also a Ball'e against me, and I have no other corrispondants in England with whom I deal, unless it be with a namesake for trifles such as Cloaths; and for these I do not know whether the Balle. is for or against me.
This upon my Soul is a genuine Acct. of my Affairs in England, here they are a little better because I am not much in debt. I doubt not but you will be surprized at the badness of their condition unless you will consider under what terrible management and disadvantages I found my Estate when I retired from the Publick Service of this Colony; and that besides some purchases of Lands and Negroes I was necessitated to make adjoining me (in order to support the Expences of a large Family), I had Provision's of all kinds to buy for the first two or three years; and my Plantation to stock in short with every thing; Buildings to make, and other matters, which swallowed up before I well knew where I was, all the money I got by Marriage nay more, brought me in Debt, and I believe I may appeal to your own knowledge of my Circumstances before.
I do not urge these things my dear Sir in order to lay open the distresses of my own Affairs, on the contrary they shoud forever have remained profoundly secret to your knowledge did it not appear necessary at this time to acquit myself in your esteem, and to evince my inability of exceeding £300 a sum I am now labouring to procure by getting money to purchase Bills of that amt. to remit to yourself, that Mr. Cary may have no knowledge of the transaction since he expected this himself, and for which my regard for you will disappoint him. A Regard of that high nature that I coud never see you uneasy without feeling a part and wishing to remove the cause; and therefore when you complained of the Mortification of remaining a Subaltern in a Corp you had frequently commanded the Subs of, I wanted you out, and hoped it might be effected; but I shall have done on the Subject giving me leave to add only that in case you shoud not have a call for the money (and your Letter speaks of this) you will then be so good as to pay it to Mr. Cary to whom I believe it will be no disagreeable tender and advise me thereof; the Inclosd will inform you of what I have wrote to him on this head, which Letter you may deliver, or destroy at pleasure.
I am exceedingly obliged to you for your kind offer's of Services in London, but I have nothing to give you the trouble of. I write in very great haste, and know I may depend upon your Friendship to excuse any thing and every thing amiss in the Letter. With the most perfect regard, I remain, etc.
Mount Vernon, April 30, 1763.
Gentn: At the recommendation of Fielding Lewis Esqr. I am induced to give you the trouble of sending me a Pipe of the best Maderia Wine for the amount of which please to draw on Robert Cary Esqr. and Co. Mercht. in London who are advised thereof. I woud choose a rich oily Wine, and if the present vintage shoud not be good, to have it of the last, or in short of any other which you can recommend. You will be so good as to send this Wine pr. the first opp'ty addressed to me on Potomack River in Fairfax County Virga.; I shoud choose to have it sent in a Vessel to this River, if one shoud offer in any reasonable time, if not, please to send it to Norfolk recommended to the care of Collo. Tucker who can readily forward it from thence; but I shoud prefer the former of the two much. I am Gentn., etc.
Note the above sent by Collo. Field'g Lewis.
Williamsburg, May 2, 1763.
My dear Stewart: With some difficulty I have at last procured the Inclosed which you will please to make use of as occasion may require. I was upon the point of forwarding these, and my Letters to you, by the Betcy a Ship from James River bound for London when Collo. Hunter arrived and informed me that he left you the 15th. or 16th. Ulto. at New York and that your Imbarkation for England seemed to be matter of doubt. I have therefore changed the Route of these Letters now sending them to New York to the care of Beverley Robinson Esqr. who is desired to forward them in case of your departure from thence to London.
The Bills as you may perceive are drawn on Messrs. Lydes of London and Backhouse of Liverpool to the mount of £302 Sterl'g that is to say:
Signing of the Definitive Treaty seems to be the only piece of News w'ch prevails here at present, and diffuses general Joy. Our Assembly is suddenly called in consequence of a Memorial of the British Merchts. to the Board of Trade representing the evil consequences of our Paper emissions, and their Lordships report and order's thereupon which I suppose will set the whole Country in Flames; this stir of the Merchts. seems to be ill timed and cannot be attended with any good effects; bad I fear it will, however on the 19th. Instt. the Assembly Meet and till then I will suspend my further opinion of the matter. I am with the most unalterable regard, My dear Stewart, etc.
Mount Vernon, May 8, 1763.
Dear Sir: The Inclosed for my friend Collo. Stewart is of some consequence, and I take the liberty of recommending of it to your care; if he shoud be Imbarked for England as I must suppose he is before this (by his Letters) pray be so good as to forward the packet to him by a safe conveyance; if in York you will do me a favour in delivering of it; and in either case of hearing by Post whether it got safe to your hands or not.
Mr. Peter Robinson has been paid the amt. of your Acct. as I doubt not but he has advised you. We have little News stirring, the Definite Treaty of Peace at last seems concluded and gives general Joy to the People of this part of the World.
I parted with the Speaker54 (who is in a way of adding to his Family) about four days ago in perfect health. I beg you will make a tender of my Compliments to Mrs. Robinson and your Family and do me the favour to believe that with very great esteem I remain Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note 54: John Robinson, father of Beverley.]
Mount Vernon, August 13, 1763.
My Dear Stewart: By Captn. Walter Stuart I am favoured with an oppertunity of acknowledging the receipt of your Letter of the 6th. of June, and at the same time of forwarding the Copy of my former (which was in readiness before that came to hand, and) which I incline to send notwithstanding the original is got to hand, because it contains the Second Bills, and other matters entire as they ought to have been sent, and as I dare say Mr. Stuart will be so good as to deliver.
Another tempest has arose upon our Frontiers, and the alarm spread wider than ever; in short the Inhabitants are so apprehensive of danger that no Families stand above the Conogocheage road and many are gone of below it; their Harvests are in a manner lost, and the distresses of the Settlement appear too evident and manifold to need description: In Augusta many people have been killed, and numbers fled, and confusion and despair prevails in every Quarter. At this Instant a calm is taking place, which forebodes some mischief to Collo. Bouquet at least those who wish well to the Convoy are apprehensive for him since it is not unlikely that the retreat of all the Indian Parties at one and the same time from our Frontiers is a probable proof of their Assembling a force somewhere, and for some particular purpose; none more likely then to oppose his March.57
[Note 57: Pontiac's conspiracy. The Shawnees, Delawares, Senecas, and other Ohio tribes of Indians had made a general and almost simultaneous attack upon all the remote frontier settlements and posts. They had committed many murders, and taken the forts at Le Boeuf, Venango, Presqu'Isle, and others on Lake Michigan, the Miami River, the Wabash, at Sandusky, and Michilimackinac. Fort Pitt (formerly Duquesne) was in imminent danger of falling into their hands. In July, Colonel Bouquet was dispatched by General Amherst with 500 men and a supply of military stores for the relief of that fort, He marched through Pennsylvania, following the same route that had been pursued by General Forbes's army. The Indians, who were then besieging Fort Pitt, heard of his march and came out to meet him. They attacked his army on the 5th and 6th of August in a defile near the headwaters of Turtle Creek (Bushy Run), and the contest was kept up during the two days with considerable loss on both sides. Colonel Bouquet maintained his ground and, routing the Indians, marched without further molestation to Fort Pitt. The news of this action seems not to have reached Washington when he wrote the above letter.-- Sparks.
Ford quotes from General Amherst's letter to Sir William Johnson (August 27): "Some random shots were fired on the army between Bushy Run and Fort Pitt; but this seasonable check I believe will put an effectual stop to any further mischief being done on that communication; particularly as Colonel Stephen with 4 or 500 men of the Virginia militia is advanced as far as Forts Cumberland and Bedford, with a view not only of covering the frontiers, but of acting offensively against the savages. This public spirited colony has also sent a body of the like number of men under the command of Colonel Lewis for the defence and protection of their southwest frontiers. What a contrast this makes between the conduct of the Pennsylvanians and Virginians, highly to the honor of the latter, but places the former in the most despicable light imaginable." The King signified his displeasure at the "supine and neglectful conduct" of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and urged more vigorous measures upon all the Colonies except Virginia and Maryland.
Francis Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac presents the complete picture of this Indian outbreak.]
It was expected that our Assembly woud have been called in such exegencies as these but its concluded (as I have been informed) that an Assembly without money coud be no eligable plan; to comprehend the meaning of this expression, you must know, the Board of Trade at the Instance of the British Merchants, have undertaken to rebuke us in the most ample manner for our Paper Emission's; and therefore the Governor and Council hath directed 1000 Militia to be employed for the protection of the Frontiers 500 of which are to be Drafted from Hampshire &ca. and be under the Command of Collo. Stephen whose Military Courage and Capacity (says the Governor) is well established. The other 500 from the Southern Frontier Counties are to be conducted by Major Lewis so that you may readily conceive what an enormous expence must attend these Measures. Stephens immediately upon the Indians retiring, advanced to Fort Cumberland with 200 or 250 Militia in great parade and will doubtless archieve some signal advantage of which the Publick will soon be informed.
I think I have now communicated the only News which these parts afford; it is of a melancholy nature indeed and yet we cannot tell how, or when it is to end. I hope you have got matters settled to your liking before this time. I shoud rejoice to hear it, as I shoud do at every thing that gives you pleasure or profit.
Mrs. Washington makes a tender of her Compliments, and you may be assured that I am with great sincerity Dr. Sir, etc.
September 27, 1763.
Gentn: Your Letters of the 13th. and 23d. of April last are all that have come to hand since mine of the 13th. of June. I am sorry to find that my Tobacco which was intended by Hammond, and which he ought to have taken (after runn'g me to the expence of Insurance &ca.) is likely to come to so unfavourable a Market as your Letter of the 13th. seems to bespeake, under such manifest disappointments and losses. I am affraid it is very improbable that I shall acquire much benefits by Shipping; however you will this year have Consigned you on my Account 19 Hhds. pt. the Nautilus 10 by the Luckey (from James River) and 48 by the Tryal. Captn. McGachin 14 whereof are of my Rent Tobacco sent to make up the difficiency of my Crop on Potomack, and in hopes you will make the most of them to the purchasers of that kind of Tobacco; indeed I will not say much in favour of some of my other Tobo. by this Ship as the kinds are not such as I coud wish namely the Hhds. No. 4 to 11 Inclusive (being the narrow Leaved) but I flatter myself you will dispose of them to the best advantage this year as they are the last of the kind I ever shall raise. I was intending to have shipped them under a different Mark but they were put on board the Ship before I had given the Inspectors directions on this head and therefore it was omitted. My Tobacco from York River as well as Master Custis's will go home without Insurance, owing to a neglect in my Stewards not giving me timely notice of the Ship and Masters name in James River, and of the exact destribution of the Tobacco for want of which coud not be precise in my orders however as there is no other danger now than that arising from the Sea I hope it is a matter of no great consequence; Master Custis has 37 Hhds. on board of Captn. Boyes and 20 on the Luckey.
My Goods by Johnstown came in good order but Miss Custis looses a Trunk No. 2 containing Linnen and other things to the amount (pr. Invoice) of £25.2.8; the Trunk is included in Captn. Johnstowns Bill of Lading who says when he put his hand to those Bills there were some things yet to prepare and put in the Trunk and that he never got it afterwards, I was in hopes then that it might have been sent by Captn. Boyes but in this we were also disappointed for I have got round those Goods and Captn. Boyes whom I have seen knows nothing of any such thing. I do not doubt but you will have this matter enquired into and see that Miss Custis is no looser; but disappointed she greatly is.
The Goods from York River Mr. Valentine complains most heavily of, especially the narrow Hoes which he says are so small and sorry that he cannot possibly (or nothing but mere necessity can cause him to) use them for they are scarcely wider or bigger in any respect than a man's hand. I directed him to return them again but whether he has done so or not I cannot tell.
Inclosed you will receive several Invoices;58 the Goods for Potomack may be Shipped by Captn. McGachin who returns to this River again, and on whose care and punctuality I can much depend; and those for Mrs. Dandridge you will be so good as to send by Captn. Boyes into York River. I cannot just now make out Invoice for our Plantation's on York, but so soon as I go down there (which will be in a very few days) I shall be able to do this and will forward the order without delay. The Inclosed to Mr. Didsbury contains measures, and orders for all the Shoes mentioned in the Body of my Invoice you will have no occasion therefore to be at further trouble about the Shoes than just to send the Letter. Be so good as to direct your Seed Merchant to let me have those Seeds I have required new and good, especially the St. Foine w'ch is a tender Seed and difficult to get here safe.
[Note 58: Among other articles in these invoices are: "1 compleat sett. Chariot Harness for Six (middle sized) Horses, to be strong, yet light and to have my crest. 1 Neat silver Pencil--exactly Six Inches long, to have the Inches and parts of an Inch marked thereon and to be open at both ends. 1 travelling Razor case--to contn. two Razors (of the very best kind) Strop, brush, box, Powder, &ca. To be bought of Mr. Shelbey in Dean Street, Soho. 1 White lutestring Sacque & Coat sprigd with white--all to be made by Mrs. Fairfax's Measure. 1 Coffee Mill; best sort."]
The Inclosed Bill (if my first of the same Tenor is not come to hand) please to receive and give my acct. credit for the amount. Mr. Digges the bearer of this, and a Gentleman of merit, I beg leave to recommend to your notice, and am Gentn. etc.
Sent by Mr. Charles Digges
Copy--By the Tryal Captn. McGachin
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1763.
Sir: The last Cargoe of Shoes you sent me, fit very well, and I hope you will continue to preserve my Last. You will please to send me (with the Goods Mr. Cary will forward) the following Shoes and according to the Inclosed measures, to wit:
The above Shoes you will please to charge to the Persons for whom they are intended (except Mrs. Washington's which must be placed to my Bill) and the whole amount will be paid you by Mr. Cary; they must also be put into different Packages, and Mr. Cary will see that they are properly forwarded. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1763.
Dear Sir: In July --62 I received the Copy of your Letter of the 27th. of April preceding. By Captn. Braisse it came, and superscribed with a Box, but no Box appeared, nor did I much wonder at it, it being the Copy of a Letter only, and the Captns. disavowing the receipt of any such Package; some considerable time after this I was favoured with the original Letter, but by what Ship it was brought, I am to this day ignorant, for neither the Ship's nor the Captain's name was mentioned, and altho' your Letter began with saying you Inclose the Captns. receipt (for the Box,) no such receipt was found, nor Invoice or Bill of Costs, nor mention made who this Captn. was: finding myself reduced to this dilemma, and left without a footstep of enquiry, I resolved to wait for further explanation, or 'till I shoud hear of the Box before I gave you the trouble of a Letter, but neither of these happening till Collo. Fairfax presented me with your obliging favour of. the 13th. of April last, I began to despair Of the desired information, however upon receipt of that Letter I immediately dispatched a Servant to Mr. Middleton at Annapolis from whose Wife (he not being at home) I got the Inclosed answer. What it is I have further to expect in this matter you can best resolve.
In the Event of your ever visiting America, I am in hopes you will not think a little time ill spent in a small Tower to Virginia. We have few things here striking to European Travellers (except an abundant Woods); but a little variety, a welcome reception among a few friends, and the open and prevalent hospitality of the Country in general, might perhaps proove agreable for a while; and I must be permitted to add, that I shall think myself very happy in seeing you at Mr. Vernon where you might depend upon finding the most cordial entertainment.
The Indians at a time when we thought ourselves fixed in the utmost tranquility, have, in open violation of the Treaty recommenced Hostilities, and (by a sudden Irruption) thrown the Frontiers of almost all the Colonies into terrible consternation. They have lately met with some pretty rugged treatment, and it is hoped they will sue for Terms again in a very little while.
I dined at Belvior yesterday, and left the Family in perfect health; as also Doctr. Cockburnes, Mrs. Washington makes a tender of her Compliments and I am Dr. Sir, etc.
By the Tryal--Captn. Wm. McGachin.
Mount Vernon, October 4, 1763.
Gentn. Since mine of the 27th. Ulto. Captn. McGachin who will do me the favour to deliver this, and who for several years past has commanded a Convict Ship into this River (a service neither consistent with his Inclinations or Health to perservere in) has expressed a desire of being recommended to the Command of the Ship which you have given us Reasons to expect into Potomack. A Request I do most readily comply with, because a personal acquaintance with Mr. McGachin added to his general good Character enables me to introduce him to you as a Gentleman of known skill, deligence and Integrety; and who by a long use to the Trade, and this River in particular, has contracted a general acquaintance and mutual friendship with the best Gentlemen on it; as such then he has my warmest wishes to your employ; and I am petswaded if you are not preengaged, you cannot light upon a Master who will act more for your Interest, or will give more universal satisfaction to your corrispondants on the River than he will; shoud he be so fortunate to succeed then, I think I can venture to assure you that he will stand in no need of particular Addresses; his knowledge of the Business, and acquaintance with the Gentlemen rendering it not only unnecessary but perhaps detremental to your Interest. You will be so good as to excuse the liberty I have taken, and do me the justice to believe that I am quite disinterested in this recommendation, as much so however as a Man can be who wishes to see his property committed to the managem't of a Person in whose care he can confide. I am Gentn. etc.
By Captn. McGachin.
Williamsburg, January 22, 1764.
Gentn: Captn. Mather whom I met with at this place a day or two ago, seeming to be pretty much distressed to compleat his Loading before the lay days are out, I shall, in order to facilitate his dispatch, give him all the Tobacco I have ready upon York River amounting to Fifty two Hhds, or which please to make Insurance and proportion the charge hereafter for I cannot at this Instant tell what part is mine, nor have I time to enquire, as Captn. Whiting by whom I now write, is just ready to Sail. I expect we shall have Seventy, perhaps Eighty Hhds more on this River and these shall be reserved for the Nautilus; but my Crops upon Potomackare vastly deficient, in short a wet Spring, a dry Summer, and early Frosts have quite demolished me.
At our next April General Court I expect I shall have occasion to draw upon you in behalf of Master John Parke Custis to the amount of Seven, eight, or more hundred pounds, £500 certainly, and take this oppertunity of giving you advice of it.
Shoud this Letter get to your hands before the Shipping Sail for Potomack, please to send me over and above what are mentioned in my Invoice, 25M 8d 25M 10d and 25M 20 d. nails. I shall write to Mr. Jno. Searles of Madeira for another Pipe of Wine directing him to draw upon you for the Costs which I hope will be paid. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by Captn. Jno. Whiting.
January 30, 1764.
Sir: Your favour of the 22d. of August last I have had the pleasure to receive, as also the Wine accompanying of it which lyes yet untasted, but from your recommendation of it I shall suppose it good and therefore desire you will send me such another Pipe and draw as before upon Robert Cary Esqr. & Co. who are advised thereof and will pay accordingly.
If no oppertunity shoud offer soon to Potomack River you will please to send the Wine to Norfolk recommended to the care of Collo. Tucker as the last was. I am Sir, etc.
Sent by Collo. Lewis's Vessell to Madeira
Mount Vernon, February 13, 1764.
Gentn: The Inclosed is a Copy of my last of the 22d. Ulto. We have been curiously entertained of late with the description of an Engine lately constructed (I believe in Switzerland, and undergone some Improvements since in England) for taking up Trees by the Roots; among other things it is related that Trees of considerable Diameter are forced up by this Engine, that Six hands in working one of them will raise two or three hundred Trees in the space of a day; and that an Acre of Ground may be eased of the Trees and laid fit for Plowing in the same time. How far these assertions have been amply reallized by repeated experiments it is impossible for me at this distance to determine but if the Accounts are not greatly exaggerated such powerful assistance must be of vast utility in many parts of this Wooden Country when it is impossible for our Force (and labourers are not to be hired here) between the finishing of one Crop and preparations for another to clear Ground fast enough to afford the proper changes either in the Planting or Farming business. The Chief purport of this Letter therefore is to beg the favour of you Gentlemen to make minute enquiries into the Tryals that have been made by Order of the Society and if they have proved satisfaction, to send me one of these Engines by the first Ship bound to this River (Potomack). If they are made of different sizes, I shoud prefer one of a middle Size, capable of raising a tree of 15 or 18 Inches Diameter. The Costs I am pretty much a stranger to 15, 20 and 25 Guineas have been spoke of but the Price (were it dble that) I shoud totally disregard provided the Engine is capable of performing what is related of it, and not of that complicated nature to be easily disordered, and rendered unfit for use, but constructed upon so plain, simple, and durable a Plan that the common Artificers of this Country may be able to set them to rights if any accidents shoud happen to them. If you shoud send one be so good as to let me have with it the most ample direction's for the effectual using of it, together with a model of its manner of operating.
Mrs. Washington woud take it as a favour if you woud direct Mr. Shelby to send her a fashionable Summer Cloak and Hatt, a black Silk Apron, x pr. of penny and one pr. of two penny Ribbon (white) and a pair of French bead Earhags and Necklace; and I shoud be obliged to you for sending me a dozen and an half of Water Plates (Pewter with my Crest engraved). I am Gentn., etc.
By Captn. Dawson for London.
Williamsburg, May 1, 1764.
Gentn: The Copy of your Letter of the 13th. of February, by Falman, is come to hand, but for want of the Account Inclosed in the Original I am at a loss to conceive how my balance can possibly be so much as £1811.1.1 in your favour, or Master Custis's so little as £1407.14.7 in his; however as the several Accts. will shew what Articles are charged and credited, without which there can be no judging; I shall, postpone an explicit answer till they arrive.
Your observation's in regard to the money which Master Custis has in your hands are most certainly just, for his Acct. and mine altho' both under my directions, are become very distinct things since the Settlement of the Estate and on his behalf I now draw three Bills upon you, two of them in favour of Fielding Lewis Esqr. for £100 and £500 and the 3d. in favour of Mr. James Gibson for £200 mak'g in all £800 for which Sums your Acct. will have credit not doubting the due acceptance of the Bills.
As to my own Debt I shall have no objections to allowing you Interest upon it untill it is discharged and you may charge it accordingly from this time forward, but had my Tobacco sold as I expected and the Bills been paid according to promise I was in hopes to have fallen very little in Arrears; however as it is otherwise I shall endeavour to discharge the Ball's as fast as I can, flattering myself there will be no just cause for compl'ts of the Tobacco this year. What little I make upon Potomack, which indeed will not exceed 30 or 35 Hhds., will I hope be of a better quality that the last, and from this River (York) there remains 81 Hhds. which I am told will proove good, 21 of which belongs to me and the other 60 to Master Custis. Of the 52 which went in Mather, 15 were mine and 37 Master Custis's.
I wish my fears may not proore true, but I am very apprehensive Boyes will stick long upon hand here, however what Tobacco I have both on this River and Potomack shall be applied in loading of him and I wish a better dispatch to the Ship than many of your Corrispondants seem Inclined to give to it being, Yours, etc.
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1764.
Gentlemen: Since my last of the first of May I have received the Goods by Boyes, likewise the Nails pr. Watson, with Letters, Accounts of Sales Accounts Current &ca., which accompanied them; as also another Letter of the 28th. of March by Captn. Hooper.
It might possibly answer very little purpose were I to enter into a minute detail of the Reasons that have caused me to fall so much in arrears to you and therefore I shall not trouble you fully with the particulars at this time but content myself with observing in as few words as the nature of the Subject will admit of that in whatsoever light it may appear to you, it is not less evidently certain that Mischances rather than Misconduct hath been the causes of it; For it was a Misfortune that Seasons and chance shoud prevent my making even tolerable Crops in this part of the Country for three years successively and it was a misfortune likewise when they were made that I shoud get little or nothing for them. It may also be looked upon, as unlucky at least, that the debts which I thought I had collected and actually did remit to you shoud be paid in Bills void of credit, and as things have turned out (and you have such occasion for your money) it is unlucky likewise that I made some purchases of Land and Slaves in this Country since it obliged me to apply more of the Curft. money (which was due to the Estate here) towards the payment thereof than I expected and of consequence more of the Sterlg. Balle. in your hands to the credit of Master Custis in order to Assign him his full dividend of the personal Estate not conceiving in the least degree that I should have occasion for more of it than woud remain after such application was made; because, had these Bills been answered, had my Crops proved good, and sold well, the Balle. I think coud never have been against me. However to be as short as possible; To remove the seeming apprehension (expressed in yours of the 13th. of February) of your suffering in point of Interest for the money you then discovered you stood in advance for me I wrote you on the first of May following that I had no sort of objections to allowing Interest from thence forward and desired you woud charge it accordingly untill the Debt was Paid; not desiring that you or any body else should suffer in the most trivial Instances on my Account; and I shall now in consequence of your other Letter of the 28th. of March beg leave to inform you, in terms equally sincere and direct, that it is not in my power I shoud add in a manner convenient and agreable to myself, to make remittances faster than my Crops (and perhaps some few occasional Sums which may fall in my way) will furnish me with the means: but if notwithstanding, you cannot be content with this mode of payments you have only to advise me of it and I shall hit upon a method (tho' I woud choose to avoid it) that will at once discharge the Debt, and effectually remove me from all further mention of it; For I must confess, I did not expect that a corrispondant so steady, and constant as I have proved, and was willing to have continued to your House while the advantages were in any degree reciprocal woud be reminded in the Instant it was discovered how necessary it was for him to be expeditous in his payments. Reason and prudence naturally dictates to every Man of common sense the thing that is right and you might have rested assured, that so fast as I coud make remittances without distressing myself too much my Inclinations woud have prompted me to it: because in the first place it is but an irksome thing to a free mind to be any ways hampered in Debt; and in the next place, I think I have discovered no intentions, since I have found how the Balle. was likely to turn, of increasing that Debt (unless it shoud appear in the amount of my Invoices last year which greatly indeed exceeded my expectations but will be ballenced I hope by the contracted one of this year): but on the contrary all the willingness I coud, under the accidents that have happened, of decreasing it to the utmost of my power; but I have already run into much greater prolixity on this head than I promised or intended. Your answer will determine my measures, and upon this Issue it must rest.
I shoud be glad to receive an Acct. of Sales for the rest of the Tobaccos which Master Custis and myself have in your hands that I may see more fully how the Ballances stand. All the Tobacco which I had ready upon this River I have given to Boyes amounting to 20 Hhds on which please to make such Insurance as you shall judge most advisable; in like manner do upon 21 Hhds of my York River Tobacco in the same Ship; and upon Sixty of Master Custis's which accompanies it. I have about 8 or 10 Hhds more on this River which shall be Shipd by the first Vessell I can obtain liberty in after it is got from the Mountains where the disturbances that have been occasiond by the Indians renders it difficult to procure Waggon's for the transportation of it.
Some pains have I taken to satisfie myself of the equity of Mrs. Pasavents claim of £5.8.6 or to convince you of the Injustice of it the latter of which I conceive can easily be done from the Inclosed papers and from Mrs. Washingtons assertion's who will if required give testimony that she never sent for such Goods as Mrs. Passavent Charges, the delivery of in 1758 (for the eviction of which it is only having recourse to the order's of the preceeding year) and moreover that She never did receive any such. Inclosed is Mrs. Pasavents Note of Sundrys sent by Captn. Coxen and charged in your Invoice of March 1758. If any such Goods were had (as She now charges) woud they not have been included in this Bill? surely I think so, but further I can declare I never saw or heard of such things altho' the Goods by Coxen arrivd a little before the time of my Marriage and in 1760 I wrote for the very Identical Articles, which She there charges, (except the French bead Stomacker and Sleeve knots) and had them in accordingly the year following as will appear by S. Rush's Note and your own Invoice and that at the very identical prices also which the other has chargd; it is very unlikely therefore that we should have occasion for Goods of this sort in the succession here chargd on the contrary I think it must appear evident from the circumstances and assurances here given that Mrs. Passavents claim arises from a mistake, or that the charge is in itself unjustly made in either of which cases I cannot submit to a payment of the demand.
Miss Custis's Trunk which was missing last year is at length received: the contents in good order. Inclosd are Invoices of such Goods as I stand in need of for my Family's use and shoud be glad to receive by the first good oppertunity that offers to this River (Potomack): The usual quantity of Goods for our Plantation's on York River are yet to be added but untill I see or hear from Mr. Valentine I cannot form the Lists in the meantime am unwilling to slip the present occasion of forwarding my own.
Equally in behalf of Master and Miss Custis, and in favour of Mr. Walter Magowan (their Tutor) I drew upon you the 6th. Instt. for £45.13.9 which is to be charged to them in equal proportion's. Miss Custis may not perhaps just at the time of offering this Bill have as much money in your hands arising from the Interest of Bank Stock as will fully pay her half of it, and answer the order for Goods at the sametime, but as the half years payment at Lady day66 next will soon follow, and I shall always be ready to make up any deficiency, I hope they will nevertheless meet with a ready acceptance. I am, Gentn., etc.
[Note 66: One of the quarterly days for settling accounts; Lady Day was the Feast of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25.]
[Mount Vernon], Virginia, August 10, 1764.
Mr. Lawrence: The things following you will send for the purposes required and charge them as their directed.
[Note 67: Washington altered this livery in an unimportant degree in a letter to Lawrence, written shortly after this date.]
I cannot conclude this Letter without observing that your charges are most exorbitantly high insomuch that it will be impossible for me to continue my corrispondance and dealings with you unless I am to experience some alteration for the better. It is unnecessary I dare venture to say for me to point out in what Instances, I shall only refer you generally to the Bills you have sent me particularly for a Pompadour Suit forwarded last July amounting to £16.3.6 without Embroidery, Lace, or Binding, not a close fine cloth neither; and only a gold Button that woud not stand the least Wear. Robert Cary Esqr. & Co. will pay the Costs of these Cloaths and I am, Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, Virginia, March 6, 1765.
Gentn: Captn. McCabe has prevaild on me to believe, that you will render me an agreeable Acct. of Sales for a Ton of Tobacco; to try the event therefore and oblige him I now Inclose you a Bill of Loading for four Hhds, which you will please to dispose of to the best advantage.
In return, I shoud be obligd to you for sending me one of the Rotheram (or Patent Plows). If the construction of them are not thoroughly understood in Liverpool you woud do me a singular favour in getting it from a place of that name in Yorkshire (where I suppose they were first Invented and now are made) for none but the true sort will answer the end of my sending for it and I had rather be at the expence of the Carriage from thence than not have the right kind or be disappointed. You will please to order it to be made exceeding light as our Lands are not so stiff as your's nor our Horses so strong. At the sametime I shoud be glad to receive
As I woud willingly receive these things by the Return of Captn. McCabe and you may not by that time have disposed of my Tobacco possibly you can judge nearly what it will fetch, and make the Returns accordingly, I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by Captn. McCabe.
[Note 68: John Carlyle and Robert Adam, Alexandria, Va., merchants.]
Mount Vernon, March 9, 1765.
Gentn: So soon as Mr. Lund Washington returns from Fredk. I shall cause my Wheat to be delivered at your landing on Four Miles Run Creek, if Flats can get to it conveniently: but previous to this I shoud be glad to know determinately upon what terms you expect to receive it that is whether by weight or measure. I once thought I had agreed with Colo. Carlyle at 58 lbs. to the Bushel but it seems it was otherwise be that as it will you may believe me sincere when I tell you that it is a matter of very great indifference to me whether it is fixed at this or suffered to stand as it is Consequently at any greater weight you may be assured I never shall it being a thing extremely doubtful from every trial I have been able to make with Steelyards whether I shoud gain or lose by a Contract of this kind. The Wheat from some of my Plantations by one pair of Steelyards will weight upwards of 60 lbs., by another pair less than 60 lbs.; and from some other places it does not weigh 58 lbs. and better wheat than I now have I do not expect to make during the term of our Contract at least whilst I continue to sow a good deal of Ground.
The only Reason therefore which Inclines me to sell by weight at a medium which I think just and equitable is that it may be a means of avoiding all kinds of Controversy hereafter for I am perswaded that if either of us gains by it, it must be you; I may be encouraged indeed to bestow better land to the growth of wheat than old Corn Ground and excited perhaps to a more husband like preparation of it but to do either of these is much more expensive than the method now practised and in fact may not be so profitable as the slovenly but easy method of raising it in Corn Ground. If it shoud, and my wheat be the better for it thereby it is a truth I believe universally acknowledged that for every pound it gains after it is once got to a middling-weight it increases the flour in a tenfold proportion.
You were saying that the Standard for Wheat at Philadelphia was 58 lbs., and at Lancaster 60 lbs. I have taken some pains to inquire likewise into this matter and am informed, that 58 is a much more general weight than the other all over Pensylvania and Maryland (where there wheat is better than ours can be till we get into the same good management) and Colo. Tucker's Miller, a Man from the Northward upon high Wages, who I saw whilst I was last below assured me that very few Bushels out of the many thousands of Wheat which he receives for Colo. Tucker reached 58 lbs However that you may not think I have other motives than those declared for mentioning these things I shall only observe that as you are sensible by my present Contract I am not restricted to Weight but obliged only to deliver clean Wheat and as good as the year and Seasons will generally admit of I will nevertheless in order to remove every cause of dispute which can possibly arise fix the weight, if it is agreeable to you at fifty eight pounds per Bushel and to be paid a penny for every pound over that weight and deduct a penny for every pound it is under. If you do not choose this the Contract69 must then remain as it now stands. I am, &c.
[Note 69: Washington's contract, dated Jan. 18, 1763, is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1765.
Sir: If you will permit me after six years silence, the time I have been married to your Niece, to pay my respects to you in this Epistolary way I shall think myself happy in beginning a corrispondance which cannot but be attended with pleasure on my side.
I shoud hardly have taken the liberty Sir, of Introducing myself to your acquaintance in this manner, and at this time, least you shoud think my motives for doing of it arose from sordid views had not a Letter which I receivd sometime this Summer from Robt. Cary & Co. given me Reasons to believe that such an advance on my side woud not be altogether disagreeable on yours before this I rather apprehended that some disgust at the News of your Nieces Marriage with me, and why I coud not tell, might have been the cause of your silence upon that event, and discontinuing a corrispodance which before then you had kept up with her; but if I could only flatter myself, that you woud in any wise be entertaind with the few occurances that it might be in my power to relate from hence I shoud endeavour to attone for my past remisness, in this respect, by future punctuality.
At present few things are under notice of my observation that can afford you any amusement in the recital. The Stamp Act Imposed on the Colonies by the Parliament of Great Britain engrosses the conversation of the Speculative part of the Colonists, who look upon this unconstitutional method of Taxation as a direful attack upon their Liberties, and loudly exclaim against the Violation; what may be the result of this and some other (I think I may add) ill judgd Measures, I will not undertake to determine; but this I may venture to affirm, that the advantage accrueing to the Mother Country will fall greatly short of the expectations of the Ministry; for certain it is, our whole Substance does already in a manner flow to Great Britain and that whatsoever contributes to lessen our Importation's must be hurtful to their Manufacturers. And the Eyes of our People, already beginning to open, will perceive, that many Luxuries which we lavish our substance to Great Britain for, can well be dispensd with whilst the necessaries of Life are (mostly) to be had within ourselves. This consequently will introduce frugality, and be a necessary stimulation to Industry. If Great Britain therefore Loads her Manufactures with heavy Taxes, will it not facilitate these Measures? they will not compel us I think to give our Money for their exports, whether we will or no, and certain I am none of their Traders will part from them without a valuable consideration. Where then is the Utility of these Restrictions?
As to the Stamp Act, taken in a single view, one, and the first bad consequences attending it I take to be this. Our Courts of Judicature must inevitably be shut up; for it is impossible (or next of kin to it) under our present Circumstances that the Act of Parliam't can be complyd with were we ever so willing to enforce the execution; for not to say, which alone woud be sufficient, that we have not Money to pay the Stamps, there are many other Cogent Reasons to prevent it; and if a stop be put to our judicial proceedings I fancy the Merchants of G. Britain trading to the Colonies will not be among the last to wish for a Repeal of it.71
[Note 71: "Government is set at defiance, not having strength enough in her hands to enforce obedience to the laws of the community. The private distress which every man feels, increases the general dissatisfaction at the duties laid by the stamp act, which breaks out, and shews itself upon every trifling occasion."-- Governor Fauquier to Earl of Halifax, June 14, 1765.]
I live upon Potomack River in Fairfax County, about ten Miles below Alexandria and many Miles distant from any of my Wiles Relations; who all reside upon York River, and who we seldom see more than once a year, not always that. My wife who is very well and Master and Miss Custis (Children of her former Marriage) all join in making a tender of their Duty and best respects to yourself and the Aunt. My Compliments to your Lady I beg may also be made acceptable and that you will do me the justice to believe that I am, etc.
Sent by Captn. Jno. Johnstown
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1765.
Gentn: It cannot reasonably be imagined that I felt any pleasing Sensations upon the receipt of your Letter of the 13th. of February covering Accts. of Sales for 153 Hhds of Master Custis's Tobo. and 115 of mine.
That the Sales are pitifully low, needs no words to demonstrate; and that they are worse than many of my Acquaintance upon this River, Potomack, have got in the Out Posts, and from Mr. Russell and other Merchants of London for common Aronoke Tobo., is a truth equally as certain. Nay not so good as I myself have got from Mr. Gildart of Liverpool for light Rent Tobaccos (Shipd him at the same time I did to you) of the meanest sort; such as you once complaind of as the worst of Maryland and not Saleable. Can it be otherwise than a little mortifying then to find, that we, who raise none but Sweetscented Tobacco, and endeavour I may venture to add, to be careful in the management of it, however we fail in the execution, and who by a close and fixed corrispondance with you, contribute so largely to the dispatch of your Ships in this Country shoud meet with such unprofitable returns? Surely I may answer No! Notwithstanding, you will again receive my own Crops this year, and 67 Hhds of Master Custis's but Gentlemen you must excuse me for adding (As I cannot readily conceive that our Tobacco's are so much depreciated in quality as not only to sell much below other Marks of good repute, but actually for less, as I before observed, than the commonest kinds do) that justice to myself and ward will render it absolutely necessary for me to change my corrispondance unless I experience an alteration for the better.
I might take notice upon this occasion also, that my Tobo. netts a good deal less than Master Custis's, and why it should do so, I am really at a loss to discover: his 153 Hhds averaging £7.7.7 and my 115 only £5.17.6, perhaps it may be urged that some of mine was Potomack Tobacco, I grant it, but take these out and the Yorks then average £6.6.5 only. If you had allowed him the benefit of the Bonded Duties I shoud not have wonderd at the difference, but this I perceive is not done, and certain I am, my Tobacco ought not to have been inferior to his, in any respect; the Lands being the same, and my directions for making it good equally as express.
Tobacco I well perceive for a year or two past, had fallen in its value, from what causes I shall not take upon me to determine and I am not so extravagent as to believe that my own and Master Custis's Crops shoud fetch their usual prices when other good Tobacco met with abatements; but I am really selfish enough to expect that we ought to come in for a part of the good prices that are going, from a belief that our Tobacco is of a quality not so much inferior to some that still sells well, and that so considerable a Consignment, when confined in a manner to one House, as ours is, woud lay claim to the best endeavours of the Merchant in the Sales, and in the return of Goods; for many Articles of which I pay exceeding heavily; another thing I cannot easily Account for, unless it is on a Presumption that they are bought at very long credits which by no means ought to be the case; for where a Person has money in a Merchants hands he shoud doubtless have all the benefits that can result from that money, and in like manner where he pays Interest for the use of the Merchants shoud he be entitled to the same advantages, otherwise it might well be asked for what purpose is it that Interest is paid? Once upon my urging a complaint of this nature you wrote me, that the Goods ought to be sent back, and they shoud be returned upon the Shopkeepers hands in cases of Imposition; but a moments reflection points out the Inconveniences of such a measure unless (the Imposition be grossly abusive, or that) we coud afford to have a years stock before hand; how otherwise can a Person who Imports bear requisites only submit to lay a year out of any particular Article of Cloathing, or necessary for Family use, and have recourse to such a tedious and uncertain way of relief as this, when possibly a Tradesman woud deny the Goods and consequently refuse them. It is not to be done, we are obliged to acquiesce to the present loss and hope for future redress.
These Gentlemen are my Sentiments, fully, and candidly expressd, without any design, believe me, of giving you offence; but as the selling of our Tobacco's well, and purchasing of Our Goods upon the best Terms, are matters of the utmost consequence to our well doing, it behooves me to be plain and sincere in my declaration's on these points, previous to any change of measures, that I may stand acquitted of the Imputation of fickleness if I am at last forced to a discontinuance of my corrispondance with your House.
Twenty Hhds of my Tobacco from this River makes up Forty eight which I have in Boyes; the remainder (which is trifling) shall be sent by the first Ship that gives liberty; and as I have not been able to discover any advantages we obtaind by our Tobaccos lying so long upon Land, unsold, I shoud be glad to have the present Crops (and so of others if more be sent) disposd of to the first good Chapmen, and the Sales returnd, unless there is a very probable certainty of a rise of price to warrant the keeping of it.
By this conveyance you will receive Invoices of Goods wanted for our Plantation's on York; and those for this River, will no longer I hope, be sent in by Boyes for when they come into that River we really suffer by the strange mistakes that continually happen; Last year several parcels of Goods designd for York River were sent to this place and others for me left down there and in going backwards and forwards some were lost (things too of no inconsiderable value, for one of the parcels was a Bale of Linnen) and this year all my Plaid hose for this River came in a package to Mr. Valentine and I have them to send for 150 Miles. These mistakes and Inconveniencies woud necessarily be avoided if the Goods were to come by Ships to the respective Rivers; and they woud also escape those frequent damages which is the consequence of shifting them from one Vessel to another, and transporting them from place to place. Oppertunities of doing this cannot be wanting as many Vessels comes to this River annually (from London) some which lye at my Door.
It appears pretty evident to me from the prices I have generally got for my Tobacco in London, and from some other concomitant Circumstances, that it only suits the Interest of a few particular Gentlemen to continue their consignments of this commodity to that place, while others shoud endeavour to substitute some other Article in place of Tobacco, and try their success there with: In order thereto you woud do me a singular favour in advising of the general price one might expect for good Hemp in your Port watered and prepared according to Act of Parliament, with an estimate of the freight, and all other Incident charges pr. Tonn that I may form some Idea of the profits resulting from the growth. I shoud be very glad to know at the sametime how rough and undressd Flax has generally, and may probably sell; for this year I have made an Essay in both, and altho I suffer pretty considerably by the attempt, owing principally to the severity of the Drougth, and my inexperience in the management I am not altogether discouraged from a further prosecution of the Scheme provided I find the Sales with you are not clogd with too much difficulty and expence.
The Stamp Act...72 may be left to yourselves, who have such large demands upon the Colonies, to determine, who is to suffer most in this event, the Merchant, or the Planter.
[Note 72: The omitted portion is nearly a verbatim repetition of Washington's strictures on the stamp act which he wrote to Francis Dandridge, this same day, q. v.]
I am very much obliged to you for your kind advice of corrisponding with Mr. Dandridge, it is a piece of respect due to so near a Relation of my Wifes, and therefore I give you the trouble of the Inclosed; but I have not the least expectation of deriving any advantages from it for tho' he has no nearer relatives than her, there are some to whom I believe he has given stronger proofs of his Inclinations of serving; but to you my thanks are equally due, and I return them with cordiality for the goodness of your Intentions. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by Captn. John Johnstown
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1765.
Gentlemen: By the Fauquier Captn. Nicks you will receive 12 Hhds of Master Custis's Tobacco which please to sell to the best advantage and carry the nett proceeds to the credit of his Account. I dare say there can be no exception taken to this Tobacco and therefore I shall hope for more pleasing Sales than were receivd for the two last Parcels I shipd you in his behalf which indeed were low and discouraging.
According to the usual and annual Custom, I expected to have recd. copies of his and the Estates Accts. curr't with you before now, but have been disappointed two years running; your next Letters I hope will furnish me with these, as it is a satisfaction to receive and compare them with my own once a year. Sundry of your favours lying before me, I perceive in one of them you ask if D. P. Custis's Estate was to be debited for the 14 Hhds Tobo. pr. the Joseph, and J.P. Custis credited for the proceeds. My letter of the 26th. of April 1763 did fully direct in this matter; but as you may have forgot the cont'ts I there mentioned that D. P. Custis's Estate was to have credit for the 20 Hhds pr. the Deliverance because it was Shipd before any Division of the said Estate took place, but that Mastr J.P. Custis was chargeable with the Insurance and other Costs of the 14 Hhds pr. the Joseph, and entitled to the proceeds (this Tobo. being made after that event happend and upon his own Estate) and that you were thence forward to open an acct. with the young Genteman, beginning with that very Tobo., the property being his.
The Parliament by the Bounty given for American Hemp and Flax seem desirous of encouraging the growth of them in the Plan'tns but as they are Articles altogether new to us and I believe not much of our Lands well adapted for them, and as the proper kind of Packages, Freight, and accustomd charges, are little known here I shoud be much obligd to you for advising me of the genel. prices one might expect in your Port for good Hemp, and flax (rough and undressd) Watered, and prepared as directed by the Act w't an estimate of the freight and all other Incident Charges pr. Tonn that I may form some Idea of the profits resulting from the growth. You will please to excuse this trouble, I am Gentn., etc.
Sent pr. Captn. Johnston
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1765.
Sir: Your favour of the 20th. May last, with the Goods pr. the Francis, is just come to hand. The Goods I believe are in good order, but I wish the Chair bottoms may last as I had a tryal of hair once before which were of no duration and from thence determined to have no more; but perhaps all may not be alike and these will answer your recommendation of them, if so, they will do exceeding well.
On board of the Johnston were put eight Hhds of Master Custis's Tobacco (instead of Six which I promised Captn. Mulloy) the proceeds of which you will please to carry to his credit.
The Parliament, by the Bounty given for American Hemp and Flax seem desirous of encouraging the growth...73 I have already made some little Essays in raising of both this year, and altho I have sufferd by the attempt owing principally to the severity of the Drought and my inexperience in the management, I am not altogether discouraged from a further prosecution of the Scheme, provided I find the bounty is easily obtaind, and the Sales not clogd with difficulty and expence, you will please to excuse this trouble, I am Sir, etc.
[Note 73: The omitted portion is the same as that written to Capel and Osgood Hanbury, this same day, q. v.]
Sent by the Potomack, Captn. Thompson, via Glasgow.
Mount Vernon, June 23, 1766.
Gentn: My last of the 28th. of March servd only to advise you of a draft which I made in behalf of Master and Miss Custis in favour of Walter Magowan for £55.8.4 and desiring it might be charged to them equally. Since my Letters of November last by Captn. McGachin (in the Thornton) I have receivd your favours of the 30th. of September, 7 and 18th. of November, 23d. December, and 31st. of January with the Goods pr. Johnstown which came to hand in good order.
I was sorry to find by the last of the above Letters that our Tobacco by Boyes shou'd suffer such damage as is there spoken of, and that the whole shoud not be of equal quality with the few first landed; this I suppose, for I know of no other reason, shoud be attributed to there laying near the Ships bottom and consequently receiving greater damage for I am informed the Ship was an excessive bad one and with difficulty was kept above Water. However the Tobacco I hope by this time is all sold off and that we shall soon receive agreeable Accts. of Sales for it having met with many discouraging ones of late.
Captn. Boyes has just received 10 Hhds of my Potomack Tobac: which with about 20 from York River makes the whole of my last years Crop; the Sales of which I flatter myself will in some measure recompense me for the smallness of quantity the whole being good and that from York River nearly half stemmed notwithstanding the Tobacco woud have been clean and well receivd without, so determined I was to remove the very ground work of complaints; this is also the case with Master Custis's Tobacco and the quantity you will receive from him will be about 50 Hhds but for want of hearing from our Steward I cannot ascertain the exact Number of his nor mine but these two quantities you may venture to make Insurance on, i.e. fifty Hhds for him and Thirty for me.
I cannot while I am upon this Subject avoid mentioning a circumstance which I have been but lately informed of, and which has, and will still more hurt your Interest in the Tobacco Consignment if the fact be true, and practice continued. It is this, The Ship which comes into York River in your Interest and under your address after receiving all the Tobacco She can get from your fixed, and principal corrispondants at £8 pr. Ton fill up the rest of the Load, or as much as Tobacco can be procured for, at a much lower freight by which means those who make a point of keeping their Tobacco for your Ship, and are ready, willing, and do actually contribute largely to her dispatch, are put upon a more disadvantageous footing than casual Corrispondants and others who obtain liberty of Consignment. The matter therefore when stripd of its colouring and exposed to view in naked dress will appear in no other light but this. A Vessel carrying 200 Tons of Tobac. is content with a freight of £1400 (allowing £7 pr. Ton the average of Eight and Six) a few People therefore who Ship one half of the quantity (and if any favour were shown have the best right to expect it) pays £800; the Shippers of the other half pay only £660. Does it not become evident then from hence that the former pays a £100 more than their just proportion and the latter as much less, and that the Charges of the Ship are Taxed upon those who offer their Tobacco freely, and with out conditioning for the freight depending altogether upon the Custom of the Ship for this charge. I do not pretend to say that this information is literally fact, but I have it from those who confidantly affirm it.
In your letter of the 23d. of Decemb'r past, you observe that unless the names of the Shopkeepers (who charge heavily for their Goods) are pointed out you are left without a footstep of enquiry and me without the means of redress. I grant it, and therefore contrary to a natural aversion of recapitulation I will give you one or two Instances (where the price does not depend upon quality for in that case one can only judge by comparison) to shew that my complaints are not without cause. A certain J. Etherington then for 10 lb. of Ginglass once chargd me £5 Sterlg. when I coud have bought it in the Country at the retail prices for a fourth part of the Sum. Thos. Symes for Clover Seed has generally charged me near £3 pr. hund'd and for Turnep Seed 1/. pr. lb. when the former is oftener sold at thirty and from that to three and four and thirty shillings a hundred than any other price and a few lbs. of the latter costs me as much as a bushel does others, and so of other things too tedious, and to little purpose to mention in this place.
By this conveyance I send you Invoices of such Goods as are wanted for Potomack. Also Mrs. Dandridges on York. I have not receivd an Acct. yet of the things wanted for our Plantations on that River but will forward them by the next oppertunity being unwilling to miss so good a one as this is by Johnstown of writing for my own things. I have directed Messrs. Scot, Pringle, Cheap & Co. to send me a Pipe or Butt of Madeira Wine and draw upon you for the Amount which I hope will be paid. Inclosd you have a Bill of Excha. on Messr. Abr'm Hake & Co. of London for £115 Sterlg. and another of Mr. Jordan of the same place for £64 Sterg. both of which you will please to receive and credit my Acct. with. I am, Gentn., etc.74
[Note 74: The invoice sent with this letter ordered, among other things: "I Laboratory, or School of Arts. Museum Rusticum, so far as they have been Publishd. and a volume every year while they continue to Publish them. The Hand-made to the Arts & Sciences. 1 tweve Inch brass Gunter, full and compleat, on one side to have Inches and 10ths and on the other Inches and 12ths as usual. 1 brass sliding or parrallel Rule to be made very true &ca. 4 Guns a 10/each, or not to exceed 15/each; to be 4 feet in the Barl, and not quite 5/3 of an Inch in the bore, to be of pretty good Sube. 1 pr. Strong Toed Clogs, very large, No. 9s. I fancy will scarce be too big. The Shoes you sent me last were made with the Grain side out and very narrow Toed, neither of wch. woud I again choose, prefering the flesh side outwards and not over narrow in the Toes."]
Sent by the Munificence, Captn. Johnstown
[Note 75: Of the schooner Swift, in the West Indies trade.]
Mount Vernon, July 2, 1766.
Sir: With this Letter comes a Negro (Tom) which I beg the favour of you to sell, in any of the Islands you may go to, for whatever he will fetch, and bring me in return from him
That this Fellow is both a Rogue and a Runaway (tho' he was by no means remarkable for the former, and never practised the latter till of late) I shall not pretend to deny. But that he is exceeding healthy, strong, and good at the Hoe, the whole neighbourhood can testifie and particularly Mr. Johnson and his Son, who have both had him under them as foreman of the gang; which gives me reason to hope he may, with your good management, sell well, if kept clean and trim'd up a little when offerd for Sale.
I shall very chearfully allow you the customary Commissions on this affair, and must beg the favour of you (lest he shoud attempt his escape) to keep him handcuffd till you get to Sea, or in the Bay, after which I doubt not but you may make him very useful to you.
I wish you a pleasant and prosperous Passage, and a safe and speedy return,76 being Sir, etc.
[Note 76: It was a common practice to transport troublesome blacks. In the Boston Evening Post of Aug, 3, 1761, occurs the following advertisement: "To be Sold, a Parcel of Likely Negroes, imported from Africa, cheap for Cash, or short credit...Also if any Persons have any Negro Men, strong and hearty, tho' not of the best moral character, which are proper subjects for Transportation, may have an Exchange for small Negroes."-- Ford.]
Mount Vernon, July 21, 1766.
Sir: Your favours of the 28th. of Nov'r by the Totness, and 22d. of April by the Rogers, are come safe to hand; and for the loss of the last mentioned Ship I am heartily sorry, but hope the damage is mitigated by Insurance.
The small Crop which I made last year put it out of my power to contribute to the load of the Totness; which, since the Misfortune to the Rogers has gone round to Rappahannock and will I suppose, soon get loaded; But, five Hhds of Tobacco which I subscribed towards the load of Captn. Pollard in the Fryer, this year I have directed to be consignd to you, hoping they will be sold to the best advantage and the proceeds applied to my credit, out of which please to pay Messrs. Crosbies & Trafford the Sum of £1.3.7¼ being a Ball'e due them, and send me 25 Sacks of Salt, by return of the Fryer, in good twilld Sacks to be markd GW and Numberd 1 to 25.
When I was upon York River about the first of May, I directed a Ton of Mastr. Custis's Tobacco (more I coud not, having made a very scanty Crop there also), to be kept for the Johnston who I was told might every day be expected, but hearing a few days ago that She was not arrival, and being unwilling to miss the oppertunity of Shipping early, I ordered it to London with the rest of his Tobacco; provided Mulloy shoud not be arrivd before my Letter got to hand, but in that case, still to give it to him in expectation of your selling it well, and placing the proceeds to the young Gentleman's Credit.
I am much obligd to you for your enquiry inn the prices of Hemp and Flax, together with the Charges &ca. attending the Exportation and Sale of them. As you have receivd a small quantity of the former, I shoud be glad to know what the Freight was charged at. What Sized packages are recommended, I mean (if pressed in Chests) what the Gauge of the Chests shoud be, as to the length, depth, and width; for like Tobacco, I suppose a Much greater quantity will be in the same compass at one time than another though it is requisite that there shoud be no difference in size to render Stowage more compact. And whether any difficulties will probably arise in obtaining the bounty, a thing pretty much apprehended here by many, from some Clauses in the Act of Parliament which gives the Bounty. I am Sir, etc.
By the Fryer, Captn. Pollard.
Mount Vernon, July 21, 1766.
Gentn: In a Letter of the 28th. Ulto. (Acompanying my Invoices of the 23d. preceeding) I desired 6 Corn and 6 grass Scythes might be sent me (as also 6 Turners Chissels) since which having occasion to make use of the Scythes which came in last year I find such manifest disadvantages from having them, some of one length some of another, some crooked, and some strait, that I now beg the favour of you, instead of the above 12, to send me 2 doz'n exactly agreeable to the Inclosed Mem'm which I send for the Tradesman's direction, and to prevent mistakes.
Inclosd you have Invoices of Goods wanting for our Plantations on York River, which please to forward as early as possible especially the Seins which will be wanted by the first of March. The Hilling Hoes recd. this year are nearly as bad (Mr. Valentine writes me) as those we were obligd to return last year and nothing but necessity can now justifie his keeping of them. I hope this will not be the case again.
Your favour of the 27 of March, now before me, Accts. for the £4.4.10 which I could not before understand. The Shoes mentioned by Mr. Didsbury is right I believe, so far as the sending of them; but it was certainly wrong too contrive a dble. quantity and of such kinds as coud by no means answer the Intention, they are still upon hand and cannot be sold, however I do not dispute the payment.
I coud wish to hear that our Tobacco's were all sold and at a good price as I think we do not often get by keeping it too long.
The Repeal of the Stamp Act, to whatsoever causes owing, ought much to be rejoiced at, for had the Parliament of Great Britain resolvd upon enforcing it the consequences I conceive woud have been more direful than is generally apprehended both to the Mother Country and her Colonies. All therefore who were Instrumental in procuring the Repeal are entitled to the Thanks of every British Subject and have mine cordially. I am Gentn., etc.
Gave to Mr. Richd. Henderson to send.
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1766.
Gentn: Since my last of the 21st. Ulto. the Goods by Captn. Wylie are come to hand, among which the Wheat Riddles are so entirely useless that I shall be under a necessity of sending them back, or keeping by me as useless lumber. This coud not possible have happened had my directions of the 6th. of November last been attended to for there I expressly desired Sand Sieves for the purpose of Sifting out the dust and retaining the Wheat, instead of which the wicker is so open that not only dust but all the Wheat passes through likewise which as I before said renders them of no Service in nature to me.
It woud really be kind of the Tradesmen and Shopkeepers if they will not litterally observe directions (when directions are minutely given) not to send the Goods at all, for I might as well have receivd a piece of Irish Linnen when broadcloth was wrote for as to have got Riddles that will let all my Wheat through when I wanted such as woud only pass of the dust and Sand.
I must again beg the favour of you to send me a dozen of these Riddles, or Sand Sieves to be made of midling course and strong Iron wire, so close as to admit none of the Grain to pass through, but Sand and dust only, I am Gentn., etc.
By the friendship, to Glasgow.
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1766.
Sir: Your Bills of Loading for my Tobacco are come to hand, by which it woud appear that the Tobacco was Shipd in good order, whereas I am informed (and by mere chance too) that some of the Tobo. was entirely mind and the whole much damaged. I have in consequence sent the bearer Mr. Lund Washington to examine into a state of it, and to have the damages settled upon an equitable footing; or, if this cannot be done that you will then take the whole upon yourself and pay me the Currt. Cash price which Tobacco was then, or is now, selling at it [ sic] in the Country. One of these I must insist upon being determined not to Submit to the loss I shoud otherwise sustain by the damage I am told the Tobo. met with.
It will appear by our Inspectors that my Tobacco was delivered in good order, and I can proove that the Craft which receivd it had twelve or fifteen Inches of Rain Water in her Bottom entirely discoloured by the juice of the Tobacco; nothing but a miracle therefore coud save it from destruction. I want nothing but an equitable adjustment of this matter and the bearer is authorized to settle it finally on my behalf. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 4, 1766.
Gentn. Your favour of the 25th. of March came safe to my hands, but not till lately.
My Tobacco Consignments to London, has been confind in a great measure to one House, and where there is no essential causes of complaint I have generally held it inconsistent with the rules of good policy and common justice to be always changing. True it is, my Tobacco has fetch'd less than I think it ought to have done for some time past; but this, as it might have been owing to my prejudice and partiality, rather than remissness in the Sellar I have hitherto submitted to it. However, as Interest in most cases is, and in this particular one ought to be, consulted, I have no scruples in confessing, that I shoud feel the warmest Inclination to those whose care and assiduity woud render me the most pleasing and benificial Sales, if I could find them out, and was still to pursue the business of Tobacco making; but this I have left off in a great measure, and believe I shall discontinue it totally on this River (Potomack).
Your Agent has committed some mistake in advising you that I owe for a Servant since the year 1759. The first, indeed the only servant I ever bought from any of your ships till this spring, was in the year 1763 and for this I paid Doctr. Ross (of whom I purchased him) according to agreement. There are many persons in this Country of my name (tho' of none bearing the same Christian name) if the mistake therefore has not arisen from this, I do not know how to account for it. I am, etc.
By the friendship to Glasgow.
Mount Vernon, September 22, 1766.
Sir: Since my last of 21st. of July the five Hhds of Tobacco there mentioned got damaged in getting on board of Captn. Pollard, to what amount I cannot take upon me to say. The Captn. from some causes which he can best explain neglecting to have a re-view of the whole Tobacco that the loss might be properly ascertained, and satisfaction made before his departure from hence. That one Hhd was so much damaged as to under go an Amphutation of 50 or 60 lbs., and that the rest was exceedingly wet and ought to have suffered in like manner I have common report for authority, but how far this is to be credited you will be better able to judge when the Tobacco comes to be opened.
The Captn., conscious that the Tobacco did suffer, and that t Ought to be recompensed; agrees, that what ever damage it appears to have sustained by the heavy rains in which it lay in an open fiat and receivd this Injury he will make good to you on my behalf; and to you Sir I must refer the matter, having no other means of obtaining redress as the Tobacco was stowed in the Ship before I had notice of the Accident, consequently out of my power to have it review'd. How practicable it may be to distinguish Country damage from Ship damage is better known to those who are conversant in these things than to me. The Captn. says it is easy to be done; if it is not, I suppose mine will come under the denomination of Ship damage and I shall receive ½ pr. ct. when he ought to have paid me 18/ pr. Ct. (this Curr'y) here for its a wide difference this and what ought not to be submitted to if there is a way of avoiding it. I must beg your excuse for this trouble and am Sir, etc.77
[Note 77: Washington attended the sessions of the burgesses in Williamsburg, Va., from November 6 to December 16, with 10 days of traveling. Ford quotes from the Historical Magazine (July, 1863) that: "December 16, 1766. At a meeting of the Trustees [of Alexandria], 'Present, Geo. William Fairfax, Esq. The Trustees proceeded to appoint a Trustee in the room of Geo. Johnston, deceased, and have unanimously chosen George Washington, Esq.' He declined serving."]
Williamsburg, February 15, 1767.
Gentn: Your Letter of the 8th. of Jany.78 did not reach my hands till Thursday Night (last) in replying thereto I must give you the trouble of reading one more scrawl, and this, Depend, shall be the last, believing we have come to a pretty sufficient understanding of each others sentiments already, and which, in my opinion, maybe summd up in a very few words.
[Note 78: Carlyle & Adam's letter of January 8 is not in the Washington Papers.]
Had you Gentlemen been as candid in your representation of Matters as I endeavourd to be in mine, some things woud not have been advanced for Facts that have so little corrispondance with truth: you must excuse the freedom of the expression because I can, to a JURY OF SENSIBLE HONEST MEN, to yourselves, or to any body else, evidently proove the palpable error of some of your assertions, and the absurdity of others; in order thereto I may run into greater prolixity than is consistent with the bounds of a Letter, but as it is (as I beforesaid) the last of the kind I ever purpose to give you the trouble of reading, I hope to be endulged with a patient hearing this once.
Your Letter shall be taken from the beginning, and traced to the end, that no part may escape unnoticed. You say then "It was your fixed resolution to sell my Wheat to the first saving Cash market shoud it not exceed 3/9, the truth of which Mr. Lund Washington can inform you of, and pay Colo. Washington to save him the trouble of writing, and ourselves of reading any more such severe Duns". There needed no proof of this, I do most sincerely believe it was your Intentions to sell my Wheat for Cash: A Dollar pr. Bushel at Baltimore and other parts of Maryland (this I have been informd it sold at) and 4/6 at Norfolk, Williamsburg, and other places which of my own knowledge I can affirm, because I was offerd it myself, and heard a Vessel load agreed for at that rate in one Afternoon at the Coffee House, and moreover was told by one Mr. Lawson a Mercht. at Falmouth (whose name I mention as you seem to squint at my veracity,) and who left Wmsburg 3 days later in the Oyer Court than I did, that it had risen, were powerful temptations to your selling in this way. Again, "you say you have bought as large quantities of Wheat from others and lain longer in their debts than mine without paying Interest and without being threathened with a Suit". This as it is a fact you can best determine yourselves I shall not take upon me to contradict, but presume I may take the liberty of remarkg., that tho it is no Inconvenience to one Man to lay out of his money, it may be the ruin of another to do so; this then according to my conception of things is no fair way of reasoning; but to explain myself a little more fully (I thought I had done so in my last). Do you not know that the year before last I even attempted to make but very little Tobacco, and last year none: How then am I to make remittances for Goods to Cloath a numerous Family, supply a House in various necessaries, and support it in all its various expences? Have I any hidden resources do you imagine, that will enable me to do this? or do you not think it more feaziable, that from the product of my Grain (Wheat and Corn) the means must be raised? Will the Merchts. send me these Goods without remittances? if they do, I must not expect to pay advanced prices for them? As Merchts. answer me. After keepg. my Corrispondts. in Engld., Madeira, or elsewhere out of the promised remittances from this, or that Genl. Court wd. they be satisfied do you think with my writg. thus, Messrs. Carlyle and Adam who bought my Wheat and was to pay me upon delivery thereof, has done it but in part, and therefore you are disappointed; woud they I ask be content with this excuse? or do you conceive it reasonable that, I shoud deny myself these conveniences, indeed for the most part absolute Necessaries because it may be attended with some difficulty to you to make the payment according to Contract, or more beneficial perhaps, to apply the money to some other purposes? These Gentlemen are plain, Simple, and obvious question's, meriting in my opinion different answers than those you have been pleasd to give. But for Argument sake let us suppose that necessity was out of the question, and that I wanted my money to endulge my fancy in the purchase of any thing which pleasd my Taste, or which I conceived I wanted [ sic.] (and God knows I have losses enough in Negroes to require something where with to supply their places) have I not a right to call for my own engagd to me by solemn contract without giving offence? most assuredly I have, not all the Logick you are Masters of shall convince me to the contrary. If I have wherewith to lend, freely will I lend it; but not have it detaind as a right, or as a matter of ill usage (to use your own expressions) when asked for. In the next place if I can draw any meaning at all from these words "The Contract was left to yourself to write" (which by the by is a mistake I drew up such Articles as I proposd to Subscribe to, leaving you at large to sign or reject them as it best suited your Inclinations) "and really suspected no design, we signed it without examining of it so strictly as we ought to have done, (for which we ought to blush)" a queer thought this, "nor did we see the Intention of it till we were obligd to receive 54 and 55 lb pr. Bushl. &ca." I say if I can extract any meaning at all from these Words it must be, that (you were either two fools, or) I was a knave employd as your Attorney (I suppose) to draw the contract and abused the Confidance; the former of these I will not presume you meant, and the latter I hope you did not, what then are the tendency of that; do you imagine Gentlemen that if the best groupe of Lawyers that ever gracd our Bar had been engagd in this work it woud have altered the Case? No: believe me it woud not, I know the terms on which I proposed to engage, Nor you, nor Lawyers, coud have altered my resolutions in the most trivial Instance; you had it in option I grant, to accept or reject by the Lump there was no other alternative, for I was not so fond of the Scheme as to alter the mode; as some small confirmation of which, I was condemnd before I proceeded to draw Articles (by some of the most judicious People of this County) who thought I was contracting too low, and this made me more cautious, nor were you hurried into this affair with so much precipitancy as you are now pleasd to think shoud raise your BLUSHES, you certainly had formd some Ideas of a Contract which this coud not be repugnant to. You had it to Copy, you had it to Consider, one of which I know was done, the other 'tis probable you did. That the exceptionable words of "as good as the year and Seasons woud generally admit of" were inserted in place of "sound Merchantable Wheat" with design, I do not hesitate a moment in acknowledging to you, and to the World, it was a fixed determination of mine to put it in the power of no person or persons whatsoever, to receive or reject my Wheat as their convenience, or Caprice might dictate, or, as Custom which might be changed, because in different places varying, shoud give them an advantage; but that I ever had such a motive in view as you are pleasd to insinuate I not only absolutely deny, but can give incontestable proofs of, by Witnesses full as unexceptionable as your Miller, or any other that has been entrusted to receive my Wheat and decry its weight. I will not deny, that the first Crop you receivd from me was bad, it was hurt by Rust and possibly weighd but 54 pr. Bushel; but pray how much was there of it? Why 257½ Bls. and for fear you may not choose to recollect what was done with my Bags (50 odd in number) that year, I will tell you, and can proove, that in down right violation of good friendship, and the most earnest and pressing entreaties, these Bags securd the Wheat in Colo. Carlyles Warehouse till some were entirely lost, others very much Rat eaten, and the whole a good deal damaged; whilst I for several Months under went numberless Inconveniences for want of them; add to this, that good Wheat according to your own Accts., sold that year at 4/6 pr. Bl., compare all those things together then, and see what Injury you sustaind by allowing 3/9 for my Wheat for I hardly know how to say paid 3/9 for it, because in April 1764 I deliverd the Wheat, in Sept. following I reed my Bond which I passd for the purchase, of some Lotts in Alexandria a s payment; this, so far from having any objection was equally as acceptable to me as the money; but what followed? Why in or about Septr. 1765 I had the money demanded of me again for the Lotts with a good deal of Interest thereon, and was at some pains to convince Mr. Jno. Alexander of the unreasonableness of paying twice for the same thing; so much for the first Crop. In respect to the Second and third, I can demonstrate to you (and to the publick if the matter comes to that length) by many and strong corrobating Evidences how much you have mistaken the weights of the first, and misrepresented the Character of both those Crops: Know then, that upon some mention of the lightness of my first Wheat by Colo. Carlyle I wrote to him, that in order to avoid any uneasiness which might arise from the Contract on that Score, I was willing if a reasonable standed [ sic] for the medium weight of the Wheat coud be hit upon, to give or take for every pound under or over one penny. In answer there to I receivd the following paragraph in a Letter dated Octr. the 3d. 1764 and which is to be produced at any time in Mr. Carlyles own hand writing: "Mr. Adam's tells me the standed for Wheat in and about Philadelphia is 58, in and near Lancaster 60 pr. Bushel, we shall fix I suppose the first, and to be well cleand or otherwise we shall clean it at the Mill as we expect every thing necessary to do it from Philadelphia In our Vessell." In consequence of this Letter which I receivd just before my departure for the Octr. General Court, and long Session which immediately followed, I directed Lund Washington, who had just then come to live with me, to weigh the Wheat of each treading, and at each Plantation, that I might form an opinion of the general weight, and be enabled to determine whether I shoud gain or loose in the course of my Contract at 58 pr. Bushel. he accordingly did so, and found the weights of that Crop to run from 59 to 61 and upwards (I also caused some Wheat which I made at my own House that year to be weighed in my presence by Thorns. Bishop, and it greatly exceeded 60) these Facts can be provd by more evidences than one. In consequence therefore of these Experiments I acquainted you by Letter in March 1765, and to which I refer that I was willing to abide by the medium of 58; then forsooth 60 was the standard; from that hour then I gave up all thoughts of selling by weight, resolving to deliver such Wheat as the Weather permitted me to make. How then does this Acct. every tittle of which can be made manifest, corrispond with your partial weight of 57? You do not imagine that if I was even to be governd by weight, that two or 3 Bushels of the lightest is to regulate the whole? Surely not: and as to my last year's Crop, except some that was hurt by Rust, it was no ways in appearance (for weigh it I did not myself) inferior to the former; and for its cleaness I can venture to say, nay I will undertake to proove, even by your own people (the Captn. of your Brig in particular) that cleaner Wheat never was made in this County, I might extend it, I believe to the whole Colony. How shoud it be otherwise when not a single Bushel went less than twice and some three times through the Fans (all of which have Sieves) and was afterwards hand fiddled; a trouble few have the conveniences of doing, and fewer still the Inclination. But I have my reward in a very genteel insinuation, and shall know what use to make thereof. For your sakes Gentlemen, and for the encouragement of the trade, I coud wish that all the Wheat you buy was of the heaviest sort, but if mine gets only the length of 54 I shall be at no loss to know what is to be done with it. As to the price you gave for Wheat last year, and the years preceding, it by no means serves to fix the Market. A man who has only 40 or 50, or even a too Bushls to dispose of, and which perhaps is rather foisted into his Crop that becomes a principal part of it, scarce thinks it worth his while to seek abroad for purchasers; but this is not the case of those who have larger quantities, and whose Interest essentially depends upon a beneficial Sale. I know of several that sold at 4/6 last year, and I know of others which bought at that price; and I have been misinformd if you yourselves did not give Colo. Colvil and Mr. Jno. West more than 3/9 for Wheat of the former Crop. However all this is nothing to the purpose, what this Man gets, and tother Man receives is foreign to the point; I was by Contract to get 3/9 for mine, payable on delivery of the Crop, but here you are pleasd to introduce a remark couchd in these words "We did not expect it woud be rigidly demanded" and why, because the Article of Interest was Introduced this I confess was garding against a possible Evil; but by no means applicable to the Inference you have drawn from it, for I shoud be glad to know why People put themselves to the trouble and oft times expence of particularising agreements if they are afterwards to be disregarded; you coud not imagine that the time prefixd for payment coud be inserted merely to swell the paper; on the Contrary, as you acknowledge that you had your Advantages in view, you will not I am perswaded deny me mine; point out then any one of the whole so obviously benificial as that of regular payments: was it not incumbent upon you therefore to have considered the chances of doing this before you subscribed to the terms? The answers are most certainly plain, so plain that I shall not wonder hereafter if you tell me (shoud Wheat fall to 3/or 2/6 pr. Bushl.) that you expected I woud not be so rigid as to demand 3/9, as your principal aim in the Contract was to secure my Wheat in order to find employment for your Mills; excuse me when I say you may do it, in my opinion, with equal propriety; for fixing the price, and fixing the payments, are matters of equal absurdity and Intrusion if liable to dispensation. You are pleasd to declare "you had rather be £1000 in any other Gentlemans debt than the trifling sum of £100 in mine". This Gentlemen does not POSITIVELY give me a moments concern, I have asked you for nothing but my due, for nothing that I do not need, nay for nothing that I have not suffered for want off, otherwise 5 pr. Ct. might as you seem to think it ought, have softend the severity of my Duns; and whatever you may think of the payments (which have been made me I again say trifling, except Mr. Relfe's Bill which I remitted upon my own Acct. (and suppose it is excepted) true it is, some Accts. have been discharged; by this means, and to pay a just debt never fails to fill me with as much pleasure as to receive one; but if I had receivd money as it became due coud not all this been done, perhaps with more convenience to myself) and have had the wherewithal to answer some engagements which I have been obligd to fail in. The consequences I drew from a mode of bartering were by no means so unnatural as you seemd to conjecture; it was from yourselves I think I receivd an information that the scarcity of Cash was such, you were obligd to take West India Commodities, Wine, and other things for your Flour; these again being sold to the Planters for Wheat &ca. left me I think but too much grounds for the conclusion I drew, if the practice was continued, which I fancy was added.
I think I have at last got through your Letter, and am as willing as you are, for the Balle to be struck, that the hardships may appear; but as round assertions are not always convincing, I only intended mine as the counteract of yours, hoping they woud meet with equal credibility, but I am willing to rest the matter upon a much more enlargd and candid footing notwithstanding you are pleasd to harp upon the word candour if you thought I had abused it; I say I am willing to rest the whole matter upon a much more unexceptionable footing than bare assertion's; and that is to let sensible and honest Men, concernd with neither party, take the Contract and judge from thence, the payments, and plain stubborn facts such as can be incontestably proovd on both sides, who is the person injured. I fancy your grievances, woud not then appear so enormous, nor your Injuries cry so loudly for redress, as you seem to apprehend.
I have as I was affraid greatly exceeded the bounds of a Letter and doubtless the limits of your patience, which was put to so hard a tryal by my last but once more promising you it is the last letter of the kind I ever intend to give you the trouble of reading, I was willing to handle the matter at large this once, that Circumstances might be fully explaind, and hope your excuse for it, being Gentn., etc.
April 25, 1767.
Sir: The security you offer is, in our opinions, amply sufficient and we dare say will readily be received by Fairfax Court; to whom being given, our Bond for the Executrixship of Mrs. Savage becomes void of course. We do not mean to hurry you, or the Gentlemen proposed by you, into the execution of this securitiship, two or three Courts hence (being the same to us) may perhaps prove more convenient to yourself, and to them. Far be it from us to accuse you of any remissness, or neglect in not proffering this counter security before, it was our business to apply, not yours to offer; and we have done it now in consequence of information that the relations of the late revd. Mr. Green are making enquiries after his Estate here (for what end we know not). Your avowed intention of leaving the Colony, &ca.79
[Note 79: The matter of the Savage bond was a troublesome affair that dragged on until 1774 and 1775. Mrs. Margaret Savage, Doctor Savage's wife, complicated the matter by changing her mind. Apparently the bond in question was a joint one of George Washington and George William Fairfax, in a matter of bequest by the late Rev. Charles Green, of Pohick Church, to Mrs. Savage, in which bequest Washington and Fairfax acted as trustees.]
That the devise to Mrs. Savage will admit of dispute, is a matter we are not to judge of; sufficient it is, that the Will was somewhat out of the Customary form; and tho' Mr. Mercer80 ( upon the whole) was of opinion 'twas valid, yet, to the best of our reccollection he pointed out a necessary mode of proceeding, in order to give it authenticity which if Mrs. Savage ever complied with, is entirely unknown to us. We therefore hope to stand excused for the application we made to you on Monday last. and are Sir, etc.
[Note 80: James Mercer, the eminent Virginia lawyer.]
G. Wm. Fairfax. G: Washington.
Mount Vernon, May 17, 1767.
Gentn: Your Letter and Goods by Boyes for our Plantations on York River have come safe to hand as I wish Mrs. Dandridges also had done she being a good deal disappointed in having them withheld from her. I must now desire that the Inclosed order may be complied with, and the Goods sent by the first Ship bound to York River (chargd to me) still hoping that they may come to hand sometime this Fall.
I have directed Mr. Valentine to put all my Tobacco on York River on board of Captn. Boyes as also Master Custis's (two Tonn only excepted w'ch has been delivered to Captn. Easton this Month or more) and wish he may meet with ready dispatch but fear he will not from what I have heard.
Our Crops on that River were very short last year and, on this (Potomack), I did not make one pound of Tobacco. I shall delay writing fully till my Invoices are forwarded and am Gentn. etc.
Mount Vernon, May 27, 1767.81
[Note 81: The doctor, on this date, was at Dumfries, Va. His letter, dated May 25, 1767, is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, p. 293.]
Sir: The Security, and manner of giving it, proposd in yours of the 25th. will be perfectly satisfactory to me, if any Inconvenience attends the other method of doing it; but as Colo. Fairfax is equally concernd, and from home, I woud choose to answer for myself only; perswaded nevertheless, that it will be agreeable to him also to give you as little trouble as possible on this head: In the meantime, and in his absence, let me desire that this matter may not interfere with any other business you may have on hand, or give cause for uneasiness: [mutilated] none to me, and I dare venture to say the same for Colo. Fairfax.
I was in hopes before this to have receivd money from Messrs. Carlyle and Adam and therewith dischargd my Bond to the late Revd. Mr. Green; they have hitherto disappointed me; but having Mr. Adam's promise to see you in a few days for this purpose, I hope he will fulfill it in paying the money. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 82: Posey owned and lived on a parcel of land just south of Mount Vernon. Washington finally (1769) took over the property in satisfaction of the loan, which was £750. This part of the Mount Vernon property was sometimes called the Ferry farm. Posey, though improvident, seems to have been liked by Washington. The Posey children were the recipients of many kindnesses and help from him.]
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1767.
Sir: It is difficult for me to tell which was greatest, my surprise, or concern at finding by your letter of the 20th. that instead of being able with the money I agreed to lie somewhat longer out of to discharge your debts, that you wanted to borrow a further sum of £500 to answer this purpose. I was in hopes, and you gave me the strongest assurance to believe, that when I lent you (and very inconvenient it was for me to do it) the first sum of £700, you could therewith not only discharge all your creditors, but in two years time sink the principal, which was lent to effect that end; how it comes to pass then, that instead of being prepared in twice two years to discharge my claim, you should require £500 more to satisfie others, is, as I at first said, entirely beyond my comprehension, and leaves but too much cause to apprehend, that if you could be supplied with the further Sum required, it would afford but temporary relief; and that at the end of any other prefixed period you woud be as unprepared and as reluctantly then, as now, part with your effects to discharge this debt; thinking it equally hard to be forced into compliance; For permit me to say again, if you have not been able in the course of 4 years to lay up any thing towards sinking even the Interest of a sum which you said woud entirely clear you of all demands, what prospect can you possibly have to expect when £500 more (and probably this woud be insufficient) is added to the other surety of between eight and nine hundred, that you will have it in your power to effect this end, when even the Interest thereof is a pretty little Income, and woud be such a Moth in your Estate as would inevitably destroy it, be your notions of saving and Industry extended to never so high a degree: Indeed Sir, the only purpose it could possibly answer woud be to put the evil day of for a moment, in comparison and then like most things swelled beyond their natural bounds, burst upon you like a torrent and redouble your distresses. Besides, you really deceive yourself greatly in estimating your Effects, as you will unhappily experience; you have viewed them but on one side, considering only what they cost you, not what they will sell at, which is a delusive way of calculating; For you will find that many things which you perhaps have lavished large Sums in the purchase of in order to gratify your own taste, will neither suit, nor probably please others; so in respect to buildings which are rarely considered in the purchase of lands, and principally I presume from the same causes, especially upon small bits of land divested of Wood and Timber.
I wish with all my Heart you may be strengthened by some able and friendly hand in such a manner as to keep your effects together; provided it may turn to your future good in enabling you to Work thro' the load of Debt you seem to be entangled in; but that it is entirely out of my power without Selling part of my own Estate to contribute further there to you may easily be convinced of when I tell you, and affirm it, that I find it next to impossible to extract any part of the money which is due to me; that I have struggled to the utmost of my power for two years past unsuccessfully to raise 4 or £500 to lend a very particular friend of mine, who I know must sell part of his estate without it; and that I have not yet discharged the Sums you Involved me in the payment of before, having my Bond out to Mr. Green's Estate for the £260 you borrowed of him and cannot raise money to discharge it, altho' I have used my true endeavours for that purpose; add to these some Engagements of my own which there is a necessity of complying with, or doing Acts of Injustice.
How absurd and Idle woud it be then, under these Circumstances, to enter myself security for the payment of your Debts, unless I foresaw some prospect of raising the money; True it is some of your Creditors might agree to wait, others 'tis presumeable, woud not, and certain it is pay day must come to all; what then is to be done? To tell a man who had been disappointed from time to time, and at last had waited in confidence of receiving his money from me, that I was unprovided with the means of satisfying his demand, would be gauling to me, unjust to him, and what I can by no means think of practising. The only favour therefore that is in my power to shew you, is to be easy and forbearing in my own demands, which I shall endeavour to do as long as I can with any sort of convenience to myself, notwithstanding I am in want of the money; and to point out any Person who coud lend so much money even if they liked the Security, I am equally at a loss to do: but few there are I believe, who woud choose to risque their money (unless influenced by motives of compassion) upon such hazardous and perishable Articles as Negroes, Stock and Chattels, which are to be swept of by innumerable distempers, and subject to many accidents and misfortunes; so upon the whole you will excuse me I hope if I am Inclind to offer you the same advice I woud give to my Bror: were he under the same circumstans; and that is, if you find it impracticable to keep your estate together for at least 3 or 4 years, till the country, I mean the indebted part of it, can immerge a little from the distress it must unavoidably fall into from the pressing of Creditors and want of Cash; then to sell of immediately (I mean this fail at furthest) before Cash grows into greater demand which it inevitably will do as our Currency is called in, and every thing of consequence sell worse; therewith discharging all your Debts: beging. with the Sales of such things as can be best spared, and so raising to Negroes, and even Land if requisite, For if the whole shoud go, there is a large Field before you, an opening prospect in the back Country for Adventurers, where numbers resort to, and where an enterprising Man with very little Money may lay the foundation of a Noble Estate in the New Settlemts. Upon Monongahela for himself and posterity. The Surplus money wch you might save after dischargg. your Debts, woud possibly secure you as much Land as in the course of 20 yrs woud sell for 5 times yr prest Estate. For proof of which only look to Frederick, and see what Fortunes were made by the Hite's and first takers up of those lands: Nay how the greatest Estates we have in this Colony were made; was it not by taking up and purchasing at very low rates the rich back Lands which were thought nothing of in those days, but are now the most valuable Lands we possess? Undoubtedly it was, and to pursue this plan is the advice I w'd offer my Br. were he in yr. Situation, but to you I only drop it as a hint for your serious reflectn; because I do not expect, nor woud by any means wish to see you adopt any Scheme of mine without duly attending to it weighing, and well considering of it in all points and advising with your friends. I woud only ask whether it woud be better to labr. undr. a load of debt, where you are, wch. must inevitably keep you in continual Anxiety, and dread of yr. Creditors; be selling the produce of yr. labour at under value, (the never failg. consequence of necessitous Circumstances) with other evils too obvious to need Inumeration, and which must forever lend a helping hand to keep you low and distressed or to Pluck up resolution at once and disengage yourself of these Incumbrances and Vexations Abiding where you are if you can save your Land and have a prospect of reaping future advantages from it, or to remove back, where there is a moral certainty of laying the foundation of good Estates to yr. Childn. I say I would but ask wch of these two is the best, and leave you to think of them at leisure, with the assurance on my part, that what I have propounded to you on this Subject proceeds from the utmost sincerity and Candor, and if you will have recourse to the Publick Gazettes, you may perceive by the number of Estates wch are continually advertising for Sale that you are not the only one under Misfortune and that many good families are retiring into the Interior parts of the Country for the benefit of their Children. Some of the best Gentlemen in this Country talk of doing so, who are not drove by necessity, but adopt the Scheme from principles of Gain. Whatever resolution you may come to, I wish you success in it.
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1767.
Gentn: By this Conveyance you will receive Invoices of such Goods as we want for this and York River, and having your favours of the 19th. July 22d. of August 4th. of Septr., 17th. of Novr. 31st. of Jany. and 6th. of March past all lying before me I am enabled to answer such paragraphs as may respectively require it.
If the Facts then respecting the Freight of Captn. Boyes's Ship last year are as he represented them to you undoubtedly he will stand excusd in the Eyes of your Corrispondants but as he is otherwise chargd his acquitting himself to the rest of his Shippers (as I shall have no oppertunity of seeing him myself before his departure) will be satisfactory to me and this if he is conscious of Innocency he certainly will attempt. Little did I expect that Relfe's Bill on Abm. Hake & Co. woud come back protested whatever might befal the other I am sorry for the disappointment and must seek redress here. The last Wheat Riddles were such as I wished for but for want of an oppertunity of returning the others I suppose I shall be under a necessity of keeping them useless as they are to me.83
[Note 83: See Washington's letter to Robert Cary & Company, July 22, 1766, ante.]
In Order if possible, to make my Tobacco unexceptionable; to avoid bruising, or making it tender it was prizd so exceeding light last year that the Freight and other Incident charges swallowed up the Sales and rendered me very unprofitable returns much less so than I coud have had in the Country without risquing the hazard of a boisterous Eliment, this I am but too apprehensive will be the case again this year as Tobacco is likely to take a start here in consequence of the melancholy prospect of an ensuing Crop. Permit me also to say that tho Mssrs. Hanbury's out of 12 Hhds which I Shipd them (of Master Custis's Tobo.) last year sold three at 10½, yet the whole 12 carried £139.3.3 to his Acct. Currt. which is more than any of mine, or his other Tobacco netted altho' equal in weight and (as we thought here) superior in quality to this some of which sold at 11¼ and 11½ pt. lb. but what added not a little to the raising of it to the above Sum was their prompt payment of the duties which is but little short of three pound pr. Hhd and which had you paid woud have turnd much more to his Acct. than allowing him a 4 pr. Ct. for his Money. For here, before I quit this subject give me leave further to remark that observing in Mastr. Custis's Acct. Currt. the year before last that he was credited for the Interest of his Ball'e I did not try at what pr. Ct. never doubting but he woud be allowed at the same rate that I was charged but looking over the Subsequent years Acct. by Johnstown I readily perceivd that he was credited by 4 pt. Ct. only (both years) when I was at the same Instt. chargd five the Impropriety of which not being able to reconcile with my Ideas of Justice I led to think it must be owing to some mistake and should be glad to have it either rectified or explaind for to me it must seem strange if his money is not equal of value with yours but contrary to my conception it is not and that design not mistake is the cause of it, Justice to my Wardrenders it undubitably necessary for me to draw it out of your hands and place it in those who will thankfully pay five pr. Ct. for it; or have it applied to the purpose of paying the dutys on his Tobacco for I can by no means stand excused in letting his money remain at 4 pr. Ct. when I can just as easily obtain five. If from this consideration I am obligd to draw the money out of your hands, so much thereof as will discharge my debt to you I shall direct to be applied that way and the residue will otherwise be disposed of so soon as I receive your final answer on this Subject.
We have only 59 Hhds of Tobacco for Captn. Boyes this year; Sixteen of which are mine, the others Master Custis's on both of which parcels you will please to have Insurance made. This is all the Tobacco we made last year except 8 Hhds of Master Custis's which is gone to Messrs. Hanbury's and more I fear (by odds) than we shall make this. For if the general complaint of drought and want of plants are not most notoriously falze a shorter Crop of Tobo. has not been made these 20 years than will be this; However as I live remote from the Southern parts of this Colony where the greatest quantities are made I must refer to your Corrispondants upon James and York Rivers for further Information assuring you that this is truely the case on Potomack. If there shoud be similarity in Accts. it will be unnecessary to add that by keeping up our Tobacco a favourable market may be obtaind. As there are a great many Ships which use this River (Potomack) from London, I shoud receive your Letters more directly were you to write by them, instead of the Vessels to the other Rivers; I shoud moreover save the postage which is extravagantly high in this Country 150 Miles of which I have to pay for all Letters which come into York, or James River. By Captn. John Johnstown (Mr. Russels Ship) I hope to receive my Goods as usual and am Gentn, etc.
Virginia, July 20, 1767.
Sir: Please to send the following Shoes &ca. and apply to Messrs. Cary & Co. for the amount.
Messrs. Cary and Company will pay the Accts. respectively and I am Sir, etc.
Virginia, July 20, 1767.
Sir: Inclos'd is a Measure for Breeches, by which please to send me a pair of black silk Knit ones. I shoud be glad also to have sent me a Sartout great Coat fashionably made of good Cloth. I presume you have my Meas'e and therefore have sent none but in case you shoud be at a loss, make it to fit a person Six feet high and proportionably made, and you cannot go much amiss, let the Breeches have cool linings fit for Summer wear and a side pocket.
Messrs. Cary & Co. will pay the amount of the above charge as also of a fashionable Suit of Cloth Cloaths which you are desired to make for Master Custis (who is about 14 yrs. of age and tolerably well grown) and to send them along with the above things of mine. I am Sir, etc.
By the Plantrs. Friend.
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1767.
Gentn: Since mine of the 28th. of June, last year, I have been favourd with your two Letters of the 27th. of March, first of July, and 21st. of October in the past, and Sixth of April in the present year. Had any thing material occurd, (worth giving you the trouble of a Letter) I shoud not have been silent till this time; and even now, I have but little to say.
The Accounts Currt. transmitted by Necks were right, otherwise I shoud have noted it sooner; and by Easton you will receive two Tonns of Mr. Custis's Tobacco, which when sold, you will please to carry the credit of the young Gentleman's Acct. who falling very short in his Crops last year is the reason why Easton has only Eight Hhds of his Tobo. this. From the present face of things, there appears to be an almost absolute certainty that the Crops of Tobacco this year will be shorter than has been for many past, which I mention, that if other Accts. from different parts of this, and the other Tobo. Colony corrispond with it you may regulate the Sales in such a manner as to obtain a good price for the Tobacco just Shipped. I coud wish that it was a practice, to render an Acct. Currt. of the dealings between us once a year, that if any Errors shoud arise they may be rectified while the Transactions are recent. Unseasonable as it may be, to take any notice of the repeal of the Stamp Act at this time, yet, I cannot help observing that a contrary measure woud have Introduced very unhappy Consequences: those therefore who wisely foresaw this, and were Instrumental in procuring the repeal of it, are, in my opinion, deservidly entitled to the thanks of the well wishers to Britain and her Colonies; and must reflect with pleasure that through their means, many Scenes of confusion and distress have been avoided: Mine they accordingly have, and always shall have, for their opposition to any Act of Oppression, for that Act coud be looked upon in no other light by every person who woud view it in its proper colours.
I coud wish it was in my power to congratulate you with success, in having the Commercial System of these Colonies put upon a more enlargd and extensive footing than it is because I am well satisfied that it woud ultimately, redound to the advantages of the Mother Country so long as the Colonies pursue trade and Agriculture, and woud be an effectual Let to Manufacturing among themselves. The money therefore which they raise would centre in Great Britain, as certain as the Needle will settle to the Poles. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note 84: Crawford was one of the well-known frontiersmen. He was a surveyor and assisted Washington to select the bounty lands on the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers for the Virginia officers and soldiers, for their services in the French and Indian War. He had been a captain in the Forbes campaign and was now settled on the Youghiogheny River. Afterwards a colonel in the Seventh Virginia Regiment in the Revolutionary War, he served on the frontiers; in the summer of 1782 he commanded an expedition into the Ohio country against the Indians, where, after a hard-fought battle, he was taken prisoner and tortured to death in a most cruel and shocking manner. Washington, writing to the board of war in 1778, said: "I know him to be a brave and active officer, and of considerable influence upon the western frontier of Virginia."]
Mount Vernon, September 21, 1767.
Dear Sir: From a sudden hint of your Brother I wrote to you a few days ago in a hurry, since which having had more time for reflection, I am now set down in order to write more deliberately, and with greater precision, to you on the Subject of my last Letter; desiring that if any thing in this shoud be found contradictory to that Letter you will wholely be governd by what I am now going to add.
I then desird the favour of you (as I understood Rights might now be had for the Lands, which have fallen within the Pensylvania Line) to look me out a Tract of about 1500, 2000, or more Acres somewhere in your Neighbourhood meaning only by this that it may be as contiguous to your own Settlemt. as such a body of good Land coud be found and about Jacobs Cabbins or somewhere on those Waters I am told this might be done. It will be easy for you to conceive that Ordinary, or even middling Land woud never answer my purpose or expectation so far from Navigation and under such a load of Expence as those Lands are incumbred with; No: A Tract to please me must be rich (of which no Person can be a better judge than yourself) and if possible to be good and level; Coud such a piece of Land as this be found you woud do me a singular favour in falling upon some method to secure it immediately from the attempts of any other as nothing is more certain than that the Lands cannot remain long ungranted when once it is known that Rights are to be had for them. What mode of proceeding is necessary in order to accomplish this design I am utterly at a loss to point out to you but as as your own Lands are under the same Circumstances self Interest will naturally lead you to an enquiry. I am told the Land, or Surveyors Office is kept at Carlyle, if so I am of Opinion that Colo. Armstrong (an Acquaintance of mine) has something to do in the management of it, and I am perswaded woud readily serve me to him therefore at all events I will write by the first oppertunity on that Subject that the way may be prepard for your application if you shoud find it necessary to make one to him. Whatever trouble or expence you may be engagd in on my behalf you may depend upon being thankfully repaid. It is possible (but I do not know that it really is the case) that Pensylvania Customs will not admit so large a quantity of Land as I require, to be entered together if so this may possibly be evaded by making several Entries to the same amount if the expence of doing which is not too heavy; but this I only drop as a hint leaving the whole to your discretion and good management. If the Land can only be secured from others it is all I want at present, the Surveying I would choose to postpone, at least till the Spring when if you can give me any Satisfactory account of this matter and of what I am next going to propose I expect to pay you a visit about the last of April.
The other matter, just now hinted at and which I proposed in my last to join you in attempting to secure some of the most valuable Lands in the King's part which I think may be accomplished after a while notwithstanding the Proclamation that restrains it at present and prohibits the Settling of them at all for I can never look upon that Proclamation in any other light (but this I say between ourselves) than as a temporary expedient to quiet the Minds of the Indians and must fall of course in a few years especially when those Indians are consenting to our Occupying the Lands.85 Any person therefore who neglects the present oppertunity of hunting out good Lands and in some measure marking and distinguishing them for their own (in order to keep others from settling them) will never regain it, if therefore you will be at the trouble of seeking out the Lands I will take upon me the part of securing them so soon as there is a possibility of doing it and will moreover be at all the Cost and charges of Surveying and Patenting &c. after which you shall have such a reasonable proportion of the whole as we may fix upon at our first meeting as I shall find it absolutely
[Note 85: The proclamation of Oct. 7, 1763, was issued to quiet the two principal causes of discontent among the Indians--the encroachments of settlers upon lands claimed by the tribes and the abuses committed by Indian traders and their servants. This proclamation restrained all persons from trading with the Indians without a license and prohibited all settlements beyond the limits described as the boundary of the Indian hunting ground, thus putting both the property and the commerce of the natives under the protection of officers acting under the immediate authority of the King. Washington was undoubtedly correct in his estimation of this edict, for the commissioners of trade, in their report on Indian affairs in 1769, characterized it as "mere provisional arrangements, adapted to the exigence of the time." (See Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 4, p. 315.) Similar views were generally entertained. Chancellor Livingston in a letter to Doctor Franklin, respecting the conditions of peace previous to the treaty of 1783, said: "Virginia, even after the proclamation of 1763 patented considerable tracts on the Ohio, far beyond the Appalachian mountains. It is true, the several governments were prohibited at different times from granting lands beyond certain limits; but these were clearly temporary restrictions, which the policy of maintaining a good understanding with the natives dictated. and were always broken through after a short period as is evinced by the grants above mentioned, made subsequent to the proclamation of 1763."
In 1764 the Indian commissioners prepared a plan for determining more definitely the limits of settlement and submitted certain bounds to the Indian tribes for their approval. The line of separation in the northern district was completed and accepted by the Indians in 1765, but Sir William Johnson, while acquiescing, declined to give a final ratification without further directions from the King. These limits gave the Middle Colonies "room to spread much beyond what they have hitherto been allowed," a concession made to the fact that the "state of their population requires a greater extent." The Crown had not given its assent to the acts of the commissioners, certainly as late as 1769, although the plan had received a partial indorsement by the lords of trade in 1767, and in the meantime the Virginians and Pennsylvanians were rapidly pushing their settlements on the Indian territory west of the Allegheny Mountains, in spite of Royal (Apr. 10, 1766) and Colonial (July 31, 1766) proclamations calling upon these settlers to leave the territory "which if they shall fail to do, they must expect no protection or mercy from government, and be exposed to the revenge of the exasperated Indians."-- Ford.] necessary and convenient for the better furthering of the design to let some few of my friends be concernd in the Scheme and who must also partake of the advantages.
By this time it may be easy for you to discover, that my Plan is to secure a good deal of Land, You will consequently come in for a very handsome quantity and as you will obtain it without any Costs or expences I am in hopes you will be encouragd to begin the search in time. I woud choose if it were practicable to get pretty large Tracts together, and it might be desirable to have them as near your Settlement, or Fort Pitt, as we coud get them good; but not to neglect others at a greater distance if fine and bodies of it lye in a place. It may be a Matter worthy your enquiry to find out how the Maryland back line will run, and what is said about laying of Neale's (I think it is and Companys) Grant.86 I will enquire particularly concerning the Ohio Companys that one may know what to apprehend from them. For my own part I shoud have no objection to a Grant of Land upon the Ohio a good way below Pittsburg but woud willingly secure some good Tracts nearer hand first.
[Note 86: "As to Nails [Neale] and Company's Grant, it was Laid on the fork of Monongahalia and Yochagania, which, if Pensilvania taks its charter, will take it. at any Rate they Ohio Company you are the best Judge your self what will be done in it, or wheare it will be Lade."-- Crawford to Washington, Sept. 29, 1767.
Mason and Dixon were at this time engaged in running the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. The controversy between Virginia and Maryland as to the western boundary of the latter was long undetermined, the "first fountain of the Potomac" having proved too indefinite a description.]
I woud recommend it to you to keep this whole matter a profound Secret, or trust it only with those in whom you can confide and who can assist you in bringing it to bear by their discoveries of Land and this advice proceeds from several very good Reasons and in the first place because I might be censurd for the opinion I have given in respect to the King's Proclamation and then if the Scheme I am now proposing to you was known it might give the alarm to others and by putting them upon a Plan of the same nature (before we coud lay a proper foundation for success ourselves) set the different Interests a clashing and probably in the end overturn the whole all which may be avoided by a Silent management and the [operation] snugly carried on by you under the pretence of hunting other Game which you may I presume effectually do at the same time you are in pursuit of Land which when fully discovered advise me of it and if there appears but a bear possibility of succeeding any time hence I will have the Lands immediately Surveyed to keep others off and leave the rest to time and my own Assiduity to Accomplish.
If this Letter shoud reach your hands before you set out I shoud be glad to have your thoughts fully expressd on the Plan I have proposd, or as soon afterwards as conveniently may be as I am desirous of knowing in time how you approve of the Scheme. I am, &c.87
[Note 87: Crawford answered this September 29, an extract of which is given in note 86, page 470, ante. The original is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, p. 295.]
[Note 88: Armstrong was born in Ireland in 1725 and died at Carlisle, Pa., in 1795. He emigrated to Pennsylvania about 1745--1748 and settled in the Kittatinny Valley. Was a colonel in the Continental Army in 1775--76; promoted to brigadier general Mar. 1, 1776; resigned Apr. 4, 1777. In 1777 he was major general of Pennsylvania troops and in 1778 a Delegate to the Continental Congress. His son, John Armstrong, was the author of the Newburgh Addresses, and later Secretary of War of the United States under President Madison. Armstrong's answer, dated Nov. 3, 1767, is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington. vol. 3, p. 302.]
Mount Vernon, September 21, 1767.
Dear Sir: Since I had the pleasure of seeing you at the Warm springs I have been informd that much of the Land upon Yaughyaughgany and Monongahela which was formerly conceivd to lye within the limits of Virginia and on which many of our People have settled are taken into Pensylvania by the establishd Line now running between that Provence and Maryland and that Grants may at any time be obtaind from the Proprietary for Tracts on these Waters and being [informed], moreover, that the Office from whence these Rights are to Issue is kept at Carlyle it immediately occurrd from what you were telling me of the nature of your Office that I coud apply to none so properly as yourself for the truth of these reports it appearing but probable that you were the very person with whom Entries were made.
I have therefore taken the liberty Sir of addressing this Letter to you on the Subject of these enquiries, and to request the further favour of you to advise me of the mode of proceeding in order to take up ungranted Land in your Provence; What quantity of Acres will be admitted into a Survey; whether a Person is restricted in respect to the quantity of Land and number of Surveys. If the Surveys are requird to be laid in any particular form or optional in the taker up to lay them as the nature and goodness of the Land and Water courses may point out to him. What the Expence of Patenting these Lands amount to per Thousand Acres. And what the annual Rents are fixed at afterwards. Together with any other useful hints which may occur to you for my Information and Government as I woud most willingly possess some of those Lands which we have labord and Toild so hard to conquer.
I have desired one Mr. William Crawford who lives upon Yaughyaughgany, a friend of mine, and I believe an Acquaintance of yours as he was an Officer in my Regiment and in General Forbes' Campaign to look me a Tract of about 2000 acres and endeavour to secure it till he can give me advice of it. I have likewise taken the liberty of saying to him that I was fully purswaded if the Land Office was kept in Carlyle and you had any share in the management of it that you woud do me the favour of giving him any assistance in your power consistent with the Rules of Office. And for such assistance Sir after thankfully acknowledging myself your Debtor woud punctually [reimburse you] with any expence that might arise on my account so soon as I coud be advised thereof.
I heartily wish that Mrs. Armstrong and yourself may find all the good effects from the Waters of the Frederick Springs that you could desire.
Mrs. Washington makes a tender of her Compliments to your Lady and self--to which please to add those of Dr. Sir, etc
Mt. Vernon, September 24, 1767.
Sir: Having receivd your Letters of Wednesday last and to day, it appears very clear to me from them, as well as from some other convincing Circumstances that you are not only reduced to the last Shifts yourself but are determined to involve me in a great deal of perplexity and distress on your Acct. also. Why else will you press so hard upon me to do more than I have already done, and consented to do, in waiting two years longer for my Money, when it is not only inconvenient, but very disadvantageous also for me to do so and when I have informd you as every body else I suppose may also do that the Security I have upon your Lands and Slaves is only answerable for the £750 lent and Interest. Besides when the nature of that Security is considered and how much people may differ in their Valuations of it; it is not to be wondered at that I shoud be so unwilling as to risk any thing more thereon: For in the first place I do not value your Six Acres bought of Marshall with the Improvements to any thing at all, for Reasons already known to you. True it is if Mr. West shoud recover from you, you may have a remedy against Mr. Marshall but in how ample a manner is in the breast of other Men to determine. In the next place, you rate the Land bought of my Brother and the Improvemnts to near £700; this at best is only worth what it will fetch and if it sells for half that Sum I will acknowledge myself extreamely mistaken. In the last place by the estimate you sent me some time ago of your Estate you value the Negroes you were then possessed of to £900 and upwards. Suppose for Argument sake they were worth this, does not every body know that the Small Pox, Goal Fever and many other Malignant disorders may sweep the greatest part of them off where then is the Security? and while I am mentioning this matter it is highly necessary to enquire what is become of Henley, Jacob, Winney, Sylvia, Lett, Sarah, Nan and Henrietta Farthing, Negroes contained in your Bill of Sale to me but which I see nothing of in the estimate above mentioned.
Thus much I have said on a Supposition that I was acting as a Money Lender only, and was looking for clear and indisputable Surety but in truth the prospect of gain and advantage to myself was not the motive that led me to advance you this money;'Twas done to serve your family and if possible to save your Estate from dispersion while there remained a probability of doing it the same motive therefore (and depend upon it, it is a friendly one) Inclines me to ask what possible reason you can have for thinking that by delaying the Sale of some part of your Effects and taking up more money upon Interest, will better your fortune when you are adding to the Load of Debt by accumulating Interest. I shoud be glad in the next place to know if you have ever considered the consequences of borrowing money upon the terms you say Colo. Mason will lend it and surely you have not, to stave off the dreadful hour of resigning part of your possessions into the hands of your Creditors engrosses too much of your thoughts. Do not understand by this that I mean to cast any reflections upon Colo. Mason No: he tells you in express terms and with candor that he is waiting for an opportunity making a purchase which when accomplished he must have his Money again giving you three or 4 Months' notice. It is As likely therefore that he may call for it in Six months as in a longer time because the distress of the country and number of Estates which are daily advertising afford great prospect of purchasing to advantage. What then is to be done in this case? One of these three things certainly: either that Colo. Mason must wait till he can recover his Debt in a course of Law, by which means your own, as well as the honour of your Bondsman must suffer. Or that the Security must pay the Money out of his own Pocket which perhaps might reduce him to the utmost distress; or lastly that your Negroes must be immediately exposed to Sale for ready money after short notice (whereas they might now be sold on credit for perhaps at least 25 pr. Ct more,) in order to raise this Sum and this probably in the midst of a Crop, these being things worthy of consideration I woud recommend them to your serious reflection before you finally determine.
Was the money to be had of those who prefer lending it on Interest to other methods of disposing of it, and you had in the first place a prospect of keeping of it for some time, and in the next a moral certainty of raising the Sum with the Interest by the expiration of it there woud then be a propriety in your borrowing and I shoud feel pleasure in procuring it to you, but really I cannot see that you have any one good end to answer by it; on the contrary I am much misinformed if you were to get £300 to morrow to stop Suits and demands that are already commenced if there would not be £300 more wanting in less than Six Months for the same purpose. So that there appears no probability of its happily ending for as to your promising or expecting to do this and that you must give me leave to say that it is Works and not Words that People will judge from, and where one Man deceives another from time to time his word being disregarded all confidence is lost.
However, after having endeavourd to let you see in what light this matter appears to me and to set forth the evil consequennces of taking money upon these terms I shall conclude with telling you that if you are absolutely determined to prefer this method to any other of procuring present relief I will become your Security to Colo. Mason for Three hundd. pounds on conditions that you do at the same time add other things to my present security that are under no Incumbrance to any Person what so ever and allow me the absolute right and privilege (as you yourself proposd) of disposing of them for ready money to answer Colo. Mason's demand whensoever made and that some Lawyer (Mr. Ellzey I woud choose) shoud draw a Bill of Sale or Instrument of writing to this purpose without running me to any cost that may be authentick and binding; but I once more caution you against a Measure of this kind as it may be destructive of your Estate inasmuch as the money can be paid no otherwise than by an immediate Sale of your Effects (when calld for) and I can see no benefit that will result from the protection. It is for these Reasons and a Conviction that you will be as unwilling then as now, to part from your estate, that I dread the consequences of joining you in such a Bond knowing that after all I have, or can do more will still be required and as little content given this makes me ardently wish that some person or other woud take up my security and pay me the Money that I might be entirely clear of it for I do not want to avail myself of any sort of advantages.
P. S. I have this Instant been informd, that you have declard you paid me all you owed me except abt. £20; does such disingenuity as this deserve any favour at my hands? I think any body might readily answer for you, No.
October 19, 1767.
Sir: I have receivd your Letter of the 15th. Ulto. the contents of which are some what misterious, and stand in need of further explination before I can be satisfied of the Equity of allowing £100 to Colo. Moore with Intt. thereon since Octr. 1758. True it is, that previous to my Marriage, my Wife informd me that she had engaged to purchase things at Mr. Chamberlaynes Sale to the amount of £100; but what was done in consequence of it she knew not altho she had declard her readiness to pay the money at any time when calld upon for that purpose by the late Speaker (who she lookd upon as an acting person in that Affair). Certain it also is that once, if not twice, since my Marriage I have spoke to that Gentleman to know what was done in consequence of her Engagement. What was to be the Issue of it. In short what I had to expect, or apprehend from it; and his answer to the best of my remembrance, was that he coud not well tell what to say about it, or something to this effect; from whence I concluded, and not I think improperly, that I was considered in the light of a Security only, for that Sum when demanded (which in truth I never expected wd. be the case after 9 years silence). How it comes to pass then that Colo. Moore shoud be chargd with it and I have no Intimation thereof in all this time, not withstanding I enquird of the very person who coud best inform me: and why Colo. Moore shoud take upon himself to allow Interest thereon without my privity or consent (who alone was Interested and concerned in the event) I really cannot tell; but so extraordinary it appears, that you will please to let him know that I shall always be ready to settle the matter if we can) in an amicable and friendly manner; that I will strictly comply with whatever honour and justice may demand from my Wife's engagements; but that, I cannot (under present knowledge I have of the Affair) conceive myself bound by honr or good conscience to pay more than the original Sum (of £100 at any rate) as She before Marriage, and I ever since Marriage, have always been ready, and willing to settle and pay to the utmost extent of her promises.89 I am Sir, etc.
[Note 89: William Neale was in King William County, Va.; the text of this letter is entered by Washington upon Neale's letter of Sept. 15, 1767. The original manuscript is in the possession of William Randolph Hearst, to whose courtesy the editor is indebted.]
Mount Vernon, December 14, 1767.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 22d. Ulto. by Post did not reach my hands (being in Frederick County) till a few days ago, and knowing of no oppertunity of conveying an answer to you soon, otherwise than by Post, you will please to receive what follows, by that channel, as my further Sentiments of the Subject you wrote upon.
That I shoud be glad to make the place convenient to you for the sake of having it in the occupation of a good Tenant, and for the gratification of Mrs. Starke who you say is pleasd with its retired situation, I do not scruple to declare; but that I shoud fall from one concession to another in order to obtain these advantages is really not to be expected. Sufficient it ought to be, I think, that I have lowered the Rent from £45 to Thirty five pounds pr. Ann: in order to engage your acceptance of it, and to rid myself of all further trouble about these Lotts till Master Custis comes of Age; and sufficient it might also be to remove any doubts of the unreasonableness of requiring you or any other Person to keep the place in such Tenantable repair as your own conveniency made necessary during that term; for certain it is the considerations of engaging a good Tenant for a length of time and easing myself of all further trouble with the Lotts were my declard motives for abating in the Rent how then it coud be a matter of doubt with you whether I was really in earnest when I insisted upon these Conditions I can not conceive the one being a consequence of the other. As to the advantages and disadvantages of the Brick House you who have examined into them must be a better judge than I who never bestowd a thought upon them, but excepting the House itself (which may be larger) I never apprehended before that it had half the conveniencies of those Lotts you now live on. If they have pray what may the Rent be? for this I presume shoud come into the Acct. However, to put an end to all further Controversy, to remove every future doubt, and to enable you to determine at once of the ulitility of going or staying, I will upon Condition of your keeping the place till Master Custis comes of Age Post and Rail in the Lott (next Summer) in the manner I mentioned to you sometime ago, and allow any Sum not exceeding Ten pounds out of the first Rent (which is as much as you seem to think woud be requird in 7 years an Acct. of which to be renderd) towards making such other repairs as you may find necessary for the benefit and convenience of the place, after which I shall expect that the Lotts and Houses will not only be kept from destruction they have hitherto sustaind but in such decent repair as time &ca. will reasonably admit of and that Leases may pass at our first meeting expressive of these purposes.
If you Incline to continue longer than the year (for which you took the place) upon these terms it is well; if not please to let me know that I may have time to seek out another Tenant. I am Sir, etc.
December --, 1767.
Dear Sir: Having Perusd the Contents of Mr. Bernards Letter Inclosd, I am of Opinion that, if the scope of it is to draw an answer from us (as Executors of Colo. Colrills90 Will) signifying (that as we are not in Cash, and probably shall be sometime without a sufficiency to discharge the several Legacies he has left) that we will, so soon as we can with propriety, pay Mrs. Bernards Fortune to him or his order I shall have no objection to giving such an assurance; because it woud be the most consistent reply we coud make to such a demand if made, and the natural consequence of his Letter; but if any thing more than this is required, I shall, from the light I view it in at present, beg leave to enter my dissent; because I do not see what better, or indeed what other Security we can give than the Testator himself already has given. Or how we who are only the Exrs. of another Mans Will, can adopt any Measure that may anticipate its operation, and be safe in doing so. Whenever the money is raisd it of course becomes due and payable to whomsoever has a right in Mrs. Bernard to demand it; and before this I do not see what more is to be expected of Us than to raise it as fast as we can; this is the light in which the matter appears to me upon a general re-view of it, but I am open to conviction, and shall always recede from error so soon as I am convinced that I am in one. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note 90: Washington had been made an executor of Col. Thomas Colvill's estate. The settlement was an inconvenience and irritation to him for some years. Thomas Colvill was a brother of John, who established himself at Clish, on the lower side of Little Hunting Creek, Va. Thomas moved to Clish from Maryland, on his brother's death, and died there. The settlement of the estate was aggravated by claims of Colvill's relatives in England, who believed the estate to be a rich one.]
Mount Vernon, February 23, 1768.
Gentn. By Captn. Dent bound to the Madeira's (a careful honest Man) and, who will return with his Vessel to this River again, I shoud be obligd to you for sending me a Butt (of about One hundred and fifty Gall'ns) of your choicest Madeira Wine. A Small Box, not exceeding 15 or 20 lbs. of Citron. And, if there is nothing improper, or inconsistent in the request a few setts or cuttings of the Madeira Grape (that kind I mean of which the Wine is made) but if in requiring this last Articles there be any sort of Impropriety I beg that no notice may be taken of it. On Robt. Cary Esqr. & Co. (of London) you will please to draw for Cost of these things, who shall be advertizd thereof by the first oppertunity that may offer.
The Butt of Wine which you sent me by Captn. Montgomery in Augt. 1766 came safe to hand, and will I hope, proove good (having made no use of it yet). By coming safe to hand I woud be understood to mean that it did not appear to have undergone any kind of Adulteration; there was a good deal of ullage indeed, and what I dislikd still more was, a large Tap in the head of the Cask which left me in doubt whether it was done on the Passage (which occasiond the difficiency) or was in the cask before Shipping of it (as the Sailors, who deliverd it to me, affirmd).
Having the Pleasure of Mr. Murrays acquaintance whilst in Virginia, I beg his acceptance of my best wishes if he is returnd to the Island, and am Gentn., etc.
Mount Vernon, February 25, 1768.
Sir: Your not sending me the Goods requird in a Letter of the 2Ist. of July 1766, nor acknowledging the receipt, neither of that Letter, nor one of the 22d. of Septr. following (both of which were sent by the Fryer Captn. Pollard) has given rise to a suspicion (knowg. he got safe home) not altogether favourable to the Character of that Gentleman, which is this, that he has nevr. deld. my Letters nor the Tobo. to you for Reasons easily conceivd from the Copies of those Letters wch. I now send. This is the only way I can acct. for your Silence, hag. never recd. a Line from you since the 22d. of April 1766.
I now Inclose you Captn. Pollards Second Bill of Lading, relying on your kind assistance in transacting the Affair for me. If my Suspicions are well founded, Captn. Pollard has not only treated me very injuriously, but at the sametime acted with a good deal of Ingratitude as I was amg. a very few who did not take advantage of a failure of his (in point of time for his arrival) to withhold my Tobo. from him, but complied strictly with my part of the Contract altho it was inconvenient for me to do so; expecting long, very long before this to have had the Salt and Sacks there Orderd (free from freight accordg. to Engagemt.) for want of wch. I hitherto have, and now do; suffer exceedingly, especially for the latter, wh'h I now beg may be made up 50 and numbered as tho they had Salt in them and were distinct parcels. If on the other hand the Captn. had deld. my Letter, and Tobo. and made good any damage it might have sustaind agreeable to his promise I freely ask his pardon for my uncharitable suspicions w'ch took rise from the causes aforementiond. I am Sir, etc.
By the Eagle Captn. Walker via Whitehaven.
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1768.
Gentn: This Letter will, I expect, be delivered to you by Mr. Walter Magowan, who for many years has livd in my Family a Tutor to Master and Miss Custis, and now comes to England to get admittance into Holy Orders. Any little Civilities therefore which you may occasionally shew him during his short stay there, or assistance give, woud be very obliging as he is perfectly a Stranger, and may need a little Introduction, altho' he comes provided with proper Certificates &ca. to the Bishop.
He has Fifty pounds Sterling due to him on Acct. of his last years Wages which please to pay and charge equally to Master and Miss Custis. Besides this, you will please to advance him any Sum on the particular Acct. of Master Custis not exceeding Forty pounds Sterlg. with which he is to purchase Sundry Books &ca. for the young Gentleman. Mr. Magowan on this head desird he might have a credit to answer the purposes. Whatever money therefore you may advance in consequence of this Order you will please to charge as I have just directed because, I shall know what Sum to Debit each party with, and what to give him Credit for, when I come to settle with Mr. Magowan upon his return, w'ch is intended to be in a very short space of time.
Having a very good oppertunity a fewdays ago directly from my own door to the Madeira and back I desird Messrs. Scott, Pringle, Cheape and Company to send me a Butt of Wine and one or two other trifling things, and draw upon you for the amount which I hope will be paid.
Captn. Johnstown is arrivd, but having been some time in York and James River I have not got any Goods by him, though hourly expect them. At present I shall add nothing more than that I am Gentn. etc.
Alexandria, Virginia, March 10, 1768.
The Executors of Colo. Thomas Colvill, late of Alexandria in Virginia, hereby intend notice to the Parties concernd, that, in the last Will of that Gentleman made Octr. the 8th. 1766 the following clause was inserted, and recorded in the County Court of Fairfax in the Colony aforesaid.
And Whereas &ca., here the whole clause relative to the above Persons was inserted at large.
The Executors as yet, cannot even guess what may be the Surplus money of this Estate, when the Debts (which are of a complicated nature) and Legacies, are dischargd; but as it is more than probable there will be a residue, and there being a time limited for entering the Claims, and prooving the Relationship as above; this Second notice is given to the Parties that they may be timely advisd thereof by.
Note, The above Letter I sent by Mr. W Magowan, when he went to England for Orders; with particular injunctions to put it into the hands of some Person who had corrispondants in Durham, that proper enquiry might be made after these People, and I satisfied with having dischargd my Duty as an Executor.
Williamsburg, May 5, 1768.
Gentn: I have just time before I leave this place to acknowledge the rect. of your Letters of the 22d. of Deer. by Easton, and 1st. of Feby. by Captn. Outram. By the Latter I shall send you all my own Tobo. consisting of 15 Hhds, and about 25 of Master Custis's; on both of which parcels please to ensure £20 pr. Hhd. As the scarcity of Tobo and high prices thereof in the Country are Facts too well known to be doubted of it consequently becomes unnecessary for me to add, that unless the Sales with you are high, we shall be a considerable looser by adhering to our usual custom of assisting your Ships here, this we hope you will endeavour to avoid, and make the advantages reciprocal; at least that we do not suffer by our Attachment to your House.
Herewith you will receive a Bill of Exchange drawn by James Kirk on Messrs. Crosbies and Trafford for £107.10 Sterg. as also two other Bills of Mr. Jno. Wayles's drawing on Messrs. Farrel and Iones of Bristol amounting together to £120 Sterg. which Sums when reed. please to give my Acct. Credit for. At present I shall only add that, I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by Captn. Mitchell.
Williamsburg, May 5, 1768.
Gentn: Your Letters to Master Gustis and myself of the 10th. of Decr. by Captn. Easton are both come to my hands and I have directed Ten Hhds of the young Gentn's. Tobo. to be put on board his Ship to your Address; which, considering the very short crop we made last year is a larger proportion of his Tobo. than you have had yet. On this quantity you will please to Insure £10 pr. Hhd and carry the proceeds to his Credit. Having discontinued the growth of Tobo. myself, except at a Plantation or two upon York River, I make no more of that Article than barely serves to furnish me with Goods, this is the Reason therefore why I send it undivided to Messrs. Cary & Co. as it is from that House I always get the necessaries wanted for my Family's use.
I shoud be very glad if you woud make it an invariable Rule (while our corrispondance in behalf of Mastr. Custis to whom I am Guardian continues) to send me in his Acct. Currt. once a year; this, besides the satisfaction of comparing them with my own Accts. is necessary in Settling my Administration Accts. annually with the Genl. Court. I am Gentn., etc.
This and the above Letter were both intended to go by the Lord Baltimore Captn. Mitchell, but whether they got on board or not I cannot be absolutely certain.
Mr. Vernon, June 6, 1768.
Gentn: My old Chariot havg. run its race, and gone through as many stages as I could conveniently make it travel, is now renderd incapable of any further Service; The intent of this Letter therefore is to desire you will bespeak me a New one, time enough to come out with the Goods (I shall hereafter write for) by Captn. Johnstown, or some other Ship.
As these are kind of Articles, that last with care agst. number of years, I woud willingly have the Chariot you may now send me made in the newest taste, handsome, genteel and light; yet not slight and consequently unserviceable. To be made of the best Seasond Wood, and by a celebrated Workman. The last Importation which I have seen, besides the customary steel springs have others that play in a Brass barrel, and contribute at one and the same time to the ease and Ornament of the Carriage; One of this kind therefore woud be my choice; and Green being a colour little apt, as I apprehend to fade, and grateful to the Eye, I woud give it the preference, unless any other colour more in vogue and equally lasting is entitled to precedency, in that case I woud be governd by fashion. A light gilding on the mouldings that is, round the Pannels) and any other Ornaments that may not have a heavy and tawdry look (together with my Arms agreeable to the Impression here sent) might be added, by way of decoration. A lining of a handsome, lively cold. leather of good quality, I sh'd also prefer, such as green, blew, or &ca., as may best suit the col'r of the outside, Let the box that slips under Seat, be as large as it conveniently can be made (for the benefit of Storage upon a journey), and to have a Pole (not Shafts) for the Wheel Horses to draw by; together with a handsome sett of Harness for four middle sized Horses orderd in such a manner as to suit either two Postilions (without a box) or a box and one Postilion. The box being made to fix on, and take off occasionally, with a hammel Cloth &ca., suitable to the lining. On the Harness let my Crest be engravd.
If such a Chariot as I have here describd ed. be got at 2d. hand little or nothg. the worse of wear, but at the same time a good deal under the first cost of a new one (and sometimes tho perhaps rarely it happens so), it wd. be very desirable; but if I am obligd to go near to the origl. cost I wd. even have one made; and have been thus particular, in hopes of gettg. a handsome Chart. through your direction, good taste, and managt.; not of Copper however, for these do not stand the powerful heat of our sun.93
[Note 93: Vain September, 1768, a chariot was shipped from Christopher Reeves, described in Washington's copy of the invoice as follows:
"To a new handsome Chariot, made of best materials, handsomely carvd, carvd anticks to middle of Pillars, and carvd scrowl Corners to top of Pillars and roof, Batten sides, sweeps of Sides and mouldings rd. the roof carvd with dble ribings, hind battens and fore battens archd and carvd; panneld back and Sides Japand and Polishd, and roof Japand; lined wt. green Morocco Leather trimmed with Cuffoy Lace, an oval behind, a large Trunk under the seat, the bottom coverd with red leather and a handsome carpit to bottom: Plate Glass, diamd cut, handsomely Paintd, the Body and Carridge and whls. paintd a glazd. green; all the framd Work of Body gilt, handsome scrowl, shieIds, Ornamentd. wt. flowers all over the Panls, body and Carridge Oil Varnished, the carridge wt, iron Axletree screwd at ends handsomely carvd scrowl Standds. twisted behind and before, and stays of foot board barrs and beads carvd with scrowls and Paneled; Patent wootin Springs wt. brass sockets; a boot coverd wt. leather, Japand. and garnished, Brass nails, a hand. seat cloth, embroidered with bd wt brd. La: and 2 rows of hande. fringe wt. gimp head, all cornpt. 4 Venetian Patt. Blinds with Mahy. frames; 4 handsome harness bridles, brass Ornamt. pieces, on the Straps, brass arch'd Molden Housg. and Winkers, pollshr. Bitts all compleat; 2 ridg. Sadles, stirps. and Girts; 2 Setts of Splinters and 2 main barrs wt. Ironwork; 2 bass waterg. and Plates with high Rings; 4 high brass rings and 2 Waterg. hooks and Plates; a new covr. made of Green Bays; a strong deal case and casing up the Body."
The cost of the chariot and transportation charges amounted to £315.13.6.]
Inclosd you will receive a Bill of Excha. on Laughlin Maccleane Esqr. for £302 Sterg.94 out of wch. this Chart. may be paid for, and the Balle. accrd. to the Credit of my Acct. Currt. At the same time you prest. the Bill be pleasd to deliv'r the Letter also. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note 94: This amount was the repayment by Capt. Robert Stewart, in Jamaica, of the loan made him by Washington in 1763.]
P. S. The Orig'l of this was sent by the Keith to Glosgow and the Copies by Captn. Johnstown.
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1768.
Gentn: Having wrote several times to you of late I have the less to say in this Letter, the principal design of which is to inclose Invoices of such Good as are wanted for this River; those for York I must take some other oppertunity of forwarding as Mr. Valentine has not yet sent me a list of those Articles we may want for the Plantation under his care.
The Reason I proposd (in my Letter of the 20th. of July last year) that so much of Master Custis's Money as was necessary for paying the Duties of his Tobacco shoud be applied to that purpose was on a presumption that it woud proove advantageous to him. And this I was led into a belief of as the readiest method of a counting for Mr. Hanbury's Sales out stripping yours in the manner they did for Tobacco's of the same Crop and as we thought of inferior quality. However, as you can determine with much more precission which of the two modes woud be most benificial to his Interest, that of allowing the Duties of his Tobo. or Interest on his money I shall leave it to your decision not doubting of your readiness of determining for the best.
In your last of the 12th. of March I perceive that 9 Hhds of our Tobo. were upon hand unsold, but as the Markets were daily advancing you dispaird not of selling them at 11½, you further added that as the whole were sold at 11 and 11½ great Accts. woud consequently be rendered. I cannot pretend to say what may be the amount of these Accts., but this I can affirm that I coud have got £10 Bills of Excha. for every thousd. Weight of Tobo. (by the Inspection notes) and this clear of Insurance, Freight, Commissions, and every incident charge which the Shippers is subjected to. If the Sales therefore do not turn out equivalent to this I loose the difference and can moreover affirm, with equal truth that I have lost (at least) four years out of five by my consignments having better prices offered in the Country than my Tobo. has sold for in England which is not only discouraging but almost sufficient to bring about a change in the System of my management. And I cannot help adding that I was sorry to hear you speak of Tobacco daily advancing after our's was disposed off. That Tobacco woud rise and sell almost as high as it ever had done was as clear to me as the Sun in its meridian height which was the Reason that induced me in my Letter of the 20 of July aforementioned to recommend deliberation in the Sales, especially if your Acct. of the Crops upon York and lames River corrisponded with mine. True it is 11d. and 11½ are good prices, but 12d. is better and I am much misinformd if there has not come in several Accts. of this kind every one therefore who consigns is willing to have the most that can be made of the Article of that Commerce from which their support is principally derived.
I shoud be obligd to you for directing the Chariot I wrote for in my last, to be packed up in a very secure manner before it is put on Ship board, as they are very apt to get a pannel split or some other damage with out it. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by Captn. Buddicum to Liverpool
Virginia, June 20, 1768.
Mr. Lawrence: This is to desire you will send me a Suit of handsome Cloth Cloaths. I have no doubts but you will choose a fashionable coloured Cloth as well as a good one and make it in the best taste to sit easy and loose as Cloaths that are tight always look aukward and are uneasy to the Wearer. As I have sent you my measure once or twice I presume you can be at no loss for want of one but I think you have generally sent my Cloaths too short and sometimes too tight for which Reason I think it necessary again to mention that I am full six feet high which may be a good direction to you as to the length and as I am not at all inclind to be corpulent you might easily come at my size even if your measure of me shoud be lost, let the Breeches be made long.
You are also desired to send the following Cloaths for Mastr. Custis, to wit, a handsome Suit of fashionable Cloth. Also a riding dress of green Cloth, and two Suits of fine Jean's; the Cloaths you sent him last year fit very well except the Sleeves wh'ch are 4 Inches at least too short; but you must make allow'e for his grow. since those were made he being now 15 yrs. of age and growing fast. Let the Jean Suits be without Linings. I shoud be glad if you woud have his Breches made rather long, and get him a pair of Leather Breeches as you can direct the size, and likewise send for his Man a Suit a blew Livery, the Servt. is abt. five feet 8 Inches high and Slender. Robt. Cary Esqr. & Co. will pay the respective Acct. and you must make them out distinct. I am Sir, etc.
Virginia, June 20, 1768.
Sir: You will please to send me the following Shoes and charge them respectively. I have also sent my measure for a pair of light thin Boots for Summer wear which let come with the Shoes. As it will save me the trouble of preparing a fresh measure every time I may have occasion for new Boots I shoud be glad if you woud keep the measure now sent, by you.
As Mrs. Washington's Shoes (last sent) did not fit her well She now sends her Measure again, and desires I will add that they were made out of bad materials having no last in them. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1768.
Sir: Your Letter of the 16th. of July 1767 accompanied with 25 Bags of Salt came to my hands sometime in April last after I had given over all expectation of receiving this Supply from you and after I had laid in a Stock from a Liverpool Ship (in this River) abt. a month before.
I think I have great cause to complain of this delay, but the most aggravating circumstances attending the disappointment arc that scarcely any of the Sacks containd four Bushels (which I conceive they ought to have done) and not one of the Bags worth a Shilling, nor ever coud be as no two being alike, some extremely wide, others very narrow, and all, or mostly all, made of old, slaizy, and patchd Cloth. That I was more at a loss to Acct. for the detention of it from July till April (notwithstanding the Ship went to Baltimore) and for the ordinary quality of the Bags, without Marks or numbers, when both were expressly desired; and when, to get good, exceeding good ones, was almost the soul motive which induced me to send for the Salt, is easy to be imagined, and woud readily have been admitted as sufficient Reason for rejecting the whole; however this I did not do, but have acquiesced under the disappointment and loss, in hopes I may never be subjected to the like Inconvenience again.95
[Note 95: The salt, of course, could be used for pickling fish.]
I am obligd to you for the part you acted in respect to the Tobacco Ships in Pollard. I expected it woud come to a poor Market, being well convinced of the damage it had sustaind in the Country; which, had I consulted my own Interest, the Captn. ought to have paid for here, or taken the Tobacco upon himself, paying me the Country price for it, which woud have amounted to £50 Curry. (equal to £40 Sterlg.) indeed of £26.17.3½ which I have got. I shoud be glad to have your Accts. Currt. regularly rendered, especially with Master Custis, as his are necessary to my annual Settlement with our General Court. I am Sir, etc.
Sent by Capt. Buddicum
June 28, 1768.
Madam: If the most solemn asseverations of a man are sufficient to give credit to his report. If the honor and veracity of a Gentleman are things sacred enough to extort the truth, we have all the reasons imaginable to conclude that Doctr. Savage is entirely ignorant of the part you act in respect to the bond given in Trust to Mr. Fairfax and myself for your use; because these several assurances he has given, of your willingness (if he can form any opinion from your words) to release him from the condition of it, and that it is not only with your approbation he makes the demand, but in consequence of your repeated requests that he does it. Consider then, I beseech you, the tendency of such conduct, and in what light (under these circumstances) our refusal must appear; what difficulties you throw upon Mr. Fairfax and myself to account for the motives of our conduct, if the true motive, and which in fact may prove the only justifiable one, lyes longer concealed. True it is we did refuse, (at our last Court) to execute a Deed of releasment which was presented to us with your privy Examination annexed; and assigned, at that time, two reasons for doing so; the one, an apprehension that the trust cou'd not be legally dissolved, the other, a persuasion that however things might be in appearance, yet we could not conceive that the relinquishing such a provision coud be agreeable to you, in short that we had some reasons to believe it was not: In answer to the latter, the Doctor appealed to the evidence of your public examination, and to the reiterated private acknowledgements which you had made him, for his belief, at least, of your willingness to give up the Bond: and to satisfy in respect to the other point, he said a Mr. Mercer had already given his opinion, and offered to procure that of any other we might choose, to evince the propriety of the measure; but it was unnecessary, indeed it wou'd have been very disengenuous, to run him to this expence, when we were well convinced, there was another, and more effectual bar to his desires; and therefore evaded the offer 'till we could inform you of our hope and expectation, that you wou'd become a little more frank in your declaration to the Doctr., as it is requisite, as well for our justification, as to avoid any litigeous consequences which may follow, to let the Doctor know from whence our denial proceeds. Indeed it becomes more immediately necessary to do so at this time, because the first payment of the Bond being due and demandable, I have with the advice of Mr. Fairfax wrote for it accordingly for the purposes therein expressed, which of course must bring things to a full explanation.
Upon the whole, we (I say we, because I have reasons to believe that Mr. Fairfax and myself are in the same sentiments) recommend to your consideration, that there are but two Plea's that can justify our holding fast this Bond, if one of them be removed, and it is a natural presumption, that the Doctor (if he has already been advised by so able a judge as Mr. Mercer, that it can) will spare no pains to accomplish it; the whole stress will then fall upon the others, i.e. upon your assent: how we are to act in that case, and have a conduct suspected of double dealing, or chargeable with disingenuity can stand the test of examination, your own Breast is to determine, for my share I am, desireous of acting an open and consistent part throughout the whole, desirous whilst I am resisting the solicitations on one hand, to have good reasons to account for my conduct on the other. I am, Madam, etc.
June 28, 1768.
Sir: In compliance with the Bond given to Mr. Fairfax and myself, as Trustees for the use of Mrs. Savage, we think it incumbent on us to request payment of the sum therein stipulated, for the purposes therein expressed. This demand we are induced to make, on full conviction that it is not in our power to release the Bond (of which, possibly, you may hereafter be convinced) without forfeiting the Trust with which we are invested; these are also the sentiments of Mr. Fairfax, and it is with his approbation and desire I now make demand of the £100 due last January. I am, Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1768.
Madam: Your Note without name or date to it I have just now received by your Maid. The contents knowing it to be your hand writing) I shall communicate to Mr. Fairfax, and concur with him, in pursuing such measures for recovery of the money, as the Bond directs; in the meantime, I beg you will be settled in your purposes, and no longer tantalize Doctor Savage, by giving him expectations of your surrendering the Bond, when you are fully resolved he never shall possess it. This becomes absolutely necessary, as, from hence forward I shall not scruple to devulge the reasons for my refusal, that my conduct may not stand the reproach of insincerety or want of candour. I am Madam, etc.
[Note 96: Boucher was in Caroline County, Md., at this date.]
Stafford Cty, September 4, 1768.
Rev'd Sir: Mastr. Custis was so much disordered by an intermitting fever, attended with billeous vomittings, that we were obligd (whilst in Westmoreland) to send for Doctr. Mortimen97 to him. He is now better, but not clear of slow fevers, and very weak and low (being much reduced) which induces his Mamma to take him home with us, till he is perfectly restored. His man comes with advice of this matter, and to fetch such parts of his cloathing etc. as he wants. Our compliments attend Mrs. Boucher and yourself, I am, dr. Sir,
[Note 97: There is record of Doctor Mortimer visiting Mount Vernon after the Revolution.]
[P. S.] Jacky informs us...he apprehended...were to leave...or out of the...situation was subject...they are to return.98
[Note 98: The manuscript of the P. S. is badly mutilated. The editor is indebted to Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J., for the text of this letter. His valuable and extensive collection of Washington letters, one of the largest and most important in private hands, has been freely drawn upon, and Judge Armstrong's patriotic generosity is warmly acknowledged.]
[Note 1: One of the founders of Alexandria, Va. A warm friendship existed between Washington and Ramsay, who came to America from Scotland. He married Ann McCarty, a relative of Washington's mother. One of his sons, William, was a surgeon in the Continental Army, and Dennis, another son. was mayor of Alexandria.]
Mount Vernon January 29, 1769.
Dear Sir: Frequently as I have seen you of late, I have always forgot to inform you, that Mr. Adam, on whom I have depended for money, declare's his inability of supplying me; it is not only out of my power therefore to furnish you and Mr. Fairfax with the sum asked, but to comply with sundry engagements of my own; for both of which I am really sorry.
Having once or twice of late hear you Speak highly in praise of the Jersey College, as if you had a desire of sending your Son William there (who I am told is a youth fond of study and instruction, and disposed to a sedentary studious life; in following of which he may not only promote his own happiness, but the future welfare of others) I shou'd be glad, if you have no other objection to it than what may arise from the expence, if you wou'd send him there as soon as it is convenient and depend on me for Twenty five pounds this Currency a year for his support so long as it may be necessary for the completion of his Education. If I live to see the accomplishment of this term, the sum here stipulated shall be annually paid, and if I die in the mean while, this letter shall be obligatory upon my Heirs or Executors to do it according to the true intent and meaning hereof. No other return is expected, or wished for this offer, than that you will accept it with the same freedom and good will with which it is made, and that you may not even consider it in the light of an obligation, or mention it as such; for be assur'd that from me it will never be known. I am, &c.
[Note 2: Mason lived at Gunston Hall, Fairfax County, on the Potomac, just below Mount Vernon, and was possibly the greatest constitutionalist produced by Virginia. He was the author of the Virginia nonimportation resolutions of 1769, the Fairfax resolutions of 1774, and the Virginia bill of rights, 1776. Washington highly respected his judgment.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1769.
Dear Sir: Herewith you will receive a letter and Sundry papers which were forwarded to me a day or two ago by Doctor Ross of Bladensburg.3 I transmit them with the greater pleasure, as my own desire of knowing your sentiments upon a matter of this importance exactly coincides with the Doctors inclinations.
[Note 3: The papers forwarded by Dr. David Ross consist of Mason's draft of a proposed nonimportation association in Virginia (which was unanimously adopted by the burgesses in private meeting (May 18, 1769), after they had been dissolved by Governor Botetourt); a letter from the merchants and traders of Philadelphia (Mar. 15, 1769) to merchants and traders in other Colonies; agreements entered into by the merchants of Philadelphia (Feb. 6 and Mar. 10, 1769); the reply of the merchants of Annapolis, Md. (March, 1769); and a circular letter (Mar. 25, 1769) from the Annapolis merchants to merchants elsewhere. Washington evidently was unaware at that time of Mason's authorship of the nonimportation association. These papers are in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
At a time when our lordly Masters in Great Britain will be satisfied with nothing less than the deprication of American freedom, it seems highly necessary that some thing shou'd be done to avert the stroke and maintain the liberty which we have derived from our Ancestors; but the manner of doing it to answer the purpose effectually is the point in question.
That no man shou'd scruple, or hesitate a moment to use a-ms in defence of so valuable a blessing, on which all the good and evil of life depends; is clearly my opinion; yet A-ms I wou'd beg leave to add, should be the last resource; the denier resort. Addresses to the Throne, and remonstrances to parliament, we have already, it is said, proved the inefficacy of; how far then their attention to our rights and priviledges is to be awakened or alarmed by starving their Trade and manufactures, remains to be tryed.
The northern Colonies, it appears, are endeavouring to adopt this scheme. In my opinion it is a good one, and must be attended with salutary effects, provided it can be carried pretty generally into execution; but how far it is practicable to do so, I will not take upon me to determine. That there will be difficulties attending the execution of it every where, from clashing interests, and selfish designing men (ever attentive to their own gain, and watchful of every turn that can assist their lucrative views, in preference to any other consideration) cannot be denied; but in the Tobacco Colonies where the Trade is so diffused, and in a manner wholly conducted by Factors for their principals at home, these difficulties are certainly enhanced, but I think not insurmountably increased, if the Gentlemen in their several Counties wou'd be at some pains to explain matters to the people, and stimulate them to a cordial agreement to purchase none but certain innumerated Articles out of any of the Stores after such a period, not import nor purchase any themselves. This, if it did not effectually withdraw the Factors from their Importations, wou'd at least make them extremely cautious in doing it, as the prohibited Goods could be vended to none but the non-associator, or those who wou'd pay no regard to their association; both of whom ought to be stigmatized, and made the objects of publick reproach.
The more I consider a Scheme of this sort, the more ardently I wish success to it, because I think there are private, as well as public advantages to result from it; the former certain, however precarious the other may prove; for in respect to the latter I have always thought that by virtue of the same power (for here alone the authority derives) which assume's the right of Taxation, they may attempt at least to restrain our manufactories,; especially those of a public nature; the same equity and justice prevailing in the one case as the other, it being no greater hardship to forbid my manufacturing, than it is to order me to buy Goods of them loaded with Duties, for the express purpose of raising a revenue. But as a measure of this sort will be an additional exertion of arbitrary power, we cannot be worsted I think in putting it to the Test. On the other hand, that the Colonies are considerably indebted to Great Britain, is a truth universally acknowledged. That many families are reduced, almost, if not quite, to penury and want, from the low ebb of their fortunes, and Estates daily selling for the discharge of Debts, the public papers furnish but too many melancholy proofs of. And that a scheme of this sort will contribute more effectually than any other I can devise to immerge the Country from the distress it at present labours under, I do most firmly believe, if it can be generally adopted. And I can see but one set of people (the Merchants excepted) who will not, or ought not, to wish well to the Scheme; and that is those who live genteely and hospitably, on clear Estates. Such as these were they, not to consider the valuable object in view, and the good of others, might think it hard to be curtail'd in their living and enjoyments; for as to the penurious Man, he saves his money, and he saves his credit, having the best plea for doing that, which before perhaps he had the most violent struggles to refrain from doing. The extravagant and expensive man has the same good plea to retrench his Expences. He is thereby furnished with a pretext to live within bounds, and embraces it, prudence dictated oeconomy to him before, but his resolution was too weak to put in practice; for how can I, says he, who have lived in such and such a manner change my method? I am ashamed to do it; and besides such an alteration in the system of my living, will create suspicions of a decay in my fortune, and such a thought the World must not harbour; I will e'en continue my course: till at last the course discontinues the Estate, a sale of it being the consequence of his perseverance in error. This I am satisfied is the way that many who have set out in the wrong tract, have reasoned, till ruin stares them in the face. And in respect to the poor and needy man, he is only left in the same situation he was found; better I might say, because as he judges from comparison his condition is amended in proportion as it approaches nearer to those above him.
Upon the whole therefore, I think the Scheme a good one, and that it ought to be tryed here, with such alterations as the exigency of our circumstances render absolutely necessary; but how, and in what manner to begin the work, is a matter worthy of consideration, and whether it can be attempted with propriety, or efficacy (further than a communication of sentiments to one another) before May, when the Court and Assembly will meet together in Williamsburg, and a uniform plan can be concerted, and sent into the different counties to operate at the same time, and in the same manner every where, is a thing I am somewhat in doubt upon, and shou'd be glad to know your opinion of. I am Dr. Sir, etc.4
[Note 4: The following is an extract from Mason's reply to this letter, dated the same day:
"I entirely agree with you, that no regular plan of the sort proposed can be entered into here, before the meeting of the General Court at least, if not of the Assembly; when a number of Gentlemen, from the different parts of the Country, will have an Opportunity of conferring together, and acting in concert; in the mean Time it may be necessary to publish something preparatory to it in our Gazettes, to warn the people at least of the impending Danger, and induce them the more readily and cheerfully to concur in the proper Measures to avert it; and something of this Sort I had begun, but am unluckily stopped by a Disorder, which affects my Head and Eyes in such a Manner, that I am totally incapable of Business proceeding from a slight Colds checking an Attack of Erisipelas or St. Anthony's Fire (a Complaint I am very subject to) so soon as I am able, I shall resume it, and then write you more fully or endeavour to see you; in the mean Time pray commit to Writing such Hints as may occur.
"Our All is at Stake, and the little Conveniencys and Comforts of Life, when set in Competition with our Liberty, ought to be rejected, not with Reluctance, but with Pleasure: Yet it is plain, that in the Tobacco Colonys We can't at present confine our Importations within such narrow Bounds, as the Northern Colonies. A plan of this kind, to be practicable, must be adapted to our Circumstances; for if not steadily executed, it had better have remained unattempted. We may retrench all Manner of Superfluitys, Finery of all Denominations, and confine ourselves to Linnens, Woollens, &c. not exceeding a certain price: it is amazing how much this (if adopted in all the Colonys) would lessen the American Imports, and distress the various Traders and Manufacturers in Great Britain.
"This woud awaken their Attention; they would see, they would feel, the Oppressions We groan under, and exert themselves to procure Us Redress: this once obtain'd, We shou'd no longer discontinue our Importations, confining ourselves still not to import any Article, that shou'd hereafter be taxed by Act of Parliament for raising a Revenue in America; for, however singular I may be in my Opinion, I am thoroughly convinced, that (Justice and Harmony happily restored) it is not the Interest of these Colonies to refuse British Manufactures: Our supplying our Mother-Country with gross Materials, and taking her Manufactures in Return, is the true Chain of connection between Us; these are the Bands, which, if not broken by Oppression, must long hold Us together, by maintaing a constant Reciprocation of Interest; Proper Caution shou'd, therefore, be used in drawing up the proposed plan of Association. It may not be amiss to let the Ministry understand, that, until We obtain a Redress of Grievances, We will withhold from them our Commoditys, and particularly refrain from making Tobacco, by which the Revenue would lose fifty times more than all their Oppressions cou'd raise here.
"Had the Hint I have given with regard to the Taxation of Goods imported into America, been thought of by our Merchants before the Repeal of the Stamp Act, the late American Revenue Acts wou'd probably never have been attempted."
The original letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, p. 342.
The assembly in May was the first that met after the arrival of Lord Botetourt as governor. The burgesses agreed upon an address to the King, which Governor Botetourt disapproved and dissolved the assembly. The dismissed burgesses reassembled in the Apollo room of the Raleigh Tavern and drew up the Virginia Non-Importation Association. Washington was on the drafting committee and notes expenses, in his accounts, arising therefrom. Spark's note on this letter calls attention to the variation of Mason's draft of the association in the Washington Papers from the printed text in Burk's History of Virginia, vol. 3, p. 345.]
Mount Vernon, June 6, 1769.
Sir: As you did not come down to our April Court according to promise, or according to your own expectation, I shoud be glad to know if you have considered anything further of the matter I mention'd to you at your own House.
The Slipe of Land which I then proposd to buy, is in my opinion, the most indifferent part of your Tract, because one half of it is cold wet ground, and the other half Stony Hill sides; but as it lyes upon my Line, and is pretty well stockd (that is the Wood part of it) with Rail timber, it woud answer the end for which I want it, as well as better. Nor woud my purchase of this small piece injure the Sale, or settlement of the residue, as you may see by the Plat Inclosd, which leaves the remainder in a very pretty figure and mostly upon the Hills where the level and tendable Land chiefly lyes for I woud take it in a long Square from the Creek to Mr. Russells Line adjoining my own, and either 60, 70, or 80 rod wide as you yourself might choose.
For this piece I woud pay you ready money, and as a security against any consequences which might result from Mr. Russells claim (under old Robt. Johnson) I woud take a Bond from you to refund me the neat sum which I shd. pay in case of a recovery (which is putting it upon the most favourable Issue imaginable for you as few others I presume woud take any thing less than a general Warrantee) by which means you woud have the use of my Money whilst I had the use of your Land and I am much mistaken if the Interest of it is not more than an equivalent for the Rent of the Loggd Cabin below the Hill.
I send this Letter upon purpose in hopes that you will favour me with a definitive answer because I have just come to a resolution of rebuilding my Mill, and fitting her for Mercht. Work and till the Mill wright comes up to the lay of the spot to fix her in (which will be on thursday or friday next from Fredericksburg Fair) I do not know but there may be a more convenient place found by drawing the Water from my present Pond a long a Race to a spot on the Creek so near to your Line as to be incommoded by it; for this Reason therefore and for the sake of Rail Timber more convenient than I at present have it I am inclind to make what I think a generous offer at once for this slipe of Land and that is a pistole an Acre; this sum when compard with the Land, when compard with the times, for let it be rememberd, that the Scarcity of our money at this juncture is such as to have raisd it in value almost equal to Sterling, whereas the time Doctr. Cockburne inclind to buy the Land, he coud have paid a hund'd pound Curry. with about £60 Sterg. and now I cannot do it with £80 Sterg. which makes a very material difference and causd me to add as above that this price compard with the Land and the times, must be th't a very gen's offer.
Perhaps you may imagine by my wanting to hurry you into an answer, that I have heard of some other Person or Person's who may want to buy it, and woud give this or a greater price; but you may rely upon it when I assure you upon my word and honour that I know of no such thing further than you yourself mentioned to me. I have no other Reason's for applying to you at this time than what I have candidly declard; on the contrary, I do know, that it is a general receivd opinion that there never will be the same price offered for the Land again, which Doctr. Cockburn talkd of giving for it in order to get fixd in this neighbourhood, for I know that that was his motive for offering such a price, and the Reason why I have straind the point is to see if the matter can be brought to a conclusion at once as it is, not worth my while in so trifling a purchase as 70, 80, or an 100 Acres to be hegling for a few pounds. I am Sir, etc.5
[Note 5: West sold this land to Washington, whose statements of the value of the land to him are fairly confirmed by the fact that his accounts show he parted with some of it to George William Fairfax in 1772.]
Mount Vernon, June 11, 1769.
Sir: Hearing by your Son Price, and perceiving by the Maryland Gazette that you are again entered into the Estate of Matrimony I wish you joy.
Your Affairs in this County having now come to a Crisis, I am under a necessity of reminding you of matters as they stand between Us; and hope you will consider them with that attention and care which the Subject deserves.
You will no doubt be informd by your Sons, that every thing which is not under Security to me hath been attached. Many of them sold, and the rest on the point of selling; It remains however for me to add, that, some of the Effects which were Included in your Bill of Sale to me, have under gone the same fate, and many of the others continually wasting by various and unforseen Accidents. That Colo. Mason hath several times spoke to me on Acct. of your Bond (to which I am Security) since he wrote to you himself; and I shoud presume, must now have greater Calls for the money than he himself apprehended, inasmuch as he has been disappointed of receiving £350 of the Publick for his executed Negroes; but as I have not seen him since my return from Williamsburg, this is the result of my own Conjectures only. That Mr. Ross and others have brought a Bill in Chancery against you and me, to compel a Sale of your Estate (under Engagements to me) and which, in a Court or two, I expect will be finally decreed. And lastly, that whilst others are adopting the most short and easy method of obtaining their Money, I, by forbearance am not only lying out of mine (which I really stand in need of) but am Subjected in how to pay Colo. Mason's demand whensoever he shall say he can wait no longer; And moreover, by the Deminution of the Goods, which by one means or another are greatly lessen'd, I may, if some speedy steps are not taken to raise money to discharge my demand, be a considerable looser by that forbearance and Indulgence, which was meant as a favour to you, without you or yours, gaining any thing by it; as I coud easily demonstrate were I to set myself about it.
It is not at all probable; however, lest you shoud entertain any thoughts of redeeming your Estate in Virginia by a Sale of what you have lately acquired in Maryland, you will permit me to observe, that if it was for your Interest to do so, there is an effectual bar put to every attempt of that kind (for sometime to come) by the Bill in Chancery brought by James Chetton (which appears by the Gazette) against your pres't Wife, her Sister &ca. in behalf of Messrs. Sedgley and Hilhouse for Subjecting the real Estate of Robt. Idair (for want of suff't Personal Estate) to the payment of his Debts. But admitting that you coud raise wherewithal to do it, a moments consideration must convince you, that your Land in this Neck is of no value to you as a Seat to live on, since it is seperated from that which you held in right of your late Wife; and, as you will most assuredly loose the Six Acres with the Improvements thereon which you bought of Mr. Marshall (it being the concurrant opinion of the Lawyers, and every body else that I have heard speak of it, that Mr. West has an undoubted right to it) I say then, as distinct from other Land and as having neither Timber, Fencing, nor Firing upon it, It is of no other value than what it will sell for; this reason therefore in my opinion if no other existed, is sufficient to turn your thoughts another way. And having given you this short, and I flatter myself just state of the thing, and of your Affairs in general on this side of the Water, I am Inclind to make you a proposal, In which if I am not explicit enough to be clearly understood, I must refer you to Mr. Lund Washington (who is acquainted with my Sentiments on the matter) for further explanation.
As I have endeavourd to shew you, that the 200 Acres of Land which you bought of my Broth'r Charles considered distinctly from those of Mr. Wests, and the Slipe on which your dwelling House stands will never answer for a Seat; I have now desired Lund Washington to ask what you woud take for it, delivering me possession immediately; He knowing the extent of my price, and being desired also to talk more fully to you on this, and some other matters, than I have time or recollection to mention in this Letter. One principal reason however for my wanting to know for a certainty, if I can purchase the Land, and get it at this time I shall candidly own to you, and this is it. I have it now in my power to Rent out some Lands which I hold near Williamsburg but durst not do it, nor give the Overseers on it notice to go of, unless I coud be upon a certainty of a place (in this Neighbourhood, where I want to draw all my force to) to put some of the Hands upon; there being too many to distribute among my other Quarters, and again, I shoud like to be making some preparations, and alterations on the place (agreeable to my own fancy) between this and the Fall for the Lands, and Crop.
Perhaps you may say, how is possession to be given when I have a Crop now growing on the Premises? This objection is easily removd: And as I conceive may turn out much to your advantage, I mean by a Sale of the Crop as it stands upon the Ground, the value of which may be ascertaind in one or t'other of these three ways, either by an agreement between ourselves, by the valuation of three Sensible and honest Men, Or, by setting it up to the highest bidder as it is growing. And that I may not appear to advance any thing without assigning reasons for it, I will explain what I meant by saying, that a Sale of the Crop in this manner (and in short of every thing that is containd in the Bill of Sales, at an early day) might turn to your advantage. In the first place then; if you coud with the greatest ease and convenience imaginable, Cut your Grain, and pull your Corn, I have but too much reason to believe, that both will be attached so soon as it happens; and by this means, and the neglect and waste, that consequently follows, the proceeds of either, woud turn to very little Acct. In the next place, Hanson informs me that in a very few days your People will be without bread, at present the Horses have nothing to eat; and how a Crop is to be made under these Circumstances, is beyond my management to discover. Again, if you can dispose of your Crop, as it now stands, to any tolarable advantage, the expences, and Inconveniences which are here pointed out, are avoided, your Negroes and other things will be then sold at once, and but a very little while perhaps before the Court may decree it; and at a time (it being about Market) when money is easily obtaind; which will be better in my opinion, than to make two Sales; for one must be made to raise money for Colo. Mason, if he will wait no longer, unless you intend to let me suffer in this matter, which I hope, and am convinced, you do not; the Articles therefore from which this Money of Colo. Masons is to be rais'd are such, (if sold) as to put an end to any further progress in the Crop; Horses, Carts, &ca. constituting a principal part of the Money.
These therefore are the Reasons which I offer in support of my opinion but as it is the Land which I have principally in view at this time, and for the Reasons mentioned, I should be glad to know your Ultimate determination in respect to it, even if you shoud not Incline to deliver possession till the Fall; because, a certain knowledge of what I have to depend upon, is to fix my own conduct in respect to the removal of my People from below; any agreement therefore which you and Lund Washington may come to on this head, will be binding on me. But it may not be amiss to observe, that no private agreement which even you and I can make, will be valid unless Mr. Ross accedes thereto; but as I am willing to give a greater price at this time for the Land (in order to put myself upon a certainty) than I am sure Mr. Ross expects it will sell at, there is no doubt of his readily agreeing to it, however it would be a good way to say nothing of it as yet to him, or any body else, till matters coud be properly prepared. It may not be amiss to observe also, that nothing more than a conditional agreement coud be made for the Crop; for if Mr. West recovers possession before it is gatherd, it goes with the Land for by this you may perceive, I mean to Include your whole Crops; as well that w'ch grows on Mr. Wests Land, as your own, that your Negroes maybe entirely disengag'd; But as the Crop is a matter I am by no means anxious abt., I only proposed it for your consideration; and to shew that by this method, wh'ch had a good deal of eligibility in it to me, you might remove every obstruction to a Sale, and dispose of the whole at once. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1769.
Gentn: Inclosd you will receive Invoices of Goods wanted for myself and Master Custis for this place and our Plantations on York River, as also for Miss Custis which I beg may be sent by Captn. Johnstoun if the Orders gets to hand in time, if not by any other Vessel bound to this River. But if there are any Articles containd in either of the respective Invoices (Paper only excepted) which are Tax'd by Act of Parliament for the purpose of Raising a Revenue in America, it is my express desire and request, that they may not be sent, as I have very heartly enterd into an Association (Copies of which, I make no doubt you have seen otherwise I shoud have Inclosed one) not to Import any Article which now is or hereafter shall be Taxed for this purpose untill the said Act or Acts are repeal'd. I am therefore particular in mentioning this matter as I am fully determined to adhere religiously to it, and may perhaps have wrote for some things unwittingly which may be under these Circumstances.
Many of your Letters lying before me I shall take notice of such parts of them as require answering and shall begin with Mr. McLean because the trouble you have had with him on my Acct. deserves my particular acknowledgments; but even here, I hope there is but little occasion to be explicit, as he will undoubtedly have paid the Money before this Letter can get to hand. True it is, the Draft arose in consequence of a Debt, due to me from Colo. Robt. Stewart, and as true it is, that I shoud have been unwilling to have done any thing that might have distressed that Gentleman; but surely Mr. McLean will not pretend to say, that there was not time to have rectified the mistake he attributes the Non-payment to, between the hour of his Acceptance of the Bill and the date of your Letter of the first of March. Certain I am it woud give Colo. Stewart a good deal of uneasiness to think I had met with any obstacle in receiving the Money as I lent it to him five or Six years ago without Security and without Interest, having nothing but the Word of a Gentleman of no Estate to repay it to me again.
I observe what you have mentioned in a Letter of the 12th. of August, last year in respect to the payment of the Duties of Master Custis's Tobo. and not doubting the justice of the Remark, I have only to add, that I shall confide in your pursuing such measures as appears most conducive (under the change of Circumstances which are often happening) to his Interest.
By a Letter which I have just received from Mr. Jos'h Valentine I am informd that 37 Hhds of Mast'r Custis's Tobo. and all mine amounting to 17 Hhds are put on board Captn. Peterson to your Address, on both which parcels you will please to Insure Ten pounds pr. Hhds. I have no Tobo. on this River, having made none for two or three years past and believe I never shall again. There is in my opinion, a very great appearance of another short Crop of Tobo. owing to several concurrant Causes, but more especially to a Drought which has been severely felt in most parts of the Country during the whole Month of June, part of May, and till the middle of this Instt.
I am oblig'd to you for your notice of Mr. Magowan, who is now returnd and got fixed in a valuable living in the Province of Maryland not far from this place. As it is probable I shall have occasion to draw upon you at the next October Genl. Court for some part (perhaps four, five, or Six hundred pounds) of Master Custis's Money, I take this oppertunity of mentioning of it to you and am Gentn., etc.
* ... * ... * ... * ... *
3 pr. plain and strong Steel Nut Crackers
* ... * ... * ... * ... *
1 large huntg. Horn bound tight round
with sml. brass Wire from one end to the
other and sec'd in such a man'r as to prev't the Wires Slipping
50 best Sack Bags, Markd GW and nd. from
1 to 50
* ... * ... * ... * ... *
As handsome a fowling piece 3½ feet
in the Barl. as can be bot. for 3 Guins.
* ... * ... * ... * ... *
Mount Vernon, July 26, 1769.
Sir: In answer to your Letter of yesterday, I must inform you that I am not a little surprizd, that you shoud begin now to tell me, that Colo. Mason's10 claim will be satisfied "you hope" by the middle of October without pointing out at the same time the ways and means by which you intend to do it; when you know, that he premptorily demanded payment of the Money by the 10th. of April last, and that it was upon the express conditions of your raising it immediately when calld for, that I joind you in a Bond to him. Can the Circumstances of my entering into this securityship be so soon forgot then? Can't you call to Mind the conversation's that pass'd between you and me at the time you were Importuning me to become your Bondsman? Do you not remember what I told you on that
[Note 10: George Mason, of Gunston Hall, Va.] occasion, to wit, that it was only to put of the evil day, and that whenever Colo. Mason calld for his Money (which might be equally unexpected and inconvenient for you to pay) that you woud have the same objection to parting with any part of your Estate to raise it as at that present moment? And do you not recollect the answer you made to all this, namely, that you were at that time in Custody of the Sheriff, that matter's coud not well be worse with you, and that you woud be Sacraficed if the things shoud not be immediately sold to raise the Money when ever it was demanded?
What then did all these promises and Protestations mean? Were they intended for no other purpose than to deceive a Man, who had discovered by every means in his power an Inclination to serve you, and your Family with the best advice he was capable of giving, and with his purse also? Your delaying the matter from January till this time, and from this time to a future day, are strong marks of such an Intention; and therefore, I woud go further, and recommend it to your Sober, and serious reflection whether such treatment is due to a Man who has so often saved your Person, or Estate from the Officers of Justice, in hopes of your pursuing such measure's as wd. retrieve your Circumstances; and then say whether the appointing of this time, that time, and t'other time for fulfilling your Engagements are right.
It is true Colo. Mason has not brought Suit against me as yet, but it is sufficient for me to be reminded two or three times of the necessity of doing so, and to know that he wants the Money. He gave you and me both Notice so long ago as January, that he shoud expect the Cash in April and I waited patiently (under the solemn assurances I had receivd from you) from that time till I wrote to you at Baltimore, to see what steps you woud take to discharge the Bond; and now in the last of July, you tell me he shall be paid (you hope only) by the middle of October; true it is you add, that you "have expected a Gentleman from the Eastern shore with the needful, that he is not come, that I may depend Colo. Mason shall be paid and soon, you hope by the Middle of October"; these are your very words, but what dependance can I have in promises, when promises seems to be no more than words of Course, which when often repeated, and as often broke destroys all faith and confidance.
It is but the other day I heard you tell a Company at your own House (when Mr. West was there a Surveying) of the great Acquisitions you had obtaind by Marriage; and among other things, that your Wife had 300 half Joes by her. Why not then (if she has made over all her Estate to you, as we were informd) is not part of this money applied to the discharge of a Debt which is running upon Interest; and which you know I am every moment liable to a Suit for. For give me leave to tell you in this place, once for all, that Colo. Mason does not look to you for the Money, and very probably may never mention the matter to you again, he knows where he is secured, and where to seek redress; and the first notice he gave you, was more for form's sake than any thing else. But to proceed, if you propose to redeem your Virginia Estate by the Sale of any part of your Wiles fortune is it not high time that there were some steps taken towards it? for the time is not only past in which Colo. Mason's shoud have been paid; but a time will quickly be here, when a Sum of much greater Dignity will be expected without any further delay, or procrastination. Surely this is not only a just and reasonable question to ask but a timely admonition of what you have to expect. But Sir, to deal Ingenuously with you, I shall tell you what I have heard, and that is, that your Wife not only denies her having conveyed her Estate, or any part of it, to you but has also declared that She never will do it; Why then do you endeavour (if this be true) to amuse the World with these kind of Tales, which in Fact, answers no Earthly end, or purpose; for People that have been put of from time to time, pay no regard to Words, whilst they see nothing effectual attempted towards carrying them into Execution; but are more and more confirmd in a belief that you never intend to part with any thing so long as you can hold it. This I can assure you is the firm belief of many people already; tho' I, for my part, can never harbour so ill an opinion of any Man, till I am convincd he has thrown of every principle of honour, honesty, and Virtue.
However, I have endeavoured to lay the State of my Affairs (with you) fully open, because I think the exigency of them requires it; and because I want you to be convinced, that I cannot live upon promises, nor satisfie my own Engagements upon the strength of your Assurances. I expect now to know, and to know with certainty, not only when, but in what manner (if it is not to be done by a Sale of the Mortgaged Articles) Colo. Mason is to be paid; for it is a matter of the most perfect Indifference to me, how the money is raisd, so that the Bond is taken in, and my Name with drawn from it. It is true a Month or two may not make any material difference with Colo. Mason if he has not some thing particular in view for his Money; but what surety have I, that when the Middle of October arrives you may not talk of fresh disappointments, and crave two or three Months longer, and so on to the end of time for to keep your Estate, and to pay your Debts too, is next to Impossible, and to no purpose to attempt it; the money must be raisd by a Sale here, or in Maryland (if you have the privilege of selling there) and it is in vain to think of amusing People any longer with other expectation's.
Upon the whole, and to cut the matter short, only let me know for certain, that you will assuredly have the Money ready by the middle of October, or expose as many things to Sale (with out further delay) as will raise a Sum Sufficient to take in the Bond, and I will endearour to keep Colo. Mason satisfied till that time. But take notice again, it is upon the express terms that no longer time may be asked, that I do it. And take notice also, that I shall want my own Money at the time (according to your own Acct.) it becomes due having a considerable payment to make between this and Christmas out of that Sum. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1769.
Sir: In Return for my Venture of Fish, which are committed to your disposal, I shoud be obliged to you for bringing me the following Articles first deducting the Freight and Commissions).
I heartily Wish you a prosperous Voyage, and a safe and Speedy return to your Friends at Alexandria being Sir, etc.
[Note 12: Of Dumfries, Va.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1769.
Sir: The repeated, and pressing demands of Mrs. Savage for Money obliges Mr. Fairfax and myself (as Trustees) to put Doctr. Savage's Bond in Suit against Mr. Thomson Mason his Security for the Sum due thereupon to her. The Inclos'd Memm. which was given to me by Mr. Bryan Fairfax who has the Bond in possession, and much better acquainted with the Condition's of it than I am (for I never saw it) will Instruct you how to lay the Action which we desire may be commenced as soon as possible in Prince William Court against Mr. Mason unless Mr. Montgomery will pay at the Genl. Court Ensuing one years allowance for the present Support of Mrs. Savage (who complains of real distress) in that case we woud stay prosecution agst. Mr. Mason till the Doctr's. arrival for the residue (as we understand he is expected in shortly). We therefore beg the favour of you Sir to make application to Mr. Montgomerie previous to your Issuing the Writ and govern yourself by his answer as we woud willingly have the Suit against Mr. Mason commencd before he goes to the Genl. Court if Mr. Montgomerie does not choose to pay the Hundred pounds above mentioned. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1769.
Dr. Sir: I am informed that the Bill in Chancery exhibited against me by Mr. Ross and others was presented and receivd last Court an Order made for me to answer. I formerly told Mr. Ellzey that seeing no cause why he might not prepare the answer also (as I wanted nothing but my due, and not to procrastinate matters) he might do it accordingly but how far his ill health may suffer him to prosecute business I do not know and therefore I shoud be glad if you woud take the Affair in hand so far at least as to assist in putting in the answer and to see that no delay happens that can be avoided. For this purpose I furnish you with all the materials which I conceive to be necessary (to wit) His Conveyance of the Land and Bills of Sale one of which you will perceive is a Counter Security against Colo. Mason's demand which was made eight Months ago in form. I also give you a Short Sketch of my claim on Captn. Posey (Including Colo. Masons Debt) but as there is a small open Acct. between Us I do not know precisely how the Ball'e stands and therefore mention this as I mean to be exact in nay answer. If it be judgd necessary that this Ball'e shoud be ascertaind previous to my answering I will endeavour to do it tho I believe it is no easy matter to find the Captn. at home and still more difficult to take him in a trim capable of business; and yet to do him justice he came here on Monday last perfectly Sober and proposed of his own voluntary motion to sell his Estate finding it in vain to struggle on longer against the Terms of Debt that oppresses him, and seeming desirous that I shoud be present at the Sale fixed it to the 23d. Inst. as I coud not delay my Journey to Williamsburg longer than the 25th. What Revolution may happen in the System of his Politicks between this and then I will not undertake to say but coud wish a final Decree (if now necessary under his present determination) coud take place this Court and the Sale depending confirmd as it will be sufficiently promulged by its appearance in the Virginia and Maryland Gazettes and at most publick places in this Colony notwithstanding the short notice. I might also add that Mr. Posey expects nothing else than a final determination of the matter next Court in as much as he told me that he neither had, nor intended to make, any defence to it and was desirous of knowing the worst at once. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note 13: A merchant of Colchester, Va.]
Mount Vernon, October 9, 1769.
Sir: Before this, you undoubtedly must have seen some of Captn. Posey's Advertisements for the Sale of his Estate. At the time he proposed it to me which was on Monday last I observd to him that as there was a Bill exhibited against me and then depending in our Court I did not know whether a Sale coud be appointed before a decree for that purpose took place; to this he answered that as his Estate was certainly more than Sufficient to discharge my Debt and your Claim and as timely Notice woud be given of the Sale no injury coud possibly happen to any one consequently your concurrance woud not be wanting. These Reasons added to some others (which I do not want to publish but shall not scruple to inform you of) induced my consent to his setting out the Advertisements which appeared at Dumfries, Frederickburg, Boyds hole and other places; and will appear in the Virginia and Maryland Gazettes.
The Reasons which I have just above hinted at I am now going to communicate. Captn. Poseys effects of every kind (Stock only excepted) not Mortgaged are disposed of. Many of those which were Mortgaged have been seized and sold for Publick Dues. And others disposed of by himself. Some Articles are perishing fast, and the whole wasting and subject to continual deminution. Add to this, that the Mad and distracted manner in which he lives is alone sufficient to create unfavourable Idea's of a foul Intention but when those Suspicions are corroborated by the Information of a Person whom one would naturally suppose best acquainted with his secret Intentions it then becomes a matter of serious concern.
But that I may not speak altogether obscurely (as I am perswaded you will make no improper use of what I communicate) Mrs. Posey when she took refuge at Colo. Fairfax's about the time of my return from the Spring did in the presence of him and his Lady upbraid him (that is Posey) with a design of Transporting his and her Negroes to Pensacola and there selling them. This she not only did in the course of Altercation but afterwards in a serious manner assured Mrs. Fairfax that he was fully bent on it. I have taken occasion since of mentioning this matter to Posey who of course denied it that is the Intention only; but acknowledged that he had made use of such expressions to his Wife in Order to plague her. However there is a Circumstance or two lately happened which makes his Conduct appear extremely Suspicious and that is his removing her Negroes over to his own House (where he has no Earthly employment for them for his Corn is already lost in the Weeds and no preparation making that I can see for another year) and this from a Crop in which I suppose they might have been usefully engaged. He has also under very frivolous pretences forbid two or three of my People who had Wives in his Family from coming there again and expects a Vessel from the Eastern Shore with his Wife's Goods, which Vessel may for ought I know, be the one he intends to Imbark in and these Advertisements and promised Sale only a finess to bespeak Security.
It becomes extremely necessary therefore, in my opinion at least, to bring matters to as speedy a conclusion as possible with him, even if he has no Intention of removing his Effects and it is for this Reason I give you the trouble of this Detail that you may consider if a final Decree can be obtaind (in your Suit) this Court whether it is eligable to postpone the Sale to a Future day. For my part I freely confess, I see no reason for doing it as the time now fixed will be sufficiently promulged; and as it is a fact very well known that his Negroes and Stock never can be disposed of at a more favourable juncture than in the Fall when they are fat and lusty and must soon fall of unless well fed which I am sure cannot happen in the present case for very good reasons too obvious to mention.
I have no Sinester Inducements for desiring the Sale to be hastened indeed I have no other motives for it than what I have candidly confessed and such I conceive as most of his Creditors will find their advantage in. To Secure my own Debt is the object I have principally in view; and to effect it does in some measure (latterly) appear to be a matter of doubt when I compare one part of Poseys Conduct with another and take a retrospective view of the whole.
I have given you a Circumstantial Acct. of matters in the light they appear to me, that you may judge with more precission of the propriety or impropriety of acquiessing to the appointed time for the Sale (which I caused to be put of as late as I coud delay my journey to Williamsburg) imagining that you as the Acting Person in the Bill exhibited against me are the only person that can legally object to it nor do I see cause why any shoud do it if notice is given and purchasers appear.
From a tender concern for Characters you will readily perceive that great part of this Letter is intended for your private information only for if Captn. Poseys Intention's are honest and upright, I shall be sorry even for my Suspicions of him, but should be more so if any thing was propagated through my means that should cast any unjust odium on His Character tho I have some reason's to believe that what I have hear mentioned is pretty generally talked of. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 15: Norborne Berkeley, Baron de Botetourt. He arrived in Virginia in October, 1769, being the first governor in chief who had come to reside in Virginia since Lord Culpeper. He died in October, 1770, respected by the Colonists for his moderation and good judgment.-- Ford.]
December 8, 1769.
My Lord: When I had the hon'r of seeing your Lordship in May last, I took the liberty of mentioning, in a cursory manner, the claim of Sundry Officers of the first Troops raisd in this Colony in behalf of themselves, and the Soldiery of that day, to certain Lands westward of the Aligany Mountains which they humbly conceivd themselves entitled to under and by virtue of a Proclamation of Governor Dinwiddie's; but the number of Grants which appear upon the Council Books, the number of Petitions depending before and exhibited to that hon'ble Board for more Lands, a copy of which by your Excellency's orders the House have seen, renders it necessary in my humble opinion to give your Lordship the trouble of receiving a more full and perfect State of the nature of our claim to this quantity of Land containd in the Pro'c and the inevitable consequences which must follow a delay.
In order to do this, my Lord two things may be necessary for me to premise, and those are the number of Men which were raisd under, and by means of that Proclamation, and the terms upon which they engaged.
In respect to the first the Council journals, and other records of 1754 will proove that 300 was the number of Men which were voted for the purpose of Erecting a Fort at the Forks of Monongahele and the Proclamation in the Month of Feby. the same year affords ample testimony of the latter. I shall therefore beg leave to refer your Lordship to it.
Small as the number may seem, it is a Fact nevertheless well known, that the difficulty of enlisting them at that time, in an Infant Country unaccustomd to War, was not more clearly foreseen, than evidently experienced; and evinced to the World the Policy of the then adopted measure to procure Men for a Service which at one view appeard new, difficult, and hazardous, from the length of the March, uninhabited Country, and almost inaccessable Mountains, which were to be passed.
But let the motives which gave rise to this Proclamation have been founded in good, or ill policy, most certain it is the terms were offered; the condition were embraced, and to all Intents and purposes considered, as a mutual contract between the Governm't and Adventurer's; the latter of whom always conceiving that the Lands were as firmly engaged to them as their pay, have omitted no oppertunity since of avowing their Pretensions to it.
It is humbly hopd therefore, that your Lordship and Council will be pleas'd to take the matter into consideration, for the reasons which have been offered, but more especially for the two which follow.
One half of the Land promised by the Proclamation is to be laid of contiguous to the Forks of Monongahela, consequently cannot interfere in any manner whatsoever with the boundary lines, admitting, that the most contracted one, is finally established. And next, because the Country in general, but more especially that part of it where the first quantity is located, is settling very fast, and of course, every good, and fertile spot will be engrossd and occupied by others, whilst none but barren Hills, and rugged Mountains; will be left to those, who have toild, and bled for the Country, and whose right to a part of it is fixed by the strongest Assurances which Governm't coud give them so long ago as 1754. Unavailing is it to say, that these settlements of individuals illegal in their nature, are not to be respected, to remove them, woud proore a Work of great difficulty; perhaps of equal cruelty, as most of these People are poor swarming with large Families, have sought out these retreats on which perhaps their future prospects in like way wholely depend.
Thus my Lord I have endeavoured to give your Lordship a genl. view of the nature of our claim, and of the peculiar hardships which must follow the restriction of our Surveying of it; I shall now beg leave to mention one thing more which occurs on this subject and that is this,
It has been distantly askd, for I must own I never heard the matter regularly questiond, whether the Troops employd in the subsequent campaigns were not entitled to a share also of this 200,000 Acres of Land? to this it may answer'd, that a moments recurrance to the state of Affairs in 1754 and the occ'n of raising Troops at that early period will demonstrate at once the Impropriety of such expect'ns if any such there be; For 300 Men were adjudgd suffic't to the Service then under contemplation, and 200,000 Acres of Land was offered as a bounty to obtain them; and though the number proovd insuff't to accomplish the purpose for w'ch they were rais'd (as thousands afterwards likewise did) yet it is a Fact very well know that this body of Troops did actually advance into the Country claimd by the Enemy, and built a Fort there which they were obligd to surrender to sup'r num'brs.
Besides, they woud beg leave to make this one observation more, in proof of their exclusive right to this Grant, and that is, that the next Campaign was made by His Majesty's Troops under the Cored. of Genl. Braddock; and that all the Troops enlisted in this Colony after that time; did it upon a quite differ't, and much better establishment, the Officers recg. higher pay, and the Men greater bountys. It must plainly appear therefore, in my humble opinion at least, that the grant of this Land was merely local, con find to that particular enterprize prize then in view, and coud by no means be construed to extend to the multitude which afterwards engagd in the course of a Ten years War. We rest in full hope therefore my Lord that in this opinion your Excellency and the Council will be, and that we shall be orderd the Lands upon the Terms it was granted to us by Proclamation and as soon as the Affairs of Governm't can possibly admit of it. I beg your Lordships excuse for the prolixty of this Letter. I was desirous that the whole matter should be clearly stated for your Lordships determination and with all imaginable respect I have the hon'r to be, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I have been informd by Doctr. Walker that the Lands near the Fort are reserved in the Indian Sale for the Traders. If so, as this woud have been the most valuable moiety of our grant we shall humbly hope to be endulgd (this being an event w'ch coud not be foreseen) in laying the like q'ty in some other good spot of Earth rather than wait a determination of that matter in England.16
[Note 16: Washington has entered the following notes at the end of his draft of this letter: "If time cannot be obtaind to look out the Land, and we are obligd to locate it immediately, in that case do it according to Colo. Lewis's Memm. with Mr. Walthoe provided none of those spots fall within the reserv'r for the Traders. To be in one or more Surveys, as Land can be found. To be indulged in a Survey or of our own, to avoid the great expence (which the Governm't seemd inclind to ease us of) as well as Inconvenience and delay of Employing the County Surveyor." The fort mentioned in the postscript was Fort Pitt. Washington had been appointed by the officers of the Virginia Regiment their attorney to prosecute their claims to these bounty lands. The officers pledged themselves to contribute to defray the expenses of the business. This letter was one of Washington's activities in behalf of his fellow officers. In the Washington Papers, under date of Dec. 15, 1769, is also a draft, in Washington's writing, of the petition "in behalf of himself and the Officers and Soldiers who first Imbarkd in the Service of this Colony" to the lands on the Monongahela, Great Kanawha, and other rivers.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States George
Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 3
January, 1770--September, 1775
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
AUGUST, 1931
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
RECEIVED
APR 5 1932
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1770.
Dr. Charles: If you saw my Brother John in Stafford when you were down there at Christmas; if you had any Conversation with my Br. Sam'l on the Subject I mentioned to you; and if any time was proposed for your meeting at this place, I shoud be glad to know it, and beg you will write me a line by the first Post after this gets to hand informing me of it accordingly; as I want to prepare for my journey but am desirous before hand of knowing whether I am to go alone or in Company as it will make some difference in my preparation's.
As I expect it will shortly be known, whether the Officers and Soldiers under the Kings Proclamation have any chance to come in for Lands West of the Alligany Mountains, I shoud be glad to know if any of them which may fall in your way woud sell their rights; and upon what terms; tho' I have little expectations that any of them woud sell upon such terms as I woud buy, or any person coud afford to buy, unless they warranted the Lands; For if the number of Grants (which are of older date to the King's Proclamation) shoud take place, as their is but too much reason to apprehend, if they do not by clashing with each other, destroy themselves; I woud hardly give any Officer a button for his Right; for besides a large Tract of Country reserved for the Indian Traders, from Fort Pitt near 150 Miles down the Ohio, and up to the Laurell Hills there appeard by a List laid before the House of Burgesses by order of the Govt. to be between 6 and 7,000,000 of acres actually granted and Petitioned for; and most of the Grants made in such general, and indeterminate terms, that if confirmd no man can lay off a foot of Land and be sure of keeping it, till they are servd.
Upon my shewing Mr. Thurstonn1 (who was formerly a Lieutt. and thereby entitled to 2,000 Acres of Land) a Copy of the Grants, and proceedings of the House of Burgesses thereupon, he immediately sold his right (tho otherwise very fond of it) to Lund Washington for Ten pounds. Now coud I purchase 12 or 15,000 Acres upon the same terms, I woud do it, considering of it as a Lottery only; and my Reason's for so doing are these. Such a quantity of Land as this, added to what I may expect in my own Right, woud form a Tract of so great dignity as to render it worth my while to send out a Person for the discovery of Land, clear if possible of these numerous grants; and to be at some expence and trouble in seating and Saving it; for without this the Land woud soon be forfeited (which I believe will be the case with half the Officers in this Colony) if they shoud actually obtain the Land; and again, it would be worth my while thus situated, to buy of some who might under their Grants think I clash'd with them.
[Note 1: Charles Mynn Thruston. Later he was a colonel in the Continental Army.]
Upon the whole, as you are situated in a good place for seeing many of the Officers at different times, I shoud be glad if you woud (in a joking way, rather than in earnest, at first) see what value they seem to set upon their Lands; and if you can buy any of the Rights of those who continued in the Service till after the Cherokee Expedition, at the Rate of about five, Six, or Seven pounds a thousand acres I shall be obliged to you, and will pay the money upon demand. I am of opinion that Chew, and some of those who may be in want of a little ready money, would gladly sell; nor is it much to be wondered at if they shoud, for if those large Grants which I have already mentiond shoud take place the purchaser will have sunk so much money to very little purpose; nor is the Officer's right under the Proclamation of any consequence to those who either does not resolve to go after the Land himself, or employ others to do it for him; the first I do not suppose many are inclind to, the last is hardly worth the expence for small tracts; and the Officer is as much obliged to find the Land as any other individual; nor is his Title, if he be not entitled to some degree of preference, a jot better than any other Man's who will go in pursuit of Lands himself, except that he is to enjoy it 10 years free of Quit rents.
If you shoud make any purchases, let it be done in your own name, for reason's I shall give you when we meet; take Bonds in large Penalties to convey all their Rights under the Kings Proclamation to you; and they shoud be obligd to suffer their names to be made use of to obtain the Land, as the Kings Proclamation requires a Personal application to the Govnr. and Council in order to entitle them to the Respective quantities granted. In looking over the List of Grants that were laid before the Ho. of Burgesses I perceivd one for 10,000 Acres to a certain Ambrose Powell (who I belive lives in Culpeper County) lying above the Mouth of the great Kanhaway; this is comprehended within our Grant of 200,000 Acres, it is also fixed at a place where two or three other Grants are laid and I believe some of them older; but yet, as it lyes in the way of a scheme I have in view; and woud, in some small degree promote my Plan if I had it, I shoud be obligd to you if you woud enquire in a round about way who this Powell is and where he lives &ca., and tell me who you think the most likely person for me to employ to purchase his right to the Grant. You need not let your reasons for enquiring after Powell be known, till you have given me what information you can concerning him, least it may give him or others cause to imagine that his grant is more valuable than it really is: In fact, I do not think that it is intrinsically worth a groat (tho I woud give eight or Ten pounds for it, If I coud not get it for less) inasmuch as it is totally swallowed up in other Grants; but several of this sort may in some measure give me a prior claim to have my share of the 200,000 Acres above the Mouth of the Gr. Kanhaway where I am told the land is very fine, it is for this reason therefore I would [ ... 2] a little for Powell's.
[Note 2: Mutilated in manuscript.]
In the whole of your transactions, either with the Officers, or on this other matter; do not let it be known that I have any concern therein. I have Inclosd you a copy of the Bond I drew from Thruston to Lund Washington, which will serve you for a Precedent in case you shoud make any purchases. I have put your name in the place of Lund Washington's, as I woud have the title given to you, and not to me, till matters are riper than they appear to be at present. I shall take care to furnish you with money as you may find occasion to compleat the quantity I have mentioned. Show no part of this Letter, so that you can be drawn into no trouble or difficulty in the Affair. In the mean time I shoud be glad if you would write to me fully by the first post after this gets to hand. I am, etc.
P.S. Inclosd you will receive 30/ to pay the within Acct. of James Browns, tho I think it is a most enormous charge as I shoud be glad you woud tell him.
March 16, 1770.
Sir: In reply to your favour of the 12th., I have only to say, that I am equally sorry we shoud misapprehend each other's Intention's concerning the agreement we entered into at my House; but since we have done so, in respect to one part of it, and since I am under no sort of apprehension of having the mistake rectified by giving you possession of any part of Mr. Alexander's Land adjoining you, or the whole if required next year (unless a death shoud intervene to prevent it) I shoud be glad to know, if, in the meantime you will suffer me to go on and get the remainder of my Mill frame in the place I was cutting (there wanting but little to compleat the Work as I got the chief part of the Scantling for it last Summer from my own Land) upon conditions of my paying you the customary price for all the Timber I may take off of these slipes in case I shoud not have it in my power to put you in Possession of as much of Mr. Alexander's Land as these shall measure, at the determination of the present year?
Mr. Alexander at the sametime he mentioned to me what he had wrote to you, and the conversation that passd between you and his Tenant (tho different from what you Inclosd); also told me, that by some Law, or custom in Maryland relative to Landlords and Tenants that if the Landlord neglected before some certain day to warn of the Tenant that it was optional in the latter to obey the notice afterwards or not it may be impractacable therefore now, for him to give you possession of any part of the Tenanted Land, till the expiration of the present year, but there can be no doubts of his doing it then; and therefore, as these slipes of Land can never be of more essential Service to me than at this time, and as I see little, indeed no difference it can make to you to give me the use of them at this time or 8 or nine Months hence. I shoud be very glad if you coud oblige me therein, upon the conditions above mentioned especially, as it will be only doing that now which I really thought was done before.
I woud be much obliged to you also for a Copy of the Plat and Courses of Mr. Alexanders Land pointing thereon the piece you want to get from him.
Mount Vernon, April 15, 1770.
My Lord: Being fully persuaded of your Excellency's inclination to render every just and reasonable service to the people you govern, or to any body or society of them, that shall ask it, and being encouraged in a more particular manner by a letter, which I have just received from Mr. Blair (clerk of the Council), to believe, that your Lordship is desirous of being fully informed how far the grant of land solicited by Mr. Walpole and others6 will affect the interest of this country in general, or
[Note 6: The Walpole Grant, into which had merged the Ohio Company scheme, had for its originators Thomas Walpole, a London banker; Benjamin Franklin; John Sargent; and Samuel Wharton. The grant of land petitioned for was made in 1772, but the Revolutionary War brought the scheme to naught.] individuals in particular, I shall take the liberty (being pretty intimately acquainted with the situation of the frontiers of this dominion) to inform your Lordship, that the bounds of that grant, if obtained upon the extensive plan prayed for, will comprehend at least four fifths of the land, for which this government hath lately voted two thousand five hundred pounds sterling, the purchase and survey of; and must destroy the well grounded hopes of those, (if no reservation is made in their favor), who have had the strongest assurances, which government could give, of enjoying a certain portion of the lands, which have cost this country so much blood and treasure to secure.
By the extracts, which your Excellency did me the honor to enclose, I perceive, that the petitioners require to begin opposite to the mouth of Scioto, which is as least seventy or seventy five miles below the mouth of the Big Kanhawa, (and more than three hundred from Pittsburg,) and to extend from thence in a southwardly direction through the pass of the Ouasioto Mountain, which, (by Evan's map, and the best accounts I have been able to get from persons, who have explored that country,) will bring them near the latitude of North Carolina. From thence they go northeastwardly to the Kanhawa, at the juncture of New River and Green Briar, upon both of which waters we have many settlers upon lands actually patented. From thence they proceed up the Green Briar to the head of the northeasterly branch thereof, thence easterly to the Allegany Mountains, thence along these mountains to the line of Lord Fairfax, and thence with his line, and the lines of Maryland and Pennsylvania, till the west boundary of the latter intersects the Ohio, and finally down the same to the place of beginning.
These, my Lord, are the bounds of a grant prayed for, and, if obtained, will give a fatal blow, in my humble opinion, to the interests of this country. But these are my sentiments as a member of the community at large; but I now beg leave to offer myself to your Excellency's notice, in a more interested point of view, as an individual, and as a person, who considers himself in some degree the representative of the officers and soldiers, who claim a right to two hundred thousand acres of this very land, under a solemn act of government, adopted at a very important and critical period to his Majesty's affairs in this part of the world; and shall, therefore, rely on your Lordship's accustomed goodness and candor, whilst I add a few words in support of the equity of our pretensions, although, in truth, I have very little to say on this subject now, which I have not taken the liberty of observing to your Excellency before.
The first letter I ever did myself the honor of writing to your Excellency on the subject of this land, and to which I beg leave to refer, contained a kind of historical account of our claim; but as there requires nothing more to elucidate a right, than to offer a candid exhibition of the case, supported by facts, I shall beg leave to refer your Lordship to an order of Council, of the 18th of February, 1754, and to Governor Dinwiddie's proclamation, which issued consequent thereupon, both of which are enclosed; and then add, that these troops not only enlisted agreeably to the proclamation, but behaved so much to the satisfaction of the country, as to be honored with the most public acknowledgments of it in their legislative capacity. Would it not be hard, then, my Lord, to deprive men under these circumstances, (or their representatives,) of the just reward of their toils? Was not this act of the Governor and Council offered to, and accepted by the soldiery, as an absolute compact between them? And though the exigency of affairs, or the policy of government, made it necessary to continue these lands in a dormant state for some time, ought not their claim to be considered, when the causes cease, in preference to all others? We fain would hope so. We flatter ourselves, that in this point of view it will also appear to your Lordship, and that, by your kind interposition, and favorable representation of the case, his Majesty will be graciously pleased to confirm this land to us, agreeably to a petition presented to your Excellency in Council the 15th of last December; with this difference only, that, instead of Sandy Creek (one of the places allotted for the location of our grant, and which we now certainly know will not be comprehended within the ministerial line, as it is called), we may be allowed to lay a part of our grant between the west boundary of Pennsylvania and the river Ohio, which will be expressly agreeable to the words of Governor Dinwiddie's proclamation, inasmuch as it is contiguous to the Forks of Monongahela. This favor, my Lord, would be conferring a singular obligation on men, most of whom, either in their persons or fortunes, have suffered in the cause of their country; few of them benefitted by the service; and it cannot fail to receive the thanks of a grateful body of men, but of none more warmly than of your Lordship's most obedient and humble servant.7
[Note 7: See Washington's letter to Lord Botetourt, Oct. 5, 1770, post.]
[June 22, 1770.]
*The Subscribers, Inhabitants of the County of Fairfax in the Colony of Virginia, having duly considered the above Agreement and Association and being well convinced of the Utility and real necessity of the Measures therein recommended to the Publick attention (at this alarming and critical juncture), do sincerely and cordially accede thereto; And do hereby voluntarily and faithfully each and every Person for himself upon his Word and honour Agree and promise that he will strictly and firmly adhere to and abide by every Article and Resolution therein contained according to the true Intent and meaning thereof.9
[Note 9: This addition, in Washington's handwriting, is entered on the half dozen nonimportation agreements entered into by the burgesses and merchants of Williamsburg, Va., June 22, 1770, printed copies of which Washington circulated throughout Fairfax County to obtain signatures thereto. The surviving copies, in the Washington Papers, bear different signatures. Washington was a justice of the peace for Fairfax County in 1770. (See Virginia, Calendar of State Papers, vol. 1, p. 263.)]
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1770.
Dear Sir: I laid your letter of the 26th. Ulto. (to me) before the Officers who met at Fredericksburg the first Inst.; but as they were unacquainted with the nature of your pretensions to a share of the 200,000 acres of Land granted in 1754 they did not choose to saddle you with any part of the expence, not conceiving that your commission as Commissary (if it is under that you claim) entitles you to any part of the Land which was offered to the Soldiery as an Encouragement to embark readily in the Service they were to engage in, must necessarily be exposed to hardships and Dangers.
This piece of information I thought it incumbent on me to give you; at the same time I shall add that I am ready to receive any, and every claim, that shall be offered, and will faithfully lay them before the Governor and Council to whom it belongs to judge of the Right from the reason's which may be offered pro and con. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note 14: Of Newcastle-on-Tyne, England.]
Fairfax County, Virginia, September 20, 1770.
Sir: Your Letter of the 1st. of May 1769 Inclosing the Pedegree of Dulcibella Stott came to the Exrs. of the late Colo. Thos. Colvill about 1st. of Decr. last as your other Letter of the 25th.of May in the present year did to my hands about a Month ago.
I am sorry it is not in my Power to give you, or the poor Woman you seem so anxious to serve, a more favourable Acct. of the Surplus money of our Testatory Estate than I am now able to do. The Settlement of this Estate has been greatly retarded by an unhappy Sale made by Colo. Thomas Colvil as Executor of his Brothr. Jno. Colvil of a Tract of Land belonging to the latter for the Sum of between two and three thousand pounds Sterlg. out of which as a principal Creditor he himself (that is Thos. Colvil) was to receive a large part of the Money. This Land was sold to a Person neither very able, nor willing to pay for it; Bonds pass'd but no Conveyance of it made in the life time of Colo. Thomas Colvil and ever since his death we have been plagued with the letigeous person with whom the Contract was made. It is still unsettled, nor can I say when it will be finally adjusted; for want of which we are unable to discharge many of the Legatees and consequently cannot ascertain the Surplusage which is to be appropriated to the residuary Claimants tho' something there will be (but how much I really cannot say as I have had but little share in the Executorship of this Estate) and which it will be incumbent on us I believe either to lodge in the hands of the Chancellor, or in some Publick office in New Castle that the Person's claiming under the names of Stott, Wills Richardson and Smith may ascertain the Identity of their Person's if living, or their leneage if Dead; for we find it will be almost impossible for us to do it in an Epistolary way under a Seven years Corrispondance; so numerous, and confused are many of the Claims which are put in for a share of this Estate under the respective names above mentioned. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 29, 1770.
Sir: In return for the Herrings, (which will be shiped as a joint Stock by Mr. Campbell15 and myself) you will please to bring me the following Articles, Vizt.
[Note 15: Matthew Campbell, of Alexandria, Va.]
The balance of my half of the sales of the herrings you will please to bring me in Cash, and of such kinds as will pass here without loss. I wish you a pleasant and prosperous Voyage, and safe return to your Owners and Friends. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 17: Indian agent and widely known on the frontiers and in the Colonies as the most influential of all the agents. He was an Irishman and had settled in Pennsylvania in 1746. Ten years later Sir William Johnson appointed him deputy Indian agent to the northern Indians and sent him to England in 1763 on the business of the Indian boundaries. He served in the Braddock campaign and was usually referred to as Colonel Croghan. Died in 1782.]
November 24, 1770.
Dear Sir: Captn. Crawford (who I expect will be the bearer of this letter to you has promised me, that so soon as he has rested a little from the fatigues of his last journey he will wait upon you in order to view the Lands you were offering for Sale. I have described the kind of Land to Capt: Crawford, I would choose to become the purchaser of, and if a sufficient quantity thereof, is to be found in a body, I will take Fifteen thousand acres; the money to be paid so soon as there can be a legal title made to the acres, subject to a Quitrent (after the expiration of twenty years) of two shillings Sterlg. per hundred, and no more. If you incline to part with the above quantity of Land, on these terms, Capt. Crawford will proceed to view; and may, in company with any person you shall choose, run it out. It rests therefore with yourself to direct Mr. Crawford to go on the Land for the purposses above mentioned, or not; as it will be unnecessary for him to be at any further trouble if you do not incline to accept of the propossal.
If the Charter Government18 takes place in the manner proposed, I presume there will be Surveyors appointed to different Districts, in order that the Land may be run out as fast as possible; in that case I wou'd beg leave to recommend Captn. Crawford to your friendly notice as a person who would be glad to be employed, and as one who I dare say wou'd discharge the duty with honesty and care; thro' your means I am persuaded he might come in for a share of this business. I am persuaded also, that he would not be wanting in gratitude for the favor with very great esteem, I remain, etc.
[Note 18: Of the proposed Walpole Grant.]
P.S. If you still decline being one of the proprietors of the new Governmt., is it not better to sell, than resign ? If so, what will you take for your share, provided your name stands confirm'd in the charter?
December 12 1770.
D Sir: Having received your favour of the 6th.20 I profess myself at a loss to know what answer to give to it, and to consult a Lawyer every time we are puzled by the duplicity of Mrs. Savages' Conduct woud sink a large portion of her Annuity, or entail a heavy expence upon ourselves.
[Note 20: In the earlier correspondence the manuscripts identify George William Fairfax with the trusteeship of Mrs. Savage.]
I think as you do, that it would seem odd to refuse an actual tender of Mrs. Savage's Annuity from the Doctrs. Agent at a time when we are threat'ning his Security with a Suit on this Acct. And I am of opinion, that if we do receive the money from him, we can not legally withhold payment thereof from her Attorney (who is one and the same person) without submitting our Reasons for so doing to the Publick attention and her Letters she has expressly requird may not be seen. Without exposing these as the ground of our refusal [we] can have no pretext to detain the money in our hands; to keep it there woud contribute nothing to the relief of Mrs. Savages's necessities but very probably expose ourselves to Censure. And to pay the money to any Person not legally authoriz'd to receive it woud I believe be equally Imprudent. In short, view the matter in whatever light one will there is nothing but doubts and difficulties before us; and I see no effectual method of serving Mrs. Savage without falling into some snare which we may not easily extricate ourselves from for I must confess that I have no good opinion of Mrs. Savages honour on the one hand. On the [other] our attempts to serve her will give us little to expect from the Doctors Friendship if we shoud drop into a faux pas. Upon the whole, can we, do you think, avoid coming to a Settlement with Mr. Montgomerie without Incurring the Imputation of disengenuity on the one hand; or being too plain in our Reason's for it on the other; If this can be done, I shoud be for letting that matter sleep till we coud write a joint Letter to Mrs. Savage informing her of the predicament in which her Affairs respecting the Bond stands and to beg that she will [mutilated] and fixd to some point or no longer expect us to become the dupes of her fickleness and folly; if you think this method can be adopted no time shoud be lost in putting it in execution, if you think it cannot or ought not I am willing to pursue any other you shall advise as I own that I am more per [plexd the] more I think of the matter. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1770.
Madam: Your letter of the 18th. of June came to my hands a few days ago (after my return from the Ohio, whither I had been upwards of two months). I am sorry to find by it, that you and the Doctr. continue to breathe the same discordant life, you did in this Country; especially too as there appears to be so little prospect of amendment; and it is with infinite concern I have further to observe to you, that your conduct is so full of inconsistency and unsteadiness that you render every attempt of your Trustee's, to serve you, abortive; such is the effect of your last power of Attorney to Mr. Montgomerie,21 who took care to have it recorded in our Court immediately,
[Note 21: Thomas Montgomerie, of Dumfries, Va.] that he might proceed to act under it. Before this happen'd we had not been able to recover any part of your annuity, and now it is unnecessary to attempt it; as Mr. Montgomerie who is at one and the same time the Doctrs. Agent, and your Attorney, has nothing to do, but to pay with one hand, and receive with the other. You see the consequence therefore of your attempt to amuse or please the Doctor, (for I cannot suppose that fear was the governing principle in this transaction) and the impossibility of our rendering you any desireable service, when you are counter-acting your own works, and leading us into a wilderness of difficulties and contradiction. It is highly incumbent on you therefore to be steady, and we earnestly recommend it to you either to live with the Doctor upon the best terms you can, giving him a discharge every year for the income of your Bond, if he supplies you with the necessary comforts of Life; or to renounce all connections with him and recourse to your Annuity invariably; for whilst Interest pulls one way, and your inclinations to the Doctr. the other, you are torn between the two, and your behaviour will continue to be so full of contradiction, as to remain the source of never failing uneasiness to yourself, and perplexity to others: for tho' Mr. Fairfax and myself shall never agree to relinquish the Trust, yet we have no right to withhold payment of the Bond from any person you empower legally to receive it, as it was for your benefit it was created. You will find it necessary therefore, if you expect payment of the Annuity, and are distrustful of Mr. Montgomerie, to appoint some other, to receive your money as we do not conceive it is optional with us to refuse settling this matter with a person whom you have legally authorized for that purpose, notwithstanding any private advice you may give to the contrary, if he shoud (as Mr. Montgomerie really has) call upon us to do so. Inclos'd you have a copy of the Bond which you sometime ago wrote to me for. I have nothing further to add at this time (as most things remain in statu quo) but Mrs. Washington's compliments, and good wishes for happier days to you, in which I heartily join, being Madam, etc.
[Note 24: Colonel Moore resided near Yorktown, Va. It was at his home that the capitulation of Cornwallis was signed some 10 years later.]
Colchester, January 23, 1771.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 12th. Inst.25 by Mr. Seaton26 was delivered to me at this place in my way to Dumfries where I
[Note 25: Moore's letter, dated Jan. 12, 1771, is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 4, p. 47.]
[Note 26: Augustine Seaton, nephew of Bernard Moore.] am going upon an Arbitration fixd to this day. I am exceeding sorry to hear of your unfortunate Circumstances and wish that the situation of my own Engagements, woud permit me to subscribe more largely to your relief than they will; but having several pretty large Sums of my own to pay in a short time it is utterly out of my power (with any sort of convenience) to advance more than One hundred pounds for the purpose and on the terms you mention; this I am willing to do, and accordingly have wrote to the Trustees informing them thereof. I have no doubt of your putting me upon as good a footing as any of the other Subscribers and therefore do not condition with you for terms or say anything further on that head but again beg that something effectual may be done to secure myself and Brothers from the payment of your Bond to Mr. Lightfoots Estate, as I am sensible it woud be attended with great Inconvenience to some of them to advance this money and be a hardship upon us all. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
January 23, 1771.
Gentn: Colo. Bd. Moore having informd me that he is endeavouring to make up a Sum of Money to purchase Slaves for the immediate Support of his Family I do hereby agree to become answerable to you as his Trustees on this Acct. for the Sum of One hund'd pounds Curr'y payable a year hence. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note 27: Boucher was at Annapolis, Md., at this date.]
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1771.
Rev'd Sir: When Joe, with your favour found his way to this place, I was from home, and did not return for some days the High winds and Ice, have been the cause of his very natural disappointment of getting to Marlborough as it was quite impossible for him to cross the River in these storms of wind and now, it is attended with some risk. Mrs. Washington has packed up what Books the Portmanteau would contain before the date of this, and of such kinds as I hope you wanted. She has given over the thoughts of accompanying me to Frederick, so that you will find her at home if I should not have the pleasure of seeing you here (should you be detained by the bad weather longer than was expected). The inclosd I should be obligd to you to forward by a safe, rather than the first, conveyance that may offer--with very great esteem, I remain etc.
25th. Agreeable to the above date, Joe attempted to cross the River; but being unable to effect it, has been unavoidably detained till this time and now the River is so much choked with Ice as to render his passage precarious. Mrs. Washington begs the favour of you to get her, for Patcy, another Phial of aether and bring with you when you come to Mount Vernon.28
[Note 28: The editor is indebted to Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J., for the text of this letter.]
[Note 31: A Norfolk, Va., merchant who adhered to the Crown in the Revolutionary War. The sails and rigging ordered from him were for Washington's schooner.]
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1771.
Sir: If the Sails and Rigging which I bespoke for Mr. John West, are not already come of, be so good as to dispatch them by the first Vessel bound to Alexandria. Captn. Olife says he shall be up again immediately. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 34: Dandridge's "Letter Book" copy spells this as Polston; Ford prints it as to--Colston. The son referred to was probably John Polson, who, in Washington's "Ledger," is given as a lieutenant in the First Virginia Regiment.]
Fairfax Coty. Virginia, June 24, 1771.
Sir: Your letters of the 15th of December from Georgia, and 20th of April, from Charlestown, came duely to hand. In answer to them, I have only to inform you, that my advertisements which you refer to, issued in consequence of instructions from our late Governor and Council; and that I have nothing more to do in the affair, than to receive, and deliver in to them the several claims of the respective Officers and Soldiers who embarked in the service of this Colony in the year 1754 (under a proclamation of the then Governor, offering a reward of 200,000 acres of Land to all those who shou'd voluntarily engage in an Expedition against the French, who were at that time encroaching on his majesty's lands, on the Ohio;) among those who embarked under this encouragement was your son, and well entitled, not only by proclamation, but by his merit and bravery, to a Lieutenant's share of the Lands, which no doubt he (if any of us do) will obtain, as I have exhibited your claim for that purpose. Nothing final, however, is determined on with respect to this matter you will stand upon the same footing with the rest of the claimants, provided you contribute in the same proportion towards the incidental charges attending the Surveys &c which are now set about and for which each subaltern Officer has already been call'd upon for the respective sums of £6 and £4:10:0 current money of this government in order to prosecute the work; it will behoove you therefore to give some person a power of attorney to act on your behalf, who must be furnished with the means of contributing your quota past, and to come, for furthering of this business, which must, from the nature of it, be attended with trouble and expense. I know of no person better qualified to serve you in this matter, than the one who first exhibited your claim; I mean Mr. Alexr. Craig, who is a resident of Williamsburg, a man of very fair character, and lays more in the way of receiving your instructions and communicating such information as may be proper for you to receive, than I should be, or any one else I am acquainted with.
It may not be amiss to add for your further satisfaction, that all the claims are not yet given in, consequently the proportion and value of the land which may fall to each officer's share is not fully ascertained; and that we have many difficulties, and some uncertainties to struggle through, before our right to these lands will be fully recognized. Such powerful sollicitation is there at the Court of Great Britain for the lands to the westward of us, where our grant was located; and such the opposition we meet with; tho' it is hoped that the Equity of our claim will at length prevail.35
[Note 35: This equity was based upon the somewhat nebulous title comprehended by an unaccepted offer of the Six Nations to cede all their lands east of the Ohio to the English for a fair consideration and a scheme formed by Gov. William Franklin, of New Jersey, for purchasing a large tract of territory on the Ohio and forming permanent settlements upon it. General Gage, Governor Moore, and Sir William Johnson were also interested in the scheme, which was urged upon the British ministry by Benjamin Franklin in 1766--1768. The original idea comprehended a colony in the Illinois; but on submitting the plan to Lord Shelburne it was found that "it did not quadrate with the sentiments of people here; that their objections to it were, the distance, which would make it of little use to this country, as the expense on the carriage of goods would oblige the people to manufacture for themselves; that it would for the same reason be difficult both to defend it and to govern it; that it might lay the foundation of a power in the heart of America, which in time might be troublesome to the other colonies, and prejudicial to our government over them; and that people were wanted both here and in the already settled colonies, so that none could be spared for a new colony." (See Benjamin Franklin's letter to William Franklin, Sept. 27, 1766.) Gen. Phineas Lyman, of Connecticut, who had served with bravery and distinction in the late war, was in England urging the claims of the "military adventurers," which were designed to cover the same territory as those of the Franklin company, and an effort was made to make the two schemes one. In October, 1767, Franklin could report that the plan had been approved in cabinet council and had been referred to the board of trade, where it appears to have slept for some years without being acted upon. "There is little doubt," wrote Johnson to Governor Franklin, in May, 1768, "but that the intended settlement may be productive of a regular civil government in that valuable country, and this, too, without doing violence or overreaching the Indians, which from sentiments of policy as well as justice should Be always cautiously avoided."
The treaty of Fort Stanwix (September, 1768) established the bounds of English territory essentially as they had been proposed in Sir William Johnson's treaty of 1765, at the German Flats (now Herkimer County, N.Y.). Beginning at the mouth of the Tennesse river, it followed the Ohio and Alleghany rivers to Kittaning; thence in a direct line to the nearest fork of the west branch of the Susquehannah; and thence following the stream through the Alleghanies, it passed by way of Burnett's Hills and the eastern branch of the Susquehannah and the Delaware into New York, having its northern terminus at the confluence of Canada and Wood creeks. The line, thus proposed, was not in accordance with the instruction of the Board of Trade. Hillsborough, who had succeeded the liberal Shelborne as colonial secretary, and was bitterly opposed to any settlement in the interior, wished to have the line extended no farther than the mouth of the great Kenawha, where it would then meet the line which Smart, at a council in South Carolina, had recently established with the "Cherokees as the western boundary of Virginia." Sir William Johnson claimed that the effect of this treaty, which was ratified in 1770, was to vest the claim of the northern Indians to the country south of the Ohio in the Crown, leaving the southern Indians only to be dealt with concerning it; "and should they refuse to give it up, it is in his majesty's power to prevent the colonies from availing themselves of the late cession in that quarter, till it can be done with safety and the common consent of all who have just pretensions to it." (See Sir William Johnson's letter to Gage, Dec. 16, 1768.)
This plan reappears in London in 1770. "A society of us, in which some of the first people in England are engaged, and in which you and Colonel Croghan are made original partakers, have concluded a bargain with the Treasury for a large tract of land lying and fronting on the Ohio (part of the lands lately ceded by the Indians to Great Britain), large enough for a government. Having it suggested to us by Lord Hillsborough that it would be right that we should have a charter of government, in consequence of this bargain so concluded, we are next to apply to the Council Board, that the grant may issue. We expect to meet with opposition, and some objections arising from the impressions made by such opposition, yet have no doubt of carrying this point, as we have settled the main point. As soon as the grant has issued we are to apply to the Lords of Trade on the subject of the charter." (See Thomas Pownall's letter to Sir William Johnson, April, 1770.) The application for the grant was made in behalf of the company by Thomas Walpole, a London banker, Benjamin Franklin, John Sargent, and Samuel Wharton, but was opposed by Lord Hillsborough in a report that gave Franklin an opportunity to make such a crushing reply as to lead to Hillsborough's resignation from the cabinet. (See Franklin's Works (Bigelow's edition), vol. 4, pp. 137, 495.) This company, known as the Grand Company, or Walpole's Grant, received its grant in 1772.
In September, 1768, Lieutenant Colonel Wilkins, armed with wide powers of administration and bringing "orders for the establishment of a court of justice in Illinois for the administration of the laws and the adjustment and trial of all controversies existing between the people relating to debts or property, either real or personal," took command of Fort Pitt. In defiance of the King's proclamation of 1763, Colonel Wilkins began to make large grants of domain, and among others was one said to contain 13,986 acres, but in reality covered some 30,000 acres, made to John Baynton, Samuel Wharton, and George Morgan, merchants of Philadelphia, who "trading in this country, have greatly contributed to his majesty's service." This grant lay between the villages of Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher in the present county of Randolph. In 1809 the commissioners rejected a claim based upon this grant on the ground that Wilkins had no authority to make it.-- Ford.]
In which case, the Land will be well worth the trouble and expence we may bestow to obtain it, notwithstanding the remote distance it is from navigation.
I am much obliged to you for the favorable opinion you are pleas'd to entertain of me, and wish I may continue to deserve it, and approve myself Sir, &c.
Mount Vernon, July 9, 1771.
Dear Sir: From several concurring causes, which exist at this moment, the eve of my departure for Williamsburg, I have both my head and my hands too full of business to allow me time to write more than a hasty ill digested Letter; This, however, I shall attempt to do in answer to yours of the 4th. Inst.
In my last I informed you, (as well as I can recollect the contents of the letter) that the friends (I do not confine myself to the relations only) of Mr. Custis, were divided in their opinions, of the propriety of his travelling, not because they thought advantages would not result from it, but on account of the expense, as he would commence his tour with so heavy a charge, as you thought sufficient to induce you to accompany him, which would at once anticipate half his income; for his estate is of that kind, which rather comes under the denomination of a large than a profitable one. He has it is true a good deal of land and a great many slaves, but the former is more to be esteemed for the situation than the quality, being indifferent and much worn, so that large crops cannot be made from them. These doubtful opinions was sufficient cause, I observed in my last for me to be circumspect in my conduct, as I had another tribunal to account to besides that in my own breast, for the part I was to act on this occasion. For you cannot but know, that every farthing, which is expended in behalf of this young gentleman, must undergo the inspection of the General Court, in their examination of my guardianship accounts, and that it would be imprudent in me to permit him to launch into any uncommon or expensive pursuits, (especially at a time when a heavy and expensive chancery suit is instituted against his estate,) without first knowing whether such an expence would be approved by those, who had a constitutional right to judge of the expediency or propriety of the measure.
These are the reasons why I said in my last letter, that my own inclinations were still as strong as ever for Mr. Custis's pursuing his travelling scheme, provided the Court should approve of the expense, (I did not want their opinion of the utility of travelling) and provided also that it should appear, when his judgment is a little more matured, that he is desirous of undertaking this tour upon a plan of improvement, rather than a vague desire of gratifying an idle curiosity, or spending his money; for by the bye, if his mother does not speak her own sentiments, rather than his, he is lukewarm in the scheme; and I cannot help giving it as my opinion, that his education, from what I have understood of his improvement, (however advanced it may be for a youth of his age,) is by no means ripe enough for a travelling tour; not that I think his becoming a mere scholar is a desirable education for a gentleman; but I conceive a knowledge of books is the basis upon which other knowledge is to be built; and that it is men and things more than books he is to be acquainted with by travelling. At present, however well versed he may be in the principles of the Latin language (which is not to be wondered at, as he began the study of it as soon as he could speak), he is unacquainted with several of their classical authors, which might be useful to him to read. He is ignorant of Greek, (the advantages of learning which I do not pretend to judge of), knows nothing of French, which is absolutely necessary to him as a traveller; little or nothing acquainted with arithmetic, and totally ignorant of the mathematics; than which, so much of it at least as relates to surveying, nothing can be more essentially necessary to any man possessed of a large landed estate, the bounds of some part or other of which are always in controversy.
Now, whether he has time between this and next spring to acquire a sufficient knowledge of these, or so much of them as are requisite, I leave you to judge; and whether a boy of seventeen years old, which will be his age next November can have any just notions of the end and design of travelling ? I have already given it as my opinion, that it would be precipitating this event, unless he was to go immediately to the university for a couple of years, and in which case he could see nothing of America; which might be a disadvantage to him, as it is to be expected that every man, who travels with a view of observing the laws and customs of other countries, should be able to give some description of the situation and government of his own.
Upon the whole, it is impossible for me at this time to give a more decisive answer, however strongly inclined I may be to put you upon an absolute certainty in this affair, than I have done; and I should think myself wanting in candor, if I concealed any circumstances from you, which leads me to fear, that there is a possibility, if not a probability, that the whole design may be totally defeated; and therefore I add, that before I ever thought myself at liberty to encourage this plan, I judged it highly reasonable and necessary, that his mother should be consulted. I laid your first letter and proposals before her, and desired that she would ponderate well, before she resolved, as an unsteady behavior might be a disadvantage to you. Her determination was, that, if it appeared to be his inclination to undertake this tour, and it should be adjudged for his benefit, she would not oppose it, whatever pangs it might give her to part with him. This declaration she still adheres to, but in so faint a manner, that I think, what with her fears and his indifference, it will soon be declared that he has no inclination to go, the consequence of which is too obvious to be mentioned. I do not say that this will be the case; I cannot speak positively. But as this is the result of my own reflections upon the matter, I thought it but fair to communicate them to you.
Several causes, I believe, have concurred to make her view his departure, (as the time approaches) with more reluctance than she expected. The unhappy situation of her daughter has in some degree fixed her eyes upon him as her only hope. Add to this the doubts of her friends, &c., to what I have already said, I can only add, that my warmest wishes are to see him prosecute a plan, at a proper period, which I am sure must redound to his advantage, and that nothing shall be wanted on my part to aid and assist him in it. In the event of his going, I should think myself highly favoured, and him much honored, by Governor Eden's letters of introduction. Such, with others that might be procured, could not fail of having their advantages.
You will please to make my compliments to Mr. Dulany, and assure him, that I have not the least vestige of a house at the Frederic Springs, otherwise it should have been, if unengaged, much at his service. The two seasons I spent there was in a house of Mr. Mercer's.
I scarce know what answer to give to the papers you transmitted to me as an executor of the will of Col. Thos. Colvill, deceased. The affairs of that estate are unhappily involved with John Semple, to whom Colo. Colvill in his life time sold a tract of land in Maryland, called Merryland, for I think £2600 sterling and from whom we can neither get the money nor land. Till this matter is settled the executors are unable to pay off the Legacies in this country, consequently can answer no demands of the residuary legatees in England, who only come in for the surplusage if any there be. I believe there will be more than sufficient to discharge the debts and legacies here, but the overplus will be trifling. I am, &c.36
[Note 36: The text is from Washington's "Letter Book," in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge. Ford's text, which differs in some particulars, was taken from page 336 of the Catalogue of the Stevens Sale (1872).]
July 18, 1771.
Sir: Inclosd you have three measures, by which you will please to make the following Shoes and Boots.
* ... * ... * ... * ... *
I have sent you a fresh measure for myself because the Shoes w'ch I have had from you latterly were rather too small. Make out the above Accts. seperately. Messrs. Cary & Co. will pay for the whole and it will be necessary that you distinguish the Shoes &ca. by writing each person's name on their own.37 I am, Sir, etc.
[Note 37: This order included shoes for John Parke Custis and Lund Washington, the specifications for which are here omitted.]
Mt. Vernon, July 20, 1771.
Gentlemen: Our Goods by the Liberty, Captn. Walker, came to hand in good order, and soon after his arrival; as they generally will do when shipped in a Vessel to this River, and scarcely ever when they go to any others (unless they should be despatched in one of your own ships, and the Captain particularly Instructed concerning the delivery of them.) For it don't often happen that a Vessel bound to one River has goods of any consequence for another, and the Masters, in these cases keep the packages till an accidental conveyance offers, and for want of better oppertunities, frequently commit them to boatmen who care very little for the Goods so they get their freight, and often Land them where it suits their convenience, not where they have engaged to do, which was the case of those Parcels sent by Saunderson. It is to little purpose, therefore, to recommend it to us to seek redress of the masters for these delays or abuses (though it may be the only remedy left) unless the injury is of so extensive a nature as to make it worth while to be at some expense and trouble to watch for and find out the Captains. Our Situation in this Country differs very widely from yours; a ship going from Virginia to London is always, and with ease, to be met with at that part; but a ship from London to Virginia may be in Rappahannock, or any of the other Rivers, three months before I know anything of her arrival, and may make twenty Voyages without my seeing, or even hearing of the Captain; in the same manner that vessels may Trade to Liverpool, Whitehaven, or Bristol, unknown to you. It is more expedient, therefore, to prevent the Evil, than to redress it afterwards, and this is very easily done by sending the Goods out in ships belonging to the River they are destined for. So much in answer for that part of your Letter of the 13th of November advising me to make Saunderson (a man I never saw in my life, and perhaps never shall) pay the extra expence I was put to in getting my Goods from Mr. Bland's warehouse at Boyds Hole.39
[Note 39: On the Potomac, in Stafford County, Va.]
There are several other Passages in the letter above mentioned that I think it incumbent upon me to take some notice of; not that I am fond of dwelling upon a subject that is full as disagreeable to me as it can be to you, but because there is one paragraph in particular in it, respecting the Window glass, which appears to me to contain an Implication of my having deviated from the truth; why else should you require, in the name of the person you bought of, a Square to be sent you? And what end was it to answer, but to charge me indirectly with a misrepresentation of the Fact? For if it was supposed by Mrs. Dennis that I had related a Falsehood, it might as well have been imagined, that I would have practised a deceit; as there could have been no difficulty in making Mrs. Ann Dennis a square of 8 by 10 out of 9 and 11, and any one who would condescend to practise the one would not hesitate to execute the other; But, however Credulous I may have been in relation to the Prices of Tobacco, I could not well have been so in respect to the measurement of the glass when I built a house with sashes 9 by 11, and got squares that would not fit them. I do not repeat this matter with a view of having any allowance made me; I neither want nor would accept of any; but to shew that it is much more likely Mrs. Dennis should put up a box of 8 by 10 through carelessness or by mistake, than that I should mistake the size when I came to use it. I had nothing more in view when I made the complaint first, than to shew how inattentive the tradesmen and shopkeepers sometimes are, that I might be relieved from the like inconveniences for the time to come. This was my reason also for taking notice of the Duffield from Mauduit & Co, not that I expected any deduction from the price as he could not see the condition of the cloth for want of my having an opportunity of reshipping it, an inconvenience we are obliged to Submit to and is among the disadvantages attending my Shipping to a House that has no Connection with the River I live on, and it is seldom we have it in our power of sending any little trifling matters which want repairs, alterations, &c. to London, not choosing to put Captains of Vessels, with whom we have no concern, nor any way of obliging in return, to any trouble in sending for or taking the charge of them. So likewise is it a disadvantage on Acct. of your Letters which come chiefly by York and James River Ships, by which means I have the postage from Williamsburg to Alexandria always to pay, which upon a letter that contains an Account of Sales, or that has anything else Enclosed, amounts often to four, five, and sometimes eight or ten shillings, which in the end increases to no trifling Sum.
I observe what you have said in respect to the purchase of our Goods with ready Cash; it is what those who have money in your hands, or who pay Interest for the Loan of yours, have an undoubted right, to expect. And if we are allowed the benefits of debenture, and the prompt payment of Goods (for I am told, the Tradesmen and Shopkeepers generally, if not always, make out their Notes on twelve or more months' Credit, according to the general run of their dealings, and then discount according to the payments) I say, if these are allowed, it is all we have a right to expect; and yet, I do aver that I can buy Linnen and many other Articles in the Stores here in their Sterlingway of dealing, cheaper than I can Import them, which is a mistery not easy to be accounted for, as I do not conceive that you are charged the retail prices for the Goods you purchase: For though the quantity that I, or any other Individual, may want is small, yet, when it is considered that one Person has a demand for twenty pounds worth, another for Fifty, a third for an hundred, and so on to the amount of thousands for any Article (Linnen for example), to be shipped of at one and the same time, surely the whole is of dignity enough to bring you under the denomination of a wholesale purchaser, and sufficient to entitle you to all the benefits of a drawback upon the exported goods. This is the light in which things have always appeared to me. I may be mistaken, however, in my conjectures for want of better knowledge of trade; and if I expect any thing that is unreasonable, or inconsistent with the principles of a just, fair and practicable commerce, I am sure I do not desire to be indulged in it. But I cannot help adding that it has ever been my opinion that in return, for the heavy charges upon our Tobacco and the ample and uncommon Commissions which are drawn upon the Sales of it, we ought to reap every advantage which can be procured in the purchase of our Goods. Otherwise I should be glad to know to what end we Import them.***40
[Note 40: The omitted paragraph is a minor detail of shipping directions.]
I must request the favour of you to be particular in directing the Scythe Maker to furnish me Scythes exactly agreeable to my Order, otherwise they will be of very little use to me; As, in the first Instt. I have given the Size that suits our business best, in the next, as they are intended to fix to Cradles for cutting our Wheat and other grain, if one Scythe gives way in the throng time of Harvest another can be put to the same Cradle immediately, without loss of time; Whereas a Scythe differing in length or shape, requires a Cradle proportionate and takes more time to make than we have to spare at that busy Season; so in like manner I am to beg that, where particular direction's is given touching any other Article, it may be attended to accordingly.
Our Association in Virginia for the Non-importation of Goods is now at an end except against Tea, paper, glass, and painters' Colors of Foreign Manufacture: You will please, therefore, to be careful that none of the glass, Paper, &c., contained in my Invoices, are of those kinds which are subject to the duty Imposed by Parliament for the purpose of raising a Revenue in America.
The late great Calamity which has befallen this Country by the overflowing of the waters will be communicated to you I expect through so many different Channels that it is scarce worth my while to touch upon the subject. Neither my ward nor self has sustained any damage by this disaster, but it is expected, that it cannot fail to have some effect upon the prices of Tobo. In which case we suppose ours will reap the advantage of it as well as others.
Mount Vernon, August 12, 1771.
Gentn: On the 20th. Ulto. I wrote you fully, and Inclosed Invoices of such Goods as Mr., Miss Custis, and myself wanted; since then I have recollected some Articles which were omitted, and which I now beg may be added, and forwarded with the other Goods
And, which is an Article of more consequence than all the rest to me and the principal end of my writing to you at this time, a pair of French Burr Millstones of John Cooper agreeable to the Inclosed Letter of Daniel Williams's and the Memm. of William Roberts my Miller thereon. I must through you request this Cooper to be very particular in his choice of the Stone that the whole may be of a good and even quality. I should not Incline to give any extravagent Sum for them on the one hand nor miss of getting a pair of good ones by limiting the price on the other; and therefore leave it to you to consult with the Sellar on a price that a good pair can be bought for. It will be unnecessary to add that the sooner these can be sent to me the better; Williams's Letter (which I send in hopes of stimulating Cooper to a good choice) will shew that I have been disappointed in my first attempt and consequently must require them as soon as you can get them forwarded which I hope will be along with my Goods. I remain Gentn., etc.
Mount Vernon, September 5, 1771.
Madam: As I have some suspicion that my letters do not get to hand with the regularity they ought, I shall enclose you a copy of my last, since which, about the middle of June I was favou'd with yours, of the 10th. Decr. informing me of your third power of Attorney to Mr. Piper41 which I wish had come to hand about two months sooner as your second power, to Mr. Montgomerie, revok'd the first to Colo. Mason, and reduced Mr. Fairfax and myself to our usual perplexity of not knowing how to act under such duplicit conduct, it being unnecessary to attempt the recovery of money from a person into whose hands it was immediately to be paid.
[Note 41: Harry Piper, of Alexandria, Va.]
For sometime, indeed for many months, we evaded a meeting with Mr. Montgomerie, and tho' we coud not absolutely refuse a settlement with him, we endeavour'd, and did delay it till the middle of April, when his importunity was no longer to be withstood; we were then obliged to give the Bond a discharge for the Annuity due thereon till the January preceeding; after Mr. Montgomerie had promis'd that he would remit the money into your own hands, which by the bye, was a promise we had no right to insist upon, and how far he is obliged to perform it under the power by which he acts, I cannot take upon me to determine, but this I can say, that if you will adhere to your 1st appointment of Mr. Piper (who is willing to act) it will then be in the power of the Trustees to serve you; as they can, at the expiration of every year, demand payment of the Annuity; and in case of refusal or delay commence Suit immediately; by which means, tho' you may be kept a while out of the first sum, the rest will come in tolerably regularly afterwards; and I do in behalf of Mr. Fairfax and myself beseech you to be steady, and no longer suffer the conflict between Love and Interest (which has been the source of your own disquietudes and our perplexities) to sway you any longer, you certainly must by this time, know the ultimatum of your dependance upon the Doctors affection and support; and as to his threats, and dreadful denunciations, if you are seperated from him, what have you to fear from them? A steady and resolute behaviour on your part will soon put an end to his persecution and relieve you from every apprehension of abuse; and though it is far, very far from me, to foment differences, or to instigate a separation of man and wife, yet under the circumstances you describe yourself to labour, it is highly eligable, and much to be wished.
I have nothing more to add at present, but my best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington joins, and that I am, etc.
Annapolis, September 24, 1771.
Sir: At the particular request of the Honble Danl. Dulany Esq., I address this Letter to you, a certain Mr. Plowman of Baltimore has, unfortunately, had his Vessel seized by the Boston Frigate, if it should be condemnd,42 I have to request the favour of you to facilitate the purchase of it and render any Service you can in behalf of the proprietor. I have no great right to take this Liberty, but you will be good enough, I hope, to excuse the freedom taken by Sir, etc.
[Note 42: For smuggling. The British cruisers on the American coast made a practice of boarding vessels to examine for shipments not permitted export from the Colonies.]
Mount Vernon, October 21, 1771.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 18th. of August, never came to my hands till about the middle of this month. In answer to it, I shall beg leave to observe that, the Township contain'd in the Plat you sent me, includes more Land than I shou'd choose, or that would be convenient for me to purchase; and I suppose by your laying the Grant off in that manner, and offering me a Lott, instead of 15,000 acres which I proposed to buy, that you do not incline to sell less in a parcel, for which reason I must decline the purchase altogether, unless I can get some person to join me, and at present I know of none that chooses to be concerned; but as I am going to Williamsburg in a few days, it is possible I may meet with some Gentlemen there who may incline to engage in this Scheme, in which case, I will write to you by the first opportunity after my return, and let you know more of my Sentiments on the subject of your offer, than at present I am able to do, in the mean while I have only to request that you may not disappoint yourself of a Bargain on my account.
I am much obliged to you for your kind assurances in favour of Captn. Crawford, and shall add nothing more at present than that I am with very great esteem, Dr. Sir, etc.
Williamsburg, November 7, 1771.
Dear Sir: Since you first left this Country,43 I have been favoured with two Letters from you one of them dated the 28th. of March, 1770; Serving to enter your own, and the claims of Captains Stobo and Vanbraam, to part of the 200,000 Acres of Land granted under Governor Dinwiddie's Proclamation; and the other, of the 18th. of December, which did not come to
[Note 43: Mercer had been in England for upwards of six years as the agent of the old Ohio Company, Failing to establish the claims of the company, he approached the organizers of the new company, known as Walpole's Grant, and sought to merge the interests of the two claimants. This he accomplished, as on May 7, 1770, the following agreement was made: "We the Committee of the Purchasers of a Tract of Country for a new Province on the Ohio in America, do hereby admit the Ohio Company as a co-purchaser with us for two shares of the said Purchase [equal to two seventy-second parts of the entire purchase], in consideration of the engagement of their agent, Col. Mercer, to withdraw the application of the said Company for a separate grant within the limits of the said Purchase." This agreement was repudiated by the old company. Mercer wrote to Washington from Dublin (Dec. 18, 1770): "Before I left England, I mentioned my having agreed with, or I may rather say prevailed with, the great Land Company [i.e., Walpole's Grant] there, that the 200,000 Acres, claimed by the officers of the Virginia Troops, should be allowed out of their small Grant."] my hands till about the first of last month, urging the expediency of prosecuting our Right to those Lands with Spirit.
In respect to the first, I have only to inform you, that your own claim, as well that for your Brother as yourself, was entered before the receipt of your Letter, and that Stobo's and Vanbraam's are also put in. In answer to the Second, I can only add, that the same backwardness, which has ever appeared in our Honorable Board to recognise our right to these Lands, seems still to prevail, and that our business in this Affair, is by no means, in that forwardness, which I could wish, owing (I believe I may say) to other Causes, as well as to a lukewarmness in those from whom we seek redress. The unequal Interest and dispersed situation of the Claimants make a regular Cooperation difficult. An undertaking of this kind cannot be conducted without a good deal of expense and trouble; and the hazard of obtaining the Lands, after the utmost efforts of both is such, as to discourage the Major part from lending a helping hand whilst a few are obliged to wade through every difficulty, or relinquish every hope.
Circumstanced in this manner I did in behalf of those, who had contributed to the expence of exploring and Surveying the Lands, (of whom you are one by means of your Brother). Petition the Governor and Council, that the quantum of each Man's share, according to his Rank, should be ascertained; and each Claimant suffered to Locate and Survey distinctly by which means every Man would stand upon his own bottom and not a few burthend with the expence of the whole whilst the Major part are standing aloof waiting the Event; if favourable to come in for part of the Prize but to pay nothing for the Ticket in case of a Blank. This petition I thought so reasonable, and so consistent with every principle of common justice, to say nothing of the disadvantage of being forced into large Tracts, and the manifest inconvenience of dividing them afterwards, that I conceived it could not possibly be rejected; but to my great astonishment it was so, and we are now compelled to be at the expence of Surveying our whole quantity in twenty Surveys, and then each Individual subjected to the charge of Surveying his own Separately; by which means we are doubly Taxed, whilst the whole is held as a kind of joint Interest, and no man is certain of his property, or can tell how, or in what manner to dispose of it. In short, so many glaring obstacles opposd their mode of proceeding, that they did not even attempt to remove them, but contented themselves with putting the Soldiery upon a worse footing, than the meanest Individual in the Community, rather than be thought to give a License for the pillaging of his Majesty's, or the Proprietary Lands; when it is a fact well known, and every age evinces it, that no Country ever was, or ever will be settled without some Indulgence; What Inducements have Men to explore uninhabited Wilds, but the prospect of getting good Lands? Would any Man waste his time, expose his Fortune, nay, life, in such a search, if he was to share the good and the bad with those that come after him? Surely no! and here we have Surveyed Ten of the largest Tracts we can find in the district allowed us, and have been able to get 61,796 Acres, and for this we have been obliged to go between 2 and 300 Miles below Fort Pitt, as the Lands thereabouts are thought to be within the Pensylvania Government; at least, are Survey'd under those Rights, and held by such a number of Individuals, that it was thought to be Impolitick to engage in private disputes, whilst there appeard but a gloomy prospect of getting any Land at all.
The Claims, which have been presented to me, are now all given in, and the Governor and Council have determind, that each officer shall share by the Rank in which he enter'd the Service, and that the Land shall be distributed in the following manner, viz., to each Field Officer 15,000 Acres; each Captain 9,000; each Subaltern 6,000, the Cadets 2,500 each, 600 to a Sergeant, 500 to a Corporal, and 400 to each private Soldier. They have made a reserve of 30,000 Acres, as well to provide for any Claims, which may hereafter come in, as to compensate those, who have been and must necessarily continue to be saddled with this expence; which we find will not be very inconsiderable, as we have already advanced and expended near £200 and the Surveyor not paid.
This expence must now be greatly augmented, as we shall be run to a considerable charge in exploring the Lands, before we can proceed to Survey any more, as it appears from every thing we know at present impossible to get 200,000 Acres in 20 Surveys without Including Mountains and Inhospitable Hills to the amount of near one half of it, which will render the grant of little value, and be the source of much discontent at a division. It behooves Us therefore to examine the Lands well before we Survey. And give me leave to add, that it will be very proper for you to give Messrs. Stobo and Vanbraam a hint that, something more than entering their Claims is necessary for this Work cannot be carried forward without an advance, and I dare say they will hardly think it reasonable to profit by the labour and Purse of others; it is highly incumbent on them, therefore, to appoint an Agent in this Country to transact their business and advance their quotas of the expence if they expect to share in the Lands.
To give you a minute detail of the proceedings respecting this Grant, would be a Work of time to me, and afford little entertainment to you; what I have here said will serve to give you an idea of the matter and this is all I have aimed at in this Letter; which I shall readily acknowledge is the first I wrote you since you left this Country. It was my sincere wish, and full Intention to have kept up a regular and friendly intercourse with you by Letter, and I only waited to be advised (according to promise) of your arrival in London, and address to begin this; but in waiting for this pleasure, I waited long enough to be convinced that you had forgot your old acquaintance; for tho' I could hear of your Letters to almost every Gentlemen in this Country I never had the satisfaction of being favored with one. At first I attributed it to accident, or miscarriage of Letter's but finding it invariably the same I did not incline to drag you into a corrispondence you seemd desirous of avoiding. I should not however have delayed answering your first Letter till this time, had you not advis'd me therein of your Intention of Imbarking soon for this Continent; which being frequently corroborated by your Brother, of whom I often enquird after you, I thought a Letter could have little chance of finding you in England; and the Reason of my giving you the trouble of this long Scrawl now is that I have just been told by Mr. Mercer, that you are to remain in London for some advices from him, respecting the Affairs of the Ohio Company. Mrs. Washington makes a tender of her Compliments to you, and I am, with very sincere regard, dear Sir,
[Note 44: A friend and neighbor. Maj. George Eskridge, guardian of Manley's father, had been the guardian also of Mary Ball.]
November 13, 1771
Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Copy of the Act Impowering your Grandfather to sell certain Intaild Lands. There being no printed Copy of it, I was obliged to have recourse to the Inrolld Bills in the possession of the Clerk of the House of Burgesses, and consequently pay the Fee established by our Assembly (which is 15/) an expence I would have saved you, by copying it myself, if the private Acts of that date had been Printed; but it seems they are not. Colo. Carter's Escheat of Hallows's Land is not among the records in the Secretary's Office, for this you will be obliged to apply to the Proprietor's Office, and Mr. Everhard,45 the principal Clerk in the Secretary's, being constantly engaged with the Court business I could not get him to search for the Paper's, and decree in favour of Hallows against Manley's heir. I attempted it myself, but for want of knowledge in their Records, I could not trace the proceedings regularly on; though I found where the Suit was commenced in April 1729 [ sic] by Hallows against George Eskridge, Guardian to your Father. I shall probably go to Williamsburg again in Feby. as the Assembly, it is suppos'd, will then meet; and shall find the Clerks more at leizure to search for the Papers you want or if this will be delaying the matter longer than you would choose, I could write to Mr. Everard by the Post, who I dare say would send transcrips from the record of every thing necessary to illucidate the point you want to know.
[Note 45: Thomas Everard was also one of the auditors for Virginia, which post he held from 1761 to 1780.]
Herewith you will receive the Notes &ca. agreeable to your Memm. and the Treasurers rect. for the Sum you sent by me, but he would not receive the Acct. as the 61 Hhds. of relanded Tobo. should [mutilated] be a credit to the Country [mutilated] was money actually received, or ought to have been so, [mutilated] to the Country credit'd as the Warehouses belong'd to [mutilated] I offerd to pay the difference, that is the £2.0.8, but he said this would answer no purpose, as the Acct. must be fresh stated; at which time it would do equally well to receive the Ballance, and requested me to bring down the Acct. with the alteration I have here mentioned, that he may enter a proper state of it in his Books, I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1771.
Dear Sir: Since my Letter of the 7th. which will accompany this by Mr. Adam, who I beg leave to recommend to your Notice; I have thought it advisable to purchase Stobo and Vanbraams Rights to the Land under Governor Dinwiddies Proclamation; provided they will take a trifle for it, and more than a trifle circumstanced as things are, I will not give.
My only motive for doing this, is, that the progress of our Affairs may be less obstructed, by being more contracted. The whole trouble of late (in this Country I mean) has fallen upon me, and a good deal of expence which never has, nor indeed never can be brought into Acct. I have been Subjected to by my Activity in this matter; And, as it is very obvious that the whole Work must go on at the expence of a few, or not at all, I am Inclind to adventure a little further in order to take the chance of gaining in proportion to my loss; for no problem in Euclid is more clear than that those who do not choose to advance before hand whilst there is at least a hope of success will hardly draw their purse strings to reimburse the expences of others when even hope is departed from them.
If you can give Mr. Adam any assistance towards makg. these purchases, I shall acknowledge it as a singular favour. Colo. Cresap who I have seen since his return from England, gave it to me as his opinion that, some of the Shares in the New (Charter) Government on the Ohio might be bought very Cheap from some of the present Members. Are you of this Opinion? Who are they that would sell? And at what price do you think a share could be bought? I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1771.
Dear Sir: Your claim to a share of the 200,000 Acres of Land under Governor Dinwiddie's Proclamation has been entered, and the Governor and Council have settled the proportion's which shall fall to each Man's Lott (according to the Rank he enterd the Service with) by which each Field Officer is allowed 15,000 Acres, each Captain 9,000, each Subaltern 6,000; each Cadet 2,500. A Sergeant 600, a Corporal 500, and each private Soldier 400 Acres a piece.
The Solliciting this matter with some other expences that have attended the prosecuting of our Claim have cost a few Individuals upwards of £200 already and instead of getting one half the Land contiguous to the Forks of Monongahela (Now Fort Pitt) where they are of some value, we are obliged to go down the Ohio near 300 Miles lower and take the Land in twenty Surveys; by which means, and the Nature of that Country which you know is very hilley and broken, we shall be obliged to include a large portion of bad Land so as not only to render the Grant of little value but will create a good deal of discontent at a division as it is absolutely impossible to make an equal distribution of the good and bad, nor divide it by Lott as differ't Ranks are entitled to different quantities; and when all is done what plague and trouble we are yet to meet with from the Proprietors of the New Governm't to the Westward of us whose Grant Includes every Inch of the Land we are expecting under our Order of Council I know not, time only can reveal it.
The expence attending this Grant of Ours, is in a manner but just beginning as we have not Surveyed a third part of the Lands yet, and are laid under the Inconvenience and hardship of first exploring the Country, then Surveying our whole quantity in twenty Surveys, and after that each Man his particular quantity seperately. A Grievance we have labour'd much to get removd, but could not. It is therefore Incumbant upon you to appoint an Agent here to attend to your Interest in these Lands; who should be enabled to contribute your proportion of the expence, for without money the business cannot go forward even if the way was smooth much less where there are difficulties in every Stage of it.
What I have here said will just serve to give you some Idea of this Affair; to relate the whole proceedings, with the troubles and Vexation's that have accompanied them in stating our Claims, drawing Petitions, presenting Memorials &ca. &ca. would require a Volume and afford little entertainment I shall therefore only add that I am, Dr. Sir, etc.
Note. A Letter of the same date of the above, and word for Word with it, I also wrote to Captn. Jacob Vanbraam, and sent them both, together with the foregoing and following by Mr. Robt. Adam.
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1771.
Gentn: I have Commissioned the bearer of this Mr. Robert Adam a friend and acquaintance of mine and one who I beg leave to recommend to your Notice to purchase on my Acct. the Rights of two Officers to certain shares of a Tract of Land granted by Govr. Dinwiddies Proclamation in 1754 to the Troops that engaged in the Service of this Colony at that time. If he does this he may possibly have a call for about One hundred and fifty pounds Sterling to pay for them which I beg the favour of you to advance him on my Account, charging me Interest thereon; or, if you have any unwillingness to do this, I then request that the money may be paid out of Mr. Custis's money in your hands and I shall allow him Interest for it here.
Mr. Adam has also one or two other little Commission's to execute for me which possibly may require from Ten to Twenty Guineas, this Sum you will please to advance on my Account also, among [them] I have requested him to get me a Gardner, if one of an orderly, and Sober behaviour can be had upon good terms your advise in procuring of one may be of Service both to him and me and will merit my thanks as I am a good deal in want of one. Captns. of Ships (Johnstoun in particular) I know make a practise of engaging Tradesmen of difference kinds upon Indenture for four or five years and bring them over from whence I conclude a Gardner may be had in the same way but rather than fail I would give moderate wages. I do not desire any of your fine fellows who will con tent themselves with Planning of Work, I want a Man that will labour hard, knowing at the sametime how to keep a Gar den in good Order and Sow Seed in their proper Seasons in ground that he has prepard well for the reception of them. I am Gentn., etc.
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1771.
Sir: In case of your going to England I should be obliged to you for using your Endeavours to purchase for me the Rights of Captns. Robt. Stobo, and Jacob Vanbraam, to part of the 200,000 Acres of Land claim'd by the Officers and Soldiers under Governor Dinwiddies Proclamation of the 19th of Feby. 1754 which by a late determination of the Governor and Council will be, if got at all, Nine thous'd Acres to each of these Gentlemen.
For neither of these shares would I give above an hund'd pounds Sterlg. at the Utmost because there is, in the first place a chance of our never getting the Land at all as it cannot yet be forseen what difficulties we are to meet with from the Members of the Proprietary Governm't to the Westward of us; who have it is said obtaind an actual Grant of the Country we are Surveying In. In the next place if we do get them it is under every disadvantage and discouragement that the nature of the thing can possibly be attended with for instead of getting one half of the Land Contiguous to Pittsburg as we were entitled to do by Proclamation and where it would be valuable we are obliged to go 300 Miles below and take the Land in large Tracts by w'ch means, and the Nature of the Country, we must necessarily Include a large portion of bad Land as we are con find to 20 Surveys and have made 10 of them, in the most extensive bodies of good L. we c'd find and have not got near one third of our q'ty which besides the hardship of compell'g us to receive, will be attend'd with much difficulty and great discontent at a division as it is almost impossible to divide the good and the bad in eq'e proport'ns am'g the different Claim'nts add to this, that we are obligd to be at a dble expence; first in Surv'g the whole q'ty and then each Man saddled with the charge of lay'g of his own part sepearately w'ch by the by appears to be subjected to the Manifest Inconvenience of being held in the Nature of a joint Interest and consequently no Man ascertaind of his particul'r spot till the whole are ready and willing to divide for which reason it is, I incline to buy, in order that this Inconv'e may be lessen'd by the principal Shares getting into fewer hands, and because hitherto the principal share of the advance (which has been upwards of £200) and almost the whole trouble has fallen upon me, otherwise I must have given up every hope of my own. Under these Circum stances which are justly and truely related I think those who have contributed nothing towards bearing the trouble, or ex pence of this business (among whom Stobo and Vanbraam are two) cannot expect much for their Shares and therefore I would give a trifle in order to take the chance of gaining as well as loosing as I must carry on the Work. Whatever Sums you agree for (and I have no doubts of y'r purcha'g upon the best terms you can) I have desired Robt. Cary Esqr. & Co. to pay; and I shall be much obligd to you for any trouble you may be at and will thankfully repay all expences.
I have furth'r to request the fav'r of y'o, if it sh'd happen in y'r way, to procure me a good Gardner; they, as well as other Tradesmen are frequently I am told to be had upon Indenture. Captn. Jno. Johnstoun I know used to bring in more or less every y'r in this man'r, and sell them in the Country. I do not want one of y'r fine fellows; a Man that can lay of a Garden, and will Work hard in it afterw'ds, and who knows how to sow Seeds in their proper seasons is all that I desire. In short a good Kitchen Gardner is what I want. If he underst'd something of Fruit Trees and could Graft and Innoculate so much the better.
The Gun herewith sent please to have handsomely Stock'd; let the Stock be of the same Bend, and Substance at the Britch as the old one. The Barl. to be scaled and properly cleans'd on the Inside and to have a new Lock of a piece with the Barl., the whole to be done in a compleat mann'r, with a pair of Bullet Moulds.
A Neat slip Cane, with a gold head (not expens'e) with my Arms engravd thereon. Also a Plate with my Arms engravd and 4 or 500 Copies struck.46 A White Agate Stone fixd in the gold Socket sent with Custis's Arms engravd thereon for Mr. Custis to whom it is to be charg'd. Heartily wish'g you a pleas't Voayage &ca. I am with g't Esteem, etc.
[Note 46: This was the Washington bookplate. It was engraved on copper by S. Valliscure, who charged 14 shillings for the work and 6 shillings more for 300 prints therefrom. The plate and prints were shipped to Washington in the ship Martha Rawlins, from London, Mar. 25, 1772. The original copperplate was discovered in 1929 by that discriminating and indefatigable collector, Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach.]
Mount Vernon, December 6, 1771.
Dear Sir: The inclosed I write to you in behalf of the whole Officers and Soldiers; and beg of you to be attentive to it, as I think our Interests is deeply concerned in the event of your dispatch.
I believe from what I have lately heard that there is no doubt now, of the Charter Government taking place on the Ohio; but upon what terms, or how the Lands will be granted to the people, I have not been able to learn: I shou'd be glad however if you would endeavour to keep the Tract you surveyed for me till such time as we can tell where, and how, to apply for Rights; or, if you did any thing with McMahan, on my account, I will abide by that. As soon as the Tract at the Great Meadow's is enlarged, I should be glad to have the Surveys return'd to the Office, and to get a plat of it myself, as I am determined to take out a patent for it immediately.
I cannot hear of any reserve in favor of Colo. Croghan; for which reason I do not care to say anything more to him on the subject of a purchase untill matters are upon a more permanent footing, since no disadvantage can follow to him, after leaving him at liberty in my last letter to sell the Tract he made me an offer of to any body he pleased. I shou'd be glad however to hear from you how he goes on in his sales, and what is said, and thought of his claim; in short, what chance there appears to be of his getting it; for I suppose his right to the Lands he claims must either be confirm'd, or rejected by this time, and known at Pittsburg before now. I shou'd be glad to hear from you by the first opportunity in respect to these several matters; in the mean while I remain with my best wishes to Mrs. Crawford, yourself and Family, Dr. Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, January 27, 1772.
Dear Sir: Inclos'd you have a letter for Mrs. Savage and a Bill drawn upon James Gildart of Liverpool for £53 Sterling, being a balance in his hands, which you will please to remit of soon as possible for her use. If we are able to recover any part of her annuity from Doctor Savage, I shall lay claim to my money again and this is the reason of my passing it thro' your hands; if not, I wish it may prove the means of relieving the old Lady from distress,47 who I believe has met with hard measure from the Doctor, from any one of the hardships she complains of in her letter. I am Dear Sir, etc.
[Note 47: Mr. Savage acknowledged this gift (August 19): "the Bill of £53 you were so good as to send for my relief, which believe me my dear Friend came most season ably; my situation is terrible, hut without it, it would have been wretched indeed. It would argue a base and ungrateful mind to omitt this opportunity of tendering you all in my power to bestow, the tribute of an Honest, Sincere and gratefull Heart for this Act of generosity and Friendship."]
Williamsburg, March 16, 1772.
Gentn: Since I came to this place I have been informed of your Letter to Mr. Jos'h Valentine (who is now Dead) respecting the Tobo. Shipped you by Captn. Peterson. I cannot conceive how this mistake has happened, nor is it in my power at the time to remedy it otherwise than by sending the marks and numbers as under from the different Inspection's not having the Bills of Lading to Inclose. This method I suppose will sufficiently distinguish the property of the Tobo. and enable you to make out my Acct. of Sales distinct from Mr. Custis's.
I inform'd you in my last of the 20th. of Feby. of a Draft for Fifty pounds in favour of the Revd. Mr. Boucher, Tutor to Mr. Custis, to whose acct. it was to be placed; and I believe I shall have occasion to draw upon you on the same Acct. at the April Genl. Court to the amount of four or five hund'd pounds more to comply fully with a late purchase of Land made on the behalf of this young Gentlemen. I remain Gentn., etc.
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1772.
Gentn: Inclosed you have mine, Mr. and Miss Custis's In voices for this River. The Goods you will please to forward by the first Vessel for Potomack (which possibly maybe Captn. Jordan the bearer of this) as there are some Articles that will be a good deal wanted especially the Sein, which will be altogether useless to me if I do not get them early in the Spring, or in other words I shall sustain a considerable disappointment and loss, if they do not get to hand in time. The Invoices for York River must be sent by some other oppertunity as the Steward there (Mr. James Hill successor to Mr. Valentine) has not yet furnished me with an Acct. of the Goods wanting.
The Wheat Riddles sent with my last Goods by [the] Mary Vaughan are by no means such as I desired, or such as I can make use of, and therefore I return them. I wanted these Riddles made open enough to let every thing smaller than the broken heads of Wheat and Straw through. In short to have had the Wire 5/8 th. of an Inch apart, and thought my directions on this head would have been expresive enough of my meaning to have obtaind my desire. I should still be glad to get such Sieves as these as they are very useful in taking out the broken heads and straws before the Wheat is winnowed, but want no others as we have a different method of cleaning Wheat here than that used in England.
Whatever Freight other's are charged for the Tobacco Shipped in Peterson last year I shall expect to pay for, Mr. Custis and myself but cannot help observing nevertheless that I have heard of no other Ships going at £10 pr Tonn from this Colony and have good Reason's to believe that they went at a much lower freight from Maryland.
Mr. Adam is not yet return'd to Virginia so that I do not know what success he met with in procuring a Gardner for me in Scotland. I am obliged to you however for the trouble you took in endeavouring to get one in London notwithstanding the attempt prov'd fruitless. It was not my Intention to give high Wages, Mr. Adam was right therefore in declining the matter when he found they were not to be had upon reasonable terms.
Peterson's late Sailing will, I fear proove very detrimental to us, not only in receiving our Goods so late in the Season but on Acct. of our Tobacco's not getting to an early Market. I remain, etc.
*INVOICE OF GOODS TO BE SHIPPED BY ROBERT CARY &
CO. AND FOR THE USE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON,
POTOMACK RIVER, VIRGINIA, VIZ.
*INVOICE OF GOODS TO BE SHIPP'D BY ROBT. GARY ESQ.
& CO. FOR THE USE OF MISS. MARTHA PARKE CUSTIS,
AND TO HER CHARGED BUT CONSIGNED TO GEO:
WASHINGTON, POTOMACK RIV'R, VIRGINIA, VIZ.
Virginia, July 15, 1772.
Sir: Please to send the following Shoes and Boots and apply to Robt. Cary Esqr. & Co. for Payment.
The Shoes which you sent me last fitted very well, but were in my opinion very ill shap'd; at least they do not please my taste as I am not fond of either long, or low hind Quarters, or Sharp Toes. I beg that none of the Shoes you now, or hereafter may send me, may be made of Dogskin unless particularly required to be so. I am Sir, etc.
PS Mr. Custis desires his Shoes may be made long and low in the hind Quarters. In short they may be made fashionable.
Virginia, July 15, 1772.
Mr. Gibson: The Coat and Waistcoat which you sent me last year (by order of Robt. Cary Esq'r & Co.) fitted very well, except having the fault you apprehended of being too long in the Skirts (for I was obliged to cut of near three Inches from the length) and being at the sametime a little too tight in the Sleeves; with an allowance for these alteration's I have to desire you to make the following Cloaths for me now
I have also to request you to send the following Cloaths for Mr. Custis, desiring at the same time that they may be made larger than those you sent him last year as the Breeches were too small for him every way especially in the Seat, and the Coats too narrow across the shoulders over and above these alteration's you are to make a proper allowance for his growth since as he is not only Taller, but lustier in ev' other resp't
Robt. Cary Esqr. & Co. will pay you for these things and I am Sir, etc.
P.S. Send Mr. Custis also, a Waistcoat of Superfine Scarlet Cloth with a Neat light gold Embroidery (if Embroidery is in Fashion, if not then to have a gold Lace on it). In short he wants a fash'e Winter Waistcoat which you will please to let this be, Yrs. &ca.
Virginia, July 15, 1772.
Gentn: That I may have my Seins Nett exactly agreeable to directions this y'r I give you the trouble of receiv'g this Letter from me to desire that 3 may be made. One of them 80 fathom long another 70, and the 3d. 65 fathom, all of them to be 12 feet deep in the middle and to decrease to 7 at the end when Rigged and fit for use; to be so close Mesh'd in the Middle as not to suffer the Herr'gs (for w'ch kind of Fishery they are intended) to hang in them because, when this is the case it gives us a good deal of trouble at the busy hurrying Season to disengage the Sein and often is the means of Taring it. But the Meshes may widen as they approach the ends; the Corks to be no more than 2 feet and half asunder and fixd on flat ways that they may Swim and bear the Sein up bett'r w'h a float right in the middle to shew the approach of the Sein with greater certainty in case the Corks should Sink, the Leads to be 5 feet apart. The Sein I had from you last y'r (by ord'r of R Cary Esqr. & Co.) had two faults, one of w'ch is that of hav'g the Meshes too open in the Middle; the other of being too strait rig'd; to avoid w'ch I advice you to loose at least 1/3 of the length in hanging these Seins; that is, to let your 80 Fathom Sein be 120 in the strait Meas'e (before it is hung to the Lead and Cork Lines) and the other 2 to bear the same prop'n. I c'd wish to have these Seins Tan'd but it is thought the one I had from you last y'r was inj'd in the Vat for w'ch reason I leave it to you to have these Tan'd, or not, as you shall judge most expedient. Robt. Cary Esqr. & co. will pay you for them also for 25 lbs of twine w'ch I desire may acompany them. It is absolutely necessary that I sh'd have these Seins as soon as possible for w'ch reason I hope no disapp't will happen from you as I possibly may be a pretty good customer for the time to come if you do me justice in these now ordered. I would not wish to have them made of thick heavy twine as they are more liable to heat and req'r great'r force to Work them; keep this Letter by you and I can from time to time point out any alter'ns I may find necessary to make in future with greater ease and certainty. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note 67: A merchant of Alexandria, Va.]
Mount Vernon, August 7,68 1772.
[Note 68: Ford prints this letter as of August 2.]
Sir: In reply to your Letter of the 4th. I think it a piece of Justice due to you to acknowledge that I was not lead to enquire into the price of the Goods I had purchased of you already, and might hearafter take from any thing that passed between us at the time I offered to discontinue my own Importations (upon Condition I could get my Goods at nearly what they would cost to Import them myself). I very well remember that nothing conclusive passd between you and me on that occasion; as a proof of w'ch I made out my own Invoice and sent it home by Captn. Jordan as usual, consequently you were not restraind on that Acct. from charging me what you pleased. My enquiry arose from an opinion that I was dealing with you upon better terms than common, and this opinion was founded upon what Mr. Adam told me of his Scheme when I came therefore to see an Article advanced a good deal higher than I expected I own to you that I was alarm'd and thought it high time to know upon what footing I was purchasing. If after this acknowledgement which I thought it incumbant on me to make in order that you might be released even from the apprehension of an engagement you still think proper to let me have the Goods I may find occasion to buy in the Country at 25 pr. Ct. Sterling advance upon the genuine Cost dischargeable at the Curr'y exchange I will confine my whole Country dealings to your Store and will endeavour to thro the Wages which I pay to hirelings into your hands also; provided you will let me know upon what certain reasonable advance they can have their Goods (upon the strength of my Credit) for unless they can deal with you upon better terms than with others I should not think myself justifyable in attempting to influence their choice, and this knowledge I must come at in order that I may convince them (if satisfied myself) of the propriety of the Measure.
You may believe me sincere when I assure you that no Man wishes to see your Company prosper in Trade more than I do and self Interest apart, I have always thought the way to do this was to Import largely and Sell low provided you could get a ready Vend and quick payments for your Goods but do not deceive yourself by the ready dispatch you have hither to met with; for tho' I do not pretend to dispute your Selling at a low advance in general (having had no oppertunity at all of Judging) yet give me leave to add that the progress you have hither to met with is by no means an evid't proof of it. The Mind of Man is fond of Novelty, Curiosity led many to your Store, and Inclination when there tempted them to be doing; to this they were excited by an opinion which most People had imbibd of your large Importation, and intended Scheme of Trade but my good Sir this is but the Work of a day, and like the Evening of it will sink into obscurity unless by a steady adherance to your Plan you convince the judgment as well as satisfie the curiosity of your Customers. You see that I have used a freedom which Friendship only can excuse me for. If I did not wish well to your undertaking, I should not take the liberty of troubling you with my Sentiments which however different from your own, or wrong in your principles, are truely genuine. If you are in any doubt, in respect to the advance upon the Goods I may get for my own use, or are got upon my Credit, I do not want to hurry you into a determination. The matter may rest till the arrival of Mr. Adam. I am, with very great esteem, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1772.
Madam: From the purport of Mrs. Bomforts last favour by Captn. Grayson it wou'd appear that my letter (and the small sum I was able to advance out of my own pocket for your immediate support) had not then got to hand; but as there is no doubt of its having done so before this; I shall not give you the trouble of having the substance of it recapitulated. In pursuance of our request, I have at length, got the original Deeds w'ch passed from you to the Doctors previous to your marriage, as also an authentic copy of the Doctrs. Bond to you both of which are herewith inclosed. In procuring the former, I met with a good deal of difficulty, being oblig'd to send to Williamsburg for them, after searching Prince William, Fairfax and Loudoun offices in vain. I have, at the same time, the further satisfaction of advising you, that I think we are in fair way of setting aside the transaction with Mr. Montgomerie respecting the annuity of your Bond; and consequently coming upon the Doctor for the whole sum due thereon, since the date of your marriage; but as the matter yet hangs in suspence, I would not advise you to be altogether sanguine, till you hear from me again, w'ch shall be as soon as we can get the matter finally fixed with Mr. Montgomerie. In the interim the suit goes on against the Doctor, and will, it is hoped, come to a hear'g in a Court or more; I wou'd advise you therefore to adhere steadily to your appointment of Mr. Piper, who seems to have taken a little umbrage at your changing the Channel of corrispondence from Mr. Dixon, as if you were suspicious of some inattention or remissness in one or the other of them. The Doctor begins, I fancy, to squeak at the prospect; and you may for ought I know, soon receive some proposals of accomodation from him, but I wou'd advise you not to be hasty in acceding to them, as I flatter myself we are not without a very good chance of recovering the whole sum due upon the Bond; and you may be assured that his offers will fall short of his expected payments. This packet was intended to go by Capt: Grayson, but being unluckily from home, when his Ship passed by, I missed the opportunity; but hope it will get safe to your hands not withstanding. I rejoice sincerely, that it is in my power from the information of Mr. Bomfort to congratulate you upon your recover'd state of health; at the same time I assure you that I receiv'd the acct. of your affliction with real concern; Persons, and things in this neighbourhood since the date of my last, remain nearly, in statu quo; Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis join their best wishes to mine, for you, and I am Madam, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1772.
Madam: The tender concern you shew to the distressed is sufficiently exemplifyed in the case of Mrs. Savage, and will be attended, I am persuaded, with more pleasing reflections, than the acknowledgments of the Lady, or the thanks of her friends are capable of affording. Brutal as the Doctrs. behaviour must appear to the feelings of every dispassionate mind, he is unwilling to be thought the Culprit he proves himself; for he does not scruple to assert, that Mrs. Savage was not only provided with every necessary, but all kinds of conveniencies, when he left Ireland: little, however will these assertion's avail him, when oppos'd by your candid and disinterested account of his con duct towards that Lady nor will it, I apprehend, avail his purse; as we are not without hopes of bringing her Affairs to a more favourable issue than was expected in my last, there being good reason to believe, we shall now be able to set aside the Transaction with her former Agent, and consequently bring the Doctor to account for all the arrearages due on the Bond. In the mean time I send her the papers she requested thro' you, and with all due deference and respect remain, Madam, etc.
Fairfax County, December 3, 1772.
Sir: I have been inform'd, that a Survey which Captain Crawford made for me on the Ohio (being the first bottom on the So. East side of the river) above Capteening, and nearly opposite to Pipe Creek, at my particular request, You have either gone, or intend to go, and take possession of; Such a step as this, I cou'd hardly have expected from you. However as it is a piece of Land I viewed in Novr. 1770 before you had ever explored that Country, have had it surveyed by an Officer legally appointed by the Surveyors General of this Colony, and am resolved to take out a Patent for it (notwithstanding any improvement you either have, or may make upon it) so soon as Rights are to be had. I have judged it expedient to serve you with this notice thereof, (which I am told is not the first you have had) and to assure you at the same time, that I am determin'd not to relinquish my right to this Tract, which contains 587 acres, and which I am ready to pay for at any time, till I have at least spent the full value of the Land in support of my claim. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, January 12, 1773.
Sir: In July last I shipd 273 Barr'es of Flour in the Brig Fair fax, Saml. Brodie Master for Barbadoes; or, in case of bad Markets there, to Jamacia and consignd them to Mr. D. Jenifer Adams who went in the Vessell, and was part owner thereof; directing the proceeds (together with £86.5.0 Virg'e Curr'y or £69 Sterg. Excha: 25 pr. Ct. being the amount of 115 Barr'es of Herrings sold him and to be paid for in the Freight of the Flour or) to be laid out as you will see by the Inclosd Letter of Instructions since which I have been Informd that a Misunderstanding has arisen between the Captn. and Mr. Adams; that the Vessell is Sold, purchased by Mr. Adams, and taken a Freight to the Bay of Honduras.
These things having happend contrary to the Intention of the Owners, when the Brig Saild from this Country, added to some more Cogent Reasons (unnecessary to Mention) has given rise to a Suspicion that my Property is in a very precarious way, and by no means safe in the hands of Mr. Adams; I must beg the favour of you therefore to make particular enquiry into the state of this matter; and, if you find, as I have much reason to fear, that the proceeds of my Flour has been Misapplied, that you will use your best endeavours to obtain redress for me; to this end, and to effect this purpose, I do hereby constitute and appoint you my full and Lawfull Attorney, to Act and do for me in any manner you shall think fit in the premises, in tending by these presents to Invest you with every power that I myself might have if there, to settle, Sue for, and recover the proceeds of my Flour, and the price of my Herrings from Mr. Adams; and remit them to me in the manner he was directed to do; and that you may with the greater ease effect this, I have, in the Inclosed Letter to Mr. Adams (left open for your perusal) desired him to settle with, and pay into your hands the sums respectively due to me. I am sorry I am laid under the necessity of giving you this trouble, but hope you will excuse it from Sir, Yr., etc.
Mount Vernon, January 12, 1773.
Sir: As there appears to be a good deal of Inconsistency be tween your Letters to me and those to Colo. Carlyle respecting the Sale of the Brig, and as you have chang'd the Destination of the Vessell contrary to the Original Intention of the Voyage, and contrary to the expectation of the Owner here (to my very great Inconvenience) and as some other reasons might be added, if necessary, still more cogent, I shall stand excus'd I hope for with drawing my effects out of your hands; In order to which, I have given Mr. McMickan a power to settle with, and receive from you the proceeds of my Flour, as also the price of the Herrings you had of me to the amount of £86.5.0 Virg'a Curr'y either in the Freight or otherwise. You will not fail I hope to comply with this request as he is vested with sufficient authority to enforce it in behalf of Sir, Yr., etc.79
[Note 79: Washington later attached some land belonging to Adams in recovery of the debt occasioned by this failure. The land was located in Charles County, Md., and is noted in Washington's will. Sundry letters from Adams regarding this land are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 5.]
Mount Vernon, January 19, 1773.
Dear Sir: If you are done with my Compass and Plotting Instruments, I should be glad to receive them by the bearer, as I measure all my Fields, and am now Inclosing a new one, and do not know where to lay the Rails that are to Fence it, till I find how much of the Field will give me the quantity of Land I want to Inclose
As I wrote to you in haste the morning of the day Lord Sterlg.80 yourself &ca. were to dine here81 (in answer to your Letter of the 1st. Inst.) I might not perhaps have expressed my meaning so clearly as I wishd to have done, in respect to the several matters therein containd; and therefore cannot help again repeating, that, if you think, engaged as I often am in Company, with my own business, and the business of others, I can be as serviceable to you in your absence, as another who may have more leisure, but not more Inclination, I shall under take it with chearfulness My only diffidence arose from an ap prehension that, I had it not in my power to give that attention to your business which the nature of the case might require; and that I might in fact, do you a disservice by undertaking more than I could perform; but upon perusing your Letter more attentively, I find that, as you only require that I should have an eye to the conduct of your Steward or manager, and to remit his Collections; I can do it with very little difficulty; and will, if
[Note 80: Willam Alexander, called Lord Stirling. He was born in New York City but lived most of his life in New Jersey. His claim to the earldom of Stirling was denied by the House of Lords. He married a daughter of Philip Livingston and was, successively, a colonel, brigadier general, and major general in the Continental Army. He was a firm friend of and greatly trusted by Washington.]
[Note 81: The following entry appears in Washington's "Diary" (Jan. 2, 1773): "Lord Stirling and Captn. Foy, with Colo. Fairfax, came to dinner. The latter went away afterwards, the other Gentlemen stayd." Capt. Edward Foy was secretary to Governor Dunmore. George William Fairfax was preparing for a visit to England and wished Washington to take care of his Virginia interests while absent.] you think proper to repose this Trust in me, discharge it to the zest of my judgment.
Our Compliments are presented to yourself, and Mrs. Fairfax who we hope to hear is better. One of the Letters herewith sent was found upon the Road in Stafford and brought from thence a day or two ago by L: Washington. I am, etc.
[Note 82: Newton was a son of Thomas and Amy (Hutchings) Newton, a merchant of Nor folk, Va. He held various public offices of trust during the Revolution and in 1786 was mayor of Norfolk. He married Martha Tucker.]
Mount Vernon, January 23, 1773.
Sir: By the Liberty Wm. Keath I send you 80 Barr'ls of Her rings pt. receipt Inclosed; which please to dispose of for April pay; or, if the price can be enhanc'd by it, for that of July.
As I have never yet sold a Barr'l of my Fish under 15/ at my Landing, as I know them to be good (equal if not superior to any that is transported from this Country), and in no danger of spoiling by keeping, being well cured, and well pack'd in tight Cask; I shall hope that you will be able, between this and the coming in of the New Fish, to sell these for 15/ clear of Freight and Commission. Some of the same Cargo ship'd in the Fairfax by a Gent'n to whom I sold them, fetch'd 25/ in Jamaica; when other Herrings on board the same Vessell scarce reach'd 12/6, and some again sold for less than 10/ a Barrell.
I have now a Vessell waiting (at the mouth of the Creek on which my Mill stands) to take in Flour to your address, but the Ice prevents the delivery of it. A few days may produce a change, and enable me to load it. The quantity to be sent can not be ascertain'd; as the Stoage of the sloop is unknown; perhaps there may be about 200 Barr'ls of Super fine Burr; 50 of Midling Do; and 50 of Bisquet stuff, as it is suppos'd the Vessell will carry about 300 Barr'Is in all. By that oppertunity I shall write you again, in the meanwhile I have to request the favour of you to give the Inclosed Letter to Mr. McMickan, the first conveyance that offers as the dispatch of it may, eventually be a matter of some Importance to Sir, Yr., etc. PS If you have an Oppertunity, I should be obliged to you for send'g a Barrel of these Fish to Mrs. Dawson83 of Winsburg, and let her know that it is sent as a compliment from y'rs &ca.
[Note 83: Mrs. Elizabeth (Churchill) Dawson, widow of Commissary William Dawson, who was president of William and Mary College She kept a fashionable boarding house in Williamsburg, Va., and Washington stopped there frequently while attending the sessions of the House of Burgesses.]
Mount Vernon, January 27, 1773.
Sir: Inclos'd you have a Copy of my last. By the bearer Captn. Silby Harney, in the Willing Maid, I send you 200 Barrls of Superfine Flour, and 50 Barrls of Midlings (all the Vessell would carry) pr. Invoices Inclos'd, which please to dispose of for the best prices you can get, immediately, unless by keeping it a while, there is an apparent prospect of selling it higher. You may allow Credit till April, July, or even October for this Flour, according as you find my Interest can be advanced by it.
I have not, as yet, sold an Oz of Super fine Flour under 16/8 at my Mill; What you will now receive has been regularly Inspected the Inspectors Certificate being Inclosed. The Midlings must speak for itself, as I have had no Inspection thereon; but think I should not be much out if I was to add, that they are, in my opinion, of equal quality with common Flour, and in Philadelphia I am told, always bears the same price however as I am perswaded you will make the most of it I need only add that I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, February 4, 1773.
My Lord: I have just been informed of Isaac Larews having enter'd in your Lordship's Office, a Tract of Land survey'd for my deceas'd Brother, Lawrence, in the name of Richd. Sanford, twenty odd years ago. The circumstances attending which, to the best of my recollection, will be found upon enquiry, to stand thus. This Land being survey'd just before the Death of my Brother, a Patent never issued for it; but the quantity appearing in the List of his other Lands in Frederick County, devised to my younger brothers;84 they proceeded to a division by that List, and this tract among others, falling to the share of the youngest of them, was always thought to lay differently from what it does, and has had the Quit-rents arising on it (as I have been told) regularly paid, ever since the division took place, at the time of which, I well remember it was thought wonderful what had become of the Patent, and your Lordship's Office in vain searched for it, nor was it till of late known, that the missing Land was the Tract surveyed in the name of Richard Sanford, but conceived to be in the possession of Mr. Chas. Dick under purchase from Robt. Worthington, who it was groundlessly conjectur'd, when the Land could not be found; ha d taken some advantage of my Brother's death and his own neglect in not passing Deeds, to sell it a second time, to Mr. Dick. In short, various were the conjectures, but nothing certain cou'd be hit upon, to Acct. for the loosing of the Land. Upon discovery, however, of the mistake, application was made to your Lord ship for a Patent, and I believe the issuing of it was postponed on Acct. of Mr. Sanford, as the Survey was made in his name, and who I am well satisfied, tho' I have never spoke to him on the occasion, has not the most distant thought of getting it.
[Note 84: Samuel, John Augustine, and Charles Washington.]
I am no ways interested My Lord, nor can I be affected by the Grant either to one or the other, but as I am persuaded that your Lordship wou'd not wish under this state of the case, which I have not intentionally exagerated, grant the Land to Larew, without giving the other Claimants an opportunity of being heard. I thought it an act of Justice, as well as brotherly Kindness to apprize your Lordship of the circumstances, which will apologize, I hope, for my giving your Lordship the trouble of receiving this letter, being with the greatest respect, Your Lordships, etc.
Mt. Vernon, February 15, 1773.
Sir: I am obliged to you for the notice you have given me of an intended meeting of your Vestr85 on Tuesday next. I do
[Note 85: Of Christ Church. Alexandria, Va. Washington was elected a vestryman of Fair fax Parish March 28, 1765, and his name had not been submitted at the Truro election on March 25. July 22. 1765, he was chosen a vestryman for Truro and his name omitted in the Fairfax election of July 25. The notice is in the Washington Papers.] not know however that it will be in my power to attend, nor do I conceive it at all necessary that I should, as I am an avowed Enemy to the Scheme I have heard (but never till of late believed) that some Members of your Vestry are Inclined to adopt.
If the Subscription to which among others I put my name was set on foot under Sanction of an Order of Vestry as I always understood it to be, I own myself at a loss to conceive, upon what principle it is, that there should be an attempt to destroy it; repugnant it is to every Idea I entertain of justice to do so; and the right of reclaiming the Pews by the Vestry in behalf of the Parish (which have been Built by Private contribution granting the Subscription Money to be refunded with Interest,) I most clearly deny; therefore, as a parishioner who is to be saddled with the extra charge of the Subscription Money I protest against the Measure. As a Subscriber who meant to lay the foundation of a Family Pew in the New Church, I shall think myself Injured; For give me leave to ask, can the raising of that £150 under the present Scheme be considered in any other light than that of a deception? Is it presumable that this money would have been advanced if the Subscribers could possibly have conceived, that after a Solemn Act of Vestry under faith of which the Money was Subscribed the Pews would be reclaimed? Surely not! the thought is absurd! and can be stated in no better point of view than this: Here is a Parish wanting a large Church but considering the Circumstances of its Constituents is content with a Small one, till an offer is made to enlarge it by Subscription (under certain Privileges), which is acceded by the Vestry; and when Effected and the Parish better able to bear a fresh Tax what does it want? Why to destroy a solemn Compact and reclaim the Priviledges they had granted. For I look upon the refunding of Money as totally beside the question. And for what purpose, I beg leave to ask, is this to be done? I own to you I am at a loss to discover; for as every Subscriber has an undoubted right to a Seat in the Church what matters it whether he Assembles his whole Family into one Pew, or, as the Custom is have them dispers'd into two or three; and probably it is these families will increase in a proportionate degree with the rest of the Parish, so that if the Vestry had a right to annul the agreement, no disadvantage would probably happen on that account.
Upon the whole, Sir, as I observed to you before, considering myself as a Subscriber, I enter my Protest against the measure in Agitation. As a Parishioner, I am equally averse to a Tax which is intended to replace the Subscription Money. These will be my declared Sentiments if present at the Vestry; if I am not I shall be obliged to you for Communicating them, I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, Virginia, February [15], 1773.
Sir: You will be surprized perhaps at the frequency of my Letters. I wish I had less cause to be troublesome to you, but having receivd Information of late, that, my Affairs in the hands of Mr. D: J: Adams are in a very desperate way, and vigorous measures necessary to be pursued, I send you a Copy of the power of Attorney which I forwarded on the 12th. Inst. to Norfolk (in order to get the Seal of the Borough affix'd to it) with the Seal of the County I live in, and the Clerks Certificate thereto; hoping that by Virtue of one or the other you may, if occasion requires it, be sufficiently empowerd to Act with Propriety.
I also send you a state of my Acct. against Mr. Adams,90 made out and provd, in the best manner the nature of the case will admit of for it is to be observd that he has never renderd me any regular Acct. of the Sales of my Flour, I have only the Words of a Letter therefore as transcribd into the Inclosd Acct. to support my charge against him. If he should not have left the Island of Jamaica before this Letter &ca. gets to hand I shall hope to receive some benefit from your Endeavours and am, Sir, etc.
[Note 90: A copy of this statement of account, in Washington's writing, follows this letter in the "Letter Book," and a general discussion of it will be found in Washington's letter to Robert McMickan, June 14, post.]
[Note 91: Of Loudoun County, Va. He was a son of Valentine Peyton, of Prince William County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, February 23, 1773.
Sir: Mr. Gilbert Simpson of your County and I, are upon a Scheme of settling some Lands of mine upon Youghioyany92 in Partnership; and as it is more convenient for each of us to lay in Sundry Articles which we are already possessd off than to make a joint purchase of them it becomes necessary to have these Appraizd; for this Reason, and, inasmuch as the Appraisement will either be at Mr. Simpson's own House or in Leesburg I have taken the liberty to request the favour of you to Act in my behalf and with Mr. Simpson to make choice of Appraisers to value two Negroes which I have sent up; one of his, a Waggon, some Horses, and such other things as Mr.
[Note 92: This copartnership was dissolved in 1784. Simpson built a mill for Washington on the tract on Millers Run, a branch of Chartiers Creek, Pa.] Simpson may furnish having no fixd and determinate value to them in order that each may know how he stands indebted to the other on acct. of the joint Concern. I am sorry to give you any trouble in this Affair but if it should ever lay in my power to make you a return, I shall not be unmindful of the favour you will hereby confer on Sir, Yr., etc.
Mount Vernon, February 23, 1773.
Mr. Simpson: As the Negro Fellow I bought In Alexandria will by no means consent to leave this Neighbourhood and as you did not seem Inclind to take him without I have sent a young Fellow which I bought last Spring in his room. In coming from Boston here he got Frost Bit and lost part of his Toes which prevents his Walk'g with as much activity as he otherwise would but as they are quite well, and he a good temper'd quiet Fellow I dare say he will answer the purpose very well. I also send you a fine, healthy, likely young Girl which in a year or two more will be fit for any business, her principal employment hitherto has been House Work but is able, or soon will be to do any thing else.
These Negros along with the one you carry out had better be valued by the same Appraisers; for the Cost of them is nothing to the purpose as I bought them with my own Money and for ready Cash noways Connected till apprais'd with our joint Interest I have wrote to Mr. Craven Peyton to act in my behalf, you and he therefore may agree on proper Persons to appraise these Negros but your Waggon-Horses, and other things which have not a regular and fix'd value of themselves.
Inclose you have a List of such Articles as are furnish'd from my own Store and Smiths Shop; the prices affixd are as low as I could buy at in any of the Stores for ready Cash. Lund Washington who is now going up to Alexandria will Inclose you an Acct. of what things he will get there with the prices of each respective Article all of which I hope will not only get safe to your hands but safe to the Land of Promise; for which the Sooner you Imbark After the Weather will permit the Better as you will have more of the Spring before you to prepare for the Summers Crop.
I have wrote to Captn. Crawford to assist you with any thing you may want and I will see him paid. Vale. Crawford I am perswaded will also aid you in any matters in his power and I would advise you to lay in your Provision of Corn &ca. upon your first getting out as it is more than probable the prices of them will Increase as the Spring advances.
Let me have a List of all the Articles you furnish with the sev'l Prices annexd that I may be acquainted with our respective Advances and be enabled thereby to State the Accounts. I do not recollect any thing more at present to add except in general to advise you to look beyond a year or two and not suffer any present or immediate convenience in clearing Land or doing other things to break in upon any regular or settled Plan which may be beneficial hereafter; for this reason it is I would recommend it to you to examine the Land well and begin to Build and clear in that part of it which is most likely to answer the general end and design of your going there; so in like manner concerning your Houses letting those you do Build be good of their kind and in the end you will find them Cheapest. I heartily wish you your health, and Success and am Yr. Friend, etc.
Williamsburg, March 10, 1773.
Sir: Not knowing with certainty who to apply to, for the Quota of the Expences due from Colo. Fry's Estate towards prosecuting our claim to the Lands under Govr. Dinwiddie's Proclamation of 1754. I have wrote to yourself, and brother, alternately on this head, without receiving any answer. The Lands which have been surveyed and allotted by an order of Council of the 6th. of Novr. (as you may see by my publication in Rinds Gazette93 of the 14th. of January) are now patented as there directed and in my possession; you therefore, or the person claiming the Land, now Patented in your name, stands indebted to me thus.
[Note 93: William Rind's Virginia Gazette, established in Williamsburg in 1766.]
Besides this, I have been necessarily involved in some expences (in getting the Patents passed) which I shou'd be glad also to receive, as it is really hard, not only to saddle me with the whole trouble of this business, but to lay me under the necessity of making the incidental advances or suffer the whole proceedings to stop. If no opportunity offers sooner of remitting the money to me, I shou'd be glad to receive it at the April Genl. Court, about the 25th. of the month, at which time I expect to be in this place, or to get Colo. Fieldg. Lewis to transact my business.
If you have any inclination to part with the whole, or any part of your property in these Lands, I should be glad to be advised of it, and upon what terms, as I know of some Gentlemen that want to buy Lands upon the Ohio. I am Sir, etc.
March 10, 1773.
Sir: Enquiring of Mr. Jefferson94 if he was not a neighbour to Mr. John Fry, and hinting to him a business on which I wanted to write to that Gentleman, he recommended it to me to communicate the matter to you. I have therefore taken the liberty of addressing the enclos'd under your Cover, open, that you may be appriz'd of the contents, as I am really put to much inconvenience in transacting this business, by advancing money &ca. towards prosecuting our claim to these Lands. You will please to excuse this trouble and believe me to me Sir, etc.
[Note 94: Thomas Jefferson.]
[Note 95: Thruston, whose home was in Gloucester, Va., was born in 1738. He entered the Episcopal ministry and held a pastorate in Frederick County, Va.; was a colonel in the Continental Army and became known as "the fighting parson"; moved to New Orleans in 1808 and died there in 1812.]
Williamsburg, March 12, 1773.
Revd. Sir: Your favor of the 25th ulto. by Mr. Watson came duly to hand; in answer to it I must beg leave to inform you, that the short allotment of Land to Mr. Andw. Waggener was not the result of any determination of the Officers who met at Fredericksburg on the 23d of Novemr. (for they had nothing to do, either in settling the proportions, or distributing the Land,) but was a solemn act of the Governor and Council, on the sixth preceeding, (adopted after having a full state of the several advances laid before them, and in my opinion, upon the most just and equitable principles.) If Mr. Waggener therefore, is injur'd or thinks himself injured, he must appeal to that Board as the only Tribunal which can afford him redress.
From your statement of the case, however, it would appear that you have been deceived by Mr. Waggener's representation of this matter, he has been a culprit in respect to his contributions, from the very beginning as thus. In August 1770 a meeting of all the principal claimants, was required in Fredericksburg: accordingly Mr. Waggener, among others, attended, and exhibiting the nature of his claim, was considered as the representative of his uncle Thos. Waggener. An advance was then voted, his proportion call'd for, but not paid 'till many months after.
In March, 1771, another meeting of the Claimants was summoned in Winchester; (for by, or before this time, it is necessary to be remarked, that our affairs, never in a very promising way, began to grow very alarming, from the sollicitation of a large Grant on the Ohio, by some of the most powerful men in England, and by Lord Bottetourt; notwithstanding the order of the council of the 15th December 1769, expressly forbidding the Surveys to go on) at this meeting, the few that attended, maugre all the discouragements, resolved, as the only chance left, to proceed at all hazards to surveying; altho' they were sensible that the expence would be great; and would inevitably light on their own heads, if it failed; accordingly, another sum was voted, and Mr. Waggener call'd upon in an earnest and pressing manner to advance his proportion: and what has he done? why, not paid one shilling of it to this hour; so that it was not for his non-attendance at Fredericksburg in November last (where, give me leave to add, if other business was an excuse for this negligence, no man could plead it with more propriety than myself, having left all my business in Williamsburg undone, by reason of the late coming in of the merchants, in order to be up there) that he was curtailed of his land in the first distribution, but, for want of his money to make the surveys, the effecting of which could not be done without. Whether this neglect proceeded from a disinclination to advance more under the circumstances, as they then appeared from disability, or any other cause, his own Breast can best determine; sufficient it is, that he was call'd upon on the 4th of March, 1771, to make this deposit, and that it is not done yet: The Council seeing, and having no reason to disbelieve these things, not only as they respected Mr. Waggener, but all others under the like predicament, thought it very just and reasonable, that those who, rather than give up their hopes, had waded thro' every difficulty and expence, should be first considered, and therefore determin'd, (without a dissenting voice, that I have hear'd of) that, of the first surveys, every one should receive in the proportion he had advanced; being well satisfied that this work could not have gone on without money; and that it never was expected, nor could with propriety be expected that I, who had had so much trouble in other respects, was to ride about as a Collector, to receive five pounds of this man, ten pounds of that and so on; it being sufficient for the Parties to be apprized of their quotas, and to whom to pay it. To what I have here said, I must take the liberty of observing further by way of explanation of my own meaning and the Council's intention, that my offer which you hint at had no allusion to an alteration of the kind you apply for, for the matter under contemplation at the time of inserting that saving clause was the quality of the soil, it being supposed that the difference therein might cause an unequal division, tho' each man should obtain his quantum of Land.
These, Sir, are facts, and but part of the reasons which govern'd in the determination of this matter, under which you may judge how far Mr. Waggener has just cause of complaint. Colo. Fry, Lt. Savage &c. have shared the same fate; and Captn. Stobo, Vanbraam and others who have contributed nothing, have had no part of the Lands already survey'd, allowed them, but left to come in at the second distribution, when I dare say the Govr. and Council will measure their justice by the same Rule they observ'd upon the last occasion, if the same causes prevail, as they are left at large, by the Proclamation of 1754 under which we derive our claim, to divide the Land in any manner they think proper. That Mr. Wagener, or the greatest delinquent of the whole shou'd be now ready and willing to pay up their deficiencies and take a share of the patents, I neither wonder at or doubt; many men have objections to the purchase of Lottery tickets (in which light this Grant of ours, to the most sanguine of us all, has appear'd) that would be fond enough of partaking in the prizes; but let it be asked, would the delinquents have been ready and willing to have paid up their quotas, if the scheme had fallen through? (as it most assuredly would have done if a few had not stood forth in support of the claim) and where will be the answer? It does not need the gift of prophecy to make it; for if the money could not be got whilst there was the chance of a prize, there wou'd be little hopes of receiving it in a case of a Blank.
What kind of Land may be included in the next surveys, I cannot undertake to determine; but should think it hard if the District allow'd us, never yet half explored, shou'd not be able to afford more than 127,000 acres of good, the quantity now patented. I have rather exceeded the bounds of a letter, by endeavoring to give you some idea of this matter; after which I have only to repeat, that I have no power to redress the complaint, even if I had adjudged it reasonable, which in truth I do not, as I have declared upon this, and shall do upon every other occasion, when call'd upon. Notwithstanding I am informed, formed, that you have been pleased to complain of the advantage which Doctr. Craik and I (why not Colo. Fry & Colo. Mercer also) have reaped in a distinct allotment, the reasons of which I endeavor'd, in as clear and distinct a manner as I could to account for; and as far as I was concern'd in the distinction, if it is considered in this light, with openness and candour; with what propriety am I accused then?
Did it matter anything, whether Doctr. Craik, Mr. West or Mr. Polson was left out of the large Survey, so far as the general end respecting quantity was answered by it? And if it did not, was there any person better entitled to the indulgence than the Doctor, considered in every point of view? I think not, and admitting that by fixing my Lott in this Survey, and turning others out, the amount of the Claims had corrisponded as nearly as now with the quantity of the Survey; was there any reason for doing of it? if not, why shou'd it have happened?
I did not on the one hand, pick the Surveys that were assigned me, either from the excellency of the Land, or convenience of situation; If I had, I should have avoided the largest Tract I now have (composing a full moiety of my quantum) as every inch of it, from the Surveyors' account, is subject to be overflowed, nor did I, on the other, object to the fifty thousand on account of the Land, for if I had my choice of the whole country, I should have fixed in this Survey, but because I thought (after the Land became patented) if any additional trouble was to be encounter'd (from the strange manner of granting it) it might as well fall upon others, as me; as my shoulders had supported the whole weight heretofore; and in as much as I might add without much arrogance, that if it had not been for my unremitted attention to every favorable circumstance, not a single acre of Land would ever have been obtained.
March 13, 1773.
Dear Sir: Herewith you will receive Lord Dunmore's Certificates of my Claims (as well in my own Right, as by purchase from Captain Posey and Mr. Thruston) in the Location of which in the Government of West Florida I shall rely on your Friendship and care.
Unnecessary it is to add that I should choose good Land or none at all; but as many things concur to make Land valuable it is impossible for me at this distance, and under my present knowledge of that Country to be explicit in any direction; suffice it then to observe, generally, that I would greatly prefer the Land upon the River, to Lands back from it; That I should not like to be in a low Morrassey Country, nor yet in that which is hilly and broken, and that, from the Idea I entertain of that Country, at this time, I should like to be as high up the Mississipi as the Navigation is good, having been informed that the Lands are better, and the Climate more temperate in the Northern parts of the Government than below.
If I could get the Lands equally good in one Survey, I should prefer it. If not, then in one or more as Circumstances require. Perhaps some Locations, already made upon the River might for a small consideration be bought, if so, I would rather advance a little money than put up with less valuable Land; You will please to have the Grant Surveyd and effectually Securd, with such Indulgences as those Claiming under the Proclamation of 1763 are entitled to; and do all and every thing in my behalf which shall to you seem Right and proper, the Cost of doing which I will pay, and moreover for your faithful discharge of this trust allow you the Sum of One hundred pounds Virginia Currency on the due Execution of it. Wishing you a pleasant tour and safe return to your Friends.96
[Note 96: This move to colonize in Florida was made by an association styling itself the Military Company of Adventurers, composed of those who had served in the provincial army in the late war. This company expected to obtain the grant from the British Government of a large tract of territory in West Florida (now Mississippi), on the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers--territory that had been thrown open to settlement by the creation of a new State--Florida--after the peace of 1763. This company appointed Gen. Phineas Lyman, of Connecticut, to press its claims on the ministry, but he found so much opposition to it that he was unable to effect his purpose. Without waiting for a formal grant, the company in January, 1773. sent a party from New York to take possession. After a long voyage they arrived at Pensacola, and there, to their great disappointment and chagrin, found that the governor had no authority to grant them lands as had been represented. Considerable time was spent in negotiations on the subject, and exploring the rivers and adjacent country; but no settlement was made.-- Ford. (See Walker's History of Athens County, Ohio, vol. 1, pp. 26, 27; Gentleman's Magazine (1772), pp. 63, 355, 509; and Franklin's Works.)]
Virginia, March 25, 1773.
Sir: Mr. Wood the bearer of this is a Gentleman of Virginia upon a Tour to Florida. He proposes before his return to explore some of the ungranted Lands in your Government; and, as I have never yet been able to Locate the Lands to which I am entitled under His Majesty's Proclamation99 of October 1763 he has promised that if he meets with such Lands as he thinks will answer my purpose to have 10,000 Acres Surveyd for me. 5,000 of which I am entitled in my own Right by virtue of that Proclamation; to the residue by purchase. Certificates of which claim will be presented to your Excellency by Mr. Wood under the hand and Seal of Lord Dunmore our present Governor.
[Note 99: By this proclamation three new colonies were established in America; namely, Quebec, or Canada, East Florida, and West Florida. Lands were also granted to the officers and soldiers who had served in the late war, and who resided in America, on their personal application for the same, in the following quantities and proportions: To every field officer, 5,000 acres; to every captain, 3,000; to every subaltern or staff officer, 3,000; to every noncommissioned officer, 200; and to every private, 50; and all to be free of quitrents for 10 years. The lands could be chosen, however, only in one of the above three new colonies.-- Sparks.]
The entire ignorance I profess to have of the Climate and Soil, the advantages and disadvantages, of the Country of West Florida is the Reason why his Lordships certificates are Couchd in such general terms; and of my giving Mr. Wood a discretionary power to locate or not, as he may be influenced by these appearances; should he meet with a spot however favourable to my wishes, I have no doubt of your Excellency's Granting the Land with such Indulgences as have been practised in similar Cases, agreeably to His Majesty's gracious Intention, the terms of which I shall endeavour strictly to comply with, as I shall do for a greater quantity, if Mr. Wood should be able to procure it of such a quality, and under such favourable restrictions as he shall conceive advantageous, the matter being left to him to judge of, from observation and enquiry.
Could I, a stranger Sir, undertake with any degree of propriety to recommend Mr. Wood, I should briefly add that, he is a Gentleman well esteemed in Virginia, and, I am perswaded would not disgrace any little Civilities you might please to bestow on him. I have the honour to be with very great respect, etc.
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1773.
Dear Sir: I intended to have had a little further conversation with you on the subject of the Florida Lands, but my haste to leave Williamsburg and your Dining out the day I did do so, prevented it. I addressed a short Letter to you by way of Memm, and left it with Mr. Southall.1 I hope you receivd it, that I may be satisfied you did so, please to advise me, as the Governor's Certificates of my Claim were Inclosed therein.
[Note 1: James Barret Southall, proprietor of the Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Va.]
These Certificates will be sufficient Authority for the Governor of West Florida to warrant the Surveys, and if any scruple is entertained of my purchases from Mr. Thruston and Captain Posey, I shall remove it by transmitting their Bonds which should have accompanied this Letter could I have been assured of its reaching your hands before your departure.
You will readily perceive by the Tenor of my last that it is good Land, or none I am now in pursuit of; and that, I could wish to have it procurd in such a part of the Country as from your own observation aided by information, you shall judge most valuable, altho in accomplishing of it I pay a little more. For these Reasons it is I avoid particular directions. I shall place a generous confidence in your Integrety, having no doubt either of your ability or Inclination to serve me. By meeting with Mr. Gist, and others of your old acquaintances you will have it in your power of forming, from their accts, a pretty general, and perhaps just Idea of the nature of the Country; and of determining by your own observations on them whether the Lands on the Mississippi, the Mobile, or elsewhere, promises in Futuro, to become most valuable, not till after which I would recommend it to you to fix on your Locations. Doctor Connelly2 is curious in his observations and sensible in his remarks, to him, therefore I have wrote (as he has been pleasd to solicit my corrispondence) requesting his assistance to you. I have also taken the liberty of writing to the Governor of West Florida expressing my hopes of obtaining this Land (and more) in case you should think proper to Locate it in that Government, agreeable to the Tenor o his Majesty's Proclamation; mentioning at the same time your intended Tour and the discretionary power I had vested you with; and as Lord Dunmorepromis'd me, that he would give you an Introduction to him,I hope you receiv'd it.
[Note 2: Dr. John Connolly. Later he was a royalist in the Revolution who gave the Colonies considerable anxiety and trouble. Lord Dunmore authorized him to raise a corps, to be called The Loyal Foresters. He was captured and held a prisoner of war during most of the Revolution.]
It would appear to me from the words of his Majesty's Proclamation of October 1763, that those who obtain Land under it are not only entitled to an exemption of Quitrents for ten years, but exempt also from Cultivation and Improvement for the same term; of this Latter however, please to be informd from the best Authority, as, in the event of it, I should be strongly [inclined] to extend my views beyond the quantity I here claim, especially as the time allowed for doing it is not short and difficult to be complied with. This therefore is a matter I would beg leave to refer to your consideration; requesting in case you find the Country from a comparative view of it, desirable, good Lands easy to be obtained, and not difficult to keep under the established Rules of Government, that you would Increase my quantity to Fifteen, Twenty, or Twenty-five thousand Acres. In short I could wish to have as much good Land Located in a Body or contiguous together (for the convenience of the Superintendence) as I could save without much difficulty or expence, even if the first Ten thousand should be subject to the same Laws of Cultivation with the rest.
Various are the reports concerning the Quitrents and purchase money of these Lands, but it appears evident to me, from the strict Sense and Letter of the Proclamation, that, the Governor has no right to exact more than is demanded in Virginia or any other of his Majesty's Colonies; in none of which, I believe, more than two Shillings Sterling Rent, and ten Shillings right money is requir'd. My Letter to Govr. Chester is under a flying Seal which please to Inclose before delivery. I heartily wish you an agreeable Tour, and safe return being, Dr. Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1773.
Dear Sir: I am now set down to write to you on a Subject of Importance, and of no small embarrassment to me. My Son in Law and Ward, Mr. Custis, has, as I have been informed, paid his Addresses to your Second Daughter,3 and having made some progress in her Affections has required her in Marriage. How far a union of this Sort may be agreeable to you, you best can tell, but I should think myself wanting in Candor was I not to acknowledge, that, Miss Nellie's amiable qualifications stands confess'd at all hands; and that, an alliance with your Family, will be pleasing to his.
[Note 3: Eleanor Calvert. She married John Parke Custis Feb. 3, 1774, and, after his death, Dr. David Stuart. By her first husband she had Eleanor Parke (Nellie) Custis, two other daughters, and George Washington Parke Custis.]
This acknowledgment being made you must permit me to add Sir, that at this, or in any short time, his youth, inexperience, and unripened Education, is, and will be insuperable obstacles in my eye, to the completion of the Marriage. As his Guardian, I conceive it to be my indispensable duty (to endeavor) to carry him through a regular course of Education, many branches of which, sorry I am to add, he is totally deficient of; and to guard his youth to a more advanced age before an Event, on which his own Peace and the happiness of another is to depend, takes place; not that I have any doubt of the warmth of his Affections, nor, I hope I may add, any fears of a change in them; but at present, I do not conceive that he is capable of bestowing that due attention to the Important consequences of a marriage State, which is necessary to be done by those, who are Inclin'd to enter into it; and of course, am unwilling he should do it till he is. If the Affection which they have avowd for each other is fixd upon a Solid Basis, it will receive no diminution in the course of two or three years, in which time he may prosecute his Studies, and thereby render himself more deserving of the Lady, and useful to Society; If unfortunately, (as they are both young) there should be an abatement of Affection on either side, or both, it had better precede, than follow after, Marriage.
Delivering my Sentiments thus, will not, I hope, lead you into a belief that I am desirous of breaking off the Match; to postpone it, is all I have in view; for I shall recommend it to the young Gentleman with the warmth that becomes a man of honour, (notwithstanding he did not vouchsafe to consult either his Mother or me, on the occasion) to consider himself as much engaged to your Daughter as if the indissoluble Knot was tied; and, as the surest means of effecting this, to stick close to his Studies, (in which I flatter myself you will join me) by which he will, in a great measure, avoid those little Flirtations with other Girls which may, by dividing the Attention, contribute not a little to divide the Affection.
It may be expected of me perhaps to say something of Fortune, But, to discend to particulars, at this time, may seem rather premature. In general therefore I shall inform you that Mr. Custis's Estate consists of about 15,000 Acres of Land, good part of it adjoining to the City of Williamsburg, and none 40 Miles from it; several Lotts in the said City; between two and three hundred Negroes; and about Eight or ten thousand Pounds upon Bond, and in the hands of his Merchants. This Estate he now holds Independent of his Mother's Dower, which will be an acquisition to it at her Death, and upon the whole such an one as you will readily acknowledge ought to entitle him to a handsome Portion in a Wife; But, as I should never require a Child of my own to make a Sacrifice of himself to Interest, so, neither do I think it incumbent on me to recommend it as a Guardian; but as I know you are full able, I should hope, and expect, if we were now upon the point of Settling these Preliminaries, that you would also be willing to do something genteel by your Daughter.
At all times when you, Mrs. Calvert, or the young Ladies can make it convenient to favor us with a visit we should be happy in seeing you at this place. Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis join me in respectful Compliments and I am, dear Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, April 13, 1773.
My Lord: In obedience to your Lordship's request, I do myself the honor to inform you that, by letters this day received from Dr. Cooper of King's College in New Lork, I find it will be about the first of next month before I shall set off for that place, and that it will June perhaps the middle of it, before I return. Harvest then coming on, and seldom ending 'till after the middle of July, I could almost wish to see it accomplished; but if the delay in doing of it, is attended with any kind of inconvenience to your Lordship, I will, at all events, be ready by the first of July, to accompany you thro' any, and every part of the Western Country you may think proper to visit. I beg the favour of your Lordship to inform me therefore, as near as you can, of the precise time you will do me the honor of calling here, that I may get ready accordingly, and give Mr. Crawford (if your Lordship purposes to take the route of Pittsburg) who I took the liberty of recommending as a good woods-man, and well acquainted with the Lands in that quarter notice of it; that he may be disengaged when we get to his house, which is directly on that communication, being persuaded that such a person will be found very necessary in an excursion of this sort, from his superior knowledge of the country, and of the inhabitants, which are thinly scattered over it.
No person can be better acquainted with the equipage, and simple conveniences necessary in an undertaking of this sort, than your Lordship, and, therefore it would be impertinent in me to undertake to mention them; but if your Lordship should find it convenient to have any thing provided in this part of the country, and will please to honor me with your commands, they shall be punctually obeyed. As also, if your Lordship chooses to have an Indian engaged, I will write to Colo. Croghan, (Deputy Indian Agent), who lives near Pittsburg, to have one provided.
The design of my journey to New York my Lord, is to carry my Son in law4 Mr. Custis to King's College; if your Lordship therefore has any letters or commands, either to that place or Philadelphia, I shall think myself honored, in being the bearer of them, as well as benefited by means of the introduction. I am, &c.
[Note 4: Stepson.]
[Note 6: President of King's College, which later became Columbia, New York City.]
New York, May 31, 1773.
Revd. Sir: Inclos'd wou have a Sett of Bills for One hundred pounds Sterlg., which please to Sell at the prevailing Exchange and retain the Money in your own hands to answer Mr. Custis's Expences at College and such Calls as he may have for Cash to defray the Incident Expences of his abode in that City. In respect to the first Articles of Charge I submit the matter wholely to your better judgment under a firm belief of your adopting such measures as will contribute, most likely to promote the principal end of Mr. Custis's coming here not regarding the extra charge incurrd in the accomplishm't of it. In regard to the Second, as I do not know what Sum he ought, with propriety, to expend in such a place as New York, I shall not undertake to liquidate it; but hope if, contrary to my expectation you should find him Inclind to run in to any kind of extravagance you will be so good by your friendly Admonition to Check the progress of it.
As Mr. Custis may probably want Cloathing, and other necessaries, you will please to establish a Credit, in his behalf, with such Merchants as you can recommend, and when the deposit now lodged with you is expended in this and other payments, be so good as to transmit me a Copy of the Disbursements and I shall furnish you with other Bills whereby to lay in a new Fund. I have nothing further to add at present than that at next vacation, or at any other time I shall think myself very happy in seeing you in Virginia, and that I am with very great respect and Esteem, Yr., etc.
New York, May 31, 1773.
Gentn: I am now at this place with Mr. Custis (My Ward) who I have brought to the College here; in fixing him properly at it, I find it proper to draw upon you, on his Acct. for one hundred pounds Sterlg. in favour of the Reverend Doctr. Cowper the President thereof, which Draft bears date with this Letter; please therefore to make payment and place it to Acct. of this young Gentleman.
I shall, it is presumable, have occasion to draw in the same manner for his future expences as they may occur of which you will be duely advised by Gentn., Yr., etc.
Mount Vernon, June 14, 1773.
Sir: Your favours of the 29th. of March, and 8th. of April7 are now before me, but did not reach my hands till the 10th. Instt. as I only returnd from New York the 8th. after an absence of 30 odd days from home.
[Note 7: Neither of these letters is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
I think myself exceedingly obliged to you for the care and Attention you have given to the business I took the liberty of employing you in but fear it will avail me little. Mr. Carlyle in my absence, dispatched a Person to Edenton8 to Attach the Brig Ann and Elizabeth &ca.but by means of a discontinuance, or Suspension (as it is said) of the Attachment Law in that Government he was disappointed in his aim. His Messenger however Succeeded in procuring a detention of the Vessell in that Port for the space of four Weeks in order, as he could not Attach that Mr. Carlyle might have time to be advisd of the disappointment and concert other measures at the expiration of which, if nothing further was done (which I understand is the case) the Master has engaged to Sail with the returns immediately for Jamaica where if you cannot Invest the Property for my use I have little to expect from that Quarter. It is true indeed I have Attachd what Effects I could meet with of Adams's in Maryland; but from the best Accts. I can get, they will proove
[Note 8: North Carolina.] inadequate to my claim, and as to his Bond, which you say is the only Security he seems disposed to offer I would not give one farthing for an hundred of them.
I cannot comprehend by what devise it is Mr. Adams has contrivd to reduce my Claim upon him to £587.16.6¾ (Includg. £86.5.0 Virg'a Curr'y for 115 Barr'ls of Herrings). He surely does not recollect that he has already acknowledged, under his hand, that, 220 Barr'ls of the Flour actually sold at 20/ pr Ct. and that he should sell the rest immediately at the same price; nor can he, one would think, avoid knowing that the Invoice or Manifest will shew that the average Weight of the Flour pr. Barr'l was upwards of 231 lbs Nett. How then he has managed to make the whole 273 Barr'l yield no more than £491.19.10¾ when 220 by the Acct. rendered me at this average comes to £510.3.4 I am much at a loss to discover as he never Intimated by the most distant Insinuation that the Flour had Sustaind the least Damage but leaves me to infer from his manner of Writing that he had been endeavouring to get a better price for the residue and not that he had any doubt of closing the Sales at the same Rates.
As to the Credit which he has been pleasd to give for the Fish, the price of them he knew was fixed by a specifick agreement which could be proovd Incontestably so that it was to little purpose to make any alteration there otherwise as he has afforded so many ample proofs of his good Intentions to serve me in other Instances I should have had no doubt of his attempting it here also; but why Virginia Money should be turnd into Jamaica Curr'y at 9 pt. Ct. difference I knew not; Our Exchange when Adams had the Fish of me was at 20 pr. Ct. But throw this out of the question He knew that I should not have receivd Dollars in this Country had he paid me here at more than 5/9; which undoubtedly will cause a greater difference than 9 pr. Ct. I shall add no more at present than that I am Sir, etc.
July [10], 1773.
Gentn: Inclosed you have an Invoice of such Goods as I want for my own use, which please to send by the first Ship to this River as many of the Articles will be wanted by the time they can arrive; among which the Second Mourning for Miss. Custis, who we had the misfortune to loose on the 19th. Ulto. will be necessary.
Your Acct. against this young Lady may remain as stated in your Books till further advise, in the meanwhile please to send me an exact transcript thereof.
As I shall have occasion soon, I expect, to send for many Articles preparatory to Mr. Custis's Housekeeping, when he returns from College, no Goods are sent for on his Acct. by this oppertunity, but a small Invoice of Sundries for Mr. Lund Washington is forwarded that they may be dispatchd with mine.
The Shoes by Captn. Gris are safe arrivd; so are the Goods by Peterson, saving a Bale of Cotton (of mine) which Mr. Hill writes me is damaged, but as he is not particular in the Acct. I do not know to what degree, or whether worth speaking of; I have wrote to him however on this head, and expect his answer, when I shall be better able to inform you. He complains a good deal of the enormous size of the Grindstones; adding that, some of them (if they had been of the proper quality) were full large enough for Millstones.
I have directed him to put all my Tobo. on Board of Peterson, as also Mr. Custis's except a few Hhds for Mr. Hanbury; but as he has not yet furnished me with the respective quantities, it is not, at this time, in my power to order Insurance. As soon as it is I will advise you thereof, and shall hope notwithstanding the Stagnation, and indeed Consternation which the trading World seem's to have been thrown into of late that you will endeavour to render us agreeable Accts. of Sale for these Tobacco's for if a steady adherence to one House carrys any merit along with it none I am Sure has a better claim to your particular Attention than my Ward and self hath.
As I shall probably have occasion to write to you again in a few days for Insurance &ca. I shall add no more at present than that I am Gentn., etc.
*INVOICE OF GOODS TO BE SHIPPED BY ROBT CARY & CO.FOR THE USE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, POTOMAC RIVER, VIRGINIA
July 10, 1773.
* ... * ... * ... * ... *
July 10, 1773.
Mr. Gibson: This Letter is intended to desire you to make me a genteel Suit of Second Mourning, such as is worn by Gentlemen of taste, not those who are for running into the extreame of every fashion. Make these Cloaths of Broad Cloth, but at the sametime send me a proper kind of Waistcoat and Breeches to wear with the Coat when the Weather is warm.
The Cloaths you sent me last year (agreeable to my last directions) fitted tolerably well except being rather too short in the Sleeve, from the Elbow downwards. I am Sir, etc.
July 10, 1773.
Sir: Please to make me a dozen Scythes for Cradling Grain exactly as follow--viz.
All of them to be exactly three feet 10 Inches in the Cut; pretty strait in the Back for the greater ease in delivering the Grain out of the Cradle; all to have the same bend, the Plate, or Rim at the back to be short and strong; otherwise in the rough and stumpy ground we often use them in, they are constantly breaking; and the blade where it joins this Rim at the Back, to be of good substance altho the Scythe is made the heavier by it. The whole to be well temperd, that is, not so hard as to be always gapping, nor yet so soft as not to keep an edge; to have Nibs, Rings and Wedges. Robt. Cary Esqr. and Company will pay you the cost and I am, etc.
July [10], 1773.
Sir: Please to send me the following Shoes and Boots; and make out your Bill as under. Messrs. Cary & Co. will pay the whole amount and I am Sir, etc.
[Note 14: The omission is an order for shoes for John Parke Custis.]
July 10, 1773.
Sir: I have receivd your favour of the 30th. June, and observe what you say in respect to the Midlings. As the Sale of it seems to be so dull in Norfolk I approve of your Shipping it to Madeira, and beg that it may be consignd on my behalf to Messrs. Lamar Hill Bisset & Co. who you will please to direct to apply the proceeds to my Credit, and wait my order for Wines by Captn. Conway who is to take some Super fine Flour of mine to that House for this purpose. As the returns for these Midlings will be in Wine by Conway please to signifie it in a Letter to that House as I shall not write to them till Conway Sails. Be pleasd also to let me know by return of the Post when your Vessell will Sail.
I have directed Mr. James Hill who looks after my business on York River to you at the Meeting of the Merch'ts in Williamsburgh this Month per the Money which is to be paid for the Ship-stuff and Herrings, please to pay him after deducting Commission and Freight, and furnish him with the Acct. I am well satisfied you have made the most of the several Articles Consignd you and am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, July 12, 1773.
Gentn: I had but just closed my Letter of the 10th, which goes by this oppertunity, and contains my Invoices, when I receivd advice from Mr. Hill of the Tobacco's which he either had, or intended to put on board of the Rising Sun; but as it seemd to be a matter of doubt whether the Eastern Shore Crop either had, or would be got to the Ship, I do not know how to ascertain the Insurance of Mr. Custis's Tobo. by the Hhd, as he will, if Peterson receives the whole have 74 Hhds in that Ship, and but 64 if the above Crop is left out. I would therefore have you Insure Five hundred pounds upon this Tobacco be it more or less. My quantity on Board of Peterson amounts to Fifteen Hhds, on which please to Insure about One hundred pounds.
Inclosed you have Invoices of such Goods as are wanted for Mr. Custis's Estate and mine upon York River which please to send as there directed. I imagine the Bale of Cotton which Mr. Hill sometime ago wrote me word was damaged cannot be much Injurd as he has said nothing further on this Subject in his last.
Should my Neighbour and Friend Colo. Fairfax apply to you for a few Guineas not exceeding Ten or a doz'n to assist in buy'g some Rings and other Mourning Trinkets for Miss Custis please to let him have it and you will very much oblige Gentn., etc.15
[Note 15: Washington's invoice of goods ordered from Gary (July 26) contains an item of "A Genteel Mourng. Sword, with Belt Swivels &ca."]
Mount Vernon, July 19, 1773.
Dear Sir: As I neglected to have the Mortgage which you gave me on the -- day of March twelve months (of Sundry Negroes therein Mentioned) Recorded in time by which the efficacy so far as others are concernd is lost to me, I should be obliged to you for renewing of it or giving me such other security for the Sum then due as shall be adequate to the purpose. The Duty which urges me to make this request will I am perswaded plead my excuse with you for the doing of it, as I have been told that both your Fathers and Brothers Affairs are a good deal Involvd in perplexity and distress towards which I do not want to contribute further than is necessary to my own justification and Security.
As Negro's are a very uncertain and precarious Security, and as you seem unwilling to ask any Gentleman to become personally bound, is there any Land unincumberd that you could give a Mortgage on? if there is I had rather have it, if the Title is clear and indisputable and of sufficient value than Negroes; but am content notwithstanding to have a fresh Mortgage on the same Negroes if they are still living and under no legal disability. Please to let me hear from you on this Subject by the Post, and you will very much oblige Dr. Sir, etc.17
[Note 17: Mercer turned this land question over to George Mason, who wrote Washington (December 21) about two tracts -- one on Pohick Creek, Va., and one on Four-Mile Run, Va. Mason's letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol, 4, p.286.]
Mount Vernon, Virginia, July 20, 1773.
Sir: I wrote to you on the 14th. Ulto. to which I refer, having heard nothing from, or of, Danl. Jenifer Adams since.
By the Swift, Law'e Sanford, Master I consign you 500 Bush'ls of Indian Corn which please to sell for the highest price you can get, and after sending me the several Articles under written,18 remit me the Ball'e in Cash by return of the Vessell. I should be glad also to receive the other Ball'e due me on Acct. of Herrings, with the Acct. thereof by the same oppertunity. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 18: The articles are those ordered from Daniel Jenifer Adams July 20, 1772.]
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1773.
Sir: Your favour of the 13th. of last Month came to my hands a few days ago. You will be pleas'd Sir, for the justification of Colo Colvills Exrs, to have the Powr. of Attorney sent you by the Guardian of Miss Harriot Rebecca Anderson recorded in the Court of this County (Fairfax) after which the Money shall be paid to you or your Order. This step we are told, is essential to our justification, and will therefore plead an excuse I hope, for the trouble we are forced to give you on this occasion I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1773.
Dear Sir: I have heard (the truth of which, if you saw Lord Dunmore in his way to or from Pittsburg you possibly are better acquainted with than I am,) that his Lordship will grant Patents for Lands lying below the Scioto, to the officers and soldiers who claim under the Proclamation of October 1763. If so, I think no time should be lost in having them surveyed, lest some new revolution should again happen in our political System: I have therefore, by this conveyance, wrote to Capt. Bullet to desire he will have 10,000 acres survey'd for me; 5,000 of which I am entitled to in my own right, the other 5,000 by purchase from a Capt: and Lieut. I have desired him to get this quantity of land in one tract, if to be had of the first quality; if not, then in two, or even in three, agreeably to the several rights I hold under rather than survey bad land for me, or even that which is middling. I have also desired him to get it as near the mouth of the Scioto, that is, to the western bounds of the new Colony, as may be, but for the sake of better land, I would go quite down to the Falls, or even below it; meaning thereby to get richer and wider bottoms, as it is my desire to have my land run out upon the Banks of the Ohio. If you should go clown the river this fall, in order to look out your own quantity under the above Proclamation, I shall be much obliged to you for your assistance to Capt: Bullet in getting these 10,000 acres for me, of the most valuable land you can, and I will endeavour to make you ample amends for your trouble; but I by no means wish or desire you to go down on my account unless you find it expedient on your own; of this I have wrote Capt: Bullet under cover to you, desiring if you should be with him to ask your assistance.
As I have understood that Captn. Thompson (by what authority I know not) has been surveying a good deal of land for the Pennsylvania officers, and that Dr. Connelly has a promise from our Governor of 2,000 acres at the Falls, I have desird Capt: Bullet by no means to involve me in disputes with any person who has an equal claim to land with myself, under the Proclamation of 1763. As to the pretensions of other people, it is not very essential; as I am told that the Govr. has declared he will Grant Patents to none but the officers and soldiers, who are comprehended within the Proclamation, aforementioned: but even of these claims, if I could get lands equally as good, as convenient, and as valuable in every respect elsewhere, I should choose to steer clear.20
[Note 20: Some Pennsylvania officers, claimants to land on the Ohio, among them being Col. John Armstrong, who sent Capt. William Thompson to meet Captain Bullet at the mouth of the Scioto and make surveys in that region.
"Application was made to the Governor and Council of Virginia, in 1774, by the agent of these associated officers, for leave and permission to survey and lay off the portions of land which they were respectively entitled to under the proclamation of 1763. That the Governor and Council were of opinion that the claim of the said officers was well founded, and a commission was thereupon granted by the masters of William and Mary College, to Captain William Thompson, appointing him either a principal or deputy-surveyor for the purpose of making the said surveys within Virginia. The said Thompson, being duly authorized, proceeded to make the surveys, and did actually make and complete them on Salt Lick River, then in Virginia, now in Kentucky...Thompson, when he had completed a draft of the surveys, and made the necessary arrangements with the associated officers for the completion of the titles, proceeded, in the year 1775, to the office in Virginia, for the purpose of returning the said surveys, and having them duly accepted; but, as a previous condition to their acceptance, it was required of him that he should take an oath of allegiance to the King of Great Britain, which as a patriot, from principles of attachment to his country, he refused to take, and consequently, the surveys were not accepted, and the patents not issued." (See Report of Mr. Boyle to the House of Representatives, Feb. 3, 1807.) -- Ford.]
Old David Wilper (who was an officer in our regiment, and has been with Bullet running out land for himself and others) tells me that they have already discoverd Salt Springs in that Country; three of which Capt. Thompson has included within some Surveys he has made, and the other, an exceeding valuable one upon the river Kentucke, is in some kind of dispute. I wish I could locate one of my Surveys there; I would immediately turn it to an extensive public benefit, as well as private advantage: however as four are already discovered, it is more than probable there are many others, and if you could come at the knowledge of them by means of the Indians or otherwise, I would join you in locating them in the name, or names of some persons who have a right under the Proclamation, and whose right we can be sure of buying, (as it seems there is no other method of having lands Granted;) but this should be done with a good deal of circumspection and caution till patents are obtained.
I did not choose to forego the opportunity of writing to you by the Gentlemen, who are going to divide their land at the mouth of the great Kanhawa, tho' I could wish to have delayed it, till I could hear from the Governor, to whom I have written, to know certainly whether he will grant patents for the land which Capt: Bullet is surveying of, that one may proceed with safety: as also whether a discretionary power which I had given Mr. Wood to locate my land in West Florida, under an information, (even from his Lordship himself) that lands could not be had here, would be any bar to my surveying on the Ohio; especially as I have heard since Mr. Woods departure that all the lands on that part of the Mississippi, to which he was restricted by me, are already engaged by Emigrants, which have resorted to that Country. Should I, however, receive any discouraging account from his Lordship on these heads, I shall embrace the first opportunity that offers afterwards to inform you of it. I have lately been informed that the bottom wch. you survey'd for me above Capteening, Mr. Michl. Cresap has taken possession of; after Doctr. Brisco, in consequence of my letter to him, had relinquished it. I have by this opportunity wrote to you about it; and if you shou'd go down the Ohio this Fall, I should be obliged to you just to give Mr. Cresap (if you find him there, or the person in possession) notice that I shall not give up my claim to it, 'till I have at least spent a good deal in support of it.
By Mr. Leet, I informd you of the unhappy cause, which prevented my coming out this Fall, but I hope nothing will prevent my seeing you in that Country in the Spring: the precise time, as yet, it is not in my power to fix; but I should be glad if you would let me know how soon it may be attended with safety, ease and comfort, after which I will fix upon a time to be at your house. I am in the mean while, with sincere good wishes for you, Mrs. Crawford and Family, your friend, &c.
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1773.
Sir: In my passage down the Ohio in the Fall of the year 1770, I made choice of a piece of Land, being the first bottom on the So. East side the river above Capteening, as also a little above a place where the effects of a hurricane appear among the Trees, and opposite to a Creek on the other side near the upper end of the bottom, call'd Pipe Creek.21 The next Spring, when Capt: Crawford went down the Ohio to survey, I desired sired him to run out this Land for me, which he accordingly did, and returned me the Plat of it, as you may see by the inclosed copy; intending as soon as a Patent could be obtained, to apply for one. The summer following, hearing that Doctor
[Note 21: Pipe Creek, W. Va. It enters the Ohio River just below Moundsville, in Belmont County, and it is supposed to have derived its name from the pipe clay along its banks which the Indians used.] Brisco had taken possession of this bottom, (altho' inform'd of my claim to it) I wrote him a letter, of which the inclos'd is a copy. And within these few days I have heard (the truth of which I know not) that you, upon the Doctor's quitting of it, have also taken possession of it. If this information be true, I own I can conceive no reason why you or any other person should attempt to disturb me in my claim to this Land, as I have not, to my knowledge, injur'd or attempted to injure, any other man in his pretensions to Land in that country; it is a little hard, therefore upon me that I cannot be allowed to hold this bottom (which is but a small one) in peace and quietness, 'till a legal right can be obtained, which I always have been and still am ready to pay for, as soon as I know to what office to apply. I would feign hope that my information respecting your taking possession of this Land, is without foundation; as I should be sorry to enter into a litigation of this matter with you or any other Gentleman; but as I conceiv'd that I had as good a right to make choice of this bottom, as any other person has; as I am sure that I am the first that did so, and have had it survey'd so as to ascertain the bounds, upwards of two years ago, I am resolved not to relinquish my claim to it. But if you have made any Improvements thereon, not knowing of my claim, I will very readily pay you the full value thereof, being, etc.
Mount Vernon, October 6, 1773.
Gentn: I am almost ashamd to trouble you, in the same year, with such frequent Orders for Goods; but as I am under a necessity of making some repairs to, and alterations in my House, and did not get an Acct. before from the Undertaker of all the Materials wanting it must plead my Excuse for requesting you to send me the undermentioned Articles as also the following Books for the use of Mr. Custis to whom they are to be charged. I am Gentn., etc.
For Geo: Washington
[Note 22: The omission is a list of books for John Parke Custis and, like other similar orders, was a requisition of the Rev. Jonathan Boucher. Some of the titles justify a suspicion that the Reverend Boucher was more interested than his scholar.]
Williamsburg, November 2, 1773.
My Lord: Urged to it by repeated applications from a number of Officers whom I have had the honor to command in the service of this Colony, I take the liberty of addressing Your Excelly on the Subject of the Lands which the Gentlemen conceive themselves entitled to under his Majesty's bounty of October 1763.
The exception in favor of the Officers and Soldiers, contained in his Majesty's order in Council of the 6th. of April last,25 they humbly conceive is so strong an implication of your Lordship's right to grant them these Lands, as to remove every restraint you were under before; and as there are no waste Lands to be had in this Colony, but such as lay upon the Western Waters, they humbly pray for leave to survey on the river Ohio and its waters below the mouth of Scioto (the Western boundary of the New Colony, should it ever take place); apprehending that your Excellency hath an undoubted right to grant Patents for them, as these Lands have ever been considered as appertaining to Virginia; warranted, as they have been informed, by the Colony, charter, and sold by the Six Nations at the Treaty at Fort Stanwix in 1768: Nor is the right thereto, it is humbly presumed, by any means hurt by the nominal Line, commonly called the Ministerial Line, since that transaction seems to have been considered by Government as a temporary expedient (at the instigation of the Indian Agent) to satisfy the Southern Indians, who as it is said, have disclaimed any right to the very Lands in contest; no other regard having been paid to it by the Ministers themselves.
[Note 25: This order in council is printed in O'Callaghan's Documents Relative to Colonial History of New York, vol. 8, pp. 357--358.]
The Officers of Virginia Troops impressed with these sentiments, and having undoubted reason to believe that there is no other chance left them to obtain their Lands, but on the Ohio, and knowing at the same time that the Officers of Pennsylvania under a belief that these Lands do appertain to Virginia, and that patents will be granted for them have surveyed 200,000 acres, would fain hope that they may be allowed to proceed by authority to make their surveys also, any where upon the Ohio or its waters below the Scioto, humbly representing to your Lordship that a delay in this case, is, in effect, equal to a refusal, as the Country is spreading over with Emigrants, and experience has convinced all those who have had occasion to attend to the matter, that these people when once fixed are not to be dispossessed, were it politic to attempt it.
The Officers have an entire confidence in your Lordship's disposition to accelerate their just rights; they have no other dependance, and hope to start equal with those other Officers, whose pretensions are not better founded than their own. The part I take in bringing this matter to a hearing will I hope meet with your Lordship's excuse, as I am with the greatest respect. My Lord, etc.
Williamsburg, November 10, 1773.
Gentn: I am upon Terms for two Estates, for and in behalf of my Ward Mr. John Parke Custis. If I conclude the Bargain for them (and I must be on or off in a few days) I shall have occasion to draw upon you for the whole Money he has in your hands; indeed I do not know as yet, but I shall be obliged to draw for rather more; as it is with the ready Cash I am to make the purchase, if I do it at all. As I thought it might be satisfactory to you to have as much previous notice of this Draft as I coud give for it is not more than four days since I began the treaty, I take this first oppertunity of doing it.
One of these Estates is the Seat on which our late Treasurer Mr. Robinson lived, and will afford Mr. Custis a beautiful situation on Pamunkey River in King and Queen County with elegant Buildings thereon almost New which will save him much trouble, and great expence in placing as good on any of his own Lands (all of which are very contiguous to this Seat). The other is a large Tract of Land on Mattapony River in King William County opposite to the other on which Colo. Moore27 (who has been I believe a corrispondent of yours, formerly lived) which, from the quality of the Land, and its connecting two other Tracts of his together in one body, becomes extreamely valuable to him; I therefore hope, and expect, if my drafts upon this occasion should exceed his Cash in your hands a few hundred pounds, they will nevertheless meet with ready payments.
[Note 27: Col. Bernard Moore.]
In a former Letter, I informed you of the death of Miss Custis. By that Event her Estate, consisting in money upon Bonds to the amount of upwards of Sixteen thousand pounds devolves in equal moiety's to Mr. Custis and myself; and as I would choose to discharge my debt to you I would apply her money in the Bank to that purpose, provided I can sell out without loss; Be so good therefore as to let me know as soon as you can what steps are necessary to be pursued, in order to do this, and upon what terms it is to be done. In the meanwhile please to place the Ballance due to this deceased young Lady to my credit, and carry the Interest arising from the dividends of Stock to my Acct. Curr't regularly, till I either transfer or dispose of it in some other manner.
I shall add no more at present than that I am Gentn. etc.
[Note 28: Black was secretary to the Virginia commissioners who negotiated a treaty with the Six Nations under authority of Governor Gooch in 1744. He married a Miss Dent, of Maryland. Washington bought Woromonroke from him for John Parke Custis in December, 1773.]
Eltham, November 18, 1773.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 16th.; I have to inform you that, I cannot accede to your proposals. I have taken some pains to bring myself as well acquainted with the value of your Lands in the Counties of King and Queen and King William, as I can; and having also been at some trouble to know the sentiments of Mr. Custis's friends in respect to the purchase, I have come to the following resolution, vizt.; to offer £3,000 for your Land and Mill in King Wm., or £5,000 for that and the Land in King and Queen; suffering you to keep possession of both Tracts a year longer, when the whole is to be surrendered in as good condition, as they now are in; one half of the money to be paid upon executing good and sufficient Deeds, and the other half at the April meeting. I am Sir, etc.29
[Note 29: This letter is printed Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 4, P. 277.]
Williamsburg, November 29, 1773.
Sir: By a Letter from Mr. McMickan of Jamaica I am inform'd of his having obtaind a Bottomry on the Brig Ann and Elizabeth, whereof you are now Master. That she was to proceed from that Island to Norfolk with about Thirty pounds freight, and thence to Alexandria. And that within Thirty days after her arrival at which place if Mr. Daniel Jenifer Adams did not pay my demand agreeably to the terms of the Bottomry Bond I am to dispose of the Vessel.30
[Note 30: Washington's "Diary" for Mar. 28, 1774, notes: "I went up to Alexandria to the Sale of the Anne & Elizabeth which I bought myself at the price of £175."]
Under this information I have to desire that you will receive the freight of the Goods for Norfolk, be it more or less than Thirty pounds and detain it in your own hands for my benefit, and proceed immediately from thence to Alexandria, where if I should not be arrived before you, apply to Mr. Lund Washington in that Neighbourhood for further Orders before you leave that Port, I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, December 14, 1773.
Sir: Inclosed you have Invoice of 26 Barr'l of Biscuit stuff; which, with 35 sent off before I came home, will be more than sufficient I conceive to mix with the midlings for Bread; if so, please to dispose of the overplus for, and on my acct., as also of the Bread when Baked, and send me an Acct. of the proceeds, with the Cash, if any proper oppertunity offers to Alexandria to the care of Messrs. Robt. Adam & Company. Please to let me know what you think my best Superfine Flour would sell at in Norfolk (freight to be paid by the purchaser) I have none, at least a very trifling quantity by me at present, having sold all I have hither to made at two pence pr. lb.
With the Flour, you will receive a Barrel of White thorn Berrys for his Excellency the Govr. which please to forward with the Inclosed Letter by the first opper'ty; charge the freight down to me. If you have heard any thing of the Brig Anne and Elizabeth Captn. Pollock please to inform me there of by the Post and you will much oblige, etc.
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1773.
Revd. Sir: The favourable account you was pleas'd to transmit me of Mr. Custis's conduct at College, gave me very great satisfaction; and I hope to have felt an increase of it by his continuance at that place under a Gentleman so capable of instructing him in every branch of useful knowledge, as you are: but these hopes are at an end; and at length, I have yielded, contrary to my judgment, and much against my wishes, to his quitting College; in order that he may enter soon into a new scene of Life, which I think he would be much fitter for some years hence, than now; but having his own inclination, the desires of his mother and the acquiessence of almost all his relatives, to encounter, I did not care, as he is the last of the family, to push my oppostion too far; and therefore have submitted to a Kind of necessity.33
[Note 33: Custis's marriage with Eleanor Calvert.]
Not knowing how his expences at College &ca. may stand, I shall be much obliged to you for rendering me an account of them. You will please to charge liberally for your own particular attention to Mr. Custis; and sufficiently reward the other Gentlemen who were engaged in the same good offices. If the money I left you is insufficient to answer these purposes please to advise me thereof, and I will remit the deficiency. I am very sorry it was not in my power to see you whilst you were in these parts. I thank you very sincerely, Sir, for your polite regard to Mr. Custis, during his abode at College, and through you beg leave to offer my acknowledgments in like manner to the professors &c, and with very great esteem and regard, am Rvd. Sir, etc.34
[Note 34: Washington wrote practically the same letter, this same day, to John Vardill, of Kings College, in answer to one from Vardill (September 20) telling of Custis's exemplary conduct at college.]
[Note 35: A merchant of Philadelphia, and, after the Revolutionary War, the first gauger of that port. A full biographical note of him will be found in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 4, P. 271.]
Mount Vernon, December 16, 1773.
Sir: Leaving home about the middle of Octr. for Williamsburg and not returning to it again till Thursday last, is the excuse I offer for not taking earlier notice of your favour of the 19th. of October.
I have now to thank you for the Boulting Cloth you sent me wch. is exceeding good and very applicable to the use it was designd. I have also to thank you for your care of the Goods brought in by Captn. Cox and sent round by Daugherty, they came very safe to hand and I have to request the favour of you when you see Captn. Cox next to make my Complim'ts to him at the sametime you inform him of the safe arrival of these things and assure him if he should ever come to Potomack again (as he seems to expect) that I shall always be glad to see him at this House.
I have not been unmindful of my promise in respect to the Fish Ho. before the next Season I shall have one erected for your accom'n not doubting but it may turn out to both our advantages.
Having lately receivd a Letter from Jama. advg. me that the Brig Anne and Elizabeth Thomas Pollock Master burthen abt. 50 Tons would Sail from that Isl'd to Norfolk in this Colony and thence to Alexa. in all Novr. I should be obliged to you as I have a Bottomry Bond upon this Vessell to make Insurance upon it to the amount of £300 Pensylv'a Curr'y and forward me by the first Post an Acct. thereof. I will pay the cost of making this Insurance to your Order or settle it with you in the Spring as shall be most agreeable to yourself, being Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, December 23, 1773.
Madam: Your tender feeling on account of the distressed Mrs. Savage is exceedingly praiseworthy; and your last favor of the 21st. of Septe., which is just come to hand, exhibits a pleasing specimen of your humanity, and benevolent way of thinking. Apologies, in a cause like this, are entirely unnecessary; especially to a person, who conceives himself honored by your corrispondence, though begun, and like to be continued, upon an unfortunate, and painful subject; it not being in my power, as yet, to answer Mrs. Savage's hopes, or my own expectations, long ago communicated. What from the delays of our Courts (which are really insufferable), the quirks of the lawyers, and the Doctrs. determination of fighting the weapon's through; Mr. Fairfax and myself have not been able to render Mrs. Savage that acceptable service, we have aimed at, and wished to accomplish; nor is it in my power to say when we shall as her attorney (Mr. Harrison, a Gentle'n known to her, well skilled and diligent in his profession) thinks it is yet in the Doctor's power, if he exhibits all the special pleadings which he is threatened with, to procrastinate the matter at least eight months longer; but, tho fearful of this event, he still hopes to bring this unhappy dispute to a much speedier conclusion; to effect which, nothing shall be wanting on my part.
I cannot at this time charge my memory with the date of my last letter to you, or Mrs. Savage, but am persuaded it might be posterior to that of September 1772, notwithstanding nothing has occurred since, worthy of her notice; I shall however, change the channel of corrispondence, and for the future, address my letters by post; at present, as I could only repeat the purport of this letter, to Mrs. Savage, I have judged it unnecessary to give her the trouble of receiving one from me; but thro' your friendly offices, hope for the favour of having this information communicated, with my best wishes, to her, and assurance, that upon any change in her affairs here, I shall lose no time in giving her the earliest advice of it.
I think myself exceedingly indebted for your favorable opinion of me, and wish I may be happy enough, so to conduct myself, as to merit a continuance of it. I thank you for your politeness, in signifying a desire of continuing our Corrispondence, and should be ungrateful if I neglected it, as the advantage will be on my side, in the pleasure I shall derive from your sensible and sympathizing letters. I am, Madam, with the greatest respect, etc.
Mount Vernon, December 30, 1773.
Sir: After acknowledging the receipt of my Letter of the 22d of Novr. 1771 to Capt. Stobo declaring yourself his Representative, and promising to settle for his proportion of expense incur'd in obtaining our Lands, I little expected that I should have remained till this time without hearing from you or receiving the needful, By much pains and assiduity the whole quantity of 200,000 Acres claimed under the Proclamation of 1754 is now Patented your part of which lays (with others) in a Tract of 28, 400 Acres. on the little Kanheway a branch of the Ohio about 200 miles below Fort Pitt, and the uppermost. survey on the Ohio granted to the following Persons in the proportions annexed to their re's name, viz.
[Note 36: In Dandridge's copy in the Washington "Letter Book" this name is given as Andrew Fowler; the available records of Virginia colonial soldiers show an Alexander Fowler and no Andrew Towles.] ... 400
Yourself with the Patentees above are now to proceed to a partition of this Tract in the speediest and best manner you can among yourselves, and it may not be amiss to observe to you that by the tenor of the Grant and agreeable to the Laws of this Colony you are obliged to clear and cultivate three Acres for every Fifty Acres you respectively hold or make other improvements thereon to the value of five pounds for every Fifty Ac's as aforesaid, otherwise the Land is liable to forfeiture, and may be regranted to any person petitioning for the same.
This much by way of hint and information to yourself, Permit me now to add that the obtaining of these Lands has been a work of no small difficulty or expence and that by the time the Accts. all come in which are hourly expected the quota of each persons share of the Latter will amount to near (if not quite) Four pounds sterl'g for every thousand Acres, your part of w'ch coming to Thirty Six pounds, it is hoped and expected that you will remit immediately upon this notice that sum to me. It is needless to observe, for your own reason must suggest it to you, that it was an Imposition upon a few Officers to be burthened not only with the whole trouble but also with the whole expense of prosecuting this claim which they did at the hazard (for a long while) of two to one against succeeding, You are therefore bound by every type of honour and gratitude to replace the money without delay and I flatter myself it will be done accordingly otherwise (which is no means the wish or desire of any of us) some expedient must be fallen upon to subject the Land to the payment thereof. I am Sir, etc.37
[Note 37: The original A. L. S. is in the possession of Mr. George A. Ball, of Philadelphia, to whose courtesy the editor is indebted for a copy. The "Letter Book" record in the Washington Papers is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
[Note 40: Wythe was born in 1748 and died in 1806. He was a Signer of the Declaration of Independence; speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1777, and chancellor of Virginia for 20 years; member of the United States Constitutional Convention.]
Mount Vernon, January 17, 1774.
Sir: I find my trouble is not like to be at an end with Mr. Black; Mrs. Black (by his procurement I think I could almost venture to say) has refused to execute the Deeds you drew from them to me; and which is still more extraordinary, he himself has denied possession of the Mills (as Mr. Hill41 informs me) and the other premises generally (as you may see by his Letter to me, forwarded to Mr. Hill 'till I have first surrendered his Bond, which is the only security I have for his doing of that,
[Note 41: James Hill, overseer of John Parke Custis's plantation on the York River, Va.] and indemnifying me against the claim of his Wife's Dower; (unless I relinquish the Bargain altogether, and resort wholely to Colo. Byrds Trustees for a return of the 5,000 pounds and to Black for the remaining £500, which I have no inclination to do, as I presume you were satisfied with the title). Under these circumstances I have directed Mr. Hill to wait upon you for your advice: he can inform you of matters as they stand, between him and Mr. Black, and shew you a letter which I have wrote to the latter, and sent open to him, that he may bear testimony to the contents, and execute my directions therein contained, provided you approve of them; otherwise to follow any other you may think proper to give him. You will also judge, Sir, from what you may hear from Mr. Hill, what I have wrote Mr. Black; and the whole matter in its present state (which you are pretty well acquainted with) whether I ought to give up the enclosed Bond, as I have accepted of Blacks title, tho' the conditions of the Contract, on his part, are not complied with; and resort wholely to his own bond, endeavouring under that to enforce a compliance; or whether with propriety, I can, or ought to hold both. Please to drop me a few lines, with your sentiments on this matter by the Post to Alexandria, and in the mean while advise Mr. Hill in what manner to proceed, if you disapprove of my directions to him. I am with very great esteem Sir, etc.
P.S. If Blacks Bond can have no operation against him (respecting Dower) 'till dower is actually claimed by Mrs. Black, in case she should be the Survivor, and the Bond from Colo. Byrds trustees is not render'd void, by my not declaring myself dissatisfied with the Blacks title, and reclaiming my money before the 25th. of Deer., query whether, if Black is pleased with his purchase of the Falls Estate, the keeping hold upon these Gentlemen's Bond, and requesting them not convey 'till Mrs. Black has first done it, may not prove the most effectual means of obtaining her consent. I only ask for information; if upon considering the matters this should be your opinion, please to let the Speaker know how the matter stands between Black and myself, that they may not be imposed upon by him; as I believe he will stick at nothing to carry his points.
Mount Vernon, January 17, 1774.
Sir: I was not a little surprized when informed by your own letter, as well as from Mr. Hill's, of Mrs. Black's having refused to acknowledge her right of Dower in the Lands I bought of you. Did you not repeatedly assure me, that she was ready at all times, to relinquish her right? and did she not signify as much to me herself, as I brought her from Williamsburg to Colo. Bassett's? From whence then does this sudden change proceed? Is it because I placed more confidence than I ought, and to make things agreeable to you, and convenient to your creditors, paid the money in Williamsburg, when I was not obliged to do it 'till the Title was effectually secured, and had 'till the 25th. of Decr. to do this in? A generous mind would recoil at such a thought: and yet what other construction can I put upon this change. You say "I tell her, she only wants the customary compliment"; for my own part, I know of no compliment established by Custom; I have bought many pieces of Land before these, and never had a demand of the kind; nor can I harbour so unfavourable an opinion of Mrs. Black, as to think she is influenced by so low and pitiful a consideration; however, if I misjudge the matter, and the custom is, as you say, you must have comply'd with it yourself; whatever therefore you have given to others, for these very Lands, I will (tho' I think myself under no obligation to do it) give to Mrs. Black, which will remove that objection. But if I was surprized at this refusal of Mrs. Black's, how much more so ought I to be, at your attempting, according to Mr. Hill's account, to withhold the Mills, which is solely an act of your own? Under what pretext is this done? Do you not remember, that by our agreement you were to deliver possession of the plantations, Mills, and every thing thereunto belonging, immediately after the 25th of Decemr.; and that you are bound to do this in a Bond of £11,000--? But this bond you tell me must be given up to you, before you can surrender possession of the premises, when one of the express conditions of it, is to enforce a compliance: Is not your request, therefore, a very [un]reasonable and [im]proper one? To convince you that it is so, I enclose you a copy of the Bond (as you certainly have forgot it) accompanied with this assurance, that I shall hold fast the Original, till you have complyed with the conditions of it; after which, as it is not intended, nor can have any further operation, it is a matter of moonshine in whose hands it is lodged, or what becomes of it.
Thus much respecting the Dower & Detainer in general, I shall observe further to you, that though it never was my intention or desire, to hasten Mrs. Black out of the House, whilst the weather continued unfavourable, yet, when you applyed for this and some other indulgences, did I not always tell you, that I thought myself under no obligation to enter into a second contract on this head? And did I not moreover refuse to sign an instrument of writing which you had drawn, declaratory of your wants because I chose to be govern'd by circumstances, and the future conduct of your people; not that I had any objection, (as I dare say I might tell you) to your Negroes staying on the plantations to finish your crops, and take care of your stock, provided there was room for my people, and yours behaved themselves well, neither disturbing of us in our operations, nor committing of waste; so in like manner respecting the vessell, but these being apply'd for as matters of indulgence, after you had enter'd into a Solemn contract to deliver up the whole, on or before the 25th. of December, whence comes it, that, after having fulfilled every tittle of the contract on my part, you should conceive yourself at liberty to withhold the Mills, and talk of not delivering up possession, 'till I should first surrender a Bond, wh'ch is the only security I have for your doing of it, and for indemnifying me against Mrs. Black's claim; after I have paid every farthing of the purchase money.
Is there honour, justice or equity in such kind of proceedings? No, Sir, there it not, and to cut the matter short, I have directed Mr. Hill to wait upon you, and before evidences to demand immediate possession of the two Mills, to view and note down, before the same evidences, the order and condition of the houses, &c., occupied by you and your people, to require you to hasten the finishing of your crops, that all your people, except such as are necessary for the care of your stock may be transported and lastly, that you may remove yourself and Family, as soon as the weather will permit Mrs. Black to go with convenience, that my people may have the free and uninterrupted management of the whole purchased premises. And to this, I have to add by way of hint to you, that, whatever accident or damage comes to the Mills, Mill-Dams, or any house, houses, or other things in your occupation; I shall look to you for full and ample reparation for the same; as I also do, for the profits of the Mill, till surrender'd, which can easily be ascertained by your own advertisements.--It was far from my expectation, and much further from my desire, to enter into a litigation of those points, but I shall conceive it a duty incumbent on me to assert a just right; and to see that the bargain which we have made, is reciprocally complied with.
I do not incline to take any part of your household furniture; the fixtures appurtaining to the houses, I expect will remain entire, but if Mr. Hill should choose (I do not know that he does) to take any part, or all of your Stocks, and you and he can agree upon the terms, he has my consent: but as to the negro Miller and wife, I shall not interfere in the purchase of them, for if Mr. Hill should like the Negroes and price, I suppose he will buy them; if he does not, he would be to blame to do it.
P.S. The Bond from Col: Byrd's42 Trustees to me, I have by this opportunity sent to Mr. Wythe, from whom you can get it, so soon as he thinks it ought to be given up: the other may also be surrender'd, so soon as you have comply'd with the conditions of it.
[Note 42: Col. William Byrd.]
Mount Vernon, January 29, 1774.
Sir: Your impertinent Letter of the 24th. ulto., was delivered to me yesterday by Mr. Smith. As I am not accustomed to receive such from any Man, nor would have taken the same language from you personally, without letting you feel some marks of my resentiment; I would advise you to be cautious in writing me a second of the same tenour; for though I understand you were drunk when you did it, yet give me leave to tell you, that drunkness is no excuse for rudeness; and that, but for your stupidity and sottishness you might have known, by attending tending to the public Gazettes, (particularly Rinds of the 14th. of January last) that you had your full quantity of ten thousand acres of Land allowed you; that is, 9073 acres in the great Tract of 51,302 acres, and the remainder in the small tract of 927 acres; whilst I wanted near 500 acres of my quantity, Doctr. Craik of his, and almost every other claimant little or much of theirs. But suppose you had really fallen short 73 acres of your 10,000, do you think your superlative merit entitles you to greater indulgences than others? or that I was to make it good to you, if it did? when it was at the option of the Governor and Council to have allowed you but 500 acres in the whole, if they had been inclin'd so to do. If either of these should happen to be your opinion, I am very well convinced you will stand singular in it; and all my concern is, that I ever engag'd in behalf of so ungrateful and dirty a fellow as you are. But you may still stand in need of my assistance, as I can inform you that your affairs, in respect to these Lands, do not stand upon so solid a basis as you may imagine, and this you may take by way of hint; as your coming in for any, much less a full share may still be a disputed point, by a Gentleman who is not in this Country at this time, and who is exceedingly dissatisfied therewith. I wrote to you [him?] a few days ago concerning the other distribution, proposing an easy method of dividing our Lands; but since I find in what temper you are, I am sorry I took the trouble of mentioning the Land, or your name in a Letter, as I do not think you merit the least assistance from G: Washington.
Mount Vernon, February 17, 1774.
Dear Sir: I am going to give you a little trouble because I am persuaded you will excuse it. no good reason you'll say, but it is the best I have to offer, Interested, as well as Political motives, render it necessary for me to Seat the Lands which I have Patented on the Ohio in the cheapest, most expeditious, and effectual manner. Many expedients have been proposed to accomplish this, and none in my judgment, so likely to succeed as by the Importation of Palatines but how to do this upon the best terms, is the question; Few of these kind of People ever come to Virginia, whether because it is out of the common course of its Trade, or because they, themselves, object to it, I am unable to determine; and shall therefore take it very kind of you to resolve me the following questions which I am persuaded you can do with precission, by enquiring of such Gentlemen as have been engaged in this business.
Your favour in getting these several queries answered, with any other Information which you may think necessary to give, I shall gratefully receive, as I am totally unacquainted with everything of the kind.
The hard and continued Frost since the middle of December has confined everybody to their own homes, so that I have nothing new to entertain you with, Wheat in Alexandria has been in brisk demand all the year, and kept almost invariably at 5/ pr Bushel; Flour has also met with a pretty ready sale at 12/, Jack Custis could not be content till he had got a yoke fellow in Nelly Calvert, to whom he was Married the 3rd Inst, I hope altho' you have remov'd from this part of the world, you do not mean to forsake us altogether, and that it is unnecessary to add, that, I shall at all times be happy on seeing you and yours at this place, My best respects attend your good Father, Sisters and Brothers and with very sincere regard I remain
P.S. After making the above enquiries, be so good as to ask some of the Palatine Importers, what they would deliver two hundred Families (not much incumbered with children) at Alexandria for, or even at Philadelphia, also enquire, whether a request of mine, to my Correspondent in London to send me a parcel of these people, would be a ready method of getting them, You may perceive I am for trying all things.49
[Note 49: The editor is indebted to the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J., for the text of this letter.]
[Note 50: A merchant of Piscataway, Md. He offered to forward Washington's plan of importing Palatinates on certain terms, which he notes in a letter to Washington dated Feb. 24, 1774.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1774.
Sir: Mr. Young, hearing me express a desire of importing Palatines to settle on my lands on the Ohio, tells me, that, in discoursing coursing of this matter in your company, you suggested an expedient, which might probably be attended with success; and that if I inclined to adopt it, you wished to be informed before the sailing of your ship.
The desire of seating and improving my lands on the Ohio, is founded on interested as well as political views. But the intention of importing Palatines for the purpose was more the effect of sudden and undigested thought, than mature consideration, because I am totally unacquainted with the manner, as well as the expence of doing it; and I was led into the notion principally from a report of either this or some other ship of yours being blamed, for not taking an offered freight of these Germans at forty shillings sterling. This induced me to think if this charge was not much accumulated by other expences, that I could fall upon no better expedient to settle my lands with industrious people, than by such an importation.
The terms upon which I have thought of importing Palatines, or people from Ireland, or Scotland, (both of which have been recommended to me) are these. To import them at my expence, where they are unable to transport themselves at their own into this River, and from hence to the Ohio. To have them, in the first case, engaged to me under indenture; in the second, by some other contract equally valid, to become tenants upon the terms hereafter mentioned; as without these securities, I would not encounter the expence, trouble, and hazard of such an importation.
But to make matters as easy and as agreeable as possible to these emigrants, I will engage, on my part, that these indentures shall be considered in no other light, than as a security for reimbursing me every expence I am under, with interest, in importing them, removing them to the land, and supporting them there, till they can raise a crop for their own subsistence; giving up the said indentures, and considering them altogether as freemen and tenants, so soon as this shall happen; not to each person or family respectively, but when the whole accumulated expence shall be discharged; as I must, for my own safety, consider them as jointly bound to this payment, till the expiration of the indented terms, otherwise I must be an inevitable table loser by every death and other accident; whilst they cannot, in the worst light, be considered as more than servants at large during the indented term. I can also engage to set them down upon as good land as any in that country; and, where there is neither house built, nor land cleared, I allow them an exemption of rent four years; and, where there is a house erected, and five acres of land cleared and fit for cultivation, two years.
I will also engage the land to them upon lease for twenty-one years, under the usual covenants; and also at an annual rent, after the first becomes due, of four pounds sterling for each hundred acres, allowing each family to take more or less, as inclination and convenience may prompt them. And I will, moreover, engage to renew the leases at the expiration of the above twenty-one years; and, in like manner, at the end of every seven afterwards, upon an increased rent, to be agreed on between the landlord and tenant; or, in order to fix the matter absolutely, if this shall be more agreeable, the rent may be increased at these periods in proportion to the increased value of that, or the adjoining lands possessed of equal advantages of soil and situation.
These are the terms on which I thought to import and plant people on my Ohio lands, which are, for the quantity, equal if not superior to any in that country; laying altogether upon the Ohio, or Great Kanhawa, two fine inland navigable rivers, resembling the Rhine in Germany abounding in fish and wild fowl of all sorts, as the lands do in wild meats of the best kind.
From Alexandria to the navigable waters of the Ohio, along a much frequented road used by wagons, is, according to the computed distance, two hundred miles. This land-carriage, if the inland navigation of the Potomac should be effected, than which I think nothing easier, will be reduced to sixty miles as matters now stand; some say forty, and others are of opinion to twenty miles. But call it the greatest distance, any commodity made upon any part of these lands of mine may be transported along a very easy water-communication to the settlement of Red-stone, where the land-carriage at this time begins. To say nothing, therefore, of the advantages of raising stock of all kinds, and horses, which will carry themselves to market, and are now and will, from the nature of things, continue to be in great demand in the interior parts of this great continent, hemp, flax, pot-ash, indigo, etc. will well afford the expence of this land-carriage, admitting it never is reduced, and can be cultivated to great advantage on the river bottoms in that country, as most indeed all of these lands of mine consist
Having thus exhibited a general view of my design, I shall now be obliged to you, Sir, to inform me with as much precision as you can, what certainty there is of your ships going to Holland? what probable certainty of its getting Palatines, if it does go there? when they may be expected in this country? what would be the freight; and, as near as you can judge, the whole incident expence attending each person delivered at Alexandria? and, moreover, whether it would be expected, that the whole of these charges, including freight, should be paid down immediately upon the arrival of the ship here, as it must appear rather hard to make a certain provision for an uncertain event.
I was near forgetting to observe, that I should not chose to be incumbered with a great number of small people (children) because they will add greatly to my trouble and expence and at the same time they contribute nothing to my design. I do not however by this mean to be totally exempt from them; but in case of choice, to avoid those families which have too many of the small fry in them. It may not be amiss further to observe that I see no prospect of these people being restrained in the smallest degree, either in their civil or religious principles; which I take notice of, because these are privileges, which mankind are solicitous to enjoy, and emigrants must be anxious to know.
I had wrote to Philadelphia by the last post (previous to the receipt of your message) for full information of the manner and charge of importing these people from Holland; and, if your account in answer to this letter should prove agreeable to my wishes, I could send a more descriptive account of the lands, I want to settle, as well as copies of the plots, and do any other matter or thing which might be judged necessary to further the design. I am, &c.51
[Note 51: This letter is in the Washington Papers. Hamilton prints it in his Letters to Washington, vol. 4, p. 337.]
Mount Vernon, March 1, 1774.
Sir: on Sunday afternoon, your favour of the 24th. Ulto. came to my hands, as you profess to know but little of the ex pence attending the Importation of Palatines, and it being a business I am totally ignorant of myself, I am affraid to plunge into it without further consideration and advice and therefore, must lay aside my Scheme either altogether or in part for the present; But as I have already given you a general view of my Plan to wch. I beg leave to refer I would first ask whether, it is of Importance enough to any of your Ships coming from Rotterdam hence, to take in a freight of about 80 or an hundred of these German's provided that number of Men, or Men and their Wives with not more than one Child to a Family, could be had under the usual Indenture? If this could be done I would, at all events, make tryal of that number and kind; but do not incline to encounter the Inconvenience and expence of Families incumberd with many Children as these would only add to my expences without contributing to my design. I will either consider these People as my property during the Indented term, affording them a reasonable and necessary support and maintenance and receive the fruits of their labour during the stipulated Servitude or, if they will be jointly bound for each other and let their Indentures remain as security (wch. is all the security the nature of the case will admit of) that all the expence I am put to Importing, Planting, and supporting them on the Land, till they can raise a Crop for themselves, shall be repaid me with Interest, they may be considerd as free People, and appropriate the fruits of their labour (having regard to my disbursements) in any manner they please. In the latter case, they must be considered from the first, as Tenants, upon the terms mentioned in my last. In the first case they will go to the Land under the favourable Circumstances, and assurance of becoming Tenants at the expiration of their In dented term, upon the very farms they have been making so that in Fact, they ultimately reap the benefit of their own labour, bestowed at my expence during their Servitude; thus much for the Indented People, as to those who are able and desirous of paying the expence of their own Passages, I can be under no Ingagement to them unless it be a reciprocal one; that is, I will encounter no expence or engage in no promise to them if they are left at large with me; although I could undertake upon their engaging so to become Tenants upon the Terms mention'd in my last, provide them in good Land in the Neighbourhood of the other's; so as that they might form an entire settlement of their own, there being Land enough (belonging to me) to afford comfortable farms for 300 Families.
If you think you can supply me with this number of Palatines of these kinds, and upon these terms, I should be glad to know it between this and Saturday; as I shah then undertake a journey, from which I shall not be returnd till the 20th of March; and in what every manner you think a more formal proposition or declaration of my Intention (than is containd in this, and my former Letter) should be made please to point out, and to whom it is to be addressd and I will endeavour to do it. In the meanwhile, I have to thank you Sir for your obliging offer's to serve me in this matter, and to assure you that I am, etc.54
[Note 54: Riddell replied (March 18) that he "will think no further of importing Germans, the difficulty attending it being so great." The expenses in obtaining and shipping such people appeared to have increased to such an extent that men heretofore interested in the business had withdrawn from it.]
March 5, 1774.
Sir: The Reasons which you assign for not undertaking positively to furnish me with the number, and kind of Palatines mentioned in my last Letters, I must Confess are cogent, at the sametime it obliges me, under that uncertainty, to lay aside the Scheme till I can be advised from Phila. (to which place I had written for Information previous to your first conversation with Mr. Young) of the expence and certainty attending a measure of this kind: for the disadvantage on my side, of standing bound to provide for these people if they do come, and having no certainty of receiving them is, that if any other Scheme should cast up in the mean while, I dare not embrace it, or engage Tenants singly, as they occasionally may offer; as I have no doubt of many doing, when there are Houses and fields preposed to there Lands; otherwise I might be involv'd in difficulties from which I could not easily extricate myself; but if it is necessary to you to know (on Acct. of giving the earliest Information to your Corrispondant) whether these people will be wanting, or not before I can return from Berkeley, Frederick &ca. I shall have no objections towards Importing the Numbers and kinds mentioned in my last, provided, they will come indented to me, or my Assignes in the Usual manner for four years; and be sold, if I find it my Interest to do so (as they are in Philadelphia) as common Servants, during that term. I cannot suffer much from the Uncertainty, if they are to be had upon these terms, and I see no reason why they may not or will come here as to Phila., except that the latter is the general rendezvous of them: It may therefore rest with you, Sir, to write immediately, or not, for Eighty or a Hundred of such kinds as I mentioned in my last, as you shall find it your Interest; and I will upon their arrival at Piscataway, pay you the Freight down; as also the contingent charges with Interest as soon after as I possibly can, in case I shoud not find it convenient to desposit whole sum at once.
If you should not think this project of consequence enough to the Interest of your Ship, to attempt it, I must decline the importation altogether, for the present. If on the other hand you Incline to make the experiment, I shall rely on your friend ship to recommend to the Captns. or persons who is to provide the Stores, to lay them in upon the best terms, and be governed by the customary allowance; both in respect to quantity and quality, taking care to have no stint of the first as the surplusage can be accounted for upon the delivery here, I shall add no more at present than that, I am Sir, etc.55
[Note 55: This letter exists in contemporary copy form in the Washington Papers. The pen man has not been identified.]
[Note 58: Dr. Hugh Mercer, of Fredericksburg, Va., who, later, became a brigadier general in the Continental Army and died (January 12) from wounds received at Princeton, N. J, Jan. 3, 1777.]
Mount Vernon, March 28, 1774.
Dear Sir: By my Deeds, the Tract which I hold, adjoining a Mr. Hunter contains 600 acres; whether it measures more or less, I really know not, as it never was survey'd to my knowledge. The value I always set upon the Land, on acct. of its situation, and contiguity to Fredericksburg was, two thousand pounds Virga. Currency; but having an eye to some other Land, more convenient to me; about eighteen months, or two years ago, I desit'd Colo. Lewis if an offer shou'd be made, to take (under a persuasion, that old tracts generally over measure) three pounds an acre for it. Since then, the Land I had in contemplation hath risen a good deal in price; with which, in point of policy, I ought to keep pace; but if you incline to take the Tract, as it stands, at the round sum of two Thousand pounds, you may have it, and pay for it in three, four, or five equal annual payments, as shall suit you; the purchase money to carry interest from the day of Sale, 'till discharged. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note 59: Brother of Col. William Crawford.]
March 30, 1774.
Sir: You are to proceed without loss of time to your own Settlement on Youghiogany, and there if it is not already done provide such, and so much Provision, as you shall think necessary to take down with you to my Lands on the Ohio. You are also to provide Canoes for transporting of these Provisions. The Tools, and the Workmen.
You are to engage Three good hands as labourers to be employd in this business; you are to get them upon the best terms you can; and have them bound in Articles to serve till the first of December, duely and truely; at the expiration of which term they shall receive their Wages, Provisions and Tools will be found them, but nothing else.
You are also to engage a good Hunter upon the best terms you can, for the purpose of supplying you with provision's. Let him have the Skins, as I suppose he will engage the cheaper for it. Engage him either altogether for Hunting, or to hunt and Work as occasion requires, that there may be no dispute about it afterwards; so in like manner let every Man else know what it is he has to trust to that no disputes may arise there after. And the best way to prevent this is to let all your hirelings know that they are not to consider this, or that thing as their particular business; but to turn their hands to every thing, as the nature of the business shall require.
As Much depends upon your getting to the Land early, in order that as much ground may be clear'd, and put into Corn as possible before the Season is too far advanced, I do most earnestly request you to delay no time in prosecuting your Trip down. And, that as much Ground as possible may be got in order for Corn, and planted therewith, I would have you delay building and Tenting till the Season is too late for Planting, and employ your whole force in clearing.
Begin this operation at, and on the upper Tract and clear five Acre fields in handsome squares upon every other Lott along the River Bank (leaving the Trees next the River standing, as a safe guard against Freshes and Ice); these Fields may be so near together as to answer small Tenements of about 100 acres in a Lott in case you cannot get them surveyd; in short allow each Lott a breadth of about One hundred Rod upon the River, running back for quantity agreeably to the Plots given you.
The same sized Lots, that is Lots of the same breadth upon the River, may be laid off upon all the other Tracts, and five Acre fields cleard upon every other one as above but after the Season has got too late for Planting Corn, then, at each of these Fields, Build a House Sixteen feet by 18, with an outside Chimney, the lower part to be of Logs (with diamond Corners) and to be coverd with three feet Shingles; Also Inclose and fence your Corn at this time, or before, if necessary.
You may then, that is, after building Houses to the Fields already Cleared, and fencing them in, carry your clearing, building, and fencing, regularly on together, in the manner above described.
After the time for Planting Corn is Over; in any of the Bot toms you may be at Work in, if there should be any grassy Ponds, or places easily improvd, and draind for Meadow; It may be done, and Inclosed, instead of preparing Land for Corn.
Endeavour to get some rare-ripe Corn to carry with you for your last Planting, and replanting. The Corn which you do Plant must be Cultivated; in any manner which may appear most advisable to you for my Interest.
If you can get, or I should send out, Peach Stones, have them cracked, and the Kernels Planted, as soon as you get to the first Land, and properly Inclose them.
It will be essentially necessary to have all the Work done upon any one Tract, appraisd before you move to the next Tract if it be possible to have it done, such work I mean, as can be injured by Fire or other Accidents; otherwise I may labour in vain, as I shall have no allowance made for any thing that is not valued. In these appraisements you must let nothing go unnoticed, as it is necessary that every thing should be brought into Acct. that will enhance the price of it.
You should take care to have a Pair of hand Millstones with you, as also a Grindstone, for the benefit of your Tools with proper Pecks.
Keep a regular Acct. of your Tools, and call them over frequently, to see that none are missing; make every Man an swerable for such as is put into his care. Keep a regular Acct. also, of the days lost by sickness; for I expect none will be lost by any other mean's; that an allowance may be made for it at Settlement. And keep a regular, and clear acct. of all expences, with proper Vouchers, that matters may be settled without any difficulty at the end of the Service.
As I could wish to have my Lands Rented, if it be possible to do it, you may, if Tenants should offer, engage them upon the Following Terms, to wit, upon a Rent of Three pounds Stir ling (to be discharged in the Currency of the Country at the Exchange prevailing at the time of payment) for each notified which is to be laid of as describd on the Plott Leases to be given for three Lives; four years Rent free where no Improvement is made, and two only where there is a House built, and five acres of Land cleard on the Lott. Or, if it will be a greater inducement to Tenants, I will grant Leases for 21 years upon the above Rent, payable in the above manner; which Leases shall be Renewable for ever, upon paying at the end of the first 21 years, Twenty shillings pt. ann.: additional Rent for the next Seven years; and in like manner the Increasd Rent of 20/ Sterlg. pr. Ann for every Seven year's afterwards. But it is to be noted that I will not give Leases for Lives, and Leases for the above Term (renewable) in the same Tract of Land; as it might not be so convenient to have Leases of different Tenures mixd.
As I have pointed out the distance along the Water, for the breadth of each Lott (in measuring of which go strait), and as the course and distance from the River of each Lott is also particularly set down, you cannot be at a loss if you have com pass and Chain to lay them off and mark them exactly; the back lines of the Lotts may be markd, or not, just as it suits; the dividing Lines must be markd at all events and an Acct. taken of the Corner Trees in order to insert them in the Leases if any should be given. At the Corner of each Lott, upon the River, blaze a Tree; and with a knife or Chissel, number them in the following manner, viz, at the upper Corner of the first Lott, make the figure 1, at the Corner which divides Lotts No. one and two, make these figures ½ at the Corner which divides Lotts No. Two and three make the figures 2/3 and so on with every Lott, by which means the Lotts can always be distinguished the moment they are lookd at, and no mistake can happen.
Build a House, and clear and fence five Acres of Land upon every other Lott, in the manner describd upon the Plat, by which means should any one Person Incline to take two Lotts they may be added together conveniently, and the Improvements will be convenient to both.
I have now mention'd every thing by way of Instruction to you that I can at present recollect; let me conclude then with observing, that this business must even under the greatest good management and Industry be attended with great expence, as it will be with equal Injustice, if it is neglected; to this I am to add, that, as you are now receiving my Money, your time is not your own; and that every day or hour misapplied, is a loss to me; do not therefore under a belief that, as a friendship has long subsisted between us, many things may be overlookd in you that would not in another, devote any part of your time to other business; or to amusements; for be assurd, that, in respect to our agreement, I shall consider you in no other light than as a Man who has engagd his time and Service to conduct and man age my Interest on the Ohio to the best advantage, and shall seek redress if you do not, just as soon from you as an entire stranger.
I wish you health and success, and am &ca.
Note As these Instructions were begun sometime ago, and at a time when I had little doubt of havg. my People movd over the Mountains before the first of April; as also at a time when I had a scheme under contemplation of Importing Palatines, in order to settle on these Lands, which scheme I have now laid aside; those clauses which relate to the turning your whole force towards preparing Land for Corn, may be entirely, or in part, laid aside as Circumstances may direct, and, if there should be any inconsistentcy between the first and latter clauses pursue the directions of the last mentioned.
If you should not receive an Order of Court (from Bote tourt) for valuing the Work done on my first Tract, before you move to the Second, have the Work done thereon, appraisd in the best manner you can by Steven's &ca. and an acct. thereof Sign'd by them, in such a manner as they would swear to, if calld upon.
If it should happen, that you are obligd to wait in your own Neighbourhood for Vessels, Provisions, or on any other acct. let all the People wch you carry out be employd towards forwarding my Mill Work at Gilb'ts Simpson's.
Mount Vernon, April 11, 1774.
Dear Sir: The Land may be conveyed to you at any time, and for this purpose I will bring down my title papers and leave them with you, as I go to the Assembly. When, possession can be given, I am not altogether clear in, as I believe Mr. Fitzhugh and Mr. Hunter look upon the tillable and Pasture Land as engaged to them till the Fall; but Colo. Lewis can give you the best information on that head, as it was with him the Agreement was made. I apprehended their time was up last Fall, but in my way from Wmsburg in Decr. last, Mr. Hunter told me, that by his agreement with Colo. Lewis, he was to have notice of my wanting the place by seed time, and in case of failure, was to consider it as engaged to him another year; this I did not understand from Colo. Lewis's account, previous to my conversation with Mr. Hunter; and since, I have had no oppertunity of mentioning the matter to him; but whatever agreement he made, I shall think myself bound by. If neither of those Gentn. put Corn into the Land, their winter Grain must soon come off; and I shou'd think they could have no use for the fields afterwards, and as to the other parts of the Land, they have not, or ever had any pretence to them. I am, Dr. Sir, etc.
April 15, 1774.
Revd. Sir: As your letter (and acct.) to Mr. Custis, was receiv'd by him posterior to the one written to me, and not immediately given into my hands, (as the young Gentn. since his marriage has been good part of his time in Maryland) I could not make you the enclos'd remittance much sooner. You will now receive a Draft on Messrs. Osgood Hanbury & Co. for £65 Sterling, which please to dispose of, and with the money arising, discharge the several claims which you have taken the trouble to collect, against Mr. Custis; whose residence at Kings College, I little expected would have been of such short duration; otherwise, I shou'd not (as his Guardian) have thought myself justifyed in incurring so great an expence; not that I think he could have got conveniently and agreeably fixed in the College for less than what is charged on that Account, but then, for the benefit of only three months residence there, this might have been avoided; however, as his discontinuance at it, is an act of his own, and much against my judgement, he can only blame me (if he blames at all) for yielding too easily to his importunities, supported by the concurrence of his relations. I could have wished, Sir, you had been pleased to make a charge in the acct. for your own trouble, or that I knew what was customary and proper to be allowed on these occasions. I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, April 15, 1774.
Dr. Madam: I am really sorry I cannot give you a more agree able account, than the following, of your Suit against Dr. Savage. At March Court for this County, with much difficulty, we brought the matter to a hearing, and obtained a judgment for five hundred and odd pounds, being the sum due on the Bond to the commencement of the Suit. Against this, the Doctor filed a Writ of Error, which (as there will be no Court this month) cannot be heard 'till May. At which time, it is more than probable, the judgment will be confirmed in this Court; but then, it is said, the Doctor, (merely to proscrastinate payment) will appeal to the General Court, where the matter may hang twelve months longer: This information I thought it incumbent on me to give; at the same time I assure you, that nothing has been, or shall be neglected, on the part of Mr. Fairfax or myself, to bring the matter to the speediest determination, the nature of the case will admit of; nor in prosecuting your claims to the money due since the commencement of the last Suit, and for each years Annuity, as it becomes due afterwards.
We have lost several of your old acquaintances since I wrote you last, among whom, Joseph Watson, and Harrison Manley are of the number; and we have had two or three weddings to wit, Mr. Custis to a daughter of Jno. Calvert, Peter Wagener to Sinat McCarty and Capt. Sanford to Miss Caty Porter. Mrs. Washington is very well, and joins in good wishes for you with Dr. Madam, etc.61
[Note 61: Bartholomew Dandridge, who made the "Letter Book" copy of this letter, was careless in deciphering Washington's writing. Joseph should be Josiah Watson, a merchant of Alexandria, Va.; John Parke Custis married the daughter of Benedict, not John Calvert, and Miss McCarty's name was Sinai, not Sinat.]
[Note 62: Surveyor of Augusta County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, May 5, 1774.
Sir: Your letter of the 31st. of March did not come to my hands 'till the later end of last month; and no direct opportunity that I have heard of, has offered since, this letter taking the chance of conveyance from place to place only.--
Immediately upon receipt of your favor by Mr. Young, I dispatched a letter to Capt. Crawford (covering yours to him) pointing out the necessity of his attempting to qualify as your Deputy, at your Court for April, before this I did not urge him (as he appeared anxious to return home) to take that rout, for two reasons: in the first place I did not advert to the necessity of this qualification; in the next place 'till your letter arrived (which was after he was gone) I did not know whether you would accept of him as an assistant or not. At the same time I wrote to him, I forwarded Letters under his cover, (in order to be deliver'd by him) to Mr. Madison, Mr. Jones and Capt: Hog, requesting the favour of each to facilitate his business if he came in on this errand; but what has been the result of all this I know not, never having heard a syllable from him since.
I come now to take notice of what you have said in respect to Mr. Michael Cresap, whose claim to the round bottom, and other Lands along the banks of the Ohio for (as I am credibly inform'd) thirty miles, is equally well founded; and founded upon no other right, or pretence than that of claiming every good bottom upon the river; building a cabbin thereon to keep off others, and then selling them, and going on to possess other Lands in the same manner. This if common report tells truth is the foundation of Mr. Cresap's claim to the round bottom; set up long after I had made choice of it, and had had it survey'd as a stage, or Lodgement between Fort Pitt, and my Lands on the Great Kanhawa: it is true, as this is esteem'd a valuable bottom, he may have taken more pains in the improvement of it, than of the others; but his choice, or even knowledge of it, was long after I had had it survey'd.
This being the amount of his claim, I will now give you the substance of mine, which cannot be better done, than by in forming you, that in the fall of the year 1770, when I went to view the Lands, which had been since surveyed under the Proclamation of 1754, I made choice of this spot of Land (called the round bottom) marked Trees, and directed Captn. Crawford, when he went down the spring following to survey it, which he accordingly did, as may appear by his certificate inclosed you by Mr. Young. Sometime after this, hearing that Doctor Brisco had taken possession of it, and actually had or was going to fix Negroes on it, I wrote him a letter of which No I is a copy, upon which I was informed he had quit it. Sometime after this again, I learned that Mr. Michael Cresap had taken possession of it, built houses, and was working hands thereon, upon which I also wrote him a letter of which No. 2. is the copy; and was given to understand that Mr. Theobald (or Tibbles, as he is commonly called) who was Partner with Mr. Cresap in this Land, was determined to give it up; receiving at the same time a message by Capt. Crawford from Mr. Michael Cresap, that if I would let him have the Land he would pay me what I thought the worth of it; to which I returned for answer, that as it was the only piece of Land I had upon the Ohio, between Fort Pitt and the Kanhawas, and found it very necessary as a stage or Lodgment, in coming up the river, I could not agree to part with it, but again offered to pay for any labor or improvement, which he had made.
In this situation things were, when I wrote to you by Mr. Young; otherwise, if I had thought that Mr. Cresap could, with any color of Justice, or even at any rate (as he must be conscious, that the mode he has practiced, of engrossing and selling Lands is unwarrantable) have opposed my claim to this Land; I should have mention'd it to you before, but in truth, from every thing that has passed, I concluded that he had yielded to my prior claim In like manner may my title to the three thou sand acres on the waters of Shartee and Racoon be disputed: For after that also was surveyed for me; after I had bought the rights (or claims rather) of several people to it; & after I had actually built several houses thereon, by way of strengthening my right, numbers of People went, in a forcible manner, and in defiance of repeated notices, & took possession of the Land, & built cabbins in such a manner as to prevent even entrance into my houses, & may, as Mr. Cresap has, dispute my title under pretence of having improved it;--but I do not expect that such claims as these can ever have an operation to my prejudice, or ought to retard my Patent; however, I do not wish to hasten any measure faster than it can be done with propriety. I am Sir,63
[Note 63: "The late Col. Angus McDonald, near Winchester, and several other individuals, went out in the spring of 1774, to survey the military bounty lands, lying on the Ohio and Kanawha rivers, allowed by the king's proclamation to the officers and soldiers of the army for their services in the preceding war with the Indians, but were driven off." (See Kercheval's History of the Valley of Virginia, p. 145.) This survey led to what was called Dunmore's War, in which McDonald, who was a Scotchman, played an active part. His home was at Glengary, near Winchester, Va. On the verso of a letter from McDonald (Jan. 8, 1774), in the Washington Papers, is the following indorsement, in Washington's writing: "On the 28th. of this Inst. Jany. I gave the within Majr. McDonald a power to Rent the Land there mentioned from year to year or for a term of years not exceeding five to the best advantage he could and to receive the Rents for my use. G. Washington. 1774." McDonald attempted to raise a loyalist regiment in the Revolution and was arrested.]
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1774.
Sir: I am much indebted to you for the many unanswered Letters you have been pleased to Write me, and thank you very sincerely for the trouble you have had in the management of my business with Mr. Daniel Jenifer Adams; but as my Connexion with that worthless young Fellow began in an ill fated hour, so has it continued, and is like to end.
From his idle, and ill formed expectation of obtaining assistance from his friends here (if he had any) to redeem the Brig (Anne and Elizabeth); and in consequence, conditioning for its coming to Alexandria instead of suffering it to be sold at Norfolk, he has sunk the whole Subject, and involved me Thirty odd pounds deeper in the Mire than I was before; for the Counter part (or Copy) of the Bottomry Bond which was in the possession of Captn. Pollock requiring the Vessell to come to Norfolk only, the hands, it seems, were engaged for that Voyage, and refused to come any further with the Brig. This added (I believe to a little Tardiness in the Captn. detained the Vessel at Norfolk from the 6th. of December, the day of its arrival there, to the 25th. of the same Month when it left that Port, and that Night, or the next day, got drove on shore on Sewels point, lost its rudder, Cable, and Anchor, and sustaining other dam age, was obliged to put back to Norfolk to refit; to do which took till about the 20th. of Jany. when a Second attempt was made to get to Alexandria with almost the like success, for by means of Ice, and I believe the Indolence of the Captn., it took Forty days to accomplish this voyage in; so that with the New Anchors and Cables I was forced to buy. The repairs of the Vessell, Mens Wages, and Provisions, I was obliged to pay Two hundred and odd pounds before I got the Vessell to Alexandria; Where, after laying a Month agreeable to the terms of the Bond and being Advertized for Sale during that time in the Gazettes of Virginia and Maryland, I was compelld to buy it in myself at the price of One hundred and Seventy-five pounds this Currency much against my Inclination, as I had no desire of being Concerned in Shipping; but I was obliged to make the best of a bad Matter.
I have now been at the Expence of overhauling and repairing it, altering the Rigging, and in the opinion of many People, made a good Vessel of it. It now comes to your Island with a parcel of Herrings belonging to Messrs. Robert Adam & Co. And one hundred Barrels of Superfine Burr flour of my own which you will please to dispose of to the best advantage as I think the quality may be relied on. The Nett proceeds (after deducting the amount of your Acct. against the Anne and Elizabeth, which you Inclosed me) together with the freight of the Fish, half the Staves (which I am to receive as freight for the other half), and a small parcel of Shingles you will please to return me in the most Saleable kind of Rum and Sugars, and partly in Molasses provided it can be bought at One Shilling or at most 13d. pr. Gallon. In the Sugars let there be a Barrel of the Whitest, driest, and best brown (or Muscovado); also one hundred and Fifty or two hundred Weight of the cleanest clayed Sugar for my own use; to which please to add a Barr'l of Sweet Oranges two or 3 dozn. Coco-Nuts, and as many Pine Apples.
Mr. Adams must have been Master of more chacine and Cunning, as well as knavery, than I thought him capable of, to reduce my claim against him to what he has. One step towards it however is, to charge me 7½ pr. Ct. Commission on the Sales, when by express agreement which I can prove) I was only to allow this on the Sales and returns; but it is a matter of Moon shine whether he consents to allow £500 or £10000 as I never expect to receive the half of the least Sum.
Colo. Carlyle at the Sale of the Brig, gave me notice that he looked to me for one half of the price it sold at in Jama. without considering of himself as liable for any part of the disbursements since, but I believe it was no more than an unmeaning Sally of his fancy. However, if he should attempt any thing of this kind, I shall be obliged to give you a little trouble in sending me an Authentick Acct. of the Transactions respecting this Sale in Jamaica, that I may shew upon what grounds it was made.
I have only to add my hopes that, this Flour will come to a better Market than the Corn did, as I lost considerably by that adventure; and with some concern I add that, one thing may contribute to it, arising (if our fears are not greatly exagerated) from the severest stroke of Providence that this, or any other Wheat Country ever experienced and that is, a total destruction of our growing Crops of Wheat by a frost the 4th. Instr. which it is confidently reported from all the Wheat Counties has killd it entirely; as it hath also done our fruit, and the foliage of all most all the Forest Trees. If these fears of ours should be realized there can be no dependance upon North American for Flour the next year, and must, I should think affect the present prices. With a grateful sense of the favours you have conferd on me in negotiating my troublesome business with Daniel Jenifer Adams I remain with great esteem Sir, etc.
Williamsburg, June 1, 1774.
Gentn: Captn. Eston this Instt. delivered me your Letters of the 24th. of March to Mr. Custis and myself with an Acct. Cur rent Inclosed. As you seem to be under a mistake in respect to my acting, or not acting, as Executor to Jno. Parke Custis I have delayed no time in rectifying the misapprehension you lay under. I always have, and still do act as the Guardian of Mr. Custis; and in every draft, either upon your House, or Robt. Cary & Cos. I always direct the Bills to be charged agreeably to the Letters of advice which either accompany's, or closely follows the Draft, which I judge full sufficient, and no doubts till now, hath arisen, upon it. Your placing the Bills drawn in favour of John Page Esqr. to the debit of Mr. John P. Custis was proper; because you were so advised, and the money was drawn for on his Acct.; so in like manner you will place the Drafts in favour of Captn. McGachin, and the Revd. Doctr. Miles Cooper to this Acct. also, and for the same Reason's.
I have given Captn. Eston orders for Twelve Hhds of Mr. Custis's Tobo., which please to Insure so as to receive Eight pounds pr. Hhd in case of loss. I hope the prices will be considerably advanced before this Tobo. gets to hand, or else I am sure it will not be worth continuing the business of Planting any longer. I shall compare your Acct. Cur't with my Books when I go home and see how they agree. I conceivd that prior to the drafts in favour of Mr. Page that Ball'e due from you to Mr. Custis had been greater than what you make it viz £519.7.7. I shall add no more at present than that I am, etc.
[Note 66: Of London.]
Williamsburg, June 1, 1774.
Sir: Your favour of the 12th. of Feby. last came duely to hand immediately upon the receipt of which I wrote to Colo. Fair fax's steward (who lives 70 Miles above me) to know how much Tobo. he had, and when it would be ready, and was surprized at receiving for answer that there would not be above 16 Hhds, and that these could not be got ready before the 10th. of Septr. As I can see no just cause for this delay, I shall enquire into the meaning of it and will take the first app'y afterwards of letting Colo. Nelson know with certainty what Captn. punderson [ sic] may depend upon.
I am glad to learn from your Letter, that Colo. Fairfax and his Lady are both recover'd from their Indisposition, especially as a report prevails in this place, that she is, or was, in a very bad state of Health. It gives me a sensible pleasure to hear also that my old acquaintance and friend Mr. Burnaby67 (for whom I entertaind a very sincere esteem) is well; we corrisponded for some years after he left this Country but some how or other, it insensibly dropt, and I had not heard any direct acct. of him since his re turn from Leghorn; permit me therefore through your favour to present my best regards to him; and, as I shall be under a necessity of giving you some trouble with my Letters to Colo. Fairfax, as an appology for it to inform you that, it is the Channel of communication which he himself adopted and required me to pursue, permit me further to assure you that I am, etc.
[Note 67: Archdeacon Andrew Burnaby.]
Williamsburg, June 1, 1774.68
[Note 68: In Washington's "Diary" (June 1) appears this entry: "Went to Church and fasted all day." This was in conformity with the vote of the burgesses to fast in sympathy with Massachusetts the day the Boston Port bill went into effect.]
Gentn: Your Letter of the 5th. of March by Captn. Peterson came to my hands in this City. In answer to it I shall briefly observe that I am sorry my Drafts in behalf of Mr. Custis came to hand at an unseasonable time; but as his Guardian I could let no consideration of a Debt due from me to you influence me in a purchase which I thought, and others advised as tending much to the Interest of my Ward. To remove however as much as in my power lays at this time the inconvenience you com plain of I have executed the Bond and other Papers necessary for the prerogative Court of Canterbury in order to enable you to receive the Money in the Bank of England and I have only to beg of you upon this occasion to do it at such a time and in such a manner as will tend most to my benefit as I have no other motive for investing myself with this money but to apply it in discharge of my debt to you. The Ball'e so soon as I can with convenience shall be remitted to you, and I flatter myself it would not have been long before this would finally have been dischargd but for a fatal stroke which we have lately receivd in the destruction of our Wheat by a Frost (the like at that Season never known) which happened on the 4th. Instt. and which has fallen very heavy upon me as I shall loose the better half of more than 1000 Acres which I had growing in Wheat equal (before this accident) to my most flattering hopes.
The Inventory of the Goods Administred is returnd in the form drawn by Mr. Waller the preamble to which is rather more full than need be in order to keep pace in some measure with the requisition and Bond which seems to demand more than is requisite as there is nothing unadministred but the principle Sum in the Bank of England.
As I happened to meet with your Letter at this place where I was attending our Assembly (and Mrs. Washington with me) I was enabled thereby to return the requisition executed to the aforesaid Court without loss of time. I have also after reserving a few Hhds of Mr. Custis's Tobo. for Mr. Hahbury (according to promise) directed Mr. Hill to put all the residue, together with the whole of mine on board the rising Sun to your ad dress; the quantity Mr. Hill himself cannot yet ascertain as it is not Inspected, as soon as I do know net I will write for Insurance thereon.
Before I conclude (as the whole of my Force is in a manner confind to the growth of Wheat and Manufacturing of it into Flour) permit me to ask how Flour of a good quality would sell in London? What would be the Freight of it there? and Commission? and whether if our Commerce with Great Britain is kept open (which seems to be a matter of very great doubt at present) you would choose to accept a Commission to Sell one or two hund'd Barr'ls at a time as I could meet with a convenient Freight (for it will not do to be put into Tobo. Ships the Heat thereof being too great and apt to sower or render the Flour Musty. Your answ'r to these queries will much oblige, etc.69
[Note 69: The letter sent is in the Huntington Library.]
Virginia, June 1, I774.
An Inventory of the Estate of Danl. Parke Custis Esqr. which came to my hands or the hands of my Attorney under the general Letters of Administration of the said Decedents Estate Granted by the Arch Bishop of Canterbury in the year 1774 Inventories of the Virginia Estate having been returnd to the Court in that Colony where Administration was granted to me and the money due from the Merchants in England to that Estate having been also Accounted for to the General Court of Virginia.
One thousand Six hundred and Fifty Pounds in the Bank of England.70
[Note 70: This stock had been acquired by Col. John Custis and from him descended to his son Daniel Parke Custis; by him it was bequeathed to his daughter Martha Parke Custis. On her death half of this £1,650 reverted to Martha Washington and so, by law, became George Washington's property and the other half became vested in John Parke Custis. The Revolutionary War did not interfere in any way with this holding, and after the conflict matters subsided to their normal footing. The above record in the Washington "Letter Book" is in the writing of Washington.]
(Signed) Martha Washington
[Note 76: Captain Snickers lived at a pass in the Blue Ridge through which the Shenandoah River was crossed by old Castleman's Ferry. Snickers Gap has been lost in the name Bluemont, Va. The captain saw service in the French and Indian War and was well known to Washington, who offered him the appointment of Wagon Master General in the Continental Army. Snickers declined on the ground of age.]
Williamsburg, June 16, 1774.
Sir: Inclosed you will receive Mr. Hughes's77 warrant (in his own right) for 2,000 acres of Land, the getting of which, at this time he must look upon as a very great favour, as the Governor has dispensed with two positive instructions to oblige him. He would not grant a Warrant for the other claim under Johnston, Hughes was very negligent in not sending the former Certificates granted him: I wish you would get in that which was given him by Colo. Byrd, as it will have a bad look, if it shou'd ever appear.
[Note 77: William Hughes was a lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment. Snickers had purchased Hughes's land rights and offered to subscribe £10 toward getting him out of jail, in which he had been confined for the last two years for some unmentioned offense. Hughes's name does not appear among those noted in Washington's copy of the certificate of the clerk of the council, of all petitions, etc, recorded for the bounty lands to Virginia soldiers. This copy, dated July 14, 1769, is in private hands, but a photostat of it is in the Washington Papers. It shows that there were many claimants whose names are not given.]
I got a Gentleman of my acquaintance, in Maryland, to mention his case to Governor Eden, who promised to have the matter enquired into, and do what he could for his relief: why it has not been done I cannot tell, but if my contributing twenty, or twenty five pounds to his relief will procure liberty to him, you may set me down for that sum, and I will pay it at any time when the subscription is full; but how is he to get over the other matter, of giving Maryland security for his good behaviour, I know not. You who are best acquainted with the circumstances of this case, can tell better than I, I am, etc.
Williamsburg, August 4, 1774.
Gentn: A few days after receipt of your Letters by Captn. Eston and giving him orders for Twelve Hogshead off Tobo. (as mentioned in my last of the first of June) I came to the knowledge of your having noted the Bills which I drew in behalf of my Ward Mr. Custis and in favour of John Page Esqr. for Protest although it since appears by your Acct. that you did afterwards pay them.
Your Motives for this piece of conduct surprizing as they seem to me I do not mean to give you the trouble of Accounting for. I was going however upon the first notice of it, to recall my order to Captn. Eston; but, as my word was out to him, I did, upon Second thoughts forbare to do this, but now desire that the proceeds of these twelve Hhds of Tobacco-so soon as sold, together with the Ballance of Mr. Custis's Acct. be it more or less paid into the hands of Robt. Cary Esq. & Co. who shall be impowerd to receive them. I am Gentn. etc.
August 28, 1774.
Madam: In acknowledging receipt of your obliging favour of the 25th. of May (which came to my hands a few days ago) I should find myself much at a loss if I did not consider the many flattering expressions containd in it as the effect of your politness, not my deserts, however if in my part of the transaction of Mrs. Savages business in this Country I have been able to give satisfaction to that Lady and her friends and convince them that her Interest has been the governing motive of my Conduct I shall think myself happy, more especially as the unreasonable delay, which have attended the prosecution of this Right [sic] would naturally lead strangers to believe that there had been a very great remissness somewhere. A few Months ago I flattered myself with a belief that we were upon the Eve of remitting the money having obtaind a judgment immediately upon which I ordered Execution but when behold! as the Doctr. had one card more to play havg. played all the Game but that he was resolved not to give it up and stopd the Execution by obtaining an Injunction in Chancery wch. however as we were determind to ferret him out of this hold as soon as possible would not have availd him long had it not been for a circumstance which is a publick misfortune to this Country as well as peculiarly unlucky and injurious to Mrs. Savage and that is a total stop to all judicial proceedings for want of a Fee Bill which we were deprivd of by a sudden and unexpected Dissolution of our assembly (or Parliament) in May last, and by the unhappy difference which at this time subsists betw'n great Britain and her Colonies which has thrown every thing into great confusion and disorder from whence I can not with certainty, say when we shall be relievd.
This being the Situation of things, it does in my opinion behoove Mrs. Savage I think not to be unprovid with a will as by the Doctrs. Bond her Annuity is devisable and if her obligation's to your Family did not call for a grateful return it would be a wrong to suffer the small pittance she reservd to herself the time of her unhappy Marriage to fall into the hands of a v--n who has not only endeavourd to wrong of it but would I suppose deprive her of the very means of Existance if he could do it. I should do injustice to my own feelings, at the sametime I should discover a very great want of taste if I was to decline a corrispondance which confers such hon'r upon me as yours.
Mrs. Washington also thanks you for your polite notice of her and begs your acceptance of her Compliments and that you will take the trouble of presenting them to Mrs. Savage at the sametime to whom please also to make a tender of my best respects and inform her (as I have also done in a former Letter wch. I suppose to be miscarried) that the black Wax on my Letter was occasion'd by the death of Miss Custis whom we were unhappily deprivd of in June, 73.
Though unknown, I take the liberty of presenting my Complim'ts to Mr. Bumford and to assure you with [ sic] that I have the hon'r to be; etc.
[Note 92: Captain Mackenzie had been a captain of the Virginia Regiment commanded by Washington in the French War, and a friendly intimacy seems always to have subsisted between them. He had obtained a commission in the British Army and was now attached to the Forty-third Regiment of Foot. He was wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill while fighting in that regiment.]
Philadelphia, October 9, 1774.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 13th. ultimo from Boston gave me pleasure, as I learnt thereby, that you were well, and might be expected at Mount Vernon in your way to or from lames River, in the course of the winter.
When I have said this, permit me with the freedom of a friend (for you know I always esteemed you) to express my sorrow, that fortune should place you in a service, that must fix curses to the latest posterity upon the diabolical contrivers, and, if success (which, by the by, is impossible) accompanies it, execrations upon all those, who have been instrumental in the execution.
I do not mean by this to insinuate, that an officer is not to discharge his duty, even when chance, not choice, has placed him in a disagreeable situation; but I conceive, when you condemn the conduct of the Massachusetts people, you reason from effects, not causes; otherwise you would not wonder at a people, who are every day receiving fresh proofs of a systematic assertion of an arbitrary power, deeply planned to overturn the laws and constitution of their country, and to violate the most essential and valuable rights of mankind, being irritated, and with difficulty restrained from acts of the greatest violence and intemperance. For my own part, I confess to you candidly, that I view things in a very different point of light to the one in which you seem to consider them; and though you are led to believe by venal men, for such I must take the liberty of calling those new-fangled counsellors, which fly to and surround you, and all others, who, for honorary or pecuniary gratifications, will lend their aid to overturn the constitution, and introduce a system of arbitrary government, although you are taught, I say, by discoursing with such men, to believe, that the people of Massachusetts are rebellious, setting up for independency, and what not, give me leave, my good friend, to tell you, that you are abused, grossly abused, and this I advance with a degree of confidence and boldness, which may claim your belief, having better opportunities of knowing the real sentiments of the people you are among, from the leaders of them, in opposition to the present measures of the administration, than you have from those whose business it is, not to disclose truths, but to misrepresent facts in order to justify as much as posible to the world their own conduct; for give me leave to add, and I think I can announce it as a fact, that it is not the wish or interest of that government, or any other upon this continent, separately or collectively, to set up for independencey; but this you may at the same time rely on, that none of them will ever submit to the loss of those valuable rights and privileges, which are essential to the happiness of every free state, and without which, life, liberty, and property are rendered totally insecure.
These, Sir, being certain consequences, which must naturally result from the late acts of Parliament relative to America in general, and the government of Massachusetts Bay in particular, is it to be wondered at, I repeat, that men, who wish to avert the impending blow, should attempt to oppose it in its progress, or prepare for their defence, if it cannot be diverted? Surely I may be allowed to answer in the negative; and again give me leave to add as my opinion, that more blood will be spilt on this occasion, if the ministry are determined to push matters to extremity, than history has ever yet furnished instances of in the annals of North America, and such a vital wound given to the peace of this great country, as time itself cannot cure, or eradicate the remembrance of.
But I have done. I was involuntarily led into a short discussion of this subject by your remarks on the conduct of the Boston people, and your opinion of their wishes to set up for independency. I am as well satisfied as I can be of my existence that no such thing is desired by any thinking man in all North America; on the contrary, that it is the ardent wish of the warmest advocates for liberty, that peace and tranquility, upon constitutional grounds, may be restored, and the horrors of civil discord prevented.93
[Note 93: Mackenzie had written to Washington from Boston (September 13): "Mr. Atchison can sufficiently inform you of the State of this unhappy Province, of their tyrannical Oppression over one another, of their fixed Aim at total independence, of the Weakness and Temper of the main springs that set the whole in Motion, and how necessary it is, that abler Heads and better Hearts should draw a Line for their Guidance: Even when this is done, 'tis much to be feared, that they will follow it no further, than where it coincides with their present Sentiments. Amidst all these Jarrings we have until lately lived as in a Camp of Pleasure; but the rebellious and numerous Meetings of Men in Arms, their scandalous and ungenerous Attacks upon the best Characters in the Province, obliging them to save their Lives by-Flight, and their repeated but feeble Threats to disposses the Troops, have furnished sufficient Reasons to Genl. Gage to put the Town in a formidable State of Defence, about which we are now fully employed, and which will be shortly accomplished to their great Mortification." Mackenzie's letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 5, P. 49.]
I am very glad to hear that my friend Stewart was well when you left London. I have not had a letter from him these five years, nor heard of him I think for two. I wish you had mentioned his employment, poor Mercer! I often hear from him; much cause has he, I fear, to lament his having fallen into the accursed state of attendance and dependance. I remain with very great esteem, dear Sir.94
[Note 94: Ford quotes the following: "At that Congress (the first Continental), Washington had appeared as one of the representatives of Virginia, but apparently not yet clear as to what extent it was proper to involve himself in the difficulties into which Massachusetts was plunged. There is reason to suppose that he shared somewhat in the distrust generally felt, south of New England, of the purposes of the Massachusetts leaders. Whilst in this state of mind, he received a letter from Captain MacKenzie. MacKenzie was a native of Virginia, and an acquaintance of Washington, who had taken a commission in the British army, and was at this time attached to one of the regiments stationed at Boston. The object of the letter was to prejudice his mind against the action of the people of Massachusetts, and to induce him to exert his influence to counteract the policy their delegates were advocating in Philadelphia. Determined to satisfy himself as to the true character and designs of these delegates, he seems to have sought an interview and free conference with them at their lodgings. That interview took place on the evening of the 28th of September, 1774. Richard Henry Lee, and Dr. Shippen, of Philadelphia, were also present. It seems to have settled all Washington's doubts, if he had any; for instead of noisy, brawling demagogues, meaning mischief only, he found the delegates plain, downright practical men, seeking safety from oppression, and contemplating violence only as a result of an absolute necessity forced on them by the government at home. The effect of the conference is made visible in his answer to MacKenzie." (See Charles Francis Adams's letter in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 4, p. 69.)
"I have this very day heard, that in that tract of Virginia called the Northern Neck, and which lies betwixt Rappahannock and Potomack Rivers, they have lately raised one thousand volunteers, as fine fellows and good woodsmen as any on our continent, who have put themselves under the command of Col. George Washington, a brave and experienced officer, whom it is said, has undertaken the command of them, and that they are soon to march for your place." (See William Black's letter to Boston Committee in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Fourth Series, vol. 4, p. 187.)
"My necessary absence, on the occasion of the Indian disturbances will I hope, account and excuse me for my not having acknowledged your Lordship's several letters in due time and order, and for not having regularly communicated accounts of the public affairs of the colony to which some of them refer; and I wish I were now so fortunate as to have it in my power to make a representation of their appearing with a more favorable aspect than when I last wrote upon these important concerns.
"The associations first, in part, entered into, recommended by the people of this colony, and adopted by what is called the Continental Congress, are now enforcing throughout this country with the greatest rigor. A Committee has been chosen in every county, whose business it is to carry the association of the Congress into execution, which committee assumes to inspect the books, invoices, and all other secrets of the trade and correspondence of merchants, to watch the conduct of every inhabitant without distinction, and to send for all such as come under their suspicion into their presence, to interrogate them respecting all matters which, at their pleasure, they think fit objects of their inquiry; and to stigmatize, as they term it, such as they find transgressing what they are now hardy enough to call the laws of the Congress, which stigmatising is no other than inviting the vengeance of an outrageous and lawless mob to be exercised upon the unhappy victims. Every county, besides, is now arming a company of men, whom they call an Independent Company, for the avowed purpose of protecting their Committees, and to be employed against government if occasion require. The Committee of one county has proceeded so far as to swear the men of their Independent Company to execute all orders which shall be given them from the Committee of their County.
"As to the power of government which your Lordship in your letter No. 11 directs should be exerted to counteract the dangerous measures pursuing here, I can assure your Lordship that it is entirely disregarded, is not wholly overturned. There is not a justice of peace in Virginia that acts except as a Committee man; the abolishing the courts of justice was the first step taken in which the men of fortune and preeminence joined equally with the lowest and meanest. The general court of judicature of the colony is much in the same predicament; for though there is at least a majority of his Majesty's council who, with myself, are the judges of that court, that would steadily perform their duty, yet the lawyers have absolutely refused to attend, nor indeed would the people allow them to attend, or evidences to appear. The reason, commonly assigned for this proceeding, is the want of a fee bill, which expired the last session of Assembly; and it is a popular argument here, that no power but the legislature can establish fees, and the fee bill not having been renewed is attributed to the dissolution. But the true cause of so many persons joining in so opprobrious a measure was to engage their English creditors, who are numerous, to join in the clamors of this country; and not a few, to avoid paying the debts in which many of the principal people here are much involved.
"With regard to the encouraging of those, as your Lordship likewise exhorts me, who appeared in principle averse to these proceedings, I hope your Lordship will do me the justice to believe I have left no means in my power unessayed to draw all the assistance possible from them to his Majesty's government; but I presume your Lordship will not think it very extraordinary that my persuasions should have been unavailing against the terrors which on the other hand are held out by the Committee.
"Independent Companies, &c., so universally supported, who have set themselves up superior to all other authority, under the auspices of their Congress, the laws of which they talk of in a stile of respect, and treat with marks of reverence which they never bestowed on their legal government, or the laws proceeding from it. I can assure your Lordship, that I have discovered no instance where the interposition of government, in the feeble state to which it is reduced, could serve any other purpose than to suffer the disgrace of a disappointment, and thereby afford matter of great exultation to its enemies, and increase their influence over the minds of the people.
"But, my Lord, every step which has been taken by these infatuated people, must inevitably defeat its own purpose. Their non-importation, non-exportation, &c., cannot not fail, in a short time to produce a scarcity which will ruin thousands of families. The people, indeed, of fortune may supply themselves and their negroes for two or three years; but the middling and poorer sort, who live from hand to mouth have not the means of doing so, and the produce of their lands will not purchase those necessaries (without which themselves and negroes must starve) of the merchants, who may have goods to dispose of, because the merchants are prevented from turning such produce to any account. As to manufacturing for themselves, the people of Virginia are very far from being naturally industrious, and it is not by taking away the principal, if not the only encouragement to industry, that it can be excited; nor is it in times of anarchy and confusion that the foundation of such improvements can be laid. The lower class of people too will discover that they have been duped by the richer sort, who for their part elude the whole effects of the association, by which their poor neighbors perish. What then is to deter those from taking the shortest mode of supplying themselves; and unrestrained as they are by laws, from taking whatever they want, wherever they can find it?
"The arbitrary proceedings of these Committees, likewise, cannot fail producing quarrels and dissensions, which will raise partisans of government; and I am firmly persuaded that the colony, even by their own acts and deeds, must be brought to see the necessity of depending on its mother country, and of embracing its authority."-- Dunmore to the Earl of Dartmouth, Dec. 24, 1774.]
Mount Vernon, December 12, 1774.
Dear Sir: Your letter without a date came to hand last post; and inclosed you have my Bond to Messrs. McCoul and Blair for £450 for your Brothers moity of the four Mile run Land; as also receipts for £40.11.11 the balance due from him on account of the Ohio Lands, under the Proclamation of 1754. Fifty four pounds (being the amount of £40 Sterling at 35 pr. ct. exchange) which he assumed the payment of for Vanbramms on the same Account; and £351.8.1 on acct. of your own bond given for the interest due on your Fathers Estate, making (the three sums) together Four hundred and forty six pounds which you say is right. I have passed receipts in this manner because you desired it; not because it made no difference to me; for in fact it does, in as much as I must account with the Surveyor (whom, and myself, are the only persons in advance; he for his labour, and I for my money) for his proportion of these sums. As I have now complied with every requisite of your Letter, respecting this Land, I am persuaded you will make a full and ample conveyance of it, and send it by next post; executed before such Witnesses as will certainly attend, either the General Court, or the Court of this County.
In examining the papers which I got from Colo. Mason, I do not meet with one scrap of information respecting that part of the Land which you hold under Gabriel Adams's Deed of the 19th. of September 1730, for seven hundred and ninety acres then in Stafford County, there being no paper relative to it, except an unattested copy of the Courses of the Deed: how you derive your Title therefore, I am ignorant; but do not doubt its being good. I confide in you for making it so, and am sure you will not deceive me. As you have made no mention of the want of the other papers, I presume you can do without them; but in case it was an omission, I shall add, that Stephen Gray obtained a warrant from the proprietors office for the Land (according to Mr. Pendletons state of the case) in December 1723: by Will, dated the 26th. of January following, he devised his whole real and personal Estate to Ann Gray his wife. Mr. Pendleton says in May 1724 the Deed issu'd in the name of Stephen Gray; but he is mistaken, for it appears that the Patent for 378 acres, then in Stafford County, bears date the 17th. of July in that year. On the 20th. and 21st. days of March 1732, the Land was conveyed by Deeds of Lease and release, to Jno. Mercer Esqr.; what followed after that period you know better than I can relate. Thus much I have thought proper to communicate, that you may be enabled to recite the title, if need be. If you have yet come across John Hough's report of the Survey of these two tracts, made in 1770 I should be glad if you would forward it to me, as it will assist me greatly in surveying of it.
I am very thoroughly convinced of Mr. Dawsons being a consummate rascal, and Intended to have acquainted you with my suspicions, when I wrote to you, in order that you might be upon your guard at a settlement with him. Mr. Snickers told me; the day I parted with you (as we crossed the Mountain together) that it was three hundred Pines Dawson sold Shepherd, and that to his knowledge he had also sold a dozen or more horses; one in particular to Benji. Berry for twelve or fourteen pound, which Berry immediately sold for twenty six. These things may, and do, readily account for the deficiency we found in the Articles of Horses and stock: and I think from Snickers account, good part of the Crop of wheat has gone off in the same way. Only 73½ bushels have been brought to my Mill, by the Miller's Books; and from your Account of the remainder only 640 bushels are to come. Your Acct. of the quantity of Corn sold, at the different Plantations, is right, except as to that at Carters and Buck Marsh: at those places Snicker had ninety four barrels and Noble twenty six; whereas you set down only an hundred, and all to Snickers. The surplus be it more or less, after the wheat is brought away, should be sold; but who is to be entrusted with this, unless you can confide in your New Overseer, I know not.
If you still incline to dispose of Cattle from Marlborough, at the rates those sold at in Frederick, as you proposed, please to let me know the number you can part with, and the exact kinds, as soon as you can be Advised from your Manager there. The inclosed is a true Account of the Sales in Frederick, taking out the fatting Steers at Collin's and Carters, and the yoke of oxen at the last mentioned place. If among the Steers at Dawsons any were fatted, I did not know it, and have ranked them in the common herd.
If Mr. Brent is to depend upon me for his rent let me know when it is to be paid, and the sum: he has always refused Gold and Silver otherwise than by weight, and Virginia paper we scarcely see a bill of in the space of twelve months, in this part of the Country. I left the Plat of the Land at Leesburg for Mr. Craven Peyton to make others by, so that it is not in my power to measure the Contents of your Low Ground on Shenandoa, but I should not suppose that there is more than 170 or 80 acres of it. I thank you for your kind offer of assisting me in collecting and remitting the proceeds of your brothers Estate, and doubt not but I shall have occasion for your assistance. I am, Dr. Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, January 7, 1775.
Sir: Your Letters of the 29th. of June, 3d. and 8th. of Augt., and 3d. of October are all before me, and I cannot help complaing. of the great hardship and injustice done me in detaining the Brigantine Farmer Six Weeks at Port Morant till the purchasers of Mr. Adam's Herrings could take them away, and replace Rum from different parts of the Country. Surely such a thing was never done before! What more had the Vessel to do, than deliver its Freight agreeable to the Bill of Lading at the Port it went to? Could it be supposed, that for the usual Freight, I would have engaged a Vessel to lay Six Weeks at the above Place till Planters from different parts of the Island, a thing I never heard of till return of the Brig, should find it convenient to fetch away the Commodities they had contracted for? Mr. Adams denies having any knowledge of such design, and I think it exceeding unreasonable that I should be the sufferer by such a practice.
As you have not sent me the Sugar and other Articles wrote for before now, you will please not to do it now, as, by an Article of the Continental Association I shall be obliged to return them if they arrive in Virginia after the first day of next Month; there being no other alternative after that date. I could have wished to have receiv'd these things in time, but must now forego the advantage of them and leave the Balle. due me in your hands till I can see how otherwise to apply it. I am Sir, etc.
January 10, 1775.
As I am resolved, if no unforeseen accident happens to prevent it, to have my people at work upon my lands on the Ohio, by the last day of March, no steps previous to this undertaking should be delayed, by which a disappointment must follow. I, therefore, knowing it will take some time to collect provisions, and tools to carry on this work, and that the transportation of them in the spring early over the Allegany Mountains may be attended with difficulty and uncertainty, do request and require you to go immediately over to Gilbert Simpson's in the Redstone settlement, and there do, or attempt to do, the following things:--
First. Engage anywhere between one hundred and fifty and two hundred bushels of Indian corn, and to prevent disappointments, let it be actually lodged at Gilbert Simpson's before the first day of March. Also engage upon the best terms you can to be delivered as aforesaid, about fifteen hundredweight of bacon; and desire Mr. Simpson by all means to have them securely lodged for you at his house by that time at furthest.
Second. Engage upon the best terms you can, such, and so many canoes, as are absolutely necessary to transport your provisions and tools down the river. And to avoid the expence of bags as much as possible, try if one of the canoes cannot be fitted up in such a manner as to carry your corn and bacon with the assistance of one or two only. Perhaps the canoes built for me last year may again be got. Speak to Major Crawford on this head.
Third. If Mr. Simpson has not already moved all the tools and necessaries which were carried out for me last spring, from Val. Crawford's, let it be done as soon as you get out. Here with is a list of what he acknowledges he had left upon hand in September last, as also of what he carried out. Take an exact account of everything you find and have them secured at Mr. Simpson's ready at your departure down the river. After which see what things you will want for your undertaking down the river, and then
Fourth. Try if they are to be had out there, at what prices, and if you find the only difference to lie in the expence of the carriage out, endeavor to buy every thing you can want there, rather than run the hazard of sending them from hence in March, and have them lodged as above; for if you do not get every thing into his possession, you may more than probable depend upon promises, and be disappointed after your men are assembled and ready to start, which must occasion a delay, and of course a loss to me, not only of time, but in having men upon expences.
Fifth. It may not be amiss to engage potatoe seed, Pease, and such things, as will not only contribute to your better living, but will, in case corn should be found very scarce and difficult to be got make the less of it necessary; for I do expect that from the breaking up of the plantations last year, and the great number of people that will be going over this, that corn will be very scarce and exceeding dear. If you could get peach, or any other kind of fruit stones, or apple seeds, it would not be amiss to engage them to carry out with you.
Sixth. Inasmuch as both time and expences will be saved by engaging men in the Redstone settlement to go with you down the river, I would have you make diligent enquiry whether they are to be had, and upon what terms, and engage at least five upon the best terms you can, and have them bound in the articles given you. If you should meet with such people as you think will answer the purpose, in your own neighborhood or elsewhere, you might engage them, provided you can depend upon their going at the proper time and will transport themselves without any expence to me.
Seventh. If you can hire negro fellows, or choose to carry any of your own, upon the terms I mentioned to you, there will not in that case be occasion to hire so many white men as above (to wit, five). And as I am told that there are three of the servants which I sent out last spring still at Mr. Val. Crawford's and his brother, Captain Crawford's, ready to be employed in my service; you may direct them to stay where they are, and be ready again the 15th of March; or if Gilbert Simpson wants hands for my mill work, let them be employed (instead or hirelings) there, till the 15th of March aforesaid.
Eight. As the rest of the servants were sold, and the money by this time become due, I have desired Mr. Val. Crawford, if he has received it, to pay it to you; and if he has not, to let you have the purchaser's bonds, which give to Mr. Simpson, and desire him to collect the money and apply it towards payment of the mill accounts. If you can get corn, or other provisions, tools, or other things of Val. Crawford, I would have you do it, as it will save me the payment of cash; but be sure to have the matter fixed in such a manner with him as to run no risque of a disappointment.
You may get corn and other things from Captain Crawford, in like manner; but that you may not depend too much upon these uncertain chances, I now furnish you with £60, Pennsylvania money, and whatever it falls short of the amount of your purchases I will supply when you go out again, that everybody may be paid for what you get of them.
As I must set off for the Assembly by the first of February, and shall want to see you before I go, I would have you endeavor [if] it can conveniently be done, to be down here by that time. I have nothing more to add at present than to wish you success in your journey, and am &c.97
[Note 97: These instructions, in an unidentified hand, are signed by Washington. Cleveland, because of illness, was obliged to relinquish control of the expedition in favor of William Stevens; but he took charge again in April, 1775. The articles of agreement, dated Jan. 10, 1775, between Washington and Cleveland, who was from Loudoun County, Va., are in the Washington Papers. By them the business was to be conducted by Cleveland until Dec. 10, 1775, and he was to be paid £100 Virginia currency.]
Sir: I earnestly recommend to you to follow after the People I have sent out as soon as you can do it with safety, as much depends upon making a proper beginning.
If you should not arrive at Gilbert Simpson's till after William Stevens is gone with the People, Provision, and Tools; you will follow them by Land, or Water, as you shall find it most convenient. I directed Stevens to leave his Baggage Horses there, in order that you might go by Land if you chose it, as it would be the most expeditious way and you would want the Horses on the Land to draw in your Logs, Plow, and bring in your Game.
If you should go by Land, I shall have no objections to your buying, and carrying two or three Cows down with you, if they are to be had upon reasonable terms. If you should buy Cows get a Bull also that the Breed may be propagated. You will find a Bell necessary for them, as also for the Horses.
As you know the general Plan, and design of my Seating these Lands, I shall not hamper you with particular Instructions, but leave you to be governd by Circumstances. My first and indeed principal aim, is, to save as much Land as possible in the shortest time, and at the least expence. If this could be done in such a manner, and by such means, as to be serviceable hereafter, it would be so much the better; and for this reason it is, I shall leave you to act from Circumstances.
It runs in my head, that if there is a good stream of Water upon any of the Tracts, and a convenient place, out of the way of Freshes, to build a Mill that this might be as good a method as any to save the Land provided an Industrious Millwright could be engaged and there could be any certain prospect of getting Iron work without much trouble or Inconvenience.
When you see Steven's, call for the Instruction's I gave him, in order that you may see what is there required and govern yourself thereby as nearly as Circumstances will permit; for I do not mean to rye you down strictly to any certain Rule, but to allow you to Act in such a manner as shall appear most for my Interest.
If you should find any of the white Servants obstinate, and determind not to behave well, I hereby give you full power and Authority to sell and dispose of them to the best advantage. I have given Stevens a description of each, that in case any should attempt to runaway, they may be advertisd, and every pains taken to recover them that can be consistently.
Write to me by every opportunity, as it is very probable that not one Letter in five will come to hand. Mention in all of them, therefore, what you want and how you go on.
After you have got a place Inclosed, try and buy me all the Buffaloe Calves you can get and make them as gentle as possible. I would not stick at any reasonable price for them, especially the Cow Calves, but I should like at least two Bull Calves for fear of Accidents as I am very anxious to raise a Breed of them.
Take the two Servants from Majr. Crawford's that he offered, if you find from their Character that they will answer your purpose, and that they will be useful to you. If you get them, you may, in my name, promise them a year of their time if they behave so as to deserve it.
I wish you your Health and success and am, etc.98
[Note 98: These instructions, undated, are in the writing of Washington, on a sheet of the same paper as the instructions of January 10, and appear to have been folded and filed with them. They may have been written in April. Ford thinks they should be dated after March 6.]
Mount Vernon, January 13, 1775.
Sir: Your Letter of the 8th., which is just handed to me, could not have given you more pain in writing, than it has done me in reading; Because I never deny, or even hesitate in granting any request that is made to me (especially by persons I esteem, and in matters of moment) without feeling in expressable uneasiness. I do not wonder at your sollicitude on acct. of your (only) Son. In Nurturing, and bringing him up in a proper Tract, is no doubt, an object of great concern to you, as well as Importance to him; but two things are essentially necessary in the Man to whom this charge is committed. A Capacity of judging with propriety, of Measures proper to be taken in the Government of a youth; and leizure sufficient to attend the Execution of these Measures. That you are pleased to think favorably of me, in respect to the first, I shall take for granted, from the request you have made, but to shew my incapacity of attending to the latter with that good faith which I think every man ought to do, who undertakes a trust of this Interesting nature, I can solemnly declare to you, that for this year or two past, there has been scarce a Moment that I can properly call my own: For what with my own business, my present Wards, My Mothers (which is wholely in my hands), Colo. Colvills, Mrs. Savages, Colo. Fairfax's, Colo. Mercers (for Colo. Tayloe though he accepted of the Trust jointly with myself, seems no ways inclined to take any part of the Execution of it), and the little Assistance I have undertaken to give in the management of my Brother Augustines Affairs (for I have absolutely refused to qualify as an Executor) keeps me, together with the share I take in publick Affairs, constantly engaged in writing Letters, Settling Accts., and Negotiating one piece of business or another in behalf of one or other of these Concerns; by which means I have really been deprivd of every kind of enjoyment, and had almost fully resolved, to engage in no fresh matter, till I had entirely wound up the old.
Thus much Sir, Candour, indeed the principles of common honesty, obliged me to relate to you; as it is not my will to deceive any person by promising what I do not think it is in my power to perform, with that punctuallity and rectitude wch. I conceive the nature of the trust would require of me. I do not however give a fiat refusal to your request, I rather wish you to be fully informed of my Situation, that you may think, with me, or as I do, that if it should please the Almighty to take you to himself, so soon as you apprehend (but I hope without just cause) that your Son maybe placed in better hands than mine; if you think otherwise, I will do the best I can merely as Guardian.
I think you will act very prudently in having your Will Revised by some person knowing in the Law, as a Testators Intention's, is often defeated, by different Interpretations of Statutes, which require the whole business of a Man's life to be perfectly conversant In; and in such a case as yours where there are Children by different Ventures, it becomes still more necessary. I shall not, after what I have here said, add any thing more than my wishes, which are sincerely offered, for your recovery, and that you may live to see the accomplishment of your Son's Education &ca. being with very great esteem Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, January 18, 1775.
Dr. Sir: The draft on the other side shews the Interest that four of us have in the Patent that was granted to you and others for 7894 acres of Land on the great Kanhawa, but as Colo. Muse and I had another Patent adjoining this granted to Us and as it was more convenient to us both to have our Lands in a Body than in detached Pieces, we agreed upon an exchange, so that the two thousand acres I am to have of you, will be added to his own hundred and make his interest in the Patent of 7894 acres 2100 he having lately wrote to me to have a division of this Tract, I informed him that I knew of no method of doing this soon or indeed better than by numbering 3 Tickets and drawing for them the Person drawing No. 1 to have his quantity of Land be it more or less laid off at the upper end of the Tract, as by the supposed line AB the Person drawing No. 2 to have his next as by the other supposed line CD and the third number to take his quantity at the lower end as I know no difference in the quality of the land and if there was each Person having an equal Chance to get it, I could not think of any better method, Colo. Muse and the Doctr. both agree to this and if you consent and will impower Colo. Peyton or some other at Williamsbg to draw for you I will desire the Doct. to do the same, by which means we can ascertain the part of the tract where each Persons Lott is to be; divide it on the Plot giving each man his due Quantity and have a Partition Deed drawn ready for execution the Lines may be run and marked At any time thereafter, but for fear of death the Partition Deed shoud not be delayed; I mention this matter as the best expedient I can think of, if you approve of it please write me as soon as possible that I may have time to send to Doct. Craik to request his appointment of some Person in Williamsbg to act for him, before I set off for that place which I expect will happen about the 12th. of next month. I remain, etc.
Mount Vernon, January 23, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 3d. is come to hand: the Gentlemen for whom the forty musquets were intended, want no letters stamped on them; but I should think it would be an advantage to have them numbered. I cannot order Letters on the Cartooch Boxes, because I do not know the particular persons, for whom they are designed.
Your troubles, I find, are like to increase in proportion to your good nature in undertaking business, and the applications which are made to me in the Military Department. I have lately received a request from the Officers of the Prince William Independant Company, for the following Articles;
The above things are for the Prince William Company, andwill be paid for by the Gentlemen to whom the enclosed Letteris directed, and to whom you are to apply for the cost. AsSashes are not to be had in Philadelphia, the Gentlem. beg thatNew York may be tried; and the whole to be sent as soon asready. I am at the same time, in behalf of the Fairfax Independn.,to request the favor of you to send,
8 Shoulder Knots for the Sergeant and Corporals of their
Company, exactly in all respects like those intended
for Prince William.
These last Shoulder Knots for the Fairfax Company you will please to charge to me; and as soon as you can ascertain what I owe you, let me know it, that I may pay the money to you, or to your order.
If Cobourn shou'd not have sailed, before this Letter reaches you, please to direct the Musquet you talk'd of sending per him, to Mr. Grayson of Dumfries (along with the colours and Drums for Prince William) as the forty stand of Arms are for that Company. Pray how soon cou'd an hundred stand more, be got?
Please to inform old Mr. Wilper, that we look upon the Peace, which Lord Dunmore made with the Indians to be conclusive and certain, and that I dare say it will be of lasting duration. Be so good at the same time to present him with the inclosed letter respecting his money, I was to receive from Mr. Cutbert Bullett. I am, with complimts. to Mrs. Milnor, Dr. Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, February 7, 1775.
Sir: The Acting Executors of my Brother Augustine, have been lately informed that you have taken possession of the Land, belonging to his younger Son, above Fort Cumberland; that you have filled it with Tenants, receive the rents, and, that the Land is in a fair way of being injured, to the great prejudice of the Orphan. As they cannot conceive under what pretext this is done, they would fain hope that the information is groundless; but that they may know from yourself the certainty of this report, and if true, under what pretence it is done, I have at their request (for I have never qualified as an Executor myself) given you the trouble of this Letter; sincerely hoping that you do not mean to involve them in a disagreeable Law contest in support of a Right, which was never before questioned, and which you yourself, within these five years, so far acknowledged to me, as to express a desire of buying the Land. I shall be glad to hear from you on this head, and am, Sir, etc.
March 6, 1775.
As Mr. James Cleveland, whom I have employed to take charge of my business upon the Ohio, is rendered unable at this time by sickness, to proceed out with my People, I must commit the care and management of them, and the business to you, till he can follow, or till you can hear further from me.
Proceed therefore, without any unnecessary loss of time, to Mr. Gilbert Simpson's on Youghiogany, where I expect Provision's are laid In, and where Majr. Crawford will have in readiness Tools, and Canoes ready to transport you down the River; do not delay one moment longer than you can help in that Settlement, but set out with all your necessaries by Water for the great Kanhawa. Your Provisions will go in Casks which are provided for the purpose; but the two Horses which are sent for the purpose of drawing in your Logs, fetching in your Provisions, and tending your Corn when they can be spared from other business, must be sent down by Land in the manner which shall appear most advisable to you at Simpson's.--
The Land you are to go to, lays on the great Kanhawa on the lower or Right hand side as you go up it; the Tract begins abt. two Miles from the Mouth of that River and runs up the same, binding therewith, for Seventeen Miles; you may begin your Improvements therefore in any part, but nearest the middle (for fear of getting of it) would be best if you can carry on your works to equal advantage to do wch. you should examine the Bottoms well to see where you can clear most in the shortest time.
So soon as you have pitchd upon the Spot to begin your Improvements on, use every diligence in your power to get as much Land as possible ready for Corn, and continue planting, even with the rare ripe Corn, as long as you think it shall have time to come to perfection. You may, in the meanwhile, be putting up Houses for the Convenience of yourselves to live in, but do not spend any time in fencing in the Field till it is too late to Plant, as the Corn can take no Injury till some time after it is up which will be time enough to begin Fencing.
After the Season is too far advanced for Planting, and you have Inclosed the Field, you are then to go to such other kinds of Improvements as will go the furthest in saving the Land; that is, you are to build, to clear, to Fence, to drain, or do any thing else agreeable to the Act of Assembly which will be highest valued in proportion to the work, and the time spent thereon; and I have a notion that draining will be found among the most profitable things you can do, but as it is impossible for me to judge, at this distance, you must be governd by Circumstances, and your own judgment which I hope will be employed as much as possible for my Interest.
Consult Major Crawford about a Hunter and endeavr. to secure a good one upon the best terms you can to attend you, this Hunter might, probably, be a proper Person to take the Horses down.
I do not know that any of the white Servants will attempt to run away from you, but to guard against it as much as possible keep a strict watch, and as soon as you have got to the Land draw your Canoes (without telling them the reason of it) quite up the Bank and cover them to prevent the Sun from splitting them.
In the Keg with the Lead, there is a Canister of Peach Stone Kernals (near 2000) let them be Planted in Drills as soon as you get to the Land, and fixed upon a Place for a Plantation; also Plant Potatoes, Pease and every thing of that kind in their proper Seasons, if you can get them to carry with you, and if you could get 1 Boor, and 2 Sow pigs to carry with you it would be a good thing.
As you will be under a necessity of depending upon hand Mill stones for Meal (a pair of which are provided at Mr. Simpson's) you should take care to be provided with peck to keep them in order. also with a grind stone for your Tools.
I have no reason to doubt, but that you will find every thing provided at Simpson's by the time you get out, if however it should turn out otherwise, I hope Majr. Crawford will give you all the assistance he can in getting what is wanted as it will be a folly to go down without, get 2 light fluke Plows.
Leave with Gilbert Simpson an exact list of every thing you carry down the River, though never so trifling, for Mr. Cleveland, that he may know what you have and see if any thing further is necessary for him to provide. Endeavour to make the Servants and Negros take care of their Cloathes and have them mended when wanted.
I give you a description of each Servant, if any of them should Run away, advertize a good reward to any one that will bring them to you, to me, or Majr. Crawford.
Take great care of your Tools, that none are lost, or left as you go along down. Take care also that you have full enough of them for your hands; if to spare, so much the better, as I shall probably send out more hands some time hence; keep a list therefore of the quantity you have, and call them over frequently. After you have built a House for yourselves, there might also be one built to lock your Provisions, Tools &c., up in.
I cannot pretend to say with certainty, when I shall be with you; but hope it may happen in May, if not in May, it shall be as soon after as I can make it convenient, nor can I judge with any certainty how long it will take you to save that Tract on the great Kanhawa, which you are to go first to, as it contains 10,990 acres; but the buildings and other Improvements ought to be valued (at any rate) before you go to the next Tract or rather return to it, as it lyes on the Ohio, three or four Miles above the Rapid, at the great Bent in the Ohio (which is 30 odd Miles above the Mouth of the great Kanhawa) this is the next 4394 acre Tract I shall Improve, and Lyes in Bottetourt County, as the large one of 10,990 acres does in Fincastle County.
I give you Money to bear your Expences out, and hope, and beg, that you will use as much frugality in Travelling as possible; keep an exact Acct. of your Expences that you may be able to settle with me when we meet, or with Mr. Cleveland in my behalf.
I would have you, as it is as good a way as any, go by Mr. Cleveland's House, and if he is well enough to give it, take his advise about your Conduct, if he thinks he shall be able to follow you in any reasonable time, perhaps it may be necessary to leave the Horses at Gilbert Simpson's for him and the Negro that is run away to come after you by Land, and to drive two or three Cows out, if to be had from the Red Stone Settlement.
Sow the Turnep Seed which you carry as soon as you can with safety, and endeavour to provide Water-Mellon seed, Cucumbers, and every kind of Seed which will serve to make your Corn &ca. hold out at the same time that it adds to your good Living.
Get three or 4 good strong padlocks at Leesburg and as many strong Lines for Fishing, as Fish will be a great help to you.
Get Paper at Leesburg, and write frequently to me how you go on, as Letters are very apt to miscarry.
I wish you well and that success may attend you, and am &c.
Mount Vernon, March 6, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 26th. Ulto. came to my hands by the last Post, and by its return you will receive this Letter. As Mr. John Gizage Frazer is unable to pay what he owes me, and my Signing his Letter of License necessary to his enlargement I do (although I cannot charge my Memory with ever having seen it) upon the information and strength of your Letter, hereby signify my consent to it; and do authorize you, or Mr. Lyon by these presents to put my name thereto. I expect from the Principles of equal and common justice to be put upon no worse a footing than Mr. Frazers other Creditors, and this is the only Condition I stipulate for.
Mrs. Washington presents her Compliments to Mrs. Aylett and yourself, to which please to add those of, Dr. Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1775.
Sir: As you have been kind enough to mention the Conversation we had respecting Mr. D. J. Adams' Land, to the Creditors of his Father and procurd answers from some of them the Inclosed Letters will inform you of my determination in consequence thereof.
I will pay Mr. Stormat at the time mentioned in my Letters to the other Gentn. with Interest but want to know whether he sets up a claim to more than the £150 Sterlg. with the Intt. wch. may be due thereon being told that he talks of demanding a larger Sum for Cost, Charges, or something else which I could not very well understand. I am very willing to abide by the Sum mentioned in the list of Debts given to me, and which you saw. I shall be ready to fix the Matter with Mr. Adams and the Creditors at any time upon the terms now proposed and did not care how soon the business could be accomplished.
The Skipper who was receiving Corn for Mr. Stone did not care to take your Flour on Board, I shall therefore send it over to Captn. Marshalls agreeable to your desire, I am etc.
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1775.
Gentn: In answer to your favour of the 28th. Ulto. If Mr. Danl. Jenifer Adams (to whom I have now wrote) will suffer a Condemnation of the Land, Slave and Horse which I attached, will surrender possession of the two last; and join his Sisters in conveying the former to me, I will become answerable to you (upon Mr. Stromats3 giving me the same Indulgence in time of payment that you do) for your claim against the Estate of his deceased Father Mr. Josias Adams. But I shall expect Gentn. that you will not insist upon my paying the Money before our April Meeting of Merchts. next year for you know that all, at least most money matters in this Colony are transacted at those times I might as well therefore undertake to discharge these Debts of Mr. Adams in October next as to do it any time between that and the Meeting in April as it is at these times only I receive my Money. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note 3: See spelling in preceding letter.]
N.B. Exact Copies of the above Letter (acknowledging their Letters of the 5th. of March) were sent to Mr. Robt. Mundell, and Mr. George Gray, Merchts. of Port Tobacco.
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1775.
Sir: I have come to the Resolution of taking upon myself the payment of the Debts which your deceased Father has Taxed his Lands with provided you suffer a Condemnation of the Attached Effects, join your sisters in conveying the Lands to me, and surrender possession of the Negro &ca.
I shall have no objection's to your Sisters continuing on the Plantation this year, if peaceable and quiet Possession thereof is given to me as early in the Fall as may be convenient for a Tenant to come on it. If you agree to these proposals the sooner matters are fixed the better that every Person Interested in the Affair may know what they have to Trust to. I am Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1775.
Sir: If Mr. D. J. Adams will suffer a Condemnation of the Attachd Effects I will, as it may contribute something to the validity of my Title to the Land pay you the Sum stipulated for, to wit £5:5 common my. of Provence. I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1775.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of the 6th. inst: inclosing receipts for the delivery of Colo. Mercers wheat, as also an account of what is due to you for hauling it to my Mill, and threshing it out; by which you make a balance of Forty four pounds, seven shillings and nine pence due to you; which I dare say is right, and therefore acknowledge it to be so, as I keep the Millers rect.
I had sold my corn for ready money, which was to have been taken away by the first of this month, and of course I ought to have been in cash, to have answered yours and other demands but have not received a farthing of the money; for which reason, I can send you by Mr. Fenton only twenty pounds; the remaing. £24.7.9 I will pay to your order, so soon as I receive the Cash. If you do not send your wheat soon, it will be of little use to me, I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Richmond, March 25, 1775.
Dear Brother: Mr. Smith deliverd me your Letter of the 16th., but as one is generally in a hurry and bustle in such places, and at such times as these I have only time to acknowledge it, and add that it would have given me pleasure to have met you here. I shall refer you to Mr. Smith for an Acct. of our proceedings up to this day, and you cannot fail of learning the rest from the Squire, who delights in the Minutiæ of a Tale. I am in doubt whether we shall finish here this week, but as I shall delay little time on the Road in returning, I shall hope to see you on your way up, or down, from Berkeley. I am much obliged to you for the Holly Berries and Cotton Seed. My Love to my Sister and the Children. I had like to have forgot to express my entire approbation of the laudable pursuit you are engaged in of Training an Independant Company. I have promised to review the Independant Company of Richmond4 sometime this Summer, they having made me a tender of the
[Note 4: On March 17 the independent company of Richmond County, Va., unanimously chose Washington its commander. The original notification is in the Washington Papers. He had already been chosen to command the Prince William independent company, and later was chosen to command the Fairfax, Albemarle, and Spotsylvania companies. John Augustine Washington's letter announcing that the Westmoreland company had acted in like manner is not in the Washington Papers.
On March 20 the convention assembled" in the old church in the town of Richmond." One of its first acts after organization was to approve the proceedings of the "American Continental Congress," and to consider "this whole continent as under the highest obligations to that very respectable body, for the wisdom of their counsels, and their unremitted endeavors to maintain and preserve inviolable, the just rights and liberties of his Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects in America." Thanks were returned to the delegates by name. (See Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 2, pp. 163, 164.)
On March 23 Patrick Henry introduced resolutions looking to the arming of the colony. The convention resolved "that a well regulated militia, composed of gentlemen and yeomen, is the natural strength and only security of a free government; that such a militia in this colony would forever render it unnecessary for the mother country to keep among us, for the purpose of our defence, any standing army of mercenary forces, always subversive of the quiet, and dangerous to the liberties, of the people, and would obviate the pretext of taxing us for their support." (See Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 2, 168, 169.)
Some of the warmest patriots in the convention, writes Wirt, opposed these resolutions. Richard Bland, Benamin Harrison, Edmund Pendleton, and Robert C. Nicholas "resisted them with all their influence and abilities." He gives, on the authority of Edmund Randolph, what purports to be Henry's speech in favor of his resolutions; but the researches of Mr. Moncure D. Conway enable us to give what Randolph himself wrote: "After a few seconds Richard Henry Lee fanned and refreshed with a gale of pleasure; but the vessel of the revolution was still under the impulse of the tempest which Henry had created. Artificial oratory fell in copious streams from the mouth of Lee, and rules of persuasion accomplished every thing which rules could effect. If elegance had been personified, the person of Lee would have been chosen. But Henry trampled upon rules, and yet triumphed, at this time perhaps beyond his own expectation. Jefferson was not silent. He argued closely, profoundly, and warmly on the same side. The post in the revolutionary debate belonging to him, was that at which the theories of republicanism were deposited. Washington was prominent, though silent. His books bespoke a mind absorbed in meditation on his country's fate; but a positive concert between him and Henry could not more effectually have exhibited him to view, than when Henry ridiculed the idea of peace 'when there was no peace,' and enlarged on the duty of preparing for war." (See Conway's Biography of Edmund Randolph, p. 382.)
On the same day (March 25) Washington was appointed on a committee" to prepare a plan for the encouragement of arts and manufactures in this colony."
"That this colony be immediately put into a posture of defence, and that Mr. Henry, Mr. Lee, Mr. Treasurer, Mr. Harrison, Mr. Lemuel Riddick, Mr. Washington, Mr. Stevens, Mr. Andrew Lewis, Mr. Christian, Mr. Pendleton, Mr. Jefferson, and Mr. Zane be a committee to prepare a plan for the embodying, arming, and discipling, such a number of men as may be sufficient for that purpose." A report was made on the following day and is printed in the Virginia Gazette of Mar. 30, 1775.
The Delegates to the Continental Congress were also elected.
George Mason was taking an active part in the political events of this time, but he appears to have made Washington the instrument for carrying his ideas into practice. He submitted, in February, a plan for establishing a militia and made the judicious suggestion that the old burgesses should be chosen as delegates to attend the convention at Richmond, rightly believing that such a step would carry more weight with the people than the selection of new men. (See Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 1, 1145.)] Command of it at the sametime I could review yours and shall very cheerfully accept the honr. of Commanding it if occasion requires it to be drawn out, as it is my full intention to devote my Life and Fortune in the cause we are engagd in, if need be, I remain Dr. Sir, Yr. most affect. Brother
Richmond, March 27, 1775.
Dear Sir: In looking over my Memorandums, I find that my own warrant for 5,000 acres of Land, was directed to the Surveyor of Botetourt, and executed in part by Mr. Lewis your Son, for 2,950 acres.
Recollecting at the same time to have heard the little Kanhawa spoken of as a temporary boundary between your County and Augusta, and having a survey on the lower side of that river as inclosed for 1800 acres, made by Capt. Crawford, to be returned, with a warrant which I have, to your Brother of Augusta, it has occurred to me, that, if a warrant to Botetourt can be laid on this Land with equal propriety, that so much of my 5,000 acres had better be applied this way as is necessary to cover this survey; than to apply a warrant for Augusta to it, and to have the residue of the warrant (which will be 250 acres) located on the burning Spring, in which if you choose it, you may be an equal sharer under this survey. My whole warrant will then be executed in three Surveys in Botetourt, and much to my satisfaction.
I shall therefore my good Sir, rely on you to order and conduct this matter for me, and beg to be informd. by first opportunity, what I may expect. I should wish much to have the Certificates as soon as possible, in order to take the first favourable opportunity of obtaining Patents. Inclosed you have five pounds for your Son, for the last Survey made, which, as well as I recollect, is about what you thought the worth. I am, with sincere esteem, Dear Sir, etc.
[Note 5: Of Augusta County, Va. He had been sheriff of Augusta and a delegate to the Virginia House of Burgesses; commissioner to the Shawnees and Delawares in 1757; surveyor of Montgomery County in 1771; colonel of Virginia Militia. He was wounded at Guilford Court House, N. C., in 1781 and died in 1783.]
Richmond, March 27, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your favours of the 27th. and 31st. of Jany. were both deliverd to me at this place; the first Inclosing a Copy of the Survey at the Mouth of Coal River, and the Second, an Acct. of the Expence of doing it. By Colo. Christian6 I send, £3.6.8 for your Fee, and £2.10.0 for Capt. Floyd.7 It was impossible for me, with any sort of propriety to judge the value of Captn. Floyds extra: Services; and being told that this Survey was made in his way to Kentucke, and that no uncommon expence could possible have arisen, I have thought this an ample allowance, if I am mistaken, I shall be willing, at any time hereafter, to make a further allowance, as it is my wish to reward every person who performs any Service for me, adequate to their deserts.
[Note 6: Col. William Christian, of Augusta County, Va. He studied law under Patrick Henry; was a delegate to the House of Burgesses and member of the committee of safety; lieutenant colonel of the First Virginia Regiment and was active on the frontier against the Indians; removed to Kentucky in 1785 and was killed in a raid by the Wabash Indians in 1786.]
[Note 7: Capt. Charles(?) Floyd.]
It would give me pleasure, to contribute any little assistance in my power towards the promotion of Colo. Flemings application cation to the Assembly for relief as it will do to aid any Person who deserves well of the Country.
It is but very lately that I have come to the knowledge of Henderson's purchase of the Cherokee Indians;8 there is something in that Affair which I neither understand, nor like, and wish I may not have cause to dislike it worse as the Mistery unfolds. Colo. Christian will inform you of the only Notice taken of the Proclamation (Issued by Lord Dunmore) in this Convention, as well as the other proceedings of the Meeting, and renders a recital of them therefore, from me, unnecessary. I have only to add then that, with very great esteem I remain, etc.
[Note 8: Richard Henderson, of North Carolina. He was associate judge of the superior court. This land enterprise was the Transylvania Land Company, which acquired title from the Cherokees at the Watauga treaty to all the land lying between the Cumberland and Kentucky Rivers and the Cumberland Mountains south of the Ohio.]
P.S. I have got a Warrant for 3000 Acres, which, by Mistake is directed to Fincastle instead of Augusta; pray my good Sir could you advise me to a good piece of Land (not claimd by any) in your Country to Locate it on?
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1775
My Lord: At second hand, I learnt from Captain Floyd, that the Surveys made by Mr. Crawford under the Proclamation9 of 1754 (expressly agreeable to an order of Council of the 15th of December, 1769), and for which your Lordships Patents under the Seal of the Colony, hath actually been obtained, are now declared null and void.10 The information appearing altogether incredible, I gave little attention to it, 'till I saw Mr. Wilper on friday last, who, in confirmation of the report, added, that all the patentees (whom he had seen) under that Proclamation, were exceedingly distressed and at a loss, to know what to think of it, or how to act in a case so uncommon, this therefore has caused me to give your Lordship the trouble of a Letter on the occasion, convinced as I am, of your inclination to hear, and disposition to redress, any just cause of complaint, which may be submitted to your decision. In pursuit of this enquiry, my Lord, which becomes highly interesting to me, as well as others, to make, I shall beg leave to lay a short state of our case before your Lordship in order to shew (if the information be true), for I confess I look'd upon it at first as a move only of the Surveyors to filtch a little more money from us, the peculiar hardship of our situation if we are to encounter fresh difficulties in search of Lands which in my humble opinion has already involved us in expence and trouble, which ought to have been avoided.
[Note 9: Dunmore's proclamation (March 21) against the claims of some "disorderly persons" to ownership of Virginia land under pretense of a purchase from the Indians.]
[Note 10: Dunmore answered (April I 8) to the effect that the surveyor who surveyed the land "did not qualify agreeable to the Act of Assembly directing the duty and qualification of surveyors; if this is the Case the Patents will of Consequence be declared Null and Void." The qualifications of the surveyors are printed in Hening's Statutes at Large, vol. 6, p. 33.]
I shall not presume, my Lord, to ask a patient hearing of the reasons which induced Mr. Dinwiddie to issue the Proclamation of 1754; the proclamation itself is sufficiently declaratory of them and, being an act of public notoriety, the utility of which was well known at the time of its promulgation, and as universally acknowledged to be just; I shall say nothing thereon; nor shall I undertake to prove how well men; at very small daily' pay, were entitled to this testimony of his Majesty's bounty; the experience your Lordship has lately had of a warfare in that country affords a recent instance of the hardship and difficulty which the first troops had in exploring a trackless way over those great ridges of mountains between Fort Cumberland and Pittsburgh, and making roads for the armies which afterwards followed, and in which they joined. But I will take the liberty humbly to represent, that instead of having extraordinary difficulties thrown in our way, we were in my opinion entitled, as well from the spirit, as the express words of the Proclamation, above mentioned, to the Lands free of all costs and trouble, for the truth of which, I should have no scruple in appealing to your Lordship's candor, if you would take the trouble of reading the Proclamation, wherein (after setting forth the necessity of raising Troops) are these words; "For an encouragement to all who shall voluntarily enter into the said service. I do hereby notify and promise, by and with the advice and consent of his Majesty's Council of this Colony, that over and above their pay 200,000 acres of His Majesty, the King of Great Britain's Lands, on the east side of the River Ohio, within this Dominion (100,000 acres to be contiguous to the said Fort, and the other 100,000 acres, to be on or near the River Ohio) shall be laid off, and granted to such persons who by their voluntary engagement and good behavior in the said service; shall deserve the same; and I further promise that the said Lands shall be divided amongst them immediately after the performance of the said service," &c. Is it not to be inferred, my Lord, from the natural import of these words, that the Lands were to be laid off for, and divided amongst the grantees, without involving them in either trouble or expence? Nothing, in my humble opinion, is more self-evident. But they finding that the most valuable part of their Grant, (respecting the location) was actually preoccupied; that Emigrants were spreading fast over that country, and that the same difficulties might arise in other quarters and contests ensue; application was made for liberty to make our own surveys, and a District assigned for it, at least 200 miles from any settlement, unexplored by any County-Surveyor, unknown in whose districts it lay, if it lay in any, as the jurisdiction of no county had extended within the number of miles above mentioned; and but few men at that early day, hardy enough to undertake a work, in a wilderness where none but savages and wild beasts inhabited. I say, under these circumstances, application was made for a special surveyor, and an order of Council obtained in the following words:
"The Council also advised that Colo. Washington should apply to the President and Masters of the College requesting them to nominate and appoint a person properly qualified to survey the said Land with all possible expedition, signifying to them that their compliance herein will be agreeable to this Board."
In consequence of this order, and of Capt. Crawford's qualification as a Surveyor, he was appointed to run out this 200,000 acres of Land; and having given Bond in the usual and accustomed form, to the College proceeded to the business, and making his returns to the Secretary's office, Patents have been issued under your Lordships signature and the seal of the Colony, ever since the first of December 1773. Would it not be exceedingly hard then, my Lord, under these circumstances, at this late day, after we had proceeded in all respects agreeably to the orders of Government and after many of us have been run to great and considerable expence, to declare that the Surveys are invalid? It appears in so uncommon a light to me, that I hardly know yet how to persuade myself into a belief of the reallity of it, nor should I have given your Lordship any trouble on the subject at this time, but for the importunity of others, and from a desire (as I shall leave home the first of May) of knowing if the account be true, what steps the grantees, under the afore-mentioned Proclamation, are further to take.
I beg your Lordships excuse for the length and freedom of this epistle. I am persuaded you possess too much candour yourself to be offended at it in others, in relating of facts, especially, as I profess myself to be, with the utmost respect, etc.
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1775.
Sir: My Letter of the 4th. of December to Colo. Mercer (dispatched by the first opportunity that offered after the close of his Sales) would inform you of the total amount thereof; and that the contest between Miss Wroughton and Messrs. Dick and Hunter, respecting a preference of Mortgages, would, more than probable, be avoided.
I have now to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 29th. of August, and to acquaint you, that the packet herewith sent to Colo Mercer, contains such papers and documents as are necessary to give the fullest information of the state of his affairs in this country; which, circumstances considered, have turned out infinitely beyond my expectation, or the expectation of every one who bestow'd any thought upon them. I shall not therefore, at this time, trouble you either with a recital or copies of those papers, but add, that I have directed the Attorney General (Mr. Randolph) who was retained as Counsel for Colo. Mercer and his mortgages to appeal from any decision which might even appear to give Messrs. Dicks and Hunter's trust-Deed the preference, to Miss Wroughtoh's Mortgage; for as to Mr. Gravat's, it is entirely out of the question, no person disputing the validity of his mortgage. Mr. James Mercer, in a Letter which I received from him some time ago, proposed a matter, which if acceded to, might ultimately secure Miss Wroughton, and put an end to all controversy respecting the mortgage. I shall communicate the proposal in his own words, as follows:
"It appears to me to be yet of some consequence to Messrs. Dick and Hunter, if they are postpon'd to Miss Wroughton, tho' none to Miss Wroughton, in this way, if they are postpon'd, and the purchasers are not punctual, they will not receive their money but out of the last payments, by which Mr. Dick may be greatly affected; for in the mean time his Estate may be seized, and sold for half its value. As Miss Wroughton cannot want all her money at once, and will be sufficiently secured; I could wish she wou'd consent to let the Speaker's Debt be paid, next, after she will receive £1,000. Cou'd this be granted I shall not dispute her preference. My answer shews how much this Debt is, if she will consent, I will guarantee her Debt, or let her have a preference. Pray be so kind as to mention this to Mr. Montague."
After considering this proposal, you will be so good Sir, as to let me know Miss Wroughtoh's sentiments thereon, that I may communicate them to Mr. Mercer, and conform to them my self.
It gives me much pain to find two Gentln. brothers, who individually stand high in the esteem of their countrymen, imbibing unfavorable impressions, and to their joint Friends, mu[tu]ally arraigning the conduct of each other, when I am satisfied that both think themselves right, and that neither hath made proper allowance for the situation of the other. At Colo. Mercer's request, I propounded the queries he transmitted to his Brother, whose answers, in a letter to me, are forwarded to him; but these things only serve to irritate; for as I am thoroughly satisfied on the one hand, that Colo. Mercer has advanced nothing to you, or Mr. Gravat, but what was perfectly consistent with his Ideas of truth and justice: so on the other, I am as well persuaded, that Mr. James Mercer hath not intentionally wronged him of a farthing; and yet appearances may be against him, for want of a thorough knowledge of his situation, and the motives which influenced his conduct. That Colo. Mercer has been a considerable loser in the management of his Estate here, nobody will deny; but has not every gentleman in this country, whose other avocations, or whose inclinations would not permit them, to devote a large portion of their time and attention to the management of their own Estates, shared the same fate? Our Gazettes afford but too many melancholy proofs of it in the sales which are daily advertised; the nature of a Virginia Estate being such, that without close application it never fails bringing the proprietors in Debt annually, as Negroes must be clothed and fed, taxes paid, &c, &c, whether anything is made or not; and Colo. Mercer must, I think; have been well acquainted with two facts, namely, that his brother had neither leisure, nor a competent knowledge of plantation business, to become a fit person to undertake it, and that Steward's (in this country at least) far removed from the inspection of a Superior, are scarce ever to be entrusted. But all this is foreign from the main purpose of my letter and is an evil out of the power of poor Mercer or his friends to remedy, at this day; the uneasiness I feel at seeing two Brothers, accustomed to live in perfect amity, now bickering and accusing each other of hardships occasioned by the other, led me into this digression, for which I ask your pardon.
I hope this Letter will find you in a better state of health than your last describes, and with esteem and respect, &c.
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1775.
Dear Sir: The writing of this Letter, has been delayed longer than I expected, for the following reasons, want of opportunities if Collecting the inclosed papers; want of a conveyance to forward them afterwards; the necessity of comparing, and examining the Sales, and making some alterations with respect to the purchasers, executing Deeds for the Land, &c. This delay, I conceived, could be attended with no great inconvenience, as I did, immediately after the Sales, to wit on the 4th. of Decembr. last, advise you of the total amount thereof.
I now send you John Hough Survey of the Bull-run Lands, marked No. I. The commissioners report there upon No. 2. The decretal Order in consequence No. 3. The Commissioners second report No. 4. A copy of Colo. Peytons subdivision of your part of the Bull-run Land, for the accommodation of purchasers No. 5 and, a copy of both Sales, with a list of Balances No. 6. These taken together will give you as full a state of matters, as it is in my power to convey, and save me the trouble of recitals. I was going to send you the Survey of your own Frederick Lands, with the division thereof into Lots, but finding I had only one copy, and that necessary in filling up the remainder of the Deeds to the purchasers (and some of whom not giving such security as was altogether approved of, I have retained the legal Title, 'till the money is paid, therefore) am obliged to postpone this, 'till that business is accomplished, or another copy obtained.
I do not now think, that there can be any contest, in respect to a preference of Mortgages, especially if our exchange should happen to be low when the payments are made; but to guard against every possible contingency, I have wrote to your attorney to be attentive to this matter to oppose every measure that can have a tendency to obtain a preference in favor of Messrs. Dick and Hunter over Miss Wroughtons mortgage (for as to Mr. Gravatts, the validity of his mortgage hath never been questioned;) and, if ultimately a judgment should be rendered in their favor, to appeal from it, to his Majesty in Council agreeably to your desire, but your brother in a late letter, has desired me to propose an expedient to Mr. Montague on behalf of Miss Wroughton, which if acceded to, will remove all grounds of contest; and if that Lady is not in immediate want of money had in my opinion, better be closed with; but I do not mean to advise; the proposal is in these words;
"It appears to me, to be yet of some consequence to Messrs. Dick and Hunter if they are postponed to Miss Wroughton tho' none to Miss Wroughton. In this way, if they are postpon'd, and the purchasers are not punctual, they will not receive their money, but out of the last payments, by which Mr. Dick may be greatly affected; for in the meantime his Estate may be seized and sold for half its value. As Miss. Wroughton cannot want all her money at once, and will be suffiently secured, I cou'd wish she would consent to let the Speakers Debt be paid next, after she shall receive £1000. Could this be granted, I shall not dispute her preference. My answer, (inclos'd in May last to Mr. Montague) shews how much this Debt is. If she will consent, I will guarantee her Debt, or let her have a preference. Pray be so kind as to mention this to Mr. Montague."
Agreeably to your request, I have propounded the questions as desired, to your Brother, and his Letter to me, (now enclosed) contains his answer to them. I could wish most sincerely that the unhappy jealousies which seem to prevail between you, were removed, and the confidence which I believe both of you are entitled to, restored. You do not, if I may be allowed to give my opinion, make proper allowances for the situation of each other. The great distance you are apart miscarriage of Letters, and various other incidental causes have, I dare say, lead each of you into conjectural mistakes which might be explained at a personal interview, but scarce possible in an epistolary way, after the mind is corroded with unfavourble suspicions.
I enclose you a copy of my last letter of the 4th. of December, and an account of the proceedings of the Convention held at Richmond the 20th. ulto. A great number of very good companies were raised in many Counties in this Colony, before it was recommended to them by the Convention, and are now in excellent training; the people being resolved, altho' they wish for nothing, more ardently, than a happy and lasting reconciliation with the parent State, not to purchase it at the expence of their liberty, and the sacred compacts of Government. When you see my old friend Colo. Stewart,11 be pleased to present my warmest wishes to him, and assure him, that having received no answer to several letters I had written, I concluded that he must either be dead, removed out of the reach of my letters, or had forgotten there was such a person in existence as
[Note 11: Robert Stewart, who, as a captain, had commanded a troop of Virginia Light Horse during the French and Indian War.] myself. To the best of my recollection I have never received a line from him since his first leaving Jamaica or immediately upon his arrival in London from that Island; since which I have, as above, wrote several times, without ever learning with certainty where he was fixed, or in what Line he walked. I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, April 30, 1775.
Dr. Sir: I shall be much obliged to you for the interest due on your Bond in Novr. last, to wit £40. It is not in my power to attend the meeting of Merchants in Williamsburg this Spring, but Colo. Fielding Lewis will do me the favour to negotiate my business this Court. I am, with respectful compliments to Mrs. Lewis and your Family, and with very great esteem Dr. Sir, etc.
Philadelphia, May 31, 1775.
Dear Sir: Since my last (dated about the first of April) I have received from Mr. Craven Peyton13 the Sum of £193.6.10 (as you may see by the enclosed Account) with which, and the Balance of the former Money, I now remit you the following Bills; to wit, One drawn by Mr. Thomas Contee on Mr. Mollison, for £40 Sterling, and another drawn by Lyonel Bradstreet on Mr. William Tippell of London for the like Sum (indorsed by Mr. Contee; the strongest assurances being given me, that they are both good) Mr. Contee is Mr. Mollison's principal Factor, or Agent, in Maryland, and is besides a Man of property himself; but notwithstanding this, the times are so ticklish, that there is no such thing as answering for the payment of Bills. You must therefore, either take the chance of receiving bad ones, or suffer your Money to lay dead.
[Note 13: Of Loudoun County, Va., a brother of Francis Peyton. Washington, as previously noted, had undertaken, hesitatingly, to oversee the management of George William Fairfax's estate in Virginia, and this letter was a report of his stewardship.]
I have also, since my coming to this place, purchased a Bill from Messieurs Willing and Morris of £161.10 Sterling, which will, I believe, for I have not a state of our Account with me, about Balance it. With the Copy of Mr. Peyton's Account, you will receive a List of the Rents which he collected since last settlement; and these, as I have not been favoured with a Line from you, since your Letter of June, is all I recollect at present worth communicating relative to your business.
Before this Letter can reach you, you must, undoubtedly, have received an Account of the engagement in the Massachusetts Bay between the Ministerial Troops (for we do not, nor cannot yet prevail upon ourselves to call them the King's Troops) and the Provincials of that Government; But as you may not have heard how that affair began, I inclose you the several Affidavits that were taken after the Action.14
[Note 14: These affidavits were sent to the Continental Congress and are printed in the Journals of the Continental Congress, May 11, 1775.]
General Gage acknowledges, that the detachment under Lieutenant Colonel Smith15 was sent out to destroy private property; or, in other Words, to destroy a Magazine which self preservation obliged the Inhabitants to establish. And he also confesses, in effect at least, that his Men made a very precipitate retreat from Concord, notwithstanding the reinforcement under Lord Piercy, the last of which may serve to convince Lord Sandwich (and others of the same sentiment) that the Americans will fight for their Liberties and property, however pusilanimous, in his Lordship's Eye, they may appear in other respects.
[Note 15: Lieut. Col. Francis Smith, of the Tenth Foot, British Army.]
From the best Accounts I have been able to collect of that affair; indeed from every one, I believe the fact, stripped of all colouring, to be plainly this, that if the retreat had not been as precipitate as it was (and God knows it could not well have been more so) the Ministerial Troops must have surrendered, or been totally cut off: For they had not arrived in Charlestown (under cover of their Ships) half an hour, before a powerful body of Men from Marblehead and Salem were at their heels, and must, if they had happened to have been up one hour sooner, inevitably intercepted their retreat to Charlestown. Unhappy it is though to reflect, that a Brother's Sword has been sheathed in a Brother's breast, and that, the once happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched with Blood, or Inhabited by Slaves. Sad alternative! But can a virtuous Man hesitate in his choice?
I am, With sincere Regard and Affectionate compliments to Mrs. Fairfax, Dear Sir, etc.
Philadelphia, June 20, 1775.
Dear Brother: I am now to bid adieu to you, and to every kind of domestick ease, for a while. I am Imbarked on a wide Ocean, boundless in its prospect, and from whence, perhaps, no safe harbour is to be found. I have been called upon by the unanimous Voice of the Colonies to take Command of the Continental Army. An honour I neither sought after, nor desired, as I am thoroughly convinced, that is requires greater Abilities, and much more experience, than I am Master of, to conduct a business so extensive in its nature, and arduous in the execution; but the partiallity of the Congress, joined to a political motive, really left me without a Choice; and I am now Commissioned a General and Commander in chief of all the Forces now raisd, or to be raisd, for the defence of the United Colonies. That I may discharge the Trust to the Satisfaction of my Imployers, is my first wish; that I shall aim to do it, there remains as little doubt of; how far I may succeed is another point; but this I am sure of, that in the worst event I shall have the consolation of knowing (if I act to the best of my judgment) that the blame ought to lodge upon the appointers, not the appointed, as it was by no means a thing of my own seeking, or proceeding from any hint of my friends.
I am at liberty to inform you, that the Congress, in a Committee, (which will I dare say, be agreed to when reported) have consented to a Continental Currency; have ordered two millions of Dollars to be struck for payment of the Troops, &c. and have voted 15,000 Men as a Continental Army, which number will be augmented, as the strength of the British Troops will be greater than was expected at the time of passing that vote. General Ward, General Lee, General Schuyler and General Putnam are appointed Major Generals under me; the Brigadier Generals are not yet appointed. Major Gates Adjutant General.22 I expect to set out to-morrow for Boston and hope to be joined there in a little time by Ten Companies of Riflemen from this Province, Maryland and Virginia; For other Articles of Intelligence, I shall refer you to the Papers, as the Printers are diligent in collecting every thing that is stirring.
[Note 22: Gen. Artemas Ward had been appointed by the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts commander of all the forces raised by that colony and was in Cambridge at the head of the troops then besieging Boston. The question of his command and the State rights and other political awkwardness created by the Continental Congress assumption of control are covered by Charles Martyn's Life of Artemas Ward. (New York: 1921). Gens. Charles Lee and Philip Schuyler accompanied the Commander in Chief from Philadelphia to New York City. Lee continued with him to Cambridge, Mass., where Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam commanded the Connecticut troops. Horatio Gates was in Berkeley County, Va., but joined the Army by the middle of July. He was a captain in the British Army and had been present at Braddock's Defeat, where he was wounded, and he rose afterwards to the rank of major, which he resigned and retired from the service, purchasing lands and settling himself as a planter in Virginia. Lee was a colonel on half pay in the British Army, but he resigned this commission as soon as he was appointed major general by the Congress and before he received his commission in the American Army. He had been a soldier from his youth and had seen much service in America during the French War and afterwards in Europe. When he received this appointment he had been only about 18 months in the Colonies. Gates had induced him to buy lands in Virginia. He was an erratic egoist, a poseur, and natural trouble maker; the Indians called him by a name meaning "Boiling Water." While he displayed flashes of genius at times, there can be little doubt that he was mentally unbalanced.]
I shall hope that my Friends will visit and endeavor to keep up the spirits of my Wife as much as they can, as my departure will, I know, be a cutting stroke upon her; and on this account alone, I have many very disagreeable sensations. I hope you and my sister (although the distance is great) will find as much leisure this Summer, as to spend a lit fie time at Mount Vernon.
My sincere regards attend you both as also the little ones and I am your most affectionate Brother.
New York, June 24 [25], 1775.24
[Note 24: Mifflin, who drafted this letter for Washington's signature, was evidently in error as to his date; the mistake was continued, apparently, until the General reached Cambridge, Mass. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, July 10, 1775, post.)
Washington left Philadelphia for Cambridge on June 23, accompanied by Lee; Schuyler; Joseph Reed, his military secretary; Thomas Mifflin, his aide-de-camp; and Samuel Griffin, aide to Lee. The Commander in Chief's route was by way of Trenton, New Brunswick, Newark, Hoboken, N.J.; New York City, Kings Bridge, New Rochelle, N.Y.; New Haven, Hartford, Wethersfield, Conn.; Springfield, Worcester, and Watertown, Mass. There was a review of the Philadelphia militia before Washington left that city. The arrival at New York City was complicated by the arrival the same day of the royal governor, William Tryon. The Tory element in New York City was strong, and there was apprehension of some awkwardness, if not actual difficulty. The two arrivals did not, however, conflict in point of time. Washington was given a public dinner at Leonard Lispenard's.]
Gentlemen: The Rain on Friday Afternoon and Saturday the Advice of several Gentlemen of the Jerseys' and this City, by no Means to cross Hudsons River at the lower Ferry and some other Occurrences too trivial to mention (which happened on the Road) prevented my arrival at this place until the Afternoon of this day. In the morning, after giving General Schuyler such Orders, as, from the result of my Inquiry into matters here, appear necessary, I shall set out on my Journey to the Camp at Boston and shall proceed with all the dispatch in my Power.
Powder is so essential an Article that I cannot help again repeating the necessity of a supply. The Camp at Boston, from the best Accounts I can get from thence, is but very poorly supplied. At this place they have scarce any. how they are provided in General Wooster's Camp I have not been able yet to learn.25
[Note 25: Gen. David Wooster commanded the forces which had been raised by Connecticut, and which were stationed on the shores of Long Island Sound to protect the southern borders of that colony. On June 15 a rumor having been spread that a regiment of British troops was soon to be landed in the city of New York from Ireland, the provincial congress invited General Wooster to march within 5 miles of the city for its defense, and while there to be under the command of the Continental Congress, or that of New York. This request being approved by the government of Connecticut, General Wooster marched 1,800 men to the neighborhood of the city on June 28, where he remained several weeks.-- Ford.]
Governor Tryon is arrived and General Schuyler directed to advise you of the line of Conduct he moves in. I fear it will not be very favourable to the American Cause. I have only to add that I am with the greatest respect and regard, etc.
New York, June 25, 1775.
Sir: You are to take upon you the Command of all the Troops destined for the New York Department, and see that the Orders of the Continental Congress are carried into Execution, with as much Precision and Exactness as possible. For your better Government therein you are herewith furnished with a Copy of the Instructions given to me by that Hon'e Body. Such Parts thereof as are within the Line of your Duty, you will please to pay particular Attention to. Delay no Time in occupying the several Posts, recommended by the Provincial Congress of this Colony, and putting them in a fit Posture, to answer the End designed: neither delay any Time in securing the Stores, which are or ought to have been removed from this City by Order of the Continental Congress. Keep a watchful Eye upon Governor Tryon,26 and if you find him directly or
[Note 26: Sparks notes from Almon's Remembrancer (vol. I, p. 180) that Tryon had been Governor of New York since August, 1771, and recently absent for several months in England. He was known to be extremely hostile to the movements in the Colonies; and, possessing much talent and address, it was feared his influence would have a pernicious effect on the inhabitants of New York, who already manifested a lukewarmness and hesitancy by no means encouraging to the ardent champions of liberty. Hence the necessity of keeping an eye on his motions, and guarding against any schemes he might adopt to promote his aims. The mayor, aldermen, and commonalty of the city congratulated him in a public address, to which he replied; but there was no intercourse between him and the provincial congress.] indirectly, attempting any Measures inimical to the common Cause, use every Means in your Power to frustrate his Designs. It is not in my Power, at this Time, to point out the Mode by which this End is to be accomplished; but if forcible Measures are judged necessary, (respecting the Person of the Governor) I should have no Difficulty in ordering of it, if the Continental Congress was not sitting; but as this is the Case, the seizing of a Governor quite a new Thing and of exceeding great Importance, I must refer you to that Body for Direction, in Case His Excelly. the Governor should make any Move towards increasing the Strength of the Tory Party, or in arming them against the Cause we are embarked in. In like Manner watch the Movements of the Indian Agent (Col. Guy Johnston) and prevent, as far as you can, the Effect of his Influence to our Prejudice with the Indians. Obtain the best Information you can of the Temper and Disposition of those People, and also of the Canadians, that a proper Line may be mark'd out to conciliate their good Opinion, or facilitate any future Operation.
The Posts on Lake Champlain, &c., you will please to have properly supplied with Provisions and Ammunition, and this I am persuaded you will aim at doing, on the best Terms, to prevent our good Cause from sinking under a heavy Load of Expence.
You will be pleased also to make regular Returns to me, once a Month and to the Continental Congress, and oftener as Occurrences may require, of the Forces under your Command, of your Provisions Stores &c. and give me the earliest Advices of every Piece of Intelligence; which you shall judge of Importance to be speedily known. Your own good Sense must govern in all Matters not particularly pointed out, as I do not wish to circumscribe you within narrow Limits. I remain with great Regard, etc.
June 26, 1775.
Gentlemen: At the same time that with you I deplore the unhappy necessity of such an Appointment, as that with which I am now honoured, I cannot but feel sentiments of the highest gratitude for this affecting Instance of distinction and Regard.
May your every wish be realized in the success of America, at this important and interesting Period; and be assured that the every exertion of my worthy Colleagues and myself will be equally extended to the re-establishment of Peace and Harmony between the Mother Country and the Colonies, as to the fatal, but necessary, operations of War. When we assumed the Soldier, we did not lay aside the Citizen; and we shall most sincerely rejoice with you in that happy hour when the establishment of American Liberty, upon the most firm and solid foundations, shall enable us to return to our Private Stations in the bosom of a free, peaceful and happy Country. I am etc.28
[Note 28: Peter Van Brugh Livingston was then president of the New York Congress. The last paragraph answered that part of the letter of June 7 from the New York Congress to Washington, quoted, in part, by Sparks: "On a general in America, fortune also should bestow her gifts, that he may rather communicate luster to his dignities than receive it, and that his country in his property, his kindred, and connexions, may have sure pledges that he will faithfully perform the duties of his high office, and readily lay down his power when the general weal requires it." The entire letter is printed in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 2, 1282. The address and the General's reply were published by order of the Congress. The letter of June 7 is not found in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 3, 1775.
Parole Lookout. Countersign29 Sharp.
[Note 29: The countersign was the password given daily to distinguish friends from foes and to prevent unauthorized persons from gaining entrance to the camp. It must be given to sentries, to whom it is known, before the lines can be passed. The parole was a password imparted only to officers of the guard and such other officers as had the right to visit the guards. This to prevent any unauthorized interference with the sentries. Officers, of course, could pass the sentries by giving the countersign, but the parole also would be demanded of them by the sentries if anything more than a passing of the lines were attempted.
The text of Washington's General Orders printed in these Writings is that of the Varick transcript of the General Orders, begun in 1780--81, from the original "Orderly Books." This transcript was begun by Asst. Adjt. Gen. John Stagg, and the first volumes are attested by Adjt. Gen. Alexander Scammell. The original headquarters "Orderly Books" are small blank books, relatively uniform as to size, but many of them, apparently, have not survived. July 20, 1775, the brigade majors and adjutants were ordered to keep separate record books of the General Orders. Many of these brigade and adjutant books were turned in to headquarters, and when Washington's papers were packed up in 1783 and sent to Mount Vernon apparently all the orderly books then in the orderly office, whether they were headquarters records or not, were shipped. In 1894 all these books were removed from the Washington Papers, then in the Department of State, to the Records and Pensions Division of the War Department, under the custody of The Adjutant General. They still remain in The Adjutant General's Office; and though they have been listed and bound, no attempt has been made to identify and separate the General Orders of the Commander in Chief from the regimental, brigade, and other miscellaneous orderly books. There are 76 of these books in all, and doubtless a careful examination would disclose the presence of at least a dozen or so of the original Washington "Orderly Books."]
The Colonels or commanding Officer of each Regt. are ordered forthwith, to make two Returns of the Number of men in their respective Regiments, distinguishing such as are sick, wounded or absent on furlough. and also the quantity of ammunition each Regim. now has.
It appearing by the Report of Henry Woods,30 the Officer of the main guard, that one William Alfred is confin'd for taking two horses, belonging to some Persons in Connecticut, but that he has made satisfaction to the injured parties, who request that they may not be longer detain'd as witnesses: It is ordered that he be discharged, and after receiving a severe reprimand, be turned out of camp.
[Note 30: Maj. Henry Woods, of Col. William Prescott's Massachusetts regiment.]
AFTER ORDERS 4 O'CLOCK P. M.
It is ordered that Col. Glover's Regiment31 be ready this evening, with all their Accoutrements, to march at a minutes warning to support General Falsam32 of the New Hampshire forces, in case his Lines should be attack'd.
[Note 31: Col. John Glover's Massachusetts regiment, sometimes called the Marblehead Regiment. Glover was, later, colonel of the Fourteenth Continental Infantry and a brigadier general in the Continental Army.]
[Note 32: Nathaniel Folsom, major general of New Hampshire Militia.]
It is also order'd, that Col Prescott's Regiment33 equip themselves, march this evening and take Possession of the woods leading to Leechmores point,34 and in case of an Attack, then Col. Glover's Regiment to march immediately to their support.
[Note 33: Col. William Prescott's Massachusetts regiment. Prescott was, later, colonel of the Seventh Continental Infantry.]
[Note 34: Leechmeres Point.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 4, 1775.
Parole Abington. Countersign Bedford.
Exact returns to be made by the proper Officers of all the Provisions Ordnance, Ordnance Stores, Powder, Lead working Tools of all kinds, Tents, Camp Kettles, and all other Stores under their respective care, belonging to the Armies at Roxbury and Cambridge. The commanding Officer of each Regiment to make a return of the number of blankets wanted to compleat every Man with one at least.
The Hon: Artemus Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam Esquires are appointed Major Generals of the American Army, and due obedience is to be paid them as such. The Continental Congress not having compleated the appointments of the other officers in said army nor had sufficient time to prepare and forward their Commissions; any officer is to continue to do duty in the Rank and Station he at present holds, untill further orders.
Thomas Mifflin Esqr: is appointed by the General one of his Aid-de-Camps. Joseph Reed Esqr. is in like manner appointed Secretary to the General, and they are in future to be consider'd and regarded as such.
The Continental Congress having now taken all the Troops of the several Colonies, which have been raised, or which may be hereafter raised for the support and defence of the Liberties of America; into their Pay and Service. They are now the Troops of the UNITED PROVINCES of North America; and it is hoped that all Distinctions of Colonies will be laid aside; so that one and the same Spirit may animate the whole, and the only Contest be, who shall render, on this great and trying occasion, the most essential service to the Great and common cause in which we are all engaged.
It is required and expected that exact discipline be observed, and due Subordination prevail thro' the whole Army, as a Failure in these most essential points must necessarily produce extreme Hazard, Disorder and Confusion; and end in shameful disappointment and disgrace.
The General most earnestly requires, and expects, a due observance of those articles of war, established for the Government of the army, which forbid profane cursing, swearing and drunkeness; And in like manner requires and expects, of all Officers, and Soldiers, not engaged on actual duty, a punctual attendance on divine Service, to implore the blessings of heaven upon the means used for our safety and defence.
All Officers are required and expected to pay diligent Attention to keep their Men neat and clean; to visit them often at their quarters, and inculcate upon them the necessity of cleanliness, as essential to their health and service. They are particularly to see, that they have Straw to lay on, if to be had, and to make it known if they are destitute of this article. They are also to take care that Necessarys be provided in the Camps and frequently filled up to prevent their being offensive and unhealthy. Proper Notice will be taken of such Officers and Men, as distinguish themselves by their attention to these necessary duties.
The commanding Officer of each Regiment is to take particular care that not more than two Men of a Company be absent on furlough at the same time, unless in very extraordinary cases.
Col. Gardner36 is to be buried to morrow at 3, O'Clock, P.M. with the military Honors due to so brave and gallant an Officer, who fought, bled and died in the Cause of his country and mankind. His own Regiment, except the company at Malden, to attend on this mournful occasion. The places of those Companies in the Lines on Prospect Hill, to be supplied by Col. Glovers regiment till the funeral is over.
[Note 36: Col. Thomas Gardner. He was colonel of the Lexington Alarm and, later, of a Massachusetts regiment. He had been wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill and died July 3.]
No Person is to be allowed to go to Fresh-water pond37 a fishing or on any other occasion as there may be danger of introducing the small pox into the army.
[Note 37: Otherwise known as Mill Pond, south of Charlestown Common and west of Bunker Hill.]
It is strictly required and commanded that there be no firing of Cannon or small Arms from any of the Lines, or elsewhere, except in case of necessary, immediate defence, or special order given for that purpose.
All Prisoners taken, Deserters coming in, Persons coming out of Boston, who can give any Intelligence; any Captures of any kind from the Enemy, are to be immediately reported and brought up to Head Quarters in Cambridge.
Capt. Griffin38 is appointed Aide-de-Camp to General Lee and to be regarded as such.
[Note 38: Capt. Samuel Griffin, of Virginia. Later he was deputy adjutant general of the Flying Camp; wounded at Harlem Heights, N.Y., Oct. 16, 1776.]
The Guard for the security of the Stores at Watertown, is to be increased to thirty men immediately.
A Serjeant and six men to be set as a Guard to the Hospital,39 and are to apply to Doctor Rand.40
[Note 39: At Cambridge, Mass.]
[Note 40: Isaac Rand. He was appointed by the Legislature of Massachusetts physician and surgeon of the hospital at Cambridge, Mass.]
Complaint having been made against John White Quarter Master of Col. Nixon's Regmt.41 for misdemeanors in drawing out Provisions for more Men than the Regiment consisted of; a Court Martial consisting of one Captain and four Subalterns is ordered to be held on said White, who are to enquire, determine and report.
[Note 41: Col. John Nixon's Massachusetts regiment. Nixon, later, was colonel of the Fourth Continental Infantry and a brigadier general in the Continental Army.]
AFTER ORDERS. 10 OCLOCK
The General desires that some Carpenters be immediately set to work at Brattle's Stables, to fix up Stalls for eight Horses, and more if the Room will admit, with suitable racks, mangers, &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 5, 1775.
Parole Bedford. Countersign Cambridge.
The Adjutant of each Regiment is required to take special care, that all general orders are communicated, as well to the private men, as to the officers, that there may be no Pleas of Ignorance, they will be deemed answerable for all the consequences which may follow a neglect of this order.
A General Court martial is ordered to sit to morrow at 10 oClock, A.M. for the Trial of William Patten charged with "leaving his post on guard" David Wells and Gideon Cole for "sleeping on their posts as sentinels"; John Scott for "insulting the Centry and attempting to pass the guard at Boston" and James Foshe for "theft". When the Witnesses are to attend and the parties charged, are to have notice this day that they may be prepared for their trials.
The General most earnestly recommends and requires of all the Officers, that they be exceeding diligent and strict in preventing all Invasions and Abuse of private property in their quarters, or elsewhere he hopes, and indeed flatters himself, that every private Soldier will detest and abhor such practices, when he considers, that it is for the preservation of his own Rights, Liberty and Property, and those of his Fellow Countrymen, that he is now called into service: that it is unmanly and sully's the dignity of the great cause, in which we are all engaged, to violate that property, he is called to protect, and especially, that it is most cruel and inconsistant, thus to add to the Distresses of those of their Countrymen, who are suffering under the Iron hand of oppression.
The General again urges, a speedy and exact Return, of the Forces, Stores, Provisions &c., as desired in the Orders already issued and for the future, these Returns to be made once a week on Saturday Morning regularly. The General is much pleased with the expedition and care which some Officers have already shewn in their obedience to this order.
The Colonel or commanding Officer of each Regiment, is to direct an Officer of each Company, to call over the Rolls of their men at six oClock every morning, and to make proper Inquiry after the absentees.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 6, 1775.
Parole Cumberland. Countersign Derby.
A General Court Martial is ordered to sit to morrow at 10 oClock A.M. for the Trial of John Lemsy, John Batcheler, and William Crostin all of Col. Gridley's Regiment,42 charged with "Desertion and Theft". At the same time, they are to hear and determine, the Case of Edward Dunley, a Stroller, accused of "Theft". Notice to be given to the Prisoners to day.
[Note 42: Col. Richard Gridley's artillery regiment. Gridley, later, became Chief of Artillery and a colonel of Engineers in the Continental Army.]
Captain Leonard of Col. Woodbridges Regiment43 and the remainder of his Company, are ordered to join the Guard at Watertown.
[Note 43: Capt. Noahdiah Leonard, of Col. Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge's Massachusetts Militia regiment.]
The Cloathing provided by the Massachusetts Committee of Supplies for those Men of their Government, who lost their Cloaths in the late Action on Bunker-hill, to be distributed to the most needy and necessitous Men of each Regiment and an account to be kept thereof by the commanding Officer of each regiment.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 7, 1775.
Parole Dorchester. Countersign Exeter.
It is with inexpressible Concern that the General upon his first Arrival in the army, should find an Officer sentenced by a General Court-Martial to be cashier'd for Cowardice. A Crime of all others, the most infamous in a Soldier, the most injurious to an Army, and the last to be forgiven; inasmuch as it may, and often does happen, that the Cowardice of a single Officer may prove the Distruction of the whole Army: The General therefore (tho'with great Concern, and more especially, as the Transaction happened before he had the Command of the Troops) thinks himself obliged for the good of the service, to approve the Judgment of the Court-Martial with respect to Capt. John Callender, who is hereby sentenced to be cashiered. Capt. John Callender is accordingly cashiered and dismiss'd from all farther service in the Continental Army as an Officer.44
[Note 44: Capt. John Callender, of Col. Richard Gridley's Massachusetts artillery. His cowardice, according to Frothingham, consisted in withdrawing his guns because the cartridges furnished him were too large. (See Siege of Boston (Boston: 1849) p. 138.) After being cashiered, Callender reentered the service as a volunteer cadet in Pierce's New York artillery. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Long Island, N.Y., Aug. 27, 1776, and after his exchange the court-martial sentence was revoked by Washington for Callender's bravery at Long Island. He became captain-lieutenant of the Third Connecticut Artillery, served to the end of the war, and was continued until June 20, 1784.]
The General having made all due inquiries, and maturely consider'd this matter is to led to the above determination not only from the particular Guilt of Capt. Callender, but the fatal Consequences of such Conduct to the army and to the cause of america.
He now therefore most earnestly exhorts Officers of all Ranks to shew an example of Bravery and Courage to their men; assuring them that such as do their duty in the day of Battle, as brave and good Officers, shall be honor'd with every mark of distinction and regard; their names and merits made known to the General Congress and all America: while on the other hand, he positively declares that every Officer, be his rank what it may, who shall betray his Country, dishonour the Army and his General, by basely keeping back and shrinking from his duty in any engagment; shall be held up as an infamous Coward and punish'd as such, with the utmost martial severity; and no Connections, Interest or Intercessions in his behalf will avail to prevent the strict execution of justice.
Capt. Scotts45 and Capt. Styler's46 Company's from New Hampshire, are to be incorporated, or added to Col. Sergants Regiment,47 agreeable to the application made for that purpose. No Officer or Soldier posted in the Lines for the defence of them, on Prospect Hill, on Winter Hill, or elsewhere, are upon any account to sleep out of their encampment or leave it at night. The Troops from New Hampshire are particularly requir'd to attend to this Order, from their particular Circumstances of situation.
[Note 45: Capt. William Scott, later, of the Sixteenth Continental Infantry and First New Hampshire Regiment. He was promoted to major Sept. 20, 1777, and retired Jan. 1, 1781. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Stillwater, N.Y., Sept. 19, 1777.]
[Note 46: Capt. Jeremiah Stiles(?).]
[Note 47: Col. Paul Dudley Sergeant's Massachusetts regiment.]
No Soldier, belonging to these Post's or elsewhere, to be suffered to straggle at a distance from their respective parade, on any pretence, without leave from his Officers: As an unguarded Hour, may prove fatal to the whole army, and to the noble Cause in which we are engaged. The Importance of which, to every man of common understanding must inspire every good Officer and Soldier, with the noblest Ardour and strictest attention, least he should prove the fatal Instrument of our ruin.
The Adjutant General48 is required, to make a return as quick as possible of the Troops in Cambridge, their number and the duty they do.
[Note 48: Horatio Gates had been appointed by Congress (June 17) Adjutant General of the Continental Army, with the rank of brigadier general.]
Complaints having been made with respect to the Bread, as being sour and unwholesome; the Quarter Master General49 is hereby directed to enquire into the matter and report upon it: At the same time to inform the Bakers that if any Complaints
[Note 49: John Pierce Palmer was appointed by the Massachusetts Legislature (April 30) Quartermaster General. Maj. Thomas Mifflin became Quartermaster General on August 14.] are made, and they shall be found just, they will be most severely punished.
The Guards on the Roads leading to Bunker's Hill, are ordered not to suffer any person to pass them, unless an Officer is sent down from the Lines to order it, or they will be severely punished.
The General has great Reason; and is highly displeased, with the Negligence and Inattention of those Officers, who have placed as Centries at the out-posts, Men with whose Character they are not acquainted. He therefore orders, that for the future, no Man shall be appointed to those important Stations, who is not a Native of this Country, or has a Wife, or Family in it, to whom he is known to be attached. This Order is to be consider'd as a standing one and the Officers are to pay obedience to it at their peril.
A Complaint of the most extraordinary kind, having been made to the General, that Soldiers inlisted in one Regiment, have been seduced to reinlist into others, by Agents employed for that purpose under the specious promises of money, or leave of absence from the Army, a procedure so subversive of all order, discipline, and of the very Existance of the army, cannot be forgiven, the strictest Orders are therefore given against such practices, and the General most earnestly declares, that if any Agent or Soldier, shall hereafter be found so offending, he will punish them with the utmost severity.
A General Court Martial having sat upon William Pattin and reported, that no Evidence appeared against him, to support the Charge; the General defers his decision upon the Report, untill farther consideration. In the meantime, the Adjutant General is ordered to wait on Col. Ward,50 by whom the Prisoner was confin'd and learn from him upon whose complaint and what Witnesses, there are to support it.
[Note 50: Jonathan Ward. He was lieutenant colonel and, later, colonel of Artemas Ward's Massachusetts regiment.]
A regimental Court Martial is ordered to sit to morrow 10 oClock, on Samuel Bartlett of the Company late Capt. Callenders, and Col. Gridley's Regiment, confin'd for "abusive behaviour".
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow, 10 oClock A.M. for the Trial of Thomas Danieby, charged with "stealing", each of the above Prisoners to have Notice to day, and the Witnesses in like manner order'd to attend.
In order that all the sick and wounded in the Army may be provided for, and taken Care of in the best way and manner possible: It is order'd that when any Officer or Soldier is so ill, either by a Wound, or otherwise, that the Surgeon of the Regt. to which he belongs finds he cannot be properly taken care of in such Regt. such Surgeon shall send him to the Camp Hospital to which they belong, with a Certificate of the Man's Name, the Company to which he belongs, and in that case the Surgeon of the Hospital shall receive said sick and wounded and in case such Hospital shall be too full, in that case the Surgeon of said Hospital shall send such of his patients, as may be removed with safety, to the Hospital at Water-town, with the like Certificate as above, on which the Surgeon of Water-town Hospital is to receive, and take care of him.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 8, 1775.
Parole Essex. Countersign Falkland.
Ordered that the main guard on no Account whatever, be without a Drum, which is to beat to Arms on any Alarm and be followed by all the drums in the Camp; On which every Officer and Soldier is immediately to repair to the Alarm post.
The Commanding Officer of each Regiment or Corps in Cambridge as soon as the Men are paraded after an Alarm, to send an Officer to Head Quarters for orders.
The commanding Officers at Roxbury,51 Prospect hill,52 Winter-hill53 and Sewall's point54 to send Expresses in case of Alarm to Head Quarters with an account of the Situation and the movements of the enemy. If they are not each provided with a Horse for that purpose, the Adjutant General to apply to the Committee of supplies.55
[Note 51: Maj. Gen. Artemas Ward.]
[Note 52: Brig. Gen. Nathanael Greene.]
[Note 53: Brig. Gen. John Sullivan.]
[Note 54: Col. William Prescott.]
[Note 55: Of the State of Massachusetts.]
Col. Gridley of the Artillery, or the next Command, to give in a Return of his men, stores, and Ammunition, agreeable to the Order of the 4th. Instant, and to distinguish the Posts to which his Regiment is assigned in Case of alarm. The same order as to a Return of the Men, Ammunition and Blankets is given to the Commanding Officers of the Regiments late Col. Gardner's56 Col. Glover's,57 and Col. Gerrishes,58 who have omitted complying with the above Orders hitherto.
[Note 56: Col. Thomas Gardner, of Massachusetts.]
[Note 57: Col. John Glover.]
[Note 58: Col. Samuel Gerrish.]
The Commanding Officers at Winter-hill, Prospect-hill and Roxbury are to make particular inquiry into the Ammunition of the Men in those Lines, and if there is any Deficiency immediately to report it to the General at Head quarters.
A General Court Martial is order'd to set on monday next 10, oClock A.M. for the Trial of Lieut. Brigham59 charged with "rescuing a Prisoner when in lawful custody."
[Note 59: Lieut. Timothy Brigham, of Ward's Massachusetts regiment. He was captain of Massachusetts Militia, 1776--77.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 9, 1775.
Parole Effingham. Countersign Watertown.
The Continental Congress having been pleased to appoint Horatio Gates Esq. Brigadier General, and Adjutant General of the Army; he is to be obeyed as such; and all Orders transmitted through him from the Commander in Chief, whether written or verbal, are to be punctually and immediately obey'd.
All Soldiers, more than two a Company, who are at present absent on Furlough, and all Officers, now Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers, who have not join'd their respective Corps, to be ordered forthwith to Camp. The Comanding Officers of Corps to be answerable to the General, for an immediate obedience to this order.
The General (or in his absence) The Commanding Officer at Roxbury, to send a Report every day in writing, Sealed up, to the Commander in Chief at Head Quarters, in Cambridge, of all the national Occurrences of the preceeding day; mentioning particularly, all Arrivals of Ships and Vessels in the bay; and what changes and alterations are made, in the Stations of the Men of war, Transport's, and floating batteries, &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 10, 1775.
Sir: After much difficulty and delay, I have procured such Returns of the State of the Army as will enable us to form a Judgment of its Strength. It is with great Concern I find it far inadequate to our General expectations and the Duties that may be required of it; the Number of Men fit for Duty in the Forts Raised in this Province, including all the out Posts & Artillery does not amount to 9,000; The Troops raised in the other Colonies are more Complete; but yet fall Short of their Establishment; so that, upon the whole, I cannot Estimate the Present Army at more than 14,500 Men Capable of Duty; I have the Satisfaction to find the Troops, both in Camp & Quarters, very healthy; so that the Deficiency must arise from the Regiments never having been filled up to the Establishment & the Number of Men on Furlough; But the former is by much the most Considerable; Under all these Circumstances, I, yesterday, called a Council of War, and, Inclosed, I send you an Extract of our Determination, so far as they Respect the Province of Massachusetts Bay.60 Your own Prudence will suggest the Necessity of Secrecy on this Subject, as we have the utmost Reason to believe the Enemy suppose our Numbers much greater than they are; an Error which it is not our Interest to remove.
[Note 60: The council of war concluded that the enemy numbered 11,500 men; that the present posts occupied should be defended; that the American Army should be raised to 22,000 men; that the Massachusetts regiments should be recruited, and the provincial congress should furnish a temporary reinforcement; and that the "Welch Mountains near Cambridge and in the rear of the Roxbury lines" was a suitable place for a rendezvous in case of a dissolution of the Army or the positions should become untenable.-- Ford.]
The great extent of our Lines and the uncertainty which may be the Point of Attack, added to the Necessity of immediate Support, have induced me to order that Horses ready Saddled should be kept at Several Posts, in order to bring the most early Intelligence of any Movement of the Enemy; For this Purpose, I should be glad that 10 Horses might be provided as soon as possible. As I am informed the Congress purposes to rise immediately, I should be glad to know what Committees are left, or upon whom the executive Business devolves.61 I have the honor, etc.
[Note 61: When the congress rose the committee of safety was left in charge. This committee and the committee of supplies were ordered by the congress to confer with the General, who was asked to designate the number of militia needed. Washington decided to delay calling out the militia as long as it was consistent with safety, in order not to interfere with the harvest season.]
Camp at Cambridge, July 10, 1775.
Sir: I arrived safely at this place on the 3d62 instant;--after a Journey attended with a good deal of Fatigue and retarded by necessary attentions to the successive Civilties which
[Note 62: Despite this statement, all other documentary evidence shows that Washington reached Cambridge, Mass., July 2 and took command of the Army on July 3.] accompanied me in my whole route. Upon my arrival I immediately visited the several Posts occupied by our Troops, and as soon as the Weather permitted, reconnoitred those of the Enemy. I found the latter strongly entrenching on Bunkers Hill about a mile from Charlestown, and advanced about half a mile from the place of the last Action, with their Centries advanced about 150 Yards on this side the narrowest part of the neck leading from this place to Charles Town. Their floating Batteries lay in Mystick River, near their Camp, and a twenty Gun Ship below the Ferry place between Boston and Charles Town. They have also a Battery on Copse Hill, on the Boston side, which much annoyed our Troops in the late Attack. Upon Roxbury Neck they are also deeply entrenched and strongly fortified. Their advanced Guard 'till last Saturday, occupied Brown's Houses, about a Mile from Roxbury Meeting House and twenty rods from their Lines: But at that time a party from General Thomas's Camp surprized the Guard, drove them in and burnt the Houses.63
[Note 63: The house and barn of Mr. Brown stood on the west side of the highway [Washington Street] near the present location of Franklin Square. On July 8 a party of volunteers from the Rhode Island and Massachusetts forces, under the command of Majors Tupper and Crane, attacked the post and drove in the guard and set fire to the buildings, but two attempts appear to have been necessary to accomplish this. (See Joseph Trumbull's letter to Eliphalet Dyer, July 11, 1775.) "This was the only armed conflict between the opposing armies which took place within the original limits of Boston." (See Centennial Anniversary Evacuation of Boston, p. 12.)]
The Bulk of their Army commanded by General Howe, lays on Bunker's Hill, and the remainder on Roxbury neck, except the light Horse, and a few Men in the Town of Boston. On our side we have thrown up Intrenchments on Winter and Prospect Hills,64 the Enemy's Camp in full view, at the distance of little more than a mile. Such intermediate points, as would admit a Landing, I have since my arrival taken care to strengthen
[Note 64: The original line of American fortification crossed what is now Washington Street, on the line of division between Boston and Roxbury, near the present Clifton Place.-- Ford.] down to Sewall's Farms where a strong Intrenchment has been thrown up. At Roxbury General Thomas has thrown up a Strong Work on the Hill, about two hundred Yards above the Meeting House, which with the Brokenness of the Ground and Rocks, have made the Pass very secure. The Troops raised in New Hampshire with a Regiment from Rhode Island occupy Winter Hill. A Part of those from Connecticut under General Putnam are on Prospect Hill. The Troops in this Town are entirely of the Massachusetts: The remainder of the Rhode Island Men, at Sewalls Farm. Two Regiments of Connecticut and nine of the Massachusetts are at Roxbury. The residue of the Army, to the Number of about seven hundred, are posted in several small Towns along the Coasts, to prevent the depredations of the Enemy: Upon the whole I think myself authorized to say, that considering the great extent of Line and the nature of the Ground, we are as well secured, as could be expected in so short a time and under the disadvantages we labour. These consist in a Want of Engineers to construct proper Works and direct the Men; a Want of Tools and a sufficient Number of Men to man the Works in case of an Attack. You will observe by the Proceedings of the Council of War, which I have the Honor to enclose, that it is our unanimous Opinion to hold and defend these Works, as long as possible. The Discouragement it would give the Men and its contrary Effect on the Ministerial Troops thus to abandon our Incampment in their Face, formed with so much Labour and expence; added to the certain Destruction of a considerable and valuable extent of Country, and the uncertainty of finding a place in all respects so capable of making a stand are leading reasons for this Determination. At the same time we are very sensible of the Difficulties which attend the Defence of Lines of so great extent, and the Dangers which may ensue from such a Division of the Army.
My earnest Wishes to comply with the Instructions of the Congress in making an early and complete return of the State of the Army, has led into an involuntary delay of addressing you, which has given me much concern. Having given Orders for that purpose immediately upon my arrival, and not then so well apprized of the imperfect Obedience which had been paid to those of like nature from General Ward, I was led from day to day to expect they would come and therefore detained the messenger. They are not so complete as I could wish, but much allowance is to be made for inexperience in Forms and Liberties which had been taken (not given) on this subject. These reasons I flatter myself will no longer exist and of consequence more regularity and exactness in future prevail. This, with a necessary attention to the Lines, the movements of the Ministerial Troops and our immediate security, must be my apoligy, which I beg you to lay before the Congress, with the utmost duty and respect.
We labour under great Disadvantages for want of Tents, for tho' they have been help'd by a collection of Sails from the Seaport Towns, the Number is yet far short of our Necessities. The Colleges and Houses of this Town are necessarily occupied by the Troops, which affords another reason for keeping our present Station: But I most sincerely wish the whole Army was properly provided to take the Field, as I am well assured, that besides greater Expedition and activity in case of alarm, it would highly conduce to health and discipline. As meterials are not to be had here, I would beg leave to recommend the procuring a farther supply from Philadelphia, as soon as possible.65
[Note 65: On July 19, the day this letter was read in Congress, Mr. James Wilson was ordered to secure a report on the quantity of duck, tow cloth, sheeting, etc., procurable in Philadelphia.]
I should be extremely dificient in Gratitude as well as Justice, if I did not take the first Opportunity to acknowledge the Readiness and attention which the Congress and different committees have shewn, to make everything as convenient and agreeable as possible. But there is a vital and enherent Principle of delay incompatible with Military service in transacting Business, through such various and different channels. I esteem it my Duty therefore to represent the Inconvenience that must unavoidably ensue from a dependence on a number of Persons for supplies, and submit it to the consideration of the Congress, whether the public service will not be best promoted by appointing a Commissary General for these purposes:
We have a very remarkable instance of the preference of such a mode in the Establishment of Connecticut, as their Troops are extremely well provided under the direction of Mr. Trumbull, and he has at different Times assisted others with various Articles; should my sentiments happily coincide with those of the Congress, I beg leave to recommend Colonel Trumbull as a very proper person for this department.66 In the Arrangement of Troops collected under such circumstances, and upon the Spur of immediate necessity, several appointments have been ommitted, which appear to me indispensably necessary for the good Government of the Army, particularly a Quarter Master General, A Commissary of Musters and a Commissary of Artillery. These I must particularly recommend to the Notice & Provision of the Honorable Congress.67 I find myself already much embarrassed for want of a Military Chest; these embarrass ments will encrease every day, I must therefore most earnestly request that money may be forwarded to me as soon as possible. The want of this most necessary Article, will I fear, produce great Inconveniences if not prevented by an early attention.
[Note 66: Col. Joseph Trumbull was accordingly appointed Commissary General of the Continental Army on July 19, the day this letter was read in Congress.]
[Note 67: Congress left these appointments to Washington to make. They will be found announced in the General Orders, post.]
I find the Army in general and particularly the Troops raised in Massachusetts Bay very difficient in necessary Clothing: Upon Inquiry it appears there is no Probability of Obtaining any supplies in this Quarter; upon the best consideration of this matter, I am able to form, I am of Opinion that a number of hunting Shirts, not less than 10,000, would in a great Degree remove the difficulty in the cheapest and quickest manner. I know nothing so trivial in a speculative View, that in Practice would have a happy Tendency to unite the men and abolish those Provincial distinctions which lead to Jealousy and Dissatisfaction. In a former part of my Letter I mentioned the want of Engineers. I can hardly express the Disappointment I have experienced on this Subject; the Skill of those we have being very imperfect and confined to the mere manual exercise of cannon, whereas the war in which we are engaged, requires a Knowledge comprehending the Duties of the Field and Fortifications. If any Persons possessed of these Qualifications are to be found in the Southern Colonies, it would be of great Public Service to forward them with all expedition. Upon the Article of Ammunition, I must re-echo the former complaints on this Subject; we are so exceedingly destitute that our Artillery will be of little use without a supply both large and seasonable; what we have, must be reserved for the small Arms and that managed with the utmost Frugality. I am very sorry to observe that the appointments of General Officers in the Provinces of Massachusetts and Connecticut have not corresponded with the wishes and Judgment of either the Civil or Military. The great Dissatisfaction expressed on this Subject and the apparent Danger of throwing the whole Army into the utmost Disorder, together with the strong Representations made by the Provincial Congress, have induced me to retain the Commissions in my hands until the pleasure of the Continental Congress should be farther known, except General Putnam's which was given the Day I came to the Camp and before I was apprized of these disgusts. In such a Step, I must beg the Congress will do me the Justice to believe that I have been actuated solely by a regard to the Public Good.
I have not, nor could have any private Attachments, every Gentleman in Appointment was a Stranger to me but from Character: I must therefore rely upon the candour and Indulgence of Congress; for their most favourable construction of my Conduct in this particular. General Spencer's disgust was so great at General Putnam's promotion, that he left the Army without visiting me or making known his Intention in any respect.68
[Note 68: Ford notes the letter from Samuel B. Webb to Silas Deane, printed in the Connecticut Historical Society Collections, vol. 2, pp. 285, 288, 290, as throwing some light on Spencer's conduct. At the bottom of the whole difficulty lay the matter of Maj. Gen. Artemas Ward's supreme command of all the troops besieging Boston before Washington's election and arrival.]
General Pomeroy had also retired before my Arrival, occasioned as is said by some Disappointment from the Provincial Congress. General Thomas is much esteemed and most earnestly desired to continue in the service, and as far as my Opportunities have enabled me to judge, I must join in the general Opinion, that he is an able good officer and his Resignation would be a public Loss. The postponing him to Pomroy and Heath, whom he has commanded, would make his continuance very difficult and probably operate on his mind, as the like circumstance did on that of Spencer.
The State of the Army you will find ascertained, with tolerable Precision, in the Returns which accompany this Letter. Upon finding the Number of Men to fall so far short of the Establishment arid below all Expectation, I immediately called a Council of the General Officers, whose opinion as to the mode of filling up the regiments and providing for the present Exigency, together with the best Judgment we are able to form of the Ministerial Troops, I have the Honor of inclosing. From the Number of Boys, Deserters and negroes which have inlisted in this Province, I entertain some doubts whether the Number required, can be raised here; and all the General Officers agree, that no Dependance can be put on the Militia for a continuance in Camp, or Regularity and Discipline during the short time they may stay. This unhappy and devoted Province has been so long in a State of Anarchy, and the Yoke of Ministerial Oppression so heavily laid, that great allowances are to be made for their Troops collected under such circumstances; The Defficiencies in their numbers, their Discipline and Stores can only lead to this conclusion, that their Spirit has exceeded their Strength. But at the same time I would humbly submit to the Congress, the Propriety of making some further Provision of men from the other Colonies. If these Regiments should be completed to their Establishment, the dismission of those who are unfit for Duty, on account of their Age and Character, would occasion a considerable Reduction, and at all events, they have been inlisted upon such Terms, that they may be dismissed when other Troops arrive: But should my apprehens'ons be realized, and the Regiments here not be filled up, the public Cause would suffer by an absolute Dependance upon so doubtful an Event, unless some Provision is made against such a Disappointment. It requires no Military Skill to judge of the Difficulty of introducing Discipline and Subordination into an Army while we have the Enemy in View and are in daily expectation of an attack, but it is of so much Importance, that every Effort will be made to this End, which Time and circumstances will admit. In the mean Time I have the Pleasure of observing, that there are Materials for a good Army, a great Number of Men, able Bodied, Active, Zealous in the Cause and of unquestionable Courage.
I am now Sir, to acknowledge the receipt of your Favor of the 28th June, enclosing the Resolutions of Congress of the 27th and a Copy of a Letter from the Committee of Albany, to all which I shall pay due Attention. General Gates and General Sullivan have both arrived in good Health.
My best Abilities are at all Times devoted to the Service of my Country, but I feel the Weight, variety and Importance of my present Duties too sensibly, not to wish a more immediate and frequent communication with the Congress. I fear it may often happen, in the Course of our present Operations, that I shall need the Assistance and Direction from them which Time and Distance will not allow me to receive. Since writing the above, I have to acknowledge your Favor of the 4th instant by Fessenden, and the receipt of the Commission and Articles of War. Among the other returns I have also sent one of our killed, wounded and missing in the late Action, but have been able to procure no certain Account of the Loss of the Ministerial Troops, my best Intelligence fixes it at 500 killed and 700 wounded; but it is no more than Conjecture the utmost pains being taken, to conceal their Loss.69
[Note 69: Sparks notes, from Almon's Remembrancer (vol. 1, pp. 99, 179), that at Bunker Hill, on June 17, according to a return published by the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, the loss was 145 killed and missing and 304 wounded. About 30 of the first number were wounded and taken prisoners. By General Gage's official return, the killed and missing of the British were 226 and the wounded 828, in all 1,054. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, July 14, 1775, post.)]
Having ordered the Commanding Officer at Roxbury to give me the earliest Intelligence of every Motion of the Enemy, by Land or Water, discoverable from the Heights of his Camp, I this instant, as I was closing my Letter received the enclosed from his Brigade Major. The Design of this Motion I know not; it may be to make a Diversion somewhere along the Coast; it may be for New York, or it may be practised as a Deception on Us. I thought it not improper however to mention the Matter to you: I have done the same to the Commanding Officer at New York, and I shall let it be known by the Committee of Safety here, that the Intelligence may be communicated, as they see best, to the Sea Coast of this Government. I have the Honor, etc.70
[Note 70: The original L. S., in the writing of Joseph Reed, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Cambridge, July 10, 1775.
Sir: I received your Favour of the 1st Inst. by Express from New York; but as I am exceedingly hurried in making out my Dispatches for the Honble. Congress at Philadelphia, it is not in my Power to answer it in so full a Manner as I wish.
Notwithstanding Governor Tryon's plausible Behaviour, I recommend it to you to watch him narrowly, and as any unlucky Change of Affairs on our Part, may produce a Change in him, of his present unexceptionable Conduct, I expect you will, on the first Appearance of such a Change, pursue the Advice given in my last Letter. The like Advice I give you respecting General Haldiman, who is supposed by some to have gone to New York, with a Design to counteract us in that Province. The Commissions which have been forwarded to me are not sufficient to answer the Demand I have for them, there being at least 1000 Officers in this Department and not more than 500 Commissions in my Possession. As you are so much nearer to Philadelphia than I am, I request you to apply to Congress for as many as you are like to want. The dispersing Hand Bills amongst the Troops in New York has my most hearty Approbation, and may have a good Effect here. Our Enemies have attempted nothing against us since my Arrival here. They are strongly posted on Bunker's Hill, and are still busy in throwing up additional Works. We have thrown up several Lines and Redoubts between Mystick River and Dorchester Point, to prevent their making Way into the Country, and in a few Days shall be well prepared to receive them, in Case a Sortie is attempted.
I sincerely thank you for your Attention to the Directions of the Congress, and for your kind Wishes, and am with much Regards, Sir; etc.
P.S. I herewith inclose a Report this Minute received from the Camp at Dorchester. The Design of this Manoeuvre I am at a Loss to know, but suppose it maybe intended as a Diversion to our Forces here. It, however, behooves you to keep a good Lookout, to prevent any Surprise your Way.73
[Note 73: The "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers is in the writing of Joseph Reed; the draft, in the archives of the New York Historical Society, is also by Reed; but the postscript is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 10, 1775.
Parole Frederick. Countersign Gloucester.
The General Court Martial of which Col. William Prescott was president having tried William Pattin of Col. Gridley's regiment, and found him guilty of "threatening and abusing a number of persons, when prisoner in the Quarter Guard." The Court sentence the prisoner to ride the wooden Horse, fifteen minutes.
The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be put in execution at the head of the regiment.
David Wells Soldier in Col. Gridley's Regimt. tried by the above mentioned General Court Martial for "sleeping upon his post when sentry", is acquitted by the court.
No non Commissioned Officer, or Soldier, but such as are guilty of capital Offences; to the confin'd in the Main Guard; All those guilty of crimes triable by a Regimental Court Martial, to be sent to the Quarter Guards of their respective Corps, to be tried by regimental Court Martial. The General Court Martial, whereof Col. William Prescott is president, to set again this day at the usual hour. All Evidences and Persons concerned to attend the court. Whenever a General Court Martial is ordered, it is expected that the Evidences and persons by whom the prisoner's are confin'd, do punctually attend to support the accusation; as they will answer the contrary at their peril.
The Colonels of the Massachusetts regiments, to order one Subaltern from each Company in their respective Corps, forthwith upon the recruiting service; proper Instructions will be given by the Adjutant General to the Officers ordered upon that service. They will therefore call at Head Quarters as soon as possible to receive their instructions. The General recommends it to the Colonels to send active and vigilant Officers upon this service, and those who are most in esteem with people in the District they are sent to recruit in.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 11, 1775.
Parole Guilford. Countersign Hartford.
The Court Martial of which Col. William Prescott was president is dissolved. A General Court Martial to be assembled at Cambridge, as soon as possible, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them. All Evidences, and persons concerned to attend the court.
The General understanding, there is a bad Custom prevailing, of the Non-Commissioned Officers and Soldiers absenting themselves from Guard, under pretense of going for Provisions; it is therefore order'd that all Officers and Soldiers, bring their provision to the Guard they mount, and on no pretence quit their Guard, untill it is regularly dismissed.
Notwithstanding the orders of the provincial Congress, some persons are so daring as to supply the Soldiers with immoderate Quantities of Rum, and other spiritous Liquors; any Sutler, Tavern-keeper, or licenced Innholder, who shall presume after the date of this order, to sell to any non-commissioned Officer, or Soldier, any spiritous liquor whatsoever, without an Order in writing, from the Captain of the company to which such non-Commissioned Officer and Soldier belongs; he or they so offending, may expect to be severely punished.
Lieut. Col. Ward74 president of the Court Martial.
[Note 74: Jonathan Ward.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 12, 1775.
Parole Falmouth. Countersign Worcester.
The Adjutant General will deliver at orderly time, a certain number of printed returns, to the Adjutant of each regiment; so that no excuse can for the future be admitted, for not making regular and exact returns when demanded; as it is only fitting up the Blanks, with the Numbers proper to be placed in them. The Commander in Chief will not for the future, admit of any palliative for making a false return, and is resolved, to bring any Officer of what Rank soever, to a Court Martial who is found delinquent.
When any Trumpeter, or Flagg of Truce, is sent from Boston, or any Post occupied by the Enemy; they are to be stop'd by the first Sentry they are permitted to approach, who is to call for the Serjeant of the Guard, who will conduct them to the Officer of his guard, and such Trumpeter, or Flagg of Truce, is not to be allowed to stir one step beyond that Guard. The Officer commanding the Guard, will send any Letters or Messages brought from the enemy, immediately to the Commander in Chief and no other person.
A General Court Martial of the Line to sit at Head Quarters, in Cambridge, to morrow morning at Nine OClock, to try Col. Scammons75 of the Massachusetts Forces accused of "Backwardness in the execution of his duty in the late Action upon Bunkers-hill". The Adjutant of Col. Scammon's76 regiment, to warn all Evidences, and persons concern'd to attend the court.
[Note 75: Col. James Scammon. He had been ordered to march to the scene of the fighting at Bunker Hill, but went to Leechmeres Point; there he was ordered to the hill, which he claimed he understood to mean Cobble Hill. From thence he sent a messenger to General Putnam to inquire whether his regiment was wanted. These delays prevented the regiment from reaching the action in time to be of any use.]
[Note 76: Adjt. George Marsdin.]
Col. Nixon77 president of the above Court.
[Note 77: Col. John Nixon, of Massachusetts.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 13, 1775.
Parole Georgia. Countersign Huntingdon.
As the Army will be forthwith form'd into Brigades: The Adjutant General will at Orderly Time this day, deliver to the Adjutant of each Regiment, a Number of printed Returns, one of which, must be immediately fill'd up, and sign'd by the Commanding Officer of each regiment, and sent as soon as possible, to the Adjutant General; by the Adjutant of each Regiment; on the Back of the Return, it will be necessary to mention; where and in what manner, the regiment is at present posted.
The Commanding Officer at Chelsea,78 is as soon as possible, after the receipt of this order, to direct all the Cattle, upon pullein point,79 Shirley point, and the intermediate space between powder horn-hill and the Sea, to be driven off; and it is recommended to the Commissary General,80 to endeavour to agree with the Owners of the said Cattle, and to purchase them for the use of the Army.
[Note 78: Col. Samuel Gerrish's regiment was stationed at Chelsea, Mass., but his lieutenantcolonel, Loammi Baldwin, signed and sent in most of the reports to headquarters.]
[Note 79: Pullings Point.]
[Note 80: John Pigeon, After Washington took command Congress appointed Col. Joseph Trumbull, of Connecticut, Commissary General of Stores on July 19.]
Camp at Cambridge, July 14, 1775.
Since I did myself the Honor of Addressing you the 10th instant, nothing material has happened in the Camp.
From some late and Authentick Advices of the State of the Ministerial Troops and the great Inconvenience of calling in the Militia at this Season, I have been induced for the present to waive it; but in the mean Time recruiting Parties have been sent out through this Province, to fill the Regiments to the Establishment of the Provincial Congress. At the same Time that I received the above Advices I also obtained a List of the Officers of the Enemy who were killed and wounded at the Battle of Charles Town, which I take this Oppertunity to inclose.81 The great Scarcecity of Fresh Provision in their Army, has led me to take every precaution to prevent a Supply: For this purpose I have ordered all the Cattle and Sheep to be drove from the Low Grounds and Farms within their, Reach. A Detachment from General Thomas's Camp on Wednesday Night, went over to Long Island and brought from thence 20 Cattle and a Number of Sheep, with about 15 Labourers who had been put on by a Mr. Ray Thomas, in order to cut Hay &ca By some Accident, they omitted burning the Hay and returned the next day to complete it, which they effected amidst the firing of the Shipping with the Loss of one man killed and another Wounded. Last Evening also a Party of the Connecticut Men stroll'd down upon the Marsh at Roxbury and fired upon a Centry, which drew on a heavy fire from the Enemy's Lines and Floating Battery, but attended with no other Effect than the Loss of one Man killed by a Shot from the Enemy's
[Note 81: This return, in the writing of Horatio Gates, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. In the Washington Papers is an account, in the writing of Washington, of the British loss as given by John Machin, a deserter from the Welsh Fusileers.] Lines. In the mean Time, we are on both sides continuing our Works, but there has been no Movement, other than what I have above noticed. I shall endeavour to give a regular and particular Account of all our Proceedings as they occur, which you will please to lay before the Congress. I have the Honor to be, &ca.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 14, 1775.
Parole Hallifax. Countersign Inverness.
As the Health of any Army principally depends upon Cleanliness; it is recommended in the strongest manner, to the Commanding Officer of Corps, Posts and Detachments, to be strictly diligent, in ordering the Necessarys to be filled up once a Week, and new ones dug; the Streets of the encampments and Lines to be swept daily, and all Offal and Carrion, near the camp, to be immediately burned: The Officers commanding in Barracks, or Quarters, to be answerable that they are swept every morning, and all Filth and Dirt removed from about the houses. Next to Cleanliness, nothing is more conducive to a Soldiers health, than dressing his provisions in a decent and proper manner. The Officers commanding Companies should therefore daily inspect the Camp Kitchen, and see the Men dress their Food in a wholesome way.
The Commanding Officers in those parts of the Lines and Redoubts, where the Pikes are placed, will order the Quarter Masters of Corps, to see the pikes greas'd twice a week; they are to be answerable also that the pikes are kept clean, and always ready and fit for service.82
[Note 82: Pikes, or spears as they were sometimes called, were substitutes for bayonets, used in the same manner but as independent weapons.]
The General observing great remissness, and neglect, in the several Guards in and about the Camp, orders the Officers commanding any Guard to turn out his Guard immediately upon the near Approach of the Commander in Chief or any of the General Officers, and upon passing the Guard; The Commander in Chief is to be received with rested Arms; the Officer to salute, and the Drums to beat a march: The Majors General with rested Arms, the Officer to salute and the Drums to beat two Ruffles; The Brigadiers General with rested Arms, the Officer to salute and the Drums to beat one Ruffle. There being something awkward, as well as improper, in the General Officers being stopp'd at the out-posts; ask'd for passes by the Sen tries, and obliged often to send for the Officer of the Guard (who it sometimes happens is as much unacquainted with the Persons of the Generals, as the Private Men) before they can pass in or out: It is recommended to both Officers and Men to make themselves acquainted with the persons of all the Officers in General Command, and in the mean time to prevent mistakes: The General Officers and their Aids-de-Camp, will be distinguished in the following manner.
The Commander in Chief by a light blue Ribband, wore across his breast, between his Coat and Waistcoat.83
[Note 83: In Washington's personal expense memoranda is an entry, under date of July 10, 1775: "By a ribband to distinguish myself ¾."]
The Majors and Brigadiers General, by a Pink Ribband wore in the like manner.
The Aids-de-Camp by a green ribband.
The Court Martial of which Col. Ward is Presdt. is dissolved.
Daniel Carmiele, Soldier in Col. Patterson's84 Regiment, tried for "Disobedience of orders, for reinlisting and taking advance Money twice over, and for Drunkenness" is found guilty of the several Charges, and ordered to be whipt on the bare back, with 30 Lashes, and discharged from the army. The General approves the Sentense and orders it to be executed to morrow morning, at the head of the Regiment he belongs to.
[Note 84: Col. John Paterson, of Massachusetts. Later he was colonel of the Fifteenth Continental Infantry; brigadier general and brevet major general in the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 15, 1775.
Parole Virginia. Countersign Maryland
The Commanding Officers of each Regiment to report the names of such Men in their respective Corps as are most expert in the management of whale boats.
When any Commission'd or non Commission'd Officer is sent upon any Detachment or Duty of Honor, or Fatigue, or to see the execution of any particular work: He is, so soon as the Service is perform'd to make a Report thereof to his commanding officer.
It being found advantageous to the public Service, to remove sundry horn'd Cattle and Sheep, from the Ground upon which they were grasing near Chelsea (to prevent their falling into the Enemy's hands) it is earnestly recommended to the several Commissaries, to purchase, such of them, as are fit for slaughter, of the Owners, in Order that they may suffer the least loss possible, from the unavoidable necessity of removing them from the rapacious claws of our enemies.
Col. Gridley, Chief Engineer, is desired to report what Chevaux-de-Frise are made, and what forwardness those are in, that are now making. It is necessary those upon hand be compleated without delay.
Notwithstanding the Orders already given, the General hears with astonishment, that not only Soldiers, but Officers unauthorized are continually conversing with the Officers and Sentrys of the Enemy; any Officer, Non Commissioned Officer or Soldier, or any Person whatsoever, who is detected holding any Conversation, or carrying on any Correspondence with any of the Officers or Sentrys of the advanc'd posts of the enemy, will be immediately brought before a General Court Martial, and punished with the utmost severity. The General is alone to judge of the propriety of any intercourse with the enemy and no one else is to presume to interfere.
The Chief Engineer, Col. Gridley, to order an Engineer, and a Field Officer of Artillery, to go round the Lines and Redoubts, to examine if the Guns are placed properly in the Embrassures, and if the Embrassures are properly made, and properly sloped towards the Country. The Engineer and Artillery Officer, to report to the Commander in Chief, as soon as they have obeyed this order.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 16, 1775.
Parole Carolina. Countersign Springfield.
The Continental Congress having earnestly recommended, that "Thursday next the 20th. Instant, be observed by the Inhabitants of all the english Colonies upon this Continent, as a Day of public Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer; that they may with united Hearts and Voice unfeignedly confess their Sins before God, and supplicate the all wise and merciful disposer of events, to avert the Desolation and Calamities of an unnatural war". The General orders, that Day to be religiously observed by the Forces under his Command, exactly in manner directed by the proclamation of the Continental Congress: It is therefore strictly enjoin'd on all Officers and Soldiers, (not upon duty) to attend Divine Service, at the accustomed places of worship, as well in the Lines, as the Encampments and Quarters; and it is expected, that all those who go to worship, do take their Arms, Ammunitions and Accoutrements and are prepared for immediate Action if called upon. If in the judgment of the Officers, the Works should appear to be in such forwardness as the utmost security of the Camp requires, they will command their men to abstain from all Labour upon that solemn day.
It was with much surprise and concern that the General in passing along the New Hampshire Lines yesterday observed a most wanton, mischevious, and unprofitable abuse of property, in the Destruction of many valuable Trees, which were standing along the side of the road, out of the way of our works, or guns, he therefore orders, that an effective stop be put to such practices for the future, or severe punishment will fall upon the Transgressors of this order.
William Palfrey, Esq. is appointed Aid-de-Camp to Major General Lee, all Orders whether written, or verbal, coming from General Lee, and delivered by Capt. Palfrey, are to be punctually obeyed.
A particular Return to be deliver'd to the Adjutant General to morrow, at Orderly time, of the Regiment of Artillery, distinguishing how every man and Officer, in that Corps, is at present imployed, and where posted.
Head Quarters, July 17, 1775.
Parole Boston. Countersign Salem.
There is reason to apprehend, that the General orders are not regularly published to the Non Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers of the army; as pleading Ignorance of Orders, will not for the future be admitted in excuse of any delinquency. It is once more ordered, that the Adjutants of the several Corps, will be exact in seeing the Orders, read every evening to the Men off duty, of their respective Corps, as they may depend upon answering before a Court Martial, for any neglect in obeying this order.
The General Court Martial whereof Col. John Nixon is president, to sit again tomorrow morning at eight OClock, to try such prisoners, as shall be brought before them, all Evidences, and persons concern'd to attend the court.
There being a great Neglect in sending in the returns to the Adjutant General, as directed by the General Orders of Friday last (especially from the Regiments posted in, and near Roxbury). The General assures Commanding Officers of Corps, from whom the Returns are expected, that he will not for the future, pass over the slightest Neglect, in sending Returns to Head Quarters, at the Time directed by the General Orders; if there is any remissness in the Adjutant, the Colonels will confine the Transgressors.
AFTER ORDERS
Capt. Benjamin Perkins of Col. Little's85 Regiment, confined by Col. Doolittle,86 for assisting and abetting Soldiers to mutiny, in rescuing a prisoner from the Quarter Guard of Col. Doolittles Regiment, is to be tried to morrow, by the Court Martial whereof Col. Nixon is President; all Evidences and Persons concern'd, to attend the court.
[Note 85: Col. Moses Little's Massachusetts regiment.]
[Note 86: Col. Ephraim Doolittle's Massachusetts regiment.]
Cambridge, July 18, 1775.
Sir: It is with no small concern, that I find the Arrangement of General Officers made by the Honble. Continental Congress, has produced much Dissatisfaction; as the Army is upon a General Establishment, their Right, to Supercede and Controul a Provincial one, must be unquestionable; and, in such a Cause, I should hope every Post would be deemed Honor able, which gave a Man Opportunity to serve his Country.
A Representation from the Congress of this Province, with such Remarks as occurred to me on this Subject, is now before the Continental Congress; In the mean Time, I beg leave to assure you that unbiassed by any private Attachments, I shall Studiously endeavour to reconcile their Pretensions to their Duty, and so dispose them, as to prevent, as far as possible, any Inconveniencies to the Public Service from this Competition. I have the honor, &c.
Cambridge, July 18, 1775.
Sir: Allow me to return you my sincere thanks for the kind wishes and favorable Sentiments express'd in yours of the 13th Instant. As the Cause of our common Country, calls us both to an active and dangerous Duty, I trust that Divine Providence, which wisely orders the Affairs of Men, will enable us to discharge it with Fidelity and Success. The uncorrupted Choice of a brave and free People, has raised you to deserved Eminence; that the Blessings of Health and the still greater Blessing of long continuing to Govern such a People may be yours, is the Sincere Wish, of Sir etc.
Cambridge Camp, July 18, 1775.
Sir: You will please to accept my sincere Acknowledgements for your favor delivered me by Genl. Greene on my appointment to the Chief Command of the American Army. The Voluntary Choice of Freemen, contending in the great Cause of civil Liberty, and the concurring Approbation of the wise and good, at the same Time that they confer the highest Honor upon the object of their choice, demand the utmost Energy and Exertion of my poor Abilities; Such as they are, my Country has, and shall at all Times command them. Allow me now, Sir, to express my warmest Wishes for your Health and Happiness, and to assure you that I am etc.
Head Quarters, before Boston, July 18, 1775.
Parole Wilmington. Countersign Chester.
As the Chevaux-de-Frise are not in readiness; The Officers commanding the different Lines and Redoubts are, as speedily as possible, to provide a sufficient number of Gabions, which are to lay empty at the Entrances of their respective posts, in order to be filled up as occasion may require. Gen. Putnam87 will forthwith order his post to be furnished with a large quantity of Fascines.
[Note 87: Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam.]
The Officers commanding the different Posts, to send an exact Return to Head Quarters, this afternoon, of all the in trenching Tools in their possession: viz: Spades, pick-axes, wheel-Barrows, Hand-Barrows, axes and Crow-Barrs; and to mention the number and quality, of any of these Implements, that are still wanting to carry on their respective works.
Six Captains, twelve Subalterns, twelve Serjeants and three hundred Rank and file, to parade to morrow morning, immediately after divine service, from the Regiments now stationed in Cambridge, as a working party to assist in raising the New Hampshire lines.
Col. James Scammons of the Massachusetts bay Forces, tried by the General Court Martial of which Col. John Nixon was president, for "Disobedience of orders and Backwardness in the execution of his duty" The Court after duly examining the Evidence for and against the prisoner, together with what the prisoner had to say in his defence, are of opinion that Col. Scammons is Not guilty of the Crimes wherewith he was accused, and therefore do acquit the prisoner Col. Scammons to be immediately released from his arrest.
If after what has happened, the Enemy in Revenge of their late loss, should dare to attempt forcing our Lines, The Army may be assured, that nothing but their own Indolence and Remissness, can give the least hope of success to so rash an Enterprise. It is therefore strongly recommended to the Commanding Officers of Corps, Guards and Detachments; that they be assiduously alert in parading their Men, at their several posts, half an hour before day break, and remain there, untill the Commanding Officers think proper to dismiss them.
The General hears with Astonishment the very frequent Applications, that are made to him, as well by Officers as Soldiers for Furloughs: Brave Men, who are engaged in the noble Cause of Liberty; should never think of removing from their Camp, while the Enemy is in sight, and anxious to take every advantage, any Indiscretion on our side may give them: the General doubts not, but the Commanding Officers of Corps will anticipate his wishes, and discourage those under them, for disgrace fully desiring to go home, untill the Campaign is ended.
Camp at Cambridge, July 20, 1775.
Sir: Since I did myself the Honor of Addressing you the 14th instant I have received Advice from Governor Trumbull, that the Assembly of that Colony had voted and that they are now raising Two Regiments of 700 men each, to join this Army, in consequence of an Application from the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts Bay. The Rhode Island Assembly has also made an Augmentation for this purpose; these Reinforcements with the Rifle men who are daily expected and such recruits as may come in, to fill up the Regiments here, will I apprehend, compose an Army sufficiently strong to oppose any Force which can be brought against us at present. I am very sensible that the heavy expence necessarily attendant upon the Campaign will call for the utmost Frugality and care, and would therefore, if possible, avoid inlisting one unnecessary man. As this is the first certain Account of the destination of these new raised Troops, I thought proper to communicate my Sentiments as early as possible, least the Congress should Act upon my Letter of the 10th and raise Troops in the Southern Colonies, which in my present Judgment may be dispens'd with.
In these 8 days past there have been no Movements in either Camp of any consequence: On our side we have continued the Works without any Intermission, and they are now so far advanced as to leave us little to apprehend on that Score. On the side of the Enemy, they have also been very industrious in finishing their Lines both on Bunker's Hill and Roxbury Neck. In this interval also their Transports have arrived from New York and they have been employed in landing and Stationing their Men. I have been able to collect no certain Account of the Numbers arrived, but the inclosed Letter, wrote th'o not signed by Mr. Sheriff Lee88 and delivered me by Captain Darby,89 who went express with an Account of the Lexington Battle, will enable us to form a pretty accurate Judgment. The increase of Tents and Men in the Town of Boston is very obvious, but all my Accounts from thence agree, that there is a great
[Note 88: Usually referred to as Alderman William Lee, a brother of Arthur Lee, and a member of the London Board of Aldermen. He furnished secret information from London, which was of value to the Colonies.]
[Note 89: Capt. John Derby, of Salem, Mass. By order of the Massachusetts Legislature, he carried the news of the fight at Lexington to England, where he was examined by the privy council.] Mortality, occasioned by the Want of Vegetables and fresh meat; and their Loss in the late Battle at Charles Town (from the few recoveries of their Wounded) is greater than first sup posed. The State of the Inhabitants detained in Boston is very distressing, they are equally destitute of the comfort of fresh Provisions and many are so reduced in their circumstances, as to be unable to supply themselves with Salt: Such Fish as the Soldiery leave, is their principal support. Added to all this, such Jealousy and Suspicion prevails that they can scarcely speak or even look, without exposing themselves to some Species of Military Execution.
I have not been able from any Intelligence I have received, to form any certain Judgment of the future Operations of the Enemy. Some Times I have suspected an Intention of detaching part of their Army to some part of the Coast, as they have been building a number of Flat Bottomed Boats capable of holding 200 Men each. But from their Works and the Languge held at Boston there is reason to think they expect an attack from us and are principally engaged in preparing against it. I have ordered all the Whale Boats for many miles along the Coast to be collected and some of them are employed every Night to watch the motion of the Enemy by water, in order to guard as much as possible against any surprize.
Upon my Arrival and since, some Complaints have been preferr'd against Officers for Cowardice in the late Action on Bunkers Hill; tho' there were several strong Circumstances and a very general opinion against them, none have been condemn'd except a Captain Callender of the Artillery who was immediately cashier'd. I have been sorry to find it an uncontradicted Truth, that the principal failure of Duty that day, was in the Officers, tho' many of them distinguished them selves by their gallant Behaviour, but the Soldiers generally shew'd great Spirit and Resolution.
Next to the more immediate and pressing Duties of putting our Lines in as secure a State as possible, attending to the Movements of the Enemy, and gaining Intelligence; my great concern is to establish Order, Regularity & Discipline, without which our Numbers would embarass us and in case of an Action, general confusion must infallibly ensue.
In order to this I propose to divide the Army into three Divisions, at the Head of each will be a General Officer, these Divisions to be again subdivided into Brigades, under their respective Brigadiers; but the difficulty arising from the Arrangement of General Officers and waiting the further Proceedings of the Congress on this Subject has much retarded my progress in this most necessary Work. I should be very happy to receive their final Commands, as any Determination would enable me to proceed in my Plan. General Spencer returned to the Camp two days ago and has agreed to serve under Putnam, rather than leave the Army entirely. I have heard nothing from General Pomroy; should he wholly retire I apprehend it will be necessary to supply his place as soon as possible. General Folsom proposed also to retire.
In addition to the Officers mentioned in mine of the 10th instant, I would humbly propose that some Provision should be made for a Judge Advocate and Provoost Marshall; the Necessity of the first Appointment was so great, that I was Obliged to nominate a Mr. Tudor who was well recommended to me and now executes the Office under an Expectation of receiving Captains Pay. An allowance in my Opinion scarcely adequate to the Services in New raised Troops, where there are Courts Martial every Day. However as that is the proportion in the regular Army and he is contented, there will be no necessity of an Addition.
I must also renew my request as to Money, and the Appointment of a Pay Master, I have forbore urging Matters of this Nature, from my Knowledge of the many important concerns which engage the Attention of the Congress; but as I find my difficulties thicken every day, I make no Doubt suitable regard will be paid to a necessity of this kind. The Inconvenience of borrowing such sums, as are constantly requisite must be too plain for me to enlarge on and is a situation from which I should be very happy to be relieved. Upon the best consideration of the Appointment of the several Officers of Commissary General, Muster Master General, Quarter Master General and Pay Master General,90 Commissary of Artillery &c.; I am clearly of Opinion that they not only conduce to Order, Dispatch and Discipline, but that is a Measure of Oeconomy. The Delay, the Waste, and unpunishable Neglect of Duty arising from these Offices being in commission in several Hands, evidently shew that the Public Expence must be finally enhanced. I have experienced the Want of these Officers, in completing the returns of Men, Ammunition and Stores, the latter are yet very imperfect from the Number of Hands in which they are dispersed.
[Note 90: On July 27 Congress unanimously elected James Warren Paymaster General of the Continental Army.]
I have enclosed the last Weekly return, which is more accurate than the former, and hope in a little time we shall be perfectly regular in this, as well as some other necessary Branches of Duty. I have made Inquiry with respect to the Establishment of the Hospital and find it in a very unsetled Condition. There is no Principal Director, or any Subordination among the Surgeons; of consequence Disputes and Contentions have arisen and must continue until it is reduced to some System. I could wish that it was immediately taken into consideration as the Lives and Health of both Officers and Soldiers so much de pend upon a due regulation of this Department.91 I have been
[Note 91: On July 27 Congress adopted an establishment for a military hospital. Dr. Benjamin Church was elected director and chief physician.] particularly attentive to the least Symptoms of the Small Pox, hitherto we have been so fortunate, as to have every Person removed so soon, as not only to prevent any Communication, but any Apprehension or Alarm it might give in the Camp. We shall continue the utmost Vigilance against this most dangerous Enemy.
In an Army properly organized, there are sundry Officers of an Inferiour kind, such as Waggon Master, Master Carpenter &ca. but I doubt whether my Powers are sufficiently extensive for such Appointments; if it is thought proper to repose such a Trust in me, I shall be governed in the Discharge of it, by a strict regard to Oeconomy and the public Interest.
My Instructions from the Honorable Congress, direct that no Troops are to be disbanded without their express directions, nor to be recruited to more than double the number of the Enemy.
Upon this Subject I beg leave to represent, that unless the Regiments of this Province are more successful in recruiting, than I have reason to expect, a reduction of some of them will be highly necessary, as the Public is put to the whole expence of an Establishment of Officers, while the real Strength of the Regiment, which consists in the Rank and file, is defective. In case of such a Reduction, doubtless some of the Privates and all the Officers would return Home, but many of the former would go into the remaining regiments, and having had some experience of Service, would fill them up with useful men. I so plainly perceive the expence of this Campaign will exceed any calculation hitherto made, that I am particularly anxious to strike off every unnecessary charge. You will therefore, Sir, be pleased to favor me with the Commands of the Congress as to the mode of the reduction if it should appear to be necessary, that no Time may be lost when that necessity appears.
Yesterday we had an Account that the Light House was set on Fire;--by whom and under what orders, I have not yet learn'd: But we have reason to believe it has been done by some of our Irregulars.
You will please to present me to the Congress with the utmost Duty and respect, and believe me to be, Sir, etc.
P. S: Capt: Darby's stay in England was so short, that he brings no other Information than what the inclosed Letter and the News paper which will accompany this contain.--General Gage's Dispatches had not arrived and the Ministry affected to disbelieve the whole Account, treating it as a Fiction or at most as an Affair of very little consequence.92
[Note 92: The L. S., in the writing of Joseph Reed, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 20, 1775.
Parole Albany. Countersign Ticonderoga.
Certain Drums in, and near Cambridge, very improperly beat the Revellie this morning before day; Although the Troops are ordered to be under Arms, half an hour before day light, it does not follow the drums are to beat at that time. The Reveille is to beat when a Centry can see clearly one thousand Yards around him, and not before.
All Aids-de-Camp, and Majors of Brigade, are to keep regularly entered in a book; all the General Orders of the army, as well as those of the Brigades they belong to: As the General in Chief, will not for the future, admit as an Excuse for the Breach of Orders; the plea of not knowing them.
Samuel Osgood and Joseph Ward Esqrs. being appointed Aids-de-Camp, to Major General Ward, they are to be obeyed as such; and all orders coming from Aids-de Camp, are to be consider'd, as the Orders of their respective Generals, and whether written or verbal, to be forthwith obeyed: It may be necessary once more to repeat to the Army, that every Aid-de-Camp and Major of Brigade, will be distinguished by a green ribband.
Certain Corps, having been dilatory in delivering last Saturday, their weekly Returns, as positively directed by former orders; The General is determined for the future, not to excuse any neglect in sending the Returns every Saturday to the Adjutant General as the Commanding Officers of Regiments, are to be answerable for the due observance of this Order, it is expected they are exact in obliging their respective Adjutants, to full fill their duty.
Cambridge, July 21, 1775.
Dear Sir: I am particularly to Acknowledge that part of your Favor of the 10th instant, wherein you do me honor of determining to join the Army under my command.93 I need certainly make no Professions of the Pleasure I shall have in seeing you: At the same time I have to regret, that so little is in my Power to offer, equal to Colonel Hancock's Merits and worthy his Acceptance. I shall be happy in every Opportunity to shew the regard and Esteem with which I am, etc.
[Note 93: Hancock's letter, dated July to, 1775, is in the Washington Papers, Although protesting in it his desire to serve in any capacity, even if it were "to take the firelock and join the ranks as a volunteer," he did not persist in that determination.]
Camp Cambridge, 5 o'Clock p.m., July 21, 1775.
Sir: Since closing the Letters which accompany this I have received an Account of the Destruction of the Light House, a Copy of which I have the Honor to inclose94 and of again assurring you that, I am with great respect, etc.
[Note 94: The inclosure was William Heath's letter to Washington, dated July 21, 1775, a contemporary copy of which is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. I have also received a more authentic Account of the Loss of the Enemy in the late Battle, than any yet received. Doctor Winship who lodged in the same House with an Officer of the Marines, assures me they had exactly 1043 killed and Wounded, of whom 300 fell on the Field or died within a few Hours,--Many of the Wounded are since dead.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 22, 1775.
Parole Nantasket. Countersign Mississippi.
A Court of Enquiry to sit forthwith, President Doctor Foster,95 Doctor Warren,96 and Doctor Eustace,97 Members, to examine into a Complaint exhibited by Mr. John Spalding, Surgeon to General Putnams regiment98 against Mr. Penuel Chiney, Surgeon's Mate of the said regiment. All Evidences to attend the Court.
[Note 95: Dr. Isaac Foster, later deputy director general, hospital of Eastern Department.]
[Note 96: Dr. John Warren, hospital physician and surgeon.]
[Note 97: Dr. William Eustis, surgeon of Gridley's artillery; surgeon of Knox's artillery; hospital physician and surgeon; Secretary of War of the United States; Governor of Massachusetts.]
[Note 98: In the early part of the war the commanding officer of divisions, brigades, and regiments had the smaller unit of his organization as a special command. Thus Major General Putnam commanded a regiment as well as a division, and within a regiment a company was commanded by the colonel.]
Capt. Israel Putnam99 and Lieut. Samuel Webb,1 being appointed Aids-de-Camp to Major General Putnam, they are to be obeyed as such.
[Note 99: Son of Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam.]
[Note 1: Lieut. Samuel Blatchley Webb. He was, later, lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington; colonel of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments and of the Third Connecticut Regiment.]
Regularity and due Subordination, being so essentially necessary, to the good Order and Government of an Army, and without it, the whole must soon become a Scene of disorder and confusion. The General finds it indispensably necessary, without waiting any longer for dispatches from the General Continental Congress, immediately to form the Army into three Grand Divisions, and of dividing each of those Grand Divisions into two Brigades. He therefore orders that the following Regiments viz...
compose one Brigade2 and be under the Command of Brigadier General Thomas, that
[Note 2: Maj. Gen. Artemas Ward, Brig. Gen. John Thomas, Col. John Fellows, Col. Theophilus Cotton, Col. Timothy Danielson, and Col. David Brewster were the commanding officers.]
compose another Brigade,3 to be commanded by Brigadier Genl. Spencer. That these two Brigades compose the right wing or division of the army; and be under the command of Major General Ward, and remain at Roxbury, and its Southern dependencies. That
[Note 3: Brig. Gen. Joseph Spencer, Col. Samuel Holden Parsons, Col. Ebenezer Learned, Col. Timothy Walker, and Col. James Reed were the commanding officers.]
be formed into another Brigade4 under the Command of Brigadier General Sullivan, and posted on Winter-hill. That
[Note 4: Col. John Stark, Col. Enoch Poor, Col. Jonathan Reed, Col. John Nixon, Col. John Mansfield, Col. Ephraim Doolittle, and Brig. Gem John Sullivan were the commanding officers.]
be formed into another Brigade5 and commanded by Brigadier Genl. Green, and posted upon Prospect Hill, and these two Brigades compose the left wing or second division of the army under the Command of Major Genl. Lee.6 That
[Note 5: Col. James Mitchell Varnum, Col. Daniel Hitchcock, Col. Thomas Church, Col. Asa Whitcomb, Col. Thomas Gardner, Col. Jonathan Brewer, Col. Moses Little, and Brig. Gen. Nathanael Greene were the commanding officers.]
[Note 6: Maj. Gen. Charles Lee.]
be formed into another Brigade,7 under the Command of the Senior Officer therein, and until the pleasure of the Continental Congress be known: These two Brigades to be under the Command of Major General Putnam, also a Corps-de-Reserve, for the defence of the several posts, north of Roxbury, not already named.
[Note 7: Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, Col. John Glover, Col. James Frye, Col. Ebenezer Bridge, Col. Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge, and Col. Paul Dudley Sargent were the commanding officers. General Putnam was the senior officer.]
The Arrangement now ordered to take place, is to be made as speedily as possible, and the Majors General are to see it done accordingly, some inconveniences may arise to certain Individuals by this change, but as the good of the service requires it to bc made an alert and ready compliance is expected.
All applications from hence forward, by Officers or Soldiers for leave of absence, are to be made to the Major General commanding each division, who is to judge of the propriety of the application and grant Furloughs where they see cause, without applying to the Commander in Chief, provided it be not contrary to General orders.
General Heath's8 Regiment is to take post at No. 2 in lieu of General Wards,9 Col. Patterson's10 remains at No. 3 Col. Scammons11 to occupy No. I and the Redoubts between that and
[Note 8: Brig. Gen. William Heath.]
[Note 9: Maj. Gen. Artemas Ward.]
[Note 10: Col. John Paterson.]
[Note 11: Col. James Scammon.] No. 2: Col. Prescotts12 regiment to take post at the redoubt upon Sewells point Col. Gerrishes13 Regiment to furnish the Companies for Chelsea, Malden, and Medford.
[Note 12: Col. William Prescott.]
[Note 13: Col. Samuel Gerrish.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 23, 1775.
Parole Brunswick. Countersign Princeton.
As the Continental Army have unfortunately no Uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise, from not being able always to distinguish the Commissioned Officers, from the non Commissioned, and the Non Commissioned from the private; it is desired that some Badges of Distinction may be immediately provided, for Instance, the Field Officers may have red or pink colour'd Cockades in their Hatts: the Captains yellow or buff: and the Subalterns green. They are to furnish themselves accordingly. The Serjeants may be distinguished by an Epaulette, or stripe of red Cloth, sewed upon the right shoulder; the Corporals by one of green.
The people employed to make spears, are desired by the General to make four dozen of them immediately, thirteen feet in length, and the wood part a good deal more substantial than those already made, particularly in the New Hampshire Lines, are ridiculously short and light, and can answer no sort of purpose, no more are therefore to be made on the same model.
The Commading Officers of the different works and posts, are once more enjoined, to furnish themselves with a sufficient number of Gabions and Fascines, which are to stop up the Entrances of their respective Redoubts and Lines; and to repair their works which may either be damaged by the weather, or the Fire of the enemy; it is observed that several of the Entrances of the Redoubts, are still left open without any sort of defence: The Commanding Officers of each Redoubt, are therefore ordered to cut a wide deep ditch, at the entrances, and throw a bridge of strong plank across; this to be done without delay.
John Davis of Capt. Fosters14 Company, in Col. Gridley's15 regiment of Artillery, tried for "Desertion and suspicion of intending tending to go to the Enemy" is acquitted by the General Court Martial.
[Note 14: Capt. Thomas Waite Foster.]
[Note 15: Col. Richard Gridley.]
Ensign Trafton16 accused by Col. Scammons of "abusive Language, to the said Colonel Scammons while under Arrest," tried by a General Court Martial of which Col. Nixon was president. The Court are unanimously of opinion that the prisoner is Not guilty and do therefore acquit him with honour.
[Note 16: Ensign Joshua Trafton.]
Lieut. Trafton to be forthwith released from his arrest. Michael Bury, Capt. Parkers17 Company, and Col. Prescotts18 Regiment tried by the same General Court Martial for "refusing his duty and enlisting in another company". The Court condemn the prisoner, and order him to receive thirty-nine Lashes. The General orders the sentence to be put in execution, at the Head of the regiment the delinquent belongs to.
[Note 17: Capt. Oliver Parker.]
[Note 18: Col. William Prescott.]
Cambridge Camp, July 23, 1775.
Sir: I have had an application made to me this Day, by the several Captains of Colo. Phinney's Regiments from Casco Bay; they represent that their Men inlisted and have marched down upon a Promise, that they should receive 40/ Advance and Billeting Money at 8d p Day; that under this Expectation they left their Family's destitute, and have detain'd the Teamsters to carry back their Money: They have met with some disappointments arising from the Situation of the Assembly, which has raised an unhappy Spirit in the Regiments and requires immediate attention. You will therefore Please to lay the Matter before the General Court, with my Request, that proper Steps may be taken to satisfy them, as I have engaged that upon their Passing Muster, they shall receive the usual and legal Allowance. I have the Honor to be etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 24, 1775.
Parole Salisbury. Countersign Cumberland.
It being thought proper to distinguish the Majors, from the Brigadiers General, by some particular Mark; for the future the Majors General will wear a broad purple ribband.
Notwithstanding the General Orders, marking the distinctions of General Officers, Aids-de-Camp, &c.; the Generals are frequently stopp'd by the Centinels, which can only happen from the Captains having neglected to read the Orders to their respective Companies; If any General Officer, Aid-de-Camp, or Major of Brigade, is again stopped through the Ignorance of the Centinels; the Captains will be responsible.
As any attempt the Enemy from their late disappointments, may have the rashness, or the hardiness to make, will be violent and sudden. The General expects the Officers and Soldiers will be not only resolute but alert to defeat; and in a particular manner, he enforces his orders to every Field Officer upon no account (duty excepted) to lay out of Camp; but upon every occasion, to shew by their Example, that activity and steady Courage, so necessary to defeat an enterprising enemy.
Notwithstanding the orders of the 11th. Instant, expressly forbiding all Officers and Soldiers, from quitting their Guard before they are regularly relieved and dismissed. The General is informed such unsoldierlike practices, are still committed; He therefore admonishes all Officers and Non Commissioned Officers, not to suffer any Person to quit their Guard, upon any pretence, care to be taken, the Men are properly supplied with provisions, before they mount guard.
Report being this morning made to the General That the main Guard room is kept abominably filthy and dirty; for the future one Commanding Officer; is not to relieve another, upon that Guard, until he is assured that the Officers and Mens apartments are clean and in decent order.
The Surgeon of every Regiment in the Lines, Redoubts, or in, or near Cambridge, to deliver to morrow at twelve at Noon, to the Adjutant General at Head Quarter s, an exact return of the sick, in the regiments they respectively belong to. The Names, Rank and Disorders, of each Officer, Non Commissioned Officer and Soldier to be mentioned in the Return. The Returns of the Surgeons of the Corps, Station'd in and near Roxbury, to be made to the Commanding General at Roxbury, Tuesday noon, in the manner, and form directed by the above Order, and the General, Commanding at Roxbury, will transmit them to Head Quarters at Orderly time, Wednesday.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 25, 1775.
Parole Hallifax. Countersign York
Continual Complaints being made that Soldiers of regiments and Companies, after inlisting in one Company and regiment, have gone and enlisted in another insomuch that it would engross the General's whole time to hear the disputes upon this subject: For the future, any Officers who have any dispute in regard to the men reinlisted, are to apply to the Brigadier commanding their brigade, who will order a Court martial of the Brigade, to hear and determine the matter.
The General Court Martial of which Col. Nixon20 was president, to be dissolved this evening, and another General Court Martial of the Line, to sit to morrow Morning at the usual time and place, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them: All Evidences and persons concern'd, to attend the Court.
[Note 20: Col. John Nixon.]
Camp at Cambridge about 5 Miles from Boston, July 25, 1775.
Dear Sir: On the other side you will receive a Copy of my last, dated at Philadelphia the 31st of May, and to which I refer.
I shall say very little in this Letter, for two Reasons; first, because I have received no Letter from you since the one dated in June 1774, and therefore (having wrote often) can have nothing to answer; but principally, because I do not know whether it may ever get to your hands: If it should, the principal, indeed only, design is to cover the seconds of those Bills forwarded in my last.
You will, I presume, before this Letter gets to hand, hear of my appointment to the command of the Continental Army. I arrived at this Camp the 2d Instant.
You must, no doubt, also have heard of the engagement on Bunker's Hill the 17th Ultimo; but as, I am persuaded, you will have a very erroneous account transmitted, of the loss sustained on the side of the Provincials, I do assure you, upon my Word, that our loss, as appears by the Returns made me since I came here, amounts to no more than 139, killed 36 missing and 278 Wounded; nor had we, if I can credit the most solemn assurances of the Officers that were in the Action, above 1,500 Men engaged on that day. The loss on the side of the Ministerial Troops, as I am informed from good Authority, consisted of 1,043 killed and wounded, whereof 92 were Officers.
Inclosed I send you a second Address from the Congress to the Inhabitants of Great Britain; as also a Declaration, setting forth the Causes and necessity of their taking up Arms. My affectionate & respectful compliments to Mrs. Fairfax concludes me, Dear Sir, Your etc.
Cambridge, July 26, 1775.
Dear Sir: In my hurry, yesterday, I forgot the principal thing I had in view, when I sat down to write to you, and that was, to inform you of the indispensable necessity you must now be under of appointing another Attorney. The nature of the business I am now engaged in (which alone is full sufficient to engross the time and attention of any one Man) and the distance I am removed from your business, as well as my own, puts it absolutely out of my power to be of any further service to you in Virginia: It is a duty incumbent on me, therefore, to inform you of this circumstance, that you may, without delay, appoint some other Attorney to manage your affairs; as it would be folly in the extreme, in me, to undertake to conduct your business at the distance of 600 Miles, when it is utterly out of my power (but by means of a third person) to order and direct my own.
When I left home, I put Syme's Protested Bill (with some business of my own) into the hands of Colonel Lewis, to negotiate; and since I came to this place, have been informed by him, that, unable to get the Money, he obtained a second draft from Colonel Nelson in discharge of the first, which, I dare say, will be paid. I have therefore wrote to Mr. Lund Washington to get this Bill and remit it to you. I am, with sincere Regard, &c.
Camp at Cambridge, July 26, 1775.
Sir: Yesterday I had an Account that three Men of War and Nine Transports had Sail'd out of Boston and in Evening I received a Note the Copy whereof is inclosed. The great Distress they are in at Boston for fresh Provisions makes it extreamly probable they may make some depridations along the Coasts; I have therefore thought it Proper to give you the earliest Notice, that the owners of those Islands and the Inhabitants along the Coasts, may take the necessary Precautions for the Security of their Property. At the same time I must add, that the Conduct of this Groves in getting into Boston again immediately, renders his intelligence very Suspicious as to their Destination; But their Sailing may be depended on: You will please to make use of this Intelligence under all its circumstances, as you shall judge most conducive to the Public good. And believe me to be, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 26, 1775.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersign Amboy.
It is recommended to the Commanding Officers of Corps that all coverings made of Boards, be built in the form of barracks and in the most advantageous manner, at the same time so contrived as to be warm and comfortable in cold weather.
All Passes to be discontinued for the future, and no person to be admitted into the Lines, unless introduced by an Officer, who can vouch for him, or by Order of the Officer commanding in the Lines.
It being represented that the present Hospital, is not large enough to contain the sick, Lieut. Governor Oliver's house,21 is to be cleared for that purpose, and care to be taken that no injury is done to it.
[Note 21: Peter Oliver.]
Notwithstanding the strict and repeated Orders that have been given against firing small arms, it is hourly practised, All Officers commanding Guards, posts and detachments, to be alert in apprehending all future Transgressors.
Capt. Clarke22 of General Putnam's Regiment confined in Arrest for "neglect of duty when upon guard", tried by a late General Court Martial, is acquitted and is immediately to be released from his arrest.
[Note 22: Capt. James Clarke.]
Levi Woods, Soldier in Capt. Nuttings23 Company, in Col Prescott's24 Regiment confin'd for "absenting himself without leave and refusing to take the Oath, and threatening to leave the army". The Court Martial upon the prisoners pleading Guilty and promising to behave obediently for the future, recommended him to the General's mercy, who is pleased to pardon the prisoner.
[Note 23: Capt. John Nutting.]
[Note 24: Col. William Prescott.]
July [27], 1775.
Sir: I am to acknowledge your Favor of the 17th Inst. informing me of the destination of the Troops raising in your Colony. As the season is now advanced and the Enemy considerably reinforced, we have the utmost Reason to believe expect, any Attack that may be made, will not be much longer delayed; I should therefore think it highly necessary, the new raised Troops should join the Army with all possible Expedition. Upon Inquiry with respect to the Flour, I do not find our Necessities to be such as to require an immediate Transportation during the Harvest, but as soon as it can be sent with Convenience, you will please to give directions for that Purpose. -- Colo. Trumbull will advise you to what Place it is to be addressed and to whose care.
Agreeable to your Intimation, I have ordered the Express to wait on you and shall do so in future.
We have had no Occurrence in the Camp of any material Consequence; on both sides we are Strengthing our Lines in full view of each other.--I am Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 27, 1775.
Parole Bedford. Countersign Guilford.
John Trumbull Esq.25 being appointed Aid-D-Camp to his Excellency the Commander in Chief, He is to be obeyed as such.
A Court of enquiry to sit tomorrow Morning at eight OClock, in the Tutor's Chamber (Mr. Hall) to examine into a Complaint exhibited upon Oath, in the public news papers against Mr. Benjamin Whiting, now a prisoner in the College. All Evidences and Persons concerned to attend the Court.
[Note 25: John Trumbull, the artist. His appointment was due, in large measure, to the excellent drawings he made of the British defensive works. He served until the middle of August; brigade major to General Spencer; deputy adjutant general, Northern Department; resigned Apr. 19, 1777. Went to France to study painting, and from there to England to study under Benjamin West. He was arrested and imprisoned for a time by the British.]
For the future when any Deserters come to any of the out Guards, they are with the least delay to be sent by a Corporals Guard, to the next Guard in the Lines, who is immediately to escort them in the same manner to the Major General commanding that division of the Army, who as soon as he has examined them will forthwith send them under a proper Escort from his guard to the head quarters: Some Deserters being made drunk, who came last night from the Enemy, before they reached Head Quarters; It will be considered as a Breach of orders in any person, who gives Rum to Deserters, before they are examined by the General.
A Subaltern Officer's guard to be mounted to morrow morning, at eight OClock, at a certain distance from the small pox Hospital; the Officer to come this evening, at six OClock, to the Adjutant General for orders.
Cambridge, July 27, 1775.
Sir: Nothing material has occurred in either Camp since I had the Honor of Addressing you on the 21st inst. by Express. But on Tuesday 3 Men of War and 6 Transports sailed out of Boston Harbour and stood a Course about E. S. E.
One Groves who came out of Boston the same Evening, informed the Officer at one of the Out Posts, that the Transports had on Board 600 Men and were bound to Block Island, Fishers Island and Long Island, to plunder them and bring off what Cattle they may find. This Fellow returned again into Boston under such suspicious circumstances that it has led me to doubt the Truth of his Intelligence.
A Deserter who came in afterwards, informs me, that it was given out in the Camp they were either gone for Indian or fresh Provisions and that each Transport had but 20 Men on Board. Upon this Intelligence, I immediately wrote to Govr. Cook of Rhode Island and to General Wooster, that they might take proper precautions for removing the Cattle of those Islands and to prevent any surprize. As we are confirmed by every Account of the great Scarecity of fresh Provisions in the Enemy's Camp, and particularly by the Deserter who says they have had none since the Battle of Lexington. It is very probable this Voyage may be only intended for a supply. But as it may possibly be otherwise I thought it best to transmit the Intelligence to the Honorable Congress, that they may either forward it to the Southward or take any other step which they may judge proper.
Since Writing the above 3 more Deserters have come out, which makes 4 in 24 Hours. their Accounts correspond with those of the first who came out, and which I have related above. I have &ca.26
[Note 26: The L. S. is in the writing of Joseph Reed.]
Cambridge Camp, July 27, 1775.
Sir: Yesterday a Deputation from the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire, attended me with a Request that three Companies raised in their Province and now posted on Connecticut River at and between the two Colonies, commanded by Captains Timothy Bedel, James Osgood, and John Parker, might be continued for the Security of the Frontiers of that Province, on the continental Establishment. As it did not appear to me that their Request could be complied with, and as I apprehend you may have more immediate Occasion for them than I have, I thought it proper to give you the earliest Notice where they are, that if you think proper you may order them to join the Troops under your Command. In which Case, you will please to write to Matthew Thornton Esqr. President of the Provincial Congress. Each Company consists of sixty-five Men including Officers, and are reported to me as able-bodied, stout, active Fellows, used to the Woods, capable of any Duty and having an Acquaintance with Canada. But you will please to remember, that they must continue under their own Officers; to whom they are attached, and subject only to superior Command. We have had no Transaction of any Consequence since I wrote you last. Our Army is in good Health, and Spirits, well supplied with all Kinds of Provisions. The Situation of the Enemy is directly the Reverse, and we have Reason to think Desertions will be very great. Four have come out within the last twenty four Hours. I am, Sir, etc.
Camp at Cambridge, about 5 miles from Boston, July 27, 1775.
Dear Brother: On the 2nd Inst. I arrived at this place, after passing through a great deal of delightful Country, covered with grass, (although the Season has been dry) in a very different manner to what our Lands in Virginia are.
I found a mixed multitude of People here, under very little discipline, order, or Government. I found the enemy in possession of a place called Bunker's Hill, on Charles Town Neck, strongly Intrenched, and Fortifying themselves; I found part of our Army on two Hills, (called Winter and Prospect Hills) about a Mile and a quarter from the enemy on Bunker's Hill, in a very insecure state; I found another part of the Army at this Village; and a third part at Roxbury, guarding the Entrance in and out of Boston. My whole time, since I came here, has been Imployed in throwing up Lines of Defence at these three several places; to secure, in the first Instance, our own Troops from any attempts of the Enemy; and, in the next, to cut off all Communication between their troops and the Country; For to do this, and to prevent them from penetrating into the Country with Fire and Sword, and to harass them if they do, is all that is expected of me; and if effected, must totally overthrow the designs of Administration, as the whole Force of Great Britain in the Town and Harbour of Boston can answer no other end, than to sink her under the disgrace and weight of the expense. Their Force, including Marines, Tories, &c., are computed, from the best accounts I can get, at about 12,000 Men27; ours, including Sick absent, &c., at about 16,000; but then we have a Cemi Circle of Eight or Nine Miles, to guard to every part of which we are obliged to be equally attentive; whilst they, situated as it were in the Center of the Cemicircle, can bend their whole Force (having the entire command of the Water), against any one part of it with equal facility; This renders our Situation not very agreeable, though necessary; however, by incessant labour (Sundays not excepted), we are in a much better posture of defence than when I first came. The Inclosed, though rough, will give you some small Idea of the Situation of Boston, and Bay on this side; as also of the Post they have Taken in Charles Town Neck, Bunker's Hill, and our Posts.28
[Note 27: Gage, in July, found from a census of the city population 6,573 civilians and an army of 13,500.-- Ford.]
[Note 28: This sketch accompanies the letter, which is in the Washington Papers.]
By very authentick Intelligence lately received out of Boston (from a Person who saw the returns), the number of Regulars (including I presume the Marines) the morning of the Action on Bunker's Hill amounted to 7533 Men; their killed and wounded on that occasion amounted to 1043, whereof 92 were Officers. Our loss was 138 killed, 36 Missing, and 276 Wounded.
The Enemy are sickly, and scarce of Fresh provisions, Beef, which is chiefly got by slaughtering their Milch Cows in Boston, sells from one shilling to 18d. Sterling per lb.; and that it may not get cheaper, or more plenty, I have drove all the Stock, within a considerable distance of this place, back into the Country, out of the Way of the Men of war's Boats; In short, I have, and shall continue to do, every thing in my power to distress them. The Transports are all arrived and their whole Reinforcement is Landed, so that I can see no reason why they should not if they ever attempt it, come boldly out and put the matter to Issue at once; if they think themselves not strong enough to do this, they surely will carry their Arms (having Ships of War and Transports ready) to some other part of the Continent, or relinquish the dispute; the last of which the Ministry, unless compelled will never agree to do. Our Works, and those of the Enemy are so near and quite open between that we see every thing that each other is doing. I recollect nothing more worth mentioning. I shall therefore conclude with my best wishes, and love to my Sister and Family, and Compliments to any enquiring Friends, your most affectionate brother.
Camp, Cambridge, July 28, 1775.
Sir: I wrote you yesterday by way of New York, and in two Hours afterwards was favored with yours of the 15th and 18th inst., with their respective Enclosures. I was extremely glad to find your first Apprehensions of an Incursion by the Indians, in some Degree removed, by the late Advices. At the same Time I think it is evident from the Spirit and Tenor of Colonel Johnson's Letter, that no Art or Influence will be left untried by him to engage them in such an Enterprize. Should he once prevail upon them to dip their Hands in Blood, mutual Hostilities will most probably ensue, and they may be led to take a more decisive Part. All Accounts I think agree, that the Canadians are very averse to engage in this unnatural Contest; but I am persuaded you will not abate in the least your Vigilance to expedite every Movement in that Quarter, notwithstanding their present pacifick appearances. I am much easier with respect to the publick Interest since your Arrival at Ticonderoga, as I am persuaded those abilities, and that zeal for the common Wellfare which have led your Country to repose such Confidence in you will be fully exerted. From my own Experience I can easily judge of your Difficulties to introduce Order and Discipline into Troops, who have from their Infancy imbibed Ideas of the most contrary kind. It would be far beyond the Compass of a Letter for me to describe the Situation of Things here on my arrival. Perhaps you will only be able to judge of it from my assuring you, that mine must be a Portrait at full length of what you have had in Miniature. Confusion and Disorder reigned in every Department, which in a little Time must have ended either in the Seperation of the Army, or fatal Contests with one another. The better Genius of America has prevailed, and most happily the ministerial Troops have not availed themselves of their Advantages, 'till I trust the Opportunity is in a great Measure past over. The Arrangement of the General Officers in Massachusetts and Connecticut has been very unpopular, indeed I may say injudicious. It is returned to the Congress for farther Consideration and has much retarded my Plan of Discipline. However we mend every Day, and I flatter myself that in a little Time, we shall work up these raw Materials into good Stuff. I must recommend to you what I endeavour to practise myself, Patience, and Perseverance. As to your Operations, my dear Sir, I can suggest nothing which your own good Judgment will not either anticipate, or controul, from your immediate View of Things and the Instructions of the Continental Congress.29
[Note 29: Two letters picture Schuyler's difficulties:
"The unhappy controversy which has subsisted between the officers at Ticonderoga relative to the command, has, I am informed, thrown every thing into vast confusion; troops have been dismissed, others refused to serve, if this or that man commands; the sloop is without either captain or pilot, both of which are dismissed or come away...A very considerable waste or embezzlement [of provisions] has occurred."-- Schuyler to the President of Congress, July 11, 1775.
"Unfortunately not one earthly thing has been done to enable me to move hence. I have neither boats sufficient, nor any materials prepared for building them. The stores I ordered from New York are not yet arrived: I have therefore not a nail, no pitch, no oakum, and want a variety of articles indispensably necessary...An almost equal scarcity of ammunition subsists, no powder having yet come to hand; not a gun carriage for the few proper guns we have, and as yet very little provisions; two hundred troops less than by my last return, these badly, very badly, armed indeed, and one poor armorer to repair their guns."-- Schuyler to the President of Congress, July 21, 1775.
The letters are in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
The Express from hence to England with the Account of the Commencement of Hostilities at Lexington has returned. It was far from making the Impression generally expected here. Stocks fell but 1½ pt. Ct. General Gage's Account had not arrived and the Enemy affected to treat it as a Fiction. Parliament had been prorogued two Days; but it was reported it would be immediately recalled. Our Enemy continues strongly posted about a Mile from us, both at Bunker's Hill and Roxbury; but we are not able to get any Information of their future Intentions. Part of the Rifle-Men are come in and the rest daily expected. I did not expect your Returns would be very compleat at first; but I must beg your Attention to reforming them as soon as possible: and I beg leave to add that I would have you scrutinize with Exactness into the Application of Provision and Stores. I have the utmost Reason to suspect Irregularities and Impositions here. You will be fortunate, if the Contagion does not reach you. General Lee has removed about four Miles from me;30 but I will take the first Opportunity to
[Note 30: Maj. Gen. Charles Lee's quarters were at Winter Hill, near Medford, Mass.] make your kind Wishes known to him. Colonel R. and Major M.31 join me in the best Wishes for your Health and Happiness. I am, Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note 31: Joseph Reed and Thomas Mifflin.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 28, 1775.
Parole Cumberland. Countersign Brookline.
The Surgeons of Learnerds,32 Heath,33 Little,34 Phinney35 and Parsons36 Regiments, having neglected to deliver in the Returns of the sick of their respective Regiments, to the Adjutant General, these Returns to be delivered forthwith, and the Surgeons of those Corps, are to be more exact in their obedience to orders.
[Note 32: Col. Ebenezer Learned.]
[Note 33: Brig. Gen. William Heath.]
[Note 34: Col. Moses Little.]
[Note 35: Col. Edmund Phinney.]
[Note 36: Col. Samuel Holden Parsons.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 29, 1775.
Parole Dartmouth. Countersign Corke.
A Serjeant and six Men to parade at the Head quarter s at eleven OClock to escort certain prisoners and Deserters to Worcester, this party to be victualled for this day and to morrow: The Serjeant will receive his orders from the Adjutant Genl.
Mr. Benjamin Whiting tried by a Court of enquiry ordered in the General Orders of the 27th. Instant, whereof Lieut. Col James Brichatt37 was president; The Court having maturely considered the Evidence, for and against the Prisoner, as well as what the Prisoner had to offer in his defence, are of opinion that the prisoner is Not guilty of the Crime laid to his charge, and do therefore acquit the prisoner: The General therefore orders the prisoner to be released.
[Note 37: Lieut. Col. lames Brickett, of Frye's Massachusetts regiment.]
James M', Daniel, tried by a General Court Martial, whereof Col. Glover38 was President for "forgeing an Order of General Putnams to obtain a quart of Rum, and for abusive Language to Col. Gridley"39 and ordered to receive twenty Lashes. The General confirms the sentence, and orders it to be executed after prayer time to morrow.
[Note 38: Col. John Glover.]
[Note 39: Col. Richard Gridley.]
James Foster of Capt. Butler's40 Company in Col. Nixon's41 regiment, tried by the same General Court Martial for "robbing Dr. Foster,42 Surgeon of the General Hospital" found guilty of the charge is sentenced to receive thirty-nine Lashes, and suffer one Month's fatigue. The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be put in execution, at the Head of the Regiment, after prayer time to morrow morning.
William Winslow of Capt. Perkin's43 Company of Artillery tried by the same Court Martial for "stealing a Cannon Cartridge of powder", is acquitted.
[Note 40: Capt. Joseph Butler.]
[Note 41: Col. John Nixon.]
[Note 42: Dr. Isaac Foster.]
[Note 43: Capt. William Perkins.]
Cambridge, July 29, 1775.
Sir: I have this Moment received a Letter from Chelsea of which the inclosed is an Extract. As the Inhabitants are coming out, in a different manner than proposed by your Assembly to the Select Men of the Town of Boston, I have not delayed a moments Time in giving you the earliest information of it; and request, that you may take the Matter into Consideration and determine what is proper to be done upon the Occasion. If you think it prudent to receive them in this Manner; Query, whether it may not be proper to appoint some person to attend the movement. I am in haste and with great respect, Sir etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 30, 1775.
Parole Essex. Countersign Dublin.
William Tudor Esq.44 being appointed Judge Advocate of the Continental Army, he is in all things relative to his Office, to be acknowledged and obey'd as such. The Drummers and Fifers of the Regiment in, and about Cambridge, are to be order'd constantly to attend the Drum and Fife Major, at the usual hours for instruction.
[Note 44: William Tudor, of Massachusetts. He was Judge Advocate, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, from July 29, 1775, to April, 1777, when he was assigned to Henley's Additional Continental regiment; resigned Apr. 9, 1778.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, July 31, 1775.
Parole, Falkland. Countersign Edenton.
The Continental Congress having been pleased to appoint Joseph Trumbull Esqr.45 to be Commissary General, to the army of the United Colonies: All Commissaries heretofore appointed by any of the distinct Colony Congresses, or by particular Authority of any particular district or colony,' are forthwith to make an exact Return of the provisions, and all the different Species of provisions, they have in, or near the Camps, at Cambridge and Roxbury; thereupon Commissary Genl. Trumbull being assured by the report of his Clerk, Assistant, or from his own examination, that such Return is just and true, is to give his Receipt for the quantity deliver'd into his hands, which
[Note 45: Son of Governor Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut.] receipt will be a good Voucher, in the passing the accompt of the different Colony Commissaries, heretofore appointed, and will be allowed as such.
The Commissaries, at present appointed by the several Colonies, are forthwith to make up their Accounts unto the third of August inclusive; ready to be laid before the Commander in Chief, and by him transmitted to the Continental Congress; or to be adjusted and finally settled by him, as the Continental Congress shall think proper to direct.
A Return signed by the Commanding Officers of regiments and Corps, to be delivered to the Adjutant General to morrow morning, at general orderly time, of the Names, Rank, & Dates of the Officer's Commissions, in their respective Regiments and Corps, mentioning also the Vacancies, and how occasioned.
A General Court Martial to sit immediately, to try Captain Christopher Gardner, of Col. Varnums Regiment46 for "Cowardice, abandoning his post and deserting his men." All Evidences and persons concern'd to attend the court.
[Note 46: Col. James Mitchell Varnum.]
Camp at Cambridge, July 31, 1775.
Sir: I have considered the Application made me yesterday from the General Court, with all the attention due to the Situation of the People, in whose behalf it is made, and the Respect due to such a Recommendation. Upon referring to my Instructions and Consulting with those Members of Congress who are Present, as well as the General Officers, they all agree that it would not be consistent with my Duty to detach any Part of the Army now here on any Particular Provincial Service. It has been debated in Congress and Settled, that the Militia, or other Internal Strength of each Province, is to be applied for Defence against those Small and Particular Depredations which were to be expected, and to which they were Supposed to be competent.47 This will appear the more Proper, when it is considered that every Town and, indeed, every Part of our Sea Coast, which is exposed to these Depredations, would have an equal claim upon this Army; It is the Misfortune of our Situation which exposes us to these Ravages, against which, in my Judgement, no such Temporary Relief would possibly secure us. The great advantage the Enemy has, of Transporting Troops, by being Master of the Sea, will enable them to harrass us by Diversions of this kinds; and should we be tempted to pursue them upon every Alarm; The Army must either be so weaken'd as to expose it to Destruction, or a great part of the Coast be still left unprotected. Nor, indeed, does it appear to me, that such a pursuit would be attended with the least Effect; The first Notice of such an Incursion would be its actual Execution; and long before any Troops could reach the Scene of Action, the Enemy would have an Opportunity to accomplish their purpose and retire. It would give me great pleasure to have it in my power, to extend Protection and Safety to every Individual; but the wisdom of the General Court will anticipate me in the necessity of conducting our Operations on a General and impartial Scale, so as to exclude any first cause of Complaint and Jealousy.48
[Note 47: The Massachusetts Legislature was often referred to as the general court. The resolve requesting Washington to detach troops to protect the eastern coast of the colony is dated July 29 and, in the writing of Horatio Gates, exists in copy form in the Journals of the Continental Congress, to whom it was inclosed in Washington's letter of August 4.]
[Note 48: This letter may not have satisfied the general court, for the council (August 2) ordered Mr. Greenleaf, Mr. Winthrop, and Mr. Palmer to wait upon the General and "to request him to inform this Board of the extent of the powers delegated to him by the Honorable Continental Congress."-- Ford.]
I beg, Sir, you will do me the Honor to Communicate these Sentiments to the General Court, and to apologize for my involuntary Delay. As we were alrm'd this Morning by the Enemy, and my Time taken up with giving the necessary Directions.
I shall be happy in every Opportunity of showing my very great Respect and Regard for the General Court of Massachusetts Bay, and am, Sir,
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 1, 1775.
Parole Gilbralter. Countersign Fairfield.
The General thanks Major Tupper,49 and the Officers and Soldiers under his Command, for their gallant and soldierlike behaviour in possessing themselves of the enemy's post at the Light House, and for the Number of Prisoners they took there, and doubts not, but the Continental Army, will be as famous for their mercy as for their valour.
[Note 49: Maj. Benjamin Tupper, of Fellows's Massachusetts regiment.]
Two Subs. two serjeants, one Drum and thirty Rank and File, to parade at Head Quarters at Noon; to escort the prisoners to Worcester. The Commanding Officer will receive his orders from the Adjutant General.
For the satisfaction of all concerned; The General directs the following Resolution of the Legislature of this Colony to be inserted in General Orders. viz:
In House of Representatives, Watertown 29th July 1775.
Whereas sundry Complaints have been made, by some of the Soldiers raised by this Colony, that they have not received the allowance, pay of Forty Shillings, agreeable to the Resolution of Provincial Congress, therefore Resolved, that a Committee be appointed forthwith, to apply to the Colonels of the several Regiments, raised by the Colony, and to the Muster Masters and Pay Masters in the Camp, at Cambridge and Roxbury; and obtain of them a compleat List of the Non Commissioned Officers and Soldiers, in their respective regiments, distinguishing those that have been muster'd and paid; from those that have not, that such Methods may be pursued, as shall remove all just ground of Complaint--read and ordered, that Colonel Cushing50 and Mr. Webster51 with such as the Honorable Board shall join, be a Committee for the purpose above mentioned.
[Note 50: Caleb Cushing.]
[Note 51: Jonathan Webster, jr.]
The Officers commanding Massachusetts Regiments, will pay all due Attention to the foregoing resolution.
One Man a Company, to be appointed a Camp Colour man, from every Company in every Regiment in the Army, whose particular duty it must be to attend the Quarter Master and Quarter Master Serjeant, to sweep the Streets of their respective encampments, to fill up the old necessary Houses and dig new ones, to bury all Offal, Filth, and Nastiness, that may poison or infect the health of the Troops, and the Quarter Masters are to be answerable, to their Commanding Officers for a strict observance of this order, and by persevering in the constant and unremitted Execution thereof, remove that odious reputation, which (with but too much reason) has stigmatized the Character of American Troops. The Colonels and Commanding Officers of Regiments, are to be answerable to the General, for all due obedience to this order.
The General finding it is not uncustomary, for Officers to take the Liberty, of absenting themselves from Camp without leave, and going home; for the future, any Officer found guilty of so glaring an Offence, against all Order and Discipline, and setting so bad an Example to the Non Commissioned Officers and Soldiers, under their Command; such Officer or Officers so offending, may depend upon being punish'd with the utmost severity.
Least the late Successes against the Enemy, should occasion any relaxation in the Alertness of the Troops, the General recommends it in the strongest manner, to all the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army; to be the more vigilant in their duty, and watchful of the enemy; as they certainly will take every advantage of any supiness on our part.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 2, 1775.
Parole Hallifax. Countersign Geneva.
Capt. Oliver Parker of Col Prescotts Regiment, tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col. Glover was President, for "defrauding his men of their advance pay, and by false Returns, imposing upon the Commissary, and drawing more Rations than he had men in his company, and for selling the provisions he by that means obtained" is by the Court found guilty of the whole charge against him and sentenced to be cashiered, mulcted of all his pay and rendered incapable of future service.
Capt. Christopher Gardner of Col Varnums regiment, in the Rhode Island Brigade, tried by a General Court martial, whereof Col. Thomas Church was president, for "deserting his post," is found guilty of the Crime, and unanimously sentenced to be cashiered, as incapable of serving his Country in any military capacity.
The General approves both the above Sentences, and orders the Commanding Officers of the Regiments, to see the prisoners dismissed the army.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 3, 1775.
Parole Ireland. Countersign Hartford.
When any plunder is taken from the Enemy (not excepted by the Continental Articles of war) such plunder must be all surrender'd to the Commanding Officer, and as soon as convenient after his arrival at Head Quarters, public Notice must be made, that an Auction will be held in the front of the Encampment for the sale thereof the next day at noon, and the money arising therefrom, is to be equally divided between the Officers and Men, that took it. This Order is not to be construed to extend, to permitting unlawfull and irregular plundering; as any Officer, or Soldier, who shall be found guilty thereof, will be punished with the greatest severity.
All the Armourers, belonging to any of the regiments in the three Brigades, posted in the Lines, or in Cambridge, and those employed in the Artillery; to be at Head Quarters by eight OClock, to morrow morning, and none will be entitled to any pay hereafter, who does not attend at that time.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 4, 1775.
Parole London. Countersign Ireland.
It is with Indignation and Shame, the General observes, that notwithstanding the repeated Orders which have been given to prevent the firing of Guns, in and about Camps, that it is daily and hourly practised; that contrary to all Orders, stragling Soldiers do still pass the Guards, and fire at a Distance, where there is not the least probability of hurting the enemy, and where no other end is answer'd, but to waste Ammunition, expose themselves to the ridicule of the enemy, and keep their own Camps harrassed by frequent and continual alarms, to the hurt of every good Soldier, who is thereby disturbed of his natural rest, and will at length never be able to distinguish between a real, and a false alarm.
For these reasons, it is in the most peremptory manner forbid, any person or persons whatsoever, under any pretence, to pass the out Guards, unless authorized by the Commanding Officer of that part of the lines; signified in writing which must be shewn to the Officer of the guard as they pass. Any person offending in this particular, will be considered in no other light, than as a common Enemy, and the Guards will have orders to fire upon them as such. The Commanding Officer of every regiment is to direct, that every man in his regiment, is made acquainted with Orders to the end, that no one may plead Ignorance, and that all may be apprized of the consequence of disobedience. The Colonels of regiments and commanding Officers of Corps, to order the Rolls of every Company to be called twice a day, and every Man's Ammunition examined at evening Roll calling, and such as are found to be deficient to be confined.
The Guards are to apprehend all persons firing Guns near their Posts, whether Townsmen or soldiers.
Camp at Cambridge, August 4, 1775.
Sir: I am Yesterday favored with yours of the 31st July; We have yet no certain Accounts of the Fleet which Sail'd out of Boston the 25th; but if our Conjectures and Information are just we may expect to hear of it every Hour. I am now, Sir, in strict Confidence to acquaint you, that our Necessities in the Articles of Powder and Lead are so great as to require an immediate Supply. I must earnestly intreat you will fall upon some Measure to forward every Pound of each in the Colony which can possibly be spared; It is not within the Propriety or Safety of such a Correspondence to say what I might on this Subject; It is sufficient that the Case calls loudly for the most strenuous Exertions of every friend of his Country and does not admit of the least delay. No Quantity, however Small, is beneath notice and should any arrive, I beg it may be forwarded as soon as Possible; But a Supply of this kind is so precarious, not only from the Danger of the Enemy, but the opportunity of Purchasing, that I have resolved in my mind every other possible chance and listned to every proposition on the subject which could give the smallest Hope; Among others I have had one mentioned which has some Weight with me, as well as the General Officers to whom I have proposed it, one Harris is lately come from Bermuda, where there is a very considerable Magazine of Powder in a remote Part of the Island and the Inhabitants well disposed not only to our Cause in General, but to assist in this Enterprize in particular; we understand there are two Armed Vessels in your Province commanded by Men52 of known Activity and Spirit; one of which it is proposed to dispatch on this Errand, with such other assistance as may be required; Harris is to go along as the Conductor of the Enter prize and to avail ourselves of his knowledge of the Island, but without any Command. I am very sensible that at first view the project may appear hazardous and its Success must depend on the Concurrence of many Circumstances; but we are in a Situation which requires us to run all Risques. No Danger is to be considered when put in Competition with the Magnitude of the Cause and the Absolute Necessity we are under of increasing our Stock. Enterprises which appear Chimerical, often
[Note 52: Capt. Abraham Whipple was the one who sailed to Bermuda.] prove successful from that very Circumstance, Common Sense & Prudence will Suggest Vigilance and care, when the Danger is Plain and obvious, but where little Danger is apprehended, the more the enemy is unprepared and consequently there is the fain'd Prospect of Success.53
[Note 53: See Washington's letter to the Inhabitants of the Island of Bermuda, Sept. 6, 1775, post.]
Mr. Brown54 has been mentioned to me as a very Proper Person to consult upon this Occasion you will judge of the Propriety of communicating it to him in Part or the whole, and as soon as possible, favor me with your Sentiments and the Steps you may have taken to forward it. If no immediate and safe Opportunity offers you will please to do it by Express. Should it be inconvenient to part with one of the armed Vessels, perhaps some other might be fitted out, or you could devise some other Mode of executing this Plan; so that in case of a Disappointment, the Vessel might proceed to some other Island to purchase. My last Letter from the Honorable Continental Congress, recommends my procuring from the Colonies of Connecticut and Rhode Island a Quantity of Tow Cloth, for the purpose of making of Indian or Hunting Shirts for the Men, many of whom are very destitute of Cloathing; A Pattern will be sent you and I must request you to give the Necessary Directions throughout your Government, that all the Cloth of the above Kind may be bought up for this use, and suitable Persons set to work to make it up. As soon as any Number is made worth the Conveyance, you will Please to direct them to be forwarded; It is designed as a Species of Uniform both cheap and convenient. We have had no Transactions in either Camp since my last but what are in the Public Papers and related with tolerable Accuracy. The Enemy still continue to strengthen
[Note 54: Probably Nicholas Brown, a merchant and shipowner of Providence, R. I.] their Lines and we have Reason to believe intend to bombard ours, with the Hopes of forcing us out of them, Our Poverty in Amunition prevents our making a suitable Return.
Since writing the above, Col. Porter55 has undertaken to assist in the Matter, or to provide some suitable Person to accompany Harris to you, who will communicate all Circumstances to you. I am &c.
[Note 55: Col. Elisha Porter.]
Camp at Cambridge, August 4, 1775.
Gentn.: Your Public Capacity and the hope that you will be both able and willing to give us some Assistance, has led me to make this Application; The Situation of the Army as to Amunition is by no Means what it ought to be, we have great Reason to expect the Enemy very soon intend to bombard our Lines, and our Stock of Powder is so small, as in a great Degree to make our heavy Artillery useless: I must therefore request you will exert yourselves to forward what ever can be spared from your Province as soon as Possible. The Necessity is great, the cause is of the last Importance; I am therefore persuaded I need use no Arguments to quicken your Zeal, The smallest Quantities are not beneath Notice, as a considerable Stock may be formed from various Collections; Lead and Flints are also very scarce, you will therefore furnish all you can spare. Next to making the Provisions, its being seasonable is of great Importance, every Hour in our present Situation is Critical.
Should there be any Arrivals in any Part of your Province with this Necessary Article, I must request you to forward all that can Possibly be spared out of it.
I am Gentn. very Respectfully, etc.
August 4, 1775.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 31st July, informing me, that the New Levies56 are coming forward with all expedition; As the Enemy has lain much longer inactive than I expected, I hope they will arrive in Time to give us their Assistance.
[Note 56: Fourteen hundred new troops ordered raised by the Connecticut Legislature.]
My last Letter from the Honble. Continental Congress, recommends my procuring from the Colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut, a Quantity of Tow Cloth, for the Purpose of making of Indian or Hunting Shirts for the Men, many of whom are destitute of Cloathing. A Pattern is herewith sent you; and I must request you, to give the necessary Directions throughout your Government, that all the Cloth of the above kind may be bought up for this Use, and suitable Persons set to work to make it up, As soon as any Number is made, worth the Conveyance, you will please to direct them to be forwarded. It is design'd as a Species of Uniform, both cheap and Convenient.
We have had no transactions of any Consequence in either Camp since my last, but what are in the Public Papers and related with tolerable Accuracy. I am now, Sir, in strict Confidence, to acquaint you that our Necessities, in the Article of Powder and Lead, are so great, as to require an immediate Supply. I must earnestly intreat you to fall upon some Measures to forward to us every ounce in the Province which can possibly be spared. It is not within the Propriety of such a Correspondence to say what I might upon this Subject; It is sufficient that the Case Calls loudly for the warmest and most strenuous Exertions of every Friend to his Country, and does not admit of the least Delay; No Quantity however small is beneath Notice and should any Arrive I beg it may be forwarded to us as fast as Possible.
The Express having left his Horse at Hartford, is under the Necessity of going that way. I am &c.
Cambridge, August 4, 1775.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your Favor of the 24th. July, accompanied by 284 Commissions, which are yet much short of the necessary number. I am much honored by the Confidence reposed in me of appointing the several Officers recommended in mine of the 10th Ult: and shall endeavour to select such Persons as are best qualified to fill those important Posts. General Thomas has accepted his Commission and I have heard nothing of his retirement since, so that I hope he is satisfied. In the renewal of these Commissions, some Difficulties occur, in which I should be glad to know the Pleasure of the Honorable Congress.
The General Officers of Massachusetts have regiments, those of Connecticut have both Regiments and Companies and the other Field Officers have Companies each. In New Hampshire the General Officers have no Regiments, nor the Field Officers Companies. In Rhode Island the General Officers have no Regiments, but the Field Officers have Companies. tho' I do not find they have or expect Pay under more than one Commission. Should the Commissions now to be delivered, pursue those different Establishments, there will be a distinction between the General Officers and Field Officers of the same Rank. In order to put New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Massachussetts upon a Line with Connecticut, it would be necessary to dismiss a Number of Officers in Possession of Commissions, without any Fault of theirs; on the other Hand to bring the Connecticut General and Field Officers to the same Scale with the others, will add to the Number of Officers and be deemed inconsistent with the Terms on which they entered into the Service, altho' you add nothing to the Expence, except in the Article of Provisions. Upon the whole it is a case which I would wish the Honorable Congress to consider and determine.
Colo: Gridly of this Province, who is at the Head of the Artillery has the Rank of Major General from the Provincial Congress. Will it be proper to renew his Commission here in the same Manner?57 It's proper to remark, that in this case he will take rank of all the Brigadier Generals, and even the Major Generals, where Commissions are subsequent in Date and can answer no good purpose whilst it may be productive of many bad ones.
[Note 57: Col. Richard Gridley. Congress ordered that he be commissioned a colonel in the Continental Army.]
These are Matters of an Inferiour Concern. I am embarrassed with a Difficulty of a superiour nature. The Estimate made in Congress, supposed all the Regiments to be formed upon one Establishment, but they are different in different Provinces and even in the same in some Particulars. In Massachusetts some regiments have 10 Companies, others eleven.--The Establishment of the former is 590 men Officers included, of the latter 649. The Establishment of Rhode Island and New Hampshire is 590 to a Regiment (Officers included). Connecticut is 1000 men to a regiment, should these Regiments be completed, with the new Levies from Rhode Island Connecticut and the riffle men, the number will exceed 22,000. If they should not be completed as each regiment is fully Officer'd there will be a heavy Expence to the Public without any adequate service. The Reduction of some of them seems to be necessary, and yet is a matter of much delicacy as we are situated. I most earnestly request it may be taken into immediate consideration, and the Time and mode of doing it pointed out, by the Hon: Congress: By an Estimate I have made from the General return when the New Levies arrive and the Regiments are completed, there will be 24,550 men on the Pay and Provision of the United Colonies. Several of the Recruiting Officers who have been out on that Service, have returned with very little Success, so that we may safely conclude the number of 2064 now wanting to complete will rather increase than diminish. There are the Regiment of Artillery consisting of 493 and one under Col: Sergeant who has not received any Commission, altho' he has had orders to raise a regiment from the Provincial Congress here, which are not included in the above estimate.
By adverting to the General return, which I have the Honor of enclosing (No. 1),58 it will be seen what regiments are most difficient. If the Congress does not chuse to point out the particular Regiments, but the Provinces in which the Reduction is to be made, the several Congresses, or Assemblies, may be the proper Channel for the conduct of this Business, which I should also conceive would be most advisable, from their better Acquaintance with the Merits, Terms and Time of their respective Officers. Reducing of some Regiments and with the Privates thereof to fill up others, would certainly be the most eligible Method of accomplishing this Work, if it were practicable, but the experiment is dangerous, as the Massachusetts men under the Priviledge of chusing their own Officers, do not concieve themselves bound if their Officers should be disbanded.
[Note 58: The copy of this return, which Washington inclosed, dated July 29, 1775, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. By it the Massachusetts Bay regiments numbered 26, and 4 independent companies; Connecticut regiments, 3; New Hampshire regiments, 3; and Rhode Island regiments, 3. Commissioned officers: 30 colonels, 31 lieutenant colonels, 35 majors, 289 captains, 511 lieutenants, 73 ensigns. Staff officers: 14 chaplains, 34 adjutants, 35 second masters, 35 surgeons, 30 masters. Noncommissioned officers: 1,202 sergeants, 612 drums and fifes. Rank and file present fit for duty, 13,899. Sick: Present 1,330; absent 1,690; on furlough, 287; on command, 692. Total rank and file, 16,898. Necessary to complete: 124 sergeants, 105 drums and fifes, 2,079 privates. Col. Paul Dudley Sargent's regiment was not included in the return.]
As General Gage is making preparations for Winter, by contracting for Quantities of Coal, it will suggest to us the Propriety of extending our Views to that Season. I have directed that such Huts as have been made of Boards, should be done in such a Manner, that if necessary, they may serve for covering during the Winter. But I need not enlarge upon the variety of Necessities such as Clothing, Fuel &ca., which is exceeding scarce and difficult to be got, which that season must bring with it, if the Army or any considerable part of it is to remain embodied. From the Inactivity of the Enemy, since the arrival of their whole Reinforcement, their continual Addition to their Lines and many other circumstances, I am inclined to think, that finding us so well prepared to receive them, the Plan of Operations is varied, that they mean by regular Approaches to bombard us out of our present Lines of Defence, or, are waiting in expectation that the Colonies must sink under the expence, or the Prospect of a Winter Campaign so discourage the Troops as to break up our Army. If they have not some such Expectation, the Issue of which they are determined to wait. I cannot Account for the Delay, when their Strength is lessened every day by Sickness, Desertions and little Skirmishes. Of these last we had only two worthy of Notice. Having some reason to suspect they were extending their Lines at Charles Town, I last Saturday Evening ordered some of the Rifle Men down to make a Discovery or bring off a Prisoner; they were accidentally discovered sooner than they expected by the Guard coming to relieve and Obliged to fire upon them: We have reason to believe they killed several, they brought in two Prisoners, whose Accounts confirmed by some other circumstances removed moved my Suspicions in part. Since that Time we have on each side drawn in our Centries and there have been scattering Fires along the Lines. This Evening we have heard of three Captains who have been taken off by the Rifle Men and one killed by a Cannon Shot from Roxbury, besides several Privates; but as the Intelligence is not direct, I only mention it as a report which deserves Credit. The other happened at the Light House; A Number of Workmen having been sent down to repair it, with a Guard of 32 Marines and a Subaltern. Major Tupper, last Monday Morning about 2 oClock landed there with about 300 Men Attack'd them killed the Officer and 4 Privates, the remainder thereof, which are badly wounded he brought off Prisoners with 10 Tories, all of whom are on their Way to Springfield Gaol. But being detained by the Tide on his Return, he was Attack'd by several Boats, but happily got thro' with the loss of one Man killed and another Wounded. The Enemy in Return endeavoured to surprize our Guard at Roxbury, but they being apprized of it by a Deserter had Time in some Measure to prepare for it, but from the Misconduct or negligence of the Officer they burnt the George Tavern on the neck and have every Day since been cannonading us from their Lines, both at Roxbury and Charles Town, but with no other Effect than the Loss of two Men. The Rifle Men in their Skirmish lost one Man who we hear is a Prisoner in Boston Gaol. On our Part, except the straggling Fires on the Lines which we endeavour to restrain, we have made little or no return.
Our Situation in the Article of Powder is much more alarming, than I had the most distant Idea of. Having desired a return to be made me on my arrival, of the Ammunition, I found 308 Bbbls. of Powder mentioned as in the Store.
But on ordering a new Supply of Cartridges Yesterday, I was informed to my very great Astonishment, that there was no more than 36 Bbbls. in the Massachusetts Store, which added to the Stock of Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Connecticut makes 9940 lb. not more than 9 Cartridges a Man.
As there had been no Consumption of Powder since, which could in any Degree account for such a Deficiency I was very particular in my Inquiries and found, that the Committee of Supplies, not being sufficiently acquainted with the Nature of a return or misapprehending my request, sent in an Account of all the Ammunition which had been collected by the Province, so that the report included not only what was on hand but what had been spent. Upon discovering this mistake, I immediately went up to confer with the Speaker of the House of Representatives upon some measures to obtain a supply from the Neighbouring Townships, in such a manner as might prevent our Poverty from being known. As it is a secret of too much consequence to be devulg'd, even to the General Court. some Individual of which might perhaps indiscrietly suffer it to escape him so as to get to the Enemy. The Consequences of which are terrible even in Idea. I shall also write to the Governors of Rhode Island, Connecticut and the Committee of Safety at New Hampshire on this Subject, urging in the most forcible Terms the Necessity of an immediate supply if in their Power. I need not enlarge on our melancholy Situation it is sufficient to say that the existence of the Army and Salvation of the Country depends upon some thing being done for our relief both speedy and effectual and that our Situation be kept a profound Secret.
In the inclosures (No. 2 & 3) I send the allowance of Provisions &ca. made by the Provinces of Connecticut and Massachusetts; the Mode and Quantity are different from what have fallen within my experience and I am confident must prove very expensive and wasteful. If any alteration can be safely made, (which I much Doubt) there might be a great saving to the Public.
A Gentleman of my Family assisted by a Deserter, who has some Skill in Fortification, has by my direction sketch'd out two Draughts of our respective Lines at Roxbury and Charles Town which with the Explanations, will convey some Idea of our Situation and I hope prove acceptable to the Members of the Honorable Congress. They are the Inclosures No. 4 and 5.59
[Note 59: Lieut. Col. John Trumbull, the artist. The sketches, with Washington's letter, which is a L. S. in the writing of Joseph Reed, are in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Since I had the Honor of Addressing you last I have been applied to by a Committee of the General Court, for a Detachment of the Army to protect the Inhabitants of the Eastern part of this Province from some apprehended Depredations on their Coast. I could have wish'd to have complied with their request but after due consideration and consulting the other General Officers, together with those Members of Congress who are here, I thought it my Duty to excuse myself. Their Application and my Answer are the Inclosures No. 6 and 7, which I hope will be approved by the Honorable Congress.
Since I began this Letter, the Original of which the Inclosure (No. 8) is a Copy, fell into my Hands, as the Writer is a Person of some note in Boston and it contains some advices of Importance not mentioned by others. I thought proper to forward it as I received it, by comparing it with the Hand Writing of another Letter, it appears the Writer is one Belcher Noyes, a Person probably known to some of the Gentlemen Delegates of this Province, who can determine from his Principles and Character what Credit is due to him.60
[Note 60: A copy of Noyes's letter, by Mifflin, is filed with Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It describes the situation in Boston and the mortality among the British troops, due to disease.]
The Army is now formed into 3 grand Divisions under the command of the Generals Ward, Lee and Putnam; each Division into two Brigades consisting of about 6 Regiments each, commanded by the Generals Thomas and Spencer at Roxbury; Heath at Cambridge, Sullivan and Green on Winter Hill. By this you will observe there is a Dificiency of one Brigadier General occasioned by Mr. Pomroy's refusal to accept his commission, which I beg leave to request may be filled up as soon as possible.
I observe the Congress have honored me with the Appointment of 3 Brigade Majors. I suppose they have or intend to appoint the rest soon, as they cannot be unacquainted that one is necessary for each Brigade, and in a new raised Army it will be an Office of great Duty and Service.
General Gage has at length liberated the People of Boston, who land in numbers at Chelsea, every Day.--the Terms on which the Passes are granted as to Money, Effects and Provisions correspond with Mr. Noyes's Letter.
We have several reports that General Gage was dismantling the Castle and bringing all the Cannon up to Town; but upon a very particular Inquiry, Accounts are so various I cannot ascertain the Truth of it. I am sorry to be under a necessity of making such frequent Examples among the Officers, where a Sense of Honor and the Interest of their country might be expected to make Punishment unnecessary. Since my last, Captain Parker of Massachusetts for frauds in drawing Provisions and Captain Gardiner of Rhode Island for cowardice, in running away from his Guard on an Alarm, have been broke. As nothing can be more fatal to an Army than crimes of this kind, I am determined, by every motive of reward and Punishment, to prevent them in future.
Yesterday a Chief of the Cagnewaga Tribe,61 who lives within 6 miles from Montreal, came in here accompanied by a Col:
[Note 61: Chief Louis, of the Caugnewagas.] Bailey of Cohoss.62 His Accounts of the Temper and Disposition of the Indians are very favourable; He says they have been strongly sollicited by Governor Carlton63 to engage against us: But his Nation is totally averse; that Threats as well as Intreaties have been used without Effect; That the Canadians are well disposed to the English Colonies and if any Expedition is meditated against Canada, the Indians in that Quarter will give all their Assistance.
[Note 62: Col. Jacob Bayley, later a brigadier general of New Hampshire troops and deputy quartermaster general at Coos. He was active in pushing the project for a military road from the Connecticut River to St. Johns, in Canada.]
[Note 63: Sir Guy Carleton, then Governor of Canada, and, later, British commander in chief in America.]
I have endeavoured to cherish those favorable Dispositions and recommended to him to cultivate them on his return. What I have said, I enforced with a Present, which I understood would be agreeable and as he is represented to be a man of weight and consequence in his own Tribe, I flatter myself his visit will have a good Effect. His Account of Governor Carlton's Force and Situation at St. Johns corresponds with what we have already had from that Quarter.
The accession of Georgia to the measures of the Congress is a happy Event and must give a sincere Pleasure to every Friend of America.64
[Note 64: Sending of delegates to the Continental Congress.]
August 5th.
We have Accounts this morning of two Explosions at the Castle, so that its Destruction may be now supposed certain. I have this morning been much alarmed with an Information, that two Gentlemen from Philadelphia, Mr. Hitchbourn65 and Captain White66 with Letters for General Lee and myself,
[Note 65: Benjamin Hitchbourn. He, later, furnished some secret intelligence of the British.]
[Note 66: The intercepted letters were from John Adams to James Warren and to Abigail Adams. They were published in Draper's Massachusetts Gazette of Aug. 17, 1775.] and other Gentlemen have been taken by Captain Ayscough at Rhode Island, the Letters intercepted and sent forward to Boston with the Bearers as Prisoners. That the Captain exulted much on the discoveries he had made, and my Informer, who was in the Boat but released, understood them to be Letters of consequence. I have therefore dispatch'd the Express immediately back, tho' I had before resolved to detain him 'till Fessenden's return; I shall be anxious till I am relieved from the Suspence I am in, as to the Contents of these Letters.
It is exceedingly unfortunate that Gentlemen should chuse to travel the only Road on which there is Danger. Let the event of this be what it will, I hope it will serve as a general caution against trusting any Letters that way in future. Nothing of consequence has occurred in the Camp these two days. The Inhabitants of Boston continue coming out at Chelsea, but under a new restriction, that no men shall come out without Licence, which is refused to all Mechanicks since the Labourers were taken at the Light House.67 I am &ca.
[Note 67: Read before Congress on September 13. Congress had adjourned on August 1 to meet on September 5, but from the small attendance on that day a further adjournment was made to September 13. The many important questions raised by Washington were such as Congress did not feel competent to pass upon without more definite information. To secure this it appointed a committee, consisting of Mr. Franklin, Mr. Harrison, and Mr. Lynch, to go to the camp and consult with the General. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, September 29 and 30, 1775.)]
Head Quarters, August 5, 1775.
Sir: The bearer Col. Baldwin has this Morning reported, that among others out of Boston the Barrack Master's Wife came yesterday, and is now detained at Malden. As there may be Inconveniencies from Persons being suffered indiscriminately to go thro' the Country many of whom are undoubtedly disaffected to the Public Interest, I have caused a Court of Inquiry to set upon several; but the Business multiplies so fast, and we are so much Strangers to the Characters and Conduct of many, that I would wish to put it on some more proper Footing; especially as it takes several Field Officers every Day from their Duty. You will please Sir, to lay the Matter before the Genl. Court, that they may either appoint some proper Persons more competent to this Business, or take such other Steps as shall appear to them likely to remedy the Mischief; Col. Baldwin is referred to the General Court for Directions respecting Mrs. Goldthwaite. I have the Honor to be, Sir,
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 5, 1775.
Parole Westminster. Countersign Richmond.
For the establishment of order, and to prevent disputes between Officers, as well for fixing a regular and proper distribution of the Commissions of the Continental Army, part of which are already arrived from the Congress and the rest hourly expected. It is ordered, that a meeting of the Field Officers of each Brigade, be held to morrow Morning at Eight OClock, as near as may be to the Center of the Encampment of each Brigade; who are to choose by Ballot one out of their Body, to represent them in forming a Court, for the Adjustment and final settlement of First. The Rank of the Regiments of the Continental Army, and numbering of each Regiment accordingly; as all differences and distinctions are now to be laid aside; The Regiments of the several provinces that form the Continental Army, are to be considered no longer in a separate and distinct point of view, but as parts of the whole Army of the United provinces. Secondly. The Rank of all the Field Officers, of all the regiments forming the Continental Army. Thirdly. The Rank of all the Captains, Subalterns and Staff Officers; and as doubts may arise, which cannot be determin'd by the Six Field Officers so chosen by ballot, they are hereby directed, to choose by ballot, one Brigadier General, who will preside as Moderator of the Court, for finally settling the Rank of all the Corps, and all the Commission'd Officers, that compose the Army of the United Colonies. This Court being duly constituted and appointed, are to sit on Monday Morning next, at Deacon Jones's, in Cambridge.
The Church to be cleared to morrow, and the Rev'd Mr. Doyles will perform Divine Service therein at ten OClock.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 6, 1775.
Sir: I should be very glad to procure Mr. Hitchbourn's release agreeable to your favor of Yesterday, if I could think of any Mode in which it was practicable. To propose it on any other Footing than an Exchange, would I fear expose the application to contempt; as I observe he is included in the Note, delivered me this Morning by a Committee from the Genl. Court, I apprehend it had best be left on that footing, and is the most likely to be successful.
It is very Surprizing, if the Letters intercepted are of Consequence, that those Gentlemen should act so imprudent a Part. If their suffering only affected themselves, I should not think it improper that they should feel a little for their Misconduct or Negligence. I am with much truth and regard, Sir etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 7, 1775.
Parole Newcastle. Countersign Maldin.
Captain Hilton of Col Patterson's Regiment, tried by a General Court martial for "Neglect of duty" is found guilty of a Breach of the 49th Article of the Rules and Regulations for the Massachusetts Army; They therefore sentence him to receive a severe reprimand from the Commanding Officer at the head of the regiment.
Application having been made for Sutlers to supply the different Regiments with Necessaries: The Commander in Chief has no Objection to each Colonel appointing one for his particular regiment, provided the public is not to be tax'd with any Expence by the Appointment, and provided also; that each Colonel doth become answerable for the Conduct of the Sutler so appointed, and taking care, that he conform strictly to all Orders given for the regulation of the Army, and that he does not in any Instance attempt to impose upon the Soldiers in the price of their goods. No Officer directly, or indirectly, is to become a Sutler. It is in an especial manner recommended to the Commanding Officer of each regiment, to see that a Store of shoes and shirts, are laid in for the Men, as those are at all times necessary. The General also recommends it to the Colonels, to provide Indian Boots, or Leggins, for their men, instead of stockings; as they are not only warmer, and wear longer, but (by getting them of a colour) contribute to uniformity in dress; especially, as the General has hopes of prevailing with the Continental Congress, to give each Man a hunting shirt.
For the future, no Return is to be delivered to the Adjutant General, that is not signed by the Commanding Officer of the Regiment, or Corps, specified by the return; and it is expected, that the Commanding Officers of Regiments, do not receive any Return from their Adjutants, unless he at the same time, presents the said Commanding Officer, with a particular Return, signed by the respective Captains of Companys, in the regiment he commands.
Head Quarters, August 7, 1775.
Sir: By the General Return made me for last Week, I find there are great Numbers of Soldiers and noncommissioned Officers who absent themselves from Duty, the greatest part of which, I have reason to believe are at their respective homes in different Parts of the Country; some employed by their Officers on their Farms and others draw in Pay from the Public, while they are working on their own Plantations or for Hire; My utmost Exertions have not been able to prevent this base and pernicious Conduct, I must therefore beg the Assistance of the General Court, to cooperate with me in such Measures as may remedy this Mischief; I am of opinion it might be done either wholly or in Part by the Committee's in the several Towns, making strict and impartial Inquiry of such as are found absent from the Army, upon what account they have left it by whose leave and for what Time; to require such as have no Impediment of Sickness or other good Reason to return to their Duty immediately, or in case of failure, to send an Account of their Names, the Company and Regiment to which they belong, to me as soon as possible, that I may be able to make Examples of such Delinquents.
I need not enlarge upon the ruinous Consequences of suffering such infamous Deserters and Defrauders of the Public, to go unnoticed or unpunished; nor use any Arguments to induce the General Court to give it immediate attention:--the Necessity of the case does not permit me to doubt the continued Exertions of that Zeal which has distinguished the General Court, upon less important Occasions. I have the Honor to be, etc.
P. S the inclosed respects a Prisoner sent up from Prospect Hill, who is sent herewith under Guard for Examination of the Comtee. appointed for that Purpose.
Camp at Cambridge, August 8, 1775.
Gentn: It must give great concern to any Considerate Mind, that, when this whole Continent, at a vast Expense of Blood and Treasure, is endeavouring to Establish Liberties on the most secure and Solid Foundations, not only by a laudable Opposition of Force to Force, but denying itself the usual advantages of Trade; there are men among us so basely sordid as to Counteract all our Exertions, for the sake of a little Gain. You cannot but have heard that the Disstresses of the Ministerial Troops, for fresh Provisions and many other Necessaries, at Boston, were very great; It is a Policy, Justifiable by all the Laws of War, to endeavour to increase them; Desertions, Discouragement, and a Dissatisfaction with the Service, besides weakening their strength, are some of the Natural Consequences of such a Situation; and, if continued, might afford the fairest Hope of Success, without further Effusion of human Blood. A vessel cleared lately out of New York for St. Croix, with fresh Provisions and other Articles, has just gone into Boston, instead of pursuing her Voyage to the West Indies; I have endeavoured to discover the Name of the Captain or Owner, but, as yet, without success; The Owner (it is said) went to St. Croix before the Vessel, from which and her late arrival, I make no doubt you will be able to discover and expose the Villain. And, if you could fall upon some effectual Measures, to prevent the like in future, it would be doing a Signal Service to our Common Country.74
[Note 74: The New York Legislature referred the matter to a committee, and on August 25 Johan Chr. Drewidz was arrested on suspicion.]
I have been endeavouring, by every means in my Power, to discover the future Intentions of our Enemy here75 I find a
[Note 75: In Washington's "Accounts" in the Washington Papers, there is the following entry: "1775, July 15. To 3331/3 Dollars given to -- to enduce him to go into the Town of Boston; to establish a secret correspondence for the purpose of conveying intelligence of the Enemys movements and designs."] General Idea prevailing thro' the Army and in the Town of Boston, that the Troops are soon to leave the Town and go to some other Part of the Continent. New York is the Place generally mentioned as their Destination. I should think a Rumour or Suggestion of this kind worthy of very little Notice, if it was not confirmed by some corresponding Circumstances. But a four Weeks total Inactivity, with all their Reinforcements arrived and recruited; the daily Diminution, by Desertions, Sickness and small Skirmishes, induce an Opinion, that any Effort they propose to make, will be directed elsewhere.
I thought it proper just to hint to you what is probably intended; you will then consider what Regard is to be paid to it, and what steps will be proper for you to take, if any. I am, with great Respect & Regard, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 8, 1775.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersign Northumberland.
As the number of absent Sick by the last returns, are astonishingly great, it is ordered that the Names of each man (absent under that pretence) be given in by the Commanding Officer of each Regiment, and signed by him; setting forth the Town which each particular Soldier is gone to, that the Committee thereof may be applied to, to inspect into the Nature of their Complaints, and make report of those, who are fit for duty. It has been intimated to the General, that some Officers, under pretence of giving Furloughs to Men, recovering from Sickness, send them to work upon their Farms, for their own private Emolument, at the same time, that the public is taxed with their pay, if not with their provisions; These insinuations being but obliquely made, the General is unwilling to believe, that any Officer can be so lost to all Sense of honour as to defraud the public in so scandalous a Manner, and therefore does not at present pay any further Regard, to the Insinuation, than to declare, that he will shew no Favor to any Officer, who shall be found guilty of such iniquitous practices: But will do his utmost endeavours, to bring them to exemplary punishment; and the disgrace due to such Mal-conduct.
The following is the Ration of Provisions allowed by the Continental Congress unto each Soldier (viz)76
[Note 76: The first mention of the ration constituent made in the Journals of the Continental Congress is of Nov. 4, 1775.]
One Ration of Salt, one ditto fresh, and two ditto Bread, to be delivered Monday morning; Wednesday morning the same. Friday morning the same, and one ditto salt Fish.
All weekly allowances delivered Wednesday morning, where the number of regiments are too many to serve the whole the same day, then the Number to be divided equally, and one part served Monday Morning, the other part Tuesday Morning, and so through the week.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 9, 1775.
Parole Rochester. Countersign Plymouth.
The Commanding Officer of each Regiment, or Corps, is to send a Return at Orderly time, to morrow to the Adjutant General, of the number of Tents or boards, which are wanted to cover the men, that they may be provided as soon as possible. They are also to give in the Names of such of their men, who neither have received Blankets, or who lost them in the engagement, on Bunkers-hill.
As there are several Vacancies in the different Regiments, if there are any particular Gentlemen, who signalized themselves in the Action on Bunkers hill, by their spirited behaviour and good conduct, and of which, sufficient proof is adduced to the General; He will, in filling up the Commissions, use his endeavours to have them appointed (if not already Commission'd) to some Office, or promoted if they are; as it will give him infinite pleasure at all times to reward Merit, wherever it is to be found.
Col Learnerds Regiment to join General Thomas's Brigade, and Col Huntington's to join General Spencer's brigade.
Capt. Ballard77 of Col Fryes Regiment tried by the late General Court-Martial for "profane swearing and for beating, and abusing his men": The Court find the Prisoner guilty, in two Instances of profane swearing and of beating his men, and therefore sentence him to pay, a Fine of Four Shillings, for each offence.
[Note 77: William Hudson Ballard, of Fry's Massachusetts regiment.]
Capt Jesse Saunders of Col Sargeants Regiment, tried by the late General Court Martial for "frequently drawing more Provisions, than he had men in his Company to consume; for forcing the Sentry, and taking away a Gun, the property of William Turner; and threatening the Life of Serjeant Connor, Cocking and presenting his Gun at him, when in the execution of his duty" The Court are unanimously of Opinion, that the prisoner is guilty of the whole of the Charge, exhibited against him, and unanimously adjudge that he be forthwith cashiered. The General approves the above sentences, and orders them to be put in immediate execution.
To morrow the Rules and Articles formed by the Hon: the Continental Congress for the Government of the Troops of the Twelve United Colonies; will be delivered out, to be distributed through the several Corps of the Army78--They are to be signed by the several Officers of each Regiment, beginning with the Colonels, and then by the Soldiers; in the blank Leaves left for that purpose; and after they are so subscribed, they are to be deposited with the Captain of each Company--If there are any Officers, or Soldiers, who refuse to sign them, their Names, the Company's and Regiments to which they respectively belong, are to be reported to the Commander in Chief without delay.
[Note 78: Adopted on June 30.]
Mr. John Goddard is appointed by the Commander in Chief; Waggon Master General to the Army of the Twelve United Colonies, and is to be obeyed as such.
August 9, 1775.
Sir: From some late Intelligence out of Boston and sundry corroborating Circumstances, there is great Reason to suspect that the Ministerial Troops intend, either to make a Diversion to the Southward, or wholly to remove; If they should do either, it is most Probable New York is the Place of their Destination, I therefore think it most advisable that the Troops of your Colony, who have not yet Marched, or may easily be recalled, should wait further Orders; You will therefore Sir, be pleased to give the Necessary Directions for the purpose as soon as Possible.
No occurrences in the Camp of any Consequence since I had the pleasure of addressing you last. I am with due Regard &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 10, 1775.
Parole Schuykill. Countersign Richmond.
It is a matter of exceeding great Concern to the General, to find, that at a time when the united efforts of America are exerting in defence of the common Rights and Liberties of mankind, that there should be in an Army constituted for so noble a purpose, such repeated Instances of Officer's, who lost to every sense of honour and virtue, are seeking by dirty and base means, the promotion of their own dishonest Gain, to the eternal Disgrace of themselves, and Dishonour of their country--practices of this sort will never be overlooked, whenever an Accusation is lodged, but the Authors brought to the most exemplary punishment. It is therefore much to be wish'd, that the Example of Jesse Saunders, late Captain in Col Sergeants regiment, will prove the last shameful Instance of such a grow cling disposition, and that for the future, every Officer for his own Honour, and the sake of an injured Public, will make a point of detecting every iniquitous practice of this kind; using their utmost endeavours in their several Capacities, to lessen the Expence of the War, as much as possible, that the great Cause in which we are struggling may receive no Injury from the enormity of the expence.
The several Pay Masters are immediately to ascertain, what pay was due to the different Regiments and Corps, on the first clay of this Instant, that each Man may receive his respective due, as soon as the Money arrives to pay them.--It is earnestly recommended that great Exactness be used in these settlements, First, that no man goes without his pay, and next, that not one farthing more be drawn than what is justly due; after this the pay may be drawn once a Month, or otherwise, as shall be found most convenient, in the mean while the Soldiers need be under no Apprehension of getting every Farthing that is justly their due: It is therefore expected that they do their duty with that cheerfulness and alacrity, becoming Men, who are contending for their Liberty, Property and everything that is valuable to Freemen, and their posterity.
Camp at Cambridge, August 10, 1775.
Sir: Your favor of the 2d Inst. is duly received, but it is out of my power to Comply with the Request it contains, of forwarding Commissions. All that I have yet received from the Honble. Continental Congress are far short of the Number required in this Army; for which Reason when at New York and by Letter from this I directed General Schuyler to apply to the Congress at Philadelphia for those of his Department as the Shortest and easiest Mode; To which I must also now refer you.
We have had no Occurrence in the Camp for several Days worthy Notice;--but by some Advices from Boston and several Concurring Circumstances, we have great Reason to Suspect a Part or the whole of the Ministerial Troops are about to remove; New York is the Place generally talk'd of as their Destination, I give you the Intelligence as it came to me, but do not vouch for its Authenticity.
I am with the most respectful Regards to yourself and the Body over whom you preside, Sir, Yours, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 11, 1775.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersign Squantum.
Complaints having been made by the Inhabitants to the East of Watertown, that their Gardens are robb'd, their Fields laid waste, and Fences destroyed; Any Person who shall for the future be detected in such flagitious, wicked practices, will be punished without mercy.
The Commander in Chief has been pleased to appoint Stephen Moylan Esq. to be Muster Master General to the Army of the United Colonies; he is in all things touching his duty, as Muster, Master General, to be consider'd and obeyed as such.
Camp at Cambridge, August 11, 1775.
I have considered the papers you left with me Yesterday; those of which relate to Jones,79 shew him to be a malignant and inveterate Enemy to his Country, and I trust he will meet with his Deserts, but I have such various and important Matters requiring my constant attention, that I must beg leave to refer him and all others under similar Circumstances to the Authority of the Province for Punishment and safe Custody.
[Note 79: Ichabod Jones.]
The payment of the Troops is of such indispensable Necessity, that I must endeavour to use those Powers committed to me by the Honble. Congress, to remove this cause of Complaint: I propose to direct the New Paymaster to commence his Payments from the 1st August and hereafter continue them Monthly; I have consider'd that there are few if any Men who have not served Two Months and tho' some have received their Advance twice, it cannot be supposed there are many who have had it. The two Months Service will then be set against the double advance, and if a strict Scrutiny is immediately made, which I would recommend, the Accounts may be settled to that time, the Delinquents probably be detected and in the end justice be done both to the Province and the Men.
If any Embezzlements have been made by the officers, they will stand accountable to the Public, but at all Events the Soldiers are entitled to and must have their Pay if any service is expected from them. The Shirts, Shoes, Breeches and Stockings, Provided by the Province can be taken on the Continental Account: but I apprehend there will not be the same Necessity to provide Coats; the Continental Congress having ordered Hunting Shirts, as an outside Dress and warm waistcoats under will be Cheaper and more convenient. As to the Expedition proposed against Nova Scotia by the Inhabitants of Machias, I cannot but applaud their Spirit and Zeal; but, after considering the Reasons offered for it, there are Several objections occur, which seem to me unanswerable.80 I apprehend such an Enterprize inconsistent with the General Principal upon which the Colonies have proceeded. That Province has not acceeded, it is true, to the Measures of Congress; and, therefore, they have been excluded from all Commercial Intercourse with the other Colonies; But they have not Commenced Hostilities against them, nor are any to be apprehended. To attack them, therefore, is a Measure of Conquest, rather than Defence; and may be attended with very dangerous Consequences. It
[Note 80: Colonel Thompson had proposed to raise a force of 1,000 men, and a fleet of four armed vessels and eight transports; to proceed to Windsor, captivate the Tories, make all the proselytes possible; and then proceed to Halifax and destroy the King's dockyard, if thought proper.-- Ford.] might, perhaps, be easy, with the Force proposed, to make an Incursion into the Province and overawe those of the Inhabitants who are Inimical to our cause; and, for a short time prevent the Supplying the Enemy with Provisions: but the same Force must Continue to produce any lasting Effects. As to the furnishing Vessels of Force, you, Gentn. will anticipate me, in pointing out our weakness and the Enemy's Strength at Sea. There would be great Danger that, with the best preparation we could make, they would fall an easy prey either to the Men of War on that Station, or some who would be detach'd from Boston. I have been thus particular, to satisfy any Gentlemen of the Court who should incline to adopt the Measure, I could offer many other Reasons against, some of which, I doubt not, will suggest themselves to the Honble. Board.--But it is unnecessary to enumerate them when our Situation as to Ammunition, absolutely forbids our sending a single ounce out of the Camp at Present. I am, Gentn., &c.81
[Note 81: The letter sent, dated Aug. 12, 1775, in the writing of Joseph Reed, is in the archives of the American Antiquarian Society.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 11, 1775.
Sir: I understand that the Officers engaged in the Cause of Liberty and their Country, who by the Fortune of War have fallen into your Hands, have been thrown, indiscriminately, into a common Gaol appropriated for Felons; That no Consideration has been had for those of the most respectable Rank, when languishing with Wounds, and Sickness; that some have been even amputated, in this unworthy Situation.
Let your Opinion, Sir, of the Principle which Actuates them, be what it may, they suppose they act from the noblest of all Principles, a Love of Freedom, and their Country: But political Opinions I conceive are foreign to this Point; the Obligations arising from the Rights of Humanity, and Claims of Rank are universally binding, and extensive (except in case of Retaliation): These I should have hoped, would have dictated a more tender Treatment of those Individuals, whom Chance or War had put in your Power. Nor can I forbear suggesting its fatal Tendency, to widen that unhappy Breach, which you, and those Ministers under whom you act, have repeatedly declared you wish'd to see forever closed.
My Duty now makes it necessary to apprize you, that for the future I shall regulate my Conduct towards those Gentlemen, who are or may be in our Possession, exactly by the Rule you shall observe towards those of ours, now in your Custody.
If Severity and Hardship mark the Line of your Conduct (painful as it may be to me) your Prisoners will feel its Effects: But if Kindness and Humanity are shewn to ours, I shall with Pleasure consider those in our Hands, only as unfortunate, and they shall receive from me that Treatment, to which the unfortunate are ever intitled.
I beg to be favoured with an Answer, as soon as possible, and am Sir, etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Joseph Reed. Gage replied (August 13):
"To the glory of civilized nations, humanity and war have been compatible; and compassion to the subdued is become a general system. Britons ever pre-eminent in mercy, have outgone common examples, and overlooked the criminal in the captive. Upon these principles your prisoners, whose lives by the law of the land are destined to the cord, have hitherto been treated with care and kindness, and more comfortably lodged than the King's troops in the hospitals; indiscriminately it is true, for I acknowledge no rank, that is not derived from the King.
"My intelligence from your army would justify severe recrimination. I understand there are of the King's faithful subjects, taken some time since by the rebels, laboring, like negro slaves, to gain their daily subsistence, or reduced to the wretched alternative, to perish by famine or take arms against their King and country. Those who have made the treatment of the prisoners in my hands, or of your other friends in Boston, a pretence for such measures, found barbarity upon falsehood.
"I would willingly hope, Sir, that the sentiments of liberality, which I have always believed you to possess, will be exerted to correct these misdoings. Be temperate in political disquisition; give free operation to truth, and punish those who deceive and misrepresent; and not only the effects, but the causes, of this unhappy conflict will be removed. Should those, under whose usurped authority you act, control such a disposition, and dare to call severity retaliation, to God, who knows all hearts, be the appeal for the dreadful consequences. I trust that British soldiers, asserting the rights of the state, the laws of the land, the being of the constitution, will meet all events with becoming fortitude. They will court victory with the spirit their cause inspires; and, from the same motive, will find the patience of martyrs under misfortune.
"Till I read your insinuations in regard to ministers, I conceived that I had acted under the King, whose wishes, it is true, as well as those of his ministers, and of every honest man, have been to see this unhappy breach for ever closed; but, unfortunately for both countries, those who long since projected the present crisis, and influence the councils of America, have views very distant from accommodation. I am, Sir, your most obedient humble servant.
"Thomas Gage."
Gage's letter, which was written, except the last paragraph, by Gen. John Burgoyne, is in the Washington Papers.
On August 14, Joseph Reed, by order of the Commander in Chief, wrote to the Council of Massachusetts, directing rigorous and retaliatory measures to be adopted toward the prisoners, though in a few days the order was revoked, and they were directed to show every indulgence and civility to the prisoners, so long as they demean themselves with decency and good manners. Reed's letter is in the Washington "Letter Books" and is printed in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 3, 328.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 13, 1775.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersign Torrington.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow morning to try Col John Mansfield of the Massachusetts Forces, accused by three of his Officers of high Crimes and Misdemeanors: One Brigadier General, and twelve Field Officers, to compose the Court.
President Brigdr. Gen. Green.83
[Note 83: Brig. Gen. Nathanael Greene.]
Col James Ried84 Col Patterson85 Col James M. Varnum86 Col Woodbridge87 Lt Col Wyman88 Lt Col March89 Lt Col Holdon90 Lt Col Miller91 Major Cudworth92 Major Sawyer93 Major Butterick94 Major Angell,95 Members.
[Note 84: Col: James Reed, of the Third New Hampshire Regiment.]
[Note 85: Col. John Paterson, of a Massachusetts regiment.]
[Note 86: Col. James Mitchell Varnum, of Rhode Island.]
[Note 87: Col. Benjamin Woodbridge, of Massachusetts.]
[Note 88: Lieut. Col. Isaac Wyman, of the First New Hampshire Regiment.]
[Note 89: Lieut. Col. Samuel Marsh, of Phinney's Massachusetts regiment.]
[Note 90: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Holden, of Doolittle's Massachusetts regiment.]
[Note 91: Lieut. Col. William Turner Miller, of the Third Rhode Island Regiment.]
[Note 92: Major Cudworth, of Brewer's Massachusetts regiment.]
[Note 93: Maj. Ephraim Sawyer, of Whitcomb's Massachusetts regiment.]
[Note 94: Maj. John Butterick, of Nixon's Massachusetts regiment.]
[Note 95: Maj. Israel Angell, of Hitchcock's Rhode Island regiment.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 14, 1775.
Parole York. Countersign Yarmouth.
Major Thomas Mifflin, is appointed Quarter Master General, to the Army of the United Colonies: He is to be obeyed as such.
As the Troops are all to be mustered, as soon as possible. The Muster Master General, Stephen Moylan Esqr., will deliver the Commanding Officer of each Regiment, thirty blank Muster Rolls upon Friday next, and directions for each Captain, how he is to fill up the blanks.
Camp at Cambridge, August 14, 1775.
Sir: Your Favor's of the 7th, 8th and 12th Inst. are all received. The Detention of the New Raised Levies has happily coincided with my Intentions respecting them. In the present uncertainty I think it best they should Continue where they are and I hope their Officers will be Assiduous in disciplining and improving them in the use of their Arms.
Upon the Subject of Powder I am at a Loss what to say--our Necessities are so great and it is of such Importance that this Army should have a full Supply, that nothing but the most urgent and pressing Exigence could make it proper to detain any on its way --I have been informed that 15 Hhds were lately landed at New York and that further Supplies were daily expected both there and at Connecticut; Should there be any Arrivals, I beg no time may be lost in forwarding this from Hartford and what can be spared from the necessary Colony Stock. Indeed at present I should choose you to forward one of these Waggons and the other may remain where it is till we see the Issue of our Expectations on this Head. The Removal from Boston I consider as very precarious, by no Means deserving to have so much Stress laid on it. We begin to feel a Scarcity of Lead and as I do not learn that we are to expect any from the Southward. I have concluded that a Part of the Stock found at Ticonderoga should be brought down and for this Purpose have wrote to Genl. Schuyler. I am not sufficiently Master of the Geography of the Country to know the easiest Mode of Conveyance; but from the Time in which Letters have come thro' your Hands, I apprehend thro' Connecticut must be the best and most expeditious. You will therefore be pleased to give us your Assistance, and take the Direction of this Matter, into your own Hands to which I have not the least doubt, you will attend, as well to the Expence, as other Circumstances conducive to the Public Service.
Nothing new in the Camp for several days past, five Deserters have come in within these 48 Hours, but they bring no Intelligence of any Consequence. Since writing the above I have been informed there is a Lead Mine in your Colony which may be work'd to Advantage. Cut off from all foreign Supplies every internal Resource is worthy of attention and I make no doubt if my Information is just some proper Steps may be taken to hire this to the Public Advantage. I am Sir &c.
August 14, 1775.
Sir: Your Favors of the 8th & 11th Instant, are duly received; the former, I laid before the General Court of this Province, but one of the Delegates having communicated to them what Mr. Ward did to you, of the proceedings of the Continental Congress touching this Powder, nothing was done towards the providing of Specie, that the Vessel might proceed to other Places in case of a Disappointment at the first. I am of Opinion that the Collection of any considerable Sum here, would be difficult in the Time proposed and I think there is the less Necessity for it, as there are few Colonies who have not some Vessel out on this Errand, and will probably bring all that is at Market. Having conversed with Col Porter and farther considered the Matter, I am of Opinion, it ought to be prosecuted on the Single Footing of procuring what is in the Magazine; The Voyage is short, our Necessity is great, the Expectation of being Supplied by the Inhabitants of the Island under such Hazards as they must run is slender, so that the only Chance of Success is by a sudden stroke. There is a great Difference between acquiescing in the Measure and becoming Principals, the former we have great Reason to expect the latter is doubtful, The Powder by all our Information is public Property, so that as you observe it may be settled with our other Accounts. The draughting of Men from hence would be very difficult and endanger a Discovery of the scheme; I am not clear that I have Power to send them off the Continent and to engage them as Volunteers, it would be necessary to make their Destination known; I should suppose the Captain who is to have the Direction of this Enterprize, would rather choose to have Men whom he knew and in whom he could confide, in Preference to Strangers. From what Col Porter informs me I do not see that Harris's Presence is absolutely necessary, and as his Terms would add Considerably to the Expence, after obtaining from him all the Intelligence he could give, his attendance might be dispensed with. The Vessel lately sent out to cruise for the Powder, seems to me the properest for this Voyage, and as the Ten Days will soon be out, if no objection occurs to you she might be dispatch'd.
I have given Directions respecting the Lead at Ticonderoga, which I am of opinion with you is the surest Mode of Supply in that Article.
I have sent by this Opportunity a hunting Shirt, as a Pattern. I should be glad you would inform me of the Number you think I may expect.
I had flattered myself, that the Vigilance of the Inhabitants on the Islands and Coasts would have disappointed the Enemy in their late Expedition after live Stock.--I hope nothing will be omitted by the several Committees and other Persons to guard against any future attempts, by removing all the Stock from these Places, where their Shipping can protect them in plundering. I do assure you Sir, that it would be rendering a most essential Service to the Public Interest, their Distresses before were very great, and if renewed after their present supply is exhausted, must be productive of very great advantages.96 I am Sir &c.
[Note 96: General Gage wrote to the minister (August 17) that the ships had collected and brought in 1,300 sheep and 100 oxen--a very seasonable supply. "We owe it," Burgoyne wrote to Lord George Germain, "to the transports arrived and sent out by General Gage, and not to any assistance from the fleet." The complaints against Admiral Graves, the commander of the fleet, were loud and general. Burgoyne ridiculed his inactivity and "Quaker-like scruples"; W. Eden spoke of him as "a corrupt admiral without any shadow of capacity"; and as early as July 28, the King wrote to Lord North: "I do think the Admiral's removal as necessary, if what is reported is founded, as the mild General's" (Gage). Captain Montague, who served under Graves, and was a prejudiced witness, wrote to the Earl of Dunmore (August 9):"The G--l and A--l on bad terms, the latter universally despised, his character prostituted in the basest manner, totally ignorant of the business he is employed on; he only turns his mind to find out ways of promoting his nephews."-- Ford.]
Cambridge Head Quarters, August 14, 1775.
Sir: His Excellency being obliged to attend some Business in the Lines, has directed me to acquaint you and the Honble. Court, that he has received an Answer from Genl. Gage which has determined him to order the officers now at Watertown, together with those from Cape Ann, to be confined in Northampton Goal. Genl. Gage is resolved to know no distinction of Rank among our Prisoners in his Hands, which obliges Genl. Washington (very contrary to his disposition) to observe the same Rule of Treatment to those Gentlemen, to whom it may be proper to explain the Reasons of a Conduct, which otherwise may appear harsh and cruel.--The Common Men, the General Court will order to such Places as they think proper. I have by the Generals direction also inclosed you the Letter from Cape Ann;--he would gladly give them the desired Assistance; but you are no Strangers to the State of our Ammunition. We have Reason to expect some Speedy Supplies, and when any can be spared from the Necessary use of the Army with propriety, it will doubtless be done; In the mean Time, his Excellency refers them to the General Court for the Direction and Advice they Request. I have the Honor, etc., Joseph Reed.
Cambridge Camp, August 15, 1775.
Sir: I received your Favour of the 31st July, informing me of your Preparations to cross the Lake,97 and inclosing the Affidavits of John Shatforth, and John Duguid.98 Several Indians of the Tribe of St. Francis came in here Yesterday and confirm the former Accounts of the good Dispositions of the Indian Nations, and Canadians to the Interests of America. A most happy Event, on which I sincerely congratulate you.99
[Note 97: To take possession of St. John's and Montreal, Canada, a move authorized by the resolve of Congress of June 27. Schuyler wrote to Washington from Ticonderoga, N.Y. (July 31): "Since my last, I have been most assiduously employed in preparing materials for building boats to convey me across the Lake. The progress has hitherto been slow, as with few hands I had all the timber to cut, and mills to repair for sawing the plank; and my draft cattle extremely weak for want of feed, the drought having scorched up every kind of herbage. I have now one boat on the stocks, which I hope will carry near three hundred men. Another is putting up to-day. Provisions of the bread kind are scarce with me, and, therefore, I have not dared to order up a thousand men, that are at Albany, lest we should starve here."]
[Note 98: Of Charlotte County, N.Y.]
[Note 99: "Yesterday Sen-night arrived at the camp in Cambridge, Swashan, the Chief, with four other Indians of the St. François tribe, conducted thither by Mr. Reuben Colburn, who has been honorably recompensed for his trouble. The above Indians came hither to offer their service in the cause of American liberty, have been kindly received, and are now entered the service. Swashan says he will bring one half of his tribe and has engaged 4 or 5 other tribes if they should be wanted. He says the Indians of Canada in general, and also the French, are greatly in our favor, and determined not to act against us."-- Pennsylvania Gazette, Aug. 30, 1775.] I am glad to relieve you from your Anxiety, respecting Troops being sent from Boston to Quebeck. These Reports, I apprehend, took their Rise from a Fleet being fitted out about fourteen Days ago to plunder the Islands in the Sound, of their live Stock; an Expedition which they have executed with some Success, and are just returning; but you may depend on it no Troops have been detached from Boston for Canada or elsewhere. Among other Wants, of which, I find you have your Proportion, we feel that of Lead most sensibly, and as we have no Expectation of a Supply from the Southward, I have concluded to draw up on the Stock found at Ticonderoga, when it fell into our Hands. I am informed, it is considerable, and a Part of it may be spared, without exposing you to any Inconvenience. In Consequence of this I have wrote to Governor Trumbull, to take the Direction of the Transportation of it, supposing the Conveyance through Connecticut the most safe and expeditious. I expect he will write you on this Subject by this Opportunity.
I have nothing new, my dear Sir, to write you. We are precisely in the same Situation as to Enemy, as when I wrote you last, nor can I gain any certain Intelligence of their future Intentions. The Troops from the Southward are come in very healthy and in good Order.1 Tomorrow I expect a Supply of Powder from Philadelphia, which will be a most seasonable Releif in our present Necessity.
[Note 1: Capt. Daniel Morgan and his company of riflemen from Virginia arrived in camp on the 6th.-- Ford.]
God grant you Health and Success equal to your Merit and Wishes. --Favour me with Intelligence as often as you can, and believe me with very sincere Regard. Dear Sir, Yours, &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 15, 1775.
Parole Arlington. Countersign Bedford.
David Henly Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to Genl. Heath's brigade.
John Trumbull Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to Genl. Spencers brigade.
Richard Carey Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major, to the Brigade commanded by the eldest Colonel.
Thomas Chase, Daniel Box, and Alexander Scammell Esqrs. are appointed to continue to do the duty of Brigade Majors, to the Brigades they respectively belong.
Edmund Randolph and George Baylor Esqrs are appointed Aids-de-Camp, to the Commander in Chief: All and every of the above named Gentlemen, to be obeyed in their respective capacitys--
The Quarter Master General is without delay to examine the Encampments and Coverings of different Regiments and Corps, to see that those which are not designed to remain in Houses, are provided as soon as possible, with Tents or Boards, sufficient for their Accomodation, at the same time, he is to take care to prevent any unnecessary waste of the latter; and to put a stop to the Officers building such large houses, as some of them are doing; unless they are intended for the Accomodation of a Number sufficient to fill them, or are to be built at their own expence; But no large house to be placed near any of the Redoubts, or Lines.
In addition to the Order of the 4th Instant; The Colonel or Commanding Officer of each Regiment and Corps, is to cause an exact Account to be taken (by his Captains) of the Number of Cartridges which each Man is possessed of; and at evening at Roll Callg., have them examined, as directed in the said Order; when, if any are wanting, and cannot be accounted for, the delinquent, over and above the punishment due to his Offence, is to be charged with the deficiency and so much of his pay stopt accordingly.
Head Quarters, August 16, 1775.
Sir: You are to proceed with the Detachment of Rifle-Men under your Command, to Cape Ann, where you are to endeavour not only to protect the Inhabitants from all Attempts of the Enemy; but to do your utmost to distress and annoy any Detachment from the ministerial Army that may be sent from Boston, to plunder, or destroy that Settlement. Upon your March, and during your Residence at Cape Ann, as well as upon your March back to Camp, you will observe strict Discipline and on no Account suffer any under your Command to pillage or marraud. Upon your Arrival at Cape Ann, you will dispatch a Messenger to acquaint the General with the State you find Things in there: and you will frequently report to the General all extraordinary Occurrences that may happen. I am, etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Thomas Mifflin.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 16, 1775.
Parole Cumberland. Counter Sign Dunstable.
Capt. Eleazer Lindsey of Col. Gerrishes Regt. tried by a General Court Martial, for "absenting himself from his post, which was attacked and abandoned to the enemy." The Court on consideration are of opinion that Capt. Lindsey be discharged the service, as a person improper to sustain a Commission.
John Parke Esqr. is appointed an Assistant to the Quarter Master Genl.; he is to be obeyed as such.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 17, 1775.
Parole Exeter. Countersign Faulkland.
Thomas Chase Esqr. is to continue to do duty as Major of Brigade, to Brigadier General Thomas's Brigade.
Mr Ezekiel Cheever is appointed Commissary of Artillery stores--The QM General, Commissary General and Commissary of Artillery; are to make exact Returns of all the Stores, Provisions and Necessaries of every kind, within their several departments: and they are to lose no time, in collecting the several Articles, which may be in the hands of Committees, or other persons, into their immediate care; and they are to be answerable for the disposal of them.
The Commanding Officer of Artillery is to see that all the Ordnance Stores, are faithfully collected, and put under the Care of the Commissary of the Artillery; and the Commissary of Artillery, is to see that all the Powder, Lead and Flints, are placed in the Magazine appointed to receive them.
The Muster Master General, Stephen Moylan Esqr. to proceed as expeditiously as possible, in the mustering the Troops and when he has delivered his Blank Rolls to the several Regiments and Corps, he is to fix the days for mustering each Brigade, with the Adjutant General, who will give directions accordingly.
The Army being regularly brigaded, and a Major of Brigade appointed and fix'd to each Brigade: They are to keep an exact Roster of duty for the Officers, Non Commissioned Officers and Soldiers of their respective Brigades. The Adjutant General will assist them with the best form of a Roster and earnestly recommends the Use thereof. All duties of Honor, begin with the eldest Officer of each Rank, and duties of fatigue with the youngest. Each Major of brigade, will forthwith fix upon a proper spot, as near as can be to the Center of the brigade, for a General parade of the brigade; where all parties with or without Arms, are to be regularly paraded, and marched off, in presence of the Major of Brigade, and the General expects, that the Majors of Brigades, are not only alert, but exact in the performance of this duty.
The Court Martial ordered for the Trial of Col. Mansfield, to sit to morrow Morning at eight OClock at the College Chapel and for the Trial of Col Gerrish: All Evidences and persons concern'd to attend the Court.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 18, 1775.
Parole Gloucester. Countersign Hartford.
John Conner of Capt. Olivers Company, Col Doolittles Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial for "stealing a Cheese," the property of Richd. Cornell; is found guilty of the Charge and adjudged to receive thirty-nine Lashes upon his bare back. The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed, at the relieving the main guard; at the head of the two Guards.
Joseph Matthews of Capt. Perkin's Company of Artillery, tried by the same General Court Martial, for "selling his Gun, which the Select Men of his Town had given him, and drawing pay for a Blanket, furnish'd by said Select-men." The Court sentence the prisoner to receive Ten Lashes upon his bare back, and order Twelve Shillings to be stopped from his pay, to repay Capt Perkins for the blanket.
The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed, at the head of the Guards, where the Company, the Prisoner belongs to is posted.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 19, 1775.
Parole Jersey. Countersign Kendal.
Col Samuel Gerrish of the Massachusetts Forces, tried by a General Court Martial of which Brigadier Genl. Green was Presdt. is unanimously found guilty of the Charge exhibited against him, That he behaved unworthy an Officer; that he is guilty of a Breach of the 49th Article of the Rules and Regulations of the Massachusetts Army. The Court therefore sentence and adjudge, the said Col Gerrish, to be cashiered, and render'd incapable of any employment in the American Army--The General approves the sentence of the Court martial, and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 20, 1775.
Sir: I addressed you on the 11th. Instant in Terms, which gave the fairest Scope for the Exercise of that Humanity, and Politeness, which were supposed to form a Part of your Character. I remonstrated with you on the unworthy Treatment, shewn to the officers and Citizens of America, whom the Fortune of War, Chance, or a mistaken Confidence, had thrown into your Hands.
Whether British or American Mercy, Fortitude, and Patience are most preeminent, whether our virtuous Citizens, whom the Hand of Tyranny has forced into Arms to defend their Wives, their Children, and their Property, or the mercenary Instruments of lawless Domination, avarice and Revenge, best deserve the Appellation of Rebels, and the Punishment of that Cord, which your affected Clemency has forborne to inflict: whether the Authority, under which Fact, is usurped, or founded upon the genuine Principles of Liberty, were altogether foreign to the Subject. I purposely avoided all political Disquisition; nor shall I now avail myself of those Advantages, which the sacred Cause of my Country of Liberty, and human Nature, give me over you: Much less shall I stoop to Retort and Invective. But the Intelligence you say you have received from our Army requires a Reply. I have taken Time, Sir, to make strict Inquiry, and find it has not the least Foundation in Truth. Not only your Officers and Soldiers have been treated with a Tenderness, due to Fellow-Citizens, and Brethren, but even those execrable Parricides, whose Counsels and Aid have deluged their Country with Blood, have been protected from the Fury of a justly-enraged People. Far from compelling or permitting their Assistance, I am embarrassed with the Numbers, who crowd to our Camp, animated with the purest Principles of Virtue, and Love of their Country. You advise me to give free operation to Truth, to punish misrepresentation and Falsehood. If Experience stamps Value upon Counsel, yours must have a Weight, which few can claim. You best can tell, how far the Convulsion, which has brought Such Ruin on both Countries and shaken the mighty Empire of Britain to its Foundation, may be traced to these malignant Causes.
You affect, Sir, to despise all Rank, not derived from the same Source with your own, I cannot conceive one more honourable, than that, which flows from the uncorrupted Choice of a brave and free People, the purest Source, and original Fountain of all Power. Far from making it a Plea for Cruelty, a mind of true Magnanimity, and enlarged Ideas would comprehend, and respect it.
What may have been the ministerial Views. which have precipitated the present Crisis, Lexington, Concord, and Charles Town can best declare. May that God, to whom you then appealed, judge between America, and you. Under his Providence, those who influence the Councils of America, and all the other Inhabitants of the united Colonies at the Hazard of their Lives are determined to hand down to Posterity those just and invaluable Privileges, which they received from their Ancestors.
I shall now, Sir, close my Correspondence with you, perhaps forever. If your Officers, our Prisoners, receive a Treatment from me, different from what I wish to shew them, they and you will remember the Occasion of it. I am, sir, etc.4
[Note 4: The draft, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Joseph Reed; the copy sent by Washington to Congress is in that of Edmund Randolph and is dated August 19. The letter sent is in the archives of the New York Historical Society and is dated the 20th. Washington's first letter to Gage (August 11) and Gage's answer were published by the British Government in the London Gazette about six weeks later, but the August 20 letter was ignored.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 20, 1775.
Parole Lebanon. Countersign Mansfield.
In Obedience to the Orders of the 5th Inst., The Brigadier Genl. and Field Officers chosen by Ballot, have made a Report to his Excellency the Commander in Chief, of the final Settlement of the Rank, of all the Regiments and Officers, in the Army of the United Colonies. The General entirely approves of the proceedings of the Brigadier and the Field Officers; and thanks them in this public manner, for the great pains, and care they have taken, in establishing a point, of so much importance to the army--His Excellency strictly commands all Officers and Soldiers, to pay all due Obedience, to the Regulations so established. The Adjutant General will deliver to each Major of Brigade, this day, at Orderly time, a Copy of the Rank of the Regiments, of the Field Officers, and of the Officers in every Regiment, in their respective Brigades.
A Court of enquiry to sit this day, at three in the afternoon, to examine into the Reasons for a complaint exhibited against Col Ebenezer Bridge. Brigadier General Heath President, Col Prescott, Col Woodbridge, Col Sergeant, Lt Col Tohonnot, Members.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 20, 1775.
Dear Sir: Since my last of the 15th Inst. I have been favoured with yours of the 6th.--I am much concerned to find the Supplies ordered have been so much delayed. By this Time, I hope, Colonel McDougall, whose Zeal is unquestionable, has joined you with every Thing necessary for prosecuting your Plan.
Several of the Delegates from Philadelphia, who have visited our Camp, assure me, that Powder is forwarded to you, and the daily arrivals of that Article give us Reason to hope we shall soon have a very ample supply.10 Animated with the Goodness of our Cause, and the best wishes of your Countrymen, I am sure you will not let any Difficulties not insuperable, damp
[Note 10: The Pennsylvania Council of Safety, on August 10, forwarded 382 pounds of musket and 1,754 pounds of cannon powder, which reached Albany, N.Y., on the 21st] your Ardour. Perseverence and spirit have done Wonders in all Ages. In my last (a Copy of which is inclosed) I sent you an account of the Arrival of several St. Francis Indians in our Camp, and their friendly Dispositions. You have also a Copy of the Resolution of Congress, by which you will find it is their Intention only to seek a Neutrality of the Indian Nations, unless the ministerial Agents should engage them in Hostilities or enter into an offensive Alliance with them.11 I have been therefore embarrassed in giving them an answer when they have tendered their services and assistance. As your Situation enables you best to know the Motions of the Governour12 and the Agent, I proposed to him to go Home by Way of Ticonderoga, referring him to you for an answer, which you will give according to the Intelligence you have had, and the Judgment you have formed of the Transactions among the Indians; but as he does not seem in any Hurry to leave our Camp, your answer by the Return of this Express may possibly reach me before he returns and alter his Rout; Four of his Company still remain in our Camp, and propose to stay some Time with us. The Design of this Express is to communicate to you a Plan of an Expedition, which has engaged my Thoughts for several Days. It is to penetrate into Canada by Way of Kennebeck River, and so to Quebeck by a Rout ninety miles below Montreal. I can very well spare a Detachment for this Purpose of one Thousand or twelve Hundred Men, and the Land Carriage by the Rout proposed is too inconsiderable to make an objection. If you are resolved to proceed, which I gather from your last Letter is your Intention, it would make a Diversion that would distract Carlton, and facilitate your Views. He must either break up and follow this Party to Quebeck, by
[Note 11: This resolve was passed July 1, 1775.]
[Note 12: Sir Guy Carleton, Governor of Canada.] which he will leave you a free Passage, or he must suffer that important Place to fall into our Hands, an Event, which would have a decisive Effect and Influence on the publick Interests. There may be some Danger that such a sudden Incursion might alarm the Canadians and detach them from that Neutrality, which they have hitherto observed: but I should hope that with suitable Precautions and a strict Discipline preserved, any apprehensions and Jealousies might be removed. The few whom I have consulted upon it approve it much; but the final Determination is deferred until I hear from you. You will therefore by the Return of this Messenger inform me of your ultimate Resolution.--If you mean to proceed, acquaint me as particularly as you can with the Time and Force, what late Accounts you have had from Canada, and your Opinion as to the Sentiments of the Inhabitants, as well as those of the Indians upon a Penetration into their Country; what Number of Troops are at Quebeck, and whether any Men of War with all other Circumstances which may be material in the Consideration of a Step of such Importance. Not a Moments Time is to be lost in the Preparations for this Enterprize if the Advices received from you favour it. With the utmost Expedition the Season will be considerably advanced, so that you will dismiss the Express as soon as possible. While the three New-Hampshire Companies remain in their present Station, they will not be considered as composing a Part of the continental Army; but as a Militia under the Direction and Pay of the Colony whose Inhabitants they are, or for whose Defence they are stationed: so that it will not be proper for me to give any Orders respecting them. We still continue in the same Situation as to the Enemy as when I wrote you last; but we have had six and an half Tons of Powder from the Southward which is a very seasonable Supply. We are not able to learn any Thing further of the Intentions of the Enemy, and they are too strongly posted for us to attempt any Thing upon them at present.
My best Wishes attend you, and believe me with much Truth and Regard, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 21, 1775.
Parole Norfolk. Countersign Oporto.
The Court of enquiry ordered to sit yesterday upon Col Ebenezer Bridge, to sit this day at three OClock P. M--
Michael Berry tried by a late General Court Martial for "stealing a Hat from Capt. Waterman" is found guilty, and sentence'd to receive Thirty Lashes, but in Consideration of his long Confinement; the General pardons the prisoner.
General Sullivan's Brigade to be mustered to morrow--The Muster Master General, to begin with the Regiment posted on the left of the lines, exactly at Six O'Clock, with the next Regiment on the left at seven, and so on untill the whole are mustered. The Field and Staff Officers of each Regiment, are to be mustered in the oldest Captains Company, and such as were draughted to the Regmt. of Artillery, are to be mustered only to the day they were draughted. The Regiment of Artillery to muster them from that time.
A Sergeant, Corporal and nine Men, to mount Guard to morrow morning, at Mr. Fairweathers House, lately converted into an Hospital. The Sergt: to receive his Orders from Dr Church, Director of the Hospital.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 22, 1775.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersign Quinsey.
As the Muster Rolls cannot be properly prepared before Saturday next, The General defers the mustering of the Brigades, upon the left of the Lines, until next Monday; when the mustering the whole will take place without interuption.
Capt. Pearl, of Col Woodbridges Regiment, tried by a General Court Martial for "defrauding his men of their pay "--The Court are unanimously of Opinion, that the Complaint is in no part supported and being vexatious and groundless, and acquit Capt Pearl:--The Court order the chief Complainant, Daniel Davids, to be confined.
The General does not mean to discourage the practice of bathing whilst the weather is warm enough to continue it, but he expressly forbids, any persons doing it, at or near the Bridge in Cambridge, where it has been observed and complained of, that many Men, lost to all sense of decency and common modesty, are running about naked upon the Bridge, whilst Passengers, and even Ladies of the first fashion in the neighbourhood, are passing over it, as if they meant to glory in their shame:--The Guards and Centries at the Bridge, are to put a stop to this practice for the future.
The Director General of the Hospital having complained, that the sick under his care, are not only incommoded by a promiscuous Resort of Soldiers to the Rooms, but greatly injured by having improper things carried to them to eat, at the same time, that many disorders, under which the Sick are suffering, may be by them contracted and spread in the Camp, by means of this Intercourse, it is therefore ordered, that this improper Visitation be put a stop to for the future--No Non Commissioned Officer, or soldier to be admitted into the Hospital hereafter, without the leave of the Surgeon then in attendance, or by a written License from the Colonel, or Commanding Officer of the Regiment they belong to; in either of which Cases, the Friends to the sick, and all those who have any real business with them, will never be denied the privilege and satisfaction of visiting.
Representations being made to the Commander in Chief, that Officers are frequently seen in Cambridge and Water-town, and in the Towns and Villages round the Camp, without any leave of absence previously obtained, and contrary to all good discipline and Order; and as such irregularity at this time, may be productive of the worst of consequences: The General directs the Commanding Officers of Corps, to be particularly attentive to the Behaviour of all their Officers, and without Favor or Affection, confine any Officer, who is absent from the Camp or Lines, where he is posted or encamped, without Leave in writing first had and obtained from the General commanding the brigade. And the Commanding Officers are strictly enjoined, to put in Arrest, any Officer, who shall for the future disobey this order; When Officers set good Examples, it may be expected that the Men will with zeal and alacrity follow them, but it would be a mere phenomenon in nature, to find a well disciplin'd Soldiery, where Officers are relax'd and tardy in their duty; nor can they with any kind of propriety, or good Conscience, set in Judgment upon a Soldier for disobeying an order, which they themselves are every day breaking; The General is exceeding sorry to find occasion, to give such repeated Orders on this head, but, as the safety of the Army and Salvation of the Country, may essentially depend upon a strictness of discipline, and close attention to Duty; he will give no Countenance, nor shew any Favor to delinquents.
Camp Cambridge, August 23, 1775.
Sir: I flatter myself you have been misinform'd as to the conduct of the men under my Command, complain'd of in your's of Yesterday. It is what I should highly disapprove and condemn.
I have not the least Objection, to put a stop to the Intercourse between the two Camps, either totally or partially. It obtained through the pressing Solicitations of Persons cruelly seperated from their Friends and connections, and I understood was mutually convenient. I am Sir, etc.15
[Note 15: Howe's letter, to which this was a reply, is in the Washington Papers. It reads:
"Charlestown Camp, August 22, 1775 "Sir: The men under your command, having repeatedly fired upon the officers of his Majesty's troops, before they were returned to the outworks of this camp from parleys, that have been brought on by your desire, I am to request all further intercourse between the two camps may be at an end your own letters excepted, which will be received, if you are pleased to send them by a drummer. I am, Sir, your most obedient servant.
"W. Howe."]
August 23, 1775.
Sir: In a Conference with which I was lately honored from the General Court, I was informed that a Quantity of Shirts, Breeches, Stockings and Shoes had been provided by the Committee of Supplies; As there are Numbers of the Army destitute of these Articles. I should be glad the General Court would order them to be delivered to the Quarter Master General and to hasten those which are in Hand. He has orders to receive them on the Continental Account. I am Sir &ca.
Camp at Cambridge, August 23, 1775.
Sir: Yesterday I received advice from Boston, that a Number of Transports have Sailed on a Second Expedition for fresh Provisions; As they met with such Success before, it is probable they may pursue the same Course, only Advancing farther; We think Montawck Point on Long Island, a very probable Place of their Landing; I have therefore thought it best to give you the earliest Intelligence; But I do not mean to confine your Attention or Vigilance to that Place; you will please to extend your Views as far as the Mischief may be probably intended.
We have no Transactions of Sufficient Consequence in the Camp to make a Part of a Letter. I am Sir, etc.
P.S. You will please to let me know in your next, what Progress you make with the Hunting Shirts.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 24, 1775.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersign Ulster.
Lieut. William Ryan of Col Nixons Regiment, tried by a General Court Martial of which Lieut. Col Brickett was presdt. is found guilty of a breach of the 6th and 49th Articles of the Rules and Regulations for the Massachusetts Army and is unanimously adjudged to be cashiered. The General approves the Sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
The Quarter Master General is to see that the different Brigades, or at least each Division of the Army, are provided with Armourers, sufficient to keep the Arms therein in proper re pair--that they have proper places provided to work in--that they are properly attended to, to prevent impositions of any kind. He is also to employ Brickmakers under the Care of Capt Francis of Col Mansfield's Regiment, and sett them to make Bricks immediately. The necessary attendance is to be applied for by Capt Francis to the Adjutant General.
The Qr. Mr. General is also to receive from the General Court of the Massachusetts Government, or from such persons as they shall appoint, to deliver them; all the Shirts, Shoes, and Stockings, Breeches and Waistcoats, which have been provided by Order of their Committee of safety, for the Use of the Army; and settle for the same, and not deliver any from his Store, without an Order in writing from the Commander in Chief.
An exact Return of the Company of Artificers, under the Care of Mr. Ayres, to be given in--where they have been to work, and how employed.
The General would be glad to have the Rules and Regulations of war (as established by the Continental Congress), returned to him signed, as he will thereupon proceed to distribute the Continental Commissions, agreeable to the Ranks lately settled.
The late Pay Master of the Massachusetts Forces, is once more called upon, in a peremptory manner, to settle his Accounts with the different Regiments, that it may be known, what money is due to the men up to the first of this month (August) The General is sorry, that any difficulty or delay, should have happened, in a matter so plain and simple in its nature. He now assures the Regiments of Massachusetts, as they seem to be the only Complainants and Sufferers, that if they do not get paid by their own Colony pay Master, before the first day of September, that he will order James Warren Esq. Continental pay Master General, to pay each of the Massachusetts Regiments, for the month of august, and that he will moreover, use his endeavours to have their pay up to the 1st of August settled for and adjusted, as soon as possible.
Twenty Men from Col Mansfields Regiment, and ten from Col Gardiners, and two from each of the other Regiments in the Lines; and in Cambridge, to be sent, to join Capt. Francis, of Col Mansfields Regiment, to be forthwith employed in making of bricks none but Men who are acquainted with that service to be sent upon it.
Col. Prescott, with two Companies of his Regiment, to march to Sewells point this day; The Col. will apply to the Quarter Master General, for the Tents that will be wanted for this detachment.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 25, 1775.
Parole Wilmington. Countersign Yorkshire.
If the Officers who were sent upon the Recruiting service, are not all return'd to Camp; they are to be forthwith recalled, and no more men are to be enlisted, until further Orders.
The Company late under the Command of Capt. Ebenezer Lindsey, is to join Col Woodbridges Regiment, as that Reg' has at present only nine Companies.
As the Commander in Chief has heretofore approvd all the Sentences of the General Courts Martial, which have been laid before him, and thought himself happy in agreeing with them in opinion, so will he not now disapprove the Judgment, respecting Ensign Joshua Trofton, as the Court have intimated, that they were influenced by some favourable Circumstances; Disobedience of orders, is amongst the first and most atrocious of all military Crimes, he desires that the Conduct of Ensign Joshua Trofton, (however he may have been provoked) may never be drawn into a precedent; as there are certain Modes by which inferior Officers, may obtain redress of grievances, without proceeding to any unjustifiable Acts of violence.
Ensign Joshua Trofton of the 30th Regt. of Foot, in the service of the United Colonies, Commanded by Col, Scammons, tried by a General Court Martial for "offering to strike his Colonel, and for disobedience of orders," is found guilty of a Breach of the 6th. Article, of the Rules and Regulations of the Massachusetts Army, and sentenced, to be confined to his Tent for three days--
A Return signed by the Commanding Officer of each Regiment, of the Commission'd Officers vacant, distinguishing their names, rank, and by what means vacant; this must be delivered to the Adjutant Genl. at orderly time to morrow.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 27, 1775.
Parole Amboy. Countersign Brookline.
Genl. Sullivan's Brigade to be mustered upon Monday Morning next in the manner and form directed by the General Orders of the 21st Inst.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 28, 1775.
Parole Essex. Countersign Falmouth.
As the extraordinary duty necessary for some days past, prevents the mustering Genl. Sullivans Brigade this morning: The General appoints Friday morning next for that purpose, and orders that Brigade to be relieved from all but the ordinary Camp duty of their particular encampments Thursday morning that they may have that day to prepare for their mustering.
As nothing is more pernicious to the health of Soldiers, nor more certainly productive of the bloody-flux; than drinking New Cycler: The General in the most possitive manner commands, the entire disuse of the same, and orders the Quarter Master General this day, to publish Advertisements, to acquaint the Inhabitants of the surrounding districts, that such of them, as are detected bringing new Cyder into the Camp, after Thursday, the last day of this month, may depend on having their casks stove.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 29, 1775.
Parole Georgia. Countersign Harvard.
For the future, the several Guards mounted upon the General Hospitals, are to be reduced into one Guard, consisting of one Sub. three Serjts. three Corporals, one fife, and thirty men; The Officer after seeing his Centries posted, is to receive his orders from Dr Church, Director of the General Hospital of the Army of the United Colonies.
The Quarter Master General and Commissary General, are to see strict regard paid to the 6th Article of the General Orders of the 7th of July last; as Complaints are continually making of the badness of the bread, served to the regiments.
August 29, 1775.
Gentn.: The Quarter Master General of the Army has represented to me that notwithstanding he has offered 2/ pr Foot for Fire Wood, 2/1½ pr Bushel for Oats, ¾ pr Ct for Hay, he cannot procure those Articles for the use of the Army. From the information I have received, I have great Reason to believe, that this is an Artificial Scarcity, partly created by some persons who are monopolizing those Articles, in order to advance the Price and partly by the Possessors of them in the Neighbourhood of the Camp, who keep them in Order to profit by our Distress. As such a Combination must be attended with fatal Consequences both to the Country and Army, I cannot doubt the Interposition of your Honors to provide some Speedy and effectual Remedy; That which is usual and Customary in such Cases, is to fix the Prices to the Several Articles; bearing a Proportion to what is the Ordinary Rate, and if Persons will not Comply with a reasonable Tariff, but still refuse to furnish such Necessary Articles, the great Law of Self Preservation must authorize us to compel them. This or any other Regulations, which your knowledge of the People and Zeal for the Service shall induce you to make, will I doubt not remove the Mischief at present, and prevent it in future. If you should at the same Time extend your Views to other Articles besides those I have enumerated, I flatter myself it would have a very beneficial Effect. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 30, 1775.
Parole Ireland. Countersign Kingston.
One Field Officer, six Captains, twelve Subs., twelve Serjts., twelve Corporals, two Drums, two Fifes and three hundred Soldiers from Heaths Brigade, and the same from the Cambridge Brigade, to parade as soon as the Weather is fair, to march to ploughd hill; one Surgeon and one mate from each Brigade to be provided with proper Instruments and Dresshags, are to be ready to march with the above detachment.
By the Orders of the 17th Instant, Thomas Chace Esqr was, to the prejudice of Samuel Brewer Esqr., through mistake, appointed to be continued to do duty to Brigdr. Genl. Thomas's Brigade, as Major of Brigade: His Excellency orders that mistake to be rectified, and directs Samuel Brewer to be continued, to act as Major of Brigade, to Brigadier Genl Thomas--He is to be obeyed as such--
Camp at Cambridge, August 30, 1775.
Sir: Your favor of the 21St Instant is duly received, inclosing Mr. Carters Information of the Capture of the Charming Sally; which from the Circumstances attending it, was undoubtedly collusive. I have received Advice that another Vessel belonging to one White at Marblehead; whose ostensible Voyage was to Casco Bay, was carried in soon after. Such Instances of Avarice at such a time and in such a Cause, call for a Severe Scrutiny and exemplary Punishment.
Mr. Livingston and some other Gentlemen from your City, brought us the acceptable News of the safe Arrival of a large Quantity of Powder and 500 stand of Arms. Our Situation is such, as requires your immediate Assistance and Supply in that Article. We have lately taken Possession of a Hill considerably advanced towards the Enemy, but our Poverty prevents our availing ourselves of any Advantage of Situation. I must therefore most earnestly intreat, that Measures may be taken to forward to this Camp, in the most safe and expeditious Manner whatever Amunition can be spared from the immediate and Necessary Defence of the Province. The Value, of whatever may be sent in Consequence of this Request, will be paid by orders from hence when Delivered, or negociated with the Honble. Continental Congress at Philadelphia, as may be agreed with the proprietors; I only request that no time may be lost thro' any such Difficulties, as our Situation is so Critical and the Exigence so great. The Mode of Conveyance I must leave with the Provincial Congress, or the Committee of the City; I doubt not they will take every Precaution to make it safe and Expeditious. I have the Honor to be Sir, etc.
Camp at Cambridge, August 31, 1775.
Sir: Last night I received Information, that Messrs. Clark and Nightingale of Providence had imported a Quantity of Gun Powder, Lead and 500 Stand of Arms; upon which I have dispatch'd Capt. Baylor one of my Aids de Camp to treat with those Gentlemen for the whole Importation if not otherwise disposed of; I have directed him to wait on you immediately on his Arrival and must beg the Favor of your Advice and Assistance both in negociating the Purchase, and transporting it hither, in the cheapest safest and most expeditious Manner; I flatter myself those Gentn. will not take an undue advantage of the Distresses of their Country, so as to exact an unreasonable Price; and that a due Regard will be had to the very particular Necessities of this Army, so as to prevent as far as Possible, any Part of this Supply being diverted to other uses.--As I have the most perfect Confidence in your Attachment and Zeal for the Public Interest, I am pursuaded you will use your utmost Influence to give Effect to Capt. Baylors Commission; To him I must beg leave to refer you for the News of the Camp. In your next, you will please to inform me, what Progress you make with the Hunting Shirts. With much Respect and Esteem, Sir Your &ca.
Camp at Cambridge, August 31, 1775.
Gentn: Hearing that you have imported a Quantity of Powder Lead and Small Arms, I have Dispatched Captain Baylor23 one of my Aids de Camp to treat with you for it; whatever Engagement he shall enter into for the whole or any Part, I will Confirm; And upon Delivery to him, your Bills drawn on me for the Price agreed on, shall be honored on the Shortest Notice. I am Gentn. Your etc.
[Note 23: Capt. George Baylor.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, August 31, 1775.
Parole London. Countersign Monmouth.
The Colonels or Officers commanding of each Regiment of the Massachusetts Forces, are without delay to make out an exact abstract for the month of August of the pay due to the Commissioned, Non Commissioned Officers and private soldiers of each Regiment, who were effective in the said Regiment during that Month, and who continue to be effective in the same: This Abstract must be signed by the Colonel, or Officer commanding each Regiment of the Massachusetts, and forthwith deliver'd by him to the Commander in Chief; to the end that each of those Regiments, may immediately be paid one month's pay.
Camp at Cambridge, August 31, 1775.
Sir: The inclosed Letter coming under such a Direction and circumstances, as led me to suppose it contained some interesting Advices, either respecting a supply of Powder or the Clothing lately taken at Philadelphia, I took the Liberty of breaking the Seal for which I hope my motives will apologize.
As the filling up the place of the vacant Brigadier General will be of the first Business of the Honble. Congress, I flatter myself it will not be deemed assuming to mention the names of two Gentlemen whose former Services Rank and Age may be thought worthy of attention on this occasion. Of the one I can speak from my own Knowledge of the other only from character, the former is Col: John Armstrong of Pennsylvania, He served during the last War in most of the Campaigns to the Southward, was honoured with the command of the Pennsylvania Forces and his general Military Conduct and Spirit much approved by all who served with him; besides which his character was distinguished by an Enterprize against the Indians, which he plann'd with great Judgment and executed with equal courage and Success.24 It was not 'till lately, that I had reason to believe he would enter again into public Service and it is now wholly unknown and unsolicited on his part.
[Note 24: An attack on the Indian town of Kittanning, Pa., Sept. 8, 1756. A silver medal and piece of plate were presented to Colonel Armstrong by the corporation of Philadelphia for his bravery and good conduct on this occasion. An intimacy of many years' standing subsisted between him and Washington-- Sparks.]
The other Gentleman is Col: Frye of Massachusetts Bay he entered into the Service as early as 1745, and rose through the different Military Ranks in the succeeding wars to that of Colonel, until last June, when he was appointed a Major General by the Congress of this Province;25 from these circumstances
[Note 25: Joseph Frye. He had been at the siege of Louisburg on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and was taken prisoner at Fort William Henry, N.Y.] together with the favorable report made to me of him, I presume he sustained the Character of a good Officer, tho' I do not find it distinguished by any peculiar Service. Either of those Gentlemen or any other whom the Hon: Congress shall favor with the Appointment will be received by me with the utmost Deference and respect.26
[Note 26: Armstrong was elected brigadier general by Congress on September 21, but Frye was not commissioned until January, 1776.]
The late adjournment, having made it impracticable to the Pleasure of the Congress as to the appointment of Brigade majors beyond the number of three, which they were pleased to leave to me; and the Service not admitting of farther delay. I have continued the other three, which I hope their Honors will not disapprove. These latter were recommended by the respective Corps to which they belong, as the properest Persons for these Offices until farther directions and have discharged the duty ever since: They are the Majors Box, Scammell and Samuel Brewer.
Last Saturday night we took possession of a Hill considerably advanced beyond our former Lines,27 which brought on a very heavy cannonade from the Enemy on Bunkers Hill, and afterwards a Bombardment, which has since been kept up but with little Spirit on their side or Damage on ours. The Work having been continued ever since, is now so advanced and the Men so well covered as leave us under no Apprehensions of much farther Loss. In this Affair we had killed, one Adjutant, one Volunteer28 and two Privates. The Scarcity of Ammunition does not admit of our availing ourselves of the Situation as we otherwise might do; but this I hope will soon be remedied as I have been informed of the arrival of a large
[Note 27: Ploughed Hill, now known as Mount Benedict.]
[Note 28: The volunteer was one Simpson. Wilkinson's Memoirs of My Own Times (vol. 1, p. 17) states that he was from Pennsylvania and that Washington and other officers visited him after he was wounded.] Quantity at New York, some at New London and more hourly expected at different Places. I need not add to what I have said on this Subject, our late Supply was very seasonable, but far short of our necessities.
The late adjournment of the Honr. Congress having been made before my Letter of the 4th Instant was received I must now beg leave to recall their attention to those parts of it, which respect the Provision for the Winter, and the Reduction of the Troops: The double commissions under different Establishments and Col: Gridly's Appointment of Major General, in all which I hope to be honoured with their Commands, as soon as possible. The Advocate General has sent me a memorial respecting his Service, which I have the Honour to inclose No. 1 and from the variety and Multiplicity of Duty in a new Army, as well as his regular Service and attendance hitherto, I am induced to recommend him to the Notice of the Honourable Congress.
The Treatment of our Officers Prisoners at Boston, induced me to write to General Gage on that Subject, his answer and my reply I have the Honour to lay before the Congress in the Inclosures No. 2, 3 and 4 since which I have heard nothing from him.
I remain with the greatest respect and regard, etc.
Camp at Cambridge, August 31, 1775.
Sir: I duly received your Letter of the 15th instant, with the Inclosures, which shall be forwarded into Boston, agreeable to your request.
I understand the Committee of Safety of Philadelphia, have directed an Escort with you to this Camp. The Accommodations, as well as many other Reasons, would make your Residence here extremely inconvenient, I have therefore directed that it be changed to Hartford. To this Effect I have wrote to the Committee there, who will take care that suitable Provision shall be made for you and your Companions, and shew you every civility, consistent with their Duty, and the Interest of the Public. Should Governor Trumbull think proper to make any Alteration of your Residence, he is impowered so to do, and I make no Doubt of your Acquiescence. I am Sir Your &c.29
[Note 29: Major French, of the Twenty-third Foot, British Army, had been captured on his way to Boston. During his captivity he wrote many letters to Washington complaining of the treatment he received.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 1, 1775.
Parole Newhaven. Countersign Ormond.
Complaint has been made to the General; that the body of a Soldier of Col Woodbridges Regiment has been taken from his grave by persons unknown; The General and the Friends of the deceased, are desirous of all the Information that can be given, of the perpetrators of this abominable Crime, that he, or they, may be made an example, to deter others from committing so wicked and shameful an offence--
The Magazine Guard in the Rear of Genl. Sullivan's brigade to be relieved to morrow morning, by the brigade posted in, and near Cambridge.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 2, 1775.
Parole Portugal. Countersign Quebec.
Capt. Edward Crafts of Col. Gridley's Regiment of Artillery, tried yesterday by a General Court Martial, is acquitted of that part of the Charge against him, which relates to defrauding of his men," and the Court are also of opinion, that no part of the Charge against the prisoner is proved, except that of using abusive expressions to Major Gridley, which being a breach of the 49th. Article of the Rules and Regulations for the Massachusetts Army; sentence the Prisoner to receive a severe reprimand from the Lt. Col. of the Artillery in the presence of all the Officers of the regiment and that he at the said time ask pardon of Major Gridley for the said abusive language.
Lieut. Russell30 of Capt. Symonds Company, in the 21st Regt. of foot, tried by the above Court Martial, for "disobedience of orders," is unanimously acquitted by the court.
[Note 30: Lieut. William Russell, of Glover's regiment, the Twenty-first Massachusetts.]
The General confirms the proceedings & Sentence of the above Court Martl.
Camp at Cambridge, September 2, 1775.
Sir: I have just received your Favour of the 29th Ult. by express.31 I am very sensible that the Situation of the Inhabitants of Long-Island, as well as of all those on the Coast, exposes them greatly to the Ravages of the Enemy, and it is to be wished general Protection could be extended to them, consistent with the
[Note 31: Wooster's Connecticut regiment, which had been stationed in Harlem, N.Y., had later gone over to Long Island, N.Y., at the request of the New York Provincial Congress, to protect the inhabitants of that quarter from the British expeditions from Boston to seize island cattle and other provisions. Three companies had been raised on Long Island as a part of the regiments voted by the New York Congress, which were placed on the Continental establishment. General Schuyler had ordered these companies to the northward. Wooster wrote to the Commander in Chief (August 29): "The inhabitants here think that had General Schuyler known their very exposed situation he would not have ordered the companies away. The New York Congress suppose they have no right to counteract his orders. They might, indeed, have sent to him, and received an answer in season; but they are so refined in their policy, have so many private views to answer, and take such infinite pains to keep out of the plain path, conscious perhaps of their own superior wisdom, that they do nothing like other people." The letter is in the Washington Papers.] Prosecution of those great Plans, which have been adopted for the common Safety. This was early foreseen and the Danger provided for by a Resolution of Congress, That each Province should depend on it's own internal Strength against these Incursions, the Prejudice arising from them, even if successful, not being equal to that of seperating the Army into a Number of small Detachments, who would be harrassed in fruitless Marches and Counter-Marches, after an Enemy, whose Conveyance by Shipping is so advantageous that they might keep the whole Coast in constant Alarm, without our being able perhaps at any Time, to give them vigorous Opposition. Upon this Principle I have invariably rejected every Application made me here, to keep any Detachments on the Coast for these Purposes. I should, therefore most probably have thought it my Duty, to have ordered the three Companies mentioned in your Letter to have joined your Army, to act in the general Service, had they not been under Command from General Schuyler to join him, but as it is I can by no Means interfere. He is engaged in a Service of the greatest Importance to the whole Continent, his Strength and appointments far short of his Expectations, and to give any counter Orders may not only defeat his whole Plan; but must make me responsible to the Public for the Failure. Instead, therefore, of their further Stay, I would have them march immediately. I fear the Delay of the ten Days may have very bad Effects, as by my last Advices from Ticonderoga, General Schuyler was to march in a few Days for Canada; and it is highly probable he may depend upon these Companies to occupy the Posts of Communication, which otherwise he must weaken his Army to do. No provincial Congress can with any Propriety, interfere in the Disposition of Troops on the continental Establishment, much less controul the Orders of any General Officer, so that in this Instance the Congress at New York have judged properly, in declining to counteract General Schuyler's Orders. I wish I could extend my Approbation equally to the whole Line of their Conduct. Before you receive this Letter, you will most probably be able to judge how far your Continuance on Long-Island will be farther necessary. If the Fleet which last sailed was destined for those Coasts, it must be arrived. If it is not, it is certainly gone to the Eastward, and your present Station is no longer necessary. The Importance of preserving the Communication of the North River and many other Reasons induce me to wish you were returned to your former Post. The late Transactions at New York, furnish additional Reasons for your being as near that City, as is consistent with the Discipline and Convenience of your Troops. Your next, therefore, I flatter myself will inform me of your having resumed your former Station. I am, Sis', etc.32
[Note 32: In receiving this letter Wooster returned immediately to Harlem, N.Y., and embarked for Albany, N.Y. September 2 Washington empowered Nathaniel Tracy, of Newburyport, Mass., to impress as many vessels as needed to transport troops on a secret expedition, which was to be against Canada.]
[Note 33: Broughton was captain of the Continental armed schooner Hannah, one of the early privateers, sometimes known as Washington's Fleet, which inflicted considerable damage upon the British at the beginning of the war. Broughton's letters in the Washington Papers show that he signed his Christian name differently at various times; it appears as Nicholas, Nicholson, and Nicholasson.]
1st. You being appointed a Captain in the Army of the United Colonies of North America, are hereby directed to take the Command of a Detachment of said Army and proceed on Board the Schooner Hannah, at Beverly lately fitted out & equipp'd with Arms, Ammunition and Provisions at the Continental Expence.
2nd. You are to proceed as Commander of Sd. Schooner, immediately on a Cruize against such Vessels as may be found on the High Seas or elsewhere, bound inward and outward to or from Boston, in the Service of the ministerial Army, and to take and seize all such Vessels, laden with Soldiers, Arms, Ammunition, or Provisions for or from sd. Army, or which you shall have good Reason to susspect are in such Service.
3rd. If you should be so successful as to take any of such Vessels, you are immediately to send them to to the nearest and safest Port to this Camp, under a careful Prize-Master, directing him to notify me by Express immediately of such Capture, with all Particulars and there to wait my farther Direction.
4th. You are to be very particular and diligent in you Search after all Letters and other Papers tending to discover the Designs of the Enemy, or of any other Kind, and to forward all such to me as soon as possible.
5th. Whatever Prisoners you may take, you are to treat with Kindness and Humanity, as far as is consistent with your own Safety. Their private Stock of Money, and Apparell to be given them after being duly search'd, and when they arrive at any Port, you are to apply to the Committee, or to any Officer of the continental Army stationed at such Port for a Guard to bring them up to Head Quarters.
6th. For your own Encouragement and that of the other Officers and Men, to Activity, and Courage in this Service, over and above your Pay in the Continental Army, you shall be entitled to one third Part of the Cargo of every Vessel by you taken and sent into Port, (military and naval Stores only excepted, which with Vessels and Apparell are reserved for publick Service) which 1st third Part is to be divided among the Officers and Men in the following Proportions. Captain 6 Shares, 1st Lieutt. 5 do, 2nd Lieutt. 4 do, Ship's Master 3 do, Steward 2 do, Mate 1½ do, Gunner 1½ do, Boatswain 1½ do, Gunners Mate and Serjt. 1½ do, Privates 1 Share each.
7th. You are particularly charged to avoid any Engagement with any armed Vessel of the Enemy, though you maybe equal in Strength, or may have some small Advantage; the Design of this Enterprize, being to intercept the Supplies of the Enemy, which will be defeated by your running into unnecessary Engagements.
8th. As there may be other Vessels imployed in the same Services with yourselves, you are to fix upon proper Signals, and your Stations being settled so as to take the greatest Range, avoid cruizing on the same Ground. If you should happen to take Prizes in Sight of each other; the Rules, which take Place among private Ships of War, are to be observed in the Distribution of the Prize-Money.
9th. In Case of retaking the Vessel of any Friend to the American Cause, I will recommend it to such Person to make a suitable Compensation to those who have done such a Service; but such Vessels are not to be deemed as coming within the Directions respecting other Vessels.
10th. You are to be extremely careful and frugal of your Ammunition, by no Means to waste any of it in Salutes, or for any Purpose, but what is absolutely necessary.34
[Note 34: The draft, in the writing of Joseph Reed, was indorsed later by Richard Varick: "Captn B. sailed the 5th Sept."]
Camp at Cambridge, September 2, 1775.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favor of the 21st. Ulto. with the Inclosures; By my last Letter from Ticonderoga I expect a Quantity of Lead will be forwarded soon to your care from thence, I am glad there are such Prospects of a Supply of that Article, from the Mines in your Colony; I make no doubt they will receive such Encouragement both public and private, as their Importance and Value Demand.
By the Time you receive this Letter you will be able to judge with some Certainty, whether the Fleet which saild last from Boston was destined for your Coast; If it is not yet arrived we may conclude it has sail'd to the Eastward, if it has arrived the Issue will be known immediately; so that in either case, the Continuance of the New raised Levies along the Coast is unnecessary; You will therefore on the Receipt of this be pleased to order them to March immediately to this Camp, directing the Commanding Officer at the same Time to give me 2 or 3 days Notice of the Time, in which the Troops will arive, that suitable accomodations may be prepared.
Their Presence is the more necessary, as I may in Confidence inform you that I am about to detach 1000 or 1200 Men on an Expedition into Canada, by way of Kenebeck River, from which I have the greatest Reason to expect either that Quebec will fall into our Hands a very easy Prey, or such a Diversion made as will open a very easy passage to Genl. Schuyler.
We are now so well secured in our late Advanced Post on the Hill, that the Enemy have discontinued their Cannonade, the Men continue in good Health and Spirits. I am with much Regard etc.
Head Quarters, September 2, 1775.
You are hereby authorized and impowered to take up for the Service of the sd. Colonies so many Vessels as shall be necessary for the transporting a Body of Troops to be detached from this Army on a secret Expedition: Freight of such Vessels to be paid in such a Manner and at such a Rate as is indorsed hereon: And in Case of Loss or Damage to such Vessels or any of them such Loss or Damage to be compensated by the Publick according to an Estimation to be made before the sd. Vessels proceed in the above Service.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Joseph Reed. The vessels were to take Arnold's troops to the Kennebec River, whence he started on his march against Canada. Reed added a note to the draft that Colonel Orne, of Marblehead, Mass., and two other persons were to appraise the vessels before they proceeded.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 3, 1775.
Parole Roxbury. Countersign Schenectady.
Benjamin Child Soldier in Col. Glover's Regiment, and in Capt. Broughton's Company, tried by a General Court Martial, upon an Appeal from a Regimental Court Martial. The Court were unanimously of opinion the proceedings of the Regimental Court was irregular and therefore acquit the prisoner.
Camp at Cambridge, September 4, 1775.
Gentn: Col. Sergeant39 has applied to me for his Commission in the Continental Army, and I have no objection to Comply with his request, but his not having received one under the Legislature of this Province; But as I do not mean to confine myself to Forms, if he has been considered by this Government, as an Officer authorised to Raise a Regiment and would have received a Commission on the Provincial Establishment, and you will signify this to me for my Government and Security, I shall make no Difficulty to grant a Commission to him, on the same Terms as are prescribed to the other officers. I am Gentn. most Respectfully
[Note 39: Paul Dudley Sargent.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 5, 1775.
Parole Waltham. Countersign York.
The General Court Martial whereof Col Experience Stors was president is dissolved. Capt. Moses Hart of the 28th. Regiment of foot, tried by the above mentioned genl. Court martial, is found guilty of "drawing far more provisions than he was entitled to, and for unjustly confining, and abusing his men"; he is unanimously sentenced to be cashiered--The General approves the sentence, and orders it to take place immediately.
A Detachment consisting of two Lieut. Colonels, two Majors, ten Captains, thirty Subalterns, thirty Serjeants, thirty Corporals, four Drummers, two Fifers, and six hundred and seventy six privates; to parade to morrow morning at eleven O'Clock, upon the Common, in Cambridge, to go upon Command with Col. Arnold40 of Connecticut; one Company of Virginia Rifle-men and two Companies from Col Thompson's41 Pennsylvania Regiment of Rifle-men, to parade at the same time and place, to join the above Detachment.42 Tents and Necessaries proper and convenient for the whole, will be supplied by the Quarter Master Genl. immediately upon the Detachment being collected--As it is imagined the Officers and Men, sent from the Regiments both here, and at Roxbury, will be such Volunteers, as are active Woodsmen, and well acquainted with batteaus; so it is recommended, that none but such will offer themselves for this service--Col Arnold and the Adjutant General will attend upon the Common, in Cam bridge, to morrow in the forenoon, to receive and parade the detachment--The Quarter Master General will be also there to supply tents &c.
[Note 40: Col. Benedict Arnold.]
[Note 41: Col. William Thompson.]
[Note 42: The expedition was to be against Canada.]
The Colonels and commanding Officers of the Massachusetts Regiments, who have deliver'd in their pay abstracts at Head Quarters, are immediately to apply to the General for his Warrant upon the Pay Master General, James Warren Esqr. for the pay for the month of August; agreeable to the General Order of the 31st. of last month.
As great Complaints have heretofore been made by the men in regard to their pay; The General expects the utmost exactness, and dispatch be made in this payment.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 6, 1775.
Parole Albany. Countersign Bolingbroke.
Whereas a number of pretended Sutlers utterly disregarding the good of the service, sell Liquor to every one indiscriminately, to the utter subversion of all order and good Government; the Troops being continually debauched, which causes them to neglect their duty, and to be guilty of all those crimes which a vicious, ill habit naturally produces. To prevent such evils from spreading in the Camp: No Person is for the future to presume to sell any Stores, or Liquor to the troops, unless he be first appointed Sutler to some Regiment, by the Colonel or Officer commanding the same, who will immediately punish such Sutler for any Transgression of the Rules and Orders he is directed to observe; And if any Person, not regularly authorized and appointed, shall presume to sell Liquor, or Stores to the Troops in the Camp: It is recommended to the Brigadier General, to issue an order for securing their persons and effects. The Delinquent to be punished at the discretion of a General Court Martial and his Effects to be applied for the Refreshment of the Fatiguemen, and out Guards belonging to the brigade.
This Order is not meant to extend to those Sutlers who are appointed by Government, and who are permitted to act as Sutlers to the regiments for which they were appointed; they being subject to all Rules and Regulations of the army, the same as if appointed by the Colonels.
As the remoteness of some of the Regiments from Head Quarters renders it difficult to send invitations to the Officers; The Commander in Chief requests, that for the future, The Field Officer of the day, the Officer of his own guard, and the Adjutant of the day; consider themselves invited to dine at Head Quarters, and this general invitation, they are desired to accept accordingly.
Camp at Cambridge 3 Miles from Boston, September 6, 1775.
Gentn: [In the great Conflict, which agitates this Continent, I cannot doubt but the Assertors of Freedom and the Rights of the Constitution, are possessed of your most favorable Regards and Wishes for Success. As Descendents of Freemen and Heirs with us of the same Glorious Inheritance, we flatter ourselves that tho' divided by our Situation, we are firmly united in Sentiment; the Cause of Virtue and Liberty is Confined to no Continent or Climate, it comprehends within its capacious Limits, the Wise and good, however dispersed and seperated in Space or distance.] You need not be informed, that Violence and Rapacity of a tyrannick Ministry, have forced the Citizens of America, your Brother Colonists, into Arms; We equally detest and lament the Prevalence of those Councils, which have led to the Effusion of so much human Blood and left us no Alternative but a Civil War or a base Submission. The wise disposer of all Events has hitherto smiled upon our virtuous Efforts; Those Mercenary Troops, a few of whom lately boasted of Subjugating this vast Continent, have been check'd in their earliest Ravages and are now actually encircled in a small Space; their Arms disgraced, and Suffering all the Calamities of a Siege. The Virtue, Spirit, and Union of the Provinces leave them nothing to fear, but the Want of Amunition, The applications of our Enemies to foreign States and their Vigilance upon our Coasts, are the only Efforts they have made against us with Success. Under those Circumstances, and with these Sentiments we have turned our Eyes to you Gentlemen for Re lief, We are informed there is a very large Magazine in your Island under a very feeble Guard; We would not wish to in volve you in an Opposition, in which from your Situation, we should be unable to support you:--We knew not therefore to what Extent to sollicit your Assistance in availing ourselves of this Supply;--but if your Favor and Friendship to North America and its Liberties have not been misrepresented, I persuade myself you may, consistent with your own Safety, pro mote and further this Scheme, so as to give it the fairest prospect of Success. Be assured, that in this Case, the whole Power and Execution of my Influence will be made with the Honble. Continental Congress, that your Island may not only be Supplied with Provisions, but experience every other Mark of Affection and Friendship, which the grateful Citizens of a free Country can bestow on its Brethren and Benefactors. I am &c.43
[Note 43: There is no draft of this address to the Bermuda inhabitants in the Washington Papers. The copy of it there was made by George Taylor, jr., one of Varick's writers, in 1781. (See Washington's letter to Gov. Nicholas Cooke, August 4, 1775, ante.) Capt. Abraham Whipple, of Rhode Island, sailed for Bermuda. He arrived too late, as Gage had already removed the powder.]
Camp at Cambridge, September 6, 1775.
Sir: Your Favor of the 30th August and 2d Inst. are duly received; The Concurrence of the Committee in the Bermuda Voyage is very agreeable and I hope will prove a happy Earnest of its Success; Inclosed is a Letter to the Inhabitants of that Island of the tenor you have Suggested; but I shall depend upon Capt. Whipple's not making use of it, except in Case of real Necessity.
I am to acknowledge your kind assistance to Capt. Bayler in his late Errand, and must desire you to make known to Messrs. Clark & Nightingale, that i am very sensible of the Patriotic and disinterested Part they have acted on this Occasion.
As the Congress will depend on a Supply of Tow Cloth from your Colony, unless they are apprized to the Contrary, I apprehend it will be proper through your Deligates, to acquaint them, of the State in which you have found that Article, in order to guard against a Disappointment.
The Removal of the Stock from the Coast and Islands, will I hope have its Effect, in sending the Minesterial Plunderers empty home. We have yet no Accounts of the last Fleet, except 6 who return'd from Louisburgh with Coal, a few Days ago.
I need not mention to you the vast Importance of gaining Intelligence of the Enemy's Motions and Designs as early as possible; The great saving to the Continent both of Blood and Money; a Detection of our secret and most Dangerous Enemies, with innumerable other Advantages, would result from the Interception of their Correspondence at this Juncture; I have therefore thought Proper, to propose to you the Seizing the Mail by the next Packet; She is Hourly expected from England; her Force of Men and Guns inconsiderable; none but Swivels and only mann'd with 18 Men.
If the Vessel proposed to go to Bermuda should cruize for a few Days off Sandy Hook, I have no Doubt she would fall in with her; In which Case she might with little or no Delay land the Mail, in order to be forwarded to me and proceed on her Voyage; But if there are any material objections to this Mode, I am still so anxious upon the Subject, that I would have it tried with another Vessel at the Continental Expence and will for that end direct, that any charge which may accrue in this Service, shall be paid by the Paymaster here, upon being duly liquidated.
It will be necessary that some person well acquainted with the Packets should be on Board our Vessel, or the Stopping in ward bound Vessels indiscriminately will give the Alarm and she may be apprised of her Danger; The choice of a proper Officer with the care of providing a suitable Vessel &c. I must leave to you. should it meet with the desired Success there can be no doubt the Honble. Continental Congress will distinguish and Reward the officer and men who shall have done so essential a Service; nor shall I fail in making known to them how much the Public Service is indebted to you for your Zeal and Activity on all occasions.44 I am Sir &ca.
[Note 44: Captain Whipple accordingly cruised off New York for some days until he learned that the mail packet had safely reached that city, when he laid his course for Bermuda. Meanwhile Washington had heard that the powder in that island had been removed by Gage, and a vessel was sent to intercept Whipple's useless voyage but missed him.]
Friends and Brethren: The unnatural Contest between the English Colonies, and Great Britain has now risen to such a Height, that Arms alone must decide it.
The Colonies, confiding in the Justice of their Cause and the purity of their intentions, have reluctantly appealed to that Being, in whose hands are all Human Events: He has hitherto smiled upon their virtuous Efforts: The Hand of Tyranny has been arrested in its Ravages, and the British Arms, which have shone with so much Splendor in every part of the Globe, are now tarnished with disgrace and disappointment. Generals of approved experience, who boasted of subduing this great Continent, find themselves circumscribed within the limits of a single City and its Suburbs, suffering all the shame and distress of a Siege. While the Freeborn Sons of America, animated by the genuine principles of Liberty and Love of their Country, with increasing Union, Firmness and discipline, repel every attack and despise every Danger.
Above all we rejoice that our Enemies have been deceived with Regard to you: They have persuaded themselves, they have even dared to say, that the Canadians were not capable of distinguishing between the Blessings of Liberty and the Wretchedness of Slavery; that gratifying the Vanity of a little Circle of Nobility would blind the Eyes of the people of Canada. By such Artifices they hoped to bend you to their Views; but they have been deceived: Instead of finding in you that poverty of Soul, and baseness of Spirit, they see with a Chagrin equal to our Joy, that you are enlightened, generous, and Virtuous; that you will not renounce your own Rights, or serve as Instruments to deprive your Fellow subjects of theirs. Come then, my Brethern, Unite with us in an indissoluble Union. Let us run together to the same Goal. We have taken up Arms in Defence of our Liberty, our Property; our Wives and our Children: We are determined to preserve them or die. We look forward with pleasure to that day not far remote (we hope) when the Inhabitants of America shall have one Sentiment and the full Enjoyment of the blessings of a Free Government.
Incited by these Motives and encouraged by the advice of many Friends of Liberty among you, the Great American Congress have sent an Army into your Province, under the command of General Schuyler; not to plunder but to protect you; to animate and bring forth into Action those sentiments of Freedom you have declared, and which the Tools of dispositism would extinguish through the whole Creation. To co-operate with this design and to frustrate those cruel and perfidious Schemes, which would deluge our Frontier with the Blood of Women and Children, I have detached Colonel Arnold into your Country, with a part of the Army under my Command. I have enjoined upon him, and I am certain that he will consider himself, and act as in the Country of his Patrons and best Friends. Necessaries and Accommodations of every kind which you may furnish, he will thankfully receive, and render the full Value. I invite you therefore as Friends and Brethren, to provide him with such supplies as your Country affords; and I pledge myself not only for your safety and security, but for ample Compensation. Let no Man desert his habitation. Let no Man flee as before an Enemy.
The cause of America and of liberty is the cause of every virtuous American Citizen Whatever may be his Religion or his descent, the United Colonies know no distinction, but such as Slavery, Corruption and Arbitrary Domination may create. Come then ye generous Citizens, range yourselves under the Standard of general Liberty, against which all the force and Artifice of Tyranny will never be able to prevail. I am, etc.45
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 7, 1775.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Dorchester
Repeated Complaints being made by the Regimental Surgeons, that they are not allowed proper Necessaries for the Use of the sick before they become fit Objects for the General
[Note 45: An interesting record of this address exists in the Washington Papers in broadside form, with French and English in parallel columns. It is apparently a printer's proof, and the French is corrected in the writing of Maj. Gen. Charles Lee. The date of its composition justifies its position in the Varick Transcripts at this point (September 7), but apparently the printed copies were not ready before Arnold left Cambridge, as he acknowledges their receipt at Fort Wesson September 25. Schuyler had before this drawn up and sent into Canada a declaration to the inhabitants. A copy of it, dated Sept. 5, 1775, is in the Washington Papers.] Hospital: And the Director General of the hospital complains, that contrary to the Rule of every established army, these Regimental Hospitals are more expensive than can be conceived; which plainly indicates that there is either an unpardonable Abuse on one side, or an inexcusable neglect on the other. And Whereas the General is exceedingly desirous of having the utmost care taken of the sick (wherever placed and in every stage of their disorder) but at the same time is determin'd, not to suffer any impositions on the public; he requires and orders, that the Brigadiers General with the commanding Officers of each Regiment in his brigade; do set as a Court of enquiry into the Causes of these Complaints, and that they summon the Director General of the hospital, and their several Regimental Surgeons before them, and have the whole matter fully investigated and reported. This enquiry to begin on the left of the Line to morrow, at the hour of ten in Genl. Sullivan's brigade.
When a Soldier is so Sick that it is no longer safe, or proper for him to remain in Camp, he should be sent to the General Hospital. There is no need of regimental Hospitals without the Camp, when there is a general Hospital so near and so well appointed.
Col Thompson's Regiment of Rifle men to be mustered to morrow morning at seven 'OClock. Genl. Green's Brigade to be mustered, saturday morning at the same hour. These Corps are to be one day off duty, previous to their being mustered.
Camp at Cambridge, September 7, 1775.
Sir: I do myself the Honor of Addressing you in Consequence of an Application from the Commissary General, who is by my directions, taking all proper Precautions on the Approach of Winter. I desired him to commit to Writing such Proposals as his Experience and Knowledge of the Country might intitle him to make, which he has done in the Paper which I have the Honor to inclose. The Difficulty of procuring a sufficient Quantity of Salt, which I objected to him, he has fully obviated by assuring me, that there is so much now actually in Store in this and the neighbouring Towns, as will remove all Possibility of a Disappointment.
I propose to do myself the Honor of Writing in a few Days fully and particularly on several Heads, to which I must now refer. In the mean Time I have only to inform the Honr. Congress, that I have received a small supply of 7000 lb. Powder this Week, from Rhode Island, and in a few clays expect 7 Tons of Lead and 500 Stand of Arms. A part of the same Importation, and to request that more Money may be forwarded with all Expedition; the Military Chest being nearly exhausted. I am with the greatest respect &ca.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 8, 1775.
Parole Edington. Countersign Falkland.
Capt. Perry46 of Col Walkers Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial, whereof Col. Alden was president for "permitting persons to pass the Lines on Boston Neck," is found guilty of the Crimes laid to his charge; but from alleviating Circum stances, is sentenced only to be severely reprimanded at the head of his Regiment. The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be put in execution accordingly.
[Note 46: Capt. John Perry, of' Timothy Walker's regiment,]
The Detachment going under the Command of Col Arnold, to be forthwith taken off the Roll of duty, and to march this evening to Cambridge Common; where Tents, and every thing necessary, is provided for their reception. The Rifle Company at Roxbury, and those from Prospect-hill, to march early to morrow Morning to join the above detachment. Such Officers and men, as are taken from Genl. Green's brigade, for the above detachment, are to attend the Muster of their respective Regiments to morrow morning at seven O'Clock, upon Prospect-hill, when the Muster is finished, they are forthwith to rejoin the Detachment at Cambridge.
[Note 47: Maj. Gens. Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, and Israel Putnam; Brig. Gens. John Thomas, Joseph Spencer, William Heath, John Sullivan, Nathanael Greene, and Horatio Gates.]
Camp at Cambridge, September 8, 1775.
Gentlemen: As I mean to call upon you in a day or two for your opinions upon a point of a very Interesting nature to the well being of the Continent in general, and this Colony in particular; I think it proper, indeed an incumbent duty on me previous to this meeting, to intimate to the end and design of it, that you may have time to consider the matter with that deliberation and attention which the Importance of it requires.
It is to know whether, in your judgment, we cannot make a successful attack upon the Troops in Boston, by means of Boats, cooperated by an attempt upon their Lines at Roxbury. The success of such an Enterprize depends, I well know, upon the all wise disposer of Events, and is not within the reach of human wisdom to foretell the Issue; but, if the prospect is fair, the undertaking is justifiable under the following, among other reasons which might be assigned.
The Season is now fast approaching when warm, and comfortable Barracks must be erected for the Security of the Troops, against the inclemency of the Winter; large and costly pro vision must be made in the article of Wood, for the Supply of the Army; and after all that can be done in this way, it is but too probable that Fences, Woods, Orchards, and even Houses themselves, will fall Sacrifices to the want of Fuel, before the end of the Winter. A very considerable difficulty, if not expence, must accrue on acct. of Cloathing for the Men now ingaged in the Service, and if they do not inlist again, this difficulty will be Increased to an almost insurmountable degree. Blankets I am inform'd are now much wanted, and not to be got, how then shall we be able to keep Soldiers to their duty, already impatient to get home, when they come to feel the Severity of Winter without proper Covering? If this Army should not Incline to engage for a longer term than the first of January, what then is to be the consequence, but that you must either be obliged to levy new Troops and thereby have two Setts (or partly so) in pay at the same time, or, by disbanding one set before you get the other, expose the Country to desolation, and the Cause perhaps to irretrievable Ruin. These things are not unknown to the Enemy, perhaps it is the very ground they are building on, if they are not waiting a reinforcement; and if they are waiting for succours, ought it not to give a Spur to the attempt? Our Powder (not much of which would be consumed in such an enterprize) without any certainty of Supply, is daily wasting. and to sum up the whole, in spite of every saving that can be made, the expence of supporting this Army will so far exceed any Idea that was form'd in Congress of it, that I do not know what will be the consequences.
These among many other reasons which might be assigned, induce me to wish a speedy finish of the dispute; but, to avoid these evils we are not to loose sight of the difficulties, the hazard, and the loss that may accompany the attempt, nor, what will be the probable consequences of a failure.
That every circumstance for and against this measure may be duely weighted, that there may be time for doing of it, and nothing of this Importance resolved on but after mature deliberation, I give this previous notice of the Intention of calling you together on Monday next, at Nine o'clock, at which time you are requested to attend at head Quarters. It is unnecessary I am perswaded, to recommend Secrecy, as the Success of the Enterprize, (if undertaken) must depend in a great measure upon the suddenness of the stroke. I am with the greatest esteem, etc.48
[Note 48: The council of war met (September 11) and decided against the attempt. Sir William Howe wrote to Governor Legge, of Nova Scotia (September 4) in explanation of the British inactivity: "The situation of the king's troops and that of the rebels is nearly the same as when I had the honor of writing you last. They are entrenched upon every advantageous spot, and we are so strongly posted here that we wish to tempt them to attack us, which if they do not shortly do, perhaps we may try our for tune against them; but we are so well prepared upon these heights [Charlestown] that it would be imprudent to attack them before we give up their coming to us."]
[MS.H.S.]
Camp at Cambridge, September 8, 1775.
Dear Sir: I have received your Favour of the 31st August, and am much engaged in sending off the Detachment under Col. Arnold upon the Plan contained in mine of the 20th Ult. A Variety of Obstacles have retarded us since the Express returned with yours of the 27th Augt. from Albany; but we are now in such Forwardness that I expect they will set out by Sunday next at farthest. I shall take Care in my Instructions to Col; Arnold that in Case there should be a Junction of the Detachment with your Army, you shall have no Difficulty in adjusting the Scale of Command.
You seem so sensible of the absolute Necessity of preserving the Friendship of the Canadians, that I need say nothing on that Subject; but that a strict Discipline and punctual Payment for all Necessaries brought to your Camp will be the most certain Means of attaining so valuable and important an End. I shall inculcate the same Principle most strongly on our Troops who go from hence; as that on which their Safety, Success and Honour entirely depends. I am truly concerned that your Sup plies and Appointments are so far short of your Expectations; but, I trust, you will have a feeble Enemy to contend with, and a whole Province on your Side, two Circumstances of great Weight in the Scale. Your Situation for some Time must be so critical and interesting, that, I hope, you will not fail giving me constant Information of your Motions and Success. Believe me with much Truth and Regard, etc.
Camp at Cambridge, September 8, 1775.
Sir: Upon the receipt of this you will please to give directions, that all the New Levies march immediately to this Camp. By a Resolution of Congress the Troops on the Continental Establishment, were not to be employed for the Defence of the Coasts, or of any particular Province, the Militia being deemed competent to that Service. When I directed these Troops to remain in their own Province, I had some reason to expect a Remove from Boston to New York, in which case they would have been able to give them more speedy oposition, But as that Suspicion now appears groundless, there will be an Impropriety in continuing them where they now are, consistent with the above Resolve.
The Detachment which I mentioned in my last, will March in 2 Days and I shall have Occasion for the Troops from you to fill their Places; The Ministerial Expedition must I apprehend by this Time have come to some Issue, they are either returned with Disappointment, or have succeeded on their Errand; in either case the Men can be spared without danger to the Country; but should this not be the Case and they are still hovering on the Coast, it is to make no difference in their March; so that I shall at all events expect them here next Week, for which you will please to give the Necessary Orders. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 9, 1775.
Parole Geneva. Countersign Hartford.
The Major General commanding the division of the army, posted between Prospect-hill and Cambridge river, is to be very exact in obliging the Colonels and Field Officers, to lay in the Encampments of their respective regiments; and particularly, the Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel of the 30th Regiment.
September 9, 1775.
Sir: Your favor of the 6th. Instant is now before me. Our State of Amunition disables us from availing ourselves of our present Stations as I would wish to do, and requires every Assistance that can be given it:--You will therefore on the receipt of this be pleased to forward whatever can be spared from the Necessities of the Colony, and the more Expedition you can use, the more acceptable it will be. I am Sir, etc.
Camp at Cambridge, September 10, 1775.
Dear Brother: So little has happend since the date of my last, that I should scarce have given you the trouble of reading this Letter, did I not imagine that it might be some satisfaction to you to know that we are well and in no fear or dread of the Enemy. Being, in our own opinion at least, very securely Intrenched, and wishing for nothing more than to see the Enemy out of their strong holds, that the dispute may come to an Issue.
The inactive state we lye in is exceedingly disagreeable, especially as we can see no end to it, having had no advices lately from Great Britain to form a judgment upon.
In taking possession about a fortnight ago, of a Hill within point blank (Cannon) shott of the Enemy's Lines on Charles Town Neck we expected to bring on a general Action, especially as we had been threatened by reports from Boston several days before, that they (that is the Enemy) intended an Attack upon our Intrenchments, nothing, however, followed but a severe Cannonade for a day or two, and a Bombardment afterwards for the like time; which, however, did us no other damage, than to kill two or three men, and wound as many more. Both are now at an end, as they found that we disregarded their Fire and continued our Works 'till we had got them compleated.
Unless the Ministerial Troops in Boston are waiting for reinforcements, I cannot devise what they are staying there after; and why (as they affect to despise the Americans,) they do not come forth, and put an end to the contest at once. They suffer greatly for want of fresh Provisions, notwithstanding they have pillaged several Islands of a good many Sheep and Cattle. They are also scarce of Fuel, unless, (according to the acct. of one of their Deserters,) they mean to pull down Houses for Firing. In short, they are, from all accts. suffering all the Inconveniencies of a Siege. It is true, by having the entire Command of the Sea, and a powerful Navy; and moreover, as they are now beginning to take all Vessells indiscriminately, we cannot stop their Supplies through that Channel; but their Succours in this way hath not been so powerful as to enable them to give the Common Soldiers much fresh meat as yet. By an Acct. from Boston of the 4th Instt. the Cattle lately brought in there, sold at publick auction from Fifteen to £34.10 Sterg. apiece; and the Sheep from 30/ to 36/ each; and that Fowls and every other Species of Fresh Provisions went in proportion. The expence of this, one would think, must soon tire them were it not that they intend to fix all the Expence of this War upon the Colonies, if they can, I suppose we shall add.
I am just sending off a Detachment of 1000 Men to Quebec, by the way of Kennebec River, to co-operate with General Schuyler who by this is, I expect, at or near St. Johns, on the North end of Lake Champlain; and may, for ought I know have determined the Fate of his Army and that of Canada, as he left Crown point the 31st of last Month for the Isle-au-Noix, (within 12 Miles of St. Johns, where Govt. Carleton's principal force lay.) If he should succeed there, he will soon after be in Montreal without opposition; and if the Detachment I am sending (though late in the season,) from hence should be able to get posession of Quebec, the Ministrys Plan, in respect to that Government will turn out finely.
I have only to add my love to my Sister and the little ones, and that I am with the greatest truth, Dr. Sir Yr. Most Affecte. Bror.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 11, 1775.
Parole Lancaster. Countersign Middleton.
Col. Ebenezer Bridge, of the 27th Regt. of foot, in the service of the United Colonies; tried at a General Court martial, whereof Brigd. Genl. Green was president, for "misbehaviour and neglect of duty, in the Action at Bunkers-hill, on the 17th of June last"; The Court are of opinion that Indisposition of body, render'd the prisoner incapable of action, and do therefore acquit him.
Ensign Moses Howe of Col David Brewers Regt. tried by a General Court Martial, whereof Col. Alden was prest.--for "contempt of the service"; The Court after due examination of the Evidence, acquit the prisoner.
Ensign Levi Bowen--of the same Regiment, and tried by the same General Court Martial for "absenting from his regiment without leave"-- The Court find the prisoner guilty of the Crime laid to his Charge, and do therefore sentence him to be cashiered
General Heath's Brigade to be mustered upon Thursday morning next, at eleven O'Clock, and Col. Fryes Brigade, upon Saturday morning, at the same time.
Col. Thompson's Battalion of Rifle-men posted upon Prospect-hill, to take their share of all duty of Guard and Fatigue, with the Brigade they encamp with--
A General Court Martial to sit as soon as possible to try the men of that Regiment, who are now prisoners in the main Guard, and at Prospect-hill, and accused of " mutiny."
The Riflemen posted at Roxbury, and towards Letchmore's point, are to do duty with the brigade they are posted with.
The General Court Martial to meet to morrow morning at seven O'Clock, to consist of three Field Officers and ten Captains.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 13, 1775.
Parole Pembroke. Countersign Quebec.
The thirty three Riflemen of Col Thompsons Battalion tried yesterday by a General Court Martial, whereof Col Nixon was president, for "disobedient" and mutinous Behaviour"; are each of them sentenced to pay the sum of Twenty Shillings, except John Seamon, who, over and above his fine, is to suffer six days imprisonment. The Pay Master of the regiment to stop the Fine from each man, out of their next Month's pay, which must be paid to Dr. Church for the use of the General hospital.
Camp at Cambridge, September 14, 1775.
Sir: You are intrusted with a Command of the utmost Consequence sequence to the Interest and Liberties of America. Upon your Conduct and Courage and that of the Officers and Soldiers detached on this Expedition, not only the Success of the present Enterprize, and your own Honour, but the Safety and Welfare of the Whole Continent may depend. I charge you, therefore, and the Officers and Soldiers, under your Command, as you value your own Safety and Honour and the Favour and Esteem of your Country, that you consider yourselves, as marching, not through an Enemy's Country; but that of our Friends and Brethren, for such the Inhabitants of Canada, and the Indian Nations have approved themselves in this unhappy Contest between Great Britain and America. That you check by every Motive of Duty and Fear of Punishment, every Attempt to plunder or insult any of the Inhabitants of Canada. Should any American Soldier be so base and infamous as to injure any Canadian or Indian, in his Person or Property, I do most earnestly enjoin you to bring him to such severe and exemplary Punishment as the Enormity of the Crime may require. Should it extend to Death itself it will not be disproportional to its Guilt at such a Time and in such a Cause: But I hope and trust, that the brave Men who have voluntarily engaged in this Expedition, will be governed by far different Views. that Order, Discipline and Regularity of Behaviour will be as conspicuous, as their Courage and Valour. I also give it in Charge to you to avoid all Disrespect to or Contempt of the Religion of the Country and its Ceremonies. Prudence, Policy, and a true Christian Spirit, will lead us to look with Compassion upon their Errors without insulting them. While we are contending for our own Liberty, we should be very cautious of violating the Rights of Conscience in others, ever considering that God alone is the Judge of the Hearts of Men, and to him only in this Case, they are answerable. Upon the whole, Sir, I beg you to inculcate upon the Officers and Soldiers, the Necessity of preserving the strictest Order during their March through Canada; to represent to them the Shame, Disgrace and Ruin to themselves and Country, if they should by their Conduct, turn the Hearts of our Brethren in Canada against us. And on the other Hand, the Honours and Rewards which await them, if by their Prudence and good Behaviour, they conciliate the Affections of the Canadians and Indians, to the great Interests of America, and convert those favorable Dispositions they have shewn into a lasting Union and Affection. Thus wishing you and the Officers and Soldiers under your Command, all Honour, Safety and Success, I remain Sir, etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Joseph Reed.]
1st. You are immediately on their March from Cambridge to take the Command of the Detachment from the Continental Army again Quebec, and use all possible Expedition, as the Winter Season is now advancing and the Success of this Enterprize, (under God) depends wholly upon the Spirit with which it is pushed, and the favorable Disposition of the Canadian and Indians.
2nd. When you come to Newbury Port, you are to make all possible Inquiry, what Men of War or Cruizers there may be on the Coast, to which this Detachment may be exposed on their Voyage to Kennebeck River: and if you should find that their is Danger of your being intercepted, you are not to proceed by Water, but by Land, taking Care on the one Hand, not to be diverted by light and vague Reports, and on the other, not to expose the Troops rashly to a Danger, which by many judicious Persons has been deemed very considerable.
3rd. You are by every Means in your Power, to endeavour to discover the real Sentiments of the Canadians towards our Cause, and particularly as to this Expedition, ever bearing in Mind, that if they are averse to it and will not co-operate, or at least willingly acquiesce, it must fail of Success. In this Case you are by no Means to prosecute the Attempt; the Expence of the Expedition, and the Disappointment are not to be put in Competition with the dangerous Consequences which may ensue, from irritating them against us, and detaching them from that Neutrality which they have adopted.
4th. In Order to cherish those favorable Sentiments to the American Cause that they have manifested, you are as soon as you arrive in their Country, to disperse a Number of the Addresses you will have with you, particularly in those Parts, where your Rout shall lay, and observe the strictest Discipline and good Order, by no Means suffering any Inhabitant to be abused, or in any Manner injured, either in his Person or Property, punishing with examplary Severity every Person who shall trangress, and making ample Compensation to the Party injured.
5th. You are to endeavour on the other Hand to conciliate the affections of those People and such Indians as you may meet with by every Means in your Power, convincing them that we come, at the Request of many of their Principal People, not as Robbers or to make War upon them; but as the Friends and Supporters of their Liberties, as well as ours: And to give Efficacy to these Sentiments, you must carefully inculcate upon the Officers and Soldiers under your Command that not only the Good of their Country and their Honour, but their Safety depends upon the Treatment of these People.
6th. Check every Idea, and crush in it's earliest stage every attempt to plunder even those who are known to be Enemies to our Cause. It will create dreadful Apprehensions in our Friends, and when it is once begun, none can tell where it will stop. I, therefore again most expressly order, that it be discouraged and punished in every Instance without Distinction.
7th. Whatever King's Stores you shall be so fortunate as to possess yourself of, are to be secured for the Continental Use, agreeable to the Rules and Regulations of War published by the Honourable Congress. The Officers and Men may be assured that any extraordinary services performed by them will be suitably rewarded.
8th. Spare neither Pains or Expence to gain all possible Intelligence on your March, to prevent Surprizes and Accidents of every Kind, and endeavour, if possible, to correspond with General Schuyler, so that you may act in Concert with him. This, I think, may be done by Means of the St. Francis Indians.
9th. In case of an Union with General Schuyler, or if he should be in Canada upon your Arrival there, you are by no Means to consider yourself as upon a seperate and independent Command; but are to put yourself under him and follow his Directions. Upon this Occasion, and all others, I recommend most earnestly to avoid all Contention about Rank. In such a Cause every Post is honourable in which a Man can serve his Country.
10th. If Lord Chatham's Son should be in Canada and in any Way fall in your Power, you are enjoined to treat him with all possible Deference and Respect. You cannot err in paying too much Honour to the Son of so illustrious a Character and so true a Friend to America. Any other Prisoners who may fall into your Hands, you will treat with as much Humanity and kindness, as may be consistent with your own Safety and the publick Interest. Be very particular in restraining not only your own Troops, but the Indians from all Acts of Cruelty and Insult, which will disgrace the American Arms, and irritate our Fellow Subjects against us.
11th. You will be particularly careful, to pay the full Value for all Provisions or other Accommodations which the Canadians may provide for you on your March. By no Means press them or any of their Cattle into your Service; but amply compensate those who voluntarily assist you. For this Purpose you are provided with a Sum of Money in Specie, which you will use with as much Frugality and Oeconomy as your necessities and good Policy will admit, keeping as exact an account as possible of your Disbursements.
12th. You are by every Opportunity to inform me of your Progress, your Prospects and Intelligence, and upon any important Occurrence to dispatch an Express.
13th. As the Season is now far advanced, you are to make all possible Dispatch, but if unforseen Difficulties should arise or if the Weather shou'd become so severe as to render it hazardous to proceed in your own Judgment and that of your principal Officers, (whom you are to consult) In that Case you are to return, giving me as early Notice as possible, that I may give you such Assistance as may be necessary.
14th. As the Contempt of the Religion of a Country by ridiculing any of its Ceremonies or affronting its Ministers or Votaries has ever been deeply resented, you are to be particularly careful to restrain every Officer and Soldier from such Imprudence and Folly and to punish every Instance of it. On the other Hand, as far as lays in your ower, you are to protect and support the free Exercise of the Religion of the Country and the undisturbed Enjoyment of the rights of Conscience in religious Matters, with your utmost Influence and Authority. Given under my Hand, at Head Quarters, Cambridge, this 14th Day of September one Thousand seven Hundred and seventy-five.50
[Note 50: The draft of these specific instructions to Arnold is in the writing of Thomas Mifflin.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 14, 1775.
Parole Roxborough. Countersign Salem.
In obedience to the General Order of the 7th Instant, the inquiry into the Conduct of Dr. Church, the Director General of the Hospital, and the respective Regimental Surgeons, has been held in Genl. Sullivan's Brigade; that being finish'd, the General orders the like to be held forthwith in Genl. Green's brigade.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 15, 1775.
Parole Pittsburgh. Countersign Ulster.
Col John Mansfield of the 19th Regt. of foot, tried at a General Court Martial, whereof Brigdr Genl Green was president, for "remissness and backwardness in the execution of his duty, at the late engagement on Bunkers-hill," The Court found the Prisoner guilty of the Charge and of a breach of the 49th Article of the rules and regulations of the Massachusetts Army, and therefore sentence him to be cashiered and render'd unfit to serve in the Continental Army. The General approves the sentence and directs it to take place immediately.
Moses Pickett, Soldier in Capt Merrits Company, Col Glovers regiment, tried at a General Court Martial for "Disobedience of orders, and damning his Officers," is found guilty, and sentenced to receive thirty Lashes upon his bare back, and afterwards drum'd out of the regiment. The General orders the punishment to be inflicted at the head of the regiment, to morrow morning at troop beating.
As Col Frys Brigade is to be mustered to morrow Morning, Genl Heath's brigade will furnish the Guards in, and about Cambridge for to morrow.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 16, 1775.
Parole Wilmington. Countersign York.
James Finley Serjt in Capt Price's51 Company of Rifle men, tried by a General Court Martial for "expressing himself disrespectfully of the Continental Association, and drinking Genl Gage's health"--The Court sentence the Prisoner to be deprived of his Arms and Accoutrements, put in a Horse Cart, with a Rope round his neck, and drum'd out of the Army and rendered for-ever incapable of serving in the Continental army.
[Note 51: Capt. Thomas Price's Maryland riflemen.]
Serjt John Cotton, in Col Cottons Regt tried by the same General Court Martial, for "defrauding the regiment of part of their allowance of provisions." The Court sentence the Prisoner to refund, and pay back fourteen pounds, six shillings and four pence to said regiment, and be disqualified to serve in said Regiment, as Quarter Master Serjeant, for the future.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 17, 1775.
Parole Andover. Countersign Beverly.
The Revd. Mr. John Murray is appointed Chaplain to the Rhode-Island Regiments and is to be respected as such.
Col Prescot52 being taken sick, Lt. Col Jahonnet53 of the 21St Regt is to go forthwith to Sewells point, to take the Command of that post.
[Note 52: Col. William Prescott.]
[Note 53: Lieut. Col. Gabriel Johannot.]
Camp at Cambridge, September 17, 1775.
Dear Sir: As I believe it will be three Years next December, since some of my Ohio Lands (under the proclamation of 1754) were patented; and as they are not yet improved agreeable to the express Letter of the Law, it behoves me to have recourse, in time, to the common expedient of saving them by means of a friendly Petition. My distance from Williamsburg, and my ignorance of the mode of doing this, lays me under the necessity of calling upon some friend for assistance. Will you then, my good Sir, aid me in this Work? I shall acknowledge it as a singular favour if you will, and unless you discourage me, I shall rely on it.
I have already been at as much expense in attempting to seat and improve these Lands, as would nearly, if not quite, have saved them agreeable to our Act of Assembly, had it been laid out thereon. In March 1774, I sent out twenty odd Servants and hirelings, with a great number of Tools, Nails, and necessaries for this purpose; but Hostilities commencing with the Indians, they got no further than the Redstone settlement, where the people dispersed, my goods got seized, lost, and the whole expedition (which I suppose stood me in at least £300) carne to nothing. In March last I again purchased a parcel of Servants, hired Men at considerable Wages, and sent out a second time; but what they have done I neither know nor have heard further than that, after buying Tools and Provisions at most exorbitant prices, and not being able (for Money) to procure a sufficiency of the latter, my Servants, for the most part, had runaway, and the Manager with a few Negroes and hirelings left in an almost starving condition. This, Sir, is my situation, and to avoid a total loss of the Land, (as I conceive there are some peculiar circumstances attending the matter, on account of other claims) or to prevent involving myself in any disagreeable controvercy in defence of my property, having already had a great deal of trouble about it, I am desirous of adopting, in time, the method of petitioning.
The Enemy and we are very near Neighbours. Our advanced Works are not more than five or 600 Yards from theirs, and the main body of the two Armies scarce a Mile. We see every thing that passes, and that is all we can do, as they keep close on the two Peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown, both of which are surrounded with Ships of War, Floating Batteries, &c. and the narrow necks of Land leading into them fortified in such a manner as not to be forced without a very considerable Slaughter, if practicable at all. I am, with Esteem, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 18, 1775.
Parole Brunswick. Countersign Cambridge.
The inquiry into the Conduct of Dr. Church Director Genl. of the hospital and the respective regimental Surgeons, to be held to morrow in General Heaths brigade.
September 18, 1775.
Sir: Your Favors of the 9th, 14th and 15 Insts. have been duly received; The Readiness of the Committee to cooperate with me in procuring the most authentic Intelligence and dispatching Capt. Whipple for this Purpose, is peculiarly satisfactory and I flatter myself will be attended, not only with Success, but the happiest Consequences to the Public Cause, I should immediately have sent you Notice of the Paragraph in the Philadelphia Papers, which is all the Acct. I have of the taking the Powder at Bermudas; But I supposed it must have come to your Hands before it reached ours. I am inclin'd to think it Sufficient to suspend Capt. Whipple's Voyage at least till farther Intelligence is procured from Philadelphia, as it is scarce supposeable these Vessels would leave any Quantity behind worth the Risque and Expence of such a Voyage; As the Enterprize will therefore most Probably be laid aside for the present, it may be proper for Capt. Whipple to keep his Station a few days longer for the Packet; It must be remembered they generally have long Passages, and we are very sure she has not yet arrived at Boston, nor do I find she is expected there, the Voyage to Bayonne, is what I should approve and recommend; The Person sent to Governor Trumbull has not yet called on me; but the scheme apears so feasible, that I should be glad to see it executed.
At the same Time I must add that I am in some Doubt as to the Extent of my Powers to appropriate the Public Monies here to this Purpose. I could wish you would communicate it to the Congress, of which you will have sufficient Time and I make no Doubt of their Concurrence; In fact the State of our Treasury here is so low, that is would be impracticable to be of any Service to the Expedition, if all the objections were obviated. We have no News either in the Camp or from Boston, except a piece of Intelligence from the latter, that the Enemy are pulling down the South End of the Town in order to continue a Work across from River to River.
Your chearful concurrence with me in Public Measures and Zeal for the Service calls for my best thanks;--You will please to accept them, and believe me to be with much Truth and Esteem, etc.
P S No Southern Mail arriving last Saturday, we are apprehensive it has again fallen into the Enemy's Hands; If it was not attended with too much Trouble, should be glad you would cause Inquiry to be made; if by any Accident the Letters are at Providence you will please to forward them by Express.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 19, 1775.
Parole Danvers. Countersign Essex.
The Colonel of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Regiments, to apply to morrow Morning, at nine 'OClock, and so on, day by day, until the whole are supplied--three regiments each day.
Camp at Cambridge, September 19, 1775.
Whereas the Necessities of the Army under my Command for Amunition are so great as to require all Possible Supplies, and Messrs. Clark & Nightingale Merchants of Providence, having represented to me, that they will at their own Risque, undertake to procure from the West Indies or elsewhere, such Quantities as may be purchased, provided they obtain my Person mission for this Purpose, I do therefore hereby make known to all Committees and other Persons whatsoever, that the Voyage now proposed by the Sloop Fly and the Sloop Neptune are for the above purpose and undertaken with my Privity and approbation under such Restrictions and Engagements, as the Honorable Govt. Cooke of Rhode Island shall think proper, to prevent the same from being perverted to any other Purpose than that above Specified. And I do recommend it to all Committees and other Persons, not only to forbear molesting or intercepting them on the Voyage aforesaid, but to give them all Assistance and Countenance in their Power.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 20, 1775.
Parole Falmouth. Countersign Gloucester.
As the Commissions are ready to be delivered to the Officers serving in the Army of the United Colonies; The General recommends it to them, to apply (as soon as it is convenient) to him at Head Quarters, for the same. No Person is to presume to demand a Continental Commission, who is not in actual posession of the like Commission, from the proper authority of the Colony he is at present engaged to serve, which must be produced, at the time application is made for a Continental Commission: If, from unavoidable circumstances, any Gentleman man has served from the beginning of the Campaign, in the Rank of a Commissioned Officer, and has not yet received a Commission, being justly entitled thereto; such Officer's pretensions will be duly weighed and consider'd; and upon sufficient proof of the Justice of his claim, a Commission will issue accordingly. The General expects that every Officer delivers his present Commission, or Claim to a Commission; to his Colonel, or Officer commanding the Regiment; and each Col. or Officer commanding a Regt. is forthwith to apply to the General for the Commissions, for the Officers of his respective Regt.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 21, 1775.
Parole Hanover. Countersign Ipswich.
Whereas frequent Applications are making to the General, Commander in Chief, by Officers of all Ranks and Denominations for an allowance of Rations of provisions, which are not only absolutely necessary, but usual and customarily allowed to them--The General has thought proper to order, and direct, that from the first day of July last, there be Issued by the Commissary General, the following proportion of rations. Viz--
Rations: To each Major General 15, Brigdr. General 12, Colonel 6, Lt. Colonel 5, Major 4, Captain 3, Subaltern 2, and to each Staff Officer 2.
September 21, 1775.
It gives me real concern to observe yours of the 15th Inst.54 that you should think it Necessary to distinguish between my Personal and Public Character and confine your Esteem to the former.
Upon a Reperusal of mine of the 8th Inst., I cannot think the construction you have made on [ sic] and unless it was, I should have hoped the Respect I really have, and which, I flattered myself, I had manifested to you, would have called
[Note 54: Trumbull had written: "I am surprised that mine of the 5th instant was not received, or not judged worthy of Notice, as no mention is made of it. Stonington had been Attacked, and severely cannonaded, and by divine Providence marvelously protected. New London and Norwich are still menaced by the Ministerial Ships and Troops, that the militia cannot be thought sufficient for their security. That tis necessary to cast up some Entrenchments. We are obliged actually to raise more Men for their Security, and for the Towns of New Haven and Lyme. I hoped some of the new Levies might have been left here, till these dangers were over, without injury to any of your Operations. I own that must be left to your Judgment. Yet it would have given me pleasure to have been acquainted that you did consider it. I thank Divine Providence and you for this early warning to great care and watchfulness, that so the Union of the Colonies may be settled on a permanent and happy Basis...
"You may depend on our utmost Exertions for the defence and security of the Constitutional Rights and Liberty of the Colonies, and of our own in particular. None have shown greater forwardness, and thereby rendered themselves more the Object of Ministerial Vengeance. I am, with great Esteem and Regard for your personal Character," etc. The Glasgow and Rose were at Newport waiting, Trumbull thought, for the return of the Swan from Boston, when they would attack New London and Stonington: "All the Regiments in the Colony, at a great Expence have been extraordinarily disciplined, And one quarter of them, on the Sea Coasts are selected, equiped and held in readiness as Minute Men for every Emergency"
Trumbull's letter, dated Sept. 15, 1775, is in the Washington Papers.] for the most favorable, in the Disposition of the Continental Troops. I have long been sensible that it would be impossible to please, not Individuals merely, but particular Provinces, whose Partial Necessities would occasionally call for Assistance; I, therefore, thought myself happy, that the Congress had settled the Point, and apprehended I should stand excused to all, for acting in the Line which not only appeared to me to be that of Policy and Propriety, but of express and positive Duty; If, to the other Fatigues and Cares of my Station, that is to be added of giving Reasons for all Orders, and explaining the grounds and Principles on which they are formed; my Personal Trouble will perhaps, be of the least Concern, the Public will be most affected.
You may be assured, Sir, nothing was intended that might be construed into Disrespect; and at so interesting a Period, nothing less ought to disturb the Harmony so Necessary for the happy success of our Public opperations, the Omission of ac knowledging in precise Terms, the Receipt of your Favor of the 5th Inst. was purely accidental.
The subject was not so new to me as to require long Consideration; I had occasion fully to deliberate upon it in Consequence of applications for Troops from Cape Ann, Machias, New Hampshire, and Long Island, where the same Necessity was as strongly pleaded, and, in the two last Instances, the most peremptory Orders necessary, to prevent the Troops from being detained; I foresaw the same Difficulty here. I am by no Means insensible to the situation of the People on the Coast; I wish I could extend Protection to all; but the numerous Detachments, necessary to remedy the Evil, would amount to a Dissolution of the Army, or make the most important Opperations of the Campaign depend upon the Piratical Expeditions of 2 or 3 Men of War and Transports.
The Spirit and Zeal of the Colony of Connecticut is unquestionable; and whatever may be the Hostile Intentions of the Men of War, I hope their utmost Efforts can do little more than alarm the Coast. I am, with great Esteem and Regard, for both your Personal and Public Character, sir, etc.55
[Note 55: In reply Governor Trumbull wrote (October 9): "I have no disposition to increase the weight of your burdens, which, in the multiplicity of your business, must be sufficiently heavy, nor inclination to disturb the harmony so necessary to the happy success of our public operations. I am persuaded no such difficulty will any more happen. It is unhappy, that jealousies should be excited, or disputes of any sort litigated, between any of the colonies, to disunite them at a time, when our liberty, our property, our all is at stake. If our enemies prevail, which our disunion may occasion, our jealousies will then appear frivolous, and all our disputed claims of no value to either side."]
Camp at cambridge, September 21, 1775.
Sir: I have been in daily expectation of being favored with the Commands of the Honorable Congress on the Subjects of my two last Letters. The Season advances so fast that I cannot any longer defer laying before them such farther measures as require their immediate attention and in which I wait their direction.
The mode in which the present Army has been collected, has occasioned some Difficulty in procuring the Subscription of both Officers and Soldiers to the Continental Articles of War. Their principal Objection has been, that it might subject them to longer Service than that for which they engaged under their several Provincial Establishments. It is in vain to attempt to reason away the Prejudices of a whole Army, often instilI'd and in this Instance at least encourged, by the Officers from private and narrow Views. I have therefore foreborn pressing them as I did not experience any such Inconvenience from their adherence to former Rules, as would warrant the Risque of entering into a Contest upon it: more especially as the restraints necessary for the Establishment of essential Discipline and Subordination, indisposed their Minds to every change, and made it both Duty and Policy to introduce as little Novelty as possible. With the present Army I fear such a Subscription is impracticable: But the Difficulty will cease with this Army.56
[Note 56: The temporary character of the army besieging Boston was a major difficulty with which Washington had to contend. The intention of bringing all new troops or reenlisted old soldiers under the Continental Articles of War is evident. These regulations are in the Journals of the Continental Congress of June 30, 1775.]
The Connecticut and Rhode Island Troops stand engaged to the 1st. December only, and none longer than to the 1st. January. A Dissolution therefore, of the present Army will take place unless some early Provision is made against such an Event. Most of the General Officers are of Opinion the greater part of them may be re-inlisted for the Winter or another Campaign, with the Indulgence of a Furlough to visit their Friends, which, may be regulated so as not to endanger the Service. How far it may be proper to form the new Army entirely out of the Old for another Campaign, rather than from the Contingents of the several Provinces, is a Question which involves in it too many Considerations of Policy and Prudence for me to undertake to decide. It appears to be impossible to draw it from any other source than the Old Army this Winter; and as the Pay is ample, I hope a sufficient number will engage in the Service for that Time at least, but there are various Opinions of the Temper of the Men on the Subject, and there may be great Hazard in deferring the Tryal too long.
In the Continental Establishment no Provision has been made for the Pay of Artificers, distinct from that of common Soldiers; Whereas under the Provincial, such as found their own Tools were allowed 1/per Day advance and particular Artizans more. The Pay of the Artillery also now differs from that of the Province. The Men have less, the Officers more, and for some Ranks no Provision is made, as the Congress will please to observe by the list which I have the Honor to inclose. These particulars, tho' inconsiderable, are the source of much com plaint and Dissatisfaction, which I endeavour to compose in the best manner I am able.
By the returns of the Rifle Companies and that Battalion, they appear to exceed their Establishment very considerably. I doubt my Authority to pay these extra men, without the directions of the Congress, but it would be deemed a great Hardship wholly to refuse them, as they have been encouraged to come.57
[Note 57: The Continental Congress resolved on June 14, the day before the appointment of the Commander in Chief, that 6 companies of expert riflemen should be raised in Pennsylvania, 2 in Maryland, and 2 in Virginia. On the 22d it was again resolved that 2 more companies should be raised in Pennsylvania and that the 8 together should make a battalion, to be commanded by such field officers, captains, and lieu tenants as should be recommended by the assembly or convention of the colony. The above 12 companies were all filled up with surprising celerity. One company arrived in Cambridge on July 25, and 8 others before August 14, so that within two months orders had gone out, the men had been enlisted and equipped, and the whole had marched from 400 to 700 miles to camp. Capt. Daniel Morgan, so much celebrated during the war, commanded one of these companies. He marched his men from Frederick County in Virginia, a distance of 600 miles, in three weeks. Congress had fixed the number of each company at 82. When they arrived at Cambridge the number considerably exceeded that limit, and the General doubted whether he was authorized to pay the supernumeraries. When the committee of Congress afterwards visited the camp, and this subject was referred to them, it was decided that they should all receive pay, but that the General should select from each company such as were not marksmen and dismiss them, with an allowance of pay to go home. These riflemen were enlisted for one year and were the first troops ordered to be raised by the Continental Congress. The Pennsylvania battalion was commanded by Col. William Thompson.-- Ford.]
The necessities of the Troops having required Pay, I directed those of Massachusetts should receive a Months pay, on being mustered and returning a proper Roll, but a Claim was immediately made for Pay by Lunar Months, and several Regiments have declined taking up their Warrants on this Account.
As this Practice was entirely new to me, tho' said to be war ranted by former usage, the matter here now waits the Determination of the Hon. Congress.58 I find in Connecticut and Rhode Island, this Point was settled by Callender Months, in
[Note 58: "Resolved, That when months are used, the Congress means calendar months, by which the pay of the men in the pay of the Continent are to be regulated."-- Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 2, 1775.] Massachusetts tho' mentioned in Congress, it was left undetermined, which is also the case in New Hampshire.59 The in closure No. 2 is a Petition from the Subalterns, respecting their Pay. Where there are only two of them in a company, I have considered one as an Ensign and ordered him Pay as such, as in the Forces of Connecticut: I must beg leave to recommend this Petition to the Favor of the Congress, as I am of Opinion the allowance is inadequate to their rank and Service and is one great source of that Familiarity between the Officers and Men, which is incompatible with Subordination and Discipline.60 Many valuable Officers of these ranks, finding themselves unable to support the character and appearance of Officers, I am informed will retire, as soon as the Term of Service is expired, if there is no Alteration.61
[Note 59: See Sullivan's letter to the New Hampshire Committee of Safety (September 23) and the committee's reply (September 28) in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 3, 79, 827.]
[Note 60: "On entering the camp near Boston, I was struck with the familiarity which prevailed among the soldiers and officers of all ranks; from the colonel to the private, I observed but little distinction; and I could not refrain from remarking to a young gentleman with whom I made acquaintance, that the military discipline of their troops was not so conspicuous as the civil subordination of the community in which I lived."-- Memoirs of My Own Times (Gert. James Wilkinson), vol. 1, p. 16.
"There is one reason, and I think a substantial one, why a person born in the same town or neighborhood, should not be employed on public affairs of this nature in that town or neighborhood; it is, that the spirit of equality which reigns through this country will make him afraid of exerting that authority necessary for the expediting his business; he must shake every man by the hand, and desire, beg, and pray, do brother, do my friend, do such a thing; whereas a few hearty damns from a person who did not care a damn for them, would have a much better effect."-- Stephen Moylan to Washington, Oct. 24, 1775.
"Those ideas of equality, which are so agreeable to us natives of New England, are very disagreeable to many gentlemen in the colonies. They had a great opinion of the high importance of a continental general, and were determined to place him in an elevated point of light."-- John Adams to E. Gerry, June 18, 1775.]
[Note 61: "Congress must give better pay to their officers, for the present miserable pittance will not tempt men of liberal notions to engage in the service. It is indeed a fortune to the low wretches who live like the common soldiers and with the common soldiers; but men who chuse to preserve the decent distance of officers must have a decent subsistence, and without this distance, no authority or respect can be expected."-- Charles Lee to Benjamin Rush, Oct. 10, 1775,]
For the better regulation of Duty, I found it necessary to settle the rank of the Officers and to number the Regiments, and as I had not received the commands of the Congress upon the Subject, and the exigence of the Service forbade any farther Delay, the General Officers were considered as having no Regiments. An Alteration which I understand is not pleasing to some of them, but appeared to me and others to be proper, when it was considered, that by this means the whole Army is put upon one Footing and all particular Attachments dissolved.
Among many other Considerations, which the approach of Winter will demand, that of clothing appears to be one of the most important. So far as regards the Preservation of the Army from cold, they may be deemed in a state of nakedness. Many of the men have been without Blankets the whole campaign and those which have been in use during the Summer, are so much worn as to be of little Service. In order to make a Suitable Provision in these Articles, and at the same time to guard the Public against Imposition and expence, it seems necessary to determine the mode of continuing the Army,--for should Troops be clothed under the present Engagement and at the Expiration of the Term of Service decline renewing it, a Sett of unprovided men may be sent to supply their Places.
I cannot suppose it unknown to the Hon. Congress, that in all Armies it is an established Custom to make an Allowance of Provisions according to their Rank; as such an Allowance formed no Part of the Continental Establishment, I have hitherto forborn, to issue the Orders for that purpose, but as it is the received Opinion of such Members of the Congress, as I have had, an Opportunity of consulting, as well as throughout the Army, that it must be deemed as a Matter of Course and implied in the Establishment of the Army, I have directed the following Proportion of Rations, being the same allowed in the American Armies last War, Vizt.
Rations, Major General 15, Brigadier General 12, Colonel 6, Lieutenant Colonel 5, Major 4, Captain 3, Subaltern 2, Staff 2.
If these should not be approved by the Hon: Congress they will be pleased to signify the Alterations they would have made in the whole or in Part.
I am now to inform the Hon: Congress, that encouraged by the repeated Declarations of the Canadians and Indians and urged by their requests; I have detached Colonel Arnold with 1000 men to penetrate into Canada by Way of Kennebeck River, and if possible to make himself Master of Quebec. By this manoeuvre, I propose either to divert Carlton from St. Johns, which would leave a free Passage to General Schuyler, or if this did not take Effect, Quebec in its present defenseless State must fall into our Hands an easy Prey. I made all possible Inquiry as to the Distance, the Safety of the Rout and the Danger of the Season being too far advanced, but found nothing in either to deter me from proceeding, more especially, as it met with very General Approbation from all whom I consulted upon it.
That nothing might be omitted, to enable me to judge of its Propriety and probable Consequences, I communicated it by Express to General Schuyler, who approved of it in such Terms, that I resolved to put it into immediate Execution. They have now left this Place 7 Days and if favoured with a good Wind, I hope soon to hear of their being safe in Kennebeck River.
For the Satisfaction of the Congress, I have inclosed a copy of the proposed rout No. 3.
I also do myself the Honor of inclosing a Manifesto, which I caused to be printed here and of which Colo: Arnold has taken a suitable Quantity with him; This is the Inclosure No. 4. I have also forwarded a Copy of his Instructions No. 5 from all which I hope, the Congress will have a clear view of the Motives, Plan and intended Execution of the Enterprize, and that I shall be so happy as to meet with their approbation in it. I was the more induced to make this Detachment, as it is my clear Opinion, formed on a careful Observation of the Movements of the Enemy and corroborated by all the Intelligence we receive from the Deserters, some of whom we have every Day, that the Enemy have no Intention to come out until they are reinforced. They have been wholly employed for some time past, in procuring Materials for Barracks, Fuel and making other Preparations for Winter; these Circumstances with the Constant Additions to their Works, which are apparently defensive, have led me to the above Conclusion and enabled me to spare this Body of Men where I hope they will be use fully and successfully employed.
The State of Inactivity in which this Army has lain for some Time past, by no Means corresponds with my Wishes, by some decisive stroke to relieve my Country from the heavy Expences its subsistence must create.
After frequently reconnoitring the Situation of the Enemy in the Town of Boston, collecting all possible Intelligence and digesting the whole, a surprize did not appear impracticable though hazardous. I communicated it to the General Officers some Days before I called them to Council, that they might be prepared with their Opinions. The Result I have the Honor of sending in the inclosure No. 6. I cannot say that I have wholly laid it aside, but new Events may occasion New Measures. Of this I hope the Hon Congress can need no Assurance, that there is not a Man in America, who more earnestly Wishes such a Termination of the Campaign, as to make the Army no longer necessary.
The Season advances so fast, that I have given Orders to pre pare Barracks and other Accomodations for the Winter. The great Scarcity of Tow Cloth in this Country, I fear, will totally disappoint us in our expectations of procuring Hunting Shirts. Govr. Cooke informs me, few or none to be had in Rhode Island, and Govt. Trumbull gives me little Encouragement to expect many from Connecticut.
I have filled up the Office of Quarter Master General, which the Congress was pleased to leave to me to by the Appointment of Major Mifflin, which I hope and believe will be universally acceptable.
It gives me great Pain to be obliged to sollicit the Attention of the Hon. Congress to the State of the Army, in Terms which imply the Slightest Apprehension of being neglected: But my Situation is inexpressibly distressing to see the Winter fast approaching upon a naked Army, The time of their Service within a few Weeks of expiring, and no Provision yet made for such important Events. Added to this the Military Chest is totally exhausted. The Paymaster has not a single Dollar in Hand. The Commissary General assures me he has strained his Credit to the utmost for the Subsistence of the Army:--The Quarter Master General is precisely in the same situation, and the greater part of the Army in a State not far from mutiny, upon the Deduction from their stated Allowance.62 I know not to whom to impute this Failure, but I am of opinion, if the Evil is not immediately remedied and more Punctuality observed in future, the Army must absolutely break up. I hoped I had ex pressed myself so fully on this Subject both by Letter and to those members of the Hon: Congress who have Honored the Camp with a Visit, that no Disappointment could possibly happen.
[Note 62: "A commissary with twenty thousand gaping mouths open full upon him, and nothing to stop them with, must depend on being devoured himself...now, to his surprise finds a Paymaster, a Commissary, a Quarter-master, nominal nonentities; all of them not able to advance one shilling...not one of them, the General, or any other person here, have power to draw on Philadelphia...I must entreat you to exert yourself in this unhappy case, and to relieve me of the additional trouble, to the unavoidable ones of my office, of having my heart dunned out, and be for weeks unable to pay for a bushel of potatoes. I wish the accursed cause of this difficulty no worse punishment than to be put in my situation for ten days past."-- Joseph Trumbull to Eliphalet Dyer, Sept. 23, 1775.]
I therefore hourly expected Advices from the Pay Master, that he had received a fresh Supply in Addition to the 172,000 Dollars delivered him in August; And thought myself war ranted to assure the Public Creditors, that in a few Days they should be satisfied, but the Delay has brought Matters to such a Crisis, as admits of no farther uncertain Expectation. I have therefore sent off this Express with orders to make all possible Dispatch. It is my most earnest request that he may be returned with all possible Expedition, unless the Honr. Congress have already forwarded what is so indispensibly necessary. I am with the most respectful regard &ca.63
[Note 63: This letter, in the writing of Joseph Reed, was read in Congress on September 29, and a committee of three, to repair to camp to confer with Washington, the Governor of Connecticut, the Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island, the Council of Massachusetts, the President of New Hampshire, and such other persons as the committee thought proper, was appointed September 30. Thomas Lynch, Benjamin Franklin, and Benjamin Harrison were elected, and a committee of five--John Rutledge, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Johnson, Robert R. Livingston, and Samuel Adams--was appointed to draw up instructions for the committee of three. The committee reached camp on October 15.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 22, 1775.
Parole Lynn. Countersign Marblehead.
The undernamed Prisoners, try'd by a General Court Martial for "Mutiny, Riot and Disobedience of orders," are severally guilty of the Crimes, wherewith they are accused, and the Court upon due Consideration of the Evidence, do adjudge that the prisoner Joseph Scales receive thirty-nine Lashes upon his bare back and be drum'd out of the Army, and that the prisoners, John Gillard, Jacob Smallwood, John Peltro, Samuel Grant, Hugh Renny, James Jeffery, Charles Alerain, Samuel Hannis, Charles Pearce, James Williams, John Kelly, John Bryan and Philip Florence, do each of them receive Twenty Lashes upon his bare back and be drum'd out of the army--The Prisoners Lawrence Blake, Samuel Bodin, John Besom, Benj. Bartholomew, Francis Ellis, Joseph Lawrence, John Sharp, John Poor, Joseph Fessenden, John Foster, John Lee, Lawrence Bartlet, Philip Greatey, Peter Neivelle, Samuel Parsons, Jeremiah Dailey, Francis Greater, Richd Pendrick, Robert Hooper, Anthony Lewis, Nicholas Ogleby, and Thomas Metyard; be fin'd Twenty Shillings lawful money each.
Joseph Foster, Joseph Laurence and Joseph Tessenden, being recommended by the Court Martial, as proper objects of mercy, The Commander in Chief is pleased to remit their fine, and to order the sentence upon all the others, to be put in Execution at Guard mounting, to morrow morning--Those upon Prospect-hill to receive their punishment there; the rest at the main Guard.
John Gizzage Fraizer Esqr. being appointed Assistant to the Quarter Master General, for the District of Prospect and Winter-hill, he is to be obeyed as such.
Col Starke of New Hampshire, having complain'd that through mistake, or inadvertency in the Court, which was ap pointed to settle the Rank of the regiments, and Officers of this army, he had not Justice done him, even upon the principle which they themselves had laid down, for their Government in that matter; The General orders that the Brigadier and the six Field Officers, who composed that Court, do sit to morrow morning at Nine 'OClock, to enquire into the Cause of this Complaint, at the same time of Col Doolittle, who has also expressed some dissatisfaction on Account of his Rank, can urge any thing new to the Court, he may be heard; The Court are desired, likewise, to settle the rank of the Officers of the Rifle Companies, posted at Roxbury.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 24, 1775.
Parole Quebec. Countersign Richmond.
Major Scarborough Gridley, try'd at a late Genl. Court Martial, whereof Brigd. Genl. Green was president, for "being deficient in his duty upon the 17th June last, the day of the Action upon Bunkers-hill"--The Court find Major Scarborough Gridley guilty of a breach of orders; They do therefore dismiss him from the Massachusetts service. But on Account of his in experience and youth, and the great confusion which attended that days transaction in general, they do not consider him incapable of a Continental Commission, should the General Officers recommend him to his Excellency--The General con firms the dismission of Major Scarborough Gridley, and orders it to take place accordingly. George Hamilton, Soldier in Capt. Dexters Company, in Col. Woodbridges Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial whereof Col. Nixon was presdt.--for "stealing a blue great Coat, the property of Solomon La thorp"--The Court find the Prisoner guilty of the Charge, and sentence him to receive Thirty Lashes upon the bare back, and be drum'd out of the army, and order his Capt. to deduct Ten Shillings and Tenpence lawful money out of his pay, and pay it to Mr. Penyer, for so much paid by him to the prisoner on the Coat, and that the Coat be returned to Mr. Lathorp--Jonathan Sharpe of Capt. Loises Company, in Col. Phinny's Regiment, tried at the same Court martial, for "stealing Cartridges from his Comrades," is acquitted.
The General orders the Sentence upon the prisoner Hamilton, to be executed, and the prisoner Sharpe to be released. The General directs the following Minutes, from the House of Representatives of this Colony, to be inserted in the General Orders--
In the house of Representatives 23rd. Sept. 1775
Resolved, that the Speaker Mr. Gerry and Major Hawley be, and they hereby are appointed a Committee, to apply to His Excellency George Washington Esquire, with a desire of this house, that he will, as soon as may be, cause a return to be made of the names of the Officers, and Men to each Regiment, established by this Colony, and now in the American Army respectively belonging, induding such of each Regiment, as are deceased since its establishment, or as have been draughted for the Detachment ordered to Quebec; and specifying the Names of the towns, and other places, from which they were respectively inlisted, in order to enable the Court to rectify, and prevent any Error in accounts, which have been, or may be render'd for payment of blankets and other articles, supplied the Soldiers, according to the terms of their inlistment.
A true copy from the minutes.
Attest: Samuel Freeman, Clerk.
The enquiry into the Conduct of Dr. Church, Director General of the hospital, and the respective regimental Surgeons, to be held to morrow in Col Fryes brigade.
The Genl. Court Martial whereof Brigd. Genl. Green is president is dissolved.
Cambridge, September 24, 1775.
Sir: I am directed by his Excellency the General to acquaint you, that his Unwillingness to part with a good Officer alone prevents his complying with your request in your Letter of the 20th. Inst. He desires you would stay with your Family some Time longer,65 and if there is then no Prospect of its being in such a Situation as to permit you to return to your Duty, you will receive a Discharge pursuant to your Letter. I am, Sir, etc.66
[Note 65: It was during this furlough that Doctor Church wrote his indiscreet cipher letter.]
[Note 66: This letter is signed by Joseph Reed.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 25, 1775.
Parole Sandwich. Countersign Truro.
As frequent Applications to the Major Generals for furloughs, have become very troublesome, and takes up much of their time, the following method of granting them for the future is to be observed, and under no pretence whatsoever, to be dispensed with, until further orders on his head. vizt.
The Colonels, or commanding Officers of Regiments, or Corps, when they find it really requisite, and not else, have per mission to give Furloughs to the Non Commission'd Officers and soldiers of the Corps they respectively command, provided they do not suffer more than two privates to be absent at any one time from a Company, and not more than one Non Commissioned Officer, nor allowing any person to be absent from his duty more than twenty days in six months, in extraordinary Cases a further Indulgence may be given by the General of brigade, upon application from the Colonel--All Commissioned Officers are to apply for leave of absence, through their own Colonel; or Commanding Officer to the General of Brigade to which they belong; who is desired never to suffer more than one Field Officer, and four others, to be absent at any one time, from a Regimt. nor for more than Twenty days in six months--In extraordinary Cases, a further indulgence may be given, by the Major General commanding each division, upon the application of the Brigadier of his division.
As the Committee have settled the Rank between Col. Stark and Col Jonathan Brewer; The General desires the Colonels of the regiments, No. 6, 7 and 8 will apply immediately for Continental Commissions for the Officers of their respective Corps; and that the three next Regiments in Sucession will apply to morrow morning, and so three every morning afterwards, until the whole are served.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 26, 1775.
Parole Virginia. Countersign Waltham.
For the future the weekly Returns on Saturdays, are to be made in the old form, The Majors of Brigade will give printed forms as usual, to the Adjutants of every brigade, at Orderly time to morrow.
September 26, 1775.
Your Favor of the 18th Instant and one from Major French on the same Subject have come safely to Hand. From the General Character of this Gentleman, and the acknowledged Politeness and Attention of the Committee of Hartford to the Gentlemen intrusted to their Care, I flatter'd myself, their would have been a Mutual Emulation of Civility, which would have resulted in the Ease and Convenience of both; I am extremely sorry to find it otherwise, And upon a Reperusal of former Letters and Papers, respecting these Gentlemen, cannot think there is any thing particular in their Situation, which can Challenge a Distinction. If the Circumstance of wearing their Swords had created no Dissatisfaction, I should not have interfered, considering it, in itself, as a Matter of Indifference; But, as it has become so, partly, perhaps, by the inadvertent Expressions which have dropt on this Occasion, I persuade myself, Major French, for the sake of his own Convenience and Ease, and to save me farther Trouble, will consider what is not essential to either his Comfort or Happiness, further than mere Opinion makes it so; on the other Hand, allow me to recommend a Gentleness, even to Forbearance, with Persons so intirely in our Power. We know not what the Chance of War may be; but, let it be what it will, the Duties of Humanity and Kindness will demand from us such a Treatment, as we should expect from others, the Case being reversed. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, September 26, 1775.
Sir: I have perused and consider'd a Petition or rather a remonstrance directed to you and signed by several Captains and Subalterns on the appointment of Mr. Huntington67 to the Lieutenancy of Captain Chester's Company.
[Note 67: Lieut. Ebenezer Huntington.]
The decent Representation of Officers or even of common Soldiers, through the Channel of their Colonel, or other superior Officers, I shall always encourage and attend to; but I must declare my Disapprobation of this Mode of associating and combining as subversive of all Subordination, Discipline and Order. Should the proper Officers refuse or neglect to receive their Complaints, an immediate application to their General Officer would be proper. Much as I disapprove the Mode of Opposition to this Gentleman, I disaprove the Opposition itself still more. To yield to it would in Effect surrender the Command of the Army, to those whose Duty it is, and whose Honour it ought to be, to obey. Commissions should be ever the Reward of Merit, not of Age, and I am determined never to put it out of the proper Power, to reward a deserving, active Officer, whatsoever may be his standing in the Army, or the Pretensions of those who have no other Merit than that of having been born or inlisted before him. In an Army so young as ours, the Claims arising from real Service are very few, and the accidental Circumstance of obtaining a Commission a Month or two sooner, can with no reasonable Person claim any superior Regard, or make such a scrutiny of any Consequence. This Army is supported by the whole Continent, the Establishment is intirely new. All provincial Customs, therefore, which are different in different Provinces, must be laid out of the Question. The Power which has established and pays this Army, has alone the right to judge who shall command in it, from the General to the Ensign. To put it into any other Hands would be a high Breach of my Trust, and would give Birth to such Factions, and Cabals, as must soon end in the Disolution of the Army, and the ruin of our Country. As no Objections are made to Mr. Huntington's Character, or any other Reason assigned, than his not rising by Gradation, I can make no alteration in his appointment. At the same Time, I declare, I shall upon all Occasions pay a proper respect to long Service, and as far as lays in my Power give it all the Prefererence, which is consistent with the Wellfare of the Army and the Duties of my Station. I make no Doubt, therefore, when these and all other Officers, (who in such Cases are both Parties and Judges) divest themselves of Prejudice and Partiality, they will chearfully acquiesce in such appointments as are made, and manifest their sincere Attachment to their Country and the great Cause in which we are engaged, by a ready and hearty Obedience to all Orders and rules, which are judged necessary for the general Interest. I am, Sir, etc.
[Note 68: John Goddard was Wagon Master General of the Continental Army.]
[September 26, 1775.]
1st. The Army being in three Divisions; Roxbury, Cambridge and Prospect Hill, under the Major Generals Ward, Lee, and Putnam; you are to have a sufficient Number of Teams for the Service of each Division.
2nd When any Person applies to you for a Team, he must produce an Order from the Commander in Chief, one of the Major Generals for whose Division the Service is to be done, or the Commissary General; otherwise you are not obliged to pay any Regard to it.
3rd Once a Week, (on every Saturday) you are to make a Return to the Commander in Chief of the Number of Teams in Service, and what Work they have been employed in the preceding Week, taking special Care not to put the Public to needless Charge, by providing and keeping more Teams than are absolutely necessary.
4th As to the Manner in which the Teams are to be fed, it will be best they should find themselves, and be paid accordingly. The Carts or Waggons may be numbered, and the Number with the Words, Continental Army on a Board put on some Part of the Cart or Waggon most easily seen. I am, Sir, etc.
Camp Cambridge, September 26, 1775.
Sir: Your Favor of the 18th instant, is now before me, as well as that from the Committee of Hartford, on the same Subject. When I compare the Treatment you have received, with that which has been shewn to those brave American Officers, who were taken fighting gallantly in Defence of the Liberties of their Country, I cannot help expressing some Surprize, that you should thus earnestly contest Points of mere Punctilio. The Appellation of Rebel, has been deemed sufficient to sanctify every Species of Cruelty to them, while the Ministerial Officers, the voluntary Instruments of an Avaricious and vindictive Ministry, claim, upon all Occasions, the Benefit of those Military Rules, which can only be binding, where they are mutual. We have shewn on our part the Strongest Disposition to observe them, during the present Contest; but I should illy support my Country's Honor, and my own Character, if I did not shew a proper Sense of their sufferings, by making the condition of the Ministerial Officers, in some Degree, dependant on theirs.
My Disposition does not allow me, to follow the unworthy Example set me by General Gage, to its fullest Extent; You possess all the essential comforts of Life, why would you press for Indulgence of a ceremonious Kind, which gives general Offence.
I have looked over all the Papers sent me from Philadelphia, I find nothing in them upon the present Subject. Nor do I know, whether the Liberty of wearing your Swords was given or taken. But I flatter myself, when you come to consider all circumstances, you will save me the Trouble of giving any positive Direction. You will easily conceive, how much more grateful a compliance with the wishes of the People (among whom your Residence may be longer than you expect) will appear, when it is the result of your own Prudence and Good sense, rather than a Determination from me; I therefore should be unwilling to deprive you of an Opportunity of Cultivating their Esteem, by so small a Concession as this must be.
As I suppose your several Letters to me have been communicated to each other, I cannot forbear considering your conduct, "in declaring in a high Tone, that had you joined your Regiment, you would have acted vigourously against this country and done all in your Power to reduce it," as a Deviation from that Line of Propriety and Prudence, which I should have expected to distinguish the conduct of so old and experienced an Officer. You being so intirely in our Power, may extinguish the resentment a generous and enlightened mind would otherwise feel, but I cannot commend the conduct which puts such a mind to the Trial, I am, Sir, etc.69
[Note 69: Major French and his attempt to force retention of the privileges to wear his sword while a prisoner of war were fair examples of the general attitude of the British officers toward the inhabitants. His presumption was impertinent, but he was probably ignorant of the fact. His exceptional statement he explained in his letter to Washington (October 9): "I was asked by Mr. Paine if I would not fight against the colonies if set at liberty, and I answered that I would, in which might have been included, that I would endeavour to reduce them, but I did not say so; and I must appeal to you, Sir, if the question need or should have been asked. The answer was obvious, and therefore it could only be asked with a design to have something to say. I told them, therefore, that I gloried in serving my king and country, and should always do so, and I glory even in repeating it to you. I am convinced, Sir, you will not think the worse of me for supporting my honor as a man, and a British officer, which, in all situations I am determined to do." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 27, 1775.
Parole Yorkshire. Countersign Amboy.
Amos Brown of Capt. Wilders70 Company in Col. Whitcomb's Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial whereof Col. Bridge71 was Presdt. for "mutinous and abusive language."
[Note 70: Capt. David Wilder, of Benjamin Whitcomb's regiment.]
[Note 71: Col. Ebenezer Bridge.] The Court are unanimously of opinion the prisoner is not guilty and therefore acquit the prisoner.
Genl. Thomas's brigade to be mustered on monday morning at seven OClock, and General Spencers on Wednesday morning at the same hour.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 28, 1775.
Parole Bedford. Countersign Chatham.
The enquiry into the Conduct of Dr. Church, Director General of the hospital, and the respective Regimental Surgeons, being finished in the four Brigades in and near Cambridge, conformable to the General Orders of the 7th Instant--The same is to take place to morrow in Bridgr. Genl. Thomas's brigade, and in Brigadier Genl. Spencer's brigade on saturday.
The General Court Martial whereof Col Nixon72 was president is dissolved--A General Court Martial of the Line to sit to morrow at nine 'OClock in Cambridge, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them. All Evidences and persons concern'd to attend the Court. For the Court Martial one Colo. one Lieut Col. and Major and ten Captains.
[Note 72: Col. John Nixon.]
John Hawkins and Robt. Higgins of Capt Wylys Company, in Col Sergeants regiment, upon an appeal from a Regimental Court martial, tried by the late General Court martial whereof Col Nixon was president for " Theft"--The Court find the prisoner John Hawkins guilty of the Charge and do sentence that he restore the money stolen by him to the owner Charles Caldwell, amounting to thirteen pounds, eight shillings, lawful money and that he receive thirty-nine Lashes upon his bare back. The Court acquit the prisoner John Higgins. The General approves the sentence, and orders the prisoner Hawkins to be punished at the head of his regiment, and the prisoner Higgins to be immediately released.
Cambridge, September 28, 1775.
Gentn: The Indian who accompanies Mr. Kirkland73 is an Oneida Chief, of considerable Rank in his own Country; He has come on a Visit to the Camp, principally to satisfy his Curiosity; But as his Tribe has been very friendly to the United Colonies and his Report to his Nation, at his Return, have important Consequences to the public Interest, I have Studiously endeavour'd to make his Visit agreeable.
[Note 73: Rev. Samuel Kirkland, missionary to the Oneida Indians.]
Having express'd an Inclination to pay his Respects to the General Court, I thought it proper to let them know who he was and upon what Errand he came; Not doubting, but your Honorable Board will join with me in shewing him all proper Civilities. I have directed a present to be prepared for him at his Return. I am Gentn., etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 29, 1775.
Parole Danvers. Countersign Epsom.
A Court of enquiry to sit this afternoon at three 'OClock to examine into the Complaint of Lt. Col. Abijah Brown of the 25th. Regt. against Col Ruggles Woodbridge. Col Glover,74 president, Col Bridge,75 Major Wood,76 Major Lee77 and Major Durgee,78 members.
[Note 74: Col. John Glover.]
[Note 75: Col. Ebenezer Bridge.]
[Note 76: Maj. Daniel Wood.]
[Note 77: Maj. William Raymond Lee.]
[Note 78: Maj. John Durkee.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, September 30, 1775.
Parole Fairfax. Countersign Goshen.
A Court of enquiry ordered to sit this day in Brigadier General Spencers brigade, in relation to the dispute between the Director General of the hospital, and the Regimental Surgeons, is on account of the Indisposition of Dr Church, to be postponed until further orders.
Camp Cambridge, September 30, 1775.
Sir: The Revd Mr. Kirkland the Bearer of this, having been introduced to the Honorable Congress, can need no particular Recommendation from me: But as he now wishes to have the Affairs of his Mission and public Employ, put upon some suitable Footing, I cannot but intimate my Sense of the Importance of his Station, and the great Advantages which have and may result to the United Colonies from his Situation being made respectable.
All Accounts agree that much of the favorable Disposition shewn by the Indians may be ascribed to his Labour and Influence. He has accompanied a Chief of the Oneidas to this Camp, which I have endeavoured to make agreeable to him both by Civility and some small Presents.
Mr. Kirkland being also in some Necessity for Money, to bear his traveling Charges and other Expences, I have supplied him with £32. Lawful Money. I cannot but congratulate the Honorable Congress on the happy Temper of the Canadians and Indians, our Accounts of which are now fully confirmed by some intercepted Letters from Officers in Cannada to General Gage and others in Boston, which were found on Board the Vessel lately taken going into Boston with a Donation of Cattle and other fresh Provisions for the Ministerial Army. I have the Honor etc.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Joseph Reed. The letter was read in Congress on October 25.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 4
October, 1775--April, 1776
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
Printed
November, 1931
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 1, 1775.
Parole Hampton. Countersign Ireland.
The Colonels and commanding Officers of Corps, are upon application from the Qr. M. General, immediately to employ under his direction, all the Carpenters in their several regiments to erect barracks for the Regiments and Corps they respectively belong to.
Lieut. Cummings1 of Capt. Dow's2 Company in Col Prescot's3 regiment, tried at a General Court martial, whereof Colo. Hitchock was presdt. for "misbehaviour in the action upon Bunkers-hill". The Court are unanimously of opinion, the prisoner is not guilty of the Charge; and the Complaint appears to the court, to be groundless and malicious. The General approves the proceedings of the court, and orders Lieut. Cummings to be immediately released from his arrest.
[Note 1: Lieut. Thomas Cummings.]
[Note 2: Capt, Reuben Dow.]
[Note 3: Col. William Prescott.]
Head Quarters, October 3, 1775.
Parole Malden. Countersign Norfolk.
Any Officer; non Commission'd Officer, or Soldier, who shall hereafter be detected playing at Toss-up, pitch and hustle, or any other Games of chance, in, or near the Camp or Villages bordering on the encampments; shall without delay be confined and punished for disobedience of orders.4
[Note 4: Toss-up was played with a coin and heads or tails called while the coin was in the air; in pitch, coins were pitched at a mark; the player whose coin came nearest gathered all the coins and tossed them up, taking all those that fell heads up; the next nearest player did the same with the remaining coins and took all those that fell tails. Hustle seems to have been an older game than pitch, but was precisely the same, except that it seemed to have been played with halfpence.]
Doctor Isaac Foster, to take the direction and superintendency of the General Hospital, until further orders, and is to be obeyed as Director during that time. The General does not mean by the above Order, to discourage sports of exercise and recreation, he only means to discountenance and punish Gaming.
Ensign Proctor5 of Capt. Fletcher's6 Company, in Colonel Doolittles regt.7 tried at a late General Court Martial for "absenting himself from his regiment from the 9th of August, to the 27th of Sept. following". The Court find the prisoner guilty of the Crime, and orders him to be mulcted one months pay for his offence.
[Note 5: Ensign Jonas Proctor.]
[Note 6: Capt. Joel Fletcher.]
[Note 7: Col. Ephraim Doolittle's Massachusetts regiment.]
John Gallop of Capt. Watkins8 Company, in Col. Pattersons Regt.9 tried at the above Court Martial, for "absenting himself from his regiment from the 27th June--to the 27th of Septembr. following, and carrying off and disposing of a Colony Gun". The Court find the prisoner guilty of the Crimes wherewith he was accused and sentence him to be whipped on bare back, Fifteen Lashes, and order the Value of the Gun to be stop'd out of his pay.
[Note 8: Capt. Nathan Watkins.]
[Note 9: Col. John Paterson's Massachusetts regiment.]
Camp at Cambridge, October 4, 1775.
Sir: I write you in Consequence of Information I have received that you and the Captains of the Rifle Companies on the Detachment against Quebec, claim an Exemption from the Command of all the Field Officers except Colonel Arnold. I understand this Claim is founded upon some Expressions of mine; but if you understood me in this Way, you are much mistaken in my Meaning. My Intention is and ever was that every Officer should command according to his Rank. To do otherwise, would subvert all military Order and authority, which, I am sure, you could not wish or expect. Now the Mistake is rectified, I trust you will exert yourself to support my Intentions, ever remembering that by the same Rule that you claim an independant Command and break in upon military Authority, others will do the same by you; and of Consequence the Expedition must terminate in Shame and Disgrace to yourselves and the Reproach and Detriment of your Country. To a man of true Spirit and military Character farther Argument is unnecessary. I shall, therefore, recommend you to preserve the utmost Harmony among yourselves, to which a due subordination will much contribute and wishing you all Health and Success, I remain etc.10
[Note 10: The rifle companies were raised by an express order of the Continental Congress, and on this ground the captains had an impression that they were not to be commanded by officers in the provincial ranks. Benedict Arnold held a Continental commission.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 4, 1775.
Parole Oxford. Countersign Pittsburg.
The General approves the sentence of the General Court Martial, inserted in Yesterday's Order, and directs that Ensign Proctor, be mulct'd one Month's pay, and the prisoner John Gallop of Capt Watkins' Company, in Col. Patterson's regiment, punished with Fifteen Lashes, on the bare-back, at the time and place the Colonel of the regiment shall think proper, and the Value of the Gun stopt out of the prisoners pay.
Camp at Cambridge, October 4, 1775.
Sir: Your Favour of the 20th Ult. came safely to Hand, and I should have dispatched the Express much sooner, but Colonel Arnold's Expedition is so connected with your Operation, that I thought it most proper to detain him 'till I could give you the fullest Account of his Progress. This Morning the Express I sent him returned, and the Inclosure No I. is a Copy of his Letter to me. No 2. is a Copy also of a Paper sent me, being the Report of a reconnoitring Party sent out some Time ago.11 You will certainly hear from him soon as I have given him the strongest Injunctions on this Head. Inclosed No 3. I send you a Copy of his Instructions. No 4. is a Manifesto, of which I have sent a Number with him, to disperse through Canada. He is supplied with £1000 Lawful Money in Specie, to answer his contingent Charges.
[Note 11: This party consisted of two persons, named Getchell and Berry, who set off from Fort Weston, on the Kennebec, September 1. They advanced as far as the headwaters of the Dead River, where they met several Indians, who gave them such exaggerated accounts of the enemy on the Chaudière that they did not venture to proceed farther. Netanis, the last of the Norridgewocks, had a cabin in this quarter, and was in the interest of Governor Carleton. The intelligence brought back by these persons in regard to the carrying places and condition of the river was of some service to Arnold.-- Ford.]
About eighth Days ago a Brig from Quebec to Boston, was taken and brought into Cape Ann. By some intercepted Letters from Captain Gamble to General Gage and Major Sheriff, the Account of the Temper of the Canadians in the American Cause is fully confirmed. The Captain says, that if Quebec should be attacked before Carleton can throw himself into it, there will be a Surrender without firing a Shot. We most anxiously hope you will find sufficient Employ for Carleton, at St. Johns and its Neighbourhood. We at last have the Echo of Bunker Hill from England. The Number of killed and wounded by General Gage's Account nearly corresponds with what we had, vizt 1100. There does not seem the least Probability of a Change of Measures, or of Ministers.12 General Gage is recalled from Boston and sails To-Morrow. His is succeeded by General Howe.13 We have had no material Occurrences, since I had the Pleasure of writing you last. Our principal Employ for the present, is preparing for the Winter, as there seems to be no Probability of an Accommodation, or any such Decision as to make the present Army less necessary.14
[Note 12: The news of Bunker Hill was taken to England by the Cerberus and arrived in London on July 25-- Ford.]
[Note 13: Gage was recalled temporarily, as he supposed, "for consultation," but it is probable that the frequent charges of incompetency made by Burgoyne, Howe, and Clinton were the real cause. He embarked on October 10 and arrived in London on November 14. Ford notes the Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson (vol. 1, p. 364) to the effect that Lord Loudoun thought Gage had not courage sufficient for his position.
"The king having required General Gage's presence at home to consult him upon the present state of America, I am invested in his absence with the command of the forces in North America on this side of the Atlantic; General Carleton having the same powers within his government and in the back country, and would take the command of the whole were we to meet. Our two commissions are to command in chief in our respective districts, wherein I shall be happy to render you every service in my power."-- Sir William Howe to Governor Legge, Sept. 28, 1775.]
[Note 14: Lord Dartmouth had early suggested to General Gage the importance of taking possession of Rhode Island as a means of keeping up a communication between Boston and New York City and as a place easy to be defended, and one from which, in any exigency, succor might be derived. He had also expressed an opinion that New York City should be occupied. General Gage replied: "As the King's forces are too weak to act in more than one point, New York is the most eligible situation to hold. The friends of government could rally there, and, from every account, numbers would join them. That city could be easily defended, and supplied by a water communication. But there is much difficulty in leaving Boston. It requires secrecy and is of great detail. It is too important a step to be put in execution without knowing his Majesty's pleasure. Preparations will however be made for it, not knowing but instructions to this effect may be given, in consequence of intimations in a former letter from me."
Gage's views are fully shown in his letter to the Earl of Dartmouth in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 3, 927.
Lord Dartmouth wrote again on September 5, before he could have received the above letter, and recommended to General Gage to abandon Boston, dismantle Castle William, and repair with the troops either to New York or to some other port to the southward, where the ships could lie in safety, and carry on operations securely during the winter. Many advantages, he thought, would result from such a change. This was answered by General Howe with arguments similar to those already advanced by General Gage, and his reasons for not complying with the recommendation of the minister were approved. Another plan in agitation was to divide the forces and endeavor to hold New York and Boston at the same time. General Howe discouraged this scheme, as in his opinion impracticable; and he said that Gage, Clinton, and Burgoyne agreed with him. Such a movement would require an additional force of not less than 5,000 men to be left in Boston and 12,000 at New York City, the latter to be employed in opening a communication with Canada, leaving five battalions for the defense of New York City. Three thousand regulars would then remain for Quebec, who, with 3000 or 4,000 Canadians and some hundreds of Indians, would compose the army of Canada; but he could not say whether such a force would be sufficient in that quarter. The primary object of a communication with Canada by the Hudson being thus accomplished and secured by posts, troops might take separate routes into Massachusetts and other parts of New England, as circumstances should point out. Ford also notes from Howe's letter to Dartmouth (October 9) that Sir William thought that Boston should be evacuated and the force designed for that place removed to Rhode Island. The project of penetrating the country could more easily be executed from that point than from Boston, where little else could be done than to defend the post, The possession of Rhode Island would, moreover, put Connecticut in jeopardy and induce that colony to keep its army at home for self-defense. Boston Harbor might be blockaded, after the evacuation, by a small naval force, aided by a land party intrenched in the neighborhood of Nantasker Road.]
I also send you a Copy of the Letter given Col. Arnold to be communicated to the Officers and Soldiers.
The accounts we have of your Health gives us great Concern, not only on your own Account, but that of the publick Service, which must suffer in Consequence. I shall most sincerely rejoice to hear of your perfect recovery; and now most fervently wishing you all possible Success, Honour and Safety, I am, etc.
Camp at Cambridge, October 4, 1775.
His Excellency having resolved to equip two armed Vessels, has impowered you to negotiate this Business, in which the following Directions are to be observed.
1st. That the Vessels be approved Sailors and as well found as possible.
2nd. That you have an Appraisement made of them, by indifferent People, to be returned to Head Quarters.
3rd. That you agree, at as reasonable a rate as you can, for the Hire of the Vessels, and if possible procure the Cannon and Swivels on Loan; and if not, purchase them at the cheapest Rate per Month.
4th. If you cannot equip them suitably at Salem or Marblehead, one of you to proceed to Newbury Port, where there are several Vessels and Sundry Cannon provided suitable for this Purpose.
5th. You are as soon as possible, to send down proper Directions for the making of the Cartridges, and providing Ammunition, and a List of what will be wanted.
6th. You are to nominate some suitable Person at Caper Ann, Marblehead and each other Place, where any Prizes may be sent, as an Agent, to take Care of such Prizes, instructing him to give as early Information as possible of all Captures and the List of the Cargoes, as far as he can do it from Papers. These Persons when nominated by you, to receive Instructions from Head Quarters. You are also to settle with them the Terms and let them be Persons of approved good Character, and known Substance. All agreements &c to be put in writing.
7th. All Contracts entered into by you jointly when together, or separately, in Case one should go to Newbury, the General will ratify and confirm.
8th. As soon as either of the vessels are in such Forwardness as to be ready to sail in a few Days, you are to send Notice to Head Quarters, that the Officers and Men may march down. I am, Gentn. etc., Joseph Reed15
[Note 15: These were Washington's orders, though signed by Reed. They are here printed so that the additional instructions to Col. John Glover and Stephen Moylan of October 16, q. v., may be clearly understood. The two captains were Nicholas Broughton and John Selman, and the vessels were called the Lynch and the Franklin.]
Headquarters, Cambridge, October 5, 1775.
Sir: In a Letter from the Congress, dated 26th September, Information on the following points is required16:
[Note 16: Washington submitted these queries, in writing, to the council of general officers on October 8. To the ration allowance query he added: "and for such small Articles as the Commissary at times cannot furnish, shall they be compensated in money or Provisions?" The council decided (October 8): First. Unanimously that the Army ought not to consist of less than 20,372 men, to be formed into 26 regiments (exclusiveof riflemen and artillery); each regiment to consist of 728 men, officers included; each company to be officered with 1 captain, 2 lieutenants, 1 ensign, and to contain 4 sergeants, 4 corporals, 2 drums or fifes, and 76 privates. This army was deemed sufficient for offensive and defensive measures. Second. That the pay can not be reduced at present, the present allowance of provisions should stand, and compensation in money should be allowed for such articles as the commissary could not furnish. Third. The men should be engaged to Dec. 1, 1776, but to be sooner discharged if necessary. Fourth. That each general officer should clothe a man according to his own fancy and judgment, and a selection to be made from these models, the clothing to be supplied by the Continent and paid for by stoppages of to per cent per month. Fifth. As to manner of paying the troops the council was equally divided; Washington, Greene, Sullivan, Heath, and Lee were in favor of monthly payments, and Gates, Spencer, Thomas, Putnam, and Ward of payments every three months. On the questions of regulating the forces and the selection of officers more time was requested. An additional query was laid before the meeting: "Whether it will be advisable to enlist any negroes in the new army? or whether there be a distinction between such as are slaves and those that are free? Agreed unanimously, to reject all slaves, and, by a great majority, to reject negroes altogether." The letter of Congress of the 26th and the original proceedings of the council are in the Washington Papers.]
What number of men are sufficient for a Winters Campaign?
Can the pay of the Privates be reduced and how much?
What Rations should be allowed the Men?
What Regulations are further necessary for the Government of the Forces?
To the above queries of the Congress, I have to add several of my own, which I also request your Opinion upon viz.:--
For how long a time ought the Men in the present Army (should we set about enlisting them) be Ingaged?
What method would you recommend, as most eligable to Cloath a new raised Army with a degree of Decency and regularity? Would you advise it to be done by the Continent? In that case would you lower the Men's Wages, and make no deduction for Cloathing, or let it stand, and make stoppages? and how much a month?
As there appears to be great irregularity in the manner of paying the Men, and much discontent has prevailed on that accot. in what manner, and at what fixed period would you advise it to be done under a new Establishment?
What sized Regiments would you recommend under this Establishment; that is, how many men to a Company? how many Companies to a Regiment; and how officered?
Is there any method by which the best of the present officers in this Army can be chosen, without impeding the Inlistment of the Men, by such choice, and preference. Under any compleat establishment, even if all the Privates in the Army were engaged again, many of the present Officers must be discharged, as there is an overproportion; of course we ought to retain the best.
Your close attention to the foregoing points against Monday Ten o'clock, at which time I shall expect to see you at this place, will much oblige, Sir, &c.
Camp at Cambridge, October 5, 1775.
Sir: I was honored with your favor of the 26th Ulto. late the Night before last, and a meeting of the General Officers having been call'd upon a Business, which will make a considerable part of this Letter, I took the Opportunity of laying before them those parts of yours, which respect the Continuance and new Modelling the Army; the Fuel, Clothing and other preparations for the ensuing Winter, they have taken two or three days to consider, and as soon as I am possessed of their Opinions, I shall loose no time in transmitting the result not only on the above Subjects, but the number of Troops necessary to be kept up.
I have also directed the Commissary General and the Quarter Master General to prepare estimates of the Expence of their Departments for a certain given number of Men, from which a judgement may be made, when the Number of Men to be kept in pay is determined; all which I shall do myself the Honor to lay before the Congress, as soon as they are ready. I have now a painful tho' a Necessary Duty to perform respecting Doctor Church, Director General of the Hospital. About a Week ago Mr. Secretary of Providence sent up to me one Wainwood17 an Inhabitant of New Port with a Letter directed to Majr. Cane in Boston, in Characters, which he said had been left with Wainwood some time ago, by a Woman who was kept by Doctor Church; she had before press'd Wainwood to take her to Captain Wallace,18 Mr. Dudley the Collector or George Rome, which he declined; she then gave him the Letter with a Strict Charge to deliver it to either of those Gentlemen. He suspecting some improper Correspondence kept the Letter and after some time open'd it, but not being able to read it laid it up, where it remained until he received an obscure Letter from the Woman, expressing an Anxiety after the Original Letter, he then Communicated the whole Matter to Mr. Ward who sent him up with the papers to me; I immediately secured the Woman, but for a long time she was proof against every threat and perswasion to discover the Author, however at length she was brought to a confession and named Doctor Church. I then immediately secured him and all his papers. Upon his first examination he readily acknowledged the Letter, said it was designed for his Brother Fleming and when decyphered wou'd be found to contain nothing Criminal.19 He acknowledged his never having communicated the Correspondence to any person, here, but the Girl, and made many Protestations of the purity of his Intentions.20 having found a person capable of decyphering the Letter, I in the mean time had all his Papers Searched but found nothing Criminal amongst them, but it appeared upon enquiry, that a Confident had been among the
[Note 17: Godfrey Wainwood, or Wenwood, of Newport, R. I.]
[Note 18: Capt. James Wallace, of H. M. S. Rose, stationed at Newport, R. I.]
[Note 19: Doctor Church's cipher letter and its translation, which was worked out by Col. Elisha Porter, assisted by Elbridge Gerry, are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 20: Doctor Church, in an undated letter to Washington, attempted to explain that "notwithstanding the evident Tendency to propose immediate Terms of Accommodation...I can honestly appeal to Heaven for the purity of my Intentions." These he described as a desire to impress the British with the strength of the American forces and to obtain intelligence valuable to the Americans. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] Papers before my Messenger arrived. I then called the General Officers together for their Advice, the result of which you will find in the Inclosure No. 1. the decyphered Letter is in the Inclosure No. 2. The Army and Country are exceedingly irretated, and upon a free discussion of the Nature, Circumstances and Consequences of this Matter, it has been unanimously agreed to lay it before the Hon Congress for their Special Advice and direction. At the same time suggesting to their consideration, Whether an alteration of the 28th Article of War may not be necessary.21 As I shall reserve all farther remarks upon the State of the Army until my next, I shall now beg leave to request the determination of Congress as to the Property and disposal of such Vessels and Cargoes as are designed for the Supply of the Enemy and may fall into our Hands. there has been an event of this kind, at Portsmouth; as by the Inclosure No. 3,22 in which I have directed the Cargo to be brought hither for the use of the Army, reserving the Settlement of any Claims of Capture to the decision of the Congress. As there are many unfortunate Individuals also, whose property has been Confiscated by the Enemy, I would humbly suggest to the Consideration of Congress, the humanity of applying in part, or in the whole such Captures to the relief of those Sufferers, after Compensating any Expence of the Captors and for their Activity and Spirit. I am the more induced to request this determination may be speedy, as I have directed 3 Vessels to be equiped in order to cut off the Supplies, and from a Number of Vessels arriving, it may become an
[Note 21: By the twenty-eighth article of war, whoever was convicted of holding correspondence with the enemy, or of giving intelligence, was to suffer such punishment as should be ordered by a general court-martial. There was no provision for referring such cases to Congress or other civil authorities.-- Ford.
By the alteration of November 7 the death penalty could be inflicted for these offenses.]
[Note 22: The ship Prince George, which sailed from Bristol, England, July 19 with provisions for Gage's army.] Object of some Importance. In the disposal of these Captures for the Encouragement of the Officers and Men, I have allowed them 1/3 of the Cargo, except Military Stores, which with the Vessels are to be reserved for the Public Use. I hope my Plan as well as the Execution will be favoured with the Approbation of Congress One Mr. Fisk an intelligent Person came out of Boston the 3d Instant and gives us the following Advices, that a Fleet consisting of a 64 and 20 Gun Ships, 2 Sloops of 18 Guns, Two Transports with 600 Men, were to sail from Boston as Yesterday; that they took on Board 2 Mortars, 4 Howitzers and other Artillery calculated for the Bombardment of a Town. Their Destination was kept a perfound Secret; That an Express Sloop of War which left England the 8th August, arrived 4 days ago. That General Gage is recalled and last Sunday resigned his command to General Howe. That Lord Piercy, Col: Smith and other Officers who were at Lexington, are Ordered home with Gage.
That 6 Ships of the Line and 2 Cutters were comming out under Sr. Peter Dennis. That 5 Regiments and 1000 Marines are ordered out and may be expected in 3 or 4 Weeks.
No Prospect of Accommodation but the Ministry determined to push the War to the Utmost. I have an Express from Col: Arnold and herewith send a copy of his Letter and an Inclosure No 4 and 5.23 I am happy in finding he meets with no Discouragement. The Claim of the Riffle Officers to be Independant of all the Superior Officers except Colonel Arnold, is without any Countenance or Authority from me, as I have Signified in my last Dispatch both to Col: Arnold and Capt: Morgan. The Capt of the Brig from Quebec for Boston, informs me, that there is no Suspicion of any such Expedition and that if Carlton is not drove from St. Johns, so as to be Obliged to throw himself into
[Note 23: Arnold's letter, dated Sept. 25, 1775, is in the Washington Papers, A copy is filed with Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress; also a copy of the inclosure, which was a report from Dennis Getchell and Samuel Berry.] Quebec, it must fall into our Hands, as it is left without a Regular Soldier and many of the Inhabitants most favorably disposed to the American Cause. That there is the largest Stock of Ammunition ever Collected in America. In the above Vessel some Letters were also found from an Officer in Quebec to General Gage and Major Sheriff at Boston, containing such an Account of the Temper of the Canadians as cannot but afford the highest Satisfaction, I have thought it best to forward them, they are the Inclosures No. 7 and 8.24 I am with the Greatest Respect and Regard, Sir, etc.
[Note 24: The letter is in the writing of Joseph Reed; the inclosures are in the Washington Papers and copies are in the Papers of the Continental Congress.
"No prospect yet of the militia being embodied here; nor do I think they will. General Carleton, I am apt to think, is afraid to give the order lest they should refuse to obey, and I believe this year will pass over without the Canadians doing anything in favor of government....You must look for no diversion in favor the army immediately under your Excellency's command this year from Canada, the language here being only to defend the Province; and it's generally thought here that if the rebels were to push forward a body of four or five thousand men, the Canadians would lay down their arms, and not fire a shot."-- Thomas Gamble to General Gage, Quebec, Sept. 6, 1775.
"Their minds [i.e. the Canadians] are all poisoned by emissaries from New England and the damned rascals of merchants here and at Montreal....The Quebec bill is of no use; on the contrary the Canadians talk of that d--d abused word liberty."-- Thomas Gamble to Major Sheriff, Sept. 6, 1775.
General Gage wrote to Lord Dartmouth on August 20 that General Carleton did not find the Canadians so ready for war as he had hoped, and that some of the Indian tribes were backward. He said the minds of the Canadians had been poisoned by the enemy, but that a good force there would set them all in motion. He advised that General Carleton should be reinforced with 4,000 men, a supply of arms, military stores, and Indian goods.-- Ford.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 5, 1775.
Parole Quebec. Countersign Roxborough.
Lieut. Zachariah Walker tried at a General Court martial whereof Col Varnum was presdt. for "Cowardice in the action upon Bunkers-hill the 17th of June last"--The Court on Consideration of the Evidence, are unanimously of opinion, that the prisoner is not guilty of the charge against him--The General commands the prisoner to be instantly released.
Camp at Cambridge, October 5, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 8th Ultimo came to my hands on the 2d. Instant by Mr. Byrd&25 I return you my sincere thanks for your kind congratulation on my appointment to the honourable and important Post I now hold, by the suffrages of this great Continent. My heart will ever bear testimony of my gratitude for the distinguished mark of honour which has been conferred on me by this Appointment; as it also will of my wishes, that so important a trust had been placed in the hands of a Person of greater experience and abilities than mine. I feel the weight of my charge too sensibly not to make this declaration; at the same time, I must add, that I do not want to withdraw any services, within the compass of my power, from the Cause we are Nobly engaged in.
[Note 25: Probably Otway Byrd, who was appointed aide-de-camp to General Lee on the 25th.]
Mr. Byrd shall not want for his pay whilst he is in this camp; although, as I have no Cash of my own here, and charge the public with my expenses only, I shall be a little at a loss to know in what manner to advance it with propriety. Bills of exchange would answer no end here, as we have not the means of negotiating them, but if you would place the Money in the hands of Messieurs Willing and Morris of Philadelphia (either in Specie, Continental, Maryland or Pennsylvania Paper) they could easily remit or draw for it: But, at any rate, make yourself easy, as Mr. Byrd shall not want to the amount of his pay.
By an intelligent person out of Boston, the day before Yesterday, we are informed that a small Fleet, consisting of a 64 Gun Ship, a 20 Gun, 2 Sloops of 18 Guns, and 2 Transports with about 600 Men, were to sail on Yesterday from that Harbour: They took on board 2 Mortars, 4 Howitzers and other Artillery; from which we suspect they intend to bombard some Town on the Coast: He also informs us, that General Gage is recalled, that General Howe commands in his place, that the Account of the Action on Bunker's Hill, as transmitted by the former, is returned and corresponds pretty much with ours as to killed and Wounded; and that the last Accounts from England, by a Ship just arrived, leave no room to believe there will be an accommodation soon.
The Enemy in Boston and on the heights of Charlestown (two Peninsulas surrounded in a manner by Ships of War and Floating Batteries) are so strongly fortified, as to render it almost impossible to force their Lines, which are thrown up at the Head of each Neck; without great Slaughter on our side, or cowardice on their, it is absolutely so. We, therefore, can do no more than keep them besieged, which they are, to all intents and purposes, as close as any Troops upon earth can be, that have an opening to the Sea. Our advanced Works and theirs are within Musket shot. We daily undergo a cannonade, which has done no injury to our Works and very little hurt to our Men. Those insults we are obliged to submit to for want of Powder, being obliged (except now and then giving them a Shot) to reserve what we have for closer Work than Cannon distance.
My Respectful compliments to Mrs. Nicholas and the rest of your Fireside, and to any inquiring friends, conclude me, with grateful thanks for the Prayers and good wishes you have been pleased to offer on my account, Dear Sir, etc.
October 5, 1775.
Gentn: I am to acknowledge the Receipt of your favor of the 2d Inst.; informing me that the Ship Prince George Capt. Emms, from Bristol to Boston, with Flour for the Enemy, by a mistake of her Captain and the Spirited Conduct of some of the Inhabitants was now in your Possession.
I cannot but consider this as a most Providential Event, the State of this Army being alone defective in that Article, it would therefore highly Conduce to the Public Interest and to our relief, to forward it hither as soon as possible, which I apprehend may be done with Safety and ease by Water as far as Salem or Marblehead; in the mean time I will communicate the Matter to the Continental Congress for their Direction: as to the Compensation to be made the Captors and the determination of what Property arises by the Capture, and in whom Vested.
What ever Expenses may accrue in Complying with the above Request and whatever risque may be run by the Carriage by Water I will engage; but as I do not learn there are any of the Enemy's Ships on the Coast, I hope the Risque is very small. I am &c.
Camp at Cambridge, October 5, 1775.
Gentn: By an Intelligent Person from Boston the 3d Inst. I am informed that a Fleet consisting of one 64, one 20 Gun Ship, 2 Sloops of 18 Guns, two Transports with 600 Men, were to sail from Boston as Yesterday, their Destination a profound secret; that they took on board 2 Mortars and 4 Howitzers with other Artillery, calculated for the Bombardment of a Town. I have thought proper to apprize every Considerable Town on the Coast of this Armament that they may be upon their guard.
Should I receive any further Account of their Destination, it shall be forwarded.26
[Note 26: This news, in practically these same words, was sent to most of the seacoast towns.]
The same Person also informs that an Express Sloop arrived4 Days before from England at Boston, which she left the 8th of August. Genl. Gage and most of the officers who were at Lexington, are recalled and Sail this day, General Howe succeeds to the Command, 6 Ships of the Line and 2 Cutters under Sir Peter Dennis are coming out, Five Regiments and 1000 Marines may be expected at Boston in 3 or 4 Weeks; No prospect of Accommodation, but on the other Hand every appearance of the War being pushed with the utmost Vigour. I am Gentn. etc.
Head Quarters, October 6, 1775.
Gentn: On the 29th August I did myself the Honor of addressing you on the Complaint of the Quarter Master respecting Wood for the Army. The Recess of the House of Representatives prevented any Steps being taken upon it. I must now beg leave to recall your Attention to my Letter of that Date, as the Evil is increasing, and more alarming as the Winter approaches. Little or no Wood is brought in, and it is apprehended the Owners keep it back to impose an unreasonable Price.
The Communication at Winnisimet Ferry, which was opened for the Relief of the unhappy Sufferers at Boston, is now turned into a Convenience for the Enemy; a whole week has some times elapsed, without a Boat being permitted to come out, and there have been many Irregularities there, which the Distance of my other Engagements, have prevented my attending to; before I gave any order upon the Subject, I thought proper to Communicate my Intentions to you, that if there were any Special Reasons against the proposed Alteration, you may have an opportunity of making me acquainted with them.
By an Estimate laid before me by the Quarter Master General, I find it will be impracticable, to provide sufficient Barracks for the Troops before the Season is too far advanced, without appropriating many of the Houses in and about Cambridge to this use; Many of the Inhabitants who had deserted them, are now returning under the protection of the Army. I feel a great Repugnance to exclude them from what is their own, but Necessity in this case I fear will supercede all other Considerations. I must beg the Genl. Court to Act upon it. I am etc.
Camp at Cambridge, October 6, 1775.
Dear Sir: I wrote you Yesterday, of which the inclosed is a Copy, since which I have been informed, that your Illness has obliged you to quit the Army, and General Wooster as the oldest Brigadier will take Rank and Command of Mr Montgomery. General Wooster, I am informed, is not of such Activity as to press through Difficulties, with which that Service is environed. I am, therefore, much alarmed for Arnold, whose Expedition was built upon yours, and who will infallibly perish, if the Invasion and Entry into Canada are abandoned by your Successor.27 I hope by this Time the Penetration into
[Note 27: Ford dates this letter October 5, but Washington's "Letter Book" dates it the 6th. Brig. Gen. David Wooster, because of length of military service, would, it was thought, have to rank Brig. Gen. Richard Montgomery on the Canadian expedition. Schuyler's method of handling the difficulty was an attempt to hold Wooster at Ticonderoga, N.Y., and forward his troops. The Connecticut soldiers refused to march without their commander, and Wooster settled the trouble by agreeing to take orders from Montgomery, who was considerably his junior.] Canada by your Army is effected; but if it is not and there are any Intentions to lay it aside, I beg it may be done in such a Manner that Arnold may be saved by giving him Notice, and in the mean Time your Army to keep up such Appearances as may fix Carleton and prevent the Force of Canada being turned wholly upon Arnold. He expected to be at Quebec in twenty Days from the 26th September; so that, I hope, you will have no Difficulty in regulating your Motions with Respect to him. Should this find you at Albany, and General Wooster about taking the Command, I intreat you to impress him strongly with the Importance and Necessity of proceeding, or so to conduct, that Arnold may have Time to retreat.
Nothing new has occurred since Yesterday deserving your Notice. Our next Accounts of your Health, I hope, will be more favourable. Ten Thousand good Wishes attend you from this Quarter. None more sincere and fervent than those of Dear Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 7, 1775.
Parole Uxbridge. Countersign Williamsburg.
Lieut Col Abijah Brown tried at a late General Court martial, whereof Col Hitchcock was presdt.--for "endeavouring to defraud the Continent, in mustering two Soldiers, whom he at the same time employed in working upon his farm"--The Court having duly considered the evidence, are of opinion that Lieut Col Brown is not guilty of any fraud, in endeavouring to have Harrington and Clarke muster'd, in the manner he did. But the Court are of opinion, that Col Brown is guilty of employing Harrington for fourteen days, and Clarke for eighteen days, out of Camp, upon his own business, yet are inclined to think it was done rather thro' Ignorance, than a fraudulent intent, and therefore adjudge that he be fin'd Four Pounds, lawful money, for the said offence.
The General orders Lt Col Brown to be released, as soon as he has paid his fine to Dr Foster, Director of the hospital, who will apply it to the use of the sick, in the General hospital, under his care--The General hopes, the Stigma fixed on Lieut. Col. Brown by the above sentence, will be a sufficient warning to all Officers, not to be guilty of the like offence, especially as the General is confident, no General Court martial will, for the future, admit a plea of Ignorance, in excuse of so atrocious a crime.
His Excellency Governor Trumbull's commission being produced to the Commander in Chief, by Thomas Dyer Esqr., appointing him the said Dyer to be a Captain in the 34th. Regt. of foot, which regiment was raised in the Colony of Connecticut, and the Officers commissioned by the Legislative Authority thereof--The General orders Thomas Dyer Esqr. immediately to join his company, to be received into the said regiment as a Captain, and to be obeyed as such.
The General Court Martial of which Col Hitchcock was president is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 8, 1775.
Parole Yarmouth. Countersign Amboy.
For the future the Adjutant General28 will send the Parole and Countersign, under a sealed cover, by the orderly Adjutant at Head Quarters, to the Majors of brigade, Scammell, Box, Cary, and Henly29--They at Gun-firing in the evening, and not before; are to deliver the parole and Countersign, to the Adjutants of their respective brigades--The Adjutants are first to
[Note 28: Brig. Gen. Horatio Gates, Adjutant General of the Continental Army.]
[Note 29: Majs. Alexander Scammell, Daniel Box, Richard Cary, and David Henly.] deliver the parole and Countersign, to the Officers of the advanced Guards, then to the Officer of every Guard, in and about the Camp, and then to their commanding Officers, and Corps. The Roxbury Adjutant will receive every day, at Orderly Time, the parole and Countersign, in a Seal'd Cover, directed to the Commanding General at Roxbury, who will observe the same Order, and Time of delivering them to Officers, in his encampment, as is directed to be done here.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them.--Col Bridge president.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 9, 1775.
Parole Bedford. Countersign Corke.
If any Negroe is found straggling after Taptoo beating about the Camp, or about any of the Roads or Villages, near the encampments at Roxbury, or Cambridge, they are to be seized and confined until Sun-rise, in the Guard, nearest to the place where such Negroe is taken up.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 11, 1775.
Parole Falkland. Countersign Georgia.
Capt Samuel Gridley of Col Gridley's Regiment of Artillery, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Colonel Bridge was president, for "Backwardness in the execution of his duty, and for Negligence in the care and discipline of his camp"--The Court upon mature Consideration of the evidence, examined in support of the Charge, are unanimously of Opinion, that no part of the Charge is supported against Capt. Gridley, and dismiss the Complaint, as malicious, vexatious and groundless. The General approves the proceedings of the Court Martial, and orders Capt. Gridley to be immediately released.
Camp at Cambridge, October 12, 1775.
Sir: I am honored with your several Favors of the 26th and 30th. Septr. and 5th Oct. The contents of which I shall beg leave to notice in their respective order.
Previous to the Direction of the Congress, to consult the General Officers on the best Method of continuing and providing for the Army during the Winter, I had desired their thoughts upon these Subjects and to favor me with the result by a particular Day, in Writing. In this Interval the Appointment of Doctor Franklin, Mr. Lynch and Col. Harrison was communicated: An Event which has given me the highest Satisfaction, as the Subject was too Weighty and complex for a Discussion by Letter.30 This Appointment made any conclusion here unnecessary, as it is not probable any such arrangement would be agreed on, as would not be altered in some respects, in a full and free conferrence.
[Note 30: Minutes of the proceedings of the committee, which sat from October 18 to 22, in the writing of Joseph Reed, are in the Washington Papers. The committee were Matthew Griswold and Nathaniel Wales, from Connecticut; Gov. Nicholas Cooke, from Rhode Island; Lynch, Franklin, and Harrison, as noted, from Congress; and James Bowdoin, James Otis, Walter Sever, and Walter Spooner, from Massachusetts. The organization of the Army, pay, clothing, arms, supplies, recruiting, and other matters were determined. The recommendations of the committee were confirmed, in part, by Congress. Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 3, 1155, prints the proceedings of the committee.]
This good Effect will arise from the step already taken, that every Officer will be prepared to give his Sentiments on these weighty and important Subjects.
The Estimate of the Commissary and Quarter Master Generals I have now the Honor of inclosing. The first is the Inclosure No. 1, the other No. 2.
With Respect to the Reduction of the Pay of the men, which may enter into the consideration of their Support; it is the unanimous Opinion of the General Officers, that it cannot be touched with Safety at present.
I have procured an Account from Col. Thompson of the Expenditure of the 5000 Dollars which is inclosed No. 3.
Upon the presumption of there being a vacancy in the Direction of the Hospital, Lt. Col. Hand31 formerly a Surgeon in the 18th Regt. or Royal Irish, and Dr. Foster32 late of Charles Town and one of the Surgeons of the Hospital under Dr. Church are candidates. I do not pretend to be acquainted with their respective merits, and therefore have given them no farther Expectation than that they should be mentioned as Candidates for the Department. I therefore need only to add on this Subject, that the Affairs of the Hospital require that the appointment should be made as soon as possible.
[Note 31: Lieut. Col. Edward Hand.]
[Note 32: Dr. Isaac Foster.]
Before I was honored with your Favor of the 5th Instant, I had given Orders for the Equipment of some Armed Vessels to intercept the Enemy's Supplies of Provisions and Ammunition;33 one of them was on a Cruize between Cape Ann and Cape Cod when the Express arrived. The others will be fitt for the Sea in a few Days, under the Command of Officers of the Continental Army, who are well recommend as Persons acquainted with the Sea, and capable of such Service. Two of them will be immediately dispatched on this Duty and every particular mentioned in your favor of the 5th instant literally complied with.34
[Note 33: These vessels are usually known as Washington's Fleet. They did good service until the Continental Congress established a regular naval force.]
[Note 34: Capts. Nicholson Broughton and John Selman, who "were ordered to the river St. Lawrence to intercept an ammunition vessel bound to Quebec, but missing her, they took ten other vessels and Gov. Wright of St. Johns, all of which were released, as we had waged a ministerial war and not one against our most gracious sovereign."-- E. Gerry to John Adams, Feb. 9, 1813.]
That the Hon: Congress may have a more complete Idea of the Plan on which these Vessels are equiped I enclose a Copy of the Instructions given to the Captain now out (No. 4) These with the Additional directed, will be given to the Captains who proceed to the mouth of the River St. Lawrence; As both Officers and Men chearfully engage in the Service, on the Terms mentioned and these Instructions, I fear that the proposed Increase will create some Difficulty, by making a Difference between Men engaged in Similar Service. I have therefore not communicated this Part of the Plan, but reserved the extra Bounty as a reward for extraordinary Activity. There are no Armed Vessels in this Province an Govr. Cooke informs me the Enterprize can receive no Assistance from him, as one of the Armed Vessels of Rhode Island is on a long Cruize and the other unfit for the Service. Nothing shall be Omitted to secure Success; a fortunate Capture of an Ordinance Ship would give new Life to the Camp and an immediate turn to the Issue of this Campaign.
Our last Accounts from Col. Arnold are very favorable; he was proceeding with all Expedition, and I flatter myself, making all allowances, he will be at Quebec, the 20th instant, where a Gentleman from Canada (Mr. Price)35 assures me he will meet with no Resistance.--
[Note 35: James Price, a merchant of Montreal. When that place capitulated to General Montgomery, he wrote: "I have found Mr. Price so active and intelligent, and so warm a friend to the measures adopted by Congress, that I wish to have him mentioned in the strongest terms to Congress." He was appointed deputy commissary general of the army in Canada the spring following.]
In the Quarter Master's estimate there are some Articles omitted, of which he informs me he cannot pretend to furnish a computation such as Carting, Tools &ca. for which some general allowance must be made.
From the various Accounts received from Europe there may be reason to expect, Troops will be Landed at New York or some other middle Colony. I should be glad to know the Pleasure of the Congress whether upon such an Event it would be expected that a part of this Army should be detached, or the internal Force of such Colony and its Neighbourhood be deemed sufficient, or whether in such case I am to wait the particular Direction of Congress.
The Fleet mentioned in my last has been seen standing N. N. E. so that we apprehend it is intended for some Part of this Province or New Hampshire, or possibly Quebec.
The latest and best Accounts we have from the Enemy are, that they are engaged in their New Work across the South End of Boston. preparing their Barracks &ca. for Winter; That it is proposed to keep from 500 to 1000 Men on Bunker's Hill all Winter, who are to be relieved once a Week; The rest to be drawn into Boston.--A Person who has lately been a Servant to Major Connolly a Tool of Lord Dunmore's, has given an Account of a Scheme to Distress the Southern Provinces, which appeared to me of Sufficient consequence to be immediately transmitted, I have therefore got it attested and do myself the Honor of inclosing it, No. 5.36
[Note 36: Dr. John Connolly. The information is in the form of a deposition from Connolly's servant, William Cowley, to the effect that Connolly was to stir up the western Indians against the Colonies and descend upon Fort Pitt from Detroit.]
The new Levies from Connecticut have lately marched into Camp and are a Body of as good Troops as any we have. So that we have now the same Strength as before the Detachment made under Colonel Arnold. I am Sir &ca.37
[Note 37: This letter is in the writing of Joseph Reed. All the inclosures are with it in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Camp at Cambridge, October 13, 1775.
Dear Brother: Your favour of the 12th. Ulto. came safe to hand a few days ago; by it I gladly learnt that your Family were recover'd of the two complaints which had seized many of them, and confind my Sister.38 I am very glad to hear also, that the Convention had come to resolutions of Arming the People, and preparing vigorously for the defence of the Colony; which, by the latest accts. from England will prove a salutary Measure.39 I am also pleasd to find that the Manufactury of Arms and Ammunition have been attended to with so much care; a plenty of these and unanimity and Fortitude among ourselves must defeat every attempt that a diabolical Ministry can Invent to Inslave this great Continent. In the Manufacturing of Arms for Publick use great care should be taken to make the bores of the same size, that the same Balls may answer, otherwise great disadvantages may arise from a mixture of Cartridges.
[Note 38: Hannah Bushrod, wife of John Augustine Washington.]
[Note 39: An account of the convention is given in a letter from George Mason to Washington, Oct. 14, 1775. Mason's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Enemy by their not coming out, are, I suppose, afraid of us; whilst their Situation renders any attempts of ours upon them in a manner Impracticable.40 Nothing new has happend
[Note 40: On October 18 the officers were convened a second time to hold a council respecting an attack on Boston. There was a unanimous voice against it, but there is no record of what was Washington's opinion. The question of attacking Boston had come before the committee of conference, the subject being thus stated by Washington: "The council of war, having. in consequence of an intimation from Congress, deliberated on the expediency of an attack upon the troops in the town of Boston, and determined that at present it was not practicable; the General wishes to know how far it may be deemed proper and advisable to avail himself of the season to destroy the troops who propose to winter in Boston, by bombardment (when the harbor is blocked up), or in other words, whether the loss of the town, and the property therein, are so to be considered, as that an attack upon the troops there should be avoided, when it evidently appears that the town must, of consequence, be destroyed?" The committee thought this too important to be determined by them. They, therefore, referred it to Congress, where it hung fire for a long time.
"I mean not to anticipate your determination, but only to approve your design to hover like an eagle over your prey, always ready to pounce upon it when the proper time comes. I have not forgot your proposition relative to that city; I try to pave the way for it, and wait for the season, as you do.:-- Lynch to Washington, Nov. 13, 1775.
It was not until December 22 that a resolution was reached, which appears in the printed journals, although marked "secret" in the manuscript journals. "That if General Washington and his council of war should be of opinion, that a successful attack may be made on the troops in Boston, he do it in any manner he may think expedient, notwithstanding the town and property in it may be destroyed." In communicating this resolve, President Hancock wrote: "You will notice the resolution relative to an attack upon Boston. This passed after a most serious debate in a committee of the whole house, and the execution was referred to you. May God crown your attempt with success. I most heartily wish it, though individually I may be the greatest sufferer." (President Hancock possessed a valuable property in Boston.)
It is a little remarkable that each party had conclusive reasons for avoiding to attack the other. "It is inadvisable," said General Gage in a letter to Lord Dartmouth (August 20), "to attempt penetrating the country from Boston. The enemy's forces are numerous, and such an attempt must be made under very great disadvantages; and even if successful. little would be gained by it, as neither horses, carriages, nor other means for moving forward could be procured. Our force is too small to be divided into detachments for this purpose, and success would answer no other end than to drive the rebels out of one strong-hold into another." General Howe used the same arguments on October 9-- Ford.] since my last worth communicating; since finishing of our own Lines of Defence we, as well as the Enemy, have been busily Imployed in putting our Men under proper cover for the Winter. Our advanced Works, and theirs, are within Musket Shott of each other; we are obliged to Submit to an almost daily Cannonade without returning a Shott from our scarcity of Powder, which we are necessitated to keep for closer Work than Cannon Distance whenever the red Coat gentry pleases to step out of their Intrenchments. Seeing no prospect of this I sent a Detachment, about a Month ago into Canada by the way of Kennebec River under the Command of a Colo. Arnold, this Detachment consisted of 1000 Men and was Order'd to possess themselves of Quebec if possible, but at any rate to make a diversion in favour of General Schuyler who by this is in possession I expect of Montreal and St. Johns, as I am not altogether without hopes Colo. Arnold may be [possessed] of the Capital. If so, what a pretty hand the Ministry have made of their Canada Bill, and the Diabolical Scheme which was constructed upon it. I have also, finding we were in no danger of a visit from our Neighbours, fitted, and am fitting out, several Privateers with Soldiers (who have been bred to the Sea) and have no doubt of making Captures of several of their Transports, some of which have already fallen into our hands laden with Provisions.
I am obliged to you for your advice to My Wife, and for your Intention of visiting of her; seeing no great prospect of returning to my Family and Friends this Winter I have sent an Invitation to Mrs. Washington to come to me, altho' I fear the Season is too far advanced (especially if she should, when my Letters get home, be in New Kent, as I believe the case will be) to admit this with any tolerable degree of convenience. I have laid a state of the difficulties, however which must attend the journey before her and left it to her own choice. My Love to my Sister and the little ones are sincerely tenderd and I am with true regard Yr. Most Affecte. Brother.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 13, 1775.
Parole Kenebec. Countersign Lebanon.
Lieut. Richard Woodward of Capt Gridley's Company, in Col Gridleys Regiment of Artillery, tried at a late General Court martial, whereof Col Woodbridge was president, for "Cowardice in the action upon the 17th June last, and for mutiny" The Court were unanimously of opinion, that the Charge of Cowardice on the 17th of June last, is fully supported against the prisoner; and are also unanimously of opinion, that the prisoner is guilty of mutiny, and of a malicious, vexatious, and groundless accusation of Capt. Gridley, at a late General Court Martial: The Court therefore unanimously adjudge the prisoner Lieut. Woodward to be cashiered and rendered incapable of serving in the Continental army.
Camp at Cambridge, October 13, 1775.
Sir: Your favor of the 9th. Instant has been duly received; The Fleet mentioned in mine of the 6th Inst., has been standing N, N, E., so that we presume it is destined against some Town of this Province, or New Hampshire, or possibly gone to Quebec.
Our last Advices, were very favorable, from Colo. Arnold; by the 20th Inst. we expect he will be at Quebec, A Gentleman of Character from Canada assures me, he will meet with no opposition there.
I am sorry other Avocations will deprive me of the pleasure of seeing you in Camp at the proposed Conference, I hope upon some other occasion you will do us the favor of a Visit, I shall be happy in every opportunity to manifest my Respect and Regard for the Government of Connecticut.
No Occurrence of any Consequence in either Camp since my last.
In my last Letter from the Congress, it is mentioned, that the Armed Vessels of Connecticut will be sent on a Special Service with which you are acquainted; In your next you will Please to inform me, whether they may be expected to proceed in that Enterprize. Two will proceed from hence with all Expedition. Govr. Cooke informs me he can give us no Assistance in it. I am etc.
[Cambridge, October 13, 1775.]
Sir: I am favor'd with yours of the 10th and am sorry it so happened, that the proposed Scheme of Intercepting the Enemy's Ordnance Stores cannot have your Assistance. The Experience your Officers and Men have had, by an earlier attention to Sea Service, would have made them very acceptable on the proposed Enterprise.
The Fleet which Sailed out of Boston a few Days ago and of which I apprized you the 6th Instant, has been seen standing N, N, E. From which we suppose they are destined against some Town of this Province, or New Hampshire, or possibly to Quebec.
We have no Occurrence of any Consequence in the Camp since I had the Pleasure of Writing you last.
I find the Delegates did not expect to leave Philadelphia till the 6th. Instant, so that their Arrival here will be later than at first proposed. I expect the pleasure of seeing you shortly, and am etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 14, 1775.
Parole Malden. Countersign Norfolk
The General has seen, and approves the sentence of the General Court Martial, held upon Lieut. Woodward41 of the Artillery; he orders it to take place immediately, and commands Lieut. Woodward to be dismissed the Camp.
[Note 41: Lieut. Richard Woodward, of Gridley's artillery.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 15, 1775.
Parole Ostend. Countersign Plymouth.
One Sub, one serjt. and twenty-five Rank and File from each of the four Brigades in the Lines, and in Cambridge, to parade to morrow morning at Sun-rise upon Cambridge Common to cut Fire-wood for the army. The Qr. Mr. General or his deputy, will attend upon the common in Cambridge to give directions to the Officer commanding the party.
A General Court Martial to sit on Wednesday Morng: next, at Roxbury, to try Col David Brewer of the 9th Regt. of foot, upon an Accusation exhibited by a number of Officers of that Regiment. A Copy thereof having Yesterday been sent by the Adjutant General to Col Brewer. The Judge Advocate to be at Roxbury by nine 'OClock, Wednesday Morning, to sit in Court. All Evidences, and Persons concerned, to attend the Court at that time--For Court martial Brigdr. Genl. Thomas president; four Colonels, four Lt. Colonels and four Majors, members. The members to be taken equally from the two Brigades now in Roxbury.
Camp at Cambridge, October 15, 1775.
Gentn: I was yesterday favored with yours of the 11th Inst., wherein the Necessities of the Town of Portsmouth and the Garrison there, for some Part of the late Capture of Flour are represented; Had I known their Situation I should have made the Application unnecessary, by directing Mr. Moylan on the Subject, They have my Chearful Consent, to take what is necessary, but perhaps somewhat less than 600 Barrels may Answer the present Exigence; As our mutual Wants are now known to each other, I shall leave it to you to reserve what Quantity, you think indispensably Necessary.
I do not see any Impropriety in paying the Seamen their Wages, out of the Sales of some part of the Cargo and make no doubt it will be approved in the Settlement of this Affair.
With respect to the Transportation of it to Marblehead or Salem by Water, I apprehend it must depend upon Circumstances such as the Enemy being upon the Coast &c., of all which Mr Moylan was directed to inform himself and then Act as should be best, The Expence of Land Carriage would be very Considerable and I wish to use all possible Oeconomy so as to be consistent with our Safety. You will Please to favor Mr Moylan with your Opinion on the Subject, to which he will pay a Suitable Regard. I am etc.
Camp at Cambridge, October 16, 1775.
Gentlemn: Colonel Glover's Letter of the 13th Inst. came safe to Hand. Captain Broughton and Captain Sellman have their Orders and must be immediately dispatched. The Price you mention for Bread is monstrous; but there must be no Delay. If the Flour is not come in from Portsmouth, you must do as well as you can; but if it is, we hope, you need not submit to such Terms. Let the Agent take Care to reserve a suitable Quantity for the Vessels, when it does arrive. Captain Glover will have the seventh Vessel fitted out; but the General fears he is too young. He has agreed to be second in Command under Manley for a little Time. The Experience he will gain, will enable him to take the first Command afterwards with more Honour. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, October 16, 1775.44
[Note 44: Precisely the same instructions, with the necessary alteration in file third article, were given to Capt. John Selman this same date. These papers are in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: The Honble Continental Congress having received Intelligence, that two North Country Brigantines of no Force, sailed from England some Time ago for Quebec, laden with 6000 Stands of Arms, a large Quantity of Powder and other Stores; you are hereby directed to make all possible Dispatch for the River St. Lawrence, and there to take such a Station as will best enable you to intercept the above Vessels.
2nd. You are also to seize and take any other Transports laden with Men, Ammunition, Clothing, or other Stores for the Use of the Ministerial Army or Navy, in America and secure them in such Places as may be most safe and convenient.
3rd. The other armed Schooner named the Lynch and commanded by Captain Sellman, is to be under your general Command but you are to advise and concert with him the proper Stations and the proper Time to continue this Service.
4th. You are to endeavour, if possible, to discover whether the above Vessels have passed by. If they have, you are not to return; but keep the Station as long as the Season will admit. As there is a great Probability that Quebec will fall into our Hands in a very short Time, it may be expected that not only the above Ordnance Vessels; but others from Quebec and Montreal may come down and fall into our Hands.
5th. As there may be Men of War at Newfoundland, you are so to conduct as to prevent being discovered by them; or any Intelligence given of your Station.
6th. Whatever Vessels you may meet, bound in or out of the River St. Lawrence, which you have Reason to believe are in the Service of the ministerial Army or convoying any Stores to them of Provision, or of any other Nature, you are to endeavour to seize, though they should not be Transports regularly engaged by Government.
7th. For your Encouragement and that of the Officers and Men under your Command, you will receive one third Part of the Value of any Prizes you may take as well military Stores as the Hulls of such Vessels, nothing being excepted but the wearing Apparel and private Stock of the Captains, other Officers and Passengers of such Prizes.
8th. Should you meet with any Vessel, the Property of the Inhabitants of Canada, not employed in any Respect in the Service of the ministerial army, you are to treat such Vessel with all Kindness and by no Means suffer them to be injured or molested. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 17, 1775.
Parole Sawbridge. Countersign Townsend.
The Quarter Master General will deliver to the Major of each Brigade, or his Order, Twenty great Coats for the use of the Centinels of each brigade: As the Brigade Major is to give his receipt for the same, he is to be answerable that they are regularly deliver'd from guard to guard.
Lieut. Thomas Randell of the Regt. of Artillery, tried at a late General Court Martial for "stabbing a matross in the said regiment"--The Court are of opinion, that the prisoner is guilty of a breach of the 49th Art. of the Rules and Regulations of the Massachusetts army. But in consideration of the very insulting behaviour of the Complainant, adjudge Lieut. Randall only, to receive a severe reprimand from the Colonel of the Regiment, at the head of the company, to which the prisoner belongs.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 18, 1775.
Parole Wilkes. Countersign Cambden
The General Court Martial ordered to sit this day, at Roxbury, is postponed until Friday morning next, at Nine 'OClock Brigadier Genl. Thomas being obliged to attend this forenoon at Headquarters.
Camp Cambridge October 19, 1775.
Sir: Your Letter of the ... instant was duly received. Doctor Franklin the chairman of the Committee of Safety of Philadelphia, is now in Camp, and when the necessary Attention to Matters of greater Importance will admit, I propose to make the proper Inquiries, and then will endeavour to settle the Matter in Question, in such a manner, as I hope will be final and Satisfactory. In the meantime, I must acquaint you, that those Gentlemen who came from Philadelphia, informed me, that the Liberty of Wearing your Swords was not made a Subject of Discussion, but passed wholly unnoticed, which induced me to say, I did not know whether the Liberty was given or taken. My Time and other Engagements does not admit my continuing this correspondence; but I shall have a real Pleasure in making your Situation as comfortable and convenient as my Duty will allow. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 45: Tupper, who was of Fellows's Massachusetts regiment, was advanced to the rank of colonel and served throughout the war, being brevetted a brigadier general before his retirement.]
Whereas Information has been given to me, that two Vessels, the one belonging to Holmes and the other to Coffin, both Persons of known Enmity to the United Colonies,46 are now laying at Martha's Vineyard, intending to proceed to Boston with their Cargoes, for the Benefit and Refreshment of the ministerial Troops there. These are, therefore, to require you, to seize the said Vessels with their Cargoes, and secure them in the safest and nearest Port to this Camp for the use of the United Colonies; and all Persons, Friends of their Country and the Cause of America, are desired to aid and assist you in the said Enterprize, for which they shall be reasonably rewarded out of the said Vessels.
[Note 46: Benjamin M. Holmes and John Coffin were, probably, the individuals meant.]
Given under my Hand at Head Quarters, Cambridge, October the twentieth, Annoq. Domini 1775.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 21, 1775.
Parole Franklin. Countersign Lynch.
The Officers of Col Gridley's Regiment and Major Crane's Corps of Artillery, who are inclined to engage in the service of the United Colonies, for one Year from the day of the expiration of their present term of service, are to deliver in their Names and the Rank they now possess to the Adjutant General to morrow Morning at ten OClock; such as disincline to remain any longer in the service, to give in their names also, and the Reasons for their declining the service.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 22, 1775.
Parole Harrison. Countersign Cooke.
The Deputies from the Honorable Continental Congress, having arrived in this camp; in order to confer with the General, the several Governors, of Rhode Island, and Connecticut, the Council of massachusetts bay, and the president and Convention of New Hampshire; on the continuing an Army for the Defence and support of America, and its Liberties; all Officers, who decline the further Service of their country, and intend to retire from the Army, at the expiration of their present Term of service; are to signify their Intentions in writing to their Colonel, which he is to deliver with his own, to the Brigadier General, or commanding Officer of his brigade--Those brave Men, and true Patriots, who are resolved to continue to serve and defend their Brethren, Priviliges and Property, are to consider themselves engaged to the last day of December 1776 unless sooner discharged by the Hon: the Continental Congress, and will in like manner signify their intentions--This return to be made at orderly time, Wednesday next.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 23, 1775.
Parole Hancock. Countersign Cushing.
Col. David Brewer of the 9th. Regt. of Foot, tried at a General Court Martial, whereof Brigdr. Genl. Thomas was president, for "procuring a Lieutenant's Commission for his son, an unexperienced boy of 16, or 17 years of Age, and returning him as in the public service from the 24th of April, and drawing his pay for the month of August; during all which time the said boy, was at home, in his fathers service, contrary to the repeated Remonstrances of the Officers of the regiment; And also, For making a Return to the Committee of Supplies, for a larger Number of blankets, than were requisite for said regiment; And also, For taking the Men from the public service, in the army, and employing them in his own private business, in labour on his farm"--The Court Martial on mature consideration are of opinion that the two last Articles of the accusation are supported fully against the prisoner and therefore unanimously adjudge that Col. David Brewer be dismissed the service.47
[Note 47: The General Orders for October 24 consisted solely of the approval of the above sentence.]
Camp at Cambridge, October 24, 1775.
Sir: Your Favor of the 12 Inst. I duly received and thank you for inclosing Captn. Thompson'48 Information; the Contents of the Deposition, now transmitted to you are of such a Nature, that I thought no Time should be lost, in giving you the earliest Notice of them. I am etc.
[Note 48: Captain Thompson, a sea captain of a ship from London, was subjected to an examination before the New York Congress. No copy of his information has been found in the Washington Papers.]
Camp Cambridge, October 24, 1775.
Sir: My conjecture of the Destination of the late Squadron from Boston in my last, has been unhappily verified, by an outrage exceeding in Barbarity and cruelty every hostile Act practiced among civilized nations; I have inclosed the Account given me by Mr. Jones49 a Gentleman of the Town of Falmouth of the Destruction of that flourishing Village. He is a very great sufferer and informs me that the Time allowed for the removal of Effects was so small, that valuable Property of all kinds and to a great amount has been destroyed.
[Note 49: Pearson Jones. His account of the destruction of Falmouth is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Washington forwarded copies of it to Governors Cooke and Trumbull on October 24. Williamson's History of Maine (vol. 2, pp. 422--434) has a detailed account of the burning of Falmouth, and Ford points out the curious entry in the Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson (vol. 1, p. 583): "It is generally believed that Falmouth in Casco Bay, is burnt by Capt. Mowat, and 2 or 3 more ships. The last time I saw Lord G[eorge] G[ermain], he observed that Adm. Graves had been put in mind of his remissness: and he imagined he would run to the other extreme."]
The Orders shewn by the Captain for this horred proceedure, by which it appears the same desolation is meditated upon all the Towns on the Coast, made it my Duty to communicate it as quickly and extensively as possible. As Portsmouth was the next place to which he proposed to go, General Sullivan was permitted to go up and give them his Assistance and advice to ward off the Blow. I flatter myself the like Event will not happen there, as they have a Fortification of some strength and a Vessel has arrived at a place called Sheepscott with 1500 lb of Powder.
The Gentlemen of the Congress have nearly finished their Business, but as they write by this Opportunity, I must beg leave to refer you to their Letters for what concerns their Commission.
We have had no Occurrence of any Consequence in the Camp, since I had the Honor of Addressing you last. I am &ca.
Camp at Cambridge October 24, 1775.
Gentn: The Desolation and Misery, which Ministerial Vengeance had Planned, in Contempt of every Principle of Humanity, has been solately brought on the Town of Falmouth, I know not how Sufficiently to detest. Nor can my compassion for the General Suffering, be conceived beyond the true Measure of my Feelings. But my Readiness to relieve you, by complying with your Request, signified in your favor of the 21st Inst., is Circumscribed by my Inability; The immediate Necessities of the Army under my Command, require all the Powder and Ball that can be Collected with the utmost Industry and Trouble.50 The Authority of my Station does not extend so far, as to impower me, to send a Detachment of Men down to your Assistance. Thus Circumstanced, I can only add my Wishes and Exhortations, that you may repel every future Attempt, to perpetrate the like Savage Cruelties.
[Note 50: On October 24 Washington entered into an agreement with John Fisk for a supply of powder, to be furnished on or before Apr. 1, 1776, at the rate of 4 shillings a pound for any quantity up to 20 tons.]
I have given Liberty to several Officers, in Col. Phinney's Regiment, to Visit their Connections, which may now Stand in need of their presence and Assistance, by reason of this new exertion of Despotic Barbarity. I am, Gentn, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 25, 1775.
Sir: I now set down to give a final Answer to your Application respecting your Swords. Dr Franklin confirms, what I before mentioned, that the Privilege claimed was no Part of the Stipulation made at Philadelphia, but passed without Discussion.
Having made Inquiry, I find the rule with regard to the Indulgence in Question, is, that Prisoners do not wear their Swords. I therefore cannot approve of it, more especially as it gives such general Dissatisfaction to the good People of the country.
To your other request, of removing to some Place where you can have the Benefit of attending public Worship in the Church of England, I have not the least Objection, provided the Place is approved by Governor Trumbull, to whom, in this Case, you will be pleased to apply.
Your Letters &ca. have been all sent into Boston and such as have been sent out, forwarded. The Select Men, at the Instance of Col. Robinson, have applied to have Mr McDermot sent in, to which I have agreed, upon Condition that a Gentleman of Boston, most injuriously confined in Gaol, be permitted to come out. To which Proposal I have yet received no Answer.
I wish you all the Happiness consistent with your Situation and while the Inhabitants of America treat you with Humanity and Kindness, I trust you will make a Suitable Return. It is not grateful to me to hear the respectable citizens of any Town treated with Incivility or Contempt. I am sir, etc.
Head Quarters, October 25, 1775.
Parole Rutledge. Countersign Gadsden.
Otway Byrd Esqr. is appointed to act as Aid-de-Camp to Major Genl. Lee, during the Absence of Samuel Griffen Esqr. and is to be obeyed as such.
For the future Peas and Beans are to be valued by the Commissary General at Six shillings, lawfull money a bushel.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 26, 1775.
Parole Cambden. Countersign Burke.
As several of the Officers have not yet signified their intentions respecting the requisitions contain'd in the orders of the 22nd Instant, and as the Nature of the Case will admit of no delay--The General directs, that every Officer in the Army, do forthwith declare to his Colonel or Commanding Officer of the regt. to which he belongs, whether he will, or will not continue in the service, until the last day of December 1776 (if the Continental Congress shall think it expedient to retain him so long) This declaration, must be made in explicit terms, and not conditional; as the Congress are to be advised thereof immediately, in order that proper Steps may be taken to provide other Officers, and other Men if necessary.--The times, and the Importance of the great Cause we are engaged in, allow no room for hesitation and delay--When Life, Liberty, and Property are at stake, when our Country is in danger of being a melancholy Scene of bloodshed, and desolation, when our towns are laid in ashes, and innocent Women and Children driven from their peaceful habitations, exposed to the rigour of an inclement season, and to the hands of charity perhaps for a support. When Calamities like these are staring us in the face, and a brutal, savage enemy, (more so than was ever yet found in a civilized nation), are threatening us, and every thing we hold dear, with Destruction from foreign Troops, it little becomes the Character of a Soldier to shrink from danger, and condition for new terms. It is the General's intention to indulge both Officers, and Soldiers, who compose the New Army, with Furloughs, to be absent a reasonable time, but it must be done in such a manner, as not to injure the service, or weaken the Army too much at once. The General also thinks that he can take upon him to assure the Officers and Soldiers of the new army, that they will receive their pay once a Month regularly, after the term of their present Inlistments are expired. The Major of each Brigade is furnish'd with the Form of a Return, to be made to the Colonel, or commanding Officer of each regiment, of the determination of the Commissioned Officers therein; and it is expected, that a return thereof, will be made on Saturday morning without fail, as no longer time can be allowed.
The General is willing to grant one months pay to such Regiments and Corps, as are in want of money, for the purchase of Necessaries; and Abstracts are to be made out, for the Month of September accordingly.
Camp at Cambridge, October 26, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your several Favors of the 12th. and 14th. Inst. came safely to Hand, though not in the proper Order of Time, with their several Inclosures. You do me Justice in believing that I feel the utmost Anxiety for your Situation, that I symphathize with you in all your Distresses, and shall most heartily share in the Joy of your Success.51 My Anxiety extends itself to poor Arnold, whose Fate depends upon the Issue of your Campaign. Besides your other Difficulties, I fear, you have those of the Season added, which will increase every Day. In the Article of Powder, we are in Danger of suffering equally with you. Our Distresses on this Subject are mutual; but, we hope, they are short-lived, as every Measure of Relief has been pursued which human Invention could suggest. When you write General Montgomery, be pleased to convey my best Wishes
[Note 51: Schuyler's letters of October 12 and 14 deal with his lack of powder and salt, his health, and other troubles. On September 26 he had written from Ticonderoga, N.Y.: "The vexation of spirit under which I labor, that a barbarous complication of disorders should prevent me from reaping those laurels for which I have unweariedly wrought since I was honored with this command; the anxiety I have suffered since my arrival here, lest the army should starve, occasioned by a scandalous want of subordination and inattention to my orders in some of the officers, that I left to command at the different posts; the vast variety of vexatious incidents, that almost every hour arise in some department or other; not only retard my cure, but have put me considerably back for some days past. If Job had been a general in my situation, his memory had not been so famous for patience. But the glorious end we have in view, and which I have a confident hope will be attained, will atone for all." The letters of October 12 and 14 are in the Washington Papers.] and Regards to him. It has been equally unfortunate for our Country and yourself, that your ill-Health has deprived the active Part of your Army of your Presence. God Almighty restore you and crown you with Happiness and Success.
Colonel Allen's52 Misfortune will, I hope, teach a Lesson of Prudence and Subordination to others, who may be too ambitious to outshine their General Officers, and regardless of Order and Duty, rush into Enterprizes, which have unfavorable Effects to the Publick, and are destructive to themselves. Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Col. Harrison Delegates from the Congress, have been in the Camp for several Days, in Order to settle the Plan of continuing and supporting the Army. This Commission extended to your Department; but upon Consideration, it appeared so difficult to form any rational Plans that nothing was done upon that Head. If your Time and Health will admit I should think it highly proper to turn your Thoughts to this Subject, and communicate the Result to the Congress, as early as possible. We have had no Event of any Consequence in our Camp for some Time, our whole Attention being taken up with Preparations for the Winter, and forming the new Army, in which many Difficulties occur. The Enemy expect considerable Reinforcements this Winter and from all Accounts are garrisoning Gibralter and other Places with foreign Troops, in order to bring the former Garrisons to America. The Ministry have begun the Destruction of our Sea Port Towns, by burning a flourishing Town of about
[Note 52: When a convention of the several townships of the New Hampshire Grants met at Dorset, on July 26, 1775, to elect field and other officers, Ethan Allen expected to obtain the chief command, but, to his great chagrin, was defeated by Seth Warner, of Bennington, the vote in the convention being 41 to 5. Allen then joined General Schuyler, without holding a commission, and raising a company of Canadians, crossed the St. Lawrence with a small party below Montreal, where he was defeated and taken prisoner, after maintaining for some time, and with great courage, a very unequal conflict. He was put in irons and sent to Quebec, and thence to England, where he arrived December 23. After being a prisoner for nearly three years, transported from place to place, he was exchanged. He published (1779) a narrative of the events of his capture and imprisonment.-- Ford.] 300 Houses to the Eastward, called Falmouth. This they Effected with every Circumstance of Cruelty and Barbarity, which Revenge and Malice could suggest. We expect every Moment to hear other Places have been attempted and have been better prepared for their Reception.
The more I reflect upon the Importance of your Expedition, the greater is my Concern, least it should sink under insuperable Difficulties. I look upon the Interests and Salvation of our bleeding Country in a great Degree to depend upon your Success. I know you feel it's Importance as connected not only with your own Honour and Happiness; but the publick Wellfare, so that you can want no Incitements to press on, if it be possible. My anxiety suggests some Doubts, which your better Acquaintance with the Country will enable you to remove. Would it not have been practicable to pass St John's, leaving Force enough for a Blockade; or if you could not spare the Men, passing it wholly, possessing yourselves of Montreal, and the surrounding Country? Would not St. John's have fallen of Course or what would have been the probable Consequence? Believe me, dear General, I do not mean to imply the smallest Doubt of the Propriety of your Operations, or of those of Mr. Montgomery, for whom I have a great Respect.--I too well know the absurdity of judging upon a military Operation, when you are without the Knowledge of it's concomitant Circumstances. I only mean it as a matter of Curiosity, and to suggest to you my imperfect Idea on the subject. I am with the utmost truth and Regard, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 27, 1775.
Parole Ward. Countersign Green.
In making out the pay Abstracts for the Month of September; the Colonels and commanding Officers of Corps, are not to include any Officer, or Soldier, on the Detachment with Col. Arnold; as he drew a full pay for that Month, for every Man under his command.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 28, 1775.
Parole Putnam. Countersign Heath.
The General Court Martial whereof Col Bridge was President is dissolved.
It is recommended to the Non-Commissiond Officers and Soldiers, whose pay will be drawn in Consequence of last Thursday's orders (especially to those, whose Attachment to the glorious Cause in which they are engaged, and which will induce them to continue in the service another Year) to lay out their money in Shirts, Shoes, Stockings and a good pair of leather Breeches; and not in Coats, and Waistcoats, as it is intended that the new Army shall be cloathed in uniform. To effect which; The Congress will lay in Goods, upon the best terms they can be bought, anywhere for ready Money, and will sell them to the Soldiers without any profit, by which means, a Uniform Coat, and Waistcoat will come cheaper to them; than any other Cloathing of the like kind can be bought-- A number of Taylors will be immediately sett to work, to make Regimentals for those brave Men, who are willing at all hazards, to defend their invaluable rights and privileges.
The undernam'd Men in Col Whitcomb's Regiment, to be sent directly, to the Q M General: viz: David Clark, Samuel Barrett, John Farmer, James Farmer, Daniel Fleman, Amos Brown, Joshua Holt, Philip Overlook, and Joseph Champman, to burn Charcoal for the use of the Army--Five wood-cutters from each brigade, to be added to those already order'd to cut fire-wood, under the direction of the Quarter Master General.
A General Court Martial to sit Monday Morning at Nine 'OClock in Cambridge, to try such Prisoners as shall be brought before them--Evidences and Persons concern'd to attend the Court.
Camp at Cambridge, October 29, 1775.
Sir: Since I had the Pleasure of Addressing you last, no material Occurrence has happened in our Camp.
Dy Governor Griswold was desirous of taking the Minutes of the Conference with the Delegates of the Continental Congress with him; but they were so lengthy the Time did not admit of it. As soon as they can be copied fair they shall be transmitted.
I was somewhat Surprized to find that in one of the Regiments lately from Connecticut, a Doctor Chiney56 had been Commissioned as a Surgeon. As I am persuaded he must have obtained this Appointment by some Misrepresentation, I think it proper to apprize you of his Conduct and Behaviour last Summer being suspected of fraudulent Draughts upon the Commissary Store and other Malpractices, it was proposed to bring him to a Trial, which he evaded by requesting a Dismission which was granted him. After which I am very Credibly informed he returned to his Colony, where he has propogated the most infamous Reports of some of the General Officers. Reports tending to impress the Minds of the Soldiery and Country with prejudices, which would dissolve that Confidence which ought to subsist between Troops and their Officers. Since he has returned to Camp, he has renewed his Draughts upon the Stores, but being immediately detected, I have ordered him under Arrest, and hope Sufficient Evidence may be had to convict him, so as to rid the Army of him intirely.--But I beg leave to intimate to you, the Propriety of Observing some Caution in giving Commissions to Persons who have been discharged, before you are apprized of the Reasons of their leaving the Army.
[Note 56: Dr. Penuel Cheeney, surgeon's mate, of the Third Connecticut Regiment.]
I am glad to hear the Commissary General57 is in a fair way of Recovery; I hope it will not be long before we have the Pleasure of seeing him in the Camp. I am Sir etc.
[Note 57: Col. Joseph Trumbull.]
P.S. have you heard anything of the Lead proposed to be sent from Albany in August, allow me to call your attention to this important article.
Camp at Cambridge, October 29, 1775.
Sir: Your Favor of the 25th Instant came safely to hand. Capt. Whipple's Voyage has been unfortunate, but it is not in our Power to Command Success, tho' it is always our duty to deserve it; I hope he will be more Successful in his intended Voyage, if it is proposed in consequence of the Direction of the Congress, I think it Proper you should apprize him, that two Schooners have Sail'd from hence to the Mouth of St. Lawrence River, upon the same Service Commanded by Capt. Broughton and Captain Sellman; The Signal which they have agreed on to distinguish each other and to be known to their Friends, is the Ensign up to the Main Topping Lift. I agree with you that the Attachment of our Bermudian Bretheren ought to recommend them to the favorable Regard of their Friends of America, and I doubt not it will, I shall certainly take a proper opp'y to make their Case known to the Honble. Continental Congress.
I shall be happy in every opportunity to shew the Esteem and Regard with which I am etc.
Camp at Cambridge, October 30, 1775.
Sir: At the Instance and request of the Committee of Cape Ann, I dispatch'd Major Mason to Survey and make a Report of such Works of Defence as were already constructed there and how far any New one might be Necessary. From his Observations and Account, I find that a Battery may be erected there to the great advantage, and Security of the Place; But the small Stock of Artillery, belonging to the Army prevents me from Supplying the Materials for this Purpose. I have therefore thought proper to acquaint you, with the Circumstances of the Case, that you may make the best Provision for this Necessity, and have also sent Major Mason60 down to you, that particular Enquiry, if desired may be made; Be pleased to communicate this Information to your Honorable House. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 60: Maj. David Mason of Gridley's artillery.]
Camp at Cambridge, October 30, 1775.
Sir: The Information, which the Gentlemen, who have lately gone from hence, can give the Congress of the State and Situation of the Army, would have made a Letter unnecessary, If I did not suppose, there would be some Anxiety to know the Intentions of the Army, on the Subject of their Reenlistment.
Agreeable to the Advice of those Gentlemen, and my own Opinion, I immediately began by directing all such Officers, as proposed to continue to signify their Intentions, as soon as possible: a great number of the returns are come in, from which I find, that a very great Proportion of Officers of the Rank of Captains and under, will retire from present appearances I may say half, but at least one third. It is with some concern also, that I observe that many of the Officers, who retire, discourage the continuance of the Men, and I fear will communicate the Infection to them. Some have advised, that those Officers, who decline the Service, should be immediately dismissed: but this would be very dangerous and inconvenient. I confess, I have great Anxieties upon the Subject, tho' I still hope the Pay and Terms are so advantageous, that Interest, and I hope also, a regard to their country, will retain a greater Proportion of the Privates, than their Officers. In so important a matter, I shall esteem it my indispensable Duty, not only to act with all possible Prudence, but to give the most early and constant Advice of my Progress.65
[Note 65: "I am happy to inform you that Congress has agreed to every recommendation of the Committee, and have gone beyond it, in allowing the additional pay to the officers. I rejoice at this, but cannot think with patience that pitiful wretches, who stood cavilling with you when entreated to serve the next campaign, should reap the benefit of this addition. They will now be ready enough, but hope you will be able to refuse them with the contempt they deserve, and to find better in their room. Could not some of the gentlemen at camp enlist the New England men who have been persuaded to leave you? Frazier told me he could. It would be a capital point to convince the world that it is not necessary to have bad officers of that country, in order to raise men there. I can scarce bear their tyranny."-- Lynch to Washington, Nov. 13, 1775. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
A Supply of Clothing, equal to our necessities, would greatly contribute to the Encouragment and Satisfaction of the Men: In every Point of View it is so important, that I beg leave, to call the Attention of the Congress to it, in a particular manner.
A Serjeant has just come in from Bunker's Hill, but brings no important News. I have the Honor to be etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, October 31, 1775.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Dedham.
As many Officers, and others, have begun to inlist men for the Continental Army, without Orders from Head Quarters; The General desires, that an immediate Stop be put thereto; that the inlistments be return'd; and that no person for the future, presume to interfere in this matter, 'till there is a proper establishment of Officers, and those Officers authorised and instructed in what manner to proceed. Commissions in the new Army are not intended merely for those, who can inlist the most men; but for such Gentlemen as are most likely to deserve them. The General would therefore, not have it even supposed, nor our Enemies encouraged to believe, that there is a Man in this army (except a few under particular circumstances) who will require to be twice asked to do what his Honour, his personal Liberty, the Welfare of his country, and the Safety of his Family so loudly demand of him: When motives powerful as these, conspire to call Men into service, and when that service is rewarded with higher pay, than private Soldiers ever yet met with in any former war: The General cannot, nor will not (until he is convinced to the contrary) harbour so despicable an Opinion of their understanding and zeal for the cause, as to believe they will desert it. As the Congress have been at so much pains to buy Goods, to cloath the Army, and the Quarter Master General, at great trouble to collect, upon the best terms he can, such Articles as are wanting for this purpose, he is directed to reserve those goods for those brave Soldiers, who are determined to stand forth in defence of their Country another year; and that he may be able to distinguish these, from such as mean to quit the Service, at the end of their present engagement, he will be furnished with the Inlistments. Any person therefore (Negroes excepted, which the Congress do not incline to inlist again) coming with a proper Order and will subscribe the Inlistment, shall be immediately supplied. That every non Commissioned Officer and Soldier may know upon what Terms it is he engages, he is hereby inform'd--That he is to be paid by the Kalender Month, at the present Rates; to wit.--Forty eight Shillings to the Serjeants, Forty-four to the Corporals, Drums and Fifes, and Forty to the privates, which pay it is expected will be regularly distributed every Month.
That each man is to furnish his own Arms (and good ones) or, if Arms is found him he is to allow Six Shillings for the use thereof during the Campaign.
That he is to pay for his Cloathing, which will be laid in for him, upon the best terms it can be bought; to do which, a Stoppage of Ten Shillings a month will be made, until the Cloathing is paid for.
That Two Dollars will be allowed every one of them, who brings a good Blanket of his own with him, and will have Liberty to carry it away at the end of the Campaign.
That the present allowance of provisions will be continued; And every man who inlists shall be indulged in a reasonable time, to visit his family in the Course of the winter, to be regulated in such a manner, as not to weaken the Army or injure the service.
The Quarter Master General in preparing Barracks for the Officers, is to assign one to each compleat Corps under the new establishment.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 1, 1775.
Parole Dorchester. Countersign Epsom.
The General recommends it to those Officers, who have signified their Intention to continue in the service of the United Colonies another Campaign, not to run themselves to any expence in procuring Coats and Waistcoats until they are arranged into proper Corps and the Uniforms of the Regiment they belong to ascertained; which will probably be in a few days.
Camp at Cambridge, November 2, 1775.
Sir: I could not suffer Mr. Randolph66 to quit this Camp without bearing some testimony of my duty to the Congress, although his sudden departure (occasioned by the death of his worthy relative, whose loss as a good Citizen, and valuable
[Note 66: Edmund Randolph, an aide-de-camp to Washington. He had been compelled to return to Virginia on account of the death of his uncle, Peyton Randolph, President of the First Continental Congress, who died suddenly at Philadelphia on October 22.] Member of Society is much to be regretted) does not allow me time to be particular.
The Inclosed return67 shews at one view what reliance we have upon the Officers of this Army, and how difficient we are like to be in Subaltern Officers; a few days more will enable me to inform the Congress of what they have to expect from the Soldiery, as I shall Issue recruiting Orders for this purpose as soon as the Officers are appointed, which will be done this day, having sent for the Genl. Officers to consult them in the Choice.
[Note 67: This return, dated Nov. 1, 1775, is in the "Continental Army Returns," vol. 99, part I. These returns were removed from the Washington Papers by Col. Frederick C. Ainsworth and are now in the custody of The Adjutant General, War Department, Washington, D.C.]
I must beg leave to recall the attention of the Congress to the Appointment of a Brigadier General, an Officer as necessary to a Brigade as a Colonel is to a Regiment, and will be exceedingly wanted in the new Arrangement.68
[Note 68: Washington's letter was read in Congress November 13, and the election of a brigadier general was appointed for November 23. The Journals of the Continental Congress, however, contain no mention of any action taken until January, 1776, when Joseph Frye was chosen for the army in Massachusetts, and Benedict Arnold for the army in the Northern Department.]
The Proclamation's and Association69 herewith Inclosed, came to my hands on Monday last. I thought it my duty to send them to you. Nothing of moment has happened since my last. With respectful Compliments to the Members of Congress I have the honour to be etc.70
[Note 69: Proclamations issued by General Howe on October 28. The first, prohibiting any person from leaving Boston, recites: "I do, by virtue of the power and authority vested in me by his Majesty, forbid any person or persons whatever, not belonging to the navy, to pass from hence by water or otherwise without my order or permission given in writing. Any person or persons detected in the attempt, or who may be retaken upon sufficient proof thereof, shall be liable to military execution, and those who escape shall be treated as traitors by seizure of their goods and effects." The second proclamation prohibited from carrying more than £5 in specie away from the city. The association was for embodying the citizens to defend the town. (See Remembrancer, vol. 2, p. 191; Boston Gazette, Nov. 6, 1775. Washington also inclosed in his letter the royal proclamation of Aug. 23, 1775, "for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition," a broadside of which is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 70: The original of this letter, in the Papers of the Continental Congress, is in Washington's handwriting and varies in a few minor details from the text of the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, which was used by Sparks.]
Cambridge, November 2, 1775.
Sir: I Promised the Gentlemen who did me the Honor to call upon me yesterday, by order of your House, that I would enquire of the Quarter Master General and let them know to day, what Quantity of Wood and Hay would be necessary to supply the Army thro' the Winter, I accordingly did so and desired Genl. Gates this morning to inform you, that it was his (the Qur Master's) Opinion it would require ten thousand Cords of the first and two hundred Tons of the Latter to answer our demands; but the hurry in which we have been all day engaged, caused him to forget it, till a fresh Complaint brought it again to remembrance. When the Committee were here yesterday, I told them I did not believe that we had then more than four Days Stock of Wood before hand. I little thought that we had scarce four hours, and that different Regiments were upon the Point of cutting each others throats for a few Standing Locusts near their Encampments, to dress their victuals with. This however is the fact, and unless some expedient is adopted by your honorable Body to draw more Teams into the Service or the Qur M. Genl. impower'd to impress them, this Army, if their comes a Spell of Rainy or Cold weather, must inevitably disperse, the Consequence of which need no animadversion of Mine.
It has been matter of great grief to me to see so many Valuable able Plantations of Trees destroyed.--I endeavoured (whilst there appeared a Possibility of restraining it) to prevent the practice, but it is out of my power to do it, from Fences to Forrest Trees, and from Forrest Trees to fruit Trees, is a Natural advance to houses, which must next follow; this is not all, the distress of the Soldiers in the Article of Wood will I fear have an unhappy influence upon their enlisting again.
In short Sir, if I did not apprehend every evil that can result from the want of these two Capital Articles, wood especially I should not be so importunate. my anxiety on this head must plead my excuse; at the same time I assure you that with great respect and esteem, etc.
Camp at Cambridge, November 2, 1775.
Dr. Sir: The news of your recovery has given your friends a great deal of Joy. We had little hopes of seeing you again from some late Accts of your health. I have given Captn. Wadsworth a draft on the Treasury for 120,000 Dollars agreeable to your request, although the State of our Cash is by no means able to bear such a pull upon it. besides this, Mr Avery71 on the 20th. Instr. got a Warrt. for 20,M Dollars and is now applying for Ten thousand more. So soon as you can travel with safety (and not before) I should be glad to see you at this Camp and am with sincere regard etc.
[Note 71: Elisha Avery, deputy commissary general, Northern Department.]
[C.S.L.]
Camp at Cambridge, November 2, 1775.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 30th Ulto. by Mr. Trumbull72 I sincerely wish this Camp could furnish a good Engineer. The Commissary General73 can inform you, how exceedingly Deficient the Army is of Gentlemen skill'd in that branch of Business, and that most of the Works which have been thrown up for the Defence of our Several Incampments, have been planned by a few of the Principal officers of this Army, assisted by Mr. Knox74 a Gentleman of Worcester.
[Note 72: Probably Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 73: Col. Joseph Trumbull.]
[Note 74: Brig. Gen. Henry Knox.] could I afford you the desired Assistance, in this way, I should do it with Pleasure.
Herewith you will receive a Copy of the proceedings held with the Committe of Congress from Philadelphia, it ought to have been sent sooner; but I am at present without a Secretary. Colo Reed having a call at home, left this on Sunday last. I heartily Congratulate you on the recovery of the Commissary General, whose Return so soon as he can travel with Safety, is much wished for. I am etc.
Camp at Cambridge, November 2, 1775.
Sir: I have your favor of the 20th Ulto. before me. Immediately upon receipt of it, I communicated the contents to the Dy Commissary (Mr Trumbull being Sick in Connecticut) as a business appertaining to his Department; but as Dep'y he wishes for the Direction of his Principal, to whom I could wish you to write, as he is at Lebanon and not expected back under three weeks.--his intention I know, was to make both Beef and Pork bring itself to this Place; but as that cannot be in the case you mention, there is no doubt of his readiness to take the Beef, if delivered here in Barrels at the Price other Beef in Barrels stand him in here.--perhaps (for an Encouragement) more, to get it out of the reach of the Enemy.
I thank you for your order in favor of Mr. Bowen,75 who I am informed after some trouble, got the Cannon wanted, somewhat more convenient. Herewith you will receive a Copy of the Proceedings of the Conference held at this Place with the Committee of Congress. Nothing new since my last. With much esteem etc.
[Note 75: Ephraim Bowen, captain and agent for fitting out armed vessels at Plymouth, Mass. He was, later, a deputy quartermaster general.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 3, 1775.
Parole, Huntington. Countersign Ipswich.
William Briant, Alexander Ingham, Francis Woobourn and Joseph Rockwood, tried at a late General Court martial, for "stealing Rum out of the Commissary General's Stores" The Court are of opinion that the prisoners Briant, Ingham and Woobourn are not guilty; but that the prisoner Rockwood alone is guilty of the Crime laid to his charge, and do therefore sentence him to receive Ten Lashes upon his bare back, at the head of the regiment to which he belongs--The General approves the sentence and orders it to be executed, as soon as the weather will permit
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 5, 1775.
Parole Montgomery. Countersign Chamblee.
Samuel Huntington, and John Englis, soldiers in the 34th Regt. of foot, tried at a late General Court Martial for " Mutiny"--The Court upon mature consideration, are of opinion that the Evidence against the prisoners, is not sufficient to convict them of Mutiny, but they are each of them guilty of assisting and encouraging Mutiny, therefore adjudge that each of them pay a fine of fifteen Shillings, and suffer each of them fifteen days fatigue.
The General approves the Sentence and orders it to be put in execution.
As the Commander in Chief has been apprized of a design form'd for the observance of that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the Effigy of the pope--He cannot help expressing his surprise that there should be Officers and Soldiers in this army so void of common sense, as not to see the impropriety of such a step at this Juncture; at a Time when we are solliciting, and have really obtain'd, the friendship and alliance of the people of Canada, whom we ought to consider as Brethren embarked in the same Cause. The defence of the general Liberty of America: At such a juncture, and in such Circumstances, to be insulting their Religion, is so monstrous, as not to be suffered or excused; indeed instead of offering the most remote insult, it is our duty to address public thanks to these our Brethren, as to them we are so much indebted for every late happy Success over the common Enemy in Canada.
Cambridge, November 5, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your Favor of the 26th Ulto. with the Inclosures, containing an Acct. of the Surrender of Fort Chamblee was an excellent Repast, but somewhat incomplete for Want of Montgomery's Letter, which (a Copy) you omitted to inclose. On the Success of your Enterprize so far, I congratulate you, as the Acquisition of Canada is of unmeasureable Importance to the Cause we are engaged in. No Acct. of Arnold since my last. I am exceeding anxious to hear from him; but flatter myself that all goes well with him, as he was expressly ordered in Case of any discouraging Event to advertize me of it immediately.77 I much approve your Conduct in Regard to Wooster.
[Note 77: The situation of affairs in Canada at this time may be understood by the following extract from a letter, dated at Montreal, October 19, and written by Brook Watson, an eminent merchant of that city, to Governor Franklin, of New Jersey. The letter was intercepted by General Montgomery and forwarded by him to General Schuyler:
"Such is the wretched state of this unhappy province," says the writer, "that Colonel Allen, with a few despicable wretches, would have taken this city on the 25th ultimo, had not its inhabitants marched out to give them battle. They fought, conquered, and thereby saved the province for a while. Allen and his banditti were mostly taken prisoners. He is now in chains on board the Gaspee. This little action has changed the face of things. The Canadians before were nine tenths for the Bostonians. They are now returned to their duty; many in arms for the King and the parishes, who had been otherwise, and daily demanding their pardon and taking arms for the crown." This Mr. Watson went over to England in the same vessel in which Allen and his associates were transported as prisoners and in irons. Allen's wrists and ankles were heavily manacled. In his narrative he speaks of having received much ill treatment from Watson during the voyage. Watson was afterwards Lord Mayor of London.-- Sparks.] My Fears are at an End, as he acts in a subordinate Character. Intimate this to General Montgomery, with my Congratulations on his Success, the seasonable Supply of Powder, and wishes that his next Letter may be dated from Montreal. We laugh at his Idea of classing the royal Fuzileers with the Stores. Does he consider them as Inanimates, or as a Treasure? If you carry your Arms to Montreal, should not the Garrisons of Niagara, Detroit &c. be called upon to surrender, or threaten'd with the Consequences of a Refusal? They may indeed destroy their Stores, and if the Indians are aiding, escape to Fort Chartres; but it is not very probable.
The inclosed Gazette exhibits sundry Specimens of the Skill of the new Commander in issuing Proclamations, and a Proof in the Destruction of Falmouth, of the barbarous Designs of an infernal Ministry. Nothing new hath happened in this Camp. Finding the ministerial Troops resolved to keep themselves close within their Lines, and that it was adjudged impracticable to get at them, I have fitted out six armed Vessels, with Design to pick up some of their Store Ships and Transports. The Rest of our Men are busily employed in erecting of Barracks &c I hope, as you have said nothing of the State of your Health, that it is much amended, and that the cold Weather will restore it perfectly. That it may do so, and you enjoy the Fruit of your Summers Labour and Fatigue, is the sincere wish of, Dear Sir, etc. Generals Lee and Mifflin are well: Colonel Reed gone to Philadelphia.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 6, 1775.
Parole Arnold. Countersign Quebec.
Robert Hanson Harrison Esqr79 is appointed Aid-de-Camp to his Excellency the Commander in Chief, and all orders, whether written or verbal, coming from the General, through Mr. Harrison are to be punctually obeyed.
[Note 79: Harrison was from Alexandria, Va. He succeeded Joseph Reed as secretary in May, 1776, and served into the year 1781. He was probably closer to Washington and as much in the Commander in Chief's confidence as any other aide.]
Although the men confined by Lieut. Col Reed of the 26th. Regt. were released upon Application to Head Quarters--The General, so far from being displeased with Col. Reed, for his endeavours to prevent an infringement of the General Orders, that he thanks the Colonel; as he shall every Officer, who pays strict Obedience to orders, as without so doing, it is in vain to think of preserving order, and discipline, in an army--The disagreeableness of the weather, scarcity of wood, &c. inclined the General to overlook the Offence committed at that time, but he hopes, and expects, the Officers and Soldiers, will for the future, carefully avoid wantonly cutting the Trees, and committing waste upon the property of those, already but too much distressed by the depredations of the army.
Cambridge, November 6, 1775.
Sir: I received your favor of the 2d Inst., and am very sorry it is not in my power to Supply the necessities of the Town of Falmouth; I have referr'd the Gentleman who brought me your Letter, to the General Court of this Province, who I hope will fall upon some method for your Assistance, the arrival of the Cerberus Man of War is very alarming; I do not apprehend they will attempt to penetrate into the Country, as you seem to be afraid of; if they should Attempt to Land any of their Men, I would have the good People of the Country, by all means to make every possible opposition in their Power, for it will be much easier to prevent their making a Lodgment, than to force them from it, when they have got Possession.
I write by this Conveyance to Col. Phinney, who will give you every advice and Assistance in his Power. I Sincerely sympathize with the People in the distress they are drove to, but it is in such times, that they should exert themselves in the Noble Cause of Liberty and their Country. I am, Sir, &c.
[Note 80: Phinney was colonel of a Massachusetts regiment, and, later, of the Eighteenth Continental Infantry.]
Cambridge, November 6, 1775.
Sir: Having received a Letter from Mr Enoch Moody, Chairman of the Committee of Falmouth, that the Inhabitants of that Town are greatly alarmed by the Arrival of the Cerberus Man of War, and are under great Apprehension that some of the King's Troops will be landed there. It is my Desire that you raise all the Force you can, and give the Town every Assistance in your Power. The Difficulty of removing Troops after they have made a Lodgment or got Possession of a Place, is too obvious to be mentioned. You will, therefore, use every possible Method to prevent their effecting that, or penetrating into the Country, until you have farther Orders. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, November 7, 1775.
You are to proceed immediately to Portsmouth in New Hampshire,81 and complete the Works already began, to secure that and the other Towns at the Entrance of Piscataway River, from any Attacks by Ships of War. For this Purpose, you are to fix Ships and Fire Rafts in such Places as you find most convenient to prevent the Enemy from passing up the River. As great Calamities and Distress are brought upon our Sea Port Towns, through the malicious Endeavours and false Representations of many Persons, holding Commissions under the Crown, who, not content with bringing Destruction upon some of our principal Towns, are yet using every Art that Malice can devise to reduce others to the same unhappy State; in Hopes, by such diabolical and cruel Conduct to please an arbitrary and tyrannical Ministry, and to receive from them in Return, a Continuance of such Places and Pensions as they now hold at the Expence of the Blood and Treasure of this distressed Continent.
[Note 81: General Sullivan was already at Portsmouth.]
You are, therefore, immediately upon your arrival in that Province, to seize such Persons as hold Commissions under the Crown and are acting as open and avow'd Enemies to their Country, and hold them as Hostages for the Security of those Towns, which our ministerial Enemies threaten to invade. In Case any Attack should be made upon Portsmouth, or other Sea Ports in that Quarter, you are immediately to collect such Force as can be raised, to repel the Invasion; and at all Hazards prevent the Enemy from landing and taking Possession of any Posts in that Quarter. When you have compleated the Works at Portsmouth, and secured the Passage of the River there, you are to return without Delay to the Army, unless you find the Enemy are about to make an immediate Attack upon that or the neighbouring Towns; [the above is rather to be considerd as matters of advice than orders; as I do not conceive myself authorizd to Involve the Continent in any Expence for the defence of Portsmouth, or other place out of the Line of the great American defence; particular Colonies being called upon by the Congress to prepare for their own Internal Security. Given under my Hand etc.]82
[Note 82: The words in brackets are in Washington's writing.]
Cambridge, November 8, 1775.
Sir: The immediate occasion of my giving Congress the trouble of a Letter at this time, is to inform them, that in consequence of their order signified in your Letter of the 20 Ulto., I laid myself under a solemn tye of secrecy to Captn. McPherson,83 and proceeded to examine his Plan for the destruction
[Note 83: Capt. John Macpherson submitted his plan to Congress on October 16, and on October 19 it was forwarded to Washington. Like Josiah Quincy's scheme, it was impracticable under the then circumstances, and along with other suggestions resulted only in disappointment to the originators, which probably had some effect in preparing certain minds in Congress for receptivity of criticism of the Commander in Chief. (See Washington's letter to Josiah Quincy, Nov. 4, 1775, ante.)] of the Fleet in the Harbour of Boston, with all that care and attention which the Importance of it deserved, and my Judgement could lead to: but not being happy enough to coincide in Opinion with that Gentleman, and finding that his Scheme would Involve greater expence, than (under my Doubts of its success), I thought myself justified in giving into, I prevaild upon him to communicate his plan to three Gentlemen of the Artillery (in this Army) well acquainted in the knowledge, and practice of gunnery; by them he has been convinced, that in as much as he set out upon wrong principles, the Scheme would prove abortive. unwilling however to relinquish his favourite project of reducing the Naval force of Great Britain, he is very desirous of building a number of Row-Gallies for this purpose; but as the Congress alone are competent to the adoption of this measure, I have advised him (altho' he offered to go on with the building of them at his own expence 'till the Congress should decide) to repair immediately to Philadelphia with his proposals; where, if they should be agreed to, or Vessels of Superior force, agreeable to the Wishes of most others, should be resolved on, he might set instantly about them, with all the materials upon the Spot; here they are to collect; to him therefore I refer for further information on this Head.
A Vessel said to be from Philadelphia, and bound to Boston with 120 Pipes of Wine (118 of which are securd) stranded at a place calld Eastham, in a Gale of Wind on the 2d. Inst; another from Boston Hallifax with dry Goods &ca. (amountingpr. Invoice to about 240£ lawful) got disabled in the sameGale, near Beverly. These Cargoe's, with the Papers, I have orderd to this place, the Vessells to be taken care of 'till further Orders. I have also an Acct. of the taking of a Wood Sloop bound to Boston, and carried into Portsmouth, by one of our Armed Vessels; particulars not yet come to hand, and this Instant of two others from Nova Scotia to Boston, with Hay, Wood, live Stock &ca. by another of our Armd Schooners, these are in Plymouth.
These Accidents and Captures point out the necessity of establishing proper Courts without loss of time for the decision of Property and the legallity of Seizures: otherwise I may be Involved in inextricable difficulties.
Our Prisoners, by the reduction of Fort Chamblee (on which happy Event, I most sincerely congratulate the Congress) being considerably Augmented and likely to be Increased, I submit it to the Wisdom of Congress, whether some convenient Inland Towns, remote from the Post Roads, ought not to be Assign'd them; the manner of their treatment, Subsistence &c defind, and a Commissary, or Agent appointed to see that Justice is one both to them and the Publick, proper Accts. render'd &ca; without a mode of this sort is adopted, I fear there will be sad confusion hereafter, as there are great Complaints at present.84
[Note 84: On November 25 Congress decided to recommend to the various Colonies the establishment of courts, or enlarging the powers of those already in existence, to take care of these sea captures. There is no mention in the Journals of the Continental Congress of a decision regarding the prisoners until November 17, when Reading, Lancaster, and York, in Pennsylvania, were designated as places to which to send prisoners taken in Canada.]
I reckon'd without my Host, when I informd the Congress in my last, that I should in a day or two, be able to acquaint them of the disposition of the Soldiery towards a new Inlistment. I have been in consultation with the Generals of this Army, ever since thursday last, endeavouring to establish New Corps of Officers, but find so many doubts and difficulties to reconcile, I cannot say when they are to end, or what may be the consequences, as 'there appears to be such an unwillingness in the Officers of one Government mixing in the same Regiment with those of another; and without it, many must be dismissed, who are willing to serve, notwithstanding we are deficient in the whole. I am to have another meeting to day, upon this business and shall inform you of the Result.
The Council of Officers are unanimously of opinion, That the Command of the Artillery should no longer continue in Col: Gridley,85 and knowing of no person better qualified to supply his place, or whose Appointment will give more general satisfaction, have taken the liberty of recommending Henry Knox, Esqr to the consideration of the Congress. Thinking it indespensably necessary, at the same time, that this Regiment shoud consist of two Lieutt. Colos, two Majors, and twelve companies, agreeable to the Plan and estimate handed in, which differing from the last establishment, I should be glad to be Instructed on.
[Note 85: Col. Richard Gridley had been appointed by the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts (April 26), chief engineer in the army then beginning to be organized, with a salary of £170 a year while in service; and after the army should be disbanded, he was to receive annually £ 123 for life. (See Manuscript Journals of Provincial Congress.) The same provision of a life annuity was extended to the assistant engineer. On September 20 Colonel Gridley was commissioned to take command of the artillery of the Continental Army but was superseded by Colonel Knox in November. His advanced age was assigned by Congress as a reason for superseding him. At the Battle of Bunker Hill he fought with conspicuous bravery in the entrenchments, which he had planned under Prescott, and in which he was wounded. Colonel Gridley was a soldier of long experience, having served in the two last wars, and been present at the taking' of Louisburg, and in Wolfe's battle on the Plains of Abraham. (See Swett's Sketch of the Bunker Hill Battle, pp. 11, 44, 54.) Before the Revolution he received half pay as a British officer. When Colonel Knox was appointed to his place in the artillery (November 17) Congress voted to indemnify him for any loss of half pay which he might sustain in consequence of having been in the service of the United Colonies.-- Sparks.]
The Comy. Genl. not being returnd, will appologize I hope for my silence respecting a requisition of the Expence of his Clerks &ca. which I was to have Obtaind, together with others and forward.
I have heard nothing of Colo. Arnold since the 13th Ulto. His Letter of and journal to that date, will convey all the Information I am able to give of him. I think he must be in Quebec. If any mischance had happened to him, he would, as directed, have forwarded an Express.
No Acct. yet of the Armd Vessels sent to St. Lawrence. I think they will meet with the Stores Inward or outward bound.
Captn. Symons in the Cerberus lately sent from Boston to Falmouth, hath publish'd the Inclose'd Declaration86 at that place, and it is suspected intends to make some kind of a lodgement there. I wrote immediately to a Colo. Finnie (of this Army) who went up there upon the last Alarm, to Spirit up the People, and oppose it at all Events. Falmouth is abt. 130 Miles from this Camp. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 86: "Captain John Symons, commander of his Majesty's ship Cerberus, causeth it to be signified and made known to all persons whatever, in the town of Falmouth as well as the country adjacent; that, if after this public notice, any violences shall be offered to any officers of the crown, or other peaceably disposed subjects of his Majesty; or, if any bodies of men shall be raised and armed in the said town and country adjacent; or any military works erected, otherwise than by order of his Majesty, or those acting under his authority; or if any attempts shall be made to seize or destroy any public magazines of arms; ammunition, or other stores, it will be indispensably my duty to proceed with the most vigorous efforts against the said town, as in open rebellion against the King; and if after this signification the town shall persist in the rebellious acts above mentioned, they may depend on my proceeding accordingly." A copy of this declaration is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
P.S. I send a Genl. return of the Troops and manifest of the Cargo's and Vessels taken at Plymouth.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 9, 1775.
Parole Andover. Countersign Bedford.
To prevent any false Alarm, Notice is hereby given, that the Riffle Battalion will discharge their Arms to morrow, at twelve at noon.
Cambridge, November 9, 1775.
Sir: A Mr. Lewis, who left Boston yesterday afternoon, Informs me, that on Account of the Scarcity of Wood and Provisions in that Place, General Howe has Issued a Proclamation, desiring such of the Inhabitants as are Inclined to leave the Town to give in their Names and a list of their effects before 12 OClock this day.
As the Caution necessary to be used with these People, to prevent a Communication of the Small Pox and the proper care of them when out, are objects of exceeding great importance; I submit them to the consideration of your honble. Body, before it's recess, and if the Honble. Council should likewise adjourn, I must also recommend to your Attention the Necessity there is of constituting some Court, before whom all Persons inimical or Suspected to be Inimical to America, should be brought for examination. my time is so much taken up with Military affairs that it is impossible for me to pay a proper attention to these matters.--There will be sent to you amongst others a James Smithwiche, who from an intercepted Letter, appears to have resolved to get into Boston, there is a small Trunk belonging to him, now in my possession, which Contains in Gold and Silver about 500£ Lawful Money, which it is probable he intended to carry in with him. The owner and Capt. of a Small Coaster put into Beverly in distress, bound from Boston to Nova Scotia will appear before you; they have carried on a Trade of supplying Boston with Provisions &c for some time. I beg leave to refer them to your examination, and have the Honor to be Sir, etc.
P.S. Smithwiche's Trunk will be sent to you with him.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 10, 1775.
Parole Cumberland. Countersign Durham.
The General thanks Col. Thompson, and the other gallant Officers and Soldiers (as well of other Regiments as the Riffles) for their alacrity yesterday, in pushing thro' the water, to get to the Enemy on Letchmore's point;90 he is inform'd that there were some (names as yet unknown) who discover'd a backwardness in crossing the Causway--these will be marked, if they can be discovered--The General was much surprised and concerned, to see the order in which many of the Arms in several of the regiments appeared; he had not time to enquire the Names of the particular Officers to whose Companies they belonged, but desires that this hint may be received, as an Admonition, by such Officers as are conscious of their Neglect of this duty; as other methods will be fallen upon, if it is not ...
[Note 90: See Washington's letter to Congress, Nov. 11, 1775, post.]
Cambridge, November 11, 1775.
Sir: I had the Honor to address my self to you the 8th. instant by Captain Macpherson, since which I have an Account of a Schooner laden chiefly with firewood, being brought into Marblehead, by the Armed Schooner Lee, Capt. Manly.94
[Note 94: Capt. John Manley.]
She had on board the Master, a Midshipman, two Marines and four Sailors from the Cerberus Man of War, who had made prize of this Schooner a few Days before and was sending her into Boston.
Inclosed you have a copy of an Act passed this Session by the Honr. Council and House of Representatives this Province.95
[Note 95: Sparks states that this act was the first passed by any of the Colonies for fitting out letters of marque and reprisal and for establishing a court to try and condemn prizes. He refers to Austin's Life of Elbridge Gerry (vol. 1, pp. 92, 505), also to the Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts (vol. 5, PP. 436, 515).] It respects such captures as may be made by vessels fitted out by the Province or by Individuals thereof. As the Armed Vessels fitted at the Continental expence, do not come under this Law, I would have it submitted to the consideration of Congress, to point out a more summary way of proceeding, to determine the property and mode of condemnation of such prizes as have been or hereafter may be made, than is specified in this Act. Should not a Court be established by Authority of Congress, to take cognizance of the Prizes made by the Continental Vessels? Whatever the mode is which they are pleased to adopt, there is an absolute necessity of its being speedily determined on, for I cannot spare Time from Military Affairs, to give proper attention to these matters. The Inhabitants of Plymouth have taken a Sloop laden with Provision &ca. from Hallifax bound to Boston, and the Inhabitants of Beverly have under cover of one of the Armed Schooners taken a Vessel from Ireland laden with Beef, Pork, Butter &ca for the same place. The latter brings Papers and Letters of a very Interesting nature, which are into the Hands of the Honr. Council who informed me, they will transmit them to you by this Conveyance, to the Contents of these Papers and Letters I must beg leave to refer you and the Honr. Congress, who will now see the absolute necessity there is, of exerting all their Wisdom to withstand the mighty efforts of our Enemies. The trouble in the Arrangement of the Army, is really Inconceivable, many of the Officers sent in their names to serve in expectation of Promotion, others stood aloof to see what advantage they could make for themselves, whilst a number who had declined, have again sent in their names to serve, so great has the confusion arising from these and many other perplexing circumstances been, that I found it impossible to fix this very interesting Business exactly on the Plan resolved on in Conference, tho I have kept up to the Spirit, as near as the nature and the necessity of the case would admit of. The Difficulty with the Soldiers is as great, indeed more so if possible, than with the Officers. They will not inlist until they know their Colonel, Lt. Colonel, Major, Captain &ca, so that it was necessary to fix the Officers the first thing, which at last is in some manner done, and I have given out inlisting Orders; You Sir, can easier judge than I can express the anxiety of mind, I labour under on this Occasion, especially at this time when we may expect the Enemy will begin to Act, on the arrival of their Reinforcement, part of which is already come and the remainder daily dropping in.96 I have other distresses of a very alarming nature,
[Note 96: Ford prints the following notes at this point:
"These N. England men are a strange composition. Their commonalty is undoubtedly good, but they are so defective in materials for officers that it must require time to make a real good army out of 'em. Enclosed I send you the address of the generals to the soldiers. You must know that some officers who are discarded from the service are suspected of exerting themselves to dissuade the soldiers from reenlisting. To counteract their machinations was the design of this paper."-- Charles Lee to Robert Morris, Nov. 22, 1775.
"We were some time apprehensive of losing every thing from the backwardness of the men in enlisting. It is supposed that the discarded officers labored to render the soldiers disaffected; but the men really have public spirits and recruiting goes on most swimmingly."-- Charles Lee to Robert Morris, Dec. 9, 1775.
"The zeal and alacrity of the militia who were summon'd on the supposition that our lines would be degarnished, prognosticate well, and do much honor to these Provinces. There is certainly much public spirit in the bulk of the people and I think they merit public eulogium. The N. England delegates I am told have lately received so many rubs that they want a cordial. I beg therefore that you will administer one to those who are of your acquaintance in my name. I never saw a finer body than this militia."-- Charles Lee to Benjamin Rush, Dec. 12, 1775.
"The task [of disbanding army and forming new] was rendered very difficult by the reduction of eleven regiments and the discharge of such a number of officers who have done every thing to obstruct and retard the filling of the new army in hopes to ruin the establishment and bring themselves into place again."-- General Greene to Governor Ward.
"By letters from camp I find there is infinite difficulty in reinlisting the army. The idea of making it wholly Continental has induced so many alterations disgusting to both officers and men, that very little success has attended our recruiting orders. I have often told the Congress, that, under the idea of new modelling, I was afraid we should destroy our army. Southern gentlemen wish to remove that attachment, which the officers and men have to their respective colonies, and make them look up to the continent at large for their support or promotion. I never thought that attachment injurious to the common cause, but the strongest inducement to people to risk every thing in defence of the whole, upon the preservation of which must depend the safety of each colony. I wish, therefore, not to eradicate, but to regulate it in such a manner, as may most conduce to the protection of the whole."-- Governor Ward to his brother, Nov. 21, 1775.] the Arms of our Soldiery are so exceeding bad, that I assure you Sir, I cannot place a proper confidence in them. Our Powder is wasting fast, notwithstanding the strictest care, oeconomy and attention is paid to it; the long season of wet weather, we have had, renders the greater part of what has been served out to the men of no use. Yesterday I had a proof of it, as a party of the Enemy, about four or five hundred taking the advantage of the High Tide, landed at Leechmore's point, which at that time was in effect an Island, we were alarmed, and of course ordered every man to examine his cartouch Box, when the Melancholy Truth appeared, and we were Obliged to furnish the greater part of them with fresh ammunition. The Damage done at the point was the taking of a Man, who watched a few Horses and Cows, Ten of the latter they carried of. Colonel Thompson marched down with his Regiment of Riflemen and was joined by Colonel Woodbridge with a part of his and a part of Patterson's regiment, who gallantly waded through the water and soon obliged the Enemy to embark under cover of a Man of War, a Floating Battery and the Fire of a Battery on Charles Town Neck. We have two of our Men dangerously Wounded by grape shot from the Man of War and by a Flag out this day we are informed the Enemy lost two of their Men. I have the Honor to be etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 12, 1775.
Parole America. Countersign Freedom.
Each Colonel upon the new establishment, to come to Head Quarters, to morrow morning ten OClock, in order to receive from the Adjutant General, as many printed Inlistments, as there are commission'd Officers in his Regiment--They will therefore without delay distribute One to each Officer, who is forthwith to proceed to inlist men for their respective Regiments in the Continental Army--The Soldiers as the printed Inlistments express to be engaged to serve untill the last day of December 1776
In the General Orders of the 31st of October, it is declared, that every Non Commission'd Officer and Soldier, shall be paid by the Kalender month, as follows, to a Serjeant forty-eight Shillings, to the Corporals forty-four, and forty to each private; which pay it is expected, will be regularly distributed, every month--Each Non Commissioned Officer, and Soldier, (Drums and Fifes excepted) is to furnish his own Arms; if Arms are found him, he is to allow Six Shillings, at the end of the Campaign for the use thereof. New cloathing will forthwith be provided, for every Non Commission'd Officer and Soldier, for which an easy stoppage, of only ten Shillings a Month, will be made out of his pay, until the whole is paid. Two Dollars will be allowed to each Non Commission'd Officer, and Soldier, who provides himself with a good Blanket, and Liberty to take it away at the end of the campaign; the present ample allowance of provisions will be continued, and those who inlist, will be indulged in a reasonable time, to visit their familys, in the Course of the winter, this to be regulated in such a manner, as not to weaken the army, or injure the service.
To prevent such contentions as have arisen, from the same person being inlisted by different Officers, and for different Regiments, it is possitively ordered; upon pain of being cashiered, That no Officer knowingly presume to inlist any Soldier, who has been previously inlisted by another Officer, where such a mistake happens undesignedly, the first Inlistment is to take place--The Officers are to be careful not to inlist any person, suspected of being unfriendly to the Liberties of America, or any abandon'd vagabond to whom all Causes and Countries are equal and alike indifferent--The Rights of mankind and the freedom of America, will have Numbers sufficient to support them, without resorting to such wretched assistance--Let those who wish to put Shackles upon Freemen fill their Ranks, and place their confidence in such miscreants.
Neither Negroes, Boys unable to bare Arms, nor old men unfit to endure the fatigues of the campaign, are to be inlisted; The preferrences being given to the present Army, The Officers are vigilantly to try, what number of men can be inlisted, in the Course of this week, and make report thereof to their Colonels, who will report it to the General--This to be done every week, until the whole are compleated. The Regiments are to consist of eight Companies, each Company of a Captain, two Lieutenants, and an Ensign, four Serjeants, four Corporals, two Drums and Fifes and Seventy-six Privates; As the Regiments are compleated, they will be mustered, and then reviewed by the Commander in Chief; when a Roll of each Company, sign'd by the Captain, according to a form previously deliver'd by the Adjutant General; is to be delivered to his Excellency. The Colonel of each Regiment will receive a List of the Officers upon the New establishment from his Brigadier General. The Commissioned, non Commissioned Officers and Soldiers of the present Army are, (notwithstanding their new engagement) to continue in the Regiment and Company they now belong to, until further orders. Upon any Soldier being inlisted, from the present, into the New Establishment, the Regiment he now belongs to, with his Name, Town and Country, are to be enter'd in a Roll kept for that purpose, by each Officer: A Copy of this Roll sign'd, to be sent every Saturday morning, to the Colonel of each regiment--When the new Regiments are compleated, the Colonels may upon Application, receive their Continental Commissions for themselves, and their Officers.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 13, 1775.
Parole Granby. Countersign Barre.
The Colonels upon the new Establishment to settle, as soon as possible, with the Qr Mr General, the Uniform of their respective regiments; that the buttons maybe properly number'd, and the work finished without delay.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 14, 1775.
Parole St. Johns. Countersign Montgomery.
This moment a confirmation is arrived of the glorious Success of the Continental Arms, in the Reduction, and Surrender, of the Fortress of St. Johns; the Garrisons of that place and Chamblee being made Prisoners of war. The Commander in Chief is confident, the Army under his immediate direction, will shew their Gratitude to providence, for thus favouring the Cause of Freedom and America; and by their thankfulness to God, their zeal and perseverance in this righteous Cause, continue to deserve his future blessings.
That no kind of Confusion, or Disorder may arise, between the old and new Appointments, in case the despair and malice of the enemy, should call us into action; it is again declared, that the Men who inlist into the new Army are to continue in the Regiments and Companies they at present belong to until further orders.
It is earnestly recommended to all the Officers of the old Regiments, to see that their mens arms, are always in good order, and the men not suffered to straggle from Camp, nor on any Account, to quit their post when upon duty, but be ready to turn out at a moments warning; and they may rely upon it, they will be suddenly called upon, whenever it happens.
Very pointed Complaints having this day been made against the Commissary General, from several Field Officers &c, of Genl. Sullivan's brigade--he Commander in Chief assures the complainants, that the strictest examination shall be made, into the Conduct of the Commissary General, as soon as he arrives in Cambridge, which is expected this week.
Whereas the General has been informed that the orders of the 6th of Septembr, have been construed to permit any approv'd Sutler, to sell spiritous Liquors, to the Soldiers belonging to other Regiments, without the permission of the Commanding Officer of the Regiment, to which such Soldier belongs; It is therefore ordered, that no Commanding Officer of a Regiment, shall authorise more than one Sutler to a Regiment, and such appointment shall be notified in Regimental Orders, and no person being authorised, shall presume to sell spiritous Liquors to any Soldiers belonging to any other Regiment, without leave in writing under the hand of the Commanding Officer to which such Soldier belongs.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 15, 1775.
Parole Connecticut. Countersign Brown.
Lieutt. Lyon97 of Major Johnson's Company in the 34th Regt. tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col Pattersons was president for "aiding and countenancing a mutiny in the Camp"--There being no proof of the Charge; the Court unanimously acquit the prisoner.
[Note 97: Lieut. Ephraim Lyon, of Col. Experience Storrs's regiment.]
Lieut. Soaper98 and Ensign Parker,99 tried at a Genl. Court Martial whereof Col Douglass was president, for "striking and abusing Lieuts. Hanshaw and Craig,1 and keeping Lieut. Craig in the Meeting house Guard, all Night"--The Court are of opinion that the prisoners are guilty of a breach of the 46th Article of the Rules and Regulations for the Massachusetts Army, and therefore unanimously adjudge the prisoners to be discharged the Continental Army.
[Note 98: Lieut. Joseph Soper, of Stark's regiment.]
[Note 99: Ensign Jonas Parker, of Sargent's regiment.]
[Note 1: Lieut. Samuel Craig, of Thompson's rifle regiment.]
Lieut. John Bowker2 tried at a late General Court Martial for "divers times leaving the Camp without leave, and for countenancing the Soldiers in disobedience of Orders"--The Court are unanimously of opinion, that the prisoner is guilty of quitting the Camp without leave; but acquitted of the latter part of the Charge therefore only adjudge the prisoner to be mulcted Four Pounds of his pay, to be appropriated as directed by the 51st Article of war and be severly reprimanded by his Colonel at the head of the regiment.
[Note 2: Lieut. John Bowker, of Col. Ephraim Doolittle's regiment.]
Serj't Jonathan Putney, Corporal Harwood, Thomas Rollins, Isaac Larriby, Samuel North and Ebenezer Williams, Soldiers of Capt. Hatches Company in the late Col Gerrish's Regiment tried at a late Genl Court Martial, whereof Col Patterson was President for " Mutiny". The Court are of Opinion that the Prisoners, Serjt Putney, Corpl. Harwod, Rollins, North and Williams are Guilty of the Crime laid to their charge and adjudge the said Serjt to be reduced to the ranks and fined Forty-eight Shillings, to be appropriated as directed by the 51st Article of war--The said Corporal to be reduced to a private and whipped with Thirty-nine Lashes--The said Rollins to be whipped with Thirty-nine; The said North with Twenty-five; and the said Williams with Thirtynine Lashes upon their bare backs with a Cat o'Nine tails--
The Commander in Chief approves all the above Sentences of the several Courts Martial mention'd in this day's orders and directs the execution of them accordingly.
Cambridge, November 15, 1775.
Sir: I received your favor of the 6th Inst., in which you give a detail of Doctr. Chineys case, as it appeard before you and Council, in which nothing but the fair side of his Character appears, You may be assured Sir, that his Trial will be impartial, that no insiduous designs of his enemies will have weight, and that it will give me much pleasure to find he can acquit himself of the Crimes he is charged with: the evidences are hourly expected, on their Arrival the Trial will be no longer delayed. General Sullivan set out the 12th Inst. for Portsmouth New Hampshire. I enclose you a Copy of instructions given unto him.
As it is now very apparent that we have nothing to depend on in the present Contest, but our own Strength, Care firmness and union; should not the same measures be adopted in yours and every other Government on the Continent? would it not be prudence to Seize on those Tories, who have been, are and that we know, will be active against us; why should persons who are preying upon the Vitals of their Country be suffered to stalk at large, whilst we know they will do us every mischief in their Power. these Sir, are points I beg to submit to your serious Consideration.
I congratulate you on the Success of our Arms, by the surrender of St. Johns, which hope will be soon followed by the Reduction of Canada. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The last two paragraphs of this letter were also sent, this date, to Governor Cooke, of Rhode Island.]
P. S by an express arrived from Philadelphia I received the following resolve of the Continental Congress.
Resolved, that Doctor Church be close confined in some secure Goal in the Colony of Connecticut without the use of Pen Ink and Paper, and that no person be allowed to converse with him, except in the presence of a Magistrate or the Sherriff of the County, where he shall be confined, and in the English Language until further orders from this or a future Congress.
Attest
Charles Thomson Secy.
By order of the Congress
John Hancock President.4
[Note 4: This resolve was adopted on November 7.]
Sir in consequence of the above resolve I now transmit to your care Doctor Church under the Guard of Captain Israel Putnam a Sergeant and seven Men. You will please to comply in every particular with the above Resolution of Congress.
Cambridge, November 16, 1775.
Sir: It was determined at a Conference held here in the last Month, that such Military Stores as could be spared from New York, Crown Point, Ticonderoga &c., should be sent here for the use of the Continental Army. As it was not clear to me, whether I was to send for or that they were to be sent to me, I desired Mr. Reed on his way to Philadelphia, to enquire into this matter; as I have not heard from him on the subject, and the Season advancing fast, I have thought it necessary to send Hen: Knox Esqr who will deliver you this. After he forwards what he can get at your Place, he will proceed to Genl Schuyler, on this very important business.
I request the favor of you Sir, and the Gentlemen of your Congress, to give Mr. Knox all the assistance in your power, by so doing you will render infinite service to your Country and vastly oblige Sir, etc.
Cambridge, November 16, 1775.
Dear Sir: My last to you was the 5th Instt. I have since received your most agreable Favour, and it's Inclosures of the 7th. The Surrender of St. John's is a pleasing Presage of the Reduction of Quebec, in effecting which, I hope, Colonel Arnold will cooperate. The last Account from him is dated the 13th. Octr., at the 2nd. Portage, from Kennebeck to the dead River, from whence he had dispatched an Express to you, and expected your Answer at Chaudiere Pond, where he expected to be in eight or ten Days. By your not mentioning to have heard from him, I apprehend the Express has been intercepted.
I am in very great Want of Powder, Lead, Mortars, Cannon, indeed of most Sorts of military Stores. For Want of them we really cannot carry on any spirited Operation. I shall, therefore, be much obliged to you to send me all that can be spared from your Quarter. Mr. Henry Knox, an experienced Engineer will set out for your Place and inform you of those Articles that are most immediately necessary; but as this Gentleman goes first to New York, you will please to get in Readiness for Transportation, such Guns, Mortars, and Ammunition as you can, and Mr. Knox will on his Arrival send them forward. There is nothing of Consequence to acquaint you of from this Quarter, except the Arrival of a Train of Artillery, and Part of five Regiments from Ireland, to reinforce the ministerial Army at Boston. I am, etc.
Cambridge, November 16, 1775.
Dear Sir: I wrote you this Day by Express and informed you therein the great Necessity I was in for Ordnance Stores and Ammunition, and that I would send Henry Knox Esqr. to New York, to procure there, as much as can be spared; from thence to proceed to you. That Gentleman will deliver you this Letter. I recommend him and the Business he goes upon to your Attention. Should he find more Money than he carries with him, necessary, you will please to supply him. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 16, 1775.
You are immediately to examine into the State of the Artillery of this Army, and take an account of the Cannon, Motors, Shells, Lead and Ammunition, that are wanting. When you have done that, you are to proceed in the most expeditious Manner to New York; there apply to the President of the provisional Congress, and learn of him whether Colonel Reed did any Thing, or left any Orders respecting these Articles, and get him to procure such of them as can possibly be had there. The President, if he can, will have them immediately sent hither: If he cannot you must put them in a proper Channel for being transported to this Camp with Dispatch, before you leave New York. After you have procured as many of these Necessaries as you can there, you must go to Major General Schuyler, and get the Remainder from Ticonderoga, Crown Point, or St John's. If it should be necessary, from Quebec; if in our Hands. The Want of them is so great, that no Trouble or Expence must be spared to obtain them. I have wrote to General Schuyler, he will give every necessary assistance that they may be had and forwarded to this Place, with the utmost Dispatch. I have given you a Warrant to the Pay-Master General of the Continental Army, for a Thousand Dollars to defray the Expence attending your Journey, and procuring these Articles; an Account of which you are to keep and render upon your Return.5 Endeavour to procure what Flints you can.
[Note 5: Knox's journal of his journey to the north is printed in the New England Histl. & Genealg. Register (July, 1876). His transportation of cannon from Ticonderoga and Crown Point, N.Y., through the woods to Cambridge, Mass., was an astonishing feat.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 16, 1775.
Parole Canada. Countersign Montreal.
Motives of Oeconomy rendering it indispensibly necessary, that many of the Regiments should be reduced, and the whole put upon a different establishment; several deserving Officers, not from any demerit, but pure necessity, have been excluded in the New Arrangement of the Army, among these was Col. Whitcomb; but the noble Sentiments disclosed by that Gentleman, upon this Occasion, the Zeal he has shewn in exhorting the Men, not to abandon the Interest of their country at this important crisis,6 and his Determination to continue in the service, even as a private soldier, rather than by a bad example, when the Enemy are gathering Strength; put the public Affairs to hazzard. When an Example of this kind is set, it not only entitles a Gentleman to particular Thanks, but to particular rewards, in the bestowing of which, Colonel Jonathan Brewer is entitled to no small share of Credit, in readily giving up the Regiment, which he was appointed to command, to Col. Whitcomb--Col Whitcomb therefore, is from henceforward to be consider'd, as Colonel of that Regiment, which was intended for Col Brewer; and Col. Brewer will be appointed Barrack Master, until something better worth his Acceptance can be provided.
[Note 6: Whitcomb's soldiers had refused to reenlist or serve in any way except under his command.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 17, 1775.
Parole Nicholas. Countersign Hampton.
Lieut Correy of Col Prescotts Regt. tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Patterson was president, for "Forgery and defrauding his Men of their pay "--The Court were unanimously of Opinion, that Lieut Correy was guilty of defrauding some of his men of their Blanket money, and of attempting to defraud others of their Coat Money, and therefore adjudge the prisoner to be cashiered--The General approves and orders the sentence to take place immediately.
Representations having been made to the Continental Congress, of the great inequality in the pay of the Officers and Soldiers of this Army; the first being lower than usual, and less than was ever given to Commission'd Officers, in any other service, whilst that of the Soldiers is higher--The Congress have been pleased to increase the pay of Captain to Twenty six and 2/3 Dollars--of a First Lieutenant to Eighteen Dollars, of a Second Lieutenant and Ensign, to thirteen and 1/3 Dollars pr Kalender Month each; to take place so soon as the New Regiments are compleated, to their full Compliment of men. The Congress have given this encouragement to the Captains, and Subalterns, (whose pay was lower in proportion) with a View to impress upon their minds, a due Sense of Gratitude; at the same time that it is intended to enable them to support the Character and Appearance of Gentlemen and Officers, which will add much to the reputation of the Regiments, and can-not but be pleasing to every man in it.--It is expected, that the Officers of the new form'd Regiments, will exert themselves in the Recruiting Service, and that they do not fail to report the number they have recruited, to their Colonels to morrow, that they may make returns thereof the day after, in Order, that the Recruiting parties may be sent into the Country, if any backwardness should appear here--When this happens, the Colonels of the old Regiments are to be consulted, to prevent the Companies therein being left without Officers.
As Furloughs have been promised to the New-inlisted men, none others can be indulged under any pretence whatsoever, and in Order that these Furloughs may be given with some degree of Regularity, none but the Colonels, or Commanding Officers of Regiments, upon the New Establishment, are to grant them, and they respectively, not to let more than fifty be absent at a time, beginning with those who inlisted first, and going on in a regular Rotation, until all are indulg'd allowing each Man ten days to be at home, and a sufficient time to go and return.
The Colonels, or Commanding Officers of the new establish'd Regiments, are to meet at the Qr Mr General in Cambridge, to morrow at 11 'OClock, to fix upon the Uniform of their respective Regiments, that the making the Cloathing may not be interrupted; without all are present, this cannot be done; and the work must not be delayed.
Cambridge, November 17, 1775.
Sir: As the Season is fast approaching, when the Bay between us and Boston, will in all probability, be close shut up, thereby rendering any Movement upon the Ice, as easy as if no Water was there; and, as it is more than possible that General Howe, when he gets the expected Reinforcements, will endeavour to relieve himself from the disgraceful confinement, in which the Ministerial Troops have been all this Summer; common prudence dictates the necessity of guarding our Camps, where ever they are most assailable; for this purpose, I wish you, General Thomas, Genl. Spencer, and Colonel Putnam, to meet me at your Quarters to-morrow at Ten 'O'Clock, that we may examine the Ground between your Work at the Mill and Sewel's Point, and direct such Batteries as shall appear necessary for the Security of your Camp, on that side, to be thrown up, without loss of time. I have long had it upon my Mind, that a successful attempt might be made, by way of surprise, on Castle William, from every Account there are not more than 300 Men in that Place; the Whale Boats, therefore, which you have, and such as could be sent to you, would easily transport 800 or 1000, which, with a very moderate Share of conduct and spirit, might, I should think, bring off the Garrison, if not some part of the Stores. I wish you to discuss this Matter (under the Rose) with Officers of whose judgment and conduct you can rely; some thing of this sort may shew how far the Men axe to be depended upon. I am with Respect, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 18, 1775.
Parole Amboy. Countersign Bristol.
There was a mistake in the Entry of the General Orders of yesterday. The Hon: the Continental Congress have thought proper to allow the first and second Lieutenants, the same pay, viz: Eighteen Dollars a month to each and the Ensigns thirteen Dollars and 1/3 of a dollar.
The Commissary General to order all the Horns of the Bullocks, that are killed for the Use of the Army, to be saved and sent to the Qr Mr General, who is also to provide as many as he can get, and have the whole made into good powder horns, for the Use of the troops.
The Honorable the Legislature of this Colony having thought fit to set apart Thursday the 23d of November Instant, as a day of public thanksgiving "to offer up our praises, and prayers to Almighty God, the Source and Benevolent Bestower of all good; That he would be pleased graciously to continue, to smile upon our Endeavours, to restore peace, preserve our Rights, and Privileges, to the latest posterity; prosper the American Arms, preserve and strengthen the Harmony of the United Colonies, and avert the Calamities of a civil war." The General therefore commands that day to be observed with all the Solemnity directed by the Legislative Proclamation, and all Officers, Soldiers and others, are hereby directed, with the most unfeigned Devotion, to obey the same.
Any Non Commissioned Officers, or Soldiers, confin'd on Account of leaving the Detachment, commanded by Col Arnold, in any of the main, or quarter Guards of the Army, are to be immediately released.
Cambridge, November 18, 1775.
Sir: Your favor of the 13th Inst. by Mr. Philips I received, in answer thereto you will be pleased to order the Officers and Men that have been Stationed at Block Island, to March to this Camp. Reinforcements are Wanting, and probably will be; when they are here, they will be incorporated into the Continental Army, if they choose it, the many Circumstances attending the new arrangement of which had in some measure occasioned me to forget these Men before. When an Account of the Wages and Subsistence due to them is transmitted. I shall give necessary orders for their payment. I congratulate you upon your appointment to the Government of the Colony and am much obliged by the assurances you give me of such assistance as may be in your power. I am, etc.
Camp Cambridge, November 19, 1775.
Sir: I received your favors of the 7th and 10th instant with the Resolves of the Hon. Congress, to which I will pay all due attention. As soon as two capable Persons can be found, I will dispatch them to Nova Scotia, on the Service resolved on in Congress.7 The Resolve to raise two Battalions of Marines, will (if practicable in the Army) entirely derange what has been done. It is therein mentioned, one Colonel for the two Battalions, of course a Colonel must be dismissed: One of the many difficulties which attended the New Arrangement, was in reconciling the different Interests and Judging of the merits of the different Colonels, in the dismission of this one, the same difficulties will occur.
[Note 7: The resolve of Congress of November 10 to send two men to investigate conditions in Nova Scotia. The men sent were Aaron Willard and Moses Child. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Feb. 14, 1776, post.)]
The Officers and Men must be acquainted with the maritime Affairs, to comply with which, they must be picked out of the whole Army, one from this Corps, one from another, so as to break through the whole System, which has cost us so much Time, anxiety and pains to bring into any tolerable form. Notwithstanding any Difficulties which will arise, you may be assured Sir, that I will use every endeavour to comply with their Resolve.8
[Note 8: On November 30 Congress resolved "That the General be directed to suspend the raising of two battalions of Marines out of his present army," and that they be raised "independent of the army already ordered for the service in Massachusetts bay."]
I beg leave to submit it to the consideration of Congress, If those two Battalions can be formed out of this Army, Whether this is a Time to weaken our Lines, by employing any of the forces appointed to defend them, on any other Service? The Gentlemen who were here from the Congress, know their vast extent, they must know that we shall have occasion for our whole Force for that purpose, more now than at any past time, as we may expect the Enemy will take the Advantage of the first hard weather, and attempt to make an impression somewhere; That this is their intention we have many reasons to suspect. We have had in the last Week, Six Deserters and took two Straggling Prisoners; they all agree that two companies with a Train of Artillery and one of the Regiments from Ireland were arrived at Boston; that fresh Ammunition and flints have been served out; That the Grenadiers and Light Infantry had Orders to hold themselves in readiness at a Moments Warning.
As there is every Appearance that this Contest will not be soon decided and of course that there must be an augmentation of the Continental Army, would it not be eligible to raise two Battalions of Marines in New York and Philadelphia, where there must be now numbers of Sailors unemployed? This however is matter of Opinion, which I mention with all due deference to the Superior Judgment of the Congress. Inclosed you have Copies of two Letters, one from Col: Arnold, the other from Col: Enos, I can form no Judgment on the latter's Conduct, till I see him;9 notwithstanding the great defection, I do not despair of Col: Arnold's success, he will have, in all probability, many more difficulties to encounter, than if he had
[Note 9: Col. Roger Enos commanded the rear guard of Arnold's expedition into Canada. He returned unexpectedly from the expedition with all his troops, leaving Arnold to get along as best he could. He misinterpreted, or misunderstood, Arnold's orders and stripped his command of provisions. The entire matter is exhibited in Justin H. Smith's Arnold's March to Quebec.] been a fortnight sooner; as it is likely that Governor Carlton will with what forces he can collect after the Surrender of the rest of Canada, throw himself into Quebec and there make his last Effort. There is no late Account from Captains Broughton and Sellman, the other Cruizers have been chiefly confined to Harbour by the Badness of the weather; the same reason has caused great delay in building our Barracks, which with a most mortifying scarcity of fire Wood discourages the men from Enlisting. The last I am much afraid is an insuperable Obtacle, I have applied to the Honorable House of Representatives of this Province, who were pleased to appoint a Committee to Negotiate this Business, and notwithstanding all the pains they have been at and are taking, they find it impossible to supply our necessities; the want of a sufficient number of Teams I understand to be the Chief Impediment.
I got returns this day from Eleven Colonels, of the numbers of enlisted in their Regiments, the whole amount to nine hundred and Sixty Six men; there must be some other stimulus besides love for their Country, to make men fond of the Service; It would be a great encouragement and no additional expence to the continent were they to receive pay for the months of October and November also a months pay advance; The present state of the military chest will not admit of this, the sooner it is enabled to do so, the better?10
[Note 10: On December 1 Congress resolved: "That the money [500,000 dollars] lately ordered, be forwarded, with all possible expedition, to General Washington, that he may be enabled to pay such soldiers as will re-inlist, for the succeeding year, their wages for the months of October, November, and December, and also advance them one month's pay." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
The Commissary General is daily expected in Camp. I cannot send you the estimate of the clerks in his Department until he arrives. I sincerely congratulate you upon the success of your Arms in the Surrender of St Johns, which I hope is a happy presage of the reduction of the rest of Canada. I have the Honor to be, Sir, etc.11
[Note 11: This letter, in the writing of Stephen Moylan, was read in Congress November 27.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 19, 1775.
Parole Coventry. Countersign Danby.
The Brigadier Generals to make Returns of the Number of Teams necessary, to furnish their respective divisions with wood, and the teams appointed for each division, to be continually employed in the service of that division, and not to be shifted, from one division to another, as great Confusion arises thereby, some Regiments having a double Stock of wood, while others, are suffering for want. The Qr Mr General to provide the Teams returned necessary for the above Service, and direct the Waggon Master General to continue them in that employ.
All persons are strictly prohibited purchasing any Cloaths from the Non Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers--Any person violating this Order, to be sent prisoner to the Main Guard, by the Colonel, or Officer commanding the Regiment, the Cloaths belong to, the Cloaths to be forthwith deliver'd up, and the loss sustained to fall upon the purchaser.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 20, 1775.
Parole Essex. Countersign Falmouth.
The Colonels and commanding Officers of Regiments, upon the new Establishment, are forthwith to send one Officer from each Company upon the recruiting Service into the Country, they are to take with them a Copy of the recruiting Instructions as contain'd in General Orders of the 12th Instant, and comply strictly therewith; care to be taken not to leave any Company under the old establishment destitute of proper Officers.
As the General is informed that this is the season, in which the people of the four New England Governments, lay in Provisions, Stores &c, for the use of their families; he has recommended (in the strongest manner he is capable) the Necessity of sending Money to Camp, for the immediate payment of the Troops for the Months of October and November, and in Order to enable those, who have again inlisted, and such others as are resolved to continue in service; to do this more effectually, he has also recommended them to the Congress, for one Months advanced pay, and has no doubt himself, of its being complied with, if Money can be forwarded in time.
No Soldier whenever dismissed, is to carry away any Arms with him, that are good, and fit for service, if the Arms are his own private property, they will be appraised, and he will receive the full Value thereof: Proper persons when necessary, will be appointed to inspect, and value, the Arms, so detained.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 21, 1775.
Parole Gloucester. Countersign Hampshire.
The Court Martial of which Col. Cleveland16 was president is dissolved. A General Court Martial to sit to morrow morning in General Sullivan's brigade to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them. All Evidences and Persons concern'd to attend the court.
[Note 16: Lieut. Col. Aaron Cleveland, of Sargent's Massachusetts regiment.]
Mr Penuel Chiney, Surgeon to the 34th Regt. tried at a late General Court Martial of which Col Cleveland was president for "drawing more hospital Stores than he had a right to draw, and for villifying the Characters of Majors General Lee and Putnam" The Court were of Opinion that the Prisoner is guilty of speaking words tending to the dishonour of the Character of Major Genl Putnam, and therefore adjudge him to be cashiered.
John Davidson of Capt Bancrafts Company, and Thomas Knolton of Capt. Towns Company, Col Bridge's Regimt. tried at the above General Court Martial, for "quitting their post when upon duty." The Court were of opinion that the prisoners are guilty of the crime laid to their charge, and do adjudge them to be punish'd with Fifteen Lashes each, but on account of the Youth and Ignorance of their duty, the Court recommend the prisoners for mercy. The General is pleased, upon the recommendation of the Court, to pardon the prisoners, but at the same time desires, it may be noticed, that such a crime will not meet with Mercy in future.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 22, 1775.
Parole Ipswich. Countersign Kingston.
The General has been informed more than once or twice, that an Idea prevails amongst some of the First Lieutenants, upon the New establishment, that if their Captains do not recruit a Company, the Command of it will be taken away, and given to such First Lieutenant, provided he can fill it up; which makes the First Lieutenants indifferent and luke warm in the recruiting business; whence such an Opinion could arise is not easy to say, but if it be possible, that there are any Officers in this army actuated by such principles, the General most positively assures them, that they not only deceive themselves, but if proof can be given of such a charge; such guilty enemies to their country, will with disgrace be dismissed from the Continental Army and service for ever--The General thought it his duty to give them this public notice.
Whenever the Commanding Officer of one of the new regiments gives a Furlough to a recruit, he is previously to give Notice thereof, to the Commanding Officer of the regiment, the recruit then belongs to, in order that he may be apprized thereof and know in what manner to make his weekly return, the doing of which is by no means to be neglected.
The men of the Artillery Regiment are not to be recruited into the other regiments.
As fast as the Men move into Barracks, the Colonels are to take especial care that the Tents be immediately delivered into the hands of the Qr Mr General, who after the present hurry of business is a little over, is to have them washd, repaired and laid by.
It is expected that the Colonels will frequently visit their Mens Barracks, and see that they are kept clean and decent; their Victuals properly cook'd &c.--nothing contributes more to the health of the troops or can add more to the reputation of the Officers than Men to be seen healthy, clean and well dressed.
Those Officers who have been all the summer in service, and recommended by the Honble. the Council of this colony, for commissions, may now apply for them, through their Colonels; it is expected that those who have given in their Names to stay, and are appointed to some of the New Regiments, will not apply, as those Commissions will be given out by Regiments, so soon as the New Establishment takes place.
The General approves the sentence of the General Court Martial held upon Dr. Chiney, and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 23, 1775.
Parole Lebanon. Countersign Marshfield.
The Colonels, or commanding Officers of each new established Regiment, may draw to the Amount of two Month's pay, for each Officer they send into the Country, (agreeable to the Orders of the 20th Instant) a recruiting, and furnish them therewith--Abstracts to be made and given in accordingly.
Men recruited out of the old Regiments will continue in pay after the term of their present Enlistments, as usual, and all new recruits, that is, Men who are not at present in the service, will enter upon pay so soon as they inlist, and will be allowed Six-pence a day for Subsistance, from the time they are recruited, until they march for the camp, and one-penny per mile from their usual place of abode, to their regiment, for subsistance and Expences afterwards; The Officers are not to keep the Recruits they raise in the country, a moment longer than they can help, but send them to their respective regiments, as fast as eight, or ten of them, are inlisted.
The Colonels, or commanding Officers of Regiments, may relieve the Officers who are first sent into the Country upon the recruiting service, as they shall see occasion; and are expressly ordered, to recall every one, who is negligent and unsuccessful in this duty.
The new inlisted men upon producing to the Colonel, or commanding Officers, of the Regiment they are inlisted into, a Blanket fit for use, will be entitled to the Two Dollars allowed by the Continent therefor; and the Colonel, or commanding Officer, is to make out a List of the names of such men, that the money may be drawn for them--The Colonel is to keep a Copy of such List, to prevent mistakes--the list must specify the Company each Man belongs to.
The Major General, with the Brigadier of his division, are to appoint three persons of character, and judgment, to value the Arms of discharged Soldiers, specifying to whom they belong, whether public or private property, and what they consist of--They are to fix a reasonable and just price upon them, and to take none but such as are fit for service--They are to enter into a Book such Valuation, and deliver the Arms so valued, to the Commissary of Artillery Stores, and take a receipt for the same.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow, in Cambridge, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them. The General Court Martial of which Col. Poor was president is dissolved.
Cambridge, November 24, 1775.
Gentn: Capt. Aaron Willard recommends Ms. Moses Child to be his Colleague in the Journey to Nova Scotia; as I know nothing of this Gentleman, I cannot approve or disapprove of him. Mr. Willard informs me he is well known unto Doctr. Taylor, if you think him capable and trustworthy, you will please to fill up the Instructions with his Name, which Capt. Willard will give unto you. you will please to furnish Capt. Willard with Letters to Capt. Obryan and to Col Cargill to give every assistance to him and his Companion on their tour. I am with great respect Yours &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 24, 1775.
Parole Newport. Countersign Providence.
Capt William Hubbel of Col Webbs Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial for "behaving in a low, scandalous, and unofficerlike manner"--The Court having acquitted the prisoner The General orders him to be released.
Capt Gray of Col Brewers Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial, whereof Col Enoch Poor was president, for "dissuading the Soldiers from inlisting, therein acting the part of Tory& Enemy to his country"--The Court thinking proper to acquit the prisoner--The General orders him to be released.
November 24, 1775.
The Honble Continental Congress having lately passed a Resolve, contained in the following Words, vizt.: "That two Persons be sent at the Expence of these Colonies to Nova Scotia to inquire into the State of that Colony the Disposition of the Inhabitants towards the American Cause, and the Condition of the Fortifications, Dock-Yards, the Quantity of Artillery and warlike Stores and the number of Soldiers, Sailors, and Ships of War there and transmit the earliest Intelligence to General Washington." I do hereby constitute and appoint you the said Aaron Willard Esqr. to be one of the Persons to undertake this Business, and as the Season is late, and this a Work of great Importance, I entreat and request that you will use the utmost Dispatch, Attention and Fidelity in the Execution of it. The necessity of acting with a proper Degree of Caution and Secrecy, is too apparent to need Recommendation. You will keep an Account of your Expences, and upon your Return will be rewarded in a suitable Manner, for the Fatigue of your Journey and the Services you render your Country, by conducting and discharging this Business with Expedition and Fidelity17 Given under my Hand, etc.
[Note 17: The same instructions were sent to Moses Child, who went with Willard. They traveled overland to Nova Scotia, where they found two proclamations had been issued by the governor of that Province against spies. Willard and Child returned to Cambridge, Mass., and reported to Washington Feb. 14, 1776. Their report that the inhabitants of Nova Scotia were in favor of and would help America had no foundation in fact. It is in the Washington Papers. Nova Scotia and Halifax continued to be an object of attention for American spies throughout the war, but nothing was ever accomplished.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 25, 1775.
Parole Hampden. Countersign Pym.
The Commissioned, Non Commission'd Officers and Soldiers, lately arrived in Camp from Kenebeck River, are to join their respective Corps--A Return of them, signed by the commanding Officers of their respective regiments, to be sent to the Adjutant General, Monday morning.
At the request of the Honble. the General Court of this colony; the General directs, that, the Colonels, or commanding Officers of the Massachusetts Regiments, do respectively order, each of their Captains, to make out a Muster and pay Roll of his Company, up to the 1st day of August last, from the time of each Mans Inlistment--This to be done agreeable to the form of a Return, which is lodged with, and may be had of the Adjutant General. The Court desires these Rolls may be confirmed upon Oath, and lodged as soon as possible (with the original Certificates) in the Secretary's Office of the Colony; that all the Massachusetts Regiments may be paid up to the first of August aforesaid: For further particulars relative to this resolution of the General Court; The General refers to their Resolve of the 3rd. Instant, it being too long to insert in these orders.
[Note 18: Lund Washington, superintendent of Mount Vernon and its farms from 1775 to 1785, was the son of Townsend and Elizabeth (Lund) Washington. He was born in 1737 and died in 1796. His great-grandfather and George Washington's great-grandfather father were brothers. Lund married Elizabeth Foot. From the beginning to the end of the Revolution, Lund Washington wrote to the General several times a month, commonly every week, detailing minutely all the events that occurred on the plantations, his purchases, sales, and payments of money, the kinds and quantity of produce, occupations of the laborers, and whatever else could tend to explain the precise condition and progress of the business in his hands. The General's answers to these letters are said to have been destroyed, but a number of Lund Washington's letters were preserved, and copies of these are in the Library of Congress. (See Introductory Note, vol. I.)]
November 26, 1775.
What follows is part of a Letter wrote to Mr. Lund Washington the 26th. day of November 1775. A Copy is taken to remind me of my engagements and the exact purport of them. These paragraphs follow an earnest request to employ good part of my force in cleaning up Swamps, H. Hole Ditching, Hedging, &c.
"I well know where the difficulty of accomplishing these things will lie. Overseers are already engaged (upon shares) to look after my business. Remote advantages to me, however manifest and beneficial, are nothing to them; and to engage standing Wages, when I do not know that anything I have, or can raise, will command Cash, is attended with hazard; for which reason I hardly know what more to say than to discover my wishes. The same reason, although it may in appearance have the same tendency in respect to you, shall not be the same in its operation. For I will engage for the Year coming, and the year following, that if these troubles, and my absence continues, that your Wages shall be standing and certain, at the highest amount that any one Year's Crop has produced to you yet. I do not offer this as any temptation to induce you to go on more chearfully in prosecuting these schemes of mine. I should do injustice to you, were I not to acknowledge that your conduct has ever appeared to me, above every thing sordid; but I offer it in consideration of the great charge you have upon your hands, and my entire dependance upon your fidelity and industry."
"It is the greatest, indeed it is the only comfortable reflexion I enjoy on this score, to think that my business is in the hands of a person in whose integrity I have not a doubt, and on whose care I can rely. Was it not for this, I should feel very unhappy on Account of the situation of my affairs; but I am persuaded you will do for me as you would for yourself, and more than this I cannot expect."
"Let the Hospitality of the House, with respect to the poor, be kept up; Let no one go hungry away. If any of these kind of People should be in want of Corn, supply their necessities, provided it does not encourage them in idleness; and I have no objection to your giving my Money in Charity, to the Amount of forty or fifty Pounds a Year, when you think it well bestowed stowed. What I mean, by having no objection, is, that it is my desire that it should be done. You are to consider that neither myself or Wife are now in the way to do these good Offices. In all other respects, I recommend it to you, and have no doubts, of your observing the greatest Oeconomy and frugality; as I suppose you know that I do not get a farthing for my services here more than my Expenses; It becomes necessary, therefore, for me to be saving at home."
The above is copied, not only to remind myself of my promises, and requests; but others also, if any mischance happens to G. Washington.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 26, 1775.
Parole Wilks. Countersign Liberty.
The Colonels and commanding Officers of Regiments upon the New Establishment, to order the Men to be recruited to be paraded every Monday, at Ten in the forenoon, before the Brigadier General of their respective Brigades, who will reject such as are unfit for service, or do not come within the discription, of the recruiting Orders. The Brigadier will sign a Certificate of the Recruits, he approves of, and deliver it to each of the Colonels, that the Blanket Money due, may be paid, and no more.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 27, 1775.
Parole--. Countersign--.
A Court of enquiry to sit to morrow Morning, to examine into the Conduct of Lieut. Col Enos, who appears to have left Col. Arnold his commanding Officer without leave. Major Genl. Lee President, Brigadier Genl. Green, Brigadier Genl Heath, Col Stark, Col Nixon, Major Durkee, Major Sherburne: Members.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 28, 1775.
Parole Montgomery. Countersign Montreal.
An Express last Night from General Montgomery, brings the joyful tidings of the Surrender of the City of Montreal, to the Continental Arms--The General hopes Such frequent Favors from divine providence will animate every American to continue, to exert his utmost, in the defence of the Liberties of his Country, as it would now be the basest ingratitude to the Almighty, and to their Country, to shew any the least backwardness in the public cause.
Cambridge, November 28, 1775.
Sir: I had the Honor of writing to you the 19th instant, I have now to inform you that Henry Knox Esqr. is gone to New York, with orders to forward to this place, what cannon and ordinance can be there procured. From thence he will proceed to General Schuyler on the same Business, as you will see by the inclosed Copy of Instructions, which I have given him. It would give me much satisfaction that this Gentleman, or any other whom you may think qualified, was appointed to the command of the Artillery Regiment. In my Letter to you of the 8th. Instant, I have expressed myself fully on this Subject, which I beg leave to recommend to your immediate attention, as the formation of that Corps will be at a stand, until I am honored with your Instructions thereon.
The Vessel laden with wine, which I advised you was wrecked on this coast, proves to have been the property of a Thomas Salter of Philadelphia, the papers relative to her and cargo were sent to Robert Morris Esqr who can give you every information thereon. The Schooner with the Dry Goods from Boston to Halifax is given up to the Committee of Safety at Beverly, who will dispose of her and Cargo, agreeable to the decision of a Court of Admiralty and the Schooner carried into Portsmouth by Captain Adams proves to be a friends and of course is discharged.
There are two persons engaged to go to Nova Scotia, on the Business recommended in your last, by the best information we have from thence, the Stores &c. have been withdrawn sometime; should this not be the case, It is next to an impossibility to attempt any thing there in the present unsetled and precarious state of the Army. Colonel Enos is arrived and under arrest, he acknowledges he had no Orders for coming away, his Trial cannot come on, until I hear from Col. Arnold, from whom there is no Account since I wrote you last.
From what I can collect, by my inquiries amongst the Officers, It will be impossible to get the men to inlist for the continuance of the War, which will be an insuperable Obstruction to the formation of the two Battalions of Marines on the plan resolved on in Congress. As it can make no difference I propose to proceed on the new Arrangement of the Army and when completed, enquire out such Officers and Men as are best qualified for that service, and endeavor to form these Battalions out of the whole; This appears to me the best method and will I hope meet the approbation of Congress. As it will be very difficult for the Men to work when the hard frost sets in, I have thought it necessary (tho' of little use at present) to take possession of Cobble Hill, for the benefit of any future Operations. It was effected without the least opposition from the Enemy the 23d Instant: Their inactivity on this Occasion is what I can not account for; It is probable they are meditating a Blow some where. About 300 Men, Women and Children of the poor Inhabitants of Boston, came out to Point Shirley last Friday, they have brought their Household furniture, but unprovided of every other necessary of Life: I have recommended them to the attention of the Committee of the Honorable Council of this Province, now sitting at Water Town.
The number inlisted since my last are 2540 men. I am very sorry to be necessitated to mention to you the egregious want of Public Spirit which reigns here; instead of pressing to be engaged in the cause of their Country, which I vainly flattered myself would be the case, I find we are likely to be deserted at a most critical time; Those that have Inlisted, must have a furlough, which I have been Obliged to grant to 50 at a time from each Regiment. The Connecticut Troops upon whom I reckoned are as backward, indeed if possible more so than the people of this colony, our situation is truly Alarming, and of this General Howe is well apprized, It being the common topick of conversation when the People left Boston last Friday; no doubt when he is reinforced he will avail himself of the Information.
I am making the best disposition I can for our defence having thrown up, besides the Works on Cobble Hill, several redoubts, Half Moons &ca. along the Bay; And I fear I shall be under the necessity of calling in the Militia and Minute Men of the Country to my Assistance. I say I fear it, because by what I can learn from the Officers in the Army belonging to this Colony, it will be next to an impossibility to keep them under any degree of Descipline, and that it will be very difficult to prevail on them to remain a moment longer than they chuse themselves; It is a mortifying reflection to be reduced to this dilemma, there has been nothing wanting on my part to infuse a proper Spirit amongst the Officers, that they may exert their Influence with the Soldiery. You see by a fortnights recruiting amongst men with Arms in their Hands, how little has been the success.
As the small Pox is now in Boston, I have used the precaution of prohibiting such as lately came out from coming near our Camp. General Burgoyne I am informed will soon embark for England. I think the risque too great to write you by Post, whilst it continues to pass thro' New York, it is certain that a post has been intercepted the begining of last Month, as they sent out several Letters from Boston with the Post mark at Baltimore on them, this goes by Captain Joseph Blewer who promises to deliver it carefully unto you.
You doubtless will have heard ere this reaches, of General Montgomery having got Possession of Montreal, I congratulate you thereon, he has troubles with his Troops as well as I have--all I can learn of Colo: Arnold is that he is near Quebec, I hope Montgomery will be able to proceed to his Assistance I shall be very uneasy until I hear they are joined. My best respects to Congress, etc. I have the Honor, etc.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Stephen Moylan.]
Cambridge, November 28, 1775.
Dear Sir: You may easily conceive that I had great Pleasure in perusing your Letter of the 18th Inst., which with the Inclosures, I received last Evening. It was much damp'd by my finding that General Montgomery had the same Difficulty to encounter with the Troops under your Command, that I have with these here. No Troops were ever better provided, or higher paid; yet their Backwardness to inlist for another Year is amazing. It grieves me to see so little of that patriotic Spirit, which I was taught to beleive, was characteristick of this People.
Colonel Enos, who had the Command of Arnold's rear Division is returned with the greater Part of his Men, which must weaken him so much as to render him incapable of making a successful Attack on Quebec, without Assistance from General Montgomery. I hope he will be able to give it him, and by taking that City finish his glorious Campaign. I have nothing material to communicate to you from hence. I am making every Disposition for Defence, by throwing up Redoubts &c along the Bay; some of which have been constructed under the Enemy's Guns, but they have not given us the least Disturbance.
I suppose Mr. Howe waits the Arrival of his Reinforcements, when probably he will attempt something. He has sent out about 300 Men, Women, and Children last Week. They give shocking Accounts of the Want of Fuel and fresh Provisions. General Burgoyne is gone, or is going Home.
Last Evening, I received, the agreeable Acct. of one of our arm'd Schooners having taken a large Brigantine laden with military Stores, the Inventory of which I have the Pleasure to inclose.28 But let not this Acquisition prevent our sending what Stores you can spare. We shall want them all. Adieu, my dear General. I wish you a Return of your Health; and am, &c.
[Note 28: This was the capture of the brig Nancy by the armed schooner Lee, commanded by Captain Manly, and taken to Cape Ann, Mass. The Nancy had on board, among other stores, 2,000 muskets, 100,000 flints, 30,000 round shot, more than 30 tons of musket shot, 11 mortar beds, and a brass mortar weighing nearly 3,000 pounds.]
Cambridge, November 29, 1775.
Gentn: The Necessity of giving furloughs to the Soldiers of the present, who Inlists into the new Army (by way of encouragement and to afford opportunity of providing necesaries for themselves and Families) was so strongly impress'd upon me, that I have consented to fifty of a Regiment being absent at a time: this will be a reduction of at least 1500 Men from the Strength of our Lines: to this I am to add, that contrary to my expectations and assurances given, I now find that the Connecticut Regiments cannot be induced to stay beyond their Limited term. Such a Considerable diminution of our force, at a time when so capitol a change is taking Place in the face of an Enemy, Increasing in Strength, cannot but be attended with extreme hazard, if some expedient is not fallen upon to supply the Deficiency.
I have summoned the General Officers, to meet at Head Quarters at eleven OClock to morrow, to advise what is to be done in this emergency, and should be glad to be aided by a Member or two of your Court, at the Consultation; as I think our Situation Critical and delays dangerous.
In perusing a Resolve of your Honble. body, I perceive it to be determined, that your Troops are to be paid by the Lunar (or 28 Days to the Month) from the time of their enlisting to the first of August.--upon which I cannot help observing as my opinion, that it will throw the rest of this Army into disorder and that as the Continental Congress have in explicit terms resolved, that it is the Kalender Month they mean to pay by; that the difference between the two must be considered as a Colonial not a Continental Charge.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 29, 1775.
Parole Guilford. Countersign Allen.
Capt. Towns29 of Col Woodbridges regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col Woodbridge was President for "behaving in an unofficerlike manner, in suffering a prisoner to escape who was charged with an Attempt to steal"-- The Court were unanimously of opinion, that the prisoner is guilty of behaving unbecoming an Officer, by declining to obey the orders of the Qr. Mr. General, in not assisting to seize a Soldier suspected of Theft, and for suffering the said Soldier,: grossly to abuse Col. Mifflin, and therefore adjudge the prisoner to be reprimanded by his Colonel, at the head of the Regiment, in the presence of Col Mifflin; and also adjudge that he pay a Fine of Three pounds to be appropriated according to the 51st Article of the Rules, and Regulations of the army.
[Note 29: Capt. Archelaus Towns.]
Jonathan Wilkins, Soldier in the same Regiment, and in Capt. Town's Company tried at the same Court for "an Attempt to steal, and for insolent language to the Qr. Mr. General--The Court were of opinion that the prisoner was Guilty of abusive language to the Qr. Mr. Genl. and therefore adjudge him to be fined Twenty Shillings, to be appropriated according to the 51st Art. of the Rules and Regulations of the army.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, November 30, 1775.
Parole --. Countersign --.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow morning at eleven 'OClock at Mr. Pomeroys in Cambridge, to try Lieut. Col. Enos for "quitting his commanding Officer without leave" President--Brigadier Genl Sullivan, with the twelve Field Officers next for Court Martial duty.
Nathaniel Pattin of Capt. Dows Company in Col Prescotts Regiment, tried at a Genl Court Martial for "attempting to pass the lower Guards, and making a disturbance at Cobble-hill contrary to orders"--The Court acquit the prisoner, who is to be immediately released.
Cambridge, November 30, 1775.
Sir: I had the Honor to write you the 28th. inst. by Captain Joseph Blewer. Last evening I received the Agreeable Account of the Schooner Lee, commanded by Capt. Manly having taken and carried into Cape Ann a large Brigantine bound from London to Boston laden with Military Stores, the Inventory of which I have the pleasure to enclose You.31
[Note 31: The Nancy. The inventory of her cargo is in the Washington Papers.]
Cape Ann is a very open Harbour and accessible to large Ships, which made me immediately send off, Col: Glover and Mr. Palfrey, with orders to raise the Minute Men and Militia of that part of the Country, to have the Cargo landed without Loss of Time and guarded up to this Camp; this I hope they will be able to effect, before it is known to the Enemy what port she is carried into, I sincerely congratulate you on this very great Acquisition and am, Sir, etc.
P S: Manly has also taken a Sloop in the Ministerial Service and Capt. Adams in the Schooner Warren, a Schooner laden with Potatoes and Turnips for Boston and carried her to Portsmouth.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 1, 1775.
Parole Exeter. Countersign Providence
The fatal consequences which have at all times, and upon all Occasions, befallen Armies attacked at unawares, when Men are scattered and remote from their posts, or negligent whilst at them, are too well known, and very often too unhappily felt, to stand in need of description: Whereas, a handful of men, prepared for an Attack, are seldom defeated. It is therefore ordered, in the most express and peremptory terms, that no Non Commissioned Officer or Soldier, do presume, under any pretence whatsoever, day or night, to be out of Drum-call of his Alarm post, without leave of the Captain, or commanding Officer of the Company he belongs to, And it is also as expressly ordered, that no Non-Commission'd Officer, or Soldier, do pass from Cambridge, and the lines on this side the river to Roxbury, or come from thence hither, or go from either, to any other place in the Neighbourhood, without a written pass from the Captain or commanding Officer of the company he belongs to, although he should not mean to stay more than an hour or two--
The Officers of each Regiment are to be subject to the same restraints, and to obtain leave in the same Manner, from the Colonel, or Commanding Officer of the Regiment, they respectively belong to; and it is expected that all Officers, and Soldiers, in this army, will pay the strictest attention to this Order, as they shall answer the consequence--This Order is not intended to change the Mode of giving Furloughs, (already pointed out in past Orders) the sole design being to keep Men to their duty, that they may be always ready to meet their enemy, upon the shortest notice.--
It is again, and again, expressly ordered, that an Officer of each Company do, once a day, examine the Arms and Ammunition of the Company he belongs to, and see that they are fit for use--This, and the foregoing Orders, are to be frequently read to the Men, and the usefulness of them strongly inculcated upon their minds; they are to be considered as standing Orders 'till countermanded.
The Colonels, or commanding Officers, of the new established regiments, are to take especial care, that the new Recruits are put under proper drill Serjeants, as fast as they join, in order that they may, as quick as possible, be made acquainted with their duty.--It is also recommended to these Gentlemen, to provide their Regiments with good Drummers and Fifers
Head Quarters, December 2, 1775.
Parole --. Countersign --.
James McCormick of Capt Dibble's34 Company, in Col. Woodridge Regt. tried at a General Court Martial, for "striking General Putnam's horse, and saying at the same time, d--mn you! who is there? clear the road; and for repeatedly leaving the camp without orders"--The Court are of Opinion that the Prisoner is Guilty of breach of the 3rd, 15th, 16th and 17th Articles of war, and adjudge him to receive thirty-nine Lashes on his bare back--* The Court were of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of being absent from his regiment without leave, and of striking and abusing Sergt. Goodrich, when in the execution of his duty, and therefore adjudge the prisoner to be reduced to the Ranks and pay a fine of Twenty Shillings,
[Note 34: Capt. Charles Dibble, of Paterson's Massachusetts regiment.] to be appropriated according to the 51st Article of the Rules and Regulations of the army.
*Serjeant James King of Col Paterson's regt. tried at the same General, upon an appeal from a regimental Court Martial.--
Cambridge, December 2, 1775.
Sir: The reason of my giving you the trouble of this, is the late extraordinary and reprehensible conduct of some of the Connecticut Troops. Sometime ago, apprehending that some of them might incline to go home when their time of enlistment should be up, I applied to the Officers of the several Regiments, to know whether it would be agreeable to the men, to continue till the 1st. of January, or until a sufficient number of other forces could be raised to supply their Place; who Informed me that they believed the whole of them would readily stay, till that could be effected. Having discovered last week, that they were very uneasy to leave the Service, and determined upon it; I thought it expedient, to summon the General Officers at Head Quarters, and Invited a Delegation of the General Court, to be present, that Suitable measures might be adopted for the defence and Support of our lines; the result was, that three thousand of the Minute Men and Militia of this Province, and two thousand men from New Hampshire, should be called in by the 10th. Instant for that purpose. With this determination the Connecticut Troops were made acquainted, and requested and ordered to remain here, as the time of most of them would not be out before the 10th., when they would be relieved. Notwithstanding this, yesterday morning, most of them resolved to leave the Camp; many went off, and the utmost Vigilance and Industry were used to apprehend them; several got away with their Arms and Amunition. I have inclosed you a list of the names of some of them in Genl. Putnam's Regiment only who escaped; and submit to your judgment, whether some example should not be made of these men, who have basely deserted the Cause of their Country at this critical Juncture, when the Enemy are receiving Reinforcement.35
[Note 35: Ford quotes from the letter of Silas Deane to his wife (December 15): "The behavior of our soldiers has made me sick; but little better could be expected from men trained up with notions of their right of saying how, and when, and under whom, they will serve; and who have, for certain dirty political purposes been tampered with by their officers, among whom no less than a general has been busy."
Gen. Charles Lee stated in a letter to Benjamin Rush that the Connecticut men "marched off bag and baggage, but in passing through the lines of other regiments they were so horribly hissed, groaned at and pelted, that I believed they wished their aunts, grandmothers and even sweethearts, to whom the day before they were so much attachd, at the Devil's own palace."
This is a very different picture from that in Washington's letter to Trumbull. The latter, in his reply, expressed grief, surprise, and indignation, promised to furnish Connecticut's quota of men, and begged Washington not to judge of the temper and spirit of the colony by the conduct of these troops.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 3, 1775.
Parole Sawbridge. Countersign Hartley.
It is with surprise and Astonishment The General learns, that notwithstanding the Information that was communicated to the Connecticut Troops, of the Relief being ordered to supply their places, by the 10th of this month; that many of them have taken their Arms with them and gone off, not only without leave, but contrary to express Orders; this is therefore to inform those who remain, that the General has sent an Express to the Governor of Connecticut, with the names of such men as have left the Camp, in Order, that they may be dealt with, in a manner suited to the Ignominy of their behaviour. The General also informs those who remain, that it is necessary for them to obtain a written discharge, from the Commanding Officer of the Regt. they belong to, when they are dismissed on the 10th Instant; that they may be distinguished from, and not treated, as Deserters.
The Colonels and commanding Officers of the Connecticut Regiments, are to give in the Names of all those of their respective regiments, for the purpose above mentioned.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 4, 1775.
Parole Cushing. Countersign Payne.
Lieut Col Enos, tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Brigadier Genl. Sullivan was president, for "leaving his Commanding Officer without permission, or orders, and returning to Cambridge"--The Court after mature Consideration of the Evidence, are unanimously of Opinion, that the prisoner was by absolute necessity obliged to return with his division, and do therefore acquit him with honour--The General orders Lieut Col Enos to be forthwith released from his arrest.
Cambridge, December 4, 1775.
Sir: Henry Knox Esqr. having informed me by Letter from New York of the 27th Ulto. that upon his application, you had been kind enough to promise your good Offices in Congress, to have 12 good Iron 4 Pounders with a Quantity of Shells and Shot, sent to this Camp; and also to spare two Brass 6 Pounders. I have now the Pleasure to acquaint you, that we are fully supplied with Shells and Shot from the Store Ship, which has fortunately fallen into our Hands, and there is no necessity that these two Articles should be sent. The Cannon are much wanted, and I shall be much obliged by your having them forwarded, as expeditiously as possible. I am &c.
Cambridge, December 4, 1775.
Sir: I had the Honor of writing to you the 30th. Ulto. inclosing an Inventory of the Military Stores taken on board the Brigantine Nancy by Capt. Manly of the Armed Schooner Lee.--I have now to inform you that he has since sent into Beverly a Ship named the Concord, James Lowrie Master from Greenock in Scotland bound to Boston she has on board Dry Goods and Coals to the value of £3606,,9,,7, shiped by Crawford Anderson & Co. and consigned to James Anderson Merchant chant in Boston.--it is mentioned in the Letters found on Board, that this Cargo was for the use of the Army, but on a Strict examination I find it is the Property of the Shipper's and the Person to whom consigned. Pray what is to be done with this Ship and Cargoe? and what with the Brigantine that brought the Military Stores? It was agreed in the conference last October, that all Vessels employed merely as transports and unarmed with their crews be set at Liberty, upon giving security to return to Europe, but that this Indulgence be not extended longer than 'till the first of April next. In the Shippers Letter they mention--"You must procure a certificate from the General and Admiral, of the Concords being in the Government Service, such as the Glasgow Packet brought with her, which was of great service, procured a Liberty to Arm her which was refused us, also gave her a prefference for some recruits that went out in her." In another part of this Letter they say, "Captain Lowrie will deliver you the contract for the Coals, we gave it to him as perhaps it might be of use as a certificate of his Ship being employed in the Government Service." Every Letter on board breaths nothing but emmity to this Country, and a vast number of them there are.
It is some time since I recommended to the Congress, that they would institute a Court for the Trial of Prizes made by the Continental Armed Vessel, which I hope they have ere now taken into their consideration, otherwise I should again take the Liberty of urging it in the most pressing manner.
The Scandalous Conduct of a great Number of the Connecticut Troops has laid me under the Necessity of calling in a Body of the Militia much sooner than I apprehended there would be an Occasion for such a Step. I was affraid some time ago that they would incline to go home when the time of their Inlistments expired; I called upon the Officers of the several Regiments to know whether they could prevail on the Men to remain until the first of January, or 'till a sufficient Number of other Forces could be raised to supply their place: I suppose they were deceived themselves, I know they deceived me, by assurances that I need be under no apprehension on that score, for the Men would not leave the Lines. Last Friday shewed how much they were mistaken, as the Major part of the Troops of that Colony were going away with their Arms and Ammunition, we have however by threats, persuasion and the Activity of the People of the Country who sent back many of them that had set out, prevailed upon the most part to stay. There are about 80 of them missing.
I have called in 3000 Men from this Province and General Sullivan who lately returned from the Province of New Hampshire, having informed me that a Number of Men were there ready at the shortest Notice, I have demanded 2000 from that Province, these two Bodies I expect will be in by the 10th. instant to make up the defficiency of the Connecticut Men, whom I have promised to dismiss on that day, as well as the Numbers to whom I was obliged to grant Furloughs before any would inlist. As the same defection is much to be apprehended when the time of the Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire and Rhode Island Forces are expired I beg the attention of Congress to this important Affair.38
[Note 38: Thomas Lynch, Delegate from South Carolina and one of the committee of conference in camp, wrote to Washington (November 13) after returning to Congress: "Providence favors us everywhere; our success in every operation exceeds our most sanguine expectations; and yet, when God is ready to deliver our oppressors into our hands, that men cannot be found willing to receive them, is truly surprising. With grief and shame it must be confessed, that the whole blame hes not with the army. You will find your hands straightened instead of strengthened....Be this as it may, resolution and firmness ought to rule our councils. A step yielded to improper and intemperate demands may be irretrievable." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am informed that it has been the Custom of these Provinces in the last War for the Legislative power to order every Town to provide a certain Quota of men for the Campaign. This or some other mode should be at present adopted, as I am satisfied the men cannot be had without. this the Congress will please to take into their immediate consideration. My suspicions on this Head I shall also communicate to the Governors Trumbull and Cooke as well as to the New Hampshire Convention.
The Number inlisted in the last Week are about 1300 Men, by this you see how slow this important Work goes on.
Inclosed is a Letter wrote to me by General Putnam recommending Col: Babcock39 to the Brigadier Generalship now vacant in this Army. I know nothing of this Gentleman, but I wish the vacancy was filled, as the want of one is attended with very great inconveniences. An express is just come in
[Note 39: Henry Babcock. "He has this day been very serviceable in assisting me in quelling a mutiny and bringing back a number of deserters."-- Putnam to Washington, Dec. 1, 1775. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] from General Schuyler with Letters from Colonel Arnold and General Montgomery, copies of which I have the Honor to inclose you.40
[Note 40: Schuyler's letter of November 22, inclosing Arnold's of November 8 and Montgomery's of November 17, all three of which are in the Washington Papers. They describe the progress of affairs in Canada.]
Upon the whole I think, Affairs carry a pleasing aspect in that Quarter, the reduction of Quebec is an Object of such great importance, that I doubt not the Congress will give every Assistance in their power for the accomplishing it this Winter.
By the last accounts from the Armed Schooners sent to the River St. Lawrence, I fear we have but little to expect from them, they were falling short of Provision and mention that they would be obliged to return, which at this Time is particulary unfortunate; as if they chose a proper station, all the VesselIs coming down that River must fall into their hands. The plague, trouble and vexation I have had with the Crews of all the armed Vessels is inexpressible; I do believe there is not on Earth a more disorderly set; every time they come into Port, we hear of nothing but mutinous Complaints Manley's success has lately and but lately quitted his People the Crews of the Washington and Harrison have Actually deserted them, so that I have been under the necessity of ordering the Agent to lay the latter up and get hands for the other on the best Terms he could. The House of Representative and the Honr. Board have sent me a vote of theirs relative to the Harbour of Cape Cod, copy of which you have herewith, I shall send an Officer thither to examine what can be done for its defence, tho' I do not think I shall be able to give them such Assistance as may be requisite, for I have at present neither Men Powder or Cannon to spare. The great want of Powder is what the attention Of Congress should be particularly applied to. I dare not attempt any thing offensive, let the temptation or advantage be ever so great, as I have not more of that most essential Article than will be absolutely necessary to defend our Lines, should the Enemy attempt to Attack them. By recent information from Boston, General Howe is going to send out a number of the Inhabitants, in order as it is thought to make more room for his expected reinforcements; there is one part of the information that I can hardly give Credit to, A Sailor says that a Number of these coming out have been inoculated with design of Spreading the Small pox through this Country and Camp. I have communicated this to the General Court and recommended their attention thereto.
They are Arming one of the Transports in Boston with which they mean to decoy some of our Vessels, as we are apprized of their design, I hope they will be disappointed. My best respects wait on the Gentlemen in Congress I am, etc.41
[Note 41: On December 19 it was resolved that all transports carrying cargoes to the British Army or Navy were liable to seizure and confiscation.]
P.S. near 300 persons are landed at Point Shirley from Boston I was misinformed when I mentioned that one Regt. had arrived at Boston, a few Companies of the 17th. and Artillery were all that are come.42
[Note 42: This letter, in the writing of Stephen Moylan, was read in Congress December 13.]
Cambridge, December 5, 1775.
Sir: I have of late met with abundant reason, to be convinced of the impracticability of Recruiting this Army to the New establishment, in any reasonable time by voluntary Inlistments. The causes of such exceeding great lukewarmness, I shall not undertake to point out; sufficient it is to know, that the fact is so. Many reasons are Assigned; one only I shall mention, and that is, that the present Soldiery are in expectation of drawing from the landed Interest and Farmers, a bounty equal to the Commencement of this Army, and that therefore they play off. Be this as it may, I am satisfied that this is not a time for trifling and that the Exigency of our affairs calls aloud for vigorous exertions.
By sad experience it is found, that the Connecticut Regiments have deserted and are about to desert the noble cause we are engaged in. Nor have I any reason to believe, that the Forces of New Hampshire, this Government or Rhode Island, will give stronger proofs of their Attachment to it, when the period arrives, when they may Claim their dismission. For after every stimulus in my power to throw in their way, and near a month's close endeavour, we have Inlisted ... men, 1500 of which are to be absent at a time on Furlough, until all have gone home in order to Visit and provide for their Families.
Five thousand Militia from this Government and the Colony of New Hampshire, are ordered to be at this Place by the 10th Instant, to relieve the Connecticut Regiments and Supply the deficiency which will be occasioned by their departure and of those on furlough. These men, I am told by officers who have been Eye witnesses to their behaviour are not to be depended upon for more than a few days; as they soon get tired, grow impatient, ungovernable and of course leave the Service. what will be the consequences then, If the greatest part of the Army is to be composed of such Men? Upon the new Establishment 26 Regiments were ordered to be raised, besides those of the Artillery and Riflemen.--of these, New Hampshire has 3, Massachusetts 16, Rhode Island 2, and Connecticut 5. A mode of appointing the Officers was also recommended, and as strictly adhered to as circumstances would admit of. These officers are now recruiting, with the success I have mentioned.
Thus Sir, have I given you a true and impartial State of our Situation, and Submit it to the Wisdom of your and the other three New England Colonies, whether some vigorous measures, If the powers of Government are adequate ought not to be adopted, to facilitate the Completion of this army without offering a bounty from the public, which Congress have declared against, thinking the terms exclusive thereof, greater than ever Soldiers had. I have by this conveyance, laid the Matter before Congress, but the critical Situation of our affairs will not Await their deliberation and Recommendation. Something must be done without further delay. I am Sir, &c.43
[Note 43: The same letter was sent to Governor Trumbull and the Legislatures of Massachusetts and New Hampshire.]
Cambridge, December 5, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your much esteemed Favour of the 22nd Ulto., covering Colonel Arnolds Letter, with a Copy of one to General Montgomery and his to you, I received yesterday Morning. It gave me the highest Satisfaction to hear of Colonel Arnold's being at Point Levi, with his Men in great Spirits, after their long and fatiguing March, attended with almost insuperable Difficulties, and the discouraging Circumstances of being left by near one Third of the Troops that went on the Expedition. The Merit of this Gentleman is certainly great, and I heartily wish that Fortune may distinguish him as one of her Favourites. I am convinced that he will do every Thing that Prudence and Valour shall suggest, to add to the Success of our Arms, and for reducing Quebec to our Possession.--Should he not be able to accomplish so desirable a Work with the Forces he has, I flatter myself that it will be effected, when General Montgomerie joins him, and our Conquest of Canada be compleat. I am exceedingly sorry to find you so much plagued and embarrassed by the Disregard of Discipline, Confusion and Want of Order among the Troops, as to have occasioned you to mention to Congress, an Inclination to retire. I know that your Complaints are too well founded; but I would willingly hope that nothing will induce you to quit the Service, and that in Time, Order and Subordination will take Place of Confusion, and Command be rendered more agreeable.--I have met with Difficulties of the same sort, and such as I never expected; but they must be borne with. The Cause we are engaged in is so just and righteous, that we must try to rise superior to every Obstacle in it's Support; and, therefore, I beg that you will not think of resigning, unless you have carried your Application to Congress too far to recede.44 I am, etc.
[Note 44: Schuyler had written to Washington (November 22): "Nothing can surpass the impatience of the troops from the New England Colonies to get to their firesides. Near three hundred of them arrived a few days ago, unable to do any duty; but as soon as I administered that grand specific, a discharge, they instantly acquired health, and rather than be detained a few days to cross Lake George, they undertook a march from here of two hundred miles with the greatest alacrity. Our army requires to be put on a different footing, Habituated to order, I cannot, without the most extreme pain, see that disregard of discipline, confusion, and inattention, which reign so generally in this quarter, and I am therefore determined to retire. Of this resolution I have advised Congress." Schuyler's letter to Congress is dated November 18. Both of these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Cambridge, December 5, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 8th. Ulto. with a Postscript of the 14th. from Point Levi, I have had the Pleasure to receive. It is not in the Power of any Man to command Success; but you have done more--you have deserved it, and before this, I hope, have met with the Laurels which are due to your Toils, in the Possession of Quebec. My Thanks are due, and sincerely offered to you, for your enterprizing and persevering Spirit. To your brave Followers I likewise present them. I was not unmindful of you or them in the Establishment of a new Army. One out of 26 Regiments (lately General Putnam's) you are appointed to the Command of and I have ordered all the Officers with you, to the one or the other, of these Regiments, in the Rank they now bear that in Case they choose to continue in Service, and no Appointments take Place, where they now are, no Disappointment may follow. Nothing very material has happened in this Camp since you left it. Finding we were not likely to do much in the Land Way, I fitted out several Privateers, or rather armed Vessels, in Behalf of the Continent, with which we have taken several Prizes to the Amount, it is supposed, of £15,000 Sterling. One of them a valuable Store-Ship (but no Powder in it) containing a fine Brass Mortar 13 Inch, 2000 Stands of Arms, Shot &c., &c.
I have no Doubt but a Junction of your Detachment with the Army under General Montgomery, is effected before this. If so, you will put yourself under his Command and will, I am persuaded, give him all the Assistance in your Power, to finish the glorious Work you have begun. That the Almighty may preserve and prosper you in it, is the sincere and fervent Prayer of, Dr. Sir, &c.
P.S. You could not be more surprised than I was at Enos's Return with the Division under his Command. I immediately put him under Arrest, and had him tried for quitting the Detachment without your Orders. He is acquitted, on the Score of Provision.
Cambridge, December 6, 1775.
Sir' Copies of the inclosed Letters I have already written to the Governors of Rhode Island and Connecticut and shall do the same to the president of the Congress in New Hampshire; as I conceive our affairs are in a very Critical situation. It was mentioned to me yesterday in conversation, that the Militia of this Government, who were ordered in to supply the places of the Connecticut troops, are allowed in to Month of 28 days. The first I highly approved of, because I was unwilling to see any inviduous distinction in pay, the never failing consequence of which is, jealousy and discord. But Sir, if the Genl. Court of this Colony have resolved on the latter, you must give me leave to add, that it aims the most fatal stab to the peace of this Army, that ever was given; and that Lord North himself could not have devised a more effectual blow to the recruiting Service. Excuse me Sir, for the Strength of these expressions. If my information is wrong, (I had it from Genl Heath, who says he had it from a Member of your Court) they are altogether Improper, and I crave your Pardon for them: if right, my zeal in the American Cause must plead my Excuse. I am, etc.
Cambridge, December 6, 1775.
Sir: Your favors of the 25th and 30th Ulto. I received, and am to inform you, that from the good Character you gave of Mr. Aborn, I ordered the Agent in whose care his Vessel was, to deliver her up to him. There were other Circumstances too, that were favorable to Mr. Aborn and induced a belief that he was not inimical to our Cause. I am much obliged, by your kind attention to my two Letters of the 15th and 18th of Novr., and for your promise to lay the matters mention'd in the first before the General Committee and ordering the Troops, which were on Block Island, to this Camp. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 7, 1775.
Parole Sydney. Countersign Brutus.
The Connecticut Regiments are to be under arms, upon their Regimental parades; on Saturday at eleven in the forenoon, in order to be reviewed--They are to have their arms in good order; the Rolls to be called over, and no man to be absent, every one that is able must appear; for this purpose they are to be exempt from all other duty upon that day.
The Qr. Mr. General is strictly enjoined to pay proper attention to the Order of the 23rd. of Novr. respecting the quartering officers &c--and is to prevent Boards, and other Materials being applied, to the building any houses without his Orders, as none such will be allowed for, by the public. All Officers are to pay due obedience to this order.
Cambridge, December 7, 1775.
Sir: Your favour of the 4th Instant, I this moment Received, advising of the taking of a Captain and Midshipman of one of the King's Armed Schooners. You will be pleased to take their Parole, not to leave Northampton until they are properly discharged, they will be sent there where there are several other Officers prisoners. I am Sir &c.
As soon as the deficiency can be ascertained I will inform you; at present, I refer you to the other Letters, which will be handed you by favor of Col. Babcock.
Cambridge, December 7, 1775.
Gentn.: Richard Emms a prisoner at Portsmouth, having expressed a strong desire to go to his family and friends in the West Indies, in a Schooner which is about to go there; you will be pleased to grant him a permit for that purpose, unless there be objections against it, which I am not apprized of.--I am &c.
Camp Cambridge, December 7, 1775.
Sir: I wrote you the 4th instant by express to which I beg you will be referred. My fears that Broughton and Sellman would not effect any good purpose were too well founded, They are returned and brought with them, three of the Principal Inhabitants from the Island of St. Johns, Mr. Collbuck as President of the Council acted as Governor; They brought the Governors Commission, the Province Seal &ca. &ca. As the Captains acted without any Warrant for such Conduct, I have thought it but Justice to discharge these Gentlemen whose Families were left in the greatest distress.
I am credibly informed that James Anderson the Consignee and part Owner of the Ship Concord and Cargo, is not only unfriendly to American Liberty, but actually in Arms against us, being Captain of the Scotch Company in Boston. Whether your being acquainted with this Circumstance or not, will operate against the Vessel and Cargo, I will not take upon me to say, but there are many Articles on board Absolutely necessary for this Army, which whether a prize or not, they must have. I have the Honor to be, Sir, &ca.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 9, 1775.
Parole London. Countersign Granby.
Serjt. Lane of Col Whitcomb's Regiment, with nineteen men of different Regiments, whose Names, Corps and Companies are delivered to Brigade Major Carey,45 are immediately to be draughted, and sent to the Quarter Master General to receive his orders.
[Note 45: Richard Cary. Later he became an aide to Washington.]
The Court Martial whereof Col. Woodbridge was president is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 10, 1775.
Parole Burke. Countersign Barre.
The General has great pleasure in thanking Col. Bridge and the Officers of the 27th. Regt. (who from a peculiarity of circumstances, or want of vacancies, have no appointment in the new established Army) for their polite address to him; he considers the assurances which they have given, of their determination to continue in service (if required) until the new Regiments are compleated, in a very favourable light; especially, as it is accompanied with further assurances, that the men of the 27th. Regt., are consenting thereto; such a Conduct, at this important Crisis, cannot fail of giving pleasure to every well-wisher to his Country, and next to engaging for another Year, is the highest proof they can give of their Attachment to the noble cause of Liberty, at the same time that it reflects honor upon themselves, it may under Providence give Posterity reason to bless them, as the happy Instruments of their delivery from those Chains which were actually forging for them.
Four Companies of the New Hampshire Militia, are to march to Roxbury for the Reinforcement of that division; The Captain will receive Genl. Ward's Orders what Regiments they are to be attached to; The rest of the New Hampshire Militia are to join the Brigades on Winter and Prospect hills, in Cambridge&c, and together with the Companies of Militia from Massachusetts, which are ordered to join Prescot's, Greaton's and Nixons Regiments are to be appointed to the new established Regiments, as the Majors and Brigadier General shall think fit for the most equal distribution of them.
The Captains of the several Militia Companies from the Massachusetts and New Hampshire Governments, are to make exact Rolls of their Companies, and return them signed without delay to the Adjutant General.
Cambridge, December 10, 1775.
Sirs: I this moment received from Mr. Thomas Crafts the Letter you have inclosed, from which it will appear, that some of the People who came out of Boston, are infected with the Small Pox. as this disorder should it spread may prove very disastrous and fatal to our Army and the Country around it, I should hope that you will have such necessary Steps taken, as will prevent the infection's being farther communicated. I am Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 11, 1775.
Parole Otis. Countersign Warren.
The Majors of Brigade, to be more exact, in obliging the Adjutants to deliver to them every Saturday at Orderly time, an exact return signed by the Commanding Officers of the new establish'd Regiments, of the Number of men, weekly inlisted in each of those Regiments; The Majors of Brigade will for the future, be answerable for any neglect in executing this order
To reward and encourage military Merit, The Congress thought proper to increase the pay of the Captains and Subalterns of the Continental Army; and as uniformity and decency in dress, are essentially necessary in the Appearance and regularity of an army, his Excellency recommends it earnestly to the Officers to put themselves in a proper uniform--The Field Officers of each of the new Corps, will set the example, by cloathing themselves in a Regimental of their respective Corps; and it is not doubted but the Captains and Subalterns, will immediately follow the example: The General by no means recommends, or desires Officers to run into costly, or expensive Regimentals, no matter how plain, or coarse, so they are but uniforms in their Colour, Cut and Fashion: The Officers belonging to those Regiments whose uniforms are not yet fixed upon, had better delay making their Regimentals until they are.--
Cambridge, December 11, 1775.
Gentn.: The Prisoners which will be delivered you with this, having been tried by a Court Martial, and deem'd to be such flagrant and attrocious villains, that they cannot by any means be set at large or confined in any Place near this Camp, were sentenced to be sent to Symsbury in Connecticut; you will therefore be pleased, to have them secured in your Jail, or in such other Manner as to you shall seem Necessary, so that they Cannot possibly make their escape. the charges of their imprisonment will be at the Continental expence. I am &c.
Cambridge, December 11, 1775.
Sir: Captain Manly of the Lee Armed Schooner has taken and sent into Beverly two prizes since I wrote you last, which was the 7th. instant; one of them is the Ship Jenny Capt: Foster who left London late in October, he has very unfortunately thrown all his papers overboard, is not yet arrived at Camp; If he does, before I close this, I will let you know what Information I get from him, his Vessel is loaded with Coal and porter, of the Latter he has about 100 Butts. The other is a Brigantine from Antigua, called the Little Hannah, Robert Adams Master, her Cargoe consists of 139 Hogsheads of Rum, 100 Cases of Geneva and some other trifling Articles, both Cargoes were for the Army and Navy at Boston. I have great pleasure in Congratulating you on this Success. The Numbers Inlisted last Week are ... Men; If they go on at this Slow rate, It will be a long time before this Army is complete. I have Wrote to the Governors of Connecticut and Rhode Island, also to the Convention of New Hampshire on this Subject, a Copy of my Letter I have the Honor to inclose herewith. A Letter to the same purport I sent to the Legislature of this Province.
The Militia are coming fast, I am much pleased with the Alacrity which the good People of this province as well, as those of New Hampshire, have shewn upon this occasion; I expect the whole will be in this day and to Morrow, when what remains of the Connecticut Gentry, who have not Inlisted will have liberty to go to their Firesides.
The Commissary General is still by his Indisposition detained from Camp, he committed an error when making out the Ration list, for he was then serving out and has continued to do, six Ounces pr man pr Week of Butter tho' it is not included in the List approved of by Congress. I do not think It would be expedient to put a stop thereto, as every thing that would have a tendency to give the Soldiery room for Complaints must be avoided.
The Information I received that the Enemy intended spreading the small Pox amongst us, I could not suppose them capable of; I now must give some credit to it, as it has made its appearance on several of those who last came out of Boston, every necessary precaution has been taken to prevent its being communicated to this Army, and the General Court will take care that it does not spread through the Country.
I have not heard that any more Troops are arrived at Boston, which is a luckly circumstance, as the Connecticut Troops I now find are for the most part gone of. The Houses in Boston are lessening every day, they are pulled down either for firewood, or to prevent the effects of fire, should we attempt a Bombardment, or an Attack upon the Town.46 Cobble Hill is strongly fortifyed without any Interruption from the Enemy. Col: Enos has been tryed and acquited, upon what Principles you will see by the process of his Trial, which I now send you. As the time of Col: Enos's engagement was near expired, a doubt arose whether he could then be tryed by a Court Martial, this it was which occasioned his Trial to come on before Col:
[Note 46: General Howe's orderly book (December 5) shows the following: "The frequent depredations committed by the soldiers in pulling down houses and fences, in defiance of repeated orders, have induced the Commander in Chief to direct the Provost to go his rounds attended by the executioners, with orders to hang up upon the spot, the first man he shall detect in the act, without waiting for further proof by trial."] Arnolds Evidence could be had.47 This is what at present occur from Sir, your &ca.
[Note 47: The proceedings of the court-martial are given in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 3, 1709.]
P. S. The Weekly returns of Inlistments not being yet received for more than 10 Regiments amounting to 275 Men, I can not fill up the Blank in this Letter, but this added to the former makes in the whole 5253.48
[Note 48: The letter sent is in the writing of Stephen Moylan; the postscript is in that of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 12,49 1775.
[Note 49: Washington made a memorandum (December 12) of having written to Dr. Eleazer Wheelock, thanking him for information respecting Maj. Robert Rogers. Also Robert Hanson Harrison thanked Dr. Ezra Stiles for the loan of his History of America which contained "several useful and necessary maps."]
Parole Effingham. Countersign, Fuller
The Honorable the Continental Congress having been pleased to appoint Henry Knox Esqr. Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery, upon the new establishment; he is to be obeyed as such.
The Colonels or commanding Officers of the five Connecticut Regiments, upon the new establishment; to deliver to the Adjutant General to morrow at Orderly time, an exact List of the Commissioned Officers of their respective Corps, together with a Return of the men they have each of them inlisted for the above Regiments; As an Express is immediately to set out to Governor Trumbull, who has demanded the same, to lay them before the Assembly of the colony.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 13, 1775.
Parole Camden. Countersign Chatham.
The Major Generals are to order the Militia Companies to be joined to the different Brigades and Regiments, in their respective Divisions in such a manner, as to supply the dificiency of the Connecticut Troops, and to prevent disorder and confusion, in case we should be called to action; and make a report thereof as soon as it is done. As the Companies have an Inclination to join particular Regiments, the General has no objection to it, in every Instance where it can be done, consistent with the good of the service, and the allotment to the different encampments. The Adjutants of every Regiment to which any of these Companies are joined, are to acquaint them with all General, and Brigade Orders, that they may not unknowingly disobey them.
The Colonels of the several Regiments upon the new establishment, may respectively apply to the Commissary of the Ordnance Stores, for seventy-five Stands of Arms, lately taken in the Store Ship from London; These Arms, the Colonels will be careful to put into the hands of the Soldiers most approved for their Care and Bravery, and such only as are enlisted for the next Campaign--Exact Lists of their Names to be returned to the respective Colonels--The Carbines taken in the said Ship, are not to be delivered without especial orders.
Cambridge, December 14, 1775.
Sir: Your favor of the 11th. Inst. was handed me by the two french Gentlemen, Monsieurs Penet and De pleurne,50 for which I am exceedingly obliged to you. I have heard their proposals and plan, for supplying the Continent with Arms and
[Note 50: Pierre Penet and Emanuel de Pliarne, merchants from Nantes, France. They arrived in Rhode Island from Cape François. This seems to have been the first outside assistance received by the Colonies, but this venture does not appear to have been connected in any way with Beaumarchais or the French Government. The precise quantity of supplies furnished by Penet and Pliarne is not easily discovered. Penet has the unique distinction of having been made a brevet aide-de-camp to Washington before his return to France. Pliarne remained in America and was accidentally drowned while crossing the Potomac at Georgetown (now a part of Washington, D. C.).] Amunition, which appear plausible and to promise Success; But not thinking myself Authorised to Enter into any contract respecting the same and being not fully acquainted with the Measures Congress have adopted for procuring these Articles; I have prevailed upon them to go to Philadelphia and Recommended them and the Consideration of their plan to that Body, where the Matter will be finally agreed upon or rejected.
I must request the favor of you, to furnish every Necessary for accomodating them and Carriages with all expedition, for Carrying them as far as Governor Trumbull's. They are to travel at the Continental Expence, and whatever charge you may be at on their Account, you will be pleased to transmit to me, and it shall be immediately Reimbursed.51 Yours &c.
[Note 51: Practically this same letter was written this same day to Governor Trumbull.]
Cambridge, December 14, 1775.
Sir: I received your favor of the 2d instant with the several Resolves of Congress therein inclosed.52--The Resolves relative to Captures made by Continental Armed Vessels only want a Court Established for Trial to make them complete. This I hope will be soon done, as I have taken the Liberty to urge it often to Congress.
[Note 52: "A letter from General Washington dated 14th December being delivered by two strangers was read. Resolved that the same be committed to the Secret Committee, who are directed to confer with the bearers, and pursue such measures as they may think proper for the interest of the United Colonies." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Dec. 30, 1775,)]
I am some what at a loss to know whether I am to raise the two Battalions of Marines here or not, as the delay can be attended with little Inconvenience, I will wait a further explanation from Congress before I take any Steps thereon.
I am much pleased that the money will be forwarded with all possible expedition, as it is much wanted, also that Conolly and his Associates are taken. It has been a very fortunate Discovery. I make no doubt, but that the Congress will take every necessary measure to disposses Lord Dunmore of his hold in Virginia, the sooner steps are taken for that purpose, the more probability there will be of their being effectual.53
[Note 53: Congress had determined (December 2) to assemble a small squadron of armed vessels to proceed against Lord Dunmore. Captain Stone and his vessel were engaged for the venture; Benjamin Harrison was directed to proceed to Maryland and procure two or three armed vessels to operate in Chesapeake Bay; and Capt. Abraham Whipple, as soon as he arrived in Philadelphia, was to be sent to that bay to cooperate. Ford notes that Richard Henry Lee wrote to Arthur Lee (July 6, 1783) his recollection that the appearance of two British ships in the bay put an end to the attempt.]
Mr. Wm. Aspinwall and Mr. Lemuel Haywood were appointed Surgeons at Roxbury in the first formation of the Army, they were confirmed by Doctor Church, who promised to write to Congress in their behalf, they applied to me during his confinement here, at a time that I had notice of Doctor Morgan's appointment, I referred them to his arrival, and inclosed you have his Sentiments relative to them, also of Doctor Rand, Surgeon to the Small Pox Hospital, and his Mate; I have to remark to you, that when we had some time past, got the better of the small pox, Doctor Rand applied to me for a continuance of him in that Department, which from a principle of not multiplying Offices I declined; he is at present wanted and says that by only attending occasionally, he looses his country practice, of course his Livelyhood. You will please to lay these matters before Congress for their consideration. I was happy enough to anticipate the desire of Congress respecting Mr. Crafts and Mr. Trot,54 they both declined; the latter did not chuse to serve, the former's ambition was not fully gratified by the offer made him of a Majority. I hope Col. Knox will soon finish the Business he is upon and appear here to take the Honorable command conferred on him by Congress.55
[Note 54: Thomas Crafts, jr., and George Trott. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Dec. 2, 1775.)]
[Note 55: Henry Knox was elected colonel of the regiment of artillery by Congress on November 17.]
I will make application to Genl. Howe and propose an Exchange for Mr. Ethan Allen. I am much afraid I shall have a like proposal to make for Captain Martindale of the Armed Brigantine Washington and his Men, who it is reported was taken a few days past by a Man of War and carried into Boston. We cannot expect to be allways successfull.
You will doubtless here of the Barbarity of Capt. Wallace on Cananicut Island, 'ere this reaches your hands.56
[Note 56: Connanicut is a small island opposite Newport, in Narragansett Bay, Capt. Hugh Wallace, with a body of British sailors and marines, landed on the island, burned several houses, plundered the people, and drove off their cattle.]
About 150 more of the poor Inhabitants are come out of Boston, the small pox rages all over the Town, such of the Military as had it not before, are now under inoculation. This I apprehend is a weapon of defence, they are using against us, what confirms me in this Opinion is, that I have Information that they are tearing up the pavements, to be provided against a Bombardment. I wrote you this day by Messieurs Pennet and De Plierne, who will lay before the Congress or a Committee thereof, proposals for furnishing the Continent with Arms and Ammunition, I refer you to themselves for further particulars. I have the Honor, etc.
Cambridge, December 14, 1775.
Sir: The two French Gentlemen, who will appear before you with this, brought recommendations to me from Governor Cooke of Providence, their names are, Messieurs Pennet and De Pliarne.
They purpose a plan for supplying this Continent with Arms and Ammunition, which appears to me very eligible; as I am not acquainted with the extent of Schemes already formed by Congress for the attaintment of these necessary Articles, I have declined entering into any Engagements with them, but have prevailed with them to proceed, at the public expence to Philadelphia and there through you to lay their proposals before Congress, or a Committee of Congress, to whose attention I beg leave to recommend them and the important Business they come upon.57 I am &ca.
[Note 57: Penet and Pliarne presented Washington's letter December 30, and Congress resolved "That the same be referred to the Secret Committee, who are directed to confer with the bearers, and pursue such measures as they may think proper for the interest of the United Colonies." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
P. S: I have given these Gentlemen reason to expect that they can get back to the Cape as commodiously and speedily from Philadelphia as they could from Providence, in which I should be very sorry they were disappointed.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 15, 1775.
Parole Rockingham, Countersign Richmond.
The Quarter Masters of all the Regiments, are as soon as possible, to deliver to the Deputy Commissary General Mr. Elisha Avery, all the Cyder Barrels, Butter Firkins and Candle-Boxes, in the possession of their respective Corps; as those Articles are very much wanted for the public service.
Cambridge, December 15, 1775.
Sir: Your favors of the 7th and 9th Inst. I received and was much pleased to hear of the Zeal of the people of Connecticut and the readiness of the Inhabitants of the several Towns, to march to this Camp upon their being acquainted with the behaviour and desertion of their Troops. I have nothing to suggest for the consideration of your Assembly; I am confident they will not be wanting in their exertions, for supporting the just and constitutional rights of the Colonies.
Inclosed I send you a list of the Officers and Companies under the New establishment, with the number of the Men Inlisted; the Return only came in to day, or I would have transmitted it before.
Having heard that It's doubtful, whether the Reverend Mr. Leonard58 from your Colony, will have it in his power to Continue here as a Chaplain, I cannot but express some Concern, as I think his departure will be a loss. His General Conduct has been exemplary and praiseworthy: In discharging the duties of his Office, active and industrious; he has discovered himself warm and steady friend to his Country, and taken great pains to animate the Soldiery and Impress them with a knowledge of the important rights we are contending for. Upon the late desertion of the Troops, he gave a Sensible and judicious discourse, holding forth the Necessity of courage and bravery and at the same time of Obedience and Subordination to those in Command.
[Note 58: Abiel Leonard, chaplain of the Third Connecticut Regiment; chaplain of Knox's Continental artillery through the year 1776. He became insane in 1777 and died in 1778.]
In justice to the merits of this Gentleman, I thought it only right to give you this Testimonial of my Opinion of him and to mention him to you, as a person worthy of your esteem and that of the Public. I am Sir, &c.
Cambridge, December 16,64 1775.
[Note 64: On this day Washington wrote a short note to Congress informing that body of the sailing of 10 vessels from Boston, with one regiment of foot and three of light horse, said to be bound for Halifax. He also wrote practically the same note to the New Hampshire Legislature.]
Gentn.: Among many Resolves of Congress which were forwarded to me the other day, are the inclosed.
Not being able to discover from the Resolves themselves, or the Letter which accompanied them, whether a Copy had been transmitted to you by the president, or to be handed in by me, I thought it best to err on the safe side; especially as the Qr M Genl. has just informed me, that he is exceeding scarce of Hay and can get none under Six Pounds lawful a Ton; and that he is fearful, if he should even consent to offer this, (enormous as it is), the price will be further advanced upon him, as heretofore and in the Article of Wood. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 17, 1775.
Parole Thanet. Countersign Dorset.
When fresh Recruits from the Country join the new established Regiments, The Colonels, or commanding Officers of those Regiments, are to discharge the like number of old Soldiers, who have not engaged for the next Campaign, taking care to part with the most indifferent first--
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow Morning in Cambridge, at Ten in the fore-noon, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them--All Evidences and Persons concern'd to attend the Court.
Cambridge, December 17, 1775.
Sir: By Sundry persons and Accounts just from Boston, I am informed, that the Minesterial Army is in very great distress for want of fresh Provisions and having received intelligence that there are 200 fat Cattle on Block Island and some Transport Vessels cruizing that way, in quest of Necessaries for the Army, I must request you to have the Cattle &c. removed from thence immediately, and from every other place where their Ships can come and take them of; It is a matter of the utmost importance, to prevent their getting a Supply; If they can be hindered now, the advanced Season of the year and the Inclement Weather, which we may expect ere long, will put it out of their power.
I yesterday received the inclosed information from several persons who lately came out from Boston, which I thought my duty to transmit to you. It is more than probable, that the destination of the Troops may be very different from what they have given out; they may have made use of that to deceive in another Quarter?65 I am &c.
[Note 65: The information in the last paragraph was also sent to Governor Trumbull, this date, with an additional sentence: "Brig. Genl Prescott as it is said, having treated Col. Allen with Severity, I beg your particular attention, least he should escape." Brig. Gen. Richard Prescott had surrendered at Montreal. This was the same officer captured two years later by the daring of Col. William Barton, of the Rhode Island Militia.]
Cambridge, December 17, 1775.
Sir: The aplications for liberty to go to the lines are so frequent that they cause much trouble. You will, therefore, Sir, grant passes to such as you may think proper. At the same time I would recommend to you that the officer who will attend upon these occasions be a person of sense, and one who will carefully attend to the conversation of those who meet on the lines. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: The text is from the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 18, 1775.
Parole Letchmore. Countersign Sears.
The Colonels and commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps, are to deliver to the Adjutant General at Orderly time next Saturday--Their Pay Abstracts for the Months of October, November and December; Also an Abstract for the month of January next, for each of the new-established Corps, The Honorable the Continental Congress having been pleased to order all those, who have bravely resolved to serve their Country another Year, shall be rewarded with one Months pay advance.
Camp Cambridge, December 18, 1775.
Sir: We have just been informed of a Circumstance, which, were it not so well Authenticated, I should scarcely think credible; It is that Col: Allen, who with his small party, was defeated and taken Prisoner near Montreal, has been treated, without regard to decency, humanity, or the Rules of War; That he has been thrown into Irons and suffers all the Hardships inflicted upon common Felons.
I think it my Duty Sir, to demand and do expect from you an Ecclaireissement on this Subject; at the same Time I flatter myself, from the Character which Mr. Howe bears, as a man of Honor, Gentleman and Soldier, that my demand will meet with his Approbation: I must take the Liberty also of Informing you, that I shall consider your silence, as a confirmation of the Truth of the report; And further assuring you that whatever Treatment Colonel Allen receives; whatever fate he undergoes, such exactly shall be the Treatment and Fate of Brigadier Prescot, now in our Hands.
The Law of Retaliation, is not only justifiable, in the Eyes of God and Man, but absolutely a duty, which in our present circumstances we owe to our Relations, Friends and Fellow Citizens.
Permit me to add Sir, that we have all here the highest regard and reference for your great personal, Qualities and Attainments, and that the Americans in general esteem it not as the least of their Misfortunes, that the name of Howe; a name so dear to them, should appear at the Head of the Catalogue of the Instruments, employed by a wicked Ministry for their destruction.
With due Respect I have the Honor to be, etc.
P.S.: If an Exchange of Prisoners taken on each Side, in this unnatural Contest, is agreeable to General Howe, he will please to Signify as much, to his Most Obedient.67
[Note 67: Congress by a resolve (December 2) had directed Washington to obtain the exchange of Allen. Howe did not feel himself authorized to hold exchange negotiations without directions from England. Washington's words apparently touched a tender spot, for Howe replied (December 25): "It is with regret, considering the character you have always maintained among your friends, as a gentleman of the strictest honor and delicacy, that I find cause to resent a sentence in the conclusion of your letter, big with invective against my superiors, and insulting to myself, which should obstruct any further intercourse between us." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Cambridge, December 18, 1775.
Sir: Captain Manly of the Lee Armed Schooner took and sent into Beverly, the Sloop Betsey, A. Atkinson, master; she is an Armed Vessel, dispatched by Lord Dunmore with Indian corn, potatoes and oats, for the Army in Boston. The Pacquets of Letters found on board, I have the Honor to send you with this, by Captain Chambers.68 They being of so much Importance that I do not think it would be prudent to trust them by a common express. As Lord Dunmore's Schemes are fully laid open in these Letters, I need not point out to the Congress the necessity there is of a vigorous exertion being adopted by them to dispossess his Lordship of the strong hold he has got in Virginia; I do not mean to dictate, I am sure they will pardon me for freely giving them my Opinion, which is, that the fate of America a good deal depends on his being obliged to evacuate Norfolk this winter or not. I have Kirkland,69 well secured and think I will send him to you for examination, by most of the Letters relative to him, he is a dangerous fellow; John Stewards papers are of a very Interesting nature. Governor Tonyn's and many other Letters from Augustine,70 shew the
[Note 68: Capt. James Chambers, of Thompson's rifle regiment, Only a few of the Dunmore letters have survived in the Papers of the Continental Congress, and these particular ones are difficult to identify.]
[Note 69: Colonel Kirkland was described by Lord Dunmore as an American "truly well-disposed to his Majesty's service," a man of "real worth and spirit."-- Ford.]
[Note 70: The committee of Congress to which this Washington letter was referred reported Jan. 1, 1776, and their report was adopted as follows:
"Resolved, That the seizing and securing the barracks and castle of St. Augustine will greatly contribute to the safety of these colonies, therefore, it is earnestly recommended to the colonies of South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia to undertake the reduction of St. Augustine, if it be thought practicable."
"Resolved, That the first resolution together with copies or extracts of such of the intercepted letters as tend to show the state of the forts and garrison at St. Augustine be transmitted by express to Henry Middleton and John Rutledge Esqrs members of Congress to be by them laid before the committees directed to meet [at Charleston] in consequence of the above resolution and in case the enterprize be judged practicable that immediate preparations be made by the joint force of the said colonies (viz South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia) and the expedition be undertaken without delay at the expence of the united colonies."] Weakness of the place, at the same time of what vast consequence It would be for us to possess ourselves of it, and the great quantity of Ammunition contained in the forts. Indeed, these papers are of so great consequence, that I think this but little Inferior to any prize our famous Manly has taken. We now Work at our ease on Leechmore's Hill; on discovering our Party there Yesterday the Ship, which lay opposite, began a cannonade, to which Mount Horem added some shells. One of our men was wounded, we fired a few Shot from 2 Eighteen pounders on Cobble Hill and soon Obliged the Ship to shift her station, she now lies in the ferryway, and except a few Shells from the Mount in Boston, which do no Execution, we have no Interruption in prosecuting our Works, which in a very short time will be compleated. When that is done: when we have powder to sport with, I think if the Congress resolve on the proposal made relative to the Town of Boston, It can be done.
I have sent a Letter in this day to General Howe of which a Copy goes with this: my reason for pointing out Brigadier General Prescott as the object who is to suffer Mr. Allen's fate, is, that by Letters from General Schuyler and Copies of Letters from General Montgomery to Schuyler, I am given to under stand that Prescot is the cause of Allen's sufferings. I thought it best to be decisive on the Occasion, as did the Generals whom 1 consulted thereon. The returns of men inlisted since my last, amount to about 1800, making in the whole 7,140. The Militia that are come in from this Province and New Hampshire, are very fine looking men and go through their duty with great alacrity; the dispatch made both by the people in marching and by the Legislative Powers in complying with my requisition, has given me infinite satisfaction. Your Letter of the 8th instant with the Explanatory resolves, respecting my calling forth the Militia and Minute Men, is come to hand, to which I shall pay all due Attention. You have removed all the difficulties which I laboured under about the two Battalions of Marines; I shall obey the Orders of Congress in looking out for proper Officers to command that Corps. I make no doubt but when the Money arrives, to pay of the arrears and the month's advance, that it will be a great encouragement for the men to Inlist. Inclosed is a Letter I lately received from Mr. James Lovell,71 his case is truly pitiable, I wish some mode could be fallen upon to relieve him from the cruel Situation he is now in. I am sensible of the impropriety of exchanging a Soldier for a Citizen, but there is something so cruelly distressing in regard to this Gentleman, that I dare say you will take in under your consideration.72I am &ca.73
[Note 71: Lovell was, later, a Delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He ill requited Washington's efforts by a display of enmity throughout his service in Congress.]
[Note 72: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 5, 1776.]
[Note 73: This letter was read in Congress (December 30) and referred to Thomas Lynch, William Hooper, George Wythe, Silas Deane, and John Adams. On December 19 Washington wrote again to Congress, a mere forwarding letter inclosing one that had just reached him disclosing further the views of Lord Dunmore. (See Washington's letter to Congress, Jan. 30, 1776, post.)]
Cambridge, December 18, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your Favours, the first of the 28th. Ulto. and the two last of the 9th. Inst., with their Inclosures, I received. I am happy to hear of your being better and heartily wish that you may soon be perfectly recovered from your Indisposition.74
[Note 74: These letters are in the Washington Papers. Schuyler's of November 18 describes General Carleton's escape: "The Evening before General Montgomery landed on the Island of Montreal, Mr. Carleton embarked his Garrison on Board of some Vessels and small Craft, and made two Attempts to pass our Batteries near the Mouth of Sorel, but was driven back by Colo. Easton, who has behaved with Bravery and much Alertness: On the 19th Mr. Carleton, disguised as En Canadien, and accompanied by six Pea ants, found Means to make his Escape, Brigadier-General Prescott surrendered next Day by Capitulation."] Resolve of Congress, December 7, 1775, Limiting Washington's Authority
to Call Out the New England Militia
I should have been very glad, if Mr. Carleton had not made his Escape. I trust e'er long he will be in our Hands, as I think we shall get Possession of Quebec, from whence he will not easily get away.
I am much concerned for Mr. Allen, and that he should be treated with such Severity. I beg that you will have the Matter and Manner of his Treatment strictly inquired into, and transmit me an Account of the same, and whether General Prescot was active and instrumental in occasioning it. From your Letter, and General Montgomery's to you, I am led to think he was. If so, he is deserving of our particular Notice, and should experience some Marks of our Resentment for his Cruelty to this Gentleman, and his Violation of the Rights of Humanity.
As some of the Prisoners have attempted to escape, I doubt not of your giving necessary Orders, that they may be prevented. It is a Matter that should be attended to.
In a Letter from the Reverend Doctor Wheelock of Dartmouth College, of the 2nd. Instt., I had the following Intelligence. "That the Day before, two Soldiers returning from Montreal, informed him, that our Officers were assured by a Frenchman, (a Captain of the Artillery whom they had taken Captive) that Major Rogers75 was second in Command under General Carl ton, and that he had been in an Indian Habit through our Encampment at St. John's; had given a Plan to them to the Generals, and supposed that he made his Escape with the Indians that were at St. John's." You will be pleased to have this Report examined into, and acquaint me as to the Authenticity or Probity of the Truth of it. If any Circumstances can be discovered to induce a Belief that he was there, he should be apprehended. He is now in this Government.
[Note 75: Maj. Robert Rogers, of Rogers Rangers, the famous frontier corps of the British Army in the French and Indian War. By the time of the American Revolution he was advanced in years, and though he sided with the British he accomplished nothing in an active way.]
The Congress have sent me several Accounts against the Rifle Companies, one of which is against Captain Morgan, which I inclose you, and desire it may be transmitted to Colo. Arnold, who will have proper Steps taken for the Payment of it, as Captain Morgan is with him.
I flatter myself that your next Favour will give me an Account of General Montgomery's joining Colo. Arnold and that Quebec is or soon will be reduced to our Possession. Should our Arms be crowned with such Success, to me it appears, that Administration will be much embarrrassed and stand in a very disagreeable Predicament. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 20, 1775.
Parole Fairfax. Countersign Woodford.
In Consequence of a Complaint exhibited by the Colonels and commanding Officers of Corps, in the Brigade upon Winter hill, on the 20th. of October last, against Commissary Genl. Trumbull; His Excellency is pleased to order a Court of enquiry to sit to morrow at Eleven in the fore-noon, to examine into the Cause thereof--Major General Putnam, with the Brigadiers Sullivan, Green and Heath, to compose the Court of enquiry--All Evidences and Persons concerned to attend the Court--The Court will sit at Genl. Putnam's house, the Judge Advocate to attend.
Cambridge, December 20, 1775.
Sir: The Letter accompanying this was wrote before your favor of the 19th. pr. Express came to hand. Under my present Instructions, and more especially in my present situation, I could not justify the Sending a Regiment from these lines to you; unless there was an apparent design of Landing a body of Ministerial Troops on Rhode Island; at present I do not think this is to be apprehended, as a deserter out of Boston since my last, is particular in declaring that only four Companies, amounting to little more than 100 Men, Embarked as was said for Halifax; agreeing with others that Invalids and the Officers of the 18th and 59th Regts. who are going home to recruit, had sailed for England.
The intention of my last, containing the Information as it was received, was only designed to put you upon your guard, not that I expected a Visit was intended you. If any small body of Troops move from hence, Southerly, I have no expectation of their Stopping short of Virginia; unless it should be on a Pillaging party. To conclude Sir, when I inform you, that I have been obliged to call in 5000 Militia, to supply the deficiency of the Connecticut Regiments and those absent upon Furlough, you will do me the justice to believe, that not a want of inclination but of ability, prevents me from complying with your request; unless as is before observed, I had some obvious reasons to believe, the Visit of more men, than we are well assured are embarked, was intended for your Government. I am with very great esteem and Regard, Sir &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 23, 1775.
Parole London. Countersign Livery.
The Colonels and commanding Officers of the new established Regiments, will each of them receive on Monday next from the Adjt. Genl. a Warrant for Eight hundred Dollars, to pay their men for their Blankets; an exact Account of the distribution of this money is to be kept, and render'd when called for, particularizing the mens names, the Companies they belong to, and the towns they come from.
The Captains of the Militia Companies are again called upon to make out exact return Rolls of their men specifying the towns they come from, and the Regiment they are joined to.
The General expects from the Officers, and Soldiers, a strict obedience to the general standing Orders, forbidding rambling from Camp without leave, and hopes every person will exert himself in his particular station, to preserve Order, and that alertness, so necessary in an Army within Cannon Shot of their enemy.
Cambridge, December 23, 1775.
Sir: Notwithstanding the great pains taken by the Quarter Master General, to procure Blankets for the Army, he finds it impossible to procure a number sufficient. he has tried the different places to the Southward without success, as what were there, are engaged to supply the wants of the Troops in each place.
Our Soldiers are in great distress and I know of no way to remedy the evil, than applying to you, cannot some be got from the different Towns; most houses could spare one, some of them many. If your Honble. House will please to take this affair under your immediate consideration and by some means or other procure as many as can be spared from the House Keepers, you will do infinite Service to this Army and very much oblige.76 Your etc.
[Note 76: The same letter was sent to the New Hampshire Legislature, Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, and Gov. Nicholas Cooke. Cooke succeeded in collecting 180 blankets.]
Cambridge, December 24, 1775.
Dear Sir: Your Favour of the 15th. Instt. came Yesterday to Hand, with Copies and Extracts of your late Letters to Congress. I have with great Attention perused them. I am very sorry to find by several Paragraphs, that both you and General Montgomery incline to quit the Service. Let me ask you, Sir, when is the Time for brave Men to exert themselves in the Cause of Liberty and their Country, if this is not? Should any Difficulties that they may have to encounter, at this important Crisis, deter them? God knows, there is not a Difficulty that you both very justly complain of, that I have not in an eminent Degree experienced, that I am not every Day experiencing; but we must bear up against them, and make the best of Mankind as they are, since we cannot have them as we wish. Let me, therefore, conjure you and Mr. Montgomery, to lay aside such Thoughts, Thoughts injurious to yourselves, excessively so to your Country, which calls aloud for Gentlemen of your Abilities.
You mention in your Letter to Congress of the 20th. Ulto. that the Cloathing was to remain at Albany, as General Montgomery would provide the Troops in Canada. I wish they could be spared for this Army, for we cannot get Clothing for half of our Troops. Let me hear from you on this Subject as soon as possible.
The Proofs you have of the Ministry's Intention to engage the Savages against us, are incontrovertable.77 We have other Confirmations of it, by several Dispatches from John Stuart, the Superintend ant for the Southern District, which luckily fell into my Hands, being found on Board a Sloop, sent by Lord Dunmore, bound to Boston. She was taken by one of our armed Vessels. These, with many Letters of Consequence from his Lordship, I have lately sent to the Congress.
[Note 77: Schuyler wrote to Washington (December 15) informing him of Guy Johnson's efforts to rouse the Six Nations against the Colonies. Schuyler had written to Congress (December 14) to the same effect.]
I hope soon to hear that Colonel Knox has made good Progress in forwarding the Artillery. It is much wanting for the Works we have lately thrown up. I have wrote a Letter the 18th. Instt. to General Howe respecting Mr. Allen, of which, and the Answer you have Copies inclosed. I am, With great Regard, Sir, Yours, &c.
Headquarters, Cambridge, December 24, 1775.
Parole Alfred. Countersign Hopkins.
By order of his Excellency General Washington, a Board of General Officers sat yesterday in Cambridge, and unanimously recommended the following Rations to be delivered in the manner hereby directed--Viz: Corn'd Beef and Pork, four days in a week. Salt Fish one day, and fresh Beef two days. As Milk cannot be procured during the Winter Season, the Men are to have one pound and a half of Beef, or eighteen Ounces of Pork pr. day. Half pint of Rice, or a pint of Indian Meal pr Week--One Quart of Spruce Beer pr day, or nine Gallons of Molasses to one hundred Men pr week. Six pounds of Candles to one hundred Men pr week, for guards. Six Ounces of Butter, or nine Ounces of Hogs-Lard pr week. Three pints of Pease, or Beans pr man pr week, or Vegetables equivalent, allowing Six Shillings pr Bushel for Beans, or Pease--two and eight pence pr Bushel for Onions--One and four pence pr Bushel for Potatoes and Turnips--One pound of Flour pr man each day--Hard Bread to be dealt out one day in a week, in lieu of Flour.
The above allowance is ordered to be issued by the Commissary General to all the Troops of the United Colonies, serving in this department; until the Honble. the Continental Congress, or the Commander in Chief thinks proper to alter it.
Capt. Wentworth Stewart of Col Phinney's Regt. tried at a General Court Martial whereof Col. Bricket was president, for "disobedience of Orders, and gross abuse to Lieut. Col. March, of the said Regiment"--The Court are unanimously of opinion that Capt. Stewart is guilty of repeated abuse to Lieut. Col. March, and therefore adjudge that he ask pardon of Col. March; before all the Officers of the Regiment, and at the same time receive a severe reprimand from Col Phinney--
John Wales in Capt. Williams Company, Col. Greaton's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial for "robbing the Qr. Master General's Store"; The Court find the Prisoner guilty of a Breach of the 49th. Article for regulating the Massachusetts Army, and therefore adjudge him to receive Ten Lashes upon the bare back, with a Cat o' Nine-tails.
The General approves the above Sentences and Orders them to be executed the first fair day.
Cambridge, December 25, 1775.
Sir: I had the Honor to address myself to you the 19th instant; since which I have received undoubted Information, that the genuine instructions given to Conolly, have not reached your hands, that they are very artfully concealed in the tree of his Saddle and covered with canvass so nicely that they are scarcely discerned, that those which were found upon him, are intended to deceive if he should be caught; you will certainly have his Saddle taken to peices in order to discover this deep laid plot.78 Inclosed is a Copy of General Howe's Letter in Answer to the one I wrote him the 18th instant; The Conduct I am to observe towards Brigadier Prescott, in consequence of these Letters, the Congress will Oblige me by determining for me. The Gentlemen by whom you sent the Money are arrived; the sum they brought tho' large, is not sufficient to answer the demands for
[Note 78: Ford notes that Allen Cameron, Dr. John Smith (or Smyth), and John Connolly were apprehended at Hagerstown, Md., by the committee of Frederick County, Md., and some incriminating documents found on them. Connolly had been commissioned by Gage to raise a company in the back country and Canada and was arrested when on his way to the Delaware Indians bearing a speech from Dunmore to enlist their efforts against the colonists. Cameron was to be appointed a lieutenant and Smith a surgeon in the new company. Both were Scotchmen. Connolly was kept a prisoner till the end of the war. A narrative of his experience is printed in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (1888--89).] the Army, which at this time are remarkably heavy. There is three months pay due; one month advance; Two Dollars for each Blanket; The Arms which are left by those who are dismissed, to be paid for, besides the demands on the Commissary and Quarter Master Generals. You will therefore see the necessity of another remittance, which I beg may be soon as you conveniently can.
I will take the Opportunity of the return of these Gentlemen to send Col: Kirkland to you for examination and that you may dispose of him, as to you may seem proper.
A Committee from the General Court of this Province called on me the other day, Informing me, that they were in great want of Ordinance for the defence of the Colony. That if what belonged to them, now in use here, was kept for the Continent, they will be under the necessity of providing themselves with others. Of course what is kept, must be paid for. There are many of the Cannon, of very little use, But such of them as are good, I cannot at present part with; perhaps when I receive the supply from New York and Canada, It may be in my power. Mr. Wadsworth79 has sent in his report respecting Cape Cod Harbour, Copy of which you will receive herewith; also a Letter which Colonel Little put into my hands from a Mr. Jacob Bailey to him, It contains some things that may be worthy the consideration of Congress.
[Note 79: Peleg Wadsworth.]
We have made good Progress in the Works on Leechmore's Point, they would have been er'e this finished, but for the severity of the Weather, which prevents our people from Working.
I received a Letter from Governor Cooke, which expresses the fears of the People of Rhode Island, least the Ships which we had Information were sailed with some Troops on Board were destined for Newport; I sent Major General Lee there, to point out to them, such defence as he may think the place capable of, I sincerely wish he may be able to do it with effect, as that place in its present State is an Asylum for such as are disaffected to America Liberty80 Our return of Inlistments to this day amount to 8500 men. I have the Honor &ca.
[Note 80: Intelligence had been received from Boston that eight large ships and two small ones sailed out of the harbor on the 16th. Four days afterwards General Lee set off for Newport, attended by a guard and a party of riflemen. He went and returned through Providence, and was absent from camp 10 days. Besides giving directions respecting the fortifications and other means of defense at Newport, he called before him several obnoxious persons, and tendered to them the oath of fidelity to the country. Two customhouse officers and another person, refusing to take the oath. were put under guard and sent to Providence-- Sparks.]
P.S. Inclosed is an Estimate of the demands of the Army.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Stephen Moylan.]
A gross calculation of the sum wanted to pay off the army upon the old establishment and to pay one month's pay advance to the new established regiments, with the other necessary contingent and incidental charges.
N. B. The five Connecticut regiments upon the old establishment are not included in the above account, they being gone home, and will be cleared off by the colony. The above and foregoing Estimate sent to the Hon. John Hancock in the letter which is entered before it.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 26, 1775.
Parole Baltimore. Countersign Lux.
A Court of enquiry, consisting of Major Genl. Putnam, President, and Brigadiers Genl. Heath, Sullivan, and Greene members, held by Order of His Excellency the General, to examine into the Cause of a Complaint exhibited by a number of Field Officers, and others in Genl. Sullivan's Brigade, against the Commissary General, Joseph Trumbull Esqr. The Articles in the Complaint were--
First, "For not delivering out the back allowance of Peas, or the value thereof in money, to the Officers and Men."
Second. "For taking in Onions at 2s/8d and delivering them out at 4 Shillings." And
Third. "For taking in Potatoes at 1s/4d and delivering them out at 2 Shillings."
The Court on mature Consideration beg leave to report to his Excellency, that the first Article of the Charge is groundless; that the Second and third Articles are confess'd by the Commissary General, and though the Court are fully satisfied, there was not the least design of Fraud in Mr. Trumbull, they are unanimously of Opinion, that the measure was pernicious and injudicious.
The General approves of the proceedings of the above Court of enquiry.
At a Court of enquiry held at Roxbury to examine into the Conduct of Major Parke84 D: Q: M: Genl. whereof Col Jedediah Huntington was President, for "forcibly quartering Troops in the house of Major Thompson"--The Court were of Opinion that Major Parke conducted himself in obedience to his Orders, and as the Necessity of the Case required.
[Note 84: Maj. John Parke, Deputy Quartermaster General of the Continental Army; his majority was a staff rank. He became an ensign in the Second Pennsylvania Battalion in May, 1776; was advanced to first lieutenant in 1779; died of wounds received at the Block House, Toms River, N. J., in July, 1780.]
Thomas Trefry of Capt. Glovers Company, in Col. Glovers Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial for "Desertion" is found guilty and order'd to pay Twenty Shillings Lawful Money, to be appropriated according to the Rules and Regulations of the Massachusetts Army--
The General approves the proceedings of the Court of enquiry, held on Major Parke, and of the Sentence of the General Court Martial above mentioned, and orders it to take place accordingly--
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 27, 1775.
Parole Annapolis. Countersign Chace.
The Regimental Quarter Masters are forthwith to settle with and give receipts to the Commissary General, or his deputies, the day they next draw, they are to take the whole of the Provisions and weekly allowance, then due.
The Colonels, who have purchased Cloathing at the Qr Mr. General's Store, for the Use of their Men, are directed to discharge their respective Debts, out of the Monies they are about to receive, in behalf of their respective Corps.
The Colonels of the New established Regiments, to order their Recruiting Officers to send all the Recruits, they have raised, to their respective Regiments at Roxbury, and Cambridge, by the first day of January next.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 28, 1775.
Parole Jamaica. Countersign Price.
As the time is just at hand, when the Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island Troops (not again inlisted) will be released from their present Engagement, the General recommends to them to consider, what may be the Consequence of their abrupt departure from the lines; should any Accident happen to them, before the New Army gets greater Strength, they not only fix eternal disgrace upon themselves as Soldiers, but inevitable Ruin perhaps upon their Country and families.
It is from no dislike to the Conduct of the Officers that the General requests the Men to stay without them, but in the first place, because it is unnecessary to burthen the Continent with a greater number of Officers than are requisite to the men; and in the next, because it retards the forming and the proper Government of the new regiments. Those Non-Commissioned Officers and Soldiers therefore, who have their Country's welfare so much at heart, as to stay 'till the last of January, if necessary, may join any Company in any of the new established Regiments they please, provided they do not increase the Number of Rank and File in such Company, to more than Seventy-six Men, more than which no Company is to exceed--All the Officers and Soldiers at present of other Regiments, but appointed to, or inlisted in Cols. Learned's, Parsons, Joseph Reads, Huntingtons, Wards, Wyllys and Bailey's Regiments, are to join them to morrow, at which time any Officer or Soldier, in either of those Regiments which belongeth to other Regiments under the new Establishment are to join: In like manner all the Officers and Soldiers (under the New establishment) who belong to Colonels, Prescot, Glover's, Patterson's, Sergeants, Phinney's, Arnolds, Greatons and Baldwin's Regiments, are to join on Saturday next; when any Officers, or Soldiers, in either of those Regiments, belonging to other Regiments, are also to remove to them--On Sunday the same Change is to take place with respect to Colonels, James Read, Nixon's, Stark's, Whitcomb's, Poors, Varnum's, Hitchcocks, Littles, Webbs, Bonds, and Huchinson's Regiment.
It is recommended to the Colonels of each of the above nam'd Regiments, to send Officers at the time appointed, to receive and march the Men from the Regiments they are inlisted out of, to those they are to join, that it may be effected with more regularity and ease, and the change made with as little confusion as possible.
It is expected of such Men as are determin'd not to continue in the Service, another Campaign, that they will sell their Blankets to those who do, and are in want of them, the same thing is also recommended to the Militia.
In appraising the Arms, the General expects, that they be number'd and mark'd, in such manner, as the Owners of them and the prices, may at any time be ascertain'd upon the delivery of them by the Commissary of the Stores--All Arms thus appraised, and taken for the Use of the Public, must be delivered into the Care of the Commissary of the Ordnance Stores, but may be redrawn immediately, if the Colonel will pass his Receipt for them and account for the delivery to his men.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 29, 1775.
Parole Providence. Countersign Salem.
The Commissary General having estimated the value of the different Species of Provisions, which constitute a Ration under the Continental Allowance, and finding it to amount to seven pence, half-penny lawful Money--The General having seen the said Estimate, approves of it, and orders that they be settled with accordingly.
The General was in great hopes that a sufficient Sum of money, would have been sent from Philadelphia, to have paid the troops for the Month of October, November and December, but is sorry to inform them, that there is no more yet arrived than will allow one Months pay--The advanced-pay to the New Army and Blanket Money--furnishing at the same time the Commissary and Qr. Mr. Generals, with such sums as are necessary for conducting business--The General has already wrote express to Congress for more money, and hopes speedily to be furnish'd with a sufficient Sum to pay them in full.
Particular Care is to be taken, by the Colonels and commanding Officers of Corps, not to suffer any Ammunition to be carried off, by the discharged Men, but that the same be collected and delivered, to the new Recruits if necessary, if not, to the Commissary of stores.
Cambridge, December 29, 1775.
Gentn.: Having never considered the four independent Companies, which have been doing duty at Braintree, Weymouth and Hingham, in the same point of view, as the rest of the Army; altho some orders may have gone to or for them, Thro' the hurry of business, nor Included them in my returns to Congress, according to the Brigade Major's report from Roxbury; I do not think myself authorised to direct pay for them, without first laying the matter before Congress, which I shall do, by inclosing an exact transcript of your representation of the case, with this single remark, that is they were not Regimented, and were doing duty at some distance from these Camps; I did not know whether to consider them, as part of the Continental Army, and therefore had not ordered them payment heretofore.85
[Note 85: Ford notes Samuel Adams's letter to John Adams (Jan. 15--16, 1776) on this point: "I have the opportunity of acquainting you that Congress has just received a letter from General Washington enclosing a copy of an application of our General Assembly to him to order payment to four companies stationed at Braintree, Weymouth and Hingham. The General says they were never regimented, and he cannot comply with the request of the Assembly without the direction of Congress: A committee is appointed to consider the letter, of which I am one. I fear there will be a difficulty, and therefore I shall endeavor to prevent a report on this part of the letter, unless I see a prospect of justice being done to the Colony, fill I can receive from you authentic evidence of those companies having been actually employed by the Continental officers, as I conceive they have been in the service of the Continent. I wish you would inform me whether the two companies stationed at Chelsea and Malden were paid out of the Continent's chest. I suppose they were; and if so, I cannot see reason for any hesitation about the payment of these."]
With respect to the other requisition, contained in your Resolve of the 20, I do not think myself at Liberty to extend the guards of this Camp, beyond Squantum and Chelsea, both fit places for Observation. This was my Sentiment of the matter, when the Committee did me the honor to call yesterday; But as it appeared to be of some importance to this Government, I did not care to determine upon it, without asking the opinion of some of the Principal Officers in this Army, whose sentiments I am happy to find, coincide with my own.
This might be assigned as one among other reasons, to shew that I did not consider these four Companies as part of the Continental Troops; That there were times, in the course of the past Summer, when I should not have Suffered them to have remained at the places they were posted, If I had conceived myself vested with Power to have withdrawn them.
I would not have it inferred from hence, that I do not think it my duty and with the greatest chearfullness, shall undertake to March Troops, If these Lines are not be exposed by it, to any Place in this or the Neighbouring Governments, to oppose an Invasion; But whilst the body of the Ministerial Troops continue in Boston, and the Circumstances of this Army remain as they are, It must be my first object to guard these Lines. I am with great respect. Gentn. &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, December 30, 1775.
Parole Marblehead. Countersign Manly.
As the want of a timely supply of Cash, has prevented the discharged Men, from receiving more than one Months pay at this time, the Qr Mr. General may withold his Accounts until the next payment, when his Charges against the several Regiments must be paid.
The Commissary General is to serve provisions, or the Value thereof, to the discharged Men to carry them home, allowing one Ration for every twenty Miles, they have to march.
As the General is informed, that Numbers of Free Negroes are desirous of inlisting, he gives leave to the recruiting Officers to entertain them, and promises to lay the matter before the Congress, who he doubts not will approve of it.
The Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Hampshire Regiments upon the old establishment, to parade to morrow morning at ten OClock upon their respective Regimental parades, where they will hear and receive the Commander in Chief's directions.
Such of the Non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers, who presume to carry off their Arms, contrary to the express Orders of the General, and to the most pressing demand of their Country, may depend upon it they will be mulcted all the pay and Ration Money now due to them.
Cambridge, December 31, 1775.
Sir: I wrote you the 25th. instant, since which I am not honored with any your favors. The estimate I then inclosed you was calculated to pay the Troops &ca. up to the 1st. of January: that cannot be done for want of funds in the Pay Master General's hands, which causes a great murmuring amongst those who are going off. The Monthly expences of this Army amount to near 275,000 Dollars, which I take the Liberty of recommending to the Observation of Congress, that their future remittances may be Governed thereby.
It sometimes happens that persons would wish to deposit money in the Hands of the Paymaster General for his Bills on the Treasury in Philadelphia: he has hitherto declined such Offers, not having authority from Congress to draw; would it not be proper to give this Power? If it should be approved of, you will be pleased to point out the mode; that the Congress would chuse to have it done in.86 The Clothing sent the Quarter Master General, is not sufficient to put half of our Army into Regimentals, nor is there a possibility of getting any Quantity here, I have wrote to Genl. Schuyler that I wish what was lodged at Albany, could be spared for these Troops, as General Montgomery would cloth the Men under his Command, at Montreal. If this can be done, It will be of infinite service, and no time should be lost in forwarding them to this Camp. In forming the Regiments for the New Establishment, I thought it but Justice to appoint the Officers detached under Col: Arnold, to commissions in them. Their absence at present is of very great detriment, especially in recruiting. I would therefore wish if the Congress intend raising Troops in or for Canada, that they could be taken in there: The sooner I have their Opinion of this matter, the better; That if they can be commissioned in Canada, I may appoint Officers here to replace them. Inclosed you have a Copy of a Representation sent to me by the Legislative Body of this Province, respecting four companies stationed at Braintree, Weymouth and Hingham; as they were never Regimented and were doing duty at a distance from the rest of the Army, I did not know whether to consider them as part of it, nor do I think myself authorized to direct payment for them without the approbation of Congress.
[Note 86: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 16, 1776.]
It has been represented to me, that the free Negroes who have served in this Army, are very much disatisfied at being discarded. As it is to be apprehended that they may seek employ in the Ministerial Army, I have presumed to depart from the Resolution respecting them and have given licence for their being enlisted, If this is disapproved by Congress I shall put a stop to it.87
[Note 87: Congress resolved (January 16): "That the free negroes who have served faithfully in the army at Cambridge, may be re-inlisted therein, but no others."]
I believe Colonel Gridly expects to be continued as Chief Engineer in this Army. It is very certain we have no one here better Qualified, he has done very little hitherto in that department, But if the Congress chuse to appoint him, I will take care that he pays a proper attention to it. Before I quit this Subject I must remark, that the pay of the Assistant Engineers is so very small, that we cannot expect Men of Science will engage in it, those Gentlemen who are in that station, remained under the expectation that an Additional allowance would be made them by the respective provinces in which they were appointed, to that allowed by Congress.
Capt: Freeman88 arrived this day at Camp from Canada, he left Quebec the 24th. Ulto. in consequence of General Carleton's proclamation, which I have the Honor to send you herewith.89 he saw Col: Arnold the 26th. and says that he was joined by General Montgomery at point Aux Tremble the 1st. instant; that they were about 2000 strong, and were making every preparation for attacking Quebec. That General Carleton had with him about 1200 men, the majority Sailors.
[Note 88: Capt. Edmund Freeman(?), of the New Hampshire Militia.]
[Note 89: A copy of Carleton's proclamation, a broadside, printed in English and French, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
That it was his Opinion the French would give up the place, If they get the same conditions granted to the Inhabitants of Montreal.
Capt: Adams of the Warren Armed Schooner sent into Marblehead, the Sloop Sally bound from Lisbon to New York, laden with 2 pipes and 126 Quarter Casks of Wine, the Sloop was made a prize by the Niger Man of War, some where near Bermuda, the Captain of which put his mate and five hands on Board with Orders to proceed to Boston, the Sloop and Cargoe belong to Mr. Peter Barberie of Perth Amboy in New Jersey.
Captains Simple and Harbison take under then care Mr. Kirkland who appears to be a more illiterate and simple man, than his strong recommendations bespoke him.
Captain Mathews and Mr. Robinson will accompany them, the two latter were prisoners taken by Lord Dunmore, who was sending them to Boston, from whence there is little doubt but that they would be forwarded to England, to which place I am credibly informed Captain Martindale and the crew of the Washington are sent, also Col. Allen and the Prisoners taken with him in Canada; this may account for General Howe's silence on the Subject of an Exchange of Prisoners mentioned in my Letter to him.
General Lee is just returned from his excursion to Rhode Island, he has pointed out the best method the Island would admit of for its defence, he has endeavoured all in his power, to make friends of those that were our Enemies; you have inclosed a specimen of his Abilities in that way for your perusal, I am of opinion that if the same plan was pursued through every Province, It would have a very good effect.90
[Note 90: "He [Lee] has taken the Tories in hand and sworn them by a very solemn oath that they would not, for the future, grant any supplies to the enemy, directly or indirectly, nor give them any kind of intelligence, nor suffer it to be done by others, without giving information." (See Greene's Life of Nathanael Greene, vol. 1, p. 125.)]
I have long had it on my mind to mention to Congress, that frequent applications had been made to me respecting the Chaplain's pay, which is too small to encourage men of Abilities. Some of them who have left their Flocks, are Obliged to pay the parson acting for them more than they receive. I need not point out the great utility of Gentlemen whose lives and conversation are unexceptionable, being employed for that service in this Army. There are two ways of making it worth the Attention of such; one is, an advancement of their pay, the other, that one Chaplain be appointed to two regiments; this last I think may be done without Inconvenience,91 I beg leave to recommend this matter to Congress whose sentiments thereon I shall impatiently expect.
[Note 91: Congress resolved (January 16) that there should be one chaplain to every two regiments, and that his pay should be $331/3 a month.]
Upon a further conversation with Captain Freeman, he is of Opinion that General Montgomery has with him near 3000 men including Col. Arnolds; he says that Lord Pitt had received repeated orders from his father to return Home; in consequence of which he had embarked some time in October, with a Captain Greene, who was Master of a Vessel belonging to Philadelphia.
By a number of Salutes in Boston Harbour yesterday, I fancy Admiral Shuldham is arrived; two large Ships were seen coming in. Our Inlistments now amount to 9,650. The Gentlemen who were made Prisoners of by Lord Dunmore being left destitute of Money and necessaries, I have advanced them one hundred Pounds lawful money, belonging to the Public, for which I have taken Captain Mathew's draft on the Treasury of Virginia, which goes inclosed. I am &ca.92
[Note 92: In the writing of Stephen Moylan. The letter sent inclosed the estimate printed following the letter]
*AN ESTIMATE OF THE CHARGE AND EXPENCE OF AN
ARMY COMPOSED OF 15,000 PRIVATE MEN, WITH THE
GENERAL, AND STAFF OFFICERS NECESSARY FOR
SUCH A BODY OF INFANTRY
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 1, 1776.
Parole The Congress. Countersign America.
This day giving commencement to the new army, which, in every point of View is entirely Continental, The General flatters himself, that a laudable Spirit of emulation, will now take place, and pervade the whole of it; without such a Spirit, few Officers have ever arrived to any degree of Reputation, nor did any Army ever become formidable: His Excellency hopes that the Importance of the great Cause we are engaged in, will be deeply impressed upon every Man's mind, and wishes it to be considered, that an Army without Order, Regularity and Discipline, is no better than a Commission'd Mob; Let us there fore, when every thing dear and valuable to Freemen is at stake; when our unnatural Parent is threat'ning of us with destruction from every quarter, endeavour by all the Skill and Discipline in our power, to acquire that knowledge, and conduct, which is necessary in War--Our Men are brave and good; Men who with pleasure it is observed, are addicted to fewer Vices than are commonly found in Armies; but it is Subordination and Discipline (the Life and Soul of an Army) which next under providence, is to make us formidable to our enemies, honorable in ourselves, and respected in the world; and herein is to be shewn the Goodness of the Officer--
In vain is it for a General to issue Orders, if Orders are not attended to, equally vain is it for a few Officers to exert them selves, if the same Spirit does not animate the whole; it is there fore expected, (it is not insisted upon) that each Brigadier, will be attentive to the discipline of his Brigade, to the exercise of, and the Conduct observed in it, calling the Colonels, and Field Officers of every Regiment, to severe Account for Neglect, or Disobedience of orders--The same attention is to be paid by the Field Officers to the respective Companies of their Regiments--by the Captains to their Subalterns, and so on: And that the plea of Ignorance, which is no excuse for the Neglect of Orders (but rather an Aggravation) may not be offer'd, It is order'd, and directed, that not only every regiment, but every Company, do keep an Orderly-book, to which frequent recourse is to be had, it being expected that all standing orders be rigidly obeyed, until alter'd or countermanded--It is also expected, that all Orders which are necessary to be communicated to the Men, be regularly read, and carefully explained to them.--As it is the first wish of the General to have the business of the Army conducted without punishment, to accomplish which, he assures every Officer, and Soldier, that as far as it is in his power, he will reward such as particularly distinguish themselves; at the same time, he declares that he will punish every kind of neglect, or misbehaviour, in an exemplary manner.
As the great Variety of occurrences, and the multiplicity of business, in which the General is necessarily engaged, may withdraw his attention from many objects and things which might be improved to Advantage; He takes this Opportunity of declaring, that he will thank any Officer, of whatsoever Rank, for any useful hints, or profitable Informations, but to avoid trivial matters; as his time is very much engrossed, he requires that it may be introduced through the channel of a General Officer, who is to weigh the importance before he communicates it.
All standing Orders heretofore issued for the Government of the late Army, of which every Regiment has, or ought to have Copies; are to be strictly complied with, until changed, or countermanded.
Every Regiment now upon the new establishment, is to give in signed by the Colonel, or commanding Officer, an exact List of the Commissioned Officers, in order that they may receive Commissions--particular Care to be taken that no person is included as an Officer, but such as have been appointed by proper authority; any Attempt of that kind in the New-Army, will bring severe punishment upon the author. The General will, upon any Vacancies that may happen, receive recommendations, and give them proper Consideration, but the Congress alone are competent to the appointment.
An exact Return of the strength of each Regiment, is to be given in, as soon as possible, distinguishing the Number of Militia, and such of the old Regiments, as have joined for a Month only, from the established men of the Regiment.
This being the day of the Commencement of the New-establishment, The General pardons all the Offences of the old, and commands all Prisoners (except Prisoners of war) to be immediately released.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 2, 1776.
Parole Holland. Countersign William.
That every Officer may be perfectly well acquainted with the establishment of the present Army, in Order that they may be govern'd by it, and make the Returns agreeable thereto--The General informs them, that each Regiment is to consist of a Colonel, a Lieut. Colonel, a Major, eight Companies, an Adjutant, a Quarter Master, Surgeon and a Surgeon's Mate; whether a Chaplain will be allowed to each Regiment, or one to two Regiments is yet to be determined; each Company is to consist of a Captain, a first and Second Lieutenant, an Ensign, four Serjeants, four Corporals, a Drummer and Fifer, and Seventy-six Privates, and no more, under any pretence, or plea whatsoever.
As the weekly Returns which are order'd to be given in every Saturday are very irregularly made, oftentimes, not before Monday, the General desires that the Commanding Officer of every Corps, will be exact in delivering them to the respective Brigade Major, every Saturday at Orderly time, who is to be answerable to the Adjutant General for any neglect, or breach of this Order--For the last time it is strongly recommended to those Officers, to examine the Returns thoroughly before they sign, and deliver them to the Major of Brigade, whether Pay Rolls, Muster Rolls, Weekly Returns, or Returns of any other kind, that are demanded; as Negligences will not be overlooked, and false Returns punished with the utmost severity.
The General is apprehensive, that more Men are absent upon Furlough, than are allowed by the General Orders, if so, he desires the Colonels, and commanding Officers, of such Regiments, to rectify the mistake without Loss of time, and for a due Regulation of this matter, in future no Soldier is to be absent without leave in writing, signed by the Commanding Officer of the Regiment he belongs to, and a Register thereof made in the Regimental Book, which Furlough is to be delivered to the said Commanding Officers, so soon as he returns; and if it should appear that any Soldier has overstay'd his time, without just Reason, a Note thereof is to be made in said book, and a Furlough denied him upon a future application, besides suffering such punishment, as may by a Regimental Court Martial be inflicted.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 3,97 1776.
[Note 97: On January 3 Washington wrote to Jonathan Glover, Continental agent at Marblehead, William Bartlett, agent at Beverly, and William Watson, at Plymouth, directing them to comply with the resolves of Congress governing the libel of prizes and to push the trial of all cases that prize money might be distributed to the captors.]
Parole Woodford. Countersign Norfolk.
The Continental Rules and Articles (as lately amended) for the better Government of the Troops of the Thirteen United Colonies, are now to take place; all Trials are therefore to be under those Articles; and in Compliance with the first, all Officers are to subscribe them.--Each Colonel, or Commanding Officer of a Regiment, or Corps is to send to the Adjutant General for a set for each Company, and one for himself, and Officers to subscribe, which last, is to be returned in, when the Commissions are given out--These Articles are to be read to the men by an Officer of a Company, at least once a week; This to be considered as a standing order.
The Commissary of Stores, is immediately to make a General Return of all the Stores, under his care here, and at Roxbury, in doing which, he is to be very exact--An Account of the Arms, is wanted without delay.
It was with no small degree of Surprise, that the General Yesterday saw, after the repeated Orders, that had been given for having the Tents (so soon as the Barracks were fit to be enter'd) returned to the Qt. Mr. General, several of them standing uninhabited, and in a disgraceful, ruinous Situation, and moreover, hears, that others serve only for bedding--The Officers who have suffered this Neglect, are informed, that this is the last admonition, that will be given on this head.
It is expected that the Commanding Officers of Regiments, will be exceedingly attentive to the training, exercising and disciplining their men; bringing them as soon as possible acquainted with the different Evolutions and Manoeuvres, necessary to be practiced; and as nothing reflects more disgrace upon an Officer, or is more pernicious and dangerous in itself, than suffering Arms to be in bad order; the General assures the Officers and Men, that he will never overlook, or pardon, a neglect of this kind--There are many practices in Regular Service, highly worthy of Imitation, but none more essential than this, and keeping Soldiers always clean and neat: The first, is absolutely necessary for self-preservation; the other, for health and appearance; for if a Soldier cannot be induced to take pride in his person, he will soon become a Sloven, and indifferent to every thing else--Whilst we have Men therefore who in every respect are superior to mercenary Troops, that are fighting for two pence or three pence a day: Why cannot we in appearance also be superior to them, when we fight for Life, Liberty, Property and our Country?
The Companies now stationed in Cambridge belonging to Col Prescots Regiment, are to march immediately and join their respective Regiment at Sewall's-point--
The Companies now stationed at Sewall's-point, under the Command of Major Wesson,98 are forthwith to march, and take post at Fort No. 1--
[Note 98: Maj. James Wesson, of Gerrish's Massachusetts regiment. He became lieutenant colonel of the Twenty-sixth Continental Infantry, his commission dating back to Jan. 1, 1776, and colonel of the Ninth Massachusetts in November of that year. He was wounded at Monmouth, N.J., and retired in 1781.]
Cambridge, January 4, 1776.
Sir: Since my last of the 31st. ulto. I have been Honored with your favor of the 22d., inclosing sundry resolves, which shall in matters they respect, be made the rule of my conduct.
The Resolution relative to the Troops in Boston, I beg the favor of you Sir to assure Congress, shall be attempted to be put in execution, the first moment I see a probability of success, and in such a way as a Council of Officers shall think most likely to produce it, but if this should not happen as soon as you may expect or my wishes prompt to, I request that Congress will be pleased to advert to my situation, and do me the justice to believe, that circumstances and not want of Inclination are the cause of delay.99 It is not in the pages of History perhaps to furnish a case like ours. To maintain a post within musket shot of the Enemy for six months together [without powder]1 and at the same time to disband one Army and recruit another within that distance of twenty odd British regiments, is more than probably ever was attempted: But if we succeed as well in the latter, as we have hitherto in the former, I shall think it the most fortunate event of my whole Life.
[Note 99: As far back as October Congress bad been considering the idea of an attack on Boston. 'The committee of conference that visited Washington at his camp had submitted a report on the matter, and on Dec. 22, 1775, Congress debated the question in the Committee of the Whole. The resolve adopted that day was: "That if General Washington and his council of war should be of opinion, that a successful attack may be made on the troops in Boston, he may do it in any manner he may think expedient, notwithstanding the town and the property in it may thereby be destroyed."]
[Note 1: Left blank in the original to guard against the danger of miscarriage.]
By a very Intelligent Gentleman a Mr. Hutchinson from Boston, I learn, that it was Admiral Shuldham, that came into the Harbour on Saturday last; That two of the five regiments from Cork are arrived at Halifax. Two others have sailed for Quebec (but what was become of them could not be told) and the other, the 55th had just got into Boston. certain It is also, that the greatest part of the 17th. regiment is arrived there, whether we are to conclude from hence, that more than five Regiments have been sent out, or that the Companies of the 17th arrived at Boston are part of the regiments destined for Halifax, and Quebec, I know not.
We also learn from this Gentleman and others that the Troops embarked for Halifax as mentioned in my Letter of the 16th. were really designed for that place, but recalled from Nantasker road upon advice being received of the arrival of the above Regiments there. I am informed of a Fleet now getting ready, under convoy of the Scarborough and Fowey Men of War, consisting of 5 Transports and 2 Bomb Vessels, with about 300 marines and several flatt Bottom'd Boats. It is whispered that they are designed for Newport, but generally thought in Boston, that they are ment for Long Island; and that it is probable they will be followed by more Troops, as the other Transports are taking in Water and lay, as others say in Nantasker road, to be out of the Ice.
A large Quantity of Biscuit is also baking.
As their real design cannot with certainty be known, I submit it with all due deference to the Superior Judgment of Congress, whether it would not be consistent with prudence to have some of the Jersey Troops, thrown into New York, to prevent an evil, which may be almost irremediable, if it should happen. I mean the landing of Troops at that place or upon long Island near it.
As it is possible you may not yet have received his Majesty's most gracious Speech, I do myself the Honor to enclose one of many, sent out of Boston Yesterday.2 It is full of rancour and
[Note 2: No copy of the King's speech of October 27 has been found in either the Papers of the Continental Congress or the Washington Papers. A contemporary text, apparently a clipping, is among the Great Britain broadsides in the Library of Congress.] resentment against us, and explicitly holds forth his Royal Will to be, that vigorous measures are to be pursued for depriving us of our Constitutional Rights and Liberties. These Measures however Vigorous, I hope will be opposed by more vigorous ones, and rendered fruitless and unavailing, tho' Authorized and sanctified by the Name of Majesty, which ought to promote the happiness of his People and not their Oppression. I am &ca.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, Through inadvertence it was not signed.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 5, 1776
Parole Hancock. Countersign Adams.
The Majors of Brigade, to order the Adjutants to be exact, and punctual, in making their Weekly Returns of the Strenght of each regiment; Also a seperate Return of the Numbers inlisted in the course of last week, at Orderly time to morrow--The weekly Returns to be according to the Form lately sent by the Adjutant General.
The Regimentals, which have been made up, and drawn for, may be delivered to the respective Colonels by the Qr. Mr. General, to the Order of those Colonels, who drew them at such prices, as they have cost the Continent, which is much cheaper than could otherwise be obtained--As nothing adds more to the Appearance of a man, than dress, and a proper degree of cleanliness in his person, the General hopes and expects, that each Regiment will contend for the most Soldier-like appearance: He is also very desirous of having the Men instructed, as speedily as possible in all parts of their duty, and recommends it to all the Colonels, to be very careful in the choice of their Non-Commissioned Officers, and to their Captains, to divide their Companies into small Squads, appointing a Serjeant and Corporal to each, from whom the utmost diligence is expected--Those Serjeants and Corporals are by no means to suffer the Arms, and Accoutrements of any man in their Squads, to be dirty, or unfit for use, and as far as in them lies, to make the men appear neat, clean, and soldier-like--Neglect of duty in these Instances, they may rely upon it will reduce them to the Ranks--These Orders are not intended to exempt the commissioned Officers of the Companies from the strictest attention to these things; on the contrary, as it serves to shew the General's Sollicitude in having the men, and their Arms appear in the best order, it is hoped they will double their diligence.
If Col Brewer5 inclines to accept the appointment of BarrackMaster, he is to proceed directly to discharge the duty of that Office; and as the first business to be done in an Army, is with the Quarter Master of each Regiment, he is to see that the number of men, for which each Barrack was designed; are immediately quartered therein, keeping the Regiments together as much as possible, that every Tent may be delivered into the Quarter Master General's Store.
[Note 5: Col Jonathan Brewer. He commanded a State regiment of Massachusetts artificers in 1776.]
The Regimental Quarter Masters, and their Serjeants, are to cause proper Necessarys to be erected at convenient distances from the Barracks, in which their men are lodged, and see that those necessarys are frequently filled up, any person who shall be discovered easing himself elsewhere, is to be instantly confined and brought before a Regimental Court Martial--They are to cause also the Filth, and Garbage, about the Barracks, to be removed and buried, In short, it is in a particular manner the duty of the Quarter Master, to see that the Barracks are kept clean and sweet; the Victuals properly prepared &c--and although it is the particular business of the Qr Masters, and their Serjeants, to see this done, it is equally necessary, and the duty of the other Officers, to look into this business, as too much care cannot be used in a matter, where the health of the Men so much depends upon it.
Cambridge, January 6, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 1st. Instant, and return you my thanks for the Blankets, and your promise of having more procured, as they are much wanted; I did not see Mr. Hale, who brought them, nor the account, or the money should have been transmitted you by his return. You will be pleased to draw on the Qr. Mr. General, and it shall be immediately paid. I have seen General Lee since his expedition, and hope that Rhode Island will derive some advantage from it.
I am told that Capt. Wallace's6 Ships have been Supplied for some time with provisions by the Town of New Port, on certain conditions stipulated between him and the Committee. When this truce first obtained, perhaps it was right; then there might have been hopes of an accommodation taking Place; But now, when every prospect of it seems to be cut off by his Majesty's late speech, when the Throne, from which we had supplicated redress, breathes forth vengeance and indignation, and a firm determination to remain unalterable in its purposes, and to prosecute the System and plan of ruin formed by the Ministry against us; should not an end be put to it, and every possible method be fallen upon, to prevent their getting necessaries of any kind? We need not expect to Conquer our Enemies by good Offices; and I know not what pernicious consequences may result, from a precedent of this Sort; other places, circumstanced as New Port is, may follow the example, and by that means, their whole Fleet and Army will be furnished, with what it highly concerns us to keep from them.
[Note 6: The inhabitants of Rhode Island furnished Capt. John Wallace with supplies in a similar fashion to that of New York citizens in supplying Governor Tryon and the British ships in New York Harbor. In Rhode Island, however, the matter had, for protection, taken on an aspect of a truce.
As Wallace might "cannonade, and even burn the town, a discretionary power, by a private vote, which it is designed should be kept a profound secret, is given to the commander of the forces on Rhode Island, to permit supplies, in cases of imminent danger, until the next session." (See Governor Cooke's letter to Washington,/Jan. 21, 1776, in the Washington Papers.)]
I received a Letter from Governor Trumbull, of the 1st. Inst., by which I am informed, that the Connecticut Assembly are very unanimous in the Common cause, and, among others, have passed an Act for raising and equipping a fourth of their Militia, to be immediately Selected by voluntary Inlistments; with such other able effective men, as are not included in their Militia Rolls, who incline to inlist, to act as Minute Men for their own, or the defence of any of the United Colonies, and this under proper encouragements. Another Act for restraining and Punishing persons Inimical to us and directing proceedings therein. No person to supply the Ministerial Army or Navy; to give them Intelligence; to Inlist or procure others to inlist in their Service, to pilot their Vessels, or in any way assist them; under pain of forfeiting his Estate, and an Imprisonment not exceeding three years. None to write, speak or Act against the proceedings of Congress, or their Acts of Assembly, under penalty of being disarmed and disqualified from holding any office, and be further punished by Imprisonment &c. For Seizing and Confiscating, for the use of the Colony, the Estates of those putting, or continuing to shelter, themselves under the protection of the Ministerial Fleet or Army, or assist in carrying on their measures against us. A Resolve to provide 2 armed Vessels, of 16 and 14 Guns, with a Spy Schooner of 4, and four Row Galleys; an Act exempting the polls of Soldiers from taxes, for the last and ensuing Campaigns. another for encouraging the making of Salt Petre and Gunpowder. A Considerable Quantity of both Mr. Trumbull hopes to make early in the Spring, he says the furnace at Middletown is smelting Lead, and likely to turn out 20. or 30. Tons, and that ore is plenty. They have also passed an Act, impowring the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, or officers commanding a Detachment, or out Posts, to administer an oath and swear any person or persons to the truth of matters relative to the public Service. The situation of our affairs seems to call for regulations like these, and I should think the other Colonies ought to adopt similar ones, or such of them as they have not already made; vigorous and such as at another time would appear extraordinary, are now become absolutely necessary, for preserving our Country, against the strides of Tyranny making against it.
Governor Trumbull, in his list, has not mentioned an Act for Impressing Carriages &c., agreeable to the recommendation of Congress; this I hope, they have not forgot, It is highly necessary that such an Authority should be given, under proper restrictions, or we shall be greatly Embarrassed, when ever the army, or any detachment from it, should find it necessary to march from hence. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 6, 1776.
Parole Gerry. Countersign Chace.
The General is informed, that a Custom hath prevailed, at the Main Guard, in Cambridge, of permitting prisoners to be absent, upon their parole; he therefore orders a total Stop be put to this practice for the future; Any Officer offending herein, will be immediately put in Arrest, and tried for disobedience of orders.
The frequent Application for Flags at Roxbury, having been found troublesome, and at the same time attended with Inconveniencies; Major Genl. Ward is requested to suffer, no more than one a week to go in, unless it be on special Occasions; and this to happen on Tuesdays; at which time he will appoint a proper Officer always to attend.
Cambridge, January 7, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of the 1st Inst., I received and heartily thank you for your kind salutations. I was happy to hear of the great unanimity in your Assembly and of the several salutary Laws they passed, which shew them to be well attached to the common cause and to have taken proper measures, for supporting it.
Inclosed you have the Amount of the Lead from Crown point, agreeable to your request. The account of the Smelting furnace and your expectations to make a considerable Quantity of Salt Petre and powder pleases me much; I wish your most Sanguine endeavours may be more than answered.
As to Gun locks, it is not in my power to furnish any; the information you had was groundless, for there were no spare ones in the Ordnance Stores which fell into our hands, none were ever found that I have heard of, nor is there mention of them in the Invoice.
Having undoubted intelligence, of the fitting out a Fleet at Boston and of the embarkation of Troops from thence, which from the Season of the year and other circumstances must be destined for some expedition South of this; and having such information as I can depend upon, that the Inhabitants of Long Island in the Colony of New York, or a great part of them, are Inimical to the rights and Liberties of America, and from their conduct and professions, have discovered an apparent Inclination, to assist in subjugating their fellow Citizens to ministerial tyranny: There is the greatest reason to believe, that this Armament, if not immediately design'd against the City of New York, is nevertheless intended against Long Island; and as it is of the utmost importance, to prevent the Enemy from possessing themselves of the City of New York and the North River, which would give them the Command of the Country and the Communication with Canada; I shall dispatch Major Genl Lee with orders to repair thither with such Volunteers, as are willing to join and can be expeditiously raised, (having no troops to spare from hence) to put the City and Fortifications on the North River, in the best posture of defence the Season and circumstances will admit of; and for disarming all such persons upon long Island or elsewhere, whose conduct and declarations, have rendered them justly suspected of designs unfriendly to the views of Congress. I have directed him to call upon the Commanding Officer of the Jersey Troops, for such Assistance as he can afford, and being informed by Capt. Sears and Mr. Woodward, who will deliver you this, and whom Genl Lee will follow in a day or two; that he apprehends 1000. or 1500. Volunteers, may be readily raised in your Government, in the Towns thro which Mr. Lee will pass; I beg the favor of you to Interpose your good offices and Interest in the Matter, to encourage men to go on this Important Service and as expeditiously as possible, for counteracting any designs our Enemies may have against us in that Quarter. Every necessary expence attending their March and Stay, will be borne by the public. I just received advice from Chelsea, about 9 or 10 Miles from this, that several Ships have sailed from Nantasket Road, that were lying there. I shall write to the Honorable the Convention of New York, by General Lee and direct his Instructions to be laid before them; praying their Assistance to facilitate the purposes of his going. I am Sir, etc.
Boxes of Lead 19½ abt. 270 each.
Cambridge, January 7, 1776.
Sir: You will excuse me for reminding you of our conversation the other Evening, when I inform'd you that General Lee's departure for New York is advisable upon the Plan of his Letter, and under the circumstances I then mentioned, ought not to be delayed. In giving me your opinion of this matter I have no doubt of your taking a comprehensive view of it. That is, you will not only consider the propriety of the measure, but of the execution. Whether such a step, tho' right in itself may not be looked upon as beyond my Line &ca. &ca.
If it could be made convenient and agreeable to you to take Pott Luck with me to day. I shall be very glad of your Company and we can then talk the matter over at large. Please to forward General Lee's Letter to me. I am &ca.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 7, 1776.
Parole Lynch. Countersign Morris.
The Adjutant General will this day deliver to the Brigade Majors, the number of the new Articles of war, necessary for each Regiment, in their respective Brigades; and that no mistake, in regard to the said Articles may possibly happen; each Book is signed by the Honorable John Hancock Esqr: President of the Continental Congress; and countersign'd upon the Title page by William Tudor Esqr: Judge Advocate of the army of the United Colonies.
Cambridge, January 8, 1776.
Sir: Having undoubted intelligence of the fitting out of a fleet at Boston ***7 there is the greatest reason to believe that this Armament, if not designed immediately against the City of New York, is, nevertheless, Intended for Long Island. I have, therefore, thought it expedient to dispatch Major Genl. Lee, with such Volunteers as he can quickly Assemble on his March, (for I have not Troops to spare from hence, if the distance and Time would admit of it), to put the
[Note 7: The omitted portion is the same as that in Instructions to Maj. Gen. Charles Lee, this same date.] City of New York in the best posture of defence, the season and circumstances will admit of.
To his Instructions, which I have desired him to lay before you, I beg leave to refer; firmly persuaded that your Honorable body, will give every assistance in their power, to facilitate the end of his coming, as there needs no other Argument, than a retrospect view of the Conduct of the Ministerial Troops in Boston and the consequences resulting from it, to prove what a fatal stab it would give to the Interests of America, to suffer the City of New York to fall into the Hands of our Enemies. I am &c.
[Note 8: General Lee had just returned from Newport, R. I., and had written to the Commander in Chief (January 5): "New York must be secured, but it will never, I am afraid, be secured by direct order of the Congress, for obvious reasons. They find themselves awkwardly situated on this head. You must step in to their relief. I am sensible that no men can be spared from the lines, in our present circumstances; but I would propose that you shoud detach me into Connecticut and lend your name for collecting a body of Volunteers. I am assured that I shall find no difficulty in assembling a sufficient number for the purposes wanted. This body, in conjunction (if there should appear occasion to summon them) with the Jersey Regiment, under the Command of Lord Stirling now at Elizabeth Town, will effect the security of New York, and the expulsion or suppression of that dangerous banditti of Tories, who have appeared on Long Island with the professed intention of acting against the authority of the Congress. Not to crush these Serpents, before their rattles are grown, woud be ruinous....this manoeuvre I not only think prudent and right, but absolutely necessary to our salvation; and if it meets, as I ardently hope it will, with your approbation, the sooner it is enter'd upon the better; indeed, the delay of a single day may be fatal." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters at Cambridge, January 8, 1776.
Having undoubted Intelligence of the fitting out of a Fleet at Boston, and of the Imbarkation of Troops from thence, which from the Season of the year and other Circumstances, must be destined for a Southern Expedition. And having such Information as I can rely on, that the Inhabitants, (or great part of them) on Long Island in the Colony of New York, are not only Inemical to the Rights and Liberties of America; but by their Conduct and Publick professions, have discoverd a disposition to aid and assist in the reduction of that Colony to Ministerial Tyranny: And as it is a matter of the utmost Importance to prevent the Enemy from taking Possession of the City of New York and the North River, as they will thereby Command the Country, and the communication with Canada; it is of too much consequence (since we find by his Majesty's Speech to Parliament, that, disregarding the Petition from the United Voice of America, nothing less than the total Subversion of her Rights, will satisfie him) to hazard such a Post at so alarming a crisis
You will, therefore, with such Volunteers as are willing to join you, and can be expeditiously raised, repair to the City of New York, and calling upon the Commanding Officer of the Forces of New Jersey for such Assistance as he can afford, and you shall require, you are to put that City into the best Posture of Defence which the Season and Circumstances will admit of. Disarming all such persons upon long Island and elsewhere (and if necessary otherwise securing them), whose conduct, and declarations have renderd them justly suspected of Designs unfriendly to the Views of Congress.
You are also to enquire into the State and Condition of the Fortifications up the North River, and, as far as shall be consistent with the Orders of Congress, or not repugnant to them, to have the Works guarded against Surprizes from a body of Men which might be transported by Water near the place, and then March'd in upon the back of them.
You will also Indeavour to have the Medicines, Shirts, and Blankets (now at New York) &c belonging to the Ministerial Troops secured, and forwarded to this Army. Captn. Sears9 can give you particular Information concerning them.
[Note 9: Possibly Thomas Sears, who was a lieutenant colonel of New York Militia in 1778--79.]
In all other Matters relative to the execution of the general Plan you are going upon, your own judgment (as it is impossible with propriety to give particular direction) and the advice of those whom you have reasons to believe are hearty in the cause, must direct; keeping always in view the declar'd Intention's of Congress.
I am perswaded, I need not recommend dispatch in the Prosecution of this business; the Importance alone is a sufficient excitement. I would advise a dismission of the Volunteers (whose necessary Expences will be borne) so soon as the Service will admit of it; and, that you endeavour as much as possible, at all times, to be in readiness to join the Army if the exigency of our Affairs here, should call for it.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 8, 1776.
Parole Harrison. Countersign Johnson.
It is exceedingly astonishing to the General, that he is yet without those Returns, which were called for on the first and third Instants; it is impossible that the business of an Army can be conducted with any degree of regularity, or propriety, where so much inattention prevails, and he desires that the commanding Officers of such regiments, as are conscious of their neglect, in the instances now referred to, will take Notice, and be fully persuaded, that if those Returns are not made at, or before orderly time to morrow, that they will be ordered under an Arrest, and tried for disobedience of Orders.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 9, 1776.
Parole Knolton. Countersign Charlestown.
The General thanks Major Knolton, and the Officers and Soldiers, who were under his command last night; for the Spirit, Conduct and Secrecy, with which they burnt the Houses, near the Enemy's works, upon Bunkers-hill10--The General was in a more particular manner pleased, with the resolution the party discover'd in not firing a Shot; as nothing betrays greater signs of fear, and less of the soldier, than to begin a loose, undirected and unmeaning Fire, from whence no good can result, nor any valuable purposes answer'd.
[Note 10: Maj. Thomas Knowlton, of the Twentieth Continental Infantry. He was killed at Harlem Heights, N.Y., Sept. 16, 1776.]
It is almost certain, that the enemy will attempt to revenge the Insult, which was cast upon them last Night; for which Reason the greatest Vigilance, and Care, is recommended; as it also is, that the out-posts be always guarded by experienced Officers, and good Soldiers, who are to be considered in other duties: It is also again, and again ordered, that the men are not suffered to ramble from, or lie out of their quarters, contrary to repeated Orders on this head, and that their Arms, and Accoutrements, be always in order.
To remove present doubts and prevent future Mistakes, it is hereby expressly order'd and directed, that no persons do proceed to discharge the duty of any Office, without a regular Appointment, by Commission from the Congress, Warrant or General Order from the Commander in Chief; no allowance will be made to any one, who acts contrary to this order: All Persons therefore for their own sakes are desired to take notice of it, and govern themselves accordingly, that no Complaints may hereafter be exhibited for services unwarranted.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 10, 1776.
Parole Neilson. Countersign Langdon.
His Excellency General Washington, has been pleased to appoint Mr. William Marony, Provost Marshal to the Army of the United Colonies, serving in the Massachusetts bay; he is therefore in all things appertaining to his Office, to be considered and obeyed as such.
[Note 13: Col. William Alexander, called Lord Stirling. His claim to the earldom of Stirling was denied by the House of Lords. He was a native of New Jersey and at this time colonel of the First New Jersey Battalion. In March, 1776, he was raised to the rank of brigadier general.]
Cambridge, January 10, 1776.
My Lord: Having received undoubted Intelligence of the fitting out of a Fleet from Boston, and of the Embarkation of Troops from thence, which from the Season of the Year and other Circumstances must be destined for some Expedition south of this; and having such Information as I can rely on, that the Inhabitants of Long Island or a great Part of them, are inimical to the Rights and Liberties of America, and by their Conduct and Professions have discovered an apparent Inclination to assist in subjugating their Countrymen and Fellow Citizens, to the System of Tyranny, Administration are attempting to establish; there is the greatest Reason to apprehend, that this Armament, if not immediately designed against the City of New York, is nevertheless intended for Long Island. Knowing it to be of the last Importance to the Interest of America, to prevent the Enemy from getting Possession of these Places, and the North River, which would give them the Command of the Country and a free Communication with Canada, I have dispatched Major General Lee with Orders to repair to New York, with such Volunteers as he can raise on his Way (having no Troops to spare from hence) to put the City and the Fortifications up the River in the best Posture of Defence, the season and Situation of Affairs will admit of; and for taking proper Steps against such Persons on Long Island and elsewhere, whose Conduct hath rendered them suspected of Designs unfriendly to the Views of Congress. I have directed him to apply to you for the Troops of New Jersey under your command in the Continental Pay or such of them as he may think necessary for effecting the Purposes of his going. I beg and am assured that you will afford him every Assistance in your Power, for facilitating this Business, as far as may be consistent or not repugnant to the Orders you shall have received from Congress, and with all possible Expedition. I am, My Lord, etc.
Cambridge, January 10, 1776.
Gentn: In the confused and disordered state of this Army, occasioned by such Capital changes, as have taken place of late, I have found it almost impossible to come at exact returns of the strength of our lines.--Not till last night, was I able to get in the whole since the dissolution of the old Army; by these I find myself weaker than I had any Idea of, and under the necessity of requesting an exertion of your Influence and Interest, to prevail upon the Militia of this Government, now in the pay of the Continent, to continue till the last of the Month and longer if requisite. I am assured, that those of New Hampshire will not stay any longer than they engaged for; notwithstanding our weak state and the slow progress we make in recruiting, which, by the last week's report, amounts to but little more than half our usual compliment, owing, it is said, to the number of men going or expecting to go into the provincial Service, at or near their own homes.
I am more and more Covinced, that we shall never raise the Army to the New Establishment by Voluntary Inlistments; It is therefore necessary that this and the neighbouring Governments should consider in time and adopt some other expedient for effecting it.
The Hurry I was in the other day, when your Committee did me the honor to present a petition from a person (whose name I have forgot) wanting to be employ'd in the Continental Army, prevented me from being as full on the subject as I wished.
I shall beg leave therefore, at this time to add, that I hope your Honorable Board will do me the justice to believe, that it will give me pleasure, at all times, to pay a proper respect to any recommendation coming from them, and that the reason why I do not now Encourage such kind of applications as was made, is, That the New Army was arranged, as near the plan and agreeable to the orders of Congress, (altho' some unavoidable departures and changes have taken place) as it was in my power to comply with; and the officers thus constituted ordered to recruit. Every attempt therefore of others, not of this appointment, must counteract and has been of infinite prejudice to the Service. They infuse Ideas into the minds of the Men, they have any influence over, that my engaging with them, or which is tantamount, not engaging with others, they shall be able to force themselves into the Service; of this we have numberless Instances; I am therefore Anxious to discourage every attempt of the kind, by Convincing such persons, that their engaging a Company will not bring them in. If such persons could be once convinced of this, the business of the Army would go on more smoothly and with much more regularity and order. In short Gentlemen, It is scarce possible for me to convey to you, a perfect Idea of the Trouble and vexation I have met with, in getting this matter fixed upon some setled footing. One day an officer would serve, another he would not, and so on, that I have hardly known what steps to pursue, for preserving consistency and advancing the good of the Service, which are the only Objects I have in view; I have no friend I want to bring in, nor any person with whom I am the least connected, that I wish to promote. I am Gentlemen, etc.
Cambridge, January 11, 1776.
Sir: Every Account I have out of Boston, confirms the Embarkation of Troops as mentioned in my last, which from the Season of the Year and other circumstances must be destined for some expedition to the Southward of this. I have therefore thought it prudent to send Major General Lee to New York, I have given him Letters recommentory to Governor Trumbull, and to the Committee of Safety of New York, there are good hopes that in Connecticut he will get many Volunteers, who I have some reason to think, will accompany him on this expedition, without more expence to the Continent than their maintenance, but should it be otherwise and that they will expect pay, I think it is a trifling consideration when put in competition with the importance of the object, which is to put the City of New York such parts of the North River and long Island as to him shall seem proper, in that state of defence, which the Season of the Year and circumstances will admit of so as, if possible to prevent the Enemy forming a lodgment in that Government, which I am afraid contains too many persons disaffected to the cause of Liberty and America.--I have also wrote to Lord Stirling to give all the Assistance that he can with the Troops under his Command in the Continental Service, provided it does not interfere with any Orders, he may receive from Congress relative to them.
I hope the Congress will approve of my Conduct in sending General Lee upon this Expedition. I am sure I mean it well as experience teaches us, that it is much easier to prevent an Enemy from posting themselves, than it is to dislodge them after they have got possession.
The Evening of the 8th. instant a party of our men under the command of Major Knowlton were ordered to go and burn some houses which lay at the foot of Bunkers Hill and at the head of Charles Town they were also ordered to bring of the Guard which we expected consisted of an officer and thirty men. they crossed the Mill dam about half after eight O'Clock, and gallantly executed their design having burnt eight Houses, and brought with them a Serjeant and 4 privates of the 10th regiment, there was but one man more there, who making some resistance they were obliged to dispatch. The Gun that killed him was the only one, that was discharged by our men, tho' several hundred were fired by the Enemy from within their Works; but in so confused a manner, that not one of our people was hurt. Our Inlistments go on very heavyly. I am &ca.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Stephen Moylan.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 12, 1776.
Parole Pendleton. Countersign Deane.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief, having been pleased to order an Advertisement in the several Newspapers of this, and the adjoining Colonies, commanding "All Officers, Noncommissioned Officers and Soldiers now absent upon any leave, or pretence whatsoever, to join their respective Regiments, at Roxbury and Cambridge, by the first day of February next, and all Officers neglecting to pay due obedience thereto, will be forthwith cashiered, and every Non-Commissioned Officer, or Soldier, failing therein to be tryed and punished as Deserters." The Colonels, and commanding Officers of Regiments, and Corps, are now positively ordered, not to grant any more Furloughs, or leaves of absence, to any Officer, non-Commissioned Officer, or Soldier, any former Order, or permission heretofore given notwithstanding: His Excellency therefore expects every Colonel, and Commanding Officer of Regiments and Corps, will direct all those absent from their Regiments, or Corps, to pay strict Obedience to this Order, that no person may plead, or be allowed to plead Ignorance thereof.
Cambridge, January 12, 1776.
Dear Sir: Every Account from your Quarter serves to confirm our Hopes that you will get Possession of Quebec if not already in your Hands. I must beg, therefore, your Attention to the Wants of the Army here, which are not few, and if they cannot in some Part be supplied by you, I do not know where else I can apply. After Powder, the principal Deficiency is that of Arms. Those brought in by the Soldiers are so very indifferent that I cannot place Confidence in them. Blankets and Cloathing we are very deficient in. Of these and other Necessaries, I am taught to beleive, there is Abundance in Canada. Quebec is, I suppose, the great Magazine for them, and all Kind of military Stores. I hope it will be in your Power to forward to this Place from thence a sufficient Quantity to relieve our Wants. Whatever you can spare we shall have Occasion for, and your sending them as expeditiously as possible, will be doing vast Service to this Army, and very much oblige, Sir, Yrs.
P.S. Arms we are exceedingly in Want of. These I could wish to receive without Delay, if you can supply them from the King's Stores in Quebec.
Cambridge, January 12, 1776.
Sir: Your Favour of the 5th. Ulto. from before Quebec inclosing the Returns of your Detachment, is come to Hand. From the Account you give of the Garrison, and State of the Walls, I expect soon to hear from you, within them, which will give me vast Pleasure.
I am informed that there are large Quantities of Arms, Blanketts, Cloathing, and other military Stores in that City. These are Articles which we are in great Want of here; I have, therefore, wrote to General Montgomery, or whoever is commanding Officer in that Quarter, to send me as much as can be spared from thence. If you can assist in expediting their Dispatch, you will much oblige me.
I understand that the Congress have it under their Consideration to raise an Army for the Defence of Canada on a new Establishment. When I received this Information I applied to Congress to know, whether it was their Intention that you and the Officers in your Department, were to be appointed there, or remain as you were appointed in this Army, as newly arranged, to which I have not yet received their Answer.
The Want of so many good Officers is felt here, especially in the recruiting service, which does not go on so brisk as I could wish. I think it will be best for you, to settle for the Arrearages due to your Men since October last, with the PayMaster of the Army at your Place. I don't know any better Way for you or them to receive it. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, January 12, 1776.
All Persons guilty of capital Crimes, and Crimes not triable by a regimental Court Martial are to be sent to the Provost.
The Provost is not to receive any Prisoner without a Crime specified in Writing, and signed by the Person committing him. No Prisoner is to be suffered to be absent from his Confinement untill released by proper Authority.
The Provost Marshal is to provide a suitable Person, when necessary, to execute the Sentences of General Courts Martial approved of and directed to be enforced by the Commander in Chief.
When any Men are sent to the Provost, the Provost Marshal is to send a Report of them immediately to the Regiment they belong to; and no Man is to be received by the Provost unless his Crime is sent with him.
The Provost is to make a Return every Morning by ten O'Clock, to the Adjutant General, of the Number of Prisoners under Guard, specifying the Regiments they belong to, their Crimes, by whom and how long confined.
The Provost is to take due Care, that all Orders from the Judge Advocate respecting the Trials of Prisoners be punctually executed, and is to post proper Centries from his Guard, at such Times and in such Places as a General Court Martial may sit.
The Provost is frequently to take a Party from his Guard and patrole the Avenues and Environs of the Camp, is to take up and confine all disorderly and suspicious Persons, to suppress Riots and Disturbances and to inform the Quarter Master General of all Persons who keep unwarranted and destructive Dram Shops, and all other pernicious and Camp Nusances.
The Provost is to receive and obey all such Orders and Instructions as may at any Time be given him by his Excellency the Commander in Chief, the Adjutant General, the Quarter Master General, and the Judge Advocate of the Army of the United Colonies.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 13, 1776.
Parole Conway. Countersign Grafton.
To prevent any misconception of the Order of Yesterday, it is declared, that the Commanding Officers of Regiments, are not restrained from sending out as many recruiting Officers, as can be spared from the duties of their respective regiments; but that those Officers, together with such as are now out with their Recruits, be possitively order'd to be in Camp by the last of this month, that our real strenght may be fully and clearly ascertained.
The Colonels, and commanding Officers of Corps, to recommend it immediately to their recruiting Officers, to get all their Recruits armed in the Country; or at least as many, as it is possible to have supplied with arms from thence.
Cambridge, January 13, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favour of the 2nd. Inst. last Evening and note what you mention of the Cannon.15 I am in daily Expectation of Colonel Knox's Arrival and until he comes I cannot with Certainty inform you, whether I shall want the Iron Cannon or not.
[Note 15: McDougall was at New York City.]
Upon Examination of the Stores that were on Board the Brigantine, I find we stand in great Need of Shells, and shall esteem it a particular Favour, if you will immediately on Receipt hereof, forward the 1100. specified at the Foot of your Letter. I am told there is a Vessel arrived with you, that brought 20 Tons of Powder. I need not inform you of the great Necessity I am in for that Article. If it is true that this Quantity has arrived, it would be of infinite Service to the great Cause we are engaged in, that the whole or such Part thereof, as can be spared, was sent with the utmost Dispatch to this Camp. If it belongs to private Persons, I request you will purchase it; if to the Publick, your exerting your Influence with the Committee of Safety to effect this good Purpose, will very much oblige, Sir, etc.
Cambridge, January 13, 1776.
Gentn: It is exceedingly painful to me, to give you so much trouble as I have, and am like to do, in the support of our Lines and arrangement of the New Army. But my difficulties, must in their consequences, devolve trouble on you.
To my very great surprize, I find that the whole number of Arms, which have been stopped from the discharged Soldiers, amount to no more than 1620; and of that number, no more than 120 are in store, the rest being redelivered to the Recruits which have come in. I also find, from the Report of the recruiting officers, that few Men are to be Inlisted, who have Arms in their hands, and that they are reduced to the Alternative, of either getting no Men, or Men without Arms. Unhappy Situation; what is to be done, unless these Governments will exert themselves in providing Arms from the Several Towns, or in such other manner, as to them shall seem speedy and effectual.
To account for this great deficiency, would be tedious and not much to the purpose,-- Suffice it generally to say, that it has arisen from two causes;--the badness of the Arms of the old Army, which the Inspectors and Valuers of, did not think fit to detain; and to the disobedient Regiments, which in spite of every order I could Issue to the Contrary, (even to solemn threat of stopping the pay for the Months of November and December, of all those who should carry away their Arms) have, in a manner by stealth borne them away.
I am glad to hear, by a Gentn. of your Honble. Body, who does me the Honor to be the bearer of this Letter, that you have for sometime past been Collecting Arms at Watertown, whilst a good deal of dispatch has been used in making them elsewhere. I beg to know how many I can rely upon, as the recruits now coing in from the Country, will be useless without. It is to no purpose I find, to depend upon Imported Arms; what you can furnish, I must take in behalf of the Continent, and will upon Notice, send some Gentleman to receive them. Will it be prudent to apply to such of the Militia, as are going away, for their Arms? leaving It optional in them, cannot be amiss, but will the Necessity of the case Justify the policy of detaining them; I ask for Information. being with great truth etc.
Cambridge, January 13, 1776.
Sir: I am sorry, that I should have so often troubled you respecting this Army, and that I am under the necessity of applying to you again.
To my great surprise Sir, I find, that notwithstanding I have taken the utmost pains to prevent the soldiers that would not reenlist in the New Army from carrying away their Arms, or such of them as were good, that the whole number collected amounts only to 1620, of which there are no more than 120 now in store; the rest being delivered to the Recruits, which have come in.
I also find from the Report of the recruiting officers, that few men are to be inlisted, who have Arms in their Hands, and that they are reduced to the disagreeable alternative, of getting men without any, or no men at all. Unhappy situation! What is to be done? Must not these Governments exert themselves in procuring them from the several Towns, or in such other manner, as to them shall seem most effectual and Speedy.***16
[Note 16: The omission is the same as the third paragraph in the letter to the Massachusetts Legislature of this same date.]
The prospect of getting Imported Arms, is so remote and uncertain that I cannot depend upon it. I therefore request the favor of you, to inform me, whether you have any and what number belonging to the Government, as also If you will be able to procure more and in what time. If you have any or can get' them, I shall be glad to take them on account of the United Colonies. They must be had if possible. I have wrote to the Honble. Genl. Court of this province about the same, but have not received their Answer. Should any of your Militia be here, when I get your Answer, will it be prudent to apply to them for their Arms; leaving it optional in them cannot be amiss.--But will the necessity of the case justify an Involuntary detention of them? I ask for Information. I am Sir, &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 14, 1776.
Parole Petersborough. Countersign London.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow Morning, in Cambridge, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them--All Evidences and Persons concern'd to attend the Court--The Court to assemble at Mr. Pomeroy's at Ten in the forenoon.
Cambridge, January 14, 1776.
Sir: I am exceedingly sorry, that I am under the necessity of applying to you, and calling the attention of Congress to the state of our Arms, which is truly alarming; Upon the dissolution of the old Army, I was apprehensive that the New would be deficient in this instance, and that the want might be as inconsiderable as possible, I gave it in Orders that the Arms of such men as did not reinlist, should be (or such of them as were good) retained at the prices which should be affixed by persons appointed to Inspect and value them: And that we might be sure of them, I added, that there would be a stoppage of pay for the Months of Novr. and Decr. from those, that should carry their Firelocks away, without there being first examined.
By these precautions I hoped to have procured a considerable Number: But Sir, I find with much concern, that from the badness of the Arms, and the disobedience of too many in bearing them off without a previous inspection, that a very few were collected; neither are we to expect that many will be brought in by the New Recruits: the Officers who are out inlisting, having reported, that few17 men who have Arms will engage in the Service, and that they are under the disagreable alternative of taking men without Arms, or of getting none. Unhappy situation Indeed and much to be deplored! especially when we know, that we have to contend with a formidable Army, well provided of every necessary, and that there will be a most vigorous exertion of Ministerial vengence against us, as soon as they think themselves in a condition for it. I hope it is in the power of Congress to afford us relief; If it is not, what must, what can be done?
[Note 17: This word is in the writing of Washington.]
Our Treasury is almost exhausted, and the demands against it, very considerable; a constant supply of money to answer every claim and exigency, would much promote the good of the Service; in the common affairs of Life, it is useful: In War, it is absolutely necessary and essential. I would beg leave too, to remind you of Tents and of their importance; hoping if an opportunity has offered, you have procured them.
I fear that our Army will not be raised to the New Establishment in any reasonable time, if ever; the Inlistments go on so very slow, that they seem almost at an end.
In my Letter of the 4th. instant I wrote you that I had received certain Intelligence from a Mr. Hutchinson and others, that 2 of the 5 regiments from Cork were arrived at Halifax, one at Boston and the other 2 had sailed for Quebec, and had not been heard of. I am now Assured as a matter to be relied on, by four Captains of Ships (who left England about the 2d of Novemr. and who appear to be men of veracity, that the whole of these regiments (except the three Companies, which arrived at Boston some time ago) when they sailed, were at Milford Haven where they had been Obliged to put in by a violent Storm the 19th of October; That they would not be able to leave it for a considerable time, being under the necessity of repairing their Vessels and taking some new ones up; such is the uncertainty and contradiction in what I now hear, that it is not possible to know, what to believe or disbelieve.
I wrote to the General Court yesterday and to the Convention of New Hampshire immediately on being acquainted with the great deficiency in our Arms, praying that they would Interest themselves in the matter, and furnish me with all in their power. Whether I shall get any or what quantity, I cannot determine, having not received their Answers. The same Application will be made to the Governments of Connecticut and Rhode Island.
I do myself the Honor to send you sundry news papers, I received from the above mentioned Captains as they may be later than any you have seen, and contain some Interesting Intelligence. I have the Honor to be etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 16, 1776.
Parole Sayre. Countersign Lewis.
Notwithstanding the repeated Orders Issued, in the course of last Campaign, forbiding all Officers commanding Guards, to suffer any of their Guard to be absent, Day or Night, from their Guard, until regularly relieved; yet it is with Surprise, the General hears, that it is a common practice, even at the advanced posts next the enemy--Any Officer commanding at any of the Guards, or out posts, who shall for the future suffer any of their Officers, or Men, to be absent until regularly relieved, will be put in Arrest, and tried for disobedience of orders.
Cambridge, January 16, 1776.
Genl.: Your several Resolves, in consequence of my Letters of the 10th and 15th inst., have been presented to me by a Committee of your Honble. Body.23 I thank you for the assurances, of being zealously disposed to do every thing in your power to facilitate the recruiting the American Army, and at the same time that I assure you, I do not entertain a doubt of the truth of it, I must beg leave to add, that I conceive you have mistaken the meaning of my Letter of the 10th., if you suppose it ever was my Idea, that you should offer a bounty at the seperate expence of this Colony.
[Note 23: See Washington's letter to The Massachusetts Legislature, Jan. 10, 1776, ante. The letter of January 15 merely referred an expense account to the legislature for payment.]
It was not clear to me, but that some coercive measures might be used on this, as on former occasions, to draft men to compleat the Regiments upon the Continental Establishment: But as this is thought unadviseable, I shall rely on your recommending to the selectmen and committees of Correspondence &c. to exert themselves in their several Towns, to promote the Inlistments for the American Army.24
[Note 24: Ford quotes from James Warren's letter to Samuel Adams (January 14): "I think the service has suffered and the enlistments been embarrassed, by the low state in which you keep your treasury here. Had the general been able to have paid off the old army to the last of December, when their term expired, and to give assurances for the pay of the militia when their continuance in the army should end, it might have produced many good effects--among others added some thousands to the army. You will be surprised, perhaps, when I tell you there is but about 10,000 dollars here; and that left by the necessary parsimony of the general, not knowing what occasion there might be for a little. The time for which our militia came in, ends to-morrow. We have presumed so much on the public spirit of our countrymen as to make no other provision, though everything depends on their staying, and they wish to be at home. Our house adjourned yesterday morning, and the members went down among them to use their influence. I flatter myself most of them will stay to the last of this month." (See Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 14, p. 277.)]
In the mean while, as there is an appearance of this service going on but slowly, and it is necessary to have a respectable Body of Troops here as soon as possible, to act as circumstances shall require; I must beg that you will order in, with as much expedition as the Nature of the Case will admit of, Seven Regts. agreeable to the establishment of this Army, to continue in Service till the 1st of April, If required. You will be pleased to direct, that the Men come provided with good Arms, Blankets, Kettles for cooking, and if possible, with Twenty rounds of Powder and Ball.
With respect to your other resolve relative to arms, I am quite ready to make an absolute purchase, of such as shall be furnished either by the Colony or Individuals. I am also ready to engage payment for all the Arms, which shall be furnished by the Recruits, if lost in the Public Service; but I do not know how far I could be justified in allowing for the use of them; when I know it to be the opinion of Congress, that every Man shall furnish his own Arms, or pay for the use of them, if put in his hands. To do otherwise, is an Indirect way of raising the pay. I again wish that the Honble: Court could devise some method of purchasing.
I beg leave to return my thanks for the kind offer of Fifty thousand Pounds for the Continental use. I will accept of a Loan upon the terms mentioned, of half that sum; to secure payment of the Militia, whose time of Service will be up the last of this Month; till when I shall not have occasion to make use of the Money. I am etc.
Cambridge, January 16, 1776.
Sir: The alarming and almost defenceless state of our Lines, occasioned by the slow progress in raising recruits for the New Army, and the departure of a great number of Militia, which had been called in for their support, till the 15th. Inst., from this and New Hampshire Governments, rendered it necessary for us to summon the General Officers in Council, to determine on proper measures to be adopted for their maintainance and preservation. For this purpose they metat HeadQuarters yesterday and to day and finding that it was with the utmost difficulty and persuasion, that such part of the latter as are now here, had been prevail'd on to continue till the last of the Month; after which there is not the remotest probability of their staying one moment; they have judged it expedient and absolutely necessary that thirteen Regiments should be forthwith raised, equal to those of the New Establishment, to be officered according to the usual mode of their respective Governments, which are to repair to this Camp by the last instant if possible; to be in readiness to Act in such manner and till the 1st April, as Circumstances may require. Of this number, they apprehend the Massachusetts should furnish seven, your Government four and New Hampshire two, being agreeable to the proportion settled by Congress.
In order that each Regiment may consist of a proper number of officers and men, I herewith send you a list for their regulation, as also of the Continental pay.
I must earnestly solicit your regard to Arms, Amunition, Blankets, Cloathing and Kettles, that they may come as well provided with these necessary articles as they can, particularly the first, of which I find to my great surprise and concern there is an amazing deficiency; notwithstanding I have used every precaution my Judgment could point out to procure them. Besides the Arms which these Regiments will bring with them I shall be particularly obliged by your furnishing me for the use of the Continent with such others, as you have or can Collect. If you have any, or can get them made, you will please to inform me of the Quantity. These Governments I hope will exert themselves in this instance. they must be had, or what can, what will be done.
The great and constant attention Sir, which you have shewn on all occasions to promote the public cause, affords me the strongest assurance, that your every exertion and Interest will be employed, to comply with these several requisitions. I am Sir, &c.
Cambridge, January 16, 1776.
Sir: It is exceedingly painful to me, that I should have so often troubled you respecting this Army, and that I am under the necessity of applying to you again; but you must in some measure be Involved in whatever dificulties attend me, in this instance.
To my great surprise Sir, I find that notwithstanding I have taken the greatest care to prevent the Soldiers that would not reinlist in the New Army, from carrying away their Arms or such of them as were good; that the Number collected is trifeling and inconsiderable, of which there are but few, if any, now in store, they being delivered to the Recruits that have come in. ***25 The prospect of getting Imported Arms is so remote and uncertain, that I cannot depend upon it: I therefore fore request the favor of you to inform me, whether you have any, and what number belonging to the Government; and also whether you will be able to procure more and in what time. If you have any or can get them, I shall be glad to take them on account of the Continent. They must be had if possible. I have wrote to the other New England Governments upon the same subject. I am Sir, etc.
[Note 25: The omission is, practically, the first paragraph of Washington's letter to Congress, Jan. 14, 1776, q. v.]
Cambridge, January 16, 1776.
The alarming and almost defenceless state of our Lines, occasioned by the slow progress of raising recruits for the New Army and the departure of a great number of the Militia, which had been called in for their Support, till the 15th Instant, from this and New Hampshire Governments; rendered it necessary for me to Summon the General Officers in Council, to determine on proper measures to be adopted for their maintenance and preservation.
For this purpose, they met at Head Quarters yesterday and to day and finding that it was with the utmost difficulty and persuasion that such part of the latter, as are now here, had been prevailed on to continue till the last of the Month; after which there is not the remotest probability of their staying one moment; they have judged it expedient and absolutely necessary, that thirteen Regiments should be forthwith raised, equal to those of the New Establishment, to be officered according to the usual mode of their respective Governments, which are to repair to this Camp by the last Instant, if possible, to be in readiness to act in such manner and till the 1st of April, as circumstances may require; of this Number they apprehend the Massachusetts should furnish seven, Connecticut four, and your Government two, being agreeable to the proportion settled by Congress.
In order that each Regiment may consist of a proper number of officers and men, I herewith send you a list for their regulation, as also of the Continental Pay.
I must earnestly solicit your regard to Arms, Amunition, Blankets, Clothing and Kettles, that they may come as well provided with these necessary Articles as they can, particularly the first; of which I find, to my great surprize and concern, there is an amazing deficiency; notwithstanding, I have used every precaution my judgment could point out, to procure them.
The great and constant attention Sir, which you have shewn upon all occasions to promote the public cause, affords me the strongest assurance, that your every exertion and Interest will be employed, to comply with these several requisitions. I am Sir &c.
Cambridge, January 16, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your Favour of the 5th. Inst. inclosing Copies of General Montgomery's and General Wooster's Letters, I received; for which I return you my Thanks.26
[Note 26: Schuyler's letter of January 5 is in the Washington Papers. In it he stated his conviction that the jealousy of the Connecticut officers and troops was the deciding factor in his retirement. When Congress considered the Canadian situation (January 20) it ordered "That General Washington be desired to despatch a general officer, if he can be spared from the service at Cambridge, to command the army in Canada."]
It was from a full Conviction of your zealous Attachment to the Cause of our Country, and Abilities to serve it, that I repeatedly pressed your Continuance in Command; and it is with much Concern, Sir, that I find you have Reason to think your holding the Place you do, will be of Prejudice and incompatible with it's Interest. As you are of this Opinion, the Part you are inclined to take is certainly generous and noble: but will the good Consequences you intend be derived from it? I greatly fear they will not.--I shall leave the Matter to yourself, in full Confidence, that in whatever Sphere you move, your Exertions for your Country's Weal, will not be wanting.
Whatever Proof you may obtain, fixing, or tending to support the Charge, against Mr. Prescot, you will please to transmit me by the first Opportunity.27
[Note 27: General Prescott was considered responsible for the harsh treatment of Ethan Alien and the prisoners taken with him at Montreal.]
I am apt to believe the Intelligence given Doctr. Wheelock respecting Major Rogers, was not true;28 but being much suspected of unfriendly Views to this Country, his Conduct should be attended to with some Degree of Vigilance and Circumspection.
[Note 28: Rogers was believed to have been with the British troops in Canada and to have given information as to the strength of till American forces.]
I confess I am much concerned for General Montgomery, and Col. Arnold; and the Consequences which will result from their Miscarriage, should it happen, will be very alarming. I fear no less fatal than you mention. However, I trust, that their distinguished Conduct, Bravery, and Perseverance will meet with the Smile of Fortune, and put them in Possession of this important Fortress. I wish their Force was greater, the Reduction would then be certain.
I am sorry that Ticonderoga, and Fort George should be left by the Garrisons, and that your recruiting Officers meet with such ill Success. It is too much the Case in this Quarter, and from the slow Progress made in inlisting, I despair of raising an Army to the new Establishment.--Should it be effected, it will be a long Time first.
Our Caghnawaga Friends are not arrived yet; I will try to make suitable Provision for them during their Stay, and use every Means in my Power to confirm their favourable Disposition towards us. They will not, I am fearful, have such Ideas of our Strength, as I could wish. This, however, shall be strongly inculcated.29
[Note 29: The Caughnawaga Tribe were located a few miles above Montreal, on the St. Lawrence River. Some chiefs had visited General Schuyler and wished to visit the main American camp at Cambridge.]
If Quebec is in our Possession, I do not see that any Inconvenience will result from Mr. Gamble's going there upon his Parole;30 but if it is not, however hurtful it may be to him, however disagreeable to me, to prejudice the Interest of an Individual, I cannot consent to his Return. I am much distressed by other Applications of a like Nature. If Mr. Gamble's Request is granted, others in the same Situation will claim the same Indulgence. Further, I think a particular Exchange should not be made, and my Proposition for a general one, was rejected by Mr. Howe, or what is the same, it was unnoticed. I could wish that his Application had been to Congress. They might have complied with it, had they thought it reasonable.
[Note 30: Mr. Thomas Gamble was a deputy quartermaster general in the British Army. He was taken prisoner with General Prescott after the capitulation of Montreal.]
I shall be much obliged by your sending, as expeditiously as you can, such Cloathing as you are able to spare. It's not being made up, is rather an Advantage, as it may be done here with some saving.
I am much pleased that the Artillery was like to be got over the River, and am in Hopes that Colonel Knox will arrive with it in a few Days. It is much wanted.
On reading the Copy of Genl. Wooster's Letter I was much surprised to find, that he had granted Furloughs to the Connecticut Troops under his Command, in Preference of Discharges. What Advantage could he imagine they would be of to the Continent, when they were at their own Homes? If he could not continue them in the Service they were upon, their Discharges would certainly have eased the Country of a considerable Expence. Giving you in Return the Compliments of the Season, and wishing you every Happiness, I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 18, 1776.
Parole Worcester. Countersign Cambridge.
Samuel Neason, Quarter Master to Col. Prescot's Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial whereof Col. Patterson was President for "defrauding the Soldiers of their allowance of bread" is acquitted by the Court--The General orders Qr. Master Neason to be released from his arrest.
Cambridge, January 18, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your Favour of the 13th. Inst., with it's Inclosures, and am heartily sorry and most sincerely condole with you upon the Fall of the brave and worthy Montgomery and those gallant Officers and Men who have experienced a like Fate. In the Death of this Gentleman, America has sustained a heavy Loss, having approved himself a steady Friend to her Rights, and of Ability to render her the most essential Services, I am much concerned for the intrepid and enterprising Arnold and greatly fear, that Consequences of the most alarming Nature will result from this well intended, but unfortunate Attempt. It would give me the greatest Pleasure, if I could be the happy Means of releiving our Fellow Citizens now in Canada, and preventing the ministerial Troops from exulting long and availing themselves of the Advantages arising from this Repulse. But it is not in my Power. Since the Dissolution of the old Army, the Progress in raising Recruits for the new, has been so very slow and inconsiderable, that five Thousand Militia have been called in for the Defence of our Lines. A great Part of these are gone Home again, and the rest induced to stay with the utmost Difficulty and Persuasion, though their going would render the holding of them truly precarious and hazardous, in Case of an Attack. In short I have not a Man to spare.
In Order that proper Measures might be adopted, I called a Council of General Officers, and upon Mr. John Adams and other Members of Influence, of the General Court, and laid before them your Letter and Proposition.31 After due Consideration of their Importance, they determind that the Colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Connecticut, should each immediately raise, a Regiment, to continue in Service for one Year, and to march forthwith to Canada, agreeable to the Rout proposed in your Letter to Congress. This Determination with a Copy of your Letter, and the several Inclosures, will be immediately transmitted to the different Governments, for
[Note 31: Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers. It announced Montgomery's death, the wounding of Arnold, and suggested a speedy reenforcement of the troops in Canada. Schuyler also postponed his intended retirement.
Congress had already resolved, before the news of the failure of the attack on Quebec reached them, that nine battalions should be kept up and maintained the present year for the defense of Canada. The First Canadian Regiment, to be commanded by Col. James Livingston, was among these, and the Second Canadian Regiment, to be commanded by Col. Moses Hazen, had been authorized. The repulse of the American forces in Canada aroused a little more energy in considering the needs and situation of the Army, and, among other results, a committee was appointed to consider the advisability of establishing a war office. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 12, 1776.)] raising these Regiments, which, I have Reason to beleive will be directly complied with, from the Assurances I have received, from such of the Members of Court as attended in Council, and the General Officers promising to exert their utmost Interest and Influence in their respective Colonies.
If these Regiments should not be raised so soon as I could wish; yet I would willingly hope, from the Accounts we have received, that Colonel Arnold and his Corps will be joined by a Number of Men under Colonel Warner, and from Connecticut, who, it is said, marched immediately on getting Intelligence of this melancholy Affair. If this Account be true, I trust, they will be in a Situation to oppose, and prevent Mr. Carlton from regaining Possession of what he has lost, and that upon the Arrival of the Reinforcement, to be sent from these Colonies, the City of Quebec will be reduced to our Possession. This must be effected before the Winter is entirely over, otherwise it will be exceedingly difficult if not impracticable, as the Enemy will undoubtedly place a strong Garrison there. Should this desirable Work be accomplished, our Conquest in that Quarter will be compleat; but yet, the Loss of the brave Montgomery will ever be remembered.
It gives me Pleasure to find that you will continue in Service, and afford your Assistance to relieve your Country from the Distress which at present threatens her in the North.
I am much obliged by your sending the Cloathing; but they are not yet arrived.
None of the Letters give an Account how this unfortunate Affair ended. In Colo. Campbell's Letter of the 31st. Ulto. the Division which Colonel Green was in, he seems to think was in a very disagreable Situation, and drawing it off at Night or throwing in a Party to sustain it, was an Object he had much in View. Here he stops. In his Letter of the 2nd. Inst. he says nothing about it; but I dread further Intelligence in the Matter.
Genl. Putnam is of Opinion, that it will be better for the Troops which may be raised in the western Part of Connecticut to go to Albany than the Rout you have mentioned,by Number Four,32 and that you pointed out this Way upon a Supposition that the Reinforcement would be detached from this Army. If you concur in Sentiments with him, please to inform Governor Trumbull of it, by Letter, that he may give the necessary Orders. I am, etc.
[Note 32: Now Charlestown, in New Hampshire, on the Connecticut River.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 19, 1776.
Parole New Haven. Countersign Lee.
One Serjeant, one Corporal and twelve Men, from General Putnams division, to mount to morrow Morning for the Provost Guard, at the old School house, on Cambridge common; to this Guard all Prisoners accused of Crimes cognizable by a General Court Martial, are to be sent; all suspected spies, and all Strollers and Stragglers, who cannot give a proper account of themselves--The Guard is to be under the immediate command of the Provost, and he is only to receive Orders from Head Quarters, the General in Chief, the Adjutant and Quarter Master Generals for the time being.
Cambridge, January 19, 1776.
Gentn.: The inclosures, herewith sent, convey such full Accounts, of the sad reverse of our affairs in Canada, as to render it unnecessary for me, in my present hurry, to add ought to the Tale.
Your spirited Colony will, I have no doubt, be sufficiently Impressed with the expediency of a vigorous exertion, to prevent the evils which must follow from the repulse of our Troops. It does not admit of a doubt, but that Genl. Carlton will improve this advantage to the utmost; And, if he should be able to give another Current of Sentiments to the Canadians and Indians, than those they seemed Inclined to adopt, words are unnecessary, to describe the Melancholly effect, that must Inevitably follow.
I am persuaded, therefore, that you will exert yourselves to the utmost, to throw in the reinforcement, by the Route mentioned in General Schuyler's Letter, that is now required of your Colony; as the doing of it expeditiously, may prove a Matter of the utmost Importance.
You will perceive, by the Minutes of the Council of War Inclosed, that the Regiment, asked of you for Canada, is one of the Seven applied for in my Letter of the 16th Inst., and that the only difference, with respect to the requisition, is the length of time and place of Service; as no good would result from sending Troops to Canada, for a shorter period than the Continental Army is raised for, to wit, till the first of January 1777. I am, Gentn. &c.33
[Note 33: Copies of the same letter were sent to the New Hampshire Legislature and to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull. They are in the writing of George Baylor.]
Cambridge, January 19, 1776.
Sir: Taking it for Granted that Genl. Schuyler has not only informed you of the fall of the brave, and much to be lamented Genl. Montgomerie, but of the Situation of our affairs in Canada (as related by Genl. Wooster, Colo. Arnold, Colo. Campbell and others) I shall not take up much more of your time on this subject, than is necessary to Inclose you a Copy of his Letter to me, with the result thereon, as appears by the Council of War, which I immediately summoned on the Occasion; and at which Mr. Adams, by my particular desire, was good enough to attend.
It may appear strange Sir, as I had not Men to Spare from these Lines that I should presume without first sending to Congress and obtaining an express direction, to recommend to the Governments of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, to raise each a Regiment on the Continental Acc't. for this Service. I wish most ardently that the urgency of the case would have admitted of the delay. I wish also, that the purport of General Schuylers Letter had not, unavoidably as it were, laid me under an indespensable obligation to do it.
For having inform'd you in his Letter (copy of which he Inclosed me) of his dependance on this Quarter for Men, I thought you might also have some reliance on my exertions, this consideration added to my fears of the fatal consequences of delay; to an information of your having designed 3000 men for Canada; to a belief founded chiefly on General Schuyler's Letter, that few or none of them are raised; and to my apprehensions for New York, which led me to think that no Troops could be spared from that Quarter, induced me to loose not a moments time in throwing in a force there being well assured that General Carlton will improve to the utmost the advantages gain'd; leaving no Artifices untried, to fix the Canadians and Indians (who we find too well disposed to take part with the strongest) in his Interest.
If these reasons are not sufficient to justify my conduct in the opinion of Congress; If the measure contravenes any resolution of theirs, they will please to countermand the levying and marching of the Regiments as soon as possible and do me the justice to believe that, my intentions were good, If my judgment has erred.34
[Note 34: When the Congress took this letter into consideration, it was resolved that the conduct of the General in calling for these troops "was prudent, consistent with his duty, and a farther manifestation of his commendable zeal for the good of his country." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, January 29.)]
The Congress will please also to observe, that the Measure of Supporting our Posts in Canada appear'd of such exceeding great Importance that the General Officers (agreeing with me in Sentiment and unwilling to lay any burthen which can possibly be avoided, although it may turn out an ill-timed piece of parsimony) have Resolved, that the three Regiments for Canada shall be part of the thirteen Militia Regiments which were requested to Reinforce this Army, as appears by the Minutes of another Council of War held on the 16th. Inst't.35 I shall, being much hurried and fatigued, add to more in this Letter than my duty to Congress, and that I have the honour etc.
[Note 35: The proceedings of the council of war are in the Washington Papers, as are those of the other council held on January 15, at which it was decided that the present force of the Continental Army was inadequate for an attack on Boston, and that the Commander in Chief should call on the neighboring colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut for 13 militia regiments to serve until April 1.]
P. S. I Inclose you a Copy of my Letter to the Governments of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire also a Copy of a Resolution of this Colony in answer to an application of mine for Arms.
Since writing the above I have been informed by a Message from the Gen'l Court of Massachusetts that they have resolved upon the Raising of a Regiment for Canada, and appointed the Field Officers for it in the Western parts of this Government.
I am also informd by Express from Governor Trumbull, that he and his Council of Safety had agreed upon the Raising of a Regiment for the same purpose, which was anticipating my application to that Government.
If Commissions (and they are applied for) are to be given by Congress to the three Regiments going to Canada you will please to have them forwarded as I have none by me for the purpose.
Head Quarters Cambridge, January 20, 1776.
Sir: You being appointed Captain and Commander of the armed schooner Harrison in the Service of the United Colonies are to pay all Attention and Obedience to the following Instructions.
1st. You are to proceed immediately on a Cruize, against such Vessels as may be found on the high Seas or elsewhere, bound inwards or outwards to or from Boston, in the Service of the ministerial Army, and to take and seize all such Vessels, laden with Soldiers, Arms, Ammunition, or Provisions, going to or from said Town of Boston, or which you shall have good Reason to suspect, are employed for the Purpose of aiding, or assisting the ministerial Troops or Navy.
2nd. If you should be so successful as to take any of said Vessels, you are immediately to send them to the nearest and safest Port, to this Camp, under a careful Prize-Master, directing him to deliver said Prize unto the Agent by me appointed for the Port into which a Prize is carried (if any there). If none should be in that Port, Notice is to be given to the nearest Agent thereto; at same Time an Account of such Capture to be transmitted to Head Quarters, with all Particulars thereto belonging, by Express.
3rd. You are to be very particular and diligent in your Search after all Letters or other Papers tending to discover the Designs of the Enemy, or of any other kind, and to forward all such to me as soon as possible.
4th. Whatever Prisoners you take, must be treated with Kindness and Humanity. Their private Stock of Money and Apparel to be given them, after being strictly searched, and when they arrive at any Port, they are to be delivered up to the Agent, if any there; if not, to the Committee of Safety of such Port.
5th. For your Encouragement, and that of the other Officers and Men to Diligence and Activity, over and above their Pay, which will be the same as in the Army of the United Colonies; you shall be entitled to one third Part of every Vessel and Cargo, (after Condemnation in the Court of Admiralty) which shall be by you taken and sent into Port. If she is an arm'd Vessel that resists, as an Inducement for you, your Officers and Men to act courageously, one half of Vessel and Cargo will be allotted to you, which Parts are to be divided in the following Proportion, vizt: Shares: Captain, 6; 1st. Lieutt., 5; 2nd. Lieutt.,4; Ships Master, 3; Steward, 2; Mate, 1½; Gunner, 1½; Gunners Mate, 1½; Privates, 1 each.
6th. As Captain Manley is appointed Commodore of the four Schooners now fitted out, he will fix upon proper Signals by which you may know each other, and you are to obey him as such in all Cases. If it should so happen that a Prize is taken in sight of other Vessels, fitted out at the continental Expense or at the Charge of Individuals, the Rules which take Place among private Ships of War, to be observed in the Distribution of the Prize Money.
7th. You are to be extremely careful and frugal of your Ammunition and other Stores; by no Means to waste any of it in Salutes, or for any Purpose but what is absolutely necessary.
8th. You, your Officers and Men are, from the Date hereof, to consider yourselves as engaged in the Service of the United Colonies, and in every Respect subject to the Rules and Regulations formed by the Congress, for the Government of the Army raised for the Defence of American Liberty; or as near as possible, consistent with the Difference of the Land and Sea Service. A Book of the Rules and Articles, you will receive herewith, at the End, of which you, your Officers, and Men must subscribe your Names.
9th. As it is very apparent, that the ill Success which attended the major Part of the armed Vessels in former Cruizes, was owing to the Want of Industry, and the Inactivity of the Officers who commanded; you will, therefore, take Notice, that a Fondness to be on Shore, Indolence, and Inactivity, will meet with their just Deserts. For, if it appears, that the Captain or any of the Officers, do not exert themselves, and do all that they possibly can for their own and the publick Good, they shall be dismissed the Service, and rendered incapable of serving their Country in any honourable Station hereafter in the Army or Navy.36
[Note 36: See Instructions to Capt. Nicholson Broughton, Oct. 16, 1775, ante.]
Cambridge, January 20, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of the 18th. Inst., I received this day for which I return you my thanks.
Upon receiving the Melancholy Intelligence of the fall of the brave Montgomery and the repulse of our Troops, in their attempt against the City of Quebec; I called a Council of Genl. Officers to determine upon the necessary steps to be taken upon the alarming occasion; of their determination, I wrote you yesterday, to which I beg leave to refer you.
The early attention, which you and your Honorable Council have paid to this Important business, has anticipated my requisition and claims in a particular manner the thanks of every well wishing American.
I am in hopes by this time, that several are on their March, and that with the Troops which will follow from your Government, this and New Hampshire; that our affairs in a little time in that Quarter, will wear a more promising aspect, than what they now do. I am Sir &ca.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 21, 1776.
Parole Granby. Countersign Monckton.
The Colonel, or commanding Officer of each Regiment, is forthwith to send out one, or two, prudent and sensible Officers, to buy up such Arms as are wanted for his Regiment, These Officers to be also good Judges of arms, and they are directed to purchase none, but such as are proper and in the best repair, and if possible to get them with Bayonets, but not to refuse a good Firelock without--The Officers going upon this duty, are to be furnish'd with Cash, from their respective Colonels, or Commanding Officers, out of the Money designed for the Month's advance pay, for the Recruits, which money will be replaced as wanted--The Names of the Officers sent upon this business, with Sums advanced them, are to be immediately returned to the Adjutant General by the Colonels--These Officers are not to be absent longer, than the 4th of February next.
All Recruits who shall furnish their own Arms, (provided they are good) shall be paid one Dollar, for the Use of them, shall have the Privilege of carrying them away, when their time is out, and in case they are lost (through no default of their own) shall be paid for them, at the end of the campaign.
All Persons having business with the Adjutant General, are to apply to him at his Office, at the entrance next to the Front of the Head Quarters.
Cambridge, January 21, 1776.
Sir: In the hurry of my last dispatches to you of the 19th Inst. I forgot to Intimate, that for the Encouragement of the Regt. destined for Canada, a Month's advanced pay will be allowed Officers and Soldiers by me, in behalf of the Congress. At the same time I think it but right, that you should be apprized of the Intention of this Government, to advance their Regt another Month's pay, to enable the men to provide for so long and fatiguing a March, and in the mean time have something for their families to subsist on, during their absence.
I have no doubt, but that this last advance will be pleasing to Congress, and that the Money will be speedily refunded; but as I have no Authority to direct it, and would not appear by any Act of mine, to put these three Regiments for Canada, upon a different footing from those, which have been raising for this Army; I only give you a hint of the Intention of this Government, if you think proper, that the Regiment from your Colony may be placed upon the same footing; as I know all kind of distinctions are considered by Troops with an evil and Jealous Eye.
Such necessaries, as are absolutely requisite for the Men of this Regiment, you will please to have provided upon the best terms you can, and a regular Account with Vouchers thereof kept, that payment may be made. The Importance of dispatch, will I am persuaded, appear in so urgent and pressing a light to you, that I need add nothing on this head, but shall be glad to hear what progress you make in the business, being with the sincerest regard and esteem. Sir &c.37
[Note 37: The same letter was also sent to the New Hampshire Legislature.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 22, 1776.
Parole Framingham. Countersign St. Johns.
The Majors of Brigade to be all at Head Quarters, to morrow Morning ten OClock.
Cambridge, January 23, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favour of the 16th. Instt. and am exceedingly sorry to hear, that Congress countermanded the embarkation of the two Regiments, intended against the Tories on Long Island.38 They, I doubt not, had their Reasons; but to me it appears, that the Period is arrived, when nothing less than the most decisive and vigorous Measures should be pursued: Our Enemies from the other Side of the Atlantic, will be sufficiently numerous. It highly concerns us to have as few internal ones as possible.
[Note 38: A committee of the Continental Congress, on the State of New York, had been appointed (Dec. 28, 1775), and on its report Congress had withdrawn (January 3) all citizenship privileges from the inhabitants of Queens County who had not voted for delegates to the New York Legislature.]
As Congress seem to have altered their Views in this Instance, and the Men which went with you from Connecticut are upon a very different Footing from what I expected, it will be right to give Congress the earliest Notice of your Proceedings and to disband your Troops as soon as you think Circumstances will admit of it.39
[Note 39: Ford notes that an account of General Lee's proceedings in New York will be found in the Life of Gouverneur Morris, vol. 1, pp. 74--88. The official proceedings, which show the opposition of the New York Congress and committee of safety to vigorous action, will be found in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 4. The action of the Continental Congress was based upon the protests of the State authority.]
In Consequence of the melancholy Reverse of our Affairs in Canada, an Application was made to me for Succour, and happy I should have been, if the Situation of this Army could have afforded it. All I could do was to lay the Matter before this and the Governments of Connecticut and New Hampshire, and urge the Expediency and Necessity of their sending a Reinforcement of three Regiments there immediately. Mr. Trumbull and his Council of Safety had anticipated my Request. The other two Colonies have adopted the Measure. The three Regiments are now raising, and I would willingly hope, will arrive in Time to reinstate Matters in that Quarter and give them a more agreable Aspect than they now have.
I shall be much obliged by your pressing Colo. McDougall to forward the Shells mentioned in his Letter of the 2nd. Instr., as they are much wanted, and also to spare me some Powder if he possibly can. You know our Stock of this necessary Article is small and inconsiderable, and you know too that we have a Demand for a further Supply.
The Progress in raising Recruits for the new Army being very slow, I have applied to this Colony, Connecticut and New Hampshire, for ten Regiments of Militia, to continue in Service 'till the 1st of April next, which they have granted me. As soon as they come in, and I can get provided with proper Means, I am determined to attempt something. Of this I would have you take no Notice.
Within a few Days past several Persons have come out of Boston. They all agree that General Clinton is gone upon some Expedition. Some say he has between 4 and 500 Men, others, Part of two Regiments. What his Force consists of is not precisely known; but I am almost certain he is gone with some. His Destination must be south of this, and very probably for New York; I thought it necessary to give you this Information, that you may be on your Guard and prepared to receive him as well as you can.
I shall be glad to hear from you frequently, and to be informed of any Occurrences you may think material. I am, Dear Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 23, 1776.
Parole Fairfax. Countersign Vernon.
Timothy Downing, tried at a General Court martial for "Desertion," being found guilty, is sentenced to receive thirtynine Lashes upon the bare back with a Cat'o'Nine tails, and it appearing to the Court that as the Prisoner is worthless and incorrigible, they order him to be drum'd out of the army.
A Court of enquiry, to sit upon Thursday Morning next, at General Green's on Prospect hill, to examine into a complaint exhibited against Col. Stark of the 5th Regt. of Foot by Samuel Hobert Esqr. Pay Master of the New Hampshire Forces--All Evidences and Persons concerned to attend the Court: Brigadier Genl. Green President. Col Nixon, Col Webb, Col Hitchcock, Col Varnum, Members.
The Judge Advocate to attend the court; which will sit precisely at Ten O'Clock.
Camp, Cambridge, January 24, 1776.
Sir: The Commissary General being at length returned from a long and painful Illness, I have it in my power to comply with the requisition of Congress, in forwarding an estimate of the expence attending his office;--as also that of the Quarter Master General's. You will please to observe, that the Commissary by his Account of the matter, has entered into no special Agreement with any of the Persons he has found occasion to employ. (as to those to whose names sums are annexed, are of their own fixing) But left it to Congress to ascertain their Wages:
I shall say nothing therefore on this head, further than relates to the proposition of Mr. Miller47 to be allowed 1/8 for his trouble and the safe delivery of the other 7/8 of Provisions, which to me appears exorbitant in the extreme, however conformable it may be to custom and usage. I therefore think, that reasonable stipends had better be fixed upon. Both the Quarter Master and Commissary General assure me, that they do not employ a single person uselessly, and as I have too good an opinion of them, to think they would deceive me, I believe them.
[Note 47: Charles Miller, issuing storekeeper, Commissary General's department.]
I shall take the Liberty in this place, of recommending the expediency, indeed absolute necessity of appointing fit and proper persons to settle the Accounts of this Army. To do it with precision requires time, care and attention. The longer it is left undone, the more intricate they will be; The more liable to error, and difficult to explain and rectify, and also the Persons, in whose hands they are, if disposed to take undue advantages will be less subject to detection. I have been as attentive as the nature of my Office would admit of, in granting Warrants for Money on the paymaster; But it would be absolutely impossible for me to go into an examination of all the Accounts incident to this Army, and the vouchers appertaining to them, without devoting so large a proportion of my Time to the Business as might not only prove Injurious, but fatal to it in other respects. This ought in my Humble Opinion to be the particular business of a Select Committee of Congress, or one appointed by them, which once in three months at farthest, should make a full settlement with the Officers in the different departments.
Having met with no encouragement from the Governments of Massachusetts and New Hampshire from my application for Arms, and expecting no better from Connecticut and Rhode Island; I have as the last expedient, sent one or two Officers from each Regiment into the country with Money to try if they can buy. In what manner they succeed, Congress shall be informed, as soon as they return.
Congress, in my last, would discover my motives for strengthing these lines with Militia. But Whether as the Weather turns out exceedingly mild (insomuch as to promise nothing favourable from Ice) and there is no appearance of Powder, I shall be able to attempt anything decisive time only can determine. No man upon Earth wishes more ardently to destroy the nest in Boston, than I do. No person would be willing to go greater lengths than I shall, to accomplish it, If it shall be thought adviseable. But if we have no Powder to Bombard with, nor Ice to pass on, we shall be in no better situation than we have been in, all the year:--we shall be worse, as their Works are stronger.
I have accounts from Boston, which I think may be relied on that General Clinton with about 4 or 500 Men hath left that place within these four days. Whether this is part of the Detachment which was making up as mentioned in my Letter of the fourth, and then at Nantasket, or not, is not in my power to say. If it is designed for New York, or long Island, as some think, throwing in a Body of Troops there, may prove a fortunate circumstance; If they go farther South, agreeable to the Conjectures of others, I hope there will be men to receive them. Notwithstanding the positive Assertions of the four Captains from Portsmouth, noticed in my letter of the 14th, I am now convinced from several corroborating circumstances;--the Accounts of Deserters and of Lieut: Hill of Lord Peircy's Regiment, who left Ireland the 5th of November and was taken by a Privateer from New Buryport, that the 17th. and 55th Regiments are arrived at Boston, and other Troops at Halifax, agreeable to the Information of Hutchinson and others. Lieut Hill says that the Transports of 2 Regiments only were forced into Milford Haven.
Congress will think me a little remiss, I fear, when I inform them, that I have done nothing yet towards raising the Battalion of Marines, but I hope to stand exculpated from blame, when they hear the reason which is, that already having 26 incomplete Regiments, I thought it would be adding to an expence already too great in Officers, to sett two entire Corps of Officers on foot, when perhaps we shall not add ten Men a Week to our present numbers, by it. In this Opinion the General Officers here concurred, which induced me to suspend the matter a little longer. Our Inlistments for the two last Weeks have not amounted to 1000 men and are diminishing. The Regiment for Canada, It is thought, will be soon filled as the men are to choose all but their Field Officers, which are appointed by the court.
On Sunday Evening 13. of the Coghnawaga Indians arrived here on a Visit.48 I shall take care to entertain them in such a manner during their stay here, that they may return impressed
[Note 48: "1776, January 24, Wednesday. Began my journey to Philadelphia. Dined at C. Mifflin's, at Cambridge, with G. Washington and Gates and their ladies, and half a dozen sachems and warriors of the French Caghnawaga tribe, with their wives and children. Williams is one who was captured in his infancy and adopted. There is a mixture of white blood, French or English, in most of them. Louis, their principal, speaks English and French, as well as Indian. It was a savage feast, carnivorous animals devouring their prey; yet they were wondrous polite. The General introduced me to them as one of the grand council fire at Philadelphia, upon which they made me many bows and a cordial reception."-- Works of John Adams (Diary), vol. 2, p. 431.] with Sentiments of Friendship for us, and also of our great strength. One of them is Colonel Louis, who Honored me with a visit once before. I have the Honor, &ca.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 24, 4776.
Parole --. Countersign --.
The Barracks are to be finished as speedily as possible, that the Militia Regiments, which are expected may be accommodated--The Quarter-Master General and his Assistants, are to look out in time, for other quarters, if the Barracks are thought insufficient to entertain the troops--The Regiments are to be brigaded in the following manner, viz:
Whitcombs, Webbs and Hutchinsons Regiments, are to join their respective Brigades, as soon as provision is made for it; at any rate before the first of February; that they may get fixed before the Militia come in. The Brigadier and Q: Mr: General is to see that each Brigade, is as compactly quartered as the Barracks will admit of; The Barrack Master is to see that each room has its Complement of men, and the Officers placed contigious to them.
The Custom of maning the Lines and each regiment repairing to its alarm-post at Revellie beating is to be strictly and invariably practiced, until countermanded--The Brigadiers are to take especial care, that proper alarm posts are assign'd, to every Regiment, that no confusion may arise upon an alarm.
Neither Provisions, nor the Value of them, are to be issued to Officers, or Soldiers when upon Furlough--Furloughs are always consider'd as injurious to the Service, but too often granted for the gratification of Individuals--The General was therefore not a little surprised to find, that it had contrary to custom, and common Justice, become a question, whether absentees, were not entitled to the same allowance of provisions, as if they were present and actually doing duty.
Cambridge, January 25, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 22d Inst., and am much obliged by your Assurance, that the three Regiments of Militia for this Camp, will be raised as fast as possible; they are much wanted. I wish it was in my power to facilitate their march, by sending a necessary supply of Money for it, but it is not, as our Treasury is exhausted, I hope in a little time it will be replenished, with a Sufficient Sum to answer every demand.
I am very sorry that Arms are so scarce with you, that none can be furnished on Account of the Continent, at this critical period. I know not what will be done. Those of the three Regiments, they will be allowed to carry away when their Service is ended, unless they choose to sell them. I will gladly buy, but never had an Idea of detaining them against their consent.
For the Arms which were detained and Appraized, I have given Warrants to the Several Colonels to whose Regiments they belonged, upon the pay Master Genl., as fast as the number and Value have been brought in, and will take care to have a return made you. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 26, 1776.
Parole Detroit. Countersign Springfield.
The Captains, or commanding Officers of the Militia Companies, are to have their pay Abstracts ready by the first of February, in Order for payment: The General having borrowed as much Money, as will answer this purpose, rather than suffer them to return without.
In making up the Pay Abstracts, the following method is to be observed, upon one Side of an entire Sheet of paper is to be the Roll (or names of the Officers and men of the whole company) on the other side (or back of this) is to be the Pay Abstract in the usual form, at the foot of the abstract is to be a deduction of the Money, which has been advanced to any of the Companies, and proof annexed of the Justice of the demand. This being necessary for the General's satisfaction in drawing the warrants.
The Captains &c., are to be particularly careful, not to charge pay for any of their Men, who have inlisted into any of the Regiments, after such Inlistment took place, as the pay of those men will be drawn by the Colonel of the Regimt. they are now in, or respectively belong to. The Form of the Oath, and Warrant, (as it would take too much time to draw the whole at Head Quarters) may be had at the Adjutant General's Office, for each Captain to copy.
The New Hampshire Militia, are to be allowed (by the Commissary) one penny a Mile coming and going in lieu of rations; as this allowance has already been made by the Massachusetts Government to their militia.
Brigadier Genl. Thomas, with the three Colonels of his Brigade, now at Roxbury, to wit, Learnard--Bailey--and Ward, are to repair to Head Quarters, to morrow by Eleven OClock, to have the Commissions for those Regiments issued.
Cambridge, January 27, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your Favour of the 22nd. Inst. inclosing Colonel Arnold's Letter of the 2nd explaining the Doubt we were in respecting his Detachment, is received. Happy would it have been for our Cause if that Party could have got out of the City of Quebec; as I am much afraid from the Complexion of the Letters from that Place, that there is little Hope of Arnold's continuing the Blockade without Assistance from Wooster, which he is determined not to give, whether with Propriety or not, I shall not at this Distance undertake to decide.
The sad Reverse of our Affairs in that Quarter calls loudly for every Exertion in your Power, to restore them to the promising Aspect they so lately wore. For this Reason notwithstanding you think, the Necessity of Troops from hence is in some Measure superceded, I will not countermand the Order and Appointment of Officers, which are gone forth from this Government, Connecticut and New Hampshire, for raising a Regiment each 'till Congress (who are informed of it) shall have decided upon the Measure. I consider that the important Period is now arrived when the Canadians and consequently their Indians must take their Side. Should any indecisive Operations of ours, therefore, give the Bias against us, it is much easier to foresee, than to rectify the dreadful Consequences which must inevitably follow from it.
I consider also, that the Reinforcement under the Command of Colonel Warner, and such other spirited Men as have left the western Parts of the new England Governments, is only temporary, and may fail when most wanted, as we find it next to impossible to detain Men (not fast bound) in Service, after they get a little tired of the Duties of it, and Homesick.
These, my Dear Sir, are the great Out-Lines, which govern me in this Affair. If Congress mark them as strongly as I do, they will not wish to starve the Cause at so critical a Period. If they think differently they will direct accordingly, and I must stand corrected for the Error my zeal hath led me into.
Colonel Porter,50 said to be an exceeding active Man, is appointed to the Command of the Regiment from this Government, Colonel Burrell51 to the one from Connecticut and Colonel Bedel52 to that from New Hampshire. The two last are represented to me as Men of Spirit and Influence; so that from these Accounts, I have no Doubt of their getting into Canada in a very short Time, as I have endeavoured to excite the Spirit of Emulation. I wish most ardently that the State of your Health may permit you to meet them there. The Possession of Quebec, and entire Reduction of Canada this Winter,
[Note 50: Col. Elisha Porter, of the Hampshire County, Mass., militia.]
[Note 51: Col. Charles Burrall.]
[Note 52: Col. Timothy Bedel, of the New Hampshire Rangers.] so as to have Leisure to prepare for the Defence of it in the Spring, is of such great and extensive Importance to the well being of America, that I wish to see Matters under the Direction--But I will say no more, you will come at my Meaning.
I am a little embarrassed to know in what Manner to conduct myself with Respect to the Caghnawaga Indians now here. They have, notwithstanding the Treaty of Neutrality which I find they entered into with you the other Day (agreably to what appears to be the Sense of Congress), signified to me a Desire of taking up Arms in Behalf of the United Colonies. The Chief of them, and whom I understand is now the first Man of the Nation, intends (as it is intimated to me) to apply to me for a Commission, with Assurances of raising four or five Hundred Men when he returns. My Embarrassment does not proceed so much from the Impropriety of incouraging these People to depart from their Neutrality (accepting their own voluntary Offer rather) as from the Expense, which probably may follow. I am sensible that if they do not desire to be idle, that they will be for or against us. I am sensible also, that no Artifices will be left unessayed to engage them against us. Their proffer'd services, therefore ought not to be rejected; but how far (under the little Knowledge I have of these People's Policy, and real Intentions and your Want of their Aid) I ought to go, is the Question that puzzles me. I will endeavour, however, to please them by yielding in Appearance to their Demands; reserving, at the same Time, the Power in you to regulate their Numbers and Movements, of which you shall be more fully informed when any Thing is fixed.53 At present
[Note 53: General Schuyler, in regard to these Indians, replied (February 14): "It is extremely difficult to determine what should be done, in what you mention respecting the offer made by the Caghnawaga Indians; but if we can get decently rid of their offer, I would prefer it to employing them. The Expence we are at in the Indian Department is now amazing; it will be more so when they consider themselves as in our Service; nor would their Intervention be of much Consequence, unless we could procure that of the other Nations. The hauteur of the Indians is much diminished since the taking of Montreal; they evidently see that they cannot get any Supplies but thro' us." This letter is in the Washington Papers.
On January 30 the Caughnawagas, St. John, and Passamaquoddy Indians delivered a talk to Washington, in which the former offered to aid in the attack on Canada and the latter asked for a supply of powder for hunting. A copy of these talks is in the Washington Papers.] what they have mentioned is a Kind of out Door's Talk. They expect and are waiting to see Colonel Bedel (who promised to meet them here) before they open themselves fully.
What can you do in Compliance with Arnold's Request of Mortars &c.? If Knox disfurnished you, I am almost sorry for it, as I beleive I shall never get wherewith all to feed them here.
I congratulate you upon the Success of your Expedition into Tryon County.54 I hope General Lee will execute a Work of the same Kind on Long Island &c. It is high Time to begin with our internal foes when we are threatened with such Severity of Chastisement from our kind Parent without. That the supreme Dispenser of every Good, may bestow Health, Strength and Spirit to you and your Army, is the fervent Wish of, Dear Sir, etc.
[Note 54: Schuyler described his march into Tryon County in a letter to Washington, dated January 22, which is in the Washington Papers. He used the militia and took about 300 Scotch Highlanders, which he sent as prisoners to Pennsylvania. He also seized some light artillery, swivels, and blunderbusses.]
Cambridge, January 27, 1776.
Dear Sir: On the 17th. Inst. I received the melancholy Account of the unfortunate Attack on the City of Quebec, attended with the Fall of General Montgomery and other brave officers and Men, and of your being wounded. This unhappy Affair affects me in a very sensible Manner and I sincerely condole with you upon the Occasion; but in the Midst of Distress, I am happy to find, that suitable Honors were paid to the Remains of Mr. Montgomery; and our Officers and Soldiers, who have fallen into their Hands, treated with Kindness and Humanity.
Having received no Intelligence later than the Copy of your Letter of the 2nd. to General Wooster, I would fain hope, that you are not in a worse situation, than you were; tho' I confess I have greatly feared that those Misfortunes would be succeeded by others, on Account of your unhappy Condition and the dispirited State of the Officers and Men. If they have not, I trust when you are joined by three Regiments now raising in this and the Governments of Connecticut and New Hampshire, and two others, ordered by the Congress from Pennsylvania, and the Jerseys, with the Men already sent off by Colonel Warner, that these Misfortunes will be done away, and Things resume a more favourable and promising Appearance than ever. I need not mention to you the great Importance of this Place, and the consequent Possession of all Canada, in the scale of American Affairs. You are well apprized of it. To whomsoever it belongs, in their Favour probably, will the Ballance turn. If it is in ours, Success, I think will most certainly crown our virtuous Struggles. If it is in theirs, the Contest at best, will be doubtful, hazardous and bloody. The glorious Work must be accomplished in the Course of this Winter, otherwise it will become difficult; most probably, impracticable: for Administration knowing that it will be impossible ever to reduce us to a State of Slavery and arbitrary Rule without it, will certainly send a large Reinforcement there in the Spring. I am fully convinced that your Exertions will be invariably directed to this grand Object, and I already view the approaching Day, when you and your brave Followers will enter this important Fortress with every Honor and Triumph, attendant on Victory, and Conquest. Then will you have added the only Link wanting in the great Chain of continental Union, and render the Freedom of your Country secure.
Wishing you a speedy Recovery, and the Possession of those Laurels, which your Bravery and Perseverance justly merit, I am. etc.55
[Note 55: Practically the same letter was sent this same day to Brig. Gen. David Wooster. Washington, in this, added the following: "I must therefore entreat you, in case General Schuyler's Indisposition should not permit him to act, to exert yourself upon the Occasion, as much as you possibly can and to give every Assistance in your Power for Compleating our Conquest in that Quarter. Three Regiments are raising in this and the Governments of Connecticut and New Hampshire, with all possible Expedition, and two from Pennsylvania and the Jerseys, have been ordered by Congress for this Purpose, besides a Number of Men under the Command of Colonel Warner. When these arrive and join the Troops already there, I confidently hope, that should the Command devolve upon you, you will not only reinstate our Affairs in their former pleasing Situation, but will be the happy means of adding the only Link wanting in the Grand Chain of continental Union. You will then have an Opportunity of employing your Abilities for your Country's Weal and rendering her Services never to be forgotton." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 28, 1776.
Parole Cleavland. Countersign Lowther.
As the General is consenting to, and desirous of the Militia drawing the same pay, as the Continental Troops The Officers of those Companies are hereby inform'd, that since the first of January, their pay will be the same as those Officers (of equal Rank), upon the new establishment; but before that date, no more than what was drawn under the old establishment, can be allow'd them, of this they are to take particular notice, that no mistake may happen.
When the Militia are discharged the Colonels or commanding Officers of the Regiments with whom they have done duty, are to take especial care that every Ounce of Ammunition is received from them (belonging to the public) as also such Men as Joined their Regiments for a Month--If any Man attempts to carry off a single Grain of Ammunition not known to be his own, he will be pursued, brought back and severely punished.
The Colonels, or commanding Officers of Regiments, are requested to buy any good Arms, which the Militia may voluntarily incline to sell; They are also to make out Pay Abstracts, for those Men who joined their Regiments for the Month of January; confining it to that Month, that Warrants may issue accordingly.
Brigadier Genl. Heath, with the Colonels of his Brigade, to attend at Head Quarters to morrow for Commissions to be filled up.
Cambridge, January 28, 1776.
Sir: I received your agreable Letter of the 26th. Instt, giving an Account of your having taken and carried into Plymouth, two of the Enemy's Transports. Your Conduct in engaging the eighth Gun Schooner, with so few Hands as you went out with, your Attention in securing your Prizes, and your general good Behaviour since you first engaged in the Service, merits mine, and your Country's Thanks.56
[Note 56: "Captain Manley took two prizes last week and to save himself was obliged to run his vessel ashore at North River and left her; the enemy boarded her, but Manley gave them such heavy fire that they were obliged to quit her, taking nothing, save one swivel gun, which gun he sometime before borrowed of them."-- Gen. Artemas Ward to Congress, Feb. 3, 1776.]
You may be assured that every Attention will be paid to any reasonable Request of yours, and that you shall have the Command of a stronger Vessel of War; but as it will take up some Time before such a one can be fitted out, my Desire is, that you continue in the Hancock, untill the End of the Cruize. When that is out you will come to Head Quarters, and we will confer together on the Subject of the other Ship. I wish you could engage Men at Plymouth to make your Complement at least 40 strong. It would enable you to encounter the small Tenders that may fall in your Way; tho' I would rather have you avoid an Engagement, until you have a Ship that will place you upon a more equal Footing with your Enemy. I need not recommend to you to proceed again and pursue your good Fortune. I wish you could inspire the Captains of the other armed Schooners under your Command with some of your Activity and Industry. Cannot you appoint such Stations for them, where they may have the best Chance of intercepting Supplies going to the Enemy? They dare not disobey your Orders as it is mentioned in the Instructions I have given to each of them, that they are to be under your Command as Commodore, and as such I desire that you will give them such Instructions in Writing, as to you will appear proper for the good of the Service. I am, Sir, wishing you a Continuance of Success. Your's &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 29, 1776.
Parole Manly. Countersign Salem.
Some doubts having arisen amongst the militia Companies, whether the two Subalterns, are to be paid as Lieutenants, or as Lieutenant and Ensign--The General informs them, that he cannot (where there are only two Subalterns to a Company) consider the youngest of them, as entitled to more than Ensigns pay, as they were all the last Campaign, notwithstanding they are denominated Second Lieutenants; and desires the Rolls may be made out accordingly.
The Colonel, or commanding Officer of each Regiment, is to make out pay-Abstracts for the Month of January, and lodge them with the Adjutant General, that proper Settlements may be made: In doing this they are to be exceedingly careful (by causing proper enquiry to be made into the matter, of the militia Captains) to prevent any mistakes, happening with respect to the Men, who have been inlisted by any of their Officers out of the Militia Companies, that in the first place they may have their pay secured to them, and in the next, that it may not be doubly drawn.
Brigadier Genl. Spencer is to attend at Head Quarters to morrow, with the Colonels or commanding Officers of the Regiments of his Brigade in order to obtain the Commissions for their Officers.
Cambridge, January 30, 1776.
Sir: Your favours of the 6th. and 20th. Instant, I received Yesterday, with the several Resolves of Congress alluded to, for which I return you my thanks.
Knowing the great Importance Canada will be of to us, in the present Interesting Contest, and the relief our Friends there stand in need of, I should be happy, were It in my Power, to detach a Battalion from this Camp, But It cannot be done. On the 19th. instant, I had the Honor to write and inclose you the Resolution of a Council of War, and the Sentiments of the General Officers here as to the propriety of sending Troops from these Lines (for the defence of which we have been and now are obliged to call in the Militia) to which I beg leave to refer you. You may rest assured, that my endeavours and exertions shall not be wanting to stimulate the Governments of Connecticut and New Hampshire, to raise and forward reinforcements, as fast as possible, nor in any other Instance that will promote the expedition.
I shall in Obedience to the Order of Congress, tho' Interdicted by General Howe, propose an Exchange of Governor Skeene57 for Mr. Lovell and family, and shall be happy to have an Opportunity of puting this deserving Man (who has distinguished his fidelity and regard to his Country to be too great for persecution and cruelty to overcome) in any post agreeable to his wishes and Inclination.
[Note 57: Philip Skene entered the British Army in 1736 and served in European wars until he came to America in 1756. He became a captain in the Twenty-seventh Regiment in 1757, major of brigade in 1759, and commanded at Crown Point in October of the same year. In 1762 he participated in the West Indian expedition and was one of the first to enter the breach at the storming of Habana. In 1763 he returned to New York, where, in 1765, he obtained a patent for the township of Skenesboro (now Whitehall), and resided there after 1770, running a line between Canada and the Colonies, and superintending the settlement of the then uninhabited border country. In 1773 he applied to Lord Dartmouth to recommend him to the King for the appointment of governor of that region. The appointment was given, and he was empowered to raise a regiment in America. Activities in this connection brought him to the attention of the Continental Congress and led to his arrest in Philadelphia in June, 1775. In October, 1776, he was exchanged, joined Burgoyne as commander of a loyal American regiment, and was again captured at Saratoga. His property was confiscated by New York in 1779.-- Ford.]
I do not know that there is any particular Rank annexed to the Office of Aid de Camp; Generally they are Captains and Rank as such. But higher Rank is often given on account of particular merit and in particular circumstances. Aids to the King have the Rank of Colonels.
Whether any distinction should be made between those of your Commander in Chief and the other Generals, I really know not; [I think there ought].
You may rely, that Connolly had Instructions concealed in his Saddle. Mr. Eustice who was one of Lord Dunmores family, and another Gentleman who wishes his name not to be mentioned, saw them cased in Tin, put in the Tree, and covered over;--he probably has exchanged his Saddle, or with drew the papers when it was mended as you conjecture; those that have been discovered are sufficiently bad, but I doubt not of the others being worse and containing more diabolical and extensive plans.
I hope he will be taken proper care of and meet with rewards equal to his merits.
I shall appoint officers in the place of those which are in Canada, as I am fully persuaded they will wish to continue there for making our conquest complete in that Quarter. I wish their bravery and valor may be attended with the smiles of Fortune.
It gives me great Pleasure to hear of the measures Congress are taking for manufacturing of Powder; I hope their endeavours will be crowned with success; I too well know and regret the want of it. It is scarcely possible to describe the disadvantages an Army must labour under, when not provided with a sufficient supply of this necessary.
It may seem strange, that after having received about [11] Tons added to about [five] Tons which I found here and no General Action has happened, that we should be deficient in this Article and require more. But you will be pleased to consider, besides its being of a Wasteful nature and whilst the Men lay in bad Tents, was unavoidably damaged by severe and heavy rains (which could not have been prevented, unless it had been entirely withdrawn from them and an Attack hazarded against us without ammunition in their hands); That the Armed Vessels; our own occasional fireings, and some small supplies I have been Obliged to afford the Sea ports Towns threatned with immediate destruction, to which may be added the Supply to the Militia, and going off of the old Troops, have occasioned and ever will, a large consumption of it, [and waste, in spite of all the care in the World.] The Kings Troops never have less than 60 rounds a Man in their possession [Independant of their Stores.] To supply an Army of 20,000 in this manner, would take near 400 Barrels, allowing nothing for Stores Artillery &ca. I have been always afraid to place more than 12 or 15 Rounds at a time in the Hands of our Men, least any Accident happening to it; we should be left destitute and be undone. I have been thus particular, not only to shew our Poverty, but to exculpate myself from even a suspicion of unnecessary Waste.
I shall inform the Pay Master General of the Resolution of Congress, respecting his Drafts, and the mode and amount of them.
The companies at Chelsea and Malden are and always have been Regimented. It was not my intention to replace with Continental Troops, the Independent Companies at Hingham, Weymouth and Braintree; These places are exposed but not more so than Cape Ann, Beverly, Salem, Marblehead, &ca. &ca. &ca.
Is it the Intention of Congress, that the Officers of the Army should pay postage? they are not exempted by the Resolve of the 9n Instant.58
[Note 58: The resolve of January 9 permitted the private soldiers in active service to send their letters free of postage, provided they were franked by some one in authority. The officers were not mentioned in the resolve.]
The Congress will be pleased, I have no doubt to recollect, that the 500,000 Dollars which are now coming, are but little more than enough to bring us up to the beginning of this month, that to morrow is the last day of it, and by their own resolves the Troops are to be paid monthly.
I wish it was in my power to furnish Congress with such a General, as they desire to send to Canada; since the unhappy reverse of our Affairs in that Quarter, General Schuyler has Informed me, that tho' he had thought of declining the service before, he would now Act. My letter of the 11th. will inform them of General Lee's being at New York;--he will be ready to obey their Orders should they incline to send him; But, If I am not greatly deceived, he or some other spirited able Officer will be wanted there in the Spring, if not sooner, as we have undoubted Intelligence that General Clinton has sailed with some Troops: the Reports of their Number are various, from between 4 and 500 to nineteen companies [of Grenadiers and light Infantry.] It is also Imagined, that the Regiments which were to sail the 1st. of December, are intended for that place or Virginia. General Putnam is a most valuable man and a fine executive Officer, but I do not know how he would conduct in a seperate department; he is a younger Major General than Mr. Schuyler, who as I have observed, having determined to continue in service, will I expect repair into Canada. A copy of my Letter to him, on this and other Subjects, I inclose you, as it will explain my motives for stoping the Regiments from these Governments.
When Captain Cockran arrives, I will give him every Assistance in my power; but I fear It will be the means of laying up our own Vessels, as these people will not bear the distinction.59 Should this be the consequence, It will be highly prejudicial to us, as we some times pick up their Provision Vessels, and may continue to destroy them in this way. Last Week Captain Manly took a Ship and Brig from Whitehaven bound to Boston, with coals chiefly and some potatoes for the Army. I have for his great Vigilance and Industry appointed him Commodore of our little Squadron, and he now hoists his Flagg on board the Schooner Hancock.
[Note 59: Capt. Robert Cochran had come to Philadelphia from South Carolina to recruit seamen for that colony. Congress, by its resolve (January 19), referred him to Washington.]
I congratulate you on the recovery of Smith,60 and am exceedingly glad to hear of the measures Congress are taking for the general Defence of the Continent. The Clouds gather fast, where they will burst, I know not, but we should be armed at all points.
[Note 60: Smith was one of Dr. John Connolly's companions; he had escaped and been recaptured.]
I have not succeeded in my applications to these Governments for Arms; they have returned for Answer that they can not furnish any. Whether I shall be more lucky in the last resource left me in this Quarter, I cannot determine, having not received returns from the Officers sent out to purchase of the People. I greatly fear, that but very few will be procured in this way, as they are exceedingly scarce and but a small part of what there are fit for service;--when they make their report, you shall be informed.
The Quarter Master General has just received from General Schuyler, about 1700£ (York currency) worth of Clothing, for the Soldiery, It has come very seasonably as they are in great want, and will contribute a little to their relief.
Since writing the above I saw Mr. Eustice61 and mentioning that nothing had been found in the Tree of Connolly's Saddle, he told me that there had been a mistake in the matter: That the Instructions were artfully concealled in the two pieces of Wood which are on the mail pelion of his portmanteau Saddle; That by order of Lord Dunmore he saw them contrived for the purpose, the papers put in, and first covered with Tin and over that with a waxed canvass Cloth. He is so exceedingly pointed and clear in his Information, that I have no doubt of its being true.62 I could wish 'em to be discovered, as I think they contain some curious and extraordinary plans.
[Note 61: John Eustace. Dunmore wrote to Sir William Howe concerning him (Dec. 2, 1775): "The only fault I know in him (if fault it can be called in a boy) is that he is a little too volatile."]
[Note 62: Ford quotes from Connolly's Narrative: "My instructions and commission were concealed in the sticks of my servant's mail pillion, artfully contrived for the purpose...My servant, who was a man of great fidelity and adroitness, was not confined; and as he had gathered some slight intimation that matters of importance were in the pillion sticks. and observing the saddle and its appendages suspended in an adjoining shed, after having undergone a severe but fruitless scrutiny by the committee, he seized a favorable moment in the dead of night, opened the sticks, examined their contents by the light of a fire, and finding of what importance they were, destroyed them all, except my commission. This he sealed up, and conveyed to me, with a note informing me of what he had done, by means of a negro girl. that had before been proved to be faithful."
Smith's published Tour gives practically the same account and mentions that Samuel Chase, of Maryland, "one of the most illiberal, inveterate and violent Rebels," presided over their examination.]
In my Letter of the 24th. Instant, I mentioned the arrival of thirteen of our Caghnawaga Friends; They honored me with a Talk to-day as did three of the Tribes of St. Johns and Pasmiquoddi Indians; Copies of which I beg leave to inclose you. I shall write General Schuyler respecting the Tender of Service made by the former, and not to call for their Assistance, unless he shall at any time want it, or be under the necessity of doing it to prevent their taking the side of our Enemies.
I had the Honor of writing you on the 19th of November and then Informed you of having engaged two persons to go to Nova Scotia on the business recommended in your Letter of the 10th. and also that the State of the Army would not then admit of a sufficient force being sent for carrying into Execution the Views of Congress respecting the Dock Yards &ca.
I would now beg leave to mention, that if the persons sent for Information should report favourably of the expediency and practicability of the Measure, that it will not be in my Power to detach any Men from these lines, the situation of our Affairs will not allow on it. I think it would be advisable to raise them in the Eastern parts of this Government.
If it is attempted, It must be by people from the country. A Col: Thompson a Member of the General Court, from the Province of Main, and who is well spoken of by the Court, and a Captain Obrien have been with me. They think the Men necessary, may be easily engaged there and the measure practicable; provided there are not more than 200 British Troops at Halifax. They are willing and ready to embark in the matter, upon the Terms mentioned in their plan, which I enclose you. I would wish you to advert to the considerations inducing them to the Expedition as I am not without apprehension, should it be undertaking on their plan, that the Innocent and Guilty will be involved in one common Ruin. I presume they do not expect to receive more from the Continent, than the 5 or 10,000£ mentioned in their Scheme, and to be at every expence. If we had men to spare It might be undertaken for less than either, I conceive. Perhaps If Congress do not adopt their proposition, they will undertake to raise men for that particular purpose, which may be disbanded, as soon as it is effected and upon the same Terms allowed the Continental Troops in general. Whatever may be the determination of Congress upon the Subject, you will please to communicate to me immediately, for the Season most favorable for the Enterprize is advancing fast and we may expect in the Spring, that there will be more Troops there and the measure be more difficult to execute. I am etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington in the letter sent to Congress. This letter is now in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Cambridge, January 30, 1776.
Dear Sir: I wrote you the 23rd. Inst. and then informed you that General Clinton had gone upon some Expedition with 4 or 500 Men. There is good Reason to believe that Tryon has applied for some Troops, and that he would join them with a great Number of Inhabitants; so that you will see the Necessity of your being decisive and expeditious in your Operations in that Quarter. The Tories should be disarmed immediately tho' it is probable, that they may have secured their Arms on Board the King's Ships, untill called upon to use them against us. However you can seize upon the Persons of the Principals. They must be so notoriously known, that there will be little Danger of your committing Mistakes, and happy should I be if the Governour could be one of them.
Since writing the above, your Favour of the 24th came to Hand with the sundry Inclosures, which I have with Attention perused, and very much approve of your Conduct. I sincerely wish that the Letter you expect to receive from Congress, may empower you to act conformable to your own and my Sentiments on this Occasion: It they should order differently we must submit, as they doubtless will have good Reasons for what they may determine on.64 The Congress desire I should send an active General to Canada. I fancy when they made the Demand, that they did not think General Schuyler would continue in that Station, which he has given me to understand by some late Letters from him that he would. Should they not approve of the New York Expedition, and think another General necessary for the northern Department, it is probable they will fix on you to take the Command there.
[Note 64: General Lee was at Stamford, in Connecticut, where he was preparing to enter New York with such troops as he had collected. In his letter to Congress he had strongly urged the expediency of disarming the Tories, requiring an oath of them to act offensively and defensively in support of the common rights, and a pledge of one-half of their property as a security for their good behavior.-- Sparks. (See notes to Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Charles Lee, Jan. 23, 1776, ante.)]
I should be sorry to have you removed so far from this Scene; but if the Service there requires your Presence it will be a fine Field for the Exertion of your admirable Talents. There is nothing new here. Let me hear often from you, and believe me, &c.65
[Note 65: Lee arrived in New York February 4 "almost at the same instant" with Clinton. "He [Clinton] has brought no Troops with him, and pledges his Honour that none are coming. He says it is merely a visit to his Friend Tryon. If it is really so, it is the most whimsical piece of civility I ever heard of. He informs us that his intention is for N. Carolina, where He expects Five regiments from England; that He only brought two companies of Light Infantry from Boston This is certainly a droll way of proceeding; to communicate his full plan to the Enemy is too novel to be credited."-- Lee to Washington, Feb. 5, 1776. Clinton did, however, go southward. Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 30, 1776.
Sir: I have it in Command from the Honorable Continental Congress, to propose an Exchange of Governor Skeene for Mr. James Lovell and Family. If the proposition is agreeable, you will please to signify as much to me, and Mr. Lovell, that he may prepare for his removal, whilst I cause Mr. Skeene to be brought to this place. I am Sir Your etc.66
[Note 66: Howe's answer (February 2) was to the effect that he had intended to liberate Lovell, but discovered that he had carried on a prohibited correspondence, and for that reason declined to release him. Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 31, 1776.
Parole Belhaven. Countersign Lancaster.
Richd. Thompson of Capt. Nuting's Company, in Col. Prescot's Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial for "Theft and Desertion," is found guilty of both those Crimes, and sentenced to receive thirty-nine Lashes for each, and mulcted Twenty-four Shillings and eight pence out of his pay--Twelve Shillings thereof to be paid to the prosecutor Samuel Keys, and the rest to the persons who brought the prisoner back to camp.
The General approves the above Sentence, and orders it to be executed, at such time, and place, as the Commanding Officer of the Regiment shall think proper.
Cambridge, January 31, 1776.
Sir: Mr. Glover called upon the General this day informing him, that the Legislative Power of this Province, were about making some Alterations or Amendment in the Act relative to Captures made by Armed Vessels, fitted out of this Colony, so as to make that Act conformable to the resolutions of Congress. He also mentioned that some difficulties may arrise after Condemnation, respecting the Sale of Prizes made by the Continental Vessels, as it seems the deputy Sherrif is ordered to take charge of, and Sell the Prizes made by Vessels, fitted out by individuals, or otherwise. That will certainly militate with the agreement entered into by his Excellency with the Agents appointed by him, who are to have a Certain Commission and no more, for transacting that business. Now Sir, I am ordered by the General to lay the Matter before you, requesting that no future impediments may arise, after Condemnation of these Vessels, to interrupt the Sale of them and Cargoes. A clause in this particular, enacting that all Vessels taken by the Cruizers fitted out at the Continental expence, shall be given up to the Agents appointed for negotiating that business, immediately after Condemnation, will answer every purpose of this application to you.
I have the Honor to inclose you a Resolve of Congress, empowering the paymaster General of this Army to draw Bills on the President, with an extract, from his Letter to his Excellency on the same subject. I am Sir, etc.67
[Note 67: This letter in the "Letter Book," Washington Papers, is in the writing of George Lewis, but the Varick Transcripts give the signature as Washington's. Lacking the letter sent, it is difficult to determine who signed it. The resolve of Congress referred to is that of January 16.]
Cambridge, February 1, 1776.
Dear Sir: On the 27th. Ulto. I had the Pleasure of writing you, and then mentioned my being under some Embarrasment respecting the Application, which I expected from our Caghnawaga Friends. I have now the Pleasure to inform you, that in a Talk they honoured me with Yesterday, they put the Matter upon the Footing I wished; that is, to join the Forces in Canada, whenever you shall call for their Assistance. They requested me to certify my Approbation of the Treaty they had concluded with you, which I did. Upon the Occasion they expressed much Satisfaction, and said that they were now happy, that a firm Peace was made between them and their Brothers, and that they were now free like the New England People. I heartily wish that this Union may be lasting, and that nothing may cast up to interrupt it. The Expediency of calling upon them, I shall leave to you. Circumstances and Policy will suggest the Occasion.
I promised them to write you by Colonel Bedel, of what they had done, and shall submit it to your Discretion to communicate to them such Parts of this as you may think necessary.
I have advanced one Hundred Pounds lawful Money to Colonel Bedel, for the Expences attending their Return Home. This he will account with you for. I am, Dear Sir, etc.
Cambridge, February 1, 1776.
Sir: The Continental Congress having called upon the Government of New Hampshire to raise a Regiment for the Service of the United Colonies, which they have accordingly complied with and appointed you to the Command of; I have to desire that you will use the utmost deligence and dispatch possible, to raise the said Regiment, and march it into Canada by the way of No. 4, and Onion River, on which Communication a supply of Provisions will be laid, by Order of Major General Schuyler.
This Regiment is to be rais'd upon the Continental Establishment, and agreeable to the terms and requisition of the Congress, as transmitted to New Hampshire. As the Necessity of reinforcing our Troops Posted before, and forming the Blockade of Quebec, is too apparent to need description, I would have you order each Company to March as fast as they are rais'd, the whole putting themselves under the Command of the Genl. or Commanding Officer in Canada, as fast as they arrive there.
Such Necessaries as are indispensably necessary for the use of your Regiment will, I expect, be provided for you by your Colony, in the doing of which, and on your March, I recommend the utmost Oeconomy, that can be used consistent with dispatch.
You will take under your care, Jean Baptist, together with the other Indians (now at this place) of the Caghnawaga Tribe, and conduct them in the safest, and most agreeable manner to themselves, into Canada. You will receive a Warrant upon the Pay master, for the Sum of £100 Lawful with which you are to bear their Expences, rendering an Acct. of the just expenditure thereof, for their use to the Commissary of the Northern department when you get there; who will be advertized of this Matter and directed to settle with you.
These, Sir, are my Instructions, to which I doubt not, you will pay a proper Attention. I must again recommend your making all possible dispatch; and that you may have a Share in the Glory of expelling the Instruments of ministerial Tyranny, from that fair Province, is the sincere Wish, of, Sir, etc.73
[Note 73: The last paragraph is in the handwriting of Stephen Moylan.]
Cambridge, February 1, 1776.
By Virtue of the Powers and Authorities to me given by the honourable Continental Congress, I do hereby constitute and appoint you Captain and Commander of the Schooner Warren, now lying at Beverly Port, in the service of the United Colonies of North America; to have, hold, exercise, and enjoy the said Office of Captain and Commander of the said Vessel, and to perform and execute all Matters and Things which to your said Office do, or may of Right belong, or appertain, untill further Order shall be given herein by the honourable Continental Congress, myself, or any future Commander in Chief of said Army, Willing and commanding all Officers, Soldiers, and Persons whatsoever, any way concerned, to be obedient and assisting to you in the due execution of this Commission.
Given under my hand and seal etc.74
[Note 74: Instructions issued were the same as those to Capt. Charles Dyar, Jan. 20, 1776, q. v.]
Cambridge, February 1, 1776.
Sir: You being appointed Captain and Commander of the armed schooner Lynch in the service of the United Colonies are to pay all Attention and Obedience to the following instructions:75
[Note 75: Instructions issued were the same as those to Capt. Charles Dyar, January 20. q. v.]
Cambridge, February 1, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of yesterday I received and am sorry to hear, that the Quota of Militia, which the Town of Salem was to furnish by Resolve of the Honorable General Court, cannot be had. The generous tender of Services made by you, Sir, and the rest of the Volunteers claims a return of my sincere thanks;--should I have occasion to call upon them, I shall do it; at present I wish them to continue at Salem and to hold themselves in readiness. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 3, 1776.
Parole Chelsea. Countersign Cork.
Lieut. Dustin76 of Capt. Farrington's Company, in the 16th. Regiment of Foot, tried at a General Court Martial whereof Col. Patterson was President for "Cowardice on the 7th of Jany last, when on Command with a Detachment sent towards Bunkers hill"--is unanimously acquitted with Honor by the Court--The General approves of the proceedings and orders Lieut. Dustin to be released from his arrest.
[Note 76: Lieut. Woody Dustin.]
The General Court Martial where of Col. Patterson was President is dissolved.
All Arms purchased by the Officers sent upon that duty, are to be first delivered to Mr. Commissary Cheever for Inspection, who is to report their number, find Goodness, to the General, before they are delivered out of his store.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 4, 1776.
Parole Cumberland. Countersign York.
The Colonel of each Regiment, to make a return on Tuesday, at Orderly time, of the number of Arms wanting to compleat the men, now in his Regiment, and to signify the Method, which appears to him most likely to procure them.
Genl. Putnam, Genl. Sullivan and Genl. Green, with the Colonels of their Brigades, to attend at Head Quarters to morrow, in the forenoon, to receive Commissions for their Officers.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 5, 1776.
Parole Newport. Countersign Cooke.
The Colonels upon the old establishment, will this day and to morrow, receive the Warrants for their Pay-Abstracts, for the Months of November and December, of which all persons concern'd are to take notice, and govern themselves accordingly.
For the future, when a Warrant is granted, and pay'd for any Sum upon account of pay, of the Regiments, or Corps, to any of the Commanding Officers thereof, there will be no allowance afterwards, for any Neglect, or supposed Mistake; it is the duty of every Colonel, and Captain, to be exact in their Abstracts and Returns, and the Consequences of being otherwise, must fall upon themselves:
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 6, 1776.
Parole Greenwich. Countersign Kent.
The Court of enquiry whereof Genl. Green was president, appointed to enquire into the Complaint of Col. Hubbart77 Pay Master General of the New Hampshire Forces against Col Stark78--The Court have reported the State of the Evidence given in before them, by which it appears that Col Hubbarts Complaints were well founded--All further proceedings are suspended, Col Stark having made such Acknowledgments to the injured parties as will in all probability be accepted as satisfactory.
[Note 77: Col. Samuel Hobart.]
[Note 78: Col. John Stark.]
The Colonel, or Officer commanding each Regiment, is to examine minutely into the quantity, and condition of their ammunition, and make report of the Average Number of Rounds, they are possessed of, to their respective Brigadiers, without delay, and immediately thereupon the Brigadiers are to lay this report before the General.
The Armourers are required to be very exact and diligent, at their business; if they are known to do work for any others, than those of the army, they will be brought to the severest punishment, or if they presume to charge a Soldier for any repair done to his Arms, they will also be called to as strictaccount.
An exact report to be made of all the Cartridges in the different Magazines--Those now employed in making Cartridges are to be constant and diligent at their work.
The Arms which have been delivered out of the public Stores, are not to be put in the hands of Commissioned Officers. The Colonels of the several Regiments are to be answerable that this Order is duly attended to.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 7, 1776.
Parole Coventry. Countersign Beverly.
The Continental Congress having been pleased to order, and direct, that there shall be one Chaplain to two Regiments, and that the pay of each Chaplain shall be Thirty-three dollars and one third, pr Kalendar Month--The Revd. Abiel Leonard is appointed Chaplain to the Regiment of Artillery, under the command of Col Knox, and to the 20th. Regiment, at present commanded by Lt. Col Durkee.79
[Note 79: Lieut. Col. John Durkee.]
As there can be but fourteen Chaplains under this establishment, to the 28 Regiments (including the Artillery, and Riffle Regiments) and as preference will be given to those Chaplains who served last Year, provided their conduct, and attendance, have been unexceptionable: The Brigadiers are to enquire into this matter and with the Colonels, and commanding Officers of the several Regiments, arrange them agreeable to the above direction, and make report thereof that orders, may issue accordingly.
The Commanding Officers of the Regiments upon the new establishment, are each of them to apply to Commissary Cheever, to morrow Morning; for One Barrel of powder, with a proportionable quantity of Ball and Cartridge-paper; which they are to order to be immediately made up in Cartridges, and put up in a proper manner, according to the directions Commissary Cheever will give.--This Ammunition, the commanding Officers are to keep in a safe place, under their immediate Care, to be ready to be delivered, when occasion may call for its being distributed.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow Morning, in Cambridge, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them; All Evidences and persons concerned to attend the Court. The Court to assemble at Mr. Pomroys at ten in the forenoon.
Cambridge, February 8, 1776.
Sir: I last night received Intelligence of the arrival of some Powder in your Colony by the Sloop Macaroni, and the report is that she brought Arms too. As my last Letters from Philadelphia, do not Promise me an Immediate supply of these necessaries, and as the exigency of this Army at this particular crisis, calls for much more than what we have, I beg the favor of you to Interest yourself, that they may be sent to this Camp, as expeditiously as possible. If they belong to the Colony, I will take them on the Continents Account, and pay for them, or replace the Powder, If that shall be thought more advisable, as soon as I have an opportunity of doing it, which I hope will not be long. If to private Gentlemen, I shall be much obliged by your friendly exertions that I may have it. I should have made this application, did not the state of our affairs at this time require all that can be collected, not doubting of your last endeavours that my requisition may be complied with, I am Sir, etc.
Cambridge, February 9, 1776.
Sir: I received your favors of the 2d. and 5th Inst., and agreeable to your request have ordered payment for the Ballance of the Expences attending the Journey of the two French Gentlemen to Philadelphia to be made to William Bacon, Postrider, for your use, which I hope will come safe to hand.
I am happy to hear of your having received 12,500 dolls. from Congress for the Troops going upon the Canada expedition and heartily wish, that no other difficulties may occur to impede their march and prevent their giving early and timely succour to our friends there, which they certainly stand in great need of.
As to replacing the Money advanced by your Colony to the Regiments which served the last Campaign; It is not in my power. It is what I did not expect and therefore have made no provision for it. I should have paid them in the same manner I did others, had I not been prevented by the Colonels, who expressed their Inclination to receive the whole at one time, after the expiration of the Service and on their return home.--This being the case, I always imagined, that the sum advanced by you, would be taken in, when Congress came to form a General Account against the Colonies, and be applied to your Credit, which I presume they will shortly do, as I have wrote to them and pointed out the Necessity of having all the Accounts respecting this Army, adjusted and liquidated at proper periods.--Had I conceived, that this application for Repayment would have been made to me, I should certainly have included the sum advanced by you in my estimates and taken care to have had a sufficiency of Money to discharge it. But as I did not, I am unprovided and have not more than will answer the Claims I was apprized of, antecedent to the last day of December. They are large and numerous, and in a few days, will drain our Treasury of every shilling now in it. I am exceedingly sorry that Matters should be so circumstanced, as to give you the least disappointment or trouble, But I doubt not Congress upon your application, will refund what you have advanced, or settle it in such a way, as shall be perfectly agreeable to you.
I shall take care, to have the three Battallions of Militia paid, which are coming here for the defence of our Lines in the same Manner, that the rest are when the time of their engagement expires. They certainly might have come thus far without the advance you have been obliged to give.
Having lately examined into the State of our Powder and finding the deficiency to be much greater than what I had any Idea of, and hearing that the Militia from your Colony, and I fear from the others too, are coming without any, or with but very little, I cannot but confess my anxiety and concern to be very great; I therefore again repeat the request I made this Morning, and beg and intreat your most strenuous and friendly exertions, to procure what we are told is Imported, or such part as you possibly can, and send it to me with the utmost expedition. I am already much alarmed on account of the scarcity, and the Militia coming in without a proper supply, fills me with apprehensions of the most disagreeable nature. this I would mention in confidence, as it might give great uneasiness if it was generally known, and trusting that nothing in your honor will be wanting to relieve us at this alarming and Important crisis. I am &ca.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 9, 1776.
Parole Stirling. Countersign Jersey.
The Colonel of a Regiment is on no pretence to licence more than one Sutler within the limits of the camp: As the Quarter Master General has his Excellency's possitive Orders to punish with severity any person who is unlicenced, or licenced contrary to the above order.
If any of the Militia, who are ordered into Camp, should incline to enter into the Continental Army; they are immediately to join the Regiment, they inlist into and are from that day to be struck off the Militia-rolls, that their pay may from thence forward commence in the Regimt. they engage in, and cease in the Militia: It is expected that proper attention be paid to this Order, as no plea of Ignorance will be admitted.
Cambridge, February 9, 1776.
Sir: I beg leave to Inform you at the request of the Committee of Pay Table of the Colony of Connecticut, that I have not advanced to any of the Regiments from that Government any money, except the sum of seven thousand one hundred and seventy-two and one ninth Dollars, on the 20th November last to Major General Putnam for the 34th Regt. under his command. I should have paid them in the same manner I did the rest of the Army, had I not been prevented by the Colonels, who expressed their Inclination to receive the whole at once, upon their return home at the expiration of service, as was customary in their Colony, for this reason I never included them in my Estimates of money and have made no provision for their payment. Always Imagining that what ever payments the Colony made them, Congress would apply to their Credit in the General Account against the United Colonies, or refund upon application. I have, etc.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Cambridge, February 9, 1776.
Sir: In compliance with the resolves of Congress I have applied to General Howe for the Exchange of Mr. Lovell; a Copy of my Letter and his answer thereto, you have inclosed.--Capt. Watters and Capt. Tucker who command two of the Armed Schooners, have taken and sent into Gloster, a large Brigantine, laden with firewood 150 Butts for Water and 40 Suits of Bedding bound from La Have in Nova Scotia to Boston; She is one of the Transports in the Ministerial Service, the Captain says that he was at Halifax the 17th. January and that General Massey was arrived there with two Regiments from Ireland.
The different prizes were all Libeled, immediately on receipt of the resolves of Congress, pointing out the mode;81 but none of them yet brought to trial, owing to a difference between the Law past in this Province and the Resolution of Congress. The General Court are making an Amendment to their Law, by which the difficulties that now occur will be removed, as I understand it is to be made conformable to your resolves, the unavoidable delay attending the bringing the Captures to trial
[Note 81: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Dec. 20, 1775.] is greviously complained of by the Masters of these Vessels, as well as the Captors, many of the former have applied for Liberty to go away without waiting the decision, which I have granted them.
I beg leave to recall the attention of Congress to their appointing a Commissary in these parts to attend the providing of necessaries for the Prisoners who are dispersed in these Provinces. Complaints are made by some of them, that they are in want of bedding and many other things. As I understand that Mr. Franks82 has undertaken that business, I wish he was ordered to send a Deputy immediately, to see that the Prisoners get what is allowed them by Congress, also to supply the Officers with Money, as they may have occasion; it will save me much Time and much trouble. There are yet but few Companies of Militia come in; this delay I am much affraid, will frustrate the intention of their being called upon. As the Season is slipping fast away when they maybe of service. The demands of the Army were so very pressing before your last remittence came to hand, that I was under the necessity of borowing £25,000 Lawful, from this Province; they very chearfully lent it, and passed a vote for as much more if required.
[Note 82: David Franks acted as British commissary of prisoners.]
I have not repaid the sum borrowed, as I may stand in need of it, before the arrival of another supply, which the Demands of the Commissary General, Quarter Master General, and paying off the arrearages, will very soon require.
Your esteemed favor of the 29th. Ulto. is just now come to hand, it makes me very happy to find my conduct hath met the approbation of Congress.
I am entirely of your Opinion, that should an accommodation take place, the Terms will be severe, or favorable, in proportion to our ability to resist, and that we ought to be on a respectable footing to receive their Armaments in the Spring:-- but how far we shall be provided with the means is a matter I profess not to know under my present unhappy want of Arms, Ammunition, and I may add men, as our Regiments are very incomplete, the recruiting goes on very slow and will I apprehend be more so, if for other services the men receive a bounty and none is given here.
I have tried every method I can think of to procure Arms for our Men; they really are not to be had in these Governments [belonging to the Public]83 and if some method is not fallen upon in the Southern Governments, to supply us, we shall be in a distressed situation for want of them; there are near 2000 men now in Camp without Firelocks. I have wrote to the Committee of New York, this day, requesting them to send me those Arms which were taken from the disaffected in that Government, the Congress interesting themselves in this request, will doubtless have a good effect. I have sent Officers into the Country with Money to purchase Arms in the different Towns, some have returned and brought in a few, many are still out, what their success will be I cannot determine.
[Note 83: The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
I was in great hopes, that the expresses, resolved to be established between this place and Philadelphia, would ere now have been fixt. It would in my Opinion, rather save, than increase the expence, as many Horses, are destroyed by one Man coming the whole way, it will certainly be more expeditious, and safer than writing by the Post, or private hands, which I am often under the necessity of doing.84 I have the Honor etc.85
[Note 84: This letter was read in Congress on February 22; considered in Committee of the Whole on February 23; and committees appointed to contract for arms and encourage their manufacture, Another committee was appointed to encourage the manufacture of powder. On March 14 a general resolution was adopted recommending the disarming of the "notoriously disaffected to the cause of America" throughout the Colonies; the arms taken to be paid for.]
[Note 85: In the writing of Stephen Moylan.]
Cambridge, February 9, 1776.
Sir: The purport of this Letter, will be directed to a single Object; through you I mean to lay it before Congress, and at the same time that I beg their serious attention to the subject, to ask pardon for intruding an opinion, not only unasked, but in some measure repugnant to their Resolves.
The disadvantages attending the limited, Inlistment of Troops, is too apparent to those who are eye witnesses of them, to render any animadversions necessary; but to Gentlemen at a Distance, whose attention is engross'd by a thousand important objects, the case may be otherwise.
That this cause precipitated the fate of the brave and much to be lamented Genl. Montgomery, and brought on the defeat which followed thereupon, I have not the most distant doubt of, for had he not been apprehensive of the Troops leaving him at so important a crisis, but continued the Blockade of Quebec, a capitulation, from the best account I have been able to collect, must inevitably have followed, and, that we were not obliged at one time to dispute these Lines under disadvantageous Circumstances (proceeding from the same cause, to wit, The Troops disbanding of themselves, before the Militia could be got in) is to me a matter of wonder and astonishment; and proves, that General Howe was either unacquainted with our Situation, or restrained by his Instructions from putting any thing to a hazard 'till his reinforcements should arrive.
The Instance of General Montgomery I mention it because it is a striking one; for a number of others might be adduced; proves, that instead of having Men to take advantage of Circumstances, you are in manner compell'd, Right or Wrong, to make Circumstances, yield to a Secondary consideration. Since the first of December I have been devising every means in my power to secure these Incampments, and though I am sensible that we never have, since that Period, been able to act upon the Offensive, and at times not in a condition to defend, yet the cost of marching home one set of Men; bringing in another, the havock and waste occasioned by the first; the repairs necessary for the Second, with a thousand incidental charges and Inconveniencies which have arisen, and which it is scarce possible either to recollect or describe, amounts to near as much as the keeping up a respectable body of Troops the whole time, ready for any emergency, would have done. To this may be added that you never can have a well Disciplined Army.
To bring Men well acquainted with the Duties of a Soldier, requires time; to bring them under proper discipline and Subordination, not only requires time, but is a Work of great difficulty; and in this Army, where there is so little distinction between the Officers and Soldiers, requires an uncommon degree of attention. To expect then the same Service from Raw, and undisciplined Recruits as from Veteran Soldiers, is to expect what never did, and perhaps never will happen. Men who are familiarized to danger, meet it without shrinking, whereas those who have never seen Service often apprehend danger where no danger is. Three things prompt Men to a regular discharge of their Duty in time of Action: natural bravery, hope of reward, and fear of punishment. The two first are common to the untutor'd, and the Disciplin'd Soldiers; but the latter, most obviously distinguishes the one from the other. A Coward, when taught to believe, that if he breaks his Ranks, and abandons his Colours, will be punished with Death by his own party, will take his chance against the Enemy; but the Man who thinks little of the one, and is fearful of the other, Acts from present feelings regardless of consequences.
Again, Men of a days standing will not look forward, and from experience we find, that as the time approaches for their discharge they grow careless of their Arms, Ammunition, Camp utensils &ca. nay even the Barracks themselves have felt uncommon marks of Wanton depredation, and lays us under fresh trouble, and additional expence, in providing for every fresh sett; when we find it next to impossible to procure such Articles, as are absolutely necessary in the first Instance. To this may be added the Seasoning which new Recruits must have to a Camp, and the loss, consequent therefrom. But this is not all, Men engaged for a short, limited time only, have the Officers too much in their power; for to obtain a degree of popularity, in order to induce a second Inlistment, a kind of familiarity takes place which brings on a relaxation of Discipline, unlicensed furloughs, and other Indulgences, incompatable with order and good Government, by which means, the latter part of the time for which the Soldier was engaged, is spent in undoing what you were aiming to inculcate in the first.
To go into an enumeration of all the Evils we have experienced in this late great change of the Army, and the expence incidental to it, to say nothing of the hazard we have run, and must run, between the discharging of one Army and Inlistment of another (unless an Inormous expence of Militia is incurred) would greatly exceed the bounds of a Letter; what I have already taken the liberty of saying, will serve to convey a general Idea of the matter, and, therefore I shall with all due deference, take the freedom to give it as my opinion, that if the Congress have any reason to believe, that there will be occasion for Troops another year, and consequently of another inlistment, they would save money, and have infinitely better Troops if they were, even at the bounty of twenty, thirty or more Dollars to engage the Men already Inlisted ('till January next) and such others as may be wanted to compleat to the Establishment, for and during the War.--I will not undertake to say that the Men may be had upon these terms, but I am satisfied that it will never do to let the matter alone as it was last year, till the time of service was near expiring. The hazard is too great in the first place. In the next the trouble and perplexity of disbanding one Army and raising another at the same Instant, and in such a critical situation as the last was, is scarcely in the power of Words to describe, and such as no man, who has experienced it once, will ever undergo again.86
[Note 86: Ford quotes from the Works of John Adams, vol. 3, P-48: "The truth is I never opposed the raising of men during the war....But I contended that I knew the number to be obtained in this manner would be very small in New England, from whence almost the whole army was derived. A regiment might possibly be obtained, of the meanest, idlest, most intemperate and worthless, but no more. A regiment was no army to defend this country. We must have tradesmen's sons, and farmers' sons, or we should be without defence, and such men certainly would not enlist during the war, or for long periods, as yet, The service was too new; they had not yet become attached to it by habit. Was it credible that men who could get at home better living, more comfortable lodgings, more than double the wages, in safety, not exposed to the sickness of the camp, would bind themselves during the war? I knew it to be impossible. In the Middle States, where they imported from Ireland and Germany, so many transported convicts and redemptioners, it was possible they might obtain some. Let them try. ...But I warned them against depending on so improbable a resource for the defence of the country. Congress confessed the unanswerable force of this reasoning."]
If Congress should differ from me in Sentiment upon this point, I have only to beg that they will do me the justice to believe, that I have nothing more in view than what to me appears necessary to advance the public weal, although in the first Instance it will be attended with a capital expence; and, that I have the Honor to be etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Stephen Moylan.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 10, 1776.
Parole Suffolk. Countersign Albany.
General Green's Brigade to furnish one Field Officer, two Captains, four Subalterns, four Serjeants, four Corporals, two drums and one hundred and twenty privates, to relieve the Guard to morrow morning upon Cobble-hill.--Genl. Sullivan's Brigade to furnish the same Number of Officers, and Men, to relieve that Guard on Monday Morning, and so alternately by each Brigade, until further orders.
Robt. McKnight, of Capt. Gleason's Company, in Col Nixons Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial, whereof Col Huchinson was president, for "Desertion and inlisting in different regiments"--is found guilty by the Court, and adjudged to receive thirty-nine Lashes upon the bare back and be stopped Five Pounds, four Shillings out of his pay, to repay those Officers, whom the Prisoner has defrauded.
The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be put in execution at such time and place as the Commanding Officer of the regiment shall appoint.
Cambridge, February 10, 1776.
Sir: The Continental Congress having confirmed my Application to this Government, to raise a Regiment for the service of the United Colonies, which is now complied with and you are appointed to the Command thereof; I have to desire, that you will use the utmost Diligence and Dispatch possible, to compleat the said Regiment, and march it into Canada, by the shortest and best Way; that, from your own Knowledge of the Country and from the best Information you can get, you think will be the most expeditious.
I have to acquaint you, that if you take your Rout by No. 4 and Onion River, there will be a Supply of Provisions ready for you, laid in by Order of General Schuyler.
As this Regiment is to be upon the continental Establishment, agreeable to the Terms and Requisition of Congress, transmitted to the legislative Power of this Province, and the Necessity of reinforcing our Troops posted and forming the Blockade of Quebec is too apparent, to need dwelling on, I would have you order each Company to march as fast as they are raised; the whole putting themselves under the Command of the General, or Commanding Officer in Canada, as fast as they arrive there.
Such Necessaries as you will think really proper, and that you cannot do without, will be provided for you, by the Commissary General, and Quarter Master General, and I shall depend upon you that the strictest Oeconomy is used, consistent with the Dispatch necessary upon this Occasion.
These, Sir, are my Instructions to you, and from the Character you bear, I doubt not, you will pay due Attention to them.
I must again recommend your making all possible Dispatch, and that you may share in the Glory of expelling the Instruments of ministerial Tyranny, from that fair Province, is the sincere Wish of, Sir, etc.90
[Note 90: In the writing of George Lewis.]
Cambridge, February 10, 1776.
Sir: Being in the greatest want of Arms at this alarming and important Crisis, for the Army under my Command, without the most distant prospect or hope of getting more from these Governments, than what I already have; I beg leave to solicit the favors of your Committee of Safety in this Instance, and earnestly request, that they will use their exertions to get and send to me, in the most expeditious Manner, all that they can possibly procure. I imagine that there are several belonging to the Colony, and have been informed of many Tories being disarmed, and therefore expect, that it will be in their power to obtain me a considerable supply; Whatever Quantity is sent me, I will take on the Continental Account and make payment for, with the Expences Incident to their transportation. This application being founded in necessity and arising from the exigency of our affairs, I make no doubt will meet your most ready and early attention, and that nothing will be wanting on your Part, to give me the most speedy relief. I am Sir, etc.
P.S. I wish to have only such Arms as are good and serviceable, and shall be glad to have Bayonets with them.
Cambridge, February 10, 1776.
Gentn: Notwithstanding I have taken every method my Judgment could Suggest, to procure a sufficient number of Firelocks for the Soldiers of this Army, by applications to the Assemblies and Conventions of these Governments, as well as by sending Officers out with Money to Purchase; I am constrained by necessity to Inform you, that the deficiency is amazingly great, and that there are not nigh enough to Arm the Troops already here. It is true, that all the Officers gone upon the business, are not yet returned, but from the small success of those who have made report, I cannot promise myself many more; I must therefore beg leave to Sollicit your kind attention to this Interesting and Important concern, and would submit it to your Consideration whether if your Honorable Court were to depute some of their Members to make application to the different Towns, they might not procure a Considerable Quantity. I will most chearfully furnish them with Money for the purpose, or pay for them on their delivery here, as you shall think most advisable. I shall only add, that I hope the Exigency of our affairs at this critical crisis, will excuse this request and my confidence of your readiness and zeal, to do every thing in your power for promoting the public good; and am Gentln. etc.
P S I have heard that there are several King's Muskets in the Country, for every good one with a Bayonet, that have not been abused, I will give 12 Dollars,--and in proportion for other Guns fit for Service.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 11, 1776.
Parole Bristol. Countersign Hadley.
Benj. Woodman of Capt. Darby's Company, in Col Prescot's Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col Huchinson was President for "Desertion"--is found guilty by the Court and sentenced to receive Twenty Lashes upon his bare back--The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed, at such time and place as Col Prescot shall think proper.
James McCormick of Capt. Farrington's Company in Col Serjeants Regt. tried at the above Court Martial for "assaulting, beating and robbing, Samuel Marston Serjt. in Col Poor's Regiment"--is found guilty by the Court, and sentenced to receive thirty-nine Lashes, and order Four pounds to be stopped out of his pay, to reimburse Serjeant Marston, what the prisoner robb'd him of.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 12, 1776.
Parole Plymouth. Countersign Portsmouth.
The General being informed that several of the Militia are coming in without arms, orders that the Brigadiers, to whose Brigades they are joined, do examine into this matter, and discharge every Man who has not Arms as they come in, keeping an Accompt thereof, to deliver when called for.
It is with no small degree of astonishment, that the General observes by the Returns of last week, that seventeen men have been dismissed the service, out of which number Col Whitcomb alone has discharged seven: he is therefore called upon, to be at Head Quarters to morrow morning, at ten OClock, to account for his conduct in this Instance; at the same time it is declared and particular Attention will be paid to it, that if any Colonel, or Commanding Officer of a Regiment, presume in future to discharge a man without proper Authority, for so doing, he will be put in Arrest and tried for disobedience of orders--To have Men inlisted one day, and discharged as it were the next, without any Action, or apparent cause, to disqualify men for service, must have a bad appearance in the Returns sent to Congress, especially when the list of Deserters, comes to be added to it.
To remedy these evils, as far as possible, it is directed, in cases where discharges are really necessary, that the Commanding Officer of the regiment do produce the man, (solliciting the discharge) to the Brigadier Genl. of his brigade, who is to examine accurately into the matter, and not to give a discharge for Sickness of a temporary duration--In case of desertion, the Commanding Officer of the Regiment or Corps, is immediately to report the Desertion, or Deserters, to his Brigadier General, giving an exact description of the man--the town he comes from &c--who is to cause proper Steps to be taken for apprehending them--A Reward of Five Dollars, will be paid to any person, or persons, who shall apprehend and bring a Deserter into the Camp, upon obtaining a Certificate from the Brigadier of the service performed.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 13, 1776.
Parole Litchfield. Countersign Coventry.
The Regiments of Militia lately arrived at Roxbury and Cambridge are immediately to be furnished with Fifteen Rounds of Powder and Ball pr. Man; The Adjutant General will, upon application give Orders upon the Commissary for that quantity. The Regiments now at Roxbury may apply to Major Genl. Ward, who will give Orders accordingly.
Capt. Peleg Wadworth, is appointed Aid-de-Camp to Major Genl. Ward, during the absence of Samuel Osgood Esqr.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 14, 1776.
Parole Richmond. Countersign Lincoln.
The General Court Martial of which Colonel Huchinson91 is President is dissolved.
[Note 91: Col. Israel Hutchinson, of the Twenty-seventh Continental Infantry.]
Benjamin Mumford, in Col Bonds92 Regt. tried at the above Court Martial for "Theft"--is acquitted by the Court--The General orders the prisoner to be released.
[Note 92: Col. William Bond, of the Twenty-fifth Continental Infantry.]
The Provost Marshal is by his Instructions ordered to suppress all Riots, to be particularly attentive to the behaviour of all the Sutlers in, and about Cambridge, and see that they shut up their houses at Taptoo beating, and do not offer, upon any Account, to sell a drop of Liquor after that hour; All Officers are strictly enjoined to be aiding and assisting to the Provost, in the due execution of his Office, which the late Shocking proceeding of some of the Sutlers makes absolutely necessary.
Cambridge, February 14, 1776.
Sir: Through you, I beg leave to lay before Congress the Inclosed Letter from Lord Drummond to General Robertson, which came to my hands a few days ago in order to be sent into Boston.
As I never heard of his Lordship being vested with power to treat with Congress upon the Subject of our Grievances, nor of his having laid any propositions before them for an Accommodation; I confess It surprized me much and led me to form various conjectures of his Motives and Intended application to General Howe and Admiral Shuldam, for a passport for the safe conduct of such Deputies as Congress might appoint for negotiating Terms of reconciliation between Great Britain and us.
Whatever his Intentions are, however benevolent his designs may be, I confess that his Letter has Embarrassed me much, and I am not without suspicion of its meaning more than the generous purposes it professes.93 I should suppose, that if the mode for negotiation which he points out, should be adopted, which I hope will never be thought of, that it ought to have been fixed and settled, previous to any application of this Sort, and at
[Note 93: James, Lord Drummond (Earl of Perth), an officious enthusiast, made two attempts to propose a plan of reconciliation between Great Britain and the Colonies. His letter to Brig. Gen. James Robertson is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.
The first notice of the matter is contained in a letter from Thomas Lynch to Washington, dated at Philadelphia, Jan. 16, 1776, in which he says: "A gentleman well known in Maryland, Lord Drummond, just from England, tells me, that he has had many conversations with the ministry....and showed me a paper approved by each of them, and which he is sure will be supported in both Houses. The substance of it is,--America to be declared free in point of Taxation and internal Police; Judges to be approved by the Judges of England, and commissioned during good behaviour, upon stated and sufficient support to be statedly assigned them by the colonies; all charters to be held sacred; that of Boston to be restored; Britain to regulate trade sub modo; all duties laid for file purpose of regulation to be paid into the colony treasury where they arise, applicable to its uses by its own legislature, in lieu of which, America shall by duties on such articles as will probably keep pace in its consumption with the rise or declension of the colony, laid by each legislature by permanent act of Assembly, grant towards the general support of the empire annual sums in proportion to five thousand pounds sterling for this colony. As this sum is little more than half of what did arise by duties heretofore paid in this place, I doubted his information. but was assured that ministry wanted nothing but a shew of revenue to hold up to Parliament, as they are afraid to propose reconciliation without saving what the stiff old Englishmen call the honor of the nation. His Lordship came hither through Halifax, Boston. and New York, where I fancy he saw what induced him to hint once or twice at beginning with a suspension of arms, to which I turned a very deaf ear, well knowing that the season of winter is ours, and that much may be done by April next. I sincerely wish I had your sentiments on those heads. I shall propose them to the consideration of Congress as soon as the most urgent affairs are over. I think they merit it." The original of Lynch's letter is in the Washington Papers.
On February 5 Drummond again wrote to Robertson and sent his letter to Lynch, Lynch forwarded it to Washington, who forwarded it to Congress. This caused John Adams to comment caustically on the need of so doing in his Works (vol. 3, pp. 31--33), written years later. The original letter is in the Washington Papers.
An account of the attempted negotiations is in Sparks's Writings of Washington, vol. 3, P. 525.] best, his conduct in this Instance is premature, and Officious, and leading to consequences of a fatal and Injurious nature to the rights of this Country. His Zeal and desire perhaps of an amicable and constitutional adjustment's taking place, may have suggested and precipitated the measure; Be that as It may, I thought it of too much Importance to suffer It to go in, without having the express direction of Congress for that purpose, and that It was my Indispensable duty to transmit them the Original, to make such Interpretations and Inferences as they may think right.
Messrs. Willard and Child, who were sent to Nova Scotia, in pursuance of the resolve of Congress, have just returned and made their report, which I do myself the honor to inclose you. They have not answered the purposes of their commission by any means, as they only went but a little way into that country, and found their Intelligence, upon the Information of others. You will see the reasons they Assign in excuse or Justification of their conduct, in the report itself.
Last night a party of Regulars, said to be about 500, landed on Dorchester Neck and burnt some of the Houses there, which were of no value to us, nor would they have been, unless we take post there, they then might have been of some service. A Detachment went after them, as soon as the fire was discovered, but before it could arrive, they had executed their plan and made their retreat.94
[Note 94: In describing this adventure, General Howe wrote to Lord Dartmouth that it being understood the enemy intended to take possession of Dorchester Point, or Neck, a detachment was ordered from Castle William under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Leslie, and another of grenadiers and light infantry commanded by Major Musgrave, with directions to pass over the ice and destroy every house and every kind of cover on the peninsula. This was done, and six of the guards taken prisoners.--Sparks.]
Inclosed is a Letter for David Franks Esq. from Mr. Chainier in Boston, upon the Subject of Victualling such of the Kings Troops, as may be prisoners within the limits of his contract, which I beg the favor of you to deliver him, and that proper Agents may be appointed by him to see that It is done. I could wish too, that Congress would fall upon some mode for supplying the Officers with such Money as they may really stand in need of, and depute proper persons for that purpose, and furnishing the privates with such clothing as may be absolutely necessary; I am applied to and wearied by their repeated requests. In some Instances I have desired the Committees to give the prisoners within their Appointments what they should Judge absolutely necessary for their support, as the only means in my power of relieving their distress. But I imagine that If there were persons to superintend this Business, that their wants would be better attended to, and many exorbitant charges prevented and saved to the Continent and the whole would be then brought into a proper account. I am, Sir, etc.
P.S. I send a Return of the Strength of the Regiments.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, but the postscript has been added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 25, 1776.
Parole Fitzwilliams. Countersign Archer.
The Regiments upon the New Establishment, and the Regiments of Militia, lately arrived at Cambridge and Roxbury; to deliver to the Brigade Majors they respectively belong to, at Orderly time on Saturday, an exact Return of their members, according to the form the Adjutant General has this day given to each of the Brigade Majors.
Such of the Regiments as are in want of Leather Shot-bags with Straps, to hold Ball and Buck-Shot, may have them by applying to the Adjutant-General; it is intended that every Non-Commissioned Officer and Soldier be supplied.
Cambridge, February 15, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of the 12th Instant I received, and beg leave to inform you, that I should have most certainly contrived, to have spared you some Money for the Troops going to Canada, pressing as the demands against me were, had I not been advised of the supply sent you by Congress for that purpose.
I shall be glad to know, whether, when I pay the Militia from your Government, I am to give Warrants only for the ballance, after deducting the three Dollars pr Man advanced by your Committee of pay Table, and whether I am to refund what they paid, after the Militia have served the time they are engaged for. the whole of them are not yet come in, but I imagine it will not belong first.
I am much obliged and return you my sincere thanks, for ordering the Powder from Providence to this Camp, in this Time of necessity, and will most chearfully pay for it, or replace it, when in my power, as shall be most agreeable to you; And also for the Arms you are good enough to promise to send me as they are exceedingly wanted. I wish you could have added a Cypher or two to the Number.
I had received almost a Similar Letter from General Lee, to the one you have favored me with, before yours came to hand; and also heard of the arrival of Powder, Salt Petre and Arms at Philadelphia. My Accounts, only make the Powder 15 Tons, be that as it may, It is an event of much Importance to us, and I hope will be soon followed by more. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 16, 1776.
Parole Cholmondly. Countersign King.
The Congress have been pleased to appoint Joseph Fry Esqr. a Brigadier General in the Continental Army; he is to be obeyed as such and his Excellency the General orders that he shall take the command of the vacant Brigade commonly called the Cambridge Brigade.
All the Regiments are immediately to be compleated, to Twenty-four rounds of Ammunition a man, the Colonel, or commanding Officer of each, is to pass his receipt to the Commissary for the Cartridges, or Powder and Lead necessary, to do this; and to take receipts from their several Captains, for the total quantity in each company. The Captains are to do the like from each of their Men, who are to account satisfactorily, for every load they have passed their receipt for, or pay Four-pence for each difficient. The Colonels, or Commanding Officer of Regiments are to take especial Care that this Order is strictly complied with, that those Fines are charged without fail to the delinquent Soldiers, and credit given for them in making out the pay-Abstracts. This Order is to be read to, and impress'd upon the minds of every man by their Officers.
The General is surprised to find the Militia applying for Cartouch Boxes and other Accoutrements, when he had not a doubt, but they would have come compleatly equipt--As the ease however is otherwise, he directs that they should be served with Powder-horns and Shot pouches, in lieu of Cartouch Boxes, and that every thing which is delivered to them be charged to the Regiment that received it, that it may be redelivered, or paid for at the expiration of the term for which they stand engaged, and to this the Qr. Mr. Genl. and Commissary of Stores, are to give particular Attention, without further direction upon this head.
The intrenching Tools of every kind, are to be carefully look'd up, and put in good order: The Qr. Mr. Genl. is to give proper directions upon this head, no time is to be lost in the doing of it.
To prevent any mistakes, or impositions, in the purchasing of Arms; the Colonels are immediately to have the several Arms belonging to their respective Regiments, branded with the number of the Regiment, or stamp'd and mark'd in such a manner, as they may be known.
Col Knox is to report the exact Number of Cannon Cartridges which are filled and ready for use, specifying the Sorts and sizes.
Cambridge, February 18, 1776.
Sir: The late freezing Weather having formed some pretty strong Ice from Dorchester point to Boston neck, and from Roxbury to the Common, thereby affording a more expanded and consequently a less dangerous Approach to the Town, I could not help thinking, notwithstanding the Militia were not all come In, and we had little or no Powder to begin our Operation by a regular Cannonade and Bombardment, that a bold and resolute assault upon the Troops in Boston with such Men as we had (for it could not take many Men to guard our own Lines, at a time when the Enemy were attacked in all Quarters) might be crowned with success; and therefore, seeing no certain prospect of a supply of Powder on the one hand, and a certain dissolution of the Ice on the other, I called the General Officers together for their opinion (agreeable to the Resolve of Congress of the 22d of December).
The Result will appear in the Inclosed Council of War,96 and being almost unanimous, I must suppose to be right although, from a thorough conviction of the necessity of attempting something against the Ministerial Troops, before a Reinforcement should arrive and while we were favour'd with the Ice, I was not only ready, but willing and desirous of making the Assault; under a firm hope, if the Men would have stood by me, of a favourable Issue, notwithstanding the Enemy's advantage of Ground Artillery, &ca.
[Note 96: In the council of war (February 16) Washington advanced his reasons for an assault on Boston: That the American force fit for duty was 8,797; that 1,405 additional troops on command could join at once; that the British force fit for duty was not above 5,000; that there was not enough powder for cannon, so small arms must be relied upon; that merely to bombard would only damage the town and not injure the British, who could withdraw to their ships; "that a stroke well aim'd at this critical juncture might put a final end to the War and restore Peace and tranquility so much to be wished for;" and that as the bay and rivers being frozen an easy entry into Boston was possible. The council judged an assault improper.]
Perhaps the Irksomeness of my situation, may have given different Ideas to me, than those which Influenced the Gentlemen I consulted, and might have inclin'd me to put more to the hazard than was consistent with prudence. If it had, I am not sensible of it, as I endeavourd to give it all the consideration that a matter of such Importance required.--True it is, and I cannot help acknowledging, that I have many disagreeable Sensations, on Acct. of my Situation; for to have the Eyes of the whole Continent fixed, with anxious expectation of hearing of some great event, and to be restrain'd in every Military Operation for want of the necessary means of carrying it on, is not very pleasing; especially, as the means used to conceal my weakness from the Enemy conceals it also from our friends and adds to their Wonder.
I do not utter this by way of Complaint. I am sensible that all that the Congress could do, they have done, and I should feel, most powerfully, the weight of conscious Ingratitude were I not to acknowledge this; but as we have Accounts of the arrival of Powder in Capt'n. Mason, I would beg to have it sent on in the most expeditious manner, otherwise we not only loose all chance of the Benefits resulting from the Season, but of the Militia which are brought in at a most Inormous expence, upon a presumption that we should long e're this have been amply supplied with Powder under the contracts enter'd into with the Committee of Congress.
The Militia, contrary to an express requisition, are come, and coming in without ammunition; to supply them alone, with 24 Rounds, which is less by ⅗th than the Regulars are served with, will take between fifty and 60 Barrels of Powder; and to compleat the other Troops to the like quantity will take near as much more, and leave in store not more than about 60 Barrels, besides a few rounds of Cannon Cartridges ready filled for use.
This Sir, Congress may be assured is a true state of Powder and will I hope bear some Testimony of my Incapacity for Action, in such away as may do any essential Service.
February 25th.
When I began this Letter I proposed to have sent it by Express, but recollecting that all my late Letters have been as expressive of my want of Powder and Arms as I could paint them, and that Mr. Hooper was to set of in a day or two, I thought it unnecessary to run the Continent to the expence of an Express merely to repeat what I had so often done, before when I am certain that Congress knowing our necessities will delay no time, that can possibly be avoided, in supplying them.
My Duty is offered to Congress and with great respect and esteem, I have the honour etc.
P.S. hearing of the arrival of a small parcel of Powder in Connecticut I have been able to obtain 3000 Weight of it, which is in addition to the 60 Barls before mentioned.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 19, 1776.
Parole Ponsonby. Countersign Abington.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow morning at eleven, at Pomeroys Tavern, in Cambridge to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them, all Evidences and Persons concern'd to attend the court.
Cambridge, February 19, 1776.
Sir: I am grieved to find, that instead of Six or eight thousand weight of Powder, which I fondly expected to receive from Providence (agreeable to your Letter), that I am likely to get only 4217 lb, Including the 3000 Weight belonging to this Province (If to be had). My situation in respect to this Article, is really distressing, and while common prudence obliges me to keep my want of it concealed, to avoid a discovery thereof to the Enemy; I feel the bad effect of that concealment from our friends, For not believing our distress equal to what it really is they withhold such small supplies as are in their power to give; I am so restrained in all my Military movements, for want of these necessary supplies, that it is impossible to undertake anything effectual; and whilst I am fretting, at my own disagreeable situation, the World I suppose is not behind hand in censuring my inactivity. A Golden Opportunity has been lost, perhaps not to be acquired again, this year. The late freezing weather had formed some pretty strong Ice from Dorchester to Boston Neck, and from Roxbury to the Common; which would have afforded a less dangerous approach to the Town, than through the Lines, or by water. The advantage of this, added to a thorough conviction of the Importance of destroying the Ministerial Troops in Boston, before they can be reinforced, and to a belief that a bold and resolute Assault, aided in some small degree by Artillery and Mortars, might be crowned with Success; I proposed the Attempt a day or two ago to the General Officers, but they thought, and perhaps rightly, that' such an Enterprize in our present weak State of Men (for the Militia are not yet all arrived) and deficiency of Powder, would be attended with too much hazard, and therefore that we had better wait the arrival of the last, and then to begin a Bombardment in earnest.
This matter is mentioned to you in confidence;--your zeal, activity and Attachment to the cause, renders it unnecessary to conceal it from you, or our real stock of Powder; which after furnishing the Militia (unfortunately coming in without, and will require upwards of 50 Barrels and compleating our other Troops to 24 Rounds a Man; which are less by one half than the Regulars have, and having a few Rounds of Cannon Cartridges fitted for immediate use, will leave us not more than 100 Barrels in store, for the greatest emergency, Inclusive of the 4217 lb from Providence, If we get it.
This my Dear Sir, is Melancholy! But it is a truth, and at the same time, that it may serve to convey, some Idea of my disagreeable feelings under a knowledge of It, will evince the necessity of Vigorous exertions, to throw without delay, every ounce that can be procured, into this Camp; otherwise the great expence of sending in the Militia will be intirely sunk, without any possible good resulting from it, but much evil, as they will contribute not a little to the consumption of our Amunition &c &c.
For want perhaps of better Information, I cannot help giving it as my opinion, that at a time when our Military Operations are intirely at a stand, for want of Powder principally and Arms; It is inconsistent with good policy, to hoard up Town Stocks of either; better it is, to fight an Enemy at a distance, than at one's door. Prudence indeed points out the expediency of providing for private as well as Public Exigencies; But if both are not to be done, I should think there can be no hesitation in the Choice; as the Army now raised and supported at a Considerable expence, can be of little use, if it is not sufficient to prevent an Enemy from disturbing the quiet of the interior Towns of these Governments. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 20, 1776.
Parole Manchester. Countersign Boyle.
As it is necessary that every Regiment should be furnished with Colours, and that those Colours should, if it can be done, bear some kind of similitude to the Uniform of the regiment to which they belong, the Colonels with their respective Brigadiers and the Qt. Mr. Genl. may fix upon such as are proper, and can be procured.--There must be to each Regiment, the Standard (or Regimental Colours) and Colours for each Grand Division, the whole to be small and light--The Number of the Regiment is to be mark'd on the Colours, and such a Motto, as the Colonel may choose, in fixing upon which, the General advises a Consultation amongst them.
The Colonels are to delay no time, in getting this matter fix'd, that the Qr. Mr. Genl. may provide the Colours as soon as possible; they are also to consider what Camp Equipage may be further necessary, that no time may be lost in providing it, as the season is fast approaching for taking the field.
The Genl. cannot again help urging it in the strongest terms to the Colonels the necessity of the strictest attention to the discipline of their Men--learning them to march and perform all the different Evolutions and Manoevures; which is of more essential service, than dwelling too long upon the Manual Exercise--He also recommends to the Colonels a proper attention to the Cloathing of their Officers and Men, that they may appear in a soldierlike manner.
The General desires that the Brigadiers, who have not complied with the Orders of the 6th Instant concerning the Ammunition; and that of the 7th respecting the Arrangement of Chaplains; may be informed, that he expects an immediate report from them.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 21, 1776.
Parole Devonshire. Countersign Grafton.
The General being anxious to have the established Regiments, compleated, with all possible expedition, desires the Colonels, and commanding Officers, forthwith to send an Officer from each incompleat Company, into the Country, upon the recruiting service; who are expressly forbid enlisting any Boys--Old Men--or Slaves:--These Officers are also to use their best endeavour, to get what good Arms they can--The Recruiting in Camp, is also to be continued--
The Colonels, and Commanding Officers of Regiments; are to send to the Qr. Mr. General, to morrow Morning, the names of the Sutlers licensed by them, to supply their respective Corps.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 22, 1776.
Parole Scarborough. Countersign Exeter.
John English of Capt. Watermans Company, in Col Arnolds Regiment, tried at a late Genl. Court Martial for "absenting himself from his Regiment, and inlisting in Col Varnums Regiment"--The Court were unanimously of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of the crimes whereof he was accused, and adjudge him to receive Ten Lashes on the bare back, and order the advance pay due to him in Col Arnolds Regiment, to be paid the Officer, who gave him the advance pay, in Col Varnums Regiment.
The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be put in execution, at Guard-mounting, to morrow.
The Brigadiers Genl., with their Majors of Brigade, the Colonel of Artillery--The Qr. Master General, with the Barrack Master, of the four Brigades in the Cambridge Department, to be at Head Quarters to morrow morning, at Ten O'Clock.
Cambridge, February 22,97 1776.
[Note 97: On this day Washington wrote a short note to Maj. Gen. Charles Lee advising him of the nonreceipt of any letter, and that "I need not mention my Impatience to hear from you, and beg that you will write me by every Opportunity." The "Letter Book" copy is in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: In my Letter to you of the 19th Inst., I mentioned that I was sorry to find, that there would come but 4217 lb. of Powder instead of 6 or 8000. I had expectations of. I had taken my Information from Governor Cooke's Letter, which upon a reperusal, I find mentions that weight including the Casks. I have since had it weighed by the Commissary an exact return of which you have inclosed, by which you will see that the Neat weight is 3577 pounds. 577 Pounds thereof will be placed to the Credit of your Colony, and the whole settled for in whatever Manner will be most agreeable.
I have just received a Letter from John Huntington Esq, with the agreeable account, of his having forwarded two Tons of Powder to this Camp, by your order. Accept Sir, of my thanks for this seasonable supply; when it arrives I shall send you an Account of it, and when you point out the Mode, it shall be paid for or replaced in the Manner you and the rest of your Legislature shall think proper. I have nothing now at present to communicate to you from hence, but you may be assured that, I am etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 23, 1776.
Parole Canterbury. Countersign St. Asaph.
Lieut. Thos. Cummings tried at a Genl. Court Martial for "behaving in a scandalous and infamous manner, unbecoming the Character of an Officer and Gentleman"--is sentenced to be cashiered--The General approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately--
The General also confirms the sentence upon James McCormick of Capt. Farrington's Company, in Col. Sergeants Regiment, and commands the execution of it, at the discretion of his Colonel.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 24, 1776.
Parole Hopkins. Countersign Alfred.
The General having the Credit of this Army, much at heart, and anxious that it should not only behave well, but look well; recommends it to, and does expect that, every Officer from the highest to the lowest, doth exert himself to accomplish those ends; to attain which, the Brigadiers are desired to be attentive to every matter, and thing, relative to their Brigades, and when Orders are not, or cannot be complied with, immediately to report the reason thereof.
From henceforward it is expected, that the Weekly Returns of every Regiment will, before they are brought in to the Commander in Chief, be examined and certified by the Brigadier, to whose brigade they respectively belong, who is also to direct his Major of Brigade, to keep a Book, and have them regularly enter'd, always comparing the Return to be made, with the one preceding, and enquiring minutely into the Cause of every Change, or Alteration from the last.--The Colonel, or Commanding Officer of every Regiment is to observe the same Conduct with respect to the Returns of his Companies, and keep a Book for the regular entry thereof--These precautions are taken to prevent the many Blunders and Mistakes, which have heretofore happen'd in making out the Pay Abstracts, all of which, for the future, are to be inspected by the Brigadiers, compared with their books, and certified by them; before a Warrant will be granted--A very strict attention will be expected to this Order, for if these books are called for, and do not correspond with this order, the Officer neglecting will meet with no favour.
The Commanding Officer of each Regiment, may apply for a Warrant for Five-hundred Dollars, to put into the hands of such Officers, as they send into the Country, On the recruiting Service, to buy Arms; these Officers are in an especial manner charged to purchase no Arms, but such as are good, and fit for immediate Use--Kings Musquets, or Guns as near that quality as can be had, should be got, and with Bayonets, if possible--As there is a Committee in each of the Counties, of the Massachusetts-Bay, appointed by the General Court, to purchase Arms for this Army, the Officers are to take care, not to raise the price, by bidding against each other.
Mark Noble of Capt. Noble's Company in Col. Patterson's Regiment tried by a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Phinney was President for "Desertion" is found guilty and sentenced to receive Fifteen Lashes upon his bare back and mulcted one Month's pay, to defray the expence of apprehending and bringing the Prisoner to Camp--The General approves the Sentence, and commands the execution of it, at such time and place, as the Colonel of the Regiment shall direct.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 25, 1776.
Parole Virginia. Countersign Norfolk.
It being a matter of too much importance, to intrust the Wounds and Lives of Officers, and Soldiers, to unskilful Surgeons; The General requests the Director General, and the Surgeons of the Hospital, taking also to their assistance, such Regimental Surgeons, as upon examination they approve of; will sit and examine, the Surgeons, and Mates, of the whole Army, and give Certificates to those who are found qualified to discharge the Duties of their Office, in Order that they may receive Commissions--Gentlemen of candour, and knowledge, in their profession, will see the utility of this measure, and approve of it; none but those who are conscious of their inability will decline the examination.--
The Surgeon of every Regiment, is immediately to report, to the Director General of the Hospital, in what manner he, and his mate, are at present furnished with Instruments, Medicines, Bandages &c. That the true State and Condition, may be known.--The first Court of examination will sit on Tuesday next, at the convalescent Hospital, in Cambridge, at eleven in the forenoon, at which all the Surgeons and their Mates, of Genl. Sullivans Brigade are to attend.
Cambridge, February 25, 1776.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding I have adopted every Measure which my Judgement directed for procuring Arms in these Governments for the Army under my Command, as well by Applications to the several Assemblies and Conventions, as by sending Officers to the several Towns to purchase; I am under the disagreeable and melancholy Necessity of informing you that there is at this important Crisis, a very great Deficiency, and that there is now a considerable Number of Men at these Encampments without any in their Hands; nor do I know that there is any Prospect or Probability of providing them. Can you, my dear Sir, assist me with any from your Parts? If you can procure or purchase any in the Towns fit for Use, I beg that you will do it and have them forwarded with all possible Expedition to me. I will pay for them immediately on Delivery and the Charges of bringing them. I am told that a Major Duncan at Schenectady has about 300 Kings Arms. These, or such of them as are good and serviceable, will be of great Use, and I doubt not may be readily procured. If they can, I request that they may, and be forwarded with any others that you may get, with the Price. I would not be thus pressing, and thus importunate were it not for my situation, which is truly alarming and distressing: to be within Musquet Shot of a formidable Army, well provided with every Necessary, without having the Means on my Part of Maintaining even a defensive War.
Relying on your Friendship, and that every Thing in your Power will be done to serve me, I shall only add, that I am, Dear Sir etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 26, 1776.
Parole New York. Countersign Lee.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments are immediately to order all the Axes--Pick-axes--Spades--Shovels, and other intrenching Tools, now in their possession, to be forthwith sent to the Qr. Master General's Store in Cambridge.
All Officers, non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers are positively forbid playing at Cards, and other Games of Chance. At this time of public distress, men may find enough to do in the service of their God, and their Country, without abandoning themselves to vice and immorality.
Cambridge, February 26, 1776.
Sir: I had the honor of addressing you on the 18th. and 25th. Instant, by Mr. Hooper, since which nothing material has occurred.
We are making every necessary preparation for taking possession of Dorchester Heights, as soon as possible, with a view of drawing the Enemy out. How far our expectations may be answered, Time can only determine: But I should think, If any thing will induce them to hazard an engagement, It will be our attempting to fortify these Heights, as on that Event's taking place, we shall be able to command a great part of the Town and almost the whole Harbour and to make them rather disagreeable than otherwise, provided we can get a sufficient supply of what we greatly want.
Within three or four days, I have received sundry Accounts from Boston of such movements there, such as taking the Mortars from Bunker's Hill, the putting them with several pieces of heavy Ordinance on board of Ships, with a quantity of Bedding: the Ships all taking in Water, the baking a large Quantity of Biscuits &ca, as to indicate an embarkation of the Troops from thence. A Mr. Ides, who came out yesterday, says that the Inhabitants of the Town generally believe that they are about to remove either to New York or Virginia, and that every Vessel in the Harbour on Tuesday last was taken up for Government Service, and two month's pay advanced to them. Whether they really intend to embark, or whether the whole is a feint, is impossible for me to tell: However I have thought it expedient to send an express to General Lee to Inform him of it, in order that he may not be taken by surprize, If their destination should be against New York, and continued him on to you.
If they do embark, I think the possessing themselves of that place and the North River, is the Object they have in view, thereby securing the communication with Canada, and rendering the Intercourse between the northern and Southern United Colonies exceedingly precarious and diffcult. To prevent them from effecting their plan is a Matter of the highest Importance, and will require a large and respectable Army, and the most vigilant and judicious exertions.
Since I wrote by Mr. Hooper,1 some small parcels of Powder have arrived from Connecticut, which will give us a little assistance.
[Note 1: William Hooper, Delegate from North Carolina to the Continental Congress.]
On Thursday night, a party of our Men at Roxbury made the Enemy's out Sentries, consisting of a Corporal and two Privates, Prisoners, without firing a Gun or giving the least Alarm.
I shall be as attentive to the Enemies motions as I can, and obtain all the Intelligence in my power, and if I find 'em embark, shall in the most expeditious manner detach a part of the light Troops to New York and repair thither myself, If circumstances shall require It. I shall be better able to Judge what to do, when the Matter happens; at present I can only say, that I will do every thing that shall appear proper and necessary.
Your Letter of the 12th. Instant, by Col. Bull came to hand Yesterday evening, and shall agreeable to your recommendation pay proper Notice to him. The supply of cash came very seasonably, as our Treasure was just exhausted, and nothing can be done here without it. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. This Letter was intended to have been sent by Express but meeting with a private Conveyance the Express was Countermanded.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Unsigned.]
Cambridge, February 26, 1776.
Genl: As I am making all possible preparation to take possession of the Heights of Dorchester (which I expect I shall be able to accomplish by the latter end of this Week). It is expected that this, if any thing can, will bring the Enemy out of Boston to oppose, as at Charlestown, our Erecting any Works there.--To weaken our Lines on the North side of Cambridge River, to strengthen those of Dorchester, before any movement is made that way by the Enemy, may neither be consistent with prudence or good policy, and to delay it till after an Attack is begun would be too late, as the Contest will soon be decided for or against us after this happens.
Under this state of the Matter and to avoid putting an affair of so much Importance to a doubtful Issue, when under Providence, it may be reduced to a certainty; I submit it to the Wisdom of your Board; whether it might not be best to direct the Militia of certain Towns most contigeous to Dorchester and Roxbury, to repair to the Lines at those places with their Arms, Ammunition and Accourtrements instantly upon a Signal given.
If you approve of this, you will please to fix with General Thomas (who waits on you for that purpose) upon the Signal to be given and Issue your Notices Accordingly. I have the honor etc.
Cambridge, February 26, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your esteem'd Favour of the 14th. Inst., which gave me great Pleasure, being impatient to hear from you. I rejoice to find, that you are getting better, and could not avoid laughing at Captain Parker's Reasons for not putting his repeated Threats into Execution.3
[Note 3: General Lee had written (February 14): "The Governor, and the Captain of [a] Man of War, had threatened perdition to the Town, if the Cannon was removed from the Batteries and wharfs; but I ever considered their threats as a Brutum fulmen, and even perswaded the Town to be of the same way of thanking. We accordingly conveyd them to a place of safety in the middle of the day, and no cannonade ensued. Capt. Parker publishes a pleasant reason for his passive conduct. He says that it was manifestly nay intention, and that of the N. England men under my command, tobring destruction on this Town, so hated for their loyal principles, but that He was determin'd not to indulge us; so remained quiet out of spite. The people here laugh at his nonsenses, and begin to despise the menaces, which formerly us'd to throw 'em into convulsions. To do 'em justice, the whole shew a wonderful alacrity; and, in removing the Cannon, Men and Boys of all ages work'd with the greatest zeal and pleasure. I really believe that the generallity are as well affected as any on the Continent." This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Governor Tryon, however, explained to Lord George Germain (April 6) that on account of the ice Capt. [Hyde] Parker could not bring his ships' guns to bear on the places where the artillery and stores lay and if he opened fire he could only destroy the town. "The destruction, therefore, of the city where there were so many friends to government, with the loss of all their property and the consideration of preserving the town for the king's army, were thought to be too great sacrifices to make for only retarding the removal of the artillery and stores."]
I take Notice of your intended Dispositions for Defence, which I request you will loose no Time in putting into Execution as, from many corroborating Accounts I have received, the Enemy seem to prepare for their Departure from Boston. They have removed the two Mortars from Bunker's Hill, and carried them, with a great Part of their heavy brass Cannon on Board their Ships. They have taken all the Topsail Vessels in the Harbour, into the Service. They are ready watered, and their Sails bent. All this Shew, may be but a Feint, but if real, and they should come your Way, I wish you may be prepared to receive them. If I find that they are in Earnest and do go off, I will immediately send you a Reinforcement from this Camp, and if necessary, march the main Body to your Assistance, as Circumstances may require. I shall keep a good Watch on their Motions, and give you the speediest Information possible.
Leechmore's Point is now very strong; I am sending some heavy Cannon thither; The Platform for a Mortar is preparing to be placed in the Works there; another at Lambsdam, and we are making the necessary Dispositions to possess ourselves of Dorchester Hill, which must bring them on, if any Thing will. If they do not interrupt us in that Work, I shall be confirmed in my Opinion, that they mean to leave the Town. A little Time must now determine whether they are resolved to maintain their present Ground, or look out for another Post. I will now return to your Letter.
The Account you give of our New York Brethren is very satisfactory. I should be glad to know how many Men you are likely to have, that you can depend upon remaining with you. I very much fear, that the Sailing of Clinton, will keep back those you expected from Pensylvania. Let me hear from you upon this and every Thing else that concerns you, as soon and as often as you possibly can.
I shall pay due Attention to your Recommendations of Captain Smith and Captain Badlain.4
[Note 4: Probably Capt. Robert Smith, of the New York Militia, and Capt. Ezra Badlain, of the Artillery.]
With Respect to the Canada Expedition, I assure you, that it was not my Intention, to propose your going there; I only meant, what I thought would happen, that the Congress would make you that Proposal. I am now of Opinion, that you will have Work enough upon your Hands where you are; and I make no Doubt but your Presence will be as necessary there, as it would be in Canada.5 I am glad that Colonel Ritzema6 is gone to Congress and hope they will expedite an Army thither, not only to preserve what we have already got; but also to possess ourselves of Quebec before it can be reinforced from Europe or elsewhere. It is an Object of such vast Importance, that
[Note 5: By a resolve of Congress (February 17), General Lee was ordered to take command in Canada, and General Schuyler to take his place in New York. But "from an undoubted authority that it [the south] will be a principal scene of action," this arrangement was changed before it was carried into effect. On February 27 Congress formed what were called the middle and southern military departments, the former consisting of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, and the latter of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. General Lee was directed (March 1) to take command of the Southern Department, and left New York on the 7th, in compliance with that order. Six brigadiers--John Armstrong, William Thompson, Andrew Lewis, Robert Howe, Lord Stirling, and James Moore--were appointed the same day, of whom four--Armstrong, Lewis, Howe, and Moore--were likewise ordered to that department.-- Ford.]
[Note 6: Col. Rudolphus Ritzema, of New York.] it will be Madness not to strain every Sinew, for effecting that Purpose.
I am in some Pain for our little Fleet, as I am informed that the Asia and Phoenix have sailed in Quest of them. You doubtless had good Reasons for the Appointment you mention to have made;7 As it is temporary, it can have no bad Effect. I am etc.
[Note 7: In General Lee's letter (February 14) he had said: "You must pardon me for a liberty I have taken. You know that [Isaac] Sears was to collect our volunteers in Connecticut, but he thought he could not succeed, unless he had some nominal office and rank. I accordingly most impudently, by virtue of the power deputed by you to me (which power you never deputed), appointed him adjutant general, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, for the expedition. It can have no bad consequences. The man was much tickled, and it added spurs to his hat. He is a creature of much spirit and public virtue, and ought to have his back clapped."]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 27, 1776.
Parole Hancock. Countersign Adams.
As the Season is now fast approaching, when every man must expect to be drawn into the Field of action, it is highly necessary that he should prepare his mind, as well as every thing necessary for it. It is a noble Cause we are engaged in, it is the Cause of virtue, and mankind, every temporal advantage and comfort to us, and our posterity, depends upon the Vigour of our exertions; in short, Freedom, or Slavery must be the result of our conduct, there can therefore be no greater Inducement to men to behave well:--But it may not be amiss for the Troops to know, that if any Man in action shall presume to skulk, hide himself, or retreat from the enemy, without the orders of his commanding Officer; he will be instantly shot down, as an example of cowardice;--Cowards having too frequently disconcerted the best form'd Troops, by their dastardly behaviour.
Next to the favour of divine providence, nothing is more essentially necessary to give this Army the victory over all its enemies, than Exactness of discipline, Alertness when on duty, and Cleanliness in their arms and persons; unless the Arms are kept clean, and in good firing Order, it is impossible to vanquish the enemy; and Cleanliness of the person gives health, and soldier-like appearance.--That no confusion may ensue when the troops are called to action, the General has order'd all the posts, and guards of the lines, and redoubts, to be so fix'd and regulated, as every Officer, and Soldier, may know his place, and his duty; and to confirm the order and discipline, the General orders, that the Officers and men, who are to mount guard, do parade every morning at eight O'Clock, upon their regimental parades, where they are to be reviewed by the Adjutant, in the presence of a Field Officer, who is to see that their arms, ammunition and accoutrements are compleat, and the men dress'd in a soldier-like manner--The Adjutant is then to march them to the parade of the brigade, and deliver them over to the Major of brigade, who is very minutely to inspect the whole, and then march them to the Grand-Parade, where the Brigadier, with the Field Officers of the day, will attend, to see all the Guards paraded and march to their several destinations. With the Brigadier, will constantly mount, his Major of brigade, who is always to make up the Guards upon the grand parade, and report all extraordinaries to his Brigadier General.--The Brigadier of the day, will give his orders to the Field Officers of the day, at what time he would have them to go the visiting, and grand Rounds; and half an hour before day, order all the guards to be under arms, and properly posted--visit the out-posts--see that the guards are properly placed, and that every thing is in good order, for defence, in case of an attack. All Officers commanding Guards, are to report to the Brigadier of the day, who is to report to the Commander in Chief. The Guards to be made up on the grand-parade are, Letchmore's point, Cobble-hill, plough'd-Hill, White-house, Main Guard on Prospect-hill, the South, North and middle Redoubts, Letchmore's point bridge, and the Main Guard for Cambridge, and Winter-hill--All other Guards are to be sent from the Brigade-parades, (the Quarter Guard of the Regiments excepted) who are paraded on their regimental parades.
Cambridge, February 27, 1776.
Dear Sir: Last Night I received your Favour of the 14th. Inst. by Mr. Bennett, including a general Return of the Artillery and military Stores in our Possession in Canada.
It gives me great Pleasure to hear you are improving in your Health; Before long, I most sincerely hope, you will be so recovered as to be able to go to the Army in Canada, where I am convinced you are much wanted, and would be of the highest Service at this important Crisis. I doubt not of there being a good Deal of Disorder and Confusion in that Quarter which, I flatter myself, would in a great Measure subside and be composed by your Presence. It is natural enough that Mr. Walker's11 Resentment should be up for the Wrongs he has suffered. It is incident to Humanity; but yet the Passions of Individuals ought never to prevail so far as to injure the State.
[Note 11: Thomas Walker. He had lent General Wooster money for the use of the army in Canada.]
I am sorry to find that the Quantity of Artillery and military Stores is so small and inconsiderable as appears by the Return. I had hoped that you were better provided with the former and also with much more Ammunition that you have; particularly Powder, and that the Distresses no where else were equal to mine, for Want of this capital Necessary. Would Fortune but give you Possession of Quebec, there would our Wants be mostly supplied. May she smile propitious, and your virtuous Struggles be crowned with Success. The Reduction of this Fortress would be attended with Consequences of the most happy and salutary Nature to our great Cause: and as General Arnold with a handful of Men has been able to maintain the Blockade I look forward with a pleasing Confidence, to the Day when you, being properly reinforced, will oblige it to surrender.
We have just compleated a large and strong Work on Leechmores Point, opposite to New Boston, and are about to take Post on the Heights of Dorchester, with a View of drawing the Enemy out. These Heights will command a large Part of the Town, and almost the whole Harbour, and give us an Opportunity of distressing the Enemy whenever we may be properly provided with Necessaries for carrying on a Cannonade and Bombardment. If any Thing will induce General Howe to risque an Engagement, it will be this. I am determined to do every Thing in my Power to bring on one, and that as soon as possible. How far my Views may be answered, Time must determine.
When I sent Colonel Knox in Pursuit of Artillery I did not design that you should have been disfurnished. I only meant that he should have brought from Canada, such Ordinance as you could conveniently spare; but, from your Letter and the Return, I am led to think that you are in Want.
I have been informed, that General Lee hath lately secured a large Number of heavy Cannon and Shot that were at New York; from whence, I imagine, you may get a Supply of what you want, which you cannot be supplied with elsewhere.
If you will acquaint me, I will most readily give you every Assistance in my Power, and deem myself happy if I can contribute to releive your Necessities in any Manner. I am, Dear Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 28, 1776.
Parole Harrison. Countersign Lynch.
The commanding General at Roxbury, will as soon as possible, establish a detail of duty at that post, as similar to that in Yesterdays Orders, as the circumstances of his command will admit; which, when fix'd, is to be transmitted to the Commander in Chief, for his inspection and approbation.
The Brigadier General to take special care, that all the regiments belonging to their respective brigades know their Alarm posts, that they may instantly repair to them in case of alarm.
As the guards are most of them increased, the Sentries are to be increased in proportion.
A Communication must be made, and kept up, between post and post, that the rounds and patroles may pass conveniently in the night.
As the roads are so extremely dirty, and the ground so unsettled, his Excellency orders the Guards, until further orders, to be paraded in the same manner, and upon the same parade, as they were this morning.
[Note 13: Phillis Wheatley was born in Africa and brought to Boston in a slave ship in the year 1761, then between 7 and 8 years of age. She was purchased by Mr. Wheatley, but she soon developed qualities so interesting and peculiar that she was treated more as an inmate of the family than as a slave. She made extraordinary progress in acquiring the English language, and, without any advantage from schools, learned reading and writing and manifested the greatest eagerness for gleaning knowledge. Her taste inclined to poetry; she read and relished the best authors, and soon began to compose verses. Meantime the attention of the community was turned to so singular a phenomenon, and she was visited arid noticed by people of the first character. Her correspondence was sought, and it extended to persons of distinction even in England, among whom may be named the Countess of Huntingdon, Whitefield, and the Earl of Dartmouth. In 1773, when she was 19 years of age, a volume of her poems was published in London, some of which had been written five or six years. This volume is dedicated to the Countess of Huntingdon, and in the preface are the names of the Governor of Massachusetts and several other eminent gentlemen bearing testimony to their belief of her having been the genuine writer of the poems. In 1778 she married John Peters, a man of her own color, whom tradition reports to have been little qualified for conferring happiness on so gifted a companion. She died at Boston, Dec. 5, 1784, aged 31 years. Her poem to Washington was forwarded Oct. 26, 1775. A few lines are quoted to show the style:
"Celestial choir! enthron'd in realms of light,
Columbia's scenes of glorious toils I write.
While freedom's cause her anxious breast alarms,
She flashes dreadful in refulgent arms.
* ... * ... * ... * ... *
Muse! bow propitious while my pen relates
How pour her armies through a thousand gates;
And when Eolus heaven's fair face deforms,
Enwrapp'd in tempest and a night of storms;
Astonish'd ocean feels the wild uproar,
The refluent surges beat the sounding shore;
Or thick as leaves in autumn's golden reign,
Such, and so many, moves the warrior's train.
In bright array they seek the work of war,
Shall I to Washington their praise recite?
Enough thou know'st them in the field of fight,
* ... * ... * ... * ... *
Fix'd are the eyes of nations on the scales,
For in their hopes Columbia's arm prevails.
Anon Britannia droops the pensive head,
While round increase the rising hills of dead.
Ah! cruel blindness to Columbia's state!
Lament thy thirst of boundless power too late.
Proceed, great chief, with virtue on thy side,
Thy ev'ry action let the goddess guide.
A crown, a mansion, and a throne that shine,
With gold unfading, Washington be thine."
Cambridge, February 28, 1776.
Mrs. Phillis:14 Your favour of the 26th of October did not reach my hands 'till the middle of December. Time enough, you will say, to have given an answer ere this. Granted. But a variety of important occurrences, continually interposing to distract the mind and withdraw the attention, I hope will apologize for the delay, and plead my excuse for the seeming, but not real neglect.
[Note 14: The text from which this letter is taken was copied in 1781, by which date it was known that Phillis had married.]
I thank you most sincerely for your polite notice of me, in the elegant Lines you enclosed; and however undeserving I may be of such encomium and panegyrick, the style and manner exhibit a striking proof of your great poetical Talents. In honour of which, and as a tribute justly due to you, I would have published the Poem, had I not been apprehensive, that, while I only meant to give the World this new instance of your genius, I might have incurred the imputation of Vanity. This and nothing else, determined me not to give it place in the public Prints.
If you should ever come to Cambridge, or near Head Quarters, I shall be happy to see a person so favoured by the Muses, and to whom Nature has been so liberal and beneficent in her dispensations. I am, with great Respect, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, February 29, 1776.
Parole Franklin. Countersign Carrol.
The commanding Officers of brigades are to order all the Spears, in the several posts, and redoubts, to be examined, clean'd and collected in the proper places, and make a Return of the number fit for service in each brigade, and where deposited.
Ensign Andrew Brown of the 7th Regiment of Foot, tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col. Phinney was President for "insulting and challenging his commanding Officer, Lieut. Col. Moulton"--The Court were of Opinion, that the Prisoner was not guilty of the whole of the charge, but only of insulting Colonel Moulton; therefore adjudge him publicly to ask pardon of Lieut. Col. Moulton, for the affront--The General approves the sentence, and orders the execution of it to be as soon as possible, and the prisoner then to be released from his arrest.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 2, 1776.
Parole Neilson. Countersign Adams.
Upon any Alarm Col Patterson's regiment, is immediately to repair to Letchmoore's point, leaving one Capt. two Subs., two Serjeants and fifty Rank and File, in the work leading to the bridge.
Col Bond's Regiment is instantly to march to Cobble-hill; and Col Sergeants Regiment to the north, middle, and south redoubts--This is to be considered as a standing order, until countermanded.
Genl. Heath's, Sullivan's, Green's and Fry's brigades are in rotation, to march a Regiment, an hour before day, every morning into the works on Letchmores point and Cobble hill--Five Companies of which to go to the former, and three to the latter, they are to remain in the works until sun-rise.
The Field Officers for the Guards at Letchmores point, Cobble and plough'd Hill, are to consist of Lt. Colonels and Majors, as those for the day are Colonels.
The commanding Officers of Regiments, who have neglected to see their men supplied with Fascines, are immediately to order every Non-commission'd Officer and Soldier, to provide one good Fascine, which is to be put under a Sentry of the Quarter Guard of the regiment.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 3, 1776.
Parole --. Countersign --.
No Officer, or Soldier, under any pretence, is to be absent from his post, without leave in writing from his Brigadier General, who is not to grant liberty of running backwards and forwards, from hence to Roxbury, but in very especial cases.
As it is not unlikely but a contest may soon be brought on, between the ministerial Troops, and this Army; The General flatters himself, that every Officer, and Soldier, will endeavour to give, such distinguish'd proofs of his conduct, and good behaviour, as becomes men, fighting for every thing that is dear, and valuable to Freemen, remembering at the same time what disgraceful punishment will attend a contrary behaviour--Every man's conduct will be mark'd and rewarded, or punished accordingly, and Cowardice in a most exemplary manner.--The Colonels, or commanding Officers of regiments are to see that their several Regiments are properly told off, and the supernumerary Officers so posted as to keep the men to their duty; particular care is to be taken to prevent their firing at too great a distance, as one Fire well aim'd does more execution than a dozen at long-shot.
All wood cutting parties &c, are to join their respective Regiments until further orders--The Qr. M. General may draw the Carbines out of the Commissary's Stores, and put them into the hands of the Carpenters, or such others, as he shall think will use them to the best advantage, taking care to return them when called for--All Arms in store, fit for use, may be deliver'd out to the Adjutant General's order.
The Brigadiers are to see, that the Arms in their several Brigades, are disposed of to the best advantage, placing them in the hands only of such men; as are fitest for duty, and that the Spears are used, as occasion shall require, to supply the defect of arms.
As it has been suggested to the General that many of the towns-people &c. influenced by a zeal for the cause of their country, are inclined to throw aid, in case the Army should be called to action--The General desires that they will, (to prevent any kind of confusion, or disorder) join different Companies, in the several regiments, as they shall choose; or form themselves into a distinct Corps, under Officers of their own choosing, and put themselves under the immediate command of some Brigadier, that they may not be considered, or act, as an independent company.
Two Companies of Col Thompsons Riffle Regiment, are to march to morrow-evening, to Roxbury with their Blankets, Arms and three days provisions ready dressed; The Officer commanding the party will receive his orders from the Adjutant General.
Colonel Huchinson's and Col French's Regiments, are to march to Roxbury by sun-rise, on Tuesday morning, with their Blankets, Arms, and three days provisions ready dress'd.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 4, 1776.
Parole Hooper. Countersign Allen.
The Flag on Prospect-hill, and that at the Laboratory, on Cambridge Common, are ordered to be hoisted only upon a General Alarm; of this the whole Army is to take particular notice, and immediately upon those Colours being displayed, every Officer and Soldier, must repair to his alarm post--This is to remain a standing order, until the Commander in Chief shall please to direct otherwise.
The several Surgeons, of the Hospitals at Cambridge, and every regimental Surgeon in the left, and centre divisions of the army, are directed to meet at five O'Clock this evening, at Browns Tavern in Cambridge, to take directions from the Director General of the hospital, relative to the immediate disposition of their sick, and in what manner they, and their Mates are to be posted.
The Cottage to be forthwith appropriated to the Reception of the regimental sick, and such as may be wounded--That suitable Barracks at Prospect-hill, or any other part of the Camp, which the Director General of the hospital shall advise, be got in immediate readiness for the reception of at least, one hundred wounded, in case of need, and such a number of men, as he may think sufficient, be ordered to assist in carrying wounded men to the hospital.--Hand-barrows, and other proper means to be provided for their removal.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 6, 1776.
Parole Letchmore. Countersign Putnam.
Stephen Moylan and William Palfrey Esqrs. are appointed Aids-De-Camp, to his Excellency the Commander in Chief; they are to be obeyed as such.
Thursday the seventh Instant, being set apart by the Honourable the Legislature of this province, as a day of fasting, prayer, and humiliation, "to implore the Lord, and Giver of all victory, to pardon our manifold sins and wickedness's, and that it would please him to bless the Continental Arms, with his divine favour and protection"--All Officers, and Soldiers, are strictly enjoined to pay all due reverance, and attention on that day, to the sacred duties due to the Lord of hosts, for his mercies already received, and for those blessings, which our Holiness and Uprightness of life can alone encourage us to hope through his mercy to obtain.
The Brigadiers General Heath and Frye, to send for their respective Colonels immediately, and with them appoint the Officers, and Soldiers, from each of their brigades, to be selected for the command under the Brigadier General Sullivan and Green, to direct that they be the best and most approved Soldiers; that their Arms, Ammunition and Accoutrements, are compleat and in proper order, and the whole to be ready to turn out upon the shortest notice. Genl. Heath to report the names of the Colonels and Field Officers, who are appointed for this service, to His Excellency, as soon as possible.
Cambridge, March 7, 1776.
Sir: On the 26th Ulto, I had the Honor of addressing you, and then mentioned, that we were making preparations for taking possession of Dorchester Heights. I now beg leave to Inform you, that a Council of General Officers having determined a previous Bombardment and Cannonade expedient and proper, in order to harrass the Enemy and divert their attention from that Quarter, on Saturday, Sunday and Monday nights last, we carried them on from our posts at Cobble Hill, Leechmore's point and Lam's Dam.17 Whether they did the Enemy any considerable and what Injury, I have not yet heard, but have the pleasure to acquaint you, that they greatly facilitated our schemes, and would have been attended with success equal to our most sanguine expectations, had it not been for the unlucky bursting of two thirteen and Three Ten Inch Mortars, among which was the Brass one, taken in the ordinance Brig. To what cause to attribute this Misfortune I
[Note 17: Ford quotes from Centennial Evacuation, p. 12: "On the 23 Augt. 1775, the work of fortifying Lamb's Dam was begun, and upon the completion of that work, the line of fortification was advanced to a point a little south of the present Northampton Street. Lamb's Dam extended from about the junction of Hampden and Albany Sts. to a point near the present Walnut place. It was originally built to keep the tide from overflowing the marshes, and followed very nearly the present line of Northampton Street, diverging slightly to the southward as it neared the highway. At the termination of the Dam, on the upland, a strong breastwork was constructed, and from that the intrenchments extended across the highway. The works were completed Sept. 10, 1775."] know not, whether to any defect in them, or to the inexperience of the Bombardiers. But to return, on Monday Evening as soon as our firing commenced, a considerable detachment of our men, under the command of Brigadier General Thomas, crossed the Neck and took possession of the two Hills, without the least Interruption or annoyance from the Enemy, and by their great Activity and Industry before the morning advanced the Works so far, as to be secure against their Shot. They are now going on with such expedition that in a little time I hope they will be complete, and enable our Troops stationed there, to make a vigorous and obstinate stand. during the whole Canonade, which was incessant the two last Nights we were fortunate enough to lose but two Men, one a Lieutenant by a cannon Bali's taking off his Thigh, the other a private by the explosion of a Shell which also slightly wounded four or five more.
Our taking possession of Dorchester Heights is only preparatory to taking post on Nuke Hill and the points opposite the south end of Boston. It was absolutely necessary that they should be previously fortifyed, in order to cover and command them. As soon as the works on the former are finished and complete, measures will be immediately adopted for securing the latter and making them as strong and defensible as we can. Their contiguity to the Enemy, will make them of much Importance and of great service to us.
As mortars are essential and indespensibly necessary for carrying on our Operations and the prosecution of our plans, I have applied to two Furnaces to have some thirteen Inch ones cast with all expedition imaginable, and am encouraged to hope from the accounts I have had, that they will be able to do it; when they are done, and a proper supply of Powder obtained, I flatter myself from the posts we have just taken, and are about to take, that it will be in our power to force the Ministerial Troops to an attack, or to dispose of 'em in some way that will be of advantage to us. I think from these posts, they will be so galled and annoyed, that they must either give us battle, or quit their present possessions. I am resolved that nothing on my part stall be wanting to effect the one or the other.
It having been the general Opinion, that the Enemy would attempt to dislodge our People from the Hills, and force their Works, as soon as they were discovered, which probably might have brought on a general Engagement, It was thought advisable that the Honorable Council18 should be applied to, to order in the Militia from the neighbouring and adjacent Towns, I wrote them on the Subject, which they most readily complied with; and in justice to the Militia, I cannot but inform you, that they came in at the appointed time, and manifested the greatest alertness and determined resolution to have acted like men engaged in the cause of Freedom.
[Note 18: The council of the Massachusetts Legislature.]
When the Enemy first discovered our works in the morning, they seemed to be in great confusion, and from their movements to have intended an attack.
It is much to be wished, that it had been made. The event I think must have been fortunate, and nothing less than success and victory on our side, as our Officers and men appeared Impatient for the appeal, and to have possessed the most animated Sentiments and determined Spirit.
On Tuesday evening a considerable number of their Troops embarked on board their Transports and fell down to the Castle, where part of them landed before dark; one or two of the Vessels got a ground and were fired at by our People with a Field piece, but without any Damage. What was the design of this embarkation and landing, I have not been able to learn; It would seem as if they meant an attack, for it is most probable, that if they make one on our Works at Dorchester at this time, that they will first go to the Castle and come from thence. If such was their design, a violent storm that night and which lasted 'till Eight O'Clock the next day, rendered the execution of it impracticable. It carried one or two of their Vessels a shore, which have since got off.19
[Note 19: Ford quotes Sir William Howe's account of the evacuation, in a letter to the Earl of Dartmouth (March 21): "On the 2d inst. at night they began a cannonade upon the town; the same was repeated on the evening of the 3d and 4th. On the 5th in the morning it was discovered that the enemy had thrown up three very extensive works with strong abatties on the commanding hills on Dorchester Neck, which must have been the employment of at least 12,000 men. In a situation so critical I determined upon immediate attack; the ardour of the troops encouraged me in this hazardous enterprise, and regiments were expeditiously embarked on board transports to fall down the harbour; but the wind unfortunately coming contrary and blowing very hard the ships were not able to get to their destination....The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night gave the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves into such a state of defense that I could promise myself little success by attacking them under such disadvantages; wherefore I judged it most advisable to prepare for the evacuation of the town....This operation was effected on the 17th, and all the rear guard embarked at 9 o'clock in the morning, without the least loss, irregularity or accident."]
In case the Ministerial Troops had made an Attempt to dislodge our Men from Dorchester Hills, and the number detached upon the occasion, had been so great as to have afforded a probability of a successful attack's being made upon Boston, on a signal given from Roxbury for that purpose, agreeable to a settled and concerted plan; Four thousand chosen men who were held in readiness, were to ford have embarked at the mouth of Cambridge River in two divisions; The first under the command of Brig. Genl. Sullivan, the second under Brig. Genl. Greene, the whole to have been commanded by Major General Putnam. The first division was to land at the Powder House and gain possession of Bacon Hill and Mount Horam. The second at Barton's Point or a little South of it, and after securing that post, to join the other division and force the Enemy's Works and Gates for letting in the Roxbury Troops. Three floating batteries were to have proceeded and gone in Front of the other Boats, and kept up a heavy fire on that part of the Town where our men where to land. How far our views would have succeeded, had an Opportunity offered for attempting the Execution, is impossible for me to say. Nothing but experiment could determine with precision. The Plan was thought to be well digested and as far as I could judge from the cheerfulness and alacrity which distinguished the Officers and men who were to engage in the enterprize, I had reason to hope for a favourable and happy Issue.
The Militia which were ordered in, from the Adjacent Towns, brought with them three days Provisions. They were only called upon to Act under the Idea of an Attack's being immediately made, and were all discharged this Afternoon.
I beg leave to remind Congress that three Major Generals are essential and necessary for this Army, and that by General Lee's being called from hence to the command in Canada, the left Division is without one. I hope they will fill up the Vacancy by the Appointment of another. General Thomas is the first Brigadier, stands fair in point of Reputation and is esteemed a brave and good Officer. If he is promoted, there will be a vacancy in the Brigadier Generals, which it will be necessary to supply by the appointment of some other Gentleman, that shall be agreeable to Congress. But justice requires me to mention that William Thompson Esquire of the Rifle Regiment is the first Colonel of this department, and as far as I have had an Opportunity of Judging, is a good Officer and a man of Courage. What I have said of these two Gentlemen, I conceive to be my duty, at the same time acknowledging whatever promotions are made will be satisfactory to me.
March 9th. Yesterday evening a Captain Irvine, who escaped from Boston the night before, with Six of his crew, came to Head Quarters and gave the following Intelligence "That our Bombardment and Cannonade caused much surprize in Town, as many of the Soldiery said they never heard or thought we had Mortars or Shells"
"That several of the Officers acknowledged they were well and properly directed. That they occasioned much distress and confusion; that the Cannon Shot, for the greatest part went thro' the Houses and he was told, that one took of the Legs and Arms of 6 men lying in the Barracks on the Neck; That a Soldier who came from the Lines there on Tuesday Morning Informed him, that: 20 men had been wounded the night before; It was also reported that others had been hurt, and one of the Light Horse torn to pieces by the explosion of a Shell, this was afterwards contradicted; That early on Tuesday Morning--Admiral Shuldam discovering the Works our People were throwing up on Dorchester Heights, immediately sent an Express to General Howe to inform him, that it was necessary that they should be attacked and dislodged from thence, or he would be under the necessity of withdrawing the Ships from the Harbour under his command; That preparations were directly made for that purpose as it was said, and from twelve to two OClock, about 3000 men embarked on board the Transports which fell down to the Castle, with a design of Landing on that part of Dorchester next to it, and attacking the Works at 5 O'Clock next morning; That Lord Piercy was appointed to command, and that it was generally believed the attempt would have been made, had it not been for the Violent Storm which happened that night, as I have mentioned before; That he heard several of the privates and one or two Serjeants say, as they were embarking that it would be another Bunker Hill affair. He further Informs that the Army is preparing to leave Boston, and that they will do it in a day or two; That Transports necessary for their embarkation were getting ready with the utmost expedition; That there had been great movements and confusion amongst the Troops the night and day preceeding his coming out, in hurrying down their Cannon, Artillery and other Stores to the Wharfs with the utmost precipitation, and were putting them on board the Ships in such haste that no account or memorandum was taken of them; That more of their cannon were removed from their works and embarked and embarking. That he heard a Woman say, which he took to be an Officer's wife, that she had seen Men go under ground at their Lines on the neck without returning; That the Ship he commanded was taken up, places fitted and fitting for Officers to lodge and several Shot, Shells and Cannon already on board. That the Tories were to have the Liberty of going where they pleased, If they could get Seamen to man the Vessels, of which there was great scarcity. On that account many Vessels could not be carried away, and would be burnt. That many of the Inhabitants apprehended the Town would be destroyed, and that their destination is Halifax.
The Account given by Capt. Irvine as to the embarkation and their being about to leave the Town I believe true, there are other corroborating circumstances and it seems fully confirmed by a paper,--signed by four of of the Select Men of the Town, (a Copy of which I have the honor to enclose you) which was brought out Yesterday evening by a Flag and delivered Colonel Learned by Major Bassett of the 10th Regiment, who desired it might be given me as soon as possible: I advised with such of the General Officers upon the Occasion as I could immediately Assemble and we determined it right, as it was not addressed to me, or any one else, nor authenticated by the signature of General Howe or any other Act Obliging him to a performance of the promise mentioned on his part, that I should give it no Answer, at the same time, that a Letter should be returned as going from Col. Learned signifying his having laid it before me with the reasons assigned for not answering it.--A Copy of this is also sent you.20
[Note 20: "Boston, 8 March, 1776.
"As his Excellency General Howe is determined to leave the Town with the Troops Under his Command, a Number of the Respectable Inhabitants, being very Anxious for its preservation and safety, have applied to General Robertson for this purpose, who at their request has communicated the same to his Excellency Genl. Howe, who has assured him, that he has no intention of destroying the Town, unless the Troops under his command are molested during their Embarkation or at their departure, by the Armed force without, which declaration he gave Genl. Robertson leave to communicate to the Inhabitants; If such an Opposition should take place, we have the greatest reason to expect the Town will be exposed to Intire destruction. As our fears are quieted with regard to Genl. Howe's Intentions, we beg we may have some assurances that so dreadful a Calamity may not be brought on by any measures without. As a Testimony of the truth of the Above, we have signed our Names to this paper, carried out by Messrs. Thomas and Jonathan Amory and Peter Johonnot, who have at the earnest Intreaties of the Inhabitants, through the Lt. Governor, Sollicited a flag of Truce for this purpose,
"John Scollay, Timothy Newell, Thomas Marshall, Samuel Austin."
The original is in the Washington Papers. It was drawn up by Newell, taken to the lines at Roxbury, and given to Colonel Learned, who carried it to headquarters. He returned, and handed the bearers of it the following letter:
"Roxbury, 9 March, 1776.
"Sir: Agreeably to a promise made to you at the Lines yesterday, I waited upon His Excellency General Washington, and presented to Him the Paper (handed to me by you) from the Select Men of Boston. The Answer I received from Him was to this effect: 'That, as it was an unauthenticated Paper; without an Address, and not Obligatory Upon General Howe; He would take no Notice of it.' I am, with esteem and respect, Gentlemen, your most obedt. Servt, "Ebenezer Learned."
"To Messrs. Amorys and Johonnot."
A copy of this letter, in the writing of Horatio Gates, is in the Washington Papers.
Washington had no wish to injure the town unnecessarily, and despite his uncompromising reply the British were permitted to withdraw without molestation.]
To night I shall have a Battery thrown up on Nuke Hill (Dorchester point) with a design of acting as circumstances may require. It being judged adviseable to prosecute our plans of Fortification, as we intended before this Information from the Select Men came.
It being agreed on all hands that there is no probability of stopping them, if they determine to go, I shall order look outs to be kept upon all the Headlands, to discover their Movements and course, and moreover direct Commodore Manly and his little Squadron to dog them, as well for the same purpose, as for picking up any of their Vessels that may chance to depart their Convoy; from their loading with such precipitancy, It's presumable they'l not be in the best condition for Sea.
If the Ministerial Troops evacuate the Town and leave it standing, I have thoughts of taking measures for fortifying the entrance into the harbour, If it shall be thought proper and the situation of Affairs will admit of it.
Notwithstanding the report from Boston that Hallifax is the place of their Destination, I have no doubt but that they are going to the Southward of this, and I apprehend to New York. Many reasons lead me to this Opinion,21 It is in some measure corroborated by their sending an express Ship there which on Wednesday Week got on shore and bilged at Cape Cod. The Dispatches if written were destroyed when she was boarded; she had a parcel of Coal and about 4000 Cannon Shot, six Carriage Guns, 1 or 2 Swevils and three Barrels of Powder. I shall hold the Riflemen and other parts of our Troops in readiness to march at a Moments warning and Govern my movements by the events that happen, or such Orders as I may receive from Congress, which I beg may be ample and forwarded with all possible expedition.
[Note 21: This was the first, but by no means the last, of the many occasions during the war when the British puzzled Washington by their illogical and unreasonable movements.]
On the 6th. Instant a Ship bound from London with Stores for the Ministerial Army, consisting of coal, porter and Krout, fell in with our Armed Vessels, four of them in Company and was carried into Portsmouth. She had a long passage and of course brought no papers of a late date. The only Letters of Importance or the least interesting that were found I have enclosed.
I beg leave to mention to Congress that Money is much wanted. The Militia from these Governments engaged 'till the 1st of April are then to be paid, and if we march from hence, the Expence will be considerable must be defrayed and cannot be accomplished without it. the necessity of making the earliest remittance for these purposes is too obvious for me to add more.
When I wrote that part of this Letter which is anteceedent to this date, I fully expected It would have gone before now by Col. Bull; not deeming it of sufficient importance to send a special Messenger, but he deferred his return from time to time and never set off 'till to day.
These reasons I hope will excuse the delay and be received as a proper apology for not transmitting it sooner. I have the honor etc.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 8, 1776.
Parole Henry. Countersign Loyal.
The General Court Martial, of which Colo. Phinney was president, to assemble to morrow Morning, at eleven O'Clock, at Pomeroy's Tavern in Cambridge.
His Excellency the General, returns his thanks to the Militia of the surrounding districts, for their spirited and alert march to Roxbury, last Saturday and Sunday, and for the noble ardour they discovered in defence of the cause of Liberty, and their Country.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 9, 1776.
Parole Morris. Countersign Allen.
The General earnestly expects every Officer and Soldier of this Army will shew the utmost alertness, as well upon duty, as off duty, as by that means, not only the utmost power, but the utmost artifice of the enemy will be defeated.
The Regiments who have not drawn their cloathing from the Qt. Mr. General, are commanded to do it immediately.
The Regiment and Companies of Riflemen, are to hold themselves in readiness, to march at an hours warning.
The whole Army to prepare to be ready to march when commanded.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 9, 1776.
Sir: The important Post of Dorchester Hill, which has long been the object of our particular attention, and which for various weighty reasons I had hitherto delayed taking possession of, I have the pleasure to inform you is now so well secured, that I flatter myself it will not be in the power of the Enemy to disposess us. A detachment of twenty-five hundred Men, under Command of Brigr General Thomas on Monday Evening last, begun the Works there, which they have carried on ever since without the least molestation from the Enemy. For two or three nights previous to this, I thought it necessary to draw off their Attention from the grand object, and accordingly ordered a brisk Cannonade and bombardment of the Town, which (as I have been since informed) had the desired Effect for they had no suspicion of our real design, 'till Tuesday Morning, when they discovered our Troops in possession of the Hill. A Captain of a Transport, who made his escape from Boston the Night before last, informs me that three thousand Men under Command of Lord Piercy, were ordered to disposess us, but the Weather being very tempestuous (or perhaps for some better reason) the expedition was laid aside; He also informs me that they were making every preparation to evacuate the Town. They have indeed been observed for several days past, to be very busily employed in removing their Cannon and Ammunition, and yesterday in the Afternoon the Captain's intelligence was confirmed by a Flagg of Truce sent out, with a Message from the Selectmen of the Town; a Copy of which I have the honor to inclose you. It seems very evident that they can no longer keep possession of the Town, and are determined to take post, or attack in some other Quarter; where that may be is at present altogether uncertain, but I thought it my duty to give you the earliest information of this important movement, that you might take proper measures for the Security of your Colony. I have ordered their motions to be very narrowly watched, and if any thing material should occur you may rely on my giving you speedy Notice.
I have also the pleasure to acquaint you that Capt Manly and others, have taken another Transport Ship laden with Coals, Porter &c. for the use of the Ministerial Troops at Boston, She brings papers to the 2d December, but they afford no material News.
An Armed Transport is also stranded on the back of Cape Codd; The most of her cargo consisting principally of a few military stores, has been secured by the Inhabitants the Master, two Midshipmen, and a number of Seaman made prisoners. She was bound from Boston to New York. I have the Honor to be with great respect, Sir, etc.29
[Note 29: Letters of the same import were sent to Governor Cooke and the New Hampshire Legislature.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 10, 1776.
Parole Tighlman. Countersign Mercer.
There was a mistake in the Orders of the Sixth Instant--Genl. Heath being ordered for the command therein mentioned, instead of Genl. Green, who is appointed for that command.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 11, 1776.
Parole Niagara. Countersign Thompson.
That there may not be the least pretext for delay (as the General is determined to march the whole, or any part of this Army, the Instant occasion shall require) His Excellency desires that not a moments time may be lost in preparing for the march--The Colonels will pay particular attention to the cloathing of their men--To prevent any unnecessary preparations, the General informs the Officers, and Soldiers, that it is his desire and expectation, that they encumber themselves with as little baggage as possible, as apart from the enormous expence to the Continent--Teams cannot be procured for superfluous Articles, it will be well if sufficient can be found to answer all requisite services--The Nature of the service we are engaged in, is such as require light Troops, ready at all times, and upon all occasions, for forced marches, the less baggage therefore, Officers and Men are encumber'd with, the better.
The recruiting Service is to be continued, but the recruits, and all the men upon Furlough, are to join their respective regiments immediately.
The General being desirous of selecting a particular number of men, as a Guard for himself, and baggage, The Colonel, or commanding Officer, of each of the established Regiments, (the Artillery and Rifflemen excepted) will furnish him with four, that the number wanted may be chosen out of them. His Excellency depends upon the Colonels for good Men, such as they can recommend for their sobriety, honesty, and good behaviour; he wishes them to be from five feet, eight Inches high, to five feet, ten Inches; handsomely and well made, and as there is nothing in his eyes more desireable, than Cleanliness in a Soldier, he desires that particular attention may be made, in the choice of such men, as are neat, and spruce. They are all to be at Head Quarters to morrow precisely at twelve, at noon, when the Number wanted will be fixed upon. The General neither wants men with uniforms, or arms, nor does he desire any man to be sent to him, that is not perfectly willing, and desirous, of being of this guard. They should be drill'd men.30
[Note 30: The organization was known as the Commander in Chief's Guard. C. E. Godfrey's work of this title contains the best group of facts concerning the guard.]
The General desires that those Colonels, who have not furnish'd the Arrangement of their Officers, will do it forthwith under the Inspection of the Brigadiers, who are to certify the same; he also requires the Brigadiers to see that the Returns are made, that the Commissions may issue.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 12, 1776.
Parole Niagara. Countersign Thompson.
An Abstract of the pay of the commissioned Officers of each of the established Regiments, for January, to be deliver'd, as soon as possible to the Adjutant General, signed by the Colonel, or Officer commanding each regiment.
The Director General and Surgeons of the hospital, to proceed in the examination of the Regimental Surgeons and Mates, who are required to attend for that purpose, at such time, and place, as may be appointed; of which they will receive timely notice; When the examination is finished, Report it to be made of the same, that Commissions may be made out for those, who are approv'd of as duly qualified.
The Colonels in making out the pay Abstracts for their Officers, for January, are to be careful to see that each Officer is charged only from the day of his being appointed.
The General Court Martial of which Col Phinney was president is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 13, 1776.
Parole Fairfax. Countersign Kent.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow morning at ten OClock, All Evidences and persons concerned, to attend the court.
The Riffle Regiment under the command of Lieut. Col. Hand,31 and the three riffle Companies under the command of Capt. Stephenson,32: are to be ready to march to morrow morning at ten O'Clock--A Copy of their Route, with their orders, will be deliver'd to Lt. Col Hand and Capt. Stephenson, this afternoon.
[Note 31: Lieut, Col. Edward Hand. He was afterwards Adjutant General of the Continental Army.]
[Note 32: Capt. Hugh Stephenson.]
As the Ministerial Troops in Boston, both from information and appearance, are preparing to evacuate that town: The General expressly orders, that neither Officer, nor Soldier, presume to go into Boston, without leave from the General in Chief at Cambridge, or the commanding General at Roxbury; As the enemy with a malicious assiduity, have spread the infection of the smallpox through all parts of the town, nothing but the utmost caution on our part, can prevent that fatal disease from spreading thro' the army, and country, to the infinite detriment of both--His Excellency expressly commands every Officer, to pay the exactist obedience to this order.
If upon the retreat of the enemy any person whatsoever, is detected in pillaging, he may be assured the severest punishment will be his lot--The unhappy Inhabitants of that distress'd town, have already suffer'd too heavily from the Iron hand of Oppression!--their Countrymen surely will not be base enough to add to their misfortunes.
Cambridge, March 13, 1776.
Sir: In my letter of the 7th. and 9th. Instant, which I had the honor of Addressing you, I mentioned the Intelligence I had received respecting the embarkation of the Troops from Boston and fully expected before this, that the Town would have been entirely evacuated. Altho' I have been deceived and was rather premature in the Opinion I had then formed I have little reason to doubt but the event will take place in a very short time, as other Accounts which have come to hand since, the sailing of a great number of Transports from the Harbour to Nantasket Road and many circumstances corresponding therewith seem to confirm & render it unquestionable.
Whether the Town will be destroyed is a matter of much uncertainty, but it would seem from the destruction they are making of sundry pieces of furniture, of many of their Waggons, Carts &ca. which they cannot take with 'em, as it is said, that it will not; For if they intended it, the whole might be involved in one general ruin.
Holding it of the last importance in the present contest, that we should secure New York and prevent the Enemy from possessing it, and conjecturing they have views of that sort and their embarkation to be for that purpose, I judged it necessary under the situation of things here, to call a Council of General Officers to consult of such measures as are expedient to be taken at this interesting conjuncture of Affairs. A copy of the proceedings I have the honor to inclose you.33
[Note 33: The proceedings of this council are in the Washington Papers.]
Agreeable to the Opinion of the Council, I shall detach the Rifle Regiment to morrow under the Command of Brigadier General Sullivan with orders to repair to New York, with all possible expedition, which will be succeeded the day after by the other five in one Brigade, they being all that it was thought advisable to send from hence until the Enemy shall have quitted the Town. Immediately upon their departure, I shall send forward Major General Putnam and will follow myself with the remainder of the Army as soon as I have it in my power; leaving here only such a number of men as circumstances may seem to require.
As the badness of the roads at this Season will greatly retard the March of our men, I have by advice of the General Officers wrote to Governor Trumbull by this express to use his utmost exertions for throwing a reinforcement of two Thousand Men into New York from the Western parts of Connecticut, and to the Commanding Officer there, to apply to the Provincial Convention or Committee of Safety of New Jersey, for a thousand more, for the same purpose, to oppose the Enemy and prevent their getting possession, in case they arrive before our Troops get there, of which there's a probability unless they are impeded by Contrary Winds. This Measure, tho it will be attended with considerable expence, I flatter myself will meet the Approbation of Congress. The Lines in Boston and on Boston Neck point out the propriety and suggest the necessity of keeping them from gaining possession and making a Lodgement. Should their destination be further southward or for Halifax for the purpose of going into Canada, the March of our Troops to New York, will place them nearer the scene of Action and more convenient for affording succours.
We have not taken post on Nuke [Nook's] Hill and fortified it, as mentioned we should in my last. On hearing that the Enemy were about to retreat and leave the Town, It was thought imprudent and unadvisable to force them with too much precipitation, that we might gain a little time and prepare for a March. To morrow Evening we shall take possession of it unless they are gone. As New York is of such importance; prudence and policy require, that every precaution that can be devised, should be adopted to frustrate the designs which the Enemy may have of obtaining possession of it. To this End I have ordered Vessels to be provided and held ready at Norwich for the embarkation and Transportation of our Troops thither. This I have done with a view not only of expediting their arrival, as it will save several days marching but also that they may be fresh and fit for intrenching and throwing up Works of defence, as soon as they got there, If they do meet the Enemy to contend with, for neither of which would they be in a proper condition after a long and fatiguing March in bad roads. If Wallace with his Ships should be apprized of the measure and attempt to prevent it by stopping up the Harbour at New London, they can but pursue their March by Land.
You will be pleased to observe, that it is the Opinion of the General Officers, If the Enemy abandon the Town, that it will be unnecessary to employ or keep any of this Army for its defence, and that I have mentioned on, that event's happening, I shall immediately repair to New York with the remainder of the Army not now detached, leaving only such a Number of Men here as circumstances may seem to require. What I partly allude to is, that as it will take a considerable time for the removal of such a large body of men, as the Divisions must precede each other in such order as to allow intermediate time sufficient for 'era to be covered and provided for on the route, and many things done previous to the march of the whole for securing and forwarding such necessaries, as can not be carried Immediately, (if proper to be carried at all) That some directions might be received from Congress, as to the number which they may judge necessary to be kept here for these or any other purposes. I could wish to have their commands upon the Subject and in time, as I may be under some degree of embarrassment as to their views.
Congress having been pleased to appoint Col. Thompson a Brigadier General, there is a Vacancy for a Colonel in the Regiment he commanded, to which I would beg leave to recommend the Lieut. Col. Hand?34 I shall also take the Liberty of recommending Captain Hugh Stevenson of the Virginia Riflemen to succeed Col. Hand & to be appointed in his place as Lieut. Col. (there being no Major, Magaw35 the late one being appointed Lt. Col. of one of the Pennsylvania Battalions and gone from hence) He is in my Opinion the fittest person in this Army for it, as well as the oldest Captain in the service, having distinguished himself at the Head of a Rifle Company
[Note 34: Lieut. Col. Edward Hand.]
[Note 35: Robert Magaw, of Thompson's rifle regiment.] all the last War and highly merited the approbation of his superior officers.
Col. Mifflin Informed me to day, of his having received Tent Cloths from Mr. Barrett of Philadelphia to the amount of 7,500 £ of Pennsylvania Currency and applied for a Warrant for Payment of it. But our Fund being low & many demands against it, which must be satisfied and our calls for Money will be exceedingly great, I could not grant it, thinking it might be convenient for payment to be made in Philadelphia by your order, on the Treasury there.36 I have the Honor &ca.
[Note 36: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 14, 1776.
Parole --. Countersign --.
Stark's, Patterson's, Webb's, Greaton's and Bonds regiments, together with two Companies of the Artillery, are to march to morrow morning at Nine O'Clock, under the Command of Brigadier General Heath, who will receive his orders from the Adjutant General this evening, at Head Quarters--The Qr. M. General will furnish them with Waggons, and the Route by which they are to march--The Men are to be supplied with Five days provisions, good part of which, they will do well to cook, before they leave Cambridge, as there may be difficulty in doing it upon the road.
The General again reminds the Officers and Soldiers of the other Regiments, of the necessity of being ready for a march, as they may not have more than an hours notice. The General was informed Yesterday evening, by a person just out of Boston, that our Enemies in that place, had laid several Schemes for communicating the infection of the small-pox, to the Continental Army, when they get into the town--This shews the propriety of Yesterdays Orders, and the absolute necessity of paying the strictest obedience thereto. All Officers, and others possessed of any of the Continental Horses, are to return them immediately to the Q: M: General, in Cambridge.
The General Court Martial of which Col. Huchinson was president, is dissolved.
[Note 37: Brig. Gen. William Alexander (Lord Stirling) was in command at New York at this date, Maj. Gen. Charles Lee having left to take command of the Southern Department on March 7.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 14, 1776.
Sir: I have stronger Reasons since I wrote to you last, to confirm me in my Opinion that the Army under General Howe is on it's Departure. All their Movements pronounce it, but least it may be but a Feint, I must continue on my Guard, and not weaken my Lines too much, until I have a Certainty of their Departure. It is given out that they are bound to Hallifax; but I am of Opinion that New York is their Place of Destination. It is the Object worthy their Attention; and it is the Place that we must use every Endeavour to keep from them. For should they get that Town, and the Command of the North River, they can stop the Intercourse between the northern and southern Colonies, upon which depends the Safety of America. My Feelings upon this Subject are so strong, that I would not wish to give the Enemy a Chance of succeeding at your Place. I shall, therefore, dispatch a Regiment and some independant Companies of Rifle Men this Day, and To-Morrow, or as soon as it conveniently can be done, five more Regiments will set out from this Camp. I cannot part with more, while the Enemy remain in Sight; but I have wrote to Governor Trumbull to send you 2000 Men, as soon as he possibly can. If you can get 1000 from New Jersey, with the Militia of the Country called in, if not repugnant to the Will of Congress, I think you can make a sufficient Stand, untill I can with the main Body of this Army join you; which you depend upon will be as soon as possible after I can with any Degree of Certainty, tell their Rout.
The Plan of Defence, formed by General Lee, is, from what little I know of the Place, a very judicious one. I hope, nay I dare say, it is carrying into Execution, with Spirit and Industry. You may judge from the Enemys keeping so long Possession of the Town of Boston against an Army superior in Numbers and animated with the noble Spirit of Liberty: I say, you may judge by that how much easier it is, to keep an Enemy from forming a Lodgement in a Place, than it will be to dispossess them when they get themselves fortified. As I have in my last told you, that the Fate of this Campaign, of Course, the Fate of America, depends upon you and the Army under your Command, should the Enemy attempt your Quarter; I will dwell no more thereon, though the last Importance of the Subject, would make an Apology for Repetition, needless. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 14, 1776.
Dear Sir: I am indebted to you for your three several Favors of the 19th and 29th of Febr. and 3rd March, which I should have acknowledged sooner, had not the great Hurry and Bustle we have been in for several Days past, prevented.
You have doubtless heard before this Time of our being in Possession of Dorchester Hill, which important Business was executed in one Night without any Loss. The Enemy were thrown into utmost Consternation when they perceived, the next morning, what had been effected the preceding Night, and made Preparations to dislodge us. Three Thousand Men under Command of Lord Piercy were draughted for this Service; but a very heavy Storm of Wind and Rain frustrated their Design. In my Opinion, the most fortunate Circumstance for them and unfortunate for us, that could have happened; as we had every Thing so well prepared for their Reception, that, I am confident we should have given a very good Account of them. Failing in this Attempt, they have thought it most prudent to quit the Town, and have been for several Days past very busily employed in embarking their Troops, and Stores, on Board Transports, most of which are now in Nantasket Road, waiting for a fair Wind to sail somewhere. It is most probable their Destination is for New York. The vast Importance of that Place is doubtless a capital Object with them. It is most certainly so to us; and in Consequence of their shameful Retreat I shall begin to march Part of this Army immediately and follow with the Remainder, as soon as their Accommodations on the Road, will permit.
I am informed by two very intelligent Men, who made their Escape from Boston, that they embark in great Confusion, are obliged to destroy many of their Carriages and Waggons, for Want of Room to transport them; that they are greatly distress'd for Seamen to man their Transports and that the few they have, are put on half Allowance, Provisions being so scarce that they have not more than sufficient for four Weeks.
I was just about to congratulate you on your Appointment to the Command in Canada, when I receiv'd the Account that your Destination was altered. As a Virginian, I must rejoice at the Change; but, as an American, I think you would have done more essential Service to the common Cause, in Canada. For, besides the Advantage of speaking and thinking in French, an Officer who is acquainted with their Manners and Customs and has travell'd in their Country, must certainly take the strongest Hold of their Affection and Confidence.
You mention nothing of the Guard that went with you from hence. Mr. Palfrey tells me you intend to carry them with you. As it will create great Confusion in the regimental Accounts, and they can be of no great service to you, I must beg you will let them remain at New York, where they will be soon joined by their respective Regiments.
The recruiting Business here has gone on but very slowly indeed.
I am much pleased with your Plans for the Defence and Security of New York. What you may leave unfinished, I shall order the Commanding Officer to compleat as soon as possible.
Least the Enemy should meet with favourable Winds in their Passage, and get there before our Army, I have wrote to Governor Trumbull desiring him immediately to forward two Thousand Men, and have also requested one Thousand from the Jersies. This, with the Force already there, I hope will be able to keep the ministerial Army at Bay, untill I can arrive with the main Body.
I most sincerely wish you Increase of Health and every Blessing & am, etc.
P.S. The Ladies are well and desire their Compts. I am obliged to you for sending Mr. Palfrey, and shall endeavour to serve him, whenever it is in my Power.
Cambridge, March 14, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of the 12th Instant I just now received and beg leave to assure you that the approbation which your Honbl. Council are pleased to express of my Conduct respecting the Operations against the Town of Boston, affords me the highest satisfaction.
I am exceedingly sorry that it is not in my power at this time to comply with your requisition for powder and to make a return of what was generously lent for the Continental use, the low state of our store of that necessary Article, will not allow me to spare the smallest quantity, but hoping that I may get a further supply before long to enable me to do It, I shall be much obliged, If you will favor me with an account of what you furnished, that it may be repaid as soon as circumstances will admit of It. I am Sir, &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 15, 1776.
Parole Augustine. Countersign Bristol.
The Regiments and Companies of Artillery, mentioned in Yesterdays Orders, are not to march before Sun-rise to morrow morning, when every thing belonging to them is to be ready to move off--The Men are not to put their packs in the Carts; their provisions being carried for them, the General expects the whole to carry their own packs. Any Officer, or Soldier, who is known to commit any waste, or destruction to any of the barracks, or barrack-utensils, upon their removing, will be punished with the utmost severity. The Qr. Mr. General to order his Assistants, to see every Article taken proper care of, when the troops march.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 166, 1776.
Parole Pensacola. Countersign Havanah.
As the weather is so bad, and the roads so mirey, the Regiments and Companies of Artillery, ordered to march this morning, are to halt until to morrow morning.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 17, 1776.
Parole Boston. Countersign St. Patrick.
The Regiments under marching orders, to march to morrow morning at sun-rise.
Cambridge, March 17, 1776.
Sir: I have the Pleasure to inform you, that this morning the Ministerial Troops evacuated the Town of Boston, without destroying it.39 and that we are now in the full possession; upon which event, I beg leave to Congratulate you, and sincerely wish, if the Ministry persevere in the same unconstitutional and despotic measures, which too long have marked their conduct, that our opposition and resistance, in every Quarter, may be crowned with the success they have been here.
[Note 39: An account of the evacuation, in the Boston Gazette, states that the enemy was seen to march from Bunker Hill about 9 a. m., and at the same time a great many boats. filled with troops, put off from Boston for the fleet, which lay below Castle William. Part of the Continentals came down the river from Cambridge by boats and landed at Sewells Point. General Ward's troops advanced from Roxbury and entered Boston from that direction. The command of the town was entrusted to General Putnam.]
Where their destination is, or what plans they have in view, is altogether unknown; most probably the next attempt will be against New York, or some more Southern Colony. However, I should think, tho' I do not believe they have any design against Rhode Island, that it will be adviseable to keep a strict look out; and submit it to you, whether it may not be proper against the time you apprehend they might arrive, to call in a number of the Militia and have them posted in proper places. I do not mean to direct the Measure, but only to mention It for your Consideration; to me it appears worthy of attention. I am &c.
N. B. March 19th, the Fleet is still in King and Nantasket Roads.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 19, 1776.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersign Sydney.
Brigade Major Henly,42 being ordered to attend Genl. Heath, Brigade Major Cary43 is to take the duty of both those Brigades until further orders, and is therefore upon no account to be absent from Cambridge.
[Note 42: David Henly, brigade major to General Heath. He was, later, a colonel of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments.]
[Note 43: Richard Cary.]
All Officers, Soldiers and others, are positiely forbid going into the Town of Boston without a pass, or being sent expressly upon duty; As soon as the Select Men report the Town to be cleansed from Infection, liberty will be given to those who have business there, to go in. The Inhabitants belonging to the Town may be permitted to return to their habitations, proper persons being appointed at the Neck and at Charles-Townferry, to grant them passes.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 19, 1776.
Sir: It is with the greatest pleasure I inform you that on Sunday last the 17th. Instant, about 9th O'Clock in the forenoon the Ministerial Army evacuated the Town of Boston, and that the Forces of the United Colonies are now in actual Possession thereof. I beg leave to congratulate you Sir, and the Honorable Congress on this happy event, and particularly as it was effected without endangering the Lives and property of the remaining unhappy Inhabitants.44
[Note 44: "We saw the ships under way about 8 in the morning and the River full of boats armed with soldiers. This gave an alarm and some suspected they were about to land at Dorchester, but having a full view of them with a glass from Plowed Hill, I found they were going on board the ships. 1 then took my horse, and rode down to Charlestown Neck, where I had a clear view of Bunker's Hill. I saw the sentrys standing as usual with their firelocks shouldered, but finding they never moved, I soon suspected what regiment they belonged to; and upon taking a clear view with my glass, found they were only effigies set there by the flying enemy. This convinced me that they were actually fled, for if they meant to decoy us, they would have taken away every appearance of man. By this time, I was joined by Colo. Mifflin, who, with my Brigade Major agreed to go up, sending two persons round the works to examine whether there was any of them in the rear of the works, while we went up in the front. I at the same time sent for a strong party to follow us on to the hill to assist us in running away (if necessary). We found no person there and bravely took the fortress defended by lifeless sentries. I then brought on a party to secure what we had so bravely won, and went down to the other works where we found all abandoned, but the works not injured in any part. We hailed the ferry boat, which came over and informed us that they had abandoned the town. We then gave information to the general, who ordered me with the troops under my command to take possession of Charlestown, and General Putnam with 2000 men to take possession of the works in Boston; and on Monday Morning his Excellency made his entry into Boston, and repaired to Mr. Hancock's house, where we found his furniture left without injury or diminution."-- Brigadier General Sullivan to John Adams, Mar. 19, 1776.
The fleet of the British consisted of 78 vessels, and carried all of Howe's army, about 8,900 men, and more than 1,1000 refugees.-- Ford.]
I have great reason to imagine their flight was precipitated by the appearance of a Work which I had ordered to be thrown up last Saturday night, on an eminence at Dorchester, which lay nearest to Boston Neck called Newks Hill. The Town although it has suffered greatly, is not in so bad a state as I expected to find it, and I have a particular pleasure in being able to inform you Sir, that your House has received no damage worth mentioning, your furniture is in tolerable Order and the family pictures are all left entire and untouched. Captn. Cazneau takes charge of the whole until he receives further Orders from you.
As soon as the Ministerial Troops had quited the Town, I ordered a Thousand men (who had had the small pox) under command of General Putnam, to take possession of the Heights, which I shall fortify in such a manner, as to prevent their return, should they attempt it; but as they are still in the Harbour, I thought it not prudent to march off with the main body of the Army, until I should be fully satisfied they had quited the Coast. I have therefore only detached five Regiments besides the Rifle Battalion to New York, and shall keep the remainder here 'till all suspicion of their return ceases.
The situation in which I found their Works, evidently discovered that their retreat was made with the greatest precipitation. They have left their Barracks and other works of wood at Bunkers Hill &ca. all standing, and have destroyed but a small part of their Lines. They have also left a number of fine pieces of Cannon, which they first spiked up, also a very large Iron Mortar; and (as I am informed) they have thrown another over the end of your Wharf--I have employed proper Persons to drill the Cannon, and doubt not I shall save the most of them.
I am not yet able to procure an exact List of all the Stores they have left. As soon as it can be done I shall take care to transmit it to you. From an estimate already made, by the Quarter Master General, of what he has discovered, they will amount to 25 or 30,000£.
Part of the Powder mentioned in yours of the 6th Instant has already arrived; The remainder I have ordered to be stop'd on the Road as we shall have no occasion for it here. The Letter to General Thomas I immediately sent to him; he desired leave for three or four days to settle some of his private affairs after which he will set out for his Command in Canada.45 I am happy that my Conduct in intercepting Lord Dunmore's Letter is approved of by Congress. I am etc.46
[Note 45: On March 6 Brig. Gen. John Thomas was promoted to major general and assigned to the command in Canada. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 46: In the writing of William Palfrey. Through inadvertence Washington did not sign this letter.]
Cambridge, March 19, 1776.
Dear Sir: The 17th. Instt. Mr. Bennet handed me your Favor of the 9th. It mortifies me beyond Expression to find the Troops going to Canada, so badly provided with Arms. I have so often mentioned the Situation we are in from the same Cause, that I shall not trouble you more thereon. Indeed, your Letters and mine seem Echoes to each other, enumerating our mutual Difficulties. Should Success crown our Labours, the Reflection will not be disagreeable.
A short Detail of what has happen'd here since I wrote you last, will, I dare say, afford you Pleasure.
The night of the 4th. Inst. we possessed ourselves of Dorchester Heights, which alarmed the Enemy so much that they made their Dispositions to engage us, which was what I most earnestly wished for; but a violent storm coming on the Evening of the 5th. gave us Time to strengthen our Works, and cool'd the Enemy's Ardor. From that Moment they made all possible Diligence in preparing to move off.--Our advancing still closer to them; on the 15th. by taking Post on an Eminence, called Nooks Hill which commands their Works on the Neck of Land, which separates the Town from Roxbury, also commands the South Part of Boston, has obliged the Enemy to take to their Ships, which, rather precipitately, they effected the 17th. in the morning, leaving behind them about 30 Pieces of excellent Cannon, and two Mortars, spiked, a Number of Ball, some Shells, the chief Part of their Light Horse Forrage, 20,000 Bushells of Wheat, 2500 Chaldron of Coal, Salt, Rugs, Blankets, with many other Articles too tedious to mention.
The Ships now lie below the Castle, extending themselves to Nantasket Road, about nine Miles. I do not expect that they will pay us another Visit; tho' as a Number of Transports have appeared this Morning to have joined them, they may be tempted, which will prevent my sending off any more Troops, untill they quit the Harbour. It is uncertain where they may go from hence. Long Island or New York is, in my Opinion, the Place of their Destination. I have sent off a Rifle Regiment, and five Battalions to New York and when I can be certain of their having fairly left these Parts, I shall remove the Rest of the Army there, where I shall have great Pleasure to meet you in tolerable Health.
The Return of the Troops with General Arnold, is received, also the Depositions respecting Colonel Allen's Usage, which has been very cruel.
I am in Hopes we shall be able to collect some hard Money from the Inhabitants of Boston. If we do, you shall soon be informed thereof.
Application has been made to the Commissary Mr. Chamier, relative to the Subsistence of the Prisoners in our Possession, which, I believe is settled with David Franks of Philadelphia. I remain, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 19, 1776.
As you are forthwith to take upon you the Command of the Brigade, now upon their March to Norwich in Connecticut, consisting of the 5th, 16th, 19th, 24 and 25th Regiments, you will without Delay proceed to Norwich, where you will confer with the Persons appointed to provide Vessels for the Transportation of the Troops to New York. Dispatch and secrecy are necessary in embraking and sailing with this Brigade from thence to the Place of their Destination in doing which, you must be intirely governed by the Information you will receive at Norwich, and such Intelligence of the Motions of the Enemy's Ships of War, and armed Vessels, as you will be able to procure at Norwich, and from the Mouth of that River. As you have your own Coast aboard, there will be no Risque in transporting the Troops by Water unless the Enemy's Ships are in Possession of the Mouth of the River previous to your Arrival there. In that Case, you will disembark the Troops, and march the Brigade by Land to New York.
Perceiving that several of the Baggage Carts carried from hence, Tables, and other Articles of Household Furniture you are strictly enjoined to ease the Carriages of all such Trumpery, and positively not to suffer the March of the Brigade to be retarded, by any unnecessary Luggage being put into the Baggage Carts.
By the Order of March, delivered to the commanding Officers of the several Divisions of the Brigade, now upon their March to Norwich, it is forcibly recommended to them to exert their utmost Diligence, and authority, to prevent all pillaging, and marauding; and every Species of Abuse or ill Treatment of the Inhabitants of the Country. This Order you will continue to enforce, and command to be strictly observed.
Upon your Arrival with the Brigade at New York, you will wait upon the commanding General there, and receive and obey such Orders and Instructions, as he shall think necessary to give but you are not upon any Account to go before your Brigade into that City, nor be at any Time absent from them more than ten Miles, taking particular Care to acquaint the Colonels commanding the Divisions, where you lay of Nights, that they may know where to send upon any Emergency for your Orders and Directions.
If, when you arrive at New York, there is no General of superior Rank, nor no senior Officer to yourself, you will take the Command of the Army there, and with all possible Diligence proceed in executing Major General Lee's Plan for fortifying that Post, and the entrench'd Camp proposed.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Horatio Gates.]
Cambridge, March 19, 1776.
My Lord: I am now to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favour of the 11th. Inst., and to give you my Congratulations upon your late Appointment by the honourable Congress.49
[Note 49: Stirling, on March 1, had been appointed brigadier general.]
If the Intelligence is true and to be depended on, which was brought by the Gentleman to New York, I think with you, that we shall have an Opportunity of securing and putting the Continent in a tolerable Posture of Defence and that the Operations of the Summer's Campaign will not be so terrible, as we were taught to expect from the Accounts and Denunciations which the Ministry held forth to the Public.50
[Note 50: The news brought by these gentlemen was to the effect that Great Britain bad engaged 10,000 Hanovarians and Hessians for service in America, and was endeavoring to obtain 10,000 Russians. Seven regiments (about 4,000 men) were to sail from Cork for the southern colonies and "That the french Ambassador at London had declared to the English Ministry that His Master did not mean to Meddle with the Quarrel between G. Britain and her Colonies which [while?] it was Carried on with its own force. But that he Could not be an Idle Spectator if any foreign Aid was made use of. (It was not then known in London that the french had any Troops in the West India Islands)." Stirling's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have the Pleasure to inform you, that on the Morning of the 17th Inst. General Howe with his Army abandoned the Town of Boston without destroying it, an Event of much Importance, and which must be heard with great Satisfaction; and that we are now in full Possession of it. Their Embarkation and Retreat were hurried and precipitate and they have left behind them Stores of one Kind and another to a pretty considerable Amount, among which are several Pieces of heavy Cannon and one or two Mortars, which are spiked.
The Town is in a much better Situation, and less injured than I expected, from the Reports I had received; tho' it is much damaged, and many Houses despoil'd of their valuable Furniture.
The Fleet is still in King and Nantasket Roads; and where they intend to make a Descent next is altogether unknown; but supposing New York to be an Object of much Importance and to be in their View, I must recommend your most strenuous and active Exertions in preparing to prevent any Designs or Attempts, they may have against it. I have detached the Rifle Men and five Battalions from hence to your Assistance, which will be followed by others as Circumstances will allow. These, with what Forces are there, and can be assembled if there should be an Occasion, I trust, will be sufficient to hinder the Enemy from possessing the City or making a Lodgment 'till the main Body of this Army can arrive. I am, My Lord, &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 20, 1776.
Parole Dorchester. Countersign Salem.
Whitcombs, Phinneys, and Huchinsons Regiments are to march into Boston this day, and remain there until further orders, they are to guard the Town, and public Stores there, and do all such fatigue, and other duties, as the General commanding there, thinks proper to order--Every possible precaution will be taken to destroy the Infection of the small-pox. The Troops now in Boston are to march out, and join their respective Regiments, upon being relieved by the Regiments that are to march in.--The Posts on Bunkers-hill, Breed's-hill, and Charles-Town Ferry, are to be garrison'd by Col Waldron's51 Regt., who is to take special care that the Abbaties, picketting &c. are preserved entire--The Qt. Mr. Genl. is to see that Fire Wood, or Coals, is immediately laid in for the supply of those posts. The Commissary Genl. has Orders, immediately to lay in a proper supply of provisions, for the Garrisons of Boston, Bunkers-hill & Dorchester Heights.
[Note 51: Col. John Waldron, of the New Hampshire Militia.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 21, 1776.
Parole New York. Countersign Hallifax.
Learnards and Cary's52 Regiments, are to march this Afternoon and relieve the Troops upon Dorchester Heights, where
[Note 52: Col. Ebenezer Learned's Third Continental Infantry, and Col. Simeon Cary's Massachusetts Militia regiment.] those Regiments are to remain in Garrison, until further orders.--The Dep. Qr. Mr. Genl. will provide Carriages from Roxbury, and provisions are order'd by the Commissary General to be stored upon the heights.
The Details for the Roxbury, and Cambridge Departments, will be deliver'd to the Majors of brigade, with this days orders.
PROCLAMATION53
[Note 53: Ford, in his Writings of Washington, prints from a facsimile taken from Winsor's History of Boston, vol. 2, p. 181. Sparks also prints the text. The capitalization being that of Benjamin Eries, of Waltertown. N. Y., who published the broadside, it has not been here followed.]
Whereas the ministerial army has abandoned the town of Boston, and the forces of the United Colonies under my command are in possession of the same; I have therefore thought it necessary for the preservation of peace, good order, and discipline, to publish the following orders, that no person offending therein may plead ignorance as an excuse for their misconduct.
All officers and soldiers are hereby ordered to live in the strictest peace and amity with the inhabitants; and no inhabitant, or other person, employed in his lawful business in the town is to be molested in his person or property, on any pretence whatever.
If any officer or soldier shall presume to strike, imprison, or otherwise ill-treat any of the inhabitants, he may depend on being punished with the utmost severity; and if any officer or soldier shall receive any insult from any of the inhabitants, he is to seek redress in a legal way, and no other.
Any non-commissioned officer or soldier, or others under my command, who shall be guilty of robbing or plundering in the town, are to be immediately confined, and will be most rigidly punished. All officers are therefore ordered to be very vigilant in the discovery of such offenders, and report their names and crime to the commanding officer in the town, as soon as may be.
The inhabitants and others are called upon to make known to the Quartermaster-general, or any of his deputies, all stores belonging to the ministerial army, that may be remaining or secreted in the town; any person or persons whatsoever, that shall be known to conceal any of the said stores, or appropriate them to his or their own use, will be considered as an enemy to America, and treated accordingly.
The selectmen and other magistrates of the town are desired to return to the Commander-in-chief the names of all or any person or persons, they may suspect of being employed as spies upon the Continental army, that they may be dealt with accordingly.
All officers of the Continental army are enjoined to assist the civil magistrates in the execution of their duty, and to promote peace and good order. They are to prevent, as much as possible, the soldiers from frequenting tippling-houses, and strolling from their posts. Particular notice will be taken of such officers as are inattentive and remiss in their duty; and, on the contrary, such only as are active and vigilant will be entitled to future favor and promotion.
Given under my hand etc.
Cambridge, March 21, 1776.
Sir: Your favors of the 18th and 19th Insts. I received, and am extremely sorry to hear that your Militia are so deficient in Arms. I fear the misfortune is too common, nor do I know how it will be remedied. In this Army, altho' I have pursued every mode I could devise for procuring them, there is still a great deficiency and a considerable number of Men without any in their hands. The peculiar situation of Rhode Island and its extensive Sea Coast, had not escaped my mind; I well know the Enemy have it in their Power to do it considerable damage, unless there is a Sufficient force to repel their Attempts: But it is the opinion of the General Officers here, that their destination is against New York, the Importance of which, as it secures the free and only Communication between the Northern and Southern Colonies, which will be intirely cut off by their possessing it, and give them the Command of Hudson's River and an easy pass into Canada; makes it absolutely and indispensably necessary, for the whole of this Army, which is but inconsiderable, (except that part of It which will be left here to secure the Stores, Barracks and other Public property), to be marched from hence for its defence with all possible expedition. It is an object that should Command our first attention, and if lost, will be of the most fatal consequence to us in the present unhappy and Interesting struggle. Least any Attempts should be made against you, I shall give orders to the Officers Commanding Brigades, If they have intelligence of an Invasion, upon their March, that they forthwith return to your Succour. I shall also Order the Officer, who will be left here, to do the same with the Troops under his Command, whenever occasion may require It.
Agreeable to the request made by you and your Honble General Assembly, I shall with chearfulness and pleasure direct some of the last divisions that go from hence, to puruse the Route you wish, If they can be accomodated with Covering and Provision, and shall be ever ready and happy to render Rhode Island or any other place any Services in my power that may be compatible with the General good. I am Sir, with sentiments of the highest regard, Your and theirs &c.
Cambridge, March 21, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 18th Inst. and concur with you in opinion, that their Women and Children with the Tory families will most probably go to Halifax; this is what I meant and alluded to, having never suspected that they (especially the latter) would go to New York.
I am extremely obliged by your friendly hint and shall ever receive them with pleasure, But I do not think that they were apprehensive of an attack from our Side, but rather preparing to make one; However let their designs have been what they may, I have the satisfaction to inform you, that on Sunday Morning last they totally evacuated the Town, and we are now in full possession, upon which event, I beg leave to congratulate you and more so, as the Town is in a much better situation than was expected; added to this, they have left by means of their percipitate retreat, Stores of one kind and another, to a pretty considerable amount, a particular detail of which or estimate of their value, I have not yet got. Notwithstanding they have abandoned the Town, and there have been favorable winds for their departure, they are still lying with their fleet in Nantasket Road, but for what purpose, is a matter of much conjecture; some supposing their Vessels to have been loaded with such hurry and confusion, as to be unfit for Sea and to require sundry things and arrangements to be settled previous to their going out; But for my own part, I cannot but suspect they are waiting for some opportunity to give us a Stroke, at a moment when they conceive us to be off guard, in order to retrieve the honor they have lost by their shameful and scandalous retreat, diminishing from that Lustre and renown which British Armies were wont to boast and justly claimed as their right. Suspecting them of such motives, I shall not detach any more of the Army, than what is gone already; until they have taken their departure and quitted the Coast.
I heartily thank you for your kind attention to my last requisition, and am glad that the Companies you have ordered are of the Militia, the trouble and Inconveniences occasioned by them, being far less than what generally attend Volunteers. Nothing but Necessity and the Importance of New York to us in the present contest, could have induced the application and therefore as soon as they can be spared, by the arrival of our Army, they will be at Liberty to return home to their common and necessary employments, except such as choose to Inlist and continue in Service.
In compliance with your request, I shall direct the Troops or some of them, that go from hence, after the Ministerial Fleet are gone, to pursue their rout on or near the Sea Coast, If they can be accomodated with Covering and Provision; that they may be ready to oppose the Enemy, in case they make any attempt upon your Colony, about the time of their going, tho' that is what I do not apprehend, I rather suppose when they once set out, that they will repair to New York or where ever bound with all possible despatch, to secure the place they are destined for, by surprize, lest preparations should be made to receive and prevent them. I am etc.
Cambridge, March 21, 1776.
Gentn.: Er'e now, I was in hopes of congratulating you on the departure of the Ministerial Troops, not only from your Capital, but Country. That they still remain in the Harbour, after having been five days embarked, affords matter for speculation, and, collected as their force is now, of apprehension. This Circumstance, the Security of Boston by a work on Fort Hill & demolition of the Lines on the Neck, and preservation of the Stores, for Continental use, belonging to the King, by a proper search after them, rendered it indispensably necessary for me to throw some Troops into the Town immediately (It coming within the line of my duty); but notwithstanding all the precaution, which I have endeavoured to use, to restrain and limit the Intercourse between the Town and Army and Country for a few days, I greatly fear that the Small Pox will be communicated to both.
So soon as the fleet sets Sail, my attention must be turned to another Quarter, and most of the Continental Regiments now here march'd off. It may be necessary therefore, for you, Gentn., to consider the state of your Harbour, and think of such works as shall be found necessary for the defence of it, and the Town, in case another Armed Force (which I by no means expect) should be sent hither. I shall leave three or four Regiments, as circumstances may require, for security of the Stores, and throwing up such works as shall be deemed necessary for the purposes above mentioned; and shall direct the Officer Commanding them, to receive such Instructions, in respect to the latter, as you may think proper to give.
It has been suggested to me, that, in the Town of Boston &c., there is a good deal of property belonging to Refugees and such other Inimical persons, as from the first of the present dispute, have manifested the most unfriendly disposition to the American Cause; and, that part of this Property is in such kind of effects, as can be easily transported, concealed, or changed. I submit to you, therefore, Gentlemen, the expediency of having an Enquiry made into this Matter, before it is too late for redress, leaving the decision thereupon (after the Quantum, or Value, is ascertained, and held in state of durance) to the consideration of a future day. I have ordered that no violence be offered by the Soldiery, either to the Persons, or property of those people; wishing that the matter may be taken into consideration by your Honorable body, and in such a way as you shall judge most advisable.54
[Note 54: The number of refugees who left Boston with the British Army was more than 1,000. The following statement is taken from the official return made to the government and now deposited in the public offices in London: "Members of the council, commissioners, customhouse officers, and other persons who had been in some official station, 182; clergy, 18; persons from the country, 105; merchants and other inhabitants of Boston, 213; farmers, traders, and mechanics, 382; total, 924." All these returned their names on their arrival in Halifax. About 200 others did not return their names.
General Howe wrote from Halifax to Lord George Germain (April 25): "Many of the principal inhabitants of Boston under the protection of the army, having no means of subsistence here, apply to me to find them a passage to Europe, which they cannot otherwise get than at a most exorbitant rate. They have my assurance, that the first transport that can be spared shall be given up for this purpose. I am sorry to inform your Lordship, that there is an absolute necessity of issuing provisions to the whole of them, about eleven hundred, from the King's stores, without any prospect of stopping it. It must be confessed, that many, having quitted the whole of their property and estates, some of them very considerable in value, are real objects of his Majesty's most gracious attention." By the army returns the British force amounted to about 8,900, officers and men. They sailed in 78 ships and transports.-- Sparks.]
The inclosed came to me a few days ago, and I beg leave to recommend the purport of it to the consideration of the Court. I shall take the Liberty to add, as my opinion, that the Congress expect nothing else, than that the Field Officers of the Massachusetts Regiments, should receive the same pay as those of the other Colonies have done; and that they expected, at the time the pay was fixed, that £15 to a Colonel, £12 to Lieut. Colonel and £10 to a Major, was the actual establishment of this Government. I could wish, therefore, they were allowed it, to remove the Jealousies and uneasiness which have arisen. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 22, 1176.
Parole Grafton. Countersign --.
The Colonel of Artillery, Quarter Master General, Commissary General and Commissary of Ordnance Stores, to make out exact Returns of all military Stores, Provisions &c. &c. now in Boston, Cambridge, Roxbury, Dorchester Heights, and Forts &c. adjacent--This must be done in the correctest manner, and when finish'd and sign'd, delivered by the proper Officer of each department, to the Commander in Chief.
The Provost Marshal is forthwith to remove with his prisoners, to Boston--The prisoners of war, and John Stevens, are by his Excellency's order, to be put into Boston goal.
The Majors of Brigade, to order the Adjutants to be punctual in delivering their weekly returns at orderly time to morrow.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 23, 1776.
Parole Cape-Fear. Countersign Moore.
Col James Reed's, Nixon's, Poor's, Prescot's, Arnold's, and Baldwins Regiments, are the first to march, under Brigadier Genl. Sullivan; they are to be ready at a moment's warning. The General flatters himself that the commanding Officer of each of these, and the other Corps, will exert themselves (as they are going to join the Troops of other Colonies) in sprucing up their men, that they may look as Soldierlike, and reputable, as possible--This, and a proper Attention to the good and orderly behaviour of the men, and the proper care of their Arms, Ammunition and Accoutrements, are qualifications essentially necessary to every commanding Officer, therefore, for their own Honor, and the Honor of the New England Colonies, it is hoped they will diligently exert themselves at this time.
Two Companies of Artillery, with such light brass Ordnance, and Stores, as the Commanding Officer of the Artillery shall direct, are to march with Genl. Sullivan.
Col Gridley is to apply to Genl. Ward for such men, as are necessary for the Demolition of the Lines, on Boston neck, who is to see the work executed as fast as possible.--The Pickets, and other useful Materials, to be preserved, and placed so as to be ready when called for, under the care of Sentries, such parts of these works as may be of Service for our defence, are to be preserved.
Col. Knox will immediately lay out a Battery upon Charles-Town point, to be executed under the direction of Lieut. Col. Mason58 of the Artillery--A Field Officer, with all the men off duty, of Col Robinsons59 Regiment, to march at Sun-rise to morrow Morning to Charles-Town point as a working party.
[Note 58: Lieut. Col. David Mason, of Knox's Continental artillery.]
[Note 59: Col. John(?) Robinson, of the Massachusetts Militia.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 24, 1776.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersign Lynch.
The Enemy still continuing in the harbour, without any apparent cause for it, after Winds and Weather have favoured their sailing, leaves abundant reason to suspect, that they may have some design of aiming a blow at us before they depart--The General therefore in the strongest terms imaginable, recommends to the commanding Officer of every Corps, to prevent his men that are off duty, from straggling, but to have them ready to turn out at a moments warning, with their Arms, & Ammunition in good order--For this purpose a strict attention is to be paid to Roll-calling, and all delinquents severely punished.
The General Officers in their several departments, are to take care that proper Alarm posts are assign'd every Corps, that no confusion, or disorder may ensue, in case we should be called out: In a particular manner General's Putnam and Sullivan, are to attend to those of the Centre, and Left Division: As the Enemy's evacuation of Boston, will render a new disposition proper, they are to meet and consult on this point without delay. Genl. Green will dispose of the Regiments in Boston, to the best advantage.
The floating Batteries to be man'd (if they have Guns on board) and sent down to Charlestown point, for the purpose of defence in case of need.
The Guard Boats are to patrole constantly, and be very attentive to every movement of the enemy, and good look outs kept at, and from, the posts from Chelsea, round Squantum, and the earliest information given of a hostile appearance. All the flat-bottom, and whale boats, not in imediate, and necessary use, are to be brought from Boston, and Charlestown, where they are beating against the wharves, and secured in Cambridge River. Mr. Sylvanus Drew is appointed to take charge of the boats, and to make a return thereof to the Commander in Chief. Such hands as he shall find necessary to get these Boats together, Genl. Putnam will order him.
The public Horses, and some other Articles, will be sold on the Common in Cambridge, to morrow at eleven o'Clock.
Cambridge, March 24, 1776.
Sir: When I had the Honor to address you the 19th Instant, upon the evacuation of the Town of Boston by the Ministerial Army, I fully expected, as their retreat and embarkation were hurried and precipitate, that before now they would have departed the Harbour, and been far in their passage to the place of Destination. But to my surprize and disappointment the Fleet is still in Nantasket road. The purpose induceing their stay is altogether unknown; nor can I suggest any satisfactory reason for it. On Wednesday night last, the whole Fleet fell down to Nantasker, they demolished the Castle and Houses belonging to it, by burning them down, and the several Fortifications. They left a great Number of the Cannon, but have rendered all of them, except a very few, entirely useless by breaking off the Trunnions, and those they spiked up, but may be made serviceable again; some are already done.
There are several Vessels in the Docks which were taken by the Enemy, some with, and others without Cargoes, which different persons claim as their property and right. Are they to be restored to the former owners on making proof of their Title, or to belong to the Continent as Captures made from the Enemy? I wish Congress would direct a mode of proceeding against them, and establish a rule for decision, they appear to me to be highly necessary, in like manner some of the Cannon which are in Boston are said to have come from the Castle; supposing them with those remaining at the Castle to have been purchased and provided originally at the expence of this province; are they now to be considered as belonging to it or to the public? I beg leave to refer the matter to the opinion of Congress and pray their direction how I am to conduct respecting them.
It having been suggested to me that there was considerable property &ca. belonging to Persons who had from the first of the present unhappy Contest, manifested an unfriendly and inveterate disposition in the Town of Boston.
I thought it prudent to write to the Honorable General Court upon the Subject, that it might be inquired after and secured; a Copy of the Letter I herewith send you and submit it to Congress through you, whether they will not determine, how it is to be disposed of, and as to the appropriation of the Money arising from the sale of the same.
As soon as the Town was abandoned by the Enemy, I judged it advisable to secure the several heights, least they should attempt to return, and for this purpose have caused a large and strong work to be thrown up on Fort Hill, a post of great importance, as it commands the whole Harbour and when fortified, If properly supported, will greatly annoy any Fleet the Enemy may send against the Town, and render the Landing of their Troops exceedingly difficult, If not Impracticable. This work is almost done and in a little time will be complete: and that the Communication between the Town and Country may be free and open, I have ordered all the Lines up on the Neck to be immediately destroyed, and the other Works on the side of the Town faceing the Country, that the Inhabitants from the latter may not be impeded, and afforded an easy entrance in case the Enemy should gain possession at any future time. These matters I conceived to be within the line of my duty, of which I advised the General Court and recommended to their attention such other measures, as they might think necessary for securing the Town, against the Hostile designs of the Enemy.
I have just got an Inventory of Stores & property belonging to the Crown, which the Enemy left in Boston, at the Castle and Bunker's Hill, which I have the Honor to transmit you,61 and shall give strict orders, that a careful attention be had to any more that may be found. I shall take such precautions respecting them, that they may be secure and turn to the Public advantage as much as possible or circumstances will admit of.
[Note 61: The original of this inventory, made out by John G. Frazer, Assistant Quartermaster General of the Continental Army, is in the Washington Papers; a copy is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
A Mr. Bulfinch from Boston, who acted as Clerk to Mr. ... having put into my hands a list of Rations drawn the Saturday before the Troops evacuated the Town, I have inclosed it for your Inspection; he says neither the Staff Officers or Women are included in the list; from which it appears that their number was greater than we had an Idea of.62
[Note 62: On March 16 Mr. Bulfinch secured the victual return of the ministerial troops in Boston and forwarded it to Washington; by it the strength of each British regiment was shown; the total was 7,579.]
Major General Ward and Brigadier General Frye are desirous of leaving the Service and for that purpose have requested me to lay the matter before Congress that they be allowed to resign their Commissions.63 the papers containing their applications you will herewith receive, they will give you full and a more particular Information upon the Subject and therefore shall take the Liberty of referring you to them.
[Note 63: These resignations were accepted by Congress April 23. Frye's, dated Mar. 18, 1776, and Ward's, dated Mar. 22, 1776, are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I would mention to Congress, that the Commissary of Artillery Stores has informed me, that whatever Powder has been sent to this Camp, has always come without any Bill ascertaining the Number of Casks or Quantity. This, It is probable, has proceeded from forgetfulness or inattention in the persons appointed to send it, or to the negligence of those who brought it, tho' they have declared otherwise, and that they never had any--as it may prevent in some measure Embezzlements (tho' I do not suspect any to have been made) and the Commissary will know what, and how much to receive, and be enabled to discover mistakes, If any should happen, I shall be glad if you will direct a Bill of Parcels to be always sent in future.
There have been so many Accounts from England, all agreeing that Commissioners are coming to America, to propose Terms for an accommodation as they say, that I am inclined to think the Time of their arrival is not very far off. If they come to Boston, which probably will be the case, if they come to America at all, I shall be under much embarrassment respecting the manner of receiving them, and the mode of Treatment, that ought to be used.64 I therefore pray that Congress will
[Note 64: This question was not answered by Congress until a month and a half later, On May 6, Congress resolved: "That General Washington be informed, that Congress suppose, if commissioners are intended to be sent from Great Britain to treat of peace, that the practice usual in such cases will be observed, by making previous application for the necessary passports or safe conduct, and on such application being made, Congress will then direct the proper measures for the reception of such commissioners."
"It will be observed how long this trifling business had been depending, but it cannot be known from the journal how much debate it had occasioned. It was one of those delusive contrivances by which the party in opposition to us endeavored, by lulling the people with idle hopes of reconciliation into security, to turn their heads and thoughts from independence. They endeavored to insert in the resolution ideas of reconciliation; we carried our point for inserting peace. They wanted powers to be given to the General to receive the Commissioners in ceremony; we ordered nothing to be done till we were solicited for passports. Upon the whole, we avoided the snare, and brought the controversy to a close, with some dignity. But it will never be known how much labor it cost us to accomplish it."-- Works of John Adams, vol. 3, P. 43.] give me directions and point out the Line of Conduct to be persued. Whether they are to be considered as Ambassadors and to have a passport or permits for repairing through the Country to Philadelphia, or to any other place; or whether they are to be restrained in any manner. I shall anxiously wait their orders and whatever they are comply with them literally. I am &ca.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Cambridge, March 24, 1776.
My Lord: Since my last to you of the 19th. Inst. I had the Pleasure to receive your Favour of the 15th. It gives me vast Satisfaction to find you are making such Preparations as will prevent the Enemy from making any Lodgement there. The Reinforcement gone to you from this Camp will put you on so respectable a Footing, that I have no Doubt, but you will be able to strengthen your Works, in such a Manner, that, even if General Howe should arrive before this Army, you will be able to prevent his taking Post.
The Fleet are now lying in Nantasket Road. The Wind has been these two Days fair for them to sail; but they seem fixed. I really know not what they aim at, I have made such Preparations for them; that, I think it will be very difficult for them to regain the Post at Boston, if they are so inclined. While they remain in Sight, I must stay here to watch their Motions with the Army under my Command. When they move from hence, if nothing unforeseen happens, I shall make the best of my Way to New York, where I shall have great Pleasure in taking your Lordship by the Hand.
You omitted sending the Paper you refer to in your last. It will be a Satisfaction to me to receive it your next. If this should reach you, ere the Departure of the Powder from your Place, you will do well to keep it with you. I am, &c.
[Note 66: Mifflin was Quartermaster General of the Continental Army.]
Cambridge, March 24, 1776.
As the motions of the Enemy, and the Operations of the ensuing Campaign, renders it indispensibly necessary that a very large Body of Troops should be immediately assembled at or near New York. You will immediately proceed to Norwich in Connecticut, where you will in Concert with the Brigadiers General Heath and Sullivan, regulate the Embarkation of the Brigades under their Command, and settle all such Matters with the Commissary General of Provisions, and Contractors for the Transports as may be further necessary for expediting the March of the Rest of the Army, with the Stores, Artillery, Camp Equipage &c.
This being done, you will proceed without Delay to New york where your first Care will be to provide Barracks for the Troops Firing, Forage, Quarters for the General Officers, Fix upon a proper House or Houses for a General Hospital, Stabling for the continental draught Horses, &c. &c.
Intrenching Tools must also be immediately provided, with a sufficient Quantity of Joist and Plank for Platforms and Timber for Gun Carriages; in short, every necessary Article for the publick Service, and which, your Experience the last Campaign convinces you, will be wanted for that now approaching.
The Variety of the Business of your Department renders it next to impossible to point out particularly every Duty of your Office. Therefore a Latitude is given you in these Orders, and Instructions; which, together with the Directions and advice of the commanding General at New York, must be the Rule for the future Regulation of your Conduct; and I shall at present only recommend, that the same Integrity, Zeal, Diligence, and Activity, which has hitherto animated your past Services, May govern that which is to come.67
[Note 67: The draft of this letter is in the writing of Horatio Gates.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 25, 1776.
Parole Charlestown. Countersign Rutledge.
The Waggon Masters and Company of Carpenters in Boston, to receive and obey all such Orders and Directions, as Brigadier General Green shall think proper to give--The Hospital and Regimental Surgeons to examine carefully the state of their sick, and whenever they discover the smallest Symptom of the smallpox, they are without delay to send the patient to the small-pox Hospital in Cambridge.
Cambridge, March 25, 1776.
Dear Sir: I have been honoured with your favour of the 20th. Ultimo, and although I might intrench myself behind the parade of great business, with as much propriety as most Men, yet I shall neither avail myself of it, nor be debarred the pleasure of making this address in testimony of your kind remembrance, and the favourable sentiments you are pleased to express of me.
To give you a detail of my distresses, on acct. of Powder, Arms, and other Articles of almost equal importance in the Military arrangement, would afford little amusement to you; no profit to me. I shall therefore pass them over, and inform you, that having received a small supply of Powder (very inadequate to our wants) I resolved to take possession of Dorchester point, laying East of Boston, looking directly into it, and commanding absolutely the Enemy's Lines on the Neck. To effect this (which I knew would force the Enemy to an engagement or make the Town too hot for them) it was necessary, in the first instance, to possess two heights (those mentioned in General Burgoyne's Letter to Lord Stanley in his account of the Battle on Bunker's Hill) which had the entire command of this point the Ground being froze upwards of two feet deep and as impenetrable as a Rock, nothing could be attempted with Earth. We were obliged therefore to provide an amazing quantity of Chandeliers, Fascines &c. for the Work, and on the Night of the 4th., after a severe, and heavy Cannonade and bombardment of the Town, the three preceding Nights, to divert the Enemy's attention from our real object, we carried them on under cover of darkness and took full possession of those heights without the loss of a single Man. Upon their discovering of it next Morning, great preparations were made for attacking us; but not being ready before the afternoon, and the Weather getting very tempestuous much Blood was saved, and a very important blow (to one side or the other) prevented. That this remarkable interposition of Providence is for some wise purpose, I have no doubt; but as the principal design of the manoeuvre was to draw the Enemy to an engagement under disadvantages; as a premeditated Plan was laid for this purpose, and seemed to be succeeding to my utmost wish, and as no Men seemed better disposed to make the appeal than ours did upon that occasion, I can scarce forbear lamenting the disappointment. However, the Enemy, thinking (as we have since learnt) that we had got too formidably posted before the second Morning to be much hurt by them, and apprehending great annoyance from our Works, resolved upon a precipitate Retreat, and accordingly embarked in as much hurry, and as much confusion as ever Troops did, the 17th. Instant, not having got their Transports half fitted, and leaving King's property in Boston, to the Amount, as is supposed, of Thirty, or £40,000 in Provisions, Stores, &c. &c. Many pieces of Cannon, some Mortars, and a number of Shot, Shells, &c. &c. are also left; Their Baggage Waggons, Artillery Carts, &c. which they have been eighteen Months and more preparing, were destroyed; thrown into the Docks, and found drifted on every Shore. In short, Dunbar's destruction of Stores after General Braddock's Defeat, was but a faint resemblance of what we found here.
The Enemy now lie in Nantasket Road (about 5 Miles below Boston) where and in King's Road, they have been ever since their embarkation. How to account for their stay there, I know not; The Inhabitants of Boston think it is to arrange the lading of the Transports which were thrown in, in such disorder as to render it unsafe to put to Sea 'till a new regulation should take place; others think they mean to pass over the Equinoctial Gales before they put to Sea. But it is a doubt with me whether they may not be waiting an opening (now they have got their whole force collected; no posts to Guard, and as I understand a reinforcement from the West Indies) to retrieve the honour of their Army which seems, in the general Opinion of People here, to have undergone some disgrace in this precipitate Retreat.
They have left all their Works standing on Bunker's Hill &c. and very formidable they are. Boston has shared a much better fate than could possibly be expected; the damage done to the Houses being nothing equal to report. We are now in full possession of the Town and are fortifying the Harbour to prevent a Return, if they should incline to it.
As New York is the most important object they can have in view, on account of its command of Hudson's River leading into Canada, and separating the Northern and Southern Colonies, it appeared necessary for me to take measures to secure it, and, therefore, I detached Six Regiments instantly to that place; and, as soon as I see the Coast clear, shall follow immediately with the rest of the Army, leaving a few Regiments for the security of this Government and for executing such Works as are laid out for the defence of Boston and the Harbour. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 27, 1776.
Parole Hispaniola. Countersign York.
The Colonels, or commanding Officers of the regiments of Militia, are desired to make up their pay Abstracts, to the first of April; they will be allowed pay until they get home, estimating every twenty Miles they have to travel, at one days pay-- They will be allowed also one penny a mile, in lieu of Rations, for their expences in returning--The pay of the Militia is to commence from the day the men marched from their respective Towns, in the same manner as the last were paid--If more than this is expected, a seperate account must be exhibited, by each regiment; as the General does not think himself authorised to pay them otherwise, in behalf of the Continent, than as above, and agreeable to former practice; nor did he conceive that pay could possibly be demanded by militia, whilst they remain'd at home about their private concerns, until a Company could be compleated--The penny pr. Mile, is to be allowed for their coming to camp, if it has not been already paid. As there can be no correcting of Militia Accounts, without great difficulty after they are once pass'd and paid. The General desires that the Colonels, or commanding Officers of those regiments, will be particularly careful in seeing they are exactly stated--To this end the Captain, or commanding Officer of each Company, is to exhibit to the Colonel, or Officer commanding the regiment he belongs to, his pay-roll agreeable to the foregoing directions, upon Oath, which Rolls are to accompany the pay Abstracts as Vouchers to it.
Upon an Alarm, Reeds, Nixons, and Poors Regiments, are to repair to Bunkers-hill: Varnums and Hitchcocks, to man the Fort upon Prospect-hill: Littles to repair to Cobble-hill: Arnolds and Robinsons Regiments to Letchmores point, and Smiths regiment is to parade at the white House Guard, and there wait for orders.
Phinney's and Arnolds, are positively order'd to send immediately to the Continental Store for new Cloathing.
Cambridge, March 27, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 11th Instant by Saturday night's post, and must beg pardon for not acknowledging it in my last of the 24th. The hurry I was then in, occasioned the neglect and I hope will appologize for it.
I now beg leave to inform you, that I just received Intelligence that the whole of the Ministerial Fleet, except three or four Ships, got under way this Evening at Nantasket Road and were standing out for Sea.
In consequence of which I shall immediately detach a Brigade of Six Regiments from hence for New York, under the Command of Brigadier General Sullivan (Brigadier General Heath having gone with the first); which will be succeeded by another in a day or two, and directly after I shall forward the remainder of the Army, except four or five Regiments, which will be left for taking care of the Barracks and Public Stores, and Fortifying the Town and erecting such Works for its defence, as the Honorable General Court may think necessary, and follow myself.
Apprehending that General Thomas will stand in much need of some Artillerists in Canada, I have Ordered two Companies of the Train to March immediately, and Two Mortars with some Shells and Short to be sent him.
Inclosed you have a Copy of the return of Ordinance Stores left in Boston by the Enemy. In it are not included the Cannon left at the Castle, amounting to 135 pieces as reported, all of which except a very few they have destroyed and rendered useless by breaking of the Trunnions and spiking up.
I beg leave to transmit you the Copy of a Petition from the Inhabitants of Nova Scotia, brought me by Jonathan Eddy Esquire mentioned therein, who is now here with an Accadian.71 From this it appears, they are in a distressed situation, and from Mr. Eddy's account, are exceedingly apprehensive that they will be reduced to the disagreeable alternative of taking up Arms and Joining our Enemies, or to flee their Country, unless they can be protected against their Insults and Oppressions--he says that their Committees think many salutary and valuable consequences would be derived from five or 600 Men being sent there, as it would not only quiet
[Note 71: The petitioners begged to be informed if Congress could be relied on to lend them aid in a struggle against the Government. A copy of the petition, dated Feb. 8, 1776, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] the Minds of the People from the anxiety and uneasiness they are now filled with and enable them to take a part in behalf of the Colonies, but be the means of preventing the Indians (of which there are a good many) from taking the side of Government, and the Ministerial Troops from getting such Supplies of Provisions from thence as they have done.
How far these good purposes would be answered, if such a force was sent, as they ask for, is impossible to determine, in the present uncertain State of things.
For if the Army from Boston is going to Halifax, as reported by them before their departure, that or a much more considerable force would be of no avail. If not and they possess the friendly disposition to our Cause, suggested in the Petition and declared by Mr. Eddy; It might be of great service, unless another body of Troops should be sent there by Administration too powerful for them to oppose. It being a matter of some Importance, I Judged It prudent to lay it before Congress, for their consideration, and requesting their directions upon the Subject, shall only If they determine to adopt it desire that they will prescribe the Number to be sent and Whether It is to be from the Regiments which will be left here I shall wait their decision and whatever it is, will endeavour to have it carried into execution. I have the Honor etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 27, 1776.
Sir: I take this earliest Opportunity to acquaint you that the Men of War and Transports with the ministerial Troops sail'd this Afternoon from Nantasket Harbour. There is only a Man of War and two or three other arm'd Vessels now remaining there. In Consequence of this Movement I have ordered a Brigade to march To-Morrow Morning for New York, and shall follow with the Remainder of the Army as soon as I can receive certain Information of the Fleet being clear off the Coast, and that we are in no further Danger of their returning to attack us at a Disadvantage.
I shall leave a few Regiments at Boston, to protect the continental Stores, and to assist in fortifying the Town and Harbour agreeable to the Directions that may be given by the General Assembly of this Colony. I have the Honor etc.73
[Note 73: The same letter was sent to Lord Stirling and Governors Cooke and Trumbull.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 28, 1776.
Parole Cumberland. Countersign Gloucester.
Genl. Sullivan, with the six Regiments mentioned in the General Orders, of the 23rd. Instant, are to march to morrow morning at sun-rise--The Qr. Mr. Genl., or his Assistant, will provide Nine Teams for each Regiment, and the Adjutant General will deliver the route, and Orders to Genl. Sullivan.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 29, 1776.
Parole Carolina. Countersign Lee.
Varnum's, Hitchcock's, Little's, Read's, and Bailey's Regiments, to march on Monday Morning at Sun-rise:--Brigadier Genl. Green will take the Command of this brigade--Deputy Qt. Mr. General Parke, will provide the necessary Teams, and the Commissary General, will deliver the Provisions for the march: The Adjutant General will give the marching Orders to the Colonels commanding the divisions.
The Field Officers of Regiments, and Captains of Companies, will be answerable for any damage done to the Barracks upon their mens removing out; therefore it behoves them to see no wanton destruction is committed, as they will be charged with a sum sufficient to pay for repairing the mischief done.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 29, 1776.
As there are the best Reasons to believe that the Enemy's Fleet and Army, which left Nantasket Road last Wednesday Evening, are bound to New York, to endeavour to possess that important Post, and if possible secure the Communication by Hudson's River to Canada. It must be our Care to prevent them from accomplishing their Designs. To that End, I have detached B. Genl. Heath with the whole Body of Rifle Men, and five Battalions of the Contl. Army by the Way of Norwich in Connecticut to New York. These, by an Express arrived yesterday from Genl. Heath, I have Reason to believe are in New York. Six more Battalions under General Sullivan march this Morning by the same Rout, and will, I hope, arrive there in eight or ten Days at farthest. The Rest of the Army will immediately follow in Divisions, leaving only a convenient Space between each Division, to prevent Confusion, and Want of Accommodation upon their March. You will no Doubt make the best Dispatch in getting to New York. Upon your Arrival there, you will assume the Command, and immediately proceed in continuing to execute the Plan proposed by M. Genl. Lee, for fortifying that City, and securing the Passes of the E. and N. Rivers. If, upon Consultation with the Brig'rs General and Engineers, any Alteration in that Plan is thought necessary, you are at Liberty to make it, cautiously avoiding to break too much upon his main Design, unless where it may be apparently necessary so to do, and that by the general Voice and Opinion of the Gentlemen above mentioned.
You will meet the Qt. Mr. General, Colo. Mifflin, and Commissary Genl. at New York. As they are both Men of excellent Talents in their different Departments, you will do well to give them all the Authority and Assistance they require, and should a Council of War be necessary, it is my Direction they assist at it.
Your long Service and Experience will, better than any particular Directions at this Distance, point out to you the Works most proper to be first raised, and your Perseverance, Activity and Zeal will lead you, without my recommending it, to exert every Nerve to disappoint the Enemy's Designs.
Devoutly praying that the Power which has hitherto sustained the American Arms, may continue to bless them, with his divine Protection, I bid you Farewell.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Horatio Gates.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 30, 1776.
Parole Dedham. Countersign Putnam.
A Detachment from the Regiment of Artillery, to be ready to march on Monday Morning, with the Brigade under Brigdr. Genl. Green.
The Colonels commanding the Regiments of this Brigade, may each of them receive a Warrant for five hundred pounds, lawful money, upon application at Head Quarters.
A General Court-Martial to sit Monday Morning in Boston, in the Court House, to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them--All Evidences, and Persons concern'd, to attend the Court.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, March 31, 1776.
Parole Moore. Countersign Newbourn.
Learnards, Parsons's, Huntingtons, Wards, and Wyllys's Regiments are to march at sun-rise, next Thursday Morning. The whole to be commanded by Brigadier Genl. Spencer--The remainder of the Regiment of Artillery (except the Company that is to remain in Boston) with such Pieces of Artillery and Stores, as Colonel Knox shall think necessary; are to march with the above Brigade--The Quarter Master General's Assistant to pay particular Attention to the providing the Teams for the Regiments, and the Artillery above mentioned; The commanding Officers of these five Regiments, may each of them have a Warrant for Five-hundred pounds, upon Application at Head Quarters; and they axe to credit the pay Abstract for the Month of February, for that sum.
All the Ammunition, and other Articles, which have been deliver'd to the Regiments of Militia, out of the Continental Stores, are to be carefully return'd, or the Value will be deducted out of the pay abstract--The Assistant Qt. Mr. General and Commissary of Stores, are to take care that this order be fulfilled.
Cambridge, March 31, 1776.
Dear Brother: Your Letter of the 24th. Ulto. was duely forwarded to this Camp by Colo. Lee, and gave me the pleasure of hearing that you, my Sister and family were well. After your Post is established to Fredericksburg the Intercourse by Letter may become regular and certain (and whenever time, little of which God knows I have for friendly corrispondance, will permit, I shall be happy in writing to you). I cannot call to mind the date of my last to you, but this I recollect, that I have written more Letters to than I have received from you.
The Want of Arms, Powder &ca., is not peculiar to Virginia,82 this Country of which doubtless, you have heard such large and flattering Accounts, is more defficient of each than you can conceive, I have been here Months together with what will scarcely be believed; not 30 rounds of Musket Cartridges a Man; have been obliged to submit to all the Insults of the Enemy's Cannon for want of Powder, keeping what little we had for Pistol distance. Another thing has been done, which added to the above, will put it in the power of this Army to say what perhaps none other with justice ever could. We have maintain'd our Ground against the Enemy, under the above want of Powder, and we have disbanded one Army and recruited another, within Musket Shot of two and Twenty Regiments, the Flower of the British Army, when our strength have been little if any, superior to theirs; and, at last, have beat them, in a shameful and precipitate manner out of a place the strongest by Nature on this Continent, and strengthend and fortified in the best manner and at an enormous Expence.
[Note 82: Lund Washington wrote from Mount Vernon (January 31): "Alexandria is much alarmed, and indeed the whole neighborhood. A report prevails that there are five large ships lying off the mouth of Cone [river]....The woman and children are leaving Alexandria and stowing themselves into every little hut they can get, out of the reach of the enemy's cannon as they think, every wagon, cart, and pack-horse, that can be got, are employed in moving the goods out of town. The militia are all up (but not in arms) for indeed they have none, or at least very few....I could wish, if we are to have our neighborhood invaded, that they [the British] would send a tender or two among us. I want much to see how the people would behave upon the occasion....They say they are determined to fight although they move out their effects. I believe they will. I am about packing up your china, glass etc. in barrels...and other things into chests, trunks, bundles etc and I shall then be able at the shortest notice to move your things out of harms way (at least for a while), some to Mrs. Barnes, and the rest into Morrisses barn; and if they are found not to be safe there, move them further....I fear the destruction will be great although the greatest care be taken. Mr. McCarthy has offered me his cellar to put your wine, rum, etc. in. I shall either send it there or to Mrs. Barnes....As yet I have moved nothing but your papers. Every body tells me, that if they could have notice they would immediately come and defend your property, so long as they had life. From Loudoun, Prince William, Fauquier, and this county one hundred men in my opinion could prevent one thousand from landing here to do mischief."]
As some Acct. of the late Manouvres of both Armies, may not be unacceptable, I shall, hurried as I always am, devote a little time to it.
Having received a small supply of Powder then; very inadequate to our wants, I resolved to take possession of Dorchester Point, laying East of Boston; looking directly into it; and commanding (absolutely) the Enemy's Lines on the Neck (Boston) To effect this, which I knew would force the Enemy to an Ingagement, or subject them to be enphiladed by our Cannon, it was necessary, in the first Instance to possess two heights (those mentioned in Genl. Burgoyne's Letter to Lord Stanley in his Acct. of the Battle of Bunkers Hill), which had the entire command of it. The grd. at this time being froze upwards of two feet deep, and as impenetrable as a Rock, nothing could be attempted with Earth; we were obligd, therefore to provide an amazing quantity of chandeliers and Fascines for the Work, and on the Night of the 4th, after a previous severe Cannonade and Bombardment for three Nights together to divert the Enemy's attention from our real design, we removed every material to the spot under Cover of Darkness, and took full possession of those heights without the loss of a single Man.
Upon their discovery of the Works next Morning, great preparations were made for attacking them, but not being ready before the Afternoon and the Weather getting very tempestuous, much blood was Saved, and a very important blow (to one side or the other) prevented. That this remarkable Interposition of Providence is for some wise purpose, I have not a doubt; but as the principal design of the Manouvre was to draw the Enemy to an Ingagement under disadvantages, as a premeditated Plan was laid for this purpose, and seemed to be succeeding to my utmost wish, and as no Men seem'd better disposed to make the appeal than ours did upon that occasion, I can scarce forbear lamenting the disappointment, unless the dispute is drawing to an accommodation, and the Sword going to be Sheathed.
But to return, the Enemy thinking (as we have since learnt) that we had got too securely posted, before the Second Morning to be much hurt by them, and apprehending great annoyance from our new Works resolved upon a retreat, and accordingly Imbark'd in as much hurry, precipitation and confusion as ever Troops did the 17th, not taking time to fit their transports, but leaving King's property in Boston to the amount, as is supposed, of thirty or £40,000 in Provisions, Stores, &ca. Many Pieces of Cannon, some Mortars, and a number of Shot, Shells &ca. are also left; and Baggage-Waggons, Artillery Carts &ca. which they have been Eighteen Months preparing to take the Field with, were found destroyed, thrown into the Docks, and drifted upon every shore. In short, Dunbar's destruction of Stores after Genl. Braddock's defeat, which made so much noise, affords but a faint Idea of what was to be met with here.
The Enemy lay from the 17th. to the 27th. In Nantasket and King's Roads, abt. Nine Miles from Boston, to take in Water (from the Islands thereabouts surrounded by their shipping) and to fit themselves for Sea. Whither they are now bound, and where their Tents will be next pitched, I know not; but as New York and the Hudson's River are the most important objects they can have in view, as the latter secures the communication with Canada, at the same time that it seperates the Northern and Southern Colonies; and the former is thought to abound in disaffected Persons, who only wait a favourable oppertunity, and support, to declare themselves openly, it became equally important for us to prevent their gaining Possession of these advantages; and, therefore, as soon as they Imbarked I detachd a Brigade of Six Regiments to that Government, so soon as they Sailed, another Brigade compos'd of the same number, and to morrow another of Five will March. In a day or two more I shall follow myself and be in New York ready to receive all but the first.
The Enemy left all their Works standing in Boston, and on Bunker's hill, and formidable they are, the Town has shared a much better Fate than was expected, the damage done to the Houses being nothing equal to report, but the Inhabitants have sufferd a good deal by being plunder'd by the Soldiery at their departure. All those who took upon themselves the Style, and title of Government Men in Boston, in short, all those who have acted an unfriendly part in this great Contest have Shipped themselves off in the same hurry, but under still greater disadvantages than the King's Troops have done; being obliged to Man their own Vessels (for Seamen could not be had for the Transports for the Kings use) and submit to every hardship that can be conceiv'd. One or two have done, what a great many ought to have done long ago, committed Suicide. By all Accts. there never existed a more miserable set of Beings, than these wretched Creatures now are; taught to believe that the Power of Great Britain was superior to all opposition, and that foreign aid (if not) was at hand, they were even higher, and more insulting in their opposition than the Regulars. When the Order Issued therefore for Imbarking the Troops in Boston, no Electric Shock, no sudden Clap of thunder. In a word the last Trump, could not have struck them with greater Consternation. they were at their Wits' end, and conscious of their black ingratitude chose to commit themselves in the manner I have above describ'd to the Mercy of the Waves at a tempestuous Season rather than meet their offended Countrymen. but with this declaration the choice was made that if they thought the most abject submission would procure them Peace they never would have stir'd.
I believe I may, with great truth affirm, that no Man perhaps since the first Institution of Arrays ever commanded one under more difficult Circumstances, than I have done, to enumerate the particulars would fill a volume, many of my difficulties and distresses were of so peculiar a cast that in order to conceal them from the Enemy, I was obliged to conceal them from my friends, indeed from my own Army, thereby subjecting my Conduct to interpretations unfavourable to my Character, especially by those at a distance, who could not, in the smallest degree be acquainted with the Springs that govern'd it. I am happy however, to find, and to hear from different Quarters, that my reputation stands fair, that my Conduct hitherto has given universal Satisfaction, the Addresses which I have received, and which I suppose will be published, from the General Court of this Colony the same as our Genl. Assembly and from the Selectmen of Boston upon the evacuation of the Town and my approaching departure from the Colony, exhibits a pleasing testimony of their approbation of my conduct, and of their personal regard, which I have found in various other Instances; and wch, in retirement, will afford many comfortable reflections.
The share you have taken in these Publick disputes is commendable and praiseworthy; it is a duty we owe our Country; a claim posterity has on us. It is not sufficient for a Man to be a passive friend and well-Wisher to the Cause. This, and every other Cause of such a Nature, must inevitably perish under such an opposition, every person should be active in some department or other, without paying too much attention to private Interest. It is a great stake we are playing for, and sure we are of winning if the Cards are well managed. Inactivity in some, disaffection in others, and timidity in many, may hurt the Cause; nothing else can, for Unanimity will carry us through triumphantly, in spite of every exertion of Great Britain, if link'd together in one indissoluble Bond; this they now know, and are practising every stratagem which Human Invention can divise, to divide us, and unite their own People, upon this principle it is, the restraining Bill is past, and Commissioners are coming over. The devise to be sure is shallow, the covering thin, But they will hold out to their own People that the Acts (complain'd of) are repealed, and Commissioners sent to each Colony to treat with us, neither of which will we attend to &ca. this upon weak Minds among us will have its effect, they wish for reconciliation; or in other Words they wish for Peace without attending to the Conditions.
General Lee, I expect, is with you before this. He is the first Officer in Military knowledge and experience we have in the whole Army. He is zealously attach'd to the Cause, honest and well meaning, but rather fickle and violent I fear in his temper. however as he possesses an uncommon share of good Sense and Spirit I congratulate my Countrymen upon his appointment to that Department.83 The appointment of Lewis84 I think was also judicious, for notwithstanding the odium thrown upon his Conduct at the Kanhawa I always look'd upon him
[Note 83: General Lee wrote Washington from Williamsburg (April 5): "I most sincerely congratulate you, I congratulate the Public. on the great and glorious event, your possession of Boston. it will be a most bright page in the annals of America, and a most abominable black one in those of the Beldam Britain. go on, My Dr General, crown yourself with glory, and establish the liberties and lustre of your Country on a foundation more permanent than the Capitol Rock. My situation is just as I expected. I am afraid that I shall make a shabby figure, without any real demerits of my own. I am like a Dog in a dancing school. I know not where to turn myself, where to fix myself. the circumstances of the Country intersected by navigable rivers, the uncertainty of the Enemy's designs and motions, who can fly in an instant to any spot They choose with their canvass wings, throw me, or woud throw Julius Caesar, into this inevitable dilemma. I may possibly be in the North, when, as Richard says, I should serve my Sovereign in the West. I can only act from surmise, and have a very good chance of surmising wrong. I am sorry to grate your ears with a truth, but must at all events assure you, that the Provincial Congress of N. York are angels of decision, when compar'd with your Countrymen, the Committee of Safety assembled at Williamsburg. Page, Lee, Mercer, and Payne are indeed exceptions; but from Pendleton, Bland, the Treasurer. & Co., libera nos, Domine."]
[Note 84: Andrew Lewis, who had been appointed a brigadier general in the Continental Army by Congress on March 1.] as a Man of Spirit and a good Officer; his experience is equal to any one we have. Colo. Mercer would have supplied the place well, but I question (as a Scotchman) whether it would have gone glibly down. Bullet is no favourite of mine, and therefore I shall say nothing more of him, than that his own opinion of himself always kept pace with what others pleas'd to think of him; if any thing, rather run a head of it.
As I am now nearly at the end of my Eighth page, I think it time to conclude, especially as I set out with prefacing, the little time I had for friendly Corrispondences. I shall only add therefore my Affectionate regards to my Sister and the Children, and Compliments to any enquiring friends and that I am with every Sentiment of true Affection, your Loving Brother and faithful friend.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, April 1, 1776.
Sir: An Express arrived here this Morning with a Letter from Governor Cooke of Rhode Island of which the inclosed is a Copy. In consequence of this important Intelligence I immediately dispatched an Express after General Sullivan who is on his March to Norwich with six Regiments, and ordered him to file off to Providence if he should be so desired by Governor Cooke to whom I have wrote on the Subject. General Greene was to have marched this Morning with five more Regiments by way of Providence. I have ordered him to hasten his March and hope to collect a force there sufficient to prevent the Enemy from effecting their purpose.
Whether this movement be only a faint to draw our attention from their principal Object, or not, is at present impossible to determine. I momently expect further Intelligence from Governor Cooke: If the Alarm should be well grounded I shall hasten to Providence and make the necessary disposition for their reception. I beg you to assure the Honorable Congress, I shall exert myself to the utmost to frustrate the design of the Enemy. I am, Sir, etc.91
[Note 91: In the writing of William Palfrey.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, April 1, 1776.
Sir: This Letter will be delivered you by Jonathan Eddy Esq. the Gentlemen from Nova Scotia who I mentioned to you in mine of the 27th. Ulto.; He seems desirous of waiting on the Honorable Congress in order to lay before them the State of Public Affairs and situation of the Inhabitants of that Province; and as it might be in his Power to communicate many things personally which could not be so well done by Letter, I encouraged him in his design and have advanced him fifty Dollars to defray his expences. The Accadian accompanies him, and as they seem to be solid, judicious Men, I beg leave to recommend them both to the Notice of Congress.92 And am most respectfully, Sir, etc.93
[Note 92: The Province of Nova Scotia was more or less of an objective throughout the greater part of the war and there are a number of spy reports of conditions therein, plans of the harbor of Halifax, etc., in the Washington Papers. No expedition was ever launched against it.]
[Note 93: In the writing of William Palfrey.]
Cambridge, April 1, 1776.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have a Copy of a Letter I received from Governor Cooke, to the Contents of which I refer you.
General Greene will march with his Brigade this Day for Providence, and if I find that the Enemy are at Rhode Island, I will soon join him. Governor Cooke will forward this to you, and will inform you whether this Alarm is well founded or not. If it is you must repair to Providence with the Troops under your Command. If it is not, you will proceed on your March to New York. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, April 1, 1776.
Sir: I have this moment received your favor of yesterday by Express, and shall take every necessary step to send you all the reinforcement I possibly can, and that without delay. General Green was to have march'd to day with five Regiments for Norwich, by way of Providence; I have ordered him to hasten his march. General Sullivan with Six Regiments, set off last Friday Evening for Norwich; I have sent an Express after him, Ordering him to file off his Brigade for Providence. If the alarm should prove false, I must request the favor of you to send an Express to meet General Sullivan and order him to continue his route.
I am unacquainted with the Situation of Rhode Island and cannot tell how far it may be supported, but should think it advisable immediately to take the Stock from that and the neighbouring Islands, to prevent the Enemy from getting a supply of fresh provisions, which perhaps is their object. I make no doubt, you will take every necessary precaution to stop their progress, and you may depend upon being supported, as far as is in my power.
If it should be certain, that the Ministerial Army intend to effect a landing upon Rhode Island, I shall soon be with you; In the mean time I beg you will send me constant and particular Accounts of all occurrences, that you may think worth communicating. I am Sir etc.
P.S. upon second Consideration, I must request you at all events to send an Express immediately to Genl. Sullivan, whether the Alarm should prove true or false. (Also wrote him to send Teams or Waggons.)94
[Note 94: The alarm, entirely false, was due to foggy weather and the imagination of three soldiers.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, April 2, 1776.
Parole Hartford. Countersign Kingsbridge.
General Ward to send a Regiment to morrow morning, at ten OClock, out of Boston, to relieve Col: Learnards regiment upon Dorchester Heights--Col Learnard's Regiment to prepare to march on Thursday morning.
Head Quarters, Cambridge, April 3, 1776.
Parole Liverpool. Countersign Exeter.
The Brigade under the Command of Brigadier Genl. spencer, to march to morrow morning at sun rise--Carriages will be provided this Afternoon by the Assistant Qr. Mr. General; and the Adjutant General will send the marching Orders to the Colonels commanding divisions.
Genl Spencer will receive his Orders this Afternoon at five O'Clock, at Head Quarters.95
[Note 95: "The army marching from Cambridge to New York." Note in "Orderly Book," Apr. 3--14, 1776.]
Cambridge, April 3, 1776.
Dear Sir: I this day received your favor of the 27th Ulto. with a Letter from General Arnold.
The Enemy have quitted this Harbour last week, we have no certain account of their destination, it is generally thought they are gone to Hallifax. If this should prove true, it is probable they will attempt to penetrate into Canada, when the Communication by the River St Lawrence, is open.
By a late letter I received from Congress, I have it in Command from them, to detach four Battalions into Canada, as soon as I shall be of Opinion that the safety of New York, and the eastern service will permit, of which I cannot be a proper judge, until I have a certain Account of the place where the Enemy are returned to. I have dispatched two Companies of Artillery, two 13 Inch Mortars, and Military Stores, a List of which you have inclosed, to the Army before Quebec in the last week and if I can spare the four Battalions or more, they will go from New York, to which place the greater part of the Troops are gone from hence, I shall set out to morrow and will be very happy to see you there after my arrival, if you can be spared from your present Station, which I am sensible is a very important one.
I have no Hopes of procuring the Hard Money I gave you Expectation of, The possessors of it, are not of late accustomed to a paper Currency and keep their Gold and Silver close.
Captain Lamb96 is appointed second Major in the Regiment of Artillery, Commanded by Colo. Henry Knox. This promotion I thought due to his Merit and Bravery. I am etc.
[Note 96: Capt. John Lamb. He was later promoted to the colonelcy of the Second Continental Artillery.]
Cambridge, April 3, 1776.
Sir: Your Favour of the 27th. February is come to Hand. I much fear you will be much disappointed in the Number of Troops you expected in that Month as the Lakes were impassable.
Major General Thomas will long before you receive this, have informed you, the Success of our Operations here. The Enemy have quitted this Harbour last Week. We have no certain Accounts of their Destination. It is generally believed they are gone to Hallifax. If true, it is probable they will attempt to penetrate Canada on the Opening of the St. Lawrence. I hope before that happens, you will be in full Possession of Quebec, and have it's Avenues well secured; upon which depends the Fate of this Campaign in those Parts.
I have dispatch'd two companies of Colonel Knox's Regimt. of Artillery to you from hence, two Mortars &c. as you will see at Foot hereof. If any Thing else is wanting that cannot be had in Canada, and in my Power to send, they shall be forwarded with all possible Expedition, upon my being informed thereof.
The Chief Part of the Troops are march'd from hence towards New York. I will set off To-morrow. If the Enemy will not find us full Employment, and it is necessary, you may expect a Detachment from thence to your Assistance.
I am very sorry that the Gentn. of New York and other Officers should think themselves neglected in the new Arrangement. It is true that I reserved Places in this Army for those Officers who went from hence under your Command. The Congress have since informed me, that they would be provided for in the Army raised for Canada. I was not acquainted with the Gentlemen who complain, nor with their Circumstances. There is little Doubt but their Merits will be rewarded in due Time.97 I am very sensible of the many Difficulties you have had to encounter. Your Conduct under them does you great Honour.
[Note 97: The regiments sent to Canada from New York had never been included in the army under the immediate command of Washington, and for this reason they were not taken into the new arrangement. The officers complained of this neglect, particularly as Colonel Enos and those with him, who deserted the expedition to Canada and returned home, had been promoted.-- Sparks.] As General Thomas will take the Burthen off your Shoulders, I hope, you will soon gather Strength sufficient to assist in finishing the important Work you have with so much Glory to yourself, and Service to your Country, hitherto conducted. As I am informed that there is a Furnace some where near you, where Shells and Shot of any Size can be cast, I would recommend to General Thomas to have what Quantity of each that may be wanting, immediately prepared. The Roads are so very bad that it is impossible to send you any great Number of these necessary Articles from hence.
I have appointed Captain Lamb, who is Prisoner in Quebec to be second Major in the Regiment of Artillery, commanded by Colonel Henry Knox.
The Gentlemen of this Family return you their Complimts. and my best Wishes and Compliments attend General Thomas. I remain, Sir, etc.
Cambridge, April 3, 1776.
It being of the utmost Importance to the public Service that the main Body of the Regiment of Artillery, together with the Field Cannon, Ammunition, Stores &c. should as speedily as possible be assembled at New York; I have thought proper to give you the following Orders and Instructions.
The Legislature of this Colony, having determined to assemble three Hundred Teams upon the Common in Cambridge between this Day and Saturday next, you will order the Commissary of Ordinance Stores, with the Conductors of Artillery, to be properly assisted in loading all the Amunition and Ordnance Stores into the Teams allotted for the Service of the Artillery.
You will send a Conductor with every Brigade of thirty Teams, to Norwich in Connecticut, whom you will order to receive and obey such Directions as the Commanding Officer at Norwich shall think proper to give.
In loading the Teams at Cambridge, you will take particular Care, to direct the Stores and Ammunition that will be first in Demand at the general Rendezvous, to be first sent forward; such as, the fixed Ammunition the Powder, Musquet Ball, Buck Shot, laboratory Stores, empty Paper Cannon Cartridges, Flints, Fuzes &c. &c. The heavy Stores, Shot, and Shells, not so immediately in Request may be sent the last, according as upon the best Information you shall see proper to give Directions.
The covered Waggons taken from the Enemy should carry all the Powder that is to go from hence, and the Tumbrells, the fixed Ammunition. With these, It is my Orders you send Mr. Commissary Cheever, in whose Care, and Guidance it is proper to place your Confidence, for their Security, and Preservation.
All the remaining Field Artillery, and Brass Mortars should march with the two remaining Companies to Norwich, where they will find my Orders for their further Proceedings.
As soon as the whole of the Artillery, Ammunition, Stores, &c. directed by the Instructions, to be sent forward, are upon the March, you will yourself proceed to Norwich in Connecticut, and having seen every Thing before you from thence, you are then with all Dispatch to proceed to New York. Lieut. Colonel Burbeck98 should, without any Delay, go the directest Road thither and as soon as Lieut. Colo. Mason is able to travel, he must follow. Your Qr. Master should march with the two Companies to-Morrow and your Adjutant you do well to keep
[Note 98: Lieut. Col. William Burbeck (or Burbank).] with yourself, to carry such Orders as you shall at any Time think necessary to give.
From the great Variety of the Stores and Duties in your Department, there is no such Thing as giving all and every minute Direction necessary to be given upon this Occasion. Trusting in your Zeal, Diligence, and Ability, I remain confident of every Exertion, in your Power, for the public Service.
[Note 99: Doctor Morgan had been a surgeon in the British Army. He was appointed director general and chief physician of the Continental Hospital in October, 1775. His British service and professional jealousy brought him into conflict with Dr. William Shippen, jr., of Pennsylvania, and Morgan was dismissed in January, 1777, to be succeeded by Shippen in April of that year. Morgan's management of the hospital was investigated and his conduct vindicated by Congress June 12, 1779.]
Cambridge, Head Quarters, April 3, 1776.
As the grand continental Army immediately upon the Command of his Excellency General Washington will, as soon as it is practicable, be assembled at New York; you are with all convenient Speed, to remove the General Hospital to that City.
As the sick in the different Houses cannot be removed, but must be attended, until they are able to march, you will leave such Surgeons, Surgeon's Mates, Apothecary and Attendants under the Direction of as are necessary for the Care of the sick now in the General Hospital.
The Medicines, Stores, Bedding, &c. not immediately wanted in the General Hospital, should be loaded in Carts, that will be provided next Saturday by the Assist. Qr. Mr. General, and sent under the Care of a proper Officer, or Officers of the Hospital to Norwich in Connecticut. Upon their arrival there, they will find his Excellency's Orders how and in what Manner to proceed from thence, whether by Land or by Water.
The Medicines order'd, upon his Excellencys Application by the Honourable the General Court of this Province, to be taken out of the Town of Boston, should be sent with the first of the Hospital Stores that go to Norwich, a careful Person having Orders to take Charge of the same.
The fixing and compleating the regimt. Medicine Chests, according to your Plan lately proposed, had better be deferr'd until your Arrival at New York, when that may be set about under your Inspection.
As the removing the General Hospital must be attended with such a Variety of Duty, and Attention, I must refrain from giving more particular Directions, leaving a Latitude to your Experience and Knowledge in your Profession, to govern and direct all your Motions.
Before you leave Cambridge it will be necessary to see a proper regimental Medicine Chest provided and delivered, to each of the Surgeons of the four Regiments left in the Garrison there, under the immediate Command of Major General Ward; also a Chest for Colonel Glover's Regiment, on Command at Beverley.
Reposing intire Confidence in your Care, Diligence, and Zeal for the Service, I remain satisfied of your Best Exertions, for the public Benefit.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Thomas Mifflin.]
[Note 2: Col. John Parke, Assistant Quartermaster General of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, April 3, 1776.
It being found necessary for the public Service that Qt. Master General, Colonel Thomas Mifflin should be dispatched to New York, and the Command in his Department devolving on you, be it your Care to see that the Clerks, Commissary Waggon Masters, Armourers, Artificers, and the Servants of the Public of every Denomination within your Inspection, are diligent in executing your Commands, and forwarding the public Service. As a Number of Waggons will this Day be sent by the Legislature of this Province, for the Purpose of transporting Stores &c. to Norwich, those intended for the Qr. Master General, you will direct to be loaded with the Articles first in Request upon the Army's assembling at their general Rendezvous: such as, Camp Equipage, intrenching Tools, cooking Utensils &c., with all the Articles now in Store belonging to the various Branches in the Qr. Mr. Genl. Department. A Waggon Master and some of the Clerks, must accompany these Teams to Norwich, and see that every Thing sent from hence, is faithfully delivered there.
As some Teamsters have lately drop'd their Lading upon the Road at Waltham, you will order Waggon Master Goddard to see it sent forward immediately, and be very strict for the future, that every Teamster is made answerable for the Load he receives; by your ordering a Clerk to enter in a Book, the Teamster's Name, Place of Abode, & Bill of Lading. A Copy of the Bill of Lading must also be given to the Teamster, upon the Back of which the Receiver of his Load at Norwich should be directed to write the Certificate for the Payment; and unless a Teamster can produce such Certificate of Delivery, he is not to receive any Money for his Services.
When all the Stores in your Department directed to be carried from hence to New York, are sent forward & the necessary Directions given to the Person who remains as Assistant Qt. Mr. General to the Troops in this District, you will then without Delay, proceed to New York, by the Way of Norwich in Connecticut. Upon your Arrival at Norwich you will see that all the Stores are sent before you from thence, and upon your being certain that it is effected, you cannot get too soon to New York, where you will report your whole Proceedings to Colonel Mifflin, produce and settle your Accounts with him.
Depending much upon your Diligence, Activity and Fidelity, I rest satisfied that no Part of the public Service committed to your Care, and Guidance will be in the least neglected.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Thomas Mifflin.]
Head Quarters, Cambridge, April 4, 1776.
Sir: You are hereby Ordered and directed to take upon you the Command of the Continental Forces remaining in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay for the defence and security of the same and for the protection of the Continental Stores. You are therefore to observe the following Orders and Instructions. Vizt.
1st. You will comply with any requisition of the General Court or Council of said Province respecting the Troops under your Command, if not incompatible with any Order receiv'd from me, or which has been or may be sent you from Congress.
2d. All Provisions and Military Stores of every kind are to be collected together and sufficiently guarded. You will also afford every necessary protection to the Stores and Vessels which lay at Beverly.
3d. If it should be found more convenient to have the Regiments Quarter'd in the Barracks at Roxbury, and in those erected by the Enemy on the Neck, and it should be agreeable to the General Court, or Council I shall have no objection to it. Some Men should be kept on Bunker's Hill, and should be employed in levelling the lower Lines of that Work next Prospect and Winter Hills. All the Lines upon Boston Neck ought also in my opinion to be demolished, as it is a defence against the Country and no Security to the Town. The Flêches at West Boston ought also to be demolished.
4th. All the Troops are to be employed in compleating such Works as are already begun, and such as may be resolved on by the General Court or Council, for the defence of the Harbour &c. Colonel Gridley will be left to construct and superintend these Works; an Exact Account is to be kept, and a particular Valuation made of all the Materials, whether Old or New, that may be used in these Works, to be ready whenever it may be called for. This is by no means to be neglected.
5th. The Work upon Beacon Hill should be repaired, and, in my opinion, be made strong, as it commands Fort Hill and all the lower Works, and would endanger the loss of them, if it should be possessed by the Enemy. No time should be lost in fixing with the General Court or Council upon proper Signals for alarming the Country upon the appearance of a Fleet. For the purpose of gaining as much time as possible I think the Alarm ought to be given from Cape Ann or Marblehead and forwarded by (agreed) Signals to Boston and thence into the Country. This matter should not be delayed.
6th. A Guard should be kept over the Powder Magazine which I think would be safer in Boston. The powder should be often Shifted. A Commissary or Conductor of Artillery Stores will be left who is to deliver nothing without an Order from you or the Commanding Officer.
7th. Mr. Quarter Master Parke, and a Commissary of Provisions will remain here till the Affairs of their respective departments are arranged and proper Persons fixed upon to do the duties of their several Offices.
8th. The Paymaster General will probably continue here 'till some regulation is adopted. Money will be left in his hands to answer the pay of the Troops and Contingent Expences of this department which may be drawn for by your Warrant, but with respect to Accounts and transactions of which you have had no knowledge, let them be specially reported and paid by particular Order.
9 All Captures made by the Continental Armed Vessells are to be immediately Libell'd in the Court of Admiralty of the District to which they may be carried. All Officers, Soldiers and Men of Wars Men are considered as Prisoners, the former to be sent and confined to some Town the others sent to such Goals as the General Court shall direct. No Condemn'd property to be sold 'till the day of sale is three times advertized and a particular enumeration of the Cargo in the NewsPapers of Boston or Cambridge, Watertown and Worcester, and a special report thereof made to you, that if anything is wanted in the Commissary or Quarter Masters departments they may be notified thereof.
10 Every possible method is to be used for the preservation of the Barracks. If any of them are wanted for any of the new Works may be taken after valuation thereof.
11th. The Vessells which were left in Boston by the Enemy, some with and some without Cargoes, and which I am told various Claims are laid to, must not be delivered up unless the Person claiming will give proper Security to abide the determination of Congress respecting them. In that Case an exact Inventory to be taken in Order to ascertain the Value. The Wheat left by the Kings troops is to be attended to and preserved as much as possible from damage. It ought either to be sold, or converted into Flour for the use of the Army. The Quarter Master and Commissary May be consulted on this Head.
12 The Regiments should be kept as much together as possible for the purpose of disciplining the Men when they are not upon fatigue duty. No Furloughs should be granted but in Cases of extreme necessity, and both Officers and Men kept strictly to their duty. The utmost frugality must be consulted in all expences of the Army.
13 The flat bottom'd Boats, Whale Boats and floating Batteries, are to be continued in the care of Captain Sylvanus Drew. They must be hawl'd into a convenient place of safety, and proper care taken to prevent their being destroyed or suffering damage from the Heat of the Weather. Their Oars, paddles &c. are to be put into some safe Store.
14 All Officers and Seamen taken in Transport Vessells employed in the Enemy's Service are to be released on Condition they give a very strict parole not to act against the American Colonies during the present Contest.
Lastly I would recommend to your particular attention the keeping up a strict discipline among both Officers and Soldiers. I need not mention that the reputation of the Army and perhaps the Salvation of the Province depends upon your exertions to preserve due Order and decorum among the Troops. All attempts to Mutiny, or disobedience of Orders should be severely punished. Any matters not particularly specified in the foregoing Instructions must be submitted to your own Judgement and discretion. I must desire you to advise me from time to time of your proceedings and of any public matters you may think worth communicating. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of John Trumbull, from a photograph of the original, kindly furnished by Thomas F. Madigan, of New York. The draft in Washington's writing, with the last three paragraphs in Trumbull's writing, is in the Washington Papers.]
Cambridge, April 4, 1776.
Sir: I was honored with your favors of the 21St and 25th Ulto. on the 2d instant; the former by Mr. Hanson5 &ca. the
[Note 5: Alexander Contee Hanson(?).] latter by Fessendon.6 I heartily wish the money had arrived sooner, that the Militia might have been paid as soon as their time of Service expired. the disappointment has given them great uneasiness and they are gone home much disattisfied; nor have I been without severe complaints from the other Troops on the same account. When I get to New York, I hope a sufficient sum will be there ready to pay every claim.
[Note 6: Josiah Fessenden was the Continental express rider.]
It is not in my power to make report of deficiency of Arms, in compliance with the direction of Congress at this Time, as some of the Regiments are at, and most of the others on their March to New York; nor do I know that It would answer any good purpose if it were, having made repeated Applications to the several Assemblies and Conventions upon the Subject, and constantly received for Answer that they could afford no relief.
When I arrive at New York I shall in pursuance of the Order of Congress, detach Four Battalions to Canada, and shall be extremely happy if they and the Troops already there can effect the Important end of their going.
In my Letter of the 1st. instant pr. post I inclosed you a Copy of a Letter from Governor Cooke, advising me of the Arrival of a Ship of War &ca. at & near the Harbour of New Port; I have now the pleasure to Inform you that the report was entirely premature and without any foundation. You have a Copy of his Letter of the 1st. instant to this effect. I wish the Alarm had never been given, It occasioned General Sullivan and his Brigade to make an unnecessary and inconvenient diversion from their Route.
Inclosed is a copy of an Account presented by the Honorable General Court, for Powder furnished the Continental Army by this Colony. From the Account It appears that part of it was supplied before the Army was under my Command and therefore I know nothing of it;--But have not the smallest doubt of the Justice of the Charge. I shall leave about 200 Barrells with Major General Ward, out of which Congress will direct him to make a return, if they think proper, and also repayment of which may have been furnished by the other Governments.
A Proclamation of General Howe's, issued a few days before his departure from Boston having fallen into my hands, I have enclosed you a copy, which will probably have been the Occasion of large Quantities of Goods being carried away and the removal of many persons, which otherwise would not have happened.7
[Note 7: This could hardly have been called a proclamation. It was merely a handbill notice, issued March 10, which recited that: "As Linen and Woollen goods are Articles much wanted by the Rebels, and would aid and assist them in their Rebellion, the Commander in Chief expects, that all good Subjects will use their utmost Endeavors to have all such Articles convey'd from this Place: Any who have not Opportunity to convey their Goods under their own Care, may deliver them on Board the Minerva at Hubbard's Wharf, to Crean Brush, Esq; marked with their Names...If after this Notice any Person secretes or keeps in his Possession such Articles, he will be treated as a Favourer of Rebels."]
Colonel Warren pay master General finding the Army likely to be removed from hence, informed me the other day, that the situation of his Affairs and engagements in the business of the Colony, are such, as to prevent him from personally attending the Army, and offered to resign in case it should be requested. This was rather embarrassing; to me It appears indispensibly necessary that the pay master General with his Books should be at or near Head Quarters; Indeed it is usual for the principal of every department in the Army, however dispersed that Army may be, to be with the Commanding General, keeping deputies in the smaller departments. On the other hand Col: Warren's merit and attachment to the Cause are such, that I could do nothing less than desire, as some Money must be left for the pay and contingent charges of the Army which will remain here, he would wait here, until Congress shall be pleased to give their Sentiments upon the matter,8 sending in the mean time some person in whom he could confide, with the money, (But little of which there will be to carry, tho' great the demands, as nine of the Regiments which have marched to New York, have only received £500 each, towards their pay for the Months of Feby: and March and Six others not one farthing). I hope therefore this matter will be considered by Congress and the result transmitted me as soon as done.
[Note 8: Col. James Warren resigned as Paymaster General on April 19, and Lieut. Col. William Palfrey, also of Massachusetts, was appointed as his successor on April 27.]
I would also mention to Congress, that the Militia Regiments which were last called upon, in making up their Abstracts, charged pay, the Officers from the Time they received Orders to raise Companies, and the privates from that of their respective engagements to come, or their being called upon, tho' they did not March for a considerable while after: some not within three, four, to twenty days; during which they remained at Home about their Private Affairs, without doing anything else than preparing, as they say by way of plea, for the March.
This appeared to me so exceedingly unreasonable and so contrary to Justice, that the Public should pay for a longer time than from the day of their March to that of their return, that I ordered the abstracts to be made out accordingly, and refused to give Warrants on any other Terms.
They say that the Inlisting Orders which went from their Governments give them the pay they claim9--The fact may be, that some thing in them may seem to Authorize it, But I must submit it to Congress and wish for their decision whether the Continent must pay it. I am &ca.
[Note 9: On May 4 Congress resolved: "That the pay of the officers and soldiers of the militia, lately called to Cambridge, commence on the day of their march, and cease on that of their return."]
P.S. I shall set off today.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 13: Mackay was captain of a company of Canadians, British Provincial troops.]
New Haven, April 11, 1776.
Sir: I received yours of the 9th. instant, and could wish that it was in my Power, consistent with the Duty I owe my Country to grant you the Relief you desire. I have made repeated applications to General Howe for an Exchange of Prisoners, but he has not thought proper to return me any Answer. It has been in his Power to set you at Liberty, and if you are still continued a Prisoner the blame must lay entirely upon him.
The Situation of your Family is indeed distressing; but such is the Event of War, it is far from being singular. The brave Col. Allen an Officer of Rank, has been torn from his dearest Connections, sent to England in Irons, and is now confined to the most servile drudgery on board one of the King's Ships. Your treatment Sir, and that of the other Officers, taken in Arms against the Liberties of America, has been very different, for the Truth of this I appeal to your own feelings.
Whenever it is in my Power to release you, by a Mutual Exchange, I shall do it with the greatest Pleasure and am Sir, etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of John Trumbull.]
New York, April 14, 1776.
Sir: I have just received Information that the Nautilus, Sloop of War is arrived here from Newport, said to be sent Express from thence for the Asia, Phoenix and Savage and that they are intended for New London in Order to block up your Squadron in that Harbour. I thought it my Duty to give you Notice of this by Express, that you might take your Measures accordingly. The Phoenix, Savage, and Nautilus sailed this Morning. The Asia still remains in the Harbour.
I should be much obliged to you, if you would forward the Cannon and Stores, I left a List with you for, as soon as possible; and as the Men of War are now out, I should be extremely glad if you would keep a good Look out to see that the Coast is clear before any more of the Continental Troops embark from New London. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, April 14, 1776.
Parole New York. Countersign Prosperity.
The General compliments the Officers who have successively commanded at this Post, and returns his Thanks to them, and to all the Officers, and Soldiers, under their Command, for the many Works of Defence, which have been so expeditiously erected, and doubts not but the same Spirit of Zeal for the service, will continue to animate their future conduct.
Exact Returns of all the Regiments and Corps, to be made up and sent to the Adjutant General as soon as possible--The Commanding Officers at the out-posts, are also to send a Report of the Numbers under their command, where, and how disposed of--Exact Returns also, of all the Ordnance, and military Stores, Provisions, Stores in the Department of the Quarter Master General &c.--to be forthwith delivered to the Commander in Chief, signed by the proper Officer of the Head of each department.
All persons infected with the Small-Pox are to be immediately removed to a secure place, to be provided by the Qr. Mr. General, who will consult the Magistrates of the City thereupon. A proper Guard, to be composed of men, who have had that Disorder, to be fixed at this Hospital, to prevent any intercourse but such as the Manager shall licence.
Pay-Abstracts are to be made out for each Regiment, and Corps in this department, to the 1st. of April exclusive; (each Month seperate) and lodged with Major Harrison Aid-deCamp to the General, that provision may be made for payment.
As the General is unacquainted at present, with the various Orders, for the good Government of the Troops here, or the reasons which induced the giving of them; He directs, that those, and all General Orders be duly attended to, and obeyed until countermanded by himself.
The General flatters himself, that he shall hear no Complaints from the Citizens, of abuse, or ill-treatment, in any respect whatsoever; but that every Officer and Soldier, of every Rank and Denomination, will pride themselves (as Men contending in the glorious Cause of Liberty ought to do) in an orderly, decent and regular deportment.
One Captain, four Subalterns, four Serjeants, four Corporals, two Drums, and one hundred Privates, to parade this Afternoon, at four O'Clock, to go as Guard to Governor's Island.
Two Field Officers, four Captains, eight Subalterns, sixteen Serjeants, four Drums & Fifes and four hundred men from Heath's and Lord Stirling's Brigades, to parade at Six o'Clock to morrow Morning, with three days provisions, to go as a working party to Governor's Island--Genl. Putnam will order Boats to be ready at the Ferry to transport them.
For the future the Commissary General is not to issue any Rum to working parties, unless the Return is signed by the Officer commanding the whole party.
Head Quarters, New York, April 15, 1776.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersign Norfolk.
The Quarter Master General is immediately to provide Transports to convey four Regiments to Albany--Poor's, Patterson's, Greaton's, and Bonds Regiments, are to hold themselves in readiness to embark, at an hours warning--They are to take with them their Camp-Equipage, which the Quarter Master General will furnish; taking the Colonels, or commanding Officer's receipt, for the Tents &c. supplied to each Corps.
An exact Return to be made this evening by the Majors of brigade of all the Guards, where mounted, and number of Sentries furnish'd by each guard.
The Qt. Mr. General is immediately to provide Six Whaleboats for the public Service--He will report when they are ready to be employed.
The Majors of Brigade, are to attend at the Adjutant General's Office, near Head Quarters, at eleven every forenoon, to receive the General Orders of the day--Such Brigade Majors as are at a remote distance from the Town, may send an orderly Adjutant to act for them.
Brigadier General Thompson is to command the Brigade going to Albany; he will receive his Orders as soon as the Troops are embarked.
As the Army at this place is lately strongly reinforced, and more of the Continental establish'd Regiments hourly expected, it is no longer necessary to detain any of the Militia; therefore Col Martin, with 4 Companies of Militia from Sussex County, in New Jersey, are dismissed with the General's thanks, for the Spirit with which they stepp'd forward in the service of their Country on this occasion, and for their good Behaviour and service since they joined the army.
The Officers and Soldiers of Poor's, Patterson's, Greaton's and Bond's Regiments, to be immediately taken off duty.
Lieut: Dallice15 of Col Winds Regiment, together with the Non-Commission'd Officers and Men of that Corps, who were lately employ'd at the Laboratory in making Cartridges, are immediately to return to that duty.
[Note 15: Lieut. Archibald Dallas, of Col. William Winds's First New Jersey Regiment.]
New York, April 15, 1776.
Sir: I am now to inform you that on the 4th Instant I set out from Cambridge and arrived here on Saturday last. I came through Providence, Norwich and New London, in order to see and expedite the embarkation of the Troops. The third Brigade under the Command of General Greene was at New London, when I left it, where there was a sufficient number of Transports to embark them, and more probably would have arrived here before this, had it not been for a severe Storm on the night they sailed, which dispersed them, and I fear has done some Injury.
General Spencer with the last Brigade marched from Roxbury the day I left Cambridge, and would be at New London ready to embark in the return Transports, which brought General Sullivan's division to this place. The whole of the Troops may be reasonably expected in the course of this week; The badness of the roads & difficulties in procuring Teams for bringing the Stores, baggage &ca., have greatly prolonged their arrival here.
I have not had time since I came to look fully about me, but find many works of defence begun and some finished. The Troops are much dispersed; some on long Island, others on Staten Island &ca.
I have ordered four Battalions from hence to Canada, and am taking measures to have them forwarded to Albany by Water, with all possible expedition; This will greatly expedite their arrival and case the men of much fatigue. I have wrote to General Schuyler of their coming that he have necessary provisions made for hurrying their march to General Thomas.
I am informed by General Putnam that the Militia called in for the support of this Town, in case the Ministerial Army had arrived before our Troops, are all discharged, it being unnecessary to keep them longer.
All the Ships of War besides the Asia moved out of this Harbour on Saturday, and the Asia Yesterday, some of which are now below the Narrows and the rest gone to Sea.
Your favor of the 10th. Instant by Major Sherburne, directed to General Putnam or the Commanding Officer here, came to hand on Saturday evening with three Boxes of Money, which I shall deliver the Pay Master, as soon as he arrives and transmit you his receipt for the same.
Having received Information from hence before my departure from Cambridge, that thirty pieces of Heavy Cannon were wanting for the defence of this place in addition to those already here, I took the Liberty of applying to Admiral Hopkins, whom I saw at New London for that number, with the Mortars and Stores he brought from New Providence, a List of which he had transmitted you; he told me that as many were necessary and wanted for the defence of Providence river and New London Harbour, It was uncertain whether I could have so many; But he would send me all that could be spared.16
[Note 16: On April 19 Congress resolved that Washington could order the artillery at New London to any place, leaving only enough to insure the safety of that town.]
I have not been able to get a return of the Troops since my arrival, when I do, I will send it you. I am, &ca.
New York, April 15, 1776.
Dear Sir: Previous to the Receipt of your Favour of file 7th Inst. I had been directed by the Honorable Congress to detach four Regiments to Quebec, if they could be spared from the Service here. I am very sensible of the great Necessity of sending a respectable Body of Troops immediately into that Country, and have accordingly ordered four of the strongest Regiments to hold themselves in Readiness and am providing Vessels to transport them to Albany. You may depend they shall be forwarded with all possible Dispatch. In the mean Time, I beg you would make the necessary Preperations for their Subsistence. There will be about 2000 Men exclusive of Officers in the five Regiments.
I beg you will forward the inclos'd Letter to General Thomas, and am very respectfully, Dear Sir, etc.
New York, April 15, 1776.
Dear Sir: I am to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favour of the 7th. Inst. and cannot but express my Concern at the great Deficiency of the Regiments destin'd for Canada; but as I am sensible of the Necessity of having a respectable Body of Troops in that Country, I am now preparing to send you four of the strongest Regiments in the Service, and you may rely upon it no Time shall be lost in getting them forward as fast as possible. They will amount to about 2000 Rank and File, and will go to Albany by Water.
I have wrote General Schuyler by this Opportunity, and desired him to make the necessary Preparations for their Subsistence, and doubt not he will speedily dispatch them to you.
I most sincerely wish you Success equal to the Importance of the Cause, and am very respectfully, Sir, etc.
New York, April 15, 1776.
Dr. Sir: This morning your polite Letter of the 1st instant, was delivered to me by Mr. Dana.19 I am much obliged to you for your introduction of that Gentleman, and you may rely on my showing him every Civility in my power. I have ever thought, and am still of Opinion that no terms of accommodation will be offered by the British Ministry, but such as cannot
[Note 19: Francis Dana.] be accepted by America. We have nothing my Dear Sir, to depend upon but the protection of a kind Providence and unanimity among ourselves.
I am impressed with the deepest Gratitude for the high Honor intended me by the Congress. What ever Device may be determined upon, by the respectable committee they have chosen for that purpose will be highly agreeable to me. I have the Honor etc.
Head Quarters, New York, April 16, 1776.
Parole New Hampshire. Countersign Falmouth.
If the British Troops which evacuated Boston, or any part of them, are destined for this place, their Arrival may be very soon expected--The Engineers and Overseers of the works, are therefore to use every possible dispatch in compleating them--To this end, the Engineers are to apply to the Adjutant General, for as many Men as can usefully be employed, and he will give orders accordingly.
Col Prescot's Regiment is to encamp on Governor's Island, as soon as the weather clears, they are to give every assistance in their power, to facilitate the works erecting thereon. The Qr. Mr. General will furnish Straw for the Tents, and Firewood.
As some Inconvenience have arisen to the Citizens of this place, by having the Countersign demanded of them, so early as Nine O'Clock--The General orders that Taptoo-beating be delayed for the future 'til Ten, flattering himself (as there is no distinguishing Citizens from Soldiers, nor no other possible method of keeping the latter to their quarters, and of consequence, from rioting and disorderly behaviour) that it will be found less Inconvenient to the Inhabitants (to say nothing of the security which is to be derived from it) to give the Countersign at that hour, than submit to the greater Inconveniences, which may arise out of the neglect of it. After this Hour, it is strictly enjoined upon the officers to see that their Rolls are called and that the Men are in quarters.
General Thompson will hasten the embarkation of the Regiments for Albany, as fast as possible, and is to fix with the Muster Master General Mr. Moylan, upon a time and place for mustering of them--These Regiments may be embark'd and sent off one at a time, or otherwise as it can be done quickest--The General to set out with the last--The Colonels to prepare their Muster-Rolls immediately.
All Persons having business with the Adjutant General. are to repair to his own Office, and not to Head Quarters, to transact it.
The General Court Martial of which Col Stark was President is dissolved.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow Morning, at Mr. Frances's Tavern, at ten O'clock--All Evidences and Persons concern'd, to attend the court.
Head Quarters, New York, April 17, 1776.
Parole Boston. Countersign Charlestown.
The General being informed that many of the Houses taken up for barracks, are much abused by the Soldiers, which is a Grievance that might be prevented, by the Officers paying a proper attention to their duty, and more carefully observing the Conduct, and Behaviour of their men--The Barrack Master is therefore order'd to place a proper proportion of Officers in the same Houses with the Soldiers, who, are to be answerable for any mischief done, to prevent any Wood being cut upon the Floors, or any Water, or Filth, thrown out of the Windows; As all Damages wantonly committed must be paid for, out of the pay of the Men quarter'd in the House where such Damage is done--The Offenders must also expect to suffer a severe corporal punishment for any breach of these orders. The Officers are moreover expressly order'd to see, that the Mens Barracks are kept clean, and the General again urges the Necessity of the same Cleanliness being observ'd in the persons of the soldiers.
The Colonels, and commanding Officers of Regiments, are to exert their utmost endeavours, to compleat their Companies to the establishment.
New York, April 18, 1776.
Sir: Permit me through you, to convey to the honorable Congress the Sentiments of gratitude I feel for the high honor they have done me, in the public mark of approbation, contain'd in your favour of the 2d. Instant, which came to hand last Washington's Acknowledgment of the Thanks of Congress on the British Evacuation of Boston Night.21 I beg you to assure them, that, it will ever be my highest ambition to approve myself a faithful Servant of the Public; and that, to be in any degree instrumental in procuring to my American Brethren a restitution of their just rights and Priviledges, will constitute my chief happiness.
[Note 21: Hancock's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Agreeable to your request, I have communicated in General Orders to the Officers and Soldiers under my Command, the thanks of Congress for their good behaviour in the Service; and am happy in having such an oppertunity of doing justice to their Merit.
They were indeed, at first, "a band of undisciplined Husbandmen," but it is (under God) to their bravery and attention to their duty, that I am indebted for that success which has procured me the only reward I wish to receive; the affection and esteem of my Countrymen.
The Medal, intended to be presented to me by your honorable Body, I shall carefully preserve as a Memorial of their regard.22 I beg to leave to return you Sir my warmest thanks for
[Note 22: Washington's letter of March 19, informing Congress of the occupation of Boston by the American forces, was read in Congress March 25, and it was that day resolved: "That the thanks of this Congress, in their own name, and in the name of the Thirteen United Colonies, whom they represent, be presented to his excellency General Washington, and the officers and soldiers under his command, for their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of Boston; and that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of this great event, and presented to his Excellency; and that a committee of three be appointed to prepare a letter of thanks, and a proper device for the medal." This letter was signed and sent to Washington by Hancock, April 2. The committee chosen consisted of John Adams, John Jay, and Stephen Hopkins.
The medal wall not completed and sent to Washington until 1786 or later. It was struck in Paris and shows a beautifully modeled profile of Washington on the obverse, encircled by the inscription: " Georgio Washington Svpremo Dvci Exercitvvm Adsertori Libertatis Comitia Americana." On the reverse is the town of Boston in the distance, with a fleet in view under sail. Washington and his officers are on horseback in the foreground, and he is pointing to the ships as they depart from the harbor. The inscription is, " Hostibus Primo Fvgatis Bostonivm Recpveratvm XVII Martii MDCCLXXVI."
The medal became the property of George Steptoe Washington, a son of Samuel Washington, who was a younger brother of the General. From him it passed to his eldest son, Dr. Samuel Walter Washington, and on his death to his widow, who gave it to her only son, George Lafayette Washington. In 1876 it was purchased from his widow by a few citizens of Boston and presented to the city, to be preserved in the Boston Public Library. A profile of Washington taken from this medal appears as the bastard-title page of each volume of this work. A full history of the medal is in Loubat's Medallic History of the United States.] the polite manner in which you have been pleased to express their Sentiments of my Conduct, and am with sincere esteem etc.
New York, April 18, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favour of the 11th. Inst In Answer to Colonel Glover's Application to you, I am of Opinion, that all Accounts respecting the armed Vessels should be paid by the Agents only; and as the Trial of the Prizes cannot be much longer deferr'd, they will have Cash, for the Goods which may be condemned, in their Hands much more than sufficient to answer the Demands upon them. If there is not a Probability of this, you will be pleased to give a Warrant for as much as will pay the Wages due.
The Ship Jenny and the Brigantine ... both taken by Commodore Manley, the former from London, the latter from Antigua, bound to Boston; are by what I can learn proper Vessels to be fitted out as Cruizers. You will, therefore, Sir, have a Person of Knowledge and Trust sent on Board to examine them. If the Report of them is such as they have been represented to me, you must have them purchased for Account of the United Colonies.
If Commodore Manley is in your Neighbourhood his Opinion of them must have Weight, and if they are fit for the Purpose, he will of Course, have his Choice of them & attend the fixing one of them out. His first Lieutenant can command the Hancock in the mean Time. The sooner this is put in Execution the better.
Nothing material to inform you of from hence. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, New York, April 18, 1776.
Parole Rhode-Island. Countersign Hopkins.
The Honorable the Continental Congress have been pleased to direct the Thanks of the United Colonies to be presented to the Officers, and Soldiers of their Army; who with unremitted Courage, and Perseverance, surmounted every Effort of the enemy, and every Obstacle of that severe Climate, in persisting for eleven Months, in the Blockade, and Seige of Boston, and finally forcing their Enemies to make a shameful and precipitate Retreat, from that once devoted town. This honorable Mark of the approbation of the Congress, would have been inserted sooner in the General Orders, had not their Express gone to the Eastward, while the Army was upon the march, and arrived only last evening from Boston.
Head Quarters, New York, April 19, 1776.
Parole Lexington. Countersign Gardner.
The Colonels, and commanding Officers of Corps, are without delay to make up their Pay Abstracts, agreeable to the Order of the 14th. Instant, and present the same for an Order for payment--Necessary Cloathing &c. must be immediately provided, for every Regiment, and Company, and the whole to be in readiness for service here, or elsewhere, as occasion shall require, as no excuses will be admitted to retard, or prevent a march, or embarkation whenever necessary to be commanded. The Muster Rolls must be immediately prepar'd, and the Muster Master General is to muster the whole as soon as possible.
The Colonels who have received Money for the purchase of Arms, and Blanketts, are to make out their accounts of disbursements, and lodge them with the Abstracts, that a final Settlement may be made.
All Persons serving in the Continental Army without Commissions from Congress, are desired to give in their Names and Employments in writing, that the propriety of their appointments, and the nature of their duty may be judged of.
Major Crane23 to take the command of the Continental Artillery at New York--All Reports, and Returns, of that Corps to be made to him.
[Note 23: Maj. John Crane, of Knox's Continental artillery.]
One Sub, one Sergt., two Corporals, one Drum, and eighteen Privates from Genl. Heath's Brigade, to be sent as soon as possible to Montresor's Island, as a Guard for the small pox Hospital--The Officer, non-commission'd Officers and Soldiers, to be men that have had the small-pox. The Qt. Mr. General to supply a Boat and the Commissary, Provisions, for the above guard.
James Britton of Capt. Draper's24 Company, in Col. Bonds Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Baldwin was President, for quitting his post when sentry, is found guilty by the Court, and adjudged to receive twenty Lashes--The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed at such time and place as Colonel Bond shall direct.
[Note 24: Capt. Moses Draper, of the Twenty-fifth Continental Infantry.]
New York, April 19, 1776.
Sir: I have this Moment received a Letter from General Schuyler, containing inclosures of a very important nature.25 Copies of which I imagine are contained in the inclosed Letter to you, and which I thought it my duty immediately to forward
[Note 25: This was Schuyler's letter of April 12, containing Hazen's letter of April 1. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, Apr. 19, 1776, post.)] by Express, that they may be laid before the Honorable Congress and proper measures pursued, to prevent the fatal Effects which are therein apprehended. For my own part, I have done my utmost to forward the four Regiments ordered by Congress, but a variety of incidents have hitherto conspired to prevent their embarkation. The Men had scarcely recovered themselves from the fatigues of their March from Boston, and are quite unprovided with necessaries. The Colonels of the Regiments, though repeatedly call'd upon for that purpose, had neglected making out the abstracts for their pay. All obstacles however are now removed, and I hope to begin the embarkation this day. Indeed it would have been best in my Opinion, to have sent the Regiments raised in this Province and New Jersey upon that service, had not the peculiar circumstances under which they were raised, prevented it, by the Terms of their Inlistments they are to serve during the War, and at five Dollars pr month on condition (as I am informed) that they shall not be sent out of those Provinces. Besides they are very ill provided with Arms, some companies not having any. It must be a great Burthen upon the Continent to keep such a number of useless men in pay, and yet if they should be dismissed, and an unexpected Supply of Arms should arrive, it may be found very difficult to replace them.
The Officers of the several Corps that have arrived here, have been so busily employed in fixing their Men in Quarters, that I have not yet been able to procure an exact return of their Numbers; some are yet behind, as soon as the whole are collected, I shall order the proper returns and transmit them to Congress.
You will please to notice what Colonel Hazen says of the disposition of the Indians; In my opinion it will be impossible to keep them in a state of Neutrality, they must, and no doubt soon will take an active part either for, or against us, and I submit it to the consideration of Congress, whether it would not be best immediately to engage them on our side, and to use our utmost endeavours to prevent their minds being poisoned by Ministerial Emmissaries, which will ever be the case while a Kings Garrison is suffered to remain in their Country. Would it not therefore, be advisable to send a sufficient force from the back Counties of Pennsylvania, to take possession of the Garrisons of Niagara and Detroit?
This I think might easily be affected and would answer the most salutary purposes. The Seneca Indians, who have hitherto appeared friendly to us, might be usefully employed in this business.
I am in hopes most of the difficulties mentioned in Col. Hazen's Letter will be obviated by the appearance of the respectable Committee of Congress in Canada, and the Forces that have been and will be sent there. The security of that Country is of the utmost importance to us. This cannot be done so effectually by Conquest, as by taking strong hold of the affections & confidence of the Inhabitants. It is to be lamented, that any conduct of the continental Troops should tend to alienate their Affections from us.
The Honorable Congress will best judge, from the Papers sent them by General Schuyler, and the information they may receive of the designs of the Enemy, whether it is expedient to send a further reinforcement to Canada. If such should be their determination, I stand ready to execute their orders, and am with respect, Sir, etc.
P.S. Inclosed is a return of the four Regiments ordered to Canada, besides which there will be one Rifle Company, a Company of Artificers and two Engineers, the whole to be commanded by Brigadier General Thompson.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of William Palfrey.]
New York, April 19, 1776.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 12th Inst. from Fort George was delivered me (with the Inclosures) Yesterday by Express. I agree with you that the Intelligence is very alarming and requires the strictest Attention.27
[Note 27: When General Wooster left Montreal for Quebec (March 27) the command of the former place devolved on Col. Moses Hazen, who wrote to General Schuyler (April 1): "You are not unacquainted with the friendly disposition of the Canadians, when General Montgomery first penetrated into the country; the ready assistance which they gave on all occasions, by men, carriages, or provisions, was most remarkable. Even when he was before Quebec, many parishes offered their services in the reduction of that fortress, which were at that time thought unnecessary, But his most unfortunate fate, added to other incidents, has caused such a change in their disposition, that we no longer look upon them as friends, but on the contrary waiting an opportunity to join our enemies. That no observations of my own may remain obscure, I beg leave to observe, that I think the clergy, or guardians of the souls and conductors of the bodies of these enthusiasts, have been neglected, perhaps in some instances ill-used, Be that as it will, they are unanimous, though privately, against our cause, and I have too much reason to fear many of them, with other people of some consequence, have carried on a correspondence the whole winter with General Carleton in Quebec, and are now plotting our destruction. The peasantry in general have been ill. used. They have, in some instances. been dragooned with the point of the bayonet to supply wood for the garrison at a lower rate than the current price. For carriages and many other articles furnished, certificates have been given not legible, without signature, the one half of consequence rejected by the quartermaster-general. It is true, payment has been promised from time to time; yet they look upon such promises as vague, their labor and property lost, and the Congress or United Colonies bankrupt. And in a more material point, they have not seen sufficient force in the country to protect them, These matters furnish very strong arguments to be made use of by our enemies. With respect to the better sort of people, both French and English, seven eighths are Tories, who would wish to see our throats cut, and perhaps would readily assist in doing it."
A contemporary copy of this letter is in the Washington Papers; it was inclosed in Schuyler's letter to Washington, April 12.]
The four Regiments ordered from hence are now embarking, and I hope, will soon be with you. I need not urge the Necessity of forwarding them from Albany with all possible Dispatch. You will have with the Troops five hundred Barrells of Provisions. The Commissary General expects every Moment a large Quantity from Connecticut, and what can be spared of it shall be sent to you in the same Bottoms without Delay. What General Lee contracted for is not yet delivered. His sudden and unexpected Departure to the Southward, left the Contractors at a Loss where to deliver the Provisions, and apply for the Pay. The Commissary General has since renewed the Contract, and ordered them to send the Provisions here.
I have ordered a Return to be made of the State of our Magazine; and if the Powder you request, can possibly be spared, you shall have it.
I have wrote to Congress to know whether they would incline to send you a further Reinforcement of Men; but we are yet in a very uncertain Situation, not knowing where the Enemy may bend their Force, and constant Applications from all Quarters of the Sea Coast for a Supply of Men and Ammunition.
The Recruits that have been lately raised here, are totally unfurnished with Arms, and what is still worse, we do not know where to procure them.
You, who know the Temper and Disposition of the Savages, will, I doubt not, think with me, that it will be impossible to keep them in a State of Neutrality. I have urged to Congress the Necessity of engaging them on our Side, to prevent their taking an active Part against us, which would be a most fatal Stroke under our present Circumstances.
The Commotions among the Canadians is really alarming. I am afraid proper Measures have not been taken to conciliate their Affections; but rather that they have been insulted and injured, than which nothing could have a greater Tendency to ruin our Cause in that Country. For human Nature is such that it will adhere to the Side from whence the best Treatment is received. I, therefore, conjure you, Sir, to recommend to the Officers and Soldiers in the strongest Terms to treat all the Inhabitants Canadians, English, and Savages with Tenderness and Respect paying them punctually for what they receive, or giving them such Certificates as will enable them to receive their Pay.
As you are perfectly well acquainted with the Country and it's Inhabitants in and about Albany, I think it would be best for you to remain there, at least untill the Troops and all their Supplies are forwarded from thence to Canada. Besides the four Regiments order'd for that Service, I shall send a Company of Rifle-Men, a Company of Artificers, and two Engineers.
I beg you will continue to furnish me with Intelligence of every interesting Occurrence, and believe me most affectionately, etc.
New York, April 20, 1776.
Sir: By the returns just delivered me of the state of our Ammunition, I find we are greatly deficient in the Article of Ball; and as I understand a large quantity of lead has been manufactured at Middletown, in your Government, I must beg the favor of you to forward as much as you can spare to me, as soon as possible. I am, etc.
P.S. As the quantity of powder here is much smaller than I expected, and the demand from Canada greater, I should be obliged to you if you would inform me how that has been disposed of which was said to be imported lately into your Government on Continental account.28
[Note 28: The text is from the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
April 20, 1776.
Gentn.: I thank you for the polite and ready attention you paid to my requisition of the 17th Inst., when the Civil and Military Powers Co-operate, and afford mutual Aid to each other, there can be little doubt of things going well. I have now to request the favor of your information, in what manner and in what time, a Body of 2000 or 2500 Militia, might be collected from this Colony for actual service, upon a sudden Emergency.
Although we may not, and I trust in God shall not have occasion for their Aid; common prudence does nevertheless dictate the expediency of a preconcerted Plan for calling them in, that in case of necessity they may be drawn together in proper Corps, without tumult or disorder, and at the same time with the utmost expedition. This will not be the case, if men are not regularly embodied and notified that they are to step forth at a moment's warning.
The Idea that strikes me, as the properest to be pursued at present, is, to establish out of the Continental Forces good look outs on the Heights and Head Lands at the Entrance of the Harbour, who, upon the appearance of a Fleet, shall make signals, as being answered from Place to Place, shall convey the earliest intelligence to Head Quarters, of the strength and approach of the Enemy. These Signals for greater certainty, to be followed by expresses, and then in case any thing formidable should appear, for the Committee of Safety, if sitting; if not, those to whom the power shall be delegated, upon application from the Commanding officer of the Continental Forces, to order in two or more Battalions, as the exigency of the case may require, or for greater dispatch such Militia or part of them as shall be alotted to this Service by the Committee, might be assembled, if in the Town or Vicinity, by Signals to be agreed on.
A mode of proceeding of a similar kind, concerted with Jersey would bring in a reinforcement speedily and without those irregularities and unnecessary Expences, which but too frequently attend the movement of Militia.
Thus Gentlemen, I have express'd my sentiments to you upon the occasion. Your prudence will suggest to you the necessity of adopting these or other methods of a like nature and your wisdom will point out the most effectual and expeditious manner of carrying them into Execution. I therefore submit them to your consideration, and am with great respect etc.
Head Quarters, New York, April 20, 1776.
Parole Hartley. Countersign Newnham.
The General is much surprised, that notwithstanding the Order of the 14th. Instant, he is without those Returns, he then called for--He again repeats the Order, and once for all requests, that he may not in Future, have occasion to issue two Orders to the same purpose--Returns from every Corps are to be made regularly at orderly time every Saturday.
James Henry, Serjeant, Samuel Smith, Serjt. Jno. McKenny, Corporal, and Richard Taylor, Matross, belonging to Company of Artillery commanded by Capt. Hamilton,29 tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col Stark was President for "Mutiny"--The Court find the Prisoners James Henry and John McKinney guilty of the Charge, and therefore sentence James Henry to be reduced to the Ranks and Mulcted one Months pay, and John McKenney to be reduced to a Matross, and to be imprison'd a fortnight--The Court finding Samuel Smith, and Richard Taylor, guilty of Disobedience of orders, sentence them to be reprimanded by the Captain, at the head of the company.
[Note 29: Capt. Alexander Hamilton, of the New York Artillery.]
The General approves the proceedings of the above Court Martial, and orders that Serjt. James Henry and Corpl. John McKenney, as they have not paid for their Cloathing, to be stripped and discharged the Company, and the sentence of the Court martial upon Serjt. Smith, and Richd. Taylor, to be executed to morrow morning at Guard mounting.
Lawrence Ferguson tried by the above Court Martial for "striking Lieut. Johnson," is found guilty by the Court, and sentenced to receive twenty Lashes on his bare back, the General approves the sentence, and orders the execution of it, to morrow morning at Guard Mounting.
New York, April 22, 1776.
Sir: I was this day honored with the receipt of your favor of the 20th. Instant. I have now the pleasure to acquaint you, that the four Regiments designed for Canada embarked yesterday, with a fair Wind for Albany, under the Command of Colonels Greaton, Patterson, Bond and Poor; besides which there was a Company of Rifle Men, a Company of Artificers, and two Engineers, the whole Commanded by Brigadier General Thompson.
I have repeatedly mentioned to the Honorable Congress the distressful situation we are in for want of Arms; with much pains and Difficulty. I got most of the Regiments from the Eastward tolerably well furnished, but find the York Regiments very badly provided. Colonel Ritzema's has scarcely any, and yet these men being inlisted during the War and at five Dollars pr. month, ought not (in my judgment) to be discharged, as we find it almost as difficult to get Men as Arms. This is a matter of some importance, which I should be glad to receive the particular Opinion of Congress upon.30
[Note 30: On April 26 Congress resolved: "That none of the troops already raised, be, for the present, disbanded for want of arms."]
Mr. Baldwin31 is one of the Assistant Engineers ordered to Canada. He is indeed a very useful man in his Department, but declined the Service on Account of his pay which he says
[Note 31: Jeduthan Baldwin.] is inadequate to his support. In order to induce him to continue, I promised to represent his case to Congress and would recommend an increase of his pay, and that they would make provision for him accordingly.32
[Note 32: This recommendation was successful, and Baldwin, by a resolve of April 26, was allowed "the pay and rank of lieutenant colonel on the Continental establishment."]
A few days ago application was made to me by the Committee of Safety for this Colony, for an Exchange of Prisoners, for the particulars I beg leave to refer you to their Letter, a Copy of which you have inclosed. As there is a standing Order of Congress, that no Sailors or Soldiers shall be exchanged for Citizens, I did not incline to comply with their requests without the particular direction of Congress; but I have since been informed that the Prisoners mentioned in the Committees Letter, as Citizens, axe really Seamen taken from private Vessels, but not in Arms.--How far this may alter the Case, or how far the reasons which induced the Congress to pass the resolve above mentioned may still exist, must be left to their determination.
The Militia, which on my application were ordered to this place to keep possession until I should arrive with the Continental Troops, were obliged to return home without their pay, as there was not then Money sufficient in the Treasury for that purpose, and to answer the Exigencies of the Army; this occasioned great uneasiness among them and may be attended with very bad consequences, in case we should have occasion for their service on any future emergency; I therefore beg the Congress would make provision for their pay, and point out particularly, whether it is to be done by the Commander of the Continental Forces, or by the Provincial Assemblies or Conventions from whence they are sent.
As the Time for which the Rifle Men inlisted, will expire on the first of July next, and as the loss of such a valuable and brave body of Men will be of great injury to the Service; I would submit it to the Consideration of Congress whether it would not be best to adopt some method to induce them to continue. They are indeed a very useful Corps, but I need not mention this as their importance is already well known to the Congress. It is necessary they should pay an early attention to this matter, as we know from past experience that Men are very slow in reinlisting.33
[Note 33: The companies of riflemen raised in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia by order of Congress were by the terms of their enlistment to serve one year unless sooner discharged. Congress authorized their reenlistment with a bounty of a month's pay in advance for two years' service, unless sooner discharged.]
When I had the Honor of seeing Admiral Hopkins at New London, he represented to me the weak State of his Fleet occasioned by Sickness and the damage he received in his Engagement with the Enemy,34 and requested I would spare him 200 Men, to assist him in a design he had formed of attacking Wallace; This I readily consented to, and the Men are to be returned as soon as the Service is performed.
[Note 34: The encounter took place off Block Island and Hopkins was worsted. "The Nautilus, Capt. Collins, came in here the 11th inst., and brings an account from Captain Wallace's squadron at Rhode Island, that on the 6th. inst. an engagement happened between the Glasgow and the five ships of the Continental fleet." (See letter of Governor Tryon to Lord George Germain, Apr. 15, 1776, in Documents Relative to Colonial History of New York, vol. 8, p. 675.)]
I wish it was in my power at present to furnish General Lee, with the Companies of Artillery he desires.35 I have already sent two Companies to Quebec and I have not yet been able to procure a return of those that are here. I expect Colonel Knox every Moment and then shall be able to determine, whether any can be spared from hence.36 Blankets we are in great want of ourselves, and it was with great difficulty a few could be procured for the Rifle Men ordered for Canada.
[Note 35: Lee had asked Congress for a company of artillery, and Congress (April 19) referred his request to Washington.]
[Note 36: At the request of the Governor of Rhode Island, Colonel Knox had gone to Newport for the purpose of giving advice respecting the erection of works of defense at that place.-- Sparks.]
I inclose you Mr. Winthrops receipt for two hundred thousand dollars brought sometime ago from Philadelphia by Major Sherburne,37 which you will please to deliver to the Continental Treasurers.
[Note 37: Maj. Henry Sherburne, of the Fifteenth Continental Infantry.]
On my arrival here, I found that Mr. Livingston had been appointed by the Provincial Congress a Commissary to furnish the Continental Troops stationed in this City with Provisions. I suppose this was done because there was no Continental commissary then on the Spot; Mr. Livingston38 still claims a right of furnishing all the Troops, but those lately arrived from Cambridge.
[Note 38: Walter Livingston, deputy commissary general of the Northern Department, and later, one of the firm of Comfort Sands & Co., contractors for supplying the main army. He became one of the Continental Board of Treasury.]
Mr. Trumbull is now here, and as I consider him, as the Principal in that Office, I should be glad to know whether any part of the Continental Troops are to be furnished by any other than their Commissary General. I must needs say, that to me it appears very inconsistent, and must create great confusion in the Accounts as well as in the Contracts. I intended to have laid before Congress the Amount of the Rations as supplied by Colonel Trumbull and Mr. Livingston, and called upon those Gentlemen, to furnish me with a seperate estimate for that purpose. Colonel Trumbull has given me his by which it appears he supplies the Troops at 81/3d per ration. I have not yet received any from Mr. Livingston, but am informed his Contract is at 10½d. The difference is immense as it will amount to no less than 200£ per day for 20,000 men. It is indeed to be considered that Mr. Livingston's contract includes every other charge, and that to Mr. Trumbull's must be added store hire, Clerks and every other Contingent Expence, but even then it will not amount to so much as Mr. Livingston's, by a penny per Ration which in the Gross will be something very considerable.
I thought it my Duty, without prejudice or partiallity to state the matter fairly to Congress that they might take such order upon it as to them shall seem necessary. I cannot however in Justice to Mr. Trumbull help adding, that he has been indefatigable in supplying the Army, and I believe from his Connection in New England, is able to do it on as good Terms as any person in America.
The several matters contained in the foregoing, I must beg the early attention of Congress to, and that I may be favored with an Answer as soon as possible.39 I have the Honor to be etc.40
[Note 39: This letter was read in Congress on April 25; referred to R. H. Lee, John Alams, and Joseph Hewes; and a report on this and Washington's letter of April 23 was rendered on April 26. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Apr. 26, 1776.)]
[Note 40: In the writing of William Palfrey.]
New York, April 22, 1776.
Gentlemen: I received your favor of the 14th. instant and Judging Col. Richard Gridley and Col. Henry Knox, to be as proper persons as any I was acquainted with, have wrote the former to view the Harbour Fortifications &ca. at Cape Ann, the Latter, those of New London, if not come from thence; Inclosing each a Copy of your Letter for their Instructions, and enjoining a clear and full report to be made me, which I shall do myself the honor of transmitting you, as soon as It comes to hand.
I return you my thanks for your Polite congratulations on my safe arrival here, and am very respectfully, Your &ca.
Head Quarters, New-York, April 22, 1776.
Parole Richmond. Countersign Conway.
For the future all Prisoners confin'd for Crimes, for which they are to be tried by a General Court Martial, are to be sent to the Provost Marshal Capt. Moroney,42 who has a Guard appointed to secure them, and all Prisoners, confin'd in any Guard, for offences that come under the Cognizance of a Regimental Court-Martial, are to be sent to the Barrack Guard of the Regiment they belong to.
[Note 42: William Marony.]
Head-Quarters, New York, April 23, 1776.
Parole Burke. Countersign Barre.
Hitchcock's, and Varnums Regiments, to be ready to be muster'd on Friday Morning next--They will be under Arms at eleven in the forenoon upon the Common near the Park of Artillery, where the Commissary General of Musters will attend.
New York, April 23, 1776.
Sir: In a Letter which I had the honour to receive from Congress some considerable time ago, they were pleased to ask what Rank aid de Camps bore in the Army, from whence I concluded that they had adverted to the extraordinary trouble and confinement of these Gentlemen with a view to make them an adequate allowance; but nothing being since done, or said of the matter, I take the liberty unsollicited by, and unknown to my aid de Camps to inform your Honorable body, that their pay is not, by any means, equal to their trouble and confinement.43
[Note 43: On April 26 Congress resolved that the pay of the aides-de-camp to the Commander in Chief be raised to $40 a month; it had formerly been $33.]
No person wishes more to save money to the public than I do; nor no person has aim'd more at it; but there are some cases in which parsimony may be ill placed; and this I take to be one. Aid de Camps are persons in whom entire Confidence must be placed. It requires men of Abilities to execute the duties with propriety and dispatch, where there is such a multiplicity of business as must attend the Commander in Chief of such an Army as our's; and perswaded I am, that nothing but the zeal of those Gentlemen who live with me and act in this capacity, for the great American Cause and personal attachment to me, has induced them to undergo the trouble and confinement they have experienced since they became members of my Family.
I give into no kind of amusements myself, consequently those about me can have none, but are confined from Morn' 'till Eve hearing, and answering the applications and Letters of one and another; which will now, I expect, receive a pretty considerable addition as the business of the Northern and Eastern departments (if I continue here) must, I suppose, pass through my hands. If these Gentlemen had the same relaxation from duty as other Officers have in their common Rotine, there would not be so much in it, but to have the Mind always upon the stretch, scarce ever unbent, and no hours for recreation, makes a material odds; knowing this, and at the same time how inadequate the pay is, I can scarce find Inclination to impose the necessary duties of their Office upon them. To what I have here said, this further remark may be made, and is a matter of no small concernment to me, and in its consequences to the publick, and that is, that while the duty is hard and the pay small it is not to be wondered at if there should be found a promptness in them to seek preferment, or in me to do justice to them, by facilitating their views, by which means I must loose their aid when they have it most in their power to assist me. Influenced by these motives, I have taken the liberty of laying the Matter fully and with all due deference, before your Honorable body, not doubting its meeting with a patient hearing. I am &ca.
New York, April 23, 1776.
My Lord: Understanding that the Committee of Safety for this Colony, have given your Lordship permission to visit Bermuda for the Benefit of your Health. I take the Liberty of wishing you a pleasant Voyage and a speedy and perfect restoration of it.45 With respect, I have the honor to be, etc.
[Note 45: On his return from Bermuda this officious nobleman, though still on parole, busied himself again with peace negotiations through Lord Howe. (See letter to James, Lord Drummond, Aug. 17, 1776, post.)]
[Note 46: The letter was addressed to Samuel Tucker as "President of the Congress of New Jersey or the Chairman of the Committee of Safety of that Province."]
New York, April 24, 1776.
Sir: The readiness shewn by the Committee of Safety for the Province of New Jersey, to succour this Place with their Militia on a late occasion, when they were at my request called upon by Brigadier General, The Earl of Stirling, and the alacrity with which I am informed the Militia then stepped forward in defence of their Country, are sufficient proofs of the Important Service the Province of New Jersey, is capable of rendering in support of the great Cause of American Liberty; especially, if the Militia of that Province be put under such regulations, as will enable them to give their aid at the very time it may be wanted and without the least delay possible. What renders such a regulation the more necessary is, that in the present Situation of Affairs, it is more than probable that the approach of the Enemy will be sudden and without our having long notice of their being on the Coast; late Experience has taught us, that under the present Regulation, it will take at least a fortnight (after the necessity of the requisition is seen) to Assemble and embody, any considerable Detachment of the Militia, whereof it seems absolutely necessary that there be a resolution of your Congress or Committee of Safety, for alloting a particular number of your Militia to March on the first Notice of the approach of the Enemy; the Detachment from each Regiment should be fixed upon, who should March to certain places of rendesvous, on the first Alarm by regulated signals. A Regulation of Signals was lately made by Lord Stirling, for the Highlands of Neversinks and Staten Island, a Copy of which, with some Alterations I now send you, and which I think are very proper for the purpose; the two last of which should be repeated at a number of Eminences in your province. And if on the Signal of the appearance of a large Fleet, the Detachments of your Militia were ordered to Rendesvous at Brunswick, Amboy, Woodbridge, Raway, Elizabeth Town, Newark and Bergen; they might be ready in a day or two, to march to such a Place, either in your Province or in this, as would be found to stand most in need of their Assistance; And in order to avoid the Inconveniencies which may arise from the Absence of your provincial Generals, from that part of the Country where the Troops may Assemble, it will be necessary, that the Colonels and Commanding Officers of every Corps or Detachment be directed, strictly to obey, the Orders they may receive from the Continental General, to whom that Department may be allotted, with Respect I am etc.
New York, April 24, 1776.
Gentn: It being necessary, that I should know the number of Troops to compose the Army here, I must request the favor of your Honble. body, to inform me, how many Regiments are raising in this Province for the Continental Service, by order of Congress, and what their state is, as to Men and Arms. From the Accounts I have had, I have reason to fear there is a great dificiency in the latter; which at a Crisis, when nothing else seems left to decide the Contest we are engaged in, is truly Alarming and calls aloud on every power for their utmost exertions to procure them. The pleasing and ready assurances I have received from you, to co-operate with me, in every measure advancive of the Common Cause, leave me no room to doubt, but proper steps will be pursued for obtaining them, and lead me to ask, what expectations and Source you have for getting a Supply.
If there have been any officers commission'd by you, I shall be obliged by having a list of their appointments.
I have been informed that there is a Number of Arms at Kingston, that were taken from the Tories in Dutchess County; If so, are they not at your disposal and can they be had? I am &c.
New York, April 24, 1776.
Sir: I have this Day granted a Warrant unto Captain Jacobus Wynkoop for two Hundred seventy six and two thirds Dollars, being for a Months Advance to him, his Officers & Men, who are to serve on the Lakes at the Rates following,
which you will please to take Notice of in adjusting the Accts. of this Captain and his Crew.
Brigadier General Thompson with four Battalions and one Company sailed from hence last Sunday. I hope they will have reach'd Albany long before this and I doubt not your forwarding them on with all possible Expedition. We have Accounts of the British Troops under General Howe being arrived at Hallifax. A Part of them if not the whole, will probably attempt the Relief of Quebeck, as soon as the Navigation up the St. Lawrence is practicable. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, April 24, 1776.
Parole Saville. Countersign Thanet.
The Regiments are ordered to be brigaded as follows:
A clean, well dress'd orderly Serjeant, from each Brigade, to attend in the General's Guard Room, near Head Quarters, from Six in the Morning until they are dismissed in the evening; they are to bring their Provisions with them, and to be relieved every morning.
The Commanding Officer of the Artillery, is immediately to examine, and report, the quantity of Case, and Grape Shot, in Store and see that a sufficiency of each, is immediately provided.
The Rifle-Men in Col Irvine's Regiment,47 have Liberty to fire their Rifles to morrow at Ten in the forenoon, at such place as Lieut. Col Hartley48 shall appoint--This is mentioned, as no Person is to presume to fire without leave.
[Note 47: Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 48: Lieut. Col. Thomas Hartley.]
Felix Micklehenny, Corporal, James Milliken, Corporal, John McGee, John McBride, George Connor, privates, belonging to the 6th Battalion of Pennsylvanian Troops, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Baldwin was President for "Mutiny and Disobedience of orders"--The Court are of Opinion that the Prisoners Corporal Milliken and Jno. McBride, are not guilty, but that the Prisoners Corporal Micklehenny, Jno. McGee, and George Connor are guilty of the charge against them, and do therefore sentence Corporal Micklehenny to be reduced to a Private, and that Jno. McGee be confin'd four days, and George Connor seven days both on Bread and Water.
The General approves the Sentence of the above Court Martial, upon Corporal Micklehenny, Jno. McGee and George Connor, and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, New York, April 25, 1776.
Parole Johnstone. Countersign Lutterell.
Complaints having been made to the General, of Injuries done to the Farmers, in their Crops, and Fields, by the Soldiers passing over, and trampling upon the young Growth, in a wanton and disorderly manner--he expressly orders the Officers commanding, either upon duty, or in quarters in the Country, to take especial Care to put a Stop to such practices, and endeavour to convince their Men, that we come to protect; not to injure the property of any man.
The Quarter Master General, assisted by Col. Putnam, Chief Engineer; the Quarter Master, Quarter Mastr. Serjeant, and two Men from each Regiment, of the 1st, 2nd, 4th & 5th Brigades, to assemble at Sun-rise, to morrow morning, at the Redoubt upon Bayard's-hill, to mark out the Encampment for the four Brigades above mentioned--The Qr. Mr. General will report to the Commander in Chief when he has fulfilled this order. The Encampment of the 3rd. Brigade, to be marked out in like manner, upon Long-Island, on Saturday morning--The Chief Engineer, with the Quarter Masters &c, from each Regiment, to assist the Qt. Mr. General in that service.
As soon as the General has approved of the Encampments mark'd out, the Troops will be ordered to encamp, until then, they are all to remain in their present quarters.
James Gray of Capt. Mighell's49 Company, in Colo. Baldwin's Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col. Baldwin was Presdt., for "Desertion"--The Court finding the Prisoner guilty of the charge, do sentence him to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes upon his bare back.
[Note 49: Capt. Thomas Mighill.]
Joseph Leverett of Capt. Wheeler's50 Company in Colo. Nixons Regt. tried at the above Genl. Court Martial, for "absenting himself from his Guard without permission, and being intoxicated with liquor"; is found guilty by the Court and sentenced to receive Twenty-five Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 50: Capt. Adam Wheeler.]
Joseph Smith of Capt. Winship's51 Company, in Col. Nixons Regiment, tried at the above General Court Martial, for "quitting his post when on Sentry," is acquitted by the court.
[Note 51: Capt. Ebenezer Winship.]
The General approves of the foregoing Sentences, and orders them to be put in execution to morrow morning at Guard mounting.
New York, April 25, 1776.
Sir: Last Evening's post brought a Letter from Joshua Wentworth Esqr. of Portsmouth who I had appointed Agent for our little Fleet in that Province, it is dated the 15th inst, an extract from which I have the Honor of transcribing for your perusal.
The 3d. Instant, Comr. Manly brought in the Brigantine Elizabeth, one of the 3d Division, which sailed from Nantasket, with a valuable cargo of English Goods, and a few hhds. of Rum & Sugar; A Mr. Jackson, who was Passenger and part freighter, and a very Tory, supposes the Cargo worth twenty Thousand pounds Sterling. Those Goods are the greater part owned by the late Inhabitants of Boston, and by some that were Inhabitants when the Troops left it; The residue by this Mr. Jackson and others of the same cast. The complicate state of this prize, required my immediate seting off for Boston, expecting I might find some directions for my Government there; when I waited on General Ward, who was obliging enough to give me his opinion (but not able to direct, having received no Instruction to the point) that the Vessel and Cargo must be libeled, and a dividend to the Captors would follow, of all such Goods as might be legally claimed by the friends to America, and those that were the property, of them inimical, might be deemed forfeited. Upon further enquiry I was informed a resolve passed in Congress; That all Vessels and Goods retaken, previous to a Condemnation by a British Court of Admiralty, were liable to a partial decree (by every Colony Judge) to the Captors, not more than one third, nor less than a Quarter; the present Prize falls under this resolve; and any other that may be property of our Internal Enemies, liable to a full confiscation, may be necessary for my Government; Therefore shall be much obliged by your full direction of this Capture, and a Copy of the Continental resolves thereon. This Brigantine is owned by a Mr. Richard Hart of this Town, taken on her return from the West Indies, last October and carried into Boston, not condemned. The Rum on Board is Seventeen Hhds. and some of Sugar, not removed out of her from the time of Capture.--The other Cargo, was in General stolen, by virtue of General Howe's Proclamation (which undoubtedly you have seen) appointing one Crean Brush Superintendant, who by the way was taken in the prize, and is now confined in the Massachusetts Colony, with Mr. Jackson and sundry others, by order of the General Court, to whom General Ward delivered them.
There were a Sergeant and twelve privates of the 4th or Kings own Regt. taken prisoners on board with the others, making Sixty three Souls, among whom are four Negroes (two men and two women) which I have confined in Gaol here, concluding they may be Esteemed a part of the prize. There appeared from the Pillage of this Cargo, (by many of the Passengers) the Property was in him that could secret the most, for when examining the chests and beding of the Prisoners, I found great Quantities of Goods that they had collected while on board, which were taken out of Ware houses without packing, and have promiscously on board the Vessel, even the Sailors had provided for their disposal at pleasure; In fact the destruction of Property, under cover of General Howe's Proclamation, is unparralled. I thought it my Duty to be critical in examining for cash which rendered it necessary to insist on a close scrutiny, and found about one hundred pounds Lawful money. (Viz) £36.18.7d. on Mr. Jackson, and £62.16/ on a Mr. Keighley, likewise one hundred and fifty nine pounds 1/9d. of Mr. Jackson in five sets of Exchange, which I now have in Possession, considering, that a man so inimical to his Country, ought to be dispossessed of any Interest, whereby he could be benefited, added to which they are Navy Bills, except £60 which was the draft of Governor Wentworth; On this point should be obliged by your opinion and direction.
I am now discharging the Cargo as it is in a perishing situation, and when selected, and the regular course, pursued through the Admiralty, shall advertise, agreeable to His Excellencys Instruction to General Ward, who was obliging enough to give me an Abstract. The General Court of this Province finding a dificulty in making a Code of Laws for the Admiralty Court, did not complete that Institution their last Session, when they adjourned to June; which elapse of time will not admit my facilitating the disposal of the prizes under my care, so early as I could wish for the safety of part of the Interest of the Susanna, viz. the Porter, which I fear may be spoiled by laying, it not having equal Body, to that commonly imported for sale, which induces me to desire your direction for a disposal of that Article either at Private or Public Sale.52
[Note 52: The original of the Wentworth letter is in the Washington Papers.]
That Sir is an exact Copy of part of Mr. Wentworth's Letter to Mr. Moylan. I now request you will please to direct me, in what manner I shall instruct the Agent respecting this complicated cargo, and whether he may be empowered to dispose of the porter, or any other articles on board the prizes in his care, which the delay of establishing the Court of Admiralty, may make liable to perish.
I have not yet heard that there has been any Trial of the prizes carried into Massachusetts Bay, this procrastination is attended with very bad consequences, some of the Vessels I had fitted out, are now laid up, Crews being dissatisfied that they cannot get their prize Money.
I have tired the Congress upon this Subject, but the importance of it makes me again mention, that if a summary way of proceeding is not resolved on, it will be impossible to get our Vessels maned. I must also mention to you Sir, that Capt: Manly and his Crew, are desirous to know when they may expect their part of the value of the Ordinance Stores taken last fall, they are anxious to know what the amount may be; as the Inventory of that Cargo is in the Hands of Congress, I would humbly submit it to them, whether a valuation thereof should not be made, and the Captor's dividend be remitted them, as soon as possible, it will give them Spirit and encourage them to be alert in looking out for other prizes. Several officers belonging to the Regiments raised in these Middle Colonies, inform me, that their Men (notwithstanding their agreement) begin to murmur at the distinction of pay made between them and the Regiments from the Eastward. I would be glad that the Congress would attend to this in time, least it may get to such a pitch as will make it difficult to suppress, they argue that they perform the same duty, undergo the same fatigue,--and receive five Dollars, when the Eastern Regiments receive 62/3d: Dollars per Month.53--for my own part I wish they were all upon the same footing, for if the British Army will not face this way it will be necessary to detach a great part of our Troops; in that case I would for many reasons, be sorry there should be any distinction of Regiments that are all in pay of the United Colonies, the Deficiency of Arms (in the New York Regiments especially) is very great, if I am rightly informed, there are scarce as many in Colonel Ritzema's Regiment as will arm one Company. Can the Congress remedy this evil? if they can, there should not a Moment be lost in effecting it as our strength at present is in reality on paper only; should we think of discharging those men who are without Arms, the remedy would be worse than the desease, for by vigorous exertions, I hope Arms may be procured, and I well know that the raising Men
[Note 53: On April 23 Congress had considered the report of a committee on letters from Generals Washington and Schuyler regarding Canada and had resolved: "That if any of the troops from New Jersey or Pennsylvania, which were raised at five dollars a month, be sent to Canada, they shall be allowed at the rate of six dollars and two thirds of a dollar per month, from the time they begin their march."] is exceeding difficult; especially to be engaged during the continuance of the War, which is the footing on which Col. Ritzema's Regiment is engaged.
April 26.
I had wrote thus far, before I was honored with your favor of the 23d Instant; in obedience to the order therein contained, I have directed six Regiments more, for Canada,54 which will embark as soon as Vessels and other necessaries can be provided; these Regiments will be Commanded by General Sullivan; I will give him instructions to join the Forces, in that Country under General Thomas as soon as possible.
[Note 54: President Hancock's letter inclosed the resolves of Congress of April 23.]
With respect to sending more Troops to that Country I am really at a Loss, what to advise, as it is impossible at present, to know the designs of the Enemy.55 Should they send the whole force under General Howe up the River St. Lawrence to relieve Quebec and recover Canada, the Troops gone and now going will be insufficient to stop their progress, and should they think proper to send that or an equal force this way from Great Britain, for the purpose of possessing this City and securing the navigation of Hudson River, the Troops left here will not be sufficient to oppose them, and yet for any thing we know, I think it not improbable they may attempt both, both being of the greatest importance to them if they have men.
[Note 55: Congress in its resolves of April 23 had requested the opinion of General Washington whether it was necessary to send more troops to Canada and whether he could with safety spare them from the army at New York.]
I should wish indeed that the Army in Canada, should be more powerfully reinforced; at the same time, I am conscious that the trusting this important post (which is now become the Grand Magazine of America to the handful of men remaining here, is tuning too great a risque: The securing this post and Hudsons River is to us also, of so great importance that I can not at present advise the sending any more Troops from hence; on the Contrary the General Officers now here, whom I thought it my Duty to consult, think it absolutely necessary to encrease the Army at this place, with at least 10,000 men, especially when it is considered that from this place only the Army in Canada must draw its supplies of Ammunition, Provisions and most probably of men; That all reinforcements can be sent from hence much easier than from any other place. By the inclosed return you will see the state of the Army here, and that the number of effective men, is far short of what the Congress must have expected.56
[Note 56: A general return of the Continental Army, dated Apr. 23, 1776, is copied in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 169.]
I have found it necessary to order Colonel Dayton's Regiment from New Jersey to march as one of the Six to Canada. Wherefore I must recommend it to Congress, to order two Companies of one of the Regiments still in Pennsylvania to March to Cape May, which can be done much sooner,57 for had this destination of that Regiment not taken place, it would have been very inconvenient to have detached two Companies from it to that place, as the march would (according to Lord Sterling's and other Accounts) have been at least 200 miles from Amboy, and they must have passed within 20 miles of Philadelphia, there being no practicable road along the Sea Coasts of New Jersey for their Baggage to have passed.
[Note 57: On April 17 Congress had ordered two companies of Col. Elias Dayton's regiment to proceed to Cape May, N. J., and remain there till further orders.]
Doctor Potts58 who is bearer hereof, was I understood appointed director of the Hospital for these Middle Colonies, but the army being removed with the General Hospital from the Eastward, does in course supersede him, he is inclined to go to Canada, where he may be very useful, if a person is not already
[Note 58: Dr. Jonathan Potts. He was appointed director general of the hospital of the Northern Department.] appointed for that Department, I humbly beg leave to ask the Congress, Whether in all those Appointments, it would not be best, to have but one chief, to whom all the others should be subordinate? I have the Honor etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Stephen Moylan.]
New York, April 25, 1776.
Sir: I wrote you the 14th. Inst., giving Information of the sailing from this Harbour, of the Phoenix, Savage, and Nautilus Men of War; which, I apprehended were designed to join Wallace in Order to block up the Fleet under your Command. The latter Part I since find to be groundless, as they have returned, and I find they make a Practice of stretching off from and soon returning to this Port. This convinces me that they are in Expectation of a Fleet and I are preparing for their Reception.
I expected to have met here a Force much superior to what I have found it. I was obliged to lessen it by detaching four of our strongest Battallions to Canada which lays me under the Necessity of requesting you to dispatch to this Place as soon as possible the 200 Men lent you from this Army that they may join their respective Corps, which are much weakened by their Absence. I am, etc.
P.S. Inclosed is a Copy of two Resolves of Congress respecting the Cannon and Stores &c.
New York, April 26, 1776.
Sir: When you did me the honor of a Visit at Norwich, on my way to this Place, I communicated to you the recommendation I had received from Congress, for sending four Battalions from hence, to reinforce the Troops in Canada. I now beg leave to inform you, that, in compliance therewith, on Saturday and Sunday last, I detached four Regiments thence, under the Command of Brigadier Genl. Thompson; and, by an express received last night, am Ordered by Congress, in addition to those already gone, to send Six more immediately.62 Our Regiments being incomplete and much wanting in numbers, I need not add, that
[Note 62: Washington wrote to Col. William Irvine, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment: "Immediately upon receipt of this Letter you are desired to march the Remainder of your Battalion directly to this City, in order to embark for Albany on your Rout to Canada." Irvine was to inform his men that Congress had augmented their pay to $62/3 a month.] the Army here felt a sensible diminution from this detachment; and, when the second is gone, will be weak indeed, considering the Importance of this place, the many extensive posts which must be guarded for its defence, and, added to this, almost the whole of our Valuable Ordinance, Stores, and Magazines will be deposited here. For these reasons, It appears to me expedient, that some mode should be adopted, without loss of time by this, your, and the Jersey, Government, for throwing in immediate succours, upon the appearance of the Enemy or any case of emergency. I have wrote to the Congress of New Jersey upon the subject, praying them to form such regulations respecting their Militia, (they being the only resource we have), that Assistance may be had on the earliest Notice of an approach by the Enemy, for preventing the fatal and alarming consequences, which might result from the common, tedious and slow method generally used for obtaining their Aid; and would take the liberty of mentioning, that, if the same should be done by you and your Honble. Council, respecting your Militia, or such part of them, as are most contiguous to this Place, that the most salutary ends might be derived there from. The benefits flowing from a timely Succour being too obvious for repetition; I shall propose, with all possible deference, for your consideration, whether it will not be advisable to have some select Corps of Men appointed, under proper Officers, in the Western Parts of your Government, to repair to this place, on the earliest notice from the General or Officer Commanding here, of the appearance of an Enemy. If it should be thought necessary, upon an emergency, in the first instance to resort to you, and for all the ordinary forms to be gone thro', before any succours can be ordered in, It is to be feared that the relief would be too late to answer any good purposes. This, however, I shall submit to you, in full confidence of your most ready assistance on every occasion, and that such measures, as appear to you most likely to advance the public good, in this and every instance will be most chearfully adopted. I am, etc.
New York, April 27, 1776.
Gentn.: In answer to your favor of the 25th. delivered to me yesterday, I shall beg leave to inform you, that it was my design to have included the Militia of this City, in the 2000 or 2500 Men, which I thought might be wanted upon an emergency; but whether common prudence may not dictate the expediency, of extending your views to a greater number, in case of necessity is submitted to the wisdom of your board.
The Signals which I intended should convey the first notice of the approach of an Enemys Fleet, you will find in the inclosed paper; but if you will please to appoint a Committee of your body, I will desire the Brigadiers, Sullivan, Greene and Lord Stirling, to meet them and adopt a better, if a better can be thought of. New Jersey is already advertized of these Signals.63
[Note 63: The alarm posts for the New Jersey Militia, which were to assemble on signal fires on the mountains, are noted in No. 36, vol. 3, folio 117, of the Continental Army Returns, at one time a part of the Washington Papers, but now in the custody of the Adjutant General's Office, War Department, Washington, D. C. The signal points are given on folios 119--123. The alarm posts and signals settled April 14 are given on folio 125.
The signals were: "On the appearance of the Fleet, or their Boats moving towards Amboy, two flags, one above the other to be hoisted on the middle flag Staff, on the heights of Staten Island. On the appearance of the Fleet moving towards New York three flags, one above the other are to be hoisted on the same flag Staff. For the night two large heaps of Brush for the first; three large heaps of Brush for the second to be set on fire in such direction as to shew distinctly and separately."
The alarm post changes made May 18 are found on folio 124.
Generals Greene, Sullivan, and Stirling recommended the same flag and fire signals on the highlands of the Navesink, which were to be repeated from the Staten Island station. They recommended "large Ensigns with broad stripes of red and white" and that the country militia turn out on the signals.]
If the four Battallions which were directed to be raised under the Command of the Colonels McDougall, Clinton, Ritzema and Wynkoop, are placed under the immediate care of the Committee of Safety, for this Colony by Congress; I should be glad to know, how far it is conceived that my power over them extend or whether I have any at all. Sure I am that they cannot be subjected to the direction of both, and I shall have no small reluctance in assuming an authority I am not vested with powers to execute; nor will my solicitude (further than as a well wisher to the Cause), on account of Arms for, and returns of these Regiments continue, if they are not considered, as within the line of my Command; It becomes therefore my Indispensable duty to be assertained of this Matter, and to know whether these Regiments cannot be ordered out of the Colony; for Instance to New Jersey if necessity should require it.
It would give me singular pleasure to advance you the Sum asked for, but the low state of our Cash and heavy demands upon the pay Master, renders it altogether impracticable at this time. The Quarter Master and Commissary are both wanting Money and cannot be supplied, nor can Genl. Ward get what he has sent for, to pay the five Regiments to the Eastward, till a fresh supply arrives, of which Congress is informed. Genl. Heath since my arrival here, has obtained a Warrant upon the pay Master for Money to replace the Sum which your Committee kindly lent him; and to the best of my recollection, Genl. Thompson told me, that he also meant to do the same. these Matters shall be enquired into. With great respect I remain Gentn. etc.
Head Quarters, New York, April 27, 1776.
Parole Camden. Countersign Chatham.
The Riotous Behaviour of some Soldiers of the Continental Army, Yesterday, and the Evening before, has filled the General, with much Regret, and concern; and lays him under the disagreeable necessity of declaring, that if the like behaviour should be practiced again, the Authors will be brought to the severest punishment if taken, or treated as a common Enemy, if they dare to resist--Men are not to carve out Remedies for themselves--If they are injured in any respect, there are legal Modes to obtain relief; and just Complaints will always be attended to, and redressed. It should be the pride of a Soldier, to conduct himself in such a manner, as to obtain the Applause, and not the reproach of a people, he is sent to defend; and it should be the business, as it is the duty of an Officer to inculcate and enforce this doctrine.
The Honorable the Continental Congress having been pleased to order a Brigadier General, and six more Battalions to be immediately sent to Canada; His Excellency directs the Colonels, or commanding Officers of the Regiments of Stark, Reed, Wayne, Irvine, Dayton and Winds, to prepare their Corps for immediate embarkation: The Qr. Mr. General will forthwith provide Vessels; and the Commissary General, Provisions; and General Sullivan will order every Regiment to embark, and sail, with all convenient expedition.
The Honorable the Continental Congress, in consideration of the four last named Regiments, being order'd out of the middle Colonies, are pleased to direct them to be put upon the same pay with those already upon more remote service--Which Pay is to commence, from the first day of May next.
Col Stark's, and Col Read's Regiments, to be ready to be mustered to morrow morning, at eight O'Clock, upon the Common near the Park of Artillery.
All Officers, non-Commission'd Officers, and Soldiers, at present absent from the Regiments, commanded by the Colonels, Wayne, Irvine, Dayton, and Winds, are forthwith order'd to join their respective Corps.
Col McDougall, and Col Ritzema's Regiments, to parade on Monday morning at Ten o'Clock, upon the Common to be reviewed.
William Hains of Capt. Dentons64 Company, in Col Ritzema's Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col Baldwin was President, for "Desertion"--The Court finding the Prisoner guilty of the Charge, do sentence him to be whipped Twenty-five Lashes on his bare back. The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be put in execution on Monday Morning, at the Head of the regiment.
[Note 64: Capt. William Denton.]
Head Quarters, New York, April 28, 1776.
Parole Manchester. Countersign Ponsonby.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments, and Corps, are to be careful, that the Men are made perfectly well acquainted, with all Orders, that issue for the Government of the Army, and are not to be less diligent, in enforcing Obedience thereto. Yesterday a number of Col Irvine's Regiment, were found in different places, firing their Pieces, and wasting their Ammunition, under pretence of not knowing they were acting contrary to orders.
The Articles of war are to be read, at least once a week, to every Company in the Army, that neither Men nor Officers may plead Ignorance against any of the Rules, and Regulations therein contained.
Col. Winds and Col. Dayton's Regiments, to be mustered on Tuesday Morning at Eight O'Clock, upon the Common, where the Commissary General of Musters will attend. The Muster Rolls of those Regiments to be prepared immediately.
New York, April 28, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 23d Inst. The reason why I did not hitherto represent the state of your Colony to Congress was in expectation of your forwarding unto me a Sketch of it in writing; I shall take the first opportunity of doing it and if my Recommendation thereof has any weight with that August Body, it will give me much pleasure to render Service to your Colony. I am very glad that Colo Knox has taken a View of Newport and hope the directions he has left, will be attended with all the good consequences you mention. We have no Engineer that can possibly be spared from hence, indeed we are very deficient in that Department, and the State of this Place is such that had we many more than we have, there would be full employment from them. Colo Babcock's65 misfortune is truly pitiable. the incontestable Proofs which he has given at Cambridge and since, of a Distempered Mind, must to every one acquainted with him, shew how unfit he must be to Command the forces of your Colony. I am with very great regard, Sir, etc.
[Note 65: Col. Henry Babcock, of Rhode Island.]
P.S. the only Engineer we had to spare is sent off to Canada.
New York, April 28, 1776.
Sir: It gives much Concern to hear from every one that comes from Boston, that those Works that were laid out for it's Defence, are in little more Forwardness, than they were when I left that Town. Who am I to blame for this shameful Neglect, but you, sir, who was to have them executed? It is not an agreeable Task to be under the Necessity of putting any Gentn. in Mind of his Duty; but it is what I owe to the Public. I expect and desire, Sir, that you will exert yourself in compleating the Works with all possible Dispatch, and do not lay me under the disagreeable Necessity of writing to you again upon this subject. I am, etc.
New York, April 29, 1776.
Sir: It is with great Concern I learn from every Hand that your Works for the Defence of Boston, and the Harbour go on exceeding slow. I must entreat you, therefore to push Col. Gridley on to a diligent and faithful Discharge of his Duty in this particular.
We cannot possibly tell where the Enemy will pitch their Tents next. If Boston is left open and unguarded, it may be a Temptation to go there; but at any Rate, no Time should be lost in putting the Town in the best Posture of Defence the Nature of the Case will admit of.
I shall be glad in your next to receive a particular Account of what has been done towards fortifying the Harbour.
Four Regiments, to wit, Poor's, Patterson's, Greaton's and Bond's are already gone off for Canada. Reed's and Starke's will embark this Day for Albany on their Rout to the same Place, and four others will follow in a Day or two. I am, sir, &c.
New York, April 29, 1776.
Dear Brother: Since my arrival at this place, I have been favour'd with two or three of your Letters, and thank you for your kind and frequent remembrance of me. If I shd. not write to you, as often as you do to me, you must attribute it to its true cause, and that is the hurry, and multiplicity of business in which I am constantly engaged from the time I rise out of my Bed till I go into it again.
I wrote to you a pretty full Acct. just before I left Cambridge of the movements of the two Armies, and now refer to it; since that, I have brought the whole Army which I had in the New England Governments (five Regiments excepted, and left behind for the defence of Boston and the Stores we have there) to this place; and Eight days ago, Detached four Regiments for Canada; and am now Imbarking Six more for the same place, as there are reasons to believe that a push will be made there this Campaign, and things in that Country not being in a very promising way, either with respect to the Canadians or Indian's. These Detachments have weaken'd us very considerably in this important post, where I am sorry to add, there are too many inimical persons; but as our Affairs in Canada can derive no support but what is sent to them, and the Militia may be called in here, it was thought best to strengthen that Quarter at the expence of this; but I am affraid we are rather too late in doing of it; from the Eastern Army (under my immediate Command) is was impossible to do it sooner.
We have already gone great lengths in fortifying this City and the Hudson River; a fortnight more will put us in a very respectable posture of Defence, the Works we have already constructed, and which they found we were about to erect, have put the King's Ships to flight; for instead of laying within Pistol shot of the Wharves, and their Centrys conversing with ours (whilst they received every necessary that the Country afforded) they have now gone down to the Hook, near 30 Miles from this place, the last Harbour they can get to, and I have prevaild upon the Comee. of safety to forbid every kind of Intercourse between the Inhabitants of this Colony and the Enemy; this I was resolved upon effecting; but thought it best to bring it about through that Channel, as I now can pursue my own measures in support of their resolves.
Mrs. Washington is still here, and talks of taking the Small Pox, but I doubt her resolution.66 Mr. and Mrs. Custis will set out in a few days for Maryland. I did not write to you by the 'Squire, because his departure in the first place, was sudden; in the next, I had but little to say. I am very sorry to hear that my Sister was Indisposed with a sore Breast when you last wrote. I hope she is now recover'd of it, and that all your Family are well; that they may continue so, and that our once happy Country may escape the depredations and Calamities attending on War, is the fervent prayer of, dear Sir, your most affectionate brother.
[Note 66: To be inoculated.]
Mrs. Washington, Mr. and Mrs. Custis join in love to my Sister and the rest of the Family.
New York, April 29, 1776.
Dear Sir: I wrote you on the 24th. Inst. and am now to inform you, that in Addition to the four Regiments detached from hence under General Thompson; I am ordered by Congress to send six more. This Detachment will be under the Command of General Sullivan, and consist of two of the Eastern Regiments, Reed's and Stark's, and of four of these Provinces. The two first will embark to Day, the others will be push'd forwards as fast as possible.
I have spoke to the Commissary to send forward a Supply of Provisions: He says, that he is taking Measures for that Purpose, and that it shall be done.
The Powder you wrote for, I will attempt to furnish and as early as in my Power, the Augmentation of the Army in Canada necessarily requiring a large Increase to that which was there before.
The Congress have sent three Boxes with Money, said to contain 300,000 Dollars. They are thus far in their Way to you, and will be transmitted by General Sullivan.
I wish and doubt not but that you will make every Preparation at Albany for expediting the Troops to Canada. The Situation of our Affairs there calls aloud for Dispatch and the most vigorous Exertions.
A Mr. Ray of this City has informed Colo. Ritzema, that a Mr. Philip Van Rensselaer has above three Hundred Stand of Arms in his possession at Albany. Do make strict Inquiry into the Matter, and if any can be had, send them here immediately; Ritzema's Regiment and others now raising, being greatly deficient, I may say, almost destitute, and we without any: I am, Dear Sir, etc.
New York, April 29, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favour of the 29th Inst., with Mr. Metcalf's Plan, and Captain Johnson's Journal of the Route from Newbury to St. John's. The Representation that was transmitted to me by the Hands of Colonel Little,67 I had sent to Congress. Mr. Weatherspoon has been since sent to examine or explore a Route; but, I hear, he is still at Cohoos. The Time of the Congress is so taken up with many Objects of Consequence, that it is impossible for them to attend to every Thing, and as it is of Importance, that every Communication with Canada
[Note 67: Col. Moses Little.] should be made as free as possible, it is my Opinion and Desire, that you set about the Road you propose as soon as possible. As you must be the best Judge who to employ you will please to take the whole upon yourself. We cannot at this Time spare Soldiers. You must, therefore, engage such Men as you know will do the Business faithfully, and well. As to their Wages, you must agree with them on the most reasonable Terms, and I doubt not that you will in this and every other Instance, serve your Country with Integrity, Honour, and Justice. As you go on, you will upon every Opportunity keep me advised and I will provide for the Expence, which you will be careful in making as light as possible. I am, sir, etc.
P.S. I send you by Mr. William Wallace £250 lawful Money to begin with.
New York, April 29, 1776.
Gentn.: Sometime before I left Cambridge, I received an Order of Congress to apply to the Assemblies or Conventions of the four New England Colonies, for Arms to supply the deficiency of their respective Regiments and if not to be had to discharge the men that wanted them. When I came to this Place and was informed by Colo Ritzema, of the want of this Article for his Regiment and the other Troops of this Colony, it became my duty to make this want known to Congress; at the same time giving it as my opinion, that as we found it no easy matter to recruit men, with the Expedition they were required, it might be disserviceable to discharge any of the York Troops, as some lucky hit may throw Arms into our hands. In consequence of which, I received by Post the inclosed Resolution,69 which without delay, I lay before your Honorable Body. And am Gentn. etc.
[Note 69: Resolve of April 26 authorizing Washington to apply to the Committee of Safety or Legislature of New York for arms for the New York troops.]
Head Quarters, New York, April 29, 1776.
Parole Dunning. Countersign Glynn.
The Army to be ready to encamp, upon the Ground mark'd out by the Qr. Mr. General, on Wednesday morning at eight O'Clock; Col. Mifflin will, upon the Application of the Commanding Officers of Regiments, and Corps, supply the necessary Tents and Camp Equipage, Straw and Firewood--The Troops are to be brigaded and encamped in the following Order--The first Brigade on the Right, the second upon the left, and the fourth in the Centre--The Regiment of Artillery in the Rear of the Park of Artillery, which is to be formed upon the Ground assign'd for that purpose--The Regiments are to be brigaded asfollows--viz--
The third Brigade under Brigd. Genl. Green, to encamp upon the Ground mark'd out upon Long-Island--The Companies of Virginia and Maryland Riffle Men, to be included in Lord Stirlings Brigade.
As Captain Van Dyck,70 commanding the Grenadier Company of the City of New York, has, by Letter, acquainted Lord Stirling, that the Circular Battery to the North-West of this City, is now compleat; and the General being informed that the said Grenadier Company, did on the first Alarm of danger from the Enemy, voluntarily undertake to erect the said Battery, and have themselves, in a most masterly, and neat manner, finished the same: The General justly admiring such an Example of Spirit, and Perseverance, and highly esteeming a Body of Men possessed of the noblest Virtues of good Citizens, desires his Thanks to be thus publicly given to the Company of Grenadiers, for this Instance of their ready Compliance with his wishes.
[Note 70: Capt. Abraham C.(?) Van Dyke.]
The Officers, and Men, of Col Winds Regiment, to be dismissed from the Laboratory, and prepare for embarkation--The Regiment of Artillery are immediately to furnish a sufficient Number of Men for that duty.
Col Prescots Regiment is to remain in their present Incampment, until further orders.
Col Wyllys's Regiment are to occupy the Barracks at present possessed by Col McDougall's Regiment.
The Qr. Mr. General, with Field Officers of the regiment of Artillery, are with proper Assistants to assemble at Sun-rise to morrow Morning, at Bayard's-hill to mark out the Ground for the Artillery Park, and for the Encampment of the Regiment of Artillery.
Head Quarters, New York, April 30, 1776.
Parole Sawbridge. Countersign Oliver.
All Officers, non-Commission'd Officers, and Soldiers, belonging to any of the Regiments, now in, or going to Canada, to parade to morrow Morning at nine o'Clock in the Street opposite to Genl. Sullivan's quarters, near the Bowling Green, to receive his orders.
All Officers, non-commissioned Officers, and Soldiers, are strictly commanded, upon no pretence whatever, to carry any thing out of their Barracks, or the Houses they at present occupy, that belongs to such Barracks, or Houses; neither are they to injure the Buildings within, or without--All Damages wantonly done to the Houses, where the Troops are quartered, to be paid for by the Troops, quarter'd in them. The Commanding Officers of Companies, to deliver to Col Brewer, Barrack Master, a List of the Names of those quartered in each house; His own Name at the head of the List, and the Regiment to which he belongs--Immediately upon the Troops encamping, the Qr. Mr. General, and Barrack Master, to examine the Condition the Houses are left in, and secure them in the best manner; and make their report to the General.
Genl. Green's Brigade to encamp to morrow Morning at Ten o'Clock upon the Ground mark'd out upon Long Island.
New York, April 30, 1776.
Gentn: I perceive by the tenor of your favor of yesterday, that my Letter of the 25th. has given Umbrage, which I am sorry for, as it was not most distantly in my Idea to give any.
Three things led me to suspect that the New York Battalions were not upon the same Establishment of the other Continental Troops; Current report, an implied exception in the order for detaching six more Battalions to Canada, and that part of your Letter signifying that four of these Battalions were to be raised under your immediate direction; which intimation coming in corroboration of the two first reasons (for I never had any information of this matter from Congress); led me to believe that you intended it as a genteel hint that I was not to consider them in the same light I did the others; it was not to be wondered at therefore that I should wish to know the extent of my authority over them that my Conduct might be regulated thereby; or, that I should be so solicitous in arming Regiments, raised for local purposes, as these for the General Service, when the latter are also greatly deficient in this essential point. These were the Ideas that filled my mind at the time of writing; If the extreme hurry occasioned by a variety of business which is continually pressing upon me, clouded the meaning I wished to convey, I can only add, that It never was, and I hope never will be, my intention to give unprovoked offence; of this your Committee may be once for all, assured, that it is my earnest wish to co-operate with them, in every measure which can conduce to the General good, and that if I should, at any time, differ from them in the means, I shall feel my share of the concern, being with respect, Gent. etc.
New York, April 30, 1776.
Sir: I mean through you Sir, to do myself the Honor of laying before Congress, a Copy of an Address transmitted them some time ago by the Assembly of Rhode Island, which Governor Cooke favored me with in the Month of January, at the same time requesting me, to Interest myself in procuring a body of Forces on the Continental Establishment, for the defence of that Colony. I doubt not but the Address and Subject of it, have had the attention and consideration of Congress before now; But If they have not decided upon the Matter, I would beg leave to mention, that I have made enquiry into the situation and condition of the colony and find them to be as stated in the Address, and with all deference to the Opinion of Congress, conceive it highly necessary and expedient, that they should adopt some measures for relieving their distress and granting the Aid prayed for. The Importance of it in the chain of Union, Its extensive Sea Coast, affording Harbours for our Shipping and Vessels, at the same time exposing and subjecting the Inhabitants to the ravages and depredations of the Enemy;--The Zeal and attachment which it has shewn and which still actuate it toward the common cause; Its incapacity to pay a sufficient number of Men for its defence, should they be able to furnish them, after so many engaged in other Services; these and many other reasons, too obvious to be mentioned, plead powerfully for the notice and attention of Congress, and seem to me to call for their support.
Having thus stated the matter to Congress for their consideration, agreeable to Governor Cooke's, request when I had the Honor to see him in my way to this place, I shall leave It with them, not doubting but they will duly weigh Its importance and give such assistance as they may think reasonable and Just; what they chiefly wish for, is, that the Troops they have raised, may be taken into Continental pay and a Commanding Officer to be appointed by Congress.71 I have the Honor to be &ca.
[Note 71: On May 11 Congress resolved: "That the two batallions, directed by the assembly of Rhode Island to be raised, be taken into continental pay; the batallion ordered to be raised in November last...and the one since ordered to be raised...be taken into continental pay..."]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 5
May, 1776--August, 1776
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
Head Quarters, New York, May 1, 1776.
Parole Shelbourne. Countersign Townsend.
The Majors of brigade are to see that every Regiment in their respective Brigades, take their proper Share of all duties that the service requires.
AFTER ORDERS
Col. McDougall's, and Col Ritzema's Regiments to be mustered on Saturday Morning, at Ten O'Clock, upon the Common, near the Laboratory, where the Commissary General of Musters will attend.
New York, May 2, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 22d Ulto. and am sorry to Inform you, that it is not in my power at this time to refund to your Colony the Powder lent the Continent; our Magazine here being very low and the pressing demands from Canada obliging me immediately to forward Sixty Barrels thither. Should any Inconveniency result to the Colony from not having it, It will give me much unneasiness; you may rest assured, that as soon as I possibly can, I will make a return of it.
The Commissary General has not presented the Account yet; when he does, it shall be immediately paid. I am etc.
New York, May 2, 1776.
Sir: Having received Information that there is a Number of Arms at one Wiltseys at the Fishkills, among the Officers Baggage which came from St. Johns, I request and authorize you to make Inquiry about them and to secure all you can find. I am, etc.2
[Note 2: The "Letter Book" copy by George Lewis mistakenly attributes this to George Clinton.]
Head Quarters, New York, May 2, 1776.
Parole Granby. Countersign Wilkes.
The first, second, and fourth Brigades, to encamp to morrow in the forenoon; each Regiment to be drawn up on their Regimental Parade, at eight O'Clock in the morning, and directly march to the Ground, mark'd out for their Encampment, when they are immediately to pitch their tents--The Qr. Mr. General will provide Camp-Equipage, Wood, and Straw, necessary for the Encampment.
The Brigadiers General, or Officers commanding, will attend to the Encampment of their respective Brigades and see that one Regiment does not encroach upon another, but encamps exactly upon the Ground assigned.
The Chief Engineer Lieut. Col. Putnam, to send every evening the Details for the working Parties wanted for the next day, to Major Genl. Putnam, who will provide Boats, and give the necessary Orders for marching them to the places where they are to work, and will also direct, the entrenching Tools to be properly distributed.
Corporal John Weaver, of Capt. Williams3 Independent Company of Rifflemen, tried at a late General Court Martial,
[Note 3: Capt. Otho Holland(?) Williams, of the Maryland riflemen.] where of Col. Baldwin was President, for "getting drunk, when on duty." The Court find the Prisoner guilty of the Charge, and do sentence him to be reduced to the Ranks, and whipped Thirty Lashes on his bare back.
Jno. McGarra of Capt. Stephenson's4 Independent Company of Riffle-men, tried at the above General Court Martial, for "mutinous behaviour," is found guilty by the Court, and sentenced to be whipped Fifteen Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 4: Capt. Hugh Stephenson, of the Virginia riflemen.]
Samuel Londers and Abner Fuller, of Capt. Bissell's5 Company, in Col Huntington's Regiment, tried at the above General Court Martial for "Desertion"--The Court finding the Prisoners guilty of the Charge, do sentence each of them to receive Thirty Lashes, on his bare back. The General approves of the foregoing Sentences, and orders the execution of them to morrow Morning at Guard mounting.
[Note 5: Capt. Ebenezer Fitch Bissell, of the Seventeenth Continental Infantry.]
The General Court Martial, whereof Col: Baldwin is President, is dissolved.
Head Quarters, New York, May 3, 1776.
Parole Albany. Countersign Quebec.
A General Court Martial of the Line, consisting of one Colonel, one Lieut. Colonel, one Major, and ten Captains, to sit to morrow morning at Ten O'Clock, to try all such Prisoners as shall be brought before them--All Evidences, and Persons concerned, to attend the court.
Frederick Roach, a Matross in the Regiment of Artillery, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col. Baldwin was President for "Insulting and striking Capt. Hull6 and for insulting some Inhabitants on Long-Island"--The Court
[Note 6: Capt. William Hull, of the Nineteenth Continental Infantry.] finding the Prisoner guilty of the charge, do sentence him to be whipped Thirty nine Lashes, on his bare back.
Edward McCartney of Capt. Hardenburgh's7 Company, in Col Ritzema's Regiment, tried at the above General Court Martial, for "Desertion"--is found guilty by the Court, and by them sentenced to receive thirty-nine Lashes, on his bare back.
[Note 7: Capt. Cornelius Hardenburgh, of the Third New York Regiment.]
John Max field of Capt. Tylers8 Company, in Colonel Huntington's Regiment, tried by the above General Court Martial for "Desertion"--The Court finding the Prisoner guilty of the Charge, do sentence him to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes on his naked back for said offence.
[Note 8: Capt. Abraham Tyler, of the Seventeenth Continental Infantry.]
Charles Bowen of Capt. Potter's9 Company, in Col. Dayton's Regiment, tried by the above General Court Martial for "Desertion" is found guilty by the Court and sentenced to be whipp'd Thirty Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 9: Capt. Samuel Potter, of the Third New Jersey Regiment.]
The General approves of each of the foregoing sentences, and orders them to be put in Execution to morrow morning at guard mounting.
New York, May 3, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your Favour of the 27th. Ulto., Yesterday Evening with its several Inclosures, and in Part Answer thereto, refer you to mine of the 29th., which probably will have come to Hand ere now; but least any accident has prevented it, I will again inform you, that in Obedience to an Order of Congress, I have detached six more Regiments under General Sullivan, in Addition to those with General Thompson, to reinforce our Army in Canada: all of which, except a few Companies, are embarked, and as the Situation of our Affairs in that Quarter is not so promising as we could wish, and an early Arrival of them may be of file most infinite Advantage to us; I shall repeat my Request, and in full Confidence, trust, that you will do every Thing in your Power to hasten their March. I have sent forward with them 60 Barrels of Powder, which is all can be spared from hence at this Time, which I hope will arrive safe.
The Commissary, I have been importunate with: He tells me eight Hundred Barrels of Pork are gone to Albany, and that he every Day expects a further Quantity from Connecticut, which he will order to you, as soon as it comes, without stopping here.
You will also receive three Boxes of Money, said to contain 300,000 Dollrs. which from my Letter from Congress accompanying it, are for Canada. Your's probably will be more particular; but I should think, my clear Sir, if the whole will not be more than sufficient to pay the Troops, and the Claims there, tho' some of it might be intended for you, that it will be adviseable to send it forward. You will have it in your Power to get a further Supply before long, to satisfy your Engagements. Those in Canada either with our Men or others, should not remain unpaid at this critical and interesting Period. You however, will be better able to judge what should be done in this Instance, than I possibly can. With Respect to your military Chest when replenished, I see no Impropriety in your giving Warrants as usual. It seems to be necessary and of Consequence must have my Approbation.
The Quarter Master has forwarded a Parcel of intrenching Tools, and other Necessaries with about 500 Tents, the latter to be equally and properly distributed amongst this last Detachment. No more can be had at this Time.
You will also receive the Chain which General Lee order'd and which I think should be sent to and fix'd at the Place it is designed for, with all possible Expedition. It may be of great Service and Benefit.
In Respect of Sailors to cruize and pass in the Lakes; on the 24th. Ulto., I gave a Warrant to a Captain Jacobus Wynkoop for 276 2/3 Dollars for a Month's advance Pay for himself, Officers and Men, who are engaged in that Service; Of this, I there advised you, of their different Pay that you might take an Account of it, and know what they are to receive in future.
I am exceedingly sorry you should have been so indisposed: I had hoped you would get perfectly restored so as not only to have seen the End of this Campaign; but your great Labour and unwearied Assiduity in the Cause of your Country, crowned with Success, and the Blessings of Freedom; you have my most fervent Wishes for it.
I have just received an Arrangement of the Companies allotted by the Committee of Safety to Colonels Wynkoop and Clinton, for their Regiments, a Copy of which you have inclosed, by which you will see they are differently arranged from what you expected or I knew. I have, therefore, countermanded an Order, which was issued to Colo. Wynkoop before, and directed him (the Companies at Albany being in his Regiment) to repair immediately to you, for such Directions and Orders respecting his Regiment, as you may judge necessary to give. This you will employ at the Posts you mentioned, and for the Communication. I can spare no more from hence, the ten Regiments already detached, having weakened us here too much. The four Companies of Colo. Clinton's Regiment at the Highland Fortifications, I intend shall remain there, for carrying on and garrisoning those Works, and which will be joined by another. Those on Long Island will be kept there. I am etc.
[Note 10: Of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
New York, May 3, 1776.
Sir: Since the Adjutant General's Letter to you of the first Inst., I have received from the Committee of Safety a Note of the Companies belonging to each Regiment and the Places where they are stationed: by which I find four of the Companies belonging to Colonel Clinton's Regiment are at Fort Montgomery and Fort Constitution, which will answer the Purposes intended when the Order was sent to you to repair thither; which Order I now think proper to countermand, as I have received by Express from General Schuyler a Letter wherein he mentions the Necessity of having a Regiment stationed on the Communication betwixt Albany and Canada. will, therefore, Sir, on Receipt hereof--repair to Albany, and obey such Orders as you may receive from General Schuyler respecting your Regiment. I am, etc.
[Note 11: Of the Third New York Regiment.]
Head Quarters, New York, May 4, 1776.
Sir: You will on Receipt hereof give Orders to the Officers of the Battalion, of which you are Lieut. Colonel, to join their respective Companies; which if you do not find compleat let an Officer from each go on the recruiting Service, and if in Want of Arms, you must apply to the Committee of Safety, to procure them for you if possible.
There are four Companies belonging to your Regiment now stationed at Fort Montgomery and Fort Constitution.
You will repair thither and if no superior Officer is there, you must take the Command, and look to the Works now carrying on there, which you must exert yourself in seeing finished as soon as possible. The three Companies of your Regiment stationed on Long Island are to remain there; The other Company you will order to join you at the Forts, with all convenient Speed. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, May 4, 1776.
Parole Montreal. Countersign St. Johns.
The weather proving wet and cold, the Regiments that did not encamp Yesterday, are to remain in the present quarters, until Monday Morning; when they are to march, and encamp upon the Ground assigned them.
The undernam'd Officers are appointed by the General, to oversee the works laid out by the Engineer: Capt. Chapman12 of Col Prescot's Regiment; Lieut. Cole13 of Col Wyllys's Regiment, Lieut. Fish14 of Col. Larnard's Regt.; and Lieut. Goodall15 of Col Reed's Regiment.
[Note 12: Capt. James(?) Chapman, of the Tenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 13: Lieut. Marcus Cole, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry.]
[Note 14: Lieut. Thomas Fish, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
[Note 15: Lieut. Nathan Goodale, of the Thirteenth Connecticut Infantry.]
The Colonels, or commanding Officers of regiments, are to be particular in obliging their Quarter Masters, constantly to attend to the cleaning the Streets of their encampment, and especially to the digging, and fixing the Necessaries, in the place appointed for that purpose; which are every morning to be lightly covered with fresh Earth, and at stated times filled up, and new ones dug; To the end that all obnoxious, and unwholesome Smells, be prevented from infecting the camp, the Quarter Masters are also carefully to see all Filth and Carrion, in, or near their encampments, immediately buried.
The Honorable the Continental Congress, have been pleased to appoint William Palfrey Esqr., to be Pay Master General of the Army of the United Colonies; he is to be respected, and obeyed as such.
Col Parsons's, and Col Huntington's Regiments, to be muster'd in the Front of their encampment, upon Tuesday Morning next--They are to prepare their Rolls accordingly. The Muster Master General will attend at eight o'Clock.
William Winslow, Soldier in Capt: Johnson's16 Company, in Col McDougall's Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Baldwin was President, for "Desertion," is acquitted by the Court--The General orders the prisoner to be released from his confinement, and wishes he could add his approbation, of the proceedings of the court martial.
[Note 16: Capt. John Johnson, of the First New York Regiment.]
Head Quarters, New York, May 5, 1776.
Parole Franklin. Countersign Chace.
The commanding Officers of Regiments, to send a Return to the Quarter Master General, of the Armourers, and Smiths in their respective Corps, when such as are necessary for the service of the Army will be draughted.
Col Wyllys's, and Col Arnold's Regiments, are to be muster'd in the front of their encampment, upon Wednesday Morning next at eight o'clock, when the Commissary General of the Musters will attend.
The Officers commanding the Guards, in and near the encampment, are to be particularly attentive to prevent any waste, or depradation, being committed upon the Fields, Fences, Trees, or Buildings about the camp. Turf is not to be permitted to be cut, unless by the express orders of the Chief Engineer, and any non-commissioned Officer, or Soldier, who is detected cutting any of the Trees, or Shrubs, or destroying any of the Fences, near the camp, will be confined, and tried for disobedience of orders. The Quarter Master General will supply a certain Quantity of boards for flooring, for the tents of every Regiment, which are upon no account to be converted to any other use.
The Officers, and Soldiers, order'd upon Command under Lieut. Col Tupper,17 of which a Roll is this day deliver'd to the several Brigade Majors, are to be continued upon that Command until further Orders, and the Regiments they are severally draughted from, are to have an allowance in the Roll of duty accordingly.
[Note 17: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Tupper, of the Twenty-first Continental Infantry.]
New York, May 5, 1776.
Sir: I am honored with your favor of the 20th. ulto., and observe what Congress have done respecting the settlement of the Pay Masters Accounts. This seems expedient as he is out of Office, and I am certain will be attended with but little if any difficulty, nothing more being necessary thereto, than to compare the Warrants with his debets, and the receipts he has given with his Credits.18 I wish every other Settlement as easy, and that a Committee was appointed to examine and audit the Accounts on which the Warrants are founded, particularly
[Note 18: The former Paymaster General of the Continental Army, James Warren, had resigned and had been directed to hand in his vouchers and papers to the Superintendents of the Treasury, which was a standing committee of Congress, appointed Feb. 17, 1776.] those of the Quarter Master and Commissary General;--they are long and high in amount, consisting of a variety of charges, and of course more intricate, and will require time and an extraordinary degree of attention, to adjust and liquidate in a proper manner. Upon this Subject I did myself the Honor to write you a considerable time ago.19
[Note 19: On May 10 Congress directed that the resolves of April 1, governing the settlement of accounts, be sent to Washington.]
Having had several complaints from the officers in the Eastern Regiments, who have been and are engaged in recruiting, about the expence attending it, and for which they have never been allowed any thing, tho' the officers in these Governments have, as I am informed, I shall be glad to know whether the allowance of 10/, granted to the officers for every man Inlisted by the resolve of Congress in is general and indiscriminate, or confined to the Middle Districts: If general, must I have retrospect to the time of the Resolve, and pay for the intermediate services or only for future Inlistments.20
[Note 20: On May 10 Congress resolved that the resolution of January 17 was general in its operation, and included, therefore, the troops of the Eastern Department; allowance was to be made for all the troops enlisted since that date.]
In a Letter I wrote Congress the 25th of December, I inclosed one I had received from Jacob Bailey Esquire, about opening a Road from Newbury to Canada; I received another on the 15th. Ulto. and from his Account and the intelligence of others, I have no doubt of the practicability of the measure, and am well informed that the distance will be considerably shortened; In so much, that our Troops going to Canada from any part of the New England Governments, Eastward of Connecticut River, or returning from thence Home, will perform their March in five or Six days less than by going or returning any way now used.
Add to this, that the road may be carried to Missisque River, as is said, from whence the Water Carriage to St. Johns is good, except forty odd Miles, or so far to the Northward, as to keep clear of the Lake altogether and which will afford an easy pass to and from Canada at all Seasons. The benefits resulting from this Rout, will be so great and Important, that I have advanced Col: Bailey Two hundred and fifty pounds to begin with and directed him to execute his plan: no doubt it will require a more considerable advance to accomplish it, but the whole will be soon sunk.
The expence saved, by shortning six days pay and provisions for the Men returning to the Eastern Governments, at the expiration of this Campaign, will be almost, if not more than, equal to the Charge of Opening it: If not, as in all probability there will be often a necessity for detachments of our Troops from those Governments, to go and return, It will soon be repaid.21
[Note 21: On May to Congress in its resolves approved, and directed Washington to prosecute the plan.]
By a Letter from General Schuyler of the 27th. Ulto. I find General Thompson and his Brigade had arrived at Albany. General Sullivan with the last, except three or four Companies of Colonel Wayne's Regiment, not yet come, is embarked and gone, and probably will be soon there. I am apprehensive from General Schuyler's Account, they will not proceed from thence with the expedition wished, owing to a difficulty in getting Teams and provender for the Cattle necessary to carry their Baggage, and a scarcity of Batteaux for transporting so great a Number; tho' he is using the utmost Industry and deligence to procure them. Should they be retarded for any considerable time, It will be exceedingly unfortunate, as we are much weakened here by their going, and our Army in Canada not strengthened. I have sent with the last Brigade sixty Barrels of Powder and other Stores and Intrenching Tools, a supply being wanted; also the Chain for a Boom at the Narrows of Richlieu, and the three Boxes of Money brought me by Mr. Hanson, and have wrote General Schuyler to have the Boom fixed, as soon as possible. The Commissary too has forwarded about Eight Hundred Barrels of Pork, and is in expectation of a further Quantity from Connecticut, which will go on without stopping here.
As the magazines from whence the Northern and Eastern Armies will occasionally receive supplies of Powder, will probably be kept here, and our Stock is low and inconsiderable, being much reduced by the Sixty Barrels sent to Canada, I shall be glad to have a Quantity immediately forwarded. Our Stores should be great, for if the Enemy make an Attack upon the Town, or attempt to go up the North River, the expenditure will be considerable. Money too is much wanted, the Regiments that are paid, have only received to the first of April, except those of Pennsylvania and Jersey gone to Canada, they are paid up to the last of April. By a Letter from General Ward, I find his Chest is just exhausted, the Money left with him for the Payment of the five Regiments at Boston and Beverly, being almost expended, by large Drafts in favor of the Commissary and Quarter Master, and in fitting out the Armed Vessels. I would here ask a question, towit, Whether as Mr. Warren's Commission is superseded by Mr. Palfrey's appointment, It will not be necessary to fix upon some person to pay the Troops at those places, or are the payments to go thro' his hands? he does not incline to do anything in the Affair without the direction of Congress.
I have inclosed you a return of the last Brigade detached and also of the forces remaining here, and as it is a matter of much importance to know the whole of our strength from time to time and to see it at one view, for regulating our Movements with propriety, I wish it were a direction from Congress to the Commanding Officers in the different Districts to make Monthly returns to the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, of the State of their Troops in their department, and also of the Military Stores: such direction will probably make them more attentive than they otherwise would be. I could not get a return of the Army in Canada, all last year.22
[Note 22: On May 10 Congress passed a resolution to this effect.]
I beg leave to lay before Congress, a Copy of the proceedings of a Court Martial upon Lieutenant Grover23 of the 2d. Regiment, and of his defence, which I should not have troubled them with, had I not conceived the Courts Sentence upon the facts stated in the proceedings, of a singular nature; the small fine imposed, by no means adequate to the enormity of his offence and to be a dangerous and pernicious tendency: for these reasons, I thought it my duty to lay the proceedings before them, in order to their forming such a Judgment upon the Facts, as they shall conceive right and just, and advancive of the Public Good. At the same time I would mention, that I think it of material consequence that Congress should make a resolve, taking away the supposed right of succession in the Military line from one Rank to another, which is claimed by many upon the happening of vacancies, and upon which principle this Offence seems to have originated in a great measure, and this extraordinary Judgement to be founded; declaring that no succession or promotion can take place in case of vacancies, without a Continental Commission giving and Authorizing it. It is of much importance to check and entirely suppress this Opinion and claim, become too prevalent already, and which have an obvious tendency to Introduce Mutiny and disorder: Or if they conceive the Claim good, and that it should take
[Note 23: Lieut. Thomas Grover. He was tried for disobedience of orders and using insulting language to his superior officer. The proceedings of his court-martial and his defense, dated Apr. 29, 1776, are in the Washington Papers.] place, that they will declare it so, that the point may be known and settled in future.24 I have the Honor &ca.25
[Note 24: On May 10 it was resolved "That this Congress has hitherto exercised, and ought to retain the power of promoting the officers in the continental service according to their merit; and that no promotion or succession shall take place upon any vacancy, without the authority of a continental Commission."]
[Note 25: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, May 5, 1776.
Sir: I have so often, and so fully communicated my want of Arms to Congress, that I should not have given them the trouble of receiving another Letter upon this Subject, at this time, but for the particular application of Colo. Wain of Pensylvania, who has pointed out a method by which he thinks they may be obtain'd.
In the hands of the Committee of Safety at Philadelphia, there are, according to Colo. Wain's Acct. not less than two or three thousand stand of Arms for Provincial use; from hence, he thinks a number might be borrowed by Congress; provided they are replaced with Continental Arms, as they are brought into the Magazine in that City. At a crisis so important as this, such a loan might be attended with most signal advantages while the defenceless state of the Regiments, if no relief can be had, may be productive of fatal Consequences.
To give Congress some Idea of our Situation with respect to Arms, (and justice to my own Character requires that it should be known to them, altho' the world at large will form their opinion of our strength from numbers, without attending to circumstances) it may not be amiss to Inclose a Copy of a Return which I received a few days ago from the Troops in the Highlands,26 and add, that by a Report from Colo. Retzema's Regiment of the 29th ulto., there appeared to be only 97
[Note 26: The return from Isaac Nicoll, colonel of New York Militia, presented a state of the garrisons at Fort Montgomery on April 23, and at Fort Constitution on April 29. This return, dated Apr. 29, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.] Firelocks and Seven Bayonets belonging thereto, and that all the Regiments from the Eastward are deficient from Twenty to Fifty of the former.
Four of those Companies at the Fortifications in the Highlands belonging to Colo. Clintons Regiment but in what condition the residue are, on acc't. of Arms, and how Col. Wynkoop's Men are provided I cannot undertake to say, but am told most miserably; as Col. Dayton's (of New Jersey) and Col. Wain's of Pennsylvania also are. This Sir, is a true tho' melancholy description of our Situation; the propriety therefore of keeping Arms in Store when Men in actual pay are wanting of them and who it is to be presumed will, as they ought, bear the heat and burthen of the day, is submitted with all due deference to the superior judgment of others.
I cannot, by all the enquiries I have been able to make, learn, what number of arms have been taken from the Tories, where they lay, or how they are to be got at.
The Committee of Safety for this Colony have assured me that no exertions of theirs shall be wanting to procure Arms; but our sufferings in the meanwhile may prove fatal, as Men without are in a manner useless.
I have therefore thought of Imploying an Agent, whose sole business it shall be, to ride through the middle and interior parts of these Governments for the purpose of buying up such Arms as the Inhabitants may Incline to sell, and are fit for use.27
[Note 27: The resolve of May 14, 1776, authorized Washington to employ such an agent, but ignored the reported stores in Philadelphia. The Secret Committee was ordered to send to camp the muskets that were at Newport, R. I.]
The designs of the Enemy are too much behind the Curtain, for me to form any accurate opinion of their Plan of Operations for the Summers Campaign; we are left to wander therefore in the field of conjecture, and as no place, all its consequences considered, seemed of more Importance in the execution of their grand Plan, than possessing themselves of Hudsons River; I thought it advisable to remove, with the Continental Army to this City, as soon as the Kings Troops evacuated Boston, but if the Congress from their knowledge, information, or believe, think it best for the general good of the Service, that I should go to the Northward, or elsewhere, they are convinced I hope, that they have nothing more to do, than signify their Commands. With great respect, I have the Honor etc.
Head Quarters, New York, May 6, 1776.
Parole Virginia. Countersign Lee.
The Colonels, and commanding Officers of Regiments are again reminded, of the propriety of immediately providing their men with cloathing, and necessaries; that they may be ready to march, or embark, upon the shortest notice; The General wishes to impress this strongly, upon the minds of the Colonels; because no Excuse will be taken to delay their departure, the moment that it becomes necessary. It is recommended to those Corps which are not already supplied with Uniforms, to provide hunting Shirts for their men.
Colonel Hands, and Col. Littles Regiments, to be mustered upon Thursday morning at Long Island: The Colonels to acquaint Commissary General Moylan with the places where, and the hour when, it is most convenient for the mustering, and to provide their Rolls accordingly.
Head Quarters, New York, May 7, 1776.
Parole Devonshire. Countersign Cavendish.
Every Regiment encamped in the Line, and every Regiment in the Brigade, upon Long-Island, exclusive of their Quarter, and Rear Guards, are to mount a picquet every evening at Retreat beating, at Sun-sett; consisting of one Captain, two Subalterns, three Serjeants, one Drum, one Fife, and fifty Rank and File; They are to lay upon their Arms and be ready to turn out at a minute's notice. One Colonel, one Lieut. Colonel, and one Major, to mount every evening at sun set, as Field Officers of the picquet: Immediately upon any Alarm, or Order from the Brigadier General of the day, the picquets are to form in the front of their respective encampments, and there wait the Orders of the Field Officers commanding the picquet--The Field Officer commanding the picquet, is instantly to obey the Orders of the Brigadier General of the day.
A Brigadier General to mount every morning, at Ten o'Clock, who will receive all reports, visit all the out guards in the day time, and report all extraordinaries to the Commander in Chief.
A Brigade Major of the day, is constantly to attend Head Quarters, to receive all extraordinary Orders, and to distribute them immediately to the brigades.
The Colonel, Lieut. Colonel, and Major of the same picquet; the former to go the Grand Rounds and the two latter the visiting Rounds of the camp.
Brigadier General Greene, will order the same picquet to be mounted by the Regiments, in his Brigade, as are mounted by those in the Grand Camp; he will also direct, one Field Officer to mount daily, to command them--Genl. Greene will report all extraordinaries to the Commander in Chief.
Col Prescot, or Officer commanding upon Nutten, or Governors Island, and the officer commanding at Red-hook to report all extraordinaries to the Commander in Chief; Upon any appearance of an enemy, the commanding Officer at Red-hook will also dispatch a messenger to Genl. Greene.
The Officer commanding the Riffle-men upon Long-Island, will constantly report all extraordinaries to Brigadier Genl. Greene, and the Officer commanding upon Staten-Island, will do the same to the Commander in Chief.
New York, May 7, 1776.
Sir: At a Quarter after seven this Evening I received by Express a Letter from Thomas Cushing Esquire Chairman of a Committee of the Honorable General Court, covering one from the Committee of Salem Copies of which I do myself the Honor to transmit to Congress that they may Judge of the Intelligence contained therein and direct such measures to be taken upon the occasion as they may think proper and necessary. I would observe, that supposing Captain Lee's Account to be true in part, there must be a mistake, either as to the Number of Troops, or the Ships. If there are no more Ships than what are mentioned, It is certain there cannot be so many Troops; of this however Congress can Judge as well as myself, and I submit it to them, whether upon the whole circumstances and the Incertainty of their destination, If they were met with at all, they choose that any forces shall be detached from hence, as they will see from the returns transmitted Yesterday, the number of Men here, is but small and inconsiderable and what is much to be regretted, no small part of those without Arms. perhaps by dividing and subdividing our force too much, we shall have no one post sufficiently guarded. I shall wait their direction and whatever their order is will comply with it as soon as possible. I have &ca.
P. S: I had by the Express, a Letter from General Ward, containing an Account similar to that from the Salem committee, and by way of Captain Lee. Should the Commissioners arrive, How are they to be received and treated? I wish the direction of Congress upon the Subject, by return of the Bearer.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, May 7, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favour upon the Subject of Rations, and agreeable to your Request have inclosed a List of Rations allowed the Officers of the Regiments before Boston. Those in Service the 1st of July, have been allowed from that Time; Others appointed to Office since, from the Dates of their Commissions.
Having never given any Direction about the Officers alluded to, or any others, except those that were immediately under my Command, I would observe that I do not mean to do it in this Instance, as they were acting in a distinct and different District. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, May 8, 1776.
Parole Manchester. Countersign York.
John Fowler, Soldier in Capt. Winship's31 Company, in Col Nixon's Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Huntington was President, for "Deserting from his guard and being three days absent from his Regiment without leave," is found guilty by the court, and sentenced to receive Twenty Lashes, upon the bare back, for the said offence.
[Note 31: Capt. Ebenezer Winship, of the Fourth Continental Infantry.]
Timothy Dawney, Soldier in Capt. Curtiss32 Company, in Col Learnards Regiment, tried by the same General Count Martial, for "attempting to stab Joseph Laffin, assaulting John Phipps, and for snapping a loaded musket at Luther Proute"; The Court finding the Prisoner guilty of the charge, order him to be whipp'd Thirty-nine Lashes upon the bare back, and order him to be drum'd out of the army.
[Note 32: Capt. Samuel Curriss, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
John Reling, of Capt. Hamilton's33 Company, in the New-York Artillery, tried by the same General Court Martial for "Desertion," is found guilty of breaking from his confinement, and sentenced to be confin'd for Six days, upon bread and water.
[Note 33: Capt. Alexander Hamilton.]
The General approves the sentence of all the above mentioned Trials, and commands them to be put in execution at such time and place, as the commanding Officers of the several Corps, shall direct.
The commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps are to be answerable that such of their Officers, and Soldiers, as are seized with the Infection of the small-pox, are instantly removed to the Island assign'd for the reception of all those, who have that distemper, and the Surgeons of regiments, are carefully to report when any person is supposed to be infected, that he may be removed without delay.
New York, May 9, 1776.
Sir: Your Letters of the 27th. and 28th. Ulto. came in Course to Hand; I am glad that you have given your Attention to the Works, which I doubt not by this Time are compleat. It will give me Pleasure to hear they are: For should these Accounts of Hessians and Hanoverian Troops coming over prove true, it is possible the Enemy may make some Attempts to regain a Footing in your Province.
I have represented to Congress the Want you was in for Cash, to which I have not yet received an Answer: When I do, you shall be informed thereof.
The Account you give of the Vessels at Beverley, being unfit for Service, surprizes me prodigiously; I was taught to believe very differently of the Ship Jenny, by Commodore Manley, and Captain Bartlett, who you mention to have given you their Opinion of them. The Brigantine from Antigua was also thought very fit to arm.
Doctor Brown's34 Accounts are more immediately in the Director General's of the Hospital Department. When he arrives, here, I shall give them to him for his Inspection.
[Note 34: Probably Dr. William Brown, of Alexandria, Va., and, later, director general of the hospital, Middle Department.]
Mr. Singletorry's Account is easily settled, as he has the Commissary's Receipt for the Arms. If the Account of the Loss of the Arms was more particular, it would be more regular and satisfactory.
A Letter is just come to my Hands from Winthrop Sargent35 Esqr. Agent for the Navy at Gloucester; He says, there are some Women and Children whom he is obliged to maintain at the Continl. Expense; also a Number of Men taken in some of the last Prizes. You will please to examine into their Situation; If Prisoners of War they should be sent into some Inland Place and confined; If Tories, the General Court are the proper Persons to take Cognizance of them.
[Note 35: Winthrop Sargent, then agent for Continental armed vessels.]
I see by the public Prints, that the Prizes at Beverley are to be sold the 20th Inst.: As by the Obstructions put on Commerce in General, there may appear but few Purchasers for the Vessels: of Course, they may be sold vastly under their Value, I think you had best have some Persons in whom you can confide, present at the Sale, with Power to purchase the large Ship, and the Brig from Antigua, if he finds them going very much under their Value.36 It is not above two or three Years since the Ship cost £3000 Sterlg. She is to be sure something worse for the Wear, and I believe is not remarkably well found at present, as she has been pillaged for the Use of our armed Vessels, which must make a considerable Abatement of her Value. The Brigantine is, I suppose, in the same Predicament; but a good Judge will easily know their Value.
[Note 36: To be fitted out as additional Continental armed vessels.]
Wm. Watson Esqr. of Plymouth, advises that the Prizes Norfolk and happy Return, are condemn'd; and desires I would appoint a Day for Sale of them, and their Cargoes: This you will please to do, letting them be advertised in the Papers, at least a Fortnight before the Sale. I am, etc.
[Note 37: Thomas Cushing was chairman of this committee.]
New York, May 9, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 3d Inst. on Tuesday Evening, covering that of the Committee of Salem to your Honble. Court; and judging the Intelligence interesting and Important, I immediately forwarded Copies of both to Congress by the Express for them to give such Orders and direction respecting it, as they might think proper and requisite. I am not yet favored with their Answer; as soon as it comes, I will send it you by the Express, and whatever measures they direct me to pursue, I will attempt to put in execution with all Possible dispatch. The Account having come thro' different hands, I hope it is exaggerated; It appears inconsistent and impossible in part; certainly there is a mistake, either as to the Number of Troops or the Ships, there must be more of the latter or fewer of the former; 60 Vessels could not bring 12,000 Men, unless they are much larger than usual, besides provisions and Stores: nor should such a fleet and Armament be coming, do I think it altogether probable, that an account of their destination and Views, could be so distinctly and accurately given to the Master, who informed Captn. Lee; I should rather suppose, that they would wish to take us by surprize. For these reasons, and as their destination may be elsewhere, and as the Army here is greatly Weakened and reduced by Ten of the Strongest Regiments being ordered to Quebec; I could not think myself authorized to detach any reinforcement from hence, without the direction of Congress; least by dividing the Army into small parties, we should have no place secure and guarded; Assuring you at the same time, I shall be always ready and happy to give you every Assistance in my power against our common Enemies, when it can be done consistently with the public good. I am &ca.
New York, May 10, 1776.
Dear Sir: The uncertainty of my return, and the justice of surrendering to Mr. Custis, the Bonds which I have taken for the Monies raised from his Estate and lent out upon Interest. As also his Moiety of his deceased Sister's Fortune (consisting of altogether of Bonds &c.) obliges me to have recourse to a friend to see this matter done, and a proper Memorandum of the transaction made. I could think of no person in whose friendship, care and Abilities I could so much confide, to do Mr. Custis and me this favour as yourself; and, therefore, take the liberty of Soliciting your Aid.
In Order that you may be enabled to do this with ease and propriety, I have wrote to the Clerk of the Secretary's Office, for attested Copies of my last settled Accounts with the General Court in behalf of Mr. Custis and the Estate of his deceased Sister; with which and the Bonds, I have desired him and Mr. Washington to wait upon you for the purpose above mentioned.
The Amount of the Balance due, upon my last settled Accounts, to Mr. Custis, I would also have assigned him out of my Moiety of his Sister's Bonds; and, if there is no weight in what I have said, in my Letter to Mr. Lund Washington, concerning the rise of exchange, and which, to avoid repetition, as I am a good deal hurried, I have desired him to shew you, I desire it may meet with no Notice, as I want nothing but what is consistent with the strictest justice, honour, and even generosity; although I have never charged him or his Sister, from the day of my connexion with them to this Hour, one Farthing, for all the trouble I have had in managing their Estates, nor for any expense they have been to me, notwithstanding some hundreds of pounds would not reimburse the Monies I have actually paid in attending the public Meetings in Williamsburg to collect their debts, and transact these several matters appertaining to the respective Estates.
A variety of occurrences, and my anxiety and hurry to put this place, as speedily as possible, into a posture of defence, will not, at this time, admit me to add more than that I am, etc.
New York, May 10, 1776.
Dear Lund: As I am not able to form any Idea of the time of my return, and as it is very reasonable and just that Mr. Custis should be possessed of his Estate, although it is not in my power (circumstanced as I am at present) to Liquidate the Accounts and make a final settlement with him, I have wrote to the Clerk of the Secretary's Office for Authentic Copies of the last Accounts which I exhibited against him and the Estate of his deceased Sister. With these (for I have directed them to be sent to you) and the bundle of Bonds which you will find among my Papers, I would have Mr. Custis and you repair to Colonel Mason, and get him, as a common friend to us both, as a Gentleman well acquainted with business and very capable of drawing up a proper Memorandum of the transaction, to deliver him his own Bonds, which, if my memory fails me not, and no changes have happened, are in one parcel and indorsed; and at the same time deliver him as many Bonds out of the other parcel, endorsed Miss Custis's Bonds, as will pay him his Moiety of her Fortune, and the Balance which will appear due to him from me, at my last settlement with General Court. How the Acct. will then stand between us, I cannot, with precision, say, but believe the Balance will be rather in my favour than his.
In my last settlement of the Estate of Miss Custis (which you will have sent to you, I expect, by Mr. Everard) every Bond, Mortgage, &c. were fully accounted for and will be the best Ground to found the dividend (between Mr. Custis and myself) upon, lest any of the Bonds or Mortgages should be misplaced, or in the Office.
Mr. Mercer's Bonds I have promised to take into my part, and as there are Wheat and other Accounts opened between that Estate and me, I should be glad to have them allotted accordingly. In like manner, I promised to take Mr. Robert Adams's debt upon myself and believe the last Mortgage from him was taken in my own Name. As to the others, I do not care how they are divided, nor was I anxious about these, further than that it served to comply with their desires, founded (I believe) on an Opinion, that I should not press them for the Money.
The Bank stock must, I presume, be equally divided between us. Long before I left Virginia, I directed it to be sold, writing to Messieurs Cary and Co., who had always received the dividends, to negotiate the matter: In consequence they sent me a power of Attorney,' and a great deal of formal stuff for Mrs. Washington and myself to execute before the Governor. This we did, literally as required, and transmitted, since which the Directors of the Bank have prescribed another Mode, and I have had forwarded to me another set of Papers to be executed also before the Governor, which has never been in my power to do, as they arrived but a little while before I set out for the Congress last Spring. Thus the matter stands, as far as I know, with respect to the Money in the Funds.38
[Note 38: This bank-stock matter was not finally settled until after the Revolutionary War.]
There is another matter, which I think justice to myself requires a mention of, and that is with respect to the Sterling Balance which it will appear I was owing Mr. Custis upon last settlement. It was then, and ever since has been, my intention to assign him as many Bonds, carrying Interest, as would discharge this Balance, but my attendance upon Congress in the Fall 1774, and Spring 1775, put it out of my power to attend the General Courts at this Sessions; consequently no Order could be taken, or account rendered, of this matter; and now, by the rise of exchange, if I was to turn Current Money Bonds into Sterling, I should be a considerable sufferer, when I had not, nor could have, any interest in delaying of it; and that it was so delayed, was owing to the Reasons abovementioned, it being a practice to let out his Money upon Interest, as soon as it came to my Hands.
The many matters, which hang heavy upon my hands at present, do not allow me time to add, but oblige me to request, as I have not wrote fully to Colonel Mason on this subject, that you will shew him, and, if necessary, let him have this Letter. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, May 10, 1776.
Parole Nassau. Countersign Williams.
The Colonel of Artillery, constantly to employ the whole of the officers, and men off guard, in placing the Guns upon their proper platforms, providing a sufficient quantity of filled Cartridges, and fix'd Ammunition for each Gun; seeing the Shot, Rammers, Spunges and Ladles with all the necessary Atraile, brought to the Batteries where they are to be used, and continually keeping as many men, as can work, filling cannon, and musket cartridges, and doing all the various duty required in the Laboratory. The heaviest Mortars to be placed in the Batteries to the sea-line, and a proper quantity of Fuses to be drove, and Shells fill'd, for each mortar--The light Mortars to be placed in the Forts, near the encampments.
Joseph Child of the New York Train of Artillery tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col. Huntington was President for "defrauding Christopher Stetson of a dollar, also for drinking Damnation to all Whigs, and Sons of Liberty, and for profane cursing and swearing."--The Court finding the prisoner guilty of profane cursing and swearing and speaking contemptuously of the American Army, do sentence him to be drum'd out of the army.
Zodiac Piper of Capt. Ledyard's39 Company and Thos. Watkins of Capt. Lyon's40 Company, both in Col. McDougal's Regiment, tried by the same General Court Martial, for "being concern'd in a riot on Saturday night"--The Court find the Prisoner, Piper, guilty of being from his quarters at an unseasonable hour, and being concern'd, in raising a disturbance in the streets, and do sentence him to be confined six days, upon bread and water, for said offence: The Court are of opinion, that the Prisoner, Watkins, is guilty of being out of his quarters at unseasonable hours, and of profane cursing and swearing, and do sentence him to be confin'd six days; upon bread and water--and be fined one sixth of a dollar for profane swearing, as by the 3rd Article is prescribed.
[Note 39: Capt, Benjamin Ledyard, of the First New York Regiment.]
[Note 40: Capt. David Lyon, of the First New York Regiment.]
The General approves of the foregoing Sentences, and orders them to take place to morrow morning at Guard mounting.
New York, May 11, 1776.
Sir: I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 4th and 7th Instant, with their several Inclosures, and am exceedingly glad that before the Resolution of Congress respecting Lieut. Col. Ogden came to hand, I had ordered him to join his regiment and had quelled a disagreeable Spirit of mutiny and desertion which had taken place and seemed to be rising to a great degree in consequence of it: In order to effect It, I had the Regiment paraded, and ordered two more at the same time under Arms convinced them of their error and Ill conduct and obtained a promise for their good behaviour in future. To such as had absconded I gave pardons on their assurances to return to their duty again.
In my Letter of the 5th Instant, which I had the honor of addressing you, I mentioned to Congress the refractory and mutinous conduct of Lieut. Grover of the 2d Regiment, and laid before them a Copy of the proceedings of a Court Martial upon him, and of his defence, with a view that such measures should be adopted as they shou'd think adequate to his crime. I would now beg leave to inform them, that since then he has appeared sensible of his mis-conduct, and having made a written acknowledgement of his Offence and begged pardon for it, as by the inclosed Copy will appear, I thought it best to release him from his confinement, and have ordered him to join his Regiment, which I hope will meet their approbation and render any determination as to him unnecessary; Observing at the same time, that I have endeavoured and I flatter myself not ineffectually, to support their authority and a due subordination in the Army, I have found it of importance and expedient to yield many points, in fact, without seeming to have done it, and this to avoid bringing on a too frequent discussion of matters, which in a political view ought to be kept a little behind the Curtain, and not be made too much the subjects of disquisition. Time only can eradicate and overcome customs and prejudices of long standing; they must be got the better of, by slow and gradual advances.
I would here take occasion to suggest to Congress, (not wishing or meaning of myself to assume the smallest degree of power in any instance) the propriety and necessity of having their Sentiments respecting the filling up of Vacancies and issuing Commissions to Officers, especially to those under the rank of Field Officers. Had I literally complied to the directions given upon this Subject, when I first engaged in the Service, and which I conceived to be superceded by a subsequent resolve for forming the Army upon the present establishment, I must have employed one clerk for no other business, than Issuing Warrants of Appointment and giving information to Congress for their confirmation or refusual. It being evident from the nature of things, that there will be frequent changes and vacancies in Office, from death and a variety of other causes, I now submit it to them and pray their direction, whether I am to pursue that mode and all the Ceremonies attending it, or to be at liberty to fill up and grant Commissions at once to such as may be fit and proper persons to succeed.
When I came from Cambridge, I left instructions with Col. Knox of the Artillery Regiment, for the regulation of his Conduct and among other things, directed him immediately to send forward to this place, Lieut: Col: Burbeck, who notwithstanding he received orders for that purpose, has refused to come, considering himself as he says in his Answer to Colonel Knox's Letter (Copies of which I have enclosed) bound in point of Generosity to stay in the Service of the province, tho' I am told by Colonel Knox, that some of the Members of the General Court hearing of the matter, informed him, that they did not consider him engaged to them, and that he had no just pretext for his refusal. I thought it right to lay this matter before Congress and submit it to them, whether Colo. Burbeck, who will or will not serve the Continent, or go, to this or that place as it may suit him and square with his pretended notions of generosity, should be longer continued in Office.41
[Note 41: Lieut. Col. William Burdeck. On May 25 Congress resolved that he be dismissed from the Continental service.]
Before I have done, with the utmost deference and respect, I would beg leave to remind Congress of my former Letters and Applications, respecting the appointment of proper persons to superintend and take directions of such Prisoners, as have already fallen and will fall into our hands, in the course of the War; being fully convinced, if there were persons appointed for and who wou'd take the whole Management of them under their care, that the Continent would save a considerable sum of money by it, and the Prisoners be better treated and provided with real necessaries, than what they now are, and shall take the liberty to add, that it appears to me a matter of much importance and worthy of consideration, that particular and proper places of security should be fixed on and established in the interior parts of the different Governments for their reception. Such Establishments axe agreeable to the Practice and usage of the English and other Nations and are founded on principles of necessity and public utility. The advantages which will arise from them, are obvious and many; I shall only mention two or three: they will tend much to prevent escapes, which are difficult to effect, when the Public is once advertized, that the Prisoners are restrained to a few stated and well known places and not permitted to go from thence, and the more Ingenious among them, from discriminating and spreading their artful and pernicious Intrigues and Opinions throughout the Country, which would Influence the Weaker and wavering part of Mankind and meet with too favorable a hearing. Further it will be less in their power to join and assist our Enemies in cases of Invasion, and will give us an Opportunity always to know from the returns of those appointed to superintend them, what number we have in possession, the force sufficient to check and suppress their Hostile views in Times of emergency, and the expenses necessary for their maintenance and support. Many other reasons might be adduced to prove the necessity and expediency of the measure, I shall only subjoin one more and then have done on the Subject, which is, that many of the Towns where prisoners have been already sent, not having conveniencie for, or the means of keeping them, complain they are burthensome, and have become careless, inattentive, and altogether indifferent, whether they escape or not, and those of them that are restricted to a close confinement, the limits of Jail, neglected and not treated with the care and regard, which Congress wish.
I have not received further Intelligence of the German Troops since my Letter of the 7 Inst. covering Mr. Cushing's dispatches; but least the account of their coming should be true, may it not be advisable and good policy, to raise some Companies of our Germans to send among them, when they arrive, for exciting a spirit of disaffection and desertion? If a few trusty, sensible fellows could get with them, I should think they would have great weight and influence with the common Soldiery, who certainly have no enmity towards us, having received no Injury, nor cause of Quartell from us.
The measure having occurred and appearing to me expedient, I thought it prudent to mention it for the consideration of Congress.
Having received a Letter from General Ward, advising that Congress have accepted of his resignation and praying to be relieved; and it being necessary that a General Officer should be sent to take the command of the Troops at Boston, especially if the Army should arrive which is talked of, and which some consider as a probable event, I must beg leave to recommend to Congress the appointment of some Brigadier Generals, not having more here (nor so many at this Time) than are essential to the Government and conducting the Forces and Works carrying on. Generals Sullivan and Thompson being ordered to Canada, I cannot spare one more General Officer from hence, without injuring the service greatly. and leaving the Army here without a sufficient number.42
[Note 42: On May 14, in compliance with the above request, Congress resolved that General Washington should order a major general to take command in the Eastern Department and also send a brigadier general to that department. On May 16 Horatio Gates was appointed a major general and Thomas Mifflin a brigadier general. John Adams, in a letter to Hancock (May 16), records: "I have written to Genl. Washington to request him, if agreable, that those gentlemen may take the command in Boston."]
Having frequent applications from the Committee of Safety and others about an Exchange of Prisoners being frequently made and not having Authority to pursue any other mode, than that marked out by a resolve of Congress some considerable time ago, I hope they will pardon me when I wish them to take into consideration such parts of my Letter of the 22d Ulto. as relate to this Subject and for their determination upon it. I shall then have it in my power to give explicit and satisfactory Answers to those who shall apply. I have the Honor &ca.43
[Note 43: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who also copied this letter into the "Letter Book" record and made many variations and changes therein, which do not, however, alter the meaning. The text here used is from the letter signed and sent, which is a much stronger composition than the "Letter Book" copy. Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates's memorandum on England's method of treating prisoners was inclosed by Washington and is filed with this letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, New York, May 11, 1776.
Parole The Congress. Countersign Hampden.
All Officers, non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers, belonging to the Regiments at present encamped, are on no pretence (sickness excepted) to lay out of their respective encampments. Col Wyllys's Regiment, to march to morrow morning, at eight o'clock, and encamp on the ground, marked out for them in their brigade.
The Regiment and Company of Artillery, to be quarter'd in the Barracks of the upper and lower Batteries, and in the Barracks near the Laboratory--As soon as the Guns are placed in the Batteries to which they are appointed, the Colonel of Artillery, will detach the proper number of officers and men, to manage them--These are to encamp with the Brigades they are posted with.
The Colonel of Artillery, to order all the cannon and musquet Cartridges, to be filled in a room appointed for that purpose, in the upper battery, near the bowling Green Cannon and Musquet Powder, sufficient for the above purpose to be lodged in the Magazine prepar'd to receive it, in the upper battery.
All the Boat Builders, Carpenters and Painters, in the several Regiments and Corps, to be sent to Major General Putnam's quarters, tomorrow morning at Six o'Clock, to receive his orders.
His Excellency has been pleased to appoint, Hugh Hughes Esqr., Assistant Quarter Master General--he is to be obeyed as such.
Serjt. John Smith, of Capt. Adams's44 Company, in Col Irvine's Regt. tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Huntington was president, for "forging an order on the Commissary General, in the Name of Col Irvine, with an Intent of defrauding the Continent, in drawing Twenty two shillings and six pence, for rations which were not due"--The Court finding the prisoner guilty of the charge, do sentence him to be reduced to the ranks, and to be mulcted two months pay.
[Note 44: Capt. Robert Adams, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The General approves the above sentence, and orders Col. Irvine to see it put in execution.
Head Quarters, New York, May 12, 1776.
Parole Madrid. Countersign Paris.
The Carpenters, Boat Builders, and Painters, who were selected for the public service this morning, by Major Genl. Putnam, are to parade to morrow morning at Sunrise, in the Street opposite to Genl. Putnam's, where they will receive his orders.
Corpl. John Crossly of Capt. Ledyards Company, in Col. McDougall's Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Huntington was president, for "Desertion." The Court find the prisoner guilty of the charge, and do sentence him to be reduced to a private, and mulcted one month's pay--The General approves the above sentence, and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, New York, May 13, 1776.
Parole Holland. Countersign Martinico.
Major Genl. Putnam, with the Brigadiers General, Spencer, and Lord Stirling, to examine, and make report of the proper places to be fixed upon for the particular alarm posts of each regiment.
Col Webb's, and Col. Nixon'S regiments to be muster'd, wednesday morning at eight o'Clock, upon their regimental parades, in the front of their encampment.
New York, May 13, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 6th Inst., for which and Its several Inclosures, I return you my thanks.
Agreeable to my promise, on the 30th Ulto. I wrote Congress respecting the state of your Colony, importuning their Attention to it, and that proper measures should be adopted for its relief and defence. A copy of the Letter you have inclosed for your perusal and further satisfaction.
It gives me much pleasure, to hear there is so much unanimity among you, and that the Inhabitants of Newport have come to the laudable and necessary Resolution you mentioned; If united, your exertions most probably will have the desired effect; and tho' they should not be so fully answered, as men of over sanguine dispositions hope and expect; yet they will be productive of great benefits and advantages to the Colony and at the same time promote the public good. I am &c.
New York, May 13, 1776.
Sir: I received your favor of the 2d Inst. and am fully of opinion with you, that the Resolves of Congress, should be strictly adhered to; As the regulation of the Price of Tea, or any other Article, is quite foreign to my department, I shall leave such Matters to the Provincial Congress before whom I will this day lay your Letter, and I doubt not they will take such steps as will put a stop to the evil you are apprehensive of. I am &c.
New York, May 13, 1776.
Sir: Your Favour of the 4th. Inst. with Return of the Division of the Army under your Command is come to Hand.
The Account you give of your Progress in fortifying the Town and Harbour of Boston is very agreeable. When the Works are compleated, I think you will have but little to apprehend from the Enemy, should they incline to pay you another Visit.
Inclosed is a Petition from Colonel Varnum, which I beg you will attend to: If the Facts are as set forth therein, he must be redressed; for if such Practices as he complains of are given the least Countenance to, it will have the Worst of Consequences, by encouraging Soldiers to shift from one Regiment to another, and throw the whole Army into Confusion.
I have had no Advice from Congress relative to your Resignation.46 I shall write them this Day to know whom they may think proper to appoint to the Command in your State. When I receive their Answer, you shall be informed thereof.
[Note 46: Ward's resignation had been accepted by Congress on April 23.]
Inclosed is a Copy of a Resolve of Congress respecting the Cannon in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay.47 I am, Sir, etc.
[Note 47: The resolve of May 7, 1776, permitting the cannon in Boston that had not been removed by General Washington to remain there for the protection of the town.]
New York, May 13, 1776.
Sir: Governor Trumbull has been pleased to mention you to me as a proper Person to succeed to the Command of the Regiment, lately General Arnold's.
If you incline to engage in the Service again, I should be obliged to you for signifying as much; in Order that I may lay the Matter before Congress for their Approbation. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, May 14, 1776.
Parole St. Eustatia. Countersign Amboy.
Christian Mazure of Capt. Wylley's48 Company, in Col. McDougalls Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Huntington was president, for "Desertion,": The Court find the prisoner guilty of the charge and do sentence him to receive Twenty Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 48: Capt. John Wiley, of the First New York Regiment.]
John McFarling of Capt. Sharpe's49 Company, in Col Daytons Regiment, tried by the above General Court Martial for "Desertion," is acquitted by the court.
[Note 49: Capt. Anthony Sharp, of the Third New Jersey Regiment.]
John Cooper of Capt: Varicks50 Company, in Col. McDougalls Regiment, tried by the above Court Martial, for "Mutiny"--The Court finding the prisoner guilty of the Charge, do sentence him to receive Fifteen Lashes on the bare back, for said offence.
[Note 50: Capt. Richard Varick, of the First New York Regiment. He was, later, aide to Schuyler; lieutenant colonel and deputy muster master general, Northern Army; aide to Arnold; and recording secretary to General Washington.]
James McDonald of Capt. Horton's51 Company, in Col. Ritzema's Regiment, tried by the above General Court Martial for threatning the life of Lieut. Young52 and others, of the said company, is found guilty by the Court and sentenced to be confined, eight days on bread and water, for said offence.
[Note 51: Capt. Ambrose Horton, of the Third New York Regiment.]
[Note 52: Lieut. Guy(?) Young, of the Second New York Regiment.]
The General approves the foregoing sentences, and orders them to be put in execution, to morrow morning at Guard mounting.
One Colonel, and one Quarter Master, from each brigade, to attend a Committee from the Congress of this City, to morrow morning at seven o'clock, to take cognizance of the damage done to certain houses, where the Troops have been quartered--The Chairman of the Committee, will meet the Colonels at the Exchange, at the time appointed.
The General Court Martial, whereof Col Huntington was president is dissolved.
A General Court Martial of the Line, consisting of one Colonel, one Lieut. Colonel, one Major, and ten Captains, to sit to morrow morning at Ten o'Clock, to try all such prisoners as shall be brought before them. All Evidences, and persons concern'd, to attend the court.
Head Quarters, New York, May 15, 1776.
Parole Barre. Countersign Dublin.
The Continental Congress having ordered, Friday the 17th. Instant to be observed as a day of "fasting, humiliation and prayer, humbly to supplicate the mercy of Almighty God, that it would please him to pardon all our manifold sins and transgressions, and to prosper the Arms of the United Colonies, and finally, establish the peace and freedom of America, upon a solid and lasting foundation"--The General commands all officers, and soldiers, to pay strict obedience to the Orders of the Continental Congress, and by their unfeigned, and pious observance of their religious duties, incline the Lord, and Giver of Victory, to prosper our arms.
The regiment of Artillery to be mustered, Sunday morning, at eight o'clock, upon the Common, where the Commissary General of Musters will attend.
The Company of Artillery commanded by Capt. Hamilton, to be mustered at Ten o'Clock, next Sunday morning, upon the Common, near the Laboratory.
Lieut. Howe and Ensign Kennedy53 of Col Wards regiment, with the same non-commissioned officers, and soldiers, who were employed by the orders of the 8th. Instant in cutting picketts, are to parade at Genl. Putnams quarters, to morrow morning at sun rise, with four days provisions ready dressed to go upon the same duty as before.
[Note 53: Lieut. Baxter Howe and Lieut, John Kennedy of the Twenty-first Continental Infantry.]
The Officers of all guards, are to make their reports to the Colonel of the picquet, by nine o'clock in the morning--The Colonel of the picquet to make a report of all those reports, collected in one, to the Brigadier of the day at to o'clock precisely.
New York, May 15, 1776.
Sir: Since my last of the 11 Instant, which I had the honor to address you, nothing of Moment or Importance has occurred, and the principal design of this, is to communicate to Congress, the Intelligence I received from General Schuyler by a Letter of the 10th. Instant,54 respecting the progress of our Troops in getting towards Canada, not doubting of their impatience and anxiety to hear of it, and of every thing relating to the expedition; for their more particular information and satisfaction, I have done myself the pleasure to extract the substance of his Letter on this head, which is as follows "That General Thompson with the last of his Brigade in the Morning of Tuesday
[Note 54: Schuyler wrote two letters to Washington on May 10, both of which are in the Washington Papers.] sennight embarked at Fort George, and in the Evening of the next day, General Sullivan arrived at Albany; That he had ordered an additional Number of Carpenters to Assist in building Boats, who funishing Eight every day, would have 110 complete by the 21st. before which he was fearful the last of General Sullivan's Brigade could not embark; That they would carry 30 Men each besides the Baggage, Ammunition and Intrenching Tools; That he has given most pointed orders to restrain the licentiousness of the Troops, which was disgraceful and very Injurious in those gone on heretofore, in abusing the Inhabitants and Batteauxmen and that he had ordered Captain Romans from Canada for Trial at Albany, there being sundry complaints lodged against him. He also informs that the 60 BarrelIs of Powder had arrived and would be forwarded that day; That the 1st. Regiment of General Sullivan's Brigade marched that Morning and that the Intrenching Tools and about 600 Barrels of Pork were also gone on; That he could not possibly send more than half of the 300,000 Dollars into Canada being greatly in debt on the public Account and the Creditors exceedingly clamorous and Importunate for payment, which Sum he hopes will be sufficient 'till the Canadians agree to take our paper Currency, to which they are much averse, and of which he is exceedingly doubtful; That he had got the Chain and would forward it that day to General Arnold, with orders to fix it at the rapids of Richlieu. He adds that he had reviewed General Sullivan's Brigade in presence of about 260 Indians who were greatly pleased with the order and regularity of the Troops and supprized at their Number which the Tories had industriously propogated consisted only of 3 Companies and that they were kept always walking the Streets to induce them to believe their Number was much greater than it really was."
I have enclosed a copy of General Schuyler's Instructions to Jas. Price Esqr. Deputy Commissary General, for the regulation of his Conduct in that department, which I received last night and which General Schuyler requested me to forward you; I also beg leave to lay before Congress a Copy of a Letter from Samuel Stringer director of one of the Hospitals, purporting an Application for an Increase of Surgeons, Mates &ca.; an Estimate of which is also inclosed, and submit it to them what number must be sent from hence, or be got else where:55 It is highly probable that many more will be wanted in Canada, than what are already there, on Account of the late Augmentation of the Army, but I thought it most advisable to make his requisition known to Congress, and to take their order and direction upon it: As to the Medicines I shall speak to Doctor Morgan, (not yet arrived) as soon as he comes, and order him to forward such as may be necessary and can be possibly spared. I have &ca.56
[Note 55: These documents are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, May 15, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your Favours of the 3rd. and 4th. Inst. and was happy to hear of the safe Arrival of the Commissioner from Congress at St. John's, and that so many Batteaus with Troops had passed there the 29th. Ulto. 'Ere this, I hope, the Army before Quebec is considerably augmented; I am too well convinced there was great Occasion for it.
As to Money, the State of our Chest would not have justified a Loan or Supply, if Congress had not furnished you with what you received by Colo. Reid, having seldom more than will satisfy pressing Claims against myself.
As to Pork, I refer you to my Letter of the 3rd. Inst. and can only add, that the Commissary has assured me he will do all in his Power to forward a Supply.
In Respect to the Trial of Captain Romans57 or any other, that it may be expedient to bring to Justice, I think it highly necessary, and tho' it may not be altogether so formal and regular, yet I shall most readily dispense with Ceremonies, where it will promote the public Good.
[Note 57: Capt. Bernard Romans, of the Pennsylvania Independent Artillery.]
I have made Inquiry into our Stores of Lead and find that I have it in my Power to spare you about 5 Tons, which shall be sent with the Nails as soon as they can be collected; the Qr. Master having Persons out in different Places trying to procure them. I suppose whatever can be got will be forwarded ToMorrow or next Day with the utmost Expedition, as you seem to be so much in Want from your Letter of the 11th. Instant.
Your Favors of the 10th. came to Hand last Night with their several Inclosures, for which I return you my Thanks and agreeable to your Request by this Morning's Post, I transmitted to Congress a Copy of your Orders to Mr. Price with the several Letters for them.
The Letter from the Commissioners, which you were kind enough to leave open for my Perusal, describes Matters and the Situation of our Affairs in Canada, in so striking a Light, that nothing less than the most wise and vigorous Exertions of Congress, and the Army there, can promise Success to our Schemes and Plans in that Quarter. What might have been effected last Year without much Difficulty, has become an arduous and important Work. However, I hope, all Things will yet go well.58
[Note 58: Three commissioners--Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, and Charles Carroll-- were appointed by Congress (February 15) to repair to Canada. Their instructions will be found spread on the Journals of the Continental Congress of March 10. They were accompanied by the Rev. John Carroll, a Catholic clergyman, afterwards archbishop of Baltimore, whose influence with the people, on account of his religious principles and character, it was thought, would be useful.
The commissioners arrived at Montreal on April 29. But they found the state of affairs in Canada by no means such as to encourage any just hope of success to their mission. The Canadians seemed to remember the antagonism displayed by the Congress to the Quebec Act and the religious prejudice formerly displayed. Negligence, mismanagement, and a combination of unlucky incidents where the troops were concerned had produced a confusion and disorder that it was now too late to remedy. The commissioners used every effort in their power, but to little effect. Ill health caused Doctor Franklin to return in a few days. His two associates remained till after the American forces had retreated to Sorel, and were preparing to evacuate Canada.]
I am exceedingly glad that so large a Number of Indians was present at the Review of General Sullivan's Brigade. They probably, from the Appearance of so many armed Men somewhat instructed in Discipline, may have received some favorable Impressions of our Strength sufficient to counter operate all the ingenuous and insidious Arts of Toryism. When those arrive which you mention, I shall take proper Notice of them, and have necessary Provisions made for their Entertainment. I am, Sir, etc.
[Note 59: Jonathan Sturges was chairman of this committee.]
New York, May 16, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of the 14th with an Account of the apprehending of Sundry Tories by order of your Committee and the taking of others by Capt. Harden is now before me. Your Zeal and activity upon this occasion is truly commendable, and with great pleasure I will lend any aid in my power, that shall be thought within the line of my department, to root out or secure such abominable pests of Society. But as you have neither pointed out the names or places of abode of the persons aluded to, by your Informants on long Island, I must beg the favor of a more explicit description from you; and in the mean while, will set on foot a proper enquiry into this matter of some Gentlemen here, acquainted with the Island, and concert some plan for defeating the designs which you think are in agitation. I shall add no more at present than that. I am, etc.
New York, May 16, 1776.
Gentn: The Honorable Continental Congress having lately come to some Resolutions, respecting the Cannon and other Stores in Boston, which Interest your Colony, and the mode to be observed for paying the Militia lately called in for the defence of the lines before Boston; I do myself the honor to transmit you Copies thereof least they may not have been otherwise forwarded. and am Gentn:
New York, May 16, 1776.60
[Note 60: On this same day, Robert Hanson Harrison, by direction of the Commander in Chief, wrote to Maj. Gen. Artemas Ward, setting Ward aright as to the regiments on Bunker Hill and Dorchester Heights. The committee of the Massachusetts Legislature apparently had influenced Ward in regard to these regiments as Washington has noted, in silver-point, upon the letter of May 3 from the committee: "Genl. Washington would remark upon above that one of the 5 Regiments left at Boston was compleat and that the other 4 contained the average of those brought away." (See Washington's letter to the committee of the Massachusetts Legislature, May 9, 1776, ante.)]
Gentn: The Honorable Continental Congress having come to sundry resolutions, respecting the Cannon and Stores in and about Boston, and the mode of paying the Militia lately called in for the defence of the Lines before it; I do myself the honor to transmit you Copies thereof, least they may not have come to hand. I would observe, that I think it will be of advantage to you, to make your arrangements out of the Cannon, originally belonging to the Colony and those presented it by Congress, and not to count on those brought from Ticonderoga and which are left, tho' Congress are willing to lend them. For it is more than probable they may be wanted elsewhere, and if they should; It will derange your order and lay you under the necessity of providing others and Carriages, at a time when it may be Inconvenient and when they may be most useful. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, May 16, 1776.
Parole Annapolis. Countersign Calvert.
Robert Hanson Harrison Esqr. is appointed Secretary to the Commander in Chief, in the room of Joseph Reed Esqr., whose private concerns will not permit him to continue in that office.
Any orders delivered by Caleb Gibbs, and George Lewis61 Esquires (Officers of the General's guard) are to be attended to, in the same manner, as if sent by an Aid-de-Camp.
[Note 61: Washington's nephew.]
The Congress having given directions for the discharge of the Militia, and Minute Men in this district; the Battalion of the Militia of this City, are dismissed, accordingly; and have the Generals thanks, for their masterly manner of executing the work on Bayard's hill.
Some Errors having happened in drawing the pay of the Quarter Masters of several regiments; the mistakes are to be rectified, and they allowed their dues.
As the Troops are to be exempt from all duties of fatigue to morrow, the regiments are to parade on their regimental parades, and to be marched from thence a little before Ten, to hear divine service from their respective chaplains.
For the future, there is to be no expence of ammunition at the Interment of any officer, or soldier, of the Continental Army, unless expressly ordered by the Commander in Chief.
Uriah Chamberlain of Capt. Hamilton's Company of Artillery, tried at a late General Court Martial, whereof Colonel Huntington was president for "Desertion"--The Court find the prisoner guilty of the charge, and do sentence him to receive Thirty nine Lashes, on the bare back, for said offence.
The General approves the above sentence, and orders it to be put in execution, on Saturday morning next, at guard mounting.
Head Quarters, New York, May 17, 1776.
Parole Newcastle. Countersign Wilmington.
Capt. Wolverton's62 Company of New Jersey, is to join Genl. Greene's brigade--the Captain to take his orders from the General, respecting his post.
[Note 62: Capt. Thomas Woolverton, or Wolverton, of the Sussex County Minutemen.]
An exact return of the pikes to be made without delay; and of the state of the arms in each regiment and corps, specifying the number of each kind, wanting to compleat.
The damage done to Mr. ... house yesterday by the bursting of one of the cannon, to be repaired by the Carpenters in the Continental pay.
New York, May 17, 1776.
Sir: As I have no doubt of the Willingness of the Militia of this City, to Join in its defence against the attempts of the Enemies of America; It is highly necessary, in order to avoid Confusion in the time of any alarm, that the Posts of the several Regiments of Militia be fixed on, in Conjunction with those of the Continental Army, and that they be allotted to the Brigades most convenient to their several Situations; and as I am now arranging that part of the Business of the Army, It will I presume be proper, that directions be given to the Commanding officers of the several Corps, to take the Stations that I shall Assign, and to obey the orders, they may in time of danger receive from me, or the Brigadier Generals of the Continental Army; the like measure will be equally necessary with regard to the Militia of King's County and part of Queen's County on Long Island, and also the Militia of Staten Island, and I am persuaded, that the mention of a Matter so obviously necessary will be sufficient to induce the Congress of this Province to give such directions as are proper on this occasion. I am &c.
New York, May 17, 1776.
Dear Sir: I this Morning received your Favour of the 13th. Inst. with it's Inclosures, conveying Intelligence of the melancholy Situation of our Affairs in Canada, and am not without my Fears, I confess, that the Prospect we had of possessing that Country, of so much Importance in the present Controversy, is almost over, or at least, that it will be effected with much more Difficulty, and Effusion of Blood than were necessary, had our Exertions been timely applied. However we must not despair. A manly and spirited Opposition, can only ensure Success, and prevent the Enemy from improving the Advantage they have obtained.
I have forwarded the Letters to Congress, and their Answer to you and the Honble Commissioners, I will transmit you, as soon as they come to Hand.
I am fully sensible that this unfortunate Event has greatlyderanged your Schemes, and will involve you in Difficulties only to be obviated by your Zeal and Assiduity, which I am well satisfied will not be wanting in this or any other Instance, where the Good of your Country require them.
Notwithstanding the most diligent Pains, but a small Part of the Nails you wrote for, is yet collected, nor will there be a Possibility of getting half the Quantity. The Quarter Master expects that they will be here to Day, when they will be instantly forwarded with the five Ton of Lead. I am, etc.
P.S. The Nails are embarked 27½ Casks. You have the acct. and Quality inclosed, with Thos. Warner's Receipt, and also for 5 Tons of Lead.
New York, May 17, 1776.
Dr. Sir: Your Favour of the 14th. Inst. I received this Morning and am exceedingly sorry for the sad Reverse of Fortune in our Affairs in Canada. They are rather alarming; but I still hope our vigorous Exertions will be attended with Success, notwithstanding the present unpromising Appearances, and that we shall yet acquire and maintain Possession of that Country, so important to us in the present Contest.
I have transmitted the Intelligence to Congress with your Orders from General Schuyler, whose Directions you must follow, 'till I send you their Determination, or my Commands to the contrary. I am, etc.
[Note 63: Commissary of military stores at Albany, N.Y.]
New York, May 17, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favour of the 6th. Inst. and am of Opinion, as you have not a sufficient Number of Armourers at Albany to repair the whole of the Arms in your Possession, that whatever more you have than can be repaired in a convenient Time, had better be sent immediately to the Armourers here. This will save much Time, which would be lost were the Armourers to go from hence and return again. I am, etc.
New York, May 17, 1776.
Sir: I This moment received, by Express from Genl. Schuyler, an Account of the Melancholly prospect and reverse of our Affairs in Canada, and presuming the Letters, which accompanies this, will give Congress full information upon the Subject, I shall only add, that General Schuyler in pursuance of orders from the Honorable Commissioners, has directed General Sullivan to halt his Brigade, as a further reinforcement, on account of the scarcity of Provisions, would not relieve, but contribute greatly to destress our Troops already in Canada. Before he received these orders the whole of the Brigade, except Dayton and Wayne's Regiments had left Albany, but I suppose he will be able to stop their march.
By my Letter of the 15th. Instant, Congress will perceive the quantity of Pork already gone from hence, and the Commissary has assured me, that he will forward a further supply as soon as it can be possibly collected. I had also directed five Tons of Lead to be sent General Schuyler for the Canada expedition, before I received this unfortunate Account, which was as much as could be spared at this Time, our Stock being inconsiderable in proportion to the demand we may reasonably expect for it, and shall do everything in my power to relieve our Affairs from their present destressed and melancholy situation in that Quarter, which occur to me and appear necessary.
I am also to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 10th. and 13th. Instant, with their several Inclosures. The Money mentioned in the Latter came safe to the Pay Master's Hands. I have the Honor etc.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, May 18, 1776.
Parole Brest. Countersign Lee.
Lieut. Grover, of the 2nd. Regiment (commanded by Col. James Reed) having been tried by a General Court Martial, for "insulting Capt. Wilkinson, disobeying his orders, and abusive language," was found guilty of the charge, and yet mulct'd of half a month's pay only--a punishment so exceedingly disproportioned to the offence, that the General resolved to lay the whole proceeding before the Congress, and know whether they inclined to continue an officer in their service, who had misbehaved in so capital a point; but Lieut. Grover appearing to be thoroughly convinced of the error of his conduct, and having promised strict obedience to the orders of his Captain, and other superior Officers; for the time to come, the General (before any determination of Congress could be had upon the matter) ordered him to be released, and to join his regiment; but has it now in command from Congress,65 to signify to the Army, that no promotion upon vacancies, shall take place merely by succession, without their authority, inasmuch as they have reserved, and will exercise the power; of giving Commissions to persons of merit, regardless of any claim by succession. Of this all Officers are desired to take notice, as it may serve on the one hand to prevent the dissatisfaction which have but too frequently arisen, from an idea, that all promotions should be confined to regiments, and go in regular succession; and because, on the other hand, it opens a large field for the rewarding of merit, which ought, and is hoped will be, a powerful excitement to the brave and active to signalize themselves in the noble cause they are engaged in.
[Note 65: The resolves of May 10, 1776. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
This determination of Congress, the Adjutant General is to communicate to the officers commanding in different departments, that it may be published to the different Regiments, and Corps, under their respective commands.
The General has the pleasure to inform the recruiting officers of the regiments that came from the eastward (no allowance having been heretofore made them) that upon a representation of their case, Congress have been pleased to allow a Dollar and one third of a Dollar, for each good, and able bodied man, that shall be recruited, for the purpose of completing the several regiments, as a compensation for their trouble, and expence; and that the same allowance, will be made those officers, who have heretofore inlisted men, upon the new-establishment, excluding all Boys, and such men as were inlisted in Camp, out of the old regiments. The several Officers which have been employed in this service, are to settle this matter, under these exceptions, with their several Colonels, or commanding officers; and to give in Rolls of the men's names, by them respectively inlisted. The utmost care, and exactness, is recommended to the Officers claiming this allowance, as proof will be required, agreeable to the above direction.
New York, May 18, 1776.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to transmit to you the inclosed Letters and papers which I received this Morning, in the State they now are, and which contain sundry matters of Intelligence of the most Interesting nature.
As the consideration of them may lead to important consequences and the adoption of several measures in the Military Line, I have thought It advisable for General Gates to attend Congress who will follow to morrow, and satisfy and explain to them, some points they may wish to be informed of, in the course of their deliberations not having an Opportunity at this Time to submit to them my thoughts upon these Interesting Accounts.66 I have &ca.67
[Note 66: The important papers consisted of intelligence from England, and copies of the treaties made by that nation with the Duke of Brunswick, the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, and the Count of Hanau for troops to be sent to America. The papers were referral to a committee consisting of John Adams, William Livingston, Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, and Roger Sherman, who were directed to publish such extracts of the intelligence as they thought proper. This publication was made in the Pennsylvania Gazette of May 22; the Pennsylvania Evening Post of May 23; and the Pennsylvania Ledger of May 25. The treaties also appeared in the supplements of the Pennsylvania Journal of May 24, and Pennsylvania Packet of May 27. They are also printed in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 6, 271--277.]
[Note 67: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It was read in Congress on May 21, the same time Washington's letters of May 19 and 20 were read.]
New York, May 19, 1776.
Sir: This will be delivered you by General Gates who sets out this Morning for Congress, agreeable to my Letter of Yesterday.
I have committed to him the Heads of sundry matters to lay before Congress for their consideration, which from the Interesting Intelligence contained in my last, appears to me of the utmost Importance, and to demand their most early and serious attention.
Sensible that I have omitted to set down many things necessary and which probably when deliberating they wish to be acquainted with, and not conceiving myself at Liberty to depart my post, tho' to attend them, without their previous approbation,70 I have requested General Gates to subjoin such hints of his own as he may apprehend material. His Military experience and intimate acquaintance with the situation of our Affairs, will enable him to give Congress the fullest satisfaction about the measures necessary to be adopted at this alarming crisis, and with his Zeal and attachment to the Cause of America, have a claim to their Notice and favors.
[Note 70: Congress had already (May 16) requested Washington's attendance.]
When Congress shall have come to a determination on the Subject of this Letter and such parts of my former Letters, as have not been determined on, you will be pleased to honor me with the result. I am &ca.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, May 19, 1776.
Sir: Having reason to believe from Intelligence lately received, that the Time is not far distant when the arrival of a considerable Armament may be expected, I must again repeat my Applications on the subject of Arms, and intreat your Honble. Body to use their utmost exertions, that a supply May be obtained for the Regiments of this Colony, which in General are extremely deficient, some of them almost destitute. I trust your own feelings will readily suggest, I have sufficient cause of anxiety and concern upon this occasion, and will furnish an Apology for my so often troubling you. I have tried, I have pursued every Measure my Judgment led to, without being able to procure a sufficient Quantity; nor have I any power to apply to but you, from which I can promise myself the least prospect of Success.
I would also take the Liberty of praying your endeavours to procure a Quantity of Intrenching Tools, Vizt. Spades and Shovels; as our operations go on much slower than they would, If we had more of them; which at a crisis like this, is exceedingly alarming, when the utmost labour and Industry will not more than Compleat the Necessary Works of defence, by the time the Enemy may Attempt an Invasion. The Quarter Master Assures me that he has taken every possible method in his power to get them, but without Success, which is the reason of my requesting an exertion of your Interest. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, May 19, 1776.
Parole Albany. Countersign Schuyler.
The Brigadier Generals are desired to make their respective brigades, perfectly acquainted with the alarm posts, which have been reported to the Commander in Chief: But in case of an Alarm, the respective regiments are to draw up, opposite to their encampments, or quarters, until they receive orders to repair to the alarm posts above referred to. The following Signals are to give the alarm, to all the Troops (as well Regulars as Militia) and the Inhabitants of the city: (viz) In the day time; two Cannon to be fired from the rampart at Fort George, and a Flag hoisted from the Top of General Washingtons, head quarters:72 In the night time, two Cannon fired as above, from Fort George, and two lighted Lanthorns hoisted from the Top of Head Quarters, aforesaid.
[Note 72: Headquarters at this time were in a house (not now standing) on Pearl Street.]
The Colonels, and Officers commanding Corps, are immediately to have their men compleated with twenty-four Rounds of powder and ball, properly, and compleatly, made up into Cartridges, six rounds of which, each man is to have in his pouch, or cartridge box, for ordinary duty; the remaining eighteen, are to be wrapped up tight, in a Cloth, or coarse Paper, and mark'd with the name of the soldier to whom they belong, and carefully packed into an empty powder barrel. The Captains, or Officers commanding Companies, are to see that this is done, and to take into his own possession, the barrel, with the cartridges so packed, and to have them delivered to the men, as occasion may require: And whatsoever Soldier shall be found wasting, or embezzling, his ammunition, shall not only be made to pay for it, but be punished for so base and shameful a neglect, and disobedience of orders.
Notwithstanding the care and pains, that has been taken to provide good arms for the troops, on examination they are found to be in the most shocking situation. The Colonels, or commanding Officers of the Regiments, are requested to get the arms belonging to their Regiments, put in good order as soon as possible, the work to be executed at the Continental Armoury, or elsewhere, so as to have them repaired in the most expeditious manner--Every man to be furnished with a good Bayonet: But all that have had Bayonets heretofore, and have lost them, to pay for the new ones--Wherever a Soldier is known to have injured his gun, on purpose, or suffered it to be injured by negligence; to be chargeable with the repairs. An Account to be rendered of the expence of those repairs, after deducting what each Individual ought to pay--A Warrant will be given the commanding Officer of the regiments, for the discharge of the same.
All Repairs that are done to the arms hereafter, except unavoidable accidents, to be paid by the men, and stopt out of their wages by the commanding officer of the regiment--An Account to be rendered to him, by the Captains, or commanding Officers of companies.
Capt. Joseph Butler of Colonel Nixons Regiment, is to be furnished with a Copy of the accusation, lodged against him by Lieut. Silas Walker, and both are to attend the next General Court Martial with their evidences.
The Lads lately picked out of Col. Nixon's, and Col. Webb's Regiments; are to be immediately discharged, and their accounts settled, and paid: In order the better to enable them to return to their respective homes--ten days provisions, and pay, is to be allowed them from this day.
John Lewis of Capt. Haronburry's73 Company in Col. Ritzema's Regiment, tried by a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Ritzema was President "for insulting and striking Lieut. Cole of Col Wyllys's Regiment, when on command "--The Court find the prisoner guilty of the charge, and a breach of the 7th. Article of the Continental Rules and Regulations;
[Note 73: Capt. Cornelius Hardenbergh, of the Third New York Regiment.] and do sentence him to be whipp'd Thirty-nine Lashes for said offences.
The General approves of the above sentence, and orders it to be put in execution to morrow morning at Guard mounting.
New York, May 20, 1776.
Sir: Your favour of the 16th. with several resolution's of Congress, therein Inclosed, I had not the honor to receive 'till last night; before the receipt, I did not think myself at liberty to wait on Congress, altho' I wish'd to do it, and therefore, the more readily consented to General Gates's attendance; as I knew there were many matters which could be better explaind in a personal Interview than in whole Volumes of Letters. He accordingly set out for Phila. yesterday Morning, and must have been too far advancd on his journey (as he proposed expedition) to be over taken. I shall, if I can settle some matters, which are in agitation with the Provincial Congress here, follow to morrow, or next day; and therefore with every Sentiment of regard, attachment and gratitude to Congress for their kind attention to the means which they may think conducive to my health, and with particular thanks to you for the politeness of your Invitation to your House,74 conclude Dear Sir, &ca.
[Note 74: The invitation was not accepted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, New York, May 20, 1776.
Parole Brunswick. Countersign White.
The Sentries at all the batteries, where Cannon are placed, are to be increased to the number the Brigadier finds necessary; and they are all to be doubled at night: They are not to suffer any person whatever (excepting the Rounds, or Officer of the guard) to go into the Batteries at night; nor is any person whatever, but the Generals, or Field Officers of the Army, and officers and men of the Artillery, who have real business there, to be permitted, even in the day time, to go on the platforms in the batteries, or to approach the Cannon, or to meddle with the Rammers, Spungets, or any of the Artillery Stores placed there. The Officers of every Guard, are to see that their men, are particularly alert in executing this order.
No Person whatever, belonging to the Army, is to be innoculated for the Small-Pox--those who have already undergone that operation, or who may be seized with Symptoms of that disorder, are immediately to be removed to the Hospital provided for that purpose on Montresor Island. Any disobedience to this order, will be most severely punished--As it is at present of the utmost importance, that the spreading of that distemper, in the Army and City, should be prevented
[Note 75: Then a member of the Secret Committe of Congress.]
New York, May 20, 1776.
Sir: I received your favors of the 11th. and 16th. Instant; the former respecting powder for which you have inclosed the Commissary's receipt, as to the Number of Barrels, but not of the Contents, no Invoice thereof having been delivered either to me or him, which certainly should have been sent for the detection of any fraudulent practices, if any were committed.
The Commissary will expect one, and that they will always accompany such Stores as may be transmitted in Future: The latter, about Arms at Rhode Island, covering Letters for the Gentlemen in whose possession they are, having read, I have sealed and forwarded to them, with directions to send the musquets immediately, being in great want. I am &ca.
New York, May 21, 1776.
Sir: The Bearer, Mr. Mersay being at Quebec when the Garrison Sallied and Obliged our Troops to an abandonment of the Siege and a precipitate retreat; I have taken the Liberty to refer him to you for examination, that Congress may have such further Information of this unfortunate Event as he possesses. I have the Honor &ca.
New York, May 21, 1776.
Dear Sir: I have inclosed for your Perusal Copies of two Informations, and a Letter I received on Saturday last from the Committee of King's District by the Hands of a Martin Bebee, who says he is their Clerk and was sent Express.
From these you will readily discover the diabolical and insidious Arts and Schemes carrying on by the Tories and Friends to Government, to raise Distrust, Dissensions and Divisions among us.
Having the utmost Confidence in your Integrity, and the most incontestible Proof of your great Attachment to our common Country and its Interest, I could not but look upon the Charge against you with an Eye of Disbelief, and Sentiments of Detestation and Abhorrence, nor should I have troubled you with the Matter, had I not been informed that Copies were sent to different Committees and to Governor Trumbull, which I conceived would get abroad, and that you, (should you find that I had been furnished with them) would consider my suppressing them, as an Evidence of my Belief, or at best of my Doubts of the Charges.
The Confidence and Assurance I have of the Injustice and Infamy of the Charges against the Convention, obliged me also to lay the Matter before them; least my not doing it, should be construed a Distrust by them of their Zeal, and promote the Views of the Tories; who, to excite Disorder and Confusion, judge it essential, to involve those in high Departments in a Share of the Plot, which is not unlikely to be true in some Parts, believing that our internal Enemies have many Projects in Contemplation, to subvert our Liberties.77
[Note 77: Sparks enlarges on the prejudice of New England against Schuyler in his Writings of Washington, Appendix XV, vol. 3, but does not go into the causes thoroughly, though he prints several documents. (Ford reprints these as a footnote.) The Berkshire country was fearful of a British advance, after the Quebec defeat, and the New Hampshire Grants consulted their grievances against New York as a difficulty in addition to their fears of the British. The feeling behind this outburst against Schuyler, later merged with Gates's New England popularity and ended in Schuyler being superseded. This frontier prejudice was an outer fringe of a New England state of mind that developed later into the demonstration known as the Conway Cabal, but the Berkshire hysteria of 1776 was not, of course, connected with the cabal except through the New Hampshire Grants movement.]
Before I conclude, I would mention that some Officers called upon me a few Days ago, having your Permit to go to Pensylvania and settle some Affairs there. This Licence, when there is really Business, is certainly countenanced by Humanity and Generosity; but nevertheless should not be indulged, and I hope will not be granted in future, as it gives them an Opportunity of getting Intelligence of all our Operations; of forming Opinions of our Strength, the Places proper for Attack and settling a Channel of Correspondence with the disaffected, by which our Enemies may and will be furnished with full Accounts of our Designs, and every Thing that can promote their Service and injure ours. There is but little Reason to believe, nay we are certain, they will not conduct themselves upon Principles of the strictest Honour for the Favors done them but will when in their Power, exercise every Matter that can operate to our Prejudice. I am, Sir, &c.
Head Quarters, City of New York, May 21, 1776.
Sir: The Congress having been pleased to signify a desire that I should repair to Philadelphia, in order to advise and consult with them on the present posture of affairs, and as I am on the point of setting out accordingly; I have to desire that you will cause the different Works now in agitation to be carried on with the utmost expedition,78 to this end I have wrote to the Provincial Congress (of this Colony) for Tools and have hopes of obtaining them. Apply therefore accordingly, takg an exact acct. of what you receive.
[Note 78: Putnam, as senior major general, was left in command at New York.]
The Works upon Long Island should be compleated as expeditiously as possible, so should those in and about this Town, and upon Governors Island. If New Works can be carried on without detriment to the old, (for want of Tools) I would have that intended at Powles hook,79 set abt. immediately as I
[Note 79: Powles Hook, now Jersey City, N.J. The spelling used by the British and all who followed their engineer maps is Paulus Hook. Washington and other Americans usually spell it Powles; the British, having only the sound of the name, spelled it phonetically. William H. Richardson, historian of the Pavonia Tercentenary Celebration, 1930, has definitely settled the point.] conceive it to be of Importance, in like manner would I have that at the Narrows begun, provided Colo. Knox, after his arrangement of the Artillery should find that there are any fit pieces of Cannon to be spared for it: otherwise, as I have no longer any dependance upon Cannon from Admiral Hopkins, it wd. be useless.
The Barriers of those Streets leading from the Water are not to be meddled with; and where they have been pull'd down are to be repaird, and [erected] nearer the Water if more advantageous.
As it does not appear to me improbable that the Enemy may attempt to run past our Batteries in, and about the Town, and Land between them and the woody grounds above Mr. Scot's, I would have you imploy as many Men as you can in throwing up Fleches at proper places, and distances within that space in order to give opposition in Landing but if there are not Tools enough to carry on the other (more essential) Works and these at the same Instant you are not to neglect the first but esteem these as secondary considerations only.
Delay not a Moment's time to have the Signals fixed for the purpose of communicating an alarm upon the first appearance of the Enemy, let them be placed in such a Manner, and at such distances, as to be easily discerned; day, or Night. If this was continued upon the long Island Shore for some distance, good consequences might result from it; as nothing can be attended with more signal advantages than having timely notice of the Enemy's approach whilst nothing can add more to the disgrace of an Officer than to be surprizd; for this reason I have to beg that the same vigilance and precaution may be used as if the Enemy were actually within sight; as a brisk Wind, and flowing tide will soon produce them when they are once on the coast, the Officers and Men therefore shd. be constantly at their Qrs. the Guards alert and every thing in Readiness for immediate action.
As I have great reason to fear that the Fortifications in the High lands are in a bad situation, and the Garrisons on Acct. of Arms worse; I would have you send Brigadier Lord Stirling with Colo. Putnam (and Colo. Knox if he can be spared) up there, to see report and direct such alterations, as shall be judg'd necessary for putting them into a fit, and proper posture of defence.
Open any Letters which may come directed to me upon Public Service whilst I am absent; and if any very Interesting advices should be containd therein, either from the Eastward, or Northward, forward them on to Philadelphia after regulating your conduct thereby.
I must again beg that your particular Attention may be turnd to our Powder Magazines to see that that that valuable Article is properly placed and Secured. I also beg that no time or Means be neglected to make as many Musket Cartridges as possible.
Head Quarters, City of New York, May 21, 1776.
Sir: I have reason to believe that the Provencial Congress of this Colony have in Contemplation a Scheme for Siezing the principal Tories, and disaffected Person's [in the most obnoxious parts of the Government] on Long Island, in this City, and the Country round about;80 and that to carry the Scheme into Execution, they will be obliged to have recourse
[Note 80: On May 19 Gouverneur Morris and John Morin Scott reported to the New York Provincial Congress that they had interviewed General Washington on the subject of these rumored Tory plots and found that a scheme of cooperation was on foot between the Connecticut and Long Island Tories. Measures were taken by the Congress and several arrests were made. (See note to Washington's letter to the New York Legislature, Aug. 11, 1776, post.)] to the Military power, for assistance. If this should be the case, you are hereby required, during my absence, to afford every aid which the said Congress or their secret Comee. shall apply for [ (consistent with the general Plan of defence now going on) to carry these measures into execution provided it does not interfere too much with our general Plan of defence in weakening this place by].81
[Note 81: The words within brackets in this letter were stricken out by Washington in the letter sent.]
I need not recommend secrecy to you, as the success, you must be assured will depend absolutely upon precaution, and the dispatch with which the measure, when once adopted, is executed.
General Green will, tho' not in person perhaps, have a principal share in ordering the detachments from his Brigade on Long Island, of course will be a proper Person to let into the whole Plan. I wd. therefore when application is made by Congress, have you and him concert Measures with such Gentlemen as that body shall please to appoint and order the execution with as much secrecy and dispatch as possible and at the same time with the utmost decency and good order.
New York, May 21, 1776.
Gentn: Congress having been pleased to request my attendance at Philadelphia, to advise with them on the Situation of affairs and being about to set out immediately; I judged it proper to give Major Genl. Putnam Instructions similar to those I have the honor to inclose you; for the regulation of his Conduct, in case you come to any determination respecting the Tories here and on Long Island and should have occasion for Military assistance, to carry it into execution. I have &ca.
Head Quarters, New York, May 21, 1776.
Parole Camden. Countersign Liberty.
That no confusion may ensue when the Troops are called into action, the General has order'd, that all the posts and of the lines, redoubts and batteries, be so fixed and regulated, as every officer, and soldier, may know his place and duty; which will be explained to them by the Brigadiers General, according to the orders of yesterday; And further to confirm the order, and discipline of the Guards of the Army; the General orders, that the officers, and men, who are to mount guard, do parade by half past Six o'Clock, where they are by their Adjutants, in the presence of a Field Officer; to be reviewed, and their Arms, and Ammunition, to be examined, according to the orders of the 19th Instant--which last mentioned Officers are to see that their ammunition and accoutrements are complete, and the men dressed in a soldierlike manner. The Adjutants are then to march them to the parade of the brigade, and to deliver them over, to the Major of their respective brigade, who is very minutely to inspect and see, that the Guards are compleat in the particulars above-mention'd--The Brigade Majors are then to march them to the Grand parade in the Common, in the Artillery Park, and from thence the several out-Guards are to be relieved--On the Grand parade the Brigadier, with the Field Officers of the day, will attend to see the Guards paraded, and march'd to their several destinations--The Brigade Major of the day, is also to attend on the Grand parade, and make up the Guards, before he repairs to Head Quarters, for the purpose of reporting the same, and to receive any Orders from the Commander in Chief, to the Brigadier General of the day, and to the other Brigadiers of the line--The Brigadier General of the day, will give his orders on the parade, to the Field Officers of the day, at what time he would have them go the visiting, and grand rounds.--At Reveille beating, which is to be at the dawn of day; all the Guards are to be under Arms, at their proper posts, and visited by the Field Officers of the picquet (who are all esteemed Field Officers of the day) who are to see that the Guards are properly placed, and that every thing is in good order for defence, in case of an attack. The Brigadier General will, on the parade, assign to each Field Officer of the day, the posts he is to visit for this purpose.
The Artillery Guard is to parade at the same time and place--the Matrosses and Gunners necessary, to be constant at each battery, are with their proper implements to march off from the Grand parade, at the head of the Guards, to be station'd at the respective batteries.
The Field Officer who goes the Grand Rounds, is to visit the Camp Guards, as well as the Guards stationed in the town, and at the batteries--The other two Field Officers of the day are to do the like, at such hours of the night, as will be assigned them by the Brigadier of the day.
By the present demand for Flints, by some of the Troops, the General has reason to apprehend, that due care has not been taken of those lately deliver'd to the Soldiers, who have had no occasion to make an extraordinary use of them--and it is well known, that a good flint, well screw'd in, will stand the firing of sixty rounds (after which it may still be repaired) 'tis therefore presumed, that the men have either lost their Flints through negligence, or abused them by that worst of practices, Snapping their pieces continually, which not only spoils their Lock, softens the Hammer, and destroys the Flint, but frequently causes the death of many a man, by the Gun being unknowingly loaded--The Officers are therefore required, to pay a very strict attention to this particular, and have their men's Flints examined when they review their Ammunition; for Men being surprized with bad flints in their Guns, may be attended with fatal consequences--The Officers are also desired to be careful, that when their men turn out to exercise, their Flints be taken out, and a wooden Snapper screw'd into their gun, until their exercise be over; when the Flint is again to be well screw'd in, and their arms immediately put in proper fighting order, after which, no man is on any account to snap his piece.
One Flint pr Man will be delivered to the Troops, and 'tis expected more care will be taken of them, than has been done heretofore.
The Sentries in Fort George, and on the Battery, are to keep a sharp look out towards the Narrows, Staten Island, Red-hook &c. to observe if any Signals are given from thence; and acquaint the officer of the guard immediately therewith.
The Officers and Men, are strictly enjoined to keep close to their quarters--No excuse will be admitted from either, for a neglect of it; and the rolls are frequently to be called over.
Head Quarters, New York, May 22, 1776.
Parole Washington. Countersign Gates.
The following are the names of the different Batteries, in and about this City--The Battery at the South part of the Town, the Grand Battery--The one immediately above it, Fort George--The one on the left of the Grand Battery, Whitehall Battery. That behind his Excellency General Washington's Head Quarters, the Oyster Battery. The circular Battery near the Brewhouse, on the North River, The Grenadier Battery. That on the left of the Grenadier's Battery The Jersey Battery: The one on Bayards-hill, Bayard's Hill Redoubt; The one on the hill where General Spencer's Brigade is encamped Spencer's Redoubt, below this Hill, on a Wharf, is a Fascine Battery called Waterbury's Battery. On the hill directly above it, is a Redoubt, near the Jews Burying Ground, by the name of Badlam's Redoubt.
Andrew O'Brien, Serjeant, and William Welch, Corporal, both of Capt. O'Hara's82 Company, in Col Wynkoops Reg, tried by a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Ritzema was President for "assaulting, beating, and dangerously wounding, one William Irvine" are both acquitted by the Court. The General approves the sentence, and orders the prisoners to be released immediately.
[Note 82: Capt. Henry O'Mara, of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
Amboy, May 22, 1776.
Dear Sir: Congress having been pleased to request my Attendance at Philadelphia, to advise with them on the Situation of our Affairs, and of such Measures as may be necessary to adopt for this Campaign, I had got thus far on my Journey, when I called to view the Ground, and such Places on Staten Island, contiguous to it, as may be proper for Works of Defence; when your Favor of the 16th. Inst. with its several Inclosures came to Hand.
I am exceedingly concerned for the Distress of our Troops in Canada, and as I informed you heretofore, have been very importunate with the Commissary to forward all the Provisions in his Power; in Consequence of which he has sent a good Deal on, and I shall again repeat my Orders, and enjoin him to continue his Supplies as largely and expeditiously as possible.
I wrote you on the 17th. Inst. and am hopeful the 27 1/2 Casks of Nails, which were all that could be got with the 5 Tons of Lead then sent, will have reached you, or got to Albany, from whence they will be forwarded: and in a Letter to General Putnam have directed him to examine our Stock of the latter, and to furnish you with a further Quantity, if it can be spared. At Philadelphia I will try to get a Supply. I have also directed him, to send you two Tons more of Powder and such intrenching Tools as can be possibly spared or procured from the Convention, in Consequence of an Application I made two or three Days since. We are deficient in these, not having a sufficiency to carry on the Works for the Defence of New York, with the Expedition I wish, or the Exigency of the Times demands.
In Respect to Cannon Shot and Guns for the Vessels in the Lake, I have requested him to consult with Colo. Knox, and with the Convention about Sail Cloth &c. and if any of them can be spared or procured, that they be immediately sent you.
Our situation respecting the Indians is delicate and embarrassing. They are attached to Johnson,83 who is our Enemy. Policy and Prudence on the one Hand, suggest the Necessity of seizing him and every Friend of Government; on the other, if he is apprehended, their will be Danger of incurring their Resentment. I hope the Committee will conduct the Matter in the least exceptionable Manner, and in that Way that shall most advance the public Good.
[Note 83: Sir John Johnson, son of Sir William Johnson. He declined to accept his father's Indian appointments, which were taken over by Guy Johnson, a nephew of Sir William. Sir John assembled about 300 of his Scotch tenants and marched from Johnson Hall to Canada to escape arrest. He was colonel of a British provincial regiment, and took part in the attack on Fort Stanwix, N.Y. He is accused of responsibility for the massacre at Cherry Valley, N.Y., and other frontier raids.]
I observe by the Minutes of a Council of War, Genl. Thomas's Letter and that of Messrs. Carrol and Chase to Doctor Franklin, that our Troops cannot make a Stand at De Chambault as I had hoped. I wish it were practicable; For most certainly, the lower down the River we can maintain our Post, the more important will the Advantages resulting from it be. Considering all the Country below us as lost, and that there may be some Prospect of gaining that above from whence we might draw Supplies in some Degree, and have the Friendship and Assistance of the Inhabitants; it is certain we should make a stand, as low down as we can, so as not to have a Retreat cut off in Case of Necessity, or an Opportunity of receiving Provisions: but unacquainted as I am with the Country, I cannot undertake to say where it should be, not doubting and hoping that every Thing for the best will be done. I am, etc.
Amboy, May 22, 1776.
Sir: Your Letter of the last Night with the Dispatches from Canada, came to my Hands at Woodbridge this Morning.
I wish that the Information given you by Captain Goforth,84 respecting the Number of Prisoners taken may prove true. What he told you about the Enemy's not having sallied out, differs widely from General Thomas's Account of that Affair.
[Note 84: Capt. William Goforth, of the First New York Regiment.]
You will please to give every Assistance which General Schuyler requires, that may be in your Power, and least you may not have kept a Copy of his Letter, I will transcribe that Paragraph, which contains his Demand. "Intrenching Tools of every Kind will be wanted, more Powder, Lead, and Cannon Ball, and guns for the Vessels on Lake Champlain. Rigging, Sail-Cloth, and Sail Makers to be sent up."
For intrenching Tools, Rigging, Sail Cloth, and Sail Makers, I would have you apply immediately to the Provincial Congress, who will probably be able to procure them for you. Some of the Members mentioned to me, that they could procure a Quantity of Tools, of which you will send off as many as you can spare. You must take Care not to leave yourself destitute.
I sent five Tons of Lead forward, which General Schuyler knew not of: However I would have you examine what Quantity there is in store; and if you can spare it send up two tons more.
As to the Cannon Ball and Guns, you will consult with Colo. Knox, who must judge what Sort of each is necessary, and send them up with the other Articles.
I have already spoke to the Commissary General to send off as much salt Provisions as he could; but you must urge him on this Head, as they are in very great Want, and have no other Place to depend on but what goes from New York. He must lay in all he can get, to supply the Quantity which he sends up, for he must take Care to keep up his Stock.
It was a Misfortune, indeed, that the Vessel with Powder and Arms should fall into the Enemy's Hands.
Let the Committee by all Means have the Petriauger85 to cruize off the Back of the Island. The sooner she is out the better, as more Vessels with these Articles may be daily expected. I am etc.
[Note 85: The Americanization of piragua, a large flatboat, decked in at each end, propelled by oars and two demountable masts with leg-of-mutton sails. It could carry from 25 to 35 tons.]
P.S. Please to forward the inclosed by the first Express; or the Post which goes to Albany. Send two Tons of Powder, which will serve until we can send a further Supply.
[Note 86: Washington arrived in Philadelphia on Thursday afternoon, May 23, about 2 o'clock.-- Ford.
The Commander in Chief was in Philadelphia, in consultation with Congress, from May 23 to June 6. The General Orders of this period, therefore, were issued on the authority of Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam. They were entered, however, in the headquarters orderly book and copied by Varick, as General Orders, in the transcript made in 1781.]
New York, May 23, 1776.
Parole Amboy. Countersign York.
The Sail Makers in the different Regiments, are all to parade in front of the General's Quarters, to morrow morning at six o'clock.
A reinforcement to be immediately made to the Main Guard at the lower barracks of one Sub. two Serjt., two Corporals, one Drumr., and thirty Privates.
The order for doubling the Sentries at night to be strictly attended to.
All those men of the following Regiments (Vizt:) Colonel Persons's, Webb's, Baldwin's, Nixon's, Wyllys's and Read's, who have agreed to serve in the Whaling Boats with Lieut: Col Tupper,87 are to repair immediately to him, and take their orders from him.
[Note 87: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Tupper, of the Twenty-first Continental Infantry. His whaleboats were to prevent the prevalent intercourse between the inhabitants of New York City and the British ships in the harbor.]
Philadelphia, May 24, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favor of the 8th. Inst. with it's Inclosures, confirming the melancholy Intelligence I had before heard, of your having been obliged to raise the Siege of Quebec, and to make a precipitate Retreat, with the Loss of the Cannon in the Batteaus, and Interception of the Powder going from General Schuyler.
This unfortunate Affair has given a sad Shock to our Schemes in that Quarter; and blasted the Hope we entertained of reducing that Fortress, and the whole of Canada to our Possession.
From your Representation, Things must have been found in great Disorder, and such as to have made a Retreat almost inevitable; but nevertheless it is hoped you will be able to make a good Stand yet, and by that Means secure a large or all the upper Part of the Country. That being a Matter of the utmost Importance in the present Contest, it is my Wish and that of Congress, that you take an advantageous Post, as far down the River as possible, so as not to preclude you from a Retreat, if it should be ever necessary, or from getting proper Supplies of Provision. The lower down you can maintain a Stand, the more advantageous will it be, as all the Country above will most probably take Part with us, and from which we may draw some Assistance and Support, and considering all below as entirely within the Power of the Enemy and of Course in their Favour.
This Misfortune must be repaired, if possible, by our more vigorous Exertions; and trusting that nothing will be wanting on your Part, or in your Power to advance our Country's Cause. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, New York, May 24, 1776.
Parole Mifflin. Countersign Lynch.
The Brigadier Generals will settle the mode, and hours, for going the Rounds at night, every morning on the General Parade at Guard-mounting.
The following Sail Makers are to embark this day on board a Vessel, in order to proceed to Albany, and from thence to Genl: Schuyler, and receive his further orders--Vizt:
They are to be furnished, with ten days provision a man. Capt. Harwood's88 Company is to join Lieut. Col Tupper, and do duty on board the whaling boats &c, &c.
[Note 88: Capt. Peter Harwood, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
Mr. Livingston, who has hitherto supplied Col. McDougall's Regiment with provisions, having declined doing it any longer; he is to order his Quarter Master, to apply to the Commissary General for provision for the future, who is desired to supply all those Corps, which were hitherto supply'd by Mr. Abraham Livingston.
The removal of General Washington's Guard, from his Head Quarters in Town, occasions the following alterations in the detail of guards (vizt.) The seven Men lately added to the Provost, to be taken from it; and a Guard of one Serjeant, one Corporal, and fifteen Men to mount at the place where Genl. Washington's Guard was kept; who are to relieve the Sentries at his door, General Gates's, Pay Master General's &c.
May 25, 1776.
Parole Mugford. Countersign Leonard.
Capt. Butler89 of Col. Nixon's Regiment, tried at a late General Court Martial, on the several charges exhibited against him
[Note 89: Capt. Joseph Butler, of the Fourth Continental Infantry.] by Lieut. Walker (viz) "Defrauding his Company, defrauding the public, absenting himself from his Company when on their march, and inlisting a man unfit for the service;" is acquitted of the several charges against him.
The General approves of the sentence of the above Court Martial, and orders that Capt. Butler be released from his arrest.
John Moore and Joshua Smith, both of Col Ritzema's regiment, tried by the above Court Martial for "absenting themselves from Camp without leave, and forging a pass," are found guilty, and sentenced to receive corporal punishment (Vizt.) Moore thirty nine Lashes; Smith twenty Lashes; and both to be kept seven days confined on bread and water--The General approves of part of the above sentence, and orders the corporal punishment to be put in execution to morrow morning, at the head of the regiment, at Guard-mounting, but for several reasons, thinks proper to disapprove of the latter part of the sentence.
A working party consisting of nine hundred men, to be ordered, to morrow morning, from the different Brigades and Regiments (vizt.)
Genl. Heath's: Colonels Learned's, Bailey's, Read's, Baldwins, to go to Powles hook.
Genl. Spencer's: Colonels Parsons's, Wyllys's, to Bayard'shill; Colonel Huntington's, to Red-hook; Colonel Arnold's, to Fort Stirling; Colonel Ward's, Fifty men with four days provisions to cut picquets. These men to be provided with Axes this day, and to parade to morrow morning at five 'OClock on the Bowling Green, the remainder of this Regiment's working party at Fort George; a party of which will be reserved to load boats.
Lord Stirling: Colonels Nixon's, Webb's, McDougall's, Ritzema's On Governours Island, every day, until further orders.
As there is great complaint of Officers not attending properly; The Majors of brigade are every evening to send an exact detail of the number of officers, and men, they furnish for fatigue, to Col. Putnam, Engineer. They are always to finnish, to every two hundred men one Field Officer--three Captains--nine subalterns--twelve Serjeants and twelve Corporals.
May 26, 1776.
Parole Hancock. Countersign Trumbull.
In Provincial Congress, New York, May 25, 1776.
Messrs. John Berrien and Robert Harpur, two of the members of the General Committee of the City of New York, delivered in the report of the said Committee, which was read and filed, and is in the words following. (vizt.)
"Committee Chamber, May 24, 1776.
"Doctor Foster90 appearing before the Committee says, that information was given to General Putnam, that several persons had been inoculated, at the house of one Fisher, in Stone Street, contrary to a resolve of the Provincial Congress of this Colony, he, the examinant (agreeable to Genl: Putnam's order) immediately went to the house of the above mentioned Fisher, where he discovered that Lt. Colonel Moulton,91 Capt. Parks,92 Doctor Hart93 and Lieut. Brown had been inoculated by Doctor Azor Betts.
[Note 90: Dr. Isaac Foster(?), hospital surgeon.]
[Note 91: Lieut. Col. Johnson Moulton, of the Seventh Continental Infantry.]
[Note 92: Capt. Warham Parks(?), of the Third Continental Infantry.]
[Note 93: Dr. John Hart(?), surgeon of the Seventh Continental Infantry.]
"Doctor Azor Betts being sent for, appeared before the Committee, allowed the charge against him, and offer'd in his vindication--that he had been repeatedly applied to by the officers of the Continental Army to inoculate them, that he refused, but being overpersuaded, he at last inoculated the persons above-mentioned.
" Resolved, That Doctor Azor Betts, be committed to the Goal of this City, and be kept in safe custody, until released by the Provincial Congress.
" Ordered, That a Copy of the minutes relating to Doctor Azor Betts's case, be handed to the Provincial Congress.
"Extract from the minutes.
"Signed. Josh. Winter Secry."
Messrs. Berrian and Harpur further inform, that the wife of Azor Betts, on her examination, says That Lieut. Seymour from Long Island had informed her, that seven persons of the Army (Officers as she understood) on Long Island, were taking mercurial preparations, and as he supposed, were inoculated, or preparing to be inoculated for the small pox.
Ordered, That a Copy of the report of the General Committee, to this Congress, be delivered to Major Genl. Putnam--that he give such direction to the Continental Army, for preventing the Small Pox among them on Long Island, as he may think necessary.
Extract from the minutes.
Signed. John McKesson Secry.
The General presents his Compliments to the Honorable The Provincial Congress, and General Committee, is much obliged to them, for their Care, in endeavouring to prevent the spreading of the Small-pox (by Inoculation or any other way) in this City, or in the Continental Army, which might prove fatal to the army, if allowed of, at this critical time, when there is reason to expect they may soon be called to action; and orders that the Officers take the strictest care, to examine into the state of their respective Corps, and thereby prevent Inoculation amongst them; which, if any Soldier should presume upon, he must expect the severest punishment.
Any Officer in the Continental Army, who shall suffer himself to be inoculated, will be cashiered and turned out of the army, and have his name published in the News papers throughout the Continent, as an Enemy and Traitor to his Country.
Upon the first appearance of any eruption, the Officer discovering of it in any Soldiers, is to give information to the Regimental Surgeon, and the Surgeon make report of the same, to the Director General of the hospital.
The working party from Col Nixon's Regiment, are to be ordered every day to Long Island, instead of Governours Island, as mentioned in yesterday's orders.
The form of a morning report (which the Captain of the lower Barrack Guard is to make every day to the Field Officer) may be had, by applying to any of the Brigade Majors; and 'tis expected this form will be duly attended to.
May 27, 1776.
Parole Killingly. Countersign Pomfret.
Nathaniel Stanley, of the 1st. Company of Colonel Wyllys's Regiment, tried by a late General Court Martial, whereof Col Ritzema was president for "absenting himself from and refusing to join said company, after he had received a Months pay and blanket money"--The Court find the prisoner guilty of a breach of the 8th. Article of the Continental Rules and Regulations, and do sentence him to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes on his naked back, and be confined seven days upon bread and water.
John Brown, of Capt. Scotts94 Company in Col Wyllys's Regiment, tried by the above Court Martial for "Desertion"--The Court find the prisoner guilty of the Charge, and sentence him to be whipped Twenty Lashes on his Dare back, for said offence.
[Note 94: Capt. Ezekiel Scott. of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry.]
The General approves the above sentences, and orders the execution of them, to morrow morning at guard mounting.
Capt. Harwood is not to take any other men more than his own company, at present, from Col Learneds Regiment, to serve on board the whaling boats &ca--except by the consent of Lieut. Colonel Shephard;95 whose Consent, the General imagined Capt. Harwood had obtained, when he gave him the order this morning.
[Note 95: Lieut, Col. William Shepard, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
Philadelphia, May 28, 1776.
Sir: On Saturday Morning I was favoured with yours of the 17th. Inst., giving the agreeable Intelligence of the important and valuable Prize, made by the armed Schooners in the Continental Service, and am hopeful, that if a vigilant Look out is kept, that others not less valuable, will fall into our Hands.
Congress having passed a Resolve respecting this Cargo, as you will see by the inclosed Copy,96 I desire that you will immediately forward to New York, eight Hundred of the Carbines and the Residue have put into some good and secure Place, not to be disposed of 'till further Directions, unless the Recruits raising to compleat the five Regiments left at Boston, should be in Want, in which Case you may supply the Deficiency out of them.
[Note 96: This was one of the supply ships from Cork, captured by the Franklin.]
I also request that you will directly forward to New York, 400 Barrels of the Powder, and have the Remainder of it, sent to some Place of Security in the Country, not too contiguous to Boston, there to be kept under a good and trusty Guard 'till it shall be disposed of; apprehending it imprudent that more should remain in Boston than may be absolutely necessary for Fear of Accidents, tho' I do not think any Attempts will be made against it by the Enemy.
You will forward too, the Lead wrote for by General Putnam, and such Articles out of the Cargo as Colo. Knox and Colonel Putnam shall respectively apply for, and have the Rest properly secured.
As to the two Hundred Carbines, that are to remain at Boston, I do not mean that they are to be put into the Hands of the Recruits raising to compleat the old Regiments, but in Case of absolute Necessity, such as the Appearance of an Invasion, or the like, and that every possible Method should be used for them to procure Arms without depending on these.
I shall be glad of your returning to the Massachusetts Government the Powder they have lent the Continent; as by this fortunate Capture we are enabled to pay our Debts in that Way97 I am, etc.
[Note 97: The resolve of May 25, 1775, placed the disposal of any arms and military stores captured in prizes in the hands of the Commander in Chief.]
Philadelphia, May 28, 1776.
Sir: I received yours of the 24th. Inst. with it's several Inclosures, and the Letter and Invoice from General Ward, giving Intelligence of the fortunate Capture made by our armed Vessels, on which Event you have my Congratulations.
I have wrote Genl. Ward, as you will see by the inclosed Letter, (which having read, you will seal and send by Post) to send forward to New York Colo. Putnam's Demands, and also such Articles as Colo. Knox may apply for, out of the Cargo taken. In like Manner I have desired him to send me as soon as possible, Part of the Powder, and eight Hundred of the Carbines which will greatly assist in making up the Defficiency in this Instance. As to the Plan98 for employing the Armed Vessels, I
[Note 98: The plan for using the armed vessels in the Hudson River and New York Bay accompanies Putnam's letter to Washington (May 24), which is in the Washington Papers. The names and stations of the various armed vessels are there given.] have no Objection to it's being adopted, provided it will not frustrate the main Design for which they were fitted out. That I would by no Means have injured, as it is a Matter of much Importance to prevent a Correspondence between the disaffected and the Enemy and the latter from getting Supplies of Provision; but if this End can be answered, and the other Advantages in the Plan mentioned, it is certainly an eligible one.
The great Variety of Business in which Congress are engaged, has prevented our settling what I was requested to attend for, tho' we have made several Attempts, and a Committee has been appointed for the Purpose Day after Day,99 nor can I say with Precision when I shall be at Liberty to return. I must, therefore, pray your Attention and Vigilance to every necessary Work and further, if you should receive, before I come, certain Advices and such as you can rely on, of the Enemy's being on the Coast or approaching New York, that you inform me thereof by Express, as early as possible. I do not wish an Alarm to be given me without Foundation; but as soon as you are certified of their coming, that it be instantly communicated to me, and Orders given the Express who comes, to bespeak at the different necessary Stages on the Road, as many Horses, as may
[Note 99: The committee was appointed on May 23 to confer with General Washington, Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, and Brig. Gen. Thomas Mifflin, on the Canadian situation. It consisted of Benjamin Harrison, Richard Henry Lee, John Adams, James Wilson, and Edward Rutledge. May 24 Robert R. Livingston was added. May 25 a new committee of conference on a plan of campaign, consisting of Harrison, Lee, Adams, Wilson, Livingston, William Whipple, Roger Sherman, Stephen Hopkins, William Livingston, George Read, Matthew Tilghman, Joseph Hewes, Arthur Middleton, and Lyman Hall, was appointed. A report was rendered on May 29 advising the issue of an address to the inhabitants of the United States. May 30 a further report was brought in. May 31 another report was made. June 1 further consideration was given the matter, and eight battalions for Canada ordered raised by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and New York. June 3 Washington was empowered to employ Indians in Canada; 13,800 militia from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey were authorized to reenforce New York; Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware were to furnish 10,000 more for a flying camp, to serve until December I. Various other measures were adopted, for which the Journals of the Continental Congress should be consulted. Washington was excused on June 3 and was back in New York on June 6.] be proper for facilitating my Return, and that of the Gentlemen with me, with the greatest Expedition. I am, etc.
P.S. I desire you'll speak to the several Colls., and hurry them to get their colours done.
New York, May 28, 1776.
Parole Lynn. Countersign Salem.
Col Prescott's Regiment to be mustered at nine O'Clock, Thursday Morning, on their regimental parade.
Three men from each regiment in the three Brigades, of Genl. Heath, Spencer and Lord Stirling, together with two Subalterns and two Serjeants, to parade at Genl. Putnam's quarters, to morrow morning at six o'clock--these men are to be such as understand rowing.
The General Court Martial of which Colonel Ritzema was President, is dissolved, and the Officers to return to their ordinary duty.
A Wheelwright from each Regiment, in the three Brigades above mentioned, to parade in front of the Laboratory, at eight o'clock in the morning, and receive their orders from Mr. Hughes,1 Assistant Quarter Master General.
[Note 1: Hugh Hughes, of New York. He served as Assistant Quartermaster General of the Continental Army until the end of the year 1781.]
AFTER ORDERS
A Serjeant, Corporal and twelve men to be immediately detached from the upper Barrack Guard, to Powles Hook, who are to guard the works there, and secure the working tools: This detachment to be immediately replaced by a like number from any one brigade; who will be allowed their quota in to morrow's detail, from henceforward the guard at Powles-hook, are to take with them four days provision, and to be relieved every fourth day, commencing to morrow.
May 29, 1776.
Parole Chamblee. Countersign Thompson.
One Man from each Regiment, to parade to morrow morning, at six o'clock, at General Putnam's quarters, to go on board the Mifflin, armed Schooner--these men are to be such as best understand the business.
A reinforcement to be added to the upper barrack Guard, of one Serjeant, one Corporal, and twenty-four privates. The above Guard is to furnish four additional Sentries over the Laboratory, and four over the Magazine of Forage, for the placing those Sentries, and the Orders they are to receive, application is to be made to Mr. Hughes Assistant Quarter Master General.
A General Court Martial, consisting of one Colonel, one Lieut. Colonel, one Major and ten Captains, to sit to morrow morning, at nine o'clock, for the trial of all such prisoners as may be brought before them.
The names of the prisoners to be tried, together with their crimes, and evidences, to be given unto the Judge Advocate this afternoon--All Evidences to give due attendance on the court.
James Grant, of Capt. Waterhouse's2 Company, in Colonel Parsons's Regiment, tried at late General Court Martial
[Note 2: Capt. Abraham Waterhouse, of the Tenth Continental Infantry.] (whereof Col Ritzema was President) for "destroying his arms, abusing the Serjeants, and insolently affronting his officers"--is found guilty, and sentenced to pay for his arms, and receive Twenty Lashes on his bare back--The General approves of the sentence, and orders the Corporal Punishment to be inflicted to morrow morning, at the head of the regiment, at guards mounting.
Daniel Kitts, of Col Ward's Regiment, and Capt. Allen's3 Company, tried at the above Court Martial for "Stealing a shirt"--The General thinks proper to postpone his sentence 'till further orders--
[Note 3: Capt. Jonathan Allen, of Ward's Twenty-first Continental Infantry.]
Joseph Lent, of Col McDougall's regiment, and Capt. Hoyt's4 Company, tried at the above Court Martial for " Disobedience of orders, and striking his commanding Officer, Ensign Young, when in the execution of his duty "--is found guilty of Disobedience of orders, and sentenced to be confined five days on bread and water, in the Provost Dungeon.
[Note 4: This name is also given as Hyatt in some of the returns. There was a Capt. Ezekiel Hyatt in the Westchester County, N.Y., Militia.]
The General is not a little surprised at the Sentence of the Court, on the prisoner Joseph Lent, and thinks the punishment so inadequate to the crime, that he disapproves of the sentence--The General hopes this hint, will make future General Court Martials more particular, and severe on the heinous crime, of a Soldier's striking, or attempting to strike his officer, or disobey his commands.
Head Quarters, New York, May 31, 1776.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersign Georgia.
The Provost Marshal to make a report in writing, every morning, at Head Quarters, of the prisoners he has in charge, specifying their names, regiments, companies, by whom confined, crimes, number of nights confined, tried or not tried:
Edmund Britt of Capt. Butler's5 Company, and Col Nixon's Regiment, tried at the General Court Martial whereof Col Nixon is President for "Desertion"--is found guilty, and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine lashes.
[Note 5: Capt. Joseph Butler, of the Fourth Continental Infantry.]
Ahimaas Sherwin of Capt. Butler's Company, of Col Nixon's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial for "Desertion" is also found guilty, and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine lashes.
The General approves of the sentence, on the above two prisoners, and orders it to be put in execution, to morrow morning, at guard mounting.
AFTER ORDERS
Genl Washington has wrote to Genl. Putnam, desiring him in the most pressing terms, to give positive orders to all the Colonels, to have Colours immediately completed for their respective regiments.
Philadelphia, May 31, 1776.
Dear Brother: Since my arrival at this place, where I came at the request of Congress, to settle some matters relative to the ensuing Campaign I have received your Letter of the 18th. from Williamsburg, and think I stand indebted to you for another, which came to hand some time ago, in New York.
I am very glad to find that the Virginia Convention have passed so noble a vote, and with so much unanimity,6 things
[Note 6: On Wednesday, May 15, the Virginia Convention, consisting of 112 members, resolvedunanimously to instruct their delegates in the Continental Congress to propose "to that respectable body to declare the Colonies free and independent States, absolved from all allegiance to, or dependence upon, the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain," pledging their support to such a declaration, and "to whatever measures may be thought proper and necessary by the Congress for forming foreign alliances, and a confederation of the colonies, at such time, and in the manner, as to them shall seem best: Provided, that the power of forming government for, and the regulation of the internal concerns of each colony, be left to the respective colonial legislatures." These instructions were carried out by the Virginia delegates in Richard Henry Lee's motion of June 7, which precipitated the debate that ended in the passage of the Resolution of Independence on July 2, and the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4.] have come to that pass now, as to convince us, that we have nothing more to expect from the justice of G. Britain; also, that she is capable of the most delusive Arts, for I am satisfied that no Commissioners ever were design'd, except Hessians and other Foreigners; and that the Idea was only to deceive, and throw us off our guard; the first it has too effectually accomplished, as many Members of Congress, in short, the representation of whole Provences, are still feeding themselves upon the dainty food of reconciliation; and tho' they will not allow that the expectation of it has any influence upon their judgments (with respect to their preparations for defence) it is but too obvious that it has an operation upon every part of their conduct and is a clog to their proceedings, it is not in the nature of things to be otherwise, for no Man, that entertains a hope of seeing this dispute speedily, and equitably adjusted by Commissioners, will go to the same expence and run the same hazards to prepare for the worst event as he who believes that he must conquer, or submit to unconditional terms, and its concomitants, such as Confiscation, hanging, &c., &c.
To form a new Government, requires infinite care, and unbounded attention; for if the foundation is badly laid the superstructure must be bad, too much time therefore, cannot be bestowed in weighing and digesting matters well. We have, no doubt, some good parts in our present constitution; many bad ones we know we have, wherefore no time can be misspent that is imployed in seperating the Wheat from the Tares. My fear is, that you will all get tired and homesick, the consequence of which will be, that you will patch up some kind of Constitution as defective as the present; this should be avoided, every Man should consider, that he is lending his aid to frame a Constitution which is to render Million's happy, or Miserable, and that a matter of such moment cannot be the Work of a day.
I am in hopes to hear some good Accts from No. Carolina. If Clinton has only part of his force there, and not strongly Intrenched, I should think Genl. Lee will be able to give a very good acct. of those at Cape Fare. Surely Administration must intend more than 5000 Men for the Southern district, otherwise they must have a very contemptable opinion of those Colonies, or have great expectation of assistance from the Indians, Slaves, and Tories. We expect a very bloody Summer of it at New York and Canada, as it is there I expect the grand efforts of the Enemy will be aim'd; and I am sorry to say that we are not, either in Men, or Arms, prepared for it; however, it is to be hoped, that if our cause is just, as I do most religiously believe it to be, the same Providence which has in many Instances appear'd for us, will still go on to afford its aid.
Your Convention is acting very wisely in removing the disaffected, Stock, &ca., from the Counties of Princess Anne and Norfolk; and are much to be commended for their attention to the Manufacture of Salt, Salt Petre, Powder &ca. No time, nor expense should be spared to accomplish these things.
Mrs. Washington is now under Innoculation in this City; and will, I expect, have the Small pox favourably, this is the 13th day, and she has very few Pustules; she would have wrote to my Sister but thought it prudent not to do so, notwithstanding there could be but little danger in conveying the Infection in this manner. She joins me in love to you, her, and all the little ones. I am, with every Sentiment of regard, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 1, 1776.
Parole Jay. Countersign Alsop.
A Serjeant, Corporal and twelve men, to march to morrow morning, at Six OClock, at which time they will be directed where to march to. they are to be furnished with six days provisions pr man.
Eight men (that understand making Cartridges) from each of the five Regiments, in General Spencer's Brigade, and from Col Nixons and Col Webb's Regiments, to parade to morrow morning at Six OClock, at the Bowling Green, before Col Knox's door, and receive their further orders from him.
Head Quarters, New York, June 2, 1776.
Parole Fitch. Countersign Babcock.
General Greene to order all arms in his brigade which want repairs to be immediately brought in to the Armourers shop, where they will be fitted up properly after which, all repairs will be stopped out of the men's wages.
Capt. Oliver Soaper of the 13th. or Colonel Read's Regiment, tried at the General Court Martial, whereof Col Nixon is President) On Complaint of Lieut. Thomas Williams of said Company, for "defrauding the public, in knowingly and willingly drawing pay, for more men than he had belonging to his company"--The Court are of opinion, that Capt. Soper is not guilty of the charge brought against him, therefore do acquit him.
The General approves of the proceedings of the above Court Martial, and orders, that Capt. Soper be immediately released from his arrest.
Lieut. Thomas Williams of Capt. Soper's Company, and Col Reads Regiment, also tried at the above Court Martial, for "Impeaching and falsly asserting that Capt. Soper of the said Regiment, had knowingly and designedly defrauded the public, in making up, and drawing pay, for more men than he had in his company: Also for signing Returns of the Company expressly against the orders of Capt. Soper--Also for refusing to repair to his Tent, when ordered by Capt. Soper." The Court are of opinion, that the prisoner is guilty of the charge brought against him, and unanimously adjudge that he be cashiered for the said offence.
The General approves of the sentence of the above Court Martial, and orders that Mr. Williams, late a Lieutenant in Col Reed's Regiment, immediately depart the Camp by the way of Kingsbridge, or on board a vessel going up the sound.
John Quinn, of Capt. Allen's7 Company and Col Ward's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial, for "Desertion"--is found guilty, and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes, on his bare back for said offence.
[Note 7: Capt. Samuel Allen, of the Twenty-first Continental Infantry.]
John Suby and James Johnston, both of Captain King's8 Company, and Col Ward's Regiment, tried severally at the above Court Martial, for "Desertion"--are each found guilty, and sentenced severally, to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes, on their bare back.
[Note 8: Capt. William King, of the Twenty-first Continental Infantry.]
The General approves of the several Sentences above, and orders them to be put in execution, to morrow morning at Guard mounting.
Hugh Killbreath, of Capt. Rosse's9 Company, in Col Hand's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial, for "Assaulting, beating and wounding Assa Baker, and David Avery, of the Artillery"--is found guilty of the Charge, brought against him, and sentenced to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 9: Capt. James Ross, of Hand's Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The General approves of the above sentence, and orders the prisoner to be transmitted to his Corps, and that the punishment be inflicted on him at the head of the regiment at Guard mounting, on the first morning the Commanding Officer shall find suitable for the purpose.
Philadelphia, June 3, 1776.
Sir: I have perused the Petition preferred by the Independent Corps of Boston and beg leave to Inform Congress, that the Five Regiments there are extremely deficient in Arms, as are many other Regiments in Continental pay, and submit to their consideration, whether any part of the Arms lately taken, under these circumstances should be delivered to the Gentlemen applying for them, determining at the same time whatever decision Congress may come to, respecting them, will be agreeable to me and be litterally complied with. I have &ca.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Philadelphia, June 3, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your Favor by Yesterday Evening's Express with the several Letters and Intelligence from General Schuyler and am much concerned for the further Misfortunes that have attended our Arms in Canada. I have laid the whole before Congress, who had before resolved to send a considerable Augmentation to our Army there and doubt not that General Schuyler may receive Assistance from the Militias most convenient to him, for securing the different Passes and Communications 'till they can be releived.
As to sending a Reinforcement from New York, neither Policy or Prudence will justify it, as we have the strongest Reasons to believe the Day not far distant when a large Armament will arrive; and vigorously attempt an Impression there; to oppose which the Forces we have will not be more than equal, if sufficient.
Congress have determined on building sundry Gondolas and Fire Rafts, to prevent the Men of War and Enemy's Ships from coming into the New York Bay or Narrows.11 I must therefore request, that you make Inquiry after Carpenters, and procure all you can, with Materials necessary for building them, that they may go on with all possible Expedition, as soon as the Person arrives from hence, whom I have employed to superintend the Work. He will be there in a Day or two. I am &c.
[Note 11: On May 30 Congress resolved that the Commander in Chief should build all fire rafts, boats, row galleys, etc., needed for the defense of New York.]
Head Quarters, New York, June 3, 1776.
Parole Hartford. Countersign Wethersfield.
Col. Learned's and Col. Webb's regiments to be mustered Wednesday Morning at nine o'clock.
Head Quarters, New York, June 4, 1776.
Parole Brunswick. Countersign Stratford.
Col. Reads Regiment to be mustered to morrow morning, at nine o'clock; and not Col Webb's, as was mentioned in the orders of yesterday.
Philadelphia, June 4, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favor of the 16th. of Feby.12 by Yesterday's Post, with it's Inclosure, for which and the Information respecting the State of your Province, I return you my Thanks.
[Note 12: McIntosh's letter, dated Feb. 16, 1776, at Savannah, Ga., is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Sparks's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 148.]
I am exceedingly sorry for the Difficulties you have had to encounter, and that they are not yet all at an End; but I am hopeful, by your Perseverance and Activity, they will be surmounted, and that Things will assume a more pleasing Appearance.
Being far removed from the Department you are in, it will be impossible for me to know or transmit the Orders necessary for regulating your Battallion. I must, therefore, refer you to Majr. Genl. Lee, who has been appointed to command in the southern District, and to Brigr. Genl. Armstrong13 in South Carolina, who are more immediately over you. They will give you, from Time to Time, such Instructions as appear to them necessary, proper, and likely to advance the public Good, which you must make the Rule of your Conduct.
[Note 13: Brig. Gen. John Armstrong, of Pennsylvania.]
You will be particular and punctual in making your Returns to these Gentlemen, who will forward them to me; and trusting that every Thing in your Power, will be done to promote the Common Cause and Interest of the United Colonies. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 5, 1776.
Parole Esopus. Countersign Albany.
Lieut. John Riggs of Capt. McFarland's14 Company, and Col Nixon's Regiment, tried at the General Court Martial, whereof Col. Nixon is President, for "Counterfeiting, and assuming the character of a Field Officer, and under pretence of being Field Officer of the day, ordering out one of the principal Guards, in the army; imposing upon Capt. Sumner15 commanding the upper Barrack Guard; and behaving herein
[Note 14: Capt. Moses McFarland, of the Fourth Continental Infantry. He was wounded at Bunker Hill; transferred to the Invalid Regiment in March, 1779; served to close of the war; mustered out with the brevet rank of major.]
[Note 15: Capt. Ebenezer Sumner, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry.] unbecoming the Character of an Officer, acting in subversion of military order, &c., is found guilty of the several charges brought against him, and sentenced by the Court to be cashiered for the same.
The General approves of the sentence of the Court, and orders that Mr. John Riggs, late Lieutenant in Col Nixon's Regiment do depart the Army, City and Encampment immediately.
George Cottingen and Daniel Dunevil, both of Captain Van Wyck's16 Company, of Col. McDougall's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial, for "Desertion"--are severally found guilty of the same, and sentenced to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes each, on their bare backs.
[Note 16: Capt. Abraham Van Wyke, of the First New York Infantry. He was killed by lightning in August, 1776.]
The General approves the above sentence, and orders it to be put in execution to morrow morning, at guard mounting, at the head of the regiment.
Head Quarters, New York, June 6, 1776.
Parole Woodstock. Countersign Dudley.
The Brigadiers of each Brigade, are to send to the QuarterMaster-General's to morrow at Ten O'Clock for the spears.17
[Note 17: Spears were used by the light horse, or dragoons, as lances, and sometimes by the Infantry in lieu of bayonets. Some of the spears had jointed handles, or staffs, so they could be folded for convenience in transportation.]
The Colonel of each Regiment wanting Arms, are to draw on Mr. Cheever, Commissary of Stores for thirteen, and give their receipts.
One Captain, two Subs., two Serjeants, two Corporals and fifty Privates from Colonel Webb's18 Regiment, to parade to morrow morning at six o'Clock at White-hall Slip--these men
[Note 18: Col. Charles Webb. of the Nineteenth Continental Infantry.] to be furnished with five days provision--and each man an Ax to cut picketts: Axes and Provisions to be got ready this day, they are not to bring their fire-arms.
This party to be deducted from their usual detail.
The Guard of one Sub: one Serjeant, one Corporal, and twenty-four Privates from the fourth Brigade, with six days provisions, is to be posted at Kingsbridge, to prevent any Soldiers of the army passing that way, unless they have leave in writing from the Commanding Officer of their respective Corps: This Guard is to be relieved every Wednesday 'till further orders: All Masters of Vessels and Ferrymen, are strictly enjoined not to carry off any Soldiers of the Army without leave in writing from their Commanding officer.
Each of the three brigades in the Grand Camp, are to furnish a Patrole every two hours in the day time, consisting of a serjeant and six men, who are to patrole at least two miles to the northward of their respective Camps, and to take up all Soldiers, whom they find with Fire-Arms out of Camp, and endeavour to prevent their committing any disorders whatever; and in particular to seize and confine, all who shall fire a gun.
The 4th. Brigade is to furnish a Guard, consisting of one subaltern, one Serjeant, one Corporal, one Drum, and twenty Privates to guard the works on Bayard's-hill and be relieved every day.
George Edgel of Capt. Hobby's19 Company, and Colonel Ritzema's Regiment, tried at the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Nixon is President, for "leaving his guard, getting drunk, and damning the Officer of the guard," is found guilty, and sentenced to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 19: Capt. David Hobby, of the Third New York Regiment.]
John O'Brien of Capt. Varick's Company, and Col McDougall's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial for "sleeping on his post when Sentry," is found guilty, and sentenced to be whipped Twenty Lashes on his bare back.
Benjamin Richards of Capt. Mighill's20 Company and Col Baldwin's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial for "publishing the Countersign, and openly proclaiming it in a public house after Taptoo Beating"--is found guilty, and sentenced to be whipped Twenty Lashes, on his bare back, for said offence.
[Note 20: Capt. Thomas Mighill, of the Twenty-sixth Continental Infantry.]
John Sinner of Capt. Johnson's21 Company, and Colo. McDougall's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial for "Desertion" is found guilty of the same, and sentenced to be whipped Twenty Lashes, on his bare back for said offence.
[Note 21: Capt. John Johnson, of the First New York Regiment.]
The General approves of all the foregoing Sentences, and orders that they be put in execution at the usual time and place.
New York, June 7, 1776.
Dear Sir: I have not Time to answer your two last Favours minutely, but only to acknowledge the Receipt of them; being just returned from Philadelphia, and the Post about to depart this Morning.
The Situation of our Affairs in Canada is truly alarming, and I greatly fear, from the Intelligence transmitted from thence by Capt. Wilkinson22 to General Greene, that 'ere this we have sustained further and greater Misfortunes, than what happened when you wrote. I have inclosed you a Copy of his Letter, by which you will see I have too much Ground for my Concern,
[Note 22: Capt. James Wilkinson. As this time he was an aide to Arnold; later he was an aide to Gates.] and I sincerely wish the next Letters from the Northward, may not contain melancholy Advices of General Arnold's Defeat and the Loss of Montreal.
The most vigorous Exertions will be necessary, to retrieve our Circumstances there and I am hopeful you will strain every Nerve for that Purpose. Unless it can be now done Canada will be lost for ever; the fatal Consequences of which every one must feel.
I have inclosed you a Copy of a Resolve of Congress for reinforcing the Army in Canada, and keeping up the Communication with that Province. I hope the several Colonies will immediately furnish their Quotas of Men, which, or as many of them as may be necessary, I should imagine had better be employed at the Communications, and all the inlisted Soldiers sent forward to Canada.
You have also another Resolution for employing and engaging a Number of Indians in the Service.23 Tho' Congress have not particularised the Mode for raising and engaging them, I would have you, and the Commissioners appointd. for Indian Affairs, pursue such Measures for the Purpose, as to you may seem best for securing their Friendship and Service. If a smaller Number than 2000 will do I would not advise more to be embodied than may be necessary.
[Note 23: As before noted, Congress had voted the raising of Indians for the Canada service. The number authorized was 2,000. General Schuyler, when informed, very naturally inquired where they were to be found, and added that, instead of raising this number for the American cause, he thought that if they could be prevented from joining the enemy it was more than could be expected. Schuyler did, however, succeed in negotiating a treaty with the western New York Indians at German Flats shortly after this.]
If your Presence or Direction at St. John's or any Post in Canada could be of Service and tend to put our Affairs in a better Channel than they now are, I would wish you to go; as General Thomas is down in the small Pox; but I do not mean to direct or request you to do it, if you think by remaining where you are, or not going, will be of more public Advantage, or that the Cause will be injured by doing it. You will be governed by such Measures as appear to you best, and the Circumstances of our Affairs under your Management, and those in Canada, with which you must be much better acquainted than I am, or can possibly be, at this Distance.
It is probable your Presence may be necessary and wanted at the Negotiation with the Indians, which will be one Cause to prevent your going. I am, Sir, &c.
New York, June 7, 1776.
Gentn.: I suppose you have received from the Congress two Resolutions, for the reinforcement of our Army in Canada; but, least you should not be apprized of them, I take the liberty to inclose you a Copy. I most earnestly request, you will exert every endeavour, to furnish the Quota expected from your Province, as speedily as possible. General Schuyler is extremely importunate for a Supply of Men, and it is altogether out of my power to afford them from the Troops here; as they by no means exceed the Number requisite for the defence of this Place. I have the honor to be, etc.
New York, June 7, 1776.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform Congress, that I arrived here yesterday afternoon about one O'Clock and found all in a state of Peace and quiet. I had not time to view the works which were carrying on and those ordered to be begun when I went away, but have reason to beleive, from the reports of such of the General and other officers I had the pleasure to see, that they have been prosecuted and forwarded, with all possible diligence and dispatch.
I am much concerned for the situation of our Affairs in Canada and am fearful 'ere this, It is much worse than was first reported at Philadelphia. The Intelligence from thence in a Letter from Captain Wilkinson of the 2d Regiment, to General Greene, is truly alarming; it not only confirms the Account of Col. Bedel and Major Sherburne's defeat, but seems to forebode General Arnold's with the Loss of Montreal I have Inclosed a Copy of the Letter, which will but too well shew that there is foundation for my apprehensions.
On Wednesday Evening, I received an Express from General Schuyler, with sundry papers respecting Sir John Johnson, which I have not time to copy as the post is just going off, but will do myself the honor of transmitting you them as soon as I possibly can.24
[Note 24: Sir John Johnson resided at Johnstown, in Tryon County, about 40 miles northwest of Albany, N.Y., and possessed large patrimonial estates in that neighborhood. Adhering to the Royal cause, and having many of the Indians in his influence, as well as two or three hundred Highlanders, who were his tenants, an eye was kept upon his conduct. In January he had given his parole that he would take no part against the Colonies. General Schuyler received such intelligence as convinced him that Sir John was secretly instigating the Indians, by which he had virtually broken his parole, and was likely to produce much mischief on the frontiers. To prevent this he thought it advisable to secure Sir John and quell the rising spirit of hostility which he was fomenting among the inhabitants and Indians in that quarter. Col. Elias Dayton, with a part of his regiment, was sent to make the arrest. But Sir John escaped to the westward and sought security with the Indians and a small British force on the Lakes. Sir John's papers were examined by Colonel Dayton, in compliance with his orders, and Lady Johnson was removed to Albany, where she was retained as a kind of hostage for the peaceable conduct of her husband. In the January following Sir John Johnson found his way to New York City, then in possession of the British Army.-- Sparks.]
Before I left Philadelphia, I employed a person to superintend the Building the Gondolas which Congress had resolved on for this place; he is arrived and all things seem to be in a proper Channel for facilitating the work; but when they are done, we shall be in much want of Guns, having never received any of those taken by Commodore Hopkins. Be pleased to remember me to Congress with the utmost respect; and I am etc.
P. S. I this minute received your favor of the 5th Inst. I am in need of Commissions and beg Congress to point out precisely the line I am to pursue in filling them up. this I mentioned in my Letter of the 11 Ulto. I am much pleased at the fortunate Captures and the generous conduct of the owners and masters for the tender of the money to Congress.
Head Quarters, New York, June 7, 1776.
Parole Gates. Countersign Mifflin.
The Honorable The Continental Congress, have been pleased to appoint Horatio Gates Esqr. Major General; and Thomas Mifflin Esqr. Brigadier General in the Army of the United Colonies: They are to be obeyed as such.
The Honorable The Continental Congress have been pleased to appoint Stephen Moylan Esqr. to be Quarter-Master-General, in the room of Thomas Mifflin Esqr. preferr'd; and to be obeyed as such.
Walter Stewart and Isaac Peirce Esquires are appointed Aidde-Camps to Major General Gates; All orders written, or verbal, deliver'd by either of them, are to be considered as coming from the Major General, and obeyed as such.
AFTER ORDERS
The Adjutants of each regiment to give in immediately at Head Quarters, a Return of what number of Pikes are fit for service, and what number wanting, to complete in each regiment.
Head Quarters, New York, June 8, 1776.
Parole York. Countersign Hudson.
The Quarter-Master-General is to return the number of Spears, and intrenching Tools in his store.
The Brigadiers are to see that an exact return of the Spears, in their respective Brigades, and Posts, is also given in; and that a Report be fortwith made of the deficiencies of Arms and Accoutrements, wanting in each Regiment, distinguishing the kinds--These several returns are expected without delay.
The Colonels and commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps, are to make out pay-abstracts for the month of April. These are to be carefully examined by the Brigadier under whom they serve, and the Pay Master-General before they are brought to the Commander in Chief [to] sign the warrants.
The Brigadier of the day is to make a report to the Commander in Chief in writing, so soon as his tour of duty is ended, of the Guards, and all remarkable occurrences.
The charges made by Capt. Butler,25 against Lieut. Silas Walker, of Col Nixon's Regiment, are to be laid before the General-Court-Martial now sitting, and the parties to attend with their Evidences when called for by the court.
[Note 25: Capt. Joseph Butler, of the Fourth Continental Infantry.]
Lieut. Van-Hook26 of Colonel McDougall's Regiment, charged with "Disobedience of orders"--to be tried by the General Court Martial now sitting. Also
[Note 26: Lieut. Arant Van Hook, of the First New York Regiment.]
Lieut. Ezekiel Oakley of Colonel McDougall's Regiment, charged with "beating Sally Paterson, an Inhabitant of this town, on the head with a stick," to be tried by the General Court Martial now sitting.
The different Charges against the several persons above mentioned, to be tried, to be given in immediately to the Judge Advocate, together with the names of the evidences--All Evidences are to give due attendance.
Colonels--Nixon's, Varnum's, Parsons's, Little's, Huntington's, Webb's and Arnolds Regiments, have never given a Return of their Arms and Accoutrements, altho' ordered near a month since, 'tis expected they will be more particular in future--And as an alteration in the state of the arms and accoutrements, may have happened in some of the Regiments, who have sent in their Returns, by purchases of arms &c. since; those Regiments are desired to furnish a fresh return, agreeable to the General Order above--specifying good, bad and wanting.
New York, June 8, 1776.
Sir: In my Letter of Yesterday, which I had the honor of addressing you and which was designed to have come by Post but was prevented by his Departure before the usual time, I mentioned my having received by Express a Letter and sundry Papers from General Schuyler respecting Sir John Johnston, Copies of which I herewith transmit for your Inspection and Perusal, they wall shew you what Measures were planned and attempted for apprehending him and securing the Highlanders in Tryon County.
Having heard that the Troops at Boston are extremely uneasy and almost mutinous for want of Pay (several Months of which are now due), I must take the Liberty to repeat a Question contained in my Letter of the 5th Ulto., What mode is to be adopted respecting it, Whether is Money to be sent from hence by the Pay Master General, or some Person, subordinate to him, to be appointed there for that Purpose? I expected some direction would have been given in this instance long 'ere this, from what was contained in yours accompanying, or about the time of the last remittance. I presume it has been omitted by reason of the Multiplicity of important Business before the Congress.
In perusing the several Resolves you honored me with when at Philadelphia, and since my return, I find one allowing a Chief Engineer for the Army in a seperate Department. The Service requiring many of them, I wish Congress, if they know any Persons skilled in the Business, would appoint them. General Schuyler has frequently applied and suggested the Necessity of having some in Canada. I myself know of none.
I also find there is a resolve of the third of June for taking Indians into service which if litterally pursued confines them to that in Canada. Is that the meaning of Congress, or that the Commander in Chief may order their Service to any place he may think necessary?
In respect to establishing Expresses between the several Continental Posts, Who is to do it? The Resolve does not say. Is it expected by Congress that I should? Whoever the Work is assigned to, I think should execute it with the utmost dispatch. The late imperfect and contradictory Accounts respecting our Defeat at the Cedars27 strongly point out the Necessity there is for it. No Intelligence is yet come from any Officer in command there, and most probably for want of a proper Channel to convey it, though this Misfortune happened so long ago. When I had the Honor of being in Congress, If I mistake not, I heard a Resolve read, or was told of one, allowing the New York Troops the same pay of others in the Continental Service. This, if any such I do not find, and, if there is not such a one, I shall be under some Embarrassment, how to pay the Militia to be provided by this Province.
[Note 27: Col. Timothy Bedel, of New Hampshire, had been sent by Arnold to hold a narrow pass known as The Cedars, about 45 miles above Montreal. An English force appearing, Bedel went to Montreal for reenforcements, and on May 19 Maj. Isaac Butterfield, whom he had left in charge, surrendered almost without a show of fighting. Some reinforcements from Arnold, under the command of Maj. Henry Sherburne, were met and routed.-- Ford.]
The Resolve providing them says, "they are to be paid whilst in service as other Troops here" but if those enlisted heretofore in this Province, are to receive according to the first Establishment, it is a matter of Doubt what the Militia are to have.28
[Note 28: Resolved, "That the pay of the continental troops, in the middle department, be henceforth the same as that of the troops in the eastern." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 10, 1776.) The pay of the eastern forces being higher than that allowed those of New York, it was found that many from New York were enlisting in the regiments of New England. The Congress of New York, upon receiving a requisition from the Continental Congress for more troops, sent Gouverneur Morris to Philadelphia to determine, if possible, this "odious discrimination," with the above result.-- Ford.]
Before this comes to hand, a hand Bill, containing an Account of a Victory gained by General Arnold over the Party that had defeated Colonel Bedel and Major Sherburne will most probably have reached you; I have enquired into the Authenticity of this fortunate report, and have found there is no Dependence to be put in it, nor do I believe it deserving of the least Credit; I shall be happy not to hear the Reverse.29
[Note 29: Arnold had marched against the British with the object of regaining by force the 470 Americans captured in the two engagements at The Cedars, but the British officer asserted that a massacre must ensue upon such an attempt, and Arnold was forced to be content with obtaining the Americans (save four officers retained as hostages) on the condition of returning an equal number of British prisoners. This agreement was set aside by Congress.-- Ford. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, July 10, 1776.)]
P.S. If Congress have come to any resolution about an allowance to induce men to reinlist, you will please to favor me with it, as the Time the Rifle Regiment is engaged for is just expired. As the Militia will be coming in, and they will be in much need of covering, please to have all the Tents and the Cloth proper for making them that can be procured, forwarded as soon as possible.
[Note 30: A committee of Congress.]
New York, June 8, 1776.
Gentlemen: In Answer to your Favor of the 14th. instant in which you request me to employ proper Persons to survey the Harbour, Fortifications &ca. of Cape Ann, and of New London, I informed you of my writing to Colonel Richard Gridley and Colonel Henry Knox, to undertake the Business and promised to transmit you their report, as soon as it should come to hand.31 I accordingly have the Pleasure to enclose you Colonel Gridley's report of the Harbour and Works of New London, with the several Plans he has taken, which appears to be accurate and well done. I have the Honor to be, etc.
[Note 31: See Washington's letter to Benjamin Harrison, John Adams, and William Whipple, Apr. 22, 1776, ante.]
Head Quarters, New York, June 9, 1776.
Parole Amboy. Countersign Brunswick.
It is strongly recommended to the officers of the different regiments, to practice the Salute with the Fusee, and to fall upon a method of being uniform therein; so as that all may acquire one and the same mode: And The General desires, that when the line is turned out at any encampment, all the officers keep their arms advanced, and salute only by taking off their hats, until they have attained a more correct method of saluting with their arms.
A Guard of one Serjeant, one Corporal, and ten Men, to mount to morrow morning, at Murray's Magazine--Mr. Norward will give directions for placing the Sentries &c.
Lieut. Jacob Zanck of Col. Hands Regiment, tried at the General Court Martial whereof Col. Nixon is President, for "Insulting and abusing Lieut. Zeigler,32 Adjutant of said regiment, and for behaving in an infamous, scandalous manner, unbecoming the officer and gentleman "--The Court are of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of publickly insulting Lieut. Zeigler on the regimental parade; and adjudge that Lieut. Zanck, ask
[Note 32: Lieut. David Zeigler, of the Fourth Continental Infantry.] pardon of Lieut. Zeigler, in presence of the officers of the Battalion, and be reprimanded by the Commanding officer of the regiment--The General approves the above sentence.
Giles Burrow, of Capt. Barns's33 Company, Col Nixon's Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial for "Desertion and forging a Discharge from the Continental Service"--is found guilty of the same, and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 33: Capt. Thomas Barnes, of the Fourth Continental Infantry.]
John Monney of Capt. Stenrods34 Company Col McDougall Regt. tried at the General Court for "Desertion," is found guilty but unfairness had been used in inlisting the prisoner, and his being very ignorant, judge him to be confined seven days on bread and water.
[Note 34: Capt. Cornelius Steenrod, of the First New York Regiment.]
Gustus Seely of Capt. Hull's35 Company Col Webb's regiment, tried at the above Court Martial for "being drank and disobedience of orders and insulting Mr. Webb36 A.D. C. to General Putnam," is found guilty and sentenced to be whipped Thirty Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 35: Capt. William Hull, of the Nineteenth Continental Infantry, He rose to rank of major, lieutenant colonel, and brigadier general in the United States Army. He was cashiered Apr. 25, 1812, for surrendering Detroit to the British.]
[Note 36: Maj. Samuel Blatchley Webb. He, later, became lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington; was colonel of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments; was taken prisoner on an expedition against Long Island, N.Y., in December, 1777; exchanged in 1780, and transferred to the Third Connecticut Regiment. He held the rank of brevet brigadier general at the close of the war. Major Webb was wounded at Bunker Hill, Mass., at White Plains, N.Y., and again at Trenton, N.J.]
The General approves of the above sentences and orders them to be put in execution at the usual time and place.
New York, June 9, 1776.
Sir: I was honored Yesterday, with your favor of the 7th. instant with its inclosures. When Doctor Potts37 arrives, I shall
[Note 37: Dr. Jonathan Potts. He was deputy director general of the Northern Hospital, of which Dr. Samuel Stringer was director general.] order him to Canada or Lake George, as may appear most proper. It is certainly necessary that he or Doctor Stringer should go to the former. The resolve respecting General Wooster's recall, I will immediately transmit him with Directions to repair hither without delay.38
[Note 38: On June 6 Congress took action on the recall of Wooster. The President wrote to Washington (June 7) describing the situation in Canada as reported by the commissioners, and Washington wrote to Wooster a 4-line note ordering him to repair to headquarters in New York City. Wooster requested an inquiry into his conduct, and a committee report absolved him of blame. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 17, 1776.) He resigned and was appointed major general of militia by the State of Connecticut. Washington's note to Wooster, dated June 9, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
The Situation of our Affairs in Canada, as reported by the Honorable Commissioners, is truly alarming, and I am sorry that my Opinion of the ill consequences resulting from the short Inlistment of the Army should be but too well confirmed by the experience they have had of the want of Discipline and Order in our Soldiery there this induces me again to wish Congress to determine on a liberal allowance to engage the Troops already in service to reinlist for a longer Period or during the continuance of the War; nor can I forbear expressing my Opinion of the Propriety of keeping the Military Chest always supplied with Money; as Evils of the most interesting Nature are often produced by want of a regular Payment of Troops,--the neglect makes them impatient and uneasy.
I am much surprized at the scarcity of Provisions there, particularly of Flour, as from several Accounts I had received from thence, I was led to expect that considerable supplies of that Article could be procured there. That our misfortunes may not become greater, I have wrote the Commissary to forward more Provisions in Addition to those already sent. An Adjutant and Quarter Master General are indispensibly necessary with Assistants, the Money saved the Continent by their non-appointment, will be but small and trifling, when put in competition with the Loss for want of them. Colonel Fleming39 who acted in the former capacity under General Montgomery is now here, but his Indisposition is such, as to render him unfit at this Time for the Post. It is an important one, and requires Vigour and Activity to discharge the Duties of it; he will be of much service to Colonel Reed,40 the Business of whose Office will be considerably increased by the Augmentation of the Army. it will be necessary too that the Commissary and Quarter Master General in Canada should have several Assistants and Clerks; nor do I think a precise Number can be fixed on; as a variety of circumstances may and must occur to render the Number essential for doing the Business in these Departments greater, or less, at different Times: it will be better I apprehend to leave it indefinite and with Power to the Commanding Officer to allow such as may be wanted. I am still in the Dark, how the unfortunate Affair ended at the Cedars, or on what Terms the Surrender was made, as the last letter from the Commissioners, has reference to a former, and mentions an Agreement entered into which I have not seen; but I know of it more than I would wish.
[Note 39: Col. Edward Fleming. He resigned June 15, 1776.]
[Note 40: Col. Joseph Reed. He was Adjutant General of the Continental Army from June 5, 1776, to Jan. 22, 1777, when he resigned. Subsequently, he was offered a brigadier's commission, but declined; became President of Pennsylvania.]
I have received from Providence, in consequence of Mr. Morris's order as Chairman of the secret Committee of Congress, 234 Musketts in part of the 244 directed to be sent. the enclosed Copy of a Letter from Mr. Brown41 will account for the deficiency.
[Note 41: Nicholas Brown's letter is dated May 27 from Providence, R. I. A copy by Caleb Gibbs is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I shall be much Obliged by your ordering a Quantity of Lead and Flints to be immediately forwarded. our demands are and will be very pressing. There are also wanted some particular and necessary medicines, to complete our Hospital Chests, of which I will get Doctor Morgan to furnish the Congress with a List, when he writes or waits on them about some other matters necessary to be fixed in his Department.
As General Wooster in all Probability will be here in a little time, in Compliance with the Resolve of Congress and my order transmitted him, I wish to know what I am to do with him when he comes. General Schuyler in his Letter of the 31st. Ulto., of which I transmitted you a Copy yesterday, mentions that sundry Persons had a design to seize him, as a Tory, and probably still have, and wishes Congress to give him some Public mark of their approbation, if they are convinced of his Zeal and Attachment to the Cause of his Country. Whether he intended, that I should communicate his Desire to them or not, I am not certain; but suppossing that he did, I must beg leave to request that you lay the Paragraph before them, that they may do in the instance of his Requisition, whatever they may judge necessary. I have the Honour &ca.
P.S. If Congress have agreed to the Report of the Committee, for allowing the Indians 5 pounds for every Prisoner they shall take at Niagara &ca it is material I should be informed of it. this will be a proper Opportunity for them to embrace to gain Possession of Detroit and the other Posts whilst the Enemy are engaged toward Montreal &ca.42
[Note 42: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
In Provincial Congress, New York, June 8, 1776.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Congress be presented to his Excellency, General Washington. for the important services he has rendered to the United Colonies, and for the attention he has paid to the interest and civil authority of this colony; and that he be assured of the readiness of this Congress, to afford him all the aid in their power to enable him to execute the important trust reposed in him.
Ordered, That the President wait upon General Washington and communicate the said resolution to him.
June 9.
The President informed the Congress that, pursuant to the order of yesterday he waited upon his Excellency, General Washington, and communicated to him the resolve therein mentioned; that his Excellency was pleased to return the following answer, and requested the President to communicate the same to Congress:
"Gentlemen: I am extremely obliged for the high sense you entertain of my services, and for your promises of every possible assistance in the discharge of my important duty. You may rest assured, that my attention to the happiness of this Colony shall not be wanting, nor my regard to the civil authority remitted, while I am honored with the command I now hold."
--Force's American Archives, Fourth series, vol. 6, 1386.]
New York, June 9, 1776.
Dear Sir: I am now to acknowledge the Receipt of your several Favors of the 21st, 24th, 26th, and 26th, 27th, 28th and 31st Ulto. with the several Papers inclosed. The whole of them except the last I communicated to Congress when at Philadelphia; That I did not get 'till my Return; but have since transmitted them a Copy of it, and of the Papers respecting Sir J. Johnson.
In Regard to a further Remittance to Canada the Commissioners have wrote Congress fully on the Subject, and I presume they will forward such a Supply of Money immediately as they think necessary.
As there is but too much Probability that Sir I. Johnson may attempt to ravage the Frontier Counties, and to excite the disaffected to take Arms against us, I think it will be adviseable that Colo. Dayton should remain as you request, as long as you apprehend a Necessity for it.
It is not in my Power to spare any more Men from hence, either for the Communication, or to assist in repairing Ticonderoga. The Detachments already gone to Canada have weakened the Force necessary for the Defence of this Place, considering its Importance, more perhaps than Policy will justify. Be that as it may, the Reinforcement which Congress have resolved to send to Canada, for keeping open the Communication between that Country and it's Colonies, as you will see by the Copy inclosed in my Letter of the 7th, would supersede the Necessity of Men going from this Camp, provided they could be spared. I should suppose, that Van Schaick's and Wynkoop's Regiments, exclusive of any other Men would nearly suffice for the Purposes mentioned in your several Letters; or that very few Men more, in Addition to them certainly would, if they were compleat, and properly employed; but I am informed by a Letter from General Sullivan of the 18th. Ulto., dated at Albany, that these Regiments were not to be found on the strictest Inquiry he could make; that Colo. Van Schaick43, who was there, never furnished a single Man for Guard, or any other Duty, after he got there, and that Lieut. Colo. Courtland44 of Wynkoop's Regt., when he applied for Pay for two Companies said to be in Tryon County, to keep the Tories in Order, informed him they had neither Arms nor Ammunition; that in some Companies there was not a Man present fit for Duty; and that in others there was not more than eleven and in some less. He also complains of the great Waste of Pork, by the Waggoners drawing out the Brine to lighten the Carriage, and in his Letter two Days before, charges the Batteaux Men, and the Waggon Master with Indolence and a Strange Neglect of Duty.
[Note 43: Col. Gooze (or Gozen) Van Schaick, of the Second New York Regiment, and, later, of the First New York Regiment.]
[Note 44: Lieut. Col. Philip Van Cortlandt, of the Fourth New York Regiment. Later he was colonel of the Second New York Regiment.]
I well know, my dear Sir, that the Multiplicity of Matters you are engaged in, will necessarily put in the Power of those who are not influenced by Principles of Honesty and Justice, to practise many Impositions; but I must beg you will turn your Attention as much as possible to these Things, and reform such Abuses as have already happened, or prevent them in future.
I am very doubtful, whether the Flour you seem to think may be had in Canada can be got. The Commissioners Letters as late as the 28th. Ulto. seem to preclude every such Hope.
I esteem it a Matter of Importance, not only to fortify, and secure Ticonderoga; but every other Post on the communication: and that you should garrison them with Men under judicious and spirited Officers, to be fixed there, who might be called to Account for Misconduct, which is difficult to do, where they are shifting and changing continually, and who would esteem it their indispensible Duty to carry on and maintain the Works against any Surprizes or Attacks that may be attempted.
I have wrote to Congress to appoint Engineers, if they can fix upon proper Persons for the Office. If you know of any, you had better employ them. I am confident Congress will allow them the usual Pay.
When I came from Philadelphia I left the Indians there and doubt not but Congress will use their Endeavours to prevent them returning for some Time. I have shewed them what you said upon the Subject.
I have spoken to the Qr. Master, about a proper Person to superintend the Building of Gondolas but he knows of none. There is a Man who came to direct the Building of some here; and if any of the Carpenters shall be deemed qualified after seeing the Model, I will send you one.
I have wrote to Philadelphia for a Supply of Flints, which shall be forwarded you as soon a s possible, and will give Direction that you be furnished with a Quantity of necessary Medicines.
With Respect to St. Luke Lecorne, Major Campbell and the other Prisoners at Esopus, I think it will be prudent for you to remove them, or such of them as you apprehend dangerous, to some other secure Place, and they should be under a suitable and trusty Guard.
Your continuing to build Batteaux appears a necessary Measure; as a sufficient Number should be had to transport our Troops going to Canada or coming from thence; if they should ever be under the disagreeable Necessity of evacuating the Possession they now have to the Enemy; an Event, I sincerely wish not to happen; but which from the melancholy Complexion of Things in that Quarter, I conceive possible.
I have been much surprised at not receiving more perfect and explicit Account of the Defeat of Colo. Bedel and his Party at the Cedars. I should have thought some of the Officers in Command there would and ought to have transmitted it immediately; but as they have not, it is probable I should have long remained in Doubt as to the Event, had not the Commissioners called on me to Day. Nor should I consider my not having a Return of the Army, Stores, &c. in Canada, a Matter of less Wonder had I not been accustomed to the Neglect. If it is not become too inveterate, I wish it could be got the better of. It is certainly of much Importance, and necessary to be known frequently.
Since mine of the 21st. and yours of the 31st. Ulto. Captains Swan45 and Dundee46 with three Privates have been here, having a Permit to go to Philadelphia. They came down the North River from Albany (I believe) to this Place, where I make no Doubt they reconnoitre all our Works, and in their Passage, those at the Highlands. This Indulgence, I conceive of such infinite Prejudice to our Cause, for the Reasons I have assigned and many more that may be added, that I hope, it will never be granted again.
[Note 45: Capt. Rowland Swan, of the Twenty-sixth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 46: Capt. Peter Dundee, of the Seventh Foot, British Army.]
I wish you to notify the several Committees in the Neighbourhood of Albany, having the Care of Prisoners, of the injurious Consequences which must necessarily result from such a License, to prevent their allowing it to any on future Applications.
As Congress have resolved on a large Augmentation to the Army in Canada, as you will see by the Copy of their Vote transmitted in my last; it seems material that you should advise with the Commissary in that Department, and Mr. Trumbull here and concert a Plan for their Subsistence. if they cannot be supplied plentifully with Provisions, their going will be of more injury than Benefit, and encrease the Distress of the whole.
In your Favor of the 20th. you are desirous that a Court of Inquiry should be ordered respecting the Charge contained in the Informations I inclosed you in mine of the 21st.; If you conceive it necessary, I will do it with Pleasure, if you will point out the Mode to be pursued, to me. The Matters objected to [by] you, appear so uncertain, vague, and incredible, that there is nothing to found the Proceedings on, were there the most distant Necessity for the Scrutiny. By Reason of a Paragraph in your Letter of the 31st., I mentioned the Matter to Congress, to whom I had the Honor of writing this Day, and when at Philadelphia communicated it to some of them, on their reading your first Letter, in which Mention was made of the Subject. In doing this and giving you the Information I had received, I consider myself as having only discharged the Duties of Justice and of Friendship.
I am sorry for the Attack you have had of the Ague and wishing you a perfect Recovery. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 9, 1776.
Sir: I herewith transmit you the Resolutions of Congress for several Augmentations of the Army.
With Respect to Canada, I must inform you, that the last Accounts abound with Complaints of the deplorable Scarcity of Provisions which our Men labour under and mention the Impossibility of procuring Relief in that Colony. You will, therefore, with all Expedition, forward a Supply of Meat and Flour (particularly of the latter) to Albany.
As there is a Reinforcement of six Thousand Men shortly to be sent to Canada, there is a Prospect of the Want of Necessaries being still increased; in making Provision for the Troops already there, you must have a View to the Augmentation, which, I fear, will be sent before any Preparation can be made for them, by Mr. Price.
As to the flying Camp, it is probable, it's first Station will be in the Neighbourhood of Amboy. I am &c.
P.S. I am informed, that several Merchants are about to purchase Salt Pork for Exportation, and I would recommend it to you, immediately to apply to the Provincial Congress to take some Measures to prevent them; as there is not only a Probability that it may fall into the Hands of the Enemy, but we may ere long experience the Want of it ourselves.
New York, June 10, 1776.
Sir: Since I did myself the honor of Writing to you Yesterday, I have had the satisfaction of seeing, (and for a few Minutes conversing) with Mr. Chase and Mr. Carroll from Canada; their Acct. of our Troops, and the situation of our Affairs in that department cannot possibly surprize you more than it has done me; but I need not touch upon a Subject which you will be so well informd of from the fountain head; nor shou'd I have given you the trouble of a Letter by this days Post but for the distraction which seems to prevail in the Commissary's department (as well as others in that Quarter) the Necessity of having it under one general direction; and the dissatisfaction of Col. Trumbull at the allowance made him by Congress (as an equivalent for his trouble). With respect to this particular matter, I can only say that I think he is a Man well cut out for the business; and that where a Shilling is saved in the Pay, a pound may be lost by Mismanagement in the Office; and that his resignation at this time (I mean this Campaign) may possibly, be attended with fatal Consequences; I therefore humbly submit to Congress the propriety of handsomely rewarding those Gentlemen who hold such very important, troublesome, and hazardous Offices, as Commissary and Quarter Master.47
[Note 47: A copy of Trumbull's letter to Congress on the subject of his pay and suggesting a commission on his purchases is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Instead of the commission, Congress raised his pay to $150 a month. (See Journals of the Continental Congress. June 17, 1776.)]
In speaking to the former about the Supplies necessary for the Troops to be raiz'd; he informd me that the quantity of Salt Provisions, which was Shipping from hence might render his attempts to do it, precarious; in consequence of which I desired him to lay the matter before the Convention of this Colony, which he will do this day; but in the mean while desired Congress might be informd of the matter which I cannot better do than in his own Words, Inclosed, and submit the consideration of it to the Wisdom of that honourable body.
To Congress I also submit the Propriety of keeping the two Continental Battalions (under the Cored. of Colonels Shae48 and McGaw49) at Philadelphia, when there is the greatest probability of a speedy attack upon this place from the Kings Troops; the Incouragements given by Gov. Tryon to the disaffected, which are circulated, no one can well tell how; the Movements of these kind of People which are more easy to perceive than describe; the confident report which is said to have come immediately from Govr. Tryon, and brought by a Frigate from Hallifax that the Troops at that place were Imbarking for this, added to a thousand Incidental Circumstances, trivial in themselves, but strong from comparison, leaves not a doubt upon my Mind but that Troops are hourly expected at the Hook.
[Note 48: Col. John Shee, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 49: Col. Robert Magaw, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
I had no doubt when I left this City, for Philadelphia, but that some measures would have been taken to secure the suspected, and dangerous Persons of this Government before now, and left Orders for the Military to give every aid to the Civil Power: But, the Subject is delicate, and nothing is done in it: we may therefore have Internal, as well as external Enemies to contend with. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 52: Major of the Third New York Regiment.]
Head Quarters, New York, June 10, 1776.
Sir: Immediately upon Receipt of this Order, you are to repair to Long Island, and take upon you the Command of three Companies belonging to your Regiment, posted towards the East End thereof, for the Defence of the Inhabitants, Protection of the Stock &c. To effect these Ends, you are to use every Means in your Power; as it is of great Importance to prevent the Enemy from obtaining Supplies of fresh Provisions, and other Necessaries. You are also to prevent, as far as in your Power lies, all Kind of Correspondence and Intercourse between the Inhabitants and the Enemy, seizing upon and carrying before the Committees of Safety for Trial all those who shall be detected in such infamous Practices.
You are to see, that your Men are kept close to their Duty, and not suffered under any Pretence to be absent on Furlough, but in Cases of great and real Necessity, and then, that not more than two at a Time from each Company, be indulged.
You are to view the Men and inspect their Arms so soon as you arrive at their respective Posts, and make exact Return thereof.
Make your Quarters as centrical as you can and advise me from Time to Time of all remarkable Occurrences.
[Note 53: The commissioners had been appointed by the New York Provincial Congress. They were William Bedlow and Jonathan Lawrence at Fort Constitution and Thomas Palmer and Gilbert Livingston at Fort Montgomery. They had written Washington (June 9) asking for decisions on a number of questions. A copy of their letter is in the Washington Papers, but the directions referred to in his letter are not found.]
June, 10, 1776.
Gentn: Unacquainted as I am with the Situation of the Posts in the Highlands, I can do no more than desire you will pursue, and with as much Dispatch as possible, the Plan of Work pointed out in the within Directions. I am, Gentn., etc.
New York, June 10, 1776.
Sir: Before this, I expect you have received the Resolve of Congress for augmenting our Army here, and in Canada, with their requisition for the Quota of Men to be furnished by your Colony; I must beg leave to add, that, from intelligence I have just received, and a Variety of Circumstances combining to Confirm it, Genl. Howe, with the Fleet from Halifax, or some other Armament, is hourly expected at the Hook, with designs, doubtless, to make an Impression here, and possess themselves of this Colony, of the last Importance to us, in the present controversy. Our Works are extensive and many, and the Troops here but few for their defence; being greatly reduced by the Regiments detached on the Canada Expedition. In this critical conjuncture of Affairs, the Experience I have had, of your Zeal and readiness to assist the Common cause, induces me to request the most speedy and early Succour, that can be obtained from your Colony, and that the Militia be forwarded one Battalion after another, as fast as they can possibly be raised; without waiting to make up the whole complement to be furnished for this Place, before any of them March. I would advise, that they come properly provided with Field and other officers, and that the person appointed by the Colony to Command the whole, be here a day or two before them, to receive his Orders, and be in readiness to take the Command on their Arrival. It will be proper too, that Notice be sent a day or two before their Coming, that provission may be made for furnishing and disposing of them in proper places.
I have wrote a Similar Letter to the Jersey Convention, praying Aid from them. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, New York, June 10, 1776.
Parole Bedford. Countersign Cumberland.
The Brigadier Generals are requested to make their different Brigades, perfectly acquainted with their several alarm posts, and that they pay particular attention to the men's arms, and see that they are in perfect good fighting order.
The Colonels, or commanding Officers of Regiments, from which men were taken, to compose His Excellency The Commander in Chief's guard, are not to include them in their future Returns, or Abstracts, after the month of March, they being consider'd as a distinct Corps
Head Quarters, New York, June 11, 1776.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Dorchester.
A working party of fifty men, to attend at the Laboratory, to morrow morning, at Six o'Clock; The Asst. Qr. Mr. General will direct them where to work.
Daniel Claflin of Capt. Bolsters54 Company in Col Learneds Regt. tried at the General Court Martial whereof Col Nixon is President, for "Desertion" is found guilty and sentenced to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes on his bare back for the same.
[Note 54: Capt. Isaac Bolster, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
William Camp of Capt. Moores55 Company, in Col Prescot's Regt. tried at the above Court Martial for "Desertion" is found guilty and sentenced to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 55: Capt. Joseph Moore, of the Seventh Continental Infantry.]
Ebenezer Sawyer of Capt. Moore's Company, in Col Prescots Regiment, tried at the above Court Martial for Desertion, is found guilty and sentenced to be whipped Twenty Lashes on his bare back for the same.
The General approves of the above Sentences, and orders them severally to be put in execution, at the usual time and place.
Head Quarters, New York, June 12, 1776.
Parole Dublin. Countersign Essex.
Colonel Nixon President, of the present sitting General Court Martial, being to be called upon to give Evidence against a prisoner, to be tried this day, at said Court, is therefore discharged from his duty as President of said Court, and Colonel Parsons (the next Colonel in rotation) is to succeed him as President of said General Court Martial.
Col Nixon, Col Varnum, and some other Colonels, in consequence of the orders of the 17th. ultimo, having given in a Return of their Arms to the Adjutant General's office about the time General Gates, set off for Philadelphia; and the same having been lost, or overlooked, were called upon the 8th. Instant for neglect in this particular, the mistake therefore being cleared up; The General does with pleasure acquit them of a breach of duty, in this instance, and feels a satisfaction in finding those Gentlemen unwilling to labour under a suspicion of neglect of their duty, as nothing but an attentive observance of orders, can enable the Commander in Chief to govern Troops, and preserve that regularity and discipline, which is necessary to distinguish a well conducted army, from an unruly Rabble.
'Tis therefore hoped and expected, that officers of every Rank and Denomination, will pride themselves in the execution of the orders which falls within their department to obey.
No sick person is to have leave of absence from Camp, 'till the Director General of the Hospital certifies the necessity of it (and the length of time requisite for such absence) to the Brigadier of the Brigade he belongs to, who in that case is to grant the permission. All persons absent otherwise than this, will be considered as deserters; and those now out to be recalled.
Head Quarters, June 13, 1776.
Sir: I have the Honor of transmitting to Congress, a Letter which came by Express last Night from General Schuyler inclosing the Copy of a Letter to him from Colonel Kirkland.57 I have likewise inclosed the Copy of one directed to General Putnam or the Commanding Officer at New York.
[Note 57: Lieut. Col. Peter Kirkland, of the New York Militia.]
The Representation contained in these Letters have induced me, without waiting the determination of Congress, to direct General Schuyler, immediately to commence a Treaty with the Six Nations, and to engage them in our Interest, upon the best Terms he and his Colleagues in commission can procure, and, I trust the Urgency of the Occasion will justify my Proceedings to the Congress. The necessity for decision and dispatch in all our Measures, in my Opinion, becomes every day more and more apparent.
The Express Mr. Bennet,58 was overtaken at Albany by General Schuyler, who had received Intelligence at Fort George, that a considerable Body of Indians were coming Down the
[Note 58: Elijah Bennett, a trusted express rider of Congress.] Mohawk River under the conduct of Sir John Johnson, the General's extreme hurry would not allow him to write; but it seems his Intention is to collect at Albany a sufficient Force to oppose Sir John. I have given him my Opinion, that Col. Dayton's Regiment59 should be employed in that service and to secure the Post, where Fort Stanwix formerly stood.
[Note 59: Col. Elias Dayton's Third New Jersey regiment.]
In consequence of an Information that several Merchants were exporting salted Beef and Pork from this place, I requested the Commissary General to make Application to the Provincial Congress for a restraint to be laid on the Exportation of these Articles, as I apprehended not only that the Enemy might receive supplies by the Capture of our Vessels, but that our People might shortly experience a scarcity; The Provincial Congress have accordingly made a Resolution, (a copy of which is inclosed) to stop Exportation for fourteen Days; they expect Congress will, in the meantime, frame some general Regulations on this Head; they are unwilling they say to subject their constituents to partial Restraint.
I once mentioned to Congress, that I thought a War Office extremely necessary, and they seemed inclined to institute one for our Army, but the Affair seems to have been since dropt; give me leave again to insist on the Utility and Importance of such an Establishment; the more I reflect upon the Subject, the more I am convinced of its necessity, and that Affairs can never properly be conducted without it.60
[Note 60: "The establishing a War Office is a new and great event in the History of America, and will doubtless be attended with essential Advantages when properly conducted and inspected. I hope the Committee will be ready, in a few days to enter upon the Execution of their Duty."-- Hancock to Washington, June 14, 1776. Hancock's letter is in the Washington Papers.
The membership of the Board of War was, at first, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Benjamin Harrison, James Wilson, and Edward Rutledge. Richard Peters, of Pennsylvania, was appointed secretary of the board. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 12 and 13, 1776.)]
T'is with Pleasure I receive the Resolve inclosed, in your favor of the 11th. instant; one considerable Ground of Dissatisfaction in the Army is thereby removed.
I have employed Persons in Building the Gondolas and Rafts, which the Congress thought necessary for the defence of this Place, and in conjunction with the Provincial Congress, have determined to sink Cheveaux de Frizes one of which is already begun. I am, etc.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Alexander Contee Hanson.]
Head Quarters, New York, June 13, 1776.
Sir: I am to inform you that Colonel Nicholson,62 of whose Character and Conduct you have received an unfavorable Impression, is in Town; he comes for the purpose of raising Recruits for a New York Battalion, to the Command of which he has been nominated. When I intimated to him, that from certain representations I had received, I judged him very unfit for the Employment, he insisted upon a Court of Enquiry to manifest his Innocence, and clear his reputation. Now Sir, as I am not well apprized of any particular charge to be exhibited against him, I must request you to acquaint me with what you know of the matter, and what persons it will be proper to call in as Witnesses; he may otherwise be acquited by the Court (when there are just Grounds of Accusation) merely for want of Testimony. I am, etc.
[Note 62: Col. John Nicholson. He was colonel of a New York regiment and, according to Heitman, colonel of a Continental regiment from March to November, 1776. His petition, dated June 12, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 13,63 1776.
[Note 63: Ford prints this letter under date of June 17.]
Dear Sir: I last Night received by Mr. Bennet, your Favor of the 8th. Inst., addressed to General Putnam, or the Officer commanding here, covering one for Congress, with a Copy of Colo. Kirkland's to you, both of which I shall immediately forward to Philadelphia.
In Consequence of your former Letters, the Commissary has been directed to continue Supplies of Provisions. I shall repeat the Direction, and doubt not of his Exertions in this Instance. If it's Arrival at Albany ceased for a Time, it might be owing to the Accounts received, that a good Deal, particularly Flour, might be had in Canada. I will speak to him about the Expenditure of Pork here, and request that no more be used than he may find necessary, that there may be a larger Quantity for the Canada Department.
I will also speak to the Qr. Mr. Genl. to provide and forward all the Clothing he can get, as soon as possible.
As to intrenching Tools, they are extremely scarce, and what we have, far too few for the Works carrying, and proper to be carried on for the Defence of this Place. However I will try to furnish you with a few more, and wish your Endeavours to purchase what you can from the Country People. Many of them perhaps will part with a Spade or Pick Ax, and some with both, and though many may not be collected in that Way; what are, will be of great Service.
If the Accounts of Colo. Bedel's and Major Butterfield's Conduct be true, they have certainly acted a Part deserving the most exemplary Notice. I hope you will take proper Measures and have good Courts appointed to bring them, and every other Officer that has been or shall be guilty of Mal-Conduct, to Trial, that they may be punished according to their Offences. Our Misfortunes at the Cedars were occasioned, as it is said, intirely by their base and cowardly Behaviour, and cannot be ascribed to any other Cause.
In my Letter of the 7th. which will have reached you ere this, I inclosed a Resolve of Congress for engaging the Indians, not more than two Thousand, in our Service. This will indicate to you, their Opinion, and knowing their Sentiments fully upon this Head, I cannot but advise, that you forthwith hold a Conference with the six Nations, and any others, you with your Brother Commissioner, may think necessary; and form with them an Alliance on such Terms and Conditions, as shall seem most likely to secure their Interest and Friendship, without waiting the further Directions of Congress. The Situation of our Affairs will not suffer the Delay, and I am persuaded your Conduct, and the Speech you intend to deliver the Sachems, will meet their Approbation and Thanks. I think that Part of it which mentions the Time and Place of our taking Post, might be omitted; but this I leave to you. I shall inform Congress of what I have wrote you on this Subject, and of the verbal Intelligence you sent me by Bennet from Albany, when you overtook him, respecting the Indians coming down the Mohawk River under Sir John Johnson, and of your preparing to resist them. I sincerely wish you Success and that their first Incursions and Attempts against us may be attended with their intire Defeat. It will be necessary to employ Colonel Dayton and his Regiment in this Service and in securing a Post where Fort Stanwix formerly stood, which I esteem of much Importance; But I sub. reit it to you, who are much better acquainted with that Country than I am; whether, previous to that, it will not be necessary and essential that a Post be established lower down, somewhere about the Falls below the German Flatts, to secure our Communication with that Garrison. Should this not be done, will it not be in the Power of the Savages to come between that and our Frontiers and intercept all Supplies of Men and Provisions going thither.
I observe you esteem the Ground opposite to Ticonderoga to be more advantageous for a Post against the Enemy. Messrs. Chase and Carroll had told me the same. I should think, therefore, that the Place most capable of Defence, and having the greatest Advantages, should be improved and necessary Works thrown up, with the utmost Dispatch. But will not both be best? Cannot Ticonderoga be kept and this improved and maintained at the same Time? I must submit this to you, and refer you to my Letter of the 9th. upon the Subject of fortifying all the Posts, and about the Engineers. If you know of any Persons who can be of Service in that Way, do employ them. I know of none myself or have I one that I can possibly spare.
I have been applied to by Colo. Nicholson, (who says he was appointed by Congress to the Command of a Regiment to be raised out of two Battalions of York Troops that were in Canada last Year), for Instructions for that Purpose. As this concerns the Department more immediately under your Directions, and with which you must be much better acquainted than I am, I did not think it right to give him any Direction about it, but if the Fact is so, desire that you will give him such Orders, that the Views of Congress may be carried into Execution, as you judge necessary.
In like Manner, I have had several Applications from Officers coming from the Canada Department, for Pay that became due there, which I did not conceive myself at Liberty to comply with; being ignorant of their Appointments or Services, and as they will perhaps apply to you for Certificates to lay before me, I wish you to be very explicit, as to the Time of their being in Office and from which their Pay is due. I am, etc.
New York, June 13, 1776.
Dear Sir: Having received Intelligence of the unfortunate Death of General Thomas, occasioned by the small Pox he had taken, the Command of the Army in Canada devolves on you. I am therefore, to request your most strenuous Exertions to retrieve our Circumstances in that Quarter, from the melancholy Situation they are now in, and for performing the arduous Task of bringing Order out of Confusion. I confess there is more Room for Enterprize and Activity than I could wish; but then you will remember that you and your Colleagues will be entitled to the grateful Thanks of your Country, in Proportion to the Services you render.
Being extremely hurried in sending Dispatches to Congress and General Schuyler, I have not Time to write you so fully, as I could wish and therefore shall only add my Request, that you from Time to Time make me regular Returns of the Strength of the Army, military Stores, and any material Occurrence, and wishing you and your Brothers, under the Direction of a gracious Providence, to lead your Army to Conquest and Victory. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 13, 1776.
Sirs: I am informed that a Number of persons on Long Island (by character not the most friendly to the cause of the United Colonies) have in their hands considerable Quantities of Pork and other provisions; which they refuse to part with for Continental Bills they may have other reasons for their Conduct, still more detrimental and therefore I must beg the Interposition of your Congress in this Matter, so as to prevent the evils which are much to be apprehended. The Commissary General will purchase all their Provisions, at good prices and give them Continental Bills in pay; Gold and Silver he has none. The provisions are wanted for the Army, and those who are wellwishers to the Cause, and live in exposed Situations, will undoubtedly be glad to dispose of them; the disadvantages which may result to the Public, by leaving them in the Hands of Men of a different complexion, are too obvious to need animadversion.64
[Note 64: The legislature answered (June 15) that it depended on the Commissary General to obtain the provisions desired and that it had "in contemplation some general and effectual measures for securing the live stock in certain parts of the Colony for the benefit of the Army." Its letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have your report respecting the obstruction of the navigation of the Hudson's River under Consideration, and am pursuing measures to carry it into Execution, with all possible Dispatch. With great Respect, I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, June 13, 1776.
Parole Epsom. Countersign Falmouth.
The party at Kingsbridge to be reinforced with one Serjeant, one Corporal and twenty men, and a guard from the above party is to be mounted over the Cannon beyond Kingsbridge, who are to be exceedingly careful that no damage is done them.
Head Quarters, New York, June 14, 1776.
Parole Falkland. Countersign Georgia.
The great extensiveness of the Fortifications and works, requiring a greater number of Artillery-men than are at present in the Artillery Regiment, The General, in order to remedy the deficiency, and forward the service, directs, that four able bodied, active men be pitched upon, in each Company of every Battalion, now here (the Riflemen excepted) for the purpose above mentioned.
These men are to have their Arms, Ammunition and accoutrements; in the several Regiments they go from, to supply the deficiency, in each company--they are to join the Artillery Regiment and do duty in that Corps under the Command of Col Knox, but are to be continued upon the pay and Muster Rolls of their respective regiments.
These additional Artillery men, are to be delivered to Col Knox with their necessaries at the Bowling-Green on Sunday morning at Six o'clock--The Adjutants of the different Regiments are to attend with the men and a Roll of their names at the hour above-mentioned.
The Engineers are to take an exact account of all the intrenching Tools (not in the Quarter Masters Store) in and about New York, on Long Island, Governors Island, Powles-hook and Horns-hook--they are then to proportion the tools to the different works, and take the overlooker at each place, his receipt for the number deliver'd, calling upon him once a week regularly, to account for them; the overlooker is to receive and deliver the tools regularly, every evening and morning, as he will be made accountable for them.
The Engineers are to consider this as a standing order and invariably to pursue it.
All the Carpenters, Ship-Carpenters and Joiners, in the first, second and fourth Brigades, with a proportion of officers, to parade to morrow morning at Six oClock, before the Deputy Quarter-Master General's Office, near the Liberty-pole in the Common; and there take their orders from the QuarterMaster-General.
One Capt. and fifty good ax-men, with four days provision to parade at the same time and place; and to take their orders also from the Q. M. General.
Lieut. Chapman65 of Col Webb's Regiment, under an Arrest for "refusing to do his duty" is to be tried by the General Court Martial now sitting--The Adjutant of that Regiment and the other evidences are to attend the court.
[Note 65: Lieut. Alpheus Chapman, of the Nineteenth Continental Infantry.]
The five Companies of Col Wayne's Regiment, on Long Island are to be mustered to morrow afternoon at four o'clock near General Greene's Head Quarters.
New York, June 14, 1776.
Sir: I herewith transmit you copies of a Letter from General Schuyler and of its several Inclosures, which I received since I had the honor of addressing you Yesterday. From these you will learn General Thomas died the 2d. Instant and the Apprehensions of our Frontier friends in this Colony, that our Savage Foes are meditating an Attack against them.
I must beg leave to refer you to a paragraph in the copy of General Schuyler's letter to General Putnam or the commanding officer here, inclosed in mine of the 13th. Instr. where he requests a supply of Clothing to be sent for the Army in Canada. As there is but little or no probability of getting it here, I shall be glad to know whether there will be any chance of procuring it in Philadelphia, and if it should be sent thro' the hands of the Quarter Master here, to what account it is to be charged.
I was last evening favored with yours of the 11th. inst., and hope the two Battalions which Congress have ordered from Philadelphia to the defence of this place, will come provided with Arms: If they do not, they will be of no service, as there are more Troops here already than are Armed.
From General Schuyler's Letter, he has in View the taking post where Fort Stanwix formerly stood. I wrote him I thought it prudent, previous to that, to secure a post lower down about the Falls below the German Flats least the Savages should possess themselves of the Country thereabouts, and prevent such supplies of Men and Money as may be necessary to send there in future.--The says he is in want of Cannon and Ammunition, but has expressed himself so ambiguously, that I am at a loss to know, whether he meant what he has said as an Application or not, this being the only Intelligence on the Subject, and the first mention of his wants. I have desired him to explain the matter, and in his future requisitions for necessaries, to be more certain and explicit. In the mean time I shall send some Intrenching Tools, and enquire whether any Cannon can be spared from hence. I am &ca.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, June 14, 1776.
Dear Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 10th. Inst.67 with its Inclosures by last Night's Post. The Stroke meditating by the Indians against our Frontier Inhabitants, is what I have long thought would happen, as they were not engaged in our Interest. But I am in full Hopes you will be able to repel their hostile Designs, and convince them of their Imprudence in joining our Enemies, without the least Cause of Quarrel.
[Note 67: Schuyler's letter, dated June 10, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
As to intrenching Tools, I shall direct the Qt. Master to send up some, as early as possible; but in Respect to what you say about Cannon and Ammunition, I am at a Loss whether it is intended as an Application or not. I do not know, that any of the former have been requested, but for the armed Vessels in the Lakes; or of the latter, but what has been sent for the Canada Expedition. I wish you to explain the Matter, and that your Requisitions for Necessaries may be always certain and explicit, as to Quantity and Quality.
As the Militia to reinforce the Army in Canada, and for keeping open our Communication with that Province or a Part of them, will probably be on their March before long. I think it will be advisable for you to write the different Governors furnishing them, of the Routs they should take, and of the Places proper for, their Rendezvous.
I wrote you Yesterday and on the 9th. Inst. to which I refer you for full Answer to all yours between the 21st. Ulto. and your last. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, New York, June 14, 1776.
Sir: You are to repair to Fort Montgomery and take upon you the Command of the Posts in the Highlands. Use every Means in your Power to provide your Regiment with Arms fit for Service; As one Step towards which, endeavour to employ an Armourer or two, or more, as the Case may require.
Use every possible Diligence in forwarding the Works at Forts Montgomery and Constitution, agreeable to late Directions given to Mr. Bedlow, who will furnish you with the same: as it is proposed by the Provincial Congress of New York to recall their Commissioners from those Posts, and leave the Care of them altogether to the Commanding Officer of the Continental Forces and his Order.
As these are or may become Posts of infinite Importance, especially the lower one; I cannot sufficiently impress upon you the Necessity of putting them into a fit Posture of Defence, without Delay. I have desired that a Battalion or at least five Hundred of the York Militia, may be ordered to reinforce those Garrisons, as well for the Purpose of Defence, as to assist in the Work. These are also to be under your Command. The whole are to be kept close to Duty, and not suffered to be absent on Furlough, but in Case of real Necessity, and then not more than two at a Time are to be absent from a Company at once.
Review the Men, inspect the Arms &c. and make a Report of the State of Things, so soon as you get to these Posts. Your Lieutt. Colo. Livingston68 is to be sent to this Place, in Order to proceed to Long Island, to take Charge of the Remainder of your Regiment, posted toward the East End thereof.
[Note 68: Lieut. Col. Henry Beekman Livingston.]
Inform me, if there are Barracks or Houses convenient to the Forts Montgomery and Constitution, in which the Militia ordered there, can be lodged.
Make Weekly Returns of your Strength, and advise me regularly of all Occurrences of any Kind, of Importance.
New York, June 15, 1776.
Sir: I received yours of the 1st. Inst. and am to inform you, your Letters of the 15th. and 22nd. of April, advising of the Capture of the Brig Elizabeth by Commodore Manley, were put into the Hands of Mr. Moylan to answer; but by some Means or other were not; nor can they be found. It will be, therefore, necessary to acquaint me again with the Contents, if you esteem my Answer to them material.
I have, agreeable to your Request, transmitted you Copies of such Resolves of Congress respecting your Department as are in my Hands. They will point out the Line of Conduct to be observed in general Cases, which I apprehend must be pursued. But if there is any Thing particular in the Capture you mention, which is not provided for, it will be proper that it should be forwarded me, in Order to my referring it to Congress for their Opinion.
It is likely the Memorial you mention, if presented, has already occasioned them to determine upon the Matter. If they have not, and I find it necessary, I shall transmit them such a Representation of the Circumstances of this Capture, as you may send me, not intending myself to point out any Rule of Decision not authorized by Congress. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 16, 1776.
Parole Hanover. Countersign Ireland.
The Continental Congress have been pleased to come to the following Resolution:
"In Congress, June 10, 1776.
"Resolved: That the pay of the Continental Troops, in the middle department be henceforth the same, as that of the Troops in the Eastern departments."
The General therefore directs, that when the Pay Abstracts for any of the Corps of the middle Department are made out, that the Colonels, or commanding Officers thereof, will take care that the pay of the men, from the 10th. of June, be the same as those of the Eastern Regiment.
The Brigadiers are to make themselves well acquainted with the nature, and situation of the Grounds, on the North and East Rivers, for some considerable distance about the City, with the best approaches to them, that they may know how to occupy these grounds, to the best advantage if occasion should require, and they are to cause the same to be done by their respective officers in turn.
Great and crying Complaints being made against the Armourers, not only for their Idleness, but the deceitful manner in which their work is executed--The General does in explicit terms assure them, that if any further Complaint of either should be exhibited, he will punish them in a most examplary manner; of this the Superintendent of that branch of business is desired, to make them fully acquainted.
Lieut. Walker69 of Col Nixon's Regiment, tried at the General Court-Martial, whereof Col Parsons is president, on a charge exhibited against him by Capt. Butler of said Regiment for "maliciously and falsly accusing him of high Crimes and misdemeanours, and in consequence of which, procuring him, the said Capt. Butler, to be arrested and tried at a late General Court-Martial, by which he was honorably acquitted."
[Note 69: Lieut. Silas Walker, of the Fourth Continental Infantry.]
The Court after mature consideration are of opinion, that Lieut. Walker had sufficient grounds for exhibiting a Complaint against Capt. Butler, and that he is not guilty of maliciously, and falsely accusing Capt. Butler, and therefore do acquit the prisoner of the charge against him.
The General approves of the above sentence past against Lieut. Walker, and orders him released from his arrest.
Bowers Laybourn, and Thomas Perry, both of Capt. Van Wyck's Company, and Col McDougall's Regiment, tried at the above Court-Martial for "Desertion," are found guilty and sentenced severally, to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes each on his bare back, for their respective offences.
Henry Davis of Capt. Johnson's Company, Col. McDougall's Regiment tried at the above Court Martial for "Desertion" is found guilty of the same and sentenced to be whipped Thirty-Lashes on his bare back for said offence.
The General approves of the above sentences, and orders the corporal punishment to be executed at the usual time and place.
Lieut. Elijah Oakly of Capt. Stenrods Company, in Col. McDougall's Regiment, tried at the General Court Martial, whereof Col Nixon was President, for "assaulting and beating, without provocation, one Miss Patterson, an Inhabitant of the City of New York" The Court are of opinion that Lieut. Oakley is guilty of the charge brot. against him, and that he has behaved unworthy the character of a Gentleman and Officer; and the Court adjudge that he, Lieut. Oakley, be cashiered for said offence, and further orders, that Twenty Dollars be stopped out of the prisoner Lieut. Oakley's pay (if so much be due to him) and be paid by way of damage to Miss Patterson.
The General approves of the sentence of the Court and orders that the Late Lieut. Oakley do immediately depart the camp.
Lieut. Chapman of Capt. Hale's70 Company, and Col Webb's Regiment, tried at the General Court Martial whereof Col Parsons is President, for "Disobedience of orders, and refusing to do his duty"--The Court are of opinion that the charge is fully supported against the prisoner Lieut. Chapman, and adjudge that he be dismissed the Continental Army for said offence.
[Note 70: Capt. Nathan Hale, of the Nineteenth Continental Infantry. He was captured by the British and hanged as a spy Sept. 22, 1776.]
The General approves of the sentence of the Court Martial, against Lieut. Chapman, and orders that he be dismissed the Service, and depart the camp.
New York, June 16, 1776.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit Congress, a Copy of a Letter covering Copies of other Letters which I received Yesterday Evening from General Sullivan.
The Intelligence communicated by him is pleasing and Interesting, and such as may afford the greatest satisfaction; If the conduct the Canadians have discovered since his arrival among them is Ingenious and sincere. This Account is contradicted by General Arnold's Letter to General Schuyler, of which a Copy is also Transmitted.
General Sullivan mentions his having given Commissions to some of the Canadians, as a measure founded in necessity and requests my approbation of it; but not considering myself impowered to say any thing upon the Subject, it may not be improper for Congress to give him their Opinion in this Instance. I have also inclosed Copies of General Schuyler's Letters, received at the same time. they contain Accounts respecting the Indians, variant from what were reported by Mr. Kirkland, but amounting to the same thing, the probability of the Savages attacking our Frontiers. By last night's post, I had information of a Capture made by our Armed Vessels, of one of the Transports, with a Company of Highlanders on board bound to Boston; The inclosed extract of Genl. Wards letter to me will give you the Intelligence more particularly. There are Accounts in the City mentioning other valuable prizes, but as General Ward has said nothing of them, I fear they want Authenticity.
I beg leave to mention that a further sum of Money will be wanted for our Military Chest by the time it can be sent; the inclosed Note from the Pay Master General shews the necessity for it and I may add, besides his estimate of Drafts to be made, there are the claims of the Eastern Troops at Boston, for three or four Month's pay not included, and now due.
Col: McGaw is arrived with part of his Battalion and by Wednesday Evening the whole, both of his and Col: Shee's will be here as I am told.
As it is and may be of great Importance, to have a Communication with the Jerseys and Long Island, I have had several Fiat Bottom Boats built for the purpose, and have thoughts of getting more for Passaic and Hackensack Rivers where they may be equally Necessary for the Transporting our Army, or part of it occasionally, or succours coming to or going from it. I am etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, June 16, 1776.
Sir: I am now to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favors of the 27th. Ulto. and of the 3rd. and 6th. Inst., and in Answer to the First, think you was right in your Direction to Mr. Bartlett, about the Brigantine Hannah, as Mr. Morris had wrote for one.
The two Schooners, considering their Force and Number of Men, certainly behaved extremely well in repelling the Attack, made by such a Number of Boats, and it is only to be lamented that the Affair was attended with the Death of Captain Mugford. He seemed to deserve a better Fate.72
[Note 72: Capt. Thomas Mugford, of the armed schooner Franklin.
"The intrepid Captain Mugford fell a little before the Enemy left his Schooner, he was ran through with a lance while he was cutting off the hands of the Pirates as they were attempting to board him; and it is said that with his own hands he cut off five pair of theirs; no other Man was either killed or wounded on board the Franklin."-- Artemas Ward to Washington, May 20, 1776. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Determination of the Court of Inquiry upon Colonel Varnum's Complaint, transmitted in that of the 3rd., is very different from what he expected, or I imagined it would be, from his State of the Case. Whether it is right or wrong, it is not in my Power to determine, as the Evidence which was before them is not inserted in the Proceedings, which ought to have been, as I at this Distance can have no other Means to warrant me, either in confirming, or rejecting the Sentence. I cannot but add that it seems extraordinary to me and exceedingly strange, that Captain Lane73 should have been at so much Trouble and Expence to get the Men, without having a Right to them. For which Reason, to discountenance a Practice extremely pernicious in its Nature, of one Officer's trying to take away, and seduce the Men of another, and on Account of the Imperfection in the Proceedings, in not stating the Matter fully and the whole Evidence. The Complaint should be reheard, and every thing appertaining to it, the Manner of Inlistment &c. particularly specified for me to found my Judgment on.
[Note 73: Capt. John Lane, of the Ninth Continental Infantry. On June 26 a court of inquiry sat on his complaint against Lieut. Daniel Merrill, of the Eighteenth Continental Infantry, charged with improperly enlisting men. A court of inquiry had already been held on Merrill (May 24) on a similar complaint from Varnum. The proceedings of both courts are in the Washington Papers, but Col. James Mitchell Varnum's petition has not been found.]
The Arms &c. which you sent to Norwich as mentioned in the Invoice, contained in that of the 6th., are not arrived. The Number of Carbines is only half of what General Putnam wrote for, as I have been informed, and it is less by three Hundred, than I directed to be sent in my Letter from Philadelphia, of the 28th. Ulto. This, I suppose had not come to Hand, when you wrote, as you have not acknowledged the Receipt of it.
I have inclosed two Letters for Major Small and Charles Proctor Esqr. supposed to be at Hallifax; which being wrote with a Design to procure the Inlargement of Captn. Proctor, a Prisoner on Board the Mercury Man of War, or induce them to intercede for a more humane Treatment to be shewn him, I request you to forward by the first Opportunity, by Way of Nova Scotia.
I am this Moment favoured with yours of the 9th. Inst., advising me of the Capture made by the armed Vessels, of one of the Transports with a Company of Highlanders on Board, and I flatter myself if our Vessels keep a good Lookout, as the whole Fleet are bound to Boston which sailed with her, that more of them will fall into our Hands. This is a further Proof, that Government expected General Howe was still in Boston.
I am extremely sorry that your Health is more and more impaired, and having heard by a Letter from Colo. Hancock, that Mr. Whitcombe, Colo. Whitcomb's Brother, is appointed a Brigr. General,74 I shall order him to relieve you, as soon as I am informed that he accept his Commission; and if he does, you may immediately call him to your Assistance before I am certified of his Acceptance. This will ease you of some Trouble, 'till I can regulate a few Matters of Importance here, which I hope to do in a little Time. I am, etc.
[Note 74: John Whitcomb, brother of Col. Asa Whitcomb, of the Sixth Continental Infantry. At this time he was major general of Massachusetts Militia. He declined the offered brigadier general's commission in the Continental Army.]
New York, June 16, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your several Favours of the 11th. continued to the 12th. and 12th. with a Copy of General Arnold's Letter.
The Return delivered you by General Wooster you have forgot to inclose.
The Account of Mr. Dean,75 is variant from Colo. Kirklands; but yet they seem both to agree in the most material Points; vizt. That some Parts of our Frontiers are to feel the Effects of the Savage Resentment, which the Friends of Government have been industriously trying to call forth against us. You have done well in your Message to the six Nations. The sooner a Conference can be held the better, and I think the most vigorous Exertions necessary to secure a Post, as you mention where Fort Stanwix formerly stood, and below that as I intimated in my last. If you can effect these, I am hopeful all their Attempts in that Quarter will be unavailing.
[Note 75: James Dean, or Deane, agent and interpreter for Indian affairs in the Northern Department.]
I have ordered a Ton of Powder, half a Ton of Lead, five Thousand Flints, some Cannon, intrenching Tools, and a Dozen whip Saws and Files, to be immediately sent you; which you will receive in two or three Days, with a List of them and every other Article sent from hence at this Time.
I have inclosed you a Copy of an Invoice of Goods now in the Hands of Mr. Robert Henry, which he offered the Qr. Mr. Genl. this Week, on moderate Terms as the Qr. Master informs me. It will certainly be proper, that you purchase them or such of them as will suit the Army in Canada; and it will be less troublesome and expensive, than sending Articles from hence, supposing they can be procured. I wish you to get every Thing you want, and that can be had, either in Albany, or it's Vicinity, rather than to send here for them, for I am really so immersed in Business, and have such a Variety of Things to attend to, that I scarcely know which Way to turn myself. Perhaps if you make strict Inquiry you may obtain not only more Goods but other Necessaries.
The Indians are here, just returned from Philadelphia. I will communicate to them your Wishes for their Return, and give Direction, that every Mark of Respect be shown them by those who go with Them.
I have requested the Pay-Master to procure, if possible, as much hard Money as will discharge Mr. Black's Claim. How he will succeed, I cannot tell. If he can get it, it shall be forwarded, as soon as a proper Conveyance can be had.
In Regard to a Person to superintend the Building of Gondolas, and other Carpenters to carry on the Work, I refer you to my Letter of the 9th. and shall only add, that they cannot be now had, every one qualified for the Business, being employed here.
The Intelligence contained in General Sullivan's Letter is extremely pleasing, and I sincerely wish his most sanguine Hopes may be more than answered. If the Affection of the Canadians can be engaged, and he seems to have no Doubt of it, it will be of much Importance, and probably the Means of our retrieving our Misfortunes in that Quarter.76
[Note 76: Considering the actual state of affairs in Canada, General Sullivan's letter was extraordinary. He described the situation in a most favorable light; yet 12 days afterwards the whole American army was driven out of the Province, which all the officers on the spot, except General Sullivan, had foreseen and predicted. This letter, dated June 5--6, 1776, is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Sparks's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 211.]
I find by General Arnolds Letter to General Sullivan; Colo. Bedel, Major Butterfield; and Captn. Young77 are gone to the Sorrel for Trial. If their Conduct was as base and infamous
[Note 77: Capt. Samuel(?) Young, of Bedel's Rangers.] as represented, it will surely meet with an exemplary Punishment. Men who will not discharge the Duty they owe their Country from Principle, must be influenced to it by other Motives; or at least, be prevented from betraying our most valuable Rights by a cowardly and disgraceful Behaviour.
Inclosed you have an Extract of a Letter I received by last Night's Post from General Ward, from which we may reasonably conjecture, that the Rest of the Transports which sailed with the one taken, will not be long before they arrive. It seems evident they expected to find General Howe at Boston, and I am hopeful some others, under this Idea, will fall into our Hands.
There are also Accounts in Town of two or three valuable Prizes more, being taken to the Eastward, one with several light Cannon, another a West Indiaman homeward bound with a Quantity of Dollars and Sugars. But, I fear, tho' the Accounts seem particular, that they want Confirmation, as General Ward mentions nothing of them. I am, etc.
P.S. The Whip Saws, I fear, can't be got. The Qr. Master says he has tried without Success.
New York, June 16, 1776.
Dear Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 5th. and 6th. Inst. by Express Yesterday Evening from General Schuyler; and am exceedingly happy on Account of the agreeable and interesting Intelligence it contains. Before it came to Hand, I almost dreaded to hear from Canada, as my Advices seemed to promise nothing favourable, but rather our farther Misfortunes. But I am now hopeful, our Affairs, from the confused, distracted and almost forlorn State, in which you found them, will emerge and assume an Aspect of Order and Success. I am convinced many of our Misfortunes are to be attributed to a Want of Discipline, and a proper Regard to the Conduct of the Soldiery. Hence it was, and from our feeble Effects to protect the Canadians, that they had almost joined, and taken Part against us. As you are fully apprised of this and conceive them well disposed towards us, with Confidence I trust, you will take every Step in your Power to conciliate and secure their Friendship. If this can be effected, and of which you seem to have no Doubt, I see no Objection to our indulging a Hope that this Country, of such Importance in the present Controversy, may yet be added to and compleat our Union. I confess, this interesting Work is now more difficult than it would have been heretofore had Matters been properly conducted; but yet, I flatter myself it may be accomplished by a wise, prudent and animated Behaviour in the Officers and Men engaged in it; especially if assisted by the friendly Disposition of the Inhabitants. I think every Mark of Friendship and Favour should be shewn them, to encourage their Zeal and Attachment to our Cause, and from which, if they once heartily embark, we shall derive innumerable Benefits.
Your Conduct in pushing and securing Posts low down the Country, is certainly judicious, and of the utmost Advantage. The farther down we can take and maintain Posts, the greater will our Possession of the Country be; observing at the same Time the Necessity of having a safe Retreat left, if you should be obliged to abandon them by a superior Force. I am hopeful and shall anxiously wait to hear of General Thompson's making a successful Attack upon the Party intrenching at the three Rivers. Their Defeat will be of the most essential Service. It will chagrin them and disconcert their Schemes on the one Hand, and animate our Men and give Life to our Canadian Friends on the other, and efface from their Minds the unfavorable Impressions our late Conduct has made.
It will be of material Consequence, in your Advances down the Country, to secure the several important Posts as you go; at which you may, in Case you should be obliged to decline the main Object you have in View, make a vigorous and successful Stand, in your Retreat. I concur with you in Opinion in thinking it not of material Moment to keep a very large Number of Men at Lachine or the upper Posts. There should be no more than will be necessary to repel such Attacks and Attempts as may be made by the Savages, and the Regular Troops above you, allowing for such a Number of disaffected Canadians as may join them. But then there should be a sufficient Number for that Purpose, as our further Misfortunes there, might be of the most injurious Consequences. If they can be maintained, the disaffected above will dwindle away and the Insurrection promise nothing disastrous.
It is impossible for me at this Distance, and not acquainted with the Situation of Affairs as well as you, who are on the Spot, to give any particular Directions for your Conduct and Operations. I, therefore, have only to request that you with your Officers will in every Instance, pursue such Measures a s the Exigency of our Affairs may seem to require, and as to you shall appear most likely to advance and promote the Interest and Happiness of your Country.
The Return which you mention to have inclosed, was not in your Letter. You probably thro' Hurry forgot to put it in, or General Schuyler may have omitted it, when in his Hands. I wrote you on the 13th. on this Subject, and must again enjoin a particular Attention to this Part of your Duty, it being of the utmost Importance to be frequently certified of our whole Strength and Stores.
In Compliance with your Request, I shall transmit a Copy of your Letter to Congress, by To-Morrow's Post. It will give them sensible Pleasure, and such as they had no good Reason to expect, at least so soon.
I have inclosed you an Extract of a Letter from General Ward. From the Capture mentioned in it, there is Reason to expect the other Transports that sailed with her are not far off the Coast.
In Regard to your giving Commissions, it is a Measure that I can neither approve or disapprove, having no Authority to act in this Instance myself. The Propriety of it, must depend upon the Powers and Practice of your Predecessors in Command. If they had none, it will be judged of, most probably, by the good or bad Consequences it may produce. Congress from your Letter will see you have exercised such a Power, and when they write you, will either confirm or refuse it, in all Probability.
Least you should conceive that I do not think Lachine, or the Cedars, Posts of Importance and whose Defence are not very material; I must here add, that I esteem them of much Consequence, but only mean that more Men need not be employed than what will be equal to any probable Attack, that may be made against them.
I would observe, before I have done, that it is my most earnest Request, that Harmony, a good Understanding, and a free Communication of Sentiments, may prevail and be preserved between the General and Field Officers, particularly the former. Nothing can produce greater Benefits than this, nor tend more to promote your military Operations. Whereas History and Observation, do sufficiently evince (they abound with numberless Examples) the fatal Consequences, which have ever resulted, from Distrust, Jealousy, and Disagreement among Officers of these Ranks.
Wishing, therefore, your Counsels and Efforts to be founded in a happy Union, and to meet the Smiles of a kind Providence. I am, etc.
P.S. Knowing your great Zeal for the Cause of your Country, and desire to render her every possible Service, I must caution you not to put too much to the Hazard in your Exertions to establish her Rights, and to receive with a proper Degree of Caution, the Professions the Canadians may make. They have the Character of an ingenuous, artful People, and very capable of Finesse and Cunning. Therefore my Advice is, that you put not too much in their Power; but seem to trust them, rather than do it too far. I would also have you to keep all your Posts as you go well secured, to guard against any treacherous Conduct.
New York, June 17, 1776.
Sir: The Inclosed came to my hands, as a private Letter from General Sullivan. As a private Letter, I lay it before Congress.78 The tendency (for it requires no explanation) will account for the contrast between it and the Letter of Genl. Arnold.
[Note 78: Sullivan's letter, dated June 7, 1776, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Washington, apparently, kept no copy of it. It is printed in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. 6,938.]
That the former is aiming at the Command in Canada, is obvious. Whether he merits it or not, is a matter to be considered; and that it may be considered with propriety I think it my duty to observe, as of my own knowlege, that he is active, spirited, and Zealously attach'd to the Cause; that he does not want Abilities, many Members of Congress, as well as myself, can testify. But he has his wants, and he has his foibles. The latter are manifested in a little tincture of vanity, and in an over desire of being popular, which now and then leads him into some embarrassments. His wants are common to us all; the want of experience to move upon a large Scale; for the limited, and contracted knowledge which any of us have in Military Matters stands in very little stead; and is greatly over balanced by sound judgment, and some knowledge of Men and Books; especially when accompanied by an enterprizing genius, which I must do Genl. Sullivan the justice to say, I think he possesses; but as the Security of Canada is of the last Importance to the well being of these Colonies, I should like to know the Sentiments of Congress, respecting the Nomination of any Officer to that Command. The Character I have drawn of Genl. Sullivan is just, according to my Ideas of him. Congress will be pleased therefore to determine upon the propriety of continuing him in Canada, or sending another, as they shall see fit. Whether Genl. Sullivan knew of the promotion of Genl. Gates (at the time of his Writing) and that he had quitted the department he left him in, when he Marchd his Brigade from hence to Canada I cannot undertake to say, nor can I determine whether his wish to be recalled would be chang'd by it if he did. I shall add no more than my respectful Complimts to Congress, and that I have the Honour to be &ca.
New York, June 17, 1776.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Congress, that General Wooster has repaired to Head Quarters in obedience to their resolve transmitted him, and shall be extreamly glad If they will give me such further direction about him, as they may conceive necessary; he is desirous of seeing his Family in Connecticut, as I am informed, having been a good while from it. I shall wait their Instructions as to his future Employment. I am &ca.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, June 17, 1776.
Sir: I was this Evening honoured with yours of the 15 Inst, and It is with no small degree of pain that I am under the necessity of Informing you It is out of my power at this time to comply with the request made by your Honourable body. The many Important works carrying on for the defence of this place80 against which there is the highest probability of an Attack being made in a little time, will not allow me to spare from hence any person who has the least skill in the business of an Engineer nor have I but one on whose Judgment I would wish to depend in laying out any work of the least consequence. Congress well know my wants in this Instance, and several of my late Letters to them, have pressed the appointment of Gentlemen qualified for this business; added to this, on account of the deficiency, I have not been able to secure or Improve Two posts in the Highlands, esteemed of the utmost Importance to prevent the Enemy from passing up the North River and getting into the Interior parts of this Colony, should our attempts to stop them here prove ineffectual. But I beg you to be assured Sir and to Inform the Committee, that as soon as It is in my power, I shall with infinite pleasure direct a person to attend them for two or three days. If the service will not admit of a longer absence, in order to trace out such works and plans for carrying them on, as shall appear necessary and wishing you to ascribe my non-compliance, to want of ability and not of inclination to perform your request. I have the honor, etc.81
[Note 80: Congress had authorized the Committee of Safety in Philadelphia to erect a redoubt at Billingsport and throw obstructions across the Delaware at that place, for the purpose of opposing the progress of the enemy's ships up the river, and had agreed that the same should be constructed at the Continental expense. The committee had requested the Commander in Chief to send them an engineer to plan and superintend these works.-- Sparks.]
[Note 81: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[P.H.S.]
[Note 82: Dr. William Burner was chairman of the committee.]
New York, June 17, 1776.
Gentn.: The absolute necessity of preventing all corespondence between the Inhabitants of this Country and our Enemies, obliges me to every degree of Intelligence, that lead to the Channel of such Intercourse. Doctor William Burner of New Ark can inform you of certain Insinuations and charges against part of the Army under my Command, as if they were liable to bribery and Corruption, in permitting persons to go from Staten Island to the Men of War at or near Sandy Hook, and as the Person from whom he has received his Intelligence, resides at New Ark, within the district of your Committee, I must request it, as a Matter of great importance, that your Committee will as soon as possible call on David Ogden Esqr., to declare who the person was, who informed him, that he had engaged the guard of the Rifle men at Staten Island, to carry him on Board the Men of War; with all the circumstances within his knowledge; and also that you do call on the person whom he points out, to be his Informant, to declare every Circumstance within his knowledge, relative to the Matter. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, June 17, 1776.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersign Lancaster.
A Detachment consisting of one Major, three Capts. Six Subs. nine Serjeants, nine Corporals, three Drummers and Fifers and one hundred and twenty Privates to parade this evening at six o'clock at the Bowling-Green, there to receive further orders from Major Brooks83 of Col Webb's Regiment, who is to take the command of this party.
[Note 83: Maj. John Brooks, of the Nineteenth Continental Infantry.]
Especial care is to be taken that the mens arms, and ammunition are in good order--each man to have his Twenty-four rounds of powder and ball, and to be furnished with seven days provisions.
Head Quarters, New York, June 18, 1776.
Parole Hancock. Countersign Johnson.
Joseph Reed Esqr. is appointed Adjutant General of all the Continental Forces with the Rank of Colonel, and is to be regarded and obeyed accordingly.
Capts. Post84 and Pollard85 are to make Returns every evening to Col. Putnam of the service of the men under their command, shewing when, and how they are employed--And on Saturday to make a Weekly Return of their Companies to the Adjutant General.
[Note 84: Capt. Anthony Post of the Artillery artificers.]
[Note 85: Capt. Benjamin Pollard, of the Artillery artificers.]
The Colonels of every Regiment are to see that their Drums are put in good Order, at the public Expence, after which they are to be kept so at the charge of the Drummers, who have extra-pay on that account; from which deductions will be made if necessary: But in case of unavoidable accidents, the charge of repair will be borne as heretofore.
Peter Meredith and Peter Bickerstaff of Capt. Ledyards86 Company in Col McDougall's Regiment, having been tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Parsons was President for "Desertion," are found guilty and sentenced to receive Thirty Lashes each, which sentence the General confirms and orders to be executed at the usual time and place.
[Note 86: Capt. Benjamin Ledyard, of the First New York Regiment.]
In addition to the orders of the 14th. Instant, made to prevent the embezzlement of the public tools, the Quarter-Master General shall cause all the Tools, of every kind, belonging to the United Colonies, or at any time purchased for them, to be marked, with the following brand or stamp: Cxiii.
The Engineers to provide Stores for securing the Tools, under their Care, and such Sentries placed over them, as they shall find necessary: All officers commanding a party, or detachment from any Regiment on the works, to be accountable for the Tools he receives from the overseers, as he will be obliged to pay for all lost while under his care, and the Soldiers who shall lose, or purposely destroy, any of the Tools delivered him to work with, shall not only have the price thereof stoped out of his next pay, but be punished according to the nature of his offence; and in order that the public works may not be retarded by the several overseers, attending to deliver the Tools, to every Regiment, before they set any of them to work, (which may be the case in some instances) therefore the Chief Engineer, has leave, when he finds the case requisite, to take suitable persons from any of the Battalions, to attend the Stores and deliver and receive the Tools; and when any Tools are out of repair, or become useless, they may be changed at the Quarter-Master-General's store, for others which are good, and in case other Tools are not wanted, or not to be had in the store, The Quarter Master General shall receive the defective tools, and discharge the Engineer of so many tools as they do receive.
Head Quarters, New York, June 19, 1776.
Parole London. Countersign Montgomery.
A working party consisting of nine hundred men properly officered to parade to morrow morning at Six O'Clock near the Artillery park--Those of Bailey's and Read's Regiments to go to Powle's-hook--Wyllys's to Governor's Island--All of the other Regiments to parade at the Laboratory, and there receive orders from the Chief Engineer.
The whole of the above men to be furnished with one days provision, except Parsons's and Arnold's, who will return to their respective encampments to dinner.
Brigadier General Greene and Col Prescott, will furnish, one hundred and fifty men each, as a working party on Governor's Island.
On the present emergency, all working parties to work 'till Six o'Clock in the afternoon, except such as go by water, who will be allowed to leave work sooner, if the Wind and Tide make it necessary.
Head Quarters, New York, June 20, 1776.
Parole Gates. Countersign Canada.
Fifty men, one Capt. two Subs. three Serjts--three Corporals and one Drum to parade to morrow morning nine oclock at the Assitant Quarter-Master Hughes with one weeks provision and there receive their orders from him.
Five Carpenters to be nominated by the Quarter Master General out of Col. Reeds, Col. Bailey's and Col Learneds Regiments to be sent to assist the Wheelwrights.
Nathaniel Powers of Capt. Bowlton's88 Company and Col. Sheppards89 Regiment having been tried by a Court Martial whereof Col Parsons was President for "Desertion" was found guilty and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes. The General approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution at the usual time and place.
[Note 88: Capt. Isaac Bolster.]
[Note 89: Lieut. Col. William Shepard commanded the Third Continental Infantry at this time.]
New York, June 20, 1776.
Sir: I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your Favours of the 14th and 18th. instant, and the interesting resolves contained in them, with which I have been honored.
The several matters recommended to my attention, shall be particularly regarded, and the directions of Congress, and your requests complied with, in every instance, as far as is in my power.
The Institution of a War Office is certainly an Event of great importance, and in all probability will be recorded as such in the Historic Page. The Benefits derived from it, I flatter myself will be considerable tho' the plan, upon which it is first formed may not be entirely perfect. This like other great Works in its first Edition, may not be entirely free from Error. Time will discover its Defects and experience suggest the Remedy, and such further Improvements as may be necessary; but it was right to give it a Beginning.90
[Note 90: The duties of the board are described in the resolves of Congress of June 12 and 13. (See note to Washington's letter to the President of Congress, June 13, 1776, ante.)]
The Recommendation to the Convention of New York for restraining and punishing disaffected Persons, I am hopeful will be attended with salutary consequences, and the prohibition against exporting Provisions appears to have been a measure founded in sound Policy, lest proper supplies should be wanted wherewith to subsist our Armies.
I have transmitted General Schuyler, the resolves about the Indians, and the others on which he is to act, and have requested his strict attention and exertions in order to their being carried into Execution with all possible Dispatch.
I note your request respecting Mr. Hancock;91 he shall have such Directions as may be necessary for conducting his Office
[Note 91: Ebenezer Hancock Deputy Paymaster General of the Continental Army.] and I am happy he will have so early a remittance for paying the Troops in his Department.
The Silver and Paper Money designed for Canada will be highly serviceable, and I hope will be the means of reestablishing our Credit there in some degree with the Canadians, and also encourage our Men, who have complained in this Instance; when it arrives, I will send it forward under a proper Guard.
I have communicated to General Gates the Resolve of Congress for him to repair to Canada, and directed him to view Point au Fere,92 that a Fortress may be erected if he shall judge it necessary; he is preparing for his command and in a few days will take his Departure for it: I would, fain hope his arrival there will give our Affairs, a complexion different from what they have worn for a long Time past, and that many essential Benefits will result from it.
[Note 92: A point of land on the western shore of Lake Champlain between Isle aux Noix and Isle la Motte.]
The kind attention Congress have shewn to afford the Commander in Chief here every assistance, by resolving that recommendatory Letters be written to the conventions of New Jersey, New York and the Assembly of Connecticut, to Authorize him to call in the militias in cases of exigency, claims my thankful acknowledgments and I trust, if carried into execution, will produce many advantages, in case It may be expedient to call in early reinforcements; the delays Incident to the ordinary mode may frequently render their aid too late and prove exceedingly Injurious.
I this Evening received Intelligence of the 19th. instt. from Captn. Pond93 of the Armed Sloop Schuyler, of his having taken, about 50 miles from this on the South side of Long Island, a Ship and a Sloop bound to Sandy Hook: The Ship from Glasgow with a Company of the 22d Regiment, had been taken
[Note 93: Capt. Charles Pond. His letter is in the Washington Papers.] before by one of Commodore Hopkins Fleet, who took the Soldiers out and ordered her to Rhode Island, after which she was retaken by the Cerberus and put under the convoy of the Sloop. As Captain Pond informs, there were five Commissioned Officers, Two Ladies and four Privates on board; they are not yet arrived at Head Quarters; inclosed is an Invoice of what they have on Board.
General Wooster having expressed an inclination and wish to wait on Congress, I have given him permission, not having any occasion for him here. he sets out this morning.
I have been up to view the grounds about Kings Bridge, and find them to admit of many Places well calculated for defence, and esteeming it a Pass of the utmost importance have ordered Works to be laid out and shall direct part of the two Battalions from Pennsylvania, to set about the erection immediately, and will add to their Numbers several of the Militia, when they come, in to expedite them with all possible Dispatch;94 their consequences, as they will keep open the Communication with the Country, requires the most speedy completion of them.95 I have the Honor to be &c.
[Note 94: These works embraced the fort on an eminence near the Hudson River, called Fort Washington, the redoubts at Jeffreys Point, and on the hills north and east of Fort Washington, breastworks at Kings Bridge, and Fort Independence, on the north side of Harlem Creek near its junction with the Hudson.]
[Note 95: This letter was read in Congress on June 24, and instances the functioning of the new Board of War in being referred to it.]
New York, June 20, 1776.
Dear Sir: I herewith transmit you, sundry Resolves of Congress respecting the Indians, the fortifying Fort Stanwix &c. and for rendering more easy and commodious, our Passes into Canada. As the Resolves are of an interesting, and important Nature, I must request your particular Attention to them and most active Exertions for accomplishing, and carrying the whole into Execution with all possible Dispatch.
I am hopeful the Bounty Congress have agreed to allow, as you will perceive by the last Resolve, will prove a powerful Inducement to engage the Indians in our Service, and their Endeavours to make Prisoners of all the Kings Troops they possibly can.98 You will use every Method you shall judge necessary, to conciliate their Favour, and to this End, are authorised to promise them a punctual Payment, of the Allowance Congress have determined on for such Officers and Privates belonging to the King's Army, as they may captivate and deliver us.
[Note 98: The resolves of June 17, 1776, were a part of the report of the Committee of the Whole upon measures to be taken. Apparently Gates, Schuyler, and Washington contributed ideas, This particular resolve authorized General Washington to employ such Indians as he should take into the service in any place where he should think they would be most useful and to offer them a reward of $100 for every commissioned officer and $30 for every private soldier of the King's troops that they should capture in the Indian country or on the frontiers of the Colonies.]
June 21, 1776.
I have this Moment received your Favours of the 15th. and 17th. and the Post being about to depart have not Time to answer them fully. I shall only add that Lady Johnson99 may remain at Albany, 'till further Directions. I am, Sir, etc.
[Note 99: Mary, Lady Johnson, wife of Sir John.]
New York, June 21, 1776.
Sir: I was this morning honored with your favor of the 19th Instant, with sundry resolves of Congress, which came to hand after I had closed mine of the 20th. I shall appoint a Deputy Muster Master General, as soon as I can fix upon a proper person for the Office, and direct him immediately to repair to Canada.
Mr. Bennet the Bearer of this, delivered me a Letter to day from General Schuyler, inclosing the Proceedings of the commissioners of Indians affairs, at a meeting at Albany, in consequence of the Resolution of Congress (as they say) which I transmitted the 7th Instant, for engaging the Indians in our service. The Gentlemen appear to me to have widely mistaken the views of Congress in this Instance, and to have formed a plan for engaging such Indians, as were not in contemplation. I cannot Account upon what principles they have gone, as a part of their proceedings shew they are about to hold a conference with the Six Nations. I suppose they esteemed what they have done, a necessary measure, a Copy of which I have the Honor to inclose you.
I shall now beg leave to lay before Congress, a proposition made by Captain Leary1 of this City in behalf of a body of men who are desirous of being employed in the Continental Service, as a Troop of Horse, and at the same time to offer my Opinion that such a Corps may be extremely useful in many respects. In a march they may be of the utmost service, in reconnoitring the Enemy and gaining Intelligence, and have it
[Note 1: Capt. John Leary, jr. His proposal was for a troop of horse 40 strong (both officers and men) at 8 shillings per day, the men to find themselves and furnish their own horses and equipment. This document is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] in their power to render many other Important benefits. The Terms on which they are willing to engage are inclosed, which seems to me moderate and reasonable. I am also Informed, that another Company, might be readily made up and most probably upon the same Terms. I would therefore submit the propriety and expediency of the measure to the consideration of Congress, and wish their Opinion, whether it will be agreeable to them that both or either of them should be formed, and incorporated in this Army, on the Terms proposed by Captain Leafy if it can be done. I have the Honor to be &ca.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Alexander Contee Hanson.]
Head Quarters, New York, June 21, 1776.
Parole Albany. Countersign Bedford.
All officers, or soldiers, belonging to either of the Regiments, serving in Canada, are to apply immediately to Major General Gates, who will give them orders for repairing to their respective detachments.
The General has been pleased to appoint Richard Cary and Samuel Webb Esquires, his Aid-du-Camps--and Alexander Counter Harrison4 Esqr. assistant Secretary, who are to be obeyed and regarded as such.
[Note 4: Richard Cary, of Virginia; Samuel Blatchley Webb, of Connecticut; and Alexander Contee Hanson, of Maryland. The spelling of these names by John Stagg, Assistant Adjutant General, is but one of numerous instances either of his inability to read the writing of Joseph Reed, Adjutant General of the Continental Army, or carelessness due to rapid transcribing. There is, of course, the possibility that the Adjutant General himself was weak in spelling names.]
The Honorable Continental Congress have been pleased to give the Rank of Lieutenant Colonel, to the Aids-du-Camp of the Commander in Chief, and to his principal Secretary. Also the Rank of Major to the Aids-du-Camp of the Majors General.
The Honorable Continental Congress have resolvd that no officer shall suttle, or sell, to the Soldiers, on penalty of being fined one Months pay and dismissed the service with infamy.
The same Hon. Body have also resolved, that all sales of arms, ammunition, cloathing and accoutrements, made by any Soldier of the Continental Army, shall be void--Also, That the Baggage of officers and soldiers, shall be regulated conformably to the Rules and Customs of the British Army.
The General requires and expects, a most exact and punctual obedience, to each of the above resolves.
Head Quarters, New York, June 22, 1776.
Parole Brunswick. Countersign Cumberland.
Aaron Burr Esqr.5 is appointed Aide-du-Camp to Genl. Putnam in the room of Major Webb promoted. He is to be obeyed and regarded as such.
[Note 5: Aaron Burr served as a volunteer on the Canadian expedition of 1775; was lieutenant colonel of Malcolm's Additional Continental regiment in January, 1777; resigned in March, 1779; Vice President of the United States 1801--1805; died in 1836.]
The Quarter Masters having in many late Instances, neglected to see detachments, and working parties, furnished with the necessary quantity of provisions, The General requires greater punctuality in future and if any further neglect appears in this respect, such Quarter Master will be severely punished.
Head Quarters, New York, June 23, 1776.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Dorchester.
Mutual Complaints having been made by the Armourers, and Soldiers, respecting the repairing of Arms; The Officers of the several Regiments, are earnestly called upon, to examine their Men, and turn out all those who can work to any advantage in the Armourers Shop, though they should not be complete workmen; and to prevent further uneasiness, the several Captains are to inspect the arms of their Companies, and either themselves, or by some persons for whom they will be answerable, have the defective Arms sent to the Armourers when the Master Workman will give a Receipt for them--the same officer in like manner attending to the return of the arms and to make report if the Armourers fail in their work--The Honor and Safety of the army depends so much upon a strict attention, to the state of the arms, that the General hopes no pains will be spared upon this head.
A Detachment consisting of one Lieut. Colonel, one Major, six Captains, twelve Subalterns, eighteen Serjeants, eighteen Corporals, six Drums and Fifers, and three hundred Privates to parade to morrow morning, at the Grand parade, at eight OClock with their arms, ammunition and blankets, to have four days provisions, there to receive their orders from Genl. Putnam--Lieut. Col Jacobs,6 and Major Colbourne7 to be the Field Officers of the above detachment.
[Note 6: Lieut. Col. John Jacobs, of the Twenty-third Continental Infantry.]
[Note 7: Maj. Andrew Colburn, of the Fourth Continental Infantry. He was wounded at Harlem Heights, N. Y, in October, 1776; lieutenant colonel of the Third New Hampshire Regiment; flied of wounds received at Stillwater, N.Y., Sept. 19, 1777.]
The Sentries at the Laboratory and Artillery Park to be doubled every night 'till further orders8--The Brigade Majors will strengthen these Guards with an addition of men for that purpose.
[Note 8: This action was taken as a result of the discovery of the so-called Hickey Plot.]
Major Trumbull9 being promoted, Adjutant Peck10 of Col. Huntingtons Regiment, to act as Brigade Major to General Spencers brigade, 'till further appointment is made.
[Note 9: Maj. John Trumbull (the artist). He had been brigade major to Spencer; was promoted to deputy adjutant general, Northern Department, in June, 1776; resigned Apr. 19, 1777, and went to England to study under Benjamin West. There he was arrested and imprisoned, but soon released.]
[Note 10: Adjt. William Peck. He was brigade major and aide to Spencer from August, 1776, to January, 1778; also deputy adjutant general of Rhode Island troops, 1777--1781, when he resigned.]
New York, June 23, 1776.
Sir: I herewith transmit you an extract of a Letter from General Ward which came to hand by last night's post, containing the agreeable Intelligence of their having Obliged the Kings Ships to leave Nantasket Road, and of two Transports more being taken by our Armed Vessels with Two hundred and ten Highland Troops on board.11
[Note 11: Several British armed ships had kept possession of Nantasket Road from the time Boston was evacuated. On June 13, in the evening, General Ward ordered 500 men and a detachment of the train of artillery with a 13-inch mortar, two 18-pounders, and some small cannon, under the command of Colonel Whitcomb, to take post on Long Island and annoy the British ships. The necessary works were thrown up in the night, and the next morning the cannon and mortar opened a fire, and soon drove the vessels out of the harbor. The fleet, 13 in number, consisted of the Renown, of 50 guns, several smaller ships of war, and transports with Highland troops on board. They blew up the lighthouse as they went off, and put to sea.-- Sparks.]
I sincerely wish the like success had attended our Arms in another Quarter, but it has not. In Canada the situation of our Affairs is truly alarming. The inclosed Copies of Generals Schuyler, Sullivan, and Arnold's Letters will inform you, that General Thompson has met with a repulse at three Rivers and is now a Prisoner in the hands of General Burgoyne, who, these Accounts say is arrived with a considerable Army;12 nor do they seem to promise an end of our misfortunes here; It is greatly to be feared that the next advices from thence will be, that our shattered, divided and broken Army, as you will see by the return, has been obliged to abandon that Country and retreat to avoid a greater Calamity, that of being cut off, or becoming Prisoners. I will be done upon the Subject and leave you to draw such conclusions, as you conceive from the state of Facts, are most likely to result, only ading my apprehensions that one of the latter events, either that they are cut off, or become Prisoners, has already happened, If they did not retreat while they had an opportunity.
[Note 12: Thompson had been ordered against Three Rivers by Sullivan. Schuyler's, Sullivan's, and Arnold's letters are in the Washington Papers. Arnold's, dated June 13, 1776, is addressed to Schuyler and is printed in Spark's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 529.]
General Schuyler and General Arnold seem to think it extremely probable, and if it has taken place, It will not be easy to describe all the fatal consequences that may flow from it. at least our utmost exertions will be necessary, to prevent their Improving the advantages they have gained to our greater misfortunes. General Gates will certainly set out to morrow and would have gone before now, had he not expected to receive some particular Instructions from Congress and which Col. Braxton13 said, he imagined would be transmitted here.
[Note 13: Carter Braxton, a Delegate to Congress from Virginia.]
Inclosed is a Copy of a Letter from Genl. Arnold, respecting some of the Indian Tribes to General Schuyler and of a talk had at Albany with thirteen of the Oneidas; they seemed then to entertain a friendly disposition towards us, which I wish may not be changed by the misfortunes we have sustained in Canada. I am &ca.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, June 23, 1776.
Sir: By last Night's Post I was favoured with yours of the 16th. Inst., containing the interesting Intelligence of your haying obliged the King's Ships to quit their Stations, and of the further Captures of two Vessels from Glascow, with Highland Troops on Board. These Events are extremely pleasing, and I flatter myself the former will be attended with salutary Consequences. It will give our little Squadron, a better Opportunity of safely bringing in such Prizes, as they may have the Fortune to take, and be the Means of more Transports, and other of their Vessels falling in our Hands in all Probability. The scheme of a Decoy Ship may answer many good Purposes, and if we get a few more of the thirty two Transports in Addition to those we have already, the Highland Corps will be pretty well broken and disconcerted.
With Respect to a Paymaster and Payment of the Troops, Congress have informed me in a Letter of the 14th. Inst. that they have appointed Ebezr. Hancock Esqr. to that Office, and that the Day after, Money would be sent him for paying the Troops in the eastern Department. I hope it will arrive in a few Days, that their Claims may be discharged, and the Grounds of their Dissatisfaction removed.
The Invalids you mention, may be turned over to other Regiments 'till further Orders, taking Notice of the Time, and a List of their Names, and transmitting them to the Colonels, or Commanding Officers of the respective Regiments to which they belonged; that they may not be included in their Abstracts after that Time, and double Pay be drawn for them.
I have inclosed you Copies of sundry Resolves of Congress, which I request you to communicate to the Persons they respect, that they may govern themselves accordingly. That, about Vessels taken, which sailed from Boston with Effects while the King's Troops possessed it, you will transmit to the different Agents for the Continental armed Vessels, and that respecting Ordinance Stores, to Commodore Manley. I have sent the original Invoice of them and do appoint ... to act in Behalf of the Continent, in Conjunction with such Person, as the Commodore shall choose, for ascertaining their Value. This you will please to notify him of. They must be qualified as the Resolve directs, and pursue the Mode pointed out by it. When the Valuation is made, they will annex the Report under their Hands, to the Invoice, and deliver them to you, in Order to their being forwarded to me. The Report may mention that they were sworn and by whom. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 23, 1776.
Sir: Yours of the 20th. and 22nd. Inst. are both safe to Hand. The Person you was to seize by Warrant, you are immediately to send with the Papers to this Place in Charge of an Officer you can confide in. In this no Time is to be lost.15
[Note 15: Fletcher Matthews, a New York loyalist. He was suspected of complicity in the so-called Hickey Plot.]
It is out of my Power to assist you in procuring Arms; I must, therefore, urge you to make Application to the Convention, Committees &c. who, I hope, will supply you.
Your Letter of the 20th. I shall answer the first Opportunity, and am, in Haste, etc.
New York, June 24, 1776.
Dear Sir: On the 20th. Inst. I received your two Favors of the 15th. and 17th. by Bennet, and Yesterday Evening that of the 19th. continued to the 20th. with General Sullivan's Letter and Return, and the several Copies you inclosed.
The Accounts transmitted by General Sullivan are truly alarming, and I confess, I am not without Apprehension least the next Advices should be, that the unfortunate Defeat, and taking of General Thompson, has been succeeded by an Event still more unfortunate; the Destruction of a large Part, if not the whole of our Army in that Quarter. The weak, divided, and disheartened State in which General Sullivan represents it to be, does not seem to promise any Thing much more favourable, and is what General Arnold appears to be suspicious of. From the whole of the Accounts, supposing the Facts all true, there was nothing left to prevent their Ruin, but a Retreat. That, I hope, has been made as the only Means of saving themselves, and rendering their Country the least Service. By Reason of the Succession of Ills that has attended us there of late, and this last one, I fear we must give up all Hopes of possessing that Country of such Importance in the present Controversy, and that our Views and utmost Exertions must be turned, to prevent the Incursions of the Enemy into our Colonies. To this End, I must pray your strictest Attention and request that you use all the Means in your Power, to fortify and secure every Post and Place of Importance on the Communication. You are as much impressed with the Necessity of the Measure, as any Man can be, and with Confidence I trust, that nothing you can do, will be wanting to effect it. If the Troops have retreated they will in a little Time, I am hopeful, compleat such Works on the Passes, as to bid Defiance to the most vigorous Efforts of the Enemy, to penetrate our Country; especially when you are assisted by the Militia, which most probably are on their March ere now. Had this unfortunate Defeat not happened, the Militia were designed, not only to reinforce the Army in Canada, but to keep up the Communication with that Province, as you will see by recurring to the Resolve directing them to be employed.
Major General Gates, whom Congress had appointed to command after General Thomas's Death, will set out To-Morrow, and take with him one Hundred Barrells of Powder; out of which the Supplies necessary for the different Posts must be drawn. I have also directed Colo. Knox to send up the Cannon you wrote for, if they can be possibly spared from hence, with some Artillerists, a proper Quantity of Ball and other Necessaries for them and will in every Instance afford you all the Assistance I can. At the same Time I wish, if there are any Cannon at Ticonderoga or other Necessaries there or elsewhere, that you may want, and which can be spared from any other Post or Purpose, that you would get them in Preference to any here; as the Number we have, is not more than sufficient for the extensive and important Works, necessary to be maintained for the Defence of this Place.
In Respect to the Proceedings of the Commissioners for raising two Companies of the Mohikander and Connecticut Indians, they appear to me not to answer the Views of Congress, as I presume they live within the Government of Connecticut and are to be considered in the same Light with it's Inhabitants and that their Design was extended to those who were not Livers among us, and were of hostile Character or doubtful Friendship, but in this I may be mistaken, and there may be a Necessity of engaging those you have to secure their Interest.
As to your Doubts about the Officer commanding in Canada, his Right to punish capitally; I should suppose, that a Necessity, independent of any Thing else, would justify the Exercise of such art Authority; but Congress having determined, that the Commanding Officer there, should inflict exemplary Punishment on those who violate the military Regulations established by them, has put the Matter out of Question, and I apprehend every Commander there, has such Power, and of Right may, and should exercise it.
As Colonel Parsons has requested you to send the Person who is supposed to have murdered his Brother, I have no Objection to your doing it, if you judge it necessary. He, from what I have been told, designs to apply to Congress, for instituting some Mode of Trial for the Offence. I am, etc.
New York, June 24, 1776.
Sir: The Honourable the Continental Congress, reposing the greatest Confidence in your Wisdom, and Experience, have directed me to appoint you, to the very important Command of the Troops of the United Colonies in Canada, with a Power to appoint a Deputy Adjt. Genl., a Depy. Qr. Mr. Genl., a Depy. Muster Mr. Genl. and such other Officers as you shall find necessary for the good of the Service.16 You are also empowered to fill up all Vacancies in the Army in Canada, and notify the same to Congress for their Approbation.
[Note 16: Gates had made himself exceedingly popular with the Massachusetts element during the siege of Boston, and Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, was ever ready to follow the Massachusetts lead. He wrote to Washington (June 13): "It is more than probable, that Congress will order our friend Gates to Canada. His great abilities and virtue will be absolutely necessary to restore things there, and his recommendations will always be readily complied with. You will find that great powers are given to the Commander in that distant department. The system for Canada, adopted since the arrival of the Commissioners here, will, I hope, be of essential service to our affairs. All good men pray most heartily for your health, happiness, and success, and none more than your affectionate friend." Had not Thomas died, the New England influence would, probably, have sent Gates to command at Boston. Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
You are also authorized until the 1st. of October next, to suspend any Officers, and fill up all Vacancies, transmitting to the Honorable Congress such Order and Suspension, giving your Reasons therefore, and specifying the special Charge made against such Officer.
You are directed, previous to your Departure, to consult with the Commissary General, and concert with him the most effectual Measures for continuing proper Supplies of Provisions for that Department.
You are in like Manner to consult with Colonel Knox about the Artillery which may be wanted, and what may probably be procured there; and whether any Brass or Iron Field Pieces can be spared from hence for that Service.
Upon your Arrival at Albany, you will consult with General Schuyler, with Respect to the present State of Provisions, Stores &c., and fix upon some certain Means of forwarding the regular Supplies in future from that Place. At the same Time endeavour to learn whether Supplies heretofore sent, have not reached that Department, and by what Means such Failures have happened, that a proper Remedy may be provided. From General Schuyler you will also receive such Advice and Information respecting the Operations of the Campaign as may be useful and necessary. You are to direct all the General Officers, Depy. Qr. Master General, local Commissaries, Paymaster in Canada, and all other Persons there, or on the Communication without Delay to render their Accounts and settle them. No General Officer on such Settlement, receiving Pay as Colonel of a Regiment, or any Field Officer as Captain of a Company.
Upon your taking the Command of the Troops, you will give particular Orders agreeable to a Rule of Congress that no Officer suttle or sell to the Soldiers, on Penalty of being fined one Month's Pay, and dismissed the Service with Infamy.
That all Sales of Arms, Cloathing, Ammunition, and Accoutrements made by Soldiers, are to be deemed void. That the Baggage of Officers and Soldiers is hereafter to be regulated conformably to the Rules of the British Armies.
By a like Resolve no Troops in Canada are to be disbanded there; but all Soldiers in that Country ordered to be disbanded, or whose Times of Inlistment being expired, shall refuse to reinlist, shall be sent under proper Officers to Ticonderoga, or such other Posts on the Lakes, as you shall direct, where they are to be mustered, and the Arms, Accoutrements, Blankets, and Utensils which they may have belonging to the Public, shall be delivered up and deposited in the public Store.
You will as soon as possible make as accurate a Return as you can procure of the Troops, Artillery, Arms, Ammunition, Provision, and Stores, which you find in Canada, or upon the Communication with Albany distinguishing where stationed, and in what Magazines; and if possible transmit such a Return to the Honorable Continental Congress, and to me, once a Fortnight.
The Distance of the Scene, and the frequent Changes which have happened in the State of our Affairs in Canada, do not allow me to be more particular in my Instructions. The Command is important, the Service difficult, but honourable; and I most devoutly pray that Providence may crown your Arms with abundant Success. Given under my Hand, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 24, 1776.
Parole Dedham. Countersign Essex.
The Guard on the prisoners at the City-hall is to be strenghtned every night as the last, so as to make up one hundred men forty being required from the several brigades.
The General Court Martial now sitting to assemble at the house where the Provost is kept till further orders--
Head Quarters, New York, June 25, 1776.
Parole Epsom. Countersign Falkland.
The Militia Officers of the adjoining provinces who are to reinforce this army, are upon their arrival with their troops, to make report immediately, to the Brigadier General, or the officer commanding their respective Corps, who is to make report once in two days to the Commander in Chief--
The Adjutant General's Office will be removed this afternoon to a small brick house, one of the offices belonging to Head Quarters--The Brigade Majors are requested to attend there punctually hereafter, at eleven o'clock, except those at a distance, who may send an Adjutant, but the orders will not be given to any person of less rank in future.
New York, June 25, 1776.
Sir: I received yours of the 20th Inst. and in Answer thereto, request you to draw out of your Regiment, all the Armourers, in it and set them immediately to Work. They will receive the same Pay as the Armourers here do, under the like Circumstances. You must endeavour to engage the one you mention, upon the same Terms that are given here; but if you cannot do better, you must continue him on those contained in your letter.
In Respect to keeping two of the Commissioners, if it is absolutely necessary, it must be done, till you are provided with an Engineer, or so long as they may be wanted. Will not one be sufficient? If it will, two need not be retained.
It being impossible to procure a sufficient Number of Tents for the whole Army, it will be necessary for you to procure a Quantity of thin Boards, which you must have put up in a close Manner to answer the Purpose. This is now doing for General Scott's Militia Brigade,18 and will do exceedingly well.
[Note 18: Brig. Gen. John Morin Scott, of the New York Militia.]
I cannot but consider the Pay of the Carpenters enormous and extravagant; nor can I suggest any good Reason, why they should receive more than those employed here; some of which, for Instance, Captain Bruen's Company from the Jerseys, are compleat Workmen, and can execute almost any Kind of Work in the best Manner. I desire you will endeavour to lessen their Pay, and to prevail on them to receive no more than what is given here.
The Pay Rolls will be settled by the Provincial Congress up to the last of April inclusive, as has been done with the other Troops raised in this Colony. The Abstracts after that Time, will be taken in, and paid by me as others are.
I observe by the Returns, that your Regiment is still greatly deficient in Arms, which is a Circumstance highly distressing at this Time. As I have no Prospect of getting any, that I know of; I request you to have no Dependence on me for a Supply, and that you will use every possible Method you can to procure what you want from the Country People, or wheresoever they can be had by purchasing. I am, etc.
P.S. The Powder of the Province in your Hands, and which is made up in Cartridges, you must not spare by any Means; But repay the Quantity of it out of continental Stock, if any.
New York, June 25, 1776.
Sir: I this Morning received yours of the 28th Ulto., and approve the Measures you had adopted for opening the Road to St. John's, which may be still proper to pursue; but as our Army in Canada, since their Retreat from Quebec has met with further Misfortunes, and there is the strongest Reason to believe they will be obliged to abandon the Possession of that Country, if they have not already done it; I would advise you, to consider well the Advantages and Disadvantages that will result from compleating the Work. If the Enemy will be thereby afforded an easy Pass to make Incursions into our Colonies and to commit Depredations, and the Advantages we shall derive from it, will not greatly overballance these Inconveniences, it will be improper to carry it on. The Change which has taken Place in our Affairs in that Quarter, may render now, what was extremely right to be done some Time ago, very inexpedient and unadvisable. As you are well acquainted with the Country thro' which the Communication was designed to be made, and I am not, I shall submit the Propriety of compleating it to you, under the Circumstances I have mentiond, not meaning to direct you to one Thing or another.
I presume you received my Letter of the 29th. of April, and the two Hundred and fifty Pounds I sent by Mr. Wallace. You have not mentioned it. I am, etc.
New York, June 25, 1776.
Sir: The Honble Congress having determined a Valuation shall be made of the Ordinance Stores taken last Fall by Captain Manley, and directed me to appoint a Person in Behalf of the Continent to do it, in Conjunction with one to be chosen by Captain Manley, as you will perceive by the inclosed Resolve, I must request the Favour of you to undertake the Business.
I have transmitted the original Invoice to Major General Ward upon which you are to act.
It will be necessary to qualify, as the Resolve directs, and after the Estimate is made, to annex it to the Invoice under your Hands.
General Ward will forward it to me when it is finished, and praying your Excuse for this Trouble and Liberty.19 I am, etc.
[Note 19: The same letter was sent to Commodore John Manley.]
New York, June 25, 1776.
Sir: I this Morning received Information, that one or more Boats have passed through the Narrows in Defiance of the Fire from the Rifle Men, who had no Boats to pursue them. This Passage I had Reason to suppose was properly guarded, by the whale Boats under your Command, and am not a little surprised on hearing the contrary.
I do expect you will for the Future have them rowing across the Narrows from Dusk of the Evening to Day Light in the Morning, giving Orders to each Boat to keep the strictest Lookout; as there is no Doubt our inveterate Enemies who have had a Hand in the late horrid Plot, will try every Method in their Power to escape from the Hands of Justice.20 I am, etc.
[Note 20: The so-called Hickey Plot. (See note to General Orders, June 27, 1776, post.)]
New York, June 26, 1776.
Sir: Being in the greatest Distress here for Arms, without the most distant Prospect of obtaining a Supply, and as several have been lately brought into Boston, belonging to the Highlanders that have been taken, I request that you will immediately forward the remaining two Hundred Carbines (which in my Letter of the 28th. Ulto. I directed to be kept at Boston) to the Person at Norwich to whose Care the others were intrusted, with Orders to send them here with all possible Dispatch; together with the three Hundred mentioned in your Letter of the 9th. Inst., remaining Part of my former Order, which have not yet arrived here. You will direct him to send the whole by Land in Waggons without Delay, if when they arrive there, there shall appear the least Risk in their coming by Water.
The Places of these last two Hundred can be supplied out of the Arms lately taken, an exact Return of which with the Amount of the Prisoners and Stores if any, I shall be glad to have transmitted me. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 26, 1776.
Parole Falmouth. Countersign Georgia.
Agreeable to a Resolve of the Honorable the Continental Congress, no Certificates of Expences are to be given in future by any but Brigadiers, Quarter Masters and their Deputies, or a Field Officer on a march, or officer commanding at a detached post.
The remainder of Col Wayne's21 Regiment under Command of Lieut. Col Johnston22 are to embark for Albany on Saturday next--The Quarter Master General is to provide Vessels, and the Commissary General, Provisions for their passage--Col Johnston will apply to the Adjutant General for particular Instructions, and for an order on Genl. Schuyler, for arms, when he arrives at Albany.
[Note 21: Col. Anthony Wayne, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was, late, brigadier general and major general in the Continental Army.]
[Note 22: Lieut. Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Col Johnston is to appoint one or more (as the case may require) diligent Officers of his Corps to take charge of such men as are now here belonging to the Regiment in Canada who are to take them and deliver them to their several Colonels or commanding Officers; passage and provisions to be furnished as above.
The commanding Officers of the several Regiments, whether in Camp, or detached Posts are as soon as possible to return into the Adjutant General's Office the names of their several officers; their Ranks and the Dates of their respective Commissions--in order that the same may be forwarded to Congress.
Joseph Hulbert of Capt Park's23 Company and Late Col Learneds Regiment and Nathaniel Thompson of Capt. Peters Company Col Reads Regiment having been tried by a Court Martial whereof Col Parsons was president, and found guilty of Desertion, are sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes each on their bare backs; which Sentence the General confirms and orders to be executed at the usual time and place.
[Note 23: Capt. Warham Parks, of the Thirteenth Continental Infantry. He was, later, major of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment; wounded at Saratoga, N.Y., in 1777.]
Head Quarters, New York, June 27, 1776.
Parole Halifax. Countersign Ireland.
Several persons having been detained by Sentries, notwithstanding their having given the Countersign at night, and others in the daytime on the wharves on a pretence of their not having passes--The General forbids such practices, and any Soldier convicted of them in future will be punished--Officers and guards to be careful, in posting their Sentries, to make them acquainted with this order.
AFTER ORDERS
Thomas Hickey26 belonging to the Generals Guard having been convicted by a General Court Martial whereof Col Parsons was President of the crimes of "Sedition and mutiny, and also of holding a treacherous correspondence with the enemy, for the most horrid and detestable purposes," is sentenced to suffer death. The General approves the sentence, and orders that he be hanged to morrow at Eleven OClock.
[Note 26: Hickey was court-martialed for sedition, mutiny, enlisting men for and receiving pay from the enemy, and convicted of activities designed to enlist soldiers from the Continental Army into the British service. The royalist mayor, David Matthews, was accused of complicity with the plot, which was clumsily directed toward an uprising, or outbreak, when the British Army arrived at New York. Such evidence as has survived shows the plot to have been the usual stupid maneuvers of ignorant marplots. The tension in New York City, however, owing to the large Tory element, created a dangerous situation that called for prompt and energetic handling. Many wild rumors filled the air, after the arrest of Hickey, who was charged, in these tales, with the intended assassination of Washington and his generals. No such charge is found in the court-martial proceedings. Washington went to the length of submitting (June 27) the sentence of the court-martial to a council of general officers consisting of himself, Heath, Spencer, Greene, Stirling, Mifflin, and Scott, and he was unanimously advised to approve the sentence and order it executed the next day.
The court-martial proceedings, dated June 26, 1776, are in the Washington Papers. The warrant for Hickey's execution, with the return of fulfillment indorsed thereon by Provost Marshal Marony, is also in the Washington Papers.]
All the officers and men off duty, belonging to Genl. Heath's, Spencer's, Lord Stirling's and Genl. Scott's Brigades, to be under arms, on their respective parades, at Ten o'Clock to morrow morning, to march from thence to the Ground, between Genl. Spencer's and Lord Stirling's encampments, to attend the execution of the above sentence.
The Provost Marshal immediately to make the necessary preparations, and to attend on that duty to morrow--
Each of the Brigade Majors to furnish the Provost Marshal, with twenty men, from each Brigade, with good arms and bayonets, as a guard on the prisoner to and at the place of execution.
New York, June 27, 1776.
Sir: I this morning received by express, Letters from Generals Schuyler and Arnold, with a copy of one from General Sullivan to the former, and also, of others to General Sullivan, of all which I do myself the Honor to transmit you Copies. They will give you further account of the Melancholly situation of our Affairs in Canada and shew there is nothing left to save our Army there, but evacuating the country. I am hopeful General Sullivan would retreat from the Isle a Noix without waiting for previous orders for that purpose, as from Generals Schuyler and Arnold's Letters, it is much to be feared by remaining there any considerable time, his retreat would be cut off, or at best be a matter of extreme difficulty. I would observe to Congress, that it is not in my power to send any Carpenters from hence to build the Gondolas and Gallies General Arnold mentions, without taking them from a Work equally necessary if not more so, here, of the same kind and submit it to them, whether It may not be advisable, as it is of great Importance to us to have a number of these Vessels on the Lake, to prevent the Enemy passing, to withdraw the Carpenters for the present from the Frigates building up the North River and detach them immediately, with all that can be got at Philadelphia, for that purpose.
I have the pleasure to inform you of another capture made by our Armed Vessels of a Transport on the 19th. instant with a Company of Highland Grenadiers on board; The Inclosed Extract of a letter from General Ward by last night's post, contains the particulars, to which I beg leave to refer you.
I have been honored with your favors of the 21st. and 25th. instant, in due order, with their Important Inclosures, to which I shall particularly attend. I have transmitted General Schuyler a Copy of the Resolve of Congress respecting the Mohickan and Stockbridge Indians, and directed him to put an immediate Stop to the raising the two Companies.27
[Note 27: Hancock's letter to Washington, dated June 25, 1776, directing that a stop be put to raising a force of Mohican and Stockbridge Indians, is in the Washington Papers.]
The Quarter Master General has been called upon, for stopping the Tents designed for Massachusetts Bay and ordered to forward them immediately; he means to write Congress upon the Subject and hopes his conduct will not appear to deserve their reprehension; of this they will Judge from his relation of the matter.
Being extremely desirous to forward Intelligence from Canada to Congress, well knowing their anxiety about our Affairs there, I must defer writing upon some other matters I want to lay before them, till the next Opportunity, which I hope will be to morrow, when I will inform them fully upon the Subject of Rations, having desired the Commissary General to furnish me with some things necessary in that Instance. I have the Honor &ca.
New York, June 27, 1776.
Sir: Upon Information that Major Rodgers28 was travelling thro' the Country under suspicious circumstances, I thought it necessary to have him secured. I therefore sent after him. He was taken at South Amboy and brought up to New York. Upon examination, he informed me, that he came from New Hampshire, the Country of his usual abode and pretended he
[Note 28: Maj. Robert Rogers. Congress resolved (July 6): "That Major Rogers be sent to New Hampshire, to be disposed of as the government of that State shall judge best."] was destined for Philadelphia on business with Congress, where he had left his family. As by his own confession he had crossed Hudson's River at New Windsor and was taken so far out of his proper and direct rout to Philadelphia, this consideration added to the length of Time he had taken to perform his Journey; his being found in so suspicious a place as Amboy; his unnecessary stay there on pretence of getting some baggage from New York, and an expectation of receiving money from a person here of bad Character and in no circumstances to furnish him out of his own Stock; the Major's reputation and his being an half pay Officer encreased my Jealousies about him.
The Business which he informs me he has with Congress, is a secret offer of his services, to the end that in case it should be rejected, he might have his way left open to an employment in the East Indies to which he is assigned and in that case he flatters himself he will obtain leave of Congress to go to Great Britain.
As he had been put upon his parole by Congress, I thought it would be improper to stay his progress to Philadelphia, should he be in fact destined thither. I therefore send him forward; but to prevent imposition, under the care of an Officer, with Letters found upon him, which from their Tenor seem calculated to recommend him to Congress.
I submit it to their consideration whether it would not be dangerous to accept the offer of his services. I have &ca.
New York, June 27, 1776.
Dear Sir: Congress having disapproved the Proceedings of the Commissioners at Albany on the 13th. Inst., transmitted them in my Letter of the 21st., so far as they relate to raising two Companies of Mohekan and Stockbridge Indians. In Compliance with their Resolve, a Copy of which is inclosed, I am to request you to put the most early and speedy stop to the same.
The Honble President observes in his Letter, that the Resolve for employing Indians, is conceived in such Terms as to give, at first View, a Latitude of Construction as to the Place in which they are to be raised, and the Commissioners must have understood it so, which led to the Mistake. I am, etc.
New York, June 27, 1776.
Sir: Having received Information of your being appointed to command the Militia, to be furnished by your Colony for the Defence of this Place, I entreat you to give Notice to the Officers who are principally concerned in raising them, that their March be expedited as much as possible, or the Assistance they are meant to afford may come too late; as, in all Probability the Enemy, immediately on their Arrival, will make their grand Push, especially if they are apprized of our weak State.
It will be indispensibly necessary for the Men to come provided with Arms, as it will not be in my Power to furnish them with one; having many here already unarmed: nor will it contribute to the Service in the least Degree, if they do not. I, therefore, request the utmost Attention to this Matter, of the last Importance and that none come without.
As it will be proper that an Arrangement should be formed, and regular Orders given as to their Disposition, previous to their coming, to prevent Disorder and Confusion; I desire, as soon as you have notified your principal Officers, of what I have said about forwarding the Troops, and bringing Arms, that you repair here yourself, to receive your Instructions, and to be in Readiness to give such Directions to them as may be necessary for these Purposes. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 27, 1776.
Sir: The necessity of the most Vigorous and decisive Measures in our present Circumstances, will I doubt not justify to your Honorable Body, the removal of the Stock of Cattle and Horses, from those parts of the Coast most exposed to the Enemy; after a long and fatiguing Voyage they will need Refreshment of this Nature and there is no doubt they will have them, if Possible on any Terms. Common prudence therefore and a regard to our own safety, strongly evince the necessity of depriving them of such supplies, as will enable them to act with more Vigour and Spirit against us; Tho' painful and disagreeable, it seems to be a measure which the great Law of self preservation now requires. Inclosed I transmit the unanimous Resolution of a Council of Genl Officers,29 advising such removal without delay, in which it is proposed to pay a suitable regard to the necessities of the People. I flatter myself that in a Matter of such Importance and difficulty, The Honble. Body over which you preside, will approve of the proposal and carry it into execution, or co-operate with me in the most effectual Steps for the purpose. I have the Honor to be etc.
[Note 29: This council was held on June 27 and was attended by Brig. Gens. William Heath, Joseph Spencer, Nathanael Greene, and Lord Stirling. The original proceedings are in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 28, 1776.
Gentn.: By certain Advices just received I am informed that a Fleet consisting of 130 Sail left Halifax the 9th Instant, bound for this place and am well assured, that General Howe is already arrived at the Hook in the Greyhound; I do therefore, in the most pressing manner request, that you would not lose a moment's time in sending forward the Militia of your Province, as the Enemy will undoubtedly attack us in our Weak state, as soon as a Sufficient force arrives, to enable them to attempt it, with the least probability of Success; and altho' I cannot expect, by reason of the distance, that your Quota of Troops will reach this so seasonably, as to afford assistance upon the first attack of the Enemy, yet I promise myself it will not occasion any delay in their March. Relying on your using all possible dispatch in this Business, I remain, etc.30
[Note 30: Practically the same letter was sent to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull and to Brig. Gen. James Wadsworth, of the Connecticut Militia, at Dunham, this same day.]
New York, June 28, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your Favour of the 25th and it's Inclosures with General Arnold's of the same Date, I received by Yesterday Morning's Express. That of the 24th came by this Day's Post.
I am sorry General Sullivan, in the Situation our Affairs were in, should have stop'd at the Isle Aux Noix, till he could obtain Orders for retreating further, thereby hazarding his Army, without a Prospect of Success, and rendering his Retreat liable to an Interception, or at least difficult, in Case the Enemy were in a Condition to pursue their Victory. For these Reasons I cannot but approve your Directions, and am hopeful they would arrive in Time, if he had not before left the Isle Aux Noix, by the Advice of his Counsel of War, and joint Intercession of his Officers.
My Letter of the 24th would shew you, had it been received, that from his Representation of Matters, I thought a Retreat the only Means left for the security of his Army, and doing the least essential service to their Country. If he gets off, I shall be happy that our Loss was so inconsiderable in Numbers, tho' I regret much the Captivity of General Thompson.
I have wrote Congress about Carpenters on General Arnold's Letter, and having none to spare from hence, have pointed out the Necessity of their sending some from Philadelphia, if not there, withdrawing for the present those employed up the North River, deeming it a Matter of infinite Importance to have a considerable Number of Gondolas on the Lakes, to prevent the Enemy from passing.
I have directed the Qt. Mr. General to procure and forward you the Anchors and Cables, Mill Saws and Files, if to be had. I have also requested Colo. Knox to examine, whether some more Field Pieces cannot be sent up, and I design to order a further Quantity of Powder to be forwarded you, to answer two Purposes; one that you may have proper supplies for the several Posts, and every Contingency, the other, because I do not wish to keep a larger Stock here than may be necessary, least any unfortunate Event should cast up, and we be deprived of more than we are yet able to loose.
I would have you make ready every Thing necessary for taking Post at Fort Stanwix, and when you are prepared, to use your utmost Industry for erecting and compleating the Work. Our most vigorous Exertions will be required in every Instance. I am convinced our Enemies will strain their every Nerve against us this Campaign, and try to injure us wherever we may be unprovided.
It will be extremely proper to forward on the Militia, for reinforcing the several Garrisons on the Communication, and securing the different Passes. I wish they were not so slow in repairing to the Places of Rendezvous; but I would fain apprehend they will be in Time, to prevent any attempts our Enemies may have in View.
I am extremely sorry for your Indisposition and that you should be so harrassed by the Ague and Fever, and wishing you a perfect Recovery from it and a speedy one, I am, etc.
P.S. Congress by a Letter I received from the President last Night, have resolved upon four Thousand Men more to augment the Army in the Northern Department, and recommended the Colonies of New Hampshire immediately to send one Regiment of Militia, Massachusetts two, and Connecticut one.
They have also resolved on a Bounty of ten Dollars for every Soldier that will inlist for three Years, and requested the several Governments who are to furnish Militia to do it with all possible Expedition.
Our armed Vessels at the Eastward, have taken some valuable Prizes, and also three more Transports safely brought in with about 320 or 30 Highland Troops well accoutred. Captain Bedel,31 one of Commodore Hopkins's Fleet took two also with about 150 more. He put all the Prisoners on Board one of the Prizes: we fear she is retaken. The Arms he took into his own Vessel. The other Prize was retaken and again taken by another of our Vessels. ***32
[Note 31: Capt. Nicholas Biddle(?).]
[Note 32: The omitted paragraph is the same as that in Washington's letter to the Massachusetts Legislature, June 28, 1776, q. v.]
The Militia, ordered for the Defence of this Place, come in slowly. Not more than a Thousand are yet arrived. Our Force by no Means so strong as it should be.
It is said, and I beleive with Authority, that twenty Tons of Powder, and, £2000 Sterlg. worth of Goods have got into Providence. I am, etc.
New York, June 28, 1776.
Sir: In compliance with the request of Congress, contained in your favor of the 25th. instant and my promise of Yesterday, I do myself the Honor to inform you that the Cost of a Ration according to the Commissary General's estimate, from the 1st. of July to the 1st. of December will be from 8d. to 8½ York currency.33
[Note 33: Each colony had its own currency. By York, Washington meant the New York money. The rate of exchange varied between the different Colonies.]
Having discharged the Obligation I was under in this Instance and finding that many applications have been made for victualling the Flying Camp. I would with all possible deference, wish Congress to consider the matter well before they come to any determination upon it.--Who the Gentlemen are, that have made offers upon this Occasion I know not, consequently my Objections to their appointment cannot proceed from personal dislike, nor have I it in view to serve Mr. Trumbull the Commissary General, by wishing him to have the directions of the whole supplies for his Emolument; because what ever Rations are taking from him, save him the Trouble of supplying provisions to the amount without diminishing his pay, that being fixed and certain; But what influences me, is a regard to the Public good. I am morally certain if the Business is taken out of Mr. Trumbull's hands and put into another, that it may, and will in all probability be attended with great and many Inconveniences. It is likely, during the continuance of the War between us and great Britain, that the Army here or part of it, and the Troops composing the Flying Camp, will be frequently Joined, and under the necessity of affording each other mutual aid: If this Event is probable and most certainly it is, the same confusion and disorder will result, from having two Commissaries or one Commissary and one Contractor in the same Army and department, as did between Mr. Trumbull and Mr. Livingston, on the coming of the former to New York. I cannot discriminate between the two cases, and not foreseeing any good consequences will flow from the measure, but that many bad ones will, such as a clashing of Interest, a Contention for Stores, Carriages and many other things that might be mentioned, I confess I cannot perceive the propriety of appointing a different person or any but the Commissary. I would also add, few Armies, if any, have been better and more plentifully supplied than the Troops under Mr. Trumbull's care in this Instance, which I should suppose ought to have considerable weight; especially, as we have strong reasons to induce us to believe, that a large share of the Misfortunes our Arms have sustained in Canada, sprang from a want of proper and necessary supplies of Provisions. Mr. Trumbull too I am informed, has already made provision in New Jersey for the Flying Camp which will be stationed there and employed proper persons in that Colony to transact the business. Incident to his departments in obedience to my orders and his full confidence that It was to come under his management. My great desire to see the Affairs of this Important post, on which so much depend, go on in, an easy, smooth, uninterrupted course has led me to say thus much upon the Subject and will I hope, If I am unhappy enough to differ in opinion with Congress, plead my excuse for the Liberty I have taken.
I would also beg leave to mention to Congress, the necessity there is of some new regulations being entered into respecting the Chaplains of the Army. They will remember, that application was made to increase their pay, which was conceived too low for their support. It was proposed that if, It could not be done for the whole, the number should be lessened and one, Chaplain be appointed to two Regiments and an additional allowance made them on that Account. The Latter expedient was adopted, which, at that time and while the Army continued altogether at one Encampment, answered or at least did not produce any Capital inconveniences; But the Army now being differently circumstanced from what it then was, part here, part at Boston, and a third part detached to Canada, has Introduced much confusion and disorder in this Instance. nor do I know how it is possible to remedy the Evil, but by affixing one to each Regiment, with a salary competent to their support; no Shifting, no Change from one Regiment to another, can answer the purpose, and in many cases it could not be done, tho' the Regiments should consent, as where detachments are composed of unequal numbers, or Ordered from different Posts. Many more Inconveniences might be pointed out, but these it is presumed will sufficiently shew the defect of the present establishment and the propriety of an alteration. What that Alteration shall be Congress will please to determine.
Congress, I doubt not, will have heard of the Plot that was forming among many disaffected persons in this City and Government for aiding the Kings Troops on their arrival. The matter I am in hopes, by a timely discovery, will be suppressed, and put a stop to, many Citizens and others, among whom is the Mayor, are now in confinement. It has been traced up to Governor Tryon, and the Mayor appears to have been a principal Agent, or go between him and the persons concerned in it. The plot had been communicated to some of the Army and part of my Guard engaged in it. Thomas Hicky, one of them, has been tried and by the unanimous opinion of a Court Martial, is sentenced to die having inlisted himself and engaged others. The Sentence, by the advice of the whole Council of General Officers, will be put in execution to day at 11 O'Clock. The others are not tried. I am hopeful this example will produce many salutary consequences and deter others from entering into the like traiterous practices. The inclosed Copy of a resolve of the Provincial Congress will shew that some of the disaffected on Long Island, have taken up Arms. I have agreeable to their request, sent a party after them, but have not been able to apprehend them, having concealed themselves in a difficult Wood and morass.
General Gates set out on Tuesday with fine Wind, which has been fair ever since and would soon arrive at Albany.
I this moment received a Letter from Lieut. Davison of the Schuyler Armed Sloop, a copy of which I have inclosed and to which I beg leave to refer you for the Intelligence communicated by him.34 I could wish General Howe and his Armament not to arrive yet, as not more than a 1000 Militia have yet come in, and our whole force, including the Troops at all the detached posts and on board the Armed Vessels, which are comprized in our returns, is but small and inconsiderable when compared to the extensive lines they are to defend and most probably the Army he brings. I have no further Intelligence about him than what the Lieut. mentions, but it is extremely probable the Accounts and conjectures are true. I have &ca.
[Note 34: Lieut. Joseph Davidson. His report (June 27) was that Howe's fleet of 130 sail had left Halifax for New York on June 9. General Howe arrived on the 25th, and the main body of his fleet on the 29th, the troops being immediately disembarked on Staten Island. Davidson's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P. S: I have inclosed you a General Return of the Army.35 The Accounts from the Lieutenant are certainly to be depended on, as some of the Prisoners in the retaken prizes were on board the Grey Hound and saw General Howe.36
[Note 35: According to this return, dated June 28, the strength of the Army was 7,389 present and fit for duty, 744 sick, 231 absent sick, 1,931 on command, and 73 on furlough, a total of 10,368 rank and file, with 575 sergeants and 295 drums and fifes. The commissioned officers numbered 594. The regiment of artillery, not included in the above, had 365 officers and enlisted men fit for duty, with 185 on command and 34 sick.]
[Note 36: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, June 28, 1776.
Parole Kendal. Countersign Lebanon.
The unhappy Fate of Thomas Hickey, executed this day for Mutiny, Sedition and Treachery, the General hopes will be a warning to every Soldier, in the Army, to avoid those crimes, and all others, so disgraceful to the character of a Soldier, and pernicious to his country, whose pay he receives and Bread he eats--And in order to avoid those Crimes the most certain method is to keep out of the temptation of them, and particularly to avoid lewd Women, who, by the dying Confession of this poor Criminal, first led him into practices which ended in an untimely and ignominious Death.
Officers are without delay to inspect the State of the Ammunition which the men have and get their Arms in good order for service and strongly to inculcate upon all Sentries especially on night duty the greatest vigilance and attention. The Soldiers on their part to be very attentive, and obedient to these orders, as a carelessness and neglect may be of the most fatal consequence.
No Persons to be permitted to inspect the works without leave in writing.
The General requests the Colonels of the several Regiments, not to depend wholly upon their Officers, in complying with the above order, respecting the arms and ammunition of the soldiers, but to pay particular attention to the matter themselves it being at this Juncture of the greatest importance.
AFTER ORDERS
It is not from any distrust of the vigilance, or spirit of the inferior Officers, (as he has the greatest confidence in them) that the General recommends to the Colonels, an attention to the arms and ammunition of their respective Regiments, but that every officer from the highest to the lowest, when the hour of attack seems fast approaching, may exert himself in this necessary duty and it is particularly recommended from the Brigadier Generals to the Ensigns to give it the utmost attention.
Head Quarters, New York, June 29, 1776.
Parole Manchester. Countersign Norfolk.
Ensign Miller37 of Col Wyllys's Regiment under Arrest for leaving his guard at the City Hall and suffering a prisoner to be absent from thence, to be immediately tried by a General Court Martial--Notice to be given to the witnesses to attend.
[Note 37: Ensign Charles Miller, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry. He rose to rank of first lieutenant and served to end of the war.]
AFTER ORDERS
'Till the reinforcement intended for this department arrives, and some general regulations takes place; Brigadier Genl. Mifflin is to take charge of the two Battalions from Pennsylvania, commanded by Colonels Shee and Magaw, but is to remain in the City of New York 'till further orders; before him all prisoners and all deserters are to be carried for examination, the former he will order to be escorted to such places as the Provincial Congress, or Committee of safety for New York, shall assign, and the latter to have removed to a distance from the army--reporting to the General all extraordinaries--General Mifflin will also turn his attention in a particular manner to the Gundoloes, Fire-Rafts &c--causing the work to advance with all possible dispatch and seeing that nothing is omitted which can complete and forward them. Jonathan Mifflin Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to General Mifflin, and is to be obeyed as such.
The commanding officers of the Militia, from the several Counties, are to see that each private is furnished with Twenty four Rounds of Powder and Ball by applying to Commissary Cheever as fast as they arrive and to form them into Battalions as early as possible.
EVENING ORDERS
As many useful men belonging to the Army have been drafted, and others have been hired, for the different works of the Camp, and as their assistance may be wanted to repel the enemy; Such Carpenters, Armourers, Smiths and other Artificers, as are now under the directions of Capts. Post, Pollard, Brewin, Ford and Bacon,38 are forthwith to be formed into a distinct Corps, under the Command of Col Jonathan Brewer, and Mr. Parke39 Assist. Qr. Mr. General, who are to act, (protempore) as their Colonel and Lieut. Colonel--Mr. Parke to parade them on the Common near the Park of Artillery, at Ten O'Clock, to morrow morning--he is to order an account to be taken of their Arms and Accoutrements, and to form them into Companies of fifty, and then report to the General, who will nominate such temporary officers, as will be necessary, to complete the several companies; this Corps to continue during the present exigency; after which they will return to their former employments; at the same time they are not to be exempted from their ordinary duty, while under the present Arrangement, except while they are arranging, or called out to action.
[Note 38: Capts. Anthony Post, Benjamin Pollard, Jeremiah Bruen, John(?) Ford, and William Bacon.]
[Note 39: John Parke.]
The Quarter Master General to deliver to Genl. Putnam's order, all the Sand-Bags in his possession--he is also to engage such a number of Cart Horses, in the City, as Col Knox shah think sufficient for the use of the Train of Artillery, and with the assistance of Col. Knox, to arrange them in such a manner as will prevent confusion in time of service, and best answer the design of employing them; he is to produce as many sound, empty Hogsheads as he can, and deliver them to Genl. Putnams order, he is to procure all the Row Boats and light Pettiaugers, in and near this City; and is to station them with all other boats, belonging to the Army, and not in use, in the dock between the Exchange Slip and Albany pier.
The Commissary General to lodge a fortnight's provision on Governor's Island, Powles-hook, and in all the detached posts; to enable him to do this with precision, Genl. Putnam will furnish him with a List of the men in the several posts--
The General expects that all Soldiers, who are intrusted with the defence of any work, will behave with great coolness and bravery, and will be particularly careful not to throw away their fire--he recommends to them to load for their first fire, with one musket ball and four or eight buck Shot, according to the size and strenght of their pieces; if the enemy is received with such a fire at not more than twenty or thirty yards distance, he has no doubt of their being repulsed.
The Brigadier Generals to order Cheveaux-de-Frizes and Fascines, sufficient to shut up the Sally-ports of their respective works, to be immediately provided and lodged near the works.
[Note 40: Commander in chief of the New Jersey Militia stationed at Elizabethtown. Later he became governor of the State.]
New York, June 29, 1776.
Dear Sir: Since Colo. Reed41 left this, I have received certain Information from the Hook, that about forty of the Enemy's Fleet have arrived there, and others now in Sight, that there cannot be a Doubt, but the whole Fleet will be in this Day, and To-Morrow. I beg not a Moment's Time may be lost in sending forward such Parts of the Militia, as Colonel Reed shall mention.
[Note 41: Joseph Reed, Adjutant General of the Continental Army.]
We are so very weak at this Post, that I must beg you to order the three Companies, which I mentioned in my last for Staten Island, immediately to this City. If Colo. Herd42 is the Commanding Officer, I must request you will lay my several Letters wrote to you before him without Delay. I am, Sir, etc.
[Note 42: Col. NathanieI Heard. At this date he was brigadier general of New Jersey Militia.]
New York, June 29, 1776.
Sir: I was last night honoured with your favor of the 26th. instant, and agreeable to your request, shall pay proper attention to the resolves it inclosed.
I observe the Augmentation Congress have resolved to make to the forces destined for the Northern department and the bounty to be allowed such Soldiers as will inlist for three Years. I hope many good consequences will result from these measures, and that from the Latter a considerable Number of Men may be induced to engage in the Service.
I should esteem myself extremely happy, to afford the least assistance to the Canada Department, in compliance with the desire of Congress and your requisition were it in my power; but it is not. The Return I transmitted Yesterday, will but too well convince Congress of my incapacity in this Instance, and point out to them, that the force I now have is trifling, considering the many and important posts that are necessary and must be supported if possible. But few Militia have yet come in; the whole being about Twelve hundred, including the two Battalions of this City and one Company from the Jerseys. I wish the delay may not be attended with disagreeable circumstances and their aid may not come too late, or, when it may not be wanted. I have wrote; I have done every thing in my power to call them in, but they have not come, tho' I am told that they are generally willing.
The Accounts communicated yesterday thro' Lieut. Davison's Letter are partly confirmed, and I dare say will turn out to be true in the whole. For two or three days past three or four Ships have been droping in and I just now received an Express from an Officer appointed to keep a look out on Staten Island, that forty five arrived at the Hook to day, some say more, and I suppose the whole fleet will be in within a day or two. I am hopeful before they are prepared to attack, that I shall get some reinforcements but be that as it may, I shall attempt to make the best disposition I can for our Troops, in order to give them a proper reception, and to prevent the ruin and destruction they are meditating against us.
As soon as the Express arrived last Night, I sent the Letters for the Northern Colonies to the Quartr. Master General, with orders to forward them immediately.
When Monsr. Wiebert43 comes, (I have not yet seen him) I shall employ him as Congress have directed. The Terms upon which he offers his service, seem to promise something from him.44 I wish he may answer, and be skilled in the business he professes to know. I have &ca.45
[Note 43: Antoine Felix Wiebert, a French engineer, was commissioned by Congress a lieutenant colonel of Engineers on June 24.]
[Note 44: Wiebert was captured by the British and, because he did not have this commission with him and refused to enter the British service, was confined in the provost in New York City and rigorously treated. After his exchange he returned to France and served as a volunteer on the Bon Homme Richard. John Paul Jones placed him in charge of the sick, wounded, and prisoners of that expedition on an island in the Texel.]
[Note 45: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, June 29, 1776.
Gentlemen: I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 21st. Inst.,46 and the proceedings of Congress, with which you have been pleased to honor me. I must beg pardon for not having answered it before and trust the multiplicity of
[Note 46: It called for returns of the entire Army and the establishment of a regular correspondence with the Commander in Chief. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] First Letter from the Board of War to Washington
June 21, 1776 Business in which I have been engaged, since it came to hand, will apologize for the neglect. I shall particularly regard the several Important matters contained therein, and as far as opportunity and the Situation of Affairs will permit, use every means in my power to comply with your requisitions, and the Duties enjoined on me; sensible that our joint opperations will contribute greatly to advance the Interest of America in General, and the particular department committed to my care. You may rest assured that I shall be happy to keep up a regular Correspondence, and will not fail to transmit you the most early Accounts of every measure, haveing the least tendency to this desirable end. I am, etc.
New York, June 29, 1776.
Sir: The Committee inform me that no Evidence has appeared against Fletcher Matthews, and desire his Papers may be delivered to him, which I would have you comply with, likewise of the Request of the Committees of Newburgh and New Windsor.
I have to inform you of the Arrival of about 50 Sail this Day at the Hook. This is a Part of a Fleet of 130 which left Hallifax under General Howe the 9th. Inst.
I would have you make all possible Preparation in Case the Enemy should have in View to push some of their Frigates up the North River, to give them a proper Reception. I am, etc.
New York, June 30, 1776.
Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 29th. early this morning, with which you have been pleased to honor me, together with the resolves for further Augmenting our Army.
The Battalion of Germans, which Congress have ordered to be raised, will be a Corps of much service and I am hopeful that such persons will be appointed officers, as will complete their Inlistments with all possible expedition.
I shall communicate to Colonel Stevenson and one of his Field Officers, what you have requested and desire them to repair Immediately to Philadelphia. It is an unlucky circumstance, that the Term of Inlistment of these three Companies and of the Rifle Battalion, should expire at this time, when a hot Campaign is in all probability about to commence.47
[Note 47: By resolve of June 27 Congress directed that four companies of Germans should be raised in Pennsylvania and four companies in Maryland. They also resolved that six companies of riflemen should be enlisted, four of them in Virginia and two in Maryland, to serve for three years, and be formed into a regiment with three companies already raised in New York. Capt. Hugh Stephenson was appointed colonel of this regiment.]
Canada, it is certain would have been an Important acquisition, and well worth the Expences incurred in the pursuit of it. But as we could not reduce it to our possession, the retreat of our Army with so little loss under such a variety of Distresses must be esteemed a most fortunate event. It is true the Accounts we have received, do not fully Authorize us to say, that we have sustained no loss but they hold forth a probable Ground for such conclusions. I am anxious to hear it confirmed.48
[Note 48: Brig. Gen. John Sullivan's letter to Washington gives the account of the retreat from Canada. This letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Sparks's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 231.]
I have the honor of transmitting you an extract of a letter received last Night from General Ward, If the Scheme the Privateers had in view, and the measures he had planned, had been carried into Execution, the Highland Corps will be tolerably well disposed of, but I fear the fortunate event has not taken place. In General Ward's Letter49 was inclosed one from Lieut. Col. Campbell50 who was made Prisoner, with the Highland Troops: I have transmitted you a Copy. This will give you a full and exact Account of the Number of Prisoners that were on board the four Transports, and will prove beyond a
[Note 49: Ward's letter of June 20 expresses his desire to be relieved of command. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 50: Lieut. Col. Archibald Campbell, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.] possibility of doubt, that the evacuation of Boston by the British Troops, was a matter neither known or expected when he received his Orders. Indeed so many facts had concurred before to settle the matter, that no additional proofs were necessary.
When I had the Honor of addressing you Yesterday, I had only been Informed of the arrival of Forty five of the Fleet in the Morning; since that I have received Authentic Intelligence from sundry persons, among them from General Greene, that one hundred and ten sail came in before Night, that were counted, and that more were seen about dusk in the offing. I have no doubt, but the whole that sailed from Hallifax, are now at the Hook.
Just as I was about to conclude my Letter, I received one from a Gentleman, upon the Subject of calling the five Regiments from Boston to the defence of Canada, or New York, and to have Militia raised in their lieu. I have sent you a Copy, and shall only observe, that I know the Author well, his hand writing is quite familiar to me: he is a Member of the General Court, very sensible, of great Influence, and a warm and Zealous friend to the cause of America. The Expedient proposed by him is submitted to Congress.51 I am &ca.52
[Note 51: Joseph Hawley. Extracts of his letters of May 21 and 27 suggesting that the troops at Boston be drawn to New York and their place supplied by militia are printed by Sparks, who prints the entire letter of May 21 in his Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 229. The May 21 letter is in the Washington Papers; that of May 27 is not.]
[Note 52: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, June 30, 1776.
Sir: I received you favor by Mr. Treat, and cannot but consider the officer of Mr. Franklin's Guard extremely blameable, for his conduct; It is certainly his Indispensible duty, to conduct Mr. Franklin to the place the Convention have ordered without delay. The Circumstances you represent, his Letter to his Lady and the whole complexion of the case, afford a strong presumption; nay, much more, full evidence, that he means to escape if possible. he says in his Letter, "that, during his respite, the time between his writing and getting an Answer from Congress, something may turn up to make his removal improper, and at any rate to gain time will be of advantage."
I have wrote to the Captain of his guard upon the subject, and as Mr. Franklin has evidenced a most unfriendly disposition to our Cause--As the Colony Convention have ordered him to Connecticut, for refusing to Comply with such terms, as they deemed necessary and proper for him to enter into, to procure his Liberty53--As he does not propose to sign the Parole which they formed, but has proposed several alterations; I am of opinion, your Committee should interfere in the matter and give immediate orders to the officer of the Guard, to proceed with him, in execution of the duty wherewith he is charged; and, further, that, if you apprehend there is the least danger of his being rescued, or of the Guard, appointed to escort him, being remiss in their duty, that your Committee should appoint a strong escort for the purpose, and direct them to assist in performing the Views of the Convention, and conduct him securely to the place fixed upon to receive him.
[Note 53: Gov. William Franklin, royalist Governor of New Jersey was the natural son of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. He was a strong loyalist and had been arrested as a public enemy; he was confined in Connecticut. After his exchange he became the president of the Associated Loyalists.]
I have inclosed the Letter for the officer of the guard, which having read, you will seal and transmit him. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, June 30, 1776.
Sir: I understand that the Convention of New Jersey did resolve that Governor Franklin was an Enemy to the Liberties of America, and that he should be conducted under a safe Guard into Connecticut, and for that Purpose he was committed to your Charge. I have this Morning received Information, that you have halted with him at Hackensack. I would enjoin it upon you to set off immediately, and carry the Resolve of Convention into Execution. Delays are dangerous, and should any Accident happen, you never could answer your Neglect to our much injured Country. I would therefore again repeat to you, that it is my Advice, immediately on Receipt of this, to set forward on your Journey with Governor Franklin, and make all possible Dispatch for the Place you are ordered to. Governor Franklin, once had his Choice, and chose Connecticut; and it is not for you to hesitate on frivolous Pretences; but do your utmost to execute the Orders you have received in every Particular. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, June 30, 1776.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersign Holland.
The Brigadiers are to order the officers and men belonging to their several Brigades (not on duty) to march from their respective Regimental parade to their alarm posts at least once every day that they may become well acquainted therewith, they are to march by such Routes as are least exposed to a fire from the shipping and it is expected that all officers from the highest to the lowest, will make themselves well acquainted with the ground, that they may at any time be able to make advantage of it.
Upon the Signal for the enemies approach, or upon any alarm, all fatigue parties are immediately to repair to their respective Corps, with their arms, ammunition and accoutrements ready for instant action; the working parties in no other instance are to be interrupted; the finishing of our Lines of defence and other works expeditiously, is a matter of so much consequence, that the General is persuaded from the known Zeal of the troops, that officers and men will stand in no need of arguments, to stimulate them upon common exertion upon the occasion, his anxiety for the Honor of the American Arms, and the noble cause we are engaged in, not a distrust in the officers care, induces him once more, and while time will allow it, to recommend a thorough Inspection in the men's arms and ammunition, to see that every Soldier is completed to Twenty-four Rounds, and has a good Flint, well fixed into the lock; in short to be well prepared for an engagement is, under God, (whose divine Aid it behoves us to supplicate) more than one half the battle.
The General desires that each Colonel, or commanding officer of the established Regiments, will furnish him with a list of the vacancies therein, and that the Field Officers of those Regiments would recommend proper persons, to fill them--The commanding officer for the time being, of such Militia as shall arrive in this City from New Jersey, Connecticut and Massachusetts bay, is to give in Returns thereof to the Adjutant General of the parties as they arrive, he is immediately to discharge every man who comes without Arms, and is to see that all the others are completed with their Twenty-four Rounds pr man, and that they do their proportion of all duties, as well fatigue as other duty.
Capt. Josiah Fay54 of Col. Ward's Regiment to act as Major of the said regiment, 'till further orders, he is to be obeyed as such.
[Note 54: Of the Twenty-first Continental Infantry. He died Aug. 8, 1776.]
AFTER ORDERS
Twenty six thousand Musket Cartridges to be sent Cot. Prescott on Governor's Island with some flints.
The Brigadiers to order a circle to be marked round the several Redoubts, by which their officers are to be directed, in giving orders for the first discharge--Small brush may be set up to make the line more distinct and familiar to the men, who are by no means to be ordered to fire before the enemy arrive at the circle.
The Countersign in future to be delivered by the Adjutant General, to the Brigade Majors, and Adjutant of Artillery, at Six oClock P.M; who are to send the same sealed to their respective Brigades, and to the Field Officers of their respective brigades, if required by the latter and to no others--
Capt. Stephen Brown55 of Col Durkee's Regiment, to go immediately to New-Ark, and apply for assistance in procuring and fixing boats, near the ferries, for facilitating the passage of the Troops from Jersey to New York.
[Note 55: Of the Twentieth Continental Infantry.]
Genl. Heath to order the house and barn on Governors Island, to be consumed.
Head Quarters, New York, July 1, 1776.
Parole Jersey. Countersign Militia.
The General Court Martial whereof Col Parsons is President is dissolved--A General Court Martial of the lines consisting of one Colonel, one Lieut. Colonel, one Major and ten Captains to sit to morrow morning at Ten O'Clock to try all such prisoners as shall be brought before them--All Witnesses and other persons concerned to attend the Court--Field Officers for the above General Court Martial Col Read56 President, Lieut. Col Clark57 and Major Sprout.58
[Note 56: Col. Joseph Read, of the Thirteenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 57: Lieut. Col. Joel Clark, of the Seventeenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 58: Maj. Ebenezer Sprout, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
John Lynch of Capt. Benezets Company59 and Col. Magaw's Regiment convicted by a General Court Martial of "striking and wounding an officer of Col Shee's Battalion"; and Richd. Neal and James Higgins of Capt. Stevenson's Independent Company of Rifle Men being convicted by the same Court Martial whereof Col Parsons was President, of "striking and abusing several officers of the 20th. Regt."--were sentenced by the Court to receive Thirty-nine Lashes each--The General approves the sentences, and orders them to be put in execution, at such time and place, as the commanding officer of their respective Corps shall direct.
[Note 59: Capt. Samuel Benezet, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
A working party of nine hundred men from General Heath's, Spencer's and Lord Stirling's Brigades and the same proportion from General Scott's to turn out at five oClock A. M.-- Huntington's, Ward's, Nixon's and Webb's Regiments to work at the Redoubts on Jews-hill plain, and Bayards-hill, to be allowed one hour for breakfast--three for dinner and to work 'till sunset-Parson's Regiment to work on the Well under Capt. Chapman's60 directions--Learneds, Wyllys's and Bailey's Regiments go to Governors Island: Learneds to take Axes from the Laboratory: Prescott's Regiment to work as Huntingtons, and turn out the whole off duty, the picquet not excepted, Prescott's Regiment is required to be more attentive to duty, not having furnished their compliment at the works for two Weeks 'till yesterday--Baldwins Regiment to work at Red hook, and take tools from the Laboratory--Genl. Scotts Brigade, McDougall's, Ritzema's and Reeds Regiments, to receive Orders at the Laboratory in the morning--All working parties to work 'till sunset, and those Regiments not otherwise directed, to parade by Six oClock A:M:
[Note 60: Capt. James Chapman, of the Tenth Continental Infantry. He was promoted to major in August and killed Sept. 15, 1776, in the retreat to Harlem.]
The Troops in rotation to be allowed to fire two Cartridges pr Man, in such a manner, and at such time, as the respective Brigadiers may direct: The Brigadiers to give notice to the General of their several determinations on this head.
William Hurly of Capt. Parks Company, and of the Regiment late Learned's tried by the above Court Martial for firing on and wounding without cause one Peter Child a Citizen was acquitted--The General approves thereof and orders him to be discharged.
AFTER ORDERS
The whole Army to be under Arms to morrow morning at day light, on their Regimental parades, with their full Ammunition ready for action: The Militia of the City will parade at their usual places, and take their orders from the Brigadier General commanding in that quarter. The Artificers and such Militia or other Troops as are arrived in Town, and have no other destination are to parade on the Common in the front of the Park of Artillery, and take their orders from Brigadier General Lord Stirling--Colonel Nixon with his regiment, is to proceed, as soon as possible, in the morning, to Governors Island, and take the command there.
New York, July I, 1776.
Sir: I received your Favours of the 20th. and 23rd. Ulto. and am happy to hear of the further Success of our armed Vessels in the Capture of the Transport with the Highland Grenadiers. If they have been fortunate enough to take the 11. Ships mentioned in your last, I suppose we are in Possession of a large Share of the Highlanders ordered against us.
I am extremely sorry for your Indisposition and with to afford you all the Relief in my Power, and that the Situation of Things will admit of it. It is particularly unlucky that Mr. Whitcomb61 should refuse his Commission at this Crisis.
[Note 61: Maj. Gen. John Whitcomb, of the Massachusetts Militia. He declined an appointment of brigadier general in the Continental Army.]
A Fleet has arrived at the Hook, which we suppose to be General Howe's, having received authentic Intelligence of his sailing from Hallifax on the 9th Ulto., with 132 Sail. One Hundred and ten came in on Saturday, more were in the Offing and a few had got in two or three Days before. We expect he will make an Attack, as soon as possible, and I am making every Preparation to receive him.
As we are extremely deficient in Arms here, and in great Distress for Want of them; I shall be glad if you will send all of those taken from the Highlanders, which you conceive can be possibly spared. Let them be sent immediately to Norwich, to the Persons there who were entrusted with the others, with Directions to forward them without Delay by Water, if there shall be no Risk; if there is, by Land.
You will observe, that the new Regiments to be raised in the Massachusetts, are to furnish their own; before they are received or can be taken into Pay. I am, etc.
P.S. It is not in my Power to send a General Officer now. I have but one Major General, and not Brigadiers more than are absolutely necessary nor so many. I have heard nothing more of the other three Hundred Carbines. They are not yet arrived.
Head Quarters, New York, July 2, 1776.
Parole Armstrong. Countersign Lee.
Genl. Mifflin is to repair to the post near Kingsbridge and use his utmost endeavours to forward the works there-- General Scott in the mean time to perform the duty required of General Mifflin in the orders of the 29th of June.
No Sentries are to stop or molest the Country people coming to Market or going from it but to be very vigilant in preventing Soldiers leaving the army.
Col Cortland62 of the New-Jersey Brigade is to send over five-hundred of the Militia under his command to reinforce General Greene's Brigade; these troops are to be distinguished from the old Militia in future by being called New-Levies-- The Quarter Master General to furnish them with Tents: The detachment from General Spencers Brigade to return when these get over. The Militia not under the immediate Command of General Heard63 are to be under that of Genl. Mercer64 until the arrival of their own General Officer.
[Note 62: Col. Philip Van Cortlandt, of the New York Militia. He seems to have been detailed to the New Jersey brigade of General Heard; his name appears on one of Heard's returns later in 1776.]
[Note 63: Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Heard.]
[Note 64: Brig. Gen. Hugh Mercer. He died of wounds received at Princeton, N.J.]
The time is now near at hand which must probably determine, whether Americans are to be, Freemen, or Slaves; whether they are to have any property they can call their own; whether their Houses, and Farms, are to be pillaged and destroyed, and they consigned to a State of Wretchedness from which no human efforts will probably deliver them. The fate of unborn Millions will now depend, under God, on the Courage and Conduct of this army--Our cruel and unrelenting Enemy leaves us no choice but a brave resistance, or the most abject submission; this is all we can expect--We have therefore to resolve to conquer or die: Our own Country's Honor, all call upon us for a vigorous and manly exertion, and if we now shamefully fail, we shall become infamous to the whole world. Let us therefore rely upon the goodness of the Cause, and the aid of the supreme Being, in whose hands Victory is, to animate and encourage us to great and noble Actions--The Eyes of all our Countrymen are now upon us, and we shall have their blessings, and praises, if happily we are the instruments of saving them from the Tyranny meditated against them. Let us therefore animate and encourage each other, and shew the whole world, that a Freeman contending for LIBERTY on his own ground is superior to any slavish mercenary on earth.
The General recommends to the officers great coolness in time of action, and to the soldiers a strict attention and obedience with a becoming firmness and spirit.
Any officer, or soldier, or any particular Corps, distinguishing themselves by any acts of bravery, and courage, will assuredly meet with notice and rewards; and on the other hand, those who behave ill, will as certainly be exposed and punished-- The General being resolved, as well for the Honor and Safety of the Country, as Army, to shew no favour to such as refuse, or neglect their duty at so important a crisis.
The General expressly orders that no officer, or soldier, on any pretence whatever, without leave in writing, from the commanding officer of the regiment, do leave the parade, so as to be out of drum-call, in case of an alarm, which may be hourly expected--The Regiments are immediately to be under Arms on their respective parades, and should any be absent they will be severely punished--The whole Army to be at their Alarm posts completely equipped to morrow, a little before day--
Ensign Charles Miller, Capt Wrisst's65 Company, and Colonel Wyllys's Regiment, charged with "absenting himself from his Guard" tried by a General Court Martial and acquitted--The General approves the sentence, and orders him to be dismissed from his arrest.
[Note 65: Capt. Samuel Wright, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry.]
As there is a probability of Rain, the General strongly recommends to the officers, to pay particular attention, to their Men's arms and ammunition, that neither may be damaged-- Lieut. Col Clark who was ordered to sit on General CourtMartial in the orders of yesterday being absent on command,Lieut. Col Tyler66 is to sit in Court.
[Note 66: Lieut. Col. John Tyler, of the Tenth Continental Infantry. He was colonel of the Tenth from August to December, 1776; brigadier general of Connecticut Militia, 1777-78.]
EVENING ORDERS
'Tis the General's desire that the men lay upon their Arms in their tents and quarters, ready to turn out at a moments warning, as their is the greatest likelihood of it.
Head Quarters, New York, July 3, 1776.
Parole Brunswick. Countersign Princeton.
The Director General of the Hospital having laid before the General, a plan of conduct for the Surgeons and Mates of the Regiments, by which, in case of action, they will do their duty with greater ease and benefit to the service: And the General much approving thereof; they are to attend the Director General and each take a Copy of said plan, to which they are strictly to conform--The Adjutants of the several Regiments to make this order particularly known, to each Surgeon and Mate, without delay.
A working party to morrow consisting of 800 men properly officered from Genl. Heaths, Spencers, Lord Stirling's and Scott's Brigades--Spencers at Bayards-hillplain, and Jones's hill, Capt. Chapman to direct them. The others to apply at the Engine Store for tools, and directions (at the west end of the upper barrack)--Scotts brigade in particular not to depart the store 'till they have a director, as it will relieve the Engineer from much intricateness; they being unacquainted, did not find the place destined for them yesterday by which means the works at the Bomb-Battery was entirely omitted.
AFTER ORDERS
That the several Brigades and Troops be at their Alarm posts every morning at day break, as ordered this morning and hold themselves in constant readiness in case of an alarm.
New York, July 3, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you and on the same day several Ships more arrived within the Hook; making the number that came in them, 110, and there remains no doubt of the whole of the Fleet from Hallifax being now here. Yesterday Evening 50 of them came into the Bay and Anchored on the Staten Island side.67 Their views I cannot precisely determine, but am extremely apprehensive, as a part of them only came, that they mean to surround the Island and secure the whole stock upon it. I had consulted with a committee of the Provincial Congress on the Subject, and a person was appointed to superintend the business and to drive the Stock off. I also wrote to Brigadier General Herd68 and directed him to the Measure, lest it might be neglected, but am fearful it has not been effected.
[Note 67: Howe's intention, as noted in his letter to Lord George Germain (July 7), was to land at Gravesend Bay, Long Island; but he became doubtful of the safety of it and began disembarking on Staten Island before July 4. The last ships o{ the fleet did not arrive until August 12. The strength of the British was in the neighborhood of 32,000 men.]
[Note 68: Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Heard. The letter, dated June 29, 1776, was written and signed by Robert Hanson Harrison by Washington's direction. It is in the Washington Papers.]
Our reinforcements of Militia are but small yet: Their amount I cannot ascertain, having not been able to procure a return. However, I trust, if the Enemy make an Attack, they will meet with a repulse, as I have the pleasure to inform you, that an agreeable Spirit and willingness for Action, seems to Animate and prevade the whole of our Troops.
As it is difficult to determine what Objects the Enemy may have in contemplation, and whether they may not detach some part of their force to Amboy and to ravage that part of the Country if not to extend their views farther;
I submit it to Congress whether it may not be expedient for them to repeat and press home their requests to the different Governments, that are to provide men for the Flying Camp, to furnish their quotas with all possible dispatch.69 It is a matter of great Importance and will be of serious consequence to have the Camp established in case the Enemy should be able to possess themselves of this River and cut off the supplies of Troops that might be necessary, on certain emergencies, to be sent from hence
[Note 69: Congress had, by a resolve of June 3, ordered the formation of a Flying Camp, It was to be 10,000 strong and was designed to protect New Jersey and to prevent a sudden move by the British against Philadelphia while Washington's army was held in New York. After that city was evacuated and the army thus set free for field maneuvering the purpose of the camp merged with that of the main force, and the organization was not continued after the year 1776.]
I must entreat your attention to an application I made some time ago for Flints; we are extremely deficient in this necessary Article and shall be greatly distressed, If we cannot obtain a supply. Of Lead we have a sufficient Quantity for the whole Campaign, taken off the Houses here.
Esteeming it of Infinite Importance, to prevent the Enemy from getting fresh Provisions and Horses for their Waggons, Artillery &ca. I gave orders to a party of our Men on Staten Island, since writing General Herd, to drive the Stock off without waiting for the assistance or direction of the Committee there, lest their slow mode of transacting business might produce too much delay, and have sent this morning to know what they have done. I am this Minute informed by a Gentleman that the Committee of Elizabeth Town, sent their Company of Light Horse, on Monday to effect it, and that some of their Militia was to give their aid Yesterday; he adds he was credibly told last Night, by part of the Militia coming to this place, that Yesterday Evening they saw a good many stock driving of the Island and crossing to the Jerseys. If the business is not executed ere now, It will be impossible to do it. I have the Honor &ca.
New York, July 4, 1776.
Sir: This will be handed you by Colo: Stevenson whom I have ordered, with the Captains of the two Rifle Companies from Maryland to wait on Congress. They will point out such measures as they conceive most likely to advance the raising of the New Battalion and the Persons they think worthy of promotion that have served with them, agreeable to the inclosed List: I am not acquainted with them, but from their report and recommendation, which I doubt not is just, and if Congress will please to enquire of them, they will mention other proper persons for officers.
Only about 40 of the three Old Companies have reinlisted, which I shall form into one for the present and place under an Officer or two, 'till a further and complete Arrangement is made, of the whole Battalion. I have the Honor &ca.70
[Note 70: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the list of names of those recommended for appointment is in that of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, 9 OClock P.M., July 4, 1776.
Dear Sir: I am to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favours of Yesterday and this Morning, and approve much of the Steps you have taken for securing the Ferries, as well as quieting the Apprehensions of the Inhabitants of New-Ark, by stationing some Troops there.
Upon full Consideration of all Circumstances, I have concluded to send the Militia Home, except 500, to guard Bergen Neck, which I deem an important Post, and capable of being used very much to our Prejudice. I am also of Opinion that a Body about Woodbridge and Amboy would be very useful. I propose to retain the Morris County Militia for the first Purpose, and leave it to General Livingston, to order the Security of the other Places. As to the Militia who have marched from distant Parts, I suppose like all others, they are impatient to return to their Farms and Business; and as others are discharged, it will be difficult to keep them. However, that I leave to General Livingston, who, if he thinks they are necessary for the Defence of the Province, will give them his Orders; but I do not require their Service any longer.
I cannot spare Captain Burr any Swivels, the row Gallies requiring all I have.
I would by all Means recommend to you, to place a Guard at the two Ferries, Hackinsack, and Passaic. I shall send over an Engineer To-Morrow, to erect some Works for the Security of these Places. The Militia of distant Parts are better in such Cases, than the Militia of the Neighbourhood.
In detaining Troops, you will please to distinguish, and inculcate upon others, the Distinction between the New Levies, and Militia. Every Man of the former, I expect with all Expedition. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 4, 1776.
Parole Alexandria. Countersign--
The Colonels and commanding officers of Regiments, are to make out Pay-Abstracts, for the Month of May; these are to be carefully examined by the Brigadiers under whom they serve, and by the Pay Master General, before the Warrants are brought to be signed by the General, they are then to deliver them in and receive payment.
New York, July 4, 1776.
Sir: When I had the honor to address you on the 30th. Ulto., I transmitted a copy of a Letter I had received from a Gentleman a Member of the Honorable General Court of Massachusetts Bay, suggesting the improbability, of succours coming from thence in any reasonable Time, either for the defence of this place, or to reinforce our Troops engaged in the Canada expedition. I am sorry to inform you, that from a variety of Intelligence his apprehensions appear to be just, and to be fully confirmed. Nor have I reason to expect, but that the supplies from the other two Governments, Connecticut and New Hampshire, will be extremely slow and greatly deficient in number. As it now seems beyond Question, and clear to demonstration, that the Enemy mean to direct their Operations and bend their most vigorous Efforts against this Colony and will attempt to Unite their two Armies, that under General Burgoyne, and the one arrived here. I cannot but think the expedient proposed by that Gentleman is exceedingly just and that the Continental Regiments now in Massachusetts Bay, should be immediately called from thence and be employed, where there is the strongest reason to believe their aid will be indispensably necessary.72 The expediency of the Measure I shall submit to the consideration of Congress, and will only observe as my Opinion, that there is not the most distant prospect of an attempt being made where they now are, by the Enemy, and if there should, that the Militia that can be assembled upon the shortest Notice, will be more than equal to repel it; They are well armed, resolute and determined, and will instantly oppose any Invasion that may be made in their own Colony.
[Note 72: On July 8, on report of the Board of War, the Commander in Chief was vested with discretionary power to call to New York such of the Continental regiments in Massachusetts as had not already been ordered to Ticonderoga. The militia were to supply their place at Boston. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
I shall also take the Liberty again to request Congress, to Interest themselves in having the Militia raised and forwarded with all possible expedition, as fast as any considerable number of them can be collected, that are to compose the Flying Camp.73
[Note 73: The 10,000 men for the Flying Camp were to be furnished from the militia of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. They were to be, of course, in Continental pay.] This I mentioned in my Letter of Yesterday, but think proper to repeat it, being more and more convinced of the necessity. The Camp will be in the Neighbourhood of Amboy, and I shall be glad, the Conventions or Committees of Safety of those Governments from whence they come, may be requested to give me previous notice of their marching, that I may form some plan, and direct Provision to be made for their reception. The disaffection of the People at that place and others not far off, is exceedingly great, and unless it is checked and overawed, it may become more general and be very alarming. The arrival of the Enemy will encourage it.
They or at least a part of them are already landed on Staten Island, which is quite contiguous and about 4000 were marching about it yesterday, as I have been advised and are leaving no Acts unessayed, to gain the Inhabitants to their side, who seem but too favourably disposed. It is not unlikely that in a little time they may attempt to cross to the Jersey side, and induce many to join them, either from motives of Interest or fear, unless there is a force to oppose them.74
[Note 74: "The enemy's fleet is now come up within twelve miles of us; and yesterday a large body of men, with Cortlandt Skinner at their head, landed on Staten Island, and dividing themselves into three bodies, traversed the whole Island, with a view of collecting stock and vegetables. The villainy and treachery of many of the inhabitants will give them some supplies; for though the General took every method to get off the stock, (force excepted,) they contrived by some means or other to evade it."-- Joseph Reed to Esther Reed ( his wife), July 4, 1776. This letter is from Reed's Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed.]
As we are fully convinced that the ministerial Army we shall have to oppose this Campaign, will be great and numerous and well know, that the utmost Industry will be used, as it already has been, to excite the Savages and every body of People to Arms against us whom they can Influence, It certainly behooves us to strain every nerve to Counteract their designs: I would therefore submit it to Congress whether, especially as our Schemes for employing the Western Indians do not seem to be attended with any great prospect of success from General Schuyler's Accounts, It may not be advisable to take measures to engage those of the Eastward, the St. Johns, Nova Scotia, Penobscot &ca. in our favor. I have been told that several might be got, perhaps five or six hundred or more, readily to Join us. If they can, I should imagine, It ought to be done. It will prevent our Enemies from securing their friendship, and further, they will be of infinite service, in annoying and harrassing them should they ever attempt to penetrate the Country. Congress will be pleased to consider the measure and if they determine to adopt it, I conceive it will be necessary to Authorize and request the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay to carry it into Execution.
Their situation and advantages will enable them to Negotiate a Treaty and an Alliance better than it can be done by any persons else.75
[Note 75: On July 8 Congress resolved: "That General Washington have permission to call forth and engage in the service of the United States so many Indians of the St. Johns, Nova Scotia and Penobscot tribes, as he shall judge necessary, and that he be desired to write to the general court of the Massachusetts bay, requesting their aid in this business, and informing them that Congress will reimburse such expences as may be necessarily incurred." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
I have been honored with your two favors of the 1st. instant, and agreeable to the wishes of Congress, shall put Monsieur Wiebert in the best place I can, to prove his Abilities in the Art he professes. I shall send him up immediately to the Works erecting towards Kings Bridge under the direction of General Mifflin, whom I shall request to employ him.
I this Moment received a Letter from General Greene, an extract of which I have inclosed. The Intelligence it contains is of the most Important nature, and evinces the necessity of the most spirited and Vigorous exertions on our part.76 The
[Note 76: The extract, in the writing of George Lewis, is from Greene's letter of July 4, which is not found in the Washington Papers. The extract is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] expectation of the Fleet under Admiral Howe,77 is certainly the reason the Army already come, have not begun their Hostile operations. when that arrives we may look for the most interesting events and such as in all probability will have considerable weight in the present Contest. It behoves us to be prepared in the best manner, and I submit it again to Congress whether the Accounts given by these prisoners do not shew the propriety of calling the several Continental Regiments from the Massachusetts Bay Government, raising the flying Camp with all possible dispatch and engaging the Eastern Indians.
[Note 77: Richard, Lord Howe, rear admiral and commander in chief of the British Fleet in North America.]
July 5.
General Mercer arrived here on Tuesday and the next morning was ordered to Powles Hook to make some Arrangement of the Militia, as they come in, and the best disposition he could to prevent the Enemy crossing from Staten Island, if they should have any such Views.
The distressed situation of the Inhabitants of Elizabeth Town and New Ark, has since induced me upon their application, to give up all the Militia from the Jerseys, except those engaged for Six Months. I am hopeful they will be able to repell any Incursions that may be attempted. Generals Mercer and Livingston78 are concerting plans for that purpose. By a Letter from the Latter last night, I am informed the Enemy are throwing up small Works at all the passes on the North side of Staten Island, which it is probable they mean to secure. None of the Connecticut Militia are yet arrived, so that the reinforcement we have received, is very inconsiderable.
[Note 78: Gen. William Livingston.]
A Letter from General Schuyler with sundry inclosures, of which No. 1, 2. and 3. are exact Copies, this Moment came to hand and will no doubt claim as It ought to do the immediate attention of Congress. The evils which must inevitably follow a disputed Command are too obvious and alarming to admit a Moments delay, in your decision thereupon.79 And altho' I do not presume to advise, in a matter now of this delicacy, Yet as it appears evident that the Northern Army has retreated to Crown Point and mean to act upon the defensive only, I cannot help giving it as my Opinion, that one of the Major Generals in that Quarter would be more usefully employed here, or in the flying Camp, than there; for it becomes my duty to observe. If another experienced Officer, is taken from hence in order to command the flying Camp, that your Grand Army will be entirely stripped of Generals who have seen service, being in a manner already destitute of such. My Distress on this Account; the Appointment of General Whitcomb80 to the Eastern Regiments; a conviction in my own breast, that no Troops would be sent to Boston and the certainty of a number coming to this place, occasioned my postponing from time to time sending any General Officer from hence to the Eastward heretofore, and now I shall wait the Sentiments of Congress relative to the five Regiments in Massachusetts Bay, before I do anything in this matter.
[Note 79: By the time Gates's leisurely movements had carried him toward his Canadian command the army had retreated from Canada and had fallen down to Ticonderoga, Gates claimed the supreme command, but Schuyler demurred on the ground that Gates was to command in Canada only. The matter was submitted to Congress and, as Gates's influence was not yet as great with that body as it afterwards became, the decision (July 8) was against Gates, Hancock wrote him urging cordial cooperation with Schuyler. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 80: Gen. Jonathan Whitcomb.]
The Commissary General has been with me this Morning concerning the other matter contained in General Schuyler's Letters respecting the Business of that department. He has I believe in order to remove difficulties recalled Mr. Avery; but seems to think it necessary in that case, that Mr. Livingston should be left to himself, as he cannot be responsable for persons not of his own Appointment. This matter should also be clearly defined by Congress. I have already given my Opinion of the necessity of these Matters, being under one General direction, in so full and clear a manner, that I shall not take up the Time of Congress to repeat it in this place.81 I am &c.82
[Note 81: Elisha Avery and Walter Livingstone's dispute over command of the commissary department of the Northern Army was an outcome of the Gates-Schuyler controversy. Schuyler's letter to Washington, dated July 1, 1776, outlining the matter, is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Sparks's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 247.]
[Note 82: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 5, 1776.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Durham.
Those Regiments who have not made a Return of their officers, their ranks and dates of their Commissions, agreeable to a former order are now called on to do it without delay and to mention in such Returns the Colony in which such Regiment was raised, the time when and period in which they inlisted, together with the vacancies in their respective regiments.
Head Quarters, July 5, 1776.
Sir: Your Favour of the 4th. came safely to Hand. The situation of New Jersey is such, and the Apprehensions of the Inhabitants so justly excited, that I have concluded to discharg, the Militia from this Place, except those from Morris County, whose internal Situation is such, as to leave them nothing to fear from the Enemy. These I have posted in Bergen in Order to prevent any Communication, and to give the Enemy Obstruction in Case they should attempt to land in that Quarter, which with the Assistance of the Continental Troops posted there, I hope, they will be able effectually to do. The Remainder of the Militia I have dismissed, as I have Reason to believe the Enemy is waiting for the European Fleet, and will not make a general Attack until it arrives; but we have not yet one Man from Connecticut. You will observe, I have dismissed the Militia from hence; but have not discharged them: as I am of Opinion a Part of them may be usefully employed in the immediate Defence of the Province. In this View they fall properly under your Command, and I would suggest to you the Propriety of stationing them in proper Places along the Shore, opposite to Staten Island, so as to relieve the Inhabitants from the Apprehensions they are under of being plundered, as well as preventing any Communication with the Enemy. There are a Number of People in Amboy who will undoubtedly open a Correspondence with them immediately and endeavour to excite Disafection thro' the Province, now they feel themselves under some Kind of Protection. If it is practicable in the present Situation of Things, I am of Opinion, those Officers of Government, and the notoriously disaffected there, should be removed with all possible Expedition to less dangerous Places. That the Cattle and Sheep, and Horses on the Shores contiguous to Staten Island should be immediately drove back, the Ferries carefully attended to, and all Boats watched that pass or attempt so to do. The Number of Men necessary for these Services, you will be able to ascertain better than I can; but in such Emergency it is better to exceed than fall Short.
As to Provisions for the Men, I presume, while the Militia are employed in the immediate Defence of the Province, the Expence, at least in the first Instance, will fall upon the Colony. How far the Continent will reimburse the Province, I can not determine; but the Necessity of some Supplies being collected, is so evident, that I make no Doubt the Convention will immediately go into it. In the mean Time I should think no Person could run any Risk, in doing what is immediately necessary, under your Appointment.
I have been the more induced to dismiss the Militia, that the New Levies (or six Months Men) may be forwarded as soon as possible; and I must request your Exertion for this purpose, as it is my Intention to have them here without a Moments Delay.
Since this Letter was begun another of your Favors came to my Hands, informing me, that the Enemy have thrown up two small Breast Works on the Cause Way from the Point.
You also request some experienced Officers to be sent over, which I would gladly comply with, if in my Power; but I have few of that Character, and those are so necessarily engaged here, that for the present I must refer you to General Mercer, whose Judgement and Experience may be depended upon. I have wrote him that I should endeavour to send over an Engineer as soon as possible.
From all Accounts we receive, I cannot think they have any serious Intentions at present, beyond making themselves Masters of Staten Island, guarding against any Attack from us, and collecting what Stock they can; but at the same Time it is highly prudent for you, to be in the best Posture of Defence you can. I am, Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, 5 O'Clock P.M., July 6, 1776.
Sir: Your Favour of this Date, inclosing Major Duychinck's83 Letter. was this Moment received. The known Disaffection of the People of Amboy, and the Treachery of those of Staten Island, who, after the fairest Professions, have shewn themselves our most inveterate Enemies, have induced me to give Directions that all Persons of known Enmity or doubtful Character,
[Note 83: Maj. John Duychinck, who seemed to have been a lieutenant colonel of Jersey Militia at this date. He deserted to the British. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, Feb. 22, 1777, post.) A copy of Duychinck's letter, dated July 5, 1776, informing of British troop movements, is in the Washington Papers.] should be removed from Places, where they might enter into a Correspondence with the Enemy, and aid them in their Schemes. For this End, General Herd has Directions to apprehend such Persons, as from their Conduct had shewn themselves inimical, or whose Situations, Connections, or Offices, gave just Cause of Suspicion. I have no Knowledge of the Persons apprehended; but suppose General Herd had good Reason for taking hold of them. However, if there are any, whom, from your personal Knowledge and Opinion, you think maybe permitted to return, I have no Objection, and sending the others to Provincial Congress for their Disposal. But as to the former, I would suggest to you, that my Tenderness has been often abused, and I have had Reason to repent the Indulgence shewn them. I would shew them all possible Humanity and Kindness, consistent with our own Safety; but Matters are now too far advanced to sacrifice any Thing to Punctilios.
I have given Direction to forward you a Supply of Ammunition; but must beg you to inculcate the utmost Frugality and Care of it, as we have no Superfluity. This Supply consists of Cartridges, some loose Powder and Lead. If you have any Occasion for Ammunition for Field Pieces, which the latter will not supply, I will endeavour to assist you; but I would wish you to make no more Draughts than are absolutely necessary.
General Mercer has just set off for Jersey. In his Experience and Judgment you may repose great Confidence. He will proceed to Amboy after conferring with you.
You will please to keep me constantly informed of the Proceedings of the Enemy, and be assured of every Assistance and Attention.84 I am, etc.
[Note 84: General Howe's headquarters were now at Staten Island. In a letter to Lord George Germain (July 7) he wrote: "I have the satisfaction to inform your Lordship, that there is great reason to expect a numerous body of the inhabitants to join the army from the provinces of New York, the Jerseys, and Connecticut, who in this time of universal apprehension only wait for opportunities to give proofs of their loyalty and zeal for government. Sixty men came over a few days ago with a few arms from the neighborhood of Shrewsbury in Jersey, who are all desirous to serve; and I understand there are five hundred more in that quarter ready to follow their example. This disposition among the people makes me impatient for the arrival of Lord Howe, concluding the powers with which he is furnished will have the best effect at this critical time; but I am still of the opinion, that peace will not be restored in America until the rebel army is defeated."]
[Note 85: Colonel Silliman was at Fairfield, Conn., in command of a Connecticut State regiment. He became a brigadier general of Connecticut Militia in 1777.]
New York, July 6, 1776.
Sir: Governor Trumbull having informed me in a Letter of the 3rd. Inst., that he had ordered three Regiments of the Militia light Horse to march to the Defence of this Place, under the Command of Lieutt. Colo. Seymour,86 least the other Troops from your Colony should not arrive in Time for succour; and at the same Time requesting, if their Service is unnecessary or can be dispensed with, that I would signify it to you. I must take this Opportunity to acquaint you, that the Intelligence we have received from three or four Prisoners, that have fallen in our Hands within a few Days past, leads me to conclude, that no Force that can be collected, will be too great to ward off the Blow that our Enemies mean to strike in a little Time. They say (the Prisoners), Genl. Howe has already 10,000 Men here, being joined by some Regiments from the West Indies, and Part of the Highland Troops in his Passage and that he is in daily Expectation of the Arrival of Admiral Howe, with a large Fleet of 150 Sail, with Troops on Board; That before he left Hallifax, a Packet had arrived there, giving Intelligence that he would be met here by this Fleet in a very little Time, and that the Expectation of them, is the only Reason why the Enemy have not begun their Operations. From these Accounts, you will readily conceive the Necessity of our most vigorous and
[Note 86: Col. Thomas Seymour, commandant of Volunteer Connecticut Light Horse.] spirited Exertions and that there is Occasion here for all the Men that can be possibly got. But what to do with the Horses of this Reinforcement, I am at a Loss to determine: It will be impossible to support them, and if it could be done, the Expence would be enormous. I cannot think myself at Liberty to consent to the Horses coming; at the same Time, I must request your Exertions to prevail on the Men. They may have it in their Power to dismiss their Horses, perhaps after bringing them almost here. The Exigency of our Affairs calls aloud for their Assistance, and more especially, as there is almost a moral Certainty that the Battalions which are intended for this Place, will be some Time before they all arrive and when they do, will not be more than half compleat.
Recommending to your and their Notice what I have said; and the alarming Consequences that may result, from not having sufficient and timely succour to repel the Enemy. I am Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 6, 1776.
Parole Essex. Countersign France.
The Quarter-Master-General to have all the empty Casks, which have been collected, filled with fresh Water, to be changed occasionally.
The General hopes the officers and soldiers will improve this opportunity, to get their Arms in the best Order for service--as they cannot tell how soon, or how suddenly, they may be called forth.
Two hundred men properly officered (exclusive of the number ordered the 3rd. Instant) to parade to morrow morng, five OClock at the Laboratory, with four days provisions--they will receive tools and directions from the chief Engineer.
Head Quarters, New York, July 7, 1776.
Parole Goshen. Countersign Hartford.
A working party of one hundred and fifty men properly officered to go to Kingsbridge to morrow, to march at six OClock from the parade; they are to take two days provision with them, after which they will draw out of the Stores there--to take their arms and tents with them and when they get there Genl. Mifflin will give them orders.
As the enemy may make an attack early in the morning, when there may not be time for the soldiers to fill their Canteens; The General directs that they be filled every evening--The officers to take care that it is not neglected, as it is a matter of much consequence at this season.
James Johnson a Soldier in Capt. Hides87 Company, and Col Wyllys's Regiment, tried at a General Court Martial whereof Col Read is President for " Desertion" is found guilty and sentenced to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes on his naked back--Serjt. George Douglass, John Davis, John Cooper, Robt. Sawyer and George Clarkson, all of Capt. Van Wycks Company, Col McDougalls Regiment, tried at the same Court Martial for "Mutiny and Sedition": Serjt. George Douglass is acquitted, the others severally found guilty and sentenced, Davis to be whipped Thirty-nine Lashes, Cooper, Thirty Lashes; Sawyer and Clarkson be whipped each Twenty Lashes, on their bare backs for said offence. The General approves of the foregoing Sentences, and orders them put in execution at the usual time and place.
[Note 87: Capt. Jedediah Hyde, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry.]
Some persons having barbarously wounded, and maimed some Cattle belonging to Leonard Lispenard Esqr. on Friday last; the General hopes no Soldier in the Army is concerned in so base, and scandalous an action, but if it should appear otherwise such person may depend on the severest punishment; any person who can give any information in the matter will be well rewarded.
New York, July 7, 1776.88
[Note 88: On this day Washington wrote to the Massachusetts Legislature: "I was yesterday honored with your favor of the 2d Inst: with the proceedings you have adopted in Compliance with the requisition of Congress and my application since, for which, and your kind wishes for my success, I beg your Acceptance of my most hearty thanks." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: I received your Favour of the 30th. Ulto., and doubt not but the Powder claimed by the Assembly of New Hampshire was lent the Continent. The exposed Situation of their Frontiers renders every Precaution necessary for their Defence.
I think it would be proper, to send a Quantity of it to some safe Place on the Communication betwixt this and Boston, there to be ready in Case of Accident; or if it should be wanted. I therefore wish you to lodge at Norwich, which I suppose will be as secure as any other Place, from three to four Hundred Barrels.
In my Letter of the 1st., I desired you to send a Quantity of the Highlander's Musquets that were taken. I pray your Attention to my Request, and that they may come with all possible Expedition. The Deficiency here, in this essential Article is greatly alarming. I am extremely sorry, that your Indisposition has increased, and I hope in a little Time you will be relieved.
It is now before Congress to determine, whether the Continental Regiments at Boston, should not be ordered from thence; as there is almost a moral Certainty, that the Enemy mean not to make an Attack there, but to bend their whole Force against this Province.
Four Prisoners, that fell into our Hands last Week, on a seperate Examination agree, that General Howe being joined by some Regiments from the West Indies, and Part of the Scotch Highlanders in his Passage hither, has now about 10,000 Men; That a few Days before they left Hallifax an Express Packet arrived, ordering him to come to this Place, where he would be joined by Admiral Howe with a Fleet of 150 Sail, with Troops on Board, which was about to sail when the Packet did; That they are daily expected, which has been the Reason nothing has been yet attempted.
If Congress withdraw the Regiments, you will be instantly relieved; and if they do not, I must send (inconvenient as it is, to spare a General Officer at this critical Time) one to take the Command. I expect to know the Result of their Deliberations, in a Day or two.
It will be right to comply with the Order of the Board of War and Ordinance, and a List may be transmitted of the Persons you have judg'd most proper to fill the Vacancies. I am, Sir, with my best Wishes for your Recovery, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 7, 1776.
Sir: I received yours by Major Rensselaer89 and am pleased to find you are making the necessary Preperations to repel the Enemy in Case of an Attack.
[Note 89: Maj. John Van Rensselaer, of the New York Militia.]
I hope you will be able to get Arms sufficient for the Men under your Command who are destitute; but if not, you are to dismiss all those whom you cannot equip. I mean to confine myself to the Militia wholly, as it is equally absurd and unjust, to keep Men in continental Pay, who will be of no Service in Time of Action, for Want of Arms. It is, in Fact, amusing ourselves with the Appearance of strength, when at the same Time we want the Reality.
Colonel Knox informs me, he has no Carriages to spare; but you can have the Carriage Wheels, which with the Iron will be delivered to the Care of Major Rensselaer.
As to the Ball for the small Arms, they should be sent, if the Sizes could be ascertained, so as to fit the Musquets exactly; but as that cannot be done, I shall order a sufficient Quantity of Lead to be sent up, which you will direct to be cast into Balls suitable for your Purpose. You must furnish the Bullet Moulds in the best Manner you can, as there are none here.
With Regard to the Appointment of Doctor Tappen,90 I would just mention, that as it is a Matter transacted between you and the Provincial Congress, with which I am quite unconnected, I would choose it should continue so. However, by renewing your Application to the Congress, you will doubtless receive a satisfactory Answer. I am, etc.
[Note 90: Peter Tappan. He had been a lieutenant of New York Militia in 1775, and was at this date a surgeon's mate in the Continental Hospital.]
New York, July 7, 1776.
Sir: I received yours of the 19th. Ulto., and directed the Papers you wrote for to be transmitted you; but find upon Inquiry, they are not among any in my Possession now. Colonel Moylan, who used generally to receive and examine the Papers appertaining to the Prizes, being called upon, says, that previous to his Departure from Cambridge, he made up all the Prizes Papers and put them in such a Channel as he thought most likely to convey them to the different Agents. He supposes these were with the Rest. He cannot recollect to whom they were delivered. If they cannot be got, you must try the Legality of the Captures, upon such Evidence, as you can collect from the Men who were in the Vessels when they were taken, and from other Circumstances.
If they were going to Nova Scotia, for the Purpose mentioned by the Claimants, I presume, it will not be difficult for them to prove it by Witnesses. I am, Sir, etc.
New York, July 7, 1776.
Sir: I have been honored with your favors of the 3d. and 4th. Inst. and return you my sincere thanks for your kind intention to afford me every assistance in your power, at this truly Critical and alarming period. The situation of our affairs calls aloud for the most vigorous exertions and nothing less will be sufficient to avert the impending blow. From four Prisoners taken the other day, we are Informed Genl. Howe has Already about Ten thousand Men, being joined by the Regiments from the West Indies and some of the Highland Troops in his passage hither; that he is in daily expectation of the arrival of Admiral Howe and that nothing would be attempted till he came, having some from Halifax, in Consequence of Advices received a few days before, from England; that the Admiral was ready to Sail with a Fleet of one hundred and fifty Ships, with a large reinforcement to join him here, these Armies when United, you will readily conceive will be extremely Formidable and such as will require a large and Numerous one on our part, to oppose them. But yet I have been under the necessity of informing Colo. Silliman, that it will be impossible to Subsist the Horse of the three Regiments Ordered, and if it could be done, the Expence would be enormous and what I do not apprehend I have authority to Assent to. At the same time, knowing the Important Advantages that may result from their Aid, I have intreated his exertions to prevail on the Men to come themselves. I hope, on the one hand they will see the propriety of my objecting to their Horses and on the other the Necessity there is of coming themselves. My Anxiety leads me to request a Continuance of your good offices in forwarding the Battalions Ordered with all possible dispatch. The Interest of America is now in the Ballance, and it behoves all Attached to her Sacred Cause and the rights of Humanity, to hold forth their Utmost and most speedy Aid. I are Convinced nothing will be wanting in your power to Effect.
The situation of the Northern Army is certainly distressing, but no relief can be afforded by me; this I am persuaded you will readily agree to. I should Suppose, If proper precautions are taken, the Small pox may be prevented from spreading. this was done at Cambridge, and I trust will be contrived by Generals Schuyler and Gates, who are well apprized of the fatal Consequences that may attend Its infecting the whole Army; but a small part of the Forces here have had it and were it not the case, neither policy or prudence would allow me to send any more from hence, that have seen the least of Service.--too many have been already detached; to part with more, would be to put all to the Hazard.
The retreat of the Army from Canada, I doubt not will occasion a General Alarm to the Frontier Inhabitants, and our Enemies, without question, will use every means they can suggest, to Excite the Savages against them. But I would feign hope, their Incursions will be prevented and repelled without much difficulty. The first opportunity I have, I will transmit a Copy of your Letter to Congress upon this Subject and request their attention to it. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 8, 1776.
Parole Johnston. Countersign Lebanon.
The new Levies from Connecticut, and New Jersey, daily arriving--a Report is to be made every day to the General of the Number arriving by the commanding officer of each corps, in order that proper arrangements may be made.
All officers are required to be careful that their men are acquainted with orders, that they may not plead ignorance.
New York, July 8, 1776.
Sir: Congress having resolved to raise a Regiment of Germans, to counteract the designs of our Enemies, I must beg leave to recommend to their Notice John David Woelpert,94 now a first Lieutenant in Colonel Shee's Battalion, to the Office of Captain in said Regiment.
[Note 94: John David Woelper (Wilper). He was commissioned first lieutenant, Third Pennsylvania Regiment, in January, 1776; captain July 17, 1776; transferred to the Invalid Regiment June 11, 1778; served to April, 1783. On July 16, 1776, Congress resolved that another company be added to the German battalion and that Woelper be appointed to command it.]
I am personally acquainted with him and know that he joined the Virginia forces under my command in the Year 1754, and continued in service the whole War, during which he conducted himself as an active, vigilant and brave Officer. He is a German and his Merit as a Soldier entitles him much to the Office he wishes for. I have &c.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Washington also wrote, this same day, practically the same letter to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety recommending Woelper. This letter is printed in Force's American Archives.]
New York, July 9, 1776.
Gentlemen: In Answer to your request communicated by Mr. Peters's96 Letter of the 6th. Instant, I am to inform you that no Provision has yet been made in the Continental Army in the instances of your Inquiry, tho' I have been frequently applied to.
[Note 96: Richard Peters, secretary to the Board of War. The letter (July 6) asked if any allowances had been made for sergeant majors, drum and fife majors, and quartermaster sergeants, and, if none, what allowances ought to be made. His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
In respect to the Serjeant Majors and Quarter Master Serjeants, they have been exempted from common duties, which has been complained of by the rest. As to Drum and Fife Majors, in the British Army, their pay is generally made up out of Stoppages from that of the Drummers and Fifers, but it cannot be well done in ours, all stoppages being attended with difficulty and giving uneasiness. I would therefore propose, that an additional allowance of a Dollar per month should be made to their several pays as now established, as a sufficient compensation and satisfaction, for any extraordinary trouble attending their Offices. I have the Honor &ca.
New York, July 9, 1776.
Gentn.: You will perceive by the inclosed Declaration, which I have the honor to transmit you, that Congress of late have been employed in deliberating on Matters of the utmost Importance. Impelled by Necessity and a Repetition of Injuries unsufferable without the most distant prospect of relief, they have asserted the Claims of the American Colonies to the rights of Humanity and declared them, Free and Independent States.97
[Note 97: Whether Washington inclosed one of the John Dunlap broadsides of the Declaration of Independence or a manuscript copy is not known to the editor.]
Judging from a variety of circumstances, that the British Arms are meant to be directed this Campaign against the State of New York, to effect Its reduction; they have empowred to order the three fullest Regiments of their Troops in the Massachusetts Bay, to reinforce our Northern Army, as you will see, by a Copy of their Resolve which I have inclosed; I have accordingly requested General Ward to detach them with all possible expedition, to join that Army and prevent the fatal and alarming consequences that would result from the Enemies passing the Lakes and making an impression on our Frontiers. I am almost morally certain, that no attempts will be made on the Massachusetts Bay; and if there should, they must prove abortive and ineffectual. The Militia, Independent of other Troops, being more than competent to all the purposes of defensive War; However should it be deemed expedient by your Honble Body, Congress have Authorised you to embody and take into pay a Number of Militia, equal to the Regiments to be detached. I have etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 9, 1776.
Sir: By a Letter received by Congress from Mr. Thomas Greene, Copy of which they did me the Honor to inclose, I have the Pleasure to hear of the Arrival of Capt. Chase with a Valuable Cargo at Providence. and As that Honble. Body have been pleased to order the Flints at Rhode Island, belonging to the Continent, to be sent me here, (as pr. their Resolution Inclosed) I would therefore request, you would cause it to be done without the smallest delay, together with the small Arms which came in the Vessel. As to the Duck, if it is of the kind suitable for Tents, either the whole or part, I should be greatly obliged to you if you would order them made up as fast as possible, and forwarded to Norwich: but if it is Coarse and Stubborn, and of a Quality unfit for the above purpose, it will be unnecessary to give yourself any trouble about the Matter.
I am very sorry I cannot spare you a General officer, agreeable to your desire, to take the Command of the Forces belonging to Rhode Island, but in the present Critical juncture, it is utterly out of my power, to comply with your request. General Mercer is the only Officer who has no Brigade assign'd him, and at a time when we are in constant expectation of some important movement of the Enemy; his presence is so necessary here, that it cannot possibly be dispensed with.--The best expedient that can be fallen upon, I presume, would be to give the Command to the Senior Officer of the Troops till a Brigadier is appointed. I have only to add, that I am with much respect.
Head Quarters, New York, July 9, 1776.
Sir: Your's, of the ... Inst., is safely come to hand. Col. Seymour arrived yesterday with a few of his Men, when I sent for and acquainted him, it would be impossible for me to have his Horses remain here; Forrage is not to be procured; and, if it could, it would only be a great expence, without a single Advantage arising from it. The Men are absolutely necessary, till the arrival of the New Levies;--Colo. Seymour is to propose the Matter to them this Morning and return me an Answer. We have intelligence, that may be relied on, of Lord Howe's being on his passage for this place with a large Fleet and about 15,000 Men, and is hourly expected. By several deserters from Staten Island and the Ships of War, whose Accounts all agree;--that Genl. Howe proposes no Attempt on us, till the Arrival of this reinforcement, when, it is said, with a part of his Army, he will make a descent on the Jersey side, while the Fleet and the other part of the Army in Conjunction, attack this City. To oppose this force, in which the Ministry put so much Confidence, I think it necessary to exert our every Nerve, and, by defeating their Views this Campaign, be enabled to meet them with double advantage the next; should they think proper to pursue their unwarrantable measures, I hope the good people of your Colony, or State, will be ready, on all occasions, to fly to our assistance, if needed; I have a Confidence in and doubt not they will be ready and willing.
To prevent the Enemy from obtaining fresh provisions, is a Matter highly necessary to be attended to. I am informed that there are great Quantities on the Islands in the Neighbourhood of New-London, Vizt: Fishers, Block, Plumb and Elizabeth Islands and Martha's Vineyard; these are accessible to Ships of force, and no doubt, they will soon be on a plundering Voyage. I could wish your Attention to this Matter, that the Stock might all be removed quite out of reach of the Enemy. The East end of Long Island, I am told, is not less exposed than the others; I think effectual steps will be taken in regard to that, as I have had a Conference with the Convention of this Province, and an order has gone out for driving all the Stock from the Sea Coasts.
In conference, of a full Board of General Officers yesterday, it was recommended, I should apply to your Honor for the three Row Gallies, being now at New London, or in the River; together with as many heavy Cannon as you can possibly spare, they are what will be much wanted here; and, if you find it consistent, would beg you to forward them on as soon as possible.98
[Note 98: The sinking of hulks at Tappan Bay to block the passage up the river; using the Connecticut volunteer troop of horse, but sending the horses back to Connecticut; and ordering three regiments from Boston to Canada were decided upon. The proceedings of this conference (July 8), in the writing of Joseph Reed, are in the Washington Papers.]
I would not have it understood, from what I said above in regard to the Horse, that I think it a wrong step their coming forward. I think it a Step, which was highly advisable; and am much pleased to see, with what chearfulness and dispatch your Orders were executed. This Body of Horse, provided they are well Arm'd with good Muskets, must always be of greater Service, on sudden emergencies; to throw in succours when call'd for than the Militia. I have the honor to be, etc.
New York, July 9, 1776.
Sir: The inclosed Declaration will shew you, that Congress at Length, impelled by Necessity, have dissolved the Connection between the American Colonies, and Great Britain, and declared them free and independent States; and in Compliance with their Order, I am to request you will cause this Declaration to be immediately proclaimed at the Head of the Continental Regiments in the Massachusetts Bay.
It being evident, from a Variety of concurring Circumstances, that the British Armies mean to direct their most vigorous Operations this Campaign against the State of New York, to penetrate into it by Way of the Lakes, and the North River and to unite their Attacks. The Importance of it, has induced Congress to take further Measures, for baffling their Designs, and rendering it more secure. You will see by the Resolves now transmitted, that the northern Army is to be augmented by Part of the Troops under your Command; and I do desire that you will immediately detach for that Purpose, three of the fullest Regiments forthwith to march to Ticonderoga, or such other Place as the said Army may be at, and put themselves under the Order and Directions of the General Officer commanding the same.
You will also perceive, that Congress have resolved, that the Arms taken in the Scotch Transports should be sent here. The President informs me, he has wrote to the Agents respecting them; but as I presume they are in your Possession, or in some of the Stores by your Order, you will have the Whole of them forwarded with all possible Dispatch, in the usual Rout and with necessary Directions.
Congress have made some Alteration in the Establishment of Chaplains, and advanced their Pay; as they have that of the regimental Surgeons, as you will see by their Proceedings, Copies of which in these Instances are also transmitted.
You will be particularly attentive to hastening the March of the three Regiments, and give proper Orders for their Rout, and to the Commissary and Quarter Masters, that every Thing necessary for the same may be immediately provided. Their Aid is much wanted, and may be of the utmost Importance. When they have marched, you will be pleased to put the remaining Regiments under the Command of the oldest Colonel, with such Instructions as you may judge necessary and then retire, if it shall be agreeable to you, for the Recovery of your Health, as I cannot possibly request you longer to continue, and wishing you a speedy Restoration of it, I am, etc.
P.S. I would have you consult with proper Persons and some of the Members of the General Court, respecting the Route of the three Regiments to be detached to the northern Army, and if they shall be of Opinion, that they may probably arrive there as soon, if they come to Norwich, and embark from thence for Albany, I should think that would be most preferable for two Reasons, First, it will ease the Troops of much Fatigue and second, they might, if there was a Necessity for it, afford Succour here as they passed. I do not mean to give any Direction in the Matter, nor do I wish this Mode to be adopted, unless there appears a Probability of their arriving where they are intended to be sent by Congress, as early as if they pursued their March by Land and across the Country.
Head Quarters, New York, July 9, 1776.
Parole Manchester. Countersign Norfolk.
John Evans of Capt. Ledyards Company Col McDougall's Regiment--Hopkins Rice of Capt. Pierce's99 Company Col Ritzema's Regiment having been tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col. Read was President and found guilty of "Desertion," were sentenced to receive each Thirty-nine Lashes. The General approves the Sentences and orders them to be executed at the usual time and place.
[Note 99: Capt. Jonathan Pearsee(?). There was a Capt. William Perce of the Dutchess County, N. Y, Minutemen and a Captain Pierce (first name not given) in the Seventh Regiment of Dutchess County Militia.]
Passes to go from the City are hereafter to be granted by John Berrien, Henry Wilmot and John Ray Junr. a Committee of the City appointed for that purpose--Officers of the Guards at the Ferries and Wharves, to be careful in making this regulation known to the Sentries, who are to see that the passes are signed by one of the above persons, and to be careful no Soldier goes over the Ferry without a pass from a General officer.
The North River Guard to be removed to the Market House near the Ferry-Stairs, as soon as it is fitted up.
The Hon. Continental Congress having been pleased to allow a Chaplain to each Regiment, with the pay of Thirty-three Dollars and one third pr month--The Colonels or commanding officers of each regiment are directed to procure Chaplains accordingly; persons of good Characters and exemplary lives--To see that all inferior officers and soldiers pay them a suitable respect and attend carefully upon religious exercises. The blessing and protection of Heaven are at all times necessary but especially so in times of public distress and danger--The General hopes and trusts, that every officer and man, will endeavour so to live, and act, as becomes a Christian Soldier defending the dearest Rights and Liberties of his country.
The Hon. The Continental Congress, impelled by the dictates of duty, policy and necessity, having been pleased to dissolve the Connection which subsisted between this Country, and Great Britain, and to declare the United Colonies of North America, free and independent States: The several brigades are to be drawn up this evening on their respective Parades, at Six OClock, when the declaration of Congress, shewing the grounds and reasons of this measure, is to be read with an audible voice.
The General hopes this important Event will serve as a fresh incentive to every officer, and soldier, to act with Fidelity and Courage, as knowing that now the peace and safety of his Country depends (under God) solely on the success of our arms: And that he is now in the service of a State, possessed of sufficient power to reward his merit, and advance him to the highest Honors of a free Country.
The Brigade Majors are to receive, at the Adjutant Generals Office, several of the Declarations to be delivered to the Brigadiers General, and the Colonels of Regiments.
The Brigade Majors are to be excused from farther attendance at Head Quarters, except to receive the Orders of the day, that their time and attention may be withdrawn as little as possible, from the duties of their respective brigades.
Head Quarters, New York, July 10, 1776.
Parole Ogden. Countersign Philadelphia.
A working party of one hundred and fifty men, properly officered, to parade to morrow morning with their Arms, near the Laboratory, at Six OClock; to take three days provisions. The Commanding Officer to come to Head Quarters for his orders--The Quarter Master General to provide tents.
Genl. Heaths Brigade instead of repairing to their Alarm post to morrow morning to hold themselves in readiness to march--they will receive their Orders from the Brigadier General on the parade at four OClock--The Brigadier will attend at Head Quarters this afternoon for the Orders.
John Butler of Capt. Bridgham's1 Company, Col Baileys2 Regiment having been tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Read was president; found guilty of "Desertion" and sentenced to receive Thirty Lashes--The General confirms the sentence and orders it to be executed at the usual time and place.
[Note 1: Capt. John Bridgham, of the Twenty-third Continental Infantry.]
[Note 2: Col. John Bailey, of the Twenty-third Continental Infantry.]
'Tho the General doubts not the persons, who pulled down and mutilated the Statue,3 in the Broadway, last night, were actuated by Zeal in the public cause; yet it has so much the appearance of riot, and want of ordPer, in the Army, that he disapproves the manner, and directs that in future these things shall be avoided by the Soldiery, and left to be executed by proper authority.
[Note 3: The gilded leaden statue of King George III. Col. John Montresor secured the head after the British took New York and sent it to Lord Townshend. Most of the statue was carried to Litchfield, Conn., and melted into bullets for the American troops.]
AFTER ORDERS
Col Drake,4 who was ordered in the orders of yesterday for picquet, this day, being unable to mount, Colonel Bailey is to
[Note 4: Col. Samuel Drake, of the New York Militia.] mount picquet this day in his stead; Likewise Lieut. Col Stoutenburgh5 is sick, Lieut. Col Sheppard is to succeed in his place to morrow.
[Note 5: Lieut. Col. Isaac Stoughtenburg, later of Malcolm's Additional Continental regiment.]
New York, July 10, 1776.
Sir: I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your two favors of the 4th and 6th instants, which came duly to hand, with their important inclosures. I perceive that Congress have been employed in deliberating on measures of the most interesting Nature. It is certain that it is not with us to determine in many instances what consequences will flow from our Counsels, but yet it behoves us to adopt such, as under the smiles of a Gracious and all kind Providence will be most likely to promote our happiness; I trust the late decisive part they have taken, is calculated for that end, and will secure us that freedom and those priviledges, which have been, and are refused us, contrary to the voice of Nature and the British Constitution. Agreeable to the request of Congress I caused the Declaration to be proclaimed before all the Army under my immediate Command, and have the pleasure to inform them, that the measure seemed to have their most hearty assent; the Expressions and behaviour both of Officers and Men testifying their warmest approbation of it. I have transmitted a Copy to General Ward at Boston, requesting him to have it proclaimed to the Continental Troops in that Department.
It is with great pleasure that I hear the Militia from Maryland, the Delaware Government and Pennsylvania, will be in Motion every Day to form the Flying Camp. It is of great importance and should be accomplished with all possible dispatch. The readiness and alacrity with which the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania and the other conferrees have acted in order to forward the Associated Militia of that State, to the Jerseys for service 'till the Men to compose the Flying Camp arrive, strongly evidence their regard to the Common Cause, and that nothing on their part will be wanting to support it. I hope and I doubt not, that the Associated Militia, impressed with the expediency of the Measure, will immediately carry it into execution and furnish in this instance a proof of the continuance of that Zeal which has so eminently marked their conduct. I have directed the Commissary to make necessary provision for their reception, who will also supply the Army for the Flying Camp with Rations. A proper Officer will be appointed to command it.6
[Note 6: The resolve of July 3 authorized Washington to make this appointment, which he conferred on Brig. Gen. Hugh Mercer.]
In pursuance of the power given me by Congress and the advice of my General Officers, I have wrote to General Ward and desired him forthwith to detach three of the fullest Regiments from the Massachusetts Bay, to join the Northern Army, esteeming it a matter of the greatest importance to have a sufficient force there, to prevent the Enemy passing the Lake and making an impression in that Quarter. The Gondolas and Gallies will be of great service, and I am hopeful the Carpenters you have sent from Philadelphia, and that will go from the Eastward, on your application, will be able to build a sufficient number in time to answer every Exigency.7 I have requested Governor Cook if the Duck mentioned in Mr. Greene's Letter is proper for Tents, to have it made up as early as possible and forwarded here. I have also desired him to send the Flints and small Arms, as I have General Ward those of the latter that were taken out of the Scotch Transports; our deficiency in these necessary Articles being still great.
[Note 7: On July 5 Congress had asked Governor Cooke to send 50 ship carpenters to Albany. On July 6, 50 carpenters from Philadelphia under the lead of Captain Cardrop started for camp.--Ford.]
Observing that Congress have particularly mentioned a bounty of Ten Dollars to be paid to Men of some Corps directed to be raised in two or three instances, since their Resolve of the 26th. of June, allowing such Bounty, I have been led to doubt how that Resolve is to be construed, whether it is a general Regulation and extends to all Men that will engage for three Years; for instance, the Soldiers of the present Army, if they will Inlist for that service:8If it is, and extends to them, it will be necessary to forward a large sum of Money; many perhaps would engage. I also observe by their Resolve of the 25th. of June, for raising four Regiments of Militia in the Eastern Governments, to augment the Troops in the Northern Department, that the Assemblies of those Governments are empowered to appoint Pay Masters to the said Regiments. This appears to me a regulation of great use, and I could wish that it was made general and one allowed to every Regiment in the Service, many advantages would result from it.
[Note 8: On July 16 Congress resolved that General Washington be informed that the bounty granted June 26 was a general regulation, to extend to all men now in the service and all others who may enlist for a term of three years.]
The Connecticut Militia begin to come in, but from every Account the Battalions will be very incomplete, owing they say to the busy season of the Year.
That Government, least any inconvenience might result from their Militia not being here in time, ordered three Regiments of their Light Horse to my Assistance, part of which have arrived, but not having the means to support them, and if it could be done, the expence would be enormous, I have thanked the Gentlemen for their Zeal and the Attachment they have manifested upon this Occasion, and informed them that I cannot consent to their keeping their Horses, at the same time wishing them to stay themselves. I am told that they, or part of them mean to do so.
General Mercer is now in the Jerseys for the purpose of receiving and ordering the Militia coming for the Flying Camp, and I have sent over our chief Engineer to view the Ground within the Neighbourhood of Amboy, and lay out some necessary Works for the Encampment, and such as may be proper at the different passes in Bergen Neck, and other places on the Jersey Shore opposite Staten Island, to prevent the Enemy making impressions and committing depredations on the Property of the Inhabitants. The Intelligence we have from a few Deserters that have come over to us, and from others, is, that General Howe has between 9. and 10.000 Men, who are chiefly landed on the Island, posted in different parts, and securing the several communications from the Jerseys with small Works and Intrenchments, to prevent our people paying them a visit; that the Islanders have all joined them, seem well disposed to favor their Cause and have agreed to take up Arms in their behalf. They look for Admiral Howe's arrival every day, with his Fleet and a large Reinforcement, are in high Spirits, and talk confidently of Success and carrying all before them when he comes. I trust through Divine Favor and our own Exertions they will be disappointed in their Views, and at all Events, any advantages they may gain will cost them very dear. If our Troops will behave well, which I hope will be the case, having every thing to contend for that Freemen hold dear, they will have to wade thro' much Blood and Slaughter before they can carry any part of our Works, if they carry them at all; and at best be in possession of a Melancholly and Mournfull Victory. May the Sacredness of our cause inspire our Soldiery with Sentiments of Heroism, and lead them to the performance of the noblest Exploits. With this Wish, I have the honor to be, etc.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 11, 1776.
Sir: I was honored with your favor of the 8th. inst. by Yesterday morning's Post, with the several Resolves to which you referred my attention; I shall duly regard them, and attempt their execution as far as I am able.
By Virtue of the discretionary powers that Congress were pleased to vest me with, and by advice of such of my General Officers, as I have had an Opportunity of consulting, I have ordered the two remaining Continental Regiments in the Massachusetts Bay, to march immediately for the defence of this place, in full confidence that nothing Hostile will be attempted against that State in the present Campaign.
I have wrote to the General Court of Massachusetts Bay, and transmitted a Copy of the Resolve for employing the Eastern Indians, entreating their good Offices in this Instance, and their exertions to have them forthwith engaged and marched to join this Army. I have desired five or Six hundred of them, to be Inlisted for two or three years if they will consent to it, subject to an earlier discharge, if it shall be thought necessary and upon the same Terms of the Continental Troops, If better cannot be had, though I am hopeful they may.
In my Letter of Yesterday, I mentioned the Arrival of part of the Connecticut Light Horse, to assist in the defence of this place and my Objection to their Horses being kept; Four or Five hundred of them are now come in, and in Justice to their Zeal and laudable attachment to the Cause of their Country, I am to inform you they have consented to stay as long as occasion may require, though they should be at the expence of maintaining their Horses themselves, they have pastured them out about the neighbourhood of Kings Bridge, being unwilling to send them away, at the rate of half a Dollar per Week each, meaning to leave it intirely with Congress either to allow, or refuse it, as they shall Judge proper: I promised to make this Representation, and thought it my duty and will only observe the motives which induced them at first to set out, were good and praise worthy, and were to afford the most speedy and early succour which they apprehended would be wanted before the Militia arrived; their services may be extremely Important, being most of them, if not all, Men of Reputation and of property.
The Subject of the inclosed copy of a Letter from Governor Trumbull, I beg leave to submit to the Consideration of Congress. They will perceive from his representation, the disquieting apprehensions that have seized on the minds of the people, since the retreat of the Northern Army, and how exposed the Northern frontiers of New York and New Hampshire are to the Ravages and Incursions of the Indians. How far it may be expedient to raise the Battalion he conceives necessary to prevent the Calamities and distresses he points out, they will determine upon what he has said, and the necessity that may appear to them for the Measure,10 what I have done, being only meant to lay the matter before them in Compliance with his wishes. I have also Inclosed a Memorial from the Surgeons Mates, setting forth the Inadequacy of their pay to their Services and
[Note 10: Governor Trumbull had written (July 4): "The Retreat of the Northern Army and its present Situation, have spread a general Alarm....The prevalence of the small pox among them [the troops] is every way unhappy; our people in general have not had that Distemper. Fear of the Infection operates strongly to prevent Soldiers from engageing in the Service, and the Battalions ordered to be raised in this Colony fill up slowly: are there no Measures may be taken to remove the Impediment?...The retreat of the Army from Canada exposes the Northern Frontiers of New York and New Hampshire to the Ravages of the Indians, who will doubtless be spirited up to fall upon them; some of the Settlements on Onion River, I am informed, are breaking up and removing, and the whole are filled with the most disquieting Apprehension....I could therefore wish, that your Excellency might think proper to recommend to the continental Congress to order a Battalion to be raised and stationed there for the defence of those Settlements." His letter is in the Washington Papers.] maintainance, and praying that it may be increased. I shall observe that they have a long time complained in this Instance, and that some additional allowance may not be unnecessary.
As I am truly sensible the time of Congress is much taken up with a variety of Important matters, It is with unwillingness and pain I ever repeat a request after having once made it, or take the Liberty of enforcing any Opinion of mine after it is once given, but as the establishing some Office for Auditing Accounts is a matter of exceeding importance to the Public Interest, I would beg leave once more to call the attention of Congress to an appointment competent to the purposes: two motives induce me to urge the matter; first, a conviction of the utility of the measure; Secondly, that I may stand exculpated, if hereafter it should appear that money has been improperly expended, and the Expences for the Army obtained upon unreasonable Terms.
For me, whose time is employed from the hour of my rising 'till I retire to bed again, to go into an examination of the Accounts of such an Army as this, with any degree of precission and exactness, without neglecting other matters of equal Importance, is utterly Impracticable; All that I have ever been able to do, and that in fact was doing nothing, was when the Commissary and Quarter Master and Director General of the Hospital (for it is to these the great advances are made), applyed for Warrants, to make them at times produce a General Account of their expenditures, but this answers no valuable purpose, it is the Minutiæ that must be gone into, the propriety of each Charge examined, the Vouchers looked into; and with respect to the Commissary General, his victualling returns and expenditures of Provisions should be compared with his purchases, otherways a person in this department, if he was inclined to be knavish, might purchase large quantities with the Public Money and sell one half of it again for private emolument and yet his Accounts upon paper would appear fair and be supported with Vouchers for every Charge.
I do not urge this matter from a Suspicion of any unfair practices in either of the departments before mentioned, and sorry should I be if this Construction was put upon it, having a high Opinion of the Honor and Integrity of these Gentlemen, but there should nevertheless be some control, as well upon their discretion as honesty; to which may be added that accounts become perplexed and confused by long standing and the errors therein not so discovered as if they underwent an early revision and examination.
I am well apprized, that a Treasury Office of Accounts has been resolved upon and an Auditor General for settling all public Accounts; but with all deference and Submission to the Opinion of Congress, these Institutions are not calculated to prevent the Inconveniences I have mentioned, nor can they be competent to the purposes, circumstanced as they are.11
[Note 11: Auditors for handling the accounts of the main army were not appointed until January, 1778.]
We have intelligence from a deserter that came to us, that on Wednesday Morning, the Asia, Chatham and Greyhound Men of War weighed Anchor, and it was said, intended to pass up the North River above the City to prevent the communication with the Jerseys, they did not attempt it, nor does he know what prevented them.
A Prisoner belonging to the 10th. Regt. taken Yesterday, informs that they hourly expect Admiral Howe and his Fleet, he adds that a Vessel has arrived from them and the prevailing Opinion is, that an Attack will be made immediately on their Arrival.
By a Letter from General Ward I am informed that the Small Pox has broke out at Boston and infested some of the Troops. I have wrote him to place the Invalids under an Officer to remain 'till they are well and to use every possible precaution to prevent the Troops coming from thence, bringing the Infection.
The distresses and Calamities we have already suffered by this disorder in one part of our Army, I hope will excite his utmost care, that they may not be increased. I have the Honor to be &ca.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and sent unsigned.]
New York, July 11, 1776.
Sir: Since writing you on the 9th. Inst., I have been "honoured" with a Letter from Congress inclosing a Resolve, a Copy of which you have transmitted herewith, impowering me to call to the Assistance of the Army here, the other two Regiments of Continental Troops, now in the Massachusetts Government, and not ordered in my last, to be detached to join the northern Army. I am now to request, by Advice of my General Officers, that you will give immediate Orders not only to them, but the three destined for the Northward, to repair with all possible Dispatch to Norwich, where they will embark; it being the Opinion of all the Officers, that it will be better for the whole, as well the three intended for the Northward, as those to reinforce the Troops here, to take this Rout in Preference of any other. It may turn out the most expeditious, and it is certain the Men will be eased from the Fatigues of a long and disagreeable March at this hot and uncomfortable Season. It will be necessary, that you should write Mr. Huntingdon13 at Norwich, to prepare as many Vessels as will bring the whole of them. The Qr. Master and Commissary, you will give proper Orders to, that they may provide, in each of their Departments, such Supplies of Necessaries for the Rout, as may be wanted.
[Note 13: Joshua Huntington.]
I have just now received your Favour of the 4th. Inst. with its several Inclosures. It is extremely unlucky, that the small Pox should prevail in the Army at this Time; but such is the Necessity, that every possible Succour should be given to the Troops here and those at the Northward, at this critical Period, that it is the Sentiment of myself and other General Officers, that the whole of the Regiments, that are not infected with the Disorder, should be instantly forwarded. The Calamities that would flow from its being communicated to the whole Army are too obvious to need Mention. You will, therefore, direct the utmost Care and Attention to be used to prevent those that are well from taking the Infection, and for this End, that they may be kept seperate, and apart from those that have the Disorder. Every Precaution will not be more than necessary, to prevent the fatal Consequences, that will attend their bringing and spreading it at this Time, and I trust, that nothing in your Power to prevent it will be wanting. Such of the Men who are down with it, and those you may suspect have received the Infection, you will put under a proper Officer or Officers, to whom you will give Orders, to proceed with them to this Place, as early as possible after they are well and clear of the Infection. The Company or such Part of the Train of Artillery as are there must remain, in Case they should be wanted.
I request that you will have an accurate and exact Return made of all the military and other Stores belonging to the Continent, that I may be enabled to transmit it to the Board of War, and Ordinance, agreeable to their Order.
You will charge the Commissary or Conductor with the Care of them, and that he will remain and guard them in a safe and secure Manner. He must be active and vigilant in his Duty, that nothing may be lost or injured. I am, etc.
New York, July 11, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your Favour of the 1st. and 2nd. Inst. and agreeable to your Request transmitted Congress, a Copy of the former and of its several Inclosures. The important Subject referred to them, have met with their Attention, and the Letter accompanying this, will inform you and General Gates, of the Result of their Deliberations. I hope that Harmony, and a good Agreement will subsist between you, as the most likely Means to advance the Interest of the Cause you both wish to promote.14
[Note 14: Gates's claim to command the Northern Department, when his instructions from Congress were explicit and definitely allotted him the command in Canada, would hardly have been advanced and pushed by him had he not been well aware of the New England influence in Congress in his favor. Despite the decision of Congress against him, his ambitions were sustained by such encouragement as Elbridge Gerry's letter of August 2, 1776: "We want very much to see you with the sole command in the northern department, but hope you will not relinquish your exertions, until a favorable opportunity shall effect it." This to a character like Gates was carte blanche to maneuver for the command, regardless of the effect of such actions upon the affairs of the Northern Department.]
They have determined the Matter between Mr. Trumbull and Mr. Livingston, and the Right of supplying the Northern Army, and appointing Persons for that Purpose, to be in the former.
I gave Orders immediately on Receipt of your Favour, for the several Articles you wrote for to be sent you, if they could be had. Ball or Buck Shot could not be spared from hence, and I directed a Quantity of Lead to be sent you, out of which you must attempt to have them made.15
[Note 15: "What will become of our affairs in Canada, or rather in this Province in the Northern Department? Our General has more trouble and concern with that Department than his own, and yet after every step taken and supply sent, we are told of great necessities and wants arising from incredible waste. If Mr. Schuyler is so good a quarter-master and commissary, why is there such incredible waste? In short, my dear Sir, if some speedy and decisive measure is not taken in this matter, in my opinion that army will waste and disperse, leaving the enemy an easy passage into the heart of these Colonies."--Joseph Reed to Robert Morris, July 18, 1776. This letter is from Reed's Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed.
"Such scenes of mismanagement, misconduct, and ill success as have been exhibited in that quarter, ever since the loss of the brave Montgomery, have no parallel."--Morris to Reed, July 20, 1776. This letter is from Reed's Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed.]
I have not heard any Thing of the Money mentioned by Mr. Duane;16 I imagine it has not been sent. If any Accident had befallen it, the Matter would have been known ere now.
[Note 16: James Duane, a New York Delegate to the Continental Congress.]
Since my last, General Howe's Fleet from Hallifax has arrived; in Number about 130 Sail. His Army is between nine and ten Thousand, being joined by some of the Regiments from the West Indies, and having fallen in with Part of the Highland Troops, in his Passage. He has landed his Men on Staten Island, which they mean to secure, and is in daily Expectation of the Arrival of Lord Howe, with one Hundred and fifty Ships, with a large and powerful Reinforcement. This we have from four Prisoners which fell into our Hands and some Deserters; That an Advice Packet arrived at Hallifax before they left it, informing that he was ready to sail when they came from England, to join Genl. Howe here, in Consequence of which he came with the present Armament. They add, that nothing will be attempted 'till his Arrival. Their Intelligence, I have no Doubt, is well founded; indeed the Enemy, having done nothing yet affords Proof beyond Question, that they are waiting for more Troops. We are strengthening ourselves as much as possible, and deem their staying out so long, a fortunate Circumstance; as it not only gives us an Opportunity of advancing our Works; but of getting some Relief from the neighbouring Provinces. From every Appearance, they mean to make a most vigorous Push, to subdue us this Campaign; and for this Purpose to possess themselves of this Colony, if possible, as a Step leading to it. Our utmost Exertions must be used, and I trust, thro' the Favour of divine Providence, they will be disappointed in their Views.
As, having a large Number of Gondolas and Gallies on the Lakes, will be of great Importance, Mr. Hancock informs me in his Letter of the 6th. Inst., that fifty Carpenters were gone from Philadelphia, in Order to build them; and that he had wrote to Governor Cooke, to engage and forward the same Complement. I am advised by Governor Trumbull, in a Letter just received, that he has procured two Companies of twenty five each, who were about to set out. When they arrive, they will be able I am in Hopes, to turn several of the Stocks in a little Time.
It being evident, that an Attempt will be made by General Burgoyne to penetrate and make an Impression into the Colonies, by Way of the Lakes, unless their is a sufficient Force to oppose him; I have exercised a discretionary Power, with which I was honoured by Congress, and ordered three of the fullest continental Regiments, that were stationed in the Massachusetts Government, to march immediately on receiving my Orders, to join the northern Army. I have directed them to come to Norwich and there embark for Albany, hoping they will arrive as expeditiously in this Way, and with much less Fatigue, than if they had pursued their Rout by Land altogether, at this hot uncomfortable Season. These, with such Militia as may be furnished from the several Colonies required to provide them, and the Troops that were under General Sullivan in Canada, I flatter myself will be able and more than equal, to repel any Invasion that may be attempted from that Quarter. It will be some Time, before their Aid can be had, having never had the Authority of Congress to order them, 'till within this Week.
You will perceive by the inclosed Declaration, that Congress of late have been deliberating on Matters of the utmost Importance. Impelled by Necessity and a Repetition of Injuries no longer sufferable, without the most distant Prospect of Relief, they have asserted the Claims of the Colonies to the Rights of Humanity, absolved them from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and declared them free and independent States. In Obedience to their Order, the same must be proclaimed throughout the northern Army.
A Prisoner taken Yesterday, belonging to the 10th. Regiment, informs that Admiral Howe is hourly expected. He adds, that a Vessel has arrived from his Fleet. I am etc.
New York, July 11, 1776.
Sir: I duly received your favor of the 6th. Instant; and return you my best thanks for the attention you have shewn at this Crisis, in preparing the several Regiments of Militia, which are nearest this Place, to be ready for Marching when Ordered. Some of the Troops have arrived, and I hope the rest will follow without loss of time. In my Letter of the 9th. Inst. I wrote you fully relative to the Light Horse; which have arrived, to the number of between 4 and 500; and have the happiness to acquaint you, the Officers and Men of that Corps, have manifested so firm an attachment to the Cause we are engaged in, that they have consented to remain here, till such a Body of Troops are marched from your Colony, as will be a Sufficient Reinforcement, so as to admit of their leaving this City with safety. I mention this Matter with greater pleasure, as they have the additional` Merit of determining to stay, even if they are obliged to maintain their Horses at their own expence. I have also wrote you with regard to sending any Troops from hence to the Northward, to be replaced by the Militia from your Province, and have stated the injudiciousness, of adopting such a Measure. It is indeed a great misfortune, that the smallpox is so prevalent in our Northern Army; but I conceive it would be highly impolitic at this important period, to send away Troops who have been a considerable time in the Service, and to have their places supplied by Men of much less experience, who belong to the Militia. I have only to add, that I am with much esteem, Sir etc.
P.S. I must refer you to my Letter above mentioned, for my Sentiments with respect to removing the Cattle from the different places specified. As to the Cattle on Montauk Point, I can only say, some method must be devised, to answer the purpose of preventing the Inhabitants of East Hampton from Suffering on the one hand, and the Supply of the Enemy with any Stock on the other.
Head Quarters, New York, July 11, 1776.
Gentn.: At a Crisis like the present, when our Enemies are prosecuting a War with unexampled severity; when they have call'd upon foreign Mercenaries and have excited Slaves and Savages to Arms against us; a regard to our own Security and happiness, calls upon us to adopt every possible expedient to avert the Blow and prevent the meditated ruin.
Impressed with this Sentiment and impelled by Necessity, the Congress have been pleased to impower me, as you will perceive by the inclosed Copy of their Resolve, which I have the Honor of transmitting you; to call to our Aid so many of the St. Johns, Nova Scotia, and Penobscott Indians, as I might judge necessary; at the same time they have desired, that I should request the Assistance of your Honble. Body, in carrying their Views into execution, and to assure you, that whatever expences you may necessarily incur in doing it, and as incident to it, they will reimburse. Esteeming this Service of such Importance; particularly, if the Enemy should attempt an Impression into the Interior parts of the Country; I must intreat your kind Offices upon this occasion, and your friendly exertions immediately to engage on the best terms you can, five or Six hundred Men of these Tribes and have them marched with all possible expedition to join the Army here.
Having professed a strong Inclination to take part with us in the present Contest, It is probable they may be engaged for less pay and on better terms than the Continental Troops; but, if they cannot, they must be allowed it; The Term of their inlistment should be for two or three Years, unless sooner discharged (the right of which should be reserved us) if they will engage for so long a time; if not, for such time as they will agree to, provided it is not too short; and it must be part of the treaty, and enjoined upon them, to bring every Man his firelock, if it can be possibly effected. As the Services they may render will probably depend on their early and timely arrival, It is unnecessary to suggest to you, the necessity of the utmost dispatch in the Matter.
I well know the execution of the Work will be attended with some trouble and Inconvenience; but a consideration of the Benefits that may arise from employing them and your Zeal for the Common Cause, I am persuaded will surmount every Obstacle, and apologize for my requisition; especially as it comes recommended and supported by Authority of Congress. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 9th Inst., I have received a Resolve from Congress, for calling the other two Continental Regiments from the Mass. Bay, to join the Army here, a Copy of which I have inclosed, and by the advice of my General Officers, have wrote General Ward, to detach them immediately; the Accounts we have all agreeing, that Lord Howe is every day expected with 150 Transports with 15,000 Men at least, in addition to those already here.
Head Quarters, New York, July 11, 1776.
Parole Quebec. Countersign Roxborough.
General Spencers Brigade, instead of repairing to their Alarm post, to hold themselves in readiness to march to morrow morning at four O'Clock. The Brigadier General will attend at Head Quarters, this evening for orders which he will deliver on the parade, to morrow morning to the brigade.
As the weather is very warm, there will be the greatest danger of the Troops growing unhealthy, unless both officers and men are attentive to cleanliness, in their persons and quarters, The officers are required to visit the men frequently in their quarters to impress on them the necessity of frequently changing their linnen, cleaning their persons, and wherever it can be avoided not to cook their victuals in the same room where they sleep. If any of the officers apprehend themselves crowded in their quarters they are to represent it to the Barrack Master who is ordered to accommodate them in such a manner as to be most conducive to health and convenience. The good of the service, the comfort of the men, and the merit of the officers will be so much advanced, by keeping the troops as neat and clean as possible, that the General hopes that there will be an emulation upon this head; and as a scrutiny will soon be made, those who shall be found negligent will be punished, and the deserving rewarded.
Head Quarters, New York, July 12, 1776.
Parole Somerset. Countersign Tunbridge.
Thomas Blunfield of Capt. Darrow's17 Company, Col. Parson's Regiment, tried by a General Court Martial whereof
[Note 17: Capt. Christopher Darrow, of the Tenth Continental Infantry.] Colonel Read was President, was found guilty of "Desertion" and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes. The General approves the Sentence and orders it to be executed at the usual time and place.
Lord Stirling's Brigade to be on the parade at four OClock to morrow morning, with their Arms and Accoutrements, ready to march; they will receive their orders from their Brigadier at the parade.
New York, July 12, 1776.
Sir: The design of this is to inform Congress that at about half after three O'Clock this Evening, two of the Enemy's Ships of War, one of 40 and the other of 20 Guns with three Tenders weighed Anchor in the Bay opposite Staten Island and availing themselves of a brisk and favourable breeze, with a flowing Tide, run past our Batteries up the North River, without receiving any certain damage that I could perceive, notwithstanding a heavy and incessant Cannonade was kept up from our several Batteries here as well as from that at Paulus Hook. They on their part returned and continued the fire as they run by. I dispatched an Express to Brigadier General Mifflin, at our Encampment towards the upper end of the Island, but have not heard whether they have got by or received any Damage.
The Account transmitted by this Morning's Post respecting the arrival of one of the Fleet, seems to be confirmed. Several Ships have come in to day. among them, one this Evening with a St. George's Flag at her Fore topmast head which we conclude to be Admiral Howe, from the circumstance of the Flag and the several and General Salutes, that were paid. It is probable they will all arrive in a Day or two and immediately begin their operations.
As it will be extremely necessary, that the flying Camp should be well provided with Powder and Ball, and it may be impracticable to send supplies from hence on Account of our hurry and engagements, besides the Communication may be uncertain. I must beg the attention of Congress to this matter, and request that they will forward with all possible expedition, such a Quantity of Musket powder and Lead. If Balls of different Sizes can not be had, as will be sufficient for the Militia to compose that Camp.
By an Express this minute from General Mifflin the Ships have past his Works. I am in haste, etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 12, 1776.19
[Note 19: On July 12 Washington proposed to a council of war the question of a general attack on the enemy's quarters on Staten Island, but it was unanimously agreed that such a step was not advisable. "To alarm the Enemy and encourage our own Troops, who seem generally desirous something should be done," the Commander in Chief then proposed "That Major Knowlton who is stationed at Bergen and has reconnoitred the Island do confer with General Mercer thereon, and if they upon Consideration shall deem such a Surprise practicable and that the Retreat of the Men can be secured, the General be advised to prosecute it. That this Enterprise be accompanied with a Cannonade upon the fleet from Bergen Point if the Distance will admit." The council consisted of the Commander in Chief, Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, and Brig. Gens. William Heath, Joseph Spencer, Nathanael Greene, Lord Stirling, John Morin Scott, James Wadsworth, and Nathaniel Heard. The proceedings of the council, in the writing of Joseph Reed, are in the Washington Papers. Lord Stirling's plan for attacking Staten Island, dated July, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: Two Ships of Force with their Tenders have sailed up Hudson's River.20 I am apprehensive, that they design to seize the Passes in the Highlands by Land, which I am informed may be done by a small Body of Men. I must, therefore request you, instantly to desire General Ten Broeck,21 to march down
[Note 20: The Phoenix, of 40 guns, and the Rose, of 20, with three tenders, were sent up the Hudson to cut off supplies which came down the river to New York. They anchored in Tappan Bay. Clinton had already stationed regiments at Fort Constitution, Fort Montgomery, and Newburgh, and ordered a chain of craft to be ready to act as fireboats at the Narrows at Fort Constitution.]
[Note 21: Brig. Gen. Petrus Ten Broeck, of the New York Militia.] as great a Force as he can collect to secure them, particularly the Post where the Road runs over Anthony's Nose.
Send off an Express directly (if you please) to the West Parts of Connecticut, desiring them to collect all their Force at the same Point, since I have the highest Reason to believe, it will be absolutely necessary, if it was only to prevent an Insurrection of your own Tories. I am, etc.
P.S. A Return must be immediately made to me of the Number of Men you collect.22
[Note 22: Precisely this same letter was sent to the Dutchess County, N.Y., Committee on July 13.]
[Note 23: The New York Congress had appointed a committee in May, 1776, to deal with "intestine enemies." A standing committee of five was appointed May 27, 1776, and later increased to nine members, with enlarged powers, to function until the committee was dissolved by the Congress. In September, 1776, this committee was given a perfected organization, to which the county committees became subordinate. This organization was dissolved in February, 1777, and was succeeded by a legislative committee of three, soon after increased to five, and, in August, 1778, again enlarged to nine members, who became known as the Commissioners for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies. As the British held New York City from 1776 to the end of the war, this committee moved from place to place in exercisng its functions. The whole system in New York is comprehensively treated in Flick's Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution (New York: 19O1) ( Columbia University Studies in History, etc., vol. 14, p. 1). At the date of this letter the personnel of the committee was: Robert Yates, John Jay, Robert R. Livingston, Christopher Tappan, and Gilbert Livingston.]
Head Quarters, July 13, 1776.
Gentn: A mutiplicity of engagements, and a Continual pressure of other Concerns, has prevented proceeding in the case of the Soldiers confined for seditious and treasonable practices; but as soon as time will admit, a proper attention will be paid to it: In the mean time, I beg leave to suggest the propriety of the Authority of the Province, taking some steps, with regard to those persons confined by them for the same offences. They certainly are to be deemed the principals, and Justice to the inferior Agents, while the others pass unnoticed, I observe, only excites compassion and censure. I am very sensible, it is a case full of difficulty and perplexity, and well deserving your most serious deliberations; nor do I entertain a doubt, but the result will be such, as will conduce to the Public good. I have, some time ago, mentioned to the Body, of which you are a Committee, the Necessity of falling upon some Measure to remove, from this City and its Environs, Persons of known disaffection and Enmity to the Cause of America. The safety of the Army, the Success of every Enterprize, and the Security of all, depends so much on adopting the most Speedy and effectual Steps for the purpose, that I beg leave again to repeat it; and do most earnestly intreat you to fall upon some plan for this purpose, or give me your Assistance so to do, as to remove those disquieting and discouraging apprehensions, which pervade the whole Army on this Subject. A suspicion, that there are many Ministerial Agents among us, would justly alarm Soldiers of more experience and discipline than ours; and I foresee very dangerous Consequences, in many respects, if a Remedy to the evil is not soon and efficaciously applied.
The removal of the Tory Prisoners, confined in the Gaol of this City, is a matter to which I would Solicit your attention, in every View it appears dangerous and improper. In case of an Attack and Alarm, there can be no doubt what part they will take and none can tell what Influence they might have. You will, Gentlemen, do me the justice to believe, that nothing but the Importance and necessity of the Case, could induce me thus to urge these matters, in which you have also an immediate and Common Interest.24 The Gentlemen appointed to give passes to persons leaving the City, I am informed decline acting. Great
[Note 24: Sparks notes that this representation had its effect. Thirteen Tory prisoners, including the persons most obnoxious for their principles and conduct, were speedily removed by order of the convention to the jail at Litchfield in Connecticut. Two lists of loyalist prisoners confined in the city hall, New York, are in the Washington Papers, under the assigned date of July 1, 1776.] Inconvenience will ensue to the Citizens, if this Business should be Committed to Officers of the Army, who from their ignorance of the Inhabitants, as well as other reasons are wholly improper for the management of it. I should be glad if your Committee will take this Matter also into their Consideration. I am etc.
[Note 25: A sea captain and New York Bay pilot.]
Head Quarters, July 13, 1776.
Sir: Mr. Duer informs me, that there are two or three Vessels lying at the Dock of Mr. Beverley Robinson in the Highlands. As it is probable, the Men of War which sailed up the River Yesterday, may have anchored to the northward of those Ships, I think it absolutely necessary that an Attempt should be made to secure those Vessels for future Service. I have, therefore to desire the Favour of you, to procure proper Persons to bring these Vessels down the River, and to anchor them under the Fort where General Mifflin commands.
It is absolutely necessary, that this Matter should be conducted with the utmost Secrecy, and Dispatch, and as I am of Opinion that you possess these Requisites, I have thought proper to apply to you, for your Services in this Matter. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 13, 1776.
Parole Ulster. Countersign Winchester.
The Guard at Fort George to be reinforced with a Field Officer, two Captains, four Subalterns, six Serjeants, six Corporals and seventy Privates.
The General was sorry to observe Yesterday that many of the officers and a number of men instead of attending to their duty at the Beat of the Drum; continued along the banks of the North River, gazing at the Ships; such unsoldierly Conduct must grieve every good officer, and give the enemy a mean opinion of the Army, as nothing shews the brave and good Soldier more than in case of Alarms, cooly and calmly repairing to his post, and there waiting his orders; whereas a weak curiosity at such a time makes a man look mean and contemptible.
A well dress'd orderly Serjeant, from Genls. Scotts, Wadsworth's and Heard's Brigades, to attend at Head Quarters every day.
The Majors of the New Brigades, and all other officers of those Corps, are directed to look over the Orderly Books, before they come into Camp, and acquaint themselves well with former Orders; they are also to be very careful that the daily orders are delivered so, as that neither officer, or soldier, may plead Ignorance, as in that case they will be deemed answerable.
A party of eight hundred men properly officered, to parade to morrow morning--Learneds and Wyllys's Regiments to receive tools for making Fascines; they are to take their dinner with them; Ensign Field of Learneds Regiment to attend this party--All the other Regiments to attend at the Engineer's Store for tools, and orders; three hours allowed for dinner, and to work till Seven, and so continue till further orders--All who have tools belonging to the Engineer's Store, to return them immediately.
If any Brigade, or Regiment, are exempted from fatigue at any time, the Brigade Majors to inform the Engineer thereof (except it be in General Orders) that he may proportion what are sent accordingly.
The safety and success of the army depends so much upon having the works, in all possible forwardness, that the General is much concerned to find the Brigade Majors represented as deficient in their part of the duty: Only five Regiments; Learneds-- Reads--Bailey's--Parson's and Wyllys's Regiments have turned out their working parties this day--The General hopes this is the last time he shall have occasion to take notice of any such neglect.
Head Quarters, New York, July 14, 1776.
Parole Andover. Countersign Bristol.
A Court of enquiry to sit to morrow morning to examine into the conduct of Col. Ritzema,26 who stands charged with practices contrary to the rules and discipline of the Army.
[Note 26: Col. Rudolphus Ritzema, of the Third New York Regiment. He deserted to the British.]
Brigadier General Heath President.
Col Wyllys.
Col Malcom.27
[Note 27: Col. William Malcolm, of a New York regiment.]
Lt. Col Johnston.
Lt. Col Brearly.28
[Note 28: Lieut. Col. David Brearley, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment.]
The Judge Advocate General and Witnesses, to attend the Court, at Mr. Montagnies Tavern, in the fields, ten OClock.
The Regiment of Artificers under command of Col Parke, to join Lord Stirling's brigade; they will receive orders from the Brigadier with respect to their Alarm Posts, Arrangement and duty in case of action.
The Regimental Surgeons to meet on Tuesday next at nine o'clock A: M: at the Coffee House, on business of importance: The Adjutants of the several Regiments to give them special notice.
The Majors of brigade, and Adjutants of Generals Scotts, Heards and Wadsworths Brigades are to send in to the Adjutant
[Note 28: Abraham Montagne's Tavern (spelled also Montaigne), on Broadway, near Murray Street, was a favorite resort of the Sons of Liberty. In January, 1770, it was the scene of a riot when soldiers of the Sixteenth Foot, British Army, attempted to destroy the "liberty pole" which the Sons had erected in front of the building. The citizens were driven into the tavern, the windows demolished, and furniture broken. In all there appear to have been five "liberty poles" erected in the neighborhood at different times. (See I. N. Phelps Stokes's Iconography of Manhattan Island, vol. 4, pp. 805--7.)] General's Office, a daily report of every Regiment, or Company, belonging to their several Brigades as they join the Army in order that proper Arrangement may be made while time will admit: The Majors of brigade are to be answerable for obedience to this order; and if the Adjutants refuse or neglect their duty they are to be put in Arrest immediately.
All the Brigade Majors, and Adjutants are again reminded, that the Weekly Returns (as well Brigade as Regimental ones) are to be brought in every Saturday, at Orderly time, to the Adjutant Generals office; and as Inaccuracy and Neglect in their Returns will create difficulties in the payment of their men: The Colonels, or Officers commanding, should carefully examine the Returns, compare them with those of the preceeding week, and have all the alterations accounted for. The General strongly recommends it to the Soldiers, to be careful of their arms and ammunition, at all times, but more especially in rainy weather; An enterprising enemy depending upon neglect in this article, often makes an attack, and too frequently with success--Officers will also be very attentive to this order and see it complied with.
John Andrews, Jeremiah Williams, William Cary late belonging to Genl. Lee's Guard, to join Capt. Fords30 Company of Artificers.
[Note 30: Capt. John Ford, of the Massachusetts Artificers.]
The Chief Engineer was mistaken in his report yesterday, as to Col Baldwin, Col Huntington and Ward's Regt.--neglect of fatigue, and takes the first opportunity to rectify it.
New York, July 14, 1776.
Sir: My last of Friday evening which I had the Honor of addressing you, advised that two of the Enemy's Ships of War and three Tenders had run above our Batteries here and the Works at the upper end of the Island.
I am now to inform you, that Yesterday forenoon, receiving Intelligence from General Mifflin that they had past the Tappan Sea and were trying to proceed higher up; by advice of R. R. Livingston Esqr. and other Gentlemen, I dispatched expresses to General Clinton, of Ulster and the Committee of Safety for Dutchess County, to take Measures for securing the passes in the Highlands, least they might have designs of seizing them and have a force concealed for the purpose.
I wrote the Evening before to the commanding Officer of the Two Garrisons there, to be vigilant and prepared against any attempts they or any disaffected persons might make against them and to forward Expresses all the way to Albany that Provision and other Vessels might be secured and prevented falling into their Hands. The information given General Mifflin was rather premature as to their having gone past the Sea. A Letter from the Committee of Orange County, which came to hand this Morning says they were there Yesterday, and that a Regiment of their Militia was under Arms, to prevent their Landing and making an Incursion.
The Messenger who brought it, and to whom it refers for particulars, adds "that a party of them in two or three boats, had approached the Shore, but were forced back by our people firing at them." Since the manuvre of Friday, there have been no other movements in the Fleet.
General Sullivan in a letter of the 2d. Inst. informs me of his arrival with the Army a t Crown Point, where he is fortifying and throwing up Works; he adds, that he has secured all the Stores, except three Cannon left at Chamblee, which in part is made up by taking a fine Twelve pounder out of the Lake; The Army is sickly, many with the small pox, and he is apprehensive the Militia ordered to join them will not escape the Infection; An Officer he had sent to reconnoitre, had reported, that he saw at St. Johns about 150 Tents, 20 at St. Roys, and 15 at Chamblee, and works at the first were busily carrying on.
I have inclosed a General return of the Army here which will shew the whole of our Strength. All the detached posts are included.31
[Note 31: This return, dated July 13, showed a strength of 10,319 rank and file present and fit for duty, with 963 officers. There were nearly 1,500 sick and nearly 2,000 on command. The artillery regiment was 426 strong, with 54 officers.]
A Letter from the Eastward by last night's post, to Mr. Hazard32 Post Master in this City, advises that two Ships has been taken and carried into Cape Ann; one from Antigua, consigned to General Howe with 439 Puncheons of Rum. The other a Jamaicaman with 400 Hogsheads of Sugar, 200 puncheons of Rum, 39 Bales of Cotton, Pimento, Fustick, etc., etc. Each mounted 2 Guns; Six Pounders.
[Note 32: Ebenezer Hazard. He was, later, Postmaster General of the United States.]
About 3. O'Clock this afternoon I was informed that a Flag from Lord Howe was coming up and waited with two of our Whale Boats untill directions should be given. I immediately convened such of the General Officers, as were not upon other duty, who agreed in Opinion that I ought not to receive any Letter directed to me as a private Gentleman; but if otherwise and the Officer desired to come up to deliver the Letter himself, as was suggested, he should come under a safe conduct: Upon this I directed Col. Reed to go down and manage the Affair under the above general Instruction: On his return he informed me, after the common civilities the Officer acquainted him, that he had a Letter from Lord Howe to Mr. Washington, which he shewed under a superscription " to George Washington Esquire." Col. Reed replied there was no such person in the Army, and that a Letter Intended for the General could not be received under such a direction. The Officer expressed great concern, said it was a Letter rather of a Civil than Military Nature; That Lord Howe regretted he had not arrived sooner; That he (Lord Howe) had great Powers. The anxiety to have the Letter received was very evident, tho' the Officer disclaimed all Knowledge of its Contents; However Col. Reeds Instructions being positive, they parted. After they had got some distance, the Officer with the Flag, again put about and asked under what direction Mr. Washington chose to be addressed,33 to which Col. Reed answered his station was well known, and that certainly they could be at no Loss how to direct to him. The Officer said they knew It and lamented It, and again repeated his wish that the Letter could be received. Col. Reed told him, a proper direction would obviate all difficulties, and that this was no new Matter. This Subject having been fully discussed in the course of the last year of which Lord Howe could not be ignorant, upon which they parted.
[Note 33: "He [Lieutenant Brown of the Eagle] then asked me under what title General,--but catching himself, Mr. Washington chose to be addressed."-- Reed to Pettit, July 15, 1776. This letter is from Reed's Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed.]
I would not upon any occasion sacrifice Essentials to Punctilio, but in this Instance the Opinion of others, concurring with my own, I deemed it a duty to my Country and my Appointment, to insist upon that respect, which in any other than a public view I would willingly have waived. Nor do I doubt but from the supposed nature of the Message and the anxiety expressed, they will either repeat their Flag, or fall upon some mode to communicate the Import and consequence of It.34
[Note 34: On July 17 Congress passed the following resolution: "That General Washington, in refusing to receive a letter said to be sent from Lord Howe, and addressed to 'George Washington, Esqr.' acted with a dignity becoming his station; and, therefore, this Congress do highly approve the same, and do direct, that no letter or message be received, on any occasion whatsoever from the enemy, by the commander in chief, or other, the commanders of the American army, but such as shall be directed to them in the characters they respectively sustain. Ordered, That the above be published."]
I have been duly honoured with your two Letters, that of the 10th. by Mr. Anderson, and the 11th. with its inclosures. I have directed the Quarter Master to provide him with every thing he wants to carry his scheme into Execution. It is an Important one, and I wish it success, but I am doubtfull that it will be better in Theory than practice.35
[Note 35: Ephraim Anderson proposed to destroy the British Fleet at New York. Hancock had written to Washington (July 10): "The Congress are willing to give him an opportunity of trying the experiment, and have therefore thought proper to refer him to you." Anderson had made an attempt of this kind at Quebec; but the enemy received intelligence of it and, stretching a cable across the mouth of the harbor, rendered entrance impossible. He was adjutant to the Second Jersey Battalion.-- Ford.]
The passage of the Ships of War and Tenders up the River, is a matter of great importance, and has excited much conjecture and speculation; to me two things have occurred as leading them to this proceeding; first, a design to seize on the narrow passes on both Sides the River, giving almost the only Land Communication with Albany, and of consequence with our northern Army, and for which purpose they might have Troops concealed on board, which they deemed competent of themselves as the defiles are narrow, or that they would be joined by many disaffected Persons in that Quarter; others have added a probability of their haveing a large Quantity of Arms on board, to be in readiness to put into the hands of the Tories immediately on the arrival of the Fleet, or rather at the Time they intend to make their attack: The second, is to cut off entirely all Intercourse between this and Albany by Water and the upper Country, and to prevent Supplies of every kind going and coming. These matters are truly Alarming and of such Importance, that I have wrote to the Provincial Congress of New York and recommended to their serious consideration, the adoption of every possible expedient, to guard against the two first, and have suggested the propriety of their employing the Militia or such part of them in the Counties in which these defiles are to keep the Enemy from possessing them till further Provision can be made, and to write to the several leading Persons on our side, in that Quarter, to be attentive to all the Movements of the Ships and the Disaffected in order to discover and frustrate whatever pernicious Schemes they have in view.36
[Note 36: The ships passed all the batteries without receiving any apparent injury. The decks were guarded with ramparts of sandbags, which protected the men from small shot, and the motion of the vessels was so rapid that they remained but a very short time within the range of the heavy guns. They ascended to the broad part of the river called Haverstraw Bay and anchored so far from shore on either side as to be out of danger. Their boats were daily sent out to take soundings. When they occasionally attempted to land they were beaten back by the militia, who watched them narrowly on both sides of the river.-- Sparks.]
In respect to the second conjecture of my own and which seems to be generally adopted, I have the Pleasure to inform Congress, That If their design is to keep the Armies from Provision, that the Commissary has told me upon Inquiry he has forwarded supplies to Albany, now there and above it, sufficient for 10,000 Men for four Months. That he has a sufficiency here for 20,000 Men for three Months and an Abundant Quantity secured in different parts of the Jersey for the flying Camp, besides having 4,000 Barrells of Flour in some Neighbouring part of Connecticut.
Upon this head there is but little occasion for any apprehensions, at least for a Considerable Time. I have &ca.
P.S. I have sent orders to the Commanding Officer of the Pennsylvania Militia to March to Amboy as there remaining at Trenton can be of no good Service.37
[Note 37: In the Writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 14, 1776.
Gentn.: The passage of the Enemy up the North River, is a point big with many Consequences to the Public Interest; one particularly occurs to me well deserving your attention, and to prevent which, I shall gladly give every assistance in my power, consistent with the Safety of the Army. I am informed, there are several passes on each side the River, upon which the Communication with Albany depends, of so commanding a Nature, that an inconsiderable Body of Men may defend them against the largest Numbers. It may be, that on Board these Ships there may be Troops for this purpose, who expecting to be joined by the disaffected in that Quarter, or Confiding in their own Strength, may endeavour to seize those defiles in which case the intercourse between the two Armies, both by land and Water, will be wholly cut off; than which a greater Misfortune could hardly befall the Service and Army, I must intreat you, to take the measure into Consideration and if possible provide against an Evil so much to be apprehended. I should hope the Militia of those Counties, might be used on such an Emergency until further provision was made; I have also thought it very probable, those Ships may have carried up Arms and Ammunition, to be dealt out to those who may favor their Cause and cooperate with them at a prefix'd time. I would, to guard against this submit to your Consideration, the propriety of writing to the leading Men on our Side in these Counties, to be very vigilant in observing any movements of this kind, in order that so dangerous a Scheme may be nipped in the Bud. For that purpose to keep the utmost attention to the Conduct of the principle Tories in those parts; any attempts of intercourse with the Ships and all other Circumstances which may lead to a discovery of their Schemes and the Destruction of their Measures. I am Gentn. &c.
Head Quarters, New York, July 14, 1776.
Gentn: Nothing can be more pleasing, than on all occasions, to see the People ready to fly to the protection of any part of the Country where there is any danger from the Enemy; but at this extreme busy Season, I cannot recommend your keeping the Regiment embodied. It would be well to notify them all to be ready at a Moments Warning, to Assemble at any place they may be call'd to. Every precaution ought to be taken to prevent the Men of War from getting any Supplies of fresh Provisions, or keeping up any intercourse or Correspondence with the disaffected Inhabitants. I shall be much obliged for timely Information of every Manoeuvre of the Ships and Tenders up the River, and hope that every necessary Step will be taken, to prevent any of our Vessels falling into their hands. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 14, 1776.
Sir: From sundry Accounts received of the Troops under your Command, I have Reason to believe they will halt at Trenton, and there wait further Orders. As I do not see any Advantage which can arise from your Continuance there, and the Honble. Continental Congress have committed the Disposition of them to me, until the flying Camp is formed, you will on Receipt of this proceed to Amboy in New Jersey, where General Mercer is appointed to command, and there putting yourself under his Direction, receive and obey such Orders, as he may give. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, July 14, 1776.
Sir: At a Period so critical as the present, when our unnatural Enemies are in full View, and hourly expected to strike a Blow, which may be supposed in a great Measure to decide the Fate of America, I must confess, I am not a little surprised to find an Officer of your Rank in the Army solliciting Leave to resign his Commission, more especially considering the Predicament you are now in. I should rather hope, that as you are so conscious of your Innocence, you would urge an Inquiry into your Conduct, to convince the World, that the Complaints exhibited against you are totally groundless; and that the Malice of your worst Enemies cannot do the least Injury to your Reputation, which to a Soldier ought ever to be dearer than Life.
I don't know how far I can with Propriety countermand the Order for the Court of Inquiry, as it is already given out in General Orders: however I will think of it, and give you my Answer To-Morrow. I am.
New York, July 15, 1776.
Sir: This will be handed you by Mr. Griffin38 who has also taken upon him the charge and delivery of two Packets containing sundry Letters which were sent to Amboy Yesterday by a Flag and forwarded to me to day by General Mercer. The Letter addressed to Governor Franklin came open to my hands.39
[Note 38: Col. Samuel Griffin. He had been elected deputy adjutant general of the Flying Camp on July 19.]
[Note 39: These papers contained Lord Howe's declaration of the appointment of himself and his brother as commissioners from the King for granting free and general pardons, and a letter to Governor Franklin requesting him to give publicity to the said declaration in New Jersey,-- Sparks.]
I was this morning honoured with yours of the 13th. instant, with its important and necessary Inclosures, and in Obedience to the Commands of Congress have transmitted General Howe, the Resolves intended for him. Those for General Burgoyne I Inclosed and sent to General Schuyler with directions immediately to forward to him. The Inhuman Treatment to the whole, and Murder of part of our People after their Surrender and Capitulation, was certainly a flagrant violation of that Faith which ought to be held sacred by all civilized nations, and founded in the most Savage barbarity. It highly deserved the severest reprobation, and I trust the Spirited Measures Congress have adopted upon the Occasion, will prevent the like in future: But if they should not, and the claims of humanity are disregarded, Justice and Policy will require recourse to be had to the Law of retaliation, however abhorrent and disagreeable to our natures in cases of Torture and Capital Punishments.40 I have &ca.41
[Note 40: The Americans captured at The Cedars were plundered by the Indians and several were murdered. Capt. George Forster, of the Eighth Foot, seems to have made no effort to protect the prisoners. The particulars are spread on the Journals of the Continental Congress, July 10, 1776.]
[Note 41: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 15, 1776.
Sir: I have it in charge from Congress to transmit the inclosed Resolutions to you;43 And have the honor to be, etc.
[Note 43: The same letter was sent to Gen. John Burgoyne. The resolves referred to were those of July 10, 1776, announcing retaliatory measures for treatment received by Americans taken prisoner at The Cedars.]
New York, July 15, 1776.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Letter from Congress which came to Hand this Morning, with a Copy of some Resolves, to which you will pay your Attention, as their Execution will be under your Direction.
I have also inclosed a Letter for General Burgoyne, which I request you to seal and forward to him, as soon as you have perused the important, and necessary Resolves it contains. The spirited Measures Congress have entered into, I am hopeful, will make the British Troops more regardful of that Faith, which ought to be preserved inviolate between Nations, and that the Rights of Humanity, may not be infracted, in future.
Admiral Howe arrived on Friday last, and we hourly expect his Fleet. The same Day, just before he came in, two Ships of War, one of forty, and the other of twenty Guns, and three Tenders passed our Batteries, without any certain Damage that I could perceive, tho' an incessant Fire was kept up. They availed themselves of a brisk and favourable Wind and Tide.
Our last Intelligence is, that they are at Tappan Bay. You may readily conjecture a Variety of bad Purposes intended by this Manoeuvre. I am, etc.
P. S.--I wrote to Fort Constitution and directed that Intelligence should be forwarded respecting the Ships passing by us, to Albany that, Precautions might be used to prevent Vessels falling into their Hands.--You will give further Directions in this Matter.
Head Quarters, New York, July 15, 1776.
Dear Sir: The inclosed Resolve44 and Extract of a Letter, you will see is of some Standing. Upon considering the Matter, I do not see how it is possible, for me to carry the Resolve into Execution with tolerable Precision or Certainty. The Persons, the
[Note 44: The resolve of June 24, 1776: "That General Washington be directed to order an enquiry to be made into the conduct of the officers heretofore employed in the Canada department; that the said enquiry be made at such times and places as, in his judgment, shall be most likely to do justice, as well to the public as to the individuals; and that the result of the said enquiry, together with the testimonies upon the subject, be transmitted to Congress: that, moreover, all officers accused of cowardice, plundering, embezzlement of public monies, and other misdemeanors, be immediately brought to trial."] Witnesses and all other Circumstances are so totally unknown, that any Inquiry made by me, must prove delusive and unsatisfactory. I am, therefore, under the Necessity of passing it wholly by, or putting it under your Direction, that, as Time and Circumstances will admit, you will have it executed, in the best Manner you can, to answer the Wishes and Expectations of Congress.
Colo. Nicholson45 (Commandant of a Regiment raised in this Province) requests that his Conduct may be inquired into; I suppose he would be included in the above general Inquiry, but as that may be long delayed and perhaps never fully had, I could wish his Case might be distinguished from the general Mass. I expected to receive from the Commissioners of Congress, who went to Canada some Vouchers and Proofs respecting him, as his Conduct did not appear to them, in the most favourable View; but none have yet come to Hand. Lieut. Colo. Visher,46 I understand, is a material Witness against Colo. Nicholson, and will direct to such others, as are expected to support the Charge against him.
[Note 45: Col. John Nicholson, of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
[Note 46: Lieut. Col. John Vischer, of the New York Militia.]
I am very sensible the General Inquiry requested by Congress must be a Work of Difficulty and Delicacy; but as they seem to desire it very earnestly, I hope it is not impracticable. I should hope, upon a Conference with Generals Gates and Arnold, some Plan may be devised to comply with it. I am persuaded you will leave nothing unattempted on your Part for this Purpose. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 15, 1776.
Sir: Since my last, two of the Enemy's Ships, one of Forty the other Twenty Guns, taking advantage of a Strong Wind and tide, passed us, notwithstanding a Warm fire from all our Batteries. they now lie in Tappan Sea, between twenty and thirty Miles up Hudson's River, where no Batteries from the shore can molest them. their Views, no doubt are to cut off all Communication between this and Albany by Water, which they Effectually will do. If the Gundolas, Row Gallies &c. from Connecticut and Providence were here, I should think of making their Station uncomfortable if Possible; I must request they may be sent on as soon as Conveniently can be. I have wrote Governor Cooke requesting the same of him, 'Tis but reasonable to suppose, these Ships have a Number of Small Arms on Board, which are intended to put into the hands of the Disaffected on the North River, and in the back Parts of this Province, when a favorable opportunity may offer, for their making use of them against us. I am sorry to say their Number, by the best information I can get is great. Inclosed is a Letter I wrote the 11th. Inst. which thro' mistake, was neglected by the Thursday Post. We have one large Row Galley nearly compleated and another which may be ready by the time they arrive from your Honor and Governor Cooke; the whole when collected will be sufficient to attack the two Ships up the River, as the Channel they now occupy is narrow which will prevent working their Guns to Advantage. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The same letter was sent to Governor Cooke.]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1776.
Gentn: In answer to your favor of yesterday, I beg leave to acquaint you, that I have consulted with such of the General Officers as could be easily convened, with respect to the prisoners confined in the Goal of this City. We are all of opinion that to enlarge them, or permit their continuance here is equally dangerous; no other Course therefore remains, than to send them to some place where they can be safely kept, can have no Influence, and consequently do us no Injury. If such a Place could be conveniently found in the Province, it would be most proper, but if not, we are of opinion they should be sent to some other and that without any delay. To obviate any difficulty which may arise, from the Authority of one Province sending its Prisoners to another, I will most chearfully Co-operate with you, so as to give the Measure the weight it may derive from my General Command. The Place which in this case, has been proposed is Farmington in Connecticut.
The Multiplicity of other Engagements obliges me to Solicit your Attention and Care to these Matters, which are rather of Civil than Military concern, and I would particularly request you, to Consult and determine upon some method to remove Persons out of Town, whose Conduct, Connections and Office afford the Strongest presumption of their remaining here, with dangerous and unfriendly Views to the American Cause. An indiscriminate order, to remove all who do not belong to the Army or Connected with it, or have not taken up Arms to defend the City, would probably involve many innocent and inoffensive Persons in Difficulty. On the other hand, to leave the City open to Spies and Emissaries from the Enemy, and facilitate their Intelligence is totally inconsistent with common prudence; I must therefore, beg your Advice and Assistance in this delicate and difficult circumstance.
Head Quarters, New York, July 15, 1776.
Parole Chatham. Countersign Darby.
The Pay Abstracts for the month of June, are immediately to be made up carefully, examined by the Colonels or officer commanding the Regiment, and then certified by the Brigadiers; after which to be lodged with the Pay Master General.
A working party of one hundred and fifty men, with a Field Officer, three Captains, six Subn., twelve Serjts. twelve Corporals, and three Drums and Fifes, to parade to morrow on the Grand Parade, Six O'Clock, and go up to Kingsbridge to relieve the party sent up the 7th Instant, to take their arms and two days provision, to apply to General Putnam for boats, for transportation, and when at Kingsbridge, apply to Genl. Mifflin for orders.
It is intended that all detached parties to Kingsbridge, shall be relieved once a week in future.
Genl. Scott's brigade to do duty hereafter in their own encampment.
Head Quarters, New York, July 16, 1776.
Parole Essex. Countersign Fairfax.
The Hon. Continental Congress have been pleased to increase the pay of the regimental Surgeons, to Thirty-three Dollars and one third, pr month, to take place from the 5th of June last; and that the pay of the troops in the middle department shall be Six Dollars and two thirds pr month, from the 10th of June last. The pay Abstracts are to be made out accordingly, and care taken to prevent confusion or delay.
The hurry of business often preventing particular invitation being given to officers to dine with the General; He presents his compliments to the Brigadiers and Field Officers of the day, and requests while the Camp continues settled in this City, they will favor him with their company, to dinner, without any further or special invitation.
The officers under whose care and direction the Cartridges are made up, having neglected to make daily Returns to Head Quarters; they may depend upon it, that after this day, any officer omitting to send a daily Return of the number of Cartridges made, will be put under an Arrest for disobedience of orders.
AFTER ORDERS
Col Read President of the present setting General Court Martial, being unable to attend--Col Webb is to succeed him as president; said Court Martial to assemble to morrow morning nine OClock, at the brick house near Col McDougall's encampment.
New York, July 16, 1776.
Gentn.: In Answer to yours of this Date, I can only repeat to you what I said last Night, and that is, that if your Men think themselves exempt from the common Duties of a Soldier, will not mount Guard, do Garrison Duty, or the Service seperate from their Horse, they can be no longer of Use here, where Horse cannot be brought to Action, and I do not care how soon they are dismissed. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 17, 1776.
Parole Georgia. Countersign Hartford.
A working party of fifty Men properly officered to parade to morrow morning, Six OClock, with their arms, near the Laboratory; there Capt Anderson will attend, from whom they are to receive directions; Quarter Master General to supply such Tools as they may want.
John Berrian, Henry Wilmot and John Ray Jun. a Committee of the town are appointed to give passes to Citizens going over the ferries--officers and soldiers who want passes over the ferries are to apply to their own Brigadier General; And the General desires that they will give no passes to officers or soldiers of another brigade; The officers at the Ferry Guards to attend to this order particularly and make it known to the sentries.
The two Companies of Col Van Cortlandt's Regt. at Long Island, to join their Regiment at New York--Capt. Kelsey's Company, and the Company under the command of Lieut. Borden, of Col Newcomb's Regt., to replace them to morrow morn'g 9 o'Clock.
The Court of enquiry upon Col. Ritzema's Conduct having reported, that no other of the Charges made against him was supported, except that of useing disrespectful expressions of Brigadier Genl. Lord Stirling, and his Lordship generously overlooking the personal affront offered him: The General orders that all further proceedings cease, and Col. Ritzema to be discharged from his arrest.
Yesterday the detachment of our hundred and fifty men, ordered for Kingsbridge, to march from the parade at six o'Clock, did not leave it 'till nine, by which they lost the tide, and then much short of the proportion of officers, an evil which is every day increasing: The Brigade Majors will hereafter be deemed answerable for such neglects, unless they report to the Adjutant General, the same day, what Adjutant fails in bringing on his Quota of men, on the parade in time, or put such Adjutant immediately under Arrest, and report it at Head Quarters.
The Adjutants, and Colonels of the New troops, arriving, are to take notice that Weekly Returns of their Regiments, are to be sent in at orderly time, every Saturday--Blank Returns will be given out at the Adjutant Generals Office, to those who apply for them, and an Orderly Book for each company.
A working party of one hundred and fifty Men, properly officered, to parade to morrow morning at Six OClock, with their Arms, near the Laboratory, to take one days provision with them, to relieve the party which went up the 10th. Instant; this party to stay one week, and then to be relieved.
New York, July 17, 1776.
Dear Sir: Yesterday Evening I was favored with yours of the 12th. Inst. with its several Inclosures.
As to the Propriety or Impropriety of giving up Crown Point, and vacating that Post, it is impossible for me to determine. My Ignorance of the Country, my Unacquaintance with it's Situation, and a Variety of Circumstances, will not permit me to pronounce any certain Opinion upon the Subject, or to declare, whether it might or could not be maintained against the Enemy. I doubt not, the Measure was duly weighed by the General Officers in Council, and seem'd to them best calculated to secure the Colonies and prevent the Enemy from penetrating into them. However, I cannot but observe, tho' I do not mean to encourage, in the smallest Degree, or to give the least sanction to inferior Officers, to set up their Opinions against the Proceedings and Councils of their Superiors, knowing the dangerous Tendency of such a Practice, that the Reasons assigned by the Officers in their Remonstrance appear to me forcible and of great Weight. They coincide with my own Ideas. I have ever understood Crown Point to be an important Post, and from its Situation, of the utmost Consequence to us, especially if we mean to keep the Superiority and Mastery of the Lake. If it is abandoned by us, it is natural to suppose, the Enemy will possess it. If they do, and my Judgement does not mislead me, any Vessels or Gallies we employ upon the Lake, will certainly be in their Rear, and it will not be in our Power to bring them down to Ticonderoga or the Post opposite to it; or from thence to have the least Communication with them, or the Means of granting them Succours or Supplies of any Kind. Perhaps it is intended to employ the Gallies only on the Communication between the two Posts, that of Crown Point and the one now to be established. How far they would there answer our Views, I cannot tell. As I said before, I have not a sufficient Knowledge of the several Posts on the neighbouring Country, to form an accurate Judgement upon the Matter, and of Consequence do not design anything I have said, by way of Direction, trusting, that whatever is best to advance the Interest of the important Struggle we are engaged in, will be done.50
[Note 50: In a council of officers, consisting of Generals Schuyler, Gates, Sullivan, Arnold, and Baron de Woedtke, at Crown Point (July 7), it was resolved that the post was not tenable and that the army should retire to the strong ground opposite Ticonderoga, afterwards called Mount Independence. A remonstrance against this decision was drawn up and signed by 21 of the inferior officers, at the head of whom were Cols. John Stark, Enoch Poor, and William Maxwell. Contemporary copies of the proceedings of the council and of the remonstrance are in the Washington Papers.
The Baron Friedrich Wilhelm de Woedtke had been a major in the Prussian Army. He came to Philadelphia with strong letters of recommendation to Doctor Franklin and was appointed a brigadier general (March 16) and ordered to Canada by Congress. He died at Lake George about three weeks after this council of war and was buried with military honors.]
I am extremely sorry to have such unfavorable Accounts of the Condition of the Army.51 Sickness of itself is sufficiently bad; but when Discord and Disorder are added, greater Misfortunes cannot befall it, except that of a Defeat. While they prevail, there is but little Hopes of Things succeeding well. I must intreat your Attention to these Matters, and your Exertions to introduce more Discipline, and to do away the unhappy pernicious Distinctions, and Jealousies between the Troops of different Governments. Enjoin this upon the Officers, and let them inculcate, and press home to the Soldiery, the Necessity of Order and Harmony among them, who are embark'd in one common Cause, and
[Note 51: Gates had written (July 16) that since the beginning of May the loss sustained in the northern army from the enemy, and by death and desertion, amounted to more than 5,000 men, and that 3,000 were then sick.] mutually contending for all that Freeman hold dear. I am persuaded, if the Officers will but exert themselves, these Animosities, this Disorder, will in a great Measure subside, and nothing being more essential to the Service than that it should, I am hopeful nothing on their Parts will be wanting to effect it.52
[Note 52: Schuyler had written (July 12): "The most descriptive pen cannot describe the Condition of our army. Sickness, Disorder, and Discord reign triumphant; the latter occasioned by an illiberal and destructive Jealousy, which unhappily subsists between the Troops raised in different Colonies....The waste that has been made of provisions is incredible. Flour we have in plenty, but of pork not more than six hundred Barrels and fresh Beef extremely difficult to be procured." Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Scarcity of Provision which you mention, surprises me much. I had hoped, that an ample and competent Supply, for a considerable Time, was now in Store; nor can I but believe, the most lavish and extravagant Waste has been made of it. Not longer than three or four Days ago, and just after the two Men of War and Tenders passed by, as mentioned in my last, the Situation of the northern Army in Respect to this Article, occurred to my Mind, and induced an Inquiry after the Commissary about it, being certain the Water Communication with Albany would be intirely cut off, and was happy to find from him, that the Supplies he had forwarded, with such a Proportion of fresh Meat as could be procured, would be fully sufficient for 10,000 Men for four Months. This I informed Congress of, as a most fortunate Event. To be told now, that there is none, or next to none, is so contrary to what I expected, that I am filled with Wonder and Astonishment. I have informed the Commissary of it, who is equally surprised, and must request, as our Navigation is so circumstanced, that you will direct those whose Business it is, to use every possible Means, to provide such Supplies as may be necessary, and that proper Attention be paid to the Expenditure, or it will be impossible ever to subsist that Army.
As to intrenching Tools, I have from Time to Time forwarded all that can possibly be spared.
I have directed the Quarter Master, to send such Things contained in your List, as can be had and may be transported by Land. The greatest Part it would be difficult to procure, and if they could be had, it would be attended with immense Trouble and Expence to forward them. I must, therefore, entreat your utmost Diligence and Inquiry to get them, and not only them but every Necessary you want wherever they may be had. The Water Intercourse being now at an End, but few Supplies can be expected from hence, and I make not the least Doubt, if active proper Persons are employed, in many Instances you will be able to obtain such Articles as you stand in Need of. I am under the Necessity of doing so here, and by much Pains and Industry, have procured many Necessaries.
As for the Articles wanted for the Gondolas, I should suppose many of them may be purchased of the Proprietors of Crafts about Albany, and of Persons who have Vessels there, by allowing them a good Price. The Communication by Water being now stop'd, they cannot employ them, and I presume may be prevailed on to part with most of their Tackle, for a good Consideration.
I transmitted Congress a Copy of your Letter and of its several Inclosures, and recommended to their particular Attention the Resolution No. 6, for raising six Companies to guard the Frontiers, and the high Price of Goods furnished the Soldiery, and that some Measures might be taken thereon.
There is a Resolve of Congress against Officers holding double Commissions, and of long standing, none are allowed it except Adjutants and Quarter Masters. They generally are, also first or second Lieutenants; In this Army there is no Instance of double Offices, but in the Cases I mention.
The Carpenters from Philadelphia, unfortunately had not Time to get their Tools &c. on Board a Craft here before the Men of War got up. They set out by Land next Day, and I suppose will be at Albany in the Course of this Week, as also two Companies from Connecticut.
I have inquired of Mr. Hughes, and find that the six Anchors and Cables were on Board Captn. Peter Post's Vessel belonging to Esopus; who, upon the first Appearance of the Fleet coming above the Narrows, went off without taking the Necessaries brought by Captain Douw.53 Mr. Hughes says, Captain Douw who brought you the Lead, had Orders to get them.
[Note 53: Volckert Pieterse Douw, commissioner of Indian affairs of the Northern Department.]
I have inclosed you a List of the naval Articles the Qr. Master expects to obtain and send from hence, which will evince the Necessity of your Exertions to get the Rest elsewhere. Many of the Articles, I should suppose may be made at Albany and within the Neighbourhood of it.
I am in Hopes, in Consequence of your Application, the different Governments will take some Steps for apprehending Deserters. It is a growing Evil, and I wish it may be remedied. From the northern Army, they have been extremely numerous from Report, and should most certainly be returned, if they should be found. How far, the Mode suggested by you, may answer, the Event will shew; but I am doubtful whether many will return of themselves. I fancy a Part of your Letter was omitted to be sent. When you come to speak of Deserters, what I have on the Subject begun a new Sheet, and seems to suppose something preceding about them. After requesting Mr. Hughes to be spoke to about the Anchors &c. the next Page begins "unanimously agreed that I should write &c."
You will perceive by the inclosed Resolve, Congress mean to raise the Garrison for Presque Isle &ca....in the Counties of Westmoreland and Bedford in Pennsylvania. I am, etc.
P.S. July 18th.--10 O'Clock ante Meridiem. I have this Minute spoke to Mr. Trumbull again about Provisions and pressed his most vigorous Exertions; I believe he is determined to leave nothing undone on his Part and has already sent off some Persons upon the Business, of which, I suppose he will inform you or Mr. Livingston.
Head Quarters, New York, July 17, 1776.
Sir: Your Favour of the 13th. Inst. was duly received. The Steps you have taken appear to me extremely proper; and that there may be no Discouragement in the Purchase of Arms, of which we stand in great Need, I have by the Bearer sent you the £300 you request. You will please to keep a particular Account of the Disbursement, in Order that it may be brought into it's proper Place of Settlement, at a future Day.
Before this reaches you, two Officers of the Artillery, whom I dispatched last Sunday, will have arrived to supply the Place of those so unhappily disabled. I trust these Accidents will form a Lesson of Prudence and Calmness at such Times, and particularly excite Care and Caution. It is a melancholy Consideration that in these Cases we suffer more from our own Artillery than the Enemy.
As the Enemy weighed Anchor Yesterday, with a seeming Intention to pass up the River, I trust every Thing is in the best Readiness and Preparation to receive them.
The Rafts, if properly constructed and executed with Spirit and Intrepidity, are most dangerous and alarming Enemies to Shipping. Unacquainted with the River, the Situation of the Ships, and many other Circumstances necessary to form a Judgement of the Probability of success, I can only say, that I agree in opinion with your Brother, that Expenses ought not to be regarded, if the Prospect of Success is any Way encouraging. You must, with them on whose Opinion you can depend, form the best Judgement and act accordingly. I am, etc.
New York, July 17, 1776.
Sir: I was this Morning Honoured with yours of the 15th instant with Sundry Resolves. I perceive the Measures Congress have taken to expedite the raising of the Flying Camp and providing it with Articles of the greatest use. You will see by a postscript to my Letter of the 14, I had wrote to the commanding Officer of the Pennsylvania Militia, ordering them to be marched from Trenton to Amboy, as their remaining there, could not Answer the least public Good. For having consulted with sundry Gentlemen I was informed, if the Enemy mean to direct their views towards Pennsylvania, or penetrate the Jerseys, their Route will be from near Amboy and either by way of Brunswick or Bound Brook. The lower road from South Amboy being thro.' a Woody and Sandy country; besides they will be then able to throw in succour here and to receive it from hence in cases of Emergency.
The Connecticut Light Horse mentioned in my Letter of the 11th., notwithstanding their then promise to continue here for the defence of this place, are now discharged and about to return Home; having peremptorily refused all kind of fatigue duty, or even to mount Guard, claiming an exemption, as Troopers.
Tho' their Assistance is much needed and might be of Essential service in case of an Attack, yet I judged it advisable, on their application and claim of such Indulgences, to discharge them; as granting them, would set an Example to others and might produce many ill consequences. The Number of men included in the last return by this is lessened about 500.
I last Night received a Letter from Genl. Schuyler with several Inclosures, Copies of which I have herewith transmitted. They will give Congress every Information I have respecting our Northern Army and the Situation of our Affairs in that Quarter and to which I beg leave to refer their attention. I cannot but express my surprize at the scarcity of Provisions which General Schuyler mentions, after what the Commissary assured me and which formed a part of my Letter of the 14th. He still assures me of the same. This is a distressing circumstance, as every Article of Provision and every thing else necessary for that department, can have no other now, than a Land conveyance, the Water communication from hence to Albany being entirely cut off.
Congress will please to consider the Inclosure No. 6 about raising six Companies out of the Inhabitants about the Lakes, to prevent the Incursions of the Indians. The General Officers in their Minutes of Council have determined it a matter of much Importance, and their attention to the price of Goods furnished the Soldiery may be extremely necessary. They have complained much upon this head.
The Retreat from Crown Point seems to be considered in opposite views by the General and Field Officers. The former I am satisfied have weighed the matter well, and yet the reasons assigned by the Latter against it appear Strong and forcible; I hope what ever is done will be for the best. I was apprehensive the Appointment of General Gates over General Sullivan would give the latter disgust. His Letter I transmitted Congress seemed to Warrant the Suspicion.--he is not arrived yet, when he does, I shall try to settle the Affair and prevail on him to continue, as I think his resignation will take from the service a useful and Good Officer.54
[Note 54: This was the age-old dispute between the line and the staff. On June 17, 1775, Gates was appointed Adjutant General of the Continental Army with the rank of brigadier general. Sullivan was appointed a brigadier general in the line of the Army June 22, 1775. Gates was promoted to major general May 16, 1776, and Sullivan was not raised to that rank until Aug. 9, 1776. Sparks quotes his letter of July 6 to General Schuyler: "I ever was desirious, that some officer superior in rank should relieve me from this disagreeable command, and should with pleasure have remained in the army and served under him; but, Congress having thought proper to supersede me by appointing General Gates, who had not, by the rank they were pleased formerly to confer upon us, the same pretension as myself, I can construe this in no other light, than to suppose Congress were apprehensive that I was not equal to the trust they were pleased to repose in me. If this be the case, I am bound in justice to my country to relinquish a command to which I am not equal. If this was not the foundation, and they had not such an opinion of me, surely my honor calls upon me to leave the service, after a person is put over me without any impeachment of my conduct." Sullivan went to Philadelphia and tendered his resignation; but after the reasons for promoting General Gates were explained to him by the President of Congress he asked leave to withdraw his application to resign, which was granted.]
By a Letter from the Committee of Orange County, received this Morning, the Men of War and Tenders were Yesterday at Haverstraw Bay, about 40 miles above this. A number of Men in four Barges from the Tenders attempted to land; with a view they suppose of taking some Sheep and Cattle that had been previously removed. A small number of Militia that was collected, obliged them to retreat without their doing any damage with their Cannon. They were sounding the Water up towards the Highlands, by which it is probable they will attempt to pass with part of the Fleet if possible.
Yesterday Evening a Flagg came from General Howe with a Letter addressed " To George Washington Esquire &ca. &ca. &ca." It was not received on the same principle, that the one from Lord Howe was refused.55 I have &ca.56
[Note 55: General Howe gave the following account of this matter in a letter to Lord George Germaine (August 6): "The Commander-in-chief of the rebel forces sent me the enclosed letter and narrative of some past transactions in Canada, which I thought proper to answer in general terms, directing to 'George Washington, Esq., &c., &c., &c.' as the most unexceptionable mode of address. The officer sent to receive the flag would not receive my letter, as it did not express his General's titles. In consequence of which I sent Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson, adjutant-general, a few days afterwards to remonstrate upon this, and other circumstances relative to the usage of General Prescott, and several officers in the enemy's possession, and to mention an exchange of prisoners. This interview was more polite than interesting. However, it induced me to change my superscription for the attainment of an end so desirable; and in this view I flatter myself it will not be disapproved."-- Sparks.]
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 17, 1776.
Sir: Colonel Hand57 having informed me that he means to purchase Regimentals for his Battalion in Philadelphia; I must
[Note 57: Col. Edward Hand, of the First Continental Infantry. He was colonel of the First Pennsylvania Regiment; brigadier general; Adjutant General of the Continental Army from Jan. 8, 1781, to Nov. 3, 1783; brevet major general Sept. 30, 1781.] take the Liberty to request you, will have the Nine Thousand dollars resolved by Congress on the 12th. Ulto, to be paid him here for that purpose, to be advanced to him or his order there. The State of our Chest is extremely low and many pressing demands against it, besides as the Clothes are to be paid for there, It seems unnecessary to send Money from hence. An Account of the advance, may be transmitted, in order to a Stoppage from the Mens pay. I have &ca.
Head Quarters, New York, July 17, 1776.
Gentn.: Your Letter of the 15th Inst. covering the resolution of the same date58 was duly received; which I beg leave to say was Noble and does honor to your respectable Body; It likewise adds further proof of your determination, to afford me all possible Assistance, in discharging the Important Duties of my Office. It is impossible to say what may be Necessary, but I shall conduct as the exigencies of the case may require, and doubt not your cheerful Aid and Assistance whenever called for. It has been out of my power, to procure more Whale Boats than are absolutely Necessary for the Night Guards, I doubt not you will be able to procure the Number you want from the Western Shore of the Sound, which may be easily transported by land or by the Way of Kingsbridge to the North River. I have the Honor etc.59
[Note 58: Sparks quotes the resolve, which was to the effect that if the Commander in Chief thought it necessary to evacuate the city of New York the legislature would cheerfully cooperate with him in every necessary measure.]
[Note 59: On July 18 instructions were issued by Washington, through Lord Stirling, for governing the ferries in the East and North (or Hudson) Rivers. Malcom McEwen and Daniel Green were to superintend the East River Ferry to Long Island and the one at Peck's Slip. McEwen was a lieutenant in Col. John Lasher's New York Militia, and he was to receive a dollar a day for this ferry duty "after deducting his pay"; Green, having no military employment, received a dollar a day. Capt. John Johnson, of the First New York Regiment, and Lieut. Abraham Mesier, of Lasher's regiment, were to superintend the North River Ferry between Powles Hook and Hooghbook. They were to receive half a dollar in addition to their regimental pay.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 18, 1776.
Parole Italy. Countersign Kent.
Altho' the General is very sensible that the great fatigue duty of this Army (which he is highly pleased to see the officers and men go through, with so much cheerfulness and zeal) does not allow much time for manoeuvring and exercising the troops; yet it is a matter of so much consequence to have them as well practiced, as time and circumstances will admit; that he earnestly recommends it to the Brigadiers, Colonels or commanding Officers of Regiments, to take time for that purpose, and particularly to have the men instructed and practice the Evolution, Manoeuvring, and as much of the Manual Exercise, as respects loading and firing, not only with quickness, but calmness.
John Priest of Capt. Maxwell's60 Company, Col. Prescott's Regiment; Duncan Grant of Capt. McFarland's61 Company Col. Nixon's Regiment; Jason Kemp of Capt. Bolsters Company late Col Learned's Regt.; William Baker of Capt. Waterhouses62 Company Col. Pearson's Regt.; all tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Webb was President, for "Desertion," and found guilty, were sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes each--Baker to receive his punishment at three different times, Thirteen Lashes each time.
[Note 60: Capt. Hugh Maxwell, of the Seventh Continental Infantry.]
[Note 61: Capt. Moses McFarland, of the Fourth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 62: Capt. Abraham Waterhouse, of the Tenth Continental Infantry.]
The General approves the above sentences, and orders them to be executed at the usual time and place.
Two Guns fired from Cobble-hill, on Long Island, are to be the Signal that the enemy have landed on that Island.
Complaints having frequently been made, that the Sentries especially those along the river fire wantonly at boats and persons passing: Officers of Guards are to be careful upon this head and acquaint the Sentries that they are not to fire upon boats coming to the town--and that they are not to molest or interrupt, the Ferry Boats.
The present number of fatigue to be augmented with one hundred men properly officered, the whole to parade precisely at Six oClock, in the morning, to continue so 'till further orders.
Col. Malcom of Genl. Scott's Brigade, to have the superintendance of the work laid out near that encampment, and to be execused from other duty.
The General invites the Brigade Major of the day, to dine with him in course, with the other officers of the day.
Head Quarters, New York, July 19, 1776.
Parole Lewis. Countersign Maryland.
A Detachment of three hundred men, properly officered, to parade to morrow morning, Six O'Clock, on the Grand parade, with two days provisions to go in boats, by way of East River to Kingsbridge, to execute such work as shall be laid out for them by the Engineer.
Lieut. Champion63 of Col Wylly's Regiment, to oversee said works; Major Reed to furnish this party with such tools, as Col. Putnam shall direct.
[Note 63: Lieut. Henry Champion, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry.]
A working party of fifty men, properly officered to parade to morrow morning at Six o'Clock on the Grand Parade, without their Arms, to receive their orders from Capt. Anderson and tools from the Laboratory.
William Herenden of Capt. Warrens64 Company Col Reads Regiment, David Ludlow of Capt. Ledyards65 Company Col
[Note 64: Capt. Samuel Warren, of the Thirteenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 65: Capt. Benjamin Ledyard, of the First New York Regiment.] McDougall's Regiment both tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Webb was President for Desertion and found guilty were sentenced to receive, the former Thirty-nine Lashes, the latter Twenty.
The General approves the sentences, and orders them to be executed, at the usual time and place.
The Field Officers of the picquet are directed to attend, on the Grand Parade punctually, at a quarter after eight oClock in the morning, and to continue there 'till the Guard are marched off, for their has been great remissness lately of that kind.
Head Quarters, New York, July 19, 1776.
Dear Sir: In my Letter of the 7th. Inst. I mentioned the Propriety of forwarding a Quantity of Powder and lodging it between this and Boston. I am now more fully convinced of the Necessity of such a Measure, and would wish you to forward with all convenient Speed, five hundred Barrels, to be stored at Norwich in Connecticut, till further Orders.
In a Postscript to my Letter of the 9th. Inst. I was of Opinion, it would be much easier for the Troops bound from Boston to the Northward, to proceed this Way for the Benefit of Water Carriage. This being intirely cut off by the Ships up Hudson's River, you will speed their March by the nighest and most convenient Rout.
The several Articles wrote for in my Letter of Yesterday,66 you will please to forward to Norwich, with Orders for them to be sent on by Water, provided the Enemy's Ships should not
[Note 66: The letter of July 18 was written and signed by Samuel Blatchley Webb. "His Excellency General Washington having occasion to ride out early this morning, has dictated and Ordered me to acknowledge and answer your two Letters of the 11th Inst." The Continental agents for prizes had disposed of the cargoes of prizes without Ward's orders, The list of articles wanted are entered, with Webb's letter, in the Washington "Letter Books," and calls for all the muskets, bayonets, canteens, clothing, etc., taken in the ships George, Anne, and Lord Howe, and the brig Annabella.] stop the Communication, in which Case Land-Carriage must be procured. I am, etc.
P.S. In speaking of the Troops marching to the Northward, I have Reference to the three Regiments bound to Ticonderoga; The other two, I hope, will be on their Way to this Place before this reaches you.
P.S. Since writing the above, your Letter of the 15th. Inst. came to Hand. If the three Regiments you mention have marched they may proceed to this City. If not, one of them to march for Ticonderoga; the two remaining (sick) to follow to the last mention'd Place by Divisions, as fast as a Field Officer's Proportion is well enough; as they will be much the properest (having had the small Pox) for that Department. Yours&c.
New York, July 19, 1776.
Dear Sir: I expected 'ere this to have heard from you; as I have not I will open the corrispondance by expressing my exceeding great concern on acct. of the determination of your board of General Officers, to retreat from Crown Point to Ticonderago; assigning (contrary to the opinion of all your Field Officers) for reason, that the former place is not tenable with your present force, or the Force expected.
My concern arises from information, and a firm belief, that your relinquishing Crown point is, in its consequences, a relinquishment of the Lakes, and all the advantages to be derived therefrom; for it does not admit of a doubt, but that the Enemy will possess themselves, if possible of that pass (wch. is a key to all these Colonies) the moment you leave it, and thereby confine your Vessels to the narrow part of the Lake in front of that Post, or, by having them in the Rear of it cut off all kind of Supplies from, and intercourse between your Camp and them; securing by this means a free and uninterrupted passage into the three New England Governments for Invasion thereof. Nothing but a belief that you have actually removed the Army from the point to Ticonderoga, and demolishd the Works at the former; and the fear of creating dissensions, and encouraging a Spirit of remonstrating against the conduct of Superior Officers by inferiors, have prevented me, by Advice of the Genl. officers here, from directing the Post at Crown point to be held till Congress should decide upon the propriety of its Evacuation. As the case stands, I can give no Order in the matter, least between two opinions; and places, neither are put into such a posture of defence, as to resist an advancing Enemy. I must however express my sorrow at the Resolution of your Council, and wish, that it had never happend, as every body who speaks of it also does; and that the measure could yet be changed with Propriety.67
[Note 67: In his reply to this letter (July 29) Gates, after stating the reasons for evacuating Crown Point, added: "It would be to the last degree improper to order those Troops to Crown Point, or even hither, untill obliged by the most pressing emergency; as that would only be heaping one hospital upon another. Those troops, when they arrive, are all ordered to halt at Skeensborough. Every thing about this army is infected with the pestilence; the cloathes, the blankets, the air, and the ground they walk upon. To put this evil from us, a general hospital is established at Fort George, where there are now between two and three thousand sick, and where every infected person is immediately sent. But this care and caution have not effectually destroyed the disease here; it is notwithstanding continually breaking out." In the same letter Gates took rather high-handed umbrage at the expression of opinion of the general officers in Washington's army. "I must now take the Liberty," he wrote, "to Animadvert a little upon the unprecedented behaviour of the Members of Your Council to their Compeers in this Department. They, Sir, having every Ample Supply at Hand, make no allowance for the Misfortunes, and wants, of this Army, nor for the Delay and Difficulty that Attends the procuring every thing Necessary here. Had we a Healthy Army, Four Times the Number of the Enemy; Our Magazines full, Our Artillery Compleat, Stores of every kind in profuse Abundance, with Vast and populous Towns and Country close at Hand, to Supply Our Wants, Your Excellency would hear no Complaints from this Army; And the Members of your Council, our Brethren and Compeers, would have as little reason then, as they have now, to Censure the Conduct of those, who are in Nothing inferior to themselves." Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
We have the Enemy full in view of us, but their operations are to be suspended 'till the Reinforcement hourly expected, arrives, when I suppose there will soon be pretty warm Work. Lord Howe is arrived. He and the Genl. his Brother68 are appointed Commissioners to dispense pardons to Repenting Sinners. My Compliments to the Gentlemen with you of my Acquaintance. I am, &c.
[Note 68: Richard, Earl Howe, and William, Viscount Howe.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
New York, July 19, 1776.
Sir: I have been duly honoured with your favours of the 16th. and 17th. with the several Resolves they contained, to the Execution of which, so far as shall be in my power, I will pay proper attention.
In my Letter of the 17th. inst. I transmitted you a Copy of one from General Schuyler and of its several Inclosures. I confess the determination of the Council of General Officers on the 7th. to retreat from Crown point, surprized me much, and the more I considered it, the more striking does the Impropriety appear. The reasons assigned against it by the Field Officers in their remonstrance, coincide greatly with my own Ideas, and those of the other General Officers I have had an Opportunity of consulting with, and seems to be of considerable Weight, I may add conclusive.
I am not so fully acquainted with the Geography of that Country, and the Situation of the different Posts, as to pronounce a peremptory Judgment upon the Matter; but if my Ideas are right, the possessing of Crown Point, is essential to giving us the Superiority and Mastery upon the Lake. That the Enemy will possess it, as soon as abandoned by us, there can be no doubt; and if they do, what ever Gallies or force we keep on the Lake, will be unquestionably in their rear. How they are to be supported there, or what succour can be drawn from them then, is beyond my comprehension. Perhaps it is only meant, that they shall be employed, on the communication between that and Ticonderaga; It this is the case, I fear the views of Congress will not be Answered, nor the salutory effects be derived from them that were intended. I have mentioned my surprize to General Schuyler, and would by the Advice of the Generals here have directed, that that post should be maintained, had it not been for two causes. An apprehension that the Works have been destroyed, and that if the Army should be ordered from Ticonderoga or the post opposite to it, where I presume they are, to repossess it, they would have neither one place or another secure and in a defensible State. The other, lest it might increase the Jealousy and diversity in Opinions which seems already too prevalent in that Army, and establish a precedent, for the Inferior Officer s to set up their Judgments when ever they would, in opposition to those of their Superiors. A matter of great delicacy, and that might lead to fatal consequences If countenanced; tho' in the present Instance I could wish their reasoning had prevailed. If the Army has not removed, what I have said to General Schuyler may perhaps bring on a reconsideration of the matter, and it may not be too late to take measures for maintaining that Post, but of this I have no hope.
In consequence of the Resolve of Congress for three of the Eastern Regiments to reinforce the Northern Army, I wrote General Ward, and by advice of my Genl. Officers, directed them to March to Norwich and there to embark for Albany conceiving that two valuable purposes might result there from. First, that they would sooner join the Army by pursuing this route and be saved from the distress and fatigue that must attend every long March, thro' the Country at this hot and uncomfortable season; and secondly, that they might give succour here in case the Enemy should make an Attack about the time of their passing: But the Enemy having now with their Ships of War and Tenders cut of the Water Communication from hence to Albany, I have wrote this day and directed them to proceed by Land across the Country. If Congress disapprove the route or wish to give any orders about them, you will please to certify me thereof, that I may take measures accordingly.69
[Note 69: "Resolved, That General Washington be informed that Congress have such an entire confidence in his judgment, that they will give him no particular directions about the disposition of the troops, but desire that he will dispose of those at New York, the flying camp, and Ticonderoga, as to him shall seem most conducive to the public good."-- Journals of the Continental Congress, July 23, 1776.]
Inclosed I have the honor to transmit you, Copies of a Letter and sundry Resolutions which I received Yesterday from the Convention of this State.70 By them you will perceive they have been acting upon matters of great importance, and are exerting themselves in the most vigorous manner, to defeat the wicked designs of the Enemy and such disaffected Persons as may incline to Assist and facilitate their views. In compliance with their request and on Account of the scarcity of Money for carrying their Salutary views into execution, I have agreed to lend them out of the Small Stock now in hand, (not more than 60,000 Dollars) twenty thousand Dollars, in part of what they want, which they promise speedily to replace.
[Note 70: Resolutions for calling out one-fourth part of the militia of the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Ulster, and Orange, for the defense of the State; to be engaged tall the last day of December, and each man to receive a bounty of $20 and Continental pay and subsistence. They were to be stationed in the Highlands, and in the vicinity below, to guard the defiles and prevent incursions of the enemy from Hudson's River. General Washington was requested to appoint a commander of these levies. He appointed Gen. George Clinton.-- Sparks.]
Had there been Money sufficient for paying the whole of our Troops and not more, I could not have done it. but as it was otherwise, and by no means proper to pay a part and not the whole, I could not foresee any Inconveniences that would attend the Loan, on the Contrary, that It might contribute in some degree to forward their Schemes. I hope my conduct in this Instance, will not be disapproved.
I inclosed Governor Trumbull a Copy of their Letter and their several Resolves to day, by Colonel Broom and Mr. Dewer,71 two Members of the Convention, who are going to wait on him, but did not think myself at Liberty to urge or request his Interest in forming the Camp of 6,000 Men; as the Levies directed by Congress to be furnished the 3d of June, for the defence of this place by that Government, are but a little more than one third come in. At the same time the proposition I think a good one, if it could be carried into execution. In case the Enemy should attempt to effect a landing above Kings Bridge and to cut of the communication beween this City and the Country; An Army to hang on their Rear, would distress them exceedingly. I have the Honor &ca.
[Note 71: John Broome and William Duer.]
P.S. After I had closed my Letter I received one from General Ward, a Copy of which is herewith transmitted.72 I have wrote him to forward the Two Regiments now at Boston by the most direct road to Ticonderoga, as soon as they are well, with the utmost Expedition; and consider their having had the small Pox as a fortunate circumstance. when the three arrive which have marched for Norwich, I shall immediately send one of 'em on; if Congress judges it expedient, of which you will please to inform me.73
[Note 72: Gen. Artemas Ward's letter, dated July 15, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 73: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who noted that: "The Inclosed paper should have been sent before but was Omitted thro hurry," which refers to a copy of a letter of July 16 from the New York Legislature, to Washington.]
New York, July 19, 1776.
Sir: The inclosed Extracts from the proceedings of Congress, which I have the Honor to transmit you, will discover their anxiety respecting our Army here, and their wishes to have it reinforced. I shall only add, that the Situation of our affairs, demands the most speedy Succour, and my request that you use your good offices for Expediting the New Levies as fast as possible. I have also inclosed you a Copy of a Letter and sundry Resolutions which I received yesterday from the Convention of this State. you will perceive thereby, that they have been deliberating on Sundry important measures and are exerting themselves in the most vigorous manner, to defeat the wicked designs of our Common Enemy, and such disaffected Persons as may attempt to favor their Views. They also contain a request, that I should solicit you, to devise some mode for Keeping up a Communication and Intercourse between your State and this, and suggest the Expediency of your forming a Camp of 6000. Men about Byrom River, to co-operate with those they are Collecting, in order to hang on the rear of the Enemy, in case they land above Kingsbridge and attempt to cut off the Communication between the Country and this City. As the Quota of Men requested by Congress for the defence of this Place, is not yet arrived, I could not conceive myself at Liberty to ask of you, to furnish such an additional number, altho' I cannot but observe that the scheme seems well calculated for the purposes they have in View, and might be productive of the most salutary consequences, in case of an attempt of that sort. Colo. Broom and Mr. Duer two Members of the Convention wait on you upon the Subject and will fully point out, the object they have in view, and their Ideas of the importance and expediency of the Plan, and to them I beg leave to refer you. I am Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 19, 1776.
Gentn.: By Messrs. Broome and Duer, I was yesterday favored with your several Resolves of the 16th. Instant.
The spirit and decision in which they are formed, will I doubt not appear in their execution, and as far as I can cooperate, I shall most chearfully contribute all my Aid and Assistance. The State of this Army would make it improper for me, to send up any General Officer in the Continental Service, to take the Command of the Levies proposed to be raised; and from the nature of the Service, I should apprehend a knowledge of the Country and its Inhabitants would be very necessary. General Clinton on all Accounts appears to me the most suitable Person, and as the appointment is made dependent on me, I shall nominate him, unless some objections should be made, or Difficulty arise which I do not now know.
The Deputy Commissaries I will take advice upon, and have them appointed as soon as possible. The State of the Pay Office here did not admit a full compliance with your request of the Loan of £20,000, there not being so much in the Paymaster's hands at this time. However, that so good a work might not be delayed, I immediately gave a Warrant for 20,000 Dollars, and as fast as Circumstances will admit shall make up the remainder. I have inclosed your Resolutions to Governor Trumbull, on the Subject of forming a Camp at Byrom River, for the security of the Communication with New York, but at the same time I very much doubt his ability to carry it into execution. The Quota of Troops to be furnished by Connecticut, for the Assistance of this Army, is not half compleated, notwithstanding the most urgent and pressing Instances on the Subject, which afford a very dull prospect of fixing a New Camp, adequate to the intended design. and I very much fear, the Attempt would obstruct the raising the Levies now ordered and in the end prove ineffectual. at the same time I most heartily approve the Measure, and should rejoice to see it carried into Execution, in the compleatest manner. Since writing the above, your favor of the 18th. Inst. inclosing Colo. Cortlandt and Capt. Platt's74 report is come to hand; the Spirit and Alacrity of the Militia in so readily turning out at this busy Season, is a very encouraging circumstance, and does them great honor. I observe ColoFellows75 of Massachusetts Bay, mentioned as having marched in. If his Troops compose a part of those destined for this Army, it is my intention, that all under that circumstance should come immediately down and be properly arranged; and I observe there will be the less inconvenience, as Messrs. Cortlandt and Platt observe, that they had such a surplus of Men as to enable them to discharge a Number. I am etc.
[Note 74: Capt. Richard Platt, of the First New York Regiment.]
[Note 75: Col. John Fellows. He was, later, brigadier general, Massachusetts Militia.]
P.S. with respect to Amunition, I had flattered myself, that the Provincial Stock, would not only have been sufficient for the purposes of its immediate defence, but in case of necessity, have assisted us; I shall endeavour, under a late Direction of Congress, to procure what is to be had from the adjoining Mills.
Head Quarters, New York, July 19, 1776.
Gentn.: I am favored with yours of the 17th. Inst. My unacquaintedness with Hudsons River and with every other circumstance, necessary to form a judgment of the mode of defending it, will incapacitate me, from giving you the Assistance and advice you politely ask. I must entirely refer it to your own Judgment and skill, only assuring you, that it will give me great pleasure, if any thing effectual can be done, and that I will most readily give all the assistance in my power. I had some Intentions of throwing obstructions in the Passage at Mount Washington, but so many difficulties and obstacles have retarded it, that I much fear my being able to compleat it. however it is a Matter so purely confidential, if it can be effected, that I must desire the most profound Secresy may be observed on the Subject. I heartily wish you Success in the Measures you may adopt, and am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 19, 1776.
Gentn.: I enclose you a Copy of a Resolution of the Provincial Convention of the State of New York, dated the 16th. Instant recommending it to all the General and Sub Committees, to apprehend and secure all such Persons, whose going at large at this Critical time, they may deem dangerous to the Safety of the State. As this City is hourly threatened with an attack from a powerful Enemy; and as there is too much reason to apprehend, from their Vicinity to this City, and from the number of Suspicious Characters still in it, that they may recieve intelligence, which may counteract all my Operations for its defence, I strongly recommend it to you to remove, for some time, all equivocal and suspicious Characters. This appears to me to be the Spirit of the Resolution of the Provincial Convention; and the propriety of it is founded on the Law of Self preservation, and confirmed by the Practice of all Nations in a State of War.
I esteem it my duty to add my recommendation, to that of the Provincial Convention, that if, through an Ill timed lenity, my attempts to secure this Province should be Baffled, the blame of it may not be imputed to my want of Vigilance.
I have inclosed a list of Persons represented as dangerous,76 as I can only speak from Information, I must rely upon your taking proper Steps with them; unless, from your better knowledge, you determine them of different Characters than Represented. I am etc.
[Note 76: Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene handled this loyalist business. He wrote (July 27) reporting his experience with these Tories: "I have examined the prisoners, and find them to be a poor parcel of Ignorant, Cowardly fellows. Two are Taylors, named John and Isaac Dunbar, and the other two common labourers named Petit and Will Smith. They candidly confess, that they set off with an intention of going to Staten Island, but not with any intention of Joining the Enemy; but to get out of the way of fighting here....There has been a draught amongst the Militia to fill the New Levies, and it was rumored that these were a part that were drawn. It was also reported, that they were to go to the Northern Army, and that almost all that went there dyed or were killed. The prospect was so shocking to them, and to their GrandMothers and Aunts, I believe they perswaded them to run away. Never did I see fellows more frighted, they wept like a parcel of Children, and appear exceeding sorrowful....I beg your Excellency's direction how to dispose of them, they dont appear to be acquainted with one public matter. They have been Toryish; but I fancy not from principle, but from its being the prevailing Sentiment in the County." Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 20, 1776.
Parole Newington. Countersign Ormond.
Daniel Grimes of Capt. Shaw's80 Company Colo. Marshal's Regiment tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Webb was President was found guilty of "Desertion," but some
[Note 80: Capt. John Shaw, of Col. Thomas Marshall's regiment, Massachusetts Militia.] favourable Circumstances appearing in the person's behalf, his punishment is remitted. The Provost Marshal is ordered to deliver him to Capt. Tilton,81 in order to be put into some Regiment, to do duty here, until a good opportunity offers, to send him to his own.
[Note 81: Capt. Philip Tilton, of the Eighth Continental Infantry.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 21, 1776.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersign Quebec.
William Baker of Capt. Johnsons82 Company, in Col. McDougall's Regiment, charged with "absenting himself several days from the Camp without permission," having been tried by a General Court Martial, whereof Col Webb was President, and found guilty, was sentenced to receive Twenty Lashes. The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be executed, at the usual time and place.
[Note 82: Capt, John Johnson, of the First New York Regiment.]
Sergt. Ballard, late of General Lee's Guard, now in Custody, for having presumed to give a pass to a person to cross the East River; appearing to have done it more thro' Ignorance than Design:--The General is pleased to discharge him, but if any inferior officer shall hereafter take such a liberty, he will be severely punished: It being again declared that Passes to Citizens, or Country People, are only to be granted by John Berrian, Henry Wilmot and John Ray Junr. or one of them--Passes to officers and soldiers only by a Major General; the Brigadier General of the Brigade to which the person belongs; the Adjutant General, or General's Secretary, or Aide-de-Camps.
The General has great pleasure in communicating to the officers, and soldiers of this Army, the signal success of the American Arms under General Lee at South Carolina. The Enemy having attempted to land at the same time that a most furious Cannonade for twelve hours was made upon the Fortifications near Charlestown; Both Fleet and Army have been repulsed with great loss by a small number of gallant troops just raised. The Enemy have had one hundred and seventy two men, killed and wounded, among whom were several officers; Two capital Ships much damaged; one Frigate of Twenty-eight Guns entirely lost being abandoned and blown up by the Crew and others so hurt that they will want great repair before they can be fit for service; And all with a loss on our Part of ten killed and twenty-two wounded. The Firmness, Courage and Bravery of our Troops, has crowned them with immediate Honor. The dying Heroes conjured their Brethren never to abandon the Standard of Liberty, and even those who had lost their Limbs, continued at their posts: Their Gallantry and Spirit extorted applause from their enemies, who dejected and defeated, have retired to their former station, out of the reach of our troops.
This glorious Example of our Troops, under the like Circumstances with us, The General hopes will animate every officer, and soldier, to imitate, and even out do them, when the enemy shall make the same attempt on us: With such a bright example before us, of what can be done by brave and spirited men, fighting in defence of their Country, we shall be loaded with a double share of Shame and Infamy, if we do not acquit ourselves with Courage, or a determined Resolution to conquer or die: With this hope and confidence, and that this Army will have its equal share of Honour, and Success; the General most earnestly exhorts every officer, and soldier, to pay the utmost attention to his Arms, and Health; to have the former in the best order for Action, and by Cleanliness and Care, to preserve the latter; to be exact in their discipline, obedient to their Superiors and vigilant on duty: With such preparation, and a suitable Spirit there can be no doubt, but by the blessing of Heaven, we shall repel our cruel Invaders; preserve our Country, and gain the greatest Honor.
A working party of one hundred and fifty men, properly officered, to parade to morrow morning on the Grand parade, six O'Clock, with their Arms and one days provision, to go up to Kingsbridge by water, to relieve the party which went up the 15th. Instant; to apply to General Putnam for boats.
The General is much pleased with the alacrity of the men in doing Fatigue duty; and being resolved to ease them as much as the service will admit, directs that until further Orders, the men who are to go upon Fatigue shall be excused from turning out to their Alarm posts for that day, unless in case of real alarm.
New York, July 21, 1776.
Sir: I have just time to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 19th. The Interesting Intelligence of the Success of our Arms in the Southern Department gives me the highest Satisfaction.83 Permit me to join my Joy to the Congratulations of Congress upon the Event. To Morrow I will write you more fully.
[Note 83: A copy of Maj. Gen. Charles Lee's letter to Congress (July 2) announcing the defeat of the British at Charleston, S.C., and also copies of the accounts of various persons of the attack on Fort Moultrie, S.C., had been inclosed in the letter of the 19th to Washington.]
2 O'Clock P.M. I this moment had report made me, that Ten Ships were seen in the Offing, coming in. I suppose part of Admiral Howe's Fleet. I have &ca.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 21, 1776.
Sir: As we have the strongest reason to believe, the period is just at hand or will soon be, when we shall have the most pressing occasion for Troops, successfully to oppose and defeat the formidable Army we expect against us; I confess I feel myself not a little concerned for the slow manner in which the Levies come in, that were required by Congress, and which will be essential to counteract the efforts of our Enemies.
Not many more, than Twelve hundred of the Quota to be furnished by your State are yet arrived, and I am apt to conclude that it will be a long time before the whole can be made up by Voluntary Inlistments. As the succour they are meant to afford, by the delay that may attend that mode of raising them, may be too late and after an important Stroke has been given us: I submit it to your consideration, whether it may not be prudent, to devise some other way by which they may be raised, and their Aid immediately had.
Voluntary Inlistments, without doubt are preferable to any other mode, if they could be effected in time, and what I would wish for, But as there is too much reason to fear they cannot, from the small progress already made; the critical Situation of our affairs requires, that other means should be used; and in full Confidence, that nothing will be omitted on the part of your Honorable Body, to forward the Quota required of them by Congress. I am etc.
P.S. Ten Sail of Ships are just discovered in the Offing below Sandy Hook, what they are, I know not as yet.
Head Quarters, New York, July 21, 1776.
Gentn.: Yours of the 18th. Inst. I duly received and note the Contents, and am very sorry to hear the Forts in the Highlands are in so defenceless a Situation. Thro' such Variety of business, which calls my closest attention, it has been, and still is, Impossible for me personally to reconnoitre all the different Posts under my Command: but was so sensible of the Importance of the Fortresses in the High Lands, that I ordered Lord Stirling to visit them, which he did early in the Summer, and reported to me their Situation at that time; and thro' his representations, I continued two Gentlemen in Continental pay, who were acting as Engineers, under orders from the Authority of this State; I have repeatedly pressed Col. Clinton to spare no pains to put them on the best footing Possible, and indeed, I had reason to suppose they were in tolerable order to Receive the Enemy. By the Returns there appears to be 6, 32 pounders besides some 9, 6, 4, and 3 pounders, and enclosed is a Letter for Governor Trumbull, beging him to assist you all in his power. We were so short of Matrosses, that I was necessitated to draft 600 from the different Battalions to join the Artillery in this Place. The 14. with Colo. Clinton, are of the old Regiment and experienced; to these he may add, by drafting a sufficient number of Stout Active Men from the other Corps under his Command, and put them immediately to exercising the Artillery. 'Tis not in my Power to reinforce those Garrisons with more Men; as but about 5,000 of the New Levies have yet arrived in Camp out of 15,000 Ordered; I will this day send up Mr. Machin a Lieut. of the Train, who has just returned from overseeing the Works at Boston; he is as proper a person, as any I can send, being an ingenious faithful hand, and one that has had considerable experience as an Engineer; I shall enjoin on him to attend closely to the business he is going to execute. Rest assured Gentn. that every assistance in my power shall be most chearfully granted and that I am with Esteem, Yours &c.
P.S. to the above was added the Acct. of the Battle of Sullivan's Island, Charlestown South Carolina.85
[Note 85: See note to Washington's letter to Congress, July 19, 1776, ante.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 21, 1776.
Sir: The Bearer Lt. Machine I have sent to act as an Engineer in the Posts under your Command, and at such other Places as may be thought necessary. He is an ingenious Man and has given great Satisfaction as an Engineer at Boston, from which he is just returned.
I have received from the secret Committee, a Representation of your Want of Matrosses, which can be supplied in no other Way, but by drafting those that are proper, from other Corps, and exercising them to the Artillery. It is what we have been obliged to do here.
The Men thus drafted may be considered as remaining with their own Regiments, and only doing Duty with the Train on the present Occasion. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 21, 1776.
Sir: You are without Delay to proceed for Fort Montgomery or Constitution in the High Lands on Hudson's River, and there put yourself under Command of Colonel James Clinton or commanding Officer there, to act as Engineer in compleating such Works, as are or may be laid out for the Defence of the River, and adjacent Defiles on each Side the River.
Your being steady and giving close Attention to this Business is necessary. 'Tis, therefore, expected and required of you, that you personally attend where you may be most wanted to forward the Works.
In Case of an Attack from the Enemy, or in any Engagement with them, you are to join the Train of Artillery on that Station, and act according to your Office. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 22, 1776.
Parole Richmond. Countersign Savoy.
The Orderly Serjeants who attend at Head Quarters, are hereafter to bring their dinners, and wait 'till they are regularly relieved.
As it is much to be feared the state of the necessary Houses in the City, may endanger the health of the troops quartered there; It is recommended to the officers, and men, to guard against it as much as possible, and if any method can be fallen on to remove or lessen the inconvenience, to apply to the Barrack Master for that purpose.
The General has noticed with pleasure the care of the Troops in the Encampments on this subject, He hopes they will continue it for the sake of their own healths and the credit of the army.
It being represented to the General, that many Regiments would at this season chuse to lessen their Rations of Meat and supply it with Vegetables, if they could be permitted: His Concern for the health of the troops, and desire to gratify them in every reasonable request, induces him to direct, that the Colonels of such Regiments, as choose to adopt this plan, signify it to the Commissary General, and in two days afterwards the Quarter Master of such Regiment, be allowed to draw one quarter part of the usual Rations in Money to be laid out in Vegetables for his Regiment.
Passes from Col Knox, for the officers and soldiers of the Artillery only, to be sufficient to pass the ferries.
New York, July 22, 1776.
Sir: Your favors of the 18th. and 19th., with which you have been pleased to honor me have been duly received with the several Resolves alluded to.
When the Letter and Declaration from Lord Howe to Mr. Franklin and the other late Governors come to be published I should suppose the warmest advocates for Dependance on the British Crown must be silent, and be convinced, beyond all possibility of doubt, that all that has been said about the Commissioners was illusory and calculated expressly to deceive and unguard, not only the Good People of our own Country, but those of the English Nation that were averse to the proceedings of the King and Ministry.86 Hence we see the cause why a specification of their Powers were not given the Mayor and City of London on their Address requesting it, that would have been dangerous, because it would then been manifest, that the Line of Conduct they were to persue would be totally variant from that they had Industriously propagated and amused the Public with. The Uniting the Civil and Military Offices in the same Persons too, must be conclusive to every thinking one, that there is to be but little Negociation of the Civil Kind.
[Note 86: These letters from Richard, Lord Howe, to Govs. William Franklin, John Penn, Robert Eden, Lord Dunmore, Josiah Martin, and Sir James Wright had been sent to Amboy under a flag of truce and forwarded by Washington to Congress, which decided that the letters should "be published in the several gazettes, that the good people of these United States may be informed of what nature are the commissioners, and what the terms, with the expectation of which, the insidious court of Britain has endeavoured to amuse and disarm them, and that the few, who still remain suspended by a hope founded either in the justice or moderation of their late King, may now, at length, be convinced, that the valour alone of their country is to save its liberties." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, July 19, 1776.) The letters were published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, July 24, 1776.]
I have inclosed for the Satisfaction of Congress the substance of what passed between myself and Lieut. Colonel Patterson, Adjutant General, at an Interview had Yesterday in consequence of a Request, from General Howe the day before, to which I beg leave to refer them for particulars.87
[Note 87: A memorandum of the interview between Lieut. Col. lames Patterson, of the Sixty-third Foot, British Army, and General Washington was ordered published by Congress (July 26):
"The following is an exact state of what passed at the interview between his Excellency General Washington and Colonel Patterson, Adjutant General of the army under General Howe, July 20, 1776.
"After usual compliments, in which, as well as through the whole conversation, Col. Patterson addressed General Washington by the title of Excellency, Col. Patterson entered upon the business by saying, that General Howe much regretted the difficulties which had arisen respecting the address of the letters to General Washington; that it was deemed consistent with propriety, and founded upon precedents of the like nature by Ambassadors and Plenipotentiaries where disputes or difficulties of rank had arisen; that General Washington might recollect he had, last summer, addressed a letter to General Howe, To the Hon. William Howe, Esq., that Lord Howe and General Howe did not mean to derogate from the respective rank of General Washington; that they held his person and character in the highest esteem; that the direction, with the addition of &c. &c. &c. implied everything that ought to follow. He then produced a letter which he did not directly offer to General Washington, but observed that it was the same letter which had been sent, and laid it on the table, with a superscription to George Washington, &c. &c. &c. The General declined the letter, and said, that a letter directed to a person in a public character, should have some description or indication of it, otherwise it would appear a mere private letter; that it was true the &c. &c. &c. implied everything, and they also implied anything; that the letter to General Howe alluded to, was an answer to one received under a like address from him, which the officer on duty having taken, he did not think proper to return, but answered it in the same mode of address; that he should absolutely decline any letter directed to him as a private person, when it related to his public station. Colonel Patterson then said, that General Howe would not urge his delicacy further, and repeated his assertions, that no failure of respect was intended. He then said that he would endeavor, as well as he could, to recollect General Howe's sentiments on the letter and resolves of Congress, sent him a few days before, respecting the treatment of our prisoners in Canada. 'That the affairs of Canada were in another department, not subject to the control of General Howe, but that he and Lord Howe utterly disapproved of every infringement of the rights of humanity.' Colonel Patterson then took a paper out of his pocket; and, after looking it over, said he had expressed nearly the words. General Washington then said that he had also forwarded a copy of the resolves to General Burgoyne. To which Colonel Patterson replied, he did not doubt a proper attention would be paid to them, and that he (General Washington) was sensible that cruelty was not the characteristic of the British nation. Colonel Patterson then proceeded to say he had it in charge to mention the case of General Prescott, who, they were informed was treated with such rigor, that, under his age and infirmities, fatal consequences might be apprehended.
"General Washington replied that General Prescott's treatment had not fallen under his notice; that all persons under his particular direction, he had treated with kindness, and made their situation as easy and comfortable as possible; that he did not know where General Prescott was, but believed his treatment very different from their information. General Washington then mentioned the case of Colonel Allen, and the officers who had been confined in Boston gaol. As to the first, Colonel Patterson answered that General Howe had no knowledge of it but by information from General Washington, and that the Canada department was not under his direction or control; that as to the other prisoners at Boston, whenever the state of the army at Boston admitted it, they were treated with humanity and even indulgence; that he asserted this upon his honor, and should be happy in an opportunity to prove it.
"General Washington then observed, that the conduct of several of the officers would well have warranted a different treatment from what they had received; some having refused to give any parole, and others having broke it when given, by escaping or endeavoring so to do. Colonel Patterson answered, that as to the first, they misunderstood the matter very much, and seemed to have mistook the line of propriety exceedingly; and as to the latter, General Howe utterly disapproved and condemned their conduct.
"That if a remonstrance was made, such violations of good faith would be severely punished; but that he hoped General Washington was too just to draw public inferences from the misbehavior of some private individuals; that bad men were to be found in every class and society; that such behavior was considered as a dishonor to the British army. Colonel Patterson then proceeded to say, that the goodness and benevolence of the King had induced him to appoint Lord Howe and General Howe his commissioners, to accommodate this unhappy dispute, that they had great powers, and would derive the greatest pleasure from effecting an accommodation; and that he (Colonel Patterson) wished to have this visit considered as making the first advances to this desirable object. General Washington replied, he was not vested with any powers on this subject by those from whom he derived his authority and power. But from what had appeared or transpired on this head, Lord Howe and General Howe were only to grant pardons; that those who had committed no fault wanted no pardon, that we were only defending what we deemed our indisputable right. Colonel Patterson said that would open a very wide field for argument. He then expressed his apprehensions that an adherence to forms was likely to obstruct business of the greatest moment and concern.
"He then observed that a proposal had been formerly made of exchanging Governor Skene for Mr. Lovell; that he now had authority to accede to that proposal. General Washington replied, that the proposition had been made by the direction of Congress, and having been then rejected, he could not now renew the business, or give any answer, till he had previously communicated it to them.
"Colonel Patterson behaved with the greatest attention and politeness during the whole business, expressed strong acknowledgements that the usual ceremony of blinding his eyes had been dispensed with. At the breaking up of the conference, General Washington strongly invited him to partake of a small collation provided for him, which he politely declined, alledging his late breakfast, and an impatience to return to General Howe, though he had not executed his commission so amply as he wished. Finding he did not propose staying, he was introduced to the general officers, after which he took his leave, and was safely conducted to his own boat, which waited for him about four miles distant from the city. Made public by order of Congress."
This was published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, July 31, 1776. A memorandum of the same, in the writing of Joseph Reed, is in the Washington Papers.]
Col: Knox of the Train, having often mentioned to me, the necessity of having a much more numerous body of Artillerists, than what there now is, in case the present Contest should continue longer, and knowing the deficiency in this Instance and their extreme usefullness; I desired him to commit his Ideas upon the Subject to writing, in Order that I might transmit them to Congress for their consideration, agreeable to my request he has done it, and the propriety of his plan is now submitted for their decision.88 It is certain that we have not more at this Time than are sufficient for the several extensive Posts we now have, including the Drafts which he speaks of, and which, I presume, not only, from what he has Informed me, but from the Nature of the thing, can never be Qualified to render the same
[Note 88: By resolve of Congress (July 24) the plan was ordered to be put into execution as soon as possible. Knox's plan accompanies his letter, which is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] service, as if they were regularly appointed and Formed into a Corps for that particular purpose.
I beg leave to remind Congress that some time ago I laid before them the proposals of some persons here for forming a Company of Light Horse, and of the President's Answer a little time after intimating that the plan seemed to be approved of, as those who wanted to make up the Troop are frequently pressing me for an Answer, I could wish to be favoured with the decision of Congress upon the Subject.
By a Letter from General Schuyler of the 14th. Instant, dated at Albany, he informs me, that the day before, some desperate designs of the Tories in that Quarter had been discovered, the particulars of which he could not divulge, being under an Oath of Secrecy. However, that such measures had been taken as to promise a prevention of the intended Mischief, and that four of the Conspirators, among them a Ringleader, were apprehended, about one O'Clock that Morning not far from the town. What the plot was, or who were concerned in it, is a Matter I am Ignorant of as yet. With my best regards to Congress. I have the Honor etc.
P. S. Congress will please to observe, what was proposed respecting the Exchange of Mr. Lovel and signify their pleasure in your next. [The last Weeks return is also Inclosed.]89
[Note 89: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in Washington's writing. The return showed a strength of rank and file fit for duty, not counting officers, of 10,439. The original return is in the office of The Adjutant General, War Department, Washington, D.C.]
New York, July 22, 1776.
Sir: Congress having been pleased to appoint Mr. Wilper to the command of a Company in the German Batallion now raising, I have directed him to repair to Philadelphia for their Orders.
From my acquaintance with him, I am persuaded his conduct as an Officer will meet their approbation, and thanking them for their kind attention to my recommendation of him. I have the Honor &ca.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 22, 1776.
Dear Brother: Whether you wrote to me or I to you last, I cannot undertake to say; but as it is sometime since a Letter has past and as I expect every hour to he engaged in two busy a Scene to allow time for writing private Letters, I will take an oppertunity by this day's post to address to you a few lines, giving a brief acct. of the Situation of Affairs in this Quarter.
To begin then, we have a powerful Fleet within full view of us, distant about 8 Miles. We have General Howes present Army, consisting, by good report of abt. Eight or Nine thousand Men upon Staten Island, covered by their Ships. We have Lord Howe just arrived (that is about 10 days ago) and we have Ships now popping In, which we suppose, but don't know, to be part of the Fleet with the expected Reinforcement. When this arrives, if the Report of Deserters, Prisoners, and Tories are to be depended upon the Enemy's number will amount at least to 25,000 Men; ours to about 15,000, more indeed are expected, but there is no certainty of their arrival, as Harvest and a thousand other excuses are urged for the Reasons of delay. What kind of opposition we shall be able to make time only can shew. I can only say that the Men appear to be in good Spirits, and if they will stand by me the place shall not be carried without some loss, notwithstanding we are not yet in such a posture of defence as I cd wish.
Two Ships, to wit, the Phoenix of 44 Guns, and Rose of 20, Run by our Batteries on the 12th; exhibiting a proof of what I had long most religiously believed; and that is, that a Vessel, with a brisk Wind and strong Tide, cannot (unless by a chance Shott) be stopp'd by a Battery without you could place some obstructions in the Water to impede her Motion within reach of your Guns. We do not know that these Ships received any Capital Injury; in their Rigging they were somewhat damaged, and several Shot went through their Hulls; but few if any Lives were lost. They now, with three Tenders, which accompanied them lye up the North or Hudsons River abt. 40 Miles above this place and have totally cut off all Communication (by Water) between this City and Albany; and this Army and that of ours upon the Lakes; they may have had other motives inducing them to run up the River, such as supplying the Tories with Arms, &ca.,&ca., but such a vigilant watch has hitherto been kept upon them that I fancy they have succeeded but indifferently in those respects, notwithstanding this Country abounds in disaffected Persons of the most diabolical dispositions and Intentions, as you may have perceived by the several publications in the Gazette, relative to their designs of destroying this Army by treachery and Bribery, which was provadentially discover'd.
It is the general Report of Deserters and Prisoners, and a prevailing opinion here, that no attempt will be made by Genl. How till his reinforcement arrives, which as I said before is hourly expected. Our Situation at present, both with respect to Men, and other matters is such, as not to make it advisable to attempt any thing against them, surrounded as they are by Water and covered with Ships, least a miscarriage should be productive of unhappy and fatal consequences. It is provoking nevertheless to have them so near, without being able in their weakest [part to give] them any disturbance. [The ships] that past us are also saf[ely moored] in a broad part of the River, out [of reach] of shott from either shore.91
[Note 91: Original mutilated; the words in brackets are probable readings.]
Mrs. Washington is now at Philadelphia and has thoughts of returning to Virginia as there is little or no prospect of her being with me any part of this Summer. I beg of you to present my Love to my Sister and the Children; and Compliments to any enquiring friends and do me the justice to believe that I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 23, 1776.
Parole Trenton. Countersign Upton.
Lieut. Fuller of Capt. Keyes93 Company, 20th. Regimt. tried by a General Court Martial of which Lieut. Col Hobby was President, for "Inoculating, and disobedience of orders"--is honorably acquitted, and discharged from his arrest.
[Note 93: Lieut. Josiah Fuller, of Capt. John Keyes's company, Twentieth Continental Infantry.]
It is with great astonishment and surprise, the General hears that Soldiers inlist from one Corps to another, and frequently receive a bounty; and that some officers have knowingly received such men; so glaring a fraud upon the public, and injury to the service, will be punished in the most exemplary manner: And the General most earnestly requests, and expects, of every good officer, who loves his Country, not only to oppose such practices, but to make the offenders known, that they may be brought to justice.
New York, July 23, 1776.
Sir: I received your favour of Yesterday, and in answer thereto, I am to inform you, at the same time that I commend the good Intentions which you profess induced your Countrymen94 to leave their Families and Homes, that I have done the only thing in my power to favour their views.
[Note 94: Baron de Calbiac came from Guadeloupe.]
On their first arrival and introduction to me, I gave them a letter to the Continental Congress, to whom it was necessary to make known their wishes and from whom any Appointments they expect, must come. This, I am persuaded, you are sensible of, and would wish you to communicate to them. Their pretensions will be duly considered, and if supported by proper Credentials, I make no doubt but suitable Regard will be had to their Merits.
Your and their good Sense will readily suggest the Propriety and Expediency of their furnishing some testimonial and recommendation previous to any appointment: These would have been proper at any time, but the late instance of treachery and ingratitude in Monsieur ... 95 in deserting and taking the Command of a party of the Enemy in Canada, after he had been promoted to Office in the service of the United Colonies, makes them indispensably necessary. Though I do not entertain the least suspicion of the Honour and Integrity of the Gentlemen of whom you write, or mean to insinuate that a conduct like Monsieur ... would frequently happen.
[Note 95: The name is left blank in the "Letter Book."]
I might further add, that the unacquaintance of our Soldiers with any Language but their own, makes them rather unwilling and impatient under the Command of Foreigners, unless they axe Men of high reputation. Nor will they consent thereto but on that account and where they profess great Military knowledge. It therefore follows that any Appointments these Gentlemen may obtain, will not be attended with any good purposes or satisfaction to themselves, unless they are to [be in a] Corps of their own people, or those who understand their Language. I am, Sir, etc.
New York, July 23, 1776.
Sir: I was honoured with your favor of the 20th., by Yesterday's Post; since which and my Letter, nothing of moment has occurred.
The Ships mentioned in my Letter of the 21st. to have been in the Offing, got in that day, and are supposed to be part of the Scotch Fleet, having landed some Highlanders Yesterday.
Inclosed I have the honor to Transmit you, Copies of a Letter and Sundry Resolutions which I received last Night from the Convention of this State. They will inform you of the computed Number of Inhabitants and Stock upon Nassau Island,96 and their Sentiments on the Impracticability of removing the Latter, and also of the means they think necessary and likely to secure them.
[Note 96: The old name of Long Island.]
I have also inclosed a Letter from Mr. Faesh97 to Lord Stirling, upon the Subject of a Cannon Furnace for the use of the States. Congress will see his plan and proposals and determine upon them as they shall Judge proper. I am &ca.98
[Note 97: John Jacob Faesh, owner of blast furnaces at Mount Hope, N. J.]
[Note 98: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 23, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the pleasure of writing you by this mornings post, I was favoured with a Letter from Governor Trumbull, a Copy of which is inclosed and to which I beg leave to refer you.
In regard to the Stock he mentions, I wrote to him, requesting that they might be removed from the Islands on which they were, as I conceived it of great Importance to distress the Enemy, as much as possible, in the article of fresh provision. I wish the other Governments may follow his Example and have it removed from the Islands belonging to them respectively.
When the Ships of War and Tenders went up the River, It was thought expedient that application should be made for the Connecticut Row Gallies and those belonging to Rhode Island, in order to attempt some thing for their destruction. As soon as they arrive we shall try to employ them in some useful way; but in what, or how successfully I cannot at present determine.
Congress will please to observe what Mr. Trumbull respecting the Continental Regiment raising under Colonel Ward. If they incline to give any Orders about their destination you will please to communicate them by the earliest Opportunity, as their March will be suspended 'till they are known.
The Orders Mr. Trumbull has given to the Officers of their Cruizers to stop Provision Vessels seem to be necessary; we have too much reason to believe, that some have gone voluntarily to the Enemy and that there are many persons who would contrive to furnish them with large supplies, and however upright the Intentions of others may be, It will be a matter of the utmost difficulty, if not an impossibility, for any to escape falling into their hands now, as every part of the Coast, it is probable, will swarm with their Ships of War and Tenders. I had proposed writing to the Convention of this State upon the Subject, before I received his Letter, and am now more persuaded of the necessity of their taking some steps to prevent further exportations down the Sound. In my next I shall inform them of the Intelligence received from Mr. Trumbull and recommend the Matter to their attention. I have the Honor to be &ca.
P. S. It appears absolutely necessary, that the Exportation of Provision should be stopped. Our Army is large and otherwise may want. Nor can Individuals be injured, as they have a ready money market for every thing they have to dispose of in that way.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 24, 1776.
Sir: I was honoured yesterday with your favor of the 17th Inst. and return you my thanks for your kind attention to and compliance with my request for the Row Gallies. They are not yet arrived as I know of.
I wrote Congress by the return Express that brought yours, respecting Colo Ward's Regiment, and as the Post comes in every day, It is probable I shall soon have their Answer. The result, I will transmit you by the first opportunity, and would recommend, that the Regiment be put under Marching orders, that they may proceed without loss of time whatever way Congress shall direct.
The orders you have given to your Armed Cruizers, for stopping provision Vessels, appear to me extremely necessary. I have mentioned the Matter to Congress, and shall warmly recommend it to the consideration of the Convention of this State. If it should be attended with Inconvenience to individuals; Yet necessity and Public utility, ought to be first considered and outweigh every thing else. But it Cannot, there is nothing but what they can readily dispose of, for the use of the Army and for ready Cash, so that every ground of Objection, must be nugatory. I am &c.
New York, July 24, 1776.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 20th Inst. with it several inclosures. I observe the Sentiments of your Honorable Body, on the impracticability of removing the Stock from Nassau Island, and the Measures they have adopted for securing them there and protecting the Inhabitants, and sincerely wish they may prove adequate.
I have long since and frequently requested the Commissary, to purchase all the fatted Cattle and Sheep from the Island, that he possibly could in preference to any other; he informs me that he has had many from thence, and that he now has persons employed in different parts for that purpose. The expediency of the measure strikes me so forcibly, that you may depend every means in my power, will be directed to its execution.
Agreeable to your request, I shall Continue Col. Livingston2 at his present Post, for the protection of the Inhabitants against the Insults of the Enemy's Cruizers, unless something should happen to make his removal necessary.
[Note 2: Col. Henry Beekman Livingston, of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
When the several Regiments are raised and I am certified thereof, and of the Places of Rendesvous, I will direct the Muster Master General to attend and Compleat the Musters.
Governor Trumbull having Informed me by Letter Yesterday, that since the arrival of the Fleet at the Hook, many of the Enemy's Frigates and Ships have been stationed between Montauk Point and Block Island, to intercept the Trade from the Sound, and in which they had been but too successful in taking several provision Vessels, and of the impossibility, that any should escape falling into their hands; he had ordered the Armed Vessels in the Service of Connecticut, to stop and detain all Vessels going down the Sound with Provisions, till the Continental Congress or the Convention of the States to which they belong, could be apprized of the hazards attending their proceeding in their Voyages and give orders thereon. I beg leave to recommend the Matter to the Consideration of your Honble. Body, and submit it to them, whether it may not be expedient to lay a General Embargo, or prohibition upon all exports of this kind from your State, except such as the Congress or yourselves may order. The propriety of keeping the Enemy from supplies of this Sort, and providing a Sufficiency for our own Army is so evident, that words are unnecessary upon the Subject. However I cannot but observe as my opinion, that the former will be impossible to effect, unless some General restraining regulation is come into. No care, nor Industry, nor honesty, on the part of Exporters, will be able to elude the Vigilance and Activity of their almost Innumerable Cruizers. But when iris considered, that as long as a free export of any Articles of this Nature is tollerated, disaffected Persons may easily fall into their hands with impunity, nor any means be left us to asscertain their Guilt. When there is strong reason to believe, that some have designedly done so, and almost incontestible proof, from Sundry depositions of deserters and others, that a Ship that went from hence, sailed with no other View and joined the Enemy at the Hook; I incline to think the measure not only advisable but Necessary; Especially, as the large Consumption of Provision by our Army, affords and will afford a ready Cash Market, for all that Individuals may have to dispose of, and take away every objection of injury on that head; were it otherwise, private advantages and Emoluments must always give place to the public good when they are incompatible.
The last deserters from the Enemy Inform us, since they have heard of our forming a Camp at Amboy, they have talked much of turning their Views to long Island and regaling themselves with large Supplies of Provisions they intend to get from thence. This is an additional circumstance, to induce the Commissary to purchase the Cattle, there before any other. I have the honor etc.
P. S. When the Ships of War &c run up the River, I wrote Governors Trumbull and Cooke for some of their Row Gallies; supposing they might be of Service, in attempting something against the Ships. I expect three or four every hour, besides the one I have. If the secret Committee are forming any plan against the Ships, in which they think they may be usefully employed, If they will let me know, I shall be glad to Co-operate with them and furnish every Assistance the Gallies can give, if not otherwise materially engaged.
I am just now informed, that the Ship mentioned above to have gone to the Enemy was fitted out by the Congress, under the Command of a Captain Hilton3 who has acted this base part.
[Note 3: Captain Hilton's ship was captured by the Connecticut armed sloop Spy. Governor Trumbull wrote to the New York Legislature respecting the capture and, in reply, was favored with a resolve (July 23) forbidding the exportation of provisions from New York City under penalty of being held an enemy to the United States.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 24, 1776.
Parole Virginia. Countersign Wales.
Each Brigadier, with the Colonel and commanding officer of the several Regiments in his Brigade, are to meet and estimate the quantity of paper, absolutely necessary to serve a Regiment for Returns, and other public Uses for a Month, and make report thereof to the General at Orderly time on Friday next, that the Quarter Master General may be directed to provide & deliver the same Monthly to the Colonels, for the use of their respective regiments.4
[Note 4: A ream per month to each regiment was thought sufficient. The estimate, dated July 25, 1776, submitted jointly by Nathanael Greene, James Mitchell Varnum, Daniel Hitchcock, Moses Little, and Edward Hand, is in the Washington Papers.]
The General being sensible of the dificulty, and expence of providing Cloaths, of almost any kind, for the Troops, feels an unwillingness to recommend, much more to order, any kind of Uniform, but as it is absolutely necessary that men should have Cloaths and appear decent and tight, he earnestly encourages the use of Hunting Shirts, with long Breeches, made of the same Cloth, Gaiter fashion about the Legs, to all those yet unprovided. No Dress can be had cheaper, nor more convenient, as the Wearer may be cool in warm weather, and warm in cool weather by putting on under Cloaths which will not change the outward dress, Winter or Summer--Besides which it is a dress justly supposed to carry no small terror to the enemy, who think every such person a complete Marksman.
Head Quarters, New York, July 25, 1776.
Parole Abington. Countersign Bedford.
Care to be taken in future, that the Provost Marshal's Guard be properly officered, there having been a Complaint made on that head.
Henry Davis tried for "Desertion" is sentenced to receive Twenty Lashes; Patrick Lyons for "Drunkenness and sleeping on his post," Thirty Lashes.
Letter from the President of CongressIt is with inexpressible concern, the General sees Soldiers fighting in the Cause of Liberty, and their Country, committing Crimes most destructive to the army, and which in all other Armies are punished with Death--What a shame and reproach will it be if Soldiers fighting to enslave us, for two pence, or three pence a day, should be more regular, watchful and sober, than Men who are contending for every thing that is dear and valuable in life.
The Hon. Continental Congress, in consideration of the Serjeant Majors, Quarter Master Serjeant's, Drum and Fife Majors, not having pay adequate to their Service, and hoping it will excite them to Vigilance and Industry, have been pleased to increase the pay of them, officers having no other appointment One Dollar pr Month, to commence the 16th. Inst. Those Soldiers who have entered on board the Row Galley, commanded by ... Cook,5 are to repair immediately on board, and the officers of the Regiment to which they respectively belong, are to forward them as much as possible, as the service is of the most important kind.
[Note 5: Probably Capt. Robert Cook, commander of an armed galley known as Lady Washington.]
Peter Gusden Esqr. is appointed Major of Brigade to Brigadier General Heard, and is to be obeyed and respected as such.
New York, July 25, 1776.
Sir: Disagreeable as it is to me, and unpleasing as it may be to Congress to multiply Officers, I find myself under the unavoidable necessity of asking an Increase of my Aid de Camps. The augmentation of my Command, the Increase of my Corrispondance, the Orders to give; the Instructions to draw, cut out more business than I am able to execute in time, with propriety. The business of so many different departments centering with me, and by me to be handed on to Congress for their information, added to the Intercourse I am Obliged to keep up with the adjacent States and incidental Occurrences, all of which requiring confidential (and not hack) writers to execute, renders it impossible in the present State of things for my family to discharge the several duties expected of me with that precision and dispatch that I could wish. What will it be then when we come into a more active Scene, and I am called upon from twenty different places perhaps at the same Instant?
Congress will do me the Justice to believe, I hope, that it is not my Inclination or wish, to run the Continent to any unnecessary expence; and those who better know me, will not suspect that shew, and parade can have any Influence on my Mind in this Instance. A Conviction of the necessity of it, for the regular discharge of the trust reposed in me is the Governing motive for the Application, and as such is Submitted to Congress by. Sir &ca:6
[Note 6: This letter was read in Congress July 29, and Washington was immediately authorized to employ another aide-de-camp.
General Greene, in a letter to Washington (July 25), described the waste of energy demanded of the higher officers in routine matters: "I am so confined, writing passes, &c., that it is impossible for me to attend to the duties of the day, which in many instances prejudices the service. Such a confined situation leaves one no opportunity of viewing things for themselves. It is recommended, by one of the greatest Generals of the Age, not only to issue Orders, but to see to the execution; for the Army being composed of men of Indolence, If the Commander is not attentive to every Individual in the different departments, the Machine becomes dislocated, and the progress of business retarded. The science or Art of War requires a freedom of thought, and leisure to reflect upon the Various incidents that daily Occur, which cannot be had where the whole of one's time is engrossed in Clerical employments. The time devoted to this employment it not the only injury that I feel; but it confines my thoughts as well as engrosses my time. It is like a merchandise of small wares." Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 25, 1776.
Gentn.: Congress having impowred me to appoint suitable places of Rendezvous for the Battalions raising in your Government for the Northern Army and to communicate the same to you, Also to advance them one Month's pay &c., as you will perceive by the inclosed Copy of their Resolution, which I have the honor to transmit; I must request the favor of you, to direct them to March by Companies as they are raised, to Skenesborough, and there receive orders and instructions for their conduct, from the Officer Commanding the Northern Army; and also to advance the Month's pay and take every Necessary Measure, for forwarding their March and complying with the purport of the said Resolve, assuring you that whatever money may be advanced necessarily in carrying the same into execution shall be repaid to your Order.
Before I conclude, I cannot but Confess, that I do not clearly understand what Battalions Congress allude to, and therefore beg leave to refer you to the requisition, I presume they made you upon the subject. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The same letter was sent to the New Hampshire Legislature and to Governor Trumbull.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 26, 1776.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Darby.
The General Court Martial to sit to morrow for the tryal of Ensign Bryant now under arrest for "sending some Soldiers to take away old Iron, and other Materials, from the Ships now fitting for public use"--
A Guard at Harrison's Brewery to be mounted consisting of one Sub., one Serjt., one Corporal, and twenty-four Privates, every evening, and Sentries to be posted at proper distances from the Air Furnace along the Shore, 'till they come opposite to Col Baldwins quarters.
General Greene being particularly engaged at present, passes signed by Lieut. Blodget,8 are to be allowed sufficient to enable persons to cross the ferries.
[Note 8: Lieut. William Blodget, of the Eleventh Continental Infantry. He was, later, aide to Brig. Genl. Nathanael Greene.]
Complaints have been made that some of the Soldiers ill treat the Country People, who come to Market; The General most possitively forbids such behaviour, and hopes the officers will exert themselves to prevent it: Good Policy as well as Justice, demands that they should have all possible encouragement as the health of the Soldiers much depends upon supplies of Vegetables; Those who have been guilty of such practices, will do well to consider what will be our Situation, at this season, if we drive off the Country people, and break up the Market--The healthy will soon be sick, and the sick must perish for want of Necessaries: No favour will be shewn to any offenders hereafter.
Head Quarters, New York, July 26, 1776.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 23rd. Inst. is duly received, and am pleased with the timely Notice of your Situation, Strength, Movements &c. &c. and think Time is not to be lost, or Expence regarded, in getting yourselves in the best Posture of Defence, not knowing how soon the Enemy may attempt to pass you.
The Fire Rafts you mention, are not of the best Construction; but probably are the best that can be procured with the necessary Dispatch.
Cables and Anchors, I should suppose, might easily be procured from the Vessels which used to be plying up and down the River, and are now lying idle; Salt Petre from the Manufacturers in the Country, as neither are to be had in this Place.
The Necessity of the Case, will fully justify your taking the former wherever to be found, and the Safety of the People, I should imagine, would induce them to assist you to the latter, all in their Power.
I have sent up Lieutt. Machine,9 to lay out and oversee, such Works as shall be thought necessary by the Officers there, and from your Representation of the Hill which overlooks the Fort, I think it ought to be taken Possession of immediately. You, who are on the Spot, must be a better Judge than I possibly can. I must leave it with you to erect such Works as you with Colonel Clinton, and the Engineer, may think necessary.
[Note 9: Simms's History of Schoharie County (N.Y.) gives some additional biographical information as to Thomas Machin: That he was an English engineer who had been employed by Brindley in constructing the canal of the Duke of Bridgewater, and had come to America in 1772 to examine a copper mine in New Jersey. He joined the Colonists; was wounded at Bunker Hill; and, later, commissioned in Knox's regiment of artillery; laid out the fortifications around Boston after the British evacuation; and served with Sullivan on his Indian expedition. He was also present at the Siege of Yorktown.]
A proper Abstract or Pay Roll should be made out, of the Wages due the Artificers, examined and certified by you or your Brother, when it may be sent here and the Money drawn.
Your Method of fixing Fires with advanc'd Guard, if they are vigilant, must answer the Purpose you intend.
Your dismissing all the New England Men to 300, is a Step I approve of.
I hope you may continue to prevent the Enemy from obtaining any Supplies or Intelligence, and committing any Ravage on the distress'd Peasantry, on and about the Shores. While you are able to keep them in this Situation below the Forts, they can do little Damage.
By every Conveyance I shall like to hear of your Situation, and the Enemy's Manoeuvres. I am, etc.
P S. Since the above, the Qr. Mr. General informs me, you may be supplied with Turpentine here; and thinks he can get Salt Petre enough for the present Emergency.
New York, July 27, 1776.
Sir: I was yesterday morning honored with your favor of the 24th. instant, with its several Inclosures, to which I shall pay the strictest attention. The confidence Congress are pleased to repose in my Judgment demands my warmest acknowledgements, and they may rest assured, It shall be invariably employed as far as it shall be in my power, to promote their views and the Public weal.
I have Inclosed a Letter received from Major French two clays ago; Also one from him to his Lady. Congress will perceive thereby, what he says and thinks about his parole, and will be pleased to transmit me by the earliest Opportunity the result of their Opinion, and such Orders as they may think necessary to be taken upon it. The Letter for Mrs. French they will please to return me, it was only sent to shew his views more explicitly than what, that for me does.
Since my last nothing material has occurred. Yesterday Evening report was made that eight Ships were seen in the Offing standing towards the Hook. The Men of War and Tenders are still up the River. They have never attempted to pass the Highland Fortifications and a day or two ago quitted their Station and fell down the River Eight of Ten Miles. The Vigilance and Activity of the Militia where they were, have prevented their landing and doing much Injury: one poor Peasents Cot they plundered and then burnt.
I would wish to know whether the Allowance given to Officers the 17th. of January, of one and 1/3 Dollar for every man they inlist, Congress mean to extend to the Officers who Inlist for the New Army for three years: At first sight It may appear wrong or rather exhorbitant, supposing that many will be recruited out of the Regiments now in service and under them. but the allowance will be of great use, as it will Interest the Officers and call forth their exertions which otherwise would be feint and languid.12 Indeed I am fearful, from the Inquiries I have made, that their utmost exertions will be attended with but little success. It is objected that the bounty of ten Dollars is too low, and Argued that if the States furnishing Men for five or Six Months allow considerably more, why should that be accepted, and when the Term of Inlistment is to be for three Years? I heartly wish a bounty in Land had been or could be given, as was proposed some time ago. I think it could be attended with salutary consequences.
[Note 12: "Resolved, That the resolution of the 17th of January last, allowing to officers I dollar and 1/3d of a dollar for every man they inlist, be extended to officers who inlist for the new army for three years."-- Journals of the Continental Congress, July 30, 1776.]
In consequence of my Application to Governor Trumbull he has sent me two Row Gallies and I expect another from him. None from Governor Cooke are yet come, nor have I heard from him on the Subject. One is complete here; The fire Ships are going on under Mr. Anderson's direction, but rather slowly and I am preparing some Obstructions to the Channel, nearly opposite the Works at the upper end of this Island. When all things are ready, I intend to try if it shall seem practicable, to destroy the Ships and Tenders above and to employ the Gallies, if they can be of Advantage.13
[Note 13: Several plans were suggested for attacking the enemy on Staten Island. A council of war decided that a general attack was inexpedient, but that an attempt might be made by a party from the Jersey shore nearest to the island. The intrepid Major Knowlton, who was stationed at Bergen, was directed to confer with General Mercer on the subject. They determined to make the experiment on the night of July 18, and everything was got in readiness. Major Knowlton was to head a party of Continental troops and be supported by others from the Flying Camp under General Mercer, who was to take a part in the enterprise. They marched early in the evening to the point of embarkation, but the weather became so tempestuous and the waves so high that it was impossible to cross the river in time to effect the object. Another scheme was projected for an attack from the same quarter, with a body of 3,900 men, but boats could not be collected sufficient to transport half that number across the water.-- Sparks.]
The Militia for the Flying Camp come in but slowly. By a return from General Mercer Yesterday, they are but a little more than 3000.
If they were in, or can be there shortly, and the Situation of the Enemy remains the same, I would make some Efforts to annoy them, keeping our posts here well guarded and not puting too much to the hazard or in any manner to to the risk. I have &c.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 27, 1776.
Parole Effingham. Countersign--.
Complaints are made, that officers who are to attend the men upon Fatigue, and other duty, grow remiss; The General hopes they will consider what the effects of so bad an example might be to the men, and as he believes it proceeds rather from inattention, than design, flatters himself there will be no occasion to remind them of their duty hereafter.
Head Quarters, New York, July 28, 1776.
Parole Gravisent. Countersign Hungary.
William Peek Esqr. who has for some time past done the duty of Brigade Major, to General Spencer, is appointed to that office and to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
Some of the Adjutants have of late been very remiss, in making up their Returns, by eleven O'Clock on Saturday; not sending their detachments properly officered, or relieving their Orderly Serjeants, at Head Quarters; these Gentlemen will in future be pointed out in the General Orders; and after that put under Arrest if they are not more attentive. The General finding the number of sick to increase, and being desirous to have them as well accomodated as possible, directs that the Barrack Master, under the direction of the Colonel, or commanding Officer of each Regiment, fix on some house convenient to the Regiment to be improved as a Hospital for the reception of Patients just taken down, or whose disorder does not require any special assistance beyond that of their own Regimental Surgeons. One of the Surgeons of the Hospital will occasionally visit these Hospitals and determine where the nature of the case requires the Patient to be removed to the General Hospital which will hereafter be kept indifferent Houses contigious to each brigade. The Regimental Surgeons are to receive directions from, and be responsible to, the Director General, so far as respects the furnishing their Regimental Hospitals with conveniences for their sick. The Regimental Surgeons are also to keep a Register of their sick, and make a weekly Return to the Director and Commissary General severally of the Sick in their respective regiments.
As the Rations issued for Men in health, are very improper for those who are sick, the following Resolutions are to take place--Whenever a person is taken sick he is not to be borne on the Provision Return; but the Value of his Rations be obtained in suitable Supplies from the General Hospital to be drawn by the Surgeons of the regiment who is to conform to the rules of diet established in the General Hospitals and to account with the Director General.
The Quarter Masters of each Regiment, to apply for necessaries, at the Quarter-Master-General's, for the sick. Guards to be on the parade every morning before eight OClock.
New York, July 29, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of the 24th. I received on Saturday Evening, and agreeable to your request, shall expunge the Preamble to the resolution subjecting the property of Subjects to the British Crown, to forfeiture and confiscation.15
[Note 15: The expunged preamble recited: "Whereas these United States have by a long series of oppressions, been driven into a war with Great Britain and at last to the necessity of declaring themselves free and independent States; and as it is impossible to distinguish among the subjects of the same sovereign, between those who are friends and such as are enemies to the rights of America and Mankind, it is become necessary to consider as enemies all the subjects of the King of Great Britain and all others, who aid, abet, adhere to or in any way assist him in his unjust and cruel designs against these states." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, July 24, 1776.)]
Our Stock of Musquet Powder is entirely made up in Cartridges, I therefore request that Congress will order four or five Tons more of that sort to be immediately forwarded, It being not only necessary that we should have more for that purpose, but also some Stock to remain in Barrels.
Yesterday Evening Hutchinson's and Serjeants Regiments from Boston arrived, also two Row Gallies from Rhode Island. I am fearful the Troops have not got entirely clear of the Small pox.
I shall use every possible precaution to prevent the Infection spreading, and for that purpose have ordered them to an Encampment seperate and detached from the rest.
By Saturday's report from Long Island Camp, five Ships a Brig and five Schooners had got into the Hook. By Yesterday's two Ships more and a Sloop were standing in; what they are I have not been able to learn.
I have transmitted a General Return herewith, by which Congress will perceive the whole of our Force at the Time it was made.
I have inclosed you an Account of sundry prizes which was transmitted to several Gentlemen here by Saturday's Post. The two last prizes I did not see mentioned in the Letter shewn me, and I fear the report of the 2d. Provision Vessell is premature. I was also this minute informed that Captain Biddle had taken a Ship with Sugars for Britain and in bringing her in, unfortunately lost her on Fisher's Island. I have &ca.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 29, 1776.
Gentlemen: At length I have been able to comply with the first part of a Resolution of Congress of the 27th Ulto., relative to a return of the vacancies in the several Regiments, composing that part of the Army under my immediate command.
I thought to have made this return much sooner, but the dispersed situation of our Troops, the constant duty they are upon, the difficulty of getting returns when this is the case, especially when those returns are more than probable to undergo several corrections and the variety of Important occurrences which have intervened of late to withdraw the attention from this matter, will I hope be admitted as an excuse, and the delay not ascribed to any disinclination in me, to comply with the order, as I shall while I have the honor to remain in the service of the United States, obey to the utmost of my power and to the best of my Abilities, all orders of Congress with a scrupulous exactness.
With respect to the latter part of the aforementioned Resolution of the 27th. of June, I have to observe that I have handed in the names of such persons as the Field Officers of the several Regiments and their Brigadiers have pointed out as proper persons to fill these vacancies. I have neither added to, or diminished ought from their choice, unless the following special Information, which I conceived my indispensible duty to give, should occasion any alterations.
For the 20th. Regiment then late Arnold's there are two Competitors, towit Col: Durkee the present Lieut. Colonel who has had charge of the Regiment ever since the first establishment of it, and Lieut. Colonel Tyler of Parsons's Regiment. The pretentions of both, and a State of the case, I have subjoined to the list of vacancies given in by General Spencer, as I have also done in the case of Col: Learned, to another list exhibited by General Heath. If Learned returns to the Regiment the vacancies stand right; If he should not, I presume the Regiment will be given to the Lieut: Colonel William Shepherd who stands next to Tyler in Rank and not second to him in reputation. This change would in its consequences occasion several moves. There is a third matter in which I must be more particular, as it is unnoticed elsewhere, and that is, the Lieut: Colonel of Wyllys's Regiment, Rufus Putnam Acts here as a Chief Engineer, by which means the Regiment is totally deprived of his services, and to remove him from that department, the Public would sustain a Capital injury, for altho' he is not a man of Scientific knowledge, he is indefatigable in business and possesses more practicable Knowledge in the Art of Engineering than any other we have in this Camp or Army. I would humbly submit it therefore to Congress, whether it might not be best to give him (Putnam) the Appointment of Engineer with the pay of Sixty Dollars per month; less than which I do not suppose he would accept; as I have been obliged in order to encourage him to push the business forward in this our extreme hurry, to give him reasons to believe that his Lieutenant Colonel's pay would be made equal to this sum.
If this appointment should take place then, it makes a vacancy in Wyllys's Regiment which I understand he is desirous of having filled by Major Henly17 an Active and Spirited Officer, now a Brigade Major to General Heath.
[Note 17: David Henly. He became deputy adjutant general to Gen. Joseph Spencer Sept. 6, 1776; lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment Nov. 1, 1776; colonel of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments Jan. 1, 1777; retired Apr. 23, 1779.]
I am sorry to take up so much of your time as the recital of these particular cases and some others require, but there is no avoiding it, unless Congress would be pleased to appoint one or more persons in whom they can confide, to visit this part of this Army once a Month; Inspect into it, and fill up the Vacancies as shall appear proper to them upon the Spot. This cannot be attended with any great trouble, nor much expence, as it is only in the part of the Army under my immediate direction, that such a regulation would be necessary; the Officers commanding in other Departments having I believe this power already given them.18
[Note 18: To this paragraph the President of Congress replied (August 2): "I am particularly instructed by Congress to answer that part of your letter of 29th Ulto. directed to the Board of War, which relates to the filling up Vacancies in the Army. The Congress are Concern'd to find, that an opinion is Entertain'd, that greater Confidence has been plac'd in, and larger powers given to, other Commanders in that respect, than to yourself. They have in no instance, except in the late Appointment of General Gates to the Command in Canada, parted with the power of filling up Vacancies. The great Confusion and many Disorders prevalent in that Army, and its Distance, induc'd Congress to lodge such a power in that General for the limited space of three months, and only during his Continuance in Canada. Should Congress ever empower its Generals to fill up Vacancies in the Army, they know of no one in whom they would so soon Repose a Trust of such Importance as in yourself; but future Generals may make a bad use of it. The Danger of the Precedent, not any suspicion of their present Commander in chief, prompts them to Retain a Power, that, by you, Sir, might be exercised with the greatest public Advantage." It should be noted that Congress took no steps to improve the condition. On August 10 it approved the list submitted by the Board of War to fill the vacancies. The President's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have the honor to inclose a List of the Officers of the Regiments at this place, and long ago directed the like return to be made from the Northern and Eastern Troops which I hope is complied with. I also make return of the Artillery according to Col: Knox's report and of the Ordinance Stores &ca. agreeable to the Commissary's Return.
I come now to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 20th. Instant, with several Inclosures, relative to a proposal of Mr. Goddard19 and beg leave to give it as my Opinion, that the Introduction of that Gentleman into the Army as Lieut: Colonel would be attended with endless confusion. I have spoke to Colo: Parsons who is a very worthy man, upon this Subject. I have done more. I have shewn him the Memorial: in answer to which he says, that in the conversation had between him and Mr. Goddard the latter was told, that unless Lieut Colonel Tyler was provided for, The Major, Prentice20 advanced to a Lieut: Colonelcy in some other Regiment, and his eldest Captain (Chapman)21 not deprived of his expectation of the Majority; his coming in there would give uneasiness, but nevertheless if it was the pleasure of Congress to make the appointment, he would do every thing in his power to make it palatible. If all these Contingencies were to take place before Mr. Goddard could get into a Regiment he had been paving the way to, What prospect can there be of his getting into any other without spreading Jealousy as he goes?
[Note 19: William Goddard.]
[Note 20: Samuel Prentiss. He was promoted to this lieutenant colonelcy Aug. 12, 1776; became lieutenant colonel of the First Connecticut Regiment Jan. 1, 1777; resigned May 17, 1778.]
[Note 21: Capt. James Chapman, of the Tenth Continental Infantry. He attained his majority Aug. 15, 1776, and was killed a month later in the fighting retreat from New York.]
With respect to the Regiment of Artificers, I have only to observe that the forming them into one Corps at the time I did, when immediate Action was expected, was only intended as a Temporary expedient to draw that useful body of near 600 Men into the field, under one head and without confusion. The appointment of Officers therefore in this Instance, was merely nominal and unattended, with expence.
The mode of promotion whether in a Continental, Colonial or Regimental Line, being a matter of some consideration and delicacy to determine, I thought It expedient to know the Sentiments of the General Officers upon the consequences of each, before I offered my own to your board, and have the honor to inform you that it is their unanimous Opinion, as it is also mine, from Observations on the Temper and local Attachments of each Corps to the Members thereof, that Regimental promotions would be much the most pleasing; but this it is thought had better appear in practice than come announced as a Resolution, and that there ought to be Exceptions in favor of extraordinary Merit, on the one hand and demerit on the other. The first to be rewarded out of the common course of promotion whilst the other might stand and sustain no Injury.
It is a very difficult matter to step out of the Regimental line now, without giving much Inquietude to the Corps in which it happens: Was it then to be declared, as the Resolution of Congress, that all promotions should go in this way without some strong qualifying clauses, It would be almost impossible to do it without creating a Mutiny; This is the sense of my Officers. As also that the promotions by succession, are not meant to extend to Non-Commissioned Officers further than circumstances of good behavior &ca. may direct.
As the Lists of Vacancies are returned in consequence of an Order of Congress and would I doubt not be referred to your Board, I have sent no Duplicate; nor have I wrote to Congress on the Subject, but that I may appear inattentive to their commands, I must request the favor of having this Letter or the substance of it laid before them. I have the Honor to be, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 29, 1776.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 22nd. Inst. I received per Post and note the Contents. The Company of Artificers you mention, are much wanted, and I would have you order them on with all convenient Dispatch.
It was necessary, the Troops on their March for Ticonderoga, should be furnished with Powder and Ball.
I have wrote several Times, about the remaining Part of the Arms, which you have not noticed in your Letters. There is yet a Deficiency in the Carbines, which are not all arrived. These with the other Arms taken in different Vessels, I wish you to send on.
I am exceedingly anxious to know if you have forwarded the Powder I mentioned, what Quantity and where stored. I must beg your Answer to these Particulars in your next.
The Pork taken, from Ireland, the Commissary General requests may all be secured for the Use of the Army, and desires you will order the Dept. Commissary, Mr. Miller22 to secure it in Store, 'till he receives his Orders respecting it.
[Note 22: Charles Miller.]
Colonels Hutchinson's and Sergeant's Regiments have arrived, with one Man who has the small Pox; but hope to be able to prevent the spreading of that fatal Disorder.
The Enemy's Fleet are daily arriving; It appears they must have been scattered on their Passage, as they come in sometimes single; at others, three four and so on. I hope our Cruisers may pick up some of them. I am, etc.
P.S. We are in distressing Want of Artillery Men. If you can make any tolerable Shift, I must urge your sending on Captn. Burbeck with his Company as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, New York, July 29, 1776.
Parole Jersey. Countersign Kingwood.
The Quarter Master General is directed to furnish twelve Quires of paper, to each regiment pr month--Vizt--One Quire to the commanding officer of the Regiment; One to each Company, and one to the Adjutant; the remaining two Quires to be kept by the Colonel, as a reserve for special occasions, exclusive of orderly books and blank returns.
Head Quarters, New York, July 30, 1776.
Parole Lancaster. Countersign Medford.
The Quarter Master General is to provide Canteens, as soon as possible, and to have the Water in the several works, in casks, examined, that there may be a fresh supply if necessary.
It is represented to the General, that the pump Water in the City, is very unhealthy; The Troops are therefore cautioned against the use of it; and the Quarter Master and Commissary Generals, are to consult together, and fix upon some mode of supply of fresh water, for the troops in the City.
New York, July 30, 1776.
Sir: I was this Morning honored with your two favors of yesterday's date and agreeable to your request have given Mr. Palfrey liberty to negociate your claim with Mr. Brimer and wish it may be satisfied, agreeably to you.23
[Note 23: There is no mention of this Brimer claim in the Journals of the Continental Congress.]
I last Night received a Letter from General Schuyler a Copy of which I do myself the honor to Transmit you; You will thereby perceive his reasons for leaving Crown Point and for prefering the Post, the Council of Officers determined to take, opposite Ticonderoga. I am totally unacquainted with these several posts and the Country about them. and therefore cannot determine on the validity of his observations, or think myself at Liberty to give any directions in the matter. Congress will be pleased to observe what he says of their distress for Money, from hence he can have no Relief: there being only three or four thousand Dollars in the pay Master's hands according to his Return this Morning, and all but two Months pay due the Army, besides many other demands.
I could wish that proper supplies of Money could be always kept; the want may occasion consequences of an Alarming nature. By a Letter from him of a prior date to the Copy inclosed, he tells me, that a Mr. Ryckman who has just returned through the Country of the Six Nations reports, that the Indians who were at Philadelphia have gone home with very favorable Ideas of our strength and resources, This he heard in many of their Villages. A lucky circumstance if it will gain either their Friendship or secure their Neutrality. In my letter of the 27th. I informed Congress of my views and wishes to attempt something against the Troops on Staten Island, I am now to acquaint them that by the advice of General Mercer and the other Officers at Amboy, it will be impracticable to do any thing upon a large Scale for want of Craft; and as the Enemy have the entire Command of the Water all round the Island; I have desired Genl. Mercer to have nine or ten flatt Bottom Boats built at Newark bay and Elizabeth Town, with a design principally to keep up the Communication across Hackensack and Passaic Rivers, which, I deem a matter of great importance and extremely necessary to be attended to. Since I wrote you Yesterday, Eleven Ships more, four Brigs and two Sloops have come into the Hook. I have not yet received Intelligence what any of the late Arrivals are, but I suppose we shall not long remain in a State of Incertainty.
Having reason to believe that Lord Howe will readily come into an exchange of such Prisoners, as may be more immediately under his Command, and that some thing will be offered on this Subject within a day or two, or rather come in answer to the propositions I have made General Howe; I shall be glad to have Congress's Interpretation of the Resolve of the 22d. instant empowering the Commanders to exchange &ca. "Whether by the word Sailor they mean Sailors generally, as well those taken in the Vessels of private Adventures by the Enemy, as those belonging to the Continental Cruizers or Vessels in the Continental employ, or whether they only design to extend the Exchange to the latter, and those in their particular employ." I would also observe that heretofore Sailors belonging to Merchant Ships, that have fallen into our hands and such as have been employed merely as Transports, have not generally been considered as Prisoners. I submit it to Congress whether it may not be now necessary to pass a Resolve declaring` their Sentiments on this Subject, and in General who are to be treated as Prisoners of War that are taken in Vessels belonging to the Subjects of the British Crown &ca. The result of their Opinion upon the first Question proposed, you will be pleased to transmit me by the earliest Opportunity.
I have inclosed for the Consideration of Congress a memorial and Petition by captain Holdrige,24 praying to be relieved against the Loss of Money stolen from him, not conceiving myself Authorized to grant his request. The Certificate which
[Note 24: Capt. Hezekiah Holdridge, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry. He was promoted to major Sept. 3. 1776; transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment; made lieutenant colonel of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment Jan. 1, 1777; retired Jan. 1, 1781.] attends it proves him a Man of Character, and his case is hard on his State of it. Whether making the Loss good may not open a door to others and give rise to applications not so just as his may be, I cannot determine. That seems to me the only objection to relieving him.
I am informed by General Putnam, that there are some of the Stockbridge Indians here, I have not seen them myself, who express great uneasyness at their not being employed by us and have come to enquire into the cause. I am sensible Congress had them not in Contemplation, when they resolved that Indians might be engaged in our Service.
However as they seem so anxious, as they were led to expect it, from what General Schuyler and the other Commissioners did. As we are under difficulties in getting men, and there may be danger of their or some of them taking an unfavourable part, I beg Leave to submit to Congress as my Opinion under all these circumstances that they had better be employed. I have the Honor &ca.25
[Note 25: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, July 30, 1776.
Sir: Lieutenant Col. Pattison, Adjt. General of the Army under your command, at the Interview between us, having proposed an Exchange of Mr. Lovell for Govt. Skeene, I am authorized to inform you, that the Congress have not only approved of this proposition, but judging that a General Exchange of Prisoners, will be attended with mutual convenience and pleasure to both parties, have empowered their Commanders in each Department to negotiate one in the following manner, "Continental Officers for those of equal rank, either in the Land or Sea Service, Soldier for Soldier, Sailor for Sailor and Citizen for Citizen." They have also particularly mentioned the Exchange of Col. Ethan Allen for any Officer of the same or inferior rank.
You will be pleased to signify the time and place for that of Mr. Lovell and Governor Skeene, that I may give direction for the latter to be ready, who is now at Hartford about 120 miles from hence; also to favor me with your Sentiments, as well on the proposition respecting Col: Allen, as on the Subject of a Genl. Exchange. I am, etc.26
[Note 26: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, July 31, 1776.
Sir: This will be handed you by Captain Marquisie27 with whom I have no other acquaintance than what is derived from the inclosed Letter from General Schuyler. He says he has lost his Baggage in our service and all he had and is now going to wait on Congress to whom I suppose he means to make his pretensions known. I am &ca.28
[Note 27: Capt. Bernard Moissac de la Marquise.]
[Note 28: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison]
New York, July 31, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your Favors of the 14th. 17th. 20th. and 24th. have been duly received, and I am extremely happy to find, that you have discovered and apprehended some of the Ringleaders of a dangerous Plot you say was forming in the Neighbourhood of Albany; nor do I hear with little Pleasure, of the Harmony and good Agreement between you and General Gates, knowing how essential they are to the Service.
Agreeable to your Request, I communicated to Mr. Trumbull that Part of your Letter respecting Mr. Livingston's and your Apprehensions of his resigning, in Case any Person should be appointed to act independently of him, in the Business he usually managed. Upon this Occasion I must observe, that as Mr. Trumbull has the supreme Direction given him by Congress, of supplying the Northern Army, and is the Person that is to be accountable if it is not done in a proper Manner; his Appointments should, and must be regarded, or Things in this Instance will never proceed in a regular Channel and fatal Consequences will otherwise ensue. Mr. Trumbull, I believe, has wrote Mr. Livingston on the Subject, and I imagine has mentioned in what Manner he would have him to act and also given necessary Instructions to his Deputies.
It gives me great Satisfaction to hear, that taking Post at Fort Stanwix, has not given Umbrage to the Indians; and also that those that were at Philadelphia, and this Place, have returned to their several Nations. From this Circumstance, I am hopeful, you will be able to engage them in our Interest, and with the Assistance of the Reward allowed by Congress, to excite their Efforts to make Prisoners of our Enemies. I would have you press the Matter strongly in both Instances, and though you should not succeed, I flatter myself, you will secure their Neutrality. That will be an important Point to gain.
I conceive it will not be only proper, but absolutely necesseary, to request General Howe to deliver the Officers, who, regardless of their Paroles, have escaped from Pensylvania; and all others that have acted in the same Manner; pointing out the Impropriety of such Conduct, and the Difficulty it lays us under, as to the Line of Treatment to be observed to others. In a Conversation with the Adjutant General of the King's Army, I touched upon this Subject, and he assured me all Complaints of this Nature would be strictly attended to by Generl. Howe, and those who gave Rise to them be handled with Severity. Lord Howe too, I am confidently informed, has express'd his great Disapprobation of such Behaviour, and said, that those that were guilty of it, should be severely noticed if they came into his Hands. Every thinking and sensible Person must see the Impropriety of it, and the Consequences that must attend it. I shoud suppose the Requisition will claim General Burgoyne's Attention and be readily complied with.
The Swivels you mention, cannot be had; but if the Experiments of a Person, who has undertaken to cast some three Pounders, should succeed; perhaps after sometime you may be furnished in Part with a Quantity of these. Colo. Knox seems to think they will be far superior to Swivels. The Man supposes, after he begins, he will be able to compleat twenty every Week.
Neither are there any Hand Granadoes. We have a large Number of 4¼ Inch Shells, which might be a good Substitute; But I do not know how Things of this Sort can be forwarded to you, as the Water Communication with Albany, is entirely cut off. The Difficulty will be great, if not almost insuperable.
I observe your Reasons for quitting Crown Point, preferring Ticonderoga. My Knowledge of the Importance of the former, was not properly my own; It arose from the Information I had from Gentlemen and Persons who were, or said they were, well acquainted with it, and the Situation of the Country about it. Being founded on that, I cannot say any Thing myself upon the Subject. Your Representation of it, most certainly lessens it's Consequence in a capital Degree. However, I am fearful, the Observation of the Field Officers, "that the New-England Governments &c. will be thereby exposed to the Incursions of our cruel and savage Enemies "will be but too well verified. If that Post could not be maintained, this Evil with others greater must have happened.
In Respect to the Privilege you have given the Officers who held double Commissions, to retain which they choose, I can not object. If the Authority giving them was the same, and such as was exercised usually, and approved, I see no Cause for it, and suppose the Officers have that Right.
As to Lieutt. Colo. Buell's Case,29 I cannot give any Direction about it, not having Authority to appoint Officers generally.
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. Nathaniel Buell, of Col. Charles Burrall's Connecticut State Regiment. Later he served as a colonel of Connecticut Militia.]
It is not in my Power to spare you any Money from hence. Our Chest is all but empty. Congress would be informed by your Letters of your Situation, doubtless. I mentioned it in mine and have suggested, as I often have, the Expediency, nay the Necessity of keeping regular Supplies.
Nothing of Moment has occurred here lately. The Enemy are growing stronger. For some Days past, Ships &c. have been coming in to them more or less.
All the Eastward Accounts say, three or four Captures have been made lately, among them a Provision Vessel from Ireland which of herself came into Boston Harbour.
In the Southern Department, we have been still more lucky. Sir Peter Parker and his Fleet got a severe Drubbing in an Attack made against our Works on Sullivan's Island, just by Charles-Town, South Carolina. A Part of their Troops, at the same Time attempting to land, were repulsed. The Papers, I presume, have reached you, announcing this fortunate Event, where you will see the Particulars, as transmitted by General Lee to Congress. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, July 31, 1776.
Parole Norwalk. Countersign Oxford.
Ensign Briant charged with "embezzling public property," having been tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Webb is President, is acquitted of any fraudulent Intention; but censured by the Court for indiscretion, in permitting some of the Soldiers taking away old Iron from the Shiping--The General approves of the sentence and orders him to be discharg'd from arrest--
It is with astonishment and concern, the General finds that precaution used to prevent the Countersign being made known to any not intitled to it, are defeated by the ignorance or misconduct of those to whom it is intrusted: In Order that none may plead ignorance hereafter, the officers and soldiers are to know, that the following Rule is established--
The Adjutant General at Six OClock P.M. will deliver the Parole and Countersign, to the Majors of Brigade, and Adjutant of Artillery, they at Retreat Beating, and not before, are to deliver them to the Adjutants of their respective Brigades; The Adjutants are to deliver them to the Field Officers of their respective Brigades if required, then to the officer of the advanced Guards, then to the officer of every other guard, in and about the City or Camp; and the General flatters himself, that when the importance and necessity of secrecy upon this head 'tis considered every officer and soldier will pride himself in his fidelity, prudence and discipline.
Head Quarters, New York, August 1, 1776.
Parole Paris. Countersign Reading.
It is with great concern, the General understands, that Jealousies &c. are arisen among the troops from the different Provinces, of reflections frequently thrown out, which can only tend to irritate each other, and injure the noble cause in which we are engaged, and which we ought to support with one hand and one heart. The General most earnestly entreats the officers, and soldiers, to consider the consequences; that they can no way assist our cruel enemies more effectually, than making division among ourselves; That the Honor and Success of the army, and the safety of our bleeding Country, depends upon harmony and good agreement with each other; That the Provinces are all United to oppose the common enemy, and all distinctions sunk in the name of an American; to make this honorable, and preserve the Liberty of our Country, ought to be our only emulation, and he will be the best Soldier, and the best Patriot, who contributes most to this glorious work, whatever his Station, or from whatever part of the Continent, he may come: Let all distinctions of Nations, Countries, and Provinces, therefore be lost in the generous contest, who shall behave with the most Courage against the enemy, and the most kindness and good humour to each other--If there are any officers, or soldiers, so lost to virtue and a love of their Country as to continue in such practices after this order; The General assures them, and is directed by Congress to declare, to the whole Army, that such persons shall be severely punished and dismissed the service with disgrace.
New York, August 1, 1776.
Sir: Having just received from Congress a Return of your Regiment30 now in the State of Connecticut, with directions that it shall Join this Army, I request the favor of you to march immediately to this place. They have appointed John Brown Esqr. Lieutenant Colonel of it, and Robert Cochran Esqr.
[Note 30: Elmore's regiment was one of the Connecticut State regiments. The American Army was made up of the Continental line regiments, which carne from the different States; State regiments, like this of Elmore's, which were not considered militia; the 16 Additional Continental regiments, raised later, by order of Congress and recruited from the States at large; partisan corps, like Lee's Legion; two Canadian regiments, composed of Canadian refugees; militia; minutemen; etc. The artillery and cavalry were usually Continental line organizations.] Major. Commissions for such Officers as appear with their respective Companies, I am to fill up.31 I am &c.
[Note 31: Washington also wrote to Governor Trumbull, this date, asking him to order Elmore forward. He added: "half past 12 O'Clock. I this moment received Intelligence that Thirty Ships more were coming into the [Sandy] Hook."]
New York, August 1, 1776.
Sir: Congress having been pleased to impower me, to order Colo. Ward's Regiment wherever I might think it necessary; I take the liberty of requesting you to direct him to March it immediately to this Place, where I am of opinion, the Service requires it and their Aid may be extremely material, especially as the Levies come in very slowly.
Since my last nothing of Importance has occurred or that is worthy of Notice; Except an Augmentation of about Twenty Nine Ships and Brigs, with Seven or Eight smaller Vessels to the Enemy's Fleet. I have not learned certainly what they bring; however some Troops were seen landing yesterday, which the Gentlemen who observed them, took to be Artillery Men. It is not Improbable that they were some of the Guards, whose dress is pretty much like that of the Artillery. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. The three Gallies, which you were kind enough to order, are safely arrived, as are two from Rhode Island, with these and one that we have finished here, we propose attempting something against the Ships above and are preparing for it.
New York, August 2, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of the 30th. Ulto. with its several Inclosures, I was honored with, by Wednesday's Post.
Congress having been pleased to leave with me the directions of Colonel Ward's Regiment, I have wrote Governor Trumbull and requested him to order their March to this place, being fully satisfied that the Enemy mean to make their Grand push in this Quarter, and that the good of the service requires every aid here that can be obtained. I have also wrote Col: Elmore and directed him to repair hither with his Regiment; when it comes, I shall fill up Commissions for such Officers as appear with their respective Companies.
Colonel Holman32 with a Regiment from the Massachusetts State is arrived: Col: Carey33 from thence is also here waiting the Arrival of his Regiment which he hourly expects; he adds, when he left New London, he heard that the third Regiment from the Massachusetts was almost ready and would soon be in motion.
[Note 32: Capt. John Holman, of the Massachusetts Militia.]
[Note 33: Col. Simeon Carey, of the Massachusetts Militia.]
The Enemy's force is daily augmentg and becoming stronger by New Arrivals. Yesterday General Greene reports that about Forty sail (including Tenders) came into the Hook. What they are, or what those have brought, that have lately got in, I remain uninformed. However I think it probable they are part of Admiral Howe's fleet with the Hessian Troops. It is time to look for them.34 I have the Honor &ca.
[Note 34: These vessels were those composing the fleet of Sir Henry Clinton and Lord Cornwallis from Carolina. They had attempted to capture Charleston and been repulsed by the fort on Sullivans Island, later called Fort Moultrie, in honor of its gallant defender, Col. William Moultrie. The action was fought on June 28. Sparks quotes Lord George Germain's letter to Sir Henry Clinton (August 24): "I had reason to flatter myself, that, the season being far advanced, you would not make any attempt at the southward, whereby there could be a possibility of your being prevented from proceeding with your army in due time to the northward to join General Howe, who has long impatiently expected your arrival. I was therefore extremely disappointed and mortified to learn by your letter of July 8th, that you were still in the south, and that the fleet had received a severe check at Sullivan's Island."]
P.S. I am extremely sorry to inform Congress that our Troops are very sickly.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 2, 1776.
Sir: Your Letter of the 16th Ulto., in behalf of the Council of Massachusetts Bay, is duly Received; the Contents have been attended to; and I have the pleasure to inform you, there is a prospect of an early exchange of the Prisoners taken in the Yankee Hero Privateer. As Mr. Tracy negociated this Matter, and had an Inteview with Lord Howe on board the Eagle, Man of War, I must refer you to him for particulars.
Congress authorised Me to comply with General Howe's request of giving Governor Skene for Mr. Lovell, I have wrote informing Genl. Howe thereof, and expect soon to have Mr. Lovell sent to some part of the Continent.
Assure the Members of your Honorable Body, it gives me particular pleasure, that I had it in my power to relieve one of their Citizens from a long and tedious Imprisonment, and shall esteem myself happy in complying with any request they may make consistent with the Important Duties of my Office. I have the Honor to be etc.
Augst. 5th, P.S. on the 11th. Ulto. I wrote your Honble. Body, respecting the St. Johns, Nova Scotia and Penobscot Indians, since which I have heard nothing from them. It is a Matter of the greatest consequence, must therefore beg an Answer, acquainting me what steps they have taken, by the first post.
Since the above I have a Letter from General Howe, acquainting me he has sent for Mr. Lovell for the proposed exchange.
Head Quarters, New York, August 2, 1776.
Parole Salem. Countersign Taunton.
The Colonels of the several Regiments, are to be particularly careful that the damaged Cartridges are preserved and sent in to Commissary Cheever at the Laboratory, as it will be a great public saving.
The Court Martials are often detained by non-attendance of Witnesses, all officers and soldiers notified to attend as Witnesses on any Court Martial are to be punctual and in future any neglect of this kind will be punished as disobedience of orders.
Notwithstanding the great abuses of Regimental Hospitals last Year, the General has out of Indulgence and kindness to the Troops, who seem to like them, permitted them to be again opened, with a full persuasion that the Regimental Surgeons will fully conform, to the Rules and Orders which have been made, and particularly that they act with the strictest Honor, and Candor, in their draughts upon the several Stores, and accounting with the Director General of the Hospital, when required--making him regular Reports of the sick, and applying what they receive to the patients only--The Colonels and Field Officers of the several Regiments, would do well, to visit their Regimental Hospitals frequently, and see these regulations observed, and in all cases, except slight, or putrid disorders, have the sick removed to the General Hospital, near the Brigade; or the General must, in justice to the public, break them up again.
Richd. Lawrence of Capt. Gilbert's36 Company and Col. Prescott's Regiment having been tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Webb was president and convicted of Desertion was sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes.
[Note 36: Capt. Samuel Gilbert, of the Seventh Continental Infantry. He was taken prisoner at Fort Washington, N.Y., Nov. 16, 1776.]
The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed at the usual time and place. The new Troops coming in are upon their arrival to apply to Capt. Tilton at the Quarter Master-General's Store in the Broad-Way who will give them all necessary directions.
Head Quarters, New York, August 3, 1776.
Parole Uxbridge. Countersign Virginia.
That the Troops may have an opportunity of attending public worship, as well as take some rest after the great fatigue they have gone through; The General in future excuses them from fatigue duty on Sundays (except at the Ship Yards, or special occasions) until further orders. The General is sorry to be informed that the foolish, and wicked practice, of profane cursing and swearing (a Vice heretofore little known in an American Army) is growing into fashion; he hopes the officers will, by example, as well as influence, endeavour to check it, and that both they, and the men will reflect, that we can have little hopes of the blessing of Heaven on our Arms, if we insult it by our impiety, and folly; added to this, it is a vice so mean and low, without any temptation, that every man of sense, and character, detests and despises it.
Clarkson and Chase under confinement for Desertion, and reinlistment into the Artillery, from another Corps, to return to Capt. Bauman's37 Company until Col Ellmores Regiment, wh. claims them, comes into camp.
[Note 37: Capt. Sebastian Bauman, of the New York Artillery.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 4, 1776.
Parole Weston. Countersign Yarmouth.
Passes signed by the Quarter Master-General, or his Assistant Mr. Hughes38 for persons in that department to cross the Ferries to be admitted as sufficient.
[Note 38: Hugh Hughes.]
Thomas Herbert of Capt Wyllys's Company, Col Sergents Regiment, tried by a regimental Court Martial and convicted of "Theft," was sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes; but having appealed to a General Court Martial whereof Col Webb was president the sentence of the Regimental Court was revised and the prisoner acquited--The General approves the acquital, and orders him to be discharged.
Daniel McGuire of Capt. Scotts Company, Colo. Sergeants Regiment--Samuel Weaver of Capt. Farringtons39 Company, same Regiment; both tried by the same Court Martial and convicted McGuire, of Desertion and inlisting into another Company taking a second bounty, sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes: Weaver of Desertion only, sentenced to receive Thirty Lashes.
[Note 39: Capt. William Scott and Capt. Thomas Farrington, of the Sixteenth Continental Infantry.]
William McIlvaine of Capt Wyllys's40 Company, and the above Regiment tried by the same Court Martial, and convicted of Desertion and sentenced to receive Thirty Lashes.
[Note 40: Capt. John Wiley, of the Sixteenth Continental Infantry.]
Williams Diggs of Capt Woods41 Company, Col Baldwins Regiment, tried by the same Court Martial, and convicted of Desertion; sentenced to receive Twenty Lashes.
[Note 41: Capt. John Wood, of the Twenty-sixth Continental Infantry.]
The General approves each of the above Sentences, and orders them to be put in execution, at the usual time and place.
The Court Martial to sit to morrow, for the tryal of Lieut: Hobby42 of Col McDougall's Regiment, now under Arrest for "Misconduct in leaving the Vessels under his care, on the East River on Friday Evening--Witnesses to attend.
[Note 42: Lieut. Caleb Hobby, of the First New York Regiment.]
All persons are strictly forbid medling with the flat bottomed Boats, without leave from General Putnam, or unless sent on some special service; and those parties who have any of them are to be careful in returning them safely--The Guards at the wharves to attend to this order.
Head Quarters, New York, August 5, 1776.
Parole Amboy. Countersign Bradford.
The General has nothing more at heart, than the Health of the Troops; and as the change of encampment has been found very salutary by such Regiments, as have shifted their ground, it is recommended to the several Brigadier Generals to have it more generally adopted; And the General once more calls upon the officers, and men, who are quartered in Houses, to have them kept clean and wholesome.
Brigadier General Scott43 having informed the General, that some dissatisfaction had arisen in his Brigade, on account of the 1st: Battalion who had received some assurances from the Committee of the Convention, of this State, that they should not be removed out of Town, unless the Army moved generally: The General at the same time being of opinion that from their knowledge of the City, they can be more serviceable than any other equal number of men who are strangers, orders that on Wednesday General Scott's Brigade move into the City, and General Fellows with his Brigade, take their places: He also directs that no officers, or soldiers of General Fellows Brigade, take up their quarters, in the dwelling Houses, in or near their encampment except they are placed there by the Quarter Master General.
[Note 43: Brig. Gen. John Morin Scott, of the New York Militia. He was wounded at White Plains, N.Y., Oct. 28, 1776, and served to March, 1777.]
The General cannot dismiss this matter, without assuring the 1st. Battalion of General Scotts Brigade, that he will have the grounds of their claim, particularly inquired into, of the Provincial Congress of the State of New York; as well because they may rest assured that at the same time public faith is preserved with them, he expects, and will require, that they observe their engagement to the public.
The arrival of new troops requiring some Change in the arrangement, and particularly with respect to the Alarm Posts--Major General Putnam, with the several Brigadiers, are desired to meet to morrow at ten O'Clock, at the City Hall, to consider thereof and make report to the General. The Adjutant General will attend at the same time.
New York, August 5, 1776.
Sir: I was honored with your favor of the 31st. Ulto. on Friday with its several Inclosures, and return you my thanks for the agreeable Intelligence you were pleased to communicate of the arrival of one of the Ships, with such valuable Articles, as Arms and Ammunition; also of the Capture made by a Privateer.
The mode for the Exchange of Prisoners, resolved on by Congress is acceded to by General Howe, so far as it comes within his command, a Copy of my Letter and his answer upon the Subject, I have the Honor to inclose you and to which I beg leave to refer Congress.44
[Note 44: See Washington's letter to Sir William Howe, July 30, 1776, ante.]
The inclosed copy of a Letter from Col: Tupper,45 who had the General Command of the Gallies here, will inform Congress of the Engagement between them and the Ships of War up the North river on Saturday Evening and of the Damage
[Note 45: A copy of Col. Benjamin Tupper's letter of Aug. 3, 1776, is filed with Washington's letter of Aug. 5, 1776, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] we sustained; what injury was done to the Ships I cannot ascertain. It is said they were hulled several times by our Shot. All accounts agree, that our Officers and Men, during the whole of the Affair, behaved with great Spirit and bravery; the damage done the Gallies shews beyond question, that they had a warm time of it, the Ships still remain up the river and before anything further can be attempted against them, should it be thought advisable, the Gallies must be repaired.
I have also transmitted Congress, a Copy of a Letter I received by Saturday's post, from Governor Cooke, to which I refer them for the Intelligence46 It contains. The Seizure of our Vessels by the Portuguese, is I fear, an event too true, their dependance upon the British Crown for aid against the Spaniards, must force them to comply with every thing required of them. I wish the Morris may get in safe with her Cargo. As to the Ships Captain Bucklin saw, on the 25th. Ulto., they are probably arrived; For Yesterday twenty five Sail came into the Hook.
[Note 46: A copy of Gov. Nicholas Cooke's letter, dated July 29, 1776, is filed with Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
By a Letter from General Ward of the 29th. Ulto,47 he informs me, that two of our armed Vessels the day before had brought into Marblehead, a Ship bound from Halifax to Staten Island, she had in about 1509£ Cost of British Goods, besides a good many belonging to Tories. A Hallifax paper found on board her, I have inclosed, as also an Account sent me by Mr. Hazard transmitted him by some of his Friends, as given by the Tories taken in her; their Intelligence I dare say is true, respecting the arrival of part of the Hessian Troops. General Ward, in his Letter mentions the day this prize was taken, Capt. Burke48 in another of our Armed Vessels had an engagement with a Ship and a Schooner which he thought were
[Note 47: Ward's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 48: Capt. William Burke, then commanding the Lee.] Transports and would have taken them, had it not been for an unlucky accident in having his Quarter Deck blown up. Two of his men were killed and several more were wounded.
The Hulks and Cheveaux de frieze that have been preparing to obstruct the Channel, have got up to the place they are intended for, and will be sunk as soon as possible.
I have transmitted Congress, a Genl. Return of the Army in and about this place, on the third instant, by which they will perceive the amount of our force.49
[Note 49: The figures of this general return are given in Washington's letter to Trumbull. Aug. 7, 1776, q. v.]
Before I conclude I would beg leave to remind Congress of the necessity there is of having some Major Generals appointed for this Army: the duties of which are great, extensive and impossible to be discharged, as they ought and the good of the service requires, without a Competent number of Officers of this rank. I mean to write more fully upon this Subject, and as things are drawing fast to an Issue and it is necessary to make every proper disposition and arrangement that we possibly can; I pray that this matter may be taken into consideration and claim their early attention. I well know What has prevented appointments of this sort for some time past, but the situation of our Affairs will not Justify longer delays in this Instance; by the first Opportunity I shall take the Liberty of giving you my sentiments more at large upon the propriety and necessity of the measure. I have the Honor etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, August 5, 1776.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your two favors of the 20th. and 29th. Ulto. and wish your acceptance of my thanks for your Kind and ready Compliance, with my requisition for the Gallies, and the Matters of Intelligence transmitted in the last. The Account given Capt. Bucklin, on whose success I congratulate you, by Capt. Bell of the Portuguese seizing our Vessels, I fear is too true. Their dependance on the British Crown for protection and Aid, against their Spanish Neighbours, obliges them to comply with everything required of them. Capt. Bucklin's information of the Fleet he saw, I dare say is not to be doubled. It is probable they arrived yesterday; for twenty five Ships then came into the Hook. These make from 90 to 100. that have come in since Thursday Sen-night.
Our Gallies, on Saturday Evening, had a Smart engagement with the Ships up the River. The Inclosed Copy of a Letter from Colo. Tupper, under whose Genl Command they were, will give you the particulars. Tho' they did not take the Ships, nor is it certain what Damage they Sustained; I have the pleasure to inform you, Our officers and Men behaved with the greatest spirit and resolution; the injury their little Fleet sustained Testifies their Courage. It is said, the Ships were several times hulled by our Shot, they still remain up the River, The Gallies must be a little repaired before anything further can be attempted, provided it should be thought advisable.
By a Letter from Colo. Hancock of the 31st. Ulto., I am Authorised to say, that a Continental Ship had arrived at Chester, not far below Philadelphia, with 366 pigs Lead, 54 Boxes of Musquet Ball, 1000 Stand of Arms with Bayonets, 1 Barrel Flints and 193 whole Barrels of Gun Powder. He also adds, that a Privateer had sent in a West India Man, having on Board, besides produce, 1100 Johans. and 700 Guineas. I wish the Ship Capt Bucklin saw may get in safe. I have the Honor to be &c.
Head Quarters, New York, August 5, 1776.
Sir: Yours of the 29th. Ulto. is duly Received; for the future I must desire all Warlike Stores and Necessaries for an Army, taken by the Armed Vessels in public Service, may be safely Stored, under care of the Different Agents, 'till they receive Orders from proper Authority. you will please to enjoin it upon the different Commanders of the Continental Cruisers, to be particularly careful, no Embezelment is made by their Crew or others. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, August 5, 1776.
Sir: This will be accompanied by four french Gentn. from the Island of Guadaloupe, who arrived from thence at Newburry pt., with a view of engaging in the Continental Service;-- they came to this place about 6 Weeks since, and delivered me a letter from Genl. Ward at Boston, which I inclosed to the President of the Congress, intending to forward it by them, that it might serve as some sort of introduction: but it seems that for want of proper Credentials, added to the unsuccessfulness of some of their Countrymen, on that same Account, they declined applying to Congress,--and as it appears they are quite destitute of Money, I am Obliged to pay their Expences here, and to send them to New London, to enable them to procure a passage Home.--I have therefore addressed them to your care, requesting you will assist in providing them a passage as soon as possible. I suppose, it will not be long before an Oppertunity Offers, as I understand there are Vessels with you bound to the West Indies.
You will please to furnish them with convenient and cheap Lodgings, when they get to N. London, and I will reimburse you what you may be in advance therefor.
You are to observe tho', that I do not mean to be at the expence of supporting them in your place, more than eight or ten days at farthest. neither do I mean to be at the expence of their passages Home; they must make the best terms for themselves they can, with the Master of the Vessel, as I dont determine to burthen the Continent any more, on their Account or any of their Countrymen. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 6, 1776.
Parole Canterbury. Countersign Durham.
One hundred and fifty Men, with a Field Officer, three Captains, six Subs. six Serjeants, six Corporals and six Drums and Fifes, to proceed to Burdett's Ferry, opposite Mount Washington, to relieve the party now there; for this purpose to parade to morrow with Arms, on the Grand-parade, at seven o'Clock, apply to General Putnam for Boats, and attend to the tide.
Every commanding Officer of a Regiment or Corps in future is to account on the back, or at the bottom, of his return for all the officers and men returned to be on Command, expressing the place and service in which they are engaged.
Notwithstanding the orders issued, and the interest the troops have in it; Complaints are made of the bad behaviour of the troops to people at market; taking and destroying their things. The General declares for the last time, that he will punish such offenders most severely; and in order that they may be detected, an officer from each of the guards, nearest to those Markets where the Country People is, to attend from sunrise till twelve O'Clock, and he is strictly enjoined to prevent any abuses of this kind; to seize any offender and send him immediately to the Guard house, reporting him also at Head Quarters--The officers of guards in future will be answerable if there are any more Complaints unless they apprehend the offender--A Copy of this order to be put up in every Guard House in the City.
James McCormick of Capt Farrington's51 Company, Col Sergeants Regiment; Thomas Williams of Capt. Burns's52 Company, and the same regiment; Peter Burke of Capt Ledyards53 Company; John Green of Capt. Johnson's54 Company, both of Col McDougall's Regiment; all tried by a General Court Martial of which Col Webb was President, and convicted of " Desertion"; were sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes each--The General approves the sentences and orders them to be put in execution at the usual times and places.
[Note 51: Capt. Thomas Farrington, of the Sixteenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 52: Capt. Asa Barnes, of the Sixteenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 53: Capt. Benjamin Ledyard, of the First New York Regiment.]
[Note 54: Capt. John Johnson, of the First New York Regiment.]
Hugh Lacey of Capt. Stewarts55 Company of Highlanders, tried by the same Court Martial, and found guilty of "Impudence and Disobedience to the orders of his Captain," was sentenced to receive Twenty Lashes.
[Note 55: Capt. James Stewart had been authorized by the New York Legislature (July 25) to raise a company of Scotch Highlanders. His company was attached to Malcom's regiment.]
The General is pleased to pardon him on Condition that he makes a suitable acknowledgment of his fault to his Captain.
Hendrick Lent, Jacob Lent, Elias Lent, Peter Brewer, Jeremiah Hewson, Oronimus Ackerman; all of Capt Hyatts Company and Col McDougall's Regiment, having been confined for some time for "Desertion"; and no evidence appearing against them, they are ordered to be discharged for want of prosecution.
Head Quarters, New York, August 7, 1776.
Parole Essex. Countersign Fairfield.
The Order of the 28th of July, respecting the removal of the sick from the Regimental to the General Hospital having been misunderstood by some; the General directs that it be taken with the following explanation. The Regimental Surgeons are to send at any time, with the usual Ticket, any patient to the General Hospital whose case requires it (putrid, and infectious disorders always excepted). Whenever the Director General, or any Surgeon of the Hospital by his direction, visits the regimental Hospitals, they are to direct what patients are proper to be removed, but it is expected that when any Surgeon visits the Regimental Surgeon, and if they should differ in opinion, they will refer it to the Director General, who has by the Resolutions of Congress, a superintendency over the whole. The General most earnestly recommends to the Gentlemen in both departments, to cultivate harmony and good agreement with each other, as conducive to their own Honor, and the good of the service.
A Sub: and twenty Men to be placed at Hoebuck Ferry, for examination of passengers. The officer to receive his Orders from the Adjutant General at Head Quarters.
The Pay Master having received a supply of Cash; The Colonels or commanding Officers of Regiments, are to apply for their June Pay; and make up Pay-Rolls for July, and deliver them to their respective Brigadiers for examination.
As many Soldiers discharge their Pieces, under pretence of Ignorance, of General Orders, and others having leave to do so from their officers, because they cannot draw the Charge: The General directs, that the Colonel of the Regiment, or commanding officer cause a daily inspection to be made of the state of the Arms; and when any are found loaded which cannot be drawn, they are to cause such men to assemble on the Regimental parade, or some other convenient place, but at the same time, viz:--Retreat Beating, and then discharge those peices. No alarm will then be given and the officers will see there is no unnecessary firing. It is the duty of the Colonel, and the reputation of his regiment so much depends upon the good order of the arms, that the General hopes he, as well as every other officer, and the men, will pay a special attention to it.
John Palsgrave Wyllys Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to General Wadsworth--Mark Hopkins Esqr. to Genl. Fellows; they are to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
Head Quarters, New York, August 7, 1776.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the ... July, intimating your expectations of release on the 12th. of this month.
I have considered your Parole, advised with those whose Knowledge and experience gives weight to their Opinion, and otherwise endeavoured to inform myself how far your Construction of it is founded upon Justice, Reason or Usage; I do not find it warranted by either, My Duty therefore Obliges me to over rule your Claim as a matter of Right. As a matter of favor, Indulgence is not in my Power, even if your General Line of Conduct as a Prisoner had been unexceptionable.
I have therefore wrote to the Committee of Hartford, sent them a Copy of this Letter and hope you will, without Difficulty, conform to the Regulations already made with respect to Prisoners, by the General Congress.
It is probable a general Exchange of Prisoners will soon take place, it will then be a pleasing part of my Duty, to facilitate your return to your Friends and connections, as I assure you it is now a painful one to disappoint you, in an Expectation which you seem to have formed, in a full Persuasion of being right and in which on mature Deliberation, I am so unhappy as totally to differ from you. I am Sir etc.
New York, August 7, 1776.
Sir: In my Letter of the 5th., which I had the honor of addressing you, I begged leave to recall the attention of Congress to the absolute necessity there is for appointing more General Officers, promising at the same time by the first opportunity to give my sentiments more at large upon the Subject.
Confident I am that the postponing this measure, has not proceeded from Motives of frugality, otherwise I would take the Liberty of attempting to prove that we put too much to the hazard by such a saving. I am but too well apprized of the difficulties that occur in the choice. They are I acknowledge, great, but at the same time It must be allowed, they are of such a Nature as to present themselves whenever the Subject is thought of. Time on the one hand does not remove them, on the other, delay may be productive of fatal consequences. This Army tho' far short as yet, of the Numbers intended by Congress, is by much too unweildy for the command of anyone Man, without several Major Generals to assist. For it is to be observed, that a Brigadier General at the head of his Brigade is no more than a Colonel at the Head of a Regiment, except that he Acts upon a larger scale.
Officers of more General command, are at all times wanted for the good order and Government of an Army, especially when that Army is composed chiefly of raw Troops, but in an action they are indispensibly necessary. At present there is but one Major General for this whole department and the flying Camp, where as at this place alone, less than three cannot discharge the duties with that regularity they ought to be: If these Major General are appointed, as undoubtedly they will, out of the present Brigadiers, you will want for this place three Brigadiers at least. The Northern department will require one, if not two, as General Thompson is a Prisoner and the Baron De Woedtke reported to be dead or in a state not much better, there being at present only one Brigadier (Arnold) in all that department. For the Eastern Governments there ought to be one, or a Major General to superinted the Regiments there and prevent Impositions that might Otherwise be practised. These make the number wanted to be Six or Seven, and who are to be appointed, Congress can best Judge. To make Brigadiers of the oldest Colonels would be the least exceptionable way, but it is much to be questioned, Whether by that mode, the ablest men would be appointed to Office; and I would observe, tho' the Rank of the Colonels of the Eastern Governments were settled at Cambridge last year, It only respected themselves and is still open as to Officers of other Governments. To pick a Colonel here and a Colonel there through the Army according to the Opinion entertained of their abilities, would no doubt be the means of making a better choice and nominating the fittest persons; But then the Senior Officers would be disgusted and more than probable with their Connexions quit the service. That might prove fatal at this time. To appoint Gentlemen as Brigadiers, that had not served in the Army, (in this part of it at least) would not wound any one in particular, but hurt the whole equally and must be considered in a very discouraging light by every Officer of Merit.
View the matter therefore in any point of light you will, there are Inconveniences on the one hand and difficulties on the other which ought to be avoided.
Would they be remedied by appointing the oldest Colonels from each State?
If this mode should be thought expedient, the Inclosed List gives the names of the Colonels from New Hampshire to Pennsylvania inclusive, specifying those who rank first as I am told in the several Colony Lists.56
[Note 56: This letter was read in Congress August 8, and on the 9th that body appointed Brig. Gens. William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Sullivan, and Nathanael Greene major generals; and Cols. James Reed, John Nixon, Arthur St. Clair, Alexander McDougall, Samuel Holden Parsons, and James Clinton brigadier generals. The list of colonels was not inclosed with the letter.]
I have transmitted a Copy of a Letter from Mr. Jona. Glover, setting forth the nature and Grounds of a dispute between him and a Mr. Bradford respecting their Agency. Not conceiving myself Authorized, nor having the smallest inclination to interfere in any degree in the matter; It is referred to Congress, who will determine and give direction upon it in such manner as they shall Judge best. I will only observe, that Mr. Glover was recommended to me as a proper person for an Agent when we first fitted out Armed Vessels and was accordingly appointed one, and so far as I know, discharged his Office with fidelity and Industry.
I received Yesterday Evening a Letter from General Schuyler, containing Lieutenant McMichels57 report, who had been sent a Scout to Oswego. A Copy of the Report I have inclosed for the Information of Congress, least General Schuyler should have omitted It in his Letter, which accompanies this. he was at the German Flatts when he wrote which was the 2d Instt. and the Treaty with the Indians not begun, nor had the whole expected, then arrived, but of these things he will have advised you more fully I make no doubt. The Pay Master Informs me he received a supply of Money Yesterday. It came very seasonably, for the Applications and clamours of the Troops had become incessant and distressing beyond measure. There is now two month's pay due them. I have &ca.58
[Note 57: Lieut. Edward McMichael, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. Copies of his report are in both the Washington Papers and in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 58: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, 1. O'Clock P.M., August 7, 1776.
Sir: Since closing the Letter which I had the honor to write you this Morning, two Deserters have come in, who left the Solebay Man of War last Evening.--one of them is a Native of New York. Their Account is that they were in the Engagement with Col. Moultrie at Sullivan's Island on the 9th. July; the particulars they give nearly correspond with the narrative sent by General Lee; that they left Carolina 3 Weeks ago as a Convoy to 45 transports, having on board General Clinton, Lord Cornwallis and the whole Southern Army, consisting of about 3000 Men, all of whom were landed last week on Staten Island, in tolerable Health.
That on Sunday 13 Transports part of Lord Howe's fleet and having on board Hessians and Highlanders, came to Staten Island: that the remainder of the Fleet which was reported to have in the whole 12000 Men; had parted with these Troops off the Banks of Newfoundland and were expected to come in every Moment; that they were getting their heavy Carriages and Cannon on board; had launched 8 Gondolas with flatt Bottoms, and 2 Rafts on Stages to carry Cannon. These men understand that the attack will soon be made, if the other Troops arrive; That they give out they will lay the Jerseys waste with Fire and Sword. The computed Strength of their Army will be 30,000 Men. They further add, that when they left Carolina one Transport got on Shore, so that they were not able to give her relief, upon which she surrendered with 5 Companies of Highlanders to General Lee, who after taking every thing valuable out of her burnt her
That the Admiral turned General Clinton out of his Ship after the Engagement, with a great deal of abuse; great differences between the Principal Naval and Military Gentlemen; that the Ships left in Carolina, are now in such a Weakly distressed condition they would fall on easy Prey. I am, etc.
P. S: The Ships are changing their position, and the Men of War forming into a Line, but I still think they will wait the arrival of the remaining Hessians before any general attack will be made. Monday's return will shew our strength here.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Joseph Reed; the P.S. is in that of Washington.]
New York, August 7, 1776.
Dear Sir: Before this, I presume you have received a letter from Congress, Inclosing Sundry Resolutions of the 22, 23, and 24 Ulto., among which was one, impowering their Commanders in Chief in every Department, to Negociate an Exchange of prisoners, upon the plan therein pointed out, There were two others, mentioning the case of Colo. Allen and the persons taken with him. That the views of Congress might be carried into Execution in those Instances, as far as they could in this Department, and for the Enlargement of Mr. Lovell, whose case they have since mentioned, I wrote to Genl. Howe who has acceded to the several propositions I made him, as far as they came within the Extent of his Command. A copy of my letter and his Answer I have Inclosed. By the Letter, you will perceive, Prisoners made in Canada are Subject to Genl. Carleton's Determination and pleasure. It is probable, you have already wrote him upon the Subject of an Exchange; but If you have not, I think you should propose It immediately, both to him and Genl. Burgoyne, and try to obtain Genl. Thompson for Genl. Prescott, and also one for the other Officers and Men, who are Prisoners in their Hands. Justice and a Regard to the merits and Bravery of the Officers, and Privates, who were taken when Genl. Montgomery unfortunately fell, Require that our Exertions should be directed, to Relieve their Sufferings, and procure their Enlargement among the first. It may not be improper, to Inform these two Gentlemen, of what has passed between Genl. Howe and Myself.--Perhaps the Copies of our Letters, will Contribute in some measure to facilitate the Worke.
I was Yesterday evening favoured with your Letters of the 1st. and 2nd., also with One from Mr. Varrick.60 It is impossible to spare any Gunners or Mates from hence, Our posts being so extensive that we are obliged to draft upwards of Six hundred Men from different Regiments to Assist the Artillery.
[Note 60: Richard Varick. He was captain in the First New York Regiment; aide to Schuyler; deputy commissary general of musters, Northern Army; lieutenant colonel and aide to Arnold; recording secretary to Washington. After the war he was recorder and mayor of New York City and attorney general of the State.] Colo. Knox Informs me you have four Comps. of Gunners and Matrosses at the Lakes, as good as any here, which is a much greater proportion than we have. You must draw what are necessary for them and other parts of the Army. As to Seamen they are extremely difficult to procure, and I wish they may be got; as it is almost certain, they would not engage in the Service you want 'em for, upon the terms usually allowed here, there seems to have been a Necessity for employing them on the best that can be had.
From Lt. McMichels report, Our Enemies seem determined to push us on all Quarters, It is nothing but what we may expect, your utmost activity and exertions must be employed, to counteract their designs and prevent their Penetrating the Country. I hope Fort Stanwix 'ere long will be compleat and defensible, against any attack they can make, If they have any such views. The Garrison should by all means have a proper supply of provision, in case It should be Invested.
In respect to the Articles, in the list Marked B. in Mr. Varrick's Letter, All that can be procured here, and those set down in the list subscribed by the Qr. Mr. General. As to the Cordage, lest a supply may not be got in Connecticut, Mr. Ivers61 has undertaken, and will immediately set out for Poughkeepsie, in Order to Manufacture Six or Eight Tons of Hemp, he has there an Assortment of it, which will be forwarded to Albany with all possible dispatch from thence. I hope the other Necessaries will be got by the person sent to Connecticut, and the Anchors &c. at the Forges Mr. Varrick mentions. Captn. Bacon62 sent in pursuit suit of Seamen &c. by Genl. Arnold, is gone to Connecticut to see what he can procure. I advanced him Five Hundred Pounds Lawful, all the Money that was in the paymasters Hands.
[Note 61: Ivers was of Stratford, Conn. In 1778 he is mentioned as furnishing cordage for one of the armed vessels.]
[Note 62: Capt. Asa(?) Bacon, of Chester's Connecticut State regiment.]
Having represented to Congress, the expediency of imploying the Stockbridge Indians, as they are desirous of it, they have Authorized me to do it, as you will see by the inclosed Copy of their Resolution, passed the 2nd. Instant. If Mr. Edwards63 is at the Treaty you are now holding, shew him the Resolve, and please to inform him, that it is my request, he should adopt the most expeditious mode of raising them, giving such of them that chuse it, Liberty to Join the Northern Army, and those that prefer coming here, leave to do it, in case they incline to divide. If they do not the whole may go to which of the Armies they please, least Mr. Edwards should not be at the Treaty, I will try to write him by another opportunity to the same effect.
[Note 63: Timothy Edwards, Indian commissioner for the Northern Department.]
Congress I see, too, have ordered Five hundred Thousand Dollars to be sent Mr. Trumbull for the Northern Army, I am hopeful they will be attentive to the Necessary Supplies of Money in future.
By two deserters, we are informed Genl. Clinton with his whole Army from the Southward, except three Companies has arrived; they also add, that about One thousand of the Hessians have got in, the remainder of the foreign Troops they expect (about Eleven Thousand) will be in every day, those that have arrived having parted with them in a Gale of Wind of the Banks of New found Land.
Congress having Resolved, that Colo. Elmore's Regiment should reinforce this Army; On the first Instant I wrote him, supposing him in Connecticut, with his Regiment to repair here, with all possible expedition; but being informed that he is at Albany with it, or a great part of it, are now, and fully convinced that he cannot be here in time to afford any succour, I request that you will detain him and direct his Regiment to such Service as you may think Necessary, I wrote him by this Opportunity countermanding my former Orders.64 I am etc.
[Note 64: Washington's letter to Elmore is dated August 7 and is, in effect, what he here states to Schuyler.]
New York Head Quarters, August 7, 1776.
Sir, The Spirit and Zeal, which the Colony of Connecticut have ever shewn in the cause of America, makes it only necessary to acquaint you with our Situation, in order to ensure your assistance.65 General Clinton has brought his whole Body of Troops from South Carolina, the Foreign Troops are every day arriving, and we have the most Authentic account that in a little time our Enemys Army will amount to 30,000 Men; with these, a decissive Attack will be made upon the Army, which in its present Situation, from Sickness, the Deficiency of Regiments, and other Causes, is far short of its intended Compliment; under these Circumstances, I am persuaded I need only remind you, of the power given by the Laws of the Colony to the Colonels of Regiments, upon an Alarm, Invasion or Appearance of an Enemy, by Sea or Land, to call out their respective Regiments into Service. Since the Settlement of these Colonies their has never been such just Occasion of Alarm, or such an Appearance of an Enemy, both by Sea and Land; I am therefore to request you to call forth your Regiment without delay, and have them equipp'd with Blankets, Arms and Ammunition, if possible, and march them immediately to this place, agreeable to the Power given by your Constitution, as explained by His Honor Governor Trumbull, in his Letter to the Honourable Continental Congress, dated the 6th. July last. I can
[Note 65: Colonel Fitch was at New Haven, Conn.] only add, that the greater the expedition used the more essential and honourable the Service will probably be. I am &c.66
[Note 66: The same letter was sent to Col. Ichabod Sears at Stratford, to Col. John Mead at Greenwich, to Col. Edward Hinman at Woodbury, and to Col. Joseph Platt Cooke at Danbury.]
New York, August 7, 1776.
Sir: I have received repeated information, that a number of Persons known to be inimical to the cause of the American States, or of a Suspicious Character, have lately removed from this and other places into the County of Monmouth in New Jersey, with intent no doubt from its situation; of Communicating with and Aiding our Enemies. All those of Similar Characters on Long Island and the other Counties adjacent to this place, will be secured by to morrow Morning, and I must urge the necessity of your Congress adopting the same Measure, in all those Parts of your Province, which are most contigious to the Enemy. There are some also, of very dangerous Characters, who I am informed are lurking in the Neighbourhood of Hackinsack and what they call the English Neighbourhood, particularly Benjamin Hugget and Frederick Rhinelander; this Measure is now become the more necessary, as from the Intelligence I have this day Received, there is the greatest reason to believe, that the Enemy intend to begin their Operations in a very few days, and that with a very powerful force; for not only a Considerable part of the Foreign Troops, the British Guards and an additional Number of Scotch Troops are lately arrived at Staten Island; but the Army from the Southward under Genl. Clinton also joined them last Thursday; and the remainder of the foreign Troops have been spoke with on the Coast and are momently expected; this must also urge the absolute necessity, of your Congress Instantly adopting some effectual measures for compleating the Troops Voted, and for affording every other reinforcement to this Place, that is in their Power; by detaching a Considerable Body of the Militia, or in such other manner, as will be more effectual. Of the 3300. voted by your State, we have but 1450, and in the same proportion from the other Colonies, so that you will easily conceive, what an Alarming Situation we are in. As the Harvest is now over and the Militia engaged most chearfully to return if Necessary, I persuade myself they will readily turn out, upon a Representation being made to them of the Necessity; what from a Deficiency of the old Regiments, Sickness, and the failure of New Levies, we are in danger of being outnumbered by the Enemy, at least doubly, if not more. The Consequences may be fatal, unless prevented by the Spirit of the Country. I have dispatched Expresses to Connecticut to call in their Militia immediately, with their Arms, Blankets and what Ammunition they have; as the Supply here, to suit their Guns is attended with much difficulty and delay. I must beg your attention to the same Circumstance, as far as the Situation of things will admit, but so as not hinder from Marching, those who cannot come so provided. I am &c.
Head Quarters, August 7, 1776.
Sir: By two deserters this day, we have the following Intelligence, Vizt., that General Clinton and Lord Cornwallis with the whole Southern Army, have arrived and landed on Staten Island from South Carolina, in number about 3. or 4,000; that the Fleet which came in a few days since, are the Hessians and Scotch Highlanders, part of 12,000 who were left off Newfound Land; in the whole making about 30,000 Men; and that, it is said by Officers of the Navy and Army, they are to attack N. York, Long Island, &c. in the course of a Week. The uncommon movements of the Fleet this day, together with the above intelligence, convince us, that in all human probability, there can but a very few days pass, before a general Engagement takes place. When I consider the Weakness of our Army by Sickness, the great extent of Ground we have to defend, and the amazing slowness with which the Levies come forward, I think it absolutely necessary, the Neighbouring Militia should be immediately sent in to our assistance; and, agreeable to your Letter of the 6th July, I have ordered the Colonels, with their Regiments, to March, with all Convenient Speed, to this Place. The disgrace of the British Arms to the Southward, and the Season being far advanced, will make them exert every nerve against us in this Quarter. To trust altogether in the justice of our cause, without our own utmost exertions, would be tempting Providence; and, that you may judge of our Situation, I give you the present state of our Army:
Copy from the General Return of the Army of the United States of America, now on New York, Governor's, and Long Islands, and at Powles Hook, Augst. 3d., 1776 Vizt.
Present, fit for duty, 10,514; Sick, present, 3,039; Sick, absent, 629, on Command 2,946, on furlow 97: Total 17,225. By this, you will see, we are to oppose an Army of 30,000 experienced Veterans, with about one third the Number of Raw Troops, and these scattered, some 15 Miles apart. This will be handed you by Mr. Root, to him, I must refer you for further particulars; and have the pleasure to be etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 7, 1776.
Gentn.: I am to acquaint you, that I lately recived a Letter from Major French, who is a prisoner in your Place, signifying that his parole would be out the 12th Inst., and that he had no intentions of renewing it. This conduct I must Confess, appears very extraordinary, as he cannot be ignorant, that he has been hitherto considered as a prisoner of War, and that accepting his parole at first was an indulgence granted, solely to make his situation more easy and Comfortable; and to prevent his experiencing the disagreeable Effects of a close confinement. I have expressed my sentiments to him freely on the Subject in my Answer, which I inclose unsealed for your perusal. I doubt not, you will pursue such measures, as are most proper on this occasion. You will please to seal and deliver the Letter inclosed, without delay, to avoid any trouble that may arise on Account of not delivering it, previous to the date before mentioned. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 7, 1776.
Sir: I have the most Authentic intelligence, that General Clinton with his whole Southern Army, 1000 Hessians and a number of Highlanders, have within these few days, joined General Howe. that 11,000 more, foreign Troops, are hourly expected having been left on the banks of Newfound Land a few days ago. An attack is now therefore to be expected, which will probably decide the Fate of America. The Levies from New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut are not compleated within one half of their Establishment and my whole Army much Short of its Compliment.
Under these Circumstances Sir, I must desire you to apply to the Several Committees or other Authority of Connecticut, to hasten down, as fast as possible, the Militia, and I cannot doubt but a sence of Public duty and the imminent Dangers, to which every thing that is dear to us is exposed, will induce every true friend and Lover of his Country, to exert his utmost Powers for its Salvation and Defence. I am etc.
New York, August 7, 1776.
Sir: The inclosed Copy of a Resolution of Congress, entered into the 2d Inst., will discover to you their Sentiments, on the Subject of employing the Stockbridge Indians in the Service of the United States.
It is certain they differed some time ago, from the Commissioners of Indian affairs and put a Stop to their proceedings in this Instance; But finding that our Enemy's are prosecuting the War, with unexampled Severity and Industry, and that these Indians are anxious to take a part in our favor; they have instructed me to employ in the Service of the American States, as many of them as I may think proper; I therefore take the Liberty to request your friendly exertions on this Occasion and that you will engage in the Service, as great a Number of them as you possibly can. I would wish you to give the Whole of them or any part that may choose it, the liberty of Joining either this Army, or that in the Northern Department under Genl. Schuyler. I do not think it will be proper, as they are desirous of becoming apart of the Army, to Oblige them to join, where they have not an Inclination to go; and therefore recommend that they should be indulged; in whatever way their fancy may lead, as to Joining either the one or the other Army, partially or wholly.
The Situation of our affairs, will readily suggest to you, the Necessity of dispatch; at the same time, that it will point out the expediency of engaging as many of them as you can. The business may be attended with a degree of trouble, which I could wish not to happen, but yet I am persuaded will be undertaken with alacrity. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, August 8, 1776.
Sir: I was unwilling to determine hastily, upon your claim of a Release founded upon your Parole, and therefore delayed the acknowledgment of your favor of the 22d July, until I should fully inform myself. I had accordingly wrote you Yesterday, that I was so unhappy as to differ from you in the construction you had put upon it, but as there was reason to believe, a General Exchange of Prisoners might soon take place, I should chearfully facilitate your return to your Friends.
Last Night I received your favour of the 5th. August waving your Claim of a Release, which makes any farther Discussion of that matter unnecessary. Your other proposal, of being exchanged for Major Meigs69 or Col: Allen, will meet with no Objection from me; should you write to General Howe on the Subject the Letter shall be chearfully forwarded and his Answer returned.
[Note 69: Maj. Return Jonathan Meigs, of the Second Connecticut Regiment.]
Should any Difficulty arise in the Exchange, I am doubtful, how far I should be authorized, without consulting the Congress, to grant you an Indulgence similar to that of Major Meigs, which I have been informed was allowed in consequence of his saving the Life of a British Officer, either nearly connected with, or much esteemed by General Carlton.
However, you may assure yourself Sir, that both Duty and Inclination lead me to relieve the unfortunate and that I agree with you, that your long and early Captivity gives you a very just Claim to special Notice, and I shall be happy in furthering your Wishes, as far as my Station will admit. I am Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 8, 1776.
Sir: The Account given you by a deserter, as brought me by Mr. Tilghman is confirmed by two Sailors who came off the Night before last from the Enemy; That Genl. Clinton is arrived with his Army from South Carolina, and that Preparations are makeing for an early and Vigorous Attack. They further add, that last Sunday 1000 Hessians landed, part of 12,000, the Remainder being left off the Banks of Newfound Land, that may be expected every Hour. under these Circumstances, and considering how much deficient this Army is, from the not filling up the new Levies, and Sickness, I must desire you to send over one of the Rifle Regiments, as we have not one Corps of that kind on this Island. I leave it to you, to fix upon that which you think will come with the most Chearfulness, and are best appointed, but would not have any time lost. The Quarter Master may set out immediately to prepare for them; from all accounts the grand Attack will be made here, and at Long Island. I cannot find any thing meditated against New Jersey at present. I have wrote to the Convention of Jersey, and to Connecticut, to send in the Militia, with all expedition. I am, etc.
[Head Quarters, August 8, 1776.]
Sir: Before this reaches you, you will undoubtedly have heard of the unexpected arrival of the Carolina Army on Staten Island, which added to the Hessians and foreign Troops under Lord Howe, exhibit a force Justly Alarming. When I compare it with that which we have to oppose them, I cannot help feeling every anxious Apprehension. The New Levies are so incomplete, the Old Regiments deficient in their Compliment, and so much Sickness, that we must have an immediate Supply of Men. I have therefore wrote to Connecticut, and to the Convention of your Province, to call the Militia immediately. but as it may take some time, and the Necessity admit of no delay, I have thought it proper to Apply to you also, under the Resolution of Congress of last June, Copy of which was sent you when Lord Howe's Fleet first arrived, to beg you would use your utmost exertions to forward this most Necessary Measure. The Consequences to the American Interest of any Failure here, are so obvious, that I need not enlarge upon them, your own good Judgement will suggest every thing proper.
It would be a great saving of Time and expence, if the Militia, when they come, would always equip themselves with Arms, Ammunition, Blankets, Canteens and Kettles, as far as they can, and in any Order given on the present Occasion, I would wish you to notice it specially. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 8, 1776.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 2nd. Instant is duly received. Inclosed you have a Resolution of the Provincial Convention, which came to hand last evening, by which you will please to regulate your Conduct. I must beg you to inform me, as soon as possible, what Number your Brigade now consists of, and what Number it will contain, when a fourth part of the Militia are drafted, agreable to Order of Provincial Congress.
By Intelligence received and movements observed of the Enemy, we have the greatest reason to believe, a General Attack will be made in the course of a few days, our Numbers are much short of the Enemy. I hope no time will be lost, in Marching the Reinforcements expected to our Assistance from Different Quarters, with all possible dispatch. I am etc.
[Note 70: The Pennsylvania Associators, as they were called, were the same as militia and were stationed at this date near Elizabethtown, N.J.]
Head Quarters, August 8, 1776.
Gentlemen' I had fully resolved to have paid you a Visit in New Jersey if the movements of the Enemy, and some intelligence indicating an early attack, had not induced me to suspend it.
Allow me therefore, to address you in this Mode, as fellow Citizens and fellow Soldiers engaged in the same Glorious Cause; to represent to you, that the Fate of our Country depends in all human probability, on the Exertion of a few Weeks; That it is of the utmost importance, to keep up a respectable Force for that time, and there can be no doubt that success will Crown our Efforts, if we firmly and resolutely determine, to conquer or to die.
I have placed so much confidence, in the Spirit and Zeal of the Associated Troops of Pennsylvania, that I cannot persuade myself an impatience to return Home, or a less honourable Motive will defeat my well grounded expectation, that they will do their Country essential Service, at this critical time, when the Powers of Despotism are all combined against it, and ready to strike their most decisive Stroke. If I could allow myself to doubt your Spirit and Perseverance, I should represent the ruinous Consequences of your leaving file Service, by setting before you, the discouragement it would give the Army, the confusion and shame of our Friends, and the still more galling triumph of our Enemies. But as I have no such doubts, I shall only thank you for the Spirit and Ardor you have shewn, in so readily marching to meet the Enemy, and am most confident you will crown it by a Glorious Perseverance. The Honor and safety of our bleeding Country, and every other motive that can influence the brave and heroic Patriot, call loudly upon us, to acquit ourselves with Spirit. In short, we must now determine to be enslaved or free. If we make Freedom our choice, we must obtain it, by the Blessing of Heaven on our United and Vigorous Efforts.
I salute you Gentlemen most Affectionately, and beg leave to remind you, that Liberty, Honor, and Safety are all at stake, and I trust Providence will smile upon our Efforts, and establish us once more, the Inhabitants of a free and happy Country. I am, etc.
New York, August 8, 1776.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 6th. Inst. and am happy, to find the Nomination I made of Genl. Clinton,71 in consequence of your Request to appoint an Officer to the Command of the Levies on both sides Hudson's River, has met the approbation of your Honble. Body. His acquaintance with the Country, abilities and zeal for the Cause are the Motives
[Note 71: Brig. Gen. George Clinton. (See Washington's letter to the Secret Committee of the New York Legislature, July 19, 1776, ante.)] that induced me to make choice of him. However, I am led to conclude, from that part of your Letter which desires me to transmit him his appointment, with the Resolution Subjecting the Levies on both sides of the River at his command, that your Honorable Body entertain Ideas of the Matter, somewhat different from what I do, or ever did.
When I was honored with your Letter of the 16th Ulto, with the Resolves of Convention upon this Subject, the State of the Army under my Command would not allow me to send a General Officer in the Continental Service, to Command the Levies you then proposed to raise; supposing I had been authorised to do it; but considering myself without power in this Instance.
The Levies altogether of a Provincial Nature--to be raised by you and Subject to your direction, I esteemed the nomination of a General Officer over them, entrusted to my choice, a matter of favor and of Compliment, and as such I gratefully fill it.
I am persuaded, I expressed myself in this Manner to the Gentn. who were pleased to attend me upon the occasion and that they had the same Ideas. Under the Influence of this Opinion, all I expected was, that an Appointment would be made in conformity to my Nomination, If there was no Objection to the Gentleman I proposed, conceiving then as I do now, if he was approved by Convention, he was their Officer and deriving his appointment and Authority from them. In this light I presume Genl. Clinton must be viewed and his powers over the Levies you allude to, flow from you. Least accident may have mislaid the Letter I wrote you on the Subject, I have inclosed an Extract of it, so far as it had relation to it.
It is not in my Power to send an Experienced Officer at this time to the post you mention; I trust that Colo. Clinton72 will
[Note 72: Col. James Clinton, of the Second New York Regiment. He was made a brigadier general in the Continental Army Aug. 9, 1776; wounded at Fort Montgomery, N.Y., in Sir Henry Clinton's raid up the Hudson in 1777; served to the close of the war.] be equall to the Command of both the Highland Fortifications, they are under his direction at present.
In respect to the two Commissaries, I thought the Matter had been fixed; but as it is not, I have requested Mr. Trumbull, who has the Charge of this, to wait upon and agree with the Convention, on proper persons to conduct the business and in such a way that their purchases and his may not clash; to him therefore, I beg leave to refer you upon this Subject.
I am extremely obliged by the order for the Telescope. I have obtained it, and will try to employ it for the Valuable purposes you designed it.
I shall pay proper attention to your Members and persons employed in their Service, and give it in General Orders that they be permitted to pass our Guards without Interruption.
Before I conclude, I cannot but express my fears, lest the Enemy's Army so largely augmented, should possess themselves of the whole Stock on long Island; When the further reinforcement arrives, which they hourly expect, they may do it without a possibility on our part of preventing them.
I wish the Convention may not see Cause to regret, that they were not removed. I have the Honor to be &c.
New York, August 8, 1776.
Sir: By this, I mean to Communicate to your Honble. Body, the Substance of the Intelligence I received yesterday from two deserters, that came the Evening before from the Solebay Man of War. They inform, that they were in the Engagement at Sullivan's Island and give nearly the same Account as that transmitted by Genl. Lee, which you would see published by Congress. They add, that they left South Carolina about three Weeks ago, with Genl. Clinton and his whole Army, who are now arrived and landed on Staten Island; they also say, that part of Lord Howe's fleet, with Hessian and Highland Troops on board, have got in, and that the remainder, with a considerable body, is hourly expected, which, those that have come in parted from, in a Gale of Wind of the Banks of New found land.
As the Accounts given by these Men, are direct and circumstantial, and their Authenticity corroborated by many other things that have occurred; It is not to be doubted but the number of the Enemy's Army will greatly exceed ours.
Their force which was generally expected would be considerable of itself; the unexpected augmentation of Genl Clinton's Army makes it more so. On the other hand, ours does not come up to the Intended establishment.
Under these Circumstances and as we may expect the period just at hand, when they will make their Vigorous push, I submit it to the Consideration of your Honble. Body, whether it may not be Necessary, for your Exertions to be employed in calling in, in the most expeditious manner, such reinforcements as you can Obtain, to the Aid of this Army. I have &c.
Head Quarters, New York, August 8, 1776.
Parole Greenwich. Countersign Kennington.
Passes signed by the President of the Convention, of New York, are to be deemed authentic, and noticed as such by officers attending at the ferries.
As the Movements of the enemy, and intelligence by Deserters, give the utmost reason to believe, that the great struggle, in which we are contending for every thing dear to us, and our posterity, is near at hand--The General most earnestly recommends the closest attention to the state of the mens arms, ammunition and flints; that if we should be suddenly called to action, nothing of this kind may be to provide; and he does most anxiously exhort, both officers, and soldiers, not to be out of their quarters, or encampments, especially early in the morning, or upon the tide of flood.
A Flag in the day time, or a light at Night, in the Fort on Bayard's hill, with three Guns from the same place fired quick, but distinct, is to be considered as a signal for the troops to repair to their Alarm posts, and prepare for action, and that the Alarm may be more effectually given, the Drums are immediately to beat to Arms upon the signal being given from Bayards-hill--This order is not to be considered as countermanding the firing two Guns at Fort George as formerly ordered; that is also to be done upon an Alarm, but the Flag will not be hoisted at the old Head Quarters in the Broad way.
Col Parsons, Col Read, Col Huntington, Col Webb, Col Wyllys, Col Bailey, Col Baldwin, Col McDougall, Col: Ritzema and Lieut. Col Sheppard, to attend at Head Quarters this evening, at six o'clock.
New York, August 8, 1776.
Sir: By yesterday's post, I was honoured with your favor of the 2d. instant, with Sundry Resolutions of Congress, to which I shall pay strict Attention. As the proposition for employing the Stockbridge Indians has been approved, I have wrote Mr. Edwards, one of the Commissioners and who lives among them; requesting him to engage them or such as are willing to enter the Service. I have directed him to Indulge them with liberty to join this or the Northern Army or both, as their inclination may lead.
I wish the salutary Consequences may result from the regulation, respecting Seamen taken, that Congress have in view. From the nature of this kind of People, and the priviledges granted on their entering into our service, I should suppose many of them would do It. We want them much.
I yesterday transmitted the Intelligence I received from the Deserters from the Solebay Man of War. The inclosed copy of a Letter by last night's post from the Honr. Mr. Bowdoin,73 with the information of a Captain Kennedy lately taken, corroborate their accounts respecting the Hessian Troops. Indeed his report makes the fleet and Armament to be employed against us, greater than what we have heard they would be; However there remains no doubt of their being both large and formidable, and such as will require our most vigorous exertions to oppose them. persuaded of this, and knowing how much Inferior our Numbers are and will be to theirs, when the whole of their Troops arrive; of the important consequences that may, and will flow from the Appeal that will soon be made, I have wrote to Connecticut and New Jersey for all the succour they can afford, and also to the Convention of this State. What I may receive, and in what time, the event must determine. But I would feign hope, the Situation, the exigency of our Affairs, will call forth the strenuous efforts and early Assistance of those, who are friends to the Cause. I confess there is but too much occasion for their exertions. I confidently trust, they will not be witheld.
[Note 73: James Bowdoin. A copy of his letter of July 29, 1776, with Washington's letter, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I have inclosed a Copy of a Letter from Mr. Bowdoin74 respecting the Eastern Indians. Congress will thereby perceive, they profess themselves to be well attached to our Interest, and the Summary of the measures taken to engage them in our Service. I have the Treaty at large between the Honorable
[Note 74: A copy of this letter, dated July 30, 1776, with Washington's letter, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] Council of the Massachusetts on behalf of the United States, with the Delegates of the St. Johns and Mickmac Tribes. The probability of a copy's being sent already, and its great length, prevents one coming herewith.--If Congress have not had it forwarded to them, I will send a Copy by the first opportunity after notice that it has not been received.
August 9.
By a report received from General Greene last night, at Sun set and a little after, about one hundred Boats were seen bringing Troops from Staten Island to the Ships. Three of which had fallen down towards the narrows having taken in Soldiers from thirty of the Boats; he adds that by the best observations of several Officers, there appeared to be a General Embarkation.
I have wrote to General Mercer for Two Thousand Men from the Flying Camp: Colonel Smallwood's Battalion, as part of them, I expect this forenoon, But where the rest are to come from I know not, as by the General's last return, not more than three or four hundred of the New Levies had got in. In my Letter of the 5th. I inclosed a General return of the Army under my immediate Command, but I immagine the following state will give Congress a more perfect Idea, tho' not a more agreeable one, of our Situation. For the several posts on New York, Long and Governor's Islands and Paulus Hook we have fit for duty 10,514. Sick present 3039. sick absent 629. On Command 2946. On Furlo 97. Total 17225 in addition to these we are only certain of Colo: Smallwood's Battalion, in case of an immediate Attack.
Our posts too are much divided having Waters between many of them and some distant from others 15 Miles.
These circumstances sufficiently distressing of themselves, are much aggravated by the sickness that prevails thro the Army; every day more or less are taken down, so that the proportion of Men that may come in, cannot be considered as a real and serviceable Augmentation in the whole. These things are melancholy, but they are nevertheless true. I hope for better. Under every disadvantage my utmost exertions shall be employed to bring about the great end we have in view, and so far as I can Judge from the professions and apparent disposition of my Troops, I shall have their Support. The Superiority of the Enemy and the expected Attack, do not seem to have depressed their Spirits. These considerations lead me to think that tho' the appeal may not terminate so happily in our favor as I could wish that yet they will not succeed in their views without considerable loss. Any advantage they may get I trust will cost them dear.
8 o'Clock A.M.
By the Reverend Mr. Maddison75 and a Mr. Johnson two Gentlemen of Virginia who came from Staten Island Yesterday and where they arrived the day before in the Packet with Colonel Guy Johnson, I am informed that nothing material had taken place in England when they left it. That there had been a change in the French Ministry which many people thought foreboded a War.76 That it seemed to be believed by many, that Congress would attempt to buy off the Foreign Troops and that it might be effected without great difficulty. Their Accounts from Staten Island nearly correspond with what we had before. They say every preparation is making for an attack; That the force now upon the Island is about 15,000. That they appear very Impatient for the Arrival of the foreign Troops, but a very small part having got in; whether they
[Note 75: Rev. James Madison, who had gone to England in 1775 to be ordained. He was instructor in mathematics and natural philosophy in William and Mary College and after the Revolution became Protestant Episcopal bishop of Virginia.]
[Note 76: This, probably, was the news of Turgot's dismissal from the Ministry of Finance, which had occurred in May, 1776. He was strongly opposed to a war between France and Great Britain.] would attempt any thing before they came, they are uncertain, but they are sure they will as soon as they arrive, if not before.
They say from what they could collect from the conversation of Officers &ca. they mean to Hem us in by getting above us and cutting off all communication with the Country. That this is their plan, seems to be corroborated and confirmed by the circumstances of some Ships of War going out at different times within a few days past and other Vessels.
It is probable that part are to go round and come up the Sound. Mr. Maddison says Lord Howe's powers were not known when he left England. That General Conway77 moved before his departure, that they might be laid before the Commons and had his motion rejected by large Majority. I have the Honor &c.
[Note 77: Gen. Henry Seymour Conway.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 9, 1776.
Parole Lexington. Countersign Maryland.
Capt. Lieut. Sergeant78 of the Artillery, with two Field Pieces, to attach himself to General Heath's Brigade, with the Ammunition Carts, as ordered by Col Knox; while time will permit, he must manoeuvre with the Regiments of the Brigade, and practise as much as possible. The Horses not to be taken away from the Carts, but kept with the driver in some convenient place contigious to the Brigade so as to be ready at a moments warning.
[Note 78: Capt.-Lieut. Winthrop Sargent.]
Capt. Lieut. Carpenter79 to do the same with Lord Stirling's Brigade.
[Note 79: Capt.-Lieut, Benajah Carpenter, of Knox's artillery.]
Capt. Lieut. Johnson80 to do the same with General Spencer's Brigade.
[Note 80: Capt.-Lieut. William Johnson, of Steven's New York artillery.]
Capt. Lieut. Crane81 to do the same with General Fellows Brigade.
[Note 81: Capt.-Lieut. Joseph Crane, of Knox's artillery.]
An Ammunition Cart is provided for each Regiment with spare Cartridges; these Carts are immediately to join the several regiments to which they belong and keep with them in some safe place near the regiment.
The Quarter Master General to have the Water Casks replenished.
The Commissary General to deliver to the Colonel of each regiment, Rum in the proportion of half a pint to a man; the Colonel to make a return of the number of his men for this purpose, and see that it is properly dealt out, by putting it under the care of a very discreet officer.
As there are some regiments yet deficient in Arms, The General directs, that the Colonels, or commanders of regiments, see what good Arms there are, belonging to the sick, and put them into the hands of those who are well; if there should still be a deficiency, they are then to apply to the Adjutant General.
The General Officers to be at Head Quarters, this evening at Six o'clock precisely.
The General exhorts every man, both officer and soldier, to be prepared for action, to have his arms in the best order, not to wander from his encampment or quarters; to remember what their Country expects of them, what a few brave men have lately done in South Carolina, against a powerful Fleet and Army; to acquit themselves like men and with the blessing of heaven on so just a Cause we cannot doubt of success.
Nicholas Fish Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to General Scott; he is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
Col Glover and Col Smallwoods Regiments are to be under the immediate direction of Brigadier General Sullivan 'till some further arrangement is made of the brigades.
Head Quarters, New York, August 9, 1776.
Sir: Your Letter of the 5th. by your Brother is received; by him I forward you 800 Dollars, would have you order your Regiment to March for this place,82 as fast as any Officer's party are enlisted. you will make a return to me immediately, if the Number of men already embodied, and Continue to make your returns, by which you may call for money as wanted. I conceive that taking Men from the 4 or 5 Month's Militia, will not answer our present Necessity, as it will not add to the Number in Service; but of the Militia, which is only ordered in for a few days or Weeks, you have an undoubted right, to take such as have a mind to inlist with you. Previous to your men arriving in this City, you will order a field Officer here, to take Charge of them, as they come in. I am, etc.
[Note 82: Dubois's Fifth New York Regiment was then at Poughkeepsie.]
[Note 83: Hay, then at Haverstraw, was a colonel of New York Militia. Later he was appointed a deputy commissary general in the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 10, 1776.
Sir: Your favours of the 2nd. and 7th. Instr. are duly received; the Commissary General, to whom I had refered the matter of your Appointment, was to have wrote and desired you to undertake the Business; since which it is determined those Troops under General Clinton, are to march to Kingsbridge, and of Consequence will receive their supplies from the General Store there. It cannot be long, before matters may take a Capital turn this way; the Issue will determine whether a Post from your part of the Country is necessary or otherways. Any movements of the Enemy which you think may be of Consequence, I shall be obliged if you will transmit me. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 10, 1776.
Sir: Your Letter of the 5th. Instant, with its several enclosures is come safe to hand, and I now enclose you a list from the Colo. of Artillery and Quarter Master General, of what is and will be forwarded from this place, which is all that can be procured. there was some Duck arrived at Providence, out of which I have requested Governor Cooke to supply the Northern Army, provided it's not otherways disposed of. The Water Communication being yet stoped makes it exceeding difficult to transport these Articles to Albany. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, August 10, 1776.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Saml. and John two of our friends of the Stockbridge Indians, who have been here and expressed the desire of their People, to become part of the Army of the United States. Having wrote you fully on the 7th. Inst. and transmitted a Copy of the Resolution of Congress upon this Subject, which I presume will have reached you before this comes to hand, I have referred them to you for Information, in the Instance of their Application, and have only to request the favor of your early attention to what I then recommended to your care and direction. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, August 10, 1776.
Parole New-Castle. Countersign Onslow.
Great Complaints are made of the soldiers taking away the flat bottom'd Boats, which may now be wanted for the most important purposes ;The General absolutely forbids any person medling with them, at the place where they are stationed but by order of General Putnam, in writing, or by one of his Aids-de-Camp; and the officer of the main guard is to detach a Subaltern, and thirty men, who are to mount Guard over them, taking farther Orders from General Putnam. The General will be much obliged to every officer, or soldier, who seeing them out of their places, will bring them to their station.
Head Quarters, New York, August 11, 1776.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersign Roxbury.
No Furlough, or Discharges, are after this day to be granted to officers or soldiers without the knowledge and consent of the Commander in Chief--When an Action is hourly expected, a case must be very extraordinary which can warrant an application of this kind; but if such should happen, the Colonels are to satisfy their Brigadiers in it first; the Brigadiers if they concur in it, are then to apply to Head Quarters from whence only Furloughs are to be issued 'till further orders.
The Hon. The Continental Congress having been pleased to allow a Pay Master, to each of the established Regiments, and directed the General to appoint them; he desires the Field Officers of each Regiment, to recommend to him suitable persons; they are to be persons of Integrity and Fidelity; good Accomptants and fair Writers--The Pay is Twenty-six dollars and two thirds pr Kalander Month.
When a prisoner is put under guard, the officer sending him, is not only to put down the crime he stands charged with, but the regiment and company to which he belongs; and he should also note the Witnesses names to prove the charge.
The Court Martial to sit to morrow, as a Court of enquiry, upon Lieut. Mesier,84 of Col Lashers Regiment, for misbehaviour to his superior officer.
[Note 84: Lieut. Abraham Mesier.]
Joseph Martin of Capt. Hurds85 Company, Col Silliman's Regt., tried by a General Court Martial of which Col. Wyllys was president for "abusing and robbing a woman in the market" --acquitted for want of evidence.
[Note 85: Capt. Nathan Hurd.]
Hugh Cahaggan (a transient person) and Richard Keif, belonging to Col Nicholsons86 Regiment, convicted by the same Court Martial of "stealing a Coat and several Firelocks from Capt. Dickson's87 Company" were sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Stripes each--The General approves the above sentences-orders Martin to be discharged, and the sentences upon Cahaggan and Keif to be executed to morrow morning at Guard mounting. A Drummer from each Regiment in General Wadworths Brigade, to attend the executing the sentence upon Cahaggan, and then he is to be turned out of the camp, and taken up if ever found in it again.
[Note 86: Col. John Nicholson's New York regiment.]
[Note 87: Capt. David Dickson, of Lasher's New York regiment.]
The practice of Sentries setting down while on their post is so unsoldierly that the General is ashamed to see it prevail so much in the army--At Night especially, it is of the most dangerous consequence, as it occasions a Sentinel's sleeping on his post, when otherwise he would be watchful--The General requests the officers, especially those of Guards and visiting Rounds, to caution the soldiers against it, and have all conveniences for that purpose removed. Officers and Soldiers be very careful in case of damp weather, to have their Arms kept dry, and fit for action.
New York, August 11, 1776.
Sir: Necessity obliges me to trouble your honor with some more suspected persons, whose Characters are such, as to make it unsafe for them to remain at their usual places of abode on Long Island; and there is no retreat in this Province, where they may not do some Mischief, or be less secure than our safety requires. As they are apprehended merely on Suspicion, arising from a General line of Conduct, unfriendly to the American Cause, I have given them reason to suspect from you, every Indulgence which your good judgment will admit you to allow them, consistent with the public Safety; there are few of them who will not defray their own Expences; and those few, their Companions of better Circumstances will assist, if Convenience will admit their being together in the same Place, which will be a Saving to the Public. If there are any quite destitute, I presume they must be put on the footing with other Prisoners in like Circumstances; They express a very Earnest desire to be permitted to choose their own Lodgings and accomodations, to which I see no objection. but as I have referred them intirely to you, I do not choose to enter into any Engagement on this or any other point; only adding, generally, that I could wish they might have every accomodation and Indulgence, having a Respect to their rank and Education, which may be deemed Consistent with Safety; And they are given to understand, that your humanity and Politeness will most effectually prevent their being liable to any unnecessary Hardships. I am etc.
P.S. I am just informed that Judge Jones89 has obtained some Letters of Recommendation to Connecticut, from which he expects to be permitted to stay at New Haven, unless very particular Circumstances should require it. I cannot but think you will agree with me, that these Prisoners should be removed from Sea Port and Post Towns, as the intention of removal from hence is not fully answered, while they have opportunities of carrying on Correspondence.
[Note 89: Judge Thomas Jones, of the New York Supreme Court. He had been arrested in June, 1776, and paroled; again arrested in August, he was sent to Connecticut and again released on parole. He was arrested again in 1779. His case was one of unnecessary aggravation and was more of a persecution than a patriotic necessity, Judge Jones married Anne de Lancey and owned valuable real estate in New York City. He finally went to England. His history of New York during the Revolution is a work of merit.]
New York, August 11, 1776.
Gentn.: In Answer to your favor of the 9th., with which I have been honored; I beg leave to inform you, that I neither wish or expect any thing more, than that the Levies raised by you, will be in Continental Pay, from the time they were called into Service. That Troops employed in a General Cause, should be supported at the General Expense, is so evidently just, that I cannot see any objection to it.
It is true, when the proceedings of your Honble. Body for raising these Levies, were first Communicated to me, and it was mentioned by the Committee who brought them, that it was expected they would be paid by the States; I did not think myself Authorised to take into Service so large a Number of Men, and therefore could not say the States would pay them. But the Situation of our affairs being much changed and requiring their Service, I cannot but consider them as much Intitled to Continental Pay as any Troops in this Army. In this light I am persuaded Congress will View them, It is so obvious and so equitable, that no application from me can be necessary. The Bounty I imagine, as you yourselves do, will be the expence of the State, for which Indemnification will not be made by the Public. My Letter of the 8th was not meant to Comprehend this Subject; It was particularly design'd to explain my Ideas of the authority from whence Genl. Clinton's powers were derived.
I have requested Mr. Trumbull, to take the directions of the Commissaries and to see that the Levies are properly supplied with Provisions. I am extremely Concerned that the Quotas of Men to be furnished by the Neighbouring States, have proved so deficient. The busy Season and Harvest, to which it has been ascribed, being now over in a great degree; I flatter myself from the zeal they have heretofore Manifested, they will afford every possible Assistance, they are well apprized of the Importance of this State, in the present Contest and the Necessity of maintaining it against the attempts of the Enemy.
In respect to the Militia of Albany County, as you are pleased in your proceedings of the 10th. Inst., to submit the propriety of Calling them out, to my determination; I wou'd advise, that they should not, unless the Necessity for bringing them here should be extremely great; They otherwise should remain in their County, to afford succour to the Frontier Parts of the Government, If it should be Necessary. I have Inclosed a Copy of Lt. McMichael's report transmitted me by Genl Schuyler, from whence it will appear, If the Intelligence contained in it be true, that their aid may be required there.
I have desired Genl. Greene, on the Application of the Committee sent to Kings County, to afford them every Assistance he conveniently can, for executing the business they are upon.90
[Note 90: A committee of the New York Legislature was ordered to investigate conditions in Kings County, to seize all arms from the disaffected, arrest them, remove or destroy their grain, and, if necessary, lay waste to the whole country. Greene was to furnish the needed military assistance.]
Before I conclude, I would observe, the Letter of the 9th. which I have acknowledged to have received, is without any Signature; I presume it has been omitted thro' the hurry of Business. I have the Honor to be with great respect.
Head Quarters, New York, August 11, 1776.
Gentn.: The public exigencies, having required my apprehending a number of suspected Persons in your County and sending them into another Colony, for a short time; they have expressed some apprehensions that in their Absence their property maybe exposed to Injury, and their Family's deprived of the Support they would otherwise derive from it. I therefore beg leave to acquaint you, that a Temporary Restraint of their persons, is all that is intended by the present Measure; and that it would give me much pain, if it should be construed to extend to any depredation of property; that Matter resting intirely within the Jurisdiction of the Civil Authority of the Province. Until therefore some Orders are received from them to that Effect, I shall be happy in believing, you will exert your whole Power and Influence, to prevent the Mischief which these Gentlemen seem to apprehend. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 12, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 4th. Instant, is safe to hand. an answer to the several particulars it contains, will be given soon, time will but allow me, to request your forwarding with all possible dispatch, two 13 Inch Sea Mortars, of the best in Boston, to this place, with their Beds and every thing compleat. I am &c.
New York, August 12, 1776.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your favours of the 8th and 10th Instant, with their several inclosures. I shall pay attention to the Resolution respecting Lieut. Josiah91 and attempt to relieve him from his rigorous Usage. Your Letters to such of the Gentlemen as were here have been delivered, the rest will be sent by the first Opportunity.
[Note 91: Lieut. James Josiah, of the Continental Navy. By resolve of Congress (August 7) Washington was directed to propose the exchange of Josiah and to remonstrate to Lord Howe on the cruelty of his treatment.]
Since my last of the 8 and 9th. the Enemy have made no movements of consequence:--They remain nearly in the same state nor have we any further Intelligence of their designs, they have not yet been joined by the remainder of the Fleet with the Hessian Troops.
Col: Smallwood and his Battalion got in on Friday and Col: Miles is also here with two Battalions more of Pennsylvania Riflemen. The Convention of this State have been exerting themselves to call forth a portion of their Militia to an Encampment forming above Kings Bridge, to remain in service for the space of one Month after their arrival there, and also half of those in King's and Queen's Counties to reinforce the Troops on Long Island, till the 1st. of September, unless sooner discharged. General Morris too is to take post with his Brigade on the Sound and Hudsons River for ten days, to annoy the Enemy in case they attempt to land, and others of their Militia are directed to be in readiness in case their aid should be required.92 Upon the whole from the information I have from the Convention, the Militia ordered, are now in motion or will be in a little time and will amount to about three thousand or more.
[Note 92: Each militiaman in default of arms was to bring a shovel, spade, pickax, etc. One-fifth of the militia from Albany County were ordered to march immediately to the encampment north of Kings Bridge; and whenever the whole of the militia of any county should march, they were ordered, by the New York Legislature, to bring with them all the disarmed and disaffected male inhabitants, from 16 to 55 years of age, who should serve as fatiguemen to the respective regiments.]
From Connecticut I am not certain what succours are coming: By one or two Gentlemen who have come from thence I am told some of the Militia were assembling and from the Intelligence they had would march this Week.
By a Letter from Governor Trumbull of the 5th., I am advised that the Troops from that State, destined for the Northern Army, had marched for Skeenesborough. General Ward too, by a letter of the 4th. informs me, that the two Regiments would march from Boston last Week having been cleansed and generally recovered from the small Pox. I have also countermanded my orders to Col: Elmore and directed him to join the Northern Army having heard after my Orders to Connecticut for his marching hither, that he and most of his Regiment were at Albany or within its Vicinity. General Ward mentions that the Council of Massachusetts State will have in, from two to three Thousand of their Militia to defend their Lines and different posts in lieu of the Regiments ordered from thence, agreeable to the Resolution of Congress.
The inclosed Copy of a Resolve of the Convention, of the State passed the 10th. instant, will discover the apprehension they are under of the defection of the Inhabitants of Kings County from the Common Cause, and of the Measures they have taken there upon. I have directed General Greene to give the Committee such Assistance, as he can and they may require, in the Execution of their Commission. tho' at the same time I wish the Information the Convention have received upon the Subject may prove groundless.
I would beg leave to mention to Congress, that in a Letter I received from General Lee, he mentions the valuable consequences that would result from a Number of Cavalry being employed in the Southern Department; without them, to use his own expressions, he can answer for nothing; with one thousand he would ensure the safety of those States. I should have done myself the honor of submiting this matter to Congress before at his particular request, had it not escaped my mind. From his acquaintance with that Country, and the Nature of the Grounds, I doubt not he has weighed the matter well, and presume he has fully represented the advantages that would arise from the Establishment of such a Corps. All I mean is, in compliance with his requisition, to mention the matter, that such considerations may be had upon it, If not already determined,93 that it may be deserving of.
[Note 93: Congress had already ordered (August 8) that General Lee be called from the South. Hancock's letter to Washington notifying him of Lee's recall, dated August 8, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
I have transmitted a General Return, whereby Congress will perceive the whole of our Strength, except the two Battalions under Col: Miles, which coming since it was made out are not included.
I have inclosed a Letter just come to hand from Martinique. Congress will please to consider of the purport, favouring me with their Answer and a Return of the Letter.
This Moment (10. O Clock) report is made by General Greene, that a Man of War came in Yesterday, and that Sixty Sail of Ships are now standing in; no doubt they are a further part of the Hessian Troops. I have the Honor to be etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 12, 1776.
Gentn.: As the time is certainly near at hand, and may be hourly expected, which is to decide the fate of this City and the Issue of this Campaign; I thought it highly improper, that persons of suspected Characters should remain in places, where their opportunities of doing Mischief were much greater, than in the Enemies Camp. I therefore have Caused a number of them to be apprehended and removed to some distance; there to remain until this Crisis is passed. Having formerly mentioned this Subject to your Honble. Body, I would not again trouble them in a business, which former Connections, Obligations, and Interests must make very unpleasant, and which, I apprehend, must have been in danger of failing in the execution, unless done with all possible Secrecy and dispatch. I postponed this most disagreeable duty till the last moment; but the Claims of the Army upon me, an application from a number of well affected Inhabitants, concurring with my own Opinion, obliged me to enter upon it while time and Circumstances would admit. I have ordered a very strict attention to be paid to the Necessities of the Gentlemen apprehended and to their comfortable accomodations in every respect, both here and at the Places of their Destination. I have also wrote to the Committee of Queens County, that this step is not to be construed as making their property liable to any Injury or appropriation, unless they should receive directions from your Honble. Body, to whom I have referred them on this Subject; being resolved in all cases, where the most absolute necessity does not require it, to confine myself wholly to that Line, which shall exclude every Idea of interfering with the Authority of the State.
Some of these Gentlemen have expressed doubts and raised difficulties, from Engagements they lay under to your Honorable Body, or some Committees; they do not appear to me to deserve much attention, as they cannot, with any propriety, be charged with a breach of any Parole under their present Circumstances; but I beg leave to Submit to your Consideration the propriety of removing the pretence. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 12, 1776.
Parole Stowe. Countersign Temple.
The business of granting passes proving burthensome to Messrs. Berrien, Ray and Wilmot; three others are added to them, viz: William Goforth, John Campbell and Samuel Cowperthwaite, any passes signed by either of them are to be allowed.
The Hon. The Continental Congress have been pleased to appoint the following Gentlemen, Majors General of the Army of the United States. viz:
And the following Gentlemen Brigadier Generals.
They are to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
Jacob Jones in Capt. Stenrods97 Company, late Col McDougall's Regiment; tried by a Court Martial whereof Col Wyllys was President, and convicted of "sleeping on his post"; sentenced to receive Thirty Stripes--The General approves the Sentence and orders it to be executed at the usual time and place.
[Note 97: Capt. Cornelius Stenrod, of the First New York Regiment.]
A quantity of spears being arrived, the General Officers commanding posts, where they may be wanted, are to make Report, and draw for them through the Adjutant General.
AFTER ORDERS
That as little shifting of regiments, and change of Alarm posts may take place, as possible at a time when an attack may be hourly expected, The General orders and directs that the following arrangement of the Army in consequence of the late promotions shall take place 'till some new disposition can be made. Viz:
Glover's, Smallwood's, Mile's and Atley's98 Regiments; to compose one Brigade, and be under the Command of Brigadier Lord Stirling.
[Note 98: Col. Samuel John Atlee, of the Pennsylvania Musket Battalion.]
Late Nixon's, Prescott's, Varnum's, Little's and Hand's Regiments; to form another Brigade, and be commanded by Brigd. Genl. Nixon.
Late McDougall's, Ritzema's and Webb's Regts. and the Artificers; to be another Brigade, under the command of General McDougall.
Late Parsons's, Huntington's, Ward's, Wyllys's and Durkee's, Regiments; to compose another Brigade, under the command of General Parsons.
Late Clinton's, Reads, Baileys, Baldwins, and Learned's Regiments; to be another Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General James Clinton.
Sergeant's, Hutchinson's, and Hitchcock's Regiments; to be added to General Mifflin's Brigade: General Heards whole Brigade is to move over to Long Island. Col Gays99 Regiment is to join his Brigade in the City of New York. Col Hitchcocks Regiment is to relieve the detachment at Burdetts Ferry, where it is to remain, and receive orders from Brigadier Mifflin. Lord Stirling, and the Colonels of the Regiments in his Brigade, are to fix upon a Brigade parade, convenient to the several
[Note 99: Col. Fisher Gay, of a Connecticut State regiment. He died Sept. 17, 1776.] encampments thereof--General McDougall is to do the same with his Colonels; All the other Brigades, Parades, and Alarm Posts are to be as last settled.
The Brigadier Generals, James Clinton, Scott and Fellows, are to be under the immediate Command of Major General Putnam. The Brigadiers Mifflin and George Clinton's Brigades, to be commanded by Major General Heath. Brigadiers, Parsons and Wadworth's Brigades to be under the Command of Major General Spencer. Brigadiers Nixon and Heards Brigade to be commanded by Major General Greene 'till General James Clinton can join his Brigade at this place. Col Read is to command it. Under this disposition, formed as well as times will allow, the united efforts of the officers, of every Rank, and the Soldiers, with the smiles of providence, The General hopes to render a favourable account to his Country, and Posterity of the enemy, whenever they chuse to make the appeal to the great Arbiter of the universe.
Lieut Col Tylor1 is appointed Colonel of the Regiment late Parsons, and Major Prentice2 Lieut. Colonel thereof.
[Note 1: Col. John Tyler, of the Tenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 2: Lieut. Col. Samuel Prentiss, of the Tenth Connecticut Infantry.]
Lieut. Col Durkee is also appointed Colonel of the regiment late Arnolds, and Major Knowlton Lieut. Col of said regiment.
The Congress have likewise been pleased to appoint Rufus Putnam Esqr. an Engineer and have given him the Rank of Colonel in the army.
Major Henly3 (for the present) is to do duty as Brigade Major in General James Clinton's Brigade. Major Box4 in General Nixon's; Major Livingston5 in Lord Stirling's, and
[Note 3: Maj. David Henley, then with General Heath.]
[Note 4: Brigade Major Daniel Box, of the Rhode Island Militia. He was badly injured by a fall from his horse in December, 1776.]
[Note 5: Maj. William Smith Livingston.] Major Peck6 in General Parsons's; and Richard Platt Esqr. is: to do the duty of Brigade Major in General McDougall's--All of which are to be considered and obeyed as such.
[Note 6: Brigade Major William Peck, then with General Spencer.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 13, 1776.
Parole Weymouth. Countersign York.
Thomas Henly and Israel Keith Esqrs. are appointed Aid-de-Camps to Major General Heath; they are to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
The Court Martial to sit to morrow, for the tryal of Lieut. Holcomb of Capt. Anderson's Company, Col Johnson's Regiment, under Arrest for "assuming the Rank of a Captain and mounting Guard as such."
The Colonels of the several Regiments, or commanding officers, are to send their Quarter Masters to the Laboratory for the Ammunition Cart to be attached to each Regiment with spare Ammunition; to have it posted in some safe and proper place near the Regiment so as to be ready at a moments warning--The Horse and Driver, to be also kept near the regiment. It is the Quarter Master's duty to attend to this and in case of action to see the Cartridges delivered as they are wanted.
The Enemy's whole reinforcement is now arrived, so that an Attack must, and will soon be made; The General therefore again repeats his earnest request, that every officer, and soldier, will have his Arms and Ammunition in good Order, keep within their quarters and encampment, as much as possible; be ready for action at a moments call; and when called to it, remember that Liberty, Property, Life and Honor, are all at stake; that upon their Courage and Conduct, rest the hopes of their bleeding and insulted Country; that their Wives, Children and Parents, expect Safety from them only, and that we have every reason to expect Heaven will crown with Success, so just a cause. The enemy will endeavour to intimidate by shew and appearance, but remember how they have been repulsed, on various occasions, by a few brave Americans; Their Cause is bad; their men are conscious of it, and if opposed with firmness, and coolness, at their first onsett, with our advantage of Works, and Knowledge of the Ground; Victory is most assuredly ours. Every good Soldier will be silent and attentive, wait for Orders and reserve his fire, 'till he is sure of doing execution. The Officers to be particularly careful of this. The Colonels, or commanding Officers of Regiments, are to see their supernumerary officers so posted, as to keep the men to their duty; and it may not be amiss for the troops to know, that if any infamous Rascal, in time of action, shall attempt to skulk, hide himself or retreat from the enemy without orders of his commanding Officer; he will instantly be shot down as an example of Cowardice. On the other hand, the General solemnly promises, that he will reward those who shall distinguish themselves, by brave and noble actions; and he desires every officer to be attentive to this particular, that such men may be afterwards suitably noticed.
General Greene to send for ten of the flat bottomed Boats which are to be kept under Guard at Long Island: No Person to meddle with them, but by his special order.
Thirty seven Men (Sailors) are wanted for the Gallies. Eighty men properly officered and used to the Sea, are wanted to go up to Kingsbridge, with the ships and rafts. They are to be furnished immediately and parade with Blankets and Provision, but without Arms, at General Putnam's at two o'Clock, and take orders from him.
John Gardner of Capt. Trowbridges7 Company, Col Huntington's Regiment, tried by a General Court Martial, whereof Col Wyllys was President and convicted of "Desertion", ordered to receive Thirty-nine lashes.
[Note 7: Capt. Caleb Trowbridge, of the Seventeenth Continental Infantry.]
John Morgan of Capt Johnson's8 Company, Col. McDougall's Regiment, tried by the same Court Martial and convicted of "sleeping on his post,"--sentenced to receive Thirty lashes.
[Note 8: Capt. John Johnson, of the First New York Regiment.]
Francis Claudge of Capt. Speakmans9 Company, Col. Glovers Regiment, tried by the same Court Martial and convicted of Desertion and re-inlistment--sentenced to receive Thirty-nine lashes; thirteen each day successively.
The General approves each of the above Sentences and orders them to be executed at the usual times and places.
[Note 9: Capt. Gilbert Warner Speakman, of the Fourteenth Continental Infantry.]
The Court of inquiry having reported that Lieut. Mesier had behaved unbecoming an officer to one of superior Rank; the Court directed a Court Martial, unless he ask pardon of the officer he affronted: But that officer having represented to the General, that he is willing to pass it over. The General, at his request, orders Lieut. Mesier to be discharged.
AFTER ORDERS
Col Miles and Col Brodhead's Regiments of Riflemen, to discharge and clean their rifles, to morrow at Troop beating, under the inspection of their officers.
Col Smallwoods and Col Atlee's Battalions, of Musquetry, to fire at the same time, with loose powder and ball.
New York, August 13, 1776.
Sir: As there is reason to believe, that but little Time will elapse before the Enemy make their Attack, I have thought it advisable to remove all the papers in my hands respecting the Affairs of the States, from this place. I hope the Event will shew the precaution was unnecessary, but yet prudence required that It should be done, lest by any Accident they might fall into their Hands.
They are all contained in a large Box nailed up and committed to the care of Lieutenant Colonel Reed,10 Brother of the Adjutant General, to be delivered to Congress, in whose Custody I would beg leave to deposit them, until our Affairs shall be so circumstanced as to admit of their return.
[Note 10: Lieut. Col. James(?) Reed, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
The Enemy since my Letter of Yesterday have received a further Augmentation of thirty Six Ships to their fleet, making the whole that have arrived since Yesterday Morning ninety Six. I have the Honor &ca.
P. S. I would observe that I have sent off the Box privately that It might raise no disagreable Ideas and have enjoined Colo. Reed to Secrecy.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, August 13, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 6 Instant I received this Morning by Bennet. The reports made by the emissaries, who have been among the Indian Nations, appear not so promising, as I could wish. However I trust, as so many have come to the Treaty, their views are Friendly, and tho' they may not consent to take an Active part, that they will not arm against us. The Difficulties attending the Vessels fitting for the Lakes, I am well apprised of, my late Letters will inform you, that I have taken every measure in my power to facilitate the work. Before this comes to hand, the Pay master I expect will have received a supply of money. The Extract of Mr. Varicks Letter shews it was much wanted, I have not failed in any Instance, to communicate your wants of this Article to Congress, when they have been mentioned to me; Urging at the same time, not only the Expediency but the Necessity of keeping the Military Chests constantly furnished. It will be well for you, always to give them early notice of what you may have Occasion for, that their Remittances may be adequate; In future I presume they will have the fullest Information upon that Subject, having by some late Resolves, enjoined their Commanders in every Department, to transmit them monthly a List of the Warrants they grant. The paymasters to return a Weekly state of their Military Chests, and the Commissaries and Quarter Masters of what they receive. I have not these Regulations by me, but if my Memory serves, they were passed the 2nd. Instant, and have been forwarded to you. I have always laid before Congress Copies of your letters and their Inclosures, when they were of a public nature or contained Intelligence any ways material, except when advised that you had done it yourself. I shall here take Occasion to request, that whenever you write to them and me of the same things, you certify me thereof, to prevent me transmitting useless Information.
In Respect to Colo. Nicholson's Regiment13 and the places where it should be Stationed, you certainly can determine better than I, having more in your power, Intelligence of the Enemy's Movements and Designs. I would observe in answer to that part of your letter, which mentions that a Council of Officers or a Court Martial had been convened and held here to decide upon the Council of those who had sat at Crown point, that your Information is wrong. No Council, no Court of Enquiry, nor Court Martial upon that Subject Sir, was ever convened by my Order or their own accord. when Intelligence was first received here that Crown point was abandoned, It was the cause of a general Alarm and filled the minds of most who heard it with no small degree of anxiety; some Judging from the Common accepted Opinion and others from their Knowledge and Acquaintance with it and the Country round about it, that it was of the last Importance to us to possess it, to give us, in Conjunction with the Vessels we were about to build, the Superiority of the Lake, and to prevent the Enemy from penetrating into this and the Eastern States. Among others, some of the General Officers, from their own Knowledge and the rest from the Ideas they had formed, as the Matter was Occasionally mentioned, delivered their Sentiments to this Effect,
[Note 13: Col. John Nicholson's Continental Infantry appears to have been a New York militia regiment taken into the Continental service for a few months in 1776.] as did every person I heard speake of it, at the time the Account first came. From the universal Chagrin that took place, the Regret that every person expressed upon the Occasion; The Remonstrance of the Officers which you transmitted, and which appeared to contain many weighty Reasons, I felt myself much concerned as every body else did, and wished according to my Information and Opinion at that time, the post had been mentioned. I do not wish to dwell longer upon the Subject, and therefore shall only add that your Letter of the 24th. Ulto. (or at least a Copy of it) was transmitted to Congress, as soon as it was received, nor shall I have any Objection to sending a Copy of the one before me now, when I have an Opportunity to make it out, if it shall be your Inclination and request. I have no news of any Importance to Communicate, unless that the Enemy are daily becoming stronger. On Monday they received an Augmentation of Ninety eight Ships to their Fleet, with a further part of the foreign Troops it is probable. They seem to be making great preparations and we have reason to expect, they are upon the point of making at Attack. The Letters which accompany this you will be pleased to deliver to Generals Gates, Reed and St. Clair, they came to hand on Sunday, and wishing you and the Army under your Command, Health and the smiles of a kind providence on all your Efforts. I am, etc.
New York, August 14, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on Monday, nothing of Importance has occurred here, except that the Enemy have received an Augmentation to their Fleet of Ninety Six Ships; some Reports make them more.
In a Letter I wrote you Yesterday by Lieutenant Colonel Reed, I advised you of this, but presuming It may not reach you so soon as this will, I have thought proper to mention the Intelligence again.
Inclosed I have the Honor to transmit, a Copy of the Examination of a Deserter, sent me this Morning by General Mercer, to which I beg leave to refer Congress for the latest Accounts I have from the Enemy. Whether the Intelligence he has given is literally true I cannot determine, but as to the Attack we daily expect it.
Your favor of the 10th. with the Inclosures was duly received, and I have instructed the several Officers who were promoted, to Act in their Stations as you requested, tho their Commissions were not sent.
As we are in extreme want of Tents and Covering for this Army; A great part of them at outposts having nothing to shelter them; nor Houses to go in, I submit it to Congress, whether it may not be prudent to remand those that were sent to Boston lately where there are no Troops at present, and if there were, the necessity for them would not be great as the Town and Barracks at several of the posts would be sufficient to receive them.
The inclosed Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Henshaw14 will discover to Congress his views and wishes, of which they will consider and determine on, in whatever way they think right and conducive to the Public good; meaning only to lay his Letter before them.
[Note 14: Lieut. Col. William Henshaw, of the Twelfth Continental Infantry.]
I take the Liberty of mentioning that Col. Varnum of Rhode Island has been with me this Morning, to resign his Commission, conceiving himself greatly injured in not having been noticed in the late Arrangement and promotion of General Officers. I remonstrated against the Impropriety of the measure at this Time, and he has consented to stay 'till affairs wear a different aspect than what they do at present.
11. O'Clock. By a report just come to hand from General Greene, Twenty Ships more are coming in. I am &ca.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, August 14, 1776.
Dear Sir: I yesterday Morning received your Letter of the 29th. Ulto., by Bennet the Express, and am extremely sorry to find, that the Army is still in a Sickly and melancholy State. The precaution taken to halt the Reinforcement at Skenesborough, which are destined for your Succour, is certainly prudent. They should not be exposed or made liable to the Calamities already too prevailing, unless in Cases of extreme Necessity. Doctor Stringer has been here with Doctor Morgan and is now at Philadelphia, I trust he will obtain some necessary Supplies of Medicines, which will enable him under the Smiles of Providence, to relieve your Distresses in some degree. By a Letter from General Ward, two Regiments (Whitcombs and Phinneys) were to march to your Aid Last Week, They have happily had the small Pox and will not be subject to the fatal Consequences attending that disorder.
I am glad to hear the Vessels for the Lakes are going on with such Industry. Maintaining the Superiority over the Water is certainly of infinite Importance. I trust neither Courage nor Activity will be wanting in those to whom the Business is committed.
If assigned to General Arnold none will doubt of his Exertions. In answer to those parts of your Letter, which so highly resent the Conduct of the General Officers here, I would observe, Sir, that you are under a Mistake, when you suppose a Council of Officers had sat upon those who composed the Board at Crown Point. When Intelligence was first brought, that, that post was evacuated, it spread a general Alarm and occasioned much anxiety to all who heard it, it being almost universally believed, that it was a post of the last Importance, and the only one, to give us, in Conjunction with our Naval Force, a Superiority over the Lake, and for preventing the Enemy's penetrating into this and the Eastern Governments. As this matter was occasionally mentioned, The General Officers, some from their own Knowledge, and others from the Opinion they had formed, expressed themselves to that Effect, as did all I heard speak upon the Subject. Added to this, the Remonstrance of the Officers, transmitted by General Schuyler at the same time the Account was brought, did not contribute a little to Authorize the Opinion which was Generally entertained. They surely seemed to have some reason for their support, tho' it was not meant to give the least Encouragement or Sanction to preceedings of such a Nature. Upon the whole, no event that I have been informed of for a long time, produced a more General Chagrin and Consternation. But yet there was no Council called upon the Occasion, nor Court of Enquiry, nor Court Martial, as has been Suggested by some. I will not take up more time upon the Subject, or make it a Matter of further Discussion, not doubting but those who determined that the post ought to be abandoned, conceived it would promote the Interest of the great Cause we are engaged in, the others have differed from them. By the by, I wish your Description perfectly corresponded with the real Circumstances of this Army. You will have heard, before this comes to hand most probably, of the arrival of Clinton and his Army from the Southward. They are now at Staten Island as are the whole, or the greatest part of the Hessian and foreign Troops. Since Monday, Ninety Six Ships came in, which we are informed is the last Division of Lord Howe's Fleet which touched at Hallifax, and by a Deserter, are not to land their Troops. We are in daily Expectation, that they will make their Attack, all their Movements and the advices we have, indicating that they are on the point of it. I am etc.
New York, August 14, 1776.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Captain Moeballe, a Dutch Gentleman from Surinam, who has come to the Continent with a view of entering into the Service of the States, as you will perceive by the inclosed Letters from Mr. Brown of Providence and General Greene.
What other Letters and Credentials he has, I know not, but at his request have given this Line to Congress, to whom he wishes to be introduced, and where he will make his pretensions known.
I have ordered the Quarter Master Immediately to write to Mr. Brown for the Russia Duck he mentions with directions to have it made instantly into Tents, being in great distress for want of a sufficient number to cover our Troops. I have &ca.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 14, 1776.
Sir: I have the pleasure of forwarding you by this Opportunity, a Letter from Congress inclosing your Commission for a Brigadier in the Continental Army, on which appointment please to accept my hearty Congratulations.
As the post you are now at, is an Object of great Importance, and I am unacquainted with the Officers under you, must request you will remain there, till you hear further from me.17 I am &c.
[Note 17: Clinton was in command at Fort Montgomery, N. Y,, on the Hudson River below West Point.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 14, 1776.
Parole America. Countersign Liberty.
Alexander Scammell and Lewis Morris Esquires, are appointed Aids-de-Camp to Major General Sullivan; they are to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
The Divisions of the Army, under Major Generals Putnam and Sullivan, having undertaken some special works are to be omitted out of the general detail of Guards and Fatigue for the present.
The General orders three days provision to be cooked immediately that the Soldiers have their Canteens filled, and be ready to meet the enemy on a short notice.
Such Colonels of Regiments as have not sent for their Ammunition Casts, or drawn for Rum, for the refreshment of their men, in time of action, as pr Order of the 9th. Instant, are to do it immediately, and the Quarter Master must take care that it be used properly; the allowance is half a pint pr man.
The Brigadier Generals will please to recollect, that there are a number of spears, at the Laboratory, which will be of great use at the posts, and are waiting to be distributed.
In case of Alarm, the men are immediately to repair to their usual parade, where the Roll is to be called, and then march, join in Battalion, and march to their respective alarm posts-- Absentees will be considered as Cowards, and treated as such.
The General flatters himself, that every man's mind and arms are now prepared for the glorious Contest, upon which so much depends. The time is too precious, nor does the General think it necessary to spend it in exhorting his brave Countrymen and fellow Soldiers to behave like men, fighting for every thing that can be dear to Freemen--We must resolve to conquer, or die; with this resolution and the blessing of Heaven, Victory and Success certainly will attend us. There will then be a glorious Issue to this Campaign, and the General will reward, his brave Fellow Soldiers! with every Indulgence in his power.
The whole Line to turn out to morrow morning and march to their several Alarm posts, in all points ready for action and continue 'till nine o'clock, or further orders.
William Peck and Charles Whiting Esquires, appointed Aids-de-Camp, to Major General Spencer, they are to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
Head Quarters, New York, August 15, 1776.
Parole Charlestown. Countersign Boston.
William S. Smith Esqr.18 appointed to act as Aide-de-Camp to General Sullivan, during the absence of Major Scammell, and to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 18: William Stephens Smith. He, later, became a lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington.]
Henry Williams of Capt. Parks Company, Colonel Shepard's Regiment convicted by a General Court-Martial whereof Col Wyllys was President of "Desertion"--sentenced to receive thirty-nine Lashes.
The General approves it, and orders it to be executed at the usual time and place.
Lieut. Holcomb of Capt. Anderson's Company, and Col Johnson's Regiment, tried by the same Court Martial for "assuming the rank of a Captain, wearing a yellow Cockade, and mounting Guard in that capacity"--it appearing to be done thro' misinformation and want of experience, the Court are of opinion, he should be cautioned by his Colonel, to make himself acquainted with his duty, and that he be released from his arrest.
The General approves thereof and orders that he be discharged.
Mr. William Caldwell is appointed Pay Master to Colo. Baldwins Regiment.
Mr. John Laurence19 to the regiment late McDougalls.
[Note 19: John Lawrence. He, later, became Judge Advocate General of the Continental Army]
The General directs and requests that every officer will see the mens Arms and Ammunition put in order as soon as it clears up; and for that purpose have them paraded and carefully inspected. An enemy often presumes upon neglect at such time, to make an attack.
Mr. Robert Prevost Junr. appointed Pay Master to Col. Ritzema's regiment.
Col Glover's Regiment to move to morrow to Greenwich, and join General Fellow's Brigade.
General Putnam's Division, to be put into the General detail of duty as before.
Capt. James Chapman to do duty of Major to Col Tyler's Regiment (late General Parsons's) 'till further orders.
Capt. James Mellen to do the same in Colonel Ward's regiment.
Capt. Thomas Dyer to do the duty of Brigade Major to Genl. Parsons's brigade, 'till further orders.
New York, August 15, 1776.
Sir: As the Situation of the Two Armies must Engage the attention of Congress and lead them to expect, that each returning day will produce some Important Events, This is meant to Inform them that nothing of Moment has yet cast up. In the Evening of Yesterday there were great movements among their Boats and from the Number that appeared to be passing and repassing about the Narrows, we were induced to believe they intended to land a part of their Forces upon Long Island, but having no report from thence from General Greene, I presume they have not done it. I have the Honor &ca.
P. S. Your favor of the 13th. was received by Yesterday's Post. I wrote on Monday by the Return Express, as you supposed.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 16, 1776.
Sir: I have been obliged to trouble you with some more disaffected persons, whose Residence here was dangerous to the American Interest; I trust I have now done with them, at least for the present, and hope you will excuse the disagreeable Necessity I have been under, of Soliciting your care and attention to provide for them and dispose of them. As the Case of these differs in no respect from that of those before sent, I presume they will be put under the same Regulations. I am etc.
New York, August 16, 1776.
Sir: I beg leave to inform you, that since I had the pleasure of addressing you Yesterday, nothing interesting between the two Armies had happened. Things remain nearly in the situation they then were.
It is with peculiar regret and concern, that I have the Opportunity of mentioning to Congress the Sickly condition of our Troops. In some Regiments there are not any of the Field Officers capable of doing duty. In Others the duty extremely difficult for want of a sufficient number. I have been Obliged to Nominate some, 'till Congress transmit the Appointments of those they wish to succeed to the several Vacancies occasioned by the late Promotions. This being a matter of some consequence, I presume will have their early attention, and that they will fill up the several Vacancies, also mentioned in the List I had the Honor of transmitting some few days ago to the Board of War. I am Sir &ca.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 16, 1776.
Gentn.: I am informed, that in Consequence of my Letter acquainting you that a number of Persons deemed unfriendly to the Interests of America, were suspected of holding a Correspondence with the Enemy from Shrewsbury and its Neighbourhood; Mr. Isaac Low late of this City has been apprehended, and is now detained under some kind of Confinement.
Since that time, I have received Satisfaction with respect to this Gentleman, who I find has also entered into a Contract with the Congress for the Supply of a great quantity of European Goods; I should therefore be glad that any restraint laid upon him, merely upon my Representation, might be removed, and he restored to his former Liberty on such Terms and Conditions, as you may think proper, if any are necessary. I am etc.
To FREDERICK JAY
Head Quarters, New York, August 16, 1776.
Sir: In Consequence of my Orders, the undermentioned Persons have been apprehended and are now under a guard at New-Rochelle or its Neighbourhood. As the sending a Guard, thro' to Govt. Trumbull with them, would be attended with much Inconvenience to the Public and cannot be agreeable to the Gentlemen, Upon their giving you their Word and Honor to proceed to Lebanon to Governor Trumbull, I am Satisfied to permit them to go without any other Escort, than that of the Officer who will deliver you this. I must beg the favor of you to take the Management of this Business and as soon as it is put upon a proper footing, dismiss the Guard now there. I am etc.
Col. Philips.22
[Note 22: Frederick(?) Philipse.]
James Jauncey and his two Sons.
Joseph Bull.
Isaac Corsa.
John Rodgers.
Ware Branson.
Head Quarters, New York, August 16, 1776.
Parole Enfield. Countersign Danvers.
In recommending Pay Masters it is to be observed that no officer can be appointed unless he resigns his former Commission, which he is to do in person at Head Quarters.
Major Livingston,23 and William Blodget, are appointed Aids-du-Camp to Major General Greene--they are to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 23: Maj. William Smith Livingston, of Lasher's New York regiment. Later he became lieutenant colonel in Webb's Additional Continental regiment; resigned in October, 1778.]
David Astin of Col Sillimans Regiment and Captain Meads24 Company, convicted by a General Court-Martial, whereof Col Wyllys was President of "breaking open a store and stealing Rum, Molasses and Fish, sentenced to receive thirty-nine lashes.
[Note 24: Capt. Abraham Mead, of Silliman's Connecticut State regiment.]
John McAlpine and John Hopper of Capt. Smith's25 Company, Col Malcom's Regiment convicted by the same Court Martial of "being drunk on their posts"--sentenced to receive thirty lashes each--The General approves the above sentences, and orders them to be put in execution at the usual times and places.
[Note 25: Capt. Robert Smith, of Malcolm's New York State regiment. He was wounded at White Plains, N.Y., and Monmouth, N. J.]
The Orders of the 6th. Instant respecting Soldiers abusing people at market, and taking their things, not being known to the troops who have come in since; it is now repeated that the General will punish such offenders severely: And He requires of the officers, who visit the Guards, to see whether the former Order is put up in each guard house, and whether an officer attends at the market agreeable to former orders, and report thereon to their Brigadiers.
Capt. Andrew Billinjo's26 to do duty as Major to Col Ritzema's Regiment, 'till further orders.
[Note 26: Capt. Andrew Billings, of the Third New York Regiment.]
Unless orders are attended to, and executed, they are of no consequence, and the greatest disorders will insue, the General therefore requests, that the officers would be very careful, not only that the orders be made known to the men, but that they see themselves that they are executed--If every one in his own department, would exert himself for this purpose, it would have the most happy effect.
The badness of the weather has undoubtedly prevented an attack, as the enemies troops have been embarked some time; The General therefore directs, that two days Victuals be kept ready dressed, by the troops, and their Canteens filled with water; so that the men may be prepared; otherwise in case of an attack, they will suffer very much.
All Tents to be struck immediately, on the Alarm being given--viz: Two Guns at Fort George; Three from Bayard's, or Bunker-hill, with a Flag in the day, and a Light at night.
The Divisions of the Army, or Brigades doing seperate duty proving very inconvenient, the whole are to be brought into the General Detail to morrow: The Brigade Majors are to be at Head Quarters, at six o'clock, to settle the detail; and the Major and Brigadier Generals are requested to send, at the same time, a note of the number of men each may want for fatigue, or direct the Engineer having the care of their Works respectively, so to do.
Head Quarters, New York, August 17, 1776.
Parole Falmouth. Countersign Essex.
Benjamin Durant of Capt. Wadsworth's27 Company and Col Bailey's Regiment, convicted by a General Court Martial whereof Col Wyllys was President, of "getting drunk on Guard," sentenced to receive Thirty Lashes.
[Note 27: Capt. Peleg Wadsworth, of the Twenty-third Continental Infantry.]
Patrick Lion of Capt. Curtis's28 Company, Regiment late Learnad's, convicted by the same Court, of "sleeping on his post" sentenced to receive Twenty-five lashes.
[Note 28: Capt. Samuel Curtiss, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
Benjamin Wallace of Capt. Stewart's,29 independent Company of New-York Forces convicted by the same Court of "Desertion, and inlisting into another Company," sentenced to receive Thirty-nine lashes.
[Note 29: Capt. William Stewart, of the Independent New York Company.]
The General approves the above sentences, and orders them to be executed at the usual time and place.
The General recommends to all commanding officers of divisions, brigades and regiments, in issuing their several orders, to be careful they do not interfere with General Orders, which have been, or may be issued; and those Gentlemen who have not had an opportunity from their late arrival in Camp, to know what have been issued; will do well to inform themselves, and more especially before any special order is issued, which may have a general effect.
The Guard ordered to mount at Lispenard's Brewery, in the evening, to mount in the day also, and march off the parade with the other guards.
Head Quarters, New York, August 17, 1776.
Gentn.: When I consider that the City of New York, will in all human probability very soon be the Scene of a bloody Conflict; I cannot but view the great Numbers of Women, Children and infirm Persons remaining in it, with the most melancholy concern. When the Men of War passed up, the River, the Shrieks and Cries of these poor Creatures, running every way with their Children, was truly distressing and I fear will have an unhappy effect, on the Ears and Minds of our young and inexperienced Soldiery. Can no Method be devised for their removal? Many doubtless are of Ability to move themselves; but there are others in a different Situation. Some Provision for them afterwards, would also be a Necessary consideration. It would relieve me from great anxiety, if your Honble. Body would Immediately deliberate upon it and form and execute some plan for their removal and relief; In which I will co-operate and assist to the utmost of my Power. In the mean time I have thought it proper, to recommend to persons under the above description, to convey themselves without delay to some Place of Safety, with their most Valuable effects.30 I have the Honor &c.
[Note 30: Conformably to this suggestion a committee was appointed by the New York Legislature to remove such persons as it should think proper and to afford the necessary assistance and support to the poorer citizens. The committee of safety of the State was requested to lend its aid.]
New York, August 17, 1776.
Sir: The circumstances of the two Armies having undergone no material Alteration since I had the honor of writing you last, I have nothing particular or Important to communicate respecting them.
In my Letter of Yesterday I forgot to mention the Arrival of Lord Dunmore here.32 By the Examination of a Captain Hunter,33 who escaped from the Enemy and came to Amboy on the 14th. transmitted me by General Roberdeau,34 I am certainly informed his Lordship arrived on the 13th., The Examination does not say any thing about the Ships he brought with him. It only extends to his force which it mentions to be weak.
[Note 32: John Murray, Earl Dunmore.]
[Note 33: Alexander Hunter. His examination, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, dated Aug. 4, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 34: Brig. Gen. Daniel Roberdeau, of the New Jersey Militia.]
I before now expected the Enemy would have made their Attack; nor can I account for their deleting it, unless the Intelligence given by Captain Hunter and another person who escaped from them about the same time is the cause; towit, that they are waiting the Arrival of another division of Hessian Troops which they say is still out. Whether that is the reason of the delay I cannot undertake to determine, but I should suppose things will not remain long in their present State. I have inclosed a Copy of General Roberdeau's Letter and of the Examination of these two persons which will shew Congress all the Information they have given upon these Subject.
I am just now advised by Mr. Ayres, who came from Philadelphia to build the Row Gallies; that two of our Fire Vessels attempted last night to burn the Enemy's Ships and Tenders up the River. He says they burnt one Tender, and one of them boarded the Phoenix and was grapled with her for near ten Minutes, but she cleared herself.
We lost both of the Vessels. This Account is not so particular as I could wish, however, I am certain the Attempt has not succeeded to our Wishes.
In a little time it is probable the matter will be more minutely reported. I have the Honor &ca.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 17, 1776.
General Washington begs Leave to acquaint General Howe that he has not the least Objection to Mr. Temple's36 Landing, and proceeding to his Family in the State of the Massachusetts Bay: On the other Hand he will meet with every Assistance and Conveniences for that Purpose.37
[Note 36: Robert Temple. His claim against Congress for damages was not settled until 1779.]
[Note 37: In the writing of Joseph Reed.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 17, 1776.
My Lord: Being authorized by Congress, as their Commanders in every Department are, to Negotiate an Exchange of Prisoners; and presuming, as well from the Nature of your Lordship's command, as the Information General Howe has been pleased to Honor me with, that the Exchange in the Naval Line will be subject to your Lordship's Directions, I beg leave to propose the following mode of Exchange for your Lordship's consideration, Vizt. "Officers for those of equal Rank and Sailors for Sailors."
If the above proposal should be agreeable to your Lordship, I am charged in a particular manner to exchange any Officer belonging to the British Navy in our hands and of equal Rank, for Lieut Josiah, who was lately made prisoner in a Ship retaken by the Cerberus Frigate.
The Reason my Lord, of my being charged to propose the exchange of Lieut Josiah, in preference to that of any other Officer, is, that authentic Intelligence has been received, that regardless of his Rank, as an Officer, he has not only been subjected to the duties of a common Seaman, but has experienced many other marks of Indignity.
As a different Line of Conduct, My Lord, has been ever observed towards the Officers of your Navy, who have fallen into our Hands, It becomes not only a matter of Right, but of Duty, to mention this to your Lordship,38 to the end that an Inquiry may be made into the case above refered to.
[Note 38: In Washington's "Letter Book," in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, there are a few verbal changes from the copy of the letter as sent, the most radical of which is the phrase noted which reads "it becomes not only a matter of duty but of right in me to mention this," etc. Howe's reply (August 19) acceded to the suggested exchange, but answered the charge of ill treatment with a general statement that all his officers disapproved insults and indignities to prisoners of every rank. Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
From your Lordship's Character for Humanity, I am led to presume, the Hardships imposed on Lt. Josiah, are without either your Knowledge or concurrence, and therefore most readily hope that upon this representation, your Lordship will enjoin all Officers under your command, to pay such regard to the Treatment of those that may fall into their Hands, as their different ranks and Situations require, and such as your Lordship would wish to see continued by us, to those who are already in our power, or who may hereafter, by the chance of War, be subjected to it. I have the Honor etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 17, 1776.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to transmit the inclosed Letter from Major French, and at the same time to inform you, that his Exchange for Major Meigs, whose Parole I am advised you have, will meet my Approbation. I would take the Liberty also to propose an Exchange of any Captain you may chuse, for Captain Dearborn,39 whose Parole I have heard was delivered you with Major Meigs's.
[Note 39: Capt. Henry Dearborn, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He had been captured at Quebec and was exchanged in March, 1777, and, later, was promoted to major and lieutenant colonel of the Third New Hampshire Regiment. He was Secretary of War of the United States, 1801--1809, and a major general in the War of 1812.]
Give me leave to assure you Sir, that I feel myself greatly obliged by the polite conclusion of your Letter of the 1st. instant, and have a high sense of the Honor and Satisfaction I should have received from your personal Acquaintance. The different State of the Colonies from what It was last War and which has deprived me of that Happiness, cannot be regretted by any one more than Sir Your etc.
New York, August 17, 1776.
Sir: I have your Lordships Favor of this Day accompanied by Papers on Subjects of the greatest Moment and deserving the most deliberate consideration.
I can allow much for your Lordships well meant Zeal on such an Occasion, but I fear it has transported you beyond that attention to your Parole, which comprehends the Character of a Man of Strict Honor. How your Lordship can reconcile your past or present Conduct with your Engagement, so as to satisfy your own Mind, I must submit to your own Feelings; but I find myself under the disagreeable Necessity of Objecting to the Mode of Negociation proposed while your Lordship's Conduct appears so exceptionable.
I shall, by Express, forward to Congress your Lordship's Letter and the Papers which accompanied it; The Result will be communicated as soon as possible.
I am sorry to have detained your Lordship so long, but the unavoidable Necessity must be my Apology. I am etc.
New York, August 18, 1776.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 16th. with its Inclosure and am sorry it is not in my power to transmit Congress a Copy of the Treaty as they require, having sent it away with the other papers that were in my Hands.42
[Note 42: By a resolve (August 13) Congress requested Washington to send a copy of the treaty between Massachusetts and the St. Johns and Micmac Indians.]
The Resolution they have entered into respecting the Foreign Troops, I am persuaded would produce Salutary Effects, If it can be properly circulated among them; I fear it will be a matter of difficulty:--However I will take every measure that shall appear probable to facilitate the end.43
[Note 43: On August 14 Congress adopted resolves to encourage the Hessians and other foreignersto quit the British service. These were printed in German and were used as wrapping for small quantities of tobacco smuggled into the Hessians, who would, for the tobacco, conceal the wrapping from the officers. On August 27 resolves offering land to German officers were adopted, printed, and sent into the British lines.]
I have the Honor to inclose you for the perusal and consideration of Congress, sundry papers marked No. 1 to No. 7. inclusive, the whole of which, except No. 2 and 7, my Answer to Lord Drummond and General Howe, I received Yesterday Evening by a Flag, and to which I beg leave to refer Congress.44
[Note 44: Inclosures Nos. 6 and 7 are all that are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress, and these are Howe's letter to Washington re Robert Temple and Washington's answer. It seems probable, however, that all of the Drummond correspondence is in the Washington Papers, as the record appears complete.]
I am exceedingly at a loss to know the Motives and causes inducing a proceeding of such a Nature at this Time and why Lord Howe has not attempted some plan of Negociation before, as he seems to be desirous of it. If I may be allowed to conjecture and guess at the Cause, It may be that part of the Hessians have not arrived as mentioned in the examination transmitted Yesterday, or that General Burgoyne has not made such progress, as was expected, to form a junction of their two Armies: or what I think equally probable, they mean to procrastinate their Operations for some time, trusting that the Militias, which have come to our Succour, will soon be tired and return home as is but too usual with them. Congress will make their Observations upon these several matters and favor me with the result as soon as they have done.
They will observe my Answer to Lord Drummond, who, I am pretty confident, has not attended to the Terms of his parole, but has violated it in several Instances. It is with the rest of the papers; But if my Memory serves me, he was not to hold any Correspondence directly or Indirectly with those in Arms against us, or to go into any port or Harbour in America where the Enemy were, or had a Fleet, or to go on board their Ships.45
[Note 45: "The late Conduct of Lord Drummond is as extraordinary as his motives are dark and mysterious. To judge the most favourably of his Intentions, it would seem, that an overweening Vanity has betrayed him into a criminal Breach of Honour. But whether his Views were upright, or intended only to mislead and deceive, cannot at present be a Matter of any importance. In the mean time, I have the pleasure to acquaint you, that Congress highly approve the Manner in which you have checked the officious and intemperate Zeal of his Lordship. Whether his Designs were hostile or friendly, he equally merited the Reproof you have given him, and I hope for the future be will be convinced, that it is highly imprudent to attract the Attention of the publick to a Character, which will only pass without Censure when it passes without Notice. The Congress, having considered the Matter thoroughly, are of Opinion to decline taking any publick or farther Notice of his Lordship, or his Letters, and particularly as you have so fully expressed their Sentiments on the subject in your Letter to him."-- Hancock to Washington, Aug. 24, 1776.
Drummond attempted to vindicate himself from the charge of having broken his parole and to explain his conduct, but without success, as the facts in the case were too obvious. The difficulty, of course, was the ingrained feeling of superiority of the Britisher toward the Colonial; a feeling that must be taken into account in every attempt to understand the causes of the Revolution.]
The Treaty with the Indians is in the Box which Lieutenant Colonel Reed I presume has delivered before this. If Congress are desirous of seeing it, they will be pleased to have the Box opened. It contains a variety of papers and all the Affairs of the Army, from my first going to Cambridge 'till it was sent away.
This morning the Phoenix and Rose Men of War with two Tenders, availing themselves of a favourable and brisk Wind, came down the River and have joined the Fleet.--Our several Batteries fired at them in their passage, but without any good Effect, that I could perceive. I am &ca.46
[Note 46: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, August 18, 1776.
Gentn.: I have been honored with your Letter of the 17th., with the Resolution of your Honorable Body, for obstructing the Channel betwixt the grand Battery and Nutten Island. Having gone into a Considerable Expence for stopping that of the North River, and such as I am not Certain I shall be justified in, and the obstructions there being far from Compleat, it will not be in my power to engage in the Business you propose, or undertake to Advance any part of the Money, which will be necessarily expended in the Execution. At the same time, give me leave to Assure you, Gentlemen, that I shall most readily afford you such Assistance, as may be derived from the Labour of the Troops here and that can be spared from other service to facilitate the design; which will be of great Importance, if it can be executed.
I have been also honored with your favor and Resolution of the same date, and am exceedingly obliged by the ready attention you have paid to my Recommendation, for the removal of the Women and Children and Infirm Persons from the City. I have the honor etc.
New York, August 18, 1776.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your favor of the 13th. Instant; and, at the same time, that I think you and your honorable Council of Safety highly deserving of the thanks of the States, for the Measures you have adopted, in order to give the most early and Speedy Succour to this Army; give me leave to return you mine in a particular Manner. When the whole of the Reinforcements do arrive, I flatter my self we shall be competent to every exigency; and, with the Smiles of Providence upon our Arms and Vigorous Exertions, we shall baffle the designs of our Inveterate Foes, formidable as they are. Our Situation was truly Alarming, a little while Since; but, by the kind Interpositions and Aid of our Friends, is much bettered.
You may rest Assured, Sir, that due Consideration shall be had to the Several Militia Regiments, that have come, and are Marching to our Assistance, and that they shall be dismissed as soon as Circumstances will admit of it, I trust, as long as there is Occasion for their Services, that the same Spirit and Commendable Zeal, which Induced them to come, will Influence their Continuance. I sincerely wish, it was in my power to ascertain the particular Period when they would be needed, that they might not be detained one unnecessary Moment from their Homes and Common pursuits; But, as this cannot be done; as the Approaching Contest and Trial between the two Armies will, most unquestionably, produce events of the utmost Importance to the States; As the Issue, if favorable, will put us on such a footing, as to bid defiance to the utmost Malice of the British Nation and those in Alliance with her; I have not a doubt, but they will most readily Consent to stay, and chearfully forego every present and Temporary Inconvenience, so long as they are Necessary. I am happy Capt. Van Buren47 has Succeeded so well in the Business he was upon, It being of great Consequence for us to fit out and maintain our Vessels on the Lake. On the Night of the 16th., Two of our fire Vessels Attempted to burn the Ships of War up the River. One of these Boarded the Phoenix of 44 Guns, and was Grappled with her for some Minutes; but unluckily she cleared herself. The only damage the Enemy sustained, was the destruction of one Tender. It is agreed on all hands, that our People, engaged in this affair, behaved with great Resolution and Intrepidity; one of the Captains, Thomas, It is to be feared, Perished in the attempt, or in making his Escape by Swimming, as he has not been heard of; His Bravery Intitled him to a better fate. Tho' his enterprize did not succeed to our Wishes, I incline to think it alarmed the Enemy greatly. For this morning the Phoenix and Rose, with their two remaining Tenders, taking Advantage of a brisk and prosperous Gale, with a favorable tide, Quitted their Stations, and have returned and joined the rest of the Fleet.
[Note 47: Capt. Abraham Van Buren, of the Albany militia.]
As they Passed our Several Batteries, they were fired upon, but without any damage that I could perceive.48 The whole of the British forces in America, except those employed in Canada are now here, Clinton's arrival being followed the last week by that of Lord Dunmore, who now forms a part of the Army we are to oppose. his coming has not added but little to their Strength. I have the Honor to be &c.
[Note 48: The British ships sustained a good deal of injury in passing the upper batteries near Fort Washington and the Harlem River. General Heath's letter (August 18) reported that the Phoenix was three times hulled by the shot from Mount Washington and one of the tenders once and that the Rose was hulled once by a shot from Burdetts Ferry on the opposite side of river. The Phoenix and Rose had been sounding the river as far up as the Highlands. The tender, burned by one of the fire ships, was beached by the British the next day. A 6-pound cannon, 3 smaller ones, and 10 swivels were recovered from her by the Americans. Heath's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 18, 1776.
Parole Grantham. Countersign Fairfield.
As nothing contributes so much to the good order and government of troops, as an exactness in discipline, and a strict observance of orders; and as the Army is now arranged into different divisions; those divisions formed into brigades, and the brigades composed of regiments; The General hopes and expects, that the several duties of the Army, will go on with regularity, chearfulness and alacrity:--As one means of accomplishing this he desires, that no regiment, brigade or division, will interfere with the duties of another, but walk in their own proper line; the Colonels taking care not to contravene the orders of their Brigadiers; the Brigadiers of their Major Generals; and that the whole pay due attention to the General Orders, which can only be set aside, or be dispensed with by orders of equal dignity.
The army under such a regulation will soon become respectable in itself, and formidable to the foe--It is an incumbent duty therefore, upon every officer of every rank, to be alert and attentive in the discharge of the several duties annexed to his office; his honor, his own personal safety, and for ought he knows, the salvation of his Country, and its dearest priviliges, may depend upon his exertions. Particular Causes may, and doubtless will happen, to render it necessary (for the good of the service) that a change of officers &c. should be made, from one brigade to another; but when ever there appears cause for this, it will be notified by General, or special Orders.
The General cannot quit the subject, as this may possibly be the last opportunity, previous to an attack, without addressing the privatemen, and exhorting the troops in general, to be perfoundly silent, and strictly obedient to Orders, before they come to, and also while they are in action, as nothing can contribute more to their Success, than a cool and deliberate behaviour, nor nothing add more to the discouragement of the enemy, than to find new troops calm and determined in their manner. The General has no doubt but that every good Soldier, and all the officers, are sufficiently impressed with the necessity of examining the state and condition of their arms, but his own anxiety on this head impels him to remind them of it after every spell of wet weather, least we should at any time, be caught with arms unfit for immediate use.
The regiments of Militia from Connecticut are to be formed into a Brigade under the command of Brigadier General Wolcot,51 who is hourly expected; and in the meantime to be under the command of Col Hinman,52 the eldest Colonel of the militia.
[Note 51: Brig. Gen. Erasmus Wolcott.]
[Note 52: Col. Benjamin Hinman.]
Though the Fire Ships which went up the North River last Friday Evening, were not so successful as to destroy either of the Men of war, yet the General thanks the officers and men for the spirit and resolution which they shewed in grappling the Vessels before they quitted the Fire Ships; And as a reward of their merit, presents each of those who stayed last, and were somewhat burnt; Fifty Dollars, and Forty to each of the others; And had the enterprise succeeded, so as to have destroyed either of the ships of war, the General could have been generous in proportion to the service.
Head Quarters, New York, August 19, 1776.
Parole Georgia. Countersign Hartford.
John Green of Capt. Johnsons Company and late Col McDougall's Regiment, convicted by a General Court Martial, whereof Col Wyllys is President, of "breaking out of his quarter guard and being absent two days"--ordered to receive Thirty-nine Lashes. The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be executed at the usual time and place; and the prisoner to be then returned to his quarter guard.58
[Note 58: Quarter guard was the small guard posted in front of each battalion camp.]
The Court Martial to sit to morrow, for the tryal of Lieut. Hubbel59 of the regiment late Col McDougall's--The Judge Advocate will be informed of the witnesses by General Putnam.
[Note 59: Lieut. Caleb Hobby, of the First New York Regiment.]
A Subaltern's Guard to go over to morrow, to relieve the Guard at Hoebuck ferry.
Col Hitchcock's Regiment to move to morrow, to Burdetts ferry, and relieve the party now there; they are to join General Mifflins Brigade, and receive Orders from Major General Heath, agreeable to General Orders of the 12th. Instant. General Putnam will order boats.
The Adjutants of such regiments as have lately come in to apply at the Adjutant General's office for Blank Returns which they are to fill up and bring in at orderly time--viz: Eleven O'Clock every Saturday.
After this day, a Major to mount at the Main Guard, at the Grand Battery, instead of a Lieut. Colonel.
New York, August 19, 1776.
Sir: I have nothing of Moment to communicate to Congress, as things are in the Situation they were when I had last the honor of Addressing them.
By a Letter from General Ward of the 12th. I find that Whitcomb's Regiment on the 8th. and Phinney's on the 9th. marched from Boston to Ticonderoga.
Governor Trumbull also, in a Letter of the 13th., advises me that Ward's Regiment in the service of the States, was on their March to this Army, and that he and his Council of Safety had, in the whole ordered fourteen Militia Regiments to reinforce us, three of them have arrived and amount to about one thousand and twenty men. When the whole come in, we shall be on a much more respectable footing than what we have been, but I greatly fear if the Enemy defer their attack for any considerable time, they will be extremely impatient to return home, and if they should, we shall be reduced to distress again. He also adds that Captain Van Buren who had been sent for that purpose had procured a sufficient supply of Sail Cloth for the Vessels to be employed in the Lake and a part of the Cordage in that State, and had a prospect of getting the remainder.
As there will be a difficulty in all probability, to circulate the papers designed for the Foreign Troops and many Miscarriages may happen before it can be effected, it may be proper to furnish me with a larger Quantity than what I already have.
Inclosed I have the honor to transmit you a General Return of our whole Force at this Time, in which are comprehended the three Regiments of Militia above mentioned. I am Sorry it should be so much weakned by Sickness. The Return will shew you how it distresses us. I have the Honor etc.
P. S: The post just now arrived, has brought a further Supply of Papers for the Hessians60 which makes my Requisition unnecessary.61
[Note 60: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 14 and 27, 1776, for resolves to encourage the Hessians to desert.]
[Note 61: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, August 20, 1776.
Sir: I was yesterday Morning favoured with yours of the 17th., accompanied by several Resolutions of Congress and Commissions for Officers appointed to the late Vacancies in this Army.
I wrote some days ago to General Schuyler to propose to Generals Carleton and Burgoyne, an Exchange of Prisoners, in consequence of a former Resolve of Congress, authorizing their Commanders in each Department to negotiate one. That of Major Meigs for Major French and Captain Dearborn's for any Officer of equal Rank, I submitted to General Howe's consideration by Letter on the 17th. understanding their paroles had been sent him by General Carleton, but have not yet received his Answer on the Subject.
In respect to the Exchange of the Prisoners in Canada, If a my Letter to Lord Howe, as well on the Subject of a General lieve it has not, the inclosed Copy of General Carleton's Orders63 transmitted me under Seal by Major Bigelow who was sent with a Flag to General Burgoyne from Ticonderoga, with the proceedings of Congress on the Breach of Capitulation at the Cedars and the inhuman Treatment of our people afterwards, will shew it is unnecessary, as he has determined to send them to their own Provinces, there to remain as prisoners, interdicting at the same time all kind of intercourse between us and his Army, except such as may be for the purpose of imploring the King's Mercy.64 The Assassination of Brigadier General
[Note 63: A copy of Sir Guy Carleton's orders, dated Aug. 7, 1776, given to Maj. Timothy Bigelow is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 64: The events attending the capitulation at The Cedars and the agreement for the exchange of prisoners entered into by Arnold were of so extraordinary and irritating a nature in regard to the conduct of the enemy that Congress, at the same time they confirmed Arnold's stipulation, resolved: "That, previous to the delivery of the prisoners to be returned on our part, the British commander in Canada be required to deliver into our hands the authors, abettors, and perpetrators of the horrid murder committed on the prisoners, to suffer such punishment as their crime deserves; and also, to make indemnification for the plunder at the Cedars, taken contrary to the faith of the capitulation; and that, until such delivery and indemnification be made, the said prisoners be not delivered." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, July 10, 1776.)] Gordon65 is a fact entirely new to me, and what I never heard of. I shall not trouble Congress with my Strictures on this indecent, illiberal and Scurrilous performance, so highly unbecoming the Character of a Soldier and Gentleman, only observeing that its design is somewhat Artful, and that each Boatman with Major Bigelow was furnished with a Copy.
[Note 65: Gen. Patrick Gordon was lieutenant colonel of the One hundred and eighth Foot, and a brigadier general in America. An American lieutenant and four men from Ticonderoga, while on a scout within the enemy's lines, concealed themselves near the road leading from St. John's to Laprairie. General Gordon passed them on horseback; the lieutenant fired at and shot him through the body. The general was able to ride to St. John's before he expired. This killing aroused the indignation of the British officers and, occurring but two or three days before the dispatch from Congress arrived, it may have had a principal influence in dictating the paper called General Carleton's order.
This was in effect a refusal to confirm the treaty and was so considered by the commanding officers in Canada. The report of the committee of Congress on this subject, and the resolves respecting the treaty, were forwarded to General Burgoyne. The dispatch was sent under the charge of Major Bigelow from Ticonderoga. He proceeded down the lake to Isle-aux-Noix, which was then a British outpost, where he was detained, and the dispatch was forwarded to General Burgoyne then at St. John's. Major Bigelow stayed to days at Isle-aux-Noix, where he and his party were treated very civilly by Captain Craig, the commander of that post, and by the other officers. At length the messenger came back from St. John's with a letter directed to "George Washington, Esquire," which was handed to Major Bigelow, and with which he returned immediately up the lake to Ticonderoga, being escorted on his way as far as Gilleland's by a boat with two British officers and nine Canadians.
This letter General Gates sent off by express to General Washington. When opened it was found to be a mere envelope inclosing a paper purporting to be a military order issued by General Carleton at Chamblee on August 7, without signature or address, and unaccompanied by any remarks. The contents of this paper were of so singular a character, and comported so little with the spirit and temper of a high-minded officer, that they might well have excited a strong suspicion as to their being genuine had not the dispatch been formally entrusted to Major Bigelow as coming from General Burgoyne, or General Carleton, who was commander in chief. The order prohibits all intercourse "with rebels, traitors, rioters, disturbers of the public peace, plunderers, robbers, assassins, or murderers," and adds, "should emissaries from such lawless men again presume to approach the army, whether under the name of flag-of-truce men, or ambassadors, except when they come to implore the King's mercy, their persons shall be immediately seized and committed to close confinement and proceeded against as the law directs." After a good deal more in the same style of rodomontade, the order concludes by directing "all the prisoners from the rebellious provinces, who choose to return home, to hold themselves in readiness to embark at a short notice, and that the commissary should visit the transports destined for them, and see that wholesome provisions and necessary clothing, with all possible conveniences for their passage, be prepared; and that the prisoners were to look on their respective provinces as their prisons, there to remain till further enlarged, or summoned to appear before the commander in chief in Canada," With no other explanation than the order itself it is now impossible to decide what degree of credit ought to be ascribed to it. From the tenor of Washington's letter above, and from the circumstance of his transmitting the paper to Congress, it is obvious that he considered it genuine. General Schuyler and General Gates were of the same opinion.-- Sparks.]
I have also transmitted a Copy of the Major's Journal, to which I beg leave to refer them for the Intelligence reported by him, on his Return from the Truce.66
[Note 66: A copy of Maj. Timothy Bigelow's journal is filed, with Washington's letter, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
By a Letter from General Greene Yesterday Evening, he informed me he had received an Express from Hog Island Inlet, advising, that five of the Enemy's small Vessels had appeared at the Mouth of the Creek with some Troops on Board; also that he had heard two Pettit Augers were off Oyster Bay, the whole supposed to be after live Stock; and to prevent their getting it, he had detached a party of Horse and two hundred and twenty Men, among them twenty Rifle Men. I have not received further Intelligence upon the Subject.
I am also advised by the Examination of a Captain Briton,67 Master of a Vessel that had been taken, transmitted me by General Mercer, that the General Report, among the Enemy's Troops, was, when he came off, that they were to attack Long Island and to secure our Works there, if possible; at the same time, that another part of their Army was to land above this City. This information is corroborated by many other Accounts, and is probably true; nor will it be possible to prevent their landing on the Island, as its great extent affords a variety of places favourable for that purpose and the whole of our Works on it, are at the end opposite to the City. However we shall attempt to harrass them, as much as possible, which will be all that we can do. I have the Honor etc.68
[Note 67: Britton's examination, dated Aug. 18, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 68: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 20, 1776.
Parole Hampton. Countersign Gates.
Nathaniel Mun of Capt. Peters's69 Company, Col Reads Regiment, convicted by a General Court Martial whereof Col Wyllys is President of "Desertion and reinlistment into another corps"
[Note 69: Capt. Andrew Peters, of the Thirteenth Continental Infantry. Later, he was lieutenant colonel of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment.]
James Mumford of Capt Ledyards Company, Regiment late Col McDougall's convicted by the same Court Martial of the same crime.
Alexander Moore, Serjeant in Capt Conway's70 Company, Col Wynd's Battalion convicted by the same Court Martial of "Desertion."
[Note 70: Capt. John Conway, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was wounded at Germantown, Pa.; later became lieutenant colonel of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
Christopher Harpur of the same Company and Battalion, convicted by the same Court Martial of the same crime. Each of the above prisoners were sentenced to receive thirty nine lashes--
The General approves the sentences, and orders them to be executed at Guard mounting, to morrow morning, at the usual place.
The troops lately arrived are informed that it is contrary to General Orders, to fire in camp; such Firelocks as are loaded, and the charges cannot be drawn, are to be discharged at Retreat beating in a Volley under the inspection of an officer. The officers of such troops are desired and required to prevent all the firing in the camp, as it tends to great disorder.
The regiments of militia, now under the Command of Col Hinman, from Connecticut, are in case of alarm, to parade on the grand parade, and there wait for orders.
The officers who have lately come into Camp are also informed that it has been found necessary, amidst such frequent changes of Troops to introduce some distinctions by which their several ranks may be known--viz: Field Officers wear a pink or red cockade--Captains white or buff--Subalterns green The General flatters himself every Gentlemen will conform to a regulation which he has found essentially necessary to prevent mistakes and confusion.
The trial of Lieut. Hubbel71 is postponed 'till tomorrow. The General Court Martial to set on Thursday, as a Court of enquiry, into the conduct of Adjutant Brice72 of Col Small wood's Battalion, charged with "disobedience of orders and disrespectful behaviour to his commanding officer"--
[Note 71: Lieut. Caleb Hobby.]
[Note 72: Adjt. John Brice. He was, later, captain of the Third Maryland Regiment and was wounded at Camden, S. C., Aug. 16, 1780.]
The General being informed, to his great surprize, that a report prevails and is industriously spread far and wide that Lord Howe has made propositions of peace, calculated by designing persons more probably to lull us into a fatal security; his duty obliges him to declare that no such offer has been made by Lord Howe, but on the contrary, from the best intelligence he can procure--the Army may expect an attack as soon as the wind and tide shall prove favourable. He hopes therefore, every man's mind and arms, will be prepared for action, and when called to it, shew our enemies, and the whole world, that Freemen contending on their own land, are superior to any mercenaries on earth--
The Brigadiers are to see the Spears in the different works, under their command, kept greased and clean--
General Sullivan is to take the command upon Long Island, 'till General Greene's State of health will permit him to resume it, and Brigadier Lord Stirling is to take charge of General Sullivan's division 'till he returns to it again.
Edward Tilghman Esqr is appointed as an Assistant Brigade Major to Lord Stirling; the duty of the whole division being too great for one officer.--He is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
Head Quarters, New York, August 21, 1776.
Parole Kingsbridge. Countersign Jersey.
Adjutant Taylor73 to do the duty of Brigade Major to General McDougall's Brigade during Major Platts illness; he is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 73: Adjt. Andrew Taylor, of the First New York Regiment.]
Lieut. Hobby74 of Capt. Hyatts Company, Regiment late General McDougalls, tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Wyllys was president for misbehaviour in leaving one of the Hulks in the North River; was acquitted and the complaint reported groundless--Ordered that he be discharged from his arrest.
[Note 74: Lieut. Caleb Hobby.]
A Court of inquiry to sit on Friday at Mrs. Montagnies, upon Capts. McCleave, Stanton75 and Tinker, charged with backwardness in duty, up the North River last week, and misbehaviour on Sunday last when the Men of war came down the river--Court to consist of the following persons, and meet at ten O'Clock--
[Note 75: Stanton may have been Capt. William Stanton, of Burrall's Connecticut State regiment.]
General McDougall President.
Col. Malcom,76 Lt Cols Shepard77 and Wesson,78 Major Brooks,79 Capts. Peters,80 and Van Dyck,81 Members.
[Note 76: Col. William Malcolm, of a New York State regiment.]
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. William Shepard, of the Third Connecticut Infantry. He was wounded at Long Island Aug. 27, 1776; promoted to colonel on October 2; transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment Jan. 1, 1777.]
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. James Wesson.]
[Note 79: Maj. John Brooks, of the Nineteenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 80: Capt. Nathan Peters, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
[Note 81: Capt. Abraham C. Van Dyke, of Lasher's New York State regiment. He was taken prisoner at Fort Washington on Nov. 16, 1776.]
The Judge Advocate to attend and all witnesses.
Fifty men properly officered to parade every morning at Six O'Clock at General Putnam's; there to take Orders from him; Not to bring arms--These to be continued every day till further orders.
Fifty men also for fatigue to parade to morrow morning properly officered on the Grand parade without Arms--take orders from Capt. Post.82
[Note 82: Probably Capt. Anthony Post, who was with the Artificers of the Second Continental Artillery, Jan. 1, 1777.]
Ten Men with one Subaltern, who have been used to the Sea, to parade at General Putnams this afternoon, two OClock, to proceed to Kingsbridge, up the North River--take three days provision.
The like number for the same service, to parade to morrow morning, Six o'Clock, at General Putnam's quarters--take three days provision; both parties parade without arms.
Twenty men, with a Subaltern, to parade for fatigue, to morrow morning without Arms, on the Grand parade to proceed to Bayard hill, and work upon the well--take orders from the person who has the direction of digging the well.
New York, August 21, 1776.
Dear Sir: On Monday I received your favor of the 16th Instant with its Several Inclosures. The time you were in Treaty, I can readily conceive was Irksome and disagreable, However, If the Good consequences you Intended, are produced, you will think it well spent.
General Carleton's Orders, for their Indecent, Illiberal Scurrility, are equal if not superior to any thing I have seen, and are such as I could not have expected from a person of his High rank. He holds forth a Language very different from General Howe, as you would perceive by the Copy of his Letter I transmitted you. The Assassination of General Gordon is a matter intirely new, having never heard of it before. The paper made up as a Letter and directed to me, which Major Bigelow brought with him, only contained a Copy of the Orders.
I am glad the works at Fort Stanwix are going on so well and that they have so much provision in Store. In a little time I hope they will be strong and Compleat.
By a letter from Governor Trumbull, I am Informed that a Captain Van Buren had procured a sufficient Quantity of Sail Cloth, and part of the Cordage wanted for the Gallies, in Connecticut, and that the rest would be probably Obtained there. Upon the whole, I hope Necessaries to fit them out, will be obtained one way or other.
The Inclosed Letter from Colonel Stark was transmitted and refered to me by General Gates, in Order that I might determine upon the Subject of it. I should suppose the Value of Rations, ought to be settled with the Commissary or Submitted to Congress for their decision. I do not conceive it is with me to direct in this Instance, and therefore think it right to give notice of It by this Opportunity.
Since my Last of the 13th, nothing worthy of mention has occurred in this Quarter, unless the Ships of War having left their Stations up the North River and Joined the Fleet again, is considered as such. On Sunday Morning they came down with their remaining Tenders. It is more than probable that an Attempt by two of our fire Vessels to destroy them a Night or two before, contributed to their departure. The Enterprize, tho' conducted with Spirit and resolution, did not succeed to our Wishes, only one Tender having been burnt. The Phoenix was grappled for some time, but cleared herself without Damage. I am &c.
New York, August 21, 1776.
Sir: Inclosed I have the Honor to transmit you, a Copy of my Letter to Lord Howe, as well on the Subject of a General Exchange of Prisoners in the Naval Line, as that of Lieut. Josiah in particular, and of his Lordship's Answer; which for its matter and manner is very different from General Carlton's Orders which were forwarded yesterday.84
[Note 84: Washington's letter and Howe's answer, dated Aug. 19, 1776, are in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Sir William Howe, Aug. 17, 1776, ante.)]
The Situation of the Armies being the same as when I had the pleasure of addressing you last, I have nothing special to communicate on that Head, nor more to add than that I am etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, August 22, 1776.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to transmit Congress a Copy of a Letter I received Yesterday Evening by Express from General Livingston;86 also Copies of three reports from Colonel Hand.
[Note 86: Brig. Gen. William Livingston. His letter conveyed a spy's intelligence from Staten Island of the intended attack by the British.]
Tho' the Intelligence reported by the Spy on his return to General Livingston, has not been confirmed by the Event he mentions, "Vizt. an Attack last night," there is every reason to induce a belief that one is shortly designed.
The falling down of several Ships Yesterday Evening to the narrows crowded with men. Those succeeded by several more this Morning and a great number of Boats parading around them as I was just now informed, with Troops; are all circumstances indicating an Attack, and it's not Improbable it will be made to day.--It could not have happened last night by reason of a most violent Gust.
We are making every preparation to receive them, and I trust, under the smiles of Providence, with our own exertions, that my next, if they do attack will transmit an Account which will be pleasing to every Friend of America and to the rights of Humanity. I have, etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 23, 1776.
Sir: Yesterday Morning the Enemy landed at Gravesend Bay upon Long Island, from the best Information I can obtain, to the Number of about Eight Thousand. Colonel Hand88 retreated before them, burning as he came along several parcels of Wheat and such other matters, as he Judged would fall into the Enemy's Hands. Our first accounts were, that they intended, by a forced march, to surprize General Sullivan's (who commands during the illness of General Greene) Line's, where-upon I immediately reinforced that post with Six Regiments; But they halted last Night at Flat Bush. If they should attack General Sullivan this day, and should shew no disposition to
[Note 88: Col. Edward Hand. He was colonel of the First Continental Infantry, First Pennsylvania Regiment, and, later, brigadier general and Adjutant General of the Continental Army.] attack me likewise, at the making of the next Flood, I shall send such further Reinforcements to Long Island as I may Judge expedient, not chusing to weaken this post too much, before I am certain, that the Enemy are not making a Feint upon Long Island to draw our Force to that Quarter, when their real design may perhaps be upon this. I am &c.
P.S. The Flood Tide will begin to make about Eleven o'Clock, at which time, if the Detachment Ordered Yesterday, were to move to the high, and open Grounds about Mr. O. Delancey's and Bloomingdale, they would be ready to come forward, or return back, as occasion should require, it will give them a little Exercise, and shew them wherein they are wanting in any matter.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P.S. is in that of Washington.]
New York, August 23, 1776.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Congress that Yesterday Morning and in the course of the preceeding night, a considerable body of the Enemy, amounting by report to eight or nine thousand, and these all British, Landed from the Transport Ships mentioned in my last, at Gravesend Bay on Long Island, and have approached within three miles of our Lines, having marched across the Low, cleared Grounds, near the Woods at Flat Bush where they are halted, from my last Intelligence.
I have detached from hence, Six Battalions, as a reinforcement to our Troops there, which are all that I can spare at this Time, not knowing but the fleet may move up with the remainder of their Army and make an Attack here on the next flood Tide. If they do not, I shall send a further reinforcement should it be necessary, and have ordered five Battalions more to be in readiness for that purpose. I have no doubt but a little Time will produce some Important events. I hope they will be happy. The Reinforcement detached Yesterday went off in high Spirits and I have the pleasure to inform you that the whole of the Army that are effective and capable of duty, discover the same, and great chearfulness.
I have been Obliged to appoint Major General Sullivan to the Command on the Island, owing to General Greene's Indisposition, he has been extremely ill for several days and still Continues bad.
By Wednesday Evening's Post I received a Letter from General Ward, inclosing a Copy of the Invoice of Ordinance Stores taken by Captain Manly with the Appraisement of the same, made in pursuance of my direction founded on the Order of Congress, which I do myself the honor of transmitting.
You will also receive the Treaty between the Commissioners and Indians of the six Nations and others at the German Flats, which General Schuyler requested me to forward, by his Letter of the 18th. Instant. I have &ca.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 23, 1776.
Gentn.: I am favored with yours of the 22d, acquainting me with a report now Circulating, "that if the American Army should be obliged to retreat from this City, any Individual may set it on fire."91
[Note 91: "The Convention of this State have received Information from one of the Deputies of the City and County of New York of a Report prevailing amongst the Army that if the fortune of War should oblige our Troops to abandon that City, it should be immediately burnt by the retreating Soldiery, and that Any Man is authorized to set it on fire.
"The Convention will chearfully submit to the fatal necessity of destroying that Valuable City whenever your Excellency shall deem it essential to the Safety of this State or the general Interest of America. Yet the Duty which they owe to their Constituents obliges them to take every possible Precaution that Twenty thousand Inhabitants may not be reduced to Misery by the wanton Act of an Individual.
"They therefore entreat the favor of your Excellency to take such Measures in preventing the evil Tendency of such a Report as you shall deem most Expedient."-- New York Legislature to Washington, Aug. 22, 1776. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I can Assure you Gentlemen, this Report is not founded upon the least Authority from me; on the Contrary, I am so Sensible of the Value of such a City and the Consequences of its destruction, to many worthy Citizens and their Families, that nothing but the last Necessity and that such as should justify me to the whole World, would induce me to give orders for that purpose.
The unwillingness shewn by many families to remove, notwithstanding your and my Recommendation, may perhaps have led some persons to propogate the Report, with honest and Innocent intentions; but as your Letter first informed me of it, I cannot pretend to say by whom or what purpose it has been done.
As my Views with regard to the Removal of the Women and Children, have happily coincided with your Sentiments and a Committee appointed to Carry them into execution; I submit it to your judgment, whether it would not be proper for the Committee to meet immediately in this City, and give Notice of their Attendance on this Business. There are many who anxiously wish to remove but have not the Means. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 23, 1776.
Parole Charlestown. Countersign Lee.
The Commissary General is directed to have five days Bread baked, and ready to be delivered: If the Commissary should apply to the commanding officers of regiments, for any Bakers, they are to furnish them without waiting for a special order.
The General was sorry yesterday to find, that when some troops were ordered to march, they had no provisions, notwithstanding the Orders that have been issued. The men must march, if the service requires it, and will suffer very much if not provided: The General therefore directs, all the Troops to have two days hard Bread, and Pork, ready by them; and desires the officers will go through the encampment, and quarters, to see that it be got and kept.
The General would be obliged to any officer, to recommend to him, a careful, sober person who understands taking care of Horses and waiting occasionally. Such person being a Soldier will have his pay continued, and receive additional wages of twenty Shillings pr Month--He must be neat in his person, and to be depended on for his honesty and sobriety.
The officers of the militia are informed, that twenty-four Rounds are allowed to a man, and two Flints; that the Captains of each Company should see that the Cartridges fit the bore of the gun; they then are to be put up in small Bundles; All the Cartridges except six; writing each mans name on his bundle, and keep them safely 'till the Alarm is given, then deliver to each man his bundle; the other six to be kept for common use. In drawing for ammunition, the commanding officers should, upon the regimental parade, examine the state of their regiments, and then draw for Cartridges, and Flints, agreeable to the above regulation. Capt. Tilton will assist them in their business, and, unless in case of alarm, they are desired not to draw for every small number of men, who may be coming in.
The Enemy have now landed on Long Island, and the hour is fast approaching, on which the Honor and Success of this army, and the safety of our bleeding Country depend. Remember officers and Soldiers, that you are Freemen, fighting for the blessings of Liberty--that slavery will be your portion, and that of your posterity, if you do not acquit yourselves like men: Remember how your Courage and Spirit have been dispised, and traduced by your cruel invaders; though they have found by dear experience at Boston, Charlestown and other places, what a few brave men contending in their own land, and in the best of causes can do, against base hirelings and mercenaries--Be cool, but determined; do not fire at a distance, but wait for orders from your officers--It is the General's express orders that if any man attempt to skulk, lay down, or retreat without Orders he be instantly shot down as an example, he hopes no such Scoundrel will be found in this army; but on the contrary, every one for himself resolving to conquer, or die, and trusting to the smiles of heaven upon so just a cause, will behave with Bravery and Resolution: Those who are distinguished for their Gallantry, and good Conduct, may depend upon being honorably noticed, and suitably rewarded: And if this Army will but emulate, and imitate their brave Countrymen, in other parts of America, he has no doubt they will, by a glorious Victory, save their Country, and acquire to themselves immortal Honor.
The Brigade Majors are immediately to relieve the Guards out of the regiments order'd to Long Island, from other regiments of the brigade, and forward such Guards to the regiments.
Major Newbury's Col Hinmans, Major Smiths, Col Cook's, Col Talcots, Col Baldwin's and Major Strong's Regiments of Connecticut Militia to parade this evening precisely at five OClock on the Grand parade--Major Henly will attend and shew them their alarm posts, and direct them in manning the lines.
When any of the Field Officers for Picquet, or Main Guard, are sick, or otherwise incapable of the duty, they are immediately to signify it to their Brigade Major--but the General hopes that triffling excuses will not be made, as there is too much reason to believe has been the case.
New York, August 24, 1776.
The irregularity of the Post prevents your receiving the early and constant Intelligence it is my Wish to communicate. This is the third Letter which you will, probably, receive from me, by the same Post. The first was of little or no consequence, but that of Yesterday gave you the best Information I had been able to obtain of the Enemy's Landing, and movements upon Long Island. Having occasion to go over thither Yesterday, I sent my Letter to the Post Office at the usual hour (being informed that the Rider was expected every Moment and wou'd go out again directly) but in the Evening, when I sent to enquire, none had come in.
I now Inclose you a report made to me by Gen. Sullivan, after I left Long Island Yesterday. I do not conceive that the Enemy's whole Force was in Motion, but a detach'd Party rather. I have sent over four more Regiments with Boats, to be ready, either to reinforce the Troops under General Sullivan, or to return to this place, if the remainder of the Fleet at the Watering place, should push up to the City, which, hitherto (I mean since the Landing upon Long Island) they have not had in their power to do, on Acct. of the Wind, which has either been ahead, or two small, when the Tide has served. I have nothing further to trouble the Congress with at present than that I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 24, 1776.
Parole Jamaica. Countersign London.
All the intrenching tools are to be collected, and delivered in to the store. Officers who have given receipts will be called upon, as they are answerable for them if there should be any deficiency.
The General has appointed William Grayson Esqr. one of his Aide-du-Camps; he is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
In Case of action, any orders delivered by Col Moylan Quarter Master General, as from the General, to be considered as coming from him, or as delivered by an Aide-du-Camp.
The Adjutants of the Connecticut Militia, are directed to make themselves acquainted, with parapet firing; and the other officers of those Corps would do well to attend to it, and practice their men every day: their Honor and Safety will much depend upon their avoiding any confusion in manning the lines.
The Court Martial of which Col Wyllys was President is dissolved.
The Brigade Majors, in forming the new one, to be careful to have it full, and officers who can attend.
The Court Martial to proceed at their first sitting to the tryal of Adjutant Brice of Col Smallwoods Battalion, charged with "Disobedience of orders."
The changing of the regiments occasioning some difficulties in the duty--The Brigade Majors are to send, by the Orderly Serjeants, every morning, a duty Return of the officers and men in their respective brigades.
The passage of the East-River being obstructed in such a manner, with Chevaux-de-Frizes &c, as to render it dangerous for any Vessels to attempt to pass; The Sentinels along the river, contigious to where the obstructions are placed, are to hail and prevent any Vessels attempting to pass, otherways than between the Albany Pier, and a Mast in the River, which appears above water nearly opposite.
New York, August 24, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 18th. with its several Inclosures on Thursday, by Mr. Allen.
My Letter of the 13th. does not, nor was it meant to contain the most distant hint of your entertaining doubts or suspicions, of my not having Communicated to Congress, such parts of your Letters as were material. It was only designed to answer yours, where you say, since my arrival here you had not written to them on Military Affairs, supposing whatever Information you might give and which was necessary for them to know, would be communicated by me. My request to be advised of the Information you might give Congress of any matters, of which you write me at the same time, was to prevent my sending them unnecessary Intelligence and the trouble of having needless Copies and Extracts made out.
I am in hopes the Articles mentioned in the Letter to Captn. Varrick will have come to hand before this. Also those contained in the Inclosed List; shippd on Board the Schooner Union, Phillip Sandford, Master, the 19th. Instt., as the Quarter Master General has reported to me.
The Treaty with the Indians, agreable to your request, I have transmitted Congress.92
[Note 92: This so-called treaty was really a conference with the Six Nations at German Flats, August 8--13. The speeches are printed in full in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 1, 1035--1049.]
It gives me pleasure, to find the Vessels for the Lakes are in such forwardness and going on with so much Industry. I yet hope we shall have a Navy there, equal to every exigency, and that will be superior to those the Enemy can build. Captains Hawly and Chappel93 are now here, with permission from Governor Trumbull and myself, to Inlist, if they can, Two Hundred Seamen out of the Militia Just sent from the State of Connecticut. How they will Succeed, I can not determine.
[Note 93: Capts. David Hawley and Frederick Chappell.]
I wish you had proceeded as your own Judgement and Inclination led in the case refered to me for my advice, respecting Colonel Dayton's94 Officers. I am sorry that persons of their rank and of their Connections should have given into such dishonourable and disgraceful practices, and I feel myself much
[Note 94: Col. Elias Dayton, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. He was, later, of the Second New Jersey Regiment and, finally, brigadier general in the Continental Army.] concerned for themselves and Friends. But as the matter is with me to determine; As their making concessions at the Head of the Regiment would not answer any purpose, but that of rendering them Objects of Ridicule and Contempt; As they could never after claim and support, that Authority over their Inferiors, that is necessary to good Government and discipline; As public Justice and a regard to our Military character, require that matters of such a nature should meet every possible discouragement; As my conduct might otherwise be deemed reprehensible, and to deter others from the like conduct, which is but too prevalent, I cannot but advise that the several persons concerned be subjected to the Trial of a Court Martial. If the Court should be of Opinion that they ought to be broke and dismissed the Service, Colonel Dayton, His Major and other Officers will recommend such as will be proper persons to fill the Vacancies, occasioned by their removal.95
[Note 95: Some of Dayton's officers broke open the doors of Johnson Hall and plundered the private effects therein.]
On Wednesday night and Thursday Morning a Considerable body of the Enemy, said to be Eight or Nine Thousand, landed at Gravesend Bay, on Long Island; They have approached within about three Miles of our Lines, and Yesterday there was some skirmishing between a Detachment from them, and a party from our Troops. Their Detachment were obliged to give Ground, and were pursued, as far as where they had a post at a Judge Lefferts's. His House and out Houses served as Quarters for them and were burnt by our people. we sustained no loss in this Affair, that I have heard of, except having two Men slightly wounded. Our people say the Enemy met with more. They found one Dead body, in the Habit of a Soldier, with a good deal of Money in his pocket, and got three Hangers and a Fusee. They fired a shell from a Howitz, which fell on and bursted in a House where some of the Enemy were, but whether they were Injured by it, I have not learnt. A Firing has been heard this Morning, but know nothing of the Event. I am &c.
New York, August 24, 1776.
Sir: On thursday last the Enemy landed a body of Troops, supposed to Amount (from the best Accounts I have been able to obtain) to Eight or Nine Thousand Men at Gravesend Bay on Long Island, Ten Miles distance from our Works, (on the Island) and immediately marched thro' the Level and open Lands to Flat Bush, where they are now incamped:--They are distant about three Miles from our Lines, and have Woods and broken Ground to pass (which we have lined), before they can get to them; some Skirmishing has happened between their Advanced parties and ours, in which we have always obtained an Advantage; what the real Designs of the Enemy are, I am not yet able to determine. My Opinion of the Matter is, that they mean to attack our Works on the Island, and this City, at the same time, and that the Troops at Flat Bush are waiting in those Plains, till the Wind and tide (which have not yet served together) will favor the Movement of the Shipping to this place; Others think they will bend their principal Force against our Lines on the Island, which if carried will greatly facilitate their designs upon this City. This also being very probable, I have thrown what force I can over, without leaving myself too much exposed here; for our whole Numbers, if the Intelligence we get from Deserters &c. be true, falls short of that of the Enemy, consequently the defence of our own Works, and the approaches to them, is all we can aim at. This then in a Manner leaves the whole Island in possession of the Enemy, and of Course, of the Supplies it is capable of affording them. Under these Circumstances, would it be practicable for your Government to throw a Body of about one thousand or more Men across the Sound, to harrass the Enemy in their rear or upon their Flanks? This would annoy them exceedingly, at the same time that a Valuable end, to wit, that of preventing their parties securing the Stocks of Cattle &c. would be answered by it. The Cattle to be removed or killed. The knowledge I have of the extraordinary Exertions of your State, upon all occasions, does not permit me to require this (not knowing how far it is practicable); I only offer it therefore, as a Matter for your Consideration and of great Public Utility, if it can be accomplished. The Enemy, if my Intelligence from Staten Island be true, are at this time rather distressed on Account of Provisions; if then we can deprive them of what this Island affords, much good will follow from it.
The foreigners are yet upon Staten Island.96 The British Troops are upon Long Island and on Ship Board. With my great respect and Esteem, I remain etc.
[Note 96: This was an error, as a part of the Germans, Colonel Donop's corps of chasseurs and Hessian grenadiers, were landed on the 22d. Lieutenant General von Heister, commander in chief of the Hessian forces in America, with two brigades of Hessians, joined the army on Long Island on the 25th.-- Ford.]
Head Quarters, August 25, 1776.
Sir: It was with no small degree of concern, I perceived Yesterday, a scattering, unmeaning and Wasteful fire, from our people at the Enemy; a kind of fire that tended to disgrace our own Men; as Soldiers, and to render our defence contemptible in the eyes of the Enemy; no one good consequence can attend such irregularities, but several bad ones, will inevitably follow from it. Had it not been for this unsoldierlike and disorderly practice, we have the greatest reason imaginable to believe, that numbers of deserters would have left the Enemy's Army, last year, but fear prevented them from approaching our Lines then, and must for ever continue to operate in like manner whilst every Soldier conceives himself at Liberty to fire when, and at what he pleases.
This is not the only nor the greatest evil resulting from the practice; for as we do not know the hour of the Enemy's approach to our lines, but have every reason to apprehend that it will be sudden and violent, whenever attempted; we shall have our men so scattered, and (more than probable) without Ammunition, that the consequences must prove fatal to us; besides this there will be no possibility of distinguishing between a real and false alarm.
I must therefore Sir, in earnest terms, desire you to call the Colonels and commanding Officers of Corps, (without loss of time) before you97; and let them afterwards do the same by their respective Officers, and charge them, in express, and positive terms, to stop these irregularities, as they Value the good of the service, their own Honor, and the safety of the Army; which under God, depends wholly upon the good order and Government that is observed in it.
[Note 97: Putnam had just been sent over to take the general command on Long Island. Sullivan had the immediate command of all the troops not within the lines at Brooklyn.-- Sparks.]
At the same time, I would have you form a proper line of defence, round your Encampment and Works, on the most advantageous ground; your guards, which compose this, are to be particularly instructed in their duty, and a Brigadier of the day, to remain constantly upon the lines, that he may be upon the spot to command, and see that orders are executed; Field Officers should also be appointed to go the rounds and report the Situation of the Guards; no person to be allowed to pass beyond the Guards, without special order in writing.
By restraining the loose, disorderly and unsoldierlike firing before mentioned, I do not mean to discourage Partizan and scouting parties; on the contrary I wish to see a Spirit of this sort prevailing, under proper regulations, and Officers either commissioned or non commissioned (as cases shall require) to be directed by Yourself or Licensed by the Brigadier of the day, upon the spot, to be sent upon this service. Such skirmishing as may be effected in this manner, will be agreable to the rules of propriety, and may be attended with salutary effects; inasmuch as it will inure the Troops to Fatigue and danger; will harrass the Enemy, may make prisoners and prevent their parties from getting the Horses and Cattle from the interior parts of the Island, which are objects of infinite importance to us, especially the two last.
All the Men not upon duty, are to be compelled to remain in, or near their respective camps, or Quarters, that they may turn out at a moments warning; nothing being more probable, than that the Enemy will allow little enough time to prepare for the attack.
The Officers also are to exert themselves, to the utmost to prevent every kind of abuse to private property, or to bring every Offender, to the punishment he deserves; shameful it is to find that these men, who have come hither in defence of the rights of mankind, should turn invaders of it, by destroying the substance of their friends.
The burning of Houses, where the apparent good of the Service is not promoted by it, and the pillaging of them, at all times, and upon all Occasions, is to be discountenanced and punished with the utmost severity. In short, it is to be hoped, that men who have property of their own, and a regard for the rights of others, will shudder at the thought of rendering any Man's Situation, to whose protection he had come, more insufferable, than his open and avowed Enemy would make it, when by duty and every rule of humanity, they ought to Aid, and not Oppress, the distressed in their habitations.
The distinction between a well regulated Army, and a Mob, is the good order and discipline of the first, and the licentious and disorderly behaviour of the latter; Men, therefore, who are not employed, as mere hirelings, but have steped forth in defence of every thing that is dear and Valuable, not only to themselves but to posterity, should take uncommon pains to conduct themselves with uncommon propriety and good Order, as their honor, reputation &c. call loudly upon them for it.
The wood next red Hook should be well attended to, put some of the most disorderly rifle men into it; The Militia are most indifferent Troops (those I mean which are least tutored and seen least service) will do for the interior Works, whilst your best Men should at all hazards prevent the Enemy's passing the Wood, and approaching your Works. The Woods should be secured by Abattis &c. where Necessary to make the Enemy's approach, as difficult as possible; Traps and ambuscades should be laid for their parties, if you find they are sent out after Cattle &c.
Head Quarters, New York, August 25, 1776.
Parole Marlborough. Countersign Newtown.
A special Court Martial to sit this day at twelve OClock, at Mrs. Montagnies for the tryal of Lieut. Col Zedwitz,98 charged with "carrying on a treasonable correspondence with the enemy" to be composed of a Brigadier General and twelve Field Officers--General Wadsworth99 to preside.
[Note 98: Lieut. Col. Harman Zedwitz, of the First New York Regiment. He had been called upon to translate into German the resolves of Congress (August 14) enticing the Hessians to desert. He wrote to Governor Tryon, informing him of the resolves and offering to serve as a British spy; his letter was intercepted. The court-martial proceedings are in the Washington Papers, and Zedwitz's letter is published in facsimile in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol, 1.]
[Note 99: Brig. Gen. James Wadsworth, of the Connecticut Militia; major general of the same, 1777--1779.]
The General Order against working on Sunday is revoked the time not admitting of any delay. The same number of fatigue men to turn out, as yesterday, this afternoon at three OClock, as well Militia as other troops.
Col Smallwood1 to command Lord Stirling's Brigade during his absence on Long Island.
[Note 1: Col. William Smallwood, of a Maryland regiment. He was wounded at White Plains, N.Y., and was, later, a brigadier and major general in the Continental Army. He was thanked by Congress for his conduct at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780.]
Head Quarters, New York, August 26, 1776.
Parole Newcastle. Countersign Paris.
Six hundred men properly officered, from General Wolcot's Brigade, to parade to morrow morning, at six o'clock, on the Grand Parade, without arms for fatigue: Four hundred to take directions from General McDougall, and two hundred from Lieut. Fish;2 and the same number to be continued 'till the works are completed; to leave work at young flood, and go on again at the ebb.
[Note 2: Lieut. Nicholas Fish, of Malcolm's New York State regiment. He was brigade major to General Scott in August, 1776, and major of the Third New York Regiment in November, 1776, serving to June, 1783.]
The General is very anxious for the state of the arms and ammunition, the frequent Rains giving too much reason to fear they may suffer; He therefore earnestly enjoins officers and men to be particularly attentive to it and have them in the best order.
New York, August 26, 1776.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your favors of the 20th. and 24th. and am happy to find my Answer to Lord Drummond has met the approbation of Congress. Whatever his views were, most certainly his conduct respecting his parole is highly reprehensible.
Since my Letter of the 24th., almost the whole of the Enemy's Fleet have fallen down to the Narrows and from this circumstance, the striking of their Tents at their several Incampments on Staten Island, from time to time, previous to the Departure of the Ships from thence; we are led to think, they mean to land the Main Body of their Army on Long Island, and to make their grand push there. I have ordered over considerable Reinforcements to our Troops there, and shall continue to send more as circumstances may require. There has been a little Skirmishing and irregular firing kept up between their and our advanced Guards, in which Colonel Martin3 of the Jersey Levies has received a Wound in his Breast, which is apprehended will prove Mortal. A private has had his Leg broke by a Cannon Ball, and another has received a shot in the Groin from their Musquetry. This is all the Damage they have yet done us. What they have sustained is not known.
The Shifting and changing the Regiments have undergone of late, has prevented their making proper returns and of course put it out my Power to transmit a general one of the Army. However I believe our Strength is much the same, that it was when the last was made, with the Addition of Nine Militia Regiments more from Connecticut averaging about 350 Men each these are 9 of the 14 Regiments mentioned in my Letter of the 19th.--Our people still continue to be very sickly.
[Note 3: Col Ephraim Martin, of the New Jersey Militia. He was appointed colonel of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment Nov. 23, 1776, but never joined, presumably on account of his wound. He died in 1806.]
The Papers designed for the foreign Troops, have been put into several Channels, in order that they might be conveyed to them, and from the Information I had Yesterday, I have reason to believe many have fallen into their Hands.4
[Note 4: See note to Washington's letter to Congress, Aug. 18, 1776, ante.]
I have inclosed a Copy of Lord Drummond's second Letter5 in Answer to mine, which I received since I transmitted his first and which I have thought proper to lay before Congress; that they may possess the whole of the correspondence between us, and see how far he has exculpated himself from the Charge alleged against him. The Log Book he mentions to have sent Colonel Moylan, proves nothing in his favor; That shews he had been at Bermuda and from thence to some other place, and on his passage from which to this place, the Vessel he was in was commanded by a pilot who brought her into the Hook, where he found the British Fleet which his Lordship avers he did not expect were there, having understood their destination was to the Southward. I am &ca.6
[Note 5: Drummond's letter, dated Aug. 19, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 6: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New York, Eight O'Clock, P.M., August 27, 1776.
Sir: I this minute returned from our Lines on Long Island, where I left his Excellency the General. From him I have It in command to Inform Congress, that yesterday he went there, and continued till Evening, when, from the Enemy's having landed a considerable part of their Forces, and from many of their movements, there was reason to apprehend they would make in a little time a General Attack. As they would have a Wood to pass through before they could approach the Lines, it was thought expedient to place a number of men there on the different Roads leading from whence they were stationed, in order to harass and annoy them in their March. This being done, early this morning a Smart engagement ensued between the Enemy and our Detachments, which, being unequal to the force they had to contend with, have sustained a pretty considerable loss. At least many of our Men are missing, among those that have not returned, are General Sullivan and Lord Stirling. The Enemy's loss is not known certainly; but we are told by such of our Troops as were in the Engagement, and what have come in, that they had many killed and wounded. Our party brought off a Lieutenant, Sergeant, and Corporal, with twenty privates, prisoners.
While These Detachments were engaged, a Column of the enemy descended from the Woods, and marched towards the Centre of our Lines with a design to make an Impression, but were repulsed. This Evening they appeared very numerous about the Skirts of the Woods, where they have pitched Several Tents; and his Excellency Inclines to think they mean to attack and force us from our Lines by way of regular approaches, rather than in any other manner. To day Five Ships of the Line came up towards the Town, where they seemed desirous of getting, as they turned a long time against an unfavorable Wind; and, on my return this Evening, I found a Deserter from the 23d Regiment, who Informed me that they design, as soon as the Wind will permit'em to come up, to give us a Severe Cannonade, and to Silence our Batteries, If possible. I have the honor etc.
Robt H. Harrison.
Head Quarters, New York, August 29, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
One Orderly Serjeant from each Regiment in General Wadsworths, General Wolcot's and General Fellows's Brigades, and one from Col Knox's Command, to attend daily at Head Quarters until further orders.
The commanding officers of each company, in the several regiments in this post, are strictly required to attend, to the orders that have been given, by the Commander in Chief, from time to time, to see that their respective Rolls are looked over, and the orders of the day published to their whole company. And as it is the pleasure of the Commander in Chief of the Continental Forces, that all Soldiers that pass from Long Island here without passes, should immediately be sent back. All the Guards especially, and all others, belonging to the Army in this post, are required to take up all soldiers coming from Long Island without passes signed by a proper officer, and send them immediately back to Long Island.
The Colonels or commanding Officers of each Regiment must take care that the arms and ammunition of each soldier be in good order; that they be equipped and constantly ready for action. They must be particularly attentive to see that the Cartridges suit their peices.
All the guards, and also all others belonging to the Army, are to be vigilant in taking up, and confining, all persons guilty of disorderly firing, or firing without leave. All the guards supplied by general detail, are to be punctually on the Grand Parade by eight o'clock in the morning, and in case any Brigade Major does not punctually bring on the men, he is to furnish, the Brigadier of the day is to report him immediately, and if such Brigade Major is delayed by the negligence of an Adjutant, he is to put such Adjutant immediately under an arrest.
It is hoped that every officer and soldier, in this post, will exert himself for the good of the service, to the utmost; and as there are many intrenchments, now begun that are unfinished, that necessity requires should be immediately completed; it is justly expected that every brave man will exert himself to complete every needful fortification.
New York, August 30, 776.
Sir: Your favor of this date is just come to hand. Circumstanced as this Army was, in respect to Situation, Strength, &c, it was the unanimous advice of a Council of General Officers, to give up Long Island; and not, by dividing our force, be unable to resist the Enemy in any one point of attack. This reason, added to some others, particularly the fear of having our Communication cut off from the Main, (of which there seemed to be no small probability), and the extreme fatigue our Troops were laid under, in guarding such extensive Lines, without proper shelter from the Weather, induced the above Resolution.
It is the most intricate thing in the World, Sir, to know in what Manner to conduct one's self with respect to the Militia; if you do not begin, many days before they are wanted to raise them, you cannot have them in time: if you do, they get tired and return; besides being under but very little order or Government whilst in Service. However, if the Enemy have a design of serving of us at this Place, as we apprehend they meant to do on Long Island: It might not be improper to have a Body in readiness, to prevent or retard a landing of them, on the East of Harlem River, if need be. In haste, and not a little fatigued, I remain, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, August 30, 1776.
Parole Liberty. Countersign Hancock.
All commanding Officers of regiments are to parade on their regimental parade, this evening at five o'Clock, examine the state of their men's ammunition and arms, get them in the best Order--All damaged Cartridges are to be returned and in this case fresh ones drawn without farther order. The Returns of the regiments are to be made as soon, and as exact as possible. No Arguments can be necessary at such a time as this, to induce all officers to a strict attention to this duty.
The constant firing in the Camp, notwithstanding repeated Orders to the contrary, is very scandalous, and seldom a day passes but some persons are shot by their friends--Once more therefore the General entreats the officers to prevent it, and calls upon the Soldiers to forbear this practice--Peices that cannot be drawn are to be discharged in a Volley, at Retreat Beating, and not otherwise, and then by command of the officer.
The loss of two General Officers by the late Action having occasioned a necessary change in the brigades; the Brigade Majors are to attend ten OClock to morrow to receive a new arrangement.
As the Tents are wet, and Weather unfavorable, the troops are to remain in the City till further Orders; those not supplied with Barracks, to apply to Mr. Roorbach,17 Barrack Master: Officers and Men are charged to see, as little damage as possible, done to houses where they are quartered.
[Note 17: Garret Roorbach.]
General Wadsworth to send two Regiments from his Brigade, to reinforce Col Sergeant at Horns hook, as soon as possible.
In case of an Alarm this evening, which may be expected from the nearness of the enemy, and their expectation of taking advantage of the late Rains, and last nights fatigue; the following disposition is to take place and the regiments are to parade accordingly--General Mifflin's to parade on the Grand Parade, they are then to join the regiments lately composing Lord Stirlings Brigade, and the whole to parade on the parade lately assigned by him to them; these are to act under General Mifflin as a Reserve Corps. The Regiments of General Nixon's Brigade are to join General Spencer's division who will assign them their alarm posts--The Jersey Troops to join General McDougall's Brigade, and parade at, or near, said ground.
Head Quarters, New York, August 31, 1776.
Parole Harlem. Countersign Flushing.
Major Livingston, charged with having ordered a Negroe to fire on a Soldier of Col. Newcomb's18 Regiment is ordered to be confined and brought to trial: But the General is sorry to see Soldiers, defending their Country, in time of imminent danger, rioting and attempting to do themselves justice.
[Note 18: Col. Silas Newcomb, of the New Jersey Militia. Later he was colonel of the First New Jersey Regiment and brigadier general of New Jersey Militia, He resigned in December, 1777.]
The Plunderers of Lord Stirling's house, are ordered to restore to the Quarter Master General, what they have taken, infailure whereof they will certainly be hanged.
It is the Generals orders that the remainder of Lutz's19 and Kachlein's20 Battalions be joined to Hand's Battalion; that Major Hays21 be also under the special command of Col Hand; that then those Battalions, with Shee's, Col. Magaw's, Col. Huchinson's, Col Atlee's, Col. Miles, Col Wards Regiments be brigaded under General Mifflin, and those now here march, as soon as possible, to Kingsbridge. The Quarter-Master will supply waggons if to be spared, if not, to apply to Lieut. Achbolt22 on the North River, Boat Station; or Ensign Allen23 on the East; who will supply boats. A careful officer with a small
[Note 19: Lieut. Col. Nicholas Lutz, of the Pennsylvania battalion of the Flying Camp. He was wounded at Long Island and taken prisoner; exchanged in September, 1779, anddid not reenter the service.]
[Note 20: Col. Peter Kachlein, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 21: Lieut. Col. William Hay, of the Pennsylvania battalion of the Flying Camp.]
[Note 22: Lieut. Edward Archbald, of the Fourteenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 23: Ensign Jonathan Allen, of Brewer's Massachusetts regiment.] guard to attend them. Major Lord will supply, from General Walcot's Brigade, an officer and six men to each boat, to bring boats back, except those that are ordered to stay.
Both officers and soldiers are informed that the Retreat from Long Island was made by the unanimous advice of all the General Officers,24 not from any doubts of the spirit of the troops, but because they found the troops very much fatigued with hard duty and divided into many detachments, while the enemy had their Main Body on the Island, and capable of receiving assistance from the shipping: In these circumstances it was thought unsafe to transport the whole of an Army on an Island, or to engage them with a part, and therefore unequal numbers; whereas now one whole Army is collected together; without Water intervening, while the enemy can receive little assistance from their ships; their Army is, and must be divided into many bodies, and fatigued with keeping up a communication with their Ships; whereas ours is connected, and can act together: They must affect a landing under so many disadvantages, that if officers and soldiers are vigilant, and alert, to prevent surprise, and add spirit when they approach, there is no doubt of our success.
[Note 24: This council was held in Brooklyn, N.Y., on August 29. Washington, Maj. Gens. Israel Putnam and Joseph Spencer, Brig. Gens. Thomas Mifflin, Alexander McDougall, Samuel Holden Parsons, John Morin Scott, James Wadsworth, and John Fellows were present. The proceedings, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and William Grayson, are in the Washington Papers. (See note to Washington's letter to Congress Aug. 31, 1776, post.)]
Ebenezer Gray is appointed Brigade Major to General Parsons.
The following disposition is made of the several Regiments, so as to form Brigades, under the commanding officers respectively mentioned.
They are to chuse out capable, active and spirited persons, to act as Brigade Majors, who will be allowed for their service.
The General hopes the several officers, both superior and inferior, will now exert themselves, and gloriously determine to conquer, or die--From the justice of our cause--the situation of the harbour, and the bravery of her sons, America can only expect success--Now is the time for every man to exert himself, and make our Country glorious, or it will become contemptable.
Commanding Officers of regiments, are to take care to have hard Bread and Pork for two days kept by them constantly-The neglect of former orders, in this respect, has occasioned some of the hardships the troops have lately sustained--If there is any delay at the Commissary's, good officers will compose and quiet their men, and mention it by way of letter to the General.
Head Quarters, New York, August 31, 1776.
Sir: Inclination as well as duty, would have induced me to give Congress, the earliest information of my removal of the Troops from Long Island and its dependencies to this City, the night before last; but the extreme fatigue, which myself and family have undergone (as much from the Weather as any thing else) since the incampment of the 27th. rendered me entirely unfit to take a pen in hand. Since Monday, we have scarce any of us been out of the Lines, till our passage across the East River was effected yesterday Morning, and for the 48 hours preceeding that; I had hardly been off my horse and had never closed my Eyes, so that I was quite unfit to write or dictate till this Morning.
Our Retreat was made without any loss of Men or Ammunition and in better order than I expected, from Troops in the Situation ours were; we brought off all our Cannon and Stores, except a few heavy pieces, (which in the condition the Earth was, by a long continued rain) we found upon tryal impracticable; the Wheels of the Carriages sunk up to the Hobbs, and rendered it impossible for our whole force to drag them; We left but little Provisions on the Island, except some Cattle, which had been driven within our Lines and which after many attempts to force across the Water, we found impossible to effect. I have inclosed a Copy of the Council of War held previous to the Retreat,28 to which I beg leave to refer Congress for the reasons or many of them that led to the adoption of that measure.
[Note 28: Held August 29. These proceedings, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and William Grayson, are in the Washington Papers. They are accompanied by a minute of the unanimous decision to withdraw from Long Island to New York, in the writing of Joseph Reed, and signed by all the council except Washington and Fellows. From the appearance of the papers it seems that the advisability of obtaining a signed decision was an afterthought. (See General Orders, Aug. 31, 1776, ante.)] Yesterday Evening and last Night, a party of our Men were employed in removing our Stores, Cannon, Tents &ca. from Governors Island, which they nearly compleated. some of the Cannon yet remain but I expect will be got away to day.
In the Engagement on the 27th. Generals Sullivan and Stirling were made prisoners; The former has been permitted on his parole to return for a little time. From Lord Stirling I had a Letter by General Sullivan, a Copy of which I have the honor to transmit.29 It contains his Information of the Engagement with his Brigade. It is not so full and certain as I could wish, he was hurried most probably, as his Letter was unfinished. Nor have I been yet able to obtain an exact amount of our Loss, we suppose it from 700 to a 1000 killed and taken.30 General Sullivan says Lord Howe is extremely desirous of seeing some of the Members of Congress, for which purpose he was allowed to come out and to communicate to them what has passed between him and his Lordship. I have consented to his going to Philadelphia, as I do not mean or conceive it right to withhold or prevent him from giving such Information as he possesses, in this Instance.31
[Note 29: This letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed by Sparks in Appendix to volume 4 of Writings of Washington. (See note to Washington's letter to Congress, Aug. 29, 1776, ante.) Howe's account of the battle is printed in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 1, 1255--1256, from the London Gazette Extraordinary, Oct. 10, 1776. There are a number of monographs on the battle, T. W. Fields's being a satisfactory one.]
[Note 30: According to General Howe's return of the American prisoners taken on Long Island, the whole number amounted to 1,076. This list includes General Woodhull, and the militia under him, probably about 200, who were not in the action, but were taken afterwards at Jamaica. The British loss, as stated by General Howe, was 94 killed and missing and 283 wounded.-- Sparks.]
[Note 31: Sullivan's visit and delivery of Lord Howe's message to Congress caused sharp debate in that body. John Adams referred to him as "a decoy duck whom Lord Howe has sent among us to seduce us into a renunciation of our independence," and he remarked sotto voce that he wished the first shot fired by the British in the Long Island engagement had gone through Sullivan's head. (See Benjamin Rush's Memorial.) A committee, consisting of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge, was finally appointed (September 6) to confer with Howe. They met on Staten Island, and the conference came to naught when it was discovered that Howe had no power to grant peace except on condition that the Declaration of Independence be rescinded.]
I am much hurried and engaged in arranging and making new Dispositions of our Forces, the movements of the Enemy requiring them to be immediately had, and therefore have only time to add that I am, with my best regards to Congress, and to you. Their and your &ca.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
1st. Because Our advanced party had met with a defeat, & the wood was lost, where we expected to make a principal Stand.
2nd. The great loss sustained in the death or Captivity of Several valuable Officers and their Battallions, or a large part of them, has occasioned great confusion and discouragement among the Troops.
3rd. The Heavy rains which fell Two days and Nights with but Little Intermission have Injured the Arms and Spoiled a great part of the Ammunition, and the Soldiery being without Cover and obliged to lay in the Lines, were worn out, and It was to be feared would not be retained in them by any Order.
4th. From the Time the Enemy moved from Flatbush, Several large Ships had attempted to get up as Supposed into the East River to cut off our Communication by which the whole Army would have been destroyed. But the wind being N. E. could not effect It.
5th. Upon consulting with persons of knowledge of the Harbour, they were of Opinion that Small Ships might come between Long Island and Governors Island where there are no obstructions and which would cut off the communication effectually, and who were also of Opinion the Hulks sunk, between Governor's Island, and the City of New York, were no sufficient Security for obstructing that passage.
6th. Tho' our Lines were fortified with some strong Redoubts, yet a Great part of them were weak being only abbattied with Brush, and affording no strong cover, so that there was reason to apprehend they might be forced, which would have put our Troops in confusion, and having no retreat, they must have been cut to pieces, or made prisoners.
7th. The Divided state of the Troops rendered our defence very precarious, and the duty of defending long and extensive Lines, at so many different places, without proper conveniences and cover so very fatiguing, that the Troops have become dispirited by their Incessant duty and watching.
8th. Because the enemy had sent several ships of war into the sound, to a place called flushing bay, and from the information received, that a part of their troops, were moving across long island, that way, there was reason to apprehend, they meant to pass overland, and form an incampment above King's bridge, in order to cut off, and prevent all communication between our army and the country beyond them or to get in our rear.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 6
September, 1776--January, 1777
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312
.7
1931
Washingtoniana
PRINTED
JUNE, 1932
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
RECEIVED
FEB 2 1933
New York, September 1, 1776.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your favor of that date, and should have Answered it by the Return of the Person who brought it; had I not been engaged then in a Multiplicity of business, which occasioned me to forget it, till he was gone.
In Respect to the Cattle on this Island, I shall desire the Commissary to purchase as many of them from the Inhabitants, as he can conveniently and will afford every Assistance the Situation of Affairs will admit of, to have the remainder secured; but as to those on Long Island, It is impossible for me to take any Measures, or give any Assistance to prevent their falling into the Enemys hands. I am persuaded the Number of Rangers you mention, were they to exert themselves, might be of Service and annoy the foraging Parties of the Enemy not a little. But Sir, I cannot spare any Men for that purpose. Tho' our Force is Called in from the out Posts and Collected on this Island, yet it will not be more than Competent to the defence of the several Lines necessary to be maintained; nor is it perhaps by any means so great as common estimation and report make it.
I am extremely obliged by your Opinion, on the defencible State of the Grounds above King's Bridge, tho' they had not escaped my Observation. Their Importance I am fully sensible of; and as far as the Critical situation of things will allow, their defence shall be attended to, to prevent if possible the Enemy from possessing them. I have the honor etc.
P.S. As the Posts at Kings Bridge are of such great Importance, I think it will be well and extremely necessary to be favored with your friendly exertions, in affording every Aid in your power for their defence. Cannot some more Militia be prevailed on to give their Assistance and in whom you can confide. I will not enlarge, being fully assured you will do all you can.
Head Quarters, New York, September 1, 1776.
Parole Hartford. Countersign Boston.
It being necessary there should be an Arrangement of the troops, in order that they may act with union and firmness--The Army, as brigaded yesterday, is now arranged in three Grand Divisions, under the following officers (Viz) Major Genl. Putnam to command the following brigades--Parsons's, Clinton's, Scott's, Fellow's, Silliman's.
The centre Divisions, under Genl. Spencer and Genl. Green the former to command the whole untill Genl. Green's recovery (Viz) Nixon's, McDougall's, Heard's, Wadsworth's, Douglass's, and Chester's.
Genl. Heath's to consist of Genl. Mifflin's Brigade and Genl. George Clinton's.
The centre Division to hold themselves in readiness to march immediately to Harlem to prevent the enemy's landing on this Island.
Samuel Augustus Barker, to act as Major to the Brigade under Col Douglass; Benjamin Talmadge Brigade Major to Colo Chester.
Col Haslett's5 Regiment to march to join Genl. Mifflin, to whose Brigade he is to belong.
[Note 5: Col. John Haslet, of the Delaware Regiment. He was killed at Princeton, N.J., Jan. 3, 1777.]
New York, September 2, 1776.
Sir: As my Intelligence of late has been rather unfavorable and would be received with anxiety and concern, peculiarly happy should I esteem myself, were it in my power at this Time, to transmit such Information to Congress, as would be more pleasing and agreeable to their wishes: But unfortunately for me, unfortunately for them, It is not.
Our situation is truly distressing. The Check our Detachment sustained on the 27th. Ulto. has dispirited too great a proportion of our Troops and filled their minds with apprehension and dispair. The Militia, instead of calling forth their utmost efforts to a brave and manly opposition, in order to repair our Losses, are dismayed, Intractable and Impatient to return. Great numbers of them have gone off, in some instances almost by whole Regiments, by half ones and by Companies at a Time. This circumstance of itself, Independent of others, when fronted by a well appointed Enemy, superior in number to our whole collected force, would be sufficiently disagreeable, but when their example has Infected another part of the Army, When their want of discipline and refusal, of almost every kind of restraint and Government, have produced a like conduct but too common to the whole, and an entire disregard of that order and Subordination necessary to the well doing of an Army, and which had been inculcated before, as well as the nature of our Military establishment would admit of, our Condition is still more Alarming, and with the deepest concern I am obliged to confess my want of confidence, in the generality of the Troops. All these circumstances fully confirm the Opinion I ever entertained, and which I more than once in my letters took the Liberty of mentioning to Congress, That no dependence could be in a Militia or other Troops than those enlisted and embodied for a longer period than our regulations heretofore have prescribed. I am persuaded and as fully convinced, as I am of any one fact that has happened, that our Liberties must of necessity be greatly hazarded, If not entirely lost, If their defence is left to any but a permanent standing Army, I mean one to exist during the War. Nor would the expence incident to the support of such a body of Troops as would be competent almost to every exigency, far exceed that which is daily incurred, by calling in Succour and new Inlistments, and which when effected are not attended with any good consequences. Men who have been free and subject to no controul, cannot be reduced to order in an Instant, and the Priviledges and exemptions they claim and will have, Influence the Conduct of others, and the aid derived from them is nearly counterbalanced by the disorder, irregularity and confusion they Occasion. I can not find that the Bounty of Ten Dollars is likely to produce the desired effect. When men can get double that sum to engage for a month or two in the Militia and that Militia frequently called out,--It can hardly be expected. The addition of Land might have a considerable Influence on a permanent Inlistment6 Our number of men at present fit for duty are under 20,000. They were so by the last return and best accounts I could get, after the Engagement on Long Island, since which numbers have deserted.
[Note 6: On September 16 it was resolved: "That Congress make provision, for granting lands, in the following proportions...such lands to be provided by the United States, and whatever expense shall be necessary to procure such land, the said expence shall be paid and borne by the states in the same proportion as the other expences of the war, viz. To a colonel 500 acres; to a lieutenant colonel, 450; to a major, 400; to a captain, 300; to a lieutenant, 200; to an ensign, 150; each non-commissioned officer and soldier, 100."]
I have ordered General Mercer to send the men intended for the Flying Camp to this place, about a thousand in number and to try with the Militia, if practicable, to make a diversion upon Staten Island. Till of late I had no doubt in my own mind of defending this place, nor should I have yet, if the men would do their duty, but this I despair of. It is painful and extremely grating to me, to give such unfavourable Accounts, but it would be still more criminal to conceal the Truth at so critical a Juncture. Every power I possess shall be exerted to serve the Cause, and my first wish is, that whatever may be the event, the Congress will do me the Justice to think so. If we should be obliged to abandon the Town, ought it to stand as Winter Quarters for the Enemy ? They would derive great conveniences from it on the one hand, and much property would be destroyed on the other. It is an Important question, but will admit of but little time for deliberation. At present I dare say the Enemy mean to preserve it, if they can. If Congress therefore should resolve upon the destruction of it, the Resolution should be a profound secret, as the Knowledge of it will make a Capital change in their plans.7 I have the Honor &ca.8
[Note 7: This letter was read in Congress September 3; at once considered in Committee of the Whole, and resolution adopted for reinforcing Washington with three battalions from Virginia, two from North Carolina and one from Rhode Island. The States north of Virginia were urged to send all the aid in their power to the army at New York. It was also resolved: "That General Washington be acquainted, that Congress would have special care taken, in case he should find it necessary to quit New York, that no damage be done to the said city by his troops on their leaving it: The Congress having no doubt of being able to recover the same, though the enemy should, for a time, obtain possession of it." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 8: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, September 2, 1776.
Parole Effingham. Countersign Putnam.
The General hopes, after the inconveniences that have been complained of, and felt, that the commanding Officers of Corps will never, in future, suffer their men to have less than two days provisions, always upon hand, ready for any emergency--If hard Bread cannot be had, Flour must be drawn, and the men must bake it into bread, or use it otherwise in the most agreeable manner they can--They are to consider that all the last war in America, No Soldier (except those in Garrison) were ever furnished with bread ready baked, nor could they get Ovens on their march--The same must be done now.
The brigades under Genl. Spencer, are still to keep themselves in readiness to march at the shortest Notice; but in the meantime are to have Regimental and brigade parades assigned them, in case of an Alarm before they move--These parades not to interfere with any of those in Genl. Putnam's Division; to avoid which, the officers commanding them are to consult him, and each other, that they may be disposed of to the best advantage.
When regiments march away in future, the officers are to see that the men take their tent-poles in their hands--All their Tin-Camp-Kettles, and see the Tents tied up carefully, and a sufficient guard left to take care of them.
The Brigades of Genl. Putnam's Division, are to furnish fifty men, to attend at the Hospital, upon Dr. Morgan, to whom their Names are to be returned.
Head Quarters, New York, September 3, 1776.
Parole Vernon. Countersign Mifflin.
The General most earnestly requests, that the several Brigadiers, and Commandants of Brigades, get their respective Corps in the best order as soon as possible and for this purpose they should join in Brigades as soon as can be, on a parade appointed for that purpose.
The Brigade, Majors according to the new arrangement are to attend every day for orders while they stay in town if they should march to reinforce Genl. Mifflin's and McDougall's Brigades, they will fix upon one to come to Head Quarters every day for orders.
Genl. Fellows's Brigade to furnish a Captain, two Subs. and fifty men, for Boat duty, 'till further orders, to parade at Head Quarters, and receive Orders at eight OClock, every morning.
Some instances of infamous Cowardice, and some of scandalous Plunder, and Riot, having lately appeared, the General is resolved to bring the offenders to exemplary punishment--the Notion that seems too much to prevail of laying hold of property not under immediate care, or guard, is utterly destructive of all Honesty or good Order, and will prove the ruin of any Army, when it prevails. It is therefore hoped the Officers will exert themselves, to put a stop to it on all future occasions. If they do not, e'er long Death will be the portion of some of the offenders.
The state of the Ammunition and Arms, should be a subject of constant attention to every officer.
The General hopes the justice of the great cause in which they are engaged, the necessity and importance of defending this Country, preserving its Liberties, and warding off the destruction meditated against it, will inspire every man with Firmness and Resolution in time of action, which is now approaching--Ever remembring that upon the blessing of Heaven, and the bravery of the men, our Country only can be saved.
The General orders a return of every regiment to be made immediately, and delivered to the Brigadier, or Commandant of the brigade, so that the Brigade Returns may be made at twelve O'Clock to morrow.
The near approach of the enemy, obliges the Guards to be doubled--the several Brigade Majors are immediately to settle the duty of their Brigades, according to their strenght--This is confined to Genl. Putnam's division.
AFTER ORDERS
Capt. Hezekiah Holdridge of Col Wyllys's Regt. appointed to act as Major of said regiment, for the present.
New York, September 3, 1776.
Dear Sir: From the present complexion of our Affairs, It appears to me of the utmost Importance and that the most Salutary consequences may result, from our having a Strong Encampment at the post on the Jersey side of the North River,9 opposite to Mount Washington on this Island. I therefore think It adviseable and highly necessary, that you detach such a force from Amboy and Its dependencies, under the Command of an Officer of note, Authority and influence, with a Skilful Engineer, to lay out such additional Works as may be Judged Essential and proper, and the Situation of the Ground will admit of, they should be begun and Carried on with all possible diligence and dispatch.
[Note 9: Fort Lee, N.J.]
It will be proper, that a considerable Quantity of provision should be collected for the Maintenance and support of the Camp, and for this purpose I wish you to have proper measures adopted to procure It and have it deposited there and at places of Security not far distant.
As the Continental Officers now at this post will take rank and the command probably of any you may send, unless he should be a General Officer, I think and Wish if you have one that possibly can be spared and in whose Judgement, activity and fortitude you can rely, that he may be appointed to the command rather than an Officer of Inferior rank. I am &c--
New York, September 4, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 29th. and 31st. Ulto. with their several Inclosures, have been duly received.
I sincerely wish the event of the Skirmish on Long Island had been as favourable to us as reported to you. Hurried and Involved in a Multiplicity of Business, I cannot give you a particular detail of It. I shall only add, that we lost in killed and wounded and prisoners from 700 to 1000 Men, among the prisoners are General Sullivan and Lord Stirling. The Enemy's loss has not been ascertained yet, But there is reason to believe, from the continuance of the action and the heavy firings between them and Lord Stirling's Detachment, that it was considerable. We have been informed so by Deserters, they overpowered our people by their Numbers and constant reinforcements.
When I have an Opportunity and circumstances will admit, I will enquire after Lieut. Johnson10 and order him to Albany.
[Note 10: Lieut. Martin Johnson, of Lamb's artillery.]
I am extremely obliged, by your Interposing to have the Boards sent down. I have informed the Quarter Master General, and directed him, to take measures for obtaining a large supply, as I have grounds to apprehend many will be wanted.
The short Inlistment of our Troops has been the Source of some of our misfortunes and of infinite trouble and difficulty already, and I am not without apprehension, that sooner or later, must prove of fatal consequence. I have wrote my sentiments very fully to Congress upon this Subject two or three Times. In a late Letter, I have urged the Expediency of a permanent Army during the War. The Necessity is too obvious to require Arguments to prove it. I think it will be adviseable to recruit out of the present Army as fast as possible; But I fear the progress will be but small. The bounties given by the different States, to raise their Quotas of men for so short a time, must have a prenicious tendency. Many will refuse to inlist, as that allowed by Congress is so low, in hopes of exacting more.
The Letters from our Officers in Canada, transmitted by General Gates, I have sent to Congress with the return you inclosed. I have also perused and delivered your Letter to the Commissary, having sealed it first, and wish matters to be so ordered as best to promote the Service.
Observing that General Gates in his Letter to you, mentions his want of Cartridge paper for Musquets, I have wrote to Congress and requested them to supply it If possible, having none here or but very little, and have also directed the Quarter Master General to send up some Grind Stones, not knowing whether they can be had at Albany. I am &c.
P.S. Your Letter preceding the two Last, came to hand when I was sending away my papers and being put up with them after a cursory reading, I dont recollect it sufficiently to answer.
Being certain that we shall have occasion for a large Quantity of Boards for Barracks and Shelter for the Troops which will be posted at Kings bridge, in Its vicinity and over the River, opposite the Works erected at the upper end of this Island, I wish to be informed if they can be supplied and shall be glad those who undertake it will begin to hurry 'em down with all expedition, to the nearest Landing place to the Bridge.
[Note 11: Of a Connecticut State regiment.]
New York, September 4, 1776.
Sir: Whether you do not get the General Orders, with that regularity which is to be wished, or whether (which is hard to suppose) you do not attend to them, I will not undertake to determine, But it is a Melancholy truth, that Returns essentially necessary for the Commanding Officer to Govern himself by, and which might be made in an hour after they are called for, where care and Order are observed, are obtained with so much difficulty.
Nor can I help regretting, that not only regular Returns, but that orders, in instances equally important should be so little attended to. I therefore address myself to you in this manner, requesting in Express and peremptory terms, that you do without delay make out and return to the Adjutant General's Office immediately, an exact state of the Regiment or Corps under your Command. And that the like return be given in every Saturday at Orderly time without fail. I also desire in terms equally express, that you do not suffer the Men of your Corps to straggle from their Quarters, or be absent from Camp without leave, and even then, but few at a time. Your own Reputation, the safety of the Army, and the good of the cause depends, under God, upon our vigilance and readiness to oppose a Crafty and enterprising enemy, who are always upon the watch to take advantages. To prevent straggling let your Rolls be called over three times a day, and the delinquents punished. I have one thing more to urge, and that is, that every attempt of the Men, to plunder, Houses, Orchards, Gardens &c. be discouraged, not only for the Preservation of property and sake of good order, but for the prevention of those fatal Consequences, which usually follow such diabolical practices. In short Sir, at a time when every thing is at stake, It behoves every Man to exert himself. It will not do for the Commanding Officer of a Regiment to content himself, with barely giving Orders, he should see (at least know) they are executed. He should call his men out frequently and endeavour to impress them with a Just and true sense of their duty, and how much depends upon subordination and discipline. Let me therefore not only Command, but exhort you and your Officers, as you regard your Reputation, your Country, and the sacred Cause of Freedom in which you are engaged, to Manly and Vigorous exertions at this time, each striving to excell the other in the respective duties of his department. I trust it is unnecessary for me to add further, and that these and all other Articles of your duty you will execute with a Spirit and punctuallity becoming your Station. I am etc.
[Note 12: Of the Fourth New York Regiment. He was then on Long Island.]
September 4, 1776.
Sir: In answer to both your favours Just received by Lieutt. Smith,13 I can only say, that circumstanced as we both are at present, it is not in my power to give you any other instructions for your Conduct, than that you pursue every step which shall appear to you necessary and Judicious, for annoying and harrassing the Enemy, and to prevent their forraging, and while those measures are in any degree effectual, I would wish to have you continue on the Island; but as soon as you find you can be of no longer Service, I would have you make your retreat to the main, without further delay. You will take care to have Boats so provided, as to secure your Retreat in the best manner possible. I am etc.
[Note 13: Lieut. Samuel Smith, of the Third New York Regiment.]
New York, September 4, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you on the 2d. our affairs have not undergone a change for the better, nor assumed a more agreeable aspect than what they then wore. The Militia under various pretences of sickness &ca. are daily diminishing and in a little time I am persuaded their number will be very inconsiderable.
On Monday night a forty Gun Ship passed up the Sound between Governor's and Long Island and Anchored in Turtle Bay. In her passage she received a discharge of Cannon from our Batteries, but without any damage and having a favourable Wind and Tide, soon got out of their reach. Yesterday morning I dispatched Major Crane14 of the Artillery with two twelve
[Note 14: Maj. John Crane, of Knox's artillery.] pounders and a Howitzer to annoy her, who hulling her several times forced her from that Station and to take shelter behind an Island where she still continues.
There are several other Ships of War in the Sound with a good many Transports or Store Ships which came round Long Island, so that, that communication is entirely cut off. The Admiral with the main body of the Fleet is close in with Governor's Island.
Judging It expedient to guard against every Contingency, as far as our peculiar situation will admit, and that we may have resources left, If obliged to abandon this place, I have sent away and am removing above Kingsbridge, all our Stores that are unnecessary and that will not be immediately wanted.
I have inclosed several original Letters from some of our Officers, prisoners at Quebec, which fell into General Gates's hands and were transmitted by him to General Schuyler who sent them to me. General Gates adds, that the persons who brought them said Genl. Burgoyne had sent Messages to the Inhabitants upon the Lakes inviting their continuance on their Farms and assuring them that they should remain in security.
The Post Master having removed his Office from the City to Dobbs's ferry, as it is said, makes it extremely inconvenient, and will be the means of my not giving such constant and regular Intelligence as I could wish. Cannot some mode be devised by which we may have a pretty constant and certain Intercourse and communication kept up? It is an Interesting matter and of great importance and as such I am persuaded will meet with due attention by Congress.
I have transmitted the Copy of General Gates's Letter, as sent me by General Schuyler, from which Congress will discover all the Information I have respecting General Burgoyne's Message and my latest Intelligence from Ticonderoga, with the returns of the Army there.
Those of the Army here it is impossible to obtain till the hurry and bustle we are now in, are a little over. I have &ca.
P.S. Congress will perceive by General Gates's Letter,15 his want of Musquet Cartridge paper, It is Impossible to supply him from hence, they will therefore be pleased to order what he wants, If it can be procured, to be immediately sent him from Philadelphia.16
[Note 15: Gates's letter to Schuyler, dated Aug. 26, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: The text is from the copy made in the office of the Secretary of Congress.]
Head Quarters, New York, September 4, 1776.
Parole America. Countersign Shelbourne.
It is with amazement and concern, the General finds, that the men of every regiment, are suffer'd to be constantly rambling about, and at such distances from their respective quarters and encampments, as not to be able to oppose the enemy in any sudden approach. He therefore not only commands, but most earnestly exhorts the Colonels and commanding officers of Corps, as they value their own reputation, the safety of the Army, and the good of the cause, to put an immediate, and effectual stop to such an unsoldierlike, and dangerous practice; as one step towards the accomplishment of which, he orders and directs that all those who shall be absent without leave be immediately punished.
The sick of the several regiments of Militia are to be discharged if they are well enough to get home, and choose to be discharged--All the other sick are to be provided for in such a manner, and in such places, as the Director General of the Hospitals and the several regimental Surgeons shall think best for them. In giving these discharges particular care is to be taken by the Colonels and General Walcott to see that none but those who are really sick be dismissed and that the discharges be given in writing by Genl. Walcott.
The General does in express and peremptory terms, insist upon exact Returns of the several Regiments, and other Corps, and the Brigadiers and officers commanding Brigades, are to see that this order is complied with, without delay; as it is essentially necessary for the General to be acquainted with the exact state of the army.
Col Glover, during the absence of Genl. Clinton, is to be considered as Commandant of his Brigade, and to be obeyed accordingly.
The increased number of waggons will in future admit of more regularity in marching the regiments than has yet prevailed--Whenever therefore a regiment is ordered to march they should get their Baggage in readiness, but not move it 'till conveniences are provided. The Qr Master of the regiment should then overlook it and stop all heavy, useless lumber, and the Commanders of regiments would do well, to take particular Care in this matter. No Colonel is to seize any boat, or waggon, by his own Authority, on Penalty of having his baggage turn'd out and left.
The Brigade Majors are ordered to have their Brigade Returns immediately made, or the General will put the Delinquents in Arrest; unless the Adjutants fail in their duty, and they put such Adjutants in Arrest.
The Brigade Majors both standing and temporary are hereafter punctually to attend at eleven O'Clock at Head Quarters. There has been of late a shameful remissness in some of them.
New York, September 5, 1776.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your two Letters of the 3rd. Instt. and observe what you have done in consequence of my Instructions. When I wrote for Troops to be sent to the post opposite Mount Washington, I did not imagine you would have so Many to spare. About a Thousand under General Ewing,17 in addition to those already at the post, I think will be fully competent to Its defence and such Works as may be necessary to erect, and will also be sufficient to carry them on. More I conceive will be unnecessary and may be better employed elsewhere. I am &c.
[Note 17: Brig. Gen. James Ewing, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
P.S. You will be pleased to keep in view the matter I mentioned to you about Staten Island, Esteeming a Diversion there, if it can be effected will be of great Service.
Head Quarters, New York, September 5, 1776.
Parole Chatham. Countersign Maryland.
The Brigade Majors immediately to settle a Court Martial making an allowance for the Absence, or Indisposition, of any officers. They are to meet at the Brick-House near the encampment, late of Genl. McDougall, to morrow at ten O'Clock. Notice to be given accordingly--They are first to try the Scoundrels, who have been detected in pillaging, and plundering, Lord Stirling's, and other property.
Such as were directed by yesterday's Orders to apply to Genl. Walcott for discharges are in future to apply to the Brigadiers under whom their Regiments are ranged.
Head Quarters, New York, September 6, 1776.
Sir: I have now before me your Letter of the 4th Inst., inclosing the report against Ordering out any more of the Militia from the Counties of Orange, Dutchess, Westchester or Ulster. The reasons alledged by the Committee, to whom this matter was referred, are intirely satisfactory to me, and therefore I do not expect a Compliance with that part of my Letter which respects this Matter. I have the Honor to be &ca.
New York, September 6, 1776.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 31st Ulto. and am extremely obliged by the Measures you are taking, in consequence of my recommendation Letter. The exertions of Connecticut upon this, as well as upon every other occasion, do them great honor and I hope will be attended with successful and happy Consequences. In respect to the mode of Conduct, to be pursued by the Troops, that go over to the Island, I cannot lay down any Certain rule, it must be formed and governed by Circumstances and the Direction of those who Command them.
I should have done myself the honor of transmitting you an Account of the Engagement between a detachment of our Troops and the Enemy on long Island on the 27th, and of our Retreat from thence, before now, had it not been for the Multiplicity of Business I have been involved in ever since; and, being still engaged, I cannot enter upon a Minute and particular detail of the affair; I shall only add, that we lost, in killed, wounded and prisoners, from 700 to 1,000 Men. Among the Prisoners are Genl. Sullivan and Lord Stirling. The Inclosed list will shew you the names of many of the officers that are Prisoners; The Action was chiefly with the Troops from Jersey, Pennsylvania, the lower Counties, and Maryland, and Col. Huntingdon's Regt.; they suffered greatly, being attacked and overpowred by Numbers of the Enemy greatly superior to them. The Enemy's loss we have not been able to ascertain; but we have reason to believe it was considerable, as the Engagement was Warm and Conducted with great Resolution and bravery on the part of our Troops. During the Engagement, a deep Column of the Enemy descended from the Woods and attempted an Impression upon our Lines, but retreated immediately on the Discharge of a Cannon and part of the Musquetry from the line nearest to them. As the Main body of the Enemy had Encamped not far from our Lines, and I had reason to believe they intended to force us from them by regular Approaches, which the Nature of the Ground favored extremely, and at the same time meant, by the Ships of War, to cut off the Communication between the City and the Island, and by that means keep our Men divided and unable to oppose them any where; by the advice of the General Officers, on the night of the 29th, I withdrew our Troops from thence without any loss of Men and but little Baggage. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, September 6, 1776.
Sir: By a Letter from Major General Sullivan, while on Long Island, and which he acquainted me was wrote by your permission, I was informed, it would be agreeable to exchange that Gentleman for Major General Prescott, and Brigadier Lord Sterling for any Brigadier of yours in our possession.
In consequence of this intelligence, I have wrote to Congress, requesting that General Prescott may be sent here, that this proposal may be carried into execution. We have no Brigadier of yours a Prisoner with us, except General McDonald, taken in North Carolina, whom I am willing to exchange for Lord Sterling, and shall be glad to know your pleasure on the Subject.19 I have the Honor to be Sir, etc.
[Note 19: See Washington's letter to Sir William Howe, Sept. 19, 1776, post.]
New York, September 6, 1776.
Sir: I was last Night honored with your favor of the 3d with sundry Resolutions of Congress and perceiving it to be their Opinion and determination that no Damage shall be done the City, in case we are Obliged to abandon it, I shall take every measure in my power to prevent it.
Since my Letter of the 4th., nothing very material has occurred, unless it is, that the Fleet are drawing more together and all getting close in with Governor's Island. Their designs we cannot learn, nor have we been able to procure the least information lately, of any of their plans or intended operations.
As the Enemy's movements are very different from what we expected and from their large Encampments a considerable way up the Sound, there is reason to believe they intend to make a landing above or below Kings bridge and thereby to hem in our Army and cut off the communication with the Country; I mean to call a Council of General Officers to day or to morrow and endeavour to digest and fix on some regular and certain System of Conduct to be pursued, in order to baffle their efforts and counteract their Schemes and also to determine on the expediency of evacuating or attempting to maintain the City and the several posts on this Island.
The result of their opinion and deliberations I shall advise Congress of by the earliest Opportunity, which will be by Express, having it not in my power to communicate any Intelligence by post as the Office is removed to so great a distance and entirely out of the way.20
[Note 20: See Washington's letter to Congress, Sept, 4, 1776, ante.]
I have inclosed a List of the Officers who are prisoners, and from whom Letters have been received by a Flag. We know there are others not included in the list.
General Sullivan having informed me, that General Howe is willing that an exchange of him for General Prescot should take place, it will be proper to send General Prescot immediately that it may be effected.
As the Militia Regiments in all probability will be impatient to return and become pressing for their pay, I shall be glad of the direction of Congress, Whether they are to receive it here, or from the Conventions, or Assemblies of the respective States to which they belong. On the one hand, the settlement of their Abstracts will be attended with trouble and difficulty; on the other they will go away much better satisfied and be more ready to give their aid in future, If they axe paid before their departure.
Before I conclude, I must take the Liberty of mentioning to Congress the great distress we are in for want of Money. Two month's pay and more to some Battalions, is now due the Troops here, without any thing in the Military chest to satisfy it. This occasions much disatisfaction and almost a general uneasiness. Not a day passes without complaints and the most Importunate and urgent demands on this head. As it may Injure the service greatly, and the want of a regular supply of cash produce consequences of the most fatal tendency, I entreat the attention of Congress to this Subject and that we may be provided, as soon as can be with a sum equal to every present claim.
I have wrote to General Howe proposing an Exchange of General McDonald for Lord Stirling and shall be extremely happy to obtain it, as well as that of General Sullivan for General Prescot, being greatly in want of them and under the necessity of appointing protempore some of the Colonels to command Brigades. I have &ca.
P S. As two Regiments from Carolina and 3 more from Virginia are ordered here, If they could embark at Norfolk &ca. and come up the Bay with Security, It would expedite their arrival and prevent the men from a long fatiguing march. This However should not be attempted; If the Enemy have Vessels in the Bay and which might probably intercept 'em.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The "Letter Book" records the last sentence thus: "If the Enemy have Vessels that could take them and that are in the Bay."]
Head Quarters, New York, September 6, 1776.
Parole Pitt. Countersign Camden.
David Henly Esqr. is appointed Depy. Adjt. General until further orders, and is immediately to repair to General Spencer's division to regulate the several Returns and do the other duties of said office, extending his care to the division under Genl. Heath. he is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
Col Glover, Commandant of Genl Clinton's Brigade, is to recommend a suitable, active officer, for Major of Brigade, in Major Henly's stead.
The General expects the Majors of Brigade, to be very active and careful, to get their Brigades in the best order; to bring on their Guards and Fatigue Parties early; see the proper reliefs marched off; Returns made, and to march with the Brigade to the Alarm Posts, as frequently as possible--The Adjutants being under their particular direction, they are to see that they do their duty and put them in Arrest where they fail in it.
The Majors of Brigade and Adjutants are reminded, that the Returns are all expected in to morrow, both regimental and brigade, in order to complete the General Return. Any one who fails will be noticed in public orders.
The General is resolved to put a stop to plundering, and converting either public, or private property, to their own use when taken off, or found by any soldiers--He therefore calls upon all the officers, to exert themselves against it, and if the Colonels, or other officers of Regiments see, or know, of any Horses, Furniture, Merchandize, or such other Property, in the hands of any officer or soldier; and do not immediately take hold of it, giving immediate notice of it to the Brigadier General; such Officer will be deemed a party, brought to a Court Martial, and broke with Infamy: For let it ever be remembered, that no plundering Army was ever a successful one.
Head Quarters, New York, September 7, 1776.
Parole Temple. Contersign Liberty.
John Davis of Capt Hamilton's Company of Artillery, tried by a Court Martial whereof Col. Malcom was President, was convicted of "Desertion" and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine lashes. Levi Webster, of Capt Hydes Company, Col Wyllys's Regt., convicted by the same Court Martial of the same offence, sentenced to the same punishment.
The General approves the sentence, and orders them to be executed, on the regimental parade, at the usual hour in the morning.
A Court Martial, consisting of a Commandant of a brigade, two Colonels, two Lt. Cols.--two Majors and six Captains to sit to morrow at Mrs. Montagnie's to try Major Post22 of Col Kacklien's Regt."For Cowardice, in running away from Long Island when an alarm was given of the approach of the enemy. The same Court Martial also to try John Spanzenberg Adjutant of the same Regiment, for the same offence, and likewise Lieut Peter Kacklein.23
[Note 22: Maj. Michael Probst, of Lieut. Col. Peter Kechlein's Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 23: The Pennsylvania Archives and Heitman's Register do not agree as to the Kechlein's, or Kachlein's. The Archives give Peter the rank of lieutenant colonel, commanding the Northampton County regiment, and Andrew as a captain in the Bucks County militia; Heitman makes Andrew the colonel and Peter the lieutenant, but this Lieutenant Peter was Peter, jr.]
Benjamin Stone appointed Quarter Master, William Adams appointed Pay Master; Nathaniel Webb Adjutant of Col Durkee's Regiment. Daniel Tilden Esqr. to do duty as Captain 'till further orders.
Richard Sill appointed Pay Master to Col Tylers Regimt.
Major Lee24 is desired to do "duty of Brigade Major in Major Henly's stead, 'till an appointment is made.
[Note 24: Maj. William Raymond Lee, of the Fourteenth Continental Infantry.]
New York, September 7, 1776.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Captain Martindale and Lieutenant Turner25 who were taken last Fall in the armed Brig
[Note 25: Capt. Sion Martindale and Lieut. Moses Turner were both of the Third Rhode Island Regiment before being detached for service on the Continental armed vessels.] Washington and who with Mr. Childs the 2d. Lieutenant have lately effected their escape from Hallifax.
Captain Martindale and these two Officers have applied to me for pay from the 1st. of January 'till this time But not conceiving myself authorized to grant it, however reasonable It may be, as they were only engaged 'till the last of December; at their Instance I have mentioned the matter to Congress and submit their case to their consideration. I have &ca.26
[Note 26: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, September 8, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you on the 6th. instant, I have called a Council of the General Officers, in order to take a full and comprehensive view of our Situation and thereupon form such a plan of future defence, as may be immediately pursued and subject to no other Alteration than a change of Operations on the Enemy's side may occasion.27 Before the landing of the Enemy on Long Island, the point of Attack could not be known or any satisfactory Judgment formed of their Intentions. It might be on Long Island, on Bergen or directly on the City, this made it necessary to be prepared for each, and has occasioned an Expence of Labour which now seems useless and is regretted by those who form a Judgment from after Knowledge. But I trust, men of discernment will think differently and see that by such Works and preparations we have not only delayed the Operations of the Campaign, till it is too late to effect any capital Incursion into the Country, but have drawn the Enemy's forces to one point and obliged them to decline their plan, so as to enable us to form our defence on
[Note 27: The record of this council of war (held September 7) is missing from the Washington Papers. It was evidently missing in 1781, as there is a blank page left in the Varick Transcripts where it should have been entered.] some Certainty. It is now extremely obvious, from all Intelligence, from their movements and every other circumstance, that having landed their whole Army on Long Island (except about 4000, on Staten Island) they mean to enclose us on the Island of New York by taking post in our Rear, while the Shipping effectually secure the Front, and thus either by cutting off our communication with the Country, oblige us to fight them on their own Terms, or surrender at discretion, or by a brilliant Stroke endeavour to cut this Army in pieces and secure the Collection of Arms and Stores which they well know we shall not be soon able to replace.
Having therefore their System unfolded to us, it became an important consideration how it could be most successfully opposed. On every side there is a Choice of difficulties and every Measure on our part (however painful the reflection is from experience) to be formed with some Apprehension that all our Troops will not do their duty.
In deliberating on this Question it was impossible to forget, that History, our own experience, the advice of our ablest Friends in Europe, the fears of the Enemy, and even the Declarations of Congress demonstrate, that on our Side the War should be defensive. It has even been called a War of Posts. That we should on all Occasions avoid a general Action, or put anything to the Risque, unless compelled by a necessity, into which we ought never to be drawn.
The Arguments on which such a System was founded were deemed unanswerable and experience has given her sanction. With these views, and being fully persuaded that it would be presumption to draw out our Young Troops into open ground, against their Superiors both in number and Discipline; I have never spared the Spade and Pick Ax; I confess I have not found that readiness to defend even strong Posts, at all hazards, which is necessary to derive the greatest benefit from them. The honor of making a brave defence does not seem to be a sufficient stimulus, when the success is very doubtful, and the falling into the Enemy's hands probable. But I doubt not this will be gradually attained. We are now in a strong Post, but not an Impregnable one, nay acknowledged by every man of Judgment to be untenable, unless the Enemy will make the Attack upon Lines, when they can avoid it and their Movements indicate that they mean to do so. To draw the whole Army together in order to arrange the defence proportionate to the extent of Lines and works, would leave the Country open to an Approach and put the fate of this Army and its Stores on the hazard of making a successful defence in the City, or the Issue of an Engagement out of it. On the other hand to abandon a City, which has been by some deemed defensible and on whose Works much Labour has been bestowed, has a tendency to dispirit the Troops and enfeeble our Cause. It has also been considered as the Key to the Northern Country. But as to this I am fully of opinion, that by Establishing of strong posts at Mont Washington on the upper part of this Island and on the Jersey side opposite to it, with the Assistance of the Obstructions already made and which may be improved in the Water, that not only the navigation of Hudson's River but an easier and better communication, may be effectually secured between the Northern and Southern States. This I believe every one acquainted with the situation of the Country will readily agree to, and will appear evident to those who have an Opportunity of recuring to good maps. These and the many other consequences, which will be involved in the determination of our next measure, have given our Minds full employ and led every one to forma Judgement, as the various objects presented themselves to his view. The post at Kings Bridge is naturally strong and is pretty well fortified the Heights about it are commanding and might soon be made more so.
These are important Objects and I have attended to them accordingly. I have also removed from the City all the Stores and Ammunition, except what was absolutely Necessary for its defence and made every other Disposition that did not essentially enterfere with that Object, carefully keeping in view, until it should be absolutely determined on full consideration, how far the City was to be defended at all events. In resolving points of such Importance, many circumstances peculiar to our own Army, also occur; being Provided only for a Summers Campaign, their Cloaths, Shoes and Blanketts will soon be unfit for the change of weather which we every day feel. At present we have not Tents for more than 2/3ds., many of them old and worn out, but if we had a Plentiful supply the season will not admit of continuing in them much longer.
The case of our Sick is also worthy of much consideration, their number by the returns form at least ¼th. of the Army: Policy and humanity require they should be made as comfortable as possible. With these and many other circumstances before them, the whole Council of General Officers, met Yesterday, in order to adopt some general line of Conduct to be pursued at this important crisis; I intended to have procured their seperate opinions on each point, but time would not admit I was Obliged to collect their sense more generally than I could have wished; We all agreed that the Town was not tenable if the Enemy was resolved to bombard and Cannonade it: But the difficulties attending a removal operated so strongly, that a Course was taken between abandoning it totally and concentring our whole strength for its defence; nor were some a little influenced in their Opinion, to whom the determination of Congress was known, against an Evacuation totally; suspecting that Congress wished it to be maintained at every hazard,28It
[Note 28: Washington's letter was read in Congress (September 10), and it was resolved "That Mr. President inform General Washington, it was by no means the sense of Congress in their resolve of the third inst. respecting New York, that the army, or any part of it, should remain in that city a moment longer than he shall think it proper for the public service that troops be continued there." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)] was concluded to arrange the Army under three Divisions 5000 to remain for the defence of the City, 9000 to remove to Kingsbridge, as well to Possess and secure those Posts, as to be ready to Attack the Enemy, who are moving Eastward on long Island, if they should attempt to land on this side; The remainder to occupy the intermediate space and support either, that the sick should be immediately removed to Orange Town--and Barracks prepared at Kingsbridge with all expedition, to cover the Troops; there were some Generals in whose Judgments great confidence is to be reposed, that were for an immediate removal from the City, urging the great danger of one part of our Army being cut off, before the other can support it, The extremities being at least 16 Miles apart; that our Army when collected is inferior to the Enemy; that they can move with their whole force to any point of Attack and consequently must succeed, by weight of numbers, if they have only a part to oppose them; that by removing from hence we deprive the Enemy of the Advantage of their Ships, which will make at least one half of the force to attack the Town; that we keep them at bay, but put nothing to the hazard and at all events keep an Army together, which can be recruited another Year; that the unspent Stores will also be preserved, and in this case the heavy Artillery can be secured.--But they were overruled by a Majority, who thought for the present a part of our force might be kept here and attempt to maintain the City a while longer.29 I am sensible a retreating Army is incircled with
[Note 29: General Greene was urgent for the immediate evacuation of New York and the destruction of the city. The entire difficulty over New York rested with the strong loyalist element and the natural objection to a heavy property loss, which latter placed too great a strain upon the immature and green patriotism of the citizens. John Jay was one of the few New Yorkers who was willing to see the city destroyed rather than allow it to become an advantage to the British. Greene's arguments are in the Washington Papers under date of Sept. 5, 1776, and fill seven pages. They are printed in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 2, 182.] difficulties, that the declining an Engagement subjects a General to reproach and that the common Cause may be in some measure affected by the discouragements which it throws over the minds of many; nor am I insensible of the contrary effects, if a brilliant stroke could be made with any Probability of success, especially after our loss upon Long Island: but when the fate of America may be at stake on the Issue; when the Wisdom of cooler moments and experienced Men have decided that we should protract the War if Possible; I cannot think it safe or wise to adopt a different System, when the season for Action draws so near a close. That the Enemy mean to Winter in New York there can be no doubt; that with such an Armament they can drive us out is equally clear. The Congress having resolved, that it should not be destroyed, nothing seems to remain but to determine the time of their taking Possession It is our Interest and wish to prolong it, as much as possible, provided the delay does not affect our further measures. The Militia of Connecticut is reduced from 800030 to less than 2000 and in a few days will be merely nominal; the arrival of some Maryland Troops &c. from the flying Camp, has in a great degree supplied the loss of Men, but the Ammunition they have carried away will be a loss sensibly felt. The impulse for going home was so irrisistable, it answered no purpose to oppose it, tho' I could not discharge, I have been obliged to acquiesce; and it affords one more melancholy Proof how delusive such dependences are.
[Note 30: Harrison wrote 6000, but a later pen change makes it 8000.]
Inclosed I have the Honor to transmit a General Return of the Army, the first I have been able to obtain for a considerable time; Also a report from Captain Newel31 from our Works at Horn's Hook, or Hell Gate; their situation is extremely low and the sound so very narrow that the Enemy have 'em much within their Command. I have &ca.
[Note 31: Capt. Eliphalet Newhall, of Knox's artillery.]
P.S. The Inclosed information this minute came to Hand,32 I am in hopes we shall hence forth get regular Intelligence of the Enemy's Movement.33
[Note 32: The intelligence was from Isaac Nicoll at New Rochelle, N.Y. Washington forwarded the original, and it is filed with his letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 33: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, September 8, 1776.
Sir: I have received your letter by General Roberdeau34 of the 8th. of Septembr, and am sorry to hear of your indisposition, which however I hope will in a short time be removed. There has nothing very material passed in this Quarter since you were here, still matters wear so critical an aspect, that I have determined to call over Colonel Ward's Regiment35 from the post opposite Mount Washington; you will therefore be pleased to detach so many of the Troops under your Command, as will make up this deficiency, and still keep General Ewing's Compliment of fifteen hundred men intire. Not with standing this Assistance, I shall still stand in need of two or three thousand men to reinforce the posts here, and am anxious for the arrival of the Maryland and Virginia Troops, which are on their march to this place, I shall be glad you will immediately inform me by Express, where they are, and when I may with Certainty expect them; I could wish they were pushed forward with all possible expedition. General Roberdeau will Communicate to you, the result of the Council, also any other thing material which are not mentioned in this Letter. I am, etc.
[Note 34: Brig. Gen. Roberdeau, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 35: Col. Andrew Ward's Connecticut State regiment.]
P.S. I desire you will direct the Engineer to Expedite the Works (to the utmost of his abilities) which are necessary for the defence of General Ewing's Post.
Head Quarters, New York, September 8, 1776.
Dear Sir: I have lately received Information (on which I can in some measure rely) that it is impracticable for Carriages to pass from Harlem point or any of the landing places contiguous to it, towards Kingsbridge any other way than along the publick roads; I should therefore, conceive it would be highly expedient to throw every impediment and obstruction in the ways leading from the above mentioned places, as also in the roads leading from Morrissania and Delancy's Mills, and indeed any other, which you conceive there is a probability of the Enemy's making use of, in order to prevent, or at least delay them in the Conveyance of their Artillery. In some places it may be necessary to fell trees across the roads, in others I would recommend deep pitts to be dug. In short I must request you will have them broke up and destroyed in such a manner as to render them utterly impassable.
I mean those roads within your district leading from Kingsbridge down to the points, on which it is supposed the Enemy will Land. I am etc.
P. S. As the money is now arrived, you will order to be delivered in all the pay abstracts for July and Augt.
New York, September 8, 1776.
Sir: I have this day wrote to the President of the Convention of New York, requesting that an Aid of Six hundred Militia may be sent to you from the Counties of Ulster and Orange, or any other that is more proper and convenient, for the purpose of assisting you, either in the defence of the High lands, in case they should be attacked, or of constructing New Works and Fortifications, by which they may be rendered more secure. However, whether you receive this Reinforcement or not, I must intreat you in the strongest manner to exert yourself to the utmost of your abilities in making those two posts at the High lands, as defensible as possible. Their great Importance must be obvious to every person. I am.
New York, September 8, 1776.
Sir: I have just received the Resolve of your Convention, respecting the removal of the Bells belonging to the different Churches and Public Edifices in this City, to New Ark in the Province of New Jersey. The Measure I highly approve of, and shall accordingly have it Carried into Execution.
I have lately been Conversing with Genl Clinton, concerning the Defence of the Forts in the Highlands, who agrees with me in Sentiment, that the force already there is by no means Sufficient; I should therefore conceive it would be greatly in advancement of the Service, if you would cause a Reinforcement of Militia, amounting to about 600 Men, to be sent there from the Counties of Ulster and Orange or any other that may be most proper and Convenient. They may be usefully and importantly employed, as well in defence of the Highlands, in case they should be attacked, as in erecting new Works and Fortifications, by which they may be rendered more Secure. I am, etc.
New York, September 8, 1776.
Sir: I wrote you this Morning by your Express; but forgot to mention a Matter of Consequence. It being determined to remove our Sick to Orange Town, we shall want four Large Albany Sloops for that Purpose; The fatigue of traveling that distance by land, would not only be more than the patients could bear, but we have full employ for our Waggons in transporting Baggage, Tents &c. for the Troops from hence to our out Posts; I must therefore beg the favor of your honorable Body to procure the above number of Vessels and send them down with as much dispatch as possible to this City. I am etc.
P.S. I shall be glad to know by return of the Express, when I may probably expect the Sloops down, There are several now on the lower parts of the River with Boards; perhaps you might engage them to come this way, which would save time.
Head Quarters, New York, September 8, 1776.
Parole Grayson. Countersign Tilghman.
Alexander McIntire of Capt. Newall's36 Company, James Butler of Capt. Darby's37 Company, and John Knowlton of Capt. Maxwell's38 Company; all of Col Prescotts Regiment tried by a Court Martial, whereof Col Malcom was President, and acquitted of "plundering a Celler belonging to a Citizen of New York"--each ordered to be discharged and join their regiments.
[Note 36: Capt. Jonathan Newell.]
[Note 37: Capt. Samuel Darby.]
[Note 38: Capt. Hugh Maxwell, of the Seventh Continental Infantry.]
Ames Reed Corporal in Capt Vancleavers39 Company, Regiment late Col Johnson's,40 tried by the same Court Martial, and convicted of "Speaking disrespectfully and villifying the Commander in Chief"--sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes,
[Note 39: Capt. Benjamin Van Cleve, of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 40: Col. Philip Johnson, of a New Jersey Militia regiment. He was killed in the Battle of Long Island, N.Y., on August 27.] at different days successively, thirteen each day, and reduced to the ranks.
John Little of Col Knox's Regt. of Artillery, Capt. Hamilton's Company, convicted by the same Court Martial of "Abusing Adjt. Henly, and striking him"--ordered to receive Thirty nine lashes in the same manner.
The General approves the above sentences and orders them to be put in execution at the usual time and place.
The General directs, that in future, in case of any Soldier detected in plundering, the Brigadier General, or Colonel, or commanding Officer of the Regiment immediately call a Court Martial, and have the offenders tried and punished without delay.
Head Quarters, New York, September 9, 1776.
Parole Mifflin. Countersign Putnam.
Elias Matthew appointed QuarterMaster to Tyler's regiment.
Gardiner Carpenter appointed Pay Master to Colonel Huntington's regiment.
The Colonels, or commanding officers of regiments, or Pay Masters where appointed, are immediately to prepare and send in, their Pay-Abstracts, for the Months of July and August--The Pay-Master will attend at his old Office at Mr. Lispenard's on Thursday and Friday to receive those of the division under General Putnam. A time and place will be appointed in General Orders to morrow to receive those of Genl. Heath's and Spencer's divisions.
Mr. Adjutant Bradford, to do the duty of Brigade Major to Genl. Nixons Brigade, during Major Box's illness.
The Maryland Brigade being ordered to march, Genl. Fellow's to supply 250 Men in their stead, 'till further Orders.
The several Brigade Majors are required to have their men, on the Grand parade, at eight O'Clock, every Monday precisely, or they will be publickly reprimanded. The late relief of the Guards is a Subject of general Complaint--No failure of duty in the Adjutant will execuse, unless the Adjutant is put in Arrest.
Head Quarters, New York, September 9, 1776.
My Lord: I do myself the Honor of transmitting to your Lordship the inclosed Letter, recommended to my care by Doctor Franklin and which just now came to Hand.41
[Note 41: Benjamin Franklin's letter of September 8 in answer to Howe's of August 16 informing his Lordship that the committee of Congress of which he (Franklin) was a member would soon be at Amboy, N.J., as a result of Howe's message through General Sullivan.]
If your Lordship shall incline to return an Answer to Dr. Franklin, and will Honor me with the charge of it, I will immediately forward it to him by Express. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New York, September 9, 1776.
Sir: I have the honor of your favor of the 5th Instant, and am sorry to say that, from the best information we have been able to obtain, the people on Long Island have, since our evacuation, gone generally over to the Enemy, and made such Concessions as have been required--some through compulsion I suppose, but more from Inclination. As a diversion upon the Island has been impracticable under these circumstances, I think you have done well in assisting the removal of the persons and Effects of our Friends from thence.
I observe, with great pleasure, that you have ordered the remaining Regiments of Militia that can be spared from the immediate defence of the Sea Coast, to march towards New York with all expedition. I cannot sufficiently express my thanks, not only for your constant ready compliance with every request of mine, but for your own strenuous exertions and prudent forecast in ordering matters so, that your force has generally been collected and put in motion as soon as It has been demanded.
With respect to the Militia, both Horse and Foot, I am of opinion that they will render us more service by rendezvousing at different places along the Sound, in Westchester County and thereabouts, than by coming directly to this City. It will not only give the Enemy, who are extending their Encampment up the Island, an Idea of our Force along the Coast, but If they should attempt a landing above King's Bridge, they will be in readiness to Join our force about that place. The Horse particularly, whose rapid motion enables them to be in a short time at any point of Attack. Besides, the difficulty of procuring for age upon this Island for any number of Horses, is an objection to their being stationed here. I fear the Militia, by leaving their Homes so suddenly, and in a manner unprepared for a long absence, have sustained some Injury. To this cause I must impute, in a great measure, their impatience to return, and the diminution of their number at this time to about 2000. Their want of discipline, the Indulgences they claim and have been allowed, their unwillingness, I may add refusal, to submit to that regularity and order essential in every Army, Infecting the rest of our Troops more or less, have been of pernicious tendency, and occasioned a good deal of confusion and disorder. But, Sir, these things are not peculiar to those from any one State; they are common to all Militia, and what must be generally expected: For men who have been free, and never subject to restraint or any kind of control, cannot be taught the necessity, or be brought to see the expediency, of strict discipline in a day.
I highly approve of your plan and proposition for raising such a naval force as will be sufficient to clear the Sound of the Enemy's Ships of War. If Admiral Hopkins will Join you, I should suppose It not only practicable, but a matter of certainty; and If It can be effected, many valuable and salutary consequences must result from It. As to draufting seamen from the Continental Regiments, It cannot be done, as their Numbers have been reduced so low already by taking men from them for the Gallies, Boats, and other purposes, that some of them have hardly any thing left but the name; besides, I must depend chiefly upon them for a successful opposition to the Enemy. If It can be done out of the Militia, I shall not have the least objection, and heartily wish the Enterprise, whenever attempted, may be attended with all possible success. Secrecy and dispatch will be the most likely to give It a happy Issue. The Enemy's Ships can receive no reinforcements but such as go round Long Island. Our Works at Hell Gate preventing their sending Ships that way, they are sensible of their importance, and yesterday opened Two Three-Gun Batteries to effect their destruction, but as yet have not materially damaged them; and they must be maintained If possible. I have, &c.
P.S. The nearer the Militia and Horse keep on the Sound towards King's Bridge, the better, as they will be ready to oppose any Landing of the Enemy, and also to receive orders for reinforcing any posts on this side, in case of necessity.
Head Quarters, New York, September 10, 1776.
Parole Marblehead. Countersign Orange.
Major Popst of Col Kackleins42 Battalion having been tried by a Court Martial whereof Col Silliman was President on a
[Note 42: Lieut. Col. Peter Kechlein (Kachlein), of the Northampton (Pa.) militia, and Maj. Michael Probst, of the same.] charge of "Cowardice and shamefully abandoning his post on Long-Island the 28th. of August"; is acquitted of Cowardice but convicted of Misbehaviour in the other instance--he is therefore sentenced to be dismissed the Army as totally unqualified to hold a Military Commission. Adjutant Spangenburg and Lieut. Kacklein43 tried for the same Offence were acquitted, The General approves the sentence as to Spangenburg and Kacklein, and orders them to join their regiment: But as there is reason to believe farther Evidence can soon be obtained with respect to the Major--he is to continue under Arrest 'till they can attend.
[Note 43: Lieut. Peter Kechlein, jr., and Adjt. John Spangenberg, of the Northampton (Pa.) militia.]
The Brigade Major of the day, to carry the Parole and Countersign, to the several Guards, as formerly; taking care that it be done early.
The Brigade Majors are directed to have the several Regiments join in Brigade as often as possible, and to be very careful that they are thoroughly acquainted with their Alarm-Posts and the Lines they are to mann.
The General observes with great concern, that too little care is taken, to prevent the men straggling from their quarters, and encampments, so that in case of a sudden Attack, it will be difficult to collect them; he therefore most anxiously desires, both Officers and Men, would attend to it, and consider, how much their safety, and success depends upon their being at hand, when wanted--The order for calling the Roll three times a day, is to be punctually obeyed, and any officer omitting it, will be brought to a Court-Martial.
Great Complaints are made of the Adjutants, as being irregular and remiss in duty--The General informs them, that he expects an alacrity and dispatch of business, equal to the importance of their situation, and will certainly make some examples, if (which he sincerely hopes may not be the case) there should be any farther reason for complaint.
The Court Martial to sit to morrow, for the trial of Capt. Rapaljee,44 confined by Col Lasher, for refusing to do duty.
[Note 44: Capt. Jacques Repalje, of Lasher's New York regiment.]
Major Scammell45 is appointed a temporary Assistant, to the Adjutant General, and is to repair to Genl. Heath's division--He is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 45: Maj. Alexander Scammell. He, later, became Adjutant General of the Continental Army. Was killed at Yorktown, Va.]
Head Quarters, New York, September 11, 1776.
Parole Ulster. Countersign Albany.
Robt. Williams of Col Glovers Regiment is appointed Pay Master to said regiment.
William Arnold and Samuel Clark of Capt Smith's46 Company, Col Smallwood's Regiment--Daniel Donovel of Capt. Hardenberg's47 Company, tried by a Court Martial whereof Col Malcom was President, on a charge of "Plundering the House lately occupied by Lord Stirling"--Donovel was convicted of the crime and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine Lashes--the others acquitted--The General approves the sentence, orders the latter to join their regiments and Donovel to be whipp'd to morrow, on the Grand parade, before the Guards march off--The Provost Marshal to see it executed, Col Ritzema's Regt. being removed.
[Note 46: Capt. Samuel Smith. He was promoted to major, Fourth Maryland Regiment, Dec. 10, 1776; lieutenant colonel, Feb. 22, 1777; wounded at Fort Mifflin, Delaware River, Oct. 22, 1777; presented with a sword by Congress, Nov. 4, 1777, for his gallant defense at that fort; resigned in May, 1779. He was a major general of Maryland Militia in the War of 1812.]
[Note 47: Capt. Cornelius Hardenbergh, of the Third New York Regiment. He was cashiered Oct. 8, 1776.]
Peter Richards, Serjeant in the General's Guard convicted by the same Court Martial of "Abusing and striking Capt Gibbs,"48 sentenced to be reduced to the ranks, and whipped Thirty-nine Lashes. The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be executed, to morrow morning, at the head of the company at eight o'Clock.
[Note 48: Capt. Caleb Gibbs. Later, he was major, and commandant of the Commander in Chief's Guard; transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment; wounded at Yorktown, Va.; brevet lieutenant colonel at close of war.]
Col Palfrey Pay Master will receive the Pay-Abstracts agreeable to yesterday's Orders of Genl Spencer's Division, at General McDougall's quarters, near Harlem on Saturday and Sunday--Of General Heath's division at his Head-Quarters at any time.
The commanding Officers of Col Silliman's, Col Lewis, Col Mead's and Col Thompson's Regts.49 to examine the state of the Ammunition of their regiments, it being reported that their men on Guard last night were deficient.
[Note 49: Silliman's Connecticut State regiment; Col. Robert Lewis's Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp; Col. John Mead's Connecticut Militia regiment; and Col. William Thompson's Pennsylvania rifle regiment.]
John Christy of Col Humphrey's50 Regt. convicted by a Court Martial whereof Col Malcom was President of "Desertion" --ordered to receive Thirty-nine lashes--The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed, to morrow, at the usual time and place.
[Note 50: Col. William Humphrey, of the Dutchess County (N.Y.) militia.]
Such regiments whose Pay-Masters have not been named in General Orders, are by their Field Officers, immediately to recommend suitable persons, to the General, for that office--Every Recommendation is to be signed by the Field Officers of the regiments who are present.
New York, September 11, 1776.
Sir: I have received your favour by Colo. Weedon.51 As it seems every day more probable that the posts at Kingsbridge
[Note 51: Col. George Weedon, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was Acting Adjutant General of the Continental Army Feb. 20, 1777; brigadier general, Continental Army, Feb. 27, 1777; resigned June 11, 1783.] will be Occupied by this Army and the principal defence made there, I have Ordered Colo. Bradlys52 Regiment to move from Bergen. As that post does not seem to be an object of the Enemys Attention, I am in doubt whether it is Necessary for you to replace this Regiment or leave it to the remaining Troops, as you best know what Number there are from your Camp at that post, I must leave it to you to direct a further supply or not, as under all Circumstances you think best and Necessary. We find a moving Camp will require a greater Number of Waggons than was expected. If Mr. Biddle53 could engage about 50 of the common Country Waggons, or in proportion, of the Philadelphia Teams, to go up to Burdetts ferry, it would greatly releive us; The Idea of impressing is very disagreeable and only to be adopted in case of the most urgent Necessity. The Enemy is taking Posts on the Islands about Hellgate, so as to make a landing with the greater ease and Convenience. We are endeavouring to give them a suitable Reception, and hope they will not be able to execute their Scheme. I am &c.
[Note 52: Col. Philip Burr Bradley's Connecticut State regiment.]
[Note 53: Lieut. Col. Clement Biddle, deputy quartermaster general of the Flying Camp. He was Commissary General of Forage of the Continental Army from July, 1777, to June, 1780; colonel and quartermaster general of Pennsylvania from September, 1781, to close of the war.]
New York, September 11, 1776.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your favor of the 8th. instant, accompanied with sundry Resolutions of Congress, to which I shall pay the strictest attention, and in the Instances required make them the future Rule of my Conduct.
The mode of Negociation pursued by Lord Howe, I did not approve of; But as General Sullivan was sent out upon the Business and with a Message to Congress, I could not conceive myself at Liberty to interfere in the matter, as he was in the Character of a Prisoner and totally subject to their power and direction. The list of Prisoners (before omitted thro' hurry) is now inclosed tho' it will probably have reached Congress before this. I shall write by the first Opportunity for Major Hawsaikse54 to repair to Philadelphia, he is in the Northern Army and will also mention the several Appointments in consequence of Colonel Sinclair's promotion.55
[Note 54: Col. Nicholas Hausseger, of the Pennsylvania German Battalion. He had been major of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment; was taken prisoner at Princeton, N. J., Jan. 17, 1777, and joined the British.]
[Note 55: Arthur St. Clair, colonel of the Second Pennsylvania Battalion. He had been promoted to brigadier general, Continental Army, Aug. 9, 1776; was again promoted to major general Feb. 19, 1777; served to close of the war.]
As soon as Generals Prescott and McDonald arrive, I shall take measures to advise General Howe of it, that the proposed exchange for General Sullivan and Lord Stirling may be carried into execution.
Since my Letter of the 8th. nothing material has occurr'd, except that the Enemy has possessed themselves of Montresor's Island, and landed a considerable Number of Troops upon it; this Island lies in the Mouth of Harlem River, which runs out of the Sound into the North River and will give the Enemy an easy opportunity of landing either on the low grounds of Morrisania; if their views are to seize and possess the passes above Kingsbridge, or on the Plains of Harlem, If they design to intercept and cut of the communication between our several Posts. I am making every disposition and arrangement that the divided State of our Troops will admit of, and which appear most likely and the best calculated to oppose their Attacks, for I presume there will be several. How the event will be God only knows; but you may be assured that nothing in my Power, circumstanced as I am, shall be wanting to effect a favorable and happy Issue.
By my Letter of the 8th. you will preceive, that several of the Council were for holding the Town, conceiving it practicable for some time. Many of them now, upon seeing our divided state, have altered their oppinion, and allow the expediency and necessity of concentering our whole force, or drawing it more together.56 Convinced of the propriety of this Measure, I am ordering our Stores away, except such as may be absolutely necessary to keep, as long as any Troops remain, that if an Evacuation of the City becomes Inevitable, and which certainly must be the case, there may be as little to remove as possible.
[Note 56: On September 11 Gens. Nathanael Greene, Thomas Mifflin, John Nixon. Rezin Beall Samuel Holden Parsons, James Wadsworth, and John Morin Scott addressed a petition to Washington to convene a council of war to reconsider the previous decision (September 7) to hold New York City. The council was held September 12 at General McDougall's quarters. The petition, in Mifflin's writing, is in the Washington Papers.]
The inclosed Packet contains several Letters for particular Members of Congress and for some Gentlemen in Philadelphia; they came to hand Yesterday and were brought from France by a Captain Leviz, lately arrived at Bedford in the Massachusetts State; I must request the favor of you to open the packet and to have the Letters put in a proper Channel of Conveyance to the Gentlemen they are addressed to. I have &c.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, September 12, 1776.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 7th. instant upon the Subject of Tents for this Army. That you might receive proper information of the number wanted, I directed the Quarter Master General to return you an estimate, whose Office it is to provide them. His report you will find in the inclosed Letter to which I beg leave to refer you, and requesting that the greatest Dispatch may be used in having them made and forwarded. I have the Honor etc.
Head Quarters, New York, September 12, 1776.
Dear Sir: I Yesterday evening received your favour of the 8th Instant, with its inclosures.
You were right, in supposing me unable to comply with General Gates's request; I am by no means provided to Supply so large a demand and am glad you transmitted his Application immediately to Congress.
The papers you inclosed, but too strongly indicate the hostile intentions of the Indians; however, I trust if they should attempt an incursion upon the frontiers, that the force you will be able to oppose to 'em, will be sufficient to repel their Attacks and prevent their doing much mischief.
I have delivered the returns of Boards and Plank, to the Quarter Master General, who will examine them and pay what. ever is due, as soon as proper Accounts are rendered him. As we shall have occasion for a great Quantity, I must request your Assistance in furnishing every supply in your power. Neither Timber or Boats will be wanted. I am exceedingly hurried by a Variety of Business now before me, and shall only add that I am etc.
Head Quarters, New York, September 12, 1776.
Sir: I have before me your two Letters of the 8th. and 10th. Instt. the first in closing Returns of the Number of Men and Ordinance and Artillery Stores at Forts Montgomery and Constitution; the last, Copies of two Letters from the Convention of the State of New York, by which it appears, they had ordered in 600 Militia, as a Reinforcement to the two posts and which I hope will prove Sufficient to put them in a proper State of defence.
I ordered Colo. Knox to provide and forward the different Articles wanted by you in the Ordnance department, but he informed me, that from the present unsettled State of our Magazine and Laboratory (many of our Stores being removed and on their way to Kingsbridge and Mount Washington) he could not comply at once with the whole of the demand, but would send what he could conveniently collect. The Convention of New York, having appointed Mr. Schenk to provide what Articles they found wanting at their late Review of your Works and Stores, and which include many of the Articles you wrote for, I hope, as he will make it his Business, that he will collect many Articles which Colo. Knox, from the present hurry of our Affairs, cannot attend to. And if they should both provide the same things, your Stores will only be fuller. I have again ordered the Quarter Master General to send up the Nails with all possible Expedition. The Convention having ordered an Armourer with proper Tools to be fixed at your two posts, I hope what Arms are at present out of repair, will be soon made fit for Use. We must make every Shift with our old Arms, till we can get better Supplied. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New York, September 12, 1776.
Sir: I yesterday received the favor of your Letter of the 9th. with its several inclosures, and am extremely happy that your Honble. Body had anticipated my recommendation, by resolving on an augmentation of Six hundred Men to the Garrisons in the Highlands; The Importance of those Posts demands the utmost attention and every exertion to maintain them.
The Vessels for the removal of the Sick are not yet arrived; Their present Situation gives me great anxiety, as the Wind is now favorable, I would fain hope that a Sufficient number will come down to day, to take in the whole; If they do not, my distress will be much increased.
Genl Clinton in a Letter of the 8th., transmitted me a list of Artillery and Ordnance Stores wanted at Forts Montgomery and Constitution, which included the Several Articles you have determined to procure, except those mentioned below. I directed that they should be sent up, but as the Situation of our affairs at this time, may not perhaps admit of it; I think it will be prudent for Mr. Schenck58 whom you have appointed an Agent in this Instance, to get all he can. Should he be able to obtain the Supply you have voted to be necessary, and Genl Clinton's demand be Complied with also, no damage will be done, Our Stores will not be too large. I have the Honor to be etc.
[Note 58: John Schenck, jr., of Poughkeepsie, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, New York, September 12, 1776.
Parole Franklin. Countersign Congress.
The difficulty of procuring Milk, and other proper Food for the sick, has induced the General to establish an Hospital, where those Necessaries can be procured in plenty--The Regimental Sick are therefore to be immediately mustered for this purpose--One of the Hospital Surgeons will attend with the Regimental Surgeon--such as are able to remove themselves will be allowed so to do, under the care of a proper officer--A suitable officer, not under the Rank of a Captain, is to be appointed by the Brigadier, out of each Brigade, to attend such sick of each Brigade, as cannot remove themselves; they are, under the Advice of the Surgeon, who also attends, to see that all proper care is taken for their comfort, while removing, and afterwards.
The same Court Martial which tried Major Popst to try Major Hetfield,59 charged with "Making a false Report of the Guards"--
[Note 59: Maj. Moses Hatfield, of Drake's New York Militia regiment. He was captured at Montresors Island, N.Y., Sept. 24, 1776; exchanged in 1778; colonel of New York Militia, 1780--81.]
As the care of the sick is an object of great Importance, The General directs, that a person, not under the Rank of a Captain, be also appointed in like manner, in each Brigade, who shall be empowered to procure Necessaries for them, and Monies furnished for that purpose; he taking care that the utmost regularity and Care be used.
John Porter Esqr. is appointed Paymaster to Col Ward's Regiment, in the Continental service.
Head Quarters, New York, September 13, 1776.
Parole Newark. Countersign Amboy.
Serjeant Clements, late of the General's Guard, convicted by a Court Martial whereof Col Malcom was Presdt., of "Remissness of duty"--is ordered to be reduced to the ranks. The General approves the sentence and orders that he be sent back to the regiment from which he was taken.
The visiting officer has again reported that the men from Col Silliman's, Col Lewis's, and Col Thompson's Regiments, go upon guard, deficient in Ammunition and with bad Arms--The General hopes the officers of those Regiments will immediately attend to it.
Simon Learned, late Lieutenant in Learned's Regiment, having resigned his Commission as Lieutenant, is appointed Paymaster to said regiment.
Genl. Fellow's Brigade to remove into the adjoining Out Houses, and raft the boards which compose their present Encampment, to Kingsbridge, or such part of them, as may be deemed necessary by him.
A disappointment with respect to a proper place for the removal of the sick, in some measure vacates the Order of Yesterday, and the following is now to be attended to, and obeyed--The situation of the Army rendering it difficult to make that provision for the relief and support of the sick in the City of New-York which their cases may require--In Order the most speedy and effectual manner to remove the Sick to some place where they can be supplied with every thing necessary for them, the General directs the Surgeons of each Brigade, under the immediate Inspection of the Brigadiers, to examine the state of the sick, and to make a list of the names of such as they suppose can remove themselves to the Brigadier General of the Brigade, who is desired to send such Convalescent persons to some convenient place in the Neighbourhood of New York, to be chosen by, and be under the care of, a discreet Officer, and one of the Regimental Surgeons, who is, in the most prudent manner, to make the necessary provision for the reception and support of such Convalescent Persons, who are immediately to be returned to their Regiments when their health will admit of their doing duty. Such as are so ill as not to be able to remove themselves, are to be collected under the care of another officer of the like Rank, in one place and notice given to the Director General of the Hospital, that they may be taken proper care of. In each of the above cases, the superintending officer is permitted to lay out money, in the most frugal manner, for the comfortable Subsistence of his sick, which will be allowed him on rendering his account.
Mr Hendrick Fisher is appointed Paymaster to Col Prescott's regiment.
Charles Hobby Hubbard Esqr. to Col Serjeant's Regt. until the person arrives who is designed for that office.
New York, September 14, 1776.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your favor of the 10th. with the Resolution of Congress which accompanied it, and thank them for the confidence they repose in my Judgment, respecting the evacuation of the City. I could wish to maintain it, Because It is known to be of importance, But I am fully convinced that it cannot be done, and that an attempt for that purpose, if persevered in, might and most certainly would be attended with consequences the most fatal and alarming in their nature.
Sensible of this, several of the General Officers since the determination of the Council mentioned in my last, petitioned that a second Council might be called to reconsider the propositions which had been before them upon the Subject. Accordingly I called one on the 12th.; when a large Majority not only determined a removal of the Army, prudent but absolutely necessary, declaring, they were entirely convinced from a full and minute inquiry into our situation, that it was extremely perilous and from every movement of the Enemy and the Intelligence received, their plan of Operations was to get in our Rear, and by cutting of the Communication with the Main, Oblige us to force a passage thro' them, on the Terms they wish, or to become prisoners in some short time for want of necessary Supplies of Provisions.61 We are now taking every Method in our Power to remove the Stores &ca. in which we find almost insuperable difficulties; They are so great and so numerous, that I fear we shall not effect the whole before we meet with some Interruption. I fully expected that an Attack some where, would have been made last night.
[Note 61: The council was attended by the Commander in Chief, four major and eight brigadier generals. A question as to the post to be taken by the Army at or near Kings Bridge, in event of the evacuation of New York City, was debated. but the record of this is crossed out. Joseph Reed's record of the proceedings shows that it was decided by a vote of 10 to 3 to reconsider the decision (September 7) not to evacuate New York, but notes no action beyond this point other than that 8,000 men should be left to defend Mount Washington. The three dissenters in the vote to reconsider the decision to evacuate New York were Joseph Spencer, George Clinton, and William Heath. Ford notes that McDougall (Jan. 7, 1782) wrote that none were opposed to retreating from New York "but fool, a knave and an obstinate, honest man." The record of this council of way (held September 12), in Joseph Reed's writing, is in the Washington Papers.]
In that I was disappointed and happy shall I be, If my apprehension of one to Night or in a day or two, are not confirmed by the event. If it is deferred a while longer, I flatter myself all will be got away and our Force be more concentred and of course more likely to resist them with success.
Yesterday Afternoon Four Ships of War two of 40 and 2 of 28 Guns, went up the East River, passing between Governor's and Long Island and Anchored about a Mile above the City opposite Mr. Stivansents and where the Rose Man of War was laying before. The design of their going not being certainly known, gives rise to various conjectures; some supposing they are to cover the Landing of a part of the Enemy above the City: others that they are to assist in destroying our Battery on Horn's Hook, that they may have a free and uninterrupted navigation in the Sound. It is an object of great Importance to them, and what they are industriously trying to effect, by a pretty constant Cannonade and Bombardment.
Before I conclude, I would beg leave to mention to Congress, that the pay now allowed to nurses for their attendance on the Sick, is by no means adequate to their services. The consequences of which is, that they are extremely difficult to procure, indeed they are not to be got, and we are under the necessity of substituting in their places, a Number of Men from the respective Regiments, whose service by that means is entirely lost in the proper line of their duty and but little benefit rendered to the Sick. The Officers I have talked with upon the Subject, all agree that they should be allowed a Dollar pr. Week and that for less they cannot be had.
Our Sick are extremely numerous and we find their removal attended with the greatest difficulty: It is a Matter that employs much of our time and care, and what makes it more distressing, is the want of proper and convenient places for their reception;-- I fear their sufferings will be great and many, However nothing on my part that Humanity or policy can require shall be wanting to make them comfortable, so far as the State of things will admit of. I have &ca.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New York, September 14, 1776.
Parole Bristol. Countersign Roxbury.
The Court of Inquiry on Major Hatfield, not having been able to proceed he is released from his arrest, until they can attend.
The General is exceedingly anxious that every Soldier should be well provided with Ammunition, and desires, that every officer will be careful to see there is no deficiency in this respect, as it is highly probable they may soon be called to Action.
It is so critical a period, and so interesting to every true lover of his Country, that the General hopes that every officer and Soldier will now exert himself to the utmost--it is no time for ease or indulgence--the Arms of the men, the Condition of the sick, care to prevent Imposition in order to avoid danger and duty--Vigilance of Sentries and Guards, are all now requisite--We have once found the bad consequences of a surprize; let the utmost Care be used to prevent another--for this purpose, the General directs that none be put out as Sentries at night but pick'd men; that they be visited every half hour, and every motion of the enemy narrowly watched.
General Wadsworth's Brigade to furnish two Sentries upon the road, to prevent Waggons, in the public Service, going out empty, or carrying sick.
Benjamin Haywood, late Lieutenant in the 4th Regiment, is appointed Paymaster to said regiment.
Capt Brown is excused from duty, on account of his assisting the Quarter-Master General.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776.
Parole Bell. Countersign Maryland.
The Arrangement for this night.
Genl. Clinton to form next to the North River, and extend to the left--Genl. Scott's Brigade next to Genl. Clinton's--Lt.Col Sayer63 of Col Griffith's Regt. with the three Companies intended for a reinforcement to day, to form upon the left of Scott's Brigade--Genl. Nixon's, Col Serjeant's division, Col Weedon's and Major Price's64 Regts. are to retire to their quarters and refresh themselves, but to hold themselves in readiness to turn out a minute's warning--Genl McDougall to establish proper guards against his Brigade upon the height, and every Regiment posted upon the Heights, from Morris's house to
[Note 63: Lieut. Col. Henry Shryock (?), of the First Maryland Battalion of the Flying Camp.]
[Note 64: Maj. Thomas Price(?), of Smallwood's Maryland regiment(?).] Genl McDougall's Camp, to furnish proper Guards to prevent a Surprise; Not less than twenty men from each regiment--Genl Putnam commands upon the Right-flank to night--Genl Spencer from McDougall's Brigade up to Morris's house--Should the Enemy attempt to force the pass to night, Genl. Putnam is to apply to Genl Spencer for a reinforcement.
Head Quarters, at Col. Roger Morris's House,65 September 16, 1776.
[Note 65: Colonel Morris's house, now known as the Jumel Mansion, was built by Morris when he married Mary, the daughter of Frederick Philipse, of Philipse Manor, which comprised a large part of Westchester, Dutchess, and Putnam Counties, N.Y. Washington had visited the Philipses on his journey to Boston in 1756. The house is on high and commanding ground, called Washington Heights, in the Borough of Manhattan, New York, N.Y.]
Sir: On Saturday about Sun set six more of the Enemy's Ships, (one or two of which were Men of War) passed between Governor's Island and Red Hook and went up the East River to the Station taken by those mentioned in my last. In half an Hour after, I received two Expresses, one from Colonel Serjeant at Horn's Hook (Hell Gate) giving an Account that the Enemy, to the amount of three or four Thousand, had marched to the River and were embarking for Barns's or Montresor's Island where Numbers of them then Incamped: The other from General Mifflin, that uncommon and formidable Movements were discovered among the Enemy, which being confirmed by the Scouts I had sent out, I proceeded to Harlem, where it was supposed, or at Morrisania, the principal attempt to land would be made: However nothing remarkable happened that Night. But in the Morning they began their operations. Three Ships of War came up the North River, as high as Bloomingdale, which put a total Stop to the removal by Water of any more of our Provision &ca. and about Eleven O'Clock those in the East River began a most severe and heavy Cannonade to scour the Grounds and cover the landing of their Troops between Turtle Bay and the City, where Breast Works had been thrown up to oppose them; as soon as I heard the firing, I road with all possible dispatch towards the place of landing, when to my great surprize and mortification, I found the Troops that had been posted in the Lines, retreating with the utmost precipitation, and those ordered to support them, Parsons's and Fellows's Brigades, flying in every direction and in the greatest confusion, notwithstanding the exertions of their Generals to form them. I used every means in my power, to rally and get them into some order, but my attempts were fruitless and ineffectual and on the appearance of a small party of the Enemy, not more than Sixty or Seventy in Number, their disorder increased and they ran away in the greatest confusion without firing a single Shot. Finding that no confidence was to be placed in these Brigades and apprehending that another part of the Enemy might pass over to Harlem plains and cut of the retreat to this place, I sent orders to secure the Heights in the best manner with the Troops that were stationed on and near them, which being done; the retreat was effected with but little or no loss of Men, tho' of a considerable part of our Baggage occasioned by this disgraceful and dastardly conduct.66 Most of
[Note 66: Ford quotes a "Letter from New York," Sept. 27, 1776, printed in the London Chronicle (Nov. 19, 1776): "I forgot to mention that Mr. Washington shortly after the landing on New York island, narrowly escaped being made prisoner. He left Mr. Apthorpe's house, at Bloomingdale, a few minutes only before the British light infantry entered it." Spark's quotes a letter from General Greene (September 17): "Fellows's and Parsons's brigades ran away from about fifty men and left his Excellency on the ground within eighty yards of the Enemy, so vexed at the infamous conduct of the troops, that he sought death rather than life." The Rev. William Gordon, whose history of the Revolution must always be read with recollection that the author's enthusiasm for America had cooled before he published his work, recounts the episode as he is supposed to have gleaned it from first hand in the camp shortly after the retreat. Col. William Smallwood states that Washington caned and whipped the fleeing men, though he does not state with what. Howe reported to Germain (September 21) merely that the landing at Kips Bay was unexpected to the Americans and that the British cannonade was so severe that the descent was made without the least opposition. He made no mention of Washington After making due allowance for the excited recollections on the American side, colored by the chagrin for the panic, the bald fact seems to be that Washington continued his efforts to check the retreat until the British were so close as to put him in grave jeopardy of death or capture.] our Heavy cannon and a part of our Stores and Provisions, which we were about removing, was unavoidably left in the City, tho' every means, after it had been determined in Council to evacuate the post, had been used to prevent it. We are now Encamped with the Main body of the Army on the Heights of Harlem, where I should hope the Enemy would meet with a defeat in case of an Attack, If the generality of our Troops would behave with tolerable resolution, But, experience, to my extreme affliction, has convinced me that this is rather to be wished for than expected. However I trust that there are many who will act like men and shew themselves worthy of the blessings of Freedom.
I have sent out some reconoitring parties to gain Intelligence if possible, of the disposition of the Enemy and shall inform Congress of every material event by the earliest Opportunity. I have &ca.67
[Note 67: The following note was signed by Robert Hanson Harrison: "Sir, The above Letter is nearly a copy of a rough one sketched out by his Excellency. this morning, and who intended to sign it; but having rode out and his return or where to find him uncertain, I have sent it away without and have the honor, &c."]
Head Quarters, Colo. Morris's House, September 17, 1776.
Sir: I recd the honor of your favor of the 6th. Inst., by Messrs. Collins, Babcok, and Stanton,71 and should have acknowledged it before now, had I not been prevented by the peculiar Situation of our Affairs.
[Note 71: John Collins, Joshua Babcock, and Joseph Stanton, a committee of the Rhode Island Assembly appointed to confer with Washington.]
I communicated my Sentiments to those Gentlemen, upon the Subject of your Letter and the several propositions that were before us; who, I doubt not, will make a full and due Report of the same to you and your Honble. Assembly: however, I shall take the liberty of adding, that the divided State of our Army, which, when collected in one body, is inferior to that of the Enemy--their having landed almost the whole of their force on Long Island, and formed a plan for cutting off all Communication between that and the City of New York, which we had but too good reason to believe practicable and easy to Effect with their Ships of War, made it necessary and prudent to withdraw our Troops from the former, that our chance of resistance and opposition might be more probable and likely to be attended with a happy Issue.
I feel myself much concerned on Account of your Apprehensions for the Town of New Port and the Island of Rhode Island; and should esteem myself peculiarly happy, were it in my Power to afford means for their Security and that of the State in General, or to point out such Measures as would be effectual for that Purpose. But, Circumstanced as I am, it is not Possible for me to grant any Assistance; nor can I, with propriety, undertake to prescribe the mode, which will best promote their defence. This must depend on such a Variety of Circumstances, that I shou'd suppose you and the Assembly, who are in the State, will be much more Competent to the task; than what I, or any person out of it, can be; and, therefore, I can only recommend, that you will pursue such Steps as you, in your Judgment, shall think most conducive to that end; observing that it appears to me a Matter of extreme difficulty (if Practicable), to prevent the Enemy's Ships doing damage to every Island accessible to them, unless the passes, between them and the Main, are so Narrow, as to oblige them to come very near such Batteries, as may be erected for their Annoyance, on commanding Ground.
I cannot sufficiently express my thanks, for the readiness you and your Assembly manifested in ordering Troops &c. to Long Island, on hearing of my request to Govr. Trumbull upon that Subject. At the time that I made it, I conceived the plan of much Importance, and that many Valuable and Salutary Consequences might have resulted from it; but as things have undergone a Material Change since, it may not be improper to consider and be Satisfied of some facts, which ought to be clearly known, previous to any Attempt to carry it into Execution and on which the Success of it will greatly depend: Such, as an intire Conviction of the friendly disposition of the Inhabitants of the Island; the Number that would join the Troops that might be sent over; The lengths they would go; The Support they would and can give and whether a retreat from thence could be safely effected in case it should be necessary. These Matters and others which a more Minute Consideration of the Plan, will present to your View, should be well weighed and digested and which I thought it my duty to mention, especially as the scheme had originated with me. My Anxiety and Concern for the Inhabitants at the East end of Long Island, who have been represented always as friendly and well attached to the cause of the States, prompt me to wish them every Assistance; but if the efforts you could make in conjunction with Govt. Trumbull, would not promise almost a Certainty of Success, perhaps they might tend to aggravate their Misfortunes. The Committee stated sundry propositions respecting this Expedition; such as if any thing was attempted, where a stand should be made? This must be left to the discretion of those who Command, nor can I spare an Officer for that purpose nor recommend one. what Number of Men should be sent and what proportion from the Massachusetts? The Number necessary will depend upon the force they will have to oppose and the Assistance they would derive from the Islanders. The proportion from the Massachusetts on the Will of the Legislature or Voluntary Engagement of the People, in the Service. What Artillery they should have? I am of Opinion the Artillery would be Subject to Loss without any great advantage resulting from it. They also asked whether any frigates should be sent &c.? As the Enemy have now the free and intire Command of the Sound, and many Ships of War in it, they will be much more liable to be taken, than they would have been some time ago and when it was proposed by Govt. Trumbull to make an attempt upon the Ships above Hell Gate; In this Instance stance however 1 do not conceive myself at liberty to say any thing peremptory one way or other, having no power over the Frigates.
I am sensible of the force of your Observation, that the Common Cause might be benefited by the several States receiving early and Authentic Intelligence of every material occurrence. permit me at the same time to assure you, that I often regret my Incapacity in this Instance and that the neglect does not arise from want of Inclination or thro' Inattention; but from the variety of important Matters, that are always pressing upon and which daily surround me. Before I conclude, I shall take this Opportunity to inform you, that having received certain Information that the Enemy's plan was to pass from Long Island and land in our rear with their Army; to cut off all Communication with the Country and for which they were making every possible disposition; a Council of General Officers determined last Week, on a Removal of the Army from the City, in order to prevent the fatal Consequences which must inevitably ensue, if they could have executed their Scheme: resolving at the same time, that every appearance of defence should be kept up, till our Sick, Ordnance and Stores could be removed. This was set about with the greatest Industry and as to the Sick was compleatly effected, but on Sunday Morning before we had accomplished the removal of all our Cannon, Provision and Baggage ***.72 This Scandalous Conduct occasioned a loss of several Tents and other Baggage which would have been easily secured. The remainder of the Troops that were in the City got out, and the Retreat of the whole was effected with the loss of but very few Men, not more than three or four that I have heard of were made Prisoners, and only one or two killed. I am now Encamped on the Heights above mentioned which are so well Calculated for defence, that I should hope, if the Enemy make an attack and our Men will behave with tolerable Resolution, they must meet with a Repulse, if not a total defeat. They advanced in sight yesterday in several large Bodies, but attempted nothing of a General Nature; Tho' in the forenoon there were some smart Skirmishes between some of their parties and detachments sent out by me; In which I have the pleasure to inform you our Men behaved with bravery and Intrepidity, putting them to flight
[Note 72: The omitted portion is practically a duplication of the information in Washington's letter to Congress of the panic at Kips Bay. (See Washington's letter to Congress, Sept. 16, 1776, ante.)] when in open Ground and forcing them from Posts they had seized, two or three times. From some of their Wounded Men which fell into our hands, the appearance of Blood in every place where they made their Stand and on the Fences as they passed, we have reason to believe they had a good many Killed and Wounded; tho' they did not leave many on the ground. In number our loss was very inconsiderable, but in the fall of Lieut. Col Knowlton,73 I consider it as great, being a brave and good Officer, and it may be increased by the Death of Major Leitch74 of the Virginia Regiment, who unfortunately received three Balls thro' his side. Having given you a Summary Account of the Situation of our affairs and in such Manner as Circumstances will admit of; I have only to add, that I have the honor to be &c.
[Note 73: Lieut. Col. Thomas Knowlton, of the Twentieth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 74: Maj. Andrew Leitch, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He died of his wounds Oct. 1, 1776.]
P.S. The Committee have expressed their apprehensions of being obliged to abandon the Island of Rhode Island and New Port, and requested my opinion. at present I can see no Cause for it, and the propriety of the Measure must depend upon Circumstances; But I should suppose they ought to be very pressing and the Necessity great, before they ought to be given up, most certainly no imaginary Ills or Necessity should lead to such a Measure. At this time the danger can only be Ideal and if the Enemy persevere in their Plans, and our Men behave as they should do, I am persuaded they will not have an opportunity to employ their Attention else where this Campaign.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 17, 1776.
Parole Leitch. Countersign Virginia.
The General most heartily thanks the troops commanded Yesterday, by Major Leitch, who first advanced upon the Return of Killed and Missing in the Nineteenth Continental Infantry,
November 23, 1776 enemy, and the others who so resolutely supported them--The Behaviour of Yesterday was such a Contrast, to that of some Troops the day before, as must shew what may be done, where Officers and Soldiers will exert themselves--Once more therefore, the General calls upon officers, and men, to act up to the noble cause in which they are engaged, and to support the Honor and Liberties of their Country.
The gallant and brave Col Knowlton, who would have been an Honor to any Country, having fallen yesterday, while gloriously fighting, Capt Brown75 is to take the Command of the party lately led by Col Knowlton--Officers and men are to obey him accordingly.
[Note 75: Capt. Stephen Brown, of the Twentieth Continental Infantry. He was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment and was killed at Fort Mifflin, Delaware River, Nov. 15, 1777.]
The Loss of the Enemy yesterday, would undoubtedly have been much greater, if the Orders of the Commander in Chief had not in some instances been contradicted by inferior officers, who, however well they may mean, ought not to presume to direct--It is therefore ordered, that no officer, commanding a party, and having received Orders from the Commander in Chief, depart from them without Counter Orders from the same Authority; And as many may otherwise err through Ignorance, the Army is now acquainted that the General's Orders are delivered by the Adjutant General, or one of his Aid's-De-Camp, Mr. Tilghman, or Col. Moylan the Quarter Master General.
Brigade Majors are to attend at Head Quarters, every day at twelve O'Clock, and as soon as possible to report where their several Brigades and Regiments are posted. If many regiments have not been relieved, for want of the attendance of their Brigade Majors for Orders; it is therefore the Interest and Duty of every Brigadier to see that his Brigade Major attends at twelve O'Clock at Noon, and five in the afternoon; and they are to be careful to make the Adjutants attend them every day.
The several Major and Brigadier Generals are desired to send to Head-Quarters an Account of the places where they are quartered.
Until some general Arrangement for duty can be fixed, each Brigade is to furnish Guards, who are to parade at their respective Brigadier's quarters, in such proportions as they shall direct.
Such Regiments as have expended their Ammunition, or are otherwise deficient, are immediately to be supplied, by applying to the Adjutant General for an Order--but the Regiment is to be first paraded, and their Ammunition examined, the commanding officer is then to report how such deficiency has happened.
Head Quarters, Col. Roger Morris's House, September 18, 1776.
Sir: As my Letter of the 16th. contained Intelligence of an important Nature, and such as might lead Congress to expect, that the Evacuation of New York and retreat to the Heights of Harlem in the manner they were made, would be succeeded by some other interesting event, I beg leave to inform them, that as yet nothing has been attempted upon a large and general plan of Attack.
About the time of the post's departure with my Letter, the Enemy appeared in several large Bodies upon the plains, about two and a half Miles from hence; I rode down to our advanced posts to put matters in a proper Situation, if they should attempt to come on: When I arrived there, I heard a firing which I was informed was between a party of our Rangers under the Command of Lieutenant Colonel Knolton and an advanced party of the Enemy. Our Men came in and told me, that the Body of the Enemy, who kept themselves concealed, consisted of about three hundred as near as they could guess; I immediately ordered three Companies of Colonel Weedon's Regiment from Virginia, under the Command of Major Lietch and Colonel Knolton with his Rangers, composed of Volunteers from different New England Regiments, to try to get in their Rear, while a Disposition was making as if to attack them in front and thereby draw their whole attention that way. This took effect as I wished on the part of the Enemy. On the appearance of our party in front they immediately ran down the Hill, took possession of some fences and Bushes and a smart firing began, but at too great a distance to do much execution either side. The Parties under Colonel Knolton and Major Leitch unluckily began their Attack too soon, it was rather in flank than in Rear. In a little time Major Leitch was brought off wounded, having received three Balls thro' his side, and in a short time after Col: Knowlton got a Wound, which proved Mortal.
Their Men however persevered and continued the Engagement with the greatest Resolution. Finding that they wanted a support, I advanced part of Colo: Griffith's and Colo: Richardson's78 Maryland Regiments, with some Detachments from the Eastern Regiments, who were nearest the place of Action. Those Troops charged the Enemy with great Intrepedity and drove them from the Wood into the plain, and were pushing them from thence (having silenced their Fire in a great measure), when I judged it prudent to order a retreat, fearing the Enemy (as I have since found was really the case) were sending a large Body to support their party. Major Leitch, I am in hopes, will recover but Col: Knolton's fall is much to be regretted, as that of a brave and good Officer. We had about
[Note 78: Col. William Richardson and Col. Charles Greenberry Griffith, of the Maryland regiments of the Flying Camp. He resigned in October, 1779.] forty wounded, the Number of Slain is not yet ascertained, but it is very inconsiderable.
By a Serjeant who deserted from the Enemy and came in this Morning, I find that their party was greater than I imagined. It consisted of the 2d. Battalion of Light Infantry, a Battalion of the Royal Highlanders and three Companies of the Hessian Rifle Men, under the command of Brigadier General Leslie.79 The Deserter reports that their Loss in wounded and missing was 89. and 8 killed. In the latter his Account is too small, as our people discovered and buried double that Number. This Affair I am in hopes will be attended with many salutary consequences, as it seems to have greatly inspirited the whole of our Troops. The Serjeant further adds, that a considerable body of Men are now encamped from the East to the North River, between the 7 and 8 Mile Stones, under the Command of General Clinton.80 General Howe he believes has his Quarters at Mr. Apthorp's House.81 I have the Honor to be etc.
[Note 79: Brig. Gen. Alexander Leslie.]
[Note 80: Sir Henry Clinton.]
[Note 81: Apthorp's house was due west of Hell Gate but nearer the Hudson River. Howe's report to Lord Germain (September 21) gives the British version: "On the 16th. in the morning, a large party of the enemy having passed, under cover of the woods, near to the advanced posts of the army by way of Vandewater's Height, the 2d and 3d battalions of light infantry, supported by the 42d regiment, pushed forward and drove them back to their intrenchments, from whence the enemy observing they were not in force attacked them with near 3,000 men, which occasioned the march of the reserve with two field pieces, a battalion of Hessian grenadiers, and the company of chasseurs, to prevent the corps engaged from being surrounded who repulsed the enemy with considerable loss and obliged them to retire within their works....We had eight officers wounded, most of them slightly, fourteen men killed, and about seventy wounded."]
P.S. I should have wrote Congress by Express before now, had I not expected the post every Minute, which I flatter myself will be a sufficient Apology for my delaying it. The late losses we have sustained in our Baggage and Camp Necessaries have added much to our distress which was very great before, I must therefore take the liberty of requesting Congress to have forwarded, as soon as possible, such a supply of Tents, Blankets, Camp Kettles and other Articles as can be collected. We cannot be over stocked.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 18, 1776.
Parole Jersey. Countersign Newport.
The Brigade Majors are immediately to settle a Court Martial for the trial of prisoners; to meet at the white house near Head Quarters.
Commanding Officers of regiments, and all other officers, are charged in the strictest manner, to prevent all plundering, and to seize every Soldier carrying Plunder, whether belonging to the same regiment or not, or on whatever pretence it is taken, and the General positively commands, that such Plunderer be immediately carried to the next Brigadier or commanding officer of a regiment, who is instantly to have the offender whipped on the spot.
The Regimental Surgeons are to take care of their own Sick for the present, until the General Hospital can be established on a proper footing--They are to keep as near their Regiments as possible, and in case of Action to leave their Sick under the care of their Mates, and be at hand to assist the wounded.
Under the pretence of ranging or scouting, the greatest irregularities and excesses have been committed, the General therefore fore forbids in the most express manner, any such parties, but by his leave, or of the Brigadier General of the day in writing and then always to be under the direction of an officer--The General does not mean to discourage patrolling and scouting Parties, when properly regulated, on the other hand he will be pleased with, and accept the services of any good officers, who are desirous of being thus employed, and will distinguish them.
Genl. Parsons, Genl. Scott's and Col Sergeant's Brigades are to march over Kingsbridge and take General Heath's Orders for encamping--Col Shee, Magaw, Haslett, and the regiment under Col Brodhead,86 are to return to Mount Washington, and be under the immediate Care of Genl Mifflin.
[Note 86: Col. Daniel Brodhead, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Col Wards Regiment from Connecticut, may for the present, be annexed to the Brigade commanded by Col. Serjeant.
Genl Mifflin's, McDougall's, Heard's, Wadsworth's, and Fellow's Brigades, and the Brigades under the Command of Cols. Silliman and Douglass, are to have each a Regiment in the Field this evening, by Mr. Kartright's house.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 19, 1776.
Parole Hancock. Countersign Warren.
The Companies from Maryland, under the Command of Major Price, are to join Col Smallwood's Battalion, and Genl McDougall's Brigade; and it is expected that the commanding Officer of every Corps will, together with all the officers therein, exert themselves in seeing good Order and Discipline observed. They are to consider that it is the duty of a good Officer to see, or at least to know that Orders are executed, and not to content themselves with being the mere Vehicles thro' which they are conveyed to the men--We are now arrived at an important Crisis, which calls loudly for the Zeal and Activity of the best of Officers--We see, We know that the Enemy are exerting every Nerve, not only by force of Arms, but the practices of every Art, to accomplish their purposes; And that among other pieces of Policy which is also founded on Justice, We find them exceeding careful to restrain every kind of abuse of private Property, whilst the abandoned and profligate part of our own Army, countenanced by a few officers, who are lost to every Sense of Honor and Virtue, as well as their Country's Good, are by Rapine and Plunder, spreading Ruin and Terror wherever they go; thereby making themselves infinitely more to be dreaded than the common Enemy they are come to oppose; at the same time that it exposes Men who are strolling about after plunder to be surpriz'd and taken. The General therefore hopes it will be unnecessary, on any future Occasion, for him to repeat the Orders of yesterday, with respect to this matter, as he is determined to shew no Favor to officer, or soldier, who shall offend herein, but punish without exception, every person who shall be found guilty of this most abominable practice, which if continued, must prove the destruction of any Army on earth.
That the men may be acquainted with the Orders relative to plundering, as well as others; the Neglect of which will incur Blame or Punishment, the General directs and positively orders, that every commanding Officer of a Corps, takes special Care; that the Orders are regularly read to the men every day.
Genl Nixon, with his Brigade, is to remove over to the Jersey, and will receive his orders from Genl Green, with respect to his encamping &c--.Such men of his Brigade as are now on duty must be relieved.
The Picquet Guards which are to occupy the Out Posts most advanced to the enemy, are to consist of 800 Men officer'd with 2 Cols, 2 L Cols., 2 Majors, and Captains and Subalterns in proportion--they are to be furnished by Detachment from the several Brigades below Kingsbridge, and so every day 'till further orders.
Head Quarters, at Col: Roger Morris's, September 19, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you Yesterday, nothing material has occurred; However it is probable in a little time, the Enemy will attempt to force us from hence, as we are informed they are bringing many of their heavy Cannon towards the Heights and the Works we have thrown up: They have also Eight or nine Ships of War in the North River, which It is said are to Canonade our right Flank, when they open their Batteries against our Front. Every disposition is making on our part for defence, and Congress may be assured, that I shall do all in my power to maintain the post, so long as it shall appear practicable and conducive to the general good. I have &ca.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 19, 1776.
Sir: I have the honor to advise you, that in consequence of General Sullivan's Information, first by Letter and afterwards verbally, that you were willing to exchange him for Major General Prescott, and Brigadier Genl. Lord Sterling for any Brigadier of yours in our possession: I wrote to Congress to send General Prescott to some convenient place, from whence the proposed Exchange might be made. And supposing that it would be agreeable to exchange Lord Sterling for Brigadier General McDonald, he is also come forward with General Prescott. Both these Gentlemen are now at Elizabeth Town, and I only wait your Answer to this, in which you will please to fix the Time and place, when and where the Exchange may be effected. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: Howe answered on September 21. He agreed to exchange Sullivan for Prescott but demurred at Stirling for McDonald, as the latter was only a major in rank. Howe proposed instead Gov. Montfort Browne. Gen. Donald McDonald, of the Royal Highland Emigrants, had been captured by Col. Richard Caswell, of the North Carolina Militia, the day after the action at Moores Creek Bridge, in North Carolina, February 27. He was exchanged Dec. 3, 1776. The last paragraph of Howe's letter recited: "My Aid de Camp charged with the Delivery of this Letter will present to you a Ball cut and fixed to the Ends of a Nail, taken from a Number of the same Kind, found in the Encampments quitted by your Troops on the 15th Instant. I do not make any Comments upon such unwarrantable and malicious Practices, being well assured the Contrivance has not come to your Knowledge." Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 89: The "Letter Book" copy addresses this to the commanding officer of the First Division of Massachusetts Militia.]
Head Quarters, at Colo. Morris's House, 10 Miles from New York, September 19, 1776.
Sir: The Honourable Assembly of the State of the Massachusets Bay having informed me, by Letter of the 13th. Instt., that they have Ordered a Number of Militia to reinforce the Army under my Command, and requested my Orders for their Destination; I therefore request, that you will give direction, that the whole of them may be brought forward, as expeditiously as they can; sending before you, when you get within three or four days march of Kingsbridge, an Officer to receive Instructions from me, how they are to be Stationed and disposed of. It will be proper, to send Notice of this to the Officers who are behind you with part of the Men, that they may know how to conduct themselves. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Colo. Roger Morris's House, 10 Miles from New York, September 19, 1776.
Gentn.: I was honored the Night before last, with your favor of the 13th. Inst.; and at the same time that I conceive your anxiety to have been great, by reason of the vague and uncertain Accts. you received respecting the Attack on Long Island, give me leave to assure you that the Situation of our Affairs and the Important concerns which have surrounded me, and which are daily pressing on me, have prevented me, from transmitting in many Instances, the Intelligence I otherwise should have conveyed.
In respect to the Attack and retreat from long Island, the Public papers will furnish you with Accounts nearly true. I shall only add, that in the former we lost about 800 Men; more than three fourths of which were taken Prisoners. This Misfortune happened in great Measure, by two Detachments of our people, who were posted in two Roads leading thro' a Wood, in order to intercept the Enemy in their March, suffering a Surprise and making a precipitate retreat; which enabled the Enemy to lead a great part of their force against the Troops Commanded by Lord Stirling which formed a third detachment, who behaved with great Bravery and Resolution, charging the Enemy, and maintaining their Posts from about Seven or Eight O'Clock in the Morning, 'till two in the afternoon; When they were Obliged to Attempt a retreat, being surrounded and overpowred by Numbers on all Sides, and in which many of them were taken, one Battalion, Smallwoods of Maryland, lost 259 Men and the general damage fell upon the Regiments from Pennsylvania Delaware and Maryland and Col Huntingdon's of Connecticut. As to the Retreat from the Island, it was effected without loss of Men and with but very little Baggage; a few heavy Cannon were left, not being Movable, on Account of the Grounds being soft and miry, thro' the Rains that had fallen. The Enemy's loss, in killed we could never ascertain, but have many reasons to believe that it was pretty considerable, able, and exceeded ours a good deal. The Retreat from thence was Absolutely Necessary, The Enemy having landed the Main body of their Army there to attack us in front, while their Ships of War were to cut off the Communication with the City, from whence resources of Men, Provisions &ca. were to be drawn.
Having made this Retreat, and long after, we discovered by their Movements and the Information we reed from deserters and others, that they declined attacking our Lines in the City and were forming a Plan to get in our Rear with their land Army, by crossing the Sound above us, and thereby cut off all intercourse course with the Country and every Necessary Supply. The Ships of War were to co-operate, Possess the North River and prevent Succour from the Jerseys &c. This Plan appearing probable and but too practicable in its execution; it became Necessary to guard against the fatal Consequences that must follow, if their Scheme was effected, for which purpose I caused a removal of a Part of our Stores, Troops &c from the City; and a Council of General Officers determined on thursday last, that it must be intirely abandoned, holding up however every Shew and appearance of defence, till our Sick and all our Stores could be brought away. The Evacuation being resolved on, every exertion in our power was made, to baffle their design and effect our own. The Sick were Numerous and an object of great Importance, happily we got them away; but before we could bring off all our Stores, on Sunday Morning Six or Seven Ships of War, which had gone up the East River some few days before, began a most severe and heavy Cannonade. ***90
[Note 90: The omitted portion is a repetition of the account of the Kips Bay affair. (See Washington's letter to Congress, Sept. 16, 1776, ante.)]
The Retreat was effected with the loss of three or four Men only. We encamped and still are on the Heights of Harlem, which are well calculated for defence against their approaches. on Monday Morning they advanced in Sight in Several large Bodies, but attempted nothing of a General Nature; Tho' there were smart Skirmishes between their advanced parties and some Detachments from our Lines which I sent out; In these our Troops behaved with great Resolution and Bravery, putting them to flight in open Ground and forcing them from posts they had Seized two or three times. A Serjeant who deserted from them, Says, the Report was, they had 89 Missing and Wounded, and Eight Killed. in the last Instance his Account is too Small, because our People have buried more than twice as Many. In Number our Loss was very inconsiderable, but in the fall of Lieut Colo. Knowlton of Connecticut, I consider it as great, being a brave and good Officer. Major Leitch who Commanded a detachment from the Virginia Regiment, unfortunately received three Balls thro' his side, he still supports his Spirits and seems as if he would do well. Colo Knowlton was Interred with every honor due to his Merit and that the Situation of things would admit of. Since this affair, nothing has happened. The Enemy, it is said, are bringing forward several Heavy Cannon to force us from the Heights. At the same time that they open their Batteries in front, their Ships of War, Seven or Eight of which are in the North River, are to Cannonade our right Flank. Thus have I run over, in a cursory rough way, an Account of the most material Events from the Battle on Long Island to the present moment. I have not time to study order or Elegance. This however I do not so much mind, and only wish my Narrative was more agreeable. But we must set down things as they are. I hope they will be better: Nothing on my part shall be wanting to bring about the most favorable Events.
I am now to make my most grateful Acknowledgments to your Honble. Body, for the succour they meant to afford me in the Militia lately Ordered to March; and have only to lament, that they should be so unprovided with Tents and other Camp Necessaries. Our Distresses in these Instances are extremely great, having by no means a Sufficiency for the Troops already here, nor do I know how they can be procured. I am at a loss for the Officers Names who Command this Reinforcement as they are not Mentioned. However, I have wrote by Fessenden, that they should lead the Men on as fast as possible, sending before them, when they get within one or two days March of King's Bridge, an Officer to receive Orders from me, How they are to be disposed of. Instructions given now, might become improper, by the Intervention of a Variety of Circumstances. I have the honor to be &c.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 20, 1776.
Parole Spain. Countersign France.
As many of the Regiments that came last from New York have lost their Tents and cooking Utensils (not from any default of their own, but want of teams, and vessels, to bring them of in time) by which means one part of the Army are greatly distressed, whilst the other part are comfortably supplied; the General earnestly advises and directs the Colonels and commanding Officers of such Corps as have not suffered, to store their men thicker in their tents, and lend all they can spare, to their suffering fellow-soldiers, 'till such time as others can be provided--The tents &c are to be sent to Genl. Spencer's, at Mr. Kartright's house,91 who will cause them to be delivered to the Regiments standing most in need of them, which Regiments are to be answerable for them when called for.
[Note 91: Cartright's was on the Albany road about one-half mile northwest of Cortlandt's Mills.]
The General hopes, that soldiers fighting in such a cause as ours, will not be discouraged by any difficulties that may offer; and informs them that the Grounds he now possesses are to be defended at all events; Any Officer, or Soldier therefore, who (upon the Approach, or Attack of the Enemy's Forces, by land or water) presumes to turn his back and flee, shall be instantly Shot down, and all good officers are hereby authorized and required to see this done, that the brave and gallant part of the Army may not fall a sacrifice to the base and cowardly part, or share their disgrace in a cowardly and unmanly Retreat. The Heights we are now upon may be defended against double the force we have to contend with, and the whole Continent expects it of us: But that we may assist the natural Strength of the ground, as much as possible, and make our Posts more secure, the General most earnestly recommends it to the commanding Officers of every Brigade, and Regiment, to turn out every man they have off duty, for fatigue, and apply to Col Putnam for tools, and directions where and how to work--This Measure is also earnestly recommended to the men, as it will tend greatly to their own security and ease, as the Guards will be lessened in proportion as the grounds get strengthened.
Genl Green is to appoint some careful officer at Burdett's ferry to examine passengers, and see that none come over but such as have proper passes--Genl. Mifflin is to do the same on this side, to prevent disaffected, or suspected persons, from passing--If Capt. Johnson, and the other Gentlemen who were employed in this business, at New-York, incline to engage in it again, they are to have the preference given them.
The Colonels, or commanding officers of the Militia Regiments, now in the service, may make out their Pay-Abstracts in order to receive payment--they will be particularly attentive in doing it, as the disorderly manner, in which many of those men, have left the service, will require the utmost care, to prevent impositions on the public; And the Congress having resolv'd, that all Continental Troops and the Militia going home from service shall restore all Continental Arms, and other property; and also all Ammunition remaining in their possession, at the time of their being about to return, or to have the value of it deducted.
The Guards will be relieved at four O'Clock this Afternoon, after which they are to be relieved constantly and regularly at Nine O'Clock every day.
The General desires that the Brigade Majors may attend him precisely at seven O'Clock to morrow morning, and account for the remissness in their several departments, as he is determined to put up with no more negligence in office--He expects the punctual attendance of the whole.
Genl Wadsworth must look out a good person to do the duty of his brigade.
Commanding and other Officers of Regiments, are to collect the horses straying about their Encampments, and send them to the Quarter-Master General or one of his Deputies--the Uses these horses may answer when properly employed, will be an inducement to every officer to exert himself.
The officers of the Guard at Kingsbridge to be careful, that no Soldiers take horses over the bridge, tho' such Soldier should have a common pass. Every person riding without a saddle, is to be immediately taken up, and the horse sent to the Quarter Master 'till released by further Orders--
The scarcity of Fodder makes it necessary that no horses should come into Camp, but what belong to the Army; All Visitants therefore are to leave their horses beyond the Bridge, unless they obtain a special Order from some General Officer, or Commandant of a Brigade.
Genl. Bell,92 Brigadier of the day, to meet the Guards at four O'Clock, on the parade, and report immediately, what Brigade Major fails of bringing his proportion of Guards, at the time.
[Note 92: Brig. Gen. Rezin Beall.]
Head Quarters Colo. Roger Morris's, 10 Miles from New York, September 20, 1776.
Sir: I have your several favors of the 9th. 12th. and 16th Instt. with their inclosures. I am particularly happy to find by the Copies of General Arnold's and Colo. Dayton's Letters, that your apprehensions of an Indian War in your Quarter have entirely vanished, and that you have disbanded the Militia in consequence.
I clearly see, and have severely felt the ill effects of short enlistments, and have repeatedly given Congress my sentiments, thereon; I beleive they are by this time convinced, that there is no opposing a standing, well disciplined Army, but by one upon the same plan; and I hope, if this Campaign does not put an end to this contest, they will put the Army upon a different footing, than what it has heretofore been. I shall take care to remind them, that the terms for which DeHaas's Maxwell's and Wind's Regiments enlisted, expires the beginning of October, but if they have not already thought of taking some steps to secure them a while longer, it will be too late; except the Officers will exert themselves in prevailing on the Men, to stay till their places can be supplied by some means or other. If the Officers are spirited and well inclined, they may lead their men as they please.
I removed my Quarters to this place, on Sunday last, it having been previously determined, by a Council of General Officers, on the preceding Thursday, to evacuate New York; The reasons that principally weighed with them, were, that from every information, and every movement of the Enemy, it was clear, that their attack was not meditated against the City, their intent evidently was, to throw their whole Army, between part of ours in New York, and its environs, and the remainder about Kingsbridge, and thereby cut off our communication with each other and with the Country. Indeed their operations on Sunday last, fully satisfied the opinion of the Council, and the steps taken in consequence; for on that Morning, they began their landing at Turtle Bay, and continued to throw over great Numbers of men, from Long Island, and from Montresor's and Bohhanan's Islands, on which they had previously lodged them. As we had exerted ourselves in removing our Sick and Stores of every kind, after the measure of abandoning had been determined upon, very few things, and but three or four Men fell into the Enemy's hand.
On Monday last, we had a pretty sharp skirmish between two Battalions of light Infantry and Highlanders, and three Companies of Hessian Rifle Men, commanded by Brigr. Leslie, and Detachments from our Army under the Command of Lieutt. Colo. Knowlton of Connecticut, and Major Leitch of Virginia. The Colo. received a mortal wound, and the Majr. three balls thro' his body, but he is likely to do well. Their parties behaved with great bravery, and being supported with fresh troops, beat the Enemy fairly from the field. Our loss, except in that of Colo. Knowlton, a most valuable and gallant Officer, is inconsiderable. That of the Enemy, from Accounts, between Eighty and One hundred Wounded, and fifteen or twenty killed. This little advantage has inspirited our troops prodigiously, they find that it only requires resolution and good Officers to make an enemy, (that they stood in too much dread of) give way.
The British Army lays incamped about two Miles below us, they are busy in bringing over their Cannon, and Stores from Long Island, and we are putting ourselves in the best posture of defence, that time and Circumstance will admit of.
I inclose you Copies of several resolutions of Congress, respecting the Northern Army &c, not knowing whether they have yet been transmitted to you, I received Capt. Varicks resignation, which shall be forwarded to Congress this day. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, September 20, 1776.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 16th. with its inclosures; to prevent the injury and abuses which would arise from the Militia and other Troops carrying away Ammunition and Continental property, I have published the substance of the Resolves upon the Subject, in General Orders.
Since my Letter of Yesterday, nothing of importance has cast up; The Enemy are forming a large and extensive encampment, in the plains mentioned in my last and are busily employed in transporting their Cannon and Stores from Long Island. As they advance them this way, we may reasonably expect their Operations will not long be deferred.
Inclosed are sundry Letters &ca. to which Congress will be pleased to pay such regard, as they may think them deserving of. The Letter from Monr. Devourony93 came open, under cover of one to me. Those from Colonel Hand and Colonel Ward, contain a list of vacancies in their Regiments, and of the Persons they esteem proper to fill them. The former, I believe returned no list before, the latter says he never got any Commissions. Generals Howe and Erskine's Proclamations,94 shew the Measures that have been pursued to force and seduce the Inhabitants
[Note 93: Chevalier de Berruyer du Maurony. He wrote from Boston (September 9) asking permission for his vessel to leave that port for the West Indies. His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 94: Sir William Howe and Sir William Erskine. The latter had been colonel of the Eightieth Foot and was now a brigadier with the rank of major general in America. Howe's proclamation, signed by both Lord and Sir William Howe, was dated September 19, and promised in the King's name a revision of his instructions and pardons and favors to all who would now return to the British allegiance. A copy is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It was published in the New York Gazette of Sept. 9, 1776; in the weekly Mercury of Sept. 30, 1776; and repeated in the latter Oct. 7, 1776.] of Long Island from their Allegiance to the States, and to assist in their destruction.
As the period will soon arrive, when the Troops composing the present Army, (a few excepted) will be disbanded according to the tenor of their Inlistments and the most fatal consequences may ensue, if a suitable and timely Provision is not made in this Instance, I take the Liberty of suggesting to Congress, not only the expediency, but the absolute necessity there is, that their earliest attention should be had to this Subject. In respect to the time, that Troops should be engaged for, I have frequently given my Sentiments, nor have I omitted to express my Opinion of the difficulties that will attend raising them, nor of the Impracticability of effecting It, without the allowance of a large and extraordinary bounty.
It is a melancholy and painful consideration to those who are concerned in the Work, and have the command, to be forming Armies constantly, and to be left by Troops just when they begin to deserve the Name, or perhaps at a Moment when an important blow is expected. This I am informed will be the case at Ticonderoga, with part of the Troops there, unless some system is immediately come into, by which they can be induced to stay. General Schuyler tells me, in a letter received yesterday, that DeHaas,95 Maxwell's96 and Winds's97 Regiments stand engaged only till the beginning of next Month, and that the Men, he is fearful, will not remain longer, than the time of their Inlistments.
[Note 95: Col. John Philip de Haas, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 96: Col. William Maxwell, of the Second New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 97: Col. William Winds, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
I would also beg leave to mention to Congress, that the Season is fast approaching, when Cloaths of every kind will be wanted for the Army. Their distress is already great, and will be encreased, as the weather becomes more severe. Our situation is now bad, but is much better than the Militia that are coming to Join us from the States of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut, in consequence of the requisition of Congress. They I am informed have not a single Tent, or a necessary of any kind, nor can I conceive, how It will be possible to support them. These circumstances are extremely alarming and oblige me to wish, Congress to have all the Tents, Clothing of every kind, and Camp necessaries, provided and forwarded that are to be procured. These Eastern reinforcements have not a single necessary, not a pan or a Kettle, in which we are now greatly deficient. It is with reluctance that I trouble Congress with these Matters, but to whom can I resort for relief but to them? The necessity therefore which urges the Application, will excuse It, I am persuaded.
I have not been able to transmit Congress a Genl. return of the Army this Week owing to the peculiar situation of our Affairs and the great shifting and Changing among our Troops. As soon as I can procure One a Copy shall be forwarded to Congress. I have the Honor etc.
September 21, 1776.
Things with us remain in the situation they were Yesterday.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 21, 1776.
Parole Lisbon. Countersign Dover.
If the Quarter Master General has any Sails, or other Covering; he is to deliver them to Genl. Spencer's order, who will see that the Regiments most in need of it, now under his immediate command, are first supplied.
The General earnestly exhorts the commanding Officers of every Regiment, and Corps, to fall upon the best and most expeditious method of procuring Cloaths and Necessaries for their men before the season gets too far advanced--For this purpose they are hereby authorized to send out one or more officers, as the nature of the case shall require, and the service will admit of, to purchase and provide them.
Generals Putnam and Spencer, together with the several Brigadiers, on this side Kingsbridge, are to look over the Grounds within our lines, and fix upon places to build Barracks, or Huts, for quartering the men in. No time should be lost in making the choice, that covering may be had as soon as possible, for the ease and comfort of the men.
It is earnestly recommended to all Brigadiers and commanding Officers of Corps, to see or know that the Orders relative to their respective Brigades &c. are complied with; and they as well as commanding Officers of Regiments &c, are requested to attend particularly to the state of the men's health, that those that are really Sick, may be supplied in the best manner our situation and circumstances will admit of, whilst such as feign themselves Sick, merely to get excused from duty, meet with no kind of countenance, or favour, as it only tends to throw the burden upon the spirited and willing men, who disdain such scandalous practices. The General would remind all officers, of the indispensible necessity there is of each of them, exerting himself in the Department he acts, and that where this is the case of the advantages resulting from it, as an Army, let it be ever so large, then moves like Clock-work; whereas, without it, it is no better than an ungovernable Machine, that serves only to perplex and distract those who attempt to conduct it.
The Brigadier Generals, and the Brigade Major, of the day, are both to attend the parade, at the hour of mounting Guard; see them brought on and marched off, and so continue near the advanced lines 'till they are relieved the next day, in order that they may be ready in case of an Attack, to command at the lines--When they are relieved, they are to report extraordinaries to the Commander in Chief.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 22, 1776.
Parole Hampton. Countersign Newark.
The Court Martial of which Col Sage2 was President is dissolved--The Brigade Majors to form a new one immediately Col Magaw to preside, to meet to morrow at Head-Quarters, Nine O'Clock--The Brigade Majors to give notice to the officers of their respective brigades.
[Note 2: Col. Comfort Sage, of a Connecticut State regiment and, later, of the Connecticut Militia.]
There is a shameful deficiency of Officers at Guard-Mounting and other duty--The Brigade Majors are to put in Arrest, any officer, who being warned, does not attend his duty, unless excused by the Brigadier General. The many Complaints that are hourly made of plundering both public and private property, induces the General to direct that every Regiment be paraded at five O'Clock this evening, the Knapsacks and Tents of the whole to be examined under the inspection of the Field Officers, and all Articles, not the proper Baggage and Accoutrements of a Soldier, set apart, and kept by the Colonel, or commanding Officer, 'till Inquiry can be made, how they came possessed of them--A Report is expected from the commanding Officer of the Regiment, to Head Quarters, whether any Articles are found, or not--And the General depends upon the Honor of the officers, to inspect carefully, and make a faithful Report.
It is with particular pleasure that the General has it in his power to inform the officers and soldiers, who have been wounded in their Country's Cause, and all others whose lot it may be to be disabled, that The Congress have come to the following Resolution (Viz)
That Officers and Privates, loosing a Limb in any Engagement, or who shall be so disabled in the service of the United States of America, as to render them incapable of getting a livelihood, shall receive half of their Monthly-Pay, during life, or the continuance of their disability, from the time their pay ceases as officers, or soldiers.
Also such officers, or soldiers, as are wounded in any Engagement, and rendered incapable of service, tho' not totally disabled from getting a livelihood, shall receive Monthly, such Sums towards their Subsistence, as the Assembly, or Representative Body of the State, they belong to, or reside in, judge adequate; they producing in the cases above-mentioned, to the Committee, or Officer appointed to receive the same, in the State, where they reside, or belong, or to the Assembly, or Legislative Body of such State, a Certificate from the Commanding Officer, who was in the Engagement, in which they were wounded, or in case of his death, from some other officer of the same Corps, and the Surgeon that attended them; of their names, office, rank, department, regiment and company, the nature of their wounds and in what action or engagement they were wounded.3
[Note 3: The resolves of Aug. 26, 1776. They were published, by order of Congress, in the Pennsylvania Gazette of Sept. 4, 1776. As quoted in General Orders, they vary in verbal particulars from the text in the Journals of the Continental Congress.]
The Brigadier of the day, where the Guards mount at the lines, is to give strict charge to all the officers, not to suffer any person whatsoever, to go beyond the out-Sentries, without an Order in writing from himself--All the Sentries are to be informed of this, and if any person whatever presume to disobey the Orders, they are to fire upon in the same manner as they would do on a common Enemy. Any persons coming in from the Enemy's lines are to be carried to the Brigadier of the day immediately for examination, who is to take their information in writing, and send it with the person or persons to the Commander in Chief--The Brigadier is to see that a chain of Sentries extend from the North River to Harlem River, beyond which no Stragglers are to pass.
The officer commanding the Scouts, is to attend at Head Quarters, at seven O'Clock, every morning, to know if there are any orders for these Corps.
The commanding Officers of the several Regiments, are to be particularly attentive, in seeing that their men are supplied with Ammunition, and that they account regularly for the Cartridges delivered to them: They are not to suffer any Pieces to be discharged at Retreat-beating, but such as will not fire in an Engagement, and cannot be drawn. The great Waste of Ammunition is such, that unless the officers will exert themselves to see justice done to the public, a sufficiency cannot be kept upon hand to supply them.
Mr. Josiah Adams is appointed Paymaster to Col Little's4 Regiment, and Mr Elisha Humphreys to Col Webb's5 Regiment.
[Note 4: Col. Moses Little's Twelfth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 5: Col. Charles Webb's Nineteenth Continental Infantry.]
The Court Martial whereof Col. Sage was President having found Ebenezer Liffenwell of Capt. Clift's Company and Col Durkee's Regt. guilty of "Cowardice and Misbehaviour before the Enemy on Monday last"--and also of "presenting his Firelock at his superior Officer, when turning him back a second time", which by the 27th. Article of the Rules and Regulations of the Army is Death--He is accordingly adjudged to suffer Death.
The General approves the sentence, and orders that he be shot at the head of the Army, on the Grand-Parade, near Kartright's house, to morrow morning at eleven O'Clock--The Men of the several Regiments below Kingsbridge, not upon Fatigue or Guard are to march down at that hour--The Provost Marshal to attend. Major Henly, acting Deputy Adjt. General, will order twelve Men, out of the Guards paraded for duty, to morrow, to execute the sentence.
The same Court Martial having found Ensign McCumber of Capt. Barns's Company, and Col Serjeant's Regt. guilty of the infamous Crime of "plundering the Inhabitants of Harlem"--and ordered him to be cashiered--The General approves the sentence and orders him to be turned out of the Army immediately as an officer.
Camp Near Kingsbridge, September 22, 1776.
Sir: I had flattered myself that the Congress would before this Time have forwarded the amended Articles for the Government of the Army. But as they have not I think it my indispensable Duty to lay before them the Necessity, the absolute Necessity of forming an Article against plundering, marauding and burning of Houses; such a Spirit has gone forth in our Army that neither publick or private Property is secure. Every Hour brings the most distressing Complaints of the Ravages of our own Troops who are become infinitely more formidable to the poor Farmers and Inhabitants than the common Enemy. Horses are taken out of the Continental Teams. The Baggage of Officers and the Hospital Stores, Even the Quarters of General Officers are not exempt from Rapine.
Some severe and exemplary Punishment to be inflicted in a summary Way must be immediately administered, or the Army will be totally ruined. I must beg the immediate Attention of Congress to this Matter as of the utmost Importance to our Existence as an Army.6 I am, &c.7
[Note 6: The letter was read in Congress on September 23. Hancock's letter to Washington (September 24) referred him to the committee of Congress which was to confer with him on the state of the Army.]
[Note 7: In the writing of Joseph Reed.]
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, September 22, 1776.
Sir: I have nothing in particular to communicate to Congress respecting the situation of our Affairs, It is much the same as when I had the Honor of addressing you last.
On Friday night, about Eleven or twelve O'Clock a fire8 broke out in the City of New York, near the New or St. Pauls Church, as It is said, which continued to burn pretty rapidly till
[Note 8: Responsibility for the fire does not rest with any official, civil or military. It was probably started to cover looting by the criminal element. There were many exaggerated reports published in the London papers in October, in which the usual tales of bad blood between the New England and other troops are again recounted. The New Englanders wanted to burn the town but were prevented by the New Yorkers and Pennsylvanians, according to the London Chronicle.
The Pennsylvania Journal of Oct, 20, 1776, states: "The fire originated at or near Whitehall, soon extended to the Exchange, took its course up the west side of Broad Street, as far as Verlattenberg Hill, consuming all the blocks from the Whitehall up. The flames extended across the Broadway from the house of Mr. David Johnson to Beaver Lane, or Fischer's Alley, on the west, and carried all before it, a few buildings excepted, to the house at the corner of Barclay Street, wherein the late Mr. Adam Vandenberg lived, sweeping the cross streets in the way....The cause of the fire is not known. We imagine about a 6th part of the whole city is destroyed."
Sparks notes that in describing this catastrophe the British commander wrote to Lord George Germain on the 23d that the town was set on fire in several places with matches and combustibles that had been prepared with great art and ingenuity. He added: "Many were detected in the act, and some killed upon the spot by the enraged troops in garrison; and had it not been for the exertions of Major-General Robertson, the officers under his command in town, and the brigade of guards detached from the camp, the whole must infallibly have been consumed, as the night was extremely windy. The destruction is computed to be about one quarter of the town."] after Sunrise the next morning. I have not been Informed how the Accident happened, nor received any certain Account of the damage. Reports says many Houses between the Broadway and the River were consumed. I have the Honor to be &ca.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, September 23, 1776.
Sir: Genl Howe, in a Letter received from him yesterday Evening by a Flag, having offered to exchange Brigadier Genl. Lord Stirling for Governor Montfort Brown, and also requested that Govr. Skene may be granted his liberty without delay, assuring me that Mr. Lovell shall be immediately enlarged, on his Arrival from Hallifax and whose exchange for Governor Skene's has been agreed upon; I must take the Liberty of requesting the favor of your Notice to these two Gentlemen, and that you will provide them with a proper Escort to repair to Head Quarters as soon as they can, with their baggage; that the proposed Exchange for Lord Stirling may be effected, and Genl. Howe's request be Complied with respecting Governor Skene's being returned. The Gentlemen are to consider themselves under parole, till such time as they are sent from Head Qurs. to General Howe.
I must beg your excuse, for not having wrote you of late upon the Situation of our Affairs, and such Events as have cast up in the Military Line. I shall only add, that the Important Concerns which have Commanded my Closest attention, have been the Cause, and, I am fully persuaded, will furnish me with a Sufficient apology.
Of the evacuation of the City of New York, on Sunday Sennight, and the retreat to this Place you will have heard before now, and of the Manner in which it was conducted. I am certain, a minute relation of them, would only increase the uneasiness, which would naturally arise upon hearing the Events; and therefore, as I have not time, I shall not enter upon it. The Enemy by their Movements having unfolded their Plan of Operations, and discovered that they declined making a direct attack upon the Town, and that their designs were to land in our Rear and to cut off all intercourse with the Country; at the same time to prevent any Communication with the Jersey and States, South of the North River, by means of their Ships of War; It became necessary to adopt such Measures, as seemed best calculated to baffle their schemes and promote the Common Interests. To these ends, a Council of Officers determined the Evacuation of the City absolutely necessary, and I have only to wish, that it had been made in a Way more honorable and with less loss of Baggage; which might have been the case, had the Troops that remained there, for the defence of the Lines, not betaken themselves to a most precipitate and disgraceful flight, contrary to the exertions of their General officers and every effort in my Power to prevent and form them. Having gone from hence, as soon as the Ships began their Cannonade, and whither I had come the Night before, to the Main Body of our Army, in expectation of an Attack that night or the next Morning; as the parade of the Enemy and the unusual Stir amongst them, strongly Indicated one. The next Morning, several large Columns of them appeared on the Plains, at the distance of about two Miles and a half below us, and some smart Skirmishes ensued between their Advanced parties composed of the 2d. Battallion of Infantry, a Regt. of Royal Highlanders, and three Companies of the Hessian Chauseurs or Rifle Men and the detachments which I sent out to oppose them. Upon this Occasion, our Men behaved with great Spirit and Intrepidity, putting the Enemy to flight and forcing them from their Posts two or three times. Our people buried Sixteen or Eighteen of their dead, as they say; and a Serjeant who has since deserted, reports, they had Eighty Nine Missing and Wounded. Our Loss in Number was inconsiderable, but must be considered as great, in the fall of Lieut. Colo. Knowlton of your State who Commanded a party of Rangers, composed of Volunteers from the several New England Regiments, and who was a brave and good officer. Every honor was paid to his merit in his Interment, that the Situation of things would admit of. The Enemy have formed a large Encampment in the plains, or rather Heights, below us, extending across, as it were, from the East to the North River; but have attempted nothing as yet of a General nature. We are making every disposition in our power, for defence and I should hope from the Ground we are on, If they make an Attack and our Men behave with tolerable resolution and firmness, that they will meet with a repulse, or, at least, any advantage they gain will be attended with Sorrow and a Considerable Loss. Major Leitch, who led on a detachment of the Virginia Regiment in the affair of Monday, received three Balls thro' one Side; he still retains his Spirits and seems as if he would recover. On friday Night, about Eleven or twelve OClock, a fire broke out in the City of New York, which, burning rapidly till after Sun rise next morning, destroyed a great Number of Houses. By what means it happened we do not know; but the Gentleman who brought the Letter from Genl. Howe last night, and who was one of his Aide De Camps, informed Col. Reed, that several of our Countrymen had been punished with various deaths on Account of it; some by hanging, others by burning, &c., alledging that they were apprehended when Committing the fact. I have &c.
P.S. I would choose that Governors Brown and Skene should be stopt, when they come within Ten or twelve Miles, and detained till one of the Escort can inform me of their coming, and receive my directions respecting them.
Head-Quarters, Heights of Haerlem, September 23, 1776.
Sir: I yesterday evening received the favor of your letter of the 21st. by your Aid de Camp Captn. Montresor11; in consequence of which, I this morning despatched an Express to Elizabeth Town with orders that Major Genl. Prescott should be permitted to return in the Boat that carried Genl. Sullivan over to that place.
[Note 11: Capt. Robert Montresor, of the Forty-ninth Foot, British Army.]
I most readily concur in the proposition you are pleased to make for the Exchange of Brigadier General Lord Stirling for Governor Montfort Brown and have sent for him accordingly. I should hope that Lord Stirling will be immediately set at liberty, on my promise that Governor Brown shall be sent to you as soon as he arrives.12 I had no doubt but Mr. McDonald's title would have been acknowledged, having understood that he received his Commission from the hands of Governor Martin13, nor can I consent to rank him as Major, till I have proper authority from Congress, to whom I shall state the matter upon your representation.
[Note 12: Washington wrote to Brig. Gen. Hugh Mercer (September 23) directing him to send forward General Prescott but to return McDonald to Philadelphia and take thedirections of Congress concerning him. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 13: Gov. Joseph Martin, of North Carolina.]
Agreeably to your request, I shall transmit to Lieutt. Colo. Campbell,14 a copy of the List of Officers of the 42d. and 71st. Regiments, taken by us last spring, that it may be rectified in the Instances in which it may be wrong, and will then place opposite to their Names the Officers I would wish in return for them: The Exchange of privates, I shall take the
[Note 14: Lieut. Col. Archibald Campbell, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.] earliest opportunity in my power to carry into execution; but their being greatly dispersed through the New England Governments, in order to their better accommodation, will prevent it for some time.
Having the fullest confidence in your assurance, that Mr. Lovell will be released when he arrives from Halifax, I have wrote for Governor Skene to come to Head Quarters, that he may proceed immediately to you.
As to the Exchange of prisoners settled between Captn. Foster15 and Genl. Arnold, I beg leave to inform you, that it was a transaction, in which I had not the smallest concern, nor have I authority to give directions in any degree respecting the matter.
[Note 15: Capt. George Forster, of the Eighth Foot, British Army.]
The information you have received concerning the ill-treatment of your Officers, I would fain hope is not generally well founded: The Letters from them, which have passed through my Hands, hold forth a different language. In particular instances, 'tis true, there are some who have been restricted to a closer confinement and severer treatment than they otherwise would have been, for breaking or refusing to give their paroles. Such I am confident will not be countenanced by your Excellency, and I am persuaded by a closer investigation of the enquiry, you will discover, that there have been no other persons whatever, who have experienced the smallest harshness from us; I shall However obtain all the information on the Subject in my power, that every ground of complaint, if any exists, may be entirely removed, it being my most earnest wish, that during this unhappy contest, there be every exercise of humanity, which the nature of the case will possibly admit of.
Your Aid de Camp delivered me the Ball you mention, which was the first of the kind I ever saw or heard of; You may depend the contrivance is highly abhorred by me, and every measure shall be taken to prevent so wicked and infamous a practice being adopted in this Army. I have the honor &c.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 23, 1776.
Parole Stamford. Countersign Norwalk.
Ebenezer Liffingwell being convicted of offering Violence to his superior Officer--of Cowardice and Misbehaviour before the Enemy, was ordered to suffer Death this day--The General from his former good Character and upon the intercession of the Adjutant General, against whom he presented his firelock, is pleased to pardon him, but declares that the next offender shall suffer Death without mercy.
Serjt. Major Hutton18 is appointed Adjutant to Col. Mead's Regiment--Col Silliman's Brigade.
[Note 18: Christopher Hutton, of Col. Matthew Mead's Connecticut regiment.]
Mr. Charles Knowles is appointed Paymaster to Col Knox's Regiment of Artillery.
Col Douglass's Brigade Major being ordered in Arrest for "Neglect of duty, in not giving the Parole and Countersign to the Guards," Col Douglass is to appoint another to do the duty.
Colonels and commanding Officers of Regiments have neglected to make Reports of the examination of their Regiments after Plunder, they are now reminded of it, and will be mentioned in Orders, if they neglect it.
A Report is to be made at Head Quarters, as soon as possible, of the several officers under Arrest, that they may be tried Colonels and commanding Officers of Regiments to attend to it.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 24, 1776.
Parole Bristol. Countersign Salem.
The Qr. Mr. Genl., and the Chief Engineer, are to mark the grounds, to morrow, on which the Barracks, and Huts, are to be built this side Kingsbridge--They are to call upon the General, previous to their setting out upon this business, for directions.
When the ground is marked out, the Quarter Master General is to cause the materials for building to be laid thereon as quick as possible.
The General is informed that in consequence of his recommendation of the 20th. Instant many Regiments have turned out very cheerfully to work, when others have sent few or no men on fatigue. the first he thanks for their Conduct, whilst the others are to be informed that their conduct will be marked--The General would have them recollect that it is for their own safety and self defence, these Works are constructing, and the sooner they are finished the sooner they will be able to erect warm and comfortable Barracks, or Huts for themselves to lodge in.
The Militia which came to the assistance of this Army, under the Command of Genl. Walcott are to hold themselves in readiness to return home; before they go, they are to return into the public Stores, every thing they drew from thence, such as Ammunition, Camp Kettles &c.
Joseph Jackson appointed Paymaster to Col Hutchinson's regiment.
Major Henly19 Aid-de-Camp to Genl. Heath, whose Activity and Attention to duty, Courage and every other Quality, which can distinguish a brave and gallant Soldier, must endear to him every Lover of his Country, having fallen in a late Skirmish on Montresor's Island while bravely leading a party on--his Remains will be interr'd this afternoon, at five OClock, from the quarters of Major David Henly, acting Adjt. Genl. below the hill where the Redoubt is thrown up on the road.
[Note 19: Maj. Thomas Henly.]
The General thanks the Colonels, and commanding Officers of Regiments, for their care in examining the Tents, and Knapsacks of the Soldiers, after plunder--he directs that what has been found be sent to the House on the Road below Head Quarters, and that regimental Courts Martial immediately sit, to try every one who cannot prove that he came honestly by what is found in his possession--The Offenders to be punished, as soon as the sentence is approved by the Colonel, or commanding Officer--As a little wholesome Severity now may put a stop to such ruinous practices in future, the General hopes a very strict Inquiry will be made, and no Favor shewn--The General does not admit of any pretence for plundering, whether it is Tory property taken beyond the lines, or not, it is equally a breach of Orders, and to be punished in the officer who gives Orders, or the Soldier who goes without.
Such Colonels, or commanding Officers of Regiments, as have not reported will be mentioned by Name in to morrow's Orders, if Reports are not made before.
A working Party of 1000 Men, properly officered, to parade tomorrow, opposite Head Quarters, at Seven O'Clock--The Parade will be attended by some General Officers, who will put in Arrest any officer found delinquent in bringing his men in time.
A Field Officer, of the Regiment posted at Mount Washington, is to visit the Guards there carefully; the distance from the Lines not admitting the General Officer of the day to go up.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 24, 1776.
Sir: The post being about to depart. I have only time to add, That no event of importance has taken place on this side Hudson's River since my last of the 22d. instt.
The inclosed Letter received last Night from Genl Greene, who now commands in the Jerseys, will give Congress all the information I have respecting the evacuation of Powles Hook and the landing of the Enemy to possess It.20
[Note 20: Greene's letter, dated Sept. 23, 1776, is filed with Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I this minute obtained a Copy of the General return of our force, the first I have been able to procure for some time past, which I do myself the honor of transmitting for the satisfaction of Congress. I am &ca.
P.S. The Thirteen Militia Regiments from Connecticut, being reduced to a little more than Seven Hundred Men Rank and file, fit for duty, I have thought proper to discharge the whole, to save the States the immense charge that would arise for officers pay. There are too, many Militia that have just come in and on their way from that State, none of which are provided with a Tent or a single Camp utensil.21
[Note 21: In his journey to Staten Island, N.Y., John Adams noted ( Works, vol. 3, p. 75) the straggling and loitering soldiers on the road and in the public houses and conceived "but a poor opinion of the discipline of our forces, and excited as much indignation as anxiety." Upon his return to Congress, at his instance, and through the Board of War, a resolution for enforcing and perfecting discipline in the army was adopted. "That the commander in chief of the forces of these states in the several departments, be directed to give positive orders to the brigadier generals and colonels, and all other officers in their several armies, that the troops under their command, may every day, be called together, and trained in arms, in order that officers and men may be perfected in the manual exercise and manoeuvres, and inured to the most exemplary discipline, and that all officers be assured that the Congress will consider activity and success in introducing discipline into the army, among the best recommendations for promotion." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Sept. 19, 1776.) This officious resolution must have reached Washington before the 22d, and was the cause of the letter of the 24th,. which was written by his own hand, and shows no sign of resentment at the criticism thus leveled against him by Adams and the Congress. The extreme difficulties to be overcome in obtaining even the semblance of discipline in such an army as Congress gave to Washington are described in the letters of Reed, now Adjutant General, who, soon after, sent in his resignation. John Sloss Hobart saw Washington on the evening of the 24th and spoke of him as "much indisposed."-- Ford.]
This distresses me beyond measure.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Colonel Morris's, on the Heights of Harlem, September 24,23 1776.
[Note 23: This letter was actually written in the early morning hours of September 25. (See Washington's letter to Congress, Sept. 25, 1776, post.)]
Sir: From the hours allotted to Sleep, I will borrow a few Moments to convey my thoughts on sundry important matters to Congress. I shall offer them, with that sincerity which ought to characterize a man of candour; and with the freedom which may be used in giving useful information, without incurring the imputation of presumption.
We are now as it were, upon the eve of another dissolution of our Army;24 the remembrance of the difficulties which heppened upon that occasion last year, the consequences which might have followed the change, if proper advantages had been taken by the Enemy; added to a knowledge of the present temper and Situation of the Troops, reflect but a very gloomy prospect upon the appearance of things now, and satisfie me, beyond the possibility of doubt, that unless some speedy, and effectual measures are adopted by Congress, our cause will be lost.
[Note 24: The term of service for almost the whole army was to expire at or before the end of the year. Samuel Adams passed through New York on the 14th, and in a letter to John Adams (August 16) said he found "the General and his family in health and spirits; indeed, every officer and soldier appears to be determined....I see now, more than ever I did, the importance of Congress attending immediately to enlistments for the next campaign. It would be a pity to lose your old soldiers. I am of opinion that a more generous bounty should be given,--twenty dollars and one hundred acres of land for three years at least."]
It is in vain to expect, that any (or more than a trifling) part of this Army will again engage in the Service on the encouragement offered by Congress. When Men find that their Townsmen and Companions are receiving 20, 30, and more Dollars, for a few Months Service, (which is truely the case) it cannot be expected; without using compulsion; and to force them into the Service would answer no valuable purpose. When Men are irritated, and the Passions inflamed, they fly hastely and chearfully to Arms; but after the first emotions are over, to expect, among such People, as compose the bulk of an Army, that they are influenced by any other principles than those of Interest, is to look for what never did, and I fear never will happen; the Congress will deceive themselves therefore if they expect it.
A Soldier reasoned with upon the goodness of the cause he is engaged in, and the inestimable rights he is contending for, hears you with patience, and acknowledges the truth of your observations, but adds, that it is of no more Importance to him than others. The Officer makes you the same reply, with this further remark, that his pay will not support him, and he cannot ruin himself and Family to serve his Country, when every Member of the community is equally Interested and benefitted by his Labours. The few therefore, who act upon Principles of disinterestedness, are, comparatively speaking, no more than a drop in the Ocean. It becomes evidently clear then, that as this Contest is not likely to be the Work of a day; as the War must be carried on systematically, and to do it, you must have good Officers, there are, in my Judgment, no other possible means to obtain them but by establishing your Army upon a permanent footing; and giving your Officers good pay; this will induce Gentlemen, and Men of Character to engage; and till the bulk of your Officers are composed of such persons as are actuated by Principles of honour, and a spirit of enterprize, you have little to expect from them.--They ought to have such allowances as will enable them to live like, and support the Characters of Gentlemen; and not be driven by a scanty pittance to the low, and dirty arts which many of them practice, to filch the Public of more than the difference of pay would amount to upon an ample allowe. besides, something is due to the Man who puts his life in his hands, hazards his health, and forsakes the Sweets of domestic enjoyments. Why a Captn. in the Continental Service should receive no more than 5/. Curry per day, for performing the same duties that an officer of the same Rank in the British Service receives 10/. Sterlg. for, I never could conceive; especially when the latter is provided with every necessary he requires, upon the best terms, and the former can scarce procure them, at any Rate. There is nothing that gives a Man consequence, and renders him fit for Command, like a support that renders him Independant of every body but the State he Serves.25
[Note 25: See Washington's letter to Congress, Oct. 4, 1776, post. Ford quotes from General Greene's letter to Governor Cooke (October 3) on this point: "We want nothing but good officers to constitute as good an army as ever marched into the field. Our men are much better than the officers."]
With respect to the Men, nothing but a good bounty can obtain them upon a permanent establishment; and for no shorter time than the continuance of the War, ought they to be engaged; as Facts incontestibly prove, that the difficulty, and cost of Inlistments, increase with time. When the Army was first raised at Cambridge, I am persuaded the Men might have been got without a bounty for the War: after this, they began to see that the Contest was not likely to end so speedily as was immagined, and to feel their consequence, by remarking, that to get the Militia In, in the course of last year, many Towns were induced to give them a bounty. Foreseeing the Evils resulting from this, and the destructive consequences which unavoidably would follow short Inlistments, I took the Liberty in a long Letter, written by myself (date not now recollected, as my Letter Book is not here) to recommend the Inlistments for and during the War; assigning such Reasons for it, as experience has since convinced me were well founded. At that time twenty Dollars would, I am persuaded, have engaged the Men for this term. But it will not do to look back, and if the present opportunity is slip'd, I am perswaded that twelve months more will Increase our difficulties fourfold. I shall therefore take the freedom of giving it as my opinion, that a good Bounty be immediately offered, aided by the proffer of at least 100, or 150 Acres of Land and a suit of Cloaths and Blankt, to each non-Comd. Officer and Soldier; as I have good authority for saying, that however high the Men's pay may appear, it is barely sufficient in the present scarcity and dearness of all kinds of goods, to keep them in Cloaths, much less afford support to their Families. If this encouragement then is given to the Men, and such Pay allowed the Officers as will induce Gentlemen of Character and liberal Sentiments to engage; and proper care and precaution are used in the nomination (having more regard to the Characters of Persons, than the Number of Men they can Inlist) we should in a little time have an Army able to cope with any that can be opposed to it, as there are excellent Materials to form one out of: but while the only merit an Officer possesses is his ability to raise Men; while those Men consider, and treat him as an equal; and (in the Character of an Officer) regard him no more than a broomstick, being mixed together as one common herd; no order, nor no discipline can prevail; nor will the Officer ever meet with that respect which is essentially necessary to due subordination.26
[Note 26: "To attempt to introduce discipline and subordination into a new army must always be a work of much difficulty, but where the principles of democracy so universally prevail, where so great an equality and so thorough a levelling spirit predominates, either no discipline can be established, or he who attempts it must become odious and detestable, a position which no one will choose. It is impossible for any one to have an idea of the complete equality which exists between the officers and men who composed the greater part of our troops."-- Joseph Reed to Esther Reed ( his wife), Oct. 11, 1776.]
To place any dependance upon Militia, is, assuredly, resting upon a broken staff. Men just dragged from the tender Scenes of domestick life; unaccustomed to the din of Arms; totally unacquainted with every kind of Military skill, which being followed by a want of confidence in themselves, when opposed to Troops regularly train'd, disciplined, and appointed, superior in knowledge, and superior in Arms, makes them timid, and ready to fly from their own shadows. Besides, the sudden change in their manner of living, (particularly in the lodging) brings on sickness in many; impatience in all, and such an unconquerable desire of returning to their respective homes that it not only produces shameful, and scandalous Desertions among themselves, but infuses the like spirit in others. Again, Men accustomed to unbounded freedom, and no controul, cannot not brook the Restraint which is indispensably necessary to the good order and Government of an Army; without which, licentiousness, and every kind of disorder triumpantly reign. To bring Men to a proper degree of Subordination, is not the work of a day, a Month or even a year; and unhappily for us, and the cause we are Engaged in, the little discipline I have been labouring to establish in the Army under my immediate Command, is in a manner done away by having such a mixture of Troops as have been called together within these few Months.
Relaxed, and unfit, as our Rules and Regulations of War are, for the Government of an Army, the Militia (those properly so called, for of these we have two sorts, the Six Months Men and those sent in as a temporary aid) do not think themselves subject to 'em, and therefore take liberties, which the Soldier is punished for; this creates jealousy; jealousy begets dissatisfaction, and these by degrees ripen into Mutiny; keeping the whole Army in a confused, and disordered State; rendering the time of those who wish to see regularity and good Order prevail more unhappy than Words can describe. Besides this, such repeated changes take place, that all arrangement is set at nought, and the constant fluctuation of things, deranges every plan, as fast as adopted.
These Sir, Congress may be assured, are but a small part of the Inconveniences which might be enumerated and attributed to Militia; but there is one that merits particular attention, and that is the expence. Certain I am, that it would be cheaper to keep 50, or 100,000 Men in constant pay than to depend upon half the number, and supply the other half occasionally by Militia. The time the latter is in pay before and after they are in Camp, assembling and Marching; the waste of Ammunition; the consumption of Stores, which in spite of every Resolution, and requisition of Congress they must be furnished with, or sent home, added to other incidental expences consequent upon their coming, and conduct in Camp, surpasses all Idea, and destroys every kind of regularity and oeconomy which you could establish among fixed and Settled Troops; and will, in my opinion prove (if the scheme is adhered to) the Ruin of our Cause.
The Jealousies of a standing Army, and the Evils to be apprehended from one, are remote; and in my judgment, situated and circumstanced as we are, not at all to be dreaded; but the consequence of wanting one, according to my Ideas, formed from the present view of things, is certain, and inevitable Ruin; for if I was called upon to declare upon Oath, whether the Militia have been most serviceable or hurtful upon the whole; I should subscribe to the latter. I do not mean by this however to arraign the Conduct of Congress, in so doing I should equally condemn my own measures, (if I did not my judgment); but experience, which is the best criterion to work by, so fully, clearly, and decisively reprobates the practice of trusting to Militia, that no Man who regards order, regularity, and oeconomy; or who has any regard for his own honour, Character, or peace of Mind, will risk them upon this Issue.27
[Note 27: Congress had, before this letter reached it, resolved (September 16) on a bounty of $20 and 100 acres of land to each noncommissioned officer and private soldier; the commissioned officers were to receive bounties in land only, scaled according to rank, September 20 Congress resolved to raise a new army and provided for supplies, etc. In transmitting these resolves to the States, President Hancock made liberal use of this Washington letter, sometimes copying whole sentences verbatim. Ford quotes General Greene's letter of September 28 as more outspoken in opinion of where the blame should rest. "The policy of Congress has been the most absurd and ridiculous imaginable, pouring in militia-men who come and go every month. A military force established upon such principles defeats itself....The Congress goes upon a penurious plan. The present pay of the officers will not support them, and it is generally determined by the best officers to quit the service, unless a more adequate provision is made for their support. The present establishment is not thought reputable. The Congress have never furnished the men voted by near one half, certainly by above a third. Had we numbers we need not have retreated from Long Island or New York....We must have an army to meet the enemy everywhere, to act offensively as well as defensively. Our soldiers are as good as ever were; and were the officers half as good as the men, they would beat any army on the globe of equal numbers."
In a letter to General Gates (October 14),General Lee expressed his opinion of Congress and of the army in a laconic but characteristic manner. "I write this scrawl," he says, "in a hurry. Colonel Wood will describe the position of our army, which, in my own breast, I do not approve. Inter nos Congress seem to stumble at every step. I have been very free in delivering my opinion to them. General Washington is much to blame in not menacing them with resignation, unless they refrain from unhinging the army by their absurd interference."]
No less attention should be paid to the choice of Surgeons than other Officers of the Army; they should undergo a regular examination; and if not appointed by the Director Genl. and Surgeons of the Hospital, they ought to be subordinate to, and governed by his directions; the Regimental Surgeons I am speaking of, many of whom are very great Rascals, countenancing the Men in sham Complaints to exempt them from duty, and often receiving Bribes to Certifie Indispositions, with a view to procure discharges or Furloughs; but independant of these practices, while they are considered as unconnected with the Genl. Hospital there will be nothing but continual Complaints of each other: The Director of the Hospital charging them with enormity in their drafts for the Sick; and they him, for denying such things as are necessary. In short, there is a constant bickering among them, which tends greatly to the Injury of the Sick; and will always subsist till the Regimental Surgeons are made to look up to the Director Genl. of the Hospital as a Superior. Whether this is the case in regular Armies, or not, I cannot undertake to say; but certain I am there is a necessity for it in this, or the Sick will suffer; the Regimental Surgeons are aiming, I am persuaded, to break up the Genl. Hospital, and have, in numberless Instances, drawn for Medic'roes, Stores &ca. in the most profuse and extravagant manner, for private purposes.28
[Note 28: On receiving this letter (September 30) a resolution was passed by Congress requesting the several States to appoint skillful surgeons and physicians to examine the surgeons and surgeons' mates who offered themselves to serve in the army or navy, and declaring that no commission should be issued to any who should not produce a certificate from such examiners that they were qualified for the duties of their office.]
Another matter highly worthy of attention, is, that other Rules and Regulation's may be adopted for the Government of the Army than those now in existence, otherwise the Army, but for the name, might as well be disbanded. For the most attrocious offences, (one or two Instances only excepted) a Man receives no more than 39 Lashes; and these perhaps (thro' the collusion of the Officer who is to see it inflicted), are given in such a manner as to become rather a matter of sport than punishment; but when inflicted as they ought, many hardend fellows who have been the Subjects, have declared that for a bottle of Rum they would undergo a Second operation; it is evident therefore that this punishment is inadequate to many Crimes it is assigned to, as a proof of it, thirty and 40 Soldiers will desert at a time; and of late, a practice prevails, (as you will see by my Letter of the 22d) of the most alarming nature; and which will, if it cannot be checked, prove fatal both to the Country and Army; I mean the infamous practice of Plundering, for under the Idea of Tory property, or property which may fall into the hands of the Enemy, no Man is secure in his effects, and scarcely in his Person; for in order to get at them, we have several Instances of People being frightned out of their Houses under pretence of those Houses being ordered to be burnt; and this is done with a view of siezing the Goods; nay, in order that the villany may be more effectually concealed, some Houses have actually been burnt to cover the theft.
I have with some others, used my utmost endeavours to stop this horrid practice, but under the present lust after plunder, and want of Laws to punish Offenders, I might almost as well attempt to remove Mount Atlas.--I have ordered instant corporal Punishment upon every Man who passes our Lines, or is seen with Plunder, that the Offenders might be punished for disobedience of Orders; and Inclose you the proceedings of a Court Martial held upon an Officer, who with a Party of Men had robbd a House a little beyond our Lines of a Number of valuable Goods; among which (to shew that nothing escapes) were four large Pier looking Glasses, Women's Cloaths, and other Articles which one would think, could be of no Earthly use to him. He was met by a Major of Brigade who ordered him to return the Goods, as taken contrary to Genl. Orders, which he not only peremptorily refused to do, but drew up his Party and swore he would defend them at the hazard of his Life; on which I ordered him to be arrested, and tryed for Plundering, Disobedience of Orders, and Mutiny; for the Remit, I refer to the Proceedings of the Court; whose judgment appeared so exceedingly extraordinary,29 that I ordered a Reconsideration of the matter, upon which, and with the Assistance of fresh evidence, they made Shift to Cashier him.
[Note 29: Washington's many difficulties in enforcing discipline in an Army which had to be handled carefully with an eye to reenlistments are pictured in the General Orders. The court decided that Ensign Matthew Macumber, of the Sixteenth Continental Infantry, was not guilty of plundering but was guilty of insubordination and disrespect to his superior officer. The sentence was that he apologize and be reprimanded before the regiment. The copy of the court's proceedings forwarded to Congress bears this note in Washington's writing: "It is to be observed that the Men who were to share the Plunder became the Evidences for the Prisoner G. W--n." (See General Orders, Sept. 22, 1776, ante.) On September 30 Congress directed that the court assign its reasons for the acquittal and that the same be forwarded to Congress. The court. however, attempted to justify its verdict in a report, dated October 7, which was forwarded to Congress by Washington on October 8.]
I adduce this Instance to give some Idea to Congress of the Currt. Sentiments and general run of the Officers which compose the present Army; and to shew how exceedingly necessary it is to be careful in the choice of the New Sett, even if it should take double the time to compleat the Levies. An Army formed of good Officers moves like Clock-Work; but there is no Situation upon Earth, less enviable, nor more distressing, than that Person's who is at the head of Troops, who are regardless of Order and discipline; and who are unprovided with almost every necessary. In a word the difficulties which have forever surrounded me since I have been in the Service, and kept my Mind constantly upon the stretch; The Wounds which my Feelings as an Officer have received by a thousand things which have happened, contrary to my expectation and Wishes; the effect of my own Conduct, and present appearance of things, so little pleasing to myself, as to render it a matter of no Surprize (to me) if I should stand capitally censured by Congress; added to a consciousness of my inability to govern an Army composed of such discordant parts, and under such a variety of intricate and perplexing circumstances; induces not only a belief, but a thorough conviction in my Mind, that it will be impossible unless there is a thorough change in our Military Systems for me to conduct matters in such a manner, as to give satisfaction to the Publick which is all the recompence I aim at, or ever wished for.30
[Note 30: On September 20 Congress appointed Roger Sherman, Elbridge Gerry, and Francis Lewis a committee to visit camp "to enquire into the State of the Army, and the best means of supplying their wants." They reached camp the 24th and conferred with the general officers the 26th and 27th. Their report was rendered October 3. In the Washington Papers are 12 "Queries to be made at Head Quarters" with answers to the first two in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, which established the strength needed for the Army at 40,000, exclusive of the Flying Camp. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 3, 8, and 9, 1776.) The committee recommended that Brig. Gen. Thomas Mifflin should replace Col. Stephen Moylan at the head of the Quartermaster Department.]
Before I conclude I must apologize for the liberties taken in this Letter and for the blots and scratchings therein, not having time to give it more correctly. With truth I can add, that with every Sentiment of respect and esteem. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 25, 1776.
Sir: Having wrote you fully on sundry important subjects this Morning, as you will perceive by the Letter which accompanies this, I mean principally now to inclose a Copy of a Letter, received from General Howe on Sunday Evening, with the lists of the Prisoners in his hands and of those in our possession belonging to the Army immediately under his command, and of my Answer, which were omitted to be put in the other.
His letter will discover to Congress his refusal to exchange Lord Stirling for Mr. McDonald, considering the latter, only as a Major. They will be pleased to determine how he is to be ranked in future.
The Number of Prisoners according to these returns, is greater than what we expected. However I am inclined to believe, that among those in the list from Long Island are several Militia of General Woodhull's party, who were never arranged in this Army. As to those taken on the 15th, they greatly exceed the number that I supposed fell into their hands in the retreat from the City. At the time that I transmitted an Account of that affair, I had not obtained returns and took the matter upon the Officers Reports. They are difficult to get with certainty at any time. In the skirmish of Monday sennight, they could not have taken but very few. Before I conclude, I shall take occasion to mention, that these returns, made with such precision, and the difficulty that will attend the proposed exchange on account of the dispersed and scattered state of the prisoners, in our hands, will clearly evince the necessity of appointing Commissarys and proper persons to superintend and conduct in such instances.31 This I took the liberty of urging more than once, as well on Account of the propriety of the measure and the saving that would have resulted from it, as that the Prisoners might be treated with humanity and have their wants particularly attended to.
[Note 31: On October 7 Congress resolved that a commissary of prisoners be appointed in each of the states and that the respective States make the appointments.]
I would also observe, as I esteem it my duty, that this Army is in want of almost every necessary: Tents, Camp Kettles, Blanketts and Clothes of all kinds; But what is to be done with respect to the two last Articles I know not, as the Term of Inlistment will be nearly expired by the time they can be provided. This may be exhibited as a further proof of the disadvantage advantage attending the levying of an Army upon such a footing, as never to know how to keep them without injuring the Public, or incommoding the Men.
I have directed the Colonel or Commanding Officer of each Corps, to use his endeavours to procure such Cloathing as are absolutely necessary, but at the same time I confess that I do not know how they are to be got. I have the Honor etc.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 25, 1776.
Parole Cumberland. Countersign Pitt.
Col. Sergeant is to send to the Provost Guard the Soldiers, who were with Ensign McCrumber, and charged with plundering at Harlem.
The Brigadiers who are in want of tents for their Brigades, are to meet at the Quarter Master General's this Afternoon, four O'Clock, and divide such as are on hand among them.
Such Regiments of Militia, as have returned, to the Quarter Master General, the Articles belonging to the public they have received; and to their respective Brigadiers, the Ammunition they have drawn, of which they are first to produce Certificates, are discharged, and may return home, as soon as they think proper.
The General hopes the commanding Officers, and all others, of those Regiments, will take care that no other Men mix with them when going off-and that particular Care be taken, that no Horses be carried away by the men, but what are certainly and properly employed in that service.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 26, 1776.
Parole Halifax. Countersign Georgia.
The Court Martial of which Col Magaw is President, having found that Lieut. Stewart33 struck Serjeant Philips,34 but that he was provoked so to do by the latter, and acquitted him of "threatening the life of Col Silliman"--
[Note 33: Lieut. John Steward (Stewart), of Thomas's Independent Maryland company.]
[Note 34: Sergt. William Phelps (Philips), of Silliman's Connecticut State regiment.]
The General approves the sentence, and orders Lieut. Stewart to be discharged from his arrest.
The same Court Martial having tried and convicted Lieut. Danl. Pelton, of Col Ritzema's Regiment, of leaving Camp, two days, and being absent without leave, the Court orders him to be mulcted of one Months pay--The General approves the Sentence, and directs that care be taken accordingly in the next Pay-Abstract.
Serjt. Philips of Capt. Hubbels Company, and Col Silliman's Regiment, tried by the same Court Martial for "Cowardice and leaving his party on the 17th. Instant," was acquitted; the General approves the sentence and orders him discharged.
The Regiments of Militia which composed the Brigades commanded by Cols. Douglas and Silliman, being dismissed; those Regiments are to join their former brigades.
Courts-Martial for the trial of Desertion, and other Crimes, not capital, are immediately to be formed in the several Brigades, and the sentences, when approved by the Brigadier, immediately executed.
Col Magaw being necessarily detained from the Court Martial, Col Ewing is to preside during his absence.
The General expects, and insists, that all the plunder, and other things, found in consequence of the examination lately made, be sent immediately to the White House, on the Road near Head Quarters, delivered to the Captain of the Guard to be deposited there, 'till farther Orders-Colonels, and commanding Officers of Regiments are to see that it is done immediately.
The officer commanding the Rangers may give passes to any of his own parties, but to none others.
Upon any Alarm, or Approach of the Enemy towards our lines, Genl. Mifflin, with his Brigade, is to possess our left-flank from the hollow-way, by Col Sergeant's late Encampment, to the point of Rocks, on the left-front of our lines; and 'till the Regiment commanded by Col. Weedon is brigaded, is to be joined by the same--Genl. McDougall's Brigade is to repair to the plains back of Genl. Mifflin, and be ready to support him or the picquet in the front as occasion may require--Genl. Bell's Brigade is to repair to the lines which cross the road by Col Moylan's lodging, and to extend their right-flank to the middle Redoubt by Mr. Kartright's house, occupying the same--Genl Wadsworth and Fellows are to take the remaining part of these lines, with the Redoubt therein on the North River--These three Brigades to defend these lines, or wait there for Orders--Genl. Heard's is to parade, and be ready to march wherever ordered--Genl. Putnam is to command in front of the lines by Mr. Kartright's--Genl. Spencer in the Rear of them.
Colonel Morris's at Harlem, September 26, 1776.
Dear Sir: If the Troops at this Post, can be prevailed upon to defend it as they should do, it must cost General Howe a great many Men to carry it, if he succeeds at all. If this should happen to be his Opinion there is scarce a doubt but that he will turn his thoughts another way, as inactivity is not to be expected from him. Whither his Operations may be directed is uncertain, perhaps an irruption into the Jerseys. Possibly he may bend his course towards Philadela. (for I conceive that 2000 Men with the Assistance of their Shipping will effectually preserve serve New York against our whole Strength,) Or which in my Judgment is exceedingly probable, knowing that the Troops are drawn off from the Southern Colonies, he may detach a part of the Army to the Southward, for a Winter's Campaign, as was recommended to him last Fall by Lord Dunmore.35
[Note 35: Ford quotes two letters, written from New York City on September 26 and 28: "On the 23d Gen. Howe left this garrison 4,000 strong under the command of Gen. Robinson, and made a feint as if he intended attacking the rebels at King's Bridge with the main body of the army; previous measures had been taken to embark two squadrons, which was so privately done, that even the troops who were immediately engaged knew not their destination till they were landed at Perth Amboy, which they took without opposition, together with 500 prisoners."
"The army have, for these last two days, been under orders to hold themselves in readiness to march, but whither no one knows; some think it is to King's Bridge, while others think it is intended to cross the North River, and proceed through the Jerseys towards Philadelphia."]
In either of these Cases, it behoves us to keep the best look out, and to obtain the earliest intelligence possible of the Enemy's motions, and as it is now the current Opinion, that the Shipping are greatly thinned, I earnestly recommend to you the Necessity of having Sensible and Judicious Persons in different places to observe the movements of the Shipping, among others at the Neversinks, for if they should send out a fleet without our giving notice of it to Congress we shall be thought exceedingly remiss. In short, I intreat you to exert your best endeavours to obtain every useful Intelligence you possibly can of the Enemy's motions by Sea and Land, in doing this Money may be required, and do not spare it. Communicate everything of Importance to me with dispatch and be assured that I am, etc.
Harlem Heights, September 26, 1776.
Sir: Your favor of the 20th. Inst. is duly received. The Several Regiments of Militia from Connecticut, lately Commanded by Genl. Wolcot, being reduced to almost nothing; one having returned under twenty and another short of thirty effective Men; they were yesterday discharged. I am full in Opinion with you, that some severe Examples ought to be made of the late deserters; for a Return of their Names, I must refer you to the Several Commanding Officers of the different Regiments. I hope these under Brigadier Saltonstall, may shew a better Spirit.
A proposal for an immediate exchange of Prisoners has been made by General Howe, agreeable to the Resolve of Congress. I am to request a return, as soon as possible, of all those in Connecticut, mentioning their Names and Ranks of all Commissioned Officers, and distinguishing particularly between those of the Army and Navy, as well privates as Officers. It appears to me, their being Marched to some Convenient Post and Coming by Water, will be much the most Convenient; at least it must save expence and will prevent their having a View of the different Towns and their Situations on the Sea Coasts. your Sentiments on the Subject, together with the return of the Prisoners, as early as possible, will much Oblige me. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 27, 1776.
Dear Sir: I Yesterday received your favor of the 23rd. Instant, the Nails wanted by General Gates cannot be sent from hence, our own demands being great and pressing and supplies but small.
In respect to building Barracks in the Town of Schenectady; if they are necessary, I suppose it must be done, however, I do not apprehend I have any power to give directions in the Case, nor do I mean to do it, you had better mention the matter to Congress and have their Opinion and Determination upon it.
A paper, of which the inclosed is a Copy, came to my Hands Yesterday Morning. This Account makes the Enemy's Force in Canada greater than what we supposed it to be, their Naval Force on the Lakes to surpass any thing we had an Idea of. The person who communicated it is not known, he however I believe is among those sent from Canada by Genl. Carleton and who have lately arrived at New York. I am in hopes it is a good deal exaggerated. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 27, 1776.
Sir: I have nothing in particular to communicate to Congress by this days post, as our situation is the same as when I last wrote.
We are now sitting on the business the Committee came upon, which it is probable will be finished this Evening, the result they will duly report, upon their return.
I received Yesterday the inclosed Declaration by a Gentleman from Eliza. Town, who told me, many Copies were found in the possession of the Soldiers from Canada, that were landed there a day or two ago by General Howe's permission. I shall not comment upon it. It seems to be founded on the plan that has been artfully pursued for some time past.36 I have &ca.
[Note 36: A broadside of Howe's declaration of September 19.]
P.S. The Account of the Troops &ca. in Canada comes from a person among the Prisoners sent from Canada. It was Anonymous, nor do I know the Intelligencer; according to him, the Enemy in that Quarter are stronger than we supposed and their Naval force much greater on the Lakes than we had any Ideas of.37 I trust he has taken the matter upon the Enemy's report.38
[Note 37: A copy of this estimate of the British strength in Canada was also sent to Schuyler on September 27.]
[Note 38: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 27, 1776.
Parole Hampton. Countersign Walton.
Lieut. Drake39 of Col Philip's Regt., tried by a Court Martial, whereof Col Ewing was President for "Leaving the Regiment without permission of his commanding Officer, and being absent twenty days"--was acquitted.
[Note 39: Lieut. Henry Drake, of Phillips's New Jersey militia.]
The General approves the Sentence and orders him to be discharged.
The Returns are expected to morrow at Orderly time, which the Brigade Majors and Adjutants would do well to attend to.
The General is not more surprised than vexed, to find, that in spite of all his care to prevent unnecessary firing, and waste of Ammunition, that every afternoon produces fresh instances of the shameful discharge of Muskets, when there has been no rain to wet, or otherwise injure the loads--He now positively orders that there shall be no firing, without leave from the Brigadier of the Brigade, the men belong to; who are to inquire minutely into the necessity of the case, and whether the Pieces cannot be drawn without--The General also directs, that none but the Out-Sentries, shall ever have their Musquets loaded; and if those would be watchful, and vigilant on their posts, they need not load till occasion should require it.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 28, 1776.
Parole Stamford. Countersign Rye.
Mr. Finn Wadsworth is appointed Major of Brigade to Genl. Wadsworth.
William Higgins of Capt. Hamilton's Company of the Artillery convicted by a General Court Martial whereof Col Weedon is President of "Plundering and stealing"--ordered to be whipped Thirty-nine lashes.
The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be executed to morrow morning at the usual time and place.
A number of the new Rules and Regulations of the Army having come to hand, the several Brigades Major are to receive their proportion, and deliver them to commanding Officers of the several Regiments, who are immediately to cause them to be read to their Regiments, and made known to both Officers and Men so that there may be no pretence of ignorance.
It is with great Concern the General finds, that so many excuses are made by Field Officers, and others, when ordered on duty, especially on Picquet--By this means, active and willing Officers are discouraged--He hopes triffling Reasons and slight Complaints will not be urged to avoid duty when the utmost Vigilance and Care is necessary.
The General has also, in riding thro' the Camps, observed, a shameful waste of provision; large pieces of fine Beef not only thrown away, but left above ground to putrify--While such practices continue, troops will be sickly--The Colonels or commanding Officers of Regiments, who have not done it, are immediately to appoint Camp-Colour-Men; and Officers who have spirit and zeal will see that all such Nuisances are removed--Some of the Camps nearest to Head Quarters are very faulty in this respect and will be pointed out in General Orders, if there is not a Reformation.
Stephen Moylan Esqr. having resigned his Office of Quarter Master General--Brigadier General Mifflin is appointed thereto 'till the pleasure of Congress is known.
The Quarter Master General will deliver to Genl. Spencer's order, such tents as are wanting for the Regiments in Wads worth's and Fellows's Brigades.
That the approach of the Enemy to the front of our lines may be communicated as speedily as possible--Two Field Pieces are to be fired by Order of the Brigadier of the day, at the Redoubt on the road by Col Moylan's--This to be repeated by two others at Head Quarters, and the like number at Mount-Washington.
Col Shee is to take charge of Genl Mifflin's Brigade till fur ther Orders.
Genl. Saltanstall is to order in four of the Militia Regiments, under his command, who are to encamp on the hill opposite to Fort-Washington, towards the point opposite to the Encampment on the other side Harlem River.
The General desires that the several Works, in which we are now engaged may be advanced as fast as possible, as it is essentially necessary.
In future, when an Officer is ordered on duty, and through Illness, or any other private Reason, cannot attend, he is to pro cure one of equal Rank, to do the duty for him, unless some extraordinary reason, should occasion an application to Head Quarters; otherwise a regular Roster can never be kept.
The Brigade Majors are to furnish the Chief Engineer, with a detail of the men, from their respective Brigades, ordered for fatigue--this is to be left at his Office near Head-Quarters, and when any alteration is made, they are to give him a new detail.
Major Bicker40 is ordered to attend the Works and be excused from other duty.
[Note 40: Maj. Henry Bicker, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment Oct. 25, 1776; promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment Dec. 5, 1776; colonel of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment June 6, 1777; retired July 1, 1778.]
Any Soldier detected in cutting any Abbatis, without Orders from the Chief Engineer, is to be sent to the Provost-Guard, and tried by a General Court Martial.--Officers are desired to put a Stop to so dangerous a practice immediately.
Fatigue Men are to breakfast before they go to Parade, No man to be allowed to return hereafter to his Tent or Quarters on this account.
The building up Tents with Boards, is a practice peculiar to this Army, and in our present situation cannot be indulged, without the greatest Injury to the service--The Boards brought into Camp are for Floors to the Tents, and officers will do well, immediately to prevent their being applied to any other use.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 28, 1776.
Sir: Being about to cross the North River this morning, in order to view the posts opposite [Mount Washington] and the grounds between that and Powles Hook, I shall not add much more, than that I have been honored with your favor of the 24th: and its several inclosures and that since my Letter of Yesterday no important event has taken place.41
[Note 41: Before September 23 General Greene had been placed in command on the Jersey side of the North River. The Flying Camp, under General Mercer, was stationed in detachments at Newark Ferry, Elizabethtown, Woodbridge, and Amboy; each detachment was supported by two pieces of artillery, except that at Amboy, where there was four pieces and over 1,700 men.]
As Col: Hugh Stephenson of the Rifle Regiment ordered lately to be raised, is dead, according to the information I have received, I would beg leave to recommend to the particular notice of Congress, Captain Daniel Morgan, just returned among the Prisoners from Canada, as a fit and proper person to succeed to the vacancy occasioned by his Death. The present Field Officers of the Regiment cannot claim any right in preference to him, because he ranked above them as a Captain when he first entered the service; His Conduct as an Officer on the expedition with General Arnold last fall, his intrepid behavior in the Assault on Quebec when the brave Montgomery fell;--the inflexible attachment he professed to our Cause during his imprisonment and which he perseveres in; added to these his residence in the place Col: Stevenson came from and his Interest and influence in the same circle and with such men as are to compose such a Regiment; all in my Opinion entitle him to the favor of Congress, and lead me to believe, that in his promotion, the States will gain a good and valuable Officer for the sort of Troops he is particularly recommended to command.
Should Congress be pleased to appoint Capt. Morgan in the instance I have mentioned, I would still beg leave to suggest the propriety and necessity of keeping the matter close and not suffering it to transpire, until he is exonerated from the parole he is under. His acceptance of a commission under his present circumstances, might be construed a violation of his Engagement, and if not, the difficulty attending his exchange might be increased: The Enemy perhaps would consider him as a Field Officer, of which we have but very few in our hands and none that I recollect of that rank.42 I have &ca.43
[Note 42: Congress commissioned Morgan colonel of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment on Nov. 12, 1776, but he was not exchanged until 1777. He joined the Army at Morris town, N.J., late in March; was appointed brigadier general Oct. 13, 1780; was thanked and presented with a medal by Congress Mar. 9, 1781, for his victory at Cowpens, S.C., on January 17 of that year.]
[Note 43: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the draft but are not in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, September 29, 1776.
Sir: I have been favored with a Letter from his Excellency General Howe of the 21st. instant on the Subject of an Ex change of Prisoners both Officers and Privates. To carry this into Execution it is necessary that the Numbers on both Sides should be exactly ascertained; in order to determine this, General Howe sent me a List of the Officers and Privates of the 42d and 71st. Regimts. of which the inclosed is a Copy. But adds "it is not so correct as I could wish having received no regular Returns of the 42d. and 71st. Regiments taken this year, but beg leave to refer you to Lt. Col: Campbell of the 71st. to rectify any omissions that may be"; I have therefore to desire, that you would as soon as possible make the proper additions or Alterations and return the same to me. I am Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 29, 1776.
Gentn.: Genl. Howe having signified to me, a desire of making a general exchange of Prisoners, both Officers and Privates; it becomes necessary to have an exact return of the numbers in our possession.--You will therefore be pleased, to have all the Continental Prisoners of War (belonging to the land Service) in the different Towns in your State, collected and brought together to some convenient place, from whence they may be removed hither when a Cartel is fully settled. When they are collected, you will please to have made out, and transmit to me, an exact return of the names of the Commissioned and Staff Officers, their Ranks and the Corps to which they belong; the names of the Non Commissioned and privates need not be mentioned, their Numbers will be Sufficient. As it will be more convenient to send them by Water than by land, which may always be safely effected, by means of a Flag; I think you had better order the Prisoners to some place contiguous to a Port, there to remain till you hear further from me. As I apprehend the Number of Prisoners in the State of New hampshire to be too small to make up a freight for a Vessel; I have directed, if that should be the Case, that they would be sent to your State, that they may come forward with your Prisoners. you will be pleased to forward the Inclosed to Lieut. Colo Campbell of the 71st Regt. I am not certain where he is stationed, but think it is at Reading. I have the Honor to be etc.
P.S. Be pleased also to make a return of the Prisoners be longing to the British Navy, with the names and Ranks of the Officers. Inclosed you have a Letter from Capt Campbell44 of the 71st Regt. to me; as he seems to acknowledge his Error and promises a more circumspect behaviour in future, I could wish you would consider his Case, and if you think proper admit him to his parole again.45
[Note 44: Capt. Patrick(?) Campbell.]
[Note 45: Practically the same letter was sent to the Legislature of New Hampshire.]
[Note 46: Of Rhode Island.]
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, September 29, 1776.
Sir: I have been honored with your two favors of the 14th and 23d Inst.; and am to return you my thanks for the Measures you have taken, to forward the two Continental Battalions, from your State. In respect to the Exchange of the Persons you mention, I apprehend it Cannot be effected, till a general one takes place. This I am trying to carry into execution as well with the Naval, as the Land Service; and, therefore, must re quest the favor of your State, to make out and transmit me a Return, as soon as possible, of all Continental Prisoners in their hands; distinguishing the names and Ranks of the Commissioned and Staff Officers, and the Corps to which they belong, and the Number of non Commissioned and Privates; observing the same Rule in regard to those in the Sea Service. It will be well to have the whole Collected at one or two Convenient places, in order that they may be sent forward, as soon as the Plan is properly digested, of which I shall advise you, as soon as I obtain the Return.
I have wrote to the other Eastern States upon the same Subject; and to me it appears, that the Prisoners with you had better join those in Connecticut, that they may come together. I would recommend your writing to Governor Trumbull, for Information where their Prisoners are to be Assembled, and for his Sentiments in this Instance. It also seems advisable, that they should come by water rather than by land; but of this you will have due Notice, as I mean to Settle upon some regular Mode with the Admiral, and General Howe, against the time I am furnished with the Returns of the States. I have the honor to be, etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 29, 1776.
Parole Fairfield. Countersign Leyden.
Ensigns Fosdick and Chipman47 of Col Webb's Regiment but lately in a Detachment of Rangers under Capt. Holmes,48 having been tried by a General Court Martial whereof Col Weedon was President for "Abusive language to their officers--
[Note 47: Ensigns Thomas Fosdick and Benoni Chipman.]
[Note 48: Capt. Thomas(?) Holmes.] Mutiny and Disobedience of orders"--They are convicted of giving abusive language to their Officers, and ordered to be reprimanded for their Conduct, before the officers of Col Webb's Regiment.
The General approves the sentence and orders them to join their Regiment, that it may be carried into execution.
As there is the greatest appearance of bad Weather, the General directs and begs that the Officers would have a special Care of the Arms and Ammunition, wherever their is a convenient Cover for either--Bell-Tents, or pointed Tents to have the Arms and Ammunition put into them.
He also directs that the several Brigades as soon as the Weather admits, be marched down to their Alarm Posts, as fixed in the Orders of the 26th. that the troops may know how to repair to them and defend them to the best advantage--And that this be repeated, until both Officers and Men, are well acquainted with the ground and the posts.
From some discoveries made yesterday, there is reason to think, the Enemy meditate a speedy and general Attack; it is therefore of great consequence, that we should be well prepar'd in all respects to meet it.
A Court Martial consisting of the following Members, are to meet to morrow at ten O'Clock, at the White House near Head Quarters, for the Trial of Capt. Weisner49 and Capt. Scott for "Cowardice and Misbehaviour in the Attack made upon Montresor's Island on the morning of the 23rd. Instant"
[Note 49: Capt. John Wisner.]
Brigadier Genl. [Rezin Beall] President.
Col [Robert] Magaw, Col [Silas] Newcomb, Lt. Col. [Daniel] Brodhead, Major [Ezra] Putnam, Major [Edward] Mott, Capt. [Ebenezer] Winship, Col [Jonathan] Holman, Lt Col [Lambert] Cadwallader, Lt. Col [Giles] Russell, Major [William] Hopewell, Capt. [John] Beatty, Capt. [ ... ] Gillet, Members.50
[Note 50: The court assembled (September 30), but with Capt. Alexander Graydon, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment, and Capt, Christopher Smart, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, as additional members, apparently in place of Lieutenant Colonel Brodhead and Captain Gillet. Col. Jonathan Holman was not a member. The proceedings are entirely concerned with Wisner, and the record ignores Scott. The sentence was that Wisner, of Nicolls's New York levies, be cashiered. Washington was astounded and informed the court, through Adjutant General Reed, that the verdict for such an offense should have been either death or acquittal. The letter of the court to Adjutant General Reed, justifying the verdict, is signed by all the court and does not allude to Capt. John Budd Scott, of the Second New Jersey Regiment, who is noted in Heitman's Register as having been cashiered November 2 and gone over to the British shortly thereafter. The letter of the court, dated Oct. 6, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
All Evidences are directed to be punctual in their attendance.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 30, 1776.
Parole Norfolk. Countersign York.
The movements of the Enemy indicating a speedy Attack, the officers of the several Regiments, of all Ranks, are to be very attentive to the state of the Arms and Ammunition of their respective regiments, and to be particularly alert in Case of Alarm.
The Order of yesterday, with respect to the Troops marching to their Alarm Posts, and making themselves acquainted with the Guard, is to be carried into execution immediately.
Ammunition Boxes in each Regiment, not having Ammunition in them, are to be collected that they may be filled Commanding Officers of Regiments will send them to their respective Brigadier's Quarters immediately.
All the Troops are every Morning to be under Arms a little before break of day--and continue 'till Sun-rise, when they may be dismissed--As the preservation of our Country may depend very much on a strict obedience to this Order, it is hoped that commanding Officers of Brigades and Regiments will pay a special attention to it.
A working party of 1200 Men, exclusive of those at Mount Washington, to parade at the usual place, at seven OClock in the morning, properly officered, for the Engineer's department--Fellows's and Wadsworth's Brigades to take their tools at Quarter Master Stone's quarters, nigh to Genl. Spencer's quarters. Major Clift and Capt. Parsons51 will attend them. Col Weedon's Regt. will take their Orders from Lt. Col. Mar shall.52 The Overseers of the works will attend at the Engineer's Office every morning, to receive their Orders and parties. The number of fatigue men not to be lessened till further orders. The Engineer must have a list of the several Brigades, and the number of men they furnish for the works, or he never can proportion the men to the works in a proper manner.
[Note 51: Maj. Waterman Clift, of Selden's Connecticut regiment, and Capt. Hezekiah Parsons, of Sage's Connecticut regiment.]
[Note 52: Lieut. Col. Thomas Marshall, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to colonel Feb. 21, 1777; resigned on December 4; reentered the service, and was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., May 12, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 30, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you last, nothing of importance has transpired, tho' from some Movements Yesterday on the part of the Enemy, it would seem as if some thing was Intended.
The inclosed memorial from Lieut. Colonel Shephard53 of the 4th. Regiment, I beg leave to submit to the consideration of Congress and shall only add, that I could wish they would pro mote him to the command of the Regiment and send him a commission, being a good and valuable officer, and especially as the vacancy is of a pretty long standing and I have not had
[Note 53: Lieut. Col. William Shepard (Shephard, Shepherd, Sheperd), of the Third Continental Infantry. He was promoted to colonel Jan. 1, 1777, to rank from May 4, 1776; retired Jan. 1, 1783.] nor has he any intelligence from Colo. Learned54 himself, who had the command and who obtained a discharge on account of his indisposition, of his design to return. I have also inclosed a Letter from Captain Ballard,55 which Congress will please to determine on, the Subject being new and not within my Authority. I have &ca.
[Note 54: Col. Ebenezer Learned, of the Third Continental Infantry.]
[Note 55: Capt. Robert Ballard, of the First Virginia Regiment. He became a major, then lieutenant colonel, and finally resigned July 4, 1779. His letter, dated Sept. 26, 1776, requesting leave to resign, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
P. S: A Commission was sent for Col: Learned which is now in my hands, having received no application or heard from him since it came.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, September 30, 1776.
Gentlemen: Having considered the inclosed Memorial,57 which you were pleased to transmit for my advice thereon, I beg leave to inform you, that in my Opinion, the service will be most advanced in general cases, by directing promotions in a Regimental line. However, I should think this had better be practised than Resolved on; always exercising a right of promotion on Account of extraordinary Merit, or preventing a succession to Office where it is wanting, and the person claiming unfit for it. I have the Honor to be etc.
[Note 57: From the second lieutenants of the First Virginia Regiment. The memorial was dated April 14, is unsigned, and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, September 30, 1776.
Sir: Having received authentic advices from Long Island, that the Enemy are recruiting a great number of Men with much success, and Collecting large Quantities of Stock throughout the Island for their Support; I have directed Brigadier Genl Clinton forthwith to repair to Fairfield to meet Genl. Lincoln, on his march hither with a part of the Troops lately Voted by the Massachusetts State, to reinforce this Army; in order to concert with him an expedition to the Island, to check and sup press, if possible, a practice so injurious and detrimental to our Cause. These Gentn. will wait on you for your advice in the Matter, if time and the Situation of things will admit of it, and with a view of obtaining such Aid as you and they may judge necessary to facilitate the Enterprize. However, if it should not be in their Power, personally, to attend you, I must take the Liberty of requesting your good offices upon this Occasion, and that you will afford them every Assistance that you conveniently can and they may require, either in Men, Vessels, &c. for carrying their Scheme into execution.
It is absolutely necessary, that the Measures of the Enemy should be effectually counteracted in this Instance, or, in a little time, they will levy no inconsiderable Army of our own People. The influence of their Money and their artifices have already passed the Sound, and several have been detected of late, who had enlisted to serve under their banner and the particular Command of Major Rogers.58
[Note 58: Maj. Robert Rogers.]
Being in haste, and having the fullest confidence that your favors will not be wanting in this Instance, I have only time to add, that, I have the honor to be &ca.
Head Quarters, September 30, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 20th. and 25th., with their several inclosures I received this Morning. The Letters for Congress, with the rest of the papers, I shall transmit them by the earliest Opportunity. I cannot conceive that their Resolution of the 14th. was calculated or designed in the smallest degree to give you offence. The application for Stores had been made as a requisition from Genl. Gates, which I presume occasioned the Resolve, ordering 'em to be sent to him. Also the Words "for the use of the Northern Army," Nothing is to be inferred from them. Whenever Stores are sent to any Department, It is said always for the use of the Army there.
I am greatly obliged by the measures you have taken to pro vide us with Boards, as they are so Material and so difficult to procure. Your assurances to execute any Commands I may have Occasion to impose upon you, when out of the Military line, call for a return of my warmest acknowledgements, these I tender you and of these I beg your acceptance.
Since my Letter of the 27th., nothing of importance has occurred. Things remain nearly in the Situation they then were. Yesterday there were some small movements on the part of the Enemy, but as yet they have attempted nothing, nor have I been able to find out their design. A little time I suppose must shew what plans they mean to pursue for the remainder of the Campaign. I am &c--
[Note 62: Lincoln had been appointed a major general of Massachusetts Militia by that State in May, 1776.]
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, September 30, 1776.
Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Instt. noticing me, the forwardness of the Troops under your Command was this day handed me by Major Turner.63 On receipt of this, you'll please to Halt your Men 'till a Conference with General Clinton, who waits on to advise with you, and determine on a Secret Expedition to Long Island, which if properly conducted, I have no doubt will be attended with Success and be exceedingly beneficial to the United States. To carry into Execution the proposed plan I must request a Sufficient Number of the Militia from your State, making choice of (both Officers and Men) those which may be depended on.64 I am, etc.
[Note 63: Maj. William(?) Turner. He had been aide to Gates in 1776; later a colonel of Massachusetts Militia.]
[Note 64: Massachusetts had ordered out one-fifth of her militia to march immediately to New York, except one battalion which was ordered to Rhode Island to replace the Continental regiment withdrawn from there to New York. New Hampshire ordered out a thousand men to serve until December 1 under the command of Washington.]
P.S. You'll be pleased to return to Fairfield with General Clinton to consult on the above Subject.
Head Quarters on Harlem Heights, Col. Morris's, September 30, 1776.
Sir: Take with you Leiutt. Colo. ... 65 and proceed immediately to Fairfield, and there in Consultation with Genl.
[Note 65: Name left blank in manuscript. Force, in his American Archives, inserts the name Hurlbut, meaning Lieut. Col. John Hurlbert, of the New York Militia.] Lincoln of the Massachusetts Bay, Mr. Hobart66 of this State and Lieutt. Colo. Livingston,67 if you can meet with him, concert an Expedition to Long Island, for the purpose of Aiding the In habitants in removing or destroying the Stock, Grain &c. which must otherwise fall into the Hands of the Enemy.
[Note 66: John Sloss Hobart.]
[Note 67: Lieut. Col. Henry Beekman Livingston.]
This Expedition is to be performed under the Command of such Officers as General Lincoln and yourself may fix upon and by the Troops from Massachusetts Bay, aided by the three Continental Companies commanded by Colo. Livingston.
If there is a possibility of your seeing Governor Trumbull, without too great a delay of time, I shall much approve of your consulting him upon this Occasion previous to your Concerting any plan, but if this cannot be done conveniently, you will for ward my Letter with your reasons for not doing so, and a Request of such assistance from the State of Connecticut, as you shall find Necessary to apply for.
Dispatch is essentially necessary to the Success of such an Enterprize and Secrecy in obtaining Craft for the Transportation of the Troops across the sound, will contribute not a little towards it. Circumstances and Information must direct you to the Number of Men Necessary for such an Expedition as this, and therefore I shall not biass your Judgments by any Order or Opinion of mine upon the Occasion, but leave this matter wholly to yourselves, with earnest and best wishes for Success.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 1, 1776.
Sir: I have the Honor of your favor of the 27th Ulto. and Note the Contents. The Row Gallies belonging to your State, together with those the property of the United States, and all other Vessels, on the approach of the Men of War, ran up the North River, under cover of the Battery on Mount Washington, from whence it is now impossible to remove them. As they are now posted, they are serviceable to us, by preventing a Communication with the Ships; and keeping out Row Guards by Night, to give us timely Notice of the approach, or any movements of the Enemy. To take from them their Crew, would be rendering them entirely useless, and to rob them of their Weapons would dispirit the Men; however if it should be thought advisable, after weighing the above Circumstances to have the Crew ordered to Connecticut, or any of the Arms or other Weapons on board to be sent there your Orders shall be attended to. The situation of the Enemy's Ships is very different at this time, from what it was before the evacuation of New York. we then had the Command of a narrow Pass, communicating from the Sound to the East River, commonly called Hell Gate; which is now in their possession, two of their Ships came thro' yesterday; one I think a Transport, the other a Frigate mounting 24 Guns.
October 3.
Since the above, I am honored with yours of the 28th, inclosing the Petition from the Gentlemen sent from this State on Parole to Connecticut. They were looked upon as favourers to Govt. Tryon and the British Troops, and were removed, to prevent giving any Intelligence or otherways aiding the Enemy's of our Country. It was intended, that when the Theatre of Action was removed, they might return; but that at present is not the case, nor do I think it prudent they should be permitted to return, during our present Situation; as undoubtedly they may have it in their power, to give Information concerning your State &c. which might be prejudicial to the General good. They particularly mention in their petition, "that they were removed from Long Island into Connecticut, until such time as the Situation and State of Affairs there, should admit of their Return to their respective Families again." You will be pleased to inform them, I agree with you in sentiment, that that Period is not arrived. There is no material difference in our Situation since I last wrote you. the Enemy have nearly Compleated their Works from the North to the East River, as the Season is far advanced, we cannot reasonably expect a State of Inactivity; but should they attempt to dislodge us from our present Quarters, I am in hopes to defeat their designs and give a favorable Account to the Public of the Conduct of the Troops under my Command. I have the honor to be, etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 1, 1776.
Parole Spotswood. Countersign Gates.
The Picquet duty being too severe on the few Brigadiers who are now here; after this day, the Brigadier General of the day is not expected to lay out on picquet--He will attend on the parade, march off the Guards; see them properly posted; visit them twice in the day, and at day-break in the morning--The Colonel being the immediate commanding officer of the picquet, will be very vigilant to prevent surprise; give immediate Notice to the Brigadier, of any approach of the enemy, or other extraordinary occurrences.
James McCormick of Capt. Farrington's Company, Col Sergeant's Regiment, having been tried and convicted by a Court Martial whereof Col Lasher was President of "Desertion and Mutiny"--is ordered to suffer Death, on the 8th. and 5th. Articles of War--The General approves the sentence, and orders him to be hang'd to morrow at 11 O'Clock--The troops off duty are to be paraded on the Grand Parade at that time.
Capt. Marony, late Provost Marshal, having absented him self from Camp without leave, is suspended, and Thomas Bryan appointed in his stead--He is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
No Officer is on any pretence to leave the Camp, without per mission in writing from the Commander in Chief; one of the Major Generals, through their respective Brigadiers, or commanding officers.
The General also thinks it proper to acquaint the officers and soldiers, who have stayed and faithfully attended to their duty, that he has wrote to the respective States, to order back all officers, and soldiers, who have absented themselves with, or without leave; and that he will take the most effectual measures for the purpose. From the movements of the Enemy, and other corroborating Circumstances, to say nothing of the advanced season, and the necessity which must induce them to bring on a decisive Engagement; the General has abundant reason to believe, that an Attack may be hourly expected--He exhorts every commanding Officer therefore of Corps, to pay particular attention to the state of the Arms and Ammunition of their men; that nothing may be amiss whenever we are called upon, however sudden it may happen--At the same time he once more recommends, to every officer and soldier, the importance of the cause they are engaged in, and the necessity there is of their behaving like men, who are contending for every thing that freemen should value--He assures the whole, that it is his fixt determination to defend, the Posts we now hold, to the last extremity; and nothing but unparalelled Cowardice can occasion the loss of them, as we are superior in number, and have a better Cause to contend in, than the enemy have--He further declares, that any spirited behaviour, in Officers, or Soldiers, shall meet with its reward, at the same time that Misbehaviour and Cowardice, shall find exemplary punishment.
Every Brigadier, or Officer commanding Brigade, is hereby enjoined and ordered, to select some good officers to be in the Rear of their Battalions, and these Officers are positively ordered to shoot any Officer, or Soldier, who shall presume to quit his Ranks, or retreat, unless the Retreat is ordered by proper Au thority; And to prevent the confusion which is occasioned by every person's undertaking to give, or carry Orders, none are to be looked upon as valid, that are not delivered in the manner mentioned in the Orders of the 7th. Ultimo.
The Militia if they have not already done it, are to get completed with as much Powder, Ball and Cartridge Paper, as will make 20 Rounds of Cartridges.
That no man, either officer or soldier, may plead ignorance of these Orders, the Colonels, or commanding Officers of Corps, are to take especial care that they be read to the whole, as they will answer the contrary: The Adjutant General is to transmit Copies thereof to Major Genl. Heath and Greene, that the whole Army may be apprised thereof; the General being deter mined to punish Cowardice, the instant it happens, for the sake of example.
Major Colbourne68 is appointed to command the Rangers, lately under Col Knowlton--he is to take Orders from General Putnam, to whom they are to make daily reports.
[Note 68: Maj. Andrew Colburn, of the Fourth Continental Infantry. He was wounded at Harlem Plains, N.Y., in the same skirmish in which Knowlton was killed; lieutenant colonel of the Third New Hampshire Regiment in November, 1776; died of wounds received at Stillwater, N.Y., Sept. 28, 1777.]
AFTER ORDERS
The following troops to parade at 5. O'Clock, on the Grand Parade, and there receive Orders from Genl. Putnam.
Light Infantry of the Pennsylvania Battalions.
Genl. Mifflin's Brigade to furnish a Lieut. Colonel and 300 Men.
Genl. Wadsworth's Brigade to furnish 200 Men; to be commanded by Col Silliman.
Genl. McDougall's Brigade to furnish a Lieut. Colonel and 200 Men.
Genl. Fellows's Brigade to furnish a Major and 150 Men.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 2, 1776.
Parole Hartford. Countersign Harlem.
Jonathan Pollard Esqr. is appointed Aid-de-Camp to Genl. Heath, and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
It is with much Concern the General is informed that tho' the new Rules for the Government of the Army have been out sometime, they have not been generally read to the Soldiers--Surely Gentlemen do not reflect what prejudice it is to the service, to omit so material a point of duty.69
[Note 69: The regulations for the government of the army, often called the Articles of War, were ordered published by Congress June 30, 1775; republished by a resolve of December 7, revised and again republished by the resolve of September 20, 1776. They were again revised and ordered republished April 14, 1777. It was the September revision to which Washington alluded.]
It is once more repeated, that every Soldier is to be completed with Ammunition to 24 Rounds a Man; and it is the duty of Officers to see that they have it--Some of the troops who went out on the covering party this morning, had not their Complement, nor had their Officers examined their Arms and Ammunition, before they marched them on the Grand Parade--This Conduct if not amended will be fatal to the Army and the Country--Where the Cartridge-Boxes will not hold the full Complement, application is to be made for Pouches, which may be had at the Commissary's Store.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 2, 1776.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting to you the inclosed Letter from Lieut Colonel Livingston70 with sundry Copies of General Delancey's Orders,71 which discover the measures the Enemy are pursuing on Long Island for raising Recruits and obtaining supplies of Provisions. In consequence of the intelligence they contain and authentic advices through other Channels, respecting these matters, I have sent Brigadier General Geo. Clinton to meet General Lincoln, who has got as far as Fairfield, with part of the Troops lately ordered by the Massachusetts Assembly, to concert with him and others an Expedition across the Sound with these Troops; three Companies under Colonel Livingston and such further aid as Governor Trumbull can afford, in order to prevent if possible, their effecting these important Objects, and to assist the Inhabitants in the removal of their Stock, Grain &ca. or in destroying them, that the Enemy may not derive any advantage or benefit from them. The recruiting Scheme, they are prosecuting with uncommon industry, nor is it confined to Long Island alone, having just now received a Letter from the Committee of Westchester County, advising that there are several Companies of men in that and Dutchess County preparing to go off and join the King's Army. I have given directions to our Guard Boats and our Centries at our Works at Mount Washington, to keep a strict look out, in case they attempt to come down the North River, also to General Heath at Kings bridge, that the utmost Vigilance may be observed by the Regiments and
[Note 70: Lieut. Col. Henry Beekman Livingston. His report, dated Sept. 24, 1776, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 71: Brig. Gen. Oliver DeLancey's letter to Col. Phineas Fanning, ordering him to drive all cattle and sheep to Jamaica, dated Sept. 11, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.] Troops stationed above there and down towards the East River that they may intercept them, should they take that Route with a view of crossing to Long Island.
I will use every precaution in my power to prevent these parricides from accomplishing their designs, but I have but little hopes of success as it will be no difficult matter for them to procure a passage over some part or other of the Sound.
I have been applied to lately by Col: Weedon, of Virginia, for permission to recruit the deficiency of men in his Regiment, out of the Troops composing the flying Camp, informing me at the sametime, that some of those from Maryland had offered to engage; Colo: Hand of the Rifle Batallion made a similar application to day: If the Inlistments could be made, they would have this good consequence, the securing of so many in the service: However, as the Measure might occasion some uneasiness in their own Corps, and be considered as a hardship by the States to which they belong and the means of their furnishing more than the Quota exacted from them in the General Arrangement and would make it more difficult for them to complete their own Levies, I did not conceive myself at liberty to Authorize it, without submitting the propriety of it to the consideration of Congress and obtaining their Opinion, whether it should be allowed or not.
I have inclosed a List of Warrants granted from the 2d. to the 30th. Ulto. inclusive, the only return of the sort, I have been able to make since the Resolution for that purpose, owing to the unsettled state of our Affairs and my having sent my papers away. You will also receive sundry Letters &ca. from General Schuyler, which came under cover to me and which I have the honor of forwarding.
By a Letter just received from the Committee of Safety of the State of New Hampshire, I find a thousand of their militia were about to march on the 24th. Ulto., to reinforce this Army in consequence of the requisition of Congress: previous to their march, General Ward writes me, he was obliged to furnish them with 500 lb. of Powder and 1000 lb of Musket Ball and I have little reason to expect that they are better provided with other Articles than they were with Ammunition; in such case they will only add to our present distress, which is already far too great, and become disgusted with the service tho the time they are engaged for is only till the first of December. this will injure their inlisting for a longer term, if not wholly prevent it.
From three Deserters who came from the Galatea Man of War about five days ago, we are informed that several Trans, ports had sailed before they left her, for England, as it was generally reported in order to return with a supply of Provisions, of which they say there is a want. General Mercer in a Letter informed me, that General Thompson said he had heard they were going to dismiss about a Hundred of the Ships from the service. I am also advised by a Letter from Mr. Derby at Boston of the 26th. Ulto., that the day before, a Trans port Snow had been taken and sent into Piscatawa by a Privateer in her passage from New York to the West Indies. she sailed with five more under the convoy of a Man of war in order to bring from thence such Troops that are there, to join General Howe: they were all Victualled for four months. From this Intelligence it would seem as if they did not apprehend any thing to be meditating against them by the Court of France.
October 3.
I have nothing in particular to communicate respecting our situation, It being much the same as when I wrote last. We had an Alarm this morning a little before Four O'Clock, from some of our Out Sentries, who reported that a large body of the Enemy was advancing towards our Lines; this put us in motion, however turned out entirely premature, or at least we saw nothing of them. I have &ca.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 3, 1776.
Parole Ireland. Countersign Florida.
Genl. Putnam will please to point out proper places for Huts, to shelter the Picquet-Guard (in front of our lines) and direct the officers who command these Guards, to see that the Men are employed every day at work thereon 'till they axe completed; and this, for the sake of their own Health and Convenience, it is hoped they will do as soon as possible, as the weather will soon grow too uncomfortable to lay without shelter.
As the new Articles for the Government of the Army, are to take place on Monday next, it is expected that the officers will make their men acquainted with them as soon as possible, that Crimes may not pass unpunished on any pretence of ignorance. The several Brigadiers are immediately to return a List, to Head Quarters, of the Field Officers of their respective Brigades, who are absent, and on what account; noting such (if any) as have absented themselves without leave, or stayed beyond their limited time. Colonels and commanding Officers of Regiments are to do the same in their Regiments respectively--This Return to be made on Saturday at 12 O'Clock. When the Brigadier is absent, the eldest officer of the Brigade to make the Return.
Capt. Fitzgerald73 is appointed to act as a Major to Col Weedon's Regiment, 'till further orders, instead of the brave Major Leitch who is dead of his wounds.
[Note 73: Capt. John Fitzgerald. Later he was lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington.]
An exact Return of the Officers Names, fit for duty in Camp, and unfit; is to be made seperate from the General Return.
The Brigades which send their Detachments first on the parade, are to take the right, as has been the usage for a long time.
No Officer is on any pretence to take off any Soldier, who is employed either as Waggoner, Butcher, Tallow-Chandler, or other Business under the Qr. Mr. General or Commissary General, without first applying to the Head of the department; and in case of dificulty or difference on the occasion, to apply to Head Quarters, and in the meantime the Soldier to continue on the Command.
Harlem, October 4, 1776.
Sir: Before I knew of the late resolutions of Congress which you did me the honour to Inclose in your Letter of the 24th., and before I was favourd with the visit of your Comee., I took the liberty of giving you my Sentiments on several points which seem'd to be of Importance.
I have no doubt but that the Comee. will make such report of the State and Condition of the Army, as will induce Congress to believe, that nothing but the most vigorous exertions can put matters upon such a footing as to give this Continent a fair prospect of Success. Give me leave to say, Sir; I say it with due deference and respect, (and my knowledge of the Facts, added to the importance of the Cause and the stake I hold in it, must justify the freedom) that your Affairs are in a more unpromising way than you seem to apprehend.
Your Army, as mentioned in my last, is upon the eve of its political dissolution; true it is, you have voted a larger one in lieu of it, but the Season is late, and there is a material difference between voting of Battalions and raising of Men. In the latter, there are more difficulties than Congress are aware of; which makes it my duty (as I have been informed of the prevailing Sentiment of this Army) to inform them, that unless the pay of the Officers (especially that of the Field Officers) is raised, the Chief part of those that are worth retaining, will leave the Service at the expiration of the present term; as the Soldiers will also, if some greater Incouragement is not offered them than Twenty Dollars, and one hundred Acres of Land.
Nothing less in my Opinion, than a Suit of Cloaths annually, given to each non-commissioned Officer and Soldier, in addition to the pay and bounty, will avail, and I question whether that will do, as the Enemy from the Information of one John Mash, who with Six others were taken by our Guards, are giving Ten pounds bounty for Recruits; and have got a Battalion under Majr. Rogers nearly compleated upon Long Island.
Nor will less pay according to my judgement than I have taken the liberty of mentioning in the Inclosed estimate retain such Officers as we could wish to have continued; the difference pr. month in each Battalion will amount to better than one hundred pounds; to this may be added the pay of the Staff Officers, for it is presumable they will also require an augmentation; but being few in number, the Sum will not be greatly Increased by them, and consequently is a matter of no great moment; but it is a matter of no small Importance to make the several Offices desirable. When the pay and establishment of an Officer once become objects of Interested attention, the Sloth, negligence, and even disobedience of Orders which at this time but too generally prevails, will be purged off; but while the Service is viewed with Indifference; while the Officer conceive that he is rather confering than receiving an obligation, there will be a total relaxation of all order and Discipline, and every thing will move heavily on, to the great detriment of the Service, and inexpressible trouble and vexation of the General.
The critical Situation of our Affairs at this time will justify my saying, that no time is to be lost in making of fruitless experiments; an unavailing tryal of a Month to get an Army upon the terms proposed, may render it impracticable to do it at all; and prove fatal to our Cause; as I am not sure whether any rubs in the way of our Inlistments, or unfavourable turn in our Affairs, may not prove the Means of the Enemy Recruiting Men faster than we do; to this may be added the inextricable difficulty of forming one Corps out of another, and arranging matters with any degree of Order in the face of an Enemy, who are watching for advantages.
At Cambridge last year, where the Officers (and more than a sufficiency of them) were all upon the spot, we found it a work of such extreame difficulty to know their Sentiments, (each having some terms to propose) that I despair'd once of getting the arrangement compleated; and do suppose that at least a hundred alterations took place before matters were finally adjusted; what must it be then under the present regulation, where the Officer is to negociate this matter with the State he comes from, distant perhaps two or three hundred Miles; some of whom, without leave or license from me set out to make personal application the Moment the Resolve got to their hands; what kind of Officers these are, I leave Congress to judge.
If an Officer of reputation (for none other should be applied to) is ask'd to stay what answer can he give, but in the first place, that he does not know whether it is at his option to do so, no provision being made in the Resolution of Congress even recommendatory of this measure; consequently, that it rests with the State he comes from (surrounded perhaps with a variety of applications, and influenced probably by local attachments), to determine whether he can be provided for or not. In the next place, if he is an Officer of Merit, and knows that the State he comes from is to furnish more Battalions than it at present has in the Service, he will scarcely, after two years faithful Services, think of continuing in the Rank he now bears when new Creations are to be made, and Men appointed to Offices (no ways superior in Merit, and ignorant perhaps of Service) over his head. A Committee, sent to the Army from each State may, upon the Spot, fix things with a degree of propriety and certainty, and is the only method I can see, of bringing matters to a decision with respect to the Officers of the Army; but what can be done in the meanwhile, towards the arrangement in the Country I know not. In the one case, you run the hazard of loosing your Officers; in the other, encountering delay unless some method could be devised of forwarding both at the same Instant.
Upon the present Plan, I plainly foresee an intervention of time between the old and new Army, which must be filled with Militia (if to be had) with whom no Man, who has any regard for his own reputation can undertake to be answerable for Consequences. I shall also be mistaken in my conjectures, if we do not loose the most valuable Officers in this Army under the present mode of appointing them; consequently, if we have an Army at all, it will be composed of Materials not only entirely raw, but if uncommon pains are not taken, entirely unfit; and I see such a distrust and jealousy of Military power, that the Commander in Chief has not an oppertunity, even by recommendation, to give the least assurances of reward for the most essential Services:
In a word, such a Cloud of perplexing Circumstances appears before me without one flattering hope, that I am thoroughly convinced unless the most vigorous and decisive exertions are immediately adopted to remedy these Evils, that the certain and absolute loss of our Liberties will be the inevitable consequence, as one unhappy stroke will throw a powerful weight into the Scale against us, enabling Genl. Howe to recruit his Army as fast as we shall ours, numbers being disposed, and many actually doing so already. Some of the most probable remedies, and such as experience has brought to my more intimate knowledge, I have taken the liberty to point out; the rest I beg leave to submit to the consideration of Congress.
I ask pardon for taking up so much of their Time with my opinions, but I should betray that trust which they and my Country have reposed in me, were I to be silent upon a matter so extremely Interesting; with the most perfect esteem I have the honour to be etc.74
[Note 74: Congress recommended (October 8) that the States send committees to the Army to carry out these recommendations as to the appointment of officers and the principles of promotion; a suit of clothes annually was added to the enlistment bounty of all men who would enlist for the war. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[PAY INCREASE]75
[Note 75: This table of pay increase, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is filed with Washington's letter to Congress, Sept. 25, 1776, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 4, 1776.76
[Note 76: On this date Washington wrote briefly to Schuyler that he could not furnish nails for barrack building at Albany; that Maj. William Edmonstone, of the Forty-eighth Foot would have to await exchange; and that the Oswego expedition would, he hoped, be laid aside on account of the approach of winter.]
Parole Holland. Countersign Boston.
The shameful Inattention in some of the Camps to decency and cleanliness, in providing Necessaries, and picking up the Offal and Filth of the Camp, having been taken Notice of before in general, After this time particular Regiments will be pointed out by Name when such practices prevail.
The Court Martial whereof Col Magaw was President is dissolved--The Brigade Majors are immediately to settle a new one, Col Weedon to preside.
As there are many Officers in Camp, whose Health will not admit their going on Picquet, but can attend Court Martial, the Brigade Majors are to attend to this Circumstance informing the Court, by which means the duty will be easier to the whole.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 5, 1776.
Sir: I was last Night honoured with your favor of the 2d. with sundry Resolutions of Congress. The Officers that concurred in the acquittal of Ensign McCumber shall be called upon, to assign their reasons for their first judgment which shall be sent as soon as they are collected.
In respect to the Exchange of prisoners, I fear it will be a work of great difficulty, owing to their dispersed and scattered situation thro out the States; in order to effect it, I have wrote to the Eastern Governments to have them collected and to transmit me an Account of their Number, distinguishing the Names and Ranks of the Field and Commissioned Officers, and the Corps they belong to; I have also wrote to Governor Livingston of the Jersey's upon the Subject, and must take the Liberty of requesting Congress to give directions that a similar return may be made of those in Pennsylvania and Maryland, and for their being brought to Brunswick, that they may be ready to be exchanged for an equal Number and those of the same Rank. I observe by the Resolve of the 26th. Ulto., that the Exchange is particularly directed to be made of the Officers and Soldiers taken on Long Island; but should not that follow the exchange of those Officers and Men who have lately returned from Quebec, whose Imprisonment has been much longer, and whose Service has not been less severe and in many instances Conducted with Great intrepidity; I have had many applications since their arrival, by which they claim a kind of preference, as far as their numbers and the circumstances of their Rank will allow, and which I thought it my duty to mention, that I may obtain some direction upon the subject.77
[Note 77: On October to Congress resolved that "General Washington be directed to negotiate with General Howe, an exchange of the officers returned from Canada, and that they have a preference to the officers taken on New York and Long Island." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
You will observe, by a Paragraph of a Letter received Yesterday from General Howe, a Copy of which you have at length, that the non-performance of the Agreement between Captain Forster and General Arnold, by which the latter stipulated for the return of an equal number of Officers and Prisoners in our hands for those delivered him, is considered in an unfavourable light and entirely imputed to me, as having the Chief command of the Armies of the States, and a controlling power over General Arnold. The pointed manner in which Mr. Howe is pleased to express himself, could not personally affect me, supposing there had been no good grounds for the Treaty not being ratified, having been nothing more than an Instrument of conveying to him the Resolutions formed upon the Subject; but as there were but too just reasons, his censure could have no weight was it not directed against me. However, I would beg leave to observe, from the Letters from the Hostages; from what has been reported by others respecting Captain Forster's having used his endeavours to restrain the Savages from exercising their wonted barbarities, (tho' in some instances they did) his purchasing some of the Prisoners for a pretty considerable premium; but above all, from the delicate nature of such Treaties, and because the non-observance of them, must damp the Spirits of the Officers who make them, and add affliction to the Misfortunes of those whom necessity and the nature of the case force into Captivity, to give them a sanction, by a long and irksome confinement; For these reasons and many more that will readily occur and that I could wish Congress to reconsider the matter and to carry it into execution. I am sensible the wrong was originally in their employing Savages and that whatever cruelties were committed by them, should be esteemed as their own Acts: Yet perhaps in point of Policy, it may not be improper to overlook these infractions on their part, and to pursue that mode which will be the most likely to render the hardships incident to War, most tolerable, and the greatest benefits to the State. I have ventured to say thus much upon the Subject, from a regard to the service, and because such Gentlemen of the Army as I have heard mention it, seem to wish the Treaty had been ratified, rather than disallowed.78
[Note 78: General Howe had written (October 4): "With Relation to the Non Performance of your Part of the Agreement between Captain Forster and General Arnold, that General being immediately under your Command, from your Situation made known to me under your own Subscription, it rests with you to see them fulfilled, agreeable to the plighted Faith of the General, which, no doubt, to save his Honor, he has a Right to expect, or that you will return the Prisoners given up by Captain Forster. In the mean while I trust, from the Declaration in your Letter of the 23d last past, that you will not allow of any Delay in the Exchange of the Officers and Soldiers in your Possession belonging to His Majesty's Troops. Brigadier General Woodhull was yesterday reported to me to have died of his Wounds." Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers.
A letter from a "gentleman" at Montreal, dated Aug. 18, 1776, stated that when Captain Forster had taken the American party prisoners his provisions proved insufficient for such a number, and he was obliged to put his own men and the Indians with him on half allowance. This made the Indians discontented, and they insisted upon putting their prisoners to death, but were prevailed upon by Captain Forster, after the "utmost entreaty," to spare them to be sent to the colonies to be exchanged. General Burgoyne allowed the hostages to write to their friends.-- Ford.]
Inclosed is a list of vacancies in the Third Regiment of Virginia Troops in part occasioned by the Death of Major Leitch, who died of his Wounds on Tuesday Morning, and of the Gentlemen who stand next in Regimental Order and who are recommended to succeed to them; You will observe that Captn. John Fitzgerald is said to be appointed to the duty of Major. This I have done in orders, being the eldest Captain in the Regiment and I believe an officer of unexceptionable Merit, and as it was highly necessary at this Time, to have the Corps as well and fully officered as possible.
There is also a vacancy in the 1st. Continental Battalion, by the promotion of Lieut: Clark79 to a Majority in the flying Camp, to which Colonel Hand has recommended William Patten to succeed, as you will perceive by his Letter inclosed.
[Note 79: Lieut. John Clark had been made major of the Second Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp on September 14.]
I have taken the liberty to transmit a plan for establishing a Corps of Engineers, Artificers &ca. sketched out by Colonel Putnam,80 and which is proposed for the consideration of Congress. How far they may incline to adopt, or whether they may chuse to proceed upon such an extensive scale, they will be pleased to determine; However I conceive it, a matter well worthy of their consideration, being convinced from experience and from the reasons suggested by Colo. Putnam, who has acted with great diligence and reputation in the Business, that some establishment of the sort is highly necessary and will be productive of the most beneficial consequences. If the proposition is approved by Congress, I am informed by good Authority, that there is a
[Note 80: Col. Rufus Putnam's plan for a corps of engineers, dated Sept. 26, 1776, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] Gentleman in Virginia in the Colony Service, John Stadler Esquire a Native of Germany, whose abilities in this way are by no means inconsiderable.81
[Note 81: Stadler, later, was a lieutenant colonel of Engineers in the Southern Department.]
I am told he was an Engineer in the Army under Genl. Stanwix, and is reputed to be of skill and ingenuity in the profession. In this capacity I do not know him myself, but am intimately acquainted with him in his private Character, as a man of understanding and of good behaviour. I would submit his merit to the inquiry of Congress, and if he shall answer the report I have had of him, I make no doubt but he will be suitably provided for.
The Convention of this State have lately seized and had appraised two New Ships, valued at 6229 £ Y[ork] Currency which they have sent down for the purpose of sinking and obstructing the Channel opposite Mount Washington. The price being high and opinions various as to the necessity of the measure, some conceiving the Obstruction nearly sufficient already; and others that they would render it secure, I would wish to have the direction of Congress upon the Subject by the earliest opportunity, thinking myself, that if the Enemy should attempt to come up, that they should be used sooner than to hazard their passing.
I must be governed by circumstances, yet hope for their sentiments before any thing is necessary to be done.
Sundry disputes having arisen of late between Officers of different Regiments and of the same Rank, respecting the right of succession, to such vacancies as happen from death or other causes, some suggesting that it should be in a Colonial line and governed by the priority of their Commissions, others that it should be regimental, and there being an instance now before me, between the Officers of the Virginia Regiments occasioned by the death of Major Lietch, It has become absolutely necessary that Congress should determine the mode by which promotions are to be regulated, whether colonially and by priority of Commissions, or Regimentally; reserving a right out of the General rule they adopt, to reward for particular Merit, or of witholding from Office such as may not be worthy to succeed. I have only proposed two modes for their consideration, being satisfied that promotions through the line as they are called, can never take place without producing discord, jealousy, distrust and the most fatal consequences. In some of my Letters upon the subject of promotions, and in one which I had the honor of adressing the board of War on the 30th. Ulto., I advised, that the mode should be rather practised than resolved on, but I am fully convinced now of the necessity there is of settling it in one of the two ways I have taken the liberty to point out and under the restrictions I have mentioned, or the disputes and applications will be endless and attended with great inconveniences. I have the Honor &ca.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The "Letter Book" copy, in the Washington Papers, also in Harrison's writing, varies in minor verbal particulars from the letter sent.]
Head Quarters on Harlem Heights, October 5, 1776.
Sir: Your Letter of the 1st. Instt., enclosing one from the Committee of New Windsor, and a Deposition against Mr. Conner is duly received. They say the Butter was intended for this Army, I would therefore advise its being immediately sent to Colo. Trumbull Commissary General, who will pay the current price; this step cannot but be agreeable to Mr. Conner, if he is innocent of the Charge, if otherways, will be secured from going to the Enemy. The Committee should take upon them the further Examination of Conner and Montgomery, and deal with them according to their Crimes; if found guilty, the same steps ought to be taken in regard to the Flour you mention to be in Store at New Windsor. In respect to Intrenching Tools, much time elapses in sending them from here, besides we have not more than are wanted for present use, you must apply to the several Committees in the Country, or send an Officer to pick up such a number as may be necessary; for the Amount you may draw on the Quarter Master General. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 5, 1776.
Sir: The Congress having directed me, by a Resolve of the 26th. Sepr., to procure as soon as possible, an Exchange of the Officers and Soldiers taken on Long Island, for the same Number of British Officers and privates, now prisoners in the United States; it becomes necessary, for me to be informed of the Numbers and Ranks of the prisoners in the different States, in order to carry the same into execution. you will therefore oblige me, by having made out and transmitted to me, an exact Return of the Number of Officers in New Jersey, their Ranks, Names and the Corps to which they belong; The numbers of the non Commissioned Officers and privates without their names will be Sufficient. They should also be Collected from the different Places where they are Stationed, and brought together to some convenient place (Brunswick I should think), from whence they may be sent to General Howe when the Cartel is fully settled. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, October 5, 1776.
Dr. Sir: Your Obliging favor of the 20th Ultimo came duly to hand and demands my best acknowledgments. I congratulate you, Sir, most cordially, upon your appointment to the Government; and, with no less sincerity, on your late recovery. Your Correspondence will confer honor and Satisfaction; and, whenever it is in my power, I shall write to you with pleasure. Our Retreat from Long Island, under the peculiar Circumstances we then laboured, became an Act of prudence and necessity, and the Evacuation of New York was a consequence resulting from the other. Indeed, after we discovered the Enemy, instead of making an Attack upon the City, were endeavouring (by means of their Ships and a Superior land force) either to intercept our retreat, by getting in our rear; or else by landing their forces, between our divisions at Kingsbridge and those in the Town, to seperate the one from the other, it became a matter of the last importance to alter the disposition of the Army.
These Measures, however, (Although of the most evident utility) have been productive of some inconveniencies; the Troops having become in some Measure dispirited, by these successive Retreats, and which, I presume, has also been the case among several of our Friends in the Country. In order to recover that Military Ardor, which is of the utmost Moment to an Army; almost immediately on my Arrival at this Place, I formed a design of cutting off some of the Enemy's light Troops, who (encouraged by their Successes) had advanced to the extremity of the High Ground, opposite to our present Encampment. To effect this salutary purpose, Colo Knowlton and Major Leitch were detached with parties of Riflemen and Rangers to get in their rear, while a disposition was made as if to attack them in front: By some unhappy mistake, the fire was commenced from that Quarter, rather on their Flank than in their rear; by which Means, though the Enemy were defeated and pushed off the Ground, yet they had an Opportunity of retreating to their Main Body. This piece of success (though it tended greatly to inspire our Troops with confidence), has been in some measure imbittered by the loss of those two brave Officers, who are dead of the Wounds they received in the Action. Since this Skirmish, excepting the affair at Montresor's Island, where Major Henly, another of our best Officers, was slain, there has been nothing of any material Consequence. Indeed, the advantage obtained over the Enemy's Light Troops, might have been improved, perhaps to a considerable extent, had we been in a proper Situation to have made use of this favorable Crisis; but a want of Confidence, in the generality of the Troops, has prevented me from availing myself of that, and almost every other, opportunity, which has presented itself.
I own my fears, that this must ever be the case, when our dependence is placed on Men, inlisted for a few Months, commanded by such Officers as Party, or Accident, may have furnished; and on Militia, who as soon as they are fairly fixed in the Camp are impatient to return to their own Homes; and who, from an utter disregard of all discipline and restraint among themselves, are but too apt to infuse the like spirit into others. The Evils of short inlistments and employing Militia to oppose against regular and well appointed Troops, I strongly urged to Congress, before the last Army was engaged. Indeed, my own Situation at Cambridge, about the Close of the last Campaign, furnished the most striking example of the fatal tendency of such Measures. I then clearly foresaw, that such an Armament, as we had good reason to expect would be sent against us, could be opposed only by Troops inlisted during the War, and where every Action would add to their experience and improvement, and of whom (if they were unsuccessful in the begining), a reasonable hope might be entertained, that, in time, they would become as well acquainted with their Business as their Enemy's. This method, I am Convinced, would have been attended with every good Consequence; for, besides the Militia's being altogether unfit for the Service, when Called into the Field, we have discovered from experience, they are much more expensive than any other kind of Troops; and that the War could have been Conducted on More Moderate Terms, by establishing a permanent Body of Forces, who were equal to every contingency, than by Calling in the Militia on imminent and pressing Occasions.
I would not wish to influence your Judgment with respect to Militia, in the Management of Indian affairs, as I am fully persuaded the Inhabitants of the frontier Counties in your Colony, are from inclination, as well as ability, peculiarly adapted for that kind of Warfare. At the same time, I should think it would be highly advisable, in case you should conceive yourselves to be in danger from any detachment from the British Army, or from their Marines, not to depend on any Troops, but such as are well Officered and Inlisted during the War.
I make no doubt, but your State have turned their Views towards forming some Obstacles against the Enemy's ships and Tenders, who may go up your Rivers, in quest of Provisions, or for the purpose of destroying your Towns. If they have depended on Batteries to prevent them, without any other obstructions, a tryal of the matter has taught us to believe it will be altogether Ineffectual; as when under Sail, with wind and Tide in their favor, any damage they may receive from a Battery, will be of very little Consequence. At the same time, I must observe that this kind of opposition is exceedingly proper for the defence of a Town, or in any Case, where it is necessary the Ships should come to Anchor before the Batteries, for the purpose of Silencing them. In the first Instance, I would strongly recommend Row Gallies, which, if Officered with brave and determined Men, and Conducted with prudence, would, in my Opinion, be productive of the greatest Advantage, and be the most likely means (in your Situation), of securing your Towns and Houses, on the Navigable Waters, from any impression of the Shipping.
I imagine, before this, Congress has made you acquainted with their Resolutions for raising the New Army, and that your Colony is to furnish fifteen Battalions, to be inlisted during the War. As this will occasion the choosing a Number of New Officers, I would in the most urgent Manner, recommend the utmost care and Circumspection in your several Appointments. I do not expect, that there are Many experienced Gentlemen now left with you, as, from what I have understood, those who have served in the last War are chiefly promoted; however, I am satisfied, that the Military Spirit runs so high in your Colony, and that the Number of Applicants will be so considerable, that a very proper choice may be made. Indeed, the Army's being put upon such a permanent footing, will be a strong inducement for them to step forth on the present interesting occasion. One Circumstance, in this important Business, ought to be cautiously guarded against, and that is, the Soldier and Officer being too nearly on a level. Discipline and Subordination add life and Vigour to Military movements. The person Commanded yields but a reluctant obedience to those, he conceives, are undeservedly made his Superiors. The degrees of Rank are frequently transferred from Civil life into the Departments of the Army. The true Criterion to judge by (when past Services do not enter into the Competition) is, to consider whether the Candidate for Office has a just pretention to the Character of a Gentleman, a proper sense of Honor, and some reputation to loose.
perhaps Sir, you may be surprised at my pressing this advice so strongly, as I have done in this Letter; but I have felt the inconveniences resulting from a Contrary principle in so sensible a Manner, and this Army has been so greatly enfeebled by a different line of Conduct, that, I hope, you will readily excuse me. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 5, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The General conceiving it to be his indispensible duty to lay before the Congress the proceedings of the General Court Martial, on the trial of Ensign McCumber, has received the following Orders from them, which he desires those Members, who were favourers of the first judgement would immediately comply with.
In Congress, Septr. 30th. 1776
Resolved.
That General Washington be directed to call upon such of the Members, of the Court Martial, as sat in the trial and concur'd in the acquital, of Ensign McCumber; to assign the reasons for their first judgement, together with the Names of such of the said Members, who were for the acquital; to be returned to Congress.
For the greater ease and convenience of doing the duty, the General directs, that the two Virginia Regiments be formed into a Brigade, and for the present be under the Command of the eldest Colonel thereof. Also that the regiments lately from Rhode Island, and the Militia Regiments from Connecticut, under the Command of Lieut. Col. Storrs86 and Major Graves,87 be formed into another Brigade, and at present be under the command of Col. Lippet88--Proper persons to do the duty of
[Note 86: Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Storrs.]
[Note 87: Maj. Silvanus Graves.]
[Note 88: Col. Christopher Lippett, of the Rhode Island Militia.] Brigade Majors, to be recommended by the Colonel who commands them, who will be paid during the time of their acting in that office: It is expected that Gentlemen capable of doing the duty, will be recommended, and none others; as it is a melancholy thing, to have the business of the Army, conducted with irregularity and sloth; when every thing should put on the face of activity and life.
After Monday, no Adjutant on the East-side of Hudson's River, will be allowed to take orders at Head Quarters, but they must attend their Brigade Majors, and receive 'era from them--If any Brigade Major is sick, or otherwise unable to attend, the Brigadier, or Colonel commanding, is to signify it to the Adjutant General, and recommend some suitable person to act in his stead.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 6, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
Forty men, one Capt: two Sub's to be furnished by the Regiments at Mount Washington, to assist in ballasting the Vessels: They are to take Orders from Andrew Ober on board the Sloop Nightingale--This party to be continued 'till the business is done; Besides, the above regiments stationed at Mount Washington, are to furnish Men in proportion to their strenght for the works there. Col Lippet's Brigade is to furnish men for the Works opposite Mount Washington, to be laid out by Col Putnam, from whom they are to take Orders.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 6, 1776.
Sir: I beg leave to inform you, that in consequence of my directions, founded on your favor of the 21st Ulto. Governors Brown and Skeene are arrived within the Neighbourhood of this place and will be conveyed to morrow, between the Hours of one and Two, to one of the Ships of War in the North River, when it is hoped that my Lord Sterling will be permitted to return, as also Mr. Lovell, if he is come from Halifax.
The particular manner in which you rest upon me, by your Letter of the 4th. instant, a performance of the Agreement between General Arnold and Capt: Forster, was entirely unexpected, as I inclosed you some time ago, the Resolutions of Congress upon the Subject, by which you would perceive that they, to whom I am amenable, had taken upon themselves the consideration of the Matter. As to the Prisoners mentioned in my Letter of the 23d, their Exchange shall be effected, as soon as the circumstances I made you acquainted with will admit of.
The inclosed Note for Mrs. DeLancey, you will be pleased to have conveyed by the earliest Opportunity. I am etc.
[Note 89: Governor General of the French part of San Domingo.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, 10 Miles from New York, October 7, 1776.
Sir: I yesterday had the honor of receiving your Letter of the 4th. Augt. and I take the earliest Opportunity of testifying the pleasure I have in complying with your request, by immediately ordering the Release of Monsr. Dechambault. He shall be accommodated with a Passage in the first Vessel that sails from Philadelphia to the French Colonies in the West Indies. Had it not been for your Interposition Monsr. Dechambault must have remained a prisoner till released by a Cartel, but I could not hesitate to comply with a Request made by a Nobleman who by his public Countenance of our Cause has rendered such essential Services to the thirteen united independent States of America, whose Armies I have the honor to command. I have the honor to be, etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 7, 1776.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting to you a Copy of a Letter from the Compte D'Emery, Governor General of the French part of St. Domingo, which I received Yesterday and also my Answer, which I have inclosed and left open for the Consideration of Congress, wishing that it may be sealed, if they approve of the Seiur. De Chambeau's releasement, and which I think may be attended with many valuation consequences. If Congress concur in Sentiment with me, they will be pleased to give directions for his passage by the first opportunity to the French Islands; If they do not I shall be obliged by your returning my Letter.90
[Note 90: Congress approved this recommendation and voted the release of De Chambault.]
I have also the pleasure of inclosing a Copy of a Letter from Monsr. P. Pennet,91 which came to hand last night and which contains intelligence of an agreeable and interesting nature, for which I beg leave to refer you to the Copy.
[Note 91: Pierre Penet.]
The Polite manner in which Monsr. Pennet has requested to be one of my Aid de Camps, demands my acknowledgements. As the appointment will not be attended with any expence and will shew a proper regard for his complaisance and the Attachment he is pleased to express for the service of the American States, I shall take the Liberty of complying with his requisition and transmit him a Brevet Commission, provided the same shall be agreeable to Congress. Their Sentiments upon the Subject you will be kind enough to favor me with, by the first opportunity.92
[Note 92: Congress granted the permission, and Penet was appointed a brevet aide-de-camp to the Commander in Chief, the only tach appointment made.]
The Enclosed Letter for the Seignr DeChambeau93 you will please to forward to him, if he is to be enlarged, after closing It.
[Note 93: Washington did not, apparently, keep a copy of his letter to De Chambault.]
Before I conclude, I must take the liberty to observe that I am under no small difficulties on account of the French Gentlemen that are here in consequence of the Commissions they have received, having no means to employ them or to afford them an Opportunity of rendering that service, they themselves wish to give, or which perhaps is expected by the public. Their want of our language, is an objection to their being joined to any of the Regiments here at this time, were there vacancies, and not other obstacles. These considerations induce me to wish, that Congress will adopt and point out some particular mode to be observed respecting them; What it should be, they will be best able to determine: But to me it appears, that their being here now can be attended with no valuable consequences, and that as the power of appointing Officers for the new Army is vested in the Conventions &ca. of the Several States, it will be necessary for Congress to direct them to be provided for in the Regiments to be raised, according to the ranks they would wish them to bear, or I am convinced, they will never be taken in, let their merit be what it may, or to form them into a distinct Corps which may be encreased in time. They seem to be Genteel, sensible Men, and I have no doubt of their making good Officers as soon as they can learn as much of our Language as to make themselves well understood, but unless Congress interferes, with their particular directions to the States, they will never be incorporated in any of the Regiments to be raised and without they are, they will be entirely at a loss and in the most irksome situation for some thing to do, as they now are.94 I have &ca.95
[Note 94: Probably the four French officers who arrived in September in the Reprisal, Capt. Lambert Wickes.]
[Note 95: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent varies in minor verbal details from the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers, which is also in Harrison's writing.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 7, 1776.
Sir: Doctor Skinner96 having been very urgent and pressing to go to Philadelphia, in order to procure Medicine for the sick of his Regiment, I could by no means refuse my assent to this proposition. By him I beg leave to inform you, that the applications of the Regimental Surgeons, are very frequent and importunate, and it is not in my power to satisfy their demands; their situation will be fully made known by Doctor Morgan's97 Letter to one of my Aid de Camps, in answer to one wrote to him on that Subject, which I have inclosed to you for your consideration. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 96: Alexander Skinner, surgeon of the First Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 97: John Morgan, director general and chief physician of Continental Hospital. The Morgan correspondence is not in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 7, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
Capt. William McWilliams, of the 3rd Virginia Regiment is to do the duty of Brigade Major in Col Weedon's Brigade, 'till further orders.
Representation having been made to the General, that numbers of the Picquet Guard are absent from their Posts, under pretence of fetching provisions and water; He positively orders, that every man (as well Officers, as Soldiers) shall carry provisions with, or have it brought to them at their posts, by their Messmates; as the safety of the Army depends too much on their diligence and attention, to admit of such practices--It is moreover expected of the Officer commanding the Picquet, that he does not, under any pretence whatever, suffer the men to straggle from their respective Posts, without they are sent upon scouting parties by himself; But always to have them in readiness to give such effectual opposition, as to allow time to the line to turn out; which being the end and design of Guards, is defeated if the men, who mount, are not in a posture to give instant opposition.
The Quarter Master General is immediately to provide twenty Wood-Axes for the Picquet Guards, in front of our lines; When provided, he is to deliver them to the Officer commanding the Picquet, who is to see that they are delivered over to the officer relieving, and so from one to the other--the Officer failing will be answerable--These Axes are intended for the purpose of providing Wood, and erecting Hutts for the Guards, which last ought not to be delayed.
The Brigadiers, and Officers commanding Regiments, are to prevent the irregular and promiscuous placing of Hutts, and to see that they are built in such a manner, as to stand the weather and weight of Snow, which may lodge on them, that no accident may befal the men.
Serjt. George Douglass of Capt. Foster's99 Company, late McDougall's Regiment, being convicted by a General Court Martial whereof Col Weedon is president of "Embezelling and selling provisions, belonging to the Company"--is sentenced to be reduced to the Ranks, and whipped 39 Lashes--to be continued under Provost-Guard for "Mutinous Speeches and disrespectful language of the Commander in Chief"--George Harris of Capt. Howell's1Company, Col Wind's Regiments tried by the same Court Martial, and convicted of "Desertion"--is ordered to be whipped 39 Lashes.
[Note 99: The returns of the first four New York regiments for November, 1776, do not show a Captain Foster. In the court-martial record he is said to be of the regiment commanded by Major Tuthill.]
[Note 1: Capt. Silas Howell, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
The General approves the above Sentences, and the Provost Marshall is to see the sentence on Harris, executed to morrow morning at Guard mounting.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 8, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The late Serjeant Douglass of Capt. Foster's Company, late McDougall's Regiment, being convicted by a General Court Martial, whereof Col Weedon was President of "Mutinous Speeches and speaking disrespectfully of the Commander in Chief" and sentenced to receive 39 Lashes--The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed at the usual time and place--This Offender being a very bad character, is to be continued in the Provost Guard 'till further Orders.
The Commanding Officer of the Rangers having represented that Soldiers are continually straggling down to Harlem and other Places; frequently without Arms--and that when he has apprehended, and sent them to their Regiments, no farther notice has been taken of them; As this is a plain breach of General Orders, the General hopes there is some mistake in the matter; however to prevent it in future, he now orders that no officer or soldier (Rangers excepted) go on any pretence beyond the lines, without leave from himself, a Major General, the Brigadier of the day, or the Adjutant General, in writing; unless either of those officers are with them in person: And in order to distinguish the Rangers, they are to wear something white round their Arms. If any such Straggler is found hereafter, he is to be sent to the quarter-guard of the Regiment, tried by a Regimental Court Martial, and receive ten Lashes immediately.
There is now an issuing Store for Ammunition, near Genl. Spencer's quarters, the Officers of every Regiment will be responsible if there is any deficiency in their regiments, as they may now receive a full supply by making a Return of the State of their Ammunition, and getting an Order from the Adjutant General.
The Brigade lately commanded by Genl Mifflin is to be under the care of Lord Stirling who is just returned from his Captivity.
The General desires the commanding Officers of each Regiment, or Corps, will give in a list of the names of the Officers and Men, who were killed, taken, or missing in the Action of the 27th of August on Long Island, and since that period. He desires the Returns may be correct, and that any persons who have it in their power, will give in the Returns of this kind in behalf of any Militia Regiments which are discharged.
The General, to prevent any plea of ignorance, again repeats his order against all kinds of Gaming, as destructive and pernicious to the service: He hopes the officers will set no examples of this kind, and that they will punish it among the men.
The General is surprised to find that manning the lines every morning, is discontinued--He desires that the practice of doing it, for the future, may not be omitted, unless contradicted by General Orders.
The Quarter-Master General is to use the greatest diligence, in providing straw for the accomodation of the troops.
Lieut. Kidd2 of Col Smallwood's Regiment, convicted by a Court Martial whereof Col Ware was President of a breach of General Orders, in "Taking fatigue-men from their duty"--is sentenced to be dismissed the service--Ensign Fairly3of the Regiment late McDougall's, tried by the same Court Martial, for the same, is acquitted and discharged from Arrest.--Capt. Hardenburgh4 of Col Ritzema's Regiment, convicted by the same Court Martial of "Defrauding his men" is sentenced to be cashiered, and his name, place of abode, and offence, published agreeable to the 2nd. and 4th. late additional Articles of war--
[Note 2: Lieut. John Kidd.]
[Note 3: Ensign James Fairly.]
[Note 4: Capt. Cornelius Hardenbergh.]
The General approves each of the above Sentences, and orders to be executed.
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, October 8, 1776.
Sir: I was this Morning honored with your favor of the 2d Inst., and beg leave to return you my thanks for the Measures you have adopted, upon my request for obtaining an Account of the Prisoners in your State, and for your Assurance, that I shall be furnished with a Return, as soon as it is procured, in order that I may give further directions about them.
The proposition respecting the Prisoners that wish to remain with us, and about the expence that has been incurred for the maintenance of the whole, that have been in your State; I shall lay before Congress by the earliest opportunity and will transmit you the result of their opinion. However it appears to me; that there will be a necessity for returning the whole of their prisoners, not only because the Ballance is against us, but because I am informed, it was particularly Stipulated on the part of Genl. Montgomery for those that were taken in Canada. the Case will be hard upon those who want to remain and who have all become attached to us, and should Congress determine on their being returned, it will be but right that some pains should be used, to inform them of the reasons leading to the Measure and I doubt not, if they act with proper Caution, that they may afterwards effect their escape, to which they should be encouraged. indeed I think, if they are heartily disposed towards us, that their Exchange may be productive of many good Consequences; they may extend their influence to many others and who perhaps will be induced to desert.
I hope, the resentment which your State mean to Express against those, who have scandalously deserted from the defence of our Cause, will have a happy effect, and prevent a like Conduct in future; Nothing can be too severe for them. Before the receipt of your favor, I had desired the General Officers to make out a list of such Field and other Officers, as are esteemed worthy of Command and intitled to Commissions in the Service. This is a Consideration of exceeding Importance, for without good Officers, we can never have Troops that will be worthy of the name, and with them we may in time have an Army equal to any. We have good materials to work upon. As soon as the list is obtained, I will forward it by the first Conveyance that may offer. I have strongly inculcated on the Genls., the impropriety of giving in or recommending any, but those who are fit for Service; and you may rest assured Sir, as you have been pleased to honor me with your Confidence, on this occasion, that as far as it shall be in my Power, I will only return those that are well Spoken of, and who from report will Answer, what you have ever had in view, the advancement of our Common rights and the Happiness of the United States. I am etc.
P.S. the following Payments have been made to the Militia of your State, lately here.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 8, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing you Yesterday, I have been favoured with a letter from the Honble. Council of Massachusetts Bay, covering one from Richard Derby Esquire, a copy of which is herewith transmitted, as it contains intelligence of an important and interesting nature.
As an Exchange of Prisoners is about to take place, I am induced, from a Question stated in a Letter I received from Governor Trumbull this morning, to ask the Opinion of Congress, in what manner the States that have had the care of them, are to [be] reimbursed the expences incurred on their Account. My want of information in this instance or whether any account is to be sent in with the Prisoners, would not allow me to give him an Answer, as nothing that I recollect, has ever been said upon the Subject. He also mentions another matter, Viz. Whether such privates as are Mechanics and others who may desire to remain with us, should be obliged to return:5 In
[Note 5: The Board of War reported on Washington's letter, and Congress (October 14) resolved that the several States submit their accounts for prisoner expenses. The recommendation "That all Prisoners captivated by the Army of the United States, whether Mechanics or not, be included in the exchange to be made between General Washington and the Enemy" was "postponed."] respect to the latter, I conceive there can be no doubt of our being under a necessity of returning the whole, a proposition having been made on our part for a General Exchange, and that agreed to; besides, the ballance of Prisoners is greatly against us, and I am informed, it was particularly stipulated by General Montgomery, that all those that were taken in Canada should be exchanged, whenever a Cartel was settled for the purpose. Under these circumstances, I should suppose the several Committees having the care of them, should be instructed to make the most exact returns of the whole, however willing a part should be to continue with us; at the same time I should think it not improper to inform them, of the reasons leading to the measure, and that they should be invited to escape afterwards, which in all probability they may effect without much difficulty if they are attached to us, extending their influence to many more and bringing them away also.
The situation of our Affairs and the present establishment of the Army, requiring our most vigorous exertions to engage a New One, I presume it will be necessary to furnish the Pay Master General, as early as possible, with Money to pay the bounty lately resolved on, to such Men as will inlist. Prompt pay perhaps may have a happy effect and induce the continuance of some who are here, but without it, I am certain that nothing can be done. nor have we time to loose in making the experiment. but then it may be asked, who is to recruit, or who can consider themselves as Officers for that purpose, till the Conventions of the different States have made the Appointments.
Yesterday afternoon the exchange between Lord Stirling and Governor Browne was carried into execution and his Lordship is now here; he confirms the Intelligence mentioned by Capt: Souther about the Transports he met, by the arrival of the Daphne, Man of War, (a twenty Gun Ship) a few days ago, with twelve Ships under her convoy having light Horse on board. They sailed with about Twenty in each and lost about eighty in their passage, besides those in the Vessel taken by Captain Souther: he further adds, that he had heard it acknowledged more than once, that in the Action of the 16th. Ulto.6 the Enemy had a Hundred men killed, about sixty Highlanders of the 42d. Regiment, and 40 of the light Infantry. This confession coming from themselves, we may reasonably conclude did not exaggerate the number.
[Note 6: Harlem Heights, N. Y.]
In pursuance of the Resolve which you were pleased to transmit me, I called upon the Members who concurred in the acquittal of McCumber, to assign their reasons. Inclosed you have their Answer, by which you will perceive the direction has given them great uneasiness, and from the information I have received, it has become a matter of much more general concern than could have been expected, insomuch that I will take the liberty to advise, that it may rest were it is; having heard that most of the Officers have become party to it and consider that the resolve materially affects the whole.7
[Note 7: This report, dated Oct. 7, 1776, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. In it the court declined to give its reasons for the verdict. (See General Orders, Sept. 22, 1776, ante.)]
October 9.
About 8 O'Clock this morning, Two Ships of 44. Guns each, supposed to be the Roebuck and Phoenix and a frigate of 20 Guns, with three or four Tenders got under way from about Bloomingdale where they had been laying some time and stood with an easy Southerly breeze towards our Chevaux defrize, which we hoped would have interrupted their passage while our Batteries played upon them, but to our surprize and mortification, they ran through without the least difficulty and without receiving any apparent damage from our Forts, tho' they kept up a heavy fire from both sides of the River. Their destination or views cannot be known with certainty, but most probably they are sent to stop the Navigation and cut off the supplies of boards &ca. which we should have received and of which we are in great need. They are standing up and I have dispatched an Express to the convention of this State, that Notice may be immediately communicated to General Clinton, at the Highland Fortifications, to put him on his Guard in case they Should have any designs against them and that precautions may be taken, to prevent the Craft belonging to the River falling into their hands. I have &ca.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who left out the word within brackets in the second paragraph in the letter sent, though he included it in his "Letter Book" copy, which varies in minor verbal details from the above.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 9, 1776.
Sir: Agreeable to your request and the Promise contained in my Letter of yesterday; I beg leave to transmit you, the inclosed list, comprehending the names of such Gentlemen as are recommended by the General Officers from your State, as proper persons to be promoted in the Regiments you are about to raise, with the Ranks which they conceive they ought to bear. Sensible that the very existence, that the well doing of every Army, depends upon good Officers; I urged, I pressed the Gentlemen to whom the Business was confided, and whose Situation has given them an Opportunity, of being better acquainted thro' the different Corps than I am, to pay their most serious attention to the Matter; and to return such and only such, as will in their estimation, by their fidelity, attachment and Good conduct, pro mote the great End we have in View, the establishment of our rights and the happiness of our Country, by that mode which sad necessity has obliged us to pursue. This I hope they have done, they have taken no Notice of any officer in the Northern Army or of those of the 17th. Regt. (Huntingdon's) who were taken on Long Island; whose Imprisonment I should suppose, if they have Merit, should be no Objection to their having pro motion; Nor do they mean by the list they have given in, to preclude others of greater Merit, than those they have Mentioned; if they are to be found. Congress by a late Resolution, have allowed a pay Master to each Regiment, in the appointment of which, I would recommend, that particular Care be had to the Choosing Men, intimately acquainted with and well versed in Accounts and who will be able to keep them in a fair and distinct manner; as they will have not only to receive the Regiments Pay, but to keep Accounts of every transaction incident to them; such as respect their Cloathes &c. In some appointments lately made by the Field Officers to whom I submitted the Matter, they nominated Men who could not write their Names legibly.
As our present Army is upon the Eve of their dissolution; It behoves us to exert every Nerve, to inlist immediately for the New one. Without, I am convinced we shall have none to oppose the Enemy, and who will have it in their power, to spread havock and devastation wheresoever they will; I would there fore submit it to your consideration, whether it may not be proper, as soon as you have made choice of your Officers and which I think should be effected as early as possible, to appoint a Committee, with power to repair to this place and make such arrangements, as may be Necessary with respect to those who are now in the Service, in order that they may begin to recruit out of the present Corps, without any loss of time.
I perceive the Genls. in the list they have made; have set down the Commissary9 for a Regiment. In this I think they have done exceedingly right and that it is nothing more than a re ward justly due his Merit, in case he should quit his present department; However I hope that the apprehensions, which have given rise to this step, will never become realities, and that he will continue in his office and upon such terms, as may be agreeable to him; but lest he should decline, the provision they have made, is extremely proper.
[Note 9: Joseph Trumbull, Commissary General of Stores of the Continental Army. He was also Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army from June, 1777, to August, 1777, and a member of the Continental Board of War from November, 1777, to April, 1778. He died July 23, 1778.]
I this Minute saw Genl. Spencer, who informed me, that they had never taken the Officers, Prisoners on long Island into Consideration, in making out their Arrangement; not knowing whether they could be noticed in their present situation. I have made out a list of them and as I have before observed, If they are Men of Merit, their imprisonment, most certainly should not operate to their prejudice, if it can be avoided. If a principle of that sort was adopted, it would give the greatest discouragement, and have a direct tendency to suppress every brave and manly enterprize, which might be attended with Captivity. I would also mention Major Sherman,10Son of Mr. Sherman of Congress, a Young Gentleman who appears to me and who is generally esteemed an Active and Valuable
[Note 10: Maj. Isaac Sherman, son of Roger Sherman, of the Twenty-sixth Continental Infantry, He was lieutenant colonel of the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1777; lieutenant colonel and commandant of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment in October, 1779; transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; retired Jan. 1, 1783.] Officer; whom the General Officers have omitted to set down in their Lists, expecting I suppose (if they thought of him at all), that he would be provided for in the Massachusetts Regiments, because he is in one at this time. But as it is probable, promotions in that State will be confined to their own people, I should apprehend that he should be properly noticed in your appointments, lest we should loose an Officer, who so far as I can judge, promises good Services to his Country.
On yesterday morning, three Ships of War 2 of 44 and the other of 20 Guns, with two or three Tenders, passed up the North River, without meeting any interruption from the Chivaux defrise or receiving any material damage from our Batteries; tho' they kept a heavy fire at them from both sides of the River; their views most probably are to cut off all supplies of Boards &c. which might come down the River and of which we shall have great need. I have given directions, to proceed as fast as possible in carrying on the Obstructions and I would fain hope, if they allow us a little more time, that they will be so far compleated, as to render the passage dangerous, if not altogether insecure. I have the honor etc.
P. S. In respect to the appointment of officers, I would beg leave to add, that the merit of the officers who went thro' the Canada expedition with General Arnold, should in my opinion be particularly noticed: They are now upon their parole and Cannot Act; but should not suitable provision be made for them against their Releasement, which I should suppose ought to be among the first.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 9, 1776.
Parole.-- Countersign--.
The General positively forbids covering the bottoms of Tents with Earth, as in a few days that situation, must render them totally unfit for service--The commanding Officer of each Corps, will take care to see that this Order is strictly complied with in his own Encampment--In Order that the Regiments may get out of Tents as soon as possible, the Brigadiers may apply to the Qr. Mr. General for Boards, and under his direction, employ the spare time of their men in building Barracks, or Hutts, fit for Winter use. These Hutts, or Barracks, are to be built with regularity. The Works of defence are not to be retarded by these buildings; they are to be advanced by the men off duty, if tools are to be had for them to work.
The respective Brigadiers are to inquire into the state of the Ammunition of their Brigades, and every Colonel is to have a Box of spare Cartridges, to supply occasional deficiencies.
Edward Sherburne Esqr. is appointed Aide-De-Camp to General Sullivan, and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
David Dexter Esqr. is appointed to act as Brigade Major to the Brigade under Col Lippet.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 10, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
If the weather is favourable to morrow morning, the General purposes to visit the troops at their Alarm posts. Commanding Officers of regiments, and others, are desired to make them selves well acquainted with their Alarm Posts, and the best ways to them; And also with the Ground in general, upon which they may be called to act, so as to avail themselves of every advantage. If Officers do not acquire this knowledge, they will miss the best opportunity of distinguishing them selves, and serving their Country.
If there should be any bad weather, the greatest care is to be taken of the Arms and Ammunition; and Officers must attend to it themselves, or, from experience we know, there will be great danger of their being unfit for action.
Whenever any Field Officer is sick, leaves the Camp, or by any other means becomes incapable of duty, his Brigade Major is desired to signify it to the Adjutant General, otherwise it is impossible to have the duty regularly done.
Daniel Murphey of Capt. Edward's11 Company, 3rd. Pennsylvania Battalion; Thomas Dickens of Capt. Hobby's12 Company Col Ritzema's Regiment--John Stone of Capt. Grubb's13 Company, Col Brodhead's Battalion--All having been tried by a Court Martial whereof Col Weedon is President, and convicted of "Desertion"--are sentenced to receive 39 Lashes each--the above Daniel Murphey having been convicted by the same Court Martial of "Inlisting into another Regiment"--is sentenced to receive 39 Lashes for that offence.
[Note 11: Capt. Evan Edwards. He was transferred to Hartley's Additional Continental regiment Jan. 1, 1777; aide to General Lee this year; major of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment in 1779; transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in 1781; retired Jan. 1, 1783.]
[Note 12: Capt. David Hobby, of the Third New York Regiment. Later he was major of New York Militia.]
[Note 13: Capt. Peter Grubb, of Miles's Pennsylvania rifle battalion. He resigned in July, 1778.]
The General approves the above Sentences, and orders them to be executed at the usual time and place.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 10, 1776.
Dear Sir: I am now to acknowledge your favor of the 1st. Instt, and to inform you, that the two Sachems of the Caughnuagas, with Mr. Deane the Interpreter, have been with me and spent three or four days. I shewed them every Civility in my power and presented them with such Necessaries as our barren Stores afford, and they were pleased to take. I also had them shewn all our Works upon this Island, which I had manned to give 'em an Idea of our force and to do away the false notions they might have embibed, from the Tales which had been propagated among 'em. They seemed to think we were amazingly strong and said they had seen enough, with out going to our posts in Jersey or the other side of Harlem River. They took their departure Yesterday morning and I hope with no unfavourable impressions.
Your favor of the 6th, came to hand this day by Mr. Bennet, I have communicated the Contents, so far as it respects the Boards, to General Mifflin, who has resumed the Office of Quarter Master General, on Mr. Moylans resignation and the Application of Congress, he will write you to morrow about them, and will send the sum you require, by the return of Mr. Bennet.
It gives me great pleasure to hear the Army is so well sup plied with provision, and I would fain hope, that if the Enemy do not effect any thing in this or the next Month, that they will not attempt to pass the Lakes till early in the Spring, by which time perhaps we may be able to recruit our Army, tho' I have my fears that the Business will not go on with the ease and expedition, that I could wish. I have done all I could and urged strongly the propriety of giving the Soldiers a Suit of Cloaths annually; how Congress will determine on the Subject I know not, I have also advised the raising of the Officers pay.
We are again deprived of the Navigation of this River by three Ships of War, Two of 44 and the other of 20 Guns with three or four Tenders passing our Chivaux de frize Yesterday Morning, and all our Batteries, without any kind of damage or interruption, notwithstanding a Heavy fire was kept up from both sides of the River. I have given directions to compleat the Obstructions as fast as possible, and I flatter myself, if they allow us a little time more that the passage will become extremely difficult, if not entirely insecure. Their views I imagine are chiefly, to cut off our Supplies and probably to gain recruits. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 11, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign --.
Col Ewing,14 Lt. Col Penrose,15 Major Fitzgerald,16 Capts. Thorne,17 Ballard,18 Packay,19 and Yates20 to sit as a Court of Enquiry into the Conduct of Col Van Cortlandt,21 and Major Dey,22 towards each other; to meet this afternoon at 3'O'Clock, at the Court Martial Room, and make report as soon as possible to the General--Brigade Majors to give them immediate notice.
[Note 14: Col. Thomas Ewing, of the Third Maryland Battalion, Flying Camp.]
[Note 15: Lieut. Col. Joseph Penrose, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 16: Maj. John Fitzgerald, of the Third Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 17: Capt. Joseph(?) Thorne, of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 18: Capt. William Hudson Ballard, of the Sixth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 19: Capt. Aquila Paca, of the Second Maryland Battalion, Flying Camp.]
[Note 20: Capt. Thomas Yates, of the Second Maryland Battalion, Flying Camp.]
[Note 21: Col. Pierre Van Cortlandt, of the New York Militia.]
[Note 22: Maj. Richard Dey, of the New Jersey Militia.]
--Talmadge23 Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to Genl. Wadsworth, and is to be obeyed, and respected accordingly.
[Note 23: Benjamin Tallmadge. He was captain in the Second Continental Dragoons in December, 1776; major in April, 1777; thanked by Congress Dec. 6, 1780, for the capture of Fort St. George on Long Island, N. Y.; managed the secret service of the main army around New York City from 1778 to the end of the war.]
As there is an absolute necessity for the business of the Army to be carried on with regularity, and to do this, that the officers of each department should have the regulation and direction of matters, appertaining to their respective Offices, in Order that they may become amenable to the public, or the Commander in Chief, when called upon--It is hereby directed by the General, that No Horse, or Waggon, shall be taken by any Officer, of whatever Rank, without an Order from Head Quarters, the Qr. Mr. General, or Waggon-Master General: But when either are wanted for regimental uses, the application shall go from the Commanding Officer of the regiment, in writing to the Q: M: Gl: or W. M. Gl. who will issue his orders therefor; and if wanted for the dispatch of public business the application to be made by the Engineer in writing--all Teams be longing to the public, or in their pay, are to be delivered to the Quarter Master General, registered, and under his direction.--The Quarter Master General is to take especial care of all Grain and Hay, belonging to the Public, and see that none of it is delivered, but by his order: And as these Articles are scarce, it is ordered, that all Officers, whose duty does not oblige them to be on horseback, dispose of the Horses, or send them out of Camp, immediately, as provender cannot be spared for them on any pretence.
No Boards are to be taken for the use of any Brigade, or Regiment, without orders, nor delivered but by order of the Quarter Master General, who is to make as equal a distribution among the Regiments as may be, and see they are put to the best use possible, and with as little waste, as there may be difficulty in getting them.
Mutual Complaints having been made by Mr. Fisk the Engineer, and Mr Kinsey the Waggon Master against each other. A Court of enquiry of 3 Captains, and 4 Subs--from Genl McDougall's Brigade to sit, and report the matter, with their opinion thereon; to meet to morrow Afternoon at 3 o'Clock, at the Court Martial room.
The General being accidentally prevented, from going to the Alarm-posts this morning; if the weather is fair, he will visit the Troops to morrow morning, accompanied by the General Officers; he hopes the wholeline will turn out as full as possible.
The time of the Fatigue Men going out is altered to 8 O'Clock, instead of Seven--The men are to breakfast before they go, as they are not to leave Work on that account. The General hopes the officers will exert themselves, to complete the works, as fast as possible, that the men may be the sooner covered.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 11, 1776.
Sir: I beg leave to inform you, that since my Letter of the 8th. and 9th Instt. which I had the honor of addressing you; Nothing of importance has occurred, except that the Ships of War, which I then mentioned, in their passage up the River, took a Sloop that was at Anchor off the Mouth of Spitendevil, and Two of our Row Gallies, which they out Sailed. The Crews finding that they could not prevent them falling into the Enemy's Hands, run them near the Shore and effected their own escape. From the Intelligence I have received, the Ships are now laying at Tarry Town, without having landed any Men, which seemed to be apprehended by some, or attempted any thing else. Their principal views, in all probability, are, to interrupt our Navigation and to receive such disaffected persons, as incline to take part against us; the former they will effect beyond all question, and I fear, that their expectations respecting the latter, will be but too fully answered.24
[Note 24: Col. Joseph Phillips, of the New Jersey Militia, wrote to Washington (on or about October 12) begging to be allowed to finish the battery he was erecting at Fort Washington to help in such emergencies as this. Lieut. Col. Robert H. Harrison replied for the General (October 12), approving the request and complimenting Phillips upon his motives, which the Commander in Chief "would be happy to see prevail generally through the army." Phillips's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
October 12.
The Inclosed Copy of a Letter received last night from the Convention of this State, will shew you the apprehensions they are under, on account of the disaffected among them. I have ordered up a part of the Militia from the Massachusetts under General Lincoln, to prevent if Possible, the Consequences which they suggest may happen, and which there is reason to believe the Conspirators have in Contemplation; I am persuaded that they are upon the eve of breaking out, and that they will leave nothing unessayed that will distress us and favor the designs of the Enemy, as soon as their Schemes are ripe for it.25
[Note 25: A copy of the letter of October 10 from the New York Legislature is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
October 13.
Yesterday the Enemy landed at Frog's point about Nine Miles from hence further up the Sound. Their number we cannot ascertain, as they have not advanced from the point, which is a kind of Island, but the Water that surrounds it is fordable at low tide. I have ordered works to be thrown up at the passes from the point to the Main. From the great number of Sloops, Schooners and Nine Ships, that went up the Sound in the Evening full of Men, and from the information of two Deserters who came over last night, I have reason to believe, that the greatest part of their Army, has moved upwards, or is about to do it, pursuing their original plan of getting [with an intent (as I suppose) to get] in our rear and cutting off our communication with the Country. The grounds [leading] from Frogs point [to Kings Bridge,] are strong and defensible, being full of Stone fences, both along the road and across the adjacent Fields, which will render it difficult for Artillery, or indeed [for a] a large Body of foot to advance in any regular [way] order except through the main road. Our men who are posted on the passes seemed to be in good spirits when I left 'em last night. [When I left our people last night they seemed to be in good Spirits.] I am &c.26
[Note 26: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The portions in brackets show the form of the draft which Harrison altered in those minor particulars when he made the fair copy for Washington's signature. According to indorsement, this letter was read in Congress October 15, It is further indorsed: "nothing to be reported on this Letter."]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 11, 1776.
Sir: You are immediately to Inlist such of your Regiment or any other Troops raised in the province of Pennsylvania, as are able of Body and Willing to enter into the Service of the United States of America, upon the following Terms.
1st. You are not to inlist any but Freemen, able of Body and under the age of 50. Carefully avoiding all persons Labouring under any Lameness or other Defect of Body prejudicial to the Service. If any such persons or any Boys or decripid persons are brought into the Service, the Officer inlisting them will be chargeable with the Expence they may be to the publick.
2dly. You are not to inlist any Deserters from the Army of the King of Great Britain, or persons of Disaffected and Suspicious Character, the American Service having already Suffered greatly by the Desertion of such persons.
3dly. You are to inlist Men to serve during the Continuance of the present War, between Great Brittain and the States of America, unless sooner Discharged by proper Authority.
4thly. The Men inlisted by you are to be Subject to the Rules and Articles for the Government of the Army published by Congress the 20th. Septemr. 1776. and are to sign those Articles.
As an Encouragement to such persons as shall inlist in the above Service you axe Authorized to engage besides the Pay and provisions now allowed.
1st. Each Soldier shall receive 20 Dollars Bounty Money, on being approved by a Major General, a Brigadier General or Colo. Comdt., of a Brigade.
Secondly. He shall also be entitled to 100 Acres of Land, at the expiration of his inlistment, and in case of his Death in the Service, his Representatives will be intitled thereto.
When any person is inlisted, you are as soon as Convenient to take him to some person duly Authorized by the above Articles to take the Oath there prescribed. I am &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Joseph Reed; the copy in the "Letter Book," in that of John Fitzgerald, is corrected by Reed.]
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, October 11, 1776.
Dear Sir: I this morning received your favour of the 7th. Instt. and am to inform you, that it is not in my power to supply you with a single Nail, nor are they to be procured in Philadelphia, as Genl. Mifflin tells me, who has Just returned from thence. For want of them, we are building here, Huts of Sod Logs &c. to cover the Troops and which I am in hopes will make a tolerable good shift.
Since my Letter of Yesterday, nothing has Occurred, and I have only to add that, I am &c.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 12, 1776.
Sir: The situation of our affairs, and the approaching dissolution of the present Army, calling for every possible exertion on our part to levy a New one; and presuming that your State are about to make an arrangement of Officers, for the quota of Troops they are to furnish, and that they may wish to know those belonging to them, who have served with reputation and bravery; I have thought it expedient, to obtain a return by such means as seemed most likely to be well founded. To this End, I have made inquiry, and the inclosed list which I have the honor to transmit you, comprehends the Names of those, who in public Estimation, and that of the Generals under whom they have more particularly acted, have behaved themselves well and to good acceptance; and whose past Conduct give a reasonable hope, that their future will render material services to their Country.
The Advantages arising from a judicious appointment of Officers, and the fatal consequences that result from the want of them, are too obvious to require Arguments to prove them; I shall, therefore, beg leave to add only, that as the well doing, nay the very existence of every Army, to any profitable purposes, depend upon it, that too much regard cannot be had to the choosing of Men of Merit and such as are, not only under the influence of a warm attachment to their Country, but who also possess sentiments of principles of the strictest honor. Men of this Character, are fit for Office, and will use their best endeavours to introduce that discipline and subordination, which are essential to good order, and inspire that Confidence in the Men, which alone can give success to the interesting and important contest in which we are engaged. I would also beg leave to subjoin, that it appears to me absolutely necessary, that this business should have your earliest attention, that those, who are nominated, may employ their interest and influence, to recruit Men out of your Corps that are now here, without loss of time.
In respect to the Officers that were in the Canada expedition, their behaviour and merit, and the severities they have experienced, entitle them to a particular notice, in my opinion. However, as they are under their paroles, I would recommend that vacancies should be reserved, for such as you think fit to promote, not wishing them to accept Commissions immediately, or to do the least Act, that may be interpreted a violation of their engagement. Their releasement, I hope, will be soon obtained, as I think them entitled to the first exchange, and which I have mentioned to Congress.
I flatter myself, that the freedom I have taken, in the instances above, will have the indulgence and Pardon of your State, when I assure you, that the list, you will receive, is not intended to exclude Gentlemen of greater merit, or transmitted with other views, than to assist you, and of promoting the General good; and, also, that the measure has been recommended by a Committee of Congress, who were pleased to honor me with a Visit. I have done the same to Governor Trumbull, at his particular request; and the Officers are making out a Return, to be laid before the Massachusetts Assembly, of the same Nature, so far as it concerns the Officers from their State. ***28
[Note 28: The omitted paragraph repeats the news of the British ships sailing up the Hudson, as given in Washington's letter to Congress, Oct. 8, 1776, q. v.]
I like to have omitted mentioning of a Pay master to each Regiment, who I perceive are not noticed in the list transmitted you. Congress by a late Resolution, have allowed such an Officer with Captain's pay and as their duty will be not only to receive the Regiment's Pay, but to keep Accounts of their Cloathing and every other incidental charge; I would beg leave to recommend, that attention should be had to their appointment and that Persons may be nominated who are well versed in Accounts and who can keep them in a fair and proper Manner. I am led to advise this precaution to be used, because it will be an Office of a good deal of Consequence, and because in several Instances in the present Army, where the Appointments were made in Consequence of recommendations from the field Officers; Persons have been put in, who so far from being Accountants, and Answering the designs of Congress, can scarcely write their own names.
October 13.
Yesterday the Enemy landed at Frogs Point, ***29 and from the Situation of the Grounds, thro' which they must Pass, if they pursue their Plan, I would fain hope they will sustain considerable Loss, if not a repulse. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 29: The omitted paragraph is a repetition of the last one in Washington's letter to Congress, Oct. 11 [12 and 13], 1776, q. v.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 12, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The General orders, that one man from every Mess, be kept cooking, till there are provisions dressed for three days The Butchers are also to keep killing.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 13, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The General expressly orders, that the men have four days provisions ready dressed, at all times, for which purpose the Commissaries, or the Deputies, are to keep the Butchers constantly killing, till such supply is had, and one man from every Mess is to be kept cooking--The commanding Officers of Regiments, and others, are most earnestly requested to see this order carried into immediate execution.
Supplies of Ammunition may now be had, so that any Officer who now neglects getting what is necessary, must be accountable to his Country, and the men under his command.
When any Regiments are about to march, they are to have their Tents struck, rolled up, and a Guard under the Command of a careful Officer, to attend them, and the Baggage; who is not under any pretence to leave them, without orders.
As the Enemy seem now to be endeavouring to strike some stroke, before the Close of the Campaign, the General most earnestly conjures, both Officers and Men, if they have any Love for their Country, and Concern for its Liberties; Regard to the safety of their Parents, Wives, Children and Countrymen; that they will act with Bravery and Spirit, becoming the Cause in which they are engaged; And to encourage, and animate them so to do, there is every Advantage of Ground and Situation, so that if we do not conquer, it must be our own fault How much better will it be to die honorable, fighting in the field, than to return home, covered with shame and disgrace; even if the cruelty of the Enemy should allow you to return? A brave and gallant behaviour for a few days, and patience under some little hardships, may save our Country, and enable us to go into Winter Quarters with safety and honour.30
[Note 30: On October 13, at noon, a meeting of general officers was called by the Commander in Chief, at Kings Bridge. Through Adjutant General Reed he requested General Heath to select the location and give his officers notice "with as little stir as possible."]
The marching of some troops to Kingsbridge, makes it necessary to reduce the Picquet to 600 Men, and the Fatigue proportionately.
Head Quarters, October 13, 1776.
Sir: Since I wrote you by Lieutt. Colo. Welch31 upon the Subject of fixing on Quarters for your Troops, I have received from the Committee of Safety for this State, such an account of its alarming Situation, owing to the Number of disaffected, together with the little Confidence that can be placed on the Militia of some of the Counties, that I find it necessary to order a part of the New Hampshire Troops to their Assistance, and do therefore direct you to march your Regiment with all possible dispatch to Fish Kills, where you will receive further directions from the Committee. I think it will be proper to send an Officer forward, to give the Committee notice of your coming, that they may assign you the places where it will be most suitable to post your men. I am &c.
[Note 31: Lieut. Col. Joseph Welch, of the New Hampshire Militia.]
P.S. do not delay your march a moment, nor the sending an Officer to the Convention of this State now setting at the Fish Kills.32
[Note 32: On October 14 Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to the President of Congress, Washington having gone to visit the posts above Kings Bridge and the passes from Throgs Point:
"Every day's intelligence from the Convention of this State, holds forth discoveries of new plots, and of new conspiracies. Some of the Members seem to apprehend, that insurrections are upon the Eve of breaking out, and have suggested the necessity of seizing and securing the passes thro' the Highlands, lest the disaffected should do it. Their preservation being a matter of the greatest importance, his Excellency, notwithstanding the situation we are in with respect to Troops, has detached Colo. Tash with his Regiment, lately from New Hampshire, in addition to the Militia mentioned in his last, with directions to receive Orders from the Convention as to the Station and posts he is to occupy.
"There are now in our possession Several persons, Inhabitants of this State, who had engaged to join the Enemy, and who were intercepted in going to them; there are also two, who confess they have been with them and that they had actually engaged in their service; but finding the Terms, (the bounty, pay, &c.) not so advantageous as they expected from the information they had received, they were induced to return. As the Affairs of this Government are in a precarious situation, and such as the Convention themselves seem to think, forbid their interposition, farther than taking measures to apprehend them, his Excellency would wish to obtain the sentiments of Congress and their direction, upon a Subject so extremely critical and delicate, and which in the consideration of it, involves many important consequences."
According to General Heath ( Memoirs): The nonarrival of the post was the reason for not writing Congress since October 12. On the 14th the officers reconnoitered the British at Throgs Neck. When Washington placed Lee in command above Kings Bridge he requested him not to exercise his authority for a day or two until he could make himself acquainted with the ground and the situation.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 13, 1776.
Sir: I have been favoured with your two Letters of the 3rd. and 6th. Instt. In answer to the first, I am not only willing but shall be much obliged by your Settling with the Gentlemen, to whom Money was advanced for purchasing Arms, and for which purpose, I have transmitted a List of the Warrants that were drawn in their favor. Before I left Cambridge, some of the Gentlemen, (three, four or more of them) accounted with me, but having sent away my Books, in which their Names and the ballances they paid in, were inclosed, sometime before the evacuation of New York, I cannot particularize them, and therefore have forwarded a List of the whole.
In respect to the latter and the Invoice it contains, as the Articles seem all to be necessary, and many of them are much wanted, I think you cannot do better, than to order them to be sent to the Quarter Master General for the use of the Army here.
We are again deprived of the navigation of the North River, and the supplies which used to come thro' that Channel, by means of the Enemy's fleet, three of their Ships of War with three or four Tenders having passed our Batteries and Chiveaux de frize on the morning of the 9th ***33 They now lay at Tarry town, twenty five or thirty Miles above this. *** I am etc.34
[Note 33: The omitted portions recite the same information as to the ships and the British landing at Throgs Point as in Washington's letter to Congress, Oct. 11 [12 and 13], 1776, q. v.]
[Note 34: The letter sent is in the possession of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J., to whose kindness the editor is indebted. It varies from the "Letter Book" copy only in capitalization.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 14, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
Col Bailey's35 Regiment is immediately to join Genl. Clinton's Brigade, at present under the Command of Col Glover--Col Lippets Regt. is to join Genl. McDougall's Brigade--Each of these Regiments are to take their Tents and Cooking Utensils, and to lose no time--The two Connecticut Regiments, under the Command of Col. Storrs and Major Greaves, (not upon York Island) are to be in readiness to march into Westchester, at a moments warning.
[Note 35: Col. John Bailey, of the Twentythird Continental Infantry.]
The Brigades which will then remain on the Island, will be in two Divisions; the first composed of Heard's, Beall's and Weedon's,36 to be under the Command of Major Genl. Putnam--The second consisting of Lord Sterling's, Wadsworth's, and Fellows's, to be under the Command of Major General Spencer.
[Note 36: Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Heard's New Jersey Militia, Brig. Gen. Rezin Beall's Maryland Militia, and Col. George Weedon's Virginia brigade.]
Genl. Putnam will attend particularly to all the works, and necessary places of defence, from the Line which was intended to be run across from Head Quarters, inclusively up to, and including the Works upon, the Island above that place, as far as hath usually been considered as belonging to this division of the Army--He will also attend particularly to the Works about Mount Washington, and to the obstructions in the River, which should be increased as fast as possible.
Genl. Spencer is to take charge of all the Works from Head Quarters, to our front lines, to the South; and attend particularly to all weak places; seeing they are secured as well as time, and circumstances will permit: But as there may be more fatigue Men wanted in one division than the other, they are each to furnish for such Works as the Chief Engineer shall direct; seeing that the duty fall equally upon the officers and men of each division.
A Report is immediately to be made, by the commanding Officers of Regiments, to their several Brigadiers, of the state of ready dress'd Provisions, that if there be any Neglect, or deficiency the one may be punished and the other rectified.
The Court Martial of which Col Weedon was President is dissolved A new one to be formed, Col Ewing to preside.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 15, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
Col. Joseph Reed's37 Regiment is to join Gen McDougall's Brigade and Col Hutchinson's (when the Work he is ordered to execute is finished, is to join Genl. Clinton's Brigade, at present under the Command of Col Glover.
[Note 37: Col. Joseph Read, of the Thirteenth Continental Infantry.]
Sergeant's, Ward's and Chester's,38 Regiments, and the Regiment commanded by Lieut. Col Storrs, are to form a Brigade and be under the Command of Col Sergeant.
[Note 38: Col. John Chester, of a Connecticut State regiment.]
Col Storr's and the Regiment under Major Greaves,39 are to march immediately into Westchester--The first to join the Brigade he is appointed to; the other to join the Regiments commanded by Cols. Douglass and Ely,40 and with them be under the Command of Genl. Salstonstall; as Cols. Horseford's41 and Major Rogers's Regiments are (but to remain
[Note 39: Maj. Silvanus Graves, of the Seventh Connecticut Militia Regiment.]
[Note 40: Cols. John Douglas and John Ely, of the Connecticut Militia.]
[Note 41: Col. Obediah Horseford, of the Connecticut Militia.] where they at present are, 'till further orders) These five Regiments to compose Genl Salstonstall's brigade.
The other two Connecticut Regiments, encamped upon Harlem River, opposite Head Quarters, are for the present, from their situation, to be annexed to Genl. Parsons's Brigade, and be under his command.
The Brigades are now to be formed into Divisions (Those on York Island as mentioned in Yesterday's Orders) Nixon's, McDougall's, and that commanded by Col Glover, to compose one, under the Command of Major Genl. Lee--Parsons's, Scott's, and Clinton's another, under the Command of Major Genl. Heath--Salstonstall's, Sergeant's and Hand's, another, under the Command of Major General Sullivan; and the Massachusetts militia another, under the Command of Major Genl. Lincoln.
The General in most pressing terms exhorts all Officers commanding divisions, brigades and regiments &c. to have their Officers, and the Men, under their respective Commands, properly informed of what is expected from them; that no Confusion may arise in case we should be suddenly called to Action, which there is no kind of doubt, is near at hand, and he hopes, and flatters himself, that the only contention will be, who shall render the most acceptable service to his Country, and his Posterity. The General also desires, that the Officers will be particularly attentive to the men's Arms and Ammunition, that there may be no deficiency, or application for Cartridges, when we are called into the field.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 15, 1776.
Sir: I was last night favored with your Letter of the 6th. Inst., with the return of Prisoners in your State, for which I thank you. It is properly made out.
Every day's intelligence, from the Convention of this State, mentions Plots and Conspiracies, that are in Agitation among the disaffected. The inclosed Copy of a Letter, which I received yesterday from Robert R Livingston Esqr.; one of the Members and who is of the Continental Congress, will shew you his Idea of the Situation of Affairs in this Government, and their apprehensions of insurrections.42 The observations he has been pleased to favor me with, thro' the whole of this Letter, seem to me, to be too well founded; the movements of the Enemy; their having sent up some of their Ships in the North River; their landing a large proportion, if not the main Body of their Army on Frog's Point, (or rather Island, as it is surrounded Water every Flood tide) Nine Miles above this on the Sound; added to these, the information of deserters, all afford a strong presumption, nay almost a certainty, that they are pursuing their Original Plan of getting in our rear and Cutting off all our supplies. Our situation here is not exactly the same as it was at New York; it is rather better. However, as we are obliged to divide our force, and guard every probable place of attack as well as we can--As most of our Stores are here and about Kingsbridge, and the preservation of the Communication with the States on the other side of Hudson's River, a Matter of great importance; it will not be possible for me to detach any more assistance, than what I have already done, for the purpose of securing the passes in the Highlands. I have sent Colo. Tash, lately from New Hampshire with his Regiment upon the Business, and as it is of the utmost consequence to possess those passes, and to hold them free and open, I would beg leave to submit to your consideration, whether you can spare any aid upon this interesting occasion. I know your exertions already are great; I know you have a large number of Men
[Note 42: Livingston's letter, dated Oct. 12, 1776, is in the Washington Papers. In it he sketches out the danger of a British advance from the north and the need of a force in the Highlands.] engaged in the Service, in this and the Northern Army; and nothing could have induced me to mention this Matter to you, were it not for the Alarming and melancholy consequences, which will result from the Enemy's possessing themselves of those Communications. The Regiment I have ordered up, are to receive directions from the Convention, as to the Posts they are to occupy; supposing them to be much better acquainted, with the Places, where they should be stationed, than I am. If it is in your Power to afford any Assistance in this Instance, you will be pleased to give such instructions to those you send, as you shall judge necessary. I am just dispatching an Engineer to the Convention, to throw up some small Works. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have sent Two Regiments of the Massachusetts Militia up the River to watch the Motions of the Ships and to oppose any landing of men that they may attempt. I am also extending every Part of my force that I possibly can, towards East and West Chester, to oppose the Enemy and prevent their effecting their Plan, if it shall be practicable; but our numbers being far inferior to the demands for men, I cannot Answer for what may happen, the most in my Power shall be done.
Head Quarters, Heights of Harlem, October 16, 1776.
Sir: I have been favored with your several Letters of the 11th. and 13th. Instant with their Inclosures. The first that I received, would have been Answered sooner, had I been able to have furnished the necessary Intelligence respecting the Enemy's Ships of War, in the Sound above Hell Gate. This induced me to detain the Express a day, in expectation of gaining a more Certain information of this fact, than what had then come to my knowledge. By some deserters who came a shore from their Shipping at Frog's Point yesterday, and who (from what I could discover on their examination) I think in this Instance are deserving of Credit; "I am acquainted that there are now between Hell Gate and Frog's Point five Ships of War; The Fowey of 24 Guns, The LeBrune of 32, The Carysfort of 28, The Niger of 32. and Halifax of 16, and that the Mercury and one other Ship are cruising off Block Island"; whether their Number may be augmented or diminished in a short time, is more than I can say; though I must observe, that the Enemy's Frigates of 28 Guns, (as we have found from experience) are not deterred from passing through Hell Gate. I would therefore strongly advise, in case an attack on the Ships of War near Frog's Point, should be determined on, that Tenders or other small Craft should be sent a head, for the purpose of discovering with certainty the Number and Strength of the Enemy; who from the circumstances I have mentioned, may be easily reinforced. As to furnishing any Soldiers from this Army, towards Manning your Ships, it is what I am sorry under the present appearances of things, I cannot comply with, the Enemy being too powerful on this Quarter to admit of any diminution of the Troops who are to oppose them. For this reason also, I cannot afford any reinforcement to Colo. Livingston,43 to augment his detachment, from Twelve hundred to two thousand, which you think would be necessary; indeed, as we have received information, that the Enemy have been considerably reinforced by the arrival of Hessians; and as they have from Accounts, drawn almost their whole force to Frog's Point, I think it would be highly advisable (unless the expedition to Long Island is in such forwardness, as to be carried into
[Note 43: Col. Henry Beekman Livingston, of the Third New York Regiment.] execution immediately), to send forward the two Massachusetts regiments, who were detained for that particular Service; should it be determined to proceed to Long Island, I cannot interfere by any means in giving the Command to a younger officer. With respect to the Stores at Norwalk and the other Towns you have mentioned, I have ordered them from thence; thinking this method more eligible than to furnish Troops (of which we are in such want) for their defence. I did myself the pleasure of writing to you a few days ago, which I imagine you have received. I am etc.
P.S. I have just received the examination of another deserter, who says he came away from the Dolphin (last Thursday) a Sixty Gun ship, in the Sound above Hell Gate, but this I am in doubt about; at any rate (I imagine) if it is true, it must be known to you by information of the Inhabitants living on the Sound.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 17, 1776.
Sir: I have yours of the 15th. Instt. by Mr. Wallace, with an Account of the Expence incurred in cutting a Road from Coos to St. Johns, the amount £932..16..5½ lawful Money.44 There are some few Errors in casting out the different Articles, but they may be easily rectifyed when a Settlement is made.
[Note 44: Bayley's letter and accounts, dated Oct. 15, 1776, are in the Washington Papers.]
I have it not in my power to make objections to any part of the Account, as I cannot but suppose that it is all just and what has really been paid or agreed to be paid, but proper Vouchers should accompany all public Accounts, and these Mr. Wallace tells me you can furnish. The most Material is a Muster Roll of the Men employed, shewing the time of their Engagement for the Service and that of their Discharge. It is probable no Receipts may have been taken for some of the Articles, but you will please to furnish them for as many as you are able. I beg I may be clearly understood, I do not call for Vouchers, because I Suspect you of charging more than is Justly due, but because it is necessary that they should accompany all public Accounts that pass thro' my Hands. When this is done the Accounts shall be adjusted and paid by, Sir, &c.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 17, 1776.
Sir: On Monday last I was honored with your favor of the 5th Instt. and beg leave to inform you, that the reasons which you assign for Countermanding Colo Richmond's45 march appear to me strong and Substantial. As to the expedition to long Island, it is impossible for me to give any direction about it, it must be governed by a Variety of Circumstances; nor will it be in my power, to appoint any Person to Command it; the situation of our affairs here, requiring the presence of every Officer of the least merit, for the government of this Army.
[Note 45: Col. William Richmond, of the Rhode Island Militia.]
In respect to your request, to have a list transmitted, of such Officers as have served to good acceptance; I am happy that I had anticipated your views and those of your Honble. Assembly in this instance, before the receipt of your favor, I wrote you fully on the subject in a Letter I had the Honor of addressing you on the 12th, sending you a list of such Officers as were particularly recommended for the two Battalions you are to raise, to which I beg leave to refer you as it contains my Sentiments at large. I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 17, 1776.
Gentn.: Judging it a Matter of the utmost importance, to secure the passes thro' the Highlands, I have sent up Monsr. Imbert46 a French Gentleman, who has been placed in the Army, as an Engineer by Congress, in order to take your directions respecting the passes and such Works as you may Esteem necessary to preserve them. as the situation of affairs in this State is rather alarming, I would beg leave to recommend your earliest attention to this Business, and that no time may elapse before the Works are begun. I have no acquaintance with Monsr. Imbert, and his abilities in his profession remain to be proved; However, I trust under your care and advice, that whatever maybe essential will be immediately done. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 46: Capt. Jean Louis Imbert, who was commissioned by Congress September 19. He returned to San Domingo in April, 1777.]
P.S. I can spare no other Engineer, having but one besides.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 17, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
There are a number of priming Wires and Brushes in the Commissary's Store, near Genl. Spencer's Quarters, and at Kingsbridge; in the latter a number of Pouches, which are to be distributed among the Brigades. The Brigadiers are desired to send to those places, where they may receive primingWires and Brushes; the Pouches are to be divided, and each Brigadier is to send for his proportion, as soon as possible and have them filled with spare Cartridges.
As the Movements of the Enemy make an Alteration of our position necessary,47 and some Regiments are to move towards
[Note 47: On October 17 Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to the President of Congress:
"I am directed by his Excellency to acquaint you, that we are again obliged to change our disposition to counteract the Operations of the Enemy, declining an Attack upon our Front, they have drawn the main body of their Army to Frogs point with a design of Hemming us in, and drawing a line in our Rear. To prevent the consequences which would but too probably follow the execution of their Scheme, the General Officers determined yesterday that our forces must be taken from hence, and extended towards East and West Chester so as to out flank them. Genl. Lee who arrived on Monday, has strongly urged the absolute necessity of the measure. It is proposed to leave a Garrison at Fort Washington, and to Maintain it if possible, in order to preserve the communication with the Jerseys. They are landing their Artillery and Waggons upon the point, and there are now several boats passing up the Sound full of Men."] them, the commanding and the other Officers of Regiments, are to see the following Orders punctually executed.--The Tents are to be struck, and carefully rolled, the men to take the Tent poles in their hands--two Men out of a Company with a careful Subaltern, to go with the Baggage, and not leave it on any pretence--No Packs (unless of Sick Men) Chairs, Tables, Benches or heavy lumber, to be put on the Waggons--No person, unless unable to walk, is to presume to get upon them--The Waggons to move forward before the Regiments, the QuarterMaster having first informed himself from the Brigadier, or Brigade Major, where they are to pitch--Every Regiment under marching orders, to see they have their Flints and Ammunition in good order and complete.
Lieut. Nevins48 of Col Tylers Regiment is to do the duty of Captain, in the room of Major Chipman49 lately promoted.
[Note 48: Lieut. David Nevins, of the Tenth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 49: Maj. James Chapman, of the Tenth Continental Infantry.]
Daniel Lyman Esqr. is appointed Major of Brigade to Genl. Fellows, and is to be respected accordingly.
A General Court Martial whereof Col Ewing was President, having convicted Lieut. Pope50 of the Rangers, of the scandalous Crime of "Conniving at plundering--contrary to frequent and express orders," and sentenced him to be cashiered; The General approves the sentence, and he is accordingly cashiered. The same Court having convicted Corporal Geo. Wilson51 of
[Note 50: Lieut. Jacob Pope, of the Twenty-first Continental Infantry. He was doing duty as a ranger at this time.]
[Note 51: Corp. George Wilson, of the Rangers.] "plundering Mr. Bushey's House at Harlem"--and sentenced him to receive 39 Lashes--The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed to morrow on the parade, before the Guards march off--The Provost Marshal to see it done.
Col Weedon's and Col Reed's Regiments to join Lord Stirling's Brigade immediately.
Major Parker52 of Genl Heard's Brigade to attend the Works, and be excused other duty.
[Note 52: Maj. Samuel Franklin Parker, of the New Jersey Militia.]
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 18, 1776.
Parole Stamford. Countersign France.
As the Brigades of the Army now move at such distance from each other, that a punctual attendance, at Head-Quarters, for Orders, cannot be expected--One Brigade Major from each Major General's division, is to attend, as early in the day as he can--the several Brigade Majors, or Adjutants who act as such, are to attend him at a stated hour, and then distribute the Orders through the several Brigades, and Regiments, as fast as possible.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 18, 1776.
Sir: I was yesterday Morning honoured with your favor of the 15th. with the Resolutions of the 11th and 14th; the latter by which Congress have authorized me to appoint Monsr. Pennet a Brevet Aid de Camp, claims a return of my acknowledgements.
Last night I received a Letter from Mr. Varick53 Secretary to Genl. Schuyler, inclosing a Copy of one from Genl Arnold
[Note 53: Richard Varick.] to Genl. Gates. The Intelligence transmitted by Genl Arnold being of an extremely interesting and important nature, I thought it advisable to forward the same immediately by Express. You have a Copy herewith, which contains the particulars and to which I beg leave to refer you.
The Accounts transmitted yesterday by Post, will inform you of the Movements of the Enemy, and of the Measures judged necessary to be pursued by us to counteract their designs. I have nothing to add on this Head, except that Ten or Eleven Ships which have been prevented passing Hell Gate for two or three days for want of Wind, are now under way and proceeding up the Sound. Amongst them appear to be Two Frigates, the rest probably have in Stores &c.
Inclosed is a Copy of the last General Return54 I have been able to obtain. It only comes down to the 5th Inst. The situation of our Affairs and the almost constant necessity of sending detachments from one place to another, to watch the Enemy's Motions have prevented the Officers from making them with regularity. I have &c.55
[Note 54: This return is printed in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 2, 907--910. It shows a rank and file strength of 14,145 present fit for duty, not counting the Artillery Corps and the Connecticut and Rhode Island Militia.]
[Note 55: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Kingsbridge, October 20, 1776.
Sir: This is designed to inform you of our alarming situation on account of the State of our provisions. From the last Intelligence I have been able to obtain, there are not more than Fifteen hundred Barrels of Flour here and at our posts on the Island of New York (including three Hundred that came from the Jerseys last night) and about Two Hundred Barrels of pork, nor do I learn, that there are many or but very few live Cattle collected at any place within the Neighbourhood. As the passage across the North River is precarious, and much, if not intirely in the Enemy's power, but little or no dependance should be had in Supplies from that Quarter. I must therefore request and entreat your every possible exertion to have large Quantities of provisions carried to the interior parts of the Country, with the utmost expedition, out of the reach of the Enemy, who are trying to penetrate from the Sound and to form a line in our Rear,56 from whence proper supplies may be immediately drawn for the Subsistence of our Troops. If this is not done, I fear, I am certain that the fatal consequences attending on Mutiny and plunder must ensue; indeed the latter, will be Authorized by Necessity. I cannot undertake to point out the particular places where stock should be drove to, But it is absolutely Necessary that large Quantities should be kept in our Rear, to be killed or moved, as occasion may require. If the Enemy advance from the Sound, so must we. They must never be allowed, if it is possible to avoid it, to get above us, and possess themselves of the upper Country. As soon as I heard that they had landed at Frogs point, and that they had digested a plan of getting into our Rear, I gave Orders that the provisions and other Stores should be removed from Norwalk &c.
[Note 56: At half past t on the afternoon of October 20 Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Congress: "The Enemy are pursuing with great Industry their plan o[ penetrating the Country from the Sound, and of forming a Line in our Rear. They are now extended from Frog's Point to New Rochelle, from whence it is generally conjectured they mean to take their Route by way of the White Plains, and from thence to draw a Line to the North River. We on our part, have drawn our whole force, except the Regiments intended to Garrison Fort Washington, from the Island of New York, and have possessed ourselves of the Heights, passes and advantageous Grounds between New Rochelle, where the Van of their Army now lies, and the North River. They will in all probability attempt to effect their purpose by moving higher up, if they do, our Forces will move accordingly, it being a principal object to prevent their out flanking us. On Friday One of their advanced parties near East Chester fell in with part of Colo. Glover's Brigade and a smart and close Skirmish ensued, in which I have the pleasure to inform you our Men behaved with great coolness and Intrepidity and drove the Enemy back to their main body."] into the Country to the White Plains as the first and most convenient Stage: Whither they have, I have no certain information. In short Sir, I beg that you will have supplies immediately in our Rear, to be drawn or moved back, as Circumstances may be, or the most fatal and alarming consequences to this Army, and the Liberties of America may and will in all probability follow. You must not stop on Account of expence, nor to collect large Quantities before they are sent off. Ten in a drove will be of material consequence.
I have ordered a respectable force for the protection of the provisions now at the plains. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Harlem Heights, October 21, 1776.
Parole Heath. Countersign Sullivan.
The hurried situation of the General for the two last days, having prevented him from paying that attention to Col Glover, and the officers and soldiers who were with him in the Skirmish on Friday last, that their merit and good behaviour deserved--He flatters himself that his thanks, tho' delayed, will nevertheless be acceptable to them, as they are offered with great sincerity and cordiality--At the same time he hopes, that every other part of the Army will do their duty, with equal duty and zeal whenever called upon; and that neither dangers, difficulties, or hardships will discourage Soldiers, engaged in the Cause of Liberty, and contending for all that Freemen hold dear and valuable.
Head Quarters, at Mr. Valentine's, October 22, 1776.
Madam: The Misfortunes of War, and the unhappy circumstances frequently attendant thereon to Individuals, are more to be lamented than avoided; but it is the duty of every one, to alleviate these as much as possible. Far be it from me then, to add to the distresses of a Lady, who, I am but too sensible, must already have suffered much uneasiness, if not inconvenience, on account of Colonel Philips's absence.
No special Order has gone forth from me, for removal of the stock of the Inhabitants; but, from the nature of the Case, and in consequence of some Resolutions of the Convention of this State, the measure has been adopted: However, as I am satisfied it is not meant to deprive Families of their necessary support, I shall not withhold my consent to your retaining such parts of your Stock as may be essential to this purpose; relying on your assurances and promise that no more will be detained; With great Respect, I am, Madam, etc.
Head Quarters, Valentines Hill, October 22, 1776.
Dear Sir: From my remote Situation, and my Ignorance of the Country in which the Army, under your Command to the Northward, is to act, it is impossible for me to give my peremptory Orders, or Scarcely my Opinion, as to the direction of Matters in your Quarter. I am confident your own good sense, Zeal and Activity will Suggest to you, the most probable means of making amends for the heavy Loss we have sustained by the Destruction of Genl. Arnold's Fleet upon Lake Champlain;63 but my Experience of the many Evils attending the calling in a considerable Body of raw Militia obliges me to give you my Sentiments upon that Head and to tell you, that I fear they will render you more dis-service than any real Good. From their want of every Camp necessary when they Join a regular Army, they commit an intolerable waste of Stores, which once put into their Hands can scarcely be ever regained, and are so much dead Loss to the public; and for want of Regularity in their drafts of Ammunition, Provision and other Necessaries
[Note 63: Nine small vessels had been built at Skenesborough, mounting 55 guns in all, and Benedict Arnold with a few galleys from Ticonderoga posted this force at the foot of Lake Champlain. Carleton moved against him with 38 vessels, mounting 123 guns, and Arnold fell back to Valcours Island. He was attacked (October 11) and put up a desperate resistance from the forenoon until dark. Under cover of darkness and a fog he managed to slip away from the British, but his shipping, badly battered, was overtaken (October 13) near Split Rock. After a running fight of four hours Arnold beached his remaining vessels and, leaving their flags still flying, set them afire. He escaped with his crews, through the woods, to Ticonderoga. When the British appeared off that fort, Gates succeeded in a display of force and Carleton fell back to Crown Point and shortly returned to Canada to escape the rigorous winter season.] they consume much more than is convenient to spare from a Garrison near a source of Supplies, much less from one at such a Distance, that it requires every Exertion to keep up the Magazines at the best of Times.
I have been informed that Ticonderoga properly Garrisoned and Supplied with provision and Ammunition, is almost impregnable, even at a Season of the Year when an Army can lay before it with the greatest Conveniency, if so, instead of calling up a Number of useless Hands and Mouths (for such I deem Militia in general) I would advise a Collection of as much provision as could possibly be got together, which if sufficient for Nine Thousand effective Men, of which your Army consisted by Genl. Arnolds Letter, I should imagine you could keep Burgoyne and Carleton at Bay, till the Rigour of the Season would oblige them to raise the Seige, not only for want of Conveniencies to lay in Field, but for fear the freezing of the Lake should make their return impracticable, in case of Accident. I would recommend the removal of Carriages and draft Cattle of all kinds from the Country adjacent, that if they should attempt to Slip by Ticonderoga, by any other Rout, and come down upon the Settlements, that plan should be rendered abortive, for want of means of Conveyance for their Baggage and Stores. I am unacquainted with the extent of your works and consequently of the Number of Men necessary to man them. If your present Numbers should be insufficient for that purpose, I would then by all means advise your making up the Deficiency out of the best regulated Militia that could be got. Some might likewise be useful in bringing up Supplies and fill the Places of Men who would render more Service with Arms in their hands. You will always be kind enough to bear in mind, that I am giving my Opinion not issuing my Orders. The Vexation I have experienced from the Humours and intolerable Caprice of Militia, at a critical time, makes me feel sensibly for the Officer who is to depend upon them in the day of Trial.64 Upon the whole, I beg you may not be influenced by any thing I have thrown out, you have had Experience of the Temper of the people who will probably march to your Assistance and therefore know whether they differ in Character from those who have reinforced the Army under my Command.
[Note 64: The draft of this letter, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, contains at this point the following, which has been crossed out and did not appear in the letter sent: "I am confident whatever you do will be with a View of Serving the Cause in which we have ventured our Lives and Fortunes and if the Event is unfavourable, you will have the Consolation of feeling."]
In full Confidence that you will do what seems best to your Judgement, I submit the Matter intirely to you; only esteeming Myself happy if any hints of mine should be Serviceable to you. I am &c.
Head Quarters, White Plains, October 23, 1776.
Parole Denton. Countersign Chester.
The Guards of the Camp are to be mounted from the several divisions of the Army--their Numbers to be fixed, and their Posts assigned them, by the General Officers of that division--General Spencer's division to furnish the Main Guard, Quarter Master General's and Commissary General's Guard; Bullock Guard and Provost Guard.
It has been observed with some Concern, that scouting parties go out without any advanced, or flanking parties, both which are absolutely necessary for their safety and success, and which they must have on all occasions.
The commanding Officers of Regiments should, on all Marches, draw provisions for the Waggoners, who attend them, and give them all possible assistance--When their baggage is unloaded, they should have the Teams drawn up, set a Guard over them, and prevent any loss of the Horses, or abuse of the Drivers, and take care of them 'till they are ordered away.
Any officer, or soldier, who shall presume to meddle with any Horses, belonging to the public, or any other not his own property will be severely punished. And all officers of the army are requested to stop soldiers, who are riding about without Saddles, until they give an Account of themselves; and if they are found breaking Orders, to send the offender to the Guard, and the horse to the Quarter Master General, or to Head-Quarters.
Head Quarters, White Plains, October 24, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
Commanding Officers of regiments are immediately to have Necessaries dug, decently covered, at a small distance from their Encampments--They axe every day to be covered over with fresh earth, and once a week to be filled up and new ones dug--All bones, meat and other dirt of the Camp, to be carefully gathered up every day--Those Regiments who have not appointed Camp-Cauleur-Men,65 are to do it immediately, and it is the duty of the Quarter. Master to see that they do their duty. Two men from every Company to be appointed. If officers would reflect how much cleanliness would conduce to their own health, and that of their men, they would want no inducement to attend to it particularly.
[Note 65: Camp-Coulour-Men were the camp police.]
The Brigade Majors of Genl. Spencer's division, are immediately to form a Court Martial--A Colonel to preside.
Genl. Sullivan's division to furnish its proportion of the detail made yesterday, for home guards.
Rolls are to be called three times every day, and the General begs the officers to exert themselves, to keep their men from straggling away from the Camp--Officers and men would do well to reflect that their safety, their lives, and the liberty of their Country may depend on their being at hand, in case of an Alarm--Any Man who is found half a mile from the Camp, not on Command, will be punished very severely.
All the officers who have assisted in the Works to meet at Col Putnam's Quarters, just above Head-Quarters, at 3 O'Clock this afternoon, in order to lay out a number of works. The Engineers are to proportion the entrenching tools at this place, among the several Grand Divisions, and after to day to apply to each General commanding such division, for such numbers of men, as may be wanted for the several works, who are to begin to work at 9 O'clock in the morning, and continue working till four in the afternoon.
Brigade Majors are to have their Returns completed immediately.
General Heath's and General Sullivan's divisions, not having complied with yesterday's Orders, to furnish 30 Men; they are to do it to morrow without fail, and to be more careful in future.66
It being absolutely necessary, that the Teams should be collected, in order to be arranged by the Quarter-Master General; The commanding Officers of regiments are immediately to send to the parade, at the Court-house, every team, not under an actual Order to march: No officer to take any Team for any use, without an Order from Head Quarters, or the Quarter Master General--The commanding Officers of brigades and regiments, who at any time may be supplied with Teams, are to take particular Care, that the Drivers of Waggons in their employ are regularly supplied with Grain and Hay for their Horses, if such Provender can be obtain'd in the Neighbourhood of their respective Camps. If the Owners of such Provender refuse
[Note 66: See first paragraph of General Orders, Oct. 23, 1776, ante.] to sell, such commanding Officers are to order their Quarter Masters, to collect as much Provender as will be necessary for the public horses, in their service, and give Certificates to the Owners of the Provender, of what the Quarter Masters may receive, or take.
Head Quarters, White Plains, October 25, 1776.67
[Note 67: On this date Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Congress from headquarters of the withdrawal of the army to its new position, leaving 1,400 men at Mount Washington and 600 at Kings Bridge. A surprise of the British was attempted by a detachment under Col. John Haslet, of the Delaware Regiment, which only partially succeeded. Maj. John Green, of the First Virginia Regiment, was badly wounded. A few days later a party of Col. Edward Hand's Pennsylvania rifle regiment routed an equal force of Hessians with the loss of only one man. "Experiment having proved it difficult, if not impossible, to prevent the Enemy from possessing the navigation of the North River and rendering the Communication and Intercourse between the States divided by it, extremely hazardous and precarious by means of their Ships of War, It has become a matter of important consideration how to remedy the evil and to guard against the consequences which may result from it. I am charged by his Excellency to mention it to Congress, as a matter that has employed much of his thought, and that seems worthy of their most serious attention. He has communicated it to several of the General and other Officers, and to many Gentlemen of sense and discernment, who all agree with him, not only upon the propriety, but the absolute necessity, that Two distinct Armies should be formed, the One to act particularly in the States which lay on the East, the other in those that are on the South of the River. The whole, however, to be raised on a General plan, and not to be confined to any particular place by the Terms of Enlistment. These matters, the apparent difficulty and perhaps impracticability of succours being thrown across the River, while the Enemy can command it, have induced his Excellency to submit the measure to their consideration, not knowing how their Operations may be directed, and foreseeing that innumerable evils may arise if a respectable force is not appointed to oppose their Arms wheresoever they are carried." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Parole--. Countersign--.
The Guards are to be continued as settled the last evening, 'till further Orders, and the Brigade Majors to be very careful that the Guards are properly relieved.
The General most earnestly recommends to all commanding Officers of Brigades, and Regiments, to extend their care to the Waggons which they have, or may employ, and to dismiss them as soon as they have brought their baggage, and have been refreshed.
Head Quarters, White Plains, October 26, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
Capt. Ebenezer Huntington68 is to assist the Adjutant General in regulating the duties, and details of Genl Heath's division, 'till further orders.
[Note 68: Of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry, He rose by successive promotions to lieutenant colonel of Webb's Additional Continental regiment, Third and First Connecticut Regiments.]
An Aide-De-Camp from each Major General is to attend at Head Quarters, at twelve o'clock, every day, to receive the General Orders--he is to see that the Brigade Majors execute them in the division.
An Orderly Serjeant from each Brigade, of General Spencers division, to attend at Head-Quarters every day, to bring his provision with him, and not to go away 'till regularly relieved. Upon the due regulation and management of the Waggons, the health and safety of the Army entirely depends, and it will be impossible for the Quarter-Master-General to have any regularity, if officers of the Army undertake to seize Waggons, and compel them to go where they please--The General therefore absolutely forbids any Officer, or Soldier, taking a Waggon by his own authority, and more especially stopping them, when sent on other services, as it is easy to see that the greatest confusion must in that case ensue-- When teams are wanted, application must be made to the Quarter-Master-General, or his Deputy, and every Brigade, or Regiment, must wait 'till the service admits their having them in that channel.--The commanding Officers of Regiments are also required to appoint some spirited, resolute officer, to attend the loading of the Waggons, and prevent their being filled with lumber and improper articles: Tents, and the proper Baggage of the Regiment, are only to be put into the Waggons; all others must be left behind; And the General calls upon the General Officers, and commanding Officers of Regiments, to set an example to the soldiers.
Head Quarters, White-Plains, October 27, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
Lieut: Sickles69 of Genl. Scott's Brigade, tried by a Court Martial whereof Col Holman was President, and convicted of "disobeying General Orders, by loading a Waggon with Goods, not the proper baggage of the regiment; and also when charged therewith of behaving in a scandalous, infamous manner, unbecoming an officer and the Gentleman"--The Court sentenced him to be cashiered--The General approves the sentence, and orders him to be dismissed the service--He also directs that he leave the Army immediately.
[Note 69: Lieut. Ethan Sickles, of Lasher's New York militia.]
The General observing that the Army seems unacquainted with the Enemy's Horse; and that when any parties meet with them, they do not oppose them with the same Alacrity which they shew in other cases; thinks it necessary to inform the officers and soldiers, that, in such a broken Country, full of Stone-Walls, there is no Enemy more to be despised, as they cannot leave the road; So that any party attacking them may be always sure of doing it to advantage, by taking post in the Woods by the Roads, or along the stone-walls, where they will not venture to follow them; And as an encouragement to any brave parties, who will endeavour to surprise some of them, the General offers 100 Dollars, for every Trooper, with his Horse and Accoutrements, which shall be brought in, and so in proportion for any part, to be divided according to the Rank and pay of the party.
The Picquet Guard to be reinforced this evening with a regiment from each division; they are to parade at 5 O'Clock this evening near Head-Quarters; the eldest Colonel to command the whole, and to come to Head-Quarters for Orders before they march off.
The constant beating of Drums on all occasions is very improper--there should be no Drum but on the parade, and Main Guard--All fatigue parties to march with the Fife, and no Drum to beat, on any account, after Retreat-Beating, but by special order.
John Cawley and Michael McDaniel of Col Hazletts Regiment, tried by the Court Martial whereof Col Holman was President, for "Robbing Isaiah Rider"--are both acquitted--The General approves the Sentence, and orders them to be discharged.
James Daniel of Capt. Horton's70 Company, Col Ritzema's Regiment, convicted by the same Court Martial, is ordered to receive 39 Lashes--forfeit, two month's pay--The General approves the Sentence, and orders it to be executed at the usual time and place.
[Note 70: Capt. Ambrose(?) Horton.]
William Turner and Daniel Shute are appointed Aids-De-Camp to Genl. Lincoln, and are to, be obeyed and respected accordingly.
The Court of Enquiry on Col Tyler; having reported that there is no sufficient reason for the appointment of a Court Martial on his conduct. The General orders him to be released from his arrest.
Regimental Courts Martial to be formed immediately, for the trial of prisoners charged with Crimes under their cognizance.
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, October 29, 1776.71
[Note 71: On this date Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Congress a brief account of the engagement at Chatterton's Hill (October 28), which was lost through the panic of the militia. This letter is in the Washington Papers. Harrison's letters of October 25 and 29 are printed in the Appendix to volume 4 of Sparks's Writings of Washington.]
Parole--. Countersign--.
John Eustace Esqr.72 appointed Aide-De-Camp to General Lee; and Adjt. Bradford73 of Col. Hitchcock's Regt. is appointed temporary Aide-De-Camp.
[Note 72: John Skey Eustace. He resigned in 1780.]
[Note 73: Adjt. William Bradford, of the Eleventh Continental Infantry, temporary aide to Lee. He became major of Tallman's Rhode Island Militia regiment in December, 1776, and major of Sherburne's Additional Connecticut regiment in January, 1777; retired in January, 1781.]
The representation made of Col Webb's Regiment yesterday by Genl. McDougall, appearing to be a mistake, and that they kept the post assigned them, notwithstanding a severe Cannonade; The General takes the first opportunity to make it known, to prevent any unfavorable impression.
Until the Guards are otherwise fixed, every division is to mount Guard opposite to their posts, according to the situation of the ground.
Alexander Scammell Esqr.74 appointed Assistant to the Adjutant General for General Lee's division.
[Note 74: Later Adjutant General of the Continental Army; killed at Yorktown, Va.]
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, October 30, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The frequent, indeed constant complaints of the men, for want of provisions upon any Move, which is necessary for them to make, induces the General once more to desire, the commanding Officers of Regts. and Corps, to see that they are never without three day's provisions ready dress'd by them.
All Detachments and Parties are to parade, wherever ordered, with their Packs and Provisions, that they may be ready for any Service they are ordered upon.
It is strictly enjoined upon all officers, to disengage themselves of heavy and cumbrous baggage, as the difficulty of procuring Teams, for transportation of necessary baggage, and stores, which necessarily occasions all heavy Boxes, Chests &c. to be thrown away;--
The General insists upon having the Rolls regularly called, that the officers may account for, and know where the men are, who are always to be ready to turn out upon any Alarm; when Waiters are always to appear under Arms. Upon any Alarm, the Drums are to beat through the whole lines, To Arms, as quick as possible, and continue beating 'till the whole line is formed.
The Out-Guard to examine all persons riding into Camp without Arms, and turn any back who are not known, or cannot give sufficient reasons for their coming into camp.
The Brigade Majors immediately to settle a General Court Martial--No Member under the Rank of Captain--A Brigadier to preside.
Head Quarters, White-Plains, October 31, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The General positively forbids any person going down to the lines, and firing upon the Enemy, without an Order from a General Officer--proper scouting parties are to be kept out by each Major General, for intelligence.
The General, in a ride he took yesterday, to reconnoitre the Grounds about this way, was surprised and shocked to find both officers and soldiers, straggling all over the Country under one idle pretence or other, when they cannot tell the hour, or minute the Camp may be attacked, and their services indispensably necessary.75 He once more positively orders, that neither officer or soldier, shall stir out of Camp without leave; the first from the Brigadier, under whom he serves, and the latter from the commanding Officer of the Corps they belong to.
[Note 75: On October 31 Harrison again wrote to Congress for Washington that "His Excellency would have wrote himself...but his attention is totally engaged in ordering the Affairs of the Army and the best mode for its removal." He also stated' "Our Army is decreasing fast; several Gentlemen who have come to Camp within a few days, have observed large numbers of militia returning Home on the different roads, nor are any measures taken as yet to raise the New Army, no Committees having come from the States to appoint or signfye the nomination of their Officers." This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
The Provost Marshal is to take up all Stragglers; and it is enjoined upon all officers to seize every man, who fires his gun without leave, and to have him tied up immediately and receive 20 lashes.
The General desires that the commanding Officers of Corps will always report, their killed and wounded, to the Brigadier they belong to, who is to give an account thereof, to the Commander in Chief.
The Court-Martial whereof Genl. Beall was President, having found Capt. Weisner, guilty of "Misbehaviour before the enemy in the attack on Montresor's Island"--and ordered him to be cashiered with infamy,--The General approves the sentence, and orders him to be dismissed the Army.
Ensign Joseph Chapman having resigned his Commission, is appointed Pay-Master to Col Varnum's regiment.
It is with astonishment the General hears, that some officers have taken Horses, between the Enemy's Camp and ours, and sent them into the Country for their private use: Can it be possible, that persons bearing Commissions, and fighting in such a Cause, can degrade themselves into Plunderers of horses?--He hopes every officer will set his face against it, in future; and does insist that the Colonels, and commanding Officers of Regiments, immediately enquire into the matter, and report to him, who have been guilty of these practices; and that they take an Account of the Horses in their respective Encampments, and send to the Quarter-Master-General, all that are not in some public service.
Wounded men to be sent to Doctor Morgan, at the Houses about a mile from the lines, on the road to North-Castle.
Peter Buise of Col Haslett's regiment, convicted by a General-Court-Martial, whereof Col Hitchcock was President of "Desertion from this Camp, and found near the Enemy's Sentinels" is sentenced to suffer Death--
The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be executed to morrow at 11 O'Clock, on the crutch of the road which leads to Youngs and North-Castle.
Commanding Officers of regiments are immediately to have the Arms and Ammunition of their regiments inspected--The Guns that were loaded before the rain to be discharged in Vollies; and they are acquainted that three Waggons, loaded with Ammunition, now wait about a mile on the nearest road to North-Castle, in order to serve such as are deficient.
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, November 1, 1776.79
[Note 79: On this date Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Congress: "I am directed by his Excellency to acknowledge his receipt of your favor of the 28th Ulto...and to transmit you a copy of the letter I had the honor of writing you by the Boston Express by his command. Had the Express been charged with no other Letter, the loss would not have been attended with any material injury to us, or advantage to the Enemy, provided it should come to their Hands, but there were others from his Excellency of a very interesting nature, the miscarriage of which gives him much concern. As the bundle was taken away in so sudden and secret a manner, I fear there is but little hope of recovering it, being done most probably for the express purpose of furnishing the Enemy with Intelligence and a State of our Army. Besides his Excellency's Letters, the most material of which was to Mr. Rutlidge, there were five or six more from the Gentlemen of his family." Timothy Dodd, the express rider, reported that his mail pouch had been stolen from him at Bristol, Pa. A committee of Congress investigated the matter but could not clear it up. Dodd's statement not being so clear or satisfactory as fully to exculpate himself, he was placed under arrest, but after a month's confinement released. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 29 and 31 and Dec. 12, 1776.) The deputy postmaster at Bristol, one Bessonet, and his barkeeper were arrested and search made for one Wilkins, who was at the tavern when the packet was lost. Nothing, however, was proved against the prisoners.]
Parole Belford. Countersign Spain.
Peter Buise under sentence of death, and to be executed this day, is reprieved until Monday 11 o'Clock.
The General Court Martial whereof Genl. McDougall is President, to sit to morrow, at the house above Genl. Lee's Quarters, for the trial of Col. Graham80--Col Foreman of Genl Heard's Brigade, and other Witnesses to attend.
[Note 80: Col. Morris Graham, of the New York Militia.]
The moving state of the Army will occasion some irregularity, but the General hopes that officers of all Ranks, will exert themselves, to correct all abuses, particularly the following;
Straggling from Camp, or plundering parties.
Taking up and keeping horses.
Loading the teams with heavy lumber and unnecessary baggage.
Firing in, and about, the Camp.
To prevent the first--the Rolls are to be frequently called, at least three times a day, and the absent punished--To prevent the second, all Horses not belonging to the Artillery, or Ammunition or Field-Officers, to be collected and sent to the QuarterMaster General, near Head-Quarters--To prevent the third, the Field Officers should have a general examination of the baggage of their regiments; and all heavy Chests, Tables, Chairs, and other lumber be left, or after this, they will be thrown off the Waggons wherever met with: To prevent firing in Camp, the Order of yesterday to be executed, by giving the offender 10 lashes on the spot, let him belong to what regiment he may.
A Relief having come for the Light-Horse under Major Backers,81 that Corps is now dismissed with the General's hearty thanks for their faithful services, and the cheerfulness and alacrity they have shewn upon all occasions.
[Note 81: Maj. Ebenezer Backus, of the Connecticut Light Horse.]
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, November 2, 1776.
Parole Westchester. Countersign Sussex.
The General expressly forbids any person, or soldier, belonging to the Army, to set fire to any House, or Barn, on any pretence, without a special order from some General Officer.
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, November 3, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The General is sorry to find, that there are some Soldiers, so lost to all Sense of Honor, and Honesty, as to leave the Army, when there is the greatest necessity for their services: He calls upon the Officers of every Rank, to exert themselves, in putting a stop to it, and absolutely forbids any officer, under the Rank of a Brigadier General, discharging any officer, or soldier, or giving any permission to leave the Camp on any pretence whatever.
The sick of the Militia may be discharged by their General Officer, after he has seen them, and is satisfied of their incapacity to do duty, but not otherwise.
The situation of the Army, and the Season, requiring that the Soldiery should be as well accommodated as possible, especially at night; the taking of Straw, or even Grain in the sheaf, is not to be considered as included in the Orders against plundering.
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, November 4, 1776.84
[Note 84: The Board of War continued its important clerical functioning during this period and (October 24) wrote to Washington proposing a plan for systematizing radon returns and pay of discharged soldiers. The harassed Commander in Chief asked Robert Hanson Harrison to answer the Board's letter, which he did (November 4), to the effect that his Excellency "esteems the plan you propose to lay before Congress for preventing more Rations being drawn, than may be due, well calculated to answer the end. That respecting the sick, seems to him, not entirely perfect. The Captains or Commanders of Companies are prohibited from drawing pay for such Sick as may be discharged from the Hospitals as unfit for service. If during their stay, and before it can be known whether their case will or will not admit of their return, It should become necessary to make up a Regimental pay Abstract, in what manner ace the Officers to make up their Rolls? are they to include the Sick or not? As this is a case that may and must of necessity frequently happen, It appears to his Excellency, that the intended regulation should be more general, and restrain the Officers from including in their pay Abstracts or Rolls all the Sick they send to the Hospitals, and the pay due 'em previous to their going. In such case those who are discharged as unfit for service, may receive their pay as intended, and those who return to duty can obtain what was due them, when the Regiment was paid, by applying to the Paymaster with the Officers' and Surgeon's Certificates, or be included in a subsequent Abstract. The Inconveniences and abuses which are designed to be remedied by those regulations, his Excellency does not apprehend to arise so much from necessity as Incident to the nature of Armies, as from the imperfect institution of the present, and the great mixture and diversity of Troops composing It, and also from the inattention of the Officers, in whose appointments but too little regard has been had in choosing men of merit and honor...."Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Parole--. Countersign--.
The General desires, in express and positive terms, that the Brigadiers, and Colonels commanding brigades, see every regiment, respectively belonging to them, paraded to morrow (but not at the same instant)--the rolls called over, and every officer and soldier satisfactorily accounted for, or sent after; their Arms also to be examined, and a report thereof to be made-- Where the Brigadiers are absent, or incapable of acting, the Major. General is to attend to the execution of this order.
Peter Buise, under sentence of death for desertion, is further reprieved 'till Wednesday.
All Deserters and Prisoners to be reported to the Brigadier of the troops to whom they come, or by whom they are taken, who is to send them to Head-Quarters, as soon as possible.
The Colonels and commanding Officers of Regiments will remember, that they stand accountable for the Arms received by their respective regiments--that all their spare Arms are to be carefully collected, and sent to the Commissary of Stores, or reported immediately to Head-Quarters.
Col Bailey's Regiment, now in Genl. Nixon's Brigade, to join the Brigade of which Col. Glover is Commandant, and Col Reed's, now in Col Glovers to join Genl. Nixon.
Head Quarters, White Plains, November 5, 1776.
Parole Maroneck. Countersign Goshen.
Some Barracks having been already built at Peekskill, and others erecting for the reception of the troops at that place, the General directs, that the Major Generals do select from their several divisions, all their Convalescents and others not entirely Fit for duty, and have them sent up there under proper officers. Those men who have been sent into the Country to recruit, are to be included, if they are not well enough to return to their duty in Camp. This Order is not to extend to such sick as are fit subjects for the Hospital, nor is it intended to countermand the orders of the 3rd. Instant, for discharging such of the sick Militia, as chuse to go home after the inspection of the General Officer commanding them: The Arms and Baggage of such men, as move to Peek's-kill, to be taken along, as they are intended for the security of that post. Spare Arms properly put up may also be removed there.
The General is very sensible that the time of service, of many of the Militia, will soon expire, but as this is the most interesting and critical part of the Campaign, and their departure would greatly discourage the other troops, and injure the service; He doubts not their Love to their Country, will induce them to prolong their stay, until the Close of the Campaign, which must soon happen.
The several Brigadiers, and Colonels commanding Brigades, are immediately to make report of the Tools in their respective Brigades, to the Quarter-Master-General.
The General gives it strictly in charge, to the commanding officer of every regiment, to see that the bottom of the Tents are not covered with earth; and that upon the removal of the Army, at any time, and upon all occasions, Tents are the first things that are put into the Waggons allowed each regiment--The Brigadiers must pay attention to this also.
The order of yesterday with respect to Col Bailey joining Col Glover's Brigade was founded on a mistake; that Regiment is to continue as at present. Col Webb's is to join Colonel Glover's brigade, and Col. Reed is to join Genl McDougall's brigade.
White Plains, November 6, 1776.
Gentn: The Situation of our affairs is critical and truly alarming; the dissolution of our Army is fast approaching and but little, if any, prospect of levying a New One, in a reasonable time; A large part of it, under the denomination of new Levies, are now on the eve of their departure, and this at a time when the Enemy have a very numerous and formadable force, watching an opportunity to execute their plans and to spread ruin and devastation among us. Impressed with the importance of these Matters, I this day laid them before a Council of Genl. Officers, with a view of Obtaining their opinion upon the same; and of the Measures, which in their judgment, should be immediately adopted; The result was, that I should apply to several of the States for supplies of Militia, and that your Honble. Assembly, should be requested to furnish, as soon as possible, 4,000. as their Quota, to be properly accoutred and equipped with every necessary, to supply the place of those, who are now here under General Lincoln, and who, I fear, will not be prevail'd upon to stay longer than the time they engaged for, at first. The hope and probability of raising a New Army, within a convenient time, are so little, and the consequences so evidently alarming, if a Sufficient force is not kept up to counteract the designs of the Enemy in the mean time; that the Council and myself have unanimously agreed, that the Militia should be engaged, if possible, to continue till the first of March, unless their Return can be sooner dispensed with. We flatter ourselves by that time, if not long before, such an Army will be levyed, as to render any future claims upon them, unless in cases of the most pressing emergency, altogether unnecessary.
From the experience, I have had, of your past exertions in times of difficulty, I know that nothing, in your power to effect, will be wanting, and with the greatest confidence I trust, that the present requisition will have your most ready approbation and Compliance; being in some degree anticipated by the inquiry you have directed to be made into the state of our affairs, and whether any farther aid will be necessary. I have the Honor etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson.]
White Plains, November 6, 1776.
Sir: I have the honor to inform you, that on yesterday Morning, the Enemy made a Sudden and unexpected movement from the Several Posts they had taken in our front, they broke up their whole Encampments the preceeding night, and have advanced towards Kingsbridge and the North River. The design of this Manoeuvre is a Matter of much conjecture and speculation, and cannot be accounted for, with any degree of certainty. The grounds we had taken possession of, were strong and advantageous, and such as they could not have gained, without much loss of Blood, in case an attempt had been made; I had taken every possible precaution to prevent their out. flanking us, which may have led to the present measure. They Resolve of Congress of December 11, 1776, Which Washington Suppressed may still have in View their original plan, and by a sudden wheel, try to accomplish it. Detachments are constantly out to observe their motions, and to harrass them as much as possible.
In consequence of this movement, I called a Council of General Officers to day, to consult of such measures as should be adopted, in case they pursued their retreat to New York. The result of which is herewith transmitted.89 In respect to myself, I cannot indulge an Idea, that Genl. Howe, supposing he is going to New York, means to close the Campaign and to sit down without attempting something more. I think it highly probable and almost certain that he will make a descent with part of his troops into Jersey, and as soon as I am satisfied that the present Maneuvre is real and not a feint, I shall use every means in my power, to forward a part of our force to counteract his designs. Nor shall I be disappointed, if he sends a detachment to the Southward, for the purpose of making a Winter's Campaign. from the information I have received, there is now a number of Transports at Red Hook, with about three thousand Troops on Board; their destination as given out, is to Rhode Island, but this seems altogether Improbable, for various reasons; among others, the season is much against it, in the Southern States they will find it milder and much more favorable for their purposes. I shall take the liberty of mentioning, that it may not be improper to suggest the probability of such a measure to the Assemblies and Conventions in those States; that they may be on their guard, and of the propriety of their Establishing and laying up Magazines of Provisions and other
[Note 89: The original proceedings of this council (November 6), at White Plains, N. Y., in Joseph Reed's writing, is in the Washington Papers; the copy forwarded to Congress is in that of Tench Tilghman. Washington propounded three queries, to which the council agreed unanimously as to the first--that in case the enemy were retreating toward New York City it would be proper immediately to throw a body of troops into New Jersey; that those raised on the west side of Hudson's River should be detached for this purpose and those raised on the east side should continue there; and that 3,000 men should be stationed at Peekskill and the passes of the Highlands.] necessaries in Suitable places. This is a matter of exceeding importance, and what cannot be too much attended to.
From the approaching dissolution of the Army, and the departure of the new Levies, which is on the Eve of taking place, and the little prospect of levying a new one in time; I have wrote to the eastern States, by the unanimous advice of the General Officers, to forward Supplies of Militia in the room of those that are now here, and who is feared, will not be prevailed on, to stay any longer than the time they are engaged for. The propriety of this application, I trust will appear, when it is known, that not a single Officer is yet Commissioned to recruit, and when it is considered, how essential it is to keep up some shew of force and shadow of an Army.
I expect the Enemy will bend their force against Fort Washington and invest it immediately, from some advices, it is an object that will attract their earliest Attention.
I am happy to inform you that in the Engagement on Monday sennight, I have reason to believe, our loss was by no means so considerable as was conjectured at first. By some deserters and Prisoners we are told, that of the Enemy was tolerably great, some accounts make it about Four hundred in killed and Wounded;--all agree, that among the former there was a Colo. Carr of the 35th. Regiment.
The force that will be sent to Jersey, after I am satisfied of Mr. Howe's retreat, in addition to those now there, according to my present Opinion, will make it necessary for me to go with them, to put things in a proper Channel, and such a way of defence, as shall seem most probable to check the progress of the Enemy, in case they should attempt a descent there or a move towards Philadelphia. I have the honor to be &c.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
White Plains, November 6, 1776.
Gentn.: Your favor of the 23d Instr., expressing your astonishment, that recruiting orders had not been issued to Colo. Magaw and Col. Cadwalladar, has been duly received. As it seems founded on Assurances given by me, I think it my Duty to explain the Matter and call to your recollection some circumstances, which perhaps in the hurry of Business, you may have forgot. At the time you left Kingsbridge no one Officer that I recollect was fixed on nor was it known whether Col Cadwalleder would accept the Regiment if in his Power. There was not Money in the Continental Treasury at that time, to advance for the Bounty of even Hand's Regiment and all those who were consulted, agreed that it answered no Purpose to attempt the Business, without the Money in Hand. Another thing Gentlemen, you will I doubt not, agree with me in that it could not be the Generals Duty or that of any other General Officer to attend upon the Officers of those two Battalions, to know whether they would serve, or set about the Business, of recruiting and I am very confident that no application was made for Money or recruiting Orders: nor indeed could they, for the Enemy landed immediately after at Frog's Point. The Army immediately moved and has been moving ever since, so that there has not been leisure or Opportunity for transacting Business of this kind. our Communication with Mount Washington has now been cut off for 2 Weeks and in short the Variety of Avocations to the immediate Safety and Interest of the Army under constant alarms and the approach of the Enemy has made that very natural to those on the spot which may appear very much otherwise to Gentlemen, whose short stay at such Times in the Camp, does not enable them to judge of the Difficulties which occur upon such occasions.
The Necessity of appointing the officers who were to execute the recruiting Orders will appear, when it is recollected, that at that time it was understood, that 10/ was to be allowed for every Man recruited; so that the appointment must of course precede the Service. This the Congress have since altered. I have the Honor etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Joseph Reed.]
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, November 6, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--.
As the late movements of the enemy will require some change of our present disposition, the General most earnestly requests, that the men who have been at the Hospital, and out of Camp on any other account, may be immediately collected and join their respective regiments.
It is with the utmost astonishment and abhorrence, the General is informed, that some base and cowardly Wretches have, last night, set fire to the Court-House, and other Buildings which the enemy left: The Army may rely on it, that they shall be brought to justice, and meet with the punishment they deserve.92
[Note 92: The courthouse at White Plains. A few barns and houses within the Continental lines, in which stores had been lodged, were burned by Washington's order when the army retreated from White Plains (October 31). Sparks states that these two different occasions have been confounded and the burning of the courthouse and some of the village houses ascribed erroneously to Washington's orders.]
Mr. John Story is appointed Pay-Master to the Regiment commanded by Col. Hitchcock.
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, November 7, 1776.
Parole Dedham. Countersign Newbury.
The Colonels, or commanding officers of regiments are immediately to parade their men, examine the state of their Regts. and make out their Pay-Abstracts in a careful, correct manner for the month of September.
Genl. Wadsworth's Brigade to be in readiness to remove in a short notice, to the ground on which Lord Stirling is posted.
Col Silliman to take charge of the Brigade during Genl. Wadsworth's illness.
The General Officers, Colonels, and commanding Officers of regiments, are again called upon to examine the Baggage of the troops, under marching orders; to take care that the Tents and spare Arms of the regiment are first put into the Waggons, and then the proper Baggage of the regiment--No chairs, tables, heavy chests or lumber of any kind, to be put in, as it will certainly be thrown off, and left.
No officer of any Rank is to meddle with a Waggon, or Cart, appropriated for any other regiment, or public use; as they wish to avoid confusion, and injuring the service.
White Plains, November 7, 1776.
Dear Sir: The Enemy after having encamped in full view of us and reconnoitring our Situation for several days, thought proper on Tuesday morning to decamp; they have bent their course to Dobbs Ferry inclining towards Kingsbridge. What their real designs are, we, as yet are Strangers to, but conjecturing that too little is yet done by General Howe to go into Winter Quarters, we conceive that Fort Washington will be an Object for part of his Force, whilst New Jersey may claim the attention of the other part.
To Guard against the evils arising from the first, I must recommend to you to pay every attention in your power and give every assistance you can to the Garrison opposite to you. To Guard against the latter, it has been determined (but this as much as possible under the rose) in a Council of War, to throw over a Body of Troops, so soon as we can with more precision ascertain the destination of the Enemy into the Jerseys. To facilitate this move, the Quarter Master General has sent over for Teams to meet the Troops at the Ferry above, and I should be glad to know your Sentiments of the place they should be marched to, as best for covering the inhabitants and impeding their progress towards Philadelphia, if such a Scheme is in contemplation. Would not Brunswick be the most likely place to answer this end? Or is it too far from New York? They can have no capital Object in view, unless it is Philadelphia; making excursions only into the Jerseys unless it is for Forage, is playing no more than a small game, but such a one as may be necessary for them and distressing to the Farmers, for which reason the inhabitants should always be prepared to drive off their Waggons, Teams, and stock that neither of them may fall into the hands of the Enemy. Impress this speedily and forcibly upon them. They may rely upon it, that the Enemy will leave nothing they find among them, nor do they discriminate between Whig and Tory, woeful experience has convinced the latter, in the movements of the Enemy in this State, of this Truth.
If you have not already sent my Boxes with Camp Tables and Chairs, be so good as to let them remain with you, as I do not know but I shall move with the Troops designed for the Jerseys, persuaded as I am of their having turned their Views that Way. I am of Opinion, that if your Magazines at Princetown were increased and those in the vicinity of New York lessened, it would be better. We find great risque and inconvenience arising from having Stores near Navigation, perhaps a Magazine at Brunswick might not be amiss. The Barracks there should be got in Order. I am etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of John Walker.]
White Plains, November 7, 1776.94
[Note 94: On November 7 Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Governor Trumbull, by direction of Washington, requesting a reenforcement of militia. This letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Force's American Archives.]
Sir: On Tuesday Morning the Enemy broke up their Encampments which were in front of our lines, after having remained there several days, without attempting any thing; they have gone towards the North River and Kingsbridge.
This Sudden and unexpected Movement, is a Matter of much Speculation, some suppose they are going into Winter Quarters, and will set down in New York, without doing more than investing Fort Washington; I cannot subscribe wholly to this Opinion myself; That they will invest Fort Washington, is a Matter of which there can be no doubt; and I think, there is a strong probability, that Genl. Howe will detach a part of his Force to make an Incursion into the Jerseys, provided he is going to New York. He must attempt something on Acct. of his Reputation, for what has he done as yet, with his great Army?
Persuaded that an Expedition to the Jerseys, will succeed his arrival in New York, with a Detachment of his Army; as soon as I can be satisfied, that the present Manoeuvre is a real Retreat, and not a feint; I shall throw over a body of our Troops, with the utmost expedition, to assist in checking their progress. At the same time I beg leave to recommend to your Consideration, the propriety and Necessity that some Measures should be taken, to place your Militia, on the best footing Possible, and that a part of them may be in readiness to Supply the place of the Troops (denominated New Levies) from your State, whose time of Service will presently expire. Your Vigilance and Attention, I know, will not be wanting in any Instance; yet there is one thing more I will take the liberty to mention; that is, that the Inhabitants contiguous to the Water, should be prepared to remove their Stock, Grain, Effects and Carriages upon the earliest Notice. If they are not, the Calamities they will suffer, will be beyond all Description, and the Advantages derived to the Enemy immensely great; They have treated all here without discrimination. The distinction of Whig and Tory has been lost in one General Scene of Ravage and desolation. The Article of Forrage is of great Importance to them; not a Blade should remain for their use, what cannot be removed with Convenience should be consumed without the least Hesitation. These Several Matters I thought it my duty to suggest to you, not doubting, but you will give them such attention, as they may seem to deserve; and that your own good judgment will point out many more necessary regulations adapted to the Exigency of our affairs.
I do not know the State of the Barracks about Elizabeth Town, Amboy, and Brunswick; they may be exceedingly necessary to cover our Troops, I think it will be adviseable to have them examined, and that you should direct such necessary Repairs to be made as they may require. I have the honor etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1776.
Sir: The late passage of the 3 Vessels up the North River (which we have just received advice of) is so plain a Proof of the Inefficacy of all the Obstructions we have thrown into it, that I cannot but think, it will fully Justify a Change in the disposition which has been made. If we cannot prevent Vessels passing up, and the Enemy are possessed of the surrounding Country, what valuable purpose can it answer to attempt to hold a Post from which the expected Benefit cannot be had; I am therefore inclined to think it will not be prudent to hazard the men and Stores at Mount Washington, but as you are on the Spot, leave it to you to give such Orders as to evacuating Mount Washington as you Judge best and so far revoking the Order given Colo. Magaw to defend it to the last.
The best Accounts obtained from the Enemy, assure us of a considerable Movement among their Boats last Evening, and so far as can be collected from the various Sources of Intelligence, they must design a Penetration into Jersey and fall down upon your Post. You will therefore immediately have all the Stores &c. removed, which you do not deem necessary for your defence, and as the Enemy have drawn great Relief from the Forage and Provisions they have found in the Country, and which our Tenderness spared, you will do well to prevent their receiving any fresh Supplies there, by destroying it, if the Inhabitants will not drive off their Stock and remove the Hay Grain &c. in time. Experience has shewn, that a contrary Conduct is not of the least advantage to the poor Inhabitants, from whom all their Effects of every kind are taken, without distinction and without the least Satisfaction.
Troops are filing off from hence, as fast as our Circumstances and Situation will admit, in order to be transported over the River with all Expedition. I am etc.
P.S. I need not Suggest to you the Necessity of giving Genl. Mercer early Information of all Circumstances, in Order that he may move up to your Relief with what Troops he has?99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Joseph Reed. The parenthetical phrase is so added by Washington. The letter sent is in the archives of the New York Historical Society and the P.S. contains the additional sentence: "A Letter inclosed to General Stevens is left open for your Perusal." Greene, who was in command at Fort Lee, N. J., analyzes the situation and says (November 8): "Upon the whole I cannot help thinking the Garrison is of advantage, and I cannot conceive the Garrison to be in any great danger....Col. Magaw thinks it will take them [the British] till December expires, before they can carry it." Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, November 8, 1776.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersign Portsmouth.
The Court Martial of which Genl. McDougall is President, to sit immediately for the trial of Major Austin1 in Arrest, upon Charge of "Burning the houses at White-Plains, contrary to General orders."
[Note 1: Maj. Jonathan William Austin, of the Sixteenth Continental Infantry.]
Col Graham2 and Capt. Gerrish,3 tried by a Court-Martial whereof Genl. McDougall was President, for "Misbehaviour upon the approach of the enemy" are acquitted.
[Note 2: Col. Morris Graham, of the New York Militia.]
[Note 3: Capt. Jacob Gerrish, of the First Continental Infantry.]
Capt. Poole4 of Col Cary's Regt. and Genl. Fellows's Brigade, tried by the same Court Martial, and convicted of "Shamefully abandoning his post"--ordered to be cashiered.
[Note 4: Capt. Jacob Poole, of the Sixth Continental Infantry.]
The General approves each of the above Sentences; orders the former to join their regiments, and the latter to depart the Army immediately.
Head Quarters, November 9, 1776.
Sir: Yesterday Evening I received the favor of your Letter of the 8th. instant. Major Stewart's5 Servant having never represented himself as a person not inlisted in your Army, he was considered as a Prisoner of War and sent as such to Jersey. But upon your information that he was not in the Capacity of a Soldier, I will give immediate directions for him to be brought back that he may return to his Master.
[Note 5: Maj. Charles Stuart, of the Forty-third Foot, British Army.]
This Servant was charged with a Letter of a private and delicate nature; but Major Stewart may be assured the Contents neither were nor shall be permitted to transpire.
I regret that it has not been in my Power to effect the proposed Exchange of Prisoners before this Time. As soon as the proposition was agreed to, I wrote to the Governors and Conventions of the different States where the Prisoners were, to have them collected and sent to the most convenient places in the neighbourhood of the two Armies; their dispersed situation for their better accomodation has been the reason of the delay; At least I cannot ascribe it to any other cause: It has not arisen Sir, from any design on my part, and I am persuaded, the difficulty of drawing them together must be evident to you, especially as it was early suggested in some of my former Letters. As to the charge of your Officers being confined in common Gaols, I had hoped, that you were satisfied by my Assurances on this Head before. It is not my wish that Severity should be exercised towards any, whom the fortune of War has thrown, or, shall throw into our hands. On the Contrary, It is my desire that the utmost Humanity should be shewn them. I am convinced the latter has been the prevailing line of Conduct to Prisoners. There have been instances in which some have met with less Indulgence than could have been wished, owing to a refractory conduct and a disregard of Paroles. If there are other Instances, in which a Strict regard to propriety has not been observed, they have not come to my knowledge, and if you will be pleased to point them out and to particularize the Names of the Officers, the earliest inquiry shall be made into the complaint, and the cause removed if any exists.
With Respect to the Stragglers who have lately fallen into our Hands, I cannot, upon the best consideration, discern how the Agreement subsisting between us is affected by sending them to Places from whence they may be easily collected upon a General exchange. That the Custom of War requires, or that the Interest of an Army, would admit of a daily Exchange of Prisoners are Points on which we are so unhappy as to differ in Sentiment. The Opportunities of conveying Intelligence and many other Consequences flowing from such an Intercourse seem so very obvious, that upon farther reflection, I flatter myself you will think with me on this Subject. But if otherwise it might have been exemplified on your part, in the immediate return of such Straglers from our Army as have fallen into your Hands, which would have justified an Expectation of a similar Conduct from us. I am Sir, with great Respect &ca.6
[Note 6: The draft of this letter is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The last paragraph however, was, by Washington's direction, rewritten by Joseph Reed and so incorporated in the letter as sent. There was no change of thought, but a better and smoother expression of the same idea, though Reed's draft shows the difficulty he encountered in smoothing out the text.]
White Plains, November 9, 1776.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit you a Copy of a Letter from Genl Gates to Genl. Schuyler,7 and of another paper containing Intelligence respecting the Northern Army, and the situation of the Enemy in that department. They this minute came to hand, and to them I beg leave to refer you for particulars.
[Note 7: Gates's letter, dated Oct. 24, 1776, is in the Washington Papers. The other paper, a copy of which is filed with Washington's letter, in the Papers of the Continental Congress, informed of Sir John Johnson's movement down the Mohawk Valley to join Burgoyne at Albany.]
By every information I can obtain, and the accounts I had last night, by two deserters who were very intelligent and particular, Genl. Howe still has in view an expedition to the Jersey's and is preparing for it with the greatest industry. I have detached the first division of our Troops, which was thought necessary to be sent, and which I hope will cross the River at Peekskill to day. The Second I expect will all march this Evening, and to morrow Morning I propose to follow myself, in order to put things in the best train I can and to give him every possible opposition. I hope when the two divisions arrive and are joined to such other force, as I expect to collect, to check his progress and prevent him from penetrating any distance from the River if not to oblige him to return immediately with some loss. Whatever is in my power to effect, shall be done. I have the honor to be &c.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft, also in Harrison's writing, varies in minor verbal details from the above.]
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, November 9, 1776.
Parole--. Countersign--
The General desires, that all Colonels and commanding Officers of regiments, will be particularly attentive, that no discharged men, or men whose times have, or are about to expire, be suffered to carry off any Arms, Camp-Kettles, Utensils, or any other kind of store, which belong to the public; but that the whole be carefully delivered to the Quarter-Master General (or his Assistants) or to the Commissary of Stores, as the case may be; taking Receipts therefor, in discharge of those they have passed for the delivery, in behalf of the Corps they respectively belong to.
Head-Quarters, White-Plains, November 10, 1776.
Parole North-Castle. Countersign Bedford.
Such Officers as have been commissioned by the different States for the New-Army, are immediately to set about recruiting from the Troops of such State only, upon the following terms.
Twenty Dollars Bounty.
A Suit of Cloaths.
One hundred Acres of land.
The same pay and Rations, as are now given--The service to continue during the present Contest with Great-Britain.
Such ample encouragement, it is not doubted, will induce every true Lover of his Country, to engage in its defence; to preserve it from the Horrors of Slavery, and the desolation of a cruel and barbarous enemy--No Boys (under the idea of Waiters, or otherwise) or old Men, to be inlisted--if they are, they will be returned on the hands of the officer, without any allowance for any expence he may be at.9
[Note 9: The following note, preceded by the hand pointer, is entered at this point in the Varick Transcripts of the General Orders: "The Original Orders from Novr. 10th to Jany 12th 1777 inclusive, are missing." The General Orders were copied from the originals in 1781 and the transcript certified by Alexander Scammell, then Adjutant General of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Near the White Plains, November 10, 1776.
Sir: The late Movement of the Enemy,10 and the probability of their having designs upon the Jerseys (confirmed by sundry Accounts from deserters and prisoners,) rendering it necessary to throw a body of Troops over the North River, I shall immediately follow, and the command of the Army which remains after General Heath's division marches to Peekskill devolving upon you. I have to request;
[Note 10: Three British ships had forced their passage up the river on the 9th, though suffering considerable damage in masts and rigging from the American artillery. This interfered with the line of supplies to Washington's army by way of the Hudson River and also blocked work on obstructing the channel.]
That you will be particularly attentive that all the intrenching and other Tools, (excepting those in immediate use) be got together, and delivered to the Quarter Master General, or Major Reed, who heretofore has been intrusted with them.
That you will direct the commanding Officer of Artillery, to exert himself, in having the Army well Supplied, with Musket Cartridges; for this purpose, a convenient place, at a distance, should be fixed on, that the business may go on uninterrupted.
That no Troops, who have been furnished with Arms, Accoutrements, or Camp utensils, be suffered to depart the Camp, before they have delivered them, either to the Commissary of Stores, or the Quarter Master General, (or his Assistant), as the case may be, taking receipts therefore, in exoneration of those which they have passed. In a particular manner, let the tents be taken care of, and committed to the Quarter Master General's care.
A Little time now must manifest the Enemy's designs, and point out to you, measures proper to be pursued by that part of the Army under your command, I shall give no direction therefore on this Head, having the most entire confidence in your Judgment, and Military exertions; one thing however, I will suggest, namely, that as the appearance of embarking Troops for the Jerseys, may be intended as a feint to weaken us, and render the strong post, we now hold, more vulnerable; or if they find that Troops are assembled, with more expedition, and in greater numbers, than they expected, on the Jersey shore, to oppose them; I say, as it is possible from one or the other of these motives, they may yet pay the Army under your command, a visit; It will be unnecessary I am persuaded, to recommend to you, the propriety of putting this post, if you stay at it, into a proper posture of defence, and guarding against, surprises; But I would recommend it to your consideration whether under the suggestion above, your retiring to Croton bridge, and some strong post still more Easterly (covering the other passes through the highlands) may not be more adviseable, than to run the hazard, of an attack with unequal numbers; at any rate, I think all your Baggage, and Stores, except such as are necessary for immediate use, ought to be to the Northward of Croton River.
In case of your removal from hence, I submit to the consideration of Yourself and the General Officers with you, the propriety of destroying the Hay, to prevent the Enemy from reaping the benefit of it.
You will consider the post at Croton's or Pine's bridge, as under your immediate care, as also that lately occupied by Genl. Parsons, and the other at Wrights Mill; the first, I am taught to believe, is of consequence, the other two can be of little use, while the Enemy hover about the North River, and upon our right flank.
General Wooster from the State of Connecticut, and by Order of the Governor with Several Regiments of Militia, are now I presume, in or about Stamford; they were to receive orders from me, of course they are to do it from you; There are also some other Regiments of Connecticut Militia, who came out with General Saltonstall, and annexed to Genl. Parson's Brigade, and others which you must dispose of as occasion and Circumstances shall require; but as by the late returns, many of those Regiments are reduced to little more than a large Company, I recommend the discharge of all such Supernumerary Officers, and the others annexed to some Brigade.
As the Season will soon oblige the Enemy, to betake themselves to Winter Quarters, and will not permit our Troops to remain much longer in tents, it may be well to consider in time, where Magazines of Provisions and Forage, should be laid in for the Army on the East side Hudson's River. Peeks kill or the Neighbourhood, would I should think be a very advantageous post for as many as can be supported there; Croton bridge may possibly be another good deposit, or some where more Easterly for the rest, as the Commissary, Quarter Master, &c, may assist in pointing out.
It may not be amiss to remind you, for it must (as it ought) to have some influence on your deliberations and measures, that the Massachusets Militia, stand released from their Contract the 17th. this instant, and that the Connecticut Militia are not engaged for any fixed period, and by what I can learn, begin to grow very impatient to return, few indeed of whom being left.
If the Enemy should remove the whole, or the greatest part of their force, to the West side of Hudson's River, I have no doubt of your following, with all possible dispatch, leaving the Militia and Invalids to cover the Frontiers of Connecticut &c. in case of need.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, November 10, 1776.
Sir: As it is more than probable (unless Genl. Howe should throw his whole force into the Jerseys and bend his Course towards Philadelphia), that there will Scarce be a Junction of our Troops again this Season, it may be well for you to Consider of a proper partition of the Field Artillery, Artillerists and Stores for each Service, and delay no time in the arrangement and dispatch of those destined for the Western side of Hudsons River.
With respect to Yourself, I shall Leave it to your own choice to go over or stay; if you do not go, Colo. Mason must. Such Stores as are Necessary must be sent, and I intreat that no time may be lost in fixing Musket Cartridges for the use of the Army on the East side, whilst a Sufficient Number are sent, for the purpose of Supplying that on the West.
For other directions and Orders in the Line of your Department, I shall embrace some other Opportunity, in the mean time your own Judgment will govern you, and I am persuaded Sufficiently Stimulate to the discharge of every Act, by which the public Service can be benefited.
It is unnecessary to add, that if the Army of the Enemy should wholly or pretty generally throw themselves across the North River, that General Lee is to follow.12
[Note 12: The draft, in the writing of Stephen Moylan, is signed by Washington.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, November 10, 1776.
Sir: As the period is fast approaching, when part of this Army will stand released from their Engagements to serve the public, and little prospect remains of prevailing upon them to stay longer, it becomes highly necessary for you, in time, to set about a Collection (at least an Enquiry after) the Tents and other Stores which have been delivered from your Department, and see that they are carefully deposited in some safe Place.
The Tents (all such however as want it) are to be repaired, and put into the best order against another Season, as all other Articles which may require the like, and will admit of it, also should.
Take, especially, care that all the intrenching Tools at the different Encampments, not in immediate use, be all collected and removed to some place of Safety or where Major Genl. Lee shall direct; I do not conceive that there is Occasion to forward any with that part of the Army going to the Jerseys, but of this you can be satisfied from Inquiry.
The Uncertainty of the Enemy's designs, renders it almost impossible to point out places with any degree of propriety, for Magazines of Forage &c. dependent upon your Department. But as Peeks kill or the Neighbourhood of it, is considered as an important Post, you cannot do amiss in laying in plentifully at that place, And I should think another deposit at Croton (or Pine's) Bridge, could not be amiss, as it is represented to me as a post which ought to be held.
Time and Circumstances may render further Instructions Necessary, till which your own Judgment, and General Lee's Orders must be your Government.13
[Note 13: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to the Quartermaster General or his assistant.]
Head Quarters, near the White Plains, November 10, 1776.
Sir: The late movements of, and accts. from the Enemy, rendering it indispensably necessary that a body of Troops should be thrown into the Jerseys, it will be incumbent on you to know how, and in what manner they are to be Supplied.
This move of a considerable part of our Force will, of course, lessen the consumption of Provisions at this side, and enable you to Increase your Magazines with greater facility; where to point these out, with precision, at this Instant, I know not; except at, or near Peekskill; which, as a Post of Importance, and contiguous to two Garrisons may well be adopted as one place for a deposit, and I think near Crotons (or Pines) Bridge may be considered as another; as I am taught to believe that this is also an Important pass, and necessary to be held.
My present Ideas are that the other places for our Magazines should be more Easterly, at, or near the other Passes through the Highlands. However on this Subject you will Consult Genl. Lee who will remain with the Troops at or in the Neighbourhood of this Camp for a while.
I should think it unadviseable to have more provisions or Stores in this Camp, than what may be necessary to supply the present wants of the Troops as from the Scarcity of Teams it has been found extremely difficult to have even the Tents and the necessary Baggage of the Army removed upon any Emergency however Urgent.
In case the Enemy should make a pretty general remove to the Jerseys that part of the Army under General Lee will more than probably follow, notice of which I now give.14
[Note 14: The draft, in the writing of Stephen Moylan, and signed by Washington, is in the Washington Papers.]
[C.S.L.]
Head Quarters, near the White Plains, November 10, 1776.
Sir: As the Army (at least part of it) is near the period of its dissolution, you are to exert yourself to the utmost in recovering all the Arms and other Stores, which have been issued by you to the several Corps (whether Continental or Militia) in the Service of the United States. Such of the Arms as are unserviceable and cannot be repaired by the Armourers of the Army, are to be packed in Chests with an Inventory thereof, and numbered in order that they may be sent to the Board of War at Philadelphia, or delivered to their Order, for the purpose of Repair.
All the other Stores are to be deposited in careful Order, in some safe place near the Winter Quarters of the Troops on the East side of Hudson's River, comprehending the Stores taken from them.
You will remain on this Side (that is the East side) till further Orders and be particularly attentive to the above directions. I shall appoint some Person to do this Duty on the West Side of the River, who you are to furnish with a List of such Articles as the Troops there have drawn from you.
Give particular attention to the makers of Cartridges that there may be no want of this Article, and as a part of the Army are removing to the Jerseys, under the Supposition that the Enemy are bending their Course that way, consult with Colo. Knox on the Stores necessary for their use, and see they are forwarded.
It is unnecessary to add that the Troops under General Lee, will also cross Hudson's River, if it shou'd be necessary, in consequence of the Enemys throwing their force over.
Head Quarters, November 10, 1776.
Sir: I was yesterday Evening favored with a Call by the Gentlemen appointed Commissioners from your State, to arrange your officers, and to adopt some line of Conduct for recruiting the Quota of Men, which you are to furnish.
In discussing this Subject, the Gentlemen informed me, that your Assembly, to induce their Men to enlist more readily into the Service, had passed a vote advancing their pay Twenty Shillings pr Month, over and above that allowed by Congress.
It is seldom that I interfere in the determinations of any Public body, or venture to hold forth my opinion, contrary to the decisions which they form; but, upon this occasion, I must take the Liberty to mention, (especially as the influence of that Vote will be general and Continental), that, according to my Ideas and those of every General Officer I have Consulted with, a more mistaken Policy could not have been adopted, or one that, in its Consequences, will more effectually prevent the great object which Congress have in view, and which the Situation of our affairs so loudly calls for, The Levying of a New Army. That the advance, allowed by your State, may be the means of raising your Quota of Men, sooner than it otherwise would, perhaps may be true; but, when it is considered, that it will be an effectual bar to the other States raising the Quotas exacted from them,--When It is certain, that, if their Quotas could be made up without this advance coming to their knowledge; that the moment they come to Act with Troops who receive a higher pay, that jealousy, impatience and mutiny will immediately take place, and occasion desertions, if not a total dissolution of the Army. It must be viewed in an Injurious and fatal point of light. That Troops will never act together, in the same Cause and for different pay, must be obvious to every one; Experience has already proved it in this Army. That Congress will take up the Matter and make the advance General, is a matter of which there can be but little probability, as the addition of a Suit of Cloathes to the former pay of the Privates, was a long time debated before it could be obtained. I have, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Peeks kill, November 11, 1776.
Sir: I have only time to acknowledge the honor of your Letter of the 5th. Inst. and its Several Inclosures, and to inform you, that agreeable to the Resolves of Congress I shall use every Measure in my Power, that the moving and present confused State of the Army, will admit of, for to appoint Officers for recruiting. You will have been advised before this, of the arrival of Commissioners from the Massachusetts. Others have come from Connecticut, but from the present appearance of things we seem but little, if any nearer levying an Army. I had anticipated the Resolve respecting the Militia, by writing to the Eastern States and to the Jerseys, by the advice of my Genl. Officers, and from a consciousness of the necessity of getting in a number of Men, if possible, to keep up the appearance of an Army. How my applications will succeed, the event must determine. I have little or no reason to expect, that the Militia now here will remain a day longer than the time they first engaged for. I have recommended their stay and requested it in General Orders. General Lincoln and the Massachusetts Commissioners, are using their Interest with those from that State, but as far as I can judge, we cannot rely on their staying.16
[Note 16: Congress (October 4) had passed resolutions authorizing Washington, after consulting with such of his generals as he could conveniently call together, to grant warrants to officers of States which had not sent commissioners for such, appointing officers as he thought worthy of commissions; that these officers proceed to recruit their regiments and that Washington also take such steps as he might think most proper for continuing the militia then in camp.]
I left white Plains about 11 O'Clock yesterday. all peace then. The Enemy appeared to be preparing for their expedition to Jersey, according to every information. What their designs are, or whether their present conduct is not a feint I cannot determine. The Maryland and Virginia Troops under Lord Stirling have crossed the River as have part of those from the Jersey, the remainder are now embarking.
The Troops judged necessary to Secure the Several posts thro' the Highlands, have also got up. I am going to examine the Passes and direct such Works as may appear necessary, after which and making the best disposition I can, of things in this Quarter, I intend to proceed to Jersey, which I expect to do to Morrow.
The Assemblies of Massachusetts and Connecticut, to induce their Men more readily to engage in the Service, have voted an Advance pay of Twenty Shillings pr Month in addition to that allowed by Congress to privates. It may perhaps be the means of their levying the Quotas exacted from them, sooner than they could otherwise be raised, but I am of Opinion17 a more fatal and mistaken policy could not have entered their Councils, or one more detrimental to the General Cause. The Influence of the Vote will become Continental and materially affect the other States in making up their Levies. If they could do it, I am certain when the Troops come to act together, that Jealousy, impatience and mutiny would necessarily arise.--A different pay cannot exist in the same Army. The reasons are obvious and experience has proved their force, in the case of the Eastern and Southern Troops last Spring. Sensible of this, and of the pernicious consequences that would inevitably result from the advance, I have prevented the Commissioners from proceeding or publishing their Terms, till they could obtain the sense of Congress upon the Subject and remonstrated against It, in a Letter to Governor Trumbull. I am not Singular in opinion, I have the concurrence of all the General Officers, of its fatal tendency.18
[Note 17: The draft, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, has the word "convinced," which was softened to "of opinion" in the letter sent.]
[Note 18: Although Congress had determined what inducements should be offered to officers and men enlisting to serve during the war, the individual States undertook in some cases to alter the rewards. Maryland, having no lands in the west, offered to its recruits $10 in lieu of the 100 acres of land promised by Congress; but Congress decided that its faith was pledged to a performance of the promise of land, that the promise was equally obligatory upon its constituents, and no one State could by its own act be released there from, and requested the convention of Maryland to "reconsider" its resolution.-- Ford.]
I congratulate you and Congress on the News from Ticonderoga and that Genl Carlton and his Army have been Obliged to return to Canada, without attempting anything. I have &ca.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Peeks Kill, November 12, 1776.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Copy of Sundry Resolutions of Congress, which came to hand since I left the Plains. They will discover to you their Opinion, as to the Necessity of taking the most early Measures to levy the New Army. The Resolves cannot have any Operation but in the instance of the Rhode Island Regiments, Commissioners having come from the States of Massachusets and Connecticut and being on the way from Maryland. They will be superseded too if any have arrived from Rhode Island, therefore the Resolutions are under that Condition.
As it is of the last importance, that the recruiting Service should be begun, I must request, if the Commissrs. are not arrived from Rhode Island, that you will call upon Colo. Hitchcock,20 who will inform you of the Officers recommended to that State by Genl. Greene &c. and give Orders to them to begin their Inlistments immediately, on the Terms and Conditions allowed by Congress. Such of them as agree to stay and will undertake the Business, will be commissioned according to the rank assigned 'em in that recommendation. I have not got it by me, having sent it away with my papers before I came from Harlem.
[Note 20: Col. Daniel Hitchcock, of the Eleventh Continental Infantry.]
In respect to the Militia, you will try your influence to get them to remain; perhaps the requisition from Congress for that purpose, may have some effect, tho' I have but little expectation that it will.
The Inclosed Letter for Colo. Darby you will please send in by the first Flag.
I cannot conclude without reminding you of the Military and other Stores about your Encampment and at North Castle, and to press the removal of them above Croton Bridge or such other places of Security, as you may Judge proper. Genl. Howe having sent no part of his force to Jersey yet, makes the measure more necessary, as he may perhaps turn his views another way and attempt their destruction.
I have directed Colo. Putnam to examine the passes in the Highlands, Eastward of this place, and to lay out such Works as may be necessary to secure 'em. When you remove your present Encampment, you will assign such a Number of Men to the several Posts, as you shall deem sufficient for their defence.
I hope the Trial of Majr. Austin for Burning the Houses, will not be forgot; public Justice requires that it should be brought on as soon as it can.21 I am &c.22
[Note 21: Maj, Jonathan Williams Austin, of the Sixteenth Continental Infantry, was tried (November 12) at Philipseburg, N. Y., and sentenced to be dishonorably discharged. The proceedings of the court-martial are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, at Peeks Kill, November 12, 1776.
Sir: The uncertainty with respect to the designs of the Enemy renders any disposition of our Army at this time a little unsettled; but for the present, your division, with such Troops as are now at Forts Constitution, Montgomery, and Independance are to be under your Command and remain in this Quarter for the security of the above Posts and the Passes through the Highlands from this place, and the one on the West side of Hudson's River. Colo. Tash's23 Regiment is meant to be Included in this Command.
[Note 23: Col. Thomas Tash, of the New Hampshire Militia.]
Unnecessary it is for me to say any thing to evince the Importance of securing the Land and Water Communication through these Passes or to prove the Indispensable necessity of using every exertion in your power to have such Works erected for the defence of them as your own Judgment, assisted by that of your Brigadiers and the Engineer may shew the expediency of.
To form an accurate judgment of the proper places to Fortify, in order effectually to secure the two Land passes above mentioned through the highlands requires a considerable degree of attention and knowledge of the Roads and Ways leading through the Hills; these you must get from Information and observation as my stay here will not allow me to give any direction on this head with precision.
You will not only keep in view the Importance of securing these Passes but the Necessity of doing it without delay; not only from the probability of the Enemy's attempting to seize them, but from the advanced Season, which will not admit of any Spade Work after the Frost (which may be daily expected) sets in. Loose not a moments time therefore in choosing the Grounds on the East, and West side of the River, on which your intended Works are to be erected. Let your Men designd for each Post be speedily alloted, and by your presence, and otherwise, do every thing to stimulate the Officers (respectively Commanding at each) to exert themselves inforwarding them.
The Cheapest kind of Barracks must be erected, contiguous to these places where no Covering now is for the Men. These may, I should think, be built of Logs and made warm at very little cost. In aportioning your Men to the different Posts (those to be established, as well as those already fixed on the River) I advise your keeping the Corps as much as possible together, and also desire that in this allotment you will consult your Officers, and such Gentlemen as have it in their power (from their superior knowledge of the Country) to afford you good advice.
Independant of the Barracks which may be found Necessary for the Men at the Posts before mentioned, I should think other s ought to be Built at such Places in this Neighbourhood as the Quarter Master General and Engineer shall point out, as this must, from the Nature of it, be considered in an important point of view, and as well adapted for Winter Quarter for part of the Army, as any other place can be.
If contrary to the general received opinion, Genl. Howes remove to Dobbs's Ferry was only intended as a feint to draw of part of our Force from the place which we last occupied and should make an attempt upon Genl. Lee you are to give him all the Aid you can, taking care at the same time to keep guards in the Posts and Passes you occupy.
For the speedy, and regular punishment of Offences, you are hereby authorized and empowered, whilst you remain in a seperate Camp, to hold General Courts Martial and carry the judgments of them into Execution, in all cases whatsoever.
Be particularly careful of all Intrenching Tools, Tents, (seeing that the Bottoms of them are not covered with Dirt), and above all take care that no discharged Soldier is suffered to carry away any of the Publick Arms, or Accoutrements; apply to the Commissary of Stores for a list of those things furnished to the respective Colonels of Regiments and see that they acct. for them before the Men are dismissed. In like manner should every thing had of the Quarter Master Genl. be delivered up.
Keep persons Employed in making of Cartridges and be particularly attentive that the Stores are taken care of, and the Powder kept from receiving damage; also prevent the Soldiery from committing any kind of waste and injuries to private or public property.
The Men which composed the Detachment under Colo. Lasher are all to join their respective Corps immediately.
[MS.H.S.]
Genl. Green's Quarters, November 14, 1776.
Dear Sir: As an Exchange of Prisoners is likely to take effect, as soon as the nature of the case will admit, and as in the course of the transaction it may possibly happen, that an attempt may be made by the Enemy to redeem their prisoners, by men who were never ingaged in our Service, I must request you immediately to direct the Colonels or Commanders of Regiments in your Division, to make out an exact list of the particular Officers and Privates who have been killed, taken prisoners or are missing in the respective Regiments, and companies to which they belonged; specifying the names of the whole, and the time when each Officer or Private was killed, taken prisoner or missing; This List, as soon as it is completed, you will transmit to Head Quarters.24 I am etc.
[Note 24: Several returns of this nature, dated Nov. 17, 1776, are in the Washington Papers. They are from Col. Jedidiah Huntington's, Brig. Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons's. Brig. Gen. John Morin Scott's, and Brig. Gen. George Clinton's brigades, Col. Samuel Selden's, Col. William Douglas's and Col. Ebenezer Gay's regiments. A general return of the entire force under Lee, dated Nov. 24, 1776, is printed in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 3, 831.]
P.S. I now inclose you, a copy of the recommendation of the Officers for the State of Rhode Island, which was furnished by General Greene,25 and transmitted by me to Governor Cooke some time since. If the Commrs. have not yet arrived from thence, you will be pleased to direct the Officers therein
[Note 25: "The recommendation of General Green which you transmitted to me threw the Officers to whom I communicated it into so great a flame of discontent, that I ventur'd notwithstanding your orders, to hesitate. They accus'd him of partiallity to his connexions and Townsmen, to the prejudice of men of manifestly superior merit; indeed, it appears from the concurrent testimony of unbias'd Persons, that some of the subjects He recommended were wretched; in short, I was so stunn'd with their clamour that I delay'd until the arrival of the Committee."-- Lee to Washington, Nov. 19, 1776. Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.] nominated, who choose to serve, to recruit as fast as possible, out of their own Regiments and agreeable to the General Orders issued at the White Plains, before my departure.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson and George Lewis. This same letter, except the P.S., was sent to Maj. Gen. William Heath.]
General Greene's Quarters, November 14, 1776.
Sir: I have the honor to inform you of my arrival here Yesterday, and that the whole of the Troops belonging to the States, which lay South of Hudsons River and which were in New York Government have passed over to this side, except the Regiment, lately Colo Smallwood's which I expect is now on their march. That they may be ready to check any incursions the Enemy may attempt in this Neighbourhood, I intend to quarter them at Brunswick, Amboy, Elizabeth Town, NewArk and about this Place, Unless Congress should conceive it necessary for any of them to be Stationed at or more contiguous to Philadelphia. In such case they will be pleased to Signify their pleasure. There will be very few of them after the departure of those who were engaged for the Flying Camp and which is fast approaching, The disposition I have mentioned, seems to me well calculated for the end proposed and also for their accommodation.
The movements and designs of the Enemy are not yet understood. Various are the opinions and reports on this Head. From every information, the whole have removed from Dobb's ferry towards Kingsbridge, and it seems to be generally beleived on all hands, that the investing of Fort Washington is one object they have in view.--But that can employ but a small part of their force. Whether they intend a Southern expedition must be determined by time. To me there appears a probability of it, and which seems to be favoured by the advices we have, that many Transports are wooding and Watering. General Greene's Letter27, would give you the Substance of the Intelligence brought by Mr. Mercereau28 from Staten Island in this Instance, which he received before It came to me.
[Note 27: Greene had written (November 11) of intelligence from New York of a projected British expedition against South Carolina. His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 28: John Mercereau. He sent in valuable intelligence to headquarters throughout the war while the main army was in the vicinity of New York City.]
Inclosed you have Copies of two Letters from Genl. Howe and of my Answer to the first of them. The Letter alluded to and returned in his last, was One from myself to Mrs. Washington of the 25th. Ulto. from whence I conclude that all the Letters, which went by the Boston Express, have come to his possession.29 You will also perceive that General Howe has requested the return of Peter Jack a servant to Major Stewart, to which I have consented, as he was not in the Military line and the requisition agreeable to the Custom of War. This Servant having been sent to Philadelphia, with the Waldeckers and other Prisoners, I must request the favor of you to have him conveyed to Genl. Greene by the earliest Opportunity, in order that he may be returned to his master.
[Note 29: Howe's letters, dated Nov. 8 and 11, 1776, are in the Washington Papers. They relate mainly to the exchange of prisoners. For answer to the first see Washington's letter to Howe, Nov. 9, 1776, ante. The capture of these letters, among which was the one to Mrs. Washington, which Howe returned unopened, seems to have furnished the idea for J. Bew's London publication of the "Spurious Letters" of Washington. (See Washington's letter to Lund Washington, June 12, 1776, ante; and note to General Orders, Nov. 1, 1776, ante.]
Before I conclude, I beg leave not only to suggest but to urge the necessity of encreasing our Field Artillery very considerably. Experience has convinced me, as it has every Gentleman of discernment in this Army, that while we remain so much inferior to the Enemy in this instance, we must carry on the war under Infinite disadvantages, and without the smallest probability of success. It has been peculiarly owing to the situation of the Country where their operations have been conducted, and to the rough and strong grounds we possessed ourselves of and over which they had to pass, that they have not carried their Arms by means of their Artillery to a much greater extent. When these difficulties cease, by changing the Scene of action to a level champaign Country, the worst of consequences are justly to be apprehended. I would therefore, with the concurrence of all the Officers whom I have spoke to upon the subject, submit to the consideration of Congress, whether immediate measures ought not be taken for procuring a respectable Train. It is agreed on all hands, that each Battalion should be furnished at least with Two pieces, and that a smaller number than 100 of 3 lb., 50 of 6 lb. and 50 of 12 lb. should not be provided in addition to those we now have--besides these, if some 18 and 24 Pounders are ordered, the Train will be more serviceable and compleat. The whole should be of Brass for the most obvious reasons. they will be much more portable, not half so liable to burst, and when they do, no damage is occasioned by it, and they may be cast over again. Sizes before described should be particularly attended to, if they are not, there will be great reason to expect mistakes and confusion in the charges in Time of Action, as it has frequently happened in the best regulated Armies. The disparity between those I have mentioned and such as are of an Intermediate size, is difficult to discern. It is also agreed, that a Regiment of Artillerists, with approved and experienced Officers, should be obtained if possible, and some Engineers of known reputation and abilities. I am sorry to say, too ready an Indulgence has been had to several appointments in the latter instance and that Men have been promoted who seem to me to know but little if any thing of the business. perhaps this Train &c. may be looked upon by some as large and expensive; true it will be so, but when it is considered that the Enemy (having effected but little in the course of the present Campaign) will use their utmost efforts to subjugate us in the next, every consideration of that sort should be disregarded, and every possible preparation made to frustrate their unjust and wicked attempts. How they are to be procured, is to be inquired into. That we cannot provide them among ourselves, or more than a very small proportion, so trifling as not to deserve our notice is evident; therefore I would advise, with all imaginable deference that without any abatement of our own Internal exertions, application should be immediately made to such Powers, as can and may be willing to supply them. They cannot be obtained too early, if soon enough, and I am told they may be easily had from France and Holland.30
[Note 30: On November 19 Congress resolved that one hundred 3-pounders, fifty 6-pounders, fifty 12-pounders, thirteen 18-pounders, and thirteen 24-pounders, all of brass, be immediately provided for the armies of the United States. The Secret Committee was directed to procure them and that the "matter be kept as secret as the nature of the business will admit." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
Mr. Trumbull, the Commissary General, has frequently mentioned to me of late, the inadequacy of his pay to his trouble and the great risk he is subject to, on account of the large sums of Money which pass thro his Hands. He has stated his case with a view of laying it before Congress, and obtaining a more adequate compensation. My sentiments upon the subject are already known, but yet I shall take the liberty to add, that I think his complaint to be well founded and that his pay, considering the important duties, risks of his office, by no means sufficient, and that the footing he seems to think it should be upon himself, appears just and reasonable.
A proposition having been made long since to Genl Howe and agreed to by him, for an Exchange of Prisoners, in consequence of the Resolutions of Congress to that effect, I shall be extremely happy if you will give directions to the Committees and those having the charge of Prisoners in the several states south of Jersey, to transmit me proper Lists of the names of all the Commissioned Officers and of their Ranks and the Corps they belong to; also the number of the Non Commissioned and Privates and their respective Regiments. You will perceive by his Letter he supposes me to have affected some delay or to have been unmindfull of the Proposition I had made.
I propose to stay in this neighbourhood a few days, in which time I expect the designs of the Enemy will be more disclosed, and their Incursions be made in this quarter, or their investiture of Fort Washington, if they are intended.31 I have the honor &c.32
[Note 31: The draft, in the Washington Papers, in the writing of Harrison, is unfinished.]
[Note 32: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
General Greene's Quarters, November 16, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you last, an important Event has taken place, of which I wish to give you the earliest Intelligence.
The preservation of the Passage of the North River, was an Object of so much consequence, that I thought no pains or Expence too great for that purpose, and therefore after sending off all the Valuable stores, except such as were necessary for its Defence, I determined agreeable to the Advice of the most of the General Officers, to risque something to defend the Post on the East Side call'd Mount Washington.37 When the Army moved up, in Consequence of Genl. Howe's landing at Frog Point, Colo. Magaw was left in that Command, with about 1200 Men, and orders given to defend it to the last. Afterwards, reflecting upon the smallness of the Garrison and the Difficulty of their holding it, if Genl. Howe should fall down upon it with his whole Force, I wrote to Genl. Greene who had the Command on the Jersey Shore, directing him to govern himself by Circumstances, and to retain or evacuate the Post, as he should think best, and revoking the absolute Order to Colo. Magaw to defend the post to the last Extremity; Genl. Greene struck with the Importance of the Post, and the Discouragement which our Evacuation of Posts must necessarily have given, reinforced Colo Magaw with Detachments from several Regiments of the Flying Camp, but chiefly of Pennsylvania, so as to make up the Number about 2000. In this situation, things were Yesterday, when General Howe demanded the Surrender of the Garrison, to which Col. Magaw returned a spirited refusal.38 Immediately upon receiving an Account of this
[Note 37: On the night of November 14, 30 flatboats were sent to Kings Bridge by the British, who ferried their troops over the Harlem River the next day and marched upon Fort Washington.]
[Note 38: Colonel Magaw returned the following answer to Lieut. Col. Stephen Kemble, adjutant general of the British Army, who sent him the summons to surrender the fort: "Sir, If I rightly understand the purport of your message from Gen: Howe, communicated to Colonel Swoope, 'this post is to be immediately surrendered or the garrison put to the sword.' I rather think it a mistake, than a settled resolution in General Howe, to act a part so unworthy of himself and the British nation. But give me leave to assure his excellency, that, actuated by the most glorious cause that mankind ever fought in, I am determined to defend this post to the very last extremity."
The copy of this reply was immediately sent across the fiver to General Greene, and inclosed in the following note from him to General Washington, who was then at Hackensack, N. J.: "Inclosed you have a letter from Col. Magaw. The contents will require your Excellency's attention. I have directed Col. Magaw to defend the place until he hears from me. I have ordered General Herd's brigade to hasten on. I shall go to the Island soon. Fort Lee, 4 o'clock."
A copy of Magaw's reply, in his writing and signed by him, is in the Washington Papers.] transaction, I came from Hackensack to this place, and had partly cross'd the North River, when I met Genl. Putnam and Genl. Greene, who were just returning from thence, and informed me that the Troops were in high Spirits and would make a good Defence, and it being late at night I returned.
Early this Morning Colo. Magaw posted his Troops partly in the Lines thrown up by our Army on our first coming thither from New York, and partly on a commanding Hill laying North of Mount Washington (the Lines being all to the Southward) In this position the attack began about Ten O'Clock, which our Troops stood, and returned the Fire in such a Manner as gave me great Hopes the Enemy was intirely repulsed. But at this Time a Body of Troops cross'd Harlem River in Boats and landed inside of the second Lines, our Troops being then engaged in the first. Colo. Cadwalader who commanded in the Lines sent off a Detachment to oppose them, but they being overpowred by numbers gave way, upon which Colo. Cadwallader ordered his Troops to retreat, in order to gain the Fort; It was done with much Confusion, and the Enemy crossing over came in upon them in such a Manner that a number of them surrendered. At this time the Hessians advanced on the North Side of the Fort in very large Bodies, they were received by the Troops posted there with proper Spirit and kept back a Considerable time. But at length they were also obliged to submit to a superiority of numbers and retire under the cannon of the Fort. The Enemy having advanced thus far, halted and immediately a Flag went in with a Repetition of the demand of the Fortress as I suppose.39 At this time I sent a Billet to Col Magaw, directing him to hold out, and I would endeavour this Evening to bring off the Garrison, if the Fortress could not
[Note 39: According to Sparks, General Howe in his public dispatch stated that Colonel Rahl had brought his column within 100 yards of the fort when he summoned it to surrender, and a treaty was acceded to by Colonel Magaw.] be maintained, as I did not expect it could, the Enemy being possessed of the adjacent Ground. But before this reached him, he had entered too far into a Treaty to retract. After which, Colo. Cadwallader told another messenger who went over, that they had been able to obtain no other Terms than to surrender as Prisoners of War.40 In this situation Matters now stand. I have stopped Genl. Beall's and Genl. Heard's Brigades to preserve the Post and Stores here, which with the other Troops I hope we shall be able to effect.
[Note 40: They were required to surrender as prisoners of war, giving up their arms, ammunition, and stores of every kind; but the men in the garrison were allowed to keep possession of their baggage and the officers to retain their swords.-- Sparks.]
I dont yet know the number of killed and wounded on either Side. but from the heaviness and Continuance of Fire in some places, I imagine there must have been considerable Execution.41
[Note 41: The British loss was in the neighborhood of 500 in killed and wounded. Their official report is printed in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 3, 10561057; their return of ordnance and stores captured is on page 1058. The American loss was placed at about 150 in killed and wounded. The Committee on Foreign Affairs of Congress wrote to the United Stares Commissioners at Paris, Dec. 30, 1776, that 2,634 prisoners had been taken and 43 guns, with ammunition, stores, etc. According to the table of prisoners compiled by the British commissary of prisoners and sent by Howe to Washington for exchange negotiations, the total was 2,818. This table is printed by Sparks in his Writings of Washington, vol. 4, p. 547.]
The Loss of such a number of Officers and Men, many of whom have been trained with more than common attention, will I fear be severely felt. But when that of the Arms and Accoutrements is added, much more so, and must be a farther Incentive to procure as considerable a Supply as possible for the New Troops, as soon as it can be done. I have &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Joseph Reed and Tench Tilghman; the letter sent is in that of Tilghman.]
General Greene's Quarters, November 16, 1776.
Gentn.: I do myself the honor to transmit to you, a Copy of Sundry Resolves of Congress which came to hand yesterday evening. By these you will perceive, that they have entered in to some new regulations respecting the Inlistment of the new Army; and reprobating the measures, which I presume you have heard, have been adopted by the State of Massachusetts Bay, for raising the Quota to be furnished by them: My view in doing this, is to inform you of their sense upon this Subject, and that they will admit of no departure from the Terms they themselves have heretofore published, except in the instances which are mentioned in these Resolves; they are plain and explicit, and I will take the Liberty to add, should form a part of the Instructions to be given to the Officers, who may be appointed to recruit.
I would also beg leave to observe that the necessity of raising the new army, becomes more and more urgent, and is such, as calls for every possible exertion to effect it.43
[Note 43: At this point in the draft is stricken out "exertion on the part of the Several States. The dissolution of the present, is fast approaching, nay the departure of a large portion of. It, is on the Eve of taking place. These facts are all known, but yet seem not to be sufficiently attended to."]
The Congress convinced of this and seeing the delays of some of the States, in carrying the Resolves recommended to them into execution, have impowred and required me, to nominate officers to the Regiments of such States, as have not sent Commissioners to the Army, for that purpose. As this is a Matter in which I would not wish to interfere at this time, farther than compelled by their direction and the situation of our affairs, I shall be happy to know what progress you have made in this Instance, and whether the arrangement for your Regiments is compleated. If it is not finished, let me intreat you to do it, as speedily as possible.--The necessity is obvious and must be felt by every one; till the officers are appointed, no measures for enlisting men can be pursued. If the bounty allowed by Congress, could be paid down, it is more than probable, it might induce many to engage more readily. under this Idea I shall be ready to advance to such officers as you appoint to the Command of the Regiments, upon your requisition, such sums of Money as may be sufficient for that purpose, If provision has not been, or shall not be otherwise made by Congress for the same.
I am sorry to inform you that this day about 12 O'Clock the Enemy made a General Attack upon our Lines about Fort Washington; which having carried, the Garrison retired within the Fort, Colo Magaw, finding there was no possibility of a Retreat across the North River, over to Fort Lee, surrendered the Post. We do not yet know our own loss or that of the Enemy in forcing the Lines; but I imagine it must have been considerable on both sides, as the Fire in some Parts was of long continuance and heavy; neither do I know the Terms of Capitulation. The Force of the Garrison before the Attack was about 2000 Men. I have the honor to be, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Tench Tilghman.]
Genl. Greene's Quarters, November 16, 1776.
Dear Sir: You will perceive, by the inclosed Resolves, that Congress have entered into some new Regulations respecting the Inlistment of the New Army, and reprobating the measures adopted by the State of Massachusets Bay, for raising their Quota of Men.
As every possible exertion should be used for recruiting the Army as speedily as may be, I request that you immediately publish in Orders, that an allowance of a Dollar and one third of a Dollar will be paid to the Officers for every Soldier they shall inlist, whether in or out of Camp. Also, that it will be optional in the Soldiers to inlist during the continuance of the war, or for three Years, unless sooner discharged by Congress. In the former case, they are to receive all such bounty and pay as have been heretofore mentioned in Orders. Those who engage for the latter time, (that of three years) are not to receive the bounty in Land. That no mistakes may be made, you will direct the Recruiting Officers from your Division, to provide two distinct Inlisting Rolls, One for those to sign who engage during the war, the other for those who inlist for three years, if their service shall be so long requested.45
[Note 45: Congress continued to urge upon the States the pressing necessity for raising troops. On November 19 it was resolved that it was "necessary upon every principle of propriety, to remind the several states, how indispensable it is to the common safety, that they pursue the most immediate and vigorous measures to furnish their respective quotas of troops for the new army, as the time of service, for which the present army was inlisted, is so near expiring, that the country may be left in a condition in a great measure defenceless, unless quickly supplied by new levies." On November 21, as the necessity was so evident and pressing, Congress authorized each State to enlist men either for the war or three years, without presenting enlisting rolls for both terms, "keeping it always in view, that, in the opinion of Congress, the public service will be best promoted by inlistments for the war, if the recruiting business is not retarded thereby." On November 22 the matter was again considered, some parts of the army being already disbanded, and there being "danger that the enemy must be opposed either by unequal numbers, or by militia, not only a more expensive but a less efficacious aid than regular forces; and there being good grounds to hope that vigorous efforts at this critical juncture, may bring the war to a speedy as well as a happy conclusion." Washington was sent blank commissions and empowered to fill them in as he thought fit and to speed the recruiting by all means in his power. William Paca, John Witherspoon, and George Rosa were appointed to go to headquarters to consult with the General on the delay of pay and other grievances of the soldiers.]
* ... * ... * ... * ... *46
[Note 46: The omitted paragraph relating the loss of Fort Washington is the same as that in Washington's letter to the New York Legislature, Nov 16, 1776, q. v.]
Before I left Peeks Kill I urged to General Heath the Necessity of securing the pass thro' the High Lands next to the River, as well on that as this side, and to the Forts above; But as the preserving of those and others which lay more Easterly and which are equally essential, is a matter of the last importance, I must beg you to turn your attention that way, and to have such measures adopted for their defence, as your Judgment shall suggest to be necessary. I do not mean to advise the abandoning your present post, contrary to your own Opinion, but only to mention my Ideas of the importance of those passes, and that you cannot give too much attention to their Security, by having Works erected in the most advantageous places for that purpose. I am &c.
P.S. The inclosed Letter for Governor Trumbull47 you will please to transmit by the first Opportunity.48
[Note 47: The letter for Governor Trumbull is that of Nov. 17, 1776, q. v.]
[Note 48: The draft is by Robert Hanson Harrison. Precisely the same letter was sent to Maj. Gen. William Heath with a P. S. directing that the resolves be sent to each of his colonels "that no mistakes may happen."]
Hackensack, November 18, 1776.
Dear Sir: I just now received the favor of your Letter of the 17th,51 I confess, I did not expect that any Warrants would have been presented to you for payment, except those which I signed
[Note 51: Major Generals Lee and Heath claimed the right to draw warrants. Paymaster General Palfrey's letter, dated Nov. 17, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.] myself. The Inconveniences which might arise, if several persons in the same Army were allowed to draw, are obvious and such as might produce great uneasiness and injustice to the Public. All who applied to me, were told, that the Abstracts were to be deposited with you and sent down in order to be signed by me at once, or that they would be compleated by my signature, if brought at different times. I cannot allow double pay to Major Lee52 or any other Officer. It is expressly against the Resolves of Congress. The Militia will be paid on making out proper Abstracts and such as are Satisfactory to you, as other Troops are. You must inform their Officers, that they should be very particular in not charging for a longer time than the men were in actual Service, and the abstracts should be certified by their Brigadiers or Colos. Commandants.
[Note 52: Maj. William Raymond Lee, of the Fourteenth Continental Infantry.]
As I cannot conceive it will be for the public good, that warrants should be drawn by different Officers and to prevent further mistakes on that account, I request that you will remove your Office near my Head Quarters, and pay no Warrants hereafter but such as come from me, giving notice of your removal. I shall mention to Congress the demands that will be on you, desiring that provision may be made for the same. I am &c.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Hackensack, November 19, 1776.
Sir: I have not been yet able, to obtain a particular account of the unhappy affair of the 16th, nor of the Terms on which the Garrison surrendered. The Intelligence that has come to hand, is not so full and accurate as I could wish. One of the Artillery, and whose information is most direct, who escaped on Sunday night says the Enemy's loss was very considerable, especially in the attack made above the Fort by the Division of Hessians that Marched from Kingsbridge, and where Lieut. Colo Rawlings55 of the late Colo. Stevenson's Regiment was posted. They burnt Yesterday one or two Houses on the Heights and contiguous to the Fort, and appeared by advices from Genl. Greene, to be moving in the evening, their Main Body down towards the City. Whether they will close the Campaign without attempting something more, or make an incursion into Jersey must be determined by the events themselves.
[Note 55: Lieut. Col. Moses Rawlings, of Stephenson's rifle regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Fort Washington, N. Y.; colonel of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments in January, 1777; resigned in June, 1779.]
As Fort Lee was always considered, as only necessary in conjunction with that on the East side of the River, to preserve the Communication across, and to prevent the Enemy from a free Navigation, It has become of no importance by the loss of the other, or not so material, as to employ a force for its defence. Being viewed in this, light and apprehending that the stores there, would be precariously situated, their removal has been determined on, to Boundbrook above Brunswick, Prince Town, Springfield and Acquackinac Bridge, as places that will not be subject to sudden danger in case the Enemy should pass the River, and which have been thought proper, as repositories for our Stores of Provisions and Forage.56 The Troops belonging to the Flying Camp under Genls. Heard and Beal, with what remains of Genl. Ewing's Brigade, are now at Fort Lee, where
[Note 56: Sir William Howe's letter to Lord George Germain (November 30) describes the British military movements from the landing on Frogs Point to the capture of Fort Lee and the beginning of the pursuit of Washington through New Jersey. Of Fort Lee, he wrote that Admiral Howe sent boats to Kings Bridge the night of November 17, and the troops were ferried across the Hudson the 18th and landed undiscovered about 7 miles above Fort Lee at to o'clock a.m. "Lord Cornwallis immediately began his march, and had not the enemy at Fort Lee been apprised of his moving towards them by a countryman, after he had proceeded some distance, he would have surrounded two thousand men at the fort, who escaped in the utmost confusion, leaving all their artillery and a large quantity of stores and provisions, their tents standing, and kettles upon the fire."] they will continue till the stores are got away. By the time that is effected, their term of inlistment will be near expiring, and if the Enemy should make a push in this Quarter, the only Troops that there will be to oppose them, will be Hand's, Hazlet's; the Regiments from Virginia57 that lately Smallwood's, the latter greatly reduced by the losses it sustained on Long Island &c. and sickness, nor are the rest by any means complete. In addition to these, I am told there are a few of the Militia of this State, which have been called in by Governor Livingston. I shall make such a disposition of the whole at Brunswick and at the intermediate Posts, as shall seem most likely to guard against the designs of the Enemy and to prevent them making an Irruption or foraging with detached Parties.
[Note 57: The draft says "the five Virginia Regiments."]
The Inclosed letter from Cols. Miles58 and Atlee,59 will shew Congress the distressed situation of our Prisoners in New York, and will become greater every day, by the cold, inclement Season that is approaching. It will be happy, if some expedient can be adopted by which they may be furnished with necessary Blankets and Cloathing. Humanity and the good of the service require it. I think the mode suggested by these Gentlemen for establishing a credit, appears as likely to succeed, and as eligible, as any that occurs to me. It is probable Many Articles that may be wanted, can be obtained there and upon better Terms than elsewhere. In respect to provision, their allowance perhaps is as good as the Situation of Genl.
[Note 58: Col. Samuel Miles, of a Pennsylvania rifle regiment. He was taken prisoner on Long Island, N. Y.; exchanged in April, 1778; brigadier general, Pennsylvania State troops. His letter, dated Nov. 10, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 59: Col. Samuel John Atlee, of the Pennsylvania Musket Battalion. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Long Island, N. Y.; exchanged in August, 1778; did not reenter the service. His letter, dated Nov. 9, 1776, is in the Washington Papers. A joint letter from both Miles and Atlee was undated. It is in the Washington Papers under date of November, 1776.] How's Stores will admit of. It has been said of late by deserters and others, that they were rather scant.
By a letter from the Paymaster General of the 17th he says there will be a necessity that large and early remittances should be made him. The demands, when the Troops now in service are dismissed, will be extremely great. besides the bounty to recruits requires a large supply and he adds, that the Commissary Genl. has informed him, that between this and the last of December he shall have occasion for a Million of Dollars.
November 21.
The unhappy affair of the 16th has been succeeded by further Misfortunes.
Yesterday Morning a large body of the Enemy landed between Dobb's Ferry and Fort Lee.60 Their object was evidently to inclose the whole of our Troops and stores that lay between the North and Hackensac Rivers, which form a very narrow neck of Land. For this purpose they formed and Marched, as soon as they had ascended the High Grounds towards the Fort. Upon the first information of their having landed and of their movements, our men were ordered to meet them, but finding their numbers greatly superior and that they were extending themselves to seize on the passes over the River, It was thought proper to withdraw our Men, which was effected and their retreat secured.61 We lost the whole of the Cannon that was at the Fort except two twelve pounders, and a great deal of baggage, between two and three hundred Tents,--about a thousand Barrels of Flour and other stores in the Quarter Master's Department. This loss was inevitable, As many of the stores had been removed, as circumstances and time would admit of.
[Note 60: Grayson, in his letter of November 20 to General Lee, written by Washington's direction, described the landing place as Glosser Dock, "nearly opposite to Philip's house." He added: "His Excellency thinks it would be adviseable in you to remove the Troops under you Command on this side of the North River and there wait for farther Order." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 61: The draft says "over Hackinsac Bridge."] The Ammunition had been happily got away. Our present situation between Hackensac and Posaic Rivers, being exactly similar to our late one, and our force here by no means adequate to an Opposition, that will promise the smallest probability of Success, we are taking measures to retire over the Waters of the latter, when the best dispositions will be formed, that Circumstances will admit of.
By Colo. Cadwalader62 who has been permitted by General Howe to return to his Friend.63 I am informed the surrender of the Garrison on the 16th was on the common terms, as prisoners of War. The loss of the Hessians about Three hundred Privates and Twenty Seven Officers, Killed and Wounded, about forty of the British Troops and two or three Officers. The loss on our side but inconsiderable. I beg leave to refer you to him for a more particular account and also for his relation of the distresses of our Prisoners. Colo. Miles and Atlee's Letter, mentioned above upon this subject, was thro mistake sent from hence yesterday evening. The mode of relief proposed by them, was a Credit or supply of Cash, thro' the means of Mr. Franks.64 This seems to be doubtful, as he is said to be in Confinement by Colo Cadwalader, provided it would have been otherwise practicable.
[Note 62: Col. Lambert Cadwalader was a native of New Jersey but colonel of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been captured at Fort Washington, N.Y., and after his release resigned from the Army. He was a Delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress, 1784--1787, and a Member of the United States House of Representatives, 1789--1791, 1793--1795. He died in 1823.]
[Note 63: Colonel Cadwalader was immediately released without parole by Sir William Howe, at the instance of General Prescott, who, when a prisoner in Philadelphia, had received civilties from Colonel Cadwalader's father.-- Sparks.]
[Note 64: David Franks, British commissary of prisoners.]
P.S. Your favor of the 16th. was duly received. My Letter to the Board of War65 on the subject of the return of the Waldeckers I presume you will have seen.66
[Note 65: The letter to the Board of War is that of Nov. 15, 1776, q. v. On November 15 Congress had given Washington "leave to negotiate an exchange of the foreign troops in the pay of Great Britain, that are prisoners to these states."]
[Note 66: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who also wrote the draft.]
Head Quarters, November 21, 1776.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 9th. instant, I can so well conceive, the desire that persons in captivity must feel for releasment, and a return to their friends, that I do not wonder at your anxious endeavours to procure your own. If Mr. Thomas Irving receiver Genl. of South Carolina (who I do not look upon in the military line) can receive any assurance from Genl. Howe, that he will exchange you for him, I certainly can have no objection. This proposition cannot with propriety go from me to Genl. Howe; because by the terms of our Cartel, exchanges can only be proposed between Officers of equal Rank, but either side may deviate from the Rule if they please, as was the case of Governor Brown for Brigadier Lord Stirling. If therefore, you and Mr. Irving can obtain Genl. Howe's consent for your reciprocal Exchange, I will immediately upon receiving his approbation of the measure, send for Mr. Irving from Connecticut.
In Consequence of a joint Letter from you and Colo. Miles, respecting the deplorable condition of our prisoners in New York, for want of cloaths and other necessaries, I have laid the matter before Congress, and have recommended it to them, to provide a proper Fund for their Support. As to the scanty allowance of Provisions, I would hope that it proceeded from the State of General Howe's Stores and not from any desire in him to add Famine to the misfortune of Captivity. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is by Tench Tilghman. On November 25 Washington wrote again practically the same letter to Atlee, probably because, not having his papers to consult., he did not recall having answered Atlee's letter of November 9.]
Hackensack, November 21, 1776.
Dear General: It must be painful to you as well as to us to have no news to send you, but of a melancholy nature. Yesterday Morning the Enemy landed a large Body of Troops below Dobb's Ferry, and advanced very rapidly to the Fort called by your Name. I immediately went over and as the Fort was not tenable on this side, [and we in a narrow Neck of Land, the passes out of which the Enemy were attempting to sieze], directed the Troops consisting of Beall's, Heard's, the remainder of Ewing's Brigades, and some other parts of broken Regiments, to move over to the West side of Hackensack River. A considerable Quantity of Stores and some Artillery have fallen into their Hands. We have no Account of their movements this Morning, but as this Country is almost a dead Flat, we have not an Intrenching Tool, and not above 3000 Men, and they much broken and dispirited, not only with our ill success, but the Loss of their Tents and Baggage; I have resolved to avoid any Attack, tho' by so doing I must leave a very fine Country open to their Ravages, or a plentiful Store House, from which they will draw voluntary Supplies.
Your favor of the 19th. is just some to Hand. I approve of your Step with respect to the Rhode Island Offices, as I am unacquainted with their Merits, I was obliged to leave the Determination of the matter much to Genl. Greene, hoping I confess, that he would make an Arrangement acceptable to his Countrymen; however, I am well satisfied with what you have done and must leave it upon that footing.
With respect to your Situation, I am very much at a Loss what now to determine, there is such a Change of Circumstances since the date of your Letter, as seems to call for a Change of Measures. Your Post undoubtedly will answer some important Purposes; but whether so many or so great as your Removal, is well worthy of Consideration. You observe, it prevents a fine fertile Country affording them supplies, but now they have one much more so and more contiguous. They have already traversed a part of that Country leaving little behind them, is it probable they will return, if not the distance must be too great in Winter time, to render it effectually serviceable. Upon the whole therefore, I am of Opinion and the Gentlemen about me concur in it, that the publick Interest requires your coming over to this side, with the Continental Troops, leaving Fellows's and Wadsworth's Brigades, to take care of the Stores during their Short stay, at the Expiration of which I suppose they will set out home.68
[Note 68: Lee, in a letter dated November 19, stated at length his objections to removing from North Castle, N.Y. This letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed by Sparks in Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 306.]
My reasons for this measure and which I think must have weight with you, are, that the Enemy are evidently changing the Seat of War to this side of the North River; that this Country therefore, will expect the Continental Army to give what support they can and failing in this, will cease to depend upon or support a force from which no Protection is given to them. It is therefore of the utmost Importance, that at least an Appearance of Force should be made, to keep this Province in the Connection with the others, if that should not continue, it is much to be feared, that its Influence on Pennsylvania would be very considerable, and more and more endanger our publick Interest. Unless therefore some new event should occur, or some more cogent reason present itself, I would have you move over by the easiest and best Passage. I am sensible your Numbers will not be large and that perhaps it may not be agreeable to the Troops: as to the first, report will exaggerate them and preserve an Appearance of an Army, which will at least have an effect to encourage the disponding here; and as to the other, you will doubtless represent to them, that in duty and gratitude, their Service is due, wherever the Enemy make the greatest Impression, or seem to intend so to do.
The Stores at North Castle, Croton Bridge and Kings Ferry, are to be removed to Peeks Kiln, so as to be under Genl. Heath's Eyes this we hope [there] will [be] Time and Means to do.
Colo. Puttnam who has been surveying the Country, thinks the Bridge at Croton River a very important Place and that Troops would be necessary there, you will please to regard it accordingly, by leaving or ordering one Regiment there.69 I am, etc.70
[Note 69: Reed on this date (November 21) wrote a private letter to Lee and sent it with this one of Washington's. "The letter you will receive with this contains my sentiments with respect to your present situation. But besides this I have some additional reasons for wishing most earnestly to have you where the principal scene of action is laid." This injudicious and unconscious conceit on Reed's part was productive of trouble for Washington. Lee's colossal egotism and vanity had already been vastly nurtured by the unmerited praise and adulation he had received from the first moment of his joining the Continental Army. It was partially the colonial habit of mind to exaggerate the merit and skill of all British military men and partially the deliberate purpose of a political faction opposed to Washington. Lee, separated from the main army, in something of an independent station was already developing his purpose of securing an independent command, with the ultimate hope of superseding Washington. His thought was that only a few more misfortunes were needed and Washington would be disgraced. To prevent these misfortunes or to aid Washington in any way was not part of Lee's plan. His delay in marching to reenforce Washington was purposeful. If the Commander in Chief's troops deserted him, by reason of the expiration of their enlistments, or if the British scattered the small force, Lee's army would be the most respectable body of troops left and the question of command would inevitably arise. Reed, as Adjutant General of the Continental Army, now assures him that Washington's signed letter (which is in Reed's writing) is approved by Reed; he then continues: "I do not mean to flatter or praise you at the expense of any other, but I confess I do think it is entirely owing to you that this army, and the liberties of America, so far as they are dependent on it, are not totally cut off. You have decision, a quality often wanted in minds otherwise valuable, and I ascribe to this our escape from York Island, from Kingsbridge, and the Plains, and have no doubt had you been here the garrison of Mount Washington would now have composed part of this army....Every gentleman of the family, the officers and soldiers generally, have a confidence in you--the enemy constantly inquire where you are, and seem to be less confident when you are present." Continuing, he attributed the loss of Fort Washington to the state of suspense in which Washington was thrown by the advice of General Greene. "Oh! General, an indecisive mind is one of the greatest misfortunes that can befall an army; how often have I lamented it this campaign. All circumstances considered, we are in a very awful and alarming situation--one that requires the utmost wisdom and firmness of mind. As soon as the season will admit, I think yourself and some others should go to Congress and form the plan of the new army, point out their defects to them, and it may possibly prevail on them to lend their whole attention to this great subject, even to the exclusion of every other....I must conclude with my clear and explicit opinion that your presence is of the last importance."
Such a letter to a megalomaniac could only be harmful, and it is as much of a revelation of Reed's state of mind as Lee's reply reveals his.
Lee replied (November 24): "Lament with you that fatal indecision of mind which in war is a much greater disqualification than stupidity, or even want of personal courage; accident may put a decisive blunderer in the right, but eternal defeat and miscarriage must attend the man of the best parts if cursed with indecision." Lee then speaks largely of attacking Maj. Robert Rogers's corps, and continues: "...I only wait myself for this business of Rogers and company being over. I shall then fly to you; for to confess a truth, I really think our chief will do better with me than without me." This letter was received at headquarters when Reed was absent at Burlington, and was opened by Washington under the belief that it was of a public nature. This chance could not but leave an unpleasant impression on the mind of the General, who sent the letter to Reed, and without a word of reproach explained the circumstances that had made him see what "neither inclination nor intention would have prompted me to," In March, 1777, Reed undertook to explain the matter, saying that his own letter to Lee bad "led to expressions and an answer which must have been disapproved by you, and which I was far from expecting." (See Washington's letter to Reed, June 14, 1777, post.)
Lee had already written to Reed (November 21) that: "Withdrawing our troops from hence would be attended with some very serious consequences, which at present would be tedious to enumerate." But he did order Heath to send 2,000 men to cross the river, an order which Heath very properly declined to obey, pleading the positive instructions given him by Washington. The resulting correspondence still further explains Lee: "By your mode of reasoning," retorted Lee, "the General's injunctions are so binding that not a tittle must be broke through for the salvation of the General and the army. (See Lee's letter to Heath, Nov. 23, 1776.) To this Heath replied: "Be my mode of reasoning as it may, I conceive it my duty to obey my instructions....The least recommendation from him [Washington], to march my division or any part of them, over the river, should have been instantly obeyed, without waiting for a positive order....I shall strictly abide by them [his instructions] until they are countermanded in such manner, as will justify a deviation from them, to him who instructed me, and to the world." (See Heath's letter to Lee, Nov. 24, 1776.) "I sent Heath orders to transport two thousand men across the river...but that great man (as I might have expected) intrenched himself behind the letter of his instructions, and refused to part with a single file, tho' I undertook to replace 'em with a part of my own." (See Lee's letter to Washington, Nov. 24, 1776.) Washington informed Heath on the 25th that he never meant to take troops from Heath's division. Lee's letter to Heath of the 26th should be read, and also Heath's Memoirs, under date Nov. 30, 1776.]
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Joseph Reed. He had written this phrase, "this we hope you will have Time and Means to do." The changes made by Washington are bracketed.]
Aquackinack Bridge, November 21, 1776.
Sir: I have this Moment arrived at this Place with Genl. Beall's and Genl. Heard's Brigades from Maryland and Jersey, and part of General Ewing's71 from Pennsylvania; Three other Regiments, left to guard the Passes upon Hackensack River, and to serve as covering Parties, are expected up this Evening. After the unfortunate Loss of Fort Washington, it was determined to evacuate Fort Lee, in a great Measure; as it was in a Manner useless in obstructing the Passage of the North River, without the assistance of Fort Washington. The Ammunition and some other Stores were accordingly removed; but, before we could effect our purpose, the Enemy landed yesterday Morning, in very considerable numbers, about Six Miles above the Fort; Their intent evidently was to form a line across, from the place of their landing to Hackensack Bridge, and thereby hem in the whole Garrison between the North and Hackensack Rivers. However, we were lucky enough to gain the Bridge before them; by which means we saved all our men, but were obliged to leave some hundred Barrels of Flour, most of our Cannon, and a considerable parcel of Tents and Baggage. Finding we were in the same danger of being pent up between Hackensack and Passaic Rivers, that we had been between the North and Hackensack; and also finding the Country, from its levelness and openess, unfit for making a stand; it was determined to draw the whole of our Force over this side of the River, where we can watch the operations of the Enemy, without danger of their surrounding us, or making a Lodgement in our Rear. But, as our numbers are still very inadequate to that of the Enemy, I imagine I shall be obliged to fall down toward Brunswick, and form a junction with the Troops, already in that Quarter, under the Command of Lord Stirling. As the term of the Inlistment of the flying Camp, belonging to Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, is near expiring; it will
[Note 71: Ford notes the confusion in Brig. Gen. James Ewing's name by different historians: Marshall spells it Irvine; Wilkinson, Irvin; Botta, Irwin; and Gordon, Erwing.] occasion so great a diminution of my Army, that I submit it to your judgment, whether it would not be proper for you to call together such a Number of Militia, as, in Conjunction with the Troops I shall have left, will serve to cover the Country and stop the Progress of the Enemy, if they should still attempt to penetrate. If the weather continues favorable, I am apprehensive they will attempt to make amends for the Slowness of their Operations the beginning of the Campaign. I have the honor to be, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Ark, November 23, 1776.
Sir: I have not yet heard that any provision is making to supply the place of the Troops composing the Flying Camp, whose departure is now at hand. The situation of our Affairs is truly critical and such as requires uncommon exertions on our part. From the movements of the Enemy and the information we have received, they certainly will make a push to possess themselves of this part of the Jerseys. In order that you may be fully apprized of our Weakness and of the necessity there is of our obtaining early Succours, I have by the advice of the General Officers here, directed Genl. Mifflin to wait on you. he is intimately acquainted with our Circumstances and will represent them [make a] better than my hurried state will allow [representation of It, than I possibly can, hurried as I am]73 I have wrote to Genl. Lee [and Ordered him] to come over,
[Note 73: An abstract of returns, showing the strength of the army at or near Newark to be 5,410, accompanied this letter. It is in the writing of Adjt. Gen. Joseph Reed. Mifflin was admitted to an audience with Congress, sitting as a committee of the whole, on November 25. In a letter to Washington he reported the results. He represented the state of the army and "went as far in my Relation" as the sensibility of Congress "and my own Delicacy would justify." The resultant resolves will be found in the Journals of the Continental Congress of Nov. 25, 26, and 30, 1776. Mifflin's a letter, dated Nov. 26, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.] with the Continental Regiments immediately under his command; those with Genl. Heath I have ordered to secure the passes thro' the Highlands; I have also wrote to Govr. Livingston requesting of him such aid as may be in his power, and would submit it to the consideration of Congress, whether application should not be made for part of the Pennsylvania Militia to step forth at this pressing time.
Before I conclude, I would mention if an Early and immediate Supply of money could be [immediately] sent to [the paymaster] Mr. Dalham74 to pay the Flying Camp Troops, it might have [several valuable consequences; The flying Camp men would be paid and return satisfied and the public probably would save something from their pay Rolls being made out here] a happy effect. They would subsist themselves comfortably on their return; provide many necessaries of which they are in great want, and more over, It might be the means of inducing many after seeing Their friends to engage again.
[Note 74: Richard Dallam, deputy paymaster general of the Flying Camp.]
I expected on coming here to have met with many of the Militia, but find from inquiry that there are not more than from four to five Hundred in the different posts. I have the honor, etc.75
[Note 75: Both the draft and the letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The parts in brackets show the draft as first composed; these were omitted in the letter sent. A comparison of the draft with the letter sent has value as a study of the secretarial work at headquarters.]
Head Quarters, New Ark, November 23, 1776.
Sir: The Critical Situation of our affairs and the movements of the Enemy make some further and immediate exertions absolutely necessary. In order that you may have the fullest Representation and form a perfect Idea of what is now necessary, I have desired Col. Reed to wait on you, and must refer you to him for particulars. I am etc.
New Ark, November 24, 1776.
Dear Sir: I wrote you this morning of the probability, that some of your letters to me, had fallen, with the mail, into the Enemy's hands; my apprehensions on that head, have been since confirmed, by direct Intelligence from their Camp, I am informed that a letter from you, is confidently said to have come to their hands, and that measures are taking to intercept your march: To prevent them from effecting this object, I have judged it proper to acquaint you, of this accident, and of their design; at the same time, I must request, that you will take every precaution, to come by a safe and secure route. I am told, by those who have an intimate Knowledge of the Country, that after you leave Haverstraw, the western road by Kakiate will be proper for you to take; But I will not undertake to prescribe any one in particular, only observing, that you will by all means, keep between the Enemy and the Mountains.
Before I conclude, I would wish you to leave under the care of Genl. Heath, the two twelve pounders, on travelling carrages; they will be safe with him at Peek's Kill. The Brass twenty four, I would have you bring, provided, it can be done, without great inconvenience.
I need not urge the necessity of your gaming Intelligence of the Enemy's situation, in the course of your march, I will be silent on that head, nor need I mention the propriety of your sending frequent expresses, to advise of your approaches. Hoping and trusting that your arrival will be safe and happy, I am etc.
P.S. The expresses should come by the western road, otherwise they may fall in with the Enemy. Inclosed you will receive a copy of sundry Resolves of Congress, which you will publish in Orders.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson and Tench Tilghman.]
New Ark, November 24, 1776.
Dear Sir: By the negligent and infamous conduct of the Post rider, the Eastern Mail of Friday was brought to Hackensack and there stopped to fall into the hands of the Enemy. Of this event, I have thought it proper to give you the earliest notice, supposing the Mail may have contained some Letters from you of a public nature, that you may guard against any advantages the Enemy may expect to derive from this accident.
From your Letter to Colo. Reed, you seem to have mistaken my views intirely, in ordering Troops from Genl. Heath to cross Hudson's River to this side. The importance of the posts and passes thro' the High Lands, is so infinitely great, that I never thought there should be the least possible risk of loosing 'em. Colo. Reed's second Letter, will have sufficiently explained my intention upon this Subject, and pointed out to you, that it was your division I want to have over. As the Enemy have possessed themselves of the usual route by Dobb's Ferry and Hackensack, it will be necessary that you should be careful in choosing some back way, in which you and your Troops may come secure. I doubt not, but they will take measures to intercept you and therefore am induced to request your caution; I also wish you to send me frequent expresses on your march, that I may know how to direct it and how to provide for the same. I am &c.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The first paragraph of this letter to Lee was also sent (November 24) as a letter to Heath. It is printed in the Massachusetts Historical Society Collections (Heath, Winthrop, Warren papers), Fifth Series, vol. 4.
Ford prints the text somewhat differently and adds the following: "P. S. I have received your favor of the 20th and feel with you the distresses of the army for want of necessary cloathing and covering. I have pointed this out to Congress several times. How to remedy it, I know not. From the number of prizes taken at the eastward, I should suppose the troops from thence could have been much better provided with necessaries than from the more southern States, where they have not the same advantages of an open navigation." He does not state his source.]
[Note 78: Of a New Jersey State regiment. He was colonel of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments from January, 1777, to July, 1 1778, and afterwards brigadier general of New Jersey Militia.]
Head Quarters at New Ark, November 24, 1776.
Sir: Having received Information, that there is danger of an Insurrection of Tories in the County of Monmouth, and it being highly necessary that the most speedy check should be given to a measure of so pernicious a Tendency; you are hereby ordered to march, with the Regiment under your Command, into the said County of Monmouth, and on your arrival there, you are authorized to apprehend all such persons, as from good Information appear to be concerned in any plot or design against the Liberty or Safety of the United States. And you are further authorized, immediately to attack any Body of Men whom you may find actually assembled or in Arms for the purpose aforesaid; and if you should find their numbers Superior to your Force, you have full Authority to call in and take the command of such a Number of Militia of the State of New Jersey, as you may judge sufficient. I would recommend to you to be cautious in proceeding against any, but such as you have the fullest Grounds of Suspicion, and not suffer your men to give the least Molestation to the property of any in the Course of your march. If you find any Stock of Cattle or Provision that you may judge in danger of falling into the Hands of the Enemy, you are first to desire the Inhabitants to remove them, and upon their refusal, you are to have it done yourself, giving the Owner's Certificates of the Quantity, that they may, if they please, call upon the Quarter Master or Commissary General for pay.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 25, 1776.
Sir: I lately had the pleasure of a letter from you, but I am unable to answer it, as particularly as I could wish, for want of the letter itself, having sent it forward among other Papers. From the best of my Recollection, you mention, that, you had reason to beleive that an Exchange might be procured of John Foxchart Esqr. for yourself and of Mr Dashwood for Colo. Piper,80 and another Gentleman, whose name I do not remember, for Lieut. De Courcy.81 If you can obtain Genl. Howe's Assent to these several Exchanges, I shall on my part most readily comply; but as the Gentlemen, you have mentioned, are not in the Military Line, the proposal cannot with propriety go from me, as by the Terms of our Cartel, Officers of equal Rank are only to be proposed for each other: But Genl. Howe has dispensed with this Rule in one Instance, by giving up Brigadier Genl. Lord Stirling, for Govt. Brown, tho' not belonging to the Army, and if he pleases again to accept of Gentlemen in the Civil Department, for those in the Military, I, as I said before, shall have no Objection.
[Note 80: Col. John Piper, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 81: Lieut. Edward De Courcy, of Veazey's Independent Maryland company. He had been taken prisoner at Long Island, N. Y., and was not exchanged until September, 1777.]
I have in a Letter to Colo. Atlee, taken notice of a joint Letter from yourself and him, respecting the miserable State of our prisoners in New York, for want of Cloaths and Necessaries, I have wrote to Congress on the Subject, recommending it to them, to procure a proper Credit in New York for their Supply, but I have not yet received an Answer from them.82 I am &c.
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On November 26, Robert Hanson Harrison, by direction of Washington, wrote to General Schuyler, forwarding resolves of Congress that the Pennsylvania and New Jersey troops in the northern army immediately join the main army under Washington.Brunswick, N. J., was given as the probable junction point, but the officers were to keep informed of the position of the enemy and arrange their march accordingly. Sparks states that seven regiments were thus dispatched, four of which joined General Lee in their progress, and the other three marched by a more interior route till they reached the main army on the Delaware.]
New Ark, November 27, 1776.
Dear Sir: I last night received the favour of your Letter of the 25th. My former Letters were so full and explicit, as to the Necessity of your Marching, as early as possible, that it is unnecessary to add more on that Head. I confess I expected you would have been sooner in motion. The force here, when joined by yours, will not be adequate to any great opposition; at present it is weak, and it has been more owing to the badness of the weather, that the Enemy's progress has been checked, than any resistance we could make. They are now pushing this way, part of 'em have passed the Passaic. Their plan is not entirely unfolded, but I shall not be surprized, if Philadelphia should turn out the object of their Movement. The distress of the Troops, for want of Cloaths, I feel much, but what can I do? Having formed an enterprize against Roger's &c I wish you may have succeeded. I am etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Ark, November 27, 1776.
Sir: I do myself the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 21st and 24th with their several Inclosures. The Execution of the Resolves has been and will be attended to, as far as in my power. I have wrote to Genl. Schuyler to send down, as early as possible, the Troops in the Northern department, from this and the State of Pennsylvania. The proposition for exchanging Mr. Franklin84 for Genl.
[Note 84: Gov. William Franklin.] Thompson,85 I shall submit to Genl. Howe, as soon as circumstances will allow me.
[Note 85: Col. William Thompson, of the Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment.]
I have nothing in particular to advise you of, respecting the Enemy, more than that they are advancing this way. Part of them have passed the Passaick, and I suppose the main body that they have on this side the North River, would have done the same before now, as they are coming on, had their progress not been retarded by the weather, which has been rainy for several days past. I have scouts and Detachments constantly out to harrass them and watch their Motions and to gain, if possible, intelligence of their designs.
Colo Miles, who has been permitted to go to Philadelphia for a few days by General Howe, will deliver you this, and inform you of the distresses of our prisoners and the necessity of effecting their exchange, as far as we have Prisoners to give in return.
By a Letter from the Board of War on the subject of an exchange, they mention that several of the Prisoners in our hands have inlisted. It is a measure that I think that cannot be justified [tho' the precedent is furnished on the side of the Enemy, nor do I conceive it good in point of policy] But as it has been done, I shall leave it with Congress to order them to be returned or not, as they shall judge fit. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, but the letter sent has the additional phrase in brackets above and varies in verbal particulars from the draft.]
Brunswick, November 29, 1776.
Dear Sir: I this morning received your favor of the 26th. Your letters to Governor Trumbull for a Reinforcement of Militia were exceedingly proper, tho' I doubt much whether they can be obtained, as they have suffered many inconveniences in the course of the present campaign; nor was the application to Mr. Bowdoin for Cloaths &c. less necessary. I am happy to hear the men discover so much readiness to engage in the Service and that there may be no Objection for want of Bounty Money, I have directed the Paymaster General to advance it to such of the Colonels as apply, and who are appointed and agreed to continue. I imagine you have settled with the Commissary a plan for being supplied with provisions on your march, that will be highly expedient; I will use my exertions. I am &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Brunswick, November 30, 1776.
Sir: I have the pleasure and Honor of acknowledging the Receipt of yours of the 27th.91 General Williamson gives me small Encouragement to hope for much Assistance from the Militia of this State; indeed some of the Counties, if they were willing, are intimidated from coming in, as the Enemy have possession of the Country. I hope the four Regiments, to be raised to serve till the first of April, will be quickly full, as more dependance is to be put upon them, than Common Militia. The time of General Heard's Brigade of flying Camp Men for this State, and that of Genl. Beall's from Maryland, expires this day; so that the army will by that means, suffer a very considerable diminution. But what is still worse, altho' most of the
[Note 91: Governor Livingston had written (November 27): "I can easily form some Idea of the Difficulties under which you labour and particularly of one for which the public can make no allowances because your Prudence and Fidelity to the Cause will not suffer you to reveal it to the public, an instance of Magnanimity superior perhaps to any that can be shewn in Battle. But depend upon it, my dear Sir, the impartial World will do you ample Justice before Long. May God support you under that Fatigue both of Body and Mind to which you must be constantly exposed." Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.] Pennsylvanians are inlisted till the first of January, I am informed that they are deserting in great numbers; I therefore intreat, that you would without loss of time, give orders to the officers of Militia on the Roads and the Ferries over Delaware, to take up and secure every Soldier that has not a regular discharge or Pass. In order to effect this, proper guards should be immediately posted.
I thank you most sincerely for your feelings for me at this time and upon this occasion; I will not however despair; but look forward with a hope that such Reinforcements will yet arrive to my assistance, as will enable me to prevent our common Enemy from making much further Progress. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Brunswick, November 30, 1776.
Dear Sir: The inclosed was put into my hands by an Express from the White Plains. Having no Idea of its being a Private Letter, much less suspecting the tendency of the correspondence, I opened it, as I had done all other Letters to you, from the same place and Peekskill, upon the business of your Office, as I conceived and found them to be.
This, as it is the truth, must be my excuse for seeing the contents of a Letter, which neither inclination or intention would have prompted me to.
I thank you for the trouble and fatigue you have undergone in your Journey to Burlington, and sincerely wish that your labours may be crowned with the desired success. My best Respects to Mrs. Reed. I am, Dear Sir, etc.
P.S. The petition referred to I keep.93
[Note 93: See note to Washington's letter to Lee, Nov. 21, 1776, ante. Lee's letter of November 24, as printed in Reed's Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed (vol. 1, p, 257), contains no mention of a petition or any other inclosure.]
Brunswick, November 30, 1776.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 26th with its Inclosures, by which I perceive the measures that have been adopted for forwarding a reinforcement of Militia. Their arrival is much to be wished, the situation of our Affairs being truly alarming and such as demands the earliest aids. As Genl. Mifflin's presence may have a happy influence upon the disposition and temper of many of the Associators, I shall [attempt to do without him as well as I can, 'till his return] not direct his return so long as he can be done without, and till it becomes indispensibly necessary.94
[Note 94: The Associators, or militia, of Philadelphia City and County; of Bucks, Chester, and Northampton Counties, Pa., were called out for six weeks from the time of joining the Army, but the order was countermanded on November 27 and renewed on December 1. New York directed Brigadier General Scott to continue his brigade in the service for one month, as it had so volunteered, and New Jersey called out its militia on November 26.]
On Thursday morning, I left New Ark and arrived here yesterday with the Troops that were there. It was the opinion of all the Generals who were with me, that a retreat to this Place was requisite and founded on necessity, as our force was by no means sufficient to make a stand against the Enemy, much superior in number, with the least probability of success, and whose advanced Guards were entering [when] the Town by the time our Rear [came] got out. It was the wish of all to have remained there longer and to have halted before we came thus far, but upon due consideration of our Strength, the circumstances attending the inlistment of a great part of our little force, and the frequent advices, that the Enemy were embarking or about to embark another detachment for Staten Island, with a view of Landing at Amboy to co-operate with this, which seemed to be confirmed by the information of some persons who came from the Island, that they were collecting and impressing all the Waggons they could find; It was judged necessary to proceed till we came here, not only to prevent their bringing a force to act upon our Front and Rear, but also that we might be more convenient to oppose any Troops they might land at South Amboy, which many conjectured to be an object they had in view. This conjecture [was not without some reports] too, had probability and some advices to support it.95
[Note 95: Sparks refers to the Narrative of Sir William Howe Before a Committee of the House of Commons (London: 1780) and Almon's Parliamentary Register (vol. 11, pp. 361, 371) as authority for the statement that Howe did not intend to push his force across the Delaware in this campaign.]
I hoped we should have met with large and early Succors by this time; but as yet no great number of the Militia of this State has come in, nor have I much reason to expect, [from the accounts I have,] that any considerable aid will be derived from the Counties, which lie beyond this river, and in which the Enemy are. [Indeed] Their situation will prevent it in a great measure from those parts where they are, provided the inclinations of the people were good. Added to this, I have [now] no assurances, that more than a very few of the Troops composing the flying Camp will remain after the time of their engagement is out; so far from it, I am told, that [many] some of General Ewing's brigade, who stand engaged to the 1st of January, are now going away. If those go, whose service expires this day, our force will be reduced to a mere handfull. From intelligence received this morning, one Division of the Enemy was advanced last night as far as Elizabeth Town, and that some of their Quartermasters had proceeded [as far as Spank Town] about four or five miles on this side, to provide Barns for their accommodation. Other accounts say another division, composed of Hessians, are on the road thro Springfield and are reported to have reached that place last night. I do not know how far their views extend, but I doubt not, [that] they mean to push every advantage resulting from the small number and State of our Troops. I early began to forward part of the Stores from this place towards Philadelphia. Many are gone, the rest we are removing, and hope to secure. I am, &c.
P.S. I have wrote to Govenr. Livingston who is exerting himself to throw in every assistance and to have guards placed at the ferries to prevent the return of the soldiers who are not discharged.96
[Note 96: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. 'The bracketed portions, which are in the draft, are not in the letter sent, and the draft ends with "the small number and State of our Troops."]
Head Quarters, Brunswick, November 30, 1776.
Gentn: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 18th. 19th and 23d Instant, which, from the unsettled situation of our affairs, I have not been able to answer before.
That of the 18th incloses a list of Stores taken in the Hancock and Adams Continental Ship and carried into Dartmouth in New England, with a Resolve of Congress to deliver the Muskets, Powder, Lead and Flints to my order, as the other Articles of the Cargo will be full as useful to the Army, as those included in the Resolve, I would advise, that you give directions to have the whole Cargo removed from Dartmouth to some secure place in the Neighbourhood of Philadelphia, and there deposited till call'd for.97 It is by no means proper, that so great a Quantity of Military Stores should be lodged with the Army, especially at present, as we know not today, where we shall be obliged to remove tomorrow, and that will in all probability
[Note 97: The Hancock and Adams was bringing a cargo of military stores from France for the use of the continent when seized by the Rhode Island privateer Gamecock.] be the case, while the Enemy continue with a light Army on this Side the North River.
In Answer to that part of yours of the 19th. in which you ask my advice, as to the propriety of inlisting prisoners of War, I would just observe, that in my opinion, it is neither consistent with the Rules of War, nor politic, nor can I think that because our Enemies have committed an unjustifiable action by inticing and in some instances intimidating our men into their service, we ought to follow their Example. Before I had the honor of yours on this subject, I had determined to remonstrate to Genl Howe on this Head; as to those few who have already inlisted, I would not have them again withdrawn and sent in, because they might be subjected to punishment, but I would have the practice discontinued in future. If you will revert to the capitulation of St. Johns and Chamblee you will find an express stipulation against inlisting the prisoners taken there. I remarked that the Inlistment of Prisoners was not a Politic Step; my Reason is this, that in time of Danger I have always observed such persons most backward, for fear I suppose of falling into the Hands of their former Masters, from whom they expect to receive no Mercy, and this fear they are apt to communicate to their Fellow soldiers. They are also most ready to desert, when an Action is expected, hoping by carrying Intelligence, to make their peace.
I met Capt. Hesketh98 on the Road, and as the situation of his Family did not admit of delay, I permitted him to go immediately to New York, not having the least doubt but General Howe will make a Return of any officer of equal Rank, who shall be required. I have &c.99
[Note 98: Capt. Thomas Hesketh, of the Seventh Foot, British Army.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. It varies from the "Letter Book" copy in minor details of capitalization.]
Brunswick, December 1, 1776.
Dear Sir: The Enemy are advancing, and have got as far as Woodbridge and Amboy, and from information not to be doubted, mean to push to Philadelphia. The force I have with me, is infinitely inferior in Number and such as cannot give or promise the least successful Opposition. It is greatly reduced by the departure of the Maryland flying Camp men and sundry other causes.1 I must entreat you to hasten your march, as much as possible, or your arrival may be too late to answer any valuable purpose. Your route nor the place to join me I cannot particularize. In these instances you must be governed by Circumstances, and the Intelligence you receive, Let the former be secure. I hope to meet a considerable reinforcement of Pennsylvania Associators; it is said they seem spirited upon this Occasion. I am &c.
[Note 1: Ford quotes from a letter from General Greene to Governor Cooke (Dec. 4, 1776): "Two brigades left us at Brunswick, notwithstanding the enemy were within two hours' march and coming on. The loss of these troops at this critical time reduced his Excellency to the necessity to order a retreat again....When we left Brunswick, we had not 3000 men."]
Brunswick, December 1, 1776.
Sir: I yesterday had the honor of writing you and to advise of our arrival here. I am now to inform you that the Enemy are still advancing, and that their Van guard had proceeded as far as Bonum, a small Town about four miles this side of Woodbridge, according to my last intelligence. As to their number, reports are various. Some say, they were joined yesterday by a considerable reinforcement from Staten Island, how far this fact may be true, I cannot determine, but from every information before, they were between Six and seven thousand strong. I have for some time past, supposed Philadelphia to be the Object of their movement, and have every reason to beleive my Opinion well founded. The advices of sundry persons who have had an Opportunity of mixing and conversing with them on the March, agreeing that such is the report. I have wrote to Governor Livingston upon the Subject, requesting his utmost exertions to forward on every succour in his power. The same I trust will be attended to in Pennsylvania. Without a sufficient number of Men and Arms, their progress cannot be checked, at present our Force is totally inadequate to any attempt.
Several Officers belonging to the Enemy who were Prisoners, have obtained permission to return. I have not yet sent in the names of those belonging to us, that are to be exchanged for them. By a Virginia paper, I perceive that Capt. Morgan2and Lieut. Heath3 who were taken prisoners at Quebec and now on parole are promoted in the late arrangement of Officers in that State; the former to a Regiment the latter to a Majority: It would be well if they could be released, but being Virginians and not knowing that any Gentlemen, who were taken at the same time are so circumstanced, I have declined claiming their return without the Opinion of Congress lest I should incur the charge of partiality. I have sent forward Colo. Humpton4to collect proper boats and craft at the Ferry for transporting our Troops and it will be of Infinite importance to have every other craft, besides what he takes for the above purpose, secured on
[Note 2: Capt. Daniel Morgan, of the Virginia Rifle Company. He had been taken prisoner at Quebec; was promoted to colonel of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment Nov. 12, 1776.]
[Note 3: Lieut. William Heth, of Morgan's company. He was promoted to major of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment Nov. 13, 1776, and became lieutenant colonel and colonel of the Third Virginia Regiment; was captured at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; remained a prisoner on parole to the end of the war.]
[Note 4: Col. Richard Humpton, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment.] the West side of Delaware, otherwise they may fall into Enemy's hands and facilitate their views. I have &c.
P.S. ½ after 1 o'clock P.M. The Enemy are fast advancing, some of 'em are now in sight. All the Men of the Jersey flying Camp under Genl. Herd being applied to, have refused to continue longer in service.5
[Note 5: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, but the last paragraph and the P.S. above are not in the draft, which varies in minor verbal details from the letter sent.]
Brunswick, December 1, 1776.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you yesterday; but, as from every Information of the motions of the Enemy, their intent seems plainly directed thro' this State, and then on to Philadelphia; I cannot help calling on you, in the most urgent Manner, and begging you to fall upon proper means to draw forth the Strength of your province to my support.
The Enemy's advanced Parties were last night at Bonum Town, four Miles on this side of Woodbridge;6 They are impressing Waggons and Horses, and Collecting Cattle and Sheep; which is a further proof of their intent to march a Considerable distance. Unless my force is speedily augmented, it will be impossible for me to make any stand at this Place, when the Enemy advance; as I have not, including General Williamson's7 Militia (say 1,000) more than four thousand men. The Militia from the Counties of Morris and Sussex, turn out slowly and reluctantly, whether owing to the want of officers of Spirit to encourage them, or your Summons not being regularly sent to them, I cannot say; but, I have reason to believe, there has
[Note 6: "The defenceless legislature [of New Jersey], with their Governor at their head, wandered from Princeton to Burlington, from Burlington to Pittstown, from Pittstown to Haddonfield, and there, finally, at the utmost verge of the State, dissolved themselves on the 2d of December, leaving each member to look to his own safety, at a moment when the efforts of legislators would be of no avail." (See Sedgwick's Life of William Livingston.)]
[Note 7: Brig. Gen. Matthias Williamson, of the New Jersey Militia.] been a deficiency in both Cases. Designing men have been purposely sent among them, to influence some and intimidate others; and, except Gentlemen of Spirit and Character will appear among them, and rouse them, little can be expected. I wrote to Genl. Williamson last Night, and pressed him to exert himself; but, I have reason to believe, he has not the confidence of the People, as much as could be wished. My Accounts of the Reinforcements, to be expected from Pennsylvania, are very incouraging; but, from the Distance and Necessary delays attending a Sudden march, I cannot look for them under a Week or ten days; in which time the Enemy will have reached the Delaware, at least, if not opposed by more than my present Numbers. Genl Lee is on his march down to join me; but, if the Enemy should throw in a body of men between us, he will be obliged to make a considerable circuit, to avoid them. The Boats and Craft, all along the Delaware side, should be secured; particularly the Durham Boats used for the Transportation of produce down the River. Parties should be sent to all the landings to have them removed to the other side, hawled up, and put under proper Guards. One such Boat would transport a Regiment of Men. I have &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Brunswick, December 1, 1776.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the Honor of your favor of the 11th Ulto. and to thank you for your polite return of my Letter to Mrs. Washington.
Agreeing to the Proposition you were pleased to make for the exchange of such Prisoners as can be conveniently collected. The Gentlemen whose names are specified in the inclosed List have permission to proceed immediately to New York. Others, as soon as they arrive, will be allowed the same indulgence. At a proper season I shall require a return of the like number and of equal rank.
Having directions from Congress to propose an Exchange of Governor Franklin for Brigadier General Thompson, I would take the Liberty to submit the matter to your determination, and to request your Answer upon the Subject.
Besides the Persons included in the inclosed List, Captain Hesketh of the 7th Regiment, his Lady, 3 Children and two Servant maids were permitted to go in a few days ago. I am Sir, etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 3, 1776.
Sir: The Letter which accompanies this, was designed to have been sent by the Gentlemen whose names are in the List it incloses; but by some Accident or delay of my messenger they had left Brunswick before it reached them. Since that time I have been informed, that a Number of others both Officers and Soldiers are coming on from the State of Pennsylvania. I have directed Col. Moylan to meet, and to give them a safe conduct to your out Posts, he will transmit you a List of their number, names and Ranks, and I shall as I mentioned in my former Letter, soon make a Requisition of the like number of equal Rank. I am &ca.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Trenton, December 3, 1776.
Sir: I arrived here myself yesterday morning with the Main body of the Army, having left Lord Stirling with two Brigades at Princeton and that neighbourhood to watch the Motions of the Enemy and give notice of their approach. I am informed that they had not entered Brunswick yesterday morning at 9 O'Clock, but were on the opposite side of the Raritan. Immediately on my arrival here, I ordered the Removal of all the Military and other Stores and Baggage over the Delaware, a great Quantity are already got over, and as soon as the Boats come up from Philadelphia, we shall load them, by which Means I hope to have every thing secured this Night and to morrow if we are not disturbed. After being disencumbered of my Baggage and Stores, my future Situation will depend intirely upon Circumstances. I have not heard a Word from General Lee, since the 26th last month, [which surprises me not a little, as I have dispatched daily Expresses to him, desiring to know when I might look for him. This makes me fearful that my Letters have not reached him.]
I am informed by report that Genl. St. Clair has joined him with three or four Regiments from the Northward, to know the Truth of this, and also when I may expect him and with what Numbers, I have this minute dispatched Colo. Stewart17 (Genl. Gates's Aid de Camp) to meet Genl. Lee and bring me an Account.18 I look out earnestly for the Reinforcement from Philadelphia, I am in hopes, if we can draw a good Head of Men together, It will give Spirits to the Militia of this State who have as yet afforded me little or no Assistance, nor can I find they are likely to do much. Genl. Heard just informs me, that a person, on whose Veracity he can depend, has reported to
[Note 17: Maj. Walter Stewart. He was colonel of a Pennsylvania State regiment in June, 1777, which was designated the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment in November, 1777. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in July, 1778, and acted as subinspector, Continental Army, up to June, 1783.]
[Note 18: Congress seemed to be as much in the dark about General Lee's plans and movements as General Washington, and on December 2 they resolved: "That the Committee for establishing expresses be directed to send Colonel Stewart, or any other officer express to General Lee, to know where and in what situation he and the army with him are." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)] him, that on Sunday last he counted 117 Sail of Ships going out of the Hook. You may depend upon being advised instantly of any further Movement of the Enemy's Army or that of mine.I am, etc.19
[Note 19: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The part in brackets was not in the draft as first written, but was added later in the margin.]
Trenton, December 3, 1776.
Dear Sir: I was just now favoured with your Letter of the 30th Ulto. Having wrote you fully both Yesterday and to day of my Situation, it is unnecessary for me to add much at this time. You will readily agree that I have sufficient cause for my anxiety and to wish for your arrival as early as possible. In respect to instructions on your Route, you must be governed by Circumstances, this has been the language of all my Letters, since I had Occasion to call for your aid, The sooner you can join me with your division, the sooner the Service will be benefited. As to bringing any of the Troops under Genl. Heath, I cannot consent to it. The posts they are at and the passes thro' the High Lands being of the utmost importance, they must be guarded by good Men. I would have you to give me frequent advices of your approach. Upon proper information in this instance much may depend. I am &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Trenton, December 4, 1776.
Sir: Yours of the 28th last Month was delivered to me by the Brigadier Le Loche de Fermoy21 who is now here, but unable to render me that Service; which I dare say from his Character he would, was he better acquainted with our Language.
[Note 21: Mathieu Alexis de Roche Fermoy. He had been commissioned by Congress a brigadier general on Nov. 5, 1776; resigned Jan. 31, 1778.]
I yesterday received a Letter from you without a date, mentioning that the Prisoners from York Town were directed to halt at Newtown for my Orders. On hearing they were there, I sent Colo. Moylan to conduct them, and the Prisoners from Reading who arrived nearly at the same time, over towards Brunswick, and deliver them in. I hope you have not sent Capt. Price,22 Lt. Peacock23 and Major Campbell24 on to this place, as it is highly improper they should see and know the Situation of our Army here and at Princeton; they had better be sent up, under the care of some person to Newtown or that Neighbourhood and there wait the arrival of some large Party, who, I imagine will be soon forward from Lancaster, and go in with them. Lieut. Symes25 came over to me at Brunswick from Bethlehem without the least guard or Escort, and a Lieutenant of the 7th Regiment went thro' our whole Army, and was at last discovered by a mere accident, he had a pass from the Council of Safety and that was all. Such an irregular Mode, of Suffering prisoners to go in alone must be put a Stop to, or the Enemy will be as well acquainted with our Situation, as we are ourselves. If they are left at liberty to choose their own Rout, they will always take that thro' our Army for reasons too obvious to mention. I am &c.
[Note 22: Capt. William Price, of the Twenty-fifth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 23: Lieut. George Peacock, of the Sixth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 24: Maj. Mungo Campbell, of the Fifty-fifth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 25: Lieut. Richard Symes is listed in the Army List, 1776, as a captain of the Fifty-second Foot.]
P.S. I have been obliged to send down a number of our Sick to Philadelphia to make room for the Troops and to remove them out of the way. Be pleased to have some care taken to have them properly accommodated. I should think part of the House of Employment, might be procured for that purpose. I have ordered down an Officer from each Regiment and a Surgeon's Mate, if they can be spared. But I hope they will not want the Assistance of the visiting Physicians of the Hospital. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft and the letter sent are in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Trenton, December 4, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you yesterday, I received a Letter from Genl. Lee. On the 30th Ulto. he was at Peekskill and expected to pass with his Division two days after. From this intelligence you will readily conclude that he will not be able to afford us any aid for several days. The report of Genl St. Clair's having joined him with three or four Regiments, I believe to be altogether premature, as he mentions nothing of it. It has arisen, as I am informed, from the return of some of the Jersey and Pennsylvania Troops from Ticonderoga, whose time of service is expired. They have reached Pluckemin where I have wrote to have them halted and kept together, if they can be prevailed on, till further orders.
The Inclosed, is a Copy of a Letter which came to hand last night from Major Clark,27 to which I beg leave to refer you for the Intelligence it contains. The number of the Enemy said to have embarked is supposed to be rather exaggerated. That there has been an embarkation is not to be doubted, it being confirmed thro' various channels. By Colo. Griffin28 who went from Brunswick on Sunday morning with a Capt. Sims,29 to
[Note 27: Major John Clark, jr., of the Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp. Later he was an aide-de-camp to General Greene; captain in the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment and one of the auditors of the Continental Army. He was of much service to Washington during the Brandywine-Germantown campaign and later in collecting secret intelligence. A copy of Clark's letter, dated Nov. 29, 1770. from Tappan, N. Y., is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 28: Col. Samuel Griffin, deputy adjutant general of the Flying Camp. He had been wounded at Harlem Heights, N. Y., in October.]
[Note 29: Lieut. Richard Symes. (See note to Washington's letter to the Board of War, Dec. 4, 1776, ante.)] pass him by our Guards, and who was detained by Lord Cornwallis till Monday evening [yesterday morning] on account of his situation [of his Army]. the amount of Genl Clinton's force from what he could collect from the officers, was about Six Thousand, as to their destination he could not obtain the least information. By him I also learn, the Enemy were in Brunswick and that some of their advanced parties had proceeded two Miles on this side. The heavy rain that has fallen has probably checked their progress [and the weather that may succeed, may delay their progress, if not] and may prevent their further movement for some time. I have &c.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The parts in brackets are in the draft, but not in the letter sent.]
Trenton, December 5, 1776.
Sir: As nothing but necessity obliged me to retire before the Enemy, and leave so much of the Jerseys unprotected, I conceive it to be my duty, and it corrisponds with my Inclination, to make head against them, so soon as there shall be the least probability of doing it with propriety; that the Country might in some Measure be covered, I left two Brigades (consisting of the five Virginia Regiments and that of Delaware, containing in the whole abt. 1200 Men fit for Duty, under the Command of Lord Stirling and Genl. Stephen)34 at Princeton, till the Baggage and stores could cross the Delaware, or the Troops under their respective Commands forced from that place. I shall now, having removed the greatest part of the above Articles, face about with such Troops as are here fit for Service and March back to Princeton and there govern myself by Circumstances and the movements of General Lee. At any event, the Enemy's progress may be retarded by this Means if they Intend to come on, and the People's fears in some measure quieted if they do not; sorry I am to observe however, that the frequent calls upon the Militia of this State, the want of exertion in the principal Gentlemen of the Country, or a fatal supiness and insensibility of danger, (till it is too late to prevent an evil, that was not only foreseen but foretold) have been the causes of our late disgraces. If the Militia of this State had step'd forth in Season, (and timely notice they had) we might have prevented the Enemy's crossing the Hackensack, although (without some previous notice of the time, and place) it was impossible to have done this at the No. River. We might with equal probability of success, have made a stand at Brunswick on the Rariton; but as both these Rivers were fordable (in a variety of places knee deep only) it required many Men to defend the passes, and these we had not. At Hackensack our force was insufficient, because part was at Elizabeth Town, Amboy and Brunswick, guarding a coast which I thought most exposed to danger; and at Brunswick, because I was disappointed in my expectation of Militia, and because on the
[Note 34: Brig. Gen. Adam Stephen. He had been colonel of the Fourth Virginia Regiment; promoted to brigadier general in the Continental Army Sept. 4, 1776; major general Feb. 19, 1777; dismissed for drunkenness on November 20 of that year.] day of the approach of the Enemy and probably the reason of it, [why the attack was made] the term of the Jersey and Maryland Brigade's Service expired and neither of them would stay an hour longer.
These, among ten thousand other Instances, might be adduced to shew the disadvantages of short Enlistments, and the little dependance upon Militia in times of real danger; but as yesterday cannot be recalled, I will not dwell upon a subject which no doubt has given much uneasiness to Congress, as well as severe pain and mortification to me.
My first wish is, that Congress may be convinced [from experience] of the [indispensable necessity]35 propriety of relying as little as possible upon Militia, and of the necessity of raising a larger standing Army than they have voted, the saving in the Article of Stores, Provisions and in a thousand other things by having nothing to do with Militia, [unless in cases of extraordinary emergency and such as could not be expected in the common course of events,]36 would amply support a large Army which (well officered) would daily be improving instead of [allways]37 continuing a destructive, expensive and disorderly Mob.
[Note 35: The phrases in brackets were crossed out by Washington.]
[Note 36: This phrase in brackets is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 37: Crossed out by Washington.]
I am clearly of opinion, that if 40,000 Men had been kept in constant pay since the first Commencement of Hostilities, and the Militia had been excused doing duty during that Period, the Continent would have saved Money. When I reflect on the losses we have sustain'd for want of good Troops, the certainty of this is placed beyond a doubt in my Mind. In such case the Militia, who have been Harrassed and tired by repeated calls upon them, and Farming, and Manufactures in a Manner suspended would, upon any emergency have run with alacrity to Arms, whereas the cry now is, they may as well be ruind one way as another, and with difficulty are obtaind. I mention these things to show that in my opinion, if any dependance is placed on Militia another year, the Congress will deceive themselves. When danger is a little remov'd from them, they will not turn out at all. When it comes home to them, the well affected, instead of flying to Arms to defend themselves, are busily employed in removing their Family's and Effects, while the disaffected are concerting measures to make their Submission, and spread terror and dismay all around, to induce others to follow the example; daily experience and abundant proofs warrant this Information.
I shall this day reinforce Lord Stirling with 1200 Men, which will make his Numbers about 2400, to morrow I mean to repair to Princeton myself and shall order the Pennsylvania Troops (who are not yet arrivd except part of the German Battalion, and a Company of Light Infantry), on to the same place.
By my last advices the Enemy are still at Brunswick and the Account adds that General Howe was expected at Elizabeth Town with a Reinforcement, to erect the King's Standard and demand a submission of this state. I can only give this as a Report, brot. from the Enemy's Camp by some of the Country People. I have &c.38
[Note 38: The last paragraph of this letter is missing in the draft. It is supplied from the letter sent, which was copied by Robert Hanson Harrison, and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. There are a few slight variations of minor value between the letter sent and the draft in Washington's writing as above.]
Trenton, December 6, 1776.
Sir: I have not received any Intelligence of the Enemy's movements since my Letter of Yesterday; from every Information they still remain at Brunswick, except some of their parties who are advanced a small distance on this side. to day I shall set out for Princeton myself, unless something should occur to prevent me, which I do not expect.
By a Letter of the 4th Inst. from a Mr. Caldwell,39 a Clergyman and a staunch friend to the Cause, and who has fled from Elizabeth Town and taken refuge in the Mountains about Ten Miles from thence, I am informed, that Genl. or Lord Howe was expected in that Town, to publish pardon and peace. His words are, "I have not seen his proclamation, but only can say, he gives 60 days of Grace and Pardons from the Congress down to the Committee. No one man in the Continent is to be denied his Mercy."40 In the language of this Good Man, the Lord deliver us from his Mercy.
[Note 39: Rev. James Caldwell, chaplain of a New Jersey brigade and Assistant Quartermaster. He was killed by a sentinel in November, 1781.]
[Note 40: The proclamation was issued November 30 by Admiral Richard Lord Howe and General Sir William Howe jointly, offering a pardon to all who had opposed the King's authority and who should within 60 days subscribe to a declaration that they would "remain in a peaceable Obedience to His Majesty, and will not take up Arms nor encourage Others to take up arms, in Opposition to His Authority." A photostat of one of the original imprints is in the Library of Congress from a copy in the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Joseph Galloway, of Pennsylvania, was one of those who took advantage of this proclamation, and Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, was another. Galloway's conduct is described in the Narrative of Sir William Howe Before a Committee of the House of Commons (London: 1780), and Stockton's may be judged from John Witherspoon's letter to his son, David, Mar. 17, 1777, a photograph of which is in the Library of Congress.]
Your Letter of the 3d, by Major Livingston was duly received. Before it came to hand, I had wrote to Genl. Howe about Governor Franklin's exchange, but am not certain whether the Letter could not be recovered. I dispatched a Messenger instantly for that purpose.41 I am &c.42
[Note 41: On December 3 Congress directed General Washington to postpone the exchange of Governor Franklin for General Thompson.]
[Note 42: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Mr. Berkleys Summer seat,45 December 8, 1776.
[Note 45: Thomas Barclay's "Summer Seat" was in what is now Morrisville, Pa., opposite Trenton, N. J. The house was about half a mile from the Delaware River.]
Sir: Colo. Reed would inform you of the Intelligence which I first met with on the Road from Trenton to Princeton Yesterday.46 Before I got to the last mention'd place, I receivd a Second Express informing me, that as the Enemy were advancing by different Routs, by one of which it appeard they were attempting to get in the Rear of the Troops at Princeton whose numbers, comparitively speaking, were small, and the place by no means defensible they had judgd it prudent to retreat to Trenton. The Retreat was accordingly made first to that place and since on this side of the River.
[Note 46: Ford quotes from a letter of Greene to Washington (December 7): "This moment a captain has returned that went to reconnoiter last night, and it is beyond a doubt the enemy are advancing; and my Lord Stirling thinks they will be up here by twelve o'clock." This letter is not in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
This information I thought it my duty to communicate as soon as possible, as there is not a moment's time to be lost in Assembling such force as can be collected as the object of the Enemy cannot now, in the smallest degree, be doubted. Indeed I shall be out in my conjecture (for it is no more than conjecture) if the late Imbarkation at New York is not for Delaware, to co-operate with the Army under the immediate command of Genl. Howe who I am informd from good authority is with the British Troops and his whole Force upon this Rout.
I have no certain Intelligence of Genl Lee; although I have sent frequent Expresses to him and lately a Colo. Hampton to bring me some accurate Accts. of his Situation; last Night I dispatch'd another Gentn. to him, Major Hoops,47 to desire he would hasten his March to the Delaware, at which I would provide Boats near a place called Alexandria for the Transportation of his Troops. I cannot acct. for the Slowness of his March.48
[Note 47: Maj. Robert Hoops, brigade major to General Dickinson. He was appointed Deputy Commissary General of Issues July 1, 1777; resigned Aug. 7, 1777.]
[Note 48: On December 8 Lee wrote to Washington, from Morristown, N. J.: "If I was not taught to think that your Army was considerably reinforced, I should immediately join you; but as I am assured you are very strong, I should imagine We can make a better impression by hanging on their rear, for which purpose, a good Post at Chatham seems the best calculated. It is at a happy distance from Newark, Elizabethtown, Woodbridge and Boundbrook. It will annoy, distract and consequently weaken 'em." He addressed a similar letter to the committee of Congress sent to learn his position and situation. On the same day, after Major Hoops had reached him, he again wrote to Washington: "I am extremely shocked to hear that your force is so inadequate to the necessity of your situation, as I had been taught to think you had been considerably reinforced." He pretended to believe that the main effort of the enemy was to be directed against the Eastern States, reporting that his information was that the British embarkation at New York had sailed eastward. On this account he concluded: "It will be difficult, I am afraid, to join you; but cannot I do you more service by attacking their rear? I shall look about me tomorrow and inform you further."]
In the disorderd and moving State of the Army I cannot get returns; but from the best Accts we had between three thousand and 3500 before the Philadelphia Militia and German Battalion arrived [they amount to about two thousand.]49 I have &c.
[Note 49: Words in brackets not in the writing of Washington.]
Falls of Delaware South Side, December 8, 1776.
Sir: As it is a matter of the utmost Importance to prevent the Enemy from crossing the Delaware, and to effect it, that all the Boats and Water Craft should be secured or destroyed. I do hereby earnestly request and desire that you will take upon you the care and Superintendency of the Matter. At Tinicum, a parcel of Boats are to be collected for the Transportation of the Troops under the Command of Major General Lee; but of this as little should be said as possible, least the Enemy avail themselves of some Advantage from the Knowledge of it. These Boats should be kept under a strong Guard. The Boats at other places ought, in my Opinion, to be destroyed or removed to Tinicum, least they should be possessed by some Stratagem of the Enemy.
You will see that the Regiment sent up to guard the hither Ferries are properly distributed and the Officers instructed. At the places of Passage above, you will endeavour from the Militia of this State or that of Jersey, to obtain sufficient Guards. In order to do which, I do hereby invest you with all the powers intrusted to me for that purpose, and do moreover authorize you in the strongest terms to invite the Militia of both States, as Occasion may offer, to join this part of the Army, or that under the Command of Major General Lee, in the common defence of their rights, Liberty and property.
Trusting in your Activity and care, in having all the Boats, as high up as there can be the least danger of their being procured by, or for the use of the Enemy, secured or destroyed, and wishing you much success in it, I am, etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near Trenton, December 9, 1776.
Gentlemen: I am informed by Colo. Hart,51 that the Colonels of the Bucks County Militia have been directed by you, to march their Battalions to Philadelphia, to assist in the defence and preservation of this City. I had however, previous to this information wrote to the several Colonels, desiring they would without delay march their Men to this place, as I am convinced it will be attended with much advantage that they should join the Army here, where their assistance is essentially necessary. If you approve of the step I have taken you will please to signify it to the above mentioned Gentn. that no difficulty may arise in consequence of the different Orders. I am, etc.52
[Note 51: Col. Joseph (?) Hart, of the Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp. He was taken prisoner at Fort Washington, N. Y., on November 16.]
[Note 52: In the writing of John Walker.]
Head Quarters, Trenton Falls, December 9, 1776.
Sir: I did myself the honor of writing to you yesterday and informing you that I had removed the Troops to this Side of the Delaware; soon after, the Enemy made their Appearance, and their Van entered, just as our Rear Guard quitted. We had removed all our Stores, except a few Boards. From the best Information, they are in two Bodies, one, at and near Trenton, the other some miles higher up, and inclining towards Delaware; but whether with intent to cross there, or to throw themselves between General Lee and me, is yet uncertain. I have this Morning detached Lord Stirling with his Brigade to take post at the different landing Places, and prevent them from Stealing a March upon us from above, for I am informed if they cross at Corrill's Ferry or thereabouts, they are as near to Philadelphia, as we are here. From Several Accounts, I am led to think, that the Enemy are bringing Boats with them; if so, it will be impossible for our Small Force to give them any considerable opposition in the Passage of the River, indeed they may make a feint at one place, and by a Sudden removal carry their Boats higher or lower, before we can bring our Cannon up to play upon them. Under these Circumstances, the Security of Philadelphia should be our next object. From my own remembrance, but more from Information (for I never viewed the Ground) I should think that a Communication of Lines and Redoubts might soon be formed from the Delaware to Schuylkill on the North entrance of the City. The Lines to begin on the Schuylkill side about the Heights of Springatsbury and run Eastward to Delaware, upon the most advantageous and commanding Grounds. If something of this kind is not done, the Enemy might, in case any Misfortune should befall us; march directly in and take possession. We have ever found, that Lines however Slight, are very formidable to them, they would at least give a Check till people could recover of the Fright and Consternation that naturally attends the first Appearance of an Enemy.
In the mean time, every step should be taken to collect Force not only from Pennsylvania but from the most neighbourly States; if we can keep the Enemy from entering Philadelphia and keep the Communication by Water open, for Supplies, we may yet make a stand, if the Country will come to our Assistance, till our New Levies can be collected.
If the Measure of fortifying the City should be adopted, some skillful person should immediately view the Grounds and begin to trace out the Lines and Works. I am informed there is a French Engineer53 of eminence in Philadelphia at this time. If so, he will be the most proper. I have the honor to be, etc.
[Note 53: Possibly Thaddeus Kosciuszko, who had been commissioned a colonel of Engineers on October 18 and on December 5 voted a month's pay.]
P.S. I have just received the inclosed from Genl. Heath. Genl. Mifflin is this Moment come up and tells me, that all the Military Stores yet remain in Philadelphia. This makes the immediate fortifying of the City so necessary, that I have desired Genl Mifflin to return, to take charge of the Stores and have ordered Major Genl Putnam immediately down54 to superintend the Works and give the necessary directions.55
[Note 54: Ford states that Putnam took command on the 12th and established martial law. A letter from him, dated Philadelphia, Dec. 12, 1776, describing the condition of affairs in the city, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 55: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Trenton Falls, December 10, 1776.
Dear Sir: I last night received your favor by Colo. Humpton, and were it not for the weak and feeble state of the force I have, I should highly approve of your hanging on the Rear of the Enemy and establishing the post you mention; But when my situation is directly opposite to what you suppose it to be, and when Genl. Howe is pressing forward with the whole of his Army, except the Troops that were lately embarked and a few besides, left at New York, to possess himself of Philadelphia; I cannot but request and entreat you and this too, by the advice of all the Genl. Officers with me, to march and join me with all your whole force, with all possible expedition. The utmost exertions that can be made, will not be more than sufficient to save Philadelphia. Without the aid of your force, I think there is but little, if any, prospect of doing it. I refer you to the Route Majr. Hoops would inform you of. The Enemy are now extended along the Delaware at several places. By a prisoner who was taken last night, I am told, that at Penny Town there are two Battalions of Infantry, three of Granadiers, The Hessian Granadiers, 42d. of Highlanders and 2 others. Their object doubtless, is to pass the river above us, or to prevent your joining me. I mention this that you may avail yourself of the information.56 Do come on, your arrival may be happy, and if it can be effected without delay, may be the means of preserving a City, whose loss must prove of the most fatal consequences to the cause of America. I am &c.
[Note 56: The design of the British in their push across Jersey is clear only in a general way. After possessing Brunswick, it seems that they were led on in their advance by the lack of opposition from Washington, the destruction of whose army was, necessarily, a main object. Ford quotes from Sir William Howe's letter to Lord George Germain (December 29):
"On the 7th, Lord Cornwallis' corps...marched to Princeton, which the enemy had quitted on the same day. This corps marched in two divisions on the 8th; the first advancing to Trenton reached the Delaware soon after the enemy's rear guard had crossed; their main army, having passed the preceding day and night, took post on the other side of the river. Lord Cornwallis with the rear division, halted at Maidenhead, six miles from Trenton, and marched at one o'clock next morning to Corryell's Ferry, thirteen miles higher up the Delaware, in some expectation of finding boats there, and in the neighborhood, sufficient to pass the river, but in this he was disappointed, the enemy having taken the precaution to destroy or to secure on the south side all the boats that could possibly be employed for this purpose." Cornwallis then took post at Pennington, remaining there till the 14th, when severe weather warned him of the necessity of going into winter quarters. "The chain I own, is rather too extensive, but I was induced to occupy Burlington, to cover the county of Monmouth, in which there are many loyal inhabitants; and trusting to the almost general submission of the country to the southward of this chain, and to the strength of the corps placed in the advanced posts, I conclude the troops will be in perfect security."]
P.S. Pray exert your influence and bring with you all the Jersey Militia you possibly can, let them not suppose their State is lost or in any danger because the Enemy are pushing thro' it, if you think Genl. St. Clair or Genl. Maxwell would be of service to command 'em, I would send either.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Falls of Delaware, December 10, 1776.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you yesterday, nothing of importance has occurred. In respect to the Enemy's movements, no other Information has been obtained, than that they have a Number of parties patrolling up and down the River (particularly the former). As yet they have not attempted to pass, nor do their patrols tho some are exceedingly small meet with the least interruption from the Inhabitants of Jersey.
By a Letter received last night from Genl Lee of the 8th Instr., he was then at Morris Town, where he entertained thoughts of establishing a Post; But on receiving my dispatches by Major Hoops, I should suppose he would be convinced of the Necessity of his proceeding this way with all the Force he can bring. I have the honor &c.
P.S. 9 O'Clock A.M. This minute I received information, that the Enemy were repairing the Bridges [which had been taken up,] three or four Miles below Trenton, which seems to indicate an intention of their passing lower down and suggests to me the necessity that some attention should be had to the Fort at Billingsport; less they should possess themselve of it, the consideration of which I beg leave to submit to Congress. I have wrote to the Council of Safety on the Subject.58
[Note 58: Both the letter sent and draft are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The latter varies in many unimportant verbal particulars from the above, the most important of which is the phrase in brackets, which is omitted from the letter sent.]
[Trenton Falls, December 10?, 1776]
The General desires that Brigadiers Lord Stirling, Mercer, Stephen and de Fermoy do, respectively, Quarter their Brigades in Houses or Hutts as compactly as possibly, that they may be soon form'd, and ready for action at the shortest notice of the approach of the Enemy. Each Brigadier is to take care of his own Front, and keep strong Guards at all the convenient passing places; the intermediate spaces between the Brigades, are to be attended to by the Brigadiers next adjoining.
This order is not intended to withdraw the German Battalion (now annex'd to Genl. Fermoys Brigade) from the Posts they at present Guard.
The Brigadiers are to use their utmost endeavours to have the Men got under the best cover they can, consistent with the above order for Quartering them compactly. and, as it does not admit of a doubt but that the Enemys attempt to cross the River will be conducted with the utmost secrecy and expedition, they cannot possible use too much vigilance and caution with their Guards.
That no Intelligence may be conveyed to the Enemy that can be avoided, no person is to pass the River but by written leave from the Brigadier in the district he commands, or a verbal message from him by an Officer to the Guard who has charge of the Boats. Colo. Housaker59 is to observe this Rule, at the upper Ferry.
[Note 59: Col. Nicholas Hausseger, German Battalion, was stationed at Coryell's Ferry.]
That the Recruiting Service may not be retarded, each Brigadier is to see that as many Officers (under the New Appointment)60 as can be spared from their respective Regimts. be sent
[Note 60: The service to commence Jan. 1, 1777.] upon that Service. the Colo. or Commanding Officer of the Regiment to which they belong may apply for Money to Recruit with, and furnish them therewith.
The Brigade Majors are to fix with the Adjutant General or his Assistant upon a place to receive the daily Orders and be punctual in their attendance at the hour of Eleven as the distance will now be great for some of the Brigade Majors to come and their duty in other respects render it inconvenient they may send a Commissiond Officer for the Orders; but to none other will they be given.
Head Quarters, Trenton Falls, December 10, 1776.
Sir: Yours of last evening reached me at 4 OClock this Morning. I immediately sent orders to Commodore Seymour,61 to dispatch one of his Gallies down to Dunk's Ferry, and I shall dispose of the remainder in such manner, and at such places, as will be most likely, not only to annoy the Enemy in their passage, but to give the earliest Information of any attempt of that kind. Parties of the Enemy have been reconnoitring both up and down the River, and I imagine it has been one of those parties that have appeared near Burlington; for as they have not found the least Opposition from the people of Jersey, they venture very far from their Main Body; which from the best Information, still lays about Trenton and above it.
[Note 61: Commodore Thomas Seymour. He commanded the Pennsylvania State Navy.]
I have desired Col. Humpton, who is the Bearer of this, to apply for a Party of Men, to go up Cooper's and Ancocus62 Creeks, and bring down all the Craft he may find there; for it is in vain to cut down Bridges, if the Boats are left; they cannot
[Note 62: Cooper Creek in Camden County, N. J., directly opposite Philadelphia, and Rancocas Creek in Burlington County, N. J., 10 miles or so above Philadelphia.] be trusted to the Owners, for if an Enemy was to appear, such is their fear, that they would deliver them up, upon the first demand.
I think that the Fort began at Billingsport should be attended to; if there is not a party already there, one should be sent under a good Officer, who would not too readily take the alarm and come off; for you may depend, that only small Bodies will be sent to that Distance. But I have always found, that the Intelligence brought by people not used to see Men in Arms, has always magnified numbers exceedingly, and on this Head the officer should be guarded, not to trust to Report, but be well Satisfied himself before he gives up his post.
Having sent down Major General Putnam to throw up necessary Works for the Defence of your City, I hope you will co-operate with him, and give him every assistance in your Power to expedite so necessary an Operation. I have the honor to be, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Trenton Falls, December 11, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th. Instr. by the Light Horseman reached me last night. Having wrote you fully respecting my Situation just before it came to hand, it is unnecessary to add much now; I shall only say that Philadelphia, beyond all question, is the object of the Enemy's movements and that nothing less than our utmost exertions, will be sufficient to prevent Genl. Howe from possessing it. The force I have is weak and entirely incompetent to that end. I must therefore entreat you to push on with every possible succour you can bring. Your aid may give a more favourable complexion to our affairs. You know the importance of the City of Philadelphia and the fatal consequences that must attend the loss of it.67 I am &c.68
[Note 67: Ford states that this letter did not reach Lee. On December 11 Lee wrote a short note to Washington, in the third person, from Morristown, N. J., that his force was 3,000 strong, but had been obliged to halt for two days for want of shoes: "General Lee has sent two Officers this day--one to inform him where the Delaware can be crossed above Trenton--the other to examine the road towards Burlington as General Lee thinks He can without great risk cross the great Brunswick Post road and by a forced Nights march make his way to the ferry below Burlington. Boats should be sent up from Philadelphia to receive him--but this scheme He only proposes if the head of the Enemy's Column actually pass the River--the Militia in this part of the Province seem sanguine--if They could be sure of an Army remaining amongst em I believe They wou'd raise a very considerable number." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Trenton Falls, December 11, 1776.
Dear Sir: Being desirous of effecting an Exchange of Prisoners as far as Circumstances will admit of, I shall be much obliged by your transmitting to me by the earliest Opportunity, the Names and Ranks of the Officers who were released on parole by Genl. Carleton. I presume you have a list in which they are specified and without which, I cannot point out to Genl. Howe, the Officers who should be discharged from their paroles, in lieu of those who have been and will be sent in by us. I am &c.
P.S. Your exchange for Govt. Franklin has been proposed to Genl. Howe, who has returned no answer as yet.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Falls of Delaware, December 11, 1776.
Sir: After I had wrote you Yesterday, I received certain Information that the Enemy, after repairing Croswicks Bridge, had advanced a party of about five hundred to Bordentown; by their taking this Rout, it confirms me in my opinion, that they have an Intention to land between this and Philadelphia, as well as above, if they can procure Boats for that Purpose. I last night directed Commodore Seymour, to Station all his Gallies between Bordentown and Philadelphia, to give the earliest Intelligence of any Appearance of the Enemy on the Jersey Shore. I yesterday rode up the River about 11 Miles to Lord Stirling's post, where I found a prisoner of the 42d Regiment, who had been just brought in; he informed me that Lord Cornwallis was at Penny Town, with two Battalions of Grenadiers and three of Light Infantry, all British; the Hessian Grenadiers the 42d Highland Regiment and two other Battalions the names of which he did not remember. He knew nothing of the reasons of their being assembled there, nor what were their future Intentions; but I last night received Information from my Lord Stirling, which had been brought in by his Scouts, which in some Measure accounted for their being there. They had made a forced March from Trenton on Sunday Night to Coryell's Ferry, in hopes of Surprising a Sufficient Number of Boats to transport them, but finding themselves disappointed, had marched back to Penny Town, where they remained yesterday. From their Several Attempts to seize Boats, it does not look as if they had brought any with them, as I was at one time informed. I last Night sent a person over to Trenton, to learn whether there was any appearance of building any, but he could not perceive any preparations for a work of that kind. So that I am in Hopes, if proper Care is taken to keep all the Craft out of their way, they will find the crossing Delaware, a Matter of considerable Difficulty.
I received another Letter from General Lee last Evening, it was dated at Chatham (which I take to be near Morris Town) the 8th. of this Month, he had then received my Letter sent by Major Hoops, but seemed still inclined to hang upon the Enemy's Rear, to which I should have no Objection had I a sufficient force to oppose them in Front; but as I have not at present, nor do I see much probability of further Reinforcements, I have wrote to him in the most pressing Terms, to join me with all Expedition.
Major Sheldon70 who commands the Volunteer Horse from Connecticut, waits upon Congress, to establish some mode of Pay. I can only say, that the Service of himself and his Troop, has been such as merits the warmest Thanks of the public and deserves a handsome Compensation for their Trouble. What ever is Settled now, will serve for a precedent in future. From the Experience I have had this Campaign, of the Utility of Horse, I am Convinced there is no carrying on the War without them, and I would therefore recommend the Establishment
[Note 70: Maj. Elisha Sheldon. He was commandant of Connecticut Light Horse, Dec. 12, 1776; colonel of the Second Continental Dragoons; served to end of the war.] of one or more Corps, (in proportion to the Number of Foot) in Addition to those already raised in Virginia. If Major Sheldon would undertake the Command of a Regiment of Horse on the Continental Establishment, I believe he could very soon raise them, and I can recommend him as a Man of Activity and Spirit, from what I have seen of him. I have the honor to be &c.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft, also by Tilghman, varies in minor verbal details from the letter seat.]
Head Quarters, Trenton Falls, December 12, 1776.
Sir: I was, a few days ago, favoured with yours of the 30th. last month)72 and this is the first Opportunity that afforded me the pleasure of answering it. The Event has shewn, that my Opinion, of General Howe's Intentions to make an Excursion into Jersey, was not ill founded. Immediately after the Reduction of Fort Washington, he threw a Body of Men, consisting of about 6.000 over the North River, with an Intention to surprise the Garrison of Fort Lee; but they withdrew before he could accomplish his purpose. Finding the few Troops, I had with me, insufficient to oppose the Enemy, and knowing that my numbers would still be diminished by the Expiration of the Service of the flying Camp Men from Jersey, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, which would take Place on the last day of November; it was determined to retreat as far as Brunswick; where I hoped to receive a Reinforcement from the Militia of the State of New Jersey, sufficient to check the further progress of the Enemy. But in this I was cruelly disappointed. The In habitants of this State, either from fear or disaffection, almost
[Note 72: Trumbull's letter, outlining the Connecticut arrangements for supplying her troops, dated Nov. 30, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.] to a Man refused to turn out; and I could not bring together above 1.000 Men; and, even on these, very little dependance was to be put. My Numbers were now reduced to three thousand Men, and that of the Enemy considerably increased by fresh reinforcements. I had sent General Mifflin down to Philadelphia, to raise what Force he could in that Province and send them on, with all speed to my Assistance. I fell down myself to Trenton, in order to wait for Supplies, hoping that such Numbers would come in from Pennsylvania, as would enable me to turn upon the Enemy, and recover most of the Ground which they had gained. General Mifflin was very Successful with the Militia of Philadelphia, who turned out in a very Spirited Manner, and immediately Marched about 1.500 Men up to Trenton; but the remainder of the Province continues in a State of Supineness; nor do I see any likelyhood of their stiring, to save their own Capital, which is undoubtedly General Howe's great object. The Delaware now parts the two Armies; and nothing hinders the passage of the Enemy, but the Want of Boats, which we have been lucky enough to secure. General Lee is still in the rear of the Enemy, with about four thousand Men, with whom he is on his March to join me; if he can effect this junction, our Army will again make a respectable appearance, and such as, I hope, will disappoint the Enemy in their plan upon Philadelphia. I sent down General Putnam, a few days ago, to begin upon some works for the defence of that City; upon the Salvation of which our Cause almost depends. I am informed that the Inlistment of the New Army goes on very Successfully to the Eastward and Southward; little or nothing can be expected from New York or Jersey, which are, for the most part, in the Hands of the Enemy. Every thing must depend upon the regular Force we can bring into the Field in the Spring; for I find, from fatal Experience, that Militia serve only to delude us.
As my Distance from the Eastern Governments makes me ignorant of their present Circumstances; I will not undertake to direct the Disposition of the four Regiments, you have Ordered to be raised, till the 15th March. I would only recommend, if they can be spared, that they should March and take post at the Highlands and at the Forts upon the North River, as much depends still upon keeping possession of the upper part of that River. I highly approve of your Plan, for supplying your New Army with Necessaries; our old one has suffered considerably for want of some such wholesome Regulations; you may de pend upon my giving due Countenance to such a commendable Scheme. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Trenton Falls, December 12, 1776.
Sir: I last night received the favor of Mr. Thomson's Letter, inclosing the proceedings of Congress of the 11th. Inst. As the publication of their Resolve, in my opinion, will not lead to any good end, but on the contrary, may be attended with some bad consequences, I shall take the liberty to decline inserting it in this days Orders, [unless I am requested again to do it]. I am persuaded, if the subject is taken up and reconsidered, that Congress will concur with me in Sentiment. I doubt not but there are some who have propagated the report, but what if they have? Their remaining in or leaving Philadelphia must be governed by Circumstances and events; If their departure should become necessary, it will be right; On the other hand, if there should not be a necessity for it, [and if necessity should not proclaim the measure prudent,] they will [not] remain [depart,] and their continuance will shew the report to be the production of Calumny and Falsehood. In a word, Sir, I conceive it a matter that may be as well [be] disregarded, and that the removal or staying of Congress, depending entirely upon events should not have been the Subject of a Resolve.74
[Note 74: The nervousness of Congress increased as the British advanced. Curious resolutions were passed. One (December 10) directed Washington and Putnam in military matters; another (December 11) appointed a day of fasting and humiliation, recommending to "all the members of the United States, and particularly the officers civil and military under them, the exercise of repentance and reformation," the strict observation of the Articles of War, and particularly of those forbidding profane swearing and all immorality. By another (December 12) all the vessels in the harbor were placed at the disposal of Putnam. Continental stores were directed to be removed, and a bold front assumed by directing that the city be defended "to the utmost extremity." On December 11 it was resolved that: "Whereas a false and malicious report hath been spread by the enemies of America that the Congress was about to disperse: Resolved, That General Washington be desired to contradict the said scandalous report in general orders, this Congress having a better opinion of the spirit and vigour of the army, and of the good people of these states than to suppose it can be necessary to disperse. Nor will they adjourn from the city of Philadelphia in the present state of affairs, unless the last necessity shall direct it." Charles Thomson, Secretary of Congress, sent this resolve to Washington December 11. This resolve is in the Washington Papers.
On December 12 Congress resolved: "That, until the Congress shall otherwise order, General Washington be possessed of full power to order and direct all things relative to the department, and to the operations of war." (See Washington's letter to Congress, Dec. 27, 1776, post.)
Congress adjourned to Baltimore on December 12 and on December 21 "Resolved, That Mr. President inform General Washington by letter, that Congress approve his conduct in not publishing in general orders the resolve of Congress of the 11 instant." Both this resolve and the previous one of December 11 have been crossed out in the manuscript Journals of the Continental Congress, but a copy of that of December 21, signed by John Hancock President, is in the Washington Papers.]
The intelligence we obtain respecting the Movements and situation of the Enemy is far from being so certain and satisfactory as I could wish, tho' every probable means in my power and that I can devise are adopted for that purpose. The latest I have received was from Lord Stirling last night, he says that two Grenadiers of the Inniskilling Regiment who were taken and brought in by some Countrymen, inform that Genls. Howe, Cornwallis, Vaughan75 &c. with about 6000 of the flying Army were at Penny Town waiting for Pontoons to come up, with which they mean to pass the River near the Blue Mounts, or at Correls Ferry, they believe the latter. That the two Battalions of Guards were at Brunswick and the Hessian Grenadiers,
[Note 75: Sir John Vaughan, colonel of the Forty-sixth Foot, British Army, with the rank of major general in America.] Chasseurs and a Regiment or two of British Troops are at Trenton. Capt. Miller76 of Colo. Hand's Regiment also informs me, that a body of the Enemy were marching to Burlington on Yesterday Morning. He had been sent over with a strong Scouting Party and at day break, fell in with their advanced Guards consisting of about 400 Hessian Troops who fired upon him before they were discovered, but without any loss and obliged him to retreat and with his party to take boat. The Number of the whole he could not ascertain, but they appeared to be considerable. Captn. Miller's Account is partly Con firmed by Commodore Seymour who reports that four or five hundred of the Enemy had entered the Town. Upon the whole their can be no doubt, but that Philadelphia is their object and that they will pass the Delaware, as soon as possible. Happy should I be, if I could see the means of preventing them. At present I confess I do not. All Military Men agree, that it is a work of great difficulty, nay impracticable, where there is any extent of Coast to guard. This is the case with us and we have to do it, with a force small and inconsiderable and much inferior to that of the Enemy. Perhaps Congress have some hope and prospect of Reinforcements; I have no intelligence of the sort and wish to be informed on the Subject. Our little handfull is daily decreasing by sickness and other causes, and without aid, without considerable Succours and exertions on the part of the people, what can we reasonably look for or expect, but an event that will be severely felt by the Common cause and that will wound the Heart of every Virtuous American, the loss of Philadelphia. The Subject is disagreeable, but yet it is true. I will leave it, wishing that our situation may become such as to do away [with] the apprehensions, which at this time fill the minds of too many and with too much justice.
[Note 76: Capt. Henry Miller, of the First Continental Infantry. He rose to lieutenant colonel of the First Pennsylvania Regiment and resigned in December, 1778.]
By a Letter from General Heath dated at Peeks Kills the 8th, I am advised that Lt. Colo. Vose77 was then there with Greaton's78 Bond's79 and Porter's80 Regiments, amounting in the whole to between 5 and 600 Men, who were coming this way, he adds that Genls. Gates and Arnold would be at Goshen that night, with Stark's, Poor's and Read's Regiments, but for what purpose he does not mention.
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Joseph Vose, of the Twenty-fourth Continental Infantry. He was colonel of the First Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1777, and served to the end of the war.]
[Note 78: Col. John Greaton, of the Twenty-fourth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 79: Col. William Bond, of the Twenty-fifth Continental Infantry.]
[Note 80: Col. Elisha Porter, of a Massachusetts militia regiment.]
The Inclosed Extract of a Letter, which I received last night, contains intelligence of an agreeable nature, I wish to hear of its confirmation by the arrival of the Several prizes; that with Cloathing and Arms will be an invaluable acquisition.81
[Note 81: The reported capture was that of a ship with 3,000 stands of arms and 10,000 suits of clothing. The extract is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I shall be glad to be advised of the mode I am to observe in paying the Officers, Whether they are to be allowed to draw the pay lately established and from what time or how long they are to be paid, under the old establishment. A pay Roll which was presented yesterday being made up for the men, has given rise to these propositions. Upon my objecting to it, [without having the direction of Congress upon the Subject] I was told that Congress or the Board of War had established the precedent by paying the 6th Regiment of Virginia Troops commanded by Colo. Buckner82 agreeable to the latter [under the New Establishment,] as they came thro' Philadelphia. I have the Honor &c.83
[Note 82: Col. Mordecai Buckner, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 83: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and show plainly the strain at headquarters. The draft is unusually altered and is entered on three different pieces of paper, showing two false starts. The letter sent varies considerably in phraseology, but not in sense, from the draft. The most important variations are shown, the words within the brackets in the foregoing having been omitted from the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, near Trenton Falls, December 12, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 8th. Instt. has come duly to hand, and I am glad to hear, that Greaton's, Bond's and Porter's Regiments are coming forward to join me; at the same time I must acknowledge I should have been much better satisfied, if they had contained a greater number of men than what you have mentioned. your sending them on, with all possible expedition, was exceedingly proper; indeed no time is to be lost, as the necessity of our affairs at present requires an immediate augmentation of our force.
I have observed, in your letter, you have mentioned, the arrival of Generals Gates and Arnold at Goshen, with Patterson's, Starks, Poors and Reads Regiments, but have not mentioned whether they are on their march to join us; though I conjecture that this is the case from the route they have taken. As every thing ought to be attempted for the preservation of Philadelphia, I hope these Troops will make all imaginable haste to get here in time to be of service. Our situation at present in this Quarter is truly critical; our Army (as you have been informed) has been greatly diminished; The Troops composing the flying camp have mostly gone home, and we have as yet received very little assistance except from the Philadelphia Militia; The Enemy under the Command of Genls. Howe, Cornwallis and Vaughan, amounting to about twelve thousand, are posted at Trenton, Penny Town and downwards towards Borden Town, waiting for an Opportunity to cross over; Their Views are to get possession of Philadelphia, however it is very probable they will considerably extend them unless we can procure a sufficient force to oppose their progress. I am &c.
P.S. With respect to the Officers of one State inlisting the Soldiers of another, it is not to be allowed of, and as to the convalescents you will use your own discretion.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson. The letter sent, also in Grayson's writing, is in the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and has in the P.S. the additional sentence: "Please to forwd. the inclosed to Governor Trumbull, as soon as possible."]
Head Quarters at Trenton Falls, December 12, 1776.
Sir: You will post your Troops at Yardley's ferry or some where near it, find out the fording place there and have a Redoubt thrown up immediately. You and General Ewing must divide the ground between Trenton Falls and your post, and establish the proper Guards and Patrols to watch the Enemy's motions; you will spare no pains or Expence to obtain Intelligence. All promises made or Monies advanced, shall be fully complyed with and discharged. Every piece of Intelligence worthy notice you obtain, forward it to me by Express. Let the Troops always have three days provision cooked before hand, and keep them together, as much as possible, night and day, that they may be in readiness in the shortest notice to make head against the Enemy. Should they attempt to land on this side you will give them all the Opposition in your power; should you be routed from your post you are to repair to the strong Grounds at German Town, unless you can possibly join the upper or lower division of the Army, which, if practicable, you are to do. Be particularly attentive to the Boats and other Vessels, and suffer no person to pass over to the Jerseys here without a permit.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis and Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
Bucks County, December 12, 1776.
Sir: The inclosed Lists86 which I have taken the Liberty of transmitting comprehend the Officers belonging to your Army who were returned on the 4th, 7th. and 8th. current, by Col. Moylan, in pursuance of my direction. I have affixed against their names such belonging to us, as I wish to have released, and who are of the same rank, except in the Instance of Colo. Allen.87 His exchange on account of his long imprisonment, I have been particularly instructed to propose.
[Note 86: Copies of these lists are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 87: Col. Ethan Allen.]
The Officers whose enlargement I now require, are chiefly on parole and of those who were sent from Canada by Genl. Carleton. In respect to the privates, you will be pleased to direct an equal number to be returned, out of those who were made Prisoners on Long Island on the 27th of August, including six Volunteers described in one of the Lists.
I thank you for the ready attention that was had to the return of Maj or Bird88 and others who came out with him, in exchange for the Officers who went from Brunswick, but I must request that upon any future Occasions, the particular Officers to be re turned shall be of my appointment, or some person authorized for the purpose.
[Note 88: Maj. Edward Burd, of the Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp. He had been taken prisoner at Long Island, N. Y.]
I cannot conclude this Letter, without mentioning the severe Treatment of Monsr. Wiebert.89 This Gentleman, was made prisoner on the 16th. Ulto. with the Garrison on York Island and who holds the Rank of a Lieut: Colo: in our service, I am
[Note 89: Lieut. Col. Antoine Felix Wuibert. He seems to have been mistreated because he did not have his commission with him when captured. Putnam forwarded the commission to Washington in a letter (December 12) from Philadelphia. It is in the Washington Papers.] credibly informed has been committed to the Provoost Guard and is there suffering all the inconveniences of a Gaol.
I am persuaded, this Treatment is without your Knowledge and that the Complaint will be removed, as soon as it is discovered. I am Sir, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters at Trenton Falls, December 12, 1776.
Sir: Your Brigade is to guard the River Delaware from the Ferry opposite to Bordentown till you come within two Miles or thereabouts of Yardleys Mill, to which General Dickinson's command will extend.
About One hundred, or a hundred and fifty men, will, I should think, be sufficient at the post opposite to Borden Town, the principal part of your Force, should be as convenient as possible to the Ford above Hoops's Mill, in order that if a passage should be attempted at that place you may give the earliest and most spirited opposition, the success of which de pending upon good intelligence, and the vigilance of your Guards and Sentries, will induce you to use every means in your power to procure the first, and every endeavour to enforce and encourage the latter.
Between Borden Town and the Mill, and from the Mill to the extent of your Line above, you are to have intermediate Guards and Centries, who are to be as attentive as possible, in discovering and informing you of every movement of the Enemy; constant patroles are also to pass, In a word, so much depends upon watchfulness that you cannot possibly be too much upon your Guard.
As the Ford from the Jersey Shore, leads on to the upper end of the Island adjoining the Mill, you are to throw up a breast work for Musquetry near the landing place, and secure your communication with it. Besides this Work, another on the height on this side for a Field Piece or two should be erected.
Be particularly careful of your Field Pieces and do not suffer them to be left, if there is a possibility of avoiding it.
You are, as I before said, to give every possible opposition to the Enemy, particularly at crossing the River, but if you should be overpowered, and obliged to retreat, join that part of the Troops under my immediate Command, or the other under Colonel Cadwallader; in the latter case, the best stand possible is to be made at Neshamini Ferry, Bridge and Fords; but if you are unable to hold these, then seize the strong Grounds in the neighbourhood of German Town, unless you receive orders to the contrary from me or some other your superior Officer.
Spare no pains, nor cost, to gain information of the Enemy's movements, and designs; whatever sums you pay to obtain this end, I will chearfully refund. Every piece of information worthy of communication, transmit to me without loss of time. A part of Colo. Hart's Battalion I have ordered to join your Brigade. Keep your Troops always supplied with three days Provisions, and prevent them from stragling, that they may be ready at a moment's warning, to oppose the Enemy in their passage of the River.
[Be particularly attentive to the Boats and other vessels, and suffer no person to pass over to the Jersey shore without a permit.]91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis and John Fitzgerald except the paragraph in brackets, which is in that of Washington and signed by him.]
Head Quarters near Trenton Falls, December 12, 1776.
Dear Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated at Bethlehem the 8th. Instt.92 Your proposition of opening
[Note 92: Shippen's letter, dated Dec. 8, 1776, is in the Washington Papers and has its value in the Shippen-Morgan controversy over the Continental hospitals.] Dr. Morgans Stores, I entirely approve of, and which you are authorized to do immediately, as it is, in every instance my ardent wish, that the sick be provided for, in the most happy and comfortable manner, our Circumstances will admit of, and I know of no good reason, why Stores should be preserved for a future day, when they are so much wanted at present. I am &c.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson.]
Head Quarters at Trenton Falls, December 12, 1776.94
[Note 94: Joseph Reed wrote to Washington (December 12): "The Militia are crossing over [the Delaware into Jersey] in Parties. I fear they do not mean to return. I do not know by whose Orders but if their Colonels have Power to give Permission in a little Time there will be none left....Mr. Moylan desires me to mention to your Excelly. the Propriety of his meeting Gen. Lee to inform him of the State of Things and wishes to know your Pleasure by the Return of the Light Horse." Reed's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: You are to post your Brigade at and near Bristol, Colo. Nixons Regiment to continue where it is at Dunks's ferry; but if you find, from reconnoitering the ground or from any movement of the Enemy, that any other disposition is necessary, you'll make it accordingly, without waiting to hear from me; but to acquaint me of the alterations and the reasons for it, as soon as possible. You'll establish the necessary Guards and throw up some little Redoubts at Dunks's ferry and the different passes in Neshamini. Pay particular attention to Dunks ferry, as its not improbable something may be attempted there. Spare no pains or expence to get Intelligence of the Enemy's motions and intentions. Any promises made or Sums advanced, shall be fully complied with and discharged: Keep proper Patroles going from guard to guard. Every piece of Intelligence you obtain worthy notice, send it forward by Ex press. If the Enemy attempt a landing on this side, you'll give them what opposition in your power; should they land between Trenton Falls and Bordentown ferry, or any where above Bristol, and you find your force quite equal to theirs, give them what opposition you can at Neshamini ferry and Fords. In a Word, you are to give them all the Opposition you can, without hazarding the Loss of your Brigade. Keep a good Guam over such Boats, as are not scuttled or rendered unfit for use, keep a good look out for Spies, endeavour to magnify your Numbers as much as possible; let the Troops have always three days provisions cooked before hand; endeavour to keep your Troops, as much together as possible, night and day, that they may be ever in readiness to march upon the shortest notice. You'll consult with the Commodore of the Gallies and endeavor to form such an Arrangement, as will most effectually Guard the River. To your directions and prudence I submit any further regulations and recommend the greatest degree of vigilence.
If you should find yourself unable to defend the passes on the Neshamini or the Enemy should route you from your Post, you are to repair to the strong ground near German Town, unless you have orders from me or some other General Officer to the contrary.
Be particularly attentive to the Boats and Vessels, and suffer no person to pass over to the Jerseys without a permit.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
Camp at Trenton Falls, December 13, 1776.
Sir: The apparent designs of the Enemy being to avoid this Ferry, and land their Troops above and below us, have induced me to remove from this place, the greater part of the Troops and throw them into a different Disposition on the River, whereby I hope not only to be more able to impede their passage, but also to avoid the Danger of being inclosed in this Angle of the River. And notwithstanding the extended Appearance of the Enemy on the other Side, made at least in part, to divert our Attention from any particular point, as well as to harrass us by Fatigue, I cannot divest myself of the Opinion that their principal Design is to Ford the River somewhere above Trenton; to which Design I have had particular Respect in the new Arrangement, wherein I am so far happy as to have the Concurrence of all the General Officers at this place.
Four Brigades of the Army under Generals Lord Stirling, Mercer, Stephen and D'Fermoy extend from Yardley's up to Coryel's Ferry, posted in such a Manner as to guard every suspicious part of the River and to afford Assistance to each other, in case of Attack. Genl Ewing with the Flying Camp of Pennsylvania and a few Jersey Troops under General Dickinson, are posted from Yardley's Ferry down to the Ferry opposite Bordentown. Col. Cadwallader with the Pennsylvania Militia occupies the Ground above and below the Mouth of Neshaminy River, as far down as Dunks Ferry, at which place Colonel Nixon is posted with the 3d Battalion of Philadelphia. A proper Quantity of Artillery is appointed to each Brigade, and I have ordered small Redoubts to be thrown up opposite every place where there is a possibility of fording.
I shall remove further up the River to be near the main Body of my small Army, with which every possible Opposition shall be given to any further Approach of the Enemy towards Philadelphia.
As General Armstrong has a good deal of influence in this State and our present force is small and inconsiderable, I think he cannot be better employed than to repair to the Counties where his interest lies to animate the People, promote the recruiting service and encourage the Militia to come in. He will also be able to form a proper Judgement of the places suitable for Magazines of Provision to be collected. I have requested him to wait upon you on this subject, and if General Smallwood should go to Maryland on the same business, I think his presence would have a happy effect. He is popular and of great Interest and I am persuaded would contribute greatly to the State's furnishing her Quota of Men in a little time. He is now in Philadelphia. I have the honor &c.96
[Note 96: The letter sent is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft is dated December 12 and was begun by Brig. Gen. John Armstrong, added to by Washington, continued by Tilghman, and finally finished by Harrison. The middle portion of the draft was stricken out in favor of the general description of troop positions in the second paragraph above, but the importance of the Trenton campaign justifies the inclusion of the more detailed and discarded description in the draft. "As I cannot at present farther enter into the various motives of this alteration, I shall only add a Copy of the Arrangement itself. Generals Lord Sterling, Mercer, Stevens and La Roch De Fermoy's Brigades are to take post at and below Corriels and McConkeys Ferrys. Lord Stirling's Brigade to continue at and near where his head Quarters are [at Blue Mount Ferry]. Genl. Stevens next below it. Genl. Mercer below Stevens. Genl. Defermoy above Lord Sterling. The Jerman Battalion to join Genl. Fermoy's Brigade. Genl. Ewings Brigade to continue at this Post and guard the River from Bordentown up towards Yeardlies Ferry. Redouts to be Erected at the Ford at Trenton Falls and near Yeardlies Ferry. Coll: Cadwalladers Brigade to take post at Bristol and [Guard those parts of the River Including Dunks's Ferry and to watch the motions of that part of the Enemy which have moved down towards]." The parts in brackets are in Washington's writing; the rest is in that of Armstrong.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 14, 1776.
Sir: I was last night favored with yours of the 6th. In a letter, which I did myself the pleasure to write to you two days ago, I gave you a full Account of my present Situation and the occurrences that have happened since I left the Neighbourhood of Fort Lee. The want of Means of Transportation, has hitherto hindered the Enemy from making any Attempt to cross the Delaware; and, I hope, unless the Course of the Season intirely changes, that the Weather will soon prevent their making use of Boats, if they should build them.
Your Situation to the Eastward is truly alarming; and I wish it were in my power to afford you that assistance that is requisite.97 You must be sensible, that it is impossible for me to detach any part of my small Army, when I have an Enemy far superior in numbers to oppose; but I have immediately countermanded the march of General Heath's Division, who were coming down from Peekskill; they are ordered to return again to that place, and hold themselves ready to move, as occasion may require. Genl Lee's division are so necessary to support this part of the Army, that, without their Assistance, we must inevitably be overpowred, and Philadelphia lost. I have Ordered General Arnold, who was on his way down from Ticonderoga, immediately to repair to New London, or wherever his presence will be most necessary. The Troops, that came down with him and Genl. Gates, are already, [from the advices I have received] so far advanced towards this Army, that to countermand them now, would be loosing the small remainder of their Service intirely; as the Time of their Inlistments would expire, before they could possibly reach you; Whereas by coming on, they may in conjunction with my present Force and that under Genl. Lee, enable us to attempt a Stroke upon the Forces of the Enemy, who lay a good deal scattered and to all appearance in a state of Security. A lucky Blow in this Quarter, would be fatal to them, and would most certainly raise the Spirits of the People, which are quite sunk by our late misfortunes.
[Note 97: Sparks notes that General Clinton and Earl Percy, with 6,000 British troops detached from the main army at New York, took possession of Newport and Rhode Island on December 8. For the letters of General Clinton and Sir Peter Parker relating to this event see the Remembrancer, vol. 3, pp. 261, 262.]
In the Interval, between the Dissolution of the old and the Inlistment of the New Army, we must put our dependance on the public Spirit and Virtue of the People; which, I am sorry to say, has manifested but too small a Regard to their rights and Liberties in the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania; the Citizens of Philadelphia excepted; but, I hope, such a Spirit still exists among your people, as will convince these bold Invaders, that, altho' they may, by a Superior Naval Force, take possession of your Sea port Towns, yet, they cannot penetrate and over run your Country with Impunity. I have the Honor to be, etc.
P.S. I have just received a Letter from General Heath of the 10th. Inst., in which he informs me, that his Division was to Cross the North River on that day; so that they must be at Morris Town by this time, which is but 50 Miles from hence; upon this Consideration, I have changed my Intention of countermanding him, for the same reasons as given in my Letter above, respecting the Troops under Generals Gates and Arnold.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, except the phrase in brackets, which is in Washington's writing.]
Head Quarters at Keith's, December 14, 1776.
Dr. Sir: Lest the Enemy should, in some degree avail themselves of the knowledge (for I do not doubt but that they are well inform'd of everything we do) I did not care to be so particular in the General Orders of this day as I mean to be in this Letter to you.
As much Time then would be lost (in case the Enemy should attempt crossing the River at any pass within your guard of it) in first sending you notice, and the Troops to wait for Orders what to do, I would advise you to examine the whole River from the upper to the lower Guard of your district; and after forming an opinion of the most probable crossing places, have those well watchd and direct the Regiments or Companies most convenient to repair as they can be formed, immediately to the point of Attack, and give the Enemy all the opposition they possibly can, everything in a manner depends upon the defence at the Water edge, in like manner one Brigade is to support another without loss of time, or waiting orders from me.
I would also have You fix upon some Central Spot convenient to your Brigade, but in the rear a little, and on some Road leading into the Back road to Philadelphia for your unnecessary Baggage, Waggons and Stores, that in case your opposition should prove inefectual these things may not fall but be got off and proceed over Neshamony Bridge towards German Town agreeable to the determination of the Board of Officers the other day. Let me entreat you to Cast about to find out some Person who can be engaged to cross the River as a spy, that we may, if possible, obtain some knowledge of the Enemy's Situation, movements, and intention; particular enquiry to be made by the person sent if any preparations are making to cross the River; whether any Boats are Building, and where; whether any are coming across Land from Brunswick; whether any great collection of Horses are made, and for what purpose &c. Expence must not be spared in procuring such Inteligence, and will readily be paid by me. We are in a Neighbourhood of very disaffected People, equal care therefore should be taken that one of these Persons do not undertake the business in order to betray us.1
[Note 1: Stryker's Battles of Trenton and Princeton (New York: 1898), pp. 87--89, tells of John Honeyman as the spy of Trenton, but the evidence is not sufficient to identify him as the person selected according to the above direction. A man by the name of Pomroy was sent into the British lines by Reed.]
As your numbers are rather small endeavour to shew them, now and then to the best advantage, an appearance might be made with those you have as if fresh Troops were coming in, and if you stop all Intercourse but such as is carried on to the other side by your own permit it will take a little time to discover the deception and every hour gained is of service in our present Situation.
If possible get some person in to Trenton, and let Him be satisfied if any Boats are building at that place and on Croswicks Creek. I am, etc.2
[Note 2: The editor is indebted to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union for a photostat of this circular as sent to Brig. Gen. James Ewing, which is in the writing of George Lewis, with the last paragraph in that of Washington. The draft in the Washington Papers is entirely in Washington's writing, but lacks the last two paragraphs above. The Varick Transcripts note the circular as sent to Stirling, Mercer, Stephen, and de Roche Fermoy.]
Head Quarters at Keiths, December 14, 1776.
Dear Sir: I last Night received your letter of the 11th. Instt. by Majr. Dehart.3 I am much surprized that you should be in any doubt respecting the Route you should take, after the information you have had upon that Head, as well by Letter, as from Major Hoops who was dispatched for the purpose. A large number of Boats was procured and is still retained at Tinnicum, under a strong guard, to facilitate your passage across the Delaware. I have so frequently mentioned our Situation, and the necessity of your Aid, that it is painfull to me to add a Word upon the Subject. Let me once more request and entreat you to march immediately for Pitts Town, which lies on the route that has been pointed out, and is about Eleven Miles from Tinnicum ferry, that is more on the Flank of the Enemy than where you are.4 Advise me of the time you will arrive there, that a Letter may be sent you, about your further destination and such other movements as may be necessary. The inclosed for Genls. Gates and Arnold, you will forward by an Officer without delay. The former I have requested to come on with the Regiments he has, with all possible expedition. The latter to go to the Eastward,
[Note 3: Maj. William DeHart, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 4: Lee wrote to Gates from "Basking Ridge" (December 13): "Entre nous, a certain great man is most damnably deficient. He has thrown me into a situation where I have my choice of difficulties. If I stay in this Province, I risk myself and Army; and if I do not stay, the Province is lost forever....Tories are on my front, rear and on my flanks....Our counsels have been weak to the last degree. As to what relates to yourself, if you think you can be in time to aid the General, I would have you, by all means go. You will, at least, save your Army." (See Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 3, 1201.)] on the Intelligence received from Govr. Trumbull. Part of the Enemy have advanced as far as Burlington and their main Body, from the best information, is in the Neighbourhood of Trenton and at Penny Town. The Congress have adjourned from Philadelphia to meet at Baltimore, on the 20th. Instt., and sensible of the importance of the former, have directed it to be defended to the utmost extremity, to prevent the Enemy from possessing it. The fatal consequences that must attend its loss, are but too obvious to every one. Your arrival maybe the means of saving it, nothing but a respectable force, I am certain from Melancholy experiance, can induce the Militia to come in and give their Aid. The Roebuck and a Sloop of War have arrived in Delaware Bay, and from the last advices were laying not far within the Capes. I have wrote to General Heath, to proceed with his Troops, with all possible dispatch to Pitts Town, where I hope to hear of the arrival of Genl. Gates with the Regiments that are with him in a short time, if my information is true. I am, etc.
P.S. The Letters for Genls. Gates and Arnold, I have sent by another conveyance.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters at Keiths, December 14, 1776.
Dear Sir: Before this comes to hand, you will have heard of the melancholy situation of our Affairs. I do not mean now to detail our Misfortunes. With a handful of men, compared to the Enemy's force, we have been pushed thro' the Jerseys, without being able to make the smallest opposition and to pass the Delaware. Genl. Howe is now on the other side, and beyond all question means, if possible, to possess himself of Philadelphia. His Troops are extended from Penny Town to Burlington; the main body, from the best advices, at the former and within the Neighbourhood of Trenton. I wish it were in my power to tell you, that Appearances were much against him; At present I confess they are not. But few of the Militia of this State have yet come out, except those belonging to the City, nor have I any great hope of their assistance, unless we can collect a respectable force; in such case perhaps they will turn out and afford their Aid. I have heard that you are coming on with Seven Regiments, this may have a happy effect, and let me entreat you, not to delay a moment in hastning to Pitts Town. You will advise me of your Approaches, and of the time you expect to be there, that I may meet you with an Express, and inform you of your destination and such further movements as may be necessary. I expect Genl. Lee will be there this Evening or tomorrow, who will be followed by Genl. Heath and his division. If we can draw our forces together, I trust, under the smiles of providence, we may yet effect an important stroke, or at least prevent Genl. Howe from executing his plans. Philadelphia is now the object of our care, you know the importance of it, and the fatal consequences that must attend its loss. I am persuaded no Aid with you to give, will be withheld a single instant; your arrival may be a most happy Circumstance. The Congress have adjourned to Baltimore, but previously resolved that Philadelphia should be defended to the last extremity. Lord Stirling is going over to meet Genl. Lee, and concert with him a plan of Operations, I wish you could be there, and would advise you not to wait the slow march of your Troops. I am &c.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters at Keith's, December 14, 1776.
Dear Sir: I last night received your favor of the 10th. instt. I am extremely pleased by the ready attention you have paid to my Orders and have only to request that you will proceed with your Troops, with all possible expedition, to Pitts Town, pursuing General Lee's route, and where I expect you will join him; loose not a Moment. The situation of our Affairs demands industry and dispatch on all Hands. Advise me from time to time of your approach, and use your best Endeavours to accomodate your Troops, and supplying them with provisions, supposing that the Enemy mean an impression. I am led to conclude from your Letter, that you would have advanced so far this way before I could have countermanded your march, that the return of your Troops could not afford much assistance, as their time of Service would be near expiring, if not out, 'ere they could arrive, and if we can collect our force speedily, I should hope we may effect something of importance, or at least give such a turn to our Affairs as to make them assume a more pleasing aspect than they now have. I am &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, State of Pennsylvania, December 14, 1776.
Sir: I have just received advices from Governor Trumbull, that a large Fleet of the Enemy's Ships of War and Transports were lying off New London, with an intent to make a descent on some part of New England. He desires me to send some General Officers, to take the Command of the Militia who are assembling to make the best Opposition in their power. I must therefore request, that you would immediately repair to New England, and take the Command at such place, as you may find your presence most necessary. I have ordered General Arnold upon the same Service, and beg you may Co-operate with him in such Measures, as will be most conducive to the publick good. If any Militia should have arrived from New England to replace those who have lately gone home, you will please to leave as many, as will in your Opinion and that of the Commanding Officer at the Highlands, be necessary to guard those passes, and take the remainder with you; or if you should meet any on their march up, you will please to let as many proceed as will be necessary for the above purpose (of guarding the Highlands) and take the remainder back with you. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, State of Pennsylvania, December 14, 1776.
Dear Sir: Having received Advice from Governor Trumbull of the 6th. Instt., that a large Fleet of the Enemy's Men of War and Transports had appeared off New London, without doubt, with an Intent to make a descent either there or some part of the coast of New England, and he desiring that some General Officers might be sent to take the Command of the Militia who were assembling. I must desire that you would immediately repair to the States of New England, and in whichsoever of them you find the Enemy landed or likely to land, that you will, in Conjunction with Major General Spencer, who I have ordered upon the same service, take such measures, as in your Opinion will be most likely to give Opposition to, and frustrate the intents of the Enemy. I shall be glad to hear from you, upon your arrival in New England, with a State of Matters as you find them. I have full confidence in your exerting yourself in this as upon former Occasions, and am etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, who ended the letter "and am Six yr. most obt. Servt.," but Washington in this instance changed it to "am Dr. Sir with gt. esteem and regd."]
Head Quarters at Keith's, December 15, 1776.
Dear Sir: About One O'Clock to day, I received your Letter of the 13th. and sincerely regret with you the unhappy fate of Genl. Lee.11 I know his feelings upon the Occasion, and I know the loss our Country must sustain in his Captivity. The Event has happened. And I refer you, to the several Letters which I had wrote him, and to one which now goes to Lord Stirling,
[Note 11: This same day (December 15) Commissary General Joseph Trumbull sent the same news (Lee's capture) from Morristown, N.J.; Cadwalader sent it (December 15) from Bristol, Pa.] and who I presume is with you, and who was fully possessed of my Ideas when he left me, for the Measures you and he may judge necessary to adopt. I am &ca.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 15, 1776.
Gentn.: With the utmost regret, I must inform you of the loss our Army has sustained, by the Captivity of General Lee, who was made a prisoner on the Morning of the 13th. by a party of 70. of the Enemy's Light Horse, near a place call'd Veal Town, in the Jerseys. For the particulars, I refer you to the inclosed from General Sullivan.13
[Note 13: Sullivan's letter, dated Dec. 13, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
The Spirit of disaffection that appears in this Country, I think, deserves your serious attention; instead of giving any Assistance in repelling the Enemy; the Militia have not only refused to obey your General Summons and that of their Commanding Officers; but, I am told, exult at the approach of the Enemy, and our late misfortunes. I beg leave to submit to your Consideration, whether such people are to be trusted with Arms in their Hands? If they will not use them for us, there is the greatest reason to apprehend they will against us, if opportunity offers. But, even supposing they claimed a right of remaining Neuter; in my Opinion, we ought not to hesitate a Moment in taking their Arms, which will be so much wanted in furnishing the New Levies. If such a step meets your approbation, I leave it to you to determine upon the Mode. If you think fit to impower me, I will undertake to have it done, as speedily and effectually as possible. You must be sensible that the utmost secrecy is necessary [both in your deliberations on, and in the execution of] a Matter of this kind; for, if the thing should take wind, the Arms would presently be conveyed beyond our reach, or rendered useless.
Your favors of the 13th. and 14th. Inst.14 are this moment come to my hands; I am glad to find from the latter, that the Militia of Lancaster County are in Motion; and I am in hopes, that General Mifflin's appearance, in the different Counties, will have as good an Effect as it had in Philadelphia. I have received information, that the Body of the Enemy which lay at Pennington, under Lord Cornwallis, moved this morning back towards Princetown; if so, it looks as if they were going into Quarters; and this Corresponds with the Account brought last night by a Prisoner, a Servant belonging to Genl. Vaughan's family, who says he heard his Master talk of going soon into Winter Quarters. The Body, that lay at Trenton, are likewise filing of[ towards Allen Town and Bordentown, with their Baggage; which makes me conjecture, they are taking the Road to South Amboy. I have a Number of Small Parties out to make discoveries; and, if the Motions of the Enemy are really such, as I have mentioned above, I shall soon have information of it. In the mean time, my Troops are so stationed, as to prevent them from crossing the River at any place, without our knowledge. But, I am in great Hopes, that the disappointment in Boats and the lateness of the Season, which now begins to put on the face of Winter, will prevent their making any Attempt upon Philadelphia till Spring. This, however, should not in the least slacken your Exertions in making the necessary preparations for the Fortification and Defence of the City by land and Water; for you may be assured that will be their first and great object in the Spring. I have the Honor &c.15
[Note 14: These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in Washington's writing.]
Head Quarters at Keiths, December 15, 1776.16
[Note 16: On this date William Grayson wrote to Col. John Cadwalader, by Washington's direction, that information from a prisoner indicated that the British were preparing to fall back from the Delaware--their wagon train was reported as moving down toward Bordentown, N. J.--and requesting him to confirm this report and, if true, attempt something against the wagons. Grayson's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: About One O'Clock to day I received a Letter from General Sullivan, a Copy of which you have inclosed. I will not comment upon the melancholy intelligence, which it contains, only adding, that I sincerely regret Genl. Lee's unhappy fate, and feel much for the loss of my Country in his Captivity.
In respect to the Enemy, they have been industrious in their attempts to procure Boats and small craft, but as yet their efforts have not succeeded. From the latest advices that I have of their movements by some prisoners and others, they appear to be leaving Trenton and to be filing off towards Princeton and Allen Town. What their designs are, whether they mean to retreat or only a feint, cannot be determined. I have parties out to watch their motions, and to form if possible, an accurate Opinion of their plans. Our force since my last, has received no augmentation, [of course (by Sickness &c.)] other causes, [has diminished], but I am advised by a Letter from the Council of Safety which just came to hand, that Colos. Burd and Gilbraeth are marching with their Battallions of Militia and also that some small parties are assembling in Cumberland County.
By Capt. Murray,17 who is just returned from his imprisonment, we are informed that Messrs. John, Andrew and William Allen18 are at Trenton. The fact I suppose is to be
[Note 17: Capt. Francis Murray, of the Pennsylvania Musket Battalion. He had been captured at Long Island, N.Y.; was made major of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in 1777; taken prisoner again in February, 1778; exchanged in December, 1780; did not reenter the service.]
[Note 18: The Allens, from Pennsylvania, were sons of William Allen, who had been chief justice of the province from 1750 to 1774. Allentown was founded by and named after him. Andrew had been attorney general of Pennsylvania, recorder of Philadelphia, and was elected to the committee of safety in 1775 and to the Continental Congress in 1775. He disapproved of independence and left the Congress in June, 1776.] depended on, as Capt Murray is acquainted with them and saw them himself according to the report he has made. I have the honor &c.19
[Note 19: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets were inserted in the draft by Washington, who wrote "Sickness &c.," which Harrison expanded in the letter sent to "Sickness and other causes."]
Head Quarters at Keiths, December 16, 1776.
Sir: In a late Letter which I had the honor of addressing you, I took the liberty to recommend that more Battallions should be raised for the new Army, than what had been voted, having fully considered the matter I am more and more convinced not only of the propriety, but of the necessity of the measure. That the Enemy will leave nothing unessayed in the course of the next Campaign, to reduce these States to the rule of a most lawless and insufferable Tyranny must be obvious to every One, and that the militia is not to be depended on, or aid expected from 'em, but in cases of the most pressing emergency, is not to be doubted. The first of these propositions is unquestionable, and fatal experience has given her sanction to the truth of the latter; indeed their lethargy of late and backwardness to turn out at this alarming crisis, seem to justify an apprehension, that nothing can bring them from their Homes. For want of their assistance, a large part of Jersey has been exposed to ravage, and to plunder, nor do I know that Pennsylvania would share a better fate, could Genl. Howe effect a passage across the Delaware with a respectable force. These considerations have induced me to [mention the subject to Congress] wish that no reliance except such as may arise from necessity, should ever be had in them again, and to make further mention to Congress of the expediency of increasing their Army. I trust the measure will meet their earliest attention. Had I leisure and were it necessary, I could say much upon this head, but as I have not, and the matter is well understood, I will not add much. By augmenting the number of your Battallions you will augment your force; The Officers of each will have their interest and influence, and upon the whole, their numbers will be much greater, tho' they should not be compleat. Added to this, from the present confused state of Jersey and the [bad] improper appointment of Officers in many instances, I have little or no expectation that she will be able to raise All the Troops exacted from her, tho I think it might be done, were suitable spirited Gentlemen commissioned who would [engage and lead on the people, for want of which, many good men and who would have readily enlisted] exert themselves and encourage the people, many of whom for a failure in this instance and who are well disposed, are making their submissions. In a Word, the next will be a trying Campaign and as All that is dear and valuable may depend upon the issue of it, I [think no measure] would advise that nothing should be omitted [to ensure] that shall seem necessary to our success. Let us have a respectable Army, and such as will be competent to every exigency. I will also add that the critical situation of our Affairs and the dissolution of our present force, (now at hand) require that every nerve and exertion be employed for recruiting the new Battalions. One part of Genl. Howe's movements at this time, I believe is with a design to distract us and prevent this business. If the inclemency of the Weather, should force him into Winter Qrs. he will not remain there longer than necessity shall oblige him; he will commence his operations in a short space of time, and in that time [a Sufficient Army] our Levies must be [raised] made up to oppose [them] him, or I fear the most melancholy of all events must take place.
The inclosed Extract of a Letter from the Comy. General will shew his demands for money, and his plans for procuring [proper supplies of] salted provisions, and a quantity of Flour from the Southward. The whole is submitted to the consideration of Congress, and I wish [that] the result of their Opinion to be transmitted him, with such supplies of money as [axe] may be necessary for himself and the [Several] departments he mentions. [could be transmitted to im]
The Cloathing of the Troops is a matter of infinite importance, and if it could be [speedily] accomplished would have [most] a happy effect, their distresses are extremely great, many of 'em [are] being entirely naked and most [of them] so thinly clad as to be unfit for service. I must entreat Congress to write to the Agents and Contractors upon this Subject, that Every possible supply may be procured [they may have them made] and forwarded with the utmost expedition. I cannot attend to the business myself, having more than I can possibly do besides being involved in so many difficulties and affairs already, that I am obliged to neglect those coming properly within my own department, which is very injurious. I have the Honor, etc.20
[Note 20: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the draft, but omitted in the letter sent, and are inserted as an example of the difficulties sometimes encountered by an aide in drafting a letter to Washington's satisfaction. The clear reading of the letter is obtained by ignoring the bracketed portions.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1776.
Gentn.: I have just the pleasure of receiving yours of yesterday. I shall give the Deputy Qur. Master General orders, to have the Cloathing both new and old brought up to the Army, and have it distributed as it is most wanted; but you may depend, if the old Cloaths which have been so Charitably contributed by the Inhabitants of Philadelphia can answer the present Necessities of the other Regiments, that the New, shall be all applied to the Regiment particularly belonging to your State.21
[Note 21: Mifflin had sent 300 suits of clothes to Neshaminy Ferry; but as the council had used State clothing for the Continental recruits, it asked that a replacement for its regiment be made from these 300.]
I am glad to find the Militia from the Eastern parts of your Province, the lower parts of Jersey and the Delaware Counties, are turning out with proper Spirit; I hope with their Assistance we shall be able to check the Enemy, if they should still determine to pass the Delaware. I am, etc.
P. S. I beg you will by all ways and means facilitate and encourage the Recruiting Service, for on that every thing depends.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 16, 1776.
Gentn.: I was last Night honored with yours of the 11th Inst. inclosing Sundry Resolutions of your Board; I have also to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 23d November, which should not have remained so long unanswered, had not the continued Motion of our Army for some time past, put it out of my power to sit regularly down to Business. Indeed, I have now so much on my hands, and such a choice of difficulties, that I hardly know which first to attend to. I know you have had your difficulties too, indeed more than any other State, and you have therefore my thanks, not only for the Compleat arrangement of your Officers, for the four Battalions alloted to your Share, but for your determination to raise a fifth to be Commanded by Colo. Dubois.23 As the Office of Aid
[Note 23: Col. Lewis Dubois, of the Fifth New York Regiment. He was captured at Fort Montgomery, N.Y., in October, 1777; resigned in December, 1779; served subsequently as colonel of New York levies.] Major has been hitherto unknown in the Continental Service, perhaps by introducing it among your Regiments, umbrage might be given to the others, if they were not likewise provided with an officer of the same kind, and therefore to avoid disputes, I could wish the Matter might be waved.
Major Sheldon who Commands the Connecticut Horse, will return in a few days, he will either take the Troop with him from Fishkills, or post them where they are more wanted.
I thank you for the great Confidence you are pleased to repose in me, and you may be assured, that whatever Military Powers shall be intrusted to me, shall ever be exerted first to establish and then protect the Civil.24
[Note 24: The letter from the New York Committee of Safety stated: "The Delicacy which your Excellency has ever observed with Respect to the Civil Power of this State merits their Warmest Acknowledgments and will always induce them the more Cheerfully and Streneously to Cooperate with your Excellency in every measure that may be deemed Conducive to the public Weal." This letter, dated Nov. 23, 1776, is in the Washington Papers.]
I come now to answer yours of the 11th. When I ordered down Genl. Heath from his post at the Highlands; it was done in consequence of a Determination of a Council of General Officers, who agreed that we had no other means of Stopping the progress of Genl Howe, who was evidently making a grand push to make himself Master of Philadelphia. The advantages of keeping possession of the posts in the Highlands were not unattended to; we considered that the Enemy had thrown the Main Body of their Army over into Jersey; that they were about to make a Considerable Embarkation (which has since turned out to be against New England) and that it would take most, if not the remainder of their Army, to keep up the Garrisons at New York &c. and that therefore they had not a sufficient force left to attempt the strong posts at the Highlands, tho' only guarded [by Genl. Geo: Clinton with the force of the State of New York].
General Howe easily forced our small Army to retreat before him to the Delaware; but not finding Boats to transport his Troops, (we having had time and precaution to secure and destroy them), he seems by his late Motions to be moving back towards Brunswick for Winter Quarters [or intending a feint]. Upon this change of Measures, I have immediately ordered Genl Heath to return to Peekskill with General Parsons's Brigade. If he finds any of the Enemy's Posts at Hackensack or elsewhere weakly guarded he is to endeavour to beat them up. As the Inlistment of the greatest part of the Continental Army, expires on the first of January, every State must exert itself in forwarding the new Inlistments and procuring temporary Supplies of Militia, till the New Levies can be brought into the Field. I have the Honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in Washington's writing.]
Head Qurs., State of Pennsa., Bucks County, December 16, 1776.
Dear Sir: The Congress have been pleased to appoint Elisha Sheldon Esqr. of your State to be Lieut. Col Commandant of a Regiment of Cavalry; for the purpose of Raising them he now sets of for Connecticut. Having to pass thro' an Enemy's Country on his way there, I cannot think it prudent to advance him the Sum necessary for his Immediate use. I have to request you will furnish him with what Money he may want from the Treasury of your State or in any other way you may think best; which Sum you'll please to draw on the Continent, thro' me for. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
Head Qrs. near Corryels ferry, December 16, 1776.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 11th. Instant, advising me of the march of Parsons's Brigade from Pecks Kill to join us. I am now to acquaint you, that from information received of the Enemy's movements, it appears to me, that they intend leaving this part of the Country, and to retire towards Brunswick, and the towns continuous to it, perhaps for the purpose of going into Winter Quarters, [(if the whole is not designed as a feint)]; therefore, there does not appear, the same necessity for your advancing, as was conjectured at the time my Orders for your marching were determined on; For this reason, I should conceive it expedient that you return with Parsons's Brigade to your former Station; indeed the conduct of the Tories (as mentioned in your Letter) and the danger the Convention of New York have represented to me, which that State will be exposed to, has rendered this step the more necessary; You are to post these Troops in the most advantageous manner to answer the purposes of defending the Country from the incursions of the Enemy, and of curbing the insolence of the disaffected. However, previous to your departure from the Jerseys, I entirely agree with you in sentiment, that the Troops cannot be better employed than in surprising any of the Enemys posts either at Hackensack or the parts adjacent, that are so situated as to admit of a Strong probability of success; An enterprise of this sort, will encourage our Friends, and advance the recruiting service, which is a Circumstance of infinite importance. As to Colo. Vose, with Greaton's, Bond's, and Porters Regiments, I would choose they should move forward with all possible expedition, to join General Gates. With respect to the Families of Mr. Inglis27 and Mr. Moore,28 who are desirous of going to New York, I cannot perceive any political objection; as I should suppose they are capable of doing less mischief there, than by remaining in the Country and giving intelligence to the Enemy; they ought however to be informed, that they will on no account whatever be permitted to return. I am &c.
[Note 27: Probably Rev. Charles Inglis, rector of Trinity Church, New York City. He was later Lord Bishop of Nova Scotia.]
[Note 28: There were so many loyalists by the name of Moore, it is difficult to hazard a guess as to this identity.]
P.S. I beg you will encourage the recruiting Service by every means in your power; I shall in a Short time send you Money for the different recruiting Officers.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson. The parentheses, inclosed in brackets, were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1776.
Sir: The Congress having thought fit to appoint you Lieutt. Colo. Commandant of a Regiment of Horse, to be raised, and to empower me to appoint the Officers under you; reposing especial trust and confidence in you, and knowing how much your Honor and reputation depends upon the proper choice, I am willing you should have the Nomination of all the Officers (reserving to myself a negative of any one, and all such as I shall think unfit for that Service,) and doubt not you will he particularly careful in fixing none but Gentlemen of true Spirits and of good Characters; observing at the same time, that Gentlemen of Fortune and reputable Families generally make the most useful Officers.
You are immediately to repair to the State of Connecticut, and as soon as possible Nominate your Officers, and send them out on the recruiting Service, they are to be particularly attentive to take none into the Corps, but young, light, active men.
The privates are to receive Twenty Dollars bounty, and a Suit of Cloaths on entering the Service, and pay as pt. Schedule annexed. They are to be raised to serve during the War, unless sooner discharged by Congress.
Each non-commissioned Officer and private is to be furnished with a good Horse, Saddle, Bridle and other Accoutrements belonging to the Horse Service, at the expence of the Continent, and I will recommend to Congress that the Commanding Officer be also furnished at the public expence, with the same, but cannot absolutely engage it, as I believe it is not customary.
In procuring the Horses, you are to have, no Stallions, mares, White or Gray Horses, but likely, serviceable Trotters of sufficient size; It is expected you will purchase them at the most reasonable rate, and not, upon an average, to exceed One hundred Dollars pr Head, carefully describing and keeping an exact account of the Cost of each Horse.
Saddles, Bridles, Carbines, Broadswords, Pistols and every other Accoutrement necessary (agreeable to a pattern herewith given you,) you will procure as cheap as possible.
Your Regiment is to consist of One Major, an Adjutant, Surgeon and Mate, and Six Troops; to each Troop, One Captain, One Lieutenant, One Cornet (Commissioned Officers) One Qr. Master, two Serjeants, two Corporals, One Trumpeter, One Farrier, and thirty four privates.
In order to enable you to defray the Expence of raising and equiping this Regiment, you are herewith furnished with a Warrant upon the Paymaster for the sum of 14,000 Dollars and a Letter to Governor Trumbull, to advance you such further Sums as may be necessary, on Continental account. In case of the latter failing, you are to advise me of it, and if no public Money is to be had in that Department from a paymaster to be appointed, send a careful Officer for such Sum or Sums as may be wanted.
As fast as you can raise and equip a Troop they are to be sent to the Army under my immediate Command, agreable to the Resolution of Congress directing the raising of said Regiment.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
The above is the pay which his Excellency will recommend Congress to establish for the Officers of Colo. Sheldons Regiment of Cavalry. Robert Hanson Harrison.
Head Quarters near Trenton, December 16, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 13th. Instt. came safe to hand. I have taken an extract of that part of it, which relates to the Business of your Department, and shall forward it to Congress by the first Opportunity, I can have no objection to your going to New England, instead of coming this way, upon the representation you have made of the necessity, and superior advantage arising from your going, and at the same time confiding in your Judgment in determining upon that plan of Conduct which will conduce most to the benefit of the Service.
I am glad to find you have been making preparations for laying in a large supply of Salt provisions for the Army, and approve of your plan of sending to Virginia for flour, during the Winter, as I dont see but it may be rendered practicable; but these Matters will doubtless be fully answered by Congress, when they receive the Copy of your Letter, as also the necessary supply of Cash which you mention; in the mean time I think it will be very adviseable for you to borrow money in the manner you propose, till you receive the necessary supplies from Congress; indeed there is so little Cash in the Paymaster's hands here at present, that it is not in my power to afford you any assistance in that particular. As I conclude you have informed yourself sufficiently with respect to the Abilities and Capacity of Mr. Wharton,81 I shall make no objection to the appointment, but only observe, that circumstanced as affairs are at present in the Jerseys, it will require an Officer of much sagacity and diligence to discharge the duties of that Office faithfully and to satisfaction. I have inclosed you a List of such persons in Virginia as I think will be most likely to supply you with Flour on good Terms. Mr. Wharton's acquaintance there will also help probably, to procure it with greater facility and dispatch. I thank you for your condolence on the universal Loss America has sustained in the unfortunate Captivity of Genl. Lee, and am with due Regard, etc.
[Note 81: Carpenter Wharton. Colonel Trumbull had appointed him his sole deputy commissary general.]
Colo. John Tabb or Colo. Jno. Banister on James River.
Colo. Fielding Lewis on Rapehannock River.
Colo. Syme upon York River.
Mr. Thos. Lawson upon Powtomack River.
P.S. I shall send some money to General Heath for the recruiting Service.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 17,1776.
Gentn.: Since I wrote to you yesterday, I have received Information that the Enemy are still moving downwards; and by their making Fascines, they either have not yet laid aside their designs upon Philada., or they mean to Quarter in the small Towns along the River; in which Case I suppose they would throw up small Works to prevent a surprise. In either case, if there are any Artillery or Stores at Billingsport, they should be immediately removed; as I find from a late Letter from you, that you have not a Sufficient Force to protect the Works that have been erected. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 17, 1776.
Dear Sir: As an exact Return of the Officers, with their Names and Ranks, and the Number of Non Commissioned Officers and privates taken at Fort Washington, will be necessary to carry an Exchange into Execution, you will please to furnish me with it as soon as convenient; And as Genl. Howe only transmitted me an Account of the Number of Officers returned by Sr. Guy Carleton under Parole from Canada, without specifying their Names and Ranks, be pleased to apply to Mr. Commissary Loring34 for the same and send it to me with your own Return. I am &c.35
[Note 34: Joshua Loring, commissary o[ prisoners, British Army.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 17, 1776.
Sir: I would beg leave to recall your Attention to the proposition for the Exchange of Prisoners, to the several Letters I have lately written on that Subject, and to inform you that I have not received such Officers in Exchange, as were requested by me.
I am persuaded, Sir, that this mistake has arisen from Mr. Commissary Loring's Zeal to facilitate the Business; but I would at the same time desire, that you would give him Orders, whenever any of your Officers are sent in by me, not to send others in Exchange, 'till he is furnished with a List from me, of such as I would chuse to prefer, which shall always be done, as soon as possible. For, as the Prisoners seldom pass my Head Quarters on their Way, it is not in my power to transmit such Lists by them, without occasioning their delay. If this Mode is not complied with in future, I shall be under the disagreeable necessity of stopping others from going in, as my Ideas and Expectations are by no Means answered from what has happened.
I inclose you a List of 7. Officers, who were sent in from Bristol on the 14th. and of two Officers and two privates who accompany the present Flag. As the remainder of all those who were in the State of Pennsylvania, are on the Road and expected here daily, I shall defer making a demand of those I would chuse in Exchange, 'till the whole come up. I am, etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 18, 1776.
Dear Sir: By a Letter just received from the State of Massachusetts (Copy of which you have enclosed), I find that they had ordered 6000 Militia to be immediately raised, and appointed the place of rendezvous at Danbury in Connecticut, where they are to meet Genl. Lincoln who is to take the Command. You will perceive from the Tenor of the Letter, that the Appearance of the Men of War and Transports off the coast of New England, did not seem to alter their Intention of sending the Militia forward, but I am inclined to think if the descent should really be made, they will find employ for them nearer home. If this considerable Reinforcement should arrive with you, I dont know how you could better employ them, or render more essential Service to the cause, than (after keeping a Sufficient Force to guard the passes of the Highlands,) by throwing such a Number over into Jersey, as would cover the upper parts of that province, and afford such support and Assistance to the well affected, as would encourage them to join you and keep the Enemy within streighter Bounds, than they at present are. You may depend, that the great end they have in view, is, to spread themselves over as much Country, as they possibly can, and thereby strike a damp into the Spirits of the people, which will effectually put a stop to the new inlistment of the Army, on which all our hopes depend, and which they will most vigorously strive to effect. To carry this plan into Execution, they have already extended themselves as far Westward as the Delaware, and if the whole of your Army continue on the East side of Hudson's River, they will have possession of all the Country between that River and the Delaware, which includes the whole province of Jersey and part of New York. As soon as you find yourself in a Situation to send a Force into the upper parts of Jersey, I would have you immediately communicate your Intentions to the people, with assurances that you will be ready to back and support them in any movements which they may make in your favor. I am certain that the defection of the people in the lower part of Jersey, has been as much owing to the want of an Army to look the Enemy in the Face, as to any other cause, tho' to be sure neither cost or pains has been spared to influence them against us.
Whatever Steps you take in this affair, I would wish you to consult and Co-operate with Genl. Lincoln, of whose Judgment and Abilities I entertain a very high Opinion. I would just add, that your attention should likewise be paid, to the Country between Peek's Kill and Kingsbridge, by affording some protection and countenance to them, you may draw sup. plies, and perhaps some Men for the New Army, particular attention should be paid to the Bridge at Crotons River, which secures your Front. I inclose you a Letter for Genl. Lincoln which please to forward to him where ever he may be. I am &c.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 18, 1776.
Dear Sir: By a Letter which I had this day the pleasure of receiving from the president of the Council of Massachusetts Bay, I find that that State and immediately upon my Application, ordered a Reinforcement of about 6000 Militia to the Continental Army, and that they had appointed you to the command. Give me leave Sir, to assure you, that this Appointment gives me the highest Satisfaction, as the proofs you exhibited of your Zeal for the Service, in the preceeding part of this Campaign, convinces me, that the command could not have devolved upon a more deserving Officer. If the particular Circumstances of the Eastern Governments (who are threatened with an Invasion themselves) should permit your proceeding on, you will join Genl. Heath at Peeks Kill, with all Expedition. I have given him directions how to dispose of your Men, which is to endeavour if possible to cover and afford protection to the upper parts of the Jerseys, and to the province of New York, below the Highlands. But I have desired him to consult and Cooperate with you in the Steps necessary to carry this, or any other plan into Execution. I am &c.40
Head Quarters at Keith's, December 18, 1776.
Sir: I this Morning received the Honor of your favor of the 8th current, and beg leave to return your Honble. Council, my warmest acknowledgements for their early attention to my requisition, and assurances of support, such as shall be in their Power. Circumstances have varied much since I addressed you upon this subject, and being far removed myself from the rendezvous intended for this Reinforcement, when it was applied for; I have wrote to Major General Heath, to concert a Plan with Major General Lincoln and to form with him, such dispositions of the Troops as they may judge necessary and the exigencies of affairs require. Their arrival, I hope will be in due time and be attended with many important and happy consequences. Were it not for them, in a few days, by reason of the impolicy and fatal system of short inlistments, there would not be the least shadow of an Army, to check the operations of the Enemy.
I should be happy if there had been just grounds for the report of the Success of our Arms at Hackensack; but Matters have been intirely the reverse. By the expiration of the Service of the Troops, denominated flying Camp Men, on the 1st Inst. and their return Home; our force on this side Hudsons River (which before that period was not competent to successful opposition) was reduced to a mere handful. With this small Number, without deriving the least aid from the Militia, notwithstanding the earliest and most pressing Applications, I have been pushed thro' Jersey, by the Main Body of the Enemy's Army; and for want of their Assistance, a large part of that state has been exposed to all the effects of Ravage, and of the most wanton Plunder. The Delaware now divides what remains of our little force, from that of Genl Howe; whose object, beyond all question, is to possess Philadelphia; they have been industrious in their efforts to procure Boats, for their transportation; but the precautions I have taken have hitherto rendered their attempts unsuccessful. How things will terminate, The Events I must leave to itself. As yet, I have received but little or no augmentation, except that of the City Militia, who have turned out in a spirited manner. Convinced that Philadelphia was the object of Mr Howe's movements and of the fatal Consequences that would attend the loss of it, I wrote for Genl. Lee to reinforce me, with the Troops under his immediate Command. By some means or other, their Arrival has been retarded and unhappily on friday last, the Genl., having left his Division and proceeded three or four Miles nearer the Enemy, then 18.Miles from him; of which they were informed by some Tories, was surprised and carried off about 11 O'Clock, by a party of 70 Light Horse; I will not comment upon this unhappy accident; I feel much for his Misfortune and am sensible that in his Captivity, our Country has lost a Warm friend and an able officer. upon the whole our affairs are in a Much less promising condition than could be wished; Yet I trust, under the Smiles of Providence and by our own exertions, we shall be happy. Our cause is righteous, and must be Supported. Every nerve should be strained, to Levy the New Army. If we can but procure a respectable one in Season, All may be well, and to this end no pains can be too great. The next Campaign will be of importance and the Issue may lead to happiness or the most melancholly of all events. I have the honor to be &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp, near the Falls of Trenton, December 18, 1776.
Dear Brother: In the number of Letters I write, the recollection of any particular one is destroyed, but I think my last to you was by Colo. Woodford from Hackensack. Since that period and a little before, our Affairs have taken an adverse turn but not more than was to be expected from the unfortunate Measures, which had been adopted for the establishment of our Army.
The Retreat of the Enemys Army from the White Plains led me to think that they would turn their thoughts to the Jerseys, if no further, and induced me to cross the North River with some of the Troops, in order if possible to oppose them. I expected to have met at least 5000 Men of the Flying Camp and Militia; instead of which I found less than one half and no disposition in the Inhabitants to afford the least aid. This being perfectly well known to the Enemy, they threw over a large body of Troops, which pushed us from place to place till we were obliged to cross the Delaware with less than 3000 Men fit for duty owing to the dissolution of our force by short Inlistments; the Enemy's numbers, from the best Accts. exceeding Ten and by some 12,000 Men.
Before I removed to the South Side of the River, I had all the Boats, and other Vessels brought over, or destroyed from Philadelphia upwards for 70 Miles, and, by guarding the Fords have as yet, baffled all their attempts to cross. But, from some late movement of theirs, I am left in doubt whether they are moving off for Winter Quarters or making a feint to throw us off our guard.
Since I came on this side, I have been join'd by about 2000 of the City Militia, and understand that some of the Country Militia (from the back Counties,) are on their way; but we are in a very disaffected part of the Provence, and between you and me, I think our Affairs are in a very bad situation; not so much from the apprehension of Genl. Howe's Army, as from the defection of New York, Jerseys, and Pensylvania. In short, the Conduct of the Jerseys has been most Infamous. Instead of turning out to defend their Country and affording aid to our Army, they are making their submissions as fast as they can. Ifthey the Jerseys had given us any support, we might have made a stand at Hackensack and after that at Brunswick, but the few Militia that were in Arms, disbanded themselves [or slunk off in such a manner upon the appearance of danger as to leave us quite unsupported and to make the best shifts we could without them] and left the poor remains of our Army to make the best we could of it.
I have no doubt but that General Howe will still make an attempt upon Philadelphia this Winter. I see nothing to oppose him a fortnight hence, as the time of all the Troops, except those of Virginia (reduced almost to nothing,) and Smallwood's Regiment of Maryland, (equally as bad) will expire in less than that time. In a word my dear Sir, if every nerve is not strain'd to recruit the New Army with all possible expedition, I think the game is pretty near up, owing, in a great measure, to the insidious Arts of the Enemy, and disaffection of the Colonies before mentioned, but principally to the accursed policy of short Inlistments, and placing too great a dependence on the Militia the Evil consequences of which were foretold 15 Months ago with a spirit almost Prophetick.
Before this reaches you, you will no doubt have heard of the Captivity of Genl. Lee; this is an additional misfortune, and the more vexatious, as it was by his own folly and Imprudence (and without a view to answer any good) he was taken, going three Miles out of his own Camp [for the sake of a little better lodging] and with 20 of the Enemy to lodge, a rascally Tory rid in the Night to give notice of it to the Enemy who sent a party of light Horse that seized and carried him with every mark of triumph and indignity.
You can form no Idea of the perplexity of my Situation. No Man, I believe, ever had a greater choice of difficulties and less means to extricate himself from them. However under a full persuasion of the justice of our Cause I cannot [but think the prospect will brighten, although for a wise purpose it is, at present hid under a cloud] entertain an Idea that it will finally sink tho' it may remain for some time under a Cloud.
My love, and sincere regards attend my Sister and the Family and Compliments to [our friends at Fairfield] all enquiring friends. With every Sentiment of friendship, as well as love, I am etc.42
[Note 42: According to Doctor Toner, there was, in 1892, a letter of practically this same wording in the archives of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It also is in Washington's writing, dated Dec. 18, 1776, and addressed to Samuel Washington, Berkeley County, Va. The important variations in the letter sent to Samuel Washington appear herewith in brackets.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 19, 1776.
Gentn.: I am favored with yours of the 17th, inclosing the Resolution of your Board, respecting the Militia of Bucks and Northampton Counties; I shall in consequence of it immediately order the Colonels, to summon their Regiments to attend upon a Certain day, and I shall treat the defaulters in the Manner pointed out by the Resolve, unless a good and sufficient Cause of Absence is assigned.
Nothing ever amazed me more, than the Note said to be wrote by John Dickenson Esqr. to his Brother the General; if he applies to me to Shew him the Contents, I see no reason for refusing it, because he may easily be informed by applying to the Writer.43 The Enemy having made no move of any Consequence, since I wrote to you last, I have only to recommend
[Note 43: Dickinson had written advising his brother, Brig. Gen. Philemon Dickinson, not to accept any Continental money in liquidation of bonds and mortgages and his letter had been intercepted. The text is printed in Force's American Archives, Series 5, vol. 3, 1255; an attested copy is in the Washington Papers under date of December, 1776.] your Continuing to exert yourselves in Stirring up the Spirits of your people, and making every necessary preparation for the defence of your City, while the Enemy leaves it in your Power to do it without Interruption. I have the Honor to be, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 45: County lieutenant of Bucks County, Pa., and also colonel of militia.]
Head Quarters, December 19, 1776.
Sir: The Honble. the Council of Safety of the State of Pennsylvania having, by a Resolve passed the 17th. day of this instt. December, Authorized me to call forth the Militia of the County of Bucks, to the Assistance of the Continental Army under my Command, I hereby require you, immediately to issue Orders to the Captains of your Regiment, to summon the Officers and Privates of their Companies to meet on the 28th. day of this instant, at the usual place for their joining in Battalion, with their Arms and Accoutrements in good Order, and when so met, march immediately to the City of Philadelphia and there put yourself under the Command of Major Genl. Putnam. And you are further required to make me an exact return of the names and places of abode of such Officers and privates, as refuse to appear with their Arms and Accoutrements, at the time and place appointed, that they may be dealt with as the resolve, above refered to, directs.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis. This letter was also sent to Cols, Joseph Hart, Andrew Kechlein, Arthur Erwin (Ewing), and Joseph Sabitts, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
Camp above Trenton Falls, December 20, 1776.
Sir: I have waited with much Impatience to know the determinations of Congress on the Propositions made some time in October last for augmenting our Corps of Artillery, and establishing a Corps of Engineers; the time is now come, when the 1st cannot be delayed without the greatest injury to the safety of these States, and therefore under the Resolution of Congress bearing date the 12th. Instt. at the repeated Instance of Colo. Knox, and by the pressing advice of all the General Officers (now here) I have ventured to order three Battalions of Artillery to be immediately recruited; this is two less than Colo. Knox recommends, as you will see by his Plan Inclos'd47 but then this scheme comprehends all the United States whereas some of the States have Corps already established and these three Battalions are indispensibly necessary for the operations in this Quarter ([including] comprehending the Northern department). The pay of our Artillerests bearing no proportion with that in the English or French Service, the Murmering and dissatisfaction thereby occasioned, and the absolute impossibility, as I am told, of getting them upon the old terms, and the unavoidable necessity of obtaining them at all events, have Induced me (also by advice) to promise Officers, and Men that their pay should be augmented 25 pr. Ct., or that their ingagements shall become null and void; this may appear to Congress premature, and unwarrantable; but Sir, if they view our Situation in the light it strikes their officers, they will be convinced of the Utility of the Measure, and that the Execution could not be delayed till after their Meeting at Baltimore; In short, the present exigency of our Affairs will not admit of delay, either in Council or the Field, for well convinc'd I am, that if the Enemy go into Quarters at all, it will be for a short Season; but I rather think the design of Genl. Howe is to possess himself of Phila. this winter, if possible (and in truth I do not see what is to hinder [prevent] him, as 10 days more will put an
[Note 47: A copy of Knox's plan for establishing a Continental Artillery, magazines, laboratories, etc., is with this letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Another copy is in the Washington Papers.] end to the existence of our Army); that one great point, is to keep us as much harrassed as possible, with a view to injure the Recruiting Service, and prevent a Collection of Stores, and other necessaries for the next Campaign, I am as clear in as I am of my existence; if therefore in the short Interval we have to provide, and make these great and arduous preparations, every matter that in its nature is self evident, is to be refer'd to Congress, at the distance of 130 or 140 Miles, so much time must necessarily elapse, as to defeat the end in view.
It may be said that this is an application for powers that are too dangerous to be Intrusted. I can only add, that desperate diseases require desperate Remedies; and with truth declare, that I have no lust after power but wish with as much fervency as any Man upon this wide extended Continent, for an oppertunity of turning the Sword into a plow share. But my feelings as an Officer and a Man, have been such as to force me to say that no person ever had a greater choice of difficulties to contend with than I have; it is needless to add that short Inlistments, and a mistaken dependance upon Militia, have been the Origin of all our Misfortunes and the great accumulation of our Debt.
We find Sir, that the Enemy are daily gathering strength from the disaffected; this Strength like a Snow ball by rolling, will Increase, unless some means can be devised to check, effectually, the progress of the Enemy's Arms; Militia may, possibly, do it for a little while; but in a little while also, the Militia of those States which have been frequently called upon will not turn out at all or with so much reluctance and sloth as to amount to the same thing. Instance New Jersey! Witness Pennsylvania! Could any thing but the River Delaware have sav'd Philadelphia? Can any thing (the exigency of the case indeed may justify it), be more destructive to the recruiting Service than giving 10 Dollars Bounty for Six Weeks Service of the Militia; who come in you cannot tell how, go, you cannot tell when; and act, you cannot tell where; consume your Provisions, exhaust your Stores, and leave you at last in a critical moment. These Sir are the Men I am to depend upon Ten days hence,--this is the Basis on which your Cause will and must for ever depend, till you get a large standing Army, sufficient of itself to oppose the Enemy. I therefore beg leave to give it as my humble opinion that 88 Battalions are by no means equal to the opposition you are to make, and that not a Moment's time is to be lost in raising a greater number; not less in my opinion, and the opinion of my Officers than 110; it may be urged, that it will be found difficult enough to compleat the first Number, this may be true, and yet the Officers of 110 Battalions will recruit many more Men than those of 88. In my judgment this is not a time to stand upon expence; our funds are the only objects of Consideration. The State of New York have added one (I wish they had made it two) Battalions to their quota. If any good Officers offer to raise Men upon Continental pay and establishment in this Quarter, I shall encourage them to do so, and Regiment them when they have done it. If Congress disapprove of this proceeding, they will please to signify it, as I mean it for the best.
It may be thought that, I am going a good deal out of the line of my duty to adopt these Measures, or advise thus freely; A Character to loose, an Estate to forfeit, the inestimable Blessing of liberty at Stake, and a life devoted, must be my excuse.
I have heard nothing of the light Horse from Virginia, nor the Regiment from the Eastern Shore;48 I wish to know what Troops are to [Act in] furnish the different departments and to have those from the Southward (design'd for this place)
[Note 48: The eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay.] order'd on as fast as they shall be raised, the Routs should be pointed out by which they are to March. Assistant Commissaries and Quarter Masters upon the Communication to supply their Wants; the first or second Officer of each Battalion to forward them and the other to come on, receive, and form them at their place of destination. Unless this is immediately set about, the Campaign, if it should be closed, will be opened in the Spring before we have any Men in the Field. Every exertion should be used to procure Tents. A Clothier General should be appointed without loss of time for Supplying the Army with every Article in that way. He should be a Man of Business and Abilities. A Commissary of Prisoners must be appointed [to attend the Army]; for want of an Officer of this kind the [business of that department] Exchange of Prisoners has been conducted in a most shameful [and injurious] Manner. We have had them from all Quarters push'd into our Camps at the most critical junctures and without the least previous notice. We have had them actually travelling through the different States in all directions, by certificates from Committees without any kind of Controul; and have had Instances of some going into the Enemy's Camp without my privity or knowledge, after passing in the manner before mentioned. There may be other Officers necessary, which [I dont] my recollection at this time does not furnish [and which when thought of] but must be provided; for this Sir you may rely on, that the Commanding Officer under the present establishment is obliged to attend to the business of so many different departments as to render it impossible to conduct that of his own with the attention necessary, than which nothing can be more Injurious.
In a former Letter, I intimated my opinion of the necessity of having a Brigadier for every three Regiments, and a Majr. Genl. to (at most) every three Brigades. I think no time is to be lost in making the Appointments, that the arrangement may be consequent; this will not only aid the Recruiting Service but will be the readiest means of forming and disciplining the Army afterwards; which, in the short time we have to do it, is of amazing consequence. I have labourd ever since I have been in the Service to discourage all kinds of local attachments, and distinctions of Country, denominating the whole by the greater name of American; but I found it impossible to overcome prejudices, and under the New Establishment I conceive it best to stir up an Emulation in order to do which, would it not be better for each State to furnish (tho not appoint) their own Brigadiers; this if known to be part of the Establishment might get rid of [prevent] a good deal of contention and jealousy, and would, I believe, be the means of promotion going forward with more satisfaction and quiet in the higher officers.
Whilst I am speaking of Promotion, I canot help giving it as my opinion that if Congress thinks proper to confirm what I have done with respect to the Corps of Artillery, that Colo. Knox (at present at the head of that department, but [who] without Promotion will resign) ought to be appointed to the Command of it with the rank and pay of Brigadier. I have also to mention, that for want of some establishment in the department of Engineers, agreeable to the plan laid before Congress in October last Colo. Putnam who was at the head of it, has quitted, and taken a Regiment in the State of Massachusetts. I know of no other Man tolerably well qualified for the conducting of that business. None of the French Gentlemen whom I have seen with appointments in that way, appear to me to know anything of the Matter. There is one in Philadelphia whom I am told is clever, but him I have never seen. I must also once more beg leave to mention to Congress the admisability [expediency] of letting Promotion go [be] in a Regimental line; the want of this, has already driven some of the best Officers [that were] in your Army out of the Service; from repeated, and strict enquiry I am convinced you can adopt no mode of promotion that will be better receivd, or [that will] give more general satisfaction, I wish therefore to have it anounced.
The casting of Cannon is a matter that ought not to be one moment delayed, and therefore I shall send Colo. Knox to put this in a Train, as also to have travelling Carriages and Short provided, Elaboratories to be established, one at Hartford and another in York, Magazines of Provisions should also be laid in; these I shall fix with the Commissary, as our great loss last year proceeded from a Want of Teams, I shall direct the Quarter Master Genl. to furnish a certain number to each Regiment to answer the common purposes thereof, that the Army may be enabled to remove from place to place differently from what we have done, or could do, this Campaign. Ammunition Carts, and proper Carts for Intrenching Tools should also be provided, and I shall direct about them accordingly; above all, a Store of Small Arms should be provided or Men will be of little use; the Consumption, and waste of these this year has been great; Militia, Flying Campmen &ca. coming in without, were obliged to be furnished, or become useless; Many of these threw their Arms away, some lost them, whilst others deserted and took them along. In a word, altho' I used every precaution to preserve them, the loss has been great, and this will forever be the case in such a Mixed and irregular Army as ours has been.
If no part of the Troops already Imbark'd at New York, have appeard in Virginia their destination, doubtless, must be to some other Quarter, and that State must, I should think, be freed from any Invasion, if Genl. Howe can be effectually opposed in this. I therefore Inclose a Memorandum given me by Brigr. Stephen of Virginia, which Congress will please to adopt in whole, in part, or reject, as may be consistent with their Plans, and Intelligence.
That division of the Army, late under the command of Genl. Lee, now Genl. Sullivan, is just upon the point of joining us; a strange kind of fatality has attended it! they had Orders on the 17th of Novr. to join, now more than a Month! Genl. Gates with four Eastern Regiments are also near at hand; three others from those States were coming on by his order by the way of Peakskill, and had joined Genl. Heath, whom I had ordered on with Parsons's Brigade to join me, leaving Clintons Brigade and some Militia (that were at Forts Montgomery and Constitution) to guard those important passes of the Highlands; but the Convention of the State of New York seeming to be much alarmd at Heath's coming away, a fleet appearing off New London, and some part of the Enemy's Troops retiring towards Brunswick, induced me to countermand the Order for the march of Parsons's Brigade, and to direct the three Regiments from Tyconderoga to Halt at Morris Town, in Jersey; where I understand about 800 Militia had collected, in order to inspirit the Inhabitants and as far as possible cover that part of the Country; I shall send Genl. Maxwell this day to take the Command of them, and if to be done, to harrass and annoy the Enemy in their Quarters and cut off their Convoys.
The care and vigilance which was used in securing the Boats on this River has hitherto baffled every attempt of the Enemy to Cross, but from concurring reports, and appearances they are waiting for Ice to afford them a passage.
Since writing the foregoing I have receiv'd a Letter from Govr. Cooke of Rhode Island of which the Inclosed is a Copy,49
[Note 49: Governor Cooke had written (December 8) that 78 British ships of war and transports had entered the harbor of Newport on December 7; that Rhode Island had been evacuated with the loss of about 20 heavy cannon, but the ammunition and stores had been saved; that 8,000 of the enemy had landed and were marching upon Newport, Howland's and Bristol Ferry. Cooke called for reinforcements from Massachusetts and Connecticut. This letter is printed in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 3, 1315.] previous to this, and immediately upon the first Intelligence obtain'd of a Fleets going, through the Sound, I dispatch'd orders to Genls. Spencer and Arnold to proceed immediately [without the least] delay to the Eastward. The first I presume is gone, the latter not getting my Letter till he came to a place called Easton was, by advice of Genl. Gates who also met my Letter at the same place, induced to come on hither before he proceeded to the Eastward. Most of our Brigadiers are laid up, not one has come on with the division under Genl. Sullivan but [are] left sick at different places on the Road. By Accts. from the Eastward, a large body of Men had assembled in Rhode Island from the States of Massachusetts and Connecticut; I presume (but I have no advice of it) that the Militia ordered from the first, to Rendezvous at Danbury (6000 in number) under the Command of Major Genl Lincoln for the purpose of supplying the Places of the disbanded Men of that State in the Continental Army will now be ordered to Rhode Island. In speaking of Genl Lincoln I should not do him justice were I not to add that he is a Gentleman well worthy of Notice in the Military Line. He Commanded the Militia from Massachusetts last Summer, or Fall Rather, and much to my satisfaction, having prov'd himself on all occasions an active, spirited, sensible Man. I do not know whether it is his wish to remain in the Military Line, or whether, if he should, any thing under the Rank he now holds in the State he comes from, would satisfy him; how far an appointment of this kind might offend the Continental Brigadiers I cannot undertake to say; many there are, over whom he ought not to be placed, but I know of no way to discriminate. Brigadier Read of New Hampshire [does] not I presume mean to continue in Service, he ought not, as I am told by the Severity of the small Pox he is become both blind and deaf. I am &c.
P.S. Genls. Gates and Sullivan have this Instant come in, by them I learn, that few or no Men are recruited out of the Regiments coming on with them; and that, there is very little reason to expect that these Regiments will be prevaild upon to continue after their term of Service expires. If Militia then do not come in the consequences are but too evident?50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Washington; the letter sent is in that of Robert Hanson Harrison, which shows a few minor verbal variations from the draft. The words bracketed are Harrison's changes of Washington's draft.]
Head Quarters in Bucks County, December 20, 1776.
Sir: It being represented to me that the Millers, either from an unwillingness to part with their Flour, or the difficulty of obtaining Wheat from the Farmers, do not Imploy their Mills, by which means the Army under my Command is like to suffer for want of Bread. I do hereby Authorize and Instruct you to enquire into the State of this matter; with full powers if it should be found that the default is in the Miller, to Sieze the Mill and grain, and Imploy it for the use of the Public; and if it arises from any defect in the Farmer, to take his Grain for the Public Service, in either case paying the full Value of such Flour, or Wheat at the Mill where it is Manufactured.
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 21, 1776.
Sir: I am honored with your favors of the 7th and 12th of this Instant; The first chiefly relates to your Wishes, that the Troops of the State of Connecticut, whose time expires on the first of January, may, by intreaties and Promises of Reward, be induced to stay beyond their term. Past experience has repeatedly convinced us, that Troops, at the most favorable Season of the year and well supplied with every Necessary, cannot be prevailed upon to stay a day longer than what they engaged for; if that has been the case, under the Circumstances I have mentioned, it cannot be expected, that Men worn out with a fatiguing Campaign and in want of even necessary Cloathing, at the most inclement Season of the Year, will or can stay beyond their Engagement. Indeed, except they would inlist anew, or consent to stay a considerable time, I think they had better go home as fast as possible; for thereby, they will have time to have refreshed themselves, and when they have forgot their Fatigue, they will probably inlist again, time enough to take the field in the Spring.
I have felt for our unhappy prisoners, all that you express in yours of the 12th, and I have done all in my power to alleviate their distresses. Colo Miles procured a Supply of 8,000. Dollars from Congress to be laid out in Necessaries for them, which I hope would afford them some relief in that respect; but whether Genl. Howe can accomodate them better in point of Room, I will not determine. To be sure he cannot safely trust them abroad in a Country which he has but just taken possession of. I have already sent in, all or most of the Prisoners that were in the States of Pennsylvania, Jersey and Maryland, and made a demand of such Officers in Exchange, as I thought were best intitled to a preference, begining with those taken at Quebec under Generals Montgomery and Arnold. But General Howe, without paying any regard to my requests, sent out such as best pleased him or who made the most urgent Application. I have remonstrated Sharply upon this Head, and told General Howe in Express Terms, that unless he will agree to send out such only as I name, I will not send any more of his Prisoners in; But to this Letter I have recd no Answer.
However, that we may loose no time in getting a total ex change carried into Execution, I would recommend it to you to send all those in your State, immediately to the Commanding Officer of the British Troops at Rhode Island; taking Lists of the Names Corps and Ranks of the Officers and Number of the Privates, which lists must be Certified and Signed by the eldest prisoner Officer and sent in by him. One of these Lists to be immediately after transmitted to me, that I may make a demand of an equal Number, and a Line should be wrote by you, or some person deputed by you, to Genl. Howe, desiring him not to send any of our people out in Exchange for them till I make a Requisition.
When I reflect, upon what our Situation in this Quarter will be, in ten days from this time; I am almost led to despair. As I said before, I cannot count upon those Troops whose time is to expire upon the first of January. I am then left with a few Southern Regiments, almost reduced to Nothing by Sickness and Fatigue, to oppose the Main Body of General Howe's Army, laying close upon my front, and most assuredly waiting for the dissolution of our Army, to make as easy a Conquest of the province of Pennsylvania, as they have done of Jersey. I do not find the Militia of Pennsylvania inclined to give me as much Assistance, as they are able to do, were they willing; tho' I am endeavouring to bring them out by every Means, and am making use of both Threats and persuasions to gain my End. I shall draw the New inlisted Troops together as fast as they can be collected, armed and accoutred, but much cannot be expected from that Source for some time. If the four Regiments of Militia from your State and the Six Thousand Men ordered in by the State of Massachusetts, should arrive at Peekskill, General Heath will have a much larger Body of Men than he will have any occasion for at that Place, and I had determined that, they should cover the upper parts of Jersey, but under my present Difficulties, I shall order as many as can be spared, to proceed thus far. The Necessity of the times must plead my excuse for calling Men so far from home, and at this Season of the year, who have an Enemy just landed upon their own Coasts, and have not even a Continental Regiment to Assist them; but I trust they will undertake this Chearfully, when they reflect, that they cannot ensure that Liberty which they have so nobly contended for, while our Common Enemy Maintains any footing upon any part of this Continent. I have the honor to be &c.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp above Trenton Falls, December 21, 1776.
Sir: I have been Honored with your favor of the 8th Inst. The loss of Rhode Island gives me much concern, tho' an Event that could not be well guarded against. I am happy, that most of the Stock had been removed, and wish the Cannon could have also been brought away, our want of them being great by reason of our late losses. Notwithstanding this descent, and the Intelligence of more Ships going down the Sound; I cannot persuade myself, that the Enemy will attempt any thing Capital upon the Main, they will most probably confine themselves to the Island; But if they have other views, I trust that the Succours from the two Neighbouring States, with your own force, will be able to baffle their most vigorous Efforts and prevent the progress of their Arms. It would give me infinite pleasure, if the situation of our Affairs in this Quarter would allow me to afford you the Assistance I could wish, but it will not. All in my power to do, I have done. Upon the first intelligence, that a fleet was going down the Sound with Troops on Board, I wrote to Genls. Spencer and Arnold to repair to the Eastward and to pursue such measures as Circumstances should seem to require. My Letter to General Arnold did not get to hand, owing to the uncertainty of his route till he had almost reached this. He sets out to morrow Morning and I doubt not these two Gentlemen will render you many essential Services. In respect to the other aid, I cannot give you. The Delaware now divides our Small force from Genl Howe's Army, a large part of which is cantoned in the Neighbouring Towns, which from appearances and many concurring reports, is only waiting an Opportunity to pass. As soon as the Ice is formed, they will try to effect it; Genl. Howe's object, beyond all question is to possess Philadelphia and I could heartily wish, their was not too much grounds for some disagreeable apprehensions on that Head. Without more Vigorous exertions on the part of the people, than what have appeared of late, I see but little to prevent him from accomplishing his purposes. In the course of a few days, the last of this Month, the force I now have by no means equal to his, will by the impolicy and fatal system of short inlistments be reduced to a mere handful; Unless the Militia can be prevailed on to give their Aid. As yet but very few, those of the City excepted, have got in Motion, notwithstanding the most pressing sollicitations and apparent intentions of the Enemy, to invade their State and seize their Capitol. How things will turn out the event must determine, at present the prospect is gloomy. I have the honor to be &c.
Camp above Trenton Falls, December 21, 1776.
Sir:
* ... * ... * ... * ... *52
[Note 52: The omitted portion of this letter is exactly the same as the entire letter to Governor Trumbull, Dec. 21, 1776, q. v.]
The distresses of our Prisoners in the hands of the Enemy gives me much Concern; their Sufferings by all accounts are extremely great. Ever since a Cartel was settled between Genl. Howe and myself, I have been endeavouring to effect an Ex change, as far as circumstances would admit of; but my attempts on this head have not been attended with but little Success. For those of their Prisoners, who were in the States of Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland and who have been sent in; Genl. Howe or rather his Commissary, has undertaken of his mere motion and contrary to my express requisition, to return a Number belonging to us, who were not called for and whose releasement, should have been postponed till after that of many others. I have wrote to Genl. Howe upon the Subject and presume in future, that none will be sent out but those who are named by me. That this Business may not remain an object of further delay, I would take the Liberty of recommending, that all the Prisoners in your State be immediately sent in to the Commanding officer of the British Troops at Rhode Island taking two exact lists of the names, Corps and Ranks of the Officers and the Number of Privates, signed by the officer of the highest rank; One to be sent in with him, accompanied by a line to Genl. Howe that the particular Prisoners belonging to us and to be received in exchange, will be required by me. The other List you will transmit me immediately, that I may make the requisition. I have the honor to be &c.53
[Note 53: This letter as printed in Force's American Archives has this additional paragraph: "It may be objected that the enemy's force, already formidable, should not be augmented; but the sufferings of our unfortunate people call for the exchange. The cartel has been agreed on and I am satisfied the [British] prisoners, when released and in arms against us, will not do us half the damage they would were they to continue. The influence of those who have gone from hence has been attended with the most injurious and pernicious effects." The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Precisely the same letter, but without the preceding paragraph, was sent to the New Hampshire Legislature.]
Head Quarters in Bucks County, December 21, 1776.
Sir: Having countermanded the March of the three Eastern Regiments under the Command of Lieutt. Colo. Vose, and directed them to Halt at Morris Town in the Jerseys where I am informed that Colo. Ford,54 at the head of a body of Militia has taken Post.
[Note 54: Col. Jacob Ford, jr., of the New Jersey Militia. He died Jan. 10, 1777.]
You are to repair immediately to that place and take upon you the Command, not only of the above Regiments, but of the Militia also, and therewith to give all the protection you can to the Country, and distress to the Enemy by harrassing of them in their Quarters, and cutting of their Convoys.
You are to be extreamely vigilant and watchful to guard against surprizes, and to use every means in your power to obtain a knowledge of the Enemy's Numbers, Situation, and designs. If at any time you should discover that they are moving from Brunswick and that Quarter towards Trenton, or the Delaware in other parts, endeavour, if it can be attempted with a probability of success, to fall upon their Rear, and if nothing more can be done, annoy them in their March.
Every piece of Intelligence which you may think of Importance for me to know, communicate it without loss of time.
Keep up the Spirits of the Militia, as much as possible; and use your Influence with the Eastern Regiments to continue in Service, after the term for which they stand ingaged, expires; if in this you Should fail, still keep the Militia together, and render what service you can with them; prevent all you can from joining the Enemy, and receiving protections from them, which, from experience, have been found to afford no relief from the rapacious, plundering, ravishing Soldier.
Give every Incouragement and aid to the Recruiting Serv ice; let all those who are ingaged in that business above the Road leading from Trenton to Brunswick make your head Quarters their place of Rendezvous; and that Men may be raised as soon as possible besides the Officers appointed by the State of New Jersey for the Established Regiments, if you can meet with active, sprightly men, who you think could raise Companies, and are fit to Command them afterwards, you may authorize them to Ingage Men upon the same terms, and for the same time, the Continental Regiments are raised; but then I cannot agree to take them into pay, or be at any expence till they have got at least Fifty privates besides Non-commissioned Officers Inlisted, when this happens, and a certificate of it produced to me from you, the bounty shall be drawn, and the pay of Officers and Men commence.
To encourage the Captains in this business they shall have the nominating of their own Subalterns, subject however to my negative, if I find they have made an improper choice from local attachments and connexions, rather than public good; they will be allowed a Dollar and one third for every Recruit, for whom Certificates are obtained.
Fix with the Commissary and Quarter Master upon the Modes of supplying your Troops with Provisions and Necessaries before you go.
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 21, 1776.
Sir: Lay in Provisions for Twenty thousand Men, at the following Places, and in the following quantities.
Besides the Provisions at these places, which are to be considered as Magazines, you should have some deposited on the Roads leading from Lancaster to Winchester in Virginia, and from the Head of the Bay to Alexandria in the same State, for the accomodation of the Troops in their March from the Southern Colonies.
You should also so far look round you, as to know that there are, in the vicinity of Philadelphia and in the City itself Provisions enough to serve ten thousand Men at least Six Weeks but there will be no occasion as yet for large purchases, or large deposits in this Quarter.
Headquarters, at Keith's, December 21, 1776.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 13th Instant and wish you may have succeeded in your intended Scheme to dislodge the Enemy from Hackinsack Bridge.
In my letter of the 18th I transmitted you a Copy of a Letter from the council of the Massachusetts Bay, advising that 6000 Men were coming from that State, under General Lincoln, to supply the place of the Militia which had returned Home, and of their Troops, whose time of Service will soon expire. At the time of writing, I thought it probable that their Reinforcement might be ordered to the State of Rhode Island, in case of an Invasion, and which I find has actually taken place; and there fore did not so strenuously urge that it should be sent here. In deed, I had then hopes, from the Information I had received, that a large proportion of the Eastern Troops who were marching to join Me had reenlisted; but to my great Distress and Mortification, I find the report to have been without the least foundation, and that in the course of a few days I am to be left with a handfull of Men. I therefore request, that if these troops have come on to Peeks Kill, and also the four Battallions which I am advised by Govr. Trumbull have been raised in Connecticut to serve fill the 15th of March next, that, after securing the passes and Fortifications in the Highlands, with a Sufficient number (which I should imagine need not exceed 12 or 15 Hundred Men at farthest,) besides the forces which I apprehend will be provided for the purpose by the Convention of New York you will forward on all the rest with the utmost Expedition to join such Troops as I may be able to collect for the defence of Philadelphia. That City is now the object of the Enemy's Designs. Let me entreat you to impress the Officers and Men with a due Sence of its Importance in the present con test for our Liberty, and that without their speedy and early arrival it may be lost. I am perswaded these considerations will be duly regarded and urge them on to every possible exertion. As yet, but few succours belonging to this State have come in, nor do I hear that many are in motion, when they hear that other States are applied to, and pushing in Aids for their de fence, perhaps they will arrouse from that lethargy which now keeps them back against the most pressing calls of Interest. In a word, Sir, my Situation, and that of our Cause, is critical, and truly alarming. Without vigorous exertions and early Succours I do not see what reasonable hope there will be to preserve Philadelphia from falling into the Enemy's hands, they will attempt to possess it as soon as the Delaware is so frozen as to admit of their passage; Appearances and many concurring reports agree in this.
I have received yours of the 15th, and am happy to hear of your success at Hackinsack, the Stores you got will be of great Service.
By a letter just received from General McDougall, I find he has been much indisposed, and is now at Morristown. I intend to write him to return to Peeks Kill to conduct matters in that department with General George Clinton requesting you and General James Clinton to come on with the Eastern Troops which I have mentioned, if they have arrived at Peeks Kill, and it should be necessary for him to come. I am, etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Samuel Blatchley Webb. The letter sent, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Force, in his American Archives, prints this letter as of December 22.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 21, 1776.
Dear Sir: I am this Evening favoured with yours of the 19th, from Chatham. I not only approve of the Disposition you made of the three Regiments under Colo. Vose, because I think it was a very judicious one, but I had previous to the Receipt of your Letter, determined upon exactly the same plan, and had sent orders to Colo. Vose, to halt at Morris Town, that he might afford protection to the well affected in that Neighbour hood and give Spirits to the Militia. If you find your Health such that you cannot take an active part where you are, or stay there, without further prejudice to it, I would have you return to Peeks Kill, and there, in conjunction with Genl. Geo. Clinton, take charge of that Department, as I have ordered Genl. Heath to join me with as many of the Connecticut and Massachusetts Militia as can be spared.
I think with you, that tho' your State of Health may require a Resignation, that this is not a proper time to make it. Our Enemies would probably attribute it to the late unfavourable Aspect of our affairs, and therefore I would advise you to try, whether a little rest might not contribute to the Cure of a disorder, which is generally brought on by Colds and Fatigue. I am &c.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Buck County, December 22, 1776.
Gentn.: I am honored with yours of the 18th and 20th. I am of opinion with you, that the Ships which made their appearance in Delaware Bay, never intended to come up; unless to create a diversion below, and thereby draw your attention from the upper part of the River. But I hope the Weather will soon rid you of all apprehensions of an attack by Water, for a time to come.
Your Collection of old Cloathes for the use of the Army, de serves my warmest thanks; they are of the greatest use and shall be distributed where they are most wanted. I think if the Committee or some proper persons were appointed to go thro' the County of Bucks and make a Collection of Blankets &c., in the manner you have done in Philadelphia, it would be better than doing it in a Military Way by me; for many people, who would be willing to contribute or sell, if asked so to do by their Neighbours or Acquaintances, feel themselves hurt when the demand is made, backed by an Armed force. But I would at the same time remark, that if any, who can spare without inconvenience, refuse to do it, I would immediately give proper Assistance to take from them.
I have not a Musket to furnish the Militia who are without Arms; this demand upon me makes it necessary to remind you, that it will be needless for those to come down who have no Arms, except they will consent to work upon the Fortifications instead of taking their Tour of Military Duty; if they will do that, they may be most usefully employed. I would recommend to you to call in as many Men as can be got, for the express purpose of Working for we shall most undoubtedly have occasion for every Man who can procure or bear a Musket. In less than ten Days from this time, my Army will be reduced to a few Virginia and one Maryland Regiment, Colo. Hand's and the Regiments lately under Colo. Miles, all very thin; The Enemy are most assuredly waiting for that Crisis, and except I am strongly reinforced by Militia, nothing can hinder them from reaching Philadelphia: I would therefore intreat you, to Collect every Man you possibly can, Send people out to contradict the reports that are circulated, that we have more Men than we want; from which, many perhaps that would turn out, if they thought there was a real necessity, remain at home.
I have ordered the Militia of this County to meet on the 28th and March to Philadelphia, that of Northampton as soon as possible and have directed the Colonels to make me a Return of those who refuse to appear.
It is necessary that, as the Militia come in, they should make a Return of their Numbers to Genl. Putnam; be kind enough to inform the Officers of this, and direct them to do it. Colo. Biddle61 has given directions to Major Mifflin62 to discharge all the Waggons not wanted for the removal of Stores, as we have a Sufficiency for the Army here. I am &c.63
[Note 61: Lieut. Col. Clement Biddie. He was deputy quartermaster general of the Flying Camp; Commissary General of Forage of the Continental Army from July, 1777, to June, 1780; colonel and quartermaster general of Pennsylvania from September, 1781, to the close of the war.]
[Note 62: Jonathan Mifflin, brigade major of Mifflin's brigade. He was paymaster of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment; Deputy Quartermaster General from June, 1777, to 1781.]
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, also in Tilghman's writing, is in the archives of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
[Note 64: Chairman of the Northampton County, Pa., committee of safety at Easton.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 22, 1776.
Sir: The Council of Safety for this State, have by their Resolve of the 17th. Instt. impowred me, to call out the Militia of the County of Northampton, to the Assistance of the Continental Army under my Command; that by our joint endeavours, we may put a stop to the Progress of the Enemy, who are making preparations to advance to Philadelphia, as soon as they can Cross the Delaware either by Boats or upon the Ice. As I am unacquainted with the Names of the Colonels of your Militia, I have taken the Liberty to inclose you Six Letters, in which you will please to insert the Names of the proper Officers and send them immediately to them, by persons in whom you can con fide for the Delivery. If there are not as many Colonels as Letters you may destroy those that are not wanted. I most earnestly intreat you Sir, and the rest of the Gentleman of your Committee, to exert your influence among the people of the County and endeavour to make them turn out generally, in defence of their Capital; which will most assuredly fall a Sacrafice, unless the Militia of the Province contribute Largely to its defence. Those who are so far lost to a love of their Country, as to refuse to lend a hand to its support, at this critical time, may depend upon being treated, as their baseness and want of Public Spirit, will most justly deserve. I am, etc.
P.S. please to make me a return of the Names of the different Colonels.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters in Bucks County, December 22, 1776.
The Honble. the Council of Safety of the State of Pennsylvania having, by a Resolve passed the 17th day of this Instant December, authorized me to call forth the Militia of Northampton County to aid and assist the Continental Army under my Command, I hereby require you immediately to order the Captains of your Battalion, to issue orders to the Officers and privates of their respective Companies to meet and join in Battalion, with their Arms and Accoutrements in good Order, at such time and place as you shall judge most convenient for that purpose. Taking care, that it may be as soon as you think such orders can reasonably and conveniently be conveyed to the people. And when your Battalion or any part of them, are so met, you are immediately to march to the City of Philadelphia, and there put yourself under the Command of Major General Putnam, or whoever the Commanding Officer may be; And I further require you, to make me an exact Return of the Names and places of abode of such Officers and privates, as refuse so to meet and march to Philadelphia, that they may be dealt with as the Resolve above referred to directs.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp above the Falls of Trenton, December 22, 1776.68
[Note 68: On December 22 Reed wrote to Washington from Bristol, Pa., that Griffin had advanced as far as Mount Holly, N.J., with 600 men and that the main body of troops from Bristol would cross the river December 23 and cooperate with Griffin in an attempt on the British post between Bristol and the Black Horse.
"We are all of Opinion my dear General that something must be attempted to revive our expiring Credit give our Cause some degree of Reputation and prevent a total Depreciation of the Continental Money which is coming on very fast. That even a Failure cannot be more fatal than to remain in our present Situation in short some Enterprize must be undertaken in our present Circumstances or we must give up the Cause....Will it not be possible My dear Genl. for your Troops or such Part of them as can Act with Advantage to make a Diversion or something more at or about Trenton. The greater the Alarm the more likely Success will attend the Attacks. If we could possess ourselves again of New Jersey or any considerable Part of it the Effect would be greater than if we had never left it. Allow me to hope that you will consult your own good Judgment and Spirit and not let the Goodness of your Heart subject you to the Influence of Opinions from Men in every Respect your Inferiors. Something must be attempted before the 60 Days expires which the Commissioners have allowed; for however many affect to despise it, it is very evident that a very serious Attention is paid to it and I am confident that unless some more favourable Appearance attends our Arms and Cause before that Tune a very great Number of the Militia Officers here will follow the Example of those of Jersey and take Benefit from it. I will not disguise my own Sentiments that our Cause is desperate and hopeless if we do not take the Oppy. of the Collection of Troops at present to strike some Stroke. Our Affairs are hastng. fast to Ruin if we do not retrieve them by some happy Event. Delay with us is now equal to a total Defeat.
"Be not deceived my dear General with small flattering Appearances, we must not suffer ourselves to be lull'd into Security and Inaction because the Enemy does not Cross the River. It is but a Reprieve, the Execution is the more certain for I am very clear that they can and will cross the River in spite of any Opposition we can give them. Pardon the Freedom I have used, the Love of my Country, A Wife and 4 Children in the Enemys Hands, the Respect and Attachment I have to you, the Ruin and Poverty that must attend me and thousands of others will plead my Excuse for so much Freedom."
This nervously written letter from the Adjutant General is in the Washington Papers and should be read with that of Reed's to Lee of November 21. (See note 69, p. 300.) Reed's family, according to William B. Reed, in his Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed (vol. 1, p. 273, note), was at Evesham, which was not then in the possession of the British. Stryker's Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Boston: 1898), Ch. VI, describes the evidences that Washington's intent to move against the British took shape as early as December 14. Reed appears to have spent his time on December 25 in Philadelphia and galloping to Bristol, Pa., on that afternoon. He was not present at the attack on Trenton.
Griffin had moved across the Delaware with a part of the Flying Camp and gathered some New Jersey Militia at Mount Holly. His presence stirred up the British to a watchfulness that nearly defeated Washington's attack on Trenton.
The letter from Washington to Col. Joseph Reed, or John Cadwalader, dated Dec 23, 1776, is deliberately omitted because of its doubtful authenticity. It is too evidently compiled from the various authentic letters to Griffin, Cadwalader, Reed, and Putnam of December 23, 24, and 25 for the purpose of connecting Reed as closely as possible with the Battle of Trenton. Sparks printed it from Wilkinson's Memoirs with the note that "it bears the mark of being genuine." Ford copied from Sparks. In Gordon's History of American Revolution (London: 1788), vol. 2, p. 391, is an extract of what purports to be a Washington letter of this period (no exact date is given) regarding the strength of the Army: "For Heaven sake keep this to yourself, as the discovery of it may prove fatal to us," but does not note this as being sent esther to Reed or Cadwalader. Gordon also quotes, "necessity, dire necessity will, nay must justify any attempt etc.," but does not agree with the wording of the rest of the para graph of the December 23 letter as printed by Sparks. William B. Reed printed the letter in his 1852 publication on the Sparks-Mahon controversy with the statement: "the original being in my possession, having been recovered since the publication of Mr. Sparks's work." Facsimiles of this alleged original are in Smith and Watson's American Historical and Literary Curiosities (Philadelphia: 1847, and later editions), but they are more convincing of forgery than substantiating originality. The present whereabouts of the alleged original is undivulged.]
Sir: When I wrote to you on the 14th instant, I had little doubt of receiving considerable support from the Militia of this State, and was taught to believe, that a large part of the old Troops (coming on with General Lee) had reinlisted: In the first, I have every reason in the world to fear a disappointment; in the latter, I find myself woefully deceived. It is easier there fore to conceive, than describe, the situation I am in, left or shall be, in a very few days, with only a very few Southern Regiments (reduced almost to Nothing) to oppose Howe's Main Army, already posted in such a manner as to pour in his whole Force upon us, so soon as the frost affords him a passage over the Del aware, and our numbers such, as to give no effectual opposition.
Thus Circumstanced, it is a matter of concern to me, that in my last, I directed you to take back any of the Militia designed for the support of the Army under my Command, and have to request, that, instead of ordering the return of any of those that were destined for this Department (by order of their respective States) that you will hasten them on with all possible expedition, as I see no other chance of saving Philadelphia, and preventing a fatal blow to America, in the loss of a City from whence so much of our Resources are drawn.
With respect to yourself, you will proceed agreeable to the directions in my former; It is not possible for me, at this distance to lay down any particular Rule for your conduct, Circumstances and the advice of your Officers must Govern you, particularly that of General Arnold, who comes on to your assistance. I am &c.
P.S. Let me hear from you frequently.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
Camp above Trenton Falls, December 24, 1776.
Dear Sir: The unfortunate mode adopted by Congress for the appointment of Officers under the New Establishment, has been big with every Evil; and among others with the most shameful delays; In short, so much confusion and uncertainty attend, the appointments, for want of an arrangement of the Officers, that I do not see whether we are like ever to recover from it; this has determin'd me in the present exigency of our Affairs, to encourage, by every means in my power, to raising of Men for Continental Service, and as your Camp may be a proper place to set a Work of this sort on foot, I wish you would select such persons as you shall judge fit to Command Companies in the first place, and likely to raise them in the next, and promise them in my Name, that if they can raise Companies upon the Continental terms, and establishment, or even if they can Ingage Fifty privates, I will immediately, upon a certificate thereof from you, take both Officers and Men into pay, allow the Officers the Dollar and third for every man they enlist,71 and the Men their Bounty of twenty Dollars &ca.
[Note 71: Washington wrote "for recruiting" and Harrison changed it to "for every man they enlist."]
You will observe, I do not mean to take either Officers or Men into pay, till at least fifty are engaged to a Company and a Certificate obtaind of it; because as I intend these in aid of the 88 Battalions voted by Congress, I cannot consent to burthen the Continent with the expence of an additional number of Officers unless they are accompanied with Men; these companies are to be raised upon the same terms, and for the same time of the other Battalions, and will, as they are raised, be Regimented. As an Incouragement to the Captains, they may nominate their own Subalterns; but then, I will reserve the right of Negativing them in case I find their choice falls upon improper persons from local attachments, rather than the public good. If you can set Eight Companies of this kind on foot, and will facilitate the recruiting of them, I think I can undertake to engage you the Regiment, and a principal share in the nomination of the Field Officers. In this Work you are to recollect, that, no Officers already appointed in the New establishment are to be withdrawn from it, least Con fusion should be introduced72 thereby, and that my wish and desire is, that these Companies may be raised as far as possible in the Jerseys. At present I shall only add that I am with great esteem, etc.73
[Note 72: Washington wrote "is introduced"; Harrison changed it as above.]
[Note 73: The letter sent is in Robert Hanson Harrison's writing and is in the archives of the New York Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 24, 1776.
Dear Sir: The necessity of collecting a body of Troops, to supply the place of those, whose term of inlistment expires on the first of next month, obliges me to press you to march for ward, with as much Expedition as possible, to this place, or wherever my head Quarters may be, with such part of the Troops under your Command, as may be judged expedient, and agreeable to the order I have already lodged with Generals Heath and Spencer. I am &c.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson.]
Camp above Trenton Falls, December 24, 1776.
Sir: That I should dwell upon the Subject of our distresses cannot be more disagreeable to Congress, than it is painful to my self. The alarming Situation to which our affairs are reduced, impells me to the Measure. Inquiry and investigation, which in most cases serve to devellop and point out a remedy, in ours, present more and greater difficulties. till of late I was led to hope from reports, that no inconsiderable part of the [Eastern] Troops, composing the Regiments that were with Genl. Lee, and those from Ticonderoga under General Gates, had enlisted again. This intelligence, I confess, gave me reason to expect that I should have at the expiration of the present year, a force somewhat more respectable than what I find will be the case. having examined into the State of those Regiments, I am authorized to say from the information of their Officers, that but very few of their Men have inlisted. Those who have, are of the Troops from Ticonderoga and were permitted to visit their friends and Homes, as part of the Terms on which they would reengage. In respect to those who Marched with Genl. Lee, I cannot learn that any have. Their refusal I am told, has not proceeded more from an aversion to the Service or any fixed determination not to engage again, than from their wishes to re turn Home; the nonappointment of Officers in some instances, the turning out of good and putting in of bad in others, and the in-compleat or rather no arrangement of them; A work unhappily committed to the Management of their States; Nor have I the most distant prospect of retaining them a moment longer than the last of this Instant, notwithstanding the most pressing sollicitations and the obvious necessity for it. By the departure of these Regiments, I shall be left with Twelve from Virginia, Smallwoods from Maryland, a small part of Rawlins's, Hand's from Pennsylvania, a part of Ward's from Connecticut and the German Battalion, amounting in the whole at this time from Fourteen to Fifteen hundred effective Men. This handfull, and such Militia as may choose to join me, will then compose our Army.75
[Note 75: The general return of the Army (December 22) shows a total of rank and file fit for duty of 4,707; but with sick, present, and absent, 3,270, on command and furlough, 3,039, the force fit for duty should be 3,797; the officers and noncommissioned officers brings the total to 3,966. Sparks points our that this return did not include the four regiments just arrived from the northern army, nor Lee's division now commanded by Sullivan, nor the Pennsylvania Militia under General Cadwalader at Bristol, Pa. The four regiments, having been greatly reduced by disease, amounted to about 1,200, Cadwalader's militia to 1,800, and Sullivan's division to about 3,000. This return is printed in Force's American Archives, Fifth Series, vol. 3, 14O1.]
When I reflect upon these things, they fill me with much concern, knowing that General Howe has a Number of Troops cantoned in the Towns bordering on and near the Delaware, his intentions to pass as soon as the ice is Sufficiently formed, to invade Pennsylvania, and to possess himself of [the City of] Philadelphia, if Possible. To guard against his designs, and the execution of them; shall employ my every exertion, but how is this to be done? As yet, but few Militia have gone to Philadelphia; and they are to be our Support at this alarming crisis. Had I entertained a doubt of General Howes intentions to pass the Delaware [up]on the dissolution of our Army and as soon as the ice is made, it would be now done away. An intercepted letter from a Gentleman of Philadelphia who has joined the Enemy, to his Friend and Partner in the City, declares that to be their design, that the Army would be there, in Ten or Twenty days from the 16th. Instt. the time of his writing, if the ice should be made, advises him by no means to remove their Stores that they would be safe.
The obstacles which have arisen to the raising of the New Army, from the mode of appointing the Officers, induce me to hope, if Congress resolve on an additional number of Battalions to those already voted, that they will devise some other rule by which the Officers, especially the Field Officers, should be appointed. In case an augmentation should be made to the Eastern Regiments, a deviation from the former mode, will operate more strongly as to them, than to other Battalions; Be cause there have been many more Officers in service from those States, than the Regiments voted to be raised would admit of, by which means several deserving Men could not have been provided for, had the utmost pains been used for the purpose, and many others of great merit have been neglected in the late appointments and those of little worth and less experience, put in their places, or promoted over their Heads. This has been the case with many of the best Officers.
The inclosed Letter from the Paymaster General, will shew the state of the Military Chest and the necessity of a large and immediate supply of Cash. The advances to the Officers for bounty and the recruiting service are great, besides the Regiments, at the expiration of this Month, will require payment of their claims. At the same time it will shew the justice of the clamours, made by some [of the] Officers respecting their pay, and the abuses they have practiced [that have resulted from an attention to them].76 Whenever they have not been paid, it was because their Abstracts were not made up. I am &c.
[Note 76: The words in brackets are in the draft but not in the letter sent.]
PS If the public papers have been removed from Philadelphia, I hope those which I sent by Lieut. Colo Reed before we left New York, have not been forgot. (If they have not, I beg the favor of you to break open the Chest and send me the Several Letter Books sealed up, having frequent occasion to refer to 'em.)77
[Note 77: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in parentheses in the P.S. are in the letter sent but not in the draft.]
Camp above Trenton Falls, December 25, 1776.86
[Note 86: Stryker, in his Battles of Trenton and Princeton (p. 113), states that early on Christmas morning Washington issued the following orders for the march on Trenton. He does not state his source:
"Each brigade to be furnished with two good guides. General Stephen's brigade to form the advance party, and to have with them a detachment of the artillery without cannon, provided with spikes and hammers to spike up the enemies' cannon in case of necessity, or to bring them off it is can be effected, the party to be provided with drag-ropes for the purpose of dragging off the cannon. General Stephen is to attack and force the enemy's guards and seize such posts as may prevent them from forming in the streets, and in case they are annoyed from the houses to set them on fire. The brigades of Mercer and Lord Stirling, under the command of Major General Greene, to support General Stephen. This is the 2d division or left wing of the army and to march by the way of the Pennington road.
"St. Clair's, Glover's, and Sargent's brigades, under Major General Sullivan, to march by the River Road. This is the first division of the army, and to form the right wing. Lord Stirling's brigade to form the reserve of the left wing, and General St. Clair's brigade the reserve of the right wing. These reserves to form a second line in conjunction, or a second line to each division, as circumstances may require. Each brigadier to make the colonels acquainted with the posts of their respective regiments in the brigade, and the major-generals will inform them of the posts of the brigades in the line. Four pieces of artillery to march at the head of each column; three pieces at the head of the second brigade of each division; and two pieces with each of the reserves. The troops to be assembled one mile back of McKonkey's Ferry, and as soon as it begins to grow dark the troops to be marched to McKonkey's Ferry, and embark on board the boats in following order under the direction of Colonel Knox.
"General Stephen's brigade, with the detachment of artillerymen, to embark first; General Mercer's next; Lord Stirling's next; General Fermoy's next, who will march into the rear of the second division and file off from the Pennington to the Princeton road in such direction that he can with the greatest ease and safety secure the passes between Princeton and Trenton. The guides will be the best judges of this. He is to take two pieces of artillery with him. St. Clair's, Glover's, and Sargent's brigades to embark in order. Immediately upon their debarkation, the whole to form and march in subdivisions from the right. The commanding officers of regiments to observe that the divisions be equal and that proper officers be appointed to each. A profound silence to be enjoined, and no matt to quit his ranks on the pain of death. Each brigadier to appoint flanking parties; the reserve brigades to appoint the rear-guards of the columns; the head of the columns to be appointed to arrive at Trenton at five o'clock.
"Captain Washington and Captain Flahaven, with a party of forty men each, to march before the divisions and post themselves on the road about three miles from Trenton, and make prisoners of all going in or coming out of town.
"General Stephen will appoint a guard to form a chain of sentries round the landing-place at a sufficient distance from the river to permit the troops to form, this guard not to suffer any person to go in or come out, but to detain all persons who attempt either. This guard to join their brigade when the troops are all over."]
Dear Sir: I am glad to hear by your Son, that you are getting better again. If I had not been well convinced before of the Enemy's Intention of possessing themselves of Philadelphia, so soon as the frost will form Ice hard enough to transport them, and their Artillery across the Delaware, I have an intercepted Letter which puts the matter beyond a doubt.
If therefore the Citizens of Philadelphia have any regard for the Town, not a moments time is to be lost in putting it in the best posture of defence possible; but least this should not be done, I would have the public Stores of every kind that can be, removed, except such as may be necessary for immediate use, and except Provisions.
I think the Stores should go towards Lancaster instead of Christeen Bridge, unless they can be water borne (at this time to the Bridge) and readily transported from thence into the Country; Should not this be the case may they not easily be seized at Christeen? I think they may; but this matter should be inquired into.
I am sorry Colo. Griffin has left the Jerseys, some active Officer of Influence, ought in my opinion, to repair there to inspirit the people, and keep the Militia from disbanding, and if possible to encourage them to assemble.
Let me know the exact State and Strength of the Militia with you, that I may know how to govern myself, also of the expectation you have of more coming in. I am &ca.
[P. S. If a Party of Militia from Philadelphia could be sent over to support the Jersey Militia about Mr. Holly would it not serve to prevent them from Submission? I wish you could get Colo. Forman, and endeavour in my name to prevail upon him to exert himself in this business. I want to see him Myself much on this Acct. Pray send the Letter to Mr. Hancock by Express, if the Post does not set out immediately for Baltimore.]87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis; the P. S., in brackets, is in Washington's writing.]
McKonkey's Ferry,88 Six o'clock P.M., December 25, 1776.
[Note 88: Stryker refers to a Johnson's Ferry which he distinguishes as different from McKonkey's, though he does not locate the former, which is given on Hessian maps of the period as John's Ferry. Dr. Carlos E. Godfrey, Director of the Public Record Office of New Jersey, calls attention to the interesting fact that the records under his supervision show that McKonkey's and Johnson's Ferries are identical, Samuel McKonkey owning the ferry rights on the Pennsylvania hank and Garret Johnson those on the New Jersey side.]
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding the discouraging Accounts I have received from Col. Reed of what might be expected from the Operations below, I am determined, as the Night is favourable, to cross the River and make the attack upon Trenton in the Morning, If you can do nothing real, at least create as great a diversion as possible. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: From original in possession of Charles E. Cadwalader, of Philadelphia, as printed in Stryker's Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 132. Reed had been in New Jersey a few days before, but Stryker states he was in Philadelphia on Christmas day and rode to Bristol, Pa., on the afternoon of December 25. His discouraging report was his letter of December 22 to Washington, written from Bristol. It is in the Washington Papers and is printed by Stryker and by Sparks in Writings of Washington, vol. 4, P. 542. (See extract in note to Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Joseph Spencer, Dec. 22, 1776, ante.)]
Head Quarters, Newton, December 27, 1776.
Sir: I have the pleasure of Congratulating you upon the success of an enterprize which I had formed against a Detachment of the Enemy lying in Trenton, and which was executed yesterday Morning. The Evening of the 25th I ordered the Troops intended for this Service [which were about 2400]91 to parade back of McKonkey's Ferry, that they might begin to pass as soon as it grew dark, imagining we should be able to throw them all over, with the necessary Artillery, by 12 O'Clock, and that we might easily arrive at Trenton by five in the Morning, the distance being about nine Miles. But the Quantity of Ice, made that Night, impeded the passage of the Boats so much, that it was three O'Clock before the Artillery could all get over, and near four, before the Troops took up their line of march.
[Note 91: The phrase in brackets is in the draft but not in the letter sent.]
This made me despair of surprising the Town, as I well knew we could not reach it before the day was fairly broke, but as I was certain there was no making a Retreat without being discovered, and harassed on repassing the River, I determined to push on at all Events. I form'd my detachments into two divisions one to March by the lower or River Road, the other by the upper or Pennington Road. As the Divisions had nearly the same distance to March, I ordered each of them, immediately upon forcing the out Guards, to push directly into the Town, that they might charge the Enemy before they had time to form. The upper Division92 arrived at the Enemys advanced post, exactly at Eight O'Clock, and in three Minutes after, I found, from the fire on the lower Road that, that Division had also got up. The out Guards made but small Opposition, tho' for their Numbers, they behaved very well, keeping up a constant retreating fire from behind Houses. We presently saw their main Body formed, but from their Motions, they seemed undetermined how to act.93 Being hard pressed by our
[Note 92: As first written the draft was "I arrived with the upper division."]
[Note 93: The draft here has the following, which was afterwards crossed out: "They first moved towards their left, but being briskly charged by Genl. Sullivans division, they were drove into the Town again; they then filed off to their Right and I suspected were attempting to gain a Road leading to Princetown, upon which I ordered Colo. Hands and the German Battalion to throw themselves before them, this they did with Spirit and Rapidity and immediately checked them. I then ordered Lord Stirling to advance his brigade upon their other flank which effectually prevented them from regaining the Town, finding themselves in this Situation and seeing our other Troops advancing upon them from every Quarter they in a very little time agreed to lay down their Arms."] Troops, who had already got possession of part of their Artillery, they attempted to file off by a road on their right leading to Princetown, but perceiving their Intention, I threw a body of Troops in their Way which immediately checked them. Finding from our disposition that they were surrounded, and that they must inevitably be cut to pieces if they made any further Resistance, they agreed to lay down their Arms. The Number, that submitted in this manner, was 23 Officers and 886 Men. Col Rall. the commanding Officer with seven others were found wounded in the Town. I dont exactly know how many they had killed, but I fancy not above twenty or thirty, as they never made any regular Stand. Our loss is very trifling indeed, only two Officers and one or two privates wounded. I find, that the Detachment of the Enemy consisted of the three Hessian Regiments of Lanspatch, Kniphausen and Rohl94 amounting to about 1500 Men, and a Troop of British Light Horse, but immediately upon the begining of the Attack, all those who were, not killed or taken, pushed directly down the Road towards Bordentown. These would likewise have fallen into our hands, could my plan have been compleatly carried into Execution. Genl. Ewing was to have crossed before day at Trenton Ferry, and taken possession of the Bridge leading out of Town, but the Quantity of Ice was so great, that tho' he did every thing in his power to effect it, he could not get over.
[Note 94: Anspach, Knyphausen, and Rahl's regiments.]
This difficulty also hindered General Cadwallader from crossing, with the Pennsylvania Militia, from Bristol, he got part of his Foot over, but finding it impossible to embark his Artillery, he was obliged to desist. I am fully confident, that could the Troops under Generals Ewing and Cadwallader have passed the River, I should have been able, with their Assistance, to have driven the Enemy from all their posts below Trenton. But the Numbers I had with me, being inferior to theirs below me, and a strong Battalion of Light Infantry at Princetown above me, I thought it most prudent to return the same Evening, with my prisoners and the Artillery we had taken. We found no Stores of any Consequence in the Town. In justice to the Officers and Men, I must add, that their Behaviour upon this Occasion, reflects the highest honor upon them. The difficulty of passing the River in a very severe Night, and their march thro' a violent Storm of Snow and Hail, did not in the least abate their Ardour. But when they came to the Charge, each seemed to vie with the other in pressing forward, and were I to give a preference to any particular Corps, I should do great injustice to the others. Colonel Baylor,95 my first Aid de Camp, will have the honor of delivering this to you, and from him you may be made acquainted with many other particulars; his spirited Behaviour upon every Occasion, requires me to recommend him to your particular Notice. I have the honor &ca.
[Note 95: Lieut. Col. George Baylor. He took with him a Hessian flag. Congress (Jan. 1, 1777) voted him a horse, properly caparisoned, and recommended him to Washington for promotion to the command of a dragoon regiment. He was given command of the Third Continental Dragoons Jan. 9, 1777.]
P.S. Inclosed you have a particular List of the Prisoners, Artillery and other Stores.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. A return of prisoners, etc., captured, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, was inclosed and is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It shows a total of 918 prisoners, 6 brass 3-Pounders, 3 ammunition wagons, as many muskets, etc., as there were prisoners, 12 drums, and 4 colors. The draft, also in Tilghman's writing, varies in minor verbal particulars from the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Newtown, December 27, 1776.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 21st instant has come duly to hand, in which you have mentioned the receipt of my Letters of the 16th and 18th of this month, I now inclose you a duplicate of the one dated the 21st. least that should have miscarried.
I have the pleasure of Congratulating you, upon the success of an enterprise which I had form'd against a detachment of the Enemy, lying in Trenton, ***97 I some time ago mentioned to you, the importance of attacking the Enemy's detached posts when it can be done with a good prospect of success, the best of consequences must result from their being harrassed on every occasion on that Quarter.
[Note 97: The omitted portion is a verbatim repetition of the account sent to Congress of the Battle of Trenton.]
With respect to the Stores you have taken, you must use your own discretion; you can certainly judge with greater propriety what is to be done, than I can who am so far distant. I am &c.
P.S. I must request you will forward the Militia, with all possible expedition. The prisoners we have taken amount in number to 918. of which thirty are Officers, we have also got about one thousand stand of Arms and four Standards and Six brass pieces of Artillery.98
[Note 98: The letter sent, dated Dec. 28, 1776, is in the writing of William Grayson, and is in the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, December 28, 1776.
Dear Sir: Since I had the pleasure of informing you Yesterday of our success at Trenton, I have received advice that Count Donnop with the remainder of the Enemy's Army, immediately upon the news, decamped, and was on his Retreat towards South Amboy; on hearing this, Colo. Cadwallader and Genl. Ewing2 passed the River with the Troops under their command, and Genl. Mifflin will follow this day, with a considerable Body of Militia from Pennsylvania, from whence large Reinforcements are coming in. I purpose to go over myself, with the whole of the Continental Troops as soon as they are refreshed and recovered of their late Fatigue. These added together, will make our force very respectable. I have wrote to
[Note 2: The draft gives their force as 1,500, which was crossed out; Ewing's brigade was stated to be 600 and Mifflin was to cross with 1,500. These figures were crossed out, doubtless from motives of prudence, to guard against the information miscarrying to the enemy.] Genl. McDougall and Genl. Maxwell who are at Morris Town, and have desired them to collect as large a Body of Militia as they possibly can, and whether the Enemy advance or retreat, harrass them on Flank and Rear. If they cannot be brought to that, to keep them embodied, till they are joined by our regular Troops. Things being in this Situation, I think a fair Opportunity is offered of driving the Enemy entirely from, or at least to, the extremity of the province of Jersey. I would therefore have you advance as rapidly as the Season will admit, with the Eastern Militia, by the way of Hackensack, and proceed downwards till you hear from me; I dont think there is the least danger of the Enemy's making any move towards the Highlands at this Season of the Year, that they cannot do it by Water is most certain. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newtown, December 28, 1776.
Dear Sir: I have yours of the 22d. and am sorry that Affairs bore so bad an aspect in your Quarter at that time, but I hope that the late success at Trenton on the 26th. and the consequences of it, will change the Face of Matters not only there but every where else. I crossed over to Jersey the Evening of the 25th. about 9 Miles above Trenton with upwards of 2000 Men and attacked three Regiments of Hessians, consisting of 1500 Men about 8 o'Clock next Morning. Our Men pushed on with such rapidity, that they soon carried four pieces of Cannon out of Six, Surrounded the Enemy, and obliged 30 Officers and 886 privates to lay down their Arms without firing a Shot. Our loss was only two Officers and two or three privates wounded. The Enemy had between 20 and 30 killed. We should have made the whole of them prisoners, could Genl. Ewing have passed the Delaware at Trenton and got in their Rear, but the Ice prevented him. I am informed, that Count Donnop with the remainder of the Army below Trenton, decamped immediately upon this News, and is on his March towards South Amboy. Generals Mifflin, Ewing and Cadwallader have already passed over to Jersey with a Capital Force, and I shall follow with the Continental Regiments, as soon as they have recovered from their late Fatigue, which was indeed very great. I hope you Sir, Genl. Maxwell to whom I have wrote, Colo. Vose, Colo. Ford and every Gentleman who is well affected, will exert Yourselves, in encouraging the Militia, and assuring them that nothing is wanting but for them to lend a hand, and driving the Enemy from the whole province of Jersey. pray watch the motions of the Enemy, and if they incline to retreat [or advance] harrass their Rear, and Flanks; But at all events endeavour to collect a Body of Men to be ready to join me [or act otherwise, as occasion shall require.]
Your Son was mentioned among the first of our Prisoners that I demanded in Exchange; but Genl. Howe (or Mr. Loring in his absence) sent out others than those I demanded. I have remonstrated to him upon this head, and have assured him that I will send in no more prisoners till he sends out the Paroles of the Officers taken in Canada. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in Washington's handwriting.]
Head Quarters, December 28, 1776.
Sir: As I am about to enter the Jerseys with a considerable force, immediately for the purpose of attempting a recovery of that Country from the Enemy, and as a diversion on your Quarter may greatly facilitate this event, by distracting and dividing their troops; I must request, you will collect all the force in your power together, and annoy and distress them, by every means which Prudence can suggest. It will be exceedingly proper, for you to use every Argument to inspirit and encourage the Militia, as also to prevail on the troops commanded by Colo. Vose, to continue longer in Service. You may assure the Militia, that every effort shall be made to rescue their Country from the hands of the Enemy, and that with their concurrence I hope and expect to effect it; It may be urged to the Eastern Troops with great truth, that if a successful opposition is not made to the Enemy in the Jerseys, that their Country will not remain long free from the ravages of War.
I have the pleasure to inform you of the success of an enterprize, which took effect the 26th. Instant at Trenton; On the night of the preceding day, I cross'd the Delaware with a detachment of the Army under my Command, amounting to about 2400; the difficulties arising in the passage of the River, prevented my arriving at the Town so soon as I expected, by which means the attack did not commence till eight O'Clock; when our Troops pressed forward with so much Ardor, and Spirit, as never to suffer them to form completely, about Seven hundred of the enemy ran away in the begining of the action; the rest amounting to 1000 including 31 Officers, after making a feeble opposition, laid down their Arms and Surrendered themselves prisoners of War. We have taken about one thousand stand of Arms, four Standards and Six pieces of brass Artillery, with some other Stores. I have issued some orders to day for the encouragement of the Troops, whose terms are near expiring, which I shall be glad you will immediately communicate to them, in your Orders. I am &c.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of William Grayson. There is no copy of these orders in the Washington Papers.]
Newtown, December 29, 1776.
Sir: I am just setting out, to attempt a second passage over the Delaware, with the Troops that were with me on the Morning of the 26th. I am determined to effect it, if possible, but know that it will be attended with much fatigue and difficulty, on account of the Ice, which will neither allow us to cross on foot or give us an easy passage for the Boats. Genl Cadwallader crossed from Bristol on the 27th and by his Letter of Yesterday, was at BordenTown with about Eighteen Hundred Men.7 In addition to these Genl. Mifflin sent over Five Hundred
[Note 7: General Cadwalader wrote to Washington at 10 o'clock the morning of December 27, from Burlington, N.J., that he had crossed with a considerable part of his 1,500 Pennsylvania Militia before being informed that Washington had recrossed into Pennsylvania. "This defeated the Scheme of joining your Army; we were much embarrassed which way to proceed. I thought it most prudent to retreat; but Colonel Reed was of opinion, that we might safely proceed to Burlington, and recommended it warmly, lest it should have a bad effect on the militia, who were twice disappointed. The Landing in open daylight must have alarmed the Enemy, or we might have been cut off by all their Force collected to this place. We had intelligence immediately afterwards, that the Enemy had left the Black Horse and Mount Holly. Upon this we determined to proceed to Burlington. Colonel Reed and two other officers went on from one post to another, till they came to Bordentown, where they found the Coast clear. We shall march at four to-morrow morning for that place."] from Philadelphia on Friday, Three Hundred Yesterday Evening from Burlington and will follow to day with 7 or 800 more. I have taken every precaution in my power for subsisting of the Troops, and shall without loss of time and as soon as circumstances will admit of, pursue the Enemy in their retreat, try to beat up more of their Quarters and in a word, in every instance adopt such measures as the exigency of our affairs requires and our situation will justify. Had it not been for the unhappy failure of Genls. Ewing and Cadwallader in their attempts to pass on the Night of the 25. and if the several concerted attacks, could have been made, I have no doubt but that our views would have succeeded to our warmest expectations. What was done, occasioned the Enemy to leave their Several Posts on the Delaware with great precipitation. The peculiar distresses to which the Troops who were with me were reduced, by the severities of Cold, rain, Snow and Storm, the charge of the Prisoners they had taken, and another reason that might be mentioned, and the little prospect of receiving further succours, on account of the Season and situation of the River, would not authorize a further pursuit at that time. Since transmitting the List of Prisoners, a few more have been discovered and taken in Trentown, among them a Lieut. Colo. and a Deputy Adjutant General. The whole amounting to about a Thousand.
I have been honoured with your Letter of the 23d. and its several Inclosures, to which I shall pay due attention. A Flag goes in this Morning with a Letter to Genl. Howe and another to Genl Lee. For the latter, Rob. Morris Esq has transmitted a Bill of Exchange, drawn by Two British Officers for £116:9:3 on Major Small for Money furnished them in South Carolina which I trust will be paid. This supply is exclusive of the Sum you have resolved to be sent him and which Mr Morris will procure in time. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am under great apprehensions about obtaining proper supplies of Provision for our Troops. I fear it will be extremely difficult, if not impracticable, as the Enemy, from every account has taken and collected every thing they could find.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, also in Harrison's writing, has minor verbal variations from the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, December 29, 1776.
Sir: I take the Liberty of inclosing you a Letter for General Lee, which I must beg the favor of you to have forwarded, as early as possible, as it contains a draft upon Major Small for a sum of Money, of which I fear the General will be in want.
A Division of prisoners of the 7th. Regt. with Captain Newmarsh,11 crossed the River at Easton and went in without Mr. Moylan's Knowledge; From the irregularity of the Officer who conducted them, who did not make me a Return of their Names and Rank, I am ignorant of either. I shall therefore
[Note 11: Capt. Timothy Newmarsh, of the Seventh Foot (or Royal Fusileers).] be much obliged, if you will order Mr. Loring to furnish me with a proper List of them, that I may make a demand of the like number in Exchange. I am Sir &ca.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Newtown, December 29, 1776.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure of inclosing you a Letter from your Friend Robert Morris Esqr, with a draft on Major Small for £116.9.3. Sterling.
It will afford me the highest Satisfaction to receive a Line from you, informing me of the State of your Health, and your Situation, in both of which I hope you are as happy as a person under your Circumstances can possibly be.
Such further Supplies as you may have occasion for, shall be from time to time remitted to you. I am &c.12
Head Quarters, Trenton, December 30, 1776.
Sir: I have the pleasure to acquaint you that the Continental Regiments from the Eastern Governments, have, to a Man, agreed to stay Six weeks beyond their Term of Inlistment, which was to have expired the last day of this Month; For this extraordinary mark of their Attachment to their Country, I have agreed to give them a Bounty of Ten Dollars pr Man, besides their pay running on. I hope this noble Example will be followed by the four Regiments under your Command; promise them the Same Reward and endeavour to work upon them by every Means in your power; let them Know the Militia are pouring in from all Quarters and only want Veteran Troops, to lead them on.13 Since our Success at this place on the 26th., the Enemy have evacuated all the Country below, they went off in the greatest hurry and Confusion. I beg you will collect all the Men you possibly can about Chatham, and after gaining the proper Intelligence, endeavour to strike a Stroke upon Elizabeth Town or that Neighbourhood; at any rate be ready to cooperate with me. Let me hear what Success you have with your Troops as soon as possible. I am &c.14
[Note 13: On December 27 Congress resolved "That General Washington be empowered to use every endeavour, by giving bounties and otherwise, to prevail upon the troops, whose time of inlistment shall expire at the end of the month, to stay with the army so long after that period, as its situation shall render their stay necesary." The Commander in Chief was also empowered to appoint a Commissary of Prisoners and a Clothier General and fix then' salaries. Also to fix a system of promotion in the Army "which, in his opinion, and that of the general officers with him, will produce most general satisfaction; that it be suggested to him, whether a promotion of field officers in the colonial line, and of captains and subalterns in the regimental line, would not be the most proper." Also Washington was vested with full powers to raise the 16 Additional Continental regiments at large, to appoint the officers, to arrange for supplies, etc. These powers were to be in force for six months. These resolves were copied out by George Clymer, attested by Clymer, Robert Morris, and George Walton; and transmitted to Washington from Philadelphia on December 31. They are in the Washington Papers. Sparks prints the resolves in full, with brief comment, in the Appendix to volume 4 of Writings of Washington, p. 550. Ford prints them as a footnote, vol. 5, P-140.]
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Trenton, December 30, 1776.
Sir: I am informed that you are on your March from Virginia, to join the Army under my Command, and that you have the charge of the prisoners who were Ordered up to be Exchanged. As this must delay your march very much, and as I do not think it expedient for the prisoners to come on just at this time; I desire you will leave them at the most convenient Place, there to remain till further orders from me, and advance with the Horse, as quick as you possibly can. If a guard should be wanted to remain with the prisoners, apply for Militia, for I would not have a Horse Man left behind. When you arrive at Philadelphia apply to Genl. Putnam who will inform you of the most proper place to cross the Delaware. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis.]
Trenton, January 1, 1777.25
[Note 25: According to the History of Trenton (Trenton Times: 1929), Washington's headquarters from December 30 to January 1 were in the house of Maj. John Barnes, high sheriff of Hunterdon County, on Queen (now South Broad) Street. On January 2 the headquarters were at the True American Inn, South Broad Street, just below Factory Street. The inn was burned down in 1843.]
Sir: Your Resolves of the 27th. Ulto. were transmitted me last Night by Messrs. Clymer, Morris and Walton; The confidence which Congress have honored me with by these proceedings, has a claim to my warmest acknowledgements. At the same time, I beg leave to assure them, that all my faculties shall be Resolve of Congress, December 27, 1776, Conferring Powers of a Dictator on Washington employed, to direct properly the powers they have been pleased to vest me with, and to advance those Objects and only those, which gave rise to this honourable mark of distinction. If my exertions should not be attended with the desired success, I trust the failure will be imputed to the true cause, the peculiarly distressed situation of our Affairs, and the difficulties I have to combat, rather than to my want of zeal for my Country and the closest attention to her interests, to promote which has ever been my study.
On Monday Morning I passed the Delaware myself; the whole of our Troops and Artillery not till yesterday owing to the ice which rendered their Passage extremely difficult and fatiguing. Since their arrival we have been parading the Regiments whose time of service is now expired, in order to know what force we should have to depend on, and how to regulate our views accordingly. After much persuasion and the exertions of their Officers, half or a greater proportion of those from the Eastward have consented to stay Six Weeks, on a bounty of Ten dollars. I feel the inconvenience of this advance and I know the consequences which will result from it; But what could be done? Pennsylvania had allowed the same to her Militia. The Troops feel their importance and would have their price. Indeed as their aid is so essential and not to be dispensed with, it is to be wondered, they had not estimated it at a higher rate. I perceive that Congress, apprehensive of this event, had made unlimited provision for it.26 Genl. Mifflin
[Note 26: Greater Powers must be lodged in the Hands of the General than he has ever yet exercised. It is impossible, in his present Situation and the short Time he has to prepare for the insuing Campaign, for him to be in readiness so early as General Howe will take the Field, unless you delegate to him full Power to take such Measures as he may find Necessary to promote the Establishment of the New Army. Time will not admit nor Circumstances allow of a reference to Congress. I can see no Evil nor Danger to the States in delagating such Powers to the General reserving to yourselves the Right of Confirming the Measures....I am no Advocate for the Extension of Military Power; neither would I advise it at present, but from the fullest Conviction of its being absolutely Necessary....The Fate of War is so uncertain, dependant upon so many Contingencies; a Day, nay, an Hour, is so important in the Crisis of publick Affairs, that it would be folly to wait for Relief from the deliberative Councils of Legislative Bodies. The Virtue of the People, at such an Hour, is not to be trusted; and I can assure you that the General will not exceed his Powers, altho' he may sacrifice the Cause. There never was a Man that might be more safely trusted, nor a Time when there was a louder Call."-- General Greene to the President of Congress, Dec. 21, 1776. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] is at Bordentown with about Eighteen hundred Men and Genl. Cadwalader at Croswix with about the same number. We are now making our arrangements and concerting a plan of operations, which I shall attempt to execute as soon as possible and which I hope will be attended with some success. As to the Number and situation of the Enemy, I cannot obtain exact intelligence; but from the Accounts most to be relied on, they have collected the principal part of their force from Brunswick and the neighbouring posts at Princeton, where they are throwing up some Works. The Number there, is reported to be from Five to Six Thousand, and it is confidently said they have sent the chief part of their Baggage to Brunswick. It is added, that Genl. Howe landed at Amboy a day or two ago with a thousand light Troops and is on his march from thence. I have sent into different parts of Jersey, Men of influence, to spirit up the Militia and flatter myself that the many injuries they have received will induce some to give their aid. If what they have suffered, does not [excite] rouse their resentment, they must not possess the common feelings of humanity. To oppression, ravage and a deprivation of property, they have had the more mortifying circumstance of insult added. After being stripped of all they had, without the least compensation, [they were granted] protections have been granted them for the free [and secure] enjoyment of their effects. I have the honor &c.
P.S. I have not been able to procure returns of our force owing to our situation; I suppose that about Two or three and Twenty hundred passed with me, which number is now reduced to Fifteen or Sixteen hundred. No Estimate of our force can be formed from the number of Regiments; many of 'em by reason of sickness cannot turn out more than a hundred men.27
[Note 27: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, but the P. S. is not found in the draft, and the words in brackets show the variation of the draft from the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Trenton, January 1, 1777.
Gentn.: I have the honor and pleasure of acknowledging your favors of the 28th and 31st December and Mr. Morris's of the 30th and 31st. The Messenger delivered me the two parcels of hard Money, which I suppose will turn out agreeable to the list, having not had time to count it.
The Sum that is lodged at Ticonderoga shall be ordered down, provided the Commander in the Northern Department, finds no better use for it there, than I can make of it here.
The Accounts you give me, in yours of the 28 Ulto. of the good effects that are likely to flow from our Success at Trenton, add not a little to the Satisfaction I have felt on that occasion. You are pleased to pay me many personal Compliments, as if the Merit of that affair, was due solely to me; but I assure you, the other General Officers, who assisted me in the plan and Execution, have full as good a right to your Encomiums as myself. We are devising such Measures, as I hope, if they succeed, will add as much or more to the distress of the Enemy, than their defeat at Trenton, and I promise myself the greatest Advantages from having engaged a number of the Eastern Troops, to stay Six Weeks beyond their time of Inlistment, upon giving a Bounty of Ten dollars. This I know is a most extravagant price, when compared to the time of Service; but the Example was set by the State of Pennsylvania, with respect to their Militia, and I thought it no time to stand upon Trifles, when a Body of firm Troops, inured to danger, were absolutely necessary to lead on the more raw and undisciplined.
I shall know this day how many of Colo Glover's Regt. are willing to continue in the land Service. I dont expect many will be prevailed upon to stay, and I will endeavour to procure the rest for the purpose of fitting out the Frigates upon the best terms I can.
The future and proper disposition of the Hessian Prisoners, struck me in the same light in which you view it, for which Reason I advised the Council of Safety to seperate them from their Officers, and canton them in the German Counties. If proper pains are taken to convince them, how preferable the Situation of their Countrymen, the Inhabitants of those Counties is to theirs, I think they may be sent back in the Spring, so fraught with a love of Liberty and property too, that they may create a disgust to the Service among the remainder of the foreign Troops and widen that Breach which is already opened between them and the British.
Yours of the 31st of last Month, incloses me sundry Resolves of Congress, by which I find they have done me the honor to intrust me with powers, in my Military Capacity, of the highest nature and almost unlimited in extent. Instead of thinking myself free'd from all civil Obligations, by this mark of their Confidence, I shall constantly bear in mind, that as the Sword was the last Resort for the preservation of our Liberties, so it ought to be the first thing laid aside, when those Liberties are firmly established. I shall instantly set about making the most necessary Reforms in the Army; but it will not be in my power to make so great a progress, as if I had a little leisure time upon my Hands.
Mr. Morris has my sincere thanks for the advice and Assistance he promises to give Mr. Commissary Wharton, and I beg he would remind him, that all his Exertions will be necessary, to Support an Army in this exhausted Country. I have &ca.
P.S. My best thanks to Mr. Morris for procuring the Qr. Cask Wine, which is not yet got to hand.28
[Note 28: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Tench Tilghman, but the P.S. is not found in the draft.]
Pluckamin, January 5, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor to inform you, that since the date of my last from Trenton I have remov'd with the Army under my Command to this place. The difficulty of crossing the Delaware on Acct. of the Ice made our passage over it tedeous, and gave the Enemy an oppertunity of drawing in their Several Cantonments, and assembling their whole Force at Princeton. Their large Picquets, advanc'd towards Trenton; their great preparations, and some Intelligence I had received, added to their knowledge that the first of Janry. brought on a dissolution of the best part of our Army, gave me the strongest reasons to conclude that an attack upon us was meditating.
Our Situation was most critical and our strength [force] small; to remove immediately, was again destroying every dawn of hope which had begun to revive in the breasts of the Jersey Militia, and to bring those Troops which had firstcross'd the Delaware, and were laying at Crosswixs under Genl. Cadwallader, and those under Genl. Mifflin at Bordenton (amounting in the whole to abt. 3600) to Trenton, was [to] bringing of them to an exposed place; one or the other however, was unavoidable; the latter was prefered, and these Troops [they] orderd to join us at Trenton which they did by a Night March on the first Instt.
On the Second,36 according to my expectation, the Enemy began to advance upon us, and after some skirmishing, the
[Note 36: Ford quotes from a letter of General Howe to Lord George Germain (January 5): "On the 2dq Lord Cornwallis having received accounts of the rebel army being posted at Trenton, advanced thither, leaving the 4th brigade under the command of lieutenant colonel Mawhood at Princeton, and the 2d. brigade, with brigadier general Leslie at Maidenhead. On the approach of the British troops, the enemy's forward posts were driven back upon their army, which was formed in a strong position, behind a creek running through Trenton. During the night of the 2d. the enemy quitted this situation, and marching by Allen's Town, and from thence to Princeton, fell in on the morning of the 3d. with the 17th and 55th regiments, on their march to join brigadier general Leslie at Maidenhead. Lieutenant colonel Mawhood, not being apprehensive of the enemy's strength, attacked and beat back the troops that first presented themselves to him, but finding them at length very superior to him in numbers, he pushed forward with the 17th regiment, and joined brigadier general Leslie. The 55th regiment retired, by the way of Hillsborough to Brunswick, and the enemy proceeding immediately to Princeton, the 40th regiment also retired to Brunswick. The loss upon this occasion to his majesty's troops is 17 killed, and nearly 200 wounded and missing."] head of their Column reach'd Trenton about 4 O'Clock whilst their rear was as far back as Maidenhead; they attempted to pass Sanpinck Creek37 (which runs through Trenton) at different places, but finding the Fords guarded, halted, and kindled their Fires. We were drawn up on the other Side of the Creek. In this Situation we remaind till dark canonading the Enemy, and receiving the Fire of their Field pieces, which did us but little damage.
[Note 37: Assunpink Creek. It was then bridged at Queen (now Broad) Street by a structure scarcely 16 feet wide.]
Having by this time discoverd that the Enemy were greatly Superior in Numbers, and that their drift [design] was to surround us. I orderd all our Baggage to be removd silently to Burlington soon after dark, and at twelve O'Clock (after renewing our Fires, and leaving Guards at the Bridge in Trenton, and other passes on the same stream above March'd by a round about road to Princeton38 where I knew they could not have much force left, and might have Stores. One thing I was sure of, that it would avoid the appearance of a Retreat, which (was of Consequence) or to run the hazard of the whole Army's being cut of was unavoidable whilst we might, by a fortunate
[Note 38: The army marched by the Sandtown road, near what is now Hamilton Avenue; crossed Miry Run near Mercersville, Quaker Bridge to Clarksville, and Stony Brook to Princeton. The British advance from Princeton struck the American skirmish line near Maidenhead and in the face of sharp resistance did not succeed in reaching Trenton until about 4 o'clock in the afternoon. The effort to cross the creek by the Queen Street bridge was repulsed. A council of war was held at Alexander Douglass's house, which stood on the site of the present red-brick German Lutheran Church on South Broad Street. The house has been removed to Stacy Park near the old Hessian Barracks.] stroke withdraw Genl. Howe from Trenton, give some reputation to our Arms; happily we succeeded. We found Princeton about Sunrise with only three Regiments of Infantry and three Troops of Light Horse in it, two of which were upon their March for Trenton; these three Regiments (especially the two first) made a gallant resistance and in killed, wounded and Prisoners must have lost near 500 Men upwards of one hundred of them were left dead in the Field, and with what I have with me, and what was taken in the pursuit, and carried across the Delaware, there are near 300 Prisoners, 14 of wch. are Officers, all British.
This piece of good fortune, is counter ballanced by the loss of the brave and worthy Genl. Mercer, [Cols Hazlet39 and Potter,40 Captn. Neal41 of the Artillery, Captn. Fleming,42 who commanded the 1st Virginia Regiment and four and five] and several other valuable Officers who [with 25 or 30 Privates]43 were slain in the Field and have since died of their Wounds. Our whole loss cannot be ascertained, as many who were in pursuit of the Enemy (who were chased three or four Miles) are not yet come in. Our Slain in the Field was about 30.
[Note 39: Col. John Hasler, of the Delaware Regiment.]
[Note 40: Col. James Potter, of the Pennsylvania Militia. He was wounded and taken prisoner, and not killed, as Washington thought.]
[Note 41: Capt. Daniel Nell, of the New Jersey artillery.]
[Note 42: Capt. John Fleming, of the First Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 43: The words in brackets are Robert Hanson Harrison's attempts to improve Washington's diction.]
The rear of the Enemy's army laying at Maidenhead (not more than five or Six Miles from Princeton) were up with us before our pursuit was over, but as I had the precaution to destroy the Bridge over Stony Brooke (about half a Mile from the Field of Action) they were so long retarded there, as to give us time to move of in good order for this place. We took two Brass Field pieces from them, but for want of Horses could not bring them of. We also took some Blankets, Shoes, and a few other trifling Articles, Burnt the Hay and destroyed such other things as the Shortness of the time would admit of.44
My original plan when I set out from Trenton was to have pushed on to Brunswick, but the harrassed State of our own Troops (many of them having had no rest for two Nights and a day) and the danger of loosing the advantage we had gaind by aiming at too much, Induced me, by the advice of my Officers, to relinquish the attempt but in my judgment Six or Eight hundred fresh Troops upon a forcd March would have destroyed all their Stores, and Magazines; taken (as we have since learnt) their Military Chest containing 70,000 £ and put an end to the War. The Enemy from the best Intelligence I have been able to get, were so much alarmed at the apprehension of this, that they March'd immediately to Brunswick without Halting (except at the Bridges, for I also took up those on Millstone on the different routs to Brunswick) and got there before day.
[Note 44: Sparks notes that in both the actions at Trenton and Princeton General Washington encouraged the troops by his presence in the most exposed situations. An officer who was in these engagements wrote from Morristown (January 7): "Our army love their General very much, but they have one thing against him, which is the little care he takes of himself in any action. His personal bravery, and the desire he has of animating his troops by example, make him fearless of danger. This occasions us much uneasiness. But Heaven, which has hitherto been his shield, I hope will still continue to guard so valuable a life."]
From the best Information I have received, Genl. Howe has left no Men either at Trenton or Princeton; the truth of this I am endeavouring to ascertain that I may regulate my movements accordingly. The Militia are taking Spirit, and, I am told, are coming in fast from this State; but I fear those from Philadelphia will scarce Submit to the hardships of a Winter Campaign much longer, especially as they very unluckily sent their Blankets with their Baggage to Burlington; I must do them the justice however to add, that they have undergone more fatigue and hardship than I expected Militia (especially Citizens) would have done at this Inclement Season. I am just moving to Morristown where I shall endeavour to put them under the best cover I can,45 hitherto we have lain without any, many of our poor Soldiers quite bearfoot and ill clad in other respects. I am &c.
[Note 45: A large part of the militia, already called out, had been directed to assemble at Morristown, and Washington's letters during the month of December show the general convergence o@ troops toward that point. See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Jan. 7, 1777, post, for an assigned reason for marching to Morristown.]
Pluckemin, January 5, 1777.
Dear General: Fortune has favoured us in an Attack on Princeton. Genl. Howe advanced upon Trenton which we Evacuated on the Evening of the Second of this instant, and drew up the Troops on the south side of the Mill Creek and continued in that position until dark, then Marched for Princeton which we reached next Morning by about nine O'Clock. There were three Regiments Quartered there, of British Troops, which we attack'd and routed. The number of the Killed Wounded and taken prisoners amounts to about 5 or 600. We lost Several Officers and about thirty privates. Genl. Mercer is badly Wounded, if not Mortally. After the Action we immediately marched for this place. I shall remove from hence to Morristown, there shall wait a few days and refresh the Troops, during which time, I shall keep a strict Watch upon the Enemy's motions; They appear to be panick struck, and I am in some hopes of driving them out of the Jerseys. It is thought advisable for you to march the Troops under your Command to Crosswix, and keep a Strict watch upon the Enemy upon that Quarter. If the Enemy continue at Brunswick, you must act with great Circumspection lest you meet with a Surprize. As we have made two successful attacks upon the Enemy by way of Surprize, they will be pointed with resentment, and if there is any possibility of retaliating, will attempt it. You will give out your Strength to be twice as great as it is. Forward on all the Baggage and Scattered Troops belonging to this division of the Army as soon as may be.
You will keep as many Spies out as you will see proper, a Number of Horsemen, in the dress of the Country, must be constantly kept going backwards and forwards for this purpose, and if you discover any Motion of the Enemy, which you can depend upon, and which you think of Consequence, Let me be informed thereof as soon as possible by Express. I am &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald and Stephen Moylan.]
Pluckemin, January 5, 1777.
Sir: We have made a successful attack upon Princeton. Genl. Howe advanced upon Trenton, we evacuated the Town, and lay on the other side of the Mill Creek, until dark, then Stole a march and attacked Princeton about nine O'Clock in the Morning; There was three Regiments Quartered there, the killed, wounded, and taken prisoners amounts to about 500. The Enemy are in great consternation, and as the Panick affords us a favourable Opportunity to drive them out of the Jerseys, It has been determined in Council, that you should move down towards New York with a considerable force, as if you had a design upon the City. That being an Object of great importance, the Enemy will be reduced to the Necessity of withdrawing a considerable part of their force from the Jerseys, if not the whole, to secure the City. I shall draw the force on this side the North River together at Morristown, where I shall watch the motions of the Enemy and avail Myself of every favourable Circumstance.
You will retain 4,000 of the Militia coming on from the New England Governments, for the expedition, you will act with great precaution, but avail yourself of every favourable Opportunity of attacking the Enemy, when you can do it to advantage.
General Lincoln must cross the North River and come on with the remainder of the Militia to Morristown. Leave a sufficient Guard at the Highlands.
You will also have as many Boats collected together, or in such a Manner, as you may allways avail yourself of them, if it should be found expedient, for your Troops, or any part of them, to cross the North River at Dobb's ferry, or at any other of the Landings. I am etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald and Stephen Moylan.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: Finding the small pox to be spreading much and fearing that no precaution can prevent it from running thro' the whole of our Army, I have determined that the Troops shall be inoculated. This Expedient may be attended with some inconveniences and some disadvantages, but yet I trust, in its consequences will have the most happy effects. Necessity not only authorizes but seems to require the measure, for should the disorder infect the Army, in the natural way, and rage with its usual Virulence, we should have more to dread from it, than from the Sword of the Enemy. Under these Circumstances, I have directed Doctr. Bond,48 to prepare immediately for inoculating in this Quarter, keeping the matter as secret as possible, and request, that you will without delay inoculate all the Continental Troops that are in Philadelphia and those that shall come in, as fast as they arrive. You will spare no pains to carry them thro' the disorder with the utmost expedition, and to have them cleansed from the infection when recovered, that
[Note 48: Dr. Nathaniel Bond.] they may proceed to Camp, with as little injury as possible, to the Country thro' which they pass. If the business is immediately begun and favoured with the common success, I would fain hope they will be soon fit for duty, and that in a short space of time we shall have an Army not subject to this, the greatest of all calamities that can befall it, when taken in the natural way. I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morristown, January 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you on the 5th. from Pluckemin, a copy of which I inclose, least the Original should have miscarried. I confirm all the Orders given in mine of the 5th., only that I would, if it is agreeable to you both, have Genl. Lincoln continue with you, and let some other proper Officer conduct the Troops who are to cross the River and join me; But this I leave intirely to yourselves. I beg you will keep up every Appearance of falling down upon New York, as that will be the surest Method of obliging them to withdraw their whole force from this side, to protect the City, and as I am confident they have not proper Magazines established there, they must be put to the most extreme want for Provisions. If they throw part of their force into New York, they will leave themselves in such a Situation, that we may in all probability fall upon them with Success.
I received yours of the 4th, last Night, and am glad to find that you have already made some dispositions to move towards New York; your following, with a Stronger force, will give a colour to our pretended or real design upon that City, for if there is a fair opening, I would have you make the attempt. I leave the Settlement, for the Arms that have been lost, to you; Justice should be done to the public and to individuals. If the Arms have been lost by neglect, the party should certainly pay for them, at a reasonable Rate; but if by any Accident, unavoidable in the Course of a Campaign, I should not think the Soldier liable. The Regimental pay Master can stop the Value of the Arms with more conveniency than the Paymaster General.
By a person who came out of New York a few days ago I am informed that there are 2000. Hessians at Fort Washington and I. Brigade of British, and 2 Regiments of Hessians in the City.
I have so good an Opinion of Colo. Malcom, that I will engage to give him a Regiment, if he will undertake to make out such a Corps of Officers as I shall approve of, and will give me any kind of assurance that he can raise the Men. If he think she can comply with those two points, I shall be glad to see him, as soon as possible. I am etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morristown, January 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am glad to hear by yours of the 4th. instant, that you had arrived at Peek's Kill, and I hope from the Measures you have taken, to hasten up your Troops, that they will soon be all with you.
General Heath will communicate mine of this date to you, by which you will find, that the greatest part of your Troops are to move down towards New York, to, draw the Attention of the Enemy to that Quarter, and if they do not throw a considerable Body back again, you may in all probability carry the City, or at least blockade them in it. I believe they are not prepared for the latter, for as they have for some time past made themselves sure of holding Jersey, they have not taken proper precautions to establish large Magazines at any one place. I leave it intirely to the determination of you and Genl. Heath whether you shall continue on the East Side of Hudsons River, or come in with the Troops that are to join me. I have only to beg of you, to be as expeditious as possible in moving forward, for the sooner a panick struck Enemy are followed the better. If we can oblige them to evacuate Jersey, we must drive them to the utmost distress, for as I mentioned above, they have depended upon the Supplies from that province for their Winter Support. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 7, 1777.
Sir: I am happy to inform you, that the account of General Mercer's death transmitted in my last, was premature, tho' it was mentioned as certain by many who saw him after he was wounded; By intelligence from Princeton yesterday evening, he was alive, and seemed as if he would do well; Unhappily he is a Prisoner. had it not been for the information I had of his death, I would have tried to have brought him away, tho' I believe it could not have been effected.
The Enemy have totally evacuated Trenton and Princeton and are now at Brunswick and the Several Posts on the Communication between that and Hudson's River, but chiefly at Brunswick. Their numbers and movements are variously reported, but all agree their force to be great. There have been two or three little skirmishes between their parties and some detachments of the Militia, in which the latter have been successfull and made a few Prisoners. The most considerable was on Sunday Morning, when Eight or Ten Waldeckers were killed and wounded, and the remainder of the party, Thirty nine or Forty, made Prisoners, with Two Officers, by a force not superior in number and without receiving the least damage.
The Severity of the Season has made our Troops, especially the Militia, extremely impatient, and has reduced the number very considerably. Every day more or less leave us. Their complaints and the great fatigues they have undergone, induced me to come to this place, as the best calculated of any in this Quarter, to accomodate and refresh them. The situation is by no means favorable to our Views, and as soon as the purposes are answered for which we came, I think to remove, tho' I Confess, I do not know how we shall procure covering for our Men elsewhere. I have &c.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft is also by Harrison, who had written at first that the number of militia had- been reduced "to one third less than it was when we first crossed the Delaware."]
[Note 56: Lieut. Col. John Hawkins Stone, of the First Maryland Regiment. He was wounded at Germantown, Pa., in October, 1777, and resigned Aug. 1, 1779.]
Head Quarters at Morristown, January 8, 1777.
Sir: You are to leave proper Officers with the Men of your Regiment now at this place, you are to do the same with those who may be sick at other places; you are also to use every means in your power, to collect the Straglers of your Regiment, And then with such Officers as can be spared, you are to repair to Maryland immediately, and facilitate the recruiting of your Regiment with all possible expedition, upon the Terms prescribed by Congress, and agreeable to the instructions given by me.
The Straglers properly Officered, as before mentioned, are to be assembled at Philadelphia, the Officer commanding them is to report their numbers to the General or Officer commanding at that place, and to see that they are regularly exercised and well instructed in the Manoeuvers.
The recruits are to be sent forward by Fiftys or upwards as raised, to Philadelphia, which is to be considered as your place of Rendezvous. If Colo. Ware57 is able to take charge of the
[Note 57: Col. Francis Ware, of the First Maryland Regiment. He resigned Feb. 18, 1777.] Regiment, he is to come forward to that place to receive, Form and provide for the Regiment whilst you remain to forward the Men on; if he is unable to attend this duty or declines the Service, you are to proceed to Philadelphia and leave the 2nd. in command to do what is required of you.
If there are vacancies In the Regiment (exclusive of the Officers who are prisoners) I will leave the Nomination of Persons to fill them, to the field Officers of the Regiment, reserving to myself a Negative upon any improper choice, and earnestly recommend that judicious choices may be made, as your own honors and the reputation of the Regiment will depend upon it.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 8, 1777.
Sir: I received yours of the 2d. instt. from Baltimore, In answer to which, I have only to desire you to call upon all your Officers who are upon recruiting Service, to exert themselves, as much as possible, in filling their Companies, and sending their Recruits forward to some general place of Rendezvous, that they may be Armed, equipped and got into Service, with as much expedition as possible As you and Colo. Hazen59 had the nomination of your own Officers, by virtue of your Commissions, I shall have no objection to any Gentleman of good
[Note 59: Col. Moses Hazen. He commanded the Second Canadian Regiment, also called "Congress's Own." This and the First Canadian Regiment (commanded by Col, James Livingston) were raised in Canada by authority of Congress. The Second was to consist of 1,000 men, of 4 battalions of 5 companies each. About 500 men were recruited in the spring of 1776, but before the year was out the number had dwindled to less than too. In the formation of the new army in 1777 the Second Canadian Regiment retained its original character. Hazen was to recruit in New York and New England and Antill in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. The New England State bounties being larger than the Continental, Hazen encountered much difficulty, and most of the men raised for the regiment came from the middle States. Congress was plagued for a long time with the claims of many of the Canadian recruits.] Character, that you may think fit to appoint. I would only mention to you that Mr. Burwell60 has already got a Company in the Virginia Artillery, and therefore you had better fill up the place you intended for him, with some other Person. If going to Virginia yourself will be of any Service, I certainly shall have no Objection to it. I am etc.61
[Note 60: Capt. Nathaniel Burwell, of the First Continental Artillery.]
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 8, 1777.
My Lord: Your Lordship's Favor of Yesterday was delivered to me by the Officer who met your Flag of Truce.
You may be assured, that no molestation will be offered to the Convoy of Money and Stores, which Genl. D'Heister62 means to send to the Hessians taken at Trenton, or to the Surgeon with Medicines for the Wounded at Princeton, by any part of the regular Army under my command: But I cannot answer for the Militia who are resorting to Arms in most parts of this State, and exceedingly exasperated at the Treatment they have met with, from both Hessian and British Troops.
[Note 62: Lieut. Gen. Leopold Phillip von Heister, commander in chief of the Hessian troops in America.]
I therefore thought it most adviseable, to direct Captain Barry,63 the Bearer of this, to give a safe conduct to the Hessian Baggage as far as Philadelphia, and the Surgeon and Medicines to Princeton.
[Note 63: Capt. Thomas Berry(?), of the Eighth Virginia Regiment.]
I have no objection to the Hessian Serjeant and twelve men's attending their Baggage, till it is delivered to their Countrymen; but cannot consent to their carrying their Arms, as I think none but bad Consequences can ensue from such a measure. I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morristown, January 8, 1777.
Gentn.: I have been honored with your several Letters of the 3d. and 5th; and return you my thanks for your kind attention to the wants of the Army and endeavours to supply them; nor am I less obliged, by your notice of the Eclipse of the Sun, which is to happen to morrow; This event, without a previous knowledge, might affect the minds of the Soldiery and be attended with some bad Consequences.
The various important Concerns, to which I am obliged to turn my attention, have prevented me from transmitting you the Intelligence I wished to have done. The Manoeuvre from Trenton, has been attended with happy effects; The evacuation of that, as well as Princeton, by the Enemy, who are now at Brunswick and the Posts below. I cannot enter upon a Minute and particular detail of the affair; and shall only add, that, in the Action, they must have lost Five hundred Men in killed, Wounded, and prisoners, besides the Stores they had in Princeton. Our loss in Slain is 6 or 7 Officers and about 25 or 30 Privates; the Number of Wounded is not ascertained; but in this list is the brave and Worthy Genl. Mercer, who is made prisoner. he was reported to be dead; but, from the last intelligence from Princeton, he was alive, and there were hopes of his doing well. I intended to have proceeded from Princeton to the Surprize of Brunswick, but was prevented by the arrival of the Enemy at the former, in their return from Trenton, before our Men had an Opportunity of resting themselves, or getting the least refreshment, after their fatiguing and hasty march. There have been two or three small Skirmishes since, between some of their Parties and those of the Militia of this State, in which the latter have been successful and made a few Prisoners. The most considerable was on Sunday Morning when 8 or 10 Waldeckers were killed and wounded, and two Officers and 39 or 40. privates taken, by a Party not superior in number and without receiving the least damage. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, January 9, 1777.
Sir: You are to leave proper Officers with the Men of your Regiment at the several posts where they are, including the sick. You are also to use every means in your power, to collect the Straglers of your Regiment, and then, with such Officers as can be spared, you are to repair to Virginia immediately and facilitate the recruiting of your Regiment with all possible expedition, upon the Terms perscribed by Congress, and agreeable to the instructions given by me.
The Straglers properly Officer'd as before mentioned, are to be assembled at Newtown or Philadelphia; the Officer commanding them is to report their numbers to the General or Officer commanding where they assemble, as also to me, without delay, and to see that they arc regularly exercised and well instructed in the Manoeuvres. The recruits are to be sent forward by fiftys or upwards, as raised, to Philadelphia, which is to be considered as your place of Rendezvous.
P.S. Your Major is to remain with such of your Regiment as you leave at Philadelphia, for the purpose of receiving the recruits as they come, providing for 'em, and forming and disciplining of them in a proper manner.65
Morris Town, January 9, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote you lately, since which the Enemy appear to be drawing their whole force to Brunswick, whether with design to move towards Philadelphia, attack us, or secure themselves from the inconveniences of detached bodies, I know not; but a s many valuable purposes may, I think, be answered, by your moving towards New York, I wish that no time be lost in doing it. I have good reasons to believe, that there are very few Men left in the City of York, or upon the Island; consequently a forced march that way, may possess themselves of the City, or occasion a reinforcement to be thrown in there, which in either case cannot fail of advancing our Cause. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
Morris Town, January 9, 1777.
Dear Baylor: Your Letter of the 1st from Baltimore came to my hands this day; Your desires of commanding a Regiment of Horse I chearfully yield to, because it is the recommendation of Congress, your own wish, and my desire.
As nothing contributes so much to the constitution of a good Regiment, as a good Corps of Officers, and no Method so likely to obtain these as leaving the choice, in a great measure, to the Gentleman who is to reap the honours, or share the disgrace arising from their Behaviour, I shall vest you with the power of Nominating the Officers of your own Regiment, except the Field Officers, and those of the Troop commanded by Geo: Lewis, which I shall annex to your Regiment (instead of Sheldons) and except a Lieutenancy in some Troop for little Starke67; when I talk of giving you the Nomination of the Officers, I would have it understood that I reserve to myself a negative upon a part or the whole, if I have reason to suspect an Improper choice.
[Note 67: Lieut. William(?) Starke, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment.]
I earnestly recommend to you, to be circumspect in your choice of Officers, take none but Gentlemen, let no local attachments Influence you, do not suffer your good nature (when an application is made) to say yes, when you ought to say no; remember, that it is a public, not a private cause that is to be injured or benefited by your choice; recollect also, that no In stance has yet happend of good, or bad behaviour in a Corps in our Service, that has not originated with the Officers. Do not take old Men, nor yet fill your Corps with Boys, especially for Captains; Colo. Landon Carter some time ago recommended a Grandson of his to me; if he still Inclines to serve, and a Lieutenancy would satisfy him, make him the offer of it.
I have wrote to a Majr. Clough68 to accept the Majority of your Regiment; he is an experienced Officer, in the Horse Serv ice, and a Gentleman like man, as far as I have seen of him. The Lieutt. Colo. I have not yet absolutely fixed on, tho' I have a person in my eye.
[Note 68: Maj. Alexander Clough. He was appointed to the Third Continental Dragoons on January 8 and was killed at Tappan, N. Y, in September, 1778.]
For further Instructions I refer to Mr. Harrison,69 who will furnish you with a Copy of those given to Colo. Sheldon;70 one hundred and twenty Dollars will be allowed you as the average price of the Horses; the Money for these and your accoutrements you must call upon Congress for, and I have to entreat that you will not delay a moment that can be avoided, in pre paring to take the Field early. You must be upon your mettle, for others are Ingaged in the same Service and will exert them selves to the utmost to out do you. I can say nothing respecting your Uniform, as that will depend upon the Cloth to be had. Mr. James Mease of Philadelphia is appointed Clothier Genl. to the Army and to him you must apply for this Article; where you will be able to get proper Saddles I know not, if Maryland and Virginia together with Lancaster and York could furnish you, perhaps it would be better than to depend upon Philadelphia, as it is likely there may be a run upon that City for more
[Note 69: Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 70: See Recruiting Instructions, Jan. 13, 1777, post.] than it can furnish in a short time; let me hear frequently from you. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 9, 1777.
Sir: Colo. Haslet having been unfortunately killed, in the late Engagement at Princeton, and the Congress having in vested me with powers to fill up Vacancies, I am ready to confer the command of the 1st. Delaware Battalion upon you, if you determine to continue in the Service. I am also desirous of promoting Majr. McDonaugh71 to the rank of Lieutt. Colo. in the same Regiment. As the Majority will become vacant by this step, I will leave the recommendation of a proper person to fill that Office, to you and him, as also what other Vacancies may be in the Regiment.
[Note 71: Maj. Thomas MacDonough, of the Delaware Regiment. He had been wounded at Long Island, N.Y., and did not rejoin the regiment. In 1781--82 he served as colonel of Delaware Militia.]
If you accept my Offer, I beg I may hear from you immediately, and that you would set about collecting Returns from the Officers who are recruiting, of the Number of Men they have inlisted. I have understood that many of Colo. Patter son's72 Flying Camp, men inlisted with you, upon terms of going home to see their friends; if so, it is time that they should be collected and hastened forward into Service. I am etc.73
[Note 72: Col. Samuel Patterson, of the Delaware battalion of the Flying Camp. He was brigadier general of Delaware Militia, 1776--1781.]
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 74: Gridley had been appointed colonel and Chief of Continental Artillery and also Chief Engineer in 1776. He served as a colonel of Engineers until January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 9, 1777.
Sir: I received yours of December last with plans of the several Fortifications in and about Boston. I dare say they are so constructed, as to answer the ends for which they were in tended, in the most effectual Manner; but such is my present Multiplicity of Business that I have not had time to cast my Eyes upon them.
I think it reasonable that Captt. Chadwick75 and your Son should be paid for their Services; and it is my desire, that Genl. Ward shall (upon the sight of this) make them proper Compensation.
[Note 75: Capt. Joseph Chadwick. He had served in Gridley's artillery in 1775.]
It is impossible for the Quarter Master General to affix a price to the Boards, Nails and other Materials used in building the Forts. I suppose they were contracted for, at some certain price, and whatever that was, must be paid. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 9, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 1st Instant, inclosing sundry Resolves relating to this and the Northern Army; those that respect my department shall be properly attended to. I am obliged by your Notice of Colonel Baylor on whom I shall confer the Command of Horse, to which you recommend him. When the Uniform for the Regiment is fixed upon, a Horse properly caparisoned shall be provided and presented to Colo. Baylor. There were no Horses of any Figure or Value taken at Trenton.
Since I wrote to you last, the Enemy have withdrawn all their out Garrisons, and centered their whole force at and near Brunswick, but whether with an Intention to make a stand there or make another push towards Philadelphia I cannot yet determine. Upon the evacuation of Elizabeth Town, Genl. Maxwell fell upon the Enemy's Rear and made Seventy prisoners and took a parcel of Baggage. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 10, 1777.
Gentn: I have appointed Capt. Francis Wade to collect a quantity of Provisions (particularly Pork) in and about the Towns of Allentown, Crosswix &c. &c. and store the same at Newtown, Bucks County in Pensylvania. A quantity of Salt will be necessary to cure the Pork, which I must desire you to furnish from time to time, as the demand may arise. Your Compliance will greatly benefit the Service, as it will enable us to remove the Provisions out of the Enemy's way and form a necessary Magazine for ourselves. I am etc.84
[Note 84: This letter was written and signed by Gen. Nathanael Greene by order of Washington. This phraseology was afterwards deleted and the revised letter, as above, signed by the Commander in Chief.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 10, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with your favor of the 23d of last Month. I hope the Congress have, in consequence of your Application, ordered up a Supply of Money for the bounty to the New in listed Troops in your State; but least they should not have done it, I shall order Col. Palfrey to send what Cash he can spare, to the Deputy Paymaster at Peekskill, to be applied to the use of the recruiting Service to the Eastward. He, some little time ago, sent 150,000 Dollars to Peekskill, to be distributed by Genl. Heath among the recruiting Officers; if that Sum should not be expended, some Money may be drawn from thence; in the mean time, I must beg the favor of you, to advance the Necessary Sums, out of the Treasury of your State, assuring you it shall be refunded as early as possible.
I am very happy to hear that your Assembly have it in Contemplation to send a Body of Troops forward, to serve till your regular inlistments can be compleated. Nothing can be more distressing to the Enemy or serviceable to me, than an Army hanging upon the rear of New York, or move [sic] forward as Circumstances may require. Their Wishes and Views are certainly towards Philadelphia and valuable as the acquisition of that City would be; it would be paying too dear a price for it, were they to give up New York to a force that might be thrown into it, after their Army had moved Southward.
Our Success at Trenton, has been followed by another lucky Blow at Princetown on the 3d Inst--I lay with about five thou sand Men at Trenton, the Enemy advanced a Superior force down upon me from Princetown on the 2d; not choosing to risque an Engagement there, I decamped as soon as it was dark, and marched along their flank to Princeton which lay directly in their rear. I arrived there about break of day and found three Regiments of British Troops, ready drawn up to march to Trenton, we immediately attacked them and in a short time put them compleatly to the rout.
We have already taken 300 prisoners and the Country People are daily bringing in Straglers; their loss upon the whole will amount to at least 500.
The Enemy confounded at this unexpected Stroke in their rear and fearing that their Baggage at Brunswick would fall into our Hands, marched back in the Greatest hurry from Trenton to Brunswick, where their Main Body now lays. They have Called in all their out Posts, so that their late Possession of the greatest part of Jersey is reduced to the Compass of a very few Miles. These Successes, tho' Comparatively small, have greatly inspirited the Inhabitants of this State and Pennsylvania, and I am in great hopes, if we can once put the Enemy into Winter Quarters and get some Little leisure, that our affairs may be put in such a train and upon such a footing, as will ensure success the next Campaign. I have the Honor to be &c.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 6th. came duly to hand and I have the pleasure to inform you that previous to your application, I had fixed upon you in my own mind, for the Office you have sollicited.94 It will be necessary for you, or whoever discharges duties of that Office, to attend the Army, in Order that the wants of it may be known, the Cloathing received, and properly distributed.
[Note 94: Mease's commission, dated Jan. 10, 1776, as Clothier General of the Continental Army, signed by Washington, with his personal seal attached, is in the Washington Papers. Its presence may be accounted for by the practice of officers returning their commissions when they resigned, which Mease did about the middle of July, 1779.]
We are distressed beyond Measure for Cloathing (Shoes and Stockings particularly) and for want of some person whose business it is to attend to this department, those Aricles which have been sent from Philadelphia, have either been lost, or mis-applied, to the extreme prejudice of the Service.
A parcel sent by you to Colo. Reed, are either lost or laying where we derive no benefit from them: more I understand are coming on from the Eastward, and will be in the same predicament, unless particular attention is paid to the Matter by those whose business it is to order and direct in these Cases. For not being in the line of the Quarter Master's duty, the business is not only neglected but the Articles often injudiciously applied. With Compliments to Mrs. Mease. I am etc.
P.S. If you cannot come up at this time yourself, some person should be sent on to take charge of the Business in your behalf.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
[Note 96: Of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments, which were designated by the names of their colonels. Patron's regiment was broken up in January, 1779, and a part transferred to the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment and the rest to the First Delaware Regiment.]
New Town, January 11, 1777.
Sir: Consequent of the good opinion I entertain of you as an Officer, I present you with an Appointment to the Command of a Regiment. Parke97 will be your Lieutt. Colo. and Scull98 (late Brigade Majr. to Genl. Thompson) your Major. I have also to desire that Lieutt. Jno. Dennis99 (recomd. by Genl. Cadwallader) may be one of your Captains.
[Note 97: Lieut. Col. John Parke. He resigned in October, 1778.]
[Note 98: Maj. Peter Scull. He resigned in January, 1778. Washington offered him the position of assistant secretary at headquarters; became secretary to the Continental Board of War in January, 1779.]
[Note 99: Capt. John Dennis. He was taken prisoner at Red Bank, N.J., in October, 1777, and died, while a prisoner, in January, 1778.]
The rest of the Officers you, and your Field Officers will, I hope, make a happy, and judicious choice of, always keeping in view, how much your own honor and the reputation of the Regiment depend upon their goodness.
Inclosed you have a Warrant upon the Paymaster for 5,000 Dollars to begin your Recruiting with, more may be had as wanted. Wishing you to use every possible exertion in the discharge of this duty, I remain, etc.
N.B. The Surgeon's and Mates are to pass Examination of the director General of the Hospital before they are appointed. Philadelphia may be the place of Rendezvous for your Regiment.
[Note 3: Gist was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and retired from the service in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters at Morris Town, January 11, 1777.
Whereas the Honorable Continental Congress, by a Resolve of the 27th. Ulto., have appointed Sixteen Battalions more to be raised, in addition to eighty eight voted in September last, and have Authorized me to Nominate and Commission the Officers for the same. Know you, that I, reposing the Utmost confidence in your Abilities and Attachment to the United States of America, by virtue of the Power aforesaid do constitute and appoint you a Colonel of one of the said Battalions,4 giving and granting you Authority, by and with the advice of your other Field Officers, to appoint all Officers under the rank of Field Officers necessary for the same; nevertheless reserving to myself, the right of ratifying or rejecting such appointments.
[Note 4: The record in the Washington Papers is an L. S. The same commission was sent to each of the colonels appointed to command the 16 Additional Continental regiments.]
And as many good Officers may have been overlook't in the new Appointments by the Committees of the several States assigned for the discharge of that business, it is my wish, that you give a preference to such of them, as you know to be de serving of notice. I do hereby require and enjoin you, forth with to take measures for recruiting such Battalion, in the most expeditious manner, to serve for the term of three years or during the continuance of the War with Great Britain, and upon such pay, bounties, and allowances as have been resolved on by Congress for the eighty eight Battalions aforesaid.
[Note 5: Of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments. Grayson's regiment was consolidated with Col. Nathaniel Gist's Additional Continental regiment in April, 1779.]
Morris Town, January 11, 1777.
Dear Sir: From Mr. Harrison6 you would know my Intention of Offering you one of the 16 Regiments, which the Congress have been pleased to leave to me to raise, and appoint the Officers of. I have expressed my desire that Colo. Levin Powell7 should be your Lieutt. Colo. and if you have no objection, and Frazer's8 Stomach comes to him, it will be agreeable to me that he becomes your Major, as he is spoke very well of in that Character by the General and other Officers who served with him to the Northward.
[Note 6: Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 7: Powell had been a major of Virginia Militia. He resigned the lieutenant colonelcy of Grayson's regiment in November, 1778.]
[Note 8: John G. Frazer(?). He had been major of the Sixth Continental Infantry during 1776 and served in the north. He was not appointed to Grayson's regiment.]
Instructions and Recruiting Orders9 (which you are to distribute to the Officers after your Arrangement is made) are inclosed; As also a Warrant for 10,000 Dollars to begin your Recruiting with. After you have Nominated your Officers and
[Note 9: See Recruiting Instructions, Jan. 13, 1777, post.] seen them fairly entered upon the Recruiting Service, repair yourself to Philadelphia, which is to be the General Rendezvous, in order that you may receive, form, clothe, and provide for your Regiment.
The Recruits are to be marched by Fifties or upwards, as raised, and are to be sent on by the Lieutt. Colo., who is to use every means in his power to compleat the Regiment, and send the Men with all imaginable dispatch. When you compare the date of this Letter, with the Season we shall undoubtedly be drawn into the Field, and revolve the Consequences of going thither weak handed, I am persuaded no greater Stimulus can be given to your Exertions. Most sincerely wishing you Success I am, etc.
Quere. If only part of the Bounty is given at the time of In listing, and the rest at joining the Regiment, would it not be better? there would be less Temptation to desert.10
[Note 10: The record in the Washington Papers is an L. S. in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
[Note 11: Deputy Quartermaster General.]
Morris Town, January 11, 1777.
You are hereby Authorized and empowered to collect all the Beef, Pork, Flour, Spirituous Liquors &c. &c. not necessary for the Subsistence of the Inhabitants, in all the parts of East Jersey, lying below the Road leading from Brunswick to Trenton, and as fast as the Stores are collected, to be removed to New town, Bucks County in Pennsylvania, and, there stored, and formed into proper Magazines.
You are further Authorized and empowered, to press such Waggons, Carriages, &c. as may be necessary to transport the Pro visions and Stores in the most expeditious manner to the place aforesaid. You are also to apply to the Council of Safety at Philadelphia, to furnish you with such Quantities of Salt, as may be wanted to cure the provisions you take in. You are first to notify the Inhabitants and request them, to bring in all the above enumerated Articles not necessary for their own Subsistence, at such places as you shall appoint, for which they shall be paid a generous price; But if any refuse to comply with the request, you are directed to take such Articles as they withhold, by force, giving the proper Certificates for the Articles so taken, payable when demanded. The Commanding Officers at the different Posts in East Jersey, are hereby directed to furnish you with such Assistance, as you may require to execute the above Business.
The Quarter Master General, Thos. Mifflin Esqr. and the Commissary Genl. Thor. Lowry Esqr., are desired to furnish you with such sums of Money for their respective departments as you may require; for which you are to give your receipts and account to them for the Disbursements. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The record in the Washington Papers is an L. S.]
Morris Town, January 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have yours of the 9th. inclosing the proceedings of the Court Martial who set upon Strang.13 In my Opinion the sentence should be confirmed and executed.
[Note 13: Daniel Strang. He was tried at Peekskill, N.Y., on January 4 for being a spy and enlisting men for the British, and was sentenced to be hanged. A copy of the proceedings is in the Washington Papers.]
It gives me great pleasure to find, that your Troops are in so great forwardness to move down on both sides of the River. I think the diversion which you will create, will be attended with the most happy Consequences to us, and distress to the Enemy. Forage for the Winter will be one of their greatest Wants, and I highly approve of your Intentions of collecting all you can, not only to put it out of their reach, but as it will be most Serviceable to us.
You were certainly right, in retaining the Artillery men upon the bounty of 10 Dollars; by the time the Six Weeks expire, I hope we shall have a Sufficient number of new Recruits.
As I have never intermeddled in the affair of Lady Johnson's Confinement, I think the propriety of her Enlargement had better be still Submitted to the Convention of New York.
Make my Compliments to Genl. Lincoln and inform him that I had the pleasure of his Letter of the 9th. and that I am pleased with his continuing with you on the East Side of the River.
The Flints left at Durham should be forwarded on; you will retain as many at Peekskill, as are wanted for your Division, and order the remainder on to my Army. I am &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 15: Of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments. Hartley's regiment was designated the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment Dec. 16, 1778.]
Morris Town, January 12, 1777.
Sir: Instructions, Recruiting Orders, and a warrt. for 5,000 Dollars for Recruiting, are herewith Inclosed. Copies of the Recruiting orders are to be given to the Officers so soon as they are nominated, and I should think if only part of the bounty was given to the Men at the time of Inlisting and the residue when they join, it might be a means of preventing Desertion.
Philadelphia is to be your Genl. Rendezvous; so soon there. fore as you have put the Recruiting Service into a proper Train, repair to that place yourself, in order to receive, form, Cloath, Discipline, and provide for your Regiment. The Recruits, with proper Officers, are to be forwarded to Philadelphia by fifties, or upwards as they are raised.
I am satisfied, I need urge nothing more to you as a stimulus to the completion of your Regiment, as speedily as possible, than to desire you will compare the present date with the time we shall have occasion to take the Field with our whole Force.
The appointment of your Lieutt. Colonel, and Major, is left to yourself under the reservation contained in your Instructions. Once a Week you are to inform me of the State of your Regiment and how you proceed in Recruiting. I am &c.
[Note 16: Of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments. Webb's regiment was designated the Third Connecticut Regiment, Jan. 1, 1781.]
Morris Town, January 12, 1777.
Sir: ***17 You are to fix upon some Central place for the Rendezvous of your Recruits where you are to attend in order to receive, form, Cloath, Discipline and provide necessaries for your Regiment, the Recruits with proper Officers are to be assembled at that place as fast as they are Inlisted; and you are, once a Week to advise me of the state of your Regiment, and how you proceed in the Recruiting of it. The short time allowed us for the most vigorous preperations will I am persuaded render arguments unnecessary to stimulate you to the speedy completion of your Regiment and preparing it for the Field; in this business I heartily wish you success and am etc.18
[Note 17: The omitted paragraph is identical, except that the amount of the warrant is left blank, with the first one in Washington's letter to Col. Thomas Hartley the same date as this letter, q. v.]
[Note 18: Precisely this same letter was sent to Col. David Henley, Ezekiel Cornell, Alexander Scammell, and Henry Sherburne, to whose instructions were added the directions to appoint Eleazer Oswald lieutenant colonel and [William] Bradford major. (See preceding letter.) Henley's regiment was consolidated with Jackson's Apr. 22, 1779. Cornell did not accept, and became brigadier general of Rhode Island Militia in 1777 and Inspector General of the Continental Army Sept. 19, 1782. Scammell also declined, and became Adjutant General of the Continental Army Jan. 5, 1778; colonel of the First New Hampshire Regiment Jan. 1, 1781; he was mortally wounded at Yorktown, taken prisoner by the British, and died, while a prisoner, Oct. 6, 1781. Oswald did not accept his appointment, but became lieutenant colonel of the Second Continental Artillery.]
Morris Town, January 12, 1777.
Sir: From the good report I have of you, and from the desire I feel of affording the Town of Boston an oppertunity of turning out a Regiment (and such an one as may become a pattern to others) I do myself the pleasure of sending you the Inclosed appointment, Recruiting Orders, and Warrant upon the Paymaster in that district for money to recruit with.
The confidence I repose in you will not, I am satisfied, be abused, time will not admit of delay, nor the Necessity of the case of Indecision, you will therefore I am perswaded, set about this Work with all possible diligence. ***19
[Note 19: The omitted portion is the same as the conclusion of Washington's letter to Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb and others of the same date as this letter. (See preceding letter.)]
Morris Town, January 12, 1777.
Gentn.: The Inclosed will give you the full scope of my design; if Colo. Jackson does not Incline to accept the appointment I must request the favour of you to give it with the same powers to some other fit Person.20 Time will not admit of the Matters being refer'd back; as I hope to see the Men in the Field in almost as short a space as it would take to negotiate the affair in a case of a disappointment. I am, etc.
[Note 20: Jackson accepted. The regiment was raised and its designation changed to the Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment July 23, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 12, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 6th. inclosing Several Resolves of Congress respecting an Exchange to be proposed between Genl. Lee and the Hessian Field Officers taken at Trenton. Colo. Rall24 died the day after the Action and we left one of the Majors, so ill of his Wounds, that I am in doubt of his recovery.25 I can however make an Offer of all that remain, in Exchange for General Lee, except one that you order to be proposed for Colo. Allen.26
[Note 24: Col. Johann Gottlieb Rail, or Rahl.]
[Note 25: Maj. Friedrich Ludwig von Dechow. He died of his wounds Dec. 27, 1776.]
[Note 26: Congress had resolved (January 6) that General Washington propose to General Howe the exchange of six Hessian field officers taken at Trenton, N. J., in exchange for General Lee, and (January 3) one for Col. Ethan Allen. Reports that General Lee was ill treated moved Congress to resolve that retaliatory measures be exercised. President Hancock wrote to Washington (January 6): "General Lee's situation seems to be extremely dangerous and critical; and, from General Howe's Behaviour to him, it is highly probable, he will be brought to a Trial for Desertion. General Lee, it is said, by Mr. Eustace, his aide-de-camp, having addressed two Letters to Genl. Howe, received them both back again unopened, and enclosed under a Cover directed to ' Lieutenant Colonel Lee.' I hope the Flag, which Congress ordered to be sent to make Enquiry into the Manner in which he is treated, has been despatched; and a Remonstrance in Consequence of it, should the Information you have received of his Treatment, have rendered that Step necessary."]
If the offer is rejected by General Howe, I shall think myself then at liberty to remonstrate to him on [the Subject of] his treatment of General Lee. If he will not exchange him, he should at least admit him to his Parole, as we have ever done their prisoners who have fallen into our Hands. I understand, from undoubted Authority, that they intend to try the General, by a Court Martial, as a deserter from their Service, pretending that his Resignation was never accepted of. But I shall inform Genl Howe, that if any such step is taken, under so Shallow and illegal a pretext, and their Sentence Should extend, either to effect his Life or Liberty, that they may depend upon the most Severe and adequate Retaliation upon our part.
The Enemy have made no Move since my last, by every Account they begin to be distressed, particularly for Forage, of which there is little or none remaining in the small Circle they possess, except Salt Hay. By Letters from Genl. Heath of the 9th, he was begining to move down towards Kingsbridge with the Troops [coming in] from New England. This must add to the distress of the enemy, who will by this Measure be deprived of the Subsistence they formerly drew from West Chester and the Counties to the Northward of York Island. I am &c.27
[Note 27: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the draft and not in the letter sent.]
Morris Town, January 12, 1777
Gentn.: I have your several Favors of the 7th and 9th instant. Complaints of the Usage of the prisoners, both in the land and Sea service, have been the subjects of many of my Letters [both] to Lord and General Howe, but all the Satisfaction or Answer, that I could ever obtain, was, that the Reports were groundless. However upon the Authority of Capt. Gamble's relation, and the miserable emaciated Countenances of those poor Creatures, who have lately been released, I shall take the Liberty of remonstrating sharply to his Lordship and the General, and let them know in very plain terms, that if their rule of Conduct towards our prisoners is not altered, we shall be obliged, however disagreeable it may be, to make retaliation.
I think your plan of appointing Agents to attend the prisonsers would answer many good purposes, that particularly of seeing them regularly and honestly supplied with whatever their Allowance may be. And then, any Accounts of ill Usage coming thro' them, would be so authentic, that we might safely proceed to take such measures towards their prisoners as would be fully justifiable. I shall demand Capt. Burke28 for Lieut. Boger and agreeable to your Request, desire that Capt. Bell and Getshius29 may be sent out under parole, at the same time mentioning to Lord Howe, that we do not treat Captains of Merchantmen as Prisoners of War.
[Note 28: Capt. William Burke. He had been a lieutenant under Capt. John Manley, of Washington's fleet, in 1775--76 and, later, succeeded to the command of Manley's vessel. Lieutenant Boger was from the British frigate Liverpool.]
[Note 29: According to Sir William Howe's letter to Washington (January 17), Captains Bell and Getshius were sea captains.]
I dont know what to make of the Information of Joseph Traverse,30 it appears very strange to me, that people who have been 12 Months from Canada, should be able to lay any plans, at the distance of many hundred Miles, that can be any way detrimental to us. I have just received Letters from the French Officers at Reading, desiring a Liberty of returning home under our Cartel, but if it should be thought improper just now, on account of the above information, I have no objection to their being detained a while longer.
[Note 30: Capt. Joseph Traverse, of the Second Canadian Regiment. A contemporary copy of his information, in the Washington Papers, gives intelligence of an alleged plot among the Canadian prisoners at Reading, Pa.]
I received a Letter from Mr. Walton,31 inclosing the Names of the Captain and Crew of an Armed Boat, belonging to Georgia, which was taken by the Raven Man of War. I will, when I write to Lord Howe, transmit the List and desire an Exchange.
[Note 31: George Walton, Delegate from Georgia to the Continental Congress. His letter, dated Jan. 9, 1777, is in the Washington Papers, but the list of prisoners is missing. Richard, Lord Howe's letter to Washington (January 17) claimed that the crew of the armed boat had been exchanged, except Messrs. Brown, Kirk, Watson, and Lee, who were not exchanged because of illness.]
The Enemy are very quiet at Brunswick and Amboy, to all appearance more afraid of an attack, than thinking of attacking. General Heath is begining to move towards Kingsbridge and a few days will shew [us] what Alteration a diversion in that quarter will make. I have the honor to be &c.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the draft and not in the letter sent.]
Morris Town, January 12, 1777.
Sir: Instructions Recruiting Orders, and a Warrant for 6000 Dollars to Recruit with, are now Inclosed to you. Copies of the Recruiting Orders are to be given to the Officers so soon as they are nominated, and I should think if only part of the bounty was given to the Men at the time of enlisting them and the residue when they join their Regt. it might be a means of preventing Desertion.
You are to fix upon some Central place for the Rendezvous of your Recruits where you are to attend in order to receive, form, Cloath, Discipline and provide necessaries for your Regiment, the Recruits with proper Officers are to be Assembled at that place as fast as they are Inlisted, and you are once a week to advise me of the State of your Regiment and how you proceed in the Recruiting of it.
The short time allowed us for the most Vigorous which I am persuaded Render Arguments unnecessary to stimulate you to the speedy Completion of your Regiment and preparing it for the Field.
In this Business I heartily wish you success and am Sir yr. etc. Eleazer Oswald,34 late with Genl. Arnold is to be yr It. Col. Bradford,35 is to be your Major.36
[Note 34: Oswald had served as a volunteer in the Canadian expedition; had been taken prisoner and exchanged only two days before the date of this letter. He became lieutenant colonel of the Second Continental Artillery, but resigned in June, 1778.]
[Note 35: Maj. William Bradford, of Rhode Island. He had been an aide to General Lee; served as major of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment until January, 1781.]
[Note 36: The text is from the Magazine of American History, vol. 3, P. 119.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 7
January 13, 1777--April 30, 1777
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
SEPTEMBER, 1932
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
RECEIVEDFEB 2 1933DIVISION OFDOCUMENTS
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 13, 1777.
Sir: I am directed by Congress, to propose an Exchange of five1 of the Hessian Field Officers taken at Trenton, for Major General Lee; or if this proposal should not be acceded to, to demand his Liberty upon Parole, within certain bounds, as has even been granted to your Officers in our Custody. I am inform'd
[Note 1: The resolve of Congress (January 6) ordered that six Hessian field officers be offered for General Lee.] from good Authority, that your reasons for keeping him hitherto in stricter confinement than usual, is, that you do not look upon him in the light of a Common Prisoner of War, but as a deserter from the British Service, as his Resignation was not accepted of, and that you intend to try him by a Court Martial as such. I will not undertake to determine how far this doctrine may be justifiable among yourselves, but I must give you warning that Major General Lee is looked upon as an Officer belonging to, and under the protection of, the United Independant States of America, and that any violence which you may Commit upon his Life or Liberty will be severely retaliated upon the Lives or Liberties of the British Officers, or those of their Foreign Allies at present in our hands.2
[Note 2: Sparks notes that the statement in regard to the character in which the British commander held General Lee is confirmed by his correspondence with the minister. He wrote to Lord George Germain (December 20): "General Lee, being considered in the light of a deserter, is kept a close prisoner; but I do not bring him to trial, as a doubt has arisen, whether, by a public resignation of his half-pay, prior to his entry into the rebel army, he is still amenable to the military law as a deserter; upon which point I shall wait for information; and if the decision should be for trial on this ground beg to have the judges' opinion to lay before the court. Deserters are excluded in my agreement with the enemy for exchange of prisoners." To this the minister replied: "As you have difficulties about bringing General Lee to trial in America, it is his Majesty's pleasure, that you send him to Great Britain by the first ship of war."
Sir William Howe wrote (July 8) in answer to this order: "Washington declines to exchange the Hessian field-officers, taken at Trenton, or Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, unless Lee is recognised as a prisoner of war. Lee is therefore detained for further instructions, being apprehensive, that the close confinement of the Hessian officers would be the consequence of sending Lee to Britain, and that this would occasion much discontent among the foreign troops." This measure of caution was approved, and the minister replied (September 3): "His Majesty consents that Lee (having been struck off the half-pay list) shall, though deserving the most exemplary punishment, be deemed as a prisoner of war, and may be exchanged as such, when you may think proper."]
I am sorry that I am again under the necessity of remonstrating to you upon the Treatment which our prisoners continue to receive in New York. Those, who have lately been sent out, give the most shocking Accounts of their barbarous usage, which their Miserable, emaciated Countenances confirm. How very different was their Appearance from that of your Soldiers, who have lately been returned to you, after a Captivity of twelve Months; And, whether this difference in Appearance was owing to a difference of treatment, I leave it to you, or any impartial person to determine. I would beg that some certain Rule of Conduct towards Prisoners may be settled; if you are determined to make Captivity as distressing as possible, to those whose Lot it is to fall into it, let me know it, that we may be upon equal terms, for your Conduct must and shall mark mine.3
[Note 3: Ford quotes from a letter from Col. John Chester to Col. Samuel B. Webb (January 17): "The inhuman treatment our prisoners met with while in New York is beyond all description. Humanity cannot but drop a tear at sight of the poor, miserable, starved objects. They are mere skeletons, unable to creep or speak in many instances. One vessel lost 27 in her passage from New York to Medford, and 7 died the night they were put ashore; and they are dying all along the roads. Most who have got home in the neighboring towns, are taken with the small pox, which undoubtedly was given them by design--all this does not seem to discourage the few surviving ones. They pray that God would only give them health and strength again, and they are determined to have sweet revenge."]
If a real scarcity of the Articles of Provision and fuel, at this inclement Season, is the Cause that our prisoners are debarred them, common humanity points out a mode; which is, of suffering them to go home under parole, not to serve during the War, or until an equal number are released by us for them.
Most of the Prisoners who have returned home, have informed me, that they were offered better treatment provided they would Inlist into your Service. This, I believe, is unprecedented; and what, if true, makes it still more unnecessary for me to apologize for the freedom of expression, which I have used throughout this Letter. But it would be criminal in me to be Silent, were such abuses, when made known to me, left unrepresented by me. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, January 13, 1777.
My Lord: I am sorry that I am under the disagreeable necessity of troubling your Lordship with a Letter, almost wholly on the Subject of the cruel Treatment, which our Officers and Men in the naval Department, who are unhappy enough to fall into your hands, receive on board the Prison Ships in the Harbour of New York. Without descending to particulars, I shall ground my complaint upon the matter contained in the inclosed paper, which is an exact Copy of an Account of the usage of the Prisoners, delivered to Congress by a Captain Gamble, lately a Prisoner himself in New York.
If this Account be true, of which I have no reason to doubt, as Captain Gamble is said to be a Man of veracity, I call upon your Lordship, to say whether any treatment of your Officers and Seamen has merited so severe a Retaliation. I am bold to say it has not; so far from it, that the Officers and Seamen, taken on Board Armed Ships, have been treated with the greatest Humanity, and not forced to enter on Board any of our Public or Private Vessels of War; and those taken in the Merchant Service, have been immediately set at Liberty.
From the Opinion I have ever been taught to entertain of your Lordship's Humanity, I will not suppose, that you are privy to proceedings of so cruel and unjustifiable a nature; and I hope that, upon making the proper Inquiry, you will have the matter so regulated, that the unhappy Creatures, whose Lot is Captivity, may not in future have the Miseries of Cold, disease and Famine, added to their other Misfortunes. You may call us Rebels, and say, that we deserve no better treatment; But remember my Lord, that supposing us Rebels, we still have feelings equally as keen and sensible, as Loyalists, and will, if forced to it, most assuredly retaliate upon those, upon whom we look, as the unjust invaders of our Rights, Liberties and properties.
I should not have said thus much, but my injured Countrymen have long called upon me to endeavour to obtain a redress of their Grievances; and I shall think myself as culpable, as those who inflict such severities upon them, were I to continue silent.
I enclose your Lordship a List of the Captain and Crew of an Armed Boat belonging to Georgia, taken by the Rover Man of War Captain Stanhope. There are a sufficient Number of Prisoners in Georgia, belonging to your Navy, to make an exchange. If the Measure meets your Approbation, it will be very agreeable to both parties. I lately sent in Lieutt. Boger who belonged to the Liverpool Frigate, Captain Bellew of the same Frigate took a Capt. Burk and sent him into New York for the express purpose of having him exchanged for Boger, I should therefore be glad to have Captain Burke sent out.
There are two Captains of Merchantmen by the Name of Bell and Getshius on Board the Whitley prison Ship; if your Lordship will grant them their Liberty upon Parole, I will engage to send two British Masters in Exchange for them. I am &ca.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 13, 1777.6
[Note 6: See General Orders, Nov. 10, 1776, ante.]
Parole Newtown. Countersign Trenton.
Till an Adjutant General is appointed, the duty of that office will be discharged by Col Weedon,7 who is obliging enough to undertake it, Pro-Tempore. He is to be regarded and obeyed as such.
[Note 7: Col. George Weedon, of the Third Virginia Regiment. The adjutant generalcy was vacant by reason of Col. Joseph Reed's resignation. Weedon became a brigadier general in February, 1777, and resigned in June, 1783.]
All the men who came up with Genl. Stephen,8 belonging to the different Corps, either at this place, or Chatham, are immediately to join their respective regiments.
[Note 8: Brig. Gen. Adam Stephen.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 13, 1777.
Sir: Inspect minutely into the State of the five Virginia Regiments now in the Jerseys, retain as many Officers as are necessary for the Men, send (if there are not already a sufficiency) enough to collect, and take care of those at the different hospitals, and otherwise stragled, and let the rest be sent to Virginia in order to Recruit for, and compleat their respective Regiments, agreeable to the general Instructions herewith given you: which, in these Regiments, are to be considered as local, that is, confined to the Commonwealth of Virginia.
No Regiment is to be left without a Field Officer where there is a possibility of avoiding it. In the Instance of Colo. Lawson9 I did,with great difficulty and reluctance, yield to his entreaties, and the peculiarity of his circumstances, but cannot permit another Regiment to be in the same situation when there is such urgent occasion for them, either in the field, or in Quarters if we should be permitted to repair to them.
[Note 9: Lieut. Col. Robert Lawson, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to colonel in August, 1777, and resigned in December, 1777; served subsequently as brigadier general of Virginia Militia.]
The Recruits should be sent forward to their respective Regiments by fifties or upwards as they can be assembled in order that they may be properly provided and disciplind, and be in the way to resist the early attempts of the Enemy in the Spring.
Orders conformable to these you will furnish each Officer with whom you send out upon the Recruiting Service.
Morris Town, January 13, 1777
Sir: You are hereby authorized and Impowered to raise four Companies of Rangers upon the Continental pay, Rank, and establishment. To enable you to do this, you are furnished with a Warrant for 3,000 Dollars to recruit with; part of the bounty to be given at the time of Inlisting, and the other part when the men join the Battalion or Corps they belong to.
That you may not be restricted in the choice of Officers fit for this kind of Service, I leave the Nomination of them (that is for the four Companies) to yourself, reserving to myself a Negative upon any improper choice as in other Cases.
You are to delay no time in forwarding these Companies to the Army (under my immediate Command) as fast as possible where they will be received and provided with necessaries, you are to keep me duly advised of your proceedings that I may know in what time to expect your assistance, When you consider the advanced Season, and compare it with the time we shall undoubtedly be called into the Field I am perswaded it will be a powerful argument in favour of your every exertion to raise the Men. Wishing you success in it, I am, etc.
January 13, 1777.
You are hereby Authorized to inlist in any of the United States of America, all such able-bodied Freemen as are willing to enter into the Service and pay of the States, in the Character of Soldiers, being within the descriptions and upon the conditions hereafter annexed.
First. You are to inlist none but Freemen, above the Age of Seventeen, and under that of fifty, of sufficient Stature and Ability of body, to discharge all the Offices of a private Soldier, to be free from lameness, or other bodily infirmities, which may render them incapable to Support the Fatigues of a Camp.
2dly. You are not to inlist any Deserter from the Army of the King of Great Britain, nor any person of disaffected or Suspicious Principles, with respect to the American Cause.
3dly. You are to inlist them to serve during the War with great Britain, or for three years, unless sooner discharged by proper Authority.
4thly. Every Soldier inlisted, as soon as maybe, to be engaged before a Peace Officer, Judge Advocate or some of his Deputies agreeable to the Section of the Articles of War. Every person so engaged to be Mustered, before the Muster Master General, or some of his Deputies, if they be within a reasonable distance; if not, before some Major General, Brigadier, or Colonel commanding a Brigade, a Surgeon to be present. All the charge and expence for every Soldier inlisted, that does not pass muster, for defects pointed out in these instructions, shall be paid by the Officer that engaged them.
You are hereby Authorized and empowered to give as a reward, and promise in behalf of the Publick, as an encouragement to every Non-commissioned Officer and Soldier that shall enlist, over and above the pay and provisions already allowed, that they shall receive a Bounty of Twenty Dollars and a Suit of Cloaths; the Cloaths to be given annually, as long as they continue in the Service. And at the end of the War, or the term of three Years, every private and Non Commissioned Officer that shall complete his Service, agreeable to his engagement, shall be entitled to One hundred Acres of Land. Those that die, or are killed in the Service, their legal representatives are to be entitled to the same.
As a further encouragement, you are hereby Authorized to promise, that all that are unfortunately maimed in the Service, and rendered incapable of getting a Support, shall receive half pay during their natural Lives, agreeable to the Resolve of Congress, in that case made and provided.10 I am &c.11
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Samuel Shaw.]
[Note 11: These same instructions, in the writing of John Fitzgerald, dated Jan. 27, 1777, and addressed to Col. David Forman, are in the Rutgers University Library.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 14, 1777.
Parole Stirling. Countersign Livingston.
Major John Clarke is appointed Aide-De-Camp to Genl. Greene, in the room of Major William Livingston appointed Lieutenant Colonel in Col Webb's Regiment--He is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
Serjt. Prentice is appointed Captain of the Provost 'till further orders.
For the future, the Brigade Majors will attend at Head Quarters, for General Orders, at 12 o'Clock; General Returns of Brigades to be given in to the Adjutant General immediately.
In future one waggon with four horses, or four oxen, and not more, will be allowed to 80 Men, and in proportion for a greater, or less number; and forage for four Saddle Horses to a Regiment, arranged as follows: Colonel, one; Major, one; Quarter Master and Adjutant, one to both; Surgeon, one. The Commanders of Brigades and Regiments are to take care that no persons, in their respective Corps, except such as are above-mentioned, presume to keep Horses at the public expence.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 14, 1777.
Sir: I embrace this opportunity, by Mr. Hopkins,12 of informing you that the Enemy remain upon the old Ground at Amboy and Brunswick. Our Accounts still confirm their want of Forage, which I hope will increase. If their Horses are reduced this Winter it will be impossible for them to take the Field in the Spring. Genl. Warner, with two Regiments from
[Note 12: David(?) Hopkins.] Massachusetts are arrived here, Genl. Heath with the remainder of the Troops from that State has by this time began to move down towards Kingsbridge.
I this day intend to send a Flag with Letters to Lord and General Howe upon the Subject of General Lee's Exchange and remonstrating against the severe treatment of our prisoners. I inclose you Copies of both for your Inspection and Approbation. I have the honor etc.13
[Note 13: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft has the following additional paragraph, which has been crossed off and is not found in the letter sent: "I have made Mr. Hopkins an offer of a Company in one of the new Regiments to be commanded by Col: Patton."]
[Note 14: British commissary general of prisoners.]
Head Quarters, January 14, 1777.
Sir: As there is a Ballance of Prisoners still due to us, I must beg the favor of you, to give the preference to such Officers as have been heretofore demanded by me, in my Letters to Genl. Howe, and the request not complied with. You may always in future, as we send in Prisoners, return those of equal Rank who have been longest in Captivity, giving a due proportion of Eastern and Southern Officers, except I call for any particular Person. I expect that Rank will be allowed to the French Officers taken at St. Johns last year, and an equal Number of ours returned for them, they themselves claim it, and those that still remain among us, made a demand a few days ago, of being sent in agreeable to the Terms of our Cartel.
I desire that Lt. Colo. Rawlings15 and Major Williams16 may be sent out whenever any Officer of equal Rank is sent in. I am &ca.17
[Note 15: Col. Moses Rawlings, formerly lieutenant colonel of Stephenson's rifle regiment. He had been appointed colonel of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments on January 12.]
[Note 16: Maj. Otho Holland Williams, of Stephenson's regiment. He was exchanged with Rawlings on January 16. Both Colonel Rawlings and Major Williams had been wounded and captured at Fort Washington, N.Y.]
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 14, 1777.
Sir: By virtue of the powers to me given by the Honble. Continental Congress, I do hereby Authorize you, after Appointing the Officers of the four Ranging Companies mentioned in my Instructions of yesterday, and setting them to Recruiting; to proceed immediately to the Cherokee, or any other Nation of Indians in which you may have an Influence, and there use your utmost endeavours to procure a Number of Warriors (not exceeding in the whole 500) to join the Army under my immediate Command.
They are to come provided with Arms, Blankets &ca. but shall be supplied with Ammunition and Provisions, they shall receive in lieu of presents, the same pay as the Troops in Continental Service do, and if they have Officers of their own people, you may engage such advanced pay, provided it bears a similarity to the difference in ours, but not greater.
The Expence of the March will be borne by the Public; for the necessary provisions consumed on your Rout, you are to pass Certificates, which will entitle the proprietors thereof to claim upon the public; consult Oeconomy, and use every dispatch in your power, ever bearing in mind the shortness of the time you have to do a great deal in.
Wishing success to your undertaking and a speedy return. I am, etc.
N. B. This body of Indians (if obtaind) are to consider you as their head, and are to be Informed that they are to obey all such orders as you shall receive from me, and deliver to them.
[Note 20: Of Hunterdon County, N.J., militia.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 14, 1777.
Sir: I have ordered Colo. Kirkbride to relieve you with the Bucks County Militia; As soon as he takes your posts, I desire you will immediately march, with the Men at present under your Command, and as many others as you can collect, to Baskenridge, where you will meet Genl. Dickinson with the Militia of this State. I am etc.
[Note 21: Of the Bucks County, Pa., militia.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 14, 1777.
Sir: Colo. Smith being ordered to march up to this place with the Jersey Militia and form a Brigade under Genl. Dickinson, you are hereby directed to collect as many of the Militia of your County as will mount the necessary guards at the Ferries, where Colo. Smith was posted. You will take particular Care to keep all the Boats, except such as are necessary for the Ferry, drawn up and well guarded, under the care of a good Officer. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 14, 1777.
Dear Sir: I some time ago received advice, that a large parcel of Cloathing was forwarded from New England to Peekskill, with an intent to come on to this Army.
I could not account for its being delayed there, until I was just now informed by the Quarter Master General, that the Convention of your State had appropriated 26. Bales of it to their own use, without consulting him in the least. This I look upon as a most extraordinary piece of Conduct, and what involves me just at this time in the greatest difficulties; for depending upon that Cloathing, I have not applied elsewhere and the Troops in the Field are now absolutely perishing for want of it.
I have therefore to desire, that what is not made use of, may be immediately forwarded to me, and that in future not the least Article may be stopped upon the Way, without giving me due Notice, that I may know how to regulate myself.
I dont doubt, but your Troops were in want of Cloathing; but Consider they were in Comfortable Barracks, while ours are Marching over Frost and Snow, many without a Shoe, Stocking or Blanket.22 I am etc.23
[Note 22: The New York Committee of Safety answered this letter (January 22), explained the transaction, and assured Washington that no supplies of any kind would be interfered with. The committee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 24: Of Col. David Henley's Additional Continental regiment. For the instructions issued see Washington's letter to Col. Nathaniel Gist, the same date as this letter.]
Head Quarters at Morris Town, January 14, 1777.
Sir: Inclosed you have Instructions for recruiting a Company of Rangers; as also a Warrant for Eight hundred Dollars to enter upon this business; One half of the Bounty you will give at the time of Inlisting, the other half when the Men join the Regiment.
Your Company is to consist of Yourself, two Lieuts. and an Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, a Drum and fife, and Seventy Six privates: and as an Encouragement to you to get good Officers and proper Men I leave the appointment of the former to Yourself under the reservation contained in the Inclosed Instruction's.
Use every possible exertion to compleat, and March your Company to the Army under my immediate Command.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, January 15, 1777.
Parole --. Countersign --.
Brigadiers, and Colonels commanding Brigades, are directed to order fatigue parties from their respective Corps, for the purpose of cutting, and cording Wood: The Quarter Masters will order Waggons allotted to their Brigades, to bring it in, and will see it equally distributed amongst the troops of their brigade. This is intended to prevent the burning of fence-rails, which the General positively forbids.
Notwithstanding repeated Orders for all Horses, Plunder &c. taken from the Enemy to be delivered to the Quarter MasterGeneral, who was directed to accompt with the Soldiery for them; the General understands, that some individuals are so lost to obedience, as to hold up and conceal, from the rest of the Army several valuable Horses, for their own private emolument taken in the Action of the 3rd. Instant at Princeton, and on the march from thence;--He therefore strictly orders all such persons, to bring in any Horses, or other Plunder they may have in their possession, and deliver it to the Quarter Master General, for the good of the whole; as they may depend on examples being made of those, who presume a contrary Conduct, so prejudicial to the service.
One orderly Serjeant and two Sentinels to be furnished Governor Livingston from the main Guard.
Reports of Guards to be made to the Adjutant Genl. every morning after Guard mounting, 'till further orders.
Head Quarters at Morristown, January 16, 1777.
Sir: The honorable Continental Congress having resolved to establish Magazines, Laboratories, and Founderies for casting brass Cannon, in the State of Pennsylvania, and in New England, and having invested me with power to effect the same. I have directed Lieutenant Colo. Fowler35 Commissary of Military Stores to repair to York Town and Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania and put the various matters in the Ordnance branch in such forwardness, as will probably answer the purposes intended. You are to repair to Hartford in Connecticut and there provide and contract for such, buildings, Materials, and Artificers, as you shall think necessary for the exigencies of the Grand Continental Army; also having a reference to the supply of the Army to the Northward, which perhaps must be drawn from the Magazines and Laboratories at Hartford. The Monies necessary for these purposes you are to draw on the Paymaster General or any of his Deputies, or to borrow of public bodies, or private persons, as shall be most Convenient.
[Note 35: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Flower. He was appointed colonel of the Artillery Artificer Regiment on January 16.]
You must keep a very particular account of all charges and expences incur'd in the establishment of the aforesaid affairs, and as soon as you have digested and form'd your plan, you are to transmit it to me for my approbation. The very great demand which the Continent has for a well regulated and well provided Artillery, will I hope influence you to the utmost exertion of your endeavours in order to perfect them with the greatest expedition36
[Note 36: The draft appears to have been the document used, as it is place-dated and signed by Washington, though with his abbreviated signature.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, January 16, 1777.
Parole Amboy. Countersign Brunswick.
General Court Martial to sit to morrow at 9 o'Clock, for the trial of Capt. Fister37 and Lieut. Rallwaggon,38 of the German
[Note 37: Capt. Henry Fister. He was dismissed on Apr. 7, 1777.]
[Note 38: Lieut. Frederick Rowlwagen. He was cashiered on Apr. 15, 1777.] Battalion. Col. Stricker39 and such officers of his Regiment, as can give information of the above Gentlemen's Conduct, for which they were confined, will attend the Court, for that purpose.
[Note 39: Lieut. Col. George Stricker.]
The Captain of the Provost is ordered to warn [sic] one Serjeant, and 25 Privates, as his guard. Prisoners confined for capital offences will hereafter be committed to his charge, and be by him reported.
Head Quarters at Morris Town, January 16, 1777.
Sir: The Honble. Continental Congress having Resolved to establish a Magazine, Laboratories, and Founderies for casting Cannon &c. at York Town in the State of Pennsylvania; You are hereby directed to repair thither and erect or provide such Buildings,as shall be Necessary for carrying on the preparation of fixed Ammunition, of every Species. An Air Furnace to be constructed there, to hold three Thousand Weight of Fluxed Metal. A Mill for the purpose of Boring the Cannon &c. after they are Cast. Shops sufficient for Forty Carpenters, Forty Blacksmiths, and Twenty Wheelwrights. Turners and Tinmen, in proportion to the Demand the Laboratory shall have for them. Also Twelve Harness Makers to make spare Harness, double and Single.
The Artificers above mentioned are to consult The Founder, about the Size of the Cannon, and they are to make spare Carriages for them, the Wheels, Cheeks, Limbers &c. to be ready to be put together for immediate use. The Founder to be instructed to cast Six pounders first, Three pounders and Howitzers next, and after there are about Sixty of these Cast, he is to Cast Ten Twelve pounders.
Besides the Artificers before mentioned, who are to be enlisted for One Year, there are to be Sixty persons employed in the Laboratory inlisted for the War, consisting of One Captain, who is to be Capt. Coren,40 One Captt. Lieutt., Four Lieutenants, Six Sarjeants, Six Corporals, Six Bombardiers, One Drum and Fife with Twenty Eight Matrosses; these persons are to be inlisted as Artillery Men, altho' they are at present to be employed in the Laboratories.
[Note 40: Capt. Isaac Coren, of the Pennsylvania Independent Artillery. He was assigned to duty in the laboratory on February 1 and was cashiered June 30, 1780.]
This Company is to fix all kinds of Ammunition, according to the Orders they shall receive. Case Shot with Flannel Cartridges for 3.6. and 12 pounders, to be the first Object. Musket Cartridges are likewise to be made in great Numbers.
You are to contract for and procure likewise the Articles, a list of which you have on a Seperate paper.
Exclusive of the above Artificers, we shall want a Company of Artificers inlisted during the War, to be attached to the Artillery in the Field, Consisting of One Master Carpenter, One Master Wheelwright and One Master Blacksmith, two Tinmen, two Turners, two Coopers, Four Harness Makers, two Nailers, and two Farriers, Six Wheelwrights, Twenty five Carpenters and Fifteen Smiths, the whole being Sixty, under the direction of the Master Carpenter.
The people now employed in the different Branches in Philadelphia of making Carriages for Cannon, Casting of Cannon and preparing Ammunition of all Kinds, are still to continue to carry on their different Business there; and if there should be any thing necessary to further or Quicken these matters, you are hereby directed to use your utmost exertions for these important purposes.
After the Buildings, Furnace &c. are prepared at York Town, part of the Different Branches to be removed thither. In the course of providing these matters, you will have Occasion for sums of Money which you will procure, by applying to the Commissioners of Congress at Philadelphia.
Mr. Byers the Founder at Philadelphia, must have every Encouragement and Assistance, in order to Carry on the Business with the utmost Spirit.
The Commissioners of the Honble. Congress residing at Philadelphia, will, upon your applying to them, which you are to do, give you every assistance in their power; for any thing Necessary to be transacted in Camp, you are to apply to Majr. Genl. Greene, in the absence of Genl Knox.
You must keep a very particular Account, of all Matters and Expences transacted by you, in Order to render in when called for.
The Speedy Accomplishment of the matters with which you are intrusted, are of such high import to the Wellfare of the Continent, that I hope no inducement will be wanting to urge you to complete them, as soon as possible.
The Continental Congress have resolved, that it is their Opinion, that Carlisle in Pennsylvania, is a proper place for a Magazine &c. You are therefore, not to make any preparations in York Town, which cannot be removed from thence to Carlisle. I shall write to the Congress concerning this matter, and let you know the result as soon as possible; in the mean time every preparation is to be push'd in Philadelphia, with the utmost vigor.41
[Note 41: The draft, in the writing of John Fitzgerald, was apparently the document used, as it is place-dated and signed in full by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 17, 1777.
Sir: I have not had the honor of any of your favors since I wrote to you on the 14th instant. No material Alterations have happened in this quarter. The Enemy, from every Account, mean to make Brunswick their advanced post for this Winter; they are endeavouring to draw in all the Forage they can get, in the course of which, they have daily Skirmishes with our advanced parties. But I think do what they will, they must be distressed greatly, before the Winter is over.
By a late Resolve of Congress, the Towns of Carlisle in Pennsylvania and Brook field in Massachusetts, are fixed upon for the proper places to erect Elaboratories and lay up Magazines of Military Stores. Upon Communicating this Resolve to Genl Knox, who will have the principal direction of these Matters, he was of opinion, that Hartford in Connecticut would be, on many accounts, more convenient for that purpose than Brookfield, particularly in respect to Buildings, which are already erected, and tho not such, as are immediately fit for the uses they are intended for, may be easily converted to them. Genl Knox and others, whom I have consulted on the Occasion, also think, that York Town will be full as safe and more convenient than Carlisle. If these two Alterations, should, upon a reconsideration, appear to you in the same light, and no steps should have been taken towards carrying Matters into Execution, I should be glad, that you would, by a new Resolve, permit me to direct the Works to be carried on at the places last mentioned.
Since I began this Letter, your favor of the 10th was deliver'd to me, inclosing sundry Resolves of Congress, to which I shall pay due Attention, and shall inform Doctr. Morgan and Doctor Stringer42 of their Dismission from the Service of the States. I have the honor to be, etc.43
[Note 42: Drs. John Morgan and Samuel Stringer were dismissed by resolve of Congress of January 9, a culmination of the quarrel between Morgan and Dr. William Shippen, who obtained the backing of the New England Delegates. Morgan was vindicated by a resolve of Congress June 12, 1779.]
[Note 43: Both the draft and letter sent are in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: Capt. Bell44 of Philadelphia, a very intelligent and credible person, made his escape from New York about ten days
[Note 44: Captain Bell was probably the same sea captain mentioned in Sir William Howe's letter to Washington of January 17.] ago. He informs that there were no troops upon Long Island, but Delancy's45 Brigade and not more than 1000 Men upon York Island, all the rest having joined the Army now in Jersey. And that Transports were gone up the Sound to bring back the Troops from Rhode Island, in order to make a Junction of their whole Army, to endeavour to give us a total defeat. This I think by no means improbable; Now, if you could get any certain information of their Strength within the Island, (which I think may be done by sending in persons who have taken protections) and should not find it to exceed what Capt. Bell reports, a stroke might be struck, before they are reinforced from Rhode Island, that would ruin them. This is a Matter of such Consequence, that I would have you spare neither pains nor Expence to gain intelligence. We have heard that they were building Sleds in New York, which I suppose are for drawing wood this Winter; but it would be well for your Spies to learn what use they are really intended for.
[Note 45: Brig. Gen. Oliver Delancey, of the British provincial troops.]
I have directed Genls. Spencer and Arnold, to follow the Enemy, if they leave Rhode Island and fall down the Sound again. I am &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 17, 1777.
Parole Windsor. Countersign Winchester.
A Court of inquiry to sit to morrow, at 9 o'Clock to examine into a Complaint lodged by Serjt. Davis, William Davis, and one Gallakin, all of Capt. Leir's48 Company, against Major Procter,49 Capt. Lang,50 and Lieut. Turnbull51 of the Artillery: All Evidences to attend, and facts as they appear, to be reported.
[Note 48: Captain Leirs is difficult to identify.]
[Note 49: Maj. Thomas Procter, of the Pennsylvania Artillery, He was made colonel of the Fourth Continental Artillery on February 5; resigned Apr. 18, 1781.]
[Note 50: Capt. James Lang, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 51: Lieut. Charles Turnbull, of Procter's artillery. He was captain-lieutenant of the Fourth Continental Artillery on March 3; taken prisoner at Bound Brook, N.J., April 13; made captain (while a prisoner) June 16, 1777; exchanged in April, 1780; served to September, 1783.]
The Out-Guards are strictly forbid allowing any Soldiers to pass them, but such as have regular discharges from their commanding officer: This the officers of the different Regiments will attend to.
Lieut. Isaac Budd Dunn is appointed Brigade Major to Genl. St. Clair, and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: By accounts just received by a person who came out of New York a few days ago, and other corroborating Circumstances, it looks as if the Enemy intended to withdraw their force from Rhode Island again, and make a junction of their whole Army, in this province. If this event should happen, you will probably find an Opportunity of falling upon their Rear in their Embarkation, which is an advantage that should be improved to the utmost.
Should the Enemy evacuate Rhode Island and fall down the Sound towards New York, you will lose no time in marching immediately, with such of the Troops as were before intended to join this Army, and as many more as you can possibly collect, and join Genl. Heath, who you will in all probability find in the province of New York. But should any alteration of Circumstances, have made it Necessary for him to have passed over into Jersey, you shall have Notice where and how to follow. If Business or Accident should delay you, Genl. Arnold can, in that case, take the Command of and conduct the Troops. If the Enemy make this new Junction of their Army, it is undoubtedly with an intent to make a Grand push at us, before we get our New Levies into the field; you, therefore, see the Necessity there is, of opposing them with as great a force as possible, and I hope you and Genl. Arnold will exert yourselves, in bringing forward as many men as you possibly can, and as speedily as you can. The Enemy, by being drove back from most part of the province of Jersey, on which they depended for Subsistence, are much distressed for Provision and Forage, and unless they make a push to extricate themselves, they must in a Manner perish this Winter. This is another reason for making me believe, that they will certainly make some great Effort to make up their late losses. I therefore again press it to you, to follow them as expeditiously as possible, should they leave Rhode Island. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: It is some time since I had the pleasure of writing to or receiving a Letter from you. The weight of Business which has lain upon both our hands, has I dare say hindered us from writing Letters, but when absolutely necessary.
The Enemy, by two lucky Strokes at Trenton and Princeton, have been obliged to abandon every part of Jersey, except Brunswick and Amboy and the small tract of Country between them, which is so intirely exhausted of Supplies of every kind, that I hope, by preventing them from sending their foraging Parties to any great distance, to reduce them to the utmost distress, in the course of this Winter.
Colo. Dayton arrived from the Northward a few days ago; he informs me that the time of most of his Regiment expires in February; but that they are extremely anxious to get down to this part of the Country, where many of them have Families and Connections, who they suppose must have suffered many hardships, as the Enemy were for some time in possession of the Country and committed every kind of Depredation upon the Inhabitants; he thinks, if they were brought down here, before they are discharged, that most of them might be induced to inlist for the War, which would be a thing to be wished for, as I am told they are a fine body of Men and well acquainted with this Country, which will in all probability be the scene of action next Campaign.
I would not give Colo. Dayton any kind of promise to withdraw the Regiment from Ticonderoga one day before their time expires, without consulting you, and I do it now only, for the reasons before mentioned.58
[Note 58: Col. Elias Dayton commanded the Third New Jersey Regiment, which had been stationed on the western frontiers of New York and was ordered to Ticonderoga near the end of the year, where it was stationed under Lieut. Col. Francis Barber. The situation is described in a letter from Barber to Dayton from Mount Independence, opposite to Ticonderoga, which Sparks quotes: "We have now reached the 12th of February, but have made no advances towards New Jersey. What is yet worse, there is not the least prospect of our departure, notwithstanding our soldiers' times are expiring in thick succession. The time I long dreaded has come, when the virtue of our men is tried in such delicate circumstances, they being detained on this ground after their times are out, their native province and friends suffering by the depredations of the enemy, and a most poisonous example set them here by regiments quitting the ground immediately on the expiration of their enlistments. As yet they are quiet, but I fear I shall have much trouble with them before we are relieved. I have written to General Schuyler, according to your directions, and received his answer requesting my exertions to detain the men until troops can arrive sufficient to garrison this post, We have now the dull prospect of lingering out perhaps two months longer in the disagreeable state of a separation of soul and body; for you must certainly suppose our hearts are in New Jersey, though our bodies are on Mount Independence. The men think very hard of their fate; they repeat your promises; they mention the circumstances of their State, friends, and property; arguments which cause me a difficulty to answer."]
I shall be glad to hear from you upon the subject of garrisoning the Forts upon the Lakes, against the next Campaign, both as to the Number of men and the time that they ought to be there. I should think that the Levies from Massachusets and New Hampshire had better be ordered there, as it is more convenient for them than the Troops of any other State to march to that Quarter. I wish to be informed of the number and State of the public Arms to the Northward, as I suppose many of the disbanded Troops left their's behind them. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 18, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday received a Letter from Mr. Hancock with the following Resolve of Congress which he desired might be communicated to you.
January 9th., 1777.
Resolved, That Doctr. John Morgan Director General, and Doctr. Saml. Stringer Director of the Hospital in the northern Department of the Army of the United States, be, and they are hereby dismissed from any further Service in said Offices.
What occasioned the above Resolve I cannot say, I can only assure you, it has not been owing to any representations of mine.54 I am &c.55
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 55: The same letter was sent to Dr. Samuel Stringer.]
Head Quarts., Morris Town, January 19, 1777.
Sir: The fluctuating state of an Army, composed Chiefly of Militia, bids fair to reduce us to the Situation in which we were some little time ago, that is, of scarce having any Army at all, except Reinforcements speedily arrive. One of the Battalions from the City of Philadelphia goes home to day, and the other two only remain a few days longer upon Courtesy. The time, for which a County Brigade under Genl. Mifflin came out, is expired, and they stay from day to day, by dint of Solicitation. Their Numbers much reduced by desertions. We have about Eight hundred of the Eastern Continental Troops remaining, of twelve or fourteen hundred who at first agreed to stay, part engaged to the last of this Month and part to the middle of next. The five Virginia Regts. are reduced to a handful of Men, as is Col Hand's, Smallwood's, and the German Battalion. A few days ago, Genl Warner arrived, with about seven hundred Massachusetts Militia engaged to the 15th [of] March. Thus, you have a Sketch of our present Army, with which we are obliged to keep up Appearances, before an Enemy already double to us in Numbers, and who, from every Account, are withdrawing their Troops from Rhode Island to form a junction of their whole Army and make another Attempt, either to break up ours, or penetrate towards Philadelphia, a thing by no means difficult now, as the Ice affords an easy Passage over the Delaware. I dont yet know what effect Genl. Heath's moving down towards New York, will have. Yesterday Morning a considerable firing was heard, which seemed to be about Kings Bridge. I am in hopes, that his appearance on that Quarter with a pretty large force, will oblige them to withdraw part of their's from Jersey to secure the City of New York, which, by late Accounts is weakly Garrisoned. Genl Heath has all the Eastern and York Militia with him, except the small Brigade under General Warner that I mentioned before, one Regiment of Connecticut stopped at Providence in Rhode Island, and a Number (how many I dont know) requested by General Schuyler to be sent to Ticonderoga. If it should appear that they are regardless of the diversion made by Genl. Heath and persist in their plan of drawing their whole Army together in Jersey; I must order him over with all his Troops, except as many as are necessary to garrison the Forts and guard the Passes in the Highlands.
I have ordered away every Officer that could be spared, some to recruit and some to collect the scattered Men of the different Regiments, who are dispersed almost over the Continent. For of the vast Numbers sent to the Hospitals, at different times, few ever returned after they got well.
As Militia must be our dependance, till we can get the New Army raised and properly arranged, I must intreat you to continue your endeavours with the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, to turn out every Man that they possibly can, and for some longer time than they generally have stipulated for. If they agree for a Month or any limited time, it should commence from the time they actually join the Army, and not from the time they leave their homes, otherwise, the marching backwards and forwards, consumes the term of engagement. I think these demands of Aid, should be made, as quietly as the nature of the Case will admit of, especially at this time, when we are deceiving our Enemies with false Opinions of our Numbers. For to boast of our superiority in that respect on one hand, and to call publicly on the people for Assistance on the other, is an impropriety too glaring. Indeed it has been already noticed in some publications that I have seen from New York. I have &c.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: By this time nearly, you must have discover'd what effect your movement towards New York has occasioned.57 If the City on the one hand is not left so destitute of Troops as to afford you an easy conquest of it, nor so strengthened as to leave the Enemy weak in this State, the end of your Expedition is not answered, and the junction of your Troops with these under my Command (after leaving sufficient Guards at the Forts, and passes of the Highlands) becomes indispensably necessary. I have therefore to desire, that you will be preparing Boats &ca. at some convenient place for crossing the North River, in order that no time may be lost if it should become (as I believe it shortly will), absolutely necessary for a junction of the Forces.
[Note 57: Heath replied (January 19): "Yesterday morning about Sunrise our Troops in Three Divisions arrived in the Neighbourhood of Fort Independence; the Right Division by the Albany Road, the Centre by Stephen Ward's and the left by East Chester. Upon our approach the Enemy fled to Fort Independence; leaving 15 Muskets at one place and Ten at another besides Blankets &c. I summoned the Fort to Surrender. I have taken the Liberty to enclose a Copy. The Answer to the Summons was verbal, and in Substance, that as the Americans were excepted, that they altho' Britons had no Answer to return; they afterwards fired a number of Cannon at us from the Fort which we returned We took one Light Horseman with Horse &c cornpleat and one Soldier and have had one man killed by Cannon Ball this day." This letter isin the Washington Papers.
Heath's forces were entirely militia, and he claimed, in his letter of January 30, that he had no cannon with which to batter the fort before assaulting it. The small skirmish was magnified by public report and the reaction when the truth became known was distasteful. The surrender summons was pompous in tone; no copy is found in the Washington Papers, but its text and particulars of the enterprise may be found' in Memoirs of Major General William Heath (Boston: 1798). No attack was made on the fort, though Heath remained in its vicinity for over a week.]
I cannot in this place, assign you my reasons for this Opinion, but desire, if your prospects are not such as I hoped for on that side, that you will prepare for a remove, and pay strict and diligent obedience to the order when you receive it, as much may depend on dispatch. In the mean while continue to procure, and give me every possible Information of the Enemy's Situation, Strength &ca. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft, in the writing of John Fitzgerald, is signed in full by Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Morris Town, January 19, 1777.
My Lord: A report is current here which gives me much pain; it is, that in consequence of some orders of your Lordship, or dispute with the Militia, five or Six hundred of them have gone home in disgust, turn'd others back which were coming on, and spread universal uneasiness and dissatisfaction as they travel'd. I hope the report is without foundation; unhappy will it be for us if it is not, when we stand so much in need of Men to supply the places of those who are leaving us daily. It has been our great misfortune to have too much to do with Militia; but while the necessity exists, the most should be made of them; a people unused to restraint must be led, they will not be drove, even those who are ingaged for the War, must be disciplin'd by degrees, we must not expect the same ready obedience therefore from New, as from old Troops accustomed to obey.
I would have your Lordship with such Troops as are with you, proceed immediately to this place, collecting as you come on, all the straglers belonging to the Regiments now in this Quarter especially the Continental ones, send forward to advise me of your approach, your Numbers and Corps. I am etc.
Morris County, January 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: Let me beseech you, to nominate, and set four Gentlemen, such as you conceive will make good Captains, to raising Companies upon the Continental Pay and establishment, and to be annexed hereafter to one of the Sixteen additional Regiments; I shall also leave the Nomination of the Subaltern Officers for these Companies to yourself and the Captains; all I ask is, that they may be Gentlemen, and that they be not taken out of any Continental Corps, because by so doing you will give a check to the recruiting of that Corps.
You may give Majr. Pawling assurances, that he shall become Major of the Regiment, to which these Companies shall be annexed, and that I hope he will exert himself in the raising of them speedily. I will give a Warrant to your Order, or in consequence of a Letter from you, for Recruiting. If you could fix upon four other Captains in the same manner, and upon the same terms as above, and would let me know it soon, I dare say there will be vacancies for them. The Selection of Officers for these Companies, may possibly be made from the Militia, you are empowered by your State to call in, and the Men recruited from them. The Colo. and Lieutt. Colo. I shall appoint hereafter. Most sincerely I remain etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald and is signed in full by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 19, 1777.
Gentn.: The readiness which the Militia of Pennsylvania have shewn by engaging in the Service of their Country, at an inclement Season of the year, when my Army was reduced to an handful of Men, and our affairs in the most Critical Situation, does great honor to them and to your State. But altho' they have contributed greatly to the Success, which has lately attended our Arms, I must inform you, that with pain I hear they have determined to return home. Most of the City Militia have determined to stay some days longer; they must then be discharged, as I am well informed they are generally in want of almost every Necessary. I must depend chiefly this Winter on the Militia, to enable me to act offensively, or even to make a Stand, and therefore sincerely wish, they could have been prevailed upon to serve, 'till they could have been relieved by the Troops now raising by the Continent. There now is the fairest Opportunity of totally destroying the British Army, or at least of delaying their Operations in the Spring, 'till we may be prepared to oppose them by regular Forces. As it is a Matter of the highest Importance, that your Militia should be put on such a footing, as willfully answer the Exigency of our affairs at this time, I do most earnestly recommend, That such Spirited and effectual Measures be adopted as will soonest accomplish this great and Necessary Work. As there is not the least doubt at present, that the principle Object of the Enemy is to get Possession of the City of Philadelphia, it is absolutely necessary, that every Person able to bear Arms (except such as are Conscientiously scrupulous against it in every Case), should give their personal Service, and whenever a part of the Militia is required only, either to join the Army or find a Man in their place. In order to effect this, I beg you will order the whole Militia of your State to be enrolled and compleatly equipp'd; that one half at least may proceed to join the Army with all possible expedition. Those who have done their tour of Duty already to be excused; But those that have not should be obliged to come forth or hire a proper person in their Place, and to remain till the first of April, unless sooner discharged, by the Commander in Chief. You may be assured, that nothing but the United Efforts of every State in America can Save us from Disgrace and too probably from Ruin. The Army is much reduced since we left Trenton, and the Many that will be discharged in a few days, will so weaken our force, that it will be impossible to oppose the Enemy with Success, should they advance towards us; or do any essential Service, if they should move towards Philadelphia. As I cannot expect our Situation can long be a Secret to the Enemy, There is no doubt, but they will avail themselves of it, and take the Advantage of our Weakness. When any of your Militia are coming forward, I beg you will inform them, that the time, for which they engage to Serve, is to begin when they join the Army. The want of a Regular, well established Government in your State, has 'greatly obstructed the Public Service; I therefore recommend that some Authority be immediately exerted to draw forth your whole Strength. I have the honor etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston and Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town in New Jersey, January 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: We are in want of a Waggon Master Genl. to the Army. If you Incline to accept of that Office I will appoint you to it, in this case, do not delay a moments time in repairing to the Army, or to Genl. Mifflin, the Quarter Master Genl, from whom you will receive your Orders; At any rate, send word by return of the bearer (who comes express to you) whether you will, or will not accept, as the exigency of the Service will not admit either of doubt or delay.62
[Note 62: Captain Snickers declined on the score of advanced age.]
You will have the pay of Colonel allowed you, that is, Twenty two pounds ten shillings pr. Kalender month; Dollars at Six Shillings. I am etc.
P.S. You will be allowed a Clerk for keeping your accts. and doing the necessary Writing63
[Note 63: The same letter was sent to Col. Valentine Crawford in case Captain Snickers declined. Crawford had died on January 7.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 20, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 15th Inst. with the sundry Resolves inclosed in it. If that respecting the Continental Currency is carried strictly into execution, it cannot fail of fully reestablishing its Credit.71
[Note 71: The resolves of January 14 provided for the punishment of any person who asked or received for the Continental currency more than the face value of such currency in gold or silver, and that any transaction of barter or sale that depreciated the face value of the paper currency in coin should be punished by confiscation of the property so bartered or sold. The States were asked to pass laws inflicting such forfeitures and to make the Continental bills of credit lawful tender in private and public debts; debts payable in sterling money to be discharged by Continental currency at the rate of 4/6 sterling per dollar. Also, among other provisions for State sinking funds, etc., Congress directed the Continental Loan Office to receive State bills of credit for financing within the respective States.]
I have no objection to the three Gentlemen, who are recommended for Field Officers in the New Hampshire Regiment, they seem fully intitled to it, as they have raised the Regiment. I will furnish them with Commissions, from the date of their appointment, when applied to for that purpose.
There is something particular in the Application of Col Duo bois72 and his Officers for the Sum of 5132/3 dollars. They were to have been commissioned, provided they could raise the Men, but from their own pay Abstract it appears, that 14 Officers only brought 25 Men into the Field. As they Certainly did not comply with their agreement, I would, after stating the Matter as it really was, submit it to Congress, who have the disposal of the public Money.
[Note 72: Col. Lewis Dubois, of the Fifth New York Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Fort Montgomery in October, 1777; resigned in December, 1779; served later as colonel of New York levies.]
I have perused the Petition of Monsrs. Fanuiel73 and other French Gentlemen. If they could raise such a Regiment, as they
[Note 73: The petition of Fanuiel and three others, of Boston, was presented to the Massachusetts Legislature, transmitted to the Continental Congress, and by that body referred to Washington. A copy of the petition is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] propose, it would certainly be useful, but I have no conception, that there are Canadians enough to be found even for a Regiment of the common Number, much less of 2347, which is the number proposed. I know neither Colo Livingston,74 nor Col Hazen75 could even complete their Canadian Regiments, when they had the Country open to them. As I would give Encouragement to Foreigners of real Merit, I would put the thing upon this footing. If Monsr. Fanuiel can procure a sufficient Number of Officers to fill a Regiment of the common Size, and they can give any Assurance of being able to raise the Men, I would grant them Commissions. I would beg leave to remark here, that except we can throw the many Foreigners, who have Commissions in our Army, into a Corps together, they will be intirely useless, as they can neither converse with Officers or Men in any other kind of Regiment.
[Note 74: Col. James Livingston.]
[Note 75: Col. Moses Hazen.]
I am so well assured, that you would not recommend Doctr. Potts76 to succeed Doctr. Stringer in the northern Department, except you had Sufficient proof of his Abilities in the medical line, that I readily concur with you in the Appointment.
[Note 76: Dr. Jonathan Potts.]
I have received a piece of Information, which I am afraid is true, and that is, that the British Cruizers have taken a French Vessel with a large parcel of Cannon and Mortars on board. I know such a one was expected, and therefore more readily credit the Account. I am etc.77
[Note 77: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, January 20, 1777.
Parole --. Countersign --.
Each Brigadier is to appoint [designate] a Brigade Parade, as central to his Brigade, as circumstances of Ground will permit; and each Colonel, or commanding Officer of a regiment is to fix under the same circumstances, a regimental parade, as convenient to the regiment, and the Brigade Parade, as possible.
An Alarm will be communicated by the discharge of three Field Pieces (which the commanding officer of the Artillery is to keep always in readiness) Upon the fire of these guns, the Drums of different Regiments are immediately to beat To Arms, and the regiments formed, and marched to the Brigade Parade, as speedily as possible, after which, if circumstances will admit of it, the Brigadiers (those at Morristown) are to repair to the Commander in Chief, for Orders, otherwise to send for orders.
Upon the Alarm Guns being fired at Morristown, the troops at Chatham, and other posts, are immediately to assemble at their respective General Parades, and if the Alarm is first received at any of those posts, it is to be communicated by Alarm Guns, and Expresses as fast as possible to Head Quarters.
George Johnston Esqr. is appointed Aide-De-Camp to the Commander in Chief, and is to be regarded and obeyed as such.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 20, 1777.
Sir: I take the Liberty to propose the Establishment of an Officer to reside in New York, under parole to transmit no Intelligence but what belongs to his Office; whose Business it shall be, to provide Necessaries for such Prisoners as fall into your Hands. Perhaps the Establishment of such an Officer with proper Credits, may put a stop to the many Complaints which I am daily under the necessity of hearing; some probably without foundation, and others arising from the want of many things which you are not obliged to furnish the Prisoners.
The Gentleman I would beg leave to recommend as a proper Agent is Mr. Lewis Pintard, the bearer, a person well known in New York, and of long established Reputation as a considerable Merchant.78 The Council of Safety of Pennsylvania have desired Liberty, when the Weather permits, of sending a Vessel, under a Flag, with a Supply of Meat and Flour for our Prisoners in New York. I shall be glad to be favoured with your Answer, and am, etc.79
[Note 78: In accordance with a resolve of Congress (January 16) which left the choice of the agent to Washington.]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 20, 1777.
Sir: I have just received Advice from Governor Trumbull of Connecticut, that he has sent in, all the British Prisoners from that State, to Rhode Island. He has not yet furnished me with a Return, but I imagine he has sent one to you by the eldest Officer. I am informed that Capt. Amos Fellows of Col: Chapman's Regt.,80 who was taken Prisoner the 15th. Septr. last, has been confined upon suspicion of being concerned in the Fire which happened at New York a few days after. As I have every Reason to believe that Capt. Fellows is intirely innocent of the Crime laid to his charge, I hope you will procure his Liberty, and to make him some compensation for his sufferings, I desire he may be released among the first that are exchanged. I am &c.81
[Note 80: Col. Samuel Chapman's Connecticut Militia regiment.]
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 20, 1777.
Sir: I am exceeding sorry to hear that your State have ordered several Battalions to be raised for the defence of the State only, and this before proper Measures are taken to fill the Continental Regiments. You cannot be insensible how unequal any one State is, unconnected with the others, to defend itself; if the Enemy makes a descent against it, with any considerable part of their force: Neither have you the least reason to think, you would derive less protection from the Troops, if they were raised upon the Continent's Account, than that of the State. If each State was to prepare for its own defence, independent of each other, they would all be soon conquered, one by one. Our Success must depend upon a firm Union and a strict adherence to the General plan. other Measures may produce a partial relief, but never can remove the principal Evil.
You must be sensible the Season is fast approaching, when a new Campaign will open; nay, the former is not yet closed, neither do I intend it shall, unless the Enemy quits the Jerseys. It is of the last importance to the interest of America, that the New Regiments be speedily levied. It will give me an Opportunity, in the fore part of the Campaign, before the Enemy can Collect their force, or receive any reinforcement from home, to give them a fatal Stab. Such a blow, in the forepart of the Season, might terminate the Campaign to great Advantage. I am sure the Necessity of having the Continental Regiments immediately compleated, are too Obvious to need any further Arguments.--I hope the Powers of Government are such, as to Compleat the New Levies by draught, if they cannot be fill'd Seasonably by Voluntary inlistments. Necessity obliges me to Call upon you, as I shall upon every other State, in the most pressing terms, to compleat without delay your proportion of the Eighty Eight Battalions.82 I am Confident the raising the two Regiments at the Expence of the State, before the Continental Regiments are Compleat, can answer no valuable purpose.
[Note 82: By resolve of Congress (Sept. 16, 1776) 88 battalions were to be raised for service during the continuance of the war. The quotas (battalions) assigned each State were: New Hampshire, 3; Massachusetts, 15; Rhode Island, 2; Connecticut, 8; New York, 4; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 12; Delaware, 1; Maryland, 8; Virginia, 15; North Carolina, 9; South Carolina, 6; Georgia, 1.] If the Enemy make a descent upon Rhode Island, with any Considerable force, the opposition of two Regiments will be inconsiderable. If they only infest the Coast with their Ships, the Militia would answer a much better purpose and at a far less expence. I must confess I am ignorant of the Reasons that induced the Assembly to adopt the Measure; Neither can I conceive of the use and Policy of the Scheme.
I wish it may not be productive of more injury than benefit, by introducing innovations and changes that must retard the filling the Continental Regiments and Consequently, prejudice the general Interest, which every State must have an Eye to; and the obligation on you is Stronger than any one else, being the most exposed and the least capable of Making a seperate defence.
Our affairs here are in a very prosperous train, within a Month past, in several engagements with the Enemy, we have kill'd, wounded and taken Prisoners between 2.000 and 3.000 Men. I am very confident the Enemy's loss here will oblige them to recall their force from your State. If I am properly supported, I hope to close the Campaign Gloriously for America. I have the honor etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of John Walker.]
Morris Town, January 20, 1777.
Sir: You are to proceed from hence to New Town, to morrow, and there inquire into the state of the small pox and use every possible means in your power, to prevent that disease from spreading in the Army and among the Inhabitants, which may otherwise prove fatal to the service; To that end you are to take such Houses, as will be convenient, in the most retired parts of the Country and best calculated to answer that purpose. You will then proceed to Philadelphia and consult Doctor Shippen the Director, about forming an Hospital for the ensuing Campaign, in such manner, as that the Sick and Wounded may be taken the best care of, and the inconveniences in that Department, so much complain'd of, the last Campaign, may be remedied in future. You will also, in conjunction with Doctor Shippen, point out to me, in writing, such Officers and Stores, as you may think necessary for the arrangement of an Hospital, in every branch of the Department, as well to constitute one for an Army in the field, which may be stiled a flying Hospital; as also, fixed Hospitals in such parts of the Country, as the nature of the service, from time to time may require. Let your standard be for 10,000 Men for one Campaign, and so in proportion for a greater or less number, as you may hereafter be ordered. I am etc.
Head Quarters, January 21, 1777.
General Putnam communicated to me last night, the disagreeable account that Lt.Col.Preston's84 party of Militia from Cumberland County in this State has deserted him; this practice in the Militia so generally prevails, that unless some effectual check can be speedily applied, I apprehend the most fatal Consequences. The mischief is not confined to the desertion alone, they stay till they are properly equipped to render essential Service, and by that means plunder the public of the necessaries that were at first otherwise intended and would be better applied.
[Note 84: Lieut. Col. Isaac Preston. He died in 1777.]
Now I recommend to you, that you call immediately into Service (by such ways as you think best) at least one third of all the Militia of this State, making it generally known amongst them, that they must come prepared to stay till the first of April, unless sooner discharged by Authority. It will occur to them, that nothing but their most vigorous exertion at this time, will enable me to oppose any design of the Enemy, and that therefore they ought to continue with me till relieved by the Regular Troops now raising; I mean however, that every possible indulgence should be shewn to those men who have been in actual Service and were regularly discharged, and that no excuse shall be admitted for those who have shamefully remained at home when their every thing was at stake. I am, etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, January 21, 1777.
Parole --. Countersign --.
The General is very sorry to find, that the late General Orders, allowing the Plunder taken from the enemy to be divided for the benefit of the party that took it, has been so mistaken by some, and abused by others; This indulgence was granted to scouting parties only, as a reward for the extraordinary fatigues, hardship, and danger they were exposed to upon those parties--The General never meant, nor had any Idea, that any of our own, or Enemy's Stores, found at any evacuated post, were to be considered as the property of those that first marched in, neither did he mean that any of the public Stores, discovered by any of the scouting parties, should be appropriated to their use, unless they found the enemy in actual possession, and dispossest them; Plunder taken under such circumstances, either by Militia or Continental Troops, to be reported by the commanding Officer of the party to some of the Continental, or Provincial Generals, who are directed to have all the provisions, and military stores so taken, appraised by the Commissary and Quarter Master Generals, or their Deputies, and the party paid the value thereof: Such Articles as are taken, not necessary for the use of the Army, to be sold at Public Vendue, under the direction of the Quarter Master General or some of his Deputies, for the benefit of the party also--The General prohibits both in Militia and Continental Troops, in the most positive terms, the infamous practice of plundering the Inhabitants, under the specious pretence of their being Tories--Let the persons who are known to be enemies to their Country, be seized and confin'd, and their Property disposed of, as the Law of the State directs--It is our business to give protection, and support, to the poor, distressed Inhabitants; not to multiply and increase their calamities. After the publication of this order, any officer, either Militia or Continental, found attempting to conceal the public Stores; plundering the Inhabitants under the notion of their being Tories, or venduing of Plunder taken from the Enemy, in any other manner than these Orders direct, may expect to be punished in the severest manner; and be obliged to account for every thing taken, or sold.
The Complaint lodged by Serjt. Davis, William Davis and others, against Major Proctor, Capt. Lang and Lieut. Turn-bull is found by a Court of inquiry to be frivilous and without foundation; on the other hand it appears that those Gentlemen were only doing the duty of good officers, for which they are to be commended.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, January 22, 1777.
Parole New York. Countersign Kingsbridge.
Genl. Cadwallader's Brigade are to hold themselves in readiness to march at 9 o'Clock; as Capt. Morris's Troop of Light Horse86 also are.
[Note 86: Capt. Samuel Morris's troop of Philadelphia Light Horse.]
Morris Town, January 22, 1777.
Sir: My last to you was on the 20th Instant. Since that, I have the pleasure to inform you, that General Dickinson, with about 400 Militia, has defeated a foraging Party of the Enemy of an equal number, and has taken forty Waggons, and upwards of an hundred Horses, most of them of the English draft Breed, with a great number of Sheep and Cattle, which they had collected. The Enemy retreated with so much precipitation, that General Dickinson had only an opportunity of making nine prisoners, they were observed to carry off a good many dead and wounded in light Waggons. This Action happened near Somerset Court House, on Millstone River. Genl. Dickinsons behaviour reflects the highest honour upon him, for tho his Troops were all raw, he lead them thro the River, middle deep, and gave the Enemy so Severe a charge, that, although supported by three field pieces, they gave way and left their Convoy.87
[Note 87: A British foraging party, after sweeping up the stock between Brunswick and Millstone River, were endeavoring to secure a quantity of flour that was stored in a mill in that vicinity when Dickinson attacked.]
I have not heard from Genl. Heath since the firing near Kingsbridge last Saturday, which I cannot Account for, unless the North River Should have been rendered impassible by the Ice. But the Account of his having Surprised and taken Fort Independence on Friday Night last, comes so well Authenticated by different ways, that I cannot doubt it. It is said that he took 400 prisoners in that Fort and that he invested Fort Washington on Saturday, which occasioned the firing. This is brought out by three of our Officers, who made their Escape from New York on Sunday, and is confirmed by a Spy who went into Amboy, who says, an Express had arrived at Amboy from New York, with an Account of the loss of Fort Independence and Calling for a Reinforcement to protect the City, in Consequence of which a Number of Troops had gone over. I have sent in Spies to Brunswick and Amboy to know the truth of this, and if it appears that they have weakened themselves, to reinforce New York, I shall probably make some attempt upon them, if we have Men enough left to do it.
I shall be glad to know what Stock of small Arms you at present have, and what are your Expectations shortly. The Necessity that we have been, and are now under, of calling in and arming the Militia, Scatters our Armoury all over the World in a Manner, their Officers are so irregular, that they generally suffer their Men to carry home, every thing that is put into their Hands, which are forever lost to the public. The new raised Regiments will call for a great Number of Arms, and I do not at present see how they are to be Supplied. (The increase of our Army will occasion an increase of Brigadier Generals, thirty at least will be necessary for the ensuing Campaign, for supposing the Regiments to be full, three will be full sufficient to a Brigade. These promotions had better be thought of and made in time, that I may be able to arrange the Army properly, as fast as it is raised. Three Brigades will form a proper division of the Army for a Major Generals command, consequently there is need of promotions in that line also.
As our Army will be more divided the ensuing Campaign than it has been there appears to me a necessity of introducing the Rank of Lieutenant General into the Army.)
[I would again beg leave to recall the attention of Congress to the Appointment of Genl. Officers. I will not suppose the Nomination of them is postponed upon a saving principle; because, the advantage in having proper Officers to examine the Pay Rolls of their Several Regiments, and compare them with the returns of their Brigades, to see that the Regiments are provided with what is proper, and that no more than a sufficiency is allowed; to keep Officers to their duty, and not, while the spirited Officer is encountering all the fatigue and hardship of a vigorous Campaign; suffer a number of others, under various frivolous pretences, and immaginary Sicknesses, to enjoy themselves at the Public expence in ease and comfort by their own Firesides; I say, if the appointments are withheld upon parsimonious principles, the Congress are mistaken, for I am convinced that by the correction of many abuses which it is impossible for me to attend to, the Public will be benefitted in a great degree in the Article of expence. But this is not all. We have a very little time to do a very great work in, the arranging, providing for, and disciplining a hundred and odd Battalions, is not to be accomplished in a day; nor is it to be done at all with any degree of Propriety, when we have once entered upon the active part of the Campaign; these duties must be branch'd out, or they will be neglected, and the public Injured. Besides, were the Brigadiers appointed, they might be facilitating the Recruiting Service, they would have time to get a little acquainted with their Brigades, the wants of them, and ease me of the great weight and burthen which I at present feel.
On whom the choice will, or ought to light, I can not undertake to say; in a former Letter, I took the liberty of submitting to the consideration of Congress, the Propriety of appointing, out of each State, Brigadiers to Command the Troops of that State, thinking, as a distinction is now fixed, a Spirit of Emulation might arise by this Means; at any rate, I shall take the liberty of recommending Genl. Cadwallader as one of the first for the New appointments, I have found him a Man of Ability, a good disciplinarian, attentive to Service, firm in his principles, and of Intrepid Bravery. I shall also beg leave to recommend Colo. Read88 to the Command of the Horse, as a person in my opinion every way qualified; for he is extreamely active and enterprizing, many signal proofs of which has he given this Campaign. For the rest, the Members of Congress can judge better than I can; I can only say, that as the Army will probably be divided in the course of the next Campaign, there ought, in my Opinion, to be three Lieut. Generals, Nine Major Generals, and 27 Brigadiers. In other words there ought at least to be a Brigr. to every four Regiments and a Majr. Genl. to every three Brigades. The Lieutt. Genls. will, I presume, be appointed out of the oldest Majr. Genls., and the Major Genls. from the oldest Brigadiers; New Brigadiers will then be to nominate.
[Note 88: Col. Joseph Reed.]
I forgot, before this, to inform Congress, that Including the Regiment of light Dragoons from Virginia and Colo. Sheldon's to be raised in Connecticut, I have only Commissioned Officers for four Regiments. I was willing to try how those could be equip'd, before I put more Officers into Commission. It is apprehended we shall find difficulty in providing Necessaries or even Horses for these four Regiments. If we should not, I shall immediately set about the residue; Colo. Baylor, Colo. Moylan (who as a Volunteer has remaind constantly with the Army since his discontinuance in the Quarter Masters department) and Colo. Sheldon commands the three new Regiments of light Dragoons.]
The Treasury has been for some time empty, and the Army has laboured under the greatest inconvenience for want of Money. The recruiting Service is particularly injured by this, as many Officers are now waiting, only for Bounty Money. I have also Complaints from the Eastward of the want of Money to carry on their recruiting Service. If we are not Supplied with that necessary Article, all Matters must be at a Stand. I must therefore beg, that if Mr. Palfrey has not been already Supplied with a large Sum, that it may be done with the utmost expedition, and that you will endeavour to keep up the Supply, by constantly sending on smaller parcels. I am &c.
P.S. I did not recollect Major Genl. Lincoln in the provincial Service of Massachusetts, he is an excellent Officer and worthy of your Notice in the Continental line.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The paragraph in parentheses () was struck out and the portion in brackets [], in the writing of Washington, inserted in its place. The letter sent, which incorporates the change, is entirely in the writing of Tilghman. Washington inserted therein a couple of words which Tilghman inadvertently omitted in recopying.]
[Note 90: Appointed deputy director general of hospital, Eastern Department, Apr. 11, 1777.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 22, 1777.
Sir: Doctor Morgan having been dismissed from the Director Generalship, by Congress, I must desire you to take care of the Hospital on the east side of Hudson's River, till a new appointment is made. I have addressed myself to you, supposing you are the eldest Surgeon, but if I am mistaken, be pleased to put this Letter into the Hands of the person who is. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, January 23, 1777.
Parole Colchester. Countersign Dumfries.
Major Proctor is directed to inspect and arrange the Artillery, in such manner as he shall think best, for the defence of this place, taking care to have such repairs immediately made, as may be wanting, with horses allotted to each piece, and all necessary harness ready.
The Brigadiers, and Colonels commanding Brigades, to make Returns of their men, to morrow morning.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 24, 1777.
Sir: The irregular and disjointed State of the Militia of this Province, makes it necessary for me to inform you, that, unless a Law is immediately passed by your Legislature, to reduce them to some order, and oblige them to turn out, in a different Manner from what they have hitherto done, we shall bring very few into the Field, and even those few will render little or no Service. Their Officers are generally of the lowest Class of People; and, instead of setting a good Example to their Men, are leading them into every Kind of Mischief, one Species of which is, Plundering the Inhabitants, under pretence of their being Tories. A Law should, in my Opinion, be passed, to put a Stop to this kind of lawless Rapine; for, unless there is something clone to prevent it, the People will throw themselves, of Choice, into the Hands of the British Troops. But your first object should be a well regulated Militia Law; the People, put under good Officers, would behave in quite another Manner; and not only render real Service as Soldiers, but would protect, instead of distressing, the Inhabitants. What I would wish to have particularly insisted upon, in the New Law, should be, that every Man, capable of bearing Arms, should be obliged to turn out, and not buy off his Service by a trifling fine. We want Men, and not Money. I have the honor to be, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 24, 1777.
Sir: I received your several favors of the 12th and 14th Inst. by Lieutenant Fellows,1 to whom I granted a Flag with a Letter to Genl Howe, desiring that his Brother Capt. Fellows might be one of the first Officers exchanged. I have remonstrated very sharply with Genl. Howe upon his Treatment of our prisoners and I hope it will be attended with good Effects. I have repeatedly endeavoured, to procure the Enlargement of Col Ethan
[Note 1: Of Chapmans Connecticut Militia regiment.] Allen, but none of my propositions were ever accepted of. The Reason I cannot tell.
I have wrote pressingly to Congress, to forward on Money to the Eastward for the Recruiting Service, and shall direct Mr. Mease who is appointed Cloathier General to the Army, and who is expected here every day; to allot a proportion of the Cloathes taken, and purchased for the Continent, to each State.
I observe, that you have advanced Col Sheldon Ten thousand Pounds lawful Money, for which you desire my draft on the Commissioner of the Loan Office; I would not hesitate to do this, If I had recd. any Authority from Congress, to impower me to draw upon that fund; I will write to them respecting it, and if they grant me liberty, I will immediately transmit you a proper draft. I refer you to a particular Letter of this date concerning the Expediency of forwarding the New Levies, and subscribe myself, with great Esteem, Sir, etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 24, 1777.
Sir: The situation to which I am reduced for want of a regular Body of Troops on whom I can depend for a length of time, makes it indispensably necessary, for me to call upon you, and intreat you, to exert yourselves in levying and equipping the Number of Battalions allotted to your State by the Resolution of Congress in September last. You must be fully sensible of the hardship imposed upon individuals, and how detrimental it must be to the Public, to have her Farmers and her Tradesman frequently called into the Field as Militia Men; whereby a total stop is put to Arts and Agriculture, without which, we Cannot possibly long subsist. But great as this inconvenience is, we must put up with it, or submit to a greater, the total Loss of our Liberties, until our regular Continental Army can be brought into the Field. The above reasons alone, I hope will be sufficient, to induce you to exert yourselves; for if our new Army are not ready to take the Field early in the Spring, we shall loose all the Advantages, which I may say, we have providentially gained this Winter. while our dependence is upon Militia, we have a full Army one day and scarce any the next, and I am much afraid, that the Enemy one day or other, taking advantage of one of these temporary weaknesses, will make themselves Masters of our Magazines of Stores, Arms and Artillery. Nothing but their Ignorance of our Numbers protects us at this very time, when on the Contrary, had we Six or Eight thousand regular Troops, or could the Militia who were with me a few days ago, have been prevailed upon to stay, we could have struck such a Stroke as would have inevitably ruined the Army of the Enemy, in their divided State.
I am not without hopes, that by creating a Powerful diversion on the Side of New York, we may still keep their Force divided, between that Province and this; if so, and a good Body of regular Troops could be thrown into me, before the Roads will be in a Condition for the Enemy, (with their reduced Waggon and Artillery Horses) to move out, it perhaps may not be out of my power to strike a decisive Blow before Spring. This is another, and a forcible reason, to induce you to send your new Levies forward with all expedition. While the Men are raising, I beg you will spare no pains to make a collection of all things necessary for their Equipment; not only with such as they can Carry with them into the Field, but for their use and convenience while they are there, such as spare Shoes, Stockings and Shirts; the want of which has been the ruin of the Old Army. If these Articles are provided and put into the hands of the Regimental Qur. Master, they can always be delivered out when wanted, and Stoppages made by the Paymasters.
I expect the Cloathier General will be with the Army in a few days, when I shall give him directions to allot a proportion of the Cloathing lately taken, and purchased for the Public, to each State. I have the honor etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 5: Deputy commissary general in New Jersey.]
Morris Town, January 24, 1777.
Sir: You would do me Injustice if you Supposed, that the Appointment of Col Lowrey to the post of D.C. Genl. proceeded from any other Cause than Necessity.6 I was retarded from Crossing the Delaware two days; and when over, was forced, for want of a Sufficient quantity of Provisions, to permit the Troops to victual themselves where they could. No Time therefore was to be lost, in removing so great an Inconvenience, in which I have succeeded since Colo Loury undertook the Business. It ever was disagreeable to me to remove any
[Note 6: Ogden had written to Washington (January 18) regarding the appointment of Col. Thomas Lowrey as Deputy Commissary General. On January 24, also, Washington wrote a line or two to Col. John Patton asking him to appoint Walter Cruise to some position in his regiment. Congress had made such a request of Washington by a resolve of January 13. These letters are in the Washington Papers.] Gentleman from Office, and I beg that I may be excused when the public good requires it. I am, etc.
P.S. I do not interfere with any person appointed by Colo Lowry in this Business, He is answerable to me, consequently may employ whom he pleases.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
[Note 9: Of the First Continental Artillery, which came into existence Jan. 1, 1777.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 26, 1777.
Sir: By a Letter from Govr. Henry to Richd. Henry Lee Esqr., which has been handed to me, I find there is a vacancy for a Captn. in your Corps, occasioned by Mr. Dandridge's10 declining to accept it, to which I have not the least objection; on the contrary I approve of it, provided Mr. Johnson11 can be introduced, without giving great offence to any who may think it their right to fill it. I earnestly recommend it to you, to complete your Regiment, as soon as possible, and am, etc.12
[Note 10: John Dandridge. He was commissioned a captain in the First Continental Artillery on February 7; was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in July, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 11: Johnson's name does not appear on any of the available returns of the First Artillery. in 1777.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 26, 1777.
Sir: I was last Night honoured with yours of the 18th Instant, inclosing a Letter from the [Convention of the] State of New York to Congress. From the particular Situation of their State, in regard to their being totally deprived of Commerce, they certainly must stand in need of the Assistance of the other States, to provide them with Cloathing and every thing necessary for the equipment of their Forces, and it ever was my intention, to allow them a full proportion of the Cloathing purchased to the Eastward, whenever it came to hand. Little or none of it has yet reached this Army tho' in the greatest want, and exposed to the Severities of a Winters Campaign. The Convention have, in one instance already provided for themselves out of the public Stock, by stopping and making use of 26 Bales of Cloathing coming on from the Eastward to the Army here. As this was done without consulting me, I took the Liberty of desiring them not to do the like in future, not that I meant to deprive them of their Share; but because it disappointed me of many Articles which I stood in immediate want of, and had not provided from other Quarters. But you may be assured, that whenever Returns are made of the whole Stock of Cloathing, they shall have their proportion, and more than that, allowances for their peculiar Situation.
I am amazed to hear Complaints of the Hospital on the East Side of Hudson's River; Doctr. Morgan, with most of his Mates has been Constantly there, since I left it with the main body of the Army. It is vain however, to look back upon past Misfortunes, I will not pretend to point out the Causes, but I know Matters have been strangely conducted in the medical line. I hope your New Appointment, when it is made, will make the necessary Reform in the Hospital, and that I shall not, the next Campaign, have my Ears and Eyes too Shocked with the Complaints and looks of poor Creatures, perishing for want of proper Care, either in the Regimental or Hospital Surgeons.13
[Note 13: A plan for establishing military hospitals was drawn up by Drs. William Shippen and John Cochran and submitted to Washington, who, in turn (February 14), transmitted it to Congress. Congress adopted (April 7) regulations for the Continental Hospital, which provided for a deputy director general east of the Hudson River. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
I agree with the Convention, in the Expediency of obstructing the Passage of the North River, in some place between the Mouth and the Highlands, we have found, that our labour and expence has been thrown away, in endeavouring to do it below, where the Channel is amazingly wide and deep, but from the slight View I have had of the River above, I think the passage may be easily obstructed, and defended by proper Fortifications, as the River is so narrow, that no Vessel going up could possibly escape the Fire. I am no judge, of what can be done towards fitting out the Frigates at Poughkeepsie, that must be left to the Gentlemen of the Marine Committee.
The hint given by the Convention of New York, of the necessity and Utility of a Commissary of Forage had struck me before, and had been mentioned by Genl. Mifflin, whose department of Quarter Master General, must be eased of part of the load, which is at present thrown upon it. He is obliged, in many Instances, to act intirely out of his proper line, and instead of being confined to the duty of Qt. Master General, is also Waggon Master and Forage Master General. I have wrote to two persons that I think qualified to fill the Office of Waggon Master, and I hope one of them will accept. That of Commissary of Forage Shall be attended to.
The want of accurate Maps of the Country which has hitherto been the Scene of War, has been of great disadvantage to me. I have in vain endeavoured to procure them, and have been obliged to make shift, with such Sketches, as I could trace out from my own Observations, and that of Gentlemen around me.14
[Note 14: The draft at this point has the following crossed out, which does not appear, of course, in the letter sent: "Two persons are now employed in making me a draft of this part of the Country and."]
I really think, if Gentlemen of known Character and probity, could be employed in making Maps (from actual Survey) of the Roads, Rivers, Bridges and Fords over them, the Mountains and passes thro' them, it would be of the greatest Advantage.
I had, previous to the Receipt of your Letter, wrote to General Howe, and proposed the fixing an Agent for Prisoners in New York. I have not [yet] received an Answer, but if he accedes to the proposal, I shall appoint Mr. Lewis Pintard.
I am Sorry that I am obliged to contradict the Report of the taking of Fort Independance as mentioned in my last. I believe the evacuation of some detached Redoubts gave rise to the Report.
I have not heard from General Heath since the 14th of the Month, which I am amazed at. I am quite in the dark, as to his Numbers and what progress he has made.
On the 23d., a party of 400 of our Men under Col Buckner15 fell in with two Regiments of the Enemy, conveying a Number of Waggons from Brunswick to Amboy. Our advanced party under Colo. Parker16 engaged them with great Bravery, upwards of twenty Minutes, during which time the Colo Commandant was killed and the second in Command Mortally wounded. The people living near the Field of Action, say, their killed and wounded were considerable. We only lost two men who were made prisoners. Had Col Buckner come up with the main body, Colo. Parker and the other Officers think we should have put them to the rout, as their confusion was very great, and their ground disadvantageous. I have ordered Buckner under Arrest and shall bring him to tryal, to answer for so extraordinary a piece of Conduct.
[Note 15: Col. Mordecai Buckner, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He petitioned Washington on January 28 for a dismissal from the service, but was cashiered by court-martial on February 9.]
[Note 16: Lieut. Col. Richard Parker, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment on February 10; colonel of the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1778; died May 8, 1780, of wounds received at Charleston, S. C.]
Reinforcements come up so extremely slow, that I am afraid I shall be left without any Men, before they arrive. The Enemy must be ignorant of our Numbers, or they have not Horses to move their Artillery, or they would not Suffer us to remain undisturbed. I have repeatedly wrote to all the recruiting Officers, to forward on their Men, as fast as they could arm and cloath them, but they are so extremely averse to turning out of comfortableQuarters, that I cannot get a Man to come near me, tho' I hear from all parts, that the recruiting Service goes on with great Success. It would be well, if the Board of War, in whose department it is, would issue orders, for all Officers to equip and forward their Recruits to Head Quarters, with the greatest Expedition.
By a Resolve of Congress passed some time ago,17 General Schuyler is directed to apply to me for 94 Tons of powder. A Quantity, which it is impossible I should have by me, and for which I do not know where to direct him to apply. I could wish that Returns were made to me, of the Quantity of Powder on hand, and where it is to be found, that I may not be at a loss at any time of Emergency.
[Note 17: The resolve of Dec. 31, 1776. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
Since the Resignation of Colo. Reed, the important Office of Adjutant General has been left unfilled, I mean as to a principal. And I am much at a loss, how or where, to find a person, in every respect capable and proper to execute the Office. My inclinations lead me to confer the Appointment upon a Major Morris, but ample Testimonials Should be produced, and full proof of Fidelity ought to be made, before an Office of so high trust Should be conferred upon a person in a manner a Stranger to me. I only know Major Morris18 from a short personal acquaintance, and from Report, he never even brought a Letter of recommendation to me. From his Conversation and from the Accounts I have received from others, he is a Man of considerable Military Abilities, and from his Behaviour in two instances, he is a Man of Bravery and Conduct. His Story is simply this, that he left the British Service in disgust, upon not receiving a promotion to which he was justly intitled, perhaps some Gentn. of Congress may know more about him, or may be able to make such Enquiries as might Satisfy them, as to the Safety and propriety of appointing him. I have no other Motive for wishing him a preference, than, that I think him
[Note 18: Maj. Apollos Morris, formerly of the Twenty-seventh Foot, British Army. He officiously attempted to bring about a reconciliation between the United States and Great Britain. Congress ordered his arrest on June 9.] the properest person that has come under my Notice, provided all Matters before mentioned were cleared up. I shall wait the Result of a determination of Congress, before I proceed further in this Appointment, and I wish to be favoured with their Advice, as speedily as possible; for the remains of the old Army is much dis-arranged for want of a good Adjutant General, and the Formation of the New, in a great Measure, depends upon an able Officer in that Line. I have the honor &ca.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the draft, but not in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I take this, the first Opportunity, of answering your favor of the 15th.Instt.from Fishkill. I thank you for your congratulations upon our late successes, which I hope have stopped the career of the Enemy for the Winter, and will give us some little time to breathe and to draw together the new Army, which begins, but slowly, to make its appearance. As fast as the new Levies, most contiguous to the Lakes, are ready for the Field, I shall order them up to that Quarter, in the mean time, you must contrive to make a shift, as I have done here, with temporary supplies of Militia. If the British Troops leave Rhode Island, of which there seems a great probability, I hope they will be able to send you a good Reinforcement, out of the Numbers which were collected to oppose them. I wish it was in my power to furnish you with Blankets for Van Schaick's Regiment, we are not half covered ourselves, nor do I see where we are to get them. TheCongress have ordered the different Agents, to make a return of the Cloathing, purchased for the Continent, in the different States. When that is complied with, we shall know our stock and how to proportion it to our different Wants.
I have appointed Mr. Mease of Philadelphia, Cloathier General for the Continental Army. I hope by that and some other Regulations, that our Army will be better and more regularly Supplied next Campaign, than it has been heretofore.
I know your difficulties will be great in procuring a proper Quantity of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores against next Campaign, but I hope you will be assisted in the latter from an Elaboratory, which Genl. Knox is now gone to establish at Hartford in Connecticut, and if our adventures are lucky, we shall be well supplied with Field Artillery from France. We must depend upon our own Works for heavy Cannon, and tho' they may not furnish the full Quantity, I hope, as many, as will make a tolerable Shift, may be procured. The Enemy have given out, that they had taken a Ship from France with Artillery on board, but I never heard of her being brought in, so I hope it is not true.
Inclosed you have a Letter from Mr. Hancock and Sundry Resolves of Congress, they were sent open to me by Genl. Gates, with a desire to forward them. I also inclose a Letter from Captn. Gamble21 to me. You will see his request and the very particular Circumstances under which he labours; if it can safely be granted, please to let me know that I may give him an answer, for I have rested the matter intirely upon your approbation.
[Note 21: Capt. Thomas Gamble, of the Forty-seventh Forty, British Army, then a prisoner of war.]
By a Resolve of Congress passed some little time ago, I find that upon your application for 94 Tons of Cannon and Cartridge Powder, they had desired me to supply you with that Quantity.
I am surprised at this Resolve, as I never have more powder with me than is necessary for the immediate Consumption of the Army. I have wrote this to Congress, and therefore suppose they will take care to have it forwarded to you from the Magazines; I have also desired them to make me a return of the Stock of powder on hand, and where it is deposited, that I may know where to apply for it, in case of Emergency.
Be pleased to contrive the inclosed to Doctr. Stringer; it is to signify to him his dismission, by Congress from the Directorship of the Northern Department. Doctr. Potts is appointed in his room. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: You will receive, with this, a Copy of my Letter to you of the 19th. Instt. Two reasons have led me to send it; the one lest the Original may have miscarried--the other to explain it fully if you have already received it. I do not mean to tie up your hands from effecting or even attempting any thing that may prove honourable to yourself or useful to the Cause. Altho' the original design of your movement, may not be fully answered in all its parts, yet if you can take possession of the Country round about the City, or the City itself, I do not desire you to desist. I have not been favoured with a Line from you since the 19th, and that never reached me 'till this evening. I wish to hear from you frequently. Wishing you success, I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft, in the writing of George Johnston, in the Washington Papers, is an L. S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have yours without date, favouring me with a plan for the formation of General Hospitals, for which I am obliged.24 Altho' the Congress have vested me with full powers, to make all Military Arrangements, and I dare say would ratify whatever appointments and Salaries I should fix; yet I do not think myself at liberty to establish Hospitals, upon such extensive plans and at so great an expence, without their concurrence. I have no doubt, but the Number of Officers that you propose, are necessary and will be allowed, but I am afraid you have rather over rated their Pay. By your Regulation, the pay of a Director, [considerably] exceeds that of a Majr. Genl. and the rest in proportion. I shall however lay the plan before Congress, without mentioning any Names. And as the Nomination will lay principally with me, you may be assured of having the Director, [considerably] exceeds that of a Majr. Genl. and the ants attached to it, as are most agreeable to yourself. I observe you mention Doctr. Potts, as one of your Sub-directors, but he is already provided for as Director Genl. of the Northern
[Note 24: This plan (seven folio pages in Shippen's writing and signed by him) is in the Washington Papers under the assigned date of January 25.] Department in the room of Doctr. Stringer. I have some particular Gentlemen to provide for in the new arrangement, but you may depend, that those who have already distinguished themselves by their assiduity, shall not be unnoticed. As I am very anxious to have this great Work set in Motion, I shall desire Congress to give me their opinions, as speedily as possible. By not dating your Letter, I am not able to determine whether Doctor Cochran had reached Philadelphia, when you wrote; but as I conclude he had not, I shall defer sending your plan to Congress till you have seen him, as I sent him down purposely to consult with you upon the Subject, perhaps he may think some alterations necessary. I am, etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The word in brackets was inserted by Washington.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, January 28, 1777.
Parole Princeton. Countersign Chatham.
Commanding Officers of Regiments, to order, Regimental Courts Martial, for the trial of such prisoners as belong to them, now confined in the Provost Guard, that do not come under the consideration of a General Court Martial.
Head Quarters, January 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am very much afraid that all the Troops on their march from the Southward, will be infected with the small Pox, and that instead of having an Army we shall have an Hospital.
I know of no other way to prevent this, than not to suffer any more of the Southern Troops to come into Philadelphia; they may be marched into Germantown and remain there, whilst their Arms and Accoutrements are providing. Those who have the small Pox in Town, should not Join the Army in the same Cloaths they wore, whilst Sick, if it can possibly be help'd; if no other Cloaths are to be procured, the old ones should be washed and well smoaked, for it will take many Weeks to get the Infection out, if some of the above methods are not pursued. Doctor Shippen wrote me, that he intended to Inoculate the Troops as they came in, but that never can safely be done, except Inoculation goes thro' the whole Army. Remember we shall soon have some of the Eastern Troops here, and many of them have not yet had the Small pox, I think all Circumstances considered, we should Check, not spread the Infection, and there is no other way of doing it, but by curing all that now have it, and not suffering more to have it. I have wrote to Doctr. Shippen upon this Subject. Some method must be fallen upon to get back the Arms &c. from the Militia when dismissed, or the regular Regiments, when raised, will be without Arms; I have lately Strip'd them all here, of their Arms and Accoutrements, and have given them receipts by which they can cancel those given in Philadelphia; but those Officers, who do not produce the Arms again or such receipts, should be well looked after, otherwise they will suffer their Men to leave them Scattered about the Country, or will carry them home for their own use.
If I had a Duplicate of the Receipts given in Philadelphia sent to me, I could know whether they delivered up all they received. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Morris Town, January 28, 1777.
Dear Sir:As the Information, which gave rise to your remove to the Scotch plains, seems to have been void of foundation, and as no great good can result from your laying in an exposed situation, but much evil flow from a surprize (which by the bye I hope never will happen); I can not help expressing my doubts of the propriety of your removing where the Troops now are (if at the Scotch plains). Our Affairs at present are in a prosperous way, the Country seems to entertain an Idea of our Superiority, Recruiting goes on well,27 and a belief prevails, that the Enemy are afraid of us. If then you should be drove, which nothing but the Enemy's want of Spirit can prevent, the Tables will be turned, the Country dispirited, and we shall again relapse into our former discredit. I therefore give it to you, as my opinion, that you had better give your remove to the Scotch plains, the best colouring you can (either by a march round, some how or other, as you can devise) and return to your former Station, or to Springfield, for fear of Consequences which may be extremely injurious to us. This is clearly my Opinion, perhaps it may arise from Ignorance of the Situation of Ground; but it is next to impossible that the Enemy can suffer a number greatly inferior to theirs to be within three hours march of 'era, without laying some Scheme to entrap or drive 'era. I shall write Genl. Warner28 (at Bound brook) orders Similar to these.
[Note 27: Three days later recruiting came to an abrupt stop from lack of money to continue it. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Jan. 31, 1777, post.)]
[Note 28: Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Warner, of the Massachusetts Militia. There is no draft in the Washington Papers of such a letter to Warner.]
The express delivered me your favor this Evening, Ignorant as I am of the ground which you occupy at the Scotch plains, I cannot possitively determine whether it is tenable or not. However let me recommend to you to consider maturely, whether the advantages that may accrue from your Neighbourhood to the Enemy, can balance the Consequences that must result from your being driven from it. It's true, your being posted so near them will save your Scouts a few Miles marching, you have also a better chance of receiving good and early intelligence of their movements; but 'tis as true, that they may, and will most certainly, very soon, discover your real Numbers and what will follow, your being attacked, I have already mentioned in mine of this date. Consult Genls. Maxwell and Stephen, lay my Letters to you on this head before them, view your Continuance there, in every point of light, and if you determine that the Service may be benefited by remaining where you are, I have no objections to your stay. Upon my Word I think it a Manoeuvre of the last Consequence, and am not without my fears about its success. You will assuredly be attacked in a few days, if they have any Spirit left, knowing your Strength they will do it with a force that will command success, for it will be out of my power to relieve you in time. Should you determine to remove, remember to give it the air of some Manoeuvre, that the Enemy may be at a loss what to think of it. I am etc.29
[Note 29: Washington wrote two letters to Sullivan on January 28, which are combined above as one. Both drafts are in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: In your last, you mentioned your intention of innoculating all the Recruits who had not had the small pox; this would be a very Salutary Measure, if we could prevent them from bringing the Infection on to the Army; but as they cannot have a change of Cloaths, I fear it is impossible. We shall soon have the Troops from the Eastward, and as few of them have had that disorder, we should have a great part of our Army laid down. I have therefore ordered Genl. Gates, to suffer no more of the Southern Troops to come into Philadelphia, but to march them to Germantown and let them remain there untill they are equipped and ready to march. All that now have the disorder, to be perfectly cured, and before they are suffered to join the Army, to have new Cloaths, if possible, and if not, the old ones well washed, air'd and smoaked.
As I would wish to have the small Pox intirely out of Philadelphia, suppose all the patients, that could be removed, were carried clown to the Hospital upon the Province Island, and make that, in future, the small pox Hospital, except their numbers should be too great. I am, etc.30
[Note 30: This was answered (January 31) by a letter from both Shippen and Cochran reassuring Washington as to smallpox precautions. Their letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P. S. The Barracks upon Fort Island may be likewise made use of.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, January 28, 1777.
Sir: It is not in my power to comply with your request on three Accounts, yourself, the Country at large, and the State you come from, Were the matter to remain undetermined, your Reputation must be ruined; at all events, every Officer would have reason to expect equal favor, and I shall be justly taxed with partiality. Would you reflect on the Impropriety of your Petition, you would certainly withdraw it. Resolved as I am to reward merit, and punish demerit, I shall refer your case to the judgment of a Court Martial, and shall be happy to hear that it acquits you. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 29, 1777.
Parole Inverness. Countersign Kendal.
Capt. Josiah Harmar's Company of Foot, in the 2nd. Pennsylvania Battalion, to join Major Proctor's Regt. of Artillery, and be by him returned.
The Quarter Master General is directed to engage Waggoners, from among the Inhabitants, and not to employ Soldiers in that service longer than such persons can be got.
[Note 35: Formerly in the British Army.]
Morris Town, January 29, 1777.
Sir: I have your favor of the 28th, with Copy of a Letter, addressed to Genl. Howe, inclosed. your wish to be the Instrument of restoring peace, to a much Oppressed and more injured People, is certainly most laudable; but you must very well know that this is not to be effected by the Interposition of any Person in a private Character, and Lord and General Howe have refused to Negotiate with the only great Representative Body of this Continent.
If, therefore, your Letter had gone in to General Howe, it must have been merely, as one to satisfy yourself in regard to the Powers that were intrusted to the Commissioners; as to myself, I am fully satisfied that they never exceeded the express Words of the Act of Parliament; for if they did, they are answerable for the Blood that has been spilled, perhaps in Consequence of their not making them known to the only Body that could receive them.
If I had never been made acquainted with the Substance of your Letter, I should not have had the least Objection to its going in; but as you have Submitted it to my inspection, my permitting it to pass, may be construed into an Approbation of its Contents.
I am therefore under the necessity of objecting to it, least I should be thought to delegate that Power to others, which I do not possess myself, I mean, that of Negotiation, in this great dispute. I should not have detained your Express so long, but I was from home when he arrived. I am, etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
I return you the Letter for Genl. Howe.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 29, 1777.
Gentn.: I have the Honor of yours of the 23d. and I return you my thanks for your Exertions, not only in calling forth and equipping the Militia of your State; but for the Assistance you have afforded to the Militia of the other States and to the Continental Troops, in their passage thro' the City, to join the Army.
If some Mode is not adopted, for obliging the Officers of the Militia to return the Arms and Accoutrements that are lent to them, we shall be in the greatest want of them, when the regular Regiments are raised. I have lately taken the liberty, to make them leave their public Arms and Accoutrements here, upon their being discharged, and have given the Officers Receipts for what were delivered up; with which they may cancel the receipts given at Philadelphia. My Reason was this, I know very well, that the Men, when discharged, instead of returning by the way of Philadelphia, take the nearest road home, and consequently either drop their Arms by the way, or carry them with them, by which means they are lost to the public Stock; If there is any deficiency between the receipt and delivery, the Officer should be obliged to Account for it.
I am glad to find, that your House of Assembly are about framing a law, to make your Militia turn out more generally; till that is done, the Service falls particularly upon a few individuals; who complain, with great Justice, of risquing their lives in defence of those who upon your present plan, do not even make a pecuniary Satisfaction for the exemption of their persons. But I would wish to see every Man (who is not really conscientiously scrupulous) obliged to turn out, when the good of his Country demands it. For we now want Men more than Money.
I wish it was in my power to procure the Release of all our prisoners, the Field Officers in particular; but when we have not those of equal Rank to propose for them, what is to be done? Col. Miles Signified to me, that Mr. Foxcroft would be accepted in Exchange for him; I immediately proposed the Matter to Genl. Howe, but have never reed. any Answer. Colo Atlee also desired me to propose him in exchange for some Gentleman whose name I have forgot, this I did, but the matter rested in the same Manner. Of the prisoners that have been released, by far the greatest proportion were from Pennsylvania, and least there should be some jealousy on that Account, I directed, that in future, whenever an Exchange took place, there should be a due proportion of those, belonging to the Eastern States, set at liberty.
I am sorry that so deserving an Officer as Colo. Johnson,37 should be overlook'd by any Mistake of yours, but it is not at present in my power to do any thing for him. I have Commissioned as many of the Additional Regiments, as I think there is any chance of filling, without interfering with each other in the recruiting Service. I am etc.38
[Note 37: Lieut. Col, James Johnston, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 30, 1777.
Parole Quebec. Countersign Raway.
The Commissary General, and his Assistants in every department of the Army, are to be particularly careful of the Hides and Tallow--
The commanding Officers of the regiments and corps lately come in, are to make themselves acquainted with the General Orders, which have been issued for the Government of the Army at this place, and to attend to them, particularly those of the 20th. Instant, respecting the assignment of parades, and assembling the troops in case of alarms--Such Corps as have not already been furnished with those Orders, may get them by applying to the Adjutant General.
The Commissary of Stores is desired to make a Return of the Arms, Ammunition &c. now in his care, at this place; this to be done as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 31, 1777.
Sir: I have none of your favors unanswered at present. There is such a demand upon me from all Quarters, for Money, which I am unable to answer, that I cannot help again pressing you, to send on a Supply. The recruiting Service is almost at a stop here, for want of Money, and Governor Trumbull writes me word that it is totally so in Connecticut. He adds, that their loan Officers cannot proceed in their Business, for want of proper Checque Books and Notes; but that if they were furnished with them, they could soon take in a sufficient quantity to answer their purposes. I shall be glad to be informed, whether I have a right to draw Warrants upon the loan Officers in the different States. The State of Connecticut advanced Colo. Sheldon [at my request] ten thousand Pounds lawful to raise his Regiment of Horse. To their reimbursement, they desired me, to give them a draft upon the loan Office; but not knowing whether I had a right to draw upon that fund, I deferred it, till I heard from you.
I must beg you will write to the Assemblies of the different States, and insist upon their passing a law, to inflict a severe and heavy penalty upon those who harbour deserters, knowing them to be such. Our Army is shamefully reduced by desertion, and except the people in the Country can be forced to give Information, when Deserters return to their old Neighbourhoods, we shall be obliged to detach one half of the Army to bring back the other.
I have a Letter from Genl. Heath of the 24th Instant; he was at and near Kingsbridge with his Army, I dont find that he is likely to do more than to draw the attention of the Enemy that way and cut them off from Forage, of which they are in great want. The Troops had not returned from Rhode Island by the last accounts, but were daily expected. I have the honor to be, etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The phrase in brackets was added by Washington in the draft.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 31, 1777.
Gentn.: As the times of a Number of the Continental Artillerymen have expired, that department is left very bare. Major Proctor40 informs me that there are about one hundred and forty of his Corps now doing duty at the Forts upon Delaware; but as there is not the least probability of their being wanted during the Winter Season, I beg you will immediately detach, at least One hundred of those Men to put themselves under the Command of Major Proctor; If one hundred men cannot be spared, you will be pleased to send as many as you possibly can. I am &c.41
[Note 40: Maj. Thomas Procter, of the Pennsylvania Artillery.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 42: This was sent to all the States except South Carolina and Georgia.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 31, 1777.
The great Countenance and protection shewn and given to deserters, by persons in the different Neighbourhoods, from whence they originally came, has made that Vice so prevalent in the Army, that unless some very effectual Measures are fallen upon to prevent it, our new Army will scarcely be raised; before it will again dwindle and waste away from that Cause alone.
I know of no remedy, so effectual, as for the different States immediately to pass Laws, laying a very severe penalty upon those who harbour or fail to give information against deserters, knowing them to be such, and strictly enjoining all Justices of the Peace and Officers of Militia to keep a watchful Eye over and apprehend all such persons as shall return from the Army without a Discharge. In order that this most Salutary Measure may be carried speedily into execution, I have not only desired Congress to recommend it to the different States, but have myself wrote Circular Letters to them all pressing their compliance with my request. Desertion must cease of course, when the Offenders find that they have no Shelter. I have the Honor to be &c.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
January 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: The season is approaching when we shall have use for Tents, you will therefore pay particular attention to this Article, all the old ones should be collected and the necessary repairs made now, that when called for, they may be ready.
The Tomhawks or light hatchets also deserve your notice, they should be made light and Substantial, so calculated as to be made a part of the Soldier's Accoutrements, and carried with convenience. Too much regard cannot be paid to the Waggons, as many should be provided as will serve all the purposes of each Battalion, for their Baggage, Ammunition and Intrenching Tools. I would recommend to you to have Chaises marine44 made for the Artillery and Regimental amunition, light, strong and covered, and not let the Army be encumbered with heavy and unweildy Waggons, when the purposes can be answered with others, full as well and probably better. Upon the whole, this is the time to prepare every thing in your department, let me therefore entreat you to spare no pains in equipping us completely for the ensuing Campaign. I am etc.45
[Note 44: Two-wheeled wagons, probably not so very different in outward design from present-day ammunition caissons.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 1, 1777.
Sir: I have the pleasure of yours of the 23d Janry. by Major Wyllys and thank you for your Congratulations upon our late Successes, which have been attended with very happy Consequences; as the Enemy have remained very quiet at Brunswick and Amboy, since the Affair at Princetown.
I have wrote to Congress in a very pressing Manner, not only to send on a present Supply of Money, but to forward the Checque Books and loan Tickets with the greatest Expedition.
I most sincerely wish, it were in my power to procure the immediate Release of all our Officers and Soldiers who have been so unfortunate as to fall into the hands of our Enemies; but when the chance of War has turned the Scale against us, in point of Numbers, what more can be done, than to give those a preference who have longest endured Captivity. That I might avoid any imputation of partiality, for the Officers of any particular State; I have in all my Letters to General Howe and to Mr. Loring the Commissary of Prisoners, directed an equal proportion of officers of the Eastern and Southern States, to be sent out. But without paying any regard to my request, they have given Pennsylvania more than her proportion, having never discharged one of the Maryland Officers taken upon Long Island. Major Meigs46 and Capt. Hanchet47 are already released. We have no General Officer to propose for General Waterbury48 and if we had, General Thompson,49 who was taken long before, has a preference. If General Howe does not accede to the proposals of Congress, for giving up all the Hessian Field Officers taken at Trenton for Genl Lee; Major Wells50
[Note 46: Maj. Return Jonathan Meigs, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Quebec Dec. 31, 1775; was exchanged Jan. 10, 1777; made lieutenant colonel of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment Feb. 22, 1777; presented with a sword by act of Congress July 25, 1777, for valor in an enterprise on Long Island, N.Y., in May, 1777; promoted to colonel of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment May 12, 1777; retired Jan. 1, 1781.]
[Note 47: Capt. Oliver Hanchet, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Quebec Dec. 31, 1775; exchanged Jan. 10, 1777.]
[Note 48: Brig. Gen. David Waterbury, of the Connecticut State troops. He had been taken prisoner at Valcours Island in October, 1776; was not exchanged until October, 1780.]
[Note 49: Brig. Gen. William Thompson, of the Pennsylvania State troops.]
[Note 50: Maj. Levi Wells, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry. He had been taken prisoner at Long Island, N.Y., Aug. 27, 1776; was not exchanged until Dec. 9, 1777; served as colonel of Connecticut Militia; was again taken prisoner at Horseneck, Conn., Dec. 9, 1780.] and Lieut. Col. Heart,51 will probably come in for their turn of Exchange. You, by your return have sent in but three Captains, and I have convinced Major Wyllys52 (who ranks as Captain) that I cannot propose him for one of those, without doing injustice to Capt. Dearborn,53 who was taken at Quebec the 31st December 1775, and Capts. Trowbridge54 and Percival55 taken the 27th August last upon Long Island. You mention the Names of several Subalterns who were taken upon York and Long Island, whose Release you would wish, but there are yet Eight Gentlemen taken at Quebec, who have a right to a preference. By my State of the Exchange of Prisoners, a Captain is still due to us, if there should be, I have desired Major Wyllys may be accepted for him.
[Note 51: Lieut. Col. Selah Heart, of Gay's Connecticut State regiment. He had been taken prisoner on the retreat from New York; was exchanged in March, 1777; served as brigadier general of Connecticut Militia from 1779 to the close of the war.]
[Note 52: John Plasgrave Wyllys. He had been brigade major to General Wadsworth; was captain in Webb's Additional Continental regiment Jan. 1, 1777; had been taken prisoner on the retreat from New York.]
[Note 53: Capt. Henry Dearborn, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Quebec Dec. 31, 1775.]
[Note 54: Capt. Caleb Trowbridge, of the Seventeenth Continental Infantry. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Long Island, N.Y., Aug. 27, 1776; died two days later. Washington was unaware of this.]
[Note 55: Capt. Timothy Percival, of the Seventeenth Continental Infantry. lie had been taken prisoner on Long Island, N.Y., Aug. 27, 1776.]
I have made a proposition to Genl Howe, which if he accepts, will give great relief to our Prisoners; It is the Establishment of an Agent, to reside at New York, to see that the prisoners are well used, and to Supply them with Necessaries.
I should have had no Objection to appointing Colo. Root56 to the Command of a Regiment, could it Possibly be raised upon the Terms allowed by Congress, which is upon a Bounty of twenty Dollars; but by your State and that of the Massachusetts, having given an additional Bounty of 33 1/3 Dollars, not a man can be raised, till the Eight Regiments allotted to your
[Note 56: Col. Aaron Root, of the Massachusetts Militia.] State are full. I have, I may say, unfortunately given Seven of the additional Regiments to Gent. of New England, and I was under the strongest hopes, that they would from their Influence, have soon filled their Regiments; But I cannot suppose that Men will inlist for a Bounty of Twenty Dollars with them, when they can get 531/3 from the State. I have the honor etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 1, 1777.
Sir: I was a few days ago honored with your favors of the 4th and 17th last Month. I cannot but think, that altho' your inducements for granting an additional Bounty to the Troops to be furnished by your State, were certainly meant to serve the Cause; that you will find them most prejudicial in the End. One reason will be, that by your departing from the Bounty prescribed by Congress, the Troops in the other States will be discontented, upon hearing of this; unless they receive the same; and another and a more forcible one, that none of the New England Colos. whom I have appointed to the Command of any of the Sixteen additional Regiments, can possibly raise a Man, until the Number of Regiments allotted by Congress are full, and this, not because there are not Men enough, but because they cannot grant the same Bounty. Of the Sixteen additional Regiments, I had conferred Seven upon Gentlemen of New England; All Men of Influence, and who had given the highest proofs of their Bravery and good Conduct during the whole course of the War; and as they were very careful in the Choice of their Officers I had the highest Expectation from their Corps. But they write me they cannot get Men for 20 dollars, when the State allows 53 1/3. Thus you see, Sir, to what a dilemma I am reduced by this departure of the four Eastern Governments from the line marked out by Congress; I must either give up Seven Regiments or I must grant them the Bounty of 531/3 dollars. If I grant it to them, the remaining 97 Batallions of Foot the Regiments of Artillery and of Horse will put in their claim for the same or justly complain of partiality.
I will communicate the hint, given in the Extract of the Letter which you inclosed to me, to General Schuyler and will recommend it to him to improve it if he finds an opportunity.58
[Note 58: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, Feb. 9, 1777, post.]
I would have you by all means to attend to the compleating of the Fortifications in the Harbour of Boston, and I hope we shall in time render most of our great towns as inaccessible to their Ships, as the interior parts of our Country are to their Army. I have the Honor etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 1, 1777.
Sir: Since I wrote to you on the 20th. of last Month, I have reed. a return of the Officers and Privates sent from Connecticut by Governor Trumbull, a Copy you have inclosed. I desire that Capt. Dearborn who was taken at Quebec on the 31st. Decemr. 1775, and whose Parole has not yet been sent out, may have it done by the first Opportunity, in the room of one of the Captains and that Captains Trowbridge and Percival of the 17th. Continental Regiment taken upon Long Island upon the 27 August may be exchanged for the other. As Brigade Major Wyllis, who will deliver you this, was permitted to go out of New York upon his parole, either to return or send in a Captain, I would have requested that one of the three Captains sent in by Govr. Trumbull might have been exchanged for him, could I have done it without doing injustice to Captains Dearborn, Trowbridge or Percival, who have been longer in Captivity. But if there is a Captain, as I think there is, sent in by us, and not yet accounted for, I desire that Major Wyllis may be exchanged for him. There are yet the Paroles of Eight of the Officers besides Capt. Dearborn, who were taken at Quebec, which have never been sent out. I wish to have them among the first. I observe that none of the Maryland Officers who were taken upon Long Island, have ever been released, and that the Pensylvanians have had more than their proportion, I therefore desire that in future the Officers from the Eastern States, and those from Jersey, York and Maryland may have a due preference. I am &ca.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 1, 1777.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The General positively forbids all Recruiting Officers whatever, giving a greater bounty for men, or making them any other promises, than what is particularly mentioned in the Resolve of Congress for that service; nor does he admit of officers inlisting men out of one State, to serve in another, unless they are of the Additional Battalions, the Congress's own Regt., or the Train of Artillery, without special Orders issued for that purpose; great inconvenience and injustice arising therefrom, and necessary to be prevented.
Morris Town, February 2, 1777.
Sir: In a Letter which I did myself the honour of writing to you on the 20th Ulto., I could not help expressing my Sentiments of the Impropriety, as it appeard to me, of raising Troops on a Colonial establishment and thereby setting up a kind of seperate Interest, before your quota for the Continental Army was cornpleated.
At the time of my writing that Letter, I was unacquainted with the terms on which these Colonial Regiments were to be raised; I little thought, that the pay of the Men was to be greater than of those in the Continental Service.--I foresaw indeed inconveniences enough without this, but the baneful Influence of advanced pay and bounty, already begins to shew itself in numberless Instances, and the poisonous effects of them have reached this Army. I do not know in what light the adoption of these Measures may appear to your State; to me, the contradistinctions which they are setting up appears to be fraught with every evil;--Manifestly injurious to the common cause, and an indirect breach of the union; My duty therefore as Comr. in Chief of the Armies of the United States compels me, however disagreeable the task, to remonstrate against such mode of proceeding (unless Co-ercive Measures are used to bring forth your quota of Continental Troops), and to add, that if the defence of any particular State is the governing object of its Policy it can be no recommendation to me, or inducement for Congress to bestow any extraordinary attention to the defence of such State.
You will do me the justice to perceive Sir, that I am grounding my complaint upon an Information that the Continental, and Colonial Officers are recruiting Indiscriminately; the first at forty Shillings, the other at £3 pr. Month, the first, for hard and dangerous Service, far distant from home perhaps, the Second, for easy and secure duty at, or near, their own firesides. If my Information is wrong, and you are pursuing co-ercive, or vigorous Measures to compleat the Continental Regiments required of your State in a short time; my remonstrance drops of course, and I have to ask your pardon for the trouble I have given you. If right, the error of the Policy is too obvious to need further annimadversion upon it; sufficient it is to me, to warn you of the danger, and urge the Completion of the Regiments for Continental Service, the United States have a just claim upon you for these Men and will have but too good cause to complain, if they are depriv'd of them by your attempts to raise others.--The Importance of the Subject will appologize for the freedom, and candour of my Sentiments, especially when I assure you that with very great esteem and regard I have the Honr. to be, etc.61
[Note 61: George Johnston, who made the clean copy of this letter for Washington's signature, made half a dozen word changes of Washington's draft at various points, but without improvement on the General's choice of words.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have not been favoured with a Line from you since the 24th. Ulto. Anxious for the success of the Troops under you, I wish to hear from you frequently; an Express may meet with a ready passage across the North River. While you are lying in that quarter, I would by all means have the Forage and Provisions removed, to some interior parts of the Country, entirely out of the Enemy's reach; For altho' the removing it, will be attended with greater expense than the same quantity could be laid in for, nearer the grand Magazines, yet the loss of it to the Enemy, will vastly more than overbalance that Consideration; I do not mean that this business should obstruct or retard your Military Operations; a sufficient number of Waggons can do it in security, when covered by your Troops tho' engaged. It's more than probable, that the Enemy have laid in their Magazines on Long Island, I would therefore have you omit no chance of destroying them; but rather, that you would industriously court an Opportunity of detaching a party for that special purpose. Blows of this sort, frequently repeated now, will effectually prevent their pushing on with vigor the ensuing Campaign. Wishing you success. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
[Note 63: Cornell was at Windham, Conn.]
Morris Town, February 2, 1777.
Sir: I am no less Surprised than you are, at the policy of New England, how it will end I can not positively determine, but I dread its Consequences. I dare not (as they have) hazard the establishment of a practice, directly repugnant to a Resolve of Congress, and therefore can say nothing more to you,than desire that you would quickly determine, from Appearances, whether you can raise the Regiment by the time expected, if you think you can not, please to inform me immediately, for it would be only loosing time, [and injuring the Public,] to appoint Officers who can not answer the end proposed. [I am satisfied you are too great a friend to the Cause we are Ingaged in to wish to see a number of appointments from whence the public can derive no benefit, but on the contrary taxed with an expence of Officers without Men; When in other States who have not adopted the New England policy they may be Inlisted and our Strength increased by it.] I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 3, 1777.
Parole Vienna. Countersign Wilmington.
Any officers, or soldiers of the American Army, who are possessed of Bonds, or other papers, belonging to Mr. Stockden,67 are strictly ordered to deliver them to the Adjutant General at Head-Quarters.
[Note 67: Richard Stockton, of New Jersey.]
General Returns of Brigades and Regiments to be given in to morrow, 9 o'clock.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 3, 1777.
Dr. Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 28th January by Mr. Sacket,68 who Communicated to me the Measures which had been planned by you and him, for forwarding the Military Operations on your Side, and which I most Sincerely wish had been carried into Execution.
[Note 68: Nathaniel Sacket. He, later, furnished secret intelligence to Washington.]
I attribute our ill Success in the Neighbourhood of Kingsbridge, to the same cause that you do; I was apprehensive from the Manner in which the Scene opened that nothing great was to be expected, but I hoped that the Country was not to be given up, altho' no Attempt was made upon the Fort.
I shall say but little to you byway of Letter, as I shall communicate my Sentiments in a Confidential Manner to Mr. Sacket; I will only observe, that altho' I could easily find a pretence for changing the Command in your Quarter, it would answer no end to appoint either of the three Brigadier Generals69 that you mention; because they would be Commanded by the two provincial Major Generals already there.
[Note 69: Generals Mifflin, Parsons, and James Clinton.]
From the Accounts which I have received from Colo Henry Livingston,70 I do not find that there is a probability of filling more Regiments in the State of New York, than are already commissioned; if there was, I should take a pleasure in conferring the Command, which you desire, upon Mr. John Livingston71 tho' a Stranger to me; but for one reason, and that is, that the appointment of a young Gentn. who has never served, to so high a Rank, would probably give disgust to many officers of long standing, who are still in inferior Stations. But I would wave this objection provided I could be any ways assured that Mr. Livingston's Interest, in conjunction with that of a good Colonel and Major would raise a Regiment. Have you fixed upon any person in your own mind proper for the Command ? If you have not, what think you of Lieut. Col Weissenfels,72 he is an excellent Officer and of approved Bravery. There is also Colo. Malcolm73 to whom I offered a Regiment, but he candidly told me that he did not think he could raise one upon his own Interest. Perhaps his joined to Mr. Livingston's might do it. I shall be glad to hear your Sentiments on this Matter. I have the Honor etc.74
[Note 70: Col, Henry Beekmart(?) Livingston, of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
[Note 71: Duer had written that John Livingston was a son of Robert [R.] Livingston.]
[Note 72: Lieut. Col. Frederick Weissenfels, of the Second New York Regiment.]
[Note 73: Col. William Malcolm, of a New York State regiment. He was colonel of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments in April, 1777; deputy adjutant general, Northern Department, in 1778; served, subsequently, as colonel of New York levies.]
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your two favors of the 30th. last month reached me last Night. I cannot say but I was a good deal surprised and disappointed at the contents. I never was very sanguine, as to any thing more being effected than to oblige the Garrison either to Surrender or evacuate Fort Independence and retire within the Island; as neither has been done, I wish your summons had never been sent, as I am fearful it will expose us to the ridicule of our Enemies. By falling back as far as you have done, one valuable purpose of your going down, is lost, and that is, depriving the Enemy of the forage of which they are in extreme want, and collecting it for our own use.75 If my accounts from Brunswick are true, the Enemy have, notwithstanding your being upon their Backs, drawn considerable Reinforcements from New York, if so, and you think that nothing of Consequence can be effected by you in the Neighbourhood of Kingsbridge, I would have you leave a sufficient force at Peekskill, to make the passes secure, and throw the remainder over the River, with Orders to march immediately down here. For if the Troops return from Rhode Island and do not find you in West Chester County, they will certainly join their main Body at Brunswick, and the Garrison of York Island, may likewise be much reduced, and the Troops drawn from thence be likewise sent here. We must, in that case, collect all our force to oppose theirs. I wish we could possibly have foreseen that the diversion upon your side would not have had the desired effect, for with the additions of the three thousand four hundred Men, that have been with you, we could have distracted the Enemy with a variety of
[Note 75: See note to Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, Jan. 19, 1777, ante. Sparks says the expedition was originally a project of the Convention of New York, and, by the consent and order of General Washington, it was put under the direction of Heath. Brig. Gen. John Morin Scott commanded the New York cooperating militia.] Attacks, and made some considerable Advantages. The report of Carleton's Army having joined Howe's is certainly without foundation.
The securing the Forage in West Chester County, for our own use, or depriving the Enemy from carrying it off for theirs, is an object of so much moment, that I desire some measures may yet be fallen upon to effect one or the other. Suppose a light Body of Troops, under an active Officer, sufficient to repel any foraging parties of the Enemy, except they come out in very large Bodies, should be left behind, and Stationed as near Kingsbridge as possible. While they kept a good look out they never could be surprised, for not being encumbered with any Baggage, they could always move at a moments warning, if the Enemy came out with a superior force, and move back when they returned. This would Oblige them to forage, with such large covering parties, that it would in a manner harrass their Troops to death. We have found the advantage of such practices with us, for by keeping four or five hundred Men far advanced, we not only oblige them to forage with parties of 1500 and 2,000 to cover, but every now and then, give them a smart Brush. Your Waggons might always safely be at Work in the rear of your party, for at this Season of the Year, Kingsbridge is the only point from whence the Enemy can issue. As to the number necessary for the above purpose, I would have you consult Mr. Duer and the Gentlemen who best know the Country. After fixing that matter, you will next determine what number are to be left at Peekskill, and I would have the remainder immediately marched forward to join me. One thing I would wish you to observe, that is, that the Troops that come over, should be those who have the longest time to serve. In one of your former Letters, you desired leave to return for a while to New England, when the Service would admit of it, I have no Objection to your doing it after you have made the Arrangements recommended above. I must only wish that you will return, as soon as your private Affairs will admit, for several of the General Officers, are desirous of making a Visit to their respective homes, before the Campaign opens in the Spring.76 I am etc.77
[Note 76: Heath wrote in reply to this (February 6): "When I received your Excellency's Orders to march towards Kingsbridge, nothing could be more agreeable than the Manoeuvre; but I cannot say that the taking Command of a Body of Troops intirely Militia was so; it was indeed far otherwise. ... Upon my Arrival before the Fort I Summoned the Garrison to surrender, as your Excellency is sensible is the practice on the first Investing of a Place; and this I did in particular at the motion of a Gentleman before I left Peekskill, as it was supposed the Garrison consisted of Hessian Troops, and from some preceding Circumstances it might answer a very good purpose. And although some of the Enemy may laugh at a Fort being summoned and not taken, I believe they will scarcely publish the Summons, After this I called a Council of War, as I did in every Instance of Importance during our Continuance before the Fort, and in every one of them the Council was unanimous. I have taken the Liberty of enclosing one of them, to wit. that preceding our Remove, by which your Excellency will perceive, that the Landing of Lord Percy to surround us was not so much as mentioned. The facts were briefly these. The Troops were scattered in a Circle of more than Eight miles; we had tried to Hut them, but the Rain preceding our Remove, had driven four of General Lincoln's Regiments from their Huts, with the Loss of nearly all their Ammunition. The Enemy had sallied early one morning and Surprised one of our out Guards; the Regiment nearest the place was struck with a panic, and had quitted their Quarters, leaving their Baggage; the Troops were so scattered as not to be collected in less than two or three hours. In which case those that were quartered within Cannon Shot of the Fort as was the Case would be entirely cut to pieces before they could be supported. A diffidence and uneasiness were discovered in even the bravest Officers, in such a Situation, and a universal desire to get more advantageously quartered. Every Officer objected to a Storm, as they apprehended the Militia inadequate to such an Enterprise. Every purpose it was supposed would, and has been, answered by the Troops in their present Cantonment, except that of Reducing the Fort. No Officer could be more anxious to effect something to purpose than I have during the Expedition here, or more harassed, perplexed and fatigued with an undisciplined Militia, and if after all this and having taken every Step, agreable to the Result of Councils of War, I am to be Censured, it is truly discouraging ... I shall immediately endeavour to make the necessary Arrangement directed by your Excellency and shall in Obedience to your Orders, consult Colo. Duet, otherwise I should not do it, in Military matters, altho' I much esteem him for his good Sense and Judgment in other affairs."-- Washington Papers.]
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 3, 1777.
Sir:Upon considering the best mode of distressing the Enemy and rendering their Situation still more disagreeable, as well as retarding their early Operations in the Field; I have determined to remove, out of their reach, all the Horses, Waggons, and fat Cattle, for which purpose I have appointed Thursday Morning next early for you, Genls. Sullivan, Warner and Dickinson78 to do it. In the mean time you will, in the best and most private manner, collect the necessary information where these Articles are. I mean that you should take a sufficient party to remove them from the whole Country, lying between Quibble Town and the Sound eastward, approaching as near the Enemy as you can in safety. I would by no means have you grasp at too much, lest the attempt may be entirely frustrated, undertake to remove no more of them, than you can with the greatest certainty and success accomplish. The forage in the Circle above described, I shall let remain till another time. I have dispatched Orders Similar to these to the above mentioned Generals, and have assigned to each of them, such parts of the Country, as lie most convenient. On the success of this business, very much depends; let me therefore, call your utmost attention to it. Doctr. Caldwell79 will be the best person you can apply to, he will give you every possible Assistance. As the success of this enterprize depends totally on the secresy with which it is conducted, I expect you will settle matters so, that the Enemy cannot possibly get a hint of it. The Horses and Waggons are to be given to the Quarter Master of the Brigade, and the fat Cattle to be sent to the Commissary here, except what you want with you.
[Note 78: These same instructions were sent to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan and Brig, Gens. Nathaniel Warner and Philemon Dickinson.]
[Note 79: Rev. James Caldwell, chaplain of the Third New Jersey Regiment.]
The Officer of the party who brings things off must Value and take an Account of them, the Parties sent need not be large, but see that they are well covered.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston and John Fitzgerald.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 4, 1777.
Parole Stanton. Countersign Pittsburgh.
The Hon'ble The Governor and Assembly of New Jersey, having directed Thursday the 6th. day of this Month, to be observed as a Day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer, by the Inhabitants of the State--The General desires the same may be observed by the army.
The Quarter Master General will, in future, deliver the following Rations of Provender for the horses employed in the service--viz:
For Light Horse, 16 lbs. of Hay, and 10 Quarts of Oats, or 61/2 Q'ts. of Indian Corn, or other Grain in lieu thereof.
For Officer's Horses belonging to the Foot, who are authorised to draw provender--14 lbs Hay and 6 quarts of Oats, or 4 Q'ts of Indian Corn, or other Grain in lieu thereof.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 4, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with your's of the 1st Inst. and shall be happy to hear that your House will adopt the Measures you propose recommending to them.
Our Army is in much the same Situation as when I had the Pleasure of seeing you here; we have had two Skirmishes with large Bodies of the Enemy in which they have little to Boast of and would have had less, had not a Colo. of ours behaved Ill in each for which they are now under Arrest. In the first, two of their Regiments were opposed by our advanced Party of 160 Men, who behaved well, and if supported by the Main Body of about 260. under command of Colo. Buckner, would have done great Damage.--We lost but two and from the best Accounts we have, the Enemy must have lost from 30. to 40. killed and a proportion wounded; amongst the killed we are informed was their Colo. Commandant and the Lieut. Colo. Wounded, mortally it is said.--The last party that came out was headed by Sir William Erskine,81 and consisted of, from two to three thousand with 8 Field pieces, they came for some Hay, which some of our Troops intended taking off the same Day; they met near the Ground where the Hay was when a Smart Engagement ensued; when our Troops, vastly inferior in Number, were obliged to give way, however they again Rallied and attacked, when it became a sort of drawn Battle, and the Enemy after suffering considerably went off with so much precipitation, that the Hay &c. which they had on their Waggons, was in great part strew'd along the Road. In this affair it is said Colo. Ward82 has behaved Ill for which I have ordered him arrested. Genl. Heath, after approaching Fort Independence, has thought fit to retire up towards the White Plains; it is confidently said, that Genl. Howe has ordered in the greatest part of the Rhode Island Troops, and I am informed that Lord Piercy83 has arrived at Frogs Neck with part of them. I am etc.84
[Note 81: Lieut. Col. Sir William Erskine. Later he was colonel of the Eightieth Foot, British Army, and brigadier and major general in America.]
[Note 82: Col. Andrew Ward, of a Connecticut State regiment.]
[Note 83: Maj. Gen. Hugh, Earl Percy.]
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Morris Town, February 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: This Letter is in addition to my public one of this date;85 It is to hint to you, and I do it with concern, that your conduct is censured (and by Men of sense and judgment who
[Note 85: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, Feb. 3, 1777, ante.] have been with you on the Expedition to Fort Independance) as being fraught with too much caution, by which the Army has been disappointed, and in some degree disgraced.86
[Note 86: "Many persons are extremely dissatisfied with numbers of the general officers of the highest rank. I don't mean the Commander-in-Chief. his character is justly very high, but Schuyler, Putnam, Spencer, Heath, are thought by very few to be capable of the great commands they hold. We hear of none of their heroic deeds of arms. I wish they would all resign. For my part, I will vote upon the genuine principles of a republic for a new election of general officers annually, and every man shall have my consent to be left out who does not give sufficient proof of his qualifications."-- John to Abigail Adams, Feb. 21, 1777.]
Your Summons, as you did not attempt to fulfil your threats, was not only Idle but farcical; and will not fail of turning the laugh exceedingly upon us; these things I mention to you as a friend, (for you will perceive that they have composed no part of my public Letter). Why you should be so apprehensive of being surrounded, even if Lord Piercy had Landed, I cannot conceive; You know that Landing Men, procuring Horses &ca. is not the work of an hour, a day, or even a Week.
Upon the whole, it appears to me from Information, that if you had pushed vigorously, upon your first going to Fort Independence that that post would have been carried; and query, may it not yet be taken by Surprize? It is nothing for a party of light Troops to march twelve or Fourteen Miles in the course of five or Six hours; an expedition therefore undertaken with precaution, and conducted with secrecy in a dark Night, may be attended with fortunate consequences. I drop this hint, you may improve, or reject it, as Circumstances will justify, too large a body for such an Enterprize might be unwieldly, and expose the measure to discovery. I am etc.
Head Quarters, February 4, 1777.
My Lord: You are to repair to Baskenridge and take upon you the command of the Troops now there, and such as may be sent to your care.
You are to endeavour, as much as possible, to harrass and annoy the Enemy by keeping Scouting parties constantly (or as frequently as possible) around their Quarters.
As you will be in the Neighbourhood of Genls. Dickenson and Warner, I recommend it to you to keep up a correspondence with them, and endeavour to regulate your Parties by theirs, so as to have some constantly out.
Use every means in your power to obtain Intelligence from the Enemy wch. may possibly be better effected by engaging some of those People who have obtaind Protections, to go in under pretence of asking advice than by any other Means.
You will also use every means in your power to obtain, and communicate, the earliest accts of the Enemy's Movements, and to Assemble in the speediest manner possible your Troops either for offence or defence.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 4, 1777.
Sir: The advantage of obtaining the earliest and best Intelligence of the designs of the Enemy, The good Character given of you by Colo. Duer, and your capacity for an undertaking of this kind, have induced me to entrust the Management of this business to your care till further orders on this head.
For your own care and trouble in this business I agree, on behalf of the public to allow you Fifty Dollars pr. Kallender Month, and herewith give you a Warrant upon the Paymaster Genl. for the Sum of Five hundd. Dollars to pay those whom you may find necessary to Imploy in the transaction of this business. An acct of the disbursements of which you are to render to me.87
[Note 87: From the text, in the writing of Washington, kindly furnished by Lyman H. Gallagher, of Caroline, Slaterville Spring, N.Y. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is also in the writing of Washington.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 5, 1777.
Parole Lewis. Countersign Barclay.
The Fast day directed in Yesterday's General Orders was a mistake, it being ordered by the Governor and Assembly of this State, to be kept the 6th. of March, not the 6th. of this Month; which the Army is to take notice of.
Head Qtrs., Morris Town, February 5, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 24th January, with Sundry Resolves of Congress and a Petition of Monsr. Pellisier's88 inclosed. I am not the proper person to refer the Petition to, as as I am no judge of his Merit as an Engineer, having never had an opportunity of seeing any of his performances. At any rate, I do not see the necessity of appointing him or any other person principal Engineer at Ticonderoga, for that would exclude any other, tho' of superior Abilities from being sent there. Besides, as a Corps of Engineer's, will in all probability be soon established, Monsr. Pellisier's Rank can then be settled with more propriety.
[Note 88: Lieut. Col. Christopher Pelissier, Engineer Corps, Continental Army. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 23. 1777.) Pelissier's petition has not been located.]
I forgot to mention in any of my former Letters that I hadappointed Capt. Nathaniel Gist of Virginia to the command of a Regiment to be raised upon the Frontiers of Virginia and Carolina, and I have directed him if possible, to bring a Company or two of Cherokee Indians. If they can be procured, they will answer two valuable purposes, one as excellent Scouts, the other, that they will be in fact Hostages, and will secure the good behaviour of their Nation.
Major Bland89 Commandant of the Virginia Horse, has desired to know, whether there is not a necessity of giving a Bounty and re-inlisting his Regiment as Continental Troops. They were inlisted to serve in the Colony, and the Men were with some difficulty prevailed upon to march hither, but the Major thinks they would be intirely reconciled upon receiving the Bounty.
[Note 89: Maj. Theodorick Bland.]
I received a letter from Mr. Chase,90 desiring I would appoint proper persons to make enquiry into and take depositions concerning the Behaviour of the British and Foreign Troops in Jersey. This would be an endless task, as their line of march is marked with devastation, and is a thing of such public notoriety, that it demands no further proof. I remonstrated with Genl. Howe upon the Treatment of our wounded at Princeton, you will see by the inclosed Letter from him, that he disavows and detests the proceeding. But I fear that too much encouragement is given to such barbarous Behaviour by the British Officers, for in a late Skirmish [near Brunswick] in which Sir William Erskine91 commanded, Lieut. Kelly92 of the 5th Virginia Regiment was Slightly wounded in the thigh, but before he could get off the field, he was overtaken and murthered in a most cruel manner. Generel Stephen informed me that he would write [in] to Sir William and inform him, that unless such practices were put a Stop to, our Soldiers would not be restrained from making Retaliation.
[Note 90: Samuel Chase.]
[Note 91: Lieut. Col. Sir William Erskine, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
[Note 92: Lieut. William(?) Kelly.]
By a Letter from Genl. Heath of the 30th. last month, I find that he had decamped from the Neighbourhood of Kingsbridge and removed back towards the White Plains. His reasons, for so doing, were that the Troops could not stand the inclemency of the Weather, and that he feared, the Troops expected from Rhode Island, would land upon his Back. I have, however, directed him, to leave a Body of light Troops, under an active Officer in order to harrass their foraging parties, and to cover our own, who are to remove as much of the forage from West Chester County as they can. And after leaving as many men, as will Secure the passes in the Highlands, the remainder are to be sent over here to join me, for I am apprehensive that the Enemy are reinforcing themselves at Brunswick. I shall tomorrow send out parties, from every quarter to remove all the Waggons, Horses, Cattle and Sheep, or as many as possible, from the neighbourhood of the Enemy's lines. They are to attend particularly to the Horses, for if we can reduce those that they at present have, and can hinder them from getting fresh ones from the adjacent Country, it will be impossible for them to move their Artillery and Waggons forward, should they incline to make another push towards Philadelphia.
I observe, by your last Resolves that the Militia of Baltimore, Hartford93 and Cecil Counties in Maryland are ordered out and to march this way. Let me intreat you to Suffer none to go forward to Philadelphia, but what are equipped with Arms, Accoutrements and Blankets, they hurt the Service much by taking these things, only for a short time, from the continental Troops, many of whom would otherwise be enabled to take the Field.
[Note 93: Harford County.]
The Secretary of the Board of War, has transmitted me extracts from Genl. Schuyler's Letters, in which he calls [very] pressingly for some General Officers to be sent to his Assistance. This will shew you the necessity of immediately making the promotions recommended in mine of the 22d January. For at present, I cannot spare a General Officer from this quarter, without injuring the Service.
Nothing of consequence has happened since I wrote to you last, except a Skirmish on the 1st. of this Month, five or six Miles from Brunswick landing, between our advanced parties about seven hundred in the whole, and upwards of two thousand of the Enemy under Sir William Erskine. The heat of the engagement was between Colo. Scott of the 5th Virginia Regiment, who, with about one hundred Men, beat back two hundred of the British Grenadiers. Several other Officers behaved with great spirit, but there is some reason to suspect that Colo. Andrew Ward who commanded our main Body, did not behave altogether as he ought.
I have ordered a Court upon him, that the Matter may be fairly canvassed, and that he may stand condemned or acquitted by the Evidence of those who were present.
Colo Buckner of the 6th Virginia Regiment who was under Arrest upon a charge of cowardice, broke his parole and went over to Bucks County, I suppose with an intent to make his Escape, but I dispatched a Troop of light Horse after him, who brought him back yesterday, and he is to take his tryal on Friday.
The small pox has made such Head in every Quarter that I find it impossible to keep it from Spreading thro' the Army, in the natural Way. I have therefore, determined not only to innoculate all the Troops now here, that have not had it, but shall order Doctor Shippen to innoculate the Recruits, as fast as they come into Philadelphia. They will loose no time, because they will go thro' the disorder while their cloathing, Arms and accoutrements are getting ready.
From the first institution of civil Government, it has been the national policy of every precedent State to endeavour to engage its Members to the discharge of their Public duty, by the obligation of some Oath; its force and happy influence, has been felt in too many instances, to need any Arguments to support the Policy, or prove its utility. I have often thought, the States have been too negligent in this particular and am more fully convinced of it from the Effect Genl Howe's excursion has produced in New Jersey. An oath is the only substitute, that can be adopted to supply the defect of principle. By our inattention to this Article we lose a considerable Cement to our own Force, and give the Enemy an opportunity to make the first tender of the oaths of allegiance to the King. Its baneful influence is but too severely felt at this time. The People generally confess they were compelled to take protection and subscribe the declaration, yet it furnishes many with Arguments to refuse taking any active part and further, they alledge themselves bound to a neutrality at least. Many conscientious People who were well wishers to the Cause had they been bound to the States by an Oath, would have Suffered any punishment, rather than take the Oath of Allegiance to the King, and are now lost to our Interest for want of this necessary tie. Notwithstanding the Obligation of the Association they do not conceive it to have the same effect of an Oath.94 The more united the Inhabitants appear, the greater Difficulty Howe will find, in reconciling them to regal Government, and consequently the less hope of conquering them. For these Reasons and many more that might be urged, I should Strongly recommend, every State to fix on some proper form as an Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance to be tendered to all the Inhabitants without exception, and to out law those that refuse it. I am &c.95
[Note 94: "I expect a recommendation will soon be made by Congress to all the States toadminister an Oath not only to Officers and Electors but to all Suspected persons as a Test to discriminate between Friends and foes."-- Roger Sherman to Governor Trumbull, Apr. 9, 1777. (See Burnett's Letters of Members of Congress, vol. 2, p. 320.)]
[Note 95: In the writing of Tench Tilghman, The words in brackets are in the draft but not in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 5, 1777.
Dr. Sir: I have the pleasure of yours of the 31st Ulto. and can readily excuse your not answering my Letters with regularity, as I know the Weight of important Business that lays upon your hands.
The Return of Stores made by Mr. Towers,96 is so small, that I do not think the immediate removal of them any ways necessary. Besides they are such as will be chiefly taken up by the Troops upon their March. If there are any bulky Articles not likely to be wanted soon, they are better out of the way.
[Note 96: Robert Towers, commissary of the Pennsylvania committee of safety.]
Mr. Wallace97 wrote to General Sullivan concerning his plate, and I have desired him to write to Genl. Heath and know whether he has got it. You may depend, that such Steps shall be taken, as will render Strict justice to Mr. Wallace and the Public.
[Note 97: Hugh Wallace, of New York City.]
I perfectly agree in Sentiment with you, that it would be better for every Suspicious and dangerous person to be in New York, for which reason you have liberty to send in Capt. Jones in exchange for Capt. Hallock98 and Mr. Palmer99 for Capt. Dean.1 If there are any others taken in Merchantmen that are not held as Prisoners of War, use your own discretion, only endeavour if you can, to procure the liberty of Masters of Ships or others under the same Circumstances.
[Note 98: Capt. William Hallock, of the Continental armed vessel Lexington. He had gone to the West Indies for the Secret Committee of Congress and on his way back was captured by the British frigate Pearl off the Delaware capes.]
[Note 99: Palmer was British commissary.]
[Note 1: Capt. John Dean, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Fort Washington. N.Y. Heitman's Register states he was exchanged in August, 1778.]
I hope your Ship will not loose her Valuable Cargo of Salt. I thank you for the Copy of the Kings Speech, which I think fairly bids the Parliament to prepare for an approaching Storm, indeed France has done every thing but make the much wished for declaration. I have given Monsr. Derolland2 a Lieutenancy in Colonel Patton's Regt. I am etc.3
[Note 2: Sebastian De Roland. He was appointed a lieutenant in Patron's Additional Continental regiment on January 15; dropped from the rolls after September.]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, which is also in Tilghman's writing, is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 5, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 23d January, inclosing a Resolution of Congress, whereby you are appointed one of seven Gentn., to enquire into the Conduct of the British and Hessian Officers, towards the Officers and Soldiers in the Service of the States and towards the Inhabitants of the States of New Jersey and New York.4
[Note 4: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 16, 1777. The committee was Samuel Chase, John Witherspoon, Abraham Clark, Francis Lewis, George Ross, Thomas Heyward, and William Smith.]
To take a particular Account of all the Ravages and devastations would be endless, I shall therefore employ some proper person to take the depositions of people in different parts of the Province of New Jersey, who have been plundered, after having taken protection and Subscribed the Declaration.
One thing I must remark in favor of the Hessians, and that is, that our people who have been prisoners generally agree that they received much kinder treatment from them, than from the British Officers and Soldiers. The Barbarities at Princeton were all committed by the British, there being no Hessians there. I sent Genl Howe a deposition taken from Lieut. Yates, who afterwards died of the Wounds he received after he Surrendered, but you will see by a Copy of a Letter transmitted to Congress, that Genl. Howe disavows and reprobates all such proceedings. There has been another Instance of Barbarity in a Skirmish on the 1st of this Month. Lieut. Kelly of the 5th Virginia Regiment was Slightly wounded in the Thigh, but before he could get off the Field he was overtaken and cruelly Murdered. Genl Stephens sent in a Flag to Sir William Erskine, complaining of this Savage Manner of Carrying on War; but I do not know his Answer. I have heard that orders were given at Trenton to make no Prisoners, but kill all that fell into their hands, but of this there is no proof. I have the honor &c.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, February 5, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favor of Yesterday representing the Case of Mr. John Taylor, I have received; and assure you that I never intended to exclude any from the benefit of my Proclamation, who were not particularly active in persecuting and distroying the property of the friends to our Cause. The case of Mr. Taylor and any others that are brought to you, or confined, must therefore depend upon this. As to the Circumstance, respecting the Families of those who went over to the Enemy, previous to the Proclamation, it is not my intention that they should be under any necessity of withdrawing themselves, provided their future good behaviour warrants such Lenity towards them. If any application should be made to you, for leave to withdraw to the Enemy; and upon examination you see no Impropriety in granting it, you have my consent to agree to it, but let no property be conveyed with them. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 5, 1777.
Dear Sir: The slowness and irregularity with which the Militia leave Philadelphia, renders the presence of some General Officer in that City indespensably necessary; and as you have been there, and no doubt are better acquainted with the best mode of equipping and dispatching them, than any new one, I request your Continuance there, till you hear farther from me; In the mean time I must call your utmost attention to this business, as of the last Consequence, perhaps, to us now.
I have already been deceived with respect to the Numbers, said to have left Philadelphia to join me, and shall continue to be so, without the least fault in the Commanding Officer there. If they are permitted to march from thence in small Bodies, with but few Officers, too many of them return to their homes, making plunder of every thing furnished them by the Public, to enable them to take the field; nor can this scandalous practice be checked and punished, as no Account is taken of the Officers names who command them. I would therefore have you send me with every detachment, an Account of the Names of the Officers commanding them, and number of Men that leave you to join me; as also of the several Articles furnished them by the Public, that when discharged, they may have their Accounts settled here, than to alter the route of the Troops coming from the South; you will therefore command all such to pass by Newtown, and not to touch at Philadelphia, under the most certain and severe Penalty. To accommodate them whilst at Newtown, I would have an issuing Store instantly established there, and likewise an Officer of some distinction quartered there, whose business shall be to receive and forward them. If it can be made convenient for Colo. Dehaas,7 I wish he could be appointed to this duty. I am informed that a most infamous practice prevails among the Soldiery in Philadelphia, of inlisting into several Corps, it must not be suffered. For which purpose, I have inclosed you a General Order against it,8 make it public, and have it vigorously executed, as I am resolved to extend not the smallest degree of mercy to such offenders. I am much at a loss what step to take to prevent the spreading of the small Pox, should we innoculate generally, the Enemy, knowing it, will certainly take advantage of our Situation; 'till some good mode can be adopted, I know of no better. I am etc.
[Note 7: Col. John Philip De Haas, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He was promoted to brigadier general in February, 1777.]
[Note 8: See General Orders, Feb. 6, 1777, post.]
P.S. Since writing the above I have come to the Resolution of innoculating the Troops, and have given orders to that put. pose, as well at Philadelphia as here, this is the only effectual method of putting a period to the disorder.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston and Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 6, 1777.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The General is informed, that many frauds and abuses have been committed of late by sundry Soldiers, who after inlisting in one Regiment, and receiving the Bounty allowed by Congress, have deserted, inlisted in others, and received new Bounties, for prevention of such unjust, and infamous practices, commands and strictly enjoins all officers of the Continental Army, to use their utmost endeavours to detect those who shall be guilty of such offences, and them having apprehended, they cause to be forthwith tried by a General Court Martial, that they may be dealt with according to their crimes.
The General thinks proper to declare that this offence is of the most enormous and flagrant nature, and not admitting of the least palliation or excuse; whosoever are convicted thereof, and sentenced to die, may consider their execution certain and inevitable.
That such impositions may be less practicable every Officer engaged in the Recruiting Service, is required to have a piece of blue, red or yellow Ribband or Tape, fixed in the Hat of each soldier recruited, at the time of enlistment; which he shall constantly wear, under pain of receiving 39 Lashes; 'till the Regiment, or Corps to which he belongs is assembled and joins the army.10
[Note 10: On February 6 Washington wrote short notes to Morris, Clymer, and Wharton, the committee of Congress at Philadelphia, and to the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania, requesting funds to meet recruiting expenses of various regiments. These notes are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 6, 1777.
Sir: I am this Evening honored with yours of the 1st Inst., and am to thank you for your Promise of forwarding the New Levies, which I am sure you will perform to the utmost of your Abilities. I have, as I wrote you in my last, pressed Congress to send you forward a Supply of Money and the proper Books to open your Loan Office. As Mr. Mease the Cloathier General is now here, I have shewed him that part of your Letter respecting Cloathing and I refer you to him for a Letter, which he will write to you upon that Head. Instead of hiring Arms, as has been the Custom heretofore, I would have them purchased of the Owners, on Account of the Continent, they will by these means be kept in better repair, for a Man looks upon it that he is at liberty to use his own firelock as he pleases. But in the purchase of the Arms, I would have special care taken as to the Quality, for our Stores are already lumbered with useless ones. I have the Honor to be etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 6, 1777.
As the Arrival of a Sufficient quantity of Small Arms from Europe in time, to arm the Continental Troops, is a matter of great uncertainty, proper Steps should be immediately taken in your State to Collect all that can be purchased from private People. The Custom of hiring them for the Campaign, is attended with many bad Consequences, the owners take little care of them and carry them away or sell or change them when they please.
Particular Attention should be paid to the quality of the Firelock; no light trash Arms should on any Account be received in the Public Stores, if they are not Substantial, both in Lock and Barrel, they should be thrown upon the Hands of the Commissary who purchased them. I am &c.
P.S. Letters from Genl. Schuyler inform me, that the Post of Ticonderoga is left almost intirely naked; that it is in no Situation of Resistance; you will therefore be pleased, to hurry on your Regiments and order them immediately to that Place.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent to New Hampshire, in the archives of the New Hampshire Historical Society, is dated Feb. 7, 1777.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 6, 1777.
Sir: This will be delivered to you by Major Edmonston,13 who was sent down by General Schuyler to go into New York upon parole, to return, or send out an Officer of equal Rank.
[Note 13: Maj. Charles(?) Edmonstone, of the Eighteenth Foot, British Army.]
If Major Williams14 of Col. Rawlings Battalion has not been already sent out, I desire he may be the Officer sent in Exchange. If he should have been sent out, I shall be glad that either Major Brown15 or Major Wells16 of Connecticut may be released. I am &ca.17
[Note 14: Maj. Otho Holland Williams, of Stephenson's rifle battalion. He had been appointed colonel of the Sixth Maryland Regiment Nov. 16, 1776. Col. Moses Rawlings's Additional Continental regiment was never fully organized, and Williams, later, became colonel of the First Maryland Regiment and brigadier general, Continental Army, in 1782.]
[Note 15: Maj. Thomas(?) Brown, of Douglas's Connecticut State regiment.]
[Note 16: Maj. Levi Wells, of the Twenty-second Continental Infantry.]
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was this Evening favoured with your Letter of the 30th Ulto., and approve of your conduct respecting Colo. Ely's18 Regiment. Govr. Trumbull in a Letter he was pleased to honor me with, represented the matter and obtained my answer to the above effect.
[Note 18: Col. John Ely's Connecticut Militia. He was taken prisoner on the expedition against Long lsland, N.Y., in December, 1777, and not exchanged until December, 1780.]
The propriety of attacking the Enemy on Rhode Island, I cannot determine.19 If it can be done with a good prospect and certainty of success, It is much to be wished. A favourable issue to the enterprize, would be attended with the most valuable and important consequences, I shall therefore consent to your calling in the Aid of four or five Continental Regiments, if after mature consideration had of all Circumstances, It shall appear to you and your Officers, that the scheme can be executed; on the other hand, if it shall not seem probable, I would not chuse that they should, as it would be the means of retarding their inlistments and materially injure the service, which strongly claims every possible exertion to complete the Levies.
[Note 19: Spencer was at Providence, R. I.] There are two things, I would have you to remember, that passing a River to attack an Enemy and securing a good retreat; in case of a repulse, are attended with many difficulties, and proper measures should always be digested for both events.
In respect to a Deputy Quarter Master General, one I am certain must be necessary and therefore have no objection to Mr. Jas. Lovell's acting in that Department upon your recommendation and that of the Gentlemen of Providence. I shall be glad to be advised of every material occurrence and such as are worthy of mention.
Nothing of moment has happened of late in the Military line. The Enemy still remain in Brunswick, and our force is at the several Neighbouring posts, to prevent their foraging, as much as possible, and obtaining supplies of provision. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was this Evening favoured with your Letter of the 30th Ulto. and am sorry to find the Forces now assembled in Rhode Island are not competent to the projects you have in view. The propriety of the attack or of the plan, I cannot determine. The map you sent, and for which I return you my thanks, gives me an Idea of the Situation of the Island, but not so accurately as to pronounce upon the matter with precision. If the Attack can be made, with a strong probability, almost amounting to a certainty of Success, it is much to be desired, otherwise I would not advise it; For, as a favourable issue would be productive of the most Valuable and important consequences, so on the other, a miscarriage would lead to those of the most Melancholy nature. I have wrote Genl. Spencer on the subject, wishing everything, respecting the measure, to be duly weighed, previous to an attempt and consented, that, if after mature deliberation had of all circumstances, the Officers esteem the Enterprize advisable, that four or five Continental Regiments may be called in Aid. I suggested to him the difficulty of passing a River to attack an Enemy and of making a good retreat, in case of a repulse, this is obvious and I am satisfied will not escape your attention. Whatever may be determined on, I trust will be founded in prudence and I hope crowned with Success.
In my last, I wrote you about Captn. Mansfield21 in consequence of your recommendation of him, to which I refer you on that Subject.
[Note 21: Capt. Samuel Mansfield, of the Second Continental Artillery.]
Nothing of consequence has occurred of late in the Military line, in this quarter. The Enemy still remain in Brunswick. Our force is at the Neighbouring posts, to prevent as much as possible their obtaining forage and supplies of provision. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 8, 1777.
Sirs: Yesterday honored me with your two favors of the 22d and 25th. Ulto. Had the success that was reasonably expected from the Expedition undertaken by Genl. Heath, attended our Arms, I had flattering hopes of congratulating my Country, on the happy event of circumscribing her unnatural foe, within very narrow limits, and a fair prospect of retarding their early operations in the next Campaign, 'till we were completely ready to meet and effectually oppose them. I beg that you would do me the justice to believe, that I had no other view in mentioning the detention of some of the Continental Cloathing by your State, than a sincere wish to deprive the others of the smallest right to charge me with a Predilection in your favor; tho' my Inclination might have led to devote an unusual share of Attention to your Circumstances, yet 'tis necessary for me to endeavour in every Instance at impartial Justice. Mr. Hughes23 was mistaken when he mentioned to one of your Members that apart of those Goods were to be left at Peekskill; From the first, I intended that they should be delivered into the hands of Mr. Mease the Cloathier General, who has my Orders to distribute them among the States, having just regard to their Numbers, Situation and Circumstancees. He is now at this Place on that business and will when made up deliver them to the Regiments, as they want them.
[Note 23: Hugh Hughes. He was colonel and Assistant Quartermaster General; later served as deputy quartermaster general of New York.]
I should be unhappy in the belief that any part of my Letter to you could be construed into the slightest hint, that you want to interfere in the Military Line. Heaven knows, that I greatly want the Aid of every good Man, and that there are not such enviable pleasures attending my Situation, as to make me too jealous of its prerogatives. Rather than complain of your late Efforts in the Military Way, you deserve the Thanks of us all, And I feel myself happy in this opportunity of returning you mine, in the greatest truth and Sincerity. I am not without my Apprehensions for the Safety of the Fortress of Ticonderoga and have therefore wrote to New Hampshire and Massa. Bay, to forward their new Troops to that Place with all possible dispatch. From the Accounts I receive of the Success that attends the recruiting Service in those States, I have reason to expect, that Garrison will in a short time be in a respectable State of defence. I am Sorry that Experience has too fully proved, that General Howe has every Species of Intelligence he can wish for; I cannot therefore suppress my just Indignation at the Extraordinary requisition made by Mr. Loring his Commissary of Prisoners, that the Canada Gentlemen should have a safe pass thro' our Country; Our Assistance in returning home, I hope they would not doubt, could Prudence justify me in indulging them, with an opportunity of making every discovery they could wish, relating to our Situation. You were therefore perfectly right in refusing him. Every thing in the Cloathing Way passes thro' the hands of Mr. Mease, with him you will please to correspond on that Subject. Nothing material has happened lately.
The Enemy's want of Forage compells them to send out very large Parties to secure it, those are always beat in, with some Loss. Their draft and Artillery horses die fast; and now that I have brought all the useful ones from their neighbourhood I think they will meet with much difficulty in advancing. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 8, 1777.
I have lately received several letters from Genl. Schuyler, calling upon me in the most pressing Manner, to send up a proper Reinforcement to secure the important pass of Ticonderoga; as he is very apprehensive, that the Enemy will take the advantage and opportunity of Crossing the lake upon the Ice, and make themselves Masters of that valuable fortress; when the Troops, whose timees are nearly expired, come away.
Van Schaick's Regiment, consisting of four hundred Men, from the State of New York has already Marched, and I beg that such number of Men (belonging to the quota you are to raise [of the 88 Battalions]) as are recruited, may be equipped with the greatest expedition and forwarded on to Ticonderoga. If the Regiments are not full, a proper number of Officers should be left behind, to cornpleat them and march them up, when they are so.
As I have mentioned this Matter in one of my former Letters, it may perhaps look like a doubt of your Exertions to press it again, but when you consider, of how much importance it is, to prevent the Enemy from passing the lakes and forming a junction with their force below, I hope you will excuse my making this Request the subject of a Seperate Letter. I am &ca.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Morris Town, February 8, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of yesterday was' brought me, in it I discover that you have succeeded entirely to my wishes in removing the Waggons and Horses from out of the Enemy's reach. As the Enterprize was calculated, to distress the Enemy, the removal of every Article that might be useful to them, came within the meaning of the order; you will therefore direct, all the fat Sheep and Hogs near them to be brought off, and dealt with agreeable to former orders. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 8, 1777.
Sir: Yesterday I received yours of the 3rd. Instt. Since Genl. Heath, by his retreat to White Plains, has given the Enemy time to recover themselves, I do not know at this time what can be better done in that quarter, than adopting the plan you propose, of crossing over to the East end of Long Island and destroying the forage. I am so fully convinced of the good effects of this Enterprize, that I have ordered it to be done, generally, in the Neighbourhood of the Enemy here, in which, success has attended us to our utmost wish; you will endeavour at the same time to bring off all the draft Horses fit for service. Colo. Henry Livingston27 of the New York State was lately with me, and has my orders to this purport, with him you will please to concert a good plan. From the inclosed Proclamation28 you will be enabled to regulate your conduct with regard to the Tories. No form of an Oath of allegiance, is yet drawn up, but you can easily strike off one, that will answer the end designed; they have permission to carry in with them their necessary wearing Apparel, but nothing that can possibly be useful to the Enemy, their Estates must be secured 'till the Civil power determine what shall be done. I have writen to the New England States on the Subject of Arming the Troops they are to raise, you will get their answer. You will please to publish the inclosed General Order.29 I am etc.
[Note 27: Col. Henry Beekman Livingston, of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
[Note 28: Probably the proclamation of January 25.]
[Note 29: The order of January 1 against plundering.]
P.S. General Schuyler seems to be under great apprehension about Ticonderoga, he has too much cause. I intend that the Garrison at that place shall come from the Eastern Troops, your attack therefore upon Long Island must not take up time, lest while engaged there the Service may suffer more considerably elsewhere.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, February 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: I last night received your Letter of the 1st. instant, and am sorry to find that you meet with so many difficulties in raising your Regiment. I cannot request Governor Trumbull to advance the Extra bounty, that would be approving a measure, which I have always condemned, as impolitick and injurious to the general interest, and would be promoting a proceeding, so far from being Authorized by the Voice of the States in Congress, that it has been reprobated. I am glad you have set his Honor the Governor right, in respect to the additional Battalions, there is no difference. Troops who engage for three Years or during the War, receive the same; I wish as many to be inlisted for the latter term as possible. I am persuaded no exertions on your part, will be wanting, to make up your Regiment, perhaps industry and perseverance will get the better of the Obstacle you mention, tho' I am not very sanguine in my expectation that they will. I am etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 8, 1777.
Parole Alexandria. Countersign Allentown.
The Horses belonging to the Artillery are not to be used under any pretence whatsoever, but the purpose for which they are designed; but are to be held in such readiness, as to move in fifteen Minutes if required. Any officer or soldier, using them contrary to this order will be severely punished.--The commanding Officer of Artillery is to take care that their horses Shoes are kept in good order, and fit for use.--The Waggon Masters are to pay particular attention in seeing that their horses are always shod and fit for use.
The commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps are to see that their Men's Arms and Ammunition are in good order; and that they are properly supplied with the latter, which is not to be used, but against the enemy; under the severest penalty.
All the duties, except the General's Guard, to go by detail from the Regiments and corps stationed in and near the town. The different Guards to parade together every morning at9 o'clock, near the Liberty Pole.--The officers of the day, with an Orderly Sergeant, to attend Guard Mounting; see them properly divided, and march for their different stations.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 9, 1777.
Parole Burlington. Countersign Bedford.
The General Court Martial held at Chatham, the 8th. Inst: whereof Brigadier General St. Clair was President, for the trial of Col Mordecai Buckner, accused of "Shamefully Misbehaving before the Enemy, in the Action of the 23rd. of Jan'y last," And of "Quitting his post and party in time of engagement," have after mature consideration, sentenced the said Col Mordecai Buckner, to be cashiered, and declared incapable of any military office, in the service of the United States.
The General and Commander in Chief approves the sentence, and orders the said Col Mordecai Buckner, forthwith to depart the American Army.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 9, 1777.
Sir: You will receive herewith Sixty thousand dollars, for the use of the recruiting Service in your State, which I desire you will distribute among the Officers in proportion to their Wants. I desire you will not appropriate any part of this Money to the reimbursement of the sum advanced to Colo. Sheldon; as I every day expect an order from Congress, which will enable me to give you a draft for the whole Sum, upon the loan office. I am &c.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 9, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your several favors of the 25th and 30th. Ulto. and of the 1st. Instt. for which I return you my thanks.
Colo. Pellisier's plan returned by Congress I have read and transmit it to you. It seems to be designed upon a large and an extensive Scale. I cannot determine upon the propriety of it, being not sufficiently acquainted with the parts for which it is calculated, and therefore shall leave it to you, and your officers, to have such Works and improvements made as may be thought necessary and which can be compleated.
I have given Orders for Brigadier James Clinton to repair to you and receive your commands, if his Services can be dispensed with from the posts in the Highlands, he is the only General Officer that can be spared (if any can) under the present circumstances of our Affairs. I have wrote to Congress and urged them in the most pressing terms, to increase their number, the matter I hope will have their earliest attention, and you may be assured, as soon as it is in my power, I shall send some to the Northern Department.
As to purchasing Horses for the Regiments of Cavalry voted by Congress, I would not wish to give you any trouble on that head, unless they could be properly equipped with Saddles, Bridles, Holsters, Pistols, Swords and Carbines; these Accoutrements and furniture we find amazingly difficult to procure, much more so than Horses, and without them, Horses would only be incurring a heavy expence, without promoting the views of Congress or the publick interest.
You shall always be informed of every material occurrence in this Quarter; of late nothing important has happened but what you will have heard of. The report of Fort Independence being taken was premature, you will have been advised before this. I should have been happy to have confirmed it. The Enemy are still at Brunswick, Our force at the several Neighbouring posts, to prevent their foraging and obtaining supplies of provisions, as much as possible, to effect which they have made some attempts, but without much success.
I should hope, General Carleton will not attempt to pass the Lakes, before we can get a sufficient force to oppose him; the enterprize I think will be dangerous and attended with many difficulties. However, as the defence and security of our posts in that quarter is an object of the first importance, I have wrote, in the most urgent manner to the States of Massachusets and New Hampshire, to forward on their Regiments with all possible expedition, desiring that they may not wait till they are complete, but that suitable Officers may be left to recruit for the deficiencies. As to forming the Northern Army of a mixture of Troops, I think it cannot be done, under the peculiar situation of our Affairs. The posts on the Lakes are much more convenient to the Eastern forces, than to any other, and they can be there sooner, than to other places, where the Aid of the rest is indispensably necessary and loudly called for. Another objection to the measure, is, that prejudices and Jealousies have prevail'd where those of different States have acted together, notwithstanding every possible exertion on my part, to get them to harmonize, consider themselves as the same people engaged in the same noble struggle and having one common and general interest to defend, to bury and lay aside all attachments and distinctions of a Local and provincial nature. These, I think, are not likely to be intirely done away, especially if General Officers should be appointed by Congress from each State for their respective Troops. Indeed, as their difficulties have not been reconcilable heretofore, I hope their acting seperately will produce a laudable spirit of emulation, to excell and raise the reputation of their respective States, tending in the end to advance the Interest and weal of the whole.
I have wrote to Brigr. Genl. Knox upon the subject of an Artillerist, and to send you an Officer that he esteems good. I could not order up Major Lamb33 or any particular Officer, lest I should break in upon the General arrangement, which comes more immediately under his direction. I am &ca.34
[Note 33: Maj. John Lamb.]
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 9, 1777.
Sir: I have received your several favours of the 5th., 6th. and 7th. instant. What I mentioned to you in a former Letter, about a second attempt on Fort Independence, was intended as a hint, on which you might improve, if Circumstances should favor. I did not desire that it might interfere with the Order to march some of your Division this way, unless it should be found highly practicable.
When you arrive at home, you will order such of the Massachusetts Continental Troops, as are ready, to march immediately to Ticonderoga, sending with them all the Brigrs. in Continental Service, residing in that State. Should their quota of the 88 Battalions not be complete, and I fear they are not, you will nevertheless forward all such as are recruited, under proper Officers, permitting as many to remain, as are necessary for the recruiting service.
Proper places are pointed out already to Mr. Hughes at Peekskill, for the public Magazines; to them all Stores of every kind must be removed. The forage and Provisions taken by any of your parties in the Vicinity of the Enemy, should be carried to them. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 9, 1777.
Dear Sir: General Schuyler having wrote in a pressing and urgent manner for a Genl. Officer to be sent to the Northern Department, I inclose you open, a Letter for Brigadier James Clinton, which you will forward to him after sealing it, provided in your opinion his services can be dispensed with, where he now is. This I imagine will, in a great measure, depend on the State of health you are in; If you are so far recovered, as to be able to discharge the duties to which he was appointed, I should suppose he can well go, in which case you will succeed to his command, and will order and direct every matter in such manner, as your Judgment and discretion shall suggest to be right and advancive of the general good. If his services cannot be dispensed with, the delivery of the Letter should, and you may destroy it.36
[Note 36: McDougall replied (February 16) that he had recovered his health but that a general officer was needed at Fort Montgomery. He did not, therefore, forward Washington's letter to Clinton. McDougall's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Nothing of importance has occurred of late in the Military line, that you have not heard of, which leaves me only to add, that. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 9, 1777.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I received a Letter from General Schuyler, in which he requests that Colo. Lamb may be immediately sent up to Ticonderoga, to regulate the Ordnance department in that Quarter, against the next Campaign.
As I do not know how far Colo. Lamb's going up, may break in upon any arrangements that you may have made, I will not give you a possitive order to send him, only wishing it may be done, if convenient, as Genl. Schuyler requests it particularly. If you do not send him, I beg you will immediately fix upon an Officer on whom you can depend, and dispatch him to Ticonderoga.
Inclosed you have Recommendations of two Gentlemen, Mr. Rice38 and Mr. Talbert, for Commissions in the Artillery Service. The first requests a Company, and the other I suppose would be content with a Lieutenancy, if you have Vacancies and can provide for them, I imagine (from their Recommendations) that they will make good Officers. I am etc.39
[Note 38: Joseph Rice. He was appointed captain in the Fourth Continental Artillery on March 3; resigned in September, 1780.]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 9, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 3rd. from Peekskill, and as I think you are more usefully employed there, than you could be here, I desire that you may remain, till Genl. Mifflin thinks proper to call you down. He is at present at Philadelphia.
I approve of your having appointed an Officer and a proper Number of Men to tend King's ferry.
Mr. Mease the Cloathier General, who is now here, will give directions in future concerning the forwarding of all Cloathing from the Eastward, and whenever you want any instruction in that department, you will address yourself to him.
You will receive herewith Forty thousand Dollars (which are all that could now be spared) for the use of the Quarter Master's Department. I am etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 9, 1777.
Sir: General Schuyler having requested me, in the most pressing manner, to send him a Genl. Officer to assist in the command in the Northern Department, you will, as soon as possible, after the receipt of this, repair to Albany and take his command. As the situation of our Affairs in that Quarter may demand your immediate Aid, I should hope you will not delay going, a moment longer than you can help. Genl. McDougall will take the direction of matters in the Highlands when you are gone. I am, etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, February 10, 1777.
Sir: Since I wrote to you on the 8th. Instt. I have been compelled, from the spreading of the small pox in our Army, to submit to the necessity of Inoculation, and have accordingly ordered all the Continental Troops now here and coming from the Eastern States to be inoculated immediately on their arrival. You will therefore give Orders, for the inoculating the Connecticut Troops; and as Govr. Cooke is desired to forward on the Rhode Island Troops to Connecticut for this purpose, you will also have proper attention paid to them. I need not recommend to you the greatest Secrecy and dispatch in this business; because a moment's reflection will inform you, that should the Enemy discover our Situation they can not fail taking advantage of it.
You may perhaps not be able to reconcile this order with the enterprise, proposed in my former Letter against Long Island. If that can be carried on, at the same time with inoculation, I would by no means have you decline it; but if one must give way to the other (of which you will be the best judge); Inoculation being of the greatest importance, must have the preference, and the enterprise laid aside. It will be best to draw the Troops within as small a Circle as possible, and towards Peeks-kill to have them inoculated, by this means, if proper care is used, the danger of the Infection's Spreading, will be small and the Country have but little cause to dread it. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 10, 1777.
Gentn.: After every attempt to stop the progress of the Small Pox, I found that it gained such head among the Southern Troops, that there was no possible way of saving the lives of most of those who had not had it, but by introducing innoculation generally. The Physicians are now making the proper preparation to innoculate all at the several Posts in this Quarter, and Doctor Shippen will innoculate all the Recruits, that have not had the disorder, as fast as they come into Philadelphia. They will loose no time by this Operation, as they will go thro', while their Cloathing, Arms and Accoutrements are preparing. That the Army may be kept as clear as possible, of this terrible disorder, I have recommended it to every State, which is to send Troops to the Army in this Department, immediately to begin upon the innoculation of their Recruits and to continue till they have gone thro' the whole; by these means very few will be down at a time, and of those, many will be fit for duty (should the occasion be pressing) the whole time.
I think your Hospital, for this purpose, should be at or in the Neighbourhood of Peekskill; because if the Enemy should hear that many of our Men were down, and should make an Attempt to fall upon us at that time, many of the Patients would, as I said before, be as able to give Opposition as if they were intirely well. We intend for the present to keep the Matter as much a Secret as possible, and I would advise you to do the same. After the first and Second division of Patients (who should be innoculated at an interval of five or Six days) have gone thro', the thing will become extremely light, and of little consequence whether it is known or not. I am &c.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 10, 1777.
Sir:The impossibility of keeping the Small Pox from spreading thro' the Army in the natural way, has determined us, upon the most mature deliberation, to innoculate all the New Troops, that have not had this disorder.
I have wrote to General Parsons, to fix upon some proper place, and to superintend the innoculation of the Troops of your State; taking it for granted, that you would have no objection to so salutary a Measure, upon which depends not only the lives of all the Men, who have not had the Small Pox, but also the Health of the whole Army, which would otherwise soon become a Hospital of the most loathsome kind. Proper Steps are taking to innoculate the Troops already here, and all the Southern Levies will undergo the Operation as they pass Philadelphia. I have wrote to the States of New York and Rhode Island, to have their Troops also innoculated, and I hope our Army will, by these precautions; be intirely free, of that terrible distemper the ensuing Campaign. As the Troops from Massachusetts and New Hampshire are ordered immediately up to Ticonderoga, they can (as was the case last Year) be innoculated there. I am &ca.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, February 10, 1777.
Sir: The deplorable and melancholly situation, to which one of our Armies was reduced last Campaign by the small Pox and the Certainty, that no precautions can prevent that disorder from infecting our Troops, that act in the Middle States, many being now infected with it; has determined me by the advice of my General Officers here to introduce innoculation immediately, as the only means of preventing this Calamity; the greatest that can befall an Army, when they take it in the Natural way. I have wrote to Brigadier General Parsons, now in Connecticut, to assemble the Regiments raising in that State and to have them innoculated, without loss of time; I have also mentioned that those from Rhode Island, would come on and take the infection and claim his Attention. As this Measure, I make no doubt, will appear expedient to you and to promise many Salutary consequences, I wish your good offices in forwarding on your Regiments to General Parsons for this Purpose. This advantage will result from their being innoculated there, in preference to Rhode Island; they will be nearer the Scene of Action and may with more ease and Expedition, give their Aid in cases of Emergency. But if it cannot be done there, I should hope it will not be delayed a moment in the State of Rhode Island. There being the most pressing Call for the Massachusetts and New Hampshire Troops in the Northern Department, and being ordered there, they cannot go thro' the process, before they March; when they arrive there, I suppose the Measure will be adopted. I need not mention the necessity of as much Secrecy upon the Subject, as it will admit of, it being beyond doubt, that the Enemy will avail themselves of the event, as far as they can; If common Success attends the Measures, I trust we shall have nothing to fear, but all to hope from it.45 I have the honor etc.46
[Note 45: On February 13 Dr. Benjamin Rush wrote to Washington, in the name of the Medical Committee, that Congress had directed the committee to request that all the troops which had not had smallpox be inoculated. Rush's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, February 10, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday evening received your Letter of the 4th Instt. and in answer thereto, inform you, that I have not the least objection to your appointing Major Meigs47 your Lt. Colo. in the room of Mr. Oswald, his character as a Soldier and an Officer being good, and such as deserves notice; However, previous to this measure, I wish you to consider the prospect you have of raising your Regiment, for tho' it is my desire to promote Men of Merit to Office and to Rank, yet a regard to the Publick interest, will not Authorize their Promotions, without they can be of service afterwards, and Multiplying the Number of Officers without Regiments, will not be answering the end proposed, Vizt; adding to our Strength, but will be incurring a
[Note 47: Maj. Return Jonathan Meigs, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment on February 22.] heavy and large expence. I regret much the policy of the New England States which has given rise to so many difficulties and which I fear will be severely felt. I cannot give directions for an Extra bounty, that would be approving a measure I have always condemned, and which so far from being justifiable has been reprobated by Congress as impolitic and injurious to the publick cause.
If the Gentlemen appointed in those States to a part of the 16. Additional Battalions, cannot make their Corps up, the truth of these Observations will be verified and happy will it be, if the measure should not extend its baneful influence elsewhere. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, February 11, 1777.
Sir: I have with pain heard of the inconceivable uneasiness prevailing in the 1st. Jersey Battalion, originating, as I am credibly informed, in the Appointment of Colo. Newcomb53 to the Command of it.
[Note 53: Col. Silas Newcomb. He had been appointed colonel of the First New Jersey Regiment Nov. 28, 1776; became a brigadier of New Jersey Militia Mar. 15, 1777; resigned Dec. 4, 1777.]
Notwithstanding I believe that Colo. Newcomb is a Gentleman of great goodness and integrity, and cannot entertain the Slightest doubts of his Bravery; yet I am too well persuaded that he is not equal to such a Command. --Many qualities, independent of personal Courage, are requisite to form the good Officer. --Among those, Activity claims a first rank; indeed it is indispensably necessary, Of this I fear he does not possess a Sufficient share. Moreover the inferior Officers of every Regiment, should have the Strictest Confidence in their Colonel; The Smallest Jarrings in any Corps are Considerably prejudicial to its Honor and the Service; for these Reasons, and these only, I have taken the Liberty (under the Authority of the inclosed Resolve of Congress) to displace Colo. Newcomb and of appointing Colo. Matthias Ogden to the Command of the said Regiment. He has answered my Expectation, by exerting himself in recruiting the Regt. and from every thing I can learn, will continue to deserve well of his Country.
I would not take the Liberty of intruding upon your more important business now, were it not necessary to give you this Information, least Inconveniences might result from your belief, that Colo. Newcomb continues to fill the post which you have assigned to him. --Colo. Ogden has likewise my Commands to fill up the several vacancies that have happened in the Regiment, subject however to my Approbation or dissent. these Officers are now recruiting. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 11, 1777.
Sir: I did myself the pleasure to write to you yesterday, and informed you that I had sent you Sixty thousand dollars, for the recruiting Service in your State.
After I had sent the Money off, I recd. a Letter from Genl. Knox advising me; that he was under the most pressing necessity for twenty thousand dollars, for the use of the ordnance department, but that he could not get that sum in the State of Massachusetts. I must therefore desire that you will reserve the sum of Twenty thousand dollars for General Knox, for which he will either draw or send.
I am furnished with the following Resolve of Congress of the 29th January,
That the Treasurer of the united States, be directed to give order, for the payment of thirty three thousand three hundred and thirty three and one third Dollars to the State of Connecticut, out of the Continental Loan Office in that State, in payment of that Sum advanced by Governor Trumbull to Colo Sheldon, at the request of Genl. Washington, for raising and equipping a Regiment of Light Horse, the said state to be accountable, and that the president acquaint General Washington with this Resolution.
I am &ca.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 11, 1777.
Gentn.: Certain, that the British Court would leave nothing unessayed in the Course of this Campaign, to establish her unwarrantable claims over the United States and to deprive them of their rights, the Congress were induced upon reconsidering their first vote of Levies to compose the Army, to determine that 16. Battallions more should be raised, in addition to those they had resolved on before; And as the exigency of our Affairs would not suffer the least delay in the Work, they were pleased to honor me with the appointment of the Officers to those Battallions; supposing that it would be sooner compleated than if made according to the Mode observed for appointing those of the 88 voted, in September, In their proceedings for raising these several additional Corps the States to furnish them were not particularized, or determinate Quotas assigned them as had been done in the instance of the Eighty Eight.
Besides these they have determined that 4 Regiments of Artillery, 3000 Light Dragoons and Hazens Regiment to be composed of 4 Battallions should be levied.
Under these circumstances, I thought equality, as far as the peculiar situation of our Affairs would admit of, the best line to be pursued for making them up especially as Congress had observed it in their first vote; and in pursuance of its purpose I have apportioned them in the best manner I could; Commissioning Officers to raise One Regiment of Artillery and three of: Infantry in your State, as not being an over Quota.
This mode of proceeding I trust will meet with General approbation and as the Several additional Regiments, are for the Service of the States at large; those allotted to be raised in each have an equal claim to their attention with the rest of the Battalions exacted from them to furnish. Impressed with this Idea and that our Affairs call [for] every exertion at this Time to give them a prospect of Success, I beg leave to sollicit the good Offices of your Honble. [Body] to promote and expedite as much as possible the raising of these Four B[attalions ] assistance and count [ ] and industry of [ ] They will in the ca[ ] will be ab[ ] I must request your [ ] that of the Artillery [ ] of his Corps is such the [ ] dispensed with. From en[ ] Know, that the Enemy nev[ ] a heavy Train, and if we [ ] properly formed for the Artil[lery] opposition or resistance that we [ ] to make will be effectual or atten[ded with ] success. I have been induced to mention those Corps as an Object of your first care, and let me add that the only Men who have served and had an Opportunity of acquiring Skill in this important branch of War, during the present contest, are now with you.
From your favors, in every instance of requisition and readiness to promote the Public good, I am satisfied I have no need to Apologize for the Freedom I have taken, and assured of your attention to the Matters submitted to your consideration. I have the Honor etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and was in a mutilated condition in I781. The brackets show the missing portions.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 11, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have yours of the 1st. instant, inclosing a Copy of a Memorial which you had presented to the Council and House of Representatives of the State of Massachusetts. I most sincerely wish that your Representation may be attended with the success it deserves, and that I could,with propriety, press the Subject of it upon them in the manner you desire.57 To advise them to give the bounty of Twenty Pounds to the additional Battalions, as well as to their Quota of the Eighty Eight would be given my Sanction to, and Approbation of a Measure, which I have ever reprobated, as an indirect breach of the Union, and of the Agreement entered into by their Delegates in Congress, to give a continental Bounty of twenty Dollars pr Man and no more. But thus much I have done, I have wrote to the Council and Assembly, and have given it as my Opinion, that they ought to furnish the three additional Regiments of Infantry and one of Artillery; because, when the Congress voted an addition of Sixteen Battalions of Foot, four Battalions of Artillery and three thousand Light Horse, and gave the appointment of them to me, they certainly expected, tho' it was not expressed, that I should observe some rule of proportion in allotting them to the different States, and a better, I thought, I could not follow, than the proportion settled by Congress themselves in fixing the Quotas of the 88. Battalions. Upon this Scale, three Battalions of Infantry and one of Artillery was but a moderate demand upon the State of Massachusetts, for there has been raised and are now raising in the other Colonies, exclusive of the 88 Battalions. The German Battalion, a Battalion of Rifle-men lately under the Command of Colo. Stephenson, and the Regiment called Hazen's or the Congress's Own, which is to consist when compleat of 2000 Men. Each State is bound, by every principle of Justice and Equity, to furnish their proportion of the additional Battalions, as much as they are of the Eighty Eight, and I dare to say, if I had not distributed the Commissions among the Officers of the different States, those who had been neglected, would have charged me with partiality.
[Note 57: Knox was then in Boston attempting to raise an artillery battalion.]
If the State of Massachusets will not consent to give their Assistance towards raising the three Additional Battalions of Infantry, I have urged to them the necessity of raising the Battalion of Artillery at least, in that State, because most of the Artillery Men who served in your Regiment last Campaign, came from thence and will be immediately useful.58
[Note 58: Massachusetts bounty for recruits was fixed at 662/3 dollars, which, in addition to the Continental bounty, amounted to 86 dollars. New Hampshire gave the same bounty as Massachusetts; Connecticut and Rhode island increased their bounties, but not to the Massachusetts figure. One result, among other difficulties caused thereby, was the refusal of all State soldiers to reenlist at camp. They waited for the expiration of their enlistment, then returned home, and reenlisted to secure the high State bounty.]
I have repeatedly wrote to Congress and have informed them of the want of Money to the Eastward, to carry on the recruiting Service; but as they have ordered Loan Offices to be established in each State, I imagine the necessary Sums will be drawn from thence.
It will be time enough to think of arming and Cloathing Henley's, Lee's, and Jackson's Regiments when we find there is a certainty of their being raised.
I, a few days ago, sent Sixty thousand Dollars to Govr. Trumbull, for the recruiting Service in that State, he having informed me that their Treasury was exhausted, and recruiting at a stand, but as I do not think he will have present occasion for that Sum, I have directed him to reserve 20. thousand for you; You will therefore either draw upon him or send for the Money.
Congress had resolved to adhere to Carlisle in Pennsylvania and Brookfield in Massachusets for the places of erecting the Elaboratories &ca. I do not think the odds between Carlisle and York, any ways material, and therefore the Works will be built at the former; but upon your representation of the delay that will be occasioned, if Brookfield is preferred to Springfield, I desire you may proceed with the Works at the latter, and I will inform Congress of the necessity of this Variation from their Resolve.
Please to inform Colo. Jackson, that I received his favor with the Warrant returned. Whenever I hear that he is likely to Succeed in raising his Regiment, I will furnish him with recruiting Money. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 11, 1777.
Parole Dorchester. Countersign Durham.
The exceeding difficulty there is in procuring Spiritous Liquor, with the exorbitant prices now asked for that Article, renders it absolutely necessary to stop serving it out to the troops in a general way, 'till supplies can be laid in upon more easy and better terms: The Commissary General is therefore directed to issue none, except it be to fatigue parties, scouting parties, or to such troops as are necessarily employed in any extraordinary piece of duty, 'till further orders.
The Court Martial whereof Genl. St. Clair was President is dissolved.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow, 10 o'Clock, at Morristown; the members of the Court are desired to be punctual as to the time of meeting, that no delay may attend the business for which they are summon'd.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 12, 1777.
Parole Effingham. Countersign Essex.
The Adjutants of Regiments will in future be more punctual in sending their men to the General Parade that are for duty; As all the Guards may be relieved at the appointed hour of nine o'clock; a neglect of this sort will not be hereafter overlooked.
Head Quarters, Moris Town, February 12, 1777.
My Lord: General Howe,60 by a Letter of the 23d. Ulto., which came to hand a few days ago, having proposed a conference on the future mode to be observed for the exchange of Prisoners, their subsistence, &ca., and appointed Lieut. Colonel Walcot61 to negotiate respecting the same; I beg leave to acquaint your Lordship, that Lieut: Col: Harrison will meet Lieut: Col: Walcot on Monday the 17th. instant at 12 O'clock, at the House of the Widow Fields about 4 Miles from Brunswick, on the Road leading to Bound Brook, to receive his Propositions and treat upon this Business, if it is agreeable to your Lordship, of which you will be pleased to advise me, by the return of the Flag. The Trouble I give your Lordship upon this Subject, is at the instance of General Howe, by whose desire this Letter is addressed to you. I have the Honor etc.62
[Note 60: Lieut. Gert. Sir William Howe. His letter (January 23) is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 61: Lieut. Col. William Walcott, of the Fifth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, February 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: This will be delivered you by the Officer who came with Colo. Housegger--and under whose care he returns again. His arrival here was what I did not expect, as I had no particular specific charge against him, nor has any thing more been alledged than general suspicions. All I meant or wished to be done respecting him, was, that you should by enquiry, trace, if you could, the causes of Complaint, and obtain some certain information of the facts imputed to him. To this end, I thought it exceedingly proper that his conduct, after his return home, should be marked with some degree of vigilance and cautious attention by our Friends in his Neighbourhood, but in such a way as not to afford him room for suspicion. This I would have done yet, but as to retaining him in arrest or under guard, without some certain and positive crime, It cannot be done; indeed his remaining here would put it much in his power, if he was so disposed, to transmit intelligence to the Enemy of an injurious nature I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 12, 1777.
Sir: In answer to your Letter of the 9th. Instt., respecting the case of the young Men of Eliza. Town, who refuse to take the Oath of Allegiance to the States, or to withdraw within the Enemy's lines, and discourage all the Militia round about them; I would observe, that tho' it is my desire to have the terms and Conditions of my Proclamation64 religiously complied with, yet I do not intend that it shall be made a Shelter for our Enemies to injure us under, with impunity. These fellows at Elizabeth Town, as well as all others who wish to remain with us, (till the expiration of the 30 days,) for no other purpose than to convey intelligence to the Enemy, and poison our People's Minds, must and shall be compelled to withdraw immediately within the Enemy's lines; others who are hesitating which side to take and behave friendly to us, till they determine, must be treated with Lenity. Such as go over to the Enemy, are not to take with them any thing but their Cloathing and furniture, their Horses, Cattle and Forage must be left behind. Such as incline to share our fate, are to have every assistance afforded them that can be granted with Safety, neither Waggons nor Horses must be too
[Note 64: Of January 25.] much hazzarded in doing this business. Majr. Morris will secure. Fosters Cattle and Sheep; and bring off all the Corn, Hay and Oats he speaks of for the Quarter Master, who will take an Account of it and settle with the owners, if friendly. The effects of all Persons in Arms against us must be siezed and secured.
I wish this line of conduct to be observed by our parties; for which purpose you will make them all acquainted with my determination on this head.
The Returns of your Brigade alarm me. I fear there is some mistake, for which purpose I have directed Colo. Bedford65 the Muster Master General, to repair thither and examine into the Matter, you will be so good as to assist him in discovering the true cause, why so many are kept in pay and so few perform Service.66 I am etc.67
[Note 65: Gunning Bedford, jr. He was lieutenant colonel of the Delaware regiment in January, 1776, and Mustermaster General of the Continental Army from June, 1776, to April, 1777.]
[Note 66: The same letter was written, this same day, to Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Warner at Bound Brook; it did not, of course, include the directions respecting the young men of Elizabethtown.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 13, 1777.
Parole Falkland. Countersign Fairfield.
The inconveniency arising from drafting Drivers for the Waggons and Artillery out of the Continental Troops, induces the Commander in Chief to direct the Quarter Master General, or his Deputies, to engage Waggoners, and Drivers, for the Artillery, from the Inhabitants; and all persons so engaged, or as Artificers, are, during the time of their engagement to be deemed in actual service, and excused from duty in the Militia.68
[Note 68: On February 13 Washington also wrote to Morris, Clymer, and Walton that the military chest was exhausted and that he needed $4,000 for the bounty and subsistence of recruits raised in the lower part of New Jersey by Lieut. Col. David Brearley, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 14, 1777.
Gentn.: I have now before me your two Letters of the 29th Ulto. and the 8th Inst. with which you have been pleased to honor me. The disputes subsisting about Rank in Colo. McCoy's71 Regiment, I will try to settle and accomodate, agreeable to your request, should I hear any thing more upon the Subject. I have not yet seen the Colonel.
[Note 71: Col. Eneas Mackay, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. He died Feb. 14, 1777.]
In regard to the return of Lieut. Robb72 and Ensigns Hoffner73 and Sneider74 with the Privates they have, I cannot see any necessity for it.--It is true their Number is but Small, yet as every Aid at this time is wanted, and their presence at Philadelphia not necessary, to facilitate the levying or the Arrangement of the Regiment, I think their return should be dispensed with.
[Note 72: Lieut. John Robb, of Miles's Pennsylvania rifle regiment. He became captain of a Pennsylvania State regiment in April, 1777, which, in November, became the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment; retired July 1, 1778.]
[Note 73: Ensign George Hoffner, of the Second Pennsylvania Battalion. He had been made a lieutenant o[ the Third Pennsylvania Regiment Jan. 1, 1777; was transferred to the Third Continental Artillery as adjutant in April, 1777; resigned in February, 1780.]
[Note 74: Ensign Philip(?) Snyder, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in June, 1778.]
I am much obliged by your attention to my several Letters. The Collection of the Public Arms is a Subject that requires much of our Care. The utmost industry, I am apprehensive, will not relieve us intirely from difficulties and embarrassments on that head. Our demand for Artillerists, will make the arrival of Capt. Courtnay's Company, seasonable and of Importance. I have the Honor etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 14, 1777.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 5th. Inst., no event of an important and interesting Nature has occurred, unless the Successes of our parties in foraging, and bringing off Several Horses, Waggons and some fat Cattle and Sheep, which were contiguous to and around the Enemy's Lines are considered as such. I then mentioned, that I had such a Scheme in contemplation, which was happily accomplished the next day and without any loss. The Enemy in turn have made frequent efforts in that way, but with little Success. Whenever they made the Attempt, it never failed to produce a Skirmish. They have been common of late, but with little damage to either side.
We have certain intelligence, that they have drawn the greatest part of their Troops from Rhode Island, and are told, that part of them have landed on Staten Island and at Amboy, with a view of augmenting their force at Brunswick.
Colo. Buckner, agreeable to the information contained in my last, has been tried by a Court Martial and cashiered. The Proceedings and Sentence I directed to be transmitted to the Secretary of the War Office and to the Printer in this State and in Virginia to be published.
Genl. Lincoln is just arrived with a Regiment of Massachusetts Militia, consisting of about 250. This he says, is succeeded by Three more which will make in the whole near Eighteen Hundred; but in this, I think he must be mistaken, unless those on the March are much fuller and larger than what they usually are. The whole are of the Troops that were with Genl. Heath.
Genl. Knox, by a Letter of the 1st Inst., informs me, that on mature enquiry and examination, he finds Springfield to be more convenient and much better calculated for an Elaboratory and Cannon Foundery than any other part of the New England States. He adds, that a Quantity of Copper, Tin and other useful materials can be had there and that the necessary Works and preparations from these and other advantages can be accomplished, at least three or four Months sooner, there, than any where else. In consequence of his opinion, which I esteem of weight, particularly in this instance and knowing the importance of and how essential the Establishments are, I have ventured to order the works to be begun there, without regard to what had been done at Brookfield, which was of but little consequence. The former, besides the many advantages mentioned by Genl. Knox, stands on Connecticut River, and has a good Navigation, yet is entirely secure against any Attempts of the Enemy, being Twenty Miles above Hartford, where the River is narrow and too shoal, to admit Vessels, that can give the least annoyance. As nothing but the good of the Service could have lead to this measure, I trust it will be approved.
I have wrote the Assembly of the Massachusetts State and the Convention of New Hampshire, requesting their good Offices and exertions, to promote the raising of their Regiments as expeditiously as possible, and to forward the whole of the Quotas first exacted from them, to Ticonderoga. Their contiguity to that post, more than to any Other, the importance of it, and Genl. Schuyler's apprehensions that the Enemy may Attempt to pass the Lake, if not upon ice, as soon as it is open, added to the great trouble, expence and loss of time it will save, in marching them elsewhere, and Others there who are much more distant and remote, induced me to determine so. I find the Council of the former, on General Schuyler's earnest application before my Letter reached them, had determined to send four Regiments, as soon as they could be compleated. I only wish the whole maybe made up in a short time, and that their arrival may be early enough to prevent those inconveniences and fatal consequences, which the want of a Sufficient force in that Quarter would subject us to, were the Enemy to pass the Lakes at this time.
Mr. James Mease is now here in consequence of being appointed Clothier General. He is adjusting a plan for answering the End of his Appointment and making an Estimate to be laid before Congress or their Secret Committee, of such Cloathes as may be necessary to import for the Army.
It is with much concern, that the situation of our Affairs obliges me to mention so frequently the want of Money, especially when I am persuaded every means are used to furnish it. Our distress on this Account is great indeed and the injury the Service receives almost inconceivable. Not a day, an Hour, or scarcely a Minute passes without complaints and applications on this Head. The recruiting the Regiments is most materially retarded by it.
10 O'Clock, P.M.
Just now a Flag returned, that went to Brunswick to day, which brought the inclosed Letters from Genl Lee76 which
[Note 76: Lee wrote to Washington (February 9): "As Lord and General Howe have given me permission to send the inclosed to the Congress, and as the contents are of the last importance to me, and perhaps not less so to the Community, I most earnestly entreat, My Dr. General, that you will despatch it immediately, and order the Express to be as expeditious as possible.... I am likewise extremely desirous that my Dogs should be brought as I never stood in greater need of their Company than at present." In the letter to Congress which was inclosed, Lee requested that two or three gentlemen might be sent immediately to New York, to whom he would communicate what he conceived to be of the greatest importance, assuring Congress that the Howes would grant safe conduct to the gentlemen thus deputed. Congress almost unanimously decided that it was inexpedient to send any of their Members to such a conference, remembering that the meeting on Staten Island in September, 1776, had much embarrassed Silas Deane in his efforts to secure aid from France. Lee was urgent, and wrote another letter (March 19), reiterating the request, but Congress adhered to its decision. Both of Lee's letters are in the Papers of the Continental Congress. John Adams, in a letter to General Greene (March, 1777), saw in it an "artful stratagem of the two grateful brothers to hold up to the public view the phantom of a negotiation, in order to give spirits and courage to the Tories, to distract and divide the Whigs at a critical moment, when the utmost exertions are necessary to draw together an army. They meant further, to amuse opposition in England, and to amuse foreign nations by this manoeuvre, as well as the Whigs in America, and I confess it is not without indignation that I see such a man as Lee suffer himself to be duped by their policy so far as to become the instrument of it, as Sullivan was upon a former occasion.... But another thing: We have undoubted intelligence from Europe that the ambassadors and other instruments of the British ministry at foreign courts made the worst use of the former conference. That conference did us a great and essential injury at the French court, you may depend upon it. Lord Howe knows it, and wishes to repeat it."] I do myself the honor to transmit you, with a Copy of One to myself. I have the honor &c.77
[Note 77: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 14, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose you a plan, drawn up by Doctor Shippen in concert with Doctr. Cochran, for the Arrangement and future Regulation of the General Hospital. As this plan is very extensive, the appointments numerous, and the Salaries at present affixed to them, large; I did not think myself at liberty to adopt any part of it, before I laid it before Congress for their approbation78 I will just remark, that tho' the Expence attending an Hospital upon the inclosed plan, will be very great, it will in the end, not only be a saving to the public, but the only possible method of keeping an Army afoot. We are now, at an enormous Bounty, and with no small difficulty, recruiting an Army of upwards of one hundred Battalions. The ensuing Campaign may, from the same Causes, prove as sickly as the last. If the Hospitals are in no better condition for the reception of the Sick, our Regiments will be reduced to Companies, by the end of the Campaign, and those poor Wretches, who escape with life, will be either Scattered up and down the Country and not to be found, or if found, totally enervated and unfit for further duty. By these Means, the Bounty is not only lost, but the Man is lost also, and I leave you to judge, whether we have Men enough, to allow of such a Consumption of Lives and Constitutions as have been lost, the last Campaign. For my own part, I am certain, that if the Army, which I hope we shall have in the Field this year, is suffered to moulder away by Sickness, as it did the last, we must look for Reinforcements to some other places than our own States.
[Note 78: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Feb. 27, 1777.]
The Number of Officers, mentioned in the inclosed plan, I presume are necessary for us, because they are found so in the British Hospitals. And as they are established upon the surest Basis, that of long Experience, under the ablest Physicians and Surgeons, we should not hesitate a moment in adopting their Regulations, when they so plainly tend to correct and improve our former want of Method and Knowledge in this important department.
The pay, affixed to the different Appointments, is, as I said before, great; and perhaps more than you may think adequate to the Service. In determining upon the Sum that is to be allowed to each, you ought to consider, that it should be such as will induce Gentlemen of Character and Skill in their profession to step forth, and in some manner adequate to the practice which they leave at home. For unless such Gentlemen are induced to undertake the Care and Management of our Hospitals, we had better trust to the force of Nature and Constitution, than Suffer persons intirely ignorant of Medicine to destroy us by ill directed applications.
I hear from every Quarter, that the dread of undergoing the same Miseries for want of proper care and attention when Sick, has much retarded the new inlistments, particularly to the Southward. This is another Reason for establishing our Hospitals upon a large and generous Plan, for we ought to make the Service as agreeable and enticing as possible to the Soldiery, many of whom (especially when we call forth the Militia) not only quit the Comforts, but the luxuries of life.
A few days ago Doctor Morgan sent me the inclosed Manuscript, which is a vindication of his Conduct, upon which he desires a Court of Enquiry may be held. I transmit it to you by his direction. As I do not know what particular Charges were alledged against him I can say nothing to it or about it. You will find a plan of his also inclosed, for the better Regulation of the Hospital, but I think all his hints are included in Shippens Plan.
As no time is to be lost, in appointing the necessary Officers, fixing upon the proper places for Hospitals and many other preparations, I could wish that Congress would take this Matter under their immediate Consideration and favor me with their Sentiments thereon, as soon as possible. I am &c.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 14, 1777.
Sir: I have not, till now, had time to answer yours of the 4th. Instt. My sentiments respecting the treatment proper to be observed to[wards?] Martyrs coincide with yours. Lenity will operate with greater force, in such Instances, than rigour; 'tis therefore my first wish to have our whole conduct distinguished by it. Still it is not my desire, neither indeed is it within my power, to release any man from confinement, imposed upon him by the Civil power. They best know the Charge and Merit of the Case, consequently should ultimately determine it. For these reasons I dare not comply with your request. I have inclosed a Letter from Mr. Sears,80 the business falls within your Department. I am etc.81
[Note 80: Isaac (?) Sears.]
[Note 81: The draft is in writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, February 14, 1777.
Sir: Your two favors of the 6th and 10th Instt. I had the honor to receive this Evening. Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to have it in my Power fully to Comply with the request contained in the former. The first question proposed, is easily Solved by a sight of the emaciated Bodies of all our Prisoners whom they have returned. The Second admits of equal proof, as well in the fate of Lieut. Yates of the first Virginia Battalion, who was butchered by a British Soldier at Princeton on the 3rd Ulto., the truth of which is too well evidenced by his desposition, a Copy of which I take the liberty of inclosing you, as in that of Capt. Neil82 with Colo. Flowers now at Philadelphia, can inform you of, and also of Adjt. Kelly of the 5th Virginia Battalion who experienced the same degree of Brutality in the Action of the --. This last became the Subject of a Letter from Genl Stephen to Sir William Erskine; a copy of which, with Sir Williams Answer and the necessary Affidavits, I will transmit to you, so soon as Genl. Stephen, to whom I have wrote on the subject, furnishes me with them. The third question, as I have never had Occasion to make Inquiry into particulars, can be best answered by the Inhabitants on the Roads the Enemy marched along, they only can describe the treatment observed towards them.83 The last I have no other knowledge of than by Information.84 If my memory fails me not, an Application to one Marshow near Stack's ferry and to a Tavern keeper in Penny-Town will afford ample Testimony. The Generals about me know as little about these things as I do.
[Note 82: Capt. Daniel Neil, of the East Jersey Artillery. He was killed at Princeton, N.J., on January 3. Governor Livingston wrote Washington (February 10) that Col. Benjamin Flower witnessed the barbarity used on Captain Nell. Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: The third question was regarding the British depredations of property.]
[Note 84: The last was a query as to the British ill treatment of women.]
I lament the misbehaviour of Colo Bucknor. His punishment (tho' it breathed Mildness) I hope, sincerely hope, will deter others from committing the same Crime, under the expectation of escaping as well. I am determined that every Officer shall be answerable for his conduct at all hazards, and that no pains shall be spared to deprive our Enemies, of even the Smallest ground of Triumph over our want of Discipline.
I concur with you in the belief, that the backwardness observed by the Militia in turning out may be fairly charged to their Officers. An observation that should have its due weight with the Power that appoints them; Very many of our Misfortunes originate in the want of proper attention to the choice of Officers. In Answer to the Representation of the joint Meeting of the Council and Assembly of this State, respecting the Rank of the Officers of their Battalions, I take the liberty to observe, that I know of no Method free'r from the Charge of Injustice and partiality, than to refer the decision to a Board of Officers, so soon as the Battalions are raised.
Before then, every Officer will have an Opportunity of advancing all his reasons for Precedence. The disputes that prevailed on an Occasion at Cambridge, were settled in this way to the Satisfaction of them all; I therefore beg leave to recommend to the Genl Assembly, the fixing the dates of all their Officer's Commissions to the 1st Jany. I mean to have all the Commissions dated on that day and Numbered agreeable to the decision of the Board. I have the honor etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in writing of George Johnston.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 15, 1777.
Parole Ireland. Countersign Jersey.
As the Commander in Chief is extremely desirous that the Small-Pox should not spread among the Soldiery, it is hoped no persons will presume, on any account whatever, to inoculate without first obtaining leave.
Mr Robert Freeman is appointed Pay Master to the 9th. Virginia Regiment, and is to take upon him that office.
Serjt. Snagg is appointed Provost Marshal in the room of Serjt. Prentice, resigned.
Morris Town, February 16, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received the favor of your Letter of the 9th. Instt. on Friday night about 10 O'Clock. It was accompanied by One for the Congress and by several others, the whole of which were transmitted by an Express the next morning, whom I directed to proceed without delay.
Mr. Eustace88 being in Virginia and Mr. Bradford89 at Rhode Island, I cannot comply with your request respecting them. Mr. Morris90 who was your Aid till of late, is expected here, and I doubt not will be ready to render you any services in his power; When he comes he will wait on you, if Genl. Howe
[Note 88: Maj. John Skey Eustace, aide to Lee. He was aide to Gert. John Sullivan in November, 1777; aide to Gen. Nathanael Greene in 1779: resigned in January, 1780.]
[Note 89: Maj, William Bradford, aide to Lee. He was major of Tallman's Rhode Island Militia regiment; Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment in January, 1777; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 90: Maj. Jacob Morris, aide to Lee. He was wounded at Monmouth, N.J.; aide to Greene from 1781 to 1782.] will grant permission. Your Dogs are in Virginia. This Circumstance I regret, as you will be deprived of the satisfaction and amusements you hoped to derive from their friendly and companionable dispositions. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 16, 1777.
Sir: Genl. Howe having proposed that some mode should be fixed for the future exchange of prisoners, their subsistence &ca. and appointed Lt. Col. Walcot of the Army under his command to negotiate respecting the same; You are to repair to the House of Mrs. Field, on the Road leading from Brunswick to Bound Brook, on Monday the 17th. Instt., to meet Colo. Walcot, confer with him and receive such propositions as he may have to make upon this subject; reporting to me the same and the result of your conference.92
[Note 92: The draft is in writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. (See Washington's letter to Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison, Mar. 4, 1777, post.)]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 17, 1777.
Sir: Since I did myself the honor of Writing to you on the 14th. Inst. by way of Philadelphia, in answer to your favor of the 6th. I have received from Brigr. Stephen the Letters and affidavit by me referred to, when mentioning the Case of Adjutant Kelly; Copies of which and a part of a Letter inclosing them to my Aid de Camp, explaining a sentence in Sir William's answer, I take the liberty of inclosing to you. I have the Honor etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have yours of the 10th. instant, and thank you for the attention you shew to the Completion of the Eight Continental Battalions to be raised in your State. I doubt not but the people prefer inlisting in the small coasting Guards, who are to stay at home, rather than in the Regiments; but this inconvenience must be submitted to, for it would never do to have the Continental Regiments detached up and down in small parties. They must be drawn together as quick as possible, and all those who have not had the small pox, inoculated, agreeable to the Orders given to you some little time ago.
If any number of the prize Arms are not yet come forward, you ought to draw for your State, in proportion to the number of Battalions to be raised in the four Eastern States. It has heretofore been a practice to hire Arms for the Campaign; but I lately desired Govr. Trumbull to purchase all the good ones he could find in the Government, for the Continental use, and I think if active persons were employed to go thro' the Country, as many might be procured, as, with what you already have, would nearly compleat your Regiments.
Mr. Mease the Cloathier General, who is now here, had before the receipt of your Letter, wrote to Govr. Trumbull to appoint a proper person to purchase all kinds of Cloathing proper for Soldiers, I imagine he has done this, and if you will acquaint this person, with what you have contracted for, he will take it up on the public account. I hope, as you say you will have Cloathing for several Regiments, that by the time you have them raised, we shall be able to get an exact Account of the Stock of Cloaths on the Continent, and proportion them out, to the different States. I do not imagine we shall get matters in so regular a train, as to put our Regiments in exact and different Uniforms this Campaign, I therefore think you had better have all your Cloth made up, and delivered out promiscuously, as the Men of different Regiments want it. If it can be avoided, those who are to go into the Hospitals, should not have their new Cloaths delivered, till they are well. They will not spread the Infection thro' the Country by this precaution.
I intreat that all the Arms and Accoutrements that want repair, may be immediately put in order. I have directed Commy Cheevers94 to render you an account of the Arms that were de. livered out to the Connecticut Forces last Campaign; and also an Account of Number were returned. Pray try to make the Colonels account for the deficiency, which I am certain is very great.
[Note 94: Ezekiel Cheever, Commissary of Military Stores of the Continental Army. Later he was colonel and Deputy Commissary General.]
To obviate all difficulties that would otherwise arise on account of the dates of Commissions, I have determined that all Commissions in the new Army shall bear date on the 1st. January 1777, and then a Board of Officers shall determine the precedency, which when ascertained, may be settled by numbering the Commissions, or some such way. I was aware of the Animosities that would arise, if rank was claimed agreeable to the dates in the different States, and therefore determined upon the foregoing mode, which gives an equal chance to every person, according to his former Services.
I most earnestly beg, that whenever a sufficient number of Men, (who have had the small pox), to make up a Field Officers command, can be Cloathed Armed and Accoutred, that they may be sent forward to join the Army. I have directed this to be done, by all the Officers in the other States, and by these means, tho' each Regiment sends a few, the number will be respectable. I am etc.
P.S. I beg you will make me, as exact an Account as possible, of the Number of men that are inlisted, and endeavour to inform yourself what progress is made in Rhode Island.95
[Note 95: The draft is in writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 18, 1777.
Sir: I received your favor of the 17th. Instt. I wish the Morris County Militia could be prevailed on to stay some time longer. The Enemy are certainly reinforced and will no doubt attempt in a few days to make their situation more comfortable; should they do so, we shall not be able to make an effectual opposition, if the Troops, now in Service, retire to their Homes, and they will again be reduced to that misery from which they were but just now relieved, merely by their exerting themselves manfully. Make them acquainted with this, and let them also know that their Families will be under not the smallest danger of catching the smallpox. I have taken every possible care of them and have Guards placed over every house of inculation to prevent the Infection's spreading. At any rate they must re. main till the Essex Militia releive them, who are ordered out every Man immediately. A few days will determine whether they can be spared; if they can, I am sure I shall have no objection to their going. I have wrote to Mr. Ogden96 on the subject mentioned by you. I wish you would lay some plan of catching the dutch man who is said to come to this place every Week for Intelligence, if he appears to be a Spy, I will order a Court Martial on him and have him hanged instantly.97 You will let me know in a few days whether Capt. Barnet98 has joined you,
[Note 96: Samuel Ogden, who was stated to have influence with the people.]
[Note 97: Maxwell does not mention the man's name.]
[Note 98: Capt. William Barnett. He was made a captain in the Second Continental Dragoons Jan. 15, 1777; resigned Oct. 11, 1777.] because if he does not I shall dismiss him and look out for some other person. I appointed him upon the express Condition that he should bring a Troop completely equipped, into the Field immediately, which he said waited for nothing but my Order; now if he does not comply with his promise, he cannot complain of being discharged. I am etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, February 18, 1777.
Sir: I am informed by a line from Genl. Maxwell that Colo. Cook's and Conduit's1 Regiments of Militia from this County are to go home in a few days; How they are to be replaced I cant tell. I have wrote to Genl. Maxwell to call in the Essex Militia, but I fear it cant be done, without your Interposition. There remains but little doubt with me, of the Enemy's Intention to move soon; their late Reinforcement at Brunswick indicates a disposition to act offensively. It therefore becomes indispensably necessary for you, vigorously to exert the power committed to your Charge by Govr. Livingston, not only in replacing the Morris Militia, but in calling out all others that can be had, slugishness in them now, will inevitably bring on that Misery again, from which they have lately been relieved. Genl. Maxwell recommends sending small parties armed, thro' Essex, to force in the Militia, I think he may proceed, if you do not disapprove the measure. I am etc.2
[Note 1: Col. Ellis Cook and David Condit(?).]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 18, 1777.
Sir: Lord Stirling did me the favor of sending to me your letter of the 8th. Instt. to him, mentioning your Cheerfulness to continue in Service, tho' your Brigade had returned home, and waiting my determination on that head.
The readiness with which you took the field, at the period most critical to our Affairs, the industry you used in bringing out the Militia of the Delaware State, and the alertness observed by you in forwarding on the Troops from Trenton, reflect the highest Honour on your Character and place your Attachment to the cause, in a most distinguished point of view. They claim my Sincerest thanks, and I am happy in this Opportunity of giving them to you. Circumstanced as you are, I see no necessity of detaining you longer from your Family and Affairs, which no doubt demand your presence and attention; You have therefore my leave to return. I am etc.
P.S. From the Enemy's Manoeuvres of late, especially their Reinforceing Brunswick, I fear your Militia will be wanted again, you will therefore be pleased to keep them in readiness, till I call for them.3
[Note 3: The draft is in writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 18, 1777.
Sir: Notwithstanding all my endeavours, to keep the Commissary's Department in some kind of order, I find that there is the utmost necessity of your immediate presence and interposition, to prevent every thing from runing into a State of distraction.
There are a number of Deputy Commissaries, (appointed by I know not whom) bidding upon each other, till they have raised the price of Provisions to a most extravagant rate. I dont know how true the charge may be, but Wharton4 is the Subject of universal Complaint; they say he has a Commission upon the amount of his purchases, and cares not what price he gives.
[Note 4: Carpenter Wharton, Assistant Deputy Commissary General. Later he was Commissary General of the Continental Army.] I can therefore only say again, that your presence alone can relieve me from my present distress, and save the Continent Millions. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in writing of George Johnston.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 19 1777.
Parole New-Castle. Countersign Newark.
The frequent complaints made from the different divisions of the Army, of Neglect and Abuse in the Commissaries department, induce the Commander in Chief to call on the Commissary General, and request of him, to take such measures as will in future prevent the like Complaints. The Quarter Master General is directed to pay particular attention to the public's horses, and not allow any to be used, but such as he employs himself; or such as are directed by an Order from the Adjutant General.
General Returns to be made of all the Troops, Continental and Militia, in and about Morristown--They are to be under the immediate Command of Brigdr. Genl. St Clair, to whom the Returns will be given without delay, by the commanding Officers of each Corps, who will know of him what is to be done in cases of alarm.
John Walker Esqr. is appointed an extra Aide-De-Camp, to the Commander in Chief, and is to be considered and respected as such by the Army.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 4th. Inst. Your observations respecting Capt. Gamble's6 application
[Note 6: Capt. Thomas Gamble's letter to Washington (February 17), requesting permission to go to Canada via New York City is indorsed: "Unanswered." It is in the Washington Papers.] I think are exceedingly just, and he should not by any means be permitted to pass the Lakes at this time. If he is allowed to go to Albany, it will be under restrictions, and you will not indulge him in his wishes, till you esteem that his return can not be attended with any inconvenience and injury.
In respect to Ordnance and Ordinance Stores, I wish to give you every possible assistance; But at this time I do not know that our situation will justify the smallest supply in the first instance, having but very few Cannon for this Army and those only light pieces. It is hoped and expected, that we have a considerable Train now at Sea and that its arrival may be looked for every day. Should it fortunately get in,I trust we shall have sufficient for every department. I would here mention, that General Knox has the regulation of the Artillery and the establishment of Elaboratories, and recommend your wants of Ordnance and Stores to be particularized always and transmitted to him.
An arrangement of the Army remains to be made; I dont yet know the several Officers, much more the ranks they should hold.
By Colo. Wayne's Letter, I perceive the Garrison at Ticonderoga, on the return of the Troops he mentions, would be weak; but I persuade myself that he has received reinforcements before this, having ordered all the Massachusets and New Hampshire Regiments, first Voted, to that Quarter, and heard that some have marched.
I am sorry to find, that the Small pox is breaking out in the natural way among the Troops with Colo. Wayne; It is the case here, notwithstanding every precaution to prevent it. Under such Circumstances, and knowing the fatal consequences that must result, if it should become general, I have directed inoculation here, and think it highly advisable, that it should be immediately begun in the Northern Army, and the Troops inoculated as fast as they arrive. It certainly may be done there, with more convenience and security than here, and if in Succession as the Companies or Regiments come in, no considerable number will ever be unfit for duty at one time. As little should be said on the subject, as the nature of it will admit of, that the Enemy may be uninformed as long as possible.
I have spoke to Lt. Colo. Brown7 about the Enquiry he prays; Genl. Arnold being at Rhode Island and not a Single witness here, it cannot be made. he has received an answer upon the Subject.
[Note 7: Lieut. Col. John Brown, of Elmore's Connecticut State regiment. He resigned on March 15; colonel of New York lovies in 1780; killed at Fort Keyser, N.Y., in October of that year.]
By a return transmitted in your Letter of the 30th. Jany., I observe you have 1875 Arms in the Commissary's Store at Albany unfit for Service. As we shall have occasion for all and I fear more than can be collected, I wish that you would have them repaired with all possible expedition. If it cannot be done at Albany, it will be proper to send such of them, as can be made useful, to Philadelphia, without loss of time, directing them to be conveyed by a Secure Route.
Since my Letter of the 9th. Instr., nothing of importance has happened, which leaves me only to add, that I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 15th Instt. reached me this morning. This going express, I have not time to determine on the sentence of the Court Martial. You shall hear from me to morrow, on that Subject.9
[Note 9: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Feb. 23, 1777, post.]
The Enemy being certainly reinforced at Brunswick,and the corresponding Intelligence from every Quarter, induce me to believe, that they will no longer suffer themselves to be cooped up within such narrow disagreeable Limits. 'Tis given out by them, that they mean to move this way, but this may be a blind to make their march towards the Delaware the more secure. You will observe from the inclosed, how desirous I am to have Colo. Dehaas or some Officer of Abilities stationed at New Town, who can superintend the passage across the River at Coryells Ferry. Having not as yet heard who commands at New Town, I have inclosed the letter without Seal or direction, which after reading you will be so good as compleat and forward. I did not chuse to mention in that letter, how indispensable the strictest Vigilance is, over the Boats. Should circumstances induce me to hang upon the Enemy's flanks, or annoy in the rear, our secure possession of all the Boats, gives us such an Advantage, as probably will enable us to retard them, 'till a sufficient body of the Continental Troops can take the Field. A movement of this Sort, will also call upon you, at the shortest notice, to collect all the boats from Trenton downwards; and above all things to secure the Stores in Philadelphia. I have so often wrote to the Commissioners of Congress in that City, describing the impropriety and danger of keeping a large Stock there, and so little attention has been paid to my Observations, that 'tis painful to me to write again. Still they must not be neglected. Let me therefore desire you to mention the matter to them, in private Conversation. Press an immediate removal of them, as the only absolute mode of preserving them; but let it not be done in such away as to agitate the Citizens with the prospect of danger.
The tenor of this, will point out the industry necessary to be used, in equipping and forwarding the Troops that are come and are intended for this place; I do not mean to call out the City Militia yet, only those who are coming from other parts and are not detained for Inoculation. I am etc.
P.S. Intelligence from several quarters, this moment received, makes a movement of the Enemy very soon absolutely certain.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1777.
Sir: Information being lodged, that many of the Inhabitants, living near the Passaick Falls, are busily employed in removing their provision and Forage within the Enemy's reach, with design of supplying them, Obliges me to beg the favor of you to let me know what success you have experienced in collecting the Troops voted by the Convention of the State of New York.11 The presence of some men in that Neighbourhood, would be attended with much good; add to this, the well grounded probability that the Enemy (being lately reinforced) will make some movement soon, and you will, I am satisfied, use your utmost exertions to bring a Reinforcement to our Assistance. At present I cannot check the above mentioned practice, least the Detachment sent that way, may be more wanted for other purposes than this. I therefore wish that some of your Troops would take that duty off my hands, and that you would further enable me to oppose any designs of the Enemy. I am etc.12
[Note 11: Clinton was stationed at New Windsor, N. Y.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1777.
Sir: I received your favor returning a Warrant for 10,000. Dollars which was not fully executed. I now inclose it to you with my signature. As money is upon its way to the Treasury at Boston, you will have an Opportunity of drawing the amount; and I hope to hear that the Legislature of your State will put it in your power, to proceed in recruiting your Regiment, upon the terms that they offer to the Regiments allotted to them by Congress. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 14: On February General Gates appointed Col. James Irvine to command at Newtown, Pa. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Feb. 19, 1777.)]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1777.
Sir: The many abuses committed in the management of the Ferries on Delaware render your particular attention to that object indispensably necessary. Complaints of the extortions Scandalously practised by the Guards at present stationed there, reach my Ears so frequently, that they can be no longer submitted to; You will therefore immediately have all the Boats on that River, from Trenton upwards, collected at Coryells ferry, and placed under the care of a very good Officer and strong Guard, whose duty it shall be, to see that none of them are carried, or drifted away, that no person crosses, of Suspicious Character, which must in some measure be left to his Judgment, and that no extortions are committed by his Guard.
These are not the only good Consequences I have in View, greater may result from a strict Watch over them, in case the Enemy should Aim at crossing the River; in that Instance, the Officer may distinguish himself eminently, by taking proper Measures to prevent any one of the boats falling into their hands. Objects of such considerable importance in their Consequences, as these, justly demand the utmost attention. You will therefore excuse the Earnestness with which I have mentioned this business to you. I am etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1777. Sir:
I desire you will immediately furnish Genl. Parsons, with an account of the Arms that were delivered out, to the different Colonels in the Connecticut Service, during the last Campaign, and also an Account of what they delivered in when the Troops were disbanded, that he may endeavour to make the Officers account for the Deficiency. Genl. Parsons is at present in Connecticut. I beg you will exert yourself, in having all the Arms that want repair, put into complete order. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Sir: The principal design of this is to inform you, that we have strong reason to believe that the Enemy are on the point of making some push. what their object is, whether to beat up our Quarters and to extend their own, to make a large forage and collection of provender, of which they are in great want, or to turn their views towards the Delaware, is a matter of uncertainty; but it seems probable, that one of these things they have in contemplation. Such of their Troops as have returned from Rhode Island, have landed at Amboy and with them several pieces of heavy Artillery. General Howe is come over too, and it is said Lord Piercy. Their number before this last reenforcement, was estimated from Seven to Eight Thousand. I have ordered the utmost vigilance and attention to be observed, at our several posts, to guard against Surprizes and every preparation to be made that the weak and feeble state of our little Army will admit of. At this time we are only about Four Thousand strong: A force you will suppose unequal to a successful opposition, if they were not Militia, and far too small for the exigencies of our Affairs. It is impossible to obtain exact returns, tho' they are daily called for, owing to the frequent and almost constant departure of some of the Corps. Colo Neilson20
[Note 20: Col. John Neilson. Later he was brigadier general of New Jersey Militia and deputy quartermaster general of the State.] of Brunswick with a detachment of Militia on the morning of the 18th surprised Major Stockdon,21 whom he took with 59 Privates of General Skinner's Corps, killing four and bringing Away the Arms of the whole with some Blankets. This about ballances the loss of a Militia Guard, which a Party of the British Troops took last week in Monmouth near the Hook. I wish to be informed how the Regiments, that are now raising, are to be armed and of the provision that has been made for the same. I have reason to fear, indeed I am convinced, that there is a great deficiency in many, if not in the whole of the States in this Article. Every Letter that I receive from them, mentions their want and calls for supplies.22 I am etc.23
[Note 21: Maj. Richard W. Stockton, of Brig Gen. Cortlandt Skinner's New Jersey Volunteers, British provincial troops.]
[Note 22: The letter was read in Congress (February 24), which immediately went into the Committee of the Whole to consider it. It ordered Washington to call in all the troops to his aid and the Board of War to make supporting arrangements. Thomas Burke, of North Carolina, wrote that the committee subjoined a declaration to its report that it was the intention of Congress "to reinforce the General so as to enable him not only to Curb and Confine the Enemy within their present Quarters but with the Blessing of God Entirely to subdue them before they are reinforced. This pompous Paragraph was very much Condemned by some Gentlemen as an unworthy Gasconade, and it was warmly debated ... there appeared upon this whole debate a great desire in the Delegates of the Eastern States, and in one of New Jersey to insult the General." Burnett, in Letters of Members of Congress (vol. 2, p. 274), thinks this New Jersey Delegate was, probably, Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant.]
[Note 23: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Sir: Monsieur Fanueil, who some time ago laid a plan before you for raising and officering a Corps of Frenchmen, waited upon me Yesterday. His success, as I expected, has been small in inlisting or rather engaging Canadians; I cannot find that he has met with more than thirty or forty, who would be willing to serve with him. He is now upon another Scheme, that of raising, arming and cloathing a number of Men in the French Islands. To grant a Commission of that kind is without the extent of my powers, and I have therefore desired him to go forward and lay his proposals before Congress. If they appear feasible, they may be adopted, but I would beg leave to observe, that one precaution will be necessary, that is, that the Commissions of Monsr. Fanueil and his Officers should depend upon the performance of their Agreement for raising any certain number of Men.
I have often mentioned to you the distress I am every now and then laid under, by the application of French Officers for Commissions in our Service, this Evil, if I may call it so, is a growing one, for from what I learn they are coming in Swarms from old France and the Islands. There will therefore be a necessity of providing for them or discountenancing them, to do the first is difficult and the last disagreeable and perhaps impolitic, if they are Men of Merit. And it is impossible to distinguish those from mere Adventurers, of whom, I am convinced, there are the greatest Number. They seldom bring more than a Commission and passport, which we know may belong to a bad, as well as a good Officer. Their ignorance of our language, and their inability to recruit Men, are unsurmountable obstacles to their being ingrafted into our Continental Battalions, for our Officers, who have raised their Men, and have served thro' the War, upon pay, that has hitherto not borne their Expences, would be disgusted, if Foreigners were put over their heads, and I assure you few or none of these Gentlemen look lower than Field Officer's Commissions. To give them all Brevets, by which they have Rank and draw pay without doing any Service, is saddling the Continent with a vast Expence, and to form them into Corps, would be only establishing Corps of Officers, for as I said before, they cannot possibly raise any Men. Some General mode of disposing of them must be adopted, for it, is ungenerous to keep them in Suspence, and at great Charge to themselves. But I am at a loss how to point out this Mode. Suppose they were told, in general, that no Man could obtain a Commission, except he could raise a number of Men, in proportion to his Rank; This would effectually stop the Mouths of Common Applyers, and would leave us at liberty to make provision for Gentlemen of undoubted Military Characters and Merit, who would be very useful to us as soon as they acquired our Language. If you approve of this, or can think of any better Method, be pleased to inform me, as soon as you possibly can; for if I had a decisive answer to give them, it would not only save me much trouble, but much time, which I am now obliged to bestow, in hearing their different pretentions to merit, and their expectations thereupon.
I inclose you the papers which Monsr. Fanueil originally laid before the Council of Massachusetts, they may be of use, if you enter into a Negotiation with him.24 I have the honor etc.25
[Note 24: The letter was read in Congress March 12. On March 13 Congress directed the Committee of Secret Correspondence to write to the ministers and agents abroad "to discourage all gentlemen from coming to America with expectation of employment in the service, unless they are masters of our language, and have the best recommendations." On March 14 Congress passed a resolve that no commissions should be given to foreign to officers unless they were well acquainted with the English language.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Gentn.: I have been honored with your Letter of the 13th Instt. You may rest assured, that the Situation of our Officers in the Enemy's hands, claims much of my Attention, and that it is my wish, to give them the earliest relief. Every Exchange that has been directed by me, was meant to be made on those principles which you politely mention. It did happen however, owing perhaps as much to the Miscarriage of the lists transmitted in the two first instances; or their not getting to hand, before the Exchanges were made, as to any design in Mr. Loring, that some Officers were released, whose confinement was not so early as that of others. This proceeding I remonstrated against and most probably the like will not be done again. The case of the Gentn. you particularly notice shall not escape me, and they shall, if it is in my power, obtain an equal exchange with the rest, so far as the circumstances of their Rank and the time of their Captivity apply. There yet remain some Officers who were taken in Canada, to be discharged from their Paroles.
Since my last nothing of importance has occurred in the Military line; However, I think it extremely probable, nay almost certain, that the Enemy are on the point of making a push, the particular Object they have in view I cannot determine. Such of their Troops, as have returned from Rhode Island have landed at Amboy with some heavy Artillery and our information is, that General Howe and Lord Piercy are with them. I have the Honor etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Gentn.: The exigencies of our affairs requiring, that the several Regiments voted by Congress should be Officered without further delay, I beg leave to recommend to your notice Colo Regnier to fill the place of Lieut. Colonel in Colo Henry B. Livingston's Regiment, raising in your State, which I am told is vacant.
I am not acquainted with Colo. Regnier myself, but from the recommendations I have of him, he is a Gentlemen of Honor, a diligent and brave Officer and well qualified for that Command. His attachment to the cause of America is not to be questioned, having given many proofs of it and sacrificed his Fortune (as I am told) to her Interest. The latter might be urged as a reason for a generous Compensation, but would not be a sufficient reason for his promotion, did he not possess the other Requisites; but as he does, he has a Claim upon our good Offices, and I trust will approve himself worthy of your favor. I have the Honor to be etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Sir: A Letter from you to Genl. Heath, inclosing a Petition from the Officers taken at Princeton, for liberty to send one of the Party into New York for their Baggage, was transmitted to me by General McDougall: Genl. Heath having gone to Massachusetts. I am so sensible, that these People, by remaining any length of time in the Country, not only acquire a knowledge of our Affairs, but spread a very pernicious influence among the People, that I think it would be best to send them immediately in, and obtain an equal Number of our Officers in Exchange. I therefore desire, that they may be sent towards Providence, with orders to halt within Eight or ten Miles, till Genl. Spencer or Arnold is informed of their being there; that they may direct in what Manner they may be sent in, so as not to see any thing of the disposition of our Troops. Be pleased to make the Eldest Officer Sign a Return, specifying their Names and Ranks and transmit it to me.--In a letter of the 7th. February, you desire to know what will be the best manner of disposing of the privates.--I think they had better be Cantoned in the Country, as near together as convenient; and if any of them, are tradesmen and are willing to work at their occupations, they may be usefully employed. I am &c.
P.S. If you can think of any more convenient way of sending in the Prisoners than to Providence, I leave it to you.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the Writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Sir: I acknowledge the receipt of your favours of the 23rd. Decemr. and 17th. Janry. The former introducing Mr. Faneuil a French Gentleman, who did me the honor of delivering it himself. The latter Monsr. de Bourneuf, who also delivered it in person.
The French Gentlemen come to me in such shoals, many of them with nothing more than introductory letters, that I am under the most disagreeable dilemma what to do with them. I have repeatedly, but without effect as yet, wrote to Congress, to relieve me from this situation by some Resolve of theirs. Policy might dictate the propriety of paying some attention to them, but 'tis entirely out of my power to comply with their request; I therefore most earnestly beg the favour of you to ease me of this load, by making some provision for the meretorious among them, in your State, or endeavour to convince them, that 'till Congress shall adopt some General mode of providing for them. They will incur expence, by waiting upon me, without any prospect of having their wishes Gratified. I have again laid a plan before Congress, which Monsr. Faneuil will deliver, and expect some answer soon. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs and George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your favour of the 18th. Yesterday evening communicating the successful attempt made by Colo. Neilson on the Enemy at Lawrence's Island that Morning. The Colo. and his party conducted the plan with such secrecy and resolution, that they claim my sincerest thanks for this Instance of good behaviour, and I wish that you would acquaint them, with my hearty Approbation of their Conduct.
I have returned to you the papers found upon Thomas Lewis Woodward, with my request, that you would have a Court of Inquiry into the Charge, and if he comes within the Designation of a Spy, let him be treated as such. I wish, however, that Circumstances may be duly attended to, and not too much vigor used on those occasions, unless upon persons evidently of that Stamp, 'tis bad Policy.
I intended, from the begining, that such persons as choose to withdraw within the Enemy's Lines, should have leave to carry with them, their wearing apparel and Household furniture. Such parts of their property as can be useful to the Enemy we must secure.
You will be pleased to direct proper care to be taken, of the muskets taken by Colo. Neilson. Let what is customary in such cases be done.
Last Night I received intelligence from two quarters, mentioning the Reinforcement lately arrived at Brunswick, with General Howe at their head; Accounts correspond of the report being among them, that an attempt is intended upon this place. I am rather inclined to believe, that it is nothing more than a blind to cover their designs upon Philadelphia and would have you keep the very best look out. Should they move towards you,dispatch an Express immediately to Genl. Gates in Philadelphia with the Intelligence and Co-operate with him in securing the boats on the Delaware. I have sent an Express to him this morning to collect all those above Trenton at Coryells ferry, and to secure all below. Above all things it will be necessary for you, not to permit the Enemy to get between you and the Mountains. You will remember to give me the earliest Intelligence of the Enemy's approach. 'Tis unnecessary to repeat my desire, that no more Stores of any sort be kept in Princeton, than are indispensably necessary from day to day. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis.]
Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: This Letter will accompany one of last Nights date, to which it is intended as an addition. I have a thousand corrisponding Circumstances to convince me, that Genl. Howe intends to move from Brunswick in a very short time, it is said to this place; but that may be a cover only, to his designs upon Philadelphia. He and Lord Percy you will find by the Inclosed Copies of Letters have, or were abt. to join the Army at Brunswick. The strength of the Reinforcement, as mentioned in Dickenson's Letter,31 must be magnified; I do not imagine it can exceed the half: however, sorry I am to inform you (and this I do under the Rose, to be known only by those who ought to be acquainted with it) that without it, their numbers are nearly dble ours, and what Kind of Troops ours are, you need not be informed, when I tell you, that we have scarce any other than Militia; unhappily for us, most of those that could be depended upon, are down with the Small Pox, either by Inoculation, or in the natural way.
[Note 31: Brig. Gen. Philemon Dickinson's letter of Feb. 20, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
The reason of my giving you the trouble of this additional Letter, is, that you may not delay a Moments time in fixing a good Officer (Genl. Armstrong if he is with you, or some other spirited and attentive Man) at New Town, with some Troops, to Superintend that department; and the Vessels, in case the Enemy should move towards the Delaware, which I think must be the case for two Reasons; first on Acct. of covering for their Troops, which cannot be had this way, and on acct. of its being the only great object in view; to these may be added, that they have been building kind of Floats in New York, said to be for the Transportation of Artillery (which has been tryed upon them in the Docks at New York) over the Delaware.
I can not conclude without [desiring] you to draw such of the Continental Troops together under proper Officers as you can; but without impeding the recruiting Service. Surely many of the Pensylvania Regiments must be in some degree of forwardness by this time, and that in the lower Counties; pray exert yourself to get things forward as fast as possible without spreading an Alarm.
I have orderd Genl. Putnam, immediately upon any move of the Enemy's to give you Instant advice of it, that you may immediately have all the Boats and Vessels on the East side of the Delaware remov'd to the West; something leading to this should be attempted previous to a move, those in the Creeks especially should be removd.
Your own discretion will point out many necessary things to be done in our present situation32 and therefore I shall only add that. I am etc.
[Note 32: "In consequence of your Letter and one from Mr. Morris Congress have suspended their Remove to Philada. for a few days."-- President of Congress to Washington, Feb. 5, 1777.]
P.S. I shall be much obliged to you to stop the shoals of French Men that are coming on to this Camp, till such time as Congress to whom I have wrote on the Subject, can fix upon some decisive plan respecting them; they cannot recruit men, and officers who have, and stand fair in Character, do not like to be put under them. For these ten days past, it has taken up half my time to hear their pretensions, and explain to them the Reasons why It is impossible for me to gratifie them in their Wishes, besides accomodations here is not to be had.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favoured with yours of the 7th. Instr. It has some how or other generally happened, that we have been obliged to send in our prisoners at the most inconvenient times; but when they are brought down for the purpose of Exchange, it seems hard to send them back, especially as they did not fix upon the time themselves. I am so well convinced, that the Officers are enabled to do us harm, by staying in the Country and making themselves acquainted with our Situation, that I have ordered Govr. Trumbull to send in Eleven that were taken at Princeton, If they can be conveyed to any of your posts, and sent in by a way, in which they will see little of your Disposition; it will be better than sending them by land to Kingsbridge. Whenever any Officers go in from your Quarter, only send me the Return and I will take care to ask for such in Exchange, as have a right to preference, from length of Captivity. If the Accounts we have lately received, of the Reinforcement of the Enemy at Brunswick, be true, few can be left at Rhode Island; it is said Lord Piercy has arrived at Amboy within a few days.
The Eastern States have, in so many Instances, departed from the line of Conduct agreed to in Congress for the inlistment of the New Army, that I do not wonder at their stripping the Ships to fill their Regiments, but they will find that as soon as the Seamen have spent the Bounty, they will run back and get on board the Ships again. If the Enemy will give us time to collect an Army levied for the War, I hope we shall set all our former Errors to rights. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am glad to find by yours of the 16th that your Health is Sufficiently reestablished to enable you to do your duty.
Considering the great dependance which we shall be under the necessity of putting upon Militia for a while longer, we certainly ought not to remove a General Officer from a post, to which he can, by his Influence, draw them, when they are wanted; upon this principle you were right in waiting an answer, before you forwarded Genl. James Clinton's Letter to him. I desire it may now be stopped and that he may continue in the command of the Forts, the Garrisons of which he will endeavour to keep up by all the ways and means in his power, till our regular Troops take possession.
I should be very well pleased if Colo. Gilman's Regiment could be prevail'd upon to stay till the middle of March, by any other means than the advance of Money; As I fear the Moment they have got it, they will make use of it to carry them home. If any advance is necessary, I will settle that matter with Major General Lincoln, when they are discharged.
Previous to the receipt of your Letter, I had information that Supplies of Provision were going to the Enemy from Paramus and Hackensack, and I wrote to Genl. Geo. Clinton to send a party of Men from his Corps, to cover that part of the Country and stop any further practices of that Kind.
I do not apprehend you will be in any danger of an Attack in your Quarter for some time yet, as the Enemy from their late motions are drawing this way. Whenever our Regiments of Artillery are raised, you may depend that the Forts up the River will have their proportion, in the mean time, a part of the Men who compose the Garrison, might be set apart and exercised in loading and firing the Cannon. This is a Shift we are obliged to make, for we have very few regular Artillery Men.
I shall write to Connecticut to send in all the Officers who were taken at Princeton, which will answer the end of their petition, in a manner most agreeable to themselves.
I will order the Judge Advocate to draw up a Commission, empowering you to hold General Courts Martial at your post.
Having occasion to write to Colo. Livingston, I shall desire him to drop his expedition for the present, as he may probably be of more use and advantage nearer home.
I am obliged to you for the Information you give me, respecting the Behaviour of part of Webb's Regiment,34 if they have not received their pay, it shall be stopped; but if they have, it will not be the first or greatest Imposition that has been put upon the public. I am etc.35
[Note 34: In the absence of Col. Charles Webb in Connecticut on recruiting duty, many of the officers absented themselves without leave, and 40 of the men deserted. McDougall suggested that the 6--weeks' pay and $10 gratuity be stopped from these deserters.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town in New Jersey, February 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 12th by Mr. Ashby came duly to hand. As I am unacquainted with the terms upon which your Regiment was raised, it is impossible for me to say any thing on that head, Nor, as you mention your design of attending Congress, will it be necessary for me to give any order about the marching of your Regiment, as I presume you will be instructed by them.
If the matter rests with me, I shall be obliged to call them immediately to the Army, because here we have a certainty of their being wanted, greatly wanted. The call for them on the Ohio, is only to be feared. If Congress should order the Regiment this way, or they come, in consequence of what I have here said, not a Moments time should be lost in doing of it, as our call for Men is urgent.
Peculiarly Circumstanced as you are, I shall not object to your taking some reasonable time to settle matters relative to your Deceased Brother's Estate, if your Regiment comes this way; altho' I can assure you that it goes much against my Inclination to part with a good Officer. Your other Field Officers must attend the Regiment.
I regret exceedingly the loss of your two Brother's, and thank you for your kind offer of serving me in any business I may have West of the Alleganies; but my time is so constantly taken up and ingrossed by public matters, that I scarce bestow a thought on my private Affairs, beyond my Family at Mount Vernon. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis.]
Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday evening received the favor of your Letter of the 15th Instr. As the Congress vested the Conventions of the several States with powers to appoint Officers for their Quota of Battalions first voted, I have made it a point not to interfere, (tho' fully authorized) except in an instance or two where the choice has been evidently improper and injudicious. This line of conduct I wish to pursue, and therefore would not do more in the case referred to me, than to recommend Colo. Regnier to the notice of the Convention, and for the Vacancy you want him to fill. I have done this, as you will perceive by the inclosed Letter, which after reading, you will be pleased to seal and transmit to them in such way as you judge proper. The Character given Colo. Regnier, is much to his honor, and the sacrifices I am told he has made, on account of his attachment to our Cause, claim our notice and some compensation. In respect to the other Officers, which you mention to be wanted, you must prevail on the Convention to appoint them, and if they will not, I shall confirm your own choice.
The situation of things in the Military line, having undergone some alteration since I saw you, I would advise the Expedition you had in view to be laid aside. I do not think it improbable that your services may be wanted elsewhere, and upon some more interesting occasion. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1777.
Sir: I am glad to find, by yours, of the 17th, that you are moving your Magazines from Philadelphia farther into the Country, I would have you do the same with the provisions that are at Newtown, I dont think you ought to keep any thing more at the Magazine, thirteen Miles from Philadelphia, than will be necessary for the Troops that will be occasionally in the City, for a time to come. I have particular reasons for desiring that the provisions may be removed quickly from Newtown, from whence the Quarter Master's and every other Kind of Stores is to be removed.
I do not know to whom to attribute the many Complaints that are made of irregularity and confusion in the Commissary's department, but I have sent for Colo. Trumbull to come immediately hither and settle the matter one way or other. I will just observe, that Irwin38 complains as much of you as you do of him. I am etc.39
[Note 38: Matthew Irwin, or Irvine, Deputy Commissary of Issues of the Continental Army.]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 21 1777.
Parole Rochester. Countersign Romney.
John Porter field, Serjt. in Capt. Bayard's40 Company, in the 3rd. Pennsylvania Battalion, tried by a General Court Martial, whereof Lt. Col. Hendricks41 was President, is found guilty of Desertion, and sentenced to be Shot to death.
[Note 40: Capt. Stephen Bayard. He was promoted to major in the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment in March, 1777.]
[Note 41: Lieut. Col. James Hendricks, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was made colonel of the First Virginia Regiment in September, 1777, and served to February, 1778.]
The General approves the Judgment of the Court, but respites the execution of the sentence for one week.
Serjt. William Roberts, of Capt. Dirks42 Company, in the 9th. Pennsylvania Battalion, tried by the same Court Martial, is found guilty of Desertion, and sentenced to be reduced to the Ranks and whipped 100 lashes.
[Note 42: Capt. Jacob Gerhard Dirks.]
John Ford, William Callahan, William Wood, John Lemon, Robert Cunningham, and Charles McClain, all of Capt. Bayard's Company, in the 3rd. Pennsa. Battalion; James Jarvis and Peter Digman, of Capt. Dirk's Company, in the 9th. Pennsa. Battalion; John Welch, Peterster Ogan, John Conway, and Daniel McCressin, of Capt. Bowen's43 Company, in the 9th. Pennsa. Battalion; All tried by the same General Court Martial,
[Note 43: Capt. Thomas Bartholomew Bowen.] are each of them found guilty of Desertion, and sentenced each to be whipped 50 lashes.
The General approves the Sentences on each of the above prisoners, and orders it to be executed immediately, and the men then to join the detachment under Lt. Thomas44 of the 11th. Pennsylvania Battalion.
[Note 44: Lieut. William Thomas. He resigned on April 9.]
The Adjutants of the different Regiments are to wait on Isaac B. Dunn45 Esqr. for Brigade Orders; he will be found at Genl St. Clair's quarters.
[Note 45: Capt. Isaac Budd Dunn, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was major and aide-de-camp to General St. Clair from May, 1781, to close of the war.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 22, 1777.
Parole Suffolk. Countersign Sussex.
The Soldiers of this Army are to be informed that all the Ferries over Delaware, and the North River, have strict Orders to put none of them that have not a regular Discharge, or Pass across, but to apprehend, and send back to the Corps they belong to as Deserters, all such as shall attempt it, contrary to this order.
Col Greasen's46 Regt. of Militia from Northampton County (Pennsylvania) to join Genl. St. Clairs Brigade.
[Note 46: Col. Henry Geiger, of the First Battalion of Northampton, Pa., militia.]
All Returns for Cloathing to be given in to the Comanding Officers of Regiments, who will sign them before they are brought to the Adjutant General.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 22, 1777.
Dr. Sir: You are well acquainted with my opinion upon the inexpediency of keeping any more Stores in the City of Philadelphia, than are absolutely necessary for the equipment of the new Levies. I am at this time particularly anxious to have them removed. The Enemy have lately been considerably reinforced in Jersey, and from a variety of Accounts are meditating some Blow. I am firmly persuaded that they mean to attempt to reach Philadelphia again, as I do not know what other object they can have ultimately in View. They may first remove us from this and our other Posts, but they cannot remain at them, for want of covering for their Army, which I imagine they will never again Suffer to be cantoned over a great extent of Country. I have certain information, that they have been projecting a portable Bridge to lay over the Delaware, and I do not see any great difficulty in transporting it from Brunswick to the Delaware, if they take the Advantage of the Roads being hard and firm. The Numbers that are at present in Amboy and Brunswick cannot long Subsist there, and therefore adds Strength to my Opinion, that they are assembled there for some other purpose, than merely as a Reinforcement. The Salt that has lately been imported Should be the first article Secured.
Mr Wharton wrote me, that he either had or was carrying it to a place of Security, but as I do not altogether depend upon his promises, I should be glad you would have an Eye to that and the other Matters in his department. I know you have Sufficient in your own to engage your whole time and attention, but in times like these, we must double our Exertions. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, also in Tilghman's writing, ia in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 22, 1777.
Sir: I have received a Letter from Monsieur Rouville, in behalf of himself and other French Officers taken at St. Johns, desiring that they may be sent to New York for Exchange. As the Rank of these Gentlemen is acknowledged by General Howe, they will procure the Release of as many of our Officers of equal Rank, as are in the hands of the Enemy. I therefore desire you will be pleased to order them all to be sent from Reading, or wherever they may be, to Easton, and give the Officer who conducts them, directions to inform me of their Arrival at Easton, that I may take proper Steps to have them sent in, without viewing our disposition or any of our Posts I have the Honor to be etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 22, 1777.
Sir: This morning I had the honor of receiving your favor of the 15th Inst. with the papers mentioned and inclosed.
No person, I hope, can be so lost to Virtue, as to except against Colo. Newcomb49 on Account of his being religiously disposed. The relaxed Discipline and want of Order in the Regiment, I believe were among the principle objections to him; these added to his Inactivity and that want of Confidence mentioned in a former Letter, obliged me to displace him.
[Note 49: Col. Silas Newcomb, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was brigadier general of New Jersey Militia in March, 1777; resigned in December of that year.]
I will most assuredly keep Mr. Burr50 in remembrance and take the first proper Opportunity of giving him a more permanent Office, than the one he now holds.
[Note 50: Lieut. Col. Aaron Burr. He had been appointed lieutenant colonel of Malcolm's Additional Continental regiment in January, 1777; resigned in March, 1779; Vice President of the United States, 1801--1805; died in 1836.]
Your Sentiments on the Subject of Genl Putnams Letter to you, so exactly coincide with mine, and your Reasoning so perfectly just and full; that, without any observations in addition, I have directed the General immediately to put a Stop to the practice of extorting Fines from the Reluctant Militia, and ordered him to take no Steps, not Strictly consonant with the Laws of this State.--It is the first Instance of any thing of the sort happening within my knowledge. If I hear of it elsewhere, I shall discourage it, as I have done already.
So many applications from the friends of Individual Prisoners are constantly made, that on that Account, as well as from the Justice of the Case, I have let them come, as far as we have Officers to give of equal Rank, according to the dates of their Captivity.
Lieut. Henry Frees51 this moment delivered me your favor of the 19th Inst., inclosing a Recommendation of him from five Gentn. of your Assembly. I have Satisfied him of the impracticability of equipping a Troop of Horse in any reasonable time; and have (on his mentioning that the Legislature will keep a vacancy in Colo Shrieve's52 Battalion for him), consented that he shall hold the Company he wishes to obtain, were it not for this, and that he prefers that Corps to one of the 16. additionals, I would have provided for him myself.
[Note 51: Lieut. Henry Fries, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 52: Col. Israel Shreve, of the Second New Jersey Regiment.]
I heartily thank you for the Impartial Chronicle:53 If Lucre54 has a Spark of Modesty remaining, he must blush at seeing himself so vastly outdone in his ruling Passion. I am &ca.55
[Note 53: "The Impartial Chronicle in ridicule of Gain's lying Gazette, which is a Jersey Production, and will probably afford you a little Diversion in a leisure moment."-- Livingston to Washington, Feb. 15, 1777.]
[Note 54: Lucifer.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, February 22, 1777.
Dear Genl.: Upon taking a retrospective View of the Enemy's Conduct, and comparing one piece of Information with another, I am led to think, that Philadelphia must be their object, and that whenever they move, it will be toward the Delaware, with their Main body. This belief, the necessity of a proper attention to the River, and the advantages which may result from leaving some Person on the other side with a few Troops for others to assemble to, induces me to desire, that you will, so soon as the Enemy begin their March, and their intention of going towards the Delaware is manifested, recross the River with what Troops you have at Princeton.56 Secure all the Boats on the other side, watch and oppose their passage, with what force you have and can collect, till such time as I can join you, and give any Aid in your Power to facilitate our passage over, by having Boats at proper places above, under good and Strong Guards. If my former Orders, to the Officer on the other side of the River, have been complied with, the Boats ought now to be at Coryells ferry. But as this is a matter of uncertainty, it will be prudent in you to send a careful Officer to see where, and in what condition they are, that you may meet with no disappointment in crossing. One thing which leads to a belief, that the Enemy's Views are turned to the Delaware, is, that they have in New York been building Floats for a Bridge, as is supposed, over the Delaware. Your Spies therefore should be attentive, to see whether any such are brought to Amboy. You should keep a good look out from S. Amboy, as it is not unlikely, but that the Reinforcement last from New York, may land there, and march from thence across. I do not think any Person who shall prefer going to the Enemy, to a Compliance of the terms of my Proclamation, ought to have Waggons or Horses to assist 'em in, as the Enemy may and doubtless will, if they are upon a Move, seize those things, at a very important Crisis, for their own use; Nor do I think it good Policy to insist rigidly upon those, whose general Conduct has been friendly to us, to take the Oaths, to release them from it by any public Act, would not be right; but I would wish it to slip over as a matter unnoticed.57
[Note 56: Putnam was at Princeton, N.J.]
[Note 57: Washington wrote Putnam two separate letters of this date (February 22), which are here combined as one. The draft of the first letter is in the writing of George Johnston and ends at this point. The draft of the second is in the writing of George Lewis and begins at next paragraph.]
Govr. Livingston, in his Letter to me of the 15th. Instr. did me the honor of inclosing Copies of your Letter to him and his answer, on the Subject of imposing fines on the reluctant Militia of this State. His reasoning on this Subject, perfectly coincides with my Opinion; they are so full and plain as to render any observations of mine unnecessary; I desire therefore that this practice may have an immediate end put to it, and that no steps of this nature, may in future be taken without the Countenance of the civil Power of this State, whose Legislature, now siting, has a remedy in Contemplation. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 22, 1777.
Sir: The Cry of want of Provisions comes to me from every Quarter. Genl. Maxwell writes word that his People are starving; Genl. Johnston,58 of Maryland, yesterday inform'd me, that his People could draw none; this difficulty I understand prevails also at Chatham! What Sir is the meaning of this? and why were you so desirous of excluding others from this business when you are unable to accomplish it yourself? Consider, I beseech you, the consequences of this neglect, and exert yourself to remove the Evil, and complaints which cannot be less fatal to the Army, than disagreeable to, Sir, Your etc.
[Note 58: Brig. Gen. Thomas Johnson, jr., of the Maryland Militia.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 22, 1777.
Sir: An inconvenience of considerable Magnitude, arising from the practice of carrying Household furniture &ca. in Waggons and Carts to the Enemy, has determined me to direct, that in future nothing shall be transported that way. I do not mean to prevent such of the Inhabitants, as choose to withdraw within the Enemy's lines from taking with them all their Apparel and Household furniture as usual, if they can do it in any other manner than this; neither would I object to this mode, were I confident that the Enemy would return the Waggons and Horses, but this may be doubted. You will therefore, observe that the strictest attention is paid to this order. I am etc.
P.S. I would not have too much rigour used in executing the Proclamation. 'Tis bad Policy.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston. The same letter was sent to Brig. Gen. Philemon Dickinson, to whom the postscript was changed to: "Colo. Duykins must have made up his mind on my Proclamation before he left Brunswick. His inclination to return justifies so well grounded a Suspicion of his Character, as to induce me to forbid it." The same letter, minus both postscripts, was sent to Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 23, 1777.
Sir: Congress having Resolved, that Several Regiments of Cavalry should be raised to form a part of their Army, I beg leave thro' you Sir, to lay before them the inclosed list of Officers, which appear necessary to be appointed to each Corps, and which they will be pleased to establish.
At the same time, I should Suppose it highly expedient to fix their pay and that of the Privates. There is now one Regiment in Service and three more recruiting. This makes it indispensably necessary, that it should be done. Applications are constantly making, to know what the pay is, and objections raised against the service for want of due information. I have transmitted a list of such pay as seemed to be thought reasonable for part of the Officers to receive, when Colo. Sheldon's Regiment was directed to be levied and a Copy of the Memorandum made at that time. This, Colo. Sheldon conceived would not be more than adequate to their services, trouble and expence, and which, in some degree, was founded on the opinions of other Gentlemen of whom inquiry was made upon the Subject. I did not fix it in the Instances where it is set clown with certainty, as the Memorandum will shew. A criterion by which I was also governed upon that occasion, was the Resolve, appointing Mr. Sheldon Lt. Colo. Commandant with the Rank and pay of Colo.; From thence I attempted to proportion that of some other Officers. Upon the whole, I think it should be settled without further loss of time and wish the earliest attention of Congress to be had to it.
Our delicate and truly critical situation for want of a Sufficient force to oppose the Enemy, who are now ready and will before many clays elapse, take the Field, induced me to expect that the Troops raising in the Southern States and intended for this Army, would march in Companies or half Companies, as they were made up, without waiting for their Regiments to be compleat. Policy strongly suggested the propriety of the measure and I requested it. But to my great anxiety and Surprize, I am told, that this line of Conduct is totally neglected, tho' a great number of Recruits are actually engaged. I must intreat Congress to interpose again, with their most pressing applications and Commands, that this expedient may be adopted without a moment's delay. No injury can result from it, because a sufficient number, and proper Officers can and must be left, to recruit the Corps to their full Compliments. Nor will my fears respecting the State of our Arms allow me to be silent on that Head.
Let the States be urged to send their Men equipped with them and every other necessary, if Possible. I know not what Supplies may be in Store elsewhere or in the power of Congress; but they must not depend on their being furnished here, with any or but with very few. No human prudence or precaution, could Secure but a small part of those belonging to the Public and in the Hands of the Soldiery, from being embezzled and Carried off when their Time of service expired; Nor can the same abuses be restrained in the Militia. I have &c.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 23, 1777.
Gentn.: I have been honored with your Letter of the 6th Instant, and beg leave to assure you, that I shall not only be always ready to rectify any Error which I may commit thro' hurry or otherwise, but be happy to have them pointed out. I have not the proceedings of Congress at this time which would apply to the subject matter of your Letter and therefore cannot pronounce upon it with certainty and precision. However, if my memory serves and I am not much deceived, the distinction in bounty, which you mention, does not now exist. By the first Resolves of Congress, for levying the New Army, it was to be raised during the War, under a landed bounty; some time after, this was altered and the alternative of inlisting for the War or three years allowed, those who engaged for the latter, were not to have that Bounty. Thus the matter stood till ... when it experienced another change and the inlistments were to be for three years under all former Bounties. I am persuaded by recuring to the several proceedings, it will be found that the matter stands as recited above. In this interpretation I am not singular, there are other Gentlemen and some that never saw my recruiting instructions,who have formed the same. However, as it is of consequence to have the point ascertained, you will be pleased to review the several resolves respecting it. I have the honor, etc.66
[Note 66: This letter, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison (the draft in that of Caleb Gibbs), is indorsed: "This Letter to be read in Congress & enquiry to be made whether any Member remembers the Resolves of Congress respecting the Bounty of Land to be allowed Soldiers &c. The General is of opinion the 100 Acres Bounty, is to be granted to those enlisting for three Years. The Board of a diffr. opinion." The board was right; but Congress, in November, I776, had allowed Maryland to advance to their three--year troops a cash bounty in lieu of land; the language was ambiguous and caused the difficulty.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: On the 21st. Instr. I received the favor of your Letter of the 15th., Colonel Pellisier's plan, I presume you have received, as it was transmitted a day or two after my Letter of the 9th. Your wishes respecting Brigr. Jas. Clinton will be gratified, I believe. He will remain at the post where he now is, at least for some time.
The intelligence communicated by the Express, who delivered my Letter of the 9th Instt. was premature, as you will have been informed by mine of the 19th; Nor have I any thing of importance to transmit you, at this time, there have been and almost daily are, some small Skirmishes, but without much loss on either side, they have generally been favourable to us. The most considerable that has happened, was on the Morning of the 18th. Colo. Neilson of this State then surprized, Majr. Rd. Stogdon, who has engaged under the King's Banner and took him and 59 of his perfidious Corps prisoners, with their Arms and some blankets; killing four, with the loss of one Man on our side.
I do not apprehend, however, that this Petit Guerre will be continued long, I think matters will be transacted upon a larger Scale. The Troops at Brunswick have been considerably reinforced of late, and Genl. Howe and Piercy are said to have come over, their number there and the dependent posts, must be from 10 to 12,000; from these Circumstances, It is highly probable, nay almost certain, they mean to make a push; their object is a secret, only known to them, tho' I have my conjectures.
I cannot implicitly believe, that Genl. Carleton will attempt to pass the Lakes before the Spring, nor shall I be much disappointed, if it is declined altogether, and all the Troops in that Quarter, drawn from thence, except such as may be necessary barely to Garrison their posts, in order to reinforce Genl. Howe; But be this as it may, unless Mr. Carleton should have his Army greatly augmented, I think the first voted Quotas of Massachusetts and New Hampshire Troops ordered to Ticonderoga will be a large and full proportion for the Northern Department and I hope more than competent to every exigency. If they should not, in cases of extraordinary emergency, they can receive some Aid from the Militia. These considerations and the pressing necessity, that exists, and which probably will, for Men in this Quarter, induce me to request, that no more of the York forces may be called on for the Northern Army. Your Letter to Congress I shall transmit by the earliest opportunity. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 23, 1777.
Sir: I have inclosed the warrant for executing the Deserter;68 the blanks you will fill up, and direct the Ceremony as you please.
[Note 68: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Feb. 19, 1777, ante.]
Will it not be adviseable to arrange and equip the Troops, under Inoculation in Philadelphia, that, on an emergency, they may be of some Service.
Another Skirmish happened Yesterday between Genl. Maxwell and about 2,000 from Amboy, they came to forage; the Genl. writes me that he has secured 7 prisoners and spilt much blood. I are etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of George Johnston.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Morristown, February 24, 1777.
Dear Brother: Your Letter of the 24th. Ulto. from Mount Vernon came duly to hand, and I thank you for the visit to Mrs. Washington. I do not recollect the date of my last to you, but nothing of any great Importance has occur'd of late. I believe there soon will, as Genl. Howe has withdrawn great part of the Troops from Rhode Island in order to strengthen those of this State for I should think, (considering the Situation of our Army) some Offensive operation. If he does not, there can be no Impropriety, I conceive, [in] pronouncing him a Man of no enterprize, as circumstances never will, I hope, favour him so much as at present. But, as this is too delicate a Subject for a Letter, liable to miscarriage, I will hod my tongue. Whether his designs are against the Militia I at present Command; another attempt against Phila., or, which I cannot believe, to make his own defences more Secure, time only can tell, and a little of it, I believe, will do it.
Our Scouts, and the Enemy's Foraging Parties, have frequent skirmishes; in which they always sustain the greatest loss in killed and Wounded, owing to our Superior skill in Fire arms; these, and frequent Desertions, tho' not of any great magnitude, serves to waste their Army, but this is counterbalanc'd by a set of Parracides, who have engaged in their Service, and Inlist all our Country men they can seduce.
Your remark "that you cannot depend upon the Reports of our strength" is most litterally true. It is morally impossible that any body at a distance, should know it with precision and certainty; because, while it depends upon Militia, who are here today, and gone tomorrow; whose ways, like the ways of Providence are, almost, inscrutable; and when it is our Interest, however much our characters may suffer by it, to make small numbers appear large, it is impossible you should; for in order to deceive the Enemy effectually, we must not communicate our weakness to any body.
It behooves every friend, in every State, to hasten the Recruiting Service. It behooves them to forward the Levies on by Companies, or otherwise, as [soon] as possible, and believe me, it behooves every friend to the American Cause to exert his utmost endeavours to apprehend Deserters. Desertion is a growing evil; it is become a kind of business, under the present bounty, to Desert one Corps to Enlist in another. In a word, if vigorous measures to apprehend, and rigorous in punishing are not pursued the cause will be exceedingly injured.
If we can once get the New Army cornpleat and the Congress will take care to have it properly supplied, I think we may, thereafter, bid Defiance to great Britain, and her foreign Auxiliaries.
My warmest Affections I make a tender of to my Sister and the family. My Compliments present to all enquiring friends, and with strongest assurances of unalterable love to yourself I remain yr. affecte. Brother.
P.S. Yesterday a skirmish happen'd between a foraging Party of the Enemy and a Party collected from our [out] Posts, in wch. it is said, from the best accts. we have been yet able to [get] that the Enemy in killed and Wounded must have [lost] upwards of an hundred Men. Seven Prisoners were [taken] and brought In.Our loss was three killed, Eight wounded.
Morristown in New Jersey, February 24, 1777.
Dear Sir: Mr. Walker has, I doubt not, informed you of the situation in which I have placed him, in Order that he may obtain the best information, and, at the same time, have his real design hid from the World; thereby avoiding the evils which might otherwise result from such Appointments, if adopted by other States.
It will naturally occur to you, Sir, that there are some Secrets, on the keeping of which so, depends, oftentimes, the salvation of an Army: Secrets which cannot, at least ought not to, be intrusted to paper; nay, which none but the Commander in Chief at the time, should be acquainted with.
If Mr. Walker's Commission,70 therefore, from the Commonwealth of Virginia, should be known, it would, I am persuaded, be followed by others of the like Nature from other States, and be no better than so many marplots. To avoid the precedent, therefore, and from your Character of Mr. Walker and the high Opinion I myself entertain of his abilities, Honour, and prudence, I have taken him into my Family as an Extra Aid de Camp, and shall be happy, if in this Character, he can answer your expectations.
[Note 70: John Walker had been sent to the headquarters of the Continental Army by the Virginia Legislature to keep it informed of events, the idea being that the Commander in Chief could not find the time necessary to write fully. Washington accepted this dangerous precedent with calmness and full persuasion that no ulterior motive prompted the action, He appointed Walker an aid-de-camp.]
I sincerely thank you, Sir, for your kind congratulations on the late success of the Continental Arms: (Would to God it may continue), and for your polite mention of me.
Let me earnestly entreat that the Troops raised in Virginia for this Army be forwarded on by Companies, or otherwise, without delay, and as well equiped as possible, for the Field, or we shall be in no condition to open the Campaign. With every sentiment of Respect and Regard, I am, etc.71
[Note 71: This letter exists in the Washington Papers in the Varick Transcripts only.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 24, 1777.
Parole Virginia. Countersign Venice.
The troops of Genl St. Clair's Brigade are, as soon as the weather will permit, to be drawn together and quartered as near this town, as possible: All the Recruits of Col. Ogden's72
[Note 72: Col. Matthias Ogden, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He had been wounded at Quebec Dec. 31, 1775; was taken prisoner at Elizabethtown, N.J., in October, 1780; exchanged in April, 1781.] Regiment, now quartered at Troy, and elsewhere, to be immediately called together, armed and accoutred; they are to join Genl. St Clair's Brigade, and to be quartered with them. The strictest Attention must be paid by the officers, to the Arms and Ammunition belonging to their different Corps, to see them frequently examined, and kept in good Order, for Action.--All Recruits raised by Capts. Morrison73 and Flahaven74 to join Col Ogden's Regt. 'till further orders.
[Note 73: Capt. Isaac Morrison, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was wounded at Germantown, Pa., in October and did not rejoin the regiment.]
[Note 74: Capt. John Flahaven, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was taken prisoner in April, 1777; resigned in January, 1779.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 25, 1777.
My Lord: I was last night favoured with your Letter of the 24th Instt. I concur in your Lordships proposition, so far as it goes for incorporating the three Companies of Virginia Volunteers, and forming them into a Battalion; But tho' I have a high Opinion of the conduct Merit and bravery of Capt. Thruston,75 in whose behalf you have interested yourself, and would wish to do him any favor, I cannot appoint him to the rank you mention. The reasons, upon reflection, I am persuaded, will readily occur to you and to him. The greatest part of the Officers and Men composing our present Army, are in the same predicament and on the same footing with these three Companies, or differ but very little. Many have been longer in Service, and coming from different States, they would not bear the distinction, or suffer it to pass without Complaining and objecting to me, a charge of partiality in favour of the Virginians.
[Note 75: Capt. Charles Mynn Thurston. In a previous volume, through inadvertence, this name has appeared as "Thruston." Washington commissioned him as captain-commandant of a battalion composed of three volunteer companies from Virginia, commanded by Capts. William Morgan, George Scott, and Thurston.]
I feel strongly the reasons, upon which your Lordships application is founded; but yet I trust you and Capt. Thruston, maturely considering the delicate situation in which I stand, and the expediency of my steering clear of every cause of disgust and Jealousy will think with me, the measure unadvisable and improper. Upon the whole, I desire that the three Companies may be united in One Corps, under Mr. Thurston as Captt. Commandant.
To prevent the inconveniences, which the Gentlemen apprehend, would result from their not having Commissions in case of Captivity, I have inclosed Certificates under my hand and Seal, shewing the rank and command they hold in the Service of the States; but I cannot give Commissions in usual form. The precaution is prudent, but I hope their Situation will never be such, as to prove that it was necessary.
The Commanding Officer of McCoy's76 Regiment, should transmit a List of the Shoes and Stockings wanted, to the Adjutant Genl., who will give an Order on the Clothier for the same. I wish a Surgeon could be got, but I dont know one to be had; Inquiry shall be made upon the Subject. I am &ca.77
[Note 76: Col. John Mackey's (McKay, McCoy) New Jersey Militia regiment.]
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Morris Town, February 27, 1777.
Gentn.: I am honoured with yours of the 20th, 21st and 22d Instr. The French Gentlemen having been demanded by General Howe as Officers belonging to the British Army, I gavedirections to the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania, on the 22dInstt. to send them to Easton, from whence, they might go to Brunswic or Amboy. It will probably be some Months before they reach Canada, for if we deny them the Liberty of returning by land, they must wait at New York, till the St. Lawrence is navigable.
I shall signify the want of Rope Makers, in Genl. Orders, and if there be any in the Army they shall be sent.
On recurring to my Letter to Genl. Gates of the 19th., I found with much concern, the paragraph alluded to in yours, importing a Censure unmerited by you and not designed byme. I only meant to convey to him my Ideas of the expediency of removing the public Stores from philadelphia, and that he should converse with you upon the Subject. By some means, the Gentleman who drafted the Letter, adopted a Language different from what I wished, or what Justice, and a regard to your exertions and polite Attentions to my requisitions, would justify. It is true, that whatever is under my Signature is imputable to me, and to be considered as my Act, but in this instance, permit me to assure you, that the immense Business which surrounded me at that time, occasioned me to be less attentive to the Letter, than I otherwise should have been and which would have prevented your Regret and my Concern. I am free to declare, that I have the highest sense of your exertions, in the great Cause in which we are engaged, and to profess my warmest thanks for the Strict and pointed Regard you have ever paid, and which you promise to shew to my Requisitions upon all Occasions.
The Recruits from the new Regiments come in so Slowly, or rather do not come in at all, (tho' I hear that Town and Country are full of them) that I shall be under the Necessity of calling for a Reinforcement of Militia to Supply the places of those, whose Terms of Service are near expiring. Some of Genl. Johnson's Men are already gone, and the whole will go the 5th. of next Month. The Eastern Militia, under Genl Lincoln, are engaged to the 15th March. These two Bodies form so considerable a part of our Army, that unless they are replaced by continental Troops or Militia, from some of the other States, we shall be left almost in a defenceless Situation. Add to this, that a Number of our best Troops will be down in the Smallpox, for a time to come. The Militia of Baltimore, Hartford and Cecil were ordered out, as well as those of Frederick, but I have never heard whether they turned out. I shall be glad to know whether I may expect them, at what time, and in what Numbers.
If those of the Pennsylvania Militia, who have not yet performed their tour of duty, can be prevailed upon to come out, and to stay five or six weeks from the time they join the Army, they will render most essential Service. If Genl. Howe, who certainly must have intelligence of our Situation, does not take Advantage of our Weakness, he must have Reasons, that I am altogether at a loss to account for, unless it be the want of Horses, which I believe are much reduced. However, it is our Business to prepare for the worst, and not to reason ourselves into a belief that the Enemy are unable to attack us. I have the honor &c.78
[Note 78: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, February 27, 1777.
Parole Burlington. Countersign Bedford.
The officers are desired to make Returns of any Rope-Makers, they may have in their respective Corps.
The execution of Serjt. Porterfield is suspended by the General's Orders, 'till Friday the 14th. of March.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 28, 1777.
Sir: No Military Operation of any Consequence has occurred since I had the honor of writing to you last, except that on Sunday last, I reced. information that the Enemy were advancing in a manner, and in numbers, so much greater than usual, that it look'd like a prelude to an attack upon our posts, which were immediately put in the best preparation to receive them.
It turned out to be only a stronger foraging party than usual, they were however opposed in so spirited a manner, by our advanced parties, that they were checked, and retired in the Afternoon towards Amboy, from whence they came. Their loss in the course of the day, from the best Accounts I can get, amounts to about one hundred, in killed, wounded, prisoners and deserters. Some people, who were near the scene of Action, and who have picked up accounts from those who have since been in Amboy, are sanguine enough to suppose, that they lost five hundred altogether, but of this I have no conception. Our loss was only two killed and ten wounded.
I was in hopes, that by the time, the Militia who are now in Service would be discharged, that we should have a considerable number of the new Levies in the Field, but tho' I have Reports from all quarters of the great Success of recruiting, I cannot get a Man of them into Service. Genl. Johnsons Militia, all go the 5th of March, many are gone already, and Genl. Lincoins on the 15th. These two Bodies form so considerable a part of our force, that unless they are replaced, I shall be left in a manner destitute, for I have no great hopes of seeing an equal Number of Continental Troops by that time. I have wrote to pennsylvania, to endeavour to get a Reinforcement of Militia from thence, and I am told the Militia from the Counties of Baltimore, Hartford and Cecil in Maryland are on their March, but as I have it not from any Authority, I know not when to expect them or in what Numbers. They are about passing a Militia law in this State, which may perhaps have some effect, but at present they are under no Regulation at all.
I have in my late letters recommended several things to your Consideration, particularly that of a promotion of General Officers, the very well-being of the new Army depends upon its being done speedily. Not only this, but we are suffering for want of Brigadiers. Genl Schuyler has wrote most pressingly for the Assistance of General Officers, and I have none to send him, without injuring the Service in this Quarter. The hospital plan too requires an Answer, as nothing can be done in the nomination of the proper Officers, till I know your determination. There are several other Matters of Consequence before you, to which I am waiting your Answers, before I can proceed upon the respective points to which they refer.
Inclosed you have a Letter from the Widow79 of a brave Officer who was killed at princetown. If any provision is made, I do not recollect what it is. If there is any please to inform me. If there is not, I can venture to recommend her as a proper Object, to make some Reparation for her great Loss.
[Note 79: Eliza Neil, widow of Maj. Daniel Nell, of the New Jersey Artillery. Her letter, dated Feb. 19, 1777, is filed with this of Washington in the Papers of the ContinentalCongress.]
P.S. Mine of the 20th. mentioned that Lord Piercy had arrived with the troops from Rhode Island, but I find that he remains there.
By some Gentn. just arrived from Boston, Doctr. Franklin's80 arrival in France is mentioned with certainty. A Ship come to Salem brings the intelligence, the Captain of which says the Docrt. had got in Five days before his departure.
[Note 80: Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Commissioner from the United States to France.]
Also that Captn. Wicks81 made two prizes in his passage and they were condemned and sold at Burdeaux. I have the honor to be, etc.82
[Note 81: Capt. Lambert Wickes, of the Continental armed vessel Reprisal. Franklin sailed with him.]
[Note 82: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The last part of the postscript is in that of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 28, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday received a Letter from Lieut. Colo. Campbell83 of the 71st. Regiment, dated Concord Gaol 4th. of this Month. The Colo., in this Letter, gives me such an Account of the severity of his confinement as is scarce ever inflicted upon the most atrocious Criminals. The following extract of his Letter, shews the Reasons that were given to him upon his Confinement:--
[Note 83: Lieut. Col. Archibald Campbell. Starks notes that he was a member of Parliament for Dumfermline, Scotland. His letter, dated Feb. 4, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
The first of this Month, I was carried and lodged in the Common Gaol of Concord, by an order of Congress, thro' the Council of Boston, intimating, for a reason, that a refusal of General Howe to give up General Lee for Six Field Officers, of whom I was one, and the placing of that Gentleman under the Charge of the Provost at New York, were the Motives of their particular ill treatment to me.
He then proceeds to give a description of the place in which he is confined, which, if true, is shocking to humanity, and not to be justified upon the most strict interpretation of the Resolve of Congress, which is as follows:
Should the proffered exchange of General Lee for Six Hessian field Officers, be not accepted, and the treatment of him, as above mentioned, be continued, that the principles of Retaliation shall occasion five of the said Hessian Field Officers, together with Lieut. Colo. Archibald Campbell, or any other Officers, that are, or may be, in our possession, equivalent in Number or Quality, to be detained, in order that the same Treatment, which General Lee shall receive, may be exactly inflicted upon their Persons.84
[Note 84: The resolve of Jan. 4, 1777. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
By this you will observe, that exactly the same Treatment is to be shewn to Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Officers, that Genl. Howe shews to General Lee: and, as he is only confined to a commodious House with genteel accomodations, we have no right or reason to be more severe upon Colo. Campbell, who I would wish should, immediately upon the Receipt of this, be removed from his present Situation, and put into a House when he may live comfortably.
Colo. Campbell mentions the Case of Capt. John Walker of Colo. Goreham's Corps, who, he says, is confined in the same Goal and in the Apartment with the Common Men. I know not what crime is alledged against Capt. Walker; but, I will only observe, that, except there is very good foundation, such treatment is impolitic, for the Enemy have three hundred of our Officers, (whom we have little chance of Exchanging) upon whom they may retaliate.
Colo Campbell lodges a Complaint against Capt. Bradford85 the Continental Agent, which, if just, reflects dishonor upon our Service; He says--
[Note 85: William Bradford, Continental Agent for Prizes at Boston. Campbell had been captured on a British transport.]
he was plundered of half his private property, the very necessary Articles of living, by the Continental Agent Captain Bradford of Boston, who has since, as I am informed, seized upon and disposed of, for the dirty Consideration of gain, the very side Arms of my Officers, to whom they had been restored by the Captors and afterwards lodged in the Hands of Major Chase86 at Boston, by order of General Ward.
[Note 86: Maj. Thomas Chase, Assistant Quartermaster General.]
I have given you Colo. Campbell's own Words; if they are not true, Capt. Bradford may have an Opportunity of wiping off the Aspersion. But, if it is a Matter of fact, he ought to be obliged to account with Colo Campbell for every farthing; for it appears that the Captors relinquished their Claim.
Before I had closed my Letter, I was honored with your favors of the 11th. and 13th. Inst. Nothing distresses me more, than the Universal Call that is upon me, from all Quarters, for fire Arms, which I am totally unable to supply. The scandalous Loss, waste, and private appropriation of Public Arms, during the last Campaign is beyond all conception. Every State must exert itself and call upon their Colonels to produce Receipts, or to account for the Arms, that were delivered out to them last year; I beg you will not only do this, but purchase all, fit for the field, that can be procured from private persons, of which there must be a vast Number in the Government. I have wrote to Governor Cooke to return twelve hundred of the Eighteen hundred Stand of Arms, that were lent by your Agent to the State of Rhode Island, and I have also desired Col. Lee87 to defer drawing for the three hundred Stand, till he finds that there is a certainty of raising his Regt. There can be no doubt, but that the Arms that are on hand, should be delivered out to the Men that are first raised.
[Note 87: Col. William Raymond Lee, of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments.]
I desire you will, as I directed in my former Letters, forward on your Troops as fast as they can be equipped, to the Northward; for General Schuyler continues to Assure me, that he expects an attack upon Ticonderoga, either by passage over the Ice if the lake freezes, or by Water as soon as the Navigation is clear.
A Sum of Money went thro' this place a few days ago for your State, so that your difficulties for want of Cash will be removed. I am &c.
P.S. I omitted to mention above, that the Commissions of all the Officers, upon the New Establishment, are to bear date upon the 1st. Janry. 1777, and the preceedency to be settled by a Board of Officers. I desire, for particular reasons, that the Contents of the above Letter may not be suffered to go beyond the Council for the present. Col Campbell's Confinement may be enlarged without assigning the reasons publicly.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your several favours of the 25th and 26th. Instt. came safe to hand. The pass granted by Lord and Genl. Howe to William Taylor, dated the 18th, is of such a nature, as not to afford any protection to the Vessel and Crew, even on the most scrupulous construction of the Law of Nations, and She came in so suspicious a manner, without a flag flying, as would have justified severer treatment than mere detention. But 'tis possible, that Taylor and the master of the Vessel, not sufficiently informed of the pr actice necessarily observable in bearing Flags, or Strangers to the instances, in which Protection can with propriety be granted by an Enemy, came with no ill design; I would therefore have the Vessel and hands released, being desirous to remove from our Army every, the smallest, Imputation of an Infringement on the sacred dignity of a Flag. Indeed I would pass over unnoticed, any small deviation from the usual Line in these cases, if not attended with danger to us. They are to consider this early discharge as an Indulgence, which they, or any other person, must not expect a Repetition of. It may not be improper to send Colo. Foreman89 a Copy of this part of my answer, that Taylor may know my sentiments, and the Reasons that induce me to discharge his Vessel. When the English Letters, that were found on board, come to you, please to send them to me, if of any Consequence.
[Note 89: Col. David Forman.]
Captn. Smith mistook my meaning, about raising an Independant Company. No such powers are vested in my hands; on your recommendation, I offered him a Company in a Regiment of Rangers, which he declined. I approve your resolution of making the Militia do duty, as far from their homes, as conveniently can be done. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 1, 1777.
Sir: I was this Evening honored with your favor of the 23d Ulto. accompanied by sundry proceedings of Congress: Those respecting Genl. Lee and which prescribe the treatment of Lt. Colo. Campbell and the Five Hessian Field Officers, are the Cause of this Letter.
Tho' I sincerely commiserate the misfortune of Genl. Lee and feel much for his present unhappy situation, yet with all possible deference to the opinion of Congress, I fear that their Resolutions would not have the desired effect, are founded in impolicy, and will, if adhered to, produce consequences of an extensive and melancholy nature.
Retaliation is certainly just and sometimes necessary, even where attended with the severest penalties; But when the Evils which may and must result from it, exceed those intended to be redressed, prudence and policy require that it should be avoided.
Having premised thus much, I beg leave to examine the Justice and expediency of it in the instances before us. From the best information I have been able to obtain, Genl Lee's usage has not been so disgracefull and dishonourable, as to authorize the treatment decreed to these Gentlemen, was it not prohibited by many other important considerations. His Confinement, I believe, has been more rigorous than has been generally experienced by the rest of our Officers, or those of the Enemy, who have been in our possession; but if the reports be true, received on that Head, he has been provided with a decent appartment, and with most things necessary to render him comfortable. This is not the case with one of the Officers comprehended in the Resolves, if his Letter, of which a Copy is transmitted, deserves your credit. Here retaliation seems to have been prematurely begun, or to speak with more propriety, Severities have been and are excercising towards Colo Campbell, not justified by any that Genl. Lee has yet received.
In point of policy and under the present Situation of our Affairs, most surely, this Doctrine cannot be supported. The Balance of prisoners is greatly against us, and a general regard to the happiness of the whole, should mark our conduct. Can we imagine that our Enemies will not mete the same punishments, the same indignities, the same cruelties to those belonging to us in their possession, that we impose on theirs in our power? Why should we suppose them to possess more Humanity than we have ourselves? Or why should an ineffectual attempt to relieve the distresses of one brave unfortunate Man involve many more in the same calamities? However disagreeable the fact may be, the Enemy at this time have in their power and subject to their call, near Three hundred Officers belonging to the Army of the United States. In this number there are some of high rank, and the most of them are Men of bravery, and of merit. The Quota of theirs in our hands, bears no proportion, being not more than Fifty at most. Under these Circumstances we should certainly do no act to draw upon the Gentlemen belonging to us and who have already suffered a long captivity, greater punishments than they have and now experience. If we should, what will their feelings be and those of their numerous and extensive connections. Suppose the treatment, prescribed for the Hessians, should be pursued, will it not establish what the Enemy have been aiming to effect by every artifice and the grossest misrepresentations? I mean an Opinion of our Enmity towards them, and of the cruel conduct they experience when they fall into our Hands, a prejudice which we on our part have heretofore thought it politic to suppress, and to root out by every act of lenity and of kindness. It certainly will. The Hessians would hear of the punishment with all the circumstances of heightened exaggeration and would feel the injury without investigating the cause, or reasoning upon the justice or necessity of it. The mischiefs which may and must inevitably flow from the execution of the Resolves, appear to be endless and innumerable. On my own part, I have been much embarassed on the subject of Exchanges already, Applications are daily made by both Friends and Enemies to complete them as far as the circumstances of number and rank will apply. Some of the former have complained, that a discrimination is about to be adopted perhaps injurious to their reputation, and certainly depriving them of their right of exchange in due course, as established upon the principles of equality proposed last year, acceded to by both parties, and now subsisting. The latter charge me with a breach of faith and call upon me to perform the agreement.
Many more objections might be subjoined were they material; I shall only observe, that the present state of our Army, if it deserves that name, will not authorize the language of retaliation; or the stile of menace. This will be conceded by all who know, that the whole of our force is weak and trifling and composed of Militia (very few regular troops excepted) whose Service is on the Eve of expiring. There are several other matters which might be mentioned upon this subject, would time and opportunity permit, but as they will not, I beg leave to refer you to Colo. Walker who will deliver this and give satisfaction to any enquiries that may be deemed necessary. Persuading myself, that Congress will indulge the Liberty I have taken upon this occasion, I have only to wish for the result of their deliberations, after they have reconsidered the Resolves, and to assure them that, I have the honor to be etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs; the letter sent is in that of Robert Hanson Harrison. It was read in Congress on March 12, and on March 14 Congress resolved: "That General Washington be informed, that Congress cannot agree to any alteration in the resolve passed on the 6th of January, 1777. And, as to the complaints of Colonel Campbell, it was never their intention that he should suffer any other hardship than such confinement as is necessary to his security for the purpose of that resolve." In forwarding this resolve, President Hancock wrote (March 17): "The obvious Distinction of Genl Howe in his Treatment of Genl Lee, who is notoriously committed to the Custody of the Provost, and denied his Parole, while our other Officers are admitted to it, was the Ground on which Congress proceeded when they passed that Resolve, the Intention of which was to shew that in Proportion as Severities against him were encreased, the same Treatment should be exercised on six Field Officers."]
Morris Town, March 1, 1777.
Sir: Last night received the favor of your Letter of the 4th. instant, and am much Obliged by the Opinion you are pleased to entertain of me.
I am not invested with the Powers you suppose; and it is as incompatible with my authority as my inclination to contravene any determinations Congress may make. But as it does not appear to me, that your present Treatment is required by any resolution of theirs, but is the result of misconception, I have written my opinion of the matter to Col: Bowdoin,92 which I imagine will procure a mitigation of what you now suffer. I have also requested that inquiry be made into the case of Capt: Walker and proper steps taken to remove all just cause of Complaint concerning him. I shall always be happy to manifest my disinclination to any undue severities towards those whom the fortune of War may chance to throw into my Hands. I am &ca.93
[Note 92: James Bowdoin. He was president of the Massachusetts Council. (See Washington's letter to the Council of Massachusetts, Feb. 28, 1777, ante.)]
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 1, 1777.
Gentn.: During the last Campaign, the greatest part of the Army were, at a Considerable Continental expence, well Armed; from whence I had hopes, that in arming our New One, no very great difficulty would obstruct us.--but, in opposition to all my Orders, and notwithstanding my utmost Vigilance, most of [the Regimts. going off at differt. times, from difft. Places, and under different circumstances] took off with them, many that were put into their hands. These, no doubt, are still in possession of the Individuals who bore them away; and may, I should Suppose, with little Expence and some Activity in the Officers, aided by the Supreme Civil power in each State, be regained to the Public. Unless some such Step as this is adopted and attended with Success, I fear we shall not be able to furnish a Sufficient Number for our Soldiers. Satisfactory Answers, to my repeated applications on this Subject, have not yet been favored me by Congress; So that I am still a Stranger to the Resources they have. It, therefore, behoves each State, in addition to my Endeavours, to exert her most unwearied Activity in Arming her Quota, before they March for the Field.96
[Note 96: The embarrassment about firearms, which threatened to be serious and alarming, was happily relieved by the arrival of two vessels from France in the month of March. One arrived at Portsmouth, N.H., with a cargo of about 12,000 fusees, 1,000 barrels of powder, blankets, and military stores on account of the United States; and the other at Philadelphia, with 11,000 fusees, of which 6,000 belonged to the United States and the remainder were purchased by Congress for the public service This fortunate supply, added to those already in use, was enough to equip the whole army for the approaching campaign, and was of the utmost importance. Congress voted that 5,000 of the firearms brought into Portsmouth should be delivered to the Council of Massachusetts. Three thousand were received by Connecticut, and more than 2,000 by New Hampshire.-- Sparks.]
Our Situation and prospects compel me, in the most pressing Manner, to call your Attention towards expediting the recruiting and equipping of your Battalions. I beg that not a moments time may be lost in innoculating them, and that (when over the Disorder) they may be marched immediately to Peekskill and placed under the Care of Brigr. McDougall. The advanced Season of the year renders an Attack upon Tyconderoga over the Ice not so much to be dreaded, as to induce me to prepare against a possible Inconvenience there, at the Expence of not guarding effectually against a certain one here:--Wherefore, I have determined to send no more of your Battalions to that Place, having ordered a Sufficient force from the East. I have the honor to be, etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston. The words within brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 1, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 18th Ulto. by Mr. Green--As yet the Letter by you referred to, as explaining the Motives by which the General Assembly of your State were governed, in ordering the Brigade to be raised for 15 Months, and the Plan upon which they are inlisted, has not reached me. During the last Campaign * * *98 before they March for the Field.--Application is made to me by the Council of Massachusetts, desiring that the 1800. Arms furnished to your State, by the Continental Agent at Boston, may be delivered to their Troops ordered immediately to Tyconderoga.--When I attend to your Situation and just Claim to a part, I can direct a return, but of 1200 of them; these you will be pleased to forward to them, with all Expedition.--The important Post of Tyconderoga is weak, and I design to Garrison it with the Troops (among others) of that State.
[Note 98: The omitted portion is almost a verbatim repetition of Washington's letter to the New York Legislature, this same date, q. v.]
Our Situation and prospect compel me in the most pressing Manner, to call your attention towards expediting the recruiting and equipping of your Battalions. I beg that not a moment's time may be lost in innoculating them; and that, when over the Disorder, they may be marched immediately to Peekskill and placed under the Care of Brigadier McDougall. I am &ca.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, March 1, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 18th Ulto. and upon perusing your Letter to General Howe, am sorry to find myself under the Necessity of returning it to you, as forwarding it by a flag from this would have the appearance of our asking these Questions, in an indirect Manner; which are already answered to the Satisfaction of Congress and indeed of every individual engaged in this dispute.--for your Private Satisfaction, I wish it was consistent with my duty to indulge you in this Matter, nor would I have any objection to your Letter being sent in by any Mode of Conveyance, which could not be construed or supposed by General Howe, to come from any Authority on this side.--You are sensible that Independance has been declared by the United States, nor could they in my Opinion, for the sake of engaging the first Military Genius in Europe in their Service, recede a single Iota from it; so that let my Inclination be never so great to have the addition of a Man of your Abilities to our Army, it must be under the same Circumstances that every other Gentleman has Engaged--
I thank you for your kind professions of Attachment to me and shall be glad to hear that you have reconcil'd the principles of our Opposition to your private Opinion. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 1, 1777.
Parole Dorchester. Countersign Derby.
Alexander Hamilton Esqr. is appointed aide-de-camp to the Commander in Chief, and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
Isaac Budd Dunn Esqr. will do the duty of Adjutant General, Pro Tempore, and to be attended to accordingly.
Morris Town, March 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 23rd. Ulto. came to hand yesterday with the inclosed returns, which I think are very extraordinary ones; particularly Colo. Penrose's,2 as I well remember having asked him, early in December, how his Regiment filled, and his answer, as well as I can recollect, was, that he then had gotten 300 Men. The returns of desertion given in to you, appear
[Note 2: Col. Joseph Penrose, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. Heitman records him as having resigned Feb. 7, 1777.] to be utterly impossible; should therefore be glad you would call the Colonels together, and endeavour to find out the source of this iniquitous Scheme; and if you are fortunate enough to fix it on any person, to bring him to the most exemplary punishment. You can at least fall upon some plan for discouraging such proceedings, in future; such as reviewing the Companies at certain times, or any other method you think most likely to effect this necessary purpose. The remainder of the two Virginia Regiments, if not already passed by Philadelphia,you will please to order to be inoculated there, and any other Continental Troops that come that way. If they should be inoculated to the Southward, as they are inlisted, and have time to throw off the infection before they march, it would answer. But by inoculating them in a body, it would Spread the disorder throughout the Country, as it would be necessary for them to march, as soon as able; moreover, as they will in general be Cloathed and accoutred in Philadelphia, the necessaries can be providing whilst they are under the disorder.
I request your attention to the behaviour of Colo. Dehaas and his friend Houseggar; the abilities of the former I have a good Opinion of, and am sorry he should take any turn to the prejudice of the Service. I suppose it is necessary to comply with the promise given the Men by Genl. Schuyler.3 I am etc.4
[Note 3: Schuyler had promised the four Pennsylvania regiments which marched from Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y., to Philadelphia that every man who reenlisted would be given one month's furlough to visit his family.]
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter sent is in the New York Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 1, 1777.
Sir: In answer to yours of the 20th.,last Month, I must inform you, that the Order respecting the Colour of Horses, particularly excepted to Whites or those near White, as being too conspicuous for the purpose of reconnoitering, for which the Light Horse will be much used. I would not wish to have even dark Greys, if others equally good could be got; but if they cannot, you may purchase them, and when they change Colour by Age, we must put them to other Uses in the Army. I am etc.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original is in the possession of D. W. Richards, of New York City, to whose kindness the editor is indebted for the text.]
Morris Town, New Jersey, March 1, 1777.
Sir: I am sorry, that any of the Continental Troops, which have not had the small pox, should have been lately marched past Philadelphia, without suffering inoculation; as accommodations are so much better there, than here, and as, in the natural Way, that Disorder proves so fatal, to the Soldiery. I have, however, written to Genl. Gates fully on this Subject.
I wish you would look out for Surgeons, and endeavour to supply each Continental Regiment with one, as the Troops pass by you. I am so conscious that the Surgeon's Wages are too low, that I shall use my Influence with Congress to have them advanced. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of John Walker.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 2, 1777.
Gentn.: I was last night honored with yours of the 26th last Month, inclosing the late Resolves of Congress. My opinions upon the parts that relate to Genl. Lee, you will find at length in mine to the Congress of this date, which after perusing, you will please to forward by Colo Walker who goes immediately to Baltimore, if the Congress should not have adjourned from thence. If they have, I agree with you, that Lancaster will be the Safest and properest place for them to sit.
I never meant that the Public Stores should be removed in such a manner, as would give any Alarm to the Inhabitants, and I gave early notice, that they might be began upon in time, and carried off by degrees. By these means the Business may be done imperceptibly as it were, and the people not distracted by Fears that may prove groundless. I am &c.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
The following brief of a letter, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, dated Mar. 2, 1777, is entered on the verso of William Duer's intelligence of February 25 from Long Island, N.Y., through Nathaniel Sackett. It is, doubtless, a letter to Duer, no copy of which is found in the Washington Papers: "The forage in West Chester. The consequence resulting from the retreat of Heath and Wooster for mtg. [mustering] Militia to prevent outrages of Rangers. Calling Conl. Troops by parts injurious, Forage should be got off as soon as possible or sooner. The Enemy drawn their Force from N. York and design Phila. The Enemy going up North River, The Convn. should certly. inter pose about purchase of provision. Expedn. to Long Isld. Mr. S."]
Morristown, March 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 27th. Ultimo came to my hands last Night. The freedom with which you have communicated your sentiments on several matters therein contained, is highly pleasing to me. For be assured, Sir, that nothing would add more to my satisfaction, than an unreserved Correspondence with a Gentleman of whose Abilities and attachment to the Cause we are contending for, I entertain so high an Opinion as I do of yours. Letters, however, being liable to various accidents, makes a communication of thoughts that way, rather unsafe: But, as this will be conveyed by a Gentleman on whom I can depend, I shall not scruple to disclose my Mind, and situation, more freely than I otherwise should do.8
[Note 8: On February 27 Morris had written: "I do not like to be sanguine, and yet it is necessary in a Contest like this we are engaged in to view the best side of the picture frequently. Remember, good Sir, that few men can keep their feelings to themselves, and that it is necessary for example sake, that all leaders should feel and think boldly in order to inspirit those that look up to them, Heaven, (no doubt for the noblest purposes) has blessed you with a Firmness of mind, Steadiness of Countenance, and patience in sufferings, that give you infinite advantages over other men. This being the case, you are not to depend on other People's exertions being equal to your own, one Mind feeds and thrives on misfortunes by finding resources to get the better of them; another sinks under their weight, thinking it impossible to resist; and as the latter description probably includes the majority of mankind, we must be cautious on alarmingthem....
"I hate deception, and cannot wish any thing like it should ever escape you: but I really think if the brightest side of our affairs were sometimes to be painted by your pen, or Sanctifyed by your name, it wou'd draw forth the exertions of some good men sooner than distress does from others. I hope you will excuse me for this stile of writing. which almost amounts to the Confidential; and, was I sure of such being received in the same light in which I write it, I should lament to you the absence of many great, good, and valuable men from Congress; for if great care is not taken, that Body, so respectable from the nature of the appointment, the Importance of its objects and the respectable Characters of its heretofore individual Members, will lose great part of its Weight and Consequence in the Eyes of our own People. We have now to lament the absence from the Public Councils of America, of a Johnson, a Jay, R. R. Livington, Duane, Deane, W. Livington, Franklin, Dickenson, Harrison, Nelson, Hooper, Rutledge, and others not less Conspicuous, without any proper appointments to fill their places, and this at the very time they are most wanted, or would be so, if they had not very wisely supplied the deficiency by delegating to your Excellency Certain powers, that they durst not have entrusted to any other Man. But what is to become of America and its cause, if a constant fluctuation is to take place among its Counsellors, and at every change we find reason to view it withregret?"
Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
The Reasons, my good Sir, which you assign for thinking General Howe cannot move forward with his Army are good, but not conclusive. It is a descriptive evidence of the difficulties he has to contend with, but no proof that they cannot be surmounted. It is a view of one side of the Picture, against which let me enumerate the advantages on the other, and then determine how we would act in his situation.
General Howe cannot, by the best intelligence I have been able to get, have less than 10,000 Men in the Jerseys and on board of Transports at Amboy: Ours does not exceed 4,000: His are well disciplined, well Officered, and well appointed: Ours raw Militia, badly Officered, and under no Government. His numbers cannot, in any short time, be augmented: Ours must very considerably, and by such Troops as we can have some reliance on, or the Game is at an End. His situation with respect to Horses and Forage is bad, very bad, I believe; but will it be better? No; on the contrary, worse, and therefore, an inducement, if no other, to shift Quarters. General Howe's informants are too numerous, and too well acquainted with all these circumstances, to suffer him to remain in ignorance of them. With what propriety, then, can he miss so favourable an opportunity of striking a capital stroke against a City, from whence we derive so many advantages, the carrying of which would give such eclat to his Arms and strike such a damp upon ours? Nor is his difficulty of moving so great as is imagined. All the heavy Baggage of the Army; their Salt Provisions and Flour; their Stores, &ca. might go round by Water; whilst their superior numbers would enable them to make a sweep of the Horses for many Miles round about them (not already taken off by us).
In addition to all this, his coming himself to Brunswick, his bringing Troops which cannot be Quartered, and keeping them on Ship board at Amboy, with some other corroborating circumstances did induce a firm belief in me that he would move, and towards Philadelphia. I candidly own, I expected it would have happened before the expiration of my proclamation; the longer it is delayed, the better for us, and, happy shall I be, if I am deceived.
My Opinions upon these several matters are only known to those who have a right to be informed: As much as possible, I have endeavoured to conceal them from every one else; and that no hasty remove of the public Stores should take place thereby communicating an Alarm; it was, that I early recommended this measure, and have since been urging it, well knowing, that a measure of this kind, set hastily about when the Enemy were advancing, would give unfavourable impressions, and be attended with bad consequences. To deceive Congress, or you, through whose hands my Letters to them are to pass, with false appearances and assurances, would, in my judgment, be criminal and make me responsible for consequences. I endeavour, in all those Letters, to state matters as they appear to my judgment, without adding to, or diminishing aught from the Picture: From others my sentiments are pretty much hid.
I wish, with all my heart, that Congress had gratified General Lee in his request. If not too late, I wish they would do it still. I can see no possible evil that can result from it; some good I think might. The request to see a Gentleman or two, came from the General not from the Commissioners; there could have been no harm, therefore, in hearing what he had to say on any subject, especially as he had declared, that his own personal Interest was deeply concerned. The Resolve to put in close confinement Lieutenant Colonel Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers, in Order to retaliate General Lee's punishment upon them, is, in my Opinion, injurious in every point of view, and must have been entered into without due attention to the consequences. Does Congress know how much the Balance of Prisoners is against us? That the Enemy have, at least, 300 Officers of ours in their possession, and we not fifty of theirs; That Generals Thompson and Waterbury are subject to be recalled at any time? Do they imagine that these Officers will not share the Fate of Campbell &c.? Or possibly, by receiving very different treatment mixed with artful insinuations, have their resentments roused to Acts highly injurious to our Cause. It is much easier to raise a ferment of this kind than to allay it. Do they know that every Artifice is now practising to prepossess the Hessians, with an Idea of our maltreatment of their Country men (in our possession) that we are treating of them as Slaves; Nay, that we mean to Sell them? And will not the close confinement of their first Officers be adduced as strong evidence of this? Congress, therefore, should be cautious how they adopt measures, which cannot be carried into execution without involving a train of evils that may be fatal in their consequences. In a Word, common prudence dictates the necessity of duly attending to the circumstances of both Armies, before the style of Conquerors is assumed by either; and sorry, I am to add, that this does not appear to be the case with us; Nor is it in my power to make Congress fully sensible of the real situation of our Affairs, and that it is with difficulty (if I may use the expression) that I can, by every means in my power, keep the Life and Soul of this Army together. In a word, when they are at a distance, they think it is but to say Presto begone, and every thing is done. They seem not to have any conception of the difficulty and perplexity attending those who are to execute. Indeed, Sir, your observations on the want of many capital Characters in that Senate, are but too just. However, our cause is good and I hope Providence will support it.
If the Resolve of Congress respecting General Lee, strikes you in the same point of view it has done me, I could wish you would signify as much to that Body, as I really think they are fraught with every evil. We know that the Meeting of a Committee of Congress and Lord Howe, stop'd the Mouths of many disaffected People. I believe the Meeting solicited by General Lee would have the same effect.9 But the other matter relative
[Note 9: Morris agreed with General Washington on this point. In a letter (March 6) he wrote: "I wish with you, Sir, that they had Complyed with General Lee's request, and when I sent forward those dispatches to Baltimore, I wrote my Sentiments to some of the Members.... Whether they will take up the Matter again or not I dont know ... however I expect this matter as well as the Confinement of the Hessian Field officers will at least be referred to the Consideration of a Committee in Consequence of your letters on the Subject and if I can influence a Complyance with your wishes it will give me pleasure for my own Sentiments coincide with yours exactly in these two points. At the same time I must hint to you what I take to he one of the most forcive Arguments, that probably has been used in Congress against this measure. I have not heard that it was used, but it occurred to myself on reading Genl Lee's letters; I mean the effect it may have at the court of France, should they hear, as they undoubtedly wou'd, that Members of Congress visited Genl Lee by permission of the British Commissioners. The meeting with Lord Howe at Staten Island last Summer injured Mr. Deane's Negotiations much, and retarded supplies intended for us." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.] to the confinement of the Officers, is what I am particularly anxious about, as I think it will involve much more than Congress has an idea of, and that they surely will repent adhering to their unalterable Resolution.
I have wrote you a much longer Letter than I expected to have done when I sat down; and yet, if time would permit, I could enlarge greatly on the subject of it; but, at present, shall beg pardon for taking up so much of your time, and only assure you that I am, etc.10
[Note 10: In the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: The honor of receiving your favors of the 20th and 22d Ulto., I am now to acknowledge.
Some time past, Colo Shreve had my peremptory Order to march with such of his Battalion as was their inlisted; I therefore expected him every day, till your Letter of the 20th. informed me that he was then at Burlington. He has my orders repeated, to March immediately to Princeton, there to remain under General Putnam, till he hears farther from me.--Your opinion of him is perhaps too well founded.
I fear it is not in my power, to give so full and Satisfactory an Answer to your request, "to explain the nature of the Oath administred by virtue of my Proclamation," as you may expect. What the Stile of it was, as administered by the Brigadiers, to whom that Business was chiefly assigned, I can't precisely tell. My instructions to them were, to insist on nothing more than an Obligation in no manner to injure the States, without adverting to the form prescribed by any Law of this; Had I known of any particular form adopted to the Circumstances of its Inhabitants, I would most certainly have ordered it.12
[Note 12: Livingston's letter (February 22) inclosed a proceeding of the New Jersey Legislature requesting the governor to write to Washington and obtain the form of the oath prescribed by his proclamation. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
To remedy the Abuses which frequent Complaints had informed me were practised by the Troops Stationed at the Ferries upon Delaware, I have some time since Ordered all the Boats, from Trenton upwards, to be collected at Coryell's Ferry and placed under an Officer of approved Character, with a Strong Guard; whose orders are such, as will render the passage of the Inhabitants easy and expeditious, and at the same time Secure the Boats from the possibility of falling into the Enemy's hands.--Orders Similar to these, General Gates has, respecting those below.--An Obedience to these Orders will I hope, answer every good Purpose; But should it not, I will adopt any other Mode, which you shall think will Answer the purpose.--
Robert Combs, a tavern keeper in Pennington, can inform you, of a Rape committed on the Wife and Daughter of one John Christopher, by the Enemy while they lay there; One Philip Parmer's daughter of that Neighbourhood, was also ravished by 6 Soldiers; Thomas Keyne's daughter was treated in the same Manner.--Those facts I did not particularly recollect at the time of writing to you on the Subject of the Enemy's brutality.--I have since found the Memorandums that were taken when our Army lay on the other side of the Delaware.
The Enemy remain much in the same Situation they did when I wrote you last. from a Number of concurring Circumstances, and Corresponding Accounts, I am led to believe that the Enemy's loss in killed and Wounded on the 23d Ulto, cannot be less than 100; Seven Prisoners were made at the same time. Our innoculated Soldiers have the Disorder much lighter than could be reasonable expected; from present appearances we shall not loose a Man. I am &c.
P.S. Capt. Thurston with the 3 Volunteer Companies from Virginia and some Maryland Militia had an Engagement near Piscataway, on the 1st. Instant; the Effect has not yet reached me; the Captain was much Wounded in the Arm. 3 of his Party were killed and 7 Wounded.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the Receipt of your several favors of the 21st, 24th, 25th and 26th Febry., which came to hand yesterday. It gives me pleasure to find, that your State has come to a Resolution of granting the Colonial Bounty to Colo. Webb's Additional Regiment; and if the other States will do the same, it will in a great Measure, obviate the Objection which I made, to their Granting a higher Bounty than was allowed by the Resolve of Congress. The Reasons which you give, for a deviation from the Resolve, carry weight with them; but I assure you, you are mistaken when you think that the Necessaries of life are cheaper to the Southward than the Northward; it is true that less Cloathing is Sufficient for them, but as they Manufacture little among themselves, they are Obliged to pay most extravagantly for what they wear.
I have ordered the Cloathier General, to Supply each State with their proportion, of what Cloathing of different kinds are in the Public Stores, but you must be sensible that a very full proportion of the Cloathing Purchased, for the use of the Continent out of the Prize Vessels, must be brought on for the use of the Southern Continental Troops; as the Country from whence they come furnishes scarce any Woolen Goods. To prevent Confusion and disappointment in future, I beg that no Cloathing may be stopped upon the way, without a particular order from myself or the Cloathier General.
I am glad to hear, that the Sum of Money lately sent to you, with the Assistance of the loan Office, is like to answer your Wants; and I hope that as the Instructions, which before retarded the recruiting Service, are now removed, that the Business will go on briskly.
Innoculation at Philadelphia and in this Neighbourhood has been attended with amazing Success, and I have not the least doubt but your Troops will meet the same.
As I have in many of my late Letters, mentioned the distress that the Continent in general is under for the want of Arms, I need only repeat to you the Necessity that there is for making a Collection of the Public Arms and purchasing such as can be obtained from private Persons: Some time ago General Schuyler wrote to me and informed me, that there were a great Number of Arms returned into the Stores at Albany wanting repair; I directed that they should be sent down to the most convenient place for that purpose, but perhaps that may not yet have been done. You will therefore please to make enquiry into the Matter and if they remain there, order three or four hundred Stand of them over, have them repaired and put into the Hands of the Troops.
All the Arms fit for the Field have been Constantly repaired as fast as it could be done; what I called useless, were such as are so light and thin in the Barrel, that they would not bear a Charge, with Safety, at the best, much less after being eat up with rust, such are not worth repair.
All the Officers taken at Princeton having been ordered to be sent in; Capt Luke14 will go in of course and Major Wyllis will be thereby released from his parole.
[Note 14: Capt. John Luke, of the Fifty-fifth Foot, British Army.]
As I am about endeavoring to make a Settlement with General Howe for the Expences heretofore incurred, on Account of the Prisoners on both Sides; I beg you will furnish me, with an Account of what has been disbursed by your State, towards the Maintainance of the British Prisoners that have been at different times sent to be quartered among you; and I wish that in future a very regular Account may be kept. I have the Honor etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: In consequence of your application to Congress, to be releived from your present command, the matter having been referred to me, I have appointed Majr. Genl. Heath to assume your place, which you will therefore be pleased to resign to him. I beg you will accept my thanks for your Zeal and Services, and believe me to be with all due respect, etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and John Fitzgerald.]
Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: A Letter just come to hand from Congress contains a resolve in the Words following, "That the President write to Genl. Gates, and inform him, it is the earnest desire of Congress he should resume the Office of Adjutant General, and that his present Rank and pay shall be continued to him" to this Resolve of Congress,17 Mr. Hancock in his Letter, adds, "I have wrote to Genl. Gates requesting him to assume the office of Adjutant Genl., nor have I any doubt of his Compliance." I have therefore to wish, that the desires of Congress may be gratified; and in that case, that you will repair to this place immediately,
[Note 17: That of February 20.] as there never was a time when a good Adjutant Genl. was more wanted.
To this, I have another reason for wishing to see you here immediately, and that is, to Aid us with your advice, in settling a proper Cartel for the Exchange of Prisoners, and other matters which are to be finally adjusted on Monday next the 10th. Instr. between Mr. Harrison on our part, and Lieutt. Colo. Walcot on that of the Enemy; your thoughts before then, may be serviceable to us on many points.
I have desired Brigadier Genl. Cadwallader (who I hope will accept of his Appointment) to take the Command of the Troops in and about Philadelphia, and other matters appertaining thereto 'till further Orders. Let him know what you have done, or were about to do, in consequence of any Instructions from me. I am etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: Having been desired by Congress to place some other in the room of General Ward, I have to request you will receive the command from him, and hold it 'till further orders; I have accordingly instructed him to resign it to you. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 16th. Ulto. With regard to the want of money of which you speak, I imagine your difficulties will be shortly removed, as a Sum of Money has lately passed through, for each of the Eastern States, which is no doubt to be principally applied to the purposes of the Army and to the carrying on those operations, which are in contemplation.
The enterprise you have in view is of very great importance, and must be not a little hazardous, and as it may be productive of consequences importantly beneficial, so it may be attended with effects the most importantly injurious. It ought to be well considered, before it is under taken, and unless, after a deliberate survey of circumstances, there appears to be a moral certainty of success, I should wish the project might be abandoned--and that you would content yourself with confining them within their present limits. I have given you my Sentiments fully on this Subject, in a former Letter to which I refer you.19 I have written to Massachusetts and New Hampshire, desiring them to forward their Troops, with all speed, to Ticonderoga; and to have them inoculated there, and I have also desired that Rhode Island and Connecticut might have theirs inoculated, as they are inlisted, and in all respects got ready, as soon as possible, for the field. In case you should adopt the defensive plan, you will please to forward this purpose, by having the same thing done with those, which are or shall be collected under your command, in the most prudent and convenient manner; I mean such as are Continental Troops. I am etc.20
[Note 19: This letter does not appear in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress, Spencer's projected enterprise was against Rhode Island.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 10th. of last month, with the inclosed papers.
I must recall your attention to what I have before said on the Subject of your intended attack. You must be sensible that the most serious ill consequences may and would, probably, result from it in case of failure, and prudence dictates, that it should be cautiously examined in all its lights, before it is attempted. Unless your Strength and Circumstances be such, that you can reasonably promise yourself a moral certainty of succeeding, I would have you by all means to relinquish the undertaking, and confine yourself, in the main, to a defensive opposition.21
[Note 21: This was the enterprise against Rhode Island, of which Spencer had written.]
We have lately had several promotions to the rank of Major General, and I am at a loss whether you have had a preceeding appointment, as the news papers announce, or whether you have been omitted through some mistake.22 Should the latter be the case, I beg you will not take any hasty steps in consequence of it; but allow proper time for recollection, which, I flatter myself, will remedy any error that may have been made. My endeavours to that end shall not be wanting. As I am etc.23
[Note 22: In the promotions made by Congress (February 19) Brigadier General Arnold was passed over and five junior officers raised above him to the rank of major general, to wit, Lord Stirling, Thomas Mifflin, Arthur St. Clair, Adam Stephen, and Benjamin Lincoln. There is no documentary evidence in the Papers of the Continental Congress that explains this slight, but the reasons are probably to be found in the ill feeling aroused between Massachusetts and Connecticut over the Crown Point and Ticonderoga expedition of 1775. Thomas Burke's abstract of debates in Congress notes under February 12 to 19: "Several days of this week were consumed in debates on the appointment of General Officers. The debates were perplexed, inconclusive andirksome."
Arnold replied to Washington's letter (March 11), requesting a court of inquiry on his conduct, and added: "I shall Cautiously avoid any hasty Step (in Consequence of the Appointments which have taken place) that may tend to Injure my Country." Arnold's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was much disappointed at not perceiving your name in the list of Major Generals lately made by Congress, and most sincerely wish that the neglect may not induce you to abandon the Service. Let me beseech you to reflect, that the Period is now arrived, when our most vigorous exertions are wanted, when it is highly and indispensably necessary for Gentlemen of Abilities in any Line, but more especially the Military one, not to withhold themselves from public Employment, or suffer any small Punctilio, to persuade them to retire from their Country's Service. The cause requires your Aid, no one more sincerely wishes it, than I do.
A candid Reflection on the Rank you held in the last War, added to a decent respect for the Congress's Resolve, "not to be confined, in making or promoting General Officers, to any regular Line," to the propriety of which all America submitted, may remove any Uneasiness arising in your mind on the Score of Neglect. Upon my honor I think it ought. A steady perseverance in promoting the public good, and regular discharge of the duties of your Office, which in my Opinion you can eminently perform, must and will, in the course of the approaching Campaign, secure to you the unfeigned thanks of all good Men, and obtain from Congress that Rank, which perhaps you may think is now your undoubted right.
The present Exigency requiring all the Continental Troops, at, and near to this place, and consequently a number of Genl. Officers to command them, you will please to repair hither, so soon as you can possibly make it convenient. I acknowledge the receipt of several favours from you, the last campaign, the Multiplicity of Business engaging my whole attention, as it prevented my answering them, must plead my excuse. In hopes of seeing you soon, I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: On the 1st. instant, I received the favor of your Letter of the 27th. Ulto. I had heard the day before of Lieutenant Col. Campbell's confinement and wrote him and the President of the Council of the Massachusetts State respecting it, and I trust his situation will be made more agreeable, it being my wish, that every reasonable indulgence and act of Humanity should be done to those whom the fortune of War has or may put into our hands.
Lieut: Col: Harrison will meet Lieut. Col: Walcot on Monday the 10th. instant, at 12 O'Clock, at the place of their former interview, when he will be vested with powers to negotiate the Business proposed. I am &ca.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: By a Resolve of the Honble., the Continental Congress, passed the 21st. Ulto. you are promoted to the Rank of Brigadier General, upon which I sincerely congratulate you. It is my earnest Desire, that you do every thing in your power to Expedite the raising and Equipping the Troops of your State, and, as soon as ready, March with them to Ticonderoga. I have given Similar Instructions to Genls. Glover and Patterson who are also promoted. Your Commissions are not yet come to hand, when they do, shall forward them without delay.28 I am apprehensive that your promotion will cause Colo. Starke to resign; should you find this to be the case, let the oldest Lieutenant Colonel in the Line of your State, be appointed to the Command of his Regiment, to whom I will send a Commission as soon as it is notified to me, this should not be mentioned if my doubts prove groundless. I am &ca.29
[Note 28: This same letter, down to this point, with the necessary transposition of names, was sent to Brig. Genls. John Glover and John Paterson.]
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: I have the pleasure of congratulating you upon your Appointment to the Rank of Brigadier General in the Continental Army, Your Commission shall be forwarded to you as soon as it comes to my hands. It will bear date from the 21st., last Month.
I beg you will make use of your utmost exertions, to raise and equip the two Battalions allotted to your State, which, by a letter from Govr. Cook, I hope will be soon done.
I have recommended inoculation to all Recruits in the New Army, who have not had the small pox, and I desire, that as fast as yours are inlisted, they may be sent to some convenient place and there take the infection. By this means no time will be lost, for the Men will go thro' the disorder while their Arms and Cloathes are preparing. You will from time to time make me returns of the Number of Men inlisted, and in what forwardness they are for Service. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: The satisfaction I receivd in perceiving your Name among the list of Brigadiers, of Continental Appointment, met with some little alloy upon recollecting a conversation had with you at this place, upon that subject,in which you seem'd to have doubts, which I wish, most ardently, to hear are removed.
Let me beseech you my good Sir, to reflect, that the period is now arrived when our most Vigorous exertions are wanted, when it is highly, and indispensably necessary for Gentn. of Abilities and Influence to step forth, and do not suffer any small punctilios to with hold your Services in the Continental Line. The Cause requires your Aid, your friends wish it, none of whom more sincerely than I do.
If you Incline to accept the appointment, I have to request that you will take the Command of the Troops at Philadelphia till further Orders, as I have desired Genl. Gates (in case he comply's with the wishes of Congress, to re-assume his old office of Adjutant General) to repair immediately to this place.
In the discharge of the duties of your Command, at that place, let me entreat you to see that Inoculation is pushed forward as fast as possible; that the Officers belonging to the twelve Battalion's of your State, and within your reach, are diligently Imployed in recruiting, to compleat their Regiments; that no time be lost in Cloathing and equipping them; that the Council of Safety use every possible means to recover, out of the hands of the Militia, the Arms which they have carried off belonging to the Public; in doing this, not a moments time is to be lost; that a List of the Officers, and of the Vacancies in the 12 Regiments above mentioned, be sent to me as soon as possible, that the arrangements may be compleated, in the meantime, to be made as perfect as they can. Proper persons to be recommended to fill the vacancy's in doing which attention to be paid to Merit, and the just claims of the Officers in Service that as little discord (as possible) may be introduced.
I have great reason, as well from other Circumstances, as the most unheard of returns of Desertions, to suspect that the infamous practice of peculation has found its way into the Recruiting Service and that much money is received for Deserters that never were Inlisted. Do, my Dear Sir let this be an object of particular attention. If an example could be made of one or two Culprits it might put an end to a practice so base and scandalous, and be attended with happy consequences; at present I shall only add that I am, etc.
Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: By some Resolves of Congress, just come to my hands, I find as I hoped and expected your name in the new appointment of Brigadiers, but perceived at the same time that you were named after Muehlenberg and Weedon; the reason assigned for this your having resigned your former rank in the service of the Continent.
You may well recollect, my Dear Sir, that I strongly advised you against this resignation. I now as Strongly recommend your acceptance of the present appointment. You may feel somewhat hurt in having two Officers placed before you (though perhaps never to command you) who once were inferior, in point of rank, to you, but remember that this is a consequence of your own act, and consider what a Stake we are contending for. Trifling punctilios should have no influence upon a man's conduct in such a cause, and at such a time as this. If smaller matters do not yield to greater, If trifles, light as Air in comparison of what we are contending for, can withdraw or withhold Gentlemen from Service, when our all is at Stake and a single cast of the die may turn the tables, what are we to expect! It is not a common contest we are engaged in, every thing valuable to us depends upon the success of it, and the success upon a Steady and Vigorous exertion. Consider twice therefore, before you refuse.
In case of acceptance, which I wish and expect, I have to desire that you will repair immediately to Head Quarters, as General Officers are exceedingly wanting, to assist in arranging the New Army; at all events let me hear from you as speedily as possible. With great sincerity and truth, I am etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 23rd. February was duly handed me, and I am thankful for the attention and Activity, with which you are promoting the public service.
As you have all the Circumstances immediately before you, you can best Judge whether the Cannon, of which you speak, will be most useful to defend the obstructions which are forming, or at the places where they now are, and you will be pleased to govern yourself accordingly.32
[Note 32: Clinton was at New Windsor, N, Y., and in command of the Highlands forts]
I rely on your Judgment in favour of the Gentlemen you mention, and on your further choice of those, who are wanting to complete the necessary number; and I earnestly request the most expeditious measures may be taken, towards the raising and preparing their Men. You will no doubt exert yourself, by every possible method, to procure a sufficient number of Men for the posts and for the business under your superintendence. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 3, 1777.
Sir: The service, rendering your presence with Colo. Hand's Battalion, indispensably necessary, you will prepare to join it immediately, bringing on with you all the Soldiers belonging to it, now in and near to Easton. I am etc.
P.S. Should they want Shoes, you will endeavour to supply them before they march.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
[Note 36: Of Delaware.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 4, 1777.
Sir: I was this day honored with your favor of the 28th Ulto. The polite attention of your Assembly37 to my Letter, demands my Acknowledgements, and I would fain hope, the measures they have adopted will be attended with many salutary consequences and prevent in some degree the scandelous practice of desertion, but too prevalent of late in our Army.
[Note 37: See Circular Letter to the States, Jan. 31, 1777, ante.]
I confess, I am much surprised to be informed at this time of the refusal of Colo. Bedford38 and Major W. McDonagh.39 I expected, that they had accepted their Commissions and were nearly ready to take the Field with their Regiment. Not hearing from them, I could conclude nothing else. As they declined, they should most surely have given me the earliest notice of it. The Rules of propriety required it, and a regard to the Service demanded it. Being unacquainted with the Gentlemen of your State, I cannot nominate such as will be either agreeable or qualified to fill their places. Under these Circumstances, I must take the Liberty to request, that you and your Assembly, or those you may think proper to consult upon the occasion, will appoint such Gentn. to those Commands and the other Vacancies in the Regiment, as you esteem suitable and likely
[Note 38: Lieut. Col. Gunning Bedford, jr., of the Delaware Regiment. He hail been wounded at White Plains, N.Y.; served as Mustermaster General of the Continental Army from June, 1776, to April, 1777.]
[Note 39: Maj. Thomas MacDonough, of the Delaware Regiment. He had been wounded at Long Island, N.Y.. and did not rejoin the regiment; subsequently served as colonel of the Delaware Militia.] to answer the interest and Expectation of the Public.40 At the same time I would request, that every exertion be employed, to compleat and march the Corps with all possible expedition. The situation of our Affairs makes every Aid Necessary, and I am persuaded nothing on your part will be wanted to effect it. No pains should be spared to Arm and equip the Men as far as possible, previous to their Marching; the Stores at Philadelphia being greatly exhausted by the Supplies already drawn from them. The Sickly Condition of our Troops the last Campaign, especially towards the close of it, was rather discouraging to the Men to reinlist; but I trust, it will not be the case again, and that the prejudices on that Head are now done away. They should consider the moving disordered state of the Army whilst in Jersey and on the Banks of the Delaware, as the principal cause of their not being paid for the whole of their Service.--whatever wages were due them, might have been received since, had a proper Abstract been presented for that Purpose. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 40: The officers commissioned to the Delaware Regiment, Apr. 5, 1777, were Col. David Hall, Lieut. Col. Charles Pope, and Maj. Joseph Vaughan.]
P.S. When the Several Vacancies in the Regiment are filled up, the Officers shall receive Commissions, on a proper list being transmitted of their Names, Rank and the dates of their respective appointments.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, March 4, 1777.
Sir: Since my Letter of Yesterdays date I have had so many different Accts. of the Militias term of Service expiring, or being upon the point of doing so, that I am obliged, in the most pressing manner to desire, that you will order all the Continental Troops on to this place, except those who have never had the small pox, and are detain'd for Inoculation (which I earnestly beg may be hastened as much as possible.) It would have been consistent with my Wish to have given the new Levies a little halt at Philadelphia to prepare them better for the Field, but the Situation of our Affairs will not I find admit of it.
Let those that come on be properly Officer'd. In like manner let those that stay for the purpose of Inoculation have proper Officers to attend to, and March them up, so soon as they are able. An Officer or two from each Regiment might also (if necessary) be left to bring on such Articles as their respective Regiments may want.
Our need of a Reinforcement owing to the departure of the Militia will, in a few days be so great, that if there are not Continental Troops to come forward, it will be proper for you to make application, in my name, to the Council of Safety for a Reinforcement of Militia, and I desire that you will in my Name also call upon the Commanding Officers of the Pensylvania Regiments,42 and the Regiment of the lower Counties, for a strict obedience to this order.
[Note 42: The draft, which also is in the writing of Washington, calls upon "the Commanding Officers of the twelve Pensylva. Reguments," etc.]
Prudence will naturally suggest to you, the propriety of concealing our Situation, and Weakness, [as] much as possible in Issuing your Orders and making the Application above. I am, etc.
March 4, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby authorized to raise a Company of Men in the Service of the United States to consist of 68 Rank and file, four Serjeants and a Drum and Fife, according to the Recruiting Instructions herewith delivered you.
As you will, in a great measure, be answerable for the behaviour of your Company, I leave the nomination of your Subaltern Officers to yourself, only reserving a negative in case I should not approve of them.
As desertion has been very prevalent, to the great detriment of the recruiting Service, I think you had better advance, as little of the bounty as possible, till your Company is compleat.
You will, from time to time, transmit an account of your proceedings to me, and let me know when there will be a probability of your being fit to take the Field. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 4, 1777.
Differences in opinion having arisen between General Howe and myself, respecting the construction of a proposition, made the 30th. of July and acceded to the 1st. of August last, for the exchange of prisoners, whereby it was stipulated, "that Officers should be given for Officers of equal rank, Soldier for Soldier, and Citizen for Citizen," for the accommodation of these differences, and to remove every just cause of complaint on the part of the Enemy if such there be; You are to meet any officer, not of inferior rank to Yourself, who shall come properly authorized to treat upon the Subject, and to adopt such measures, as you shall deem adequate to that end.
Experience having also shewn, that the agreement above recited, is not sufficiently definite, to answer all the Salutary purposes intended by it, nor Sufficiently comprehensive, to include the various cases incident to the State of prisoners; You are hereby vested with full power and authority, to devise and conclude upon such improvements, in aid of the same, as shall appear necessary, for establishing a more regular and explicit mode of Exchange, as well with respect to the prisoners who have been, as those who shall be hereafter taken, making mutual provision for such an allowance of pay and necessaries, as their comfort and welfare, during their captivity, may require; And finally to treat, determine and agree upon, all matters whatsoever relative to Prisoners of War, on the principles of Justice and humanity, and conformable to the most civilized customs and usages, for the greater ease, convenience and security of all captives belonging to the Armies under our respective command; For all which, this shall be your sufficient Warrant; and your engagements, being mutually interchanged, shall be ratified and confirmed by me.44
[Note 44: The original of these powers, signed and sealed by Washington with his personal seal, is in the writing of and attested to by Alexander Hamilton as aide-de-camp. It was returned to headquarters file because of the failure of this negotiation.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 4, 1777.
Sir: The Congress, having, by a Resolve passed the 27th. December last, empowered me to appoint a Clothier General to the Army of the united States, and to fix a salary to the same. I hereby nominate and appoint you to the said office with a salary of 150 dollars pr. Month, free of Official Charges. By virtue of your Commission you are authorized to appoint Agents in each of the States, to purchase all such Articles of Cloathing necessary and proper for the Soldiery, as may occasionally fall in their way, for which they shall be allowed such a Commission, as shall be deemed adequate to the trouble. You are also to be allowed, as many Clerks and Storekeepers, as are necessary to carry on the business, agreeing with them on the most moderate terms you can. To enable you to make the necessary purchases, you shall be from time to time furnished, with sufficient Sums of Money, either by a draft from me on the Pay master General, or the Continental Treasurer, or such mode, as the Congress may think fit to direct for the payment of such Sums. For which you shall account, when called upon so to do, to the Commissioners for settling public accounts, or any persons properly authorized.
As many of the different States, had, previous to the appointment of a Cloathier General, employed Agents, to purchase Cloathing for their Troops, it will be necessary for you, to write to the different States and inform them of your appointment, and at the same time desire to know, what progress their Agents have made, in providing Cloathing for their respective Quotas of Men, and what Quantity it will take to compleat them.
If you find upon enquiry, that the Agents who have been already employed by the different States in the purchase of Cloathing, are persons capable of transacting the business, and in whom trust can be reposed, it will be better to continue them in their Offices. As it will be improper to depend upon the precarious supply of Cloathing by capture or by the importations of private adventurers, it will be necessary for you, as early as possible, to lay before the private committee of Congress, an Estimate of the Cloathing of different kinds necessary for the next campaign, with the Colours of the Cloths proper to put the Troops into distinct Uniforms, which is a thing that cannot possibly be done this year. As many of the Continental Regiments have already fixed upon a Uniform, and the Officers have, in Consequence thereof, provided themselves with Regimentals suitable thereto, it would be proper to make yourself acquainted with the Regiments that have fixed their Uniforms, and in your arrangement of dress, take care to continue them in the same, otherwise the Stock of Cloathing that the Officers have provided for themselves will be useless to them, or different from their Corps, which should be avoided by all means.
As a quantity of Cloathing must necessarily attend the Army, you are hereby authorized to apply to the Quarter Master General or Waggon Master General, when one is appointed, to supply as many Waggons, as will be Sufficient to transport such Cloathing.
It appears from every account, that there is a sufficiency of Cloathing in the Northern States for their Quota of Troops; But as all the States from Jersey to North Carolina, look up to you for their Cloathing, very little I fear having been provided by them (except the province of Maryland which I am informed has a Stock, but of this you should inquire), it will behove you to exert yourself as much as possible, and endeavour to get a Sufficiency made up for the Troops of the above mentioned States, many of whom may be expected in Philadelphia every day.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 5, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 22nd. February from Carlisle, and hope soon to have the pleasure of seeing you at this place. I cannot conceive upon what principle the Baltimore Militia were stopped, they ought to have been here in time to have relieved Genl. Johnston's46 Brigade, the last of whom go home this day. But as I lately wrote most pressingly for a Reinforcement, I imagine Genl. Buckanan47 is by this
[Note 46: Brig. Gen. Thomas Johnson, jr., of the Maryland Militia.]
[Note 47: Brig. Gen. Andrew Buchanan, of the Maryland Militia.] time upon his march. I recommended, what you very judiciously advised, that they should bring as many Arms and Accoutrements as possible from home and not drain the public Stores at Philadelphia, which should be kept for the use of the Continental Troops.
I am informed that some of the Southern States have already passed Acts prohibiting the distilling of unreasonable Quantities of Wheat and other Grain into Whisky, and I hope Pennsylvania will do the same.
Magazines are already established and establishing at Downings or Mill Town, upon the Lancaster Road, which will be very conveniently situated in the Rear of the Army, should there be a necessity of forming one at or near Wilmington.
I expected you would have appointed your Younger Son to the Command of one of the four Companies that are at your disposal, and if you have not already filled up all the Commissions, it will give me pleasure to see it yet done. The Doctor48 will undoubtedly find a place in the New Hospital, suitable to his merit and abilities, as it is proposed to have the new arrangement upon a very extensive plan. As Doctor Shippen will probably be at the Head of the Medical Department, your Son had better apply to him in time.
[Note 48: James Armstrong. He had been a surgeon in the general hospital in Virginia in 1776; Member of Congress from Pennsylvania, 1793--1795; associate judge of Cumberland County, Pa., court, 1808--1828.]
I can say nothing to Colo. Buckanan's plan for procuring provisions &ca. It is a mixture of the Business belonging to the Quarter Master and Commissary General, and will be provided for by them.
I very much fear, that by the inattention of the Colonels or some other cause, there are most Scandalous abuses in the recruiting Service in Pennsylvania. The Returns of Desertion are so much beyond what I ever heard of before, or what I can conceive to be possible, that I am inclined to think, the Officers pocket the bounty and return men deserted, who are never Enlisted, to make up the deficiency. Regiments that I expected were nearly compleated, by the accounts I received from some of the Colonels, as far back as December, upon being called upon for actual Returns, have only from fifty to one hundred men. I have wrote to Genl. Gates,49 who entertains the same Suspicion that peculation is at the Bottom, and have desired him to try, by all the means in his power, to unravel so mysterious a piece of Business, that I may, if any thing can be proved, make most severe examples of any Officers who shall be found guilty of so Scandalous a Crime.
[Note 49: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Mar. 1, 1777, ante.]
I have repeatedly called upon the different Colonels, to send in what men they have already raised, with Officers in proportion to their numbers, and I desire you will call upon all within your reach and press and even insist upon their doing it. Nothing will have a greater effect upon stopping the infamous practice of desertion, than getting the Recruits into Service, where they will be employed, instead of loitering away their times in Taverns, and running from one Officer to the other and receiving the bounty over and over again. Except a Company is marched up full, an Officer should be left to compleat it. I am etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., Morris Town, March 6, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit you the inclosed Copy of a Letter from General Lee52 received by a Flag on Tuesday last. You will perceive from thence, his wishes and expectations of seeing some Members of Congress, in consequence of his Letter upon that subject. None of the passports which he mentions were sent out, tho the Letters came by Genl. Howe's permission, as the others did. I should be happy to releive his anxiety, as far as I could, by sending in Major Morris,53 but this I can not do, till a safe conduct is granted.
[Note 52: Lee's letter of February 26 is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress; a copy is filed with Washington's letter of March 6 in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 53: Maj. Jacob Morris, aide to Lee.]
The more I consider the Resolves respecting Lt. Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers, the more convinced I am, of their impolicy.54 The proposition made by Congress for the
[Note 54: A copy of a letter from Sir William Howe (February 27) was inclosed by Washington, though not alluded to in his letter: "Some days having elapsed since the conference between Lieut. Col. Walcot and Lt. Col. Harrison, without having heard from you, for the further prosecution of the business relative to prisoners of war, I am to trouble you with my request to have a second meeting.... With much reluctance, I am to remonstrate against the treatment of Lieut. Col. Campbell...." A copy of Campbell's protest to Washington (February 4) was also inclosed and, with Howe's letter, read in Congress March 12. The copy of Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers.] Exchange of Prisoners, and which by their direction was transmitted to Genl. Howe, was founded on principles of Equality, in number, and in rank. From thence, no demand, as a matter of right, can be made of Genl. Lee's releasement, for any Officer or number of Officers of inferior rank. Whatever is done or might be done in such instances is the one I have mentioned. This, so far as it goes, is a beneficial one, it recognizes the rank of our Officers and insures their discharge from Captivity, whenever we are possessed of a like number belonging to them, and of the same Rank. If one our part it should be violated, if it is not observed, surely it will, and must cease to obligatory on Genl. Howe. What consequences may then ensue, I leave to your conjecture.
If it be objected, that the above Observations and what I said in my former Letter prove that no treatment received by our Officers should be retaliated on their Hands, is at least Six to one in ours. This consideration, supposing we had a right to demand Genl Lee's liberty, would be of great weight and sufficient to prevent, in my Opinion, the execution of the Resolves. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6, 1777.
Sir: I flattered myself, that I should never again be under the necessity of trespassing upon the public Spirit of your State, by calling upon her for another supply of Militia; but, such has been the unaccountable delay in the recruiting of the Continental Battalions, chiefly owing to the long time that unhappily elapsed before the Officers were appointed, that I see no prospect of keeping the Field till the New Levies can be brought into it, but by a Reinforcement of Militia. For want of proper Laws in the Southern Governments, their Militia were never well regulated; and since the late Troubles, in which the Old Governments have been unhinged, and new ones not yet firmly established, the people have adopted a mode of thinking and Acting for themselves. It is owing to this, that when a Summons is issued for Militia, those only turn out that please, and they for what time they please, by which means they some times sett off for their homes in a few days after they join the Army. From this State of facts, you will perceive, that I put no great dependance on the Militia from the Southward, and I must, therefore, once more intreat you to endeavour to prevail upon Two thousand of the Militia of your State to march immediately to Peekskill and there wait further Orders; their time of Service to continue at least Six Weeks, after they arrive there. I am persuaded, from the readiness with which you have ever complied with all my demands, that you would exert yourself, in forwarding the aforementioned number of Men, upon my bare request. But I hope you will be convinced of the necessity of the demand, when I tell you, in confidence, that after the 15th. of this Month, when the time of General Lincoln's Militia expires, that I shall be left, with the remains of five Virginia Regiments, not amounting to more than as many hundred Men, and parts of two or three other Continental Battalions, all very weak. The remainder of the Army will be composed of small parties of Militia from this State and Pensylvania, on whom little dependance can be put, as they come and go when they please. I have issued peremptory orders, to every Colonel in the regular Service, to send in what Men he has recruited, even if they amount to but one hundred to a Regiment, if they would do this, it would make a Considerable Force upon the whole. The Enemy must be ignorant of our Numbers and Situation, or they would never Suffer us to remain unmolested; and I almost tax myself with imprudence in committing the Secret to paper; not that I distrust you, of whose inviolable Attachment I have had so many proofs, but for fear the Letter should, by any Accident, fall into other hands, than those for whom it is intended.
If your Militia should make any objection to coming this way, on Account of the Small Pox, you may assure them, that if there is the least danger of taking that disorder here, they shall come no farther than Peekskill, (I mean those that have not had it) where they may take the places of the Continental Yorkers, whom I am obliged to keep in Garrison, having no other Troops to secure the Forts and Passes upon the North River. I am &c.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6, 1777.
Dr. Sir: On Tuesday Evening, I was favored with your Letter of the 2d. Inst. The slow progress in the recruiting service gives me much concern, as the situation of our Affairs requires the most early Succours. I was always sensible, the bounty given by the Eastern States would prove extremely injurious; and remonstrated against it, as soon as it came to my knowledge.
I am sorry the securing and removal of the Forage has been attended with so many difficulties. It is a Matter of infinite importance, and yet I trust, that by your exertions and the Committee with you, that it will be accomplished. If the whole cannot be got away, the part remaining had better be destroyed than Suffered to fall into the Enemy's Hands, driving off the Stock, is also of considerable moment and none should be left within their reach.
The disposition recommended to the Troops under General Wooster, seems to have been well calculated for the ends in view and I heartily wish they had Maintained their Post. Their departure, I am satisfied, would be attended with bad consequences and it would disagreeably effect the minds of the Wavering and the timid. It is only to be lamented, that we have not Troops raised upon a different footing, who could and would afford protection to the Inhabitants and firmly fix them in our interest. I know no way to effect this, but by calling some of the Militia as you propose to secure them and their property from the ravages and depredations of the Rangers.
We have been long satisfied, that the Enemy were drawing nearly the whole or, at least, the Main Body of their force into Jersey; and, I think, they will make a Push for Philadelphia, as soon as the Roads will allow them to move. They may mean a feint, as you suggest; however, it is more likely, that the other is their Object. It will be happy for us, if we can be prepared for either event. Lest your apprehensions should prove true, the Wheat and Flour, contiguous to the Water, should be secured, and removed into the more Interior part of the State. The holders of it should not demand an unreasonable price, and it will be worthy the attention of the Convention, to examine the Matter and give the Commissary and his Agents every Aid in their Power.
I have maturely weighed the proposed expedition to Long Island, and should be happy if the execution was as practicable, as it appears to be eligible. I am well assured many important advantages would be derived from it; But the Enemy's Force, now collected in this Quarter, calling for every possible aid, it cannot be attempted. However, I should think, it will be extremely proper, for an Idea of the sort to be spread with some address and management, which will be greatly favored, if a requisition I have made to Governor Trumbull, for two thousand Militia, can be complied with. This I mention to you in Confidence that the hint may be improved, as far as your prudence and discretion directs.
I am glad Mr. S.'s57 plan is nearly compleated and I am persuaded the benefits, resulting from it, will be great. The sooner it can be executed, the more beneficial it will be. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 57: Nathaniel Sackett. He was arranging for a system of secret intelligence.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have to desire, that you will immediately procure and send me exact returns of all the Troops, belonging to your State, except those which are gone to Ticonderoga, and that you will have them assembled with the utmost expedition at Peeks-Kill, there to hold themselves in perfect readiness to march at a moment's warning. I must also request, that you will make a point of informing me, from time to time, of their arrivals and of the numbers, in which they come.
The returns I receive from different quarters, are of so extraordinary a nature, that I have too much reason to suspect the most abominable fraud, and embezzlement of the public money. The accounts of desertion, almost surpass belief and afford the highest probability, that Officers are tempted by the great bounty allowed, to exhibit a number of pretended recruits, that were never in reality inlisted. I must beg your particular attention to this abuse, and that you will take every possible method to prevent its continuance, if it has found its way into the Regiments of your State. From this and other causes, I have frequently had such misrepresentations of the progress of the recruiting service, that I have in many instances been deceived; and it is on this account I am requiring accurate returns of the Troops raising in every State, that I may be enabled to form a just Judgment of our real Strength at this time and of our future prospect. This is highly necessary, from the present complexion of things, which I must inform you, in confidence, are very undesirable, and demand the most active exertions of every person interested in the success of our affairs. I rely upon your care and diligence, to put every thing in your department in the greatest possible forwardness, as you are fully sensible of the infinite importance of straining every nerve at this critical juncture. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 19th. February accompanied by one from Mr. Jonathan Welles, in behalf of his nephew Major Welles60 who was made prisoner on Long Island. I am obliged to give the same answer to this request, that I have given to many others of the same nature, and that is, that I have endeavoured to avoid all imputations of partiality in negotiating the Exchange of prisoners, and therefore constantly directed Mr. Loring the Commy. of prisoners in New York, to give a preference to those who had been longest in Captivity. By this Rule, Major Welles will be intitled to an exchange, whenever an Officer of equal rank is sent in by us; but when
[Note 60: Maj. Samuel Welles, of Gay's Connecticut State regiment.] that will be I cannot tell, as you must have heard, that by a late Resolve of Congress, the Field Officers taken at Trenton, are to be detained a while longer, for a particular purpose. By the terms of the Cartel, Major Welles would not have been given up for Capt. Luke, being an Officer of Superior Rank. I dont know how to advise in regard to inlisting the privates who were sent out upon parole. If their Officers engaged that they should not serve till they were regularly released, some severities might be inflicted upon them, should Genl. Howe hear that the prisoners were in Arms again. Much depends on the Terms on which they were released. If their Officers did not pledge themselves for them, I should suppose Genl. Howe dismissed them for his own convenience, and that they had as good a right to enter the Service again, as Genl. Howe had to force our Men into his, by ill usage.
The necessity that I am under for Troops, obliges me to call upon you in the most pressing manner, to send forward those men who have had the small pox, with all possible expedition; it would be better if the Regiments could be compleated and brought intire into the Field, but circumstanced as we now are, we cannot wait. Colo. Charles Webb got an order a few days ago for four hundred Arms, and his Son told me he had as many Men. I am informed that Colo. Wyllys's Regt. is likewise very forward. I dont know the State of any of the others, but I beg you will call for an immediate Return and entreat all the Colonels to exert themselves and try to get me some part of their Regiments immediately here. If any of the Companies march before they are compleat, an Officer should be left behind, to make up the deficiency and bring the recruits after. I have wrote to every Quarter in the same terms, and if each Regiment would only send one hundred Men immediately, they would, altogether, amount to a respectable Number.
Be pleased to communicate the first part of this Letter to Mr. Welles. Since writing which, I find I am under a mistake of names; upon inquiry, I find that the person meant is Capt. Welles of Colo. Gay's Regiment, taken upon York Island the 15th of Septemr. The reason therefore of his not being preferred, operates more Strongly against him, as there are yet officers of his rank taken upon Long Island and not exchanged.
To induce you to exert yourself more forcibly, in forwarding on the Continental Troops, I communicate our Situation to you in Confidence. When Genl. Lincoln's Militia leave us, we shall only have the remains of the five Virginia Regiments, who do not amount altogether to more than five or Six hundred men, and two or three of the other Continental Battalions very weak. The rest of our Army is composed of small parties of Militia from this State and Pennsylvania. If the Enemy do not move it will be a Miracle, nothing but Ignorance of our Numbers and Situation, can protect us. I have wrote to Govr. Trumbull to endeavour to send two Thousand Militia, immediately, to Peek's kill, and I beg you will use your Influence to obtain this Reinforcement.
I have been so much misinformed as to the State of the new raised Regiments, that I desire you will insist upon the Colonels making you actual Returns and transmit them to me. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6, 1777.
Sir: The necessity I am under for Troops, obliges me to desire you to call upon the several Continental Colonels in your State, in the most peremptory manner, to make Returns of the Men they have inlisted, and to march all those that have had the small pox, immediately, to join the Army here. If any of their Companies are not complete, proper Officers must be left behind to make up the deficiency, and bring the Recruits after them. I know the Inconveniences that must attend the marching Regiments by parts, and wished most heartily not to have encountered them; But they must all submit to the necessity of the measure. 'Tis not possible that we shall be permitted to remain long in our present Situation. The Enemy must move soon, and we should prepare to dispute every Inch of Ground they may attempt to march over. I must insist therefore, that every possible exertion be instantly made to comply with this order, and expect to see some of the Continental Troops here in a very short time. Nevertheless, I would not have a check put to Inoculation, let that be carried on with all imaginable Activity, and the Troops, as soon as they pass thro' it, sent on. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your favour 1st. Instt. There remains no doubt with me, as to the propriety and indeed necessity of erecting temporary Hospitals at a distance from Philadelphia; It ever was my desire, to secure Cities from any contagious disorder, that may attend the Troops that must pass thro' them, and I shall always be happy to execute such plans, as their caution may suggest. You will fix with the Commissary upon the places proper, having in Contemplation the security of the City and convenience of our sick Soldiery. A distance sufficient to quiet all their Apprehensions and at the same time conveniently to afford the Sick proper assistance and attendance, is the best. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 7, 1777.
Gentn.: I am honored with yours of the 5th, with Genl. Gates's Estimate of the force of the Enemy at Brunswick, which agrees with what I have Collected from Deserters and Other Channels; and Colo. Gurney's Intelligence of the Enemy's intended Rout to Philadelphia by the way of South Amboy, which I have ever thought very practicable and probable. These Informations alone, ought to suggest to you the Necessity that there is of having, as many of your Militia as possible, immediately embodied and64 held ready to act as occasion may require. The City Militia should be particularly attended to, as they are a fine body of Men, and laying so much together, they are able to throw in a very considerable force upon an emergency; but they are so usefully employed at home, that they ought not to be drawn out but at the last Extremity.
[Note 64: The draft at this point was first written as: "and marched to join the Army under my Command and ready to fall upon the Rear or Flank of the Enemy should they move from Brunswick, for you may depend upon it, that nothing will check or retard them so much as hanging upon them in either of the above Situations which it will be absolutely out of my power to do without a considerable Reenforcement. No Continental troops of any Consequence have yet come in and by the 15th of this month I shall scarce have any Militia left."Washington directed that this be stricken out.]
I must beg you will afford every Assistance to the recruiting and forwarding the Continental Troops of your State, there appears to me to be something extraordinary in the Returns of your Regiments. from Accounts I received sometime ago, I expected Several of them were nearly full, but upon being furnished with actual Returns, I find they have only from fifty to one hundred men each. I fear this is owing to the Officers having pocketted the Bounty Money, and returned the Men deserted, when they were never inlisted. I have desired General Gates to scrutinize this Matter and I beg you will assist him if wanted.
Colo Proctor has shewn me a Letter from your Board, in which you require his attendance at Philadelphia. He is so essential here at the Head of the Artillery, in the absence of General Knox now on his way from Boston, that I am obliged to detain him fill his return which will be in a few days.65
[Note 65: The following paragraph was also stricken out from the draft: "If any of your Militia march this way, pray stipulate with them to stay a certain time after they actually join the Army; let it be six Weeks if possible."]
As nothing but the good of the Service would have induced me to countermand your orders, I hope you will excuse the liberty taken by, Gentn., Yours &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 8, 1777.
Sir: I this moment had the honor to receive your two favours of the 3d Inst. With pleasure I will forward your Letters to Mr. Jay by the first opportunity. How can an Assembly of Gentlemen, Eye witnesses of the distresses and Inconveniences, that have their principal Source in the want of a well regulated Militia, hesitate to adopt the only Remedy that can remove them ? And, stranger still, think of a Law, that must necessarily add to the accumulated Load of confusion ? For Heaven's sake, entreat them to lay aside their present Opinions; and waving every other Consideration, let the Public Good be singularly attended to. The Ease they design their Constituents by Composition must be delusive; Every injurious distinction between the Rich and the Poor ought to be laid aside now.67
[Note 67: The New Jersey Assembly's law permitted a "composition"of from £3 to £20 in lieu of military service, and Livingston wrote (March 3) that the State legislators "are so unduly influenced by the Fear of disobliging their Constituents, that they dare not exert themselves with the requisite Spirit for the Exigencies of War."]
The Enemy cannot remain much longer in their present situation. Their peace, for some days past, indicates Preparations to move; when they do, your Assembly may, perhaps, wish that their Militia were in the Field. I have endeavoured to cut off the Communication between Bergen and New York, having received Intelligence of it a few days ago.68 I have the Honor to be etc.69
[Note 68: Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing o[ George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am uneasy at not being reinforced by some of the new Recruits from Virginia; I had hopes, that in Compliance with the order of Congress, some time since published, such a number of parts of Regiments would have taken the Field, as would have enabled me to strike a Blow of importance this Winter; Disappointed in this, I must entreat you to issue immediate Orders, in the most peremptory manner, to the Field Officers of all the Continental Battalions in Virginia, to lose no time in collecting all the Recruits belonging to them, and march them to Philadelphia, leaving behind them, a Sufficient number of Officers for the recruiting Service, who must be ordered to follow, so soon as each of them inlist the number of Men that may be assigned to him. Much depending on a strict Observance of this Letter, a neglect of any part of which may be attended with disagreeable Consequences to the cause at large, I am confident that you will spare no pains or trouble in seeing that my desire is complied with in the fullest sense. A General Return of all the Continental Regiments in your State, I should be glad to be favoured with. I am etc.69
Morris Town, March 8, 1777.
Sir: The present weak state of our Army, and the Appearance of a speedy movement being intended by the enemy, make it necessary that I should use every resource to Augment our numbers in the most expeditious manner possible; You will therefore immediately call upon the commanding Officers of all the Regiments of your State, and Order them without delay to repair to Camp, with such men as they have already collected, leaving a proper number of Officers to prosecute the business of recruiting, which must not by any means be impeded or retarded. I am sensible, that the drawing Troops into real Service before the Regiments are properly completed and arranged, is injurious in many respects, but the exigency of our affairs makes it at this time indispensible, and I must urge it upon you to take every method in your power to hasten their coming forward. I must also request you will send me forthwith exact returns of the number of men now raised in your State. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: You are so well acquainted with our Circumstances and Situation, that I need not assign any reason for desiring you to call upon every Colonel within your reach and order him to march whatever Men he may have raised, to join the Army immediately. Let a good Officer be sent forward with the first party, who may receive and take care of the men of his Regiment as they come up. Endeavour to procure me the Returns of all the Regiments, that I may form some Judgment of the time in which a force may be drawn together, a matter that I am at present intirely ignorant of. Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Genl. Lewis, as quick as possible, it being on the same Subject as yours. I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 9, 1777.
Sir: The Council of Safety of Pennsylvania has done me the honor to communicate to me a piece of Intelligence of Importance, which they received from Colo. Gurney.72 A copy of which is inclosed; I wish it may rouse the Gentlemen of your Assembly to prepare for the worst Event. In my opinion the present time is of infinitely greater worth than is generally supposed. Vain and useless will all our Civil Institutions, however wise, prove, unless the State of Independance, in which alone they can operate, is secured. And as this must necessarily depend on the success of our Arms, Military preparations should possess an eminent degree of our deliberations and Care. Altho' the Enemy may not move as Colo Gurney thinks, yet common prudence must dictate, the necessity of making an instant attempt, to deprive them of such Articles, lying in the Country thro' which they may March, as can be of use to them. For which purpose I have directed Genl. Putnam to afford all the aid in his power to any measures which your Assembly may think will be productive of the End designed. I have the Honor to be &c.73
[Note 72: Lieut. Col. Francis Gurney, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at Iron Hill, Pa., in September, 1777, and resigned in October that same year.]
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure of yours of the 7th. Instr. and am sorry to find that Genl. Cadwalader has declined a Commission in the Continental Service.
Altho I often wished in secret, that you could be brought to resume the office of Adjutant General, I never even hinted it, because I thought it might be disagreeable to you for the reasons which you yourself mention, "that you commanded last Campaign at the second post upon this Continent,"and that therefore it might be looked upon by you as a degradation. But you cannot conceive the pleasure I feel, when you tell me "that if it my desire that you should resume your former Office, you will with chearfulness and Alacrity proceed to Morris Town."74 Give me leave to return you my sincere thanks, for this mark of your attention to a request of mine, which, now you give me an opening, I make, and at the same time assure you that I look upon your resumption of the Office of Adjutant General, as the only means of giving form and regularity to our new Army. I had in vain cast my Eyes upon every person within my Knowledge, and found none that I thought equal to the Task, except one Gentleman, Major Apollis Morris, but his Character and Intentions are of too dubious a Nature to intrust with an Office of such high importance. I shall be glad to receive a line from you mentioning the time that you will leave Philadelphia, because I intend sending Genl. St. Clair down to take your Command.75
[Note 74: At this point the draft was originally: "This my dear Sir is acting upon principles truly patriotic and worthy of yourself. I do request you to resume the Office and request it as a favor, the greatest that can be conferred upon me, as an individual, and the greatest that can be conferred upon the public."This was stricken out by Washington's direction.]
[Note 75: On February 23 Hancock wrote to Gates that by direction of Congress he earnestly solicited that Gates would resume the office of Adjutant General at his then rank and pay. Sparks quotes a letter of Gates to Washington, but gives neither date nor source, as: "I own I was surprised at the contents, and the more so, as it was not preceded by one on the same subject from your Excellency. Unless it is your earnest desire, that such a measure should directly take place, I would by no means consent to it." On March 25 Congress resolved that Gates should repair immediately to Ticonderoga and take command of the army there. In President Hancock's letter, this same day, transmitting the resolve, Hancock underscored the words" take the command of the army."]
I am informed that Genl. Putnam sent down Major Stockton, taken upon Rariton, to Philadelphia in Irons, and that he continues in strict confinement. I think we ought to avoid putting in practice, what we have so loudly complained of, the cruel treatment of Prisoners. I therefore desire, that if there is a necessity for confinement, that it may be made as easy and comfortable as possible, to Major Stockton and his Officers. This Man, I believe, has been very active and mischeivous, but we took him in Arms, as an Officer of the Enemy, and by the Rules of War we are obliged to treat him as such, not as a Felon.
I shall be glad if you will bring with you, as exact a return as possible of the number of Troops in Philadelphia, and try to form some opinion of the time in which they will be able to come forward. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench. Tilghman.
On March 10 Alexander Hamilton wrote to Brigadier General McDougall: "Your letter of the 7th instant to his Excellency fell into my hands. He has been very much indisposed for three or four days past, insomuch that his attention to business is pronounced by the Doctors to be very improper; and we have made a point of Keeping all from him which was not indispensibly necessary. I detained your express a day in hopes of a convenient opportunity to communicate your letter to him; but though he has grown considerably better than he was, I find he is so much pestered with matters which cannot be avoided, that I am obliged to refrain from troubling him on the occasion; especially as I conceive the only answer he would give, may be given by myself." Hamilton's letter is in the Washington papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Qurs., Morris Town, March 11, 1777.
Sir: Agreeable to the request contained in your letter of 21st. Ultimo, I inclose you a commission for Major Hull,77 which please to present him.
[Note 77: Maj. William Hull, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in August, 1779; brigadier general, United States Army, in April, 1812; and cashiered for surrendering Detroit to the British.]
As the Season favourable for Military operations is near at hand, I beg every effort may be made to recruit and equip your Regiment as speedily as possible, that it may be ready to take the field, when called upon. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, March 11, 1777.
Sir: Colonel Chester79 delivered me your Letter of the 7th. instant, mentioning the appearance of some of the enemy's Ships in the Sound, and your apprehensions thereupon.
[Note 79: Col. John Chester, of a Connecticut State regiment.]
I am well convinced, there is no reason to dread the descent you speak of, and that these little desultory motions have no serious design, but are only intended to divert our attention from the important objects which ought to engage it. It would be inconsistent with their general purpose, to diminish their mainbody, by occupying posts, which could be of no use towards facilitating the enterprises they more immediately have in contemplation. At any rate, I cannot think of straitening myself, where the danger is pressing and certain, to give succours where there is little or nothing to apprehend. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 11, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have not had the pleasure of hearing from you since yours of the 13 Feby, inclosing a number of Regulations for the Qr. Mr. General's Department, which, from the multiplicity of business, I have not been able yet to attend to. What I would principally recommend to you, is the having the Ammunition Waggons and those for carrying Tools, got ready as soon as possible. But I think you should turn your attention particularly to providing Tents, because General Howe will certainly take the Field, as soon as the Weather and Roads will permit, and it will never do for our Army to follow him in a Scattered manner for want of covering to enable us to keep together. A Brother of Genl. Greene's informed me, that he had got a Quantity of Duck belonging to the Continent, which he had several times wrote to Congress about, but could not obtain an Answer. I desired him to have it made up into Tents, of which Article we cannot have too many, for our Army suffered extremely last Campaign for want of Shelter from both Heat and Cold. I shall be glad to hear what forwardness things are in, in your Department, and what are your prospects. I am etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, who wrote "artillery wagons,"which Alexander Hamilton changed to "ammunition wagons."The letter sent was handed to Congress by Mifflin and is filed in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, March 11, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 2nd. instant, by which I am sorry to find, that from a Number of unfortunate Circumstances, your intended descent upon Rhode Island had failed. I however think you are right in not putting any thing to the risque of a miscarriage, for until we get our new Army properly established, it is our business to play a certain game, and not depend upon Militia for any thing Capital. The Enemy having drawn almost the whole of their force from New York into Jersey, with a design to take the field, as soon as the Weather and Roads will permit, has obliged me to order all the Continental Troops of Connecticut, that have had the small pox, to march immediately and join me and all those that have not, to be inoculated, for the Country is so full of that disorder, that there is no other way of preserving the Lives of the Soldiery. I hope you will be able to keep the Enemy from penetrating the Country, with Militia only, and should they draw off any more of their Men and thereby reduce their numbers in any considerable manner, perhaps, as you have Boats and every thing ready, you may be able, by dint of superior force, to give them a blow, tho' you have only Militia. But I recommend caution to you, as I have done before. I am etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 11, 1777.
Sir: I was a good deal surprised to find yours of the 2d. dated from Rye.83 Supposing there was a real necessity of your retreating from New Rochelle, you certainly ought to have returned immediately upon the Enemy's dropping their design, if they ever had any, of attacking you; All accounts from your Quarters complain loudly of this retreat, as a most injudicious Step, as it gave fresh Spirits to the disaffected and retarded the removal of Forage by the Convention of New York, the very end that your Troops were principally intended to answer. As there is now a certainty, that the Enemy have drawn the greatest part of their force from New York and Long Island, you may safely fall down again towards Kingsbridge, which I desire may be done immediately, and that you may do all in your power to keep the Enemy as Strictly confined as possible to the Island
[Note 83: In his letter of March 2 Wooster wrote "that it was not in my power to persuade my Troops to continue at New Rochelle, so near a much superior force of the Enemy." Wooster's troops were militia, over which he did not have complete control. He died May 2, 1777, of wounds received at Ridgefield, N. J.] of New York. It appears to me, that the fault was more in your Officers than in Stanton, for they should not have Suffered him to come on Shore, farther than was necessary for his business. I therefore desire that he may be suffered to depart with his Flag of Truce, and told never to return again, without giving proper notice to an Officer.84 I am etc.85
[Note 84: John and James Stanton, of East Chester, N.Y. They had obtained a flag of truce from Howe to escort a widow, with her effects, from Rye to New York. John Stanton had traveled through the country to New Rochelle, N.Y., and up to Wooster's quarters unquestioned.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, March 12, 1777.
Sir: It is of the greatest importance to the safety of a Country involved in a defensive War, to endeavour to draw their Troops together at some post at the opening of a Campaign, so central to the theatre of War that they may be sent to the support of any part of the Country, the Enemy may direct their motions against. It is a military observation, strongly supported by experience, "that a superior Army may fall a sacrifice to an inferior, by an injudicious division." It is impossible, without knowing the Enemy's intentions, to guard against every sudden incursion, or give protection to all the Inhabitants; some principal object shou'd be had in view, in taking post to cover the most important part of the Country, instead of dividing our force, to give shelter to the whole, to attempt which, cannot fail to give the Enemy an Opportunity of beating us in Detachments, as we are under the necessity of guessing at the Enemy's intentions, and further operations; the great object of attention ought to be, where the most proper place is, to draw our force together, from the Eastward and Westward, to cover the Country, prevent the Enemy's penetration and annoy them in turn, shou'd our strength be equal to the attempt. There is not a State upon the Continent, but thinks itself in danger, and scarcely an Officer at any one post, but conceives a reinforcement necessary; to comply with the demands of the whole, is utterly impossible, and if attempted, would prove our inevitable ruin.
From the Enemy's Situation in the Jersey, (collecting their force at Amboy and Brunswick, and from their intentions last fall, confirmed by every piece of Intelligence we obtain this Spring) it scarce admits a doubt, of Philadelphia being an object in View, at the opening of this Campaign. If this be their Aim, it appears to me highly probable (their Army being greatly reduced since the commencement of the last Campaign) that they will bring round all the Troops from Canada, to reinforce 'em here; What serves to confirm me in this opinion, is, the facility with which a Junction can be made this way, the necessity they are under of a reinforcement, and the great security the Command of the Lakes, give them against our incursions into Canada. Under these considerations I cannot help thinking much too large a part of our force is directed to Ticonderoga. Peeks Kill appears to me a much more proper place, where, if the Troops are drawn together, they will be advantageously situated to give support to any of the Eastern, or Middle States; Shou'd the Enemy's design be to penetrate the Country up the North River, they are well posted to oppose them; shou'd they attempt to penetrate into New England, they are well Station'd to cover them; if they move Westward, the Eastern and Southern Troops can easily form a Junction; and besides, it will oblige the Enemy to leave a much stronger Garrison at New York: But even admitting the Enemy pursue their first plan, they will be by no means disadvantageously posted to reinforce Ticonderoga, and cover the Country of Albany; I am very sure the operations of this Army, will in a great degree govern the motions of that in Canada, if this is held at bay, kirb'd and confined, the Northern Army dare not attempt to penetrate.
It appears to me of great importance to the success of the next Campaign, to give this Army some capital stroke in the early part of the season, nothing can enable me to do this, but a Junction of the Eastern and Southern forces. The Recruiting Service to the Southward, has been so protracted for want of a Regular arrangement amongst the recruiting Officers, that with the difficulty of Clothing, and arming the Troops, it must unavoidably be late in the Season, before a Sufficient force can be drawn together, to check their progress, without the assistance of a very considerable part of the Eastern Troops; The ruin of this Army is desirable for many reasons, it will free the Country from their present distress, prevent the Army at Canada (if it continues there) from making any movements; but above all, shou'd the Enemy be coming from England with a strong reinforcement, to destroy this Division of their force will totally ruin their plan of Operation for the next Campaign, and perhaps discourage them from any further attempts; But suppose the Enemy should contrary to our expectations, (which I cannot help thinking is against all probability) attempt to penetrate the Country by the way of the Lakes, the Forts being properly Garrisoned and Supplied with Provisions, the Cattle and Carriages drove off, it will be impossible for them to effect it.
If we shou'd draw a large force together at Ticonderoga, and the Enemy made no movements upon the Lakes, but collect their whole strength here, they wou'd be an useless Body of Troops there, while the service here might suffer an irreparable injury for want of 'em; The disaffection of Pennsylvania, [which I fear is much beyond any thing you have conceived,] and the depression of the people of this State, render a strong support necessary to prevent a systematical submission; besides, the loss of Philadelphia wou'd prove an irraparable injury, as we draw from thence almost all our Supplies; It will signify nothing to have our frontiers strongly guarded, while the Enemy are ranging at large in the Heart of the Country, for these and many other reasons, that will readily occur to you, upon reflection, I have come to a resolution to alter the route of some part of the Bay forces, [and to Draw Eight Regiments of them to Peekskills; from whence (by Water) they could soon proceed to Albany if occasion shall require, or move elsewhere according to Circumstances. This measure I have been more Inclind to adopt as I find part of the York Regiments are gone to Ticonderoga contrary to my expectation or design.]
The remarks, contained in your letter of the 27th. of last Month, respecting Monsieur Pellisier's86 plan, appear to be reasonable and just. You are so thoroughly acquainted with the situation of the Country and every other Circumstance necessary to be known, that you are the best judge of the nature of the Works proper to be erected, and I have the most intire confidence that you will have such only constructed, as are most likely to be useful and defensible.
[Note 86: Lieut. Col. Christopher Pellisier, of the Continental Engineers.]
I have given directions to the Managers of the Iron works to have the Shot, for which you inclosed General Knox's orders, conveyed to some convenient landing place, 'till the river opens, and then to be forwarded to you with all dispatch.87
[Note 87: Charles Holt (or Hoff), jr., of the Hibernia, and Gabriel Ogden, of the Pompton Furnaces, were ordered by Tilghman (March 12) to forward the shot.]
Major Edmonstone was permitted to go into New York on parole. The conditions of it were, that he was either to procure the release of some Officer of ours of equal rank, or, should he not effect that, to return in fifteen days. No such Officer has yet appeared, nor have I seen any thing of Mr. Edmonstone, notwithstanding it is now near three weeks, since the time Stipulated for his return has expired; and it was evidently his duty, if he came out, to call upon me and take up his parole. This conduct is very extraordinary and Suspicious, and ought to be carefully scrutinized. I am apt to think his going in was merely a contrivance to be the bearer of intelligence to the enemy, and that he has since come out, without informing me of it, to be the instrument of some like sinister purpose. I desire you will make inquiry for him, and if you find him, demand an explanation of his conduct, and take such measures as you deem prudent to obviate the evil I am apprehensive of. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of John Walker and Alexander Hamilton. The words within brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 12, 1777.
Sir: It is so absolutely necessary that I should know the true State of things, and what is really doing towards the important purpose of raising a Continental Army, that I cannot content myself with trusting to Vague reports and delusive Appearances. I am determined to have accurate Accounts of the progress of the recruiting Service from every quarter, that I may know what I have to depend upon and what expectations I may reasonably form. To this end, I am writing Circular Letters to all the Colonels of every State; And I desire you will deliver the inclosed, to those of yours, as soon as they come to hand. I entreat and expect you will take effectual methods to have the order contained in them immediately executed; Any delinquency, as it will be highly prejudicial to the public, will be deemed utterly inexcusable. I am not acquainted with the Letter from Governor Trumbull, of Connecticut, on Reenforcements
March 21, 1777 Names of all the Gentn. for whom the Letters are intended. Wherefore I request you will, after perusal, Seal and direct them. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston. The same letter was sent to Brig. Gen. James Mitchell Varnum.]
[Note 90: Cols. Charles Webb, of the First; Jedidiah Huntington, of the Second; Samuel Wyllys, of the Third; Philip Burr Bradley, of the Fourth; William Douglass, of the Fifth; John Chandler, of the Sixth; John Durkee, of the Seventh; and Hernan Swift, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiments. Christopher Greene, of the First, and Israel Angell, of the Second Rhode Island Regiments.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 12, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby required immediately to send me an exact return of the State of your Regiment, and to march all the recruits you have, after they get over the smallpox, to join the Army; leaving a Sufficient number of proper Officers to carry on the recruiting Service, who are to follow as fast as they are ready. No pleas, for delay, drawn from the dispersion of the Officers and men, can be admitted. Every Commanding officer should know where his inferior officers and these where their recruits are, and should be able to collect them in the most expeditious manner.
You are to remain behind, to complete your Regiment, sending forward your Major, and as Circumstances shall permit, your Lieutenant Colonel also. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 92: Cols. Goose Van Schaick, of the First; Philip Van Cortlandt, of the Second; Peter Gansevoort, of the Third; Henry Beckman Livingston, of the Fourth; and Lewis Dubois, of the Fifth New York Regiments.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 12, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby required immediately to send me an exact return of the State of your Regiment, and to assemble all the recruits you have, at Peeks Kill, there to remain under the command of Genl. McDougall, 'till farther orders, leaving a sufficient number of proper Officers to carry on the recruiting service, who are to join as fast as they are ready.... I am etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, corrected by Alexander Hamilton, and indorsed by him as forwarded to General McDougall. The omitted portion is a verbatim duplicate of the preceding circular beginning: "No pleas, for delay,"etc.]
[Note 94: Cols. Matthias Ogden, of the First; Israel Shreve, of the Second; Elias Dayton, of the Third; and Ephraim Martin, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiments.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 12, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby required, immediately to send me an exact return of the State of your Regiment, and to assemble all the recruits you have, at Camp, in the shortest time possible, there to be inoculated, and in all respects prepared for the field; leaving a sufficient number of proper Officers to carry on the recruiting Service, who are to follow as fast as they are ready.... I am etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The omitted portion is a verbatim duplicate of the Circular to Connecticut and Rhode Island Colonels, beginning: "Nopleas, for delay,"etc.]
[Note 96: Cols. Edward Hand, of the First; James Irvine, of the Second; Joseph Wood, of the Third; Lieut. Col. William Butler, of the Fourth; Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth; Lieut. Cols. Henry Bicker, of the Sixth, and David Grier, of the Seventh; Col. Daniel Brodhead, of the Eighth; Lieut. Cols. George Nagel, of the Ninth, and Adam Hubley, of the Tenth; Cols. Richard Humpton, of the Eleventh; William Cooke, of the Twelfth; and Walter Stewart, of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiments. The same letter was sent to Col. David Hall, of a Delaware regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 12, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby required, immediately to send me an exact return of your Regiment, and to send all those recruits who have had the smallpox to join the Army. Those who have not, are to be sent to Philadelphia, to be inoculated under the direction of the commanding Officer in that City.... You are to remain at Philadelphia to provide your Regiment with Arms, Clothing &ca. and to send on your Major to receive your detachments.... I am etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, indorsed by him as sent to the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania and to Delaware State. The omitted portions are verbatim duplicates of the Circular to the Connecticut and Rhode Island Colonels beginning: "No pleas, for delay," etc.]
[Note 98: Cols. Francis Ware, of the First; Thomas Price, of the Second; Mordecai Gist, of the Third; Josias Carvil Hall, of the Fourth; William Richardson, of the Fifth; and Lieut. Col. Henry Shryock, of the Sixth Maryland Regiments. Cols. Edward Stevens, of the Tenth; William Russell, of the Thirteenth; Charles Lewis, of the Fourteenth; and David Mason, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiments.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 12, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby directed immediately to send me an exact return of the State of your Regiment, and to march all the Recruits you have to Philadelphia, where they will be inoculated, and receive farther Orders from the Commanding Officer in that City.... You and the Major must come on with the Regiment, leaving behind a sufficient number of proper Officers to carry on the recruiting Service; also the Lieutt. Colo. to direct and hurry them on as fast as they get the Compliment of Men respectively assigned to them. I am etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston. The omitted portion is a verbatim duplicate of the Circular to Connecticut and Rhode Island Colonels, beginning: "No pleas,"etc.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 12, 1777.
Parole Detroit. Countersign Ontario.
Richard Kidder Meade Esqr. appointed Aide-De-Camp to the Commander in Chief, and is to be respected and obeyedas such.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 13, 1777.
Gentn.: The prospect of a Vigorous attack upon Ticonderoga, some time past, [founded on a supposition that the Enemy might pass the Lakes on the Ice] induced me to order all the Continental Battalions of your State to March, as fast as they were raised to that Post. A reconsideration of their Views, founded on a probability too well supported, that they will draw the greater part of their force from Canada by Water, as soon as the Season will permit, has induced me to countermand so much of that order as respects 8 of the Battalions, which I have directed General Heath to send on to Peekskill. There remains no doubt with me, or any of the General Officers here, of the Enemy's determined Resolution to take possession of Philadelphia, as soon as the Roads become passable for their Artillery and Waggons.--The loss of that City, so eminently useful to the Army, must greatly retard our Military Operations, and will, I fear, injure the Cause.
To prevent this, and at the same time be in a Situation effectually to oppose any designs they may have upon Ticonderoga, or the Eastern States; I have determined to collect a respectable force at Peekskill with the utmost Expedition. It will occur to you, at first sight, that they can secure the passage of the North River, that they must oblige the Enemy to leave a Strong Garrison in New York, least we regain the Possession of it, and above all, that a Junction of our main force being easily effected We can take advantage of any Circumstances that may occur, in the course of the approaching Campaign. Having given Genl. Heath particular orders respecting the Innoculation of these 8 Battalions, I will only observe, that I am, etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston. The words within brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 13, 1777.
Sir: Inclosed you have a List of seventeen French Gentlemen taken at St. Johns and six Servants. I always understood that these Gentlemen bore Commissions in the British Service, but by their own return, of which the inclosed is a Copy, only four of them appear to be Officers. If any more are so, I trust to your honor, to send out an equal Number of ours of equal Rank.
Since I last heard from you, I have sent in several of your Officers, Major Edmonston in particular, who signed a parole to return in Fifteen days, or send out one of equal rank. as the Time has long since expired, I imagine you have set him off against some of our Officers released upon parole. That may be the case with the others. If so, please to let me know, who the Officers are, that I may advise them of their release. All the Officers taken at Princeton, except those wounded and not able yet to move, are sent in. I desire in making the Exchanges, you will have regard to my former Directions, of giving a preference to those who have been longest in Captivity, as well as a proportion of the Officers of the different States. I am &ca.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The inclosures are not found in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: By my former directions, the fifteen Regiments belonging to your State, were all ordered to march to Ticonderoga, as soon as they were raised, armed and equipped; but [from sevl. pieces of Intelligence and the prest. appeare. of things] upon a reconsideration of the matter, founded upon several pieces of Intelligence and the present appearance of things, there is a probability that the Enemy will draw part of their force from Canada, by Water, as soon as the St. Lawrence is Navigable, in order to enable them to make a formidable push towards Philadelphia; I have therefore thought it best, that only seven of your Regiments should march to Ticonderoga, and that the remaining eight should rendezvous at Peeks Kill with all expedition. I have given my reasons, very much at large, to Genl. Schuyler, for this alteration; the principal ones are that a respectable Force at Peeks-Kill, secures the Passage of the North River, obliges the Enemy to leave a considerable Garrison in New York, and keeps a Body of Men in our centre, ready to move either north or South, as there may be occasion; another reason, for lessening the number of Regiments from your State to Ticonderoga, in some degree, is, that two Regiments have already marched for that post from the State of New York. Such of your Troops as are intended for Peeks Kill, and are ready, may proceed immediately, and undergo inoculation there, and in the Neighbourhood, where you know the Barracks are very commodious, Such as are not ready, for want of Arms, Accoutrements and Clothing, should be immediately inoculated that they may go thro' the disorder while these things are preparing. But I would wish, on many accounts, that a Force should be collected, as quick as possible, at Peeks Kill; the principal one is that I am confident the appearance of a regular Body there, would embarrass the Enemy, oblige them to return part of the Troops, which they have lately withdrawn from New York to Jersey, and thereby create that diversion which I have all along wanted to keep up. As your Force that is to go to the Northward is lessened, your number of Brigadiers will lessen accordingly, you will therefore send two to Peeks Kill, and the remainder to Ticonderoga. [As Brigadr. Poor of New Hampshire will go (with theTroops of that State) to the last Mentioned Place, the hastening the March of them is also to become an object of your Attention.] I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman The words within brackets were added by Washington. The first bracketed phrase was struck out after being remodeled by Tilghman as above.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: Matters, that could not admit the least delay, have so much engaged my attention, since I had the pleasure of receiving your favour of the 13th. Ulto. that I could not pay a proper regard to its important contents, till within these few days. Your plan deserves my hearty approbation, and when improved by the following hints, will throw the business of your Department into such a Channel, as that great good must necessarily result from it.6 Is it not an happy Circumstance that we have no other Engineer than Lt. Colo. Carmovan? A man of his importance must not degrade himself by taking care of the intrenching Tools for common use; Some other mode should be adopted for their preservation. I would have every Tool on the Iron part stamped, and on the wooden branded, with the Letters U.S. that they may be seized wherever found; Of which public notice must be given. Your Estimate of the number of Regiments in the Eastern and Southern Armies is too low, therefore your calculation of Waggons and Horses &ca. must necessarily be enlarged. Moreover, you have altogether omitted the indispensably useful article of Brigade Waggons, for intrenching Tools, they must be made in such a manner as to lock, that the Tools may be better secured.
[Note 6: Mifflin's letter of February 13 is not found in the Washington Papers.]
I fear your allowance of Horses and Forage to the Major and Brigadier Generals may be under the mark, these Gentlemen may complain that their rank is not attended to. Let a generous sufficiency be provided for them. I concur with you in opinion, that every reason is against making any allowance in Cash to such Officers as may not choose to Keep the number of Horses allowed them.
No person must think of drawing a single shilling of public Money as a Perquisite.
With these additions and alterations in the cut of your new Coat, you may set the Taylor to work immediately.
Wishing you many happy and honourable days in this Suit. I am etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of George Johnston, Mifflin evidently submitted it to Congress, as it is filed in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 8: Brig. Gen. Philemon Dickinson.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 13, 1777.
Sir: I discover from a general return made to me, of the number and state of the Troops at Rariton by Brigadier Genl. Dickinson, that the proportion of Officers, vastly exceeds the number of men at your post; whereby the public is burdened with the unnecessary expence of useless Officers, I by no means condemn the good Spirit that urges these Gentlemen to take the Field, but cannot help observing that they may be more useful by going into the Country, and bringing out such a farther number of men, as would amount to their respective commands. In future, I desire that no more Officers may be retained, than are necessary to command the men, and that without loss of time you regulate the number of Officers now with you, the supernumerary ones must not expect pay after this day. I am etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 14, 1777.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersign Chester.
By order of His Excellency, the execution of Serjt Porterfield is suspended 'till Friday the 21st. Instant.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 14, 1777.
Sir: I was honored several days ago with your Letter of the 25th UIto. with its Inclosures, the receipt of which was omitted to be acknowledged in my last. Could I accomplish the important Objects so eagerly wished by Congress, confining the Enemy within their present Quarters, preventing their getting supplies from the Country and totally subduing them before they are reinforced,10 I should be happy indeed. But what prospect or hope can there be, of my effecting so desirable a Work at this time? The inclosed Return, to which I solicit the most serious attention of Congress, comprehends the whole force I have in Jersey. It is but a handful, and bears no proportion, on the scale of Numbers to that of the Enemy. Added to this, the Major part is made up of Militia. The most sanguine in speculation, cannot deem it more than adequate to the least valuable purposes of War. The reinforcements mentioned to be drawn from General Heath, were merely ideal, nearly the whole of the Eastern Troops which were with him, being here before. They were only engaged 'till to day, and to day they leave the Camp. Their service has been of pretty long continuance and almost the whole of the Winter Months. What prospect there may be of immediate succours from other Quarters, I know not, but from the Militia of this State, I cannot expect to derive much more aid. Those who are well affected, have been so frequently called from their Homes, that they are tired out, and almost profess an abhorence of the Service. Nor have I heard as yet, that any Continental Troops are on the Way. I have wrote to the Brigadier Generals in most of the States upon the Subject and also to the Colonels, urging them by every motive to exert themselves in filling the Regiments and to forward them on. I confess Sir, I feel the most painful anxiety when I reflect on our Situation and that of the Enemy. Unless the Levies arrive soon, we must, before it be long, experience some interesting and melancholy event. I believe the Enemy have
[Note 10: This, although not quoted, is the exact phraseology used by Hancock in his letter to Washington.] fixed their object, and the execution will surely be attempted, as soon as the roads are passable. The unprepared state in which we are, favors all their designs, and it is much to be wished they may not succeed to their warmest expectations.
On recurring to the late promotions of Brigadiers, I find the Number appointed to be short of what I took the liberty to reccommend and not competent to the exigencies of the Service, supposing the whole in Office before and those lately created consent to act, which I have reason to believe will not be the case. I shall only beg leave to refer you to my former Letters upon this Subject, and to assure you, that many disadvantages will result from not having a Sufficient number of Officers, of this Rank. We have always been deficient in this instance, and certain I am, that the Service has been greatly injured by it. The proportion I mentioned was full small, and in my opinion should not be dispensed with.
I would also take the liberty of mentioning again, having received no answer upon the Subject, that Settling the Hospital plan and Establishment becomes more and more necessary. It is an object of infinite importance, and the difficulties of doing it on a proper foundation, will be great, if not almost insurmountable should it be deferred till the Campaign opens and the Enemy begin their operations. The benefits of the institution will soon be known; the want was severely felt in the course of the last year.
There is one thing more, which claims in my opinion the earliest attention of Congress, I mean the pay of the Regimental Surgeons and that of the Mates. These appointments are so essential, that they cannot be done without. The pay in the first instance is so low, so inadequate to the Services, which should be performed, that no man, sustaining the Character of a Gentleman, and who has the least Medical Abilities or Skill in the profession, can think of accepting it. That in the latter, is so paltry and trifling, that none of the least generosity of Sentiment or pretensions to merit, can consent to act for it. In a word, these are inconveniencies of an interesting nature, they amount to an exclusion of persons who could discharge the duties of these Offices; and if not redressed, there is not the smallest probability, that any can be prevailed upon to enter them again.
There are several matters also, which I referred to Congress some time since, and upon which I have not received the result of their deliberations. One, enquiring about the State of Arms and Amunition, I am particularly anxious to be satisfied in.
From the inconveniencies and injuries to the Service of late, for want of Money, I am induced to request, that the strictest regard should be had to furnish the Pay Master with constant and Sufficient supplies. On Sunday he received 500,000 Dollars, half of which is already expended, and the Ballance in a day or two, will be entirely swept away, without discharging the several claims. By his report, the Commissary here requires an immediate draft for 100,000, and the Militia returning and about to leave the Camp 120,000 more. The Expence incurred by calling on them so frequently, is almost incredible. Besides these, there are several arrears due the old Troops and to most of the General and Staff Officers. I have &c.
P.S. I fully intended to transmit you a Genl Return, but am not able to make it out with precision. However from the most accurate estimate that I can form, the whole of our Numbers in Jersey, fit for duty at this time, is under Three Thousand. These (981 excepted) are Militia, and stand engaged only till the last of this Month. The Troops under innoculation, including their Attendants, amount to about One Thousand.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Caleb Gibbs, Richard Kidder Meade, and Harrison, and is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress. It is dated March 11, as was the letter signed, but it was changed to March 14 before it was sent to Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 14, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have for some time past most earnestly expected you, to arrange matters in the Artillery department, which has in a manner lain Still since you went away. I have prevailed upon Colo. Proctor, tho' he is under positive orders from the State of Pennsylvania to return to Philadelphia, to stay till you come back. I beg you will endeavour to bring forward as many of the Artillery Men, intended for this department, as you possibly can, for we have not a Man except those of Colo. Proctors Corps, and they are liable to be called home, upon the least alarm in Delaware. As you see how necessary your presence is here, I hope you will make as much haste as possible to Join. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, March 14, 1777.
Sir: You left this place many weeks ago to collect, as I understood, the remains of your Regiment together. No good, that I have yet seen, has resulted from it; by the last returns, just handed in, you have 263 Sick, absent; Strange this! after such a length of time spent in assembling your Regiment. The season of the year and the exigency of our affairs, will admit of no more delays; I have therefore, in express terms, to desire that you will immediately join your Regiment, that you will order all your Straglers to be brought forward, and that you will use your utmost endeavours (by employing the best qualified and most diligent of your Officers) to compleat your Regiment to its Establishment. What is become of your Lieutt. Colo.? If there is not some cogent reason to assign, his long absence from Camp will stand in a very unfavourable point of View. As your Regiment is deficient in point of numbers and wanting of Officers, I think you had better reduce the number of Companies to the proper establishment of eight. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, March 15, 1777.
Do not, my dear General Sullivan, torment yourself any longer with imaginary Slights, and involve others in the perplexities you feel on that Score. No other officer of rank, in the whole army, has so often conceived himself neglected, Slighted, and ill treated, as you have done, and none I am sure has had less cause than yourself to entertain such Ideas. Mere accidents, things which have occurred in the common course of Service, have been considered by you as designed affronts. But pray Sir, in what respect did General Greene's late command at Fort Lee, differ from his present command at Baskenridge? or from yours at Chatham? And what kind of separate command had General Putnam at New York? I never heard of any, except his commanding there ten days before my arrival from Boston, and one day after I had left it for Harlemheights, as senior Officer. In like manner at Philadelphia, how did his command there differ from the one he has at Princeton, and wherein does either vary from yours at Chatham? Are there any peculiar emoluments or honours to be reaped in the one case and not in the other? No, why then these unreasonable, these unjustiafiable Suspicions? Suspicions which can answer no other end, than to poison your own happiness, and add vexation to that of others.
General Heath, it is true, was ordered to Peeks Kill. So was General Spencer, by the mere chapter of accidents (being almost in the Country) to Providence to watch the motions of the fleet, then hovering in the Sound. What followed after to either or both, was more the effect of chance than design.
Your ideas and mine, respecting separate commands, have but little analogy. I know of but one seperate command properly so called, and that is in the Northern Department, and General Sullivan, General St. Clair or any other General Officer at Ticonderoga, will be considered in no other light, whilst there is a Superior Officer in the Department, than if they were placed at Chatham, Baskenridge, or Princeton.
But I have not time to dwell upon Subjects of this kind; in quitting it, I shall do it with an earnest exhortation, that you will not suffer Yourself to be teized with evils that only exist in the imagination, and with Slights that have no existence at all; keeping in mind at the same time, that if distant armies are to be formed there are several Gentlemen before you, in point of rank, who have a right to claim a preference. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 15, 1777.
Dear Sir: I this evening received the favor of your Letter of the 12th Instt. The order you gave for such part of Gansevoorts' Regiment, as was at Fishkill, to repair to Fort Constitution, I approve of, as also your determination respecting Duboys's, to remain at Fort Montgomery; they may be drawn from these places, where occasion requires it, with the same expedition and ease as from Peeks Kills. The meaning and Spirit of my order, was, that the Troops should be so assembled, that they may be ready to act upon the shortest notice in cases of Emergency; However, I hope that the convention will fall upon Speedy and effectual measures for Garrisoning the above posts and that those Regiments should not be relied on for the purpose.
If the Gallies can be serviceable in the way you mention, they ought to be equipped; but I cannot, nor ever will again break in upon the Regiments appointed for the Land Service, to man them. I have seen and felt the disadvantages arising from reducing Corps by drafts. I should think, the convention15 had better take the matter up, and proceed in such way, as they judge right, or agreeable to such directions as the Marine Committee may give, after it is referred to them.
[Note 15: The New York Legislature.]
It is much to be wished that the States could make up their Quotas of men by voluntary enlistments, rather than in any other way, but if it cannot be done in any reasonable time, they must try some other expedient; if it can be effected by that you mention, it is of importance that it should be immediately adopted; our situation is critical, and the filling the Regiments should not meet with the least avoidable delay.
Securing the Magazines of Hay &ca. mentioned by Mr. Sackerr is certainly an object of much importance, but yet I cannot, by any means, consent that Colo. Livingstons Regiment should be stationed in West Chester County for that purpose. The present State of things will not admit of having the Continental Troops, where they cannot readily be applied to the main purposes, We ought to have in View. It was rather impolitic, to collect Magazines at a place so contiguous to the Enemy and so much exposed, and I am at this time under the necessity of leaving it to the Committee of Convention, under whose management it has been conducted, to have them removed to some place of greater security; which I hope they will be able to effect. I do not preceive, thro' your whole Letter, any mention made of inoculation. This is an object of great importance, and what I wished to claim your first attention. The Campaign will soon be opened, and if it has not been begun, I fear the Troops cannot be carried thro' the disorder, so soon as will be necessary; but as it is so essential, I must repeat my request that it may not be delayed a moment longer.
The part you have taken respecting Mr. Edmonstone, I think perfectly prudent; but however upright his intentions may in reality have been, he has left great room to suspect something unfair. The time limited in his parole for his return has been now near three weeks elapsed, and his not coming out before he did, is certainly an infringement of it and justly merits reprehension. The proposal for his being permitted to go to Canada, appears to me to be Stamped with no great degree of modesty, and to carry in the face of it an insidious design to make him the vehicle of some important instructions to the enemy there. I shall write to General Schuyler on the Subject.
I have given orders to the State of Massachusetts to send on eight of their Regiments to Peeks Kills. You will see that every necessary preparation is made for their reception and accommodation; and as I have directed, that such as are cloathed and armed may be immediately sent on, and pass through inoculation there, I must beg your particular attention to the forwarding this purpose.16
[Note 16: At this point in the draft Alexander Hamilton's long paragraph on the purpose of stationing troops at Peekskill and opinion on the operations of the British has been stricken out.]
On a second view of the matter, I have no great objection that Colo. Livingston's Regiment should be sent to West Chester for a little time, 'till the Convention, by exerting themselves, may be able to call out the Militia to supply its place. But I cannot admit the idea of its being Stationary there, 'till the business is done, as seems to be desired. I consent to its going as a temporary expedient for an immediate exigency, but on no other ground; and this I would do with the greater readiness, if it could be so situated, as to be in the way of obeying a sudden call to this quarter. Urge the Committee to dispatch the removal of the Magazines, to some safe and convenient place. It was utterly impolitic, and ever against my judgment to begin them where they now are. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Alexander Hamilton, is dated March 14.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 15, 1777.
Dear Sir: When speaking of your Son,18 I was just now informed, that he had not been provided for in the late appointment of Officers in your State, being under parole when they were made. The part he early took in the contest, and sufferings for it, would not be rewarded, was he to be neglected; I therefore wish, if he inclines to continue in Service, that he may be appointed to the command of one of the four Companies I wrote Genl. George Clinton to raise, if all the Officers are not already nominated, or if he is not under promises on that head. This you will communicate to Genl. Clinton, and if Mr. McDougall cannot be provided for in that way, you will be pleased to set him to raising a Company and to fix on such Officers as you and he shall esteem good, and who can assist in facilitating the Work. I will annex it to some Regiment. I am etc.19
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 19: Ranald or Ronald T. McDougall, lieutenant in the First New York Regiment.]
Morris Town, March 15, 1777.
Dr. Sir: Give me leave to introduce to your attention, Major Genl. Greene, who obliges me by delivering this. He is a Gentleman in whose abilities I place the most intire confidence. A long acquaintance with him justifies me in this; the danger of Communicating by Letter our present Situation, and the indispensible necessity of Congress knowing it, have compelled me, tho' I can illy Spare so useful an Officer at this time, to Send him to Philadelphia. His perfect knowledge of our Strength, and of my opinion, enables him to give Congress the most Satisfactory Accounts they can desire. I am &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston. This letter was a circular to the Delegates.]
Headquarters, Morris Town, March 16, 1777.
Parole Frankfort. Countersign Kensington.
Lt. Hafnagle24 is appointed Captn. in the 8th Pennsa. Regt. vice Capt Myers25 resigned--he is to be obeyed accordingly.
[Note 24: Capt. Michael Hufnagel. He had been adjutant of the First Continental Infantry.]
[Note 25: Capt. Eleazar Myers.]
Morris Town in Jersey, March 17, 1777.
Sir: Not long since I was honoured with a visit from Colonel Walton,29 one of the Delegates of Georgia to the Continental Congress, who suggested the propriety of an Expedition against St. Augustine, requesting, at the same time, my Opinion to be communicated to you. If the measure can be attempted, with a probability of Success, it is much to be desired; but circumtanced,as I am in point of situation and distance,and for want of a proper knowledge of many things, I can not determine upon it with precision.
[Note 29: George Walton.]
I therefore wish you to inform yourself of the Strength of the Garrison, the fortification and Number of Cannon, the route and approaches to the place, and to consult with the Govr. of Georgia and the President of South Carolina, as to the espediency and practicability of the Enterprise. If it shall be considered, from the forces which they can furnish, the mode for Subsisting the Troops and from the Season of the Year,and every other Circumtance, that it can be attempted with a prospect of Success, it ought to be immediately undertaken. It is an object of considerable importance, and if it could be effected, would produce the most valuable and Salutary consequences.
I have written to the States of Carolina and Georgia upon the subject, and flatter myself if the scheme shall appear advisable, and to promise success, that they will give you every aid necessary to the execution of it. I shall expect to have your sentiments upon the matter, and have only to add, if it is attempted, that the issue of the Enterprise will greatly depend upon the secrecy and dispatch with which it is conducted. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 31: Of South Carolina.]
Morris Town, in Jersey, March 17, 1777.
Sir: The reduction of St Augustine being considered as an object of infinite importance; I have wrote to General Howe, who commands in Georgia, to consult with you, and the Governor of that State, the propriety of making an expedition against it.
If on consideration of every Circumstance, the measure shall seem practicable, and to promise a prospect of Success, I flatter myself, and am well assured, that you will chearfully concur; and give General Howe every Aid in your power, necessary to the execution of it; in conjunction with the Assistance he will derive from Georgia. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 33: Of Georgia.]
Morris Town, in Jersey, March 17, 1777.
Sir: I have wrote to General Howe who Commands in Georgia, to consult with you and the President of South Carolina, the Propriety of making an Attempt upon St Augustine.
If on consideration, the measure shall seem expedient and practicable, I flatter myself, that your State and that of South Carolina will chearfully concur and give General Howe the aid necessary for the execution of it.
The good consequences that will certainly result from such an Expedition, if attended with success, are too obvious to escape your notice, and lead me to hope for a ready compliance with the requisition, if it shall appear, after due consideration had of all circumstances, that the Enterprize would have a fortunate and favorable issue. I have the honor etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 18, 1777.
Sir: The difficulty, if not impossibility, of giving Congress a just Idea of our situation, and of several other important matters requiring their earliest attention by letter, has induced me to prevail on Major General Greene to wait upon them for that purpose. This Gentleman is so much in my Confidence, so intimately acquainted with my ideas, with our strength and our weaknesses, with every thing respecting the Army, that I have thought it unnecessary to particularize or prescribe any certain line of duty or enquiries for him. I shall only say, from the rank he holds as an able and good Officer, in the estimation of all who know him, he deserves the greatest respect and much regard is due to his opinions in the line of his profession. He has upon his mind, such matters as appear to me most material to be immediately considered of, and many more will probably arise during the intercourse you may think proper to honor him with, on all which, I wish to have the sense of Congress and the result of such deliberations as may be formed thereupon.
I have inclosed an Extract of a Letter, received yesterday from Govr.Trumbull, with a Copy of one intercepted, going from the late Govt. Wentworth35 to his Sister. The information contained in the Letter, if true, is important and interesting. How far it is to be relied on, I cannot determine; but there can be no doubt of the British Court's straining every nerve and interest at Home and abroad, to bend us to their insufferable Yoke. I have &c.36
[Note 35: Gov. John Wentworth. The inclosures are not found in either the Washington Papers or the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 36: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 18, 1777.
Sir: The necessity of having the Congress well inform'd of many matters essential to the well being of this army, and the Impracticability of doing this fully by Letter, have induced me to request you (who intimately know our Circumstances) to repair immediately to Philadelphia for this purpose; at the same time, to know how we are to be supplied with Arms and many other Articles of wch. we are exceedingly deficient.
To enumerate the several matters of information necessary to be given, and the enquiries proper to be made, would be as needless, as endless; your own good Sense assisted by such hints as you have recd. will be abundly. Sufft.
Two or three things however, I must in a more particular manner, recomd. to your attention; the one is, the embarrassment I am laid under with respect to carrying the Exchange of Prisoners into Execution (agreeable to the cartel settled with Genl. Howe) by order of Congress on Acct. of the confinement of Lt. Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers.37
[Note 37: In the Papers of the Continental Congress (No. 152, IV, folios 5--9, 13, 19) are various memoranda regarding the exchange of prisoners which Greene seems to have used in conferring with Congress on this subject.]
But I would have you enquire of the Quarter Master Genl. how he stands provided with Tents, Ammunition Carts or Waggons, Waggons for Intrenching Tools and Hatchets, or Tomahawks. Also of the Comy of Stores how he goes on in his Castings of Cannon. Making Cartridges (of which numbers should be in readiness) and in general, what forwardness the business of the Elaboratory is in, and urge him to the most diligent discharge of the duties thereof.
One thing in particular I beg of you to Impress strongly upon Congress, and that is the necessity of keeping the Paymaster regularly supplied with the Article of Cash; without it, every thing moves slowly on; and many, and great disadvantages flow from the want of it, as we have most wofully experienced of late in numberless Instances.
As the Establishment of the horse with respect to the Pay seems to be upon an unstable footing and it is indispensably necessary that both Officers and Men should know what they have to depend upon. I should be glad if the pay could be settled upon such a just and liberal footing as to give satisfaction to the Parties.
Morristown, March 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: I very sincerely congratulate you upon your late promotion. The purport of this Letter is private. Your design in restraining the Waggon Master, from buying and selling Horses, I highly approve, because I am well assured, that a contrary practice would be introductory of a great deal of fraud, and imposition upon the public. But as it is more than probable that, in the course of service, many Horses will be so worn down as to render it beneficial to the public to have them sold, I should be glad, in that case, and no other, to come in as a common purchaser of a parcel of Mares, to the number of even fifty or an hundred.
I have many large Farms and am improving a great deal of Land into Meadow and Pasture, which cannot fail of being profited by a number of Brood Mares; the getting of which, may, perhaps, come easier and readier, in this way, than any other. I again repeat, that it is upon the presumption the good of the service requires such Sales, that I mean to become (as another person) a purchaser: But could wish, nevertheless, that it might be done without any mention of my name; well knowing that the most innocent and upright Actions are often misconstrued, construed, and that it would not be surprising, if it should be said, that I was defrauding the public of these Mares by some collusion or other.
I should not care how low in flesh, or even crippled, they are, provided I could get them home; but I should not like to have them Old, and would prefer Bays, though I shall not object to any Colour. If such Sales are found necessary, you can, I dare say, easily manage the matter so, in my behalf, as to keep my name out of the Question.
My best Respects to Mrs. Mifflin. With truth and sincerity, I am etc.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 19, 1777.
Parole Brunswick. Countersign Amboy.
Major William McWilliams is appointed an Aide-De-Camp to Major Genl Lord Stirling, and is to be obeyed and respected as such.
The Non-commissioned officers and soldiers of Col: Dayton's Regt. whose Arms, and Accoutrements are in repair, are, upon a settlement, to have Credit in their accounts, for the sums stopped from them respectively, for said arms &c--Such of the Arms as have been damaged, and can be repaired, are likewise to be accounted for, with them, making a reasonable allowance for the Repair;--With this the men are to be made acquainted, as soon as possible.
The commanding Officer of the Regiment will, on application, receive a Warrant on the Pay-Master Genl. for the sum necessary--the Arms will then be the property of the public, for which the Colonel, or commanding Officer must be answerable; And he will be careful to take Receipts from the Captains, or Officers commanding Companies, which will so far discharge him; it will be their duty to have them preserved and kept in good order--If any Arms are lost or damaged thro' carelessness of the Soldiers, the loss or damage must be made good by the individual--As the whole Regiment have not reinlisted, the supernumerary Arms and Accoutrements to be delivered to the Commissary of Military Stores, who will give a Receipt for the same.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was a few days ago favoured with yours of the 9th. instt., from Reading, and am glad to find, that the preparations in your department are so forward.
I wrote to you on the 13th, and informed you of what alterations I thought necessary for the future Regulation of the Office of Qr Mr. General, and desired you to proceed with all expedition in the execution of it.
I have a Letter of the 9th, from Mr. Snickers; he had not then recd. your orders for the purchase of Teams, at which he was very uneasy, as the price of Horses was rising daily. I have likewise heard from Mr. Thomas Rutherford, to whom I made the offer of Waggon Master General, but his ill health renders him unfit to fill so active a Department. As I have been unfortunate enough to be disappointed in the only three persons, who came within my Knowledge, as proper to manage so important a Station as Waggon Master General, I must leave the matter to you, and hope you will meet with better Success. You well know the necessary qualifications for this Officer, and how much the ease of your own department depends upon him, that I need give you no directions for your Choice.
I have had so many complaints of irregularity and ill conduct in the Deputy Commissaries, which I have in vain endeavoured to remedy, that I some time ago directed Colo. Trumbull to come down himself and regulate his own Department. I expect him daily, when I hope he will make strict inquiry into the Conduct of all of them, Captn. Wade38 may be a man of warm temper, but he has had a sad disaffected Set to deal with. Whenever the Settlement of your Accounts will permit you to come to head Quarters, I shall be very glad to see you, as the Season approaches fast, when the presence of the heads of every Department will be highly necessary. I am etc.
[Note 38: Capt. Francis(?) Wade.]
P. S. Yours of the 17th. is just come to hand after sealing, which I broke to add this postscript. Colo. Biddle is gone to Philadelphia.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: The late collection of Waggons, by the Enemy upon Long and Staten Islands, some of which are already brought over to Amboy, plainly indicate a move, whenever the State of the Roads will permit. Several Accounts by Deserters and others, also agree, that Materials have been brought from New York for constructing a floating Bridge, which can be for no other purpose than laying across the Delaware. These forward preparations of the Enemy, ought to put us in mind of our backwardness, and tho' I have no doubt of, and have no reason to complain of your exertions, I cannot help mentioning these things to you, that you may impress the Officers with the necessity that there is, for having their Quotas of Men brought into the Field, as early as possible. I find that nothing will procure a just State of the recruiting Service, but obliging the Officers to make actual returns. They draw Arms, Clothes and Money, under pretence of having a great Number of Men, and when they are obliged to make a Return, they fall Shamefully short of my expectations. Of this I have a recent instance from Connecticut one of the Colonels drew four hundred Arms from Peeks Kill, under pretence of having as many Men, and Genl. Parsons, by a late return, makes his Regiment consist of but Eighty. Be pleased also to see that the Men returned are collected for I find another practice prevailing of inlisting the Men, paying them the Bounty and Suffering them to ramble about the Country, by which means they inlist with half a dozen Officers. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 23rd., February, and 6th. March. So far from allowing the Goods brought off from Long Island, to be sold for the captors or rather plunderers that if you had not assured me the officer delivered up all the Goods to you and seemed to think he acted for the best, I should have ordered him to be tried by a court martial for disobedience of orders; But I desire he may be severely reprimanded and the Goods restored to the owners: for if such practices are not put a stop to in the beginning, we shall have nothing but descents upon the Island, under pretence of distressing the Enemy, when in fact it will be to plunder the Inhabitants, without respect to Whig or Tory.
The present disposition of the Enemy, renders an attempt upon Long Island dangerous, if not impracticable. You had therefore, better lay it aside, and content yourself with a Continuance of your exertion in forwarding the Recruits within your Department, as soon as they are out of the small pox, during which time, preparations must be made for accoutreing them. They must not stay at home, till they are as well equipped as they could wish; I fear too many of the Officers make this a pretence for not coming on to Camp. Genl. Howe is preparing fast to take the Field; very little prevents his doing it just now, the badness of the Roads can only prevent him, and they must settle and be passable in a little time. Reinforcements therefore are indispensably necessary. Nothing but inoculation must detain the Recruits. About three Weeks past, Colo. Charles Webb's Son, the Adjutant to his Battalion, came to this place, told me that his Father had four hundred men inlisted, and procured an Order on Mr. Chevers for as many Arms. If he has not a sufficient number of Men to use them all, take the overplus from him and put them into the hands of men already inlisted. It never was my intention to give arms to any Gentleman 'till he had Men to use them immediately. Moreover, I have heard lately, that there are but slender hopes of Colo. Webb's raising his Battalion. Please to inquire into this matter and inform me how it stands. You will observe, how essentially necessary it is that I should immediately be furnished with a State of the Battalions. Be so good as to forward the Return within your Department, as soon as you can possibly procure it. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 20, 1777.
Sir: Having determined to attempt the raising another Battalion in Virginia, the command of which is given to Mr. C. Thruston44 of Frederick, I have a desire to appoint you the Major. I have not forgot, that it was in contemplation for you to fill the office of Lieut. Colonel, of Colo. Henley's Battalion; but, besides the improbability, from his own account, that success will attend this attempt in New England, I discover that there are several Captains in the Virginia Line, with older Commissions than yours, who will complain of so rapid a promotion; For these reasons I think it more for the public good, to offer you this Majority. Angus McDonald Esqr. of Frederick is designed for the Lieutt. Colonel. This at present doubtful whether he will come into Service. Should he refuse, perhaps Circumstances may justify your supplying the Vacancy. Be pleased to communicate your determination to me immediately, in the mean time 'this proper that the recruiting Instructions and Money may be sent to you and the Regiment be filling up during Colo. Thrustoh's indisposition. I am etc.
[Note 44: Col. Charles Mynn Thurston.]
P. S. A certain Gentleman your Junior, is only a Major, and not, as is supposed, a Lieutt. Colo. of Horse.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
[Note 46: Of Fairfax County, Va.]
Morristown, March 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have waited, as I think you must do me the justice to acknowledge, with a good deal of patience, to see if you were disposed to fulfil your agreement with me, respecting the Land I purchased of you in Maryland. As I hear nothing of your intentions of carrying this matter into execution, and see no greater prospect of its being done now, than when the bargain was first made, I cannot help considering the Affair in a point of view very unfavourable.
I think, any Gentleman, possessed of but a very moderate degree of influence with his Wife, might, in the course of five or six Years (for I think it is at least that time) have prevailed upon her to do an Act of justice, in fulfilling his Bargains and complying with his wishes, if he had been really in earnest in requesting the matter of her; especially, as the inducement which you thought would have a powerful operation on Mrs. Alexander, namely the birth of a Child, has been doubled, and tripled.
It is not a very favourable time I acknowledge, to purchase Lands upon the Water; but as this purchase still corresponds with the views I first set out upon, and I have waited your time for the completion of it, with a degree of patience which few others in my situation would have done, I hope you will give me no further cause to complain of your delays; for I cannot help repeating, and the World will believe, that the fault is not in Mrs. Alexander, but yourself, if matters are procrastinated any longer. I am etc.
Morristown, March 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been honoured with your favour of the 15th. Instant. The Reasons for your being overlooked in the appointments of this State, you are, no doubt, as well or better acquainted with, than I am. Some I have heard assigned.
It was my wish to serve you: It is still my wish to do so; but I have been told, that your manner of leaving the Northern Army, was inconsistent with the Character of an Officer. This is not all. I am also told, that you have unfortunately indulged yourself in a loose, unguarded way of talking, which has often brought your own veracity in question, and trouble upon others. This, Sir, I should not have taken the liberty of mentioning, were I not still disposed to serve you, and find that the latter, has but too much influence upon the Corps I wished to get you into. Motives of friendship, therefore, have induced me to hint this matter to you; and your own good sense will excuse the freedom, when I assure you that my intentions are good.
I have no design of raising any more Horse, 'till I see how those now on Foot can be equipped. But, possibly, it may be in my power to give you some other Appointment; especially, If I could be convinced, that such foibles as must forever stain a Character could be done away. For, believe me, Sir, it is considered as a very exceptionable part of yours, and what most people, with whom I have conversed, are afraid of, as hurtful to the good harmony of a Corps, and dangerous to the peace of Society.
This Letter is altogether private: No person, but yourself, is acquainted with the contents of it; and but for the inclination I have to serve you, you also would be uninformed of my sentiments, and wishes for a reformation. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 21, 1777.
Sir: I was last night honoured with your Letter of the 17th Instt. covering sundry Resolutions of Congress, which shall have my attention.
Having charged Major Genl. Greene, who will probably be in Philadelphia to day, with such matters as I wished to refer to the consideration of Congress, I have nothing to trouble them with at this time, or material to inform them of. I have the Honor to be, etc.47
[Note 47: In the wring of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, March 21, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was last night honoured with a Letter from Congress of the 17th. Instt., covering Sundry Resolutions. They have determined to adhere to those formed sometime ago, respecting Lieutt. Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers; Yet I am not able to conclude certainly, whether they mean to hold them as Sureties for the future Safety and good treatment of General Lee 'till his Exchange is really effected, or whether they are only to be detained, till he is declared by General Howe to be on the same footing of other prisoners belonging to our Army, and exchangeable in like manner, whenever we have an Officer of theirs of equal rank to offer for him. You know the meetings already had for settling a more regular mode of Exchange change, and how embarrassing my situation is, I therefore wish you to obtain the Sense of Congress explicitly upon the Subject and to transmit it as early as you can, with such Resolves as they may pass about fixing a Cartel. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 21, 1777.
Parole Effingham. Countersign Falkland.
The execution of Serjt. Porterfield is stopt 'till Friday the 28th. Instant.
The Colonels, and Commanding Officers, of all the Continental Battalions at present in the Jerseys, are immediately to make out their respective Abstracts up to the first of this Month giving Credit in them, for all sums of money received by them respectively on account, and deliver them to the Pay Master General--No excuse will be admitted for the least delay.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 22, 1777.
Parole Georgia. Countersign Hallifax.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to make the following promotions.--viz:
Major John Green of the 1st. Virginia Battalion to be Lieutenant ant Colonel of the same, vacant by the death of Lt Col. Eppes.49 Capt. Robert Ballard of the same to be the Major of the same, vacant by the promotion of Lt Col Green.
[Note 49: Lieut. Col, Francis Eppes. He was killed in the Battle of Long Island, N.Y.]
Lieut. Col Alexander Spotswood of the 2nd. Virginia Battn. to be Colonel of the same, vacant by the resignation of Col. Woodford50--Major Richard Parker of the 6th. to be Lieut. Colonel, vacant by the promotion of Col. Spotswood. Capt. Morgan Alexander of the 2nd. to be the Major, vacant by the promotion of Lt Col Markham51 to the 8th.
[Note 50: Col. William Woodford. He had been promoted to brigadier general, Continental Army, on February 21; wounded at Brandywine, Pa., on September 11; taken prisonerat Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; died in captivity on November 13 of that year.]
[Note 51: Lieut. Col. John Markham. He was cashiered Oct. 26, 1777.]
Lt Col Thomas Marshall of the 3rd Virginia Battalion to command the same, vacant by the promotion of Brigadier Weedon.52
[Note 52: Brig. Gen. George Weedon.]
Capt. George Gibson of the 1st. Virginia Battalion, to be Major of the 4th., vacant by the promotion of Lt Col Sayres53 to the 9th.
[Note 53: Lieut. Col. John Sayres. He was killed at Germantown, Pa.]
Lt Col Alexander McClenachan of the 7th. Virginia Battalion to be Colonel of that Battalion, vacant by the removal of Col Crawford:54 Major William Neilson of the same to be Lieutenant Colonel, vacant by the promotion of Col McClenachan: Capt. William Davies of the 1st. to be Major, vacant by the promotion of Lt. Col Neilson.
[Note 54: Maj. William Crawford.]
Lt Col Bowman55 of the 8th. Virginia Battalion to be Colonel of the same, by promotion of Brigadier Muhlenberg, and Major John Markham of the 2nd. to be Lieutenant Colonel, vacant by promotion of Col Bowman.
[Note 55: Lieut. Col. Abraham Bowman. He resigned in December.]
Lt. Col George Matthews of the 9th. Virginia Battalion to be Colonel of the same, vacant by the death of Col Fleming56 and Major John Sayres of the 4th. to be Lieut. Colonel, vacant by the promotion of Col Mathews.
[Note 56: Col. Thomas Fleming. He had died Jan. 30, 1777.]
As it is not possible, from the present dispersed state of the Virginia Officers, many of whom are necessarily absent from the Army, and may have a claim for promotion, but are not taken notice of in the foregoing arrangement, it is to be observed that no Conclusion must be drawn from this order in prejudice of such Gentlemen. When circumstances will permit the residue of the vacancies will be filled up, and the Rank of all the officers in that Line settled on just and reasonable principles; regard being had to their seniority, and the good of the service.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am again called upon for another meeting between Colo. Walcott and Mr. Harrison, to negotiate the Cartel, so long the Subject of correspondence between Genl. Howe and Myself, and those two Gentlemen. Without incurring a further charge of delay, I could not defer their interview longer than next Friday morning; i therefore request, that you will transmit me by Express, who may arrive here early enough on Thursday for Mr. Harrison to set out, such Resolution, as Congress shall have or may form on your Application, for their vesting me with powers for settling this Business; also their sense, in direct and explicit terms, on the Subject of my last to you; Viz, whether they mean to release and Exchange Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers, supposing Genl. Howe should declare Genl. Lee on the footing of other prisoners, and liable to be Exchanged on the principles of the agreement now subsisting, or whether they are determined to detain them, tho' he should. I wish much to be satisfied in those points, a Knowledge of them may prevent further embarrassments and more unnecessary meetings upon the Subject of a Cartel.57
[Note 57: Hancock wrote Washington (March 26): "The Congress have authorized you to proceed in the Exchange of Prisoners agreeably to the Cartel at present existing, or such other Regulations as you may think proper to make in the Matter, provided the Enemy will relax in their Treatment of Genl. Lee and acknowledge him to be a Prisoner of War, and as such entitled to be exchanged." Hancock's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
I have nothing material to advise you of, unless it is, that it was reported last night, that five deserters came to Colo. Hand's Regiment yesterday morning, and Seven the Evening before, they are not arrived here yet, but I believe the Account is true. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you the 13th, directing you to order eight of the Regiments of your State, to march, with the greatest expedition, to Peeks Kill; I then gave you my Reasons for this alteration of my former orders. Altho' I called upon you in the most pressing manner, to hurry the Troops on, I cannot help again repeating my distress for the want of Men. The general backwardness of the recruiting Service, to which must be added the necessary delay of inoculation, makes me very fearful, that the Enemy will be enabled to take the field before we can collect a force any ways adequate to making a proper opposition.
I therefore again conjure you, to leave no means untried, to send those immediately forward, who have had the Small pox, and those who have undergone inoculation, as soon as they can with safety undergo the fatigue of the march. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., Morris Town, March 23, 1777.
Sir: Colo. Palfrey having expressed a desire to settle the Accounts counts of his Office to this time has obtained my permission to repair to Philadelphia and now waits on Congress with his Books and Vouchers, hoping that a Committee will be appointed to examine and adjust the same.
The disadvantages which have arisen to the Service and which have been severely felt, for want of constant Supplies in the Military Chest, are almost incredible and are not to be described, but with difficulty, to those who are not immediately in the Army and privy to the frequent and importunate Applications that are made. To prevent inconveniencies of the like nature, in future, I have thought it proper, that an Estimate of the Monthly advances should be formed and laid before Congress. This Colo. Palfrey will do, and tho' it cannot be effected with a degree of scrupulous exactness and precision; Yet from his intimate knowledge of the incidental charges and expences, in the Common course of things, the calculation I apprehend will be attended with many benefits. It will shew Congress the necessary provisions of Money to be made for ordinary contingencies and enable them to form a Rule for their government in the instance of Supplies in the Army. I have &c.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, also by Harrison, contains the additional sentence: "To him I beg leave to refer you, and adding that much regard is due to his Opinions on this Subject and every Matter appertaining to his Office."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 23, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 8th and 10th Inst. The first accompanying an Account of the Committee of Simsbury, against prisoners who were sent there by my order. There is no part of the charge to be objected against, but that of £9.6.0 said to be the Expence and trouble of the Committee themselves. I cannot see how either could have been incurred in so trivial a Matter; or if any, that it could have borne so large a proportion. However, I think the State had better pay what is reasonable and right and make a Continental Charge of it.
I wish you may not have been deceived in the forwardness of your Regiments, for I can assure you, the Returns fall far short of what was given out. Chandlers, Swifts and Chas. Webbs,61 by General Parsons's Letter of the 6th Inst., had only Eighty Men each. Tho' the latter sent his son down some Weeks ago and drew four hundred Stand of Arms, assuring me that his father had as many men ready. None of the other Regiments were half full, Durkee's62 had only 140 Men. From this State of Facts it is evident, that if the most spirited exertions are not made, the Enemy will take the Field before we can draw a sufficient head of Men together to oppose them. I am informed that the State of Massachusetts have called upon their different Districts, to furnish as many Men as are sufficient to make up their Quota of the Eighty Eight Battalions, and that they have Succeeded by this Mode, far better than if they had proceeded in the usual line of inlistment. I dont know whether your State can exercise such powers; but if you can, you could never make use of them at a better time. From the present appearance of
[Note 61: Col. John Chandler's Eighth, Col. Heman Swift's Seventh, and Col. Charles Webb's Second Connecticut Regiments.]
[Note 62: Col. John Durkee's Fourth Connecticut Regiment.] the Weather, the Spring promises to be a forward one, and from every account, the Enemy only wait for good Weather and good Roads to take the field.
The reinforcement of Russians, spoke of by Govr. Wentworth, is mentioned in several letters that have been thrown out, I believe, with an intent to divide and intimidate; for altho I do not doubt but they would employ Russians or any other Barbarians to accomplish their designs, I do not think there is a probability that they can be here very shortly, if at all.
Govr. Livingston informed me a few days ago, that he understood, that Governor Franklin, by some means or other contrived to carry on a Correspondence with Mr. Hugh Wallace in New York; And a Gentleman of the name of Livingston, who went into New York and took protection, but not liking his Situation returned again informs upon oath, that he heard that Governor Franklin, granted protections to such as would take them in Connecticut, and that one Shackles of Middletown carried on a Correspondence with Miles Sherbrook in New York. This, Livingston says, he had from Sherbrooks Clerk. I dont know that the foregoing amounts to possitive proof against Governor Franklin, but it ought at least to put you upon your guard and have him narrowly watched. I am &c.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 26, 1777.
Sir: Yesterday a Letter, of which the Inclosed is a Copy, came to my hands. The Acct. is confirmed by a Countryman who is since come in, but nothing distinct has yet been received.
The aid required of me in Colo Hay's Letter, cannot be given. I have no Men to oppose the Enemy's designs in any one Quarter, altho' called upon from every Quarter. All that was possible for me to do towards collecting a force at Peekskill, I had attempted before. I had in peremptory terms called upon the Officers of Rhode Island and Connecticut, to forward on their Recruits (under proper Officers) as fast as possible, to that place; I had directed such of the New York Regiments as had not been ordered to Tyconderoga, to repair thither, I had requested Eight of the Massachusetts Regiments to be Marched to that Post, and lest these should not arrive in time, I urged Govr. Trumbull in a Letter of the 6th Instt. to send 2000 of his Militia to the same place.
But, sorry I am to observe, the Militia have got tired, and, that the Colonels of the Continental Regiments have been greatly deceived themselves, have greatly deceived me, or, the most unheard of Desertions, or most scandalous Peculations have prevail'd, among the Officers who have been Imployed in Recruiting; for Regiments, reported two, and three Months ago, to be haft compleated, are, upon the Colonels being called upon in possitive terms, for a just State of them, found to contain less than a hundred Men; and this not the case of a Single Regiment only, but of many.--In Connecticut alone, by a Letter from Genl Parsons of the 6th Instt. four Regiments are mentioned as having not more than Eighty Rank and File each.64
[Note 64: Col. Israel Shreve wrote (March 22) in excuse of this condition, and on his letter, now in the Washington Papers, in the following note in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison: "Anad. 26th: Returns so essential--so necessy. that they can no longer be dispensed with. The Officers must be called on who are recruiting and they must be made."]
These Sir are Melancholy truths, but Facts they are, and necessary to be known to Congress, however prudent it may be to conceal them from the observations of others.
To superintend the business of Recruiting. To see that the Officers were diligent. To prevent Impositions, if possible, to appoint fit places of Rendezvous, to see that the Recruits were actually brought to those places, and there equip'd. and train'd for the Field, were among the great objects which early, and repeatedly, induced me to press the appointment of Genl. Officers; but unfortunately the delay of appointing, being followed by the resignation of some Officers, and non-acceptance of others, will Involve the Army in a mere Chaos of Confusion, at a time when the utmost order and regularity should prevail, and when all our arrangements ought to be completely established. The Medical department will, it is much to be feared, be in the same Situation, not an Officer yet appointed to it.
For want of proper coercive powers, from disaffection, and other causes, the Militia of this State are not to be depended upon. They are drawn out with difficulty; and at a most enormous expence, as their Accts. will shew; they come, you can scarce tell how, they go, you hardly know when. In the same predicament are those of Pensylvania. Numbers from this State have joind the Enemy, and many more are disposed to do so, as the Letter from a Mr. Hoff, copy of which is Inclosed, (corresponding with several others of the same tenor) sufficiently evinces. I have the honor to be etc.
P.S. Small as our prest. force is, it will be reduc'd in a few days by the going of of the Jersey 3 Month's Men, the Cecil County Militia, and the Virginia Volunteers, all of whom claim discharges the first of next Month (April). I have sent an Officer express towards Peekskill, to enquire into the Circumstances and the consequences of the Enemy's Descent on that place, not being able to Acct. for Genl. McDougall's, (who Commands there) and Genl. Clinton's, who is at the Forts in the Highlands, their Silence upon this Occasion.65
[Note 65: The draft is entirely in the writing of Washington; the letter sent is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 26, 1777.
Sir: I have the greatest reason to believe that Soldiers, when they are dismissed the Hospitals, in which they have been, instead of joining the Corps they belong to, go Stroling about the country at their own option, to the great detriment of the Services. It is absolutely necessary, that a remedy should be provided against this evil in future, which can only be found in making it an invariable rule to discharge none, without putting them under the care of proper Officers whose business it shall be to conduct them to their respective Regiments; a return of his Men so discharged, should be sent to the Commanding Officer of each Regiment, And regular reports should be transmitted to me of every particular, respecting their dismission; the time, the number, the Corps to which they appertain, and the Officers to whose care they are committed. Without these precautions, our Hospitals can never answer the ends for which they were intended; and the Army must lose the Services of a great many men who are in a condition to render them.
To enable you to establish this rule, I now authorise you to call upon the Commanding officer nearest the Hospital from which the men are to be sent, to furnish you with such officers as shall be wanted for the purpose. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 26, 1777.
Parole Hunterdon. Countersign Sussex.
Various opinions prevailing in the 9th. Virginia Battalion, respecting the Rank of several of the officers in it, Major Genl. Stephen will inquire into their respective claims, and state their Ranks, agreeable to justice and seniority; of which he will make report.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 27, 1777.
Parole Shepherd's-Town. Countersign Gates.
The General, having directed, that all Surgeons, who have the superintendency of Military Hospitals, should send all Soldiers whom they discharge, under the care of proper officers, to join their respective regiments, making report to the Commanding Officer of each regiment of the number of men so discharged, belonging to his Corps; desires that the commanding officer of the department, nearest any Hospital, from which they are to be dismissed, will, upon application of the Surgeons thereof, furnish an officer, or officers, for the occasion, proportioned to the number of men to be comitted to his, or their care, and when any number of men are sent to any of the Military Hospitals to be inoculated, an officer, or officers to be sent with them, from the respective Corps to which they belong, that proper care may be taken of them, whilst under inoculation.
Morris Town, March 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 10th. Instt. from Philadelphia, came duly to hand. In answer to that part of it which respects Captains Thornton and Washington, I have to observe, that upon looking over the list of Virginia Officers, and finding that neither of these Gentlemen in the common course of promotion (notwithstanding the Number of vacancies which had lately happened in those Regiments) would, by several, come in as Field Officers; I thought, however great their merit might be, the advancing them at once to the rank of Lieutt. Colonels wou'd (considering the connexion between us), be looked upon as the effect of partiality; I have therefore made Captain Washington,67 Major of Moylan's light Dragoons, and Captt. Thornton Major of a Regiment to be raised by Colo. Thruston in Virginia, with the chance of being Lieutt. Colonel of it, if Angus McDonald refuses that offer. This appointment must, I should think, be more agreeable to Thornton, than to be thrown into an Eastern Regiment, provided it could be raised, of which there is little prospect, as the Massachusetts have added a large additional Bounty to that allowed by Congress, which puts a total stop, Henly writes me, to his inlisting a Man. Thornton is authorised to facilitate the recruiting of Thruston's Regiment, and will, I hope, exert himself to the utmost, in getting it compleated, especially as Thruston's wound will render it impossible for him to take an active part for some time to come, and McDonalds acceptance of the Lieutt. Colonelcy much doubted here.
[Note 67: Maj. William Augustine Washington.]
I have not yet seen any of the recovered Soldiers of the third Regiment, spoken of as ordered to this place by you; It is next to impossible, I find, to get either Officers or men out of comfortable Quarters, issue what orders you will for this purpose; nothing, I am convinced, but the breaking of two or three Officers in every Regiment, will effect a radical cure of their negligence, inattention, and in fact, down right disobedience, which is now so prevalent among the Officers of this Army, and this remedy shall most assuredly be administred.
You conclude your letter, my good Sir, with an assurance, that you shall see me early in the Summer; surely you meant this by way of Joke or trial only, can you possibly conceive, that my consent would be obtained for such an absence as this? Could I stand justified, do you think, in the opinion of the public, to suffer the Officers of the States to be absent so long, at the most important and active part perhaps, of the Campaign? No Sir, it is neither to be done, nor expected; no man wishes more to gratify officers than I do, nor can any Man feel more for their private inconveniencies, because no Person suffers more by an absence from home than myself; but when I forego all the advantages of private Interest, and have more cause to regret my confinement and may suffer more by it, from a peculiarity of circumstances than any other man in the Service, from a sense of duty to the public, it cannot be presumed that, that sense which totally restrains my own wishes, can give unbounded indulgencies to others. I must therefore inform you, that I cannot consent to your being longer from the Army than the 10th of May, that will allow you as many Months, as I should be sincerely thankful, for Weeks, to go home and return in.
Your old Lieutt. Colonel Marshall68 is not yet returned to Camp, I must therefore desire, that in my Name, you will order him, and every other Officer of the Virginia Troops, not actually engaged in recruiting by proper authority, nor on Furlough, nor on business, having written Leave, and written instructions from General Stephen or myself, to join their respective Regiments immediately, if they went from the Army; If they are from any of the Corps coming on, to execute the orders they are charged with and come on without delay. My Compliments to all Friends. I am, etc.69
[Note 68: Lieut. Col. Thomas Marshall, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to colonel Feb. 21, 1777; resigned December 4; taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780.]
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 28, 1777.
Parole Lancaster. Countersign York.
The Execution of Serjt. Porter field is suspended, by order of the Commander in Chief, 'till Friday the 4th of April.
Morris Town, March 28, 1777.
Dr. Sir: I cannot, upon any principle whatever, acct. for your inattention, to my repeated requests to come forward to the Army, and regulate the business of your department in this Quarter. The expediency alone of the Measure, would, I expected, have prompted a Visit; this not happening, I desired Captn. Wadsworth to inform you, in my name, of the necessity there was for your attendance, and since that, in a Letter of the, ... I did, in explicite terms, press you to delay no time in complying with that request, as there never was greater occasion for the exertions of an Officer, in any department, than in yours, to recover the business from the confusion and disorder it had got into.
I once more repeat this request, and expect due attention will be paid to it. The public has, I am persuaded, sustained a loss of many thousand pounds by misconduct in your department, in this quarter, and this perhaps a small Evil in comparison of what we may suffer, if proper Provision is not made for the Troops. With esteem and regard, I remain, etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 28, 1777.
Gentn.: I am glad to find by your publication in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of the 19th Inst.; that you have compleated your arrangement of Field Officers, by means of which I hope the recruiting of your Battalions will go on more briskly, than it has done heretofore. By the promotion of Major Butler76 and death of the Colo.77 and Lieut. Colonel,78 the eighth Regiment of your state is left without a Field Officer, I must therefore desire that you will order the three new field Officers to join immediately, for I can assure you, that no Regiment in the Service wants them more. From the dissentions that have long prevailed in that Corps; discipline has been much relaxed, and it will require strict care and attention to both Officers and Men to bring them back to a proper sense of Subordination and duty.--By the Absence of Colo. Hand,79 the dismission of Lieut. Colo Chambers,80 and the Resignation of Major Ross,81 (who
[Note 76: Lieut, Col. Richard Butler.]
[Note 77: CoI. Eneas Mackay.]
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. George Wilson.]
[Note 79: Col. Edward Hand.]
[Note 80: Lieut. Col. James Chambers. He was promoted to colonel and commanded the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment at this date; was wounded at Brandywine, Pa.]
[Note 81: Maj. James Ross. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel and transferred to the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment.] I see is again promoted) the 1st Regt. is likewise destitute of Field Officers, and what adds to the Misfortune, is, that Capt. Hamilton82 the Senior Officer was unluckily taken Prisoner a few days ago, as he was reconnoitring. I must therefore beg that you will Order Colo Hand, immediately to join his Regiment, and to bring with him such of his Sick as are recovered and what recruits have been lately inlisted. He left the Army some time ago for this purpose, but tho' I have wrote to him expressly, to come forward, I have never heard of him or from him, which I cannot account for, unless my Letters have miscarried.--By the late powers granted to me by Congress, I had a right to fill up all Commissions, under the Rank of Brigadiers General; but as I thought the Conventions, Assemblies, or Councils of Safety, of the different States, were best acquainted with the Persons proper to fill the necessary Appointments, I was pleased to see that you had compleated your Arrangements yourselves in the first instance. In order to prevent the inconveniencies and delays that may arise from any Vacancies that may happen in future, remaining unfilled, I shall take the liberty to make the Appointments, always taking care to pay a due regard to Seniority, where merit is equal. I have the honor etc.83
[Note 82: Capt. James Hamilton.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 29, 1777.
Sir: I last night had the honor to receive your Letter of the 26th. Instt. accompanied by sundry Resolves of Congress and some other papers.
The arrival of the Arms, Locks and Flints, you have been pleased to mention, is a most fortunate and happy event. I join you most sincerely, in congratulations upon the occasion.86
[Note 86: "Tuesday last [March 24] I arrived here the brig Sally, Capt, Stocker, in 11 weeks from Nants, in France, with 6800 stand of small arms, a large number of gun locks &c."-- Pennsylvania Gazette. Mar. 26, 1777.]
I have not yet obtained a Certain account of the expedition against and destruction of Peek's Kills. Information of those events has not been transmitted by Genls McDougall or Clinton or the Convention of the State. There is no doubt, but the Town is destroyed and with it some Stores; neither the quality or amount of them is known. It is said, that it was done in part by our own people, when they found, that they could not prevent them falling into the Enemy's Hands. The Ships and Troops have gone clown the River again.87
[Note 87: Brig. Gen. Alexander McDougall wrote (March 29) to Washington an account of the British mid against Peekskill. Stoics and provisions to a considerable amount had been collected at that place and Howe determined to destroy them. He sent out an American artillery officers, who had been captured at Port Washington and exchanged, and this officer reported having heard the enemy talk of a foraging expedition by three divisions, one up the Sound to Mamamroneck, another from Kings Bridge by the center road, and a third to land at Tarrytown. McDougall had only 250 men and took no steps other than to prepare for removing the stores to places of greater safety--to Forts Montgomery andConstitution.
Before this was accomplished nine or ten of the enemy's vessels appeared. in the North River near Tarrytown, and two of them ascended as high as Tellers Point, 12 miles below Peekskill, on the evening of March 22. The next day, at noon, they reached Peekskill, At, 1 o'clock about 500 men in eight flatboats landed at Lents Cove, on the south side of the bay, with four pieces of light artillery drawn by the sailors. This force being double General McDougall's, he destroyed such stores as he could and retreated towards the Highlands and sent orders to Lieut. Col. Marinus Willett, at Fort Constitution, to march to his assistance. The British kept possession of the town till the next day, when Willet attacked their outpost and drove it in, That evening the British embarked, and sailed down the river. Nine of the enemy were killed and wounded in the skirmish with Wilier, and four were killed at the creek while attempting to burn the boats. The Americans had one man mortally wounded by a cannon shot, and the loss of provisions and stores was considerable. McDougall's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mr. Kirkland, the Oneida Missionary, arrived here this week, with a Chief Warrior and five other Indians of that Nation. They had been to Boston and came from thence to this place, to enquire into the true state of matters, that they might report them to a Grand Council to be shortly held. They said things were so falsely and variously represented by our Enemies thro their Agents, that they did not know what to depend on. I invited them to go to Philadelphia, but they declined it, declaring they were well satisfied with what they had seen and that they were authorized to tell their Nation, all they had heard from the Enemy was false. Being told that France was assisting us and about to join in the War, they seemed highly pleased and Mr Kirkland said, he was persuaded it would have a considerable effect on the Minds of several of the Nations and secure to us their neutrality, if not a declaration and commencement of Hostilities in our favor. I shewed them every civility in my power and every thing that I thought material to excite in them an Idea of our strength and independence. After staying Two days, they set off for their Nation, expressing their desire of the most speedy return to the Council and professing the most friendly Sentiments towards us. I am &c.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Morris Town, March 29, 1777.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you this Morning by the Return Express, the Eastern post arrived. The Intelligence he brought, is agreeable and interesting, as you will perceive by the inclosed Letter from Mr. Hazard,89 which I do myself the pleasure of transmitting you. I am happy to say the Arrival of the Ship at Portsmouth,90 and the Capture of the two Prizes, is confirmed by other Letters from Gentlemen of note in and about Boston.
[Note 89: Ebenezer Hazard, Postmaster General. His memorandum is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 90: The Mercury, one of Beaumarchais's supply ships, arrived at Portsmouth, N.H., on March 17.]
Upon these events I give you my most hearty congratulations. Some of the Letters add, that a French General, Colo and Major91 came passengers in the Ship who are highly recommended by Doctr. Franklin.
[Note 91: It is difficult to identify the French officers who came in the Mercury.]
The Affair of Peeks Kills has not been transmitted me with certainty, but I am informed the relation of it in Loudon's Paper,92 which I have inclosed, is nearly as it happened. I am &c.93
[Note 92: Samuel Loudon's New York Packet, published at Fishkill.]
[Note 93: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent varies slightly from the draft, which is also by Harrison.]
Morris Town, March 29, 1777.
Sir: The situation of our Affairs compels me, again to call upon you in the most pressing and positive terms, to hasten and march the Troops of your State (those inlisted for the Continent I mean) to Ticonderoga without one Moments loss of time. Nothing which can facilitate the marching of the whole, or as many as are raised with proper Officers, going yourself, must be left unattempted. The conduct of the recruiting Officers should be closely attended to, there being great reason to believe, that idleness and dissipation engrosses too much of their time for the public weal. Characters of this kind, wheresoever they are found, will be marked. There is one thing more to which I must urge your most serious exertions, I mean the Arming and equipping your Troops, in the best manner you possibly can. You know how important this is, and I am persuaded the Convention will use every means to effect it. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, March 29, 1777.
Sir: The Situation of our Affairs again compells me to call upon you in express, and positive terms, to hasten the Troops of your State (those Inlisted for the Continent I mean) to Peeks Kills, or head Quarters, without one moments loss of time. I do not mean by this to interupt the Inoculation of them; but, that nothing which can facilitate the March of the whole, or part (under proper Officers) may be left unattempted. I also mean that the Conduct of the Recruiting Officers should be closely attended to, as I have but too much reason to believe that Idleness and dissipation engrosses too much of their time for the Public Weal; Characters of this kind will be mark'd.
I shall expect to hear from you by the Post, every Week, and am, etc.95
[Note 95: A notation on this letter says, "The same to Maj. Gen. William Heath directing the Massachusetts troops to Peekskill and Ticonderoga agreeable to former orders." (The letter sent to Heath, however, varied considerably from this. See following letter.) "The same to Brig. Gen. James Mitchell Varnum, directing the Rhode Island troops to Peekskill or Headquarters."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 29, 1777.
Dear Sir: The Situation of our Affairs again compells me to call upon you in express, and positive Terms to hasten the Troops of your State (those inlisted for the Continent I mean) to Peeks Kill, or Ticonderoga in such proportions as I have before directed, without one Moments loss of time. The Enemy have lately, taking advantage of our weakness at Peekskill, made a descent there, burnt the lower Barracks, our Store Houses and a valuable parcel of Stores. Perhaps elated by their Success, they may return up the River, and proceed as high as the Forts, which, if they do suddenly, and with any tolerable Force, I do not see what is to hinder them from making themselves masters of them. Those Regiments intended for Peekskill may march immediately thither and undergo innoculation there and in the Neighbourhood, except you think there is any danger of their taking the infection in the natural way as they march thro' Connecticut.
Genl. Knox has desired me to direct you to pay the Abstracts of the Artificers at Springfield as their money becomes due, and also to pay Mr. Jarvis96 of Boston Ten thousand dollars on account of Ordnance Stores which he has purchased. The Money may be obtained from Mr. Hancock97 the Deputy Pay Master Genl.
[Note 96: Leonard (?) Jarvis.]
[Note 97: Ebenezer Hancock.]
I shall expect to hear from you by the Post every Week and am, etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 29, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 21st by Express, and return you my most sincere thanks for your ready compliance with my request for two thousand Militia. A late manoeuvre of the Enemy, convinces us of the Necessity there is for an immediate March of this Body of Men to Peekskill. I imagine, upon information of our weakness at that post, the Eastern Militia having just left it and that there were a Valuable parcel of Stores there, last Sunday a Frigate and four Transports ran up the River, they landed a number of Men, said to be four Regiments of British; drove off General McDougal, who had but 220 Men at that time with him, and burnt the Store Houses with what Stores they contained. As I have not yet had a particular Account from General McDougal, I dont know the quantity or Value, but I hope there are not many of the Military kind lost. I am informed by a Gentn. who is come down, that Rum, Sugars and Molasses are the Principal. The next day the Troops went on board and the Ships fell down again. perhaps finding their conquest so easy, they may be induced to return again and Attempt the Forts, which are at present too weakly garrisoned to make much resistance.
I yesterday received information, from an intelligent Gentleman, who says "the Enemy are Stealing off, first on to Staten Island and then to New York. Last Sunday at least 2000 cross'd on to the Island and I believe are there yet, it is a fact that New York is fuller of Soldiers, than it has been for some time past." If this should prove true, I dont know what other motives they can have for withdrawing their troops from Jersey, but to go up the North River. General Arnold also says, in a letter of the 11th Inst. that Ten Transports that appeared full of troops passed Point Judith to the Westward on the 4th. This also looks, as if a Collection of Troops was making at New York for some purpose or other. To frustrate any designs of this kind, I beg that not only your Militia, but your Continental Troops may be hastened on with all expedition, for if I am not speedily reinforced in Jersey, the Enemy may leave small garrisons in Amboy and Brunswick, which they have fortifyed strongly; and make use of the Residue or such Number, as they may think necessary, to seize upon the Forts and passes upon the North River. When they have once possessed them, a small force will maintain them; especially as they have the Command of the Water. The Command of the passages over the North River and the free Navigation of it, would prove fatal to us; as the Eastern and Southern States would not only be cut off from each other, But Ticonderoga must also be evacuated for want of Supplies. I wrote you fully on the 23d, pressing you to fill up your Regiments by drafts, if it could not be done by any other means, to this I have not had your Answer.
I have the pleasure to inform you that a Vessel arrived at Philadelphia a few days ago from France, with Eleven thousand stand of Arms and some other Military Stores. The Accounts of the Intentions of France were most favorable.
The late arrival of Arms at Portsmouth, is so ample, that we shall have no future complaint for the want of them; I shall therefore expect every Man of the new Levies in the Field shortly; those who have had the Small Pox, immediately, and those who have not, as soon as they recover from innoculation. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 30, 1777.
Dear Sir: Since mine of yesterday I received your favour of the 16th. The fortunate arrival of Arms at Portsmouth, will remove all difficulties which you laboured under for want of them, and I therefore hope your next will inform me, that some of your Troops are on their march to Peeks Kill, as well as to Ticonderoga. You will see the necessity of sending part to Peeks kill, as quick as possible, by my letter of Yesterday.
Major Austin is a Gentleman and a Man of Sense, and, before the unfortunate Step at the plains, was esteemed an excellent Officer. His excuse for his conduct is certainly, strictly considered, rather an aggravation of his crime, for there cannot be a greater failing in a Soldier than drunkenness. This, however, might have been the effect of an unguarded hour; if so, Major Austin has undergone a punishment equal to the offence; But I think I have heard that he is apt to drink, that is a matter that should be fully cleared up, before I could consent to his coming into the Army again. If upon inquiry, you find that his general Character, before and since, is that of a Man of Sobriety, I should think he might be intrusted with a Commission again. I am etc.
[Note 3: Colonel of Massachusetts Militia in 1776; colonel in the Continental Army in 1777; Adjutant General of the Continental Army from June 18, 1777, to Jan. 13, 1778, having been appointed a member of the Continental Board of War Nov. 7, 1777; Quartermaster General of the Continental Army from Aug. 5, 1780, to July 28, 1785, when the office was abolished. Later he was a member of the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania; Postmaster General, Secretary of War, and Secretary of State. He was a captious critic of Washington and acted a part in the infamous Conway Cabal.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 30, 1777.
Sir: The office of Adjutant General being vacant, by the resignation of Colo. Reed, and the power of appointing a successor with me, I am induced, from the good opinion I entertain of your attachment to the Interest of the United States and your Military character, not only to make a tender, but most heartily to wish your acceptance of it. It will give me much pleasure if the offer meets your concurrence, and if it should, I must request that you will loose no time in repairing to Head Qrs.,4 the arrangement of the New Army and the good of the Service requiring that the post should be immediately filled. The pay, I presume, you are acquainted with, but lest you should not, I think proper to mention, that it is a Hundred and twenty five Dollars pr. Month. Should circumstances put it out of your power to accept it, an event I hope not to happen and which would give me concern, you will be pleased to send the Express with the inclosed Letter to Colo. William Lee;5 Otherwise,
[Note 4: Pickering was at Salem, Mass., at this time. Sparks says that he at first declined the appointment. His letter of acceptance, dated April 9, 1777, is in the Washington Papers. In it he makes no mention of a declination or change of mind.]
[Note 5: Sparks states that Pickering forwarded this letter to Lee. (See letter following.)] you will retain and return it to me upon your arrival, which I trust will be in a few days. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 7: Of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments. He resigned Jan. 24, 1778.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 30, 1777.
Sir: The office of Adjutant General having become vacant, by the Resignation of Colo. Reed, I am induced, from the good Opinion which I entertain of your activity and Military Abilities, to make you an Offer of that Office. If you should incline to accept, I shall expect to see you without loss of time, for as the New Army is now beginning to collect, all things will run into confusion, if that department, so essentially necessary to the regulation and arrangement of the forces, is not instantly filled.8
[Note 8: Sparks is authority for the statement that upon receipt of this letter Lee immediately journeyed to Washington's headquarters to announce his reluctance to accept the proffered appointment.]
If you should not accept, you will be kind enough to signify the same by return of this Express, that I may immediately look out for some other person. If this should be your determination, you need not mention that you have ever had the offer. The reason must be obvious to you, it may give umbrage to others. I am etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, March 31, 1777.
Parole Reading. Countersign Bethlehem.
The General Court Martial held at Woodbridge the 28th. Inst., whereof Col. Martin10 was President, for the trial of Capt. Will: Work of the 12th. Pennsylvania Regt. accused
[Note 10: Col. Ephraim Martin, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment.] of "Misbehaviour and Cowardice, in an Action with the Enemy, on Carman's hill, near Bonum-Town, on the 8th. Instant"--The Court after mature consideration, are of opinion that the Prisoner is Guilty, and sentence the said Capt. Work to be cashiered, and dismissed the service, as a person unfit for a military Command.
His Excellency approves the sentence, and orders the said Capt. Work forthwith to depart the Camp.
Capt. Henry Fister of the German Battalion, tried by the same General Court Martial for "Quitting his Company and Regiment, being absent from both a fortnight, without leave from his commanding officer"--After mature consideration, the Court are of opinion, the said Capt. Fister is Guilty; and sentence him to be dismissed the service.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to make the following promotions in the Regiment of Cavalry from Virginia. Viz
Theodorick Bland Esqr., Major, Comdt. to be Colonel thereof. Capt. Benjamin Temple of the 2nd. Troop is appointed the Lt. Col. Capt. John Jameson of the 3rd. Troop is appointed the Major. Lieut. Cuth. Harrison of the 2nd. Troop is appointed Captain of the same. Lieut. Alexander S. Dandridge of the 4th. is appointed Captain of the 3rd. Lieut. John Belfield of the 5th. is appointed Captain of the 6th; vacant by the resignation of Capt. Nelson.11 Cornet William Lindsay of the 3rd. Troop is appointed Lieutenant of the same. Cornet William Watts of the 4th. is appointed Lieut. of the same. Cornet Henry Peyton of the 5th is appointed Lieutenant of the same. Cornet Henry Clements of the 6th. is appointed Lieut.
[Note 11: Capt. John Nelson. He had resigned on February 12; was major of a Virginia State regiment from 1779 to 1781.] of the second. Mr. Cole Diggs, Cadet, is appointed Cornet of the 3rd. Troop. Mr. Robert Yauncey, Cadet, is appointed Cornet of the 4th. Troop.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am much surprised at never having received any regular account from you, of the late affair at Peeks Kill. I am yet intirely at a loss to know the Quantity, Quality or Value of the Stores that were lost.
A Captain of a Tobacco Ship, taken and carried into New York, left that place on Saturday last; he informs that three thousand men were embarked and laying on board Transports at Staten Island. Some said to go to Chesapeak Bay, others to go up the North River, their late success and the small force which they found ready to oppose them, may perhaps induce them to make another attempt, and of a more daring nature. I yesterday wrote to Govr. Trumbull, and pressed him to send forward the Militia, which I hope he will do; but it wou'd not be amiss for you to send an Officer forward to meet those who may be upon their March and hasten them. I have given Genl. Geo. Clinton this information and hope you will put all things in the best posture, should the Enemy pay you another visit. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: A Captain [Deshields] who escaped from New York on Saturday Evening and who arrived here this Morning informs, that about three thousand Troops (British and Hessian) were embarked from the City and Staten Island when he came away. It was generally said, they had in contemplation an expedition to Chesapeak Bay, and to make a descent on the Eastern Shore. There were some who conjectured, they mean to go up the North River and to take the highland fortifications, if possible. How far this latter opinion may be well founded, is difficult to determine; however, I have thought it proper to communicate the hint, that you may be on your Guard and prepared, in the best manner that Circumstances will admit of, for their reception, shou'd such be their object.
I congratulate you most cordially on your late appointment to a command in the Continental Army. I assure you it gave me great pleasure when I read the Resolve, and wishing that your exertions may be crown'd with a suitable success. I am etc.
P.S. As the Forts in the highlands are of infinite importance, and the security of the passes a capital Object, I think it will be well and prudent to call in immediately a Reinforcement of Militia, their detention will not be but for a short time, for, most probably, the design of embarkation will be known in a few days and the execution of it attempted, if it is up the River. I wrote, upon the return of the Massachusetts Militia, to Govt. Trumbull, requesting that he wou'd immediately send about two thousand to Peek's Kill. By a letter, received the other day, he informed me he had issued orders for the purpose, and I trust they are on their March.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Morris Town, March 31, 1777.
Sir: The great waste and embezzlement of public Arms, and the difficulties arising from thence, makes it necessary, that the utmost precautions should be used, to restrain such infamous practices and future losses. I know no way so likely to effect it, as that of putting on them some mark, indicating 'em to be public property, and therefore request, that you will have, all belonging to the States, as well those which have been lately imported as all others, as far as Circumstances will admit of, stamped with the Words " United States," on such parts as will receive the impression, which designation should be also put on all their accoutrements. This Congress determined should be done, by a Resolve of the 24th. Ulto. and if they had not, it is so essential, that it could not be dispensed with. As there are and will be many public Arms here, which ought to be secured by the same impression, I wish you to have several Stamps made and sent by the earliest Opportunity to Mr. French14 Commissary of Stores here, with directions to advise me of their arrival, that they may be immediately used. I am etc.15
[Note 14: Maj. Samuel French, Commissary of Military Stores.]
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qrs., Morristown, March 31, 1777.
Sir: Captain Desheild of Mr. Buchanans Ship from Baltimore who was taken by the Enemy and carried into York made his Escape from thence on Saturday Evening. He informs, that three thousand Troops, British and Hessian, embarked about Ten days ago from the City and Staten Island on board Transports which were laying at the Latter when he came away, he adds that the Enemy have built and are building a number of light fiat Bottomed Boats, about Seventy of which were finished. Captn. Desheild says, it seemed to be the general opinion and conversation, that this embarkation was for Chesepeak Bay with a view of making a descent on the Eastern Shore, or that the Troops were to proceed to the Head of Elk, taking Annapolis and Baltimore in their way. there were some who thought it probable they mean to go up the North River and attempt the Highland fortifications. I have written to Genls. McDougal and Clinton desiring them to make the best preparations that circumstances will admit of, for their reception, in case the latter should be their Object.
Captn. Desheild being in company with the Captain of the Packet, but unknown to him, heard him say, that a War with France was much expected when he left England which was about the beginning of February. I have the Honor, etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, also by Harrison, is not so full as the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 31, 1777.
Sir: Since I did myself the pleasure to write to you yesterday, I have recd. Information, that the Enemy have embarked Three thousand Men; some said with an Intent to go to Chesapeak Bay, others, to go up the River again. As this last is most probable, I beg you will hasten your Militia to Peekskill with the utmost Expedition; and also what Continental Troops are ready. Should the Enemy get up the River before they arrive, they would meet with little or no Opposition. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The drift is in the writing of George Johnston.]
[Note 19: Commissioned colonel and Commissary General of Prisoners on April 15. He served one year and resigned. Was a Delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress, 1777--78. 1781--1784, and President of Congress, 1782--83.]
Morris Town, April 1, 1777.
Sir: I am authorized by Congress to appoint a Commissary of Prisoners, the Pay will, I expect; be about 60 Dollars pr. Month. The Duty, except as to confinement, not hard, at least after the business is once put into a proper train. Close attendance on the Army will be requisite, in order to receive, and distribute the Prisoners to places assignd for their confinement; at each of which some person should be appointed to see that they are taken care of, that they receive what is allowed them, and, that proper Accts. are kept of the Expences. The most troublesome part of this Office will be to obtain Accts. of the Expences already incurred, for after this is once done, the business may be put upon Such a footing as to be managed with regularity and ease.
I intend to annex another duty to this Office, and that is, the procuring of Intelligence; the Person engaged in the department of Commissary of Prisoners will have as much leizure, and better oppertunities, than most other Officers in the Army, to obtain knowledge of the Enemy's Situation, motion's, and (as far as may be) design's.
Thus Sir, in concise terms, have I given you a Sketch of the duties of and my expectations from a Commissary of Prisoners, and now give me leave to ask if you will accept the Appointment? With very great esteem and regard I am etc.
Morris Town, April 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am to inform you, that Congress, not perceiving that any advantage would be derived either to yourself or the public Interest from an interview between you and a part of their Members, could not consider themselves at liberty to comply with your request; At the same time I am to assure you, that every means will be pursued, to provide for your safety and the attainment of your liberty. This I had in charge when Major Morris was permitted to visit you, but I thought proper to defer the Communication of it, for reasons which you would deem satisfactory.
The inclosed Letters came when Congress transmitted the result of your application; That from Mr. Morris contains sundry Bills of Exchange, the detention of which I hope has not subjected you to the least possible inconvenience. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 1, 1777.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 17th and 26th March. I communicated the intelligence you gave me, concerning Governor Franklin, to Govr. Trumbull, who will have his motions narrowly watched in future. I percieve many difficulties in the execution of your Militia law, particularly in Suffering an appeal to lay before a Court of Judicature; that indulgence will always be claimed, by the person refusing to serve, where the fine is levied; and before the suit is determined, this contest will probably be determined, one way or other. In the mean time the Service of the Soldiers is intirely lost. Colo. Forman, who waits upon you upon Public Business, informs me, that he thinks it would be of considerable advantage, to order out the Militia of Monmouth, Middlesex and Burlington at this Time; and as it was the district in which he would have commanded, had he accepted of the Brigadiership offered to him by the State; I could wish that he might have the power of calling them out, vested in him. He thinks very judiciously, that it will not only serve to distinguish the well affected from the ill, but that it will hinder the Tories from poisoning the Minds of the people, by pointing out to them, the deficiencies of the Law, and how it may be evaded. Colo. Forman further informs me, that many people who have absconded, have left behind them, Stocks of Horses, Cattle and Grain, which will not only be lost to the Owners, but to the Public, if some mode is not fallen upon to secure them. If your Council of Safety think it proper, the Colonel will take possession of such effects for the public use, and return you an account of them. If the owners return in future and clear up their Conduct, they may receive the Amount, otherwise I suppose they will be confiscated to the State.
I leave a Matter to your Consideration, which I think well worthy of your Attention. There are still, considerable quantities of Grain and other provisions on and near the Coast, most of it in the Hands of people who would willingly spare it to the Enemy, whenever an opportunity offered. As descents are very easy and practicable, I think, effectual Means should be fallen upon to remove such provisions from the Shore into the interior parts of the Country. Whatever direction you think proper to give in this Matter, Colo. Forman will execute.
Altho' I have particularly mentioned the Militia of Monmouth, Middlesex and Burlington; I could wish that the Brigadiers of the different districts were ordered to Summon parts of their Militia, and to order them to March (Officered as the late Resolve of Congress directs) and join the Army. The Backwardness of the Continental Levies, obliges me, much against my will, to call for a further Support from the Militia. The Expiration of time of the three Months Men of this State and of the Virginia and Maryland Volunteers leaves part of our line broken and exposed. I have the honor to be etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 2, 1777.
Sir: Capt. Practor22 did me the honor to deliver your favor of the 31st Ulto. I have to lament, that the Expressions intended to thank the late Council of Safety for easing me of a part of the heavy Load I bear, in forming our new Army, could be so misunderstood by your Board. I rejoiced at hearing, that they had not only appointed their Officers in the first instance, but arranged them likewise, and desired, that, in future, I should fill up the vacancies as they happen, intending thereby to save you the trouble and prevent delays.
[Note 22: Capt. Francis Procter, of the Fourth Continental Artillery.]
Immediately on being apprized of the Plot you speak of, I ordered Collins23 into the provost, and shall immediately send him to Philadelphia, that he may be ready for Trial when called for. Inclosed is his Examination, taken by one of my Aids de Camp.
[Note 23: Collins was a clerk in the Quartermaster General's Office. The examination mentioned is not found among the Washington Papers.]
I have established a Relay of Riders between this and Philadelphia, and have ordered Colo. Biddle24 to acquaint you with the Rider's Name, and where he may be found, in Philadelphia. Intelligence will be secure and expeditious. I have received certain and Authentic Intelligence, that all the Top Sail Vessels have left Amboy and are riding off the Watering Place. Reports Says, that they are taking in fourteen days' Wood and Water. I should be happy to be informed of their appearance, if in your Capes, as soon as possible, that I may regulate myself accordingly. I have the honor &c.25
[Note 24: Col. Clement Biddle, Commissary General of Forage of the Continental Army.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 29th. Ulto. was delivered to me Yesterday by Mr. Laurance.26 The loss we have sustained in Commissary and Quarter Masters Stores, is to be regreted, as they are most useful to the Army, and not to be replaced at this time; The Commissary's particularly. I had repeatedly guarded him against suffering any large quantities laying near the Water, in such places as were accessible to the Enemy's Shipping. I was satisfied from the first, that you had done every thing that prudence could suggest, and that as much opposition as your numbers would admit of, had been made. Want of Men, at critical Conjunctures, has lost us advantages, that I fear we shall never regain. As I have heard of no move in the Shipping, I hope, if another visit is intended, it will be deferred, 'till the arrival of the Eastern Militia at Peeks Kill. I am etc.27
[Note 26: Capt. John Lawrence. He was captain and paymaster of the First New York Regiment; Judge Advocate General of the Continental Army from April 10, 1777, to June 3, 1782, when he resigned.]
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favours of the 29th. Ulto. and without date, the last inclosing a return of your Regiment. I wish it had borne a more agreeable Aspect; but, I trust no pains will be spared and no means left untried to complete it.
General McDougall transmitted me a full account of the late affair at Peeks Kill. I wish the state of our Treasury admitted of my sending you the sum of Money you wrote for; But we have been so exhausted of late, by the extravagant drafts for pay of the Militia, that I can only spare you five thousand Dollars for the present, which I send by Capt. Lawrence. I wish you could fall upon some means of finding out where your Subalterns are; perhaps putting an Advertisement in your paper ordering them all to signify the places where they are recruiting, and what Number of Recruits they have, would answer the purpose. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Qurs., Morris Town, April 2, 1777.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to you last, I have received the inclosed from Genl Mcdougal, which contains a full account of the late Affair at Peekskill. Every prudential step appears to have been taken by the General, and as good a disposition made, as his small number of Men would admit of.
I have heard nothing farther respecting the Embarkation of Troops which I mentioned in my last. I am in hopes the Connecticut Militia will arrive at Peekskill, before another expedition is made up the North River. I have wrote to hasten them, as much as possible, lest such another design should be really in agitation. In my opinion Delaware Bay is their Object, and Chesapeak only thrown out, by way of blind; their late attempt to procure Delaware Pilots seems to confirm it. I observe, by your late promotions, that a foreign Gentleman is appointed to the command of the German Battalion.29 I could wish that he was ordered to join immediately, as that Regiment much wants an Officer of experience at the Head of it. I have the honor to be, etc.
[Note 29: Henry Leonard Philip, Baron d'Arendt, had been appointed colonel of the German regiment on March 19. He was granted leave of absence Aug, 18, 1778, and did not rejoin the regiment.]
P.S. I have ordered the Deputy Qr. Mr. General to establish proper Relays of Expresses between this and Philadelphia, that intelligence may be occasionally conveyed in the most expeditious Manner. If there should be any appearance of a Fleet in Delaware Bay, it will be known in a very few Hours in Philadelphia, by hoisting the Signal and I beg I may have the earliest Notice of it. The Quarter Master will inform you who his Rider, in Philadelphia is, that you may know where to apply.30
[Note 30: The letter seat is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; the draft, which does not include the postscript, is in that of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 18th of last Month. The late ample arrivals of Arms at Philadelphia and at Portsmouth, added to those we before had, puts me out of all further uneasiness on account of that necessary Article. The Eleven hundred and Seventy Six Stand which you received from the Continental Agent at Boston, will be very near the Number wanted for your two Continental Battalions when Compleat; and I desire that they may be carefully collected from the Militia, to whom any part of them were lent, and applied to that purpose.
The effects, of granting extravagent Bounties and of raising Bodies of Men upon Colonial establishments, now appear, from the returns of the low state of your two Continental Battalions. From the first cause, the Men are taught to set a price upon themselves and refuse to turn out, except that price is paid, and I am informed that, in some instances in Massachusets, One hundred Pounds lawful Money pr. Man has been paid. It is also evident, that the raising the Colonial Brigade for 15 Months, retards the Continental inlistments; for Genl. Spencer in a Letter of 26 March, writes me, that the first has five hundred Men and the last but three hundred and Eighty, about half of whom have had the Small Pox; and he adds, that General Varnum was only then preparing Hospitals for the innoculation of the remainder. Strange that this should have been neglected so long, when my Orders to him were given on the 3d of March, to provide quarters and to innoculate immediately.
You certainly over rate the Number of the Enemy upon Rhode Island, if they consist of only Six Hessian and two British Regiments. The Hessian Regiments, when they came out compleat, did not exceed Six hundred Men each, and the British 250 each. now, if they have decreased by Casualties &ca. in proportion to the other Troops in the British Army, they are scarcely more than three thousand. A number too small to make any attempt upon the Main.
I am convinced from every appearance, that they intend to leave Rhode Island, where they have wintered comfortably, and kept up a considerable diversion, and join their Main Body in this Province. How I am to oppose them, God knows; for, except a few hundred from Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, I have not yet received a Man of the new Continental Levies. So far from being able to consent, that your Continental Batalions should remain at home, supposing the Enemy should continue upon the Island that I am obliged, in the most positive Terms, to order every Man who has had the Small Pox, to come immediately forward and those who have not, as soon as they are recovered. I have wrote Genl. Varnum to the same effect. As it is my duty to afford equal protection to every part of the Continent, you may be assured that if I thought there was any real danger to be apprehended from the Enemy at Rhode Island, that instead of drawing the Continental Troops from that Quarter, I should add to their Numbers. But, when there is every probability of their coming away, and supposing they should stay, that the internal Strength of the Country would hinder them from setting foot upon the Main, I think I am excusable in drawing every Man in the Continental Service (except those intended for the Northern Department) to this point; to give opposition to the grand Army of the Enemy, who, except they are checked, will in turn overrun every State in the Union.
As the safety of the whole Confederacy, depends upon each State's furnishing the Quota of Men allotted to it; I must call upon you in the most pressing Manner; first, to endeavour to compleat your Allotment by the usual methods; but, if your Men will not turn out voluntarily, notwithstanding the great encouragement given by the State, I beg you will, if your powers are adequate, insist upon each district's furnishing a Certain number, as they have done in Massachusetts. If neither of these modes can be fallen upon, to good effect, we may as well give up the cause. I have the honor to be etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 3, 1777.
Parole New Castle. Countersign Dover.
It having been observed that the Waggoners, and those who have the care of the public Horses, use them very cruelly, by riding them extremely hard upon all occasions, it is therefore recommended to the Quarter-Masters, and Waggon-Masters, to give strict orders against such practices in future, which, if continued after such notice is given, the offenders shall be liable to immediate punishment, by order of any commissioned Officer who happens to see them.
The Execution of Serjt. Porter field is suspended (by Order of His Excellency General Washington) 'till Friday the 11th Inst.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was this day favoured with yours of the 26th. last Month and a few days ago with that of the 11th.
It is needless for me to say much upon a Subject, which must undoubtedly give you a good deal of uneasiness. I confess I was surprised, when I did not see your name in the list of Major Generals, and was so fully of opinion that there was some mistake in the matter, that I (as you may recollect) desired you not to take any hasty Step, before the intention of Congress was fully known. The point does not now admit of a doubt, and is of so delicate a nature, that I will not even undertake to advise, your own feelings must be your guide.32 As no particular charge is alledged against you, I do not see upon what ground you can demand a Court of inquiry. Besides, public Bodies are not amenable for their Actions; They place and displace at pleasure, and all the satisfaction that an individual can obtain, when he is overlooked, is, if innocent, a consciousness that he has not deserved such treatment for his honest exertions. Your determination, not to quit your present Commands while any danger to the public might ensue from your leaving it, deserves my thanks, and justly entitles you to the thanks of your Country.
[Note 32: The reasons for Arnold's nonpromotion do not appear to have been committed to paper. Greene's report to Washington seems to have been verbal, just as was the information he obtained in Philadelphia. This is unfortunate from the historical standpoint, as the Arnold treason, despite the failure of its main purpose, was an event of some moment. This ignoring of Arnold marks the beginning of the chain of happenings which rendered the treason possible four years later. The cause of the action of Congress is to be searched for in the year 1775 and the feeling aroused in Massachusetts by Connecticut's successful activity in the surprise of Ticonderoga in that year, in which Arnold took part.]
General Greene, who has lately been at Philadelphia, took occasion to inquire upon what principle the Congress proceeded in their late promotion of General Officers. He was informed, that the Members from each State seemed to insist upon having a proportion of Genl. Officers, adequate to the number of Men which they furnish, and that as Connecticut had already two Major Generals, it was their full share. I confess this is a strange mode of reasoning, but it may serve to shew you, that the promotion which was due to your Seniority, was not overlooked for want of Merit in you. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is dated April 2, indorsed April 3, and is so recorded by Varick.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 26th. Ulto, inclosing proceedings of a Court Martial upon Nagel, Key and Querry,34 who are Sentenced to suffer Death for desertion. The plea of ignorance of our law, is frivolous, and if admitted, we should never convict a Criminal. Examples must be made, to put a stop to that prevailing Crime, or we may as well disband the Army at once; I therefore desire that the most atrocious of the three may be executed and the others pardoned.
[Note 34: Peter Nagel, Robert Key, and Richard Querry, of Angel's Rhode Island regiment.]
I am pretty well convinced, that the Enemy mean to abandon Rhode Island and join their main Body. They now have a fleet of Transports laying in the narrows, with Troops on Board, bound upon an expedition to, either Delaware or Chesapeak Bay, and unless they call in their detachments, they will leave the posts which they at present occupy in Jersey, too weak, as the Men, which I have just mentioned, are drawn from them. I am not only amazed at the low Returns of the Rhode Island Battalions, as I had heard that they were nearly compleated, but that Genl. Varnum should be only prepairing Hospitals for inoculation when you wrote. I, however, desire, that every Man who has had the small pox, may be immediately marched to Peeks Kill, and there wait further orders. Those who have not, as soon as they have gone thro' the disorder and are fit for travel. I am etc.
P.S. If the Enemy should leave Rhode Island and go clearly off. I desire you may join the Army here.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: My Letters of the 20th. and 29th. Ulto. will convey evident proofs to you, of my extreme solicitude respecting the Assembling of our Troops, and yet, as I have but too much reason to believe that dissipation in some, and the comfortable enjoyment of domestick pleasures in others, have had an unhappy Influence upon the Conduct of the Recruiting Officers, I must again repeat the urgent necessity there is for the Officers of every denomination exerting themselves to the utmost in bringing forward the New Levies.
Genl. Howe is vigorous in his preparations, the Troops at Rhode Island, from the best Intelligence I have been able to get, were about to Imbark; a number (to the amount it is said of 3000) have actually Imbark'd from New York and Amboy; and are now at the Watering place near the Narrows. In short, the Campaign is opening, and we have no Men for the field. If this is owing to the causes above mentioned, the Officers employed in the Recruiting Service must expect to be answerable for the Consequences; if they have done their duty, and it proceeds from unwillingness in the Men to Inlist, the Government must have recourse to coercive measures; for if the quotas required of each State cannot be had by voluntary Inlistment, in time, and the Powers of Government are not adequate to drafting, there is an end of the Contest, and opposition becomes vain. I therefore wish you to see Govr. Trumbull, and converse with him on the Importance of this Subject, for delay in obtaining the Men, falls very little short of not getting them at all. If the Enemy, for want of Men to oppose them, can March through the Country in triumph, or if the opposition is so feeble as to become ineffectual, and our Army thereby destroyed by peacemeals, the bad effect of either is much easier to be conceived, than described and should be avoided if possible.
The Eight Regiments of your State I would have divided into two Brigades as follow.
The first Brigade to be under your immediate Command, the Second to be under the care of the eldest Colo. (superintended by you) 'till Genl. Spencer arrives, or a Brigadier is appointed to it. All the Officers and Men of these Brigades to March immediately to Peeks Kill, except such as have not had the Small Pox, and are now under Inoculation, and except such Officers as are necessary for the care of the Sick, and for Recruiting; which ought to be attended to, and prosecuted, with all possible vigour; Take care to give me previous notice of the arrival of these Troops at the Kills, that (if the exigencies of Affairs requires it) they maybe immediately ordered on to headQuarters without loss of time. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1777.
Sir: Not having been favoured with an answer to my letter to you on the 3rd. Ulto. I flattered myself that the order it contained, "that you would have inoculated, all the Recruits of the two Regiments to be raised by Rhode Island, as fast as they enlisted," had been executed. But a Letter from Governor Cooke dated the 18th. Ulto. informs me, that you are taking methods to have the Regiments inoculated as early as possible, and what is still worse, General Spencer on the 26th., writes me that the first Class of Continental Officers of Rhode Island are about leaving the pest house for the small pox, the Soldiers will soon begin to take the Infection, Genl. Varnum has been preparing Hospitals several days for that business.
The Troops here, that were inoculated the begining of March, are recovered and in the field, and had that dispatch and attention been used in Rhode Island, which was necessary to the good of the Service, your recruits must have been as ready. With every Inclination imaginable to overlook Omissions, I can't find a good excuse for this delay; Such dilatoriness must increase our difficulties. I am therefore under the necessity of ordering you to march immediately to Peek's Kill, and let me know it, under proper Officers, bringing on with you all the Recruits of your State that have had the Small pox, and leaving behind a Sufficiency of good ones, under one off the Field Officers to Superintend the recruiting business, and have a watchful Eye over the small pox Hospitals; Give these Officers peremptory orders, to forego every Species of Indulgence and apply themselves to this important business. Let a Subaltern or two bring on every small detachment, as fast as they recover, and let the others be employed in recruiting; the Recruits must be instantly inoculated. Please to let the Officers whom you leave behind, know, that I shall mark their conduct and reward them as they deserve. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1777.
Sir: I have your favour of the 25th last Month, inclosing a Return of the State of your Regiment. I am not only sorry to find your number so low as 250 Men, but I do not apprehend, from the tenor of your Letter, that there is a probability of your being soon complete. I, however, desire you to march all the Men that are fit for duty, immediately to Peeks Kill, there to wait my further orders, and to leave proper Officers, under the strictest injunctions to fill up their Companies, and bring the Recruits forward as quick as possible. The demand made by the Men of your Regiment, to be repaid for the Baggage which they lost when they were made prisoners, is new and extraordinary. The arms, if they were private property, have ever been paid for, under such circumstances. But for any thing else, I have it not in my power to make any allowance. I think it sufficient that the Men drew pay till they were released. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 4, 1777.
Parole Princeton. Countersign Putnam.
The detachments, commanded by Capts. O'Hara,38 Bicker,39 Talbot40 and Selin,41 to hold themselves in readiness (with two
[Note 38: Capt. Henry O'Hara, of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 39: Capt. Victor(?) Bicker, of a New York regiment.]
[Note 40: Capt, Jeremiah Talbot, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 41: Capt. Anthony Selin, of the Second Canadian Regiment.] days provision) to march to morrow morning. They will receive their orders from Major Genl. St. Clair.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 5, 1777.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Boston.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow at 9 O'Clock, for the trial of Lieut. Carnes42 of Col: Martins Regt., and such other prisoners. as may be brought before them. All Evidences to attend.
[Note 42: Lieut. Zophar Carnes, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favored with yours of the 25th. March. I have had no request as yet, from the Council of your State, for part of the new arrived Arms, to put into the hands of such of your Troops as were ready and only waited for them; but I desire, that as many as are necessary may be immediately drawn and the Troops forwarded. So that there can be no further plea for delay upon that Head. One thing I must insist upon, that you do not abate your deligence in collecting the public Arms, and having them repaired and deposited in proper places, for altho' our late supply is large indeed and may serve our present wants, yet you must remember the number of Men we have to arm altogether and the vast waste and destruction that the course of one of our Campaigns occasions. I am amazed to hear you mention the want of cloathing, as one of the delays to the marching of your Troops. This is an excuse that I cannot admit of, because from the accounts which I have seen from the Agents for purchasing and providing Cloathing in the Massachusetts, there were as many ready two months ago, as would serve your quota of Men. I am convinced, that Officers, unwilling to leave their quarters, will make every excuse to prolong the time of staying with their families and Friends, and I have for that reason fixed General Officers, at all the places where the Troops are drawn together, to see that they remain no longer than is absolutely necessary to equip the Men. I therefore desire that you will inquire very minutely into these matters and whenever you find that the Arms and accoutrements are ready, insist upon the Officers marching with the Men to places of destination, without admitting of any excuse whatsoever.
General Schuyler who is now here, has given me the following Rout for the Troops that are to march from Massachusetts to this quarter, which he informs me will be saving an hundred miles by land, and which I desire may be put in practice by those who are not already on their way.
Such of the Regiments from the Massachusetts Bay as may be ordered to the Jerseys and whose Rendezvous is not in the South Eastern part of that State to march thro' the Green Woods to Kinderhook, Claverack, or Red Hook on Hudsons River. The Officers commanding each of these Regts. to send before him to the commanding Officer at Albany, a Return of their numbers, requesting that Vessels may be sent to either of the above places, as they shall direct, to carry them down to Fort Montgomery.
Orders will be sent to the commanding Officer at Albany to comply with the above requisition, and to put on board the vessels eight days provisions for the numbers returned to him.
Brigr. Genl. James Clinton or the Officer commanding at Fort Montgomery, will keep Spy Boats down the River to keep a look out and see that none of the Enemy's armed Vessels are in Haverstraw Bay; if that should be clear, the Troops may proceed down the River and disembark at Peeks Kill or in Jersey, as there may be occasion. I am etc.43
[Note 43: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1777.
Sir: In order to shorten the march of the Massachusetts Regiments intended for this quarter, they are directed to take their Route thro' the Green woods to Kinderhook, Claverack or Red Hook....44 The Vessels then to go down with the tide of Ebb and land the Troops where directed. Signals to be fixed upon and given by the Boat that remains below, in case any of the Enemy's Vessels should be seen coming up, whilst ours are going down. If you should have occasion to be absent from the Garrison, for ever so short a time, be sure to leave a Copy of these orders with the next in Command. I am etc.45
[Note 44: The omitted portion is a repetition of the last two paragraphs in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen, William Heath, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1777.
Sir: In order to shorten the March of such of the Troopsfrom the State of Massachusetts, as are to join the Army immediately under my command, I have, by the advice of Genl. Schuyler, directed them to march thro' the Green woods to Kinderhook, Claverack or Red Hook from whence they are to fall down to Fort Montgomery by Water. The Officers commanding the detachments, are to give you notice to which of the above places they intend to repair, and what number of men they have with them. Immediately upon the Receipt of these accounts, you are to send down a proper Number of Sloops to take in the Men, and order the Commissary to put on Board eight days provision for them. General Schuyler informs me, that there are a great quantity of Peas at Albany, and in the Neighbourhood, and more than are wanted for the northern Army; I therefore desire, that the Commissary may be ordered to collect them, put what can be spared on board the Sloops that carry down the Troops, and have them delivered to the Commissary at Fort Montgomery. If you are removed from the command at Albany, you are to deliver these orders to your successor. I am &ca50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed from Monsr. Le Chevr. de Dreud homme de Borre,51 with the papers annexed to it, were received this day by the Eastern Mail. It appears, that by an agreement with Mr. Deane,52 he is to have the Rank and pay of a Brigadier General in our Service. I imagine by this, that he is a Man of real Merit. If you think proper to confirm Mr. Deane's appointment, be pleased to inform me of it, and return the Letter, that I may give a Suitable Answer. If, as I imagine, he does not understand English, it will be some time before he can be of any use at the Head of a Brigade. I have &c.53
[Note 51: Chevalier Preudhomme de Borre. He was appointed a brigadier general on April 11, to rank horn Dec. 1, 1776; resigned on September 14.]
[Note 52: Silas Deane.]
[Note 53: ln the writing of George Johnston; the draft is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of yesterday, I may have been mistaken in my interpretation of your Militia Law; but it however leaves open a door for much litigation and delay.
As you must certainly be best acquainted with the Circumstances of your own State, I intirely acquiesce with any mode which you may think most expedient in regard to calling out your Militia at this time.
I think the removal of the provisions in the County of Monmouth within reach of the Enemy, (if they make descents) of so much Consequence, that I shall direct Colonel Forman to set about that work as soon as he Collects a Sufficient force to do it effectually. I have the honor &ca.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 6, 1777.
Whereas, many Soldiers, lately inlisted in the Continental Army, not content with the generous Bounties and Encouragements granted to them by Congress, but Influenced by a base regard to their Interest, have reenlisted with, received Bounties from other Officers and then deserted; And Whereas it is presumed that many fully sensible of the enormity of their Crimes, would return to their duty, were they not detered, by an apprehension of suffering the severe punishment lately inflicted on those found guilty of desertion.
I have thought proper to issue this my Proclamation offering free pardon to all those above described, as well as to those who have deserted from other motives, who shall Voluntarily surrender themselves to any Officer in the Continental Army, or join their respective Corps before the fifteenth day of May next. And I do strictly enjoin all officers in the Army under my Command, and intreat the good people of these States, to use their utmost endeavours to apprehend and secure such Deserters, as shall not avail themselves of this indulgence offered by this proclamation.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 7, 1777.
Parole Elizabeth-Town. Countersign Westfield.
John Burke of Capt Christy's56 Company of the 3rd Pennsyl: Battalion, tried by a General Court Martial of which Major Harmar57 was President, is found guilty of being drunk on his post, and is sentenced to receive one hundred lashes for said offence.
[Note 56: Capt. James Chrystie.]
[Note 57: Maj. Josiah Harmar.]
The General approves the sentence, and orders it to be executed forthwith.
Lieut. Carnes of Capt. Wade's58 Company, in Col Martin's Regt. tried by the same Court Martial on the charge of "Behaving unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman, in converting to his own use the property--viz: A Horse and half Johannes,59 belonging to one Baxter"; And also of "Disobedience of Orders"--The Court find the said Lieut. Carnes Guilty of the Charge against him, and sentence him to be cashiered--And the Court orders [him] to restore the Horse and Money to said Baxter; and to make good Baxter's Expences to the Amount of £5..--Proc: Money; and that so much money be stopped out of said Carnes's Pay, as to answer and make good the Judgment of the Court.
[Note 58: Capt. Noadiah Wade, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 59: Johannes, a gold coin of Portugal, so called, it is thought, from having been first issued by King John. It was worth about $9; a half-johannes, or half-jo, was therefore worth about $4.50.]
The General approves the sentence of the Court, and orders it to take place immediately.
[His Excellency the Commander in Chief, orders in the most pointed terms, that all the Officers of the 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9th Virginia Regiments, who are absent without leave in writing from himself or Major General Stephen, or are not upon any special Command, or not on the recruiting Service (the two last Cases by proper Authority) do immediately join their respective Corps, without the smallest Hesitation or delay.-- Those who have obtained written furloughs, must not exceed the time allowed by them, a single hour; And those who have been sent upon particular Commands, or are employed in the recruiting Service, must pay the utmost attention to their Orders, as they will Answer the Contrary. The Officers of the other Virginia Regiments in Continental Service, must govern themselves strictly by these Orders as they apply. No Excuse can or will be admitted for Idleness or dissipation, at a time when their own Honor and their Country's Interest call them to the Field. His Excellency does not wish to convey these orders through the Channel of a Newspaper; but the difficulty, indeed impracticability, of transmitting them in time in any other way, renders it indispensably necessary.]60
[Note 60: The orders within brackets were not published in Morristown, but were sent, with an explanatory note from Lieut. Col. George Johnston, to Alexander Purdie, publisher of the Virginia Gazette at Williamsburg, for publication in his paper.]
Morris Town, April 7, 1777.
Sir: I am informed, and indeed I have observed, that the men of your Regiment are so exceedingly bare of necessaries, that it not only contributes to their unhealthiness, but renders them absolutely unfit to take the Field. Inattention to the wants of Soldiers marks the bad Officer; it does more, it reasonably removes that confidence on which the Officers Honour and Reputation must depend.
As there is Clothing now here, I desire you may immediately cause inquiry to be made into what is wanting, and make returns, that if the things wanted are not here, they may be ordered on. If advantage is not taken to supply the Men, now we have a little leisure time, they will be miserable and naked during the active part of the Campaign. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and George Johnston. This same letter was sent also to the officers commanding the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Ninth Virginia Battalions, and to Col. Theodorick Bland, of the Virginia Light Horse.]
Morris Town, April 7, 1777.
Sir: Inclosed I transmit you a Copy of a late resolve of Congress, by which you will perceive, that in bringing the Militia into the field, strict regard is to be had to the number of men; and only a due proportion of Officers, both with respect to rank and number, is to be called out to command them.62 More than these will not be paid, as it would impose an unreasonable burthen on the public. There have been horrid abuses in this way; it has been heretofore customary, to see almost as many Officers as men, in the pay abstracts that have been brought before me. And what is, if possible, a still greater enormity I have reason to believe it is too often a practice for Officers who command parties, to assume the rank of their superior officers who happen to be absent, and to draw pay equivalent to it, under the absurd idea of their acting in their stead and capacity, I desire your careful attention to the remedying these things in future, as the tenor of the before mentioned resolve will be rigidly adhered to, and Supernumerary officers may expect to receive no pay for their unnecessary Services; and those who are guilty of such an assumption of rank will make themselves liable to punishment.
[Note 62: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Apr. 4, 1777.]
I find, that the Brigadiers of this State have each a particular power, only to call out the Militia of a particular district. On this account, unless the Governor should have regulated the matter himself, it will be necessary that the Brigadiers should agree among themselves, on one of their number to take the actual command of the Troops in the field; more than one will not be wanted for the purpose.
I shall deem it indespensibly incumbent on the acting Brigadier, to inforce upon all the Officers under him, the necessary practice of making exact returns to him of their several parties; and to impress it upon them, in explicit terms, that no abstracts they shall present, will be paid, unless they are first certified under his hand, in doing which, his duty and reputation demand he should accurately compare the abstracts with the returns that have been previously made. Any neglect or want of care, in this particular, will manifest an unpardonable disregard, to the public good. I am &ca.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The same letter was sent to Brig. Gen. William Winds, of the New Jersey Militia.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1777.
Sir: The pay abstract of the 10th Regiment of Connecticut Militia, from October to January last, was this day presented to me for payment. The very unreasonable disproportion of Officers induced me to decline giving orders for the payment. I must beg the favor of you to have some mode adopted, by which the Public Treasury may be eased of such extraordinary Demands. Impositions of this Nature axe provided for in future by Congress; but how we are to remedy those that have happened, I am at a loss to determine. I can only say, that nothing shall pass thro' my hands, that may be construed into the slightest Approbation of such Impositions. I have enclosed the abstract for your Consideration. I have the honour etc.
P.S. Should Colo. Sheldon want a further supply of Money, to finish the equipping his Regiment, I must request you would advance it.64
[C.S.L.]
[Note 64: In the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am informed, there is a certain Mr. Smith, who has been lately taken up by Genl. Lincoln as a Spy and sent to Philadelphia under that Character; I believe, for several reasons that he is the man who was employed by you to act for us, in that capacity, and that the apprehending him is a mistake, which may be attended with ill consequences. Lest he should be precipitately tried and punished, I must beg you will interpose in the affair without delay, and if you find him to be the person I suspect he is, take measures to have him released. I should be glad indeed, that some management might be used in the matter, in order to turn the Circumstance of his being apprehended to a good account. It would be well to make him a handsome present in money to secure his fidelity to us; and contrive his releasement, in such a manner, as to give it the appearance of an accidental escape from confinement. After concerting a plan with him, by which he will be enabled to be serviceable to us, in communicating intelligence from time to time, let him make the best of his way to the Enemy, under the idea above intimated, that is, as a fugitive from the persecution and danger, he incurred among us, for his known friendship to the Enemy. Great care must be taken, so to conduct the scheme, as to make the escape appear natural and real; there must be neither too much facility, nor too much refinement, for doing too little, or over acting the part, would, alike beget a suspicion of the true state of the case. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1777.
Sir: Mr. Verstilee66 delivered me your favour of the 1st. Inst. The account it contains of the strength of your Battalion, falls very short of the condition I had reason to believe it was in, from what Colonel Wm. Livingston67 told me immediately on his return from you. I cannot give the order you have applied for, but have sent you one for 300 stand on the Commissary of Military Stores at Springfield. The inclosed contains an order
[Note 66: Ensign William Verstille, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 67: Lieut.Col. William Smith Livington, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.] to send 3,000 immediately to that place. Be pleased to give it an expeditious conveyance. I must insist that you will not, in a single instance, abate your attention to the purchase of Arms; the late arrivals will not supply the Continental Army. They must therefore, be proportionably delivered out; and he who depends intirely, on being supplied from these funds, and omits purchasing all the arms within his reach, will be greatly disappointed. The sooner you furnish General Parsons with the Return he called upon you for the better. The Campaign is on the very eve of opening. A decisive blow at the beginning, will leave the fortunate party very little to do for some time afterwards. Now, if the Officers, in direct disobedience of my repeated orders, wait at their respective homes in good quarters, fill they axe pleased to think they can conveniently leave them, I must take the Field with little more than my family and loose this important opportunity.
My orders therefore, to send on the Troops as they recover from the Small pox, even by Twenties, must be strictly complied with; none must be delayed for discipline. I am told, that you have ordered Colo. Livingston to you, to superintend the recruiting during your absence from Connecticut, and that the Major is to come on with your recruits; will it not tend greatly to the completion of your Battalion, to detain the Major in that Country, and let Col. Livingston command the recruits in the field? I think it will. Sincerely wishing you here very soon at the head of your Battalion. I am etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 8, 1777.
Sir: The General desires that you would publish the following Order,72 and desire the other printers in Pennsylvania, as well Dutch73 as English, to insert and continue it in their papers for a Month. I am etc.74
[Note 72: The order inclosed was practically the same as that sent to the Williamsburg, Va., printer, Alexander Purdie, on April 7, except that it did not, of course, specify the Virginia regiments. It was published in the Pennsylvania Packet of April 15 and in the Pennsylvania Evening Post of April 17. (See note 75 to General Orders, April 7, 1777, ante.)]
[Note 73: By Dutch Washington meant German.]
[Note 74: In the writing of and signed by George Johnston.]
Morris Town, April 9, 1777.
Sir: 1st. You will repair immediately to philadelphia, and use your utmost endeavours to hasten the Troops on to this place; nothing but vigorous exertions, strict attention, and even rigour, towards the officers, will enable you to accomplish this purpose in proper Season,for I have too good reasons to believe, that the whole time of many of them, is spent in dissipation and extravigance; examples must be made of such.
2d. Call for exact returns of every Corps in the City, and after forwarding on all those that are fit for Duty to Head Quarters (or otherwise as you may be advised) suffer no more recruiting Officers to be in the City, than you conceive may be profitably employed in that Service; without this, as the Officers have other Inducements than that of getting Men to continue there, too many will remain in that place Interfering with, and Inlisting each others Recruits.
3d. Let the Detachments of every Corps come on with proper Officers; A Field Officer should be sent forward to receive them at Camp; the Lt. Colonels wou'd do best for this duty, to be followed by other Field Officers proportioned to the Increase of the Numbers sent here and the strength of the Regiments respectively.
4th. As you know the Importance of bringing the Troops into the Field properly equipped, and well appointed, I shall depend much upon your exertions in these respects; and moreover, that you will not suffer the frivolous excuses, and idle objections of the Officers (calculated merely for delay) to retard their March.
5th. Every Party that Marches to have Orders given to the officer Commanding it, in writing, with a charge to present it to the Commanding Officer of the Post he is ordered to, that it may be known whether he brings all the Men committed to his care or not. If the party should be composed of different Corps, the number and Rank in each, should be certified.
6th. Every possible means in your Power should be used, to draw the Recruits out of the Country, in the States of Pensylvania, and lower Counties; and to hasten on those which are upon their March from Virginia, and Maryland.
7th. It is my Intention to Brigade the Troops of Pensylvania, Maryland, and Virginia agreeable to the list herewith given you; so far therefore as Circumstances will enable you to facilitate the measure, I shall depend upon your doing of it.
Order in positive, and express terms, that the Rolls of every Corps be called over at least twice a day in the presence of a Commissioned Officer, and let it also be the duty of a Commissioned Officer of every Corps, in Rotation, to visit their Sick in Quarters, and the Hospital. In the first place to see that they are properly taken care of, in the next, that they join their respective Regiments so soon as they are fit for duty.
Let me have an exact return of all the Continental Troops in Philadelphia, and vicinity, so soon as you get to Town, and let a return be regularly transmitted to me every Tuesday, by the Post, whilst you continue in the City of the Troops there, and Corps they belong to.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 9, 1777.
Sir: Colo. Wilkinsoh's75 personal attachment for General Gates, has induced him to be one of his Aids de Camp, and to apply for leave to resign his Command in your Battalion; to this I have consented, and have now to inform you, that the general good character of Major Conner76 (formerly Genl. Armstrong's B. Majr) has induced me to appoint him to that
[Note 75: Lieur. Col. James Wilkinson.]
[Note 76: Maj. Morgan Connor, of the First Continental Infantry. He was, lieutenant colonel of Hartleys regiment Apr. 9, 1777: acted as Adjutant General of the Continental Army from April 19 to June, 1777, when Pickering was appointed; lieutenant colonel and commandant of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment May 12, 1779; granted leave of absence Dec. 2, 1779; lost at sea in January, 1780.] vacancy, in discharge of which office, I trust he will acquit himself honourably, and greatly to your satisfaction. So soon as I can spare him from business he is discharging in the line of Adjutant General, pro tempore, he will join you. This I hope will soon be, the Gentleman designed for that office being expected. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, April 9, 1777.
Sir: I take the Liberty of transmitting you a Copy of a paper, addressed to me by Lieut: Col: Walcot of your Army, which came inclosed in a Letter from Lieut: General Lord Cornwallis.78 It is with peculiar regret, I am constrained to observe, that this illiberal performance of Col: Walcott, is obviously calculated, to answer a less generous purpose than that of merely effecting an exchange, contains a gross misrepresentation of Facts, and is a palpable deviation from that delicate line, which I expected would mark his conduct, as a Man of Candor and ingenuity.
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. William Walcott's paper (April 2) was a demand for fulfilling previous agreements for an exchange of prisoners. The original is in the Washington Papers. A copy was transmitted to Congress by Washington in his letter of April 10, q. v., and Congress resolved (April 11) that both be published.]
That Gentleman has censured two Articles insisted on by me thro' Lieut: Colo: Harrison, at their meeting on the 10th. Ulto., " as groundless, unprecedented and inconsistent with any degree of reason or common sense," tho'founded, as I conceive, in the clearest principles of Equity and justice. Not contenting himself with this, which would have given me no concern, he has assumed the privilege of mutilating and mistating those Articles in such a manner, as to change their meaning, and to adapt them to the unfair conclusions he wished to establish.
Having premised these things, and being charged in direct and positive Terms by Col: Walcot who acted under your Authority, with a violation of the Agreement made between us for the exchange of Prisoners, and called upon for a performance of the same, I think it necessary, to explain the Motives of my conduct, and the grounds on which those Articles or Objections stand.
In respect to the first, I freely repeat, that I do not hold myself bound, either by the Spirit of the Agreement or by the principles of Justice, to account for those Prisoners, who from the rigor and severity of their Treatment, were in so emaciated and languishing a State at the time they came out, as to render their death almost certain and inevitable; and which, in many instances, happened while they were returning to their Homes; and, in many others, immediately after their arrival. You must be sensible, that our engagement, as well as all others of the kind, tho' in Letter it expresses only an equality of rank and number, as the rule of Exchange, yet it necessarily implies a regard to the general principles of Mutual compensation and advantage. This is inherent in its nature, is the voice of reason, and no stipulation, as to the Condition in which Prisoners should be returned, was requisite. Humanity dictated that their treatment should be such, as their health and comfort demanded; and where her Laws have been duly respected, their condition has been generally good. Nor is this the Language of Humanity alone, justice declares the same. The object of every Cartel or similar agreement, is the benefit of the Prisoners themselves and that of the contending powers. on this footing it equally exacts, that they should be well treated, as that they should be exchanged. The reverse is, therefore, an evident infraction, and ought to subject the party, on whom it is chargeable, to all the damage and ill consequences resulting from it. Nor can it be expected, that those unfitted for future service, by Acts of severity, in direct violation of a Compact, are proper subjects for an Exchange. In such case, to return others not in the same predicament, would be to give without receiving an Equivalent; and would afford the greatest encouragement to cruelty and inhumanity. The Argument drawn from the mere circumstance of the Prisoners having been received, is of no validity. Tho' from their wretched situation they could not at that time be deemed proper for an Exchange, our Humanity required, that they should be permitted to return among us.
It may, perhaps, be fairly doubted, whether an Apprehension of their death, or that of a great part of them, did not contribute somewhat to their being sent out when they were. Such an event, whilst they remained with you, would have been truly interesting; because it would have destroyed every shadow of claim for a return of the Prisoners in our hands; and, therefore, [matters were prudently arranged, that it should not happen] policy, concurring with Humanity, dictated that the measure should be adopted. Happy had it been, if the Expedient had been thought of, before these ill fated Men were reduced to such extremity. It is confessed, however, on all sides, that after their delivery they still continued your prisoners and would be so, 'till regularly exchanged.
I acknowledge that I should, and I have been always willing, notwithstanding this concession, to account for every man who was in a proper condition and fit to be exchanged at the Time they came out, so far as the proportion of Prisoners with us would extend. With what propriety, or upon what foundation of Justice, can more be demanded? This has been proposed, or what is the same, was most clearly implied in the first Article or Objection made by Lieut: Colo: Harrison, and illiberally rejected since, "as inconsistent with any degree of reason or common sense." Painful as it is, I am compelled to consider it, as a fact not to be questioned, that the usage of our Prisoners whilst in your possession, the Privates at least, was such as could not be justified. This was proclaimed by the concurrent Testimony of all who came out, their appearance sanctified the Assertion; and melancholly Experience, in the speedy death of a large part of them, stamped it with infallible certainty.
In respect to the second Article insisted on, Your discriminating Major General Lee from other Captive Officers belonging to the American Army, demanded my particular attention. I was authorized to conclude, from your laying him under peculiar restraints, and from your Letter of the 23d. of January last, that you considered him in a singular point of view, and meant to exclude him from the common right of exchange, stipulated for all Officers in general Terms. This distinction, the more injurious and unwarrantable, as you never excepted him, tho' you knew him to be an Officer in our Army, at the Time and long before the Agreement was entered into, made it my duty to assert his right in an explicit manner, and to endeavour to put the matter upon so unequivocal a footing as to insure his enlargement, whenever an Officer of equal rank belonging to your Army, should be in our power. This was attempted by the Article, and nothing more; nor is any other inference to be drawn from it. It is true, a proposition was made since his Captivity, to give a certain number of Officers of Inferior rank in exchange for him; but it was not claimed as a matter of right. What name, then, does that proceeding merit, by which it is suggested, that the immediate release of General Lee had been demanded without having an Officer of equal rank to give for him? The suggestion cannot be supported by the most tortured exposition, nor will it have credit where candor is deemed a virtue, and Words preserve their form and meaning.
As to the charge of delay in not returning the Prisoners in our hands; the dispersed situation of those, taken at a more early period of the War, thro' the different States, arising from the circumstances of their captivity and a regard to their better accomodation, made their detention for a considerable time unavoidable. When the Agreement subsisting between us took place, the speediest directions were given to have them collected, that an Exchange might be effected. This was done in part, and at a juncture when Motives of Policy opposed the Measure, but were made to yield to the rigid maxims of good Faith. [Happily we found an Equivalent, as far as their number went, in those returned from Canada, and who had experienced the humanity of Genl. Carleton]. We were pursuing the exchange and continued our exertions to accomplish it, till the miserable Appearance, indicating an Approaching Catastrophe, of those sent out by you, made it improper. Foreseeing that a difficulty might arise, and that It might be expected, I should account for the whole of them, which I by no means thought equitable, it became necessary that the matter should be adjusted, and the due proportion settled for which I ought to be responsible, before any thing further could be done on my part. Upon this Ground stands also the detention of those, who have been since captured.
Added to these considerations, the discrimination set up, in the instance of General Lee, is to be regarded, as utterly irreconcileable to the tenor of our Agreement, and an insurmountable obstacle to a compliance with your demands.
Thus, Sir, have I explained the motives of my conduct, and, I trust, vindicated myself in the Eye of Impartially, from the improper and groundless charge which you and the Gentleman acting by your Authority, have been pleased to alledge against me. If, in doing this, I have departed in the smallest degree from that delicacy, which I always wished should form a part of my Character, you will remember, I have been forced into recrimination and that it has become an act of necessary Justice.
I shall now declare it to be my ardent wish, that a General exchange may take place, on generous and liberal principles, as far as it can be effected, and that the Agreement subsisting between us for that purpose should be inviolably observed: And I call upon you by every Obligation of good Faith, to remove all impediments on your part, to the accomplishment of it.
If, however, you do not, I console myself with a hope that those unfortunate Men, whose lot it is to be your prisoners, will bear their sufferings with becoming fortitude and magnanimity I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words within brackets are in the draft, but were omitted in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 9, 1777.
Sir: I am honoured with yours of the 4th. inclosing sundry Resolves of Congress from 29th March to the 5th Instant.
I am extremely glad to see the Resolve for the immediate removal of Military Stores from Baltimore and Annapolis, for altho' I do not imagine that the Enemy intend an expedition of any great Consequence in Chesapeak Bay, yet while the Stores lay at the above places, they were always Subject to be destroyed by a Sudden attack of a Ship of War, with a few land Forces. The Regulations for the paymaster General's department80 are very Salutary, and if carried strictly into execution will make a vast saving to the public, it may be easily done, when the Army is put upon a regular footing; but while we are obliged to make use of Militia, we must Submit to all the
[Note 80: The resolves of Apr. 1, 1777, (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)] irregularities that naturally attend them, and must not therefore expect to have the Rule as Scrupulously complied with by them as could be wished.
By comparing the Returns of the Commissary General and Muster Master General, I hope we shall be able to detect any Impositions in respect to numbers, which I am certain has been Scandalously practiced for a long time past, and which it has not been in my power to remedy. The Muster Master Genl. complained, that the duty required of him, was more than he could perform; but by the late Resolves, there is an ample allowance of deputies, and therefore no further excuses can be made upon that head.81
[Note 81: The resolve of Apr. 4, 1777. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
I most ardently wish to see the Hospital established, I am afraid too much time has been lost in the consideration of the plan. But the Gentlemen, who shall be appointed to the superintendance, must endeavour to make up for the lost time by their diligence.82
[Note 82: The resolve of Apr. 7, 1777. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
By the latest accounts from Brunswick, it looks as if the Enemy were projecting an embarkation, they have been Stripping the Buildings of Boads and cutting small Timber and transporting them from Brunswick to Amboy. It is imagined, this is to build Births in their Transports. I shall keep a constant look out upon the Motions of their Vessels and shall endeavour to obtain every intelligence by sending people into their quarters. I think Delaware Bay must be their Destination, if they move by Water. I am &c.83
[Note 83: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 9, 1777.
Sir: Having heard that your State have appointed Lieut Colo George Stricker to the Command of a Battalion. I hold myself bound to inform you, that the Character he holds here as an Officer will not justify such an appointment. Yesterday he obtained my leave to resign, complaining that his private affairs indispensably require his presence at home for several months. Had there been any other Field Officer with the Battalion, I should have permitted him to leave it immediately; he waits only for the Colonel's arrival.
I beg you will consider this Information as proceeding from my great regard for the good of the Service, and from nothing else. I have the honor etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of George Johnston.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 9, 1777.
Parole Dean. Countersign Adams.
Major Dunn being obliged to attend Major General St. Clair to Philadelphia, to which place he is called by Congress--Lt. Col. Conner will be obliging enough to discharge the duty of Adjutant General pro tempore. The Commander in Chief begs that Genl. St. Clair will accept his most sincere thanks, for superintending the duties of that office, of Adjutant General; and that Major Dunn will also accept his thanks for the faithful discharge of them, for some time past.
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 10, 1777.
Parole St. Clair. Countersign Muhlenberg.
John Laurence Esqr. is appointed Judge Advocate, in the room of William Tudor Esqr. who has resigned.
The General desires that the Quarter MasterGeneral will immediately take measures to have the Camp cleared of every kind of garbage and filth with which it is at present incommoded.
Morris Town, April 10, 1777.
Dr. Sir: I have within these few days received an application from the Honble. Messrs. Sever and Cushing for Arms and Blankets for the use of the Massachusetts Regimts. destind for Tyconderoga. Surely those Troops are not at this day to begin their March for that Post l and sorry I am to observe, that nothing now will content that Government but the New Arms lately arrived there (which will be greatly wanted for Troops that cannot otherwise be provided) when I have abundant reason to believe, that no State upon the Continent has it so much in her power to furnish these articles as that of Massachusetts Bay; Indeed, I am informd, that Arms, and other Military Stores are hoarding up in that Government, which makes every thing of the kind exceedingly difficult to be had, for Continental use, and has the appearance of a seperate Provision.
That no delay, however, may happen, I have informd those Gentlemen that you would be Instructed to Issue orders for such a number of Arms as shall appear to you absolutely necessary, and this power I now give you, requesting at the same time, that it may be used with a regard to the general good. The means of procuring them through other Channels, should still be pursued.
With respect to the Blankets, the Clothier Genl. to whom I have wrote, must direct, as I do not care to interfere in his department.
These Gentlemen have also written to me concerning some Powder, due from the Continent to the State of Massachusetts; about 15 Tons they say. I really thought this demand had been satisfied long ago out of the 75 Tons taken nearly at this time last year; If it has not, I have no objection to returning what has been had for the use of the Army, but with respect to that lent to the Armd Vessels, if it has happend since my departure from Boston, I can give no order as it is not within my department but comes properly before that of the Marine; you must therefore discriminate; and as I think Genl. Ward was Instructed to repay the Powder borrowed from the Massachusetts bay; I wish you to enquire of Him, and the Comy. of Stores, by what means it was neglected.
Let me have the names of the Several Colonels commanding the 15 Regiments from the State of Massachusetts, mention them in their order of Seniority, and whether the Regiments are number'd from the Rank of the Officers commanding them or not. Also inform me which Regiments come this, way, and which go to Ticonderoga. If it does not break in upon any disposition already made, I would have Glover and Patterson come forward with the 8 Regiments to Peeks Kill.
The Brigade Majors for these New Corps, are not to be appointed till there is duty for them to perform; then, if the Brigadiers will make choice of Officers properly qualified, I will confirm them in Office; if they do not, I shall exert the powers given me by Congress "to appoint all officers under the Rank of Brigadier" to put in such as are; as I will not have any Gentln. introduced from family Connexions, or local attachments, to the prejudice of the Service. Of this, you will please, without loss of time to give each Brigadier in your State notice. They will excuse me for this Intimation, which may imply a reflection, when I add some very Improper choices were made last year, and when it is evident to every Gentleman in the smallest degree acquainted with Service that nothing can contribute more to good order and regularity in an Army than having Brigade Majors of knowledge, activity, and deligence.
I cannot conclude without again urging you in explicit and positive terms, to hasten the Troops to the several Posts assignd them; the delay in Marching, may prove as fatal as not Inlisting the Men, we have every reason from Information, and observation, to believe that Genl. Howe is upon the point of taking the Field, and the Troops with which he is to be opposed, are yet in their respective States. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1777.
Dear Sir From every piece of intelligence which we have lately reed., it appears that the Enemy are making hasty preparations to open the Campaign, and Philadelphia seems generally agreed upon as their object. Whether the expedition will be by land or water is yet a matter of uncertainty, but it is more than probable, that it will be by both. Where-ever their Army lies, it will be of the greatest advantage to us, to have spies among them, on whom we may depend for intelligence; I would therefore, have you look out for proper persons for this purpose, who are to remain among them under the mask of Friendship. I would have some of those in Bucks County, some in Philadelphia, and others below Philadelphia about Chester, for if any part of their force goes round by Water, they will probably land somewhere there abouts. I have directed Genl. Putnam to procure similar persons, to wait upon them in their way thro' Jersey. I hope we may prevent them from crossing the Delaware, but if that event should happen, we should be provided. I would therefore have you set about this work immediately, and give the persons you pitch upon, proper lessons. Some in the Quaker line, who have never taken an active part, would be least liable to suspicion from either party.
Every preparation of defence should be immediately made in Philadelphia, from whence the spare stores should be immediately removed, and the defence of the River below the City, 1particularly attended to. Ten flat Boats to transport Horses, Artillery and Men, should be directly provided, and fixed upon Carriages, that they may be transported by land, they should be sent, as soon as possible, to Bristol or higher up the River, that they may be ordered to meet our Army, wherever it may suit us to cross. When the Enemy begin to advance, the City Militia should be embodied. The Continental Troops, that may be there, to take post at Bristol and the Ferry opposite Trenton with Ten or Twelve pieces of Artillery. The Continental Frigates, I think, ought to go out of Delaware into Chesapeak Bay, or Boston Harbour, as they are manned.
You will please to lay this before Congress, the Continental Board of War, the Pennsylvania Board of War, and any other public Bodies, whose assistance or advice may be necessary towards carrying the above into execution.
12th. Since writing the above, I have received a letter from the Committee of Congress on the same subject. I therefore refer you to my answer to them, for further particulars.85 I am etc.86
[Note 85: A letter of April 10, which is not found in the Washington Papers. For answer see Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Apr. 12, 1777, post.]
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1777.
Sir: Application has been made to me, by the State of Massachusetts for part of the Blankets lately arrived at Portsmouth from France. As I did not know, how you might have disposed of them, I thought my interfering in the matter might occasion some confusion, and therefore desired them to apply to your Agents in Boston, to whom I beg you will give orders to deliver them such a proportion as you think them intitled to. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1777.
Sir: I was just now honored with your Letter of the 9th Inst. covering sundry Resolutions of Congress. Those for regulating the Hospital and Medical department, I trust, will prove of the most salutary consequences. It is only to be regreted, that this necessary and liberal institution had not been gone into and Completed at an earlier period.
The Honors Congress have decreed to the memory of Generals Warren and Mercer, afford me the highest pleasure. Their character and merit had a just claim to every mark of respect, and I heartily wish, that Every Officer of the United States, emulating their virtues, may by their actions secure to themselves the same right to the grateful Tributes of their Country.
Since writing to you Yesterday, I have received further intelligence of the Enemy's preparations in York indicating a Movement before long. It is contained in the Inclosed Letter No. 1,89 and corroborates the Opinion, I have long entertained, that they would make a push against Philadelphia. The Tory Regiments mentioned, we are told are at Hackensack, and about Five hundred strong, exclusive of a Company of Highlanders, which is with them.
[Note 89: This paper, the examination of an unnamed individual who came out of New York City, is in the writing of John Fitzgerald and is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
The inclosed Letter from Le Chevalier Count of Vrecourt90 came to hand this Morning, and which I have thought proper to transmit to Congress, that they may consider his case, and adopt such measures respecting him, as his Character and testimonials deserve. I never heard of him before, but if he is a Skilful Engineer he will be extremely useful and should be employed, tho' he may not understand our language. At this time we have not one with the Army, nor one to join it who has the least reputation or pretensions to Skill. If this Gentleman came, in Consequence of an agreement with Doctor Franklin and brought credentials from him, I should suppose him to be acquainted with what he was recommended for.
[Note 90: Comte de Vrecourt was an engineer and artillery officer from Luxembourg. He came to America at the instance of Penet and Pliarne and was commissioned a colonel of engineers by Congress Apr. 12, 1777.]
The Cartel proposed to be settled and so long in agitation is not accomplished yet. The last meeting, on that business, was the 2d Instant, when nothing was done, nor is a further interview appointed respecting it. I have transmitted a Copy of Lord Cornwallis's Letter, which came out the next day, with that of the paper alluded to by him, which Mr Harrison refused to receive from Colo. Walcot, and of my Answer to the latter, in a Letter to Genl Howe. The Objections or Articles mentioned Congress Resolves on Pay of the Army, April 1-10, 1777 by Colo Walcot, were those Genl Greene had with him and which he left when he came from Philadelphia. The original I have by me. Those points were insisted on again and rejected, and a tender made of the paper by Colo Walcot, which he brought with him prepared.
I have appointed John Wilkins, John Steel, Matthew Irvine and Samuel Kearsley Esqrs. Capts. of Companies to be raised by them in Consequence of the recommendation of Genl Armstrong. As the Interest of those Gentn. lies in Pennsylvania chiefly, and it would be drawing money from the Pay Master here to carry to Philadelphia, supposing there was a Supply in the Chest, which is not the case, I shall be obliged by Congress's ordering Six hundred Dollars to be advanced each of them, on Acct. of the Recruiting service. The first of whom I imagine is in Philadelphia, if this requisition can be complied with, He, I presume, will give notice to the rest, or if Genl Armstrong is informed of it, he will do it. I have the honor etc.91
[Note 91: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 93: A committee of the Massachusetts Council.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1777.
Gentn: I am favored with yours of the 20th of last Month, in which you make a request for Five thousand of the Arms, lately arrived from France, for the use of the Troops of your State. As your Letter went to Philadelphia, it only reached my hands yesterday. I cannot conceive that such a Number could be wanting, had proper pains been taken to collect the Public Arms and to purchase all that could be procured from private persons; but I have however given Orders to General Heath, to draw as many as are absolutely necessary to Arm the Men, that are raised and ready to March. You must apply to the Deputy Cloathiers in your State for your proportion of Blankets. I must entreat you, Gentlemen, still to persist in the Collection of the Public Arms, and have them properly repaired and deposited in Arsenals that will be built for the reception of Military Stores. Altho' our late supplies are seemingly large, they are small when compared to our present wants, and the allowance that must be made for loss and waste, and I am very fearful, that the States, taking it for granted that they will be fully supplied with the Arms lately arrived at Philadelphia and at Portsmouth, will neglect to go on with the Collection of those that have been lent to the Militia, and which have never been returned.
General Knox thinks that part of the Powder borrowed from your State, was repaid out of that taken by Mugford;94 he has wrote to Mr. Barber,95 to know Certainly whether it is so. General Heath will have directions to deliver whatever is still due. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 94: Capt. James Mugford, of Marblehead, Mass.]
[Note 95: Nathaniel Barber, jr., deputy commissary of artillery.]
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 11, 1777.
Parole Amboy. Countersign Brunswick.
Brigadier Genl. Muhlenberg97 will take the trouble of inquiring into the Rank, and Claims for promotion of the Subalterns of the 1st. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 6th. and 9th Virginia Battalions; determine the disputes, and make report; that no time may be lost in filling up the vacancies.
[Note 97: Peter Muhlenberg.]
The commanding Officers of detachments and parties, as they arrive, must make Returns to the Adjutant General without delay.
The commanding Officer of every Regiment and Corps, is to take especial care to prevent his men from straggling, and to see that every thing is in such order as to move at an hour's warning. All officers are to pay particular attention to this order, and not to absent themselves from camp. The Rolls to be called twice a day (Morning and Evening) regularly.
The commanding Officer of each Corps, is also to take care, that a parade, convenient to the quarters of his men, is fixed upon to repair to, for the purpose of calling over the rolls; at which the officers are regularly to attend, and see that none, but good and sufficient excuses are admitted for the non-attendance of the non-commissioned officers and privates.
At these Roll-Callings the state and condition of the men's Arms and Ammunition is to be accurately inspected into, and the soldiers made to account satisfactorily for any deficiency of the latter, or pay for it.
An Alarm will be announced by the firing of 3 Field Pieces, upon which each Corps in that division of the Army, in and near Morristown is first to assemble and form upon its own parade, and then march to a General-Parade to be shewn by the Adjutant General at Morristown, and there wait orders.--The other divisions of the Army are to assemble in such places, and in such manner as the General Officers respectively commanding, shall order and direct.
The General Parade to which the different Corps are to repair (after they have assembled and formed on their respective parades) is in the main street, from the Artillery Guard House, opposite the Meeting, to Magee's house.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 11, 1777.
Sir: The latest Accounts received respecting the Enemy, rendered probable by a Variety of Circumstances, inform us, that they are very busily engaged in fitting up their Transports at Amboy for the accomodation of Troops; that they have compleated their Bridge, and are determined to make their first push at Philadelphia.
The Campaign is therefore opening; and our present Situation, weaker than when you left us, forces me to entreat your utmost attention to the raising and equipping the Continental Troops allotted to be raised in your State. I have waited in painful expectation of Reinforcements, such an one as would probably have ensured an happy Issue, to any Attack I might have determined upon, and such as I had a right to expect, had the Officers faithfully discharged their duty.
But that time is past, and I must content myself with improving on the future Chances of War; Even this can not be done, unless the Officers can be persuaded to abandon their comfortable Quarters, and take the Field.
Let me, therefore, in the most earnest Terms, beg that they may be forwarded to the Army without loss of Time.
I have also to ask the favor of you, to transmit to me, a list of the Field Officers of your Battalions, and their Rank with the number of their respective Battalions. I have the honor to be etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have the disagreeable Information that disputes still prevail in your State about the rank of your Officers, and that the recruiting Service is exceedingly injured by them. Shall the general Cause be injured by such illtimed and ineffectual Jarrings among them? I have inclosed two Resolves of Congress, warmly hoping that the knowledge of them, may tend to an honorable and necessary accomodation. No Settlement which they can make and submit to among themselves will affect the Army at large. I have long since determined, to refer the adjusting of Rank to a Board of General Officers, which will proceed upon the business, so soon as the Army Collects and Circumstances will admit.98
[Note 98: A signed draft in the Washington Papers is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Dear Brother: I have been favourd with your Letter from Mount Vernon, and one other of the 8th. Ulto. which is now before me, from Bushfield.
To my great surprize we are still in a calm; how long it will, how long it can remain, is beyond my skill to determine. That it has continued much beyond my expectation already, is certain, but to expect that General Howe will not avail himself of our Weak State, is, I think, to say in as many words that he does not know how to take advantage of Circumstances, and of course, is unfit for the trust reposed in him.
From all accts., it appears that the remaining part of the Troops at Rhode Island were preparing to Imbark; and that Philadelphia is the object, I have not the smallest doubt of myself; other opinions do, however, prevail, time, and a little time, will determine the Point. For some days past there has been a pretty considerable movement among the Enemy, in their Shipping &ca.; whilst it seems next to impossible to make our Officers, in any of the States, exert themselves in bringing their Men to the Field, as if it was a matter of Moonshine whether they came to day, to morrow, a Week, or a Month hence. The Campaign will I expect, be opend without Men on our side, unless they come in much faster than I have reason to expect them.
The unfortunate policy of short Inlistments is daily, and hourly, exemplified. Thoroughly convinced I am, that if the Troops which were Inlisted last year had been engaged for the War, or even three years, that I could, with them, and such aids as might have been drawn in to our assistance, have drove the British Army and their Auxiliry Troops out of the Jerseys in the course of last Winter. I do not know but they might also have been driven from New York; instead of that, we have, at this late day, an Army to Assemble for self defence. But past errors cannot be rectified, we must guard as much as possible against future evils.
The ridiculous, and inconsistent Orders given by the Executive powers in some of the States, and even by the Officers therein for the Rendezvous of their Men, is scarcely to be thought of with patience. It would seem, as if to harrass the Troops, and delay their junction, were the ends in view.
I am glad to hear my Sister and the little ones are well. I thank her for the trouble she has taken in knitting the Stockings you speak of. My love to you all, in which Mrs. Washington (who at present is with me) joins concludes me. Dr. Sir, Your Most Affect. Bror.
P.S. I forgot to acknowledge the receipt of your Letter of the 16th. of Feby. wch. is also to hand.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Sir: I am honoured with yours of the 10th, accompanied with one from the Committee of Congress, to whom I have wrote very fully upon the Subject of the Resolve for forming an Army upon the West side of Delaware, and to which I refer you. I wish I could see any prospect of an Army, fit to make proper opposition, formed any where. You will perhaps be surprised at this, after the Public Reports of the great Success of recruiting in all the States; but to convince you that these have been but bare Reports, I will give you the best information, I have been able to collect, from actual Returns and other accounts.
New Hampshire. No Returns, but a Letter from Genl. Heath says they are tolerably forward. All their Regiments go to the Northward.
Massachusetts. About 400 Men raised to a Regiment, many of those yet to undergo innoculation. Seven of their Regiments go to the Northward and Eight are to come to Peekskill for the present.
Rhode Island. Only 360 Men inlisted in both Regiments the 1st of April; 200 of those are yet to be innoculated. Genl. Varnum writes me that he despairs of filling up the Regiments.
Connecticut. By a Return from Genl Parsons of the 4th April, about 1800 Men were recruited thro' the whole State, they much dispersed, many to have the Small pox and recruiting at a stand.
New York. About 200 Men to a Regiment and from the peculiar Situation of that province, it will be almost impossible for them to fill their Regiments, tho' they exert themselves very much.
New Jersey. Between two and three hundred to a Regiment; they also lay under many difficulties on account of the disaffection of their State, but their officers are active and diligent.
Pennsylvania. Most of her Regiments are very backward. Those most so, who have been longest recruiting.
Delaware State. No Returns of their Regiments.
Maryland. I have only the Return of one Regiment, which consists of 200 Men; but I do not believe the others are in more forwardness. The disputes about the Rank of Officers has prevailed so much, that the recruiting Service has been in a manner neglected.
Virginia. The nine old Regiments will not exceed 1800 effective Men, and Governor Henry, in a Letter which I received yesterday, informs me, that he did not think more than four of the six new ones would be filled. He proposes the expediency of raising Volunteer Companies to Serve Seven or Eight Months, to make up the deficiency. But this I shall object to, on many Accounts, particularly, that it would be introducing a Body of Men, who would look upon themselves at liberty to do what they pleased, and the Moment their times expired would leave us, tho' at the most critical Juncture.
If the Men that are raised, few as they are, could be got into the Field, it would be a matter of some Consolation, but every method that I have been able to devise, has proved ineffectual. If I send an Officer to collect the Sick or Scattered of his Regiment, it is ten to one but he neglects his duty, goes home on pleasure or Business and the next that I hear of him, is, that he has resigned. Furloughs are no more attended to, than if there was no limitation of time, and in short, Sir, there is such a total depression of that Military Ardor, which I hoped would have inspired every Officer, when he found his pay genteely augmented, and the Army put upon a respectable footing, that it seems to me, as if all public Spirit was sunk into the means of making money by the Service, or quarrelling upon the most trivial points of Rank.
I shall, as soon as possible, transmit to the Board of War, a list of the appointments I have made, in consequence of the powers vested in me.
If the appointments in the Hospital are not filled up, before the receipt of this, I would take the liberty of mentioning a Gentleman, who I think highly deserving of Notice, not only on Account of his Abilities, but for the very great Assistance, which he has afforded in the course of this winter, merely in the nature of a Volunteer. The Gentleman is Doctr. John Cochran1, well known to all the Faculty and particularly to Doctor Shippen, who I suppose has mentioned him among the Candidates. The place for which the Doctor is well fitted, and which would be most agreeable to him, is Surgeon General of the Middle Department. In this line he served all the last War in the British Service, and has distinguished himself this Winter
[Note 1: Cochran was appointed physician and surgeon general of the Middle Department Apr. 11, 1777; Chief Physician and Surgeon of the Continental Army Oct. 6, 1780. and Director General of Continental Hospitals Jan. 17, 1781; served to the close of the war.] particularly in his attention to the Small pox patients, and the wounded, which but for him and Doctor Bond,2 must have Suffered much, if not been totally neglected, as there were no other Medical Gentlemen to be found.
[Note 2: Nathaniel Bond, surgeon, hospital department.]
If the appointment of Surgeon General is filled up, that of Deputy Director of the Middle department would be acceptable. I have been thus full in my recommendation, because Doctor Cochran, in a manner had my promise of one of the Capital appointments in the Hospital, upon a presumption, that I should have had some hand in the nomination, by the Resolution of Congress impowering me to fill all Commissions under the Rank of Brigadier's General.
April 13.
I have this moment reced a Line from Genl. Lincoln, informing me that the Enemy attempted to Surprise him early this Morning at his post at Bound Brook, but that he made good his Retreat to the pass of the Mountains just in his Rear, with trifling loss. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Sir: Having seen a letter, from Doctor Franklin, and many other credentials, in favour of Monsr. Le Chevalier Du Plessis,4 he appears to me to be a person worthy of the notice and encouragement of Congress. He has served in the French Artillery, and, both his inclination and qualifications, make it proper he should have an appointment in ours. There are some
[Note 4: Thomas Antoine, Chevalier Mandult Du Plessis, He was appointed a captain in the Continental Artillery Apr. 15, 1777; promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel Nov. 26, 1777; resigned Nov. 5, 1778.] vacancies in the Artillery for Captains, one of which may be offered him as a beginning. The superior ranks are all completed. I am, etc.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Alexantler Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Gentn.: I was late last Evening honored with your favor of the 10th. and perfectly agree with you upon the propriety of forming an Army on the West Side of Delaware. I can only regret that the Situation of our Affairs, at present, is such, that not a Man of the Continental Army can yet be suffered to remain there, without endangering the Small part, that is already collected here. But this is no objection to making Bristol the place of Rendezvous, from whence the Troops may be drawn to the Army on this Side the River, till we are made too formidable robe attacked without danger, and at the same time strong enough to fall upon the Enemy with advantage, Should they move forward. I am myself pretty well convinced, from the concurrence of all our late intelligence, that Philadelphia is the Object; but should too much of our attention be drawn to that Quarter, a watchful Enemy, taking advantage of the remote Situation of our main force, might Suddenly shift their ostensible plan of operations, and fall upon a Quarter, tho' not so valuable, yet not far behind Philadelphia, if considered in point of convenience; by this I mean, the passes upon the North River, the occupancy of which, would not only cut off the Communication between the Eastern and Southern States, but would also render the Support of Tyconderoga impracticable. Again, another objection which I have to forming an Army in Pennsylvania, before I am considerably reinforced in this State, is, that it would in all probability give the Enemy an opportunity of dislodging me from the Posts which I at present occupy, and which are so advantagiously situated, that if held, they effectually hinder the Enemy from extending themselves, and getting access to a Country ready and willing to furnish them with Supplies of Horses, Cattle, provision, and even Men, all of which they steal in, as often as they have Opportunities. These advantages, to an Enemy who has been Shut up the whole Winter, and reduced to the greatest Straights for want of many necessaries, Forage and fresh Provision particularly, would be inestimable, and put them again into a hearty and flourishing Condition.
From the above Arguments I think it is plain, that we must establish a respectable Force where we now are, as the most convenient point, from whence we can give opposition to the Enemy, should their designs be either Northward or Southward. When that is done, an Army which I will call a Reserve, will be properly stationed upon the West side of Delaware. Tho' I am totally averse to dividing the Army at all, except in cases of the greatest emergency. We shall be eternally beat in Small detachments.
I am therefore clearly of Opinion, that the Troops should be hurried on from Philadelphia as quick as possible, and Bristol I think the propcrest place for their Rendezvous; because there is Sufficient covering for near, if not quite two thousand Men at a time. You mention the immediate formation of a Camp, but it is yet too early for that, especially for Men who have, most of them, just come out of Small pox Hospitals. If the State of Pennsylvania can furnish three thousand Militia, to take post some where on the West Side of Delaware, they will be a valuable acquisition, but if they come into the field, I beg that they may be at some distance from the Continental Troops, I mean, till there is occasion for their coming to Action. The unavoidable necessity that there is, of being relaxed in your discipline towards them, spreads the Seeds of licentiousness among the Regulars, who naturally fall into the same excesses, of which they see their Neighbours guilty, and it is impossible, without evident partiality, to inflict punishment on the one, for the same Crime, which the other commits with impunity.
I have so often mentioned the expediency of removing the Superfluous Stores from Philadelphia, that I would fain hope few are left. Salt is an Article the most Valuable of any to us, and the most difficult of removal; I would recommend the Security of it, as a principal object of attention. The Chance of War is uncertain, and in Spite of opposition, Philadelphia may fall into the hands of the Enemy; but let us endeavour, in case of an Accident of that kind, to leave them nothing but the bare Walls. With Magazines well filled, our Resources are endless.
I thank you for the deference which you pay to my Judgment and Opinions, which I am happy to find, coincide so nearly with yours upon this occasion. I have the honor etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, with some minor changes by Alexander Hamilton. The letter sent is in the writing of Hamilton and is in the New York Historical Society.]
Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Sir: A Mr. Fernandez,7 an Officer just released from Captivity by an exchange, informs me, that large and weekly supplies of fresh Provisions are brought into York, which he was told by a Friend of ours, came from Connecticut, but whether by Water or by land, he does not know.--This information I have
[Note 7: Lieut. James Fearnandis (or Fernandez), of the First Maryland Regiment. He had been taken prisoner on Long Island, N.Y., and exchanged Mar. 24, 1777.] thought proper to transmit to your honor by the tardiest Opportunity, that you may adopt such Measures, as its importance demands and which shall seem most likely to prevent a practice so wicked and so injurious in its consequences. it is most probable, the most Common mode of Conveyance is by Water, and that the Supplies are from those, who live on the Sound; However, it will be well, to have The disaffected bordering on the State of York, watched with a scrupulous care, as well as those contiguous to the Sound.
Mr. Fernandez adds, that Colo. Rogers8 and other Officers, whose names he does not recollect, have left York on the recruiting Service and gone into Connecticut, as he was advised. It is also said by a Mr. Deputy Commissary Frink,9 who has been, just exchanged too, that ... Sellech of Stanford is frequently in the City of York, and that one John Hart is gone to Rhode Island to pass Countertier Money. It highly imports us, to detect and apprehend these Villains, whose Crimes are of great enormity, and I should hope, if this intelligence is communicated to some of our prudent, trusty Friends in different parts of the State, particularly in those most favorable to their Views; that it might be effected. Rogers is an Active instrument in the Enemy's hands, and his Conduct has a peculiar claim to our notice.
[Note 8: Better known as Maj. Robert Rogers. of Rogers's rangers.]
[Note 9: Daniel Prink.]
I have nothing special to Mention respecting the Enemy. As yet they have made no movement, but from our advices of their preparations, there are strong reasons to beleive, that they are upon the Eve of doing it; And from a variety of combining circumstances, it appears, that Philadelphia will be the first Object of their attention. I only regret, that I have not the means, the exigency of our Affairs requires, and that a strange unaccountable langour seems but too generally to prevail, when the preservation of our Rights and of all that is dear calls loudly for the most vigorous and active exertions. I am &c.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 11: Justices of the peace of Sussex County, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Gentn.: It has been represented to me by Capt. Kinney,12 that there are many people in the County of Sussex, who are really innocent of any Crime or evil design against their Country, but having been seen in Company with some notoriously disaffected who have been tampering with them, they fear they will be considered of their party,and have therefore fled. Capt. Kinney says he is informed, that if they were certain of being well received, they would return to their homes, give any kind of Security for their future good Behaviour, and become peaceable inhabitants of the County and State. I therefore think you had better make the offer of Pardon to such as you think deserve it, and invite them to return, Perhaps by this kind treatment they may be induced to make some discoveries. I thank you for the care and attention which I am informed you have paid to the Public Business in your County, and am, etc.13
[Note 12: Capt. Jonathan Kinsey(?), of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Fench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Sir: Your Letter of the 28th. Ulto. covering the proceedings of a Court Martial against William Stone and Alexander Fulton I received a few days ago. Having maturely considered those proceedings, I confirm the Sentence decreed against William Stone and transmit you a Warrant for his Execution. The name of the person who will act as provost, you will insert in the blank left for that purpose.
The sentence against Alexander Fulton, I do remit, and you will discharge him; at the same time I wish you to caution him against a like conduct in future, and to assure him, the rules of War and the principles of Justice would have justified his execution. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Sir: As you are appointed, in the arrangement of the Army, to command a Brigade of Pennsylvania Troops, I desire, that you will hold yourself in readiness and repair to my Head Quarters, as soon as a General Officer arrives at the post where you now Command. Your presence here will be materially wanted, and I persuade myself, you will lose no time in complying with my requisition, when the circumstance I have mentioned, puts it in your power. I am &ca.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 4th. instant, inclosing a Return of your Regiment, which I am sorry to find so far below my expectation. I have wrote to Governor Johnson, entreating him to endeavour to settle the unhappy dispute that has hitherto subsisted in your State respecting Rank, and I hope it may be effected.
I desire you will immediately upon the receipt of this, order your Lieutt. Colonel to march to this place, with every Man that is fit for duty, and that you send on your Major with the next detachment. You had better remain a while longer to see that the Officers, left behind to recruit, perform their duty, and that the men in the Hospitals are forwarded, as soon as the State of their Health will permit. I depend upon your exerting yourself to make up for the time that has been heretofore lost, as not only the public Service, but the Credit of your State depends upon it. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 12, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 7th. Instt. with a Return of your Regiment, I this day received, and am sorry to find that your Officers are so slow in the recruiting Service. The Company you intend to March in a few days, you will order directly to Head Quarters, unless countermanded. The Expences that necessarily arise to recruiting Officers, I believe is much increased; but at the same time cant help remarking that (by every Information I receive) they spend a great part of their time in Idleness and Dissipation to the great detriment of the Service and increase of Expence. I by no means intend to charge your Officers with these Crimes, but request you will be attentive that they account in a Satisfactory manner for the public Money you supply them with.
As to the additional allowance for recruiting I can do nothing in it, as I am intirely govern'd by a Resolve of Congress on that head. If the Board of War upon application to them, will allow it, I am perfectly satisfied. I am etc.17
[Note 17: In the writing of John Fitzgerald; the draft is also in the writing of Fitzgerald and varies in minor verbal particulars from the letter sent. The editor is indebted to Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J., for this letter.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 12, 1777.
Parole Kildair. Countersign Dublin.
All the troops in Morristown, except the Guards, are to attend divine worship to morrow morning at the second Bell; the officers commanding Corps, are to take especial care, that their men appear clean, and decent, and that they are to march in proper order to the place of worship.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 13, 1777.
Parole Boundbrook. Countersign Green.
William Wilcocks Esqr. is appointed Aide-De-Camp, to Major Genl. Lord Stirling, and to be obeyed as such.
Morris Town, April 13, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday Evening had the honor to receive the favor of your Letter of the 29th. Ulto.18
[Note 18: Henry's letter of Mar. 29, 1777, is a very full picture of the reasons for the backwardness of recruiting in Virginia. It is in the Washington Papers.]
It gives me much concern, to hear the recruiting service proceeds so slowly in most of the States; That it is the case in Virginia affects me in a peculiar Manner. I feel myself much obliged, by the polite respect your honorable Board of Council are pleased to shew to my Opinion; and am under the necessity of observing, that the Volunteer plan, which you Mention, will never answer any Valuable purposes, and that I cannot but disapprove the Measure. To the short engagements of our Troops, may be fairly and justly ascribed, almost every misfortune that we have experienced. to that Cause, and that alone, have the liberties of our Country been put in question and the most obvious advantages lost. This I speak from painful experience; and assured of the facts, I cannot countenance, in the smallest degree, what I know to be pernicious in the Extreme. Short inlistments, when founded on the best plan, are repugnant to order and subversive of discipline; and men held upon such terms, will never be equal to the important ends of War; but, when they are of the Volunteer kind, they are still more destructive. Those who engage in Arms under that denomination, let them agree upon what conditions they may, are uneasy, impatient of Command, ungovernable; and, claiming to themselves a sort of superior merit, generaly assume, not only the Priviledge of thinking, but to Do as they please: added to these Considerations, such Corps are long in forming, and half their time is taken up in Marching to and from Camp at a most amazing expence; nor are the injuries, to which a Country is exposed, by the frequent marching and countermarching Men, to be disregarded. Further, whilst they are in Service, the States, to which they belong, have but little, if any, chance to engage them for a longer term; when that is out, they will return, tho' the Exigency of Affairs should be never so pressing, and tho' you should be on the point of Action; on perhaps of grasping a Victory. Their departure, has a most baneful and unhappy influence on those who remain, who consider themselves, notwithstanding their Engagements, as subjected to peculiar hardships, become uneasy and discontented, and many desert; their return too, having seen only service sufficient to create disgust, and experienced, in the Course of it, a few difficulties; produces the same disposition, thro' the Circle of their Connections. In a word, Sir, I cannot advise the Volunteer plan, as I conceive the adoption of it would have the most fatal and pernicious tendency; and, in my opinion, the Interest of the States will be more advanced by regular inlistments during the War, tho' it should take a considerable time to compleat them.
The apologies you offer for your deficiency of Troops, are not without some Weight; I am induced to believe, that the apprehensions of the Small pox and its calamitous consequences, have greatly retarded the Inlistments; but may not those objections be easily done away, by introducing Innoculation into the State, or shall we adhere to a regulation preventing it, reprobated at this time, not only by the Consent and usage of the greater part of the civilized World, but by our Interest and own experience of its utility ? You will pardon my observations on the Small pox, because I know it is more destructive to an Army in the Natural way, than the Enemy's Sword, and because I shudder, when ever I reflect upon the difficulties of keeping it out, and that, in the vicissitudes of War, the scene may be transferred to some Southern State. Should it not be the case, their Quota of Men must come to the Field.
I have nothing in particular to mention, respecting the Enemy. As yet they have made no Movement, but from our advices of their preparations, there are strong reasons to believe, that they are upon the Eve of doing it; and from a variety of combining circumstances, it appears that Philadelphia will be the first object of their attention. I only regret that I have not the means the exigency of our Affairs requires, and that a strange, unaccountable langour seems but too generally to prevail at a time, when the preservation of our rights and all that is dear, calls loudly for the most vigorous and active exertions. I have the honor to be, etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 14, 1777.
Sir: I was this morning favored with yours of yesterday, inclosing Copy of a Letter from Mr. Henry Fisher of Lewis Town. The Ships therein mentioned, are certainly meant for no other purpose, than to distress and cut off the Trade in Delaware Bay. you may depend, that when an attack upon the Works below the Town is really intended, there will be a Cooperation of their land and Sea forces. I would notwithstanding have sent down the detachment of your Artillery under the Command of Lieut. Colo. Strobach,21 could they have possibly been spared at this Juncture; but as we have not a Man of the Continental Artillery yet arrived, I am obliged to keep them a little while longer. Genl Knox tells me that he expects part of Colo Crane's22 Regiment, in ten days from this time. The moment they arrive, Colo. Strobach shall be relieved. Lieut. Robb23 with the small detachment of the Pennsylvania Regiment goes off to morrow, I shall send down Collins under his guard.
[Note 21: Lieut. Col. John Martin Strobagh, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He died Dec. 2, 1778.]
[Note 22: Col. John Crane, of the Third Continental Artillery.]
[Note 23: Lieut. John Robb, of Miles's Pennsylvania rifle regiment. He was promoted to captain in a Pennsylvania State regiment Apr. 18, 1777 (designated Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment Nov. 12, 1777); retired Jan. 1, 1778.]
The Enemy came out early yesterday morning from Brunswick, with an intent to surprise Genl Lincoln at Bound Brook, and had like to have effected their design by the carelessness of a Militia Guard, at one of the fords upon Rariton. But the General got notice of their Approach, time enough to withdraw himself and most of his Men to the Mountain just in the rear of the Town. Our chief and almost only loss was two pieces of Artillery and with them Lieuts. Ferguson24 and Turnbull25 with about twenty men of Colo. Proctors Regiment; A party of Horse was pushed so suddenly upon them, that they could not possibly get off. The Enemy staid about an hour and an half and then went back to Brunswick. General Lincoln took his Post again, with a Reinforcement.
[Note 24: Lieut. William Ferguson, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was promoted to captain Apr. 14, 1778, while still in captivity; exchanged in December, 1780; retired Jan. 1, 1783.]
[Note 25: Lieut. Charles Turnbull, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was made captain in July, 1777, while still in captivity; exchanged in April, 1780; served to June, 1783.]
I am afraid from the Situation of Billingsport, that the Works which you are constructing there, cannot be supported, if an attack is made upon it by land, and I should therefore think, that a small work with a few pieces of heavy Cannon, would be all that would be necessary. You may depend, that no Attack will ever be made by Shipping alone, and as you must ever count upon losing so remote a post, if attacked by land, the fewer number of Men and Stores that are risqued, the better. As I have never seen a plan of the Works, I only speak from information. But I would recommend a compact Work, to contain about three hundred Men, in preference to a larger. If there were but few Cannon, they might possibly be removed, if there should be a necessity of evacuating. You will oblige me by putting the inclosed Letters in the Post Office. I have the honor to be, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 14, 1777.
Parole Carlisle. Countersign York.
The General Court Martial of which Major Harmar is President, is to sit tomorrow, at 9 o'clock, to try Lieut. Francis Costigan27 of Col Ogden's Regt. and such other prisoners, as may be brought before them. All Evidences are to attend--Col. Biddle28 will furnish the evidence against Lieut. Corstigan.
[Note 27: Lieutt Francis Costigan, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 28: Col. Clement Biddie.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 15, 1777.
Parole Rutledge. Countersign Charlestown.
Serjt. Keener29 of the 11th. Pennsyl: Battn. and Serjt. Berns30 of the 10th. tried at a General Court Martial, held at Samptown, of which Col Shreve was president, on a charge of "Intending to desert." The Court find Serjt. Keener guilty of the above Crime, and sentence him to be reduced to the ranks, and receive 100 Lashes on his bare back-- The Court acquit Serjt. Berns of the Charge against him.
[Note 29: Sergt. Barnet Kenny(?) (Keener).]
[Note 30: Sergt.-Maj. John Burns (Berns).]
John Neal, Soldier in Capt. Coates's31 Company, and the 11th. Pennsyl: Regt. tried at the same Court Martial, is found guilty of "Deserting his post, being drunk, and suffering others to desert to the enemy "--The Court sentence him to suffer Death.
[Note 31: Capt. John Coates. He waa a doctor who resided in Talbot County, Md. After being wounded in a skirmish, he resigned in October, 1777.]
Lieut. Ralwaggon,32 of the German Battalion, tried by the above Court Martial is found Guilty of "Making a great Noise
[Note 32: Lieut. Frederick Rowlwagen.] among the Soldiers going to Trenton, contrary to General Orders"; and sentenced to be cashiered for the same.
The General approves the above sentences, and orders them to take place forthwith, except that against John Neal, the execution of which is to be suspended 'till further orders.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 16, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 14th.; I dont know whether Colo. Duyckink34 comes under the Civil or Military Jurisdiction; but from the following State of the facts on which
[Note 34: Col. Christopher Duyckink.] I ordered him to be secured, you will be able to form a Judgment, and if you think, he falls within the line of Civil Authority, I will most cheerfully give him up to you. Colo. Duyckink, some time in the Winter, came Voluntarily out of Brunswick and Surrendered himself to General Dickinson at Mill Stone; Said he had seen my Proclamation and had come to take the Benefit; that he had been ill used by the British Army; and that he was determined to remain with his Countrymen. Genl. Dickinson sent him up to me, he told me the same Story, and I permitted him to go at large.
Some little time after this, he applied to Lord Stirling for Liberty to return again to Brunswick, who not being acquainted with Circumstances, granted him permission; but before he went, General Dickinson luckily received information from a Person who came out of Brunswick, who told him that he heard Cortland Skinner35 tell Duyckink, "he was afraid it would not do and that there would be danger in the Experiment;" meaning his going out under pretence of becoming a Convert. Upon this, he was Stopped and Carried before General Greene, who asked him what was the Reason of this Sudden Alteration in his Sentiments. He said, that he could not in Conscience take the Oaths to the State, as he had taken the Oath of Allegiance to the King; that the People in the Country threatened his life, and that he thought he had better return. General Greene asked him, if he had not considered the Matter of taking the Oaths to the State before he came out, as he owned he had seen the Proclamation; but he gave such evasive Answers, that it convinced us, that he only came out to get intelligence and I therefore had him apprehended and sent to Philadelphia, where he has since been Confined.
[Note 35: Brig. Gen. Cortlandt Skinner. He had been attorney general of New Jersey, but on the outbreak of hostilities adhered to the Crown and raised a loyalist corps called the New Jersey Volunteers.]
He is looked upon as so dangerous a Man, by the well affected in this part of the Country, that I believe his being set at Liberty and Suffered to remain in the Country, would create great uneasiness. I have the honor to be &c.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 17, 1777.
Sir: That the Enemy are upon the point of opening the Campaign, can scarce admit of a doubt, where, and in what manner, is yet uncertain; it behooves us however to be as well prepar'd as possible, and keep every thing in such order as to move at an hour's warning: one step towards this, is, to have the number of our Posts reduced, the Men drawn a little more compactly together, and Scouts to supply the places of Stationary Guards, along the Enemy's Lines. By this means we shall have it more in our power to move quickly; shall be less liable to surprises; and can give aid much quicker, than in cases where Men upon any alarm, or Movement of the Enemy are to be assembled from several different Posts, at a distance from each other.
I would have you attend particularly to the care of Ogden's, Shreves, Martins, and Spencers Regiments; see that the Commanding Officers of them use every possible Means to get them compleated; and that they have their Men carried through the small pox, by Inoculation, as fast as the Surgeons, under the direction of the Hospital, can possibly accomplish it; cause the Commanding Officers of these Regiments (wh. will probably compose your Brigade) to be very regular and careful in their Returns to you, that I may be furnished therewith. See that the other Corps, at present under your immediate Command, comply also with this requisition that I may not be deceiv'd with respect to my Strength. The Inclosed Letters you will please to have delivered. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 17, 1777.37
[Note 37: The same letter with necessary changes was sent this same date to Col. James Chambers, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, and to Col. William Cooke, of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Sir: On looking over the last Return of the German Battalion, there appears to be Fifty three privates Sick and absent, and Seventeen on Furlough.
Almost four months have expired, since orders were given for collecting the Sick, and yet there are as many absent, as if no such had issued. Such disobedience can no longer be pardoned in Officers. I do therefore, in the most peremptory manner, command, that they be without loss of time collected. The privates now on Furlough must be ordered in and no more given in future. The Officers must continue with their Men, that they may be ready for action on a moment's warning. In short, as the Campaign must open immediately, I must insist that both Officers and men discharge their duty with the greatest punctuality. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 39: Secretary of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 17, 1777.
Sir: I am directed, by a Resolve of Congress of the 10th Inst., to transmit to the Board of War, a list of the appointments, made in Consequence of the powers with which I am invested by Congress, together with a Copy of all Commissions originating from and issued by me.
I have made no appointments out of the Military line, but James Mease Esqr. Cloathier General, with a salary of 150 dollars pr Month. and Elias Boudinot40 Esqr. Commissary of Prisoners with a salary of 60 dollars pr Month. I have not been able yet to obtain compleat Returns of Colo Sheldon's, Baylors and Moylans Officers of Light Horse, or of as many of the 16 Additional Battalions, as are put into Commission, indeed all the Subalterns, to those that are put into Commission, are not yet appointed; but when they are, and the Regiments are drawn together, you shall have exact Returns. I think it would be almost needless to attempt to form a General Return of the Army just at this time, for what with promotions and Resignations, the State of a Regiment is scarcely the same a Week together; but when the Army is once fully arranged, things will not be in that fluctuating Situation.
[Note 40: Copies of these commissions are in the Washington Papers, Mease's under date of Jan. 10, 1777, and Boudinot's under Apr. 15, 1777.]
I inclose you a list of such of the Colonels of Horse and Foot, as I have appointed. I gave the disposal of all Commissions under the Rank of Field Officers, to the different Colonels, subject to my approbation; by which means I think these Regiments will be better officered than the others; because, as the Reputation of the Corps depends upon their choice, they will be very circumspect. I also inclose you a list of Several Captains, to whom I gave Instructions to raise Companies in the different States, and when a Sufficient Number are raised to form a Regiment, I intend to incorporate them. I am etc.
P.S. I also appointed Benjamin Flower Esqr. Commissary Genl. of Military Stores, with Rank and pay of Lieut. Colonel.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
*LIST OF OFFICERS OF THE SIXTEEN ADDITIONAL
BATTALIONS
A list of officers appointed by General Washington in consequence
of powers given him by the Honble. Congress
4 Companies given to Genl. George Clinton to appoint Officers for.
These are also for the 16 Regts.
Note, It is much to be feared, that several of these Regiments will fall through, as the Officers were appointed of, and sent to, the Eastern States, before it was known that an Additional bounty was given by them to their Levies.
Morris Town, April 17, 1777.
Sir: I have been favour'd with your Letter of the 10th. Instt, and not having leizure to answer it fully, shall content myself with asking a question or two by way of Information. It being the only trouble I mean to give you at this, or any time hereafter, on the subject of your resignation.
Were you not informd then, before I saw you at Genl. Sullivan's (a day or two proceeding your going into New York) that it was to Colo. Dubois's Regiment you were appointed Major? This answer'd in the affirmative.
Had you not sufficient time, and oppertunity, before that period to come at a knowledge of the Characters of the Officers composing that Corps? and moreover, as an additional Regiment, that it would, of course, be considered as the youngest, in the State, to which it belonged?
To these two questions I must take the liberty of adding a third.
Did you not, at the Meeting above mentioned,express, to me, an anxious desire of joining your Regiment, adding, that nothing but General Lee's request to see you, and your expectation of going into New York, had detained you from it till then?
Under these Circumstances Cou'd your sudden resignation immediately upon your return from New York fail setting the imagination to work; for notwithstanding your plea of long Service, (which I believe is of little more than a years standing) I can undertake to assure you, that a Majority in one of the established Regiments is thought (by your warmest friends) to be a very handsome, and honorable appointment for a Gentleman of your years.
The report that your resignation was in consequence of General Lee's advice, is altogether new to me. Your Letter conveyed the first Information of it. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 17, 1777.
Sir: I have your favour of the 12th. by Colo. Campbell.42 All the Clothing that has come from the Eastward, within a few days, is forwarded to you unopened, except a sufficient
[Note 42: Col. Donald (?) Campbell.] Quantity for Colo. Forman's Regiment of which they were in immediate want. I have directed the Colo. to have the heavy woolen linings taken out of the Coats and sent down to you, and I think, if you have time, you had better have the same done with all, as they will be too warm for summer, and the linings made up into Waistcoats and drawers will be most comfortable to the Troops in the Winter. The Clothing of the 21st. Regiment has not come on, it has been appropriated to some of the Connecticut Regiments. I could wish Colo. Moylan would put his Regiment in any other Uniform than Scarlet, because I am convinced that many mistakes, and perhaps some fatal ones will happen from our Dragoons being Clothed in Red and Blue, which is the same with the Queen's Dragoons. There now are going on, 1400 Suits of Brown and White and Brown and Buff, which are handsome, and good standing Colours, I had rather see Moylans Corps in one of them than in Scarlet, for the reasons I have mentioned. But if the Uniforms of the Officers are made up, I suppose it will be too late to make an alteration. Colo. Spencer's Regiment of this State, are now in want of their Clothes, and I should likewise have stopped for them, had you not in your letter to Mr. Young been particular in your request that none of the present parcel should be detained here. But you must immediately send up three or four hundred Suits, all of a kind, if possible, for Spencer. The remains of the Virginia Regiments, say 1000 Men, are almost naked, and you must either send up a supply for them, or I must stop a sufficiency for them of the next that comes on. Be pleased to inform your Deputy here, which you incline to do. Do you not think there is some danger in carrying all this Clothing to Philadelphia, just at this time? Would it not be better to remove your workmen of different kinds to some distance from the city (Germantown or Newtown) and let them alter and make up there; the goods would be safe, and the people would not be thrown into confusion upon every alarm. I dont mean to direct in this Affair, I only hint what seems best to me.
If you have not yet laid the Estimates for the next year's Clothing before Congress at large, or the secret Committee; I beg you will, in my name do it immediately. If timely steps are not taken, we shall next Spring be all in confusion again, and bring our Army into the field half complete and of a thousand different Colours, as to uniform, which has not only an ill appearance, but it creates much irregularity; for when a Soldier is convinced, that it will be known by his dress to what Corps he belongs, he is hindered from committing many faults for fear of detection. If you have applied and have not received a Satisfactory answer, be pleased to let me know and I will write a letter upon the Subject. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 17, 1777.
Parole Halifax. Countersign Trenton.
The Sentence of the General Court Martial whereof Major Harmar is President, against Lt. Costigan of the 1st. Jersey Battn. accused of "Behaving in a scandalous, and infamous manner, unbecoming an officer and a Gentleman, for pressing a Horse, the property of John Kidd Esqr. of Bucks County, (Pennsylvania) appropriating him to his own use, and when required by Col Biddle D. Q. M. Genl., to deliver up the Horse, neglecting to comply therewith"-- Whereby the said Lieut. Costigan is found Guilty, and ordered to be discharged from the service, and also, ordered to pay Mr. Kidd £20,,12,,6 Proc: money, is approved by his Excellency the Commander in Chief-- The Money to be retained out of his pay.
The Quarter Masters, and Waggon Masters are to see that every thing within their department is put into readiness immediately for a Move; the horses to be shod without delay.
The fatigue party to parade in future at 6 o'clock in the morning, with one days provision ready dressed.
Complaint having been made by the Parade Adjutant, that officers commanding detachments, neglect to send their Complement of men for Guard and Fatigue; it is therefore positively ordered, that an Adjutant, or Officer acting as such, march the men of each detachment, to the General Parade, at the usual time of Guard Mounting, (half an hour after 8 o'Clock who is to answer for any deficiency in his part of the detail. The Officers commanding Corps will be made accountable for any future neglect of this kind.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the lath. Instt. was delivered me last night by Mr. Trumbull. I am much surprised to hear that the inoculation of the Troops had been countermanded, or the least hint suggested of that sort. I have never done or said any thing Countenancing such a measure; on the contrary, I have pressed and urged the necessity of it in every instance, and I must request that not a moment may be delayed in carrying such of the Troops thro' that disorder, as have not had it. If it is not done, they will not be fit to act in conjunction with other Troops, 'tho' in cases of the greatest Emergency. Here they are all infected, nor is the disorder less prevalent thro' the Country.
I perfectly agree in your reasoning about a Regimental Spirit, and therefore think that such detachments of Gansevoort's Regiment as are with you, should be sent to join their Corps at the Northward. If there are any of Van Schaick's in the same predicament, they should do the same, the Arms of both should be carried. For the same reason, if there are any Companies or men above, belonging to Van Cortland, H. Livingston or Duboy's Regiments, they should be ordered down to join their Corps.
The Arms in the hands of the Commissary, capable of repair, should be put in order, as soon as possible; and probably, if Skilful Armourers could be employed, many might be made good and extremely Serviceable, which on first sight of the Commissary, might appear totally unfit. It is really difficult to say what has become of our Arms. It is certain we had many, and such as were valuable in their Quality; In Store there are but few, nor are they to be found in the different States; at least the applications from the Eastward are most pressing upon this Subject. To prevent future Embezzlements, the Congress have resolved that all belonging to the Public, with their accoutrements, shall be stamped with the words United States, and that they shall be seizable wheresoever they are afterwards found. I wish you to procure Stamps, that those of the States in the Regiments with you, may receive the impression.
I have directed some to be brought from Philadelphia, part of which I will order to be sent to you, if you cant procure them elsewhere. I cant, at the time, spare any of the Continental light Horse raising in Connecticut, they are much wanted here, those we have being much reduced by their constant service since they joined me. I wish you could obtain a few belonging to the State. The Carbines &ca. which you mention, may be sent to the Commissary of Stores here, they may be wanted, and if they are out of order, they can be forwarded to Philadelphia.
The removal of the Artillery &ca. from Fish Kills, considering your weakness and the possibility of the Enemy's making an attempt to pass up the River and succeeding, I think perfectly right. Such an event should be guarded against, and I earnestly desire, that you will direct the removal of all the Stores of provision and of other things belonging to the Army from the River, to some more interior part of the Country, where they will be more secure; for whilst they remain upon or contiguous to the Water, they will always be liable to be destroyed by the Enemy or taken of suddenly for their own use. In future, none should ever be deposited in places accessible to their shipping and Craft, by means of these their movements can be made with such expedition, that they will always be exposed, if they are near the River.
The views of the Enemy and the Schemes they mean to execute this Campaign, are not yet certainly unfolded. There is strong reasons to conclude, from a variety of combining Circumstances, that Philadelphia will be the first object of their attention. However, as the Statagems of War are many and notwithstanding appearances, their real designs may be up the North River, it behooves us to be prepared at all points, as well as we possibly can. To this end, I wish you to press my request to Governor Trumbull, for hastening on the two Thousand Militia, and to apply, in my name, to the Convention of your State for every Aid they can give from their Militia, and that to be had as early as possible. These succours may be of the most Salutary and important consequences, and the whole should be immediately posted to guard the passes through the mountains and at the Fortifications for their defence. I mean to include too, the Fifteen hundred Men you expect will be raised from draughts, they will be better employed in the Highlands and at the Fortifications for a time, than to be dispersed along the Shores, and in Westchester County. This requisition for the Militia, will not be liable to the objections commonly made in such instances, for we may reasonably suppose, that in a few days the Enemy will commence their operations, and their designs will be fully understood. If Philadelphia is their object, the militia, except such as the State has thought proper to raise for a longer service, may be permitted to return to their homes without injury. If the North River is, all the Continental Forces will be drawn together as soon as they can. At present they are too much divided, and if they become more so, we shall not be equal to the smallest resistance in any quarter; do urge these things, the situation of our affairs call loudly for every aid and for every exertion.
Believeing that Philadelphia wou'd be an object of the Enemy's attention, I have long urged the removal of the Public Stores from thence, and I am assured, that many of them are gone and the rest held in readiness to be transported on the shortest notice. It wou'd be imprudent, in the extreme, to subject them to the hazard of a total loss.
I am sorry the prospect of raising recruits should be so remote as to prevent Mr. McDougall44 from filling the Post, I thought him well deserving of; at the same time, I am pleased with your generosity and justice in postponing the interest of your Son to that of the Public; I wish something may east up in which he may be employed in a suitable manner.
[Note 44: Stephen(?) McDougall. He was major and aide to General McDougall from 1 777 end of the war.]
I have inclosed you Copies of some Resolves of Congress, to which I beg your attention, and you will put the substance of them or such parts as you think necessary in orders. The pay of the Brigade Majors has not been augmented. Congress, I hope, will do away the inconsistency by advancing it above the adjutants. The Commissary's list of Stores lost at Peeks Kills, mentioned by you was omitted to be inclosed in your letter.
In the morning of the 13th. Instt. Lord Cornwallis in person with Majors General Grant and Skinner, attempted to surprise our out post at Bound Brook, and to take off the Troops we had there. Happily his enterprise was not attended with the success he wished; however, before our little force could withdraw to the Mountains in their rear the Enemy advanced and possessed themselves of two or three pieces of Field Artillery which we had there. We lost in Prisoners and Killed, by the best accounts I have obtained, from thirty five to forty Men. The last has been partly compensated for, in a small number of prisoners taken from them on Monday morning. The Enemy left the Post at eleven o'Clock the same day, and our people took possession of it again. Fortunately our Stores there were trifling, and not worth mentioning. It was considered as an out post and nothing of consequence kept there. I am etc.
P.S. That Intelligence may be more expeditiously transmitted at this Interesting period, Expresses are established from Philadelphia to Kings Ferry, those from here to Kings Ferry, and which you will use, in cases requiring dispatch, are Adam Jameson at Capt. Mandeville's Pompton plains, John Butler at Mr. Sufferen's at the Clove 16 Miles from Kings Ferry, Joseph Butler at Kings Ferry at the House on this side the River.
April 18.
Considering the importance of the Highland passes and Fortifications and how easy it will be for the Enemy to change their plan of Operations and run up the River with their Ships, after our Troops are drawn from thence, supposing Philadelphia to have been their first object, I am induced to have all the Troops coming from the Eastern States halted at Peeks Kill, till further ordered; except the detachment under Lieutt. Colo. Butler45 from Connecticut, the advanced division of which I
[Note 45: Lieut. Col. Zebulon Butler, of the Third Connecticut Regiment.] expect here to day. In a few days, the Enemy's designs will be known, if they mean to push up the River, those Troops will be there to secure the Forts and Passes. If they go to Philadelphia, it will take 'em some time and the men can be immediately marched after their departure. You will advise me of their arrival as they come in, every two or three days, by safe Opportunities if such should offer, if not, by the Expresses I have mentioned. You will hold them in readiness to march on the shortest notice, as I may order.
I have sent you a set of Stamps for the Arms.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston, Richard Kidder Meade, and Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 18, 1777.
Parole Georgia. Countersign Samptown.
All the Continental Arms, those in possession of the troops, as well as those in Store, to be marked immediately. Commanding Officers of Corps to see this Order put in execution--they will get the Brand by applying to the Commissary of Military stores.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favours of the 28th. March and 1st. of this month. I have, in my several late letters, wrote to you so fully upon the necessity of forwarding the Troops to Ticonde. toga and Peeks Kill, that I need only to refer you to them, and to beg your attention to the several matters recommended in them. You will be kind enough, not only to insist upon, but to see that the Field Officers do not stay behind their Regiments; it is a most scandalous practice and Genl. Wayne complains of it with great Justice. Pray let Arms and proper Clothes be forwarded to those who marched without them.
I am surprised that Monsuier Fanueil has never advised his officers that Congress did not approve of his Scheme for raising a Regiment. They have given him the Rank of Colonel without pay or Rations. You will therefore be pleased to inform the French Gentlemen of this, and let them know, that as Congress have not thought proper to approve of their proposals, it is not in my power to provide for them.
Congress have come to the following Resolve respecting the Chevalier de Borre.
Resolved, That the Chevalier Preudhomme de Borre have the Rank and pay of a Brigadier General in the Army of the United States of America from the 1st. day of December last according to compact made between him and the Honble. Silas Dean Esquire.
I have wrote to Monsr. Borre myself and have desired him to come forward. If the Six Month's pay was advanced to him by way of Gratuity, he must get the matter confirmed by Congress, for I have no power to allow any such thing.
Inclosed you have sundry Resolutions of Congress for the Regulation of the Paymaster General's, Commissary of Muster's and Hospital department and some amendments to the Articles of War. You will also observe that the Pay of Majors of Brigade is augmented to 50 Dollars pr. Month, and that of Chaplain to 40 Dollars pr. Month to take place from 12th instant.
19th. Yours of the 9th: is this moment come to hand. There certainly must be either rougery or gross Ignorance in your powder makers, because the powder made in the other States, is esteemed better than that imported from Europe; it is a matter of so much importance, that it should be strictly enquired into. If the Continental Frigates are ready for Sea, they certainly must not wait, but must have a Supply from Mr. Langdon.49 But where is the Necessity of keeping any great quantity of that in Mr. Langdon's hands, in your State at present? if the powder Manufacturers are made to do their duty, they will soon make up a Considerable Quantity, and if there should be any appearance of danger, of which I confess I do not see the least sign, you may have a supply from the Magazine at Springfield.
[Note 49: John Langdon, Continental agent for prizes at Portsmouth, N.H.]
The Troops inlisted for three Years are intitled to the Bounty in land, by Resolve of Congress. You will perceive by the printed Resolves sent you this day that the Pay of Regimental Surgeonsis increased to 12/.Lawful pr. Day.
I am unable to supply your Wants of Money at present, but will make a representation to Congress, and I would advise Mr. Hancock50 to do the same. He ought always to make timely requisitions to them. I am etc.51
[Note 50: Ebenezer Hancock, deputy paymaster general, Eastern Department.]
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: Just after I had wrote very fully to you this morning, I received yours of the 17th. By the inclosed Resolutions of Congress which came to hand this day and which are additions and amendments to the former Articles of War, you will find, that every Continental General has a right to carry the Sentence of a Court Martial into execution, in the State in which he commands. And I shall esteem it as a favour, if every General Officer will exercise his own Judgment as to the propriety of executing the Sentence, except the case should be very particular.
None of the Eastern Continental Troops, who have not had the small pox, should be suffered to pass Peeks Kill without inoculation, for it is impossible to avoid the infection upon the Road.
By three deserters who are just come in, we are informed that the 10th, 37th, 38th and 52d Regiments, laying upon Staten Island were ordered, the day before Yesterday, to hold themselves in readiness to embark at an hour's warning, the place of destination unknown. Their numbers about 900, Non Commissioned Officers included. I give you this intelligence, that you may keep a good look out, lest they should be intended to pay you another visit. I shall take proper notice of Lieutt. Wells,52 when Wards Regiment is paid off.
[Note 52: McDougall gives Wells as a lieutenant in Capt. James Deany's company of Ward's regiment.]
Upon your hint for making up Cartridges with a mixture of Buck Shot, I immediately ordered the Commissary of Stores in this department, to prepare a quantity of that kind, and I think it would be well if you were to do the same.
By a Resolve of Congress which came to hand, since I wrote you this morning, the pay of Majors of Brigade is augmented to 50 Dollars pr. Month to take place from the 12th. instant. I am etc.
P.S. The pay of Chaplains is also augmented to 40 dollars pr. Month from 12th. April.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1777.
Sir: General McDougall, in a letter of his, dated the 12th. Insvt. writes, "that you in a Letter to him of the 31st. Ulto. informed him that Dr. Warren54 had advised you that the Inoculation of the forces at Fishkill was countermanded."
[Note 54: Dr. John Warren. He was surgeon of the Massachusetts Militia from 1776 to 1780 and hospital physician and surgeon from 1780 to close of the war. He was wounded at Bunker Hill.]
I am not a little surprised at this, when I reflect that such a measure was never even in Idea, and therefore desire that I may be truly informed, how such an order could be given, particularly when 'tis a certain fact, that every Doctor that was consuited on the occasion, recommended it in the warmest manner they could. The delay occasioned by this step, has been particularly prejudicial to the Service, I must insist that it may be carried on with all imaginable dispatch. The Doctors appointed for this business in Connecticut, complain that they cant be furnished with the Medicines proper for Inoculation. This complaint must be immediately removed, and every Assistance in your power afforded, towards accomplishing this necessary purpose. I congratulate you on your appointment by Congress to the Directorship of the Hospitals in your Department, an account of which has, I suppose reached you; I hope that as you are now intrusted with competent powers, every thing in that way will be conducted to genl. Satisfaction. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1777.
Sir: I have lately received the two following pieces of Intelligence, which I think it my duty to give you, for if such practices are followed without detection, our Enemies will be well supplied.
Bowne and Heartshorne56 near Shrewsbury in Monmouth County, purchase Continental Money in New York at a great discount, carry this Money to Philadelphia and there buy Flour &ca. under pretence of Shipping it to the Foreign Islands, but send the Vessels to New York. As those Persons are well known in Philadelphia, they may easily be detected.
[Note 56: Possibly Daniel Bowen and Lawrence Hartshorne.]
The Murrays of New York some time ago sent a Vessel to Philadelphia navigated by a french Captain and Seamen, who pretended they came from the French Islands, they procured a Cargo of Provisions which they Carried to New York.
It would be well for your Custom House Officers, to make enquiry of every Captain upon whom he values himself, and if the Merchant is one, whose Character does not stand quite fair and unsuspected, the strictest scrutiny should be made into the intentions of the Voyage. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1777.
Sir: I have nothing of importance to transmit Congress, no Event in the Military line having happened since my last, except the Surprising a Small picquet guard of the Enemy, on Monday night at Bonam Town and bringing off Thirteen prisoners by One of our Parties. An Enterprise of a similar nature was formed against that at Amboy, in which, the party sent to effect it did not succeed so well, tho' the most advanced of them seized and secured three of their Out Sentries, without giving an alarm.
By a Letter from General McDougal of yesterday, I am informed, that he had received accounts of Thirty Six Sail of Transports having left New Port on Friday last, with Troops on Board; Other reports he had, were, that a number of Ships were coming up the Sound, so that we may reasonably conclude Genl. Howe is drawing his forces from the Eastward. General Arnold in a Letter of the 6th, mentioned, that from the preparation of Transports and other circumstances he thought it probable an embarkation was about to take place.
There are grounds to Suspect, from information received, That some unfair practices have been and are meant to be used in certain Exports from Philadelphia. It is said, that a Vessel navigated by Frenchmen loaded there, belonging to the Murrays of New York, which carried her Cargo to Genl. Howe; Also, that Hartshorne and Bowne of Monmouth County intend to load one or more for the same purpose, under the Idea of sending them to Foreign Markets. I have written to the Board of War for Pensylvania upon the Subject, and doubt not, but these Hints will be properly improved and such frauds guarded against as well as circumstances will admit.
I have inclosed a Copy of an Advertisement published in Gaine's Paper of the 14th, which shews, that no Artifices are left untried by the Enemy to injure us. Before the appearance of this unparalleled piece, I had heard, that a person was gone from York to Rhode Island with a Quantity of Counterfeit Money.57
[Note 57: Another of the numerous attempts of the British to dislocate the finances of the United States by sending counterfeit Continental bills to Tories, who paid their taxes with them, in addition to placing in circulation as large amounts of counterfeit money as possible.]
There is one thing which I beg leave to mention to Congress, and which I think highly deserving their attention, that is, that Supplies of Hard Money or Bills of Exchange to procure it, should if possible be sent to our prisoners in the hands of the Enemy, at least to the Officers, to releive their wants. By Letters, which I have received from them of late, I find they are in great distress and such as ought to be removed, if it can be done. No inconvenience will result to the Public from such Supplies, if they can be furnished, as proper Stoppages and deductions can be made from their pay.
April 19.
I was honored with your Letter of the 16th between Twelve and One O'Clock Yesterday, accompanied by Sundry Resolutions. I hope the measures Congress have adopted, will produce the Salutary consequences they had in view; but I fear, that the States, unless they are delicate in exercising the Powers they are invested with for filling vacancies in instances of removal from office, and pay a strict attention to a proper line of Succession, where there are no Capital Objections, will renew much of that confusion and disorder, we have been endeavouring to extricate ourselves from. Nor will this be of small difficulty, if they displace many Officers; For supposing them to have kept the most accurate Lists of their Original appointments, changes have taken place in several instances, from various causes unknown to them, and of which they can not be apprized.
I can assure Congress the Appellation given to the Regiments officered by me, was without my consent or Privity. As soon as I heard it, I wrote to Several of the Officers in terms of severe reprehension, and expressly charged them to suppress the distinction; adding that all the Battalions were on the same footing, and all under the General name of Continental.58
[Note 58: The Second Canadian Regiment, Moses Hazen, colonel, had dubbed itself "Congress's Own Regiment" and the guard of the Commander in Chief called itself "General Washington's Life Guard." This had aroused jealousy, and Congress resolved (April 15) that as "the continental battallions are all on one footing, liable to the same kind of services, and entitled to equal privileges, that the appellations 'Congress's own regiment,' 'General Washington's life guards' &c. given to some of them, are improper and ought not to be kept up; and the officers of the said batallions are required to take notice hereof, and conform themselves accordingly." The official designation of Washington's life guard was "The Commander in Chief's Guard."]
An Attack upon the Kings Troops at Rhode Island was certainly a desireable Event, could it have been conducted with success, or upon equal terms. It being an Object of great Moment, and involving in its issue many important consequences, I am led to believe the practicability of it, has had much consideration and the measure found to be unadvisable under the circumstances of the Troops collected for the purpose. If the Enemy have not evacuated the Island I suppose the matter will be further weighed.
I do not find in the Medical Arrangement, any mention of Regimental Surgeons Mates, or provision made for their payment. Whether Congress mean to dispense with such Officers or not, I cannot tell. I have heard they do; But they appear to me to be absolutely necessary. We are often obliged to divide Regiments and to send a part to a distant post. When this is the case, it is essential that there should be some person with them to take charge of the Sick or wounded, if such there should be. I have only mentioned this, for Many Reasons, that might be urged to shew the expediency of such Appointments.
Notwithstanding the many circumstances inducing a belief, that Philadelphia will be the first object of the Enemy's attention, Yet as the Stratagems of War are various and they may be easily changed, especially when they have the entire command of the Water, I cannot but consider the detention of the Troops at Philadelphia, farther than mentioned in my Letter in Answer to that from the Board of War, as inexpedient and subject to great inconvenience and injury. In the present divided, seperated State of the Army, we are weak at all points and not able to make the least opposition promising success. [If what the Enemy have done, is a feint and calculated to amuse, and the North River should be their Object, we are not in a Situation to check their Attempts or progress, in the smallest degree; But was our force collected here, and such should be their design, we might entertain some hopes of doing it. On the other hand, if they persevere in their Scheme against Philadelphia, we must have notice of their embarkation, if they go by Sea, or of their March if they go by land. If they adopt the first mode, we could be there in time. If the second, we should have an Army to hang on their Flank and Rear,] Supposing they were Collected here, they would be ready to Act as necessity and circumstances might require. If the Enemy pushed for Philadelphia, we should have notice of it and could hang upon their Flank and Rear; Nor is it likely they would undertake such an expedition without attempting the destruction or dispersion of the Army first. If they embarked and should go by Sea, we should have information of it and could be there in time. On the other hand, should all they have done prove a feint, and they should turn their Views to the North River, we should be in a much better situation to counteract their designs and to check the progress of their Arms in that Quarter. added to this, Several of the Regiments, especially those which came first from Virginia and Pennsylvania, are so broken, that it is impossible to do any thing with the parts that are here, and that Spirit which is always derived from a Corps being full, or as much so, as circumstances of number will admit of, is entirely done away. I have the Honor to be etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The part in brackets are in the draft and not in the letter sent.]
Morris Town, April 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have wrote to General Heard to March the Militia assembled under his command, to this place. I am about making a new disposition of the forces, and shall give General Heard the necessary orders upon his arrival here.60 You will send the 8th Pennsylvania Battalion commanded by Colo. Broadhead,61 to ocupy the posts General Heard leaves; you will please to give the Colo. all the assistance in your power, in posting the Troops to the best advantage, forming the Guards and establishing the Patroles. I shall order part of several Regiments down to you, to supply the place of the 8th Battalion, which you will give the necessary orders too. I am &ca.62
[Note 60: An expected attack on Maj. Gen. Adam Stephen at Chatham had resulted in an order, through Lieut. Col. George Johnston, for Stephen to be prepared and for all the troops at Whippany to take the field. Johnston sent Stephen a warrant for $200 for secret intelligence and "would have drawn the money, but the Rules of the office will not admit, and moreover, I did not much esteem the Conveyance. You must send a written order on the back of the warrant." (See Johnston's letter to Stephen, Apr. 19, 1777, in the Washington Papers.)]
[Note 61: Col. Daniel Brodhead.]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of John Walker.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 8th. March. Those of the 4th and 6th. likewise came duly to hand. I wish you had sent the cover of the letter of mine, that you suspect had been opened and put under a fresh cover, as by comparing the direction, with the hand writing of the Gentlemen of my Family, the matter would have been reduced to a certainty, and the fraud, if any, might perhaps have been traced. I am very suspicious, from the backwardness of Colos. Charles Webb, Chandler, and Swift to make Returns, that their Regiments fall short of what they have made the public believe, and I desire you will again call upon them, either to make actual Returns or the best they can upon report, assuring them at the same time, that they shall answer for such neglect of their duty.
By the inclosed amendments of the Articles of War, you will find that a Continental General commanding in any of the States, has a right to carry any Sentence of a Court Martial into execution, and I wish it had reached you before you sent off Placey,63 that he might have been punished upon the Spot.
[Note 63: William Placey, a private in the Seventh Connecticut Regiment.]
If those Companies of Volunteers that you mention, would march to Peeks Kill and serve with the Militia that were ordered, they would be of Service, but they should not by any means be allowed to be considered as any part of the Quota of the State,64 nor can I consent to allow any Man to be inlisted to serve to the 1st. January only. It would create universal uneasiness and dissatisfaction among the Troops who had inlisted for the War, and would again introduce an opening for short inlistments, which are the foundations of all our Evils.
[Note 64: Parsons had suggested that volunteers could be raised if an action was imminent. He did not specify whence they could be obtained.]
From several accounts from the Eastward, it seems pretty clear that the Troops have left Rhode Island, from which we may certainly infer, that they are drawing their Forces together to move towards Philadelphia, or go up the North River. But be their designs what they may, our Force Should move Southward, as fast as possible. I do not at all doubt your past exertions and I hope you will continue them till your Quota of Men is brought into the Field by some means or other.
By some late Regulations, the Pay of Majors of Brigade is augmented to 50 Dollars pr. Month, Chaplains to 40 Dollars pr. Month, and Regimental Surgeons to two dollars pr. Day. I hope this will influence Gentlemen of Merit, Abilities and Skill (especially in Physic) to Step forth. I am &ca.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 19, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 13th. Instt. came safe to hand Yesterday by Lt. Beldin.66 I shall be sorry to hear that your disappointment in receiving money from the Connecticut Treasury has retarded you That no delay may arise from the want of Money, I have given an order in your favour for the sum required, Fifteen thousand Dollars. Your Lieutt. will receive it here. I hope it is not necessary to recommend to you the utmost Oeconomy; with it, we shall incur a very heavy Expence in fitting a single Regiment for the Field, but without the Strictest, it will be enormous. You cant be more anxious to take the Field, than I shall be glad to see you at the head of a complete Regiment. I am etc.67
[Note 66: Lieut. Ezekiel Porter Belden, of the Second Continental Dragoons. He became captain in April, 1777, and resigned in June, 1780.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Morris Town, April 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: I find it necessary to make a new disposition of the forces in the Jerseys.68 You will please to march all the Militia under your command immediately to this place, upon the Eight Pennsylvania Battalion arriving to occupy the Posts you now
[Note 68: Under date of April, 1777, in the Washington Papers, is the arrangement of the army in the Jerseys and of the forces then on the east side of the Hudson River. It specifies the regiments as brigaded and the brigades assigned to the different major generals, but does not give the locations of the troops.] hold, they have orders for that purpose, let no time be lost in the execution of this change of disposition. As soon as your Troops are ready to march, you will please to send me an Express. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of John Walker.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 19, 1777.
Sir: I was a little time ago favoured with a letter from you, informing me of your arrival at Boston, and that by a compact entered into with the Honble. Silas Deane Esqr. you were to hold the Rank of a Brigadier General in the Army of the United States. As I had not the power of confirming this Compact, I immediately forwarded your letter to Congress and have the pleasure to give you their approbation by the following Resolve.
Resolved. That the Chevalier Preudhomme de Borre have the Rank and pay of a Brigadier General in the Army of the United States of America from the 1st. day of December last according to compact made between him and the Honble. Silas Deane Esqr.
You will therefore be pleased to come forward to this place or where the Head Quarters of the Army may be. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 71: Gridley's term of service as colonel and Chief Engineer had ended Aug. 5, 1776. He was retained in service, however, as colonel and engineer until Jan. 1, 1781, when he retired.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 19, 1777.
Sir: This day's post brought me your favour of the 10th. Instt. The Articles composing Mr. Guilds72 account ( inclosed) having been delivered, while General Ward commanded in Boston, it is necessary that his Certificate should be obtained; when that is done, General Heath will give the proper order for
[Note 72: Guild was the proprietor of Stoughtonham furnace and the account was for casting ordnance. A copy of it is not found in the Washington Papers.] payment, General Knox having the superintendance of these affairs, will employ Mr. Guild, if he thinks it convenient and necessary. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 19, 1777.
Parole Brunswick. Countersign Victory.
Complaints have been made by a number of Farmers, and others in different parts of the Country, but especially on the roads between this place and Philadelphia, that the Waggoners, Light Horse, and others, belonging to the Continental Army, have, and do continue to take down the fences of their fields of grain, and grass-lanes, which at this season must be attended with consequences very prejudicial to the Community in general--It is therefore His Excellency the General's Orders, that no person belonging to the said Army, does on any pretence whatever take down any such fences, or leave open any bars, or gates, or ride, or travel thro' any such inclosures, unless a danger of falling into the hands of the enemy, renders it absolutely necessary, in all other cases they are to keep the high roads; as they will answer the contrary by being punished for a breach of orders.
All the troops in town (not on duty) to attend divine service to morrow, agreeable to the orders of the 12th. Instant.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 20, 1777.
Parole Greene. Countersign Knox.
The detachments from the 3rd. 4th. 10th and 11th Pennsylv. Regiments, now at this place, as also that of Hazen's, are to hold themselves in readiness to march, at an hours warning, with their Camp equipage and baggage--If any of the men belonging to those Corps are sick, and unable to march, proper persons must be left to take care of them, who are to see that they join the above detachments respectively, so soon as they are able.
Lieut. Col Butler's detachment of Connecticut Troops, are also to hold themselves in readiness to march at an hours warning.
Morris Town, April 20, 1777.
Dear Sir:The Horseman delivered your favour of this date; you will be pleased to order Lieutt. Bradford74 under Arrest, that he may answer the charge of the court of Inquiry immediately. Capt. Russell75 must be called upon to account for his long absence from his Regiment, as well as for having inlisted his men but for a year. I lament Capt. Conway's76 loss, but tho' my Indignation at such ungenerous conduct of the Enemy, might at first prompt me to Retaliation, yet Humanity and Policy forbid the measure. Experience proves, that their wanton Cruelty injures rather than benefits their cause; That, with our Forbearance, justly secured to us the attachment of all good Men; I cannot therefore consent to your proposition being carried any farther.
[Note 74: Lieut. William Bradford, of Rawlin's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 75: Capt. Andrew Russell, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 76: Capt. John Conway, of the First New Jersey Regiment. His house was burned and farm laid waste by the British.]
I am about to make a new disposition of the Troops, and have, for a begining, ordered the Militia under Genl. Heard at and about Millstone to move up directly; They are to guard the interior parts of the Country from this place, to Pompton, and cover the neighbourhood of Hackinsack, at which posts they will be in a few days. The Continental Troops here will move to the Lines to supply their places. Genl. Maxwell returns about 100 Militia under Majr. Potter, these you may move off in such a manner as to Co-operate with any design you may form upon Hoebuck77 at a future day. I am etc.78
[Note 77: Hoboken, N. J.]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 20, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 18th. instant has just now come to hand. Two days ago, I wrote to General McDougall, urging it upon him to apply to the Convention of your State, in my name, to call out the Militia, in order to have as respectable a force as possible in the quarter where you are to act according to contingencies. I am glad to find that the powers vested in you, have enabled you to anticipate my wishes; and such is the situation of affairs, that your greatest exertions are required to bring them out in as great number, and as expeditiously as possible. Though there are many Strong appearances, that induce me to believe the enemy will open the Campaign with an attempt upon Philadelphia; yet it is impossible to ascertain their intentions with absolute certainty. So far as their preparations indicate the design I suppose them to have in view, the whole may be an artifice to divert our attention from the real object they may aim at. To be found unprepared, at the place where they should direct their operations, in earnest, would insure them succes, and be unavoidably attended with many fatal consequences. On this account and as there is little room to doubt, if they should not move towards Philadelphia, they will up the North River, we cannot take too much pains, to be upon a proper footing to meet this event, so far as it can be done, consistent with that attention which is due to the greater probability of their attempting Philadelphia, until they shall have made such movements, as will give a determinate complexion to their designs. To Strengthen ourselves in one quarter and neglect another would afford the enemy a powerful temptation to alter their views, and bend their force against that part where we are weakest and most defenceless.
Let me remind you, in bringing out the Militia, to pay a strict regard to the inclosed Resolve of Congress.79 Great abuses in this respect. must have come under your observation as well as mine.
[Note 79: Probably the resolve of March 21 that no more militia officers be in the pay of the Continent than the proportion justified by the number of privates actually in the service. The resolve specifies these numbers as to companies, regiments, etc.]
I am happy to find, that notwithstanding the precarious State of your health, you have waved all opposite considerations to accept the call of your country, and become permanently useful in the military Line. The diffident terms in which you mention yourself, do not lessen the expectations I have formed of your acting in such a manner, as will be productive of honor to yourself and utility to the States.
It gives me pleasure to hear, that the Chain across the River80 promises to answer the end, and that the other obstructions are in a fair way. It is of the utmost importance, that the greatest diligence should be used to complete and render them effectual. The experiments we have heretofore made give great reason to doubt the efficacy of attempts of this nature, and prove that too much pains cannot be taken to give any hope of Success.
[Note 80: Across the Hudson at West Point, N.Y.]
The Supernumerary Officer you mention, may proceed in recruiting as many men as he can. He shall be provided for in some corps.81 I am etc.82
[Note 81: This officer's, name was not mentioned in Clinton's letter of April 18.]
[Note 82: The draft is in the writings of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, April 20, 1777.
Sir: I received your letter of the 6th. Inst. by Ensign Fernandez. You may be assured, every thing in my power will be done, to make our officers and privates who are in Captivity, as comfortable, as their situation will admit. Their case has been represented to Congress, and I trust, a remittance will be made in a few days for their use. I had not been inattentive to them before, but it was difficult to procure such supplies of money, as would be current where you are, as were wished. This obstacle, I hope, will no longer remain. Added to this, there were reasons to believe, that the Situation of the Officers was more agreable, than I find it to be, from some advances said to have been made them. I am etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 21, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favour'd with yours of the 16th. I refer you to a letter which I wrote yesterday to Congress upon the expediency of forwarding the Troops directly on to join the Army here. But as it may take some time to collect and fit them out properly at Bristol, I desire that I may have exact Returns from time to time from the commanding Officer there, of the Corps to which the detachments belong, that I may order those to come on first, whose Regiments or the greater part of them are already here. I beg you will exert yourself to hurry the Troops out of Phila. delphia, to which both Officers and Men seem too much attached. I am &ca.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 21, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 14th. instant. When I wrote to Genl. Varnum expressing my surprise that my orders for Inoculation had not been sooner carried into execution, I was not acquainted with the Circumstances that necessarily retarded it.
I do not apprehend, that there is any immediate danger from the Enemy at Newport; their sending away their Vessels is a plain indication that they mean, either to remain where they are, in hopes of creating a diversion, and keeping our force from collecting here, to oppose their main Army, or that they are in some distant expectation of a reinforcement from Europe. If any reinforcements are to come out, it will probably be very late before they arrive, as our Agents write us that the appearance of affairs in Europe, is such, that Great Britain will hardly send any more force abroad, before she is assured of the pacific intentions of her Neighbours. And of this I fancy she has little hope.
The Enemy, unprovided with Horses and Carriages or any means of moving by land, cannot go off the Island and penetrate the Country, and I should imagine that it would not require any great number, properly Stationed, to prevent their ravaging the Coast. I am &ca.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 21, 1777.
Sir: I have looked over the Resolutions of Congress relative to the appointments and duties of your Department, and find myself at a loss in the present unassembled State of the Army, to prescribe, as you desire, any immediate rule for the Government of your Conduct.
At this time, few of the Continental Troops have assembled, and those which are, we find in so disjointed and broken a State, as to render a muster of them, difficult, uncertain and of little avail. Add to this, I cannot pretend to say, that I clearly understand the intention and Views of Congress in these appointments, and wish you had satisfied yourself, whether the four Deputy Muster Masters General were designed for different districts, or different Armies; And whether by a Grand Division is meant a Major General's command; which by the plan I laid formerly before Congress was to consist of three Brigades of four Regiments each, composing in the whole, as many, I conceive, as the Circumstances of the Army will admit of being mustered by any one Officer, in the course of a Month.
If it be the intention of Congress, that each district should have a Deputy Muster Master General, the sooner the allotment is made, the better, that the duty may be begun so soon as circumstances will admit of it; but for my own part, I should have thought, that a Deputy Muster Master General to each seperate Army, would have been sufficient, with the aid of those of the different divisions. By alloting them to districts, it may happen that some of those appointments may become mere Sinecures if there should be no, or but a small part of the Army in that quarter.
Upon the whole, you will have full time to obtain a thorough knowledge of the views of Congress upon these points which I advise you to learn and when known, every assistance in my power shall be given to carry them into execution. I am &ca.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 21, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 15th. instant. If filling up your Regiment can be accomplished, any thing the sooner by your remaining in Connecticut a while longer, I have no objection; but you must send one of your Field Officers forward to Peeks Kill, to receive and form your small detatchments as they come up.
I hope the late Measures taken by your Governor and Council to complete your quota, will prove effectual. I am &ca.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 21, 1777.
Sir: I was this Morning honored with your favor of the 20th inclosing sundry proceedings of Congress.
The removal of Provisions &c. from the Communication between Brunswick and Trentown, has been pretty well effected already. It was an object early attended to, and what I recommended to the Assembly of this State, as deserving their interposition and aid; but finding it had not their immediate consideration, and that they seemed to decline interfering in the matter, I directed the Quarter Masters and Commissaries to purchase their first supplies of those necessaries, from such places, as appeared to be most exposed to the Enemy's incursions, and through which, it is most probable, they will take their Route towards the Delaware, in case an enterprize that way should be in contemplation. I have transmitted Copies of the Resolve upon this Subject to General Putnam and Colo. Foreman, the latter of whom is in Monmouth County, with orders to execute the same, agreable to the directions therein prescribed, where it may be necessary on the Road leading from South Amboy across the Country.
I have nothing of importance to communicate to Congress; The advices they will receive today which passed thro' this Town Yesterday, will tell them that the Enemy remained at Rhode Island on the 15th. Inst notwithstanding the Accounts we had received of their embarkation before. I have the Honor &c.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, April 21, 1777.
Sir: I Yesterday received the favor of your honor's Letter of the 16th. with its inclosures; for which and your attention to the Publishing of my proclamation I am greatly obliged. I fear all the Militia, intended for General Wolcott's89 command, have not arrived at Peekskill yet, as not more than Eight hundred were there, by my last advices from that Quarter, and which are of a later date than your favor.
[Note 89: Brig. Gen. Erastus Wolcott, of the Connecticut Militia.]
I mark with peculiar satisfaction and thanks, your constant and unwearied assiduity in giving the Service every aid in your power; at the same time I cannot but regret the occasion, which compels us, to bring Troops again into the Field for a shorter period than during the War, or for three years at least; But we must adopt our measures to the exigency of our affairs. I would fain hope, that many of the drafts, before the time expires for which they are called out, by the industry and care of the Officers, may be induced to engage for a longer term; and that your Quota may be compleated by regular inlistments, being continued in the state for that purpose.
Mr. Franklin's conduct is truly reprehensible and I am amazed that under such engagements he should not be more regardful of the ties of Honor.90 I have the honor &ca.91
[Note 90: On April 21 Alexander Hamilton wrote to Gov. William Livingston, by direction of Washington,that:
"A Number of disaffected persons having been taked up and brought to His Excellency, he ordered an examination into their cases, to know who of them were subject to a Military jurisdiction and who came properly under the cognizance of the civil power; also to discriminate those who were innocent, or guilty of trivial offences from those whose crimes were of a more capital and the henious Nature; directing, that those of the former character should be dismissed, and those of the latter referred to you for further trial and punishment.... The examination that has been made in this instance is somewhat irregular, and out of the common order of things; but in the present unsettled State of government, the distinction between the Civil Military power, cannot be upheld with that exactness which every friend to Society mustwish.
"I flatter myself, however, you are convinced with me, His Excellency desires to avoid nothing more, than a deviation from the strict rule of propriety, in this respect, or the least Encroachment either upon the rights of the Citizens, or of the Magistrate. It was necessary to make the enquiry, for the sake of the discrimination before mentioned; and tenderness to the innocent, to save them from long and unmerited confinement, recommended themeasure."
Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers. One of the prisoners referred to in the letter, a certain John Eddy, was indicted by the grand jury for treason, but escaped before he could be brought to trial. The principal offense was that of enlisting men for the British service.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 21, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 14th instant, I shall make it my particular Business to demand Capt Chase's Son92 in Exchange for Mr. Hutchinson or Governor Shirleys Son; as he is certainly justly entitled to it. I thank you for the enquiry you have made after Thomas Rogerson.93
[Note 92: John Chase, son of Capt. William Chase, a privateersman.]
[Note 93: Thomas Rogerson, a mulatto lad.]
I am pleased to hear that your General Assembly are determined to take such Methods, as shall seem to them most effectual for compleating their Continental Battalions, and I sincerely hope that the Measures, which they may think proper to adopt, may be attended with Success. I have the honor to be &ca.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 21, 1777.
Parole Franklin. Countersign Lee.
A fatigue party of an officer and twenty privates, to be employed to bury all the Offals in and about the Slaughter House, dead horses, dogs, or anykind of Carrion in and about the town; also to remove all the filth about the Goal--The Deputy Quarter Master General is desired, to be particularly attentive, to see this duty executed in the best manner, otherwise as the weather grows warm, the consequences may be fatal, as well to the Soldiery, as the Inhabitants.
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 22, 1777.
Parole Armstrong. Countersign St. Clair.
The detachments of the 3rd. 4th. and 10th. Pennsylvania Regiments, are to form one Detachment, and be under the Command of Major Harmar'95 till their respective Regiments arrive. This detachment thus formed are to march for Boundbrook, by 6 o'clock to morrow morning, as is also the Eastern Detachment, under the Command of Col Zebulon Butler--The whole to receive their orders from Major Genl. Lincoln, when they arrive there.
[Note 95: Maj. Josiah Harmar, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. Later he was lieutenant colonel of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment and colonel of the First Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The detachment of the 11th. Pennsylva. Regt. to march at the same time for Samtown, and join the other part of their regiment at that place, under the Command of Major Mentzges.96
[Note 96: Maj. Francis Mentges, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. Later he was lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Pennsvlvania Regiment; retired Jan. 1, 1783.]
Major Lamar97 is to join his Regiment, and use his utmost endearours to have it completed to the establishment.
[Note 97: Maj. Marion Lamar, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was killed at Paoli, Pa., Sept. 20, 1777.]
The whole of the above detachments to appear on the Grand Parade, at 6 o'Clock to morrow morning, and those ordered to Boundbrook to march off together.
The General Court Martial whereof Major Harmar was President is dissolved.
Morris Town, April 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: Between One and two O'Clock this morning, I received your favor of Yesterday's date with a Return of the Troops you had sent to Bristol. Those belonging to the 2nd., 3rd., 5th., 6th., and 11th. Virginia Regiments you will order to join their respective Corps immediately, the 2nd and 11th. at and near Bound Brook, the 3rd. 5th. and 6th at Chatham. The 10th. and 11th. of Pennsylvania are at the former place, where they will be joined also, by the detachments included in the Return. If the Sixty Men, you mention to have arrived on the night of the 21st. are part of any of the above Regiments, you will send them to join their Corps, as soon as they are equipped; You will do the same by other parts as they come in.
I am much surprised at the weakness, or at least, that so few Men have come on from the third Pennsylvania Regiment, the Returns made some days ago, far exceeded the numbers sent from Philadelphia; I wish you to enquire of Colo. Wood,99 the cause of this, and whether his Field and other Officers, and if those of the other Regiments of the State of Pennsylvania are properly employed and pushing on the recruiting Service. It is shameful, and at the same time, a most Melancholy consideration, that at this late day, after a much longer indulgence than we could reasonably, or had any right to expect, we should be in such a condition, as not to justify a hope of a successful Opposition to the movements of the Enemy. You will, I know, interest yourself, as far as you can, in collecting the Troops and expediting their march.
[Note 99: Joseph Wood, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Such Detachments, as you have returned and of whose destination I have said nothing, will remain at Bristol till further orders. I trust they will grow larger in a few days; that, I shall discover by your advices, when necessary directions will be given respecting them.
I have nothing particularly interesting to communicate to you and therefore have only to add; that I am etc.
P.S. By a report made General Stephen, a Brigade consisting of the 15th and 17th. Regiments not exceeding 700 Men, and he believes the 36th and 4th. embarked on the 20th. supposed to have sail'd up the North River.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: The following are Extracts of letters which I have just received from General Stephen and are taken from the information of persons sent into New York and Brunswick.
New Ark, April 22, 1777.
By a person to be depended upon, who left New York yesterday, A Brigade consisting of the 15th. 17th. not exceeding 700 men, and he believes the 36th and 4th. embarked the 20th. at night and he supposes sailed up the North River yesterday morning, to destroy Genl. McDougall.
Chatham, April 23, 1777.
General Skinner's force consists of about 1000, to be joined by some regular Troops and to proceed from Bergen thro' Sussex and the back parts of the Jerseys, when the Troops march for Philadelphia.
If the Transports proceeded up the River at the time above mentioned, you will hear of them before this reaches you, it may indeed be false, but you will be upon your guard.
I think the move thro' Sussex, where there are a vast many disaffected persons, so probable, that I have directed Genl. George Clinton to post a Body of York Militia on this side the North River, in some convenient Situation to intercept them, if they attempt to make any such move. As I imagine you will soon be so considerably reinforced, that nothing but a surprise can affect you, I have only to recommend your taking every precaution to render such an attempt fruitless. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: I this morning received your favour of the 15th. instant. One of the detachments you mention, I presume was that under Lieutt. Colonel Butler, who arrived here the latter end of last Week. The other has probably stopped at Peek's Kill, agreable to directions lately transmitted General McDougall, till further orders. This I was induced to direct, till the designs of the Enemy became unfolded and so apparent, that they cannot be misunderstood. You will not remit your exertions, in forwarding the men, as fast as Circumstances will admit. No time is to be lost; the exigency of our Affairs having been never more pressing, nor requiring more strenuous efforts than at present. The Languor and Supineness that have taken place, but too generally, of late, are truly mortifying, and are difficult to be accounted for. All agree our claims are righteous and must be supported; Yet all, or at least, too great a part among us, withhold the means, as if Providence, who has already done much for us, would continue his gracious interposition and work miracles for our deliverance, without troubling ourselves about the matter. Previous to the receipt of your Letter, Governor Trumbull had informed me, of the expedient he and his Council had been obliged to recur to, for making up their Quota.3 I lament the occasion, making such a step necessary; but I trust, it will furnish the men intended to be raised by it, and that 'ere the time expires, for which they are to be drafted, by the assiduity of the Officers, most of them may be engaged for the War. At any rate, our situation made some thing of the sort proper, and perhaps policy would not suffer more to be attempted.
[Note 3: This expedient required that the line companies fill their deficiencies by draft from the militia and the drafted men to be held in service until Jan. 1, 1778. (See Trumbull's letter to Washington, Apr. 16, 1777, in the Washington Papers.)]
In respect to Clothing the drafts, much may be said for and against it, the Consideration of it brings on many difficulties. To Clothe Men, who will be at liberty to leave the Service the next day, provided others are sent by their Towns, or procured by themselves to take their places, would be attended with much public Injustice; Farther, their time of Service after they are drafted, supposing they are not relieved, differs intirely from that intended by Congress, and which might have lead to an allowance of Clothes. However, as the Troops who engage during the War or for three Years are, to receive a Suit of Clothes annually from the Continent, or 20 Dollars in lieu of them, if the other objection did not exist, I should incline to think, that these Men should have the same, or at least a compensation, in some degree proportioned to their Service; but even this I deliver as matter of opinion. As the other objection remains and seems to me of considerable weight, I do not know what can be done. If Clothes are not given, it might induce them to inlist, to obtain them; If they are, it might in some measure prevent it, or their exertions and the interest of their friends, to get others to fill their places and for the War. But upon every principle, If they should be allowed, provision should be made to insure their certain return and delivery, before they should be permitted to depart; this is to be understood to respect such as are redeemed by others. In a Word, it is a matter, I do not conceive myself authorized to determine or to give any direction about, nor do I know, how Congress would or could consider it, as their taking it up and passing a Resolution in favor of the measure, would imply their approbation of a mode of Service inconsistent with their present plan of War.
As to Arming the drafts, If they have not good ones of their own, and the State cannot furnish them, they must be supplied with those belonging to the public. But I must observe, that you cannot be too careful in taking proper and the most exact accounts of all you deliver, and to what Officer. And to prevent, in future, the scandalous abuses, arising from embezzlement and other dirty causes. All Arms, under the latter denomination, with their Accoutrements, are to be stamped, with the Words, United States, on the Barrel and such places as will receive the Impression. This is by a Resolve of Congress, and being founded in the most evident necessity, must be minutely attended to. Tho' we have been fortunate in our late importations, yet we should not be lavish in the unnecessary use of them. All of the old, that are good and serviceable, should be first put into the hands of the Men. The deficiency to be made up with new ones, and what remain of either should be deposited in some secure place.
The case of the prisoners from New York, and of the Representatives of those who died during their Captivity, deserves attention. It will be difficult, if not impracticable, to adopt a line of conduct in this instance, by which equal justice will be done to them and to the public; I wish sincerely they could be paid. At present, no mode appears to me better, than for the States to take up the matter and to appoint one or two suitable Members of their Legislatures or Council, to receive and pay their claims, who should make it an invariable Rule, where the Claimants are alive, to admit none, but such as have an Affidavit annexed to them, setting forth when and where they were captured, when released, to what Company and Regiment they belonged, and that he had received no pay or Satisfaction from the United States for the time they were in Captivity. In like manner, where claims are made by the Representatives of Soldiers who died in Captivity, they should make oath when and where their predecessors were taken, of the Companies and Regiments in which they were, of the time they died, according to the best information they had obtained, and that they had received no satisfaction for the pay becoming due to their predecessors, between the day they were captured and that of their death. Such precautions will probably prevent Injustice to the public, and may have a tendency, to oblige Officers to refund, who had drawn such pay. In this business, claims for Rations will be inadmissible.
The proposed Exchange of the Tories, if agreed to by the Enemy and effected, would involve some consequences of an important nature, and such, as I think at this time, should be avoided.
By the Returns it appears, that but little progress has been made in Voluntary inlistments, since the last you transmitted. The conduct of Cols. C. Webb and Chandler is reprehensible, that of the former is extremely so: Under pretence of having inlisted a great proportion of his Regiment, about two thirds, he long since obtained an Order for their Arms and this, by a representation thro his son, which he must have known to have been unjust and void of candour.
You will, by the Resolves of Congress transmitted in my last, perceive, that your powers are competent to the punishment of offenders in the Military line, who have been or shall be convicted in the State in which you command; and therefore, it will be unnecessary for you to send any more sentences for my confirmation or orders for their execution.
April 25.
I just now received your favour of the 22nd., by Doctor Leonard. The case of Robert Thompson I leave entirely with you. He seems to have been an active instrument in the Hands of the Enemy, and I doubt not, has injured us much; However if more advantage can be derived to the public, by pardoning than punishing him, and as we should not introduce Capital executions too frequently, and there have been several of late, you will consider the matter, and ultimately determine respecting him, as to you shall seem right in justice and policy.
The Troops to serve till the first of January should be inoculated, I think, as early as possible; Whilst they have the disorder, they can guard the Stores, afterwards it will be necessary most probably to have others. As to Clothing them, you have my sentiments in a preceding part of my Letter. I have this minute received some information, which seems to corroborate what the Tories have said, of the Enemy's designs against the Magazines at Danbury. I therefore desire you will order all the Men drafted in your State for this year, to be collected and inoculated there, that the circumstances and situation of the place will possibly admit, that they may protect the Stores. you will apply to Doctor Foster and other Physicians in Continental pay, to promote the business and their recovery by every means in their power, and not to withhold necessary Medicine for the purpose.
I have sent by favor of Colo. William Lee, two thousand Dollars, agreable to your request; You will keep proper accounts of the expenditure, in order to settle with the pay master General at a future day. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: By a person sent into Brunswick, I am informed that, "General Skinners force consists of about 1000, to be joined by some regular Troops, and to proceed from Bergen, thro' Sussex and the back parts of the Jerseys, when the Troops march for Philadelphia."
I think this move so probable, as it will give them access to a part of the Country most notoriously disaffected, that I desire you will post a Body of Militia of the State of New York, on this side of the North River, in such place as you shall think most safe to prevent them from being Surprised, and at the same time proper to intercept Skinners Corps, if they should attempt the above mentioned route.
General Heard, with about two hundred Jersey Militia, marched this day to take post at Pompton and extend himself towards Hackensack. Colo. Dey5 will also have some small parties of his Regiment in that Quarter; If the Enemy should move, they, by being called upon, may afford some assistance.
[Note 5: Col. Theunis Dey, of the New Jersey Militia, was at Bloomsbury, N. J. Meade wrote him (April 23) that Washington approved him raising a force and did not object to his enlisting horsemen, who "will be kept strictly to their duty, and not receive what they do not earn."]
I have communicated the above to Genl. McDougall, and also another piece of advice, "that the Enemy embarked a Brigade of about 700 Men the night of the 20th, and that it was imagined they intended to go up the North River."
Yours was delivered to me by Mr. Gordon. I wish it was in my power to serve him just now, but the small success of the Officers who are already recruiting, disheartens me from giving any more Commissions at present. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 23, 1777.
Sir: I would have you leave at this place (out of the Militia under your Command) One hundred Men, or as near that Number as have had the Small Pox (Officered agreeable to the resolutions of Congress).You are also to send a Subaltern and twenty five Men to Succasony to guard the Magazines and Stores at that place, agreeably to Orders which the Officer is to receive from the Assistant Quarter Master General.
The residue of the Militia you are to March to Pompton, from whence you are to detach parties towards Hackensack &ca. to cover the Inhabitants in that Quarter and quiet the fears of the People as much as possible.
You will use your utmost diligency to compleat the Works begun at Pompton by Captn. O'Hara;7 who upon your arrival
[Note 7: Capt. Henry O'Hara, of the Second Canadian regiment, then at Pompton. Meade's order to him, dated Apr. 23, 1777, to march immediately to Morristown, is in the Washington Papers.] at that place is to repair hither with the detachment under his Command.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 23, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit you the inclosed pieces of intelligence, which I received this day from Genl: Stephen, who, by my desire, employed persons to go into New York and Brunswick. I do not put intire confidence in the whole, but the principal reason of sending the intelligence forward is, that proper measures may be fallen upon to find out and apprehend Thomas Long8 mentioned in General Stephen's letter of this date.
[Note 8: Thomas Long, nicknamed Bunk Eye, from his prominent eyes, was a schoolmaster near Rahway. Stephen had written Washington that Long "distressed the Inhabitants on the passage of the B. troops through the Jerseys. He is gone for Philadelphia as a spy, two days ago. He associates with Quakers." Stephen's letter to Washington, dated Apr. 23, 1777, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, with Washington's letter to Congress, this same date.]
If the Enemy should move, I have taken steps to make as good an opposition, as my small force is capable of. I have the honor to be etc.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the draft is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 25, 1777.
Parole Corke. Countersign Dublin.
Colonels or commanding Officers of Corps must cause their regimental Pay-Masters to make up their Abstracts to the 1st. of this month, and order them to attend at the Pay Master General's, for the money--;Proper attention to the General Orders of this nature, issued on the 21st. of last month, would not only have removed the Complaints of the Soldiers, for want of their pay, too frequently made to the Commander in Chief, but would have saved them much trouble in settling their accounts for money drawn upon account--The most punctual obedience must be paid to this order. No excuse for delay can, or will be, admitted.
They are also directed to make a Return of their Surgeons and Mates, and to desire the Surgeons to make Returns of the Medicines, and instruments in their possession to the Director General at Head Quarters, on Monday next.
The Adjutant General will transmit Copies of these orders immediately, to all the Gentlemen concerned.
The Officer of the day in visiting the Guards is to be particularly attentive to see that the Guard Houses are clean and in good order, particularly the Provost-Guard, which is to be clean'd every day; the rooms where the prisoners are confined, as well as the Guard-room--The officer relieving a Guard is to see that the old-Guard have clean'd and swept the house before he relieves them.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: Yours of Yesterday came to hand late last Night. As I have heard nothing further of the Troops that embarked on the 20th, I can only recommend it to you to keep a vigilant look out for them.
The Detachments that are to come on, need not bring Camp Kettles with them, if they are wanted with you, as we have a Sufficiency here.
I am so well convinced of the Justice of your remark upon the necessity of Officers being constantly in the Field with their Men, that I shall order a Sufficient Number of Horsemen's Tents or small Marqués for the Officers, they will then have no excuse for absence, except want of Health.
By the Returns which you inclose, I find four Captains and the Adjutant of Colo. Livingston's Regiment absent upon Furlough and fourteen privates of Colo. Cortlandt's. I am surprised that any Officer should ask, or that the commanding Officer of a Regiment should grant a Furlough at this time, and I therefore desire that both Officers and Men, of all the Corps, on furlough, may be called in and no more granted, but upon most extraordinary Cases.
I beg that every Officer who can be spared for the recruiting Service may be detached for that purpose, and I shall be glad to know, whether the Regulation of your State to encourage inlistments has had any effect. In your Returns you say nothing of the Connecticut Militia; be pleased, in your next, to make a Return of them, and also of any Militia of your State that may be in Service.
I expect Capt. Seward's12 Company of Colo. Crane's Regt. of Artillery will be at Peeks Kill by this time; I desire he may come immediately forward, for I have not an Artillery Man here, but those belonging to the State of Pennsylvania, who are much wanted upon the Delaware at this time. Their State have called for them and I promised to releive them, as soon as I possibly could. Genl. Knox informs me, that a Company of Colo. Lamb's will be with you soon, if not already, and another Company of Colo. Crane's. I am &ca.
[Note 12: Capt. Thomas Seward, of the Third Continental Artillery.]
P. S. Let the Returns of Militia be seperate from those of the Continental.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, April 25, 1777.
Gentn.: I took the liberty in a Letter of the 11th. of February, to inform your Honorable Board, of the Augmentation Congress had Resolved to make to the Army they voted to be raised in September; and to solicit your attention and good Offices, in promoting the raising of your proportion of these latter Levies. I trusted, that I then urged such reasons for the measure, and so clearly shewed, the Quota assigned to your State to be just, that your Interest would have been exerted to fill them up, in the same manner that it was to fill up the 15 Battalions, first voted. Finding this not to have been the case, and being assured from a variety of combining circumstances, and intelligence not to be questioned; that Britain, this Campaign will strain every nerve at home and abroad, to effect her purposes; I beg leave again, to repeat my solicitations upon this Subject, and to entreat, that you will take the matter under your most early and serious consideration and give every aid you shall deem necessary and conducive to compleating two of those Corps with all possible expedition; I mean those to be Commanded by Colonels Lee and Jackson.14 The third, which was allotted, I shall not require, tho' it was far within your proportion, as I design to call Colo. Henly,15 whom I intended to command it, to another office.
[Note 14: Cols. William R. Lee and Henry Jackson, colonels of two of the 16 Additional Continental regiments.]
[Note 15: Col. David Henley, of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments. He retired in April, 1779.]
Were it necessary, I could mention many Circumstances to evince the propriety of your earliest interposition; but persuading myself, that the justice and necessity of the requisition and compliance with it, will strike you at once, I shall not enter upon a detail of them. I shall only observe, that the Battalions mentioned in my former Letter, were thought necessary to be raised by Congress, and the expediency of doing it, becomes more and more apparent. That these Troops are equally Continental, and have the same claim to the attention of the States, upon which they are proportioned, that the others had or have. In this light they have been considered, and equal exertions have been generally employed to raise them. Where Bounties have been necessary to that end, they have been granted; Connecticut has done this for the one and a half Battalions allotted to her.16 Besides these Considerations, it may be added, that peculiar Hardships will be derived to the Officers appointed to those Corps, if they are not made up, and that the public will be materially injured in the loss of their Service; some of whom have given the most convincing proofs, not only of their bravery and fidelity, but of their Abilities to discharge the duties of their Station, and who actually refused other appointments, I shall subjoin one thing more, which is, till the designs of the Enemy are unfolded and dearly understood, and the exigency of Affairs require it, I shall not Order these two Regiments out of the State.
[Note 16: The reply of the legislature to this seems to have been the resolves of April 30, authorizing a draft of the militia, if necessary, but allowing the alternative of hired substitutes and a fine of £10 or imprisonment to Jan. 1, 1778, in case of failure to comply. This was one of the arrangements against which Washington argued. The fine of £10 was a poor substitute for an able-bodied soldier.]
I have nothing new or interesting to communicate. The Enemy still remain quiet; but from various causes and their industerous preparations, we expect are on the point of commencing their Operations. what they will be or what the result, the facts themselves must decide. I have the honor to be &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, April 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of 14th. is this day come to hand. And for the Instructions you require, respecting your Clothing, I refer you to mine of 28th. Ulto. the receipt of which you now acknowledge.
The mode of exchange you speak of (large Men for small of other Regiments) I have no sort of Objection to, provided, the Men received and given in exchange, are made fully acquainted with the particulars before hand, and voluntarily accord to it.
The Captaincy become vacant in your Regiment, is to be filled by a Mr. John Swan18 of Frederick County Maryland, a Gentleman strongly recommended to me by some Members of Congress and whom from other Accounts, you will find fully qualified to give great satisfaction in the execution of his duty. He is at present under Confinement in Philadelphia, occasioned by a Wound received in an action near this place some time ago, I have wrote him to join you with all convenient expedition, and receive your Instructions how he is to proceed. I am etc.19
[Note 18: Swan was commissioned a captain in the Third Continental Dragoons Apr. 26, 1777.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald. The original letter sent, which was also in Fitzgerald's writing, is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J. It has the additional sentence: "I repeat my request that you will send on your Regiment, troop by troop, as fast as you can equip them."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 25, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 9th. and 14th. instant.
Upon the receipt of the first, I had no hopes of seeing you in the department which I wished; but by the latter I am pleased to find, that upon a full reconsideration of the matter, you had determined to accept of the Office of Adjutant General, provided it had not been disposed of. I am obliged to you for the free manner in which you unbosom yourself to me, and must own, that the inducements both of a Civil and domestic Nature, which influenced you upon the first view, were weighty and hard to be overcome. Colo. Lee came immediately here, upon the Receipt of the letter which you forwarded to him, but expressed great diffidence of his Ability to execute the proposed Office and candidly recommended you in preference to himself; As I can therefore yet confer the Office upon you, without giving the least Offence to Colo. Lee, I now confirm my first offer and shall expect to see you wherever the Head Quarters of the Army may be, as soon as the Situation of your private affairs will admit, which I hope will not be long, as I can assure you, your presence will be much wanted; indeed, it is, so much so at this time, that this important office is in a manner unexecuted. The reason of your hearing nothing of this matter when you were here, was, that at that time it was expected and intended that Genl. Gates was to reassume the Office of Adjutant General, but his presence having been afterwards deemed, by Congress, necessary to conduct the Army at Ticonderoga, I was obliged to look round for some other, and you were recommended to me as the properest person for the purpose. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 26, 1777.
Sir: After the Conversations I had with you, before you left the Army last Winter, I was not a little surprised at the Contents of yours of the 1st. instant. As I had not the least doubt but you would accept of the Commission of Brigadier, if conferred upon you by Congress, I put your name down in the list of those, whom I thought proper for the Command and whom I wished to see preferred.
Diffidence in an Officer is a good mark, because he will always endeavour to bring himself up to what he conceives to be the full line of his duty; but I think I may tell you without flattery, that I know of no man better qualified than you to conduct a Brigade, you have activity and industry, and as you very well know the duty of a Colonel, you know how to exact that duty from others.
I have with, great concern, observed the almost universal listlessness, that prevails throughout the Continent, and I believe that nothing has contributed to it more, than the Resignation of Officers who Steped early forward and led the people into the great cause, in which we are too deeply embarked to look back, or to hope for any other terms than those we can gain by the Sword. Can any Resistance be expected from the People when deserted by their leaders. Our Enemies count upon the Resignation of every Officer of Rank at this time, as a distrust of and desertion from the cause and rejoice accordingly. When you consider these matters I hope you will think no more of private inconveniences, but that you will, with all expedition, come forward and take that command which has been assigned to you.21 As I fully depend upon seeing you, I shall not mention any thing that has passed between us, upon this Subject, to the Congress. I am etc.22
[Note 21: Glover's commission as brigadier had been dated February 21. After receiving this letter from Washington he accepted the appointment. He resigned from the service in July, 1782.]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 26, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 16th. and am glad to find that you are forwarding on the Troops with expedition, pray be careful to send new Clothes after those who have marched without them, as the quantity drawn from the Eastward, by the Clothier General, for the southern Troops, is not more than Sufficient for them.
I would not have those detachments, who have already marched by the common route, countermanded to go by the Green Woods. It was only meant to affect them, who had not already began their March.
The Troops in Continental Service at Providence are to be paid with you, and if any of the Continental Battalions receive part of their pay, before they come this way, they must bring Certificates setting forth how much they have received from the paymaster in your Department, agreeable to the form of the Regulations lately sent to you. You will find by my late letters that the pay of Aids de Camp and Brigade Majors is raised.
I have wrote to Genl. Glover this day and hope he will continue in his Command.
Mr. Pitt's Horse was delivered to me two days ago in good order. I am obliged to him for parting with him, and to the Gentlemen who interested themselves in getting him for me. I am etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 26, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received your favour of this date from Westfield. It ever was against my inclination, for an Officer to attempt any thing against the Enemy, without the Knowledge and Consent of the Officer immediately commanding him; I wish therefore that you will endeavour to prevent the practice, by which Capt. Flahen24 is missing, nor ever permit another to attempt a Similar Affair without bringing him to severe account. Here I must take the liberty to inquire, whether the orders I some time past sent you, directing an immediate inquiry to be made into the cause of some of our parties retreating on the approach of the Enemy, have been complied with. Both you and Genl.
[Note 24: Capt. John Flahaven, of the First New Jersey Regiment.] Maxwell thought that there was misbehaviour somewhere; which persuaded me that the inquiry would meet with no delay. Disappointed in this, I must insist, that it be made without loss of time, and sent up, that punishment, if deserved, may be inflicted.
I am very sorry that my orders have been too frequently unattended to, and most sincerely wish that in future no cause for a Similar Complaint may exist. I am &ca.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town,
2 O'Clock P.M., April 26, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote you on the 23rd. instt. communicating Intelligence lately received respecting the Enemy's designs up the North River. A letter from Genl McDougall, this moment received, places their intentions beyond the power of misconception. Several Transports have anchored at Dobbs's ferry, and mean, in my opinion, to divert our attention (if possible) from their movements towards the Delaware. At any rate they may attempt to make some incursions into the Country back of this place, and if they can, seize the passes thro' the Mountains, thereby aiming to cut off the Communication between the Army here and the North River. To frustrate such a design effectually, I must repeat my desire, that you would post as good a body of Troops in the Mountains West of the River as you can collect, and spare from the Garrison. This will serve not only to retain our possession of the Passes, but will awe the disaffected and protect our friends. I am etc.
P. S. If your Brother's attention is particularly confined to the Posts on the River, Would it not be attended with greater good, if he would take charge of the Troops designed for the purpose within mentioned, while you are confined to the Forts?If you think with me, please to write him on this head.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
[Note 27: Captain in the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Germantown, Pa.; exchanged in 1780, and became lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Virginia Regiment in 1781, to rank from February, 1778. He retired Jan. 1, 1783.]
Morris Town, April 26, 1777.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th. Ulto. came to my hands a few days since, and after fully considering your Situation and Circumstances are of Opinion, that you cannot, consistent with the honor of an Officer, quit the Service of your Country at this interesting period. I am at the same time, desirous to give you every indulgence in my power, that you may settle your private Affairs which from what is mentioned in your Letter, must be in a State of great Disorder. I shall rely on your discretion and Sense of Honor, to make the most prudent use of this Liberty, to join your Regiment, as soon as you possibly can, and that during the approaching Campaign you will not be under the Necessity of returning to Virginia. Whilst you stay in that State, I shall expect your Assistance in recruiting and forwarding the Troops, as also in taking up any Deserters you may hear of. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 26, 1777.
Sir: Information of the inimical disposition of Mr. Hugh Hughes of Sussex County having been lodged with me, by which it becomes necessary to secure him, You will proceed, with the guard under your Command, to his house, or wherever he may be found, seize and secure him, and conduct him to Philadelphia; when there, you will deliver him up to the Pennsylvania Board of War, and then return. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 26 1777.
Sir: I was last night honored with your Letter of the 25th with sundry Resolves of Congress. Such of them as are necessary for my government and conduct I shall strictly attend to.
The Money and Bills for our prisoners, had better be trans. mitted to Elias Boudinot Esquire, to whom I shall give directions to adopt ways and means for sending the same, and for a proper appropriation and distribution of the Money amongst them. Bills, I think, will be most eligible, provided they are duly paid. As to procuring Cloathes in New York, I have reason to believe, that it will not be allowed, and that the prisoners will obtain no supplies, but what we send them.
I heard of Mr. Franklin's practices some time ago, and advised Governor Trumbull of the same, that his conduct might be properly attended to. It is very unhappy for us, that thro' the intrigues of such Men, the Enemy have found means to raise a spirit of disaffection, but too generally, in many of the States. In this, I have Strong assurances, that it has arisen to a great height, and I shall not be disappointed, if a large number of the Inhabitants, in some of the counties Should openly appear in Arms, as Soon as the Enemy begin their operations. I have taken every measure, in my power, to suppress it; but nevertheless, several from Sussex and Bergen, have joined their Army, and the spirit becomes more and more daring every day.
You will be pleased to direct General Mifflin to remain at Philadelphia, as long as Congress shall think his presence there essential.
I have inclosed a Copy of General Howe's Letter,30 which I received last night, in answer to mine of the 9th Instant.
[Note 30: Howe's letter, dated Apr. 21, 1777, is in the Washington Pappers.]
Nothing of an interesting Nature has occurred since my last, which leaves me only to add, that I have the honor to be etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town,
2 O'Clock P.M., April 26, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received your favour of yesterday this moment. In my opinion it is by no means improbable that the Enemy may aim at another descent upon the Country adjoining the North River; if they are disappointed in their first design, by your late additional Strength, they may continue in the River in order to divert our attention from their real attempt upon Philadelphia, during which Continuance the least inattention to the passes thro' the Mountains may prove fatal, as the Enemy will certainly take advantage of it. On this head I feel but little uneasiness, assured that your utmost attention will be unweariedly applied to so important a duty. I am etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 26, 1777.
Sir: I have your favor of the 19th.and congratulate you, upon the late discoveries you have made of some of the Plans of our internal Enemies and I hope the Clue you have got will lead to something more important.
I never before heard of Mr. Hughes, but upon enquiry I am informed that he has ever been closely connected with Galloway33; that alone is enough to excite Suspicion at this time. I shall enquire further into his political Conduct for some time past, and if I find the least Grounds for a belief, that Fox's34 testimony is true, I shall have him apprehended.
[Note 33: Joseph Galloway. A James Molesworth, proven to be one of his spies, was executed.]
[Note 34: Joseph Fox, a Light Horse farrier.]
I place no great dependance upon any thing, that Shepherd has wrote to Fox; because it cannot be supposed, that a Man in his Station could possibly know anything of the true intentions or Motions of the Enemy.
As I have no proof of Hartshorne and Bowne's ever having been concerned in the practices I mentioned in my last, I cannot apprehend them. I gave you the Hint that if the thing should have been so, and they should return again to Philadelphia upon the same Errand, you might keep a watchful eye upon them.
I have given orders to all the Officers at the out Posts, to suffer no more Women to pass in or out, upon any pretence whatever.
I shall be obliged to you for communicating any material Intelligence that may come to your knowledge, and you may be assured, that whenever I make discoveries of any suspicious Persons harbouring in or about your City, you shall have the earliest information. I am &c.
P. S. I have dispatched an Officer this Morning, to apprehend Hughes and to carry him down to you. If matters should not be fully proved against him, I think it would still be proper, to lay him under injunctions not to return home just at this time, for he is certainly a dangerous person and actively mischevious just now.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morristown, April 26, 1777.
Dear Doctor: I am going to address you on a subject which may lay some claim to your attention, as I do to your candor in the determination of the proposition. In the Hospital department for the Middle District (which District includes the States between the North or Hudson's River, and Patowmack) there are at present two places vacant, either of which I can obtain for you: The One is Senior Physician, and Surgeon of the Hospital, with the pay of four Dollars and six Rations pr Day, and Forage for one Horse: The other is Assistant Director General, with the pay of three Dollars and six Rations pr Day; and two Horses, and travelling expenses found, according to Doctor Shippen's Director General's Account, who also adds that he thinks this latter the most honourable and desirable of the two.37 Had I expected that Congress would have proceeded to the Appointments in this department, at the time they did, I have no doubt, but that it might have been in my power to
[Note 37: Doctor Craik accepted the position of assistant director general of hospitals, Middle Department.] have got you any other place (except that of Director General) but that is now over; and the matter in which I claim your candor, is, that you will not let my introducing the present proposition to you, have any undue influence.
You know the extent, and profit of your present practice; you know what prospects are before you. You know how far you may be benefitted, or injured, by such an Appointment; and you must know, whether it is advisable, or practicable, for you to quit your Family, and practice, at this time. All these matters I am ignorant of; and request, as a friend, that my proposing this matter to you may have no influence upon your acceptance of it. I have no other end in view than to serve you; consequently, if you are not benefitted by the Appointment, my end is not answered. I have only to add, therefore, a request, that you will let me know the result of your determination by the Return of the Post, or as soon as possible, as the places will be kept vacant 'till I hear from you.
My best Respects to Mrs. Craik and your Family; and believeme to be, etc.38
[Note 38: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1777.
Sir: I am well convinced, that the amazing desertions, which have of late prevailed among our Troops, proceed intirely from their not being regularly paid. For it is not to be supposed, that the bare encouragement of receiving a few Dollars from the Enemy for their Arms, could operate so forcibly upon them. I have, in vain, endeavoured to make the Officers bring in their Pay Rolls and draw their Money; they plead in excuse, that as they are so detached, they cannot possibly make up regular Rolls, and there may be something in this. But there is a Cause, which, I fear, will be found upon examination too true, and that is, that the Officers have drawn large Sums, under pretence of paying their Men; but have been obliged, from extravagance and for other purposes, to appropriate this money to their own use. There is a Necessity, at this time, for the Men's being paid up as nearly as possible. I therefore desire, that you will have the different Corps under your Command paraded, inquire of them what pay is due to them, order the pay Master, or commanding Officer to draw, as much as will be necessary, and when it is drawn, see that the Soldiers have their proportion. It would be well to let the Soldiers know, that this irregularity of pay, has been owing to the hurry in which they have been detached into the Field, but that their wants shall be fully supplied. I also desire, that you will inform the Officers, that as soon as the Regiments are drawn together, I shall cause an exact Scrutiny to be made into their Accounts, and inquire how these Complaints of the Soldiers arise for want of Pay, when large Sums have been advanced for that purpose. I am &ca.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The same letter was sent to Brig. Genl. William Maxwell and Peter Muhlenberg.]
[Note 40: Captain of New Jersey Militia. He conveyed secret intelligence to Washington from time to time.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1777.
Sir: In order to know whether the floating Bridges, that we have so often heard of, are really meant to be thrown over the Delaware, it is necessary to know the Width of that River, at the narrowest places, that are approachable and then by comparing the Width of the River, with what we understand is the length of the Bridge, we can form a pretty good Opinion. I therefore desire, that you would begin at Coryel's or a little above and proceed down to the Falls, taking an Account of the different Fords and crossing places and the Width and depth of the River at them. I beg you will have this done as soon as possible and whatever expence attends it, shall be paid by the Quarter Master. I am &ca.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 42: Widow of Maj. Daniel Neil, of the New Jersey Artillery, who had been killed at Princeton, N.J. Washington spelled the name Neale.]
Morris Town, April 27, 1777.
Madam: I hoped to have given you a more favourable Acct. Of my application to Congress, in your behalf, than the Inclosed resolution will convey;43 but that Honble.body have, I presume, thought it rather too early to adopt a measure of this kind yet, what they may do hereafter, I cannot under take to say. In the meantime, as I sincerely feel for your distress, I beg your acceptance of the Inclosd, as a small testimony of my Inclination to serve you upon any future occasion. I am Madam, etc.
[Note 43: The resolve of Mar. 14, 1777, respecting pensions to widows of officers.]
PS. I have receivd, and am much obliged to you for the Piece of Buff Cloth.
Fifty Dollars sent.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, April 28, 1777.
Parole Georgia. Countersign Hartford.
Every Corps must immediately put their Arms in the best firing Order, and be completely furnished with Ammunition; the commanding Officers will see this done, as they will answer for the least neglect of this important duty--The Qr. Mr. Genl. Letter to Mrs. Elizabeth Neil, Regarding a Pension, April 27, 1777 to furnish them with Tents, and proper conveniencies for carrying them, that they may be ready to move with the troops, at the shortest notice.
The General laments the necessity he is laid under of repeating his Orders, by which Officers were forbid to ride about the Country, thus absenting themselves from their duty--If any sudden call for offensive or defensive measures should be made, during their absence, they will assuredly be brought to severe account.
The Major Generals will publish these Orders at their respective posts, for which purpose the Adjutant General will furnish them with copies.
The following Sentences of the General Court Martial held at Boundbrook, whereof Major Robinson44 was President, are approved by the Commander in Chief--
[Note 44: Maj. Thomas Robinson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at the Battle of Brandywine.]
Serjt. William McDonald of the 5th. Pennsylva. Battn. reduced.
Samuel Philips, Private of the 8th. Penn. Battn reprimanded on the public parade.
Henry Randall, Private of the 8th. Penn. Battn. acquitted and discharged from confinement.
Lieut. Simrall45 of the 8th. Penn. Battn. for "Refusing to do duty"--Cashiered.
[Note 45: Lieut. Alexander Simrall.]
Ensign McKee46 of the 8th. Penn. Batt. acquitted and discharged from confinement.
[Note 46: Ensign David McKee.]
Samuel Haws, Private 5th. Penn. Battn to do duty as a Camp Colour-man 'till excused by his Colonel.
Michael McDonald, Private 5th. Penn. Battn. For "Leaving his post," to receive 50 lashes.
Serjt. Elisha Reynolds of the 5th. Penn. Battn. for "Inlisting into two different Regiments"--Reduced to the ranks.
Serjt. William Preston of the Wyoming Rangers, for "Having made known the Watch-Word to a person not entitled to receive it," to be reprimanded in the presence of all the troops at Boundbrook.
Thomas Pickett, Private of Capt. Ransom's47 Company, Wyoming Rangers, for "Desertion"--to receive 50 lashes.
[Note 47: Capt. Samuel Ransom.]
Stephen Harding, Private of Capt. Durkee's48 Company, Wyoming Rangers, for "Desertion"--to receive 50 lashes.
[Note 48: Capt. Robert Durkee. Both he and Captain Ransom were killed at Wyoming, Pa., July 3, 1778.]
William Davidson, Private of Capt. Durkee's Company, Wyoming Rangers, for "Desertion"--to receive 50 lashes.
Nathaniel Williams, Private of Capt. Durkee's Company, Wyoming Rangers, for "Desertion"--to receive 50 lashes.
Nathaniel Faye, Private of Capt. Durkee's Company, Wyoming Rangers, for "Desertion"--to receive 50 lashes.
Richard Halstead, Private of Capt. Durkee's Company, Wyoming Rangers, for "Desertion"--to receive 15 lashes.
James Bagley, Private of Capt. Durkee's Company, Wyoming Rangers, for "Desertion"--to receive 50 lashes.
Hulver Harding, Private of Capt. Durkee's Company, Wyoming Rangers, for "Desertion"--to receive 50 lashes.
John Mclntire, Private in the 5th. Penn. Batt. for "Threatning to desert to the Enemy"--to receive 100 lashes--
The Commander in Chief (taking into consideration the late distracted State of the 8th. Pennsyl. Battalion,49 an inquiry
[Note 49: Col. Eneas Mackay and Lieut. Col. George Wilson had died, and the command of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment was intrusted to Col. Daniel Brodhead, Mar. 12, 1777. Richard Butler became lieutenant colonel and Stephen Bayard major. This reorganization and the recent surprise and defeat of the regiment at Bound Brook, N.J., were the causes of its "distracted" state.] into the cause of which he has directed to be made without loss of time) is pleased to suspend the execution of the Sentences of Alexander McKay, David Livinston, John Dilworth, John Edgar, Jacob Knight, John McClaugherry, William Roach, Daniel Clark, John Kirckendal, and Jacob Wilker--Privates of that Battalion, 'till the proceedings of the Court are reported to him.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 19th instant at Albany. As most of the Massachusetts Troops intended for Peeks Kill had began their march before the order for the Route thro the GreenWoods reached them, and there were not proper Supplies of provision laid up upon that Road, I fancy but few of them will come that way. I will give the Commissary General, the part of your Letter respecting purchasing Flour upon the Mohawk River and upper part of Hudsons, and if he is in want of that Article he may take the advantage. I am sorry to hear that you found the Artillery and other Military Stores laying at Albany, when they ought to have been at Ticonderoga; but you must depend much upon your own activity to get them forward, if you had found your department in complete order, you would have had better luck than your Neighbours. One of your principal Wants, Cash, will be with you by the time this reaches you, as it went thro' this place two days ago.
All the three New Hampshire Regiments and Brigadier General Poor are to go to Tionderoga. I never received the names of the Colonels. The Colonels of the Seven Massachusetts are Bailey, Wesson, Jackson, Marshall, Brewer, Bradford, and Francis50 Brigadier General Paterson51 was ordered from that State, as I thought he, with D'Fermoy,52 would be Sufficient, but upon the late appointment of Genl. Learned I shall order him up likewise. I have wrote for Genl. Wayne to come immediately down, as I have not a Single Brigadier to command the Troops of Pennsylvania. Armstrong53 has resigned, D. Haas54 has never said whether he would serve or no, and Hand has orders to repair to Fort Pitt.
[Note 50: Cols. John Bailey, of the Second; James Wesson, of the Ninth; Michael Jackson, of the Eighth; Thomas Marshall, of the Tenth; Samuel Brewer, of the Twelfth; Gamaliel Bradford, of the Fourteenth; and Ebenezer Francis, of the Eleventh.]
[Note 51: Brig. Gen. John Paterson.]
[Note 52: Brig. Gen. Mathieu Alexis de Rochefermoy.]
[Note 53: Brig. Gen. John Armstrong. He resigned on April 4.]
[Note 54: Brig. Oen. Philip DeHaas. He had been appointed brigadier general on February 21; served to November, 1783. He went to Philadelphia in 1779 and rendered no subsequent active service; was brevetted a major general in September, 1780.]
General Heath has issued positive orders to all the Massachusetts Colonels to march, as soon as a Sufficient part of their Regiments have gone forward, and if any of them fail, you will know which to call upon.
I received Humpton's plan55 for the Establishment of a Corps of Grenadiers; it will be time enough to think of this when our Regiments are full enough to admit of a draft, but at present I see little or no prospect of it. I am &ca.56
[Note 55: Col. Richard Humpton's (Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment) plan for a grenadier corps has been sent to Major General Gates on March 2 and had been forwarded to Washington by the latter on April 19. A recent copy is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1777.
Sir: I find by your letter, that the detachment of Marylanders, with Colo. Spotswood have marched to your post with the other Troops. My intention and directions were, that they should remain at Princeton, as I wish to keep the Corps united; but since the matter has fallen out differently, I have to desire that the forementioned detachment may immediately return to Princeton. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, April 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: At three O'Clock this morning, I received your favour of the 27th. The intelligence it contains, is interesting and truly distressing. By this time, I fear, the Enemy have effected their purpose and destroyed all the Stores at Danbury; I wish those at Fredericksburg may not have shared the same fate. After accomplishing this enterprise, it is probable they will return to their Ships with expedition. If they have not done it, it is most devoutly to be wished, that their retreat could be cut off.58 You, I am certain, will act for the best and as circumstances shall point out. However, I am induced to believe that the Ships sent up the North River have but few Troops on board, and the design of their being there, was to amuse and call your attention with the Troops to Peeks Kills and the other posts, till the detachment from the Sound executed their plan, or they would have disembarked at the same time and made some other different attempt.59 Under this persuasion, I could
[Note 58: McDougall had already moved with 1,200 men and one field piece, but by the time he reached Bedford he found that the British had retreated and were beyond his reach. (See McDougall's letter to Washington, Apr. 29, 1777, in the Washington Papers.)]
[Note 59: On April 25, about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, 2,000 British troops landed at Compo, Conn., near Fairfield, under the command of Governor Tryon, and marched to Danbury, 23 miles inland. They reached Danbury the next day at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, having met with no opposition in their march. They immediately set fire to the public stores and several private dwelling houses. Col. Jedidiah Huntington with 50 Continentals and militia retreated to the heights near thetown.
Brig. Gen. Gold Selleck Silliman, at Fairfield, called out the militia and with a small party attacked the enemy's advance guard. The next morning (April 27) General Silliman marched with all the men he could muster, and about 4 miles from Redding he was joined by Gen. Benedict Arnold; at Redding they met Gen. David Wooster. Their whole force was now 600 men, of whom 100 were Continentals. They reached Bethel, on the road to Danbury, about midnight, where they heard that the town was destroyed. At daylight the next morning Arnold and Silliman marched with 400 men to Ridgefield to intercept the enemy, and Wooster with 200 men took another route to harass their rear. He fell in with the enemy's column, and in the resulting skirmish received a mortal wound, from which he died on May 2. When Arnold arrived at Ridgefield his numbers had increased to 500. He took a position across the road, threw up a breastwork, and waited the approach of the enemy. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon the British appeared, and a sharp conflict ensued, which continued for nearly an hour. The Americans gave way, but rallied and pursued the enemy to their ships, having several sharp skirmishes with them that evening and the next day, till the embarkation waseffected.
The conduct of General Wooster was recommended in the highest terms. Colonel Huntington wrote, the day after the action, that "till he received his wound he commanded the unconnected and undisciplined troops with great spirit, zeal, and bravery." Arnold behaved with his usual bravery; one horse was killed under him and he himself killed a British soldier in a personal encounter. Of the Americans, 20 were killed and between 70 and 80 wounded, and 40 of the enemy were known to have been killed and a few prisoners were taken. The loss in public stores was severely felt, particularly that of 1,690 tents, which had been removed from Peekskill to Danbury for safekeeping, and were very much wanted in the army. Details of the affair are given in the various inclosures with McDougall's letter to Washington of April 29.] wish you, unless some facts within your own knowledge or which appear to be tolerably well founded, from the information you have received, contradict the measure, to try to cut off their retreat, by detaching all the force you can spare and which shall not be absolutely necessary to guard the passes in the Mountains and to maintain the Forts. ! cannot, nor do I mean, to prescribe any line of duty, I have only mentioned my Ideas of the North River Shipping and the Views with which they were sent, and my wishes to make the detachments from the Sound pay for the Enterprise, if Circumstances will allow it. I am &ca.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1777.
Sir: An abstract of pay for you from the 7th. September to the 27th. November is this moment presented to me, in which you demand pay as Brigadier from the 10th. of September. This I confess to be altogether unexpected, as, if I remember right, you were but a very few days with the Army, and when, your imperfect State of health required you to leave it, I had no other idea, than that you meant at that time to decline the Service, and would not continue to claim the emoluments attending the post of Brigadier, for which the public was to derive no equivalent. I am persuaded, on recollection, you will concur with me in opinion, that there is a manifest impropriety in the public's being three or four hundred dollars out of pocket, without receiving any adequate benefit or compensation, and will readily approve my not complying with your order in favour of Colo. Latimer.61 If you will send me an abstract, charging your pay as Colo. and as Brigadier while you were really in Service, together with Major Saltenstall's pay, who continued with the Army, I will give a warrant to receive the Money. I am etc.62
[Note 61: Col. Jonathan Lattimer, of the Connecticut Militia.]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, April 28, 1777.
Sir: I last night received the favor of your Letter of the 26th with the Resolves to which it alludes.
The views of Congress in Sending General Officers to the Eastward, to hasten on the Troops, have been long anticipated. Genl Poor is in New Hampshire for the purpose; General Heath in Massachusetts Bay, with Brigadiers Nixon, Glover and Paterson, General Varnum in Rhode Island and General Parsons in Connecticut. Genls. Spencer and Arnold too, have been desired to attend to the business, to these Gentlemen I have wrote repeatedly, in the most pressing terms upon the Subject, and I have no reason to doubt, but every exertion on their part, has been employed to promote the end. The delay of those, who have inlisted, has arisen from the late period when they engaged, and from their being innoculated since, which could not be dispensed with, without subjecting them to the calamities and ravage of the Small Pox in the natural way.
At three O'Clock this Morning, I received a Letter from Genl McDougal inclosing three from Colo. Huntington, Copies of the whole of which, I have transmitted. By these you will perceive the impression which a part of Genl Howe's Army has made into Connecticut, and the prospect they had of destroying such of our Stores as were deposited in Danbury, which, unfortunately, were but too large and considerable, if the Event has taken place. A circumstance, perhaps more to be regreted, is, that the Enemy marched thro' a strong and rough Country and were near that place, without the smallest opposition. I have no other information upon the Subject, than what these papers contain, but we have little ground to expect, that they have not accomplished their purpose. Further intelligence will have not accomplished their purpose. Further intelligence will be probably received to day or to morrow, when I shall be happy to hear, that they have paid for their Enterprize. Of this I confess, however, I am not very sanguine in my expectations. This post had been considered, as a proper depository for Stores by Gentlemen acquainted with it, and its security not thought questionable, whilst Troops were passing thro' it. I had also directed, that as many of the drafts in Connecticut, as the place was capable of accomodating, should be collected there and innoculated, to answer the purpose of a guard; hoping by the time of their recovery, that the Situation of the Army would be such as to admit a strong one to be stationed there and continued; but unhappily for us, such languor and supineness prevails every where, that we seem unable to effect any point we wish, tho' never so important and interesting. So early as the 6th of March, I wrote Govr. Trumbull earnestly requesting Two thousand Militia to be sent to Genl McDougal, to be employed at Peeks Kill and on the communication in West Chester County for Six Weeks; with this requisition he most readily complied, so far as his orders were necessary, and I am certain, his influence would extend. This I have repeated and this Supply he has exerted himself to furnish. Yet so ineffectual have his endeavours been, that not more than Eight hundred had come out, by Genl. McDougal's return on the 17th Inst. nor did he expect more from the accounts he had. In a word, Sir, no expedient or pains have been unattempted by me, to bring on Troops, and to keep our Affairs on a favorable footing.
I would again mention, the case of our prisoners with the Enemy, and pray that the Secret Committee would send to Mr. Boudinot, Supplies of Money for them as early as possible. They are in great distress, and many Officers have lately escaped, Contrary to the tenor of their paroles, some of whom are now here, urging that necessity compelled them to the measure. I have the honor &c.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1777.
Sir: The following is an extract of a letter which I have just received from Genl. Gates at Albany.
An amazing quantity of Flour may be bought upon this and the Mohawks River at twenty Shillings this money pr hundred. Should this Article be in request to the Southward, your orders upon that head cannot be too soon conveyed to Albany.
You will please to make what use you think proper of this intelligence,64 I refer you to my letter to Congress for an Account of the Enemy's late attack upon Danbury, and am etc.65
[Note 64: Trumbull was then in Philadelphia.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 66: This was the McKenzie who was a lieutenant in the Forty-third Foot, British Army, and who had been a captain in the old Virginia Regiment. He was in New York.]
Morris Town, April 28, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 20th Ulto. did not reach my hands till the 19th Instt., since which I have made an unavailing enquiry of several Gentn. from the Eastward, after the Capturd ship Lord Stanly.67 This enquiry I will continue; but if, in the meanwhile, you could furnish me with any Clue that might facilitate the end you have in view, and I wish to be the Instrument of accomplishing, I should be glad to be favour'd with it. I am etc.
[Note 67: The Lord Stanley had been captured by an American privateer, and a case of goods belonging to Col. Robert Stewart, formerly a captain in the old Virginia Regiment, had been taken in her.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 29, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting the inclosed Resolve of Congress passed the 25th Instant.68
[Note 68: "That the governor of the State of New Jersey be requested forthwith to call out Buch part of the militia of the said State as General Washington shall judge necessary to reenforce the army under his command."]
I shall be obliged, if you will, agreeable to the requisition therein made, order out one thousand of the Militia of your State, to continue in service, Four Weeks from the time they join the Army. I mention four Weeks, because I think by your late Militia Law, you cannot insist upon their Service for a longer term at one time. But if it can be prolonged, I could wish it might be for six or eight Weeks. The place at which I at present intend to post them, is from Pompton extending towards Hackensack; they will then protect the well affected, awe the disaffected, and serve to check the Tory Regiments under Brown, Van Buskirk &ca.69 who are kept at Bergen, and intice many Persons to join them, from the adjacent Country and from Sussex.
[Note 69: Brig. Gen. Montfort Browne and Lieut. Col. Abraham Van Buskirk, New Jersey volunteers of the British provincial troops.]
General Heard is at present at Pompton, he has about three hundred Men under his Command, whose tour of duty, I fancy, has almost expired; therefore those Regiments or Companies that can be soonest put in motion, should be ordered to March with all expedition to Pompton and put themselves under Genl Heard's Command, or whatever Brigadier of the State may be then in Service.
That there may be no disproportion between the number of Officers and Men, I enclose you the Regulation of Congress of the 21st March for that purpose, Copy of which you will please to transmit to the Colonels or commanding Officers of Battalions; letting them know at the same time, that if there should be more Officers in the Field than specified in the inclosed, no pay will be allowed to them.
As you think Colo. Duyckink a Prisoner in the Military Line, I must keep him confined, for he is too dangerous to be set at Liberty at this time. I have the honor to be &c.
P.S. There will probably be occasion to keep up some Militia in Monmouth County and I should therefore be glad to be understood that the Body of 1000. is to be seperate and distinct from them.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, ½ after 8 O'Clock, April 30, 1777.
Sir: I have been waiting with much anxiety to hear the result of the expedition against Danbury, which I never was informed of 'till this minute. The inclosed Copy of a Letter from General McDougal and of Several Others, which he transmitted, will give Congress all the intelligence, I have upon the Subject. I have only to add and to lament, that this Enterprize has been attended but with too much success on the part of the Enemy. I have the honor to be etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The McDougall letter was that of April 29 with its inclosures.]
Morris Town, April 30, 1777.
Sir: I beg leave to refer you to a Letter from Elias Boudinot Esquire which accompanies this, for an Answer to your two favors of the 24th. Ulto. and 8th. instant. That Gentln. is appointed to the Office of Commissary of Prisoners in the Army of the American States, and I am to request, that whatever business you may have to negotiate in that line, may be transacted with him in future. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 30, 1777.
Sir: I want to form a Company for my Guard73. In doing this I wish to be extremely cautious; because it is more than probable, that in the Course of the Campaign, my Baggage, Papers, and other Matters of great public Import, may be committed to the Sole care of these Men. This being premised, in order to impress you with proper attention in the Choice, I have to request
[Note 73: This was a new or reorganization of the Commander in Chief's Guard, which had been originally formed Mar. In, 1776. It was rendered necessary by the expiration of the enlistment terms of many of the men. Godfrey's Commander in Chief's Guard states that on May 1, 38 men of the Third Continental Dragoons were detached to serve as a cavalry guard adjunct to the Guard anti, under Capt, George Lewis and Lieut. Robert Randolph, so acted until the end of September, 1778, when the detail was returned to its regiment.] that you will immediately furnish me with four Men of your Regiment, And, as it is my further wish, that this Company should look well and be nearly of a Size, I desire that none of the Men may exceed in Stature 5 feet 10 Inches, nor fall Short of 5 feet 9 Inches, Sober, Young, Active and well made. When I recommend care in your Choice, I would be understood to mean Men of good Character in the Regiment, that possess the pride of appearing clean and Soldierlike. I am satisfied there can be no absolute security for the fidelity of this Class of people, but yet I think it most likely to be found in those who have Family Connections in the Country. You will therefore send me none but Natives, and Men of some property, if you have them. I must insist, that in making this Choice, you give no Intimation of my preference of Natives, as I do not want to create any invidious Distinction between them and the Foreigners.74 I am etc.75
[Note 74: The same letter was sent this same date to Cols. Alexander McClanahan, of the Seventh; Abraham Bowman, of the Eighth; and Daniel Morgan of the Eleventh Virginia Regiments.]
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 8
May 1, 1777--July 31, 1777
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
January, 1933
Morris Town, May 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: I last night received your Letter of the 29th. Ulto., with its several inclosures. I regret much, that the Enemy should have accomplished their Scheme, with so little loss on their part; but I confess, I feared, that it would be the case, and that their retreat would be effected, before a sufficient force could be assembled to cut them off, or to give them any great annoyance. I wish you to obtain the most exact accounts you can of our loss in Stores, and men in killed and wounded, and to transmit them to me in your next, with that of the Enemy, in killed, wounded and Prisoners.1 I should have been happy, if they had taken the Route to the North River; in such case, I should have been sanguine in my expectations of their defeat. Your conduct in marching with the Troops from Peeks Kills, under the circumstances you mention, was perfectly right and what I wished, and your return after you found you could not come up with the Enemy, was equally judicious in my opinion. I am etc.
[Note 1: McDougall answered this on May 5. In his letter he stated that it was extremely difficult to gather precise information, but from such as could be had he understood that 1,700 barrels of pork, besides beef, wheat, and oats, and 1,690 tents were destroyed at Danbury, Conn. His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P. S. I beg you to take every possible means in your power, to find out the designs of the Enemy and what their plan of operations is; do not hesitate at Expence, I know your own pains will not be wanting. I am extremely anxious upon this Subject.) There is a Report, that Genl. Carleton is on the Lakes or pushing down; whether it is authentick, I cannot say; but if he means an attack on Ticonderoga, I am persuaded, Genl. Howe will not go to Philadelphia, but will endeavour to co-operate with him. This consideration leads me to request, that you cause the Commissary to make the most minute inquiries, what Provisions can be procured in the Country on both sides the North River above the Highlands; It will be of infinite importance to obtain Supplies there, if the movements of Genl Howe should call our Army to that Quarter.2
[Note 2: ln the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original text was kindly furnished by Dr. A.S.W. Rosenbach.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was this morning favoured with yours of the 21st. and 22nd. Ulto., containing the pleasing account of the late arrivals at Portsmouth and Boston; that of the French Ship of War with Artillery and other Military Stores, is a most valuable acquisition.3
[Note 3: The Amphitrite, the first of Beaumarchais's supply ships.]
It was my intent to have all the Arms, that were not immediately wanted by the Eastern States, removed to Springfield, as a place much safer than Portsmouth, and from whence it would be more convenient to draw them for the Supply of such of the Troops of the middle States as might want them. I calculated that there would be about 3,000 to spare, and, therefore ordered that quantity. I have wrote to Mr. Langdon, to send the remainder yet to Springfield, except he has positive orders to the Contrary from Congress. And I would advise you, immediately to remove all Supernumerary continental Stores from the Town and Neighbourhood of Boston to Springfield, for we find, from two recent instances, that the Enemy are determined to destroy our Magazines where ever they are accessible, and that it is impossible for us to prevent them effectually, except apprized of their design, if our Magazines lay near the Coast, or even within one day's march of it. I shall also write to Congress and press the immediate removal of the Artillery and other Military Stores from Portsmouth.
I would have you forward the 25 Chests of Arms lately arrived from Martinico, to Springfield.
I agree with you that it is absolutely necessary that it should be fully determined, under whose direction all Military Stores are to be considered. Till this is done, much confusion and many ill consequences may ensue. I shall therefore, write to Congress, and hint to them the necessity of fixing this matter in some certain channel.
I have, by direction of Congress, transmitted to the president and Council of your State, and that of New Hampshire, a Resolve, founded upon intelligence of preparations making by General Carleton to pass the Lake and attack Ticonderoga before our force is assembled to oppose them. Congress call upon those States, in the most earnest manner, to forward their men that are already raised, and to complete their Quotas with all expedition. I refer you to my letter to the Council, with the Resolve at large, and I am certain you will do every thing in your power to assist them in carrying it into execution.
Eckhart,4 the person you mention as having been confined by General St. Clair on Suspicion, has been released, and I imagine is on his way home. I am etc.5
[Note 4: William Eckart, of Massachusetts. He had been arrested on suspicion of being a spy.]
[Note 5: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Morris Town, May 2, 1777.
Gentlemen: The necessity of having regular Magazines of provision for subsisting the Army, wheresoever it may act, and the late destruction of the Stores at Danbury, have induced Congress to take the matter into consideration and to come into the Resolves which accompany this.6
[Note 6: The resolves of Apr. 30, 1777. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
By these you will perceive, that one object of their deliberation was, to have immediate measures taken for the removal of the Stores of Provision, which from their present situation may be liable to the same accident those at Danbury were; In a particular manner they have directed the removal of such, as are at Derby, Salisbury, Canaan and Sharon in the State of Connecticut, leaving the same however subject to my approbation. The reasons which induced them to fix on Ulster County in the first instance, as the place to which they shou'd be transported, appear to me strong and well founded. They are apprehensive if the Enemy shou'd penetrate the Country by Hudsons River, and this Army shou'd be under the necessity of marching up it, on the West side, that it wou'd be greatly distressed for necessary supplies, that Country affording but little in the meat kind; whereas, shou'd it pass the River, into that part of the State of New York lying to the Eastward, they can be had from Connecticut and Massachusetts. I must therefore request, that you will transmit the inclosed letters, after perusing and Sealing them to the several persons, for whom they are intended, that the Stores, without loss of time, may be removed agreeable to Circumstances and the intention of Congress. You also observe, that the laying up of Magazines of Flour in Ulster, has been a further subject of their Consideration and shou'd be duly attended to.
As you are much better acquainted with the places, that will be proper, not only to deposit the Stores at, which are to be re. moved, but also the Flour Magazines, than I am, I must request, that you will point them out to the Officers to be concerned in the business, who are to follow your directions. Indeed, I wish one of you to see the places, if the situation of affairs will justify it, unless your intimate knowledge of the country should make it unnecessary, and that they may not be left to the whim and capricious choice of the Officers who may be incompetent to the purpose. They cannot, under the terms of the Resolve, be deposited nearer the River than Twenty Miles. For my own part, I wou'd wish them to be placed Thirty Miles off or more, if circumstances will admit it; they wou'd be more secure against the designs of the Enemy, shou'd they ever attempt to destroy them. It will be absolutely necessary that some Work shou'd be thrown up to cover them, and a Guard of Militia Posted for their protection. If these are not done, much injury may be derived from the schemes and Villainy of the disaffected. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 2, 1777.
Sir: Mr. Gabriel Ogden of Pompton is employed to cast Cannon Ball and Grape Shot for the public use; but from the great Scarcity of hands he is not able to go on so briskly, as the Service requires. His Excellency therefore desires, that you would permit him to employ about forty of your Men upon such terms as he and they can agree. As the Works are at Pompton, these Men can, upon any alarm, take up their Arms, and be useful as Soldiers. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress. The original was signed by Tench Tilghman.
At a council of war, held (May 2) at Baskingridge, N.J., the Commander in Chief laid before the officers the situation and strength of the Army and propounded the following questions: "Will a general attack upon the Enemy in Brunswick and at the neighboring Posts be advisable? Will it be advisable to make a partial attack?" Because of the ability of the enemy to retreat from their outposts upon their main body and the inability of the Continental Army to hold such posts as they might capture it was considered unwise. An attempt on Bergen was excepted.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 3, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Letter of the 29th ulto. inclosing Sundry Resolves. Agreeable to the direction of Congress, I have written to the States of New Hampshire and Massachusetts, and urged them to compleat and forward their Troops, destined for Ticonderoga, with all possible expedition.
The Brigadiers who are gone there for the present, are Fermoy, Poor, Paterson and Learned. Nixon and Glover were also intended for that Post under my first Plan, which was, that all the Regiments to be raised in those States by the Resolve in September, should compose that Army; but having, by the advice of my Officers, directed the Route of Eight Regiments from the latter to Peeks Kills, to wait till the designs of General Howe were unfolded, these two Officers were to follow them. I did not particularize the Brigadiers who were to go first, or the Regiments, but left the Matter to Major Genl. Heath, who was instructed, in general Terms, to pursue such measures as seemed most likely to promote the service. The Colos. Appointed to the New Hampshire Regiments, I never knew; Those ordered to Ticonderoga from Massachusetts by Genl Heath, and who, I presume have marched, were Baily, Wesson, Jackson, Marshall, Brewer, Bradford and Francis. What proportions of their Regiments have Marched, I cannot ascertain; but I am persuaded, they were detached as fast as they were raised and circumstances would admit. Francis's Regiment, the first of April, was returned Five hundred strong, and by a Letter from Colo. Marshall about the 15th of last Month, he expected to March in a day or two with the last division of his Regiment that was ready, which would make about 400, including those who had gone; The remainder, about 60, were to follow with proper Officers, as soon as they were fit, having been innoculated.
I have written to Generals McDougall and Clinton, to have the Provisions removed from Derby &c. and directed, that they should point out proper places for its reception in Ulster; also that small Works and guards of Militia will be essential for its protection.
The Measures adopted for bringing Officers to Account and to a Settlement, I wish to have the desired effect. Every aid in my power to enforce the Regulations and to produce the end, shall be given; being firmly convinced, that many have committed the most flagrant and Shameful abuses.
The damage we Sustained at Danbury, or the Enemy's loss, have not been transmitted with any accuracy; but from the latest Accounts from thence, The former was not so great and the latter more Considerable than was apprehended at first.
I congratulate Congress upon the fortunate arrival of the Amphitrite, with Military and Ordinance Stores; It is an important event. That of the French Ship at Boston and of the Sloop from Martinique, added to the Capture of the two provision Ships, are to be regarded as interesting too. I would here take the Liberty to mention, that I think all the Military and Ordnance Stores should be moved, without a Moment's delay, to Springfield, or some interior part of the Country. Springfield should be the place, because the Elarboratory is there and they will be more convenient to use, as Exigencies require. In their present situation, their security is questionable, and if an Attack should be made in the Eastern Quarter, their loss is much to be apprehended. Before I quit this Subject, I would beg leave to observe also, that the disposal and direction of Military Stores should be only with one body or with one person. At present this power is exercised thro' so many Channels, that much confusion is introduced, and it cannot be avoided; nor will it be possible, that Matters in this line, should be conducted with any degree of propriety, unless Congress come into some Regulations respecting them. The inclosed extract of a Letter from Genl. Heath, will prove the expediency. Many other Instances might be mentioned, were it necessary.
The desertions from our Army of late, have been very Considerable. Genl Howe's proclamation and the bounty allowed to those who carry their Arms, have had an unhappy influence on too many of the Soldiers; in a particular Manner on those who are not Natives. Nor have the base frauds, practised by Several of our Officers, contributed a little to this, in my Opinion. Many of the privates complain loudly, declaring they have not received either pay or bounty, others not a farthing of the latter, and they have become so mutinous and uneasy, in many cases, that I have been obliged to draw Warrants for Money on Account, to distribute among the Men, not having it in my power to obtain regular Abstracts, notwithstanding the most pointed and repeated orders. On the other hand, Some of the Officers aver, they have not been able to collect and adjust yet, all their Recruiting Accounts. I could wish some means could be devised, to cause more frequent desertions of their Troops; Congress may think of some Expedients. A larger bounty might have some effect, and Money to the Foreigners in lieu of Lands. The Bounty given by Genl. Howe to those who carry in Arms is Sixteen Dollars, as we are told, tho' his proclamation only express they shall have the full Value. To the Inhabitants who will take up Arms and join him, he promises Land. I have the honor to be &c.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 3, 1777.
Sir: In consequence of advices received by Congress, of the preparations making by General Carlton to pass the Lake and attack Ticonderoga before our force is drawn together at that post, they have come to the following Resolve, which I transmit to you by their direction.
Resolved. That General Washington be directed to write to the Eastern States, from whence the Troops to be employed at Tyconderoga are expected and to request them in the Name of Congress to adopt and pursue every means, particularly those recommended by Congress in their Resolutions of the 14th of this Month for compleating and forwarding the Regiments which he has already ordered for that Service, it being the opinion of Congress that a delay in this Matter will be attended with the loss of that important pass.10
[Note 10: The resolve of Apr. 29, 1777. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
I have so frequently urged the necessity of straining every nerve, for the purpose which this resolve is intended to effect, that I flatter myself no means have been left untried, which could be fallen upon to accomplish it; and I doubt not, it is unnecessary to Suggest to you, any motives for exerting the utmost vigor and expedition. You must be fully sensible of the vast importance of doing it and of the almost irreparable consequences that would result, should any misfortune happen to the Post now threatned; as the loss of it would open an avenue for a rapid progress into the Northern States, to oppose which, it would be for some time difficult to bring an adequate force. The pressing emergency of the occasion calls loudly for every effort in your power; and your own feelings will be the Strongest arguments for employing your greatest diligence and activity.11 I have the honor to be &c.12
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 12: The same letter was also sent to the President of New Hampshire, and this was entirely in the writing of Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received your favour of the 30th Ultimo; and am obliged to you for the trouble you have taken in transmitting the Resolves of Congress, and in explaining the reasons on which they are founded.20 These appear to me solid and judicious; and I shall take immediate measures, so far as depends upon me, to have the resolutions carried into execution with dispatch, with such improvements as shall seem to me advisable and consistent with the intention of Congress.
[Note 20: Schuyler had sent the resolves of April 30 from Philadelphia. His letter and a copy of the resolves which related principally to the northern army are in the Washington Papers.]
I am sorry that Circumstances are such as to dispose you to a resignation; but you are the best judge of the line of conduct, most reconcileable to your duty in a public and personal view, and your own feelings must determine you in a matter of so delicate and interest a nature. I am etc.21
[Note 21: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 3, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of 24th. of April I received Yesterday, with the arrangements &ca. inclosed. It is with concern I understand, that the recruiting Service has been so materially injured by the ineffectual Measures fallen upon by your Legislature and the removal and resignation of Officers.
Until the Regiments, or at least a Majority of them join us, it will not be in my power to fix the Rank22 referred to me; when that happens I shall do my endeavour to render them Satisfaction, by settling it according to the best information I can obtain of their former Rank and pretensions.
[Note 22: The Maryland Legislature had settled the arrangement of Maryland officers in such wise that many immediately resigned, but afterwards agreed to abide by Washington's decision in the matter. This, naturally, retarded the recruiting service.]
As soon as the 500 Men, which you mention, are got over Inoculation and that you can see them on their March, it is my desire that you proceed to Head Quarters, taking care that you leave an Officer or two of Influence and Diligence to superintend the recruiting, and forward the Men, as fast as they are in a Condition to join their respective Corps.
The Resolve of Congress says, that the weakest Regiment is to remain in your State for its internal Safety; you will therefore attend to this and give orders accordingly.
I am confident that it is unnecessary to remind you of the necessity there is, to use every Argument with the Officers which may serve to call forth their utmost exertions in the recruiting Service. I cannot avoid mentioning to you, that I am informed that Dissipation and Gaming are very prevalent in many parts of the Country, to the great Injury of the Service, and that instances are not wanting of Officers drawing Sums of Money, intended as a Bounty to recruits, which they have Squandered away in this shameful manner. I do not pretend to charge any particular set of Officers or Regiment with this pernicious vice, and shall soon issue orders, which I think must effectually eradicate it amongst Gentlemen in the Military Line, at least for the present. I am etc.23
[Note 23: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your detention of a part of Captn. Sewards Company of Artillery, for the reasons you assign, is entirely agreeable to me, and you will observe the same rule with respect to others that shall be coming on in the same circumstances. I should be glad to hear such farther particulars of the Danbury expedition, as may have come to your knowledge, that bear the marks of Authenticity. I am etc.
P.S. The Ships lying opposite Amboy have lately left that Station; for what purpose is unknown, but this is an additional Circumstance, that ought to keep awake our attention to the North River.24
[Note 24: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of 22nd. April I received Yesterday, by which I observe that your Regiment is not so forward as I expected it to be. You mention that Mr. McCarty25 has got his compliment of Men. I think he is intitled to a first Lieutenancy, and as there have been some removals and resignations, make no doubt but it will be in your Power to promote him to it.
[Note 25: Lieut. Daniel McCarty, of Grayson's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in December, 1777.]
I am well informed, from various parts of the Country, that the pernicious practice of Gaming has been exceedingly injurious to the recruiting Service; not only in point of the Officer's time being taken up; but that they have been so lost to all sense of Honor, that the Money drawn and intended for Bounty has been Squander'd this way. it therefore becomes a matter of great concern, that every Commander of a Regiment should be particularly attentive, that this Evil may be prevented from creeping in amongst them, and punish it in a most exemplary manner, upon its first appearance. Orders shall soon be issued from Head Quarters to support the authority of Officers and point out the mode of acting upon occasions of this nature. I do not wish or intend that you should apply what I have said, to your Regiment, as I have not the least cause for such an Imputation; but the evil becoming too general makes it necessary that every Officer on this duty, should be apprized of its fatal Consequences, that he may take the earliest opportunity of Suppressing it. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 3, 1777.
Sir: Yesterday morning Mr. Champney delivered me your very agreeable favour, containing the Account of the Arrival of the Amphitrite with a large train of Field Artillery and other Military Stores from France. Mr. Champney went immediately on to Philadelphia. I have wrote to Congress, pressing the necessity of the immediate removal of these truly valuable Articles from Portsmouth, to a place of greater security.
General Heath writes me, that, owing to a Resolve of Congress directing you to hold such a Number of the 12000 Stand of Arms, as were not appropriated, at the disposal of the Board of War, you did not think yourself at Liberty to comply with my order for forwarding three thousand of those Arms to Springfield. When I gave this order, you must suppose that I could know nothing of the other, indeed my only motive for giving it, was that I thought all the Arms, that were not immediately wanted, ought to be removed from the Coast to a place of safety, and except you have particular orders to keep them at Portsmouth or to dispose of them in some other way, I would still recommend it to you, to send what remain on hand, to Springfield; for we find, from two late instances, that the Enemy are bent upon destroying our Magazines wherever they are accessible. I am &ca.27
[Note 27: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 3, 1777.
Sir: Being unacquainted with the places proper for establishing Magazines of Flour in Ulster and where that from the River should be removed, you will receive directions from Generals McDougall and Clinton upon the Subject, to whom I have written. I am &ca.
N. B. This Letter has respect to one written by Mr. Trumbull to Mr. Gray, leaving the place where the Stores should be deposited with the General.28
[Note 28: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 3, 1777.
Parole Wilmington. Countersign Newcastle.
Major Painter29 is to superintend the Artificers, and Works, in and about Morristown, until further orders.
[Note 29: Gamaliel(?) Painter, of Baldwin's Artillery Artificer regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 5, 1777.
Sir: I was this morning honored with your Letter of the 3d Inst. with its inclosures.
General Arnolds promotion gives me much pleasure; he has certainly discovered, in every instance where he has had an opportunity, much bravery, activity and enterprize. But what will be done about his Rank? he will not act, most probably, under those he commanded but a few weeks ago.30
[Note 30: Arnold's commission as major general gave him rank from Feb. 17, 1777. On May 20 Congress ordered that a horse, properly caparisoned, be presented to him to replace the one killed under him at Danbury, Conn.]
I trust the appointment of Mr. Ludwick31 as Superintendant of Bakers, will have the salutary consequences you mention. I have been long assured, that many abuses have been committed for want of some proper regulations in that department.
[Note 31: Christopher Ludwick (Ludowick). He served as superintendent of bakers and director of baking from May, 1777, through 1782.]
By Major Troop,32 one of Genl Gates's Aids, and who left Albany on Tuesday last, I am informed, the accounts of General Carlton's approach towards Ticonderoga were premature. He says Genl Gates received a letter before he came away, from Brigadier Genl. Wayne of the 24th Ulto., in which he mentions nothing of it, and that Three thousand Troops had arrived there all in high Spirits and Health, except nine, and that that Post could never be carried, without the loss of much Blood. The Proceedings of Congress and your Letter of the 29th Ulto., were the first and only information I had of Mr. Carleton's being on the Lake, having heard nothing upon the subject from Genl Gates or any other person.
[Note 32: Maj. Robert Troup. Later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel; became secretary to the Continental Board of Treasury on May 20 1779; resigned in February, 1780.]
In my last I mentioned, that 16 Dollars bounty were given by Genl. Howe to deserters with Arms; I have reason to believe, from information received since, and which seems to be generally credited, that he has advanced the bounty to 24 Dollars.
It is much to be wished, that our Printers were more discreet in many of their Publications. We see almost in every Paper, Proclamations or Accounts transmitted by the Enemy, of an injurious nature. If some hint or caution could be given them on the Subject, it might be of material Service.
By a Person, who has just arrived here, it is reported that Genl. Wooster is dead of his wounds.
I would mention to Congress, that in a day or two our Military Chest will be exhausted; I beg that a Supply may be forwarded as soon as possible. If there should be a failure, we shall have many things to apprehend. I have the Honor to be &c.
P.S. I have inclosed a List of Stores lost at Danbury. You will also receive a New York paper, by which you will see the Enemy's Account of that Affair and how little they have regarded a True state. We are told certainly they had 47 Men killed and from the Accounts, that have been received. I think it may be fairly concluded, that their Loss was much more considerable than they make it.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 34: A secret committee of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 5, 1777.
Gentn.: I was this Morning honored with your Letter of the 2d Inst covering one for Mr. Boudinot, which shall be delivered him. I wish the Bills transmitted to him, had been for a larger Sum, and I trust, in a few days they will be followed by others or a Supply of Money. Mr. Boudinot's address, is, Commissary Genl of Prisoners, in the Army of the United States of America. I have the honor to be, etc.35
[Note 35: The draft of this letter is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 5, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 1st. instant by Capt. Lush,36 with Copies of the proceedings of the Courts Martial upon the case of Capt. Martin37, and those of Several persons accused of treasonable practices. As the proceedings against the latter, can be only sent for my opinion, I having no right to interfere in the matter, I would recommend the execution only of the most notorious, and such whose punishment would strike Terror into their accomplices and adherents who are not yet apprehended. By making Executions too common, they lose
[Note 36: Capt. Stephen Lush, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He was, later, major and aide to Gov. George Clinton, and was taken prisoner at Fort Montgomery Oct. 6, 1777. Clinton's letter (May 1) states that Lush is paymaster of Duboys's regiment, but his name does not appear on the rolls of that regiment. Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 37: Daniel or Moses(?) Martin.] The Secret Committee of Congress in Washington, Forwarding Money for the American Prisoners of War in New York City, May 2, 1777 their intended force and rather bear the Appearance of cruelty than Justice.
As I dare say the disposition you have made of Capt. Santfords38 and the other Companies, are for the good of the Service, I approve of them. Inclosed you have General Knox's order upon the Commissary of Stores at Springfield, for 200 Stand of Arms, which you will please to send for and deliver out to the Captains as they fill their Companies.
[Note 38: Capt. John Sandford, of Malcom's Additional Continental regiment. He transferred to Spencer's Additional Continental regiment in April, 1779; retired in January, 1781; served subsequently as captain of New York levies.]
James Mease Esqr. of Philadelphia is appointed Clothier General. If you cannot by any means procure Clothing in your State, you had better write to Mr. Mease and inform him of the Quantity that will be wanted, and what Uniform they are to be, if that matter is fixed.
I beg you will cause a strict watch to be kept upon the Motions of the Shipping now up the North River, because by observing them, we may form some Judgment of what are their future intentions. I cannot conceive, if they intend higher up the River, why they should cut fascines, and Gabions where they now lay; may it not be fire wood which they bring off. I am &c.39
[Note 39: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 5, 1777.
Parole Bethlehem. Countersign Easton.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief directs, that the strictest attention, and obedience, be paid throughout the Army, to the following Resolutions of the Hon'ble the Continental Congress--viz--
Resolved. That there be one Physician and Surgeon General, for each seperate Army, who shall be subject to the controul of the Director General, and Deputy Director General, of the District wherein he acts-- That his duty shall be to superintend the Regimental Surgeons and their Mates, and to see that they do their duty; to hear all complaints against the said regimental Surgeons and Mates, and make report of them to the Director General, or in his absence to the Deputy Director General, or in their absence from the said Army to the commanding Officer thereof; that they may be brought to trial by Court Martial for misbehaviour; to receive from the Director General, or the Deputy Director General, a suitable number of large strong tents, beds, bedding, medicines and hospital stores, for such sick and wounded persons, as cannot be removed to the General Hospital with safety, or may be rendered fit for duty, in a few days; and shall also see that the sick and wounded, while under his care, are properly attended and dressed, and conveyed, when able, to the General Hospital, for which last purpose, he shall be supplied by the Director General, or Deputy Director, with a proper number of convenient waggons and drivers--That whenever any Regimental Surgeon, or Mate, shall be absent from his regiment without leave from the said Surgeon General, or the Commander in Chief of the Army, where his duty lies, the said Surgeon General shall have power to remove such Surgeon, or Mate, and forthwith appoint another in his stead.
The Hon: the Congress having been pleased to appoint Doctor William Shippen Junr. "Director General of all the Military Hospitals erected and to be erected for the Armies of the United States" Doctor Walter Jones and Doctor Benjamin Rush, Physicians and Surgeons General of the Hospital, and Doctor John Cochran Physician and Surgeon General of the Army in the middle department--They are to be obeyed and respected as such.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 6, 1777.
Parole Chester. Countersign Derby.
The commanding Officers of Battalions, that furnish the Commander in Chief's Guard, are to not draw for the men thus furnished after they have left their respective Battalions, but are to give each man a Certificate of the day on which he was last paid; in order that the Captain of the Guard may be enabled to make out their Abstract properly.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: I must beg the favour of you to look out for a Sensible, honest, active young fellow, well acquainted with figures and well qualified to discharge the duties of a Deputy Muster Master. His pay is low, 35 Dollars pr Month. On discovering such an one, you will be pleased to appoint him and refer him to the letter &ca. from Colo. Ward that attends this. I am etc.
P.S. I wish to have the best Information of ours and the Enemy's loss at Danbury, as soon as possible.40
[Note 40: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 6, 1777.
My Lord: It is with pain, I inform you, that a Complaint has been made to me of your having treated Mrs. Livingston with a degree of roughness and indelicacy, which I am convinced, your cooler re flexion must condemn. Conscious that you have too much regard for your Character as a Gentleman, and too nice a sensibility of the impulses of humanity, deliberately to commit an indiscretion of the kind, I can only impute, what has happened, to a sudden transport of passion; and I am persuaded, I need only beg you to consider your conduct in this affair, to make you feel the impropriety of it, and do every thing proper to obviate the disagreeable consequences, it tends to produce.
I pretend not to interfere in this matter, in any other light, than as a friend. The respect I have for your reputation will not allow me to be silent, when I cannot but fear you have acted in a manner that will be prejudicial to it. May I not add, that the Enemies of our cause will take advantage of such a Circumstance, from the Military rank you hold, to make comments of a very injurious nature.
The present situation of public affairs, affords abundant causes of distress, we should be very careful how we aggravate or multiply them, by private bickerings. It is not for me to enter into the merits of the dispute, that gave rise to the ill treatment complained of; but I must take the liberty to give my opinion, that prudence and compassion equally dictated, all little differences and animosities, calculated to increase the unavoidable evils of the times, should be forgotten, or, at least, postponed; and that Mrs. Livingstons Character, connexions, Sex, and Situation in-title her to a degree of respect and consideration, incompatiable with that kind of deportment, which I am informed you have, in this instance, observed towards her. Her son has signified to me, that it is his Mother's intention, to change her habitation, as soon as She can find a commodious place for the purpose; Surely you can have no objection to allowing her the time necessary for accomplishing it; and will never think of expelling her by violence, and exposing her to all the inconveniences She would naturally experience.41
[Note 41: From Stirling's reply (May 6) it is evident there was some misrepresentation. Stirling owned the house occupied by Mrs. Livingston. "She had no less than four other houses engaged" and had been given notice six weeks before. Stirling denied having been governed by passion and said Mrs. Livingston "behaved very improperly and threatened to move the next morning. I told her she might do as she thought proper." Stirling's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I hope your Lordship will entertain a just idea of the friendly motives that occasion this letter; and will believe me to be etc.42
[Note 42: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 7, 1777.
Parole Newtown. Countersign Boundbrook.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief, upon considering the report of the Court of inquiry, held on the conduct of Capt. Bond and Lieut. Brackinridge,43 both of the 4th. New Jersey Regt., respecting a charge brought against them by a certain Dennis McCarthy, thinks the accusation frivolous, and groundless; And that both those Gentlemen are to be considered as good officers, and friends to their Country.
[Note 43: Capt. William Bond and Lieut. Samuel Brackenridge.]
Nathan Rice and Everard Meade Esqrs. are appointed Aides-de-Camp to the Honble. Major Genl. Lincoln, and are to be obeyed and respected as such.
The following proceedings of a General Court Martial, held at Boundbrook, on May 2nd. Inst. whereof Col McClennahan44 was President, are approved of by his Excellency the Commander in Chief--
[Note 44: Col. Alexander McClanachan, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment.]
Thomas Wood of the 8th. Pennsyl. Regt. to receive 50 lashes. Capt. Ransom of Wyoming accused of "Being drunk on his post"--The Court think he is Not Guilty of the charge.
Michael Lynch of the 10th. Pennsyl. Regt. to receive 100 lashes.
Lieut. Parrot45 of the 8th. Virginia Regt. to be discharged from the service, and his pay stop'd from the time he left his detachment, until he did duty in his regiment again.
[Note 45: Lieut. Jacob Parrot.]
Dennis Ford of the 10th. Pennsyl. Regt. to receive 100 lashes.
Leonard Buck of the 5th. Pennsyl. Regt. to receive 25 lashes.
Levi Bateman of the 10th. Pennsyl. Regt. to suffer Death.
Thomas Greaton of the 10th. Virginia Regt. to receive 100 lashes.
Michael Gorman of the 10th. Pennsyl. Regt. not to be punished.
Capt. Hire46 of the 8th. Virginia Regt. to be reprimanded by the commanding Officer of the Regiment, in presence of Lieut. Culp47 and other officers of the regiment.
[Note 46: Capt. Abraham Hite. He was paymaster of the Eighth Virginia Regiment in January, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to close of the war.]
[Note 47: Lieut. Daniel Culp. He resigned May 20, 1777.]
Lieut. Beeler48 of the 8th Pennsyl. Regt. Not guilty.
[Note 48: Lieut. James Beeler.]
James Davis of the 11th. Virginia Regt. Not guilty.
Griffiths Ford, no Evidence, therefore discharged.
James McDonald, Corporal in the 5th. Pennsyl. Regt. to be reduced to the Ranks, and receive 100 lashes.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 7, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed to General Wayne, is requiring him to hasten to me, as speedily as he can, after the receipt of my letter. His presence in this quarter cannot be dispensed with. The Pennsylvania Troops, daily coming in are without any General officer of their own state to command them; and my intention is, as far as circumstances will permit, to arrange the different troops under the respective Generals of the state they belong to, which will be advancive of harmony and obedience. I have ordered on the number of General officers proportioned to the troops assigned for your department, and I desire, you will do every thing necessary to facilitate General Wayne's repairing to Head Quarters, as directed. I am etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Morris Town, May 7, 1777.
Sir: I wrote to you the 12th. Ultimo, desiring, that so soon as any other General Officer should arrive at Ticonderoga, you would immediately leave it and repair to my Head Quarters. I must now repeat that desire, as your presence here is very much wanted; and I shall expect, that after the receipt of this, you will hasten to join me with all the expedition you can. The Troops from Pennsylvania are daily coming to Camp, and we have no General Officer here, from that State, to take the command of them, which you will readily perceive is productive of inconveniences. The commencement of the Campaign approaches fast, and will admit of no delay in making the necessary Arrangements of the Army. I am etc.50
[Note 50: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 5th. You make mention of a letter of Colo. Huntington's of the 1st. instant, which you have not inclosed; there are a few lines from him of the 30th. April, but they only respect a piece of intelligence of the Enemy's having landed at Frogs point on their way down the Sound.
I have a long time seen and felt the ill Consequences of the want of Arrangement in the Commissary General's department. I dont think that it is to be imputed to any fault in the present Principal, but to the amazing extent of that Branch, over every part of which it is impossible that he should keep his Eye, and I know, that in several instances he has been infamously deceived by his Depuities. If you think that the difficulties which you have lately been put to, proceed from any want of Attention or Activity, in the person who acts as deputy Commissary in your quarter, I think he ought to be called to account. I however beg that you and Genl. Clinton will press the Commissaries and Quarter Masters, to remove all those Stores from the places mentioned by Congress, to Ulster County as quick as possible; as I very much fear, that if the Enemy move up the River, before they are got over, we shall feel the want of them.
The imperfect state of the Fortifications of Fort Montgomery, gives me great uneasiness; because I think, from a Concurrence of Circumstances, it begins to look, as if the Enemy intended to turn their Views towards the North River, instead of Delaware. I therefore desire that Genl. Geo: Clinton and yourself will fall upon every Measure to put the Fortifications in such a State, that they may at least resist a sudden Attack, and keep the Enemy employed till reinforcements may arrive. If the North River is their object, they cannot accomplish it without withdrawing their forces from Jersey, and that they cannot do unknown to us. Your present force, is fully sufficient to oppose any Body of Men that can be sent against you, previous to the calling the detachments from Jersey and Rhode Island.
As the Congress have lately appointed General Arnold to the Rank of Major General, I have wrote to him, and desired him to come immediately forward to Peekskill. Not but that I place entire Confidence in you, nor should I have thought of superseding you, but upon your own Request. I think you will find him a Man of Judgment and particularly serviceable in giving directions for the Armament of the Gallies or making any kind of Water opposition. By what Rule or by what right, the State of Massachusetts undertook to make their Soldiers pay for the public Arms, I cannot conceive. To give the Soldier the least pretence to a property in his Arms, except so far as to pay for them if he lost or distroyed them, was what I had been labouring to put a stop to. But to admit this, would be to put things upon the same bad footing which they had been. I therefore desire, that all the Arms and Accoutrements, without exception, may be branded, and if any thing has been stopped from the Soldiers, for their Arms, I will order it to be returned. I look upon the several pieces of intelligence communicated by Genl. Arnold, of the intentions of the Enemy, as mere report, or only thrown out to amuse. For you may be assured, that when they mean to move in earnest, it will not be in detachment. As Generals Arnold and Parsons may not be at New Haven, for which place their Letters are directed, I beg you will send them on by a person who will see to the delivery of them, as they are of consequence. I am &c.51
[Note 51: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Tile original text was kindly furnished b Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach.]
Morris Town, May 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 2nd Instt. and am happy to hear, the order for drafting of Men, is likely to be attended with so much success.
The loss of the Stores at Danbury, is to be regreted, but I can not consider it, in the important light you seem to do. Those a Derby are to be removed, by a Resolve of Congress, and I hope the work is begun 'ere now, having wrote Generals McDougal and Clinton pressingly upon the Subject. Such as are at New Haven and other places contiguous to the Sound, should be re moved, as expediously as possible, to some interior part of the Country, where they will not be liable to be destroyed on any sudden debarkation of the Enemy. It would give me pleasure if the situation of our Army, would justify the leaving Strong Guards of Continental Troops at every place subject to the landing of the Enemy; but as it will not, it imports us highly to collect a respectable force at such posts and passes, as are most important and material for us to secure, and which, from their consequence, in all probability, are and will be objects of the Enemy's attention. I must therefore request, that you will continue to forward on, all the hale and effective Troops to Peeks Kill without loss of time; Such, as are invalids or too weak to proceed yet, from Inoculation or other causes, might remain till they recover more strength, at the places where the Stores shall be removed to; they will serve as a Guard, and will aid in repelling any incursion the Enemy may attempt to make for their destruction; However, I am inclined to believe, they will pursue such measures with a great degree of caution. For tho' they effected their design against the Stores at Danbury, yet it was with considerable loss, and they are convinced, whenever they make an impression, the Country will recur to Arms.
Respecting the sentence against Thompson, I wrote you fully, and the matter is with you. The Letter was certainly opened as you supposed, because the superscription on the cover you sent, is not the writing of any of my Family, and Mr. Tilghman wrote the original. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 8, 1777.
Parole New York. Countersign Albany.
As few vices are attended with more pernicious consequences, in civil life; so there are none more fatal in a military one, than that of Gaming; which often brings disgrace and ruin upon officers, and injury and punishment upon the Soldiery: and reports prevailing, which, it is to be feared are too well founded, that this destructive vice has spread its baneful influence in the army, and, in a peculiar manner, to the prejudice of the recruiting Service,--The Commander in chief, in the most pointed and explicit terms, forbids All officers and soldiers, playing at cards, dice or at any games, except those of Exercise, for diversion; it being impossible, if the practice be allowed, at all, to discriminate between innocent play, for amusement, and criminal gaming, for pecuniary and sordid purposes.
Officers, attentive to their duty, will find abundant employment, in training and disciplining their men--providing for them--and seeing that they appear neat, clean and soldier-like--Nor will any thing redound more to their honor--afford them more solid amusement--or better answer the end of their appointment, than to devote the vacant moments, they may have, to the study of Military authors.
The Commanding Officer of every corps is strictly enjoined to have this order frequently read, and strongly impressed upon the minds of those under his command. Any officer, or soldier, or other person belonging to, or following, the army, either in camp, in quarters, on the recruiting service, or elsewhere, presuming, under any pretence, to disobey this order, shall be tried by a General Court Martial.
The General Officers, in each division of the army, are to pay the strictest attention to the due execution thereof.
The Adjutant General is to transmit copies of this order, to the different departments of the army: Also to cause the same to be immediately published in the Gazettes of each State, for the information of officers, dispersed on the recruiting service.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 8, 1777.
Sir: By the last return of the 1st Pennsylvania Battalion, I discovered a Number of Vacancies, which for want of a knowledge of Gentlemen competent to the duties of an Officer, I can't fill up. I must therefore beg the favor of you to perform this important business for me. The distractions occasioned in Battalions by irregular promotions and bad Appointments, are too generally known not to have reached your Ears; it becomes therefore unnecessary for me, to urge any Reasons in favor of a prudent Choice. I shall content myself for the present with entreating your Speedy Attention, that the Gentlemen may render immediate Service to their Country. I am &c.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston. The letter sent, also in Johnston's writing, is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and varies from the draft in capitalization only.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am happy to find that a late resolve of Congress of the 2nd instant, has restored you to the Continental Army. The importance of the Post at Peeks Kill and its appendages has become so great that it is now necessary to have a Major General appointed to the command of it, you will therefore immediately repair to that Post and take charge of it, till a general arrangement of the army can be effected, and the proper province of every Officer assigned. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 9, 1777.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Colo. Conway55 an Irish Gentleman, in the Service of France, who came passenger in the Amphitrite and was introduced to me Yesterday, by a Letter from Mr. Deane and one from Genl Heath, Copies of which are transmitted.
[Note 55: Thomas Conway. Congress made him a brigadier general on May 13. It was from him that the cabal which attempted to supersede Washington as Commander in Chief took its name.]
This Gentleman waits on Congress, to obtain an appointment in the Army of the States and from Mr. Deane's recommendation, is an Officer of Merit. He says no particular command was agreed on, between him and Mr. Deane, nor does he wish otherwise, than that Congress should exercise their own discretion; At the same time he observes, that it will be mortifying to him, to hold a rank under that of Monsieurs De Fermoy and De Borre, who were inferior Officers, in their own service, and subject to his Command. He can give the Character of Several of the Officers, who were passengers with him.
I cannot pretend to Speak of Colo. Conway's merits or abilities of my own knowledge, having had but little opportunity to be acquainted with him; From what I can discover, he appears to be a Man of candour, and if he has been in service, as long as he says he has, I should suppose him infinitely better qualified to serve us, than many who have been promoted, as he speaks our language. He seems extremely anxious to return to Camp, as the Campaign may be expected to become active every day, and wishes Congress to determine whatever command, they may think proper to honor him with, as soon as they shall think it expedient. I have the honor to be &c.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 9, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed is Copy of a Letter which was handed to me by Mr. Mottin de la Balme57 from Silas Deane Esqr. For a more particular account of his Merit and Services, I must refer you to himself. I have sounded him as to his expectations, and find that nothing under a Lieut. Colonelcy of Horse will
[Note 57: Capt. Mottin de La Balme, captain in the French Army. He was made lieutenant colonel and Inspector General of Cavalry of the Continental Army in July, 1777; killed by the Miami Indians in 1781.] content him. If you should, from his own Account, or from what you can collect from others, think proper to confer this Rank upon him, there is no vacancy in any other Corps, except that of Colo. Sheldon's.
I am afraid we shall never be able to find places vacant, equal to the expectations of the French Gentlemen that are now here, much less for those that will follow. The high Rank conferred upon those who first came over, many of whom had no pretensions, either from their Services or Merit, has naturally raised the expectations of those who come properly recommended to such a pitch, that I know not what will satisfy them. Indeed it is not to be imagined, that a Gentleman and an Old Soldier, can Submit to be commanded by a Person in this Country, who he remembers to have been his inferior in France. I know not how we can remedy this evil, or put a Stop to the growth of it, but by being very circumspect for the future, on whom we confer any Rank above that of a Subaltern. I have the Honor etc.58
[Note 58: Win the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 9, 1777
Sir: The following Extract from Mr. Young's59 Letter, One of your Clerks in Philadelphia, to Mr. Kemper,60 I transmit for your consideration.
[Note 59: Charles Young, Assistant Clothier General.]
[Note 60: Daniel Kemper, Assistant Clothier General.]
P.S. Since the foregoing, Mr. Mease has yours by the post, and he directs me, positively to forbid the fine Goods being given out at Morris Town, but to those of the Generals Family alone, say 20 or 30 Shirts and 3 or 4 dozen Hose. He tells me, they cannot be viewed as Clothing for the Army; that he particularly directed them to serve his own Friends and he chuses himself to issue them; I am afraid you speak too freely of their coming.
This proceeding surprised me much and requires but few comments. Those Goods are certainly Public property, purchased by Public Agents and were transported at Public expence and risk. The Army are in great need of them and will want all Articles of the kind you can procure; so that they can not be applied, upon any principle, to the purposes of private emolument or private friendship. Supposing those intended to be favoured with them, should be of the Army, yet, if a preference is due to any, it is certainly to the Officers and Men who have been longest in Service and to those earliest in the Field; but the Postscript does not hold forth an interpretation so favourable. I trust another instance of the Sort will never happen, nor can I bring myself to believe, upon this occasion, that Mr. Young has not taken up a wrong Idea of your directions. I am etc.
P.S. I am convinced, that we shall experience many inconveniences, from our Soldiery being dressed in red; I therefore wish, to have all the Clothes now on hand of that colour dyed. I dont care what their colour is.61
[Note 61: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 10, 1777.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 5th Instt. nothing material has occurred.
Inclosed, you will be pleased to receive a General Return of our forces in Jersey the 6th Instt., which is the first I have been able to obtain with any degree of accuracy.
I have not heard from General De Haas since his promotion. As soon as I was informed of it, I wrote and requested him to repair to Camp, but having received no Answer I am apprehensive my Letter miscarried. I wish Congress to give him Notice of his appointment and directions to join the Army, if he accepts his Commission and is not prevented by indisposition.
Thro' the Board of War, I have been favoured with a Copy of Genl Gates's Letter of the 29th Ulto. Hudson's River and the passes in the Highlands, I always Considered, as objects of great importance, and accordingly, have provided for their Security in the best Manner my judgment would direct and the circumstances of the Army admit. If they are less secure, than we wish them to be, it is owing to our inability and not to inattention. I have written to Genl McDougall and will do it again, to employ much of his care, upon this Subject. War in Theory and the modes of defence are obvious and easy, but in practice they are more difficult. Unhappily for us, the means in our power, do not always accord with our wishes, or what would be our Interest to pursue. As yet, none of the Eastern Troops have pass'd the North River, except two small detachments from Connecticut and Rhode Island, amounting to about 270, which missed my orders, till they had got over. These I shall send back, after we are more reinforc'd, unless the movements of the Enemy in this Quarter, make their detention necessary. The rest of the Eastern Troops, which have March'd, except the 7 Regiments from Massachusetts, and Three from New Hampshire ordered immediately to Ticonderoga, are at or on their way to Peeks Kills, as mentioned in my Letter of the 3d, where they are to remain, with all the York Troops, except Van Schaick's and Gansevorts now at the Northward, till Genl. Howe's designs and intended Operations are better understood. This disposition appearing to me and my General Officers, the best that could be made, in our State of uncertainty, was adopted. The Two Troops of Horse, recommended by Congress to be sent to Genl Gates, shall go as soon as circumstances will admit. At present we have not more than what are constantly employed at the different Posts.
Genl. Heath in a Letter of the 30th. Ulto. mentions, that the Military Chest at the Eastward is exhausted, and that a Supply will be wanted much to defray the Expenses which will arise on the removal of the Military and Ordnance Stores to Springfield. He says, Mr. Hancock64 was to write upon the Subject, and requested I would also mention it to Congress in my first Letter.
[Note 64: Ebenezer Hancock.]
Accounts have been frequently exhibited of late by the Officers respecting Subsistence, whilst recruiting and on their March. As I do not recollect the provision Congress have made in such cases, I wish to be informed and to be favoured with a Copy of their Several Resolves upon the Subject.
A consideration of the Return transmitted and of the Several Detachments, that have joined and which form it, will shew Congress what our Situation has been. I have, etc.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 10, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 7th. instant inclosing Genl Gates's Letter to Congress. A proper attention has been paid to the importance of the passes upon Hudson's River, for the Security of which, a large part of the Eastern Force is ordered to Peekskill and that Neighbourhood, there to wait, until the intentions of the Enemy are more fully known.
You will be pleased to transmit Major Etherington's66 parole to Elias Boudinot Esqr. Commissary of Prisoners, to whom you will in future address all Papers or Letters upon the Subject of Prisoners. I am etc.
[Note 66: Lieut. Col. George Etherington, of the Sixtieth Foot, British Army.]
P.S. Three Regiments of New York are also at Peekskill.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. It is addressed to Richard Peters as secretary to the Board of War.]
[Note 68: Jenifer and Thomas were president of the senate and speaker of the house, respectively, of the Maryland Legislature.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 10, 1777.
Gentn.: I am honor'd with yours of the 18th Ulto. inclosing the Arrangement of the Officers of your Seven Battalions, as Settled by General Assembly 1st April 1777.
I hope this arrangement will prove satisfactory to all the Gentlemen in nomination, but should any disputes or difficulties arise, I shall endeavour to have them Settled upon the most impartial Scale.
The impediments to the recruiting Service, I hope are now removed, and I flatter myself that every Measure will be adopted, by the Senate and House of Delegates, that will contribute towards filling up the Quota of Men allotted to the State of Maryland. I have the honor to be etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favours of the 26th. and 30th. last Month. Colo. Conway and the two Gentlemen who accompanied him, are gone forward to Congress, who I make no doubt will provide for them in a manner suitable to their merits.
The Board of War have sent orders to the Continental Agents at Boston, Portsmouth and Providence, to remove all the Military Stores, Arms &ca. in their possession, from those places, to Springfield in Connecticut where they are to be subject to my directions.
Upon enquiring of Genl Knox, what quantity of the Artillery lately arrived, will be wanted in this quarter, he desires that the 31 light pieces of Swedish construction and 2 pieces of the heavy may be sent forward, as far as Litchfield in Connecticut, where the Officer who conducts them will meet his further orders. The remainder of the Cannon are to be lodged at Springfield for the present.
The French Artificers, who came over with the Cannon, are to go to Springfield where they will be taken into Employ.
I have mentioned your want of Money to Congress, but Mr. Hancock69 should in future make direct application for that purpose, some little time before his Chest is quite exhausted.
[Note 69: Ebenezer Hancock.]
I cannot see the necessity of taking twenty Men into pay, purposely to guard the Magazine at Springfield. There will ever be a number of the Continental Troops, under the denomination of Invalids or Convalescents, and some of them may be drawn together for that purpose.
I hope the number of Men inlisted in your State, far exceed the returns you made to me in your last, or your Quota is not much more than half completed, and I flatter myself, that your Assembly will not oppose your Council, in the mode which they have thought fit to adopt for filling up your Battalions.
By some Gentlemen of Character, who are just come from Boston, I am informed, that the Officers loiter away their times in a most Scandalous manner on their March from Boston to Peeks Kill. They tell me, that there is not a little town upon the Road, but you find an Officer and ten or a dozen Men drinking and Gaming, in the public Houses, instead of prosecuting their March to the place of destination. I therefore desire, that you will, immediately upon the receipt of this, dispatch an active Spirited Officer, on whom you can depend, with orders to sweep every town between Boston and Peeks Kill, of the Officers and Soldiers, who are idling away their times in them. And in future, whenever an Officer is detached with a party of Men, he should have a route given to him, allowing a reasonable time to reach the post to which he is commanded, and if he is longer on his march than the time alloted, he ought to account for the reasons of his delay.
I observe, that Colo. Putnam's Regiment is one of those ordered to Peeks Kill, as the Colo. is himself exceedingly useful in the engineering branch, and as a good deal of that Business yet remains to be done at the Forts and passes in the Highlands; I beg he may be sent forward, as quick as possible, leaving the Lt. Colo. to complete and bring on the Regiment. I dont mean by this, that he is to be taken from the Regiment, to act seperately as an Engineer, but that he will be kind enough to assist Genls. McDougall and Clinton with his Advice, as he has surveyed and explored that country last Campaign. I am &ca.70
[Note 70: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Morris Town, May 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: So little room is left for doubting the Enemy's designs are upon the North River, that, (notwithstanding proper Preparations for such an event have been the frequent Subject of my Letters to you, which I am assured will claim a just share of your serious Attention,) I can not help writing again on this head. Let me therefore, in order that no Measure for Defence may be left untried, desire you to consult with Genl. George Clinton, view the Passes thro' the Mountains on each side of the River, examine the Approaches to the Forts, the Heights that arc near to them, and immediately set about such farther Works, as may render any attempt to wrest them out of our hands, extremely difficult, if not totally impossible.
I will suggest this Idea. Altho' every Place within the reach of the Forts are rendered as strong as Art can make them, yet the Enemy (knowing this) may land below, and take a Route which is not provided for. I would have you guard against any such Possibility. The Continental Troops cannot be better employed, during their stay with you, than in completing these Works. The Forts and Places nearest to them, should claim your first Regard. That no time may be lost in doing this, for want of Intrenching tools, you must procure them at any Rate and of any Persons.
The French Gentlemen that came last from Boston, tell me that they ordered their Baggage to follow them; One of them in particular, Monsr. Danmours, has, among his, some Papers of Importance, which he wishes may run no risk of being lost. I must beg the favour of you to order an Escort to attend the persons who have it in charge, as far as Pompton; and write to Genl. Heard stationed there, to forward it to this place under an equal one. I am etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of George Johnston. The original text was kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 10, 1777.
Sir: The third, Seventh, Eleventh, and fifteenth Virginia Regiments are to compose your Brigade; the duties of which you are immediately to enter upon, and to make yourself Master of the true State of those Regiments, as early as possible.
The necessity of occupying so many Posts, as we at present do, will prevent your drawing the Brigade into compact order, till further orders; but the Regiments should be kept as much together, as the nature of the Service will admit.
You will in a particular manner inquire, what Officers are absent from those Regiments of your Brigade now here, and have all such, as have gone off without leave, exceeded their Furloughs, or are on any frivolous business, recalled and kept close to their duty.
You will likewise enquire into the State and condition of the Non-Commissioned Officers and privates, know where the absentees are, and endeavour to get them to their respective Regiments, as soon as possible.
The completing these Regiments to their Establishment, is to become an object of your greatest attention, discreet and active Officers should be employed in this Service, and no others; as we must, if possible, put an end to idleness and dissipation, not only in Camp, but upon all duties detached from it.
Whenever your Brigade can be drawn together, you should make them practice, as much as possible, the Evolutions (as more essential than the Manual exercise) and you are, as much as in your power lies, to see that the Officers attend to the cleanliness of their Men, as one of the best preservatives of Health.
You will likewise carefully endeavour to have all General orders complied with by those under your immediate command.72
[Note 72: The text is from the Varick Transcripts. The same letter was sent to Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, whose brigade was formed by the Fourth, Eighth, Twelfth, and Sixteenth Virginia Regiments.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 10, 1777.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Dublin.
It having been observed, notwithstanding former orders to the contrary, that some officers make a practice of riding the Continental horses, as well as those, belonging to the inhabit, ants, in the neighbourhood, of the army:--The Commander in Chief positively declares, that, if any officer, in future, will dare to presume, to ride any horses, either public, or private, property, without leave first obtained from the proper officer, if a public horse; or from the owner, if private property, shall immediately be brought to trial, by a General Court Martial.
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 11, 1777.
Parole Essex. Countersign Falmouth.
The 3rd., 7th., 11th. and 15th Virginia Regts. are to compose a Brigade, under the command of Brigadier Genl. Woodford: And the 4th., 8th., 12th., and 16th Virginia Regts., are to compose another, under the command of Brigadier Genl. Scott.
Benjamin Day Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major, to Genl Woodford, and Samuel Shaw Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major, to Brigadier Genl. Knox; both to be respected and obeyed as such.
A General Court Martial to sit, to morrow, at 9 o'clock, to try such prisoners, as shall be brought before them--All Evidences to attend.
Morris Town, May 11, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday Evening honoured with your Letter of the 4th Inst. I regret our loss of Stores at Danbury, and the Misfortunes of our brave Men who fell, and of those who were wounded. However, from these latter events, we derive this Consolation, that the Sentiments of the People are still powerfully directed to liberty, and that no impression of the Enemy, be it never so sudden and unexpected, will pass with impunity. We cannot ascertain what the Enemy's loss was; but from our own, when our Men fought in parties, and theirs in a Compact body, and other circumstances of information from New York, I think, it must have been pretty considerable. Another happy consequence, which must necessarily result from this affair, is, that the Enemy will engage in such Enterprizes, in future, with much caution and circumspection; For tho' they should be able to accomplish their end in destroying Stores, yet, the means attending it will be disagreeable.
That the Enemy will harrass our Coasts and injure the maritime Towns, with their shipping and by sudden debarkations of small parties of Men, is not improbable and what we cannot prevent, whilst they have the entire command of the Water. This we laid our account in, when we first engaged in the Contest; but I have no Idea that they will penetrate into your State, to form the junction you mention; nor is it likely that those, who have escaped from them, know the General's design. It is much to be wished, they would make that their plan of War. I should then expect most sanguinely, that we should bring the matter to a Speedy and glorious conclusion.
I should be happy, were it in my power, to station Guards of Continental Troops at every Place, subject to the depredations of the Enemy; but this cannot be done. If we divide and detach our Forces to every part, where the Enemy may possibly attempt an impression, we shall effect no one good purpose, and in the end, destroy ourselves and subjugate our Country. The Enemy have certainly some Capital Object in view, either Philadelphia or Hudson's River. Till their designs are unfolded, all the Troops from this and the more Southern States must Assemble in this Quarter, to prevent their possessing the Former. Those raised in the Eastern States, except such as were ordered immediately to Ticonderoga, must march to Peekskill, to prevent them possessing the latter and the important passes thro' the Highlands. Should they be able to carry those and the Fortifications for the defence of the River, we all know the important and fatal consequences that would follow. I confess myself, and so do all, who have reasoned about their Operations, that the latter, from its importance and a variety of circumstances, which have occurred of late, seem to be the Objects of their attention. For these reasons and because the Battalions, which are in Service, from innoculation,--that langour which has but too generally prevailed in inlisting,--and from other causes, are extremely weak and deficient,--and totally inadequate to check the progress of the Enemy. I cannot comply with your request for two Regiments to remain in the State at this time. I heartily wish Congress would inform me of the dispositions they make of the Troops. Their not doing it, disconcerts my arrangements and involves me in difficulties. 'Till the favor of your Letter, I never had the least intimation, that I recollect, that any of the Regiments, exacted from the States, were to remain in them. Nor do I know an instance, where Continental Troops are stationed in any State in which the Enemy have not a post. I have the honor to be &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On May 11 Washington wrote to Gates, then at Albany, "that the clothing for Colonel Shepard's Regiment of Massachusetts ... has been sent on to Ticonderoga; but as the destination of this Regiment, among others, has been altered, you will send back the Clothing for it, as expeditiously as possible." Col. William Shepard's Fourth Massachusetts Regiment was stationed at Peekskill.
Also, on May 11, Washington ordered Brig. Gen. Ebenezer Learned to Ticonderoga to command the Massachusetts troops there.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 11, 1777.
Sir: I am this day honored with yours of the 2d Instant, as I was a few days ago with that of the 30th April.
Previous to the receipt of it, I had desired Mr. Boudinot, to demand Mr. Fell's74 release for that of Mr. Hugh Wallace, Colo. Philips or Mr. Jauncey75 whose paroles we have and who are all Counsellors of the State of New York. If they refuse this, I shall call upon one of those Gentlemen to return to the Place of his former confinement, and I hope they will interest themselves in procuring Mr. Fell's release, rather than Submit to a recall.
[Note 74: John Fell. He was a member of the New Jersey Provincial Council in 1776; had been captured on April 23, and was held a prisoner until January, 1778; delegate to the Continental Congress, 1778--1780, and a member of the New Jersey Council, 1782--83; moved to New York City in 1793.]
[Note 75: Hugh Wallace, of New York; Col. Frederick Philipse, of Philipse Manor; and James Jauncey.]
I have been informed by Colo. Forman, that the Quakers and disaffected are doing all in their Power to counteract your late Militia Law; but I hope, if your Officers are active and Spirited, that they will defeat their evil intentions and bring their Men into the Field. I have the honor etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 77: Brig. Gen. Alexander McDougall commanded at Peekskill, N.Y., at this date.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 11, 1777.
Sir: This will be delivered you by General Greene. He and General Knox are sent by me, to review the Posts under your command and their appendages; and to give their advice and assistance, towards putting every thing in the most defensible State possible. The vast importance of those posts and the great probability that the Enemy will direct their operations against them, make me anxious for their security and have suggested this Step. I doubt not proper regard and deference will be paid to the Judgment of these Gentlemen. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Sir: I was this Morning honored with your Letter of the 10th Inst., accompanied by the proceedings of Congress of the day before.
The conduct of too many Officers, in withholding the pay of their Soldiers, I am persuaded, is reprehensible, and has been the cause of uneasiness and of many desertions. Every measure in my power will be exerted, to prevent such abuses in future, and every aid given, to punish the offenders in an Exemplary manner; But Congress will excuse me, when I tell them, it will be impossible to comply with their recommendation upon this subject, unless the General Officers withdraw their attention from Matters of the utmost importance and such as require their constant care. Were this not the case, the dispersed Situation of the Officers at this time, thro' the different States, on the Recruiting Service, would prohibit the inquiry. Nor do I apprehend the Regulations empowering and enjoining the Regimental Pay Masters to bring them to an Account, will be found competent to the end. Such Officers will be proper to state the Accounts in the first instance and to receive Vouchers &c, but will not do to Settle them finally, as their connections with the Regiment will subject them much to the influence of the Officers. I should suppose, if two or three Gentlemen of integrity and ability in Accounts were appointed Auditors, to attend the Army till the Business is finished, it would be the best expedient that could be fallen on. They would be a check on the Pay Masters, and, I am persuaded, will be the means of the Accounts being fairly and justly liquidated. If a Settlement can be once obtained, I trust the same confusion will never take place again, as the pay Masters will receive and pay All Money due to the Regiments and account for it, and as the Army is on a more permanent footing than it ever was before; For this, like most other inconvenience and difficulties, which we have experienced, is to be imputed, in a great Measure, to Short Inlistments and the frequent dissolution of our Troops.
A Return of the Army in Jersey, as late as the 6th Inst I transmitted yesterday Morning in a Letter by Mr. Randolph of Chesnut Street; which you will probably receive to day and from which Congress will be able to determine, the Expediency of calling out the Militia from Delaware and Pennsylvania. Tho' it gives me pain, that we should be under the necessity of recurring to such a Measure, yet I should suppose it to be advisable. Our Army is weak and by no means equal to that of the Enemy and till their designs are known, and we are more reinforced with Regular Troops, we should be prepared in the best manner we can. I would observe, if the Militia are called out, it should be for a fixed, determinate time; For tho' they will certainly return when that expires, yet, that is more tolerable than for them go off in Parties, every day, as their whim and caprice suggest, which has been always the case, when the time was not stated. I would also observe, if it is possible, they should be engaged to march out of their States if they are ordered. If their Service is located, they will move with great reluctance, if they do at all.
On Saturday a Smart Skirmish happened with a detachment of our Troops, who attacked a Number of the Enemy near Piscataway, in which our Men behaved well and obliged the Enemy to give way twice, as reported to me, with loss; The Enemy receiving a strong Reinforcement, our People retreated to their Post. I cannot give the particulars, as they have not been sufficiently ascertained. Their Pickets were also attacked yesterday by some of our parties from Bound brook and forced within their Lines. I have &c.79
[Note 79: ln the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Sir: This will be delivered you by General Arnold, who arrived here to day in his way to Philadelphia.80 He seems to
[Note 80: With Washington's permission Arnold went to Philadelphia on the question of his rank, and Putnam was ordered to Peekskill in his stead. Arnold was unsuccessful in his application to Congress for the adjustment of his seniority. His enemies in that body were more numerous than his friends, though they were compelled to render at least a show of justice to his acts of extraordinary bravery and military conduct. Richard Henry Lee and John Adams, however, were quite in the dark as to this, as Lee wrote to Jefferson (May 20): "One plan, now in frequent use, is to assassinate the characters of the friends of America, in every place, and by every means. At this moment they are now reading in Congress an audacious attempt of this kind against the brave General Arnold." (See Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee and His Correspondence, vol. 2, p. 38.) And John Adams wrote to his wife (May 22): "I spent last evening at the war office with General Arnold. He has been basely slandered and libelled. The regulars say 'he fought like Julius Caesar.' I am wearied to death with the wrangles between military officers, high and low. They quarrel like cats and dogs. They worry one another like mastiffs, scrambling for rank and pay like apes for nuts."] be anxious to Settle his public Accounts, which are of considerable amount, and waits on Congress, hoping they will appoint a Committee of their Body, or of such Gentlemen as they shall judge proper, to take the Matter into consideration. This he considers the more necessary, as he has heard, some Reports have been propogated, injurious to his Character as a Man of Integrity. If any such aspersions lie against him, it is but reasonable, that he should have an Opportunity of vindicating himself, and evincing his innocence.
I find, he does not consider the Promotion, Congress have been pleased to confer upon him, sufficient to obviate the neglect arising from their having omitted him in their late Appointments of Major Generals. He observes, It does not give him the rank he had a claim to from Seniority in the line of Brigadiers; And that he is subject to be Commanded by those, who had been inferior to him. He further adds, that Congress in their last Resolve respecting him, have acknowledged him competent to the Station of Major General, and therefore have done away every objection, implied by their former omission. These Considerations are not without their weight, tho' I pretend not to judge, what motives may have influenced the conduct of Congress upon this occasion. It is needless to say any thing of this Gentleman's Military Character. It is universally known, that he has always distinguished himself, as a judicious, brave Officer, of great Activity, enterprize and perseverance. I have &ca.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 11th. Capt. Gamble82 who was at Princeton, has been exchanged some time since, and
[Note 82: Capt. Thomas Gamble, of the Forty--seventh Foot, British Army.] Capt McPherson83 who was left there wounded, has, upon his own request, permission to go into Brunswick, whenever the State of his health will admit of his removal. The Doctr. will of course go with him. I never heard of any particular improper behaviour of the Doctor; General Putnam barely mentions, that he suspects, that thro' him, Messages are Sent backward and forward, and to get rid of him I consented that Capt. McPherson Should go in.
[Note 83: Capt. John(?) McPherson, of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army.]
I yesterday furnished Congress with a General Return of the Army in this Quarter; since that was made out, I have received Returns from Colo. Stone at Bristol of the 8th Inst., where there were about 800 Men; some Small detachments have likewise since joined Genl. Putnam.
I have wrote fully to Congress upon the propriety of calling out the Militia of Delaware and Pennsylvania, to which I refer the Board.
I am obliged for the particular Returns of the Amphitrite's Cargo and the other papers inclosed and am with great Respect etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was addressed to Richard Peters, as secretary to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just received your favour of the 10th.
Of the Troops coming on and to come on from Bristol, you are to detain at your post all the Marylanders, Colo. Hazen's Regiment of Canadians, and that of Delaware, the others must be sent on immediately to the places where their respective Corps are Stationed.
Your application to General Mifflin for tents, was right, and must be repeated, as we have none here. I have instructed him, in future, to forward a sufficiency of tents, with every detachment that marches from Philadelphia, which I suppose will be accordingly done.
I do not recollect, that any Officers have been returned in exchange for those you mention; proper notice will be taken respecting them.
The intelligence you communicate, and that received from Mr. Mercereau,85 in concurrence with what I have received from other quarters, make it pretty evident, the Enemy have it in intention to evacuate the Jerseys. You will be attentive to their motions, and give me immediate information of every thing you can discover tending to unfold their designs and ascertain the time when they will be ripe for execution. As to Mrs. Busy's86 tale, the whole seems to be a fiction, and makes me suspect She has been sent out for some ill purposes, and that her story is only a contrivance to cover them. I wish She had been taken care of, and Scrutinously examined.
[Note 85: John Mercereau.]
[Note 86: Barbara Busy, or Bury (possibly Berry), was from New York City.]
With respect to the prisoners sentenced to die, you are the best judge of the circumstances of their crime and of the characters of the men, and if either of them should appear to you, in other respects, as well as in this instance, worthy of severity, I think it would be well, for example sake, to inflict the punishment on him, and pardon the others, especially as the Regiment, to which they belong, has been particularly addicted to the mischeivous and hateful practice of desertion; But if there are any palliating considerations, or if the general conduct of the men has been pretty good, I should wish you to incline to the side of lenity. Rigour, in our present dispersed situation, would not have its full effect.
You will get yourself immediately ready to resign your command at Princeton, to the first Genl. Officer that arrives at your post; to General Weedon, if no other joins you before. Give him full and accurate instructions, as to every thing necessary for the discharge of his duty, acquaint him with your Situation, Strength, orders, disposition, views and every matter relative to the Command. When you have done this, you are to repair to Morris Town with your baggage &ca. Your destination will then be to take the Command of the posts on the other side of the North River; Peeks Kill and its dependencies. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: In your ride to and from Peeks Kill, I would have you make the best observations that time and Circumstances will admit, upon the Country, and point out, at your return, such places for Posts of Communication, as you shall conceive necessary.
Determine upon the propriety of having a Post at Pompton, examine the Works throwing up at that place, and give such directions to General Heard or Officer Commanding the Militia there respecting them, as shall appear to you proper.
After examining the State and Condition of the Forts in the Highlands (especially Fort Montgomery) the probability of an Attack by Water, and the practicability of approaching them by Land, After seeing, where, and how this is to be effected, viewing the Eminences, from whence these Forts can be annoyed and hearing the sentiments of the General Officers present, you will give such Orders for further defence, as shall appear to you necessary for the greater security of the Passes (by Land and Water) through the Highlands; and moreover, dispose of the Troops in such a Manner, as you shall judge most likely to answer the end in View.
The Pass through the Highlands on the West side of the North River should also be attended to, lest the Enemy by a Coup deMain should possess themselves of it, before a sufficient force could be assembled to oppose them. This however, may be the work of Militia, if to be had; if not, the Detachments of Eastern Troops under Colonels Butler and Olney (upon giving me notice) shall be sent thither.88
[Note 88: Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene, Brig. Gens. Henry Knox, Alexander McDougall, Anthony Wayne, and George Clinton signed a report (May 17) on the Highland defenses in which they stated that if the river obstructions could be rendered effectual that 4,000 or 5,000 troops could defend the passes. These river obstructions were to be "a Boom across tile River, at Fort Montgomery, and one or two cables, in front of the chain, to break the force of the shipping before they come up to it, The two Continental Ships should be immediately man'd and fixed; and the Two Row-Gallies, to be stationed just above the obstructions, which will form a front fire equal to what the Enemy can bring against them. The fire from the Ships and Gallies in front, and the Batteries upon the flank, will render it impossible for the Shipping to operate there. ... The Communication between the Eastern and Western States is so essential to the Continent and the advantages we shall have over the Enemy by the communication and the great Expence that will be saved in transportation of Stores, by having the command of the River, warrants every expence to secure an object of such great magnitude." This report is in the Washington Papers.]
Turn your attention also to the Boats and direct them to be removed to the place or places of greatest safety and where they can be had for the transportation of our Troops over the North River, if occasion should require it. Examine into the State of Military Stores and Stock of Provisions at the Forts, and direct a Sufficiency, having an Eye to Circumstances; For if the Works are not tenable, or the passage of the River defensible, a large Stock of either wou'd only add to our losses; if they are, Supplies can easily (if the Enemy can be kept below the Highlands, and Carleton from our Backs) be brought to them.
Inquire what has been, or can be done towards removing the Stores from Derby, and other places, to the West side of the North River, and learn, if possible, how the Country on this side is stored with Provisions and Forage for the Support of Troops, if any should be marched thither.
Keep the precise time of your return secret, lest the disaffected should avail themselves of the Knowledge to offer you an insult. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your account of the attempt upon the Enemy at Piscataway is favourable, but I am sorry to add, widely different from those I have had from others, (Officers of distinction) who were of the party. I cannot by them learn, that there is the least certainty of the Enemy's leaving half the Slain upon the Field, you speak of in your letter of this date; that instead of an orderly retreat, it was (with the greatest part of the detachment) a disorderly route, and, that the disadvantage was on our side, not the Enemy's, who had notice of your coming and was prepared for it, as I expected.90 I am &ca.91
[Note 90: Stephen wrote again (May 14) about the Piscataway fight and insisted on the truth of his former report. He claimed that his troops were forced to retire for lack of support from those who deliberately held off half a mile distant, and intimated that the reports contrary to his own came from the officers who failed to support him. His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 91: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: A party of your Regiment arrived here Yesterday with an escort of Money. Their appearance has convinced me fully of the danger which I always apprehended from the Similiarity of their Uniform to that of the British Horse, and the Officer who commands the party, tells me, that the people were exceedingly alarmed upon the Road, and had they been travelling thro' a part of the Country, where it might have been supposed the Enemy's Horse would be foraging or Scouting, they would in all probability have been fired upon. The inconvenience will increase, when your Regiment joins the Army. Your patroles will be in constant danger from our own Scouting Parties and whenever there is occasion to dispatch a party into the Country, they will alarm the Inhabitants.
I therefore desire that you will immediately fall upon means for having the colour of the Coats changed, which may be done by dipping into that kind of dye that is most proper to put upon Red. I care not what it is, so that the present Colour be changed. I am etc.92
[Note 92: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Sir: General McDougall's frequent Complaints of the mismanagement in your Department, that fall within his notice, have induced me to address this to you on the Subject. As consequences of the last importance, are involved in the fate of our Provisions, I hope that the following Extracts of his Letters, will immediately produce the desired and indispensably necessary reformation.
Peeks Kill 27th April.
The Ships being so near me, and the want of Meat, for many of the Troops for two days, prevent my moving on Conjecture. The former is the fault of those, who furnish Provisions, and who have been wrote to many days, to supply this Post. Some however is expected hourly.
Peeks Kill 5th May.
Before the receipt of your favour of the 1st. Instt., I directed the Deputy Commissary, to procure me without delay, a return of all the Provisions purchased on, and near the River, as well as what was Stored in the Neighbourhood; But I have not yet obtained it, nor do I expect it, before the Enemy moves up the River, if they come soon. There is such derangement in this Department, that before the destruction of the Stores at Danbury, I could not get three day's Provisions of Meat, in reserve, for the Army; And Fort Montgomery has not a Weeks provision of Meat before hand, for its present Garrison, notwithstanding I ordered Six Months to be laid in for 1,000 Men, before the Enemy came here. Onions, sent to Danbury, have laid there and perished, while the Troops here have been destitute of every kind of Vegetables, for the greatest part of the time since I took the Command. In short, I am morally certain, the necessary quantity of Provisions for the Army will not be got into Ulster County in the course of a Month, if in that time. Flour there will be plenty, if secured.
By these you will discover, how necessary to the general good, your immediate attention, redressing these abuses, is, I am necessitated to insist that, if you cant possibly leave Philadelphia immediately, you take effectual Measures to have them removed without loss of time. This Army may probably move towards the North River soon, If that should be the Case, a Man of Abilities, Activity, and general Acquaintance with the Inhabitants and Country must be constantly attending us in the Character of a Commissary, otherwise we shall be reduced to great Inconvenience, and perhaps distress. You had better lookout for such an one immediately, that he may be making proper preparations. I am etc.93
[Note 93: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress. The letter sent, in the writing of George Johnston, is in the Connecticut State Library and varies from the transcript in capitalization only.]
Morris Town, May 12, 1777.
Sir: Being more and more convinced, of the impolicy of any part of our Troops being Clothed in Red and that many injurious and fatal consequences are to be apprehended from it, I think it necessary to repeat my request, mentioned in my last, that you will have all the Clothes in your hands, of that Colour, dyed of some other, as soon as you can. Yesterday an Escort to Money from Colo. Moylan's Regiment dressed in that Uniform, alarmed the Country, and had they passed where the Enemy's Horse could possibly have been, they certainly would have suffered. Unless the matter is immediately remedied, by changing the Colour, our people will be destroying themselves. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 13, 1777.
Sir: I have reason to apprehend, from the information I have received, that desertions from some of the Virginia Regimts., now on their March, will, in all probability be not less frequent, than they have been from some from Pennsylvania, which are in Camp. There is cause to fear, they will be more Common and certain. I am told, that Convict Servants, purchased from their Masters by the Recruiting Officers, compose no small proportion of the Men from the Upper and more interior Part of that State. If the fact be so, and I believe it is not to be doubted, I strongly suspect, that the greater part of these Men, if not the whole of them, will go over to the Enemy, especially if the Money paid for their purchase should be Stopped from their pay.95 The Officers concerned in this business, excuse themselves upon the principle of necessity, alledging that the difficulty of getting Recruits, compelled them to the Measure. As this most probably was the case, and we find ourselves greatly distressed for want of Men, I beg leave to submit it to Congress, Whether it will not be advisable, that they should receive their full pay, without Stoppage, and the advances made in such instances be taken into public Account; Or whether it will not be
[Note 95: On May 19 the Board of War reported on this matter, and it was resolved that "no stoppages be made for the present from the pay of soldiers who were servants, for any moneys paid their late Masters." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, May 19, 1777.)] most conducive to the good of the Service, to discharge them from it, returning them to their former occupations, or disposing of them to New Proprietors. I confess, I shall have no reliance upon such Troops, nor shall I ever be without apprehensions of their deserting with their Arms. In the consideration of this case, many difficulties appear, and I shall be happy if Congress will adopt or advise such measures, as shall seem most likely to remove them and to advance the public good. I have &ca.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 97: Commander in chief of the Hessian troops in America.]
Morris Town, May 13, 1777.
Sir: I was honored with your favor of the 8th. instt. by Capt. O'Riley98 of the Hessian Corps.
[Note 98: Capt. von Oreilly, of the Lengercke Grenadiers, German allied troops, British Army.]
Altho' the receipt and distribution of Money and other necessaries, intended for Prisoners, properly falls within the Commissary's department (who shall strictly attend to all directions that come with them) and must in future pass through his hands; Yet I will not in this instance refuse permission to Lieutt. Miller99 to go with the desired Transport, accompanied by one of my Officers: For which purpose a Passport is inclosed. Lt. Miller will call upon General Lincoln at Bound Brook, who has my Orders to furnish the Escort.
[Note 99: Lieutenant Miller was a paymaster.]
I would extend this Indulgence to some of your non-commissioned Officers, did circumstances justify it.
Count Donop's1 verbal message by Captn. O'Riley gave me much uneasiness, as it must be founded on the supposition, that an Application of a similar nature, had already met a refusal.
[Note 1: Col. Carl Emil Kurt, Count von Donop, of Hessian Yagers.] I enjoy too much pleasure in softening the Hardships of Captivity, to with--hold any comfort from Prisoners; and beg you to do me the Justice to conclude, that no Requisition of this Nature, that should be made, will ever be denied.
I am highly honored by your good Opinion of me, and hope that no part of my future Conduct will give you cause to change it. I have the Honor etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston.]
Head--Quarters, Morristown, May 13, 1777.
Parole Ireland. Countersign London.
William Johnson Esqr., formerly Brigade Major to Genl. Lewis, is appointed to that duty, in Brigadier Genl. Scott's Brigade; and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
Head--Quarters, Morristown, May 14, 1777.
Parole Monmouth. Countersign Norfolk.
The Quarter Master General, is to apply to the Adjutant General, for a fatigue party, to repair the road from hence, to Pluck--'emin, which, it is said, to be almost impossible in some places.
He is also, to have a Guard--house, in the upper Redoubt, on the hill adjoining this place, erected with dispatch, and sufficient to contain 30 Men--This building to be slight, and attended with little expence.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to approve the following sentences, of the General Court Martial, held at Col Shreve's quarters, the 5th Inst: whereof Col Ogden was president.
John Jones, for "Deserting from his guard to the enemy"--to suffer death--Execution whereof, is suspended 'till further orders.
John Whitebread, Richard Shaw and John Wood, of the 11th Pennsylvania Regt. for "Desertion," are acquitted, and ordered to do duty as usual.
Lieut. Ross3 of the 2nd. Jersey Batt. charged with "Assaulting, and using ungenteel language, to Capt. Anderson"4acquitted, and released from his arrest.
[Note 3: Lieut. George Ross. He resigned Dec. 18, 1777.]
[Note 4: Capt. James Anderson, of the Second New Jersey Regiment.]
Ensign Patterson5 of the 1st. Virginia Battn. for "Refusing to do duty, and leaving Camp without leave"--found guilty, and cashiered Ordered to depart.
[Note 5: Ensign Benjamin Patterson.]
Thomas Ovens of the 11th. Pennsylva. Battn. for "Deserting from his post, with intent to go to the enemy"--found guilty, and ordered to receive 100 lashes.
Benjamin Moore of the 2nd Jersey Battn. for "Deserting and reinlisting"--found guilty, and ordered to receive 75 lashes.
Serjt. Hammond of the 12th. Pennsylva. Battn. for "Mutiny, and striking Capt. Patterson"6--found guilty;--reduced, and to ask pardon.
[Note 6: Capt. Alexander Patterson.]
Serjt. Hyliard, Serjt. Hallbrook, Corporal Smith, Philip Hendrick and Stephen Lee, of the 1st. Jersey Batt. "Suspected of having robbed the house of Elias Bland"--Hyliard found guilty, reduced to the ranks, and to receive 100 lashes--Smith and Lee found guilty, and to receive 100 lashes each--the residue of the sentence is dispensed with--And either of them, who confesses before punishment is inflicted, to be released--The other two are acquitted.
The General also approves the following sentences of a Court Martial, held at Morristown, the 12th Instant, whereof Lieut. Colonel Barber was president; and directs the immediate execution of them.
William Murphy of Col. Angell's regiment, tried for "Desertion" and acquitted.
Samuel Gratewood of the 3rd. Jersey regiment, accused of "Striking a Serjeant" found guilty, and condemned to receive 50 lashes.
Joseph Bordon of Col Patton's regiment, tried for "Theft," and acquitted.
Henry Smith of Capt. Cattalin's7 Company, for "Desertion," acquitted.
[Note 7: Capt. Eli Carlin, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment.]
Patrick Dunfee, of Col Olney's detachment, for "Stabbing the Adjnt. General's horse"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive 50 lashes.
Joseph Thornbury Esqr. is appointed Waggon Master General, and to be obeyed as such.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 14, 1777.
Sir: Yours of the 6th. instant this moment reached me, inclosing returns of the Battalions raising in your State. You must continue to send them forward with all expedition, whatever effect it may have in the opinions of those you mention.8 their presence in this Quarter cannot be dispensed with; and it would be folly in the extreme to neglect a certain and pressing
[Note 8: Varnum was at East Greenwich, Conn., and wrote that the inhabitants opposed his ending the recruits forward, as they feared a British expedition from Rhode Island.] danger, in order to guard against a precarious and improbable one. I am etc.9
[Note 9: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 10: Of Grayson's Additional Continental regiment. He was transferred to Gist's Additional Continental regiment in April, 1779; retired Jan. 1, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 14, 1777.
Sir: I have appointed you to the Command of a Company, to be raised for the Continental Service, agreeable to the printed Instructions herewith delivered to you. As the good of the Service depends in a very great Measure on a proper Choice of Officers, and the honour of a superior, as much upon the quality of his Subalterns, I have given you power to nominate yours, Subject to my disapprobation, from which, that no Inconvenience may arise to them or yourself, I must inform you, that I expect your Choice will fall upon Men of Integrity and unexceptionable Character. The pressing necessity for Troops will prompt your utmost and unceasing Activity. As fast as they inlist, you should have them inoculated, and kept as much together as possible; thereby desertion will be prevented. So soon as you raise a Sub's Quota, you will forward them to Head Quarters, under a proper Officer. I am &ca.11
[Note 11: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1777.
Sir: The great loss of Tents at Danbury, is like to make us rather scant in that Article, especially as the whole Army in this quarter will be moving and must consequently lay in the Field. I am informed, that the Barracks already built at Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, will contain between three and four thousand Men, and as your Garrison will be stationary, I would recommend the covering the whole, either by an addition to the Barracks or by building Huts. Some Tents, I suppose, will be necessary upon the Communication, you will be pleased to send an Order for them, if wanting, to Mr. Hughes,12 Deputy Qr Mr. Genl. at Peeks Kill, who will supply you. I beg you will consider our Situation, and draw as sparingly as possible; for as I said before, you will be Stationary, and can therefore cover your Men in Barracks or Huts; but as our motions must intirely depend upon those of the Enemy, nothing but Tents can serve us. I wish to receive the earliest intelligence of any material occurrences to the Northward; as you shall have any that happen in this quarter, for you may be assured, that the movement of Genl. Howes and Genl. Clinton's Armies will be in concert. The first accounts I received of the Enemy's being near Tionderoga, were late and in a very imperfect manner thro' Congress, to whom the account was first sent. It happened to turn out false; but had it been true, some very material advantage might have been taken by Genl. Howe, before I could have accounted for his motions. You will be pleased to make me a Monthly return of the Northern Army, that I may be able regularly to make a general One to the Board of War, of the Strength of both Armies. I am etc.13
[Note 12: Col. Hugh Hughes, of New York.]
[Note 13: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1777.
Sir: You are to repair to Princeton and take upon you the Command of the Troops at that Post. The Troops from Maryland, the lower Counties (on Delaware) and Hazen's Regiment, together with the Artillery Company, and light Horse now at that place, are to remain there till further Orders; all others now there, or that shall hereafter come to that Post (except the Marylanders and such detachments as belong to Hazen's and the Delaware Battalions) are to proceed immediately on, and join their respective Regiments.
Keep no more Provisions, or Military Stores at that Post than are necessary for present use; but take care, that the several Corps are well supplied with Ammunition, and that you have enough besides for any emergency.
Have the Troops in such order as to be ready to march at a Minute's warning; for this purpose the Quarter Master General must supply you with Waggons, and Tents. Of the first, demand no more than are absolutely necessary (as the Men must be taught to carry their own knapsacks &ca.) and of the latter, as there is a scarcity, allow one to every Six Men only.
It is, I am persuaded, totally unnecessary to say any thing to impress you with an Idea of the necessity of using the greatest Vigilance and precaution; your own reputation, the safety of your Troops, and the good of the Service, are sufficient incitements; but I would advise you to use every possible means to obtain Intelligence of the designs and Movements of the Enemy, that you may act accordingly.
If you find the Enemy's views are turned towards the Delaware, harrass and impede their march, as much as possible, disputing every advantageous piece of ground, to give time for the other parts of the Army to come up; but take care to do this in such a manner, as to be able at all times, to secure your retreat to the Hilly Country. If, on the other hand, you perceive their intentions are to penetrate the Country towards Morris Town, or the North River, you are to follow close in their rear and annoy them, as much as possible. In either case, I do not wish that you should hazard a general Engagement; because, a defeat of your whole body which would probably follow, from inequality of numbers wou'd bring on a dispersion and discouragement of your Troops; whereas to harrass them day and Night by a Number of small parties, under good Officers, disputing at the same time advantageous Passes, (with proper precautions to prevent being Surrounded) would do them more real injury without hazarding the bad Consequences of a defeat and rout.
In the event of the Enemy's marching for the Delaware let your Baggage &ca. be sent towards Coryel's Ferry. I need not observe to you, the necessity of calling the Rolls frequently (at least twice a day) to keep the Soldiers in place, and thereby prevent desertion; nor need I recommend to you the expediency of cleanliness among the Soldiers, and in the Camp; your own good sense and experience will prompt you to use your best endeavours to introduce both, as conducive to the Health of the Troops.
Correspond with Colo. Forman who commands in Monmouth County, and keep me regularly advised of every important occurrence without loss of time.14
[Note 14: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 15, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was this morning favoured with yours of the 13th, by Colo. Malmady. I have written to Mr. Hughes, respecting the distribution of the Tents, you have ordered from the Eastward. A few days ago, I wrote you about a Quantity of Tent Cloth, which I was informed was at Providence and which I directed Mr. John Brown of that place, to purchase and secure, subject to your Orders. As you have not mentioned it, or the receipt of my Letter, it may not have got to hand. You will write him upon the Subject. A prudent Oeconomy will be used in the distribution of the Tents.
If you have the Number of Tents you mentioned, and there are so many in Martinique, I should suppose, you might decline purchasing the Cloth lately arrived at Baltimore, as it is held at such an exorbitant price; However, as I am not acquainted with the views and expectations of Congress upon this Head, you had better apply to them and obtain their direction for your conduct.
The capture of the La Seine, was rather unlucky; but if restitution has been demanded, in the manner you mention, It may prove a fortunate Event. Our information from abroad, has varied so often from facts, that I wish to hear this confirmed. If the Governor has thus proceeded, I think we may flatter ourselves, that some interesting political events will soon take place.15
[Note 15: La Seine, the only one of Beaumarchais's supply ships that was captured, was taken by the British frigate Perseus and carried into Dominica. The French governor of Martinique was reported to have demanded her release under threat of reprisals.]
As your continuing at Philadelphia, was founded on the Application of Congress, to answer a beneficial purpose; If it has been effected, or is not to be promoted by your remaining there longer, I wish you to repair immediately to Head Quarters. Your Services in Camp are wanted. I am &ca.16
[Note 16: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1777.
Sir: General Mifflin informs me that he has ordered Mr. Chase17 Assistant Quarter Master General at Boston to send forward all the Tents which were stored at Boston or Portsmouth
[Note 17: Thomas Chase.] to you, and desires that I will give you directions as to the distribution of them. You will know with certainty what number will be wanting for the Troops that are not barracked at Peekskill and the Forts. I cannot conceive that any great number can be wanting at Tionderoga, as the Garrison at that post will mostly lay in Barracks, which I am told are capable of containing between three and four thousand Men.
I have wrote to General Gates, and have let him know, how much our late loss at Danbury has disappointed us in the Article of Tents, and have recommended it to him, (as his Garrison will be intirely Stationary) to endeavour to barrack or build Huts for the whole. But if any Tents are really necessary, to draw as sparingly as possible. He will let you know his wants; But you must take care, at all events to reserve as many as will be sufficient for the Men that are not in Barracks with you. If any remain, after keeping what are necessary at Peeks Kill, and Supplying Genl. Gates, they must be sent to such place as shall be deemed most secure. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was a few days ago favoured with yours of the 6th. I cannot account for the Massachusets Troops coming on without Clothing, in any other manner, than that as they were all originally intended for Tionderoga, their Clothes may have been sent to Albany. If that is the Case, the Quarter Masters should be immediately sent to bring them back; if it is not, they must certainly look to the State, because a Sufficiency of public Cloth-Lug was left at Boston for their Troops. As to pay, the different commanding Officers of the Regiments had better make up their abstracts and each of them send down their paymaster or some Officer properly authorized, to receive the Money. If they all come together they will make up a safe Escort for the Money thro' the disaffected part of the Country.
As some matters are to be settled, to the Satisfaction of General Arnold, previous to his accepting of the rank lately conferred upon him, he is gone to Philadelphia. I have therefore ordered Genl. Putnam to Peeks Kill. You are well acquainted with the old Gentleman's Temper; he is active, disinterested, and open to conviction, and I therefore hope, that by affording him the advice and assistance that your Knowledge of the post enables you to do, you will be very happy in your Command under him. I am &ca.20
[Note 20: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 21: Francis, Marquis de Malmedy. Had been appointed by the Continental Congress a colonel in the Continental Army. He already held a brigadier general's commission in the service of Rhode Island.]
Head Quarters, May 16, 1777.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 14th. I must freely confess, I do not fully comprehend your meaning, nor can I forbear expressing my Surprise, that you still hold out the idea of difficulties in your Situation, notwithstanding the mark of attention you mention, which has lately been conferred upon you by Congress. It astonishes me, that a Gentleman of your discernment, should find it impossible to make a right distinction between Continental and Colonial appointments, after all the pains that have been taken to explain it. Certainly there is nothing easier to conceive, than that an appointment made by the legislature of a particular State, unauthorized by Congress, can have no effect out of that State. The reason is plain; such legislature has only a local jurisdiction, and can do no act binding on any other State, much less on the whole Continent. Your rank of Brigadier in Rhode Island, on a Continental Scale, is, and always has been, intirely nugatory. You might request a ratification of it from Congress, as a matter of favour, but you could not demand it as a matter of right; and you must be sensible, that many Substantial reasons independent of any personal objections to you, oppose your wish.
A perseverance in your mistaken pretensions, after you hadseen they could not be complied with, is what I did not expect. To request to be employed in a manner not derogatory to the rank you held in Rhode Island, according to your ideas of that rank, is to request not to be employed at all. I must repeat what I have before told you, that I cannot consider you in any other light, than that in which Congress has placed you, and whatever Employment I may at any time have it in my power to give you, must be in conformity to that precise rank you actually possess in the Continental Army. If you expect any other you deceive yourself. Such an employment, though it may appear to you a degradation, would not in fact be so; because your appointment of Brigadier is a perfect nonentity in a Continental view.
If you formed erroneous notions of your Colonial appointment, and in consequence of them made representations to your friends in Europe, which now involve you in perplexities, you ought to consider it as your misfortune, and should not build any claims upon it that cannot be admitted. But, though the distinctions existing among us, may not be well understood in France, as you have hinted in a former letter, is it impossible to give a Satisfactory explanation of them to your friends,?--or will it be any indelible disgrace to you, to confess to them that you have been in an error in your first conceptions, arising from your being a Stranger and unacquainted with the nature of our different Military establishments? We ought not to convert trifling difficulties into insuperable obstacles.
Let me propose a few more questions. Appeal to your own understanding and conscience, and then answer, is not the Continental rank you now hold, fully adequate to any expectations you can reasonably deduce from the rank you held in the French Army, and from the short term of seven Month's Service in ours? Would not the American Officers, who have been in the Service from the beginning of the War, have a just cause to complain of your too rapid promotion, were your wishes indulged ? And would it not justify those, who have been your Superior Officers in your own Country, in raising their hopes to a height, which it would be impossible to gratify? In short Sir, I cannot bring myself to think, that the extraordinary mark of distinction bestowed upon you by the State of Rhode Island, is any sufficient foundation for expecting the Continent to wave every consideration of policy or propriety in your behalf.
Though I wish not to offend or wound, justice both to you and myself requires that I should plainly inform you, that your scruples and difficulties, so often reiterated and under a variety of Shapes, are exceedingly perplexing to me, and that I wish them to cease. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 23: Of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1777.
Sir: When I wrote you on the 12th March (to which no answer is yet received) directing a return of your Battalion, the inoculation of your Men who had not had the small pox, and the sending immediately to the Army such as had it under proper Officers, I hoped to see a considerable part of your Battalion in the Field before this. But the last return of it, nowat ... informs me that I was mistaken.
Our present situation compels me to order you to repair toyour Battalion. Justice to it, and to the Service, calls upon you to do so without loss of time. Such of your Recruits, as are equipped and over the small pox, must follow under proper Officers. You will leave your Lieutt. Colo. behind, to superintend the recruiting Service, and provide all necessaries, with positive orders to exert his utmost activity in the discharge of this important duty, and to see that the inferior Officers do not spend their time in dissipation, as I am told is too generally the case.24 I am &ca.25
[Note 24: The same letter, excepting the phrase in parentheses, was sent to Cols. James Irvine, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, and Joseph Wood, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 25: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1777.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th. I had the Honor to receive last night at Eleven O'Clock. The Commission inclosed for Monsieur Armand,26 I shall deliver him as soon as I see him.
[Note 26: Charles Armand-Tuffin, Marquis de la Rouerie. He was lieutenant colonel and Inspector of Cavalry of the Continental Army; colonel in Pulaski's Legion and Armand's Partisan Corps; brigadier general in the Continental Army.]
Agreeable to your request, I will give Commissions to the Brigadiers, and will ascertain their Rank by their original Commissions, when I obtain them. The inquiry directed, respecting Major Campbell,27 shall be made and that be done which shall appear right.
[Note 27: Maj. Richard Campbell, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. By resolve of Congress (May 13) Washington was requested to inquire into the date of Campbell's commission and make such rank adjustments as he believed proper.]
I fear it will be hardly possible to satisfy the views and Claims of some of the French Gentlemen. The late promotion of Monsr. Malmady, tho highly Honourable, and such as should be considered fully, if not more than adequate to his pretensions, taken upon any principle, does not come up to his demands. He arrived here yesterday morning, and has been writing to me upon the Subject. From the high marks of distinction, but too readily conferred upon those men, in many instances, they seem to have lost sight of what is just and reasonable. It would have been happy for us, particularly for me, and for the Gentlemen themselves, if a too easy grant of favors, had not induced them to contemn All rank in our Army, under that of first Officers: Nor is it in my power to give Commands to every Appointment. I shall inform Monsieur Armand, and reconcile him to it in the best manner I can, that there is no Vacancy for him at present: and I would beg leave to suggest, that where promotions are made in future, from Political and Honorary Motives, that it will be Well for Congress to explain to the Gentlemen, that it may be some time before they can be put in actual command. This might prevent their entertaining Suspicions of neglect on my part, which the situation of the Army will not allow me to obviate. There is no vacancy for Monsieur Malmady of the rank he now holds, unless the Merits of many other Officers who have Served with reputation and much longer here, are to be overlooked, to make way for him. Such a Measure will neither be practicable, nor prudent to attempt.
By a Letter from General Heard, who is at Pompton, I am informed that Cols. Barton and Buskirk28 with 300 Tory Levies from Bergen, on the Morning of the 13th, attempted to Surprize and cut off, about 70 of his Militia, Stationed at Paramus. The Officer happily had Notice of their design and eluded it, by moving his Post. It happened that the Morning was foggy and the Enemy entering at different places, their parties engaged. Genl. Heard says their loss could not be ascertained, but from the Reports of some of the Inhabitants, Ten of their Men were killed and carried away at one time and several wounded. I have &ca.29
[Note 28: Lieut. Cols. Joseph Barton and Abraham Van Buskirk, of New Jersey Volunteers, British Provincial troops.]
[Note 29: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 30: Of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. Fie retired June 6, 1777.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1777.
Sir: When I wrote you on the 12th March (to which no answer is yet received) directing a Return of the 6th. Pennsylvania Battalion31 the Inoculation of the Men, who had not had the small pox, and the sending immediately to the Army such as had it, under proper Officers, I hoped to see a considerable part of the Battalion in the Field before this. But the last general return informs me that I was much mistaken.
[Note 31: As Morris was colonel of the Ninth and Samuel Benezet (see next paragraph) was major of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment, and the only available text is that of the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, a legitimate query is whether this reading should not be the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. (See next note.)]
Our present situation compels me to order you and Major Benezet to march with all of the Battalion that have got over the small pox, and are equipped. Justice to the Service, calls upon you to do so without loss of time; you will leave behind a sufficient Number of proper Officers to carry on the recruiting business, under the direction of a Captain, of approved Integrity and diligence, with positive orders to exert his utmost Activity in the discharge of this important duty, and to see that the inferior Officers do not spend their time in dissipation, as, I am told, is too generally the Case. I am etc.32
[Note 32: Practically the same letter was sent to Lieut, Cols. Henry Bicker, of the Sixth; Adam HubIey, of the Tenth; and David Grier, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. The one to Grier is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, and is in the possession of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 16, 1777.
Parole Quebec. Countersign Roxbury.
Francis Swain Esqr., is appointed Brigade Major, to Brigadier Genl. Muhlenberg; and to be obeyed as such.
[Note 33: Signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was Surgeon General, Middle Department, at this time; was made Physician General of the Continental Army in July; resigned in February, 1778, to practice medicine; was a son-in-law of Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, As a critic of Washington he was a member of the "Conway Cabal." Rush's letter (May 13) officiously suggests that Washington postpone taking the field with the army for a few weeks. "I am sure," he wrote, "you will save the lives of many hundreds by it, besides retaining as many more in your Service who might otherwise be rendered unfit for duty during the Summer." Rush's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 13th. I received last night, and am much obliged to you, for communicating your judicious observations, on the inconveniencies of an early Encampment. They are perfectly correspondent with my own ideas; but how far they can be allowed to operate must depend upon many other considerations and circumstances. I shall be induced to incamp the Army sooner than I could wish from this powerful motive, that the more an Army is collected, the better it is adapted both for the purposes of defence and offence, and the better I shall be enabled, either to defeat the attempts the Enemy may project against us, or to take advantage of any favourable conjunctures that may offer, to annoy and injure them. I shall however, endeavour to defer encamping till the weather becomes a little more settled and temperate. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 17, 1777.
Parole Spanktown. Countersign Trenton.
All the troops in, and about Morristown, (those on duty excepted) are to attend divine service, to morrow morning.
Morris Town, May 17, 1777.
Sir: When I had the honor of addressing you on the 13th Ulto. I flattered myself that, tho' the recruiting business did not succeed to our wishes, a sufficient reinforcement would, ere this, have enabled me to open the Campaign in such a Manner, as to have recommended the Service to the lower Class of People, and thereby to have removed the necessity of compelling them to inlist. --But that Hope has been unfortunately blasted; So that we have only to decide, whether the States shall be loaded with the enormous expence of Militia, with difficulty drawn out, capable only of making a feeble defence, and the War protracted; or the Army compleated by coercive Methods. For altho' the important Season is almost past, that afforded the Opportunity of crushing the Enemy's power at present here, had I been Sufficiently enabled, yet it greatly behoves us, by an instant and vigorous exertion of our Strength, to put ourselves into such a Situation as to have a good prospect of never being obliged so greatly to hazard our Liberties as we have been. The warmest Advocates for Militia and short inlistments must, from the experience of two Campaigns, confess that the important purposes of War cannot be answered, but by men engaged for a length of Time; No Substitute can be admitted. What then remains, for us to do? Nothing less than furnishing our full quota of Continental Troops, by any means, that will ensure Success. Our Situation perhaps more critical now than ever, Policy directs that Caution should be used, in the Choice. But whether it Should be by [an indiscriminate] draft, or by making it the Interest of the Timid, the Rich, and the Tory to furnish Soldiers, at their own Expence, in ease of themselves and in Conformity to the Resolve of Congress of the 14th day of April last, is a subject well worthy the most dispassionate and mature deliberation of your Assembly. Both of these Methods have been tried and are still practised by some of the States, with better success than simple recruiting. They are however capable of abuse. The former may produce Convulsions in the People and their Opposition, by the manner in which it is conducted. The latter affords the bad Officer too tempting an opportunity of defrauding the Public, by receiving the reward for Men already in the Service, or for some private Emolument, giving Certificates when no Soldier is furnished, and of greatly injuring the Service, by introducing into it Foreigners of no principle, who Seize the first opportunity of deserting to the Enemy, with their Arms. If the former should be adopted, the Men drafted should Serve for a fixed time, 3 Years at least. and every possible precaution taken against their Substituting Convicts or foreign Servants in their room. If the latter, the Men procured, should serve during the War. Here the Evil may be effectually guarded. The Substitute, or exemption from Militia duty, being evidently an Indulgence, may be granted on no other terms than furnishing a Native, [or a person of some property or Connections in the Country.] The anexed Return of your Battalions now here, will enable the Assembly to form a good Judgment of the Number of Men necessary to compleat them to the full Establishment.37 A well executed Law, to encourage the taking up of deserters, will greatly lessen the deficiency that appears upon the Returns; which is not occasioned altogether by Deaths, because I am well assured, that a Number of the Men (taking advantage of their Absence from their Companies, occasioned by their being left in Hospitals), have on recovery, gone home without leave; nor can my most unceasing Efforts bring them back; the Officers sent upon that duty, shamefully spending their time in Dissipation and Idleness.
I hope the Freedom of this Letter will find an Excuse in the Importance of the Subject, and its length have an apology, when 'tis considered that Consequences of the greatest magnitude are involved in the Issue of the present Contest; the Management of which demands our utmost Wisdom and Activity. I have the honour to be etc.38
[Note 37: A copy of this return, made and signed by George Johnston, is filed with the draft in the Washington Papers. By it the total of the 12 Virginia regiments, rank and file, was 2,321, with but 1,506 of this number fit for duty. The regimental strength averaged only 169.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of George Johnston; the words within brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 17, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 30th. last Month by Colo. Fabricy a Kovats, who is gone forward to Congress with his Credentials.
I do not apprehend, that by the late Resolves of Congress respecting the Regulation of Pay, it was intended that there should be a deputy Paymaster General to each seperate command in the Army. By the words, seperate departments, I understand, the Northern at Albany or Tionderoga, the Eastern at Boston, and the Army under my particular command, with which the Paymaster General himself is present. Congress have never appointed or made provision for any others, in the Colonies north of Pennsylvania. I therefore think, that any Monies that are necessary for you, are to be drawn by Warrant from Genl. Heath upon Mr. Hancock Deputy Paymaster General at Boston. As all the Troops which you have had, and will have under your command are provincials; I would recommend the payment of them, to the States to which they belong, who can make a Continental charge of it, if their Troops are considered as in Continental Service. I am &ca.39
[Note 39: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 17, 1777.
Sir: Yours with the plan for the attack upon Bergen is this moment come to hand.40 I see many difficulties to prevent the matter's being carried effectually into execution. The first and principal one, is, the known disaffection of the Country, which is such, that the instant such a Body as one thousand men began to assemble, the Enemy would have notice of it, and the consequence would be, that were they strong enough, they would prepare themselves to give you a reception, and were they not, they would retreat from Bergen to Powles Hook, and after they got beyond the Mills, it would be impossible for you to follow them. These have ever been my Sentiments upon this matter. The thing must be effected by Surprise or not at all, and I have no conception that Boats sufficient for the purpose could be
[Note 40: Stephen had been written to a few hours before by Tench Tilghlnan to the effect that Washington needed to know how many men would he required for the Bergen enterprise, Stephen having merely asked "if so many men as are necessary for the attack upon Bergen, can be spared from the lines." Stephen then forwarded his plan, and this letter settled tile matter.] collected, and such a Body of Men embarked without the Enemy's having notice of it. In my opinion therefore, the enterprise had better be laid aside, for I really think it would end in our being worsted, if the Enemy were prepared to receive us, or of their getting out of our way if they were not. I am &ca.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was favoured yesterday, with your Letter of the 11th Instr. I wrote Govr. Trumbull fully, on the 11th. and then informed him, that no part of the Troops exacted from the State, could remain there. This Letter, I presume, has reached the Governor, and I trust, the observations contained in it, would satisfy him of the necessity, of drawing the whole Troops together. I think with you, that the Enemy will make no impressions [ sic] into Connecticut. If they attempt any thing of the sort, it will be to call our attention from more important objects. It is much to be wished, that they would prosecute the War on a partisan or detached plan. Nothing would more certainly insure their destruction. The Troops, as fast as they are raised, and their recovery from the Small pox will admit, must come on to Peeks Kills.
I am sorry, the Expedient adopted by the Governor and Council for filling their Quota of Men, has not been attended, with all the advantages expected from it.42 I wish their next attempt may have more happy consequences. I am persuaded,
[Note 42: The expedient was a draft from the militia to fill up the Continental regiments. The same plan was adopted by Massachusetts and New Hampshire. These drafts were to be considered as Continental soldiers, but were to serve only till the 1st of January; and, in the meantime, enlistments for the Continental regiments were to be attempted. (See Washington's letter to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, Apr. 21, 1777, ante.)] your remaining in the State some time longer, would be of Service; yet, as I consider, the defence of the Fortifications and passes thro' the Highlands, an object of the last importance, and possessing them, most probably to form the chief end of the Enemy's Councils and immediate operations, I wish you to come on to Peeks Kills, and there continue with the Troops, till some further disposition shall become necessary or may be ordered. At the same time, I would wish you to fix upon and leave behind, a sufficient number of proper Officers, to collect and hasten on the recruits as fast as they are raised and gone thro' Inoculation. Perhaps more than one may be necessary, and I have no doubt you will choose for this purpose, such as will be of great activity and industry, and in whose conduct, the most implicit confidence may be reposed.
How far the expedition to Long Island, would be practicable, supposing our Army was full, I cannot determine; In our present situation, we have no Men to spare for the purpose. Further, I am by no means satisfied, that the rules of War would justify our detaching a Force, to recover our prisoners under their present circumstances,43 I rather think they would not; But without going into a full discussion of the measure, either upon the principles of War or justice, I am certain, policy strongly forbids the attempt. Success in such case would lead to unhappy consequences. No future prisoners, in the hands of the Enemy, would receive the same favourable indulgence, so essential to their Health and comfort, and would authorize their imposing on them a more close and severe Confinement. You are not to infer from hence, that I esteem the recovery of Prisoners unjustifiable in all cases or have any doubts respecting the propriety of it.
[Note 43: Parsons's letter (May 11), suggesting a raid on Long Island to effect the release of American prisoners, is in the Washington Papers.]
I am surprised, you have neither received or heard of the Money sent by Colo. Lee.44 He was not detained in his return, either thro' this or the State of New York. He left it, I am persuaded, with some of the Surgeons or Physicians of the Hospital or some of your Officers.
[Note 44: Col. William R. Lee.]
In respect to the warrant for William Stone's execution you may make any alterations in it, necessary to give effect to the Sentence of the Court Martial, adhering only to the mode of punishment prescribed by the Warrant, Unless you should deem a Deviation on the Side of Mercy requisite, from any circumstances you may have obtained since his trial in his favour. From the proceedings of the court, which were before me, he seemed to merit what they adjudged him to suffer. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 17, 1777.
Dear Baylor: The inclosed Copy of a Resolve of Congress and Extract from the President's Letter, founded upon it, will discover to you, their desire of your being furnished with a good Horse, properly caparisoned, at the expence of the States.
Tho' it has been my wish to comply with their Resolve in your favour, yet for want of Opportunity, and by reason of the Multiplicity of business, which constantly engrosses my time and attention, I have not had it in my power. I therefore request, that you will take the matter upon yourself, and procure such a Horse and furniture, as will please your fancy, and answer the generous views of Congress. Whatever expences are incurred upon the occasion I shall order to be paid on the earliest notice.
I have nothing more to add than to recommend your utmost industry in completeing your Corps and to assure you, that, I am, etc.
N. B. The resolve alluded to and Letter, are of the 1st. of Jany. 1777.
P.S. I wish you to send on your Troops, as fast as you can raise and equip any tolerable number of each. You must not wait for the whole to be complete either in number or every Article. I wrote you before on this subject.46
[Note 46: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 17, 1777.
Sir: I have long indulged the hope of seeing a considerable part of your Battalion in the Field before this; But the last Genl. return informs me, that it is without foundation. Aware of the disadvantages attending the recruiting business, I have made every reasonable allowance, yet I must conclude that if the Officers engaged in that Service, had applied a proper share of their attention to it, the Army must have been greatly reinforced. Our present situation compels me to direct you to repair to your Battalion; justice to it, and to the Service, calls upon you to do so without loss of time. Such of your recruits, as are equipped, and over the small pox must follow under proper Officers. You will leave your Lieutt. Colo. behind, to superintend the recruiting service, and to provide all necessaries, with positive orders to exert his utmost activity in the discharge of those important duties, and to see that the inferior Officers do not spend their time in dissipation, as (I am told) is too generally the case.47 I am &ca.48
[Note 47: The same letter was sent to Col. Thomas Hartley, of Hartley's Additional Continental regiment, but he was directed to leave a captain behind, instead of a lieu. tenant colonel.]
[Note 48: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 18, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 9th. instant by Capt. Mullen49 is this day handed me.
[Note 49: Capt. Thomas Mullens, brigade major to Chevalier de Borre.]
I am happy to hear, that the assembly have resolved to complete the Regiments by drafts, and have adopted the three recommended to them in addition to the 15th. The drafts must come on to Peeks Kill as fast as possible. Those who have not had the small pox will be inoculated there, which will put them in the way of being serviceable, in case of any push upon that quarter, So that a double end will be answered.
It is highly necessary that guards should be continued on the Stores at the different places, Strong in proportion to the importance of the Magazines, and such as would not be merely nominal, but capable of defending them from any attempt that might be made upon them. As the Continental Troops cannot be spared for this purpose, it must be the business of the Militia, and the propriety is evident that they should be paid and Subsisted at a Continental expence while on this duty.
Though the danger of an invasion of your State is remote and uncertain, yet the idea of such an event is not intirely without foundation; and this points out the expediency of making every exertion, and doing every thing consistent with more urgent views to prepare for it. But this preparation should not and must not interfere with that attention, which is due to those posts where the danger is immediate and certain. No relaxation can be admitted in your endeavours to Strengthen our hands this way agreeable to the directions heretofore given. Every thing in your power must be done, in the first place, to fill equip and forward the Continental Regiments to the places of their destination.
The zeal of your State in the several instances you mention merits applause, and I trust the infinite importance of the occasion will continue to keep it alive in the fullest force and vigour. You will be pleased to send immediately on to Head Quarters all the persons mentioned in the inclosed list.50
[Note 50: No copy of this list is found in the Washington Paper, but Heath's reply (May 29) says: "General Glover and Colo. Pickering set out this day or tomorrow to join the Army. And the French Officers on Monday"]
I observe that your assembly have it in contemplation to raise some Colonial Regiments. As this measure will certainly tend to impede the progress of the Continental inlistments, I could wish it might not be adopted till they are complete, for it would certainly be impolitic to pursue partial plans of defence, in diminution of the common Strength. I informed you on a former occasion that it was my intention to let the three Supernumerary Regiments remain in your State, till the designs of the Enemy became so conspicuous as to admit no doubt that their continuance there is no longer necessary. You will be pleased to assure the Assembly, in my name, that this is my intention; so that those Regiments will answer the end they propose from raising Colonial Troops. I would beg leave to recommend it to them, to exert themselves to fill these as well as the other Continental Regiments and to defer the raising any on the particular establishment of the State till they are completed. I am &ca.51
[Note 51: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have receivd your favor of this date and still continue to think that an Attack upon the Tory Regimt. in their present Situation52 would by no means answer your expectation.
[Note 52: At Bergen, N.J.]
I have orderd Genl. Heard (who will soon be reinforced to a considerable Number) to advance towards Hackensack with all his Men, except those necessary for the Works at Pompton and there act in what ever manner he finds most conducive to distress and Harass the Tory Regimts. at Bergen. I am, etc.
PS What causes my Objection to your making an attack is, that the Necessary preparation for Crossing the River could not possibly be made without a Discovery.53
[Note 53: ln the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 19, 1777.
Sir: I have just received yours of the 13th.,54 which is in a great measure answered by one which I wrote to you on the 15th., But I cannot help taking notice of some expressions in your letters, which appear to me like an imputation of partiality in favour of this Army, to the disadvantage and inconvenience of the Northern. Can you suppose, if there had been an ample supply of Tents for the whole Army, that I would have hesitated one moment in complying with your demand. I told Major Troup exactly what I repeated in mine of the 15th. "That on account of our loss at Danbury there would be a scarcity of Tents; that our Army would be a moving one and that consequently nothing but tents could serve our turn, and that therefore, as there was the greatest probability of your being Stationary, you should
[Note 54: Gates had written (May 13) that he was told by Maj. Robert Troup that: "Your Excellency told him, You should want every Tent upon the Continent for the Armiesto the Southward Refusing This Army, what you have not in your power to bestow, is one thing; but saying this Army has not the same Necessities, or does not require the same Comforts, as the Southern Armies, is another... the ruining the Enemy's Army or saving Our Own, may in great measure depend upon our being provided with Tents. The Congress, the Common parent of all The American Armies, will, I hope, be induced to Contrive some means to provide this Army with Tents; And I pray Your Excellency will Join with me, in my Application to them, for an immediate Supply." Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers.] endeavour to cover your Troops with Barracks and Huts." Certainly this was not a refusal of Tents, but a request that you should, in our contracted Situation, make every shift in your power, to do without them, or at least with as few as possible.
The Northern Army is, and ever has been, as much the object of my Care and attention, as the one immediately under my command; and I cannot recollect, that I ever omitted complying with the requests, or supplying the wants of the Commander in that Department, when it lay in my power. As the Returns of Military Stores of all kinds come before me, and as the direction and distribution of them is intrusted to me, by Congress, I have endeavoured to apply them in such manner, as would render most effectual service to the public Cause, without suffering partiality for either Department to have the least influence upon me. I will make particular inquiry of the Quarter Master General, of what his prospect and expectations are, as to the Article of Tents, and if, as I said before, there appears a Sufficiency for the whole Army, you shall most willingly have your share. But if there is not, surely that Army, whose movement is uncertain, must give up its claim for the present, to that, which must inevitably take the Field the moment the Weather will admit, and must continue in it the whole campaign. I am etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 19, 1777.
Sir: The Congress having been pleased to appoint you to the rank of Brigadier General in the Armies of the United States of America, the following Regiments (from the State of Pennsylvania in a division to be Commanded by Major Genl. Lord Stirling) are intended at present, to compose your Brigade. vizt. third, Wood's, 6th. Magaw's, 9th. Morris's and 12th. Cooke's.
These Regiments, being at present in an unassembled and detached Situation cannot be drawn into a collective body immediately without exposing some of the Posts; but as it is necessary you should be acquainted with the State and Condition of your Brigade, as soon as possible, it may not be amiss to visit such parts of it as are upon the Lines, thereby also acquiring some knowledge of the Country.56
[Note 56: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 19, 1777.
Sir: I received your letter by Monsr. Malmady. I am sorry some of the Gentlemen promoted by Congress render themselves unhappy, either by forming in their minds, the most groundless suspicions of neglect, or torturing themselves by an unwarrantable degree of jealousy at the promotions of others.
It has always been my wish and design, that you should be provided for, so soon as you acquired a competent knowledge of our language, to make you fit for Command, and Circumstances would admit. When you were here last, I told you, I should try to place you in some Corps, as you seemed uneasy at your situation, and expressed a desire of being immediately in Service. This was all I meant or promised, nor could you infer more from what I said. There is now a vacant Majority in Colo. Hazen's Regiment at Princeton under the command of Lieutt. Colo. Antill, which you may have immediately by repairing to it, and which you will do.
Should this appointment, be not equal to your views, I have no other in my power; And I would further observe, that if you will take a calm, dispasionate view of things, you cannot expect more, upon any principle of reason or justice. I might add, without any disparagement to your merit, that there are many good Officers in the Service and who have been in it, from the commencement of the War, who have not received such Honorable marks of favor and distinction. If there are Foreigners, who came to America, when you did, or since, who have been promoted to higher rank, without having better pretensions, it has not been thro' my interest. Tho' I wish to see every man rewarded according to his deserts, and esteem Emulation in Officers a laudable quality, Yet I cannot but condemn the over sanguine, unjust, ambitious expectations of those, who think every thing should be made to yield, to gratify their views.
The inclosed Letter for Colo. Antill you will be pleased to seal, after you have read it, and deliver it to him on your arrival at Princeton. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 19, 1777.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Monsieur Colerus, who is to fill a Majority in Colo. Hazens Regiment, at present, under your immediate command. This Gentlemans conduct, I trust, will promote the service and do Honour to himself. Monsr. Colerus's rank, is to be governed by the date of the Commission and the rules for adjusting rank in the American Army. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 60: Charles Armand-Tuffin, Marquis de la Rouerie.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 19, 1777.
Sir: Desirous of making our Service as agreeable to you as possible, and of furnishing you with every Opportunity in my power of acquiring Honour, I have consented to the request you made me of raising and commanding a Partisan Corps.
You probably will have it more in your power, to distinguish yourself at the head of a body of Men that understand the French Language than of any others, Wherefore you are hereby authorized to raise for the American Service, on the usual terms, any number of Men not exceeding two hundred. I wish that preference may be given to French Men, but if you cant raise them easily, you may complete your Corps with others. Any French Officers now in Service that choose it, may serve with you, under their present Commissions; Or if you like it better, you have my leave to nominate four French Gentlemen promising them Lieutenants Commissions. The necessary Money you can draw by order of Congress or the Commanding Officer in Philadelphia. The terms prescribed by the printed Instructions61 herewith delivered for the recruiting Service you will attend to.62
[Note 61: No copy of these printed instructions is found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 19, 1777.
Parole Yorkshire. Countersign Zealand.
The Commander in Chief positively directs, that all officers stationed at Out-Posts, do not come to Morristown, but when their business absolutely requires it; and in that case, that they return to their posts, with all possible expedition.
Thomas Mullen Esqr., is appointed Brigade Major to Brigadier Genl. De-Borre; and is to be respected, and obeyed as such.
A number of horses having been drawn from the Quarter Master General, for particular services, and not returned when the business was performed: All officers of regiments, and others, in possession of horses, belonging to, or hired by the States; are immediately to return them to the Quarter Master General, his Deputy, or Assistants, in the district they may be at. The General Officers are to order returns to be made, of any public horses, employed in their families, that the state of the horses, belonging to the army, may be known.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 20, 1777.
Parole Alexandria. Countersign Bedford.
Valentine Peers Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major, to Brigadier Genl. Weedon; and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
Lewis Woodruff63 Esqr. is appointed a Deputy Muster Master.
[Note 63: Of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment. He retired in February, 1777.]
Colonels, and Commanding Officers of Battalions, and Corps, must cause their regimental Paymasters, to make up their pay-abstracts to the 30th. day of April, inclusive, and order them to attend, at the Pay Master General's office for the money. They must be examined, and signed by their respective commanding officers, and Brigadiers, who will diligently compare them with the daily, and weekly, regimental returns, and certify them. The Company Abstracts must be delivered in, to the Pay Master General, with the Regimental abstracts.
That the great and necessary purpose, of adjusting the rank, of all the officers, in the American Army, may be effected with expedition. His Excellency the Commander in Chief, is pleased to order, that the Field Officers of each Continental Battalion, do immediately examine, into the present Rank, and hear the pretensions thereto, of all their Captains and Subalterns, settle them, where they can, to the satisfaction of all the Gentlemen concerned; and make a full, and fair report, of all their proceedings to the Brigadier commanding their brigade: And that the Brigadiers, with the assistance of the Field Officers, in their brigade, do, upon the receipt of such reports, proceed to adjust the rank of all the officers in their seperate brigades, and make a full, and fair report of their proceedings, to the Major Genl. commanding their division: That should there be any instance of dissatisfaction in the officers, with the determination of their Field Officers, they be immediately enumerated, by such Field Officers, and parties complaining, with all their attendant circumstances, and reported to their respective Brigadiers; who shall call before them all the parties interested, inquire into their claims, and (if they cannot be settled to general satisfaction) make a special, and particular report, to their Major Generals. Upon receipt of which several reports, a board of officers will take a dispasionate, comparative view of the whole, and determine the rank in the army: Until which time, it is expected, the service will not be injured by disputes about rank, but that every officer will, by an emulous discharge of his duty, recommend himself to his Country, and to the promotion he thinks himself intitled to.64
[Note 64: Lieuts. William Clark and William Norcross, of the Third New Jersey Regiment, sent in their resignations May 19, 1777, because of a rank controversy. Washington refused to accept them, and Lieut. Col. John Fitzgerald wrote the lieutenants that the General "would remind you that this is the worst time a Young Gentleman could chuse for leaving the Service, as the Campaign must open in a short time, and your reasons, though they may appear satisfactory to yourselves, will not (in all probability) have the same weight with the publick." Clark and Norcross remained in the service. Clark was severely wounded at Germantown, Pa., and did not return to the army. Norcross resigned Nov. 1, 1777.]
Morris Town, May 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I this day received your favor of the 19th.
General Putnam being thus far in his way to Peeks Kills, and fully instructed upon most of the matters contained in your Letter, makes it unnecessary for me, to answer it so particularly, as I otherwise should have done, and as I wish to refer you to those instructions for my Sentiments and Ideas upon the Subjects of it.
I shall observe However, that the conclusions formed by yourself and the Gentlemen lately with you, respecting the defence of the passes thro' the Highlands and the Fortifications, I doubt not are just and right, as you had an opportunity of deciding upon the matter from your own view and examination.
I perfectly agree with you in the necessity of disciplining the Troops, and I wish no Opportunity to be omitted when it can be done.
The security of the River being so importantly interesting and the Frigates and Gondolas so material for the purpose, they must be manned out of the Army, till other Seamen can be procured, and at advanced pay, if necessary.
From General Clinton's sketch of the Country and the observations contained in his Letter, it appears, Congress were under a mistake respecting the distance at which the provision Magazines should be placed from the River. I am equally ignorant and therefore, shall wholy confide in Genl. Clinton's Opinion, where they should be established.
That the Bay65 Troops are so much distressed for Cloathing, is a matter of Surprise and wonder. The imports have been altogether in the Eastern States and I had no doubt, but they were well provided, till your Letter some days ago advised me otherwise, and to which I wrote you an Answer. I would have you enquire of the Quarter Masters and Officers, if their Cloathes are gone to the Northward. If they are, they should be ordered to take the earliest steps to obtain and bring them down. If they are not, I shall direct the Cloathier Genl. to adopt the most expeditious method to cloath them, after receiving your answer.
[Note 65: Massachusetts.]
Persuaded that the Enemy will never make a Capital attempt upon Connecticut, and convinced, that if we do not collect our Troops to a point, we must be ruined, I have wrote repeatedly for the Regiments to be sent on, and now send my orders again.
If it should be necessary to bring Troops from Peeks Kills to Jersey, their Tents should come. These should be a constant appendage and they should never move without them.
Your publishing the Orders you transmitted, was judicious and proper, and the expence incurred in the work, should be defrayed by the public.
Before the receipt of your Letter, I had thought of adopting measures to bring the Surgeons to their Regiments, where they were appointed and of inducing others to offer their service. I shall require their attendance by an Advertisement in the papers.
I doubt not but the Enemy avail themselves of every thing that can promote their Schemes in the smallest degree. If on consideration, I can devise any mode by which Genl. How's Proclamation can be counteracted with probable success, I will adopt it. I am etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original text was kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 15th. inclosing the order of your Governor, founded upon a Resolve of Congress for detaining two of the Continental Battalions in Connecticut. My Letter of the 17th. fully expresses my opinion upon the impolicy of this measure, of which I am more and more convinced. From some late accounts, I have good reason to believe that the Enemy do not expect an early reinforcement from Europe, it is therefore their business to prevent a junction of our Army by all the ways and means in their power. One way of doing this is, by threatning descents which they never mean to make, except there are Magazines to tempt them. If these are removed above one day's march from the Coast, their late difficulty in returning from Danbury, will deter them venturing on another expedition of that kind. As I have not heard any thing of this order, directly from Congress, I must repeat my directions to you, to forward on every man, as fast as they are raised and equipped, I mean those who have had the small pox. I think you may safely proceed with the inoculation of those who have not, as the Sultry weather will not have set in before the month of July. I shall be very happy to hear that your second attempt to fill your Regiments, has been attended with the wished for success. General Putnam, who will command at Peeks Kill, can inform you what number of Troops can be accommodated under inoculation at that post. I would have you send such a number forward for that purpose, for in the light manner in which they now have the disorder, they could render very essential Service in case the post should be attacked. I am &ca.67
[Note 67: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 20, 1777.
Sir: You are desired, immediately upon the receipt hereof, to draw together the men of the Regiments assigned to your Brigade. As soon as they are assembled, you are to call for exact returns from the Colonels or commanding officers, obliging them to render a particular account of the officers and Men who are absent. If they are well, let them specify where they are and upon what Service. If they are Sick, at what Hospital, because by comparing the return of Sick Absent, with the returns that are made to me by the Director General from all the different Hospitals, I can detect them, if they are not right. I very much suspect, that a great deal of pay is drawn for Sick Absent who do not exist. You will please to comply strictly and expeditiously with the General order of this day, respecting Settling the ranks of the Officers of your Brigade.68 I am &ca.69
[Note 68: The same letter was sent to Brig. Genls. William Smallwood, William Woodford, Peter Muhlenberg, George Weedon, Charles Scott, Thomas Conway, Anthony Wayne, and Philip De Haas.]
[Note 69: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 20, 1777.
Sir: The Congress having been pleased to appoint you to the rank of Brigadier General in the Armies of the United States of America, the following Regiments, in a division to be commanded by Major General Sullivan, are to compose your Brigade, Vizt. the German Battalion, so called, under the Command of Baron D' Arendt, and the 2nd. Price's, 4th. Hall's, 6th. Williams's, from the State of Maryland.* * *70
[Note 70: The omitted paragraph is the same as the last paragraph in Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Thomas Conway, May 19, 1777, q. v.]
You will forthwith repair to Princeton, and join Major General Sullivan.71
[Note 71: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 20, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 12th. instant. I am informed, that Colo. Moylan has provided Frocks for his Men, with which they can cover their Red Coats occasionally; if so, it takes off the objection which I had to their Uniform. But this cannot be done by the Foot, as they cannot carry a coat and Frock, you must therefore contrive to have their Coats dyed, as quick as possible.
Colo. Mason's Regiment must have the Brown and Buff Clothing. I imagine the Troops from North Carolina will want every kind of necessary, you will therefore be making preparation for them. I am informed there are about two thousand of them. I beg you will, every now and then, call upon the Secret Committee72 and know what Accounts they have from abroad; if they are not frequently put in mind of our wants, they will perhaps forget or over look them. I am etc.73
[Note 72: Secret Committee of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 73: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, May 21, 1777.
Sir: Inclosed I have the Honor to transmit you a General Return of the Forces in Jersey.74 It is regimentally digested and will shew the strength of each Corps. I should not have sent it so particularly made out, had I not conceived the conveyance, by which it goes from hence, entirely secure.
[Note 74: The return inclosed, in the writing of Washington, is in the Washington Papers. The five divisions consisted of two brigades each, and each brigade contained four or five regiments. The total strength of the Army was but 8,188. The regiments comprising the brigades are given in the General Orders of May 22, 1777, q. v.]
I have nothing material to add respecting the Enemy. I have &c.
P.S. I need not suggest to Congress the necessity of keeping our Numbers concealed from the knowledge of the public. Nothing but a good face and false appearances have enabled us hitherto to deceive the Enemy respecting our Strength.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 21, 1777.
Parole Cambridge. Countersign Dorchester.
Michael Ryan Esqr. (late Brigade Major to the Garrison of Ticonderoga and Fort Independence) is appointed to that duty in Brigadier Genl. Wayne's Brigade; and to be respected and obeyed as such.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 22, 1777.
Parole Epsom. Countersign France.
The following arrangement is to take place for the present, subject to such alterations as circumstances may hereafter require. Viz:
The 1st., 5th., 9th. and 13th. Regiments from Virginia, with Hazen's regiment; to compose the first Brigade from that State, under the command of Brigadier Genl. Muhlenberg--The 2nd., 6th., 10th and 14th. regiments, to compose the second, under the command of Brigadier Genl. Weedon--These two brigades to form a division, to be commanded by Major Genl. Greene.
The 3rd., 7th., 11th and 15th. Virginia Regiments, to compose the third brigade of that State, under the command of Brigadier Genl. Woodford: And the 4th., 8th. and 12th. together with Grayson's and Patton's, to compose the fourth, under the command of Brigadier Scott--These two brigades to form another division, to be commanded by Major Genl. Stephen.
The 1st., 3rd. and 6th. Maryland Regiments, and that from the lower Counties on Delaware, to compose the 1st. Maryland brigade, under the command of Brigadier Smallwood: and the 2nd., 4th. and 7th from the same State, and the German Battalion, to compose the second, under Brigadier De-Borré--These two brigades to form another division, under the command of Major Genl. Sullivan.
The 1st., 2nd., 7th. and 10th Pennsylvania regiments, and Hartley's, to compose the first brigade, from that State, under the command of Brigadier Wayne--And the 4th., 5th., 8th and 11th. the second brigade, under the command of Brigadier DeHaas--These two brigades to form another division, to be commanded by Major General Lincoln.
The 3rd., 6th., 9th and 12th. Pennsylvania regt. and Spencers, to form the third brigade from that State; and the 1st., 2nd., 3rd. and 4th Jersey regts. to compose the Jersey brigade--These two brigades, to compose another division, under the command of Major Genl. Lord Stirling.
General Knox is to make an arrangement of the Field Artillery; alloting a proportionate number of pieces to each brigade. A sufficient quantity of spare ammunition, for both Artillery and Musquetry (to be conveyed in secure carriages) he is also to give the necessary orders for.
[Note 76: Of Massachusetts.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 4th. instant was duly handed me. I am fully sensible of the zeal, your State has demonstrated, in the instances you recite, and in many more. With you, I consider them as great exertions, and as a decisive evidence of your inclination to do every thing in your power to advance the Common Cause. At the same time, whatever efforts have been, or can be made, are not more than adequate to the exigency of our Situation. Tho' over sanguine and uninformed people may think differently, this is a most interesting and critical period, and will not countenance the least want of Activity or attention in any quarter. I have the highest confidence, that your State will not let the great object, we are contending for, be lost, or endangered, more than is unavoidable, by any such deficiency on their part.
Your repealing the offensive part of the Act you mention, is a proof of your justice and regard to the Sense of your Sister States. It certainly bore the features of a monopoly, and was liable to the interpretation put upon it; and, though I am ready to believe, it proceeded from impolitick, rather than Selfish, motives,--I am happy the Cause of complaint is removed, and the matter placed upon a more liberal footing.
I observe, your State is not a little alarmed at the prospect of an immediate invasion. Notwithstanding the intelligence from Europe, in some measure, warrants the Supposition of such an event and makes it proper not intirely to disregard it; yet I am clearly of opinion, it is not much to be apprehended.--It is by no means an eligible way to the conquest of this country; your State, from its union, numbers and Situation, being capable of a much better defence than perhaps any other; and it is presumable, the Enemy will make their attacks where Circumstances promise the greatest likelihood of Success. But, be this as it may, I cannot help disapproving the project of raising Colonial regiments for your defence, at least till the Continental are filled. It is easy to perceive, as you have yourself hinted, that it will have a direct tendency to defeat your endeavours, for compleating your quota of the United Army; and it would be the most wretched policy to weaken the hands of the Continent, under the mistaken Idea of Strengthening your own. It would also be well to consider, how far it might be consistent with propriety, in the pursuit of partial schemes, to put it out of your own power to fulfill what is required of you by the Continent.
If the Several States, by levying Troops on the particular establishment of each, leave but a Small Continental Army in the Field, it will be impossible effectually to watch the Motions of the Enemy, and oppose them where they may in reality direct their operations;--the consequences of which must be inevitably fatal. But if we have a sufficient Continental force on foot, we shall be able to watch them narrowly and counteract them wherever they may attempt to move.--Every State will find its Security in such an Army, whose sole business it will be to oppose the Enemy, wherever it is most requisite.--It cannot be imagined, that if your State were seriously attacked, a proportionate part of the Continental force would not be detached to Succour and protect it. My duty, inclination, and a regard to the safety of the whole would equally compel me to it.--What valuable end can then be answered to you, in the Step you propose to take, which can compensate for the irretrivable injury the common cause might sustain, from our not having a Sufficient Army in the field for the purposes of general opposition? The measure, injurious in every view, can only serve to burthen the State, with an unnecessary expence, which will be intirely its own; as the Troops intended to be raised will be for local and Colonial uses, and in diminution of the common force.
I see no advantage you can derive from such an impolitic Step, which would not be fully produced, by what I assured the Assembly, on a former occasion, should be done; which is,--That the Supernumerary Regiments adopted by you, should remain in your State, 'till the designs of the Enemy became so evident, as to convince us, their continuance would be no longer expedient, or useful. This assurance I repeat; and I beg you will communicate it in my name to them; earnestly recommending it to them, to relinquish the Scheme. Indeed Sir, on a Cool, dispassionate Survey of all Circumstances, it will be found replete with impolicy and danger; and I am persuaded that, either they have already, on mature deliberation laid it aside, or on a reconsideration of the matter will coincide with me in opinion, and correct the mistake. With great regard and respect, I am &c.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 23, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your letter of the 18th Inst. As I could only repeat the observations contained in my letter of the 11th. upon your request for two Regiments to remain in Connecticut; I must beg leave to refer your attention to them and a few more which I shall now subjoin. If the several Battalions, designed to compose the Army were compleat, I should then hope, a few Troops might be spared to guard those places most accessible to parties of the Enemy and their Cruizers; but as their State is very different, it cannot be done, unless we endanger objects of the last importance to us. I shall not trouble you with a Minute detail of the Forces assembled at this time from the different States; By the last return from Peekskill on the 10th., not more than three hundred and thirty Connecticut Troops were then there; in addition to those, there is a detachment here under Lt. Col Butler78 consisting of about ... Men. I will not comment upon this subject, because I know it will not give you less pain than it does myself, and my only design in Mentioning it, is, to shew I have but too just grounds for my anxiety and desire that Troops should come on. I wish those Assembled as yet from some other States, did not bear a proportion too analogous to this. When those from Massachusetts Connecticut and Rhode Island do arrive, my present intention is, to post a respectable number about the white Plains, to act as an Army or detachment of Observation &c., and from which your state, as far as I am able to judge, will be more likely to be protected, against any Capital attempts of the Enemy than any other. It will be impossible to secure every place against their small morauding, Plundering parties, but nothing will be so probable to effect it, as drawing our Strength to a point, which will oblige them to do the same. If we divide and act in detachment so will they. I am extremely sorry you should have been at so much trouble and expense in sending to Colo Langdon79 for part of the Military Stores in his hands; his refusal and that of General Heath's, I am persuaded you will consider right and founded in necessity, upon mature reflection. All the Stores are
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. Zebulon Butler, of the Third Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 79: John Langdon, Continental agent for prizes in New Hampshire.] coming to Springfield, where they will be deposited in the Public Magazine, except such as will be immediately wanted for the Army, and I feel myself extremely unhappy, in not having it in my power to consent, that a part should be appropriated as you request. Our Stores will by no means Authorize me to do otherwise, than to keep them for the forming Army. were they once let out, how could I collect them, or how could I be answerable for them to the States at large. they are not more than equal to our certain demands and in respect to Artillery, the Quantity imported and fit for the Field, is far inferior to that we are to oppose and what we want. I have with pain been obliged to refuse other requisitions of the same nature, and am convinced, I should [not] have been laid under the necessity; the Expediency of preventing the stores being scattered through out the States requiring it. I am much obliged by the Copy of the Act you were pleased to transmit me and I only hope its effects may be equal to our wishes. I am &c.
P.S. I have nothing of Importance to communicate in the Military line here. I am told from the last advices from France, things seem to be in favorable train and that Spain appears to be equally disposed to render us every Assistance. Govr. Tryon it is reported is dead; of the wounds he received in the Danbury Expedition.--how far it is true I know not. It is also said Seventeen Ships came in at Sandy Hook, on the 22d and more in the offing.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Morris Town, May 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letters of the 18th. and 22nd. Instant with their Inclosures.
I am sorry to find there is such a scarcity of Blankets, and doubt not whatever measures you pursue to procure a supply, will be founded in the strictest propriety.
I thank you for your information respecting Mr. Js. Fisher81 and shall avail myself of it in a suitable manner. I am etc.82
[Note 81: James Fisher, of Philadelphia. He was called a Tory and a dangerous man by Schuyler. He was going into New York City with Mrs. Graydon, who, by permission of Congress, was visiting her son, Capt. Alexander Graydon, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment, then a prisoner of war.]
[Note 82: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 23, 1777.
Dear Sir :Your favour of Yesterday I have received this morning. As Genl. Greene is gone down, with an intention to collect his Division and I dont know what advances he may have made in it, I could not with propriety agree to the change you mention without his approbation; I have wrote to him signifying my assent and desiring him to give you his sentiments upon the occasion. If I have made a mistake in the Allotment of Richardson's Regiment, it will be supplied by another from Maryland, as the Number is right.
Upon examining the Works thrown up by the Enemy about your Post, if you find any alteration or Improvement necessary, it will not be amiss to employ some hands about it, not that I would mean it as a place of defence, except in case of a sudden attack, at which time the Works might be of Service.
I would call your attention particularly, to the daily Manoeuvring and Disciplining all the Troops off duty, and recommend that the Rolls may be regularly called at least twice a day; this, if properly attended to, will be productive of very good Consequences; as it will keep both Men and Officers Active and intent on their duty, and prevent Idleness and Dissipation, which are too frequently and fatally attended by Desertion. I am &ca.83
[Note 83: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: I had Yesterday the pleasure of yours of the 21st. instant. I wish every Officer in the Army could appeal to his own heart and find the same principles of conduct that I am persuaded actuate you, we should experience more consistency, zeal and steadiness than we do, in but too many instances. A disinterested attachment to the cause, we are engaged in, can alone produce that line of behaviour, in every circumstance, equal to the importance of it.
The health of the Army is certainly an object of the last moment; and it is equally certain that it cannot be preserved, without a due portion of vegetable diet; This must be procured, whatever may be the expence; and I cannot excuse the Commissaries, for having neglected to pay proper attention to it. Ere this, however, I supposed you had had a supply of some articles of this kind from Albany, as General Schuyler informed me, that a large quantity had been collected there and directions were given to transport a part of them to you. As this has not been done, you will apply to the Commanding Officer in that place, directing him to furnish you immediately with a supply of what you want and he has in this way. At all events, vegetables must be had, if they can be gotten; and the price must not be an insurmountable obstacle, though you are as fully sensible, as I can be, of the necessity of Oeconomy and due care to prevent imposition on the side of the Commissaries.
I perfectly agree with you in the impropriety of that diversity in the modes of training our Regiments which has prevailed hitherto. I have it in contemplation, very soon to digest and establish a regular system of discipline, manoeuvers, evolutions, regulations for guards &ca. to be observed throughout the Army; in the mean time, I should be glad you would introduce an uniformity among those under your command; and I would recommend it to you, to be particular attentive to having them instructed in the proper use of their feet, so as to enable them to perform the necessary movements in marching and forming, with ease, order, agility and expedition. Good consequences would undoubtedly result from accustoming the men to the noise of firing, and to the habit of taking aim at an object. You may therefore bestow a little ammunition on this purpose, having regard to the quantity of this article among us.
Of late several of our Officers have broken their paroles and stolen away. This practice, ignominious to themselves, dishonorable to the Service, and injurious to the Officers of sentiment and delicacy who remain behind to experience the rigors of resentment and distrust on their account, cannot be tolerated whatever be the pretence. I have made a point, of sending those back that have come under my observation, and I must desire you will do the same towards those who fall under yours. The reason commonly assigned for this breach of faith, is the want of Money and necessaries. I regret this plea is too well founded, but I hope it will not continue to be so, as effectual measures are taking to provide for the wants of our prisoners. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morristown, May 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: By this day's post, I received your favor of the 13th. Instant. I am sorry to find you have to combat so many difficulties in raising your Regiment; These, However, I flatter myself, in a little time will all be surmounted by your persevering activity.
A Chaplain is part of the Establishment of a Corps of Cavalry, and I see no Objection to your having One, Unless you suppose yours will be too virtuous and Moral to require instruction. Let him be a Man of Character and good conversation, and who will influence the manners of the Corps both by precept and example. A paymaster is indispensably necessary, and as his duty will be to make up All Abstracts and receive and pay all Money due to the Corps, and also to keep and settle all transactions respecting It, he must be a person of good character and well versed in Accounts; His pay will be fifty Dollars pr. Month, and I hope you will make choice of One who will answer the description I have given. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The original letter sent, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 23, 1777.
Parole Goshen. Countersign Hartford.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to approve, the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held at Ash-Swamp, on the 14th Inst. whereof Col Mathews88 was President.
[Note 88: Col. George Mathews, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Germantown, Pa.; exchanged in December, 1781; served to end of the war.]
Ensign Gill89 of the 4th. Virginia Regiment, charged with "Being absent from his regiment without leave, and neglect of duty," found guilty of the charge; but in consideration of his good character in the regiment, ordered to be reprimanded, at the head of the regiment he belongs to, by the Colonel, or officer commanding the regiment.
[Note 89: Ensign Samuel Gill. He retired with the rank of captain in September, 1778.]
Capt. Russell90 of the 5th. Virginia Regt., charged with "Neglect of duty"--Not guilty--ordered to be released from his arrest.
[Note 90: Capt. Andrew Russell. He was promoted to major June 19, 1777; retired in September, 1778.]
Lieut. Bradford91 of Col Rawling's Regiment, charged with "Being absent from his regiment without leave, and Neglect of duty"--No evidence appearing, ordered to be tried by a future Court Martial.
[Note 91: Lieut. William Bradford. He had been taken prisoner at Fort Washington in November, 1776.]
Thomas Smith of Col Irwin's Regt. (Pennsylvania) charged with "Desertion, and attempting to go to the enemy"--found guilty, and sentenced to suffer death--The execution of the sentence, to be suspended 'till further orders.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 24, 1777.
Parole Inverness. Countersign Kendal.
Aquila Giles Esqr. is appointed Aide-De-Camp to Major Genl. St Clair; and to be obeyed and respected as such.
All the troops in, and near Morristown, (except on duty) to attend divine service, to morrow morning.
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 24, 1777.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Congress, that immediately after the receipt of their Resolve of the 26th March, recommending the Office of Adjutant General to be filled by the appointment of a Person of abilities and unsuspected attachment to our Cause. I wrote to Colo Timothy Pickering of Salem, offering him the Post in the first instance, and transmitting at the same time a Letter for Colo. Lee, whom Congress had been pleased to mention, to be delivered him, in case my offer could not be accepted. This conduct, in preference of Colo. Pickering, I was induced to adopt, from the high character I had of him, both as a great Military genius, cultivated by an industrious attention to the Study of War, and as a Gentleman of liberal education, distinguished zeal and great method and activity in Business. This character of him I had from Gentlemen of distinction and merit, and on whose Judgment I could rely. When my Letter reached Colo Pickering, at first view, he thought his situation in Respect to public affairs, would not permit him to accept the Post. That for Colo Lee, he sent immediately to him, who in consequence of it repaired to Head Quarters. By Col Lee, I received a Letter from Colo. Pickering, stating more particularly the causes which prevented him accepting the Office, when it was offered, and assuring me that he would in a little time accomodate his Affairs in such a manner, as to come into any Military Post, in which he might be serviceable and thought equal to. Here I am to mark with peculiar satisfaction, in justice to Colo Lee, who has deservedly acquired the reputation of a good Officer, that he expressed a distrust of his abilities to fill the Appointment intended for him, and on hearing that Colo Pickering would accept it, he not only offered but wished to relinquish his claim to it, in favor of him, whom he declared, he considered from a very intimate and friendly acquaintance, as a first Military character and that he knew no Gentleman better or so well qualified for the Post among us. Matters being thus circumstanced, and Colo. Lee pleased with the command he was in, I wrote Colo. Pickering on his return, who accepted the Office and is daily expected. In this business, I beg Congress to be assured, tho' Colo. Lee was postponed in the first instance, their recommendation had its due weight, and that no motive other than a regard to the service, induced me to prefer Colo Pickering. His acknowledged abilities and equal zeal, without derogating from the merits of Colo Lee, who holds a high place in my esteem, gave him a preference, and I flatter myself the Cause will be promoted in his Appointment, especially as we shall have two good Officers in lieu of one, and who I am persuaded, will do honour to themselves, in the line in which they move.
Considering the passes thro' the Highlands of the utmost importance to secure, I sent Generals Greene and Knox about a Fortnight ago, to see what had been done for their defence and to consult with the General Officers, they should meet upon such further measures as might be deemed necessary for their greater safety. The inclosed Copy of their Report, will fully convey their Sentiments upon the Subject and to which I beg leave to refer Congress.92 I have sent Genl. Putnam to command in that Quarter, and have instructed him to use every possible means in his power for expediting and effecting the Works and obstructions mentioned in the Report. Fearing that the Cables might not be procured in time, I have directed his particular and immediate attention to fixing the Boom.93 However, as the Cables would render that more secure and will be extremely serviceable, in the Opinion of the Officers, if they are to be had in Philadelphia, I would advise Congress, to order them to be purchased and forwarded without loss of time. They cannot be got elsewhere. They must be proportioned to the width of the River which is Five Hundred and forty yards and as they will be of most use, if diagonally laid, the Gentlemen think they should not be less than Four hundred and fifty fathoms long; and of the largest size that can be had. Unless they are large and substantial, they will answer no purpose, and will not sustain their weight when stretched.
[Note 92: The report of Greene and others, dated May 17, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 93: The cables and boom were to support the chain which was stretched across the Hudson. Some of the links of this chain have survived and are at the United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y.]
I should be glad to know, whether it be the intention of Congress, that one of the already appointed Genl. Officers may be assigned to the Command of the light Horse, or whether they have it in contemplation the appointing of one for this purpose. If the first, I shall immediately name one to that duty. If the second they will pleased to choose one, as it is time we should have our Arrangements compleat.
I have nothing of importance to communicate, unless it is, that Seventeen Ships are said to have arrived at New York on the 22d, and that others were in the Offing. A Report has also prevailed and has come thro' two or three Channels, that Govr. Tryon, that was, is dead of the wound he received in the Danbury expedition and one account is that Lieut. Colo. Walcot fell in the engagement at Ridgefield.94
[Note 94: Both of the reports were untrue.]
I don't know how far the facts are to be depended on; It seems certain that Mr. Tryon was wounded. I have the Honor to be, &ca.
P.S. As I don't know what particular purposes Congress had in view, when they ordered Colo Harrison's95 Regiment of Artillery to be raised, I don't think myself at liberty to give any directions about it. But if they had no certain employment for it in view, I could wish them to order the whole or such part of it, as they shall judge proper, to join this Army, as we are in great want of more Artillery men than we have; It will not be necessary that the Artillery should come.96
[Note 95: Col. Charles Harrison, of the First Continental Artillery.]
[Note 96: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Harrison and George Lewis.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 24, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of the 19th. instant, in which you inform me, that by the last returns your Regiment amounted to 234 including dead and deserted. This is rather an unsatisfactory account of the matter, and admits the Supposition of a very large as well as a small part coming under this description. I should be glad you would be more explicit in your next and furnish me with as exact a return, as Circumstances will permit, of the true State of your Regiment.
I am happy, that the Assembly are exerting themselves to complete their Quota, and I hope you will employ all your industry to bring your corps, as fast as possible, into the field. I am etc.97
[Note 97: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Qurs., Morris Town, May 24, 1777.
Sir: I received your favor of the 22d Ulto. requesting the papers, containing a plan for the establishment of Cavalry transmitted to Congress some time since by Genl Greene, and approved by them.
Those papers, if not left with Congress, have miscarried in the hands of Genl Greene as they have never been returned to me, nor has he them at present in possession. I applied to Col. Bland, who drew up the Original, for a Copy. He had kept none, but has transcribed one as well as he could from memory, which I believe Contains every thing material, in the original sent to Congress, and on which their Resolutions are founded. I have inclosed the same, and shall be glad to have a certified Copy of it agreeable to your Promise.98 I am etc.99
[Note 98: What appears to be Col. Theodorick Bland's copy of the plan for establishing the cavalry is in the Washington Papers under the assigned date of Dec. 28, 1777.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, May 24, 1777.
Sir: The Disposition of the Army which I am about to make, renders it necessary that I should call away the Continental Troops which are at present at New Ark and Elizabeth Town. I therefore think it necessary to give you this Information and to let you know that I expect you will extend part of the Militia under your Command, so as to give assistance to the well affected people of that part of the Country from Elizabeth Town to Aquackanonck and Hackinsack. I do not intend that you should establish permanent Posts in these places, but keep Scouting parties all along, in such a manner, as to give you the earliest Intelligence of any movement against you, by which you may have an Opportunity of calling in the Country to your assistance, or acting in any other manner that you see necessary. I repeat my request, that I may be furnished with an exact return of the Troops under your Command, as soon as possible. I am etc.1
[Note 1: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 24, 1777.
Dear Sir: No pleasure could exceed what I should feel, if it was in my power to protect every Town, and every individual on this wide extended Continent; this, however, is a pleasure that never can be realized, and as our dispersed Situation, is neither formidable for defence, or Offence, it becomes me to place the Continental Troops in such a manner as to answer a more valuable purpose than to give the Shadow (for it is no more) of security, to particular Neighbourhoods.
The Letter written to Genl. Muhlenberg &ca. was by my order, a compliance is expected; the Stores at Springfield and the Sick at West field must be removed, and likewise from the other Posts, upon that communication. Some Men will be sent to possess the Pass of the Mountain, on some advantageous spot, between Springfield and Chatham.
Your apprehensions of the Enemy taking possession of New Ark and Elizabeth Town, with a view of holding them, does not strike me at all; if any such Ideas possessed them, the few Men we have there would rather be an inducement, they already have experienced the evil of multiplied Posts, as we shall do, if they should be seized with a Spirit of Enterprise; such guards as we have from Bound brook to New Ark, inclusively, can give no effectual opposition to the Enemy, if they were disposed to move, and the Country is too much drained by both Armies, to afford much support; the other consideration of opening the intercourse, or rather making it more open with New York, has weight, but is over balanced by others of a more powerful nature. In a Word, if a man cannot act in all respects as he could wish, he must do what appears best, under the circumstances he is in; this I aim at, however short I may fall of the end. Genl. Heard will move down part of his Militia towards Aquackanonck &ca. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: Would it be practicable, do you think, under the present Circumstances, and Situation of the Troops at Peeks Kill, to surprise the Enemy at Kings bridge?, it must be effected by surprise or not at all, and must be undertaken by Water, which would also prove abortive, if the Enemy have Vessels of any kind above Fort Washington.
The undigested Ideas which I have entertained of the matter, are these, "to embark a number of Troops (supposed adequate to the enterprise) in Boats, under pretence of transporting them, and their Baggage to Tappan, as a more easy and expeditious method of joining the Army under my immediate command; to cover this the better, a number of Waggons might be ordered to assemble at the Landing on this side in order to receive your Baggage. Or if it should be thought that moving a body of Men so near them would put them too much upon their guard, cou'd not Troops be embarked at Peeks Kill under pretence of reinforcing the Garrison on the River in order to expedite the works, and actually set off as if bound thither; but, under cover of darkness, turn and push down the River? but here, possibly, a difficulty will arise on account of the Impracticability of getting down in a night, and the difficulty of being concealed in any Creek or inlet on the Western Shore in the day. These are all matters worthy of consideration, and I have nothing more in view than to lead you into a train of thinking upon the Subject; let the matter be communicated to Genls. McDougall and Geo. Clinton, for their sentiments, but under strong injunctions of secrecy, for it always happens, that where more than two or three are apprised of an undertaking of this kind, the knowledge of it (tho the particular mode may not) always gets abroad, which must inevitably defeat any measure that depends upon secrecy.
The place I should propose your Landing at, would be in the Hollow between Fort Washington and Spiten devil. It is a good landing, a good way into the Road leading from the Fort (Washington) to the Bridge, is very obscure and enables you to fall in upon the backs of those at Fort Independence &ca. by which the surprise would be greater and their retreat cut off; from hence your Troops might (or might not) march up by land, and sweep the Country before them of the Enemy, and Provisions, as circumstances would justify.
After consulting the Gentlemen before mentioned, on the propriety of this measure, let me know the result by a careful person, and when the Plan could, conveniently be carried into execution.4
[Note 4: Putnam's response (June 1) was rather vague but amounted to a statement that he did not then have a sufficient number of boats. His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Letter herewith sent, forward to General Parsons by an Express on whom you can depend. I am etc.
P. S. If the scheme should be judged practicable, some of the deserters from Kings bridge will be good guides.5
[Note 5: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 25, 1777.
Sir: From the uncommon prevalency of desertion at this time in the Army, I am induced to think, there must be great mismanagement and abuses among the Officers, which must be corrected as the first and principal step towards preventing it. This general consideration makes it necessary that a careful inquiry should be made into the matter, and as the practice exists in a higher degree in the 8th. Pennsylvania Regiment, than in perhaps any other, which the men complain is occasioned by the fraud and ill treatment their Officers have been and are guilty of towards them, I must desire you will order a Court of inquiry to be held, to examine into the causes of the extraordinary and alarming Spirit of desertion, with which this Regiment is infected. This may give us an Opportunity of doing justice, if the men's complaints are well founded, and may be productive of the most Salutary consequences, not only to that Regiment, but to the whole Army. You will be circumspect in selecting Officers of integrity and discernment to compose this Court, otherwise the intention of it will probably be defeated. I am etc.
N. B. There are several prisoners now under confinement, belonging to this Regiment, whose evidence must be taken. A full and impartial hearing must be given both to the Men and Officers; and in such a way as will tend to remove all undue restraint and awe from the minds of the former and give free operation to truth.6
[Note 6: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 21st. instt. from New Haven came safe to hand by Colo. Henley to which mine of the 20th. instt. is an answer, so far as relates to inoculation.
I am very glad to find, that to morrow is the day fixed on for the completion of your Regiments; but I begin to think, that with respect to the Continent at large, it is almost a matter of moonshine, whether they are completed or not, for a very little more delay in marching them to Peeks Kill, will convince me, that there is no intention in the Colonels of sending them out of the State they are raised in; and that to guard against the possible evil of an Invasion of some of the Sea Port Towns of Connecticut, one of the most important posts in America, a post on the security of which alone, depends the Intercourse and Communication between the Eastern and Southern Colonies, is left in the utmost Jeopardy.7 How else can I account for the amazing delay of the march of your Troops to Peeks Kill? By the last return from Genl. McDougall, dated the 10th. instt., only 330 were then arrived from your State; these with Lt. Colo. Butler's detachment consisting of 116 Men are all that I know of, that have yet joined the Army, from Nine Regiments and an half of Connecticut.
[Note 7: West Point and the Hudson River Ferries at Fishkill and Verplancks Point.]
I shall approve of your purchasing the Forty Whale Boats mentioned in the above Letter of the 21st, upon two conditions; first, that it is not meant to detain the Troops in the State for a present expedition; and secondly, that these Boats can be kept in some place, removed from the danger of any sudden attempt of the Enemy, and saved harmless (under a small guard) from the Tories. Upon these conditions I chearfully agree to the purchase, as I think great good may result from little occasional expeditions to Long Island, for the purposes mentioned in your Letter, and destroying any Magazines of forage, Provisions &ca. they may attempt to lay up.
I would even (under the Information given in your Letter) go further, and consent to an Expedition immediately to Long Island, provided the Augmentation of your Regiments, by the present mode of drafting, will afford a respectable number to move on without delay towards Peeks Kill and allow you sufficient for this enterprise, and you, under due consideration of all Circumstances, deem it practicable to destroy the Teams, which you say are Assembling. If an expedition of this Kind is undertaken, secrecy and dispatch must mark the steps of it, otherwise the means used for it will defeat the end, for which reason, after what I have here said, I submit the whole to your own Judgment, with this caution, that the more persons you consult upon the matter, the more public it will be, and the less chance of success. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 26, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday evening honored with your Letter of the 22d Inst. It is certainly of importance, that I should have the earliest advices of the Enemy's movements, and I beg leave to thank you, for the information you have been pleased to transmit on that head.
Your anxiety for Troops to remain in Connecticut, and my inability to grant them, when I examine matters upon a large and, I believe, just scale, distress me much. I assure you, Sir, no requisition has more weight with me than yours, nor will be more readily granted, when circumstances will admit, and where I think, it will not, in its consequences, be injurious to the General good. I must take the liberty of referring you to my Letters of the 11th. and 23d. for my reasons, why we should draw our forces to a point, and which, I trust, upon consideration, will appear good and satisfactory. A Capital object in the Enemy's Plans, is, to divide and distract our attention. For this purpose has the Division under Lord Piercy been kept so long at Rhode Island, expecting from thence, that the apprehension of an Invasion, or of their penetrating the Country, would prevent any Troops coming from the Eastward. Could I but Assemble all our forces, our situation would be respectable, and such, I should hope, as would compel General Howe to employ his together, or to hazard their destruction. On the other hand, whilst the Quotas from the Several States are so extremely deficient, should they be divided and act in Detachments, there will be just grounds to apprehend our Ruin. I have the honor etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, May 26, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you upon a particular Subject Yesterday, to which I refer, and request to know your sentiments thereon, as soon as you can with propriety communicate them, because it may have some influence upon my Movements in this Quarter.
An Express from Govr. Trumbull, which came in last night, informs me that two Hessian Regiments and an half, and the 63 British had orders on 17th. Instt. to embark; and that 27 Sail of Transports left Newport on the 20th, and were seen of Seabrook, bearing Westward for New York, supposed to contain the above Troops from Rhode Island.
The Enemy have withdrawn (I am informed) their Men from Bonam Town and Piscataway and marched them into Brunswick, whether for Offence or defence, I know not; but I believe the latter, as they have discovered a pretty considerable stir among our Men this few days past. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 26, 1777.
Sir: You are to inquire minutely into the State and Condition of your Brigade, and order every Officer and Soldier belonging to it, not usefully employed in Recruiting, or in the execution of any command (by proper authority), or Sick in the Hospitals, to join their respective Corps immediately, and see that it is done.
Make strict inquiry, what measures the commanding Officer of each Regiment in your Brigade is taking to compleat it to the Establishment, and see that no means are Left unessayed to accomplish this desirable End. Let none but trusty and diligent Officers be sent upon this Business. Such as have a turn to this Service and you have good hopes will not misapply their time, or the Money committed to their Charge.
Every Monday you are to render to the Adjutant General a Correct return of your Brigade, at the foot of which a particular account is to be given of the absentees; naming the Hospitals in which the Sick are Lodged, and what Service those returned on Command are engaged in; Mention is also to be made of the Killed, Wounded, and Missing (if any there be) after every action, or Skirmish with the Enemy, as also any other remarkable occurrance which may need explanation.
Compare, always, the last return made you, with the one proceeding it, and see that they correspond, or the Alterations satisfactorily accounted for, that no error, or abuse may escape unnoticed, uncorrected, and unpunished, if the mistakes are wilfull.
Desertions having been very frequent of late, endeavor to discover the causes of them, that a remedy may be applied; One Step towards preventing of which, is, to have the Rolls regularly called Morning and Evening and the Absentees satisfactorily accounted for, or immediately sought after with Vigilance and Care. No furlough to be given, either to Officers or Men, except in cases of extreme Necessity.
See that the Officers pay great attention to the Condition of the Soldier's Arms, Ammunition, and Accoutrements, as also to the manner of Cooking their Victuals; and as far as in your power lies, cause the Men to appear Neat, Clean, and Soldierlike, not only for the sake of appearances, but for the Benefit of their Health.
Improve all the leizure time your Brigade may have from other Duties, in Manoeuvring, and teaching the Men the use of their Legs, which is of infinitely more Importance than learning them the Manual Exercise. Cause the Officers to attend regularly, and perform their part of these duties with the Men.
You are not to accept the Resignation of any Commissioned Officer; but upon a Vacancy happening in any Regiment in your Brigade, you may consult the field Officers thereof, and Recommend to the Commander in Chief a fit person to supply the deficiency till a Commission however is granted, or approbation given in General Orders, such person is not to be included in the returns, or Pay Roll.
You are to cause the pay Rolls of every Regiment in your Brigade, to be made up and deposited at the End of every Month, in the hands of the paymaster General. In doing this Strict attention is to be paid to the Resolves of Congress for the manner of doing it.
The Experience of last Campaign abundantly evinced the Absurdity of heavy Baggage and the disadvantages resulting therefrom to Individuals and the Public. Prevent therefore, as much as possible, all Incumbrances of this kind, and do not, upon a March, suffer the Soldiers to throw their Arms or Packs into Waggons, unless they are either sick or Lame.
Let Vice, and Immorality of every kind, be discouraged, as much as possible, in your Brigade; and as a Chaplain is allowed to each Regiment, see that the Men regularly attend divine Worship. Gaming of every kind is expressly forbid, as the foundation of evil, and the cause of many Gallant and Brave Officer's Ruin. Games of exercise, for amusement, may not only be permitted but encouraged.
These instructions you will consider as Obligatory, unless they should Interfere with General Orders. Which you must always endeavor to have executed in your Brigade with Punctuality.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The original is in the United States Military Academy at West Point, N. Y.
This letter, as a circular, was sent also to Brig. Gens. Preudhomme de Borre, Anthony Wayne, John Philip De Haas, George Weedon, Peter Muhlenberg, William Woodford, Charles Scott, and Thomas Conway.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 26, 1777.
Parole Louisiana. Countersign Menden.
It being omitted (thro' mistake) in the Orders of the 22nd. Instant, to mention the Brigadiers that command in Major General Lord Stirling's division, Brigadier Genl. Conway takes command of the 3rd., 6th., 9th. and 12th. Pennsylva. Regts. and Col Spencer's regiment, which compose his brigade. And Genl. Maxwell of the 1st., 2nd., 3rd. and 4th. Jersey regiments, which form his brigade.
Peter Tarling Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major, to Brigadier Genl. Conway; and to be respected and obeyed as such.
Head-Quarters, Morristown, May 27, 1777.
Parole Normandy. Countersign Oporto.
One Sub, one Serjt. and twenty privates, of Lieut. Col Olney's detachment to do duty as Artillery Men, under Lieut. -- in Morristown, 'till further orders.
Morris Town, May 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have ordered the Assistant Commissary at this place to repair immediately to Camp. It is the peculiar misfortune of this Army to have, generally speaking, the heads of the different departments always absent, when they are most wanted. Two months was I labouring, as hard as a Man could, to get the Commissary General to this place, and had scarce accomplished it, before the Congress ordered him to Philadelphia; from whence, I have used my utmost endeavours, to bring him back, but am answered, that he is detained by order; in the mean while, the Army may starve. I will again send to him by express, and for present supplies, advise the adoption of the mode you pointed out, by your taking the provision out of the Country about Elizabeth Town, New Ark, Mill Stone &ca. because two ends will be answered by it.
On the Road to day, I met a person who told me that he left New York on Saturday noon; That he was desired by P--n S--tler to H--ds12 Regiment, to let me know that a successful attack might be made upon Brunswick; That there were at this time a Captain, Lieutenant, and two Serjeants, from New York, among us, as spies, in the habit of Country Men; that 70 Sail of Transports were ready, as he supposes, by this time for Sailing, that Seven of them were fitted for Horses, and had got Forage on board; the rest designed for Troops, Stores and Provisions, Philadelphia the destination talked of; That he understood some Transports arrived on Sunday last with Troops from Newport, but that no other Reinforcements had got in, nor any Vessels from Europe, except the 17 Provision Ships we have already heard of.
[Note 12: Sutler to Hand's, or Heard's, regiment.]
I hope Colo. Dayton reported to you the Suspicious person he met with at Bullions Tavern, and that you have had him under examination before this. I am etc.
P. S. Herewith you with receive Blank Warrants for Major Parke (as Commandant) of a Corps of Rangers and his Officers, as also Circular Letters to the Brigadiers for their Instruction which please to have delivered.13
[Note 13: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Headquarters, Morristown, May 28, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed is a Copy of a Letter received yesterday from Genl Howe.14 Congress will perceive, by referring to the Copy of this Letter of the 21st April, transmitted in mine of the 26th, that he persevered in his demand for an equal number of Prisoners to be returned for those sent out by him, and which have been the Subject of controversy between us. As
[Note 14: Howe's letter of May 22, 1777, is in the Washington Papers. A copy by Alexander Hamilton is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] General Howe has called upon me again, for my final decision upon the Subject, and Congress are fully possessed of it, having received transcripts of every paper respecting it; I wish them to take the matter under their earliest consideration, and to inform me, as soon as they can, Whether the grounds on which it has been conducted by me, are agreeable to their Ideas, and whether my objections are, or cannot be departed from. The affair is particularly stated in my Letter of the 9th ulto. to Genl. Howe, in answer to the paper addressed to me by Lt. Colo Wolcot, Copies of which were inclosed in my letter to the President, on the 10th of the same Month. The dispute, as far as Genl Lee is concerned, rests at present on their declaring them exchangeable, as other Prisoners are, on the Principles of equality of Rank, to insure which or his safety, Lt. Colo Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers are detained. The other Objection to returning their prisoners, is, that a great proportion of those sent out by them, were not fit Subjects of Exchange when released, and were made so, by the Severity of their Treatment and confinement and therefore a deduction should be made from the list. Good faith seems to require, that we should return as many of theirs at least, as we received effectives from them; I mean, such as could be considered capable of being exchanged; and perhaps sound Policy, that the Agreement subsisting for Exchanges, should continue. On the other Hand, it may be said, that our Prisoners in general in the Enemy's hands, at present, will have greater security, by our retaining them, and that Genl Howe, will be less apt to relinquish any part of his claim, the more the number in our Hands is diminished by an Exchange. I confess, I am under great difficulty in this business; But what is more particularly the cause for this application, is, the latter part of the first paragraph of the Inclosed Copy "and for your determination respecting the Prisoners now here, that I may make my arrangements accordingly." This is couched in Terms of great ambiguity and I am really at a loss what interpretation to give it. Whether he intends that his conduct respecting them, shall be as I advise; (This appears to me more favourable than can well be expected) Or that if the previous demand is not answered, in a satisfactory manner, he shall consider them on a different footing, from that on which our former Prisoners were and the Agreement totally dissolved. We are told Government offered the Prisoners they took, to the India Co. and they have procured an Act, dispensing with that of the Habeas Corpus, in particular cases of Persons supposed inimical to them &c. How far they or their Commanders may adopt these Measures, remains to be known; I have only mentioned them as they respect the Genl. Subject of my Letter.15 Notwithstanding my recommendation, agreeable to what I conceived to be the sense of Congress, Lt. Colo. Campbell's treatment continues to be such, as cannot be justified either on the principles of Generosity or strict retaliation. As I have authentic information and I doubt not, you will have the same, that General Lee's situation is far from being rigorous or uncomfortable. Except his not being permitted to go at large on parole, he has reason to be content with every other circumstance of his treatment.
[Note 15: A bill was introduced into Parliament in February by the British ministry, enabling the King to "detain and secure persons charged with, or suspected of, high treason, committed in North America, or on the high seas, or of piracy." The purpose of the measure was practically to suspend the habeas corpus privilege to all suspected persons to be apprehended, and to confine as prisoners of war prisoners taken from the "rebels," and in the act of piracy. After a long debate the bill was passed with some amendments in the House, and met with no opposition in the Lords, the Earl of Abingdon alone entering a protest.-- Ford.]
I am just moving to Bound Brook, from whence I returned yesterday morning. On Monday Morning a Body of the Enemy advanced near that post; they retreated, on seeing a detachment march to meet them. There was some firing at long shot, but without any great damage. We had only three men slightly wounded. What their loss was, I know not; Three of their Light Horse were killed. By advices from the Eastward, the Troops are coming from Rhode Island. I have the Honor etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft, in that of Richard Kidder Meade, does not include the last two paragraphs.
In Judge E. A. Armstrong's collection is a short note in Hamilton's writing, signed by Washington, dated May 28, and addressed, presumably, to Robert Morris, informing that he is just setting off for Bound Brook and forwards letters from General Lee and others, received by flag of truce, from the British lines.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 28, 1777.
Sir: As I saw no prospect of the three Supernumerary Regimts., allotted to your State being raised, till lately by the Legislature having adopted them, and given them the priviledge of the additional bounty; I had ordered Colo. Henly on to Camp, with a view of providing for him in some other Capacity. I consider him as too Valuable an Officer to permit him to be lost to the Service. But when that event took place, as it was a more desirable Object than I could have substituted, I wrote him a Letter countermanding my former orders, but it missed him on his way to this place. I have directed him to return immediately and Set about raising his Regiment with all diligence and dispatch. I recommend him to the particular attention of your Honorable Board, and beg he may receive every kind of Countenance and assistance, which his merit and the good of the Service demand. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis.]
Morris Town, May 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: From your Letter of the 13th, and my answer of the 15th., I expected you would have been in Camp 'ere now; If you are not detained on Business, that is materially interesting and of consequence, I wish you to join me immediately. I this day move to Bound Brook, from whence I came Yesterday morning. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Morris Town, May 28, 1777.
Sir: Your detachment is to remain at Morris Town till further orders, with which, and the Militia now here, you are to Guard the Stores of different kinds, in the most effectual manner you are able.
Endeavour, as far as it is in your power, to Strengthen the Works already begun upon the Hill near this place, and erect such others as are necessary for the better defending of it, that it may become a safe retreat in case of Necessity.
The Guard House in the upper Redoubt, should be immediately finished, and if you are not able to Mount a guard in it, at present, you should nevertheless, make it the Quarters of a trusty Sergeant and select party of Men, otherwise, if the Enemy, or their Tory Assistants, should have any designs upon the Town, or the Public Stores in it, their first attempt will be to seize the height and turn our own Works against us.18
Morris Town, May 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: Tho' your remaining at Philadelphia longer, to complete the business you are upon, may be a desireable circumstance, Yet, it is infinitely of more importance, that you should repair to Camp without a moments delay. All our Troops in Jersey are collected nearly at a Point. Every day, we are to hope, will bring in further Reinforcements. At this time, we are greatly distressed for Provision, nor do I find, that your Deputies have any on Hand or a prospect of getting more. From the best Opinion, I am able to form, from inquiry on this Subject, you must immediately join the Army and procure supplies for it, or it must disperse. This is an object superior to all others, and you will inform Congress of the necessity of your instant departure. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 29, 1777.
Dear Sir: I observe, by the late regulation of the Quarter Master General's department, that the appointment of the Deputies and Assistants is left to you, subject to my approbation. As I must suppose, that you will appoint none, but such as are Sufficiently qualified for their respective Offices, I hope I shall not be under the disagreeable necessity of putting a negative upon any of your nominations. One matter I would guard you against, and that is, not to suffer the Solicitation of any persons in favour of their Friends, to induce you to make appointments that you would not think fully competent, were you left to the exercise of your own judgment. I know it is often hard to withstand such Solicitation, but the good of the Service and the reputation of your department requires it. Genl. Sullivan writes me, that you had appointed the late Major Jacob Morris, Deputy Quarter Master General, to a grand Division of the Army, and desires my confirmation. I suppose the matter is so, but as I have it not from you, I cannot with regularity or propriety give an answer. I would just remark, that Mr. Morris, in my opinion, is by no means qualified for such an Office. He is a very young Man, and cannot have had any experience in the line to which he is promoted. I therefore, fear, that the Solicitation of his Friends and not your own choice has influenced you. But, if the appointment is made, I must confirm it. Had I known any thing of this matter before, I should have made an objection upon another account. Mr. Morris, in a very abrupt manner, and upon the most frivolous pretences, resigned a Majority in one of the New York Regiments, and I had determined to have kept him from any further promotion, at least till he had fully seen the folly of his behaviour, for a majority was as much or rather more than he had a right to expect.
Colo. Meade informs me, that you find it difficult to procure Teamsters for Horses that draw in a line, and that therefore you wished for liberty to alter the Waggons already built and make those on hand go double. To this I have no objection, if the Service will be expedited by it. I am &ca.21
[Note 21: The text is from file Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 29, 1777.
Sir: I this Morning had the Honor of your Letter of the 27th with its Inclosure.
I shall pay the strictest attention to the Resolutions transmitted me; However I am not without apprehensions, that the Regulation lately adopted respecting Chaplains, will not answer. I recollect, when One was assigned, in the course of last year, to Two Regiments, the prevailing Opinion was, and that founded on a variety of reasons, that it would not do, and the old mode of appointment was introduced again.
General Schuyler's proposal, for raising One or Two Troops of Horse, I think a Good one, I intended to write to him upon the Subject, before the receipt of your favor and shall do it by the first Opportunity.
I arrived here yesterday Evening. Nothing of importance has occurred since, and I have not further to add, than that I have the Honor to be etc.
PS. You will be pleased to send the Letter which accompanies this, to Genl. Reed.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft, in that of Richard Kidder Meade, does not have the P. S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 29, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was just now favoured with your Letter of the 25th. by Major Humphrys. The intelligence communicated by it, is truely interesting and agreeable, and now I shall take occasion, not only to give you my hearty approbation of your conduct in planning the expedition to Long Island, but to return my sincere thanks to Lt. Colo. Meigs and all the Officers and Men engaged in it.23 This enterprise, so fortunate in the execution, will greatly distress the Enemy in the important and
[Note 23: Lieut. Col. Return Jonathan Meigs embarked from New Haven, Conn., on the 21st of May, with 234 men in 13 whaleboats for Guilford on Long Island Sound. He sailed from Guilford on May 23, about 1 o'clock in the afternoon, with 170 men, under convoy of two armed sloops, and crossed the sound to Southold, where he arrived at 6 o'clock. The British force on that part of the island had marched for New York two days before, but there was a party at Sag Harbor, on the south branch of the island, and about 15 miles distant. The whaleboats were transported overland to the bay, between the north and south branches of the island, 130 men embarked, and at midnight they arrived within 4 miles of Sag Harbor. Here the boats were secured in a wood under a guard, and the detachment marched to the harbor, where they arrived at 2 a.m. An armed schooner of 12 guns began firing upon them from a distance of 150 yards, but could not prevent the troops from destroying 12 brigs and sloops, one an armed vessel with 12 guns; 120 tons of hay, corn, oats; 10 hogsheads of rum; and a large quantity of merchandise. Six of the enemy were killed and 90 taken prisoners. The Americans had no men killed or even wounded, and returned to Guilford at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of the 24th. Congress voted a sword to Lieutenant Colonel Meigs for the "prudence, activity, enterprise, and valor" with which this expedition had been conducted. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 25, 1777.)] essential Article of Forage, and reflects much Honor on those who performed it. I shall ever be happy to reward merit when in my power, and therefore wish you to inquire for a vacant Ensigncy in some of the Regiments for Sergeant Ginnings,24 to which you will promote him, advising me of the same and the time.
[Note 24: No further mention of Sergeant Ginnings is found in the Washington Papers. There are three Ginnings, or Ginning, mentioned in the lists of Connecticut men in the Revolution: Daniel and Stephen Ginnings are given as privates in the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in 1780, and Joseph Ginning, jr., is on the list of those who were paid bounties in 1777. All of them are listed as from Windham, Conn.]
As I could only repeat, what I have said in my former Letters to you and to Govr. Trumbull, on the Subject of his and the Assembly's request for part of the Troops to remain in Connecticut, it is unnecessary for me to say more respecting it, than that I cannot possibly comply with it at this time. The passes and the Fortifications in the Highlands are of the last importance and every means in our power must be employed to secure them. If the Enemy's movements, which most probably will be understood, in a little time should, be such as to shew that Hudson's River is not their object and the State of the Troops will admit, I shall with great pleasure post a part, about the White plains, Stamford &ca., and give every protection I can to Connecticut, consistent with the general Interest; but till these events take place, neither prudence or policy will justify me in sparing Men.
You will, agreeable to my request, repair to Peeks Kills after making the necessary orders about the Troops. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 29, 1777.
Dear Sir: Congress having empowered me, by a Resolve transmitted this morning,26 to assign One of the Generals already appointed, to the Command of the Light Horse. I mean, that you should act in that line, if agreeable to yourself, and wish you in such case, to repair to Camp as soon as you can. I am etc.27
[Note 26: The resolve of May 27, 1777. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 27: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, May 29, 1777.
Parole Andover. Countersigns Boundbrook, Cumberland. Major Ryan,28 who has done the duty of the Adjutant General, for some days past, is now excused from that service.
[Note 28: Maj. Michael Ryan. He was brigade major to General Wayne from May, 1777, to June, 1779; major in the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment in October, 1777 (appointment was deemed irregular and he was superseded in May, 1778); captain in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment, to rank from January, 1777; resigned in June, 1779; served subsequently as Inspector General of Pennsylvania in 1780.]
The Commander in Chief directs, that all orders issued here, previous to his coming to camp, be observed in full force, 'till countermanded, or alter'd by him.
As it is a matter of the greatest importance to have the Camp well secured; guards properly fixed; their respective duties precisely pointed out, and proper regulations established, to enable them to act in concert, and support each other--Major Genl. Greene is requested to assemble, as soon as possible, all the other General officers, and take these matters into consideration, at large and report their opinion of what they shall think necessary to be adopted. A Major General of the day is to make part of the regulations.
The detached state of the Army, has heretofore render'd it extremely difficult to communicate the orders of the Commander in Chief, to all the different parts, and will render it necessary that many should be repeated--He flatters himself, that henceforth, the most punctual regard will be paid, to all orders, which, if the good of the service, and a principle of honor, do not produce; He is determined to enforce.
All firings, without permission from the Major Genl. of the day, must cease; those who are guilty of a breach of this order, will be severely punished--The nearest guard to the place where the offence is committed, to send a file of men, to seize the offenders.
The commanding Officers of regiments, are to have their pay-abstracts immediately made out, and lodged with the PayMaster General, for all pay due to the 1st. of May--After that time, they are to pursue the modes pointed out by Congress, to obtain payment, and each Brigadier will inform them what they are, and see them properly complied with.
The Brigade Majors are to attend the Adjutant General, precisely at the hour of 12 every day, to receive orders.
Two orderly Serjeants to be furnished by each Brigade; one to attend the Commander in Chief; the other the Adjutant General.
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, May 30, 1777.
Parole Dover. Countersigns Epsom, France.
The Commissary General is to adopt every means in his power, to provide Vinegar for the use of the army; and to see that provisions are regularly served; to do which with ease, he is to have an Assistant with each brigade. Provisions are to be delivered to regimental Quarter Masters only, or to a commissioned officer authorised for the purpose, when the regiment has no Quarter Master--except in cases of small detachments, when a non-commissioned officer may receive them. None to be delivered, without proper returns being made to the Commissaries.
The commanding officers of corps are to take care that their men always have two days provision, by them, that they may not suffer in case of any sudden all, to any particular duty: The Brigadiers to pay a proper attention to this matter; and also to have the arms, of their brigades, examined, and make report of the kind and quality--They are moreover to see that their brigades are completed with ammunition, as soon as possible; and that all waste of it, is prevented.
The General has the pleasure to acquaint the army, that General Parsons formed an expedition to the East end of Long Island, under the command of Lieut. Col Meigs, which was attended with the most happy success--After burning eleven vessels, loaded with one hundred and twenty ton of pressed forage, rum, and other articles, and one armed vessel of 12 Guns; they brought off Ninety prisoners, besides killing several of the enemy--Six only escaped. As the army is now collected, and may soon be engaged in important transactions. The General takes occasion, from the laudable instance he has mentioned, to declare to the army, both officers and men, that, he will be strictly observant of their conduct, and make a point of distinguishing those, by his rewards, who distinguish themselves, by their bravery, and good behaviour--As merit will not pass unnoticed; so misconduct will meet with the severest punishment.
A General Court Martial to sit immediately, for the trial of all prisoners who shall be brought before it.--All Evidences to attend.
The Brigade Majors are to attend the Grand Parade, and be answerable that their men are well supplied with ammunition, and their arms in good condition--No excuse will be admitted for any neglect of this necessary duty.
The light Cavalry, which are to attend the picquets as Videts, are to be on the Grand parade, precisely at Guard mounting.
AFTER ORDERS.
The Commander in Chief directs, that the whole Army be ready to move by 4 Oclock to morrow morning; their tents struck; their baggage loaded, and men under arms--it is expected that every thing in the Quarter Master General, and Commissary General's departments will be ready to move at the same time.
Brigadiers commanding brigades, and commanding Officers of regiments, and corps, are to pay strict attention to see their officers, and men, in camp this evening, and well supplied with ammunition.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 30, 1777.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Copy of the Information I received last night. From this, It appears, the Enemy are drawing their force from New York, and the account seems to be corroborated thro' several other Channels. My principal design in communicating this intelligence, is, that if the facts are true, it favours the Expedition suggested in my Letter of the 25th.29 You are not to understand however, that I would have you undertake it, unless from a consideration of all circumstances, and the information you have on the Subject, you judge it practicable and likely to be attended with success. If it can be effected, it will be attended, with the most beneficial Consequences.
[Note 29: A move against New York, should the British move, as Washington suspected, against Philadelphia. By Washington's orders Hamilton wrote to Capt. Francis Grice, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General (May 30) ordering the removal of all the boats in the Delaware from Trenton up to Coryell's.]
You will avail yourself of the information, so far as it respects yourself. Whether true or false, the hint is useful, as we know that too many Tories infect the Country and may, unless guarded against, find Opportunities of seizing those who are objects of the Enemy's resentment, and whom they could wish to have taken off. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Middle Brook Camp, May 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 27th. giving me an account of the Tents that have been delivered out. By this it appears that 2306 have come on to the Army at this post, exclusive of Princeton, which are so many more than are necessary for the Troops here, that I shall cause an exact Scrutiny to be made, and see what Regiments have drawn more than their Share.
I have this day transmitted to Congress a full account of our late intelligence of the movements and apparent intentions of the Enemy. As some of their Ships are put out to Sea, we must soon know whether Philadelphia is the object. And as a few days must determine that, I think you had better stay where you are for the present. If any material alterations happen I will let you know, that you may join the Army, if your presence should be absolutely necessary. I have not yet seen Major Lutterloh,31 who got a fall from his Carriage upon the journey; but I dare say his expectations in point of rank will be higher than any I have it in my power to confer, was there a Vacancy. And barely to hold a Commission, without an Opportunity of acting, must be irksome to a Man of feeling and Spirit. I am etc.32
[Note 31: Maj. Henry Emanuel Lutterloh. He became a colonel and Commissary of Forage, Forage Master General, and Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 32: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, May 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: I last night received your favour of the 29th. Your conjectures, respecting the Troops arrived, correspond with my own. I shall not be disappointed, if they are those, which were in Canada, having long thought there was a probability of their coming to reinforce Genl. Howe.
I am much surprised, that more of the Connecticut Troops have not reached Peeks Kill. I have repeatedly, and in the most pressing terms urged their coming, and by the returns received long since, know their number to be much more considerable than what has come into Service.
I have ordered the paymaster, to transmit a Hundred and Sixty Thousand Dollars to Peeks Kill, out of which Doctor Foster33 will obtain a Supply for the Hospital.
[Note 33: Dr. Isaac Foster. He was deputy director general of hospitals, Eastern Department; retired in October, 1780; died Feb. 27, 1782.]
I have nothing of importance to communicate and only to add, that I am etc.34
[Note 34: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 31, 1777.
Sir: I this Morning received information, which I believe is not to be doubted, that, on Saturday last, a large fleet, consisting of a hundred Sail, left New York and stood out to Sea. Whither they are destined, or what they had on board remains to be known. If possessing Hudson's River, should not be Genl. Howe's first object, I should suppose his Operations will be against Philadelphia, and that this Fleet, if they have troops on Board, are bound into the Delaware Bay.
Tho' my opinion is as above, yet I would take the liberty of Suggesting, that it may be expedient to put your Militia upon the most respectable footing, that Circumstances will admit, lest their destination should be more Southern. At the same time that I mention this, I would advise, that they should be immediately supplied with Ammunition, or that it be so deposited in the hands of the Several Committees, or other proper persons, that it may be had upon the most sudden emergency. The former would be by far the most eligible mode, if they would keep it for the purposes for which it was given.
Should this Fleet arrive on your Coast, and the Enemy attempt to penetrate the Country, or to make incursions, I would recommend, that the earliest opposition be made by parties and Detachments of Militia, without waiting to collect a large Body. I am convinced this will be attended with the most Salutary consequences, and greater advantages will be derived from it, than by deferring the opposition, till you Assemble a Number equal to that of the Enemy: by pursuing this mode they will be much annoyed, and will receive an early impression of the unfavorable disposition of the People towards them. Besides, they will not have the same opportunity of establishing themselves, as they otherwise would; and it may be added, that Militia acting in large Bodies for want of Discipline, are unweildy, difficult to conduct, and less apt to render proportionate Services. These hints, I have taken the liberty to suggest and submit to you, as worthy of attention.
In the course of this week, 18 Transports have arrived at York with Troops, supposed to be Foreign, from their Uniform. Whether they are immediately from Germany, or those who were in Canada, is a matter of Conjecture. Some have imagined the Latter would be called to reinforce Genl. Howe. I have the honor to be &c.
P.S. I must beg your attention to my Letter on the Subject of filling your Regiments. It is a matter of the last importance, and their present weak State does not furnish by any means the Quota assign'd you. I trust, and am persuaded, no exertions will be omitted to effect this Salutary and desirable event.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 31, 1777.
Sir: Monsieur Coudrè36 is just arrived at Camp, and proposes to set out to Morrow for Philadelphia. What his views are, I am uncertain, having had no conversation with him upon the subject; but I find, an Idea prevails, that there is an agreement between Mr. Deane and him, that he shall have the chief command of the Artillery.
[Note 36: Philippe Charles Jean Baptiste Tronson du Coudray. He came to America by way of the West Indies. He was adjutant general in the French Army and was selected by the Minister of War, Comte de Saint-Germain, to withdraw from the arsenals of France the artillery and ordnance stores which were sent to America by Beaumarchais, as part of the secret aid, with which the latter had been charged by the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Comte de Vergennes. An agreement was signed in Paris between Du Coudray and Silas Deane on Sept. 11, 1776, by which he was to accompany the stores to America and receive the title of general of artillery and engineers, with the rank of major general in the Continental Army. Between the date of the agreement and Du Coudray's arrival in America serious difficulties arose through his imperious temper and his misunderstandings of the relations of Beaumarchais and Comte de Vergennes. Du Coudray's memorials and letters to Congress prejudiced that body against the work of Beaumarchais and made easier the work of the anti-Deane faction in bringing about his recall. Though an officer of undoubted ability, his accidental drowning in the Schuylkill River (Sept. 17, 1777) relieved the American Army of a difficult problem of rank adjustment.]
How well founded this opinion may be, I cannot determine; but if it be true, it may involve the most injurious consequences. Genl Knox, who has deservedly acquired the Character of One of the most valuable Officers in the Service, and who, combating almost innumerable difficulties in the department he fills, has placed the Artillery upon a footing, that does him the greatest Honor. He, I am persuaded, would consider himself injured by an Appointment superceding his Command, and would not think himself at liberty to continue in the Service. Should such an Event take place, in the present State of things, there would be too much reason to apprehend a train of ills, and such as might convulse and unhinge this Important Department.
Supposing Monsr. Coudre to have made such an agreement, the case is of great difficulty, and which in my Opinion is worthy of the most delicate consideration of Congress. May not means be still devised to satisfie this Gentleman by appointing him to some Command not derogatory to his promised rank, and which will be agreeable to him? From the recommendations we have had of him, I am obliged to esteem him of high character, and of great knowledge in what he professes; And from this consideration and the manner in which he is mentioned to us, it appears, that much address and delicacy must be used to conciliate Matters.
Many reasons, besides those I have noted, might be assigned for continuing Genl. Knox, first in Command in this Department, which on reflection will readily occur. I would only observe, without insinuating the most distant Shadow of distrust of Monsr. Coudre's Honor, candour or integrity, that on the General maxims of prudence and policy, it may be questioned with much propriety, whether so important a Command, as that of the Artillery, should be vested in any but a Native, or one attached by the ties of Interest to these States.
Congress will be pleased to excuse the freedom, I have taken upon this occasion, and I trust, will impute it to the importance of the Subject, which gave rise to it. I have &ca.37
[Note 37: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Middle Brook Camp, May 31, 1777.
Sir: Since I did myself the honor to write to you the 29th, I have received the inclosed intelligence.38 As it comes from a person of Veracity, and one who is much in the confidence of the Enemy, I have no doubt as to the fact of the two Brigades having come over from New York to Amboy, and also that a number of Waggons have been brought from Staten and Long Island. These accounts are corroborated by informations of the same kind from Several different Quarters. But I do not place so much dependance upon the Account of the intended attack upon this place, because I think, if such a matter was really in agitation, it would be kept a profound Secret. I rather am of opinion, that it is thrown out to deceive. But at any rate, taking it for granted that they are assembling their Troops and Carriages. What can they have in view but a move, either immediately or when their reinforcement (if they get any) arrives? and if they do move, I can see no other object but Philadelphia. It is true, they have seemed for some time past to have laid aside all thoughts, of attempting that City by land; but if they had only the attacking this Army in contemplation, they would never incumber themselves with a large Train of Waggons, which, if they were Successful, would retard them in their pursuit, and if defeated, would be in danger of falling into our Hands.
[Note 38: A copy of this intelligence is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I inclose you an extract of a letter, which I reed. from Genl. Sullivan,39 if the two India Ships, which have been cut down, are gone out to Sea, I should suppose they are for the Delaware,
[Note 39: The extract from Sullivan's letter dated May 29, 1777, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] because they are not capable of performing a rough or long Voyage. This, if true, looks as if a Sudden corresponding move by land was intended, for they will never Send their Ships long before their Troops. These you will please to observe, are mere conjectures upon circumstances, for the Actions of the Enemy, have been for a long time past so different from appearances, that I hardly dare to form an opinion. But I would wish to profit by every piece of intelligence, and be prepared to ward off every danger that threatens. I would therefore recommend, that the Pennsylvania Militia, who are assembling at Bristol for the Express purpose of guarding the River and opposing the passage of the Enemy, should be put under the command of a good General Officer, who would see that they are kept to their duty and prepared for a Sudden emergency. Except this is done, they may as well be at home.
I last Night received a Letter from Genl McDougall, an extract of which you have inclosed.40 By this it appears, that a Reinforcement is arrived, but whether from Canada or Europe is uncertain. You will observe that he likewise mentions that eight Transports with Foot and a Schooner with Horses and Hay had fallen down. We can only form conjectures for the present, of the place of their destination, but if they stand Southward, Philadelphia is the most probable place.
[Note 40: McDougall's letter, dated May 29, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
I have the pleasure to communicate a very agreeable piece of intelligence, which I have received from General Parsons41 of the destruction of twelve of the Enemy's Vessels in Sag Harbour upon the East End of Long Island. I give you his Letter at length, which I think reflects high honor upon the Conduct and Bravery of Colo. Meigs, his Officers and Men. I have &ca.42
[Note 41: Parsons's letter, dated May 25, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 42: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, May 31, 1777.
Parole Guilford. Countersigns Hackinsack, Ireland.
A principal design of the movement this morning was, to see whether a proper distribution of baggage waggons had been made, to the several regiments, and with what degree of alertness, and expedition, the army could be ready to march, on a sudden emergency--The General has much reason for approbation in many respects; but, though there was great exactness, in some instances--He wishes a greater punctuality to the time had been more generally observed. Every Officer of reflection must be sensible of the necessity of a strict regard to the time prescribed in movements of this kind, on which the success of the most important events may absolutely depend--And it will be expected in future, that a precise conformity to the moment pointed out will mark the conduct of every corps.
The General earnestly recommends, that Officers of every rank, will disincumber themselves of all superfluous baggage, as it will only serve to employ a greater number of waggons than can be spared, consistent with the good of the service; and must be lost in the course of the campaign.
Nothing is more common, than to hear men plead ignorance of general orders, in excuse for a breach of them. Nor is this excuse confined to privates only--it sometimes even disgraces the mouths of officers--To prevent it in future, The General orders, the commanding officers of corps, to have general orders constantly read to their corps. They may rely upon being called to a severe account, should the same plea be made hereafter, supported by truth.
It is much to be lamented, that the foolish and scandalous practice of profane Swearing is exceedingly prevalent in the American Army--Officers of every rank are bound to discourage it, first by their example, and then by punishing offenders--As a mean to abolish this, and every other species of immorality--Brigadiers are enjoined, to take effectual care, to have divine service duly performed in their respective brigades.
By a return from the Quarter Master General, it appears, that more, than a sufficiency of tents, have been issued, to cover the whole army; yet some corps are defective in that article--Others must have had more than proportion--The Commander in Chief repeats the late order from Major Genl. Greene, calling for immediate returns to the Quarter Master General of the exact number of tents drawn by each corps.
The General approves the following Sentences of a Court Martial, held at Boundbrook the 21st. Inst. whereof Colo. Spotswood43 was president--
[Note 43: Col. Alexander Spotswood, of the Second Virginia Regiment. He resigned on Oct. 9, 1777.]
Thomas Edwards of the 7th. Virginia Regt. tried for "Sleeping on his post"--sentenced to receive 50 lashes.
William Fees of Col Angel's Regt. for "Desertion," to receive 100 lashes.
Evan Loyd of the 9th. Pennsylv: Regt. for Desertion, to receive 25 lashes.
Aaron Apply of the 4th. Pennsylv: for "Sleeping on his post"--to receive 25 lashes--On account of his being a young soldier, and of a good character, his punishment is remitted.
Joseph Bryant of the 2nd. Virginia--for "Sleeping on his post"--to receive 50 lashes.
Dennis Myers--3rd Pennsylva.--for "Desertion, and threatening to desert"--to receive 100 lashes.
Edward Banker of the same Regt., and for the same Crime--acquitted.
Thomas Murphy--10th. Pennsylva.--for "Desertion"--to receive 50 lashes.
John Trow of Major Ottendorf's Corps44 for "Desertion" to be reprimanded by his commanding officer.
[Note 44: Nicholas Dietrich, Baron de Ottendorff. He was a major of three Pennsylvania companies which were merged with Armand's Partisan Corps in October, 1780.]
John McConnel of the 10th. Pennsylv:--for "Desertion," to receive 100 lashes.
William Hardy of the German battalion for "Desertion, and inlisting in two different regiments" to be reprimanded by his Colonel.
Jeffries Connol of the 3rd. Pennsylva. for "Desertion"--to receive 25 lashes.
Robert Story--7th Maryland--for "Desertion" to be reprimanded.
Alexander Henderson--10th. Pennsylv. for "Desertion"--to receive 25 lashes.
Peter Smith--7th Maryland--for "Quitting his post"--to be reprimanded.
Nicholas Homber--8th. Pennsylva.--"Desertion"--acquitted.
Those Sentences to be immediately executed, except in the instance, in which the punishment is remitted.
The brigades on the right and left, front and rear of the camp, are to establish small guards, of one Subaltern, one Corporal and eight Privates, in all the passes leading to the camp, in order to prevent Soldiers from straggling, and the Country people from coming into Camp--No Countryman, or other person, to come into camp, without permission from the nearest Brigadier, or Field Officer; All persons in camp, who cannot give a satisfactory account of themselves, are to be confined, and reported to the nearest Brigadier--These Guards to be relieved by the Brigade Majors daily.
Head Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 1, 1777.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Dartmouth, Derby.
The General directs the following rules to be invariably observed throughout the army; and as he is apprehensive they will meet with great obstacles, in the carelessness, and indolence of some officers; he thinks it necessary to declare, that he will not overlook any neglect, or breach of them, that shall come to his knowledge.
Each regiment to be paraded at troop and at retreat beating--the rolls carefully called, and absentees punished. All officers, not on duty, to attend the parade--to see that their men are clean and decent--their arms and accoutrements in order--their ammunition complete--that they behave well in their ranks, are silent, steady and orderly.
Once a day, at such time as the Brigadier shall judge most convenient, each corps to be exercised in the manual, and evolutions; and once a week at least, each brigade to be exercised collectively under the direction of its Brigadier--The most essential part of discipline being marching and forming, this should be more particularly practiced. All officers, not on other duty, to be present on these occasions, not as unconcerned Spectators, but to learn, and to perform their own duty, and to see that the men do theirs--The Field Officers to exercise their regiments themselves, and in their absence the Captains; and not leave it to Adjutants, as has been heretofore the case. It is necessary the men should be accustomed to the voice and command of those, who are to direct them in Action, and that these should by practice acquire a facility in doing their part.
The General observes with concern, that both officers and Soldiers are guilty of the unsoldierly practice of straggling from camp--He forbids the continuance of it on any pretence whatever--Whoever shall be found a mile from camp, unless on duty, or with permission of the Brigadier commanding him, whether officer, or soldier, shall be tried for disobedience of orders.
As there is a necessity for the Army to rise, and turn out every morning at Revellie-beating--they ought to go to rest early--All lights must be put out at 9 o'Clock in the evening, and every man to his tent.
The Provost Marshal to patrole the camp, and its environs frequently--to take up all who cannot give a good account of themselves, and all disorderly persons--He is to see that the Suttlers do not deal out liquors &c at an untimely hour, but conform to such rules as have been, or may be formed, relating to them.
The commanding officers of corps who may not have seen the order of the 20th. of May, respecting the arrangement of rank, will immediately send their Adjutants to Head-Quarters, for it, and will be expeditious in complying with it.
The commanding officer of every Corps is to make a report early to morrow morning, to his Brigadier, of the number of Rifle-men under his command--In doing which, he is to include none but such as are known to be perfectly skilled in the use of these guns, and who are known to be active and orderly in their behaviour--Each Brigadier to make a collective Return to the Adjutant General of these men.
Middlebrook, June [1]45 1777.
[Note 45: This letter is dated June, and the day left blank. Ford prints it between June 8 and 10.]
Dear Brother: I think I stand Debtor to you for your Letters of the 22d of April and 11th of May, which are all that have come to hand since my last to you from Morristown.
I am now Assembling the Troops of this State, and those Southward of it, at this place which lays about Seven Miles from the Enemys principal post at Brunswick and convenient for following them either to Philadelphia or to the Eastward. There has been no considerable movement among them of late; from every appearance Philadelphia is their object, and to facilitate their Passage across the Delaware a number of flat bottom'd Boats are provided and now ready upon Carriages to form a Bridge with. But appearances are deceiving, false colours are often thrown out to mislead or bewilder; this may be the case now.
I cannot learn that the Enemy have, as yet, received more than a few Recruits as a re-inforcement, but I fancy they hourly expect transports with their foreign Mercenarys. I can no otherwise Acct. for Genl. Howes inactivity, as his numbers all along have greatly exceeded mine and at times doubled and tripled them. As prest. I could say things that would rather surprize you but the uncertain conveyance of Letters makes it imprudent to entrust things to them that you would wish to conceal from the Enemy. The different States must fall upon some decisive measures to compleat their Regiments or no one can say what the consequences will be.
I hope I may congratulate you and my Sister on her happy recovery from the Small Pox, together with your Children; the loss my Brother Sam has sustaind will I fear, be very sensibly felt by him. Some mismanagement must surely have been in the way, for the Small Pox by Inoculation appears to me to be nothing; my whole Family, I understand, are likely to get well through the disorder with no other assistance than that of Doctor Lund. In short, one of the best Physicians in this Army has assurd me, that the great skill which many of the faculty pretend to have in the management of this disorder, and the great Art necessary to treat the patient well, is neither more nor less than a cheat upon the World; that in general an old Woman may Inoculate with as much success as the best Physician, the whole Art lying in keeping the Patient rather low in diet, and cool, especially at the period of the eruptive fever; this he says is the only art requisite, to this, and the means by which the disorder is communicated (instead of receiving the Infection in the natl. way) the ease with which Patients get through, is to be attributed. there are particular cases, he adds, where some other disorder, or some uncommon circumstances cast up, that may require the aid of Physicians, but in general neither Physicians nor Physic is necessary except a few purgatives which the White Walnut bark, and many other things, the natural product of the Country affords; that this is truely the case, I firmly believe, and my own People (not less I suppose than between two and three hundred) getting happily through it by following these directions is no inconsiderable proof of it. Surely that Impolitic Act, restraining Inoculation in Virginia, can never be continued. If I was a Member of that Assembly, I would rather move for a Law to compell the Masters of Families to inoculate every Child born within a certain limitted time under severe Penalties.
The Acct. as you have no doubt seen by the Gazettes, and by my last Letter, of the Destruction of some of our Stores at Danbury is true in part; but trifling in comparison of what you have heard. We lost no Powder at all; abt. 1500 Bls. of Porke and abt. the same number of (last years) Tents was the chief loss we sustaind. Since that we have burnt 12 Sail of the Enemys Vessels at the East end of Long Island laden with 120 Tons of Pressd Hay, Rum &ca., one of wch. Vessels was Armd with 12 Guns; the Party also brot. off 90 Prisoners, besides a few killed, on the side of the Enemy; on our part not a Man was hurt. In the Danbury Affair I am well convinced from a number of concurring Accts. the Enemy in killed, Wounded, and Missing could not have lost less than 500 Men.
My Love, and sincere good wishes attends my Sister, and the rest of the Family, and with the most Affect. regard I am, &c.
Head Quarters at Middle Brook, June 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your two favours of the 27th. and 30th. Ulto. I thank you for the information contained in the latter, I had the substance of it transmitted before in a letter from Genl. McDougall.
In respect to the Rhode Island Detachment, you will have received orders for their march to join Colo. Olney at Morris Town.
I do not agree with you in Sentiment respecting the Quantity of Provision you mention, as necessary to be lodged at Fort Montgomery. I think such a supply would be highly improper. Provision should be lodged in the Country above, and contiguous to the Fort, from whence it can be easily and occasionally drawn; but if it is deposited there, and that by any means should fall into the Enemy's hand's, the misfortune would be aggravated in the loss of it. In a word, as supplies can always be had from the upper country, whilst the Fort can be maintained, the quantity to be there, should be inconsiderable. Whenever the Enemy attempt to possess the Fort they will be repulsed, or accomplish their plan in the course of three or four days. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 19th. May. Genl. De Coudray arrived here last night and set off this morning for Philadelphia. What his engagements with Mr. Deane are, I cannot say, but as he is represented to be a Gentleman of great ability in his profession, I dare say his expectations are high. Congress will undoubtedly make a genteel and honorable Provision for him, but I hope it may be done in such a manner, as not to give disgust to any of the general officers in our army.
I am glad to hear that you are removing the Military Stores, and I think, not only application, but direction should be given to the Deputy Commissaries, to remove all their Stores to places of Safety. I do not really know where Sherburn is, but if there is the least danger, the large Magazines of Salt should be first removed, as the most valuable article, and the others afterwards. Applications of this kind should be made directly to the Commissary General, or the person acting by authority under him. In mine of the 24th. last month, you will find my directions about hiring guards of Militia for the Stores. I am etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
Middle Brook, June 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: In consequence of your representation I yesterday detached Lt. Colo. Barber with 150 men and some Horse to Somerset Court House.
I wish you would use your endeavours to encourage the Militia between Brunswick and the Delaware, to be ready to Assemble and give their Assistance, provided the Enemy attempt to march thro' the Country, which they intend to do from all our late accounts. The inclosed I received from Genl. Lincoln this morning.
I have information that the Enemy have Clothed some of their light Horse in Green, I suppose with intent to deceive us, of this our Officers commanding scouting parties and those at advanced posts should be advised.
I most earnestly desire that you may keep no more provision or Baggage at Princeton, than is absolutely necessary and that you may always have Carriages ready to carry off that and your Tents, at a moments warning, that you may be intirely disincumbered and ready to act offensively or defensively, as occasion may require. I dont know what means you will fall upon to collect the Militia, or if they can be prevailed upon to take an active part, what signal you will fix upon for them to assemble. But I think if they will only agree to fall upon the flanks of the Enemy upon their march, in small parties, without any regular order, they may harrass and impede them very much. They may be informed, that the people in this part of the State have acted with great Spirit since our Army has been drawn into closer compass. There are now 300 Militia assembled at Newark. 200 at Elizabeth Town and 200 at Raway, which is more than we could ever get out when our Army covered the Country and was ready to assist them.
I have given Colo. Barber orders to keep out good scouts and to give you immediate information of any move towards you by way of the Somerset Road. I am &ca.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qrs., Camp at Middle Brook, June 1, 1777.
Sir: In mine of the 25th. Ultimo, I consented to your detaining some of the Continental Troops, to execute the expedition you proposed to Long Island. I have now to desire, in the most positive manner, that you send on, as fast as possible, all who are not absolutely necessary for that purpose, and as I am morally certain, that till the field Officers are forced from their scenes of ease and dissipation into the field, we shall stand little chance of seeing their Men, you will make a point of ordering them on to Peeks Kill. Your greatest diligence in forwarding the Troops is indispensibly requisite, our affairs pressingly demand it. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 1, 1777.
Sir: I was some days ago favoured with yours of the 19th. May; but the interruption occasioned by moving my Quarters and papers from Morris Town to this post, delayed my answering you sooner. I will not undertake to determine, how far injustice has been done to you, in regard to arranging any of the other Colonels before you, but it is evidently so, in the case of Colonels Gansevoort and Cortlandt, as far as may be collected from the papers transmitted. I would therefore recommend it to you to appeal from the determination of the Committee of Arrangement to the convention of your State, by whom they were instituted. If they do not incline to take up the matter, I think you may properly apply to Congress, for by prefering Colo. Cortlandt before you, they appear to have violated their Resolve of the 8th. March in your favour. I do not pretend to decide in this matter, I only give my opinion, having heard but one party. Differences between Officers are ever disagreeable to me, but when they happen between those for whom I have a regard, they are doubly so, because if I am obliged to determine them, I probably give offence to the party against whom I give judgment. It is therefore my wish that if you and Genl. McDougall cannot terminate your dispute amicably, that you would lodge a complaint to Genl. Putnam and desire a Court of Inquiry. This is the proper mode of proceeding, when an inferior officer thinks himself aggrieved by his superior. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 1, 1777.
Sir: I dont know what particular instructions you reed. from Genl. Greene; but I must inform you, that you are not only stationed at your present post to keep small parties of the Enemy from making excursions, but also to send out parties yourself, to lay between Millstone and Brunswick and endeavour to make discovery of any motions of the Enemy. If you find them move in such a manner, as to induce you to believe that they mean either to proceed directly to the Delaware or round upon our right flank, you will in that case dispatch one Messenger immediately to me and another to Genl. Sullivan. Be careful to keep good Guards at the Bridges and Fords near to you, lest you should be surprised.
Be pleased to forward the inclosed by a fresh Horseman, and let the bearer return. I am etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman and Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 1, 1777.
Sir: I have yours in may without any particular date. I am very certain that when Balser made his escape he called upon me, and got a reward for his Services, and the risque he run. Having sent away many of my old papers, I cannot tell the Sum that was paid to him, but you may depend upon it that something has been paid. Be kind enough to put this matter closely to Balser and endeavour to come at the truth.
Major Morris was once thought of as Adjt. General, but upon enquiry into his political Sentiments, they were found, by his own confession, to be such as would not warrant our employing him in the military line. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 1, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 16th., and am glad to find that you are taking steps to remove the Military Stores from Portsmouth. I am surprised that you have never heard from the Clothier General respecting the Clothing which arrived from France, I shall in my next Letter desire him to give you some directions about them.
So far from the Militia's having left Arms at the different Posts for the Continental use, that they have drained the Continental Magazines by coming in unarmed, and carrying away what they were supplied with. Did the State of our Armoury allow of it, your request for keeping a few for cases of emergency might be complied with, but the amazing waste and loss occasioned by the carelessness of Officers and Soldiers, calls for all that we have lately imported to keep our Regiments properly armed. I am therefore under the necessity of ordering all that have lately arrived, to be sent forward to Springfield, to be drawn from thence as they are wanted. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at Middle Brook, June 2, 1777.
My Lord: It is with infinite regret, I am again compelled to remonstrate against that Spirit of Wanton cruelty, that has in several instances influenced the conduct of your soldiery. A recent exercise of it towards an unhappy officer of ours, Lieutenant Martin,56 convinces me, that my former representations on that subject, have been unavailing. That Gentleman by the fortune of war on Saturday last was thrown into the hands of a party of your horse and unnecessarily murdered with the most aggravated circumstances of barbarity. I wish not to wound your lordship's feelings by commenting on this event, but I think it my duty to send his mangled body to your lines, as an undeniable testimony of the fact should it be doubted, and as the best appeal to your humanity for the justice of our complaint.57 I have the Honor to be etc.58
[Note 56: Lieut. William Martin, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 57: Cornwallis answered this the same day, claiming that Martin had been killed with sabers by Hessians, after refusing to surrender. That the Hessians were not brutal was proven, Cornwallis wrote, by the fact that they brought in six prisoners from this affray, only one of which was wounded.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The original letter sent, also in Hamilton's writing, is in the possession (1931) of Dr. A, S. W. Rosenbach, who kindly furnished a photostat for comparison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook Camp, June 2, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed copies of General's Gates's and Poor's Letters, which just now came to hand, contain the latest advices from the Northern Army. These I thought it proper to transmit; as I am not authorised to conclude, that Genl Gates had written to Congress upon the Subject of their Contents. I wish our Accounts from that Quarter may be happy, if Mr Carleton makes an attack. The shameful deficiency in all our Armies, affords but too just grounds for disagreeable apprehensions. If the Quotas assigned the different States, are not immediately filled, we shall have every thing to fear. We shall never be able to resist their force, if the Militia are to be relied on; Nor do I know whether their Aid, feeble and ineffectual as it is, is much to be expected. Can no expedient be devised to complete the Regiments? and to rouse our unthinking Countrymen from their lethargy? If there can, the Situation of our affairs calls loudly for it. I have the honor to be etc.
P.S. Mr Boudinot Commissary General for Prisoners, will deliver this. He goes to Philadelphia on business respecting his department and has Several Matters to Settle and adjust with Congress, which are essential and Necessary to a regular discharge of his duty. To him I beg leave to refer you upon the Subject and wish him to have your attention.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Alexander Hamilton and Harrison.]
[Note 60: Vice President of Georgia.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 2, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 24th of Febry. last, by Colo. White who arrived here two days ago.
Your request to me to grant permission to Colo. White to recruit in the Northern States, is what I have not the least right to comply with. If a liberty of that kind is allowed, it must be by the particular indulgence of the States, for they have already had their full Quota of Men assessed by Congress. And a recommendation for this Liberty goes properly from Congress and not from Sir, Your etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 2, 1777.
Sir: I have the pleasure of yours of the 27th May by Colo. White.62 I think the Answer which you gave him respecting his request for Liberty to recruit a Regiment for Georgia, in the other States, at this time, was extremely proper. For experience shews us, that the Quotas already allotted to them are full as much and I fear more than they will be able to furnish. At any rate, a recommendation of this kind would go very improperly from me, as it would be assuming a kind of right, to levy Men upon the States, which right is and ought to be solely vested in the Members of the different States in Congress. To them therefore I think he ought to apply for a recommendation for such liberty, if it is thought expedient. I am &ca.63
[Note 62: Col, John White, of the Fourth Georgia Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Savannah Oct. 9, 1779; made his escape but died shortly afterwards from his wounds.]
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
Camp at Middle Brook, June 2, 1777.
Sir: I have received Information that the Regiment under your command have refused to do duty, or come to Camp for that purpose, giving as their reason that they were set at Liberty on Parole and are therefore afraid of falling a second time into the Enemy's hands. This I would willingly disbelieve, as I cannot be of opinion, that any Officer would suffer Men to act or speak in that manner, as they must be sensible that Men were not inlisted merely to make use of the Public Money and provision, and when called to real Service, pretend to give any excuse for not complying with Orders. I should suppose there cannot be a great many of them under these Circumstances, and if there are, they must have known the Conditions at the time of Inlistment. I therefore desire that you may join the Army under my command with all convenient expedition, bringing with you all the Men of your Regiment which you can collect, and leaving behind you a proper Officer to bring on the rest. I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 2, 1777.
Parole Killkenny. Countersigns Lancaster, Millstone.
The Muster Master General is, without loss of time, to cause musters to be made of the whole Army--He will give notice to the different corps when to hold themselves respectively in readiness for the purpose.
The Brigadiers, and Field Officers, of the day are constantly to attend the grand parade--to see that the guards are properly assembled--give the necessary directions respecting them, and have them marched to their several posts in order--The Adjutants to collect the proportion assigned each regiment on their regimental parades--inspect carefully the state of their arms, accoutrements, ammunition and dress--and march them Washington's Calculation of the Strength of His Army, May 20, 1777 off, in order, to the brigade parades--The Brigade Majors to receive them there from the Adjutants, examining in like manner the state of their arms &c--and to march them off to the grand parades there delivering them to the Brigade Major of the day.
Decency, and a regard to health, especially in this hot season, indispensibly require, that vaults should be immediately dug, in the rear of each encampment, as repositories of every kind of filth--They should be covered with green boughs, and fresh earth thrown upon them every morning or two--This business to be done by Camp-Colour-Men, under the direction of the regimental Quarter-Masters, who are to see that they execute it properly--sweep the streets of the encampment, and keep it, in all respects clean, and free from every thing noxious, or offensive--The Quarter Master General will furnish tools--he is also to visit the camp, and report how far this order is complied with.
Each regiment, or corps to appoint, by rotation, a regimental officer of the day, whose province it shall be to visit the sick, and see that they are provided, and taken care of; making daily reports to the commanding officer of their number, and condition--to inspect the food of the men, both as to the quality and the manner of dressing it, obliging the men to accustom themselves more to boiled meats and soups, and less to broiled and roasted, which as a constant diet, is destructive to their health. The officer is also to attend closely to the cleanliness of the camp, for which he will be answerable, and is bound to see, that there be no neglect in the Quarter Masters, or Camp-colourmen.
Returns of all the sick of each corps, both in and out of Camp, to be made to morrow morning to the Surgeon General--their number, condition, and the places where they are, to be specified.
The commanding officer s of corps not yet provided with Paymasters, to recommend, without delay, proper persons for that station to the General--They must be men of probity, good accomptants, methodical, and must write a good hand.
Henry Livingston Esqr.65 is appointed Lieutenant in His Excellency's guard.
[Note 65: Henry Philip Livingston. He, later, became a captain of the guard and resigned Mar. 26. 1779.]
Until the arrival of Brigadier De Haas, the eldest officer in his brigade is to take the command; and John Harpur66 Esqr. is appointed to the duty of Brigade Major in that brigade 'till further orders.
[Note 66: John Harper. He was taken prisoner at Brandywine, Pa., exchanged in November, 1780, and did not reenter the service.]
Head Quars., Middle Brook, June 3, 1777.
Sir: I would take the liberty of addressing a few lines to Congress, on a Matter, which appears to me of importance and which is considered in the same light by many of our Officers and others not in the Military line.
The subject I allude to, is, the condition of many persons now with the Enemy, who deluded by their Acts and a misguided attachment to their measures, fled from the protection of the States to find security with them, and who, in many instances, are in Arms against us.
It has been suggested thro' various Channels, and the suggestion seems to be credited, especially as some have already escaped, that many of those unhappy people, convinced of their error and the wicked part they have taken, would embrace the earliest opportunity of leaving the Enemy and returning among us, were they sure of being received into our friendship again, and of enjoying their Property and the rights of Citizens.
This subject, in the consideration of it, strikes me as important, interesting and delicate, involving many consequences worthy of mature deliberation and attention. As such, and deeming myself incompetent to it, I think it my duty to submit it to Congress for their discussion, to take such measures therein, as they shall esteem necessary and right.
If these people, particularly those in Arms, are ingenuous in what has been hinted, and it is their wish or that of a considerable part of them to return; I should suppose, that it would be expedient and founded in sound Policy, to give every suitable assurance, to induce them to come. Such an event would be attended with Salutary effects, would weaken the Enemy, distress them greatly, and would probably have a most happy influence, in preventing others from joining their Arms. On the other hand, the indulgence may be liable to great abuse, supposing it not to be duly regarded, or if the effects produced by it, should be partial, they will not be adequate to the ends in view; Yet, as the Enemy, on their part, are using every devise they are capable of, to seduce both Soldiers and Citizens from our Service into their's and have succeeded but too well. It is generally thought, in the Military line, that something should be attempted to counteract them. Whether Congress will be of the same Sentiment, and if they should, what and how extensive the mode and Indulgence ought to be, is entirely with them. There is one difficulty that occurs to me; supposing the measure to be adopted. What line of discrimination can be drawn upon such an occasion, tho' circumstances should differ and seem to require it? While the poor deluded, ignorant, duped by artifices and a thousand causes to lead them wrong, have a claim to their Country's Pardon and indulgence. There are many of well informed understanding, who from their early avowed hostile dispositions and inveterate disregard of her rights, and those who have taken a double and treble part, cannot have the same pretensions, whose only view in returning may be, to serve their own sordid purposes and the better to promote those plans, they have steadily pursued.
One thing more I would observe, which is, that if Congress judge an adoption of Measures eligible on the subject of my Letter, the sooner it is come into, the better, for the most obvious reasons, and the time allowed for those to return, who wish the indulgence, should be fixed at a short period; not longer, in my opinion, than till the ... day of ... next, otherwise they may avail themselves of the circumstance and wait events, to decide their choice. If any good consequences are produced, the means can be renewed and further extended.67
[Note 67: On June 4 Congress resolved: "Whereas, General Howe has, by offers of reward, endeavoured to induce the soldiers of the United States to desert and go over to him; Resolved, That General Washington be empowered to offer such rewards as he shall judge proper, to deserters from the enemy, whether horse or foot, encouraging them, by suitable offers, to bring with them their arms and horses.]
Congress will be pleased to excuse me, for thus freely communicating my Sentiments, especially when I assure them, that they are dictated by what I esteem my duty. I am &ca.
P.S. The more I consider the Subject of my Letter the more important and interesting it appears. I am inclined to think, if the measure proposed should be deemed expedient, that it will be better, that the indulgencies and assurances, for [to induce the] their return [of those with the Enemy] should be communicated thro' the medium of some Second, secret hand, qualified to offer them and to negotiate the business, rather than by an Act of Public Authority; Opportunities I should suppose, may be found, by which they may obtain due information in that way, and which will not hold out to the Enemy the same cause of Suspicion and of vigilance to prevent their escaping. Whatever mode shall be considered most advisable, should be immediately adopted. What time should be allowed in the first instance, I am at a loss to determine; If the continuance is too short, there may be danger of their not being apprized, so as to get off. If it is too long, they'll defer matters to the last and act then as circumstances of Interest dictate, to err in the former, will be least injurious.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Harrison and Richard Kidder Meade. The words in brackets are in the draft and not in letter sent.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 3, 1777.
Parole Norfolk. Countersigns New-London, Nantz.
As in the detached state of the Artillery, the men often suffer for want of Surgeons, it being impossible for their own regimental Surgeons to take due care of them, dispersed as they are, over the whole line--Each Brigadier is to see that the regimental Surgeons of his brigade pay every necessary attention to the detachment of artillery annexed thereto.
Regimental Surgeons are not to send any of their sick to Hospital without first obtaining a certificate from the Surgeon General, or one of his deputies for the purpose.
The Brigadiers to have the Springs, adjacent to their several encampments, well cleared and enlarged; placing Sentries over them, to see that the water is not injured by dirty utensils. A board sunk in them, will be the best means to keep them from being muddy, and an arbour over them will serve to preserve them cool. They are also to have all dead cattle, horses, or other carrion removed to a distance from the camp, and buried deep under ground. They will see that the orders to promote cleanliness are punctually observed, and indeed all others; for whether particularly called upon or not, The Comander in Chief looks to them, with an attentive eye, for the execution of all his orders, which they must be sensible their duty, and honor demand.
No prisoners, whose crimes may properly come before a regimental Court Martial to be sent to, or received at, the Provost guard; but to be committed to regimental Quarter guards, and regimentally tried.
It having been represented to the General, that commanding officers of corps, undertake to seize and confine Commissaries, at their pleasure in common Guard-houses--He thinks it necessary to declare, that a practice so irregular and injurious cannot be tolerated: At the same time, he means not to countenance any neglect of duty in the Commissaries, but will be ready to attend, to whatever complaints may be justly made against them, to rectify the abuses they commit, and punish their delinquency.69
[Note 69: Col. Daniel Brodhead had arrested some of Col. Joseph Trumbull's deputies. By Washington's direction, Tench Tilghman wrote to Trumbull (June 3) that a regular complaint should have been lodged against the commissaries, and if they have been aggrieved that they have the right to call for a court of inquiry upon Brodhead's conduct.]
No horses to be let loose into the wheat, or other fields about camp; unless first pointed out, and devoted to the purpose, by the Quarter Master General.
Brigadiers to see the order, for the arrangement of officer's ranks, immediately complied with, by appointing a day, for the field officers of each regiment to take it up. The General is surprised, and sorry to find, that a matter about which so much anxiety and embarrassment have been expressed, when put upon a proper footing to be adjusted, meets with so much neglect and delay.
The Generals, Field Officers, and Brigade Majors of the day, will be expected to favor His Excellency with their company at dinner, as a standing rule, without particular invitation.
The following Sentences of a Court Martial, held the 2nd. Inst: are approved by the Commander in Chief; and their immediate execution directed.
Abraham Wood of the 9th. Pennsyl. regiment, tried for "Desertion", and sentenced to receive 25 lashes.
Jacob Rose--12th. Pennsylv. Regt. tried for "Desertion", and sentenced to receive 25 lashes.
John Welsh--7th. Maryland Regt. charged with "Desertion"--The Court are of opinion, he is intitled to the benefit of General Washington's proclamation, offering pardon to deserters; and that he should be delivered to Major Bush to do duty in his regiment, until he can be sent to the regiment he belongs to.
Henry Ryan of the 8th. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Encouraging Desertion" and sentenced to receive 50 lashes--Patrick Henry of the 11th. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Having inlisted into two regiments, without being discharged"--sentenced to be reprimanded by the commanding officer of the regiment he belongs to, and the money he received as bounty from Capt Taylor of the 5th. Pennsylva. regiment to be stop'd out of his pay.
Lieut. Thomas Cook of the 8th. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Having made known the Parole and Countersign, to a person not entitled to receive them"--found guilty of the charge exhibited against him, but in consideration of his good character, sentenced only to be reprimanded by the Colonel, in the presence of the officers of the regiment he belongs to.
Lieut. Jolly70 of the 11th. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Cowardice and neglect of duty"--not guilty, and ordered to be released from his arrest forthwith.
[Note 70: Lieut. Maybury Jolly. He became a captain in the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment Mar. 31, 1778; retired July 1, 1778.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 4, 1777.
Sir: Your letter of the 26th May was duly handed me. As Major Lutterloh71 has served in the Quarter Master General's Department; he can in no way be more usefully employed than in that. I have accordingly recommended him to General Mifflin, for some suitable appointment. He may make an excellent regulating officer in that line. I am etc.72
[Note 71: Maj. Henry Emmanuel Lutterloh.]
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 4, 1777.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Major Lutterloh. He informs me that he has served in the German Armies, in the Quarter master Generals Department; and as he must have acquired a large stock of useful practical knowledge in that line, I wish you to introduce him in a way that will be agreeable to himself and conducive to the Service. Tho' from being unacquainted with the Country, he will not be much in a capacity to discharge that part, which relates to purchasing and providing, yet he may be exceedingly useful as an assistant, in regulating and arranging the Department; with this view, I should be glad to see him employ'd, and I am of opinion you will be able to do it, greatly to the advantage of the Service. I am etc.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 4, 1777.
Sir: With much surprise, I have been informed, that objections have been made to receiving Monsr Colerus into a Majority in the Regiment under your command, and that he was treated with indifference and disrespect on his arrival at Princeton with my Letter.
This Gentleman was appointed to the rank of Major,76 and commissioned in the Army of the States last fall by the Congress, and I have strong hopes, that he will render essential Services and such as will do him honor; But be this as it may, as he holds a commission under the same Authority, that others do in the Army, and was appointed by me to fill one of the vacant Majorities in your Regiment, no Officer of inferior or the same rank, whose appointment was subsequent to his, has a right to complain; nor will such conduct be countenanced, or the like in future pass without being properly noticed.
[Note 76: Chretien de Colerus had been made a brevet major by a resolve of Congress, Sept. 19, 1776. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
You were not at Princeton, when Monsr. Colerus came to take his post, and therefore are not acquainted with the circumstances that then happened, but I shall expect to hear no further objections upon this Subject, and that he will immediately take a Majority in the Regiment and rank according to the date of his Commission, and such rules as are adopted for adjusting matters of the like nature in the Army. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 4, 1777.
Sir: I have received your favour proposing a plan for the formation of a corps of light Infantry.
It wou'd be difficult for you to recruit such a Corps, and experience has fully taught us that it will never answer to employ deserters or Prisoners; generally speaking, no confidence can be placed in them. Deserters are for the most part without principle sufficient to insure their fidelity, and prisoners wou'd only engage to have the opportunity of making their escape.
As you have acted in the Quarter Master Generals Department, you can be as useful in that as any other, and more so in the present circumstances of the Army. My inclination to have you agreeably and usefully employed, leads me to recommend to you to apply to Genl. Mifflin Quarter Master Genl. I send you a Letter which I have written to him on the occasion, and I doubt not he will be able to introduce you on an honourable footing in his line. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 4, 1777.
Parole Oporto. Countersigns Portsmouth, Pompton.
The Commissary General to have his slaughter-house, at least a mile in the rear of the camp, and to be very careful to have the offals, of what he kills, buried, a sufficient depth under ground. He must be provided with waggons, to convey the meat to places near each Brigade, for the more commodious distribution of it; and must see that no relicts are left in those places, through carelessness. As proper precautions, in the regulation of this part of the Commissary General's department, are essential to the health of the army, The General hopes he will be particularly attentive to it.
A return to be made to morrow, to the Adjutant General, of all the women belonging to the camp.
The music of the army being in general very bad; it is expected, that the drum and fife Majors exert themselves to improve it, or they will be reduced, and their extraordinary pay taken from them. Stated hours to be assigned, for all the drums and fifes, of each regiment, to attend them and practice--Nothing is more agreeable, and ornamental, than good music; every officer, for the credit of his corps, should take care to provide it.
The revellie to be beaten at day-break--the troop at 8 o'clock in the morning, and retreat at sunset. For the sake of regularity, the drum of the regiment, on the right of the line, to give three taps, allowing a sufficient equal space between each, as a warning to the drum of the one next on the left; which is to do the same, and so on, through the whole--the second line taking it by the right from the regiment in front, and the advanced Brigades, by the right from the regiment in the rear--These taps over, and a proper interval allowed for the warning to become general, the drummer's call must be given as the signal for what is to follow; and then the whole music of the line begin in concert--the revellie, troop or retreat, as it may happen.
The same complaint has been made to the General, respecting the abuse of Quarter Masters, which was mentioned in yesterday's orders relative to Commissaries--An end must be put to all such irregular conduct--Misbehaviour in those departments ought to be punished; but it must be done in a proper manner. The whole army to be immediately furnished with four days provisions.
Head Qurs., Middle Brook, June 5, 1777.
Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Copy of a Letter from Genl. Howe of this date79 You will perceive, how extremely pressing he is for an Answer to the demands in his Letters of the 21st of April and 22d Ulto. As I referred the consideration of them to
[Note 79: Howe's letter of June 5 is in the Washington Papers. A copy is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] Congress, in mine of the 28th of May, requesting their opinion, I entreat that they will not defer giving it, that I may return an Answer. I shall impatiently wait their sentiments and flatter myself I shall have them by the most speedy and early conveyance.80 I have the honor to be etc.81
[Note 80: On June 6 Congress approved Washington's management of the exchange negotiations and authorized him to proceed along the lines laid down in his letters.]
[Note 81: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 5, 1777.
Parole Rochester. Countersigns Reading, Ringwood.
The following officers for daily duty--a Major General--Brigadiertwo Field Officers--and a Brigade Major.
The Major General of the day is, in some sort to represent the Commander in Chief--He is to give directions for all guards, parties and detachments--to receive reports of the proceedings, and of every occurrence of any importance, both in and out of camp. All deserters and prisoners, other than for common military offences, to be brought to him for examination, and disposed of by him--All detachments, or reinforcements arriving, to be reported to him immediately, on their arrival, and to take his orders--He is to superintend the regulation of the camp, and the execution of all General orders; for which purpose he should visit the whole line, if not absolutely prevented by other duties; and he is to report, to the Commander in chief, what, from his observations, he may think necessary to be done, for the better regulation of the camp and army. He is to oversee the order of march, and the dispositions for battle, according to directions from the Commander in Chief--In cases of sudden alarms, he is instantly to repair to the place where the danger appears to be; and if it is likely to be serious, he must with all speed, send to inform the Commander in Chief; and 'till he hears from him, he must employ those means which seem to him necessary, conformable to the exigency of the occasion. He is to make a general report next morning, to the Commander in chief, of every thing that passes worth notice on his day. Occurrences of emergency, and that require immediate attention, to be reported the moment they are known by the Major General.
The Brigadier of the day is to be considered as the commanding officer of all the guards--He is to receive his orders in the morning from the Major General.--He is to attend the Grand parade, to see every thing conducted with propriety--to assign the posts and give all necessary directions--to visit them after they arrive, and see that they have taken post right; have followed the rules prescribed them; taken proper precautions to secure themselves and avoid surprize; and to give his orders accordingly--On an alarm he is to perform all the essential duties of commanding officer of the guards--He is to make a general report of every thing relating to them, to the Major General.
The Field Officers to attend the Grand parade, and assist the Brigadier; and follow such directions, as he shall think proper to give, respecting the guards--They are to visit them at night, by way of grand rounds, escorted by a small party of horse--to see if they are alert and upon the watch, and if the Sentries are well stationed and instructed, and do their duty--They are to receive an evening report from the officers, of the state of their guards, and of what unusual occurrences may have happened, and to give directions accordingly. Every thing extraordinary to be reported to the Brigadier, as soon as their tour is over, or sooner, if necessary--They are to receive morning reports from the several guards, when relieved, and digest them in a general one for the Brigadier--On an alarm they are to take their orders from the Brigadier.
The Brigade Major of the day is also to attend the parade--to receive the detachments that to compose the guard, and are to compare them with the detail--to inspect their arms, accoutrements, ammunition and dress to count off the guards and assign the officers their posts by lot--to march them from the Grand parade, and do every other requisite duty, agreeable to the orders of the Brigadier. He is to give each commanding officer of a guard the parole and countersigns before he march off; and is to attend the Brigadier frequently through the day, to receive his further occasional orders--In case of an alarm, he is to accompany the Brigadier.
For the future an Aide-de-Camp from each division, to attend at Head Quarters for General orders. The Brigade Majors to receive them at the quarters of their Major Generals, which will be more convenient to them as they are obliged to attend for division orders.
The Brigade Majors to attend the Adjutant General once a week,or oftener, if required, to settle the detail.
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 6, 1777.
Parole Salisbury. Countersigns Stockbridge, Stamford.
General Lincoln's division is to furnish the guards for the Quibble-town and Lincoln's pass (or Mount pleasant) and to be excused from furnishing men for the other guards. And, as it would be inconvenient for the Generals and Field officers of the day for the line, to visit those guards--Genl. Lincoln and his officers are excused from doing duty by Roster with the other divisions of the army.
Genl. Lincoln is to establish a grand parade for his division, to assemble his guards at, and appoint field officers to visit the guards by day and night.
He is to send a daily report of all extraordinary occurrences that happen in his division to the Major General of the day.
When Quarter-Masters or Commissaries are guilty of a neglect, or breach of duty, if they are attached to brigades; a report to be made to the Brigadier, who is to order a court of inquiry, and report the proceedings, if the charge is supported, to the Major General of the day. If they are not so attached, the complaint to be lodged with the Major General of the day, who will order a court of inquiry, and receive a report of their proceedings--The report, in both cases, to be submitted to the Commander in Chief, who will take care that offenders do not go unpunished--Regimental Quarter Masters are not included in this order, who are subject to the same rules with other regimental officers.
The morning gun at day-break to be a signal for the revellie; and the evening gun at sun-set a signal for the retreat--The officers of quarter guards to see, that they are immediately after beaten in each regiment, in the order heretofore prescribed.
Mr. Hezekiah Stoakes, by recommendation of the field officers of the 8th. Virginia regiment, is appointed Pay Master thereof.
Major Genl. Green's division to practice with actual firing this afternoon at ... o'clock--In this, and all like cases, before the men begin to fire, their arms to be critically examined by the officers to see that they are not loaded with ball; also attention to be paid to their having their cartridges so disposed, as to be in no danger through hurry, of making use of those charged with ball instead of the others. Accidents will be imputed to the carelessness of the officers, and they made to account for it.
Lieut. Myers82 tried by a General Court Martial, the 3rd. In. stant for "Behaving in a scandalous and infamous manner, unworthy the character of an officer and gentleman; in getting drunk, and abusing the Colonel, and the rest of the officers of the regiment he belongs to"--and acquitted.
[Note 82: Lieut. Christian Meyers, of the German Battalion. He was a captain in March, 1778, and retired in January, 1781.]
The Commander in Chief is sorry he is obliged to dissent from this sentence; but as he cannot conceive from the face of the evidence, what reasons could influence the acquital; he is under the disagreeable necessity of directing a reconsideration of the matter.
Head Qurs., Middle Brook, June 6, 1777.
Sir: I this morning had the Honor of your Letter of the 5th with its inclosures.
The Resolution of the 30th of May, respecting the French Gentlemen who came passenger in the Amphitrite, reached Camp before your Letter and has excited much uneasiness in the Artillery Corps.83 The inclosed Copy of a Letter from General Knox will convey their anxiety upon the Subject and which I think it necessary to transmit, as well from duty as on Account of his request.84 The difficulties upon this occasion, arise
[Note 83: On May 30 Congress had resolved "That blank commissions be sent to General Washington, for the French officers lately arrived in the Amphitrite, to be filled up agreeable to a list to be forwarded to him by the committee; the rank of each class of the said officers robe settled by the date of their commissions from the King of France."
The list of names of these officers, dated May 3o, 1777, is in the Washington Papers. It was forwarded to Washington by the Committee of Foreign Applications of Congress, this date.]
[Note 84: Knox's letter, dated June 5, 1777, is in the Washington Papers; a copy is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Knox conceived that "the most fatal consequences will arise to the Artillery, except this Resolution be repealed; at least so far as respects the seniority of rank." (See note 46 to Washington's letter to Richard Henry Lee, June l, 1777, ante.)] from the peculiar circumstances of most of the Officers composing the Artillery Regiments at this time.
I do not know, for my own part, what Operation Congress precisely meant the Resolution should have, but if the Commissions which these Gentn are to receive, should give them Rank from the date of those they had from the King of France, or from their compact with Mr. Dean, there are but few Officers now in the Artillery, who will not be superseded in their Command, unless some method is adopted to prevent it. This I am persuaded Congress had not in contemplation, because it is opposed to policy and to justice, and I am led to believe the Resolution was come into, for want of due information how matters were circumstanced in this instance.
The Officers now in the Artillery, I am obliged to consider of great merit. Experience has proved them to be most warmly attached to the rights of their Country, and their conduct in the line of their profession, has been such, as does the highest honor to themselves and the Gentleman who immediately commands them. Without derogating the least from the character of the French Officers, who are to be commissioned, and whom I wish to receive every countenance they merit, there is strong reason to doubt, laying aside every consideration of Policy, whether they have seen as much real Service as our own in the course of Two Campaigns. It would be hard, not to say unjust, that the latter should loose their command, when they have a claim to every mark of favor, and after they have taken great pains to form their Companies. The Service requires that they should not, and I am convinced the Event would be attended with the most fatal consequences. But what is to be done? This is a case of difficulty, view it as you will. I am not for rejecting the French Gentlemen; far otherwise, I am for employing them, Public faith and the encouragements given to bring them over, demand that it should be done. After much thought and consideration upon the Subject, Two Modes occur to me, as only possible, by which it can be effected, and by which the inconveniencies I have mentioned, can be remedied. One is, that a New Corps of Artillery should be formed and these Gentlemen attached to it. This we have reason to fear cannot be done, from the difficulties we have experienced in raising Men and from their having no Interest or connections with the people. Their Situation in such case, if they are Men of Sentiment and Active dispositions, would be irksome and distressing. The other is, that our present Officers, now under consideration should have their Commissions antedated, to give them precedency of rank; And this may be done with the greater propriety, as most of them were intended to hold the Posts they now sustain, before the French Gentlemen had any Claim upon us. It is true they were not commissioned, because the old Corps existed under the first arrangement: Further, it is said, and there is no doubt of the fact, that these Gentlemen were promoted by Brevet, just before their departure from France, merely to give them Rank here, anticedent to which, our Officers were superior to them in this point; and those Brevets only confer local Rank, confined to the French American Colonies. This latter mode appears the most eligible; If it is adopted, they will be distributed thro' the Corps, as Assistant Officers; their want of a knowledge in our language, incapacitates them for command in the first instance, and not only so, but to place them at the Head of Companies, over Officers that have been at great trouble, pains and expence in raising the Men, would be both unmilitary and unjust. I shall now quit the Subject, wishing that whatever will best conciliate matters, and advance the public good, may be done, suggesting at the same time with all deference, as it is much easier to prevent Evils, than to remedy them, after they have happened; it will be well in all cases of Foreign and indeed other applications, that the consequences which granting them will involve should be maturely weighed and taken in every point of view. In the present case of difficulty, things I am persuaded, might have been adjusted, with the greatest facility, had the Committee of Foreign Applications, been fully possessed of all the Circumstances respecting the Artillery Regiments.
By a Letter from Genl Gates of the 2d Instant transmitting a Copy of one from Genl. Poor, the Enemy, who were at Split Rock according to their last advices which I forwarded, have returned down the Lake. Capt. Whetcomb85 had been sent out to reconnoitre and reported on his return, that only One Boat remained.
[Note 85: Capt. Benjamin Whitcomb, of Bedel's New Hampshire rangers. The British had returned northward on Lake Champlain.]
From Sundry Accounts from New York, there is reason to beleive, the Enemy are on the point of making some expedition. Their preparation of Ships for Troops, Light Horse &c. indicates, that they intend to go by Water. What their object is, yet remains a Secret. The inclosed Copy of an Examination, is very particular and as recent as any that I have received; The Person who gave the information belongs to Cape May County and appeared to be a Sensible, intelligent Lad.86 A Deserter of the 71st this moment came in. You also have his Examination inclosed.87 I have &c.88
[Note 86: Enoch Willis. A copy of his examination, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 87: William Mitchell, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army. A copy of his examination, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 88: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft, dated June 6, is in that of Richard Kidder Meade and Harrison. The examinations of Willis and Mitchell are dated June 7, so that this letter was not forwarded to Congress until that date. It was read in that body June 9.]
Head Qurs., Middle Brook, June 6, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 30th May. Mr. Boudinot Commissary of Prisoners, is gone down to Congress, to lay before them a state of that department and from him you will learn, that Sir Wm. Howe would not permit Mr. Pintard to act as Agent for Prisoners, by Virtue of any Commission from me, but assented to his being allowed to distribute any Money or Necessaries that might be sent in. Mr. Boudinot can likewise give you full information of any other matters respecting the State of our Prisoners in the hands of the Enemy.
If there was any use in Col Forman's having Artillery, I could not spare them at this time. But I do not conceive they would be of the least Service in his Situation. If the place is Such that he cannot safely plant a Guard there for fear of the Enemy, he would by the same rule lose his Artillery, as he has not Men to Support them. If any Works are necessary at the passes he mentions, I should think small Redoubts Sufficient to oppose musquetry.
I shall let Capt. Doyle89 know of the charge exhibited against him, and if it appears that he has appropriated the Public Money to his private use, he certainly ought to be dismissed the Service. I am &ca..90
[Note 89: Capt. John Doyle, of the Independent Pennsylvania company.]
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 6, 1777.
Dr. Sir: Inclosed you have a Letter for Major Apollos Morris which I have left open for your inspection; after reading it, be pleased to deliver it.
I will just remark, that the political Queries referred to, were addressed to Lord and Sir Wm. Howe, and Major Morris declared, that if they refused to give him an answer, he should look upon it as a tacit Confession, that they had no other terms or Powers than those thrown out by the first proclamation and prescribed by the Act of Parliament. And that when he was convinced that they had none, but those of receiving Submissions and granting pardons, he should not hesitate to take an active part, as he should think the Americans, under such circumstances perfectly justifiable in their Declaration and Assertion of Independence.
An Answer to the Queries has been refused, and yet upon Mr. Allen's91 bare assertion, whose interest, from the part he himself has acted, it is to mislead and deceive, Major Morris fixes his Opinion that we are in the wrong, and that he cannot consistent with the dictates of his Conscience take part with us.
I am aware, that upon my recommendation to him to leave the Country, he will apply for Liberty to go to New York. But that must not by any means be permitted, for before he threw off the Mask, he made himself Master of too many of our Secrets, especially in the Military way.
He made a shift to get here by the West Indies and I think he should be obliged to take the same way back or to go directly to Europe. The sooner this is done the better, for I look upon him as a dangerous person, and as one that will take every opportunity of gathering information, that may operate to our disadvantage.92 I am etc.93
[Note 91: John Allen, son of Chief Justice William Alien. He had joined Sir William Howe in 1776. His letter to Morris, dated Apr. 2, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 92: This letter was read in Congress June 9, whereupon it was resolved "That General Arnold be directed to put Major Appolos Morris under immediate arrest and confinement, until the further order of this Congress." The major was later paroled and allowed to go to the West Indies.]
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 6, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 26th and 29th May, from both of which it is evident to me, that you have at length determined upon the part which you are to take in this great dispute. I will not argue with you upon the propriety of your conduct; but I cannot help saying, that I think it very odd, that after being denied an Answer to your political Queries, which appears from Mr. Allen's Letter to you of the 2d April, you should upon the bare assertion, or rather opinion, of that Gentleman, expressed in his Letter of the 8th May,94 conclude that Matters between this Country and Great Britain might have been adjusted, had any terms, Short of Independence, been insisted upon. I must tell you, in plain terms, that, at this time, a neutral Character is looked upon as a Suspicious one; and I would, therefore, advise you to leave a Country, with a Majority of whom you cannot agree in Sentiment, and who are determined to assert their Liberties, by the ways and means, which necessity, and not the love of War, has obliged them to adopt.
[Note 94: Allen's letter, dated May 8, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
I thank you for your expressions of personal regard, and am, etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
[Note 96: Lovell was chairman of the Committee on Foreign Applications, Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 6, 1777.
Sir: I have your favor of the 30th May inclosing a List of the French Officers who came over in the Amphitrite;97 with the
[Note 97: Lovell's letter with the list (in French) is in the Washington Papers. Thomas Conway's name as a colonel commandant is the highest rank on the list; the others were captains and lieutenants of infantry, artillery, and engineers.] Rank, which they are to bear. I have stated in Congress some difficulties that will arise upon granting them rank from the dates of their French Commissions. They will by these means supercede all our own Officers of equal Rank whose Commissions, upon the new Establishment of the Army are to bear date the 1st Janry. 1777.
As I am convinced that Congress never meant to do this, I have taken the Liberty to point out to them an expedient, which I hope will Satisfy all parties, and which I wish they may adopt. I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at Middle Brook, June 6, 1777.
Sir : I this morning received your favour of Yesterday. Inclosed I send you General Orders, which, as far as they apply, are to be strictly attended to. As to the Tea you mention,99 it is to be sent to the Quarter Master General for the use of the Army; it will be well enough to have the two Teams1 with their contents sold and the amount divided amongst the Captors, in which number the whole detachment is to be considered, though not immediately with the party. The Spirit and intention of the Orders are, that whenever a party behaves with Bravery and run a risque in taking any thing belonging to the Enemy, the booty so taken, shall be divided amongst them. I am etc.2
[Note 99: The tea was found concealed in a wood.]
[Note 1: The two teams were taken by a different scouting party. The wagons were loaded with flour, meat, etc.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Middle Brook, June 6, 1777.
My Lord: I received the favour of your Lordship's letter of this day. I am sorry, I cannot with propriety comply with Lieut: Col: Sterling's3 request; but as I wish not to obstruct any supplies, you may think proper to send for the comfort and accommodation of your prisoners with us, I am to assure you, that the greatest care will be taken to forward and deliver, whatever money or necessaries may be transmitted for the purpose; and vouchers of its being done will be returned for the satisfaction of the Gentlemen from whom they come. Lieut Col: Sterling can send those Articles by a Flag addressed to Elias Boudinot Esquire Commissary for Prisoners, with proper directions for the distribution of them, and they will not, fail to be observed. Every matter of a similar nature is to pass through his hands, and to be transacted by him, as was signified in a late letter of mine to Lieut: Genl. De Heister, to point out the proper Channel of conveyance in these cases.
[Note 3: Lieut. Col. Thomas Sterling, of the Forty-second Foot, British Army.]
I cannot forbear taking this occasion to remark, that it appears to me not a little singular, to find a gallant discharge of duty in an Officer assigned as a reason for exercising the greatest barbarity towards him. I confess I should imagine the Eye of Generosity, would rather view it as a Motive for applause and tenderness. I am, &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I imagine that since General Schuyler's departure from Philadelphia you command there. I therefore inclose you the evidence of a person very lately from New York, from which, as well as from other information, it appears that a Fleet is upon the point of Sailing from New York. If Philadelphia should be the place of destination, they will make their appearance in Delaware Bay, soon after they leave the Hook. I therefore desire, that you will, as soon as you are certain that the Fleet is in the Bay, give me the earliest notice, by the Expresses that are posted on the Road between this and Philadelphia. Before you send notice to me, be sure that you are not deceived by the signal Guns, which I am told have been fired several times without any Grounds for so doing. A move of this Army upon a false alarm might prove fatal.
Could not you and Genl. Sullivan contrive to give each other notice by Signals. We can do it by making lights upon the heights near Princeton and at this place, but I am afraid it will be difficult between Princeton and Philadelphia because the ground is low. I am &ca.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at Middlebrook, June 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: By Mr. Trumbull,6 who is just past this for Philadelphia, I am informd that you have lately drawn 500 Hunting Shirts, 500 Waistcoats, and 500 Overalls, in addn. to the cloathing you obtaind some time ago. By a late return from Genl. Putnam, who Comds. at Peeks kill, dated the 31st. Ulto. it appears that of your Regiment, he has only 21 Men at that Post; And, by a Return from Genl. Parsons of the 13th. of the same month, it further appears that the whole strength of your Regiment was only 205. Rank and file; What is the meaning of all this? and in what point of view am I to consider such proceedings? do you conceive it necessary that your Regiment is to have one Suit for parade (the Streets of Wethersfield in) and another to March to New Haven? (for I believe they never) [present appearances render it doubtful whether they will ever get further or] intend to leave the State of Connecticut, and
[Note 6: William Turnbull, of Livingston & Turnbull, agents for clothing for the Continental Army.] (not content with this) [more than all this, can you think it justifiable] to keep 200 and odd Spare Suits by them when a Number of poor fellows who have been doing hard duty in the Field have scarcely Cloathing to cover their nakedness and many of them renderd unfit for duty for want thereof whilst the Clothier Genl. knows not where to provide them.
I (must) [am sorry you oblige me to] tell you in plain terms, that this conduct is highly offensive to me, and you are hereby enjoined, to proceed with every Man of your Regiment, fit for duty immediately to Peeks kill, leaving the necessary Officers, with proper Instructions to Recruit to your Establishmt.
You are to carry all the Cloathing to Peeks kill that the Troops there may be benefited by the superfluity of your Regimt.
I well remember that you, to obviate my objections to Cloathing your Men in red, propos'd Hunting Shirts as a Covering; but I then observd that this could not be expected at the Public expence, nor had I any conception that you could have entertaind the most distant thought of drawing these things from the Public Stores, when you must have know how difficult a matter it is to provide for the large demands of the Army.
[It is with pain, I have been induced to express myself in a language so pointed; but your own reflection will convince you that I have but too much reason.] I am etc.7
[Note 7: The portions within parentheses show the original draft by Washington; the brackets inclose the substitutions by Alexander Hamilton, which probably were incorporated in the letter as sent.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 7, 1777.
Parole Tacenton. Countersigns Truro, Tunbridge.
As the army is now on a permanent and honorable footing, and as the General has the credit of it very much at heart--He expects that every officer, on whom the importance of the contest, and a regard to his own honor, or duty are sufficiently impressed will lend their aid to support the character of it--To this end, nothing can be more effectual, than a close attention to discipline and subordination; and particularly in an exact obedience to all General orders; which is the life of an army. Officers should consider that a repetition of orders, is the highest reflection upon those who are the cause of it--An orderly book is a record in the hands of thousands, of the transactions of an army; and consequently of the disgrace of those, whose insensibility to the obligations they are under, and whose want of a manly emulation of temper, OBLIGE the Commander in Chief to publish their misconduct, by repeating his calls upon them to discharge their duty.
The General appeals to the understanding of every officer; and earnestly recommends a serious consideration of these matters--Their engagements with the public;--their own honor--and the salvation of their country demand it.--The General wishes it on these accounts, and for his own ease and satisfaction; for as nothing is more easy than to conduct an army, where a chearful and ready obedience is paid to every order; so nothing is more difficult and embarrasing, where a careless, licentious and disorderly spirit prevails. Thus much is said to lead Gentlemen into a proper train of thinking on the subject, and to engage their judgment and feelings on the side of their duty; but it is at the same time necessary to subjoin, that a punishment and disgrace will attend those, who will not be influenced by more honorable means.
Captains should make a point of seeing that every order affecting their companies is complied with--Colonels should do the same in their regiments--Brigadiers in their brigades, and Major Generals in their divisions. No officer should implicitly trust to another, but each perform his own part, and see that those under him do theirs. This being the case, every thing would go on smoothly and well; but while the contrary is practiced, and every officer is glad to throw the irksome drudgery of obedience, upon his inferior, nothing but disorder and ruin can ensue.
No officer to be absent from camp, without a furlough from his Brigadier, nor in that case, for more than ten days, at a time--The Adjutant General will furnish each Brigadier applying, with printed furloughs for the purpose, which alone are to be made use of.
Deserters to be immediately sent to the Major General of the day--The person conducting them, not to permit them to stop any where, to answer any questions, that shall be made them.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a Court Martial, held the 4th. Instant; and orders their immediate execution.
Lieut. Shannon9 of the 1st. Virginia regiment tried for "Putting the Pay-Master of said regiment in the guard-house."
[Note 9: Lieut. William Shannon. He resigned in July, 1777.] Sentence to ask pardon in the presence of the officers of his regiment.
Andrew Spalding of Col Patton's regt. for "Disobedience of orders, and threatening to shoot an officer"--sentenced to receive 100 lashes.
Peter O'Neal, Corporal in the 7th. Pennsylvania, for "Having threatened to desert"--to receive 50 lashes.
Richard Hurly of the 7th. Pennsylva. for "Intending to desert"--acquitted.
John Taylor of the same Regt. for "Intending and threatening to desert"--to receive 25 lashes.
Alexander McDonald, with "Intending and threatening to desert"--to receive 15 lashes.
Serjt. Mackey of the 11th. Pennsylv. for "Leaving his guard without permission"--to be reduced to the ranks.
Thomas Fishwater of the 9th. Virginia for "Desertion, and attempting to go to the enemy"--to receive 100 lashes.
Also a Court Martial held the 5th. Instant.
Luke Debow of the 3rd. Jersey, for "Desertion"--to receive 100 lashes.
David Forbes of Col. Patton's Regt. for "Desertion"--acquitted.
Jabez Lambert of the 5th. Pennsylv. for "Desertion", to receive 50 lashes.
Edward Evendon of the 2nd. Jersey for "Desertion" to receive 25 lashes.
Michael Reyley of the 9th. Pennsylv. for "Threatening the life of Adjutant Thompson"10 to receive 50 lashes.
[Note 10: Adjt. William Thompson.]
Joseph Swan of the 9th. Pennsylv. for "Being drunk on his post"--to receive 15 lashes.
Joseph Cockran of the 9th. Pennsylv. with "Being drunk on guard"--to receive 15 lashes.
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 8, 1777.
Parole Mifflin. Countersigns Munster, Milford.
By intelligence from different quarters, there is much reason to believe the enemy are on the eve of some important operation--This makes it absolutely necessary, that the whole army should hold themselves, in constant readiness to move at a moments warning; and for that purpose they are to be always furnished with three days provision, ready cooked--Officers to take care that their men carry their own packs; and to suffer none but invalids to put their arms, or packs into the waggons.
The Quarter Master General to settle with the Brigadiers, the proper allowance of waggons for their respective brigades; and to furnish them, or make up any deficiency immediately.
All arms delivered out of the public stores, or purchased by officers for the use of the Continent; to be branded without loss of time, agreeable to former orders.
For the future none but printed furloughs to be given to soldiers--Any soldier absent from his corps with only a written furlough, will be taken up, and his furlough deemed a forgery--This to be advertised in the public papers of each state.
A return to be made to morrow of the Chaplains in each brigade, specifying where they are.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 8, 1777.
Sir: I was this morning honored with your favor of the 6th Inst. with its inclosures.
I am extremely happy, in the approbation Congress have been pleased to express of my conduct, respecting the proposed Cartel for the exchange of Prisoners, and shall govern myself by the principles which influenced me on that occasion and such other as shall appear right and just, should there be any further negociation on the Subject.
I shall order a return to be made of the Chaplains in Service, which shall be transmitted, as soon as it is obtained. At present, as the Regiments are greatly dispersed, part in one place and part in another, and accurate States of them have not been made, it will not be in my power to forward it immediately. I shall here take occasion to mention, that I communicated the Resolution, appointing a Brigade Chaplain in the place of all others, to the several Brigadiers; they are all of opinion, that it will be impossible for them to discharge the duty; that many inconveniences and much dissatisfaction will be the result, and that no Establishment appears so good in this instance as the Old One. Among many other weighty objections to the Measure, It has been suggested, that it has a tendency to introduce religious disputes into the Army, which above all things should be avoided, and in many instances would compel men to a mode of Worship which they do not profess. The old Establishment gives every Regiment an Opportunity of having a Chaplain of their own religious Sentiments, it is founded on a plan of a more generous toleration, and the choice of the Chaplains to officiate, has been generally in the Regiments. Supposing one Chaplain could do the duties of a Brigade, (which supposition However is inadmissible, when we view things in practice) that being composed of four or five, perhaps in some instances, Six Regiments, there might be so many different modes of Worship. I have mentioned the Opinion of the Officers and these hints to Congress upon this Subject; from a principle of duty and because cause I am well assured, it is most foreign to their wishes or intention to excite by any act, the smallest uneasiness and jealousy among the Troops.
There remains no room to beleive otherwise, than that the Enemy are on the point of moving. This is confirmed by intelligence from all Quarters and thro' so many different Channels that we must consider it certain. Whether they will move by Land or Water or by both, cannot be ascertained, nor is their destination precisely known; but every circumstance points out Philadelphia as their Object. Being of this Opinion, I have directed a return of General Mifflin. Before he left Philadelphia, I wrote countermanding the order for his coming here, but he did not receive my Letter. I would also mention to Congress that I think the Military Stores lately arrived and at or coming to Philadelphia, should be removed to a place of perfect Security. Tho' I would not excite, needless uneasy apprehensions; prudence requires, that these, so essential, should not be exposed to risk. I have the Honor &ca.12
[Note 12: In tile writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: The accounts you give me of the distress of the Massachusetts Troops for Clothing surprise me a good deal, as I was always taught to believe that they had an abundance in that State. I have wrote to the Clothier General to know the reason of it; In the mean time, that the men may not Suffer, I desire you will stop a parcel of Hunting Shirts, Overalls, Waistcoasts, Shoes and Shirts that are coming on and supply those that are in most want of them, appointing a careful person to take an account of the Quantity and to whom delivered. I have directed the Clothier General to send up a deputy to take the account from you, and to endeavour to procure what further is necessary.13 All our accounts, for several days past, agree, that the Enemy are preparing to make a considerable embarkation of Horse and Foot, and by the Quantity of Water, Hay and Provision of other kind it should seem that they are going out to Sea. But tho' this is the appearance, I beg you to keep a good look out lest they make a sudden turn towards you. I am &ca.14
[Note 13: The next day Hamilton wrote Putnam, by Washington's order, not to open or distribute the clothing stopped until the Deputy Clothier General arrived.]
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am this day favor'd with yours of the 27th. and 29th. of May. I am surprised at the accounts you give me of the want of Cloathing for the Troops of Massachusetts. I took it for granted that they had been sent forward when it was intended that all your Troops should go to the Northward, and that they would meet them at Peekskill. My reason for this was, that the Cloathier General repeatedly assured me and continues to assure me, that a Sufficiency of Cloathing was left to the Eastward for the Troops of those States. I have however wrote to him this day in a positive manner to send some person forward to issue the Cloathing which I have directed to be stopped at Peekskill, and then to proceed to Boston and inquire how it comes to pass, that the Troops have been so illy supplied. This however has not been the case with all the regiments, for I am informed that Greaton's have not only drawn a full supply of Cloth Cloaths, but have likewise drawn the same number of hunting Shirts, under Waistcoats and overalls. Others may have done the same, and if so, it is no wonder that part go naked when some are double clad. Another practice, and a very unjustifiable one has prevailed in some Corps, they have drawn from the Clothier General five or six hundred Suits under pretence of having as many Men, when in fact they have not half the Number. This is very unfair and indeed dishonest, because every Officer must certainly know the Scarcity of Cloathing and the Shifts we are obliged to make, and shou'd for that reason take his proportion and no more, for if he does he keeps a useless hoard while others are starving for want.
I am fearful that if there has been any mismanagement in the allotment of Cloathing, that it may be imputed to partiality in me for the Southern Troops. If there is the least suspicion of that kind, my Letters and orders to the Clothier General will plainly evince the contrary, for I have ever strictly enjoined him to leave a full proportion to the Eastward, and till the late Complaints I thought it had been done.
If there are no Store Houses at the places which are thought convenient and safe, they must certainly be built, at as cheap a rate as possible.
The Officers of Colo. Lee's and Jackson's Regiments are entitled to Pay from the time of their appointments, and may therefore draw for it.
The Quarter Master General has sent 1000 Tents to the Northern Army, which is more than their proportion and I will inform Genl. Knox of the want of Tin, a proper Quantity of which shall be ordered up.
It is impossible for me to say what new Regulation in the Pay of Officers you have been made acquainted with and what not. I should have supposed Mr. Hancock had been informed on that head; but taking it for granted that he is not, I have desired Mr. Palfrey to furnish him with a pay list of the Army, as it stands at present and at what time the advance of Pay was made.
The low returns from Peeks Kill are shameful, considering the number of men that have been long actually raised to the Eastward. I know of no excuse for Connecticut, as several of her Regiments had not, last week, marched up Twenty men, tho' consisting of between Two and Three hundred. The Enemy taking advantage of our weakness up the North River, seem to be drawing their whole force to Jersey, while New York is left with a small Garrison. Had the Troops come on as they ought to have done, they would not have dared to do this. I have so often repeated my distresses to you that you must be well acquainted with them, and you therefore must excuse me, when I call upon you in the most pressing manner to send every man forward that is Clothed or that can procure tolerable Clothing till better can be got. I will leave nothing undone to obtain it upon some terms or other. I am etc.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 8, 1777.
Sir: I have just received Letters from Genl. Heath at Boston, in which he makes most heavy complaints for the want of Clothing for the Troops of Massachusetts, many of whom were marched to Peeks Kill, under a promise of having their Clothes sent after them or finding them there. They have been disappointed in both and are now naked and unfit for duty. I always understood from you, that in your allotment, you had left a Sufficiency of Clothing at Boston for the Troops of that State; if so, how is it disposed of. I understand that a quantity of light Clothing, such as Shirts, Frocks and overalls, are coming on. I shall order them to be stopped at Peeks Kill and deliver'd out to those troops that are in want, and an account taken to whom. And I think you ought immediately to send a proper person there, to settle matters with the Officers who draw them, and then to proceed to Boston and make Inquiry into this matter which has some how or other been badly conducted. I am anxious to have the matter looked into, because I am certain that it is in some measure attributed to my partiality for the Southern Troops, to whom they say all the Clothing has been sent.16 I am etc.17
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 17: This same letter was sent to Maj. Gen. Thomas Mifflin.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 9, 1777.
Sir: The Campaign is upon the point of opening in this Province and the Virginia Regiment of Light Horse have been so worn down by hard Service, that except they are relieved of part of this duty, they will be totally unfit for Service of any kind. I therefore desire that you will send on every Man of your Regiment that is Clothed and Mounted, and that have had the Small Pox. If they are not all completely armed, an Officer may be left behind to bring them on, as quick as possible, many duties may be performed as well without Arms as with them. One Troop is to be left at Peeks Kill, but that may be one of the last,18 If any are there already, they must come on
[Note 18: That is, the troop last to arrive at Wethersfield. Sheldon's Dragoons had not been allowed to remain undisturbed in winter quarters but had been called on for duty throughout the winter.] immediately. I expect your immediate compliance with this order, and am etc.19
[Note 19: This letter was inclosed in one to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam of this date, directing that it be forwarded to Sheldon by express.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 9, 1777.
Parole Newcastle. Countersigns Newark, Newport.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to approve the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 6th. Instant and orders them to be put in execution forth with--The delinquents to be immediately taken out of the Guard-house, and punished at the brigade parades, to which they respectively belong.
William Nicholson, Abraham Hill, Thomas Banks and Anthony Payne--all of the 15th. Virginia Regt. charged with "Desertion"--Nicholson and Hill to receive 25 lashes each; Banks and Anthony 20 each.
John King of the 1st. New-Jersey Regt. charged with "Desertion" to receive 50 lashes.
John Lowry of the 9th. Virginia--charged with "damning the General and his orders" to receive 39 lashes.
James Daugherty of the 3rd. New-Jersey--charged with "Desertion"--to receive 100 lashes.
Daniel Hailey of the 3rd. Virginia Regt. charged with "Deserting from his regiment and inlisting in the 10th. Pennsylvania regiment"--to receive 25 lashes.
Samuel Mason of the 3rd. Virginia regt. charged with "Deserting from his regiment and inlisting in the 10th. Pennsylvania regiment"--to receive 20 lashes.
John Bybecker of the German battalion, charged with "Desertion and inlisting into another regiment"--the sentence postponed for further evidence.
The duty of the Major General of the day, to begin at the mounting of the guard one day and to end at the same time the next.
The commanding officer of each corps to keep an ammunition account with their men, and make them pay, for all that is wantonly wasted.
Captains of companies to keep a list of their men's cloaths, and have them critically examined every Saturday--A soldier shall not presume to sell any part of his cloaths on any pretence whatever.
The prisoners under sentence of death, to prepare for execution, tomorrow at 12 o'clock--The whole Army, except General Lincoln's division, to be assembled for this purpose, near the Artillery park--The criminals to be attended with such Chaplains, as they choose.20
[Note 20: See General Orders, May 7, 1777, and May 23, 1777, ante.]
As there is a plenty of common and French sorrel; lamb's quarters,21 and water cresses, growing about camp; and as these vegetables are very conducive to health, and tend to prevent the scurvy and all putrid disorders--The General recommends to the soldiers the constant use of them, as they make an agreeable sallad, and have the most salutary effect. The regimental officer of the day to send to gather them every morning, and have them distributed among the men.
[Note 21: Otherwise white goosefoot.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 10, 1777.
Parole Okehampton. Countersigns Overton, Oxford. The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a Court Martial, held the 7th. Inst., of which Col Thomas Marshall of the 3rd. Virginia Regt. was president.
Lieut. Kirtley22 of the 8th. Virginia Regiment, charged with "Disobedience of orders, and absenting himself three months, beyond the time allotted him to join his regiment" found not guilty of being absent from his regiment, three months, beyond the time allotted him; But guilty of disobedience of orders--sentenced to be discharged from the service.
[Note 22: Lieut. James Kirtley.]
Lieut. Tully Robertson of the 4th. Virginia Regimt. charged with "Absenting himself from his regiment without leave"--found guilty of the charge, and sentenced to be discharged the service and to forfeit his pay from the 30th of December last, 'till he joined his regiment again.
Lieut. Ford23 of the 4th. Virginia regiment charged with "Disobedience of Orders, in the instance of firing a gun, without proper permission, in camp"--sentenced to receive a reprimand by the commanding officer of the said regiment, in the presence of the officers of the same.
[Note 23: Lieut. Denham Ford. He was made Commissary of Military Stores in October, 1777; cashiered Jan. 3, 1778,]
John Smith of the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment, formerly the 6th. charged with "Inlisting into the 9th. Pennsylvania regiment, without a discharge from the 7th."--sentenced to receive 25 lashes, on his back, and the bounty of Twenty Dollars, which he received from the 9th. Pennsylvania Regiment, to be stopped out of his pay.
Peter Burney, of the 3rd. New Jersey regiment charged with "Desertion"--sentenced to be discharged.
Joshua Swoden, of the 1st. New Jersey regiment charged with "Desertion"--sentenced to be discharged.
William Shaddock of the 9th. Pennsylv. Regimt. tried by the same Court Martial the 2nd. of June, for "Desertion"--omitted in former orders--sentenced to receive 25 lashes on his bare back.
Such regiments as have not already drawn Tomahawks, are immediately to provide themselves with at least one or two to a mess. The Quarter Master General is to charge those to the regiments, and each mess charged with what is delivered to it, that they may be returned when called for, or pay for them, if lost.The Quarter Master General is to furnish each brigade, with an assortment of intrenching tools, which are always to accompany the brigade, under the care of the Brigade Quarter Master, and to be delivered to the order of the Brigadier, as occasion shall require--the tools already delivered to the regiments to be accounted for.
The commanding officer of every Corps is to keep an exact account of the arms received and delivered, for the use of it, as there will be a careful inquiry into this matter, and a satisfactory account expected of them.
The movements of this army, either for offensive or defensive measures will be sudden, whenever they do happen; consequently no time can be allowed, either to draw or cook provisions; it may not be amiss therefore, again to remind the officers of the necessity of having their men provided agreeable to the order of the 8th. Inst. and the Commissary is desired, if possible, to furnish biscuit and salt provisions, for this purpose, which the men may keep by them, and continue to draw their usual allowance.
It has been so often, and so pressingly recommended to officers to have no unnecessary baggage with them, that it is hoped the army is entirely unincumbered with it; but if the case should be otherwise, the General desires the Brigadiers will have it immediately removed. The Adjutant General will direct to what place. After this notice, officers are not to be surprised, if heavy boxes, great bedsteads &c. are left in the field. A very small escort from the whole line, will be necessary to guard the baggage sent off, pursuant to this order, and to be composed of the most indifferent, but under the command of a careful officer.
The General is informed, that great complaints are made by the inhabitants nearest the enemy's lines, of soldiers taking away their horses, and other property, and that in many instances they are countenanced by the officers, under the idea of the Inhabitants being Tories; expressly orders a stop to be put to such practices, or those who are convicted of them, will be brought to exemplary punishment. Such Inhabitants as are proper objects of punishment, will be dealt with in a legal way; but no officer, or soldier, is to judge for himself, and appropriate their property to their own use, or to seize it without proper orders.
The ground in the rear of the Artillery park, is to be considered as the Grand parade 'till further orders: All guards to mount and be dismissed there accordingly.
It is with inexpressible regret the Commander in Chief has been driven to the necessity of doing a severe, but necessary act of Justice, as an example of what is to be expected by those daring offenders, who, lost to all sense of duty, and the obligations they owe to their Country, and to mankind, wantonly violate the most sacred engagements, and fly to the assistance of an enemy, they are bound by every tie to oppose. A spirit of desertion is alone the most fatal disease that can attend an army, and the basest principle that can actuate a soldier; Wherever it shews itself, it deserves detestation, and calls for the most exemplary punishment. What confidence can a General have in any Soldier, who he has reason to apprehend may desert in the most interesting moments ? What, but the want of every moral and manly sentiment, can induce him to desert the cause, to which he has pledged his faith, even with the solemnity of an oath, and which he is bound to support, by every motive of justice and good will to himself, and his fellow creatures ? When such a character appears, it may almost be said in reference to it, that forbearance is folly; and mercy degenerates into cruelty.
Notwithstanding this, and tho' the General is determined to convince every man, that crimes of so atrocious a nature shall not be committed with impunity; yet as He is earnestly desirous to shew that he prefers clemency to severity--pardoning to punishing--He is happy to proclaim, the remission of their offences, to all the other prisoners now under sentence, and a releasement to all those now under confinement for trial--He hopes that they, and all others will have a proper sense of this Act of lenity, and will not be ungrateful or foolish enough to abuse it. They will do well to remember that Justice may speedily overtake them, as it has done the unhappy man, whom they have seen fall a Victim to his own folly and wickedness. Those who are pardoned can expect no favor on a second offence. But, Why will Soldiers force down punishment upon their own heads ? Why will they not be satisfied to do their duty, and reap the benefits of it ? The General addresses himself to the feelings of every man in the army; exhorting one and all to consult their own honor and wellfare--to refrain from a conduct that can only serve to bring disgrace and destruction upon themselves, and ruin to their country. He intreats them not to sully the Arms of America, by their Infidelity, Cowardice or Baseness, and save him the anguish of giving Guilt the chastisement it demands. They are engaged in the justest cause men can defend; they have every prospect of success, if they do their part. Why will they abandon, or betray so great a trust? Why will they madly turn their backs upon glory, freedom and happiness?
AFTER ORDERS
The Commander in Chief orders, that the baggage, and camp-equipage of the whole army, except the tents, which are not to be struck 'till further orders, be loaded this evening, and every thing in readiness to move at a moment's warning. The troops supplied with provisions, agreeable to the orders of the 8th. Instant. The Quarter Master General, Commissary General, and Commissary of military stores, to see that every thing in their respective departments be in moving order, all the Horses fixed to their respective waggons.
Middle Brook, June 10, 1777.
Sir: Your several Letters, of the 21st. of April, 22d of May, and 5th instant, have been received.
Having stated my sentiments in an explicit manner, in my Letter of the 9th. of April, upon the Subject of your demand and the disagreement between us, I thought it unnecessary to trouble you with a repetition of them. From the complexion of yours of the 21st. of April, we appeared to differ so widely, that I could entertain no hopes of a compromise being effected, or that an Answer would produce any good end.
But as you have called upon me again for my final determination upon the Matter, I shall freely give it, after making some Observations upon what you have said, with intention, to obviate the Objections on my part, to a compliance with your demand thro' Lieut. Colonel Walcot.
You admit the principle, upon which my Objection to account for the whole Number of Prisoners sent out by you, is founded, but deny the application, by delicately insinuating in the first instance, that the ill treatment complained of, was "an expedient to cherish popular delusion"; And by asserting in the second, "that supposing their sufferings to have been real, they were to be ascribed to other causes than those assigned by me."
I shall not undertake to determine on whom the charge of endeavouring to excite popular delusion falls with most propriety; but I cannot forbear intimating that however successful, ingenuous miscolourings may be in some instances, to perplex the Understanding in matters of speculation, Yet, it is difficult to persuade Mankind, to doubt the Evidence of their Senses, and the reality of those facts for which they can appeal to them. Unless this can be done, permit me to assure you, it will always be beleived, whatever may be suggested to the contrary, that Men could not be in a more deplorable situation, than those unhappy sufferers were, who are the Subject of our difference. Did I imagine that you, Sir, had any serious scruples on the Occasion, I might produce, in support of what I have alledged, the strongest proofs that Human Testimony can afford.
To prove that the Prisoners did not suffer from any ill treatment or neglect of yours, you say "they were confined in the most airy Buildings and on Board the largest Transports in the Fleet. That they were supplied with the same provisions both in Quantity and Quality as were allowed to your Troops not on service. That the sick, such of them, as required peculiar care, were received into the British Hospitals and the rest attended by their own Surgeons, who were supplied with Medicines without restriction, 'till it was discovered that they disposed of large Quantities by private Sale."
That airy Buildings were chosen to confine our Men in, is a fact I shall not dispute. But whether this was an Advantage or not in the Winter Season, I leave you to decide. I am inclined to think it was not; especially, as there was a general Complaint, that they were destitute of fire the greater part of the time, and were only prevented from feeling the inclemency of the Weather, in its extremest rigor, by their crowded situation. This I must believe was not very conducive to their health; and, if we may judge by comparison, we must conclude, they endured similar inconveniences on board the Transports.
As to the supplies of Provision, I know not what they were. My Ideas of the matter were drawn from their United Testimony, confirmed by their appearance, which represented the allowance as insufficient in Quantity, bad in Quality, and irregularly served. You yourself mention some "accidental instances of Omission." I apprehend they were much more frequent, than you were apprized of.
It may not be improper to observe, that there is a material difference between persons confined and deprived of every means of subsistence, in aid of their allowance, and those who are at large and have other resources, as is the case with your Troops not on service, who have the benefit of their pay and what they can occasionally gain by their Labour.
You might also find from inquiry, that we made no distinction in our supplies, between your Soldiers Prisoners with us and our own in the field. They were not stinted to a scanty pittance, but had full as much, as they could use, and of the best kind.
In respect to the attention paid to the Sick, I am sorry, their accomodation was injured in any degree by the misconduct of the Surgeons. I heartily join with you in reprobating their proceedings, and shall esteem it a favor if you will point out the Persons, and furnish me with such proofs of their guilt, as you may be possessed of.
The more effectually to exonerate yourself from the consequences imputed to the neglect, or ill treatment of the Prisoners, you assert, they had every comfort and assistance from you, that your situation would admit;And that they wanted nothing but Money and Clothing, which ought to have been furnished by me.
Had we left your Prisoners with us, to depend entirely upon the supplies they drew immediately from you, their condition would have been little better than that of Ours in your hands. Your Officers and Soldiers can both inform you, that they experienced every mark of Public and Private generosity that could be shewn them. Frequent instances might be adduced, that on Notice of your Men being in want, orders were immediately given that necessaries should be procured for them. Every thing was done on our part to facilitate any steps you took for the same end.
You were permitted to have an Agent amongst us, countenanced by Public Authority, and allowed every latitude he could wish to enable him to execute his Office. I am sorry to say, the same conduct has not been observed towards us, and that there are instances to shew, that far from endeavouring to remove the difficulties that necessarily lay in our way, to making such ample Supplies as we could wish, Obstacles have been made that might very well have been waved.
A late instance of this is to be found, in your refusing to let us have a procuring Agent with you, who might purchase what was necessary to supply the wants of our Men. You must be sensible, that for want of a regular mode being adjusted for mutually conveying supplies, there was a necessity for an exercise of generosity on both sides. This was done by us and we expected would have been done by you, which made us less anxious in providing than we should have been, had we foreseen what has really happened. We ascribed every deficiency on your part to the indeterminate situation of Affairs in this respect; and looking forward to a more provident arrangement of the Matter, we thought it our duty, not to let the Prisoners with us be destitute of any thing requisite for their preservation, and imagined that your reasonings and feelings would have been the same.
Your saying we were frequently advised of their distress, is of little avail. It was not done till it was too late to remedy the ill consequences of the past neglect, and 'till our Prisoners were already reduced to a miserable extremity. I wish their sufferings may not have been increased in the Article of clothing, by their being deprived of what they had thro' the rapacity of too many of their Captors: Reports of this kind have not been wanting.
You further observe, that my own experience would suggest, whether our Army in the course of the last Campaign was not subject to the same Calamitous Mortality, with the Prisoners in your Possession. I cannot but confess, that there was a great degree of sickness among us; but I can assure you, that the Mortality bore no kind of resemblance to that which was experienced by the Prisoners with you, and that the disorders in the Camp had nearly ceased, before the Captivity of a large proportion of them. The Garrison that fell into your hands, on the 16th. of November, was found, I am convinced, in perfect health.
In reply to my intimation, that it would have been happy, if the Expedient of sending out our Men, had been earlier thought of, You are pleased to say, "that the Event has proved the caution with which you ought to have adopted the measure." What inference can be drawn from my refusing to account for Prisoners, scarcely alive, and by no means in an exchangeable condition to Warrant an insinuation, that I should have done the same, had they been released under different circumstances, let your own candor determine.
But then you ask "How is the Cause of debility in Prisoners to be ascertained?" This seems to be considered as a perplexing Question. For my part, I cannot view it as involving any great difficulty. There is no more familiar mode of reasoning, than from Effects to causes, even in matters of the most interesting importance. In the Subject before us, the appearance of the Prisoners and what eventually happened, proved that they had been hardly dealt with; but their joint asservations, aided by the information of others not interested in the distress, more than as they regarded the rights of Humanity, established the fact too firmly for Incredulity itself to doubt it.
I should hardly believe you to be serious, in your application of the exception to which you allude, to the case of Major General Lee, if you had not persisted in a discrimination respecting him. I did not entertain the most distant Idea, that he could have been supposed to come under the description contained in it; and to force such a construction upon that Gentleman's circumstances, however it may be an Evidence of ingenuity, is but an indifferent specimen of Candor. I still adhere to what I have already advanced on this Head, I can by no means think of departing from it.
I am now to give you my final decision on the subject of your demands. In doing this, I can little more than repeat, what I have already said. I am extreemly desirous of a general exchange, on liberal and impartial principles; and it is with great concern, I find, that a matter so mutually interesting, is impeded by unnecessary Obstacles. But, I cannot consent to its taking place, on terms so disadvantageous as those you propose, and which appear to me so contrary to justice and the Spirit of our Agreement.
I think it proper to declare, that I wish the difference between us to be adjusted, on a generous and equitable plan, and mean not to avail myself of the releasement of the Prisoners, to extort any thing from you not compatible with the strictest justice. Let a reasonable proportion of Prisoners to be accounted for, be settled, and General Lee declared exchangeable, when we shall have an Officer of yours of equal rank in our possession. I ask no more. These being done, I shall be happy to proceed to a General Exchange24 But, in the mean time, I am willing that
[Note 24: Washington's letter (June 8) regarding the exchange of prisoners drew from Congress the resolve of June 10, which was forwarded to the Commander in Chief in Hancock's letter of June 13:
"Resolved, That General Washington be directed to inform General Howe, that this Congress most sincerely laments the necessity to which they are driven by the cruel policy of their enemies, of entering into any resolutions which have any appearance of severity towards those prisoners of war who have fallen or may fall into our hands; but that there are no other means in our power of inducing our enemies to respect the rights of humanity; that with this view only, it is their determined resolution to carry into execution the law of retaliation; that if any persons belonging to or employed in the service of the United States, or any of them who now are, or hereafter may be, prisoners to Lord or General Howe, or any other commander of his Britannic Majesty's forces by sea or land, shall be sent to the realm of Great Britain, or any part of the dominions of the said king of Great Britain, to be there confined to common gaols, or any other place or places of confinement, in pursuance of any act or acts of the British parliament, or any other pretence whatever; it is the resolution of this Congress, to treat the prisoners now in our lower, and such as hereinafter may fall into our hands, in a manner as nearly similar as our circumstances will admit."] a partial one should take place for the Prisoners now in your hands, as far as those in ours will extend, except with respect to Lieut. Col. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers, who will be detained till you recognize General Lee a Prisoner of War and place him on the footing I claim25 This latter proposition, I am induced to make, from the distinction which your Letter of the 22d. of May seems to hold forth; and I think it necessary to add, that your conduct towards Prisoners will govern mine.
[Note 25: On the receipt of a letter from General Lee to Robert Morris, informing that Sir William Howe treated Lee with kindness and generosity, Congress resolved (June 2) that a letter be written to the council of Massachusetts and the Governor and council of Virginia requesting the former to treat Colonel Campbell, and the latter the five Hessian officers, with kindness, generosity, and tenderness, consistent with the safe custody of their person.]
The situation of Lt. Col. Campbell, as represented by you, is such as I neither wished nor approve. Upon the first intimation of his Complaints, I wrote upon the subject, and hoped there would have been no further cause of Uneasiness. That Gentleman, I am persuaded, will do me the justice to say, he has received no ill treatment at my instance. Unnecessary severity and every species of insult, I despise, and I trust none will ever have just reason to censure me in this respect. I have written again, on your remonstrance, and have no doubt, such a line of Conduct will be adopted, as will be consistent with the dictates of Humanity and agreeable to both his and your Wishes. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: This will be delivered to you by Mr. Young who is sent up by the Clothier General to issue Clothing to the Troops at Peeks Kill. I beg you will give him your Countenance and assistance in seeing that none are allowed to draw but such as are really in want. Some Regiments not content with a complete Suit of Uniform, have drawn a Frock, Waistcoat and Overalls, by which means they are doubly clad while others are perishing. This must not be allowed in our present scarcity, and I therefore beg that you will be particularly careful that none but the needy are Supplied. There are among the Clothing 350 Coats, Blue and Red which were made up purposely for Colo. Daytons Regiment of Jersey, and of which they are in great want, they must come on immediately. I am etc.
P.S. Yours of the 8th. is just come to hand. Mr. Young will make the necessary inquiry about Clothing, it is very extraordinary that Genl. Gates should undertake to Stop the Clothing of those Regiments that are at Peeks Kill; that accounts for the deficiency. Colo. Saml. B. Webb has drawn a vast deal more than he has men to put them on, I have desired him to bring the overplus to Peeks Kill and deliver it up and I beg you will see it done.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am informed that there are about two hundred Spears, with a joint in the handle, at Philadelphia, fit for Horse or light Foot; if so, be pleased to send them instantly up. From every account, the Enemy are upon the point of moving, but the circumstances are so perplexing, that it is impossible to say whether part by land and part by Water, or the whole by Water. The deserters generally agree, that the orders are for an embarkation of almost the whole and that Skinners and Rogers's Corps and a few Hessians are to be left in Brunswick, but that seems impossible. As soon as matters are ascertained, you shall have notice as expeditiously as possible. I am etc.
P.S. If Mrs. Washington is in Philadelphia, be pleased to deliver the inclosed; If not, send it to Virginia.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 10, 1777.
Sir: Upon your arrival at Peeks Kill deliver the inclosed to Genl. Putnam who commands there. I have desired him to see that those Troops, who drew their Cloathing before they marched, do not come in for a share of this, except it may be for Shoes or some few things absolutely necessary. What you are particularly to guard against is, to prevent those who have drawn compleat Suits of Uniforms, from taking another of Hunting Shirt, Waistcoat and Overalls. Some Regiments have done so in a very unwarrantable manner. There are about 350 Coats blue and red intended for Colo. Dayton's Regiment of Jersey, which must come immediately on. Endearour to find out how many of the Troops, coming in from Massachusetts, will want Clothing, and, if possible, reserve Sufficient for them. The Frocks and overalls at this Season, are far preferable to Uniforms which Mr. Mease says he will have ready by the Fall. The State of Rhode Island has not only had a large allowance, but have lately stopped 1000 Blankets and 20 Bales of Cloth; their Troops therefore have no claim, if they want any thing their Officers must send home for it. As Mr. Mease has always assured me that a full proportion of Clothing was left at Boston for Massachusetts, endeavour to find out the reason of their Troops being the only ones who have come on naked. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, which is also in Tilghman's writing, is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J. which varies from the draft in capitalization only.]
[Note 32: Marquis de la Rouerie, but generally known as Colonel Armand.]
Head Quarters, June 11, 1777.
Sir: You are forthwith to take upon you the command of the Corps heretofore under Major Ottendorf and to do all the duties thereof as commanding Officer, according to the rules and regulations established for the government of the Continental Army and according to the usages of War.33 You will therefore endeavour, by attentive observation and inquiry, to make yourself acquainted with every kind of duty practiced in the Army, with the resolutions of Congress, the Articles of War, and all general orders and conform punctually to them. You are permitted to use your endeavours to complete your Corps to a full Regiment; the necessary Officers will be appointed, in proportion to the progress you make and the number of Men you collect. For the present you are to be under the immediate command of Major General Lincoln and to obey all his orders.34
[Note 33: The corps was known as Armand's Corps.]
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 11, 1777.
Parole Petersburgh. Countersigns Plymouth, Pompton.
The Commissary General to deliver no rum for guards, or fatigue service, but in the following manner. A gill per man, for all out-guards, and picquets, the order for it to come from the Brigadier of the day--the same allowance for all fatigue parties, either from the line, a division, or brigade; the order for it to come in the first instance, from the Major General of the day, in the second, from the Major General of the division, in the third, from the Brigadier of the brigade. All detachments, and Scouting parties, to have a gill per man for every night they are out; the Major General of the day to give the order for it. A gill a day to all fatigue parties in the Commissary, or Quarter Master General's departments. No other guards, or fatigue, to have any allowance of rum. The rum for guards not to be issued 'till the duty is over.
All strolling, or suspected persons taken up, to be brought before the Major General of the day.
All guards, or detachments, going towards the enemy, or coming from them, to march in the same order, as if they expected an immediate attack. For this purpose, the officers to be at their proper posts, and the men made to move with regularity. Advanced, rear and flank guards to be sent out in proportion to the strength of the party, and at a greater, or less distance, according to the nature of the ground. As, in advancing towards an enemy, or coming from them, there is always danger of a surprise and attack; precautions should always be taken to be prepared for them; and were not this the case, good habits will be introduced, by acting in this manner when there is little or no occasion, which will be serviceable when there is; and both officers and men will be taught their duty.
All strolling Sutlers immediately to quit the camp, or their liquors &c. will be taken from them, and distributed among the soldiers without any compensation. Each Brigadier to notify those about his encampment with this order.
Genl. Lincoln has permission to clear the loaded pieces of his division, by discharging them this evening at retreat.
All regimental Pay Masters are to attend the Pay Master General on friday--10 o'clock--at his quarters.
Col. De-La Rouerie is appointed to the command of the Corps, heretofore under Major Ottendorff.
The commanding officer of each corps is to report every Deserter from it, immediately to his Brigadier, who is to pursue, without loss of time, the most vigorous measures, to have the offenders apprehended; and is to give an account of the matter, to the Major General of the day, who is to draw the whole into one view, in his report of occurrences to the Commander in Chief. Strict attention it is expected will be paid to this order.
The order some time ago issued at Morristown, forbidding Waggoners to gallop and strain horses, is but little attended to. The Quarter Master General will therefore inform those people, of the consequences of disobedience.
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 12, 1777.
Parole Queenborough. Countersigns Quibble-town, Quebec. The General thinks it necessary to establish the following regulations for guards; and hopes that officers will consider them as the rule of practice, and make themselves well acquainted with them.
When any guard arrives at the post assigned it, the officer's first care must be, to plant his Sentries properly, according to circumstances. The guard should remain under arms while this is doing; and if it be at an outpost, or any where near the enemy, temporary Sentries should be placed, at a small distance from the guard, to prevent surprise; while the commanding officers reconnoitre the situation of the post, to know where his sentries should be placed, for a continuance. This is to be done, in case the ground has not been before hand examined, and particular directions given about the matter; or in case he does not relieve some other guard.
But if he relieves another, he is to receive all the orders, given to the officer of the old guard in writing; which, together with those he may have received from the Brigadier and Field Officers of the day, he is punctually to observe. If any differences between them arises, he is to obey the latter in preference.
He is immediately to send a party under a trusty officer, conducted by an officer of the old guard, to relieve the Sentries, who are to return to the guard they belong to.
If the guard be of such a nature, as that other matters, other than the security of a post are intrusted to it, they must be contained in a written report, and an officer of the new, accompanied with one of the old, must be sent to take them in charge, comparing the things themselves with the report, and seeing that all is right.
The Sentries of the old guard having joined it, the officer is to march it back to the parade, from which it went, with the greatest order, and decorum, and thence send off the detachments composing it, under an officer to each, to join their corps, preserving regularity on their way.
After placing his Sentries, the officer of the new guard is to make his men lodge their arms, first giving them the orders necessary, to govern their conduct. Care must be taken to lodge their arms, in such a manner, that each man may have recourse to his in a moment, without bustle or confusion. In most cases it is best, the arms should be grounded on the guard-parade, during the day. No man to put off his accoutements, on any pretence.
This done the commanding officer, attended by a couple of men, is to visit all his Sentries; to see that they are posted right, and instruct them in the line of their duty.
His next care is, to take such precautions for the security of his post, by forming abatties, digging ditches, and raising parapets, as circumstances require, to guard against surprise, or repel any sudden attempt.
He should make himself acquainted, not only with all the great roads leading to the enemy, or to the army he belongs to; but he should search out, every by-path, and avenue, by which he may the more securely send his parties, to reconnoitre the enemy, or make his retreat good in any emergency.
He should have scouting parties all day, and patroles all night, going towards the enemy, in his rear, and upon his flanks, to gain intelligence of their motions, and give timely notice of any attempt they may be making. If this notice can be given without firing it will be best; if not, it must be done by firing, the scouts, or patroles, retreating by way of the Sentries, to alarm them.
Visiting rounds should be going all night, to see that the Sentries are at their posts, alert, and acquainted with every particular of their duty.
The break of day being the most favorable time for an attack, or surprise, a good officer will be careful to turn out his guard under arms 'till an hour after sunrise, and to have his visiting rounds, and patroles going then more than ordinary. From watching through the night, men towards morning grow drowsy, secure and listless; and are the more liable to a surprise. An officer's reputation calls upon him to guard carefully against this evil.
A guard is bound to maintain its post as long as possible, but if likely to be overpowered with numbers, it is at least to make a skirmishing retreat, firing all the way it goes to give the alarm, and taking advantage of every defile, morass, wood, or advantageous spot it can find, to delay the enemy. If the enemy do not pursue, but retire after having dislodged the guard, it is to resume its post, first taking measures to be sure that all is safe.
If two guards are so posted as to have the same object in view, and depend upon each other; they must be attentive to every thing that befals one another, and act in concert. If either is attacked, the other must not only put itself in a posture of defence, but must keep patroles continually going, to bring intelligence of what is doing. If the one attacked retreats, the other must retreat also. If it returns, the other must return in like manner. These things however to depend upon circumstances, and the orders of the Brigadier and Field Officer of the day.
Any parties of whatsoever kind, coming towards an out-guard, are to be stopped by the out Sentries, and notice given to the guard; which is in most cases to be turned out; and the officer to send a proper person to examine such party, and give his orders accordingly.
All flags to be stopped at the out Sentries. The officer of the guard to meet them there, and know their business. If they are charged with letters, or any matters that can be communicated to him, he is to receive and transmit them immediately to the Major General of the day--otherwise the flag must wait 'till information can be sent to the said Major General, and his orders received.
No officer, or soldier to sleep a single moment on guard.
No cooking to go on while on guard. The men must either carry their provisions ready dressed, or have them sent to them, the former preferable.
No man to presume to be out of call, without permission from the officer, who is not to suffer more than two at a time to be absent, nor those at the out-posts.
In case of desertion, from the outposts, the officer from whose party it happens, immediately to change the countersign, advertising the other out guards of it, who are to conform thereto. He is also to send instantly, and acquaint the Brigadier of the day with it.
All guards to turn out to the Brigadier and Field Officers of the day, and, except the out-guards, to all General officers; paying them the honors due them according to their rank, and the usage of war. The out-guards to turn out to the Brigadier and Field officers only. The honors of the drum never to be paid by them.
All guards to turn out to receive the grand rounds. The officer of each, to prepare an evening report, for the officer of the rounds.
All guards of the line, when relieved, to make a report of every occurrence that may have happened, to one of the field officers of the day, who is to attend at, or near the grand parade, to receive it when the guard returns.
Arms after this wet weather to be carefully inspected, and put in the best possible order for use.
AFTER ORDERS
The Brigade Commissaries are to receive their orders from the Commissary General this afternoon, respecting the mode of supplying their respective brigades, in case of a sudden move. The Assistant Quarter Masters are to do the same with Col. Biddle, that no complaints, or confusion may arise upon a march.
Instead of delivering spare ammunition to each brigade, Genl. Knox will furnish the divisions with it, in order to lessen the number of carriages, and conveying it more securely. If the Quarter Master General would furnish each brigade with a proper number of Scythes for forraging, the horses might be better provided for.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 12, 1777.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief, informed the Council, that from various intelligence and many concurring circumstances, it was evident, General Howe had collected nearly the whole of his force at Brunswick in Jersey. That it appeared to him beyond doubt, that General Howe, has one of two objects in view, either the defeat of the Army under his immediate Command, or to possess himself of Philadelphia. He stated the importance of the Highland passes and of thefortifications on the North River, in and contiguous to the Highlands. And then proposed the following Questions.
Will it be expedient in the present conjuncture of things, and from the information received, to draw any and what part of the Troops stationed at Peekskill near the Highlands, to reinforce this Army ?
Will it not be necessary to post Troops at Morris Town, to preserve it as a post of Communication? If it will, what number of Men should be stationed there?
What will be the best mode of promotion of Field and other (inferior) Officers in the Army?35
[Note 35: The minutes of the council are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The decisions were: To draw all but 1,000 men from Peekskill; to maintain Morristown with Butlet's Connecticut detachment and the two independent Wyoming companies; to promote regimentally below the rank of major and in State lines above that rank, but in cases of particular merit to disregard this general rule.
On June 12 Harrison wrote to Major General Sullivan: "I have it in command to inform you that in a Council of General Officers held this Evening, among other points, your Situation was taken into consideration. After the matter was viewed and examined by the maps of the Country &ca. It was concluded by the Board, that you do not appear to be so secure at your present post as could be wished. Many reasons were urged or rather suggested, tending to shew, that the Enemy might attempt to get on your left and effect it. As such an event would probably be attended with injurious, not to say fatal consequences, the Council advise, 'that you take post on the high Grounds of Rocky Hill near the Bridge at the two Mills over Millstone, called the Rocky Hill Bridge,' unless you are certain, that you can always make a safe and secure retreat towards the Mountains from where you are. It appeared to them on consideration of the matter, that the Post advised will have every advantage, which your present has, without being subject to the same inconveniences. From that you will be as well able to cover the Road, leading immediately from the Bridge to Penny Town, and also will be secure in your retreat to join the main body of the Army." Sullivan was reminded also that he was not to risk a general action, but to harass and retard the march of the British. Acting only as light troops, his artillery was not to be brought into action but withdrawn at once on the British advance. Sullivan was also to "prevail upon the well affected part of the Inhabitants" to bring intelligence to Washington continually, after the British start to move. Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 38: Member of the Continental Congress and Signer of the Declaration of Independence. In 1777 he was also a judge of Westchester County, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 12, 1777.
Sir: Your favor of the 1st Inst. has been duly received. At this time, there unhappily subsists a dispute, between General Howe and myself respecting Prisoners and a proposition is now before him, which, if come into, will adjust it. Capt. Maxwell's exchange, in whose behalf you interest yourself, must depend upon that line, which is adopted in Similar instances. Genl Howe has the Matter now under consideration, and if our differences are accomodated, his Releasement will immediately follow. It is possible we shall know the Generals determination before long, when you will have an opportunity of informing him more fully upon the Subject of his request. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 10th. From Genl. Howe's Movements within a few days past, it is clear, beyond all matter of doubt, that he has dropped all thoughts of an expedition up the North River, having drawn the greatest part of his Troops from New York and its dependencies to Amboy, and from thence to Brunswick where his main Army is encamped. Great numbers of Waggons are brought over, and many flat Boats on Carriages, supposed to be for the passage of the Delaware. We have had a variety of Accounts by Deserters and Spies, all agreeing that a move will be made as soon as matters are in a proper State. Under these Circumstances, I called a Council of General Officers, who all agreed, that our present Army was insufficient either to make a proper resistance to an attack of Genl. Howe's united force, or to make an impression upon him should he leave us unmolested and march thro the flat Country towards Delaware. They were therefore unanimously of Opinion, that after leaving a Garrison at the Forts in the Highlands sufficient to repel any force that could possibly be turned Suddenly against them, the remainder should be immediately marched to join this Army. The force deemed Sufficient is one Thousand effective Continental Troops, which with the Militia and convalescents is equal to the number of the Enemy upon the East Side of Hudson's River.
You are therefore immediately upon the receipt of this to send forward all the Continental Troops under your command, except the Number before mentioned. They are to march in three divisions, one day a part, under the command of Brigr. Generals Parsons, McDougall and Glover bringing with them their Tents and Camp Kettles, but recommend it to both Officers and Men to incumber themselves as little with Baggage as possible. Let two pieces of Artillery come with each of the two first divisions manned with as many of Colo. Crane's Battalion, as may have recovered of the Small pox, and the deficiency made up out of Colo. Lambs Battalion lately arrived under Lt. Colo. Oswald. They need not bring more than 24 Rounds of Ammunition, as we have plenty. I will order those pieces to be replaced by others that are now on their way from Springfield.
As fast as fresh Troops arrive you are to keep sending them on, always reserving a Garrison of 1000 effective Continentals. Or if the Troops when they arrive should be fatigued you can detach an equal number of those that were before in Garrison.
Be pleased to let me know by return of the Express, how many men you can send immediately, what number of Men are on their march from New England, and when the first division will march from Peeks Kill. Try if possible to keep this matter a secret, for I would wish to bring those men here before the Enemy got notice of it; because if they should hear that we expected a strong Reinforcement, it might induce them to make an attempt upon us before it joined us. Press the Officers who command the Divisions to lose no time upon the march, as so much depends upon the speedy and sudden execution of this Manoeuvre.40 I am etc.41
[Note 40: Washington wrote again to Putnam on July 13 ordering Webb's and Sherburne's regiments to march with the first division to join Varnum's brigade. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
Camp at Middle Brook, June 12, 1777.
Sir: You will march the Troops of your Regiment and the two Independant Companies with you to Morris Town and there take Post in and about the fortification upon the Hill. You are to Guard the Stores at that place until further Orders.
You will apply to Lt. Col. Jere: Olney for the Orders I gave to him by which you will regulate your conduct. I am etc.42
[Note 42: From the text kindly furnished by Gilbert S. McClintock, of Wilkes-Barre, Pa., who owns the original.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 13, 1777.
Sir: The Corps of Rangers newly formed, and under your Command, are to be considered as a body of light Infantry and are to Act as such; for whh. reason they will be exempted from the common duties of the Line.
At present, you are to take Post at Van Veghten Bridge and watch, with very small Scouting Parties (to avoid fatiegueing your Men too much, under the prest. appearance of things) the Enemys left Flank, and particularly the Roads leading from Brunswick towards Millstone, Princeton &ca.
In case of any Movement of the Enemy you are Instantly to fall upon their Flanks and gall them as much as possible, taking especial care not to be surrounded, or have your retreat to the Army cut off.
I have sent for Spears, which I expect shortly to receive and deliver you, as a defence against Horse; till you are furnished with these, take care not to be caught in such a Situation as to give them any advantage over you.
It occurs to me that if you were to dress a Company or two of true Woods Men in the right Indian Style and let them make the Attack accompanied with screaming and yelling as the Indians do, it would have very good consequences especially if as little as possible was said, or known of the matter beforehand.43
[Note 43: The letter sent is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and is in the New York Public Library. It lacks the last paragraph, as above.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 13, 1777.
Sir: I desire you will immediately transmit me an account of the receipt and delivery of Arms in the course of last Campaign and down to the present time. Specify the Names of the Officers to whom they were delivered and from whom received, that we may endeavour to make those either pay or account for the great numbers of Public Arms that have been drawn and never returned. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 13, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 6th. by Mr. Young who went this morning to Peeks Kill to issue the Clothing to the Massachusetts Troops. I understand by a letter this day from Genl Putnam, that when all the Regiments from Massachusetts were ordered to Tionderoga, the Clothing for them all was sent to Albany. Upon the alteration of the first disposition, Officers were sent to bring down that which belonging to those that were to remain at Peeks Kill; but Genl. Gates has in a most extraordinary manner refused to give it up, and it is more than probable has forwarded it to Tionderoga. This accounts for one half of the Troops of that State being left naked. The Hunting Shirts and over alls will however be more comfortable at this Season than Uniform, and I have given Genl. Putnam particular orders to let none draw them that had before been furnished with Uniform.
The proceeding of the State of Rhode Island is to be sure very extraordinary, they had not, by the last returns raised but between four and five hundred Men, for Continental Service. You had better apply to Congress on this head, for if some Regulation is not made, every State will think itself intitled to seize what is passing thro' it, for the use of some of the others.
It would be by no means proper to erect a Store at Princeton, directly in the Enemy's route. If the commanding Officers of Regiments are provident and look well to the wants of their men, they can always send an Officer for a Supply of necessaries before they are really wanted.
I have no objection to your distributing the fine Shirts yourself; I would only wish you to allot a proportion to each Regiment, to avoid an imputation of Partiality.
I have directed the Coats intended for Dayton's Regiment to be sent forward. And immediately upon Mr. Young's arrival at Camp, sent an express to Peeks Kill to forbid breaking any of the packages till he got there. This I hope will prevent the confusion that would have ensued had the Packages been opened at a guess to find the Contents.
I would wish you to endeavour to keep a good Supply of Shirts and Shoes, the Articles most in demand and most necessary. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs. Camp at Middle Brook, June 13, 1777.
Sir: I received your favor of the 22d April, requesting the papers, containing a plan for the establishment of Cavalry, transmitted to Congress some time since and approved by them.
The 23d of February last, I sent Congress a Copy of the Original plan and a list of pay as assigned to Colo. Sheldon's Regiment, which were ratified by a resolution of the 14th March. But as the resolution had not reached me, when Genl Greene left Morris Town, I put the original in his hands for the consideration of Congress, which, if not left with them, has been lost by him, as he has it not at present in his possession.
On the Receipt of yours, I applied to Colo. Bland who drew up the Plan, for a Copy. He had kept none; but has now presented me with one transcribed from memory, which I believe contains every thing material in the former papers. I inclose it to you, together with a Copy of the arrangement of pay,46 shall expect a certified copy agreeable to your promise. I am etc.47
[Note 46: On June 14 Washington forwarded a copy of the establishment and pay of the light dragoons to the Board of War with a brief inclosing note. These are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 13, 1777.
Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Copy of a Letter from me to Lord Cornwallis, on the Inhuman treatment of Lieut. Martin, by a Party of the Enemy's Horse. My remonstrance and sending his Corpse, produced nothing more than a short answer from his Lordship, which you also have. It was thought unnecessary to view the Body, the fact being admitted and justified.
I have also taken the liberty to inclose a Copy of my Letter to Genl Howe, in Answer to his of the 21st of April, 22d of May and 5th Instant. From the latter part of the first paragraph, in that of the 22d May, I was induced to propose an Exchange of all the Prisoners now in his hands, so far as it can be effected, on the principles of the agreement subsisting between us, except that of Lt. Colo Campbell and the Hessian field Officers, who are to be retained till Genl Lee is declared exchangeable. I did not expect the proposition would be acceded to, but as his Letter is of doubtful meaning in this instance, I thought it expedient to make the offer; first as it will be a happy event, if we release our Prisoners, and secondly, as the proposition may draw from him an explanation of his Sentiments, tho he should reject it.
The New York paper of the 9th Inst. I transmit for your perusal. It contains an extract of a Letter from Govr. Tryon to Christopher Billop of Long Island. This extract, I think, is worthy of attention, and may be improved to great advantage, if published in the Papers, with such strictures and observations, as it will well warrant, and as will occur to an ingenious Pen. The Enemy on their Part use the most artful publications, and avail themselves of every thing they can, going from us. We Should profit where we can by their productions.
I would mention to Congress, that Several Officers in the Corps of Cavalry have applied to me, to know in what point of view, their Horses are considered. Whether as public property, or as private, belonging to themselves, to be furnished at their own expence. When Colo. Sheldons Regiment was ordered to be raised, the Officers thought the Horses should be a matter of Public charge; but, as it had never been determined and I was not perfectly satisfied with the custom in such cases, I did not consider myself authorised to decide upon it. I promised to recommend it to the consideration of Congress and this I have done since on similar occasions. The Officers urge, that as Horses are essential to a discharge of their duty, they should be provided at Public expence; That they have risen to such enormous prices, if the contrary is established, that they must from the nature of the Service, not only sink their pay, but make a large sacrifice of their private interest; Tho' the practice, may have been against their application in other Armies, yet, their reasoning seems plausible and to be founded in justice. There are objections too, against the Measure, but not of sufficient validity, in my opinion, to oppose to their claim. Another reason may be suggested, why the Public should find them Horses, which is if they were to provide them themselves, the apprehension of loosing them, might prevent a proper discharge of duty, and in some cases, produce too great a degree of cautious prudence. This matter, I have thought it necessary to lay before Congress, not doubting, but it will have that attention, which it may seem to deserve. There is one thing more, I would add on the Subject, which is, If their application is considered just, I should suppose it best, to fix a certain determinate sum, to be allowed for the Horses they have bought and may have occasion to purchase, in preference to leaving it to their discretion and judgement.
It being evident, so far as we can reason from circumstances and appearances, that Genl Howe designs Philadelphia to be the first object of their pursuits, or the defeat of this Army and for one or both of these purposes, is collecting nearly his whole force at Brunswick, a Board of General Officers determined yesterday evening, after mature deliberation, that all the Continental troops at Peeks Kill and its dependencies, except One Thousand Effectives, should be immediately Marched to reinforce this Army. That number, with the Convalescents and such aids of Militia as are now and may be assembled, in case of emergency, was deemed competent to the defence of those Posts, against any attempt that may be made to possess them in the present situation of Things. I have inclosed a General Return, shewing our whole strength in Jersey at this time, and from which, it will appear, our circumstances in this respect, are by no means so desirable, as could be wished.48 I esteem it
[Note 48: A copy of this return, dated Morristown, May 14, 1777, is in the Continental Army Returns (Force) in the Library of Congress 100, fo. 147. It shows a strength of 5,738 rank and file, fit for duty, with the light corps and artillery still to be heard from. The original, initialed by Alexander Hamilton, is in the office of The Adjutant General, War Department, Washington, D.C.] my duty, to transmit information of this sort from time to time to Congress, and am encouraged the more to do it, from a conviction, that they, sensible of the necessity of the most profound secrecy, will not suffer the least intimation of our numbers to transpire.
June 14th.
Your favor of the 13th with its Inclosures was received last night.
Having proposed to Genl Howe an Exchange of the Prisoners now in his possession, as you will perceive by the inclosed Copy of my Letter, and also added, "That his conduct towards Prisoners would govern mine," It appears to me, that it would be improper to transmit him a Copy of your first Resolution of the 10th Inst. till we hear something more from him on the Subject proposed. I confess I did not, nor do I yet, understand the paragraph of his Letter, of the 22d of May, to which I have alluded, and which induced me to propose an exchange, if that was his wish, and to subjoin, that his conduct to our Prisoners should govern mine, as a caution to prevent him exercising severity or a new mode of treatment of them, contrary to the spirit of the agreement between us and the ideas entertained upon the Subject, when it was first entered into, if such was his meaning.
Finding that there would be the great difficulty in filling the Battalions intended to be raised, I did not Commission Officers for all the Sixteen additional Ones. I apprehended such a Measure would accumulate Expence, without increasing our strength and therefore did not set the whole on foot. I shall be happy, on Governor Caswell's49 Letter and your recommendation of Colo. Shepherd50 that he should have a Regiment. From the
[Note 49: Gov. Richard Caswell, of North Carolina.]
[Note 50: Col. Abraham Sheppard, of the Tenth North Carolina Regiment. He retired June I, 1778. On June 17 Congress resolved that Colonel Sheppard have authority to raise a battalion in North Carolina, to form one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments, provided he did so within the time limit set by the State. He did not succeed in this.] Character given him and the Terms on which he offers his Services, there can be no objection. Congress will be pleased to appoint him to the Command they wish him to have, and I should think it advisable, that he be ordered to march with his Corps to join this Army, leaving proper Officers to recruit the deficiency.
I have perused Monsr. DeCoudrays Opinion about the Fortifications,51 and have no doubt but that it is well founded. I have not sufficient knowledge of them, to pronounce an Opinion with certainty myself.
[Note 51: A copy of Du Coudray's observations on the fortifications of the Delaware at Billingsport and Red Bank, in the writing of William Churchill Houston, is in the Washington Papers.]
You will observe by the New York paper, the execution of Abra. Patten.52 His family well deserves the generous Notice of Congress. He conducted himself with great fidelity to our Cause rendering Services and has fallen a Sacrifice in promoting her Interest. Perhaps a public act of generosity, considering the character he was in, might not be so eligible as a private donation.
[Note 52: Executed as a spy.]
June 15th.
When I wrote yesterday, my information was, that one Division of the Enemy was advancing on the Prince Town Road, and it was beleived from the general movement of their Army, that they were proceeding towards Delaware. What their real design was, is not yet understood. Those that advanced on that road, after marching some distance, filed off to the right, down Milstone River and joined the other column on the Coriel ferry Road, leading by Sommerset Court House. One object of their movement might be, to inclose Genl Sullivan and his division between their two Columns. Another, (which most probably was the principal cause, if they did not mean to proceed to Delaware when they set out) to maneuvre us out of our present Encampment into action upon disadvantageous terms. The first they could not hope to Succeed in, After General Sullivan had Changed his Post to Rocky hill, an Event which took place only the Evening before, and which it is presumed, they were not well advised of when they left Brunswick. A considerable Body of them remained at Sommerset Court House, and on the Communication between that and Brunswick. We have been and are harrassing them with Light Troops; but they being in open ground with a large train of Artillery, we cannot do it so effectually as could be wished.
I shall be glad to be informed, whether Genl De Haas considers himself an Officer in the Army. He has never joined it since his promotion or written a Single line to me upon the Subject. If he accepts his Commission, it will be well for Congress to order him to repair to the Army immediately. The Brigade intended for him is without a Genl. Officer, and has brought on a disagreeable dispute between two of the Colonels, each claiming the Command.
This is not the only inconvenience; Officers of high Rank remaining at home, afford a bad Example to others, who are inferior, and grounds of application for the like indulgence.
This Letter, Except the Paragraphs of this date, I intended to send Yesterday, but was prevented by the movement of the Enemy, which rendered it unadvisable. I have &c.
P.S. by a person just now arrived with a Letter from Genl. Sullivan, The Enemy's advanced guard is posted between 3 and 4 Miles from Sommerset Court House on the road to Coriel's ferry.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The P.S. is not in the draft, which is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, Robert Hanson Harrison, and Caleb Gibbs.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 13, 1777.
Parole Rockingham. Countersigns Romney, Rye.
At a General Court Martial, held the 9th Inst. whereof Col. Marshall54 was President, Capt. Jesse Roe55 was tried for "Insulting and ill-treating Mr. Calclough Conductor of waggons, on the march from Morristown," acquitted, and justified by the court.
[Note 54: Col. Thomas Marshall, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He resigned in December, 1777.]
[Note 55: Capt. Jesse Roe, of Flower's Artillery Artificers. He resigned in January, 1778.]
The General approves the sentence, and orders Capt. Roe to be released from his arrest with honor. He also approves the sentence of the same Court Martial held the 11th Instant, before which Alexander Brandon, of the 1st. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for "Horse-stealing," and acquitted. The prisoner is to be immediately released from confinement.
Different modes of promotion having prevailed in the army, productive of confusion and discontent in many instances, The Commander in Chief thinks it necessary to establish the following general rule to prevent all further disputes and inconveniencies on this head.
All commissioned officers to rise regimentally, and according to seniority, 'till they arrive to the rank of captain; and from that, in the line of the State they belong to, by seniority also, 'till they attain the rank of Colonel. This rule however to admit of exceptions, where particular officers signalize themselves by a conduct of extraordinary merit, or where others prove themselves unworthy of preferment by the want, or neglect of cultivating, any qualification requisite to constitute the good officer.
Ten men, fit for the purpose, from each brigade, to parade this evening, 6 o'clock at Col. Biddle's56 quarters to form a company of pioneers. He is to provide them with a sufficient number of proper officers, and with every thing necessary, to qualify them, for doing their duty immediately, in case of a march of the army. They are to encamp near his quarters.
[Note 56: Col. Clement Biddie, Deputy Quartermaster General; Commissary of Forage, July 1, 1777; quartermaster general of Pennsylvania from Sept, 11, 1781, to close of the war.]
AFTER ORDERS
Such rifles as belong to the States, in the different brigades, to be immediately exchanged with Col. Morgan for musquets. Officers commanding brigades are desired to pay attention to this matter, as the nature of the service requires the utmost dispatch. If a sufficient number of rifles (public property) can not be procured, the Brigadiers are requested to assist Col. Morgan, either by exchanging, or purchasing those that are private property.
Those brigades that have not furnished the number of riflemen, returned to the Adjutant General, for Colonel Morgan's Corps, are desired to send them immediately.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 14, 1777.
Parole Salisbury. Countersigns Sheffield, Somerset.
As the enemy appear, from different quarters, to be in motion, it is necessary that the army be in readiness to march, it is therefore ordered, that the tents be immediately struck; the baggage and camp equipage loaded; the horses [harnessed] to the waggons, and all the men paraded at their respective encampments, ready to move at a moment's warning.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 15, 1777.
Parole Virginia. Countersigns Vanests, Vienna.
As it is proper the mode of performing and receiving the Grand rounds, should be the same throughout the Army, as well for the sake of security, as uniformity and order. In future the following is that, which is to be pursued.
The Field officer of the grand rounds, before he begins his visits, to procure such an escort as he chuses, not exceeding a Serjt. and six--Accompanied by these, he is to pass all the Sentries, remote from the guard, by his Serjeant, who is to advance for the purpose answering "Grand Rounds" when hailed, and giving the Countersign.
When he arrives near the guard, the Sentry next to it hails, and upon being answered "Grand Rounds"--cries "Stand Grand Rounds" and calls the guard to turn out--When this is done, the officer of the guard sends a commissioned officer (if the guard consists of more than one) if not, a Serjeant and six to meet the Rounds, who, when arrived within twelve paces of them, challenges and on being answered "Grand rounds" cries "Advance officer with the parole" at the same time making his party open a passage by wheeling backwards from the Centre, for the officer of the rounds to pass through them, and resting their firelocks, as he passes--The officer, or serjeant conducts him to the officer of the guard, who receives him at the right of his guard with his Bayonet towards his breast, at which time the officer of the rounds, whispers the parole in his ear The officer of the guard finding the parole true, orders his guard to rest their firelocks, upon which the officer of the rounds goes along the front of the guard, and after counting them, asking such questions, and giving such instructions, as he thinks proper, orders the officer to return his guard, and rejoins his escort, with which, he is to proceed where he thinks proper.
Complaints having been made to the Commander in Chief, that some officers, fond of any pretext, to get out of the way of their duty, obtrude themselves upon the hospitals, without answering any useful end, but rather serving to embarrass and take up room that might be better employed. He orders that not more than one officer attend any hospital unless by application from one of the Directors or Physicians and Surgeons General of the army; and that officer to be a discreet, sensible man, whose business it shall be to observe the treatment of the sick, and report any neglect or mismanagement he may discover. He is also to assist in supporting good order among the soldiers; but is to exercise no authority, inconsistent with that perfect controul the doctors should have over their patients. All supernumerary officers immediately to repair to their respective corps.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 16, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favours of the 9th and 10th. instant. The account brought by the Officers from Canada may not be intirely true, but that part which speaks of a removal of some Regiments down the River favors an Opinion that I have for some time entertained; which is, that if Genl. Howe had not a certainty of a full Reinforcement from England, part of the Troops from Canada would be ordered round for that purpose, That the European reinforcement will be short, or be very late, is beyond a doubt, and therefore the move from Canada more probable. On the night of the 13th. Genl. Howe began his march from Brunswick seemingly with an intention to push directly for Delaware, in the Course of the night, his Front reached Somerset Court House, 8 or 9 Miles from Brunswick, where he halted, and has remained ever since. His Rear is still at Brunswick; I do not know whether this was intended as a real move towards Philadelphia, or whether it is to endeavour to draw us down from the Heights we occupy along his whole Front.67 The Militia turn out in a very spirited manner and seem determined, in conjunction with the Continental Troops, to harrass and oppose the Enemy upon their march thro' the Country. His principal difficulty will be in crossing the Delaware, we shall hang heavy upon his Rear, and I expect that
[Note 67: Sparks notes that Sir William Howe's letter to Lord George Germain (July 5) describes this movement as intended to bring the American Army to a general action. His plan had for some time been settled to proceed to Pennsylvania by water.] Genl. Arnold and Mifflin will meet him with a considerable force (made up of Continental Troops and Militia) upon the western side of Delaware.
As soon as I found that the Enemy had drawn their force into Jersey, from whence they could not remove it, without a good deal of previous notice, I ordered down all the Troops from Peeks Kill except moo effective Continentals and the Militia, which is a force superior to any thing that the Enemy now have in New York or its dependencies, and therefore fully sufficient to prevent any Surprise. When these Troops come down, our Army will be respectable, and I hope, not only able to check, but to make an impression upon some part of the Enemy's line.
Of the Cannon that arrived lately to the Eastward, only 32 are fit for Field use, and those Genl. Knox had ordered on and appropriated for this Army before the receipt of yours. Others are daily expected, and out of those you can have a supply. While you were in Philadelphia Congress informed me that you had proposed to raise a Troop of Horse near Albany, which could be recruited and mounted quickly, as there was a Sufficiency of Horse furniture ready. I advised this by all means, and thought it had been carried into execution. You had better even do it now, than depend upon the arrival of any of the Southern Horse, or even Eastern; for notwithstanding Colo. Sheldon has been so long in Commission, only Sixteen Men of his Regiment have arrived at Peeks kill. I have with me the Virginia Horse, which are worn down by a hard winter Campaign, and one Troop of Baylots and two of Moylans, all together scarcely able to mount the necessary patroles. One Troop raised in the Country where you want them to act, are worth double the Number of Strangers from their acquaintance with the Ground. If the Seneca Chiefs pay me a Visit, I will endeavour to impress them with as high an Idea as possible of our Strength and Circumstances. I am &ca.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 16, 1777.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns Wilmington, Windsor.
The General Court Martial, held the 13th Instant, having reconsidered their proceedings of the 3rd and being still of their former opinion for acquitting Lieut. Myers of the German Battalion. The General directs that he be acquitted, and released from arrest.
The commanding officer nearest any hospital is to furnish a prudent good officer, to assist in the government of it, so far as it relates to keeping the convalescent soldiers in order; having proper guards, and the like; and to see that justice is done to the sick, reporting any neglect, or abuses they may observe, first to the chief director of the hospital, and then, if not remedied, to the commanding officer of the post from which he was sent, who, if he thinks the representation just, is to communicate them to the Commander in Chief.
The army not to omit exercising every day, as heretofore practiced. A thing so essential is never to be neglected, unless in such circumstances as render it impossible.
All parties whatsoever, from thirty upwards, marching under arms, to march by sub or grand divisions, unless where the nature of the ground, or any particular disposition, makes a different mode necessary. The officers to be very attentive, that their men keep their ranks always dressed, and use their feet in concert, which are equally conducive to the order, beauty, strength and expedition of a marching body.
For the sake of regularity, 'till a more eligible mode shall be pointed out, officers are to salute in the following manner only. For a standing salute, they are to order their fusees, and take off their hats gracefully, bringing the arm down close to the left side, until the person saluted passes. For a marching salute, they are to trail their fusees, and take off their hats as in the foregoing. In both cases, 'tis supposed they have their fusees rested on their left arms; from which they perform the order or trail, the first in three, and the last in two motions; and afterwards return their fusees, to the same position. In the order, they hold out their fusees, in a line with themselves, with an easy extended arm.
All regimental pay-Masters are ordered immediately to join their respective corps, or they may depend on being punished and displaced. No excuse, but sickness, and that properly certified, will be admitted for eluding this order.
No regimental pay-Master in future to absent himself from Camp on any pretence whatever, without leave of the Commander in Chief.
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 17, 1777.
Parole Aberdeen. Countersigns Amboy, Aimwell.
The Surgeon General is to give passes to all persons belonging to his department.
Two officers, from those regiments who have Sick, in the hospital near camp, to attend the same for the purpose pointed out in the order of yesterday.
An orderly Serjeant to be appointed in each company, to take a list every morning of the sick belonging to it, and report them to the regimental officer of the day, who is to make a general report to the Surgeon of the regiment. The orderly Serjeant to attend the Surgeon, distribute medicines, and do every thing necessary according to his orders.
A proportionate number of women to the sick of each regiment to be sent to the hospitals at Mendham and Black River, to attend the sick as nurses.
Whenever prisoners are sent to the Provost, the evidences against them to be inserted in the charge; which will save much unnecessary trouble and delay.
The General Court Martial whereof Col Marshall was president is dissolved; And another General Court Martial to sit to morrow morning at 9 o'Clock, at the usual place (General Wayne's brigade) to try such prisoners as shall be brought before them. All Evidences to attend. Col. Stevens69 to preside.
[Note 69: Col. Edward Stevens, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in January, 1778; became brigadier general and major general of Virginia Militia in I779; was wounded at Guilford Courthouse, N. C., in March, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 15th. and 16th. Instant. You have done well in sending on the Troops, tho' they have not had the Smallpox. The Camp is thought to be clear of infection and so is the Country pretty generally; But if it is not, Inoculation may be carried on, should it be found expedient.
I am extremely sorry to find, the Troops are in such distress for Tents and Clothing; I trust by this time, they will have obtained a supply of the Latter, and that the former will be provided. I understood that Clothing was on the road and for that purpose, Mr. Mease, the Clothier General, sent Mr. Young to Peeks Kills to receive and distribute them. One cause of the distress of the Eastern Troops for Clothing, arises from a quantity intended for those of the Massachusetts State, now at Peeks Kill, being sent to Tionderoga by Genl. Gates's order. Genl. Schuyler should be wrote to, and the most speedy measures taken to bring them down. If the Troops can possibly be Clothed, so that they can do duty, send them on agreeable to my order. Their aid is much wanted. Their not having Tents, must not be considered an objection to their coming, if their situation in respect to Clothing will possibly admit of it. You should contrive to throw out hints to magnify their numbers, not only of those coming on, but of those who remain. This in War is justifiable, you see the Enemy practice it daily, and if our Officers would pursue the same course, provided their reports do not appear too much the effect of design, and to surpass all bounds of credit, they might render great Services.
The inclosed Letter for Colo. Sheldon, do send immediately by express. Our demand for Light Horse cant be dispensed with, they must come on whether Armed &ca. or not. You will retain one Troop.
The Enemy's designs and movements are truly mysterious. On Friday night Genl. Howe advanced with the main body of his Army as far at Somerset Court House. From thence to Brunswick, they now form a line. We have been constantly harrassing them with light Troops under Colo. Morgan. The Militia seem well disposed to give us every aid. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing' of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 14th.71 by Major Humphry.72 I have consulted the Surgeon General, upon the
[Note 71: Persons was then at Peekskill.]
[Note 72: Maj. David Humphreys, brigade major to General Parsons. He was, later, aide to Putnam and to Greene, and in May, 1780, became lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington, and so acted to the end of the war. He carried the British standards captured at Yorktown to Congress, and Nov. 3, 1781, was voted a sword by that body.] propriety of those of your Brigade coming on who have not had the small pox. He tells me he does not apprehend the least danger, as there is but one Woman in the whole Army who has it, and She will be removed. The Tents must be ordered to follow as they arrive and until they do, you must make Shift in Houses, Huts &ca. You are to march directly forward to this place with all possible dispatch; and I could wish you to out march your heavy Baggage, for much may now depend upon one day. I shall be glad to see you here, as I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Middle Brook, June 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of the 16th. Instant.74 You mention a want of intelligence respecting my Situation and that of the Enemy. As to mine, the main body of our army are encamped at Middle Brook, and a considerable body under Genl. Sullivan at Sourland Hills. The position here is very Strong, and with a little labour, which will be bestowed upon it, will be rendered a great deal more so. The passes in the Mountains are for the most part extremely difficult, and cannot be attempted with any degree of propriety. Our right is our most accessible and weakest part, but two or three redoubts will render it as secure as could be wished. The Enemy are Strongly posted, having their right at Brunswick, and their left at
[Note 74: On June 14 Congress, by a resolve, authorized Arnold to take command of all the militia at Bristol and on every part of the Delaware River, east of Philadelphia, and to make such troop dispositions as seemed "best adapted to promote public service." The resolve was sent to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania for its concurrence. On June 16 Arnold wrote to Washington, from Coryell's Ferry, giving a complete picture of the situation and inclosing a valuable description of the different fords of the Delaware from Trenton up to Coryell's. "I am Convinced," he wrote, "the Enemy will never Attempt to Pass" [the river]. Arnold's letter is in the Washington Papers.] Somerset. Besides being well fortified on their right, they have the Rariton all along their front, and Millstone, on their left.
In this situation an attack upon them would not be warranted by a Sufficient prospect of success, and might be attended with the most ruinous consequences. My design therefore is, to collect all the force that can properly be drawn from other quarters to this post, so as to reduce the security of this Army to the greatest possible certainty, and to be in a condition of embracing any fair opportunity that may offer to make an advantageous attack upon them. In the mean time, I intend by light bodies of Militia, countenanced by a few Continental Troops, to harrass them and weaken their numbers by continual Skirmishes.
I have ordered all the Continental Troops at Peeks Kill, except75 the number requisite for the security of the post, to hasten on to this Army, and shall draw a part of General Sullivans Troops to reinforce our right; leaving the rest at and about Sourland Hills, to gall the flank and rear of the Enemy; with Orders, in case of any movement towards us, to endeavour to form a junction, or if this should not be practicable, to fall briskly upon their rear or flank.
[Note 75: Hamilton had first written this number as 1,000, but later struck it out by Washington's direction and inserted the phrase that follows, as above.]
The views of the Enemy must be to destroy this Army and get possession of Philadelphia. I am, however, clearly of opinion, that they will not move that way, till they have endeavoured to give a severe blow to this Army. The risk would be too great to attempt to cross a river, when they must expect to meet a formidable opposition in front, and would have such a force as ours in their rear; They might possibly be successful, but the probability would be infinitely against them. Should they be imprudent enough to do it, I shall keep close upon their heels, and do every thing in my power to make the project fatal to them. But besides the argument for their intending, in the first place, a stroke at this Army, drawn from the policy of the measure, every appearance coincides to confirm the opinion. Had they designed for the Delaware in the first instance, they would probably have made a secret rapid march for it, and not halted, as they have done, to awaken our attention, and give us time to prepare for obstructing them. Instead of that, they have only advanced to a position necessary to facilitate an attack upon our right, which is the part they have the greatest likelihood of injuring us in; and added to this consideration, they have come out as light as possible, leaving all their baggage, provisions, boats and bridges at Brunswick; which plainly contradicts the Idea for pushing for the Delaware.
It is an happy circumstance, that such an animation prevails among the people. I would wish to let it operate and draw as many as possible together, which will be a great discouragement to the Enemy, by Showing that the popular Spirit is at such a height, and at the same time, will inspire the people themselves with confidence in their own Strength, by discovering to every individual the zeal and Spirit of his neighbours. But after they have been collected a few days, I would have the greatest part of them dismissed, as not being immediately wanted, desiring them to hold themselves in readiness for any sudden call, and concerting Signals with them, at the appearance of which they are to fly to Arms. I would have every means taken to engage a couple thousand of them for a Month, or as much more as they can be induced to consent to. In this case they will be able to render essential Service, both by an addition of Strength for the present, and by lessening the fatigue and duty of the Continental Army, which will tend to preserve them both in health and Spirits.
You will forward on all the Continental Troops by a safe route, as fast as they arrive. But you need send over no more of the Militia, 'till further orders. I approve of your fort flying such places, as you judge most likely to frustrate any attempt of the Enemy to pass the river. I am etc.
P.S. We have been so crowded with business at Head Quarters that I have not been able to write fully to Congress. I should therefore be glad you would communicate the purport of this Letter to them.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Arnold sent a copy of this letter to Congress, which was read in that body on June 19.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 17, 1777.
Sir: On receipt of this you will march your Regiment of Horse, Armed or unarmed, accoutred or not, to join this Army, leaving one Troop with Genl. Putnam at Peeks Kill. A large number of Horse in the present situation of our affairs is so indispensably necessary, that I cannot admit any excuse to justify your remaining any longer from Camp. I expect I shall see you as soon as possible. I am etc.
P.S. If you have any accoutrements to collect, leave a careful officer to bring 'em on.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 18, 1777.
Parole Boundbrook. Countersigns Bedford, Boston.
Timothy Pickering Esqr. is appointed Adjutant General to the Continental Army. He is to be obeyed and respected as such. The General begs Col. Connor to accept his thanks, for his obliging and punctual discharge of the office, for the time he has acted as such.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 19, 1777.
Dear Baylor: Yours of the 2nd. Instt. I received by Yesterdays Post. I must request that you spare no pains to forward on the Troops you have inlisted. If they are not equipped, they must not wait, our demand for Light Horse is such, that they can not be dispensed with.
You should be extremely cautious in your inquiries into the character of those who are not Natives, who offer to inlist. Desertions among Men of that Class, have been so frequent, that unless you find 'em on examination to be of good and unsuspicious conduct, they should not be taken by any means. Otherwise, most probably, they will deceive you, add no strength to our Arms, but much expence to the Public account and upon the first Opportunity will join the Enemy. If those you have inlisted, are to be suspected, will exchange places with Men in the marching Regiments, I have no objection; I think it will be prudent that they should; but you cannot compel them without violating the conditions of their Inlistments and doing an act of injustice.
As a Regimental promotion, is to be the Governing Rule for filling all vacancies, under those of Field Officers, where there lies no substantial objection to the next eldest Officer, or where it may not be necessary to promote out of that line for signal Services. Mr. Randolph must succeed to the Lieutenancy made vacant by Mr. Gresham's Death. His having been constantly in Service, since he marched from Virginia with Weedon's Regiment, surely cant operate to his prejudice. I am etc.
P.S. As Mr. Randolph is here, he will stay and do duty with Capt. Lewis, till the Troop comes up, which he is to join as a Lieutenant.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade; the letter sent in that of Robert Hanson Harrison, and is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
[Note 80: Later, the French consul in Maryland.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Middle Brook, June 19, 1777.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 6th. Instant, transmitting me your observations on the State of American Affairs, and the part that France is interested by the motives of good policy to act in consequence of it. Your reflections appear to me extremely judicious and well founded, and prove, that you have made a good use of your time, in collecting the information necessary to regulate your judgment, in a matter that so intimately concerns all Europe as well as America. It were to be wished that sentiments similar to yours were impressed upon the French Court; and that they could be induced not to delay an event so desirable both to them and to us, as the one you are anxious should take place.81
[Note 81: "The last news from Europe seems to announce that England and France are very near to throw off the veil of dissimulation Behind which both have Acted to this time. However I am too much Acquainted with the Political Genius of Both Courts to Expect any considerable hostility will pass Between them till next Spring at which Epocha, I intimately Believe it will be impossible for any of them not to come to an open war; therefore I think your Exelency will have nothing to depend upon this year But your military talents, the Zeal of Your Army and the Justice of your Cause."-- D'Anmours to Washington, June 6, 1777. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
An immediate declaration of War against Britain, in all probability, could not fail to extricate us from all our difficulties, and to cement the Bond of Friendship so firmly between France and America, as to produce the most permanent advantages to both. Certainly nothing can be more the true Interest of France, than to have a Weight of such Magnitude as America taken out of the Scale of British power and opulence and thrown into that of her own; and, if so, it cannot be advisable to trust any thing to contingencies, when by a conduct decisively in our favour, the object in view, might be put upon a sure footing.
Permit me, Sir, to correct a mistake you have made, in narrating a fact, with respect to the Danbury expedition, in which some Magazines of ours were destroyed. You mention only an hundred Men, being lost to the Enemy; but from various accounts and circumstances, there is little reason to doubt there must have been at least four hundred killed, wounded and taken. I have taken notice of this error, because it is of some little importance, the affair should be rightly stated, as it serves to show in a stricking point of view, the spirit of opposition prevailing among the people, which animated them to Assemble on so sudden an occasion, and to attack a regular Body of two thousand Men, with so much Vigor, as to force them to a precipitate return, little differing from a rout.
General Howe has lately made a very extraordinary movement. He sallied out from Brunswick on the Night of the 13th. Instant and marched towards Somerset about nine Miles distant, when he halted and began to fortify. By this operation he has drawn much nearer to us, and was in a tolerably commodious posture for attacking our Right, which led us to conjecture this might have been his design; But all of a sudden he last Night began to decamp, and with a good deal of expedition, if not precipitation, has returned to his former position, with his right at Amboy and his left at Brunswick. This was certainly a hasty resolution, but from what motive it is not easy to determine. He had began a Chain of Redoubts from Right to Left, which, together with other appearances, indicated a design of remaining there some little time at least. His abandoning the Ground he had taken and leaving the Redoubts half finished, is an Argument that he had been disappointed in his views, and found it necessary to alter them. Perhaps he was discouraged by the spirit that appeared among the Inhabitants who flocked together to join our Army, even beyond my expectation. As he began to retire in the Night, had but little way to go, was protected on his flank next to us by the Rariton, and on his rear by the Millstone, I had little or no opportunity of annoying him in his return. His Soldiery plundered the people as usual and burnt many valuable Houses in their Route.
I am sorry it is not in my power to avail myself of your services in the way you propose. At the same time I assure you, I entertain as high an opinion of your Zeal and Abilities as the opportunities I have had of knowing you will permit. I am etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 19, 1777.
Parole Chatham. Countersigns Cumberland, Carlisle.
The Quarter Master of each regiment is to draw provisions for such sick as remain with the regiments; for which purpose they are to be included, and their numbers ascertained, in each provision return. The Commissary will supply them with fresh meat when on hand.
The General Court Martial now sitting, will proceed forthwith to the trial of Major Peers,83 Brigade Major to General
[Note 83: Maj. Valentine Peers.] Weedon, arrested by order of Col. Spotswood, for "Refusing a true and just return of his regiment, and sending him a very insulting message by his Adjutant." All witnesses to attend.
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 20, 1777.
Parole Dartmouth. Countersigns Deal, Derby.
Each Captain, or commanding officer of a company, is to make out immediately, an exact Size-Roll of his company, according to which his men are ever to be drawn up; and when formed in two ranks, the shortest men are always to be placed in the front, by which means the firing will be rendered easier, and the effect more certain.
The Commander in Chief approves the following Sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 18th and 19th instant, whereof Col Stevens was president; and orders them to be put in execution forthwith--viz:
William Butler of Col. Thomas Hartley's regiment, and Capt. William Nichol's Company, charged with "Desertion and forging passes"--found guilty of the charge, and sentenced to receive 100 lashes.
Richard Hurley of the 7th. Pennsylvania regimt. charged with "Desertion"--found guilty of the charge, and sentenced to receive 100 lashes, on his bare back, well laid on.
Alexander McDonald of the 7th. Pennsylvania regt. charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive 100 lashes on his bare back; and to be sent on board one of the Continental Frigates to serve during the war.
Ensign Pope84, of the 10th. Virginia Regt. charged with "Not attending his duty on the parade"--acquitted, and ordered to be forthwith discharged from his arrest.
[Note 84: Ensign John Pope. He resigned in July, 1777, and was a colonel of Virginia Militia in 1781.]
Lieut. Booker85 of the 10th. Virginia Regt. charged with "attending tending the parade drunk"--found guilty of the charge, and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Colonel of the regiment he belongs to, in the presence of the officers.
[Note 85: Lieut. Ralph Booker. He resigned in July, 1777.]
John Rowley, of Col. Patton's Regt. charged with "Deserting, and going to the English"--found guilty of deserting, and sentenced to receive 100 lashes on his bare back, and to be sent on board one of the Continental Frigates, to serve for the time he is inlisted for.
Michael Reynolds, of the 5th. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Deserting towards the enemy"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive 100 lashes, on the bare back, well laid on, and to be sent on board one of the Continental Frigates, to serve for the time he is inlisted for.
William Pannell, of Capt. McGowen's86 Company, in the 4th. Pennsylvania Regt. charged with "Deserting from his regiment, and endeavouring to go to the enemy"--found guilty and sentenced to receive 100 lashes on his bare back.
[Note 86: Capt. John McGowan. He became a brigade major; was wounded at Germantown, Pa.; was transferred to the Invalid Regiment; served to the close of the war.]
Alexander McDonald, John Rowley and Michael Reynolds, who are sentenced to be put on board some of the Continental Frigates, are, after receiving their punishment, still to be detained prisoners by the Provost Marshal, 'till further orders.
Head Qurs., Middle Brook, June 20, 1777.
Sir: When I had the Honor of addressing you last, I informed you, that the Main Body of the Enemy had marched from Brunswick and extended their Van, as far as Sommerset Court House. I am now to acquaint you, that after encamping between these Two posts and beginning a line of Redoubts, they changed their Ground, Yesterday Morning and in the course of the preceeding night, and returned to Brunswick again, burning, as they went, several valuable dwelling Houses. We had constantly Light Troops, hovering round them, as far as circumstances would permit, but being secured on their flanks by the Raritan and Milstone, they were difficult to approach, and without loss, effected their return to their former Posts. This sudden and precipitate change in their operations, has afforded matter for much speculation. We suppose, their Original design was to attempt an impression on our right or to maneuvre us out of our Ground, or to advance towards the Delaware. Whether these conjectures were well founded, cannot be ascertained. But it is probable, if they had an impression in view, they found, it could not be attempted without great loss.
As to bringing on an attack, they effectually secured themselves against One by the post they took; or if passing the Delaware ware was their object, that from the temper of the people, the prosecution of it, if not impracticable, would meet with much greater opposition, than what they expected. For I must observe, and with peculiar Satisfaction I do it, that on the first notice of the Enemy's movements, the Militia assembled in the most Spirited manner, firmly determined to give them every annoyance in their power and to afford us every possible aid. This I thought it my duty to mention, in justice to their conduct and I am inclined to believe, that General Howe's return, thus Suddenly made, must have been in consequence of the information he received, that the People were in and flying to Arms in every Quarter, to oppose him. I shall not reason upon this event, but I cannot but consider it, as a most fortunate and happy one to us, and the most distressing Mr. Howe has yet experienced, unless he has Schemes in contemplation, beyond the reach of my conjecture.
I should have written to Congress more frequently respecting the Enemy, after they came from Brunswick, had I not been almost constantly on Horseback and their designs been clear; but as they were not, I did not wish to puzzle them with conjectures, more especially as I wrote Genl Arnold, with whom I was obliged to correspond, that he might cooperate with me as circumstances should require, to transmit them Copies of my Letters.
Inclosed you will be pleased to receive an Extract of a Letter from Colo. Jackson of Boston, to Genl. Knox.87 The intelligence it contains, is interesting, and I shall be happy to hear that the two Brigs mentioned, have captured the remainder of the Hessians and more particularly so, if the capture should not be far from the British Coast, provided they arrive safe.
[Note 87: This extract is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
12 O'Clock.
I just now received a Letter from Genl. Schuyler, a Copy of which and of its inclosures is herewith transmitted.88 The Enemy, from appearances, having changed their views for the present, or at least rendered them dark and mysterious, I have sent expresses to Brigadiers McDougall and Glover, to halt their Divisions, if they have proceeded any considerable distance from Peekskill, till further Orders, otherwise to return. I have also written to Genl. Putnam, to hold four Regiments in readiness to embark for Genl. Schuyler's aid, should further intelligence, respecting the Enemy's movements from Canada,
[Note 88: Schuyler's letters, dated June 15, 1777, and June 16, 1777, are in the Washington Papers; copies are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] make it necessary. [The situation of Affairs in this Quarter,] The uncertainty of General Howe's operations will not permit more to be done at this time. Genl Parsons arrived here this morning and his Division is marching to their ground towards the left of the Lines.
I omitted to mention in my last, that in Consultation with my Genl Officers, it was agreed, that promotions should be Regimental in the Army, for all Officers under the Rank of Field Officers, and for all of that Rank, in the line of their State. This is now settled as a General Rule, a right being reserved However, that it may be made for particular merit, out of this line or refused for demerit or any substantial objection.89 I have the honor &ca.90
[Note 89: See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 5, 1777, for report of the Board of War on rank and promotion in the Army.]
[Note 90: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, in Harrison's and Caleb Gibbs's writing, contains the phrase within file brackets, which was omitted from the letter sent.]
Head Qurs., Middle Brook, June 20, 1777.
Sirs: I am favor'd with yours of the 16th. The Spears have come to hand, and are very handy and will be useful to the Rifle Men. But they would be more conveniently carried, if they had a sling fixed to them, they should also have a spike in the but end to fix them in the ground and they would then serve as a rest for the Rifle. The Iron plates which fix the spear head to the shaft, should be at least eighteen inches long to prevent the Shaft from being cut through, with a stroke of a Horseman's Sword. Those only, intended for the Rifle Men, should be fixed with Slings and Spikes in the end, those for the Light Horse need neither. There will be 500 wanting for the Rifle Men, as quick as possible.91 Be pleased to send on all the Tin
[Note 91: A letter from Col. Benjamin Flower, Commissary General of Military Stores of the Continental Army, dated June 23, 1777, in the Washington Papers, describes the pike designed and contains a sketch of the implement. Flower reported that he would make 500 of them at once.] Cartridge Cannisters and have as many more made as possible, they will save an immense deal of Ammunition from damage. The Qur Masters of Troops have no more Rank than Qur. Mast sergeants. There is but one Quarter Master to a Regiment, whose Business it is to provide necessaries for the Regiment at large. But as the Horse are generally divided, there is a necessity for a Quarter Master to each Troop, to provide Forage &c. whose pay is 15 dollars pr. Month.
I refer the Board to my Letter to Congress for an Account of General Howe's return to Brunswick. I am &ca.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 16th. instant from Fort Edward, but that of the 14th. from Saratoga, to which you refer, has not come to hand. Supposing the plan mentioned in Amsbury's93 evidence to be true, I cannot conceive that it will be in the power of the Enemy to carry it into execution; but to provide against all events I have ordered Genl. Putnam to hold four Massachusetts Regiments in readiness at Peek Kill, to go up the River at a moment's warning, and to order Sloops from Albany, which are to be kept for that purpose. It does not appear that Burgoyne has brought any Reinforcements from Europe; if so, he cannot move with a greater force than five thousand Men. He certainly will never leave the Garrison of Ticonderoga in his rear; and if he invests it to any purpose, he will not have a Sufficient Number left to send one Body from Oswego and another to cut off the communication between
[Note 93: William Amsbury was captured near the Onion River. He was charged with being a British spy, and under threat of being hung by Schuyler he stated that the British forces were approaching St. John's and were to advance under General Burgoyne; that a detachment of British troops, Canadians, and Indians under Sir John Johnson was to penetrate the country through the Mohawk Valley; also that the Canadians were averse to taking up arms but were forced to do it; and that no reenforcements had arrived from Europe.] Fort Edward and Fort George. As the Garrison of Tionderoga is Sufficient to hold it against any attack, I do not think it politic, under your representation of the scarcity of Provisions, to send up troops to consume what ought to be thrown into the Fort. Those Troops held ready by Genl. Putnam can always, upon a certainty of the Enemy's intention to pass by Tionderoga with the whole or part of their force, be up time enough with the assistance of the Militia to give them a Check, as their march cannot be a very rapid one.
I have communicated your letter to Colo. Trumbull and I refer you to one which I have directed him to write to you upon the Subject of a Supply.
I draw a very favourable Omen from the intercepted letter to Genl. S--;94 it shews that they despair of carrying their schemes by force and are reduced to the necessity of having recourse to the Arts of Flattery, bribery and intimidation. The General is not at this post, I therefore cannot say how far it may [be] agreeable to him, for you to carry on the Correspondence in his name. If your letter is not gone, you had better wait for his concurrence, for it is a delicate matter.
[Note 94: Maj. Gen. John Sullivan. Amsbury declared he carried a canteen from a Judge Levy, Lievers, or Lievers, of Montreal, with a false bottom, in which was concealed a letter which was to be conveyed to Sullivan. Schuyler sent the letter to Washington.]
From the Manoeuvre of Yesterday, it is not prudent to weaken our post upon the North River upon an uncertainty. On the Night of the 13th. The British Army marched out of Brunswick, on the Road leading to Somerset Court House, which place their Van reached by Morning, being Nine Miles. Their rear continued at Brunswick, by which means they formed a line of communication the whole way, strengthened by Redoubts which were thrown up, upon every advantageous piece of Ground. What they gave out, and what they seemed prepared for, was to make a push to gain the passage of Delaware; but whether they did not chuse to risque this, with our Army upon their Rear, or intimidated by the unexpected force which they found ready to oppose them (as the Militia of this State and Pennsylvania turned out with the greatest Spirit) they suddenly abandoned their project, and returned to Brunswick the night before last, leaving their Works half finished. Their Army now lays in its former position between Brunswick and Amboy. As I do not think they will again attempt to reach Philadelphia by land, I conclude that their next move will be to that place by Sea, or up the North River. The first cannot be very sudden because the necessary Embarkation for such a Voyage, tho not a long one, must be a Work of time. But the latter, if intended, will be as quick as possible, for they may have heard that I drew the greatest part of the Force from Peeks Kill when they drew theirs into Jersey. I ordered those that had not reached this place to halt, as soon as the Enemy returned to Brunswick. They will be ready to move either way as occasion may require.
You may remember the conversation we had upon the expediency of removing all the Horses and Carriages from the Neighbourhood of Skeensborough, for I cannot conceive that they have enough of their own to answer their purpose, deprived of the means of transportation they will be intirely baffled in their attempt upon that quarter.
Since I began this letter yours of the 14th. came to hand, the Contents of which is fully answered by what I have before written. I shall immediately forward the letter to Congress. It is evident from Genl. St. Clair's letter, that it will not be proper to order up the Reinforcement before it is really wanted, for he very judiciously observes that they will consume the Stores. I shall desire Genl. Sullivan to inform me whether he knows such a Man as Robt. Shannon95 and what is his Character. I cannot conceive what occasions the delay of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire Continental Troops; I have repeatedly wrote to them in the most pressing manner to send them on, but in vain, I however hope that your Representations, who are on the Spot, will have a better effect. Genl. Knox tells me that he intends the Majority of Crane's96 Regiment for Major Stevens97 which would have been confirmed some time ago, but there is one Captn. who in point of rank, but not merit, has a prior right, but he hopes to settle the matter with him. I am &ca.98
[Note 95: The name of the man who was charged with writing the letter concealed in the canteen.]
[Note 96: Col. John Crane, of the Third Continental Artillery.]
[Note 97: Maj. Ebenezer Stevens, then a brevet major. He became brevet lieutenant colonel of the Third Continental Artillery Apr. 30, 1778, and lieutenant colonel of the Second Continental Artillery Nov. 24, 1778, to rank from April 30; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The word within brackets was inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Middle Brook, June 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: General Howe has suddenly quitted his new post between Somerset and Brunswick and has returned to his old Situation. The whole design of his making his late movement this way, may possibly have been to induce us to draw off our Troops from Peeks Kill, though I think it most probable that he was disappointed in his expectations of the manner in which we should act; and finding the people turn out with great Spirit, to Strengthen the opposition we should give them, concluded it most prudent to relinquish his intentions, and resume his former position. But test the first should be the case, I have ordered Generals McDougall and Glover not to proceed. If they are at a distance from you they are to halt where they are, and if they are near Peeks Kill, they are to go back to it.99
[Note 99: The text of Washington's orders to McDougall and Glover, dated June 20, 1777, and in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, is in the Washington Papers. It repeats, but in different words, the substance of the news of Howe's retreat as given above, and then adds: "In the meantime, I think it necessary to be upon our guard against any sudden expedition up the North River, and therefore desire you will, if you have advanced any distance from Peeks Kill, halt where you are and proceed no further; if you are near that post, return to it; or if you have not crossed the river you are of course to continue where you are."]
General Schuyler writes to me, that from some intelligence he had lately received, there was reason to apprehend that General Burgoyne was making preparations for an immediate attack upon Ticonderoga, and on that account requests a reinforcement. But as the alarm may very likely prove false, until we have fuller evidence that such an event is about to take place, I do not think it advisable to lessen our force on this quarter, by sending them to where they may perhaps not be wanted. (I would however have some disposition made, to reinforce with speed, in case it should be necessary; and with this view, I have to desire you will hold four of the Strongest Massachusetts Regiments under Genl. Nixon, in constant readiness to march at the Shortest notice. They are however not to be sent off, without an order from me for the purpose.
You will have a sufficient number of Vessels ready at your post, to transport those troops, their baggage &ca., by water to Albany. They must be so disposed, as that they can be made use of and forwarded without the least delay. If these Vessels are not to be had at and about Peeks Kill and Fishkill, you must immediately send to Albany to procure a Supply of what may be deficient, and have them brought down to you. If you Should receive any information, that appears to you authentic, and makes it necessary to dispatch the reinforcement, you can have the troops, Baggage and provisions embarked, waiting only for my orders, to sail, acquainting me immediately by express of the intelligence you may have received.)
It will be proper you should keep in view, that the Enemy's motions must of necessity be in concert, and, if they operate to the Northward, you must undoubtedly expect a Visit to your post. Besides being continually prepared for this casualty, it will be highly useful, to use every method of gaining intelligence from New York. The most effectual mean of doing this, is having persons continually going into and coming out from the City.1 I am etc.2
[Note 1: This same letter was sent to Governor Trumbull, with the omission of the portion inclose in parentheses above. Ford prints an extract of the letter to Trumbull as afootnote under date of June 2, which is an evident typographical error.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 20, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 14th. As I have not wrote to you since the 8th., no letters of mine were among those lost by Mr. Gurney. I cannot tell how the Clothing designed for the Eastern Troops, has been disposed of, but there arc universal Complaints, from Massachusetts in particular, for want. If the Quantity that will meet Mr. Young at Pecks Kill is not Sufficient, many of the Troops will be obliged to quit the Field, for some of them are already so naked that they cannot do duty. The Board of War of Massachusetts say, that as they had delivered a large quantity of Clothing to Livingston & Turnbull,3 which they had collected and purchased, they expected their troops would have received the benefit of it, but that so far from that's being the case, they are file only people left destitute. As these repeated Complaints are all thrown upon me, I could wish that some measures may be taken by you or your Agents to Settle this matter and endeavour to give Satisfaction.
[Note 3: Agents for cIothing, Continental Army.]
The Light Horsemen are not intitled to any more than a suit of Uniform annually. The coarse Jackets and Frocks are extra's and must be charged to them; their pay was augmented in order to enable them to purchase these necessaries. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 21, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Col Sherburne's detachment, at present with Genl. Parsons, is to join Genl. Varnum's brigade.
Genl. De Barre's brigade to get ready to march to morrow morning, at 5 o'clock--He will send to the Adjutant General for orders to march.
Genl. Varnum's brigade to relieve the picquets at Van Nest's Mill, and Van Veghten's bridge, at 4 o'clock this afternoon.
A detachment of 900 men and twelve light horsemen, with proper officers, to furnish themselves with three days provisions, cooked, and parade at 2 o'clock this afternoon, behind the park of Artillery, completely armed, accoutered and furnished with ammunition, and with their blankets slung--Brigadier General Maxwell will command the detachment--The Monmouth Militia to go with the detachment.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 21, 1777.
Sir: I was last night honored with yours of Yesterday morning with its Inclosures, the Contents of which I shall duly attend to.6
[Note 6: The most important of these inclosures was the resolve (June 18) enlarging the power of a general officer on a separate command.]
Having written fully Yesterday, and nothing new occurring since, I have only to request, that you will forward the papers respecting the Commissary's department, as soon as possible. For want of some certain fixed line of duty, in this instance, the Commissary says, it is impossible to conduct matters with any propriety.7 I have the Honor &ca.8
[Note 7: These were the regulations for establishing the pay of commissary generals, adopted by Congress on June 16, printed in broadside form, and forwarded to Washington in the President's letter of June 24.]
[Note 8: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 9: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Virginia Regiment in August, 1777; resigned in September following.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Middle Brook, June 21, 1777.
Sir: I flattered myself that I should have had the pleasure long before this of seeing you in Camp at the head of your Regiment, and am sorry that ill state of your health, or whatever other cause there may be, has disappointed my expectations. This Campaign probably may be of decisive importance to America, and at this advanced period of it, the Service demands that every commanding Officer should be at the head of his Corps and cannot but Suffer, if circumstances oblige him to be absent. I have no doubt you have Sufficient reasons to justify your not having yet joined the Army; at the same time, as I am bound to consult the good of the Service above every other consideration, I must of necessity regret that it has been the case, and cannot allow those reasons to operate much longer, to the prejudice of it.
I shall be glad it may suit you to repair to camp by the middle of next Month, and enter upon the command of your Regiment; but if it should not be in your power to do it by that time, I shall conclude your affairs will not permit you to act in that capacity, and that it is my duty to fill up the place of Colo. in the Regiment designed for you, by the appointment of some other Gentleman. I expect to hear from you on the Subject, and am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs., Middle Brook,
11 O'Clock P.M., June 22, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor and pleasure to inform you, that the Enemy evacuated Brunswick this Morning and retired to Amboy, burning many Houses as they went along. Some of them from the appearance of the Flames were considerable Buildings. From several pieces of information and from a variety of Circumstances, it was evident that a move was in agitation, and it was the general Opinion, that it was intended this morning. I therefore detached three Brigades under the command of Major Genl. Greene, to endeavour to fall upon their Rear, and kept the main body of the Army paraded upon the Heights to support them, if there should be occasion. A Party of Colo Morgan's Regt. of light Infantry attacked and drove the Hessian Picket about Sunrise, and upon the appearance of Genl. Wayne's Brigade and Morgan's Regiment (who got first to the ground) opposite Brunswick, the Enemy immediately crossed the Bridge to the East side of the River and threw themselves into Redoubts which they had before constructed. Our Troops, advanced briskly upon them, upon which they quitted the Redoubts without making an opposition and retired by the Amboy Road. As all our Troops, from the difference of their Stations in Camp, had not got up when the Enemy began to move off, it was impossible to check them, as their Numbers were far greater than we had any Reason to expect, being, as we were informed Afterwards, between four and five thousand Men. Our People pursued them as far as Piscataway, but finding it impossible to overtake them, and fearing they might be led on too far from the main Body, they returned to Brunswick. By information of the inhabitants, Genl. Howe, Lord Cornwallis and Genl. Grant were in the Town when the Alarm was first given, but they quitted it very soon after. In the pursuit, Colo Morgan's Rifle Men exchanged several sharp Fires with the Enemy, which it is imagined did them considerable execution. I am in hopes that they afterwards fell in with Genl Maxwell who was detached last Night with a Strong Party, to lay between Brunswick and Amboy to intercept any Convoys or parties that might be passing. But I have yet heard nothing from him. Genl Greene desires me to make mention of the Conduct and bravery of Genl Wayne and Colo. Morgan and of their Officers and Men upon this occasion, as they constantly advanced upon an Enemy far superior to them in numbers and well secured behind strong Redoubts. General Sullivan advanced from Rocky Hill to Brunswick with his division, but as he did not receive his order of March till very late at Night, he did not arrive till the Enemy had been gone some time. I have sent down Lord Stirling's Division, to reinforce Genl. Maxwell, and in the morning I shall move the Main Body of the Army to some secure Post nearer Amboy, from whence we can with more ease annoy the Enemy than from this distance. I am inclined to think they mean to cross to Staten Island, if they do, we may perhaps find an Opportunity of making a stroke upon their Rear. At any rate we shall have a chance of obliging them to make a total evacuation of the State of Jersey. I have the Honor to be &ca.
His Excellency having been on Horseback from 3 o'Clock in the Morning and much fatigued, rather than disturb his Rest, I take the Liberty to close the Letter without his Name. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, omits the last paragraph; the letter sent is signed by Tilghman.]
Head Qrs., Camp at Middle Brook, June 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favours of the 16th., 19th., and 21st. instanthave reached me, the former without signature. I approve of your ordering payment to the Militia; but I could wish great attention to be paid to the nature of the abstracts they present, that they be properly certified and have every appearance of being right.
You have mistaken the orders I gave, according to which General McDougall should have halted at Pompton; because he was there at a considerable distance from Peeks Kill, and was to have returned only in case he had been near that post. However, as matters have turned out, I am not sorry he is gone back. For it may now be concluded, with tolerable certainty, that the Enemy are about to quit the Jerseys and make some expedition by Water. The North River may probably be the object, and if it is, General McDougall with his Brigade cannot too soon return to reinforce you. Your utmost vigilance and industry are necessary to be in all respects prepared to give as much opposition as possible. Of all things you cannot take too much care o secure the boats, that they meet with no accident, and may be always ready on a sudden emergency, to transport this Army across the River.
The Enemy abandoned Brunswick this Morning and seem to be pushing all their force for Amboy, which there is no doubt they will speedily evacuate also. Having gained intelligence Yesterday, of their hasty preparations for this purpose, I sent down last night and early this Morning strong parties to fall upon their flanks and rear, who served to precipitate their retreat; but could not have a fair opportunity of doing them as much injury as I could wish. There have been several smart Skirmishings, the effect not certainly known.
The difficulties you mention, in the removal of the Stores from Fish Kill to the places pointed out, ought to have had no weight. As it was a positive order of Congress, it ought to have been complied with, though attended with some inconveniences; and the Security of the Magazines is of so much consequence, that the expence and trouble of removing them should not be put in competition with it. The present movements of the Enemy make it necessary the order should be immediately executed. It will be proper to have Sufficient guards, over them, to prevent their being injured by the disaffected inhabitants; but the Continental troops should be spared from this duty, as much as is consistent with prudence. There ought to be some of them at the most important and least secure places; but the others Should be committed to the trustiest of the Militia. It would be advisable to have small convenient Works thrown up about them, which will make it less necessary to have large guards; and will discourage any attempt to destroy them. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head-Quarters, Middle Brook, June 22, 1777.
Parole Farquhar. Countersigns Farnham, Fairfield.
The out guards, or picquets from the line, to be called in immediately, and not relieved.
One regiment (Col. Spotswood's) of General Weedon's brigade to take post in General Wayne's encampment, and mount a Subaltern's guard at the gap near the encampment.
The regiments of Genl Muhlenberg's brigade, now at Steel's gap, will remain there and mount a Subaltern's guard.
The brigades of the line to furnish the other guard, besides their own quarter guards.
AFTER ORDERS
Every brigade and corps of the army immediately to draw three days provisions, and cook them, and parade to morrow morning at 6 o'clock (if it should not rain) with arms, accoutrements, ammunition and blankets, ready to march. Tents, baggage and women to be left in camp, for the security of which each division is to leave a field officer, each brigade a Captain, and each regiment a Subaltern, Serjt. Corporal and twelve men. These guards to consist of men most unfit for duty, and who have the worst arms. The Major Generals will receive orders at Head-Quarters, respecting their route, and order of march.
The Commander in Chief thanks the Majors General Sullivan and Greene, and all the officers, and soldiers, engaged this day, to pursue the enemy, for their alacrity and zeal manifested in that service.
Major Peers, Brigade Major to Genl. Weedon's brigade, charged with "Refusing a true and just Return of Colol. Spotswood's regiment; and sending him a very insulting answer by his Adjutant," tried by a General Court Martial, held the 20th. instant, and honorably acquitted. The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence, and orders him to be immediately discharged from his arrest.
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 23, 1777.
Parole Gloucester. Countersigns Gravesend, Guilford.
The Commander in Chief approves the following Sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 20th. instant, whereof Col Stevens was president; and orders them to be put in execution forthwith--viz:
Thomas White, alias Jones, of Col. Hartley's battalion, charged with "Desertion," the prisoner pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to receive 50 lashes on his bare back.
Alexander Gray, of the 5th. Pennsylva. Regt. charged with "Desertion," found guilty, and sentenced to receive 50 lashes, on his bare back.
Levi Bloxom, of the 9th. Virginia Regt. charged with "Insolence to, and threatning to shoot Ensign Robbins of the same regiment," found guilty and sentenced to receive 39 lashes on his bare back.
James McCarl, of the 5th. Pennsylvania Regiment charged with "Insulting and charging his bayonet on the officer of the ferry guard at Trenton, and presenting his piece at Lieut. Smith,13 of the 5th. Pennsylvania regt. in the face of the whole regiment," found guilty of "presenting his piece at Lieut Smith, in the face of the whole regiment," and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
[Note 13: Lieut. Samuel(?) Smith. He seems to have been promoted to captain Mar. 1, 1777.]
William McCarl of the 5th. Pennsylvania Regiment charged with "Insulting and charging his bayonet on the officer of the ferry guard at Trenton." No evidence appearing to support the charge against the prisoner, The Court ordered him to be discharged from confinement for the present.
The following letter received from Col. Spotswood.
Middle-Brook, June 23, 1777.
Sir. Although the Court Martial acquitted Major Peers with honor; yet I think something remains to be done on my side, for the injury done that gentleman; you'll therefore oblige me by putting the inclosed concession in the next general orders. Your obt. Servt.
Alexr. Spotswood Col.
Col Spotswood being convinced that he was wrong, in putting Major Peers under an arrest, is extremely sorry for it.
To Col. Pickering
Adjutant General.
AFTER ORDERS
The Militia of the State of New-Jersey, who assembled upon the late alarm by signals, are dismissed; with the cordial thanks of the Commander in Chief for the readiness with which they turned out, and the spirit and bravery they have shewn in harrassing the enemy; and preventing their incursions: Such manly exertions in the Militia must prove highly discouraging to the enemy; and while the same spirit remains, no danger is to be apprehended from their future attempts.
The rain having prevented the execution of a part of the after orders of yesterday, every brigade and corps of the army is to parade to morrow morning at 4 o'clock, if it should not rain; those after orders in other respects to be punctually complied with.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 23, 1777.
Sir: The Cloathier General informs me, that in a prize lately brought into Salem, among other goods fit for the Army, are 4000. Blankets, an Article exceedingly wanted by the Troops. He has therefore ordered Messrs. Livingston & Turnbull to purchase the whole for Public use, and desires me to beg your Assistance in preventing the interference of any other Body in the purchase. I conceive you will readily grant this request when you are assured that the goods will be delivered out to those Continental Troops who are most in want of them, without distinction or partiality to any particular State. I have the honor etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 3rd., 7th., and 12th. Nothing has given me more uneasiness than the Complaints of want of Clothing for the Troops of your State, especially as I have been led to believe that they were most amply provided. I have ordered all the Clothing now coming on to stop at Peeks Kill, and the Clothier General has sent up a Deputy to distribute it to those who want. As it consists of Frocks, Waistcoats, and Over-alls, it will be more proper for the Season than Cloth Uniform, which must be provided against Winter. I have wrote to Mr. Mease and informed him of the Complaints that are made against his Agents, for their unequal or at least irregular supply to your troops. He asserts, that a full Supply has been delivered, but that by the alteration of the first destination of their Troops, the Clothing of the whole is gone to the Northward. I have directed him to have the matter some how settled, for nothing can be more disagreeable to me, than to be obliged to hear constant complaint of this nature.
General Howe moved from Brunswick on the 13th. at night and marched as far as Somerset Court House on the Road leading to Delaware, he remained there until the 18th. and then suddenly marched back to Brunswick, leaving a Number of works, which they had begun, half finished. They burnt many farm Houses in this short distance of Nine Miles. Finding, from many accounts and various circumstances, that they intended to move from Brunswick to Amboy, Majr. Genl. Greene marched Yesterday morning with three Brigades, in order to fall upon their Rear. Upon the first appearance of our Troops they abandoned the Town with precipitation and went off to Amboy, as they had previously sent off their Stores and Baggage they had nothing to incumber them in their retreat, and therefore only received a few fires from our flankers; they are now removing their Baggage to New York, from whence they will plan some new Expedition; As it will take some time to concert and prepare for it, I hope we shall find ways and means to come at their intention and prepare against them.
If the March to Peeks Kill, by way of Kinderhook, is more inconvenient than by the common Road. I do not desire it to be pursued, it was a measure recommended by General Schuyler.
I have long found the ill effect of the Wretched Cartouch Boxes generally in use, and I am very glad to find that Colo. Lee has found out a kind that will preserve the Ammunition; you will admit him to have them made and I should be glad of one by way of pattern.
The matter respecting Capt. Sullivan's15 pay during the time he continues a Hostage upon Parole has never been settled, I shall write to Congress respecting it, and take their order upon it.
[Note 15: Capt. Ebenezer Sullivan, of the Fifteenth Continental Infantry, He had been taken prisoner at The Cedars May 20, 1776; was not exchanged until 1778.]
Mr. Hancock should ever represent the state of his Treasury to Congress, and obtain a supply from them. I can do this but no more; and I dare say they will ever, upon his Representation only, send him the necessary Sums. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and John Fitzgerald. The letter sent is in the writing of Tilghman and is in the Massachusetts Historical Society, and varies from the draft in capitalization only.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 23, 1777.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Letter of the 12th Inst.
Permit me to assure you Sir, that it would give me great pleasure to comply with your request for Field pieces, were it in my Power, but it is not. We have not Sufficient for the Army. General Schuyler applied for twelve, by a late Letter, for his department, which cannot be furnished. Our Number is so small, that we do not think it expedient to appoint more than two to each of our Brigades. We are obliged to keep some reserve in case of misfortunes.
Your exertions to compleat your Quota of Troops oblige me much and I am happy to hear they are likely to be attended with so much Success.
In respect to the Exchanging the Prisoners, taken in the Danbury expedition, as the Action was chiefly with Militia, It seems to fall with more propriety under your direction. I am content that you should make a proposition of the Sort, if it be agreeable to Genl. Howe and that the exchange should take place, if he will acceed to it. At present, I and he are in dispute upon the Subject of the Agreement between us, and I could not make the proposition, with any degree of propriety.
On Saturday night and Yesterday Morning, Genl. Howe and his Army evacuated Brunswick. Our advices of their intention unhappily were too late for us, to make such dispositions to annoy them as we wished. They had conveyed away their whole Baggage and were clear of all incumbrances. General Greene commanded the Brigades particularly detached on this Service, but before they could get up, the Enemy retreated. Genl. Wayne's only arrived in Time on the ground and behaved in a Manner that does them great honor. They formed and advanced on the Enemy, Colo. Morgan and his Corps of Light Troops, composed of Rifle Men, distinguished themselves greatly and hanging on the Flank of the Enemy, did them a good deal of Damage. They are now within their Lines at Amboy. What their next operations and movements will be I cannot determine. I should have been more particular upon the Subject, had not the urgency of Mr. Trumbull's business, by whom this goes, required his departure. I have the Honor to be &c.
P.S. Yours of the 9th has been also received. General Putnam informs me he has ordered payment for the Militia mentioned therein.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 19th. instant, and have to acknowledge my approbation of the removal of the two Companies you mention, to the post near Sidman's Bridge.
You have also my consent to keep Colo. Duboys's Regiment with you; it is certainly preferable to any other, being, as you observe, perfectly acquainted with the Grounds, which is a singular advantage to any Body of Troops when attacked. Shou'd you find it necessary to add to your Strength, you'll apply to Genl. Putnam (whose Strength will now afford it) for a reinforcement. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Richard Keader Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 23, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday received your favour of the 21st. I am happy to hear you have so good a prospect of Clothing the troops, the distress of those from the Massachusetts now at Peeks Kills, is great indeed and requires every exertion to releive it. The interference of a particular State or body of Men with Clothes imported on Continental account, is certainly wrong, and confusion and inconvenience will be the least evils that can result from it.
The arrival of the prize Blankets is a fortunate event. Agreeable to your request I have written to the Massachusetts Council, and hope they will suffer no difficulty to arise from any Quarter to Messrs. Livingston and Turnbull's purchasing them.
There is one Supply, I must request your particular and immediate attention to, that of Shoes; the Army is in great distress. Some Corps are almost entirely incapable of doing duty for want of them. You cannot procure too many. I would further observe, that the Sizes should be much attended to. There have been many complaints on this Head, that in general they have been made too small, and of consequence of but little use. I am etc.
P.S. What Shoes you have, do send to Camp.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Quibble-town, June 24, 1777.
Parole Hartford. Countersigns Hatfield, Huntington.
In case of an alarm, the army is to be drawn up in two lines on the northern side of the brook, Genl. Greene's division on the right, Genl. Lincoln's on the left of the front line; Genl. Stephens's division on the right of the second line, and Brig: Genl: Parsons's brigade on the left of the second line; to be joined by Genl. Varnum's, when he comes up. The troops to make the best shelter they can, with boughs of trees.
An alarm will be made by the firing of two field pieces, at the park of Artillery, upon which the whole army is to muster and take the ground shewn to the Brigadiers General, with all possible dispatch--The park of Artillery to form in the Centre of the first line.
Head Quarters, Quibble-town, June 25, 1777.
Parole Isleington. Countersigns Italy, Inverness.
The picquets to be relieved this day at 10 o'clock A.M. To morrow at 8 o'clock, the usual hour.
Whenever any firing, or any thing else unusual in the Camp is permitted by the Major General of the day; he is immediately to report it to the Commander in Chief; to prevent any unnecessary enquiries into the causes of it.
The officers are always to take the most particular care that no damage be done to the property of the Inhabitants where the troops are encamped. The inevitable distresses of war, are so great and numerous, that any addition to them must be deemed to proceed from barbarity and wantoness alone; more especially in us by whom that property was designed, and ought to be protected.
Camp at Quibble Town, June 25, 1777.
Sir: When I had the honor to address you last, it was on the Subject of the Enemy's retreat from Brunswick to Amboy and of the measures pursued to annoy them. At the time of Writing, the information I had received respecting their Loss was rather vague and uncertain; But we have reason to beleive, from intelligence thro' various Channels since, that it was pretty considerable and fell chiefly on the Grenadiers and Light Infantry, who formed their covering party. The inclosed Copy of a Letter, containing the information of a person just from New York, corresponds with other Accounts on this Head and with the Declarations of some Deserters. Some of the Accounts are, that Officers were heard to say, they had not suffered so severely since the Affair at Prince Town.22
[Note 22: This information came from Matthew Williamson, jr., of Elizabethtown. N. J., who reported, among other things, that the British wounded removed from the docks to the hospitals in New York were said to amount to 500. A copy of Williamson's letter is filed with Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
After the evacuation of Brunswick, I determined with the advice of my General Officers, to move the whole Army the next Morning to this Post, where they would be nearer the Enemy, and might act according to circumstances. In this I was prevented by Rain, and they only moved yesterday Morning. I have advanced Lord Stirling's Division and some other Troops lower down in the Neighbourhood of Metuchen Meeting House, and intended to have posted more there, but found, on reconnoitring the Ground, it was low and disadvantageous, and still more unfavorable thro' a scarcity of Water; These reasons, added to that of there not being the smallest prospect of attacking the Enemy in Amboy with a probability of Success, secured on their Flanks by Water and in their Front by strong Redoubts across the Neck, would not permit me, either in my own opinion or that of my General Officers, to keep any greater body of Men in that Quarter, where they would have been dispersed and, of consequence, extremely insecure.
I have light parties lying close on the Enemy's lines, to watch their Motions and who will be ready to Act in conjunction with Lord Stirling's division and such other Troops as it may be necessary to detach. Tho' I think and so do the rest of the Officers, that no event is likely to take place that will require more, since the Idea of forcing their lines or bringing on a General Engagement on their own Grounds, is Universally held incompatible with our Interest, and that, that number is Sufficient to avail us of any advantages we can expect to arise from their retreating from Amboy, supposing notice of the Fact should be obtained. Their contiguity to the Sound and the small distance across it, having Boats prepared to pass in, will enable them to get off should they so incline, against every prudent and justifiable exertion on our part. Whether such is their designs, is more than I can positively determine; but there is every reason to beleive that they have been and are transporting their Baggage to Staten Island and making every preparation to embark on Board their Transports for some new Expedition.
Your favor of the 24th, I just now received and am extremely obliged by your Cordial congratulations on the retreat of the Enemy from Brunswick and favourable interpretation of the Event, to my conduct. The Resolutions you did me the honor to transmit shall have my attention.
It is much to be regreted, that an Express sent off on Saturday night, to Genl Maxwell to inform him of Genl Greene's Movement towards Brunswick, that he might conduct himself accordingly, did not reach him. Whether the Express went designedly to the Enemy, or was taken is not known, but there is reason to believe he fell into their Hands. If Genl Maxwell had received the Order, there is no doubt but their whole Rear Guard would have been cut off. This the Enemy confessed themselves, as we are well informed by persons in Bonam Town.
By a Reconnoitring Party just returned, it is reported as a Matter of doubt, whether any of the Enemy have removed from Amboy, tho' it is almost certain they have transported a great deal of their Baggage. I have &ca.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Quibble Town, June 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: I this morning received your favour of the 23rd. and am happy to hear part of the Clothes for the Troops have arrived and that more are on the way.
Under the present appearance of things and Incertainty of the Enemy's Operations, I think it unadvisable to detach Glover's Brigade from Peeks Kills. If Genl. Howe should make a push up the River, the importance of the Highland Passes, will demand the utmost attention and every exertion for their Security. The advantages which will result from Troops being at the White Plains will be too inconsiderable to draw any part of your force, at this critical juncture, from their present important post. Added to this consideration, If the Enemy have a more Eastern expedition in view, Peeks Kill will be a more convenient place for Troops to march from, as it is nearer, and more in the direct route.
The post you are at is not considered as a Separate Department, by any Resolutions of Congress that I have seen, yet under one of their late determinations you have a right to a Secretary, I think his pay is Fifty Dollars pr Month. As to a Deputy Adjutant General, an Officer of that Sort seems essential. I therefore authorize you to employ a Gentleman qualified for the purpose, to act for the usual pay and so long as it shall be thought necessary. In your agreement with him, be particular on this head, That he may not claim the post and pay where circumstances may make it unnecessary to continue him.
From every appearance, the Enemy are passing from Amboy to Staten Island, they have been, it is certain, carrying over their Baggage. Amboy is so situated that it is almost impossible to give them the least annoyance in their retreat; They have Several Strong redoubts across the Neck, and none of their Parties come without them. We have now parties of Light Troops lying along their Lines. In their retreat on Sunday, we are told by deserters, and some other accounts, that their Grenadiers suffered a good deal, as did part of their Infantry from Colo. Morgan's Rifle Men. I am etc.
N.B. As the D. A. G. will be a post in the Army, the pay of his present post will be suspended.
P.S. If Colonel Cornell24 is at Pecks Kill, I wou'd wish you to give him the Offer of Depy. A. Genl. as he is out of employ, and as he is some what acquainted with the business. Had the Enemy remained in Jersey, I should have approved much of your sending Genl. Glover towards the White Plains.25
[Note 24: Lieut. Col. Ezekiel Cornell, formerly of the Eleventh Continental Infantry. He had acted as Deputy Adjutant General of the Continental Army, October-December, 1776. He was brigadier general of Rhode Island Militia in 1777 and Inspector General of the Continental Army from September, 1782, to the close of the war.]
[Note 25: The text of this letter is found only in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, Middle Brook, June 26, 1777.
Parole Japan. Countersigns Jamaica, Jamestown.
The troops are to complete three days provisions of bread and flour, as soon as possible; and but one day's provision of flesh, if it be fresh, or three days provisions of Salt meat, if to be had, and to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's warning. They will lodge themselves in the best manner they can this night, near the gaps of the mountains. From every gap, proper picquets are to be posted and patroles sent out during the night.
Head-Quarters, Middle Brook, June 27, 1777.
Parole Kilkenny. Countersigns Kingston, Kildare.
The commanding officers of corps, who have men in the provost guard, against whom sentences have been past, and approved, are, without delay to see those sentences executed.
It being necessary to determine the ranks of Col. Bland, and Col. Moylan, Colonels of Horse; Major Generals Sullivan, Greene, Lord Stirling, Stephen and Lincoln are appointed a Court to inquire into the matter, hear the pretensions of the parties, and determine their rank. The court to sit this afternoon at 5 o'clock, at Genl. Greene's quarters; any three of them to be a quorum.
The Commander in Chief earnestly desires, that General Officers, in case of an action, or the appearance of one will (when practicable) send all their orders either in writing, or by an Aide-de-Camp, or Brigade Major, to prevent the unintelligible and contradictory directions, which are too often conveyed, and may prove fatal to the views and designs of the commanding officer.
Intelligence of the enemy's movements, and approach they are also requested to communicate in the same manner to the officer commanding; otherwise it will be impossible for him to make a proper disposition, as the goodness of this must depend upon the certainty and precision of the information.
All officers at out-posts are to govern themselves by this order, so far as it will apply to their case.
The General directs an immediate return to be made to the Adjutant General of the killed, wounded and missing since Sunday last, inclusively.
For the future, the commanding officers of corps are, as soon as possible, to make exact Returns to the Adjutant General of all the killed, wounded, and missing, belonging to their respective corps (Specifying their ranks) and of the times when, and places where such events shall happen. Such commanding officers, and also, the commanding officers of parties, are, from time to time, to make the like exact returns of all prisoners they shall take from the enemy, and as soon as possible after the capture.
Camp at Middle Brook, June 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your two letters of the 17th. and 19th. instant. It is strange Cols. Whitcomb and Phinney should have suffered their claims to have remained so long unpaid. Their conduct is extremely reprehensible and must produce a great deal of Embarrassments, if not some injustice.28 Have their Abstracts made out in such a way, as shall appear agreeable to propriety and the usual practice in such cases, to which they should annex an Affidavit to give them a greater degree of Authenticity. The Company Rolls should be made out specifying the Men's names, which should be affixed to the Abstract.
[Note 28: These claims were for pay, billeting, and mileage of parts of their regiments for November and December, 1775, at Cambridge, Mass.]
In respect to the Militia who have done duty at Providence, I have nothing to say. If they were called out by Public authority or by any having power for the purpose, I suppose they are to be paid by the States. At any rate you should be extremely cautious in having the abstracts properly adjusted. The Company Rolls ought to specify the Officer's and Men's names and time of Service and ought to be sworn to and Certified by the Commanding Officer. It might be well for you to submit the matter to Congress and to take their direction.
You will omit no pains or exertions to complete the dificiencies in the Regiments, and to push the troops forward, as fast as circumstances will admit.
I have written to Genl. Schuyler, that he cannot have any of the Field Pieces at this time, as there are not a Sufficient number for this Army, which has much more occasion for them.
Yesterday Morning the Enemy advanced with their whole force from Amboy to Westfield about Seven or Eight Miles. Where the whole or a large part of them now remain. This movement would seem to indicate an intention to make an attack upon our left Flank, As they came out, there was some Skirmishing between them and a part of Lord Stirling's division without any great damage on either side. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The letter sent, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Massachusetts Historical Society and varies from the draft in capitalization only.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 27, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby appointed to the command of a Regiment in the Continental Service,30 to be composed of the eight following independent companies, the four raised under the direction of General George Clinton, and commanded by Major Pawling,31 and four others, raised or to be raised by
[Note 30: Malcom's Additional Continental regiment was consolidated with Spencer's Apr. 22, 1779.]
[Note 31: Maj. Albert Pawling, of Malcom's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in April, 1779; was lieutenant colonel and colonel of New York levies from 1779 to end of the war.] Captains Scott, McDougall, Hallet and Hunter.32 In case any of these last mentioned Captains should not have accepted or acted upon their appointments, you are to supply their place by nominating others, the nomination to be approved and ratified by me. Your field Officers are to be Lt. Colo. Burr and Major Pawling.
[Note 32: Captain Scott is difficult to identify. McDougall was probably Ronald T. McDougall. Jonah Hallett was a lieutenant in Malcolm's regiment in July, 1777; resigned in April, 1779, when the regiment was consolidated with Spencer's; became lieutenant of Fourth Continental Dragoons in October of that year; served to November, 1782. Capt. John Hunter was taken prisoner at Fort Montgomery, N.J., in October, 1777; resigned in December of that year.]
You will immediately make yourself acquainted with the State of your Regiment, and collect as many of them as are raised, under a proper proportion of Officers, to where Major Pawlings party is now Stationed. You will also keep out a Sufficient number of Officers, qualified for the business of recruiting, to make up the deficiency of your Regiment, and will do whatever else may be necessary to complete it for Service, as soon as possible. You and your field Officers are without delay to take the field, at the head of those Men who have been already recruited. I shall expect a speedy report of the Strength and exaction Situation of your Regiment.33
[Note 33: The draft is in writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 27, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby appointed Lieutt. Colonel to a Regiment in the Continental Service to be commanded by Colo. Malcom. This Regiment is composed of eight independant Companies, most of which are already raised. As Colo. Malcom goes directly up to draw the Regiment together, I desire you will join him and give every necessary assistance towards forming the Corps. I have given particular Instructions to Colo. Malcolm, you are therefore to follow his directions. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at Middle Brook, June 28, 1777.
Sir: On thursday Morning Genl Howe advanced with his whole Army in Several Columns from Amboy, as far as Westfield. We are certainly informed, that the Troops sent to Staten Island returned the preceding Evening and, it is said, with an Augmentation of Marines, so that carrying them there was a feint with intention to deceive us. His design, in this Sudden movement, was either to bring on a General Engagement upon disadvantageous Terms, considering matters in any point of view, or to cut off our light parties and Lord Stirling's Division, which was sent down to Support them, or to possess himself of the Heights and passes in the Mountains on our left. The two last seemed to be the first objects of his attention, as his March was rapid against these parties and indicated a strong disposition to gain those passes. In this situation of Affairs, it was thought absolutely necessary, that we should move our force from the low Grounds, to occupy the Heights before them, which was effected. As they advanced they fell in with some of our light parties and part of Lord Stirling's division, with which they had some pretty smart Skirmishing, with but very little loss, I believe, on our side, except in three Field Pieces which unfortunately fell into the Enemy's Hands; but not having obtained Returns yet, I cannot determine it with certainty, nor can we ascertain what the Enemy's Loss was. As soon as we had gained the passes, I detached a Body of Light Troops under Brigadier General Scott, to hang on their Flank and to watch their Motions and ordered Morgan's Corps of Rifle Men to join him since. The Enemy remained at West field till yesterday afternoon, when, about Three O'Clock, they moved towards Spank Town with our light Troops in their Rear and pursuing.
The Enemy have plundered all before them and it is said burnt some Houses. I have the honor to be, etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Middle Brook, June 28, 1777.
Parole Lancaster. Countersigns London, Ludlow.
The several regiments are to send for their tents, and pitch them where they are now posted.
Orderly Serjeants to attend at Head-Quarters as usual.
All Chaplains are to perform divine service tomorrow, and on every succeeding Sunday, with their respective brigades and regiments, where the situation will possibly admit of it. And the commanding officers of corps are to see that they attend; themselves, with officers of all ranks, setting the example. The Commander in Chief expects an exact compliance with this order, and that it be observed in future as an invariable rule of practice--And every neglect will be considered not only a breach of orders, but a disregard to decency, virtue and religion.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 29, 1777.
Sir: I have not been able to ascertain yet, with any degree of precision, the loss sustained by the Enemy in the Several Skirmishes on Thursday, tho' we have many reasons to believe it was much more considerable than what it was apprehended to be, when I had the honor of addressing you upon the subject. Benjamin Franklin's Letter to Washington, Introducing Count Casimir Pulaski May 29, 1777 The inclosed Copy of a Letter from Lord Stirling, contains the fullest and most particular information that I have received, and the accounts given by sundry Inhabitants, to persons who have been in the Neighbourhood where the Skirmishes were and where the Enemy were encamped, countenance this Intelligence. As to our loss as reported by the Enemy, I am persuaded it is exaggerated beyond all bounds of truth or probability, being assured by Lord Stirling, that it was trifling, and by such Deserters as have come in, that they saw but very few Prisoners taken. It would have been certainly known before this, (that is the Number not yet returned) had not some of the Parties and I believe the most of which were then out, joined the Corps since detached.
In respect to the Enemy's designs or intended movements, they are not to be determined. It is certain they got into Amboy yesterday Evening and from advices this Morning, from Officers sent to South Amboy to observe their Motions, there were strong reasons to conclude they were evacuating the Town, as their Horse had gone over to Staten Island and Several Boats were also passing with Baggage and others with Troops. There were further circumstances favouring this Opinion, such as apparent breaches in some of their Lines; Yet General Sullivan informs me by a Letter just now received, that from all the intelligence he has been able to obtain to day, he does not think they have any serious intentions of quitting it, and that all their movements are a feint calculated merely to deceive and to cover some plans they have in view. I have two Brigades (Scott's and Conway's) now lying at and near Woodbridge, as Corps of Observation and to act as circumstances may require. Genl Sullivan was down in the same Neighbourhood with his Division, till this Evening, when he returned; It appearing to him unnecessary to remain longer, and that the Brigades I have mentioned would be sufficient for any Event likely to take place. I have the honor &ca.
P.S. June 30th. From Intelligence received last night, the Opinion that the Enemy are evacuating Amboy seems to be more confirmed.
As the facts in Lord Stirling's Letter are rather taken up on report, than from any certain knowledge of their having happened, I cannot consider them sufficiently authentic for Publication, nor are they transmitted for that purpose. Tho' I am well persuaded the Enemy's Loss was much more considerable than it was at first imagined to be. It has been reported to me to day, that the Enemy took Sixty four Prisoners in the whole: Whether they were all of our Army, or in part Country men, I cannot decide. For having detached at that time a Number of Light Parties and many having fallen in with the Corps ordered out since, Returns could not be made with Accuracy. The Prisoners taken by us were thireen, two of which are Light Dragoons, the rest Infantry. Genls. Scott and Conway intended to move towards Amboy this Morning, but it is probable the Rain has prevented them.36
[Note 36: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 29, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 25th. and 26th. instt. As a few days must determine, whether the Enemy really intend to leave the Jerseys, I think you should, instead of detaching any part of your force, keep it as much together as possible; because if their views should be turned towards the North River, they will in all probability be sudden in their operations. I have no objection to your sending a Regiment for the purpose you mention, down towards the plains, quite disincumbered of Baggage or even Tents, as they can upon the movement of Shipping up the River, retire directly to their posts again. The Officer that goes down, must endeavour to obtain intelligence from New York. Altho' I wish to have the Regiments all drawn together, I would not have you, in the present Situation of Affairs, send down any more detachments to Parsons's Brigade, for if the Enemy move up the North River, or to the Eastward, the men will have to march back again. I would advise you to have all your Supernumerary Baggage sent to some distance in your Rear, you can then act easily and quickly, which ever way occasion may require. The Enemy, after having carried all their Tents, Baggage and Waggons over to Staten Island, came out from Amboy with their whole Force two days ago. They marched up as far as Westfield, plundering and burning Houses and driving off what little stock remained. They returned Yesterday to Amboy again. Our light parties followed them, but found no Opportunity of making any attack upon them. We have now a considerable Body of men laying near Amboy, in hopes of falling upon their rear when they embark, but the Ground is so advantageous for their purpose, that I fear they will get off without any damage. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 29, 1777.
Parole Manchester. Countersigns Milton, Medford.
The Quarter Master General is to make a proper distribution of waggons among the brigades and corps of the army, and in proportion to their respective numbers, to ascertain which he will apply to the Adjutant General.
[Note 38: The Continental agent for prizes at Portsmouth, N. H.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 29, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 16th. Instt. has been duly received. The State of Massachusetts has been fortunate indeed, in her Import of Arms, and it would have given me great pleasure to have heard of your obtaining a competent supply, or that it was in my power to contribute, to assist you in this instance. But the State of the public Magazines will not admit any to be taken or retained from them.
In respect to Clothing for the Continental Troops raised in your State, you will apply to the Deputy Clothiers General or Agents in that Department. Messrs. Livingston and Turnbull are at Boston, who, I make no doubt will take the earliest measures in their power, to accomodate the Troops as the Cloth imported has gone there.
I have but little to add on public matters. The Enemy on Sunday last evacuated Brunswick and retreated to Amboy. Unhappily, but a small part of our Troops were able to come up with them. Colo. Morgan's Corps of Rifle Men did, before they had wholy effected their retreat and annoyed them a good deal, with only the loss of two killed and Seven or Eight wounded on our part. It is generally conjectured that the Enemy are on the point of some new enterprise, having transported most of their Baggage, if not the whole, across to Staten Island; Yet on Thursday morning, their whole force, made a sudden and rapid march some few Miles into the Country, with intention most probably to cut off some of our light parties, and Lord Stiflings Division, which were advanced to watch their Motions, and to act as circumstances would justify, or to gain the passes in the Mountains on our left. Another motive for this Manoeuvre which seems a probable one, was to give some éclat to their Arms, which were a little Sullied just before, by a retreat that was conducted rather precipitately, and from their not prosecuting their March thro' Jersey to Philadelphia, as many were induced to expect, from their great preparations and repeated declarations. There was some pretty smart Skirmishing between 'em and our Parties, as they marched with but little loss on our side, nor can I ascertain what the Enemy was. They returned to Amboy again without attempting to gain the Heights, plundering and despoiling the Inhabitants contiguous to their line of March, of their Clothes and every thing they could carry off, burning also some Houses. We had a Brigade of Light Troops detached, to annoy their Rear and flank, but the distance to Amboy being but short and the Enemy returning by a secure Route, they were not able to come up with them, so as to make an attack with a prospect of success or without putting themselves in imminent danger. They are now lying in the Neighbourhood of the Enemy, to avail themselves of any favourable circumstances that may cast up. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The drafts is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp at Middlebrook, June 29, 1777.
Dear Brother: Whether it is owing to your not writing to me, or to the miscarriage of Letters, I cannot undertake to say; but certain it is, I have not received a Letter from you for some considerable time.
Finding Genl. Howe was Assembling his whole Force (excepting the necessary Garrisons for New York &ca.) at Brunswick, in this State, I began to collect mine at this place; (a strong piece of ground) ten Miles distant from him, where I have now been (in my Tent) about 5 Weeks. On the Night of the 13th. He March'd out of Brunswick, and advanc'd the head of his Column to Somerset Court House, Nine Miles, whilst the Rear Remaind at Middlebush about 4. In this Situation he lay till the 19th; his left Wing coverd by Brunswick; his Right by the River Millstone, and his Front by the Rariton, perfectly secure from any attempt of ours, if we had been, in other respects, ripe for an Attack.
Our conjectures of this move were two, either that it was designd immediately to Philadelphia, or, which was much the most probable, against this Army; as it was not to be conceived that Genl. Howe would be rash enough to proceed across the Country with one Army in Front, whilst this, under my Commd. was so situated as to fall, at any time upon his Flank and rear, without making an attempt to defeat and disperse it.
Be the real design which it would, certain it is, a disappointment, and much chagreen followed; for on the Night of the 19th: a sudden retreat was made back to Brunswick, burning and destroying Houses &ca. as they went; this Retreat, I am persuaded, was the effect of dispair at finding the Militia of this, and the State of Pennsylvania turning out to oppose them; whilst they would have part of my force (if they had attempted to cross the Delae.) to oppose them in Front, at the passage of the River, whilst I should be laying at them behind; and to attack my Troops, Situated as I am, they found impracticable, without great loss, and a probable defeat.
On Sunday the 22d. they retired from Brunswick to Amboy; but having intimation of the design the Evening before, I detached three Brigades to fall upon their Rear, from whom, I believe, they receivd a pretty good peppering. some Accts. make their loss in killed and Wounded near 500, but the truth of this I do not undertake to vouch for, as they are equal to Indians in concealing their loss, by a removal of their dead, and were they to take up the business of Scalping they would much resemble Savages, in every respects! so much is the boasted generosity, and glory of Britains fallen!
So soon as they got to Amboy they began to Transport their Baggage and Stores as fast as possible to Staten Island, and having divested themselves of all Incumbrance of this kind, they movd out their whole force on thursday last, and advancd rapidly, towards us. What was the design of this New Manoevre I know not, whether to attempt our strength on the left as they had before on our Right. Whether to cut off the light Troops which I had advanced towards their lines. Whether, finding themselves a little disgrac'd by their former move, they wanted to flourish off a little at quitting the Jerseys, or, whether by this sudden eruption they meant to possess themselves of as much fresh Provision as they could, plunder the Inhabitants; and spread desolation; as I have said before, I know not; but certain it is they have left nothing which they could carry off, Robbing, Plundering, and burning Houses as they went. We followed them with light Troops to their Works at Amboy, but could not prevent the Desolation they committed.
I expect from appearances and my Intelligence, they will be Imbarked in a few hours for Staten Island, or New York; for what other Expedition time, not I, can discover. By means of their Shipping and the easy transportation that Shipping affords, they have it much in their power to lead us a very disagreeable dance. My best wishes attends my Sister and all the rest of the Family and with every Sentimt. of regd. &c.
Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 30, 1777.
Parole Nedham. Countersigns Newton, Nassau.
A special Court Martial to sit to morrow morning at 9 O'clock, at the usual place (near Genl. Wayne's quarters) for the trial of Major Steward42 of the 2nd. Maryland Regt. Col.
[Note 42: Maj. John Stewart. He was taken prisoner on Staten Island, N.Y., Aug. 22, 1777; was lieutenant colonel of the First Maryland Regiment in February, 1781; died in December, 1782, lie was presented with a silver medal by Congress (July 26, 1779) for his gallantry in the assault on Stony Point, N.Y.] David Hall is appointed president of this court--All witnesses to attend.
All commanding officers who have in their Corps any noncommissioned officers, or soldiers, that were originally inlisted into the regiment lately commanded by Col. Smallwood, are, on demand to deliver them to Col. Stone, who now commands the same regiment, upon his making it appear, that they were so inlisted.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 30, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday received your favor of the 28th Instant with the Inclosures.
Every proper measure has been already taken with respect to the Artillery, imported in the Amphitrite. The whole 52 Pieces have been brought to Springfield, and the 31 of the Swedish light construction are ordered on thence to Litchfield, from which place they will be forwarded to Camp, as fast as circumstances will permit. The other 21 are made upon an old plan exceedingly heavy and unmanageable, intended to be used principally in embrazures, and requiring so large a Number of Horses to carry them, and Men to manoeuvre them, as must render them very inconvenient for Field Service, and the more liable to be lost in an unsuccessful action. For these reasons, it has been judged expedient, to have them cast over and constructed upon a lighter plan, which, besides making them more portable and convenient for use, will be attended with the advantage of increasing the number. Each of those heavy four Pounders, will nearly make three Six pounders, Sufficiently Substantial for any purpose whatever. Congress have directed the Council of Massachusetts to establish a Foundery, and have them new Cast; and Springfield is the Place designed for the purpose. It were to be wished, that a matter of such importance may meet with no delays, that can be avoided.
The Light pieces will all join the Army, as fast as the repairs they want can be completed; The necessary Horses and tackling provided to convey them, and the Ammunition and Men to serve them, prepared and collected. It will answer no good end to bring them forward, faster than all these necessary matters can be adjusted. On the contrary, they would only be an incumbrance. General Knox informs me, that a part of them will be shortly at Camp properly equipped and manned. The rest will be on as expeditiously as they can come, in the same condition.
I have given orders, not to send on the Twelve pieces, demanded by General Schuyler for the Northern Department. As he is in a Garrison, and has a Sufficient quantity of garrison Artillery, I see not the propriety of his requesting such a number of field pieces, in addition to those he already has. They cannot be wanted in the garrison, and in case of any accident, would in all probability be lost. I should not wish to have them hazarded with so little chance as there is of their answering any valuable end, to compensate for the risk, and when we have the greatest occasion for them in this Quarter. I have however promised him a part of the next importation. When we have a great plenty, a few may be spared, and exposed, even where they are not essentially required; but in the present Scarcity, the good of the Service will by no means permit it.
I could wish, that there was some uniform channel ascertained, through which applications of this nature should always come. The present practice is productive of much confusion and embarrassment; and the Service will be very likely to suffer, while Officers in the different departments can send orders, to procure what articles and in what proportion they think necessary. Unless there is some general regulating hand to make the distribution, it may often happen, that articles may be drawn away to places where there is little need of them; when there is an absolute call for them at others, and the worst effects may result from the not having them. This was very near happening in a late instance with respect to Tents. General Gates sent to me to request a supply of two thousand for the Northern Army. Every appearance convinced me that the Army under me would be greatly Straitened in this important Article, having sustained so considerable a loss at Danbury; And as the Northern Troops were in a Stationary post, provided with Barracks, and might easily raise comfortable huts, to make good any deficiency of covering, which was not practicable to us, in the desultory State in which we must necessarily be. It was not in my power to comply with his request in its extent; but I assured him that he should have as many as could possibly be spared after the indespensible demand for this Army had been answered. I afterwards found, that besides the application to me, he had solicited the Council of the State of Massachusetts to send him 2000 from that State, having heard of a quantity being arrived in the Amphitrite, tho' the number required was more than double the number arrived. The Council referred the request to General Heath, who suspended a compliance with it, till my consent could be obtained; Had he not done this, and had the Tents gone on agreeable to Genl. Gates requisition, very great inconveniences would have followed; for all we have been able to collect, have not been equivalent to our wants.
General Schuyler has proceeded in a Similar manner. Not contenting himself with barely applying to me, he has sent an order to the Commanding Officer of Artillery at Springfield, desiring him to send the 12 Pieces on immediately. You will easily perceive the ill consequences that must flow from such an irregular indefinite mode of drawing supplies; I am not so solicitous, where the power of dispensing them is vested; but I should be glad to see it fixed somewhere, that when any demands are made, a knowledge of all circumstances, may enable those to whom they are made, to form a right judgment of their propriety and expediency. I have the honor etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and addressed to Richard Peters, secretary of the board.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 30, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 28th. Instt. by Colo. Hughes, and thank you much for your kind congratulations.
The several reasons you mention for sending Genl. Glovers Brigade to the White Plains had not escaped me. Yet, I do not think they should prevail against those, which appeared more cogent and strong for keeping them where they are. But as you seem to consider it so essential, I have no objection to their being detached on that Service, without their Tents and Baggage and intirely light; If you are of opinion, that they, when so circumstanced, will be able to return in time for the defence of Peeks Kill and its dependant Posts on the approach and attempts of the Enemy to possess 'em. As to their acting on the rear of the Enemy, in case they shou'd get above them, I do not apprehend any considerable advantage wou'd result from it, because I suppose, whenever they undertake the enterprise, it will be with a force too large for them to make an impression upon. If you judge it expedient to send Genl. Glover down, accoutred and equipped in the manner above mentioned, you will instruct him to return with all possible expedition with his force, on the earliest notice of the Enemy's proceeding up the River, and that he may be timely advertised of such a movement, to keep good look outs and watches. The Highland Passes are of such amazing importance in the present contest, that they must be defended.
I am sorry to hear the Gallies have met with such delay in equipping. Do push matters and let no pains be spared to complete the necessary redoubts and Booms. We may not, or may, have occasion for 'em. But we should be prepared at all points and the sooner the better for our security.
From every appearance, the Enemy are evacuating or about to leave Amboy. This indeed was expected a day or two after their retreat thither; Yet on Thursday morning Genl. Howe made a sudden and rapid march from the Town with his whole Army as far as Westfield. His design, I'm persuaded, was to seize on the passes on our left and to cut off, if possible, our light parties that were out and Lord Stirlings division, that had been advanced as far as the Neighbourhood of Metuchin to support 'em. There were some smart Skirmishes, but with little damage on our side save the loss of three small field pieces. What loss the Enemy sustained, remains to be ascertained, but from report they did not make this Manoeuvre altogether with impunity. The next afternoon they returned part of the way, ravaging and despoiling as they went, as it is confidently said, the effects of all without descrimination. Genls. Scott and Conway are lying close to their lines with light Corps, to avail us of such opportunities of annoying them, as may arise on their abandoning the Town. But from its situation and contiquity to Staten Island, we are rather apprehensive they will not be able to do 'em any great inquiry, shou'd an evacuation of the Town be their object. I am etc.
P.S. July 1st. The Enemy totally evacuated Amboy Yesterday Evening and are now encamped opposite to it on Staten Island. Genl. Scott entered it shortly after, and posting guards to secure any Stores they might have left, he withdrew his Brigade about four Miles, It being Night. He will reenter this Morning and bring off whatever he may find. You will be on your Guard.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Camp at Middle Brook, June 30, 1777.
Sir: I had the pleasure of your favour of the 28th. Instt. by Mr. Rogers.45
[Note 45: Monsieur Rogers was aide-de-camp to Du Coudray.]
The order you mention from the Commanding Officer in the Northern Department was without my knowledge or concurrence, and I have desired that it may not be complied with.
I have given directions some time since, for the disposal of the Artillery that came in the Amphitrite. The whole of it is come on to Springfield. The heavy pieces will remain there, to be cast over upon a lighter construction; as this will not only serve to render them more manageable; but will also increase the number, which is a desireable circumstance. Those of the Swedish make, are to proceed to Litchfield; and are to come on from thence, as fast as they can be furnished with ammunitions, Waggons and a proper proportion of Men. It would not be advisable to hasten them forward, sooner than they can be properly supplied with these; as without them, they would incumber us, rather than be of any benefit. The French Gentlemen are to accompany them to Camp.
As every necessary Step has been already taken, it would answer no end to send on Captn. Toussard.46 He will therefore return to you.
[Note 46: Louis Toussard, captain of artillery in the French Army. Later he was an aide to Lafayette and lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army. He lost an arm in the retreat from Rhode Island in 1778. After the war he served with the French in the San Domingo uprising of 1790-91, and, returning to the United States in 1794, was reinstated in the Army, becoming lieutenant colonel of artillery in 1800. His regiment was disbanded in 1802. He was French consul at New Orleans, 1812-1815.]
I shall write immediately for the two Gentlemen, Engineers, you are desirous of having with you, requesting them to repair to you at Philadelphia, with all the expedition they can.47 With due respect, I am etc.48
[Note 47: The names of these two French engineers are not mentioned in Du Coudray's letter.]
[Note 48: The (draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs., Middle Brook, July 1, 1777.
Sir: Yesterday afternoon the Enemy totally evacuated Amboy and encamped opposite to it on Staten Island. General Scott entered directly after, and posting guards to secure any Stores they might have left, he withdrew his Brigade and halted about four Miles from thence. This it was expedient to do, It being night when he entered, and his remaining there might have induced the Enemy, whose Boats were ready, to throw over a Superior force in his Rear. He wrote me he should return this Morning and bring off whatever Stores he may find ;Tho' there is little reason to expect, that they have left any thing valuable behind. When I am more particularly informed upon the Subject, I shall take the liberty of addressing you on the same. I am etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, July 1, 1777.
Sir: From intelligence just received from the Northward there can be little doubt that the Enemy are operating against Ticonderoga and its dependencies; and from the evacuation of the Jerseys, and the reason of the thing itself, there can be as little room to doubt, that Genl. Howe will co-operate with the Northern Army, and make a sudden descent upon Peeks Kill, in order if possible to get possession of the passes before the Troops to defend it, can be reinforced by this Army. Indeed I am this moment informed that all the Enemy's Tents were struct this morning at eight OClock, and 'tis supposed they have all embarked, as the Ships have all Sailed out from Prince's Bay where they lay. So that you may probably have a very hasty visit. The urgency of the occasion and the necessity of employing all our resources to baffle the attempts of the Enemy, obliges me to request in the Strongest terms, that you will exert yourself to call forth a respectable force of the Militia of your State, to strengthen the force already at Peeks Kill and its appendages, till circumstances will permit this Army to be brought to their assistance. No time should be lost in doing this. The call is to the last degree pressing, and the least delay may be productive of the most fatal consequences. Let every nerve be strained to forward your preparations, and put you in the best posture of defence possible. I am etc.
P.S. General Parsons's and General Varnum's Brigades march to morrow morning very early for Peeks Kill.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, July 1, 1777.
Sir: The Enemy totally abandoned Amboy Yesterday, I therefore shall be enabled to dispense with a much less Number of Militia than were demanded, which gives me pleasure, as the people will have an Opportunity of collecting their Harvest. Instead therefore of five hundred men, a number not under one hundred, nor exceeding one hundred and fifty will be sufficient, which are to be posted at Pompton and Succasony, to guard the Magazines and cover the Country. Return my thanks to the Officers and privates of the Militia for their late Spirited Behaviour which has in a great Measure delivered their province from the hands of their oppressors, altho some few have suffered from their wanton depredations. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Middle Brook, July 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: At Sunset this evening I received your Letter of the 30th. Ulto.; the intelligence contained in the Copies of the Letters you transmitted is truly interesting, and it appears almost certain to me, that Genl. Howe and Genl. Burgoyne design, if possible, to unite their attacks and form a junction of their two Armies. I approve much of your conduct in ordering Nixon's Brigade to be in readiness, and I desire that it may be embarked immediately with their Baggage, to go for Albany, as soon as Genl. Varnum's and Parsons's Brigades are so near Peeks Kills, that they can arrive to supply their place before any Troops can come up the River, and effect a landing, or as soon as a number of Militia equal to them, can be got in. They will proceed up the River with the utmost dispatch on either of these events happening. The Ships that were at Amboy, moved down, round Staten Island this morning, and all the Troops that were encamped opposite to the Town, struck their Tents and marched off. Upon the whole there is the strongest reason to conclude that Genl. Howe will push up the River immediately to Co-operate with the Army from Canada, which it appears from the accounts transmitted by Genl. St Clair has certainly in view an attack on Ticonderoga and the several dependant Posts. In this view of things, it seems absolutely necessary for you to pursue the most speedy and effectual measures to obtain a respectable reinforcement of the most Neighbouring Militia. No time is to be lost, much may be at Stake and I am persuaded, if General Howe is going up the River, he will make a rapid and vigorus push to gain the Highland passes. The Militia cannot object to turning out, as the time of their detention cannot be long. Mr. Howe's movements will be soon understood. You will not think of sending Glover's Brigade to the White Plains in the present situation of affairs.
I cannot pretend to give directions about taking guns from the Fort for the Ships, I shall leave it to you and the other General Officers to act therein as may appear most expedient in your and their Opinions. The letter for Genl. Geo. Clinton I have left open for your perusal, which you will dispatch to him by express, after sealing it. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, July 1, 1777.
Parole Oronoque. Countersigns Orange, Ormond.
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow morning, at 9 o'clock, at the usual place, for the trial of such prisoners as shall be brought before them. All witnesses to attend. Col Walter Stewart53 is appointed president of this court. The late Court Martial, of which Col. Stevens was president is dissolved.
[Note 53: Col. Walter Stewart, of a Pennsylvania State regiment, which was designated the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment in November, 1777. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in July, 1778, retired in January, 1783; served subsequently as a sub-inspector of the Continental Army until the close of the war.]
The several troops and detachments of Col Bland's lighthorse, are to assemble forthwith at their Colonel'squatters. The Colonel will apply to the Quarter Master General to assign a place where the regiment may get forage to recruit their horses.
A return of the sick in camp, of the different regiments, to be made to the Surgeon General of the army, every Tuesday and Friday, at 9 o'clock in the morning, specifying the men's names, diseases, and the companies they belong to. These returns to be signed by the regimental Surgeons.
Jonathan Mifflin Esqr. and Henry Emanuel Lutterlo Esqr. are appointed Deputy Quarter Master's General for this army, with the rank of Colonel, and are to be respected and obeyed as such.
Clement Biddle Esqr. is appointed Commissary General of forage for this army.
Notwithstanding the order of June 3rd. The General is informed that many officers are turning their horses into fields of grain and grass, and giving assurances to the proprietors of them, that the damage done shall be paid for by the Quarter-Master General. When he recollects the orders already given, and considers the variety of distresses under which the Inhabitants of New Jersey are still groaning; The General is astonished to find that neither duty, honor, nor humanity can restrain officers from so cruel and unlawful a practice-He therefore once more, in the most pointed and positive terms forbids it, and orders that no horse be turned into any field whatever, without license first obtained from the Quarter-Master General, or some person acting under his authority. After this second notice, any officers, offending, upon complaint being made, may rest assured that they shall not only be answerable for the damage done, but brought before a Court Martial for disobedience of orders.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, July 2, 1777.
Sir: The Inclosed Copies of Genl. St. Clair's Letters, transmitted yesterday afternoon and last Night by Genl. Schuyler, I have thought it my duty to send you.54 The Intelligence they contain is important and interesting, nor are there circumstances wanting, besides these to induce a belief, or at least, to raise a Strong presumption, that the Enemy have in Contemplation a junction of their Two Armies, by way of the Lakes and the North River. If they have, their whole Canada force on the former, it is certainly their Object. On receiving these Accounts, I wrote immediately to General Putnam, to embark Nixon's Brigade for reinforcing the Northern Army, to wait, however, the arrival or near approach of Genl. Parsons's and Varnum's Brigades from this place, who march this Morning, or the coming in of an equal number of Militia, to supply their place, before they sail. This I have done by the advice of my Genl. Officers, and is all that is thought practicable in the present uncertain, indeterminate situation of things. The rest of the Army here will be held in readiness to move according to information and circumstances. As I have observed, If we were certain General Burgoyne, with his whole Army, was approaching Tyconderoga, I should not hesitate a Moment in concluding, that it is in consequence of a preconcerted plan with Genl. Howe, and that the latter is to co-operate with him, by pushing his whole force up the North River and aiming a Stroke, in the first instance and immediately against the Highland passes; But as the appearance of the Enemy on the Lake may be a feint calculated to amuse and distract (tho' it may seem like a real attack,) to draw this Army to Peek's Kills and move to the Northward, that General Howe may, with more facility turn his Arms against Philadelphia; It has been determined unadvisable for us to move, till we have further proof of his Intentions and that our Conduct must be governed by his. Our situation
[Note 54: Probably St. CIair's letters of June 24, 25, and 26, copies of which are in the Washington Papers. A copy of St. Clair's letter of June 25 is filed with Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] is truly delicate and embarrassing. Should we march to Peekskill, leaving General Howe on Staten Island, there will be nothing to prevent him passing to South Amboy and pushing from thence to Philadelphia, or in short by any other Route. Tho' marching such of his Troops from the point opposite Armboy that were encamp'd there, and the sailing of the Ships from Prince's Bay yesterday Morning, are circumstances indicating that an embarkation has or will take place. On the other hand, if the North River and the possession of the Highlands are his Objects, Our remaining here till his views are certainly known, may subject them to a risk, that we wish to avoid. Thus let us examine matters as we will difficulties stare us in the face. We shall attempt to consult and to do the best we can.
I have written to Genls Putnam and George Clinton, fully upon the Subject, urging them to put forth every exertion in their power and instantly to call in a respectable body of Militia, to aid in the defence of these important Posts, at this critical conjuncture. I trust they will come out, their Services, in all probability will not be wanted but for a short time.
I must earnestly request, that you will send Mr. Stewart the Issuing Commissary General to Camp immediately. There is reason to apprehend the Army will be in great distress and confusion for want of Issuing Commissaries in three or four days. On Saturday, those with Mr. Trumbull declare they will leave him without they are put on a different footing from what they now are. I need not mention the consequences that will result from such an Event, If there are not others here to supply their places.
There is One thing more I would add, which is, that there are not more than Forty thousand Dollars in the Military Chest and two Months pay due to all the Army, except two or three Regiments, which have just obtained Warrants. One hundred and fifty Six thousand out of the last Supply sent the Paymaster, I was obliged to order to Peeks Kills for the Troops in that Quarter, whose demands are great and pressing also. I must earnestly entreat that you will forward a Supply directly to the Paymaster. Should we be obliged to move before the Troops are paid, much uneasiness and murmuring will be the certain attendants and I fear something worse.
As the Enemy will adopt every Stratagem and device to deceive and distract us, notwithstanding the present appearance in favor of their making an expedition up the North River, I doubt not but you will have the most vigilant look outs, kept along Delaware Bay and proper expresses and signals for communicating the earliest intelligence. I think it would be highly expedient, that some sensible, judicious men should be employed in that business, at this time, who would view things as they ought to be and from whose Accounts certain inferences and conclusions may be drawn, so as to form a proper line for our conduct. The most fatal consequences may flow from false information, at this period, Things should be examined with all possible certainty. I shall not be surprised, to hear of several Ships appearing in or off Delaware, tho Genl Howe's destination should be elsewhere. Their Fleet give them the most signal advantages, and opportunity of practicing a thousand feints. I have the Honor etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, July 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was last night favourcd with yours of the 25th. and 28th. June, with the Several pieces of intelligence which you had received from Genl. St. Clair. Immediately upon the receipt of yours, I ordered the Troops, which had been drawn down from Peeks Kill, to return to that place, and sent off an Express to Genl. Putnam, to embark the four Regiments of Massachusetts with all their Baggage, that they might be ready to push up the River whenever they heard that the Troops returning from hence were within one day's march of Peeks Kill. As the Troops march from hence this morning, Genl. Nixon will leave Peeks Kill on Saturday at farthest. I would have ordered him to have proceeded immediately, but the State of the Garrison at Peeks Kill would not admit of it, as it would have been left in Such a Situation, as would have enabled Genl. Howe, by suddenly pushing a small force up the River, to have made himself master of it, the thing of all others most fatal to our Interest, as the possession of the Highlands would effectually bar all mutual assistance of our two Armies. I am am pleased to find by your letter to Congress, that a strong Supply of Provisions has been thrown into Ticonderoga; as that is the Case, I see no reason for apprehending that it can possibly fall into the hands of the Enemy in a short time, even were they to bring their whole force to a point; but if they have divided it to make the different attacks that you mention, Genl. St. Clair will in all probability have an opportunity of acting upon the offensive, and Should he not be quite Successful, he may damage them so considerably, that they will not be able to attack him in his Works, to which I dare say he will always secure a retreat in case of accident.
Genl. Howe, as you have been informed, made a Shew of marching for the Delaware, but suddenly turned back to Brunswick, and from thence to Amboy. He came out again with his whole force a few days ago, with a seeming intention to make a general attack upon us, but after marching Seven or Eight Miles parrallel with the Sound, he returned again into Amboy, contenting himself with burning many Houses and plundering all that fell in his way. The day before Yesterday he threw the whole of his Army over to Staten Island and totally evacuated the State of New Jersey. Before the accounts from the Northward, we were much at a loss to account for these strange Manoeuvres, but it now looks very like a plan to amuse us, till accounts could be received by them, of the movements of Burgoyne. If a co-operation is intended, Genl. Howe must speedily throw off file mask, and make his preparations for going up the North River; if he does not, I shall think that the Fleet and a small force of Indians and light Troops are amusing you upon the lake, while the main Body comes round and forms a junction by Water. One reason operates Strongly against this, in my opinion, and that is, that a Man of Genl. Burgoyne's Spirit and Enterprise would never have returned from England, merely to execute a plan from which no great Credit or Honour was to be derived. I shall therefore, till I see the contrary, believe that he will make a Strenuous effort to break thro' by the Way of Ticonderoga. I shall hold this Army in readiness to move, and have desired Genl. Clinton to call in the Militia of Orange and Ulster, and Genl. Putnam that of Connecticut, which is most contiguous. If we can keep Genl. Howe below the Highlands, I think their Schemes will be intirely baffled.
I will just take the liberty of mentioning, what I have Several times done before, The expediency of removing all Cattle and Carriages from the parts of the Country which you think the Enemy mean to penetrate. I am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Middle Brook, July 2, 1777.
Sir: I had last Night the honor of your letter of the 27th June. The proposition which relates to the Exchange of the Gentlemen you mention, is intirely agreeable to me, as they are now intitled to a releasement, from the time of their captivity; and fall within the rule of Exchange, I have prescribed myself, which is that of liberating those first, who were first taken.
I am sorry it is not in my power to comply with your request for Arms. Notwithstanding the many arrivals, there is scarcely a Sufficiency to Supply the demands for the Continental Troops. What has become of them, I am unable to conceive. Every State complains of a deficiency, and great part of their Several quotas comes into the field very indifferently furnished, and yet the public Magazines are nearly exhausted. The importations, from time to time, far exceed the number of Continental Troops raised to make use of them. These have not, and could not have, been all put into their hands; and yet there are very few of them now to be found undisposed of. If they are not many of them in possession of the Militia, it is impossible to imagine where they are; as a very inconsiderable part of them has fallen into the hands of the Enemy. The fluctuating State of the Army, and the irregular manner in which the Militia usually left the Camp, rendered it impracticable to withdraw the Arms intrusted to them, at their coming out; and gave them a fair opportunity of appropriating them to themselves, which every reason obliges me to believe, they did not fail to improve. It appears to me highly probable, that upon a careful Scrutiny, many individuals will be found in possession of more, than their own use requires, and the Surplus will fully answer the purpose you have in view.
It is painful to me to refuse any request of yours; but when, from the want of being fully acquainted with all circumstances, it happens to interfere with the general good, I am convinced it is your wish I should give the preference to that. You will be easily Sensible, Sir, that it would be improper intirely to drain the public Arsenals, or to straiten the Continental Army, in order to accomodate the Militia. In case of emergency, it will be much more easy to draw them thence and put them into the hands of the Inhabitants, than, if they were once distributed to them, and should be wanted for the Continental troops, they could be recovered from them to answer the call. Should your State be seriously invaded and your Militia unarmed, you cannot doubt they would be Supplied with every mean of defence in the power of the public, and that any Arms in Store, not immediately wanted for the Army, would be given to those who were disposed to make use of them. But when Continenal Arms are wanted for Continental troops, it cannot be expected that these should remain unsupplied, and those Arms be dedicated to another purpose. They cannot in any case, or, at any time be so useful as in their hands.
Since my last, the Enemy, disappointed in their attempt upon our right, have made an experiment upon our left; and frustrated in that also, have now abandoned the Jersey's; and encamped upon Staten Island. There is a great Stir among their Shipping; and in all probability, there next Movement will be by water, though it is impossible to decide with certainty to what Place. But I last night received intelligence from Genl Schuyler, that General Burgoyne is beginning to operate against Ticonderoga and its dependencies. If it is not merely a diversion, but a Serious attack, of which it bears Strongly the appearance, it is certain proof, that the next Step of General Howe's Army will be towards Peekskill, and that very suddenly, if Possible to get possession of the passes in the Highlands, before this Army can have time to form a junction with the Troops already there. To guard against Contingencies, I have ordered Genl. Parsons's and General Varnum's Brigades, to March off with all dispatch towards Peekskill; and when they are arrived at or near that Post, a reinforcement of four of the Strongest Massachusetts Regiments will proceed thence immediately to Albany on their way to Ticonderoga. I have also urged Genl. Clinton, without loss of time, to call out a respectable body of the New York Militia, to join General Putnam. I have the fullest confidence that you will do every thing you can, to Second my endeavours, by forwarding as fast as possible, the remaining troops of your State or whatever else maybe in your power. Our greatest exertions will be requisite to Counteract the Enemy in their first attempts, on which their Success chiefly depends. I have the honor to be etc.
P.S. Whenever you execute any exchanges, you will be pleased to inform Mr. Boudinott,57 without which he never can know the State of his department.
[Note 57: Elias Boudinot.]
On a Second view, I must beg you will postpone the proposed posed exchange, till you hear from Mr. Boudinott who is Commissary Genl. of Prisoners, to whom I will communicate your proposal, and who I doubt not will do what you wish. But as he is appointed for the purpose of arranging and disposing every thing relating to the exchange of Prisoners, any interference with his department will tend to throw it into Confusion and defeat the end of establishing it.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, July 4th.
The Army marched yesterday for this Place; where it will be more conveniently Situated for Succouring Peekskill, or the Eastern States, and will be near enough to oppose any design upon Philadelphia. General Sullivan is further advanced towards Peekskill.59
[Note 59: Ford prints this July 4 postscript as a footnote.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, July 2, 1777.
Parole Pluckemin. Countersigns Princeton, Pelham.
The whole army is to get ready to march to morrow morn at 6 o'clock, with the tents and baggage, all property put up in the waggons. But if it should rain the tents are not to be struck. The two regiments ordered to be detached from Lord Stirling's division towards the Sound, are not included; but are to wait for further orders.60
[Note 60: The order of march from Middlebrook to Morristown, in the writing of and signed by Timothy Pickering, Adjutant General of the Continental Army, dated July 3, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
The Hon: Congress having been pleased to order and direct, that a Deputy Quarter Master General should be appointed to each division of the army, and an Assistant to each Brigade; and left the said appointments to the Quarter Master General, with the approbation of the Commander in Chief-They request the Major General and Brigadiers of each division to recommend a proper person to discharge the duties of Deputy Quarter Master General in their respective divisions; and the Brigadier and commanding officer of each regiment to recommend an Assistant in their brigade. In doing this, proper care and circumspection it is hoped will be used, as the comfort and good order of each division and brigade, will, in a great measure, depend upon the knowledge, activity and care of the persons they make choice of.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received your favour of the 7th. June, in which you enter into a consideration of the breach of parole imputed to Lord Drummond, and give it as your opinion, that his conduct has not been Such as to justify the imputation.61
[Note 61: Lee's letter (June 7) is an egotistic statement that, after reading all the correspondence between Washington and Drummond and examining all the other papers in the case, he was "doing what really is in my opinion an act of justice, I mean clearing up to the world the charge brought against Lord Drummond for a breach of Parole ...I solemnly declare that it does not appear to me that there is any one thing in his Lordship's conduct which merited even the shadow of censure." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
It can answer no valuable purpose to enter into a discussion of the particulars of this affair, which would probably end as it began and leave his Lordship and myself in the Same way of thinking respecting it, which we now entertain. I shall only observe, that at the time the matter happened, it was clearly my Sentiment and that of every Gentleman with whom I conversed on the subject, that his Lordship had acted in an exceptionable manner, irreconcileable to the true Spirit of his parole. No circumstance, that has since come to my knowledge, appears to me to be of Sufficient weight to remove the Suspicion, and from any thing I know. I must still retain the same idea of his conduct that I had at first.
[I Should be sorry to injure his Lordship or any other Gentleman, in so delicate a point, but I do not think justice requires me, either to retract or extenuate what I have Said. He may perhaps have acted as he did through misconception; but whatever was the cause, the conclusion I drew was fully authorised by appearances.]
You cannot but be sensible, My dear Sir, that the omission of trifling circumstances, or a small difference in representing the same, is capable of altering the complexion of a fact and making it appear in a light very opposite to that in which it ought really to stand, and this will Suggest the propriety of not being hasty in fixing your Judgment as to the true nature of his Lordship's proceeding in this affair. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The paragraph in brackets was inserted, evidently by direction of Washington, after Hamilton had submitted the draft.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 16th. Ulto. only came to hand two days ago. The arrivals which you mention, and the Capture of the Brig by Commodore Manly, are fortunate Circumstances. The Cargoes are valuable and such as we wanted.63
[Note 63: The brig captured by Manley contained rigging, duck, etc.; the other arrivals were two brigs from Bilbao, Spain, with cargoes of anchors, cables, rigging, duck, etc., which had been sent by direction of Elbridge Gerry to James Warren.]
In respect to General Spencer's claim of pay, on the footing of a Separate Command, It is what I do not conceive myself authorized to allow. I know of but one Separate Command in the Army, distinct in a great measure from that which I hold, which is that in the Northern department, which has been particularly defined by Congress. With the same propriety, every Major General detached in any degree from the Main body of the Army, may exhibit similar claims. General Putnam might ask it for the time he was posted at Princeton and now while he is at Peeks Kills. General Mifflin while he was at Philadelphia. You for the time you remain at Boston &c &c &c. In a word, my authority does not extend to an allowance of it, and if Genl. Spencer thinks himself entitled to it, he must refer the matter to Congress, for their determination. As to the pay of the other Officers which he mentioned, his Situation might make them necessary, and therefore their claims I should Suppose are to be allowed. But I must observe, that a Deputy Adjutant General appointed just upon the Spur of the occasion, cannot receive pay longer than the cause exists which made the appointment necessary.
General Howe evacuated Amboy on Sunday last. His next movement remains to be known. From present appearances, Hudson's River seems to be the object of his attention. Our Situation is rather delicate and embarrassing, were we to proceed with our force to Peeks Kill, leaving him on Staten Island, he might turn about, supposing his present Object to be what I have Suggested, and push to Philadelphia. On the other hand had our force continued at their late Posts, till their designs became manifest, Peeks Kill might have been subjected to too much risk. Thus circumstanced, I have drawn the whole Army from Bound Brook. The Main body to remain here, till we know more of his intentions. General Sullivans division is to advance as far as Pompton, and General Parsons with his Brigade marched on Wednesday Morning to reinforce General Putnam. I ametc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: Upon your arrival at Pompton, you are to halt your division till the intentions of the Enemy are more clearly and fully known. To come at a knowledge of this, you must endeavour, by all the means in your power, to obtain intelligence from the side of the North River, up which, I have every Reason to think they intend to move, as most of their Shipping have removed from Staten Island up to New York. If you receive any information of their motions up the River, that you think may be depended upon, you are, without waiting further orders, to march immediately and cross the River with the utmost expedition.
If the Enemy should throw a Frigate into the ferry way at Haverstraw you will be under the necessity of going higher up, you should therefore, to be provided against such an event, make inquiry, whether there is not a Road leading out of the Clove65 directly down to Fort Montgomery, and whether that Road is passable for Carriages; if it is, it will save marching up to New Windsor. There is a Road leading up the West Side of the River, which General Clinton was desired to block up, if it is not done, it Should be, as the Enemy would then have no
[Note 65: Smith's Clove, immediately behind West Point in the Highlands of the Hudson, on the west side of the river.] other way of marching up on that side, but thro' the Clove which is a defile very easily defended. You should inform General Putnam of your being at Pompton, that he may communicate any thing necessary to you. If you should receive such intelligence, as shall induce you to march, you will please to give me immediate information that I may govern myself accordingly. I am &ca.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 20th June, some days ago, but the constant hurry I was in, during General Howe's late Manoeuvre in Jersey, must Apologize for not answering you sooner.
The Spirit with which the Militia of this State and Pennsylvania turned out upon the late alarm, far exceeded my most Sanguine expectations and I am persuaded must have chagrined Genl. Howe, who, I believe, rather expected support than opposition from Pennsylvania in particular. The evacuation of Jersey at this time, seems to be a peculiar mark of providence, as the Inhabitants have an Opportunity of Securing their Harvests of Hay and Grain, the latter of which would in all probability have undergone the same fate with many farm Houses, bad it been ripe enough to take Fire. The distress of many of the Inhabitants, who were plundered not only of the effects, but of their provision of every kind, was such, that I sent down several Waggon loads of Meat and Flour to Supply their present Wants.
I am yet perplexed to find out the real intentions of the Enemy, but upon a presumption that their views are up the North River, I have advanced Genl. Sullivan's Division as far as Pompton, and the Main Body of the Army to this place. In this position I shall lay, till I receive more certain information of their designs. I have dismissed all the Militia of this State, except about one hundred, who serve as a Guard to the Stores at Pompton and Succasony plains, and it would be very agreeable to me, to have as few as possible of those of Pennsylvania kept in Service, because their time, at this Season of Harvest, is truly valuable to them. As our Boats are up Delaware, a Guard is absolutely necessary over them, I do not think it would be prudent to carry them down yet, for as a great part of the Campaign is to come, Genl. Howe may see occasion to renew his operations against Philadelphia, indeed we do not know that he has laid them aside, for if he goes round by Sea, we must use the Boats to cross the River in order to meet him.
I am pleased at the honorable mark of distinction, which the State of Pennsylvania have conferred upon you, by appointing you to the command of their Colonial Troops, and am convinced that by your acceptance of it you will be enabled to render the State and your Country very essential Service, Should She herself be attacked or her assistance demanded by any of her Sister Colonies. I am etc.
P.S. I shall be glad to know whether your eldest Son is provided for in a way suitable to his wishes. If he is not I have a vacancy in One of the 16 Regiments that I think will be worth his acceptance.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., Camp at Morris Town, July 4, 1777.
Sir: I was favoured with your letter, accompanied by others to the States of Georgia and North Carolina, a few days since.
When I wrote respecting an expedition against St. Augustine, I meant it as recommendatory only; sensible, that you, almost on the Spot, or however well acquainted with the situation and every attendant circumstance, must be the proper judge, and assure you Sir that the Reasons you urge against the expedition operate very forcibly with me, and must say meet with my intire approbation. I am &ca.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of George Lewis.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, July 4, 1777.
Parole Ridgefield. Countersigns Ringwood, Raway.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 2nd. Inst., whereof Colonel Stewart was president, and orders them to be put in execution forthwith--viz:
George Deal of Col Armand's Independent Corps, charged with "Desertion" found guilty, and sentenced to receive 39 lashes.
Charles Mulley69 of the 1st. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Deserting, and inlisting in another corps," It appearing to the Court that he had been already tried, and acquitted, by virtue of General Washington's proclamation; they were of opinion that the prisoner should be released from confinement--It is ordered to be done accordingly.
[Note 69: Charles Meloy (Mulley, Malloy), of Capt. James Parr's company.]
Charles Grifinger of Col Armand's Independent Corps, charged with deserting from that corps, and likewise with having deserted from the 11th. Pennsylv. regt., found guilty, and sentenced to receive 100 lashes on his bare back, for deserting from Col Armand's Independent Corps, and also to receive 50 lashes for deserting from the 11th. Pennsylv. regiment.
John Gunsell of Col Armand's Independent Corps, charged with "Desertion," found guilty, and sentenced to receive 39 lashes on his bare back.
David Klein of Col Armand's Independent Corps, charged with "Desertion," pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to receive 39 lashes.
Wilhelm Dorn of Col Armand's Independent Corps, charged with "Desertion," pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to receive 39 lashes.
Michael McGuire Serjeant in the 1st. Pennsylv. regiment, charged with "Suffering his guard to sleep, and sleeping himself, by which means a prisoner deserted to the enemy, with arms and accoutrements," found guilty of suffering his guards to sleep and sleeping himself, by which means a prisoner escaped from his guard; and sentenced to be reduced to the ranks.
William Fogg a Soldier in the 15th Virginia Regiment, charged with "Desertion." The Court are of opinion the prisoner is not guilty of the charge brought against him; he is forthwith to be released from confinement.
The same Court Martial is to sit again to morrow, at 9 o'clock in the morning, at the house where Capt. Dickinson formerly kept tavern.
As it is impossible to tell with certainty how soon, or how suddenly the army may be called upon to march (as it is an event dependent upon the enemy's movements) The General orders that no officer, or soldier shall be absent from Camp, but that every thing be held in the most perfect readiness, except striking of tents.
As no opportunity can be more favorable than the present, to get rid of all heavy baggage; the General once more strongly urges the officers to store what they can possibly spare, at Morristown. If after this second notice they continue to fill and 'cumber waggons with old tables, chests, chairs &c: they are not to be surprised if they are left in the field: This must be the inevitable consequence of a scarcity or failure of teams.
No fences are to be destroyed, nor horses turned into fields of grain, or grass, before they are appropriated by the Quarter Master General, who will also direct where wood is to be had, that some of the waggons of each brigade may be employed in hauling of it to their encampments.
After Orders will issue at 4 o'clock this afternoon, for the better regulation of the troops, waggons &c upon a march, at which time all the Brigade Majors will attend the Adjutant General, that they may distribute them as soon as possible.
The General observed yesterday, that waggons were very unequally loaded--The Waggon Masters have now an opportunity of attending to that matter; and for the future to see the loads properly adjusted.
AFTER ORDERS
When the order is given to march, and the men are paraded for that purpose, the rolls are to be called; and the commanding officer of each corps is to see that his men are all present, or know with certainty where and why they are absent.
When they are told into Sub-divisions, in platoons, and officers assigned to each, such officers are to abide constantly with them; and upon a march see that no man is suffered to quit his rank, upon any occasion, without a non-commissioned officer with him, who is to bring him to his place again.
Whenever a halt is made, and the ranks are suffered to be broken, in order for the men to sit, or refresh themselves, the officers commanding each division, as above, is, so soon as they are ordered to Arms again, to see that they have every man of their division in his place.
If either of the Major Generals, in their respective divisions, should see any apparent cause for a halt, before the time, or place designed for it; he is to send an Aide-de-Camp to the commanding officer, with his reasons for it, who, if he judges it expedient, will order it accordingly.
When a march is to begin, after a halt, the drummers are to beat the first division of the foot march, to be taken from front to rear; and upon the last flam of the first division being struck, the whole are to move.
If any man falls sick, or lame, and is therefore unable to walk, the officer commanding the Sub-division or platoon in which he is, is immediately to send notice thereof, to his Brigadier, or officer commanding the brigade, who is to order the Waggon Master of his brigade, to provide a birth for him in some waggon under his care.
And as it is impossible that good government and order can be preserved, unless every officer will take his share of duty, and be attentive to the discharge of it; the Commander in Chief directs, that upon a march, the Major Generals do not quit their divisions; the Brigadiers their brigades; the Colonels their regiments, nor other officers their respective divisions; unless it be in cases of absolute necessity, by order, or with leave; each watching with a careful eye, the conduct of all those under his command. It is unreasonable to expect regularity and good order in the common Soldiers, if the example is not set by the officers; nor can an officer with propriety punish a Soldier for a disregard of any order, which he dispenses with himself. It would be a happy pride, and a most laudable ambition, to see the commanding officers of corps vieing with each other in discipline and good behaviour.
As much irregularity in many instances was observed on the march yesterday, particularly with respect to the guards, women and waggons; The General further orders that the following regulations be observed--viz:
1st. That when the baggage waggons accompany the army, and form part of the line of march, no regiment do allot more than two men as a guard to each waggon; and that these men be under the care of a subaltern, or non-commissioned officer, as the Colonel, or commanding officer of the regiment may choose, and the case may require: That each brigade furnish a Captain, to superintend these; and (where the baggage of the whole division moves together) each division a field officer.
2nd. That the two men assigned to each waggon, shall march on the sides, but as far back as the tail, of each waggon; that if any thing falls out, they may discover, and pick it up--The Subaltern, or non-commissioned is to be about the center of his regimental waggons; the captain about the same place of those of the brigade, and the field officer in that of the division.
3rd. That no women shall be permitted to ride in any waggon, without leave in writing from the Brigadier to whose brigade she belongs: And the Brigadiers are requested to be cautious in giving leave to those who are able to walk--Any women found in a waggon contrary to this regulation, is to be immediately turned out by the Quarter Master General, Waggon Master General, or any of their Assistants, in the division or brigade to which the waggon appertains; as also by any of the officers who command the baggage guard of such waggons. If any interruption is given to the execution of this order, the name and regiment of the person giving it is to be reported to the General.
4th. None but spare arms, and such as belong to sick and lame men, shall be suffered to go in waggons, as they are almost certain of receiving some injury. Or if any drummer presumes to put his drum into a waggon, unless under similar circumstances--The Soldier or drummer so offending, shall be immediately flogged by any officer commanding the baggage guard of such waggon.
5th. To prevent the enormous abuse and loss of kettles, by slinging them to waggons, from which numbers fall, the General positively orders that each mess in turn carry their own kettle, as usual in all armies, and can be little burthensome in this.
The Waggon Master General is to be permitted with a copy of the order of march, or at least so much of it, as relates to his department, by the Quarter Master General, and in common would do well not to quit the encampment, from whence the army is moving, 'till he sees the waggons in motion, and Waggon Masters assigned to the different brigades of waggons as they march.
The Deputy Waggon Masters are, when they have got their waggons on the move, to see that the head of one waggon is close to the tail of another; and that no stop that can possibly be avoided is suffered, even to water horses, unless at a general halt. They are not to stir from their brigades.
They are also to prevent women from getting into waggons, unless licensed in writing, as before mentioned, by the Brigadier: Nor are they to suffer idle and lazy men, or others to do so, without orders from the officer commanding the brigade to which they are annexed as before mentioned, after the march is commenced.
In all marches they are to restrain the Waggoners from destroying fences, grain or grass, unless first appropriated by the Quarter Master General, or his Deputy (under whom they act) that restitution may be made the owners.
No officer or soldier, is, under any pretence whatsoever, to impress either horse or waggon, but by order from the Quarter Master General, one of his deputies, or his Brigadier, unless he happens to be upon a seperate command where such application cannot be made, and the service must suffer without. In this case a certificate must be given, specifying the service &c. Any impressments contrary to this mode, will bring officers into a disagreeable situation and severe punishment to the soldiery.
That these orders may be well known and duly attended to, the General directs that every officer, and other persons concerned, provide themselves with copies of them; as the plea of ignorance will be altogether inadmissible.
A General Court Martial is to sit to morrow morning, at 9 o'clock, at the house where Capt. Dickinson lately kept tavern, for the trial of Major Steward of the 2nd Maryland regt. Col. Johnston of the 5th. Pennsylv. regt. is appointed president of this court.
Head Quarters, Morristown, July 5, 1777.
Parole Salerno. Countersigns Salem, Stanford.
The Court Martial whereof Col. Stewart is president, is to sit to morrow morning at 9 o'clock. A Serjeant from each brigade to attend the court, to summon witnesses and perform other necessary services, that greater dispatch may be made in trials.
The several regiments to which any persons, who were selected as pioneers have been returned, as unfit for duty, are forthwith to supply others in their stead. Genl Conway's brigade will also furnish its quota of pioneers. All to be able bodied men fit for the business of pioneers.
The Captains, or commanding officer of every company or troop, must immediately make out a Muster roll for his company, or troop, taken to the last day of June. The troops are to be mustered every month, and with the greatest exactness; therefore the strictest attention must be paid to this duty. The date of every soldiers inlistment, whose first pay has not been drawn, must be inserted in the next Muster-roll. The time for which the men inlisted must be inserted in every future muster roll. The officers will remember, that at every Muster five rolls are to be made out, signed and sworn to by the captain, or commanding officer of the company or troop, and other commissioned officer. The Brigadiers will excuse the regiments from duty the day they are mustered, if circumstances will admit of it.
The firing of two pieces of Artillery, will be a signal for striking tents, and loading the baggage, upon which it is expected that every possible dispatch will be used.
The Quarter Master General will endeavour to have his horses all shod, and in order for a sudden march.
The great complaint for want of shoes, makes it necessary for the General to recommend to the commanding officers of Corps, to use every means in their power to procure this necessary article for their men; and not depend wholly upon the Clothier General, whose resources and opportunities of providing, are not equal to the demand. Nor does it matter who provides them, as the Soldier is only entitled to a Suit from the public, or the value of it.
The General directs, that each regiment will not delay providing oil for their locks. This is easily made from the offal at the slaughter-pens.
The troops are to be exercised in manoeuvring whilst the army lays encamped here. This is to be done in the cool of the day.
The General orders that no Soldier shall bath in the heat of the day, nor stay long in the water at a time.
The Slaughter pens are to be removed from the brooks which afford water for the army. The offal to be buried once a day.
As nothing can be more comfortable and wholesome to the army than vegetables, every encouragement is to be given to the Country people, to bring them in; The least insult, or abuse to any of them coming to, or returning from market will be severely punished.
The General recommends temporary ovens to each brigade, which, by men who understand it, can be erected in a few hours. Bread baked in these, will be much wholesomer than the sodden cakes which are but too commonly used.70
[Note 70: A camp name for this bread, made without an oven, was the derisive term "fire-cake."]
The General likewise recommends it to the Brigadiers, and officers commanding brigades, to have Springs sought for, and opened; and barrels sunk in them, for the more conveniently supplying the troops with water.
All commanding officers of corps are to see that proper necessaries are immediately provided for the sake of decency and cleanliness.
Divine Service to be performed to morrow, in all the regiments which have chaplains.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 5, 1777.
Sir: I have yours of the 14th. June, containing an account of the necessity you were under of leaving the Service on account of your Health. Notwithstanding this, I do not look upon myself at liberty to pay the full demand, because I think when you found yourself not likely to be well enough to return to the Army you should have resigned your command. You might, in my opinion, with the same degree of right charge pay to the 19th. of Feby, the time you arrived at your own House.
I shall however transmit your letter to Congress and take their direction upon it. If they order full payment I will send you a Warrant for the sum. I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 72: Surgeon of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Fort Washington, N.Y., and was not exchanged until March, 1778; aide-de-camp to the Commander in Chief in May, 1778; major, Continental Army, in May, 1781, to rank from October, 1780; aide to Lafayette from October, 1780, to December, 1781; Secretary of War of the United States from January, 1796, to May, 1800.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 5, 1777.
Sir: Your Letter of the 21st. Ulto. I received on Thursday last, for which I am extremely obliged to you. I never doubted, but that the Treatment of our Prisoners in the Hands of the Enemy was such as could not be justified either upon the principles of Humanity or the practice of War. Facts were too stubborn and glaring to admit a more favourable supposition. But had the charge not been supported before, your relation would have given it unquestionable authenticity with me. Your letter convinces me more and more of the justice of my objection to return all the Prisoners claimed by Genl. Howe. As to his charge against our Surgeons, I supposed it illiberal and without foundation at first. This however, had a seeming tendency to excuse a conduct that will always be reprobated by ingenuous minds wherever it is known.
Your Exchange I wish to effect and had no doubt but it would have taken place long before this, as particular directions were given respecting it, when Doctor Sanden was sent in. The Commissary of Prisoners has written since and requested your parole to be transmitted him, but has never received an answer. I am etc.73
[Note 73: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 5, 1777.
Sir: Since I did myself the honor to address you upon the 2d Inst., the Enemy's Shipping all moved round from Prince's Bay towards the watering place and the British and Foreign Troops marched from the ground opposite to Amboy, to the North End of Staten Island. The New Levies now lay from the Blazing Star along the Sound. Upon this Motion of the Enemy, it was judged expedient to form a new disposition of the Army, and it was therefore determined to advance Genl Sullivans division to Pompton, the main Body of the Army to this Place, and to leave two Regimts. of Foot and a detachment of Horse, to guard the Shore from Newark to Amboy and prevent small parties from crossing over and distressing the Inhabitants. Had General Howe remained opposite Amboy, I should not have thought this remove of the Army justifiable, because he might have Suddenly thrown himself over again, and got the start of us; but in his present Situation, it would take him so considerable a time to remove his Baggage and Stores back again, that we could be in our old Camp at Middle Brook long before he could effect this.
General Sullivan will proceed on to Peekskill upon the first certain information of the Enemy's intention to move up the River, and with the Force already there, I hope will be Sufficient to check them, until the whole Army arrives to their Assistance. I keep people constantly upon Staten Island, who give me daily information of the operations of the Enemy. I have heard nothing from Tyconderoga, since the Accounts which I transmitted in my last, from whence I conclude, that matters have remained quiet in that quarter.
Brigadier Genl Saltonstall, who came out with the Connecticut Militia last Fall, was taken sick soon after his arrival at Camp and returned home, from whence he never came to join the Brigade during its continuance in Service. He however and that the Troops now coming on will be destitute, unless to, but made him an offer of pay for the time he was actually employed. To support his claim he sent me the inclosed Letter or rather Journal, which I submit to your determination. If you think him entitled to his whole pay, I will grant him a Warrant.
Capt. Sullivan,74 one of the Hostages given at the Cedars, was released in March last by Genl Carleton, upon Condition that he should return if demanded. Being Subject to this Controul, he does not think it prudent to enter into any Business in the Civil line, lest he should be suddenly called away, and from the nature of his parole he cannot take a Military part. A continuance of his pay while under these circumstances, is therefore all he has to subsist upon, but I did not think myself at liberty to grant this, without the sanction of Congress, tho' in my opinion he is entitled to it. As Capt Sullivan pleads his wants and writes pressingly for tile Money, I shall be glad of your Speedy Answer.
[Note 74: Capt. Ebenezer Sullivan, of the Fifteenth Continental Infantry. He was exchanged in 1778.]
I mentioned the Exhausted State of the Military Chest in my last, and I hope you have fallen upon means to replenish it. I have the honor etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 5, 1777.
Sir: A few days since, I had the honor of your Letter of May 5th. in which you refer me to General Howe for an explanation of the reasons, for declining the attempt upon St Augustine, recommended by me.
I meant nothing more than to propose it for consideration, and that you and the General, who would be fully acquainted with all circumstances, Should judge of the propriety, and adopt, or reject, it, as you thought most expedient. The reasons for not undertaking it, appear to me intirely Solid and Satisfactory; and I am satisfied, that, had it been practicable, your best endeavours would not have been wanting, to forward and give it Success.
The Enemy, after manoeuvring a while in the Jerseys, have at last abandoned it, and are now encamped upon Staten Island. Their preparations, during the Winter, indicated a design upon Philadelphia; but it would have been too hazardous to have attempted passing the Delaware, unless they could first have given a blow to this Army. They could not but expect some opposition in front, and so formidable a force hanging upon their rear, unchecked and in full Spirits, would probably have made them repent the enterprize. They were Sensible of this, and all their movements were apparently calculated to draw us to an engagement with them, on terms that would give them a prospect of defeating us; which, if they could have effected, even in part, would have facilitated their project against Philadelphia. But finding we kept ourselves advantageously posted, and that they would be obliged to fight us, if they did it at all, on a very unequal footing; they Seem to have relinquished their purpose and to be on some different plan. We took every Opportunity of Skirmishing with them, and, from various accounts, we have reason to believe, to very good effect, and with little loss to ourselves.
By the Motions among their Shipping, they appear to be preparing for some expedition by water; it is impossible to determine with precision where. We have lately received intelligence, from General Schuyler that the enemy are beginning to operate against Ticonderoga. If this proves to be any thing more than a diversion, there is no doubt, General Howe will proceed up Hudsons River; for if they have any rational end in view, it must be a junction of the two Armies, to intercept the Communication between the Eastern and Southern States, and will make it necessary for Howe and Carleton to cooperate. But this may be nothing more than a diversion, to keep a large Body of our forces in that Quarter, while their Troops, except a Sufficient number to Garrison the Place, are coming round by Water to join their Main Army under General Howe. Our Situation is truly delicate and perplexing, and makes us Sensibly feel now, as we have often done before, the great advantage they derive from their Navy. But we are doing the best we can in our circumstances, and keep in Sight the different objects to which they may direct their attention. As the information from the Northward was such as merited notice, I have sent a reinforcement thither from Peekskill; and have dispatched a couple of Brigades hence to that Post. We have also moved the whole Army, to a position more convenient for throwing Speedy Succours over the North River, than tile one we lately occupied, and at the same time Sufficiently near to Philadelphia, to oppose any attempt of the Enemy to possess themselves of that City.
With great respect and Esteem, I have the honor to be etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was last Night favd. with yours of the 4th. Genl. Mifflin has this day sent off a load of intrenching Tools for Genl. Schuyler, they will be delivered to you and I beg they may be immediately forwarded to Albany. The inclosed letter contains an order for Cartridge paper which is to be sent up at the same tune with the Tools.
If the Enemy, instead of going up the North River, should move to the Eastward, your Troops will be the first that will follow them, you should therefore, in order to be prepared for such an exigency, inquire of the Quarter Master whether a sufficient Number of Teams to transport your Baggage and Artillery could be provided on a sudden, and altho' I would not have them engaged on an uncertainty yet, by looking out a little before hand, he might know when to send them quickly if wanted.
I hope Genl. Parson's detachment will bring off the Cannon from Fort Lee, but if they do not keep a good Watch, the Party of the Enemy at Paulus Hook will be upon them. They will certainly get intelligence of our people's being there, for all the Country are their Friends. I am, etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
Morris Town, July 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 30th. Ulto. was duly received.
I should hope the Enemy will never carry the post at Ticonderoga, and that the Force now there, with such aid as may be called in upon an Emergency, will be Sufficient to check the progress of their Arms in that Quarter. In the present Situation of things, I cannot detach with any degree of propriety, more Troops from Peeks Kill, than what I have already ordered.
Tents cannot possibly be provided for the Militia. Several are yet wanted for the Continental Regiments. General Knox has sent an order to One of the Conductors at Peeks Kill, to forward you Twenty Reams of Cartridge Paper, if it can be had; if not, to supply the deficiency with printing paper. The Intrenching Tools, which you require, will be sent off to day to the Quarter Master at Peeks Kill with directions for conveying them to you by the earliest Opportunity. There will be some Field Artillery with Nixon's Brigade with a proper number of Artillerists and a suitable Supply of Ammunition for it.
Since my last nothing new has occurred. The Enemy are still on Staten Island and almost the whole of their fleet lying there. Appearances strongly indicate, that an embarkation is to take place; but whether any of them are yet on board, is a matter of incertainty.
Your Letter to Mr. Trumbull I sent him Yesterday, agreeable to your request, after reading and sealing it. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, July 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: Since I had the pleasure of seeing you, Some of the Officers have been suggesting a plan for cutting off the Enemy's Post at Bergen, which they seem to think could be easily effected. As it may be in your power to collect certain information of the Strength &ca. of that Guard, which I understand consists of new Levies, I would refer the matter intirely to your consideration and Discretion, wishing, that if your accounts are such, as would promise a tolerable certainty of Success you would make the attempt. I need not mention to you that the most profound Secrecy is necessary, upon every occasion of this nature, and very particularly on this, as two Minutes notice would give them an Opportunity of withdrawing across the Causeway, where it would be impossible for you to get at them; to prevent this a small party should be dispatched before the rest by some different Route, which should occupy the pass near Bergen, by which means every intelligence might be kept from them, no Soul being allowed to go in. Should this enterprise appear so feasible as to risque Jr, I shall expect soon to hear from you; you will observe to March your Troops at such Hours, as will prevent their being hurt by the excessive Heat of the Weather.
It will be prudent, at all events, to send a party of 2. or 300 Men some where beyond Hackinsack, under a Cautious active Officer, from which small parties may be sent up to Fort Lee and along the North River, to observe every Motion of the Enemy about New York by Land or Water; two or three Light Dragoons should be with them to convey every necessary intelligence to you, in order that I may be apprized as early as possible. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head-Quarters, Morristown, July 6, 1777.
Parole Tyringham. Countersigns Trenton, Topsfield.
A Court of enquiry to sit to morrow morning, at some convenient place near the park of Artillery, to inquire into the conduct of the artillery Officers, whose field pieces were lost in the action of the 26th of June last.80 The Court to consist of five members, Col Brodhead president. The Court is appointed at the request of those officers.
[Note 80: At Short Hills, N.J.]
The Commander in Chief has observed, with concern, that notwithstanding the orders of the first of June last, requiring all officers of corps, not sick, or on other duty, to attend the parade daily, at the time of exercise, to learn and perform their duty, yet there is a very great neglect: He wishes it to be impressed upon the mind of every officer, that nothing can be more hurtful to the service, than the neglect of discipline; for that discipline, more than numbers, gives one army the superiority over another: He therefore, in the most positive manner requires all officers to attend the parade, and exercise, agreeably to the orders above mentioned, and that the commanding officers of corps would put under arrest, any who fail of an exact observance of them.
And whenever corps and brigades assemble for exercise, every officer is to take and keep his proper post; such as have command directing those men only who are under their immediate care, and that in such manner as not to interfere with, or delay the execution of the orders of the exercising officer. Those men who appear to be least acquainted with exercise are daily, when off duty, to be sent to the drill, and particular care taken to instruct them.
And the more effectually to promote military discipline in the army, the officers must set the example of a close attention to that point; assembling frequently each corps by themselves, and learning with diligence the manual exercise, and the most useful manoeuvres, together with the easy salute already directed in General Orders. Such a practice cannot fail of producing the best effects; And nothing can do the officers more honor. They will know their own duty, and what they have a right to expect from all who are under their command. The men excited by the example, will eagerly embrace every opportunity, to improve in the military art; and the whole army be inspired with an emulation to become good soldiers.
Head Quarters, Morristown, July 7, 1777.
Parole Virginia. Countersigns Ulster, Upton.
The General expects the strictest attention will be paid to the order of the 20th. of last month for Sizing the men, and placing the shortest in front. Unless this is done, the whole fire of the rear rank will most assuredly be lost, especially if the files should happen (as is but too often the case) to be crowded together.
The Commander in Chief approves the following Sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 6th. instant of which Colonel Walter Stewart was president.
John Halfpenny of the 10th Virginia regt. charged with "Getting drunk, raising a riot, and abusing his officers." No evidence appearing against the prisoner, the Court ordered him to be released from confinment.
The Court discharged Barney Drum. No crime being exhibited against him.
Herman Wynch of the German Battalion, charged with "Mutiny, neglecting his duty, absenting himself from his company, and refusing to take his arms and accoutrements." The Court after considering the charge, and evidence, are of opinion the prisoner is guilty of neglecting his duty, absenting himself from his company, and refusing to take his arms and accoutrements, and not guilty of mutinying. Sentenced to receive 39 lashes on his bare back.
Patrick Farrall of the 12th. Pennsyl. regt. in Capt. Brady's Company, charged with "Drunkenness, and assaulting his officer," found guilty, and sentenced to receive 100 lashes on his bare back.
Robert Grimes of Capt. William Gray's Company, in the 4th. Pennsylv. regt. charged with "Deserting from the said company," found not guilty of the charge exhibited against him. The Court do adjudge the prisoner to belong to Capt. Doughty's company, and that the bounty money the prisoner received from Capt. Gray's lieutenant, shall be paid Capt. Gray by Capt. Doughty, and stopped out of the prisoner's pay.
Cornelius McConnoll of the 1st. Pennsylvania regt. charged with "deserting to the enemy," it appearing by his own confession that he was guilty; but that he was deluded by some bad fellows to go to the enemy, that he inlisted with them, but being sensible of his error, and hearing of Genl. Washington's proclamation, offering pardon to offenders, he deserted from the enemy, and brought off eight with him. That he was pardoned by Genl. McDougall, from whose Brigade Major he produced a pass. For these reasons the Court ordered him to be released from confinement.
Dennis O'Bryan, a Soldier belonging to a detachment of North Carolina troops, under the command of Col. Sumner,81 charged with "Having deserted from that detachment." The prisoner pleaded guilty; but it appearing to the Court that he is incapable of rendering any service to the country, as he appears to be debilitated in body, and a stupid, foolish person; they sentenced him to be drumed out of the service.
[Note 81: Col. Jethro Sumner, of the Third North Carolina Regiment.]
Peter Norris of the 5th. New Jersey regiment charged with "Desertion." No evidence appearing against the prisoner, the Court ordered him to be released from confinement.
Lewis Reed, Israel Turner and Henry Blaracum, of the 5th New Jersey regt. charged severally with "Desertion." No evidence appearing against the prisoners, the Court ordered them to be released from confinement.
It being injurious to the health of the Soldiers on account of the foulness of the water and utterly inconsistent with decency, for them to bathe in the Mill pond, by Howel's mill, near the highway leading from Head Quarters, to the Court House; that practice is absolutely forbidden, and the guard and Sentries posted near thereto are to take up and confine all offenders.
Col Morgan's Corps of rifle-men not being annexed to any brigade, and being often detached from the army, are to draw their rations from time to time of the nearest commissary.
Morris Town, July 7, 1777.
Sir: I make no doubt, but, before this, you will have heard that the Enemy have evacuated Jersey. This information I should have done myself the pleasure of transmitting you by the first Opportunity after the event; had not my attention been employed in making a new disposition of the Army, and had I apprehended it materially interesting, that it should have come immediately from myself.
When General Howe withdrew his forces from this State and went to Staten Island, from the intelligence received, at that time, from Genl. St Clair at Ticonderoga, that the Canada Army were on the Lake and approaching that Post, and from every other Circumstance, It appeared extremely probable, nay almost certain, to me and to all the General and other Officers possessed of the Facts; That General Howe's first and immediate movement would be up the North River, and that the two Armies meant to co-operate and favor each other's attack. This, I say, was my opinion and that of my Officers, at that time, from a full Consideration of the intelligence we then had. But, I confess, however Satisfied I was then upon this Subject, I am now in extreme doubt respecting his intended operations. Having heard nothing from Ticonderoga since the 26 Ulto.; nor any further Accounts of the Enemy's approach; we are left to conjecture whether their appearance on the Lake was with a view to a real and Serious attack, or whether to amuse and draw our attention that way, while a Stroke is meditating against some other place. This uncertainty is rendered considerably greater, by the concurrent accounts of Deserters, who have escaped from New York and Staten Island in the Course of a few days past. From their information and a variety of Circumstances, such as, that births are fitting up for the Light Horse on Board the Transports,--Provender taken in and providing for three or four Weeks,--The embarkation of the Officers' Baggage with their names and Corps indorsed on. The Ships watering &c; It would seem more probable that Genl. Howe has in contemplation some other object, than the North River. Whether he has, or what it is, however, is yet entirely unknown to us. I have thought it my duty, nevertheless, to give you this information; that, if he should once more turn his Arms against the Eastern States, you may not be taken by Surprize, and that matters may be put in the best train, circumstances will admit, to receive him. On my part, no exertions in my power shall be wanting, to counteract his plans, wheresoever they are directed, and to render every Service, compatible with our General line of defence and the interest of the States at large. I have the honor &ca.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent to the Governor of New Hampshire is in the New Hampshire Historical Society and is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have yours of the 5th. and 6th. I am sorry that any misunderstanding between you and Doctr. Cochrane, should have gone to such disagreeable lengths. When your first letter of complaint, was put into my hands, Doctr. Shippin the Directer General was standing by me, I delivered it immediately to him, as belonging to his department and never heard more of the matter till I received your last. As I would have every Officer properly supported in his rank, I can point out no better manner of adjusting this matter, than Submitting the whole to a Court of inquiry. Colo. Hazen will not be back from Philadelphia before the 12th, and as he is one of the Gentlemen, upon whose information your Complaint is grounded, I suppose you would not incline to bring the inquiry on before he returns, But if you chuse to do it sooner, I have no objection. If this matter, in my hurry of business slips my Memory, I beg you will remind me.
By advices from Staten Island and New York, it seems as if the Enemy were preparing for a longer Voyage than up the North River, but such appearances should not lull our vigilance upon that Quarter. Altho' the Road leading from the Clove to Fort Montgomery, is not passable in its present State, would it not be worth while to repair it in such a manner, that Troops and light Artillery might travel it, while the heavier Carriages went higher up ? Of this you will be a better judge, when you have seen the Road and consulted Genl. Geo. Clinton, who is perfectly acquainted with the Country. I am &ca.
P.S. Yours dated the 5th. but I suppose meant for the 6th is come to hand.83
[Note 83: Both draft and letter sent are in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The P.S. is found only in the letter sent, the original of which is in the New Hampshire Historical Society.]
Morris Town, July 7, 1777.
Six: Application having been made to me by Governor Trumbull, for Liberty to draw a Quantity of Arms out of the Magazine at Springfield for the Militia of that State, in case it Should be invaded. I have complied with his request, upon the following Conditions which you will please to observe. That should the state be actually invaded, and a sufficiency of Arms remains in the Magazine, after complying with the orders which you will receive from me in a short time, under these Circumstances you are to furnish him with a thousand Stand, which are only to be considered as a Loan and to be replaced as soon as the Situation of things will permit. I am &ca.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 7, 1777.
Sir: I was this morning honored with yours of the 5th. with sundry Resolves of Congress to which I shall pay clue attention. No change has taken place in the Situation of the Enemy upon Staten Island, since I wrote to you the 5th. But I have this Morning received an account from Elizabeth Town which mentions that a person had just come from the Island who informs, that small Craft are constantly plying between New York and the Fleet laden with Officers, Baggage and Stores put in packages and marked with their Names and Regiments, and that Transports are fitted up with Stalls over their main Decks for the Reception of Horses. This looks as if a longer Voyage was intended than up the North River. I have given Notice to all the Eastern States to be upon their guard should the Fleet put to Sea and steer that way; and I think the Works upon and obstructions in the Delaware should be carried on with Spirit and compleated as far as possible lest they should visit that quarter. I think the Southern States should also be advised of the uncertainty of the next operation of the Enemy that they may also be making such preparations as they may judge necessary. I shall make enquiry into the Number of Arms at present at Springfield and if any can possibly be spared to the State of Connecticut, they shall have all or part of those requested by Govr. Trumbull.
Genl. Knox expects the Return on Saturday from Springfield and I can then determine the Matter.
I am pleased to hear that a Supply of Money is upon the Road, as there two Months pay due to the Troops. I have the honor etc.
P.S. The inclosed piece of information is just sent to me by Genl. Forman, which is confirmed in several particulars by two deserters from the Fleet, who left it Yesterday Morning.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The P.S. is not entered on the draft, which is also in Tilghman's writing, but it has the following paragraph which is crossed off:
"I know not what is become of all the new Arms imported within six Months. The two great importations to Philada. and Boston exceed the Number of Continental Troops at present in the field, and yet there is an universal Complaint of the scarcity and badness of Arms, especially from the Northern Army. They must therefore either have been delivered out to Militia and never collected again, or the States must have appropriated them to their private Magazines and furnished their Troops with old and indifferent Arms."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 7, 1777.
Sir: Your's dated the 19th last Month, only reached me this Morning. Ezekiel Cheever Esqr. is Commissary of Military Stores at Springfield and is the person to whom you are to apply for Returns of all that are at that place.
The draft of the Spear is exactly what I meant and wish that both they and the Cannisters for Cartridges may be sent forward as quick as possible. If the Cannisters are filled with Cartridges when they are sent up, it will bring them safe and dry and save Carriage. I am, etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 7, 1777.
Sir: I had the honor of writing to you the 2d Inst., with a postscript of the 4th. I there informed you of the Enemy having evacuated the Jerseys, and of the intelligence received from Ticonderoga that induced me to suppose it highly probable, the next operation of General Howe would be up the North River. But as I have received no information Since the first, of the 26th. of last Month, to confirm the expectation of a serious attempt in that quarter, I am led very much to Suspect that the hostile appearances there may be only a diversion, to keep alive our apprehensions for the Security of those posts, prevent our drawing off any part of our forces from thence, and even occasion us to weaken ourselves here, by sending reinforcements to them; while the real design may be to attack elsewhere. This supposition is agreeable to the accounts we daily receive from deserters and others who come from the enemy. We are told by them that accomodations for Horses are fitting up in the transports; that they are taking in large Supplies of Provisions, water and provender Sufficient for a Voyage of several weeks; and that Officers baggage is continually transporting on Board of them from New York, marked with their Names and the Corps they belong to. These representations, if true, denote an Expedition that would take longer time than would be necessary for one up the North River. But where, is all matter of conjecture, and cannot be determined with any degree of certainty. Prudence dictates, that we should be as much upon our guard, as possible every where; and on this Account I have thought it my duty to communicate to you the information I have received, that in case any thing should be meditated against the Eastern States; you may not be taken by surprize, but may have warning to put matters in the best situation you can, to give them a proper reception. On my part, no Vigilance, nor exertions Shall be wanting, to ascertain their intentions, and give effectual Assistance wherever they may direct their efforts.
Since my last I have received advices from the Southward, that the Public Magazines there are intirely emptied of Arms; and that the Troops now coming on will be destitute, unless they can be Supplied out of those imported to the Eastward. This will oblige me, to order most of the Arms at Springfield to be sent forward, to furnish those Troops. It is a matter of equal concern and surprize, to hear Such loud complaints in the Eastern States for want of Arms, when we consider the quantities brought in to them both on public and private Account; which their Situation enabled them to receive, in much greater proportion than the other States; and the arrivals of which have been announced in all the Public Papers, as well as in private and official Letters. How they have been applied it is impossible for me to conceive.
In case of an actual Invasion of your State, Should such an event take Place, and should there be a necessity for it, towards furnishing your Militia, you may draw out of the Magazine of Springfield, a thousand Arms for that purpose, if there be any remaining, after the Quantity I shall be obliged to call for, is Supplied. This you will be pleased to consider as a loan, not a Sale, and to be replaced to the Continent as Soon as Circumstances will permit. By the inclosed I have instructed the Commissary of Stores to deliver them. I am with due respect &c.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
P.S. The enclosed information came to hand since writing the above. The other letters you will be pleased to forward, as directed, with all despatch. They are inclined to put the other Eastern States upon their guard also.88
[Note 88: The P.S. is printed by Ford, but does not appear in the draft.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, July 8, 1777.
Parole Warwick. Countersigns Warren, Westfield.
The Court of which Col. Brodhead was president, appointed to inquire into the conduct of the artillery officers to wit: Capt. Eustis89 and his officers and Capt. Archibald,90 whose pieces were lost in the action of the 26th. of last month, Report, that having examined divers officers (whose names they mention) relative thereto, they are of opinion that Capt. Eustis and his officers behaved with becoming bravery and good conduct during the whole action, and that the loss of the field-pieces was inevitable, they being left in the rear, unsupported. Also that Capt. Gibbs Jones91 and the officers under his command, behaved with becoming bravery, and good conduct, during the whole action; and that the loss of the piece commanded by Capt. Lieut. Archibald was inevitable, it being left in the rear, unsupported.
[Note 89: Capt. Benjamin Eustis, of the Third Continental Artillery.]
[Note 90: Capt.-Lieut. Edward Archbald, of the Second Continental Artillery.]
[Note 91: Capt.-Lieut. Gibbs Jones, of Roman's independent Pennsylvania artillery.]
As the grounds on which some parts of the troops are encamped, may be less dry and healthy than others in the neighbourhood, and not so well watered, The Major Generals are desired in such cases to shift the encampments of their divisions, or such parts of them, as they shall judge necessary, the better to preserve the health of the troops.
As foggy and dewy mornings may be less favorable to the health of the soldiers, than other parts of the day; commanding officers of corps will, in such cases postpone turning out their men 'till the close, or other part of the day, as they and their Surgeons shall judge most expedient.
Canteens, Tomhawks and other camp-utensils must be very beneficial to the troops; but unless more care be taken to preserve, it will be impracticable to supply them. The Quarter Master General therefore, in issuing those articles, will charge them to the respective Quarter Masters of regiments and corps, these Quarter Masters to their Captains, or officers commanding companies; and they to their men, each to account with the other, in the order preceding; And the Captains and officers commanding companies are every Saturday to examine the cloaths, arms, accoutrements, ammunition and camp-utensils of their men, that if any are missing, and a good account of them cannot be rendered, the person found deficient may be answerable for them.
In vain are orders given, and repeated, if after one cursory reading, they are thrown by and neglected. Many orders are intended for standing regulations, and of great importance to be known and remembered. The Commander in Chief therefore, in the strongest manner, enjoins upon all officers to examine the orderly book, and frequently review the standing orders, and as often cause to be read, to the men, such as immediately respect them.
A return of tents in each regiment to be made this day at four O'clock, in the afternoon, to the Quarter Master General. Such regiments as have not received a horseman's tent, are to apply to the Q M General, as soon as may be for a supply.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: In consequence of advices this day received from Albany, tho' not directly from Genl. Schuyler, I find the Enemy had approached Ticonderoga and had taken post at Mount Hope; This account comes by express from Colo. Trumbulls Brother and therefore cannot be doubted. I expect every moment to have the particulars from Genl. Schuyler.
If the North River is Genl. Howe's next attempt, he will be sudden and Vigorous and it is therefore thought expedient that you should move on with your division and cross the River, as speedily as possible. You will therefore march to morrow morning and endeavour to contract your Baggage, into as small a Compass as possible, to avoid the trouble of carrying Carriages across the River.92 I shall replace you with another Division. Give Genl. Putnam information of your approach that he may have Boats ready for you. I am &ca.93
[Note 92: Sullivan was then at Pompton, N.J.]
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 9, 1777.
Gentn.: I find accurate Draughts or Maps of the Country which is or may be the Seat of War, so essentially necessary, that I must beg leave to recommend such a Measure with all possible Expedition, so far as regards the Shores of the Delaware, where the Enemy may probably land and March.
When the Enemy have once possessed themselves of any part of the Country, every Attempt to deliniate it becomes difficult, if not wholly impracticable; the Propriety therefore of doing it with all possible advantage, I trust will be too obvious to your Honorable Board, to make it necessary for me to press it farther.
In the execution of this Work I could wish the Eminences, Distances of Places, Woods, Streams of Water, Marshy places and passes may be particularly noted. And that it be done on as large a Scale as is tolerably convenient. I am etc.94
[Note 94: On July 25 Washington was "empowered to appoint Mr. Robert Erskine, or any other person that he may think proper, geographer and surveyor of the roads, to take sketches of the country, the seat of war, and to have the procuring, governing and paying the guides employed under him; the General to affix the pay of the said geographer, &c. and the allowance that shall be made to the guides." (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
P.S. I scarcely think it necessary to suggest, Secrecy and Caution in the Execution of this Work, as its Value and importance must very much depend, not only on the Ability but the Fidelity of those to whom it is intrusted.95
[Note 95: The copy is in the writing of Joseph Reed.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 9, 1777.
Dear Sir: Upon reconsidering the propriety of your crossing the River immediately, it has been determined by a great Majority of the General Officers, that as the Enemy have not yet embarked any of their light Troops and do not seem prepared to move suddenly, you should halt in the Clove, take possession of the most advantagious Grounds and there wait till we see, more clearly, the Enemy's intentions. If you have any Tools with you, you may as well throw up some Slight Works that will make the passages in those strong defiles still more defensible. Perhaps you will have marched beyond the Clove before this reaches you, but I am in hopes that you will not, as I should be sorry that the Troops should be harrassed more than is needful. I am, etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 9, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed copy of a Letter from the Commissary Genl. of Provisions and the information you will receive from Majr. Hoops will convince Congress of the distress and confusion prevailing in that Department.97 Without something is done in aid of Mr. Trumbull immediately, this Army must be disbanded. If the present difficulties continue, it is impossible it can exist. I entreat Congress to take the Matter under their
[Note 97: The letter of Joseph Trumbull, Commissary General of the Continental Army, dated July 9, 1777, is in the Washington Papers, and a copy of it is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The difficulty was that no one was willing to act under the new commissary regulations established by Congress. Trumbull begged that a committee of Congress come to Morristown at once.] most early consideration and to make such provision as the exigency and importance of the case demands.98 I know not but we shall be obliged to move in the course of a few Hours, when from the situation of things in this line, we shall have more to dread than from the Enemy. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 98: Washington's letter was read in Congress July 11, and a committee, composed of Philip Livingston, Elbridge Gerry, and George Clymer, were ordered to proceed at once to the Army and "make a diligent enquiry into the state of the army, particularly into the causes of the complaints in the commissary's department, and to make such provision as the exigency and importance of the case demands." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, July 11, 1777.) For the regulations governing the Commissary Department, see Journals of the Continental Congress of June 10, 1777.]
[Note 99: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, July 9, 1777.
Parole Winchester. Countersigns York, Yarmouth.
In the General Orders of the 1st. Instant, Returns of the sick in Camp, to be signed by the Surgeons of each regiment, were directed to be made every Tuesday and Friday, at nine O'Clock in the morning, to the Surgeon General of the army, which has not been done; nor have returns of other kinds been regularly made when called for--Such neglects are greatly prejudicial to the service. All persons concerned are therefore enjoined to make due returns in future; and any who fail of doing it may depend on being arrested.
The guards which are relieved daily, are to send a serjeant, or corporal, to the grand parade, at eight o'Clock in the morning, to conduct the new the guards to their posts.
AFTER ORDERS
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow at the usual place, at nine O'Clock in the morning for the trial of such prisoners as shall be brought before them. Colonel Chambers is appointed president of this court.
Head Quarters, Morristown, July 10, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns Weymouth, Andover.
The tents of the whole army are to be struck to morrow morning at Gun-firing, and packed up, ready for marching, with the utmost speed; the line of march to begin afterwards as soon as possible.
All baggage Waggons (those with tents excepted) are to move this afternoon towards Boone-Town, to a place appointed by Gen. Mifflin. Guards for which are to be supplied in the following manner; viz--Each brigade furnishes a Captain, two Subalterns and thirty men, and each division a Field Officer, that from Gen. Greene's to be Colonel Commandant. Women are to march with the baggage. Two days provisions to be cooked and ready this afternoon. Canteens are to be filled with water before the march begins, as no soldier will be allowed to quit his rank on that account.
The three picquets, viz, On the Pompton, Chatham and Middlebrook roads, will quit their posts at gun-firing tomorrow morning and join their respective corps without delay. All other guards will attend their duty in the several departments where they are placed until relieved, moving with their charges respectively.
AFTER ORDERS
Each division (except Lord Stirling's) is to leave at Morristown a captain, two subalterns, three serjeants, three corporals and fifty privates. And Major General Lord Stirling's division one subaltern, two Serjeants, two corporals and twenty-five privates. Gen. Greene's division to furnish one Field Officer to command the whole; which field officer will call early to morrow morning upon the Adjutant General, for the orders of the Commander in Chief.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 10, 1777.
Sir: I this Morning received a Letter of the 7th Instant from Genl Schuyler, a Copy of which and of its inclosure, I herewith send you. The intelligence which they contain is truly interesting, supposing it just; But it differs so widely from what we had reason to expect, from the Accounts mentioned in General St Clair's Letters to Genl Schuyler, Copies of which you would receive in his Letter, transmitted from hence last night by Major Hoops, that I would fain flatter myself, it is not true. I am the more encouraged to hope this, as Capt. Farnam's1 Letter, from Fort Ann to Brigadier Learned, seems to be the foundation of the whole and does not authorize the unfavourable, unhappy conclusions built upon it. I should rather suppose, if any accident has befallen us, it must have happened to the detachment of Men from the Grants under Colo Warner, for we find from Genl St. Clair's Letters he expected something from him. The whole Account is so confused, that we cannot establish any certain deduction from it, and shall be happy if it proves premature and groundless.2 I am told by a Gentleman, who came to Camp yesterday Evening, that Nixon's Brigade would certainly arrive at Albany on Tuesday Morning, as he saw the Vessels, in which It was embarked, standing up the Evening before with a fair wind.
[Note 1: Capt. Benjamin Farnum(?) (Farham), of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in March, 1779.]
[Note 2: Schuyler wrote two letters to Washington on July 7, one from Stillwater and one from Saratoga, both of which are in the Washington Papers. In them he gave the account of the evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence as related to him by Lieut. Col. Ann Hawkes Hay, whose story was that the greater part of the American forces were captured by the British near Skenesborough, N.Y. An account of the evacuation is in the St. Clair Papers, vol. 1, p. 404.]
If the event mentioned by General Schuyler should not have happened, we cannot doubt but Genl. Burgoyne has come up the Lake, determined, if possible, to carry his point, I mean, to possess himself of our Posts in that Quarter and to push his Arms further. Supposing this not to have happened, as our Continental Levies are so deficient in their number, our security and safety will require that aids from the Militia should be called forth in cases of emergency. If it has, there is now an absolute necessity for their turning out to check Genl Burgoyne's progress or the most disagreeable consequences may be apprehended. Upon this occasion, I would take the liberty to suggest to Congress the propriety of sending an Active, spirited Officer to conduct and lead them on. If General Arnold has settled his affairs and can be spared from Philadelphia, I would recommend him for this business and that he should immediately set out for the Northern department.3 He is active, judicious and brave, and an Officer in whom the Militia will repose great confidence. Besides this, he is well acquainted with that Country and with the Routes and most important passes and defiles in it. I do not think he can render more signal Services, or be more usefully employed at this time, than in this way. I am persuaded his presence and activity will animate the Militia greatly, and spur them on to a becoming conduct; I could wish him to be engaged in a more agreeable Service, to be with better Troops; but circumstances call for his exertions in this way, and I have no doubt of his adding much to the Honors he has already acquired.
[Note 3: The Journals of the Continental Congress show that on July 11 Arnold was directed to repair to the army immediately and take orders from Washington.]
In consequence of the advices from Genl St. Clair, and the strong probability there is, that Genl Howe will push against the Highland passes, to co-operate with Genl Burgoyne, I shall, by the advice of my Officers, move the Army from hence to Morrow Morning, towards the North River. If such should be his intention, we shall not be too early, as a favourable wind and tide will carry him up in a few Hours. On the other hand, if Philadelphia is his object, he can't get round before we can arrive there, nor can well he debark his Troops &c.4 and proceed across the Land before we can oppose him. I have the Honor, &c.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress July 11 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, July 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was this morning favoured with yours of the 7th. instant, from Still Water, inclosing a Copy of one you had received from Genl. Learned. If that letter is the only foundation for your apprehensions, you in my opinion put a more unfavourable Construction upon it than it will bear. I rather think the Revd. Mr. Allen adverts to some misfortune that had befallen Colo. Warner's party, than to a total defeat of our Army at Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. If those posts were carried it must have been by assault, as the time between the 3rd. and 5th. was too short for it to be done by Blockade. But I am reasoning upon the face of Capt. Farnum's letter, you may probably have other advices to corroborate it. Nixon's Brigade would arrive at Albany on Tuesday, they took Cannon and Artillery Men with them and intrenching Tools are following on. Upon a presumption that Genl. Howe and Burgoyne certainly mean to Co-operate, I shall move up to morrow, with the Main Body of the Army, towards Peeks Kill, and be ready to act as Circumstances and occasions may require. Should the worst have happened at Ticonderoga, you will be able, with the addition of Nixons Brigade and the Militia, to assemble a respectable force on this side lake George, with which and the conjunction of this Army and that at Peeks Kill, I am in hopes we shall be able to give the Enemy a check. I am exceedingly anxious to have more particulars from you, and I hope a few Hours will put me out of Suspense. I am &ca.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pompton Plains, July 11, 1777.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Arnold, Armstrong. The army to pitch their tents to night and to morrow morning at gun-firing if the weather is good to strike them, and prepare every thing, with the greatest dispatch, for a march--In case of rain in the morning, the tents are to remain standing, unless particular orders are given to the contrary. No kind of baggage, besides the tents to be taken out of the waggons. Immediately after the morning gun, the General to be beaten thro' the line instead of the Revellie. Two field pieces fired from the park of artillery to be the signal for marching. The same order of march to be in force to morrow. Each division will station the necessary guards about its own encampment.
The seperate Column of baggage to march under the direction, and agreeable to the orders, of the Quarter Master General.
Head Quarters, Pompton Plains, July 12, 1777.
Parole Baskenridge. Countersigns Blandford, Burlington. As the foul weather prevents the marching of the troops to day, they are to draw two days provisions, and cook them immediately.
Complaint has been made to the Commander in Chief that some soldiers pull down the fences to burn, and lay open the fields of the Inhabitants. He enjoins it upon the officers to use the utmost watchfulness and care to prevent this practice; and whoever is found guilty of it shall be severely punished.
The same orders that were given last evening are to determine and regulate the march to morrow.
Pompton Plains, 18 Miles from Morris Town,
July 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: Yesterday Evening, upon my march from Morris Town to this place, I received yours of the 7th. confirming the unfortunate Contents of the preceding of the same date. I will suspend my opinion upon the propriety of this very extraordinary and sudden evacuation, until I hear something from Genl. St. Clair; for, in truth, it is altogether unaccountable. I most sincerely wish it was in my power to supply all your demands, but it shall be done as far as lays in my power. Of Tents I have not as many as will fully cover this Army, and therefore am unable to forward any of them. Genl. Mifflin will instantly dispatch the Camp Kettles, Intrenching Tools have been already sent on. Genl. Knox has dispatched an Express to Springfield, with orders to send you 60 Barrels of Musket Powder with Ball and Cartridge Paper in proportion, and all the Musket Cartridges that are ready made. If you should want any more Powder, Ball, or Cartridge Paper, you will please to send to Springfield and it will be delivered to your order. Ten field pieces will be immediately sent from Peeks Kill, with a sufficient quantity of fixed ammunition and harness complete; but Horses we have none. I am surprised that you should make a demand of them and drivers for them, when you are in the best part of the Continent for draft Horses and people who understand the management of them. I have not a piece of heavy Cannon with me, nor could I supply you by any other means, than by taking them from the Forts in the Highlands, which would be by no means proper, when we may every Moment expect an attack there. Genl. Knox informs me, that he has not an Artillery Man, more than is necessary for the Train at present in the Field. If Major Stevens has not fallen into the Enemy's hands, he, with the help of some additionals, drawn from the Regiments, has Men enough to work the Ten pieces; a few more Officers will be wanting, and they will be sent up. There is not at present a regular Engineer in this Army, I must therefore recommend it to you to apply for Assistance in that branch to Colo. Rufus Putnam, who commands a Regiment in Nixon's Brigade. I made use of him all the last Campaign and found him answer the purposes of erecting Slight Works, far better than any of the Foreigners, who pretended to much greater Skill. Your demand of a further reinforcement of Troops, was fully taken into consideration by a Board of all the General Officers of this Army. Had our numbers been as respectable as could have been wished, it would not have taken a moment to deliberate upon the propriety of detaching a further force from this Army or Peek's Kill, but when we considered, that weakening ourselves in a material manner, would make us an easy prey for Genl. Howe, who, tho' he has embarked the greatest part of his Army, still lays under Staten Island, and might suddenly reland; it was the unanimous opinion of the Board, that no more could be done at present, than ordering the remainder of Nixons Brigade, who are on their way to Peekskill, to join you. They consist of as many as the first division. Genl. Glovers Brigade is ordered to be held in readiness, and shall also be sent to you, if we find, that Genl. St. Clair with his Main Body has been unfortunate enough to fall into the Enemy's hands. If they have not, and he brings them off in tolerable order, you will, with them and your present Force, aided with a good Artillery, certainly be able to check Burgoyne's progress by land. Indeed nothing decisive can be determined upon, till we know Genl. St. Clairs fate, and what steps Genl. Burgoyne is pursuing in consequence of his Success. Of both those points I expect I shall have information in a very short time. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pompton Plains, July 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: In consequence of the disagreeable event which has taken place in the Evacuation of Ticonderoga and Fort Independence, though our Situation does not make it prudent to send on any very considerable reinforcements immediately, besides those already gone, yet it is necessary we Should be preparing to throw them in when it can be more Safely done, and the true State of affairs in that quarter is more clearly unfolded. I have therefore to desire, you will order General Glover to hold his Brigade in constant readiness to embark at a moment's warning, and at the Same time, that you will collect at your post, as fast as possible, a Sufficient number of Vessels to transport them, with their Baggage, Tents &ca. to Albany.
You will also send forward immediately, some active trusty Officer, to meet such detachments as may be coming on belonging to the Regiments that compose Genl. Nixon's Brigade, with Orders, if he meets them, where they can be sent by a short route and in an expeditious manner, to join their Corps, to hasten them on accordingly, without letting them come to Peeks Kill; but such as he may find so far advanced towards it, as to render it more conducive to dispatch, to come on and go thence by Water, he is to make them continue their march with all speed, and on their arrival with you, you are, without the least loss of time, to forward them to their Regiments. I mean that you should act in this, in the manner best calculated according to circumstances; to answer the end of their joining the Corps they belong to, with the greatest expedition possible.
I have determined that Ten Field pieces, with the necessary apparatus, shall be sent on from your post to Genl. Schuyler. General Knox will send up an Officer with particular directions about them. You will be pleased to give every assistance requisite to the forwarding them with dispatch.
I have just received intelligence that Genl. Howe's Army is nearly all embarked. They will certainly proceed very Soon, to the place of their destination. Our misfortune to the Northward, makes it of the last importance you should take every precaution to avoid one at your post, which could not fail to involve consequences almost, if not intirely irremediable. As a very material step towards this, I would recommend to you to contract the points of defence, and secure your flanks and rear as much as possible, by stopping up all roads by which you are accessible in any part, that are not absolutely necessary to keep open your communication with the country from whence you draw your Supplies. Attend particularly to the cross roads leading from the Valley on the right of the great road from Peeks Kill to Fish Kills, into that road, and do not content yourself with Slight impediments easily removed; but endeavor to make them effectual. Be attentive also to the roads that lead from Croton by the way of Danbury or elsewhere, towards Fish Kills. The fewer the avenues of approach to you, the more certain the judgment you can form of the Enemy's intentions and operations, the more easily you can adapt your measures to them, and the greater will be your force at the point of attack. I am, etc.
P.S. I have had an intimation of some Vessels moving up the Sound. This is a circumstance well worth attending to. Keep trusty persons at Norwalk, Fairfield and any other places convenient for observation, to give you instant intelligence of any movements that way.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Pompton Plains, July 12, 1777.
Sir: When I had the honor of addressing you last, I hoped the Intelligence received respecting our Affairs in the Northern Department was not true, or at least, that they were not so unfavourable, as they were then represented; But the inclosed Copy of a Letter from Genl. Schuyler,8 which came to hand Yesterday Evening, Confirms it most unhappily for us, in its fullest latitude. This Event (the evacuation of our posts on the Lake) among the most unfortunate that could have befallen us, is rendered more interesting by the manner in which it took place. I have no further information upon the Subject, than what the Copy contains, and shall be happy to hear by my next advices, that the Main body of the Army, of whose situation Genl Schuyler knew nothing with certainty, have not become Prisoners. For I fear, from the disposition discovered on this distressing occasion, they would have surrendered to the Enemy, in case they fell in with them, tho' inferior in number.
[Note 8: Schuyler's letter (July 7) from Saratoga is in the Washington Papers; a copy by Alexander Hamilton is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
In respect to General Schuyler's demands, It is not in my power to comply with the whole of them. Not a Single Tent can be furnished, the Kettles will be and are ordered on; and an Express is going to Springfield for all the Musquet Cartridges; Sixty barrels of Powder and a proportionable Quantity of Lead and Cartridge paper for his use. Ten pieces of Field Artillery with Harness, are also ordered with proper Officers from Peekskill. I have written to him, to procure Horses and Drivers himself, as they are to be obtained with much more ease, where he is than here; Nor can he be supplyed with the Heavy Cannon, which he requests, supposing them Necessary, not having one to spare from a more important use, the defence of the Highlands. Colo Putnam, I imagine, will be with him before this, as his Regiment is part of Nixon's Brigade, who will answer every purpose he can possibly have for an Engineer at this crisis: A Supply of Intrenching Tools was sent him four or five days ago in consequence of an application then made. I should be extremely happy, if our Situation would allow me, to afford him a large reinforcement of men; but I cannot, with any degree of propriety, in the opinion of my Genl. Officers, send more to his aid at this time, than a Number of Recruits on the March from Massachusetts State, belonging to some of the Regiments under his command, which amount to Six hundred at least, and are now, I expect, pretty well advanced towards Peekskill. With this augmentation, to what he already has, supposing Genl. St. Clair and his force to have come in and any Number of Militia to have turned out, he will have an Army equal, if not superior to Genl Burgoyne's, from the only accounts we have obtained. Besides this consideration, It is most probable that Genl. Burgoyne will suspend his Operations, till Genl. Howe makes a movement and an effort on his part. His designs, I think, are most unquestionably against the Highlands, and that he will attempt the execution, as soon as possible.
We have been prevented Marching to day by the Rain, but as soon as the Weather permits, shall proceed, as expeditiously as we can, towards the North River and cross or not, as shall appear necessary from circumstances.
In my last, I took the liberty of suggesting the propriety of sending an Active Officer, to animate the Militia that may assemble for checking Genl Burgoyne's progress, and mentioned Genl Arnold for that purpose. Being more and more convinced of the Important advantages that will result from his presence and conduct, I have thought it my duty to repeat my wishes on the Subject, and that he may, without a moments loss of time, set out from Philadelphia for that purpose.
When this arrives, it is likely Genl Howe's intentions will be well understood; but whether it is or not, as there are strong reasons to beleive his operations will be up the North River and on the East side of it, I shall take the liberty to recommend the sending on the North Carolina and other Continental Troops at Philadelphia, to join this Army, unless Congress have some information that a Southern expedition is intended, of which I am not apprized.
If Congress have taken Colo. Proctor and his Corps into the Service of the States, It will be expedient for them to come on with all the Field Artillery, which Colo Flowers, the Commissary may have ready. This I have been induced to mention, having heard Congress was about to adopt them and as our demand for Artillerists is great. I would also observe, that the Situation of our Affairs has become so delicate and embarrassing, by the late misfortune which we have experienced, that it is much to be wished, some expedient could be come into, if there be any more efficacious than what has been already recommended, for filling and compleating the several Regiments At present they only count in number but not in force, being most shamefully deficient in their just compliment.
Your Letter of the 8th was duly received and agreeable to your request, I communicated to Genls. Greene and Knox the Resolution of Congress respecting them and Genl Sullivan, the last of whom I have not seen since it came to hand.9 I have &c.
[Note 9: The letters of Greene, Sullivan, and Knox, resigning if the reported appointment of Du Coudray were true, See note to Washington's letter to Richard Henry Lee, June 11, 1777, ante.)]
P.S. ½ after 8: PM I this Minute received a Letter of the 9th. from Genl. Schuyler, a Copy of which and of the Proclamation alluded to, you have inclosed.10 I fear more and more, that Genl. St Clair and his Army are prisoners.11
[Note 10: Burgoyne's proclamation was dated June 20, 1777, and threatened the Americans with the terrors of Indian warfare from the "thousands of Indians" under his command, He warned the inhabitants that "the messengers of justice and wrath await them on the field, and devastation, famine, and every concomitant horror that a reluctant but indispensable prosecution of military duty must occasion."
Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America states (vol. vi, p. 295) that in ridicule of this appeal Edmund Burke indulged in an illustration which delighted the House of Commons. 'Suppose," said he, "there was a riot on Tower Hill. What would the keeper of his Majesty's lions do? Would he not fling open the dens of the wild beasts and then address them thus: "My gentle lions--my humane bears--my tender-hearted hyenas, go forth! But I exhort you, as you are Christians and members of civil society, to take care not to hurt any man, woman or child.'"
In the Gentleman's Magazine (London) for September, 1777, was published a manifesto attributed to General Washington (July 19, 1777) in answer to General Burgoyne's proclamation of June 20. It is a palpable forgery. William Carmichael wrote to C. W. F. Dumas (June 20, 1777): "A junto of refugees from various parts of the continent, who met weekly in Pall Mall, London, do this dirty work of government to earn the pittance but scantily afforded to each of them. At the head of this junto was Hutchinson, Cooper, Chandler and Vassel, and others who would not be named but for their infamy. They have forged letters lately under the name of General Washington, which the good silly souls in Europe will swallow as genuine, unless contradicted in different gazettes." (See Deane Papers, vol. 2, p. 75, New York Historical Society Publications.)]
[Note 11: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, also in his writing, is minus this P.S.]
Pompton Plains, July 12, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 8th Inst. I am as much at a loss as you can be, to account for the complaint of the Northern Army for the want of Arms, when it plainly appears, that as many, if not more, new ones have been delivered, than they have Men in the Field; besides these, there must have been, or ought to have been, a considerable number of good old Arms belonging to the Continent. I believe, the great Sinking fund of our Arms is the carelessness of our Officers, and until they attend more strictly to their duty, a set of Arms will be as necessary pr Annum, as a suit Cloathes. I endeavour to remedy this evil, as much as possible, by constant repetitions in General Orders, to inspect the state of Arms and Accoutrements; by some I am obeyed, but by the greater number the thing is neglected in fact, and only a report made that it is done.
Nothing can be urged in excuse for such unsoldierlike behaviour, but the unsettled State which our Army has been in since the new formation; The Regiments have been drawn together by detachment, and are Scarcely yet under any kind of Regulation, the Subalterns, whose particular business it is to attend to the State of their Companies, are young in Office and ignorant of their duty, and the non Commissioned Officers, as you say, are as raw and unexperienced as the Common Soldiers. I can only hope that time will make a reform in these Matters, and that our Army will be in fact, as it is in name, a regular one.
I have been as much Suprised, at the Complaint for want of Cloaths for the Troops of some of the State, as I have been at that of Arms. Massachusetts has been loudest in their Demands, and yet the Cloathier General assured me, that upwards of four thousands Suits had been delivered to them. I cannot say much as to the other States, as I have not heard much on the Subject from them.
Genl. Knox informs me, that there are a Considerable Number of Arms yet at Cambridge, but he does not know how many, perhaps they may make up the deficiency that you say are not accounted for. They are ordered to Brook field, as it was not thought expedient to keep too many at one Place.
As matters have turned out at Tyconderoga, it is happy that neither Arms or Cloathes were sent forward, as they would probably have shared the same Fate with the other Stores at that Post. I have given Congress all the information that I have received, relative to that unlucky Affair and to my Letter to them I refer the Board. I am &ca.
P.S. I mentioned, in some of my former Letters either to the Board of War or Congress, the absolute Necessity which there was of putting all Military Stores under the direction of, and Subject, in their distribution, to the order of the Board of War or some one person. Otherwise, while the different States, and Officers commanding seperate departments and at Seperate Posts, undertake to draw by their own Authority, nothing but confusion can insue. Each will take care to supply its own wants fully, without paying any regard to the general demand.
By a Resolve of Congress, the direction of Military Stores of all kinds was vested in me; but I find, that some of the States have notwithstanding stopped quantities of Cloathing which were allotted to others, and Officers commanding in Seperate departments, have drawn what Arms and other Things they thought proper. The Resolve above mentioned is not therefore Competent to the purpose, and I would recommend it to the Board to apply for another, calculated to answer the end more fully.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Pompton Plains, July 12, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with your favor of Yesterday, and observe what you say respecting the Discharge of the Militia now Stationed at Newark; which, provided you think the Situation of things on Staten Island, will warrant such a procedure, I have not the least objection to, which I have already mentioned to Colo Cortlandt. I would mention to you, that as soon as Genl. Howe's movements will fully satisfy me of his intentions, I shall be under the necessity of calling off the two Continental Regiments now in that Neighbourhood, and therefore wish you would deliberate upon proper Measures for the Security of those parts, as some of the Enemy's troops will most assuredly be left on Staten Island.
The complexion of things to the Northward and preparations lately made by General Howe, leave little room to doubt that their Intentions are to form a Junction up the North River. I have therefore thought proper to March that way, that I may be able to throw immediate assistance over to Genl. Putnam, as the great advantages they may have over us by Water carriage, renders it necessary that we should be before hand with them.
I have lately received information from two deserters of Barton's13 Regiment, that William Myers and James Bartron of said Regiment, are now up in Sussex County enlisting Men for that Service; I request the favor of you to have this Matter inquired into, and proper Measures taken in case of a Discovery, as an Example of this Nature, I think would have a very happy effect.
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. Joseph Barton, of Sussex County, N. J. He was agent for the Proprietors of East Jersey and a member of the New Jersey Legislature in 1775; joined the British at Hackensack, in November, 1776, and recruited a loyalist regiment known as the Fifth Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers. Barton's claim against the Crown for damages is printed in the Proceedings o/ the Loyalist Commissioners in the Second Report of the Bureau of Archives of Ontario, 1904, vol. 1, p. 600, et seq.]
I duly received your favor of the 18th Ulto. respecting a Mr. Wetherby, and upon enquiry find, that he has been this long time dismissed from our Service for bad behaviour. Colo Forman says he is of opinion that any Men he may have enlisted since, were for the Enemy, as he has been in Irons on that Account. I am &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Pompton Plains, July 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you yesterday by express, informing you of what I had done towards furnishing you with such Supplies as are in my power to give, and the obstacles that at present lie in the way of granting you others that your situation demands. Since that I have received yours of the 9th.19 I have sent by express to Peeks Kill, to order on from thence to you, as Speedily as possible, forty Barrels of powder and an equivalent quantity of lead.
[Note 19: Schuyler's letter (July 9) is dated from Fort Edward and contained the following particulars: "I have not been able to learn what is become of General St. Clair and the army. The Enemy followed the Troops, that came to Skenesborough, as far as Fort Ann, where they were Yesterday repulsed, notwithstanding which Colonel Long, contrary to my express orders, evacuated that post. I am here at the Head of a Handful of Men, not above 1500, without provision, little ammunition, not above five Rounds a Man, having neither Ball nor Lead to make any; the Country in the deepest Consternation; no Carriages to move the Stores from Fort George, which I expect every Moment to learn is attacked and what adds to my Distress is that a Report prevails, that I had given orders for the Evacuation of Tyconderoga, whereas not the most distant Hint of such an Intention can be drawn from any of my Letters to General St. Clair, or any other person whatever. I am informed from undoubted authority that the Garrison was reinforced with twelve hundred Men at least two Days before the Evacuation, and that eighty Head of Cattle had got in and a Number of Sheep. What could induce the General Officers to a Step that has ruined our affairs in this Quarter, God only knows." Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
It is astonishing beyond expression, that you had heard nothing of St. Clair and the Army under him. I am totally at a loss to conceive what has become of them. The whole affair is so mysterious that it even baffles conjecture. I know not how to suppose it possible that they can be on any route towards us, without our hearing something of them, and even if they have been all taken prisoners, one would imagine, that the account of it by some channelor other, would have come to your knowledge. Sometimes I am led to doubt whether it may not be possible that they had recalled their design of retreating from the forts and returned to them; but here again it occurs, that they could have found some means to communicate intelligence of it to you. I impatiently wait more certain accounts of their fate.20 Mean time, I hope you will leave nothing in your power undone to check the career of the Enemy.
[Note 20: St. Clair's letter of July 8 from Dorset reached Schuyler at 10 a.m., July 10.]
This is the Second day I have been detained here by the badness of the weather. As soon as it will permit I shall prosecute my march through the Clove. I am etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Pompton Plains, July 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 11th. Instt. with its inclosures. I had received a Letter from Genl. Schuyler nearly of the same purport of his to the Council of Safety of New York. The more accounts we get, the more astonishing does the evacuation of the posts on the Lakes appear. What can have become of Genl. St. Clair and the Army? I wish we may have heard the worst.22
[Note 22: St. Clair was retreating through Vermont.]
I have nothing in particular to add at this time, unless it is to recommend again, your attention and care to the matters mentioned in my Letter of Yesterday by express. The blocking up the unnecessary avenues to and Roads thro' the Highlands, and that of keeping proper look outs to observe and give the earliest intelligence of the Enemy's movements, either up the North or East River seemed to me of infinite importance as they still do and I doubt not of your attention to the whole. I am etc.
P.S. I think all your Stores should be immediately moved from the Low Grounds to proper places in the rear of the Posts on the heights. If the Enemy come, it is most probable their advance will be rapid, should the Stores remain to be moved, then it is likely they will be lost, either in the whole or in part, and you will be engaged and concerned in their removal and security, when you will have occasion for your whole force and exertions to be employed in another way. The Stores I allude to, are those in and about the Low Grounds at Peeks Kill near your Encampment.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Pompton, July 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 30th. Ulto. found me at this place. Upon the Enemy's quitting Jersey and embarking, there was the strongest presumption to think, that this sudden alteration of their original move towards Philadelphia could only be owing to an intent to co-operate with Genl. Burgoyne and the Northern Army. It was therefore determined to move this Army up towards Peeks Kill, to be ready to act as occasion might require. Whatever might have been Genl. Howe's intentions a few clays ago, there remains but little doubt of what they will be, when he gets intelligence from the Northward. You will by this time have heard all that I at present know, which is, that General St. Clair, with the Garrison, evacuated Ticonderoga and Independence on the 6th. instant, before a Gun was fired at or a Battery raised against them. What could have induced Genl. St. Clair to take this most extraordinary step, yet remains to be known. We have not a line from him since the 3d July when he wrote seemingly in good Spirits and without the least apprehension, he had a Garrison of five thousand Men, well supplied with provision, Ammunition and every kind of Stores. What is most extraordinary of all, is, that upon the 9th. Genl. Schuyler could hear nothing of Genl. St. Clair or the Army. He must have retreated towards No. 4, or they have every man fallen into the Enemy's hands.
Genl. Schuyler is at Fort Edward with about Twelve hundred Regular Troops and some Militia, I have ordered the Men belonging to Putnam's, Greaton's, Alden's and Nixon's Regiments, who you say are on their march, to join him as quick as possible, as the remainder of their Regiments are there; this reinforcement is all that could possibly be spared under our present Circumstances. As there never was so pressing an occasion for Troops, I entreat you will hurry on those remaining in your State with all possible dispatch. Let those intended for the Northern Army, steer towards Albany, near which place they will find Genl. Schuyler endeavouring to form an Army, those whose Regiments are at Peeks Kill are still to go to that place. I imagine Genl. Schuyler has sent for Assistance from the Western part of your State, and I hope you and the Gentlemen of your Council and Assembly will do all in your powers to animate them to step forth. I am etc.
P.S. Let every party that you send off be fully supplied with Ammunition, which Should be delivered to the Officer and carried with their Baggage. If it is put into their Cartouch Boxes it will probably be damaged by Weather before they arrive at the place of destination.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pompton Plains, July 13, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 4th. Instr. by Capt. De Goy was handed me the 11th. I was then on my march for this place, which, together with other intervening circumstances, has put it out of my power before to consider your observations, and form a determination concerning them.
You seem to have misunderstood the purport of what I said in my last with respect to the heavy pieces that came in the Amphetrite, and to suppose, that I considered them as intirely unfit for Service and incapable of transportation. I meant only to point out the inconveniency of them in comparison with others of a much lighter construction, and the advantage that would be derived from casting them over, and producing three pieces of a larger calibre instead of one; and informed you that with a view to these, I had given directions for them to remain at Springfield and be cast anew upon the model on which the pieces generally in use in our army are constructed. I am Sensible that they might be made use of; but I am convinced from my own experience and that of others, that their weight is a very great disadvantage, that they are not transportable but with great difficulty through the Mountainous and Woody country in which our operations most commonly are, and that they are extremely liable to be lost when any accident or misfortune happens. This must be obvious on the Slightest reflection, and it is also self evident, that they require a greater force in Horses and Men to transport and manage them than pieces two thirds lighter, unless the superior weight of metal in the former, was counterbalanced by their Carriages being framed on better principles, than those of the latter, which I have no reason to believe is the case from any description I have had of them. And as it is not the case, the necessity that their carriages should be proportionably substantial to support them, adds to the inconvenience of weight, and the difficulty of transportation.
To compensate for this disadvantage, I know of only two considerations, that can be offered: The one, that their length is conducive to exactness, and the other, that it increases the distance of the ball's flight. The difference in these respects, is not very great, nor are these advantages by any means equivalent to that of a piece being light and easily portable: For field Artillery, being designed to act against numbers, to do execution, the object ought to be near, and within reach of grape Shot. If it is, the distance to which the piece will carry is nearly out of the question, and the difference in the exactness of which two pieces are capable, will make little difference, if any, in the effect of their fire.25
[Note 25: At this point the following paragraph is stricken out in the draft:
"For the most part all that is to be done in that case is to lay the piece horizontally and discharge her as briskly as possible. And that piece which is the most manageable and capable of being fired the oftenest--has the largest calibre and will contain the greatest number of grape shot will always do most execution upon a body of men. Out of the reach of grape shot it is hardly worth consuming your Ammunition upon a column of men; for after laboring hours in vain you will find you have done them very little injury:--And certainly no material benefit can arise in having pieces that will go a few yards nearer their object than others. I should never wish to have any piece discharged at a body who were at such a distance as to be out of the reach of the pieces we commonly make use of."]
The length of a piece may be useful in barbet firing, but this is of little moment, compared with the inconveniences that attend it, and we have found by experience, that those in use with us have answered every valuable end in this way.
The British Army, sensible also of the necessity of light pieces in a Country like this, Seldom or never make use of any other. They even exceed us in their attention to this particular, and bring into the field very few pieces heavier than three or four pounders, weighing from 220 to 300 wt.
The alteration I propose, is not a new experiment. I mean only to reduce them to the same standard with the general run of the Artillery in this Army, which we have the fullest evidence will be far more convenient; and which have been, from repeated trial, found sufficient for every desirable purpose.
You suggest the impropriety of letting the twenty one pieces remain unemployed, during the time they undergo a new manufacture, while the present moment calls for them in the field. This observation is not without force; but it has been fully weighed, and considering all things, is not of importance enough to make it expedient to forego the advantages of reducing them to a more portable Size, and increasing the number by casting them over.
You also misconceived, what I said with respect to the light Cannon, waiting at Springfield, till Ammunition Waggons and Men sufficient for them, could be prepared to accompany them. I did not intend that they should wait till the Waggons could be made, and till a proper number of Men to manoeuvre them could be instructed in their duty; but only till ammunition could be fitted up, Waggons procured in the most expeditious manner and Men come on from the Eastward, which they will do as fast as possible. You cannot but suppose, Sir, that I am fully desirous of having all the Artillery that I deem proper for the Service, with the Army, and that I shall take every step our circumstances will permit, to hasten them forward. Twenty light pieces and two heavy are by this time at or very near Peeks Kill, and the remainder of the light will come on as soon as they can be accommodated with Horses and other necessaries.
I am at a loss to conceive how you could imagine that I had been governed in my determinations in this matter by the advice of Monsieur Du Plessis. Though that Gentleman's conduct since he has been in this Country, has been such as to acquire him every proper mark of attention; yet it can hardly be supposed, that either Genl. Knox or myself would repose so implicit a confidence in his representations and counsels, as to regulate our measures intirely by them, in an affair of so much consequence. I had a description of the pieces from Several others who had an Opportunity of seeing them, and whose accounts perfectly agree with your own; and from this I determined what should be done with them. Monsieur Du Plessis never hinted an idea of casting them over before it was resolved to do it.
You are even Mistaken as to the fact of Monsieur Du Plessis being an Aid De Camp to General Knox. With a Commission of Captain of Artillery in the American Service, he only acts as volunteer in General Knox's family.
I shall be at all times obliged to you for any information respecting the State of the Artillery, and your opinion as to any thing you may think eligible; but I am not as yet authorized to consider you as giving advice or direction in an official capacity; since Congress have not instructed me in what light I am to view you, and I am not at liberty to anticipate events that may hereafter take place; or to suppose you invested with any character, that they have not delineated you in to me. For this reason, it would be irregular to interfere with any arrangements General Knox has made with my approbation, in compliance with those you propose. Therefore, and as every thing seems to me to be already in a very good train, I do not think it necessary that Capt. De Goy should proceed to take the direction of the pieces coming on, as you recommend. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Pompton Plains, July 13, 1777.
Sir: Yours of the 3d. Instr. has been duly received. Your business to Boston seems to have been of a material and necessary nature, and I am happy to hear you were likely to get it accomodated.
As the present time is peculiarly interesting, and requires the attention and exertion of every person in the line of duty assigned him, I must request your constant attendance and closest application and care in your department, and that nothing in your power may be omitted to promote the public Service. There is one thing more I would particularly recommend, as demanding your greatest attention, activity and circumspection, which is, that you should have all the Stores and Articles committed to your charge, in such a train, as to move them in case the situation of affairs should make it necessary.27 This caution I have thought it expedient to give you, as it is impossible to tell what events may cast up in the Vicissitudes of War, and that you may take measures which will certainly insure to you a Sufficient number of Waggons to be within your Command, in a time of exigency. Upon the Salvation of our Stores every thing depends. I am etc.
[Note 27: Cheever was in charge of the arsenal, or magazine, at Springfield, Mass.]
P.S. I dont know under whose care, the making of Cartridges is, whether under yours or Colo. Mason's,28 but I beg every attention to be had to this business.29
[Note 28: Lieut. Col. David Mason, Deputy Commissary General of Military Stores.]
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head--Quarters, Pompton Plains, July 13, 1777.
Parole Canterbury. Countersigns Chatham, Coventry.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial held the 7th, 8th and 9th instant, whereof Col. Walter Stewart was president, and orders, that they be put in execution forthwith--vizt:
Lieut. Cummings30 of the 1st. Virginia regiment charged with "Messing with common soldiers, and speaking disrespectful
[Note 30: Lieut. Alexander Cummins (Cummings). He resigned June 13, 1778.] words of the commanding officer of the regiment, and with carrying a soldier belonging to said regiment away." The Court having no evidence to prove the charge of speaking disrespectful words of the commanding officer of the regiment, cannot determine whether he is guilty or not guilty of that charge. They are of opinion, considering the peculiar circumstances of the matter (as to the charge of his messing with private soldiers) related by the prisoner, and having no evidence to prove the contrary, that he should be reprimanded by the commanding officer of the regiment he belongs to, at the head of the regiment. The Court do excuse the prisoner for taking a soldier away from the regiment, considering the bad state of health he was in.
John Walker, Serjeant in Capt. John Steel's Independent Company,31 charged with "Absenting himself twelve days from his company without permission," pleaded guilty, but that he was returning to his company when taken up--Sentenced to be reprimanded at the head of the company, and one month's pay to be stopped from him.
[Note 31: Steele's Independent Pennsylvania company was joined to the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment in December, 1778.]
Anthony Escott, Serjeant in Capt. Steel's Independent Company, charged with "Absenting himself from the said Company twelve days without permission," pleaded guilty, sentenced to be reprimanded at the head of the company, and one month's pay to be stopped from him.
Serjeant Mottersboth of Col. Patten's Regiment, charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced to be reduced to the ranks, and one month's pay to be stopped from him.
John Field and John Martin of Col. Angell's Regiment charged with "Desertion, and endeavouring to go to the enemy" --found guilty of desertion, and sentenced, each of them, to receive One hundred lashes on the bare back, and to be sent on board one of the Continental frigates, to serve during the times of their inlistments.
Lieut. Samuel Smith of the 8th. Pennsylvania Regiment charged with "Ungentlemanly behaviour in the regiment and disobedience of orders"--Acquitted of the charge of ungentlemanly behaviour; But found guilty of disobedience of orders, in not attending the parade as constantly at ordinary times, as he ought to have done; and sentenced to be severely reprimanded in General orders--The Commander in Chief is extremely sorry that an officer, of whom it is testified, that in a post of danger he behaved with "prudence and Spirit"--should be guilty of neglect of discipline, which is so essential to form the good soldier; a neglect contrary to orders--highly injurious to the service, and disgraceful to the subject of it--A neglect, for which neither prudence nor bravery can compensate, and which, if persisted in, must be an effectual bar to promotion.
John Dougharty of the Artillery charged with "stabbing Lieut. Carrington32 of the 7th. Virginia Regt."--The Court having considered the charge and evidence, are of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of stabbing Lieut. Carrington of the 7th. Virginia Regimt.: And they are likewise of opinion, that tho' the prisoner is guilty of the charge against him, he was justifiable in doing it, as he acted in the way of his duty.
[Note 32: Lieut. Mayo Carrington. He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; captain--lieutenant in October, 1778; captain in May, 1779; quartermaster of Woodford's brigade in 1779; deputy quartermaster of the Southern Army from December, 1779, to May, 1780; captured at Charleston, S.C.; remained a prisoner on parole to the end of the war.]
John Briggs of the 4th. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Desertion, and attempting to go to the enemy "--acquitted, and ordered to be released from confinement.
Serjeant Alexander Shaw, and Serjt. Christian Closs, of the 4th. Pennsylv: Regiment--charged with "Deserting from the 1st. Maryland Regiment, inlisting into the 4th. Pennsylvania Regiment, and persuading others to desert "--The witnesses, to prove the charge against the prisoners, being in the first Maryland Regiment, which is gone to Peek's--Kill, the Court released the prisoners from confinement for the present subject; to be tried when the witnesses can be procured.
Philip Rynbecker of Col. Patten's Regiment, charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
Hugh Cunningham of the 3rd New Jersey Regimt. charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
Serjt. Silver of the Artillery charged with "Disobedience of orders"--found guilty, in the instance of refusing to confine John Dougherty of the Artillery, when order'd to do it by Lieut. Carrington of the 7th. Virginia Regt.--and sentenced to be reduced to the Ranks.
The Commander in Chief likewise approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 10th Inst. whereof Col. Chambers was president, and orders that they be put in execution forthwith, vizt.
Capt. Connolly33 of the 4th. Pennsylv: Regt., charged with "Inlisting Soldiers belonging to the 1st. Maryland Regiment contrary to the Articles of war"--The witnesses to prove the charge against the prisoner being gone forward to Peek's Kill, the Court released Capt. Connolly from arrest, for the present; subject to be tried when the witnesses can be procured.
[Note 33: Capt. Robert Connolly (Connelly).]
Michael Frits in Col. Chambers regiment, charged with "Desertion"--pleaded guilty--the Court on account of his youth sentenced him to receive fifteen lashes on his bare back.
Samuel Fisher of Col. Chambers regiment charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
John Grant of the 14th. Virginia Regiment, charged with "Sleeping on his post "--pleaded guilty--sentenced to receive twenty--five lashes on his bare back--but it appearing in evidence that he was a good, orderly, well--behaved soldier, and was probably unwell when on sentry--The Commander in Chief remits his punishment.
Patrick Murphey, a soldier in Col. Hartley's Regiment, charged with "Sleeping on his post"--pleaded guilty--sentenced to have half a month's pay stopped from him.
James McMullen of Capt. O'Harra's Company, in Col Hazen's Regiment, charged with "Desertion, with a view of getting to Ireland "--pleaded guilty--sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, and to be sent on board one of the Continental Frigates to serve for the time he inlisted for.
James Buckelau, Peter Schenck and Lewis Fenton of the 1st. New Jersey regiment, charged with "Desertion"--The Court having no evidence to prove the charge ordered the prisoners to be released from confinement, and to be sent to the regiment they belong to.
John Morgan of Col. Green's regiment, charged with "Desertion. inlisting twice, and receiving two bounties"--pleaded guilty. The Court sentenced him to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, and the bounty he received from the officer in Col. Wyllys's regiment, to be stopped out of his pay, by the Captain to whose company he belongs, in Col. Greene's regiment, and paid to the officer in Col. Wyllys's battalion who inlisted him.
Joshua Morehouse of the 3rd. New-Jersey regiment charged with "Desertion"--pleaded guilty--from the prisoner's appearance and behaviour, the Court conceive he has never as yet been of any service to the Country, nor ever will be able to render it any; they therefore are of opinion he should, and do sentence him, to be drummed out of the service, and the wages he has due to him to be stopped. The Commander in Chief confirms this sentence, and directs that the commanding officer of that regiment inquire why such a man was inlisted, and what officer inlisted him, and make report to him.
Abraham Hamiston of Capt: Durkee's Independent Company, from Wyoming, charged with "Desertion"--pleaded guilty--sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
Matthew Myers of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regt.--charged with "Desertion"--The Court postponed their determination concerning him.
As the weather is bad, and the ground wet, the General orders a gill of Rum to be served to each man immediately.
From intelligence lately received, the General informs the army, that it is possible the next move of the Army may be towards the Delaware: But desires no steps may be taken towards it 'till further orders.
Thomas Fosdick Esqr. was on the first instant appointed Brigade Major to Brigadier General Glover, to be respected and obeyed as such.
Roger Alden Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to Brigadier General Huntington, and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
Head Quarters, at Van Aulen's, July 14, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Each Major General will order the guards necessary for the security of his own division.
The Quarter Master General with his deputies will mark out the ground for the encampment of each division to morrow-- And a s the army will arrive on its ground early in the day; as soon as the Men are settled in their quarters, the Officers are critically to inspect their arms and accoutrements, and have them put in the best order possible--The Commander in Chief was surprised to day to see the bad condition of many arms they being not only unfit for fire, but very rusty, which latter defect it is certainly in the power of every man to prevent, and the neglect of it must arise from an inexcusable inattention of the officers.
The tents are to be struck at gun--firing to morrow morning (which will be at the usual time) and the whole army got ready to march. At five O'Clock one field piece is to be fired; and then the march is to begin; and as the baggage of each brigade will join its brigade to night, 'tis to follow close after it to morrow. The whole army to march of from the left, in half platoons, the brigades following each other in the order observed this day, saving that the baggage (as before directed) will immediately follow the brigade to which it belongs--As the distance is not great, no part of the army is to halt 'till it arrives at the ground for encamping.
If it should rain to morrow morning, the army is to remain in its present encampment.
On a march neither officer, nor soldier, is to pay a salute, or pull of the hart to the Commander in Chief, or other officer passing by.
Vanaulens, 8 Miles from Pumpton Plains, July 14, 1777.
Sir: I arrived here this afternoon with the Army, after a very fatiguing March, owing to the Roads which have become extremely deep and miry from the late Rains. I intend to proceed in the Morning towards the North River, if the Weather permits; At present it is cloudy and heavy and there is an Appearance of more Rain.
By the Express, who will deliver this, I just now reced. a Letter from Genl. Schuyler, advising for the first time, that General St Clair is not in the Hands of the Enemy. As the Express has a large Packet for Congress from General Schuyler, I presume they will be informed of all the Intelligence he was possessed of respecting our Affairs in his department, and therefore I shall not trouble them with a Copy of his Letter to myself upon the Subject. I should be happy if they had a more agreeable aspect than they seem to have. I am &ca.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Clove,35 July 15, 1777.
[Note 35: Smith's Clove, Orange County, N.Y.]
Dear Sir: I last night received your favour of the 10th. Instt. Amidst the unfortunate reverse that has taken place in our affairs, I am happy to hear Genl. St. Clair and his Army are not in the hands of the Enemy. I really feared they had become prisoners.
The evacuation of Ticonderoga and Mount Independence is an event of Chagrine and Surprise, not apprehended, nor within the compass of my reasoning. I know not upon what principle it was founded, and I should suppose it still more difficult to reconcile, if the Garrison amounted to five thousand Men, in high spirits, healthy, well supplied with Provision and Ammunition, and the Eastern Militia marching to their Succour, as you mention in your Letter of the 9th. to the Council of Safety of New York.36 This stroke is severe indeed, and has distressed us much. But Notwithstanding things at present have a dark
[Note 36: An extract of this letter is in the Washington Papers. Ford states that St. Clair's force consisted of 2,089 effectives, rank and file, including 124 artificers (unarmed), besides the corps of artillery, and about 900 militia, who had joined him to stay only a few days. "Many of these were mere boys, altogether incapable of sustaining the fatigues of a soldier, naked and ill--armed, not above one bayonet to every tenth man," as St. Clair wrote to Governor Bowdoin on July 9, He did not effect a junction with Schuyler until the 12th.] and gloomy aspect, I hope a Spirited Opposition will check the progress of General Burgoyne's Arms and that the confidence derived from his success, will hurry him into measures, that will in their consequences be favourable to us. We should never despair, our Situation before has been unpromising and has changed for the better, so I trust, it will again. If new difficulties arise, we must only put forth New Exertions and proportion our Efforts to the exigency of the times.
It is with pleasure I find you are so well provided with Ammunition. I confess, I was induced to believe, from your Letter of the 9th. that you were all but destitute of this necessary Article, which occasioned me to order immediate Supplies from other posts, where it is probable it will be equally wanted. As you are not unacquainted with our Resources and Military Supplies, I could wish your requisitions only to extend to Articles essential and absolutely wanted. A redundancy of Stores is not only unnecessary, but supplying them is frequently the means of disfurnishing other posts. At this time the Ammunition sent from Peeks Kill could be but illy spared.
As the operations of this Army are uncertain, depending much upon Genl. Howe's, which still remains to be known. I think it will be expedient that you should send down to New Windsor and Fishkill, all the Vessels and Craft you may not have occasion for at Albany, to be in readiness for transporting a part of our force up the River, in case the situation of Affairs should require it, and Circumstances will admit. I should suppose his movement will be up the River, to Cooperate with Mr. Burgoyne and with a view, if possible, of concentring their forces. This Idea has led me to advise what I have, respecting the Vessels, and more particularly, as carrying our Troops by Water, will not only facilitate their arrival but fit them more for immediate Service, than marching by Land in cases of Emergency.
I observe you mention the evacuation of Fort George, as a necessary Act. For my own part, I cannot determine upon the propriety of such a measure, being totally unacquainted of its strength and situation, and of the Grounds adjoining. But there are Gentlemen here, who seem to consider it extremely defensible and of great importance. They say, that a spirited, brave, judicious Officer with two or three hundred good Men, together with the Armed Vessels you have built, would retard Genl. Burgoyne's passage across the Lake for a considerable time, if not render it impracticable, and oblige him to take a much more difficult and circuitous route. As I have mentioned above, I cannot say one thing or another upon the Subject from my unacquaintance with the place, and therefore only mean to submit it to your consideration, hoping that whatever is best will be pursued in this and every other instance.37 I am etc.38
[Note 37: To the criticism of the evacuation of Fort George, Schuyler replied (July 18):
"The Fort was part of an unfinished Bastion of an intended Fortification. The Bastion was closed at the Gorge, in it was a Barrack capable of containing between thirty and fifty Men; without Ditch; without well; without Cistern; without any picket to prevent an Enemy from running over the Wall; so small as not to contain above an hundred and fifty Men; commanded by Ground greatly overlooking it, and within point Blank Shot, and so situated that five hundred Men may lay between the Bastion and the Lake, without being seen from this extremely defensible Fortress. Of the vessels built there, one was a Float and tolerably fired, the other still upon the Stocks; but, if the two had been upon the Water, they would have been of little Use without Rigging or Guns." Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Clove, July 15, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just arrived with the Army at this place, where I shall remain till I see what turn Genl. Howe takes. Seventy Sail fell down to the Hook on Sunday, but I have not heard whether they have gone out. Genl. Knox informs me that he has sent off two Tons of Powder Yesterday for you, and he says that there are about Ten Tons in Fort Montgomery, which is much more than is necessary there, you may therefore draw part of that. I imagine all the Cartridges that were ready made at Springfield will be sent off to Genl. Schuyler, you had therefore better set your people to work to make up. The detachment of Colo. Bigelow's Regiment, that is coming on, is to remain at Peeks Kill; those that belong to Nixon's Brigade to follow as soon as they arrive. I am &ca.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Clove, July 15, 1777.
Sir: Yours of Yesterday met me near this place this morning. If you have not sent off the Stores intended for Genl. Schuyler, before this reaches you, you may omit the Powder, as he writes me that he has drawn down thirteen Tons which were in Fort George. Genl. Putnam is rather scant of Ammunition at Peeks Kill, therefore the Powder may remain there. If you have any Stores belonging to your Department that are not absolutely necessary at Fishkill, Peekskill or any of the posts in that Neighbourhood, you had better send them to some of the Magazines a distance from the Water. Genl. Mifflin desires, if you have any Camp Kettles to spare, that they may be sent to Genl. Schuyler, he wrote for 500; but only 200 are going on just now. He also desires that you would send parties over the River and mend the Roads Eight or Ten Miles from King's Ferry towards this place, and the same distance from New Windsor, as it is uncertain which way the Army will march supposing we should be obliged to cross the River. I am etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Clove, July 15, 1777.
Parole Chichester. Countersigns Cumberland, Courland.
It was yesterday directed in General Orders, that neither officer nor soldier should pay a salute, or pull of the hat to the Commander in Chief, or other officer passing by; and the total disregard of the order, is a proof, how little pains officers take to acquaint either themselves, or their men, with the orders of the day; other orders issued the 4th. Instant, respecting the march of the army, are also neglected, in instances which come directly under the observation of the Commander in Chief, which cannot be presumed to arise from any other cause, than ignorance of those orders; for future therefore all officers are each day to make themselves acquainted with the orders of it--And with respect to the orders referred to of the 4th Instant, The Commander in Chief directs, that the Brigadiers do, as soon as possible, call together the officers commanding Corps in their respective brigades, and read to them those orders; and the commanding officers of corps are in like manner required to assemble all the officers in their respective Corps, and read to them the same orders; and all who are not already provided are forthwith to furnish themselves with copies of them--And still more effectually to execute those orders, each Brigadier is to appoint a field officer to attend to the march of his brigade, and particularly of the waggons belonging to it, whose business it shall be, to ride backwards and forwards along the line, to see the march conducted with propriety and agreeably to orders.
Advantage is to be taken of the present halt to get the horses shod and waggons repaired--No delay is to be made in this matter, as it is very uncertain how soon the army may move again--And for the same reason, all officers and soldiers are to keep near their quarters, and on no pretence to ramble about the country, without leave first obtained by officers from their Brigadiers, and by soldiers from their Colonels, or officers commanding corps.
All waggons are to join their respective brigades, and get in their proper order for marching; and when the army moves again, the officers and waggon masters are to see that they are more equally loaded than they have been--And when any men fall sick on their march, they are not to be put into the heavy loaded baggage waggons, but left to be taken up by the empty waggons which follow in the rear for that end.
The commanding officers of corps are immediately to make returns to the Adjutant General of the cloathing most wanted in their respective corps: And as the quantity of cloathing to be distributed is not great, the Commander in Chief most earnestly desires that officers will make returns of no more than is indispensably necessary for their men.
The Commander in Chief expects that all officers will use their utmost exertions, to cause the orders heretofore given, to prevent the destruction of property; to be strictly observed, and consider them as binding at all times.
Head Quarters, Clove, July 16, 1777.
Parole Effingham. Countersigns Danbury, Grafton.
The General Court Martial of which Col Chambers was President is dissolved.
A General Court martial is to sit at ten o'clock this forenoon, near Gen. Maxwell's quarters, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them; Col. Shreive44 is appointed president of this court.
[Note 44: Col. Israel Shreve, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He retired Jan. 1, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Clove, 9 O'Clock P.M., July 16, I777.
Dear Sir: I imagine you have, in consequence of former orders, crossed the North River; but if it should not be totally effected when this reaches you, I beg it may be done as soon as possible; for, from some advices in the course of this day, it seems as if the Enemy were moving their shipping from the watering place up towards New York; some have already gone up as far as Dobbs's Ferry.
From my present opinion of matters, the posts that you should occupy, in case of the Enemy's approach, should be those in the rear of Peeks Kill; but as I am in a manner a Stranger to the Ground, I must refer you to the advice of Genl. Putnam and Govt. Clinton, both of whom, the latter in particular, are well acquainted with the most advantagious passes. I shall remain here with the main Body of the Army, till I see with more certainty whether Genl. Howe does or does not really intend to move up the River. I am &ca.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp near the Clove, July 16, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday Evening honored with your's of the 14th. I have heard nothing from the Northward since my last. I this day recd. Advice from Staten Island, that on Sunday Seventy sail of the Enemy's Ships fell down from the watering place to the Hook, but whether they have since gone out to Sea, I have not heard. Till I have more certain information of the State of our Affairs to the Northward, and of Genl Howe's real intentions, I have concluded to halt the Army at this place, from whence I can march either forward or return, as circumstances may require.
If Genl Nash46 should not have began his march before this reaches you, be pleased to order him to proceed as far as Trenton only, and there wait my further orders. In case he should have marched be pleased to dispatch an Express after him with orders to halt at Trenton.
[Note 46: Brig. Gen. Francis Nash. He died Oct. 7, 1777, of wounds received at the Battle of Germantown, Pa.]
I am pleased to hear that you have taken Colo. Proctors Corps of Artillery into Continental Service; you will be kind enough to order them to join the Army immediately, for I expect the light Artillery in a few days from the Eastward and Artillery Men will be wanted to Man them.
I have no doubt but the Militia, from the Western parts of New England, will turn out to Genl. Schuylers Assistance, as I hope those of this State and Jersey will to mine, should they be wanted.
I shall be very happy if the Committee of Congress can arrange the Commissary's department in such a manner, as will satisfy the Officers concerned in the Business, and at the same time serve to supply the Army with more regularity, than has been done for some time past. I can assure you the Complaints have been many of late, and not without foundation. I have the Honor etc.47
[Note 47: In tile writing of Tench Tilghrnan.]
Camp at the Clove, July 16, 1777.
Sir: I beg leave to congratulate Congress on the Captivity of Major Genl. Prescot48 and one of his Aids. The particulars of this fortunate event, you will find in the Inclosed Extract of
[Note 48: Maj. Gen. Richard Prescott.] a Letter, this Minute received from Genl. Spencer, which I presume are at large in the packet Mr. Greenleaf will deliver. Lieut. Colo. Barton49 and the small handful under his Command, who conducted the Enterprize, have great merit. I shall immediately propose to Genl Howe his Exchange for that of Major Genl Lee, which if acceded to, will not only do away one ground of Controversy between Genl Howe and myself, but will release Lt. Colo Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers and procure the enlargement of an Equal number of ours in his Hands.
[Note 49: Lieut. Col. William Barton. With a party of 40 he made a night raid on Rhode Island anti captured Prescott. one of his aides, and the sentry at Prescott's quarters, so quietly that the British did not discover it until Barton's party had almost reached the mainland on their return journey. Barton was a lieutenant colonel of Rhode Island Militia, and Congress, on July 25, voted him a sword. On December 24 Congress voted that Barton be promoted to the rank and pay of a colonel in the Continental Army. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.) Maj. Gert. Joseph Spencer's brief account of the enterprise is in his letter of July 11 to Washington, which is in the Washington Papers.]
In mine of this morning, I desired that Colo Proctor's Regiment should join this Army without loss of time. Upon consulting Genl Knox, we are of opinion, they had better halt at Trenton with Genl Nash, till further Orders, as the operations of Genl Howe are not yet perfectly understood. I have nothing new from the Northern Department and only to add that, I have the honor, etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp near the Clove, July 16, 1777.
Sir: I am this moment favor'd with yours of the 10th Inst.51 As I am an utter Stranger to any want of Arms in Colonel Armand's Corps, I am pleased that you have fallen upon so
[Note 51: This letter. dated July 10, 1777, is in the Washington Papers. The Board of War suspected carelessness in the need of these arms for Armand's Corps and, while complying with the requisition, ordered the officer who received them not to deliver them until he obtained Washington's approval. If Washington disapproved, the arms (50 stands) could be issued wherever the Commander in Chief thought proper.] judicious a mode of supplying him, should it appear, upon inquiry, that he wants so many, which at present I can scarcely beleive; however, after proper examination, the necessary Steps shall be taken respecting it.
Should Arms be granted, upon every application from Commanders of Corps or Regiments in service, all that could be imported would fall exceedingly short of supplying the Army, as the most trivial disorder or wanton negligence would (in general) be the cause of requesting such supply. Instances of the Soldiers selling their Cloathes or Arms to Sutlers, have not as yet come under my Notice; should they in future, I shall fall upon the most effectual Method to prevent a Repetition of them. I am, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
New Jersey, July 16, 1777.
Sir: The fortune of War having thrown Major General Prescot into our hands, I beg leave to propose his Exchange for that of Major General Lee. This proposition being agreeable to the Letter and Spirit of the Agreement subsisting between us, will, I hope, have your approbation. I am the more induced to expect it, as it will not only remove one ground of Controversy between us; but in its consequences, effect the Exchange of Lieut. Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers, for a like number of ours of equal rank in your possession.
I shall be Obliged by your Answer upon the subject; assuring you, that Major General Prescot shall be sent in, if the proposed Exchange is acceeded to, either on the previous releasement of General Lee, or your promise that the same shall immediately take place on General Prescott's return. I have the Honor &ca.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp near the Clove, July 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: General Parsons having informed me that many Gentlemen are Candidates for the two Regiments, lately commanded by Genl. Huntington and Colo. Douglass. I have to request that you will call a Board of General Officers as soon as may be to hear the pretensions of each and inquire into the particulars of their several claims, which, when regularly taken, you will transmit to me with the Opinion of the Board thereon, that I may be able to determine which of them have a right to succeed, and fill up the Vacancies accordingly.
General Sullivan has crossed at New Windsor with his Division, and will consult with you upon the proper place or passes he is to occupy. My wish is, that in conjunction with your General Officers you may make yourself, as well acquainted with the Country about you as you can, particularly with the passes, which you will take care to have guarded in such a manner, that the greatest part of your force may be brought to act upon the shortest Notice, and be capable of making the most United and Vigorous Opposition to an Attack from any Quarter. I am &ca.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Clove, July 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure of your favour of the 11th. conveying the agreeable intelligence of the capture of Genl. Prescot and his Aid De Camp. This is a very happy event and will be attended with many very good effects. I shall immediately make a proposition for an exchange between him and General Lee, which, if it succeeds, will relieve the latter from a disagreeable confinement, and will probably bring about the releasement of our Officers in general, at least so far as the proportion in our respective possessions will extend; and if it fails, it will still answer a valuable end, by showing General Howe's conduct and intentions in a point of view, that will operate well for us, both in the minds of the public, and in those of his and our Officers who are prisoners.
The conduct of Colo. Barton in particular and the Officers and Men of his party in general, cannot be too highly applauded. This is among the finest partizan exploits, that has taken place in the course of the War on either side. It discovers so intrepid and enterprising a Spirit, as does the greatest honour to those who undertook and effected it. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp at the Clove, July 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: A few days ago your favour of the 5th. of October last, with its inclosures was handed me by Major Scull. The delay, which has intervened between the date and delivery, owing to the neglect or forgetfulness of the Person to whom it was first given, has rendered the Adjustment and Settlement of your Claim, much more difficult than it otherwise would or of right should be. The Officers who returned from Canada, immediately upon their arrival at Head Quarters, made out Abstracts for their pay and obtained Warrants for the same. Whether any stoppages were made on account, your account is a matter, that I do not recollect, nor am I able to give you the satisfaction I could wish upon the Head. I am inclined to think, they were not, from what the Paymaster General say's, an Extract of whose Letter upon the Subject to Mr. Harrison you have inclosed, to which I refer you. Things being thus circumstanced, and the advances in Canada having been for the necessary releif and subsistence of the Prisoners, I have no doubt, but Congress, upon a proper representation, will take the matter up and pay your demand. If stoppages have been already made for it, which will appear on Examination of the Accounts in the Commissioners hands, the States will not be injured; If not, their reimbursing you and waiting till the Money can be refunded by the Officers and Persons chargeable, will be perhaps nothing more than an Equitable and reasonable Indulgence.
Before the receipt of this you will probably have heard of the Captivity of Major General Prescot and One of his Aids. I congratulate you upon this event, and wish fortune would throw into our hands some other Genl. Officer by which your Exchange might be effected. I am etc.
P.S. I have returned the Officers Notes and Accounts against them, which you transmitted.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Headquarters at the Clove, July 17, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 14th with its inclosures. I had sometime before receiv'd the account of the Evacuation of Tyconderoga, but upon what Grounds or for what reasons this sudden Resolution was taken I have not yet learnt. I have not heard from General Schuyler since the 10th., he was then at Fort Edward, and expected that General St. Clair, who was at Bedford with the Troops that he brought off, would join him in a few days. I am in hopes, by my not hearing from General Schuyler since the 10th, that General Burgoyne has not followed his success with much rapidity. I have sent up such a reinforcement of Men and Artillery as I could spare, and I am not without hopes, that when the Army in that Quarter Collects again, and have taken breath, after their late Confusion; that they [with the Assistance of the Militia] will be able to check Burgoyne in a Country which I am informed is very strong by Nature.
The capture of General Prescott was a bold enterprize and will give us an Opportunity of making a demand of the Releasement of General Lee, in such a manner, that I think General Howe cannot, with honor, refuse to comply. Until I know General Howe's determination upon this matter, I would not have General Prescott sent forward. I would have him genteely accomodated, but strongly guarded. I would not admit him to Parole, as Genl. Howe has not thought proper to grant Genl. Lee that indulgence. I have just received a Letter from General Parsons, in which he informs me, that he understands General Prescott is to be sent to Windham, which he says is by no means a place of Safety, as it would be easy for him to effect an Escape to long Island, by means of the disaffected; I therefore beg he may be removed further from the Sound, and into some place where the people are generally well affected. A Vigilant Officer should be sent with him, whose constant care he should remain under; for by shifting of guards, it is more than probable, that some inattentive person might give him an Opportunity of making his Escape.
I am in hopes, if Genl Lee's exchange is acceded to, that a general exchange of Prisoners may be brought about, as the former treatment of that Gentleman, was one principal bar to its being carried into execution before. I am &ca.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head-Quarters, Clove, July 17, 1777.
Parole Lee. Countersigns Prescot, Barton.
Some disputes having arisen between the Colonels Humpton59 and Johnston60 respecting seniority, the General Officers are to meet at some place to be appointed by Major Genl. Greene, at five o'clock this afternoon; and after hearing the pretensions of both those officers, and enquiring minutely into the matter, to report the case, with their opinion thereon to the Commander in Chief.
[Note 59: Col. Richard Humpton, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment July 1, 1778, to the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; brevet brigadier general in September, 1783; served to November of that year.]
[Note 60: Col. Francis Johnston of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
The frequent discharging of pieces, in order to clean and keep them in order, occasions so great a waste of ammunition, that the General orders, in very pointed and positive terms, that no musket shall be loaded with Cartridge61 until we are close to the enemy, and there is a moral certainty of engaging them. The Quarter Mr. of each regiment is to draw a small quantity of powder, ball and wadding to furnish the guards from his regiment, who are to load with loose powder and running ball, when they mount guard: and this the officer commanding such guards are invariably to have drawn, and returned to their respective Regimental Quarter Masters, before their dismission from the parade, after being relieved. A practice of this kind strictly adhered to (and it is positively enjoined) will not only be a great saving of ammunition, but the means of preserving the arms, as nothing is more hurtful to the barrel, than to lay long loaded, especially with wet powder, or in damp weather.
[Note 61: The cartridges used in the Continental muskets were made of paper. They were manufactured by private soldiers or at the laboratory at Springfield, Mass., and magazines elsewhere. They were prepared for loading by biting through the powder end before being rammed down the barrel. The exposed powder was fired by the spark from the flintlock acting on the priming in the pan.]
One hundred and eighty tents are arrived in camp; such as are destitute may now be supplied therewith: But previous to the delivery of them, returns must be made to the Quarter Master General from each brigade of the number of men in each Corps belonging to the brigade, and of the tents now in their possession respectively.
The Adjutant General, in issuing orders for the delivery of cloaths, is to compare the returns made by the commanding officers of corps, of their wants, with the Cloathier's accounts; so far as he can come at them, at this time and place; and see, that to the utmost of his power, equal justice be done in the distribution of them.
AFTER ORDERS
The Quarter Master General is to have the road thro' the Clove, to New-Windsor, well reconnoitred, and all proper places for halting and encamping at, with the distances from hence, noted; and to make report thereof, as soon as possible, to the Commander in Chief. He is to do the like on the road to King's-ferry.
Doctor Cochran is to inspect into the state and condition of the sick; and will give such orders respecting them, as shall appear proper.
Each brigade is to furnish a good blacksmith, to parade to morrow at twelve o'clock, at noon, before Lord Stiflings quarters, at Suffern's tavern.
The Quarter Masters of those regiments for which cloathing Returns have been made, are to apply to the Deputy Cloathier General to morrow, at Baldwin's mills, about a mile from Head Quarters, on the way to Pompton.
Head Quarters, Clove, July 18, 1777.
Parole Germany. Countersigns France, Spain.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to approve the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 16th Instant, whereof Col. Shreve was president, and orders that there be no delay in putting them in execution.
John Van Dyck of the 2nd. New Jersey Regt. charged with "desertion, and stealing three hundred dollars"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
James McCollah in Capt. Lane's62 Company in the 2nd. New Jersey Regt. charged with "desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
[Note 62: This Captain Lane is not easily identified. The two Lanes that appear in the rolls of the Second New Jersey Regiment were both lieutenants at this date and for many months afterwards. There was at this date a Capt. Henry Luce, of the Second New Jersey Regiment, who may possibly be the man.]
Joshua Hunter of the 1st. Virginia Regt. charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
Michael Flemming, John Davidson and John Borgenhoff, all of the 9th. Pennsylvania Regt. charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced each of them to receive fifty lashes on their bare backs.
Levi Springer of the 4th. North Carolina Regiment in Captain Neilson's Company, charged with "Desertion from the 4th. North Carolina Regiment, and inlisting with Capt. Symes of the 10th. Virginia Regiment," found guilty; and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back; to serve out his time with Capt. Neilson, and the bounty he received from Capt. Symes to be stopped out of his pay by Capt. Neilson, and paid to Capt. Symes.
Robert Story of the 11th. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Desertion from Capt. Dean's Company in the 11th. Penn: Regt., and inlisting into Capt. McKinley's Company of the 12th. Pennsylv: Regiment." The Court are of opinion he is intitled to the benefit of the Commander in Chief's pardon (proclaimed at Middlebrook, June 10th) They are also of opinion the prisoner belongs to the 11th. Pennsylvania regiment, that the bounty he received from Capt McKinley of the 12th. Pennsylv. Regt. shall be stopped out of his pay, and paid to Capt. McKinley.
Daniel Ma'Curdy of the 3rd. New Jersey Regt. charged with "Desertion"--found guilty and sentenced to receive thirty lashes on his bare back.
John McVay of the 1st. Virginia Regiment charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
Head Quarters at the Clove, July 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: As I have not had the pleasure of hearing from you since the 10th. instant, I am induced to hope that the Enemy have not pursued their success with the rapidity that was to be apprehended, and that Genl. St. Clair will have formed a junction with you, before they advance upon you. Immediately upon the receipt of your first letter, concerning the distress you would labour under for want of the Assistance of an Active Officer, well acquainted with the Country, I wrote to Congress and desired them to send up Genl. Arnold, provided the matter before them respecting his Rank was settled in such a manner that determined him to continue in service. Upon my requisition, Genl. Arnold waving, for the present, all dispute about rank, left Philadelphia and arrived here last Evening, and this day proceeds on his Journey to join you. Altho' he concieves himself, had his promotion been regular, Superior in command to Genl. St. Clair, yet he generously, upon this occasion, lays aside his claim, and will create no dispute should the good of the Service require them to act in concert. I need not enlarge upon the well known activity, conduct and Bravery of Genl. Arnold, the proofs he has given of all three have gained him the confidence of the public and of the Army, the Eastern Troops in particular. I will not condemn or even pass a censure upon any Officer unheard, but I think it a duty which Genl. St. Clair owes to his own Character, to insist upon an Opportunity of giving the Reasons for his sudden evacuation of a post, which, but a few days before, he, by his own letters, thought tenable at least for a while. People at a distance are apt to form wrong conjectures, and if Genl. St. Clair has good Reasons for the Step he has taken, I think the sooner he justifies himself the better. I have mentioned these matters, because he may not know that his conduct is looked upon as very unaccountable, by all ranks of people in this part of the Country. If he is reprehensible, the public have an undoubted right to call for that justice, which is due from an Officer who betrays or gives up his post in an unwarrantable manner. When I had proceeded thus far, yours of the 14th. came to hand inclosing a Copy of the Council of War, held at Ticonderoga before the evacuation. I shall, as you desire, transmit a Copy of it to Congress. By that account, the Strength of the Garrison falls very short of the returns made to me a little while before, but much more so of your estimate in yours of the ... , in which you say the Garrison consisted of five thousand Men. I have already sent you off Ten pieces of Artillery completely fixed, a quantity of Cartridges ready made are ordered on, and six Tons of Ball, with Cartridge paper sufficient to make them up. All the Camp Kitties that were to be spared from this place and PeeksKill, are gone on, and I most heartily wish I could send you Tents. Genl. Mifflin is making an exact scrutiny into the number of Tents here, and if any can be drawn from the Regiments, they shall be sent to you, tho' they be but few. The remainder of Nixons Brigade will follow the moment they arrive at PeeksKill, they are all that I can possibly spare in my present Situation. To weaken this Army more than is prudent, would perhaps bring destruction upon it; and I look upon the keeping it upon a respectable footing, as the only measure that will prevent a junction of Howe's and Burgoyne's Armies; which, if effected, may have the most fatal Consequences. The thirty pieces of light Artillery which want Carriages, should be sent immediately away. If you can get them transported into New England or any place of safety, let it be done. I can give you no particular directions for your conduct, but I trust that every proper step will be taken to make a vigorous defence. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters Camp at Clove, July 18, 1777.
Sir: A long time since, you wrote to me, asking my directions whether you should come on to join the Army, with the first or second division of the Troops of your State; or should stay behind to forward the remaining recruits, in answer to which, I recommended to you to accompany the second division.
I expected ere this to have had the pleasure of seeing you at Camp, and I am intirely at a loss to conceive what can have been the cause of your detention to so late a period. Your presence at the head of your Brigade, in this interesting season, cannot be dispensed with, and I therefore request, that, if you should not be on your way before, you will immediately on the receipt of this, hasten to the army with all the dispatch you possibly can make. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, is signed by Washington. It was evidently revised at the last moment. The revision is in the writing of Hamilton and is merely a briefer statement of the above directions.]
Head Quarters at the Clove, July 18, 1777.
Gentlemen: The evacuation of Ticonderoga has opened a door for the Enemy, unless speedily and vigorously opposed, to penetrate the Northern parts of the State of New York and the Western parts of New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay. It is also to be feared that they will form a junction by the way of the North River with General Howe and thereby cut off the communication between the Eastern and Southern States. I need not represent to you how fatal such a measure could prove to the interests and Liberties of the United States. It cannot be supposed that the small number of Continental Troops at present assembled at Fort Edward are alone sufficient to check the progress of the Enemy, to the Militia therefore we must, look for support in this time of Trial; and I trust that you will immediately upon the receipt of this, if you have not done it already, march with at least a third part of the Militia under your command and rendezvous at Saratoga, unless directed to some other place by General Schuyler or Arnold. I would recommend it to you to engage your Men to remain in Service for a limited time, to be regularly relieved by others at the expiration of that time. We shall then know what force we have to depend upon, and it will be also more convenient for the Men, part of whom may be gathering their Harvests while the others are bravely defending their Country.
General Arnold, who is so well known to you all, goes up at my request to take the command of the Militia in particular, and I have no doubt but you will, under his Conduct and direction, repel an Enemy from your Borders who not content with hiring Mercenaries to lay waste your Country, have now brought savages with the avowed and express intent of adding murder to desolation.68 I am &ca.
[Note 68: See note to Washington's letter to the President of Congress, July 12, 1777, ante.]
P.S. This to be forwarded by express from one Brigadier to the other.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The P. S. is in that of Richard Kidder Meade. This letter was written at the suggestion of Robert R. Livingston, who in a letter (July 16) advised such a move: "The eastern counties of this state [New York] are far from being so well affected as I could wish, and I am not without some apprehensions of the enemies receiving assistance from that quarter. Our Neighbour States do not discover the forwardness which the occasion requires and two regiments have even marched off at this important moment." Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers. Ford prints this as to the Massachusetts and Connecticut brigadier generals.]
Head Quarters at the Clove, July 18, 1777.
Sir: I received both of your favours of the 2nd. and 8th. instant. The State of Maryland hath not been particular in refusing to suffer the Officers of the 16 Battalions to recruit before they have completed their own Quota. Several others have done the same thing. As the Officers of Colo. Nathl. Gist's Regiment were precluded from going on with recruiting, you were right to send them where they have a chance of raising Men. As most of the Troops raised to the Southward are forwarded on, I think you would render more Service by being with your Regiment than remaining at Baltimore. If therefore the State do not demand your further attendance, you are to join the Army as soon as possible. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 71: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Virginia Regiment in August, 1777; resigned in September of that year.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Clove, July 18, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 6th. instant has been duly handed me. I exceedingly lament that there has been such a concurrence of unlucky circumstances to protract your absence from Camp, at a time when your presence has been and is so essentially necessary. But as I wish to make every allowance for unavoidable impediments to your coming on. I shall extend the time I had proposed to myself, and prescribed to you, for bringing the matter to an issue. As I conclude from your letter that you, immediately after writing it, went into inoculation, I shall allow a reasonable time for the process, and shall expect you will repair to Camp the moment you are so far recovered, as to be in a condition to travel. If any further delay should show that there are still obstacles to your coming forward, after the one now mentioned may be fairly supposed to cease, I shall think it indispensably incumbent upon me to exercise the powers vested in me by Congress, and substitute some other Gentleman in your place. This Campaign will probably be the most important that America will ever experience; and if any Officer's circumstances will not permit him to render his Services, at the time he is most wanted, he cannot but expect that measures must be taken to remove the inconvenience, by appointing some other to the Station he was to fill. I am &ca.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who has indorsed on the verso Washington's decision: "in Six or Seven weeks from this time if he does not come on must expect to be superseded."]
Head Quarters at the Clove, July 18, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 8th. instt. I am sorry to find that you are likely to fall short in the supply of so material an Article as that of Shoes. Few of the 5000 pair that came on to Peeks Kill will reach this Army, and even those that will, I am informed, are in a manner good for nothing, they are thin french pumps that tear to peices when ever they get wet. I therefore beg you will forward on, the second parcel that you mention, as quick as possible, for a number of our Soldiers are barefooted. You must lay out for Shoes from every quarter, and without waiting for orders, keep sending them on as fast as they are made; if we had 50,000 pair it would not be too many. There are great complaints of the size of the Shoes, which are generally too small, the same complaint lies against most of your Cloathing, which do not do half the service that they would, if they were larger. It may look like occonomy but it is of a false kind, as the Clothes do not wear out fairly, but tear to pieces.
Next to Shoes, Shirts are in most demand, by having a supply of them, the Soldier is kept clean and of course healthy. If you can send any of them with the Shoes, they will be most acceptable to the Army. I am &ca.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at the Clove, July 18, 1777.
Sir: I just now received a Letter from Genl Schuyler of the 14th Inst., inclosing the proceedings of the Council of War which he alludes to, a Copy of which and of his Letter I herewith transmit. He represents matters in a distressing point of view. I believe they are bad, but I hope they are not so alarming as they are painted by him.
My Letter of the 12th would advise Congress, how far his demand of Necessaries had or would be complied with. In addition to the supplies then ordered, I directed, a day or Two after, Six Tons of musket Ball to be forwarded to him from Peeks Kill with all possible expedition, which, I doubt not, have arrived at Albany. As to sending him more Troops than those mentioned in my Letter above referred to, It is not in my power; And I am persuaded, the force he now has, with such Succour, as may be had from the Militia, if well conducted, would greatly, if not effectually stop Genl Burgoyne's progress. Genl Arnold arrived here last Night and will set out this Evening for Albany. From his activity and disposition for Enterprize, I flatter myself, his presence and assistance in that Quarter, will be attended with happy consequences. I am well assured his utmost exertions will be employed to baffle the Enemy's views, and wishing that they may succeed. I have the honor etc.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp at the Clove, July 18, 1777.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 16th I received to day. Tho' I am and shall always be happy in your favors; I feel with you but too sensibly, the cause giving rise to our present intercourse. But we must look forward to more fortunate events. The evacuation of our Posts on the Lake has taken place, and cannot be recaIled.
Agreeable to the Idea you have so obligingly hinted to me, I have written to the Brigadiers in the Western parts of Massachusetts and New Hampshire States, urging them by every motive of prudence and a regard to their own particular security, to step forth, at this critical and interesting conjuncture, with such aids as may be in their power to give, for repelling our Common Enemy. I should hope, from the apparent necessity there is for Succour at this time, that they will not be backward in affording all the means they may possess, for checking Mr. Burgoyne's progress. The General interest of America, requires their exertions and their own preservation demands them in a peculiar Manner. Knowing Genl Arnold to be an Officer of Judgement, bravery and Enterprize, I have prevailed on him to repair to the Northern Department, to assist in the opposition. Under his more immediate command, I trust the Militia who come out, will render important Services. The Letters for the Brigadiers, I have taken the Liberty to trouble you with and must request, that after sealing, you will direct and forward it to the one most Contiguous with a requisition, that it may be sent to the nearest in the other State, from whence the Aid is solicited. I would not have imposed this difficulty upon you, had I known where and to whom to have transmitted the Letter. This I am persuaded and the urgency of the occasion, will be considered a sufficient apology. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Clove, July 19, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A Board of General Officers, consisting of all the General Officers not on duty, to sit to morrow at ten o'clock in the forenoon, at General Greene's quarters, for the purpose of settling the rank of all the Pennsylvania Field Officers.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to approve the following sentences of a general Court Martial, held the 17th. instant, whereof Col. Shreve was president; and orders their immediate execution--vizt.
John Jay of Col Hazen's Regt. charged with "Desertion"--The Court having no evidence against him, ordered him to be released from confinement.
Christian Gasnet of Col. Armand's regiment charged with "Desertion"--The Court having no evidence against him, ordered him to be released from confinement.
Matthew Myers of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regt. charged with "Desertion"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
Adam Haskey and Frederick Leonard, both of Col Stewart's regiment from Pennsylvania, charged with "Desertion" found guilty, and sentenced each to receive fifty lashes.
Frederick Miller of Col. Stewarts regiment from Pennsylvania, charged with "Desertion"; found guilty and sentenced to receive fifteen lashes on his bare back: But the Commander in Chief, on account of the prisoner's extreme youth, and at the Courts' request, is pleased to remit his punishment.
Robert Fassett of the 4th. Pennsylvania Regiment charged with "Desertion"--The Court having no evidence against the prisoner, ordered him to be released from confinement.
Robert Burns of the 3rd. Virginia Regiment, charged with "Desertion from the 3rd. Virg. Regt. and inlisting into the 2nd. Pennsylvania Regt."--found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes.
Corporal Miller, Serjt. McClure, Serjt. Johnson and John Donnegan a private, all the 4th. New-Jersey regiment, charged with "Mutiny, endeavouring to excite Sedition, and disobedience of orders respecting the marching of the army"--The three former found guilty of Mutiny, in joining with a body of men, and going to Head-Quarters to make complaint, and not guilty of endeavouring to excite Sedition and disobedience of orders, respecting the marching of the army; and sentenced to be reduced to the ranks, and reprimanded at the head of the regiment, by the commanding officer; And John Donnegan found guilty of the charges against him, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
James Divinney of the 5th. Pennsylv: Regiment, charged with "Desertion from the 5th. Pennsylvania regiment, and inlisting into the 3rd. Pennsylv: regiment"--found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back, and to be sent to the 5th. Pennsylvania regiment, and the bounty he received from Capt. Reese76 (of the 3rd. Penn: regt.) to be stopped out of the prisoners wages, and paid Capt. Reese.
[Note 76: Capt. John Reese, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned at the end of the year 1777.]
It seems that vacancies of officers have happened in regiments and corps; the commanding officers have in several instances undertaken to fill them up, and draw pay for the persons by them appointed--A practice altogether unjustifiable; and the continuance of it is absolutely forbidden: And henceforward no person so appointed shall be considered as having any authority, or intitled to a commission, or pay, by virtue thereof.
Such regiments as lately made returns for cloathing, and have not received their quotas, are to apply to the Deputy Cloathier General therefor.
AFTER ORDERS
The whole army is to be ready to march tomorrow morning at five o'clock, when the march is to begin--Each brigade is to march off by files from the left; followed by its baggage --General Maxwell's leading, and forming the van-guard, and General Muhlenberg's bringing up the rear, and forming the rear guard; in the same manner as when the army marched to this place; The tents are to be struck at Gun firing, and everything packed up with the greatest dispatch. Genl. Greene will call in the guards mounted from his division.
Head Quarters at the Clove, July 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favours of the 7th. and 10th. instant. I am pleased to find from the Copy of the letter from Bourdeaux that matters wore so good a face in France; it is more than probable that they will push an advantagious trade with us, before a formal declaration of War, indeed if they were to strike a blow before the declaration, they would only repay England for playing a Game of the same kind in the year 1755.78 There is a very material difference between the Returns you transmit me, and Genl. St. Clair's account of the Garrison of Ticonderoga. By a Copy of the Council of War, before the evacuation, it appears that they had only 2089 effectives and 900 Militia. Your Return of Massachusetts Troops that had marched amounts to 2830, there were besides these four Regiments of New Hampshire Troops. These are mysteries which a proper inquiry must clear up. I have sent Genl. Arnold up to join General Schuyler, who is collecting a force near Fort Edward, by the latest accounts, the Enemy had not advanced in force from Skeensborough. I therefore hope, that with Genl. Arnold's assistance (in whom the Army and Militia in particular place great confidence) matters will be put in a more favourable train.
[Note 78: Both the Acadian expedition and that of General Braddock antedated a French advance. War was not declared on France by Great Britain until 1756.]
Since the Congress passed the Resolve that there should be but one Chaplain to three Regiments, nothing has been done towards reducing them, and I have my doubts whether the Resolve will ever be carried into execution. The appointment you mention had therefore better be suspended for a while.
General Howe still lays intirely quiet on board the Fleet at Staten Island, very few troops remain on Shores, and the destination a profound Secret. Whatever were his intentions, before this unlucky Blow to the Northward, he certainly ought in good policy to endeavour to Cooperate with Genl. Burgoyne. I am so fully of opinion that this will be his plan that I have advanced the Army thus far to support our party at Peekskill, should the Enemy move up the River.
I mentioned in my last, the necessity of pushing on the remainder of the Levies, and I must now repeat that from every thing that has since turned up, the occasion for them, especially to the Northward, is more pressing. I am etc.
P.S. Inclosed is a letter which is one of many I have received upon the same subject from the Revd. Mr. Allen.79 I refer the matter to you, and if you find that he has the least shadow of right to his claim, pray pay him his demand, or he will write me, and travel himself to death.80
[Note 79: Rev. John Alien, a chaplain. He first wrote Washington about his claim for pay April 20, 1776.]
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman. The letter sent, also in Tilghman's writing, is in the Massachusetts Historical Society and varies from the draft in capitalization only.]
[Note 81: This was the committee appointed by the resolve of July 11, 1777. (See note to Washington's letter to the President of Congress, July 9, 1777, ante.)]
Camp at the Clove, July 19, 1777.
Gentn.: The little Notice I had of your coming to the Army, and the shortness of your Stay in Camp, will, more than probably, occasion the omission of many matters which of right, ought to be laid before you, and the interruption which my thoughts constantly meet, by a variety of occurrences must apologize for the crude, and indigested manner in which they are offered.
The completion of the Continental Regiments is a matter of such Infinite importance, that I think no means should be left unessayed to accomplish it. Drafting, where the powers of Government are adequate, would be the Speediest and most effectual, but if it should be thought unadvisable to attempt this mode, next to it, I would recommend, that the business of recruiting should be taken entirely out of the hands of the Officers of the Army, and, that, each State should appoint some person of known activity (one for Instance who has been a good under Shcriff) in each County or Township, not only to recruit but to apprehend Deserters; these persons to be liberally rewarded for each Recruit, and Deserter whom they shall deliver at stated Periods, and places, to Officers appointed to receive, discipline, and March them to the Army, none of these Recruiters to have the smallest power to act out of their own districts but to be absolutely fixed to them. A mode of this kind, would, in my humble opinion, be less burthensome to the public than the present, prevent the Idle habits which recruiting Officers contract, not only injurious to themselves but others; be the most effectual means, which can be devised, for the recovery of Deserters, the surest means of keeping your Regiments of equal strength and of making the duty more equal in the detail of it. In a word, many valuable advantages would result from it, whilst I can suggest but one reason against it (and that fully satisfied I am, when weighed in the Scale of Interest will not operate) I mean the keeping so many Officers in Camp who might be spared from the duties of the Field till the Regiments are stronger than at present. The Sixteen additional Regiments labour under such disadvantages in some States as to render the Interposition of Congress (in some shape or other) indispensably necessary.
With respect to Food, considering we are in such an extensive and abundant Country, No Army was ever worse supplied than ours with many essential Articles of it. Our Soldiers, the greatest part of the last Campaign, and the whole of this, have scarcely tasted any kind of Vegitables, had but little Salt, and Vinegar, which would have been a tolerable Substitute for Vegitables, they have been in a great measures strangers to. Neither have they been provided with proper drink. Beer or Cyder seldom comes within the verge of the Camp, and Rum in much too small quantities; thus devouring large quantities of animal food, untempered by Vegitables, or Vinegar, or by any kind of Drink, but Water and eating indifferent Bread (but for this last a remedy is providing) is to be ascribed, the many putrid diseases incident to the Army, and the lamentable Mortality that attended us last Campaign. If these evils can be remedied the expence and trouble ought not to be obstacles. Though some kinds of vegetables are not to be had, others are; which, together with Sour Crout and Vinegar might easily be had, if proper persons, acquainted with the business, were employed therein.
Soap is another Article in great demand. the Continental allowance is too small and, dear as every necessary of life is now got, a Soldiers pay will not enable him to purchase; by which means his consequent dirtiness, adds not a little to the diseases of the Army.
I have no reason to accuse the Cloathier general of Inattention to his department, and therefore, as his Supplies are incompetent to the wants of the Army, I am to suppose his resources are unequal; ought not each State then to be called upon to draw such supplies from the Country Manufacturies as can be afforded? particularly of Shoes, Stockings, Shirts, and Blankets; articles indespensably necessary, and of which scarce too many can be provided. In the mean while every provision to be making for Cloathing the Troops uniformly, and Warm in the Winter. It is a maxim, which needs no illustration, that nothing can be of more importance in an Army than the Cloathing and feeding it well; on these, the health, comfort, and Spirits of Soldiers essentially depend, and it is a melancholy fact, that the American Army are miserably defective in both these respects; the distress the most of them are in, for want of Cloathing, is painful to humanity, dispiriting to themselves, and discouraging to every Officer. It makes every pretension to the preservation of cleanliness impossible, exposes them to a variety of disorders, and abates, or destroys that Military pride, without which nothing can be expected from any Army.
The Consequence of giving Rank indiscriminately, is much to be dreaded; great dissatisfaction has already arisen on acct. of bestowing this on Officers in the civil departments of the Army, on the Inferior Staff, Waggon Master &ca. who by custom, propriety, and every other motive are excluded from it in all well regulated Armies. The too great liberality practised in this respect, will destroy the pride of Rank where it ought to exist, and will not only render it cheap but contemptable. It is the policy of all Armies to make it valued and respected, as a stimulus to emulation and an incitement to bold and gallant undertakings, it must be very unadvisable, therefore, in our infant state of War, to adopt novel customs to bring it into discredit, which must and will be the consequence of making it too common, besides the disgust it creates in others.
An Auditor of Accts. to be constantly with the Army is absolutely requisite. It is impossible for me, crouded, as I am, with other business, to examine and adjust the numerous complex Accts. of the Army with that correctness the Public have a right to expect before warrants pass for payment and without doing it, great Impositions may follow. The Provision, for making regimental Paymasters regulate all regimental accts. is altogether incompetent to the end proposed from it; for these Men being appointed, generally, agreeably to the recommendation of the Field Officers of the Regiments, they belong to, associating constantly with the Officers of their Corps, and in a great Measure under their Controul, cannot be considered as sufficiently uninfluenced. Nor are Auditors at a distance from the Army of much use, as it would require a delay not admissable to send accounts to them to audit before they were passed, and paid in consequence of warrants from the Commander in Chief of the Army.
A good Geographer to Survey the Roads and take Sketches of the Country where the Army is to Act Would be extremely useful and might be attended with exceeding valuable consequences. He might with propriety have the chief direction of the Guides who must have a head to procure, govern, and pay them. If such a person should be approved of I would beg leave to recommend Mr. Robt. Erskine who is thoroughly skilled in this business, has already assisted us in making Maps of the Country, and has (as I am informd) uniformly supported the Character of a fast friend to America.
A Small travelling Press to follow head Quarters would be productive of many eminent advantages. It would enable us to give speedy and exact information of any Military transactions that take place with proper comments upon them; and thereby frustrate the pernicious tendency of falshood and misrepresentation, which, in my opinion of whatever complexion they may be, are in the main, detrimental to our Cause. If the People had a Channel of Intelligence, that from its usual authenticity they could look up to with confidence, they might often be preserved from that dispondency, which they are apt to fall into from the exagerated pictures our Enemies and their emissaries among us commonly draw of any misfortunes we meet with; and from that diffidence of truths favorable to us, which they must naturally feel from the frequent deception they are exposed to, by the extravagant colourings our friends often give to our Successes. It would also be very useful to dispatch business in Camp, being the most expeditious means of taking Copies of any orders or other matters that require to be dispersed and would save a good deal in returns and other papers we are often Obliged to get Printed in Philadelphia. An ingenious Man to accompany this Press and be employed wholly in writing for it might render it singularly beneficial.
I am exceedingly embarrassed how to dispose of the French Officers in general, but more especially the Artillery Officers, who are come out under the sanction of a compact. I can think of no other way than that of forming a separate Corps of them and draughting Men from the whole line to compose that Corps; but even this will be attended with many disagreeable effects; among others, this is not the least, that Officers will think themselves much injured to have the Men they have had the trouble of raising taken from them and given to others; there is something in this, wch. is discouraging and breaks the Spirits of a good Officer who prides himself in having a full and compleat Corps.
A doubt has arisen whether a person who belongs to any of the United States of America, and who owed Allegiance to any of the said States, that went to the Enemy some time past, and since that time has been lurking about any of the Fortifications or ab. any of the Incampments of the Armies of the United States plundering and driving off Cattle to the Enemy, Recruiting for them, or committing any other attrocious Crimes, or who is appointed an Officer in the Enemys Army, can be tryed by a Genl. Court Martial under the Resolution of Congress of the 21st of Augt. 1776, and punished as a Spy. I have the Honor etc.82
[Note 82: The draft, in the writing of Washington, has been corrected in minor particulars as to spelling and punctuation by an unknown hand. The above text follows the draft and disregards these changes. The letter sent is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and varies only in capitalization and spelling from the draft. It was presented to and read before Congress (July 24) and referred to the Board of War. On July 25 Congress resolved that the board be empowered to contract for beer, cider, vegetables, soap, vinegar, and sauerkraut; that Washington be empowered to increase the ration of soap, and to appoint Erskine geographer and surveyor of the roads, and to procure, govern, and pay the guides employed under him; Washington to fix the pay of the geographer and guides. The question of clothing was recommitted and the recommendation of the board that the Quartermaster General be ordered to furnish the printing press was laid on the table. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
11 Miles in the Clove,83 July 21, 1777.
[Note 83: Sunday, July 20. At Galloway's in the Clove: "Went from Suffern's tavern into the Clove 11 miles. Headquarters at Galloway's, an old log house. The General lodged in a bed, and his family on the floor about him. We had plenty of sepawn and milk, and all were contented." -- Pickering's Journal.]
Dear Sir: The intelligence, which occasioned us to advance from the entrance of the Clove Yesterday Morning; I find to have been premature, and mean to remain here till I have your answer. What I wish to be particularly and certainly informed of, is, whether you have received any further accounts from Genl. Silliman or other persons contiguous to the Water, respecting the Ships that were seen going up the Sound. Whether they have come to anchor and where? Whether they have Troops on board or have landed any, and what number of Ships in the whole has appeared? You will, I say, give me the most particular information you have obtained in these several instances immediately by Express. I shall anxiously wait for your answer and have no doubt of receiving it to night. Our situation here is distressing and the conduct of Genl. Howe extremely embarrassing. I am &ca.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, at Galloways, Smith's Clove,
July 21, 1777.85
[Note 85: No orders were issued on July 20.]
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The waggon Masters are to see that the horses under their direction feed as much as possible on grass this day, and save what grain and dry forage they have.--The Waggoners are to stay by their horses, to prevent their doing damage to corn, flax &c for if such things are damaged thro' their negligence, they will be severely punished.
The Q. M. Genl. is immediately to inspect the boats, observe what injuries they have sustained in the carriage, and take the most effectual measures to prevent their receiving any further damage.
Everything is to be in readiness to move to morrow morning.
The General is informed, that some of the troops are without provisions; They are immediately to supply themselves with provisions for this day and to morrow.
Head Quarters, at Galloways, Smith's Clove,
July 22, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
AFTER ORDERS
The army is to march early to morrow morning, if it should not rain; and at five o'clock the march is to begin. General Lincoln's and General Stephen's divisions to proceed up the Clove, and march to Chester, and there wait for further orders. General Greene's division, and the park of artillery to march back to Suffern's, whither also the baggage of Lord Stirling's division is to return.
11 Miles in the Clove, July 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I yesterday Evening received the favour of your Letters of the 17th and 18th. instt. with their Inclosures.
I am heartily glad you have found two such advantageous spots to take post at, and I hope the progress of the Enemy will not be so rapid, as to prevent your throwing up such lines, as you may esteem necessary for their defence.87
[Note 87: Sparks states that Kosciuszko, the principal engineer in the Northern Department, had selected a position on Moses Creek, 4 miles below Fort Edward, N.Y., to which the army removed on July 22.]
Tho' our affairs, for some days past, have worn a dark and gloomy aspect, I yet look forward to a fortunate and happy change. I trust Genl. Burgoyne's Army will meet, sooner or later an effectual check, and as I suggested before, that the success, he has had, will precipitate his ruin. From your accounts, he appears to be pursuing that line of conduct, which of all others, is most favourable to us; I mean acting in Detachment. This conduct will certainly give room for enterprise on our part, and expose his parties to great hazard. Could we be so happy, as to cut one of them off, supposing it should not exceed four, five or six hundred Men, It would inspirit the people and do away much of their present anxiety.88 In such an event, they would loose sight of past misfortunes, and urged at the same time by a regard for their own security, they would fly to Arms and afford every aid in their power.
[Note 88: At Bennington, Vt., not quite a month later, the detachments of Baum and Breymann, numbering, respectively, 550 and 642, were totally defeated with a loss of 900 killed and captured.]
Your exertions to bring the People to view things in their proper light, to impress them with a just sense of the fatal consequences that will result to themselves, their Wives, their Children and their Country, from their taking a wrong part and for preventing Toryism, cannot be too great. Genl. Burgoyne, I have no doubt, will practise every art, his Invention shall point out, to turn their minds and seduce them from their allegiance, he should be counteracted as much as possible, as it is of the last importance to keep them firm and steady in their attachments. You have already given your attention to this matter, and I am persuaded, you will omit nothing in your power to effect these great and essential points. Stopping the roads and ordering the Cattle to be removed, were certainly right and judicious. If they are well accomplished, the Enemy must be greatly retarded and distressed.
I hope, before this you have received the Supplies of Ammunition mentioned in my late Letters. I fully expected too, that the Camp Kettles, which I ordered from hence on your first application had reached you, till yesterday, when I found on inquiry, that the Quarter Master, by some accident, did not send them before three or four days ago.
There will be no occasion to transmit to Congress a Copy of your observations, suggesting the necessity of evacuating Fort George. The Gentlemen, who mentioned the holding that post, had taken up an idea, that it was defensible with the assistance of the Vessels on the Lake, which were supposed to be better equipped, and what gave countenance to the idea, was, that the Bastion was erected under the direction and superintendence of British Engineers, and was intended as part of a very large, Strong and extensive Work. I thought it expedient to submit the matter to your further consideration, wishing you at the same time to pursue such measures respecting it, as your own judgment should advise and direct.
I could heartily wish, Harmony and a good understanding to prevail thro' the whole Army, and between the Army and the people. The times are critical, big with important events, they demand our most vigorous efforts, and unless a happy agreement subsists, they will be feeble and weak. The Enemies of America, have cultivated nothing with greater or with so much industry, as to sow division and jealousy amongst us.
I cannot give you any certain account of Genl. Howe's intended Operations. His conduct is puzzling and embarrassing, beyond measure; so are the informations, which I get. At one time the Ships are standing up towards the North River. In a little while they are going up the Sound, and in an Hour after they are going out of the Hook. I think in a day or two we must know something of his intentions. I am etc.
P.S. I think it will not be advisable to repose too much confidence in the Works you are about to erect and from thence to collect a large Quantity of Stores. I begin to consider Lines as a Kind of Trap and not to answer the valuable purposes expected from them. Unless they are on passes that cannot be avoided by an Enemy.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Clove, July 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: Since mine of this date, I have come to a resolution to send you a further reinforcement, in order the more effectually to enable You to give the Enemy a seasonable check, and have accordingly directed General Putnam immediately to forward General Glover's Brigade to you.
I have been informed of a fresh arrival of Tents at Peeks Kill, and have desired that every one, which can possibly be spared from the troops at that post may be dispatched to you. This will be some relief to your necessities, and you may depend upon having every supply you want, which it is by any means in my power to afford. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Clove, July 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: It being judged necessary to reinforce the Army to the Northward with another Brigade, you are desired to dispatch Glover's, as speedily as possible, by Water to Albany. As Genl. Schuyler has lately had Ten pieces of Artillery sent up to him, Genl. Glover need not carry his with him. The remainder of Nixon's Brigade are to follow as fast as they arrive. Every Tent that can possibly be spared from Peeks Kill is to be sent up to Genl. Schuyler, for as all those that were at Ticonderoga are lost, the Army is without covering. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Galloways in Smiths Clove,
July 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have received your two favours of the 20th and 21st. with their inclosures.
With respect to the intelligence you have had of so large a number of Ships being in the Sound it is too vague to place any confidence in it, but it is of so much importance should it be true, that the most effectual means ought to be taken immediately to ascertain the real State of the fact, by sending trusty persons down to some place, where they may be seen, if they are in the River. We have such contradictory accounts from different Quarters, that I find it impossible to form any satisfactory judgment of the real motions and intentions of the Enemy. By information last night received, I have reason to think the fleet have all quitted Staten Island, and even that they have gone out of the Hook. I wish you to endeavour, as Speedily as possible, to find out, if there are any, and what number of Ships there may be in the Sound, that I may be able to determine with more precision what is doing, and what part we have to act in consequence of it.
The necessity of drafting so many Soldiers from the Army to make Waggoners of them is a very disagreeable circumstance. But if the Quarter Masters cannot procure them, there is no way of avoiding it. And as it respects the Artillery, it will never answer to convert Artillerymen, who are so much wanted with their pieces, into waggoners. Unless therefore your Quarter Master General can furnish persons for the purpose you mention, it will be necessary for you to draft a Sufficient number of Soldiers, qualified for the business of Waggoners, to be attached to the Artillery.92
[Note 92: Putnam's letter from Peekskill (July 21) reported the death of 25 artillery horses from bad usage and the expected death of more. The artillerymen applied for teamsters to drive, tend, and curry the horses, and Putnam refused: "our people not admitting the artillery men to be so much Superior to them, as they seem to assume to be." Putnam's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I should be glad you would endeavour to inform yourself exactly, of the number of troops at the Several posts about Kings Bridge, Fort Washington &ca., of their Situation, that of their guards, together with the strength of them, and of every thing that will enable us to form a judgment of the expediency and practicability of an attack upon them, and communicate the same to me. A great deal of circumspection will be requisite in doing this that we may not give an alarm and advertise the Enemy that we have a design of this nature in view. I am etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Clove at Galloways, July 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just received Major Morris's Letter covering the proceedings of a General Court Martial which I approve of and direct that one of the Criminals, the greatest offender, may be executed pursuant thereto.94 This should be done in the most public manner your situation will admit, as it may serve to convince the rest of the Division, that Crimes of this dye will meet the most rigorous punishment. The fellow to be pardoned should be kept in Ignorance of any such intention, until he receives it at the place of Execution.
[Note 94: These court-martial proceedings are not found in the Washington Papers.]
I am concerned to hear of your bad state of Health, but expect it will be of short duration, and that you will soon be so far recovered as to join your Division. I am etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Clove, July 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: The greatest part of the Fleet have fallen down from the Narrows, but we have not been able to discover whether they have gone out to Sea. As your remaining upon the East Side of the River will depend upon the Course the Fleet steers should they go out, you will hold your division ready to move at a moments warning. I am, etc.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Camp, 11 Miles in the Clove, July 22, 1777.
Sir: We have been under great embarrassments respecting the intended operations of Genl. Howe and still are. Notwithstanding the utmost pains to obtain intelligence of the same. At present it would appear that he is going out to Sea. By Authentic information there are only Forty Ships at New York. The rest are gone elsewhere and have fallen down between the Narrows and the Hook. Between these Two places, the Number, from the most accurate observation was about [supposed to be] One hundred and Twenty, [lay at Anchor] on Yesterday. As I observed before, their destination is uncertain and unknown; But I have thought it my duty, to inform Congress of these Facts, that they may give Orders to the Militia, to hold themselves in readiness to march on the shortest notice, in case Philadelphia should be their Object. At the same time I am to request, that they will have a sufficient number of proper Lookouts fixed, at the Capes of Delaware, to whose accounts implicit confidence may be given, to make the earliest report of the arrival of any Fleet, which Congress will transmit me by the speediest conveyance. As the Enemy will probably make many Feints and have it unhappily but too much in their power, from their Shipping, I would advise, that the Look outs should be cautioned, to be extremely accurate in their Observations and Reports, mentioning with as much precision as possible, the Number of Ships that may appear. Our situation is already [truly] critical and may be rendered still more so, by inaccurate and ill grounded intelligence [Reports].
From the advices received on Saturday of the movements of part of the Enemy's Ships and the strong reasons there were, to suppose Genl. Howe would push up the North River to cooperate with Genl. Burgoyne, I detached Lord Stirling with his Division to Peeks Kill on Sunday Morning, they crossed the River that Evening and the next morning. This movement will prove unnecessary, should his destination be to the Southward. I have also ordered Genl Nixon's97 Brigade from Peeks Kill to reinforce Genl Schuyler, from his representations of the inadequacy of his force to oppose Genl Burgoyne and of the seeming backwardness of the People in that Quarter to afford him aid. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 97: Glover's brigade was ordered to reenforce Schuyler. (See Washington's letters to Schuyler and Putnam, July 22, 1777, ante.) From the letter to Putnam, it might be inferred that a part of Nixon's brigade had previously marched from Kingsborough to join Schuyler, but the P.S. of Washington's letter to Congress July 25, 1777, q. v., explains the matter.]
P.S. I think the Works at Billingsport well worthy of attention and it is expedient to effect their completion, as soon as possible.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the draft, which is also in the writing of Harrison, but do not appear in the letter sent. This letter was read in Congress July 24. It is indorsed by Thomson: "referred to the board of war who are directed to confer with the executive powers of Pensylvania and take immediate and effectual measures to carry into execution the views and wishes of the general."]
Head Quarters, in the Clove, July 22, 1777.
Gentn.: I am informed by Genl. George Clinton, that you have vested him with Powers to call out the Militia of the Counties of Ulster, Orange, Dutchess and Westchester until the 1st August, at which time the New Legislature of the State is Summoned to meet.
As it will probably be some time before the Wheels of the New Government can be put in Motion, I am fearful, that unless this Power is extended to a further time, there will be a vacancy between Genl. Clinton's present Commission, and the enacting new Laws by the Legislature. A circumstance, which at this time may prove most fatal in its consequences, because from the present appearance of Matters, the Enemy are upon the point of making some capital move. I could therefore wish, if it can be done with propriety, that before your Board is dissolved, you would extend this power of calling out the Militia to Genl. Clinton, or some other person, till such time as you may reasonably expect the New Legislature will have met and proceeded regularly to Business.
I mention Genl. Clinton or some other person; because, as he will enter into his Office of Governor of the State upon the 1st. of August, he cannot probably attend to the Business of calling the Militia. If you are of opinion that he can, I would prefer him to any other. I have the honor to be, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, July 23, 1777.
Parole Chester. Countersigns Morris, Pompton.
The march of the army, whenever it begins, will be made with the utmost dispatch: This renders it indispensibly necessary to divest it of as much baggage as possible.--Each Brigadier is therefore immediately to cause certain waggons to be prepared for the tents of his brigade; And when orders are given to march, they are to suffer nothing to be put into those waggons but the tents; and see that they are not heavy loaded even with them. And the more to facilitate the march of the army, the Commissaries are to leave no means untried to procure a supply of hard bread, to be reserved for the march; and when the army moves, they are to go forward before it and get the provisions ready to be delivered the moment the army halts. The Quarter Master General will have ready, a proper number of empty waggons to follow each brigade, to take up the sick and lame; the rest of the baggage is to be left under the care of small guards, to follow on after the army, accompanied by the women, none of whom are to be suffered to go with the troops. The army is to be put and kept in readiness to march on the shortest notice.
Head Quarters, Ramapough, July 24, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your two favours of the 21st. and 22d. instant withtheir inclosures are come to hand.
I am sorry to find that you have not yet been joined by a large number of Militia, and that it has been found necessary to dismiss a part even of those that have come to your Assistance, though their presence, is at this time so urgently wanted. I am in hopes, however, that your situation will soon be far more respectable, as I cannot but think, the Eastern States, who are so intimately concerned in the matter, will exert themselves to throw in effectual Succours to enable you to check the progress of the Enemy and repel a danger with which they are so immediately threatened. I informed you in a letter of the 23d. that I had ordered a further reinforcement in General Glover's Brigade, to be dispatched to you. This is all the aid in Continental Troops, that I can possibly afford you in the present state of affairs, which you will be sensible is the case, if you will endeavour to form an idea of my Strength from a consideration of that of the two Brigades which have been sent to reinforce you. You may make a tolerably exact estimate from them, of the force I have to oppose the Enemy's Main Army, and you will plainly perceive, that I cannot with the least propriety render it less, however strong my inclination to put you upon the footing you desire.
You seem to apprehend, that the Artillery sent up to you will be useless, for the want of a Sufficient number of hands to manage them; but I see no reason to imagine this will be the case, as by your last return, including non commissioned Officers, you will have nearly twelve Men to each piece, which are as many as we make use of here, and are Sufficient for the purpose. Not more than six Artillerists are required to load and fire a piece, in action and you will have Six others to each, to make good any loss that may happen. For the dragg-ropes and for any thing else, besides loading and firing, active men drafted from the Battalions will answer extremely well; and a very few days are necessary, if diligence is used, to make men, tolerably intelligent, capable of performing every part of the duty of a private Artillerest.
The information of the prisoners and others, transmitted by you, do not make the numbers of the Enemy to exceed the idea first entertained of them, nor do I see any thing in it, to induce a belief, that their progress will be so rapid, as not to give you time to make proper preparations and receive Sufficient accessions of force to enable you to give them a vigorous and Successful opposition. They do not appear to be much more than five thousand strong, and seem to be unprovided with waggons to transport the immense quantity of baggage and warlike apparatus, without which they cannot pretend to penetrate the Country. You mention their having a great number of Horses; but they will nevertheless require a considerable number of Waggons for there are a great many things that cannot be transported on Horses. As they can never think of advancing, without securing their rear by leaving Garrisons in the fortresses behind, the force with which they can come against you will be greatly reduced by the detachments necessary for the purpose.2 And as they have to cut out their road and remove the impediments you have put in the way, this circumstance, with the incumbrance they must feel in their baggage, Stores &ca. will inevitably retard their march a considerable time,
[Note 2: Ford notes that the truth of this position was demonstrated by the letters of Burgoyne to Carleton. Burgoyne asked (July 11) for a garrison for Ticonderoga from Canada in order that the troops he had left there might be available for the campaign. "My communications will widen so much as I proceed, the drain upon the army for posts will be so considerable, not to speak of detachments and safeguards to protect and to awe the country, that if that first diminution is not replaced, my effective strength may become inadequate to the service intended." Carleton, being confined to Canada by positive instructions, declined (July 29) to accede to this request, though admitting its force; and Burgoyne, while deploring from a military view this strict construction of orders, confessed that Carleton was justified in his decision.] and give you leisure and opportunity to prepare a good reception for them. If they continue to act in detachments you will have it in your power to improve it to very great advantage, by falling vigorously upon some one of them with your whole force; which, if you are fortunate enough to succeed in, will be fatal to them.
I have directed General Lincoln to repair to you, as Speedily as the state of his health, which is not very perfect, will permit him. This Gentleman has always Supported the Character of a judicious, brave, active Officer, and as he is exceedingly popular and much respected in the State of Massachusetts, to which he belongs, he will have a degree of influence over the Militia, which cannot fail being very advantageous. I have destined him more particularly to the command of them, and I promise myself it will have a powerful tendency to make them turn out with more chearfulness, and to inspire them with perseverance to remain in the field, and fortitude and Spirit to do their duty while in it. The confidence they have in him will certainly go a great way towards producing these desireable ends. You intimate the propriety of having a body of men stationed somewhere about the Grants. The expediency of such a measure appears to me evident; for it would certainly make General Burgoyne very circumspect in his advances, if it did not totally prevent them. It would keep him in continual anxiety for his rear and oblige him to leave the posts behind him, much stronger than he would otherwise do, and wou'd answer many other valuable purposes. General Lincoln could not be more Serviceable than in the command of this body, and no person could be more proper for it than him.
From the view I have of the matter I should also think it necessary to send General Arnold or some other Sensible, Spirited Officer to Fort Schuyler, to take care of that post, keep up the Spirits of the inhabitants, and cultivate and improve the favourable disposition of the Indians. This is recommended on the Supposition that any thing formidable should appear on that quarter. I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, July 24, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just received advice of the Enemy's fleet having sailed from the Hook, in consequence of which I have to desire you will immediately make Genl. Sullivan's and Lord Stirling's Divisions cross the River and proceed towards Philadelphia. They will have more particular orders on their route.
You are to reserve two field pieces for each Brigade that remains behind, except that which is to Garrison the Forts, and all the rest of the field Artillery is to come on with the forementioned Divisions. Colo. Crane's Battalion is to accompany them, and Colo. Lamb's to supply their place. I am etc.
P.S. Lord Stirling's baggage will meet him at Sufferan's. The inclosed order is to be communicated both to him and Genl. Sullivan, who are to observe the same, as they cannot be too unincumbered and expeditious.4
[Note 4: Contemporary copy.]
Camp, near the Clove, July 24, 1777.
My Lord: Since my last to you, dated at Gallaways in the Clove, I have March'd one division of the Army to this place whilst two others proceeded to Chester, to be ready to March by a back road to Philad. (if need be) or to cross at New Windsor, if the Enemy, contrary to our present expectation, should attempt to operate up the North, or East Rivers.
I have to request, that your Lordship would [will] apply to Genl. Putnam, to have Boats ready to throw over your division (and such other Troops as occasion may require) across the North River with the utmost expedition, upon notice given; which, if at all, will be sudden. Or, how would it answer if your Lordships division was to come over to this side, and wait orders? Could you recross, being on the Spot, and Boats ready, before the Communication could be stopped? and, which is of consequence, could your Men get comfortably covered in the Neighbourhood of King's Ferry?
My last advices, which can be depended upon, [on] are, that the Enemys Fleet except 40 Sail (which are at New York) have fallen down to the Hook, that it consists of 170 Sail of Topsail Vessells and abt. 50 or 60 Smaller ones; this, with the Report of the Pilots being Southern ones, and some other Circumstances have led to a belief that Phila. is the object. Was this certain, no time shd. be lost in drawing both yours and Genl. Sullivans divisions (with other Troops) over; under the probability of it however, it is, I have suggested the Idea of your recrossing, and do further suggest the propriety [Idea] of Genl. Sullivans taking your Ground at Peeks kill; for if there is no appearance of the Enemy in the Sound his moving Easterly towards Crumpond, is altogether useless.
I do not give these as orders, but wish you to consult Genl. Putnam, and the other General Officers on that side, and see how my Ideas corrispond with theirs, and such certain Intelligence as you may have; and act accordingly. If the Enemy are destind for Philadelphia, these moves will facilitate the March of the Troops thither; if to the Eastward, they will be retrograde, but such is the disadvantage we do, and such we must labour under, if the Enemy have Cunning enough to keep their own Councils, whilst they have Shipping to move in, and the absolute command of the Water. I am &ca.5
[Note 5: The words in brackets are in John Fitzgerald's copy in the Washington Papers, but did not appear in the letter sent.]
[H.S.P.]
Camp at Ramapough, July 24, 1777.
Sir: By certain intelligence just received the Enemy's fleet left Sandy Hook yesterday morning and put to Sea; you will immediately on receipt of this, march with your own Division and that of Genl. Lincoln (he himself being ordered elsewhere) to the City of Philadelphia by the shortest route and in the most expeditious manner you can, without injuring the Troops. You will only take with you such baggage belonging to the Division, as may be absolutely necessary, and which cannot be done without, leaving the residue to follow under the care of proper Officers and Guards as directed by Yesterday's order. I am &ca.
P. S. It has been thought advisable that Genl. Wayne on account of his Interest and Weight with the Pennsylvania Militia should immediately repair to Philadelphia. I have written to him on the Subject; his departure and that of Genl. Lincoln's will leave that Division without a Genl. Officer. You are for the present to put the Division, under the best regulations you can, and in such way as you shall deem most conducive to the public Interest.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald. A copy, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and signed by Washington, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Camp at Ramapough, July 24, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just received information, that the Fleet left the Hook yesterday, and as I think Delaware the most probable place of their destination, I shall immediately move the Army that Way. I desire that you will, agreeable to what I hinted to you, set off immediately, and proceed as quickly as your Health will permit, to join the Northern Army under the command of Genl. Schuyler. My principal view in sending you there, is to take the command of the Eastern Militia, over whom I am informed you have influence and who place confidence in you.
You will concert such plans with Genl. Schuyler as shall seem to you most conducive of the public good.
Yesterday I was in some doubts whether I should send you to the Northward or not, but I have this day received two Letters from Genl. Schuyler in such a stile, as convinces me that it is absolutely necessary to send a determined Officer to his Assistance.
I shall be glad to hear from you a State of Northern Affairs, as soon as you arrive there. I wish you Health and a safe Journey, and am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, July 24, 1777.
Sir: The Fleet have gone out of the Hook and as Delaware appears to be the most probable destination, I desire you will leave your Brigade under the next in command and proceed yourself immediately to Chester in Pennsylvania where your presence will be necessary to arrange the Militia who are to rendezvous there. Genl. Mifflin is just gone off to Philadelphia. I am etc.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Camp at Ramapough, July 24, 1777.
Sir: The Enemy's Fleet having left Sandy Hook and gone to Sea, you are immediately on receipt of this, to march with the Corps under your Command to the City of Philadelphia and there receive orders from the commanding officer. You will proceed as Expeditiously as you can by the Shortest route. You will take no heavy baggage with you, but leave it to follow with an Officer and a proper Guard. I am etc.9
[Note 9: The copy is in the writing of George Lewis. The same letter was sent to Col. Theodorick Bland, who was stationed at Bound Brook, and this original, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the New York Public Library.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, July 24, 1777.
Sir: As I have just received intelligence the Enemy's Fleet have sailed from the Hook, I have to desire, that Immediately on receipt of this you will proceed with all your Horse, except one Troop which is to be left with General Putnam, to join me. You will give orders concerning the cloaths you mentioned to me accordingly. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, July 24, 1777.
Parole Harmony. Countersigns Concord, Union.
Hezekiah Turner Esqr. was on the 18th instant appointed Pay Master to Col. Marshall's regiment; and he is to be regarded as such.
AFTER ORDERS
The army is to march to morrow morning early; every thing is to be prepared accordingly, agreeably to the orders of yesterday, and nothing left to be done but striking the tents and putting them into the waggons. At five o'clock, or sooner, the march is to begin--Genl. Muhlenberg's brigade will lead, and the whole march off by the right in platoons. General Muhlenberg will detach an advanced guard, and General Weedon a rear guard. There are to be no flanking parties. The waggons, with the tents of both brigades will follow the division. The rear guard is to march in the rear of the Artillery and ammunition Waggons; the other baggage Waggons of the brigade will precede the park of artillery.
Head Quarters, Pompton, July 25, 1777.
Parole Eugene. Countersigns Marlborough, Montgomery.
The troops having arrived at the place of encamping so early, they can with the greatest ease provide themselves with wood; and each Brigadier General will see that it be done accordingly--That fences are ever burnt must be imputed to inattention, and want of care in officers; but at this time will be deemed to arise from the most inexcusable negligence--How disgraceful to the army is it, that the peaceable inhabitants, our countrymen and fellow citizens, dread our halting among them, even for a night and are happy when they get rid of us? This can proceed only from their distress at the plundering and wanton destruction of their property. To prevent these evils is the manifest duty of the officers; and were they closely attentive to that discipline and order, which should ever be established in a camp; they, for the most part, certainly might prevent them. The Commander in Chief therefore expects, that officers of every rank, will exert themselves, and put a stop to such practices in future. And if no other means are sufficient, that they post Sentries round their encampments, who shall take prisoners, every man who is guilty of them: And the guilty will most assuredly meet the punishment due to their crimes. Two soldiers in General Sullivan's division found guilty of plundering the inhabitants, have lately been condemned to die, and one of them executed--At all events such practices must be prevented--for 'tis our duty to protect the property of our fellow citizens.
The officers and men are to remain at their encampments, and not stroll from house to house all around--The officers doubtless ought to set the example in this matter; and if this caution were always attended to, and the men made to observe it, one of the evils before complained of would be almost totally prevented.
If it should not rain to morrow morning, nor the tents be too wet with dew, the army is to get ready to march at four o'clock.
Head Quarters, Pompton Plains, July 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: Fresh accounts are momently coming in, to confirm the intelligence of the Enemy's Fleet having gone to Sea, with the whole or the greatest part of their force. The general opinion is, and a variety of circumstances make it most probable, that their destination is towards Philadelphia, and for this reason, I have to desire you will keep a couple of Brigades in constant and complete readiness to cross the River at the shortest notice and march to join me. These Brigades should be two of the Strongest you have. They will not be called for till the intention of the Enemy to operate to the Southward is reduced to a greater certainty, than at present exists.
General Clinton informs me, that he has ordered to your post a large quantity of hard bread. If it arrives in time, you will direct Genl. Sullivan's and Lord Stirling's divisions to draw a Sufficiency of it for three days; but lest it Should be retarded, you must not depend so much upon it as to neglect making other provision. The situation of things will not admit of delay. I am etc.
P. S. To whatever quarter the Enemy may direct their motions, whether to the Eastward or the Southward, I shall be equally under the necessity of drawing off the principal part of the Continental Troops from Peeks Kill to oppose them with, and the attention due to that post and its dependencies, and make it requisite to have the place of those Supplied by a competent number of Militia. I should imagine about fifteen hundred would answer. You will consult General Clinton on the Subject and settle the proportion to be furnished respectively by the States of Connecticut and New York, and when this is done, to make application to the former for the number required. General Clinton has power to call out those of the latter. No time should be lost in effecting this necessary measure. In the number I have mentioned, I mean to include those who may be already with you. Fifteen hundred Militia in addition to the Continental troops you have, I should think would be fully Sufficient.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Ramapough, July 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: My Letter of yesterday would inform you of the reasons which occasions the remove of this part of the Army towards Philadelphia, and the recall of the divisions under Genls. Sullivan, and Lord Stirling. I have now to add, that, it is my desire that you should keep as many of the remaining Troops (as can possibly be spared from the defence of the Forts and passes of the Highlands) in the most perfect readiness to move, either this way, or to the Eastward as occasion shall require. I do not pretend to fix upon, or ascertain the number which may be necessary for those defences, yourself and Officers must determine this point, proportioning your defence to the Troops left by Genl. Howe, on York Island.
If you have not already done it, let the Eastern States be immediately advised of the Fleets Sailing from the Hook that they may be in a posture of defence as no person can with certainty say where the blow will be struck. I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have recd. yours of Yesterdays date, Inclosing the Intercepted Letter from Genl. Howe to Burgoyne &ca., to me, a stronger proof could not be given that the former is not going to the Eastward, than this Letter adduces. It was evidently intended to fall into our hands, the complexion of it, the circumstances attending, it &ca., evinces this beyond a doubt in my Mind.12 I therefore desire that no time be lost in sending on Genls. Sullivan and Lord Stirling with their divisions. If it was not too dangerous to hazard their Shipping to Sea, merely to perform a Manoeuvre to deceive, I Should think it not unlikely that the North River might yet be the object, and that they had run out with a view of returning, when our Troops should be drawn of; but the possibility of a dispersion of their Fleet makes so much against this, that I am perswaded more than ever, that Philadelphia is the place of destination, and therefore hope that no time will be lost in Marching the Troops already orderd, and preparing as many of the others as can be spar'd, to follow, if my conjectures are right. I am etc.
[Note 12: The intercepted letter, dated New York, July 20, 1777, was in the handwriting of General Howe, signed by him, and directed to General Burgoyne. It informed Burgoyne that Howe was sailing against Boston, with a feint toward the south. Henry Williams, the young man who brought out the letter from New York, voluntarily sought the American guard and gave it up. He had been a prisoner in the city and said he was offered a high reward for carrying this letter to General Burgoyne. His account of the matter is in the Washington Papers. The original of Howe's letter has been abstracted from the Washington Papers and in its place is a copy attested by Jared Sparks.]
Pompton Plains, July 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: It is with no small concern, I am constrained to inform you, that I am constantly receiving Complaints from the People living contiguous to the road, of great abuses committed by the Division under your command in their march thro the Country. From their accounts, they have experienced the most wanton and insufferable injuries. Fences destroyed without the least apparent necessity, and a great number of Horses seized and taken away. In a word, according to them, they have suffered the most flagrant violation of their property. perhaps their representations may be rather exaggerated beyond the bounds of strict truth. But I cannot but observe, that the Officers in the Quarter Master Generals Department have informed me, that more accounts have been presented to them for Injuries done by your Division and of greater amount, than by the whole Army besides, and those carry too a degree of authenticity with them, being certified in many instances under the Officers hands. At the same time, that you are sensible how destressing such a conduct is to the Inhabitants, you well know it is highly disgraceful and unworthy of the cause in which we are engaged. Add to this, that it has a fatal and obvious tendency to prejudice their minds and to disaffect them. I must request, in the most earnest manner, your attention to this matter and to prevent in future, by every exertion in your power, the like proceedings. point out the scandal and impropriety of it to your Officers and urge them, as they regard their honour and reputation, to use their endeavours to restrain such unwarrantable practices. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Ramapough, 3 Miles from the Clove, July 25, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to transmit you a Copy of my Letter to Genl. Howe of the 16th Inst., proposing an Exchange between Genls. Lee and Prescot. I dispatched it early the next morning, and presume it got to hand on the 18th. As yet I have not received his Answer.
The amazing advantage the Enemy derive from their Ships and the Command of the Water, keeps us in a State of constant perplexity and the most anxious conjecture. We are not yet informed of their destination, nor can any plausible conclusions be drawn respecting it; at least not such as appear satisfactory. What renders the matter still more difficult and confused, is their extreme inactivity and delay. For it is certain, they began to embark immediately after the evacuation of Amboy, and now remain between the Narrows and the Hook, or were there when I was last advised upon the Subject. I have two Active Officers with an escort now out, for the purpose of Intelligence and for reconnoitring their Situation from Fort Lee and along the River in that Neighbourhood. Things being thus circumstanced and various opinions, as to their real object, prevailing among us; Some supposing it to be Philadelphia, others the North River and others an Expedition more Easterly, I would submit it to Congress whether the Militia of the Neighbouring Counties should not be immediately called to the first or at Chester, [those from]15 the lower Counties at Wilmington. This measure appears to me highly expedient and no Objection can lie against it, of sufficient validity to prevent it, as a few days must certainly determine their real designs. Should they be against Philadelphia and they have favourable winds, their Voyage will be made in a Short time, when it may be too late to obtain their aid, and to arrange them properly for defence, supposing them to come in. I am the more induced to recommend this measure, as the Several objects we have to attend to, necessarily oblige this Army to continue at a considerable distance from that place, till their Intentions are better understood; and as they might by a sudden and rapid push, attempt to effect some material capital stroke, before we could get there, unless there is a respectable force to oppose them. For, tho' no great dependance can be put in a Militia acting alone, nor a vigorous Opposition expected from them, from the nature of things, to a disciplined, well appointed Army, yet their Operations may be greatly retarded by them, and may be checked till other Succours can arrive. The report of a force, especially if it is any way respectable, let it be of what sort it may, will have some influence on their conduct and may prevent Enterprizes that would otherwise be undertaken.
[Note 15: The bracketed words were inserted by Richard Varick.]
From the Intelligence received on Saturday Evening that a Number of the Enemy's Ships were standing up the North River, and in the course of that and the preceeding day, that Forty Sail were in the Sound going into Fairfield Harbour, I had not the least doubt in my mind, but Genl. Howe had in view a stroke against the Highlands and the Fortifications there and to co-operate with Genl Burgoyne. In consequence of these advices, I judged it expedient to move the Army the next Morning from our then Encampment towards those Posts. Lord Stirling's Division was ordered to take the Rout to Kings Ferry and to pass the River to Peekskill, and I proceeded myself with the remainder, which composed the main body by the Rout leading thro' the Clove towards New Windsor. We marched over a very difficult and rugged Road till Night, when we halted, the First Division having advanced about Eighteen Miles. In this situation we lay till yesterday Morning, when, from the information received before, respecting the Enemy's Fleet being at and near the Hook and no further accounts of the Ships in the Sound, a change in our Measures took place. Stephen and Lincoln's Divisions were ordered to proceed to Chester, there to wait further directions, as a place from whence they may move with more ease, either to Philadelphia or Hudsons River, being Seven Miles nearer the former and equally convenient to the Latter, and General Greene's Division to this Ground. By dividing and this arrangement, I am in hopes our movements will be more expeditious, wheresoever they may be necessary. I have &ca.
P.S. In my Letter of the 23d I mentioned that Nixon's Brigade was ordered, as a further reinforcement to Genl Schuyler. I meant Glover's.
4 O'Clock P.M.
This Minute received a Letter of the 22d from Genl Schuyler,16 a copy of which and of its Inclosure I herewith transmit.
[Note 16: Contemporary copies of Schuyler's letter of the 22d are in both the Washington Papers and the Papers of the Continental Congress. It deals with the evacuation of Ticonderoga, the weak state of his army, lack of every necessary, and the prospects of reenforcements.] This Letter of the 21st, which he mentions, has not come to Hand. Things seem still in an unpromising way in that Quarter. Genl Schuyler complains much for want of Artillerists, It is not with me to satisfy his demands; he has at this time a much greater proportion of Artillerists than this Army, having regard to the Quantity of Artillery.
After sealing my Letter I received by Express from Colo Moylan17 a Letter advising that the Fleet sailed from the Hook Yesterday Morning out to sea.18
[Note 17: Moylan's intelligence, dated July 23, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 18: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Pompton Plains, July 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: Yours of Yesterday reached me at this place. Considering the situation in which you say the hard Bread is, instead of sending it forward, I have directed Genl. Sullivan's and Lord Stirling's Divisions to draw three days each before they leave King's Ferry. If any remains, after supplying them, it may be sent back to the Forts. Whether the Enemy's real designs are Southward or Eastward, in order to oppose them effectually and to give proper support to Genl. Schuyler, I shall be obliged to draw off a considerable part of the present Force at Peeks Kill, and as there can be no substitutes but Militia (under our present Circumstances) I think it would be expedient immediately to call in from one thousand to fifteen hundred from the States of New York and Connecticut. The proportions I leave to be settled between Genl. Putnam and yourself. I do not apprehend much danger from the Garrison that is left in New York, but were the posts up the River left in too defenceless a state, it might be a temptation for them to seize them. I have desired Genl. Putnam to make a demand of as many of the Connecticut Militia as you and he shall allot to them. I do not know what number of Militia are at present in Service, but I do not mean one thousand to fifteen hundred exclusive of them. That number altogether in addition to the Continental Troops will be sufficient in my opinion. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Half after 8 A.M., July 25, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to transmit you the Inclosed Letter from Governor Franklin, which came this Minute by Express.20 As Mr. Franklin was confined by order of Congress, I could not think myself at liberty to answer him on the subject of his request, therefore have referred it to their consideration. At the same time I would observe, his situation is distressing and must interest all our feelings, as I have no doubt of the great indisposition of his Lady. I should suppose, after his solemn assurances and being laid under such further restrictions as Congress may judge necessary to impose upon him, that he might be indulged to see her. Humanity and Generosity plead powerfully in favor of his application. I am certain it will be duly considered. If it is granted, he should have the earliest notice [of it,] or the end and the views of Congress may be disappointed in the death of Mrs. Franklin before his arrival. I have the Honor etc.21
[Note 20: Congress refused to grant Franklin's request, on the ground that he had not complied with the obligations of his parole. It was because of this that he was at this time confined in the Litchfield, Conn., jail. Franklin's letter, dated July 22, 1777, is filed with this one of Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 21: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the draft and not in the letter sent; the draft also varies slightly in the order of words from the letter sent.]
Camp at Ramapough, July 25, 1777.
Sir: The Enemy's fleet having left the Hook and gone to Sea, I am to request, that you will immediately repair with your Regiment to the City of Philadelphia and put yourself under the direction of the Commanding Officer there. You will not lose a moments time, and will order your baggage to follow under a proper Guard. I am &ca.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Pompton Plains, July 25, 1777.
Sir: I imagine you must by this time have a considerable parcel of hard Bread baked. I am moving towards Philadelphia with the Army, and should be glad to have it sent forward. You will therefore immediately upon the receipt of this, send all that is ready down to Coryell's Ferry, except about two thousand Weight which is to be sent to the place called the White House, and there wait for the Division of the Army which is with me. I expect to be in that neighbourhood the night after to morrow, if the Weather is fair. You will continue baking as fast as you can, because two other Divisions will pass thro' Pitts Town and will want Bread. You are to hire Waggons to transport the Bread, and if they cannot be easily hired they must be pressed. I desire you will inform me at what places you have erected public Ovens, that I may know where to apply for Bread when wanted. I am &ca.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at Ramapaugh, July 25, 1777.
Sir: If the Fleet that has lately Sailed is destined for Delaware it will be as necessary for the Militia of Burlington, Gloucester, Salem and Cape May to be assembled, as those of Pennsylvania; and I could therefore wish, that orders might be given, for such a proportion, as are usually called out upon Alarms, to Assemble immediately at Gloucester. A very few days must determine, whether they are to remain in Service or to be dismissed. I propose leaving Colo. Daytons and Ogden's Regts. at Elizabeth Town and that Quarter for the present; but Should there be a necessity of their joining the Main Body of the Army, their Posts can only be occupyed by Militia; and as I think Such an event may probably happen, you had better make provision in time, by ordering a Number Competent to that purpose. I have the honor to be &c.
P. S. The Regiments at Elizabeth Town will move, either Northward or Southward, the Moment we learn which way the Fleet has gone. this must be determined in a day or two and therefore the Militia that are to replace them, cannot be ordered too soon.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, July 25, 1777.
Sir: I have this Moment received your letter of the 22d. instant, by express.
I heartily sympathize with you in your distressing situation; but however strong my inclination to comply with your request, it is by no Means in my Power to supersede a positive resolution of Congress, under which your present confinement took place. I have inclosed your Letter to them, and shall be happy it may be found consistent with propriety to concur with your wishes in a matter of so delicate and interesting a Nature. I sincerely hope a speedy restoration of Mrs. Franklin's health may relieve you from the anxiety you must naturally feel from her present declining condition. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Mr. Lotts,26 July 26, 1777.
[Note 26: July 25 "To cash paid at Ramapough for house room. &c £2:5:0" and July 26 "To Cash paid at Mandevils for house room &c. £ 2:5:0 "-- "Headquarters Expense Account" in the Washington Papers.]
My Lord: Yours of the 24th. overtook me at this place. Genl. Greene's division will reach Morris Town this Evening. Genl Stephens's and Genl. Lincoln's march thro Chester by an upper Road. I have no objection to your Lordships taking the route you mention, and as it will bring you near New Ark and Elizabeth Town, I have sent orders to Colo. Dayton, to endeavour to procure certain intelligence of the Number of the Enemy left upon Staten Island and where they are posted. If they only consist of the Green Regiments27 amounting to about 1000 Men, as a deserter says, a descent may be made to great advantage. Colo. Dayton will procure all the Boats there abouts previous to your coming, and if upon your arrival you think the attempt practicable you may make the tryal. That you may not go needlessly out of your Way, Colo. Dayton is to send an Officer to you, to acquaint you with his intelligence from which you may judge whether it will be prudent to make an attack. Your Lordship is not by any means to understand the above as a positive order, but a matter left intirely to your own discretion, I would not have it undertaken, if there is the smallest Risque, for I do not think we are at this time intitled to put any thing to the hazard. I am &ca.28
[Note 27: Loyalist regiments.]
[Note 28: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
8 Miles East of Morris Town, July 26, 1777.
Sir: If this letter comes to hand before you have passed the Delaware, you are to halt at Trenton and there remain till further orders, unless you should receive such information, as you deem authentic, of the arrival of the Enemy's Fleet within the Capes of Delaware. If you should have passed the River, when this reaches you, you will then proceed to Bristol and there halt till further orders; Unless you should obtain satisfactory intelligence of the Enemy's arrival as above, in which case you will march with the utmost expedition to Philadelphia and take orders from the Commanding Officer there as before directed.I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
8 Miles East of Morris Town, July 26, 1777.
Sir: By a letter received this morning from Lord Stirling of the 22d Instt. I find he intends to pursue his Rout from Peeks Kill thro' Keckyate and Pyramus [Kakiate thro' Paramus] to the great Falls. Thence to Watsessing, [and thro'] Springfield and Brunswick to [or] Bound Brook. The reason of my being thus particular, in describing Lord Stirling's rout, is, because I wish you to take every possible pains in your power, by sending trusty persons to Staten Island, to obtain intelligence of the Enemy's situation and numbers, What kind of Troops they are [and how many,] and what Guards they have, their strength and where posted. My view in this, is, that his Lordship, when he arrives may make an attempt upon the Enemy there with his Division, If it should appear from a full consideration of all circumstances and the information you obtain, that it can be done with a strong prospect of Success. You will also make due inquiry, how many Boats are and may be certainly had to transport the Troops in case the Enterprise should appear adviseable. You will, after having informed yourself upon these several matters, send a good and faithful Officer to meet Lord Stirling with a distinct and accurate account of every thing, as well respecting the number and strength of the Enemy their situation &c. [on the Island, the forts, their guards and their strength and posts,] as about the Boats, that he may have a General view of the whole [matter] and possessing all the circumstances, may know how to regulate his conduct in the Affair. [I need not urge] The necessity of [your] procuring good [the best] Intelligence, [because the reason] is apparent and need not be further urged. All that remains for me to add is, that you keep the whole matter as secret as possible. For upon secrecy, success depends in most Enterprises of the kind, and for want of it, they are generally defeated, however well planned and promising a favourable issue [or a defeat will probably depend]. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The editor is indebted to Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach for a photostat of this letter, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets occur in the draft which is also by Harrison, and are not in the letter sent.]
4 OClock P.M., July 26, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed Letter, from Majr. Burnet just now came to Genl. Greene. You will compare the Intelligence, which you obtain with the information contained in this Letter, and after making such Observations and remarks upon the whole, you will transmit the same with this Letter to Lord Stirling. I am, etc.
P.S. I wrote you to day by One of Blands Light Horse upon the subject of Intelligence. You'l refer to that and such Intelligence as you may obtain about Paulus Hook.32
[Note 32: ln the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[H.L.]
Mr. Lott's, July 26, 1777.
Sir: Your two expresses have delivered me your letters both of the 25th instant. If this reaches you before you have passed Trenton, you are to halt there till further orders or till you receive Authentic information of the Enemy's Fleet being in the mouth of the Delaware Bay, in which case you are to proceed to Philadelphia as before directed. But if you have passed it, you are then to halt at Bristol, and to govern yourself in the same manner as if you had halted at Trenton. I shall detain one of your expresses to carry you any dispatches that may be necessary in consequence of any further intelligence I may receive, The inclosed to Colonels Moylan and Morgan you will be pleased to forward. They contain Similar instructions to those given you. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, July 26, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The tents are to be struck to morrow morning as soon as they are sufficiently dry; and the army is to march immediately afterwards.
Head Quarters, July 27, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The army is to proceed on its march to morrow morning as early as possible.
Morris Town, July 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 16th. instant informing me of an application from the Board of War of your State for a Sufficiency of Arms and other necessaries to accommodate a body of men to be employed in a secret expedition to St. John's River, and desiring my instructions upon the occasion [Subject]. As I am not acquainted by Congress with what steps they have taken in the affair, nor with their present intentions concerning it, I do not think myself authorized to comply with the requisition, But I shall immediately write to them on the Subject and request them to give you directions what to do. Till [then] you receive them you are to defer doing any thing in it. For my own part I think the whole scheme very ineligible at this time. It appears to me intirely inexpedient to employ such a number of men in a remote offensive expedition, when we have so urgent a demand for all the Strength we can collect to answer the purposes of defence.
It is a disagreeable consideration, that our men are so apt, at any misfortune, to desert their engagements, and return home at a time their Services are most wanted. The evil is of the most injurious and dangerous nature and calls for a vigorous remedy. I approve of what you have done [in it,] with respect to those who left General St. Clair; and shall be happy to hear you may have it in your power to contribute towards checking the practice [it] by a few instances of exemplary Severity.
In a former letter of yours of the 13th which has been also received, you ask my advice [consult me about] what [you are] to do with Monsieur Faneuil and some other French Officers, who are desirous of entering the Service as Volunteers, and in other capacities. I would have you by all means discourage all such from coming to Camp, who do not come out under the faith of contracts with our agents in France. They embarrass me beyond measure, which would be the case were their pretensions ever so moderate, from the difficulty of giving employment to so great [such] a number of Strangers [equally] unacquainted with our genius language and customs; but the inconvenience is very much [greatly] increased by the immoderate expectations, which almost every one of them I have seen, entertains, and which make it impossible to satisfy them. And I have found by experience that however modest they may seem at first [to be in the beginning] by proposing to serve [act] as volunteers they very soon extend their views and become importunate for Offices they have no right to look for. I believe what I recommend is agreeable to the intention of Congress.
I am glad to hear of the prizes that have been made by our frigates and privateers, particularly with respect to the Fox frigage. But I am Sorry to find there is reason to Suppose She has been retaken. I hope with you the account may prove false35 [it may not be true].
[Note 35: The capture of the frigate Fox was credited to Manley, but she was afterwards retaken by the British.]
The British fleet sailed out of Sandy Hook the 23d. instant. The prevailing and perhaps the most probable opinion is, that they are destined for Philadelphia, But it is not impossible they may intend for the Eastward. Proper attention to this should not be wanting. But the bare possibility of it must not prevent or interfere with your forwarding the remaining Continental troops [recruits] to their respective Regiments, with all the diligence you can. The emergency of Northern affairs [urgency of the occasion to the northward] indespensibly calls for them. It is with reluctance [I am sorry] I am obliged to say that had all the Eastern States [all of them] taken effectual measures to [fill] complete and send on expeditiously [the] their several Quotas, the misfortune at Ticonderoga with all its attendant mischiefs would [could] not have happened. But I have the consolation to reflect, that my endeavours have been unremitted to induce them to make every exertion in their power for that purpose [I have used the most pressing and repeated instances to induce them to do it]. I am &ca.36
[Note 36: Both the letter sent and the draft are in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the draft and do not appear in the letter sent.]
[MS.H.S.]
Morris Town, July :27, 1777.
Dear Sir: The Express with yours of the 23d. overtook me at this place last Evening. As soon as it was ascertained that the Enemy's Fleet had left the Hook (which they did upon the 23d) I began to move the Army towards the Delaware, as it was the unanimous opinion, that as they made no move up the North River, Philadelphia was the most probable object. From the best accounts that we have been able to obtain, the Garrison left upon York Island is not more than is sufficient to secure it, and that upon Staten Island consists of the Regiments of their American Levies and some British and Foreign Invalids. I therefore think that not the least danger to the posts upon the North River is to be apprehended from either of those two Bodies.
A very strong circumstance to induce us to believe that Genl. Howe is gone Southward, is a letter of his to Genl. Burgoyne, wrote just before the Sailing of the Fleet. This Letter was brought to an Officer of ours by the person to whom it was intrusted, he was a Friend of ours who had been confined in New York, and says he beleives from the manner in which it was delivered to him, it was intended and expected to fall into our Hands. It is very short, and only acknowledges the receipt of a letter from Genl. Burgoyne at Quebec on the 14th May last, as if he had never heard from him since, which is very improbable. He says he is making a shew to the Southward while his real intent is to Boston, from whence he will cooperate with him. But he neither gives him the least accounts of what has happened in this Quarter, nor even when he expects to Sail, which would certainly have been necessary for Burgoyne to know, that he might move in proper time to favour the conjunction. Upon the whole, I am convinced that the letter was thrown out to deceive. I do not know by what name to call Genl. Fellows's Conduct, in respect to the real Express from Burgoyne to Howe. It was stupidity in the extreme, and perhaps has lost an opportunity of coming at their secrets which we shall never regain.37
[Note 37: Schuyler's letter (July 23) from Fort Edward, N.Y., informed Washington that General Fellows had received information that expresses between Howe and Burgoyne met at a certain place in Livingston Manor every Sunday. Fellows, instead of capturing either or both of these expresses, sent a message to Schuyler, a distance of 30 miles, "to know what was proper to be done." Burgoyne's express told a friend, who informed Fellows, that Burgoyne would march down as soon as he could move his cannon, which would be in a few days; that a detachment was to advance on Fort Schuyler and the Mohawk Valley from Oswego, and Howe would make a diversion on the eastern coast with part of his force while the rest moved up the Hudson as far as Peekskill to divide the American Army. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I refer you to my late letters for an account of what further Reinforcement I have ordered to you from the Continental Army, and I hope that when Genl. Lincoln joins you, he will not only have sufficient influence over the Eastern Militia to keep those who are already with the Army, but to induce others to come out.
It is out of my power to displace Genl. Fermoy or to get rid of him in any way, his appointment was by Congress, who assigned him to the Northern Army. You must endeavor to place some person about him who is master of the French and English languages and by that means he will be better enabled to receive and give orders to his Brigade. But if you and the General Officers find him incapable of executing his office, rather than the Service Should Suffer, he must be plainly told of his inability and advised to give up the command, at least till he has made himself Sufficient master of our language to convey his orders to the Officers of his Brigade. I am &ca.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of TenchTilghman.]
Morris Town, July 27, 1777.
My Lord: I was this morning favoured with yours of the 26th. I am surprised to hear Colo. Morgan's Corps was at Hackinsack when you mention. I should suppose your Information premature, having sent Orders to him to march the moment I had intelligence of the fleets Sailing and having written to him since.
Your going to Baskenridge much depends upon the information you receive from Colo. Dayton respecting the subject of my Letter written Yesterday. If it be such as to Authorize an attempt upon the Enemy on Staten Island or rather to promise a favourable issue to such an enterprise, I think you cannot go. If it is otherwise and forbids the experiment, I shall be happy your Lordship will take the indulgence you wish.
Dayton's and Ogden's Regiments cannot join you yet. I incline to keep them where they are, for the protection of the Inhabitants and to prevent plundering parties from Staten Island, till I have more certain advice of the Enemy's destination against Philadelphia. I am etc.
P.S. If Colo. Morgan is certainly at Hackensack, you will be pleased to transmit him the inclosed Letter by express.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Morris Town, July 27, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to transmit you the inclosed Memorandum of Warlike Stores, wanted for an Expedition to the River St Johns, which I received in a Letter from General Heath of the 16th. Inst. The Memorandum was sent, that I might order the Stores to be supplied. Not knowing that Congress have such an Expedition in view at this Time, I do not conceive myself authorized to comply with the requisition, and therefore refer the Matter to their consideration, to direct therein as they shall judge proper. But I would beg leave to observe, that I think the Force intended to be employed upon the Occasion, would render infinitely more Important Services, by reinforceing the Northern Army and assisting in the repulse of Genl Burgoyne. The progress of his Arms, and the deficiency in the Quotas of Men, exacted from the States to compose our Army, seem to forbid Expeditions for Conquest and to demand our utmost exertions to maintain what we already have. Congress will be pleased to write the Massachusetts Council on the subject and a Line to Genl. Heath, that he may know how to govern himself respecting the Application. I have the Honor &ca.
Cross Roads 16 Miles West of Morris Town,
2 O'Clock P.M.
Your Letter of the 26th with its Inclosures I met on the Road. The Subject of Rank which Congress have been pleased to submit to my consideration, shall have my attention, as soon as circumstances will admit and the result made known.
Genl. Greene's Division, consisting of Muhlenburg and Weedon's Brigades, is now here, It will proceed Six or Seven Miles farther this Evening. Genls. Sullivan and Stirling's Divisions have repassed Hudson's River. The former will proceed by this Rout, The Latter by way of [thro'] Pyramus and [by way of] Bound Brook or Brunswick. Genl. Stephen with his own and Lincoln's Division, (Genl. Lincoln being ordered to join Genl. Schuyler) is marching on a back Road from Chester, thro' Sussex to Howel's Ferry on Delaware. Moylan and Bland's Regiments of Horse, which [who] were pasturing about Bound Brook and on the Communication towards Woodbridge, were ordered to March too on the first intelligence I received of the Fleet's sailing. Morgan's Corps of Light Troops is also on the March thro' Brunswick, with directions to halt at Trenton till further orders, or till he gets certain information of the appearance of the Fleet in Delaware. I intend in like Manner, that Lord Stirlings Division shall halt and remain there or at Bristol till we have further information of the Enemy. From either of these places they will be sufficiently near Philadelphia and may proceed in time on any emergency. I am etc.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. cf. Washington's letter to Congress, July 25, 1777, ante.]
4 Miles East of Flemingtown, July 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: We have certain advices that part of the Enemy's Fleet, vizt. Seventy Sail were beating off Little Egg Harbour on Saturday morning with a Southerly wind. From this event, there seems to be but little room to doubt but that their destination is into Delaware Bay and against the City of Philadelphia. I am now to request, that the two Brigades which I mentioned sometime ago, to come this way, in case Genl. Howe turned his views towards Philadelphia, may be ordered to pass the River immediately, with all their Baggage and to hold themselves in readiness to march in a moment, on your receiving further Orders from me. They will take the route thro Morris Town, should they be ordered to proceed, and from thence to Coryell's Ferry where they will cross the Delaware. You will direct the Brigr. Generals or Commanding Officers to perform their march, after they begin it, as expeditiously as they possibly can, without injuring the Troops and to prevent every violation of property belonging to the Inhabitants by the Soldiery. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Flemingtown, July 28, 1777.
Sir: I last night received your favor of yesterday morning. The appearance of the Enemy's Fleet off little Egg Harbour, if it does not amount to a certain proof that their design is against Philadelphia, is at least a very strong argument of it.
If the weather had been good this morning, Genl. Greene's division would have reached Coryells ferry by night, with ease. I am in hopes, as it has now cleared up, they will still be able to effect it, though it will be some what difficult. Genl. Stephens with his own and Lincoln's divisions, I expect, will be at Howels ferry to morrow. Lord Stirling is advancing on the route by Trenton, and General Sullivan is coming on expeditiously in the track we have marched. I have no doubt that all these troops will arrive in full time to unite their opposition against whatever attempts the Enemy may make, since, after the Fleet arrives in the Capes, it will require some time to get far enough up the Delaware to begin to act, and still more to make the dispositions necessary to be made, previous to the commencement of their operations. I had directed General Putnam to hold two of his best remaining Brigades in readiness to cross the River, at the shortest notice, I have now given orders for them to cross, and wait for such further directions as events may suggest. As soon as the movements of the Enemy make it more evident that Philadelphia is their object, and render it inconvenient to retract, I shall order those Brigades to march forward. Till then it would be inexpedient to hazard the Highlands, by drawing off to a distance any of the forces at present behind for their defence. It is far from impossible the Enemy may still turn about and make a stroke upon them.
There are Several matters on which I wish you to be stow your particular attention and that immediately. Reconnoitring well that part of the Country which is likely to be the scene of action, all the probable places of landing, and all the grounds convenient for incamping that are well Situated with respect to those places and for covering and securing the Forts. Gaining an accurate knowledge of all the roads and by-paths on both sides of the Delaware (particularly from Wilmington and Chester to Philadelphia, and on the Jersey Side) where there is a likelihood of the Enemys operating, and procuring good trusty guides well acquainted with all those roads and paths. I wish you also to obtain drafts, as exact as possible, of the Country, that I may the more readily have a good insight into its Situation and circumstances. From the idea, I at this time have of it I should imagine the main body of our Army ought to be encamped on the west side of Schuylkill, for the benefit of good Water and good Ground, and because it has a free and open communication. I would not by any means have the troops enter Philadelphia, not only on account of its being pent up between two Rivers, but as it would serve to debauch them and introduce diseases, and would be detrimental to the City and disagreeable to the Inhabitants.
The providing a large quantity of hard Bread, is a thing exceedingly necessary. I would recommend it to you to have all the bakers in the City immediately set to work for that purpose, as in our desultory State we shall have the greatest occasion for it, and shall feel much inconvenience if we do not have it. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Fleming Town, July 28, 1777.
Sir: I have now before me, your two favors of the 15th and 23d Inst.
I have not the proceedings of the Court Martial respecting Hudson Burr.45 The Crime alledged against him, I recollect, was not supported by the State of the Evidence submitted to me, and therefore I refused to confirm the Court's Sentence. At the same time being informed, that he was a Citizen of Philadelphia, I advised Genl Sullivan to send him down to the Board of War of Pennsylvania, that they might take his long Absence, the cause &c. under their consideration. This I expected had been done and Burr dealt with according to right, till your Letter of the 15th advised the Contrary. For my part, from the unimportant Character of the Man, I think he may be discharged, more especially, as the Charge for which he was originally apprehended, tried and Sentenced, was by no means proved to my Satisfaction.
[Note 45: Burr was a hatter of Philadelphia and was considered a suspicious character also in 1778.]
It is not in my power to furnish Genl Schuyler with any Tents. A thousand, of those mentioned in the Return, went to his Army. I wrote Genl Putnam, immediately after Genl. Schuyler's application, to forward to his relief, all he could, of a Parcel which I heard was then coming from the Eastward, How many they were, whether any could be spared or what Number has gone, I cannot inform you. So far from being in a Situation to assist him in this instance, there are Several Men in this Army who now want, and who have never been provided with any.
General Putnam has transmitted me Returns of his Force, as often, I beleive, as it has been in his power. Neither these or Returns of this Army have been sent to Congress, in the Manner I wished; But the failure has not arisen from want of inclination or attention to the matter, but from the peculiar, moving, changeable situation and condition of the Troops. In the General Return delivered the Committee of Congress, who honored me with a visit, Genl. Putnam's force was included. I think the most eligible mode to be pursued, will be, for Returns of his Division to come to the Adjutant Genl. who in a general Return, will make mention of it, whenever the State of things will admit.
I had received the Resolves first passed, for establishing a Corps of Invalids, but not those of the 16th. published in the News paper; Such parts of the latter as are necessary for Genl. Orders, will be inserted, as soon as opportunity offers. I am etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Flemington, July 28, 1777.
Sir: In consequence of my representations to Congress of the advantage that might be derived from having a good Geographer to accompany the Army, and my recommendation of you for that purpose they have come to the inclosed resolution authorizing me to appoint you or any other Gentleman I shall think proper to act in the capacities therein Specified; and to determine the allowance of pay to be annexed to the Office. I shall therefore be obliged to you to let me know without delay the conditions on which it will Suit you to undertake it, and shall be glad to see you as soon as possible at Head Quarters to fix the matter upon a footing, and put every thing in a train for the execution of it. If you engage, your entrance upon the business will be immediately necessary, as there can be no time, in which your Services will be more useful than the present. I am etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Coryells Ferry, July 29, 1777.
Sir: The Bearer Monseiur Portail is appointed by Congress Colonel of Engineers and is recommended as a Man of Abilities in his profession. As there is no occasion for him here at present I have desired him and the Gentleman who accompanies him, who is also of the Corps of Engineers, to return to Philadelphia. They may assist you and Genl. Mifflin in viewing the Grounds upon the West Side of Delaware and fixing upon proper places to form Encampments or throw up Works, should the Enemy make their approaches on that side. As Monsr. D'Coudray seems to have undertaken the Fortifications upon the Jersey side, I would not wish Monsr. Portail to interfere in that quarter, because I perceive that there is a jealousy between them, and setting them to work together would only create confusion and widen the Breach. I am &ca.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Camp at Coryell's Ferry, 9 O'Clock P.M.,
July 29, 1777.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding it will be a week to morrow since the Fleet left the Hook, none of the Ships had, by the latest accounts, made their appearance in Delaware Bay. About Seventy Sail were seen a few days ago, off little Egg Harbour. This delay makes me Suspicious that their real intentions are yet a secret to us; and therefore that we may not draw too much of our Force Southward, I desire you will halt at Morris Town, or upon good Ground near the place where this shall meet you, till further orders. This respects your coming forward, but if you should receive certain information from Genl. Putnam that any number of the Enemy's Ships are moving up the North River, you are to return immediately without waiting for orders from me, and send forward an Express to me with the intelligence. I am etc.
P. S. During your halt at Morris Town or elsewhere you will have every thing got into the best order and ready for a Sudden move either North or South.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Coryells Ferry, July 29, 1777.
Sir: Agreeable to what I wrote you a few days ago, I transmitted your Letter to me, to Congress.
Inclosed you have their answer by a Resolve of the 28th. with Copy of the Certificate which was granted by you to Robert Betts while upon your parole. It appears that this Act has laid Congress under the necessity of refusing your request. I am &ca.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. As dictated by Washington the last sentence was at first "I am sorry that an act of your own, so contrary to the tye of Honor under which you stood engaged has laid Congress," etc., but evidently Washington's sympathy softened the refusal. A note upon a copy of Washington's letter to Congress (July 25) concerning Franklin in the British Museum bears an annotation that Congress refused the request and Mrs. Franklin died.]
Head Quarters, at Coryell's ferry, July 29, 1777.
Parole Delaware. Countersigns Derby, Dunstable.
The Commander in Chief has reason to believe, that it has been owing to the carelessness and inattention of the waggonmasters, in not seeing the horses properly fed and managed, that such great numbers of them have foundered and died. They may be dismissed from the service if they neglect so capital a part of their duty, and content themselves with merely directing the waggoners to do it. It is expected therefore, that henceforward the Waggon Master General, and his deputies themselves, attend to this business, and at all times see that there is a suitable distribution of forage, that it be duly prepared, and the horses properly fed and managed: Any future negligence in this matter, will most assuredly produce examples of severity, which the Commander in Chief at all times earnestly wishes to avoid, but which must be the inevitable consequences of inattention to duty. The General has also observed, that on a march the Waggon Masters have often been out of the way, and the waggons committed to their charge, in a straggling, disorderly state. They will remember, that it is their duty to be constantly with their waggons, and to ride backwards and forwards frequently, to see that they move in good order: And the General expects an exact attention to this point.
Coryells Ferry, July 30, 1777.
Sir: As we are yet uncertain as to the real destination of the Enemy, tho' Delaware seems most probable, I have thought it prudent to halt the Army at this place, Howells Ferry and Trenton, at least till the Fleet actually enter the Bay, and put the matter beyond a doubt.52 From hence we can be upon the proper Grounds to oppose them, before they can possibly make their arrangements and dispositions for an attack. I take it for granted that the preparations by Water are ready to resist the sudden attack of any Ships that may run up previous to the landing of Troops. That the posts in the Highlands may not be left too much exposed, I have ordered Genl. Sullivan's division to halt at Morris Town, from whence it will march Southward, if there should be occasion, or Northward upon the first advice that the Enemy should be throwing any force up the North River. Genl. Howe's, in a manner, abandoning Genl. Burgoyne, is so unaccountable a matter, that till I am fully assured it is so, I cannot help casting my Eyes continually behind me.53
[Note 52: Gates was in Philadelphia at this time. When Congress ruled that Schuyler commanded in the Northern Department, Gates hastened to Philadelphia to intrigue for a reversal of the decision. This he accomplished by August.]
[Note 53: Ford quotes Burgoyne to Lord George Germain (July 3): "I have spared no pains to open a correspondence with Sir William Howe. I have employed the most enterprizing characters and offered very promising rewards, but of ten messengers sent at different times and by different routes not one is returned to me, and I am in total ignorance of the situation or intentions of that general."]
As I shall pay no regard to any flying reports of the appearance of the Fleet, I shall expect an account of it from you the moment you have it ascertained to your Satisfaction and I desire that at the same time that you advise me of this, you will send an Express to Lord Stirling or commanding Officer at Trenton to move on with the Troops from thence. I am &ca.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Coryells Ferry, July 30, 1777.
My Lord: Yours of the 28th. from Elizabeth Town did not reach me until this morning. From the conclusion of it, I am apprehensive that you intend to halt at Bound Brook for further orders, but I hope that will not be the case, as it was my intention that you should march immediately by the nearest route to Delaware, provided the expedition to Staten Island did not take place.55 The part of the River to which you are to march, will depend upon the place where this will meet you; if Trenton will not be out of your way, you may proceed to this place, where there is a plentiful Magazine of Provisions. But if you have advanced upon the road leading to this Ferry you may come on. If you go to Trenton, you will find orders lodged for you, not to cross the Delaware and march towards Philadelphia till Genl. Gates informs you that the Fleet have entered the Bay. I beg you will reach the River as expeditiously as you can without injuring the Troops. I am etc.56
[Note 55: On this same day Hamilton wrote to Putnam by Washington's directions emphasizing the necessity of reliable information of the movement of the British Fleet. Gen. George Clinton was compelled to give up his command in the Highlands on being elected Governor of New York, and Gen. James Clinton was recommended to succeed to the command. James Clinton, however, was thought to lack activity, so Col. William Malcom, who was then stationed in Smith's Clove, was suggested as his assistant. The time of the militia at the Highlands was expired, and Putnam was ordered to attend to this "particularly." Hamilton's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Coryells Ferry, July 30, 1777.
Sir: I have desired Genl. Gates to give you immediate information of the arrival of the Enemy's Fleet in Delaware, upon which you are to move down to Philadelphia with all the Troops at Trenton. My former directions were to wait orders of march from me, but you are now to attend to those of General Gates. Be pleased to communicate this to the Officers commanding the different Corps and desire them always to hold themselves in readiness to move at a Moment's warning. I am etc.
P. S. When you begin your march send one of your Aids forward to Genl. Gates to know to what post you are to march.
Coryells Ferry, July 30, 1777.
Sir: I was this day favoured with your Letter of the 28th. It was never my intention that the two Regiments, you allude to, Should remain longer where they are, than till the destination of the Enemy is certainly known; as that is not the case, at present they are to continue where they are and will do so till I give further orders. I apprized the Governor, that I should call away those Regiments and recommended him to have a Sufficient Number of the Militia to take their place. I would wish to give protection to every Inhabitant, and as far as I can I will; But how can it be expected or with what propriety, that the Army is to be detached and broken to peices? Rhode Island, Connecticut and every other State might upon the same principles demand a part of the Army to remain amongst them, and it might be divided and subdivided till it became too weak to act at any point. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Coryels Ferry, Jersey, July 30, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to Inform you, that I arrived here on the 28th at Night with Genl. Greene's Division, one Brigade of which passed the River that Evening, that the whole might encamp the more commodiously. Genl Stephen with his own and Lincoln's Division also arrived a little time after at Howel's Ferry, four Miles above this. I have thought proper to halt the whole Army at these two places and at Trenton, till our knowledge of the Enemy's destination becomes more certain. If the Delaware is their object, we are within two days easy March of Philadelphia and can be in time, I trust, to make every necessary disposition for opposing them. On the other hand, If Genl Howe by this expedition to Sea only means a deep feint and should turn his attention again to the North River, we can from hence reinforce General Putnam's Army more expeditiously than if we were farther advanced.
The importance of my receiving the earliest intelligence of the Fleet's arrival, is apparent, and Congress, I am certain, will direct proper measures for obtaining it, and also for transmitting it to me in the most speedy manner. If authentic advice should be had of the Fleet's coming into Delaware, at the same time that it is communicated to me, it will be proper that an express should be sent to Lord Stirling or Commanding Officer at Trenton, to advance with all the Troops from thence. Should this not be done, the Marching of the Troops here, will be considerably delayed. I am &ca.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, as is also the letter sent, which varies from the draft in capitalization only.]
Head Quarters, Coryell's-ferry, July 30, 1777.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Boston, Providence.
The paymasters of those regiments, from which detachments have been made, to form the Corps of Riflemen under Col Morgan, are without delay to pay off their respective detachments up to the last of May. Col. Morgan's corps now lays at Trenton.
Head-Quarters, Coryell's ferry, July 31, 1777.
Parole Fortitude. Countersigns Success, Victory.
The army is to cross the Delaware with all possible dispatch, and proceed for Philadelphia.
Col. Humpton will take the command of the division commanded by General Lincoln.
Coryells Ferry, July 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just received information from Philadelphia that the Enemy's Fleet arrived at the Capes of Delaware yesterday, you will therefore please to order the two Brigades which were thrown over the North River to march immediately towards Philadelphia thro' Morris Town and over Coryell's Ferry, where Boats will be ready for them. The Troops to march as expeditiously as possible without injuring the men. I beg you will endeavour to make up your Garrison with Militia from Connecticut and New York as soon as possible; And I desire that you will forward this account by Express to General Schuyler and to the Eastern States and I hope that as they now have nothing to fear from Genl. Howe, that they will turn out their force both Continental and Militia to oppose Burgoyne. I am etc.
P. S. As the Enemy seem now fixed I desire that you may keep two thousand Continental Troops and order the others to march Southward by the same track with the two Brigades.
If any thing should induce me to think that the Enemy mean to send any part of their force back again, I will immediately countermand the March of those Troops.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
½ after 9 A M, Coryells Ferry, July 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am this moment advised by Express, that the Enemy's Fleet is arrived at Delaware. I request that you will proceed immediately to Philadelphia with the Division under your command, in the most expeditious manner you can, observing a good order of March and conducting it so as not to injure the Troops. The route by Coryell's will be best, as there is a sufficient number of boats to transport the Troops and Baggage in a very short time. I am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Coryells Ferry, July 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have this moment received information from Philadelphia that the Enemy's Fleet made their appearance at the Capes of Delaware Yesterday, you are therefore to march as expeditiously as you can with your own and Colo. Ogden's Regiments to Philadelphia, by the way of Trenton, where Boats will be prepared to carry you across, You will take care and not over march your men. Come light, by no means over load yourselves with baggage. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Coryell's Ferry on Delaware, July 31, 1777.
Sir: I was just now honored with your Letter of the 25th Inst. The evacuation of Tyconderoga and Mount Independence, is an event so interesting and so unexpected, that I do not wonder it should produce in the Minds of the People, at least the well attached, the Effects you mention. I am fully in Sentiment with you, that the cause, leading to this unhappy Measure, should be fully and Minutely examined. Public justice, on the one hand, demands it, if it was not the result of prudence and necessity; and, on the other, the reputation of the Officers concerned, if they are not blame worthy. Had not Congress considered that as a Seperate department, appointed the Officers in some instances to that Command themselves, and been fully possessed of all the facts respecting the event that I am; I should not have doubted a Single moment about directing an inquiry. These Matters, I say, have laid me under some doubts as to the line I should pursue; but I am persuaded an examination will be ordered in a few days, either by the Congress or myself, when I hope the Subject will be properly discussed, and that done which is right.
As to sending Continental Troops from Peekskill, no more can be detached from thence to the Northern Army, than what are already gone. Two Brigades (Nixon's and Glover's) have been ordered from thence to their Aid; more than were ever intended in the arrangement of our Forces. Not a Man more can go, as all the Troops (I mean Continental) at that post, except two thousand, are called to join this Army. For I am to inform you that Genl. Howe's Object and Operations no longer remain a Secret. At half after nine O'Clock this Morning, I received an Express from Congress, advising that the Enemy's Fleet, consisting of 228 Sail, were at the Capes of Delaware yesterday in the forenoon. This being the case, there can be no doubt but he will make a vigorous push to possess Philadelphia, and we should collect all the force we can to oppose him.
Fearing, from report and from the event itself, (the abandonment of the Northern Posts) that distrust, Jealousy, and Suspicion of the Conduct of the Officers might arise in the Militia, and that degree of Confidence in them wanted, which would be necessary to Success, and to give a more promising aspect to our affairs in that Quarter, I sent Genls. Lincoln and Arnold to assist in that Command. These two Gentlemen are esteemed good Officers and, I think very deservedly. I am persuaded, nothing, that their judgements shall direct, will be omitted to stop the Progress of General Burgoyne's Arms, as far as in them lies--and, I am equally Sure, their personal exertions and Bravery will not be wanting in any instance. Their presence, I trust, will remove every Ground of diffidence and backwardness in the Militia, and that they will go on when and where their Services are demanded, with a Spirit and Resolution becoming Freemen and the Sacred Cause in which they are engaged. As the Troops are on their March from hence, I shall not add more, than I have the most intire Confidence in your exertions upon every occasion to advance the Common Interest; and that I have the Honor etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 9
August 1, 1777--November 3, 1777
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
MAY, 1993
Chester, August 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have this moment received intelligence by express, that the Enemy's Fleet Yesterday morning about 8 O'Clock, Sailed out of the Capes in an Eastern course. This Surprising event gives me the greatest anxiety, and unless every possible exertion is made, may be productive of the happiest consequences to the Enemy and the most injurious to us. I have desired General Sullivan's division and the two Brigades, that left you last, immediately to return and recross the River, and shall forward on the rest of the Army with all the expedition in my power. I have also written to General Clinton requesting him instantly to reinforce you, with as many Militia of the State of New York as he can collect; and you are, on receipt of this, to send on an express to Governor Trumbull, urging it upon him to assist you, with as many of the Connecticut Militia as he can get together, and without a moments loss of time. The importance of preventing Mr. Howe's getting possession of the Highlands by a coup de main, is infinite to America, and in the present Situation of things, every effort that can be thought of must be used. The probability of his going to the Eastward is exceedingly small, and the ill effects that might attend such a step inconsiderable, in comparison with those that would inevitably attend a successful stroke upon the Highlands. Connecticut cannot be in more danger through any channel than this, and every motive of its own interest and the general good, demand its utmost endeavours to give you effectual assistance. Govr. Trumbull will I trust be sensible of this. I am etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
City Tavern, Philadelphia, August 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: We have not received any certain intelligence that the Fleet have got within the Capes. By the last accounts they were beating in, the Wind unfavourable. It is supposed they would get in about three OClock, Yesterday Evening.
I would wish you to collect and bring up your rear, as soon as may be, to German Town or to proper Grounds contiguous to it, where the Troops are to remain till further orders. If they can be got on this side, the better. You will reduce the Division to a proper arrangement in all its parts, and as the Brigades arrive you will order them immediately to set about cleaning and putting their Arms in the best possible condition.
Neither Officers or Soldiers are to be permitted to leave their Corps and come to this place. The Soldiers (not a Man is to be allowed to load); to prevent these things you'll issue the most peremptory orders. I am &ca.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The awkward last sentence may be ascribed to Harrison's hurry. He had crossed out the following, which is a clearer statement: "The Soldiers must not load their Musquets nor a Man of 'em come to this City or straggle from their Corps under pain of the severest punishment."]
Chester, ½ after 9 O'Clock P.M., August 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: By an Express this moment received from Cape May, The Enemy's Fleet put to Sea Yesterday Morning at Eight O'Clock and were out of sight three Hours when the Express came away. From this event it appears Genl. Howe has been practising a deep feint, merely to draw our attention and whole force to this point. I am to request, that you will countermarch the Division under your command and proceed with it, with all possible expedition, to Peeks Kill, as there is the strongest reason to beleive, that the North River is their object and that they will make a rapid push to obtain possession of our posts there. The inclosed Letter for the Commanding Officer of the two Eastern Brigades which were ordered to march from Peeks Kill to reinforce this Army, you will transmit without a moment's delay. I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Chester, August 1, 1777.
Sir: I have this moment received information, that the Enemy's Fleet have left the Capes of Delaware and have Steered Eastward again. You are therefore to return immediately to Peeks Kill with the two Brigades under your Command. If you should find that the Enemy have thrown any Ships in the passage of Kings Ferry, you must proceed up to New Windsor and cross there. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Chester, August 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just received information by express that the Enemy's Fleet have disappeared from the Capes Yesterday morning about eight O'Clock. This unexpected event makes it necessary to reverse our disposition and I have accordingly sent Orders to Sullivan's Division and the two other Brigades on the other Side the Delaware, to return and recross the North River. You are immediately to complete your men with two days provisions and hold them in readiness to march at further Orders, and you are to give Similar directions to the other divisions and corps. You will also be pleased to give the necessary orders to the Quarter Mr. General and Commissary General respecting their departments, desiring them to make proper arrangements for provisions and forage on the route. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Chester, August 1, 1777.
Sir: Having received information that the Fleet have left the Capes of Delaware and steered Eastward, you are immediately upon the receipt of this to return and keep upon your march till you reach Peeks Kill. If you find any Ships thrown into Kings Ferry Way, you are to proceed to New Windsor and cross there. I am &ca.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Chester on Delaware, 10 O'Clock P.M.,
August 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: By an Express this moment arrived from Cape May, The Enemy's Fleet left it Yesterday Morning at Eight O'Clock, put to Sea and were out of sight three Hours when the Express came away. I do not know whether you are coming on with the two Brigades ordered from Peeks Kill to reinforce this Army. If you are, I beg that you will leave the Brigade under the direction of the next commanding Officer to return to Peeks Kill with it and repair thither yourself with all expedition. You will use every exertion in your power to call in the Militia, as soon as possible and to prevent the Enemy from effecting a Coup de main against that post and its dependencies. Genl. Sullivan is ordered to return and other reinforcements will follow immediately. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Chester, August 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: I had proceeded thus far in order to look out for a proper place to arrange the Army, when I received the provoking account that the Enemy's Fleet left the Capes of Delaware Yesterday and Steered Eastward again. I shall return again, with the utmost expedition, to the North River; but as a sudden Stroke is certainly intended by this Manoeuvre, I beg you will immediately call in every Man of the Militia, that you possibly can to Strengthen the Highland Posts. The importance of Fort Montgomery is such, that I wish you to repair immediately to it, if you possibly can, consistent with the duties of the Office upon which you newly entered. I am etc.
P.S. A party must be still kept to secure the Entrance of the Clove.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, August 2, 1777.
Sir: By express last Night, I informed you of my having received intelligence, that the Enemy's Fleet had left the Capes, and Sailed towards the Eastward, and in consequence thereof directed you, without losing a moment to return with the two Brigades under your Command, and rejoin Genl. Putnam. The utmost dispatch is absolutely necessary; for there is every reason to suppose the Enemy's movements will be extremely rapid, in order if possible, to carry the Highlands by a sudden Stroke. March back as light as you can, without any baggage, except your Tents, leaving the rest to follow. I am &ca.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Qurs., Philada., August 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: By an express last Night from Cape May we are informed that the Enemy's Fleet were seen again after they first disappeared, from whence some people conclude that their going off was to gain more Sea room to weather the Shoals of Cape May, and that they will still come up Delaware. Under this uncertainty (as it is terrible to march and countermarch the Troops at this Season) you are desired to halt upon the most convenient and healthy Ground, near to the place where this shall overtake you. If you receive intelligence which you can certainly depend upon, that the Enemy's Fleet have gone into the Hook or are upon the Coast of New England, you are then to move on to Peeks Kill, without waiting any orders from me; if you are to come forward, I shall send you an express. I beg while you do halt, that you will use every means to refresh the Troops and to get their Arms into good order. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., Philadelphia, August 3, 1777.
Sir: I this day sent you orders by express, to halt wherever it should find you; and not to proceed any further towards the Delaware, until you had orders from me for that purpose; nor to return towards Peeks Kill, unless you should have certain information, that the Enemy's Fleet were arrived at the Hook, or had gone further Eastward, in which case you were to go back to Peeks Kill, as expeditiously as possible. Since that I have been favoured with yours of the 2d. instant from Bound Brook.
With respect to the Tory, who was tried and executed by your order, though his crime was heinous enough to deserve the fate he met with, and though I am convinced you acted in the affair with a good intention, yet I cannot but wish it had not happened. In the first place, it was a matter that did not come within the jurisdiction of martial law, and therefore the whole proceeding was irregular and illegal, and will have a tendency to excite discontent, jealousy and murmurs among the people. In the Second, if the trial could properly have been made by a Court Martial, as the Division you command is only a detachment from the Army, and you cannot have been considered as in a Seperate Department, there is none of our articles of War that will justify your inflicting a Capital punishment, even on a Soldier, much less a Citizen. I mention these things for your future Government, as what is past cannot be recalled. The temper of the Americans and the principles on which the present contest turns, will not countenance proceedings of this nature.
I am sorry there is such a difference between Major Mullen11 and you; but I cannot with propriety consent to your dismissing him, without his having had a fair trial, and any charges alledged against him being properly proved. As he is now under arrest, you may order a General Court Martial to be held
[Note 11: Thomas Mullens. He was brigade major to De Borre to Sept. 14, 1777; brigade major and aide to Maj. Gen. Thomas Conway from October, 1777, to April, 1778; brevet lieutenant colonel in June, 1778, at which time he was permitted to return to France.] for his trial, and report the proceedings to me, on which I shall determine what appears to be just. I am &ca.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
City Tavern, August 3, 1777.
Sir: As from a variety of contradictory circumstances, the Enemy's real intentions still remain ambiguous and uncertain, I would not have you at present embark the Troops as before directed, but keep them in a state of continual readiness for the purpose against further orders.13 The Vessels should also be in constant readiness, that there may be no cause of delay when it shall be necessary to make use of them, and orders are given accordingly. I am &ca.
[Note 13: Nash was then at Trenton, N.J.]
P. S. When you have orders to embark, give the same to the Artillery and see that they come on with you.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Alexander Hamilton.]
Philadelphia, August 3, 1777.
Sir: Your Favor of this date with its inclosures is now before me.
At the same time that I express my thanks for the high mark of confidence which Congress have been pleased to repose in me, by their Resolve authorizing me to send an Officer to command the northern Army, I should wish to be excused from making the appointment. For this, many Reasons might be mentioned, and which I am persuaded will occur to Congress upon reflection.
The Northern department in a great measure, has been considered as separate, and more peculiarly under their direction, and the Officers commanding there always of their nomination. Letter from New England Delegates in Congress Suggesting General Gates for Command of the Northern Department, August 2, 1777 in the Writing of Samuel Adams I have never interfered, further than merely to advise, and to give such aids as were in my power, on the requisitions of those Officers.
The present Situation of that department is delicate and critical and the Choice of an Officer to the command may involve very interesting and important Consequences.
It is certainly necessary that a Body of Militia should be immediately called out, to reinforce the northern Army. In the conference, which your Committee honored me with Yesterday Evening, I mentioned the Number which I thought sufficient. But my opinion on this point and the apportioning them to the different States, I wish to submit to Congress, who can best determine the Quotas that should come from each. I would only observe that Connecticut and New York are already and may be called on again to afford succours to the Army at Peekskill. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress August 4 and "Ordered to be taken into consideration at 1 oClock." James Lovell wrote to William Whipple (August 4) the result of this consideration: "New York pushed for a reference to General W-- as to the successor of Schuyler, intending and attempting to prevent G-- from being sent; but it was referred back to us and we were 11 to 1 which is far from 5 to 4, and 2 divided." (See Burnett's Letters of Members of Congress, vol. a, p. 437.) Washington was directed (August 4) to order Gates to the Northern Department to take the place of Schuyler.]
Philadelphia, August 3, 1777.
Sir: The conduct of the Enemy is distressing and difficult to be understood. Since my last, directing you to proceed to Peeks Kill, their Fleet, or a pretty considerable part of it, has appeared off the Capes of Delaware, as we were advised yesterday by Express. In this state of uncertainty about their real object and design, I think it advisable, that you should halt your own and Colo. Ogdon's Regiments where this Letter reaches you and there remain till further orders from me, unless you should receive authentic intelligence of the Fleets coming within Sandy Hook or going farther to the Eastward; in which case, you will proceed immediately to Peeks Kill, with all the expedition you can. You will hold yourself and every thing in readiness to march on the most Sudden emergency.
If the Fleet make their appearance in Delaware, I shall inform you by express and how you are to act. Without this, you will not advance towards this place.
While you halt, you will take every measure for refreshing your Men and rendering them as comfortable as you can. Bathing themselves moderately and washing their Clothes are of infinite Service. Wherever you may march to, the first object, after your arrival should be to clean your Arms, and to have 'em put immediately in the best possible fix. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 17: Sent to the Governors or Legislatures of Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.]
Philadelphia, August 4, 1777.
Sir: The great expence and loss of time, that has attended the Recruiting Service in most of the States, and the little advantage derived from it, has induced Congress to recommend the Executive Powers of each, to adopt certain New Regulations, for promoting this important and essential business, and for taking it intirely out of the hands of the Officers of the Army. The Resolve on this subject, and the regulations recommended, passed on the 31st Ulto. and will, I presume, be transmitted you by the President.18
[Note 18: The plan recommended by Congress was that each State should be divided into districts, a proper person appointed to raise recruits in each district, and all to be under the direction of the State. Security was to be given by each agent for a faithful discharge of his duty, and he was to receive $8 for every able-bodied recruit he should enlist for three years or during the war. The same agent was empowered to take up deserters and allowed $5 for every deserter so taken. The recruits were permitted to join any regiment or company they chose at the time they enlisted if such regiment or company was not already full, and in that case they might choose any other. Washington was directed to call in all the Continental officers then absent on the recruiting service except such as were necessary to receive recruits and march them to the army. ( See Journals of the Continental Congress, July 31, 1777.)]
I will not urge the expediency of carrying this proceeding into immediate execution; I shall only observe the Necessity is obvious, and that it demands our most active attention. The principal cause of my troubling you at this time, is, to request that, after the persons recommended are appointed in your State, you will be pleased to transmit me their names, their Places of residence, and those designed for the Rendezvous of Recruits and Deserters. As soon as I am advised upon these subjects, I shall recall all the Officers, who are recruiting, and order them forthwith to join their respective Corps. Before I conclude, I would beg leave to mention, that the Success of this interesting Business, in all its parts, will depend much upon a judicious Choice of those who are to be employed in it, and that, I think, the districts should not be too large and extensive. I have the honor etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 4, 1777.
Sir: You will perceive, by the inclosed Copy of a letter from Congress, that they have destined you to the Command of the Army in the Northern Department and have directed me to order you immediately to repair to that post. I have therefore to desire you will, in persuance of their intention, proceed to the place of your destination, with all the expedition you can, and take upon you the Command of the Northern Army accordingly. Wishing you Success and that you may speedily be able to restore the face of affairs in that quarter, I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter sent, also in Hamilton's writing, is in the New York Historical Society, and differs from the draft in minor particulars only.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, August 4, 1777.
Sir: I have been duly honored by your several favors of the 25th, 27th and 30th of July.
The Misfortune at Ticonderoga, has given a very disagreeable turn to our affairs, and has thrown a gloom upon the happy prospect, which the Campaign, previous to that event, afforded. But I am in great hopes, the ill consequences of it will not continue long to operate; and that the jealousies and alarms, which so sudden and unexpected an event, has produced in the minds of the People, both of your State and to the Eastward, will soon Subside and give Place to the more rational dictates of self-preservation, and a regard to the common good. In fact, the worst effect of that event, is, that it has Served to produce those distrusts and apprehensions; for, if the Matter were cooly and dispassionately considered, there would be found nothing so formidable in Mr. Burgoyne and the force under him, with all his Successes, as to countenance the least degree of despondency; and experience would shew, that even moderate exertions of the States, more immediately interested, would be Sufficient, to check his career, and, perhaps, convert the advantages he has gained, into his ruin. But, while people continue to view what has happened, through the Medium of Suspicion and fear, there is no saying, to what length an enterprising man may push his good fortune. I have the fullest confidence that no endeavours of the Council will be wanted, to bring your State, (with the distresses of which I am deeply affected) to every effort it is capable of making, in its present mutilated Situation; and, they may rely upon it, no means in my Power Shall be unemployed, to co-operate with them, in the danger that presses upon the State, and, through it, threatens the Continent. If I do not give as effectual Aid as I could wish, to the Northern Army, it is not for want of inclination, nor from being too little impressed with the importance of doing it; It is because the State of affairs in this Quarter will not possibly admit of it. It would be the heighth of impolicy, to weaken ourselves too much here, in order to increase our Strength there; and it must certainly be considered more difficult, as well as of greater moment, to controul the main Army of the Enemy, than an inferior and, I may say, dependent one; for it is pretty obvious, that if Genl. Howe can be completely kept at bay, and prevented effecting his principal purposes, the Successes of Mr. Burgoyne, whatever they may be, must be partial and temporary.
Nothing that I can do shall be wanting, to rouse the Eastern States and excite them to those exertions, which the exigency of our Affairs so urgently demands. I lament, that they have not yet done more; that so few of their Militia have come into the field, and that those few have behaved so inconsistent with the duty they owe their Country, at this critical period. But I have, nevertheless, great reliance upon those States, I know they are capable of powerful efforts, and that their attachment to the cause, notwithstanding they may be a little tardy, will not allow them long to withold their aid, at a time when their own Safety, that of a Sister State, and in a great measure the Safety of the Continent calls for their greatest zeal and activity. I flatter myself, the presence of Generals Lincoln and Arnold, in the Northern Department, will have a happy effect upon them. Those Gentlemen men possess much of their Confidence, particularly the former, than whom there is, perhaps, no man from the State of Massachusetts who enjoys more universal esteem and popularity; and, in addition to that, they may both be considered, as very valuable Officers.
You intimate a wish, that some Assistance could be drawn from the Southern States at this time. But, while things remain in their present posture, and appearances, however illusory they may prove, afford the Strongest reason to keep their force at home, to counteract the Seeming intentions of General Howe, I could neither ask nor expect them, to detach any part of it to the Succour of the Northern States, who are so well able to defend themselves, against the force they now have to oppose.
I hope an exaggerated Idea of the Enemy's force may have no injurious influence on our measures. There is no circumstance I am acquainted with, that induces me to believe General Burgoyne can have more than Six or Seven thousand men;21 and, if the force left in Canada is so considerable, as the information you send me makes it, he cannot have even so many. The representations of Prisoners and deserters, in this respect, are of little validity; their knowledge is always very limited, and their intention, particularly the former, is very often bad. Beyond what regards the State of their own Companys, no attention is due to what they say. The number of Regiments your informant mentions, agrees with other Accounts, but in the number of men in each Company he gives the establishment, not, I am persuaded, the actual State. The British Army in Canada last Campaign, though they Suffered little by action, must have decreased materially by Sickness and other Casualties; and, if the recruits, both from England and Germany, bore any proportion to those which have reinforced General Howe, the State of
[Note 21: Channing ( History of the United States, vol. 3, p. 257) states that Burgoyne's force was 6,840 foot and 357 artillerymen. This included the Brunswickers.] their Regiments must be greatly inferior to what your information Supposes. Reasoning by analogy, as far as it will apply, I cannot imagine the British regiments can exceed 250 Men each, fit for the field, or that the foreign troops can amount to much more than 3000 Men.
The appointment of General Clinton to the Government of your State, is an event, that, in itself, gives me great pleasure, and very much abates the regret I should otherwise feel for the loss of his Services in the Military line. That Gentleman's Character is Such, as will make him peculiarly useful at the head of your State, in a Situation so alarming and interesting, as it at present experiences. For the future, agreeably to your desire, I shall direct my applications to him. I have the honor &ca.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, at Col. Hills, Roxboro,24 August 4, 1777.
[Note 24: Col. Henry Hill's house was in Indian Queen Lane, about 1 mile east of Schuylkill Falls and a mile from Germantown, Pa. His farm was known as Roxborough.]
Parole Cambridge. Countersigns Charlestown, Concord.
In the present marching state of the army, every incumbrance proves greatly prejudicial to the service; the multitude of women in particular, especially those who are pregnant, or have children, are a clog upon every movement. The Commander in Chief therefore earnestly recommends it to the officers commanding brigades and corps, to use every reasonable method in their power to get rid of all such as are not absolutely necessary; and the admission or continuance of any, who shall, or may have come to the army since its arrival in Pennsylvania, is positively forbidden, to which point the officers will give particular attention.
A General Court Martial is to sit to morrow, at nine oclock in the morning, at or near Judge Laurence's25 quarters by Schuylkill falls, for the trial of all such prisoners as shall be brought before them. Col James Wood is appointed president of this court.
[Note 25: John Lawrence, Judge Advocate General of the Continental Army.]
The regimental Surgeons are to send all their sick to the general Hospital in Philadelphia.
Head Quarters, at Col. Hill's, Roxboro, August 5, 1777.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Virginia, Carolina.
The General Court Martial ordered yesterday, is to sit to morrow morning, at nine o'clock, at Palmer's tavern, at Schuylkill falls; and all members must attend without fail. A Serjeant from brigade to attend the court.
Philadelphia, August 5, 1777.
Sir: I have your favor of the 3d, which I should have answered Yesterday but I was down the River visiting the different Posts. The constant demands for Arms and Accoutrements, notwithstanding the great Quantities lately delivered, is a thing so unaccountable, that I think no means should be left untried, to investigate the true Reasons of deficiencies in almost every Corps. The first Step towards this, is to direct the Commissary General of Military Stores, to make out a particular detail of the Arms and Accoutrements delivered to the Continental Army within four or five Month's past, specifying the name of the Officer to whom delivered and to what Corps he belongs. We shall then be able to see, with what propriety an Officer of any particular Regiment calls for a further Supply, by comparing his demand with the number delivered out to him by the Commissary. I wish the Return just mentioned may be made out as quickly as possible.
One great Cause of the Waste and abuse of the public Arms is the want of a Sufficient number of Armourers to attend the Army. If the Smallest matter is amiss in the Lock, the Gun is useless, and if an Armourer is not at hand to repair it, it must be returned into the Store and a New one drawn, or it is thrown aside into a Baggage Waggon and perhaps lost or broken by Carriage. The want of Armourers also gives the Officers a fair Opportunity of attributing many things, which are really owing to their inattention to their Men, to the impossibility of keeping the Arms in order without such persons; And it is no uncommon thing to find Arms returned as defective, upon close inspection, to want only rubbing and cleaning.
It has heretofore been customary for the Commissary to deliver Arms &c. to the order of the Adjt. General. But in our present Situation, where our wants appear to be many and our means Small, I have ordered all the commanding Officers of Corps to make a Return of their deficiencies, and if we cannot Supply them with the whole, we must apportion what we have, among them.
It does not appear that any person has yet undertaken the Business of Supplying the Army with Beer, or Cyder, Vinegar and Vegitables; but as those things would exceedingly refresh the Troops that now lay at German Town, I beg to know whether they could not be procured for them immediately, by some person appointed by the Board for the present. If only Beer or Cyder and Vinegar was procured, it would not be so material as to Vegitables, for they can purchase them in the Neighbourhood.
I am just favor'd with your Note of this date, by which I perceive that Mr. Butler29 Chief Armourer is put under my direction; You will oblige me by ordering him to attend upon me that I may see whether he can undertake to supply armourers to follow the Army. I have &c.
[Note 29: Thomas Butler.]
P.S. Since writing the above, I have seen Colo Flower, who tells me the Returns are made to Genl Knox. He also has promised to send Mr. Butler to me.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, August 5, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have duly receiv'd your favor of the 23d. of July. I believe the Evacuation of Tyconderoga has dissatisfied the people in general, nor can I say, that I have as yet heard any reason, which makes such a step appear absolutely necessary to me, however, as a Strict Enquiry into the conduct of the commanding Officers is soon to take place, the public will no doubt be fully satisfied with the Determination of this Court, who will, I dare say, give the world a full and impartial account of the whole proceeding, and condemn or acquit as matters upon the fullest examination will appear to them.
I arrived here three or four days ago, persuaded by the late movements of the Enemy, and many of their ships appearing at these Capes, that they intended an attack on this City; since which their Fleet has stood out to Sea, and we can scarcely form a probable conjecture of their next Design, upon the ships standing to Sea, I halted the Divisions of the Army wherever they happened to be from this to Peeks Kill, so that should their real intentions be to the Eastward, I am in hopes they will not be able to do a great deal of Damage before we can come up with them.
Your Exertions in apprehending and sending back Deserters must have a happy Effect, and I request you will continue them with unremitted Vigilance.
As it is not quite improbable that I may find it necessary to march this Army to the Eastward, I think Major Dawes had better purchase Provision for his Workmen, than draw any collected for our use; your Instructions to him will be accordingly given.
I understand the Persons you speak of are released, and are therefore at liberty to act as they see proper.33 I am etc.34
[Note 33: Americans taken prisoners at Quebec who had returned home on parole, some of whom wished to reenter the service.]
[Note 34: In the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
[MS. H. S.]
Philadelphia, August 5, 1777.
Dear Baylor: I received your favour of the 19th. July and according to your request inclose a warrant on the Pay Master in Virginia for twenty thousand Dollars; I fully expected the sum you had drawn before would have completed your Regiment.
I must urge you in the most pressing terms to use your utmost exertions and diligence in compleating your Regiment and proceeding with it without loss of time to Camp. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
City Tavern, August 5, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of Yesterday came to my hands late in the Afternoon.
For reasons unnecessary to mention, I mean to delay the actual Appointment of my fourth Aide de Camp a while longer; but if you will do me the honour to become a Member of my Family, you will make me very happy, by your Company and assistance in that Line as an Extra Aid, and I shall be glad to receive you in that capacity whenever it is convenient to you.
For the polite expressions contained in your Letter respecting myself, you will be pleased to accept the sincere thanks of Sir, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Camp near Germantown, August 6, 1777.
Sir: I had the Pleasure of your Letter, respecting Genl. McIntosh. You may inform Congress, that one Brigade in this Army is without a General Officer, occasioned by Dehaas's not choosing to accept of that commission and should they think proper to order Genl. McIntosh for that purpose, it would be very agreeable to me,38 [were it not for the length of time it will take to get him here;] this I apprehend, they will have no great objection to, unless they have some Gentleman in view to fill that Vacancy, or may be of opinion that the Campaign
[Note 38: McIntosh was in Georgia.] will be almost over before he can possibly arrive or be of any Service to us.
I expected an Answer was given to you yesterday and did not know the Contrary until I was leaving Town. I am &ca.39
[Note 39: In the writing of John Fitzgerald. Phrase in brackets inserted by Washington.]
Camp near Germantown, August 6, 1777.
Sir: I beg leave to be informed, whether Congress have Written or mean to Write themselves to Genls. Schuyler and St Clair,40 to repair to Head Quarters or whether they expect me to do it. My reason for this is, the Resolves for their recall, transmitted in your favor of the 2d Inst., do not mention how the same should be communicated. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 40: Congress informed Schuyler and St. Clair of its action.]
[Note 41: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp at Germantown, August 6, 1777.
Sir: You will perceive, by the inclosed, which was wrote a few days ago, that you were ordered to halt, for the Reasons therein given. The letter, by mistake of the express, was carried up the Morris Town road, and as you were not to be heard of upon that route, it was brought back.
As we are still under the same uncertainty, as to the destination of the Fleet, that we were when the inclosed was wrote, you are to halt wherever this overtakes you, and let me know by return of the express where it is. You are, as before directed, to march to Peeks Kill upon receiving authentic intelligence that the Fleet have again arrived at the Hook or any where upon the Coast of New England. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Roxboro, August 6, 1777.
Parole Congress. Countersigns Franklin, Deane.
A board of General Officers, consisting of all the Major and Brigadier Generals in camp, is to sit to morrow at ten o'clock in the forenoon, at General Stephens's quarters, at Dr. Smith's house45 near Schuylkill falls--to make enquiry why the pay abstracts are not regularly made out, and lodged with the Pay Master General, according to orders--The pay Abstracts of every regiment and corps in the army, for the month of July, and any time preceding that month, for which they have not been made out, are to be completed and delivered to the Pay Master General by Monday next. The officers commanding regiments and corps will be answerable for the execution of this order: And every officer, who does not deliver in his abstracts, punctually by the time above assigned, may depend on being arrested, and tried for disobedience of orders; unless there are reasons, which may render it impracticable, to any to make out and deliver their abstracts by that time, and in that case,
[Note 45: Rev. William Smith, the first provost of the College of Pennsylvania. His house was between Indian Lane and the Ridge Road.] they are to appear to morrow, and lay those reasons before the above mentioned board of General Officers; if they do not, it will be taken for granted that no such reasons exist.
Joseph Ward Esqr., Commissary General of Musters, will attend the same board, to assign the reasons, why the regiments and corps of the army, have not been more generally mustered.
As the time is uncertain, when the army may march but may be very soon and sudden; all officers, and soldiers, are to keep near their quarters; and such officers as have had leave to go to Philadelphia, are to return, and none be permitted to go thither, but upon really necessary business, which being finished, they are immediately to join their respective corps.
Whenever the army moves, it will probably be necessary, that it march with the utmost celerity--the tents therefore, agreeably to former orders, are to be loaded in waggons by themselves, and in such manner, that they may, without difficulty, keep up with the troops: For the same reason, the officers will take with them, only a few articles of cloathing, such as shall be indispensibly necessary, leaving the bulk of their baggage to be brought on after them, and in order to facilitate the march, the Quarter Master General is to provide so many waggons as shall be necessary to carry the men's packs: But these packs are not to be stuffed with loads of useless trumpery, as from the sizes of many, there is great reason to suppose is now the case, and the officers are to see that they are not; for which purpose, the Commander in Chief most earnestly desires and expects, that the officers particularly inspect the packs of their men, and select only such articles as are necessary and useful: All the rest (each roans being rolled up by itself) is to be collected by the Quarter Masters of the regiments, and by them deposited in proper places, to be provided by the Quarter Master General.
Pursuant to a resolve of Congress of the 16th. of July last, the officers commanding regiments and corps are directed, that in case they have any Serjeants, Corporals, Drummers or Private men, deemed incapable of doing field duty, such men should be examined by the Director General of the hospital, or some other Physician or Surgeon; and if judged fit for garrison duty, they are not to be discharged, but transferred to the Invalid Corps, and sent to Philadelphia as soon as possible. Men having only one leg, or one arm each, if otherwise capable of doing garrison duty, are to be deemed proper recruits for this corps.
A General Court Martial of the light dragoons is to sit to morrow morning at nine o'clock, at Lush's tavern, in German town, for the trial of all prisoners belonging to any of the corps of light dragoons, which shall be brought before them. Col. Sheldon is appointed president of this court--Col. Moylan will direct the several quotas of officers for members which the different corps of horse are to furnish; And the Judge Advocate General will appoint a deputy to attend the court. The appointment of Col Sheldon, to be president of this court, is to have no influence, in determining the question of rank between him and Col. Bland.
Head Quarters, Roxboro, August 7, 1777.
Parole --. Countersign --.
At a General Court Martial held the 18th and 19th days of July last, the following soldiers were tried for various crimes, and acquitted--viz.
Timothy Brannon and William Smith of the 6th. Maryland regiment; William Foster and Adam Brooks of the 10th Virginia; Isaac Proctor of the 15th. Virginia; Richard Roach of the 4th. Pennsylvania and William Montgomery of Col. Spencer's Regiment.
Joseph Halbert, Serjeant in the 5th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for "Desertion"; but it appeared to the Court, that he was intitled to the benefit of the pardon granted by the Commander in Chief previous to the execution of Thomas Smith, who was shot at Middlebrook.
At the same court the following Soldiers were tried for various crimes and found guilty--Vizt.--James McClaster, James Scott, Daniel McKay, James Montgomery, John Montgomery of Col Stewart's regiment; Alexander McKinley of the 9th. Pennsylv: regiment; John Morgan, Morris McKinsey, Daniel Smith and William Gammon, of Col. Spencer's regiment; David Potts of the 11th. Pennsylvania regt.; John Potts and Jeremiah Goldsberry of the 11th. Virginia; John Striser of Capt. Bayles46 company in one of the Maryland Regiments; George Fant of the 8th. Virginia and John Annes of the 2nd. New Jersey Regiment. But The Commander in Chief grieved at the number of offenders; ever desireous of shewing mercy, where it is not incompatable with the public good and hoping that his clemency may hereafter have a happy tendency to reclaim the guilty; was pleased to grant a general pardon, and the offenders convicted as aforesaid, are hereby declared to be pardoned.
[Note 46: Capt. Montjoy Bailey, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment. He resigned in September, 1778.]
The following sentences of the same court martial are approved by the Commander in Chief, viz.
Capt. Friesback of Col. Armand's corps, charged 1st. with "Absenting himself without leave; 2nd. When being ordered to join his company when under arms, answer'd, he had time enough, and declined doing it; 3rd. When being put under arrest, made use of bad language, and treated his Colonel in a manner unbecoming an officer; 4th. When the corps was ordered to march into Amboy, he uttered discontent loudly before the soldiers, and wanted to know why they were returning to Amboy." Acquitted of the first, and found guilty of the second, third and fourth charges, and sentenced to be reprimanded in General orders, and to ask pardon of Col Armand in the presence of the officers of his corps.
The Commander in Chief wishes all officers to be impressed with this truth, that nothing is more essential in military service than an exact subordination, and ready obedience to the commands of superior officers; that it is this which gives life and vigour to an army: that a contrary conduct must clog and impede every movement, and excite a spirit of discontent, disobedience and licentiousness among the troops; that in this view, the conduct of Capt. Friesback must be deemed highly criminal, and of a very dangerous tendency.
Capt. Clark,47 Lieut. Higgins48 and Lieut. Kinley49 of the 8th. Virginia regiment and Capt. Langdon50 of the 12th Virginia regt. charged severally with "Neglect of duty, in not having their men's arms in good order, and with disobedience of the General orders, relating thereto." Acquitted.
[Note 47: Capt. Jonathan Clark. He was promoted to major of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment in January, 1778; lieutenant colonel in May, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
[Note 48: Lieut. Robert Higgins. He was taken prisoner at Germantown in October, 1777; was captain of the Eighth Virginia Regiment and transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; brevet major in September, 1783.]
[Note 49: Lieut. Benjamin Kinley. He was wounded at Germantown in October, 1777; retired in September, 1778; was captain of a Virginia State regiment from 1778 to 1781.]
[Note 50: Capt. Jonathan Langdon. He resigned in September, 1778.]
Capt. Berry,51 Lieut. Myers52 and Ensign Westfall,53 of the 8th. Virginia regiment; Capt. Brent54 and Lieut. Smith55 of the 4th. Virginia regt. charged severally with "Neglect of duty, in not having their men's arms in good order, and with
[Note 51: Capt. Thomas Berry. He retired in September, 1778.]
[Note 52: Lieut. Christopher Myer. He was transferred to the Fourth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; resigned in March, 1779.]
[Note 53: Ensign Cornelius Westfall. He resigned in April, 1778.]
[Note 54: Capt. John Brent. He was promoted to major in October, 1777; resigned in May, 1778.]
[Note 55: Lieut. John Smith. He resigned in May, 1778.] disobedience of the General orders relating thereto, found guilty and sentenced to be (Lieuts. Myers and Smith severely) reprimanded in general orders.
The Commander in Chief cannot forbear to express his astonishment, at the carelessness of officers, in a point of such capital importance, as this now mentioned; and that this carelessness too should take place, after repeated and most particular orders, recently given, to have the arms thoroughly cleaned and put in the best order; seeing their own personal safety; that of the army and of the country, depends on the efficacy of the men's arms; 'tis truely surprising, that officers can rest easy for one hour, when there is the smallest probability that they are unfit for immediate action, whether orders for examining and cleaning them be given or not; For 'tis a duty so obvious, that the officers of regiments and companies should see to it themselves, at all times, and not oblige the Commander in Chief to attend to every circumstance that regards each particular corps.
The Brigade Commissaries are to attend this afternoon, at five o'clock, at the market house in Germantown, to draw a gill of Vinegar a man for their respective brigades.
The commanding officers of regiments are to consult with the other field officers, and captains of companies belonging to their regiments, on what allowance of soap is absolutely necessary, with proper oeconomy, to keep the soldiery clean; a report of their opinion, to be made immediately, to the board of General Officers, to sit to day agreeable to yesterday's orders; who are to take the matter into consideration, and report their opinion of the same.
The waggons, with the heavy baggage of all the brigades, are immediately to proceed to Coryell's-ferry, and cross, and wait on the other side for further orders.
Each brigade is to send a small guard, with their own waggons, under proper officers; the whole to be under the command of a field officer.
The waggons are to move in the following order. Those of Lord Stirling's division first; General Lincoln's next; Genl. Stephens' next and Genl. Greene's last.
The boats are also to move on at the same time. The Forage Master General will take care that forage is provided for the teams, upon the march, and at the ferry.
The troops of the whole line are to be in readiness to be reviewed to morrow morning at five o'clock; when it is expected every officer and soldier not on other duty, and able, will attend. The troops are to be drawn up on the respective brigade parades. It is expected that all the waggoners, waggons and teams, which will remain in camp, will all be in their proper places; that an inspection may be had into the condition thereof. This the waggon master General will take care to see complied with.
Camp near German Town, August 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your Favour of the 1st. instant, I received last Night; those of the 26th and 28th. Ulto. also came safe to hand and in due order. As Congress have advised you of their inclination that you should come to Head Quarters, and as it is probable you will be on your way before this reaches you, I presume it unnecessary for me to enlarge upon the subject of your Several Letters, or to add more at this time than that, I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp at German Town, August 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 4th. instant. We are yet intirely in the dark as to the destination of the Enemy, the Fleet has neither been seen or heard of since they left the Capes of Delaware, on this day week. If they had intended back to the Hook, we must have heard of their arrival there long before this time, as the Winds have been constantly fair. As the Sickly season has commenced to the Southward, and there is no capital object there, I cannot conceive that they are gone that way. I can therefore only conclude, that they intend to go round Long Island into the Sound, or still farther Eastward. If they do either of these, it must be upon a plan of co-operating with Genl. Burgoyne, who, as matters are going on, will find little difficulty of penetrating to Albany, for by the last accounts, our Army had fallen down to Saratoga. Congress have thought proper to call down Genl. Schuyler and Genl. St. Clair, to give an account of the Causes of our Misfortunes to the Northward and Genl. Gates goes up to take the Command. Genl. Schuyler urges the necessity of further Reinforcements, alledging that he derives no assistance from the Militia. Your post is the only one from whence a Reinforcement can immediately be sent, but as I would not wish to weaken you, as the Enemy seem to bend their course again towards you, without consulting you; I desire that you and the General Officers would consider the Matter fully, and if you think you can spare Cortland's and Livingston's Regiments, that they may be put in readiness to move. I have ordered the heavy baggage of the Army to be thrown over Delaware again and hold the Men in constant readiness to march the moment we receive any accounts of the Enemy. I very much approve of your throwing Redoubts and Obstructions at the entrance of the passes near your posts, as they, with the natural Strength of the Ground, must render the approach of an Enemy extremely difficult without considerable loss. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp near Germantown, August 7, 1777.
Sir: Yesterday evening, I received a Letter from Genl Schuyler60 of the 1st Inst. a copy of which and of its Inclosures, I do myself the honor of transmitting you. By these you will perceive, that our affairs, at the Northward, have experienced no change for the better; On the contrary, that they are in a more unpromising train. I have the honor etc.61
[Note 60: Schuyler's letter of August 1 told of the panicky condition of the troops, Col, Seth Warner's weakness, the British advance, and Maj. Gen. Benedict Arnold's request for permission to retire on account of rank. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 61: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Roxboro, August 8, 1777.
Parole Germantown. Countersigns Roxboro, Hill.
The morning being foggy and dewy, the Brigadiers will postpone parading their brigades 'till six o'clock and longer if necessary, 'till the fog and dew are chiefly dissipated.
At two o'clock P.M. the army is to march to a new encampment, about miles from hence, on the way to Coryell's ferry, at the ground appointed by the Quarter Master General.
Col. Moylan will leave proper detachments of horse, as has already been proposed to him, to search all houses in the neighbourhood of the late encampment, and on the roads towards Philadelphia, for all straggling soldiers, whom they will secure. And to morrow morning he will move forward, to join the main army, previously making application to the Quarter Master General and Commissary General of forage, for direction as to the ground, that such a post may be taken, as shall be most convenient for the army, and getting a supply of forage.62
[Note 62: At this point in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress is the note: "Original Orders lost up to the 13th instant."]
Camp near Germantown, August 9, 1777.
Sir: I am this moment favor'd with your Letter of yesterday, covering a Complaint of William McIlvaine Esqr. against Major or Captain Sims.65 The Corps to which he belongs is at present in Trenton. I shall take the first opportunity of having
[Note 65: Maj. Charles Simms(?), of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment.] this matter strictly enquired into, and if Sims is found guilty of the charge, he shall make such satisfaction, as Mr. McIlvaine will deem sufficient, or (in case of his refusing so to do) he shall become amenable to the Powers of Civil Law in such Manner as it directs. I have the honor etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of John Fitzgerald. From the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J., to whose kindness the editor is indebted.]
Camp near German Town, August 9, 1777.
Sir: You will march to morrow morning the Corps under your Command for Maidenhead in the State of Jersey and there halt till you receive further Orders. You will take every possible care in your power, as well in your march, as during your stay at that place, to restrain every Species of licentiousness in the Soldiery and to prevent them doing the least injury to the Inhabitants or their property, as nothing can be more disserviceable to our cause, or more unworthy the character we possess, to say nothing of the injustice of the measure. I am etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, which is in the New York Public Library, is also in Harrison's writing, and varies from the above in capitalization.]
Camp near German Town, August 9, 1777.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Letter of Yesterday and with its Inclosures. I shall pay attention to the Resolves transmitted, and as soon as circumstances admit, shall propose to Genl Howe an Exchange between Lt. Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers and a like number of Ours of equal rank in his Hands.
I would beg leave to lay before Congress a Copy of a Report made by a Board of Genl. Officers held on the 7th Inst to consult of several Matters respecting the Army. In the course of their deliberation, they took into consideration the subject reported. I shall only add, that this matter has been long complained of by the Officers, and the more so, as the Indulgence they pray could not nor can be ever attended with the least possible injury to the Public, and is what, I believe, is allowed, in most Armies. Congress I am persuaded, will give it their attention, and if no good objections of a Public Nature appear against the Measure, will grant what the Officers wish and the Board have recommended.69
[Note 69: This was a representation by the regimental officers regarding their ration issue. The original, dated August 7, is in the Washington Papers. It was read in Congress (August 11) and referred to James Wilson, Jonathan Bayard Smith, and William Smith. The matter was settled by the resolves of September 11. Washington's letter also inclosed the report of a board of general officers (August 7) on the Wagonmaster General's Department, soap allowance, and clothing. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I perceive by the Resolutions of the 30th Ulto. and 1st Inst. for recalling Genls. Schuyler and St. Clair, that they are directed to repair to Head Quarters. I also find, that a Committee had been resolved on, to digest a mode for enquiring into the Reasons for evacuating Tyconderoga and Mount Independence, and into the conduct of the General Officers in the Northern department at the time of the evacuation. As these Gentlemen have received the Letter upon this Subject by this time, and will probably be down in the course of a few days, I shall be glad to be informed what I am to do with them when they arrive. I may be then at a great distance from this, and in such case, should be at a loss what to say or how to conduct myself respecting them, without receiving some directions, which I request to be favoured with by the earliest Opportunity. I have the Honor &ca.70
[Note 70: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Camp near Philada., August 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received Yesterday your favour of the 4th. I am greatly concerned at the rapid progress of Mr. Burgoyne's Army. I shall not enlarge at this time for the Reasons mentioned in my last and as it is more than probable this will meet you on your way to Head Quarters. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Qurs., near German Town, August 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favoured with yours of the 1st. and 2d. instant. I am convinced if any Ships appeared off your Coast at the time you mention, that they could not have been the Fleet that sailed from the Hook, because they were off the Capes of Delaware just at that time. But I think it more than probable that you will have heard something of the Enemy before this reaches you. We have not received the least intelligence of them since they left the Capes of Delaware last Thursday was a week. Had they returned to the Hook, they must have arrived there many days ago, as the Winds have been constantly fair. The Season of the year is not only against their going Southward; but there is no object there worth their attention, and it would be leaving Genl. Burgoyne to make Head against the whole Eastern Force and the Continental Army up the North River. My opinion therefore is, that they intend either to go round the East end of Long Island into the Sound and land in Connecticut, or stand more Eastward and make a descent upon Rhode Island or some where in Massachusetts, from either of which places they may attempt to penetrate and form a junction with Genl. Burgoyne, who is pushing down the North River with scarce any opposition.
Be the place of Genl. Howe's destination where it may, it will be impossible for the Army to be up time enough to prevent his making good his landing, but I think it will be a considerable time before he can complete his debarkation and get all things in readiness to march into the Country. I therefore must depend upon the most spirited exertions of the Militia, to give him every opposition and endeavour to retard his progress till the Continental Army can come up. That I may reach the North River quickly (should there be occasion), I have ordered this Army with all their baggage &ca. to return to the East side of Delaware. As the Garrison of Peekskill have not been upon fatigue, they will be able to march forward rapidly, while the Troops that take their places, refresh and rest themselves. As I am informed that the whole Country between the Coast and the North River, is rough and defensible, I am in hopes that we shall be able to take such a position, as with our joint forces, will prevent a junction of the two Armies of the Enemy should they attempt it. Should a descent be made, it will be necessary to remove all Teams and provision out of their way, as quick as possible; the Teams especially, as I am convinced General Howe will be in great want of draft Cattle, as his own must be much reduced, from the length of time which they have been on Board. I am etc.
P.S. 11th. Augt. An express overtook me last night with an Account that the Fleet were seen the 7th. instant off Sinepuxent 16 leagues to the southward of the Capes of Delaware. I havetherefore halted till I have further intelligence.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Qurs. near German Town, August 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am this day favoured with your letter of 7th. Instt. I am happy to hear that you are so far recovered, as to be able to join your Division, and expect the Regimen you propose to follow will effectually remove all your Complaints.
I have repeatedly wrote to the Clothier General respecting the Articles of his Department, particularly Shoes, and have ordered him to search the Continent, rather than let the Troops want in future. I have been informed that your Division has lately had a supply and that Colo. Antill and Major Steward were lately in Philadelphia for more, which I expected they had obtained and would be sufficient.
As the Troops are now on their March to the Delaware, it will be in your power, without any great inconvenience, to issue orders for your paymasters to come on, with their Abstracts ready Certified &ca. that they may be paid off to the last of July.
Since the Fleet disappeared off Delaware, I have not been able to obtain the least intelligence of their Course or design, but, being almost persuaded their Operations are turned to the Eastward, I shall cross Delaware with the Army, that we may be more ready to meet them, or effect any other purpose which may present itself in a favourable light.
You will observe, in one of my Letters to Genl. D'Borre, he is ordered, in case the Enemy should appear off the Hook or in such manner, that their designs are evident to be up the North River or Sound, he should, under such Circumstances, recross the North River and join Genl. Putnam without waiting to hear from me.
From the Representation made to me respecting Brown and Murphy,76 I then thought that it became necessary to execute one of them by way of Example, but as you are of Opinion that the necessity is in some degree removed, and from late discoveries, that there is a possibility of their not being guilty, you have my free consent to pardon them both, as it is my most sincere wish, that whenever we are guilty of an Error in matters of this Nature, it may be on the Side of Mercy and forgiveness.
[Note 76: Daniel Brown and John Murphy.]
If Major Mullen will make such Concessions to Genl. D'Borré as you deem sufficient and will be Satisfactory to him, and that he will give you Reason to beleive that he will in future be sober and attentive to his duty. I have not the least objection to your Reinstating him.
I have attended to the Information you received from the Deserters, but am of opinion that few or no Officers in Genl. Howe's Army knew his real designs before he left New York.
I would in future call your attention, in the most particular manner, to find out the Numbers, Situation and Posts of the Enemy on Staten Island, Long Island and New York. Your surest method to effect this, will be to find out what Corps, Regiments &ca. are at such and such places, by which you will be able to form a much better Judgment of their Numbers, than from the rough guess of Spies or Deserters, who are always exceedingly Mistaken in Calculations of this kind; this I would wish to be done in such a manner and interwoven with other Queries, so as to avoid Suspicion of your real design, and when any accounts can be collected which you think may be depended on, or may serve to give me a tolerable Idea of their strength, Situation &ca., they may be communicated to me. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Camp near German Town,
August 10, 1777.
Sir: The disappearance of the Enemy's Fleet for so many days, rendering it rather improbable that they will again return, I have thought it advisable to remove the Army back to Coryels, where it will be near enough to succour Philadelphia, should the Enemy, contrary to appearances, still make that the object of their next operations; and will be so much more conveniently situated to proceed to the Northward, should the event of the present ambiguous and perplexing situation of things call them that way. I was the more inclined to this step, as the nearness of the Army to the city, beside other disadvantages, afforded a temptation both to Officers and Men, to indulge themselves in licenses inconsistent with discipline and order, and consequently of a very injurious tendency.
But before my departure, I esteem it my duty to communicate to Congress the result of my examination into the nature of the River defence, proper to be adopted, according to the means in our possession, to prevent the Success of any attempt upon Philadelphia, by water. I therefore beg leave to lay before Congress what appears to me most eligible, considering all circumstances and comparing my own observations, with the different opinions of the Gentlemen, whom I consulted on the occasion.
It is generally a well-founded Maxim, that we ought to endeavour to reduce our defence, as much as possible, to a certainty, by collecting our Strength and making all our preparations at one point, rather than to risk its being weak and ineffectual every where, by dividing our attention and force to different objects. In doing this, we may disable ourselves from acting with sufficient vigor any where, and a misfortune in one place, may pave the way for a similar one in another. In our circumstances we have neither men, cannon, nor any thing else to spare, and perhaps cannot with propriety hazard them on objects, which being attended with the greatest success, we can promise ourselves, can be productive of only partial and indecisive advantages, and which may possibly fail of the end proposed, may have some serious ill-consequences, and must at all events have some disadvantages.
It is then to be considered, where our defence can be most effectually made; whether at Bilingsport, or at Fort Island. It appears to me, that the last deserves greatly the preference. Bilingsport has but one row of Chevaux de frize, Fort Island has three, and in addition to them, a boom and another chevaux de frize, ready to be sunk in the channel, on the approach of the enemy; of course the obstructions in this respect are four times as great at the one as at the other. The Gallies and floating batteries, that could be brought for the defence of the chevaux de frize at Bilingsport, would be unable to Maintain their Station, when once the enemy were in possession of the commanding ground on the Jersey side, to which they would be intirely exposed, and notwithstanding the works raising there, even supposing them complete, the strongest advocates for making our defence in this place, do not pretend that the event can be protracted, more than fifteen or twenty days at most; at the end of which time, we should be obliged, with the loss of our cannon at least to abandon the defence, and leave it in the Power of the enemy to remove or destroy the chevaux de frize at pleasure. Nor is it by any means certain, that a single row of chevaux de frize would be an impenetrable barrier to the enemys ships. Experiments have been made, that lead to a contrary supposition, and if they should hazard one, which it might be worth their while to do, with some of their less valuable Ships, under favour of a leading breeze and tide, and should succeed in it; the consequence might be the loss of our gallies and floating batteries, which I apprehend might be intercepted; and with the assistance of their gallies and small armed vessels, taken, and would greatly weaken the opposition we might otherwise give, at Fort Island, and tend powerfully to render it abortive. But if they should not attempt this, contenting themselves with safer tho' slower operations, I have already observed, that it is agreed on all hands, in fifteen or twenty days, they would be able to possess themselves, of infallible means of frustrating our opposition there, by the capture of our works; and if we add to this, that it might very possibly happen in less time; if from no other cause, yet from the garrison being intimidated, by a consciousness of its own inferiority and inability to support itself, against a so much superior force of numbers, which might occasion a conduct destructive to itself, there will remain no sufficient reasons to justify the making this the principal point of defence.
At Fort Island the boom and chevaux de frize are an ample security against any forcible impression of the enemy's ships, which it would be imprudent in them to attempt. On the Jersey Side, the situation of the grounds is such, that the gallies, floating batteries and forts employed in the defence of the obstructions, would have little to fear from any batteries erected there. Red Bank seems, by its elevation, to be the only advantageous spot for annoying them; but as it is computed to be above 1900 Yards from Fort Island, the distance is rather too great to allow any battery, raised there, to act with so much effect as to be able to silence our fire. On this side, the ground by dykes and sluices may be laid under water, to so considerable an extent, as to leave no danger of our River force being annoyed from thence; for which purpose, suitable preparations ought at once to be made against it may be necessary to carry them into effect.
But tho' a Battery upon Red-bank would not, in my apprehensions, be able to prevent the efficacy of our defence or give any material disturbances to Fort Island in particular, yet it might serve to make the situation of some of our gallies rather uneasy, and this perhaps makes it worth while to pre-occupy it, in order to keep it out of the Enemy's hands, erecting a small but strong work there, capable of containing about two hundred Men with six or eight pieces of light cannon, and a proportionable quantity of stores. As the approaches to it are difficult, on account of the adjacent creeks and a communication can be kept open, between it and our army, by which means the garrison might receive succours from time to time, though we could not expect to make it impregnable, yet we should have a prospect of holding it much longer than we could the work at Bilingsport. In the position, which from my present view of it, I should think it best for our Army to take, the left wing of it would be nearly opposite to Red-bank, and therefore in a condition to releive and support it; whereas Bilingsport, being more remote, from the probable position of the army and detached from any other work, could not easily derive any assistance from without, and must rely wholly upon its own strength.
Either at Bilingsport or at Fort Island, I beleive, there is not much to be apprehended from the fire of the enemy's ships unaided by land batteries: For as by the information of those who ought to be acquainted with the fact, not more than three ships can act abreast at a time, at either place; and as the gallies, not requiring the same depth of water, can extend themselves at pleasure, and besides carry a superior weight of Metal to that which frigates commonly have, a much superior fire could be opposed to them, than any they could bring; and from the difference of size and make between the frigates and gallies, to much better effect than theirs. The comparative extent of the River at Bilingsport and at Fort Island has been assigned as a motive of preference to the former, the river being narrower there than at the latter, and supposed to admit of fewer ships operating at a time; but as it is asserted by the Gentlemen in the River department, that the sand banks and shallowness of the River in most places near Fort Island, compensate for the width of it and make it impossible for more than three ships to act at a time, this reason for preferring the position at Bilingsport seems to have no foundation. And if we consider, that our whole force of gallies and floating batteries would be collected at Fort Island, assisted by the fort itself, and that it would not be safe to trust them all out, for the defence at Bilingsport, for fear of the disaster already suggested: it seems evident enough that this is the place where our defence may be most successfully made.
One of the weightiest considerations with me, is, that our Army, as before intimated, could more conveniently co-operate with the defence by water here, than at Bilingsport. The ground on this side is better situated here, than at the other place; and the army being so much nearer the city, it is so much the less likely, that the enemy should be able, by a circuitous route, to fall into the rear of it and Separate it from the city; which is a circumstance that ought carefully to be attended to.
Some Gentlemen are of Opinion, that our principal dependance ought to be upon Fort Island and its appendages; but at the same time, that we should make a part of our defence at Bilingsport; proposing for that purpose, that the works there should be continued in the new contracted scale to be garrisoned by four or five hundred Men. The reasons for this are, that it would serve to delay the enemy and give our army time to come up, should it be at any distance, and that it would prevent those disagreeable impressions, which never fail to accompany the abandoning works that have been once raised, and plans that have been once in execution; especially when the persons concerned in the defence of them, repose a degree of confidence in them; which is said to be the case in the present instance. But these reasons may perhaps not be so conclusive as 'tis imagined; for 'tis a question, whether if our army was so remote, as to make such a delay necessary, the Enemy would embarrass themselves with removing the water obstructions in the first place; but would not rather debark and make a rapid March by land, possessing themselves of the city and of those positions which would make the surrender of the gallies &c in some sort a natural consequence; and it is worthy of consideration, whether the abandonning the works begun, at this time, which will probably allow some leisure, for any disagreeable impressions it might make to be effaced will not be less injurious, than the abandonning them hereafter, when they have cost more expence time and labour, and in the critical moment of an attack, when every misfortune and the loss of the most inconsiderable post is too apt to have a much worse influence upon the mind, than the real importance of it will justify. Add to this, the possibility that the garrison, dismayed at the approach of numbers so superior to their own, might not answer the end expected from them, and might even be lost by their timidity; the certainty of losing the cannon after the time limited for the defence, and thereby weakening that of the upper position; the chance of losing the gallies and floating batteries, requisite for covering the chevaux de frize, by a hazardous and successful attempt to break through them, and the garrison with them, which would fall of course upon such an event. It is however submitted to Congress to balance the advantages and disadvantages and determine accordingly. I would only beg leave to give it clearly as my opinion, that our principal dependance ought to be upon Fort Island and the obstructions there, and that Bilingsport ought not, by any means to be defended, more than as a secondary object.
And to that end, I would recommend, that the works on Fort Island, which on their present construction are, by no means calculated for the defence of the Chevaux De frize, be immediately altered and adapted to that purpose, taking care at the same time to make them defensible with a small number of Men against any sudden attempt to land in boats and carry them by assault.
But whatever scheme is pursued, I could wish the greatest diligence and dispatch may be used in bringing it to maturity, for though the danger which lately threatened seems to have subsided, there is no knowing how soon it may return, and certainly it will be prudent to do every thing in our power to be prepared for it, as we can lose nothing by being so, and may lose a great deal by neglecting to improve the interval of leisure they have given us, should it be their intention to revisit this quarter. As the means to this, it will be necessary to furnish Mr. Coudray, to whom the superintendency of those works has been intrusted, with a competent number of workmen, tools and other things he may want, to enable him to carry them on with propriety, ease and expedition.
On the whole, I am of opinion, that the obstructions in the River, with the help of the gallies, floating batteries, and with tolerable industry to put the land works in a proper state, will be extremely formidable to the enemy, and authorize a reasonable expectation of their being effectual. The fire ships also will contribute to this end, for though there are many obstacles that render their success precarious, and a happy concurrence of circumstances is necessary towards it any of which failing, may disappoint the project, and there is therefore no room to be sanguine, yet there is some probability of its succeeding, and they will be at least an embarrassment and terror to the enemy, and will oblige them to use precautions, inconvenient to them and serviceable to us.
As an accurate knowledge of the Country is essential to a good defence, and as the Enemy's approach may be sudden and we may be called to act, without having time, when it happens, to examine it sufficiently, if it is not done beforehand; it would answer a valuable purpose, to have it immediately carefully reconnoitred, and sketches taken of all the landing places, great roads, and bye-paths, encamping grounds, heights, Rivers, creeks, morasses, and every thing that it can be of any importance to know. Marcus Hook seems to be the most advanced place, at which it is conjectured the enemy will land; the survey should therefore comprehend all the country between that and Philadelphia. Mr. Du Coudray has offered his service with his Engineers, to do this business, if authorized by Congress, only requiring that they may be supplied with horses [and a hand or two]. If Congress approve of it I shall be glad they may be desired to enter upon it, without loss of time. I have the Honor etc.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft is in that of Richard Kidder Meade, The letter was read in Congress (August 11) and referred to the Board of War, "who are directed to carry the general's plan of defence into execution with all possible dispatch." The words in brackets were added by Washington.]
[Note 80: President of the Massachusetts Council.]
Camp near Germantown, August 10, 1777.
Sir: I was honored yesterday with your Letter of the 1st Inst., and at the same time with two from Genl. Heath, the first containing similar advices to those you were pleased to transmit; The Letter of the 2d Instt., giving us further Accounts of the Fleet, and discrediting the Report, as prematurely founded. I can only express my thanks, for your attention in this instance, and assure you, I shall consider myself much obliged, by your advising me by the earliest Opportunity of the arrival or appearance of any Fleet on your Coast, or of any other intelligence that you may conceive important and interesting.
Since General Howe left the Capes of Delaware with his fleet, on the Night of Thursday Sennight, we have not obtained any accounts of him, nor can we fix his destination with any certainty or satisfaction, by reasoning on the subject. 'till he sailed from Sandy Hook, I had no doubt in my own mind, but that he would have pushed up the North River, to co-operate with Genl. Burgoyne; his expedition to the Capes of Delaware and departure again without further information of him, have put us all into a state of conjecture, as to the line of Conduct he means to pursue. Whatever it is, I hope, eventually he will be disappointed. I have the honor etc.
P.S. If Genl. Howe should arrive on your Coast and make dispositions for landing, I would recommend, that all Cattle and every Species of Provision, may be removed out of his reach; also all Teams and Carriages to prevent him penetrating the Country, if such be his design. You will readily perceive the propriety of this Measure, and I am persuaded will put it into execution.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
Underdate of Aug. 10, 1777, the following appears in the Washington Papers.
... "John Tomkins Bill at the Billet, August 10, 1777.
His Excellency General Washington, Dr.
Camp in Bucks County, August 11, 1777
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 8th. instant at this place, I was upon the march with the Army to recross the Delaware, upon a supposition that the Fleet had certainly gone to the Eastward, but I was last Night overtaken by an Express from Philadelphia, with an account that they had been seen on the 7th. instant off Sinepuxent Inlet, about 16 leagues to the Southward of the Capes of Delaware. Upon this I have halted for further intelligence. Under the present Situation of Affairs, I can give you no better direction than to remain at your post and collect all the force that you possibly can, the Season of the Year is to be sure inconvenient for the Militia to be out, but the necessity of the Case requires that as many as possibly can, must be retained in service, for if Genl. Burgoyne persists in his advance upon our Northern Army, we must offer them support or suffer him to make himself Master of all the Country above. My last letter to you directed you to consider well, whether you could spare the two New York Regiments to Genl. Schuyler's Army. If Genl. Clinton is left upon York Island with the Number of Men you mention, it is undoubtedly for some other Reason than merely to keep the post. It is probably to attack you below while Burgoyne comes down upon you. It is a matter of great consequence to ascertain that Fact. Deserters and people of that Class always speak of numbers from report, indeed scarce any person can form a Judgment, except they see the Troops paraded and can count their Divisions. But if you can by any means obtain a list of the Regiments left upon the Island, we can compute the Number of Men within a few hundreds, over or under. I beg you will use every method to come at a knowledge of this. Let your Spies be also very particular in their inquiry, whether Genl. Clinton is actually upon the Island, for an Officer of his Rank and Military Estimation would scarcely be left to keep Garrison only. It has been reported that there was a collection of Waggons and Horses making at Kingsbridge; if so, it can be for no purpose but to move out, and this therefore is another fact of which you should endeavour to know the truth. Till you are fully satisfied in the above particulars, I think you should upon no account keep any more than light parties down towards Kingsbridge, for if there is any design against your post from that Quarter, they might by a sudden embarkation and a favourable Wind, get between you and the Mountains, should you fall down with any considerable Body. I am glad to hear that Govr. Clinton has determined to resume the Command at Fort Montgomery, for there cannot be a properer man upon every account.82 I am etc.83
[Note 82: Putnam replied to this (August 15) that he had proof of Sir Henry Clinton's being on New York Island August 3 by his sending up a flag of truce in behalf of Lieut. Edmund Palmer, who had been captured under suspicious circumstances. Putnam inclosed a copy of his reply to Clinton, which is one of the unique documents in the Revolutionary correspondence. A copy, in the writing of Putnam's aide, reads as follows:
Head Quarters, August 4, 1777.
Edmond Palmer, an Officer in the Enemy's Service, Was taken as a Spy lurking within our lines, has been Tried as a Spy, Condemned as a Spy, and Shall be Executed as a Spy, and the Flag is ordered to depart immediately.
I. PUTNAM.
N.B. and has been accordingly Executed.
Putnam's letter and a copy of his letter to Clinton are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., near the Cross Roads,84 August 11, 1777.
[Note 84: Cross Roads later became Hartsville, Pa.]
Sir: Your favour of Yesterday from Woodbury I have this Moment received. As you have got so many of the Militia collected, I would think it highly impolitic to discharge them until we can with some degree of precision, explain the late extraordinary Movements of the Enemy, and determine the object of them. In the interim my desire is that you order your Men to Red Bank to assist in completeing the Works there [and at Fort Island]. The Officer Commanding will take orders from General De Coudray or whoever he has left there to Superintend them. The disagreeable Suspense we are now kept in, cannot possibly be of long duration, during which, your Corps will be doing a Service to their Country, at least equal to the pay they draw, which I am satisfied will be more agreeable to them than to remain idle. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald. The words within brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Neshaminy, Pennsylvania, August 11, 1777.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of writing to Mr. Sever, yesterday, I received your favor of the 2d Inst. contradicting the intelligence transmitted thro' him, and which had been done before by a letter from Genl. Heath of the same date and purport of yours.
Having written to Mr. Sever upon the Subject of Genl. Howe's departure from the Capes of Delaware and of the uncertainty we are in respecting his designs and operations, I should have had nothing to add on that head, had I not received an express last night from Mr. Hancock, with some information of the Fleet. According to this Account which originated with a Mr. Purnell, a large Fleet of Ships, consisting of upwards of two hundred Sail was Seen off Sinapuxon Bar, in the Afternoon of the 7th. Inst., standing to the Southward with the Wind about Southeast. Sinapuxon lies to the Southward of the State of Delaware and forms an Inlet into Maryland. This is the first information we have had of them since they left Cape May, and I am now as much puzzled about their designs, as I was before; being unable to account, upon any plausible Plan, for General Howe's conduct in this instance or why he should go to the Southward, rather than cooperate with Mr. Burgoyne. The latter appeared to me so probable and of such importance and still does, that I shall with difficulty give into a contrary belief, till I am obliged by some unequivocal event. If he should operate elsewhere South of Hudsons River, I should Suppose it will be against Philadelphia, for there is no other object of the same importance to engage his attention. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp, 20 Miles from Philada., August 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your favour of the 30. Ulto., which only came to hand last night.
Having written you fully yesterday, I have but little to add at this time, and indeed nothing but what respects the Subject of your Request. Springfield being in the Massachusetts State, is certainly included in your Command, and you will from time to time order payment to the persons employed in the Elaboratory department, as their pay becomes due; taking care that the accounts are regularly stated and authenticated in the best manner Circumstances will admit. I would also have you to direct and order every possible, necessary aid of Teams and Waggons to be furnished, whenever they are wanted for removing and forwarding the Stores to and from thence, and to establish such regulations in that instance, as you shall judge best calculated to promote the Service.
The Stores and Elaboratory are under the management of Genl. Knox, as being more intimately connected with his Department; you will therefore, be mindful not to give any orders contrary to his or mine, as a compliance would produce confusion and in many cases derange the most necessary plans. I am &ca.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The letter sent is in that of Robert Hanson Harrison and is in the Massachusetts Historical Society. It varies slightly from the draft in capitalization, etc.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Cross Roads, August 12, 1777.
Sir: General Newcomb having informed me, that he had collected a body of about five hundred Jersey Militia at Woodbery, I have desired him to endeavour to keep them together, while matters remain in their present uncertainty and suspense and to employ them in whatever works may be carrying on at Bilingsport or Redbank, for the defence of the river. I mention this, that if it shall be thought proper, Mr. Du Coudray may be directed to call for the assistance of those Militia accordingly. I have the honor etc.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp, Bucks County, August 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 11th. with Copy of a Letter from Govr. Trumbull, by which I am pleased to find that he so readily complies with the requisition for a Body of Militia. I have a letter from Govr. Clinton, in which he informs me, that instead of five hundred Men he shall order Eight hundred to Fort Montgomery and that Neighbourhood. Mine to you of the 11th. gives you my opinion fully, as to the part you are to act in regard to sending parties down towards Kings Bridge. Genl. Clinton writes me, that his Militia are engaged to the 1st. of November; if those from Connecticut, or a sufficient number are engaged for such certain length of time, that you can depend upon their not leaving you suddenly, I think you may safely spare Livingston's and Cortlandt's Regiments to reinforce the Northern Army. If you conclude to do it, the sooner they are sent up the better. I have heard nothing more of the Fleet since I wrote to you last, only that the account of their being to the Southward seems confirmed. I am &ca.
P.S. It will probably be a satisfaction to Govr. Trumbull to know that the Fleet are to the Southward, you will therefore please to inform him.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of trench Tilghman.]
Camp, Bucks County, August 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: I this day received your favour of the 9th. Instt. Your vigilance in providing a proper force to oppose the Enemy, and the Alacrity with which the Militia have Assembled afford me great satisfaction; if your Efforts are seasonably and Skilfully seconded by your Eastern Neighbours, we may hope that General Burgoyne will find it equally difficult to make a further progress or to effect a Retreat. You are the best Judge with respect to the length of service to be required from the Militia; however as their assistance is a Resource which must be sparingly employed I would have them detained no longer than is absolutely necessary.
The excuse of Want of Confidence in General Officers, which has hitherto been alledged by the Eastern States, for witholding those Reinforcements from the Northern Army which were expected of them, will be obviated by the presence of Major Genl. Gates.
The Resolves of Congress which relate to the Recruiting of the Army will have reached you before this time, and you will have acted in consequence. By a Resolve of the 3d. August, the Commanding Officer of the Northern Department has discretionary power to make Requisitions on the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, there will be therefore a concurrence of Authority in yourself and Genl. Gates which you will arrange between yourselves. I am etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Camp in Bucks County, August 13, 1777.
Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving several of your favors by the hands of Gentlemen coming to America, with a desire to enter into our service; but as they were merely introductory, I hope I shall be excused for not answering them in regular order.
The difficulty of providing for those Gentlemen, in a Manner suitable to the former ranks of some, and the expectations of many, has not a little embarrassed Congress and myself. The extravagant Rank given to the Officers who first came over from France, most of whom have turned out but little better than adventurers, made those of real Merit and long Service, who came over with proper credentials, naturally conclude that they should enjoy the highest posts in our Army; Indeed it could not be expected that they would consent to serve in this Country, in an inferior station to those whom they had Commanded in France. Had not this difficulty been in the way, it would have been in a measure impossible for us to have provided for them all in the line of the Army, for the following Reasons: When Congress at length determined to establish the Army upon a permanent footing, the Regiments and Field Officer's Commissions were naturally given to those Gentn. in the differrent States who had stepped forward and distinguished themselves from the beginning of the Contest. All that could then be done, was to give those that came well recommended, Commissions in the Continental Army, from whence they derived Rank and Pay; but as they were assigned to no particular Corps, they were in a great measure excluded from any real Command. This to those who came over upon Motives of Interest only, was not unsatisfactory; but it was very irksome to Men of real spirit who wanted to distinguish themselves, and who could not brook the thoughts of drawing pay, without rendering service for it. From this State of the case, you will plainly perceive, that had applications for employment in our service, been but few, it would not have been easy to have granted them in a proper Manner; but when they have been so extremely numerous (and scarce a Man willing to accept of any thing under the degree of a Field Officer) it has been really distressing, especially when it is considered that many of the Gentlemen are Men of Merit, and who have come from home out of a desire of serving our Cause. I have often expressed my Sentiments to Congress upon this Head, and have wished them to take some measures, to make Doctr. Franklin and yourself acquainted with our difficulties. If the Gentlemen in France were properly informed that our Army was fully Officered and that all Vacancies are filled by succession, none would come out, but those in particular Branches with whom particular Stipulations are made. I make no doubt but you are sufficiently importuned for Letters of recommendation, which I am Confident you grant to none but those whom you think worthy of them. But I hope you will in future, let the Gentlemen who apply for them, into a true State of the Nature of our service and of the difficulty of getting into it, in any but an inferior station; if after that, they choose to come over upon a Risque, they cannot complain if their expectations are not answered. Altho' Letters of recommendation are not binding, yet if the parties that bring them have not their Wishes fully complied with, they are apt to attribute their disappointment to slight of them and want of attention to the Gentn. recommending.
I have laid this Matter thus fully and candidly before you, that you may endeavour to prevent the fruitless applications and great expence that those Gentn. must incur who cannot be provided for. I am &ca.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near the Cross Roads,
August 13, 1777.
Parole Berlin. Countersigns Hungary, Hanover.
The officers of the day will consider of the necessary guards to be posted in this place, and attend to the order and discipline of the camp, agreeably to the general orders of the 5th. of June. The General requests the officers of the day to dine at Head Quarters as usual.
The Brigadiers, or Officers commanding brigades, are at orderly time to morrow, to return a list of all the absent officers in their respective corps, to the Adjutant General. In doing this, the name and rank of the officers are to be set forth; how long they have been absent; whether they are upon duty, and what duty, or upon furlough, and the length of time for which the furloughs were given. A strict compliance with this order is expected.
The Quarter Master and Waggon Master General are now to arrange all matters in their respective departments in the best manner possible; and be ready to move on the shortest notice, in whatever route the army shall be called to march.
The board of General officers held the 12th. instant to examine the complaints made against Col. John White95 and other officers of the Georgia Battalion, for inlisting some men out of the Continental army who were already inlisted in other regiments report "That upon the fullest enquiry, there dont appear the least imputation against any of his officers, except in the instance of Capt. Lucas,96 who supposed himself authorised in the matter complained of by a general order from Major General Gates, issued by the Town Major."
[Note 95: Of the Fourth Georgia Regiment.]
[Note 96: Capt. John Lucas, of the Third Georgia Regiment.]
All officers from whose corps it is suspected any men have deserted and inlisted into Col. White's battalion, are instantly to make out lists of their names, with proper descriptions of their persons and dress, and deliver them to their brigadier, or officer commanding their brigade, who will immediately send a suitable officer of the brigade to Philadelphia; to examine Col. White's battalion, agreeable to his request; who will deliver up their deserters, if any shall be found in his corps; these officers will at the same time apply to the officers commanding the gallies, and other vessels of war, at Philadelphia, and below the city, for leave to search their vessels, for deserters; and they are desired to permit such searches accordingly.
Head Quarters, near the Cross Roads, August 14, 1777.
Parole Holland. Countersigns Sweden, Denmark.
A board of general officers, consisting of all the General officers not on duty, to sit tomorrow, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, at General Greene's quarters, for the purpose of settling the rank of all the Pennsylvania field officers.
Camp, Bucks County, August 14, 1777.
Dear Sir: I this Morning received yours of the 12th, at the same time one from Genl. Borre, by which I find Major Mullen's Behaviour has been so exceptionable that no concessions can make any amends. I am therefore obliged to confirm the Sentence of the Court Martial.98
[Note 98: Major Mullens was sentenced by the court to be cashiered for insubordination and disrespect to his superior officer.]
Upon a supposition that the Enemy had gone to the Eastward, I was upon my march further Northward, but an Express overtook me at this place, with an account that they were seen upon the 7th. instant off Sinepuxent between the Capes of Delaware and Chesapeak bearing to the Southward. They were seen again upon the 8th., nearly in the same situation. Upon this Advice I have halted till I hear something further.
In mine to you of the 10th., you were directed to issue orders to the Paymasters of your division, to come on with their abstracts ready certified that they might be paid off to the last of July. The Gentleman who wrote the letter mistook my meaning and I signed it in a hurry. My meaning was, that the Troops should be paid off for the Month of June, and that the Abstracts for the Month of July should be lodged with the Paymaster General, there to remain till General Orders directed the July pay to be called for. You will therefore please to let the Paymasters know how the matter stands. I shall give the Adjutant General orders to let you know when the pay for the month of July is to be drawn. I am &ca.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Qurs., Camp at Cross Roads, August 14, 1777.
Sir: As you are not inconveniently situated to keep a look out upon what may be passing about King's Bridge, in New York and on Staten Island,1 I wish you to take every method to collect the best intelligence you can of the situation of the Enemy, their Strength and Motions at those several places, and communicate the same to me. With respect to their Strength, I would not have you pay any attention to the vague calculations, that may be made by those of whom you inquire, as to the whole number at either place. If you can only ascertain, with certainty, the particular Regiments and Corps; we shall be able
[Note 1: Dayton was then at Acquakanonck, on the Passaic River, in New Jersey.] to estimate their numbers better by that, than by any conjectures they can form. The point to be attended to, is to find out how many and what particular corps there are at the different places.
I have been informed they are collecting a large number of Waggons about Kings Bridge. This is a Circumstance of importance and which I should be glad you would take pains to find out the truth of.
I would also have you to procure and send me an exact account of the number of boats that may be collected in the neighbouring Rivers and Creeks, and the places where they are, in case they should be wanted, for any sudden secret expedition, and this should be done in such a manner, as not to make any noise, nor raise any Suspicions of what may be intended. I am &ca.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
August 14, 1777.
Sir: I am informed by Captain Eli Dorsey, appointed to a Command in your Regiment, that he has never been included in any pay abstracts, from a doubt arising, whether he could be paid, as he is a prisoner under parole. I am to request, that in your next abstract, Captain Dorsey's back pay may be included, and that in future, he may be regularly drawn for, as the other Officers are and in the same manner, that he would, if he was at liberty to act and in service. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 4: The Capt. Ephraim Anderson to whom this letter is addressed is recorded by Heitman as having been killed in June, 1777.]
Camp in Bucks County, August 15, 1777.
Sir: You are directed to proceed from hence to Pluckemin and inquire of Colo. McDaniel by what authority he lately went to Staten Island with a Flag. I am told he produced the Copy of a permit, the original of which he said he obtained from me. As I never granted any such to him, it must be a forgery. When I was at Colo. Mehelm's,5 I granted a liberty to send a Flag to an old Gentleman of the Name of Porter, and another to a Lady of the Name of Leak whose Husband formerly lived at New Bromley Mills, perhaps McDaniel may have accompanied the Persons going in with one of these Flags. But he ought to know and certainly does know, that a person under his suspicious Character, and who was released at Morris Town, upon a promise that he would not go near the Enemy, had no right on any pretence to go to Staten Island. If you find he has been over, you are hereby directed and authorized to apprehend and bring him before me, to answer for his conduct. I am &c.6
[Note 5: Col. John Mehelm. He was commissary general of hides in New Jersey.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 7: All of the Fourth Continental Dragoons.]
Camp at the Cross Roads, August 15, 1777.
Gentlemen: In answer to your respective Letters without date, but presented to me Yesterday, you will please to be in form'd
First, that the pay of the Horse Officers was fixed in December last, and at the same rates now existing, and,
Secondly, that I am not conscious of ever having said, or done any thing, that cou'd lead to a belief, that the Rank of a Lieutt. of Horse was to be equal to a Captain of foot, for the obvious reasons, that neither justice, or usage, would authorize it.
How it came to pass then, that you shou'd conceive yourselves entitled to the Rank and pay of such Officer is neither my business, nor Inclination to enquire into; this however, I shall add. That if your respective application's to resign, is the effect of hasty resolutions, you may take till to morrow to reconsider and recall your Letters. But if on the other hand, you shd. then be in the same Mind, I shall be ready to receive your Commissions if they have been deliver'd, or give dismissions if they have not.
Your Wishes to resign at such a period as this (after time is allowed for reconsideration) will be sufficient evidence with me, that it is a disinclination to the Service, and not the mere disappointment of Rank and Pay, that Causes it; and therefore, it may be unnecessary for me to add, that any future application from either of you to get into the Continental Service will be improper, and, as far as it is in my power to make it so, unavailing.8 I am etc.
[Note 8: See Washington's letter to the same officers, Aug. 17, 1777, post.]
Head Qurs., Camp at Cross Roads, August 15, 1777.
Sir: Mr Du Coudray has lain before me a plan of the river, by which it appears, that for a considerable space between the two sand banks on the East Side of Fort-Island, there is from four to four and a half fathom's depth of water. According to this representation, there would be room for three frigates to lie between those banks, in such a position as to enfilade the works at Fort-Island, and make it difficult to maintain them. There are but two ways of remedying this inconvenience: one by having a sufficient number of chevaux de frize sunk at the entrance between the two banks, and the other by having the left flank of Fort-Island fortification supported by a good battery capable of resisting the cannon of the ships and obliging them to quit their station. The first is evidently preferable, because the efficacy of it will be more certain. A few chevaux de frize properly placed might effectually bar all access to the ships; but there is a possibility, that any battery, we can construct, might be overpowered by the fire of the shipping; and as we have few cannon, and Fort-Island is itself a marshy spot, incapable of affording earth for the batteries necessary to be raised upon it, which must be brought from the opposite shore, it would not be prudent to multiply works there, more than cannot be avoided. It would also be a great advantage gained, to secure the Island from annoyance, except in one point and that in front, from only three ships at a time; which would be effected by stopping up the passage between the two banks, with chevaux de frize. I should therefore think it of importance to have this measure immediately adopted, and carried into execution. I have the honor etc.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs., Bucks County, August 16, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 14th. instant. Just before it came to hand I had received the intelligence which it contained from Genl. Clinton. The people in the Northern Army seem so intimidated by the Indians that I have determined to send up Colo. Morgan's Corps of Rifle Men who will fight them in their own way. They march from Trenton to morrow Morning and will reach Peeks Kill with all expedition. You will please to have sloops ready to carry them and provision laid in, that they may not wait a moment. The Corps consists of Five hundred Men. Be pleased to let me have an exact return of your numbers, both Continental and Provincial, that I may form a Judgment of the propriety of detaching any more force to the Northward. Remark to what time your Provincials are engaged. I am etc.
P.S. 500. is the true Strength of Morgan's Corps, but it will answer a good purpose if you give out they are double that number.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Richard Kidder Meade.]
Neshamini Camp, August 16, 1777.
Sir: After you receive this, you will march with the Corps under your Command, as soon as possible, to Peeks Kill, taking with you all the baggage belonging to it. When you arrive there, you will take directions from Genl. Putnam, who, I expect, will have Vessels provided to carry you to Albany. The approach of the Enemy, in that Quarter, has made a further reinforcement necessary, and I know of no Corps so likely to check their progress in proportion to their number, as the one you Command. I have great dependance on you, your Officers and Men, and am firmly persuaded, you will do honor to yourselves and essential Service to your Country.
I expect that your Corps have been paid to the last of June. But as you are going on this Command and they may have occasion for more Money, you will make out an Estimate, as well as you can, of the sum due them for the Month of July, and send an Officer with it, to whom it shall be paid. I do not mean to exclude the Corps from their pay in June. If that has not been paid, include it in the Estimate.
I have nothing further to add, but my best Wishes for your Success. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, also in Harrison's writing, is in the New York Public Library; it varies from the draft in minor verbal particulars.]
Neshamini Camp, August 16, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the Honor of addressing a few lines to Congress on a Subject, which appears to me of infinite importance and to have a Claim to their serious attention. The matter I allude to, is the exorbitant price exacted by Merchants and Venders of Goods, for every Necessary they dispose of. I am sensible, the trouble and risk in importing, give the Adventurers a right to a generous price, and that such, from motives of policy, should be paid; But yet, I cannot conceive, that they, in direct violation of every principle of generosity, of reason and of Justice, should be allowed, if it is possible to restrain 'em, to avail themselves of the difficulties of the times, and to amass Fortunes upon the public ruin. This Grievance, is now an Object of Universal complaint and of Universal apprehension; And the consequences that are likely to result from a continuance of it, excite in every well affected mind the most disagreeable feelings. The Inclosed Copy of a Memorial from a part of the Pennsylvania Officers, shews their sentiments upon the Subject, and I am persuaded, those of the whole Army are similar, as they have and do experience the gross abuses they complain of. I know that ways and means for preventing this Evil wholly, are difficult, if practicable, to find out; But I should hope, that Congress themselves, or the Supreme Powers in the respective States, thro' their recommendation, may devise some mode by which it may be redressed in part. I think there are Two Measures, which if adopted and put under proper regulations, would be of considerable saving to the Public and to the Army, at the same time that they would contribute a good deal to do away part of the Uneasiness of the Latter, arising from the enormous prices they are compelled to pay for Necessaries. The First is, the Establishment of public Tanneries, in three or Four of the States, under care of a Judicious Commissary or Director, to which all the Hides of the Cattle killed for the Army should be carried and tanned. There should be also Deputies to attend the Army and Collect the Hides and it appears to me, that establishing the Tanneries in different States, for instance, one in this and Another in Connecticut, will be much more advisable than fixing Only One in either of 'em, as the business may be carried on more extensively, with more convenience and at less expence, than if the Raw Hides were to be transported to one place only, from which probably there would be a necessity of carrying them the whole distance back again after they were dressed. This Subject was under consideration of Congress once before and a Commissary (if I recollect a Mr. Phillips) appointed, who declined the Office [since which things have gone on in the old train]. Leather is of such Essential use and so indespensably necessary for shoes and other purposes in the Army, that too much care, nor too effectual means cannot be taken to procure it. What I have ventured to mention, if gone into, will add much to our Supplies, and I am certain, will prevent the high and unjustifiable prices demanded for this Article, when in the hands of Private Owners. Besides, at these Tanneries, a number of Artists [artisans], such as Shoe and Harness Makers, might be employed to work the Leather up. In like Manner, since our Imports of Spirit have become so precarious, nay impracticable, on Account of the Enemy's Fleet which infests our Whole Coast, I would beg leave to suggest the propriety of erecting Public Distilleries in different States. The benefits arising from the moderate use of strong Liquor, have been experienced in All Armies, and are not to be disputed. In the present situation of Affairs, Our Soldiery cannot obtain such supplies, as are absolutely necessary, and if they are fortunate enough to get any, it is from the Sutlers, at most extravagant rates and at such, as are incredible to tell of. This is a source of much complaint, and I should hope may be removed, by appointing proper persons to buy Grain and distill it for the Army, large quantities of which, may easily be procured and on reasonable Terms, in many of the States. In respect to the observation, in the Memorial about Rations, it is certain, the present allowed value, is by no means Sufficient, nor does it answer the purpose intended. Since that was fixed, Provisions like every other Article, tho' not from the same Causes, have become extremely dear and what at that time was a just equivalent, is totally inadequate now. This matter, I doubt not, will have the attention of Congress and such regulations be made respecting it as may be right and equitable.
It appears to me from the Information I have received that Two Companies, each to consist of Sixty Men at least, under proper Officers of unsuspected Attachment, Spirit and activity, should be immediately raised to guard the Laboratory and Stores at Carlisle. Their Security is of considerable importance and ought to be attended to. These Companies, besides serving as a Guard, will be frequently of use as Escorts and Convoys to Stores. If Congress should deem them necessary and order them to be inlisted, Yet I would recommend that they should not be raised, as merely Stationary or local, having found from experience, that Regiments or Companies, formed upon such a footing, enter upon their services with great discontent and reluctance, tho' the Occasion should be never so pressing.
In a Letter of the 13th of June I submitted to Congress an Application from the Officers of Cavalry respecting their Horses. Whether they were to be provided at their own or public expence. I also laid before them in a Letter, of the 5th. of July, Captain Sullivan's requisition for pay. I shall be glad to be honored with their determination upon these Subjects, and also, in general, respecting the Line of conduct I should pursue as to the pay of Officers, taken Prisoners at any time before the close of the last Campaign, and who have been permitted to be on parole, and whether there is to be any distinction between such of them as are continued by new Appointments and those who are not. I have frequent applications in these instances and wish to know how to act.
Since the Express from Genl Schuyler left this, I received a Letter from Govr. Clinton,12 a Copy of which and of its Inclosures I herewith transmit, as they give a much more favorable Account of the affairs at Fort Schuyler, than was contained in his Letter. I have &ca.13
[Note 12: A copy of Clinton's letter of August 13, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 13: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the draft, but not in the letter sent.]
Head Qurs., Camp at Cross Roads, August 16, 1777.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 13th. with the inclosed papers are before me.
I wish the accounts of the two Actions near Fort Schuyler had been more clear and intelligible than they are; as more Dependence could then be placed on the Authenticity of the particulars, and a Stronger assurance formed of the advantages, being as fully on our side, as they are there represented. If the loss of some of their most spirited Leaders, which happened on these occasions, do not operate too forcibly on the Minds of the People in that quarter, I should imagine these little Successes might be productive of valuable Consequences. The Indians, we know, are not a very persevering people, but on the Contrary are apt to be discouraged by the most trifling miscarriages; and two Rebuffs like these, would be no inconsiderable inducements with them to abandon the British Troops, and leave them to prosecute the business alone. These little Reverses of Fortune will also have their influence, in abating that confidence, which their former uninterrupted Successes have inspired into the Enemy; and will tend proportionably to revive the drooping Spirits of our Army. I shall be obliged to you when you receive any more explicit intelligence of what has happened, to communicate it to me.
I see with the most Sensible Pleasure the exertions of your State, dismembered as it is, and under every discouragement and disadvantage. I lament that any causes are Sufficiently powerful to prevent that effectual aid from your Eastern Neighbours, which the interest of the Public Cause and the immediate Safety of your particular State so pressingly demand at this time. But though it is dilatory in coming, I cannot but hope it will Still come before it is too late. I imagine one cause and not the least material of their Delay, is an apprehension of General Howe's Army. It were to be wished his Designs were once reduced to I Certainty this, I should be in hopes, would serve to remove hat Inactivity and Indecision, which I believe proceeds in a Feat measure from Suspense and Uncertainty. I am however advised, that a Body of New Hampshire Militia, under General Stark had joined General Lincoln at Bennington, and another, of Massachusetts Militia, was partly arrived and the rest arriving at the Same place.14 A tolerable Body of Men, once collected
[Note 14: Ford quotes Burgoyne's letter of Aug. 20, 1777, to Lord George Germain: "The great bulk of the country is undoubtedly with the Congress, in principle and in zeal; and their measures are executed with a secrecy and dispatch that are not to be equalled. Wherever the king's forces point, militia, to the amount of three or four thousand, assemble in twenty-four hours; they bring with them their subsistence, &c., and, the alarm over, they return to their farms. The Hampshire Grants in particular, a country unpeopled and almost unknown in the last war, now abounds in the most active and most rebellious race of the continent, and hangs like a gathering storm upon my left."] there, would make Mr. Burgoyne anxious for his rear, oblige him to advance circumspectly, and to leave such Strong Posts behind, as must make his main body very weak, and extremely capable of being repulsed by the force we shall have in front. I should not be very uneasy for the Issue, if I could once see our Northern Army recovered from their present Dejection, and restored to a tolerable degree of Confidence and Animation.
From some expressions in a Letter, which I have seen, written by General Lincoln to General Schuyler, I am led to infer it is in contemplation to unite all the Militia and Continental Troops in one body, and make an opposition wholly in front. If this is really the intention, I should think it a very ineligible Plan. An Enemy can always act with more vigor and effort, when they have nothing to apprehend for their Flanks and Rear, than when they have, and, it is one of the most approved and most universally practiced Manoeuvres of War, to keep their fears continually awake on these accounts, and, when circumstances permit to be actually in condition to give them Serious Annoyance in those Parts. Independent of the Inconveniences that attend a Situation, where the Rear and Flank are constantly exposed to the insults of light parties which may be at every moment harrassing them; the necessity of never loosing sight of the means of a Secure Retreat, which ought to be the first object of an Officer's Care, must be exceedingly embarrassing, where there is a Force in such a position as to endanger it. If a respectable Body of Men were to be Stationed on the Grants, it would undoubtedly have the effects intimated above, would render it not a little difficult for Mr. Bourgoigne to keep the necessary Communication open, and they would frequently afford opportunities of intercepting his Convoys. If there Should be none there, he might advance with Security, leaving Small Posts behind, and might draw his Supplies regularly and without Interruption, than which, nothing could tend more to facilitate his operations and give them Success. These Reasons make it clearly my opinion, that a Sufficient body of Militia should always be reserved in a Situation proper to answer those Purposes. If there should be more collected than is requisite for this use, the Surplussage may with Propriety be added to the main body of the Army. I am not however so fully acquainted with every Circumstance that ought to be taken into consideration, as to pretend to do any thing more than advise in the matter. Let those on the Spot determine and act as appears to them most prudent.
In addition to the two Regiments that are gone from Peekskill, I am forwarding, as fast as possible, to join the Northern Army, Col. Morgan's Corps of Riflemen, amounting to about 500 Men. These are all chosen Men Selected from the Army at large; well acquainted with, the use of Rifles and with that mode of Fighting, which is Necessary to make them a good Counterpoise to the Indians, and have distinguished themselves on a variety of occasions Since the formation of the Corps, in Skirmishes with the Enemy. I expect the most eminent Services from them and I shall be mistaken, if their presence does not go far towards producing a general Desertion among the Savages. I should think it would be well, even before their arrival to begin to circulate these Ideas, with proper Embellishments, throughout the Country, and in the army and to take pains to communicate them to the Enemy. It would not be amiss, among other Things, to magnify Numbers.
I am of opinion of the Council of Safety that your presence to the Northward might have a very happy Influence, and if it were compatible with the many other Calls there are and will be, upon you, I could wish to see you with the Northern Army, at the head of the Militia of your State. I am etc.
P.S. It is most probable, that General Schuyler will have put it out of the Enemy's Power, to avail themselves of the Convenience of Water Carriage by removing all Boats out of their Way; if however this necessary Precaution should not have occurred to him, it will be proper to remind him, that all means of facilitating their Progress down the River, should be cut off, as speedily as possible.15
[Note 15: In the writing of John Laurens; the draft is in that of Alexander Hamilton and Laurens.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, near the Cross Roads, August 16, 1777.
Parole Bristol. Countersigns Coventry, Darby.
STANDING REGULATIONS
1st. When the army is to march, the General (and not the Revellie) is to beat in the morning.
2nd. At the beating of the General, the officers and soldiers are to dress and prepare themselves for the march, packing up and loading their baggage.
3rd. At the beating of the troop, they are to strike all their tents and put them in the waggons; all the waggons to be sent (with the guard directed in the after orders of July 4th) to the place where the whole is appointed to assemble.
4th. In due time, at least a quarter of an hour before the time appointed for marching, the drummers are to beat a march, upon which the troops are to march out and form at the head of their encampment; the files to be completed, and the battalions properly told off. Precisely at the hour appointed for marching, the drummers beat the march a second time, at that part of the line from which the march is to be made (whether the right, left or center) upon which the troops face or wheel, (according to the order of march which shall be prescribed,) towards that place where the march was beat, and instantly begin the march.
5th. At the beating of the General, the regimental Quarter Masters, and Camp-colourmen, are to assemble, and forthwith parade on the right, left or center of the line, according as the army shall march, from one or the other. The Brigade and Division Quarter Masters, so many of the artificers as the Qr Mr General, or his Deputy shall direct, and all the pioneers, are to assemble at the same time and place. The Quarter Master General, or one of his deputies, will then march them to the place where the army is to encamp. The Pioneers and Artificers are to go in the front to repair the roads, and remove any obstructions that may incommode the line of march. The Quarter Masters and Camp colourmen follow, in the order the corps, to which they belong, stand in the line.16
[Note 16: The Varick Transcript in the Library of Congress notes that the remainder of the orders for this day is lost.]
Head Qurs., Bucks County, August 17, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 14th inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial, and the opinions of a Board of Field Officers upon the irregularity of the promotion of Colo. Lamb and Colo. Little.
I am persuaded, that a frequency of Executions lessens the force of them, and therefore, if either or both of the criminals under Sentence, in the opinion of yourself and the officers of your Brigade, deserve mercy, I am willing it should be extended, after carrying them thro' all the forms of an Execution. But if you think that an example is necessary to put a stop to the too prevailing vice of desertion, let the most atrocious offender of the two suffer, after you have received a proper warrant from me.
It appears to me by the representation signed by the Board of Field Officers in your Brigade, that it had been the Usage of the State of North Carolina for all the Officers to rise Regimentally, by which rule Colo. Lamb and Colo. Little succeeded of course. When the Regulation was made by a Board of General Officers on the 13th of June last, "that all promotion to the Rank of Major should be regimental, and after that in the line of the State," it was never meant to have a retrospect, otherwise it would have unhinged the Arrangement of Pennsylvania, Virginia and most of the Eastern States. I am therefore of opinion, that if it was the Usage of the State of North Carolina to promote Regimentally, when Colo. Lamb and Colo. Little received their Commissioners, that they should hold them and that the eldest Major upon the line in your State Should Succeed Lt. Colo. Ingram.17 I am &ca.18
[Note 17: Lieut. Col. James Ingram, of the Eighth North Carolina Regiment.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., near Cross Roads, August 17, 1777.
Gentlemen: I have just received your Letter of this date with the inclosed Certificates justifying your pretentions to the Rank you mention. I must repeat to you, that I am entirely ignorant of the means by which such an Idea was propagated; nor did I ever see any Reason why superior Rank should be given to Officers of Cavalry but where Commissions are equal, the Commands should be ascertained by priority of date.
I shall never wish to influence any Gentlemen to serve in this Army, if I have Reason to believe they cannot do it consistent with that strict notion of Honour, which should be the invariable rule of conduct for every Officer, but am of opinion, nevertheless, that a Resignation in this part of a Campaign can only be warranted by treatment, which would be disgraceful to bear, and therefore that your Resolution not to resign, at least, till the end of the Campaign must meet the approbation of all who wish to see you act with propriety. I am etc.
Neshamini Camp, August 17, 1777.
Sir: The unfavorable situation of our Affairs in the Northern department and the pressing applications of Genl. Schuyler for aid, induced me to write, some time ago, to Genl. Putnam to hold Van Cortlandt's and Livingston's Regiments, in readiness to embark for Albany, in case I should find it necessary and the Succours he received of Militia would justify the measure. I have the honor to acquaint you, that by a Letter from him of the 16th which came to hand yesterday, he informed me, that without waiting for further directions, he had ordered them to proceed with all possible expedition, as the late advices from that Quarter seemed to make a further augmentation of the Army requisite. Besides these, I have, contrary to my wishes, but from the necessity of the case, ordered Colo Morgan to march immediately with his Corps, as an additional support.19 I hope they
[Note 19: The President of Congress wrote to Washington (August 17): "The Complaints of the Want of Men to the Northward, are so great and urgent, that Congress, with a View of affording them some Assistance, have come to the enclosed Resolve; by which you will perceive, it is their Desire that five Hundred Riflemen, under the Command of an active Officer, should be immediately sent into that Department, to oppose the Incursions of the Indians."
On August 17, on a report of the Committee on the state of the Western Frontiers and the Northern Department, Congress resolved that 500 men should comprise such a force. This committee consisted of William Duer, Richard Henry Lee, James Wilson, John Adams, and Samuel Chase. Washington replied to the letter in a short note, dated August 18: "You will perceive by my letter of yesterday ... that I had been so happy as to anticipate the views of Congress, by ordering Col. Morgan to march with his Corps to the northern Army."] will be of material service, particularly in opposing the Savage part of Genl Burgoyne's Force, which from every Account, spreads a general Alarm among the Inhabitants and affects the minds of the Militia not a little who have not been much accustomed to their mode of Warfare. I have the honor etc.
P.S. They are to march to Peekskill, where I have written to General Putnam to have Vessels provided, to transport them by water.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, also by Harrison, has the P.S., which is not included in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Camp at Cross Roads, August 17, 1777.
Sir: Colo. Portail, for himself and in behalf of the Gentlemen with him, has made different applications to me for horses and servants, and I have been in a manner, under the necessity of furnishing them by way of loan till he can be otherwise provided. He expects these things to be found them at the public expence, and informs me that the matter is now before Congress, whose determination they look for every moment. I have taken the liberty to mention this, because I should be glad, if any thing of the kind is intended, that it might be done as soon as convenient, or if it is not that they may be informed their expectations are not well founded. This will put them upon providing for themselves, and will prevent their repeating their applications to me on a subject, which I am not authorized to do any thing in. I have the honor etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 22: Samuel Chase, William Paca, and William Smith.]
Neshamini Camp, August 17, 1777.
Gentn.: I beg leave to trouble you with a few Lines, upon a Subject which I wish to have your attention. I was just now informed, that Lt McNair23 of the Artillery has been arrested and stands bound over to the next Court to be held for Hartford County for enlisting two Men to serve in one of the Continental Regiments of Artillery. This it is said, is in consequence of an Act of your Assembly, by which all Officers are prohibited enlisting men within the State, unless they are of the Regiments belonging to it. I have never seen the Law and therefore cannot pretend to determine, how far the prohibition extends, but should suppose it was only designed to prevent the Officers of other States enlisting Men to fill up the Regiments, assigned as their quota. So far it appears to me, the Act is founded in the strictest justice; But when there is an absolute necessity for Artillery Corps, When three such Regiments were ordered to be raised by Congress, without being apportioned on any particular State, certainly each should furnish a proportion of Men. The case is quite otherwise. All in this Line now with the Army, have been inlisted in the New England States, a few excepted, and the greatest part in that of Massachusetts, over and above their quota of the 88 Battalions first voted, and a proportion of the additional 16. I will not say any thing of the Policy or impolicy of this act, if it has a more extensive Operation than I have supposed it to have; but I would take the liberty to observe, that in my opinion, It would be for the advantage of the States, if each of them had men employed in this important Branch of
[Note 23: Lieut. James McNair, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was killed at Monmouth, N.J., June 28, 1778.] War, not to add, that the whole ought to contribute equally to the filling of all Corps that are deemed essential and which are not allotted to any Individual one. Capt Lt. McClure24 will deliver you this Letter and I should hope thro' your application and intercession with the Court of Hartford, so far as they may be consistent, that Lieut. McNair may be discharged from his recognizance, if he has not offended in any other instance against the laws of the State. I have the honor &c.25
[Note 24: Capt.-Lieut. James McClure, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was a captain in the Fourth Continental Artillery in April, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent is in the Maryland Historical Society, and varies in capitalization and other minor verbal particulars from the above draft.]
Head Quarters, August 17, 1777.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 2d. April by Monsr. De Cenis, written in behalf of that Gentleman on the Credit of Monsr. Turgot's recommendation.
I should have been happy had it been in my power, in deference to your recommendation, founded upon that of so respectable a Character as Monsr. Turgot, to afford Mr. De Cenis the encouragement, his zeal and trouble in coming to America to offer his Services, give him a Claim to; but such is the Situation of things in our Army, at this time, that I am necessarily deprived of that Satisfaction. Our Corps being already formed and fully Officered and the number of Foreign Gentn. already commissioned and continually arriving with fresh applications, throw such obstacles in the way of any future appointments, that every new arrival is only a new Source of embarrassment to Congress and myself, and of disappointment and chagrin to the Gentn. who come over. Had there been only a few to provide for, we might have found employment for them in a way advantageous to the Service and honorable to themselves; but as they have come over in such Crowds, we either must not employ them, or we must do it, at the expence of one half the Officers of the Army, which you must be sensible would be attended with the most ruinous effects, and could not fail to occasion a general discontent. It is impossible for these Gentlemen to raise Men for themselves; and it would be equally impolitic and unjust, to displace others, who have been at all the trouble and at considerable expence in raising Corps, in order to give them the command; Even where vacancies happen, there are always those who have a right of Succession by Seniority, and who are as tenacious of this right as of the places they actually hold; and in this they are justified by the Common principle and practice of all Armies, and by Resolutions of Congress. Were these vacancies to be filled by the foreign Officers, it would not only cause the resignation of those who expect to succeed to them; but it would serve to disgust others, both through friendship to them, and from an apprehension of their being liable to the same inconvenience themselves. This, by rendering the hope of preferment precarious, would remove one of the principal Springs of emulation, absolutely necessary to be upheld in an Army.
Besides this difficulty, the error we at first fell into of prodigally bestowing rank upon foreigners, without examining properly their pretentions, having led us to confer high ranks upon those who had none, or of a very inferior degree, in their own Country; it now happens that those who have really good pretentions, who are men of Character, abilities and Rank will not be contented, unless they are introduced into some of the highest stations of the Army, in which it needs no arguments to convince you, it is impossible to gratify them. Hence their dissatisfaction and the difficulty of employing them are increased.
These obstacles reduce us to this dilemma; either we must refuse to Commission them at all, and leave all the expence, trouble and risk that have attended their coming over, uncompensated; or we must Commission them without being able to incorporate or employ them, by which means, enjoying the public pay and an unmeaning rank, they must submit to the mortification of being mere Cyphers in the Army. This last, to some of them, may not be disagreeable; but to Men of Sentiment, and who are actuated by a principle of honor and a desire to distinguish themselves, it must be humiliating and irksome in the extreme.
From these considerations, it would be both prudent and just to discourage their coming over, by candidly opening the difficulties they have to encounter, and if after that, they will persist in it, they can only blame themselves. I am sensible, Sir, that it is a delicate and perplexing task to refuse applications of Persons patronised (as I suppose often happens) by some of the first Characters in the Kingdom, where you are, and whose favor it is of importance to conciliate; But I beg leave to suggest whether it would not be better to do that, than by compliance, to expose them to those mortifications which they must unavoidably experience; and which they are too apt to impute to other Causes, than the true and may represent under very disadvantageous colors. Permit me also to observe to you, that even where you do not promise any thing; but simply give a line of recommendation, they draw as Strong an assurance of success from that, as from a possitive engagement, and estimate the hardship of a disappointment nearly the same in one case as in the other. I am &ca.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, near the Cross Roads, August 17, 1777.
Parole Providence. Countersigns Newport, Kingston.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to approve of the following sentences of a General Court Martial held the 14th. instant, whereof Col. Spencer was president, and orders them to be put in execution forthwith--viz--
William Jackson, charged with "Desertion from the 2nd. New Jersey regt., and inlisting into a company of artificers." The Court are of opinion the prisoner is guilty of the charges exhibited against him; But as the prisoner was confined in the main guard-house, at Middlebrook, at the time Thomas Smith was shot, for the offences he is now found guilty of, and was released from confinement in consequence of His Excellency the Commander in Chief's pardon; they are of opinion he should receive no punishment. They are likewise of opinion he should be sent to the 2nd New-Jersey regiment, to serve the time he inlisted for; and the officer of the company he belongs to, in that regiment, shall settle with Capt. Roe27 for the bounty the prisoner received from him, and other charges he has against him (if the pay due the prisoner during the time he served in the company of artificers is not sufficient for that purpose) And the money paid by the prisoner's officer to Capt. Roe shall be stopped out of the prisoner's wages.
[Note 27: Capt. Jesse Roe, of Flower's artillery artificers regiment.]
Capt. Holmes,28 of the 4th. New Jersey regt. charged with "Going into one Palmer's garden, and tearing cucumbers from the vines, and abusing and striking Doctor Smith."29 The court
[Note 28: Capt. James Holmes, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in March, 1778.]
[Note 29: Rev. William Smith.] having considered the charge and evidence produced to them, are of opinion, that the prisoner took cucumbers from the vines, in Palmer's garden, and he was justifiable in doing it, as he had leave. They are of opinion the prisoner did strike Doctor Smith: But as he gave the first offence, the Court are of opinion, he deserved the treatment he received.
The Court took into consideration, to what regiment Nathaniel Anster, tried as a soldier of the 5th. Pennsylv. regiment, and punished for Desertion from that regt. properly belongs, at the request of Capt. Bartholomew30 of the 5th. Pennsylvania regiment and Lieut. Hammitt31 of Col. Spencer's regt. The court having considered the several papers produced to them by each of the claimants, are of opinion, that Nathaniel Anster properly belongs to the 5th. Pennsyl. regiment, and that Capt. Bartholomew shall stop out of Ansters wages four dollars per month, until Lieut. Hammitt is fully paid his account against Anster, and pay them to Lieut. Hammitt.
[Note 30: Capt. Benjamin Bartholomew, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at the Battle of Brandy wine in September, 1777; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 31: Lieut. John Hammit, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.]
William Rickett of the 12th. Pennsylv. Battalion, charged with "being a sleep on his post when over prisoners," pleaded guilty, and begged for mercy; sentenced to receive thirty nine lashes on his bare back.
Moses Farrell, of the 5th. Pennsylv. regt. charged with "deserting from the said regiment, inlisting into another corps; after which being taken, deserting again, and persuading an exceeding good soldier to desert with him." Acquitted of the charges exhibited against him.
Ensign McMichael32 of Col. Stewart's regiment charged with "assaulting and striking with his sword, William Wright, a centinel in the execution of his duty." The court, having
[Note 32: Ensign William McMichael, of Stewart's Pennsylvania State regiment. He was dismissed in March, 1778.] considered the charge and evidence, are of opinion the prisoner struck William Wright, a Centinel, with his fist, while on his post; but on account of his insolence, and charging the bayonet on the prisoner, they sentence the prisoner to receive a private reprimand from the Colonel of the regiment he belongs to.
The Commander in Chief is anxious to have the ranks of the Pennsylvania field officers adjusted. The board of General officers which was appointed to sit for that purpose the 15th. instant, will sit to morrow at Genl. Greene's quarters, at the hour to which they adjourned. The Commander in Chief wishes the board to be as full as possible; and desires the General Officers of the day to attend the board in preference to any other duty.
General Court--Martials are frequently prevented doing business, by means of the non--attendance of some of the members; which occasions such delays as are greatly injurious to the service. In time to come, if any officer is appointed president of a General Court Martial, and thro' sickness, or other unavoidable accident, cannot attend, the Brigade Major of the brigade to which he belongs, is to give notice thereof, immediately to the Adjutant General. And if any member is, by the like means, rendered unable to attend, such member is to give immediate notice thereof to the Adjutant of the regiment he belongs to, that another may be returned in his stead: And upon the first appointment of a General Court Martial, each Brigade Major is to return the names of the members, furnished from his brigade, to the Adjutant General, at or before the hour appointed for the sitting of the court.
By the returns given in by the Brigadiers, pursuant to the orders of the 13th. instant, it appears that many officers are absent without leave; that some have furloughs for sixty days, and others without limitation at all. With respect to those who are absent without leave, the General desires, that the Brigadiers, to whose brigade they belong, will order them to join it immediately, and have a strict enquiry (which is to be reported) into their conduct for so doing: and with respect to unlimited furloughs, or furloughs for sixty days, he desires that no more such be given, without the consent of the Commander in Chief; as there are very few cases that can justify such indulgences in the active part of a campaign. Those who have exceeded the time limited in their furloughs, are also to be ordered to join, and to account satisfactorily for their conduct.
The ground being very wet, the Quarter Master General is to procure as much straw (from which the grain has been threshed) as possible, and distribute the same in the most equal manner among the troops.
A gill of rum, or other spirit is to be issued to day, to each non--commissioned officer, soldier and waggoner.
Head Qurs., Bucks County, August 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have yours of the 15th. As it appeared clearly from the account sent out by the Enemy, that Palmer was really an Officer of theirs, he deservedly suffered for being found lurcking about our posts, and was a Spy in the truest sense of the word.
I am Surprised at the conduct of the Militia of Connecticut, who, because they find no Enemy directly at their own doors, refuse to stay and assist their Neighbours. They do not consider, that the Northern Army cannot be reinforced and the State of New York saved without they will consent to Garrison Peeks Kill. I therefore desire, that you will inform Govr. Trumbull of these circumstances, and call upon him for a certain number of Militia to continue in Service for three Months at least, that we may know what we have to depend upon. I cannot by any means consent to Genl. Sullivan's Division returning to Peeks Kill, while Genl. Howe's destination remains a secret. If he is gone Southward, which now seems probable, that division is absolutely necessary to this Army, to enable us to give him proper opposition.
The Paymaster General shall be informed of the want of Cash in your department.
I desire you will keep, as many of the Militia as possible, till they are releived in a regular manner; those that come out, should at least remain as long as the Militia of New York who have been more harrassed and have more reason to complain on every account, than any upon the Continent. I am etc.
P.S. When any deserters come out from the British Army they have been paid four dollars, and if they bring out their Arms ten dollars more for them. Be pleased in future to pay those Sums and certify upon their passes that they have been paid, otherwise they claim it again.
[Note 33: One of the officers sent over by Deane.]
Head Qurs., Camp at Cross Roads, August 18, 1777.
Sir: I have the pleasure of your favour of the ... transmitting me the plan of a military work, which you propose to publish, and requesting my protection of the same.34 As I have not seen the work, I cannot undertake the determine what degree of merit it may have a claim to; but if it be well executed upon the plan you exhibit, the few good books we have circulating in this Country on the Military art, afford a favourable prospect of the publication being attended with success and
[Note 34: The baron's letter to Washington, dated August 16, and his "Prospector Essay General sur La Tactique Prussienne orné du Planches" are in the Washington Papers.] utility. I shall be happy to give it all the encouragement in my power and to find that the event may answer your expectations. You do not mention whether you intend to publish in the French or in the English language. You must be sensible that the Work will be more generally useful and have a much more extensive circulation in the one than in the other. I doubt not, before you commit it to the press, you will consult with your friends and make yourself acquainted with every Circumstance necessary to be taken into consideration, that you may be the less liable to disappointment, in whatever advantages you may expect will be derived from it.
I inclose you a letter to General Greene, informing him that I have attached you to his division, and that you are to do duty as Lieutenant Colonel, in the general roster of that division. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Neshamini Camp, August 18, 1777.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 7th. Instt. You plead so powerfully and urge so many reasons to leave the Army, that I cannot refuse your request. The principle cause of your Application, however, you have not explicitly stated, but yet I presume my conjectures respecting it, are just and right. I suppose it is your marriage with Miss Cary. You will be pleased to accept my best wishes for your mutual happiness, and to make a tender of my Compliments to your Father and Friends upon the occasion. I am &ca.36
[Note 36: The copy is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, said to be an A. L. S., is now in the possession of the Missouri Historical Society, A copy, signed by Washington, was in the possession of a dealer in 1890, and Toner notes that it had, interlined in the writing of Washington, after the word "request": "Although it is with regret I see a Gentleman go out of it."]
[Note 37: Of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment, He was wounded and taken prisoner at Stillwater, N.Y., on September 19; resigned in August, 1779; captain of Kentucky Militia in 1791; killed at St. Clair's defeat on November 4 of that year.]
Head Qutrs., Bucks County, August 18, 1777.
Sir: It being represented, that several of the men in a Detachment under your Command, as Captain from the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment, which composes part of the Corps commanded by Colo. Daniel Morgan, made up of Detachments from Several Regiments, have claims against the United States for Horses and other necessaries furnished the said Regiment, for which they have received no satisfaction; Also, that you and the Officers under you, in the said Detachment, have charges of the like nature and for money advanced some privates of the said Regiment, who have died, been killed, or taken prisoners. And it being impracticable at this time, to examine and adjust the said Claims, as the said Corps Commanded by Colo. Morgan is under orders to march and join the Northern Army. These are to authorize and require you, to state and Settle the said Claims before Colo. Morgan, Lieutt. Colo. Butler and Major Morris, or any two of them, who are empowered to liquidate the same, producing to them such Vouchers, as you are possessed of, and making such proofs to the Account, as may be deemed necessary; Which being done and Certified under the Hands of them, or any two of them, you will advance, of your own Money, to your Officers and Men such Sums, as shall appear to be due them on the said Settlement. And I do hereby agree, on behalf of the United States of America, that the Money so advanced, with what shall appear on the said Settlement to be due yourself, shall be paid to you or your Order.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Neshamini Bridge, August 19, 1777.
Dr. Sir: If I did not misunderstand, what you, or some other Member of Congress said to me, respecting the appointment of the Marquis De la Fayette39 he has misconceived the design of his appointment, or Congress did not understand the extent of his views; for certain it is, if I understand him, that he does not conceive his Commission is merely honorary; but given with a view to Command a division of this Army. True, he has said that he is young, and inexperienced, but at the same time has always accompanied it with a hint, that so soon as I shall think him fit for the Command of a division, he shall be ready to enter upon the duties of it, and in the meantime has offered his service for a Smaller Command; To which I may add, that he has actually applied to me (by direction he says from Mr. Hancock) for Commissions for his two Aide de Camps.
[Note 39: Congress had resolved (July 31) that Lafayette receive the rank of major general.]
What the designs of Congress respecting this Gentn. were, and what line of Conduct I am to pursue, to comply with their design, and his expectations, I know no more than the Child unborn and beg to be instructed. If Congress meant, that this Rank should be unaccompanied by Command I wish it had been sufficiently explain'd to him. If on the other hand, it was intended to vest him with all powers of a Major General, why have I been led into a Contrary belief, and left in the dark with respect to my own Conduct towards him ? This difficulty, with the numberless applications for employment, by Foreigners, under their respective appointments, adds no small embarrassment to a Command, which, without it, is abundantly perplex'd, by the different tempers I have to do with and different modes which the respective States have pursued to nominate and arrange their Officers; The combination of all which is but a too just representation of a great Chaos, from whence we are endeavouring (how successfully, time can only tell) to draw some regularity and order.
I was going to address Congress for Instructions, in the case of the Marquis de la Fayette, but upon second thought concluded to ask some direction of my conduct in this matter, through a Member; and therefore have imposed this task upon you. Let me beseech you then, my good Sir, to give me the Sentiments of Congress on this Matter, that I may endeavour, as far as it is in my power, to comply with them;40 with respect to Commissions for his Aid de Camps, I told him that I should write to Mr. Hancock about them, and wish to be instructed. The Marquis is now in Philadelphia but expected up this day or to morrow. With sincere regard. I am, etc.41
[Note 40: On August 20 Harrison replied to Washington as follows: "I remember well a Conversation's passing betwixt you and I on the subject of the Marquis de la Fyatte's Commission, and that I told you it was merely Honorary, in this light I look'd on it, and so did every other member of Congress, he had made an agreement with Mr. Deane, but this he gave up by Letter to Congress, not wishing as he said to embarrass their affairs, Mr. Duet who presented this Letter assur'd us he did not wish or desire Command, but gave us to understand his chief motive for going into our Service was to be near you, to see Service, and to give him an Eclat at home, where he expected he would soon return, these you may depend on it were the Reasons that induced Congress to Comply with his request, and that he could not have obtain'd the Commission on any other terms; The other Day he surprised every body by a letter of his requesting Commissions for his officers, and Insinuating at the same time that he should expect a Command as soon as you should think him fit for one; depend on it, Congress never meant that he should have one, nor will not countenance him in his applications, I had it not in my power yesterday to get their opinions on the subject, but will do it soon."]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Cross Roads, August 19, 1777.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 17th., by which I perceive you are inclined, in preference to have an American Gentleman appointed to the office of your Brigade Major, and for that purpose have recommended Captn. McConnell42 of Colo. Hazen's Regiment, to my approbation. My only reasons for mentioning what I did in my last, were, that I thought it might be more agreeable to you, to have one of your own Countrymen in your family, and that it would be a means of giving a handsome employment, to some one of those French Gentlemen of merit, who are Commissioned in our Army, without being attached to any particular Service. But as I find you are otherwise inclined, I have not the least objection to your pursuing your inclination in the appointment of Captn. McConnell. I am etc.43
[Note 42: Capt. Matthew McConnell, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was appointed brigade major by de Borre; wounded and taken prisoner at the Battle of Brandywine; transferred to the Invalid Regiment in February, 1781, and served to closeof the war.]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Neshamini Camp, August 19, 1777.
Sir: I wish thro' you, Sir, to return my thanks to the Pennsylvania Officers, who subscribed the Memorial you delivered me a few days since, for the obliging Sentiments they are pleased to entertain of me. At the same time, you will inform them, that I am fully sensible of the justice, in which they Complain respecting the exorbitant price of Goods and necessaries is founded, and that I painfully foresee the disagreeable consequences the measure leads to. My wishes are, that the abuse of which they complain, should be restrained, but I know not how it is to be effected. I have represented the matter to the Congress, and have the most implicit confidence, that they will adopt any means that are practicable, to remedy the evil. They feel it sensibly, and it is felt by all; but a mode of redress, I fear, will be difficult to find, as it has ever been in instances of a like nature. I am not sanguine in my expectations, that they will remove the grievances totally, yet I should hope that it may be done in part, thro' their deliberations and the interposition of the Legislative and Executive powers in the Several States. I can only assure the Gentlemen, I shall ever be happy in affording my exertions to suppress any public abuses, so far as shall be compatible with my Situation; more, I am persuaded, they will never wish or expect of me.
I have also laid the Subject of Rations before the Congress, and doubt not, but it will have their early Attention. This you will in like manner communicate to the Gentlemen.
In respect to the period, from which the augmented pay is to be drawn, the line has been already settled by Congress. They determined, that the Officers appointed to serve in the present Army, should receive it from the time of their Appointments by their respective States. In conformity to this Rule, they have been paid without deviation, that I recollect. If there are any who have not, it has been owing to their own Omissions, or if the augmented pay has been extended in any case to a remoter period for its commencement, it escaped my observation. I would also add, that if this Resolution had not been passed, I should not have considered myself authorized to grant Warrants for the augmented pay of any time preceding the 1st. of January; conceiving, that the old would have continued till the last of December, that being the day when the Service of the late Army generally expired, and that the augmented pay was intended for the new. I am etc.
Head Quarters, near the Cross Roads, August 19, 1777.
Parole Plymouth. Countersigns Princeton, Pluckimin.
The following are the sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 7th, 12th and 16th inst: of which Col Sheldon was president.
Edward Willcox, Quarter Master to Capt. Dorse's44 troop charged with "Desertion, taking a horse belonging to Col. Moylan's regiment, and a trooper with his accoutrements," found guilty and sentenced to be led round the regiment he belongs to, on horseback, with his face towards the horses tail, and his coat turned wrong side outwards, and that he be then discharged from the army. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it be put in execution immediately.
[Note 44: Capt. Thomas Dorsey, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons.]
George Kilpatrick, and Charles Martin, Serjeants, Lawrence Brown, and Enoch Wells Corporals, Daniel McCarty, Patrick Leland, Philip Franklin, Jacob Baker, Thomas Orbs, Adam Rex, Frederick Grimer, Daniel Cainking, Christian Longspit, Henry Whiner and Nicholas Walma, privates, in Col. Moylan's regiment of light dragoons, severally charged with "mutiny and desertion," found guilty of desertion and adjudged worthy of death. The Court esteemed the prisoners (excepting Serjeant Kilpatrick) objects of compassion, and as such recommended them to the Commander in Chief. The General is pleased to grant them his pardon, and the like reason which led the court to recommend them to mercy, joined with others, induces the General to grant his pardon to Serjt. Kilpatrick also; at the same time, the prisoners are to consider that their crimes are of a very atrocious nature, and have by the Articles of War, subjected them to the punishment of death, that the remission of their punishment is a signal act of mercy in the Commander in Chief, and demands every grateful return of fidelity, submission, obedience and active duty, in any future military service which he shall assign them. The prisoners are to quit the horse, and enter into the foot service, in the corps to which they shall be assigned.
Francis Fawkes and George House of Col. Moylan's regiment, tried by the same Court Martial, being charged with "Mutiny and desertion," are found guilty; but some favorable circumstances appearing in their behalf, they were sentenced to receive twenty-five lashes on their naked backs, and be dismissed from the horse service. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence; but for the reasons above referred to, and with the like expectations of amendment, remits the punishment of whipping. They will be disposed of in the foot service.
Thomas Rannals of Col. Moylan's regiment tried by the same Court Martial, charged with "Desertion," is found guilty, and sentenced to suffer death. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence; but the execution of the prisoner is respited till further orders.
Col. Lawson45 having already had the command of the 4th. Virginia regiment, is to continue in the same.
Col. Elliot46 is appointed to the command of the 6th Virginia regiment.
[Note 45: Col. Robert Lawson, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in December, 1777; served subsequently as brigadier general of Virginia Militia.]
[Note 46: Col. Thomas Elliott. He resigned in September, 1777.]
Head Quarters, near Cross Roads, August 20, 1777.
Parole Norway. Countersigns Norfolk, Norwich.
The order, by which Col. Armand's Corps was annexed to Genl. Conways brigade is countermanded.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to approve of the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 18th instant, whereof Col. McClenahan47 was president.
[Note 47: Col. Alexander McClanachan, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He resigned in May, 1778.]
Lieut. Ambrose Crane of Col. Stewarts regiment, charged with "Breaking his former arrest, and going to Philadelphia in company with two officers of Col. Stewarts regt. likewise under arrest, without Colonel Stewart's knowledge or permission," pleaded guilty, sentenced to be cashiered.
Lieut. Benj. Holmes of the 2nd. Virginia regiment charged with "behaving in a manner unbecoming an officer and a Gentleman." The Court unanimously acquitted the prisoner of the charge exhibited against him.
Jacob Moon, Pay Master to the 14th. Virginia regiment charged with "Ungentleman like behaviour, and defrauding the soldiers out of their pay"; found guilty of ungentleman like behaviour, in giving the lie to Ensign Washnam48 and Ensign Moore,49 and not guilty of defrauding the soldiers out of their pay; sentenced to be reprimanded by the Colonel in the presence of the officers of the regt. he belongs to.
[Note 48: Ensign Richard Worsham, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment. He was lieutenant in November, 1777; taken prisoner at Charleston in May, 1780; transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to end of the war.]
[Note 49: Ensign John Moore, of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment. He was lieutenant in November, 1777; resigned in March, 1778.]
Such officers as have not yet settled their ration accounts, are notified that Mr. Bate50 is obliged to leave Camp the first September; and that those accounts which are not brought in by that time, cannot be settled on this side Hartford. Quarter Masters who are not acquainted with the form of a Ration Abstract, can have one from Mr. Bate.
[Note 50: James Bate, Deputy Commissary General of Purchases.]
Head Qurs., Bucks County, August 20, 1777.
Sir: By a Letter from Genl. Schuyler of 13th. Instt. it appears that you had not reached Still Water at that time, since which I have not had any Accounts from you but expect you had arrived there soon after that date. From the various representations made to me of the disadvantage the Army lay under, particularly the Militia, from an apprehension of the Indian mode of Fighting, I have dispatched Colo. Morgan with his Corps of Rifle Men to your Assistance, and expect they will be with you in 8 days from this date. This Corps I have great dependance on, and have no doubt but they will be exceedingly useful, as a check given to the Savages and keeping them within proper Bounds, will prevent Genl. Burgoyne from getting Intelligence as formerly, and animate your other Troops from a sense of their being more on an equality with the Enemy.54 Cols. Cortlandt and Livingstons Regiments are also on their way from Peeks Kill to join you, they must of course be with you in a very few days, with these Reinforcements, besides the Militia under Genl. Lincoln (which by this time must be pretty considerable) I am in hopes you will find yourself at least equal to stop the progress of Mr. Burgoyne and by cutting of his supplies of Provision &ca. to render his Situation very ineligible.
[Note 54: Gates joined the army at Van Schaick's Island, at the junction of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers, 9 miles north of Albany, August 19, which was after the victories had been won at Oriskany and Bennington. He wrote to Washington on the 22d.: "I cannot sufficiently thank Your Excellency for sending Col. Morgan's Corps to this Army, they will be of the greatest Service to it; for until the late Success this Way, I am told, the Army were quite Panic Struck by the Indians, and their Tory and Canadian assassins, in Indian Dress." Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Since the Enemy's Fleet was seen off Sinepuxent the 8th. Instt. we have no Accounts from them which can be depended on. I am now of Opinion that Charles Town is the present object of Genl. Howe's attention, though for what Sufficient reason, unless he expected to drag this Army after him by appearing at different places, and thereby leave the Country open for Genl. Clinton to march out and endeavour to form a Junction with Genl. Burgoyne, I am at a loss to determine.
General Schuyler's sending a Reinforcement up to Fort Schuyler I think was absolutely necessary, and I am of opinion that particular attention should be paid to the Inroads leading to that Quarter, as a Successful Stroke of the Enemy there, might be a means of encouraging the whole of the Six Nations to unite against us. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald. The letter sent, which is in the New York Historical Society, is also in Fitzgerald's writing. It varies from the above draft in capitalization and other minor particulars.]
Camp in Bucks County, August 20, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday favoured with yours of the 15th. by Captn. Cosden.56 I am sorry to hear that you did not find your Brigade in that order, as to discipline &ca. that you could have wished, but I hope your attention to it in person will soon work the necessary reform.
[Note 56: Capt. Jesse Corden (Cosden, Cozden), of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He resigned in December, 1777.]
I most sincerely wish that the Success of the recruiting Service had been such, that all our Brigades would have made a more respectable figure. In arranging the Army at the commencement of the Campaign, I endeavoured to make the Brigades, as equal as possible in point of numbers, some have out grown others by the increase of the Strength of particular Regiments, and that is the Reason why Genl. De Borre's exceeds yours, Hazens Regiment having increased considerably. In Brigading the Army, I went by the following Rule; I distributed the Regiments according to their Ranks, for instance, if the Regiments of any particular State were Sufficient to form three Brigades, I gave the 1st. Regiment to the 1st. Brigade, the 2d. to the 2d. and the 3d. to the 3d., and the intermediate ones in same proportion. But when ever a Colonel was promoted to the Rank of Brigadier General, I made it an invariable Rule to take the Regiment which he had formerly commanded out of his Brigade, thereby to prevent all imputation of partiality from being made by the Officers of the other Regiments in the Brigade, for I know it is very natural for an Officer to have a strong affection for the Corps which he has commanded.
It is very uncertain whether our movement will be Northward or Southward, and therefore would not yet determine whether the detachment of the 5th. Maryland Regiment shall immediately join the Main Body in Sussex County. If matters should so turn out, that you are ordered to march Northward, you may then send back the detachment to join the Regiment, if we move Southward they will probably join of course.
I very much approve of your sending back a good Officer to pick up your sick and Straglers, and if you can cut off any of the numberless and useless Horses that attend our Army you will render a most essential piece of Service to the public and set an example that will do you Honour. The destruction that is made by them of inclosures, Grass and Grain is intolerable and is the cause of universal Complaint among the Inhabitants.
I have ever been very cautious of granting permissions to persons, who have been long resident, to go into New York, because their observations may do us great injury. But if you think Mr. Smith57 is a person who leaves the Country on Account of his business and not as an Enemy to us, I will not refuse your request. You must lay him under injunctions, not to disclose any matters that may come under his observation on his
[Note 57: Smith was a factor for the Glasgow firm of John Glassford & Co.] journey, and when he arrives at Philadelphia, if he will write me a line, I will grant him a passport and point out his Route, that he may not fall in with any of our principal posts. I am &ca.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 59: Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army.]
Neshamini Camp, August 20, 1777.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 18th. In respect to the Subject of it I can only inform you, that it is necessary, there should always be a Sufficient Quantity of Spirits with the Army, to furnish moderate Supplies to the Troops. In many instances, such as when they are marching in hot or Cold weather, in Camp in Wet, on fatigue or in Working Parties, it is so essential, that it is not to be dispensed with. I should be happy, if the exorbitant price, to which it has risen, could be reduced; but if you have not a proper stock within your Command, from whence supplies necessary may be drawn, I cannot think of authorizing, by my consent, any Experiment, which can possibly injure the Troops. You are the best judge of the Quantity there is in Store and the certainty you have of getting it seasonably to the Army and of consequence most able to determine the propriety of purchasing more or not.
The case of the Sutlers deserves attention, and I am informed, Regulations have been come into in One Division of the Army, that will restrain their exactions or oblige them to quit their business. I am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp in Bucks County, August 21, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was a few days ago favoured with yours of the 13th. and Yesterday with that of the 15th. I immediately forwarded the letter to Congress, who I dare say will be satisfied with your Reasons for remaining some little time at Albany for the purposes you mention.
I do not know that any particular Charges are exhibited against you, or in what way Congress intend to take the matter up; I observe by their Resolves of the 29th July that, "an inquiry be made into the Reasons of the evacuation of Ticonderoga and Mount Independance and into the Conduct of the General Officers who were in the Northern department at the time of the evacuation. And that a Committee be appointed to digest and report the mode of conducting the inquiry." Whether it is to be made by Congress themselves or whether they intend it shall be done by a Court of General Officers, I will not undertake to say.
I am pleased with the account you transmit of the situation of matters upon the Mohawk River, if the Militia keep up their Spirits after their late severe Skirmish, I am confident they will, with the assistance of the Reinforcement under Genl. Arnold, be enabled to raise the seige of Fort Schuyler, which will be a most important matter just at this time. I am &ca.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Neshamini Camp, Bucks County, August 21, 1777.
Sir: Having received a Letter this afternoon from the Honble. John Page Esqr., advising that a Fleet of Ships was off the Capes of Virginia, on the 14th. Instt. and appeared to be standing in, you are to remain at Alexandria, with the Regiment under your command, subject to the further Orders of Congress, The Honble. Council of Virginia or Myself. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Neshamini Camp, August 21, 1777.
Sir: From the time which has elapsed, since Genl. Howe departed from the Capes of Delaware, there is the strongest reason to conclude, that he is gone either to the Eastward or Southward, and with a design to execute some determined plan. The danger of the Sea, the injury his Troops and Horses must sustain from being so long confined, the loss of time so late in the Campaign, will scarcely admit the supposition, that he is merely making a feint and still intends to return either to Delaware or the North River, without performing some enterprize first, in another Quarter. The probability is in favor of a Southern Expedition; because he has been seen, since his departure from the Capes, off Sinapuxent, steering a Southern course; and because, had his destination been to the Eastward, his arrival there from the general State of the Winds must have announced It before this, or his Fleet would have been discovered by some of the Cruisers on that Coast. If he is gone to the Southward, he must be gone far that way; For had Chesapeak Bay been his Object, he would have been there long since, and the Fact well established. Beyond that, there is no place short of Charles Town, of Sufficient importance to engage his attention. The extensive commerce, the vast accumulation of Military and other Stores in that Town, and its dependencies, with the eclat it would give his Arms, if he should unfortunately take it, afford him stronger inducements to direct his Operations there, than he could possibly have elsewhere.
Matters being thus circumstanced, an Important Question arises, How this Army is to be employed. If his Intentions are such, as I have supposed them, It appears to me, that an attempt to follow him, would not only be fruitless, but would be attended with ruinous consequences. The distance is so immense, that Genl. Howe might accomplish every purpose he had in view, before we could possibly arrive to oppose him, and so long a march, through an unhealthy climate at this season would debilitate and waste a principal part of our Force. Added to this, after we had made a considerable progress, he might easily reimbark his Troops, and turn his Arms against Philadelphia or elsewhere, as he should think proper, without our being in a Condition to give the least aid.
As these, and many Other reasons, which will readily occur to Congress, will shew the impracticability of our counteracting Genl Howe in that Quarter, with any good effect, we have no other alternative left, than to remain here idle and inactive, on the remote probability of his returning this way, or to proceed towards Hudson's River, with a view of opposing Genl Burgoyne [with the greater part of our force,] or making an attempt on York Island, as the Situation of affairs shall point out. A successful Stroke, with respect to either, would be attended with the most signal advantages, and would be the best compensation we could make, for any losses we may sustain to the Southward. Besides these considerations, if after all our conjectures and reasoning upon the Subject, Genl. Howe should be gone to the Eastward, to co-operate with Mr. Burgoyne, the Army will be, by the movement proposed, so far on its way to prevent, I hope, the success of his Enterprize.
The above reasons led me to call a Council of Genl. Officers this Morning, to take the Subject of removing the Troops from hence into consideration, and I am happy to inform Congress they were in Sentiment with me upon the occasion, as they will perceive by a Copy of the proceedings then had, which I do myself the Honor of laying before them. Nevertheless, as it is a Movement which may involve the most important consequences, I have thought proper to submit it to Congress for their deliberation and decision. If it is deemed expedient, we have perhaps not a moment to lose, in carrying it into execution; and under this persuasion, I have sent Colo. Hamilton, one of my Aids, who will have the honor of delivering this, to bring me the result of their Opinions.63
[Note 63: See Council of War, Aug. 21, 1777, post.]
As the Northern department has been all along considered as separate and in some measure distinct; and there are special Resolves, vesting the Command in particular persons; in case it should hereafter appear eligible to unite the Two Armies, it may perhaps be necessary that Congress should place the Matter upon such a footing, as to remove all scruples or difficulties about the Command that could possibly arise on my arrival there. This I request, from a disposition to harmony, and from my knowing the ill and fatal consequences, that have often arisen from such controversies, and not from the most distant apprehension that one would take place upon such an Event. The Thing, However, is possible and to guard against it can do no injury.64 I have the honor &ca.
[Note 64: Congress answered this by resolve of August 23. See illustration facing p. 128.]
P.S. That I may not appear inconsistent to advise and to act, before I obtain an Opinion, I beg leave to mention that I shall move the Army to the Delaware, to Morrow Morning, to change their Ground at any rate, as their present Encampment begins to be disagreeable and would injure their Health in a short time. Our forage also begins to grow scarce here.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The phrase in brackets is in the draft and was not in the letter sent.]
At a Council of General Officers, held at Neshamini Camp, in Bucks County, August 21, 1777.
The Commander in Chief informed the Council that the British Fleet left the Capes of Delaware on the 31st. of July and have not been seen, from any information he has obtained, since the 7th. inst. when they were off Senapuxon and steering to the Southward, and propounded the following Questions for the Opinion of the Council.
1st. What is the most probable place of their destination, whether Eastward or Southward and to what part?
2. If it should be thought, from a consideration of all circumstances, that the Fleet is gone far to the Southward, will it be adviseable for this Army, taking into view the length of distance and unhealthiness of that Climate at this Season, to march that way? or will there be a probability of their arriving there in Time, should it be attempted, to give any effectual opposition to the Enemy, or to prevent them accomplishing their purposes?
3d. If it should not be thought advisable in such case for the Army to march to the Southward, How shall it be employed? Shall it remain where it now is, or move towards Hudsons River to act as the situation of Affairs shall seem to require?66
[Note 66: The council decided unanimously that Charleston was the most probable destination of the British Fleet; that the army could not possibly arrive at Charleston in time to afford any aid' and that it should move immediately towards the North River. The officers in council were: The Commander in Chief, Greene, Stirling, Stephen, Lafayette, Maxwell, Knox, Wayne, Muhlenberg, Weedon, Woodford, Scott, and Conway.]
Camp at Neshamini, August 21, 1777.
Sir: Since I wrote to you on the 12th instant, on the subject of the Militia under the Command of Genl Newcomb, I have recd. another Letter from him which you have inclosed. By this it appears, that the Men were not employed in any way while they were at Red Bank, and that they are now anxious to get home to their farms, as they see no immediate occasion of their Services. As I had in some measure put them under the direction of Monsr. Du Coudray, I did not chuse to give them a discharge without consulting you, tho' in my opinion they had better be suffered to go home, than be kept discontented, as they will turn out with more spirit when they are wanted again. The Bearer waits upon you for your determination. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Neshamini Camp, August 21, 1777.
Sir: I am this moment honored with yours of this morning, containing several pieces of intelligence of the Fleet's having been seen off the Capes of Virginia on the 15th Inst. I shall in Consequence of this information halt upon my present ground, till I hear something further.
Colo. Pinkney68 of South Carolina paid me a visit two days ago; he informed me that the Military Stores in Charlestown and the Neighbourhood were immense and that he did not beleive that the Governor or commanding [Officer] there, had had the least intimation of the Fleets having stood to the Southward and he seemed very apprehensive, that if Charles town was their object, they would find them lulled into security and quite unprepared for an attack.
[Note 68: Col. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.]
As I cannot yet think Genl Howe seriously intends to go into Chesapeak, I would by all means advise, that an Express be immediately dispatched (if one has not already gone) to warn them of their danger, to let them prepare in the best manner for defence, and to advise them to remove all supernumerary Stores.
I shall immediately call upon Govr. Livingston, to furnish the Number of Militia from the State of Jersey, demanded by requisition of Congress to Garrison the Forts in the Highlands, while the New York Militia March to reinforce the Northern Army. I have the honor etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The word in brackets was added by Washington.]
Neshamini Camp, Bucks County, August 21, 1777.
Sir: I was this afternoon honored with your Letter of the 15th.73 The order of the Board of Council to the Regiment of Alexandria, in consequence of the Advices they had received, I think perfectly right, and I shall write to the Commanding Officer of it, by this Conveyance, to remain there, subject to the direction of Congress, Your Board or Myself.
[Note 73: From Williamsburg, Va.]
The Conduct of Genl Howe is extremely embarrassing. He left the Capes of Delaware the 31st Ulto. and having never been heard of since the 7th Inst. off Sinapuxent. It was generally beleived here, that he had passed the Capes of Virginia, and that Charles Town in South Carolina was the object of his expedition. We were so fully persuaded of this, and convinced of the impracticability of affording it succour in time from this Army, that a Resolution was come into this Morning, to move to morrow towards Hudson's River, if approved by Congress, to avail ourselves of any advantages, circumstances might point out. The destination of the Fleet, if for Chesapeak Bay, must soon be known, and the Army will remain here, till further intelligence is obtained on the Subject. At present, I think it not unlikely, that their appearance off the Capes is to amuse and that their designs may yet be against Charles Town. I have &c.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp in Bucks County, August 21, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose you a Resolve of Congress which I have just received, directing me to call on you for one thousand Militia from the State of New Jersey, to releive a like number of the Militia of the State of New York, at present in garrison at the Forts upon Hudson's River, who are to March to the Reinforcement of the Northern Army. The requisitions make no mention of any particular time of Service, but as the York Militia were engaged to the first of November, those of your state should if possible be drawn out for the same time. I shall be glad to hear how far and how Soon you think the request may be complied with.
I have just received advice from Virginia, that the Fleet was seen on the 15th. instant Standing in towards Cape Charles, but whether with a real design to enter Chesapeak could not be then determined. I have the honor etc.
P.S. If the first Class of Militia, cannot be called out for so long a time as the first of November, they may be relieved by another.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 21, 1777.
Sir: By the inclosed Letters, you will observe how necessary it is for me to draw off the Regiments now in your State, Commanded by Colos. Dayton and Ogden, and consequently for you to order out some Militia to replace them, which I expect you will immediately do should it appear necessary to you. It would appear (for what reason I am totally unable to account), that Maryland is the object of General Howe's present attention. I shall therefore be under the Necessity of Moving the Army that way, though very contrary to my late intentions; as that Army will be too near us to turn our backs and act on a different Quarter. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, near Cross Roads, August 21, 1777.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Dunkirk, Dorset.
The whole army is to march to morrow morning, the General is to beat at half after three; the Troop at half past four; and at five o'clock the troops are to begin their march. The Major Generals, Quarter Master General and Commissary General will receive their orders at Head Quarters, at five o'clock this afternoon. An orderly man from each regiment of horse to attend at the same time for orders.
AFTER ORDERS
Col Moylan's regiment of horse is to go the same route that the division commanded by Genl. Waynedoes. Col Sheldon's is to take the route by Trenton with Lord Stirling's; and Bland's and Baylor's are to take the middle route over Coryell's ferry. All the horse, except a few orderly, may move forward and encamp about three or four miles (or a less distance if more convenient) beyond the respective ferries they cross at, on the road they are to march. After that, they are to receive orders respectively from the officer commanding the column, or division, they are with.
The army is to remain in its present encampment till further orders.
Head Qurs., Bucks County, August 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: By the inclosed, which is this Moment come to hand, you will perceive that the Enemy's Fleet have at length fairly entered Chesapeak Bay; Swan point being at least 200 Miles up. I desire you will immediately forward this Account to Govr. Trumbull, to be by him sent on the Eastward. As there is not now the least danger of General Howes going to New England, I hope the whole Force of that Country will turn out, and by following the great stroke struck by Genl. Stark near Bennington, intirely crush Genl. Burgoyne, who by his letter to Colo. Baum seems to be in want of almost every thing. I hope you will draw in such a Force of Militia, as will effectually secure your post against any attempt from New York. I shall be obliged to draw Genl. Sullivan with his division down to me; for by General Howe's coming so far up Chesapeak, he must mean to reach Philadelphia by that Route, tho' to be sure it is a very strange one. I am &ca.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Neshamini Camp, Bucks County, August 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: By an Express this Minute come to hand from Congress, we are informed, Genl. Howe's Fleet is arrived in Chesapeak Bay, and are high up in the North East part of it. I have inclosed a Copy of the dispatches upon the Subject, to which I refer you. You will immediately march with your Division and join this Army, proceeding with all convenient expedition, but not in such a Manner as to injure the Troops. You will cross the Delaware at Coryell's Ferry and avoid Philadelphia in your march down; You will be under a necessity of passing near it, but I would wish you not to halt so near it, that the Troops can straggle into the City. I am etc.
P. S. The inclosed Letter for Colo. Dayton, you will send him by Express. I was this day favoured with two of your Letters. The Subject respecting your Brother, Captain Sullivan, is now before Congress. Two or three days ago, I refered it to them a second time.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, which is also in Harrison's writing, is in the New Hampshire Historical Society. It varies in spelling and capitalization from the above draft.]
August 22, 1777. Sunset.
Sir: You will immediately proceed with your Brigade and Colo. Proctor's Corps of Artillery to Chester. If you can readily procure Craft to transport the Troops by Water you will. if you cannot, you will march by Land and send your Baggage by Water if there shall be Vessels Sufficient to carry it. Shou'd you be disappointed in this also, it must go by land in such Waggons as you can get for the purpose. I have this Minute received advice by express, that General Howe's Fleet is high up in the North East part of Chesapeak Bay. I am &ca.
P.S. Should you be obliged to march by land, I wish you to order your march so, as not to go thro' Philadelphia and to pass by it without halting your Troops near it.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Qurs., Neshamini, August 22, 1777.
Sir: You are immediately upon receipt of this to march your Regiment and Colonel Ogdens with all their Baggage by way of Trenton to join your Brigade. You will make all convenient haste on the march, and it is probable that you will fall in with the Brigade at Philadelphia or somewhere below that place. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Bucks County, August 22, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 21st. Colo Bland who is now here, informs me, that the Cannon that were in the Raritan were weighed by his directions and that they are upon one of the Wharfs at Brunswick. One of them is 8 Inches and the other Seven in the bore, they are very long. The Colo thinks they are good. There are likewise two double fortified fours. They had better be sent for from Philadelphia, for we have not more Horses and Carriages than are wanting for the Army. I have in a letter to Congress, a very little time since, expressed my opinion of the impolicy of trusting any number of Cannon upon the Jersey Shore, as they cannot possibly be supported and I understood that Mr. Du Coudray acquiesced in the same opinion.
Having nothing to do with the Naval department, I will not undertake to determine whether the twelve pounders would be more safely and usefully employed on the Jersey Shore or in the Frigates or some kind of floating batteries, but I think in one of the Latter.
Be pleased to send a further Supply of Blank Commissions, those recd. Yesterday are nearly expended.
Since beginning to write, yours of the 19th, respecting the Carolina Horse,81 was put into my hands. If the Officers did not interfere, there would be no difficulty in disposing of the Men in Colo. Baylor's Regiment. It would be hard upon Baylor's Officers, who have put themselves to Considerable expense, altho' they have not met with Success in recruiting, to be reduced to make room for the Carolinians, and it would be as hard upon the Carolinians, to have their Men taken from them for the remainder of their times, to fill Baylors Regiment. All that I can do at present, will be to make a proposal to Col. Baylor to take both Men and Officers and endeavour to settle the command between them and his Officers, by doing duty in rotation. Be pleased to inform me of the number and the ranks of the Carolina Officers, with the dates of their Commissions, that I may explain the matter more fully to Colo Baylor, who I am informed recruits with more Success, since his Officers went to the Western parts of Virginia. You may communicate this to the Carolina Officers and see how they would be content with an arrangement of the above kind. I am &ca.82
[Note 81: There were about 80 men, with officers sufficient for three troops of horse, then in Philadelphia, which had come from North Carolina with Brig. Gen. Francis Nash's brigade. The horses had been sold as unfit, and the men had from 12 to 18 months still to serve.]
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quars., Camp at Cross Roads, August 22, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with your favor containing the intelligence of the Enemy's arrival in Chesapeak Bay and the Resolutions of Congress thereupon.83
[Note 83: Congress approved (July 11) Washington's determination to march toward the Hudson River, but on the receipt of intelligence of the British being in the Chesapeake directed the General "to proceed in such manner as shall appear to him most conducive to the general interest notwithstanding the resolution of Yesterday concerning his progress to the north river." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 22, 1777.)]
I have, in consequence of this account, sent orders to General Nash, immediately to embark his Brigade and Col Proctor's Corps of Artillery, if Vessels can be procured for the purpose and to proceed to Chester; or if Vessels cannot be provided, to hasten towards that place by land with all the dispatch he can. I have also directed General Sullivan to join this Army with his division, as speedily as possible; and I have issued orders for all the Troops here to be in motion to morrow morning very early, with intention to march them towards Philadelphia, and onwards.
I am happy to find Congress have ordered the removal of the stores from Lancaster and York to places of greater safety, which is, without doubt a very proper and necessary measure. With much respect etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, near the Cross Roads, August 22, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Brigadiers and Officers commanding brigades, are to assemble tomorrow morning at nine o'clock, at the tavern by the cross roads, to consider of the reports made to them relative to the prices of liquors sold by the sutlers; and to give their opinion upon the matter to the Commander in Chief, pursuant to the General orders of the 11th. instant.
A General court martial is to sit to morrow morning, at nine o'clock precisely, at the meeting house, not far from the cross roads, for the trial of all prisoners of the horse which shall be brought before them. Lieut. Col. White85 of Col. Moylan's regiment is appointed president of this court.
[Note 85: Lieut. Col. Anthony Walton White, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He was lieutenant colonel commandant of the First Continental Dragoons in December, 1779; colonel in February, 1780; taken prisoner at Lanneaus Ferry, S. C., in May, 1780; exchanged in October; retired in November of 1782.]
The Commander in Chief approves of the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 19th., 20th. and 21st. instant whereof Col. McClenachen was president.
Capt. Crump86 of the 1st. Virginia Regt. charged with "Wantonly ordering Lieut. Smith under an arrest, when he knew he was executing the General's orders; for which he has been acquitted by a General Court Martial; and for afterwards attempting to vindicate his conduct, by giving in false evidence to the Court, declaring he did not know he was acting as Brigade Major to Genl. Muhlenberg at that time." Acquitted.
[Note 86: Capt. Abner Crump, of the First Virginia Regiment. He was dismissed in October, 1777.]
Hugh Culley of the 12th. Pennsylva. Regt. charged with "letting a certain prisoner make his escape, by the name of John Kephart, confined by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief"--acquitted.
James McDavell, charged with "Desertion from the Sixth Pennsylvania regiment" --pleaded guilty --sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
Lieut. Thomas Wishart of the 15th. Virginia regiment charged with "Neglect of duty and disobedience of orders" --found guilty of the charges against him, in the instance of neglecting to make a morning report to the Colonel of the regiment he belongs to, conformable to a regimental order; but it appearing to have proceeded from a want of knowledge of the order, and from no intentional neglect or disobedience. The Court sentenced him to be reprimanded in a private manner by the Colonel.
Brigade Major Swaine,87 charged with "Repeated neglect of duty, particularly in not attending for orders the 17th instant in proper time, by which means His Excellency's intentions, who
[Note 87: Brigade Major Joseph Swan (Swaine), of Muhlenberg's brigade. He resigned Aug, 25, 1777.] had ordered straw and rum to be furnished the men, were entirely frustrated and the soldiery, particularly the sick, were left exposed to the inclemency of the weather, in a much greater degree of want of those necessaries," found guilty of repeated neglect of duty, and not guilty of the remaining part of the charge; and sentenced to be reprimanded in General orders.
The Commander in Chief regrets, that he is so frequently obliged to censure officers in General orders for neglect of duty, and other offences, and wishes earnestly that by an attentive and punctual discharge of their duty, they would save him from a task so disagreeable and painful. Officers should in their own conduct set examples before the men of diligence and an exact compliance with every order--Delays are always dangerous; and in the military service, often attended with the most fatal consequences; especially must they be so in officers on whom the distribution of general orders depends. The General at the same time thanks those officers whose regard for the good of the service leads them to bring delinquents to Justice; and assures them that such a conduct will ever meet his warm approbation; and adds positively, that for any future remissness in Brigade Majors, in any part of their duty, he will certainly suspend them, 'till the pleasure of Congress be known concerning them; as there is no possibility of conducting the affairs of an army, without the greatest punctuality in the performance of the duties of their department.
George Myer, a waggoner, charged with "Desertion and horse stealing." Acquitted.
James Robinson of Capt. Talbot's88 Company, in the 2nd. Pennsylvania regt., charged with "Desertion and inlisting into different regiments," pleaded guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
[Note 88: Capt. Samuel Tolbert.]
George Bignal of the 10th Virgr. regt. charged with "Desertion." No witnesses appearing against him, the court ordered him to be released from confinement for the present.
Adam Claise of the 6th. Virginia regt. charged with "Desertion." No witnesses appearing against him, the court ordered him to be sent to his company.
John Brumbler, of the 10th. Virginia regt. charged with "Sleeping on his post, when on Sentry, over prisoners," pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to receive twenty lashes on his bare back.
Edward Mealy of Capt. Thomas Bird's Company, charged with "Desertion," ordered by the court to be sent to his company.
James Byrne of Col. Stewarts89 regt. charged with "Desertion," Ordered by the court to be sent to his regt.
[Note 89: Col. Walter(?) Stewart.]
As the Congress never have, and the General is persuaded never do intend, to give rank to any of the waggon masters in this army, except the Waggon Mr. General. They are ordered not to assume the titles of Majors, Captains, &c but to be distinguished by Division or Brigade Waggon-Master, as the case may happen to be. Waggon Masters are useful in every army; and will be supported in all their just privileges; but the way for them to obtain respect, is by a diligent and faithful discharge of their respective duties, without favor or affection to any one. This order is to extend to persons in every other department, who have not rank given to them, by their commissions, or appointments under Congress.
The Commander in Chief has the happiness, to inform the army, of a signal victory obtained at the northward. A part of Genl. Burgoyne's army, about 1500 in number, were detached towards New Hampshire, and advanced with a design to possess themselves of Bennington. Brigadier General Stark of the State of New Hampshire, with about 2000 men, mostly Militia, attacked them. Our troops behaved in a very brave and heroic manner; they pushed the enemy from one work to another, thrown up on advantageous ground, and from different posts, with spirit and fortitude, until they gained a complete victory over them. The following is a list of the prisoners, killed and wounded &c. Vizt. I Lieut. Colonel, 1 Major, 5 Captains, 12 Lieutenants, 4 Ensigns, 2 Cornets, 1 Judge Advocate, 1 Baron, 2 Canadian Officers, and 3 Surgeons; 37 British soldiers, 398 Hessians, 38 Canadians and 151 Tories taken prisoners. The number of wounded fallen into our hands, exclusive of the above, are about 80. The number of the enemy who were slain had not been ascertained, but it is supposed to be about 200. Their Artillery, consisting of four brass field pieces, with a considerable quantity of baggage, likewise fell into our hands. Our loss consists of about 20 or 30 killed, and perhaps 50 wounded.
The army is to march to morrow morning (if it should not rain) precisely in the time, and manner, directed in the orders of yesterday.
The two divisions which go to Coryell's ferry, will march in this order: Genl. Greene's first, then Genl. Stephen's, and then the baggage of both divisions, in the same order as the divisions march. Genl. Greene will order an advanced guard from his division and Genl. Stephen a rear guard from his division. Each guard to be under the command of a field officer. The officer commanding the rear-guard, will detach a subaltern and thirty men, to follow in the rear of the baggage; to pick up all stragglers who escape the rear guard; and to see that the sick and lame are not neglected, but properly disposed of among the waggons.
AFTER ORDERS
Notwithstanding the army is to march to morrow, the officers necessary and who shall be notified to constitute the General Court Martial ordered to sit to morrow, to try all prisoners of the horse will stay behind, and hold the Court. The parties will notify their necessary witnesses, who will also stay behind and attend the court.
ADDITIONAL (EVENING) AFTER ORDERS
The army is not to march to morrow morning, but remain in it's present encampment 'till further orders.
FURTHER AFTER ORDERS. EVENING 10 O'CLOCK
The army is to march to morrow morning at 4 O'clock, precisely, if it should not rain, towards Philadelphia. The division under the command of General Wayne, will march and encamp near the Rising Sun, and fall into its proper place in the line of march the next day. The whole body of horse will march at the same time, and encamp to morrow night at the three mile Run; except the officers, and others, who are or shall be notified as members, or witnesses, necessary to attend the General Court Martial of the Horse to sit to morrow.
Head Quarters; at Stanton,90 near German Town, August 23, 1777.
[Note 90: "Stenton," the home of James Logan. It is near the present Nicetown, Pa.]
Parole--. Countersigns--.
No officer, or soldier, is to leave the encampment this evening, without leave in writing from the Major General or Brigadier under whom he acts; and they are desired not to give such leave unless there be very apparent cause for it.
The army is to move precisely at four in the morning, if it should not rain. The division commanded by Genl. Wayne is to take its proper place in the line (to wit, between Lord Stirling's and Genl. Stephen's division) and it is strongly and earnestly enjoined, upon the commanding officers of corps to make all their men who are able to bear arms (except the neccesary guards) march in the ranks; for it is so great a reflection upon all order and discipline to see such a number of strollers (for they cannot be called guards) with the waggons, that it is really shocking.
The army is to march in one column thro' the City of Philadelphia, going in at and marching down Front street to Chesnut street, and up Chesnut street to the Common. A small halt is to be made about a mile on this side the City, till the rear closes up, and the line is in proper order. The divisions march as follows: Greene's, Stephen's, Lincoln's, Lord Stirling's. The Horse to be divided upon the two wings. Bland's and Baylors regiments upon the right. Sheldon's and Moylan's upon the left.
The following Order of March is to be observed. First--A Sub: and twelve light horse, 200 Yards in their rear a complete troop; the residue of Bland's and Baylot's regiments, 100 yards in the rear of these, a company of pioneers, with their axes &c in proper order. One hundred yards in rear of the pioneers a regiment from Muhlenberg's brigade; and close in the rear of that regiment all Muhlenberg's Field Artillery; then his brigade followed by Weedon's, Woodford's and Scotts, in order, with all their field artillery in their respective fronts. The park of artillery, and the artificers belonging thereto, in the center. Lincoln's and Lord Stirling's divisions following, with all their Brigade Artillery in the rear of their respective brigades. A regiment of Lord Stirling's division for a rear guard, and to be 150 yards from General Maxwell's brigade. Sheldon's and Moylan's horse 150 yards in the rear of this regiment, and a troop 150 yards in the rear of the regiments of horse.
The whole line is to march by sub-divisions, at half distance, the ranks and files at the most convenient distance for marching. Which is to be exactly observed in passing thro' the City, and great attention given by the officers to see that the men carry their arms well, and are made to appear as decent as circumstances will admit.
It is expected that every officer, without exception, will keep his post in passing thro' the city, and under no pretence whatsoever leave it; and if any soldier shall dare to quit his ranks, he shall receive Thirty-nine lashes at the first halting place afterwards. The officers will be particularly attentive to prevent this, not only in their own divisions, but in others also; if they should see an attempt of the kind. They are also to prevent the people from pressing the troops.
There is to be no greater space between the divisions, brigades and regiments, than is taken up by the Artillery, and is sufficient to distinguish them: And that the line of march thro' the city may be as little encumbered as possible, only one ammunition waggon is to attend the field pieces of each brigade, and very few the Artillery park. All the rest of the waggons, baggage, and spare horses, are to file off to the right, avoid the City entirely, and move on to the bridge at the middle ferry, and there halt, but not so as to impede the march of the troops, by preventing their passing them. Not a woman belonging to the army is to be seen with the troops on their march thro' the city.
The Waggon Master General and all his Assistants together with the division, brigade and regimental Quarter Masters, are to attend the waggons, and assist the field officers appointed to that duty, in preventing any men who are allotted to attend the waggons, from slipping into the city. As the baggage will be but a little while seperated from the column, a very few men will be sufficient to guard it; and the General wishes to have as many of them, as are able, appear in the ranks, in the line of march.
The baggage and spare artillery waggons of each brigade, together with the waggons of the artillery-park, are to move in the same order that the brigades &c. do in the line, that they may more easily remit again when we have pass'd the city.
The soldiers will go early to rest this evening, as the General expects that the whole line will be on their march at the hour appointed. That this may be the case, each Brigadier is to appoint patroles, to take up all stragglers, from the camp and all others of the army who do not obey this order.
The directors of the hospital will order where the sick are to be sent.
The drums and fifes of each brigade are to be collected in the center of it; and a tune for the quick step played, but with such moderation, that the men may step to it with ease; and without dancing along, or totally disregarding the music, as too often has been the case.
The men are to be excused from carrying their Camp Kettles tomorrow.
A proper guard from the horse is to be posted on the road leading to the city, to take up strollers from the camp.
August 23, 1777.
Sir: I beg leave to inform you, that the Army marched early this morning, will encamp this evening and I expect within Five or Six Miles of Philadelphia. To morrow Morning it will move again, and I think to march it thro' the City, but without halting. I am induced to do this, from the opinion of Several of my Officers and many Friends in Philadelphia, that it may have some influence on the minds of the disaffected there and those who are Dupes to their artifices and opinions. The March will be down Front and up Chestnut Street, and, I presume about Seven O'Clock.91
[Note 91: "The army marched through the city, and was allowed to make a fine appearance, the order of marching being extremely well preserved." -- Pickering's Journal.
Ford quotes from Henry Marchant's letter to Governor Nicholas Cooke (Aug. 24, 1777): "The main body of his [Washington's] army this morning passed through this city. From the State House, we had a fair view of them as they passed in their several divisions. The army alone, with their necessary cannon--and artillery for each division, exclusive of their baggage wagons, guards, &c., which took another route, were upwards of two hours in passing with a lively, smart step."]
Notwithstanding the arrival of the Enemy's Fleet in Chesapeak Bay, and the seeming probability that Genl Howe will debark his Troops and attempt something, yet I would take the liberty to mention, that I think the several Works for the defence of the City should be carried on with the usual industry, and that no pains should be omitted to compleat them. I would also advise, that the same Look Outs for intelligence should be continued at the Capes, and the earliest information communicated of any thing material. For tho' the Fleet is in Chesapeak Bay, the Enemy may push in a Number of Vessels with Troops, and make an effort to effect some stroke against Philadelphia by Surprise. Such an event does not seem probable, while they have a large shew of Force in a Neighbouring State, but it will be prudent to guard against it. I have the honor etc.
P. S. I think some directions should be given Genl. Armstrong respecting the Militia.92
[Note 92: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The P. S., which is also in the writing of Harrison, is not in the draft.]
Camp, 3 Miles from Philadelphia, August 23, 1777.
Sir: On the march to day I was honoured with a Letter from Congress transmitting Sundry Resolutions93 for calling out
[Note 93: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 22, 1777.] Resolve of Congress on Washington's Authority as Commander in Chief August 23, 1777 reinforcements of Militia, to repel the threatned invasion by the Enemy, who have arrived high up in the North East part of Chesapeak Bay. Such as respect the Militia of Maryland and which make the Subject of this Letter, you will find inclosed. I request, that immediately after receipt of them, you will communicate the Contents to Colonel Gist and that you and he repair to Maryland without loss of time, for the purposes therein mentioned. I need not urge the necessity of expedition upon this interesting occasion and flatter myself nothing in either of your powers, will be omitted to answer the views of Congress in this instance and the important calls of the States at large at this crisis. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, at Derby, August 24, 1777.
Parole Chester. Countersigns Derby, Easton.
General Greene's and Genl. Stephen's divisions are to march to morrow morning at four o'clock precisely, if it should not rain, towards Wilmington, and encamp on the first good ground beyond Naaman's creek. All the horse are likewise to march at the same time, and proceed to Wilmington, and encamp on the first good ground there, or in their neighbourhood thereof.
Genl. Lord Stirling's division, and that commanded by Genl. Wayne, with the park of artillery, will remain to morrow at their present encampment, and on Tuesday follow the other divisions, beginning their march at four in the morning, if it should not rain. The Commander in Chief possitively forbids the straggling of soldiers of the two divisions which remain behind, from their quarters; and the General Officers commanding these divisions will take every precaution in their power effectually to prevent it; and likewise to prevent an inundation of bad women from Philadelphia; and for both purposes, a guard is to be placed on the road between the camp and the city, with particular orders to stop and properly deal with both.
Wilmington, 6 o'Clock P.M., August 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just received information, that the Enemy began to land this Morning about Six Miles below Head of Elk opposite to Cecil Court House. The informant says he saw two thousand Men, but he may be mistaken as to the Number. I desire you to send off every Man of the Militia under your command, that is properly armed, as quick as possible, if they were to begin their march this night while it is cool, it will be the better. They are to proceed to Wilmington, where they will receive orders for their destination.
I desire you will immediately send for Genl. Potter, and give him directions to come on to me with all possible expedition, you must supply his place in the best manner you can. The first attempts of the Enemy, will be to seize Horses, Carriages and Cattle with light parties and we must endeavour to check them at their outset. Whatever Militia are at Philadelphia, and equipped should be ordered down immediately. I am &ca.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Chester, August 25, 1777.
Sir: This will be handed to you upon your arrival in this Town. It is my desire that you make no delay here, but proceed with all convenient dispatch to Wilmington. If from the Intelligence you receive here, you have reason to conclude there is no danger in going by Water it will be your best and easiest mode of Conveyance, taking with you a Person, whose knowledge of the Water can be depended on. At Wilmington you will receive my further Orders. Colo. Proctor's Corps of Artillery continues with you.
General Dickinson just informs me, that you could not procure Boats at Trenton. You will therefore continue your march as above directed. I am &ca.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Wilmington, August 25, 1777.
Dear Baylor: I received your Letter of the 18th by this days post. I have never doubted of your assiduity and industry to raise your Regiment, and am but too well satisfied of the difficulties you have met with. I wish you to come on, with Such Men as you have ready, and that you will leave proper Officers to recruit the Troop you mention to be deficient, and also the Remainder of the Regiment, if you think there is a probability of doing it.
The Fleet are laying in Elk River, and by an Express received this Evening, the Troops were landing on the West side this Morning. As matters are thus circumstanced, I think, the upper Road should be your Route. I am &ca.97
[Note 97: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who added the following postscript from himself: "My Good Friend--I give you joy from the Bottom of my Heart on Account of the late fortunate and Signal stroke given by Old Stark, and also on the threshing the Enemy got at Fort Schuyler. There was a cloud in the North, but I really think matters in that Quarter look well just now. I trust Burgoyne will be severely mauled. It is likely we shall have hot work in this Neighbourhood 'ere long. I wish it most cordially, for I flatter myself, Mr. Howe will be hard run. Farewel, Yrs. R. H. Harrison." The letter was furnished from the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Wilmington, 6 O'Clock P.M., August 25, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed intelligence has just come to my hands, Genl. Greene's and Genl Stephen's divisions are within a few Miles of this place, I shall order them to March immediately here. The two other divisions halted this day at Darby to refresh themselves, but they will come on as expeditiously as possible. There are about five hundred pennsylvania Militia at Chester and Marcus Hook that are armed, there are a number more unarmed. I have ordered all the armed immediately down. I do not know what Number of Militia of this State are yet collected, but I am told they turn out with great Alacrity. There are a great quantity of Public and private Stores at the Head of Elk, which I am afraid will fall into the Enemy's hands, if they advance quickly; among others there is a considerable parcel of Salt. Every attempt will be made to save that. When I get my force collected, I shall dispose of it in the most advantageous manner in my power. To this End, I purpose to view the Grounds towards the Enemy to morrow Morning. I am yet a Stranger to them. I have the honor, etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Chester, 8 O'Clock, August 25, 1777.
Sir: I last night had the Honor of your favor of the 24th with its inclosures. No Letters came for you from Genl Schuyler [to my care], and therefore, agreeable to your request, I transmit you a Copy of the One I received from him and of the material papers which it covered. Among the Copies, you will find Genl Burgoyne's Instructions at large to Lt. Colo. Baum, pointing out the objects of his Command, when he was first detached. What we had before, was after he marched, and was an Answer to a report he had received from him. There was also a mistake in his name before, being called Bern in the copies sent by Genl. Lincoln.
I shall be happy, if the Account respecting Staten Island should prove true. I hope it will.99
[Note 99: The rumor of Major General Sullivan's unsuccessful raid on Staten Island, which ended in a rear guard action. The British captured about 130 of Sullivan's men and their loss was about the same number. Sullivan's two letters to Washington of August 24 describing the raid are in the Washington Papers.]
Two Divisions of the Army moved this morning and will proceed after a short halt near this place to refresh themselves. The remainder will continue on their Ground to day, in order to rest and recover from the fatigue of the March yesterday and the day before. After Breakfast, I intend to set out for Wilmington with the Light Horse, to reconnoitre the Country and to obtain the best information I can respecting the Enemy. I have &ca.
P. S. The publication of Genl. Burgoyne's Instructions with a few Comments, I think, might be attended with many advantages.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read the same day in Congress, and Burgoyne's instructions, which were dated August 9, were duly ordered published. They were issued in broadside (handbill) form and a copy is in the Library of Congress. Words in brackets are in the draft and not in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Wilmington, August 25, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a General Court Martial held the 23rd. instant whereof Lieut. Col. White was president. Capt. Henry Lee, of Col. Blands regiment of light horse, charged with "Disobedience of orders "--was tried. The sentence of the court is as follows, viz. "The Court having fully considered the charge and evidence are unanimously of opinion, that Capt. Henry Lee is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him, and do acquit him with honor. And they are also unanimously of opinion, that the charge against Capt. Lee is groundless and vexatious, and that Capt. Lee, in what he did, acted merely for the good of his troop." The Commander in Chief approves of Capt. Lee's acquital with honor.
The whole body horse are to parade at Head Quartrs. to morrow morning precisely at five o'clock. Each officer and man to bring with him one day's provision cooked.
Head-Quarters, Wilmington, August 26, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The officers commanding corps are to see that their men's arms are immediately cleaned and put in the best order possible; that the ammunition likewise be carefully inspected, and the proper number of rounds for each man completed; that the bayonets fix well; that the flints be screwed in fast, and every thing put in perfect readiness for action.
The troops are without fail continually to have one day's provison of meat on hand, ready cooked, and two days' rations of bread. should any complaint be made by the soldiers for want of such provisions, the commanding officers of corps must be answerable for it; unless it should appear, that the provisions were not to be had at the Commissary's; and in such case the deficient Commissary shall be accountable. Complaint has been made, that some regiments have lately been two days without provisions, owing to the negligence of their Commissary: Such conduct is insufferable and must be attended with the worst consequences. The Commander in Chief is determined to make an example, of the first Commissary, who shall be guilty of the like negligence. The Commander in Chief likewise insists, that the Commissaries shall supply the troops with hard bread. The present most common mode of supply, by issuing flour which they make into bad bread, not only injures their health, but is attended with delays sufficient to frustrate the most important, and well formed enterprises. As the means therefore are now abundantly in their power, the Commander in Chief can admit no excuse, for their not supplying the troops with good bread.
Wilmington, August 27, 1777.
Sir: I have received your two favours both of the 24th. informing me of the particulars of an expedition you have lately made to Staten Island.2
[Note 2: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Aug. 25, 1777, ante.]
It is unfortunate, that an affair which had so prosperous a beginning should have terminated so disagreeably, as in a great measure to defeat the good consequences that might have attended it. I am however, glad to hear, that the Officers and Men distinguished themselves by their good behaviour; and if there are any who behaved more remarkably well, than others, I should be happy to take all the notice of them, consistent with propriety, that their conduct may appear to merit. I am not sufficiently acquainted with circumstances to form a certain judgment, of what might have been expected from this expedition; but from the view I have of them, and from your own representation of the matter, the situation of the Enemy seems to have been such, as afforded an opportunity of reaping much more decisive advantages, than were in fact gained.
As your division must no doubt have been greatly harrassed in this movement, their health might be very much injured by pressing them too hard in their march to join me. I would therefore wish you to spare them, as much as may be necessary to avoid that inconvenience; at the same time, there ought to be no delay but what a proper attention to the health and accommodation of the Men really demands. I am &ca.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Wilmington, August 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was favoured with your Letter Yesterday by Mr. Hindman. The measure you recommend respecting the Militia is extremely necessary and what I much wish to be done. It came under the consideration of Congress when the Fleet first came up the Bay and dispatches were sent by their Order to Genl. Smallwood and Colo. Gist to repair to Maryland to command them, at least the Quota called for by Congress. I expect these Gentlemen are now on their way for this command, but I shall be extremely obliged to you and Genl. Cadwallader, if in the mean time you will give your advice and assistance about forming and arranging such as may assemble previous to their arrival. Your interesting yourself upon the occasion, I think will be well accepted and may be attended with happy effects. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Wilmington, August 27, 1777.
Sir: I this Morning returned from the Head of Elk, which I left last night. In respect to the Enemy, I have nothing new to communicate, they remain where they debarked first. I could not find out from inquiry what number is landed, nor form an estimate of it, from the distant view I had of their Encampment. But few Tents were to be seen from Iron Hill and Grey's Hill, which are the only Eminences about Elk. I am happy to inform you, that all the Public Stores are removed from thence, except about Seven thousand Bushels of Corn. This I urged the Commissary there to get off, as soon as possible, and hope it will be effected in the course of the few days if the Enemy should not prevent, which their Situation gives them but too easy an opportunity of doing; The scarcity of Teams, in proportion to the demand, will render the removal rather tedious, though I have directed the Quarter Master to send some from hence, to expedite the Measure. A part of the Delaware Militia are Stationed there and about nine hundred more from Pennsylvania are now on the March [that way]. I also intended to move part of the Army that way to day, but am under the necessity of defering it, till their Arms are put in order and they are furnished with Ammunition, both having been greatly injured by the heavy rain that fell yesterday and last night. I have the Honor etc.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Wilmington, August 27, 1777.
Dr. Sir: I am favored with yours of yesterday. Colonel Richardson's Battalion was left in Maryland, by order of Congress, to keep the disaffected in the lower Counties in order, if their presence was necessary before, it is certainly much more so now. The Enemy are in want of many necessaries, with which those people would undoubtedly supply them, if a Watch is not kept over them. I do not therefore think myself at liberty to recall the Battalion, except I am ordered by Congress. I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have yours of the 25th and am obliged for the Account you give me, of well affected and suspicious Characters, to which I shall attend. I have not an engineer to spare to go to Baltimore. Several of those who came over with Monsr. Du Coudray, are not employed yet, by applying to him, he will be able to point out a proper person. One division of the Army already wants a Major General, by General Lincoln going to the Northward. Genl. De Haas's Vacancy has not been filled up and Genl. Smallwood is ordered to Maryland; under those circumstances I cannot detach another Genl officer without injuring the Service. The Board of War ought to give orders, for the removal of the Continental Powder from the Neighbourhood of Baltimore, and if you will be kind enough to let Col. Flower the Commissary Genl. of Stores know of the Flints at Baltimore, he will purchase them if wanted. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Caleb Gibbs.]
[Note 7: Of a Delaware Militia regiment.]
Wilmington, August 27, 1777.
Sir: After the men of your own, Colo. Hunters and Colo. Udree's8 Battalions have refreshed themselves you are to march them to Christiana Bridge and there halt till further orders.
[Note 8: Col. Daniel Udree, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
You are to get your Men as well covered, as the Situation of the place will admit of, and always keep them near their quarters, that they may be ready to move at a moments warning.
As most of the Men in this County have left their families at home and turned out in a spirited manner in defence of their Country, it is hoped that the Troops under your command will not in the least injure their property, by destroying their Fences, Corn, or Fruit. I am &ca.
P.S. Your Ammunition is to be inspected, to see if injured by the Rain, and the Arms kept in good order.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Wilmington, August 27, 1777.
Parole Susquehannah. Countersigns Delaware, Schuylkill. The brigades and other corps are to be in such readiness as to march at a moment's warning. To this end the officers will see that the men are kept regularly supplied with as much provision as will, when fresh, keep; and the Commissaries are peremptorily ordered to provide a quantity of hard bread ready to deliver at any sudden call.
It is expected (as there is the greatest reason to believe that our service will be active) that every species of baggage belonging to both officers and men, will now be stored, except such as cannot be done without in the field, that the train of waggons may in consequence be reduced, and our incumbrance on this account lessened. To effect this valuable purpose, the sick are to be turned over to the Director General of the Hospital, and not taken with us, whilst the women are expressly forbid any longer, under any licence at all, to ride in the waggons, and the officers earnestly called upon to permit no more than are absolutely necessary, and such as are actually useful, to follow the army.
The number of horses, which are now so injuriously introduced, (contrary to all former practice) is also expressly forbid; as they have become a real nuisance in the army. It is expected therefore, that no officer, except those who are allowed forage, will henceforth keep a horse, but (as his baggage is carried for him) march on foot with his men: This, at the same time that it testifies a real regard to the service, will be setting a good and commendable example to the men; which in every instance ought, and it is hoped will be, the first object of a good and valuable officer.
Five waggons from each brigade are to be delivered immediately, to the Deputy Quarter Master General.
Genl. Greene's division is to march to morrow morning, and take post, on a piece of ground, which will be marked out for him, on White Clay Creek. And the militia from Chester (under the command of Col. Evans) is to march to Christiania Bridge, and there take post 'till further orders.
As the weather has been wet, and the ground damp, the men may be served with a gill of rum each.
AFTER ORDERS
General Stephen's division is to march to morrow morning, immediately after General Green's.
[Note 10: Of the Maryland Militia.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, August 28, 1777.
Sir: I have your favour of Yesterday by Lieutt. Veary11 and it gives me pleasure to hear that your people are so unanimously bent upon giving opposition to the Enemy. I wish it was in my power to furnish every man with a firelock that is willing to use one, but that is so far from being the Case that I have scarcely Sufficient for the Continental Troops.12 As it is needless to keep
[Note 11: Lieut. William Veary, of the Maryland Militia. Johnston's Campaign of 1776 states that Capt.Edward Veazy, of an Eastern Shore independent company, was present in this campaign.]
[Note 12: This same day Tilghman wrote to Col. Benjamin Flower, ordering him, by Washington's direction, to forward from 500 to 1,000 muskets "as the bad weather has damaged aged many of late and there is no getting them put in order here with any expedition." Also, Harrison wrote to Flower to forward all the rifles in store, complaining that many of the cartridges Flower sent were too small for the bore of their muskets. "All belonging to the public are of the French and English bores and the Cartridges must be made to fit those sizes. If you have any 16 and 18 (Viz: Cartridges which require so many to the pound) now ready you are to transmit them without a Moments delay." The letters of Tilghman and Harrison are in the Washington Papers.] Men together without Arms, I would advise you to collect as many Arms as you possibly can and then class your Battalion; let the unarmed go home and at a certain period relieve their Companions. It is to be wished, that every Man could bring a good Musket and Bayonet into the field, but in times like the present, we must make the best shift we can, and I wou'd therefore advise you to exhort every Man to bring the best he has. A good fowling Piece will do execution in the hands of a Marksman.
As the Congress have ordered clown Genl. Smallwood and Colo. Gist, to arrange the Militia of Maryland, they ought to be drawn together at some certain place, that these Gentlemen may meet them embodied and the more readily form a disposition. The Militia of Kent and below it, will Assemble at George Town and the Head of Sarsafras, from whence I shall advise parties to be sent down into Sarsafras Neck, to prevent the disaffected inhabitants from Trading with the Enemy and supplying them with Stock &ca. I think yours had as well assemble at the Head of Bohemia,13 or any other place that you may think more convenient, from whence you may keep small parties along shore under intelligent Officers, not only to keep Boats from landing, but to observe the motions of the Enemy. Horses and Cattle, but Horses in particular should be removed from the Shores, and for this purpose some of the unarmed may be employed.
[Note 13: Bohemia Manor, Delaware.]
The intent of Assembling the Militia of Maryland near the Head of the Bay, is to be ready, to fall in upon the Rear of the Enemy shou'd, they move towards Philadelphia and to answer this end, I think they should be advanced as far as New Castle, from whence the distance to the Head of Elk is but short. If they cou'd cross Elk river, the Heads of Sarsafras and Bohemia would not be inconvenient, but you may depend that the Enemy will throw Vessels in the way to prevent the passage and oblige you to march round by land. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Wilmington, August 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: General Howe has advanced part of his Force about two Miles this side the Head of Elk and from the information of deserters and prisoners, there is reason to beleive he is either marching or soon will be, towards Philadelphia. If that is his object, and of which there can be but little doubt, I think many important advantages would be derived from the Militia's hanging on his Rear or Right flank, after he leaves Elk, while he is opposed by this Army in front or in such other way, as shall seem most advisable from circumstances. But then, I am wholly at a loss to whom to address myself respecting the Militia on the Eastern Shore, not knowing their Officers or where they are Assembled. The Congress thought proper to point out Genl. Smallwood and Colo. Gist to arrange and conduct them; who, owing I suppose to a miscarriage of the dispatches that were sent them, have not yet reached this place, nor have I heard any thing of them. Matters being thus circumstanced, and as the aid of the Militia is extremely necessary and no time is to be lost in obtaining it, I must request your Good Offices and interest in assisting to assemble, spirit up and forward them in the best manner you can, towards the Head of the Bay, that they may be in a situation to annoy the Enemy, should they make a push against Philadelphia, giving such advice and direction to the Officers as shall appear to you necessary and proper. I know well, that your situation in this instance will be delicate and not a little embarrassing, I feel myself in that predicament; Yet, I trust, the exigency of our Affairs will not only furnish an Apology, but will fully justify your interesting yourself upon the Subject. For the requisition I have made, I shall offer no Apology. It is the result of necessity and founded in the most implicit confidence, that you are and will be ready upon all occasions to afford every aid in your power to advance the true interest and happiness of your Country. Influenced by these considerations, I have made it, and have only to add, that I am etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, which is also in Harrison's writing, is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It varies from the above draft in spelling and capitalization and contains the P.S., which does not appear in the draft.]
P.S. Several deserters have come in to day and our parties made between thirty and forty prisoners.
Head Qurs, Wilmington, August 28, 1777.
Sir: Having endeavoured, at the solicitation of the Count De Pulaski, to think of some mode for employing him in our service, there is none occurs to me, liable to so few inconveniences and exceptions, as the giving him the command of the horse. This department is still without a head, as I have not, in the present deficiencies of Brigadiers with the Army, thought it advisable to take one from the foot, for that command. The nature of the horse-service with us, being such that they commonly act in detachment, a general Officer with them is less necessary, than at the head of the Brigades of infantry. In the absence of Genl. Smallwood, who is ordered to put himself at the head of the Maryland Militia, we shall have two brigades without General Officers.
But though the horse will suffer less from the want of a General officer than the foot, A Man of real capacity, experience and knowledge in that service might be extremely useful. The Count appears by his recommendations to have sustained no inconsiderable Military Character in his own country and as the principal attention in Poland, has been for some time past paid to the Cavalry, it is to be presumed this Gentleman is not unacquainted with it. I submit it to Congress, how far it may be eligible to confer the appointment I have mentioned upon him. They will be sensible of all the objections attending it, without my particularising them and can determine accordingly.
This Gentleman, we are told, has been like us, engaged in defending the liberty and independence of his Country, and has sacrificed his fortune to his zeal for those objects. He derives from hence a title to our respect that ought to operate in his favour as far as the good of the Service will permit; but it can never be expected we should lose sight of this. I have the honor, etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Wilmington, August 28, 1777.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Kingston, Kildair.
Joseph Scott Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to General Muhlenberg, in the room of Major Swaine resigned; and is to be obeyed as such.
The cases, or canisters of spare cartridges, are to be divided into eleven equal parts, and one such part delivered to each brigade, including the two in Genl. Sullivan's division and Genl. Nash's brigade. The Brigadiers are to distribute the cases in the most equal manner among the regiments of their brigades respectively; and the commanding officers of regiments among their men.
Col Sheldon's horse are to march to White Clay Creek, and take post near Genl. Greene's, and Genl. Stephen's divisions, where Genl. Greene shall direct.
AFTER ORDERS
A General Court Martial to sit to morrow at nine o'clock in the morning, at Day's tavern, near the park of artillery, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. Col. Johnstone17 is appointed president of this court.
[Note 17: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
ADDITIONAL AFTER ORDERS
A corps of Light Infantry is to be formed, to consist of one Field Officer, two Captains, six Subalterns, eight Serjeants and 100 Rank and File from each brigade.
Head Quarters, Wilmington, August 29, 1777.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersigns Falmouth, Yarmouth.
Each Brigadier is to make return immediately to the Quarter Mr. General of the number of Arm-Chests necessary for carrying safely, all the spare arms, that may from time to time, happen to be in their brigades, by means of the sick, and other usual accidents.
Head Qurs., Wilmington, August 29, 1777.
Sir: On my return to this place, last evening, from White Clay creek, I was honored with yours of the 27th with sundry Resolves of Congress, to which I shall pay due attention. The Enemy advanced a part of their Army yesterday to Greys Hill, about two Miles on this side of Elk, whether with intent to take post there, or to cover, while they remove what Stores they found in the Town, I cannot yet determine. I do not know what quantity of private property remained, but of the public there were [several] thousand bushels of corn and oats, which might have been removed also, had not most of the Teams in the Country been employed by private persons in bringing off very valuable goods. Our light parties yesterday took between thirty and forty prisoners, twelve deserters from the navy and eight from the army have already come in, but they are able to give us very little intelligence. They generally agree, that their Troops are healthy, but that their horse suffered very much by the voyage.
By a Letter from Genl. Gates, which you were pleased to transmit me yesterday, he requests, that Commissions may be sent to Brigadiers Glover, Poor and Paterson which I beg the favour of you to do by the return express. The two last lost theirs with their baggage at Ticonderoga, and Genl. Glover had none. I have the Honor &c.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Robert Hanson Harrison, and the word "several" in brackets was inserted by Washington. The draft also stated that General Glover never had a commission, which Hamilton altered by striking out the word "never" in the letter sent.]
½ after 8 OClock P.M., August 30, 1777.
Sir: It seems to be the Opinion of several of the prisoners and also of the deserters that have lately come out, that the Enemy intend to move to morrow morning. How well founded this Idea may be, I cannot tell, but I thought it right to communicate it to you, that you may be watchful and guarded on all the Roads.
It will be well to place some of your Men at the pass on the Road which has been represented to be so advantageous, attending at the same time to the rest. If the Enemy come on, they will be well posted and may have an Opportunity of annoying them greatly. If otherwise, their being there will do no harm. They should be directed to lie quiet and still, and ought to be posted early to night, as the Enemy will most probably move, if they do at all, between two and three O'Clock. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Wilmington, August 30, 1777.
Sir: In consequence of the directions of Congress, I wrote you on the 23d Instt. by Express, requesting you and Colo. M. Gist to repair immediately to Maryland, to arrange, march and conduct the Militia of that State, which Congress had called for, Twelve Hundred and Fifty of which were to Assemble at Baltimore and at Hartford Towns, and Seven hundred and fifty more at George Town on the Eastern Shore, according to their then instructions. As you and Colo. Gist have not arrived yet, at my Head Quarters I presume my Letter never came to hand. From this Circumstance, and as the Militia are in much confusion for want of Officers to arrange and bring them on, and applications are constantly making upon the Subject, I request that you will communicate this Letter to Colo. Gist, and that you and he set out upon this command, without a Moments loss of time, calling upon me in your way down. Without some Leaders are appointed, to form and command them, It is more than probable, a great part will disband; or if they should not, will be in such disorder that they will be of no Service. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Wilmington, August 30, 1777.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you Yesterday, Nothing of Importance has occurred and the Enemy remain, as they then were. I was reconnoitring the Country and different Roads all Yesterday and am setting out on the same business again.
Sensible of the advantages of Light Troops, I have formed a Corps under the command of a Brigadier, by drafting a Hundred from each Brigade, which is to be constantly near the Enemy and to give them every possible annoyance. I have the honor etc.
10 o'Clock. This Minute 24 British prisoners arrived, taken yesterday by Captn. Lee of the Light Horse.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The 10 o'clock note was entered on the outside wrapper of the letter.]
Head Quarters, Wilmington, August 30, 1777.
Parole Northampton. Countersigns Newbern, Norfolk.
Information being given by the Commissary General, that it is at present impracticable to supply the army daily with hard bread; the troops are to receive soft bread or flour, as the Commissaries shall be able to supply them. The Commissaries are nevertheless to exert themselves to the utmost, constantly to supply the troops with bread, either hard or soft, and without fail to have a large quantity of hard bread made ready, to be issued, whenever the army marches.
Brigadier Genl. Maxwell will take the Command of the corps of light Infantry.
Brigadier Genl. Conway, as eldest officer, will take the command of Lord Stirling's division, 'till the state of his Lordship's health shall permit his joining it.
John Kennon was on the 1st. of May 1777 appointed Pay Master to the 6th. Virginia regiment. The Commander in Chief approves of the appointment.
Head Quarters, Wilmington, August 31, 1777.
Parole Rockingham. Countersigns Arlington, Abingdon.
Every officer commanding a troop or company is immediately to make out his muster-rolls to the first of September, that the whole army may be mustered with the utmost expedition. Officers commanding corps not annexed to any particular division, or brigade, will apply to the muster Master of the nearest division who will muster all such corps.
A General Court Martial is to sit to morrow at 9 o'clock in the morning at Mr. Lawson's at the Cross Keys near the Academy, for the trial of Lieut. Troup a prisoner in the provost. Brigadier General Knox is appointed president of this court.
Genl. Potter will order two battalions of Militia, (each to be 250 strong, rather more than fewer) to march, one to Richling's ling's ford, and the other to Gibson's ford, to take post on the east side of the Brandiwine, and fix upon the best ground for defending those passes.
Head Quarters, Wilmington, August 31, 1777.
Sir: The Congress having called upon the State of Maryland, to furnish a number of Militia to assist in repelling the Invasion of the Enemy by way of Chesapeak Bay and appointed Brigadier Smallwood and yourself, to arrange, conduct and command them: You are to repair, without loss of time to George Town on Sarsafras, on the Eastern Shore of that State, or elsewhere on the East Side of Chesapeak Bay, where the Militia are Assembling for the purpose aforesaid, and to arrange and form them, as soon as possible, into the best order you can; which having done, you are to march them immediately towards the Head of Elk within a convenient distance to harrass and annoy the Enemys right flank and the parties they may send out, either while they remain there, or in any march they may attempt towards Philadelphia or into the Country. For this purpose you will occupy the best posts you can, having regard to the security of your Corps against sudden attacks and surprizes by the Enemy. To prevent the latter, it will be necessary to keep out constant patroles and scouting parties, and you will also use every means in your power, to obtain good information of their situation and the earliest intelligence of their designs and intended movements.
You will report to me, an account of your arrival, the place where, the amount of your Force, and every circumstance from time to time, that you may consider material and necessary.
In a peculiar manner you will extend your care to the Cattle, Horses and stock of all kinds, lying contiguous to the Enemy and within such a distance, that there may be a probability of their falling into their hands. These must be driven out of their reach, and all Waggons and Carts removed that might facilitate the movement of their Baggage and Stores.
I shall not enlarge upon this occasion, nor enter into a more minute detail for your conduct, observing at the same time, that the situation of the Enemy, calls loudly for the exertions of all, and that I cannot but recommend the strictest care, attention and dispatch in executing the objects of your Command.
You will speak to the Quarter Masters and Commissaries of Provisions and Forage and agree with them upon a mode by which you may be supplied with such necessaries, as you may have occasion for, in the line of their respective Departments.
There is one thing more, which I would wish to mention, Viza. If there should be any Mills in the Neighbourhood of the Enemy, and which may be liable to fall into their hands, the Runners should be removed and secured, this can be of no injury, or but a temporary one to the proprietors, while it will effectually prevent the Enemy from using the Mills. Grain too, should be carried out of their way, as far as circumstances will admit.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Sir: At half after Twelve O'Clock, I was honored with Yours of this Morning, with Its several Inclosures. I shall make inquiry, respecting the Workmen in the Militia and will order all to be detached, that can be spared.
The Intelligence from the Northward is very interesting, and I hope will be succeeded by other fortunate Events. I am sorry General Arnold did not arrive sooner; If he had, it is probable the Enemy would have suffered considerably in their retreat,23 I flatter myself, that we shall have nothing more to apprehend in that Quarter this Campaign, and that the disgrace and disappointment they have met with, will produce a favourable change in the dispositions of the Indians. I am etc.
[Note 23: On the approach of Arnold's force the British and Indians besieging Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler), N.Y., fled.]
P.S. You will be pleased to send the letter for Colo. Hughes by the Eastern post tomorrow.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Sir: The latest and most material intelligence I have obtained respecting the Enemy, you will find in the inclosed papers, which I do myself the Honor of transmitting to you.
How far the Enemy have it in view to extend themselves in a Line from Bay to Bay, I cannot determine; But the Idea has taken place with many, and it is said to be founded on their hints to some persons, who from accident in some instances and perhaps choice in others have had a more familiar intercourse with them. I cannot suppose they have any such design, or if they have, that it can be more than temporary, for procuring Supplies of Provisions.
Genl. Howe's declaration25 is agreeable to his constant usage, and is what we might reasonably expect. The only difference is, the present Exhibition is stiled a Declaration. It is another effort to, seduce the people to give up their rights and to encourage our soldiery to desert. The facts contained in the Deposition of Francis Alexander,26 which you have also inclosed, seem to be opposed to that regularity and good discipline, which are promised by the Declaration.
[Note 25: Howe's declaration was issued August 27 at the Head of Elk. He announced that the strictest orders had been given and that the severest punishment would be inflicted on any soldier who should plunder property or molest the inhabitants. Security and protection was extended to all who should remain peaceably at their usual places of abode; he promised pardon to those who had taken an active part in the rebellion, provided they should voluntarily return to their allegiance and surrender themselves to any detachment of the King's forces within a specified time.]
[Note 26: Francis Alexander's deposition swore to witnessing an act of British rapine. It is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Yesterday there was some skirmishing between One of our advanced parties and One of the Enemy's, in which they were obliged to retreat, with the loss of an Officer and three Men killed, according to report. We had one private wounded.
I have received no particular Accounts respecting the Maryland Eastern Shore Militia. From the best information I have, a Great many are well disposed to turn out, but are prevented giving their aid, thro' the want of Arms. Apprehending that the Militia there would stand in need of an Officer to arrange them, I wrote to Genl. Cadwalader requesting his good offices, which, I am told have, been exerted. Colo Gist is now gone down and I expect will move on as soon as possible, with such as are armed, towards the Enemy. Genl Smallwood is gone to take the Command of those on the Western Shore, of which, I hear, many are collecting, but I have no authentic advices on the Subject. I have the Honor etc.
P S Will it not be advisable to order Colo. Richardson's Regiment, from their present Station to march and Join the Eastern Shore Militia?27
[Note 27: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Sir: Since writing to you a few Minutes ago, I have been informed that there is a considerable Number of Cattle and a variety of Stores (the property of Individuals) at and in the neighbourhood of Nottingham. As the distance from this place to the Head of Elk, is not so great, as to discourage the Enemy from attempting to make themselves Masters of such valuable Articles, it will be proper that you should contrive means for driving the Cattle and removing the effects to some place of greater Security, while you can avail yourself of the Detachment from Greene's and Steven's Division.
As the Service of the Horse is particularly wanted in the Neighbourhood of the Enemy, it will be unnecessary for you to trouble yourself with writing so frequently; if you will be so good only as to keep Minutes of common occurrences and let them find a place with the Accounts of more important matters, which you may have occasion to transmit from time to time, you will not deprive yourself of so many useful hands and will equally oblige. Sir, etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Sir: I received to day, the favour of your two Letters of the 27th. and 28th. Ulto., with a Copy of Genl. Arnold's. The raising of the Seige of Fort Schuyler, is fortunate indeed, and I trust will free us from any further Apprehensions of an Invasion in that Quarter this Campaign, if it does not produce a friendly and favourable change in the dispositions of the Indians towards us. It is to be wished Genl. Arnold had arrived sooner; in such case, it is probable, the Enemy would have suffered much more severely in their retreat. As matters were, I should suppose, their loss of provisions and baggage and the distance they have to go, will reduce them to such a condition, that they will be able to give but little assistance any where this Year.
I have written to Colo. Hughes, the Deputy Qr. Mr. General at Peeks Kill, immediately to forward half the Salt provisions in the Magazine in Ulster to your Army. I do not know how much there is, but I have directed him to send from thence a further Quantity, if you should order it. It is to be regreted that our Supplies of so Esential an Article, are extremely scanty, and by no means equal to the necessary demands. I should be happy, if they were larger, as a more frequent use of Salt food, I am well convinced, would contribute greatly to the Health of our people.
Since Colo. Hamilton's Letter of the 29th. Ulto. nothing remarkable has occurred. The Enemy's Van remains where it then was, and I believe the Main Body about Elk. There has been some skirmishing between our Scouting parties, but with little loss. We have taken about 70 or 80 British prisoners and there have been several Deserters from the Sea and Land Service together. I am &ca.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, which is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is in the New York Historical Society and varies in capitalization from the above draft.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Sir: Previous to the arrival of your Letter of this morning, I had received intelligence of the return of that party of the Enemy which was sent to Warwick. I cannot but regret, that a proper number of Men had not been detached immediately after them, as it appears that if this measure had been seasonably taken the plunderers would have been cut off. As to any future operations against them, I must leave the planning of them intirely to your discretion, all that I have to observe and recommend to you on this head, is, that the Troops should not be harrassed by being indiscriminately employed on every slight occasion, but that their exertions should be reserved for objects worthy of attention and where there is a well grounded hope of Success; without these restrictions your Men will suffer much from the Fatigue of their Excursions without producing any suitable good end.
Colo. Armand has complained to me of some Insults, offered him by a Lieutenant Colonel of Horse, whose name he does not mention, it will be easy for him to name the Gentleman to you, and you will order a Court of Inquiry upon the matter. I am etc.
P.S. I have ordered Six hundred Men from Genl. Greene's and Genl. Steven's Divisions to assist in removing Stores which are on the left Flank of the Enemy, you will second and aid them as much as lies in your power, and if there are any Commissaries or Quarter Masters in the way, urge them to use all possible diligence in this business.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Sir: I have just received a letter from Genl. Gates informing me, that he is in great want of Salt provisions for the Northern Army.
You will therefore, on receipt of this, forward to him one half of what is now lodged in the Magazine at Ulster County; and if he should not find this supply sufficient, but should call for more, you are to comply with his demands out of the remainder. No time should be lost in executing this order. I am etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Sir: A Letter just received from Brigadier General Maxwell, informs me of the desertion of one of your light Horse. This disagreeable circumstance will naturally put you upon your Guard, but I desire that you will farther make very particular Scrutiny into the Characters of your Men and if you shall find any more Suspicious ones among them, that you will immediately dismount them and order them to Head Quarters, the loss of a Worthless Soldier will occasion less regret when it is not accompanied with that of a Horse and Accoutrements. I am etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, September 1, 1777.
Colonel Patterson Bell of the Eighth Battalion of Chester County Militia, having informed me, that he can bring into the Field Two Hundred Volunteers to reinforce the Army under my command, I do hereby agree with him, that the said Corps or such Number of Men, as he brings shall be furnished with provisions and Ammunition during their continuance in Service, in the same manner that the Troops are which compose the Continental Army; he the said Colo. Bell promising to join his Corps to the Detachment commanded by Brigadier Genl. Maxwell, and to observe his orders and those of his the said Bell's Superior Officers while in Service.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Parole Stanwix. Countersigns Arnold, Gansevoort.
Mr. Austin Sandridge was on the 15th. instant appointed Quarter Master to the 6th. Virginia regt. and is to be regarded as such.The guards after to day are to be releived in the morning at9 o'clock.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to inform the army that on the approach of Genl. Arnold with his detachment, the enemy raised the siege of Fort Stanwix and fled with such precipitation, that they left their tents standing, with their ammunition, baggage, stores, four Royals34 &c &c &c have fallen into our hands, and that a party sent out by Col. Gansevoort35
[Note 34: Small mortars.]
[Note 35: Col. Peter Gansevoort, of the Third New York Regiment. He commanded at Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler), N. Y, and Congress thanked him and his men by resolution of October 4 for his defense of the fort and appointed him colonel-commandant of it; he was brigadier general of New York Militia, after he retired in 1781, to the close of the war.] who commanded at the fort, brought in a number of prisoners and deserters.
Head Quarters, Wilmington, September 1, 1777.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your several favors of the 15th 28th and 29th Ulto. and observe their contents.36
[Note 36: At this point the draft of this letter has the following sentences stricken out: "The during practice of sending their recruiting officers among us, has been for some time past so familiar with the enemy, and has been attended with so much success, that it demands vigorous measures to put a stop to it; and how much soever we may be disposed to mercy, the public good will hardly suffer us to indulge this disposition when offenders of so dangerous a kind come under our notice."]
From the papers you have sent, there can remain no doubt, that Mr. Troup's37 true errand, whatever may be his ostensible one, was to recruit men for the British Army; and, after being so clearly detected, should he escape punishment, it cannot fail to have the disagreeable influence you mention, on the minds of the people, and to be an encouragement to other adventurers. As a similar instance however, has not before come under my direction, I have ordered a Special Court Martial, composed of Men of judgment and moderation to set upon the occasion, and I have every reason to expect their decision will be dispassionate and well founded. It is doubted whether the Military jurisdiction comprehends a case of this kind; this will be well considered, and if the Court can with propriety go into the Trial and their sentence should be such, as it is naturally to be expected it will be; I do not think, from my present view of the matter, that it will be in my power to mitigate or remit his punishment, tho' I shall sensibly feel for his friends, who cannot but be deeply affected by his fate.
[Note 37: Troup was a lieutenant in the third battalion of the New Jersey Loyal Volunteers. He was captured while at dinner. His brother Robert was an aide to Gates and, later. secretary to the Continental Board of Treasury.]
Your reason for not entering upon the business of dividing the State into districts, till the ensuing meeting of the Assembly, is intirely satisfactory. I have no doubt, you are sufficiently impressed with the importance of carrying the Measure into speedy execution, and will use all your influence to have it done.
I am sorry you have no better prospect as to the number of Militia, you expect to collect; but considering all the circumstances you mention, it is not to be wondered at, that a people harrassed and exhausted by having their Country so long the seat of War, should be unwilling to quit their homes; especially when they have an Enemy still at their doors.
I am fully convinced of the pernicious consequences of that abuse of passports you speak of; the liberty that has been taken in granting them, was altogether unauthorised by me, and contrary to my wish.38 I am glad to find you are determined to put a stop to the Practice, with respect to your Militia Officers, who alone will now have it in their power to continue it, as the Continental Troops are all called away; and Doctor Barnet,39 who has been so peculiarly Culpable, and who had not a shadow of right to grant a single passport, will also be immediately removed.
[Note 38: "I have sufficient Evidence to believe that a constant Communication and commercial Intercourse has been held for a considerable time past with the Enemy by many of the Inhabitants of the County of Essex. That these Communications have been principally supported by means of Flaggs and Passports obtained from divers officers of the Army under your Excellency's Command, who for some time past have been stationed at Elizabeth Town, Newark, and other places near the Enemy's Lines.
"Under colour of these Flaggs or Permits, which from their Frequency must be supposed (to use the softest Term) to have been imprudently granted, great mischiefs have arisen to these parts of the Country. Mischiefs, I imagine, greatly superior to the Advantages that may be pretended to be derived from any Intelligence that can be gained thereby. Persons of dubious political Characters, as I am informed, have been sent over; Provisions for the aid and comfort of the British Troops, furnished: A pernicious and unlawful Traffic carried on; The little Specie left among us collected with the greatest Avidity to maintain this execrable Trade; and the continental Currency by that means depreciated: opportunities afforded the Enemy of circulating their counterfeit Bills; and the disaffected of conveying to them Intelligence of every movement and designed operation of our Troops; The Confidence of the People in the Integrity of our officers diminished, and a universal Murmuring excited among the Friends of the common Cause."-- Governor Livingston to Washington, Aug. 15, 1777.]
[Note 39: Doctor Barnet probably was Capt. William Barnet, of the Second Continental Dragoons. Livingston described him as "much addicted to strong drink, and having very little discretion when sober." He resigned in October, 1777.]
You will 'ere this have heard of the Enemy's advancing from the Place of their first landing, and occupying with their Van, a piece of High Ground, called Grey's Hill. They still remain in this position, and it is difficult to say, how soon they will alter it. All accounts agree, that they are very much distressed for want of Horses, numbers of which, it is said, died on the passage and the rest are in exceeding bad order; this will probably occasion some delay and give time for the Militia, who seem to be collecting pretty fast, to join us. We have light parties constantly hovering about them, who frequently make a few prisoners, the whole number already made, is about 70, and will be no inconsiderable check upon them.
They have as yet experienced little countenance from the inhabitants; and as we have accounts of their perpetrating outrages, similar to those they have committed elsewhere; I am in hopes, their Conduct here, as in other places, will not be of a complexion, to conciliate many new partizans to their cause. I have the honor etc.
P.S. since writing the above, the judge Advocate of the Court Martial above mentioned has Called upon me and reported that the court had proceeded upon the Trial of the Prisoner, but on Account of one point of his defence, which requires time to be investigated, had postponed their final decision, and adjourned to a future day the 16th Inst. Mr. Troup pretends that he came out with design to avail himself of the offer of Grace held out in your proclamation; but finding the people much exasperated against him and hearing that a Man had been hanged, who had applied for the benefit of that proclamation, he was deterred from applying to you in person, 'till he had made his peace through the Mediation of a third person and Secured his terms; That for this purpose he had communicated his intention to one Philip Scout and his Mother, residing near Charlottenburgh; who were to intercede with a Certain Mr. Donoworth that lives with Mr. Erskine at Ringwood, in order to engage him to Solicit you in his, Mr. Troups behalf. he lays great Stress upon this; though it is probably a mere pretence; but as the Court have indulged him with time to have his Witnesses produced, I shall be much obliged to you to notify the persons above mentioned that their immediate attendance at Head Quarters is required, and to have them sent on without delay. You will also be pleased to inform yourself of their Characters, particularly in a political light.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 2, 1777.
Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 15th. of last Month.
The frequent captures you make with your little parties, have a very good effect and ought to be encouraged.
With respect to the Exchanges you propose, it is not in my power to interfere in the matter. Elias Boudinot Esqr. has been appointed Commissary General of Prisoners, and every thing relating to them, must pass through his hands. He is not at present at Camp, or I should communicate your letter to him; for the future you will make all applications of a similar nature to him. But you may inform the Gentlemen concerned, that there is a general rule estalished for the exchange of all prisoners, in their turn according to the time of their Captivity, and that this rule cannot be departed from in favour of any person whatsoever, but every one will be liberated, in course, when it falls to his turn, and not sooner. It is natural for every Man to wish his friends and connections first released, and I have accordingly had frequent solicitations to forego the rule I have mentioned, but I have never given my authority to the least deviation from it, in any instance. I am etc.
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 2, 1777.
Sir: I have your two favours of this date.
In consequence of the remonstrance from the Inhabitants near Elk, I have commanded Armand's Corps to repair immediately to this place. If any of the people who have been injured can point out the particular Persons, either Officers or Soldiers, they shall be made Examples of. As several accounts seem to agree, that the Enemy mean to come out to morrow Morning, I beg you will be prepared to give them as much trouble as you possibly can. You should keep small parties upon every Road that you may be sure of the one they take, and always be careful to keep rather upon their left Flank, because they cannot in that case cut you off from our Main Body. We have certain accounts that the Enemy raised the seige of Fort Schuyler, Upon the approach of Genl. Arnold, they abandoned their Camp, a considerable quantity of baggage and four Royal Howitz. Genl. Arnold and Colo. Gansevoort had detached light parties after them, in hopes of overtaking their Rear and recovering the rest of the Cannon and Baggage. I gave the Map that I promised you to the Engineers to Copy, but they have not yet done it. I am &ca.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington,
½ past 8 O'Clock, September 2, 1777.
Sir: I am just favoured with yours of this Evening. I do not know where the sign of the Buck is, I therefore cannot say whether it will be proper for you to leave your present post to go and attack the party that is said to be thereabouts. If it is upon your left, as I suppose it is, it will be by no means proper, because while you were gone down, the Enemy might advance from Grey's Hill to Christeen and cut you off from us. Be careful to keep upon the left flank of the Enemy, for the Reasons given in my former of this day. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Wilmington, September 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: By yesterday morning's post, I received your favour of the 22d. Ulto. It gave me great pleasure to hear of your appointment, and I wish you to accept my Congratulations upon the occasion.43 The want of Military experience you mention, is no obstacle to your serving your Country in the Capacity in which you have undertaken. In our infant state of War, it cannot be expected, we should be perfect in the business of it; But I doubt not, that your zeal and assiduity will amply supply any deficiency, your diffidence of yourself leads you to suppose, you labour under in that respect. It is without doubt a disagreeable task to Command Militia, but we must make the best of circumstances, and use the means we have. That they are ill armed too, is a matter of great concern, every attention should be paid to putting them upon as respectable a footing as possible. It is of the first importance.
[Note 43: Nelson had been appointed brigadier general by Virginia, to command the State militia; he was elected governor of the State in 1781.]
I observe you are directed by the Governor, to pay particular attention to the fortifications in the State and that in consequence of that you propose to garrison Portsmouth with 1200 Men and to divide the remainder of what troops you may have among the posts at York, Hampton and Williamsburgh. The reasons you assign for having a garrison at Portsmouth are good; but I can by no means think it would be prudent to have any considerable Stationary force at Hampton and York. These by being upon a narrow neck of land, would be in danger of being cut off. The Enemy might very easily throw up a few Ships into York and James's river, as far as Queens Creek; and land a body of men there, who by throwing up a few Redoubts, would intercept their retreat and oblige them to surrender at discretion.
As to the idea of preventing Ships from passing up and down Rivers, our own experience has proved it wrong. It is scarcely possible, and I am satisfied, it is not to be affected by Forts and Batteries, unless the Water is narrow, and there are an immense number of Heavy Cannon, near which they are obliged to run from the course of the Channel.
I should think it proper to keep light parties down at those places, merely to prevent the insults of small parties of marines or the like; who could expeditiously withdraw themselves, on any appearances that should make it necessary; but I would not recommend any thing more.
You will have heard of the Enemy's landing near the head of Elk, and of their moving since from their first position and extending their Van to Grey's Hill, a piece of high ground, about two Miles on this side Elk Town. They still continue in this posture, preparing I suppose for some more capital operation. The want of Horses, sufficient to transport their baggage, Artillery and Stores, I imagine, will retard them some time, as every information agrees, they have lost several, and that many of those they now have are much reduced. We have light parties constantly hanging upon them, to harrass them and prevent their incursions into the Country, between whom and theirs, there have been some skirmishes, but with little loss to either side. We have made 70 or 80 prisoners since they landed and have had several Deserters.
In addition to what I have written, I congratulate you on ourfurther success at the Northward, on the 22d. Ulto.; that partof Genl. Burgoyne's Army which had invested Fort Schuyler, raised the seige on the approach of Genl. Arnold, who was pushing hard to relieve the Garrison. They went off with great precipitation, leaving their Tents, provisions and Ammunition. A party detached from the Fort made several prisoners and took a good deal of baggage and four Royals. This is an interesting event and in all probability will prevent another invasion in that Quarter this Campaign. They had suffered before in an action with Brigadier Herkimer44 at the head of part of the Militia of Tryon County, who behaved with the greatest Spirit and bravery. I am etc.45
[Note 44: Brig. Gen. Nicholas Herkimer, of the New York Militia. He had been mortally wounded at Oriskany in his attempt to relieve Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler), N. Y, and died 10 days after the battle.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 2, 1777.
Sir: I am glad to find, from yours of the 13th. Ulto. that the Six new Virginia Battalions are likely to be completed by means of drafts and inlistments. All the recruits who have not had the small pox, should be inoculated before they join the Army, for altho' there are few of the Continental Troops, but have had that disorder, yet as we constantly have Militia with the Army, we cannot safely inoculate here for fear of communicating it to them. I cannot consent to admit the practice of suffering any person to substitute himself in the room of a deserter; As desertion is the most pernicious Vice that can possibly prevail in an Army, the perpetrators of it should ever be punished with severity, for the sake of example; but still if you think that the offer of a pardon would induce many to return to their duty in a limited time, I have no objection to your trying the Experiment.
The Recruits must make a shift without Kettles and Blankets till they join the Army; while they are in the Hospital or in Quarters, they can get Pots and other Vessels, and as they will not be exposed to the Weather, Blankets will not be so essential. But if you can by any means procure any in the Country, it will be well to do so. I beg that you will, while you remain in Virginia, exert yourself in forwarding on those Recruits to their Regiments who have had the small pox, and in having those carried expeditiously thro' inoculation, who have not. I am etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 2, 1777.
Sir: Your Letter of the 31st. Ulto. to Mr. Harrison has been laid before me. My motive for wishing you to continue in the Sixth Regiment was founded on a report that you could readily engage all or most of the privates in it, to serve during the War. This I considered as a happy circumstance; But as it may make little difference whether you remain in that, or have the first, and as Colo. Elliot has been appointed in Orders to the former, you may repair, as soon as you please to the latter and take the Command of it, as Colonel. I am etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[Note 48: Charles Armand--Tuffin, Marquis de la Rouerie.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 2, 1777.
Sir: I have a complaint lodged against your Corps by a number of the reputable Inhabitants in the Neighbourhood of Elk.
As I find that your men cannot be restrained from committing Violences while in the Country, I desire you will immediately march them to this Town. I am &ca.
Head Quarters, Wilmington, September 2, 1777.
Parole Haverhill. Countersigns Andover, Bradford.
The Honorable the Congress having desired the Commander in Chief to detach from the militia, as soon as possible such a number of workmen, as he should think necessary, to repair with dispatch, the arms now in the city of Philadelphia, The Brigadiers of the militia are earnestly desired to make immediate enquiry, in their several brigades, for such workmen, and without a moments delay, detach, under the care of proper officers, all who are not wanted to repair the arms of their brigades, to Philadelphia, there to receive directions from the board of war.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial held the 30th and 31st. of August last, whereof Col. Johnston49 was president, and orders them to be put in execution immediately.
[Note 49: Of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in Jannary, 1781.]
Serjt. Dickinson,50 of Capt. Gibbs Jones's51 company of artillery, charged with "Desertion," found guilty, and sentenced to be reduced to a matross.
[Note 50: Sergt. John Dickinson. The Pennsylvania Archives print this name as Dickson.]
[Note 51: Of Bernard Romans Pennsylvania independent artillery.]
John Adair, a Corporal in the same Company, charged with "Desertion," found guilty, and sentenced to be reduced to a matross.
John Donnelly of the 5th. Pennsylv. regt. charged with "Insulting, and charging his Bayonet on Capt. Ashmead,"52
[Note 52: Capt. Jacob Ashmead, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in May, 1780.] pleaded guilty; sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
James McCracken, of Col. Proctor's53 regiment, charged with "Desertion from Trenton Camp." The court released the prisoner from confinement for want of evidence.
[Note 53: Col. Thomas Procter, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He resigned in April, 1781.]
George Leard of Capt. Bower's54 Company in the 6th. Pennsylvania regiment, charged with "Desertion," pleaded guilty, sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, and to be sent on board one of the Continental frigates, to serve during the war.
[Note 54: Capt. Jacob Bower (Bauer).]
Matthew Smith Esqr. is appointed Deputy Adjutant General in the Continental Army; and he is to be respected and obeyed as such.
A General Court Martial is to sit to morrow morning at nine o'clock, at Newport, at Conradt Gray's tavern, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. Col. Lawson55 is appointed president of this court.
[Note 55: Col. Robert Lawson, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in December, 1777, and served, subsequently, as brigadier general of Virginia Militia.]
Head Quarters, Wilmington, September 3, 1777.
Parole Oxford. Countersigns Norton, Nottingham.
John Parker Esqr. is appointed paymaster to the 8th. Pennsylvania regt. in the room of John Boyd Esqr. resigned.
As the enemy's motions will be sudden, and perhaps rapid, the General positively orders the commanding officers of corps to keep their men in camp, by no means suffering them to ramble about, out of the verge of it. The discharge of two field pieces is to be considered by the Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades as an alarm, and as a signal for getting the men under arms; and to the waggon--masters for putting to their horses. Upon the firing the alarm guns, the general officers, after giving the necessary orders for parading their men, are to repair immediately to Head Quarters.
The division commanded by Genl. Wayne, is immediately to incamp on the left of Genl. Sullivan. Genl. Nash to encamp on the left of Genl. Wayne, and Lord Stirling's division on the left of the whole. Genl. Knox will fix on a proper place for the park of artillery in this encampment. The Quarter Master General and Engineers will mark out the whole without loss of time. All the waggons that are not absolutely necessary are to be kept on the east side of the Brandewine.
A subaltern and 25 men are to mount guard daily at the Fort at Christiana. Genl. Knox will see what artillery men are necessary to place there and give orders accordingly.
It is expected that the officers of every Corps will immediately inspect the men's arms and ammunition, to see that every thing is in order. If any of the Continental troops are without arms, the commanding officer of the Corps to which they belong, is to apply to the Adjutant General, for orders on the Commissary of military stores, for such as are wanted.
A detachment of men properly officered are to parade at sun sett this afternoon at ... with at least twenty four rounds of ammunition two days' provision ready dressed and their blankets.
The officers appointed to overlook the fatigue parties are earnestly exhorted to keep the men to their duty and see that the work goes on briskly.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held August 30th 31st and Sept. 2nd whereof Col. Johnston was president.
Peter Linch a Matross in Capt. Gibbs Jones's company of artillery, charged with "Desertion"; found guilty and sentenced to have the hair on the front part of his head shaved off without soap, and a quantity of tar and feathers fixed on the place as a substitute for hair, then to run the Gauntlope in the company to which he belongs, provided nevertheless that the stripes which he shall receive while running the gauntlope, shall not exceed one hundred; and then to be sent on board one of the Continental frigates to serve during the war.
Daniel Fennel of Col. Proctor's regt., charged with "Deserting from the said regiment," found guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, and to forfeit one month's pay for the use of the sick.
Daniel Halley of the 11th. Virginia Regt. charged with "Abetting the cause of a deserter from Col Proctor's regiment of artillery, and with collaring Col. Proctor"; found guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
James Martin of the 2nd. Pennsylv. regt. charged with"Being drunk and asleep on his post while sentinel over prisoners," found guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back; and to have the hair from the front part of his head shaved off without soap, and tar and feathers substituted in the room of the hair.
Henry Hargood charged with "Desertion from the German regiment"; found guilty, and sentenced to suffer death: But for the reasons mentioned by the court, they recommend him to the Commander in Chief's clemency and mercy. The Commander in Chief pardons the offender.
Godfrid Oxford of the 14th. Virginia regt. charged with "Desertion, getting drunk and loosing his arms"; found not guilty of desertion; but guilty of getting drunk and losing his arms; and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, and to pay for his arms lost.
AFTER ORDERS
The several divisions of the army are to remain in their encampments, as they were this morning, but to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's warning; and neither officer nor soldier is to be out of hearing of the drum of his brigade, And the more certainly to get and keep the men in their quarters, the rolls are to be regularly called, and all absent men looked up and brought to their regiments.
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 3, 1777.
Sir: Yours of three O'Clock this morning I have received. I do not think you have much to fear from the party that has been sent over to Bohemia, who lie greatly to the Southward of you and too remote from where you now are, easily to injure you. It is imagined the design of their going there is to extend across from Bohemia River to Apoquiminy, by which means, they will prevent the Eastern Shore people from coming to our assistance, and will have the command of an extensive country to collect supplies in. But this is conjecture; and it is not impossible, they may attempt to throw a party in your Rear by way of Christiana bridge; though to do it, they must make a forced march of thirteen or fourteen Miles. As this however, is practicable enough, I would not wish to discourage the idea of your retiring to take possession of that bridge; where your left will be secured by Christiana Creek, and you will have nothing to fear except in front. My only objection to this is, that being so much farther off [from] the Enemy, you will have it the less in your power to watch and harrass them.
I wish you very much to have the situation of the Enemy critically reconnoitred, to know as exactly as possible how and where they lie, in what places they are approachable; where their several guards are stationed, and the strength of them; and every thing necessary to be known to enable us to judge, with precision, whether any advantage may be taken of their present divided State. No pains should be omitted to gain as much certainty, as can be had, in all these particulars. I am etc.
P.S. By a Gentleman just arrived at Head Quarters, I learn the Enemy from Bohemia have advanced some distance on the New Castle road, and were last night about to Miles from Christiana Bridge. This makes your retreat to that place advisable and necessary.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Wilmington, 8 O'Clock P.M., September 3, 1777.
Sir: I this minute returned to Head Quarters, where I found your favor of this date with the Resolves respecting Genl. Sullivan and Colo Richardson's Battalion.
I had conversed with General Sullivan upon the Subject and observed to him, that it was necessary an inquiry should be had relative to the Affair of Staten Island, as his conduct was censured and much dissatisfaction prevailed. He was sensible of the propriety of the measure and expressed a desire that it should take place, provided he could have the benefit of Genl Smallwoods Testimony, who was on the expedition. [Unfortunately] That Gentleman happens, at this time, to be in Maryland which must necessarily delay the inquiry, unless some mode can be agreed upon for obtaining his Sentiments upon the matter.57
[Note 57: Sullivan's expedition against Staten Island had miscarried, and rumors had circulated to his disadvantage. Congress directed Washington to appoint a court of inquiry, which acquitted Sullivan with honor. His letter to Washington, dated Aug. 24, 1777, giving an account of the expedition, is in the Washington Papers.]
This morning the Enemy came out with considerable force and three pieces of Artillery, against our Light advanced Corps, and after some pretty smart skirmishing obliged them to retreat, being far inferior to them in number and without Cannon. The loss on either side is not yet ascertain'd. Ours, tho' not exactly known is not very considerable; Their's, we have reason to believe, was much greater, as some of our parties composed of expert Marksmen, had opportunities of giving them several close, well directed Fires, more particularly in one instance, when a body of Riflemen formed a kind of Ambuscade. They advanced about two Miles this side of Iron Hill, and then withdrew to that place, leaving a Picket at Couch's Mill about a Mile in front. Our parties now lie at White Clay Creek, except the advanced Pickets, which are at Christiana Bridge.
On Monday a large Detachment of the Enemy landed at Cecil Court House and this Morning I had advice of their having advanced on the New Castle Road, as far as Carson's Tavern. Parties of Horse were sent out to reconnoitre them, which went Three Miles beyond the Red Lion, but could neither see nor hear of them, Whence I conjecture, they filed off by a Road to their left and fell in with their Main body. The design of the Movement this Morning, seems to have been to disperse our Light Troops, which had been troublesome to them and to gain possession of Iron Hill, to establish a post most probably for covering their Retreat in case of accidents. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The word in brackets is in the draft and not in the letter sent.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 3, 1777.
Gentlemen: I have the honor of yours of yesterday, with a number of hand Bills59 giving an Account of our Successes to the Northward. They shall be distributed among the Soldiery, and I doubt not but they will answer the good end which is intended by them. Every piece of good News, circulated in this manner thro' the Camp, will certainly inspirit the Troops. I refer you to my Letter to Congress for the Transactions of this day and have the honor etc.
[Note 59: The handbills were those issued by Congress (August 22), which reproduced General Schuyler's letter of August 18 announcing the victory at Bennington, Vt. In it Schuyler expressed the hope that Congress would soon hear that Arnold had succeeded in relieving Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler), N. Y.]
P.S. the raising the Seige of Fort Schuyler was before published in Genl Orders, but having the matter in full is a further gratification.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
September 3, 1777.
Sir: The late Resolution of Congress, Sending Genl Smallwood and Colo Gist from this Army, to arrange and Command the Militia of Maryland, now called to the Field and the frequent applications I had before the arrival of those Gentlemen at this place, to Send officers to the Eastern Shore, to take the direction of the Militia Assembling there; give me reason to beleive that the regulations in this line are not so good, as either you or I wish them to be, and that there is a Want of Officers in that part of the State, or at least of a Head, to conduct Matters properly and in the best manner, that circumstances will admit. Under this persuasion; If you have not already appointed a General Officer or have no particular Gentleman in view for the purpose; I would beg leave to mention John Cadwallader Esqr. for your consideration. This Gentleman, I know to be a judicious, valuable officer, and I have often regretted that he did not hold a high Command in the Army of the States. If you should entertain the same opinion of him and there is no objection to appointing him, I am satisfied he would render essential Services at the Head of the Eastern Shore Militia, if he will accept of the Command, which I am inclined to think would be the case. Before Colo. Gist went on this Business on Monday, on Account of the applications I have mentioned, and not knowing who were the Militia Officers on the Eastern Shore, I wrote to Mr. Cadwalader, and requested his good Offices and exertions, in Assembling and arranging the Militia, which I find have been employed with great Assiduity; and if Arms could have been procured, that he would have Collected a respectable body of them. My interfering in this matter was the result of necessity. I though the Situation of our affairs required it, and I trust I shall have your excuse upon the occasion. I would also observe, If Mr. Cadwalader is appointed, Colo Gist's Services there may be dispensed with, and he may join his Regiment again.
I sincerely congratulate you on our late Success at the Northward, in raising the Seige of Fort Schuyler and obliging the Enemy to go off with great precipitation; leaving their Tents, Provisions and Amunition, and with the loss of several Prisoners and Deserters and 4 Royals. I have the honor etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, which is in the Maryland Historical Society, and is also in Harrison's writing, varies from the draft in capitalization and other minor particulars.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 4, 1777.
Sir: Colonel Broadhead of the 8th. Pennsylvania Regiment has represented to me, that several of his Officers sent to Westmoreland with large sums of Public Money, for the purposes of recruiting men for his Corps and recovering others who had deserted from it, were detained by your influence and countenance from their Regiment. I know not what foundation he may have for this assertion, but if the fact be true, it is a piece of conduct of a very unwarrantable and injurious nature, and I must desire, that on receipt of this, you will not only order those Officers to proceed immediately with their Men to join their Corps, but will take pains, to see that they punctually comply with that order.
It is probable before this reaches you, you will have heard of Fort Stanwix being relieved on the approach of Genl. Arnold. The Enemy retreated precipitately, leaving all their baggage, tents and four Royals behind them, which fell into our hands. A number of Prisoners were also taken, and many deserters came over to us. I am etc.
P.S. The Officers particularly mentioned are, Captn. Samuel Miller, Lieutt. Richard Richardson, Lieutt. John Hughes.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P.S. is in that of Caleb Gibbs.]
Wilmington, September 4, 1777.
Sir: General Howe having arrived with his Army at the Head of Chesapeak Bay, with a design to push his Arms in this Quarter and particularly against Philadelphia, It is necessary to collect our whole force to oppose him. You will therefore, immediately on receipt of this, march such Companies of your Regiment, as are on the Eastern Shore, with all convenient expedition to the head of Sassafras, or such other place towards the Head of Elk or elsewhere, at which the Eastern Shore Militia may be collected, and join and cooperate with them, in such measures as may be necessary for annoying and harrassing the Enemy. And you will receive and obey such Orders, as the Commanding Officer of them, if your superior, shall judge proper to give from time to time.
I need not upon this occasion urge dispatch, the necessity it is evident, and known to all. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Wilmington, September 4, 1777.
Sir: I have been duly favoured with yours of the 30th. Ulto. relative to Captn. McPherson.64
[Note 64: Capt. John McPherson, of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army.]
Agreeable to your request I have directed Mr. Boudinot Commissary General of Prisoners, to settle the terms of the Indulgence desired, with Capt. McPherson, and after taking his parole for the performance of them, to give him a pass to go into New York.
This I expect will be done, without loss of time. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Wilmington, September 4, 1777.
Parole Culloden. Countersigns Cumberland, Colchester.
As a full supply of hard bread cannot at present be obtained, all that now is in, or shall come to, the hands of the regimental quarter masters, is to remain there, and not be distributed, but upon the most pressing exigency, and when the troops are about to march, and then not without orders from their Brigadier. In the mean time the army is to be furnished with soft bread, or flour, which the Commissaries are enjoined to supply with more punctuality than they have done. The Commander in Chief can no longer excuse the neglects in that department.
Much injury having been done to the soldiers, and some lives lost, by their being taken by their officers from the hospital too soon, and without the concurrence of the superintending physician; that practice is absolutely forbidden; and henceforward not a man is to be taken from the hospital, 'till regularly discharged by the directing physician, in writing under his hand.
Notwithstanding all the cautions, the earnest requests, and the positive orders of the Commander in Chief, to prevent our own army from plundering our own friends and fellow citizens, yet to his astonishment and grief, fresh complaints are made to him, that so wicked, infamous and cruel a practice is still continued, and that too in circumstances most distressing; where the wretched inhabitants, dreading the enemy's vengeance for their adherence to our cause, have left all, and fled to us for refuge I We complain of the cruelty and barbarity of our enemies; but does it equal ours? They sometimes spare the property of their friends: But some amongst us, beyond expression barbarous, rob even them! Why did we assemble in arms? Was it not, in one capital point, to protect the property of our countrymen? And shall we to our eternal reproach, be the first to pillage and destroy? Will no motives of humanity, of zeal, interest and of honor, restrain the violence of the soldiers, or induce officers to keep so strict a watch over the ill-disposed, as effectually to prevent the execution of their evil designs, and the gratification of their savage inclinations? Or, if these powerful motives are too weak, will they pay no regard to their own safety? How many noble designs have miscarried, how many victories been lost, how many armies ruined, by an indulgence of soldiers in plundering? If officers in the least connive at such practices, the licentiousness of some soldiers will soon be without bounds: In the most critical moments, instead of attending to their duty, they will be scattered abroad, indiscriminately plundering friends and foes; and if no worse consequences ensue, many of them must infallibly fall a prey to the enemy. For these reasons, the Commander in Chief requires, that these orders be distinctly read to all the troops; and that officers of every rank, take particular pains, to convince the men, of the baseness, and fatal tendency of the practices complained of; and that their own safety depends on a contrary conduct, and an exact observance of order and discipline; at the same time the Commander in Chief most solemnly assures all, that he will have no mercy on offenders against these orders; their lives shall pay the forfeit of their crimes. Pity, under such circumstances, would be the height of cruelty.
AFTER ORDERS
The tents of Genl. Sullivan's, Lord Stiriing's and Wayne's divisions, and Nash's brigade, are to be struck and packed by five o'clock to morrow morning (if the weather permit) these corps, together with Genl. Potter's brigade, are to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's warning afterwards upon receiving orders. For which purpose, each brigade should be paraded, their arms grounded, and the men ready to take them up at the first call. The Quarter Master General will shew the ground they are to encamp upon, in the following order: Genl. Sullivan's on the right, Lord Stirling's on the left; Genl. Nash's on the left of Genl. Sullivan's; and Genl. Potter's on the right of Lord Stirling's; but as General Potter's brigade is without tents, it will be quartered in Newport. Genl. Stephen's division and Genl. Irvine's brigade, when it leaves this place, are to form a second line; Stephen's on the right. The division commanded by Genl. Wayne is to form a third line; Genl. Greene's division remains where it is.
General Knox will fix upon a proper spot for the park of artillery, in this encampment, and direct such spare ammunition as he shall think absolutely necessary, to attend the park and respective divisions; the residue to be left, together with all the baggage that can possibly be spared, on the east side of Brandywine, under a small guard from each brigade, with proper officers, the whole of these guards to be under the care of a colonel.
General Armstrong will recall the troops posted at the different fords on Brandewine, and order them to join their respective brigades.
General Irvine's brigade is to remain in Wilmington 'till further Orders; and to expedite the works there carrying on, as much as possible.
One Colonel from Genl. Nash's brigade will take the command of the baggage guard--This guard is to be composed of the most indifferent men, and supplied with the arms least fit for service. The Colonel will cause all the baggage waggons left behind, to be collected on the east side of Brandewine, in the most convenient place, and ranged (those of each brigade by themselves) in regular order.
The men ordered for guards and fatigue will attend that service, but carry with them their arms and ammunition, and all the baggage they intend to take with them to the new encampment, to which they are to march to morrow night, except the guards, who are to remain 'till relieved.
Head Quarters, Wilmington, September 5, 1777.
Parole--. Countersign--.
The Commissary General of prisoners informs the commanding officers of regiments and other corps, that notwithstanding the orders heretofore issued for that purpose; he has received but one small return of prisoners, taken by the enemy, since his appointment; in consequence of which neglect, it will be impossible for him, in case of an exchange, to pay proper attention to the order of the different captures, as to time. He further informs them, that in future, the prisoners will be exchanged according to the returns hereafter made to him.
As baggage waggons are at all times a great incumbrance to an army, and would be particularly so, in a day of battle; they are in the latter case to be driven off the field, that the army may not be in the least incommoded by them. Tis besides a measure which common prudence dictates: And whenever an action is expected, the Quarter Master General will immediately wait on the Commander in Chief, to receive his directions respecting them.
From every information of the enemy's designs, and from their movements, it is manifest their aim is, if possible, to possess themselves of Philadelphia. This is their capital object. 'Tis what they last year strove to effect; but were happily disappointed: They made a second attempt at the opening of this campaign; but after vast preparations, and expence for the purpose, they abandoned their design, and totally evacuated the Jersies. They are now making their last effort; to come up the Delaware it seems, was their first intention; but, from the measures taken to annoy them in the river, they judged the enterprise, that way, too hazardous. At length they have landed on the eastern shore of Maryland, and advanced some little way into the country: But the General trusts, they will be again disappointed in their views. Should they push their design against Philadelphia, on this route, their all is at stake; they will put the contest on the event of a single battle: If they are overthrown, they are utterly undone, the war is at an end. Now then is the time for our most strenuous exertions. One bold stroke will free the land from rapine, devastations and burnings, and female innocence from brutal lust and violence. In every other quarter the American Arms have, of late, been rapidly successful and still greater numbers have been made prisoners. The militia at the northward, have fought with a resolution, that would have done honor to old soldiers; they bravely fought and conquered, and glory attends them. Who can forbear to emulate their noble spirit? Who is there without ambition, to share with them, the applauses of their countrymen, and of all posterity, as the defenders of Liberty, and the procurers of peace and happiness to millions in the present and future generations? Two years we have maintained the war and struggled with difficulties innumerable. But the prospect has since brightened, and our affairs put on a better face. Now is the time to reap the fruits of all our toils and dangers! If we behave like men, this third Campaign will be our last. Ours is the main army; to us our Country looks for protection. The eyes of all America, and of Europe are turned upon us, as on those by whom the event of the war is to be determined. And the General assures his countrymen and fellow soldiers, that he believes the critical, the important moment is at hand, which demands their most spirited exertions in the field. There glory waits to crown the brave, and peace, freedom and happiness will be the rewards of victory. Animated by motives like these, soldiers fighting in the cause of innocence, humanity and justice, will never give way, but, with undaunted resolution, press on to conquest. And this, the General assures himself, is the part the American Forces now in arms will act; and thus acting, he will insure them success.
Wilmington, September 5, 1777.
Sir: I send you herewith two letters for Lord and General Howe, which you will immediately transmit by a flag to the latter. Let some decent Officer go with the flag.
I have heard a report of one of our Militia parties firing upon a flag that came from the Enemy; I wish you to inquire into the matter, and, if you find it true, make a proper apology for it to General Howe, and strictly forbid any Similar infringement of the rules of propriety for the future, provided these steps have not been already taken. As you have given me no information of such an incident, I suppose the report must have been without foundation, but I mention this lest it might have happened, as I should wish of all things, to avoid giving any cause of complaint in this way.
I should be glad to hear how the Enemy are situated and what they seem to be about. Send out reconnoitring parties, under good intelligent Officers to inspect the different parts of their Camp, and gain as exact an insight as possible into their circumstances, and let me know the result of their observations. Endeavour also to procure some of the Country people in the Neighbourhood, in whom you can repose confidence to go into their lines, and make what discoveries they can. As an inducement to this, they must be properly rewarded. I am etc.
P.S. You should always have small advanced parties towards the Enemy's lines, about the hour of the morning you expect them to move, as it is of essential importance to us, to have the earliest intelligence of it. Several persons have mentioned that there is a Hessian General quartered at one Fisher's, covered only by a small guard. This is well worth your attention and may afford a glorious opportunity for a partisan exploit. Any of the Country people can direct you, I suppose, where Fisher's is.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Wilmington, September 5, 1777.
Dear Sir: Let me know by the bearer whether you have received such information, as to enable you to make the intended attempt to night (or rather in the morning) if you have, the parson will be an excellent hand to accompany you.
I am persuaded, I need not impress upon you the necessity of secrecy, the success of the enterprise totally depends upon that, and the precautions you use, to prevent the disaffected from carrying intelligence of your march after it is began, and this to be done by waylaying all the roads leading to the Enemy. I would not advise you, to communicate your scheme to any of your Officers, till just as you are ready to put it into execution. Things leak out surprisingly, and if any intimation should be given of the scheme, the tables may be turned upon you. You may rely upon it, that if you have entrusted many Officers with a knowledge of this matter, that it has, or will soon descend to the men.
In returning, you had better come in upon our right, lest any attempt should be made to intercept you on either of the other roads. Take care to provide good guides, and with proper precaution, or else the attempt to do this will betray your design. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 5, 1777.
Sir: Yours of Yesterday reached me last night. I hope, as the Enemy have moved further towards the Head of Elk, that the New Castle Militia will find an Opportunity of joining you with safety. I last night sent an Express to Colo. Richardson of the 5th. Maryland Battalion to march up from Lewis Town and join you, but as there is a possibility that the Letter may have miscarried, I inclose you a duplicate, which I beg you will be kind enough to forward to him. For the present you can do no more than keep scouts and patroles towards the Enemy to watch their motions, but as soon as you are joined by more force from this State, by the Militia of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and by Richardson's Battalion, I would have you move as near the Enemy as you can with safety, that you may, if they move on towards Philadelphia, get between them and their Shipping and cut off their Communication with them or at least render it difficult. You will endeavour to check any parties that the Enemy may send out to collect Horses, Cattle or Forage; and give me intelligence of any occurrences that may come to your knowledge. I am &ca.
P.S. The light Horseman who brought your letter, informs me that the Enemy's Shipping all fell down from Cecil Court House last Tuesday and were out of sight; be pleased to inform me whether this be true, and if it is, endeavour to find out how low they have fallen down. If you advance towards the Enemy always keep your Baggage well in your Rear that you may not be incumbered by it.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
Wilmington, September 5, 1777.
Sir: Mr. Stewart Cornroy. Genl. of Issues has shown me a letter from him to you of yesterday's date, desiring you to repair to Camp, leaving the ovens at Morristown under the direction of some other person, if you can find a proper one; and directing you also in your way to call at Pittstown and Coryells, and forward all the bread from those places by water to Camp, or near it. It is my wish, you should punctually comply with these instructions, and use all the dispatch you can in coming yourself and in sending on the bread, for which there is an indispensible necessity.
And when you come to Philadelphia, I would have you set as many ovens as you can procure to work in baking hard bread. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, September 5, 1777.
Sir: I did myself the Honor to write you on the 16th. of July upon the subject of an Exchange of Major General Prescot for Major General Lee.
As I can only attribute your Silence upon a Matter so personally interesting to both those Gentlemen to your not having received my former Letter, I am induced to transmit you a duplicate of it, to which I beg leave to request an Answer. I have the Honor etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; a copy in the writing of John Laurens, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 5, 1777.
Sir: Since I did myself the honor of writing to you the Night before last, the Enemy have remained intirely quiet. A person who came express from General Rodney,71 informs me, that the Enemy's Shipping fell down from Cecil Court House on Tuesday last, but how low he does not know. I have desired Genl Rodney to enquire into this matter and if it be true, to send persons along the Bay Shore to see where they lay. Genl Maxwell who is just come up from the Lines, confirms the account of the
[Note 71: Brig. Gen. Caesar Rodney, of the Delaware Militia.] Shipping having fallen down Elk; but it is thought, with an intent of going up the other Arm of the Bay, for the convenience of Watering near the Mouth of Susquehannah. I have the honor etc.
P.S. We have not been able to ascertain the Enemy's loss in the late Action72 by any other way, than by a Woman that came from their Camp yesterday, she says she saw Nine Waggon loads of Wounded. I think this probable because we had about forty killed and wounded, and as our Men were thinly posted they must have done more damage upon a close Body, than they received.73
[Note 72: The skirmish at Iron Hill, Del. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Sept. 3, 1777, ante.)]
[Note 73: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Wilmington, September 6, 1777.
Dear Sir: In your letter of the 22d. Ulto. you transmitted a Memorandum, requesting directions about repairing and building Barracks, and also my sentiments, as to the number of Troops that may probably Winter at Peeks Kill.
In respect to the number of Troops, that may quarter there it is difficult, if not impossible at this time to ascertain it, as a variety of Circumstances may arise in the course of the Campaign to alter any estimate that might now be made; However, I suppose there may be four thousand there and at the Forts above.
As to the Barracks, you will proceed on as saving a plan as you can, and build no more than what will be absolutely necessary. I imagine quarters may be procured, within a reasonable distance for many of the Troops, so that they would be near enough to assemble in time, against any attack, the Enemy may attempt to make, and if so, that Barracks need not be provided for the whole, or for more, than will be fully sufficient to guard and defend the several passes. Care and attention should be had to placing them. They shou'd not be fixed, where they will be exposed to the Enemy or be liable to be burnt by them on a sudden push, as those were at Peeks Kill in the beginning of the Spring. We must remember the event and profit by it.
Since the Enemy landed, there have been several small Skirmishes between our light parties but without any great damage to either side. We have made between seventy and eighty British prisoners, and have had several deserters, chiefly from the Ships. Their main Body lies about eight or Nine Miles from ours, but our parties are much nearer. I suppose in a little time, probably in the course of a few days, the scene will be more active and very interesting. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Wilmington, September 6, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The General has no doubt, but that every man who has a due sense of the importance of the cause he has undertaken to defend, and who has any regard to his own honor and the reputation of a soldier will, if called to action, behave like one contending for every thing valuable; But, if contrary to his expectation, there shall be found any officers, or soldiers, so far lost to all shame as basely to quit their post without orders, or shall skulk from danger, or offer to retreat before order is given for so doing, from proper authority, of a superior officer, they are to be instantly shot down, as a just punishment to themselves, and for examples to others. This order, those in the rear, and the Corps of reserve, are to see duly executed, to prevent the cowardly from making a sacrifice of the brave, and by their ill example and groundless tales (calculated to cover their own shameful conduct) spreading terror as they go.
That this order may be well known, and strongly impressed upon the army, the General positively orders the Commanding officer of every regiment to assemble his men and have it read to them to prevent the plea of ignorance.
The General begs the favor of the officers to be attentive to all strange faces and suspicious characters which may be discovered in camp; and if upon examination of them no good account can be given why they are there, to carry them to the Major General of the day for further examination; this, as it is only a necessary precaution, is to be done in a manner least offensive.
The General officers are to meet at 5 O'Clock this afternoon at the brick house by White Clay creek, and fix upon proper picquets for the security of the camp.
John Laurens and Peter Presly Thornton Esqrs. are appointed Extra Aids du Camp to the Commander in Chief; all orders therefore thro' them in writing, or otherwise, are to be regarded in the same light as if proceeding from any other of his Aides du Camp.
Notwithstanding the orders relative to slaughter houses, they are still often great nuisances to the army. The Quarter Masters of divisions therefore are to see that they are fixed at proper distances, and that all offal be well buried once a day. The Commander in Chief will look to these Quarter Masters for the execution of this order, and no excuse can be admitted for the neglect of so necessary a duty.
AFTER ORDERS
Information has been given that many of the waggon horses are suffered to go loose in the fields: the Commander in Chief strictly orders, that every night, all the waggon--horses be put to the waggons, and there kept, and if it be necessary at any time for them to go to grass, that it be only in the day time and then the waggoners must stay by them constantly; that they may be ready to tackle at the shortest notice. The waggon masters are required to see this order carefully executed. The enemy have disincumbered themselves of all their baggage, that their movements may be quick and easy. It behoves us to be alike ready for marching at a moment's warning: And for the same reason it is absolutely necessary, and the Commander in Chief positively orders, that both officers and men remain constantly at their quarters. Tattoo is no longer to be beat in camp.
Head Qurs., New Port, September 6, 1777.
Sir: By the time this reaches you, you will have made a considerable progress in blocking up the Bridge which you had begun to lay over the Brandywine, and blocking up the Road leading to it, as soon as this business is effectually done, I should be glad to have a proper Bridge thrown over that part of the Creek and adjacent Mill Races which the Engineer pointed out to you this morning, provided the execution of such a Work would not require too long a time: this you will consider and let me know by the return of the Bearer in how little time you could undertake to perfect the Bridges in question. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Newport, September 7, 1777.
Parole Cambridge. Countersigns Dartmouth, Granby.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 3rd. instant whereof Colonel Lawson was president.
Capt. Lipscomb76 of the 7th. Virginia regiment, charged with "pillaging an orchard near General Weedon's quarters, and with abusing the guard which Genl. Weedon had set to protect it."
[Note 76: Capt. Reuben Lipscomb. He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; died Oct. 3, 1778.]
The Court unanimously acquitted him.
Lieut. Whiting77 of the 11th. Virginia regt. and Ensign Jouett78 of the 7th. Virginia regt. charged with "pillaging an orchard near General Weedon's quarters, and with abusing the guard Genl. Weedon had set to protect it." The Court unanimously acquitted them.
[Note 77: Lieut. Henry Whiting.]
[Note 78: Ensign Robert Jouett. He was promoted to lieutenant September 28; transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; transferred to the First Continental Artillery in January, 1779; wounded at Eutaw Springs, S.C.; served to end of the war.]
Quarter Master Rhea79 of the 7th. Virginia regiment, charged with "Making a partial distribution of provisions." The Court unanimously acquitted him.
[Note 79: Lieut. John Rhea seems to have been acting as quartermaster for the Seventh Virginia Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief also approves the following sentences of the same court martial, held the 5th. instant, and orders them to be put in execution.
Lieut. Alexander Houston of Colo. Patron's regimt. charged with "Absenting himself from the regiment from the 8th. to the 12th. of August without leave"; pleaded guilty; sentenced to be reprimanded by the Colonel of the regiment he belongs to.
Lieut. Bradford80 of Col Pattons regt. charged with "Ordering a soldier to pull apples contrary to General orders." It appearing to the Court the prisoner had been under arrest thirteen or eighteen days, and no witnesses appearing against him the court are of opinion he should be released from his arrest.
[Note 80: Lieut. James Bradford, of Patton's Additional Continental regiment. He was taken prisoner at Monmouth, N.J.; became aide to Lord Stirling in June, 1781; adjutant of the Second Continental Artillery; and was captain of United States Artillery when killed in 1791 by Indians on the Miami.]
The General has received a confirmation of the intelligence mentioned in the after orders of last night that the enemy have disincumbered themselves of all their baggage, even to their tents, reserving only their blankets, and such part of their cloathing as is absolutely necessary. This indicates a speedy and rapid movement, and points out the necessity of following the example, and ridding ourselves for a few days of every thing we can possibly dispense with. As a very imperfect obedience has been paid to former orders on this subject, it is now Once More strictly enjoined, that all baggage, which can be spared both of officers and men be immediately packed up, and sent off this day to the other side of the Brandywine. This order having heretofore been eluded, by a too indulgent construction of the general terms, in which it has been couched. The General is obliged to be more explicit, and to declare, that it is his intention the officers should only retain their blankets, great coats, and three or four shifts of under cloaths, and that the men should, besides what they have on, keep only a Blanket, and a shirt a piece, and such as have it, a great coat. All trunks, chests, boxes, other bedding and cloaths, than those mentioned, to be sent away, 'till the elapsing of a few days shall determine whether the enemy mean an immediate attack, or not. It is hoped, that none will have so little sense of propriety, as to deem a measure, so obviously for the good of the army, and the service, a hardship. It would be folly in the extreme, to hazard the loss of our baggage, for the sake of a little present convenience; a loss, which at this time would be irreparable. This disadvantage of having that to take care of, at the moment of attack, when we should be preparing for defence, is evident. The attention of both officers and men will then be wholly engrossed for it's safety and the enemy will have time to be upon us before we are ready to receive them; the consequence of this will be bustle, confusion and perhaps defeat and disgrace, the loss of our baggage, and not improbably the ruin of the army. The Commander in Chief in a particular manner looks to the General Officers for the execution of this order in their respective divisions and brigades.
The whole army is to draw two days' provisions exclusive of to day and have it cooked, and deposited with the regimental Quarter Masters, provided salt provisions can be drawn; otherwise one day's fresh provisions to be cooked, and deposited as aforesaid, and two day's hard bread, if to be had.
All the horse, except Capt. Lewis's troop,81 are to take post on the right of the army.
[Note 81: Capt, Charles Lewis's troop was attached to the Commander in Chief's Guard.]
The tents of the whole army are to be struck and packed up in the waggons, to morrow morning, an hour before day; and the horses tackled. All the Corps of horse are to be saddled at the same time; and the whole Army drawn up in their respective lines.
The Qr. Mr. Genl. is to spare no pains immediately to provide waggons to carry the men's packs, that they may be perfectly light and fit for action.
No more sick to be sent to Concord, but to Birmingham.
Head Qurs., Wilmington, September 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your favours of the 13th. and 20th. August. I should have answered the former before this time, but as I received it upon my march to this place, I had not an opportunity of doing it sooner.
As the expedition to St. Johns was set on foot by order of Congress, you should apply to them for directions about the payment of the Officers for the time they were engaged in that Service. I do not know any thing of the terms on which they set out and therefore cannot properly give order in the matter.
If you will send a list of the Officers of Henley's Lee's and Jackson's Regiments82 with the exact times of their appointments, I will have their Commissions forwarded to them. After Capt. Trescot83 was disappointed of a Majority, by Cornel's84 Regiment falling thro', he agreed to accept of the eldest Captaincy in Henley's Regiment, by which means he would get the Majority whenever a Vacancy should happen. More than this I cannot do; for if the Custom of granting Brevets is once introduced into the Army, there will be no end to applications for them.
[Note 82: Cols. David Henley, William R. Lee, and Henry Jackson's Additional Continental regiments.]
[Note 83: Capt. Lemuel Trescott, of the Sixth Continental Infantry, and Henley's Additional Continental regiment. He was major of same regiment in May, 1778; transferred to Jackson's Additional Continental regiment (designated the Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment in July, 1780) in April, 1779; transferred to the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment January, 1781; to the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November of that year.]
[Note 84: Ezeklel Cornell, brigadier general of Rhode Island Militia. He was to have commanded an Additional Continental regiment; inspector in the Continental Army in September, 1782; served to close of the war.]
If the intrenching Tools that came in the Amphitrite are of so ordinary a quality the expence of removing them to Springfield will be more than their Value, you had therefore better have them carried for the present to some place in the Neighbourhood of Boston. The Grenades may be also left.
Since General Howe's debarkation in Elk River he has moved on about Seven Miles, his main Body now lays at Iron Hill and ours near a Village called Newport.85 In this position the Armies are from eight to ten miles apart. It is yet very uncertain what Genl. Howe's plan of operations will be. Some imagine that he will extend himself from the Head Waters of Chesapeak
[Note 85: Newport in three or four miles southwest of Wilmington, Del.] to Delaware and by these means not only cut off the Counties on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and two of those belonging to the Delaware State from affording us any assistance, but will secure the Horses, Cattle and Forage, of which there are considerable quantities in that Country. This in my opinion, considering how far the Campaign is already advanced, would take up more time than he could spare. For supposing him able to form such an extension, he would be full as far from Philadelphia as he is at present, and he would be subject to an attack upon some part of his line which from its length could not be properly supported. A few days past he advanced two or three Miles forward, during which there was pretty sharp skirmishing between our light Troops and his Van. We had about forty killed and wounded, and I imagine the Enemy had considerably more, as ours were thinly posted behind cover, and they were in Column. I am &ca.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On September 7 Tilghman wrote to Brig. Gen. Caesar Rodney, by direction of Washington, requesting him to move nearer to the enemy and fall on his rear should he move toward the Continental forces: "I hope, if any Spirit of disaffection should appear below, that it will soon be checked by making a severe example of the Ringleaders."
Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Capt. William Barnet, of the Second Continental Dragoons: "It is General Washington's most positive and peremptory order, that immediately after receipt of this, you repair to His Head Quarters, with all the Men, Horses and Accoutrements under your direction; belonging to the United States. This you are to comply with, without the least possible delay, on pain of being tried and dismissed the service for disobedience of orders."]
New Port, September 7, 1777.
Sir: His Excellency being out reconnoitring and busily engaged in the Affairs of the Army, I have the honor to acknowledge his receipt of your Letter of the 6th with the Resolutions inclosed, which came to hand yesterday Afternoon.
In respect to the Militia requested of Jersey, His Excellency is doubtfull whether they can be obtained; For Governor Livingston, by a late Letter, informed him, that he had no expectation, that more than Three Hundred of the Thousand called for to garrison the posts in the Highlands, would march, notwithstanding he had Issued Orders for that purpose; And, that three Weeks would probably elapse, before that Number went. If the requisition can be complied with, he has no doubt of Genl. Dickenson's exertions and is satisfied of the propriety of appointing him to the Command. This, he imagines, would have follewed of course, as he is Major General of all the Militia in the State, and has given ample testimony as well of his capacity, as of his firmness and bravery.
By deserters and other intelligence, His ExcelIcy. was informed last night, that the Enemy's whole force left Elk yesterday, and advanced on the Road towards Christiana. The Deserters added, that they had disincumbered themselves of all their Tents and Baggage and had them back and reimbark'd them. All their Ships, except two or three, which are Ships of War are said to have fallen down the Bay below the Mouth of Sassafras. We have had no information to day, of any further movement and I beleive their Main Body lies about Iron Hill. I have the honor etc.
P.S. The deserters said, they had destroyed a good deal of the Corn &c. they found in Store.87
[Note 87: This letter is signed "Robt. H. Harrison," and the text is in his handwriting.]
Head Quarters, New Port, September 8, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with yours of the 1st. Instant. You have my thanks for your ready compliance with my requisitions, thro' Genl. Putnam, for a Reinforcement to the important posts at Peekskill, and it is an additional pleasure to me, to find that you have also sent a Reinforcement to the Northern Army. Since General Howe's debarkation at the Head of Chesapeak Bay, he has made very little progress, having only moved five or six Miles from the Shore, with strong grounds in his front; Our advanced parties have had a Small Skirmish with his, but the damage on either side is inconsiderable. General Howe's plans are yet very mysterious, a few days ago, he sent all his Tents and Baggage on Board again and his Ships have fallen some distance down Chesapeak Bay. This can be for no other purpose, but to go round to Delaware and meet him there, as he can easily extend himself across the Istmus which is narrow. This will be a Strange Manoeuvre indeed, as it will be exposing his Ships to some danger upon the Coast, at this tempestuous Season, and should an accident happen to the Fleet he must be ruined. A little time must unfold his true designs, which I trust we shall be able to baffle; as the Troops are in good Spirits and the people of the Country shew an universal good will to oppose the Common Enemy. I have the honor, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
6 Miles from Wilmington, September 9, 1777.
Sir: The Enemy advanced Yesterday, with a seeming intention of attacking us at our post near New port. We waited for them the whole day, but in the Evening they halted at a Place called Mill Town about two Miles from us. Upon reconnoitring their Situation, it appeared probable, that they only meant to amuse us in front, while their real intent was to march by our Right and by suddenly passing the Brandywine and gaining the heights on the North side of that River, get between us and Philadelphia and cut us off from that City. To prevent this it was judged expedient to change our position immediately, the Army accordingly marched at two O'Clock this Morning and will take post this Evening on the High Grounds near Chad's Ford. We have heard nothing circumstantial of the Enemy this day; when I do, I shall immediately transmit you an account. I have &ca.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Burmingham, September 9, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--, --.
Intelligence having been received, that the enemy, instead of advancing towards Newport, are turned another course, and appeared to have a design of marching northward--this rendered it expedient for the army to quit Newport and march northward also; which occasioned its sudden movement this morning.
Such of the troops as have not been served with Rum to day, are as soon as possible to be served with a gill a man.
The Major and Brigadier Generals of the day, accompanied by the Quarter Mr. General, will immediately reconnoitre the environs of the camp; and fix on the proper places for the posting of picquets, for its security.
Head Quarters, Burmingham, September 10, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--, --.
It being with much concern that the General hears the frequent complaints of the farmers, on account of the destruction of their fences &c. by which means their fields of grain and grass are exposed to devastation and ruin. He wishes, that officers of every rank, for the sake of Justice and reputation of the American Arms, would exert themselves, to correct this species of abuse: And this he is persuaded they will do, when it is considered, that no stronger proof can be given, of inattention or want of authority, than to suffer such practices to prevail in a country, abounding with wood, and by men with hatchets in their hands. Besides this, the injustice which individuals, or the public must sustain, by such practices, when there is no kind of necessity for them, ought to strike every body in the most forcible manner.
No baggage is to be kept upon this ground that can possibly be dispensed with; and what cannot is to be loaded an hour before day, and in readiness to remove. The Quarter Master General will have orders where to send it.
The Commissary General to have, at least three days' provisions always on hand, three or four miles, in the rear of the army; and draw in what biscuit he can, and salt meat, for occasional serving. The Qr. Mr. General must furnish waggons for these purposes.
The men are to be provided with cooked provisions, for to morrow at least; for two days would be still better, if they can get such kinds as will keep.
The light horse, except those on duty, may lay quartered a little in the rear of Head Quarters.
A total stop is to be put, to all loose, disorderly firing in camp, as otherwise it will be impossible to distinguish guns fired for an alarm.
Two hundred and fifty men of Genl. Greene's, and two hundred of each other division, and one hundred of Genl. Nash's brigade, of Continental troops, and four hundred of Genl. Armstrong's division of militia, are to be drawn out daily, as picquets, and to assemble, those of Genl. Greene's, Genl. Wayne's, Lord Stirling's and General Stephen's divisions, and Genl. Nash's brigade, on the most convenient ground near the Artillery park. Genl. Sullivan's at the Centre of his division. From these picquets, all the necessary outguards are to be furnished; and the residue to remain at their respective places of assembling, ready to reinforce the out guards, or other duty, until relieved by new picquets. At every new incampment, these out--guards are to be posted by the Major General of the day, and Quarter Mr. General, aided by the other officers of the day. As soon as the guards are posted, a report is to be made to the Commander in Chief where they are; these picquets are to be under the command of the Major General of the day, and under him, by the Brigadier General of the day. Each division will furnish a field officer, and a proportion of other officers, to take charge of it's own picquet; but Genl. Armstrong's division will furnish two such field officers. These picquets are to parade at five o'clock daily.
Chads Ford, September 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: The prospect of a descent from Staten Island on Jersey, by the Enemy posted and collected there, has induced Congress to order Fifteen Hundred Troops at Peeks Kill, with a Brigadier, to be in readiness to march for repelling them. This they have advised you of, as they informed me by Letter Yesterday. As there are many circumstances, proving this invasion likely to take place, from the seeming preparations they are making, their collecting forces from Long Island &ca, You will give orders for the above number of Troops under the Command of a Brigadier, immediately to march to Jersey and to take such posts along and in the Neighbourhood of the Sound between the Main and Staten Island, as will best answer the purposes of defeating the Enemy's views and of securing themselves against any sudden attack or surprise. I would also observe, that as this detachment is ordered from you, I think you should call in all your parties upon out commands, and that you should keep your force pretty well drawn together.
On Monday the Enemy advanced towards our post at New Port, as if they meant to attack us, but it was thought, their then appearance was only to amuse in Front, while their real object was either to pass by our right Flank or to fall upon it. In this conjecture we were right, as their subsequent conduct has proved. Accordingly we changed our Ground Yesterday Morning, and advanced more into the Country to this post. The Enemy pursuing their former plan, moved also. By Light Horsemen just come in, they are advancing upon us. We are preparing to receive them and should they come on, I trust, under the smiles of Providence and thro' our own conduct, that we shall give them a repulse or at most, that they will have to enjoy a painful and dear bought victory. I am etc.
P.S. This Letter, His Excellency intended to sign, but was prevented by a report of the Enemy's advancing which called him out.91
[Note 91: This letter is signed "Robt. H. Harrison," and the text is in his handwriting.]
Head Qurs., near Chads Ford, September 10, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of Yesterday, and am sorry to find that so irregular a Spirit and temper prevails among your Militia. Tile New Castle County people have no excuse for not joining you now, as the Enemy have in a manner left [a] good part of the Country. I have received advice that their advanced Guards are within five Miles of this place. I wrote to you Yesterday to follow upon their Rear, with all the Force you could collect, and I now press it upon you in the most urgent manner; because if we should be lucky enough to give them a stroke at this distance from their Ships, you will be ready to intercept them. You will also be in the way of intercepting Convoys going to and coming from their Shipping. I desire you will be very particular in keeping the Returns of what Militia are in Service, and the time of Service, because when the Rolls are brought in for pay, I shall expect them to be Certified by you. For want of a little Care in this respect the public has suffered monstrous impositions. I am etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Chads Ford, September 10, 1777.
Sir: Yesterday Evening I received the honor of your Letter of the 9th with its Several Inclosures. I have written to Genl Putnam to detach the Fifteen Hundred Men mentioned by Congress and inclosed my Letter upon the subject, which you will be pleased to forward to him by the earliest opportunity.
In respect to the Subject of Monsr. Du Coudray's Letter, I would beg leave to observe, however eligible the Measure might otherwise be, which he recommends, An attempt to carry it into execution at this time would answer no valuable purpose, as the Work in all probability could not be more than marked out, when it would be wanted. I would also add, that I do not conceive any great advantages would be derived from it, supposing it could be completed, as we are certain the Enemy will never attack Lines which they can avoid. If they were obliged to approach Philadelphia, by a particular route, in such case no exertions should be spared to erect Works, and the adoption of the plan would be highly expedient.
The Enemy are now lying near Kennet's Square and in a tolerably compact body. They have parties advanced on the Lancaster Road, and on those leading over this Ford and to Wilmington. Manoeuvring appears to be their Plan; I hope notwithstanding, that we shall be able to find out their real intended route, and to defeat their purposes.
By Light Horsemen this instant come in, the Enemy are in motion and appear to be advancing towards us. His Excellency is giving the necessary orders and getting the Troops under Arms, which prevents him signing this himself, as was intended at first. I have the honor &ca.93
[Note 93: This letter is signed by Harrison, and the postscript, added by him, is in the letter sent, but not in the draft.
On September 10 Harrison wrote again to Congress that Washington was out with the army; that the British had halted about a mile below Welch's Tavern, "Some interesting event may take place tomorrow, as they are within a convenient distance to attack, they have any such intention."]
1. Oclock.
It is said the Enemy have halted.
Head Qurs., Chad's Ford, September 10, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 5th and 6th Inst. That of the 5th, incloses Copy of a Letter from an Officer Commanding a Regt., to a Member of Congress, complaining of particular Slight of his Regt. by the Commissary, as there is no name to the Letter it is impossible for me to inquire into the matter. I never before knew, that there was any partiality shewn to the other Officers, in preference to those of the Virginia Line, in the mode of serving out Provisions, and if the matter can be proved, the Commissary guilty of such partiality ought certainly to suffer. Congress are about fixing a mode of Serving out provisions to a certain number of Messes, to the Officers in each Regiment, and I hope that will prove more Satisfactory. The Article of Bacon is extra, and is provided by the Commissary at an advanced price for the Convenience and Comfort of all the Officers and I should be sorry to think, that the General Officers should Monopolize it. I am certain they neither wish or mean it, and if the Commissaries say they have any Orders to deliver it to them only, they say what is not true, [if they mean that such orders have gone from me]. Upon the whole, the charges exhibited in the letter alluded to, are rather general ones, and all that I can do is to give the Commissary of Issues a hint, that partiality is complained of and advise him to avoid any such practice.
I cannot at present answer the Question proposed by Mr. White94 the deputy Commissary of Issues, why the Rations claimed by the Soldiers, differ so widely from those established by Congress on the 4th Novr. 1775. As I have none of my papers, but those of a few days old with me. I know there have been many alterations and new regulations in the Commissary's department and I fancy, if you will have the Journals minutely examined, you will find whence the difference arises. I am &c.95
[Note 94: Charles White,]
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The phrase in brackets was added by Washington.]
20 minutes after ... o'clock,
Chad's Ford,96 September 11, 1777.
[Note 96: On September 11 Washington's quarters were in John Mcllvain's house, near Ridley, now Leiperville, Delaware County, Pa.]
Sir: I earnestly entreat a continuance of your vigilant attention to the movements of the enemy, and the earliest report not only of their movements, but of their numbers and the course they are pursuing. In a particular manner I wish to gain satisfactory information of a body confidently reported to have gone up to a ford seven or eight miles above this. It is said the fact is certain. You will send up an intelligent, sensible officer immediately with a party to find out the truth, what number it consists of, and the road they are now on. Be particular in these matters. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: The text is from Reed's Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed, vol. 1]
Chads Ford, 5 O'Clock P.M., September 11, 1777.
Sir: When I had the Honor of addressing you this Morning,98 I mentioned, that the Enemy were advancing and had began a Canonade, I would now beg leave to inform you that they have kept up a brisk fire from their Artillery ever since. Their advanced party was attacked by our light Troops under Genl. Maxwell, who crossed the Brandywine for that purpose, and had posted his Men on some High Grounds on each side the Road. The fire from our People was not of long duration, as the Enemy pressed on in force, but was very severe. What loss the Enemy sustained, cannot be ascertained with precision; but from our situation and the briskness of the attack, It is the general opinion, particularly of those who were engaged, that they had at least Three Hundred Men killed and wounded. Our damage is not exactly known; but from the best accounts we have been able to obtain, It does not exceed fifty in the whole. After this affair, the Enemy halted upon the Heights where they have remained ever since, except a detachment of them which filed off about 11 O'Clock from their left, and which has since passed Brandywine at Jones's Ford, between Five and Six Miles above Chads. The amount of it is not known, accounts respecting it being various, some making it Two or three thousand strong and others more. Generals Sullivan, Stirling and Stephen with their divisions are gone in pursuit and to attack it, if they can, with any prospect of Success. There has been a Scattering loose fire between our parties on each side the Creek, since the Action in the Morning, which just now became warm, when Genl. Maxwell pushed over with
[Note 98: Harrison had written a short note stating that the enemy had advanced to near the Brandywine.] his Corps, and drove them from their Ground with the loss of thirty Men left dead on the Spot, among them a Captn. of the 49th, and a number of Intrenching Tools with which they were throwing up a Battery.
At half after four O'Clock, the Enemy attacked Genl Sullivan at the Ford next above this and the Action has been very violent ever since. It still continues. A very severe Cannonade has began here too and I suppose we shall have a very hot Evening. I hope it will be a happy one. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: This letter is signed by Harrison and is indorsed as read in Congress September 12. Under Harrison's signature is written: "Published by order of Congress. Chas. Thomson. Secy."]
At Midnight, Chester, September 11, 1777.
Sir: I am sorry to inform you, that in this day's engagement, we have been obliged to leave the enemy masters of the field. Unfortunately the intelligence received of the enemy's advancing up the Brandywine, and crossing at a ford about six miles above us, was uncertain and contradictory, notwithstanding all my pains to get the best. This prevented my making a disposition, adequate to the force with which the Enemy attacked us on the right; in consequence of which the troops first engaged, were obliged to retire before they could be reinforced. In the midst of the attack on the right, that body of the Enemy which remained on the other side of Chad's Ford, crossed it, and attacked the division there under the command of General Wayne and the light troops under General Maxwell who, after a severe conflict, also retired. The Militia under the command of Major Genl. Armstrong, being posted at a ford, about two miles below Chad's, had no opportunity of engaging. But though we fought under many disadvantages, and were from the causes, above mentioned obliged to retire, yet our loss of men is not, I am persuaded, very considerable, I beleive much less than the enemy's. We have also lost about seven or eight pieces of cannon, according to the best information I can at present obtain. The baggage having been previously moved off, is all secure, saving the men's Blankets, which being at their backs, many of them doubtless are lost.
I have directed all the Troops to Assemble behind Chester, where they are now arranging for this Night. Notwithstanding the misfortune of the day, I am happy to find the troops in good spirits; and I hope another time we shall compensate for the losses now sustained. The Marquis La Fayette was wounded in the leg, and Genl. Woodford in the hand. Divers other Officers were wounded and some Slain, but the number of either cannot now be ascertained. I have &ca.
P.S. It has not been in my power to send you earlier intelligence; the present being the first leisure moment I have had since the action.1
[Note 1: Greene's Life of Nathanael Greene (vol. I, p. 454) relates that Washington was too fatigued to write to Congress after the battle and directed one of his aides to do it. Harrison was too "distressed," and so it fell to Pickering, the Adjutant General. "I wrote it and gave it to the General to read. He, with perfect composure, directed me to add a consolatory hope that another day would give a more fortunate result." Both the draft and the letter signed are in Pickering's writing and, in view of the importance attached to Pickering's recollections of Washington by some, it should be noted that neither draft nor letter signed show any evidence that the "consolatory hope" was an addition to the letter, while the postscript, as above, was evidently an after thought. This is sufficient to show the necessity of accepting Pickering's recollections with some caution.
Congress had requested Washington (September 9): "to appoint a proper person at headquarters to write to the president twice a day, or oftener if necessary, advising the position and movements of the armies" The Board of War was ordered to appoint expresses to convey these letters.]
Head Quarters, Birmingham, September 11, 1777.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns Hampton, Norfolk.
(Battle of Brandywine.)
Head Quarters, Chester, September 12, 1777.
Parole Schuylkill. Countersigns Derby, Germantown.
The commanding officer of each brigade is immediately to send off as many officers as he shall think necessary on the roads leading to the places of action yesterday, and on any other roads where stragglers may befound; particularly to Wilmington, where 'tis said, many have retired, to pick up all the stragglers from the army, and bring them on. In doing this, they will proceed as far, towards the enemy, as shall be consistant with their own safety, and examine every house. In the mean time the troops are to march on in good order thro' Derby to the bridge over Schuylkill, cross it, and proceed up to their former ground near the falls of Schuylkill, and Germantown, and there pitch their tents. Genl. Greene's division will move last and cover the baggage, stores &c.
A gill of rum or whiskey is to be served out to each man who has not already received that allowance.
General MaxwelI's light Corps will remain at Chester, collect all the stragglers they can, and to morrow morning follow the army.
The directors of the hospital will see, that all the sick, and wounded be sent to Trenton. In doing this, General Maxwell will give them all necessary assistance.
The General expects that each Brigadier, or officer commanding a brigade will immediately make the most exact returns of their killed, wounded and missing.
AFTER ORDERS
The officers are, without loss of time to see that their men are completed with ammunition; that their arms are in the best order, the inside of them washed clean and well dried; the touch--holes picked, and a good flint in each gun. The strictest attention it is expected will be paid to this order as the officers must be sensible their own honor, the safety of the soldier, and success of the cause depends absolutely upon a careful execution of it. The commanding officer of each ferment is to endeavour to procure such necessaries, as are wanting, for his men. No time is to be lost in doing this.
Derby, September 12, 1777.
Sir: Having more maturely considered the Situation and circumstances of the Enemy since Colo. Hamilton wrote you this morning. It appears to me, that the Forces under your command, cannot be employed to so much advantage in any way, as by failing on the Enemy's Rear and attacking them as often as possible. I am persuaded many advantages will result from this measure. It will greatly retard their march and give us time, and will also oblige them, either to keep a strong guard with their Sick and Wounded, with which they must now be much incumbered, or to send them back to their Shipping under a large escort, which you will have an opportunity of attacking with a good prospect of Success. Add to these considerations, that before you could join me by a circuitous march and your Troops were rested, matters might be brought to a crisis. I therefore wish you to pursue the line of conduct I have pointed out, and must urge you to every possible degree of diligence and dispatch. I also wish you to write to Genl. Rodney of Delaware and Colo. Gist, requesting them to push on and join you with all the force they have and can collect. It will be advisable too, for you to send into the Country as you march, and to call in every aid you can. But I would not have you to wait for their joining, as they can do it after you have proceeded near the Enemy. No exertions can be too great at this time, and if the people would make a Spirited effort, there is the strongest Reason to believe the present contest would terminate happily and Speedily. I am, etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, near Germantown, September 13, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--, --.
The General, with peculiar satisfaction, thanks those gallant officers and soldiers, who, on the 11th. instant, bravely fought in their country and its cause. If there are any whose conduct reflects dishonour upon soldiership, and their names are not pointed out to him, he must, for the present, leave them to reflect, how much they have injured their country, how unfaithful they have proved to their fellow--soldiers; but with this exhortation, that they embrace the first opportunity which may offer to do justice to both, and to the profession of a soldier. Altho' the event of that day, from some unfortunate circumstances, was not so favorable as could be wished, the General has the satisfaction of assuring the troops, that from every account he has been able to obtain, the enemy's loss greatly exceeded ours;3 and he has full confidence that in another Appeal to Heaven (with the blessing of providence, which it becomes every officer and soldier humbly to supplicate), we shall prove successful.
[Note 3: In the Papers of the Continental Congress (152, 5, folio 87) is "a true Copy of a Return found in one of the British officers Marquis at the time of the Engagement at Germantown on the 4th of October. 1777", which is headed "State British Forces and Disposition Septr 11th 1777 at the upper Ford under the Command Lt. Gl. Lord Cornwallis." The British loss at Brandywine appears on this paper as 1,976, but no distinction is made as to what proportion of this total were killed and what wounded. Charles Thomson has indorsed this document "Copy of a return of the British forces and of the killed and wounded at the Battle ofBrandiwine."]
The Honble Congress, in consideration of the gallant behaviour of the troops on Thursday last, their fatigue since and from a full conviction that on every future occasion they will manifest a bravery worthy of the cause they have undertaken to defend, having been pleased to order thirty hogsheads of rum to be distributed among them, in such manner as the Commander in Chief should direct. He orders the Commissary General of Issues, to deliver to each officer and soldier, one gill per day, while it lasts.
The commanding officer of each brigade, without delay is to send a number of active officers into the city, and its environs, to pick up, and bring to camp, all straggling soldiers whom they may find, as well those belonging to other brigades, as their own. Likewise a serjeant from each brigade, to the bridge over Schuylkill, to direct the soldiers as they cross, where to find their respective brigades.
At roll--calling this afternoon, the men are to be charged not to be out of Drum--call of their respective parades, under pain of death; nor the officers, as they value the service and dread cashiering.
The Qr Mr Genl. is to have the waggons of each brigade immediately arranged, so as to move them in their proper line, at a moment's warning. The order of the incampment at this place need not be attended to, as our stay here will be short. Each division is to encamp in as compact order as possible to night.
All the Continental troops are to be supplied immediately, with forty rounds of cartridges, and the officers will see, that the soldiers carry their spare ammunition, in such a manner, as to avoid injury and loss.
The Cloathier General is ordered to send spare shoes, shirts &c. to camp, to furnish such men as are destitute. The commanding officers therefore of corps are to delay no time, in supplying the absolute wants of their men.
The General does most ardently exhort every officer to attend to the due and speedy execution of these orders without a moment's loss of time.
AFTER ORDERS
The following proportion of tents is allowed the army upon the next march, vizt.
One soldier's tent for the field Officers of each regiment.
One ditto...for every four commissioned officers.
One do ...for eight Serjeants, Drums or fifes.
One do ...for eight privates.
The Brigadiers to have returns made out, and the above proportion of tents taken for their brigades, and one waggon for every fifty tents, and no more. No woman under any pretence whatsoever to go with the army, but to follow the baggage. The soldiers are to carry their camp kettles, which, if the army should come to action, are to be put into waggons with the tents. The invalids, under a good subaltern, are to guard the tents of each brigade.
The division Commissaries are directed to have a constant supply of provision for the troops, and the Qr Mr General must without fail furnish the necessary waggons for that purpose. A gill of rum or other spirits a day to be dealt out to each officer and private until further orders. The Commissaries are to make provision accordingly.
The army to be ready to march precisely at nine o'clock to morrow morning. The General Officers, commanding divisions will receive the order of march from the Q M Genls. who will also direct the route of tile baggage.
Camp at Mr. Hills, September 13, 1777.
Sir: You will perceive by the inclosed Letter from Colo. Flower to Mr. Rittenhouse, that the removal of our Military Stores from French Creek is an object of great importance. For the purpose, a number of Waggons must be collected as soon as possible; I therefore desire, that you will immediately detach Twenty Light Dragoons under an Active Officer, without a moments loss of time to assist Mr. Rittenhouse at French Creek, in procuring such a Quantity as he may judge necessary, and to render such other Services as he (the Officer may think material). You will instruct the Officer to procure the Waggons in the least exceptionable manner. But they must be had without one instants delay. The Stores must be removed immediately or they may be destroyed. I am &ca.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On September 13 Tench Tilghman wrote to Moylan, by direction of Washington, that the main body of his cavalry might be quartered in the barracks upon the Schuylkill. He was cautioned to be vigilant, and warned that reconnoitering officers too often accepted reports from others without attending to it themselves, and reminded that officers would be held to strict accountability should any accident happen to the Army from false intelligence.]
Head Qurs., Germantown, September 13, 1777.
Sir: The Army will move from this place to morrow morning to the Swedes Ford and from thence towards the Enemy by such Route as circumstances may require. You will therefore take care to lay in Supplies of provision and liquor at such places as you may deem most convenient. As it is intended that the Army shall move with as much dispatch and as light as possible, you are to carry with you as much hard Bread as you can at present and let a further quantity follow. As I would not wish that the intended Route of the Army should be made public, you are desired to make your dispositions without informing any persons but those to whom it is necessary to make it known. I am &ca.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, German Town, September 13, 1777.
Sir: I have been honoured with your favor of this date. I heartily wish the Works on Delaware were compleated, but I think, and in this opinion my Officers concur, that the Service will be injured, if any part of the Continental Troops were now to be employed about them.6 If we should be able to oppose Genl. Howe with Success in the Field, the works will be unnecessary. If not, and he should force us from hence, he will certainly possess himself of them. But to prevent his attempting it now, I have directed the Meadows over Province Island to be over flowed immediately, and any other Grounds that may be thought necessary for that purpose. The Works have been more peculiarly under the direction of Monsr. Du Coudray, and I doubt not he will pay every attention to their completion and security, that the situation of affairs will admit of. A part of the Militia under Genl. Armstrong will be posted along Schuylkill, to throw up Redoubts at the different Fords, which will be occasionally occupied, whilst I move to the other side with the Main body of the Army. This disposition appears to me most eligible, from a consideration of all circumstances and better, than if any part of our present force was to be employed at the Forts. If further Reinforcements of the Militia should come in, they perhaps may be more properly assigned to that business than any we now have.
[Note 6: By a resolve of September 13 Washington was "directed to give the necessary orders for compleating the defences of Delaware River and to employ for that purpose such officers, engineers and troops as he shall think proper."]
Your Letter respecting General De Borre7 just now came to hand. I shall transmit him a Copy of it and of the Resolution. There can be no Court of inquiry into his conduct, at this time; as soon as the State of the Army will admit, it will be held. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 7: Brig. Gen. Preudhomme de Borre. He commanded a brigade in Sullivan's division at the Battle of Brandywine. "In consequence of some information Congress have received" Washington was directed to order a court of inquiry into Borre's conduct, and he was meanwhile recalled from the Army by a resolution of September 13. The next day Borre offered his resignation to the President and it was accepted.]
[Note 8: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Germantown, September 13, 1777.
Sir: I was this morning honored with yours of yesterday. I am pleased to find, that you have ordered an additional number of Militia to assemble at the Swedes Ford, at which and the other practicable passages for some distance up the River, I have directed small close Redoubts to be thrown up. This work will be executed under the Command and direction of Genl. Armstrong, who will also employ some of the Militia at present in the Field, upon the same Service.
I wish it were in my power to turn any part of my present force, to the Completion of the Works upon Delaware, but in our present Situation, it cannot be afforded; except Genl. Howe can be checked upon land, the obstructions in the River will be of little avail, for if he can once totally defeat this Army, he will take possession of the Forts of course and turn our own Guns upon our Ships, Galleys and floating Batteries. In my opinion, the River would be Sufficiently Secured against any Sudden attack by Water only, if the City Artillery Companies were thrown into Fort Mifflin, and all the Vessels of War of different kinds, drawn up behind the Chevaux de Frize. I have given orders to Colo. Penrose9 to overflow the Ground upon Province Island, which will render it impossible for the Enemy to approach the Fort in the rear and raise Batteries against it. As I am well apprized of the importance of Philadelphia, you may rest assured, that I shall take every Measure in my power to defend it, and I hope you will agree with me in Sentiment that the only effectual method will be to oppose Genl Howe with our whole united Force. I am this moment favored with yours of this date and thank you for your Compliance to my request for removing the Continental Soldiers, who may be loitering in the City. I have the honor etc.10
[Note 9: Col. Joseph Penrose. He had been colonel of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment, but resigned early in 1777 in a rank dispute. From this letter he seems to have again entered either the State or Continental service.]
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters of the Army, September 13, 1777.
Sir: I was this Evening honored with your Letter of the 12th. The attention, which, you are pleased to assure me, has been paid to the Officers and Privates of the Army under my command, who were unfortunately wounded in the Action on Thursday last, has a claim to my acknowledgements. Agreeable to the permission you offer, I have directed the following Gentlemen, Doctors Rush, Leiper and Latimer and Mr. Willet, a Mate in the Hospital with their Attendants, to wait upon you, and to take them under their care. The Wounded will be considered in the light you place them. I am etc.
P.S. I have thought proper to add Doctrs. Way and Coats to the Surgeons above mentioned, that the Wounded may have the earliest relief.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. At the end of tile draft the following was struck out: "and shall be glad you will order an Authentic List of their Names to be delivered to Surgeons, that such as can be recovered may be duly accounted for."]
Camp at Germantown, September 14, 1777.
Dear Sir: By express this moment received from Genl. Dickinson, the Enemy have crost over from New York and Staten Island in two divisions, one at Elizabeth Town the other at Second River, each division consisting of about a thousand Men with Artillery.
By your returns it appears you have three thousand Six hundred and eight men including the Militia and Sergeants fit for duty at your post, besides the detachment of 1500 already ordered, a further detachment will be necessary to reinforce the first. You will therefore immediately on the receipt of this detach a thousand more and if Genl. McDougall did not come on with the first detachment he must come on with this, let the detachment be made as privately as possible.
You will immediately write to Governor Trumbull the State of affairs and request, as this appears to be a Crisis, a reinforcement of 2000 Militia to secure the posts in the Highlands and to enable you to make further detachments, if circumstances should render it necessary.
You will garrison Fort Montgomery and the other fortifications about it with some of your best Troops and secure the passes into the Highlands with the remainder of the Continental Troops and the Militia. As it is not improbable the Enemy may make a diversion up the North River, by way of amusing you and to take advantages, as circumstances may favour their design, you cannot be too vigilant. You will write, in the most pressing terms, to Governor Trumbull to hasten in the Militia.
The Letter that accompanies this for Genl. Heath let it be forwarded with all imaginable dispatch.
The advance party of the Enemy are within three Miles of Chester, we shall recross the Schuylkill this day to take another look at them. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Nathanael Greene.]
Head Qurs., near German Town, September 14, 1777.
Dear Sir: As the object of the Enemy is now reduced to an absolute certainty, and they are bending their whole force with great vigour to the Southward, it can no longer answer any valuable purpose to keep a body of Continental troops in your State, whose presence in the further progress of the campaign will probably be essentially necessary in this quarter. You will therefore, on receipt of this, exert yourself to dispatch forward all the Continental troops now in your State, to join this Army, with all possible expedition. Not a moments time is to be lost. The call for them is to the last degree urgent.
On the 11th. instant, we had a pretty general Engagement with the Enemy, which from some unlucky incidents terminated against us, so far as to our being obliged to quit the field after an obstinate action, with the loss of some men and Artillery. But from every account we have reason to believe the Enemy suffered much more than we did in the number of killed and wounded. Our Troops have not lost their Spirits, and I am in hopes we shall soon have an Opportunity of compensating for the disaster we have sustained.
We brought the Army to this place to refresh them with convenience and security, and are just beginning our march to return towards the Enemy. Hurry of business prevents my giving you particulars. I am etc.14
[Note 14: ln the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft in the Washington Papers, also in Hamilton's writing, shows some minor variations.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Qurs., Sunday Morning, 7 O'Clock, September 14, 1777.
Sir: I last night wrote to the Officer commanding at the Bridge, ordering him to have it moved immediately, which I understand has been by some means neglected. I have therefore to request that you will have it executed directly, as the Enemy (being now advanced near Chester) will probably detach a party of light Troops to take possession of it, particularly when they come to understand that we have taken the Route which is determined on. You will also pay due attention to the Fords up the Schuylkill, and have any Works you see necessary thrown up for their defence. Colo. Du Portail and his Officers will attend you for this purpose.15 As it is not expected that
[Note 15: On September 14 Washington wrote to Du Pottail ordering him to report to Armstrong "and take his orders about throwing up some small works along the Schuylkill, which must be such as can be most speedily executed." The letter is in the Washington Papers.] these Works will have occasion to stand a long defence, they should be such as can with the least labour and in the shortest time be completed, only that part of them which is opposed to cannon, need be of any considerable thickness and the whole of them should be rather calculated for dispatch than any unnecessary Decorations or Regularity which Engineer's are frequently too fond of. Guards should be kept at all the Ferries to take care of the Boats, as long as they are necessary for use, after which they should be drawn up and there also guarded. Inclosed you have an order to Colo. Du Pottail to wait on you. I am &ca.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Camp near Schuylkill, September 14, 1777.
Sir: I have just receivd the Inclosed Information from Genl. Dickenson through Congress, and in consequence, desire that you will, if the Enemy should appear in force, and have more in view than to Plunder and distress the Country, join Genl. Dickenson with the Detachment under your Command, and give every opposition to the Enemy in their March through the Jerseys you possibly can. The Public Stores which from time to time have been sent up the Delaware to Trenton &ca., is an object of much moment and will claim your attention.
If Genl. Dickenson's Intelligence should proove erroneous or these Parties should have returnd back to Staten Island, you are in either of these cases to move forward and join the Army under my immediate command with all possible expedition. I am etc.
Head Qurs., near German Town, September 14, 1777.
Sir: I have this morning received a Copy of your Letter to Congress, informing of the Enemy's incursion into the Jersies. You will perceive by the inclosed Letters what steps I have taken in consequence of your information. After perusing them, you will forward them with all dispatch. On your part I am confident you will do every thing in your power to assist in counteracting the Enemy. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp at Bucks Tavern, 10 Miles from Philadelphia, September 14, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 10th. and am happy to find, the Militia of Fairfax County have turned out with such readiness at this interesting period. Their conduct is truly laudable and has a claim to my thanks. As Philadelphia is evidently the object of General Howe's expedition into Chesapeak Bay, and he is now making a violent effort to possess himself of it, I think your Regiment should immediately proceed to Lancaster in Pennsylvania from whence their can be more easily had, then if they remain at Frederick Town. The same line of conduct should be pursued by such other Militia, as are now there, or may be Assembling. Which I you to communicate to their Commanding Officers. You be pleased to advise me of your approach and that of any o Troops, to that post, that I may be enabled to give such further directions respecting your destination, as the situation affairs may require. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 20: Major of a Pennsylvania State regiment.]
Head Qurs., near Germantown, September 14, 1777.
Sir: As I have ordered that a Detachment of the Troops march from Peeks Kill to join this Army, which I expect will very s come thro' Morris Town or its Neighbourhood. It is my desire that you hold the Men under your command in readiness mediately to join them and proceed with them to us, or to other place where it shall appear necessary to order them any Commissary or Quarter Masters Stores remain at Morris Town, you will order them back in the Country and give every Assistance in your power for executing it. I am &ca.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, September 14, 1777.
Sir: You are immediately upon receipt of this to loose Schuylkill Bridge from its moorings and let it swing to the Philadelphia side of the River and there fastened; this order which was sent to you from me in positive terms last night, you injudiciously waved carrying into execution, it is now repeated to you, and you will be made answerable for any ill consequences, which may attend a farther neglect, the boats will be fully sufficient for ferrying over any Waggons &ca. employed in necessary public Service. I am &ca.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Qurs., near German Town, September 14, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of this Morning, inclosing the Copy of a Letter from General Dickinson. In consequence of the interesting information contained in it, I have written to General Putnam, directing him to send forward a second detachment of a thousand Men, in addition to the former, as you will perceive by the inclosed duplicate of my Letter to him which you will be pleased to seal and dispatch, as expeditiously as possible, lest the original should by any accident miscarry I have the honor etc.
P.S. You have also Copies of other letters, by which you will perceive the measures I am taking; and which you will be pleased in like manner to forward. On Second thought, I should be glad you would transmit the inclosures, open, to Genera Dickinson for his perusal and information and to be forwarded by him.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, ... September 14, 1777.
Parole Vigilance. Countersign Safety.
The army is to march to morrow morning as soon as it I well light.24
[Note 24: In the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress is a copy of the following general orders, attributed to Washington, under date of September 14. The source is not stated: "The troops are to march to Swedes' Ford in the following order, be subdivisions from the right, viz: First, two-thirds of the Light Dragoons, from which their commanding officer will detach small parties in front, to reconnoitre o the flanks to a considerable distance. Second, a Captain's command from General Smallwood's Brigade, 800 yards in their rear. Third, one regiment from same brigade, 200 yards in their [rear]. Fourth, the main body of the army 500 yards is their rear, in the following order, viz: 1st. General Sullivan's Division, 2d. Lot, Stirling's, 3d. General Wayne's, 4th. Park of Artillery, 5th. General Nash's Brigade, 6th. General Stevens' Division, 7th. General Greene's. Fifth, the wagons with stores, hospital stores, and commissaries' stores. Sixth, a rear guard of two regiments from Weedon's Brigade. Seventh, a Captain's command from these two regiments, at the distance of 200 yards. Eight, the remaining third of the Light Dragoons, 500 yards from the foot. Ninth, a subaltern's command from these Dragoons, at the distance of 500 yards.
"The guards in front and rear, and each brigade, to send out small flanking parties on their left. The rear guard of foot, and the Light Dragoons, to pick up all stragglers."]
Head Quarters, near the Warren tavern, September 15, 1777.
Parole Frankfort. Countersign Dover.
The whole line, while it continues unseperated, is to furnish 600 men properly officered, for guards &c. Each brigade to give in proportion to it's strength. These men are to be under the immediate direction of the Major General, and other officers of the day, who, with the assistance of the Q Mr General, agreeably to the order of the 10th. instant, are to see that these out-guards are posted in such manner, as most effectually to secure the camp. If the different avenues to it, should not require the above number, the overplus are to remain, as a picquet near the park of artillery, and be always ready to reinforce any guard, or answer any other purpose that the Major General, or other officers of the day shall think necessary. These guards in common are to parade at eight o'clock in the morning, near the artillery park; but whenever the troops are to march, they are to assemble there at least half an hour before the time appointed, for the march of the army; and from thence the Major General, or other officers of the day will order so many of them, as he or they shall think necessary, to move on with the Qr. Masters to the place of destination, and after the grounds and all the avenues to the new incampment, are well reconnoitred, the guards are to be posted.
DEATH FOR COWARDICE
Such troops as have not been supplied with their complement of cartridges, agreeably to the orders of the 13th. instant, are to be furnished instantly. The troops are also to get provisions cooked, for to morrow at least. The Cloathier Genl. is attending with shoes &c; the officers commanding regts. are to delay no time in getting their men supplied.
In future, whenever the men are formed for action, the Serjeants are to be placed in the ranks, on the flanks of subdivisions, that the benefit of their fire may not be lost. The Brigadiers and Officers commanding regiments are also to post some good officers in the rear, to keep the men in order; and if in time of action, any man, who is not wounded, whether he has arms or not, turns his back upon the enemy, and attempts to run away, or to retreat before orders are given for it, those officers are instantly to put him to death. The man does not deserve to live, who basely flies, breaks his solemn engagements, and betrays his country.
Such men belonging to Genl. Maxwell's light corps as have returned to their regiments, are again to join Genl Maxwell without delay; and the officers commanding regiments are to make diligent search for those men, and see that they are sent to join that corps immediately.
September 15, 1777.
Sir: Your favor of yesterday with its several Inclosures, came to hand last night. Tho' I would willingly pay every attention to the Resolutions of Congress, yet in the late instance respecting the recall of Genl Sullivan,25 I must [beg leave to] defer
[Note 25: September 14 Congress, in a flurry of disappointment over the Battle of Brandywine, ordered that Sullivan, to whose lack of energy the loss of the battle was ascribed, be recalled from the Army until the inquiry, previously ordered into his conduct, could be made. This was an indirect criticism of Washington for not having ordered a court of inquiry on Sullivan's conduct of the expedition against Staten Island. Thomas Burke's letter to Sullivan (Oct. 12, 1777) details the Brandywine charges. (See Burnett's Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, vol. 2, p. 519.) At Brandywine Sullivan practically duplicated his ineptitude at the Battle of Long Island and permitted the British to outflank and surprise him in precisely the same manner. A court of inquiry afterwards honorably acquitted General Sullivan.] giving any order about It, [till I hear further from that Honble. Body.] Our Situation at this time is critical and delicate, and nothing should be done to add to its embarrassments. We are now most probably on the point of another Action, and to derange the Army by withdrawing so many General Officers from it, may and must be attended with many disagreeable, if not ruinous, Consequences. Such a proceeding at another time, might not produce any bad effects, but How can the Army be possibly conducted with a prospect of Success, if the General Officers are taken off, in the moment of Battle? Congress may rely upon it, such a measure will not promote, but injure the service. It is not my wish to prevent or to delay a proper inquiry into Genl Sullivan's Conduct, a single instant, when the Circumstances of the Army will admit; But now they prohibit it, and, I think, the suspension in his command also. The recall of Genl. St. Clair, obliged me to part with Genl. Lincoln, whom I could but illy spare, so that the whole charge of his division is now upon Genl. Wayne, [there being no other Brigr.] in it than himself. The Maryland Troops, if Genl Sullivan is taken away, will not have one Genl. Officer, Genl Smallwood being at the Head of the Militia coming from that State and Genl. DeBorre suspended; added to this, Colo. Gist who Commands one Regiment of them, is now from it, by Order. In a word Sir, whether the charges alledged against Genl. Sullivan are true or false, or whether his conduct has been exceptionable or not, I am satisfied, the resolution for his recall at this time, was unhappily adopted, and if carried into execution, will not fail to add new difficulties to our present distresses. And I am obliged to observe, in justice to my own Charactr. that I cannot be answerable for the consequences which may arise from a want of Officers to assist me.26
[Note 26: In the draft this clause, in Washington's writing, appears thus: "to which in Justice to my own charactr. I am obliged to ansr. that I cannot be responsible for conseqs. witht. Offirs. to assist me."]
It gives me great pleasure to find Genl Gates is on so respectable a footing, and I hope our affairs in that Quarter in the course of a little time, will be in as prosperous a train, as we could reasonably wish.
[The main body of the Enemy (from the best Intelligence I have been able to get) lay near Dilworth Town, not far from the Field of Action where they have been busily Employed in burying their Dead, which from Accounts amounted to a very considerable Number.27 We are moving up this Road to get in between the Enemy and the Swedes Ford and to prevent them from turning our right flank, which they seem to have a violent inclination28 to effect,29 by all their Movements.]
[Note 27: In the draft this phrase, in Washington's writing, appears as: "near, between Birmingham Meeting House."]
[Note 28: Washington wrote "propensity" in the draft.]
[Note 29: The draft in Washington's writing has "do."]
I would beg leave to recommend, in the most earnest manner, that some Board or Committee be appointed or some mode adopted for obtaining supplies of Blankets for the Troops. Many are now without, and the Season becoming cold, they will be injured in their Health and unfitted for Service, unless they are immediately provided with them. Our Supplies in this instance, as well as in every Article of Cloathing, can not be too great as there are frequent losses, not easily to be avoided. I would also observe, that I think, in point of prudence and Sound policy, Every Species of Provisions, should be removed from the City, except such as will be necessary to supply the present demands of this Army. I have been told there are considerable quantities in private Hands, which should not be suffered to remain for a moment longer than they can be conveyed away. I have &ca.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft is in the writing of Harrison and Washington and, in addition to the variations noted above, that part of the draft winch is in Washington's writing is inclosed in brackets.]
Yellow Springs, September 17, 1777.
Sir: I have been honored with your two favors of yesterday and their inclosures; to which due attention shall be paid.
The Enemy seem now to be straining every nerve to accomplish their purpose; but I trust, whatever present success they may have, they will ere long experience a reverse of fortune. If they have four thousand Men in the Jersies, it is probable they have something more serious in view than a mere diversion. But I am in hopes when Genl McDougall comes to unite his force with the Militia, General Dickenson will be strong enough effectually to make head against them.
Yesterday the Enemy moved past Concord by the Edgemont towards the Lancaster Road, with evident design to gain our right flank. This obliged us to alter our position and march to this place, from whence we intend immediately to proceed to Warwick. We suffered much, from the severe weather yesterday and last night, being separated from our tents and baggage, which not only endangers the health of the Men, but has been very injurious to our Arms and ammunition. These, when we arrive at Warwick, we shall endeavour, as soon as possible, to put again into a proper condition; to do which and to refresh the Men are two principal motives for going there. I have the honor &ca.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Yellow Springs, September 17, 1777.
Sir: Upon examining the State of our Ammunition, I find it so generally hurt by the Rain, that we are not in Condition to make a stand against the Enemy. I have therefore thought best to move up towards Warwick Furnace, in order to obtain a Supply from the other side Schuylkill, and have given orders accordingly. Genl. Greene's Division remains here and Genl. Wayne's between this and Warwick until the baggage can be got off. I would have you remain where you are until that part of the baggage and Stores at the Valley can be got away, which I wish to be effected as expeditiously as possible, and then join us, at Warwick by the shortest Route. General Potter had best remain with you. Should you want Horses for the removal of the Baggage, you will be under the necessity of pressing them.
As I dont wish you to remain, a moment longer than is necessary for covering the baggage, you will take care to be informed of it as soon as it happens, by sending an Officer for that purpose. I am &ca.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Camp, September 17, 1777.
Sir: As it may be dangerous for the Troops under your command to act alone, and the Service may be more advanced by drawing our whole Force together, I earnestly request, that you will form a junction with the main Army, as soon as you possibly can. We shall be at Warwick Furnace, on French Creek to morrow Evening. The Enemy are now posted near the White House Tavern, on the Road leading from Lancaster to Philadelphia. I cannot mark out any particular Route for you, as that will depend upon the situation of the Enemy, of which you will obtain the best information in your power, that you may be secure in your Line of March. There is one Futhay, about Two Miles this side Cockran's, who is said to be a trusty person and acquainted with the Country. I must once more urge the necessity of the utmost expedition. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Yellow Springs, September 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 14th. I do not wish to sell my phaeton, but shall be happy if you will take and use it 'till I shall have occasion for it. This I request you to do, as you will thereby accomodate yourself and serve me at the same time.35
[Note 35: The text is from a copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Yellow Springs, September 17, 1777.
Sir: I desire you will immediately move the baggage and Ammunition from the place where you are at present, to Warwick Furnace. Colo. Evans,36 the bearer of this, is kind enough to undertake to pilot you by the safest and best Route. No time is to be lost in the execution of this business and I think if you were to impress a few Waggons and lighten the others of part of their loads, it would be better as the Roads are so exceedingly bad. The baggage and Ammunition that is at present at Perkioming is to move up to Pottsgrove. I am &ca.37
[Note 36: Col. George Evans, of the Delaware Militia.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 38: Of one of the Additional Continental regiments.]
Camp at Yellow Springs in Pennsylvania, September 17, 1777.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Two Letters of the 13th. and 14th. Instt. At present, the situation of our Affairs will not justify any of the Independent Companies being attached to your Regiment, whatever may be the case in future; And having regard to the public interest and knowing the small prospect there is of raising of men at this Crisis, I do not think myself authorized to commission either of the Gentlemen you mention, as it would be multiplying the number of Officers and incurring an additional expence, with but a very remote, if any, probability of augmenting our Force.
I think with you, that it will be necessary that some Troops should winter where you propose, but the number, I cannot now determine on; However, I would wish you to pay attention to the Barracks and direct the earliest repair of them to be made. As to laying up Magazines of provision and Forage, I shall speak to the Gentlemen under whose notice these matters more properly fall.
I have nothing more to add, than my wishes, that your utmost exertions may be employed to counteract and defeat the progress of the Enemy now in Jersey, as far as 'tis in your power, having special regard to the Security of the pass leading thro' the Mountains to the Highland Fortifications. I cannot prescribe any particular line of conduct for you upon this occasion; but shall leave you to act in such a way, as shall seem best calculated to annoy the Enemy, and advance the public Service. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, at Yellow Spring, September 17, 1777.
Parole Connecticut. Countersigns Fairfield, Fairfax.
The commanding officers of brigades are immediately to dispatch two or three careful officers who are best mounted, into the rear of the line of march yesterday, as far back as General Maxwell's quarters, where the army last drew up, to examine all houses, barns and huts on the way, and collect and bring on all stragglers from the army. The Brigadiers and other officers are immediately to examine the arms and ammunition of their men; and spare no pains to preserve such ammunition as is not already damaged, and to put the arms in the best order possible--such as are loaded to be drawn, if practicable; if they cannot be drawn they are to remain loaded; for not one gun is to be fired in order to clean it. The General desires the officers to pay the most particular attention to these orders, as not only their own safety, but the salvation of their country may depend thereon; such ammunition as is damaged is likewise to be carefully saved, to be returned to the park of artillery, the first convenient time. To this point also the officers will now, and at all times pay attention as the lead is of vast importance to us.
Reading Furnace, September 18, 1777.
Sir: Your favor of the 17th I had the Honor to receive last night with Govr. Livingston's and Genl Dickenson's Letters. It is out of my power, to do more than I already have, for checking the Enemy's progress in Jersey, and I should hope, that will be the case, as soon as the Troops ordered from Peekskill, arrive to reinforce the Militia assembling under Genl. Dickenson. I observe that all the Continental Stores, which have been removed from Philadelphia were at Trenton, on the 16th, according to Genl. Dickenson's Letter. That place, in the first instance, was fixed on thro' necessity, and conveying them there was better than to have them where they were; But I am clear in Opinion, that they should not be suffered to remain there a Moment longer than can be avoided, and I would beg leave to recommend, that the earliest and most vigorous measures should be adopted for removing them to Allen Town in North Hampton County.
From the advices received yesterday evening and last Night, It appeared that the Enemy were pushing a considerable force to the White Horse Tavern, with a view, it was supposed to fall on our right Flank. This induced us to proceed this Morning to this place, where we are cleaning our Arms with the utmost assiduity and replacing our Cartridges, which unfortunately were mostly spoiled by the heavy Rain on Tuesday. By some of our Light Horsemen, this moment come in, It is said, the Enemy are advancing on the Road towards Sweedes Ford: As soon as possible, the Troops will be put in motion, but I am doubtful, Whether that can be done before to Morrow Morning for want of Provisions, which has impeded our Movements very considerably, since we passed Schuylkill last. I have the Honor &c.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
September 19, 1777.
Sir: I was honored, this Morning, with your favors of the 17th and 18th with their Inclosures. I am much obliged to Congress for the late instance of their Confidence, expressed in their Resolution of the 17th, and shall be happy, if my conduct in discharging the objects they had in view, should be such, as to meet their approbation.41
[Note 41: The necessity of a speedy removal of Congress from Philadelphia, and the uncertainty as to the time of the next meeting, moved Congress to confer powers upon Washington which practically made him a dictator: "Resolved, That General Washington be authorized and directed to suspend all officers who shall misbehave, and to fill up all vacancies in the American army, under the rank of brigadiers, until the pleasure of Congress shall be communicated: to take, wherever he may be, all such provisions and other articles as may be necessary for the comfortable subsistence of the army under his command, paying or giving certificates for the same; to remove and secure for the benefit of the owners, all goods and effects, which may be serviceable to the enemy; provided, that the powers hereby vested shall be exercised only in such parts of these states as may be within the circumference of 70 miles of the head quarters of the American army, and shall continue in force for the space of 60 days, unless sooner revoked by Congress." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Sept. 17, 1777.)]
I am now repassing the Schuylkill at Parker's Ford, with the Main body of the Army, which will be over in an hour or Two, tho' the water is deep and rapid.42 Genl Wayne, with the Division under his Command, is on the rear of the Enemy, and will be joined to morrow or next day, I expect, by Genl Smallwood and Colo. Gist with their Corps.43 As soon as the Troops have crossed the River, I shall march them, as expeditiously as possible, towards Fatland, Swedes and the other Fords, where it is most probable the Enemy will attempt to pass.
[Note 42: "His Excellency General Washington was with the troops who passed us here to the Perkiomen. The procession lasted the whole night, and we had all kinds of visits from officers wet to the breast, who had to march in that condition the cold, damp night through, and to bear hunger and thirst at the same time. This robs them of courage and health, and instead of prayers we hear from most, the national evil, curses."-- Muhlenberg's Diary, Sept. 19, 1777.]
[Note 43: On September 19 Wayne was at Paoli and wrote Washington that he was near the enemy, who were unaware of his position. Smallwood wrote, this same day, giving the route of his march to join Washington. With Colonel Gist's troops he was near James Milligan's tavern on the 19th.]
When I left Germantown with the Army, I hoped I should have had an opportunity of attacking them, either in Front or on their Flank, with a prospect of Success; But unhappily a variety of Causes concurred to prevent it. Our March, in the first place, was greatly impeded thro' want of Provisions, which delayed us so long that the Enemy were apprized of our Motions, and gained the Grounds near the White Horse Tavern, with a part of their Army turning our right flank, whilst another part, composing the Main Body, were more advanced towards our left. We should have disappointed them in their design by getting on their left; But the Heavy rain which fell that [on Tuesday] evening and in the course of the night, totally unfitted our Guns for Service and nearly the whole of the Ammunition with which the Army had been compleated a day or two before, amounting to Forty Rounds per Man. At first I expected that the loss was by no means so considerable, and intended [only] to file off with the Troops a few Miles to replace it and clean their Arms and then to proceed on my Original plans; but upon examination, found it as I have mentioned, and that we had not a sufficient supply with us to furnish the Men with the necessary Complement. In this Situation it was judged necessary, that we should proceed as far as Reading Furnace for the security of the Army. Owing to these accidents, particularly the latter, matters have not been conducted as I intended and wished, and the Enemy have had an opportunity of making their advances without being attacked. I yet hope, from the present state of the River, that I shall be down in time to give them a meeting and if unfortunately they should gain Philadelphia, that it will not be without loss. I have the honor &ca.
N.B. The Main body of the Enemy afterwards moved towards the White Horse and took their Rout down the Road from thence. I should have advised you this Morning by Express of the Enemy's advance and situation, had not Colo. Hamilton informed me that he had written you on the Subject.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The text of the letter sent was kindly furnished by F.H. Sweet, of Battle Creek, Mich. The words within the brackets are in the draft, but not in the letter sent. The N. B. is not in the draft.]
September [19?], 1777.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 12th Instr. was delivered me last night. I recollect, that permission was granted Mrs. Hatfield47 to visit her Husband, and had not the least doubt but she would be suffered to return, whenever she had an inclination; unless
[Note 47: Wife of Maj. Moses Hatfield, of Drake's New York Militia regiment. Major Hatfield had been taken prisoner at Montresors Island; was exchanged in 1778; served as a colonel of New York Militia, 1780 and 1781.] some singular circumstances Should render it ineligible for a day or two. her detention seems to be by the Mayor, to whom she was referred for a passport. As Mrs. Hatfield is not of the Military line, and went in of her mere motion, I do not conceive, that I can with propriety do any thing to obtain her releasement. But I am persuaded your Letter to General Clinton representing the reasons for her going in, will effect it without difficulty. It would be well to write her a line to apply to him upon the Subject.
I have not time to add much on public Affairs. I am now about twenty five Miles from Philadelphia on the East Side of Schuylkill, with the Main Body of our Army, fronting the Enemy, who are on the opposite Side. We have also a Body of Troops hanging on their rear, under the Command of Genls. Smallwood and Wayne. I suppose Genl Howe will soon attempt to pass the Schuylkill, which unhappily admits of but too many easy fords. I cannot give you the particulars of the Action of the 11th. From the best Accounts I have been able to collect, their loss was pretty considerable and chiefly fell on their Grenadiers and light Troops, composing their flying Army; The Queens Rangers (Rogers's Corps), who formed their advanced Guard, and who were first attacked in the Morning, are said to have Suffered severely. This Account I mean for yourself and not for the Public. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, September 20, 1777.
Parole Cambridge. Countersigns Roxbury, Watertown.
It is with the utmost concern, that the General observes, a continual straggling of soldiers on a march, who rob orchards and commit other disorders; and that many officers pay little or no attention to prevent a practice attended with such mischevious consequences, notwithstanding the orders relative thereto. The officers are reminded that it is their duty, and the General expects, that for the future, they know precisely, the number of men in their division or platoon; and where the time will admit of it, take a list of their names, previous to their marching; and that on a march they frequently look at their division to see if it be in order, and no man missing.
The General has reason to think that many officers neglect to call the rolls of their companies daily, agreeably to former orders, and that many cannot properly account for their absent men. This is a neglect of the most dangerous tendency, and if continued, the army will soon be greatly reduced. The General therefore calls upon all officers, in the most pressing manner, as they regard their duty, and the salvation of their country, to have the rolls called night and morning, and pay the most unremitting attention to prevent a loss of their men.
The General is informed, that vast numbers of men are sent off as guards to the baggage. The Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades are without delay to send proper officers to Reading, or wherever the baggage may be, to reduce those guards and bring with the greatest dispatch to the army, the greater part of them, and those the best men, with the best arms, leaving only so many officers and men as are absolutely necessary to guard the baggage. Col. Polk who commands these guards will see that as few officers and men as possible are left with the baggage; some officers are also to be sent immediately to Philadelphia to bring away all soldiers which shall be found there.
The officers are also to see, that all soldiers who wait on officers, be armed, and do the duty of soldiers on any emergency, particularly that the fire of so many men be not lost in a day of action.
The waggons are to be kept ready to move on the shortest notice.
Head Quarters, September 21, 1777.
Parole Georgia. Countersigns Grafton, Goshen.
The Honorable Congress have been pleased to appoint, The Count Pulaski, to chief command of the American light dragoons, with the rank of Brigadier General.
Some diligent officers of each brigade are to be sent immediately to all the houses within four or five miles of the camp, to find and bring all stragglers to their respective corps. the Brigadiers will see this done.
The Major Generals and Brigadiers will see that their commissaries make competent provision for supplying the troops. One person in the issuing Commissary General's department is without fail to call daily at Head Quarters to report the state of provisions, and receive orders.
Head Quarters, September 21, 1777.
Sir: Your Favor of this date was received this Evening, and agreeable to your request have sent Doctor Wilson50 to take charge of the Wounded Officers and Men of the Army under
[Note 50: Dr. Lewis Wilson, surgeon's mate, Continental Hospital. He became surgeon in June, 1779, and served to October, 1780.] my command who have fallen into your hands at Howel's Tavern and the Neighbouring Houses. The Doctor has directions to give a receipt for all that are delivered him, and they will be considered as your Prisoners. I am &ca.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters Thompson's Tavern,
Sunday Eveng. 8 OClock, [September 21, 1777].
Sir: By order of his Excellency I have to Inform you that this Army is about to March up the Road by which we came down and is not to Halt untill we get beyond that Road which leads from Parkers Ford into the Reading Road, beyond the Trapp. It is the Generals desire that you move on with your Division so as to be nearly on a Line between us and the Schuylkill, leaving a small Pickett at each Fording Place as a party of Observation. Generals Maxwell and Potter are to March up and Join you. I am, etc.
PS. Before you leave your Encampment you will please make large Fires so that your March may be unexpected. You will also please give Notice to Colo. Moylan that he may move in Concert.
Since writing the within his Excellency desires me to mention to you, that you Order Major Jamison with a party of 12 or 15 Horse to Philada. very early in the Morng., then to enquire for Colo. Hamilton and give him what assistance he can on a Matter about which he is gone.52
[Note 52: To collect blankets for the army. (See Instructions to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, Sept. 22, 1777, post.)]
Colo. Hamilton will be found at the City Tavern. I am etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of and signed by John Fitzgerald.]
On September 23 Tench Tilghman wrote to General McDougall to hasten his troops to the army. The river was now fordable at almost any place. Washington would have written, but was busy arranging the encampment of the troops which arrived within about 4 miles of Pottsgrove on September 21.
Camp 28 Miles from Philadelphia
on the Reading Road, September 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 21st. and am happy to find that you are on the point of marching to the reinforcement of this Army. To quiet the Alarms and fears of the people upon the Sound, I would recommend it to you to pick one thousand or Twelve hundred of your best Militia and let the remainder return. If you come with them yourself, I beg you may march with all possible expedition to form a junction with this Army, which (from present circumstances) I imagine will be in the Neighbourhood of Pottsgrove. I need not tell you that I wish you to come with this detachment, but if the Service requires your stay in Jersey, you will be pleased to empress the necessity of a speedy junction upon the Officer who Commands. The Route over Coryells Ferry and across the Country will be the shortest. An Officer should be always kept ahead to gain intelligence of the Situation of the Enemy lest they should fall suddenly in with them. The same Officer may inquire where our Army lays, that no unnecessary Ground may be gone over. I am &ca.
P.S. The Van of the Enemy is about French Creek upon the West side of Schuylkill.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
September 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote you on Friday last, requesting your earliest arrival with the Troops under your Command, to join this Army. This I must repeat, and have sent an Officer on purpose to deliver my Letter, to whom I refer you for the particulars of our situation and that of the Enemy at this Time. I shall only observe respecting them, that the main body of their Army lay last night near French Creek bridge about Four Miles from Schuylkill on the West Side. Their unvaried object has been and it seems still to be pursued, to get above us, and turn on our right Flank. We are on the East side the River and advance as they do, on the Common Road from Philadelphia, to Reading, Twenty Eight Miles from the former. From the present complexion of affairs, you should proceed on the most direct Route leading to Potts Grove about 9 Miles above this place; But I wish you as soon as you approach the Delaware to advise me by Express, still continuing the Route I have mentioned, till you hear from me in answer to your Letter, when you will be directed to proceed as circumstances require. I shall not add more, than to urge your unremitted diligence to join me, as early as possible, assuring you, that your aid is extremely wanted and cannot arrive too soon. You will write me a line by the return of the Officer. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp on the Reading Road,
28 Miles from Philada., September 22, 1777.
Sir: I wrote to you about ten days ago, directing you to join this Army with the utmost expedition. But our Situation has been so much changed by a variety of circumstances since that time, that I think it proper to inform you that we are at present here and are moving up the Country towards Reading, as the Enemy are moving that way upon the West side of Schuylkill. I would recommend it to you to march across the Country from Lancaster to Reading, and if you find the way clear, cross Schuylkill at that place and form a junction with me as speedily as possible. Lest you should be deceived by reports of the Situation of the Enemy, I would advise you always to keep an intelligent Officer ahead, not only to find out where they are, but also where our Army is. You may by these means save much needless marching. Let me know as soon as possible where you are. I have only to press you to delay no time in coming on, and to assure you, I am, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
September 22, 1777.
Sir: The distressed situation of the Army for want of blankets and many necessary articles of Clothing, is truly deplorable; and must inevitably be destructive to it, unless a speedy remedy be applied. Without a better supply than they at present have, it will be impossible for the Men to support the fatigues of the campaign in the further progress of the approaching inclement season. This you well know to be a Melancholy truth. It is equally the dictate of common sense and the opinion of the Physicians of the Army, as well as of every Officer in it. No supply can be drawn from the public Magazines. We have therefore no resource but from the private stock of individuals. I feel, and I lament, the absolute necessity of requiring the inhabitants to contribute to those wants which we have no other means of satisfying, and which, if unremoved, would involve the ruin of the Army, and perhaps the ruin of America. Pain full as it is to me to order and as it will be to you to execute the measure, I am compelled to desire you immediately to proceed to Philadelphia, and there procure from the inhabitants, contributions of blankets and Clothing and materials to answer the purposes of both, in proportion to the ability of each. This you will do, with as much delicacy and discretion, as the nature of the business demands, and I trust the necessity will justify the proceeding in the Eyes of every person well affected to the American cause; and that all good citizens will chearfully afford their assistance to Soldiers, whose sufferings they are bound to commiserate, and who are eminently exposed to danger and distress, in defence of every thing they ought to hold dear.
As there are also a number of Horses in Philadelphia both of public and private property, which would be a valuable acquisition to the enemy, should the City by any accident fall into their hands. You are hereby authorized and commanded to remove them thence into the Country to some place of greater security and more remote from the operations of the Enemy.
You will stand in need of assistance from others, to execute this commission with dispatch and propriety, and you are therefore empowered to employ such persons, as you shall think proper, to aid you therein. I am &ca.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp on Reading Road,
28 Miles from Philada., September 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have ordered eight or ten Light Horse more to your assistance, and if you should find a further force necessary to facilitate the business you are upon, there are fifty or Sixty dismounted N. Carolinians attached at present to Colo. Nicholas Corps. They must be subject to your order. I have been just now informed, that there are not less than three thousand pair of Shoes in the hands of three or four Persons in Philadelphia, a Peter January himself is said to have 1400 pair. You will make the most diligent inquiry upon this Head. You know our distresses and will collect every pair you possibly can. I refer you to Mr. Mease for proper information, being told that he knows where they are. I do not wish your exertions to be solely directed to obtaining Shoes and Blankets, extend them to every other article, you know to be material for the Army; Your own prudence will point out the least exceptionable means to be pursued in these instances, but remember, that delicacy and a strict adherence to the ordinary modes of application must give place to our necessities. We must, if possible, accommodate the Soldiery with such Articles as they stand in need of, or we shall have just Reasons to apprehend the most injurious and alarming consequences from the approaching season. As fast as you collect Shoes and Blankets you will send them off by some interior middle road, that they may be secure, with peremptory orders, to those who shall have them in charge, not to delay a moment in getting them to the Army. The business you are upon I know is disagreeable, and perhaps in the execution, you may meet with more obstacles than were at first apprehended, and also with opposition to the parties I have mentioned; call in such a number of Militia as you may think necessary, observing however over the conduct of the whole, a strict discipline, to prevent every Species of rapine and disorder. If Mr. Mease has any under Jackets and Stockings, he should order a supply to be forwarded to the Army as soon as possible. This you will tell him. I am etc.
P.S. I doubt not but Mr. Mease has removed all the Clothing 'ere this, but you'll mention the propriety of doing it immediately, in case of accidents.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, September 22, 1777.
Parole Watchfulness. Countersigns Caution, Security.
The Clothier General is immediately to distribute all the cloaths and shoes in his possession.
The army is to march by the right in small divisions or platoons, in this order; first Genl. Sullivan's division, then Lord Stirling's, then the park of artillery, then Genl Nash's brigade, then Genl Stephen's division, then Genl. Greene's; the officers of all ranks are to march in their proper places, and keep their divisions, brigades, regiments and platoons in the most exact order and especially not to suffer a man to quit his place without leave, and that to be granted only, in case of absolute necessity, and then a serjeant is to be left with him to bring him on. There are to be proper guards advanced in front and on the left flank of the army.
Head Quarters, Camp, near Potsgrove,
September 23, 1777.
Parole Bethlehem. Countersigns Chatham, Dedham.
The General expects the returns of the army to morrow morning without fail, and enjoins it upon the commanding officers of corps to see that they are exactly made.
Each regiment is to proceed in making cartridges for its own use, that they may be held in store. Genl. Knox will furnish them with materials.
It is expected, as the weather is now growing cool, that the troops will never have less, than two day's provision by them. The necessity of this, the General does, in the strongest manner impress, upon the officers, in hopes they will exert themselves in seeing it executed, as the soldiers, or the service must greatly suffer, unless this is well attended to.
The General is informed that the Tin-Cannisters which were served out for the purpose of carrying ammunition, are in some instances applied to other uses; He therefore positively forbids such practices.
James Lloyd Esqr. is appointed a Volunteer Aid-de-Camp to Major Genl. Greene and to be respected accordingly.
The sick in Camp, are to be sent immediately, to the artillery park, or house or barn nearest thereto, that the Surgeons may send them in waggons to Reading. A careful subaltern Officer from each division is to go with them. If so many officers are not necessary, the Surgeon General will dismiss a part of them. Each man is to take one day's provision with him.
Camp on Schuylkill, 34 Miles from Philadelphia,
September 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: The situation of our affairs in this Quarter calls for every aid, and for every effort. Genl. Howe, by various Manoeuvres and marching high up the Schuylkill, as if he meant to turn our Right Flank, found means by countermarching to pass the River, several Miles below us last night, which is fordable almost in every part, and is now fast advancing towards Philadelphia. I therefore desire, that without a moments loss of time you will detach as many effective rank and file, under proper Generals and other Officers, as will make the whole number, including those with Genl. McDougall, amount to Twenty five Hundred privates and Non Commissioned fit for duty. The Corps under Genl. McDougall, to my great surprise, by a Letter from him some days ago, consisted only of Nine Hundred and Eleven. You will direct the officers commanding the Detachment now ordered, to proceed as expeditiously as they can to reinforce me. The Route thro' Morris Town and over Coryell's Ferry will be the best for them to pursue. Before they arrive at the Ferry, they will hear where I am, but that they may know their destination, when they are in two days march of it, they are to advise me by express, and I will write on the Subject. I must urge you, by every motive, to send on this Detachment without the least possible delay. No considerations are to prevent it. It is our first object to defeat, if possible, the Army now opposed to us here. That the passes in the Highlands may be perfectly secure, you will immediately call in all your Forces now on command at outposts. You must not think of covering a whole Country by dividing them; and when they are ordered in and drawn together, they will be fully competent to repel any attempt that can be made by the Enemy from below in their present situation. Besides, if you are threatned with an attack, you must get what aid you can from the Militia. The detachment will bring their baggage, but I wish them to come with no more than will be absolutely necessary. That you may not hesitate about complying with this order, you are to consider it as peremptory and not to be dispensed with.61 Colo. Malcom's Regiment will form a part of the Detachment. I am etc.
[Note 61: The peremptoriness of this order may have been due to Putnam's plan to attack simultaneously Staten Island, Powles Hook, York Island, and Long Island "for by information from one quarter and another I have gained knowledge of their Strength, very nearly, at their different posts, and that an enterprize of that kind might be undertaken with good prospects of Success." (See Putnam's letter to Washington. Sept. 13, 1777, in the Washington Papers.)]
P.S. The Troops now ordered need not bring any Artillery.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp near Pottsgrove, September 23, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby directed to proceed immediately to Bethlehem with the heavy Baggage of the Army; upon your arrival there you are to take a convenient Building and unload and store the Baggage, in order that the Waggons may return under the conduct of the Waggon Master General or one of his deputies. You are to remain yourself, with a Guard of 200 Men, consisting of such as may be at the time most fatigued and unfit for duty. The remainder to be sent to Camp under charge of their officers with positive directions not to suffer them to straggle upon the march. Make me a return of the number that you send back, that I may make the Officer accountable for them. In storing the Baggage, let care be taken not to mix that of the different Brigades together. I am &ca.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 64: Wagonmaster General of the Continental Army.]
Camp near Potts grove, September 23, 1777.
Sir: I have directed Colo. Pollock to proceed to Bethlehem with the heavy Baggage of the Army, there to have it stored that the Waggons may return. You will therefore either proceed Yourself to see this business executed or send one of your deputies on whom you can depend. But as your presence in the Army is essentially necessary to regulate your Department, I think you had better send one of your deputies. I am &ca.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 66: Commodore of the Pennsylvania State Navy.]
Camp at Potts Grove, September 23, 1777.
Sir: The Enemy have crossed the Schuylkill before the Army and are now on their March for the City of Philadelphia. I think it of the greatest Importance that the Fort upon the Island should be Garrison'd, If we can stop the Enemy's Fleet from coming up and prevent them from getting possession of the Mud fort, and they take possession of the City and our Army moves down upon the back of it, it will be the most effectual method of ruining General Howe's Army, that ever Fortune favoured us with. I could wish you to take out of the Ships and the Row Gallies, two or three hundred Men and Garrison the Fort with them until I can relieve them with some Continental Troops which I design as soon as possible. You will lay the Gallies round the Fort in such a manner, as will prevent the Enemy from landing Men upon the Island. If you think it necessary, for the security of the Fort, to lay the Island under Water, let it be done immediately. I hope you'll exert Yourself and all the Officers under your Command, as far as possible, to secure the Fort, and prevent the Enemy's Fleet from coming up. Let us join our Force and operations both by land and Water in such a manner, as will most effectually Work the Ruin of the Common Enemy, without confining ourselves to any particular Department. There is one thing further I would recommend, which is, that you should have all the Boats immediately collected from the City, and above and below it on both sides the River and taken under the care of your Fleet. This will prevent the Enemy from the means of making an attempt on the Fort, and also all intercourse with Jersey for obtaining Supplies of Provision. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald. It is indorsed by Washington: "Copy of Verbal Instructions sent Commodore Hazzlewd. by Captn. Treat."]
Camp, September 23, 1777.
Sir: It is of the utmost importance to prevent the Enemy's land Forces and Fleet from forming a junction, which it is almost morally certain they will attempt, by seizing on Fort Island below Philadelphia, if it is possible, and thereby gain the Navigation of the Delaware by weighing and removing the Chevaux Defrize, which have been sunk for that purpose. This post (Fort Island), if maintained, will be of the last consequence, and will effectually hinder them from union. I therefore appoint you to the command of it, and desire that you will repair thither immediately. The defence is extremely interesting to the United States, and I am hopeful will be attended with much honour to yourself and advantages to them. There are Troops there now, and a Detachment to reinforce them will immediately march from this Army. I have nothing further to add, than my wishes for your success and to assure you, that I am etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp near Potts Grove, September 23, 1777.
Sir: I have not had the honor of addressing you since your adjournment to Lancaster69 and I sincerely wish that my first letter was upon a more agreeable subject. The Enemy, by a variety of perplexing Manoeuvres thro' a Country from which I could not derive the least intelligence, being to a man disaffected, contrived to pass the Schuylkill last Night at the Fatland and other Fords in the Neighbourhood of it. They marched immediately towards Philadelphia and I imagine their advanced parties will be near that City to Night. They had so far got the Start before I recd. certain intelligence that any considerable Number had crossed, that I found it in vain to think of
[Note 69: After Congress adjourned on September 18 "the president received a letter from Colonel Hamilton, one of General Washington's aids, which intimated the necessity of Congress removing immediately from Philadelphia; Whereupon, the members left the city, and, agreeable to the resolve of the 14 repaired to Lancaster." On September 27 Congress convened at Lancaster and that same day "Adjourned to Yorktown, there to meet on Tuesday next, at 10 o'Clock." (See Journals the Continental Congress.) At York, beyond the Susquehanna, they met on the 30th, and continued their sessions there till the British evacuated Philadelphia, June 18, 1778.] overtaking their Rear with Troops harrassed as ours had been with constant marching since the Battle of Brandywine, and therefore concluded, by the advice of all the General Officers to march from this place to morrow Morning towards Philadelphia, and on the way endeavour to form a junction with the Continental Troops under Genl. McDougall from Peekskill, and the Jersey Militia under General Dickinson, both of whom are I hope on this Side the Delaware.70 I am also obliged to wait for Genl. Wayne and Genl. Smallwood who were left on the other Side of Schuylkill in hopes of falling upon the Enemy's Rear, but they have eluded them as well as us.
[Note 70: See the proceedings of the Council of War, Sept. 23, 1777, and Washington's letter to Lord Stirling, Sept. 25, 1777, post. The Continental Army did not move from Potts Grove until the 26th.]
When I last recrossed the Schuylkill, it was with a firm intent of giving the Enemy Battle, wherever I should meet them and accordingly advanced as far as the Warren Tavern upon the Lancaster Road, near which place the two Armies were upon the point of coming to a general Engagement but were prevented by a most violent Flood of Rain, which continued all the day and the following Night. When it held up, we had the Mortification to find that our Ammunition, which had been compleated to Forty Rounds a Man, was intirely ruined, and in that Situation we had nothing left for it, but to find out a Strong piece of Ground which we could easily maintain till we could get the Arms put into order and a Recruit of Ammunition. Before this could be fully effected, the Enemy marched from their position near the White Horse Tavern down the Road leading to the Swedes Ford. I immediately crossed the Schuylkill above them and threw myself full in their Front, hoping to meet them in their passage or soon after they had passed the River. The day before Yesterday they were again in Motion and marched rapidly up the Road leading towards Reading. This induced me to beleive that they had two objects in view, one to get round the right of the Army; the other, perhaps to detach parties to Reading, where we had considerable Quantities of military Stores. To frustrate those intentions, I moved the Army up on this side the River to this place, determined to keep pace with them; but early this morning, I received intelligence that they had crossed at the Fords below.71 Why I did not follow immediately I have mentioned in the former part of my letter. But the strongest Reason against being able to make a forced March is the want of Shoes. Messrs. Carroll, Chase and Penn, who were some days with the Army, can inform Congress, in how deplorable a Situation the Troops are for want of that necessary Article, at least one thousand Men are bare looted and have performed the late Marches in that condition. I was told of a great number of Shoes in the hands of private people in Philadelphia and sent down to secure them, but I doubt the approach of the Enemy will prevent it. I have planned a method, of throwing a Garrison into Fort Mifflin; if it suceeds, and they with the Assistance of the Ships and Gallies, should keep the obstructions in the River, Genl Howe's Situation in Philadelphia will not be the most agreeable; for if his supplies can be stopped by Water, it may be easily done by land. To do both, shall be my utmost endeavour, and I am not yet without hope, that the acquisition of Philadelphia may, instead of his good fortune, prove his Ruin.
[Note 71: At this point the draft, which is in Tilghman's writing, has "This shew of moving up the day before being only a feint."]
Genl St. Clair who has been constantly with the Army for some time past, can give you many pieces of information which may have escaped me, and therefore I refer you to him for many particulars.
[If there are any Shoes and Blankets to be had in Lancaster or that part of the Country I earnestly entreat] you to have them taken up for the use of the Army. I have been informed, that there are large parcels of Shoes, in particular there. Finding that the inclosed came from Colo Gibson, I took the liberty of opening it, as I wanted much to know what Route he was taking. I have ordered all the Virginia Militia who are tolerably armed, to come forward and join the Army; those who have no Arms are to wait at Frederick Town in Maryland, till they hear whether any can be provided for them at Lancaster. You will therefore be pleased to make enquiry what number can be procured there, and send an Express to Frederick with orders for as many men to come forward, as there are Arms. I have the honor etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets, in Washington's writing, were in Tilghman's draft, but unintentionally omitted by him in copying the letter for Washington's signature.]
Camp near Potts Grove, September 23, 1777.
His Excellency informed the General Officers, that the Reason of his calling them together was to acquaint them that the Enemy had, the preceeding night, crossed the Schuylkill by several Fords about twelve Miles below and by the best accounts were proceeding towards Philadelphia. He also informed them, that the Troops under Generals Smallwood and Wayne had not yet rejoined the Army and that a Brigade of Continental Troops under the Command of General McDougall might be expected in a few days from Peekskill and about one thousand Militia from Jersey under General Dickinson in the same time. He therefore desired the opinion of the Council, whether it would be most advisable to advance upon the Enemy with our present force, or wait till the Reinforcements and detachments above mentioned should come in?
Previous to taking the Voices upon the foregoing Question, His Excellency begged leave to inform the Council, of the present state of the Army and the Reasons which has induced him to make the late Movements, which (tho' well known to most of them), were not so fully to Major Genl. Armstrong and Brig: Genl. Potter who had been detached from the Main Body of the Army. This being agreed to, His Excellency proceeded to inform the Council: That when the Army left Germantown upon the 15th. instant it was a determination to meet the Enemy and give them Battle whenever a convenient opportunity should be found; that they advanced the same day to the Sign of the Buck and the day following to the Warren Tavern upon the Lancaster Road. On the 17th. in the morning intelligence was brought that the Enemy were advancing, upon which the Army were paraded and a disposition made to receive them, the Pickets had exchanged a few shott when a violent Storm of Rain, which continued all the day and the following Night, prevented all further operations. Upon an examination of the Arms and Ammunition on the 18th: it was found that the former were much impaired and all the latter, that was in Cartouch Boxes, was intirely ruined, wherefore it was judged expedient to with draw the Army to some place of security, until the Arms could be repaired and the Ammunition recruited. Before this could be fully effected, advice was received that the Enemy had quitted their former position near the White Horse Tavern and were marching down the Road leading to the Swedes Ford; but the Army not being in a condition to attack them, owing to the want of Ammunition, it was judged most prudent to cross the River at Parker's Ford and take post in the Rear of the Fatland Ford opposite to the Enemy. In this position the Armies continued for two days when on the 20th: instant that of the Enemy appeared to be in motion, and from our own observation and the accounts of our reconnoitering parties, were marching rapidly up the Reading Road; this induced us to move up likewise, to hinder them from crossing above us and by getting betwen us and Reading, take an opportunity of destroying a large collection of military Stores deposited there. On the Night of the 20th. the Army decamped and marched up to the Trap and on the 21st. to within four Miles of Potts Grove, the Enemy's Van then being at French Creek upon the West side of Schuylkill. In the Night of the 22d. advice was received that the Enemy had crossed Schuylkill at Gordon's Ford below us, but the account was again contradicted; but in the Morning of the 23d., certain accounts came to hand that they really had crossed in large Numbers and were moving towards Philadelphia. His Excellency further informed the Council that the Troops were in no condition to make a forced March, as many of them were barefooted and all excessively harrassed with their great Fatigue. The Question being then put, the Council were unanimously of opinion. That, from the present state of the Army it would not be adviseable to advance upon the Enemy, but remain upon this ground or in the Neighbourhood, till the detachments and expected Reinforcements come up.74
[Note 74: The proceedings are in the writing of Tench Tilghman. In addition to Major Generals Sullivan, Greene, Stirling, Stephen, and Armstrong and Brigadier Generals Knox, Weedon, Nash, Scott, Conway, and Potter; Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair and John Cadwalader were present. The proceedings are not signed. The council unanimously decided that until McDougall, Dickinson, Wayne, and Smallwood joined the army, with their troops, it would not be prudent to move nearer the enemy. In the Force Transcripts ( Continental Army Returns, 31, 97), in the Library of Congress, is another record of this council which varies considerably in text, but not in sense, from the above. The original of this is, presumably. in the Adjutant General's Office. War Department.]
Camp near Potts Grove, September 24, 1777.
Sir: This Army has not been able to oppose Genl. Howe's with the success that was wished and needs a Reinforcement. I therefore request, if you have been so fortunate, as to oblige Genl. Burgoyne to retreat to Ticonderoga, or if you have not, and circumstances will admit, that you will order Colo. Morgan to join me again with his Corps. I sent him up, when I thought you materially wanted him, and if his services can be dispensed with now, you will direct his immediate return. You will perceive, I do not mention this by way of command, but leave you to determine upon it according to your situation. If they come, they should proceed by Water from Albany, as low down as Peeks Kill, In such case you will give Colo. Morgan, the necessary orders to join me with dispatch.77 I am etc.78
[Note 77: To this letter General Gates replied (October 5): "Since the Action of the 19th Instant, [ultimo] the Enemy have kept the Ground they Occupied the Morning of that Day; and fortified their Camp. The Advanced Centrys of my picquets, are posted within Shot, And Opposite the Enemy's; neither side have given Ground an Inch. In this Situation, Your Excellency would not wish me to part with the Corps the Army of General Burgoyne are most Afraid of." (Burgoyne surrendered on October 17).]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the letter sent is in that of Caleb Gibbs and is in the archives of the New York Historical Society. It varies in minor verbal particulars from the draft.]
Head Quarters, Pottsgrove, September 25, 1777.
Parole Bunkerhill. Countersigns Bennington, Brandywine.
A General Court Martial is to sit immediately at the house where Genl. Conway quarters, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. Col James Wood is appointed president of this court.
One careful Subaltern from each regt. is to be sent off immediately to Bethlaem with Col. Biddle, to inspect the baggage of the army, to see if it suffers by dampness, and if it does, to have it properly dried and put up again, and then to see that it be well secured, and guarded against plunderers. These officers are to assemble at 3 o'clock in the afternoon this day, at the Q M Genls. quarters, the next house beyond Head Quarters.
Henceforward, all Brigade returns are to be made directly, to the Adjt. Genl. Ordinary weekly returns of each brigade are to be made every Monday at orderly time.
Head Quarters, Pottsgrove, September 26, 1777.
Parole Princeton. Countersigns Trenton, Bristol.
The troops are to be ready to march at nine O'clock this morning, with all baggage packed and men paraded. To march off by the left, in the order given the day before yesterday all the tent waggons to go next in the rear of the troops, in the order in which the troops march, and then the rest of the waggons. The leading division (Greene's) to beat a march and march, to be followed by the other troops in their order.
The Commander in Chief approves of the following sentences of a General Court Martial held the 25th. instant, whereof Col. James Wood was president.
John Farndon of Col. Hartley's regt. charged with "Desertion to the enemy, and inlisting with them." The Court are of opinion the prisoner is not guilty of inlisting with the enemy. The Court (upwards of two thirds agreeing) do sentence the prisoner, for the charge of desertion, to suffer death.
James Dilworth, of Col. Moylan's light dragoons, charged with "Desertion, and attempting to go to the enemy." Acquitted; and he is to be sent forthwith to join his regiment.
The General being informed, that many regiments have but one orderly book, he in some measure ceases to wonder, that orders are so little known, and so frequently disobeyed. Until each company can be furnished with an orderly book, the officers commanding regiments are to see that their officers and men are clearly informed of every order which concerns them respectively, by reading or causing the same to be distinctly read to them. Should there be in future, a well grounded plea of ignorance of orders, the commanding officers of regts. will consider themselves as answerable therefor.
The base and wicked practice of plundering the inhabitants, being still continued, (notwithstanding all former orders) and in some cases, in the most atrocious manner; The Commander in Chief requires, that the General Orders of the 4th. instant, relative thereto, be solemnly read without delay, by the commanding officer of each regiment to his men. The punishment announced in those orders, will certainly be inflicted on the offenders.
Daniel Applegate of the 1st New Jersey regt. charged with "Desertion and attempting to go to the enemy." Acquitted and he is forthwith to join his regiment.
Camp near Potts Grove, September 26, 1777.
Sir: I last night received a Letter from Major General Dickinson informing me that 900 Militia had crossed the Delaware under your command and that they were to march yesterday to Bristol. Considering the position of the Enemy, I am sorry you have fallen down so low, because it will be impossible for you to form a junction with us safely, without countermarching. As the Enemy have possession of Chesnut Hill, it will be necessary for you to march up as high as Bogart's Tavern, from whence you are to turn Westward and proceed, as far as the Baptist meeting House near Bartholemews Tavern. You will then be in the Neighbourhood of this Army, as we shall move that way to day, and if upon your arrival there, you will inform me of it, I will send a guide to conduct you to whatever place we may be. I do not exactly know where the Militia under Colo. Potter are, they were in Philadelphia, and I imagine are taking a circuit to join us. Be pleased to delay no more time upon your March than is absolutely necessary to refresh the Men, as I am very anxious to draw our whole force together.
Genl. Dickinson informs me, that the particular circumstances of the State of Jersey oblige him to remain there; you will therefore be kind enough to communicate to him as much of the preceding as is necessary. I am etc.
P.S. If you find, before the receipt of this, that the Enemy have left Chesnut Hill and have gone into Philadelphia, you need not take so great a Circuit; you may in that case proceed up the Road that leads to the Cross Roads near the S.W. Branch of Neshaminy, from whence you may join us.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp near Potts Grove, September 26, 1777.
Sir: You are hereby authorized to impress all the Blankets, Shoes, Stockings [and other Articles of Cloathing] for the use of the Army, that can be spared by the Inhabitants in the Counties of Bucks, Philadelphia and Northampton, paying for the same at reasonable Rates, [or give Certificates].81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets were added by Washington. This same impress warrant was given (September 26) to William Henry at Lancaster, Pa.]
September 26, 1777.
Sir: I was this Morning favored with your Letter of the 24th. When I wrote Congress, I was informed, that there were several Arms in Lancaster belonging to the Public. These, with their Accoutrements, I wished to be collected and put into the Hands of the Militia coming from Virginia. But I did not mean that any, the property of Individuals, should be taken; because I did not conceive myself authorised, nor do I at this time, to order such a Measure. I don't know how the Inhabitants would relish such an exercise of Power. I rather think it would give great uneasiness. The Army is much distressed for Blankets and Shoes, and I wish the most vigorous exertions could be pursued to make a Collection the speediest possible where you are and in the Neighbourhood. I am satisfied, if proper Steps were taken, many might be procured. I have been and am doing all I can to make a Collection, but what will be obtained will be totally inadequate to the demand.82
[Note 82: "Since I wrote you a few minutes ago, His Excellency has received a letter from Mr, Gerry at Lancaster, in which he says that 300 pairs of Shoes had been sent off from thence to you; but as you have already obtained 200 pair from Reading', the General desires that when those arrive from Lancaster, they may be sent to the Clothier Genl: to be distributed among the Troops."-- Tench Tilghman to Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, Sept. 27, 1777. Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
We are now in Motion and advancing to form a junction with Genl McDougall. I expect to be joined in a day or two by Genl. Foreman with fourteen or Fifteen hundred Jersey Militia. The Main body of the Enemy are also advancing towards Philadelphia, and were below Germantown from my last advices; which also mentioned, that a Thousand Infantry, with about 100 Dragoons, had filed off towards Chesnut Hill. I fear they are pushing for Bristol, after our Stores, which I am apprehensive are not entirely removed tho' l gave orders for it, the Moment I heard they were there. I am &c.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., Pennybeckers Mill, September 27, 1777.
Sir: I received your favour of the 26th. Instt. and am sorry to find you cannot bring on so respectable a force as we both cou'd wish, and you had reason to expect; however, must request that you collect your scattered parties as soon as possible, leaving only such as may be necessary to guard the Stores at Trenton, until they are removed. This I have reason to believe will shortly be accomplished, and then you may give directions to the commanding Officer to join you by some safe Route. I would have you to come on by the way of North Wales and fall into the Skippack Road, taking every precaution to avoid the Enemy's left Flank. After leading your Corps into the safe and proper Road, I should be glad you would come on yourself to me. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Qurs., Pennybeckers Mill, September 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I this morning received your favour of the 12th. From the present face of things, I am inclined to think General Howe's object is so fixed, that Virginia will have but little cause to apprehend any Invasion this Campaign, and I suppose it highly probable, that the Fleet or the greatest part of it, which went into Chesapeak Bay will come round to Delaware. If my conjectures on these heads are right, the keeping all the Militia, that were first Assembled, would incur a heavy expence without any necessity for it. Upon the whole, the dismission of those you mention by the Governor and Council, appears to me to have been well judged, and I am of opinion all now in service need not be continued. I am exceedingly obliged by your readiness to afford me any assistance in your power. Were the Season not fast approaching when the Weather will be cold, I should perhaps request it. But as that is the case, and the Militia cannot be provided with the necessary Clothing and covering, I must decline it. To this consideration, I would add, that the difficulty of Crossing the Bay with safety, and the immense distance to march round it by Land with my expectation that some thing of importance will take place before their Aid could possibly arrive, are also against the measure.
The action which happened on the 11th. near Chadsford, on the Brandywine, you will have heard of. I have not time to give you the particulars. A contrariety of Intelligence, in a critical and important point, contributed greatly, if it did not entirely bring on the Misfortunes of that day. The action however was warm, and I am convinced, the Enemy's loss was considerable and much superior to ours. After this affair and refreshing our Troops a few days, I determined to try a second Action. For this purpose, I advanced with the Army, as soon as it was in a situation and was pushing to gain the Grounds on their left. I believe we should have effected it, and if not a General attack would have been made on their Front, had not my views unfortunately been totally frustrated by a most severe rain which came on, the day preceding that of the intended Action. This obliged us to change our Route and, continuing with great violence till late in the night, rendered our Arms unfit for use and destroyed almost all the Ammunition in the men's pouches, who were out and exposed during the whole time. Genl. Howe in two days after fell down towards Schuylkill near the Valley forge. We did the same, and passed with the main body of the Army above, and marching down, took post in his Front, while a part of our Force was left to hang on his Rear. In this situation matters remained a day or two, when the Enemy extended themselves up the River, as if they meant to turn our Right and countermarching in the night, crossed some Miles below us; The River being fordable in almost every part. They have advanced towards the City, and were from the last advices at and about Germantown. It is probable some of their parties have entered the City, and their whole Army may, if they incline to do it, without our being able to prevent them. Here I must remark, that our distress for want of Shoes, is almost beyond conception, and that from this circumstance our operations and pursuit have been impracticable. I am taking every measure to obtain a supply, and I hope to be able to move in a short time, especially when we are joined by some Reinforcements that are coming on, and that under the favour of Heaven, our affairs will assume a more agreeable aspect than they now have.
Thus have I given you, for your own information, a Summary account of things here, and have only to add, that from some advices received this Evening, our Arms at the Northward have been attended with more success. The Intelligence seems to be thro' a pretty direct Channel, but yet it is not so authentic, as I could wish. According to the information, Genl. Burgoyne's Army, in an attack on the 19th. on the left wing of ours, was repulsed five times. I shall be happy if it is true, and impatiently wait for a Confirmation. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
September 27, 1777.
Sir: The late movements of the Enemy and their determined purpose to execute their plans, if possible, require that every exertion should be employed on our part to baffle and defeat their designs. I therefore desire, that you will march, as soon as you can, with about one Thousand of the Virginia Militia, effective (Rank and file) with their respective Officers, out of those assembled at or coming to Lancaster, and join the Army under my Command. This Number I wish to be composed of those, that are best Armed and equipped for the Season. The remainder that are Armed are to wait at Lancaster for further orders. Those that are not, if there are any such, may return to their Homes as their continuing there or joining the Army in such a situation, will not be attended with any advantages to the States. I have mentioned this, from an apprehension, that there may be some in that predicament, as has been unhappily the case with many from Maryland and this State, who were willing to offer their Service. I cannot prescribe the particular Route by which you are to march, as that will depend upon circumstances and the situation of the Enemy. At present, it seems, that it should be thro' Reading. But the face of affairs now may change. I would therefore observe, that you will endeavour, as you advance, to obtain information of the Enemy's and our situation and regulate yourself accordingly. A junction with me, as early as possible, will be highly necessary, and, I trust, your exertions will be directed to accomplish it. I shall be to night in the Neighbourhood of Pottsgrove with the Army, about nine miles above this. I am &ca.
P.S. The Express has a Letter for Colo. Gibson. If he is in your Rear or on another Route, you will direct him to proceed immediately to him.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp at Pennybecker's Mill, September 27, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 25th. I yesterday wrote you, that I did not think myself Authorised to seize upon any Arms the property of private Persons; but if they can be collected and the owners satisfied for them, it would be of very essential service, as great numbers of Militia would join the Army, could they be furnished with Arms. I am glad you have began the collection of Blankets and Shoes; this business cannot be carried to too great an extent, and I think, if the Measure is properly pursued, great Quantities of Blankets, Rugs and Coverlids, may be collected in the back Counties. The approach of the Enemy to Philadelphia, hindered the Officers I sent upon that Business from doing much; the disaffected hid their goods the moment the thing took wind and our friends had, before, parted with all they could spare. As soon as Gibson's Regiment or any of the Virginia Militia arrive at Lancaster, be pleased to send them forward without delay. I am &ca.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, at Pennybecker's Mills,
September 27, 1777.
Parole New-Castle. Countersigns Salem, Wilmington.
The General Court Martial of which Col. Wood is president, is to sit immediately, at the house' next above Head Quarters.
As the troops will rest to day, divine service is to be performed in all the corps which have chaplains.
One orderly Serjt. from each brigade is to attend forthwith at Head Quarters; And the Brigade Major will see this done invariably, every day, when orders have not been previously given for marching. An orderly Serjeant from each brigade is likewise invariably to attend General Courts martial.
Such regiments as have not already made up spare ammunition, so as to complete at least 40 rounds a man, are to do it this day without fail. The commanding officers of regiments are to see this done. And all this spare ammunition is to be marked and put into an ammunition waggon for, and to follow, each division. The men are to carry only their cartridge-boxes, and tin Cannisters full.
Head Quarters, at Pennybecker's Mills,
September 28, 1777.
Parole Stillwater. Countersigns Albany, Kingston.
The Commander in Chief has the happiness again, to congratulate the army, on the success of the American Arms, at the northward. On the 19th. instant an engagement took place between Genl. Burgoyne's army and the left wing of ours under Genl. Gates. The battle began at one o'clock and lasted 'till night, our troops fighting with the greatest bravery and not giving an inch of ground. Our loss is about 80 killed, and 200 wounded and missing; the enemy's is judged to exceed a 1000 in killed, wounded and taken prisoners. Both prisoners and deserters declare, that, Genl. Burgoyne, who commanded in person, was wounded in the left shoulder; that the 62nd. regiment was cut to pieces, and that the enemy suffered extremely in every quarter where they were engaged. Such was the ardour of our troops that wounded men, after being dressed, renewed the action. The Commander in Chief has further occasion to congratulate the troops on the success of a detachment from the northern army under Col. Browne, who attacked and carried several of the enemy's posts, and have got possession of the old french lines at Ticonderoga. Colonel Browne in these several attacks has taken 293 of the enemy prisoners with their arms; retaken more than 100 of our men, and taken 150 batteaus below the falls in Lake Champlain, and 50 above the falls, including 17 Gun boats, and 1 armed sloop, besides cannon, ammunition &c., &c.
To celebrate this success, the General orders that at four o'clock this afternoon all the troops be paraded and served with a gill of rum a man, and that at the same time there be a discharge of Thirteen pieces of artillery at the park.
All spare ammunition in those divisions that have not close spare waggons to secure it, is to be returned to the park of artillery.
Pennebeckers Mill, September 28, 1771.
Sir: The present situation of our Affairs makes it necessary, we should exert every nerve to collect, without loss of time, all the force we can get together, to endeavour to compensate for the loss we have sustained, and prevent the enemy's reaping the advantage they expect from their late success. I must therefore beg the favor of you, to send forward and hurry on the militia that are coming from the Southward. I would wish them to take the shortest route to the Schuylkill, so as to cross it above the mouth of Trench Creek and thence proceed to join this Army, with all possible expedition. As the militia will march in seperate detachments, I am at a loss to call upon any particular officer to hasten their progress, which induces me to request your attention to the matter. you are sensible of the exigency of the times, and how essential it is, that the reinforcements for this army, should join it as speedily as the nature of things will permit; and I doubt not you will contribute every exertion, in your power, to promoting this desirable and important end. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters at Pennibeckers Mill, September 28, 1777.
His Excellency informed the Board, that the Main body of the Enemy, by the last accounts he had obtained, lay near German Town, and that part had marched into the City of Philadelphia; Whether to remain there or not he could not learn. That their whole force, from the best accounts he could get and from a comparative view and estimate, amount to about 8,000 Men.
That a detachment of Continental Troops from Peekskill, under the Command of Brigr. Genl. McDougall, consisting of about 900 Men, had joined the Army; That Genl. Smallwood with the Militia of Maryland, amounting to about 1100, had also arrived; and that Brigadier Forman, with about 600 Jersey Militia, would be near the Army to day on the Skippack Road. That of Continental Troops at this time in Camp, exclusive of the Detachment under Genl. McDougall and that under Genl. Wayne at the Trap, there were returned present fit for duty 5,472, to which is to be added the light Corps lately under Genl. Maxwell, supposed to amount to 450 Men, and the Militia of the State of Pensylvania under the Command of Major Genl. Armstrong. That upon the whole, the Army would consist of about 8000 Continental Troops rank and file, and 3000 Militia.
His Excellency further informed the Board, that a Body of Militia was coming from Virginia and that part had arrived at Lancaster. That he understood from Report, that the number of them amounted to near 2000 Men; but, that from good authority, he was advised they were badly armed and many of them without any at all.
His Excellency also informed the Board, that on the 24th. Inst. he dispatched an Express to Genl. Putnam, with a Letter dated the day before, ordering a Detachment to be sent immediately from Peeks Kill to reinforce the Army under his Command; which Detachment, in addition to the Corps then on the March under Genl. McDougall, should make the Whole Force directed from that Post, amount to 2500 Effective Rank and file.
Under these circumstances he had called a Council of War to consult and resolve on the most advisable measures to be pursued; but more especially to learn from them, whether with this Force it was prudent to make a general and vigorous attack upon the Enemy, or to wait further reinforcements, upon which he prayed their Opinions.
The Board having taken into consideration the Whole circumstances and the Question propounded, are of opinion, that an immediate Attack should not be made; But they advise that the Army should move to some Grounds proper for an Encampment within about 12 Miles of the Enemy, and there wait for a further reinforcement, or be in readiness to take advantage of any favourable Opportunity that may offer for making an Attack.89
[Note 89: The proceedings are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. John Cadwalader and Joseph Reed took part in the council but did not sign the proceedings.]
The subscribers being of opinion our force was sufficient to attack with; but being overuled concur with the above.
Camp at Pennybeckers Mill, September 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote you on the 23d. Instr., lest the Letter should have miscarried by any means, I now inclose you a Copy. I must request your earliest attention to the Contents, and that you will not delay a moment in sending the Troops which are ordered. Their Aid becomes more and more necessary, and I wish you, to urge the Officer, who shall have the command, to join me as soon as possible without injuring and harrassing the men too much. The Route you'll find marked out by the Copy, which they will pursue, with such other directions as are therein given. I have only to add, that your exertions in forwarding them on and theirs to afford me the earliest succour possible, will not only be pleasing, but extremely interesting. I fully expect that neither will be wanting. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Perkiomy in Philadelphia Cty, September 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 11th. Instant came to my hands Yesterday. It was always my intention, if agreeable to your Mother, to give you the offer of renting her Dower Estate in King William, during my interest therein, so soon as you came of Age to Act for yourself. On two Accounts I resolved to do this; first, because I was desirous of contracting my own business into as narrow a compass as possible; and secondly, because I thought an Estate, so capable of improvement as that is (in the hands of a person who had a permanent Interest in it and the means withall) ought not to be neglected, 'till such time as an unfortunate event and perhaps a distant one might put you in possession.
The little attention I have been able to pay to any part of my own private business, for three Years last past, is the cause, why this, among other matters, has escaped me; but since you have mentioned it yourself, I have only to add that it will be quite agreeable to me that you should have the Land and every thing thereon, except breeding Mares, if any there be, and Fillies.
To regulate the Rent by the Rule you have mentioned, I could not consent to, because, if the Plantation had been under good management, it would have fixed it higher than you ought to give; if under bad management, which I believe to be the case, it would fix it too low, and might settle it at nothing. The only true Criterion, is to determine what so much Land, with so much Marsh, in such a part of the Country would Rent for; and next, the Annual Value of so many Slaves, estimating them at their present Worth, at the same time, having respect to the advantages and disadvantages of the Old and the Young, as the one is declining and the other improving.
As you are desirous of having the matter fixed, as speedily as possible; as the distance between us is too great, The Season far advanced, and Letters too apt to Miscarry to negotiate a business of this kind, in that way, and as I wish for no more, than impartial Gentlemen, unconnected with both of us, shall say I ought to have, I am content to leave the valuation of the whole to General Nelson, Colonel Braxton, and George Webb Esquire. I mention these Gentlemen, because they are persons of Character, and because no time may be lost in the Appointment.
Whatever Rent they shall fix upon the Land, and whatever hire for the Negroes, I contentedly will take: The Stock of every kind (except Mares and Fillies) Plantation Utensils, and Working Tools may also be valued; at which you may take them: By this means, the whole business may be finished at once. That these Gentlemen (if you approve the method of ascertaining the Rent) may know it is with my approbation the request is made to them, you will shew them this Letter, and at the same time apologize, in my Name, for the trouble it will give them, if they are obliging enough to undertake it.
My extreme hurry, especially at this juncture, only allows me time to add my Love to Nelly, and to assure you that I am, with sincere Regard and Affection.
P.S. In the present fluctuating State of things, there is one thing which justice to myself and your Mother, requires me to condition for, and that is, that the Rent stipulated shall have some relative value, to secure an equivalent for the Land and Slaves: Otherwise, as the Lease will be an absolute conveyance of the Estate from your Mother and me; we may, at the end of a few Years, if paper Money continues to depreciate, get nothing for it. I do not mean by this to insinuate that I am unwilling to receive paper Money: On the contrary, I shall with chearfulness receive payment in any thing that has a Currency at the time of payment, but of equal value then to the intrinsic worth at the time of fixing the Rent. In a Word, that I may really and not Nominally get what was intended as a Rent.91
[Note 91: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Camp Pennybecker's Mill, September 29, 1777.
Sir: I received yours of Yesterday from the Buck Tavern, desiring my orders for your Route. I wrote to you Yesterday by Cornet Russworm,92 directing you to march to North Wales Meeting and from thence to Wentz's93 upon the Skippack Road; but lest that should have missed you, I now confirm
[Note 92: William Rushworm, cornet, North Carolina Dragoons.]
[Note 93: Peter Wentz's, in Worcester township. Washington occupied his house for headquarters the middle of October.] the order and desire you may follow it. When you arrive at Wentz's, you will probably be in the Neighbourhood of this Army as we shall move that way to morrow should the day be fair. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 95: Of the Invalid Regiment.]
Camp Pennybeckers Mill, September 29, 1777.
Sir: Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 25th. instant from Fort Mifflin. Before this reaches you, Lt. Colo. Smith96 will have thrown himself into the Fort with two hundred Continental Troops, which are all that I could possibly spare. I very much approve of your calling upon Govr. Livingston for a Reinforcement of Jersey Militia, and I think you had better call in the few Men that are at Billingsport and if there are any Stores there, remove them to Fort Mifflin.
[Note 96: Lieut. Col. Samuel Smith, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was wounded at Fort Mifflin on October 23 and received a vote of thanks and a sword from Congress on November 4 for his gallant defense of that fort; resigned in May, 1779.]
By this opportunity I transmit Commodore Hazlewood and Captn. Alexander.97 Letters from Congress, desiring them to give every assistance towards the defence of the Fort and obstructions in the River; and I inclose you Copy of the General Orders of this day, by which you will see how successful our Arms have been to the Northward. I hope we shall not in the end fall short of them.
[Note 97: Capt. Charles Alexander, of the Continental Navy.]
Captn. Treat98 mentions that there is no quantity of Musket Cartridges in the Garrison, you should therefore immediately procure loose powder from the Ships, if you have none in the Magazine, and set the Men to making up. I put great
[Note 98: Capt.-Lieut. Samuel Treat, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was killed at Fort Mifflin Nov. 15, 1777.] dependance upon you and all your Officers exerting yourselves in the defence of a post of so much consequence. You must be sensible that Genl. Howe can neither support his Army in Philadelphia, if he is cut off from a communication with his Ships, neither can he make good a retreat should any accident befall him. I am etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp Pennybacker's Mill, September 29, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 26th inclosing letters for Commodore Hazlewood and Capt. Alexander, which I have forwarded to them. Lt Colo Smith must have arrived at Fort Mifflin two days ago, As I heard from him at Ancocus Creek1 in the Jerseys. Colo. Nichola was in the Fort with about 60 of his Regiment of Invalids and two Companies of Artillery, of thirty each, and I advised him to withdraw what force was at Billingsport and to remove the few stores from thence to Fort Mifflin. He intended to call on Govt. Livingston for a reinforcement of Jersey Militia. Genl. Smallwood joined me yesterday with the Maryland Militia, but much reduced by desertion. I question whether they will exceed one thousand rank and file. Genl. Foreman will fall in with the Army to day with between Eight and nine hundred Militia and Continental troops from Jersey. There are but few of the latter, being only small detachments picked up on his march. I shall move the Army four or five miles lower down to day, from whence we may reconnoitre and fix upon a proper Situation, at such distance from the Enemy, as will enable us to make an attack, should we see a proper opening, or stand upon the defensive, till we obtain further reinforcements. This was the opinion of a Majority of a Council of General Officers, which
[Note 1: Rancocas Creek.] I called yesterday. I Congratulate you upon the success of our Arms to the Northward and if some accident does not put them out of their present train, I think we may count upon the total ruin of Burgoyne. I have the honor etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, at Pennybecker's mills,
September 29, 1777.
Parole Whiteplains. Countersigns North Castle, Stamford.
The troops are to be in readiness to march this morning at Ten o'clock.
John White Esqr. is appointed a Volunteer Aid de Camp to Major General Sullivan, and is to be respected as such.
Lieut. Col. Hendricks3 is promoted to the rank of Colonel of the 1st. Virginia regt. in the room of Col. Reed4 deceased.
[Note 3: Col. James Hendricks. He served as colonel of the First Virginia Regiment until February, 1778.]
[Note 4: Col. James Read. He died Sept. 29, 1777.]
Major Simms5 of the 13th. Virginia regt. to be Lieut. Col. of the 6th., in the room of Lieut. Col. Headericks promoted.
[Note 5: Maj. Charles Simms. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Sixth Virginia Regiment; transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; resigned in December, 1779.]
Capt. Campbell6 of the 8th. to be Major of the 13th. Virginia regiment in the room of Major Simms promoted.
[Note 6: Capt. Richard Campbell. He was promoted to major in the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment; lieutenant colonel in February, 1778 (regiment designated Ninth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778); transferred to Fourth Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; wounded at Camden, S.C., in April, 1781; killed at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781.]
The Brigadiers or Officers commanding brigades are to parade their respective brigades, at 8 o'clock to morrow morning, and under their own eyes, have exact returns made, of the officers and men, present on the ground, which returns they are immediately afterwards, to transmit to the Adjutant General. Such of their officers as are absent on duty, or sick, they are as speedily as possible, to order to join their corps. If any such officers get taken by the enemy, they will not be exchanged.
Head Quarters, at Shippack, September 30, 1777.
Parole Lynn. Countersigns Malden, Medford.
One Surgeon's mate from each division, who can best be spared, is to go to Bethlaem forthwith, to bring down the medicine chests of their respective divisions.
One hundred and fifty ax-men, from Genl. Sullivan's, Greene's, Lord Stirling's and Stephen's divisions, and Genl. Nash's brigade, are to be selected this day, and a like proportion from the other brigades. These men are always to carry their axes with them, to march with the picquets when the army moves, to prepare timber for, and repair the roads; when arrived at the new encampment, they are to cut firewood for their respective brigades. The Brigade Qr Masters are constantly to go with these men, and direct them in the business above mentioned. For these services the ax-men are to be excused from all guards, and other ordinary duty; but when an action is expected, they are to deliver the axes to their brigade Qr. Masters (who are to be accountable for the axes of their brigades) and join their several corps. When on duty as ax-men, they are always to carry their arms with them. A list of their names is without delay, to be given to the Brigade Quarter Masters, by the respective brigade majors.
Head Quarters, September 30, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favoured with yours of the 10th. instant. With respect to supplying the Continental frigates with ammunition from the Continental magazines, as I have not copies of the Letters you mention7 with me, I am not certain how far they may have authorized the measure, but I intirely approve of your granting the necessary supply from them. The frigates ought not to want so essential an article, and I know of no other way in which they could be furnished, with equal propriety, if at all.
[Note 7: Heath mentioned Washington's letter to him, Apr. 18--19, 1777, q. v., and a letter from Henry Knox to Maj. Francis Barber, for which he did not give a date. The Continental Navy Board for the Eastern District had applied for the powder.]
I am happy to hear of the valuable prizes that have been lately brought into your port. We shall stand in need of all our activity, to increase our supplies by these means, and render them, as far as possible, adequate to our numerous and pressing wants.
The aspect of our Northern affairs, is extremely pleasing; particularly by our last accounts, which give us to hope that Ticonderoga, ere this has fallen into our hands, and that General Burgoyne, after an unsuccessful attack, has been obliged to retreat under circumstances that threaten his ruin. It is of the greatest importance that these favourable prospects may be speedily realized.
Probably, before this reaches you, you will have heard that General Howe, after much manoeuvring, marching and countermarching, has at length gained possession of Philadelphia. Many unlucky incidents prevented in a great measure, the opposition he would have received before he accomplished his purpose; notwithstanding our misfortune on the Brandywine. But though matters have taken a turn different from what we could have wished, I am in hopes, it will not be long before we are in a situation to repair the consequences of our late ill success, and give a more happy complexion to our affairs in this quarter.
I wrote to you some time since, to forward with all dispatch the three additional regiments from your State to this Army. I trust you have expedited this business in a manner suitable to the exigency of the occasion, but if any thing remains, that can serve to hasten their coming, I beg it may be done. I am etc.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft, which is also in Hamilton's writing, varies in minor particulars from this letter sent.]
P.S. Please to deliver the inclosed to Capt. Hill9 of the regiment late Patterson's.
[Note 9: See following letter.]
[MS.H.S.]
To CAPTAIN JEREMIAH HILL10
[Note 10: Of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He handed in his resignation Nov. 4, 1777.]
Head Quarters, September 30, 1777.
Sir: Your Letter of the 6th. Instt. I received some days ago. As the Congress were pleased to vest the Legislature, or Council of the Massachusetts State with the power of appointing Officers to the Several Regiments raised by them, I would not willingly interfere with their Arrangements. I cannot tell the motives which might induce them to promote Captn. Cogswell. I shall be sorry, if any Officer of merit has been aggrieved, and as you conceive, that you have, and request a discharge, I shall not insist on your remaining longer in service, if it is your wish to leave it. Give your Commission to Genl. Heath. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 30, 1777.
Sir: Upon getting home,12 I found the inclosed from Genl. Reed.13 I therefore desire you will immediately form a Detachment of at least fifty Horse of which part are to be of Colo. Moylans, in their Red Uniforms, which will serve to deceive
[Note 12: Headquarters on this date were at Skippack, Pa.]
[Note 13: Joseph Reed's letter is not found in the Washington Papers, but it seems from Moylan's letter to Washington (October 1) that the purpose of the 50 dragoons was to surprise a small party of British light horse and foragers. Moylan's letter is in the Washington Papers.] both the Enemy and Country people. I can give you no better directions than what are contained in Genl. Reed's letter, for the Route that the party is to take, I only recommend it to you, to put it under the command of a good Officer and to send them off immediately. I am &ca.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 30, 1777.
Sir: I was favoured with your Letter of the 12th. Instr.,15 a few days ago, advising me of the Appointments you had made in the line of your Department,16 of which I shall take proper notice.
[Note 15: Aylett's letter, dated Sept. 12, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: Deputy Commissary General of Purchases, Southern Department.]
In respect to your inquiry, most of the public Stores were removed from Elk, except the Grain. This in general fell into the Enemy's hands and was either used or destroyed by them. When they arrived, there were several Vessels in the Harbour, which were certainly taken, as they could not fall down below them; But whose property they were, or whether any of them were those in which you were interested, are Facts I cannot ascertain. I have been told that they burnt some, such, I suppose, as they had no use for. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have yours of the 27th. and 28th. Ulto., and am glad to find that the Reinforcement I ordered, is in such forwardness. I make no doubt but some Troops have arrived at New York from Europe, but I am pretty certain they are not any thing like so numerous as your informant mentions. I know it has been their Custom thro' the whole Campaign, to swell their Reinforcements much beyond what they really were. If Genl. Burgoyne is defeated, or hindered from making any further progress, as we may reasonably infer he is from the last accounts, the North River will be no Object for the Enemy. I rather think, if Genl. Clinton moves at all, it will be thro' Jersey to form a junction with Genl. Howe.
I do not fully understand, from part of your Letter of the 27th., whether the Cannon were brought from Springfield by order of Congress or your own, I can hardly think the latter, because I do not know that they were wanted at Peekskill. Upon inquiring of Genl. McDougall, he tells me that each Brigade had its full compliment of Artillery; but recommends it to you to have two of the heaviest pieces mounted upon travelling Carriages and kept to annoy any Vessels that may attempt to lay in the River near you, the remainder to be sent up to Fishkill, to which place I would wish you to remove your Supernumerary Arms and Stores of every kind. That matters may go regularly on in every department, I could wish you would inform me, before you order any Quantity of Artillery, Arms or Ordnance Stores from Springfield; you may always depend upon being supplied with what is necessary, and I shall then always know exactly what are your resources.
If Genl. McDougall should be mistaken in his opinion, that all the Continental Brigades have their compliment of Artillery, you will in that case have them completed before you send the Cannon to Fishkill. I am etc.
P.S. You must urge Govt. Trumbull, in the most pressing manner, to send in Militia to replace the Continental Troops that are drawn from you, I have wrote to him upon the Subject, but I beg you will also back the request.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: The vast quantity of Stores of different kinds that are accumulated at Trenton will make it a work of some time to remove them, and if they are left intirely uncovered, it may tempt the Enemy to send up a light party to destroy them; I shall therefore be glad if you will endeavour to throw in a Body of your Militia to mount a guard over the Stores till they are removed. I must leave the number to you, as I do not know what disposition you have made of your force. I would only hint, that the importance of the Stores is such, that I could wish it may be as respectable as possible. I am &ca.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1777.
Sir: I am exceedingly anxious for the removal of our Stores from Trenton. It is, in the present situation of things, a very insecure place, particularly since the Capture of the Delaware frigate, which will facilitate any enterprise the Enemy may form for their destruction. The loss of them would be irreparable, and it is consequently of the last importance you should exert your utmost activity to remove them with all possible expedition. But there are some things, for the safety of which, your first attention ought to be employed. Such are Military Stores, Articles of Clothing and whatever else we are in immediate want of, and can with difficulty, procure. These you will by all means get away in the first place. Provisions and such things as the Country readily affords may with more propriety be risked to the last. But not a moment should be lost, nor any industry spared to get the whole off, as speedily as the nature of things will permit.
In order to expedite the business, of removing the Stores out of more immediate danger, I should wish you to make some shorter intermediate stage between Bethlehem or Eastown20 and Trenton, where you could deposit them for the present, and afterwards convey them to the places designed.
[Note 20: Easton, Pa.]
The urgent necessity that the Stores should be immediately secured, forbids our being over scrupulous in providing the means of doing it. If the civil power will not aid you with energy in getting Waggons, you must not want them on that account, but must make a good use of the means you have, and get them at all events. Punctilios, in this emergency, must not hinder our doing whatever is essential to the good of the Service.
Let me know what progress you have already made, and what prospects you have for the future. Advise me daily if you can, how you go on. I am &ca.
P.S. I have written to General Dickinson to endeavour to send some Troops in addition to those now at Trenton to cover the Stores. It wilt be happy, if he can do it, but it should by no means relax your efforts for their removal.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 27th. Ulto. by Major Mullen22 and am sorry to hear that you found matters so much out of order at Fort Mifflin. Much must depend upon your activity and that of the Other Officers in Garrison. Two Waggon
[Note 22: Maj. Thomas Mullens. He was brigade major to Borre and aide to General Conway; returned to France in June, 1778.] loads of Ammunition were sent off from Trenton the moment Major Mullen arrived there, and I have directed Mr. Mease the Clothier General to forward the necessaries wanted for your detachment. The Capture of the Delaware Frigate is a most unlucky circumstance, and what, from every account, seems to be the effect of treachery and not of the chance of War. Should you have occasion for Ammunition in future, the inclosed order from Genl. Knox will cause the delivery without applying to me, the Ammunition will be removed some distance above Trenton. I am &ca.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
October 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: As the Troops are applying for their pay for the month of August, and as it is inconvenient for the Warrants to be sent so far as Bethlehem to be paid, I request that you will join the Army, as soon as you can with the Military Chest, If the contents will answer or are nearly sufficient for the purpose. You should advise the Congress of the state from time to time, that you may receive the necessary supplies. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1777.
Sir: I was just now honored with your favor of the 30th. Ulto. with Its inclosures; I am extremely concerned, that the Situation of Affairs in Jersey is Such, as to preclude me from any hope of a further reinforcement from thence. The account transmitted by Genl. Dickenson, if true, is very interesting; But I trust even the Smallest number of Troops said to have arrived, is exaggerated, as none of the public prints, till a late paper or two from New York, have made mention of any such force. The Report, however, added to the contiguity of Staten Island to the Main, which affords an easy passage across, for incursions on the part of the Enemy, holds forth but too just grounds of apprehension in the Eastern Militia and for their being employed where they are. If all were united, all would be well, but in this Quarter, Toryism and disaffection too generally mark the conduct of the people. I will not enlarge. Our affairs at present have an unfavourable appearance, but I hope they will change for the better. I have the honor etc.
P.S. It should be remembered always, that if we can destroy the Enemy's grand Army, the Branches of it fall of course.
The Situation of our public Stores, particularly those of the Ordnance kind at Trenton, gives me great uneasiness. I have directed every exertion to be employed for their removal. I must intreat, that any Assistance you can give in Waggons &c. may be afforded; Also that a body of Militia under a Spirited Officer, if it is possible may be ordered there as a guard 'till they can be removed. I have Spoken to Colo Scudder25 upon the Subject, to whom I take the liberty of referring you.26
[Note 25: Col. Nathaniel Scudder, of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., October 1, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with yours of the 24th Ulto., with its inclosures.
The prosperous situation of our Northern affairs, is a very pleasing and important circumstance; It is to be hoped they may continue in the same train, and have as happy an issue, as they seem now to promise. If they have, besides the advantage of disappointing the views of the enemy in that quarter, it will necessarily have a very desireable influence upon our operations here.
With respect to the promotion of Col. Meigs,27 I am unable, without knowing how he stood in the line, to determine its propriety. In consequence of powers derived from Congress for the purpose, and in order to prevent that Confusion which arose in the army, for want of some general established rule of promotion; I some time since appointed a board of General Officers, to take the matter into consideration; and in pursuance of their opinion, fixed it as a general rule, that all officers below the rank of Major, should rise regimentally; and all of that rank and above it, should succeed to vacancies, according to their seniority in the line of the state to which they belong. If Colo. Meigs was the oldest Lt. Colo. in the line his late appointment was regular and unexceptionable; if not, his seniors will have a right to complain.
[Note 27: Col. Return Jonathan Meigs. He was appointed to the command of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment September 10 to rank from May 12, 1777; retired Jan. 1, 1781.]
You will hear before this gets to hand, that the enemy have, at length, gained possession of Philadelphia. Many unavoidable difficulties and unlucky accidents, that we had to encounter, helped to promote this success. This is an event, that we have reason to wish had not happened, and will be attended with several ill consequences; but, I hope, it will not be so detrimental as many apprehend, and that a little time and perseverance, will give us some favorable opportunity of recovering our loss, and putting our affairs in a more flourishing condition. Our army has now had the rest and refreshment it stood in need of, and our soldiers are in very good spirits. With great regard and esteem, I have the honor etc.
P.S. The state of things here has obliged me to draw a further reinforcement from Peekskill in addition to that under Genl McDougall. This will render that post weaker, than is consistent with its security; and I must therefore intreat you will be kind enough to afford Genl. Putnam, every aid from the militia of your state, that you possibly can. you are sensible of the importance of taking care of that Post and I am persuaded, you will do every thing in your power to contribute towards it.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1777.
Madam: I wish I could with propriety grant the request contained in yours of the 29th. Septr. A permission for Mr. Ferguson29 to come out and remain at Greene Park thirty days, implies his intent to return at the expiration of that time into the Quarters of the Enemy. I confess it appears to me very odd, that a Gentleman who has been so long absent from his family should wish to remain so short a time with them. Whatever might be my private inclination to indulge you, my duty obliges me, on this occasion, to refuse a compliance with your wishes on the terms proposed. I am, etc.30
[Note 29: Henry Hugh Ferguson.]
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, at Skippack, October 1, 1777.
Parole Winchester. Countersigns Warwick, Windsor.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 28th. of Sept. 1777, whereof Col. James Wood was president.
Lieut. Robert Cragg of Col Hazens regt. charged with "Repeated disobedience of orders." Acquitted.
Adjutant Kincaid,31 acting Brigade Major to General Scott; charged with "Not bringing his picquet on the grand parade in proper time." Acquitted.
[Note 31: Lieut. William Kincaid, of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in December, 1777.]
Whenever a field officer is named for any duty, and he is sick or absent, the Brigade Major of the brigade to which such officer belongs is to warn another in his stead, and report his name to the Adjutant General.
When Aids-de-Camp go from camp with their Major Generals, a Brigade Major of the division is to be notified thereof and directed to attend at Head Quarters for orders at orderly time.
The Brigade Qr. Masters are to apply to the Quarter Master General for their quota of axes for the purposes mentioned in yesterday's orders. No more fences to be burnt in future, on any pretence whatever; if unavoidable necessity compels us to it, license must first be obtained from the Commander in Chief.
AFTER ORDERS
The whole army are to strike their tents to morrow morning at 8 o'clock, and get ready to march. At nine the march is to begin, Genl. Sullivan's division leading, followed by Lincoln's, McDougall's, Greene's; these form the first line; then the park of artillery, then the second line in this order, Stirling's division, Nash's, Stephen's. Genl. Sullivan's division to beat a march as a signal for marching, the beat to be continued by the others successively. The whole are to encamp on the new ground in the same order. General Armstrong is at the same time to move by the shortest route to the right of the first line, on the ground the Q. Mr. General will point out. The waggons to go in the rear of the army, in the order of the brigades to which they belong; All the tent waggons first.
The regimental Quarter Masters are to see that vaults be dug immediately upon the army's arrival on its new ground; and any soldier caught easing himself elsewhere is instantly to be made prisoner and punished by order of a regimental Court Martial. The Brigade Quarter Masters are without fail to see all offal buried every morning, and are to apply to their brigades for men for that purpose. Regimental or Brigade Quarter Masters failing in the duties here required of them, are forthwith to be arrested.
Some person from each distinct body or brigade of militia is to attend daily at Head Quarters for orders at noon.
Each Brigade Quarter Master is to make an immediate return of the number of baggage waggons in his brigade, to the Qr Mr General.
An officer from each brigade is to remain 'till the troops have marched off, then to make search for and bring on all stragglers.32
[Note 32: Cf. the order of march September 14. (See note to General Orders, Sept. 14, 1777, ante.)
October 1, Gen. George Washington wrote out the following passport for his friend, Bryan Fairfax, the original of which was in the possession of Mr. Thomas Fairfax in 1891:
"The bearer hereof Bryan Fairfax, Esqr. together with his son Mr. Thomas Fairfax and their baggage has permission to pass all guards on their way to New York and the Commanding Officer at any advanced post is requested to furnish a Flag and give any other assistance to effect this purpose. Given under my hand, etc." (See Washington's letter to Bryan Fairfax, Dec. 8, 1777, post.)]
Camp, 20 Miles from Philadelphia, October 3, 1777.
Sir: Yesterday afternoon, I had the honour to receive your Favours of the 30th Ulto. with their Inclosures. I was much obliged by the Accounts from the Northern Army, tho' in general they had reached me before, and I flatter myself, we shall soon hear, that they have been succeeded by other fortunate and interesting Events, as the Two Armies, by General Gates's Letter, were encamped near each other.
I shall pay due attention to the Resolution you refer me to, and no exertions on my part shall be wanting, to collect what Necessaries I can for the Army. This I am persuaded will be equally attended to by the Honble. Board of War, and I hope by care and industry, many Supplies may be obtained to relieve our distresses, which in the Articles of Shoes, Stockings and Blankets are extremely great.
Since my Letter of the 29th, no favourable change has taken place in our affairs. On the contrary, we have sustained an additional loss in the capture of the Delaware. She fell into the Enemy's hands in a day or two after they were in possession of the City, and in a manner not yet well understood. Some have supposed the Crew mutinied, while another report is, that she was disabled in her Rudder by a shot and drove on shore. This misfortune takes off the success of Capt. Biddle's cruize.33 I will not dwell longer on the subject;34 Congress may rest assured, all the means in my power shall be employed to put our affairs in a more agreeable train and accomplish the end, they so earnestly wish. I have the honor etc.35
[Note 33: Capt. Nicholas Biddle, and the prizes he had taken off Charleston, S.C.]
[Note 34: As soon as the British had taken possession of Philadelphia they erected three batteries near the river to protect the city against such American shipping and craft as might approach the town. On September 26, before the batteries were finished, Commodore Hazelwood, by the advice of a council of officers, ordered two frigates--the Delaware and Montgomery, each of 24 guns--the sloop Fly, and several galleys and gondolas to move up to Philadelphia and commence a cannonade on the town should the enemy persist in erecting fortifications. The Delaware anchored within 500 yards of the batteries and the other vessels took such stations as were suited to their object. At 10 o'clock on the morning of the 27th the cannonade began, but on the falling of the tide the Delaware grounded. In this disabled condition the guns from the batteries soon compelled her colors to be struck, and she was taken by the enemy. A schooner was likewise driven on shore, but the other frigate and small craft returned to their former station near the fort. The suspicion that the crew mutinied was never confirmed, nor was there any such hint in the British commander's dispatch describing the event.-- Sparks.]
[Note 35: In the writing of John Walker; the draft is in that of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
P.S. Inclosed is a Copy of Genl Howe's Proclamation issued the 28th Ulto.36
[Note 36: A copy of Howe's proclamation of September 28 is not found in the Papers of the Continental Congress or the Washington Papers. It referred to Howe's proclamation of August 27, offering pardon and protection to inhabitants of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the eastern shore of Maryland, and promised protection to those who bad taken advantage of that offer to date. Copies of both proclamations--that of August 27 and September 28--are in Gaine's New York Gazette, Nov. 10, 1777.]
Head Qurs., 20 Miles from Philadelphia, October 3, 1777.
Dr. Sir: I was this morning honored with your favor of the 19th Ulto and am much obliged by your kind wishes for my success and happiness. It has not been in my power, on account of our Situation and the various important concerns of the Army, to transmit more frequent intelligence, than I have, to my Southern Friends; and I should be happy, if things were in such a Train at this time, as would give them pleasure; But they are not. On the 27th. I wrote Genl Nelson fully, of their State, and make no doubt he will have advised you of the Same, before this comes to hand. If he has not, I must beg leave to refer you to him, and will add, that since that period no favorable change has taken place, Tho' I trust, under the Smiles of providence, one soon will. The Enemy are Still in possession of the City, and by some means, not well understood, the Delaware Frigate has fallen into their hands. It gives me pleasure, while I am mentioning our misfortunes here, to inform you, that our affairs at the Northward, have a more prosperous asspect. The accounts from thence are not so late, nor so accurately stated, as I could wish; yet they afford strong hopes, that we shall do well. You have them in the inclosed paper, which contains the latest.
You may rest assured, that I shall pay every attention to your request, and that if any movements of the Enemy should indicate a Southern expedition, I shall give you the earliest notice. At present, their Object is so fixed, that I think one is not to be apprehended in a short time; However, I would recommend, every useful improvement and regulation to be adopted, for placing the Militia upon the most respectable footing, as Virginia in the Course of the War, may be invested in turn. I do not mean by this, that the Militia lately embodied should be continued.
Capt. Pierce37 delivered me the Governor's Letter two or three days ago. I shall cheerfully inform him of any interesting intelligence, that he may transmit it. I have the honor etc.38
[Note 37: Capt. William Pierce, of the First Continental Artillery. He was aide to Generals Sullivan and Greene; thanked and presented with a sword by Congress for his conduct at Eutaw Springs, S.C.; served to close of the war.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., 20 Miles from Philadelphia,
October 3, 1777.
Dr Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 5th and 8th. of Septr. As you are pleased to make allowance for the great variety of Business that engages my attention, I must plead that in excuse for not acknowledging the receipt of your favors sooner. Had any thing in the motions of the Enemy seemed to indicate an attack upon Virginia, I should not have delayed one moment in giving you proper intelligence.
Colo. Thomas Marshall of the 3d Virginia Regt. informs inc, that the State are about raising a new Regiment of Artillery. He Seems desirous of exchanging the Foot Service for that of the Artillery, as he thinks he could render his Country more service in that line. His Mathematical Abilities are sufficiently known in Virginia, and he possesses in addition to those necessary qualifications for an Artillery Officer, that of indubitable Bravery, of which he has given proofs upon every occasion. Col. Marshall has Solicited the Command of this Regiment and requested me to mention, that if the State should please to honor him, that his leaving the foot Service would not be disagreeable to me, it being his Choice.
The inclosed recommendation in favor of Capt. Charles Porter field,39 at present attached to the 11th Virginia Regiment, was handed to me by the Gentlemen who subscribe it, with a desire that I would and request your interest for the Commission of Lieutenant Colonel or Major of the New Regiment of Artillery if the places are not already disposed of. I cannot undertake to recommend Capt. Porterfield upon my own particular knowledge, but he is universally esteemed by his acquaintances in the Army, as an Officer of very extraordinary Merit. He also, I am informed, has made the Military Branches of the Mathematics his particular Study. This Gentleman entered very early into the Service of his Country, he accompanied Genl. Arnold in his expedition to Quebec, at the Storm of which under General Montgomery, he was made prisoner.
[Note 39: Porterfield became brigade major to Woodford's brigade in July, 1778; resigned in July, 1779, to become lieutenant colonel of a Virginia State regiment; mortally wounded at Camden, S. C, in August, 1780; died in October of that year.]
I shall chearfully communicate every piece of intelligence, particularly interesting to the State of Virginia, to Capt. Peirce, and any other of such Nature, that may be made public without injuring the Service. I therefore hope, that thro' him, you will be informed of every material occurrence in the Army. He is not about Head Quarters at present, and as my attention is taken up in planning a matter of great importance, I must beg leave to refer you to a very full letter which I wrote to Genl. Nelson,40 a few days ago, in which I gave him a particular account of all our late transactions.
[Note 40: See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Thomas Nelson, jr., Sept. 27, 1777, ante.]
The inclosed hand Bill contains a full account of Northern Affairs, we are very anxious to hear the issue of them. Genl. Burgoyne seems to be in a fair way of being utterly ruined. Nothing but a successful stroke can extricate him. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[V.S.L.]
Head Quarters, at Wentz's, Worcester Township,
October 3, 1777.
Parole Baltimore. Countersigns Boston, Charlestown.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, of which Col. lames Wood was president; held the 30th. of September 1777. Viz:
John Barret a soldier in the 10th. Virginia regiment, charged with desertion, sentenced to be reprimanded by the Colonel of the regiment he belongs to at the head of the regiment.
Peter Clutter charged with "Desertion" from Col. Spencer's regiment, found guilty, sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
Ensign Richard Rout of the 12th. Virginia regiment charged with "Quitting his division the 16th. day of Septemr. when an attack was expected to be made by the enemy." The Court are of opinion the prisoner was excusable in leaving his division on the 16th. of September on account of his being unwell.
Christian Avis of the 12th. Pennsylvania regiment, charged with "Desertion"; found guilty, and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
Capt. Bartholomew Von Heer42 charged with "Disobedience of orders, in sending for the baggage of his company"; also charged with "Impressing two horses on the march, said to be for the use of the Artillery, and appropriating one of them to his own use, which he refused to give up, tho' wanted for the purpose for which it was said to be impressed"; found guilty of disobedience of General Orders in sending for the baggage of his company, and not guilty of the other charge exhibited against him. The Court do sentence the prisoner, for the charge he is found guilty of to be reprimanded by the Brigadier General of the Artillery, in the presence of the officers attached to the park of artillery.
[Note 42: Of the Fourth Continental Artillery. On June 1, 1778, he was appointed captain of the Maréchausće Corps, or provost dragoons; served to end of the war.]
Major Peers43 charged with "Repeated neglect of duty in not bringing his men for picquet, on the grand parade in proper time and order; with not attending the parade when Brigade Major of the day, and also with totally neglecting to bring his quota of men, ordered to parade the morning of the 30th of Septr. at the park of artillery at sunrise"; found guilty of the whole of the charges exhibited against him and sentenced to receive a severe reprimand from the Major General of the division to which his brigade belongs, in the presence of the officers of the division.
[Note 43: Maj. Valentine Peers. He was brigade major to General Weedon.]
The Court martial of which Col. Wood was president is dissolved.
A General Court Martial is to sit this day at a tent near the park of artillery, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. Col. Josiah Parker44 is appointed president of this court.
[Note 44: Of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in July, 1778; served subsequently as colonel of Virginia Militia in 1781.]
Lewis Fleury Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to The Count Pulaski, Brigadier General of the Light Dragoons, and is to be respected as such.
Thomas Mullens Esqr. is to act as Brigade Major to Genl. Conway 'till further orders, and to be respected as such.
The distribution of tin Cannisters is to be made as particularly directed this morning, and the officers commanding regiments are themselves to see that the cartridges are carefully stored in them.
The Engineers are to make dispatch, in throwing up works, in the front of the encampment.
The Commander in Chief has the satisfaction to inform the army, that at the southward, the Continental Frigate Randolph, lately fell in with a fleet of five sail of the enemy's ships, and took four of them, one of them mounting 20 guns, and another 8, all richly laden. At the northward every thing wears the most favourable aspect, every enterprise has been successful, and in a capital action, the left wing only of General Gates's army maintained it's ground, against the main body of the enemy; commanded by General Burgoyne in person; our troops behaving with the highest spirit and bravery, during the whole engagement; which lasted from one o'clock 'till dark. In short, every circumstance promises success in that quarter, equal to our most sanguine wishes. This surely must animate every man, under the General's immediate command. This army, the main American Army, will certainly not suffer itself to be out done by their northern Brethren; they will never endure such disgrace; but with an ambition becoming freemen, contending in the most righteous cause, rival the heroic spirit which swelled their bosoms, and which, so nobly exerted, has procured them deathless renown. Covet! my Countrymen, and fellow soldiers! Covet! a share of the glory due to heroic deeds! Let it never be said, that in a day of action, you turned your backs on the foe; let the enemy no longer triumph. They brand you with ignominious epithets. Will you patiently endure that reproach? Will you suffer the wounds given to your Country to go unrevenged? Will you resign your parents, wives, children and friends to be the wretched vassals of a proud, insulting foe? And your own necks to the halter? General Howe promised protection to such as submitted to his power; and a few dastard souls accepted the disgraceful boon. But his promises were deceitful; the submitting and resisting had their property alike plundered and destroyed. But even these empty promises have come to an end; the term of Mercy is expired, General Howe has, within a few days proclaimed, all who had not then submitted, to be beyond the reach of it, and has left us no choice but Conquest or Death. Nothing then remains, but nobly to contend for all that is dear to us. Every motive that can touch the human breast calls us to the most vigorous exertions. Our dearest rights, our dearest friends, and our own lives, honor, glory and even shame, urge us to the fight. And My fellow Soldiers! when an opportunity presents, be firm, be brave; shew yourselves men, and victory is yours.
The Colonels or commanding officers are to see that every regiment be drawn up this afternoon, the rolls called, and these orders distinctly read to them.
Every officer who commands a troop or company, in the several regiments and corps in the continental army, must immediately make out his muster rolls to the first of October, that the whole army may be mustered with the utmost expedition. Such officers, as have heretofore neglected a due attention, to making a regular return of their muster rolls, will be answerable for any future neglect.
Camp near Pennibackers Mill, October 5, 1777.
Sir: Having received intelligence, thro' Two intercepted Letters, that Genl Howe had detached a part of his force for the purpose of reducing Billingsport and the Forts on Delaware, I communicated the Accounts to my General Officers, who were unanimously of Opinion, that a favourable opportunity offered to make an Attack upon the Troops, which were at and near German Town. It was accordingly agreed, that it should take place Yesterday morning and the following dispositions were made. The Divisions of Sullivan and Wayne, flanked by Conway's Brigade, were to enter the Town by the way of Chesnut Hill, while Genl Armstrong, with the Pensylvania Militia should fall down the Manatawny Road46 by Vandeerings Mill and get upon the Enemy's left and Rear. The Divisions of Greene and Stephen, flanked by McDougal's Brigade, were to enter by taking a circuit by way of the Lime Kiln Road at the Market House and to attack their Right wing, and the Militia of Maryland and Jersey under Generals Smallwood and Foreman were to march by the old York road and fall upon the rear of their Right. Lord Stirling with Nash and Maxwell's Brigades was to form a Corps de Reserve. We marched about Seven O'Clock the preceding Evening and Genl Sullivan's advanced party, drawn from Conways Brigade, attacked their Picket at Mount Airy or Mr. Allen's House, about Sun rise the next Morning, which presently gave way, and his Main body, consisting of the Right Wing, following, soon engaged the Light Infantry and other Troops, encamped near the picket, which they forced from the Ground, leaving their Baggage.
[Note 46: Pickering says "the old Egypt or Schuylkill road."]
They retreated a considerable distance, having previously thrown a party into Mr. Chew's House, who were in a situation not to be easily forced, and had it in their power, from the Windows, to give us no small annoyance, and in a great measure to obstruct our advance.47
[Note 47: The draft described this attack on the Chew House as follows: "They retreated as far as Mr. Chew's House, which they occupied and from the Windows did us considerable damage. during this time I waited with great anxiety to hear from Genls. Greene and Armstrong, but received no intelligence, and it was impossible to discover their movements or firing on account of a thick, heavy Fog which prevented our seeing more than Fifty Yards." This was afterwards stricken out.]
The Attack from our left Column under Genl. Greene began about three Quarters of an Hour after that from the Right, and was for some time equally successful. But I cannot enter upon the particulars of what happened in that Quarter, as I am not yet informed of them with sufficient certainty and precision.48
[Note 48: Washington himself was with the right wing.]
The Morning was extremely foggy, which prevented our improving the advantages we gained, so well as we should otherwise have done. This circumstance, by concealing from us the true situation of the Enemy, obliged us to act with more caution and less expedition than we could have wished, and gave the Enemy time to recover from the effects of our first impression; and what was still more unfortunate, it served to keep our different parties in ignorance of each Others movements and hindering their acting in concert. It also occasioned them to mistake one another for the Enemy, which, I believe, more than any thing else, contributed to the misfortune which ensued. In the midst of the most promising appearances, when every thing gave the most flattering hopes of victory, the Troops began suddenly to retreat; and intirely left the Field, in spite of every effort that could be made to rally them.
Upon the whole it may be said the day was rather unfortunate than injurious. We sustained no material loss of Men and brought off all our Artillery, except one piece which was dismounted. The Enemy are nothing the better by the event; and our Troops, who are not in the least dispirited by it, have gained what all young Troops gain by being in Actions. We have had however several valuable Officers killed and wounded, particularly the latter, General Nash is among the wounded and his life is despaired of. As soon as it is possible to obtain a Return of our loss, I will transmit it.
In justice to Genl Sullivan and the whole right wing of the Army, whose conduct I had an opportunity of observing, as they acted immediately under my eye, I have the pleasure to inform you, that both Officers and Men behaved with a degree of Gallantry, that did them the highest honor. I have &ca.
P.S. As I have observed, I have not received a Return of our loss, but from what I have just now learnt from Genl Greene, I fear it is more considerable than I at first apprehended in Men. The Cannon mentioned above, is said to have been brought off in a Waggon.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Harrison and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Perkiomy, October 5, 1777.
Parole Ludlow. Countersigns Manchester, Newport.
The officers commanding regiments are to make returns of the cartridges wanted for their men, to complete them to forty rounds each, and draw the materials for making them at the park of artillery, early to morrow morning; one attentive officer from each regiment is to be present, to superintend the making of the cartridges for the regiment, and see that they are well made up, and the materials not wasted. The arms are to be cleaned and put in good order immediately; such as are charged and cannot be drawn, are to be discharged at noon, to morrow, under the direction of their officers. Each regiment is to draw 12 cartridges a man, ready made, at the park of artillery, besides the above materials.
All the detachments of horse, are to be collected as soon as possible to one place, as near as may be to the army, except the two parties under Captains Lee50 and Craig.51
[Note 50: Capt. Henry ("Light Horse Harry") Lee, of the First Continental Dragoons.]
[Note 51: Capt. Charles Craig, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He had been wounded at Brandywine.]
Returns as exact as possible are to be made of the killed, wounded, and missing in the action of yesterday, and delivered to the Commander in Chief at 4 o'clock to morrow afternoon. The Brigade Majors will be punctual in this matter, and where there are no Brigade Majors, the Brigadiers or officers commanding brigades are without delay to appoint persons to do their duty. One set of columns are to shew the killed, of the different ranks, a second the wounded, and a third set of columns the missing.
The Commander in Chief returns his thanks, to the Generals and other officers and men concerned in yesterday's attack, on the enemy's left wing, for the spirit and bravery they manifested in driving the enemy from field to field; And altho' an unfortunate fog, joined with the smoke, prevented the different brigades seeing and supporting each other, or sometimes even distinguishing their fire from the enemy's, and from some other causes, which as yet cannot be well accounted for, they finally retreated, they nevertheless see that the enemy are not proof against a vigorous attack, and may be put to flight when boldly pushed. This they will remember and assure themselves that on the next occasion, by a proper exertion of the powers which God has given them, and inspired by the cause of freedom in which they are engaged, they will be victorious. The Commander in Chief not seeing the engagement with the enemy's right wing, desires the General officers who commanded there, to thank those officers and men who behaved with becoming bravery; and such in either wing who behaved otherwise are to be reported.
Head Quarters, Perkiomy, October 6, 1777.
Parole Fredericksburg. Countersigns Fairfax, Frankfort.
The commanding officers of regiments are without delay to send to the provost for such of their men as have been tried and their sentences published.
The Battalion of militia from Virginia, commanded by Col Rumney,52 are to be attended to and do duty with General Scott's brigade.
[Note 52: Col. William Rumney, of the Virginia Militia.]
Brigadier Genl. Pulaski will make a return of the horse as soon as possible.
Thomas Mullen Esqr. appointed the 3rd. instant to act as Brigade Major to Genl. Conway, is now, for his gallant behaviour on the 4th. instant, appointed Brigade Major to General Conway, and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
John Laurens Esqr. appointed on the 6th. of September extra Aid de Camp to the Commander in Chief, is now appointed Aid de Camp to him, and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
The commanding officers of corps are every morning to report the strength of them to their Brigadiers or officers commanding brigades, that it may be known daily what stragglers have joined.
Buckshot are to be put into all the cartridges which shall hereafter be made.
Head Quarters, October 6, 1777.
Sir: I cannot forbear assuring you, that I am some what at a Loss to understand the design of your Letter of the 3d. instant. I can hardly believe you to be serious in remonstrating against a proceedure fully Authorized by the common practice of Armies, countenanced by the Conduct of your own Troops at Trenton, and obviously calculated to answer a purpose very different from that of distressing the Inhabitants and increasing the common calamities incident to a State of War. If this is a consequence of it, it is an unavoidable one, and had no part in producing the Measure.
I flatter myself the Public is sufficiently sensible, that it is not my wish nor aim to distress, but to protect the Inhabitants, and know how to interpret any thing, that with respect to Individuals, may seem to deviate from this end. Nor will they be easily persuaded to consider it, as any injustice or Cruelty to them, that my parties should have rendered useless for a time a few Mills in the Neighbourhood of your Army, which were so situated as to be capable of affording them no inconsiderable Advantages.
I am happy to find you express so much sensibility to the sufferings of the Inhabitants, as it gives room to hope, that those wanton and unnecessary depredations, which have heretofore, in too many instances, marked the conduct of your Army, will be discontinued for the future. The instances I allude to need not be enumerated, your own Memory will suggest them to your imagination, from the destruction of Charles Town in the Massachusetts, down to the More recent burning of Mills, Barnes and Houses at the Head of Elk, and in the vicinity of the Schuylkill.54 I am etc.55
[Note 54: General Howe had written:
Head Quarters, 3 October, 1777.
Sir, Your Parties having destroyed several Mills in the adjacent Country, which can only distress the peaceable Inhabitants residing in their Houses, I am constrained from a Regard to their Sufferings, and a sense of the Duty I owe to the Public, to forewarn you of the Calamities which may ensue, and to express my Abhorrence of such a Proceeding. At the same Time I am inclined to believe, that the Outrages already committed have not been in consequence of your Orders, and that this early Notice will engage you to put an effectual Stop to them; If not, I do in the most direct Terms disclaim any share in creating the general Scene of Distress among the Inhabitants, which such Destruction must inevitably cause. With due respect, I am, &c.
W. HOWE.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
October 6, 1777.
General Washington's compliments to General Howe. He does himself the pleasure to return him a dog, which accidentally fell into his hands, and by the inscription on the Collar, appears to belong to General Howe.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp near Pennibackers Mill, October 6, 1777.
Dr Sir: I was this evening honored with your favor of yesterday. I am much obliged by your attention to Colo Stewart's57 application, and for your Letter to the Magistrates, and I trust by perseverance and care, the several important Stores which were removed to Trenton, will be Secured. I confess their situation has given me great uneasiness.
[Note 57: Col. Charles Stewart, Commissary General of Issues of the Continental Army.]
Your description of a Tory seems to me to be well drawn. Those who come within it appear unconquerable but by the means you mention.58
[Note 58: Livingston had written: "I really pity Your Excellency's Situation with respect to the Tories. In my small Department, I have infinite Trouble with them. A Tory is an incorrigable Animal: And nothing but the Extinction of Life, will extinguish his Malevolence against Liberty." This letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
From General Dickenson's Account, it is probable some movement is about to take place, on the part of the Enemy. perhaps it may be only a landing in pursuance of their original plan, to prevent Reinforcements to this Army. I hope, whatever the design may be, that he will be able to make head against them.
You will have heard of the Action on the 4th. I shall only add, that we lost the day by a sudden retreat of our Troops, at a Time when every appearance promised Victory, and a defeat of General Howe's Army. The Misfortune, I am persuaded, was occasioned by a Fog, which was so thick and heavy, that our several Columns and parties could not discover each other's movements and harmonise in the attacks. I hope things will be more favorable at another time. I have the honor to be etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 60: Superintendent of flour magazines for Lancaster and Chester Counties, Maryland and Delaware. Later he was Deputy Forage Master General and Deputy Quartermaster General.]
Head Qurs., Philadelphia County, October 6, 1777.
Sir: You will oblige me much, if you will immediately upon the receipt of this, set about making the most Minute inquiry into the number and situation of the Enemy at Wilmington. I imagine both these points may be ascertained with precision, as I am informed there is a very free intercourse between the Country and Town. The principal matters to be inquired into are. The force of the Enemy, where posted and whether in Barracks or Camp. Where their Artillery is placed. Whether they have any Lines or Redoubts and where, where their pickets are and of what numbers they consist. When you have gained a competent knowledge of the above, I beg you will inform me by Letter, or if you can spare the time, I shall be glad to see you personally.
I am informed that there is a considerable quantity of Corn and other Grain belonging to the public which the Enemy did not destroy when they left Elk, I shall be much obliged if you will endeavour to procure Waggons and have it removed some distance inland. I should suppose it would be safest over towards Lancaster, but as you are well acquainted with the Country I leave the place to your own discretion. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 62: Sub-lieutenant of Bucks County, Pa.]
Camp at Pawlins Mill, October 6, 1777.
Sir: Licutt. Dongan63 has waited upon me to know in what manner you can best employ the Militia of Bucks. I think at present you cannot do better than to post them upon the different Roads leading to Philadelphia, beginning at the Bristol Road and extending across the Country to the Westward. The Guards should fall down as near Philadelphia, as they possibly can and pay particular attention to stopping all persons from going in with marketing. If any are taken coming out of the town from whom any particular information is obtained, let the Officer who receives the information report it to me. If any persons leave the Country and go in to the Enemy, their Horses
[Note 63: Lieut. Garret Dunghan, of the First Battalion, Bucks County, Pa., militia.] and Cattle should be immediately secured for the public [and sent to this Army] leaving their Milch Cows and a Horse or two to draw Wood &ca. for support of their families. I am &ca.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The phrase in brackets was inserted by Washington.]
Camp near Pennibackers Mill, October 7, 1777.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 5th, I have obtained a Return of our loss in the Action on Saturday, by which it appears to be much more considerable, than I first apprehended, tho' I always imagined myself, that it was greater than it was generally supposed to be. The Copy of the Return inclosed69 will shew the amount as it now stands, but I hope many of those who are missing will yet come in.70 I fear however, there are several under that denomination, to be added to the number of the slain, as the Action was warm in every Quarter, from the information of the Officers who commanded the different Attacks. What loss the Enemy sustained, I am not able precisely to ascertain, but from a variety of corresponding Accounts, of persons who left the City since and those of a Deserter, it was very considerable. The Deserter, who is intelligent, says Genl. Agnew71 was killed Sir William Erskine wounded
[Note 69: This return is not found in either the Papers of the Continental Congress or the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 70: See Washington's letter to John Augustine Washington, Oct. 18, 1777, post.]
[Note 71: James Agnew. He was an aide-de-camp to the King and ranked as a brigadier general in America.] in the head and leg, and that their general loss, in killed and wounded, amounted to near Eight Hundred. Several Reputable persons from the City, corroborate this, particularly with respect to General Agnew's death. Some say, upwards of Two Hundred Waggons with wounded were carried in after the Action and before they came out, and that it was the common belief there, that the Enemy had been severely handled. It is with much chagrin and mortification, I add, that every account confirms the opinion I first entertained, that our Troops retreated at an instant when Victory was declaring herself in our favor. The tumult, disorder and even despair, which it seems had taken place in the British Army, were scarcely to be parallelled; and it is said, so strongly did the Ideas of a retreat prevail, that Chester was fixed on as their Rendezvous. I can discover no other cause, for not improving this happy Opportunity, than the extreme haziness of the weather.
My intention is to encamp the Army at some suitable place, to rest and refresh the Men, and recover them from the still remaining effects of that disorder naturally attendant upon a Retreat. We shall there wait for the Reinforcements coming on and shall then act according to circumstances. General Varnum, with the Detachment from Peekskill, amounting to about Twelve Hundred including Officers, would be last night at Coryel's Ferry. About Five Hundred Militia from Virginia and Two hundred from Maryland, together with Colo Gibson's State Regiment, consisting of 226 Effectives, have already joined the Army. Since the Action, General Forman's Brigade of Jersey Militia has quitted us. The men began to be uneasy at their situation and desirous to return Home; and as by some intelligence received from General Dickenson, there was reason to imagine there might be a call for their services in the Jersies, it was thought expedient to gratify their desire.
Thanks of Congress to Washington and the Army for Their Attack on the British at Germantown, October 8, 1777The state of our Water defence on the Delaware, is far from being as flattering as could be wished. After some slight opposition from the Jersey Militia under Genl Newcomb, a detachment of the Enemy took possession of Billingsport. This perhaps is an event of no material consequence. But it is to be lamented that many of the Officers and Seamen on board the Gallies, have manifested a disposition that does them little honor. Looking upon their Situation to be desperate, or probably from worse motives, they have been guilty of the most alarming desertions. Two whole Crews, including the Officers, have deserted to the Enemy. I learn however by Capt. Bruer, who is this moment arrived here from the Fleet, that the Accounts they have received from the City of our late Attack, were such, as to have produced a favourable change, and to have inspired them with more confidence. I would here observe, that the charge of bad conduct was by no means applicable to the whole, far from it. He further adds, that four of the Enemys Ships made an Attempt Yesterday morning to weigh the Chevaux de frizes opposite Billingsport; but were repulsed by our Gallies, which has also contributed to raise the spirits of the seamen. Our Garrison on Fort Island, consisting of little more than Two hundred Continental Troops under Lt. Colo. Smith,72 appear determined to maintain their post to the last extremity.
[Note 72: Baron d'Arendt commanded at Fort Mifflin until October 27, when he was forced by illness to retire. The command was then assumed by Lieut. Col. Samuel Smith, but not without some dispute.]
I beg leave to mention to Congress, that there is a great deficiency of General Officers in this Army. When the detachment coming from Peeks Kill joins us, we shall have thirteen Brigades. These require as many Brigadiers and six Major Generals. Instead of these, we shall have only four Major Generals and Eleven Brigadiers and the deficiency will be still increased by the death of Genl. Nash which from every appearance is momently to be expected. General Woodford's absence, occasioned by his wound, adds to our embarrassments, tho' it will be but for a time. Under these Circumstances, Congress will be sensible that the government of the Army cannot go on with that energy, which is essential to its well being and success. Neither Officers nor Men will transfer the respect and obedience they pay to a General Officer, to a Colonel, who happens to be appointed to the temporary command of a Brigade; nor will he, knowing his authority to be only temporary, be as Solicitous to inforce it, as one who is conscious he is to continue in the station he fills. Want of leisure prevents my being more particular at this time; but I shall take the liberty, in a day or two, to point out the Troops that are in want of General Officers, with my observations on the Subject. I cannot however omit this opportunity of recommending Genl McDougall to their notice. This Gentleman, from the time of his Appointment as Brigadier, from his abilities, military knowledge and approved bravery, has every claim to promotion. If I mistake not, he was passed over in the last appointments of Major Generals and younger Officers preferred before him; but his disinterested attachment to the Service, prevented his acting in the manner that is customary in like circumstances. This I think gives him a peculiar title to esteem, and concurs with the opinion I have of his value as an Officer, to make me wish it may appear advisable to Congress, to promote him to one of the vacancies.
It would be well, the intended inquiry into the Conduct of Genl Sinclair73 could be brought to a speedy issue, and if he is acquitted to the satisfaction of Congress, as his general Character as an Officer is good, that he may be again restored to the service.
[Note 73: Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair.]
By a Letter this Evening received from Colo. Hawkes Hay of Haverstraw, dated the 5th at 4 O'Clock P.M., Four Ships of War, a considerable number of Armed Vessels, Eight Transports and Forty flat Bottom Boats, arrived that morning in the Bay opposite that place and were landing Troops at Verplank's point. Their number nor design were not known. I have the honor &c.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Harrison and Alexander Hamilton.]
P.S. Inclosed you will find a Copy of a Letter from Colo. Mifflin, containing an account of the Action of the 4th, as mention'd by the British Officers in Philadelphia. I would beg leave to observe, that I think Miss Leonard's name should not be mentioned.75
[Note 75: Col. Jonathan Mifflin's letter of October 6 was to Col. Clement Biddle. A copy of it, by Caleb Gibbs, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Miss Leonard, who had just come from Philadelphia, gave the following account: "In her presence several British Officers who had returned from the Action of the 4th. Instant Confessed that they had never met with so severe a Drubbing since the Battle of Bunkers Hill, that the Attack was made with great Judgment and Supported with equal Bravery, that Genl. Agnew was killed on the spot. Genl. Grant Mortally wounded (and reported to be dead before she left the City) two Colo. Killd. and a great Number of officers wounded, that all the Hospitals in town would not Contain the wounded. Six Rooms were bespoke for wounded Officers at her Aunt's, immediately on the Alarm all the troops march'd out of the City not a single Centry was left. The tories talk of moving off with Genl. Howe that two more such worsters must ruin them. The General talk of the British officers before the Action was that immediately after the Compleating their Fortifications which they are Carrying on with the greatest Expedition they intended to take the field but now they begin to be apprehensive of Genl. Washington pushing his Succees. they receive no supplies from Jersey but a good deal from over the Schuylkill Continental money has not been cryd down but is taken at Several Shops. Mrs. House and Mrs. Gard are ordered out of their houses which are to be given away. Mrs. Kersly lives in Doctr. Shippens house which she has received for services done, Genl. Howe is to live in Genl. Cadwallader's House, when he comes to the City he has rode in but once Hd. Quarters are at German Town. All the Furniture in the deserted houses is collecting and to be sold at Vendue. The Allans are all in Phila. Bill is raising a Regiment which is call'd General Howes."]
Head Qurs. near Pawlins Mills, October 7, 1777.
Sir: I am favour'd with yours of the 1st and 2d Inst. The Troops coming in from Virginia, should have directions to proceed from Lancaster down what is called the Horse Shoe Road, and Cross Schuylkill about one Mile and a half below Potts grove, when they have crossed the River, they will hear where the Army is encamped and they must reach it by the most direct route. I have given Authorities to Mr. Henry of Lancaster and to several others, to impress Blankets Shoes, Stockings and other cloathing; but unless Congress or the Board of War will extend the matter much farther, I fear very little, in comparison to our wants, will be done, for it cannot be expected that I can spare Officers and Men, at this critical Juncture, to go upon that business. If any parcels of Shoes are in the hands of particular persons in the Country, there is no other method to be fallen upon, but to take them and pay a reasonable price for them. This I have done in several instances and I must beg and intreat, that if you know of any such parcels, that they may be immediately seized and sent on to the Army.
I know not where Major Nicholas76 is or what were his particular orders; but I think you had better direct him not to bring his Arms and Stores further down than Bethlehem or that Neighbourhood, from thence they can be removed to the Western parts of the state, if it should be thought more secure.
[Note 76: Col. Robert Nicholas, Assistant Commissary of Military Stores. He was bringing a shipment of arms from the laboratory at Springfield, Mass.]
As Govr. Trumbull obtained the Arms for the State of Connecticut, by an order from the Board of War or from Congress, I think they should direct him to return them into the Public Magazine, when the State is in no danger of invasion. I shall direct Genl Heath not to keep any more, than the three Regiments now raising, have actually occasion for.
When Mr. Mease has removed all his Stores from Trenton, I expect to see him here. I recommended it to him, to fix his principal Store at Lancaster, as thinking it would be the most likely place to get Cloathing made up. Those Recruits, who are under such Circumstances that they cannot come in for want of Cloathes had better remain at Lancaster till they can get a supply.
I expect Genl Varnum with 1250 Men from Peekskill will join me to Morrow. The State Regiment of Virginia came in to day, and their Militia are following. I am &ca.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Skippack Camp, October 7, 1777.
Dear Sir: Congress having recommended it to me to send an Engineer to Fort Montgomery, I have instantly dispatched Lt. Colo. Radiere78 upon that Service. He is the second in command of four Gentlemen sent out by Doctr. Franklin and Mr. Deane.
[Note 78: Lewis de la Radiate. He was lieutenant colonel and colonel of Engineers, Continental Army; died in 1779.]
The Congress have transmitted me Copy of a letter from you to them, of the 29th. Septr., in which you express your doubts of being able to defend the posts79 upon the North River with the force you will have left after detaching 2500 Men to this Army. Before I ordered this Detachment, I consulted those best acquainted with the Strength of the passes and they all agreed, that about two thousand Men at Peeks Kill and Fort
[Note 79: Forts Clinton and Montgomery, on the west side of the Hudson and a little below West Point, were captured by Sir Henry Clinton October 6. Putnam, in command in the Highlands, was easily outwitted, and Clinton attacked and captured the forts before Putnam could manage a reenforcement. The British feinted an attack on Peekskill, drew 500 of Putnam's troops over to the east bank, reembarked, landed on the west bank, marched from Kings Ferry around the mountains, and attacked both the forts from the land side. The assault on Fort Montgomery lasted from 2 p.m. until dark, when the place was evacuated. The two Continental frigates guarding the chain in the river were burned. Gov. George Clinton was in command at Fort Montgomery and marched the remains of the garrison to New Windsor. His letter to Washington (October 9) and Putnam's two letters of October 8 put the best face possible upon a bungled defense.] Montgomery would be sufficient to repel any force that would probably be sent against you.
Now by your Return of the 5th. Septr. you would have 1800 effective rank and file left, after sending off the Detachment; besides these, the non Commissioned ought to be counted upon and some of the Invalids, for in the defence of Stationary posts, every Man that can lift a Musket must do his duty.
I think you will find that you have far over rated Genl. Clinton's force at New York, I am certain you have in regard to the late Reinforcements. But I imagine the thing has been tried before this time, as Colo. Hay has sent me an Express, informing me that the Ships went up the River and began to land their men upon the 4th. instant. I am anxious to hear from you. I have wrote to Govr. Livingston desiring him to send the Jersey Militia up the North River, as there can be no danger of an invasion in that State, the Enemy having shewn that their preparations were against you. I am etc.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp Pawlins Mill, October 7, 1777
Sir: I desire you will, immediately upon the receipt of this, detach Colo. Greene's81 and Colo. Angell's82 Regiments with their Baggage.83 with orders to throw themselves into the Fort at Red Bank upon the Jersey Shore. This important post commands and defends the Chevaux de frize and unless Kept in
[Note 81: Col. Christopher Greene, of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He was thanked and presented with a sword by Congress (Nov. 4, 1777) for his gallant defense of Red Bank, N.J.; killed in a skirmish with De Lancey's corps in Westchester County, N. Y., in May, 1781.]
[Note 82: Col. Israel Angell, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment. He retired in May, 1781.]
[Note 83: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "I shall send down an Officer and a detachment of Artillery Men to work the heavy Cannon at the fort, therefore if there are any Men particularly attached"] our possession, our Vessels of War must quit their station and thereby leave the Enemy at liberty to weigh the Chevaux de frize and open the free Navigation of the River. These Regiments are not to take any Artillery with them. Genl. Greene has wrote a particular letter to Colo. Greene, in which he will find instructions. I desire the detachment may march with the utmost dispatch by the following Route. From the place where this reaches you to Bristol and from thence across Delaware to Burlington, from Burlington to Mount Holly, from Mount Holly to Haddenfield, from Haddenfield to Woodberry, from Woodberry to Red Bank. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at Pawlins Mill, October 7, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with both yours of the 3d. and am sorry to find that so dastardly a spirit prevailing in the Navy, but I hope there will still be good men enough left to defend the Fort and obstructions till we can give them a decisive stroke by land. I have the pleasure to inform you, that we made a general attack upon the Enemy at Germantown upon the morning of the 4th. We surprised them and threw their whole Army into confusion, and had not the fogginess of the morning prevented us from seeing the advantage we had gained, it would have ended in a complete victory, as they themselves have confessed. However they have suffered considerably. Genl. Agnew was killed and Sr. William Erskine desperately wounded. Their return of killed and wounded amounts to upwards of 700. as we are informed by a person come out since the Action. We shall have a large Reinforcement from the Northward and Southward in a day or two, and you may assure the Officers of the Army and Navy, that no time shall be lost in following our blow effectually and thereby giving relief to all our posts. I think this may be so much sooner effected by keeping our whole force together and acting powerfully with them, that I shall pursue that course rather than detach a part to operate against their detachments. For you must be very sensible that if their Main Body is defeated, their small parties must fall of course. I beg you will communicate this Letter to the Gentlemen of the Navy and let them see how much depends upon their brave opposition to the last moment. I am &ca.
P.S. I have just received an Account that 200 Waggons went into Philada. with wounded; if so, the loss is more than I have mentioned.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp Pawlins Mill, October 7, 1777.
Sir: Upon Captn. Blewers86 representation of the importance of Red Bank, I have determined to Garrison it immediately strongly with Continental Troops, who are now upon their march. Till they arrive, I beg you will do all in your power to keep possession of the Ground, should the Enemy attempt to take it. With the assistance of this force upon the land I hope you will be enabled to keep your Station with your fleet, and if you can do that, I have not the least doubt but we shall by our operations by land and Water oblige the Enemy to abandon Philadelphia. I have wrote to General Newcomb to assist the Garrison with as many Militia as he can spare. I am &c.
[Note 86: Joseph Blewer, chairman o[ the Pennsylvania State Navy Board.]
P.S. I intend to send down Captn. Mauduit87 to command the Artillery. I beg you will afford him every assistance of Cannon and Stores, and if he should want a few Men to Work the
[Note 87: Mauduit du Plessis.] Guns, I beg he may have such as have been used to it. I think you should not lose one moment in possessing the ground at Red Bank.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Perkiomy, October 7, 1777.
Parole Milton. Countersigns Medway, Marlboro.
The state regiment from Virginia is to supply the place of the 9th. Regiment in Muhlenberg's brigade, and do duty there 'till further orders.
John Farndon of Col. Hartley's regiment, found guilty of the crime of desertion, and sentenced by the General Court Martial, held the 25th. of September last, to suffer death is to be executed to morrow at twelve o'clock.
The situation of the army, frequently not admitting, of the regular performance of divine service, on Sundays, the Chaplains of the army are forthwith to meet together, and agree on some method of performing it, at other times, which method they will make known to the Commander in Chief.
A General Court martial, to sit at nine o'clock this morning, at a Horseman's tent by the artillery park, for the trial of divers officers, accused of cowardice, and of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. The court to consist of four field officers and nine Captains. Col Brodhead is appointed president.
AFTER ORDERS
The troops are to march to morrow morning at eight o'clock.
Camp, Pawlins Mills, October 8, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit you an Account of an Action between the American Army and that of the British, laying at Germantown, upon the Morning of the 4th. instant. Having obtained information of the Situation of the Enemy, we determined to endeavour to do something by way of surprise. We, accordingly, marched all night, and reached the Town by break of day. We attacked upon two Quarters, upon both of which, we were successful; but the Morning was so excessively foggy, that we could not see the Confusion the Enemy were in, and the advantage we had gained; and, fearing to push too far thro' a Strong Village, we retired after an engagement of two hours, bringing off all our Artillery with us. We did not know, till after the affair was over, how near we were to gaining a compleat victory; but, we have since learned from deserters and others that have come out, that preparations were making to retreat to Chester. While the action lasted, it was pretty severe. Our loss will amount, in killed and wounded, to upwards of three hundred. What that of the Enemy is we do not exactly know; but one deserter tells us, that, when he came away, the Returns amounted to upwards of 700, among which are Genl. Agnew killed, and Sr. Willm. Erskine badly wounded. Other Accounts say, that upwards of 200 Waggons went into Philadelphia, loaded with wounded; if this is true their loss is more than the deserter mentions. Upon the whole, our Men are in high Spirits, and much pleased with the fortune of the day, tho' not so compleatly lucky as could have been wished. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 89: Contemporary copy is in an unidentified hand. The date is written over, so that it could be either October 7 or 8. The indorsement gives the date as the 8th.]
Pennibackers Mill, October 8, 1777.
Sir: As Genl How's Operations are in this Quarter and his Object in all probability fixed for this Campaign; I am induced to submit it to the consideration of Congress, If the Whole or a part of the Regiment of Artillery, commanded by Colo. Harrison95 should not be immediately ordered to join this Army. In the late Actions, the Corps under Genl. Knox has suffered severely and it is so reduced by the Number of killed and wounded, that we are obliged to make drafts from the other Batallions, to supply their places. The measure I have ventured to submit, will not, from present appearances, be attended with any ill consequences, if carried into execution and the less so, as the State of Virginia, according to my information, is raising Another Regiment. Should it be thought adviseable, Congress will transmit their orders to Colo. Harrison. If the Regiment comes, they need not bring their Artillery. I have, etc.96
[Note 95: Col. Charles Harrison, of the First Continental Artillery. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 96: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Pawlings Mill, October 8, 1777.
Sir: I send you the foregoing duplicate of mine of Yesterday to prevent any delay or disappointment from miscarriages, as it is of the utmost importance no time should be lost in forwarding the detachment to the place of its destination. The Army here marches this morning, from hence to the Baptist meeting House in Montgomery Township, whither you will direct your course by the Shortest Route and effect a junction as soon as possible. I am &ca.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
P.S. Here with is a letter of instructions to Col. Greene, which, please, immediately forward to him.99
[Note 99: The P.S. is from the printed text in the Magazine of American History, vol. 7.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1777.
Sir: I have directed Genl. Varnum to send your Regiment and that of Colo. Angell to Red Bank, by a Route which has been marked out to him. The command of that detachment will of course devolve upon you, with which you will proceed with all expedition and throw yourself into that place. When you arrive there you will immediately communicate your arrival to Colo. Smith, commander of the Garrison at Fort Mifflin, and Commodore Hazelwood, commander of the fleet in the River. You are to Cooperate with them in every measure necessary for the defence of the obstructions in the River and to counteract every attempt the Enemy may make for their removal. You will find a very good fortification at Red bank, but if any thing should be requisite to render it stronger or proportion it to the size of your Garrison, you will have it done. The cannon you will stand in need of, as much as can be spared, will be furnished from the Gallies and Fort Mifflin, from whence also you will derive Supplies of Military Stores. Capt. Blewer is charged with Supplying Provisions, you will apply to him for what you want, and as this is a matter on which much depends, I would wish you to inform yourself what stock there is, and to promote every precaution for securing a Sufficiency. I have sent Capt. Du Plessis,1 with some Officers and Men to take the immediate direction of the Artillery for your Garrison. He is also to superintend any Works that may be wanted. If there should be any deficiency of men for the Artillery, the security of the Garrison will require you to assist him with a few additionals from your detachment.
[Note 1: Chevalier Thomas Antoine Mauduit du Plessis, major and aide to Knox. He fought bravely at the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, and as an engineer he improved tile fortification at Red Bank. After the desperate defense of that post he volunteered and succeeded in blowing up the magazine without any of the usual implements for such a piece of work. Congress made him a brevet lieutenant colonel, and on his return to France in November, 1778, directed the President to present to him a written testimonial of the high esteem Congress entertained for him for zeal, bravery, and good conduct while in America.]
You should lose not a moment's time in getting to the place of your destination and making every proper preparation for its defence. Any delay might give the Enemy an opportunity of getting there before you, which could not fail being of the most fatal consequence. If in the progress of your march you should fall in with any detachment of the Enemy bending towards the same object, and likely to gain it before you, and from intelligence should have reason to think yourself equal to the task, you will by all means attack them, and endeavour by that mean to disappoint their design. I have written to Genl. Newcomb of the Jersey Militia, to give you all the aid in his power, for which you will accordingly apply, when necessary.
Upon the whole Sir, you will be pleased to remember that the post with which you are now intrusted is of the utmost importance to America, and demands every exertion you are capable of, for its security and defence, The whole defence of the Delaware absolutely depends upon it, and consequently all the Enemy's hopes of keeping Philadelphia, and finally succeeding in the object of the present Campaign. Influenced by these considerations, I doubt not your regard to the Service and your own reputation, will prompt you to every possible effort to accomplish the important end of your trust and frustrate the intentions of the Enemy.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who dated these instructions October 7 at the beginning and October 8 at the end.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of 2d. Instt., I received Yesterday, and I understand that General Varnum with his Brigade got as far as Coryell's Ferry last night. I expect such Measures will be taken as not to let the Army under Genl. Gates suffer at present for want of Flour; and that things may be put in such a train that a circumstance of that kind cannot possibly happen in future. I sincerely wish with you, that a better Regulation could take place in the Commissary Department; as, either by a fault in its constitution or an unpardonable neglect in the Executive part, this Army has been clogged and retarded in some of its most important and interesting Marches, until the opportunity of doing what was intended, was intirely lost. I expect your Exertions in calling out the Connecticut Militia may have its proper Weight; tho' I cannot be of opinion that the Enemy have left any thing like the number of men at New York, which your intelligence informs You of.
In pursuance of a concerted Plan, we Marched on friday night last to attack Genl. Howe's Army which lay at 12 or 13 Miles distance. We drove in their Pickets about 6 in the morning, the men pursued with great Eagerness and bravery and Surmounted every opposition; the Enemy were routed in the greatest confusion several Miles, we passed thro' their Encampments and took some pieces of Cannon; in short, we were flattered with every appearance of a most glorious and decesive action, when to my great surprise our men began to give way; which, when the Line was one broke became pretty general and could not with our utmost Exertions be prevented, and the only thing left was to draw them off in the best manner we could, which was effected without any very considerable loss, as we brought off our cannon &ca. In this action Brigr. Genl. Nash (of the Carolina forces) was mortally wounded and several others of great Bravery, but inferior note were Wounded, some dangerously and some Slightly. General Agnew on the side of the Enemy, I believe, is killed on the spot, and report says that one or two other General Officers are wounded. Upon the whole I have no doubt but their loss was at least equal, if not much greater than ours, and it has served to convince our people, that when they make an attack, they can confuse and Rout even the Flower of the British Army, with the greatest ease, and that they are not that invincible Body of Men which many suppose them to be. The accounts coming in hourly from Philadelphia, make the Loss of the Enemy much greater than we Imagined, they say that more than 200 Waggons came in Loaded with their Wounded, that Genl. Agnew is killed, and Generals Erskine and Grant badly Wounded, besides several Colonels and Officers of note.
I have spoke to Mr. Boudinot about some Flour, which was to be sent into our prisoners at New York; this may be applied to any uses of the Army which you think necessary.
By a Letter from Mr. Hawkes Hay, I understand the Enemy have pushed a number of men up the North River and landed on the East side, in Expectation I suppose of finding few or no men at your Post. I am fully satisfied that every thing in your power will be done towards calling in Reinforcements and making a vigorous defence, assuring you, that the number of the Enemy cannot possibly be great, even should they leave New York, Staten and Long Island quite bare. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1777.
Sir: You are immediately to send Genl. Potter with about 600 of your militia across the Schuylkill, with directions to keep himself in such a situation as will be most convenient for interrupting the enemy's intercourse, between Philadelphia and Chester &ca. He is to take every method to keep himself well acquainted with what is doing, and to embrace every opportunity of cutting off the convoys and intercepting the dispatches passing between their army and shipping; and to use every method to prevent their getting supplies from the country around them, and in a word to give them all the annoyance and disturbance he can. I would not mean to bend him to any precise position or mode of acting, to answer the ends proposed; but leave him to his own discretion to persue such measures as circumstances shall point out. It appears to me however, that Newtown Square4 would be a good general place of rendezvous, from which he might send out his detachments, as he should judge proper, and to which they might resort, as often as any plan or event should make it requisite. It is not my wish he should be stationary; because by keeping in one place, he would not only be more liable to a surprise and attack; but would have it less in his power to perplex and injure the enemy. These however are only intended as hints, which he can use and improve as his own judgment shall direct. As a few horse will be extremely useful with this detachment, I would have you send such a part of those with you, as you and General Potter shall deem sufficient.
[Note 4: Newtown Square is in Delaware County, 10 or 15 miles west of Philadelphia.]
Be pleased to communicate this letter to him; to which I shall only add, that, I confide in General Potters utmost vigilance against being surprised, which he may with certainty expect the enemy will attempt. For this purpose, he will be careful to keep continually out proper scouts and patroles of horse and foot. I am etc.
P.S. If Genl. Potters Brigade does not greatly exceed the number mentioned for the detachment, let him take his whole Brigade with him. I shall expect to be punctually advised of every thing that happens or any intelligence that comes to his knowledge.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Skippack Camp, October 8, 1777.
Sir: I have this Evening received the following Resolution of Congress passed the 6th. instant.
That General Washington be directed, if the situation of his army will admit, to send one of the four Engineers to do duty at Fort Montgomery and the defences on Hudson's River.
In Consequence of this Resolve, I desire you will immediately proceed to Fort Montgomery and there take upon you the direction of such Works, as shall be deemed necessary by the commanding Officer in that Department. I am &ca.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday received certain intelligence, that the enemy had proceeded up Hudson's River from New York, and landed a body of men at Verplanks point, a few miles below Peekskill. This movement fully explains those appearances, which lately induced Genl. Dickinson to apprehend a second incursion into the Jerseys; and gives reason to believe, that, instead of that, the enemy meditate a serious blow against our posts in the Highlands. This circumstance is somewhat alarming, as the situation of our affairs, this way, has obliged us to draw off so large a part of our force from Peekskill, that what now remains there, may perhaps prove inadequate to the defence of it. Should any disaster happen, it is easy to foresee the most unhappy consequences. The loss of the Highland passes would be likely to involve the reduction of the forts. This would open the navigation of the river, and enable the enemy, with facility, to throw their force into Albany, get into the rear of General Gates, and either oblige him to retreat, or put him between two fires. The Success of the present attempt upon Peekskill, may, in its consequences, intirely change the face of our Northern affairs, and throw them into a very disagreeable and unfavorable train.
I am confident no arguments need be used, to dispose you to contribute every effort in your power, to obviate an evil of so great magnitude; and, as I do not conceive there can be now any danger of your militia being wanted at home for the internal security of your State, I am persuaded, you will readily consent to my request, that as large a part of them, as can be prevailed upon to go, may immediately march, with all expedition, to the aid of Genl. Putnam. At this distance, unacquainted with what may have taken place, I cannot give any particular directions to regulate their march; they must govern themselves by circumstances, and act according to the intelligence and orders they may receive from General Putnam. In order to this; if you should think it proper to send a body agreeable to my request, it would be advisable that the Officer under whose command they go, should without delay advise General Putnam of his intended approach and desire his instructions how to proceed. In the mean time his rout must be directed towards the Clove and thence towards New windsor.
I shall be happy, if your views and mine concur in this matter, and that you may be able to afford any material succour to a post, the fate of which is of such essential importance to the prosperity of our Northern concerns; as in a great measure to threaten their ruin if it should be lost, and the disappointment of all those flattering prospects, which our late successes in that quarter have afforded us. I have the honor etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Perkiomy, October 8, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Brigade Majors are to make returns to morrow, of the number of arms and accoutrements, wanting in the several regiments of their brigades, in order to their being completed without delay. They are also at the same time to make returns of the number of tin cannisters now in their brigades.
The battalion of militia from Virginia, commanded by Major Pickett,8 are to be attached to, and do duty with, General Woodford's brigade.
[Note 8: Maj. William Pickett.]
The men's pouches are to be well greased at least once a week, especially that part of the flap which preserve them from injury in case of rain. The commanding officers of corps will pay attention to this.
The commanding officers of corps are immediately to select the most suitable of their men, and set them to making Mockasins for their corps. The Commissaries are to order the skins of the heads and legs of bullocks to be taken off, and applied to that use so far as they will go. The Commissaries also are to issue the raw hides for the purpose, upon the returns of the officers commanding corps.
John Farndon of Col. Harfley's regiment, sentenced to suffer death, for the crime of "desertion to the enemy," and who was to have been executed yesterday, is to be executed to morrow at 12 o'clock. A detachment of Sixty men from each brigade is to parade at the park of Artillery at that time, to attend the execution.
Head Quarters, Towamensing, October 9, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The General Court Martial whereof Col. Brodhead is president, is to sit to morrow morning, at eight o'clock, the members to attend precisely at that time, at the horseman's tent, by the artillery park.
By General Orders of Sept. 13th. the distribution of tents was thus directed.
One soldier's tent for the field officers of each regt.
One ditto ... for every four commissioned officers.
One ditto ... for every eight Serjeants, Drummers and ... Fifers.
One ditto ... for every eight privates.
The commanding officers of regiments are instantly to examine into their number of tents, and cause all beyond the foregoing allowance to be collected and delivered to their brigade quarter masters, in the first place to supply those corps in their brigades which are short of that allowance, and the residue to be delivered over to the Quarter Master General, to supply these militia, and such corps as are destitute. The Commander in Chief expects, the General officers and those commanding brigades will see this order carried into effectual and immediate execution.
Brigadier General Nash will be interred, at ten o'clock this forenoon, with military honours, at the place where the road the troops marched in, yesterday comes into the great road.
The execution of John Farndon is to be postponed till to morrow morning.
The General Officers are, without delay, to have the rolls of officers called, and such as are absent, and not sick, wounded or on command, are to be ordered peremptorily to join their corps; and those who are absent without leave, are to be immediately reported to the Commander in Chief. They are also to report the number of blankets, stockings, shoes, and other necessaries to complete one suit to each man.
True field returns of the troops are to be made under the immediate inspection of the General officers. For this purpose, the several corps are to be mustered, and the rolled called; and if the weather permit, these returns are to be made to morrow-noon, signed by the Major Generals, or officers commanding divisions.
The Brigadiers, or officers commanding brigades, are immediately to report, the number of men, of those returned missing after the action of the 4th. instant, who have joined their brigades since the returns of the killed &c. and these reports they will continue to make daily to the Commander in Chief.
Fredk. Wampools, October 9, 1777.
Dear Sir: A Person of the name of Patterson (an Inhabitant of Wilmington) can give you a particular Acct. of the Situation, strength &ca. of the Enemy at that place; from whence you may judge of the practicability of attempting something by way of Surprize (if your numbers are adequate) upon the garrison. After having made every necessary enquiry proper for an enterprize of this kind let me know the result by an Officer and whether the undertaking is feasible with, or without, a little aid from hence.
Your enquiries into these matters should be made with much Circumspection, to avoid giving alarm, and your Manoeuvres should be towards the Enemy and retrogade occasionally to lull them into security unless your own strength is sufficient to effect the Work, in that case the rapidity of the attempt may perhaps contribute to the Success of it.
You will readily perceive that nothing herein, is positive, but altogether discretionary; to be undertaken, or not, as circumstances and Information shall warrant. If a Successful blow could be aim'd at Wilmington, very happy consequences would result from it, besides possessing ourselves of the wounded that now are there for the purpose of Exchanging for such Prisoners of ours as are in the Enemy's hands; but in the midst of this it is not to be forgotten, that the great object of your expedition is to deprive the Enemy of Supplies from Chester County and to Interrupt their Convoys from Chester Town, Wilmington &ca. whilst our defence upon the River, obliges them to have recourse to a Transportation of necessaries by Land from their Shipping. Watch the Communication between Phila. and the Enemy's Shipping well, and let me hear from you frequently, especially on the Subject of the proposed Expedition. Patterson can point out others to you (Inhabitants of Wilmington) who he thinks would give every aid in their power; but then, danger may attend the Comn. of the Scheme to too many. If an Idea was thrown out that the Corps you Commanded consisted of the Eastern Shore Militia returning, it might possibly remove suspicion of the real design (if it should be found practicable to make an attempt upon the Enemy at Wilmington) with your Troops alone. I am etc.
Skippack Camp, October 9, 1777.
Sir: I have received some accounts from Jersey which makes it unnecessary to send more than one Regiment there at present. You will therefore proceed to Red Bank11 with your own with all dispatch, and send Colo. Angell's back to join General Varnum. I am, etc.12
[Note 11: On October 10 Alexander Hamilton wrote, by Washington's direction, a letter to Brig. Gen. Silas Newcomb, of the Rhode Island Militia, requesting him to hold his troops in readiness to march to Red Bank. This letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 13: Acting President of Delaware.]
Skippack Camp, October 10, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 8th. from New Ark and most Sincerely wish, that your exertions to rouse the inhabitants of the Delaware State, had been attended with better Success. They certainly labour under very peculiar difficulties; The Enemy in possession of their Capital; a vast number of disaffected and the Continental Army at present at too great a distance to Support them. The latter is a circumstance that cannot at present be helped, for you yourself very judiciously observe, that perhaps detaching part of our force might occasion the loss of a Battle, which would endanger the Liberties of the whole Continent. I have sent Genl. Potter with a Brigade of Pennsylvania Militia, to stop the intercourse between Chester County and Philadelphia, and to endeavour to intercept Convoys going between Chester and Philadelphia. If I could spare the force, I would fain aim a blow at Wilmington, which I think would prove an easy conquest. If you think you could engage three or four hundred or more of the Militia of your State, to Assemble at a concerted time and certain places within reach of Wilmington, I should be strongly induced to send as many Continental Troops as would be sufficient to lead them, and to accomplish the Business. But this must be managed with Secrecy and address to prevent the least Suspicion. I beg you will think Seriously of this Matter and let me know, whether you have any prospect of success, in getting your people together.
I fancy the Accounts given to you by the Quakers are pretty near the truth, as they are confirmed by variety of others, thro' different Channels. If the uncommon Fogginess of the Morning and the Smoke, had not hindred us from seeing our own advantage, I am convinced it would have ended in a compleat Victory. But we must not repine, on the Contrary rejoice, that we have given a Severe Blow to our Enemy's and that our Ranks are as full and rather fuller than they were before the engagement. I have the honor etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Towamensing, October 10, 1777.
Parole Burlington. Countersigns Cambridge, Danbury.
A court of enquiry consisting of four members, and Major General Lord Stirling President, to sit at 12 o'clock to day, at the president's quarters, and examine into the conduct of Major General Sullivan in the expedition commanded by him to Staten Island in the month of August last. Major Taylor15 and others, who can give information of this matter are to attend: But if the court see cause to postpone the examination for want of evidence, after hearing what Major Taylor has to urge on that head, they are to do it accordingly. Genl. McDougall, General Knox, Colonel Spencer,16 and Col. Clark17 are appointed members.
[Note 15: Maj. John(?) Taylor, of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 16: Col. Oliver Spencer, of an Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 17: Col. Thomas Clark, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was wounded at Stono Ferry; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C.; retired in January, 1783.]
The General being informed, that much provision is wasted by the irregular manner in which it is drawn and cooked, does, in earnest terms, exhort the officers commanding Corps to look into and prevent abuses of this kind, and in very express terms also desires that they will see that their men have provisions by them, ready for any emergency. And more over that they will be particularly attentive to the execution of orders, both as to time and manner, ardently wishing that the necessity of a rigid compliance with them, may be deeply impressed, upon the mind of every officer, who ought to consider how impracticable it is, to carry on any military operation without it. It is not for every officer to know the principle upon which every order issues, and to judge how far it may, or may not be dispensed with, or suspended; but their duty to carry them into execution with the utmost punctuality and exactness. They are also to consider, that military movements are like the working of a clock, and will go equally regular and easy, if every officer does his duty, but without it, be as easily disordered; because neglect in any one part (like the stopping of a wheel) disorders the whole. The General expects therefore, that every officer will duly consider the importance of this observation. Their own reputation, and the duty they owe their country claim it of them, and he earnestly calls upon them to do it.
The General directs that the arms shall be put in the best order without loss of time, ammunition completed, and every thing in readiness against a sudden call, if it should be made upon us; those who want arms are to be supplied immediately, by order from the Adjutant General: But at the foot of each return, an account is to be rendered how the deficiency arises.
Promotions, in consequence of the late deaths and resignations, will now take place as a reward to the merit of deserving officers. The succession in which they are to be made, agreeable to General orders, is to be reported by the General officers of each division, or brigade (after consulting the field officers of the regiment they belong to) Officers who are under the imputation of cowardice, or whose characters in other respects are impeachable, are to be noted; as the General is determined to discriminate between the good and bad. This order is to be confined to promotion. No new appointments will take place at this time in the weak state of the regiments.
AFTER ORDERS
Returns are to be brought in to morrow morning, of the number of rounds, of cartridges per man, with which each brigade is now furnished.
Camp, 26 Miles from Phila., October 10, 1777.
Sir: On Wednesday Evening, I received the honor of your Letter of the 7th with its several Inclosures.
The providing of suitable Quarters for the Troops during the Winter, demands our attention; but I confess, it is difficult to say where they will be. Sundry circumstances may occur, in the course of the Campaign, to render any Provision which might now be thought of, altogether improper.
In respect to Genl. Putnam's Letter, tho' the Accounts transmitted by Colo. Hawks Hay indicate, that the Enemy had some attack in contemplation; yet I cannot but think, the Force the General mentions to have been at New York was greatly exaggerated. The highest number of the Reinforcements said to have arrived, is three Thousand and these mentioned to be half boys. Other Reports make it much less, and some as low as five or six Hundred. However, be it what it may, it is not in my power to grant him aid. Had the Reinforcement arrived, before the Troops marched from Peekskill, so many might not have been ordered from thence; but the case was otherwise, or at least, I was not apprized of their arrival, and the Detachments from thence, were directed by the advice of my Genl Officers, who had under consideration, the State of the whole force at that post and its dependencies according to a General return. At the same time, I urged Genl Putnam to call in all his out posts, and to write in pressing terms to Govr. Trumbull, to assist him with some Militia. I have not heard a Single syllable more of the Troops or Fleet mentioned by Colo. Hawks Hay, except a vague report to day, that a number, supposed to be about Fifteen Hundred had landed on this side the River at Haver-straw. If the fact is so, it is probable they mean to pass thro' the Clove and invest the Forts. I have great confidence in the activity and bravery of Governor Clinton, and I trust, if such is their view, they will meet at least with a Spirited, if not a Successful opposition. I have sent up Lt Colo. Radiere, One of the Engineers, with orders to direct such Other Works as may appear necessary.
There was a very severe Cannonade on Wednesday Night. It began about 12 OClock and continued till yesterday Morning between 7 and 8. I have not learnt the occasion, but from the direction, suppose it was at Fort Mifflin or an Engagement between our armed Vessels and the Enemy's Ships, which probably were making a second attempt against the Chevaux de frizes. I have determined to maintain the post at Red Bank, if it can be done, and have detached Colo. Greene there, with his Regiment of Rhode Island Troops, consisting of about Two Hundred and Twelve Effective privates. I have also written to Genl Newcomb of Jersey, pressing him to give all the aid he can from the Militia.
Since my Letter of the 7th we have been joined by more of the Virginia Militia. The whole number now in Camp amounts to about 1100. Many of their Arms are indifferent, and almost the whole are destitute of Pouches and Other necessary Accoutrements.
On Sunday the Enemy evacuated Billingsport. They left all our Cannon, but burnt the Platforms and Carriages.
Inclosed you will receive a Letter addressed to me by Colo. Portail. Congress will judge of the Contents, and decide upon them as they may think they Merit.
The Military Chest is nearly exhausted, not having more than Ten thousand Dollars in It, and a large part of the Army is to pay for the Month of August. Besides their claims, large sums are wanted by the Quarter Master General and for other purposes. Congress, I hope, will order such immediate Supply to be forwarded to the Pay Master Genl., as shall be in their power.
October 11.
I wish to know what Stores of Lead we have and what expectations of further Supplies. I am rather uneasy on this head, as I have not been able to obtain satisfaction on some inquiries, within the course of a few days. The Cannonade mentioned above, was between our Gallies and a Detachment of the Enemy, who were attempting to throw up a Battery at Webbs or the lowest ferry on Schuylkill. It has been repeated this Morning. Their design in erecting this Battery probably is to cover their passage to Province Island, from whence by occupying the Grounds about the Pest Houses, they may expect to annoy Fort Mifflin.
Our distress for want of Shoes and stockings is amazingly great, particularly for want of the former. On this Account we have a great many Men, who cannot do duty and several detained at the Hospitals for no other Cause. I must request Congress to continue their exertions to releive us, and to direct every supply of these and other necessaries to be forwarded as soon as they possibly can after they are collected. It will be proper to send them on, as fast as they can be procured, without waiting to make up a considerable quantity to be brought at one time.
I was this morning honored with your Favors of the 9th and their several Inclosures.18 I feel in the most sensible manner, the
[Note 18: Hancock's letter (October 9) stated his satisfaction that everything had been done at Germantown to insure success: "Something must still be left to Fortune. It is not in Mortals to command Success. But permit me to say, Sir, you have done more on this Occasion, You have deserved it."
The inclosures included the resolve of October 8, thanking Washington for his "wise and well concerted attack upon the enemy's army near Germantown." Congress also resolved that Henry Laurens and Thomas Heyward be added to the committee appointed "to carry into execution the resolution of Congress ordering a medal to be struck and presented to Genl. Washington." No further information appears in the Journals of the Continental Congress. The medal was never struck.] honorable approbation Congress have been pleased to give of my conduct and that of the Army under my command in the Action on the 4th Inst. Nor am I less indebted to you, Sir, for the polite mode, in which you have conveyed their Sentiments. I shall communicate the Resolve upon the Subject to the Army and hope, if a favorable opportunity offers, under the Smiles of Providence, they will merit by more Substantial Services, the further applause of their Country.
The Resolution of the 8th for preventing supplies and intelligence being carried to the Enemy, appears to me to be a salutary one, and I hope it will be attended with the most beneficial consequences.19 That it may be known among the Inhabitants, who are in this Neighbourhood and who have been guilty of such practices, I would wish to receive several printed Copies, that they may be distributed in proper places. I have &c.
[Note 19: The resolves of October 8 granted Washington power to arrest all persons carrying intelligence or supplies to the enemy and conferred on courts-martial the power to punish such offenses by death or other punishment; also persons spreading false intelligence were to be apprehended and punished by either civil or military authority. These powers were to remain in force until Jan. 1, 1778. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 8, 1777.)]
P.S. I have just now received a line from the Pay Master Genl. on the Subject of Money which I inclose.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Towamensing, October 11, 1777.
Parole Andover. Countersigns Bedford, Concord.
The Court of enquiry of which Lord Stirling is president, now sitting at the president's quarters, is to inquire into the charge against Brigadier General Wayne--viz: "That he had timely notice of the enemy's intention to attack the troops under his command on the night of the 20th. Ult. and notwithstanding that intelligence, he neglected making a disposition until it was too late either to annoy the enemy, or make a retreat without the utmost danger and confusion." The president will give notice of the time when the court can enter on the enquiry; when the parties and witnesses are to attend.
Twice a week (Wednesdays and Saturdays) the officers of each company are carefully to inspect the arms, ammunition and accoutrements of their men, to see that they are in perfect order and that nothing is wanting. At the first inspection they are to take an exact account of every article belonging to each man and if afterwards any be missing, they are immediately to report the same to the officer commanding their regiment, that the matter may be enquired into, if he judges it proper, by a regimental court martial, and the delinquent punished if deserving it and charged with the articles lost, to be deducted from his wages.
The militia from the Counties of Prince William, Culpepper, Loudoun, and Berkley, in the State of Virginia are to be formed into a brigade, and be under the command of Col. William Crawford. The Qr Mr. General and Commissary General are to appoint persons therein, to do the duties of their respective departments.
All the troops that came from Peek's-kill under the command of Generals McDougall, Varnum and Huntington (Malcom's regiment excepted) are to be thrown into two brigades, in such manner as those Gentlemen shall think best; a report of which is to be made to the Commander in Chief for his further order.
Col. Malcom's regiment is to join General Conway's brigade.
Twelve light horse with an officer are to mount guard every day with the picquets and be disposed of at the different picquets for the purpose of conveying early intelligence in such a way as the Major General of the day shall direct.
The commanding officers of all those companies which were raised as part of the sixteen additional battalions, and at different times annexed to other regiments, are to make immediate returns, to the Adjutant General, of their strength, and in what regiments they are now doing duty.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to inform the army, that Congress have, in a unanimous resolve, expressed their thanks to the officers and men concerned in the attack, on the enemy near Germantown on the 4th instant, for their brave exertions on that occasion; and hopes the approbation of that honorable body, will stimulate them to still nobler efforts on every future occasion.
Captain Paul Parker of Col. Hartley's regiment, is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in General Wayne's brigade, 'till further orders and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
All firing of guns is absolutely forbidden without licence first obtained from the Major General of the day and the instant a gun is fired, a serjeant and file of men shall be sent, to catch the villain, who is thus wasting ammunition, and alarming the camp. All officers are strictly required to see this order put in execution.
Skippack Camp, October 11, 1777.
Dear Sir: I received a line from Colo. Hay, dated the 4th. instant, in which he informed me that the Enemy had landed at Verplanks point. The Express, who was stationed at Kings Ferry, came off and also informs me that a party landed at the same time upon the West side of the River. I have not received a line from you respecting the matter, which makes me conclude that your dispatches have been intercepted by some of the disaffected upon the Road. If this reaches you, I beg I may hear from you immediately. I have just received a letter from Governor Livingston of the 8th. instr., in which he informs me, that he had, in consequence of my request, ordered three thousand Jersey Militia to march immediately to the Highlands, and I am not without hopes that part of them will arrive before the Enemy have made too great progress. I am &ca.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent was an A. L. S. and is stated to be in the possession of the Missouri Historical Society.]
Skippack Camp, October 11, 1777.
Sir: I received yours of the 19th. informing of the occasion of the late firing. I imagine the Enemy still presist in their attempt, as the firing has continued by intervals ever since.25 As the rear of the Fort is only defended by a picket Work, I think you ought to lose no time in throwing up a Bank against the picket, which wou'd strengthen it and make it defensible against Shot. If some blinds were thrown up, within the Area of the Fort they wou'd be a security against Shells, of which I think you are in more danger than from Shot, you seem apprehensive, if the Enemy possess province Island, that your Men
[Note 25: "Two days ago [October 9] the Enemy erected a Battery at the mouth of Schuylkill, to secure passage at Webbs Ferry. The Commodore ordered several Galleys to attack it for a considerable time, and after very little firing the Enemy ceas'd having lost several men.... Last night the Enemy crossed Webb Ferry and erected a redoubt opposite the Fort within two Musket shots of the Blockhouse. Early in the Morning it was discovered and the Commodore immediately order'd three Galleys and one of the Floating Batteries to attack the redoubt which they did very warmly. The garrison soon surrendered, but another party of British approaching, Lt. Col. Smith opened fire upon them, whereupon the garrison that had surrendered fled and only one lieutenant, one ensign and fifty six privates were held. One of the chevaux de frise was dragged up by the British."-- William Bradford and John Hazelwood to Washington, Oct. 11, 1777. This letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.] must quit their Barracks, in that case you should think of finding out some more secure place of Sheltering them. I cannot at present think of any place better than between the East face of the Stone Fort and the lower Battery, they will at least be safe there until an attack begins from the Water. I desired Captn. Blewer, who went from hence Yesterday, to caution the Commodore against an unnecessary expenditure of Ammunition and beg that you wou'd also be careful in that point, for should the Enemy cut off your intercourse with us, you will find the want of it.26I am etc.
[Note 26: Lieutenant Colonel Smith bad written to Washington (October 9):" I shall in that case be oblig'd to cover my men, and should they keep up their fire at night, it will oblige us to sleep in the open air, which will soon destroy my small party. I have already sent away 6 men and one Officer Sick and this day shall send off 12 Men and 2 Officers Sick, besides this we have 7 more in Garrison unfit for duty; however, if they keep their men in the Marshes two or three days, they must in this weather become equally sickly. From the Number of the Enemy we saw on the Shore, I am of Opinion they have at least 750 men, perhaps 1000 with them. I have now 200 Effective men in Garrison. The Number of wounded in last Saturday's engagement [at Germantown], by every Account we can get from the City, exceed 1200." Tench Tilghman has noted on this letter: "Write to Newcomb to take Boats of the Creeks. Advise Colo. Smith to build Cover for the men under the East Face of the Fort." Colonel Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
P.S. Should the Enemy get possession of the ground near the Pest Houses, what effect wou'd their fire have upon Shipping? If this ground would be advantageous to us, do you think part of your garrison, part of that intended for Red Bank, and some militia from Jersey could possess and defend it? It is my wish, that Colo. Greene and you, in concert with the Gentlemen of the Navy, would turn your attention to every place which will contribute to the defence of the Water obstructions, and if it is in my power to afford assistance I will do it.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, October 11, 1777.
Sir: You are immediately to proceed with the detachment under your command to Chester County, and there collect as many horses as you can find, proper for the service of the light dragoons. You are also to make collections from the inhabitants, of as many blankets, shoes, Stockings and other articles of covering and cloathing, which are wanted for the use of the army, as you can possibly procure, giving receipts, if required, of what you take and at all events keeping an exact list of the names of the persons from whom you get them, and the number or quantity you get from each, which you are to report to me, in order that a future settlement may be made with the proprietors. In the prosecution of this business, you are to endeavour to make a discrimination between the well affected and disaffected inhabitants. Taking from the former with a more sparing and indulgent hand than from the latter; as far as this can be done consistent with a proper attention to our wants and necessities, which you well know to be great and pressing. I have written to General Potter, desiring him to give you all the aid in his power, you will accordingly apply to him for such assistance as you may stand in need of, for the more effectual execution of the business you are sent upon.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Skippack Camp, October 11, 1777.
Sir: Colo. Smith informs me that the Enemy have been raising Batteries near the Landing place at Webbs Ferry, with an intent to cover their passage over to Province Island. If the Battery is erected upon the meadow or upon the Wharf, it may be much injured or the approach to it from the City rendered very difficult by cutting the meadow banks in five or six places from the mouth of Schuylkill up to the mouth of Hollander's Creek and laying the whole Country under Water. If the Dyke that dams out Hollanders Creek was likewise cut, it would contribute much to raise the Water. This should be done in the night, and when it is once effected, the Gallies might keep any persons from repairing the breaches. I beg this may be done as speedily as possible and with secrecy. As the security of the Fleet and the obstructions depends upon keeping possession of Fort Mifflin and Red Bank, I hope you will Cooperate with the Gentlemen in the Land Service, and endeavour to make use of every mean to effect so salutary a measure. I am etc.
P.S. Was any thing ever done towards destroying the Hay upon the meadows below Philadelphia, I think, I recommended it to you by Colo. Smith when he went down.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Towamensing, October 12, 1777.
Parole Firmness. Countersigns Courage, Conquest.
Major Lockhart30 of the 3rd. North Carolina regiment is promoted to the rank of Lieut. Colonel in the eighth regiment of the said state, in the room of Lieut. Col Ingram resigned.31
[Note 30: Maj. Samuel Lockhart. He resigned Oct. 19, 1777, and is stated by Heltman to have been taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., on May, 1780.]
[Note 31: Lieut. Col. James Ingram. He had resigned July 8, 1777.]
Capt. Henry Dixon of the 1st. North Carolina regiment, is promoted to the rank of Major in the 3rd. regiment of said state, in the room of Major Lockhart promoted.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 3rd. instant whereof Col Josiah Parker was president.
Ensign Casson32 of the 4th. Virginia regiment, charged with "Accusing Ensign Ford33 of Cowardice." Also with "Getting
[Note 32: Ensign Charles Casson.]
[Note 33: Ensign Denham Ford, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was cashiered in January, 1778.] drunk in the morning, and behaving in an ungentlemanlike manner," found guilty of the charge brought against him, and sentenced to be discharged from the service.
Ensign Thomas Shanks of the 10th Pennsylvania regiment with "Stealing two pair of shoes from Lieut: Adams,34 regimental quartermaster (p: tern:) to the 10th. Pennsylv: regt.," found guilty of the charge exhibited against him, and sentenced to be discharged from the service.
[Note 34: Lieut. Francis Adams, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Major Forrest35 of Col. Proctors regiment of artillery, charged with "Neglect of duty, with disobedience of orders, to the prejudice of the service, good order and military discipline, and with breaking his arrest," found guilty of neglect of duty, and of disobedience orders, to the prejudice of the service, good order and military discipline, and not guilty of breaking his arrest, and sentenced to be reprimanded in General orders.
[Note 35: Maj. Thomas Forrest, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December, 1778; resigned in October, 1781.]
It appears by the evidence, that Major Forrest's conduct was highly reprehensible, because of such a nature as tends to subvert the foundation of order in an army. When an officer is directed to do any thing in the line of his duty, he ought not to reason upon the propriety of the measure, but execute it in the best manner he can, remembering that implicit obedience, which constitutes true discipline, is essential to the success, and even to the existence of an army.
It is the ardent wish of the Commander in Chief, that the duty of the camp may be performed with the greatest exactness and regularity, and he desires that the Major General, Brigadier General and Field Officers of the day attend the parade constantly, at the time of guard mounting, and see that the guard are duly marched off, and every thing conducted with propriety. Henceforward the guards are to mount at nine o'clock in the morning.
The officers have now an opportunity of attending to the discipline of the troops. Every day when the weather permits, the corps are to be turned out and practiced in the most essential exercises, particularly in priming and loading, forming, advancing, retreating, breaking and rallying. No pains are to be spared to improve the troops in these points.
All parties and witnesses relative to the charges against General Wayne, are to attend the Court of enquiry at Lord Stirling's quarters to morrow morning at nine o'clock.
The Q. M. General is directed to procure paper immediately, that the several corps may be furnished without delay.
AFTER ORDERS
For the better security of the ammunition, each brigade Quarter Master is early to morrow morning, to go with ten ax men and five other men of his brigade, and collect with the utmost care and dispatch, all the horns36 they can find at this, and the late encampments of the army, and immediately upon his return, report the number he shall have collected.
[Note 36: The use of cleaned-out cattle horns in which to store cartridges was one of the devices adopted for obtaining waterproof cartridge boxes.]
Headquarters, October 12, 1777.
Sir: I have duly received your favour of the 15th ult'o from Fort Pitt, giving me an account of the state of your garrison. I am sorry your force is not more adequate to the uses you have for it, and that such coldness appears in the neighbouring inhabitants as to preclude the assistance you had a right to expect from them. Under the circumstances you mention, I have no objection to you detaining any of the Continental troops now with you; except those which belong to the 8th Pennsylvania regiment. The detention of these tends to the ruin of the whole regiment; for those who remain, finding that such as have heretofore deserted, escape punishment and are countenanced in staying from their corps, are encouraged by that circumstance to follow their example, so that desertions become every day more frequent among them, and will soon, if not put a stop to, reduce the regiment to nothing.
This consideration induced me to desire, that you will at all events, immediately on the receipt of this, take the most effectual measures to forward to camp all the officers and men of the regiment, who either compose a part of your garrison, or are within your reach except such officers as may have authentic vouchers of their being on any necessary business of the regiment, and have not overstaid time, in executing it. I am etc.37
[Note 37: In private hands. The original was sold at auction in 1893. The draft, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, dated Oct. 23, 1777, is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Towamensing, October 13, 1777.
Parole Plymouth. Countersigns Portsmouth, Richmond.
Those Battalions and corps that have joined the army, since the third instant, are to attend to the orders of that day, with regard to making out their Muster Rolls. An immediate attention to this duty, is required of every officer, who has not already performed it.
It is with real grief and amazement that the General observes, by the late returns, how deficient of arms and accoutrements the Continental troops are. He directs, that they may be immediately supplied with muskets, and if there is not a sufficiency of cartouch boxes, that the tin Cannisters be taken from those who have cartouch boxes, to supply the defect of such as have none. After this the General positively orders that the arms, ammunition and accoutrements be examined once a day, by an officer of each company. That this may certainly be done, he expects the commanding officer of each regiment will give particular attention to the duty here enjoined. He also recommends it to the General Officers, as a matter well worthy of their care. Any soldier after this, who shall loose, sell or otherwise dispose of his arms, accoutrements or cloathing, shall be punished in the most exemplary manner, without the smallest mitigation.
As there are not spare cartouch boxes at this time, to supply the militia, Col. Crawford is desired to use his utmost skill and industry to procure horns and pouches to carry their ammunition in, or to adopt any other method, he may, upon consulting his officers, find more expeditious. He is to appoint some active person acquainted with duty, as Brigade Major pro: tempore, who will be allowed pay during the time he acts.
As many great and valuable advantages, would result, from the having the arms of a division, or even of a brigade, of the same bore, the Commander in Chief directs, that each officer commanding a brigade would have a return instantly made to him of the different Calibers and number of each kind in his brigade; and that as soon as this is done Major General Sullivan would call all the General officers, and officers commanding brigades, together, and see if such a disposition of arms can be effected, as many happy consequences would flow from it.
AFTER ORDERS
Altho' orders have been given to complete the army with 40 rounds of cartridges a man, the General did not intend that they should be distributed to the men 'till further orders, except so far as should be necessary to fill the cartridge boxes and tin-cannisters: All above that number are to be collected immediately, and deposited in a good covered waggon of the brigade or division, no delay is to be made in this matter, lest the cartridges be spoiled or lost.
The companies raised by Capts. Steel,38 Irvine,39 Hearsley40 and Calderwood41 are to join Col Malcom's regt. and compose part of it.
[Note 38: Capt. John Steele. He resigned Mar. 8, 1778.]
[Note 39: Capt. Matthew Irvine. He resigned Jan. 20, 1778.]
[Note 40: Capt. James Blakslee(?).]
[Note 41: Capt. James Calderwood. Died Sept. 13, 1777, from wounds received at Brandywine.]
What blankets, shoes and breeches are in the Clothiers' hands are to be distributed to morrow upon application to him without further orders.
Head Quarters, October 13, 1777.
Sir: Since I had the honour of addressing you on the 11th Inst., nothing material has happened between our Army and General Howe's. The inclosed Copies of Commodore Hazlewood's and Colonel Bradford's Letters, will shew the situation of Affairs in the Navy and at Fort Mifflin on the 11th which are the latest accounts I have received from thence; But there has been a warm Cannonade since, which continued with but little intermission 'till between Two and three O'Clock yesterday afternoon when it ceased. The result I have not heard; but I hope, from the determined Spirit of the Fleet and the Garrison, matters continue as we could wish.
I received an Express last night from Genl Putnam, informing me of the Capture of Fort Montgomery and the consequent evacuation of Peekskill. I should send Copies of his letters to me, but as the Express, who brought them, had dispatches for Congress, I conclude he has advised them fully on the subject. These events may have an unhappy influence on our Northern affairs, but as the Connecticut Militia seemed to be coming in fast and Govr. Clinton is exerting himself to bring out the force of New York, If Genl. Putnam can but keep pace with their fleet in their progress up the River, I hope he will be able to frustrate their design of releiving Genl. Burgoyne and that every thing will still terminate well in that Quarter.
It gives me pain to repeat so often, the wants of the Army and nothing would induce me to it, but the most urgent necessity. Every mode hitherto adopted for supplying them, has proved inadequate, notwithstanding my best endeavours to make the most of the means which have been in my power. The inclosed return will shew how great our deficiency in the most essential Articles. What New expedient Congress can devise for more effectually answering these demands I know not, persuaded as I am, that their closest attention has not been wanting to a matter of so great importance. But circumstanced as we are, I am under an absolute necessity of troubling them, that if any new source can be opened for alleviating our distresses, it may be embraced, as speedily as possible. For it is impossible, that any Army so unprovided can long subsist, or act with that vigor which is requisite to ensure success.
The return now inclosed, is for Troops present in Camp, besides which there are numbers in the several Hospitals totally destitute of the necessaries they require to fit them for the field, and on this account alone are prevented from joining their Corps. The Recruits coming in are also in the same melancholy predicament. I cannot ascertain with precision what quantity of Cloathing is at this time in Mr. Mease's hands, but from every account what he has can administer but a very partial relief. I know he is intirely bare of some of the most Capital articles we want.
With respect to Cartouch Boxes, without which it is impossible to act, I cannot find from my inquiries, that there are any in store. Several of the Continental Troops are deficient in this instance, and what adds to our distress, there are but very few of the Southern Militia that are provided. I am trying to make a collection about the Country, but from the information I have receiv'd, the measure will be attended with but little success. This want, tho' not remedied immediately, may be removed in time, and I would take the liberty to recommend, that the earliest attention should be had to making a large supply. I would also advise that much care should be used in choosing the Leather. None but the best and thickest is proper for the purpose, and each Box should have a small inner flap for the greater security of the Cartridges against rain and moist weather. The Flaps in general, are too small and do not project sufficiently over the ends or sides of the Boxes. I am convinced of the utility nay necessity of these improvements and that the adoption of them, tho' they will incur an additional expence at first, will prove a considerable saving, and of the most beneficial consequences. For we know from unhappy experience in the severe rain on the 16th. Ulto, the few Boxes we had of this construction, preserved the ammunition without injury, whilst it was almost wholly destroyed in those of the Common form with a single flap.
There is one thing more, which I cannot omit mentioning to Congress, and which in my opinion, has a claim to their most Serious attention. I mean the general defective state of the Regiments which compose our Armies. Congress will find, from a view of the returns transmitted from time to time, that they do not amount to near half of their just complement. What can be done to remedy this I know not. But it is certain every idea of voluntary inlistments seems to be at an end; and it is equally certain, that the mode of drafting has been carried on, with such want of energy in some states and so much disregarded in others, that but a small accession of force has been derived from it. These facts are Sufficiently interesting of themselves, but there are others to be added. I am told that Virginia, in her regulations for drafting, extended her plan only to nine regiments that were first raised. In what Policy this was founded, I cannot determine but the other Six, are to receive no reinforcements from that Source. Nor do matters stop here. The Engagements of the first nine regiments, I am informed were temporary, and according to the Officers accounts, the longest period to which any of the Men are bound to serve is next April; many are not obliged so long, and there are some, who claim a discharge at this time. I do not mention these things thro' choice, but from a principle of duty, to the end that Congress may devise some timely, effectual provision for the whole if such shall be in their power.42 It is unnecessary to enlarge upon the subject, and I will only observe, that the consequences of calling the militia into the field, in the course of the war, have been so severely and ruinously felt, that I trust our views will never be turned to them, but in cases of the greatest extremity.
[Note 42: Opposite this sentence is a manuscript marginal note, made apparently after this letter reached Congress: "Not acted upon."]
In pursuance of the Resolution of Congress, a Court of Inquiry has set upon Genl Sullivan. They met on the 10th and continued the examination till the 12th, when they came to the Inclosed opinion. The Depositions and papers which were before the Court were many and prolix. They are not transmitted, but they may be obtained from the Court if wanted. Besides the depository proofs which they had of Wounded and dead Officers, they had many Gentlemen before them in Person. I have the honor etc.43
[Note 43: This letter was read in Congress October 16 and referred to the Board of War. (See General Orders, Oct. 16, 1777, post.)]
P.S. Octr. 14th. I last night receiv'd letters from Commodore Hazlewood and Colo. Smith. The situation of affairs was nearly the same the Evening before as when the Commodore and Colo. Bradford wrote on the 10th and 11th. The Cannonade mention'd above was from our Gallies at the Enemy's redoubts.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.
A greatly faded fragment of a letter, in Washington's writing, dated Oct. 13, 1776, is among the Draper manuscripts in the archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Apparently addressed to Country Lieutenant Samuel Hunter, Northumberland County, Pa., it seems to call for a certified account of ration purchases by the Continental Army commissaries in that county. The names of Colonel [Henry] Hollingsworth, Deputy Quartermaster General, and Col.--Rumford are decipherable.]
Head Quarters, Towamensing, October 14, 1777.
Parole Worcester. Countersigns Springfield, Hartford.
The officers on guard are to make report of them[selves?] to the officers of the day, who will report the whole to the Adjutant General.
Doctor Craige director of the hospital at Reading has sent a list of the wounded there, whose blankets and other necessaries remain in camp. The commanding Officers of regiments are immediately to make the most diligent search for all such necessaries belonging to the wounded in their respective regiments, collect them together, and lodge them with all possible dispatch at the Qr. Mr. General's quarters. The wounded are now suffering for want of them, and not a moment is to be lost, in relieving those brave men, who suffered in their country's cause. The Brigade Majors are to send lists of their names, to the officers commanding regiments, without delay.
Lyman Hitchcock Esqr. is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major, in the 2nd. Maryland Brigade, late Deborre's, and is to be respected as such.
Mr. John Lawson, Adjutant to the Prince William militia, is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major, in the brigade of militia, under the command of Col. Crawford, and is to be respected as such.
Richard Emory Esqr. is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major, in the first Maryland brigade; and is to be respected as such.
October 14, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday received your favour of the 12th. In consequence of your request, I have ordered a return to be made, of all the Seamen in the Army, and if they can be found, shall furnish you with the number you desire, or if the whole number cannot be had, I will collect and send you as many as I can. I have also directed Colo. Greene, who it is probable will have some men in his party accustomed to the Water, to select them for the use of your Fleet. You will apply to him accordingly.
Your spirited exertions in defence of the River, have my warmest acknowledgements, and I have the fullest confidence that they will be continued to the utmost of your ability, and that you will persevere in a conduct, suitable to the importance of your trust. Be assured, I will cooperate with you by every effort in my power.
Let me know how you stand with respect to Ammunition, and if deficient, whether any steps are taking to procure a supply. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 14, 1777.
Sir: Commodore Hazelwood informs me, that the desertions from the fleet have left him exceedingly deficient in men, which must greatly enfeeble his operations. As I imagine there is likely to be a number of men accustomed to the water in your garrison, I must desire, you will immediately draft all such and deliver them for the Commodore, for the use of the fleet. It is essential he should have a sufficiency of hands and the men cannot possibly be more usefully employed than with him.
It is my wish that you should, and I dare say you will be ready to assist Colo. Smith, in any enterprise he may form for the security of his post, and to prevent the success of the enemy's attempts for its reduction. I have directed him to apply to you for whatever assistance he may want, and you can afford. I am etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 14, 1777.
Sir: Yours of the 12th. I received Yesterday. I am sorry your attempts to get possession of the enemy's batteries have hitherto failed. I hope your future endeavours may be more successful. If they once get their batteries fairly erected, the situation of your Garrison will no doubt become very trying; but I dare say, they will be duly impressed with the importance of the trust committed to them, and will manifest a proportionable degree of fortitude.
In order to render the assistance of the Gallies more effectual, I am endeavouring to supply their deficiency of men from the army. In the mean time, I have desired Colonel Greene to furnish all the seamen he may have, and to give you every assistance in his power in the execution of any enterprise you may find necessary.47 I am etc.48
[Note 47: On October 14 Tench Tilghman, by direction of Washington, wrote to Capt. Benjamin Ayres, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General, to strip and remove from the vessels at Trenton all sails, rigging, and stores. Any ammunition was to be sent to Commodore Hazelwood. On October 15 Tilghman, by Washington's direction, ordered Brig. Gen. Silas Newcomb to march his New Jersey Militia to Red Bank, build huts within the fort, guard against a surprise at night, and hold the place to the last extremity or as long as Colonel Smith succeeded in holding Fort Mifflin, which lay opposite to Red Bank. Col. Israel Angell, with a regiment of Continentals, was to join Newcomb. These letters are in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 15, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 8th. and 10th. instt. giving me the account of the loss of Fort Montgomery and the Evacuation of Peeks Kill in consequence of it, but I am very glad to find that you had previously removed the greater part of the Stores. This stroke would have perhaps proved fatal to our northern affairs in its consequences, had not the defeat of Genl. Burgoyne so providentially taken place upon the 7th. instt., I can scarcely think, that Sr. Henry Clinton will pursue his Route now the object of it is disappointed, I mean a junction with Burgoyne. But I hope, if he should attempt to penetrate further, you will be able, with the Militia from Connecticut and New York and the reinforcement sent down by Genl. Gates,49 to stop his progress. Genl. McDougall has just suggested a matter to me, which he thinks of importance. He imagines that the Enemy, supposing they are obliged to fall down the North River again, will distroy all the Boats they find or carry them
[Note 49: "Some heavy artillery and a reenforcement of Continental troops, I am informed by General Gates, are on their way to join me."-- Putnam to Washington, Oct. 25, 1777. This letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.] down with them, in either case we shall have no means of crossing. He therefore advises that the Boat Builders in the Peekskill Department, be immediately set to work to make a number of Boats, which may be built some distance back from the Water and brought down upon Carriages. But if the Enemy go down again they may be built convenient to the Water. If our Boats are destroyed, the sooner this Work is set about the better. Since the Battle of Germantown, both Armies have remained quiet. The Enemy have been endeavouring to remove the obstructions in the Delaware, but they have not yet made much progress. I am &ca.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., Philadelphia County, October 15, 1777.
Dr. Sir: I was this day honored with yours of the 9th. containing a full account of the Storm of Forts Montgomery and Clinton. Genl. Putnam had given me information of the loss two days before, but not in so full and ample a manner. It is to be regretted that so brave a resistance did not meet with a suitable reward. You have however, the satisfaction of knowing that every thing was done that could possibly be, by a handful against a far superior force. This I am convinced was the case. This affair might have been attended with fatal consequences, had not there been a most providential intervention in favour of Genl. Gates's Arms on the 7th instant, but I am fully of opinion that St. Henry Clinton will not advance much further up the River upon hearing of Burgoyne's defeat and retreat. Nothing but absolute necessity could have induced me to have withdrawn any further part of the Troops allotted for the defence of the posts up the North River; but such was the reduced state of our Continental Regiments, after the Battle of Brandywine, and such the slowth and difficulty of procuring reinforcements of Militia from the southward, that without the Troops from Peeks kill we should scarcely have been able to have kept the Field against General Howe. I had the greatest hopes, that General Putnam would have drawn in as many Connecticut Militia, as would have replaced the Continental Troops, and I make no doubt but he did all in his power to obtain them in time. I am sorry that you were under the necessity of destroying the Frigates, the only consolation is, that if we had not done it ourselves, the Enemy would either have done it for us, or have carried them down for their own use. Since the Battle of Germantown upon the 4th. instant, the two Armies have remained in a manner quiet. The Enemy have made several attempts to remove the obstructions in the Delaware, but hitherto without effect. They are now making preparations to raise Batteries in the Rear of Fort Mifflin which commands the uppermost Chevaux de Frize. If we can maintain that post and one opposite upon the Jersey Shore, I am in hopes our Ships, Gallies and floating Batteries will be able to keep their stations and repel any force that can be brought by Water directly in front. I most earnestly expect further news from the northward, which I hope will bring us accounts of the total ruin of Burgoynes Army.
It is not unlikely, that one of Sr. Henry Clintons objects will be to destroy the Boats and small craft in the North River. Should this be the case and he succeed, I think it will be advisable for you to set a number of Workmen to building Flat Bottom Boats at some secure places within three or four Miles of the Water, from which they may be easily hawled. They are so exceedingly useful and so frequently wanted, that I think the business cannot, in such case, be too soon begun or carried on with too much expedition. I have written to Genl. Putnam upon the same subject. I am etc.
P.S. By sundry concuring accounts of persons out of Philadelphia and from Deserters, the Enemy's loss in the action of the 4th was very considerable. The lowest say it was 1500 killed and wounded, others 2000 and some as high as 2500. Perhaps the two last are exaggerated, but there are many reasons to believe that the first cannot much exceed the mark. For they were compleatly surprized and drove in great disorder for a long time and for a considerable distance at every point of attack. Had it not been for the extreme fogginess of the day which prevented our several Columns discovering each other's movements and from improving the advantages which they separately gained, in all probability the day would have been a most fortunate one. But owing to that circumstance they got confused and retreated at a moment when there was every appearance of victory in our favor. The Enemy lost some valuable officers, among the slain Genl. Agnew and it is said another Genl. officer was dangerously wounded. We were not without on our part Brigadr Nash was wounded by a Cannon Ball and is since dead. We had also several other officers of inferior rank wounded and some killed. This crude, undigested account I dont mean for publication. I hope all will yet end well.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Robert Hanson Harrison. The P.S. is from the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 52: Clothier General of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, October 15, 1777.
Sir: In order to enable you to carry on the business of your Department with facility and dispatch, You are hereby authorized to purchase hire or press, as circumstances may require from time to time, such number of Horses and Waggons, as you shall stand in need of to answer the necessary purposes thereof. And in consideration of the Wants of the Army in many essential Articles of Clothing, and the backwardness which has in some instances appeared, in persons who have them for sale, to part with them to the public on reasonable terms proceeding from motives of disaffection and avarice. You are also empowered to sieze such articles as you know to be absolutely necessary to us, wherever you find them in private hands; paying a generous price for the same. At the same time that you will use this power in a manner answerable to our necessities; you will be careful to exercise it with all the discretion, which a power so delicate and important demands, remembering that an improper use of it may not only render it odious, but may defeat the advantages it is intended to produce.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Towamensing, October 15, 1777.
Parole Gates. Countersigns Lincoln, Arnold.
The General has the repeated pleasure of informing the army of the success of the troops under the command of General Gates, over General Burgoyne's army. On the 7th instant the action commenced, about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, between the picquets of the two armies, which were reinforced on both sides. The contest was warm, and continued with obstinacy 'till evening, when our troops gained the advanced line of the enemy, and encamped on that ground all night. The enemy fled, and left behind them 330 tents, with kettles boiling with corn; 8 Brass Cannon, two twelve and six six-pounders; upwards of two hundred of their dead; and the baggage of their flying camp. General Frazier56 is among their slain. Our troops took 550 non-commissioned officers and soldiers prisoners; besides Sir Francis Carr Clark, Aid-de-Camp to General Burgoyne, a Quarter Master General, the commanding officers of artillery, of a foreign brigade and of the British Grenadiers, and a number of inferior rank. Two of our Generals, Lincoln and Arnold, were wounded in the leg: besides these, our troops suffered very little. They behaved with great bravery and intrepidity; and have thus a second time triumphed over the valor of veteran troops. When the last accounts came away, General Burgoyne's army was retreating, and ours pursuing.
[Note 56: Maj. Gen. Simon Fraser.]
The General congratulates the troops upon this signal victory, the third capital advantage, which under divine providence, we have gained in that quarter, and hopes it will prove a powerful stimulus to the army under his immediate command; at least to equal their northern brethren in brave and intrepid exertions when called thereto. The General wishes them to consider that this is the Grand American Army; and that of course great things are expected from it. 'Tis the army of whose superior prowess some have boasted. What shame then and dishonour will attend us, if we suffer ourselves in every instance to be outdone? We have a force sufficient, by the favor of Heaven, to crush our foes; and nothing is wanting but a spirited, persevering exertion of it, to which, besides the motives before mentioned, duty and the love of our Country irresistably impel us. The effect of such powerful motives, no man, who possesses the spirit of a soldier can withstand, and spurred on by them, the General assures himself, that on the next occasion his troops will be completely successful.
In honor of the northern Army, and to celebrate their victory, Thirteen pieces of cannon are to be discharged, at the artillery park, at five o'clock this afternoon: previous to which, the brigades and corps are to be drawn out on their respective parades, and these orders distinctly read to them by their officers.
Those men in Col. Crawford's brigade of Militia, whose pieces cannot be drawn, are to be discharged at 5 o'clock this afternoon.
The troops are to march to morrow from the right, at seven o'clock in the morning; the Major General of the day will point out the order of march.
Brigade Returns are to be made immediately, of all the Seamen in the respective corps of the army.
The Brigadiers, and officers commanding brigades, are without the smallest delay, to make strict enquiry, for the tin Cannisters which have been issued to them, and report their number now with them, and inform what is become of the rest.
In consequence of a representation of the Field Officers of Col. Stewart's regt.57 Capt. Patrick Anderson and Lieut. Jacob
[Note 57: Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment.] Meltz of that regiment, are hereby suspended for their non-attendance; and their pay is to be stopped.
A court of enquiry, consisting of five members, one of which, General Greene, is to be president, is to sit at the presidents quarters, at three o'clock this afternoon, to enquire into the charges against Brigadier General Maxwell. All witnesses are to attend at the same time. Brigadiers General Muhlenberg and Varnum, Cols. Stewart58 and Richardson59 are appointed members of this court.
[Note 58: Col. Walter Stewart, of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 59: Col. William Richardson, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment.
On or about October 15 Washington wrote a hasty note to Brig. Gen. James Potter, requesting him "to take every step in your power, by manoeuvres or otherwise" to attract the attention of the enemy to relieve the pressure on Fort Mifflin. No copy of this letter seems to have been kept. The original was in the possession of a Boston dealer in November, 1930.]
A General Court Martial of horse Officers to sit at Col. Moylan's quarters, to morrow morning, nine o'clock in the morning, for the trial of all prisoners of the Horse, which shall be brought before them. Col. Moylan is appointed president of this court.
Head Quarters, at Peter Wentzes, Worcester Township, October 16, 1777.
Parole Carlisle. Countersigns Lancaster, York.
The Commander in Chief positively orders, that the horse encamp compactly, in the rear of the army, and as near as possible to Head Quarters.
The regiments are to continue to draw materials for cartridges, and go on making them every day with care and dispatch, and when made, they are to be returned to the Commissary of military stores.
The Court of enquiry of which Major General Lord Stirling was president, held the 12th. instant, to examine into the conduct of Major General Sullivan, in the expedition commanded by him to Staten-Island in the month of August last, report their opinion thereon as follows--viz--
The Court after hearing the evidence against the conduct of Major General Sullivan, and those produced by him in his defence, and duly considering the same, are unanimously of opinion, that the expedition against the enemy on Staten-Island was eligible, and promised great advantage to the cause of America. That the expedition was well concerted, and the orders for the execution proper, and would have succeeded with reputation to the General, and the troops under his command, had it not in some measure been rendered abortive by accidents, which were out of the power of the General to foresee or prevent. That General Sullivan was particularly active in embarking the troops to the Islands, and took every precaution in his power, to bring them off. That he made early provision at Elizabeth-town for refreshing the troops of his division, when they returned to Jersey; And that upon the matures, consideration of the evidence in possession of this court, General Sullivan's conduct, in planning and executing the expedition, was such in the opinion of this court, that he deserves the approbation of his country, and not its censure. The Court therefore are unanimously of opinion that he ought to stand honorably acquitted of any unsoldierlike conduct, in the expedition to Staten-Island.60
[Note 60: The original proceedings of this court were forwarded to Congress by Washington and are filed with his letter of October 13 in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, October 16, 1777.
Sir: With the Regiment you command and what Baggage you think is absolutely necessary, you are immediately to proceed to Bristol, cross the Delaware at that place and continue your Route to Red Bank; this march should be performed with the utmost secrecy and under pretence of Covering the stores at Bristol, until you arrive at that place, as the Enemy might endeavour to intercept you should your Route be known. Upon your arrival at Red Bank, you are to consult with Commodore Hazelwood and Colonels Green and Smith and act in such manner as you think will be most conducive to the security of the Posts in general without considering yourselves as attached to any particular one. I think it more than probable, that the greatest part of your men will be wanted in fort Mifflin, and as you have many Seamen, you will give the Commodore every assistance which may be thought prudent and necessary. I have no doubt but you will use your utmost Exertions, both in the Expedition of your March, and after your arrival, for the Tenure and security of the Posts you go to defend. As an opposition made in that Quarter, becoming brave and determined Officers, will greatly facilitate the Operations of this Army, and distress that of the Enemy to such a degree as must very soon place them in a most hazardous and disagreeable situation. I am &ca.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters at Peter Wentz's, October 16, 1777.
Sir: I have been duly honoured with your favours of the 12th and 13th Inst. with their several Inclosures.
In respect to the Resolution directing a flag to be sent to Genl. Howe, I am inclined to think, that the information upon which it was framed was without foundation. The Letters which have come from our Officers, who have been lately taken, generally mention, that their treatment has been tolerably good; and such privates, as have escaped, have said nothing in the course of their examination of their having been compelled to work. For these reasons I have taken the liberty to decline sending the Flag.62 At the same time Congress may be assured, If our Prisoners suffer any wrongs, I shall take every means in my power to have them redressed, as soon as I am apprized of them.
[Note 62: Congress having been informed that American prisoners of war were compelled to work on the Philadelphia fortifications by the British, resolved that General Washington send a flag of inquiry to General Howe and take such measures as seemed proper with British prisoners. This proceeding is stricken out in the Journals of the Continental Congress and in the margin is written "false intelligence."]
It is with the highest satisfaction I congratulate Congress on the Success of our Arms at the Northward in the Action of the 7th. An event of the most interesting importance at this critical juncture. From the happy train in which things then were, I hope we shall soon hear of the most decisive advantages.
We moved this morning from the Encampment at which we have been for six or seven days past, and are just arrived at the Grounds we occupied before the Action of the 4th. One motive for coming here, is to divert the Enemy's attention and force from the Forts. These they seem to consider as Capital objects and from their operations mean to reduce if possible. At present their designs are directed against Fort Mifflin and the Chevaux de frize. I have therefore detached a further Reinforcement to the Garrison.
I yesterday thro' the hands of Mrs. Ferguson63 of Graham Park, received a Letter of a very curious and extraordinary nature from Mr. Duche64 which I have thought proper to transmit
[Note 63: Mrs. Elizabeth Ferguson. She is the same person who approached Joseph Reed with a suggestion of bribery to desert the American cause.]
[Note 64: The Rev. Jacob Duché. He wished Washington to recommend that the Declaration of Independence be rescinded and that he declare an immediate cessation of hostilities If Congress would not look favorably on such a course, Duché blandly advised Washington to "Negotiate for America at the Head of Your Army." The following extract is typical of the entire letter: "Perhaps it may be said, that it is 'better to die than be Slaves.' This indeed is a splendid maxim in theory: And perhaps in some instances may be found experimentally true. But where there is the least Probability of an happy Accommodation, surely Wisdom and Humanity call for some Sacrifices to be made, to prevent inevitable Destruction. You, well know, that there is but one invincible Bar to such an Accommodation. Could this be removed, other obstacles might readily be overcome. 'Tis to you, and you alone your bleeding Country looks, and calls aloud for this Sacrifice. Your Arm alone has Strength sufficient to remove this Bar. May Heaven inspire you with the glorious Resolution of exerting this Strength at so interesting a Crisis, and thus immortalizing Yourself as Friend and Guardian of Your Country! Your penetrating Eye needs no more explicit Language to discern my meaning."
Duché's original letter (14 pages on folio-size paper) is flied with this of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. A copy of it, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman, is in the Washington Papersin the Library of Congress.] to Congress. To this ridiculous, illiberal performance, I made a very short reply by desiring the bearer of it, if she should hereafter, by any accident, meet with Mr. Duche, to tell him I should have returned it unopened, If I had had any idea of the contents, observing at the same time, that I highly disapproved the intercourse she seemed to have been carrying on and expected it would be discontinued. Notwithstanding the Author's assertion, I cannot but suspect that this Measure did not originate with him, and that he was induced to it, by the hope of establishing his interest and peace more effectually with the Enemy. I have the honor etc.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qurs., 7 o'clock P.M., October 16, 1777.
Sir: I have this moment receiv'd your favor of Yesterday and am very sorry to find that the Number of Militia you mention your being able to collect, is so far inferior to what you expected.
It is my earnest request that you immediately collect all then you possibly can and send them on as fast as any considerable number can be got together, under good Officers, to Join this Army. As you will remain to March with the last detachment, I wish you to use all your Influence and Interest with your Legislative Body, that they may give you what Assistance they can in the completion of this necessary Object. You can urge with great Justice, that as long as Genl. Howes Army has an existence, the Counties adjacent will be eternally subject to Depredations, nor can any thing prevent it, but such a Union and Cooperation of the People as will effectually reduce him, to attain which happy end, a better opportunity than the present never presented itself.
Mr. Tilghman Informs me, that he has given you some account of our situation, and of the Victory our Northern Army has most opportunely gain'd over Genl. Burgoyne, which I hope may be improved into a total defeat. Our Army has this day come to the same Ground, from whence we march'd to Attack the Enemy on the Night of the 3d. Instant.
Another reason occurs, why it is the true Interest of your Legislature to give us every Aid upon the present occasion, which is, that if the Enemy can once bring up their shipping and get the City fortified and secured for winter Quarters, it will be so much in their power to make constant incursions into your State that you will be either oblig'd to submit to repeated heavy Losses by being between two fires, or keep your Militia on foot thro' the Severity of the Winter. I am etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of John Fitzgerald. From the original in the Rutgers University Library.]
Head Quarters, October 16, 1777.
Sir: The inclosed lists contain the Names of the officers in Colo. Lees and Colo. Jacksons Regiments67 with the dates of their appointments. You will be pleased to have Commissions filled up accordingly and sent to me and I will forward them to Boston. I have no blank Commissions at present with me, be pleased therefore, to send me some, as many Vacancies have
[Note 67: Cols. William R. Lee and Henry Jackson's Additional Continental regiments.] happened by the late actions and I should be glad to fill them up. I am, etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 17, 1777.
Sir: As the term of Service, of great number of the Militia of this State, who were called out some time ago, has expired, and their places have been by no means punctually filled up by succeeding Classes, I am constrained to call upon you, in the most pressing Manner, to exert the Powers of Government, not only to keep up the Number of four thousand Men demanded by Congress, but of a much greater number, if they can possibly be armed and accoutred. When the Capital of your State is in the Enemy's hands, and when they can only be dislodged from thence, by a powerful reinforcement of Militia, in aid of the Continental Troops, there should not be a moment's hesitation, whether one or two Classes should be commanded to appear; but, at least, one half of the Men capable to bear Arms should be called into the Field. By exertions of this kind, New York, tho' sorely oppressed by our avowed Enemies, and more so by our internal foes, has made a noble resistance; and New Jersey has kept the Enemy out of her limits, (except now and then a hasty descent) without a Continental Regiment; besides doing this, she has sent, and is now sending reinforcements to this, and the Northern Army. It will be no great while, before the Militia from Maryland and Virginia will have performed their tour of duty, and from the Distance, which most of them have to travel, before they reach the Army, I cannot expect much more assistance from those Quarters in the course of the remaining part of this Campaign. I assure you, Sir, it is Matter of astonishment to every part of the Continent, to hear that Pennsylvania, the most opulent and populous of all the States, has but 1,200 Militia in the Field, at a time when the Enemy are endeavouring to make themselves compleatly Masters of, and to fix their Winter Quarters in, her Capital. Without the free Navigation of Delaware, I am confident, that Genl. Howe will never remain in Philadelphia, and I am as confident, that, had I a sufficient force to afford as much assistance to the Forts upon Delaware, as their importance deserves, he would not be able to possess them. I have spared as many of the Continental Troops as I possibly can, without endangering the Safety of this Army, and I shall still continue to afford every further relief in my power. From this state of Facts, I hope that you will not loose a moment, in calling upon, and endeavouring to rouse the people of this Province to a manly and effectual opposition; and I know of no means so likely to answer, as not to confine the demand to any particular Number, but to call upon every man to come forth. The County Lieutenants should be particularly careful to see, that all those, who have Arms and accoutrements of their own, bring them out; for they have a very mistaken notion, that there are full supplies in the Continental Stores; Many even come out without Blankets, expecting to find them.
There is another matter which I beg leave to recommend to the Serious Consideration of the Legislature of your State; that is, the falling upon some mode of compleating and keeping up the Quota of your Continental Regiments. Upon an average, your Battalions have never been above one third full; and, now, many of them, are far below even that. From the extravagant prices given to Substitutes, in the Militia, in the different States, it has become impossible to recruit more upon the bounty allowed by Congress. The New England States and Virginia have began to adopt the mode of drafting, and, I am informed, they have Succeeded very well; I am convinced, that this will be found the only method of raising continental Troops; and, if the measure was to become general throughout the States, it would not be deemed a hardship. I mention this matter to you at this time, in hopes that you will, as soon as possible, fall upon this, or some other, mode to recruit your Regiments in the course of this fall and Winter; and, as it is more than probable, that our opposition will not end with this Campaign, we ought to endeavour to have a respectable army in the Field, in the Spring, before the Enemy can receive further reinforcements from Europe. I have the honor etc.
Just as I was upon closing my letter the inclosed most interesting and happy intelligence came to my hands.69 It remains for us to play a counterpart, and to enable me to do it effectually I hope the whole Force of your State will pour forth.70
[Note 69: News of Burgoyne's surrender, which reached Washington in a letter from Israel Putnam of October 16.]
[Note 70: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The paragraph of news from the north was added by Tench Tilghman.]
Matuchen Hill, Phila. Cty, October 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 5th. Instant, as also that of the 11th. by Baron de Kalb, are both at hand. It is not in my power, at present, to answer your Query respecting the appointment of this Gentleman: But, Sir, if there is any truth in a report which has been handed to me; Vizt., that Congress hath appointed, or, as others say, are about to appoint, Brigadier Conway a Major General in this Army, it will be as unfortunate a measure as ever was adopted. I may add (and I think with truth) that it will give a fatal blow to the existence of the Army. Upon so interesting a subject, I must speak plain: The duty I owe my Country; the Ardent desire I have to promote its true Interests, and justice to Individuals requires this of me. General Conway's merit, then, as an Officer, and his importance in this Army, exists more in his own imagination, than in reality: For it is a maxim with him, to leave no service of his own untold, nor to want any thing which is to be obtained by importunity: But, as I do not mean to detract from him any merit he possesses, and only wish to have the matter taken up upon its true Ground, after allowing him every thing that his warmest Friends will contend for, I would ask, why the Youngest Brigadier in the service (for I believe he is so) should be put over the heads of all the Eldest? and thereby take Rank, and Command Gentlemen, who but Yesterday, were his Seniors; Gentlemen, who, I will be bold to say (in behalf of some of them at least) of sound judgment and unquestionable Bravery? If there was a degree of conspicuous merit in General Conway, unpossessed by any of his Seniors, the confusion which might be occasioned by it would stand warranted upon the principles of sound policy; for I do readily agree that this is no time for trifling; But, at the same time, I cannot subscribe to the fact, this truth I am very well assured of (though I have not directly, nor indirectly, exchanged a Word with any one of the Brigadiers on the subject; nor am I certain that any one of them has heard of the Appointment) that they will not serve under him. I leave you to guess, therefore, at the situation this Army would be in at so important a Crisis, if this event should take place. These Gentlemen have feelings as Officers, and though they do not dispute the Authority of Congress to make Appointments, they will judge of the propriety of acting under them. In a Word, the service is so difficult, and every necessary so expensive, that almost all our Officers are tired out: Do not, therefore, afford them good pretexts for retiring: No day passes over my head without application for leave to resign; within the last six days, I am certain, twenty Commissions, at least, have been tendered to me. I must, therefore, conjure you, to conjure Congress to consider this matter well, and not by a real Act of injustice, compel some good Officers to leave the service, and thereby incur a train of evils unforeseen and irremidiable.
To Sum up the whole, I have been a Slave to the service: I have undergone more than most Men are aware of, to harmonize so many discordant parts; but it will be impossible for me to be of any further service, if such insuperable difficulties are thrown in my way.
You may believe me, my good Sir, that I have no Earthly views, but the public good, in what I have said. I have no prejudice against General Conway, nor desire to serve any other Brigadier, further than I think the cause will be benefitted by it; to bring which to a speedy and happy conclusion, is the most fervent wish of my Soul.71
[Note 71: Lee replied (October 20): "[I] was a good deal surprised to find you had been told Congress had appointed Gen. Conway a Major General. No such appointment has been made, nor do I believe it will, whilst it is likely to produce the evil consequences you suggest. It is very true, that both within and without doors, there have been Advocates for the measure, and it has been affirmed, that it would very agreeable to the army, whose favorite Mr. Conway was asserted to be. My judgment on this business was not formed until I received your letter. I am very sure Congress would not take any step that might injure the Army, or even have a tendency that way; and I verily believe they wish to lessen your difficulties by every means in their power, from an entire conviction that the purest motives of public good direct your actions.
"The business of a Board of War is so extensive, so important, and demanding such constant attention, that Congress see clearly the necessity of constituting a new Board, out of Congress, whose time shall be entirely devoted to that essential department. It is by some warmly proposed, that this board shall be filled by the three following gentlemen, Colonel Read, Colonel Pickering, the present Adjutant General. and Colonel Harrison, your Secretary. And that Gen. Conway be appointed A. G. in the room of Colo. Pickering. It is my wish, and I am sure it is so of many others, to know your full and candid sentiments on the subject. For my own part, I cannot be satisfied with giving any opinion on the point, until I am favored with your sentiments, which I shall be much obliged to you for Sir as soon as your time will permit.
"It has been affirmed, that Gen. Conway would quit the service if he were not made a M. General. But I have been told in confidence, that he would leave it at the end of this Campaign if he was appointed, unless his word of honor were taken to continue for any fixed time. And it is a question with me, whether the Advocates for Gen. Conway will not miss their aim, if he should be appointed A. General, unless he has the rank of Maj. General also. My reason for thinking so is, that I have been informed Gen. Conway desires to retire to his family, provided he can carry from this Country home with him, a rank that will raise him in France. It is very certain that the public good demands a speedy erecting and the judicious filling of the new Board of War, and I sincerely wish it may be done in the most proper manner. I do not imagine Congress would appoint Colo. Harrison, without first knowing whether you could spare him, nor do I think that so important an office, as that of A. G. should be touched without the maturest consideration."
This letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.
Lee's decided opinions were completely at variance with what he should have known was the temper of Congress. On a report of the Board of War, one member of which was Francis Lightfoot Lee, Congress elected (December 13) Thomas Conway as inspector general with the rank of major general. No record of the vote on this is given in the Journals of the Continental Congress, but the word "unanimously" was first written and afterwards crossed out.]
With respect to the wants of the Militia in the Articles of Clothing, you must be well convinced, that it is not in my power to supply them, in the smallest degree, when near one half of our own Men are rendered unfit for service for want of these Things. I can add no more at present, than that I am, etc.72
[Note 72: The text is from the Varick Transcripts, but no draft of this letter is found in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head-Quarters, at Peter Wentz's,
Worcester-Township, October 17, 1777.
Parole Bennington. Countersigns, Albany, Stanwix.
The troops are to be under arms at eleven o'clock this forenoon, except those men who are employed in making cartridges; and the General expects that the commanding officer of each regiment daily keeps a number of the best hands diligently working at that business, 'till further orders. The troops axe to parade with one days provisions ready cooked.
Head Quarters, at Wentz's,
Worcester Township, October 18, 1777.
Parole Reading. Countersigns Rochester, Ridgefield.
The General has his happiness completed relative to the successes of our northern Army. On the 14th. instant, General Burgoyne, and his whole Army, surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Let every face brighten, and every heart expand with grateful Joy and praise to the supreme disposer of all events, who has granted us this signal success. The Chaplains of the army are to prepare short discourses, suited to the joyful occasion to deliver to their several corps and brigades at 5 O'clock this afternoon--immediately after which, Thirteen pieces of cannon are to be discharged at the park of artillery, to be followed by a feu-de-joy with blank cartridges, or powder, by every brigade and corps of the army, beginning on the right of the front line, and running on to the left of it, and then instantly beginning on the left of the 2nd. line, and running to the right of it where it is to end. The Major General of the day will superintend and regulate the feu-de-joy.
The officers commanding brigades and corps are to draw out their men, (excepting those on duty) every day, when the weather permits, to practice the most necessary manoeuvres, particularly to advance in line from thence, to form columns, to go thro' passes and openings in fences, and to reduce them again; to retire in line and column, and form again; in a word, to perform all those movements, which in action, a woody and inclosed country shall make necessary.
Head Quarters, October 18, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit you the inclosed most interesting and agreeable intelligence which I have this moment recd. from Genl Putnam. I can scarce doubt but Genl Gates has sent you an Express, but lest he, from the important Business in which he was engaged, should not have done it, I have immediately forwarded it, that you might not be debarred from so great a pleasure an instant longer than was necessary. I have the Honor etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., October 18, 1777.
Sir: Lieutt. Colo. Green marched this morning to reinforce the Garrison at Fort Mifflin, with a detachment of two hundred Men, and Colo. Arendt will immediately set out to take the command of that Fort. When the Garrison was first sent to that post, this Gentleman was appointed to take the command of it, but an indisposition with which he was seized prevented his entering upon it before. He is now recovered, and it devolves upon him of course. He is a Gentleman of abilities and experience in War, and I have no doubt will do justice to his trust. Colo. Angell will remain with you at Red Bank, and you will Cooperate with Colo. Arendt, in every respect. I am persuaded the greatest harmony will exist between you and him, and between the Garrisons and the Fleet, which you well know is essential to your success.
We have just received the most important and interesting intelligence from the Northward, which is contained in the following letter.
Albany, October 15, 1777.
Last night at 8 o'Clock the Capitulation, whereby Genl. Burgoyne and whole Army surrendered themselves Prisoners of War, was signed, and this morning they are to march out towards the River above fish Creek with the honours of war (and there ground their Arms) they are from thence to be marched to Massachusetts Bay. We congratulate you on this happy event, and remain. Yours &ca.
Geo Clinton.
This happy event should stimulate us to redoubled efforts in this Quarter, and particularly towards preserving the obstructions in the River from being removed. If this can be effectually done, Genl. Howe must lose all the advantages of his past success. I am etc.
P.S. Of all things, let no attention be wanting that you secure a competent supply of Ammunition. I have just received information, that the Enemy are preparing a number of floating Batteries; this is a circumstance that ought seriously to be attended to. Inform the Commodore of it. I need not repeat my desire you will afford all the assistance from your Garrison, to the Fleet and Fort Island that they may require.
It will not be prudent to publish the approach of the reinforcement I mention, as it may perhaps get to the Enemy's ears and induce them to take measures for intercepting it.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1777.
Sir: Being recovered from the indisposition under which you lately laboured, you are to proceed immediately to Fort Mifflin on Mud Island and to take the command of the Troops there and those which may be sent.
I shall not prescribe any particular line for your conduct, because I repose the utmost confidence in your bravery, knowledge and judgment; and because the mode of defence must depend on a variety of circumstances, which will be best known to those, who are on the spot. I will add, that the maintenance of this post is of the last importance to the States of America, and that preventing the Enemy from obtaining possession of it, under the smiles of Heaven, will be the means of our defeating the Army to which we are opposed, or of obliging them disgracefully to abandon the City of Philadelphia, which is now in their hands.
I have detached to day a further Reinforcement to the Garrison,76 and have instructed Colo. Greene who commands at Red Bank to Cooperate with you, and to render you every assistance in his power. You will maintain with him, and with Commodore Hazelwood, who commands our Fleet, a good understanding and the strictest harmony. These will be essential,
[Note 76: See following letter to Lieut. Col. John Green.] and mutually aiding each other, I shall look forward for the most happy events.
You will be particularly attentive to the State of your ammunition and provision, advising me of the same from time to time, and of such supplies as you may judge necessary to be sent you. You will also report to me, the situation of the garrison, as often as it shall be requisite, and will not fail to transmit me frequent and the most early intelligence of every important occurrence.
I shall be done, after recommending your utmost dispatch to arrive at the garrison, and my warmest wishes that the Command may prove honourable to yourself and beneficial to America. I am 'ca.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 78: Of the First Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to colonel of the Tenth Virginia Regiment in January, 1778; retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Worcester, October 18, 1777.
Sir: You are immediately to proceed with the Troops under your command, by the shortest Route to Bristol, where you will cross the Delaware and continue your March by way of Haddon field to Red Bank, from whence you are to go over to Fort Mifflin, and do every thing in your power for the support and defence of that garrison.
You will take no baggage but what is absolutely necessary, and your March should be executed with the greatest secrecy and dispatch. I have nothing further to add, than that I expect every thing in the defence of this important pass, from the unanimous council and joint exertions of the Commodore and officers at the different Posts.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1777.
Sir: In order to put your Garrison in a more effectual state of defence, I have sent you a reinforcement of 200 men under Lt Colo. Green, who marched this morning to join you. Colo. Arendt having now recovered from his indisposition, will this day proceed to Fort Mifflin to take the command there, agreeable to my first intention. Your conduct, since you have been vested with it, has been such as to merit my intire approbation, and I am assured it will continue to be such as will finally preserve to you an equal claim to it. Colo. Arendt's knowledge and experience in War, fully intitle him to the confidence of every Officer and man under his command.
I am happy to communicate to you the important intelligence contained in the following Letter....80 I am etc.
[Note 80: The intelligence was that contained in Clinton's letter of October 15. (See Washington's letter to Col. Christopher Greene, Oct. 18, 1777, ante.)]
P.S. The Enemy I am informed are preparing some floating batteries. This should be seriously attended to. You'll mention it to the Commodore. Do not mention any thing of the reinforcement, lest it may reach the Enemy's ears, and they might endeavour to intercept it.
A very intelligent Gentleman, just from Philadelphia, informs me that the Enemy find as much difficulty in raising Batteries from the Wetness of the Meadows as from any thing else and rather more. They have stopped the Breaches as well as they can; but he thinks, if a party of Men were to go privately every night or two and peirce the Banks of province Island that it would be next to impossible for them to carry on the work. Endeavour by all means to have this done, but never let the thing be spoke of before it is undertaken or it may some how or other come to the Enemy's Ears and they may take steps to prevent you.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia County, October 18, 1777.
Dear Brother: Your kind and Affectionate Letters of the 21st. of Septr. and 2d. Instt. came Safe to hand. When my last to you was dated I know not, for truely I can say, that my whole time is so much engross'd that I have scarce a moment (but sleeping ones) for relaxation, or to endulge myself in writing to a friend. The anxiety you have been under, on Acct. of this Army, I can easily conceive; would to God there had been less Cause for it; or, that our Situation at present, was such, as to promise much from it. The Enemy crossed the Schuylkill, which, by the by, above the Falls (and the Falls you know is only five Miles from the City) is as easily crossed in any place as Potomack Run, Aquia, or any other broad and Shallow Water. rather by stratagem; tho' I do not know that it was in our power to prevent it, as their Manoeuvres made it necessary for us to attend to our Stores which lay at Reading, towards which they seemed bending their course, and the loss of which must have proved our Ruin. After they had crossed, we took the first favourable oppertunity of attacking them; this was attempted by a Nights March of fourteen Miles to Surprize them (which we effectually did) so far as reaching their Guards before they had notice of our coming, and but for a thick Fog rendered so infinitely dark at times, as not to distinguish friend from Foe at the distance of 30 Yards, we should, I believe, have made a decisive and glorious day of it. But Providence or some unaccountable something, designd it otherwise; for after we had driven the Enemy a Mile or two, after they were in the utmost confusion, and flying before us in most places, after we were upon the point, (as it appeard to every body) of grasping a compleat Victory, our own Troops took fright and fled with precipitation and disorder. how to acct. for this I know not, unless, as I before observed, the Fog represented their own Friends to them for a Reinforcement of the Enemy as we attacked in different Quarters at the same time, and were about closing the Wings of our Army when this happened. one thing indeed contributed not a little to our Misfortune, and that was want of Ammunition on the right wing, which began the Ingagement, and in the course of two hours and 40 Minutes which it lasted, had (many of them) expended the 40 Rounds which they took into the Field.
After the Ingagement we removd to a place about 20 Miles from the Enemy, to collect our Force together, to take care of our Wounded, get furnished with necessaries again, and be in a better posture, either for offensive, or defensive operations. We are now advancing towards the Enemy again, being at this time within 12 Miles.
Our loss in the late action was, in killed, wounded, and Missing, about 1000, but of the missing, many, I dare say took advantage of the times, and deserted. Genl. Nash of No. Carolina was Wounded and died two or three days after. Many valuable Officers of ours was also wounded and some killed. The Enemys loss is variously reported; none make it less than 1500 (killed and wounded) and many estimate it much larger. Genl. Agnew of theirs was certainly killed, many Officers wounded among whom some of distinction; this we certainly know that the Hospital at Philadelphia and several large Meeting Houses are filled with their wounded besides private Houses with the Horses. In a word, it was a bloody day; would to Heaven I could add, that it had been a more fortunate one for us.
Our distress on Acct. of Cloathing is great, and in a little time must be very Sensibly felt, unless some expedient can be hit upon to obtain them. We have since the Battle got in abt. 1200 Militia from Virginia; about the same number have gone off from this State and Jersey but others are promised in lieu of them, with truth however it may be said, that this State acts most infamously, the People of it I mean as we derive little or no assistance from them. In short they are, in a manner, totally, disaffected, or in a kind of Lethargy.
The Enemy are making vigorous efforts to remove the obstructions in the Delaware, and to possess themselves of the Works which have been constructed for the Defence of them. I am doing all I can in my present situation to save them, God only, knows which will succeed.
I very sincerely congratulate you on the change in your Family. tell the young couple, after wishing them joy of their union, that it is my sincere hope, that it will be as happy, and lasting as their present joys are boundless. the Inclosed Letter of thanks to my Sister82 for her elegant present you will please to deliver; and with sincere Affection for you all, I am, &c.
[Note 82: This letter is not found in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
P.S. I had scarce finish&d this Letter when by express from the State of New York, I received the Important and glorious News which follows ...83
[Note 83: The omission is the intelligence contained in Clinton's letter of October 15 announcing Burgoyne's surrender. (See Washington's letter to Col. Christopher Greene. Oct. 18, 1777, ante.)]
I most devoutly congratulate you, my Country, and every well wisher to the Cause on this Signal Stroke of Providence. Yrs. as before.
Head Quarters, October 19, 1777.
Sir: The fogginess of the mornings is so very great, that I think it probable, that the Enemy will attempt a surprise upon Fort Mifflin at such a time, or at night if they mean it at all. To prevent this, I would recommend it to you to keep Boats rowing guard as near the shore of province Island, as they possibly can with safety. I am so fully sensible of the importance of your Station that I have sent you rather more men than were demanded for its defence, and as many of the two Rhode Island Regiments are seamen they will afford you very considerable assistance. The Enemy last night evacuated Germantown and fell down to Philadelphia. Our Army will advance towards them in the morning, and as we shall be near them, I hope we shall prevent them from detaching any considerable force to reduce Fort Mifflin. I recommend it to Colo. Smith, to endeavour by all means to keep the Breaches in the Banks of province Island open, as I am certain it will incommode them vastly in carrying on their Works.84 I am etc.85
[Note 84: On October 19 Tilghman wrote to Chief Armorer Thomas Butler that the Commander in Chief granted permission for Butler to remove from Easton to Carlisle, and as soon as any number of arms were repaired to notify the General at once.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp, 20 Miles from Philada., October 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 16th. I received Yesterday morning, and was much obliged by the interesting contents.86 The defeat of Genl. Burgoyne is a most important event, and such as must afford the highest satisfaction to every well affected American breast. Should providence be pleased to crown our Arms in the course of the Campaign, with one more fortunate
[Note 86: After the British captured Fort Montgomery, Putnam retreated from Peekskill to Fishkill. He wrote to Washington from there (October 16): "last Monday Genl. Parsons with about two thousand Troops marched down and took possession of Peeks Kill and the passes in the highlands he has taken a number of Cattle horses and Sheep which were Collected by the Enemy. The Enemy had burnt the buildings and barracks at the Village, and Several dwelling houses and other buildings at Peeks Kill. they have demolished Forts montgomery and Constitution, and are repairing Fort Clinton. yesterday about forty Sail passed up the river crowded with Troops, and are now at anchor above Poughkipsie the wind not favouring. we were on our march after them when I met the agreeable intelligence of the surrender of Genl Burgoine and Ins army as prisoners of war, a Copy of which is enclosed; and thereupon I do most Sincerely Congratulate your Excellency. I have halted my Troops, and am now Considering what ought to be my next movement; have sent to Genl Clinton for his Opinion on the Subject and ordered Genl Parsons to Spare no pains to find the Situation and Strength of the garrison at Kingsbridge, in order to direct my future Operations most advantageously. I have about Six thousand Troops, who are Chiefly militia I understand that Genl Campbell was killed at Fort mountgomery, and Several Field Officers and others of inferior rank. The Enemys loss by the last accounts I have been able to get is very Considerable not less than a thousand killed and wounded The two Continental Frigates and the row Galley which lay above Fort mountgomery were burnt to prevent them falling into the hands of the Enemy, for which I am very Sorrey as one I beleve might have been saved." This letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.] stroke, I think we shall have no great cause for anxiety respecting the future designs of Britain. I trust all will be well in his good time. The obvious intention of Sr. Henry Clinton, was to relieve Genl. Burgoyne and being disappointed in that by his surrender, I presume he will make an expeditious return. I am happy to find you at the Head of so respectable a force and flatter myself, if he should Land with a view to Action, tho I do not expect it, you will give us a happy account of him. I believe, from the bravery of the Garrison of Fort Montgomery, he purchased victory at no inconsiderable expence. Genl. Campbell87 was certainly killed. This they mention in their own printed account, but call him Colo. of the 52d Regt. He was a Genl. on the American Establishment, so declared in one of the Orderly Books which fell into our hands.
[Note 87: Lieut. Col. Mungo Campbell, of the Fifty-second Foot. He was a brigadier general in America.]
I have but little to add respecting the Situation of affairs here. They remain much as they were when I wrote you last. To remove the Obstructions in the River, seems to be a Capital object with the Enemy. Their attempts hitherto have not succeeded and I hope will not.
I am extremely sorry for the death of Mrs. Putnam and Sympathise with you upon the occasion. Remembring that all must die, and that she had lived to an honourable age, I hope you will bear the misfortune with that fortitude and complacency of mind, that become a Man and a Christian. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, at Wentz's, Worcester Township, October 19, 1777.
Parole Berwick. Countersigns Chester, Dover.
The Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades are to appoint General Courts Martial, in their respective brigades, for the trial of all non-commissioned officers and privates, now in the provost, belonging to their respective brigades. These courts are to sit to morrow morning, at 9 o'clock, and daily afterwards, 'till all the prisoners are tried. Each court will appoint a Judge Advocate.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 7th. and 10th. instant, whereof Col. Brodhead was president.
Capt. Crump91 of the 1st. Virginia regiment charged with "Cowardice," is found guilty, and sentenced to be cashiered, and his name, place of abode, and his punishment, published in the Newspapers of the particular state he came from, or in which he usually resides. After which, it shall be deemed scandalous, for any officer to associate with him.
[Note 91: Goodrich Crump.]
Capt. John Stoner of the 10th. Pennsylv: regiment, charged with "Leaving the regiment in a cowardly manner, in the action at Chad's ford, on the Brandywine, on the 11th of September last"; found guilty of leaving the regiment improperly the 11th. of Septr. last when an action was expected, but not in a cowardly manner, and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Brigadier General of the brigade, the 10th. Pennsylv: regiment is in, in the presence of the officers of the brigade.
The Commander in Chief likewise approves the following sentences of the same Court Martial, held the 11th and 12th. instant, viz.
Lieut. William Courts of the 2nd. Maryland regiment, charged with "Cowardice at the Battle of Brandywine, on the 11th. of September last; also with giving Major Adams92 of the 7th. Maryland regiment impertinent, and abusive language when he applied to him, to know the reason of his conduct on that day." Acquitted of the charges against him.
[Note 92: Maj. Peter Adams. He was lieutenant colonel commandant of the First Maryland Regiment in August, 1779; transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to April, 1783.]
Lieut. Simon Morgan of the 13th. Virginia regiment charged with "Cowardice on the 4th. instant." Acquitted with honor by the unanimous opinion of the court.
Capt. Henry Shade of the 10th. Pennsylv. regiment charged with "Absenting himself from the regiment without leave for near two months"; found guilty and sentenced to be cashiered.
Lieut. Rains93 of the 15th. Virginia regt. charged with "Sending a soldier (William Blyford) to bring water in a tin Cartridge box," found, by the unanimous opinion of the court, not guilty of the charge.
[Note 93: Lieut. Giles Raines. He resigned in December, 1777.]
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentence of a General Court Martial, of the brigade of horse, held the 17th. instant, of which Col. Moylan was president viz.
Lieut. Col. Byrd,94 charged with "Countermanding the orders, Col. Bland gave to two soldiers, to fall into their ranks, repeatedly on parade, and for disobeying the orders of Col Bland, when directed to order the said men into their ranks, on the night, the Cavalry passed the Schuylkill." Col Byrd admitted the justness of the charge. Whereupon the Court considered, whether Col. Bland had, or had not, a right, to command Lieut. Col. Byrd, while a superior officer was present, and determined that he had not.
[Note 94: Lieut. Col. Francis Otway Byrd, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He resigned in July, 1778.]
The regimental surgeons are to make returns of the sick in camp, who are proper subjects for the hospital, to Dr. Cochran, at the Qr. Mr. General's quarters, to morrow morning at 8 o'clock precisely.
AFTER ORDERS
The whole army is to be ready to march to morrow morning, at 4 o'clock, with what tents, necessary baggage &c., are at the present encampment. If any of the troops have not already drawn provisions for to morrow, it is now to be drawn and cooked without loss of time. The Commissaries of divisions are instantly to send down provisions; for their respective detachments which marched this morning, with orders to reach the detachments before they stop.
Head Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 20, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The troops are to draw and cook one day's provision this afternoon, and be ready to march to morrow morning, at 6 o'clock precisely; but if it should rain, then they are not to strike their tents 'till further orders.
Monday night, nine O'Clock, October 20, 1777.
Sir: As I understand that the Party of the Enemy, that crossed Schuylkill last night, are intended as a covering party to a Convoy of provisions that is expected up from Chester, I am determined to intercept them if possible upon their return. For this purpose, Genl. Greene will march with a party this Evening, and I desire that you will hold yourself in readiness to join him with the Troops under your Command. If you should be above Minor Meeting House, you will immediately fall down to that place and there wait for General Green; but if you should be between Minor and Derby, you may wait upon your Ground, only sending an Officer to meet Genl. Greene at Minor Meeting and to conduct him to you. You will keep scouts constantly out upon the Road, to know whether the convoy has passed Derby upon its return, and you are to order your parties to stop every person going towards Chester, to prevent intelligence. You will also keep parties upon the Roads leading from the middle and from Grays Ferries, lest any more Troops should come over. I am &ca.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, 10 O'Clock at Night, October 20, 1777.
Sir: I am just now favoured with yours of this date, and am sorry that you laboured under any mistake on account of there being two Officers of the name of Green. Colo. Christopher Greene of Rhode Island is to command at Red Bank, and Lt. Colo. John Greene of Virginia is to go into Fort Mifflin with the detachment under his command. I have no Blank Commissions with me and am therefore obliged to send you a certificate of your Rank and date of your Appointment. I beg you will make the greatest haste to throw yourself into Fort Mifflin; in the defence of which I wish you the greatest success. I am etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It was read in Congress on October 24.]
Head Qurs., near White Marsh, October 21, 1777.
Sir: I last night had the honor to receive your Letter of the 17th Inst. with its several Inclosures.
[I heartily wish the States may feel the importance of filling their Batallions and may, in consequence of the Recommendations of Congress, adopt such Measures as will prove effectual for the purpose. I cannot but think, that heretofore there has been a want of attention in this instance, and that the subject, tho' interesting to the last degree, has been viewed with too much indifference. The Resolution respecting Deserters, I hope will also have their Notice. It is highly necessary, that they should come into some regulations for apprehending them and punishing those who give them countenance. If this is not done our force will be always diminishing, and no exertions in the Army will prevent it. I shall try the effects of a Proclamation,96 on those who are now delinquents, and shall be happy if it meets with success; But confess, from the experiment I have made, that I am not sanguine in my expectations, that it will be the case.
[Note 96: See Proclamation, Oct. 24, 1777, post.]
As to the Recruiting Officers, I am constrained to observe, that, notwithstanding the Resolution of Congress of the 31st of July97 and my circular Letter on the Subject of it, to many of the States,98 I have not received an Account, that any Officers have been appointed, except in Connecticut and Jersey.]99
[Note 97: The resolves of July 31 recommended that the States divide their territory into recruiting districts and to appoint a manager for each district to direct the recruiting and arrange for capturing deserters.]
[Note 98: See Circular to the States, Aug. 4, 1777, ante.]
[Note 99: The paragraphs in brackets are marked by Secretary Charles Thomson as having been copied and sent to the States. This was done in accordance with a resolve of Congress of October 24.]
On Sunday the Enemy evacuated Germantown and withdrew themselves within their Lines near the City. They seem determined to reduce the Forts, if possible, and for this purpose have thrown several parties over on Province Island. I was informed this afternoon, that a detachment also passed the Delaware at Coopers Ferry in the Morning. If the account be true, and I have no doubt of it, It is highly probable they mean to make an attack upon the Garrison at Red Bank. I am taking every Measure in my power, to counteract them and have written to Genls. Foreman and Newcomb of Jersey, to afford every aid they can, to relieve the Fort in case they do invest it. Against Fort Mifflin they have kept up a Canonade, more or less, every day, and have thrown Several Shells, but without doing any great damage. The explosion of one killed a private and wounded three Others who were in a Barracks where it fell. they also set fire to two Ammunition boxes, with a Hot Ball on the 19th which did some injury to the Barracks.! do not recollect that we have suffered lately in any instances besides these. I have the honor &c.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It was read in Congress on October 24.]
Head Quarters, October 21, 1777.
Dear Sir: Owing to the Rain last night and the prospect, that it might be of long continuance, the Detachment which I wrote you about was prevented marching. One is now in motion for the same purpose. I wish you to obtain the best information you possibly can, respecting the Convoy that went to Chester, and to find out whether it has returned. That the object we have in view, may be facilitated, and the Detachment may not be liable to be intercepted, You will have all the Roads leading over Schuylkill properly waylaid and secured, to prevent the Enemy from receiving intelligence of their movement. The Road also to Province Island should be attended to, lest they should get intelligence thro' that channel by the Tories and disaffected. I need not suggest to you the propriety of secrecy on this occasion. You will know that much depends upon it. If from your scouts or any other authentic advices, you find that the Convoy has returned to Philadelphia, you will immediately send to Genl. McDougall who commands the Detachment, that he not continue his march. He will pass Schuylkill at Reese App Edward's Ford, or be on the Route leading to it. Should the Convoy not have returned, some prudent, intelligent Officers from your Brigade, should be dispatched to meet the Genl. at the Ford, that he may know how and where to form a junction with you. It will be also necessary to procure, two or three well affected Country Gentlemen or Farmers, acquainted with the Country to join him there, for the purpose of conducting him by the necessary Routs. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
P.S. I received no Answer by the return of the Express by whom I wrote last Night; do acknowledge the Receipt of this or I shall be doubtful about its delivery.3
[Note 3: The P.S. was added to the letter sent and does not appear in the draft. This letter was sold at auction in 1907.]
Head Quarters, October 21, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 18th. I received last night, and was extremely sorry to find from the Commodore's Letter, which made a part of your's, that you and he were not in the strictest harmony. This circumstance, I confess, gives me great uneasiness, as I well know that a good agreement between the Navy and Garrison is of the last importance, and that a want of Cooperation and every possible, mutual aid, may involve the most unhappy consequences. Persuaded of this, and recollecting the train of misfortunes that has been brought on in many instances by a difference of the like nature, I requested Baron D'Arendt, in my instructions to him, that to maintain a good understanding between him and the Commodore should be a great object of his care and attention. This I hope he will do, and I have written to the Commodore to day, recommending the same to him in the strongest Terms. Hitherto a happy agreement has done much, It has disappointed the Enemy from effecting, notwithstanding their repeated efforts, what they seemed to consider without difficulty; and should the same spirit and disposition continue, I flatter myself, they will produce the same ends. I have not suggested to the Commodore, the most distant idea of my having heard of any misunderstanding between you. The matter is so delicate, that I would not have him believe, that I ever suspected it. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 21, 1777.
Sir: By this time, I imagine Colonel Arendt will have arrived at Fort Mifflin, the command of which post was originally designed for him, he was prevented, through indisposition, from entering immediately upon it, but being now recovered, it of course devolves upon him.
This Gentleman's knowledge of and experience in war, which has been the study and business of his life, induce me to expect, with intire confidence, that he will acquit himself in his command, in a manner that will do him honor. I have also the fullest reliance, that your most zealous exertions will be continued and that the happiest consequences will result from your united efforts.5 I cannot but repeat my ardent desire, that harmony and a good understanding between the fleet and the garrisons, may be mutually cultivated. On this every thing depends; nothing but disappointment and disgrace can attend the want of it. The best designs and most important pursuits have been and ever will be defeated, by foolish differences, when they exist between those engaged in them.6
[Note 5: The draft continues here: "equally conspicuous for prudence, vigor and perseverence"; but this was afterwards crossed out.]
[Note 6: The draft here has, lined out, the following: "The most upright intentions are not sufficient to influence men to those measures which their common interest demands, if once the least animosity gets footing between them. It seldom fails to pervert the judgment of the disagreeing parties and, produce a spirit of opposition, often without their being sensible of it, destructive of the end they both have in view."]
I have, in terms equally strong, endeavoured to impress upon Colo. Greene and Colo. Arendt the necessity of cultivating that harmony, I now recommend; and I earnestly hope their conduct on every occasion, may manifest a hearty disposition to promote so desireable an end. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs., near White Marsh, October 21, 1777.
Sir: The enemy, yesterday morning threw a body of troops across the Delaware, with intention no doubt either to storm or invest Red bank. As the works there are strong, it is improbable they will hazard the loss of men, that would be likely to attend an assault, but will, I imagine endeavour, by a blockade, to oblige the garrison to surrender. On this supposition, I am to request in the most earnest manner, that you will use your utmost exertions, immediately to collect as large a body of militia, as you possibly can, and hasten them to the relief of that post. It is to be apprehended, its supply of stores and provisions, may not be as ample as could be wished. This makes it necessary you should lose not a moments time to give it all the succour you can. I have written to General Newcomb on the same subject.
You need not be told, that should that post fall into the enemy's hands, we not only suffer the immediate loss of the garrison, its cannon, and stores; but all our endeavours, after that should happen, to defend the obstructions in the river, would be fruitless. To you no argument need be used, either to explain the importance of the object, or to stimulate your zeal for its preservation.
What I have here said is on the supposition, that the danger to the Salt Works, which induced you to go down that way, is not so great as to require the whole force, you may be able to get together to guard against it. I do not mean to neglect the precautions necessary for their security, they are of too much importance; but as the defence of Red bank is an object of the greatest moment, I would wish you to do as much as you possibly can towards it, consistent with a proper degree of attention to the Salt Works. If circumstances are not such as to make your presence there essentially necessary, I would wish you to command the body of militia you may be able to spare for Red bank. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 21, 1777.
Parole Chatham. Countersign Camden, Coventry.
A General Court Martial is to set to morrow morning at9. o'clock at the Quarter Master General's quarters for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. Col. Grayson9 is appointed president of this court.
[Note 9: Col. William Grayson, of an Additional Continental regiment.]
Head Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 22, 1777.
Parole Lebanon. Countersigns Windsor, Warwick.
Such of the troops as have not already drawn provisions, for to day and to morrow, are to do it immediately, and cook the whole; and all be ready to march on the shortest notice.
Head Qurs., 15 Miles from Philadelphia,
October 22, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 20th. inclosing a list of the Gentlemen appointed to raise recruits and apprehend deserters in the State of Jersey. I do not recollect the Resolve of the 31st of July, to which you refer, but I imagine you will find it fully explained by a Resolve passed the 17th. Inst., by which, I am to appoint an Officer in each State, to Superintend the persons appointed by the State. The State is to furnish the Officer of my appointment with Money, from time to time which he is to distribute to the Commissioners, and draw upon Congress for the Amount. You will have Copies of this Resolve transmitted to you by the president of Congress, with instructions thereon.
The Enemy evacuated Germantown two days ago and withdrew themselves within their Lines round the City. They have not yet been able to make any impression upon Fort Mifflin and scarce any upon the Chevaux de frize. They yesterday Morning threw a party over into Jersey at Cooper's Ferry, whether with an intent to invest Red Bank or Collect Cattle I do not know, but I fear the former. I have Wrote pressingly to General Newcomb, to collect as many Militia as possible, and I have also sent an Express to Genl Forman, desiring him, if he could spare any Men from protecting the Salt Works, to March them to Red Bank. I dont know to what particular study Genl Burgoyne will now apply himself, but he will have need of all his Philosophy to support himself in his present Situation, after the many vain threats that he has uttered and bombast proclamations that he has published. I have the honor etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS
Head Quarters, October 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: It gives me real pain to learn, that the declining state of your health owing to your unwearied application to public business, and the situation of your private affairs oblige you to relinquish a station, though but for a time, which you have so long filled with acknowledged propriety. Motives as well of a personal as of a general concern make me to regret the necessity that forces you to retire, and to wish your absence from office may be of as short a duration as possible. In the progress of that intercourse which has necessarily subsisted between us, the manner in which you have conducted it on your part, accompanied with every expression of politeness and regard to me, gives you a claim to my warmest acknowledgments.
I am not so well informed of the situation of affairs up the North River as to be able to give you any satisfactory advice about your route. I should rather apprehend it might be unsafe for you to travel that way at this time, and would recommend, if you can do it, without any material inconvenience, to defer your journey, 'till there is some change in affairs there, or till matters have taken a more settled form. If you should however resolve to proceed immediately, and will be pleased to signify the time, you will be met by an escort of horse at Bethlehem, which will accompany you to General Putnam's camp, where you will be furnished with another escort in the further prosecution of your journey.
I am extremely obliged to you for the tender of your services, during your intended residence at Boston; and shall always be happy when leisure and opportunity permit you to give me the pleasure of hearing from you. I have the honor &c.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The editor is indebted to Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J., for a photostat of this letter.]
Head Qurs., near White Marsh, October 22, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 18th with a Return of our Military Stores in the different States. I sincerely wish they were more numerous, but I hope the Gentlemen of the Secret Committee, in whose department it falls to import these Articles, have been taking care to procure a further supply. Major Nicholas,12 who is just returned from the Eastward, informs me, that a large quantity of Lead has lately arrived at Boston, upon Private Account; he, finding that lead was wanting at Springfield, wrote to Genl. Heath to have it purchased up. But for fear it may be neglected, I shall write to Genl. Heath and I think the Board had better also direct the Continental Agent at Boston to secure it. I hope that the Council of this State may adopt and carry into execution, any plan that the Board may point out for the Collection of Shoes, Blankets &c. they must be had upon some terms or other and I will readily contribute any Assistance that may be demanded of me.
[Note 12: Maj. Samuel(?) Nicholas, of the Continental Marines.]
I dont know how it would answer to make Cartouch Boxes of painted Canvass, instead of Leather, but I fear it would not do, as I am pretty certain that after they had been wet once or twice and little worn, that they would not turn rain. I would not wish to see a rash experiment tried upon an Accoutrement, on the goodness of which our whole safety depends. If the wood of the Cartouch box is not intirely covered with leather, it must be made of seasoned Oak or some hard Wood, for I am convinced, that poplar, of which they are commonly made, would admit water very easily.
Congress have reason to complain of my not making them General Returns of the Army more frequently, but I hope they will excuse me, when they consider that I have not been for some time past two days in a place, and I assure you it sometime happens, that the Officers have not paper to make the necessary Returns. But I will take the first Opportunity of making a full and regular one. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 22, 1777.
Sir: Your Letter of 18th. Instt. I received last night wherein I find you express a desire to be recalled from Fort Mifflin to join your Corps.
I found it absolutely necessary to reinforce your Garrison and that it was impracticable to do it consistently, without super-sedeing you, this determined me to send the Baron D'Arendt, as the person originally mentioned to you to command there, but would have omitted it (after you remained some time in Command), had not the additional Detachment been judged expedient for the defence of so important a Post. This I mention, that you may be satisfied of the real motives in this transaction, that a desire to supersede you had no influence in it; but on the contrary, that your conduct and exertions, since the commencement of your command there, have been such as merit my approbation and thanks. I now leave it to your own option whether to rejoin your Corps or continue where you are, and have no doubt but you will determine upon that which in your opinion is most Serviceable and consistent with the character of an Officer.
There should be no hesitation in burning the Barrack Masters House, if it is found in the least to impede an opposition or cover the Enemy in advance. I am &ca.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, 15 Miles from Philadelphia,
October 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 9th. and am glad to hear of the different arrivals of arms, tents and cloathing, the latter of which is exceedingly wanted in this army, and I hope the agents will immediately forward the proportion intended for them. Major Nicholas, who is just returned from the Eastward, informs me, that a large parcel of lead has lately arrived at Boston upon private account. As that article is likely to become scarce, I desire it may be immediately purchased up and sent on to the Elaboratories. I have wrote to the board of war and desired them also to direct the Continental agent to secure the lead.
I congratulate you upon the glorious success of our arms to the Northward. The complete captivity of Burgoyne and his army exceeds our most sanguine expectations. I have not yet heard of Sir. Harry Clinton's falling down the North River again, but I imagine he will not remain there after hearing of Burgoyne's destruction. The enemy have been busily employed, ever since they got possession of Philadelphia, in endeavouring to remove the obstructions in the Delaware, but hitherto without effect. The day before Yesterday they evacuated Germantown and withdrew within their lines just upon the environs of the city. I have just sent to Congress for commissions for Lee's and Jackson's regiments. If they come to this army they will be ready for them here; if they are by any means detained upon the North River, I will send them up to them. I am etc.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From the original in the Boston Public Library.]
Head Qurs., October 22, 1777.
Sir: The Enemy seem determined to possess themselves, if possible, of the Forts on the River. Their operations against Fort Mifflin have been carried on for several days with unremitted attention, and from various accounts they mean to storm Red Bank or to invest it. For this purpose, it is confidently said, that a pretty considerable Detachment crossed the River Yesterday morning. It is of infinite importance to us, to prevent them from effecting these objects. I therefore request you to give every aid in your power to that end. If they have or attempt to invest the Fort, I hope you will be able to fall on their Rear with such a respectable number of Militia, as to make them decline the project, and if that should not be the case, it may be the means of further Detachments being sent from the City to their support, which will afford us perhaps a favourable opportunity of striking a successful blow. I will not enlarge upon the Subject. You are sufficiently impressed with the importance of it, and I trust you will exert yourself to render every service you can. The earliest aid should be given, delay may bring on a loss extremely interesting in its nature and irreparable. I am &ca.
P.S. I cannot forbear observing to you, and the Inhabitants of Jersey, the dreadful consequences that must follow should the Enemy keep possession of Philadelphia, and that if they get Red Bank into their hands, a considerable force must consequently be kept there by them, to the distress and terror of those within their reach, this I hope will stimulate the Militia to a speedy and vigorous opposition.
I must request that you do every thing in your power to throw in supplies of provision to Fort Mifflin and Red Bank, this I concieve to be a matter of the utmost importance, as the Enemy may intend to starve them out.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the P.S. is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Camp near White Marsh, October 23, 1777.
Dear Sir: The Enemy are exerting every nerve to reduce the Forts on the Delaware, viewing them as insurmountable obstacles to their holding Philadelphia, if they remain in our hands. Against that on Mud Island, they have been carrying on their operations with great activity and industry for many days, but as yet without success. They also sent a considerable Detachment across the Delaware yesterday morning, and in the course of the day, to operate against that at Red Bank. It is probable, from the state of the Latter, they will not attempt it by storm, but will try to gain it by an investiture. The importance of it to us, is obvious, but unhappily our circumstances will not admit such Detachments to be sent from hence as will oblige the Enemy to raise the seige. This constrains me to look to your State for all the assistance you can possibly afford. I have written to Genls. Forman and Newcomb on the subject, but the aids they can give will probably not be sufficient. If circumstances will permit, considering the situation of affairs at the Northward and here, I wish you to throw all the weight you can into the same scale, and that as early as possible. I have sent Colo. Fitzgerald, who will lay before you a full state of matters with us, and my sentiments upon them, which will enable you to form a judgment of that line of conduct which you can pursue with the most propriety. To him I refer you. I am etc.
P.S. You will at once perceive the fatal consequences to the United States in General and to Jersey in particular, should the Enemy be able to establish themselves in Philadelphia and at Red Bank. Unfortunately, our views in most instances have been too much divided and the greater objects have been neglected, in much less interesting pursuits. Could we unite and destroy Genl. Howe's Army, every part would be secure, but while we extend our force to protect every place, none will or can, therefore to defeat him demands the exertions of all. I wish the people were convinced of these important truths, and would view matters as they ought.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 23, 1777.
Parole Boston. Countersigns Cambridge, Roxbury.
The Waggon Master General is immediately to make a return of the waggons with the army, therein shewing, particularly, the uses to which they are applied, and the divisions and brigades, in which they are employed.
Head Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 24, 1777.
Parole Princeton. Countersigns Trenton, Brunswick.
Many abuses having been committed in impressing horses for the army, The Commander in Chief positively orders, that henceforward, no horse be impressed by any member of the army, without an order therefor from the Q Mr General, or one of his deputies or assistants, or a special order from the Commander in Chief.
The Brigade Quarter Masters are to make returns, to morrow afternoon, at five o'clock, of all the riding and bat-horses used in their respective brigades, and the persons and their ranks, and in whose service they are used.
A General Court Martial, of which Genl. Sullivan is appointed president, is to sit to morrow morning, at nine o'clock, at the president's quarters, for the trial of Brigadier General Wayne, upon this charge against him; "That he had timely notice of the enemy's intention, to attack the troops under his command on the night of the 20th. Ult.19 and notwithstanding that intelligence, neglected making a disposition until it was too late, either to annoy the enemy, or make a retreat without the utmost danger and confusion." Brigadiers General Muhlenberg, Weedon, Conway and Huntington. Colonels Stevens,20 Dayton, McClenahan,21 Stewart22 and Bradley23and Lt. Cols. Davies,24 De Hart25 and Thackston,26 are appointed members.
[Note 19: At Paoli, Pa.]
[Note 20: Col. Edward Stevens, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 21: Col. Alexander McClanachan, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 22: Col. Walter Stewart, of a Pennsylvania State regiment.]
[Note 23: Col. Philip Burr Bradley, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 24: Lieut. Col. William Davies, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 25: Lieut. Col. William De Hart, of the Second New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 26: Lieut. Col. James Thrackston, of the Fourth North Carolina Regiment.]
A Return is to be made of swords wanting in the brigade of horse; as deficiencies may now be supplied.
Altho' the enterprize under General McDougall proved fruitless, by reason that the enemy had abandoned the post intended to have been attacked, yet the Commander in Chief deems his thanks due to the officers and men, detached for that service, who two nights successively, crossed and recrossed the Schuylkill, and to those also, under Generals Sullivan and Greene, who were designed to facilitate General McDougall's operation, for the fortitude and chearfulness with which they went thro' the night marches and fatigues, which occurred in the expedition.
Head Quarters, October 24, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting to Congress the inclosed copies of sundry letters just now received, and congratulate them most sincerely on the important intelligence which they contain.27 The damage the Enemy have sustained in their Ships, I hope will prevent their future attempts to gain the
[Note 27: These were from Maj. Samuel Ward and Commodore John Hazelwood.
Ward stated: "On the 21st Inst. Four Battalions of Germans, amounting to about 1200 men commanded by Baron Donop Colo. Commandant landed at Cooper's Ferry and Marched the same Evening to Haddonfield. At 3 o'Clock Yesterday Morning, they marched for this place; when the guard at Timber Creek bridge were informed of their approach, they took up that Bridge, and the Enemy filed off to the Left, and crossed at a Bridge four miles above. Their Advanced Parties were discovered within a quarter of a mile of the fort at 12 o'clock; At half after 4 o'Clock P.M. They sent a flag to summons the Fort, who was told, that it should never be surrendered. At three quarters after four, they began a Brisk Canonade, and soon after advanced in two Columns to the Attack. They passed the Abattis, gained the ditch, and some few got over the Pickets, but the fire was so heavy, that they soon were drove out again with considerable loss, and retreated precipitately towards Haddonfield, The Enemy's loss amounts to 1 Lieut. Col., 3 Capts., 4 Lieuts., and near 70 killed and. the Baron Donop, his Brigade Major, a Captain-Lieutenant and upwards of 70 nonCommissioned Officers and Privates wounded and taken Prisoners. We are also informed, that several waggons are taken. The Colo. proposes to send the wounded Officers to Burlington. He also enjoins me to tell your Excellency, that both Officers and Privates behaved with the greatest Bravery. The Action Lasted 40 minutes."
The Hessians confessed to a loss of 402 killed and wounded, of whom 26 were officers. The American loss was 14 killed, 23 wounded, and 1 captain, who was reconnoitering, taken prisoner. Donop died of his wounds three days after the action.
The naval part of the action was described by Commodore Hazelwood in a more complete report of October 26: "While the Fort at Red Bank was attacked, the Augusta of 64 Guns, the Roebuck of 44, Two Frigates, the Merlin of 18, and a Galley, came up through the lower Chevaux de Frieze, which were attack'd by the floating Batterys and some of the Galleys, while the rest of the Galleys was flanking the enemy, that were attacking the Fort where the Galleys did much execution. As soon as the enemy was repuls'd at the Fort, the Ships finding so hot a fire, endeavour'd to fall down, but the Augusta and Merlin ran aground. Early next morning the Galleys and floating Batteries attacked them, when an incessant fire was kept up. About 11 o'Clock I believe one of our Shot set the Augusta on fire, and at 12 she blew up, being aground. The engagement continued with the other Ships, and at 3 in the afternoon, the Merlin we think also took fire and blew up, then the firing ceased on both sides. The Roebuck dropped down to the lower Chevaux de Frieze and went thro'. Yesterday I went down to the Wrecks, and found that the Guns of both ships may be got out, if the enemy's Ships can be kept at a proper distance. We brought off two 24 Pounders, and as soon as possible shall endeavour for the rest."
Commoodore Hazelwood complained of his lack of men. "The fleet is now so poorly Mann'd," he wrote, "and the constant cry from Fort Mifflin is to guard that Post, that I know not how to act without more assistance." There had been numerous desertions from the fleet. Lieutenant Colonel Smith had written (October 2): "So general a discontent and panic runs through that part of the fleet, that neither Officer nor men can be confided in, they conceive the River is lost, if the enemy gets possession of Billingsport nothing can convince them of the contrary and I am persuaded as soon as that fort is taken that almost all the fleet will desert, indeed from their disposition I am induced to believe they will openly avow themselves and desert Officers with their Crew (which has been the case with two) perhaps with their Gallies."
These letters, dated Oct. 22, 1777, are in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.] passage of the River, and the repulse of the Troops under Count Donnop and his Captivity, I flatter myself will also be attended with the most happy consequences. At the time these Actions happened, a Supply of ammunition was on the way to the Forts, and I have also ordered a further Quantity to be immediately sent. By Colo. Blaine one of the issuing Commissaries who left Red Bank, in the morning before the action, I am happily informed, that he had thrown considerable supplies of provision into both garrisons, he also adds, that he came from Jersey this morning, and that the Enemy had recrossed the Delaware and returned to Philadelphia.
I have written to Colonel Greene, that the Prisoners must be immediately sent from his Post, and Mr. Clymer,28 a Deputy under Mr. Boudinot,29 will set out to morrow morning to make a proper disposition of them.
[Note 28: Daniel Clymer. Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners.]
[Note 29: Elias Boudinot. He was Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army; resigned in May, 1778; later a Delegate to Congress from New Jersey and President of Congress.]
It gives me great concern, to inform Congress, that after all my exertions we are still in a distressed situation for want of Blankets and Shoes. At this time, no inconsiderable part of our force are incapable of acting thro' the deficiency of the latter, and I fear, without we can be relieved, it will be the case with two thirds of the Army in the course of a few days.
I am and have been waiting with the most anxious impatience, for a confirmation of Genl Burgoynes surrender. I have received no further intelligence respecting it, except vague report, than the first accounts which came to hand so long ago as Saturday morning. If Congress have had authentic advices about it, I wish to be favored with them. I have the honor etc.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. It was read in Congress on October :27 and referred to the Committee of Intelligence.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1777.
Sir: I have just received a letter from Major Ward,31 written by your desire, giving an account of your success over the enemy, on the 22d. instant. I heartily congratulate you upon this happy event, and beg you will accept my most particular thanks, and present the same to your whole garrison both officers and men. Assure them, that their gallantry and good behaviour meet my warmest approbation.
[Note 31: Maj. Samuel Ward, jr., of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in May, 1778; retired in January, 1781.]
All the prisoners should be immediately removed to a distance from your post to some convenient and safe place. I am sorry you have thought of sending the officers to Burlington, as they would be in no kind of security at that place, but might be taken and carried off by the enemy with the greatest ease. Immediately on the receipt of this, you will be pleased to have all the prisoners both officers and men conveyed to Morris Town. The wounded can be accommodated in the hospitals there and in its neighbourhood. Count Donop in particular is a man of importance, and ought by all means to be taken care of.
With respect to the arms you have taken, as they are no doubt good, it will be well to exchange all the indifferent arms you may have for them, but after that is done, I would recommend to you to send all your superfluous arms away. They can be put in the waggons that are on the way to you with ammunition. I am etc.
P.S. Such wounded as are not fit to be removed, you will take their paroles to consider themselves as prisoners at all contingencies.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1777.
Dear Sir: It ever has been, and I hope ever will be, a ruling principle with me, to endeavour to do impartial justice to every officer over whom I have the honor to preside. I shall therefore, in answer to the queries, contained in your letter of this date,33 readily declare.
[Note 33: Sullivan's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
That although I ascribed the misfortune which happened to us on the 11th. of Septr., principally to the information of Major Spear,34 transmitted to me by you; yet I never blamed you for conveying that intelligence. On the contrary, considering from whom, and in what manner it came to you, I should have thought you culpable in concealing it. The Majors rank, reputation and knowledge of the country, gave him a full claim to credit and attention.
[Note 34: Maj. Joseph(?) Spear, or Spears. He is said to have been of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
His intelligence was no doubt a most unfortunate circumstance, as it served to derange the disposition that had been determined on, in consequence of prior information of the enemy's attempt to turn and attack our right flank, which ultimately proving true, too little time was left us, after discovering its certainty, to form a new plan, and make adequate arrangements to prevent its success. Hence arose that hurry and consequently confusion which afterwards ensued. But it was not your fault, that the intelligence was eventually found to be erroneous!
With respect to your other quære, whether your being posted on the right was to guard that flank, and if you had neglected it? I can only observe, that the obvious, if not declared purpose of your being there, implied every necessary precaution for the security of that flank. But it is at the same time to be remarked, that all the fords above Chads, which we were taught to apprehend danger from, were guarded by detachments from your division; and that we were led to believe, by those whom we had reason to think well acquainted with the Country, that no ford above our picquets could be passed, without making a very circuitous march.
Upon the whole then, no part of your conduct, preceding the action, was, in my judgment, reprehensible. What happened on your march to the field of battle, your disposition there, and behaviour during the action, I can say nothing about, no part 'till the retreat commenced having come under my immediate observation. I can only add therefore, that the whole tenor of your conduct, so far as I have had opportunities of judging, has been spirited and active. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1777.
Whereas sundry Soldiers belonging to the Armies of the said States have Deserted from the same; These are to make known, to all those who have so offended, and who shall return to their respective Corps, or surrender themselves to the Officers appointed to receive Recruits and Deserters in their several States, or to any Continental Commissioned Officer before the first day of January next, that they shall obtain a full and free pardon. And I do further declare, to all such obstinate offenders, as do not avail themselves of the indulgence hereby offered, that they may depend, when apprehended, on being prosecuted with the utmost rigour and suffering the punishment justly due to crimes of such enormity.
Lest the hope of escaping punishment by remaining undiscovered, should tempt any, to reject the Terms now held out to them, they may be assured, that the most effectual measures will be pursued in every State for apprehending and bringing them to a speedy trial.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 37: Of the Continental Navy, then commanding the Andrea Doria.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1777.
Sir: Your favor of the 20th. I duly receivd. It gives me pain to find, that the Strictest harmony and Confidence do not prevail among the Navy Officers. These are essential to our Success at this time, and I hope the Gentlemen concern'd in that line, who know their importance and the fatal miscarriages, that have been produced in many instances by a different disposition, will cultivate them with assiduity and ease. I have ever urged this Conduct to those, under my Command, and in a particular manner, I enjoin'd the Officers detach'd to the Forts, to observe a good agreement with those of the Navy; at the same time, I recommended to the Commodore that it should be mutual.
The matters between you and Him, I mean the Navy Officers under different denominations, is so delicate in its nature that I would with reluctance suppose it to exist. I trust it is done away, and that in future, there will be the happiest under, standing and participation of Councils between the Whole.
To this period your General exertions have done you honor, and given you a high claim to the thanks of the public and to mine in a special manner. I am, etc.38
[Note 38: Contemporary copy by George Lewis.]
Head Qurs., 15 Miles from Philada., October 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: It gives me great pleasure to find by yours of the 20th. that you are likely to save your leg, and that you think you will be able to take the field in the Spring should there be occasion.39 I congratulate you upon the glorious termination of the Campaign against Genl. Burgoyne, which I hope will in its consequences free us from all our oppressors. Ever since the Enemy got possession of Philadelphia, their whole attention has been paid to reducing the Forts upon Delaware and endeavouring to remove the Chevaux de frize. After near a month's work they removed two of the lower Chevaux de frize, thro' which opening Six of their Ships of War passed upon the morning of the 22d. and began a most furious Cannonade upon Fort Mifflin and our Ships and Gallies at the upper frize, but they were so warmly opposed that they were obliged to sheer off. In going down, a 64 Gun Ship ran on ground, She took fire and blew up. Our Gallies overtook and destroyed a Frigate. The remainder made the best of their way down. The day fob lowing Count Donop, with about 1200 Men, attempted to carry our Fort at Red Bank on the Jersey shore, by storm; he was
[Note 39: Lincoln had been wounded in the leg in a skirmish with the British the day after the Battle of Bemis Heights, N.Y. He did not rejoin the army until August, 1778.] repulsed, with the loss of about 400 killed and wounded, among the latter the Count himself who is prisoner. Since this they have remained tolerably quiet by land and water. Genl. Howe has withdrawn himself within his lines thrown round Philadelphia. I observe by the Terms of Genl. Burgoyne's Capitulation, that an Exchange of prisoners may probably take place; if so, the number of Officers taken in his army will liberate all ours; in that case, Mr. Douglass40 your Aid de Camp will soon be redeemed. But if this exchange should not take place, you may depend that Mr. Douglass shall be called for as soon as it comes to his turn. For I have made it an invariable rule to give a preference to those who have been longest in Captivity. I most sincerely wish you a speedy and effectual cure, as I am etc.41
[Note 40: Ephraim Douglas. He had been taken prisoner at Bound Brook, N.J., in April, 1777; exchanged in November, 1780; lieutenant in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
October 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 20th. I received Yesterday Afternoon and feel much for the Havoc and devastation committed by the Enemy employed on the North River. Their maxim seems to be, to destroy where they cannot conquer and they hesitate not, to pursue a conduct that would do dishonour to the Arms of Barbarians.42 I know your feelings upon the occasion, and regret, that you were not in a situation to check their progress. This procedure, I hope, will call forth the exertions of all, and that in the course of events, we shall have more solid grounds for triumph. A Copy of the Articles respecting Genl. Burgoynes surrender reached me this morning for the first time.
[Note 42: Burning of Kingston, N.Y.]
When Genl. Putnam informed me of the capture of Fort Montgomery, he wrote the Congress upon the Subject. By the first opportunity I shall transmit them a Copy of your Letter now before me. I am happy you detained Colo. Malcom, as you found him so serviceable, and consent to his remaining as long as you shall think him of essential use. As to his Regiment, it is now here. Had I been apprized of the circumstance you mention, before it marched, I would not have ordered it to join this Army.
In the afternoon of the 22d., a Detachment of Hessian Troops, amounting to about Twelve Hundred, under the command of Count Donop, attempted to storm our Fort at Red Bank, and were repulsed with the loss of between four and five Hundred Men, in killed, wounded and prisoners. Among the prisoners is Count Donop himself, who is badly wounded. We only lost 32 in killed and wounded, chiefly the latter. The next morning several of the Enemy's Ships of War warped thro the lower tier of Chevaux de frize, and attacked Fort Mifflin on Mud Island and our Gallies and Armed Vessels which were posted near it. The Cannonade was severe and of long continuance but without other damage to us than the loss of three or four men killed and wounded. The Enemy on their part, lost two Ships. One said to be the Augusta of 64 Guns, the other a Frigate of 32. The first, in returning, got aground, and fearing that she would fall into our hands, they burnt her themselves. The latter accidentally took fire and was consumed. According to report, the Roebuck also suffered considerably. They seemed much determined to carry these posts. I hope these disappointments, they have met with will prevent their further attempts. However, they are not done, there having been a Cannonade this morning. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Skippack Road, 15th. Mile Stone, October 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: My Letter of the 21st. Instr. (which I hope has got safe to your hands) would amply convey to you my Ideas of the Importance of Red Bank, and leaves me little to add on that head, saving, that the more it is considered, the more essential it appears, to use every possible means for its preservation.
The late check which the Enemy met with, in attempting to storm the Fort at that place is a most fortunate event; but I am far from conceiving that it will deter them from endeavouring by slower, and more effectual means, to possess themselves of it; to make themselves perfect Masters of the River and the de-fences of the Chevaux de Frieze it is essential to them to occupy that spot. It is equally, essential to us to disappoint them, by every exertion in our power; I wish therefore, most ardently, to hear of your being in that Neighbourhood with a respectable body of Militia, as the preservation of the Forts will, in the judgment of most men, rid Phila. of their present guests and Jersey of the disagreeable Situation of being between two Fires for it is not to be expected that the Enemy will remain long quiet after having once established themselves in the City. Jersey must then afford them Supplies, be ravaged with Impunity or a force constantly kept on foot for protection of the Inhabitants: how burthensome this will be, let the people themselves judge.
Colo. Green who Commands at red bank seems to apprehend nothing from a storm, but every thing from an Investiture, as the work is contracted, and unprovided with the smallest defence against Shells, which would drive them out immediately. a seige therefore must be prevented, and this cannot be prevented without the assistance of your Militia.
I am too well acquainted with your activity and Zeal to add more on this head, and therefore conclude with strong assurances of being Dr. Sir Yr., etc.
[Note 44: Comte Pulaski; Cols. Theodorick Bland, of the First; Elisha Sheldon, of the Second; George Baylor, of the Third; and Stephen Moylan of the Fourth Continental Dragoons.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1777.
Sir: I am sorry to find, that the liberty I granted to the light dragoons of impressing horses near the enemy's lines has been most horribly abused and perverted into a mere plundering scheme. I intended nothing more than that the horses belonging to the disaffected, in the neighbourhood of the British Army, should be taken for the use of the dismounted dragoons, and expected, that they would be regularly reported to the Quarter Master General, that an account might be kept of the number and the persons from whom they were taken, in order to a future settlement. Instead of this, I am informed that under pretence of the authority derived from me, they go about the country, plundering whomsoever they are pleased to denominate Tories, and converting what they get to their own private profit and emolument. This is an abuse that cannot be tolerated, and as I find the license allowed them, has been made a sanction for such mischeivous practices, I am under the necessity of recalling it altogether. You will therefore immediately make it known to your whole corps, that they are not under any pretence whatever to meddle with the horses or other property of any inhabitant whatever, on pain of the severest punishment; for they may be assured, as far as it depends upon me, that military execution will attend all those who are caught in the like practice hereafter.
The more effectually to put it out of their power to elude this prohibition, all the horses in your corps, in the use of the non commissioned officers and privates, not already stamped with the Continental brand, are without loss of time to be brought to the Qr. Master General to receive that brand; and henceforth, if any of them shall be found with horses that are without it, they shall be tried for marauding and disobedience of orders.
I am fully confident, you will be equally disposed with me to reprobate and abolish the practice complained of, and will adopt the strictest measures to fulfill the intention of this letter, and prevent its continuance in future. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 46: Of the First Virginia Regiment. Later he was colonel of this regiment.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1777.
Sir: I received your favour of the 23d. Instr. and am obliged by the intelligence it contains. The conduct of your Garrison has equaled my most sanguine expectations, and merit my warmest acknowledgments and thanks. Be assured no exertions of mine shall be wanting to give you every support in my power; Ammunition is now on its way to the Forts, and a supply of that Article, shall not be wanting, when possible for me to procure it. I am &ca.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1777.
Sir: I was last night favoured with yours of the 23d. Give me leave to congratulate you upon your Victory, and return my thanks to the Officers and Men for their gallant behaviour; to those particularly who were more immediately engaged. I hope Colo. Greene's success by land added to yours upon the Water, will make the Enemy cautious of attempting either again. You may depend upon being supplied with Ammunition while there is a possibility of conveying to you. 1000 Cartridges for 18. and 640 for 24 pounders were upon the way down when you wrote, and I hope have arrived before this. I have also this morning ordered down two Waggon loads of Ammunition from hence. I will do every thing in my power, ill as I can afford the Men, to reinforce the fleet. In the mean time, you must make the best shift you can by borrowing of Colo. Greene upon an emergency. There are about 100 seamen employed in the New Frigates that lay up at Whitehill. I have been thinking that they might be scutled and sunk for the present, and all the Men, except a few to be left for ferry men, sent down to you. I have wrote to the Continental Navy Board at Bordentown for their opinion upon the expediency of this matter, and shall be obliged to you for yours. I have another Reason for scutling them, which is, that I fear the Enemy will possess themselves of them, and with the assistance of them and the Delaware Frigate very much annoy your Rear. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 25, 1777.
Parole Braintree. Countersigns Concord, Danvers.
The intention of a certificate upon pay abstracts under the hands of the Brigadiers, was, that the truth of them should be made apparent, upon a comparison with the weekly returns, and unless the Brigadiers make such comparison, the signing their names is but an empty form. The Commander in Chief therefore requires, that henceforward the Brigadiers, or officers commanding brigades that are without brigadiers, carefully compare the pay-abstracts, with the weekly returns, before they make a certificate concerning them.
The Commander in Chief orders that a weekly return be made, of each brigade to morrow morning at ten o'clock without fail. The returns to be made with all possible exactness, and of those men returned on Command, their respective commands and the number on each, are to be pointed out. The General will look to the Brigadiers, or officers commanding brigades, for the punctual compliance with this order.
The Commander in Chief approves, the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held the 14th. instant, whereof Colonel Brodhead was president, and orders them to be put in execution immediately.
Lieut. Nathaniel Ferris of Col. Swift's regiment, charged with "Being drunk, and incapable of doing his duty, when the army engaged with the enemy on the 4th. instant," was found guilty and sentenced to be cashiered.
Lieut. Joseph Fish of Capt. Lee's company, in Colo. Durkee's regiment, charged with "Leaving the regiment and platoon, he belonged to, while on the march towards the enemy, on the night of the 3rd. instant, and also with being much disguised with liquor," was acquitted of the first charge, but found guilty of being much disguised with liquor, and sentenced therefore, to be reprimanded, by the Brigadier General, in the presence of the officers of the brigade.
The General again congratulates the troops on the success of our arms. On Wednesday last a body of about 1200 Hessians, under the command of Count Donop, made an attack on Fort Mercer at Red Bank, and after an action of 40 minutes were repulsed with great loss. Count Donop himself is wounded and taken prisoner, together with his Brigade Major, and about 100 other officers and soldiers, and about 100 were left dead on the field, and as they carried of a great many of their wounded, their whole loss is probably at least 400: Our loss was trifling, the killed and wounded amounting only to about 32.
The next morning a number of the enemy's ships came up, and attacked Fort Mifflin and the Gallies, and after a severe cannonade of several hours, the ships thought proper to retire, but in retiring a 64 Gun-ship and a frigate ran aground and were burnt.
AFTER ORDERS
The Court of enquiry, of which Genl. Greene is president, is to sit to morrow morning at nine o'clock at the president's quarters, to enquire into the conduct of Major General Stephen, on the march from the Clove to Schuylkill falls, in the action of the 11th. of September last on the Brandywine, and more especially in the action of the 4th. instant at and about Germantown, on which occasions he is charged with "Acting unlike an officer." Also into the charge against him for "Drunkenness, or drinking so much, as to act frequently in a manner, unworthy the character of an officer."
[Note 49: The Continental Navy Board, then at Bordentown, N.J., consisted of Francis Hopkinson and John Wharton.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1777.
Gentlemen: The application of Commodore Hazelwood for seamen, and the necessity there is of his being supplied, if possible, induce me to submit it to the Consideration of your Board, Whether those in the Frigates near Burlington, cannot be more beneficially employed with him, than where they now are.
The importance of defending the Navigation below, or in other words of preventing the Enemy from becoming the Masters of it, is obvious to all. If they cannot effect this, we may hope, that they will be obliged, either to evacuate the City, or to expose themselves to great hazard, if not ruin, by sending out frequent Detachments for procuring and Convoying provisions and other necessary supplies. Under these ideas, I think there should be every possible, prudent exertion to provide the Commodore with a suitable number of hands for manning his Vessels.
The Ground, I presume, for retaining the Sailors on board the Frigates, is their Security. This I fear, from their unfinished, unweildy state could not be provided for, in case the Enemy should attempt to take them. I am certain of it. Will it not be more advisable therefore, to try other means for their safety? I mean to Scuttle them, If they can be raised again. I am not a judge of such matters, but if it can be done, I should think the measure highly expedient. The Commodore might then be reinforced and the Frigates would be secure against any present efforts, which the Enemy can make to possess or destroy them. These are not the only good consequences that may be pointed out. I will mention one more of great weight. If the Frigates should be taken by the Enemy, of which there is great danger in my opinion, they will make them exceedingly formidable against our little navy. So much so, that in Conjunction with the Delaware and such other Vessels, as they may equip, there will be the strongest reason to apprehend their falling a Sacrifice. I have written to Commodore Hazelwood for his sentiments and those of the navy Officers upon the subject, and practicability weighing them, if they should be sunk, which I shall take the Liberty of laying before you by the earliest opportunity after they are obtained. I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Whitpain, October 26, 1777.
Parole Worcester. Countersigns Rutland, Salem.
The Court of enquiry of which General Greene was president, relative to the complaint against General Maxwell, report their opinion as follows--"The Court of enquiry having fully inquired into the complaints, exhibited by Lieut. Col. Heth,51 against Brigadier General Maxwell, while commanding the light-corps, are clearly of opinion, that they are without foundation; saving that it appears, he was once during said time disguised with liquor in such a manner, as to disqualify him in some measure, but not fully, from doing his duty; and that once or twice besides his spirits were a little elevated by spiritous liquor. The Court submit to His Excellency's better judgment, whether Genl. Maxwell from these instances of deviation ought to be subjected to a trial by court martial."
[Note 51: Lieut. Col. William Heth, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to colonel in April, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
The Commander in Chief directs that the General Court Martial of which Genl. Sullivan is president, as soon as the trial before them is finished, proceed to the trial of Brigadier General Maxwell, upon the complaints referred to in the foregoing report.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court martial, of which Col Brodhead was president, held the 17th, 18th and 19th. instant, and orders that they be put in execution forthwith--viz.
Lieut. Col. John Markham, of the 8th. Virginia regiment, charged with "Having left the regiment in time of action, on the 4th. instant, and also, on the retreat of the same day"; and also charged with "Delay when ordered to support the advanced guard," was, by the unanimous opinion of the court, found guilty of the charges exhibited against [him], and sentenced to be cashiered.
Capt. McCormick52 of the 13th. Virginia regiment charged with "Laying down in time of action and behaving in a cowardly, unofficer like manner," was acquitted with honor.
[Note 52: Capt. George McCormick, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment. He was retired in September, 1778.]
Lieut. Crain53 of the 15th. Virginia regt. charged with "Disobedience of orders, also with breaking his arrest," acquitted by the unanimous opinion of the court.
[Note 53: Lieut. James Crain, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment. He was captain of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment in October, 1780; transferred to the Fourth VirginiaRegiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
Lieut. Thomas Moore of Capt. Harrison's54 company in the 13th. Virginia regiment charged with "Encouraging the men to breed a mutiny, and otherwise behaving unbecoming the character of a Gentleman or officer," was acquitted.
[Note 54: Capt. Benjamin Harrison, He was captain of the Thirteenth Virginia and Ninth Virginia Regiments in September, 1778; retired in February, 1781, with the rank of major.]
Thomas Roach a matross in Capt. Serjeants55 company of artillery in Col Crane's regt. of artillery charged with "Desertion, and attempting to go to the enemy." The Court are unanimously of opinion the prisoner is guilty of the charge against him, and do unanimously sentence him to suffer death. This sentence is to be executed to morrow at twelve o'clock, near the artillery park, 60 men with officers, from each brigade, are to attend the execution.
[Note 55: Capt. Winthrop Sargent, of the Third Continental Artillery. He was aide to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe in June, 1780; served to close of war.]
Capt. Thomas Patterson of Col. Dayton's regiment, is appointed Brigade Major (pro tempore) for Genl. Maxwell's brigade, and is to be obeyed as such.
AFTER ORDERS
The execution of Thomas Roach is respited for three days.
Head Qurs., 15 Miles from Philada., October 26,56 1777.
[Note 56: The Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, the letter printed by Ford in Correspondence of Samuel Blatchley Webb (New York: 1893), and the text in Sparks's Writings of Washington are dated October 25.]
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 20th. inclosing a Copy of Genl. Burgoyne's Capitulation57 which was the first authentic intelligence I received of the affair, indeed I began to grow uneasy and almost to suspect that the first accounts you transmitted me were premature. As I have not received a single line from Gen. Gates, I do not know what steps he is taking with the Army under his Command, and therefore cannot advise what is most proper to be done in your quarter. But I should think, if a junction of your force was formed, part to proceed down upon one side of the River and part upon the other, that Sr. Henry Clinton would be obliged to retreat immediately before you, or if he suffered you to get between him and New York, you perhaps might, in its weak state, get into it. I mention this merely as matter of opinion, taking it for granted you will pursue the most proper and efficacious measure. Whatever may be determined upon, I beg may be constantly communicated to me, as the operations of this Army may depend much upon the situation of yours.
[Note 57: A copy of the Saratoga convention, in the writing of Charles Thomson, is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress. It was forwarded to Washington in Thomson's letter to him of October 31.]
I have the pleasure to acquaint you that on the 22d. instant about 1200 Hessians under the Command of Count Donop attempted to take our Fort at Red Bank by storm, they were repulsed with the loss of about 400 killed and wounded, among the latter Count Donop himself, who is prisoner. They retreated in the greatest confusion and recrossed the Delaware as speedily as possible. On the 23d. in the morning several of the Enemy's Ships of War got thro' the lower Chevaux de frize and came up to Fort Mifflin, but they received so warm a fire from our Ships, Gallies and Battery that they were obliged to sheer off. One of their 64 Gun Ships got on Ground, she took fire, either from our Shot or from accident and blew up. Our Gallies destroyed a Frigate also. Since this, they have remained tolerably quiet. Mr. Hughes, in a letter to Genl. McDougall, says that Nixon's and Glover's Brigades are upon their March down, when they arrive, you can spare the small detachments belonging to the New England Regiments nowhere. I beg they maybe sent down as soon as possible to join their respective Corps.58 I am etc.
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 26, 1777
Sir: You will, very shortly, be called to a Council of War,59 when your Sentiments on the following questions will be asked?
[Note 59: The council of war was held on October 29. (See Washington's letter to the Council of War, Oct. 29, 1777, post.)]
[1--2] Whether it will be prudent, in our present circumstances, and strength, to attempt by a general attack, to dislodge the Enemy; and if it is, and we unsuccessful, where we shall retreat to?
[3] If such an attack should not be thought eligible, what general disposition of the Army had best take place, till the Weather forces us from the Field?
[4] Where, and in what manner, supposing the Enemy to keep possession of Philadelphia, had the Continental Troops best be Cantoned after they can no longer keep the Field?
[5] What measures can be adopted to cover the Country near the City, and prevent the Enemy drawing Supplies therefrom, during the Winter?
[6] Will the Office of Inspector Genl. to our Army, for the purpose, principally, of establishing one uniform sett of Manoeuvres and Manual, be adviseable as the time of the Adjutant Genl. seems to be totally engaged with other business?
[7] Should Regimental promotions extend only to Captns., Inclusively, or to that of the Majority?
[8] Will it be consistent with propriety and good policy to allow Soldiers the reward offered to others for apprehending Deserters?
[9] The Commissaries complaining of the number, and disproportion of the Ration's which are Issued to the Troops and at the sametime of the advanced price of all kinds of spirits, owing to the Imposition of the Sutlers upon the Soldiery what regulation, or remedy can be applied to rectify the one, and prevent the other? I am, etc.60
[Note 60: When the council of war was convened (October 29) the questions here propounded and other matters were considered. To avoid repetition, on that date the answers of the council to the above queries are here given:
Camp White Marsh, 15 Miles from Philadelphia,
October 26, 1777.
Sir: I was honored a few days ago with your favor of the 14th Inst. for which and its inclosure, I return you my thanks.
I am happy in Congratulating you, in turn, on the further Success of our Arms at the Northward, in the Surrender of General Burgoyne, the particulars of this fortunate event will have reached you, I expect, before this, and therefore shall not add more upon the Subject.
I have also the pleasure to inform you, * * *.61 Our loss at Red Bank did not exceed 32 in killed and wounded and not above four in the Action with the Ships of War. I have the honor etc.62
[Note 61: The omitted portion is almost a verbatim repetition of Washington's description of the repulse at Red Bank and defeat of the British ships, as contained in his letter to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, Oct. 26, 1777, q. v.]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 63: In the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress Ralston is said to be of the Pennsylvania Militia, but his name is not found in the published lists in the Pennsylvania Archives. He was, possibly, Robert Ralston, who had been adjutant of The First Pennsylvania Brigade.]
Head Quarters, October 26, 1777.
Sir: You will proceed with the Detachment under your command, with all expedition to Red Bank, where you will receive further orders from Colo. Greene commanding officer at that Post, to which you will punctually conform. The Route I would recommend to you is from this to Bristol, thence across the Delaware to Mount Holly, thence to Haddonfield and thence to Red Bank. You will use every necessary precaution on your march, to prevent any accident happening to your Detachment by surprise, and as it is possible the Enemy may gain intelligence of it, and make some attempt to intercept it. I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, October 26, 1777.
Sir: I have sent down Lt. Colo. Rolston with three hundred Pennsylvania militia to reinforce Forts Mercer and Mifflin. I therefore desire that you and Baron Arendt will settle the proportion that each is to have, upon the most equitable terms. If you should have been joined by such a number of Jersey militia as will render your post quite secure, you are to permit all the Pennsylvania militia to pass over to fort Mifflin. I am &ca.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am glad to find, by yours of the 26th. that you had arrived at Red Bank, and I hope, from your exertions in that quarter, that the Militia will be induced to come out. I take the Body of Men, that have been seen crossing Schuylkill, to be a covering party to the Waggons going down for a Convoy Stores and provisions, [provided they did not cross to Billingsport] as they have a road leading over Province and Tinicum Islands to the Mouth of Derby Creek, at which place they debark their provisions &ca. The possession of Red Bank is a thing of so much importance to the Enemy, that I am confident they will leave nothing untried to make themselves masters of it. I have ordered a considerable reinforcement from hence, who are only waiting for the Weather to clear up. In the mean time, I beg you will assemble every Man you can, and after throwing as many into the fort as will be sufficient for the Works, post the others in some convenient place to fall upon the Enemy in the Rear should they set down to invest it. Be pleased to keep me constantly advised of any movements of the Enemy. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The phrase in brackets was added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, October 27, 1777.
Sir: I am very apprehensive that the Enemy are preparing Armed Boats, floating Batteries and fire Rafts at Philadelphia with an intent to fall down upon your fleet when they are finished. The Delaware Frigate will be of the greatest advantage to them in covering, their smaller Vessels, should they attack you. In my opinion there is much greater danger from an attack of this kind, than one directly in your front, because there you have the Chevaux de frize as a defence. I therefore would suggest the expediency of making an attempt to destroy the Frigate and what other preparations they are making, by surprise. I will not pretend to point out the mode to you, who must be much better acquainted with things of this kind than I can possibly be; but if you think it can be done, no means should be left untried to effect it. I am &ca.
P.S. Could not the Frigate be fired, as she lays at Anchor, in a dark Night.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
15th Mile Stone on the Skippack Road,
October 27, 1777.
Gentn: The more I reflect upon the evil that may arise from the Enemy's possessing themselves of our unfinished Frigates up the Delaware, the more convinced I am of the indispensable obligation we are under to prevent it, effectually. If no other method could be devised, I should be for absolutely burning them; but scuttling and sinking [them] with, or without Ballast, as those who are best acquainted with the difficulties of raising them in either State, at this Season [may determine] will, in my judgment answer the end.
You [We all] know that the Enemy have made one vigorous (tho unsuccessful) effort to dispossess us of our Forts, and drive off our Vessels, which defend the Cheveaux de frieze in the River; you [we] know also, that besides [burning] the Delaware Frigate, they are busily employed in preparing two other large Armd Vessels at the City. Now [If] in addition to these [they] should they by Surprize, or force, obtain the Frigates above Bordentown, and bring the whole in aid of their Ships in a general attack upon our little Fleet (thus surrounded) one [we] may, [but too easily] without the Spirit of divination foretell the consequences. [Their destruction will be certain and inevitable.]
At present, these Ships [Frigates] are of no use to us, whilst the hands are greatly wanted; considered therefore in this point of view, simply, the measure [proposed] in my judgement [opinion] is highly expedient; but [and] under the prevailing Sentiment that the Enemy cannot hold Phila., unless their Shipping is got up, it becomes [appears] absolutely necessary.
The fatal consequences which may result from suffering these Frigates to fall into the Enemys hands is, [are] too obvious to need [more] arguments to prove, [them,] and when it is considered of how little importance they are to us in their present Situation, common prudence requires that they should be so disposed of as to be hereafter useful; and out of the way of being destroyed by the Enemy if they can be no otherwise useful [or being rendered Serviceable] to them.
Upon the whole then, I take the liberty of delivering it to you as my clear opinion, that the Frigates ought to be immediately, and with the utmost secrecy, Sunk, either with, or without Ballast (so as to make it next to impossible to raise them without Mens diving, either to unlade, or fix their purchases) and [that] the[ir] Crews [should be] sent down to the Fleet below, where Sailors are exceedingly wanted.
If I have stepped out of the line of my duty to make this request, I am perswaded you will excuse it when I add, that the good of the Service not only in my judgment, but [in] that of others, absolutely requires it [to be carried into execution].68 I have the honor etc.
[Note 68: The bracketed portions show the words inserted by Robert Hanson Harrison, who thus endeavored to improve Washington's diction, striking out such of Washington's words as interfered with Harrison's concepts of phraseology.]
Head Quarters, October 27, 1777.
Gentlemen: I this morning received your favour of the 26th. I refer you to a letter which I wrote you a few hours ago, urging the necessity of Scutling the Frigates immediately. I then imagined that there were a considerable number of Seamen on Board of them; but since I have seen the Returns, I think the necessity more pressing. The people on board could not defend them against a couple of armed Boats. An intelligent lad from Philadelphia says they have been bringing Seamen and flat Boats from the Fleet below, and it is more than probable that they may have their Eye upon the Frigates above, I therefore would advise you to sink, not only them, immediately upon the receipt of this, but every other Vessel, capable of being converted into an armed Vessel69 The smaller Craft and flat Boats, that are not wanted to transport troops occasionally, to be carried as high up the Creeks and River as possible. The soldiers that were on board the Frigates to be sent under the care of an officer to join their Regiments and the few Seamen down to our Fleet. If those Watermen that you mention, who are on board private Vessels, could be prevailed upon by any means to serve in our fleet till the Frost, it would answer a very valuable purpose, and rather than miss of them I would offer handsome terms, [but not so much as to occasion jealousy and uneasiness in those already in Service.] I have the honor to be etc.70
[Note 69: The Marine Committee of Congress reported to that body that having considered General Washington's order to scuttle the frigates in the Delaware to prevent them from falling into the hands of the enemy "are of opinion that the frigates should be lightened as much as possible, and either run into some adjacent creek or hauled as high upon shore as may be without ballast, and a battery constructed with the guns of the Washington on the most convenient ground to cover the frigates from the enemy; that the frigates should be charged properly with combustibles, and a careful watch employed under a vigilant officer to burn them rather than let them fall into the hands of the enemy; and lest this should fail, that a sufficient number of small craft should be sunk in the channel below the frigates, effectually to obstruct the enemy from moving them down the river, if they should happen to gain possession of them; and a battery be constructed in the most convenient manner to cover the obstructions and prevent the enemy from removing them; that all the vessels of whatever kind should be run up as high above the batteries aforesaid as possible, and the most effectual precautions taken immediately on the approach of the enemy." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Nov. 4, 1777.) General Washington, if he approved this plan, was to furnish a detachment of troops to aid in the construction and management of the batteries.]
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The phrase in brackets is in Washington's writing.]
Head Quarters, October 28, 1777.
Sir: You are [immediately, or] as soon as the weather will permit, to proceed to Woodberry with the Brigade under your command. Your most convenient Route will be from this to Bristol, thence to Mount Holly [across the Delaware,] thence to Haddonfield and thence to the place of your destination. You will be circumspect on your march [and use every precaution] to prevent [your party] being surprised or intercepted. The design of [sending you to Woodberry] your expedition is to aid and give greater security to the Garrisons at Red-bank and Fort Mifflin; for which purpose you will [punctually] cooperate with them. [in every necessary measure. You will probably find] Genl. Forman will be in the neighbourhood of Red-bank, at the head of a body of Jersey Militia; as he is there for the same end, that you [will] are to be, a cooperation between you and him will be also requisite.
I cannot delineate particularly the line of conduct you are to observe. I leave it to your own discretion, to be adapted to circumstances. The[se] general idea[s], I would however throw out; [is,] That you are in conjunction with the Jersey Militia, to give the garrisons [and fleet] all the assistance and relief in your power. That as the men in them must be greatly harrassed by labor and watching, and in need of rest and refreshment, [I would have] you are to send detachments from time to time to relieve and replace an equal number from the garrisons, who are during the interval to remain and act with you. That you are [also] occasionally to reinforce them with additional numbers, as they may stand in need of it. That, in case of an attack upon, or investiture of Red-bank, you are to act upon the rear or flanks of the enemy; not to throw your troops into the Fort, except such reinforcements from them as may really be wanted in defence of the works.
Woodberry I have pitched upon as a general Station, from its nearness to the forts, and the greater facility there will be, on that account, to answer in common, the ends proposed. [In case of the] On any approach of the enemy towards you, you are to take such a Situation as shall seem to you most eligible.
I hope it is unnecessary to caution you to be, in every circumstance, upon your guard against surprises. At Woodberry you will be between two creeks, if you can draw any security from this, by breaking down bridges, or otherwise, so as to render the march of the enemy in [their] approaching you, more circuitous, [or to lessen the number of approaches,] it will be an advantage worth improving. I am etc.
P.S. In case you should find it necessary to send a reinforcemt. of Artillery-men into Red-bank; you are not to send Capt. Lee76 with them, because Capt. Du Plessis services merit, and, it is my wish, he should not be superceeded in the command of the Artillery there; which would happen, should Capt. Lee go into the Garrison being an older officer.77
[Note 76: Capt. James Lee, of the Second Continental Artillery. He resigned in December, 1779.]
[Note 77: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the draft, in the Washington Papers, is also in that of Hamilton. The bracketed portions are in the draft and do not appear in the letter sent.]
[.R.I.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: I wrote you last evening with respect to reinforcing Red Bank and Fort Mifflin. My anxiety, from the importance of these places, is so great, that I cannot help urging you again to throw in without loss of time, what Assistance the Commanding Officers and yourself may think necessary, and such as you may be able to afford them. I informed you, that the reinforcement ordered from hence was detained by the weather, a continuance of which, still prevents the march of it, and may retard their passage when they set off, for which reason, I wish your immediate consultation with the Officers, that you may know what reinforcements are necessary and supply them, if possible, without loss of time. I am etc.
P.S. If you mention the coming down of a reinforcement, it may reach the Enemy's Ears, and they endeavour to intercept it, for which reason I wish it may be kept as secret as can be.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, October 28, 1777.
Sir: Colonel Arendt writes me, that the state of his health will make it absolutely necessary for him, to withdraw himself awhile from the garrison. I am apprehensive, that, during his absence, there may arise some difficulty about the command between you and Lt. Colo. Smith, as it is uncertain which of your commissions is oldest, and cannot now be easily determined. The good of the service however requires, that disputes of such a nature should be waved, and as Lt. Colo. Smith had originally the command of the post, has been longer in it, and may be supposed to have more thoroughly considered every circumstance of its defence, than one who has been less time there, these are arguments with me, in the present uncertainty, respecting rank, that it should be waved in his favour. I have no doubt that they will have their full weight with you when duly considered, and that you will readily avoid any difference about punctilios, when the advancement of the service, in the least degree, may seem to require it. Relying upon this, I flatter myself you will chearfully acquiesce in Colo. Smith's command, in the absence of the Baron, and that there will be the most perfect harmony subsisting between you. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 28, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 26th. As there seems to be a doubt of the priority of the date of your or Lt. Colonel Green's Commissions, I have in a letter of this date, desired him to wave the matter in dispute for the present, and act under your command, as you have been in the Fort from the beginning and must be better acquainted with the nature of the defences than a Stranger.
I have ordered a very handsome detachment for the reinforcement of Forts Mifflin and Mercer, and the Gallies, they have been ready since yesterday, but the weather has been such, that they could not march. When they arrive, the duty will not be so severe, and if the men that you carried down at first can possibly be spared they shall be relieved. I will send them down necessaries out of the first that arrive from Lancaster. You seem to have mistaken the Commodore's meaning. From his letter I understand that he will always assist you, whenever it is in his power. He tells you, that in rough Weather his Gallies and Armed Boats cannot live and therefore guards you against expecting much assistance from them at such times. I beg you, of all things, not to Suffer any Jealousies between the land and Sea Service to take place. Consider that your mutual security depends upon acting perfectly in concert. I have wrote to Colo. Green to afford you every possible assistance from Red Bank till the reinforcement gets down. I have the greatest hopes that this storm of Rain and Wind at N. E., will overflow all the Enemy's works upon Province Island and ruin the new Roads they have been making. I recommend every attention to you and I hope a glorious success will reward your exertions. I am &ca.
P.S. Keep the Banks of Province Island constantly cut and you will embarrass the Enemy excessively. Do not mention any thing of the expectation of a reinforcement lest the Enemy take means to intercept them.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 28, 1777.
Sir: In consequence of your representation of the Weakness of your Fleet, I have ordered a return of Sailors in the Army to be made to me, and find they amount to more than 100, which will march with a Detachment for the Forts, as soon as the weather will permit. This reinforcement, I expect, will amply supply your wants, and enable you to give every assistance to the Forts that can be reasonably expected from you, and as their strength will be greatly augmented, it is my most earnest desire, that every mode may be adopted, by which your force may be brought to Cooperate against the designs and approaches of the Enemy, and that a mutual confidence and perfect under, standing may chearfully take place.
The Ammunition which you have and will receive, is to be considered as sent for the use of the whole, and distributed accordingly.
As there is a greater possibility, that the reduction of the Forts might be effected by surprise, than any other means, you will see the necessity of giving them every aid by your Gondolas and guard Boats, as may effectually prevent any mischance of this kind. I am &ca.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head-Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 28, 1777.
Parole Middleton. Countersigns Newbury, Oxford.
The Honorable Congress have been pleased to promote Brigadiers General Robert Howe, and Alexander McDougall, to the rank of Majors General in the service of the United States.
The ranks of the Captains and Subalterns in Colonel Malcom's regiment are to be established, as settled the 19th instant by Cols. Ogden and Spencer, and Lieut. Col. Brearly.
Capt. McGowen82 is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major, in the brigade late De Haas's, and is to be respected as such.
[Note 82: Capt. John McGowan, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at Germantown, Pa.; was transferred to the Invalid Regiment in February, 1781; served to end of the war.]
Head Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 29, 1777.
Parole Norfolk. Countersigns Norwich, Norton.
The seamen returned in General Muhlenberg's, Weedon's, Woodford's, Scotts, 2nd Maryland and McDougall's brigades, are to have by them, three day's provisions ready cooked, and hold themselves ready to march at the shortest notice.
AFTER ORDERS
The ammunition of each brigade is to be inspected without the least delay, and reports of the state of it made immediately.
Head Quarters at Whitpain, October 29, 1777.
His Excellency informed the Board, That the enemy's whole force, according to the best estimate he could form, founded on general returns of their army, which had accidentally fallen into his hands bearing every mark of authenticity, and from probable calculations of such changes as may have happened since the date of them, amounted to about 10,000 rank and file, present fit for duty. That their main body by the last accounts were in and near Philadelphia. That they had established several batteries on Province Island, opposite to Fort Mifflin, from which, they continually annoyed the garrison there; but hitherto without any material effect. That they had on the 22d. instant attempted to carry red bank by storm; but were repulsed with considerable loss. That the day following several of their ships of war drew up against Fort Mifflin; which, in conjunction with their batteries before mentioned began a severe attack upon the fort; but were compelled to quit the enterprise and retire with loss. That however, notwithstanding the obstacles they encounter in the River obstructions, they have found means to open a communication with their ships by way of Tinicum Island.
He further informed them, That our whole force at this time amounted by the last returns to 8313 Continental troops and 2717 Militia, rank and file, present fit for duty. That besides these, were the garrisons at Fort Island and Redbank; the former consisting of about 300 Continental troops, the latter 350; in addition to which a detachment of three hundred militia marched the 26th. to reinforce the two posts, also the troops on the other side the Schuylkill in number about 500 Militia, under Brigadier General Potter.
That this force was likely soon to suffer a diminution of 1986 Militia, by the expiration of the terms of service for which those from Virginia and Maryland engaged.
That on the other hand, He had called upon the State of Pensylvania in the strongest terms, to afford all the assistance and reinforcement in its power to this army; and that he had also written to Generals Dickinson, Foreman and Newcomb, pressing them in the most earnest manner, to endeavour to collect all the militia of the State of New Jersey, that can possibly be spared from other objects, in the neighbourhood of Red bank, as an additional aid and security to that post; but was uncertain what degree of success these different applications might have.
Proceedings of a Council of War at Whitpain, October 29, 1777He finally informed them, that by advice from the Northward, it appeared that General Burgoyne and his whole Army had capitulated to General Gates, on condition of being permitted to return to Great Britain, and not bearing Arms again in North America during the present contest. That by a letter of the 25th. instant from General Dickinson, there was reason to believe, Sir Harry Clinton and the forces with him had returned down the North River; and that the troops heretofore stationed at Rhode Island were arrived at New York. That he was not able to afford any precise information of the disposition made by Generals Gates and Putnam, in consequence of the forementioned events; but had heard that General Gates had detached two Brigades to join Governor Clinton at Esopus.
Observing, that under these circumstances, he had called a Council to consult and resolve upon the measures best to be pursued; He accordingly requested the sentiments of the Gentlemen present, on the following subjects.
... * ... * ... * ... * ... *83
[Note 83: The four queries here omitted are identical with the first four in Washington's Circular to the General Officers, Oct. 26, 1777, q. v.]
Q: Can any, and what succours may with propriety be drawn from the Northern Armies at this time?84
[Note 84: "Succours should be drawn from the Northern armies to consist of twenty regiments, fifteen of Massachusetts, three of New Hampshire and Lee's and Jackson's regiments."]
The deliberations on the foregoing subjects finished. The Commander in Chief proceeded to the following Questions.
... * ... * ... * ... * ... *85
[Note 85: The four queries here omitted are the same as the last four in Washington's Circular to the General Officers, Oct. 26, 1777, q. v.]
Q: Colo. Frazer, in a letter of the 9th. instant, having represented that he had "Liberty to mention it as Genl. Howe's earnest desire, that a general exchange of prisoners should take place on equitable terms, or that the officers prisoners of war on both sides should be released and have liberty to go to any place in possession of their friends on their paroles." What measures might it be proper for us to take86 in consequence of that information?87
[Note 86: "Deferred."]
[Note 87: The proceedings of this council of war are in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and were signed by Jno. Sullivan, Nath. Greene, Adam Stephen, Marquis de Lafayette, Alex. McDougall, W. Smallwood, H. Knox, J. M. Varnum, Anty. Wayne, P: Muhlenberg, G. Weedon, Jed. Huntington, and T. Conway.]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1777.
Sir: I am this day honored with your Letter of the 26th Inst., previous to which I had given some orders respecting the Subject of it, upon a Complaint made to me by one of the Commissaries, of the enormous price to which Liquors had been raised in the country, occasioned principally by the Suttlers who resort our Camp.
I shall now have this matter more fully enquired into, and adopt such measures, as I shall judge most expedient, for the immediate Suppression of this Evil, which, when determined on shall be communicated to you.88 I have the honor etc.89
[Note 88: By a council of general officers, the proceedings of which are undated, filed at the end of October, 1777, the commissaries were directed to take all liquors from the sutlers at a reasonable price and no sutler was to be allowed to remain with the army later than November 5. The proceedings of the council are in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Qurs., Philada. County, October 30, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am informed by Genl. Dickinson, that he has intelligence, which he thinks may be depended upon, that Sr. Henry Clinton, with all the troops under his command, has returned down the River. If this is so, and the Brigades of Nixon and Glover should have joined you from the Northward, I desire they may be immediately put under march to reinforce this Army. Colo. Hamilton, who will deliver or send you this, will inform you of the necessity there is for it, and how many good consequences will result from dispatch. In my last, I desired that the Detachments belonging to Varnum's and Huntingtons Brigades might be sent forward; if they have not marched before this reaches you, order those belonging to Varnum, which now consists of Green's, Angells, Chandlers and Durkees, not to cross the Delaware, but to proceed by the shortest Route to Red Bank upon the Jersey shore, where the Brigade is stationed. I refer you to Colo. Hamilton for all particulars relating to the situation of this Army and that of the Enemy and am, Dear Sir etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near White Marsh,
15 Miles from Philadelphia, October 30, 1777.
Sir: By this Opportunity, I do myself the pleasure to congratulate you on the signal success of the Army under your command, in compelling Genl. Burgoyne and his whole force, to surrender themselves prisoners of War. An Event that does the highest honor to the American Arms, and which, I hope, will be attended with the most extensive and happy consequences. At the same time, I cannot but regret, that a matter of such magnitude and so interesting to our General Operations, should have reached me by report only, or thro' the Channel of Letters, not bearing that authenticity, which the importance of it required, and which it would have received by a line under your signature, stating the simple fact.
Our affairs having happily terminated at the Northward, I have, by the advice of my Genl. Officers, sent Colo. Hamilton, one of my aids, to lay before you a full state of our Situation and that of the Enemy in this Quarter. He is well informed upon the subject, and will deliver my Sentiments upon the plan of operations that is now necessary to be pursued. I think it improper to enter into a particular detail, not being well advised how matters are circumstanced on the North River, and fearing that by some accident my Letter might miscarry. From Colo. Hamilton you will have a clear and comprehensive view of things, and I persuade myself, you will do all in your power, to facilitate the objects I have in contemplation.91 I am etc.92
[Note 91: On November 2 Gates wrote to Washington that Morgan's regiment had marched from Saratoga, October 18, and "will soon be in the Neighbourhood of your Excellency's Camp. Congress having been requested immediately to transmit Copies of all my Dispatches to them, I am Confident Your Excellency has long ago received all the Good News from this Quarter." The last letter from Gates to Congress, requesting the forwarding of any information, is dated October 4. Hamilton, on his way to Gates, met Morgan's corps at Fishkill November 2.]
[Note 92: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Qurs., Philada. County, October 30, 1777.
Dear Sir: It having been judged expedient by the members of a Council of War held Yesterday, that one of the Gentlemen of my family should be sent to Genl. Gates, in order to lay before him the State of this Army and the Situation of the Enemy, and to point out to him the many happy consequences that will accrue from an immediate reinforcement being sent from the Northern Army; I have thought proper to appoint you to that duty, and desire that you will immediately set out for Albany, at which place, or in the neighbourhood, I imagine, you will find General Gates.
You are so fully acquainted with the two principal points on which you are sent, namely the "State of our Army and the Situation of the Enemy" that I shall not enlarge on those heads. What you are chiefly to attend to, is to point out, in the clearest and fullest manner, to Genl. Gates, the absolute necessity that there is for his detaching a very considerable part of the Army at present under his command to the reinforcement of this. A measure that will in all probability reduce Genl. Howe to the same situation in which Genl. Burgoyne now is, should he attempt to remain in Philadelphia without being able to remove the obstructions in Delaware, and opening a free communication with his shipping.
The Force which the Members of the Council of War judged it safe and expedient to draw down at present, are the three New Hampshire and Fifteen Massachusetts Regiments with Lee's and Jacksons two of the 16 Additionals. But it is more than probable that Genl. Gates may have destined part of these Troops to the reduction of Ticonderoga, should the Enemy not have evacuated it, or to the garrisoning of it, if they should. In that case, the reinforcement will vary according to circumstances; but, if possible, let it be made up to the same number out of other Corps.93
[Note 93: At this point there was stricken out the following: "You are to bear in mind that the demand for the above number of Troops is more in the nature of a requisition than a command, for Genl. Gates may, in consequences of his success have set some."]
If, upon your meeting with Genl. Gates, you should find that he intends, in consequence of his Success, to employ the Troops under his command upon some expedition, by the prosecution of which the common cause will be more benefited than by their being sent down to reinforce this Army, it is not my wish to give any interruption to the plan. But if he should have nothing more in contemplation, than those particular objects which I have mentioned to you and which it is unnecessary to commit to paper, in that case you are to inform him, that it is my desire that the reinforcements before mentioned or such part of them as can be safely spared, be immediately put in march to join this Army.
I have understood, that Genl. Gates has already detached Nixon's and Glover's Brigades to join Genl. Putnam, and Genl. Dickinson informs me, that by intelligence, which he thinks may be depended upon, St. Henry Clinton has come down the River with his whole force. If this be a fact, you are to desire Genl. Putnam to send the two Brigades forward with the greatest expedition, as there can be no occasion for them there.94
[Note 94: On October 26, after demolishing Forts Clinton and Montgomery and burning the barracks at Peekskill, Clinton retreated down the Hudson. Poor's, Warner's, Learned's, and Paterson's brigades were on their march to join Putnam, and these, exclusive of Morgan's riflemen, brought Putnam's total strength to about 9,000. Putnam called a council of war (October 31), which decided that 4,000 should move down to Hayerstraw, 1,000 should remain in the Highlands, and the remainder should move down toward Kings Bridge, while Morgan's corps should join Washington at once. The proceedings of the council are in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
I expect you will meet Colo. Morgan's Corps upon their way down; if you do, let them know how essential their Services are to us and desire the Colo. or commanding Officers to hasten their march, as much as is consistent with the health of the men after their late fatigues.
Let me hear from you when you reach the North River and upon your arrival at Albany. I wish you a pleasant Journey and am etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of 26th. Instant, covering Governor Livingston's Letter to you, I received last evening, by which I observe he does not think himself authorized to give you the necessary orders respecting a compliance with my requisition.
Genl. Forman has been at Red Bank some days and has collected a small number of Men there, I have heard nothing of Genl. Newcomb for some time past, Genl. Forman writes me that he has issued orders to him, to join him without loss of time, with all the Men he can possibly raise, which, it seems, he has hitherto neglected notwithstanding my most pressing admonitions to him on this Head.
If upon the arrival of Genl. Winds96 you find that the time for which his men were raised, is nearly expired, it will not answer any valuable purpose for him to proceed with them, unless you think they might be replaced there.
[Note 96: Brig. Gen. William Winds, of the New Jersey Militia.]
The terms of Genl. Burgoyne's surrender came to my hands a few days since. I am &ca.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head-Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 30, 1777.
Parole Newbern. Countersigns Williamsburg, Annapolis. The Brigadiers, and Officers commanding brigades, are without loss of time, to cause the Arms, and Ammunition of their men to be put in the best order. If due care be taken, cartridges somewhat damp may be dried and fitted for use.
The seamen in the six brigades, named in yesterday's orders, are to parade this forenoon, at ten o'clock, in front of Genl. Varnum's brigade, with every thing belonging to them, and provisions ready to march.
The execution of Thomas Roach is respited 'till to morrow.
Such arms as are loaded, and cannot be drawn, are to be discharged, under direction of the officers, this afternoon, at four o'clock. But no pains are to be spared to draw all such as will possibly admit of it.
Divers horses and cattle being brought off by the detachment under Genl. McDougall, which lately crossed the Schuylkill; the persons who had or have them in possession are to report them immediately to the Qr. Mr. General.
Returns of the sick, to go to the General Hospital, are to be made to morrow morning, to the Surgeon General at Col. Biddle's quarters. A sufficient number of camp kettles are to sent with the sick. Those persons whose cases are very bad, are to be sent immediately to the Quaker's Meeting house, at the 20 mile stone, on the North Wales road; where the Surgeons of the hospital will receive them. The arms of the sick are to be left under the care of the Regimental Quarter Masters, who are to deliver them to the Commissary of Military Stores. A few orderly men are to go with the sick to the Quaker Meeting house, proportioned to the number of the sick.
Whenever a regiment marches, the surgeon belonging to it, is to march with it, to take care of the wounded and such as fall sick.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentence of a General Court Martial, held the 13th. instant, whereof Col. Brodhead was president.
Col. Alexander Martin of the 2nd. North Carolina Battalion, arrested for "Cowardice," was acquitted of the charge. He is therefore discharged from his arrest.
AFTER ORDERS
The General Court Martial of which General Sullivan is president, will proceed to morrow, to the trial of Genl. Maxwell. All witnesses are to attend at Genl. Sullivan's quarters.
Head Quarters, October 31, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 25th. from Fishkill. Although you say that the Enemy have passed down by that place, you do not say whether they have gone entirely down and evacuated the Forts upon the River, but from the tenor of your letter I imagine they have. I shall be glad to be particularly informed of this in your next, and also whether you have heard with certainty of the reinforcements having gone from N. York to Genl. Howe. We have a report that the Enemy have evacuated Rhode Island and returned to New York, but as it comes from no Authority, I shall be glad to be ascertained of the fact. If the Enemy have left the Forts, be pleased to let me know whether they have carried off or damaged the cannon.
I am glad to hear that Genl. Gates was sending down a reinforcement to you; as they will not now be wanted by you, they will be so far upon their way towards this Army, and I beg they may be sent forward with as much expedition as possible, for the reasons given you in mine of yesterday. I am &ca.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Whitpain Township, October 31, 1777.
Parole Brookfield. Countersigns Blandford, Blenheim. Richard Platt and Ronald Stephen McDougall Esqrs. are appointed Aids-de-Camp to Major General McDougall, and are to be respected as such.
The Deputy Quarter Masters General are to make a return to the Qr. Mr. General's office, of all equipage, and stores, waggons &c. in their respective divisions; the returns to be made to morrow morning at 9 o'clock.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, of the Brigade of horse held the 24th. instant, of which Col. Bland was president, vizt.
Col. Moylan charged with "Disobedience of the orders of Genl. Pulaski, a cowardly and ungentlemanlike action in striking Mr. Zielinski,99 a Gentleman, and officer in the polish service when disarmed; and putting him under guard; and giving irritating language to Genl. Pulaski." The Court were of opinion that Col Moylan was not guilty, and therefore acquitted him of the charges exhibited against him.
[Note 99: Capt. John de Zielinski, later of Pulaski's legion.]
Col. Moylan is discharged from arrest.
Some doubts having arisen with regard to the order of promotions, The Commander in Chief thinks it expedient again to declare, that promotions shall be regimental, as high as the rank of Captains inclusively. All from that rank in the line of the state. But subject nevertheless to such exceptions, as merit or unworthiness shall render just and proper, agreeably to the General Orders, formerly issued at Middlebrook, on this head.
Head Quarters, October 31, 1777.
Sir: The loss of our heavy Cannon on the North River, and the possibility, however remote, of our losing those which are in the Forts on the Delaware, in which case we should be totally divested of these necessary opponents to the Enemys Fleet, make it adviseable to remove from Red Bank and Fort Mifflin, all the large Calibers that can possibly be spared from the necessary defence of those posts, to some place of safety where they may be kept in reserve. Fort Mifflin has had an acquisition of cannon, taken from the Wreck of the Augusta, by which this will probably have a superfluous number. The approaching Frosts will effectually stop the Blasts of our Furnaces, which is a farther cogent Reason for making a store of heavy Cannon in case of accidents to our Forts. I mentioned in my Letter to Genl. Forman, that the Crews on board the Galleys should not expose themselves to the Fire of a Battery which he thinks the Enemy have raised for the purpose of interrupting them; but if a plan which I have suggested to him can be carried into execution, the difficulty will be removed and a farther acquisition made of the valuable Article in question. I am &ca.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
P.S. It will be necessary to consult the Commodore, upon the Subject above mentioned, he will judge of the safety with which the Galleys may proceed in dragging for the Cannon.2
[Note 2: The P.S. is not in the draft but is taken from this letter as printed in the Magazine of American History, vol. 7. The printed text there varies slightly from the draft, but in suchwise as to rouse suspicion of its accuracy.]
Head Quarters, October 31, 1777.
Sir: Your Complaints respecting the Conduct of Brigr. Genl. Newcomb, give me the more concern at this time, as such backwardness and unwillingness to fulfil the Duties of his station as have been laid to his charge, might at this juncture have been attended with the most pernicious Consequences. As you have been a witness of his misconduct, you will be a very proper person to make a pointed Representation of it to those in Authority, who have a right to take cognisance of it, I shall do the same. The appearance of such a reinforcement as has lately been sent from this Army will perhaps induce the Militia to assemble with greater Readiness than they have discovered hitherto. I have no doubt of the continuance of your Zeal and Efforts to collect a respectable body, and your success will be the more probable, as some of the obstacles to it are now removed.
If the Battery which you say is raising, be intended to annoy the Galleys that are fishing up the Spoils of the Augusta, it would be proper to restrain the Crews from exposing themselves in dragging for Cannon which they may get up hereafter without risk, much more so, if their object be only the plunder of Seamen's Chests &ca.
If the work above mentioned be a Simple Battery, it may be practicable to surprise and attack it in reverse, at little or no Ex-pence. This you will duly consider and act accordingly, for we are not to exceed the limits of defensive war, unless some very favourable opportunity be offered. I am &ca.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, October 31, 1777.
Sir: As soon as the Schuylkill is fordable, I shall send over a large body of Militia to you, for the purpose of executing some particular matters. The principal are, to endeavour to break up the Road, by which the Enemy have a communication with their Shipping over the Islands, if it is practicable and to remove the running Stones from the Mills in the Neighbourhood of Chester and Wilmington. This last, I would have you undertake immediately with your present force, as I have information that the Enemy are about making a Detachment to Wilmington, probably with an intent to take post there, and secure the use of the Mills. To execute this matter at once, you should impress a sufficient number of Waggons for the purpose, without letting any person know what they are for, and send them under good Officers with Sufficient parties to the following Mills. Lloyd's about two Miles on this side of Chester. Shaw's about one Mile back of Chester. Robinson's on Naamans Creek and the Brandywine Mills. If there are any others that I have not mentioned, contiguous to the River, they are also to be dismounted. Many of the Mills have spare runners, they must also be removed. The stones should be marked with Tar and Grease or in some other manner, that it may be known to what Mills they belong, that they may be returned and made use of in future. And they should be moved to such distance, that the Enemy cannot easily recover them. If there is any Flour in the Mills, it should be removed, if possible, after the Stones are secured. I am informed that there is a considerable quantity in Shaw's particularly, which there is reason to believe is intended for the Enemy. It is very convenient to the navigation to Chester Creek and should therefore be first taken care of. I beg you may instantly set about this work for the reason before mentioned. That no previous alarm may be given, let a certain day and a certain hour be fixed upon for the execution of the whole at one time, and even the Officers, who are to do the Business, should not know their destination till just before they set out, lest it should take wind.
I have yours of yesterday afternoon and am glad to hear that the flood has done so much damage to the meadows, endeavour by all means to keep the breaches open. When the party that I mentioned in the former part of my letter gets down, I hope you will be able to break up the dykes effectually. I am &ca.
P.S. I have desired Capt. Lee4 of the light Horse to give you any assistance that you may want.5
[Note 4: Capt. Henry ("Light Horse Harry") Lee.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., near White Marsh, November 1, 1777.
Sir: I was duly honored with Mr. Hancock's Letter of the 25th Ulto. with its Several Inclosures.
I shall take the case of John More6 under consideration and will transmit Colo. Mason7 my determination upon the same.
[Note 6: A private in the Fourth Virginia Regiment. More had been condemned to death by a court-martial for deserting.]
[Note 7: Col. David Mason, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment.]
At this time, I cannot inform the Commissary, whether any alterations have or have not been made by General Orders, in the Original ration establishment. I have been under the necessity, from time to time, to send away my orderly Books, and they are necessary to be examined upon the Subject. However, I think it probable that a departure from the first allowance may have been found expedient, and directed by some authority, or the Commissary would not have adopted it. In respect to the alteration, referred to my consideration, it is a matter of consequence and I have desired the Genl. Officers to inform themselves whether it will be agreeable to the Army at large or what other regulations may be necessary in this Instance; As soon as I have their sentiments I will write Congress upon the subject.8
[Note 8: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Nov. 11, 1777, post.]
The Enemy still consider the possession of our Posts upon the River of great importance, and from their preparation of Fascines &c., and the best information I have been able to obtain, they will make further efforts to carry them. Viewing them in this light myself, and imagining that they would persevere in their plans to occupy them, I wrote some days ago in the most pressing terms to Genls. Dickinson, Forman and Newcomb to afford every aid in their Power from the Militia of Jersey. As yet we have received but little, and I have no encouragement to expect, that it will be much augmented in a short time. This does not proceed from a want of Activity and exertion on the part of [the] two first mentioned Gentlemen, whose conduct and Zeal upon every occasion, give them a claim to the Public esteem, but in a considerable degree from the peculiar circumstances of their State at this time. The apprehensions of an Invasion from Staten Island, keep a large proportion of the Militia from the Eastern and upper part of the State, almost constantly employed at and in the neighbourhood of Elizh. Town and Mr. Livingston's Powers, as Governor, being expired, and no provision made, it seems, for such a contingency; there are none of sufficient authority to order them out, till a new appointment can be had; at least, there is ground to suspect, that the orders and exertions of these two Gentlemen, unassisted by Civil authority, will not be attended with the advantages we wish, and which our affairs require. As to Genl Newcomb, who is in the Neighbourhood of Red Bank, notwithstanding my most urgent and repeated solicitations, I have little to expect from him, if I may form an estimate of his future services from those he has already rendered. Under these circumstances, I have been obliged to detach a further reinforcement of Continental Troops under Genl. Varnum to maintain the two Garrisons if possible, besides Sailors drawn from the line, to Man the Gallies. This detachment, when it arrives, added to the force now in the Forts, will make the whole amount to 1600 effective Rank and file, sent from this Army.
After the Action of the 4th Ulto. at German Town, I hoped, we should have been in a situation to attack the Enemy again on those Grounds, and with more success than in the former instance; But this I was not able to effect. The Severe Rain on the 16th. of Septr, the action on the 4th, the removal of our Stores and having to form a new Elaboratory, added to the small number of hands engaged in the business of it, laid us under difficulties in the capital and essential Article of Ammunition, that could not be surmounted. Every exertion was directed to obtain supplies, but notwithstanding, they were inadequate, too scanty, and insufficient to attempt any thing on a large and general scale before the Enemy withdrew themselves. With what we had, in case an experiment had been made, fortune might have decided in our favor for the present, but we should not have been afterwards in a situation to maintain the advantage we might have gained, and if a repulse had taken place and the Enemy pursued, for want of a reserve, we should have been exposed to the most imminent danger of being ruined. The distress of the soldiers for want of Shoes was also a powerful obstacle to the measure. I could wish, that our circumstances were now such, as to authorise a general attack for dislodging them from the City; but I think, that they are not. This also is the opinion of my Genl. Officers upon a full and comprehensive view of matters, as Congress will perceive by the inclosed Copy of the minutes of Council on the 29th Ulto., which I have taken the liberty to transmit and lay before them. The superiority of numbers on the part of the Enemy in respect to regular Troops; their superior discipline, and the Redoubts and lines which they have thrown up between the two Rivers and about the City. The happy state of our affairs at the Northward and the practicability of drawing succours from thence, the consequences of a defeat; these, were all motives which lead to a decision against an attack at this time. I have sent Colo. Hamilton, one of my aids, to Genl Gates, to give him a just representation of things and to explain to him the expediency of our receiving the reinforcements, which have been determined necessary, if they will not interfere and frustrate any important plans he may have formed. Indeed, I cannot conceive that there is any object now remaining, that demands our attention and most vigorous efforts so much, as the destruction of the [British] Army in this Quarter. Should we be able to effect this, we shall have little to fear in future. Genl. Howe's force, according to the state now made, is more considerable, than it was generally supposed to be. I did not think it quite so great myself, but always imagined the common estimate much too low, nor can I possitively say what it really is. However, there are strong reasons to believe, that it is not overrated. After the evacuation of German Town, an almost infinite number of scraps and bits of Paper were found, which being seperated and arranged with great industry and care, bear the marks of genuine and authentic Returns at different Periods. The manner in which they were destroyed and disposed of give no room to suspect, that it was the effect of design. In addition to this, I am informed by Genl Putnam, that he had heard a reinforcement of 4. Regts. were coming round to Delaware from New York.
The inclosed Return9 will give Congress a general view of the strength of this Army, when it was made and a particular one of the Forces of each state which compose it. By this, they will perceive, how greatly deficient the whole are in furnishing their just Quotas. The Militia from Maryland and Virginia are no longer to be counted on. All the former, except about 200 are already gone, and a few days, I expect, will produce the departure of the whole or chief part of the latter, from the importunate applications, which some of them have made. Besides this diminution, I am apprehensive, we shall have several men added to the sick list by reason of the late excessive Rain, and want of Cloaths.
[Note 9: Marked as missing in the record copy of this letter in the file of the Secretary of Congress.]
We have not yet come to any determination respecting the disposition of our Troops for the Winter; supposing it a matter of great importance, and that for the present we should be silent upon it. The reasons will readily occur. By continuing the Campaign, perhaps many salutary, if not decisive advantages may be derived. But it appears to me, that this must depend upon the supplies of Cloathing which the men receive. If they cannot be accomodated in this instance, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to do it without effecting their destruction.
I would take the liberty to mention, that I feel myself in a delicate situation with respect to the Marquis Le Fayette. He is extremely solicitous of having a Command equal to his Rank, and possesses very different Ideas as to the purposes of his appointment, from those Congress have mentioned to me. He certainly did not understand them. I do not know in what light they will view the Matter, but it appears to me, from a consideration of his illustrious and important connections, the attachment which he has manifested to our cause, and the consequences, which his return in disgust, might produce, that it will be adviseable to gratify him in his wishes, and the more so, as several Gentlemen from France, who came over under some assurances, have gone back disappointed in their expectations. His conduct with respect to them stands in a favorable point of view, having interested himself to remove their uneasiness and urged the impropriety of their making any unfavorable representations upon their arrival at home, and in all his letters has placed our affairs in the best situation he could. Besides, he is sensible, discreet in his Manner, has made great proficiency in our Language and from the disposition he discovered at the Battle of Brandy Wine, possesses a large share of bravery and Military ardor.
There is a French Gentn. here, Monsieur Vrigney, in whose favor the Marquis seems much interested. He assures me he is an Officer of great merit and from that motive and a regard to the service wishes to see him promoted. The Rank he holds in France and his present expectation are contained in the inclosed Copy of a paper,10 given me by the Marquis. Monsr. Vrigney also has Honble. certificates of his services nearly corresponding with the Marquis's account of them. If Congress are pleased to honor him with a Commission in the Army of the States, I must try to imploy him.
[Note 10: Marked as missing in the record copy of this letter.]
I took the liberty some short time ago, to mention to Congress the situation of the first nine raised Virginia Regts. and the term for which they stand engaged; and considering that we should suffer greatly by the loss of so large a part of our force, which have been long enured to Service, I thought it advisable to consult the Officers commanding them upon the mode which should appear to them best calculated to reinlist them. They accordingly met, and reported their Sentiments in writing, a Copy of which I have inclosed.10 I do not know that expedients, more promising of success than those they have pointed out, can be adopted. Congress will be pleased to give the matter their earliest attention, and to favor me with their opinion by the first opportunity, whether the indulgence and allowance they have proposed may be granted, and if any additional Bounty may be given, what it shall be. The high sums paid for substitutes and drafts of late, even in the Militia service, will make this necessary. For the Soldiers, being well apprized of that Fact, will not be induced to engage again during the War or for three years, for the usual Premium.
I would also lay before Congress a Remonstrance by the Subaltern Officers in the Virginia line,10 founded on a reform, I thought necessary to take place in the Regts. from that state. These in their establishment were made to consist of Ten Companies. Two more, than were assigned to those of the States in general. This and the great disproportion between the Officers and Men induced me to reduce them to a level, with the rest belonging to the Continent, in order to prevent a considerable, unnecessary expence. To effect this, no new promotions are to be made in the Two extra Companies viz. the 9th and 10th. either to vacancies existing at the time of the Regulation, or to any future ones that may happen therein; and the Subalterns are to remain in their Rank and Command, till they can be promoted in the other eight companies and their Men incorporated. This is what they complain of. I have made a short state of facts, and wish Congress to determine upon them and the remonstrance, as they shall think proper.11
[Note 11: Marked as missing in the record copy of this letter.]
At the request of Govr. Clinton, I have transmitted a Copy of his letter to me, giving an account of Genl. Vaughan's expedition up the North River, after the Capture of Fort Montgomery, and of the destruction committed by his Troops in burning Kingston and the houses and Mills on the River. According to the latest advices, they have returned again, and it is reported, that they have destroyed the Barracks and Forts and gone to New York, But this is not confirmed.12
[Note 12: The British expedition up the Hudson was commanded by Sir James Wallace and Maj. Gen. John Vaughan. All the boats found in the river and the houses and mills on the banks were burned. On October 15 Kingston was completely destroyed. Vaughan claimed that his troops had been fired upon from houses in Kingston. As soon as the news of Burgoyne's surrender reached Vaughan, the British returned down the river to Fort Montgomery and, soon afterwards, to New York.]
A few days ago, Mr. Franks of Philadelphia, Agent for the British Prisoners, sent out 6000 Continental Dollars to Mr. Richard Graham of Virginia, for the subsistence of the Hessians and other Prisoners in that state. The Policy of Suffering the Enemy to support their Prisoners with money which they refuse themselves and which they attempt to deprecate in every instance they possibly can, appears to me very questionable, and the more so, as it may be Counterfeited. Besides, they have laid us under every difficulty they can devise, as to our Prisoners in their hands. Nothing will do for their support but hard money. If the Enemy were obliged to furnish the same, the quantity with us would be greater, and of course the means of relieving ours easier. I do not know, what consequences a Prohibition against receiving Continental Money or the Currency of any state from them, might involve. I think the Subject is worthy of the consideration of Congress, and for that reason I have mentioned it.
November 3.
The report of the Enemy's having destroyed the Forts and Barracks on the North River and of their having returned to New York is confirmed. I this morning received a letter from Genl. Putnam upon the subject, a copy of which is transmitted.13 The information, that they mean to reinforce Genl Howe, I doubt not is true. It has come through several channels, and nothing is more probable. As to their having a further expedition in view, it seems to be questionable. Genl Burgoyne's defeat and the Eastern Troops being ready to be employed in another way, are circumstances against the measure.
[Note 13: This letter, dated Oct. 31, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
Agreeable to my expectation, the Virginia Militia are gone, so that we have none now, in aid of the Continental Troops, but those of this state mentioned in the Return, and a few from Maryland. I do not know what can or will be done to obtain further reinforcements of them. But it appears to me, taking matters in any point of light, that further aids should come from Virginia and Maryland. For should we be able to accomodate the Continental forces with Cloathes, so as to carry on a winters Campaign, their assistance will be material, either to maintain a Blockade, or in any decisive stroke we may attempt. And if they cannot be so provided, and we should be obliged to retire into Quarters, their service will be still more necessary to assist in covering the country against incursions for forage and Provisions. The militia of this State, themselves, supposing they should be tolerably vigorous in their exertions, will not be equal to the task. At least it will be difficult, if not impracticable, for them to do it. It is to be wished, that such as can be drawn out, may be engaged to serve three Months or two at least (if it can be effected) after their arrival in Camp, and that a mode would be adopted to supply their places with others at the expiration of their term, should the exigency of our affairs require it. A time for their continuance should be fixed, or they will always be uneasy and pushing off; and the longer circumstances will admit it to be, the better. For after the period incurs, for which they come, it will be impossible to retain them a moment. As to the number that should be required, it is difficult to determine. However it is likely it will fall short of the requisition, as it ever has, upon such occasions.
There is a report prevailing in Camp, which has come thro' several Channels, that a successful expedition has been made upon Rhode Island and 800 Prisoners taken with several pieces of Artillery and a large quantity of Salt. I heartily wish it may be true, but at present it wants confirmation.
Mr. Thompsons letter of the 21 Ulto. with its inclosures came to hand yesterday.14 I join Congress most sincerely, in congratulations on our important success in the surrender of Genl. Burgoyne at the Head of his Forces, and am happy they have received a confirmation of the event from Genl Gates. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 14: Thomson's letter, dated Oct. 31, 1777 (not 21, as Grayson wrote it), is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 15: In the writing of William Grayson; the draft is in that of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, November 1, 1777.
Sir: I think it not only incumbent upon me but a duty which I owe to the public, to represent to you the unaccountable conduct of Brigr. General Newcomb at this critical time. As soon as the Enemy shewed a disposition to possess themselves of Billing'sport and Red Bank, I wrote to him in the most urgent manner, to collect and keep up as many Militia, as he possibly could, to assist in the defence of Red Bank, in particular till I could afford a proper Garrison of Continental Troops; and altho' I received no very favorable Accounts of his activity or exertions, I imagined that he had been doing some thing towards it. On the 26th Ulto. Genl. Forman arrived at Red Bank, with a few of his own Continental Regiment and some of the Monmouth Militia and wrote me as follows,
The lower Militia under General Newcomb have not as yet produced a single man. As being elder in Command than Newcomb, I have taken the liberty this day, to issue orders for their immediate assembling, and will from time to time do every thing in my power to assemble them;
On the 29th he writes me again,
Previous to the receipt of yours of the 27th I had given orders to several of the Militia Officers of this part of the County, to assemble their Men and have used my endeavours with General Newcomb to obtain a Return of the Men, it is said he has assembled, that they might be put on some duty either in the Garrisons or on some out guards, but the General absolutely refuses to render me any account of himself or his Men, that I am not able to inform your Excellency, whether he really has or has not any men assembled.
In another paragraph of the same letter he says,
Yet I think I could be able to collect a respectable body of Militia, was I able to overcome the obstinacy of, or to displace Genl. Newcomb, from the best information I can collect he has at no time given any assistance either to the Garrisons or the fleet, particularly in the late attack upon Red Bank, he neither harrassed the Enemy in their advance, during the Assault, or in their retreat. He thinks of himself only accountable to the Governor or Major General Dickenson, I should be glad of your Excellency's directions respecting my treatment of him.16
[Note 16: Both of Forman's letters, dated Oct.26 and Oct. 29, 1777, are in the Washington Papers.]
I shall make no Comments, but leave it to the opinion of yourself and the Gentlemen of the Legislature, whether such a Man is fit to command in a part of the State immediately the object of the Enemy's attention, and in which the most vigorous measures ought to be pursued. If you would only direct him to obey General Forman as a Senior Officer, much good to the Service would result from it.
I had been more than commonly pressing with General Newcomb to Assemble men at Red bank, because I found by Letters from General Forman, that scarce any part of the 2000 men ordered under his Command to the reinforcement of this Army, were from a variety of Circumstances to be expected;17 and therefore I should be able to afford less assistance of Continental Troops, to that Valuable post.
[Note 17: The draft at this point stated that part of these 2,000 men were ordered to Monmouth County, N.J., to overawe the disaffected and to guard the salt works; but these lines were crossed out.]
Colo. Dayton will inform you of the reduction of the Regiments of your State in point of Numbers and of the distress which they will labour under for want of Necessaries unless some measures can be fallen upon for supplying them. These are matters which deserve your most serious consideration and which I recommend to your attention.
It is in vain to think of filling up your Regiments by the common mode of enlistment, while the pernicious practice of hiring substitutes for the Militia prevails; for what man will engage to serve during the War for a bounty of twenty dollars, when he can get twice as much for serving one Month in the Militia. Some of the Eastern States and Virginia have adopted the mode of drafting and I am told it succeeds, and was the practice universal, the people would not think it a hardship. I do not mention this by way of dictating to or directing you, I only do it to shew what has been found to answer the end in other States. I am confident that could we once be happy enough to fill the Continental Regiments, we should never have occasion to trouble the Militia again.
Circumscribed as we are in our importations from abroad, the Cloathier General finds it impossible to comply with the full demands of the whole Army. It therefore becomes incumbent upon the different States, to endeavour to procure the most material Articles of Blankets, Shoes and Stockings, at this inclement Season; and I am convinced if Assessments of these things were laid upon those only who do not perform Military Service, enough might be found to make the Troops comfortable; I have repeatedly sent out Officers to make Collections, but they either do it partially or neglect it wholly. I must therefore intreat you to lay this matter before your legislature as early as possible, and press them to make provision in such way as seems to them most likely to answer the end. I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: As representation has been made to me, that the Purchase of Cattle has intirely ceased for some time past in the State of Connecticut, by means of those Gentlemen not chusing to act who were appointed by Congress for that purpose, by which our Army may possibly suffer for the want of Meat in a short time. I have therefore to request that you will without loss of time appoint one or more Gentlemen in that State who will immediately set about this desirable Business, and forward what they can procure to the Commissary of Purchases at this Army after supplying the Troops which may be beyond the North River. Mr. Buchanan19 (Commissary General) will go to Connecticut in a short time and ratify any contracts as well as pay the Gentleman you think proper to nominate for his trouble &ca. or pay any drafts here which may be necessarily drawn by him. I am &ca.20
[Note 19: William Buchanan, Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, November 1, 1777.
Sir: I hope this will find you arrived safe at Red Bank with your detachment. By letters from the Baron D'Arendt, who has retired for a few days to the Jersey side, for the benefit of his health, I understand that what they principally fear at Fort Mifflin is a surprise by night, or a lodgment upon the upper end of the Island, by which they may cover themselves before morning and open a Battery upon the Rear of the Fort, which is only secured by Pallisadoes. The only method of guarding effectually against this, is by keeping Boats stationed at night between Fort and Province Island to give an immediate alarm, and when the weather is calm, if the Gallies were to lay near the Island to be ready to begin to fire upon the first landing of the Enemy, it would harrass and retard them much in their operations. I am afraid that matters do not go on smoothly between the commandant at Fort Mifflin and the Commodore, as there are every now and then complaints of inattention in the Commodore, but I do not know whether with just Grounds. I beg you will do all in your power to reconcile any differences that may have arisen, not by taking notice of them in a direct manner, but by recommending unanimity and demonstrating the manifest advantages of it. As the Commodore will have a considerable reinforcement after you arrive, I hope he will be able to afford more assistance than he has hitherto done.21 You will have an opportunity of seeing and conversing with the Baron Arendt, and I must beg you will lay such plans, as will most effectually contribute to the mutual support and defence of your posts, for you are to consider that if one falls the other goes of course. As soon as you have looked about you and taken a survey of the Ground about you I shall be glad to have your opinion of matters. I am &ca.22
[Note 21: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "I have repeatedly ordered the whole of Province Island except the part upon which the Fort stands to be laid under water, but from Colo. Smith's last letter I do not clearly understand."
The charge was that Commodore Hazelwood did not use the armed galleys to prevent the British Navy from sending in supplies to the army in Philadelphia every night. The route of the vessels after dark was between Province Island and Fort Mifflin, which could not use its cannon, except by wasting precious ammunition by random firing in the dark.]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
November 1, 1777.
Dear Sir: When I last had the pleasure of seeing you, I advised you to collect all the Shoes, Stockings, Shirts, Breeches, &ca. which could be spared by the Country, in order to supply such of the Soldiery, as might stand most in need of them, and gave you every Authority in my power for this purpose. Now, as the Detachment which first marched down to Fort Mifflin under command of Lt. Colo. Smith, must be much distressed for Cloathing, I have desired him to call upon you, and request you may furnish him with such of these Articles as you have got, and he may stand in need of. The Situation of these men, I am satisfied, will induce you to do every thing in your power upon this occasion. I am etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, November 1, 1777.
Sir: I have this moment received your favour of Yesterday, and hope General Varnum with the Detachment from this Army, have by this time arrived to your support, and that your little Garrison will, with the greatest confidence and vigor, exert itself to baffle every attempt of the Enemy to reduce it. When I last saw General Forman, I authorized him to collect all the Cloathing, such as shoes, stockings, shirts, Breeches &ca. which he possibly could; and by this Opportunity I have requested him, to let you have as many of them as he can spare for your Men, who, I make no doubt must be greatly in want of them, you will therefore apply to him.
From the idea I at present bear of the Island on which your fort stands, I am of opinion, that, if the upper end of it was laid under water, it would very much retard any operations of the Enemy against you; but whether this is practicable, or whether opening the Banks to effect it, would not be productive of Inconvenience to the Fort, I leave to you and the Officers with you to determine, and only mean to propose it for your consideration. I am &ca.23
Head-Quarters, Whitpain Township,
November 1, 1777.
Parole Newtown. Countersigns, Reading, Stamford.
The commissaries are directed to take all the liquors in the hands of the sutlers, at a reasonable price if they can agree, and if they cannot, the sutlers are to carry them away: And no sutler shall be allowed to continue in the camp after the 5th. instant.
A General Court-Martial of which General Sullivan was president, was held the 25th, 26th, 27th and 30th of October last, for the trial of Brigadier General Wayne on the following charge, viz, "That he had timely notice of the enemy's intention, to attack the troops under his command, and on the night of the 20th. of Septr. last, and notwithstanding that intelligence, neglected making a disposition, until it was too late either to annoy the enemy, or make retreat, without the utmost danger and confusion." Upon which the Court pronounced their sentence as follows:
"The Court having fully considered the charge against Brigadier Genl. Wayne, and the evidence produced to them, are unanimously of opinion that Genl. Wayne is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him, but that he, on the night of the 20th. Ultimo (that is of Septr. last) did every thing that could be expected from an active, brave, and vigilant officer, under the orders he then had. The Court do acquit him with the highest honor."
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Henceforward, whenever any Non-commissioned officers, or soldiers, shall be confined, for crimes not triable by Regimental Courts Martial; the Brigadiers or officers commanding brigades, are, without delay, to order Brigade Courts Martial to try them; and the sentences of such courts they are to approve or disapprove, and cause to be executed, as to them shall appear just; except only where the prisoners are sentenced to suffer death.
As an encouragement to all persons to take up and bring to Head-Quarters, any deserters from the Continental Army, the Commander in Chief hereby promises a reward of Ten Dollars for each deserter so taken and brought in, besides One Shilling a mile for every mile they travel; to be computed from the place where he is taken, to camp; This bounty, and mileage, to be paid to all non-commissioned officers and soldiers, who shall bring in deserters, as well as to the inhabitants of the states.
Many reasons have concurred, to induce the Commander in Chief, to extend mercy to Thomas Roach, now under sentence of death, for desertion; and to grant him his pardon; which is hereby declared. He is to return to his corps immediately. The Commander in Chief expecting, that by his future good behaviour, he will attone for his past crimes, and shew himself worthy of this act of clemency.
Head-Quarters, White-Marsh, November 2, 1777.
Parole Morristown. Countersigns Brunswick, Amboy.
Each division is to open a road into the best and nearest main road, leading into the country, by which the waggons and troops may move with the greatest ease and dispatch. The Commander in Chief relies upon the officers commanding divisions to see this necessary work performed as soon as possible. The waggons are to be regularly drawn up, in the best order, for moving, and every night the horses are to be had to the waggons, and gear'd every morning at day light.
The Division and Brigade Quarter Masters are to provide straw for the troops, taking none that is not threshed, But the men will collect what they can find for the same use.
The General Court Martial of which General Sullivan is president, is to sit to morrow morning, at nine o'clock, at the president's quarters, for the trial of Major General Stephen, upon the charges exhibited against him, the delay that may arise from the appointment of new members, and the impracticability of changing the General Officers, without introducing those who have already been on the court of enquiry, relative to the same charges, renders it necessary that this trial should be before the same court.
Whitpin, Morris's,24 November 2, 1777.
[Note 24: Morris's was James Morris's house, now called "Dawesfield," about 1 mile west of Ambler, Pa.]
Sir: Upon maturely considering the nature of the fortress on Mud Island, incomplete in such works as would secure it against Storm, and investigating what mode of defence is best adapted to its deficiency in this respect, it appears absolutely necessary to keep the Enemy at bay, as much as possible and confine them to distant Combat, this can only be effected by the cooperation of the Fleet under your command, or such part of it as may appear to you proper to be detached for the purpose. Nothing but the fire of your Vessels and Galleys can prevent the Enemy's making a descent upon the Island, if they are determined to effect it by such a sacrifice as the importance of the object to them certainly deserves. I would advise therefore, in case of the Enemys attempting to throw a number of men over in boats, not to suffer the attention of the Fleet to be intirely called off by any concerted attempt, which may be made on the Chevaux de frize at the same time; but to order a sufficient number of Galleys to meet their boats and keep up a well directed fire, or board them as Circumstances may require; in a word every measure should be taken, which your skill in naval manoeuvres can dictate, to prevent them from getting footing on the Island. A fire of red hot balls, thrown with Judgment from a few Vessels, and the solidity of the work itself will be a sufficient security, in the mean time, to the Chevaux de frize. If the Enemy can be foiled in this Stratagem of causing a diversion to your fleet, by cannonading from their ships, and making preparations to clear the Chevaux de frize, there will be but one way left them which is to attempt a landing by night, how necessary the Guardianships of the Galleys will be in such case, must be obvious. If a sudden assault from superior numbers, taking the advantage of weak parts, would be dreadful by day, when something of the Enemy's designs is to be discovered, how fatal might it be in the confusion of darkness, when the Guns of the Fort could not be brought to bear.
Galleys stationed between the Fort and Province Island at night, are the only security which the Garrison could have in such case against a sudden descent from the Enemy, covered perhaps by false attacks and Demonstration from the Shipping.
You are the best Judge of the most proper Situation for the Galleys; however, if there is no cogent Reason for keeping the whole of them on the Jersey side, it appears to me that stationing them or part of them where they will be within distance for giving immediate Support to the Garrison on Mud Island would be turning their Service to the best account. I am &ca.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, November 2, 1777.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 25th I received on Monday Afternoon. You have my warmest wishes for your recovery, and I shall be happy if your recess should be attended with benefits, superior to your most sanguine expectations. Your exertions to promote the General Interest, I am well convinced will be unceasing, and that every measure, the situation of your health will permit you to pursue, will be employed to that end, whether you are in Congress or obliged to remain in the State of Massachusetts.
I have ordered Cornet Buckmer, with 12 Dragoons, to attend you as an escort and to receive your Commands. For this purpose, you will be pleased to retain them, as long as you may consider their attendance necessary. I would willingly have directed a larger Number, but the severe duty the Horse have been obliged to perform, for a long time past, has rendered many of them unfit for Service, to which I must add, that we are under a necessity of keeping several considerable patroles of them constantly along the Enemys Lines. These reasons, I trust, will apologize for the Escorts being so small.
I have taken the liberty to trouble you with the inclosed letters, containing a Proclamation respecting deserters,26 which I must request the favor of you to put into some safe Channel of Conveyance to the Printers. That for Mr. Loudon I imagine will get to hand by delivering it to Govr. Clinton or Genl. Putnam. Those for Rhode Island and New Hampshire will go safe from the Post Office at New Haven or Hartford.
[Note 26: See Proclamation, Oct. 24, 1777, ante.]
I have nothing further to add, than to wish you an agreeable Journey and a happy meeting with your lady and friends, and to assure you that, I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 3, 1777.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 24th, and am glad to find that such supplies of Lead are upon the way to the different Elaboratories. Lining the flap of the Cartouch [boxes] with painted Canvas will certainly be of Service, considering the badness and thinness of the leather in general; but the greatest preservative to the Cartridges, is a small inside flap of pliant leather, which lays close upon the top of them and not only keeps them dry but from being rubbed. As the Recruits arrive let them be immediately forwarded in to Camp, where I keep a supply of Arms ready to furnish them. If they want necessaries they should call upon the Cloathier Genl. at Lancaster and endeavour to get what they can.
I will take the opinion of the General Officers upon the Petition of Colo. Portail and see whether they think his services merit the rank he claims. If you examine the petition attentively, you may remember that Colo. Portail founds his claim upon the promise of Congress. These are the Words,
But in the mean time we were promised, that we should not be left long with the Commissions we then accepted and that the Congress only wanted to have an Opportunity of saying that a Lt Colo. in the royal Corps of French Engineers had been satisfied in this Army with the Rank of Colonel. A Major in said Corps with the rank of Lt. Colonel. A Captain with that of a Major.
If this is so, it ought certainly to carry great weight in the determination. But it is a matter of which I am entirely ignorant, as I never saw Col Portail before he presented his Commission to me in August last. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, White-Marsh, November 3, 1777.
Parole Cumberland. Countersigns Lancaster, York.
The officers and men are by no means to be absent from camp; provisions for to day and to morrow are to be drawn and cooked immediately, and every thing held in readiness for marching at the shortest notice.
The Brigadiers and Officers commanding brigades are, without loss of time, to provide themselves each with a guide well acquainted with the neighbouring country.
The Waggons are to be in the rear of their respective divisions, and kept ready to move as directed in yesterday's orders.
The Quarter-Masters are to cause necessaries, to be made for the convenience of each brigade.
The Colonel of each regiment of horse, is to make a return, of the number and condition of his horses, and furniture, and of the arms and accoutrements of his men; the returns to be delivered in to morrow forenoon without fail.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 10
November 4, 1777--February 28, 1778
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
OCTOBER, 1933
Library of Congress
May 9 1934
Division of Documents
Head Quarters, November 4, 1777.
Sir: I have been informed by Lt. Colo. Frazer,1 who is now a prisoner in your possession, that Major Belford2 one of your Aids, had assured him it was your earnest desire, that a general exchange of Prisoners should take place on equitable terms; Or if this could not be effected, that the Officers on both sides should be released on parole. This I have no doubt was done by your authority, and with an intention that it should be communicated to me.
[Note 1: Lieut. Col. Persifor Frazer, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Brandywine, Pa.; escaped in March, 1778; resigned in October, 1778; appointed Clothier General of the Continental Army in July, 1779, but declined appointment; brigadier general of Pennsylvania Militia from May, 1782, to close of the war.]
[Note 2: Maj. Nisbet Balfour. of the Fourth Foot, British Army, aide to Sir William Howe.]
I assure you, Sir, nothing will afford me more Satisfaction, than to carry the first proposition into execution. But lest we should still unhappily disagree about the privates to be accounted for, and that this may not operate to the prejudice of the Officers, it is my wish for their mutual releif, that their exchange may immediately take place, so far as circumstances of rank and number will apply: And if any should then remain, that they may return to their Friends on Parole. I am induced to mention an exchange in preference to the other mode of release, supposing that it will be more agreeable to both parties. While we are on this subject, I would take the liberty to suggest that on the footing of our present agreement, the Colonels who are your prisoners cannot be exchanged, there being no Officers of the like rank in your Army.3 From this consideration I am led to inquire, whether an Equivalent cannot be fixed on to effect it, as has been practised in similar Cases. I have the honor, etc.4
[Note 3: Most of the colonels in the British Army in America held the local rank of brigadier general.]
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; a copy by John Laurens is also in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 27th. Ulto. and am glad to find that the Enemy have fallen intirely down to New York. By their doing this, and sending away a reinforcement to Genl. Howe, it is evident that they have done with all thoughts of attempting any thing further to the Northward. Having lost one Army, it is certainty their interest and intention to make the other as respectable as possible, and as their force is now nearly drawn together at one point, in Philadelphia, it is undoubtedly our plan to endeavour, by an union of our Forces, to destroy Genl. Howe. To effect this purpose, you will, as directed in my two last, send on Poor's Brigade as soon as it arrives, and the Regiments of Lee and Jackson from Boston. If any more troops come down the River except they be those of New York, you will likewise send them on. I think it would be advisable for you to call upon Govr. Clinton and Govr. Trumbull for a small number of Militia, to assist the Continental troops that remain with you in putting Forts Clinton and Mountgomery in repair. I am etc.
P. S. In order to distract and alarm the Enemy and perhaps keep a greater force at New York than they intended Genl. Dickinson will contrive to convey intelligence that they will look upon as authentic, that he is to make a descent upon Staten Island, you upon Long Island and Genl. Gates directly upon New York. If you throw out hints of this kind before people that you think will send in the intelligence, it will serve to corroborate that given by General Dickinson.
Yours of the 31st. October is just come to hand, and it gives me pleasure to find, that the opinion of your council coincided exactly with ours here. To crush Genl. Howe effectually is the real and great object, I therefore beg no more Continental Troops may be retained, than are absolutely necessary, with the assistance of the Militia, to repair the Works in the Highlands. If a feint is made towards Kingsbridge, I had rather it should be principally with militia. You must not forget to send as many cattle forward as you possibly can, for not having had any supplies from New England since August last, we have exhausted the Beef in this quarter very considerably, and you know our Army will be much increased.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 4, 1777.
Parole Newark. Countersigns Woodbridge, Monmouth.
A General Court Martial, of which Genl. Sullivan was president, was held the 30th. of October last, and the two following days for the tryal of Brigadier Genl Maxwell on the following charges, "That he was once, during the time he commanded the light troops, disguised with liquor in such a manner as to disqualify him in some measure, but not fully, from doing his duty; and that once or twice besides, his spirits were a little elevated with liquor" Upon which the Court pronounced sentence as follows:
"The Court having considered the charges, and evidences, are unanimously of opinion, that Brigadier General Maxwell, while he commanded the light troops, was not at any time disguised with liquor, so as to disqualify him in any measure from doing his duty. They do therefore acquit him of the charge against him."
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of the 1st. Instr. informing me of the delay of the Governor and Council in giving an answer on the subject of my last to you, and the reluctance of the Eastern Militia to abandon Elizabeth Town. To compensate for the backwardness of the latter in obeying orders, which they themselves do not absolutely approve, and make the best of their thwarting disposition, you propose a plan of operations which you think would be so perfectly coincident with the desires of the Militia, as greatly to increase their numbers, and which at the same time might be productive of important good consequences. I should perfectly agree with you and press the Execution, if the advanced Season, the consequent difficulty of breaking Ground, and the great danger of having Troops cut off that might be landed on Long Island, did not present themselves to me, as obstacles which render the enterprise ineligible.
Your idea of counteracting the intended Reinforcements for Mr. Howe's Army, by a demonstration of designs upon New York, I think an exceeding good one, and am very desirous that you should improve and mature it for immediate execution, a great shew of Preparatives on your side, boats collected, Troops assembled, Your expectation of the approach of Generals Gates and Putnam, intrusted as a secret to persons who you are sure will divulge and disseminate it in New York; in a word, such measures taken for effectually striking an alarm in that city, and which it is altogether unnecessary for me minutely to describe to you, I am in great hopes may effect the valuable purpose which you expect. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
White Marsh, November 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: The Inclosed I had written to Colo. Green before your favour of yesterday reached my hands. I am happy in receiving so favourable a report, as your Letter contains, of the situation of the Forts. I most devoutly wish that the exertions of yourself and Officers may be crownd with the success that so good a cause, and such labours, deserve.
My Letters to Comodore Hazelwood, and Colo. Green, go unopend under this cover, that you may read, Seal, and deliver them. If the measure proposed in the Letter to Colo. Green, can be carried into execution no time should be lost. I thank you for your endeavours to restore confidence between the Corer. and Smith. I find something of the same kind existing between Smith and Monsr. Fleury, who I consider as a very valuable Officer. How strange it is that Men, engaged in the same Important Service, should be eternally bickering, instead of giving mutual aid! Officers cannot act upon proper principles, who suffer trifles to interpose to create distrust and jealousy. All our actions should be regulated by one uniform Plan, and that Plan should have one object only in view, to wit, the good of the Service. Where this is the case, although there may be a deversity of opinion there can be no real obstruction. I hope all these little rubs will be done away by your prudent managemt. I am etc.
P.S. What force have the Enemy at Billingsport? Is there a moral certainty (with your force) of driving them from thence? If there is, I have no objection to the attempt, but wish circumstances to be well considered before any resolution is come to.7
[Note 7: The letter sent, a facsimile of which is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress, is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, with the P.S. in that of Washington. The draft is in the writing of Washington, with the P.S. in that of Meade.]
White Marsh, November 4, 1777.
Sir: I am led to believe from the conversation I have had with Lt Colo. Green, that you have made Fort Mercer impregnable against an assault, and that nothing is to be feared but from regular approaches, and Shells; to guard against the first, it will be found necessary to have some out Works, which time may, possibly, allow you to raise. to secure the Garrison against the Second, some Bomb proofs should be constructed. The first you can easily do; but how far the other is practicable I know not for want of competent knowledge of the place, its extent &ca. I would suggest to you however, by way of quaære, whether caverns could not be cut out of the Bank below the work and supported (the Earth) by Pillars would not be the quickest, and most effectual method. If this should be found to answer, all your Men, in case of a Bombardment, might be concealed in them, except such as should be found necessary for Guards.
It is unnecessary I am perswaded to suggest to you the propriety of keeping a sufficient quantity of Salt provision and Bread or Flour in the Fort in case of an Investiture, as also Wood for Fires and Cooking. I am etc.
Head Quarters, November 4, 1777.
Sir: I have been favor'd with your Letter of the 9th. Ulto. and was sorry to find, that the situation of our Officers was so disagreable. You are well acquainted with the treatment of the prisoners in our hands, and therefore can determine without difficulty, how just the grounds for your confinement are.
In respect to a General exchange of prisoners, it has ever been my wish, that it should take place on just and equal terms. My Letters to Genl Howe upon the subject, I trust, evince this to have been the case. I have written to him again, and shall be happy, if we can effect so desireable an Object, on proper principles. If this cannot be done, I have proposed, that it should be no impediment to the Exchange of All the Officers, as far as circumstances of Rank and number will apply; And if any should then remain, that they may be released on parole. The first mode mentioned for the liberation of the Officers, I expect, will be most agreeable to both parties. You may imagine your Letter upon this Subject, might have received an earlier Answer. I assure you, the delay has not proceeded from inattention to the distresses of our prisoners, or want of inclination to afford them every possible relief. I am etc.8
[Note 8: From a facsimile in the Washington Papers, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, November 4, 1777.
Sir: I have received your Letter dated Yesterday, giving an account of the reinforcement which you expect from Genl. Varnum and the supplies of Clothing from Genl. Forman; it gives me pain to learn that the latter are likely to be so inadequate to your wants, but hope that by taken proper measures, the Contributions of the Inhabitants will not prove so poor a resource as you seem to fear.
Inclosed is a Letter to Major Fleury, whom I ordered to Fort Mifflin to serve in quality of Engineer, as he is a young man of talents and has made this branch of Military Service his particular study. I place a confidence in him, you will therefore make the best arrangement for enabling him to carry such plans into execution, as come within his Department, his authority at the same time that it is subordinate to yours must be sufficient for putting into practice what his knowledge of Fortification points out as necessary for defending the post, and his Department, tho inferior, being of a distinct and separate nature, requires that his orders should be in a great degree discretionary, and that he should be suffered to exercise his judgment; persuaded that you will concur with him in every measure which the good of the Service may require.9 I remain &ca.10
[Note 9: The letter to Fleury was signed by Laurens, as aide-de-camp, and directed the engineer to proceed to Fort Mifflin and receive his authority to act there from Lieutenant Colonel Smith. A copy of this letter, dated Nov. 4, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, 10 O'Clock A. M., November 4, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have just received your favour of 8 O'Clock last Evening and think you have fallen upon an exceeding good method of gaining intelligence and that too much secrecy cannot be used, both on account of the safety of your Friend and the execution and continuance of your design, which may be of Service to us.11
[Note 11: Clark's letter, dated Nov. 3, 1777, is in the Washington Papers. Washington made up a false return of the strength of the Continental Army, with a brief memorandum of his intended movements, and Clark's spy carried it in to Sir William Howe on his next trip.]
In your next, I'd have you mention that General Gates, now having nothing to do to the Northward, is sending down a very Handsome Reinforcement of Continental Troops to this Army, whilst he with the remainder of them and all the New England and York Militia, is to make an immediate descent on New York, the reduction of which is confidently spoke of, as it is generally supposed that a large part of Clinton's Troops are detached to the assistance of Genl. Howe, and that Genl. Dickinson is at the same time to attack Staten Island, for which purpose he is Assembling great numbers of the Jersey Militia; that the received opinion in our Camp is, that we will immediately attack Philadelphia on the arrival of the Troops from the Northward, and that I have prevailed upon the Legislative Body to order out two thirds of the Militia of this State for that purpose; that you heard great talk of the Virginia and Maryland Militia coming up, and in short that the whole Continent seems determined that we use every exertion to put an end to the War this winter; that we mention the forts as being perfectly secure, having sent ample Reinforcements to their support.
These are the outlines of what I think should be mentioned, however you will make any alteration you think necessary.
A report of our having made a fortunate stroke at Rhode Island prevailed, but I much doubt it is premature and that little or nothing is done there. The bearer will deliver you the paper you mention.12 I am etc.13
[Note 12: Clark had requested a quire of writing paper.]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 4, 1777.
Sir: General Potter and Captt. Lee, who are posted upon the west side of Schuylkill to interrupt the Enemy's communication across the Islands, both assure me, that they undoubted pass by night with Boats between Province and Mud Island and into Schuylkill. If this passage is not stopped in some measure, it is in vain to think of hindering them from getting supplies from their Shipping as long as the River remains free of Ice. I will not undertake to point out to you the mode of doing this, but in my opinion the most probable is, to keep small Boats rowing guard between the south end of Mud Island and Pennsylvania Shore, and a Galley or two under the North end of Mud Island, when the weather will permit. If the Guard Boats make a signal, the Gallies may get ready to intercept the Convoy. The Enemy will not chuse to fire in the dark, because there will be a greater chance of damaging their own craft, than hurting our Armed Vessels, as being greater in number. I beg you will immediately fall upon this or any other scheme, which to you may seem more effectual to put a stop to this intercourse. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 5, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 22d. and 25th. of October. As you have wrote to Congress respecting the difficulty of supplying the prisoners of Genl. Burgoyne's Army with Quarters, Fuel and Provisions, I imagine they will give proper directions in the matter. I do not think it to our interest to expedite the passage of the prisoners to England, for you may depend upon it that they will, immediately upon their arrival there, throw them into their different Garrisons, and bring out an equal number. Now if they sail in December, they may arrive time enough to take the places of others who may be out in May, which is as early as a Campaign can be well entered upon. I look upon it, that there principal difficulty will arise, from the want of provisions for the voyage, and therefore altho' I would supply them with Rations agreeable to stipulation, I would not furnish an ounce for Sea Store, nor suffer it to be purchased in the Country.
The account you give of the appropriation of the Arms, which had been drawn for Henly's, Lee's and Jackson's Regiments is perfectly satisfactory.
What you say respecting the disabled Soldiers to the North. ward, is agreeable to my idea of the matter, and I would therefore have you embody them at convenient places for the present, and when they get fit for small services let them Mount the guards at the Elaboratories and places where Stores are deposited. I dare say we shall have subjects enough to establish a Corps of invalids in the Eastern as well as the middle Colonies.
The present State of the Commissary's department gives me great uneasiness, and I fear, that by the removal of the old Officers during the active part of the Campaign, the Army will suffer. I am however obliged to you, for the information respecting the inattention that has hitherto been paid to the putting up Meat to the Eastward, which is the Country we depend upon for Beef, and where all our Salt is deposited. I shall immediately write to the new Commissary General of purchases and know why this neglect has happened.
The expedition to Rhode Island is just as much a secret to me as it is to you. I never was consulted upon it neither do I know from whence or whom it originated. You must therefore apply to Congress for directions in regard to the payment of the troops employed, for I cannot give the least authority for it. I am &ca.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, November 5, 1777.
Sir: I have received your Letter of this morning and am sorry to find that your orders respecting the Mills have not been carried into execution. it is my desire that the Officer employed in this business should be put under Arrest and tried for disobedience of orders. the parts of the machinery which he has removed may be very easily replaced, whereas had he followed the directions given him, the end in view would have been effectually answered.
Colonel Crawford's party was ordered to join you only for the particular purpose of distressing the Enemy by cutting their Banks; If this Service can be done without them, or is found impracticable altogether, I have no motive for detaining them. I am etc.
P.S. As the Corps under your Command will probably be an object for the Enemy, you cannot be too vigilant nor guard yourself by too many precautions against surprise; I mention this, in consequence of hints given me of their intentions, and hope therefore it will have its proper effect.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Camp at White Marsh, November 5, 1777.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your favor of the 25th Ulto. and join your honorable board most heartily, in congratulations on our success in the surrender of Genl. Burgoyne and his Army, an Event of great importance, and which reflects the highest honor upon our Arms.
In respect to the embarkation of the Prisoners, I take it for granted, that the beneficial consequences the British Nation will derive from their arrival in England, will be sufficient motives for General Howe to use every possible exertion to get them away, and that no application for that end will be necessary. For, as soon as they arrive, they will enable the Ministry to send an equal number of other Troops from their different Garrisons to join him here, or upon any other service against the American States. I shall be sorry, if their remaining, should subject you to the inconveniences you seem to apprehend; and, if they can be accomodated, I think, in point of Policy, we should not be anxious for their early departure. As to the Transports, if Genl. Howe is in a Situation to send them, It is to be presumed, they will be properly appointed with provisions and Wood, the terms of Convention not obliging us to furnish their Prisoners for a longer time than their continuance in our hands. I do not apprehend, that there will be anything to fear from the Vessels assigned for their transportation. The Condition which they are to be allowed an Entry, imports a time and no stipulations that can be made, will be more obligatory. Nevertheless, prudence and the usage of Nations do not only justify, but require, that every precaution should be had, previous to their being admitted into Port, to prevent an infraction of treaty and any Act incompatable with the design of their coming. What these precautions ought to be, will naturally occur. In fine, Sir, I do not know how far I should advise in this business, and suppose it probable, that Congress will give you their sentiments fully upon it, being possessed of all the circumstances by a state[ment] from Genl. Gates, and also from Genl. Heath.
I have nothing new to inform you of, the Situation of the Enemy in this Quarter being the same that it has been for some time past, and no interesting event having taken place, since the repulse of Count Donnop on the 22d Ulto. and the destruction of the two Ships of War the succeeding day. I have the honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Ford prints this letter as to Jeremiah Powell, who was president of the council.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 5, 1777.
Parole Pampet. Countersigns Woodstock, York.
Agreeably to former orders, all reports of the guards and scouting parties, are to be made by the officers commanding them, to the Major General of the day, who is to report to the Commander in Chief.
Every regiment is to go on making cartridges, every day, when the weather will admit of it. The Commissary of military stores is to make a return, of the cartridges returned to him, and of the regiment's by which they were made up.
Head-Quarters, White Marsh, November 6, 1777.
Parole Warsaw. Countersigns Berlin, Dresden.
The independent Company commanded by Capt. Joshua Williams is to be annexed to, and do duty with the 4th. Pennsylvania regiment, 'till further orders.
All prisoners (not being Continental soldiers) and suspected persons are to be carried to the Major General of the day, to be examined and dealt with, as he shall see fit.
The Colonels or officers commanding regiments are to appoint one officer from each regiment, to go with four men to Bethlehem, to get such of their cloathing as is absolutely necessary, and bring the same in waggons to camp. The waggon Master General will make the necessary provision of waggons for that end.
Head Quarters, November 6, 1777.
Dr. Sir: The approaching season, and the scanty supplies of Cloathing in public Store, without an immediate prospect of their being increased, have induced me, to send Lt. Colo. Adams of your state to procure, if possible a Quantity for the Troops which come from thence. The distress of the Army in this instance I am sorry to inform you, is now considerable, and it will become greater and greater every day, if some relief should not be had. Genl. Smallwood has addressed you on the subject and having pointed out the wants of your soldiery in a particular manner, it is unnecessary for me to make a minute detail of them. I shall therefore take the Liberty of referring you to his letter, and must entreat the interposition of your aid, to facilitate, as much as possible, the purpose and design of Colo. Adams's Commission. I do not know what supplies of Cloathing Maryland may have on hand; However, whatever they are, they can never be furnished with more propriety, than at the present juncture. Our wants extend to every species and to Blankets; but to the latter, and to shoes and Stockings in a peculiar degree. Besides the Necessaries, which I hope will be derived from the State, I have instructed Colo. Adams, to obtain all he possibly can by purchase from the Inhabitants, in which, I trust, he will have your countenance and warmest recommendation. These requisitions are not the result of Choice but of painful necessity; and viewing them in this light, I am well assured, you will not only excuse them, but will readily afford every relief in your Power to give. Our calls are pressing, and equal to any the imagination can represent. If they can be answered and the Troops can be properly provided in these instances, I should hope that we may be able to obtain some signal, if not some decisive advantages over the Enemy, by a Winter's Campaign; If not, we shall not be in a situation to attempt anything on a large and general scale. We are trying to make a Collection here, and, under the authority of Congress, compulsory measures have been adopted, in some cases, to draw aid from the disaffected, where it could well be spared but was refused. I congratulate you sincerely on our success in the surrender of Genl. Burgoyne an event this, that reflects much honor upon our Arms. I have nothing new to inform you of here, The repulse Count Donnop met with and the destruction of the two Ships of War, being the last interesting occurrences. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 6, 1777.
Sir: I inclose you an extract of a letter which I have just received from Genl. Heath.19 I can hardly suppose but what you have taken some steps towards laying up a supply of salt provision in New England, which is not only the most plentiful Country for Meat, but the quarter in which our principal Magazenes of Salt are deposited. But I am fearful from Genl. Heath's representation, who is an attentive, careful officer, that the persons you may have employed, are not doing their duty with that alacrity which the importance of the matter requires. I therefore think it incumbent upon me to give you the information I have received that you may lose no time in having the matter thoroughly inquired into, and if proper measures have not been pursued or proper persons appointed, that you may rectify both. I am &ca.20
[Note 19: Heath's letter, dated Oct. 25, 1777, from which the extract was taken, is in the Washington Papers. It is printed by Sparks in Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 16.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 7, 1777.
Sir: From various accounts, I am convinced that the Enemy are upon the point of making a grand effort upon Fort Mifflin, a person in confidence of one of their principal artificers, thinks it will be to day or to morrow. No time is therefore to be lost in making that Garrison as respectable as your numbers will admit, for should the attack commence before they are reinforced, it may probably be out of your power to throw them in. I think you had for the present better draw all the Continental Troops into or near Forts Mercer and Mifflin, and let what Militia are collected lay without, for I am of opinion that they will rather dismay than assist the Continental Troops, if shut up in the Forts. Acquaint the Commodore that my informant says, there are three floating Batteries and some fire rafts prepared which are to fall down upon his Fleet, at the same time that the Island is attacked, and desire him to keep a look out and make the necessary preparations to receive them. As Fort Mercer21 cannot be attacked without considerable previous notice, I would have you spare, as many Men to Fort Mifflin as you possibly can, for if accounts are to be depended upon, that is undoubtedly the post the Enemy have their designs upon. I am very anxious to hear what was the occasion of the heavy firing of musketry on the Evening of the 5th. it seemed to us to be at Fort Mifflin. I am &ca.22
[Note 21: The draft read as "you" can not be attacked, but Washington crossed out the pronoun and inserted "Fort Mercer".]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 23: Of the Seventh Maryland Regiment. He was lieutenant colonel commandant of the First Maryland Regiment Aug. 1, 1779; transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to April, 1783.]
Head Quarters, November 7, 1777.
Sir: The approaching season, and the distresses of the army in the Articles of Blankets and Cloathing make it necessary, that every practicable measure should be pursued to procure supplies.
Therefore to relieve, if possible, the wants of the Troops, raised by the State of Maryland, in these essential Articles, you are to proceed immediately to Govr. Johnson with the Letters you have in charge for him, and to receive whatever supplies the State may be in a situation to furnish in these instances, and which they may think proper to deliver. You know the circumstances of the Troops and must explain them.
Besides the necessaries you may receive from the State, you will use every possible endeavour to procure further supplies by purchasing from the Inhabitants and Individuals. For which purpose you will receive of the Pay Master General Two thousand Dollars. I have written to the Govr. of this measure, and I am well assured, he will give you every countenance and aid in his power to promote it. The Wants of the Troops are general. But in the Articles of Blankets, Shoes and Stockings, they are peculiarly great. A considerable supply of these must be had, if it is possible; upon a due representation, I trust, the people at large, from motives of generosity and a regard to the service, will make every contribution their Circumstances will admit of and upon reasonable terms.
You will keep a particular account of all the Cloathing you obtain, of the prices paid for them and of every expence incurred in bringing them to Camp. These you will report on your return, with the whole of your proceedings. You will find a List of Necessaries wanted, inclosed by Genl. Smallwood to the Governor.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. This same letter, with the necessary changes, was sent to Lieut. Col. Charles Pope, of the Delaware Regiment, on November 8.]
Head-Quarters, White Marsh, November 7, 1777.
Parole Exeter. Countersigns Kingston, Dover.
The independent Company commanded by Captn. Weaver25 is to be annexed to, and do duty with the 10th. Pennsylvania regiment 'till further orders.
[Note 25: Capt. Jacob Weaver.]
Some dispute having arisen relative to certain men, inlisted by Mr. Nelson,26 now doing duty in the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment, A Court of inquiry is to examine into the matter, and report their opinion, whether those men should remain as they are, or be transferred to the 9th. Pennsylv. Regt. for which regiment it is said they were inlisted. A field officer and captain from Maxwell's brigade, and one field officer from Col. Humpton's brigade are to compose this court, which is to sit to-morrow morning at nine o'clock at Col. Brearley's27 quarters; who is to be one of the members.
[Note 26: William(?) Nelson, formerly a lieutenant in the Pennsylvania battalion of the Flying Camp.]
[Note 27: Lieut. Col. David Brearley, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in August, 1779.]
It is expected by the Commander in Chief, that all intelligence from the enemy's lines, which may come to the knowledge of any officer, and bears the marks of authenticity, will be immediately communicated to him, or the Major General of the day, who will, if the cause requires it, give immediate information thereof to him.
Officers commanding at out-posts, are to receive and detain, all passes which are given merely for the purpose of passing them, lest they should afterwards be put to an improper use.
Since the General left Germantown in the middle of September last he has been without his baggage, and on that account is unable to receive company in the manner he could wish; he nevertheless desires, the Generals, Field Officers, and Brigade Major of the day, to dine with him in future, at three o'clock in the afternoon.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 8, 1777.
Parole Hungary. Countersigns Prussia, Poland.
The service requiring that the men be ready to march on the shortest notice, the officers commanding brigades and corps are to be particularly careful to keep their men constantly supplied with two days' provisions on hand.
To make the more dispatch in the trial of Officers under arrest, Brigade General Courts Martial are to be held without delay for the trial of all such officers as shall apply to the Brigadiers, or officers commanding brigades for trial before these courts.
The Commander in Chief approved of the sentence of the General Court Martial, relative to Brigadier Genl. Maxwell, published in General Orders of the 4th. instant, but thro' mistake that approbation was not inserted.
[Note 28: John McKinly, who at this date was a prisoner of war. George Read was Vice President of Delaware and the then acting executive.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1777.
Sir: The approaching season and the scanty Supplies of Cloathing in public store, have induced me to send Lt. Colo. Pope29 to procure, if possible, a suitable Quantity for the Troops of your State. The distress of the Army in this instance, is great, and will daily increase, if some relief is not obtained. I do not know, whether your State may have turned its attention to this Object, or what provision it may have made. If it has and there are Supplies on hand, it will be a happy circumstance: but if not, I must intreat the earliest interposition of your aid, that a sufficient collection may be made.
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. Charles Pope, of the Delaware regiment. He resigned in December, 1779.]
Besides the necessaries, which I hope will be derived from the State, I have instructed Colo. Pope to obtain all he possibly can by purchase from the Inhabitants and Individuals, in which, I trust, he will have your countenance and every assistance. I need not detail our Wants; they are general, and extend to every species of Cloathing and to Blankets, but to the latter, and to Shoes and Stockings, in a peculiar manner. I assure you, Sir, these requisitions of mine are not the result of Choice but of the most urgent necessity, which will apologize for the trouble they may occasion you. Colo. Pope is acquainted with the condition of the Troops, and will explain it. As the circumstances of your State, in point of Manufactures, are equal to any and far superior to those of most of the Thirteen, I flatter myself, that the supplies from thence will be ample for their soldiery, and that they will in some measure exceed for the benefit of the Army in General. Those who are able and attached to the cause, ought to contribute from motives of generosity and a regard to the service; And such as are disaffected, should be compelled. The latter is authorised by Congress and in a few instances the power has been exercised. I have the Honor etc.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J., to whose kindness the editor is indebted.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1777.
Sir: The great importance of the post at Red Bank has led me to be importunate in applications for its reinforcement. the State over which your Excellency presides is more particularly call'd upon, by reason of its Situation, and because it never furnished the two thousand Men which were ordered as its quota to the Continental Army. I do therefore most earnestly entreat your Excellency, that no exertions be wanting on your part, to have as respectable a Force embodied as the Circumstances of the State will permit, for the purpose above mentioned.
Haddonfield may be appointed as the place of rendezvous for the several Parts of it, and when the whole are assembled there, they will receive the orders of Brigr. Genl. Varnum. I am etc.
P.S. Tho' Haddonfield is mentioned as a convenient place for Assembling this Reinforcement, yet it is not to be considered as stationary, but subject to removal as circumstances may require.
P.S. When this was ready to be closed, your Excellency's Letter of the 5th Inst. came to hand. I hope the measures which you have proposed for furnishing the Troops with Cloathing and Blankets will be adopted and prove successful, as it is a Matter of the highest importance. I think there can be no objection to your Excellency's plan for disposing of the State Prisoners, as it is dictated by humanity and is perfectly consistent with good policy.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 8, 1777.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose you an extract of a letter from Major Genl. Dickinson of the 6th instant32 by which it appears that a reinforcement has sailed from New York [either for] Genl. Howe [or some other expedition]. I have not yet heard whether any of the Troops on their march from the northward have yet crossed the North River, but I hope they will be with me, near as soon as Genl. Howe's reinforcement can arrive at Philadelphia.
[Note 32: Dickinson's letter, dated Nov. 6, 1777, is in the Washington Papers. The extract is filed with this letter of Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
There was a heavy firing of Cannon all the day of the 5th. down the river, and in the evening some musquetry was heard, from whence we concluded that an attack had been made upon Fort Mifflin. But it turned out to be an attack made by Genl. Varnum, with a 12 and an 18 pounder fixed near Red Bank, [upon] the Enemy's Ships. He thinks he damaged the Somerset of 64 Guns considerably, as she got on ground and was for some time exposed to his fire. The Ships were obliged to quit their Stations and fail lower down. From a variety of accounts and circumstances, I am induced to believe that the Enemy are meditating a grand blow against Fort Mifflin. I have put the place in as good a state of defence as my present numbers will admit, and have directed Genl. Varnum to afford every further assistance in his power. I therefore hope that they will meet a warm reception whenever they make the attempt.
The military Chest is again empty and the Army is unpaid for the months of September and October, besides the drafts that are requisite for the Commissary and Quarter Master General's departments. You will therefore be pleased to direct that a supply of Cash be sent on as expeditiously as possible.
I fear, from a letter I have lately recd. from Genl. Heath, that no proper measures are taken to put up a Supply of Salt Provisions, for next Campaign, to the Eastward. I have inclosed a Copy of Genl. Heath's letter to Mr. Buchannan the Commy. Genl. of Purchases, and have desired him to have the matter looked into in time, but it is of so much importance to the very existence of the Army, that I think it deserves the attention of Congress. I have the honor etc.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets were added by Washington in the draft, which is also in Tilghman's writing.]
[Note 34: The Council was composed of Maj. Gens. John Sullivan, Nathanael Greene, Marquis de Lafayette, and Alexander McDougall, Brig. Gens. William Maxwell, Henry Knox, Anthony Wayne, George Weedon, William Woodford, Charles Scott, Thomas Conway. Jedidiah Huntington, and William Irvine.]
November 8, 1777.
His Excellency having informed the Council, of the Reinforcements that were expected from Peekskill and that among them was 1600 Militia from Massachusetts under General Warner, whose times would expire the last of November.
His Excellency informed the Council, that from a variety of circumstances he was of opinion, that the Enemy mean a formidable attack upon Fort Mifflin very soon, and desired their opinion whether under our present circumstances, as to Numbers &c, we could afford further assistance to the Forts than has been hitherto given, without endangering the Safety of this Army.
The following Question was put. Whether, in Case the Enemy should make an attack upon the Forts upon Delaware, it would be proper with our present Force to fall down and attack the Enemy in their Lines near Philadelphia?
Ansr. In the Negative unanimously.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of the 6th Inst. and thank you for the intelligence contained in it, you will farther oblige me by communicating immediately, whatever new matter of public consequence may occur.
The importance of the post at Red Bank, makes it necessary for us to employ all possible resources in rendering it so respectable by the strength of the garrison, and the number of Troops stationed within distance to Cooperate with it, as not to fear even a more formal attack than was exhibited in the first successless efforts of the Hessians. All the men in your State that can be spared, should therefore be collected and marched to join Genl. Varnum.
Your present of Salt Water delicacies, will be the more acceptable to us in Camp, as they are so great a rarity, and, as I anticipate the pleasure they will give, I return you my thanks for them before their arrival. I am &ca.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 8, 1777.
Sir: Your favour of the 6th. relieved me from much anxiety, as it was confidently reported that the firing upon the 5th was upon Fort Mifflin. I am pleased to hear of the success of your cannonade against the Shipping, and I am very certain if we had more heavy Cannon mounted upon travelling Carriages to move up and clown the Beach occasionally, that we should annoy and distress them exceedingly. To possess Billingsport, as well as Red Bank, is certainly a most desirable object; but circumstanced as we are at present, in respect to numbers, it is impossible. In a Letter from Genl. Dickinson of the 6th. he informs me, that he had ordered two Detachments of Militia to march from Elizabeth Town to Red Bank, one consisting of 160 Men; he does not mention the number of the other.
I have just seen a very intelligent person from Philadelphia, he has been conversant with many people who stand high in the Confidence of the British Officers of the first Rank. He finds from all their discourse, that a formidable attack is to be made upon Fort Mifflin very soon; if that fails, they will be obliged to change their quarters, as they find they cannot subsist in the City, without they have a free communication with their Shipping. I therefore repeat what I wrote Yesterday, that you should immediately reinforce Fort Mifflin as strongly as possible, and give the Commodore notice of the intended attack. I approve of the measures you have taken to procure Clothing for the Troops. and am etc.
P.S. The inclosed for Commodore Hazelwood, Colo. Green and Lt. Colonel Smith are from Congress37 and as they bear
[Note 37: Congress, by resolve of November 4, presented swords to Green, Smith, and Hazelwood. (See General Orders, Nov. 11, 1777, post.)] honorable testimony of their behaviour hitherto, I beg they may be put into their hands immediately. perhaps it may prove a further incentive to their gallant exertions.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor, mentioning the many and strong reasons you have for quitting the Service, or at least obtaining leave of absence for the settlement of your affairs, which you say and I make no doubt are in a Situation that demand your presence. As the Contest, in which we all saw the necessity of stepping forth, still remains undetermined, and the event of War doubtful and uncertain, I conceive, that the same Motives which first called us out, now plead in the most pressing terms for our perseverance to that happy Period, in which our united Efforts shall effect that great design, for the accomplishment of which we were first induced to sacrifice the Happiness of Domestic life.
I believe the private Concerns of every Officer in the Army will suffer in a greater or lesser degree by his Absence, which must have been expected as a matter of course, at their first Acceptance of their Commissions.
As to the Strictness of Honor and integrity with which you have conducted yourself, (having never heard the least Suggestion to the Contrary) I think it unnecessary to say any thing on that Head.
I have always endeavor'd to give every Indulgence to Officers, which I thought consistent with my duty and the good of the Service; in this Instance I think matters had best be deferred to the close of the Campaign, when your request can in either way be answered with greater propriety and precision. I am etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Camp at White Marsh, 12 Miles from Philadelphia,
November 8, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 26th. Ultimo, came to my hands Yesterday, and merits my warmest acknowledgements. The Idea you entertained of our force was unhappily but too well founded, and I now wish I had given more into your generous proposal; but the distance, and uncertainty of keeping Militia in service any length of time were obstacles under the then appearance of things which seemed too great to be counterbalanced by the advantages of your coming which opened then to our view; but the glorious turn which our affairs to the Northward have since taken, makes a new plan, and Winter Campaign, if we can get our ragged and half naked Soldiers clothed, indispensably necessary, as I think General Howe may be forced out of Philadelphia, or greatly distressed in his Quarters there, if we could draw a large body of Troops round the City.
The mode by which Men have lately been recruited, is hurtful in the extreme; and, unless a more effectual and less pernicious one can be adopted, I do not know where the mischief will end; what may be the consequence. As the Assembly of Virginia is now sitting, I hope some vigorous and spirited exertions will be used to compleat the Regiments from that State; and shall I add my wishes, that it may contribute their Aid towards Clothing of them, being well persuaded, unless the respective States give their Assistance, we shall be in a very unhappy situation. If our Regiments were once compleated and tolerably well Armed and Clothed, the calls upon Militia afterwards would be rare; and 'till these measures are accomplished, our expenses will be enormous.
It is in vain to look back to our disappointment on the 4th. Instant at Germantown. We must endeavour to deserve better of Providence, and, I am persuaded, she will smile upon us. The rebuff which the Enemy met with at Red Bank (in which Count Donop and about four or 500 Hessians were killed and wounded) and the loss of the Augusta of 64 and Merlin of 18 Guns, have, I dare say, been fully related to you, which renders it unnecessary for me to dwell on it. They are using every effort for the reduction of Fort Mifflin and we, under our present circumstances, to save it. The event is left to Heaven.
With compliments to Mrs. Nelson, Mr. Secretary,40 &c. I am etc.41
[Note 40: Thomas Nelson, son of Thoms, the emigrant. He had retired after having served as secretary of tile Virginia Council for 30 years.]
[Note 41: From the Varick Transcripts in tile Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 9, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 3d. acquainting me with the exhausted state of your Treasury. I am just in the same situation, but have wrote to Congress for a Supply. I will in my next to them inform them of your wants, and desire them to forward a sum of money to you.
I have not the large Spy Glass, belonging to Mr. Morris, with me, I think it is at Bethlehem with my Baggage. I will write to the Officer who has the care of the Baggage, and desire him to send the Glass to you.
As Genl. Warner's42 Brigade of Massachusetts Militia have so small a time to serve I have directed them, if the Express
[Note 42: Brig. Gen. Jonathan Warner.] meets them on the Road, to turn back and finish their Service with you. If they should not have marched, you will please to detain them for the Reasons just given. Wind's Brigade of Jersey Militia will scarcely reach home before their times are expired, we therefore cannot count upon them.
As the Reinforcements that have Sailed from New York are so considerable that the Enemy cannot have more force left than is barely Sufficient to keep a Garrison. I desire you will send on all the Continental Troops, except Colo. Samuel Webbs and Sherburne's Regiments and the New York Battalions, these with the Militia, will fully answer your present purposes.
If Genl. Howe is determined to remain in Philadelphia it will require a very large Detachment posted on the West side of Schuylkill to cut him off from a Communication with his Shipping. For want of an addition to our Numbers we have been under the necessity of permitting him to draw large Supplies, indeed his whole Subsistence from his Ships.
I beg you will press the Reinforcements forward, as I fear those destined for Genl. Howe will arrive before ours.
You will take care to make a demand of as many Militia as will be sufficient for your purpose, and I think, you had better do it immediately, that they may be with you by the time the present Class return home. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[November 9, 1777.]
Sir: A Letter which I receivd last Night, containd the following paragraph.
In a Letter from Genl. Conway to Genl. Gates he says: "Heaven has been determind to save your Country; or a weak General and bad Councellors would have mind it."
I am Sir Yr. Hble Servt.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 9, 1777.
Sir: As the term of Service of the Brigade of Massachusetts Militia under your command will expire with this month, it is not worth your while to march this distance to do a few days duty. I therefore desire you will return to Genl. Putnam and employ your Men, during their stay, in such manner as he shall direct. I imagine this must be more agreeable to them than coming so far from home at this season of the Year. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 9, 1777.
Gentlemen: I yesterday received a Letter from Congress informing me that they had received a Report from your Board with your opinion45 upon the most probable means of securing the Frigates. Whereupon they came to the following Resolution on the 4th. instant:
[Note 45: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "that it would be better to lighten the Frigates and float them up the River, and by taking their Guns on shore"]
Ordered that a Copy of the said report be sent to Genl. Washington for his approbation and if he approve the same that a Detachment of troops be sent to assist in the Construction and management of the Batteries aforesaid.
Upon the receipt of this I took the opinion of the General Officers who unanimously agreed that, as we had not any men to spare to construct and defend the Works recommended by you, there were no other possible means of effectually securing the Frigates but by scutling them. You will therefore be pleased to have it done in such manner as will render the weighing of them most easy in future and in such depth of Water as will Washington's Draft of His Note to Conway, November 9, 1777, Which Started the Disintegration of the Conway Cabal secure them from being damaged by the floating Ice in the Winter. All the other Vessels capable of being converted into Armed Ships should be scutled also. This should be done as speedily as possible and as secretly, for should the Enemy get notice of your intentions, I should not at all wonder at their sending up a force purposely to destroy them or bring them down. You will dispose of the men that were on Board of them as directed in my former. I am &ca.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 9, 1777.
Parole Providence. Countersigns Newport, Plymouth.
Nicholas Van Cortlandt Esqr. is appointed an Aid-de-Camp, to Major General Sullivan, and is to be respected as such.
Peter Bryan Bruin Esqr. is appointed a Volunteer Aid-de-Camp to Major General Sullivan, and is to be respected as such.
All the empty waggons, or which can be emptied without great inconvenience, are to be got ready in the several brigades, and assemble this day, at such place and hour, as the Forage Mr. General shall direct; and be disposed of by him.
The Brigadiers, and officers commanding brigades, are with as much dispatch, as possible, to have their brigades paraded, and from their own observation, take an account of the articles, of cloathing, indispensibly necessary for the men.
Many of the men who mount guard daily, make a very un-soldierlike appearance. The Adjutants and Brigade Majors will be respectively answerable, that henceforward they bring no man to the parade, whose appearance is not as decent as his circumstances will permit; having his beard shaved, hair combed, face washed and cloaths put on in the best manner in his power.
Captain Craig of Col. Moylan's regt., with his party of horse, has taken seven British dragoons, and seven soldiers, with their horses, arms, and accoutrements. The General desires Capt. Craig, Capt. Lee, and the other officers who have distinguished themselves, will accept his cordial thanks, for the enterprise, spirit and bravery they have exhibited in harassing, and making captives of the enemy.
All the General Officers in camp are to assemble, to morrow, at ten o'clock, in the forenoon, at General Greene's quarters, to settle the rations. The General Officers will attend this, in preference to any other duty, and make report as soon as they have finished it.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 10, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of yesterday, I am sorry that you construed a part of my last letter into any kind of reflection upon the exertions of your State. I could not mean it, as I am conscious they do not deserve it. As it happened from several particular Circumstances, that the two thousand Militia voted to reinforce this Army, could not leave Jersey, I meant to urge the Necessity of their Marching towards Red Bank, to maintain that Valuable post, in the preservation of which the people of Jersey are peculiarly interested. For had the Enemy possession of that, they would make inroads into all their Western Counties.
I am much pleased to hear that General Dickinson will, if he can possibly be spared, come to take the Command in Gloucester County, more especially as General Forman has resigned.
Give me leave, Sir, to congratulate you most Sincerely upon your re-election to the Government, and to assure you that I am etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 10, 1777.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Favors of the 4th and 5th Inst. with their several Inclosures. Among those of the former, I found the Resolution you are pleased to allude to, respecting your appointment as President.48 Permit me, Sir, to congratulate you upon this Event, and to assure you, I have the most intire confidence, that I shall experience in you, during your Presidency, the same politeness and attention to the Interest of the States that marked the conduct of your Worthy predecessor.
[Note 48: Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, was chosen President of Congress Nov. 1, 1777, as the successor to President Hancock.]
With respect to the views of the Navy Board for securing the Frigates. The situation of the Army would not admit of a compliance with them, supposing they would Answer the end. I have therefore written to the Board in the most pressing terms to have the Frigates scutled in such way, that they may be raised when it shall be necessary, and that in the mean time, they may not be liable to injury from floating ice. I see no measure so likely to secure them to us and against the Enemy's attempts. I have been extremely fearful they would have possessed and employed them with the Delaware and their [floating] Batteries on the rear of the Gallies and the Fort, while the Ships below attacked in Front. I need not point out the probable consequences of such an Event, they are too obvious.
The Resolves which you request to be communicated to the Army, shall be published in General Orders. The Letters for Commodore Hazlewood &c. [Colos. Greene and Smith and for the president of Delaware state] have been put in a proper channel of Conveyance.
As to the disposition of part of the Northern Army, my Letter of the 1st continued to 3d [Current] contains my Ideas upon the Subject, and those of my General Officers. I shall be sorry, if the measures I have taken on this head, should interfere with, or materially vary from any plans Congress might have had in view. Their proceedings of the 5th, I presume, were founded on a supposition, that the Enemy were still up the North River and garrisoning the Forts they had taken. This not being the case, and all accounts agreeing, that Reinforcements to Genl. Howe are coming from York, I hope the aids, I have required, will be considered expedient and proper. Independant of the latter consideration, I think our exertions and force should be directed to effect Genl Howe's destruction, if it is possible.
Among the various difficulties attending the Army, the adjustment of rank, is not the least. This, owing to the several modes, the several principles that have prevailed in granting Commissions, is involved in great perplexity. The Officers of the Pennsylvania Troops are in much confusion about it. In many instances, those who were junior in rank, from local and other circumstances, have obtained Commissions older in date than those which were granted afterwards to Officers their Superiors before. This, with many other Irregularities has been, and is the cause of great uneasiness; And the precdency of rank so claimed, should not be supported in justice or upon any principle, we find all, having the least pretext for the Title, strenuous to support it and willing to hold a superiority.
I was therefore induced to order a Board of Officers, to take the matter under [their] consideration.49 The result [after two or three days deliberation] respecting the Field Officers of this State, I now inclose, and wish Congress to adopt the Regulation which the Board have made; and to transmit me by the earliest opportunity, Commissions dated according to their
[Note 49: The proceedings of this board, dated Aug. 19, 1777, are filed with this letter of Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] arrangement; At the same time, It may be proper that there should be a Resolve, vacating the Commissions [which] they now have and directing them to be delivered to me. Their attention to this business, I trust, will be immediate. The disputes and jealousies with the Officers require it.
I have inclosed the Memorial of Colo. Portail and the other Engineers for their promotion, referred to me by the Board of War for my sentiments [advice]. As to the Terms, these Gentlemen mention to have been proposed and agreed to, when they first arrived, I know nothing of them more than the Memorial states. In respect to their abilities and knowledge in their profession, I must observe, they have had no great [but little] Opportunity of proving them since they were in our service. However, I have reason to believe, that they have been regularly bred in this important branch of War, and that their talents, which have been hitherto, as it were, dormant, want only a proper occasion to call them forth, in which case I have no doubt they would do themselves honour and the states essential service. It is of great importance too, to consider the practicability of replacing these Gentn. with persons equally qualified, if they should quit the service, and how indespensible, men of skill in this branch of military science are to every Army. While I am on this subject, I would take the liberty to mention, that I have been well informed, that the Engineer in the Northern Army (Cosieski,50 I think his name is) is a Gentleman of science and merit. From the character I have had of him he is deserving of notice too.
[Note 50: Thaddeus Kosciuszko had been appointed a colonel of Engineers in the Continental Army Oct. 18, 1776. He was brevetted a brigadier general in 1783.]
I would beg leave to mention, that we are in great distress for want of money. This will be more urgent every day, and it is probable, there will be a good deal of pay due the Troops coming to reinforce us. Genl. Putnam writes pressingly for a supply and says he is in a most disagreeable situation for want of it. I must request the attention of Congress to this Subject.
Your favor of the 7th. came to hand this morning. I shall pay proper attention to the Inclosures. The Rank of the Officers of Cavalry, I will attempt to have settled, as soon as circumstances will admit.
I have nothing very interesting to communicate. The Enemy have lost One of their New floating Batteries. It sunk in a little time after it was launched. There has been a Canonade to day; it still continues. I do not know the occasion, but imagine, it is between the Ships and Gallies. I have the honor &ca.51
[Note 51: ln the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the draft, which is also by Harrison, but do not appear in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, November 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am pleased to find by yours of the 8th., that proper dispositions were formed for the reception of the Enemy at Forts Mercer and Mifflin, and that the Garrisons were so full of confidence, we already hear a firing which we suppose a prelude to something more serious. I sincerely wish you success; but let the event be fortunate or otherwise, pray let me have the speediest intelligence. I am etc.
P.S. Your Detachments are on their march from Fishkill to join you.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Camp near White Marsh, November 11, 1777.
Sir: The condition of the Army for want of Cloaths and Blankets, and the little prospect we have of obtaining relief according to the information I have received from the Board of War, occasion me to trouble you at this time. The mode of seizing and forcing supplies from the Inhabitants, I fear, would prove very inadequate to the demands, while it would certainly imbitter the minds of the People, and excite perhaps a hurtful jealousy against the Army. I have had Officers out for the purpose of purchasing and making voluntary collections of necessaries and in a few instances, more coercive measures have been exercised. But all these have proved of little avail. Our distresses still continue and are becoming greater. I would therefore humbly submit it to the consideration of Congress, whether it may not be expedient for them to address the Several Legislative and executive Powers of the states, on this subject, as early as possible, and in the most urgent Terms. It appears to me, If they were to appoint, under the Authority of Congress, proper active Agents, that many necessaries might be procured, in addition to those imployed53 on Public account. Besides this, I think, the exigency of our affairs requires, that they should resolve on an immediate assessment to be made on the Inhabitants. If these modes were adopted, considerable aids might be derived, and in a way much less exceptionable, than that of seizing by the Army. The Assemblies in many states, I beleive are now sitting, and I have no doubt upon a requisition by Congress, but they will give attention to the measure.
[Note 53: The draft has "imported."]
Inclosed you will receive a Copy of a Letter from Genl. Putnam54 which came to hand to day. You will find his and Governor Clinton's opinion, respecting the Fortifications necessary to be made for the security of the North River. As soon as I heard that Warner's Militia were coming down to reinforce me, I immediately wrote to countermand them, and directed that they should be retained to carry on the necessary works
[Note 54: Putnam's letter, dated Nov. 7, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.] during the time they are to serve. My Letter on this subject was on the 9th. Instant. As to the other Troops, the propriety of bringing them here, I believe is not to be questioned. We are told through various Channels, that Sir Henry Clinton is coming round with all the force that can be possibly spared from New York, and it is said that those on Staten Island are withdrawn. It is added also, that the Inhabitants of the former are greatly alarmed and disgusted, and that Genl. Tryon is calling in the Militia of Long Island for the defence of the City. Genl. Putnam's Letter will also evince the necessity there is for a large and immediate supply of money being sent to the Paymaster Genl.
I have also the Honor to transmit you a Copy of a Report by a Board of Genl. Officers on the subject of Rations which I submit to the consideration of Congress. The establishment and Regulations, which they propose, appear to me to be just and necessary, supposing the Commissary's estimate to be right, which I presume is the case from the exorbitant price which has been and is now paid for every species of Provision. The necessity of an alteration in the former Value, has been long urged by many Officers and for want of it several, I believe, have left the service.55 I have the Honor etc.
[Note 55: The minutes of this board, undated, are filed in the Washington Papers at the end of the year 1777. The board recommended that the ration be 1¼ pounds of beef, or 1 pound of pork or 1¼ pounds of salt fish; 1¼, pounds of flour, or soft bread, or 1 pound of hard bread; one-half gill of rum or whisky per day in lieu of beer; one-half pint of rice, or 1 pint of Indian meal per week; 3 pounds of candles to 100 men per week and soap agreeable to the late regulation of Congress. The price of this ration, exclusive of soap and candles, was estimated at 3 shillings 4 pence.]
P.S. By advices just received, 38 Transports have arrived in Delaware with Troops; they were as high up as Reedy Island yesterday, I suppose they are from New York. The Memorial of Colonel Portail and the other Engineers, omitted to be inclosed in my Letter of yesterday, is now transmitted.
Notwithstanding the measures I have ventured to recommend on the subject of Cloathing, I shall pursue every means in my power, that will contribute to procure a Supply. [by sending and keeping Officers in different States]56
[Note 56: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The phrase in brackets in the P.S. is in the draft but not in the letter sent.]
Camp at White Marsh, November 11, 1777.
Sir: I have now before me your Favors of the 6th and 7th Instant. The inconveniences, arising from the allowance of Substitutes, are severely felt and I fear they will increase. I will attempt some mode to detect deserters, now in Service, under that denomination. The Public Arms furnished the Virginia Militia, were directed to be put into the hands of a number belonging to this state who joined General Potter at the time of their dismission; and whatever exceeded this supply, the Officers were enjoined to have deposited at Lancaster in their Return home. This I hope has been done.
I am extremely sorry to find, we have no prospect of obtaining Supplies of Cloathing, except by forcing them from the Inhabitants. Such a procedure, I fear, would not relieve our wants, and at the same time would greatly distress the people and imbitter their minds. I have had Several Officers employed in this State in collecting, but the quantities gained are trifling. There are some out now upon the business. It appears to me, since our public Imports are so small and precarious, owing to the numerous fleet, I presume, which lines our Coast, that no measure will be more likely to give us aid, than the establishing of proper Agents in each State, to buy every species of Cloathing they possibly can for the Army. The Supplies derived from hence, may be of infinite advantage and in addition to those immediately imported by Congress, will extend, considerably to lessen our Wants. The Agents I think should be active, suitable Men, appointed by the Legislative or Executive Powers of the respective States. I have addressed Congress upon the Subject. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 11, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 7th. and am glad to find that you had determined to detain Warner's Militia. At whatever place Govr. Clinton and yourself determine to throw obstructions and Batteries upon the River, I imagine it will prove satisfactory, for no person is supposed to have a better knowledge of that Country than the Governor.
For the very same Reasons that Genl. Howe is reinforceing himself strongly, ought we to reinforce also, and I therefore beg that you will comply with my request of the 9th. instr. which is nearly the same of Colo. Hamilton's, namely to send all the Continentals except Colo. Samuel Webbs and Sherburne's and the New York Battalions, and I intreat they may be forwarded as quick as possible, for should Genl. Howes reinforcement arrive before them, consider what a situation this Army will be in.
I am extremely sorry to hear of the uneasiness that has happened in Genl. Poor's Brigade on account of their pay, and am amazed to hear that they have ten months due to them. This is indeed a very great hardship, and there must be a fault some where, but I hope from the prudent measures you have taken, they will be contented. I have wrote to Congress in the most pressing manner for money for your Department, and I have no doubt but you will be soon supplied.
It is very evident that the Enemy, in order to secure their remaining Army under Genl. Howe, are drawing every Man from New York, to what purpose then would it be to keep a force up the North River when there is no Enemy near, for we have certain accounts of the fleets having left the Hook. I know the people are apt to be alarmed and to think themselves deserted when they see troops drawn away from them, but I am confident they will soon find the good effects of it. I am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 11, 1777.
Dear Sir: Since I wrote to you this morning Mr. Young Deputy Clothier has arrived from Peekskill and informs me that you stopped 400 of the Blankets and one Cask of Shoes that were coming on for the use of this Army. You cannot conceive how these stoppages by the way disappoint and disarrange our plans; The Clothier General endeavours to give each their share, but by such proceedings those that are farthest off go naked. There are now in this Army, by a late return four thousand Men wanting Blankets, [near 2,000 of wch. have never had one, although some of them have been twelve months in Service.]
I would not wish to be partial to any part of the Army. I only desire that when Goods are ordered particularly to one Department, that they may not be detained in another, and I must insist that this Rule be invariably observed in future. [You are to consider that almost the whole of our Cloathing comes from the Eastward, consequently the stopping such parts as are intended for this Army, after a due proportion is allotted to the other Departments, is highly injurious to the Service; with truth it may be added that we have at this time upwards of 2,000 Men renderd unfit for Service for want of Cloathes.] I am etc.
P.S. The fleet that sailed from the Hook has arrived in the Delaware.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, November 11, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favours of 9th. and 10th. Instant I have duly received, and I think we may reasonably hope, that from the good disposition of the Troops in your Quarter, and the zeal and activity of the Officers and men, joined to the present very advanced and cold Season, which must greatly retard, if not prevent the operations of the Enemy; Matters may terminate with you agreeable to our Expectations, this must have the greatest influence upon the conduct of Genl. Howe and force him to adopt disadvantageous or disgraceful measures.
Genl. Knox informs me, that he has sent down a person to get an exact return of the Ammunition which you now have, and of what may be wanted, and that he has sent down 17 Waggons loaded with Ball, which you will receive about this time. A Waggon with 20,000 Musket Cartridges will be immediately dispatched, to be delivered to the Militia (if you see fit) by your order only. It is greatly to be wished that all firing could be prevented, except where there is a real necessity and the distance such as might promise a good effect.
I have wrote to Genl. Potter, ordering him to take every step by which he can assist you and distress the Enemy on Province Island. he may alarm them and draw off their attention from Fort Mifflin if nothing more. You are acquainted with the reasons why a greater force is not sent to annoy them in that quarter. I am &ca.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, November 11, 1777.
Sirs: This is to signify to you my express order that no time be lost in writing to the Commissary's Department in New England and procuring from thence the Wine and Spirits wanted for the use of this Army. I have received a Letter from Genl. Putnam in which he mentions that he is doing all in his power to send forward Provisions according to my direction. I am &ca.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 11, 1777.
Parole Hudson. Countersigns Delaware, Schuylkill.
The Honorable Continental Congress have passed the following resolves, which have been transmitted hither to be made public in the army. vizt:
In Congress, November 4th, 1777.
Resolved--That His Excellency Governor Caswell of North Carolina be requested to erect a monument of the value of five hundred dollars, at the expence of these United States, in honor of the memory of Brigadier General Francis Nash, who fell in the battle of Germantown, on the 4th. day of October 1777, bravely contending for the Independence of his country.
Resolved--That the thanks of Congress, in their own name, and in behalf of the inhabitants of The Thirteen United States, be presented to Major General Gates, commander in Chief, in the northern department, and to Major Generals Lincoln and Arnold, and the rest of the officers, and troops under his command, for their brave, and successful efforts, in support of the Independence of their country; whereby an army of the enemy of ten thousand men, has been totally defeated; one large detachment of it strongly posted and entrenched having been conquered at Bennington, another repulsed with loss and disgrace from Fort Schuyler, and the main army of six thousand men, under Lieut. General Burgoyne, after being beaten in different actions, and driven from a formidable post, and strong entrenchments, reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves, upon terms honorable and advantageous to these States, on the 17th. day of October last, to Major General Gates; And that a medal of gold be struck, under the direction of the Board of war, in commemoration of this great event, and in the name of these United States presented by the president to Major General Gates.
Resolved--That Congress have a high sense of the merit of Colo. Greene, and the officers and men under his command, in the late gallant defence of the Fort at Red bank, on Delaware river; and that an elegant sword be provided by the Board of war, and presented to Col. Greene.
Resolved--That Congress have a high sense of the merit of Lieut. Col. Smith, and the officers and men under his command, in their late gallant defence of fort Mifflin, on the river Delaware; and that an elegant sword be provided by the Board of war, and presented to Lt. Col. Smith.
Resolved--That Congress have a high sense of the merit of Commodore Hazlewood, the Commander of the naval force in the river Delaware; in the service of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; and of the officers and men under his command, in their late gallant defence of their country, against the British Fleet, whereby two of their Men of war were destroyed, and four others compelled to retire; and that an elegant sword be provided by the Marine Committee, and presented to Commodore Hazlewood.
[Note 64: Clothier General of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 12, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 4th. inclosing returns of the Clothing that has been delivered and what you are now sending on to Camp. If I understand you, it is all that you have on hand made or unmade. If this is so, our prospects are Melancholy indeed, except considerable quantities are expected from abroad, or are on some other part of the Continent. Of these I shall be glad to be informed by the first opportunity. Mr. Young informs me, that he saw all the Blankets and Shoes that are coming from the Eastward (except 400 Blankets and 1 Cask of Shoes stopped by Genl. Putnam) over the North River, there is therefore no occasion to send an Officer for them. I have wrote to Genl. Putnam upon this constant practice of stopping part of the Clothing at Peekskill that is intended for this Army, and I hope he will not do it in future.
I can easily account for the nine old Virginia Regiments calling more frequently upon you for Clothing than any others, they were the whole winter in the Field and were reduced almost to nakedness.
Genl. Woodford complains, that he lately wrote you a polite letter requesting necessaries for his Brigade, which he sent by an Officer, to which he says you only returned him a rough verbal answer, without complying with his demand even in part. As General Woodford is an exceeding good Officer and one who I think would not make extravagant or unnecessary demands, I could wish you would clear up this matter to his satisfaction.
From the success which many Officers and others who I have sent out have had, I am convinced that there are large quantities of Shoes, leather Breeches and other Articles of Clothing in the hands of the makers or people who have bought them up to make a market by monopolizing them, these I have taken wherever they were to be found. I must therefore intreat you Sir to employ people in the same business, and where they find Goods suitable for the Army, if the owners will not part with them, I will engage, by the powers vested in me by Congress, to compell them.
I know not upon what terms the Commissary of Hides has disposed of all that have gone thro' his hands ? But I should suppose in many instances to return wrought leather for them. This should be inquired into, and when the leather is obtained, proper steps should be taken to have it worked up. I am certain that the Hides of the Cattle that are consumed by the Army were returned in leather, they would much more than shoe the soldiers.
In short, it lays with you to set every Engine at work to procure such articles of Clothing as are of our own produce, and to have Agents ready to purchase all that is imported. The Members of the secret Committee must take care to engage what can be imported from abroad. I have wrote to Congress and urged to them the necessity of calling upon each state to collect what Clothing can be obtained among themselves. But I think it highly necessary that you should repair to York Town and press them to delay no time in carrying a matter of this kind into execution, and you may with truth assure them, that unless some mode of this sort is adopted, or they have a certainty of Clothing from abroad, that it will be impossible for the Army to exist. I am &ca.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 12, 1777.
Parole Kensington. Countersigns Lancaster, Marshfield.
The Honorable Continental Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve, concerning the opinion of the Court of enquiry, published in General Orders, the 16th. Ult.relative to General Sullivan.
In Congress--October 20th, 1777.
Resolved--That the result of the Court of enquiry into the expedition of Staten Island, so honorable to the character of General Sullivan is highly pleasing to Congress, and that the opinion of the said court be published in justification of the injured character of that officer.
It appears that some regiments are destitute of necessary cloathing, altho', they have been supplied with full suits allowed by Congress. This must have arisen, at least in part, from the inattention of the officers, in not taking lists of their men's necessaries, examining them weekly, agreeable to General Orders, and calling delinquents to a severe account for what was missing. This, under our circumstances, is a neglect of the worst kind, and most fatal tendency, and demands a speedy and effectual remedy. And altho' the articles delivered the men, beyond the stated allowance, be charged to them, yet, in our situation this does not lessen the evil complained of. The Commander in Chief therefore most seriously, and positively requires, the officers commanding companies, after taking exact lists of their men's necessaries, to examine them critically, once a week, agreeably to the General Orders formerly issued; and if any noncommissioned officer, or soldier, shall sell, willfully destroy, or carelessly lose, any of his necessaries, he is to be severely punished at the discretion of a Court Martial. This is a matter of so very important a nature, the Commander in Chief expects that the officers will pay the most exact attention to it; and that the General Officers, and others commanding brigades will see this order carefully and regularly complied with. It appears also, that many men who go into the hospitals well clad, are in a manner naked when they get well, and cannot return to their regiments 'till new-cloathed. To prevent a continuance of this evil and that the guilty may be known and punished no men henceforward are to be sent to the hospitals, without lists of the companies and regiments they belong to, and of every article of their cloathing; those lists to be signed by the Captains, or officers commanding those Companies, and transmitted to the surgeons of the hospitals to which the sick are sent: And if any men are sent to the hospitals without such lists, the officers sending them shall be punished for their neglect at the discretion of a General Court Martial; And for this end the surgeons of the hospitals are, as soon as possible to send a report of such officers to the Adjutant General. And that the arms and accoutrements of such sick may not be lost, or damaged, they are agreeably to the General Orders lately issued, to be delivered to the regimental Quarter Masters, and by them without delay to the Commissary of military stores, and never carried with the sick to the hospitals.
AFTER ORDERS
The waggons in each brigade which are empty, or can conveniently be emptied, are to parade this evening at such place as the Forage Master General shall direct.
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, 1 OClock P.M., November 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am sorry to find from yours of Yesterday, that the fire of the Enemy had made so great an impression upon the Works of Fort Mifflin, that you thought an evacuation would be necessary. As I have not yet heard that the measure was determined upon, I hope it is not carried into execution. If it is not, it is the unanimous opinion of a Council of General Officers now setting,66 that the Fort be held to the last extremity, and
[Note 66: No record of this council of war is found in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress. It is possible that the council of November 8 continued to sit daily. (See Council of War, Nov. 8, 1777, ante).] to enable the commanding Officer to do this, that you immediately withdraw all the invalids and fatigued Men and fill up their places with the most fresh and robust, and that the troops in Garrison be often exchanged that they may by that mean obtain rest. It seems a settled point, that the Enemy will not Storm, while the Works are kept in tolerable repair and there is an appearance of force upon the Island, and I therefore would have you endeavour to prevail upon the Militia to go over at night, when there is a cessation of firing and work till day light. You may give them the most positive assurances that it is not meant to keep them there against their consent. This would greatly relieve the Continental Troops, and by these means a great deal of work might be done. We are now thinking if there is any possibility of attacking the Enemy in reverse and thereby raising the Seige, if it can be done with any probability of success. Therefore endeavour to hold the Island till the practicability of that measure at least is determined upon. Spare palisadoes and a number of Fascines should be cut and a constant supply sent over to the Island. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
November 12, 1777.
Sir: I last night received your favour of the 10th. instt. and am sorry to find the Enemy's Batteries had played with such success against our Works. Nevertheless, I hope they will not oblige you to evacuate them. They are of the last importance, and I trust will be maintained till the latest extremity. I have written to Genl. Varnum to afford you immediate succour by sending fresh Troops to releive those now in Garrison, and also such numbers of Militia, as he may be able to prevail on to go to your assistance. With these, every exertion should be used for repairing in the night whatever damage the Works may sustain in the day. The Militia are principally designed for this end, and they are to be permitted to return every morning to Red Bank, if such shall be their choice. Genl. Varnum will furnish all the Fascines and palisadoes he can. You may rest assured, I will adopt every means our situation will admit of to give you relief. I am &ca.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, 5 O'Clock P.M., November 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: Since I wrote to you at one OClock this day Yours dated twelve last Night came to hand. This has occasioned an alteration in the sentiments of myself and the council who find it impossible, from your representation, to give timely relief to the Fort. We therefore are now of opinion, that the Cannon and Stores ought immediately to be removed and every thing put into a disposition to remove totally at a minute's warning; but as every day that we can hold even the Island, is so much time gained, I would recommend a party to be left, who might find good Shelter behind the ruined Works, and when they abandon, they should set fire to the Barracks and all remaining buildings. If this was done upon a flood tide, the Enemy could not come out of Schuylkill with Boats to put the fire out, or to intercept the passage of the Garrison. If what works remain could be blown up, or otherways effectually destroyed before evacuation, it would take the Enemy so much more time and labour to make a lodgment upon the Island.
Be pleased to communicate this to Colo. Smith and let him know I received his of Yesterday. I hope his wound is not dangerous. I am &ca.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 12, 1777.
Gentlemen: I have your favr. of the 10th and am only sorry that I did not sooner know my request of Sinking the Frigates had been complied with. The delay of the Resolve of Congress from the time you first applied for their advice, was what led me into a Mistake, and I am obliged to you for the genteel manner in which you excuse me. I am perfectly satisfied with the Measures which you have taken, to secure the Shipping and desire when you have no further occasion for the men that they may be disposed of as directed in my former Letters. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
White Marsh, 12 Miles from Phila., November 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: I shall beg leave to refer you to a Letter of mine which accompanies this, and of equal date, for a general account of our situation and wants. The design of this, is only to inform you, (and with great truth I can do it, strange as it may seem) that the Army which I have had under my immediate command, has not, at any one time since General Howe's Landing at the Head of Elk, been equal in point of numbers to his. In ascertaining this, I do not confine myself to Continental Troops, but comprehend Militia.
The disaffected and Lukewarm in this State, of which unhappily it too much abounds, taking advantage of the distraction in the Government, prevented those vigorous exertions which an invaded State ought to have yielded; and the short term for which their Militia was drawn out, expiring before others could be got in, and before the Maryland Militia (which, by the bye, were few in number, and did not join 'till after the battle of Brandy Wine) came up, our numbers kept nearly at a stand, and I was left to fight two Battles, in Order, if possible, to save Philadelphia, with less numbers than composed the Army of my Antagonist, whilst the World has given us at least double. This, though mortifying in some points of view, I have been obliged to encourage; because, next to being strong, it is best to be thought so by the Enemy, and to this cause principally, I think, is to be attributed the slow movements of General Howe.
How different the case in the Northern department! There the States of New York and New England, resolving to crush Mr. Burgoyne, continued pouring in their Troops, 'till the surrender of that Army; at which time, not less than 14,000 Militia were actually (as I have been informed) in General Gates's Camp,71 and these composed, for the most part, of the best Yeomanry in the Country well armed, and, in many instances, supplied with provisions of their own carrying. Had the same spirit pervaded the People of this and the Neighbouring States, we might before this, have had General Howe nearly in the situation of General Burgoyne, with this difference, that the former would never have been out of reach of his Ships, whilst the latter encreased his danger every step he took, having but one retreat in case of a disaster, and that blocked up by a respectable force.
[Note 71: Gates's return of Oct. 17, 1777, shows a force of 7,716 Continentals and 3,382 militia, a total of 11,098. Burgoyne's return, the same date, shows 2,901 British and 1,792 Hessians, a total of 4,693. Burgoyne in his State of the Expedition gives a Gates return of 18,624 and Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. 6, p. 311, makes the total loss of the British in the entire campaign, counting Bennington and elsewhere, 9,583. Both the Gates and Burgoyne returns are in the Gates Papers in the New York Historical Society.]
My own difficulties, in the course of this Campaign, have been not a little encreased, by the extra aid of Continental Troops which the gloomy prospect of our affairs in the North, immediately after the reduction of Ticonderoga, induced me to spare from this Army: But it is to be hoped, that all will yet end well. If the cause is advanced, indifferent is it to me, where, or in what Quarter it happens. The Winter Season, with the Aid of our Neighbours, may, possibly, bring some important event to pass. I am etc.72
[Note 72: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 13, 1777.
Sir: I was, two days ago, honored with your favors of the 29th and 30th. October. I wish it were in my power to keep up a more regular Correspondence with the different States, but being exceedingly pressed by a variety of Business,73 I am often under the necessity of being deficient in that respect. Since the engagement at Germantown, no material alteration has happened in the situation of the two Armies, Genl. Howe has withdrawn himself close within his lines round Philadelphia, and we have fallen down with the Main Body of the Army to this place about 13 Miles from Philadelphia; our light parties are much nearer and cut off all communication between the Country and City. I am in daily expectation of a Reinforcement from the Northern Army, and General Howe has drawn the principal part of his force from New York. Happy would it be for the liberties of this Country, could a sufficient head of Men be suddenly Collected, to give a fatal Blow to the remainder of her oppressors, now drawn together in such a situation, that it would be impossible to make a retreat after the Delaware is rendered unnavigable by Frost. Since the Enemy took possession
[Note 73: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "and thinking that the intelligence which I transmitted to Congress is communicated by the Delegates to their respective Constituents,"] of Philadelphia their whole attention has been paid to the reduction of Fort Mercer upon the Jersey Shore and Fort Mifflin situated upon a small Island in the Delaware. These two posts defend the Chevaux de frize. In an attack upon the former on the 22d last Month, the Enemy lost Count Donnop and about 400 Men, killed, wounded and prisoners and the following day in an Attack by Water upon Fort Mifflin, the Augusta of 64 Guns took fire and blew up and the Merlin 18, getting on ground; was burnt by her own people. As their land Batteries against Fort Mifflin had long proved ineffectual, we were in hopes that it would bake all their attempts, but a few days ago they opened a new Battery within five hundred yards, the Metal of which was so heavy, that it has demolished the greatest part of our Works and I fear we shall be obliged to evacuate it totally. This will be a great disadvantage to us, as the Enemy will not only get up supplies from their Fleet by means of small Vessels, but they will be enabled to annoy our Fleet which lay above the Chevaux de frize. This I think is a pretty exact state of our Military operations up to this time.
As we have no immediate occasion for Col. Harrison's Regimt. of Artillery, I would advise that they should be innoculated as soon as circumstances will admit and held ready to march, when the service requires them.
The recruiting of our Continental Battalions, is a thing of so much importance, that I wish it were in my Power to point out a mode which will fully Answer the end. To attempt to inlist on the bounty allowed by Congress, is fruitless, as the amazing Sums given for Substitutes in the Militia, induces all those, who would otherwise have gone into the Continental service, to prefer a line in which neither duty or discipline is severe; and in which they have a chance of having the bounty repeated three or four times a year. To this fatal source, is owing the ill success of recruiting from one end of the Continent to the other. In my former letters to you upon this Subject, I mentioned drafting, as the only feasible method left, and I am still of the same opinion, but how to make this expedient, disagreeable in its nature and appearance, relished by the people, I will not undertake to determine. There would be a degree of Severity, in obliging the person on whom the lot should fall, to serve at all events, and if he was allowed to find a Man in his stead, the price which these kind of Substitutes for the War would ask for themselves, would in all probability amount to an enormous Sum. Thus you see, Sir, there are difficulties on all Sides, but I trust, if your Legislature think fit to adopt the plan upon the hint I have dropped, that their wisdom will point out a mode adequate to the end proposed and agreeable to the genius of the people, who are to be the objects of it.
There is another matter of as much importance and no less difficult than the raising of the Soldier, and that is the Cloathing of him. Our importations from abroad are so uncertain from the Number of the Enemy's Cruizers that infest our Coasts that we can Scarcely count upon any Supplies thro' that Channel, and the Stock of Goods that were upon hand are so nearly consumed, that I look with the greatest concern, upon the Sufferings of the Soldiers for the remainder of this year; and as for the next I view them as naked, except Some measures can be fallen upon to collect from the Inhabitants of the different States part of their Stock of Cloathing, which I fear is but Scanty. In this State very great Collections have been and are now making, and I have sent Officers to Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, with the most pressing Letters to the respective Governors, to give what assistance they can in procuring Necessaris for their Troops. Blankets, Shoes and Stockings are most immediately wanted, but Cloathing of any kind would be acceptable at this inclement Season, and more especially as we have the greatest prospect of a Winter Campaign.
I hope you will recommend this warmly to your Assembly, and I am certain that if they would immediately lay a very moderate Assessment upon the different Counties, that enough would soon be procured, without being felt by the inhabitants to make the number of Men, which your State has in the field, comfortable. But all depends upon its being done speedily, or the Season will be past, before the Supply arrives.
The time, for which the original Men of the nine old Virginia Regiments were raised, will expire in February and from that to April; and it is much to be doubted, whether they will reinlist upon the common Bounty, if at all. They will be a loss to the service as they are seasoned soldiers and well acquainted with their duty. The Officers commanding the Regiments, proposed as an inducement to the Men to reinlist, to permit them to go home about Christmas and remain there till March, if your numbers would admit of this, or the situation of the Enemy was suck that we could conveniently withdraw ourselves into winter Quarters. I would chearfully comply with their request, for the sake of engaging the Men again, but I fear they cannot be spared. I mention this, lest your legislature in calculating the number of Men wanting to make up your Quota. should count upon the Men of the nine Regiments before mentioned, thro' inadvertency. I have the Honor etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 13, 1777.
Dear Sir: In my Letter of the 5th. in answer to yours of the 22d. Ulto. I mentioned, that it was not our interest to expedite the passage of the prisoners to England. Upon a review of the matter, I am more and more convinced of the propriety of the observation. The most scrupulous adherence on the part of the Enemy to the Convention of Saratoga, will justify their placing the prisoners in Garrisons, as soon as they arrive in Britain, and will enable the Ministry to send out an equal Number of Troops to reinforce Genl. Howe, or upon any other service against these States. This being the case, policy and a regard to our own Interest, are strongly opposed to our adopting or pursuing any measures to facilitate their embarkation and passage Home, which are not required of us by the Capitulation. If by our exertions these ends are promoted, our generosity will be rewarded, in the arrival of as large a Force, by the end of March or early in April, for the purposes suggested above. These considerations lead me to observe, that it is highly probable, Genl. Burgoyne will apply to you or perhaps to the Council of the State, to dispense with the Articles of Convention, so far as they respect the port for their embarkation, and to change it from Boston to some place in Rhode Island or in the Sound. I know he has received a hint upon the Subject from Genl. Howe. Should such a requisition be made, it ought not to be complied with upon any principles whatever. It cannot be asked as a matter of right, because by the Articles Boston is assigned as the port. It can not be granted as a matter of Favor, because the indulgence will be attended with most obvious and capital disadvantages to us. Besides the delay which will necessarily arise from confining them to Boston, as the place of departure, their Transports in a voyage round at this Season may probably suffer considerable injury and many of them may be blown as far as the West Indies. These considerations and others needless to be added have struck me in so important a point of view, that I have thought it expedient to write you by Express. Captn. Vallancy75 who came with Genl. Burgoyne's dispatches, left this on his return Yesterday morning, and I make no doubt, in a little time after his arrival, Genl. Burgoyne will request the port of embarkation to be altered. Independent of the impolicy of granting the requisition, It appears to me, that none have authority to do it but Congress themselves. I am etc.76
[Note 75: Capt. George Preston Vallancy, of the Sixty-second Foot and assistant quartermaster general, convention troops, British Army.]
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, also in the writing of Harrison, is in the Massachusetts Historical Society. The differences are inconsequential.]
Head Quarters, November 13, 1777.
Sir: I wrote you two Letters yesterday, the first contained positive orders to maintain the Fort on Mud Island at all events; the second, in consequence of subsequent advices from you, gave discretionary powers to evacuate the post, and a Copy of it was sent to guard against miscarriage. I refer you to its contents and repeat that I would have a show of defence kept up, as long as possible, by such a number of Men as you shall judge necessary; the importance of delaying the farther progress of the Enemy and preventing their making a lodgement on the Island, is too obvious to need my insisting upon it. In addition to the perseverance of the Garrison, I think an Enterprise of a more active nature might be carried into execution in concert with a Detachment from the Fleet, I mean a descent upon Province Island for the purpose of spiking the Enemy's Cannon and levelling their Batteries, which would considerably embarrass the Enemy and gain us a great deal of time; this is proposed however, only by way of consulting you upon the subject, you will be best able being on the spot, to judge of the practicability of such a Scheme. Volunteers and picked Men would be most likely to do this Service effectually, and as a stimulus to their courage and exertions, I promise ample Rewards in case of success. I would have Fort Mercer strengthened, as much as circumstances will allow, it may be put in such a condition as to require a greater Sacrifice than the Enemy can afford to make in attempting it. I am &ca.
P.S. present my Compliments to Colo. Smith; the contents of his Letter are fully answered by this to you.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
White Marsh, November 14, 1777.
Sir: I have reason to beleive, that on the return of Captn. Vallancy, who is now on his way to Boston, Genl. Burgoyne will apply to have the place assigned for the embarkation of the prisoners, changed from Boston to Rhode Island or some part of the Sound. I know Genl. Howe has suggested to him an Idea of the sort. I cannot say to whom his application may be. But for the most striking and obvious reasons it should not be complied with. As a matter of right, it cannot be demanded, because Boston is the post assigned by the convention for their departure. As a matter of favor, it cannot be granted, because the indulgence would operate greatly to our prejudice. If they should be allowed to embark at either of the places suggested by Mr. Howe, it will be but a short time before they arrive in Britain, when they will immediately be sent into Garrisons and the Troops now there instantly ordered to join him; or upon some other service against the States.86 But if they are confined to Boston, it is more than probable, that some months will elapse before they can depart. You know the difficulties of a Coasting voyage at this season and that their Transports in going round may suffer greatly and perhaps may be blown as far as the West Indies. I have written to Genl. Heath upon the Subject lest he might on a sudden application consent to the measure. I am persuaded the impropriety would strike you at
[Note 86: "I have never entertained the smallest Idea, that General Burgoyne should be permitted to Change the port of Embarkation, or that the least Variation of the Spirit. and Letter of the Convention, would be indulged to the Troops under his Command. There is no doubt, but the British Regiments upon their Arrival in England, will be Ordered to do Duty there, but The Germans cannot, by the Laws serve in Great Britain, or Ireland. If General Burgoyne has any Sinister design, what I suggested to Congress, in my Letter of the 10th Instant, a Copy of which I conclude your Excellency has received, will be a good Method of delaying, if not finally preventing the Execution of his project."-- Gates to Washington, Nov. 23, 1777. Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers.
In his letter to Congress (November 10) Gates justified his stupid terms to Burgoyne on the absurd grounds that there would be very few British soldiers to embark, as a great many of them had deserted on their march to Boston and that many more would do so; but this was a situation Gates could not possibly have thought of when he signed the convention. Gates advised Congress that it would be justifiable to delay embarking the convention troops "should Sir William Howe still Obstinately refuse to settle an equitable Cartel, for the Exchange of Prisoners." This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] once in case of a requisition, but I thought it expedient nevertheless to apprize you of the probability of such being made. Besides the advantages I have pointed out from their being delayed, there are many more, needless for me to add. I am etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, at White Marsh, November 14, 1777.
Sir: The Congress having been pleased to refer the proceedings and Sentence of a Court Martial against John Moore,88 to my determination, I have thought proper to remit the punishment decreed against him. You will therefore order him to be released from Confinement and to join his Regiment or some Recruits coming to join the same. I have inclosed his pardon. I am etc.89
[Note 88: John More (Moore), a deserter from the Fourth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 90: Geographer and Surveyor General of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 14, 1777.
Sir: I shall be glad to know, by return of the Bearer, whether the portable ovens91 bespoke last Summer are finished. If they are, you may send them down to the Army if you can procure Waggons; if you cannot, let me know and I will order the Qt. Mr. General to send for them.
[Note 91: Bake ovens, which were made of sheet iron.]
Be pleased to let me know when you think you will be able to enter upon any of the duties of the Office which I spoke to you about last Summer.92 I am, etc.93
[Note 92: Erskine answered this letter on November 24, stating that 24 ovens had been delivered to Thomas Mifflin at Pompton and Morristown, and that 4 were sent to New Windsor, N. Y. He reported that he was busy surveying in the Highlands for Governor Clinton and would be ready to take up his duties as surveyor general in April. Erskine's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 14, 1777.
Sir: I am sorry to find, by the tenor of your Letter of the 6th. instant, that we still unhappily differ in our Ideas of those just and reasonable Terms, upon which a General exchange of Prisoners might take place, and that an event, so desireable, is, probably, yet at a distance. This being the case, that relief to the unhappy, where it is practicable, may no longer be delayed, I am induced to accede to your proposition made thro' Lieut. Col. Frazer, "That the Officers who are Prisoners of War, on both sides, should be released, and have Liberty to return among their Friends on Parole." I shall expect your Answer, as soon as possible, upon this Subject, after which I shall immediately give the necessary Orders for the return of your Officers to such places as you appoint. At the same Time I wish, that their exchange may appear to you, as it does to me, the more eligible mode of release. Notwithstanding what I have said, if the interpretation I have given your Letter, does not correspond with your own meaning, and you are disposed to proceed to an Exchange of all the Prisoners in your possession, for an equal number of those in my hands, without regard to the dispute subsisting between us, I shall be happy to adopt the measure. I therefore request an explanation of the third paragraph of your Letter where you say "those at present Prisoners with me are ready to be delivered on the shortest notice, and it rests solely with you to justify me in doing it."
In respect to the charge against Mr. Boudinot, the inclosed paper will shew he has not failed to represent to Mr. Loring, the wants of the Prisoners in our hands. That these may be supplied, I shall upon your application grant passports to such persons (not above the rank of a Regimental Quarter Master) as you may send out with necessaries for them.
You call upon me to redress the Grievances of several of your Officers and Men, who you are pleased to say "you are well informed are most injuriously and unjustifiably loaded with Irons." If there is a single instance of a Prisoner of War being in Irons, I am ignorant of it, nor can I find, on the most minute inquiry, that there is the least foundation for the charge. On the contrary, I have every reason to believe, that your Officers and Men who are prisoners with us, are experiencing a very different Treatment. I wish you to particularize the cases you allude to, that relief may be had if the complaints are well founded, and the character and conduct of the Persons shall not forbid it.
Now we are upon the subject of Grievances, I am constrained to observe, that I have a variety of Accounts, not only from Prisoners who have made their escape, but from persons who have left Philadelphia, that our Private Soldiers in your hands, are treated in a manner shocking to humanity, and that many of them must have perished thro' hunger, had it not been for the charitable contributions of the Inhabitants. It is added in aggravation, that this Treatment is to Oblige them to inlist in the Corps you are raising. The Friends of these unhappy men, call daily upon me for their relief, and the people at large insist on retaliating upon those in our possession. Justice demands it. However before I would proceed to a measure my feelings recoil at, I thought it right to mention the facts to you, and I would propose, that I may be allowed to send a suitable person into the city, under the usual restrictions, to examine into the Truth of them.
I must also remonstrate against the cruel treatment and confinement of our Officers. This I am informed is not only the case of those in Philadelphia, but of many in New York. Whatever plausible pretences may be urged to Authorize the Condition of the Former, It is certain, but few circumstances can arise to justify that of the latter.
I appeal to you to redress these several Wrongs, and you will remember, whatever hardships the Prisoners with us may be subjected to, will be chargeable on you: At the same time it is but justice to observe, that many of the cruelties exercised towards wards Prisoners, are said to proceed from the inhumanity of Mr. Cunningham94 Provost Martial, without your knowledge or approbation. I am etc.
[Note 94: William Cunningham, British provost marshal in New York City.]
P.S. just as I was about to close my Letter, two persons, men of Reputation, came from Philadelphia. I transmit you their Depositions respecting the treatment they received while they were your Prisoners. I will not comment upon the Subject. It is too painful.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. A copy by John Laurens is also in the Washington Papers. The P.S. was added November 15, as the depositions there referred to bear that date. They were those of Joseph Cloyd and William Dewees, jr., and copies of them are in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 152, 5, 517.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 14, 1777.
Parole Bedford. Countersigns Cambridge, Dartmouth.
The Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades who have not completed their cloathing returns, according to the General Orders of the 9th. instant, are to do it without the smallest delay; And all the Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades are to meet together to morrow at ten o'clock in the forenoon, at General Huntington's quarters, to compare the wants of their brigades, and agree on the manner in which the cloathing shall be distributed. The wants of Col. Morgan's Rifle Corps, and others not included in the Brigade Returns, are to be in like manner considered. Mr. Kemper96 the Deputy Clothier General, is to attend the meeting and take the directions of the Board for the present and future distribution. A considerable
[Note 96: Daniel Kemper.] quantity of cloathing being on hand, it is of the highest importance that this order be executed with the greatest punctuality.
The Court of Enquiry held the 11th. instant, whereof Col. Bradley,97 was president, relative to the complaint of Joseph Chambers, late Commissary to Genl. Greene's division, against Col. Josiah Parker, for "Ordering a Serjeant and file of men to whip said Chambers," have made the following report, vizt: "As Colo. Parker owns the fact, the Court after hearing the evidences produced by him, in his defence, are unanimously of opinion, that however negligent the Commissary might have been, in the discharge of the duty of his department, yet Col. Parker was by no means warranted to inflict private punishment upon him; that the punishment was illegal, and his conduct highly reprehensible, as being subversive of good order and regularity."
[Note 97: Col. Philip Burr Bradley, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment.]
Head Quarters, November 15, 1777.
Sir: I have received your Letter of Yesterday inclosing the opinion of Major Thayer99 the present Commandant at Fort Mifflin, respecting the defence of that post, and am happy to find that he and Major Fleury coincide in their Sentiments as to the practicability of maintaining it, in spite of the Enemys Land and Floating Batteries. Their perseverance however, may expose them to falling a Sacrifice in case of an attack by storm, unless the necessary materials be furnished them from your side of the River, for repairing the daily destruction caused by the Enemys Cannon; there should be a never failing supply of Fascines and Palisadoes, large Gabions will be useful, and a quantity of earth loaded in bulk on board of Flats, will be very serviceable in correcting the oozy nature of the Soil on which they are obliged to work, they are likewise in want of Ammunition for their 32 pounder, for which they have been obliged to use the Cartridges of their Eighteen pounders. A stock of fire wood, an indispensible Article at this Season of the year, should be laid in at every convenient opportunity, so that they may not be deficient in it, in case of the Communication between them and the main being interrupted by high wind or bad
[Note 99: Maj. Simeon Thayer, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment. He lost an eye at Monmouth, N. J., in June, 1778, and retired in May, 1781. Lieut, Col. Samuel Smith, who had been in command at Fort Mifflin, had been wounded in the arm and had gone to Woodbury, N. J., to convalesce.] weather. One or two of their Gun Carriages are dismounted, which will require the presence of such Artificers as you can spare. Mr. Fleury seems desirous of retaining the Cannon on the Island, I cannot at this distance decide as to the propriety of suffering them to remain, which must depend intirely upon the State of the works, and the prospect of reestablishing some essential parts of them. Your visit to the Island will inable you to speak decisively upon this and other matters of importance.
Genl. Greene, in a Letter received from him this morning, informs me that the Enemy are attempting to get a Frigate thro the Channel between Hog Island and Province Island, this passage may be rendered impassable for Vessels of a respectable size, by sinking a hulk there, or throwing some other obstruction in the way; it will be proper therefore, that you should have a conference with the Commodore upon this subject immediately and consult with him upon the best means for frustrating the Enemy's designs.
With respect to the enterprise upon Province Island, which I recommended in my last, I must observe, that tho' my expressions gave it a great Latitude and that I proposed the ruin of the Enemy's Works as part of the End in view, yet I should be content, if nothing more could be effected, to have the cannon of those works or any part of them spiked, a resolute body of Volunteers and chosen men, I still think might be employed with success in this undertaking, and tho the time gained by us and the Embarrassment occasioned the Enemy, would not be so considerable as in the other case, Yet it appears to me worth the attempt, especially as by the means of surprise, the Service might be done before the party could be opposed in force, and at all events their retreat is easy.
Genl. Greene, in his Letter, calls the Channel in question the New Channel; [you will be best able to determine which he means. I am in doubt whether it be that between Province Island and Hog Island, or that between the little Island opposite red-bank, and the main.] I am &ca.1
[Note 1: The letter sent, which is in the writing of John Laurens, adds the words between the brackets, which do not appear in the draft.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 15, 1777.
Parole Belfast. Countersigns Cork, Dublin.
Henceforward, and until further orders, the sick are to be sent to Buckingham Meeting house, with a suitable number of orderly men to attend them.
The troops are to be immediately supplied with two days' provisions (exclusive of this day) one of which, at least, is to be cooked. No officer, or soldier, is to be absent from camp, but ready for duty at a minute's warning.
No scouting party, under any pretence whatsoever (unless sent for that purpose) is to seize horses, cattle, or other property belonging to the inhabitants; Under the plea of taking these things within the enemy's lines, great and enormous abuses are committed. An infringement therefore, or disobedience of this order, in either officer or soldier, will be punished with the utmost rigour.
Complaint has been made, of the irregularity (in point of time) with which the horse mount guard: The Commander in Chief expects, they will parade with more punctuality in future: He also desires, that the Colonels of those regiments which have more horses than men, would immediately furnish (by way of loan) the others that are in want of horses, that as many men as possible, may be mounted, and the public not unnecessarily burden'd.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 16, 1777.
Parole Westmoreland. Countersigns Williamsburg, Wilmington.
As large quantities of materials for cartridges have been issued, and a few cartridges returned to the Commissary of military stores; returns are to be made to morrow afternoon by each brigade of the number of cartridges in their possession. These returns are to shew the number in each regiment, how many are in the hands of the soldiers, and where the residue are deposited.
Head Quarters at White Marsh, November 16, 1777.
Sir: In answer to your favour of this date: It remains with Congress alone to accept your Resignation. This being the case, I cannot permit you to leave the Army, till you have obtained their consent. When that is done, I shall not object to your departure, since it is your inclination. I thank you much for your wishes for the liberty of America, and the success of our Arms, and have only to add, that in case you are permitted to return by Congress, you will have my hopes for a favourable passage and a happy meeting with your Family and friends.2 I am etc.
[Note 2: Conway informed Washington that a longer stay in America would endanger his rank and hopes of promotion in France, adding: "Although I Leave the continent, I shall ever cherish the cause for which I fought, and, if the plan I Sent to Congress is accepted. I hope I will serve the cause more effectually in another part of the World." What this plan was does not appear from the records, Indorsed on Conway's letter is a note by Robert Hanson Harrison granting Conway the leave of absence of 10 or 12 days, which he requested. Conway's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Conway had sent in his resignation to Congress on November 14. His letter, which was addressed to Charles Carroll, but intended for Congress, was read on November 24 and bears the significant indorsement: "General Conway to be requested to attend the Board." He was appointed major general and Inspector General of the Continental Army by a resolve of Congress of Dec. 13, 1777. He finally resigned in a letter to Congress dated Apr. 22, 1778, and the resignation was accepted on April 28.]
Head Quarters, November 16, 1777.
Sir: I desire you will immediately set all your people at work to making Fascines, let them be about eight feet in length, about two feet in circumference, tight bound and composed of small wood. I am &ca.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 17, 1777.
Sir: I am sorry to inform you, that Fort Mifflin was evacuated the night before last, after a defence which does credit to the American Arms, and will ever reflect the highest honor upon the Officers and Men of the Garrison. The Works were entirely beat down, every piece of Cannon dismounted, and one of the Enemy's Ships so near, that she threw Grenades into the fort and killed the Men upon the platforms from her tops, before they quitted the Island. This Ship had been cut down for the purpose, and so constructed that she made but a small draft of Water, and was by these means, warped in between Fort Mifflin and the Province Island. Some complaints are made that the Captains of the Gallies did not sufficiently exert themselves to drive this Vessel from her Station, but I shall not determine any thing upon the matter, till a proper inquiry is made
Nothing in the Course of this Campaign, has taken up so much of the attention and consideration of myself and all the General Officers, as the possibility of giving a further relief to Fort Mifflin, than what we had already afforded. Such a Garrison was thrown into it, as has been found by experience, capable of defending it, to the last extremity; and Red Bank, which was deemed essentially necessary not only for the purpose of keeping open the communication, but of annoying the Enemy's Ships and covering our own Fleet, has been possessed by a considerable detachment from this Army. The only remaining and practicable mode of giving relief to the Fort, was, by dislodging the Enemy from Province Island, from whence they kept up an incessent fire: But this, from the Situation of the Ground, was not to be attempted with any degree of safety to the attacking party, without the whole or a considerable part of the Army should be removed to the West Side of Schuylkill, to support and cover it. To account for this, you must be made acquainted with the nature of the ground. In order to have made the attack upon Province Island, the party destined for that Service, (which should have been at least 1500) must have marched clown the Chester Road as far as the Bell Inn, near Derby, and thence, turning towards Delaware, must have proceeded about four Miles further, thro' a neck of land, to the Island. The Enemy have a Bridge at the middle ferry upon Schuylkill, which is but four Miles from the Bell Inn, consequently, by throwing a Body of Men over that Bridge, upon the first discovery of our design, and Marching down to the Bell, they would have effectually cut off our detachment upon their return. It is true, the covering party might have consisted of a less number than the whole Army, but then, those remaining on this side of the River would have been too few, to have been intrusted with all the Artillery and Stores of the Army, within twelve Miles of the Enemy. There were many and very forcible Reasons against a total Remove to the West Side of Schuylkill. Leaving all our Stores at Easton, Bethlehem, and Allen Town uncovered, and abandoning several of our Hospitals within reach of the Enemy first presented themselves. Another, and in my opinion a more weighty reason than either of the preceeding, was the importance of supporting the post at Red Bank, upon which, that of Fort Mifflin in a great measure depended, as thro' it, we sent in Supplies of Men, provision and Ammunition. The Enemy, sensible of this, endeavoured to dislodge us from Red Bank on the 22d last month, which, as Congress have been informed, cost them 400 Men. Now, had our Army been upon the West Side of Schuylkill, they might, without any danger of an attack upon their lines, have thrown over so considerable a force into Jersey, that they might have overpowered the Garrison, and by making themselves masters of it, have reduced Fort Mifflin by famine or want of ammunition. Thus we should, in all probability, have lost both posts by one Stroke. They might also, by taking possession of the fords upon Schuylkill, have rendered the Junction of our northern reinforcements with us a very difficult if not an impracticable matter, and should any accident have happened to them, we should have stood a very poor chance of looking Genl. Howe in the face, thro' the Winter, with an inferior Army. We should finally, have thrown the Army into such a situation, that we must inevitably have drawn on a general Engagement, before our Reinforcements arrived, which, considering our disparity of Numbers, would probably have ended with the most disagreeable Consequences.
It was therefore determined, a few days ago, to wait the arrival of the Reinforcement from the Northward, before any alteration could safely be made in the disposition of the Army, and I was not without hopes, that the Fort would have held out till that time. That we might then have moved without endangering the Stores, I had given orders for the removal of them from the places before mentioned, to Lebanon and other places in Lancaster County, which is, at any rate, more safe and convenient than where they were.
As to keeping possession of Red Bank and thereby still preventing the Enemy from weighing the Chevaux de frize before the Frost obliges their Ships to quit the River, has become a matter of the greatest importance; I have determined to send down Genl. St. Clair, Genl. Knox, and Baron Kalb to take a view of the Ground, and to endeavour to form a Judgment of the most probable means of securing it. They will, at the same time, see how far it is possible for our fleet to keep their Station since the loss of Fort Mifflin, and also make the proper inquiry into the Conduct of the Captains of the Galleys, mentioned in the former part of this letter.
I am informed that it is matter of amazement, and that reflections have been thrown out against this Army, for not being more active and enterprizing than, in the opinion of some, they ought to have been. If the charge is just, the best way to account for it, will be to [refer you to the returns of our Strength and those which I can produce of the Enemy, and to] the inclosed Abstract of the Cloathing now actually wanting for the Army, and then I think the wonder will be, how they keep the field at all, in Tents, at this Season of the Year. What Stock the Cloathier General has to supply this demand, or what are his prospects, he himself will inform you, as I have directed him to go to York Town to lay these matters before Congress. There are besides, most of those in the Hospitals more bare than those in the Field. Many remain there, for want of Cloaths only.
Several General Officers, unable to procure Cloathing in the common line, have employed Agents to purchase up what could be found in different parts of the Country. Genl. Wayne among others has employed Mr. Zantzinger5 of Lancaster, who has purchased to the Amount of, £4500, for which he desires a draft upon the Treasury Board. Inclosed you have copy of his letter. I am not clear whether this application should properly be made to the Treasury or the Cloathier General, who should charge the money to the Regiments for whom the Cloaths are, as so much advanced to them. If the latter should appear the most proper mode, I will order it to be done.
[Note 5: Paul Zantzinger.]
I am anxiously waiting the arrival of the Troops from the Northward, who ought, from the time they have had my orders, to have been here before this. Colo. Hamilton, one of my Aids, is up the North River doing all he can to push them forward, but he writes me that he finds many unaccountable delays thrown in his way. However I am in hopes that many days will not elapse before a Brigade or two at least arrive. [The want of these Troops has embarrassed all my measures exceedingly.]
November 18.
Your dispatches of the 13th and 14th have this Moment come to hand; they shall be attended to and answered in my next. I have the honor to be, etc.6
[Note 6: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. In the draft, also by Tilghman, the words in brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, November 17, 1777.
Gentlemen: You are to proceed with all convenient expedition to Fort Mercer, where, by conferring with Brigadier General Varnum, Commodore Hazlewood and such other Officers as you may think proper to consult, and from your own view of the Ground and River you will investigate the following Points.
You will be particular in making my acknowledgments to those Officers and Men who have distinguished themselves in the defence of the Fort, and assure them that I have a high sense of their gallant conduct.
This is by no means to be understood, Gentlemen, as restraining you to the examination only of the particular points enumerated, which are intended as a memorandum, but you will in conjunction with the Commanding Officers on the spot, make every such arrangement and alteration as shall appear essential. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. (See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. James Mitchell Varnum, Nov. 19, 1777, post.)]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 17, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Some officers yet remaining untried, and many prisoners in the provost, Brigade Courts martial are to be held for trying them without delay.
No pass is to be given to any one to go into Philadelphia, but by the Major General of the day, who will not grant them without due examination, and upon the most reasonable and necessary occasions.
At the request of Colo. Price, a Court of enquiry into his conduct, on sundry occasions, is to set to morrow forenoon at ten o'clock, at the tavern next to Col. Biddle's quarters. All persons who have any objections or complaints to make against him, or know any thing amiss in his past conduct, are desired to appear and declare the same before said court. Colonels Hartley and Humpton, and Lt. Col. Craig are appointed members of this court.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 18, 1777.
Parole Westminster. Countersigns Winchester, Woodbridge.
The Government of the State of Pennsylvania, having appointed Commissioners in each county thereof, to collect blankets and cloathing for the army. All officers sent round in the State for that purpose are, by their commanding officers, to be called in as soon as possible, with what cloathing they have.
Richard Claiborne Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to General Weedon's brigade, and is to be obeyed as such.
AFTER ORDERS
The whole army is immediately to draw provisions, for to morrow and next day, and cook the provisions of one of those days, and get ready to march at the shortest notice.
Head Quarters, 10 O'Clock P.M., November 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: A Body of the Enemy marched last Night from Philadelphia across the Bridge at the Middle Ferry and proceeded to Chester. Their number is variously reported, being from 1500 to 3,000, but I imagine the former is most likely, altho' some people, from the City, think their numbers are much lessened upon their lines. They this day embarked their Horses from Chester on Board Ships and Brigs. This would seem as if they were going away, but in my opinion it is only a feint, and that they intend to cross over to Jersey and pay you a visit. Therefore keep a good look out below, if you do this they cannot surprize you, because they must make a tedious debarkation of their Horses. To all matters contained in yours of yesterday I refer you to the Generals St. Clair, Knox and Kalb, who went down to consult with you and the Commodore. I expect a report from them to govern me in my operations, towards assisting you. If you could get some Countryman to go into Billingsport with a small supply of provisions, he might learn something of their intentions and numbers. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
White Marsh, November 18, 1777.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 7th. Instant should not have remained so long unanswered, but for the uncertainty of Colonel Pickering's acceptance of his new Appointment. He has now determined to do this, which leads me to say, that I am really at a loss to recommend a proper person as a Successor to the Office of Adjutant General. The Gentleman I named to you some time ago will not, you say, answer. I knew but little of him myself, but understood he was well acquainted with the duty, having served much to the satisfaction of General Montgomery (a good judge) in Canada, during his long and severe Campaign in 1775.9
[Note 9: Possibly Lieut. Col. Edward Fleming, of the Third New York Regiment, and deputy adjutant general, New York Department.]
That I might know the sense of the General Officers upon this point of so much importance, that is, whether any of them were acquainted with a person qualified for the discharge of the important duties of this Office I asked them collectively; but they either were not acquainted with a proper person, or did not incline to recommend any one. Colonel Lee,10 who was formerly recommended by Congress to fill this Office; Colonel Wilkinson,11 Major Scull,12 and Colonel Innes13 were separately spoken of. The first is an Active, spirited Man, a good disciplinarian, and being, as he was, disappointed before, by Colonel Pickering's unexpected acceptance of the Office, may possibly look for it now. He writes a good hand, but how correctly, or with what ease, I cannot undertake to say, having had no opportunity of judging. The next Gentleman, Wilkinson, I can say less of, because he has served for the most part in the Northern department. General Gates, I understand, speaks highly of him. He is, I believe, a good Gramatical Scholar, but how diligent I know not. The next, Scull, is a Young Man, but an Old Officer and very highly spoken of, for his knowledge of service, strictness of discipline, diligence and correctness. He early was Brigade Major to General Thompson. The last, Innes, I know nothing more of, than his being a Man of spirit, good Sense and education, and recommended by General Woodford. Thus, Sir, have I, without the least view to serve an Individual, given you the Name of every one that has been mentioned to me, and the Characters of them respectively, as far as they have been delineated.
[Note 10: Col. William Raymond Lee, of an Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in January, 1778.]
[Note 11: Col. James Wilkinson, aide-de-camp to Gates.]
[Note 12: Maj. Peter Scull, of Patton's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in January, 1778; secretary of the Continental Board of War in January, 1779; lost at sea in November, 1779.]
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. James Innes, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment. He retired in September, 1778; Judge Advocate of the Continental Army, July--September, 1782.]
It is a matter of no small moment to the well being of an Army, that the several departments of it should be filled by Men of Ability, integrity and application; and much therefore is it to be wished that you may be fortunate in your choice of Adjutant and Quarter Master Generals to this Army. Wadsworth14 has the reputation of being clever at business. In the Commissary's department he was found active and understanding; but how far he may be qualified for the Chief management of so extensive a department as that of Quarter Master General, I know not. Experience has already evinced, in the Commissarial Line, a change which has embarrassed the movements of this Army exceedingly. I will not charge it to the measures nor the Men, but the time it happened. This, however, with truth, I can say, that we seldom have more than a day or two's Provisions before hand; and often as much behind, both of Meat and Bread. It can be no difficult matter, therefore, under these circumstances, for you, or any other Gentleman, to conceive how much the movements of an Army are clogged and retarded. And now, whilst I am upon this subject, let me add, that I am well convinced that the Salt Provisions necessary for next Year, and which (for want of Salt) can only be had to the Eastward, will not be provided, as the Season is now far advanced, and I have heard of no proper measures being taken to lay them in.
[Note 14: Jeremiah Wadsworth, formerly Deputy Commissary General of Purchases. He became Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army in April, 1778; resigned in January, 1780.]
Have you any late advices from Europe? Is there any good grounds for the report of Russians coming out?15 And is there any expectation of a War between France and Great Britain? If these are Questions which can be answered with properity, I shall be glad of a solution of them, and am etc.16
[Note 15: Great Britain sounded out the Empress of Russia in 1775 as to obtaining Russian mercenaries as were, later, obtained from Hesse-Cassel and other places in Germany; but though Catherine seemed willing at first, she later changed her attitude and all hope of obtaining Russian troops vanished by 1776. The rumor of their coming, however, persisted in America for some time.]
[Note 16: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 14th. I could have wished that the Regiments that I had ordered had come on because I do not like Brigades to be broke by Detachment. The urgency of Colonel Hamilton's Letter was owing to his knowledge of our wants in this Quarter, and to a certainty that there was no danger to be apprehended from New York, if you sent away all the Continental Troops that were then with you and waited to replace them by those expected down the River. I cannot but say that there has been more delay in the march of the Troops than I think necessary and I could wish that in future my orders may be immediately complied with, without arguing upon the propriety of them; if any accident ensues from obeying them, the fault will lie upon me and not upon you.
I have yet heard nothing of Poor's or Paterson's Brigades or of Colo. Charles Webb's Regiment. Learned's Brigade will be at Coryells ferry to night or to morrow, and Lee's and Jackson's Regiments arrived here this day.
Be pleased to inform me particularly of the Corps that have marched and are to march and by what Routes they are directed, that I may know how to dispatch orders to meet them upon the Road if necessary. I am &ca.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, 11 O'Clock P.M., November 19, 1777.
Sir: The Enemy having thrown a considerable part of their force over Delaware, with an intention, as I suppose, of making an attack upon our Fort at Red Bank, Occasions me to reinforce the Garrison and Troops already there, with a large detachment from this Army, in addition to which it is my desire and you are hereby ordered to March by the most convenient Route after receipt of this to join the Continental Army, which may be in the Neighbourhood of Red Bank under command of Major Genl. Greene or any other Officer there commanding, and take his directions with respect to your conduct at that Post. You will take the necessary precaution for the subsistence of your Troops on their march to this place by Detaching Commissaries &ca. to provide for them. Your first Route should be directed to Haddonfield and from thence as circumstances will require. I am &ca.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, November 19, 1777.
Sir: Instead of proceeding to Coryell's Ferry, which I imagine is your intended Route, I desire you will march down, as far as Trenton, and there wait my orders before you cross the River. The moment you receive this, dispatch an Officer to me, to inform me where you are, when you will be at Trenton, and by what Road you will march that I may send orders to meet you. I am etc.
P.S. If this should reach you between Flemingtown and Coryells Ferry, You are not to march towards Trenton, but cross at Coryell's as first intended.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, November 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: In consequences of advices received since I wrote you last night, I have ordered Genl. Huntington to march to your assistance. You will please to direct the detachment that went first down to Fort Mifflin under the command of Colo. Smith, to return to Camp, they are in so much want of necessaries that it is impossible for them to remain longer. Let the Militia that are with you be put in the best order that they can be, I wish they had a good Officer at their Head to arrange them properly. I am &ca.
P.S. It would not be amiss to collect all the Militia you can in the Country adjacent.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 19, 1777.
Dear Sir: The Generals St. Clair, Knox and Kalb returned to Camp this Evening, they are all clear in their opinions that keeping possession of the Jersey Shore at or near Red Bank is of the last importance. I have therefore determined to make such an addition to the Reinforcement that marched this morning under Genl. Huntington, that I am in hopes you will be able to give an effectual check to the force which the Enemy at present have in Jersey. Genl. Greene will take the command of the Reinforcement. Very much will depend upon keeping possession of Fort Mercer, as to reduce it, the Enemy will be obliged to put themselves in a very disagreeable situation to them and advantageous to us, upon a narrow neck of land between two Creeks, with our whole force pressing upon their Rear. Therefore desire Colo. Green to hold it if possible till the relief arrives. All superfluous Stores may be removed if it can be done after this reaches you; that in Case of Accident, as little may fall into the hands of the Enemy as possible. While he holds the fort, it will be necessary for some of the Gallies to lay close under the Bank, to keep the Enemy from making any lodgment under it, and it will also secure your Communication with the Water, which perhaps may be essential, for I do not remember whether there is a Well in the Works. There can be no danger to the Gallies, while we keep the Bank above them, and if we evacuate, if they cannot get off, they may destroy them and put the Men on Shore. I have recommended this, upon a supposition that they will be very serviceable to you, if you do not think they will, you need not keep them.
Altho' I am anxious to have the fort kept, I do not mean that it should be done at all events, so as to endanger the safety of the men without any probability of success. I am &ca.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
[Note 22: Of the Second Massachusetts Regiment, then commanding Brig. Gen. Ebenezer Learned's brigade.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 19, 1777.
Sir: I received yours dated Hardwick the 16th. I have only to desire you to march forward, with all expedition and join me at this place. If you have not left an Officer on whom you can depend to bring on the men left at Goshen, as soon as they are fit for Service, I desire you will send such an one back for that purpose. I am &ca.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 19, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of 15th. Instant, covering the Resolution of a Council of War24 held the preceding day upon the Subject of my Letter of the 13th.
[Note 24: The council held (November 14) on the Chatham galley decided "That on our Forces keeping possession of the Jerseys, depends altogether the preservation of our Fleet and consequently every expectation to be formed from its Manoeuvres in the future." The council thought that if the Jerseys could be held the galleys could find a safe retreat in Timber Creek, from whence they could harass the enemy. The report of the council of war is in the Washington Papers.]
The General Officers who have been sent from here to Examine into and determine upon the Measures to be adopted in that quarter, have, I expect, by this time put things in such a Train, as will be most conducive to the public Interest, and agreeable to the Officers concerned. Should any matter be left undetermined by them, I shall be able from their report to form my opinion thereon and shall immediately communicate it to you; in the mean time I have no doubt but you will afford every assistance in your power to repell any attempt which may be made to clear the Channel or reduce the Fort. Inclosed you have a Letter from Presidt. Wharton25 which he requested might be forwarded to you. I am &ca.26
[Note 25: President Thomas Wharton, of Pennsylvania.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 19, 1777.
Parole Holland. Countersigns Hanover, Hamburg.
The Pennsylvania Field Officers are desired to bring in their old commissions and receive new ones.
All the General Officers are desired to assemble to morrow, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, at Genl. Huntington's quarters, in order to settle the rank of the field officers of Horse, who are to attend this Board of General Officers and exhibit their respective claims.
All arms unfit for service, which are deposited in the several regiments and corps, are to be sent immediately to the Commissary of military stores, who will send them to be repaired.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 20, 1777.
Parole Burlington. Countersigns Bristol, Trenton.
Lieut. John Marshall is, by the Judge Advocate General, appointed Deputy Judge Advocate in the Army of the United States, and is to be respected as such.
James Monroe Esqr. formerly appointed an additional Aide-de-Camp to Major General Lord Stirling, is now appointed Aide-de-Camp to his Lordship, in the room of Major Wilcock27 who resigned on the 20th. of October last, and is to be respected as such.
[Note 27: Maj. William Wilcox.]
Mr William Mountjoy is appointed Pay Master to the 3rd. Virginia regt. and is to be respected as such.
Before the sick are removed, application is always to be made to Doctor Cochran, or other director of the hospitals, for directions, unless the places to which they are to be sent have been previously pointed out in General orders. No more sick are to be sent to Buckingham meeting house.
A General Court Martial of which Lieut. Col. Barber was president, was held the 18th. instant, and proceeded to the trial of Ensign Clement Wood of the 4th. Jersey regiment, charged with "Absenting himself, for upwards of two months, from the regiment, without leave," and also with "Disobedience of orders." The Court determined that Ensign Wood is guilty of the whole charge exhibited against him; that he be dismissed the service; and that he receive pay no longer than the time when he received orders from Lieut. Col. Brearly to join his regiment, which was on the 14th of October 1777. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence, and orders it to be put in execution immediately.
A General Court Martial of which Major General Sullivan was president, was held on the 3rd. instant, and on divers other days, to the 17th instant inclusively, for the trial of Major General Stephen, charged with: "1st Unofficerlike behaviour on the march from the Clove; 2nd Unofficerlike behaviour in the actions at Brandywine and Germantown; 3rd. Drunkenness." The Court declared their opinion and sentence as follows: "The Court having considered the charges against Major General Stephen, are of opinion, that he is guilty of unofficerlike behaviour, in the retreat from Germantown, owing to inattention, or want of judgement; and that he has been frequently intoxicated since in the service, to the prejudice of good order and military discipline; contrary to the 5th. article of the 18th Section of the articles of war. Therefore sentence him to be dismissed the service. The Court find him not guilty of any other crimes he was charged with, and therefore acquit him, as to all others, except the two before mentioned." The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Head Quarters, November 20, 1777.
Sir: Upon receipt of this you are to direct your march towards this Army, and to be as expeditious as possible in forming a junction.
If in consequence of yesterday's orders you should have filed off towards Trenton, continue that Route and give me notice of it by a Messenger, he will probably find me at the Crooked Billet. I am &ca.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1777.
Sir: I yesterday wrote you a Letter with conditional directions relative to your march. Upon receipt of this, you will proceed by the way of Coryells Ferry and join this army, as expeditiously as possible.
If in consequence of the order given yesterday you should have filed off towards Trenton, you may continue that Route, but in that case you will dispatch a Messenger to give me notice of it, I shall probably be found at the Crooked Billet. I am etc.31
Head Quarters at White Marsh, November 21, 1777.
Whereas large supplies of Wheat and Flour are wanted for the use of the Army under my command, You are to repair immediately to the State of Jersey and to use every prudent possible exertion to procure such quantities, as may be necessary for the purpose above mentioned, offering and paying for the same a just and generous price.
It is hoped and expected, that you will find no difficulty in the execution of this business. However, if there should be any holders of these Articles, who from base and sordid principles, demand an exorbitant and unwarrantable price for the same, you are authorized, in case you cannot agree, to take them, giving Certificates for the Quantities you receive, to be paid for, agreeable to the prices and regulations that may be fixed on by the Assembly of the said State.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 21, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 14th. inclosing a letter for the Revd. Mr. Duché.33 I will endeavour to forward it to him, but I imagine it will never be permitted to reach his hands.
[Note 33: Hopkinson's letter to Duché, who was his brother-in-law, is dated November 14 and is printed, in part, in Life and Works of Hopkinson, by George E. Hastings (Chicago, 1926): "Words cannot express the Grief and Consternation that wounded my Soul at the sight of this fatal Performance.... I could go thro' this extraordinary Letter and point out to you the Truth distorted in every leading Part; But the World will doubtless do this with a Severity that must be Daggers to the Sensibilities of your Heart. Read that Letter over again: and, if possible, divest yourself of the Fears and Influences, whatever they were, that induced you to pen it ... you have by a vain and weak Effort attempted the Integrity of one whose Virtue is impregnable to the Assaults of Fear or Flattery; whose Judgment needed not your Information and who, I am sure, would have resigned his Charge the Moment he found it likely to lead him out of the Paths of Virtue and Honour.... And with whom would you have him negotiate. Are they not those who, without the Sanction of any civil, moral or religious Right, have come 3000 Miles to destroy our Peace and Property: to lay waste to your native Country with Fire and Sword and cruelly muther its Inhabitants. Look for their Justice and Honour, in the Gaols of New York and Philada. and in your own Potter's Field. ..."]
I confess to you, that I was not more surprised than concerned at receiving so extraordinary a Letter from Mr. Duché, of whom I had entertained the most favourable opinion, and I am still willing to suppose, that it was rather dictated by his fears than by his real sentiments; but I very much doubt whether the great numbers of respectable Characters, in the State and Army, on whom he has bestowed the most unprovoked and unmerited abuse will ever attribute it to the same Cause, or forgive the Man who has artfully endeavoured to engage me to Sacrifice them to purchase my own safety.
I never intended to have made the letter more public than by laying it before Congress. I thought this a duty which I owed to myself, for had any accident have happened to the Army intrusted to my command, and it had ever afterwards have appeared that such a letter had been wrote to and received by me, might it not have been said that I had betrayed my Country? and would not such a correspondence, if kept a secret, have given good Grounds for the suspicion?
I thank you for the favourable sentiments which you are pleased to express of me, and I hope no act of mine will ever induce you to alter them. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. (See Washington's letter to Francis Hopkinson, Jan. 27, 1778, post.)]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 21, 1777.
Parole Brookfield. Countersigns Springfield, Pomfret.
Those pay-masters of regiments, who have drawn pay for any officers or men in Col. Morgan's Rifle Corps, are immediately to pay the same over to the Pay Master of that corps.
Complaint is made that by the carelessness of the butchers, the hides are greatly damaged in taking them off. The Issuing Commissaries are enjoined duly to inspect the butchers they employ, and see that they take off the hides with proper care.
No women coming out of Philadelphia are to be permitted to pass the first guards, without being told, they cannot return again; if upon being informed of this, they chuse to come out, they are to be allowed to pass the guards into the country. The General of Horse will give this in charge to all the parties and patroles of horse.
The officers of the day report that Sentries from the picquets keep fires by them. This dangerous practice is absolutely forbidden, and all officers of guards are without fail to visit all their sentries between every relief, to see that they are alert, and keep no fires; and in cold and bad weather they are to relieve the sentries every hour. They are also to see that the sentries are well informed of their duty, and to instruct such as are deficient.
Head-Quarters, White Marsh, November 22, 1777.
Parole Chester. Countersigns Danbury, Easton.
The General Court Martial of the line, of which Colonel Grayson is president, is to sit to morrow morning at nine o'clock, at the house where General Huntington quartered, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. An orderly serjeant from each brigade is to attend the court. Lt. Col. Heth,35 Lt. Col. Becker36 and Major Taylor,37 and a captain from each Continental brigade present, are to compose the members of the court.
[Note 35: Lieut. Col. William Herb, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to colonel Apr. 30, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and remained prisoner on parole to the end of the war.]
[Note 36: Lieut. Col. Richard Parker(?), of the Second Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 37: Maj. John(?) Taylor, of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
All the General Officers present in camp are desired to meet at Lord Stirling's quarters, to morrow at 10 o'clock in the forenoon, to settle the ranks of the Field Officers of horse, who are to attend this board and exhibit their respective claims.
The brigades commanded by Generals Paterson and Learned are to form one division under Major General the Baron De-Kalb.
AFTER ORDERS
The Commander in Chief offers a reward of Ten dollars, to any person who shall, by nine o'clock on Monday morning, produce the best substitute for shoes, made of raw hides. The Commissary of hides is to furnish the hides, and the Major General of the day is to judge of the essays, and assign the reward to the best artist.
Col. Martin38 of North Carolina having resigned his Commission, the eldest officer of that corps now present is to command it.
[Note 38: Col. Alexander Martin, of file Second North Carolina Regiment. He resigned Nov. 22, 1777.]
The troops just arrived from the northward, are immediately to have their Cartouch Boxes filled with cartridges. The whole army to have their ammunition in such readiness as to be completed to 40 rounds, at a moment's warning, where they have waggons to secure that quantity from the weather, and officers and men to be in camp, that they may be ready to act on the shortest notice.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of Yesterday afternoon from Burlington. As you have crossed the River, an attack upon the Enemy's Detachment, if it can be made with success, would be a most desirable object. But I must leave the propriety of it entirely to your own judgment. I have heard nothing more of Glover's Brigade than that they were advancing down the Road from Morris Town, I sent an Express to meet them, and to turn them down towards you, but I think you had better dispatch one of your family or an Officer to guide them to you. There are not more than one hundred and Seventy of Morgan's Corps fit to march, as they in general want Shoes, they went Yesterday and will join you I suppose this day. Captn. Lee's Troop are not yet come from the other side of Schuylkill, but they are expected every instant, and will be sent immediately over to you. If you can procure any account that you think may be depended upon, of the Number that the Enemy detached from Philadelphia, I beg you will send it to me. Or if they send any part of their force back, let me know it instantly. I shall be anxious to hear of every movement of you or the Enemy and I therefore wish to have the most constant advices. I am etc.
P.S. I shall order an Express to be stationed at Bristol to bring on your dispatches.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., November 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of this days date;40 it does not appear from any account worthy of credit, that any part of the Detachment which crossed the Delaware under Lord Cornwallis has returned to Philadelphia. I am inclined therefore to wish that you would advance to meet it, as much in force as possible, and that for this purpose, you would use every means to hasten the junction of Glovers Brigade. I am at a loss to account by what mistake Captn. Lee's Troop is not with you, that was originally intended for the Service you mention, as it was esteemed the best calculated for it, as a party of Horse appears so essential, that or some other will be ordered to join you immediately. I am etc.
[Note 40: Greene's plan of intended battle against Cornwallis is in the Washington Papers, under date of November 26. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen, Nathanael Greene or Brig. Gen, James Mitchell Varnum or Jedidiah Huntington, Nov. 28, 1777, post.)]
P.S. By an Officer from Glovers Brigade, I was informed that it reached Morris Town the evening of the 20th. I sent a message by him to urge them forward and have reason to think they are by this time in your Neighbourhood.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, November 22, 1777.
Sir: I have received your favours of 20th. and 21st. Instt. By this express I shall write to Maj. Genl. Greene from whom you will receive your Instructions respecting your operations on that Shore.
I am at a loss to determine upon what principle the powder was strewed over the fort at Red Bank, as I expected that if an Evacuation was found necessary, it might be brought off and if that was impracticable I conceived the best mode of destroying it was to throw it into the River unless it was determined to blow up the works with it, which could never be effected by the mode which was adopted.
As the destruction of the Fort would naturally accompany the idea of being obliged to abandon it, I shall be much disappointed, if I hear it has not been executed. I am &ca.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, November 22, 1777.
Sir: I have this moment received your Letter containing the Proposals of some of the Inhabitants near the Enemy's Lines I will undoubtedly accept their offers of Service provided they give in a list of their names, and engage to be under the absolute command for the time specified of such Officer as I shall appoint; this precaution is necessary, for otherwise they may receive the Public Money without performing the Duty expected of them. I am &ca.43
[Note 43: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1777.
Sir: I am compelled by repeated Complaints of the Inhuman treatment still shewn to the unhappy Prisoners in your hands to call upon you for a clear and explicit answer to my Letter o? the 14th instant. This I shall expect to receive by Monday Evening next. Their sufferings demand immediate redress, and unless, I obtain the most satisfactory Assurances on this Head, duty will constrain me to retaliate instantly, on the Prisoners in my possession. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Nov. 26, 1777, post.)]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1777.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Favors of the 13 and 19 Instant with their Inclosures. I am well assured Congress have not been inattentive to the Necessities of the Army, and that the deficiency in our Supplies, particularly in the Article of cloathing has arisen from the difficulty of importing on account of the Numerous Fleet, which line our Coast. However, I am persuaded that considerable relief might be drawn from the different States, were they to exert themselves properly. This I hope will be the case, as soon as they receive the pressing recommendations of Congress upon the Subject.
It has been the unvaried custom of the Enemy, from the commencement of the present Contest, to try every Artifice and device to delude the People. The Message sent thro' John Brown was calculated for this end.45 I am surprised Mr. Willing46 should suffer himself to be imposed on by such flimsy measures. He knows that there is a plain, obvious way for Genl and Lord Howe to communicate any proposals they wish to make to Congress, without the intervention of a second and third hand. But this would not suit their views. I am sorry that Mr. Brown should have been the Bearer of the Message,
[Note 45: Brown had come out from Philadelphia and traveled through a large part of Pennsylvania before returning to the city. He "is again come out without a flag or pass from any general or officer in the service of the United States, pretending that he is charged with a verbal message to Congress from General Howe." Deeming such conduct "grounds of suspicion that he is employed by the enemy for purposes inimical to these states," Congress ordered his arrest. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Nov. 18, 1777.)]
[Note 46: Thomas Willing.] as from the character I have had of him, he is a worthy, well disposed Man. It has been frequently mentioned, that he had interested himself much in behalf of our Prisoners; and had afforded them every relief and comfort his circumstances would allow him to give.
I have been endeavouring to effect an Exchange of prisoners, from principles of justice and from motives of humanity; but at present I have no prospect of it. Yet Genl. Howe has assured Our Officers, it was his wish, and if it could not be done, that he should readily agree to their release on parole. The Inclosed Copies of my Letters and his Answer will shew Congress what has passed between us upon that subject, and at the same time, that I had remonstrated against the severe and cruel treatment of the Prisoners and proposed the Plan of sending in a Suitable person to inquire into the Facts, before the receipt of their Resolution. Their sufferings, I am persuaded, have been great and shocking to Humanity. (I have called upon Genl. Howe for redress and an explicit answer to my Letter of the 14th. If I do not receive One by to morrow night, with the most positive and satisfactory assurances, that a proper conduct shall be observed towards them in future, we must retaliate. However much we wish to avoid Severity and measures that bears the smallest appearance of rigour, or inhumanity.)
Inclosed you will receive a List of Sundry Officers, who have been cashiered since the Action of the 4th. Ulto. I flatter myself, that these examples, will involve many favorable and beneficial consequences. Besides these there were many more brought to trial who were acquitted. Among them Genl. Maxwell and Genl. Wayne. The former for charges against him while he commanded the Light Troops. The latter for charges against his conduct, in the Attack made on his division in the Night of the 20th of September. The result of the Court of Inquiry against Genl. Wayne, not intirely exempting him from censure in his own Opinion, he requested a Court Martial and upon a full and minute investigation of the charges against him, he was honourably acquitted and in terms of high respect.
I am sorry to inform Congress, that the Enemy are now in possession of All the Water defences. Fort Mifflin and that at Red Bank mutually depended on each Other for support, and the reduction of the former made the tenure of the latter extremely precarious, if not impracticable. After the loss of Fort Mifflin, it was found Red Bank could derive no advantages from the Gallies and Armed Vessels (they could not maintain their Station) and in case of Investiture, the Garrison could have no Supplies, no retreat, nor any hope of relief, but such as might arise from a Superior Force acting without on the rear of the Enemy and dislodging them. Under these circumstances, the Garrison was obliged to evacuate it on the night of the 20th Inst., on the approach of Lord Cornwallis, who had crossed the River from Chester with a Detachment, supposed to be about Two Thousand Men and formed a junction with the Troops lately arrived from New York and those that had been landed before at Billingsport. From Genl. Varnum's Account, I have reason to hope, that we saved Most of the Stores, except a few Heavy Cannon, however I cannot be particular in this instance. I am also to add, from the intelligence I have received, that most, if not All the Armed Vessels have been burnt by our own people, except the Gallies, One Brig and Two Sloops, which are said to have run by the City. How far this might be founded in necessity, I am not able to determine; but I suppose it was done under that Idea and an apprehension of their falling into the Enemy's hands, if they attempted to pass up the River. Upon the first information I had of Lord Cornwallis's movement, I detached Genl Huntington's Brigade to join Genl Varnum and as soon as possible Genl. Greene with his division, hoping that these with Glover's Brigade, which was on the march thro' Jersey and which I directed to file off to the left for the same purpose, and with such Militia as could be collected, would be able to defeat the Enemy's design and to preserve the Fort. But they were so rapid in their advance, that our Troops could not form a junction and arrive in time to succour the Garrison, which obliged them to withdraw. Genl Greene is still in Jersey and when Glover's Brigade joins him, if an Attack can be made on Lord Cornwallis with a prospect of success, I am persuaded it will be done. About a Hundred and Seventy of Morgans Corps are also gone to reinforce him.
Genls. Poor and Paterson with their Brigades and Colo Bailey with Learned's are now in Camp. The last arrived on Friday Evening. The Other two in the course of Yesterday. I have not yet obtained Returns of their strength but from the accounts of the Officers, they will amount in the whole to Twenty three or Twenty four Hundred rank and file. But I find many of them are very deficient in the Articles of Shoes, Stockings, Breeches and Blankets. Besides these, about 350 Men, detachments from Lee's Jackson's and Henley's Regiments, have joined me.
Yesterday Evening the Enemy burnt several Houses in the Neighbourhood of Philadelphia, and they have committed the most wanton spoil in many Others. I have the honor to be etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 23, 1777.
Parole Greenwich. Countersigns Hartford, Leicester.
The Court of enquiry held the 18th. inst: of which Col. Humpton was president, to inquire into the conduct of Col. Price of the 2nd. Maryland regiment report as follows: "The Court after considering the evidences that appeared, are of opinion, that the reports circulating to the prejudice of Col. Thomas Price are without the least foundation."
The General Court Martial of the line ordered to sit to day, is to sit to morrow morning at 9 o'clock, at Genl. Huntington's late quarters.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 24, 1777.
Parole Newbern. Countersigns Norfolk, Oxford.
Information having been given that divers of the late sutlers, and some of the inhabitants have opened tippling houses within and adjacent to the encampment of the army, by which the design of banishing the Sutlers from the army is in a great measure frustrated. The Deputy Quarter Master General is required forthwith, to make diligent inquiry, and examination, for discovering such houses, and suppressing them, and to assure all who are driving this pernicious trade, that if continued any longer, their liquors shall be seized, and they expelled from the neighbourhood of the army, on pain of the severest punishment if they return.
The Legislature of the State of New Jersey, having made provision for supplying their troops with cloaths and blankets; all officers sent thither for the purpose of collecting those articles, are by their commanding officers to be immediately recalled.
Head Quarters, November 24, 1777.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 22d, it gives me great pleasure to find, that your Legislature have undertaken to procure a Quantity of Blankets and other Cloathing by civil Authority which mode ought ever to be adopted instead of the Military. I have given orders to have all the Officers who were vested with powers to collect these Articles to be immediately recalled, except to Colo. Forman for whom you have a letter to that purpose.
I highly approve of the Measures you are taking to put a stop to the illicit Correspondence that is carrying on, between the Inhabitants upon the Sound and New York.48 I am etc.49
[Note 48: A trade carried on from Elizabethtown, N. J., to Staten Island, N. Y., under pretense of obtaining intelligence. Governor Livingston issued warrants for the arrest of the worst of the offenders.]
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 24, 1777.
Dear Sir: If you have not moved from Mount Holly when this comes to hand, I wish you to wait there till you see Colo. Meade, who will set off immediately charged with some important matters which I thought it improper to commit to paper. This however you are to understand under this restriction, that I do not mean to prevent you a moment from prosecuting any object you have immediately in view that promises success.50 I am etc.51
[Note 50: According to Lord Stirling's report to Washington (November 25) on a proposed attack on the British works at Philadelphia, a council of war was held on November 24; no record of it appears to have survived, but its proceedings may be inferred from collateral documents. The question was on the advisability of an attack on Philadelphia and, after discussion, the Commander in Chief requested the opinion of each general officer in writing. These opinions disclosed 10 officers--Greene, Sullivan, Knox, Smallwood, Maxwell, Poor, Paterson, Irvine, Duportail, and Armstrong-- opposed to an attack; and five--Stirling, Wayne, Scott, Woodford, and De Kalb-- favored an attempt. Stirling's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, 8 O'Clock P.M., November 25, 1777.
Dear Sir: Colo. Meade delivered me yours this morning as I was on my way to reconnoitre the Enemy's Lines from the West Side of Schuylkill. I had a full view of their left and found their works much stronger than I had reason to expect from the Accounts I had received. The Enemy have evacuated Carpenters Island and seem to be about doing the same by Province Island. Accounts from the City say Lord Cornwallis was expected back to day or to morrow, which corresponds with the information sent you by Genl. Weedon. All these movements make me suspicious that they mean to collect their whole force while ours is divided, and make an attack on the Army on this side. I therefore desire (except you have a plan or prospect of doing some thing to advantage) that you will rejoin me with your whole force as quick as possible. I have ordered all the Boats down to Burlington to give you dispatch, and when you have crossed, all those not necessary for the common use at the Ferries should be immediately sent up to Coryell's again. Yours of Yesterday that appears to have been written before that sent by Colo. Meade has reached me since I got home. The Hospital at Burlington deserves your consideration; If you leave it uncovered and Lord Cornwallis should detach a party, the patients will certainly be made prisoners, I therefore beg you would endeavour to have them moved, or think of some way of giving them protection by posting some Militia or leaving some other Troops while the Enemy remain in that Quarter. The Hospital at Princeton also will be left naked, if the Enemy should move farther up, you will therefore leave them some cover, if you think there will be occasion. I am etc.
P.S. As leaving a Guard at princeton will still divide our force, if the patients could be removed further from thence, I think it would be far the better. I told Doctr. Shippen when he fixed it there, it would be dangerous.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 25, 1777.
Parole Rutland. Countersigns Stafford, Troy.
For the information of the troops lately arrived, the General Order issued some time since is repeated; That Tattoo is not [to] be beaten in camp.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 26, 1777.
Parole Carlisle. Countersigns Derby, Dover.
If any Gentlemen of the army can give information to the General, of shoes, stockings or leather breeches, in quantities he will be exceedingly obliged to them. He will likewise be obliged to any of the General officers, for recommending proper persons to be employed in collecting these articles.
General Smallwood, and the Colonels of the Maryland regiments are to meet to morrow morning, at nine o'clock, at General Smallwood's quarters, to state, as far as they can, the ranks of all other officers in those regiments, and the dates which their commissions ought to bear. Where there are competitions for rank among the Colonels, they are to state their claims.
The money for the payment of the army for September is expected every moment. The regimental Pay Masters are immediately to make out their Abstracts for the month of October, and deliver them to the Pay Master General for examination. As an alteration in the payment of rations is now under consideration of Congress, it is recommended to the commanding officers of regiments not to add their ration accounts, to the pay rolls, until their determination is known, which will be signified in General Orders. The Pay Master General has complained of the slovenly, careless manner in which some of the captains make out their pay rolls. The regimental Pay Masters are not to receive any but such as are made out fair, and agreeable to the form some time since given out, by the Pay Master General, which the regimental Pay Masters are to furnish such captains with, as have not already received the same.
No regimental Pay Master is to leave the service, without first applying to the Commander in Chief, nor any new pay Master appointed without first obtaining his approbation.
Head Quarters, November 26--27, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday Morning honored with your Favors of the 22d Inst.55 I wish the measures Congress have adopted may effectually suppress the disturbances in the Western Department.56 Should they prove Successful and the Savages and wicked deluded Inhabitants receive a severe check, it is probable they
[Note 55: The letter from the President of Congress is inadvertently dated November 28 in the "President's Letter Book."]
[Note 56: This letter inclosed the resolves of Congress of November 20, appointing three commissioners to repair to Fort Pitt to investigate the frontier troubles, engage the Delawares and Shawanese Indians in the friendship and services of the United States, aid in every military activity, and arrange an expedition against Detroit. Also Washington was requested to send Col. William Crawford to Pittsburgh to act under General Hand.] will not be induced again to take a part against us, or at least for some considerable time. Colo Crawford set out yesterday Evening and will be with Congress, I expect, in the course of Two or three Days to take their Commands.
I was much obliged by the Foreign intelligence you were pleased to transmit me. It is agreeable and interesting and I heartily wish there may be an early declaration of Hostilities between France and Britain. From these advices, things seem to be getting in a proper train for it, and it is not easily to be conceived, that it can be much longer delayed. However, our expectations have not been answered in this instance, and they may yet be held in suspence. The Political reasons that lead to delay, on the part of France, I do not perfectly understand: As to Britain, her honor is lost in the Contest with us, and the most indignant insults will scarcely be able to draw her attention from her present pursuits. The account of Mr. Lee having effected the purposes of his embassy at the Court of Berlin, is of great importance, if it be true. In such case, administration however desirous they may be, will probably be disappointed in their schemes of further mercenary aids against us.57
[Note 57: Arthur Lee's mission to Berlin accomplished little, though he put the best face possible upon it Some of his letters on the subject are printed in Sparks's Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution, 2, 65. 68, 70. 76, 87, 103, and 197. Great Britain's failure to obtain mercenary troops from Russia was due to other causes than Lee's activity, and reenforcements from Germany continued to go to America.]
I must take the liberty to request the decision of Congress on the case of the Nine First raised Virginia Regiments as early as circumstances will permit. If the plan proposed for reinlisting them is Judged expedient, one capital inducement to that end suggested by the Officers, will cease, if it is longer delayed. It is a matter of considerable importance, and of which I wish to be satisfied as soon as possible. I should also be happy in their determination respecting the Marquis de la Fayette. He is more and more solicitous to be in actual service, and is pressing in his applications for a Command. I ventured before, to submit my Sentiments upon the measure, and I still fear a refusal will not only induce him to return in disgust, but may involve some unfavorable consequences. There are now some vacant Divisions in the Army, to one of which he may be appointed, if it should be the pleasure of Congress.
I am convinced he possesses a large share of that Military ardor, which generally characterises the Nobility of his Country. He went to Jersey with Genl Greene and I find he has not been inactive there. This you will perceive by the following Extract from a letter just received from Genl Greene.
The Marquis with about 400 Militia and the Rifle Corps, attacked the Enemie's Picket last Evening, killed about 20, wounded many more and took about 20 Prisoners. The Marquis is charmed with the spirited behaviour of the Militia and Rifle Corps. They drove the Enemy above half a Mile and kept the ground untill dark. The Enemys Picket consisted of about 300 and were reinforced during the skirmish. The Marquis is determined to be in the way of danger.58
[Note 58: Greene's letter, dated Nov, 26, 1777, from which this extract was taken, is in the Washington Papers.]
By a Letter from Genl. Howe to General Burgoyne which passed thro' my hands, he hinted that liberty might probably be granted for the Prisoners to embark at Rhode Island or some part of the sound. This Indulgence appearing to me inadmissible, I immediately wrote to Genl. Heath to prevent him giving the least countenance to the measure in case it should be requested, and also to the Council of Massachusetts State and Genl. Gates, lest he should extend his applications to them. The reasons I am persuaded will at once occur to Congress for my conduct in this instance, as well as Genl. Howe's; and I have been induced to mention it here on a supposition that Genl. Burgoyne may address them on the subject. If the embarkation is confined to Boston, it is likely that it will not take place before some time in the Spring, or at least till towards the end of February, whereas if it were allowed at either of the other places, it might be made this Month or the beginning of next and the Troops arrive in Britain by the Month of January. A circumstance of great importance to us, as the moment they get there, the most scrupulous and virtuous observance of the Convention, will Justify the Ministry in placing them in Garrison and sending others out to reinforce Genl. Howe, or upon any other expedition they may think proper to undertake against us. Besides, compelling their Transports to perform a long coasting voyage, at a tempestuous season, may bring on the loss of many and be the means of deferring the embarkation for a long time.
I must request you to transmit me a Number of blank Commissions as soon as you have an opportunity to do it. There are several vacancies yet to fill, and the officers entitled to them are anxious to be appointed. The Commissions I want should be under your signature and not Mr. Hancock's. I mention this, lest you should send any of the latter that might remain. Those signed by you will be competent to all cases. Those by Mr. Hancock only to such as happened during his Presidency and of those I now have some.
November 27.
Inclosed you will receive a Copy of Genl. Howe's Letter in answer to mine of the 14th and 23d which only came to hand last night, and at an Instant when I was giving the Commissary of Prisoners instructions, forthwith to confine a number of the Officers in our hands and to put the Privates under very different restrictions from those they have been used to. I am in hopes the treatment of ours will be much better in future. Mr. Boudinot will immediately take Measures for releasing the Officers on Parole that we may releive an equal number of ours. I should have been happy to have effected a Genl. Exchange or a partial one, but Genl. Howe will not upon any terms but those he has ever insisted upon.
The Enemy have got up several of their Ships to the City. It is likely they have found a passage through the Chevaux de frize or they may have removed one of them. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Camp at White Marsh 12 miles from Philadelphia,
November 26, 1777.
Dear Brother: Your letters of the 26th. of Octr. and 7th. inst. have come safe to hand; by the last it would appear that a letter which I wrote you about the 18th. of October had not reached you, which I am exceeding sorry for as, to the best of my recollection I wrote you very fully on the posture of our affairs, and should be exceedingly concerned if it should have fallen into the hands of the Enemy, or some disaffected rascal, who would make an improper use of it. In that letter which upon second thoughts I put under cover to Col. Lewis,60 open, as I had not time to write two, that he might also be apprized of our situation. I enclosed one to my sister, thanking her for the nice and elegant stockings she was obliging enough to send me, accompanied by an affectionate letter written I think in June; but which with the Stockings, never got to my hands till about the 15th. of last month. If those letters of mine to you and her, have miscarried which I shall be exceedingly sorry for; I shall be obliged to you now to thank my sister for the present, and
[Note 60: Col. Fielding Lewis.] assure her that I shall set great store by them, and will wear them for her sake.
Red Bank or Fort Mercer being little more than an aid to Fort Mifflin was evacuated about 4 days ago, upon a large body of troops being thrown over the river for the purpose of reducing it. So soon as I got information of the design, I also detached pretty largely in hopes of saving the Fort; but the Enemy having a small distance to go, and great convenience of crossing, whilst we were deficient in the latter, and had a circuitous rout to march by: it was found impracticable; and now I have only to lament my having made the detachments, as by intelligence, the Enemy are recrossing to Philadelphia, and may in our divided state fall upon us with their whole force; which would not gibe well with our present circumstances. I have however ordered them back with all possible expedition, and shall look for them in a couple of days. When they arrive, with the assistance of some of the Northern Troops, which have joined us within these few days from Genl. Gates, we shall be on a more respectable footing, than we have been the whole campaign: but unfortunately, before this junction happened the Enemy had fortified themselves so strongly that it is now impossible to attack them with the least hopes of success. They have also by removing the obstructions in the river, got up their shipping to the City and of consequence their provisions, stores &c., had the reinforcement from the Northward arrived but ten days sooner it would I think have put it in my power to have saved Fort Mifflin which defended the Cheveaux de Frieze, and consequently have rendered Philadelphia a very ineligable situation for them this winter. They have also received a reinforcement from New York, but not quite so large I believe as ours. With truth I believe I may add, that till within these few days, I have never (notwithstanding the numbers given me by the world, and which it was not my interest to contradict) had as many Men in the field, under my immediate command, as Genl. Howe has had under his; although we have fought him twice, and prevented him hitherto from obtaining other advantages than that of possessing himself of the City; which but for the eclat it is attended with, brings no solid advantage to their arms. The Militia which have been called upon in aid of our Troops; (Continental I mean) have come out in such a manner, that before you could get a second class of them, the first were always gone; by which means although the sound of them was great; you never could increase your real numbers, and strength.
The attack upon Red Bank, als. Fort Mercer, sometime ago, followed by the loss of at least 400 Hessians killed and wounded with their leader Count Donop, as also the burning of the Augusta Man of War of 64 Guns, and the Merlin Sloop of 18, is true. Indeed the number of Men lost at the Attack of Fort Mercer is said to be much more than 400. That many we are sure of. At different times during the siege of Fort Mifflin they lost many men. The above ships however were not destroyed by either Fire Rafts, or our Galleys. The first took fire by accident, and blew up. The other getting aground and apprehending danger from the explosion of the Augusta, was set fire to by the crew and abandoned, both these things though happened during the attack on the Fort.
My love attends my sister, the young married couple, and the rest of your family. My Compliments to all friends; and with sincere regard I am, etc.
P.S. I expect part of the Troops which I sent to Jerseys, back tonight, and the residue in a day or two.61
[Note 61: The text is from a recent copy in the Washington Papers]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 27, 1777.
Sir: I was duly favored with yours of the 11th Inst. The inattention of the Officers to the dress of their Men has been, I believe, one principal Cause of their present bareness and want of Cloathing. I have repeatedly given positive orders, that such a list of necessaries as you call a Rag Roll, should be kept and the Articles Weekly inspected; but that like too many other wholesome Regulations, has generally passed unnoticed and until the Officers are taught, by a course of regular discipline. to pay strict obedience to General Orders, many things must and will remain undone that ought to be done; for it is impossible for me to see them carried into execution personally. That I am endeavouring to reform the Army, will appear by the great number of severe sentences of Courts Martial that have lately passed. But I very much fear, that many valuable Officers will leave the service at the end of the Campaign; some, because the excessive high price of every Article of life, renders it impossible to live upon their pay alone, and others, on account of that lavish distribution of high military Rank to persons upon the Staff of the Army, which sets them above their duty and makes a Man of Spirit look upon any Commission under the degree of a field Officer with Contempt. Altho' as I have before said, great fault is to be laid upon the Carelessness of the Officers, yet allowance is to be made for the ordinary quality of a great deal of the Cloathing. I assure you many of the Regiments have fairly worn out their Uniforms, and that is the Reason why Suits are again called for, for those who have been supplied before.
We shall never proceed regularly in the Cloathing of our Men until we have a sufficient Stock to deliver out their yearly allowance at one time. They will then perhaps take more care of what they get, as they will know, that anything further, will certainly be deducted from their pay. But at present it is difficult to determine, whether many of them have or have not had the quantity allowed by Congress.
I can only hope that time and experience, which brings all things to perfection will at length have the desired effect upon the Manners of our Army. I can only say, that no exertions of Mine have or shall be wanting to forward this work. I am &ca.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 27, 1777.
Parole Glocester. Countersigns Bedford, Berwick.
A detachment of 300 men are to parade to morrow morning on the Grade-parade, precisely at half past three o'clock in the morning. Col. David Hall,64 Lt. Col. Craig65 and Major Tyler66 are appointed Field Officers for the detachment.
[Note 64: Of the Delaware regiment. He was wounded at Germantown, Pa.; later was Governor of Delaware.]
[Note 65: Lieut. Col. Thomas(?) Craig, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 66: Maj. John Steel Tyler, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment, He resigned in March, 1779; served subsequently as lieutenant colonel of Massachusetts Militia.]
Twelve light dragoons are to go on the same command, and to repair this evening to Col. Biddle's quarters.
AFTER ORDERS
A detachment of 100 men to be under the command of Capt. McLane, are to parade tomorrow morning at sun-rise, on the grand parade, with one or two days provisions and boxes full of ammunition. They will be absent from camp one week, near the enemy's lines, and are to go prepared accordingly.
Head-Quarters, White Marsh, November 28, 1777.
Parole Annapolis. Countersigns Boston, Charlestown.
At a General Court Martial held the 24th. instant, of which Col. Grayson was president, Major Ross,67 charged with "Leaving his arms in the field, in the action of the 4th. of October near Germantown," was tried, and acquitted with the highest honor. The Commander in Chief approves the court's judgment. Major Ross is released from his arrest.
[Note 67: Maj. David Ross, of Grayson's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in December, 1777.]
The General Court Martial of which Col. Grayson is president, is to sit to morrow morning, at the tavern next to Col. Biddle's quarters.
AFTER ORDERS
Such of the troops as are not already furnished with cooked provisions for to morrow, are to draw and cook them to night. At day break a cannon will be fired as a signal for the whole army to parade, ready to march. When the whole are completely formed, they may ground their arms,68 but be ready to take them up again at a minute's warning. If it should rain or snow the men are not to parade.
[Note 68: Lay the arms on the ground, in front of them.]
Lord Sterling's division is to parade at one o'clock in the morning.
Head Quarters, November 28, 1777.
Sir: In Answer to your Letter of the ... instant,70 which came to hand on Wednesday Evening, I am to inform you, that I accede to the proposition contained therein, and have directed measures to be immediately taken for releasing all your Officers upon the Condition you mention. At the same time, I wish that a more extensive relief had been agreeable to you.
[Note 70: Howe's letter was dated November and is filed in the Washington Papers at the end of that month, 1777.]
I have sent Mr. Boudinot to examine into the State and Wants of the Prisoners, who are in Philadelphia, and request that he may obtain your permission for the same. He will also have an Opportunity of agreeing with your Commissary, upon the form and terms of Parole for the Officers to be mutually released, which I presume, may not be improper in order to prevent any misunderstanding on that head.
Passports shall be granted for the Commissaries or Quarter Masters you may appoint to carry supplies to the Prisoners in our hands, when you chuse to apply for them. Two will only be necessary; one for the Person assigned to go to the East. ward, the other for the Officer having supplies for the Prisoners in Pensylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Mr. Boudinot will also inform your commissary, of the proportion of Prisoners in each Quarter.
When Major Stockdon71 was first captured, I believe that he and one or two Officers taken with him, suffered the Treatment which you mention. This was without my privity or consent; as soon as I was apprized of it, relief was ordered. But surely this Event, which happened so long ago, will not Authorize the charges in your Letter of the 6th. In a word, I shall be happy, as I ever have been, to render the situation of all Prisoners in my hands as comfortable as I can; and nothing will induce me to depart from this rule, but a contrary line of Conduct to those in your possession. Captivity of itself is sufficiently greivious, and it is cruel to add to its distresses. I am etc.72
[Note 71: Maj. Richard W. Stockton, of Brig. Gen. Cortlandt Skinner's New Jersey Volunteers, British provincial troops. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Feb. 20, 1777, ante.)]
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; a copy by John Laurens is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: The inclosed remonstrance was laid before me by Colo. Drake and Mr. Hunt Commissioners appointed in the County of West Chester to take care of all Forage and property exposed to the depredations of the Enemy, and also Commissioners of Sequestration to dispose of the personal property of those who have fled to or joined the Enemy.
They complain, that parties from your Army frequently take property which they pretend is going to, or is within reach of the Enemy and make sale of it for their own benefit, pretending they do it by Virtue of a General order issued by me in Jersey last Spring.
That they may be under no misapprehension of that order in future I now declare that it was only meant to extend to such property as shall be actually taken from the Enemy by force of Arms, which I directed to be divided among the Captors as an encouragement to them.
I therefore desire that for the future all property of what kind soever, that shall be removed from the Neighbourhood of the Enemy's lines, whether it belong to persons well or ill affected, shall be delivered to the Commissioners appointed by the State, to be by them disposed of in such manner as they shall think proper. If the Army is in want of the forage or provision so removed or taken, the Commissaries or Quarter Master are to purchase it of the Commissioners. This will entirely quiet the Inhabitants who upon the plan that has lately been adopted, find the Army their oppressors instead of protectors. I am &ca.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, 7 O'Clock P.M., November 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: Captn. Duplessis has just delivered me yours of this morning from Burlington. Every account from Philadelphia confirms the report that the Enemy mean to make a speedy move. I shall not be disappointed if they come out this night or very early in the morning. You will therefore push forward the Rear Brigades with all possible expedition, and the moment that the Troops and Baggage have all passed, let the Boats be instantly sent up the River to Coryells ferry; for one part of my information is, that the Enemy are preparing to send Boats up the Delaware, and it cannot be for any other purpose, than to destroy the remainder of our Water Craft. I shall be glad that you would come on immediately upon the receipt of this, and send word back to the Brigadiers to hasten their march. I am &ca.
P.S. If Genl. Green should not be found, Genl. Varnum or Huntington will be pleased to do what is directed above. And send word to the Captains of the Gallies to fall lower down the River to meet any Boats that may be coming up to annoy the passage of the Troops or Baggage.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 29, 1777.
Gentn.: I am favored with yours of the 20th. I see no reason for changing my former opinion, in respect to Sinking the frigates to insure their safety. If they are weighed again and converted into Barracks for the seamen, they must be brought near the Shore and when the frost sets in, they cannot be sunk, should the Enemy approach at such time. I however leave the matter to your judgment.
The Hulls of the Vessels will be all that are necessary for Barracks, if you should determine to put them to that use. The Sails, Rigging and all other stores of them and the Vessels that have been burn't, should be removed to some distance from the Water Side. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 29, 1777.
Parole Kensington. Countersigns Newtown, Princeton.
The officers commanding regiments are to see, that their men's arms are put in the best order possible; and of the loaded ones, such as can be drawn, are to be drawn, and the others discharged the first fair day, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon; but to prevent the waste of lead, the men of each regiment, or brigade, are to discharge their pieces, into a bank of earth, from whence the lead may be taken again.
A court of enquiry is to sit to morrow morning at nine o'clock, at Col. Gist's quarters, to enquire into the conduct of Capt. Edward Scull of the 4th. Pennsylvania regiment in "Ordering the Pay Master of that regiment to pay Capt. Weitz76 a sum of money, for a purpose suggested to be unwarrantable." Col. Gist is appointed president of this court. Lieut. Col. Barber77 and Major Ross are to be members.
[Note 76: Capt. Gaspar Weitzel(?), formerly of Miles's Rifle Regiment.]
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Francis Barber, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. He was wounded at Monmouth, N.J., in June, 1778; at Newtown, N.Y., in August, 1779; and at Yorktown, Va., in October, 1781; colonel of the Second New Jersey Regiment in January, 1783; accidentally killed by a failing tree in February, 1783.]
Col. Spencer is appointed president, and Major Bayard and a Captain of Col. Lee's regiment members, of a Court of enquiry to sit to morrow morning at ten o'clock, at the president's quarters to inquire into the conduct of Lieut. Reynolds of Col. Malcom's regt: for "Abusing Daniel Messerly Esqr. and other persons on the 2nd. of last August," as exhibited in their depositions.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, November 30, 1777.
Parole Northampton. Countersigns Greenland, Portsmouth.
On the 25th of November instant, the Honorable Continental Congress passed the following resolve, vizt:
Resolved. That General Washington be directed to publish in General orders, that Congress will speedily take into consideration the merits of such officers as have distinguished themselves by their intrepidity and their attention to the health and discipline of their men; and adopt such regulations as shall tend to introduce order and good discipline into the army, and to render the situation of the officers and soldiery, with respect to cloathing and other necessaries, more eligible than it has hitherto been.
Forasmuch as it is the indispensible duty of all men, to adore the superintending providence of Almighty God; to acknowledge with gratitude their obligations to him for benefits received, and to implore such further blessings as they stand in need of; and it having pleased him in his abundant mercy, not only to continue to us the innumerable bounties of his common providence, but also, to smile upon us in the prosecution of a just and necessary war, for the defence of our unalienable rights and liberties.78
[Note 78: This preliminary statement was taken from the resolve of Congress of November 1 recommending the States to set apart a day of Thanksgiving. It was to Washington on November 7 and answered by him on November 10.]
It is therefore recommended by Congress, that Thursday the 18th. day of December next be set apart for Solemn Thanksgiving and Praise; that at one time, and with one voice, the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts, and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine benefactor; and that, together with their sincere acknowledgements and offerings they may join the penitent confession of their sins; and supplications for such further blessings as they stand in need of. The Chaplains will properly notice this recommendation, that the day of thanksgiving may be duly observed in the army, agreeably to the intentions of Congress.
AFTER ORDERS
The whole army are to be under arms to morrow morning, at five o'clock, if it should not rain or snow. Lord Stirling's division are to lay upon their arms and be ready to turn out at a minute's warning.
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, November 30, 1777.
Dear Sir: There are such variety of applications constantly, for matters that concern your Department, that I find it absolutely necessary you should be with the Army. This you may now do without any public inconvenience, as you have no store of goods by you to draw your attention. I therefore desire you may repair immediately to Head Quarters, and endeavour to form and fall upon some plan, in concert with the Officers from the different States, for the more effectual supply of their Troops. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November ... , 1777.
By virtue of the powers vested in me by the Honorable Congress I hereby Authorize ... to collect all such Blankets, Shoes, Stocking and other Clothing suitable to the use of the Army, within the Counties of ... in the State of Pennsylvania, as the Inhabitants can spare without greatly distressing their Families. In doing this you are to take care, that, the unfriendly Quakers and others notoriously disaffected to the cause of American Liberty do not escape your Vigilance. You are to give Certificates to the Inhabitants of the Quantity and Value of each Species you receive from them, directed to James Mease Esqr. Clothier General at Lancaster of which you are to keep an exact entry; And at the End of this Service you are to make an exact return of each Certificate to the Clothier General and another to me. Whatever Blankets and Clothing you may collect, is to be sent, with an account of it, to the Commanding Officer of the Brigade you belong to.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Lord Stirling.]
[Note 81: Cols. Theodorick Bland, Mordecai Gist, Josias Carvil Hall, Thomas Hartley, and Robert Lawson; Lieut. Col. James Innis and Majs. John Taylor and Henry Miller signed a letter to the Commander in Chief, inclosing a 10-page opinion on the "proposed New Establishment and regulations of the Army," which is filed with the above Remarks in the Washington Papers. A rejoinder of the field officers to Washington's "Remarks," dated by Washington, November, 1777, is also filed in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
November, 1777.
To abolish Colonial distinctions, however desirable it may be, is next to impossible. Great pains in the early part of this war was used, in vain, to do this; but even in the New England States, where the Sentiments, and customs of the People have an exact semilarity, it was found impracticable.
The new modeling of the Army, and reducing supernumerary officers is a very desirable matter, and ought, if possible, to take place; but quaere, would not such a total change in our military system, as is proposed, occasion too great a convulsion? would not the number of rejected Officers promote discontent and disorder among the common Soldiery? nay even Mutiny and desertion.
The allowance of Land to the disbanded Officers may be proper enough, but will not half pay be attended with enormous expence? and would not this, and allowing half pay to the Officers of reduced regiments at the end of the War, add such weight to a debt already, and probably will be, of such magnitude, as to sink the Colonies under the load of it; and give great disgust to the people at large?
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 1, 1777.
Sir: On Saturday I had the Honor to receive your Favor of the 26th Ulto. with its Inclosures.
The Resolve of the 25th, I have published in Orders,82 agreeable to directions, and shall be happy, if Congress can fall upon measures to render the situation of the Officers and Soldiery more eligible, than what it now is. At present it is truly distressing, and unless some means can be devised to support them more comfortably, we shall have to apprehend the most alarming consequences. The Officers, or at least a large proportion of them, as well as the Men, are in a most disagreable condition as to Cloathing, and without any certain prospect of relief; And what is still more painful, if perchance they have an Opportunity of purchasing, which is seldom the case, they have the Mortification to find themselves totally incompetent to it, from the depreciation of our Money and the exorbitant price demanded for All Articles in this way. This is the source of great uneasiness, of indifference to the Service and of repeated, I may say daily, applications to leave it, and these too, by as good Officers as are in the American line. In respect to promotions for merit and intrepidity, I would beg leave to observe, that tho' these are proper considerations to found them upon, yet they should be made with the greatest caution and attention, and only in cases of the most eminent and distinguish'd services.
[Note 82: See General Orders, Nov. 30, 1776, ante.] Every promotion or rise out of the common course cannot fail to excite uneasiness in a greater or lesser degree, and Nothing will reconcile them to the Army at large and particularly the Officers more immediately affected by them, but where the causes are known and acknowledged. This I mention from my wishes to promote the Public interest; from my knowing that Harmony is essential to this end, and from no other motives whatever.
Before the receipt of your Favor, I do not recollect to have heard of John Limper's case. His Brother has not been with me; As soon as he arrives, I shall give directions for him to be released from his present confinement and to be forwarded to Cecil County.
I have nothing material to inform you of. Lord Cornwallis and the Detachment under his command, mentioned in my last, returned from Jersey on Thursday. We had reason to expect an Attack since from our advices from the City, but have been disappointed. Genl Greene has also joined me, with all the Troops that were with him, except Huntington's Brigade, which will be in to day. I have the honor to be etc.83
[Note 83: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 1, 1777.
Parole Durham. Countersigns Brunswick, Amboy.
Mr. Robert Duncan is appointed Paymaster to the fourth North Carolina regiment, and is to be respected as such.
A General Court Martial is to sit to morrow at 9 o'clock in the morning at the tavern next to Col. Biddle's quarters, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. Col. Ogden is appointed president of this court. Lieut. Cols. Simms, Wallace and Major North and a captain from the 1st. and 2nd. Pennsylv: Maxwell's, Conway's, Woodford's, Scott's, Poor's, Paterson's, and Learned's brigades are to be members of the court.
The Officers are to make out their Muster Rolls to the first of December, immediately. The term of time, which the men inlisted for, is to be inserted in every muster roll. The non-effectives are not to be inserted a second time.
Officers must pay strict attention to the orders issued respecting this part of their duty.
Head Quarters, White-Marsh, December 2, 1777.
Parole Chatham. Countersigns Camden, Burke.
Returns are to be made early to morrow morning of all officers and men in the several brigades and corps, who have not had the small pox.
Every colonel, or officer commanding a regiment, or corps, is to make an immediate return, to the Pay Master General, of every pay mr. that has belonged to, or done duty as such, in any regiment or corps, the place of their abode, and the time when they left the service.
AFTER ORDERS
Whenever the Alarm is given, by the firing of three cannon, the whole baggage and provisions of the army, tents included, are to be put into the waggons, and immediately marched off the following roads. The right wing of both lines by the North Wales road, and the road by Edge's mill, and to proceed to the 24th. milestone on those roads, unless further order is received. The left wing of both lines by the two roads which lead from the left of the army into the old York Road, at the 13th--15th Milestones, and to proceed to the 24th. milestone, or until further orders.
Whether the alarm guns be fired or not, the whole army is to be under arms at their respective alarm posts at day light to morrow morning, and the lines properly formed by the Major General in their respective commands.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: The importance of the North River in the present contest and the necessity of defending it, are Subjects which have been so frequently and so fully discussed and are so well understood, that it is unnecessary to enlarge upon them. These facts at once appear, when it is considered that it runs thro' a whole State; That it is the only passage by which the Enemy from New York or any part of our Coast, can ever hope to Cooperate with an Army that may come from Canada; That the possession of it is indispensibly essential to preserve the Communication between the Eastern, Middle and Southern States; And further, that upon its security, in a great measure, depend our chief supplies of Flour for the subsistence of such Forces as we may have occasion for, in the course of the War, either in the Eastern or Northern Departments, or in the Country lying high up on the west side of it. These facts are familiar to all, they are familiar to you. I therefore request you in the most urgent terms, to turn your most serious and active attention to this very and infinitely important object. Seize the present opportunity and employ your whole force and all the means in your power for erecting and compleating, as far as it shall be possible, such works and obstructions as may be necessary to defend and secure the River against any future attempts of the Enemy. You will consult Govr. Clinton, Genl. Parsons and the French Engineer Colo. La Radiere, upon the occasion. By gaining the passage, you know the Enemy have already laid waste and destroyed all the Houses, Mills and Towns accessible to them. Unless proper measures are taken to prevent them, they will renew their Ravages in the Spring, or as soon as the season will admit, and perhaps Albany the only Town in the State of any importance remaining in our hands, may undergo a like fate and a general Havock and devastation take place.
To prevent these Evils, therefore, I shall expect that you will exert every nerve and employ your Whole force in future, while and whenever it is practicable, in constructing and forwarding the proper works and means of defence. They must not be kept out on command and acting in Detachments to cover the Country below, which is a consideration infinitely less important and interesting. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, December 2, 1777.
Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 23d Novemr. and am glad to find that you were upon your guard against any attempt of Genl. Burgoyne to endeavour to change the place of embarkation. No Transports have yet sailed from the Delaware for the purpose of carrying the Troops to Europe, nor do I hear that any have gone from New York. I can only attribute this delay to want of provision for the Voyage. Bread we know is exceedingly scarce among them.
By Resolve of Congress of the 5th. Novemr. (Copy of which I perceive by the Resolve itself has been transmitted to you) you are directed, with a certain part of the northern Army and the assistance of the Militia of New York and the Eastern States, to attempt the recovery of the posts upon the North River from the Enemy, and to put them, if recovered, in the best posture of defence. The Enemy having themselves vacated Forts Montgomery and Clinton while the Resolve was in agitation, but of which the Congress could not at the time be informed, the first part falls of course; but the last deserves our most serious attention, as upon the possession of the North River depends the security of all the upper part of the Government of New York and the communication between the Eastern, middle and southern States. It is also the Quarter in which the Enemy will probably attempt a diversion in the Spring, as, from the small force remaining in Canada, there is not a possibility of their doing any thing on that side till very late in the Campaign, if at all.
My not having heard from you, what Steps you have taken towards carrying the Resolve, for repairing the old Works or building new, into execution, or when you might be expected down into that part of the Country, has made me hitherto delay recalling Genl. Putnam from the command. But I beg leave to urge to you the necessity of your presence in that quarter as speedily as possible for I fear few or no measures have yet been taken towards putting matters in a proper train for carrying on these important Works.
Genl. George Clinton will necessarily be employed in the affairs of his Government, but I have wrote to him for, and I am certain he will call for and contribute all the Aid that the State of New York can possibly afford. You are vested by the Resolve of Congress to demand a proportionable Share of Assistance from the Eastern States.
I observe, by a paragraph in the Fishkill paper of some days later date than your Letter, that the Enemy had evacuated Ticonderoga, and Independence. If this should have happened, it will not only releive your attention from that object, but it will enable you to draw the Force which you might have intended to watch the operations of the Enemy in that quarter, lower down the River.
Lieutt. Colo. Willet, who was here a few days ago, mentioned that Gansevoort's Regiment was at Fort Schuyler, and Van Schaicks at Schenectady. He seemed of opinion, from his knowledge of that Country, and from the disposition of the Indians since your success to the Northward, that a much less Garrison than the whole of Gansevoorts Regiment would be Sufficient for Fort Schuyler, and that the remainder of that and Van Schaicks might be brought down the Country. Your own knowledge and Judgment will undoubtedly point out the propriety or safety of such a measure. I barely mention Colo. Willets opinion of the matter.
You must be so well convinced of the importance of the North River, that nothing more need be said to induce you to set about the security of it with the greatest vigour. I some time ago sent up Lt. Colo. La Radiere to Fishkill to assist in carrying on the Works; but if he, with the Gentlemen who was before with you, should not be sufficient, I can send up another who I beleive is a Master of his profession.
Genl. Howe has withdrawn himself close within his lines, which extend from the upper Ferry upon Schuylkill to Kensington upon Delaware. They consist of a Chain of strong Redoubts, connected by Abattis. We have reconnoitered them well, but find it impossible to attack them while defended by a forcefully equal to our own in Continental Troops. The Reinforcement from New York unluckily arriving before ours from the Northward, it was out of my power to afford adequate relief to Fort Mifflin, which fell after a most gallant defence of seven Weeks. The Works upon the Jersey Shore, which were not tenable, after the Reduction of Fort Mifflin, were evacuated, as it would have been impossible to have supported the Garrison there. We have not yet determined upon a position for the Army during the Winter. That Situation will undoubtedly be most eligible, which will afford best cover to the Troops, and will at the same time cut off the Enemy from Resources of provisions, which they may probably stand in need of, when the Navigation of Delaware is obstructed by the Ice. I am &ca.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft varies in a few minor verbal particulars from the letter sent.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, December 2, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have this day received your favour of 28th. Ulto. and can only say it gives me concern that your Excursion to Staten Island was not attended with success equal to your expectation which, from the Plan you had formed, and the secrecy with which you expected to have executed it, I suppose was pretty Sanguine; but experience shews us that the most trifling incidents will frustrate the best concerted schemes, and as Mr. Skinner had notice of your approach, I think you may be satisfied with the small loss you sustained and the Capture you made.89
[Note 89: General Dickinson's foray on Staten Island was made with about 1,400 men early in the morning of November 27. The British received word of the intended surprise and retreated within their fortifications. Dickinson captured a few prisoners, killed a few of the enemy, and made good his retreat, with small loss, after staying eight hours on the island. His letter of November 28 is in the Washington Papers.]
It is highly agreeable to me, that you are coming towards the Delaware with the Detachment you mention and am certain it will be in your power to afford much greater protection to the State by having a pretty considerable body of Men stationed at Mount Holly, than in any other part of it; As I conceive that a small party will be sufficient, under the present Circumstances, to defend it against Incursions from Staten Island.
Having found that Lord Cornwallis had returned from the Jersey with his Troops, and having advice that they intended a General Stroke at this Army (which I thought not improbable) I was under the necessity of withdrawing the Continental Forces from your side the River. I am &ca.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
December 3, 1777.
Sir: I wish to recall your attention to the important matter recommended to your consideration sometime ago; namely, the advisability of a Winters Campaign, and practicability of an attempt upon Philadelphia with the aid of a considerable body of Militia, to be assembled at an appointed time and place, particular reasons urge me to request your Sentiments on this matter by the Morning, and I shall expect to receive them accordingly [in writing] by that time.91 I am, etc.92
[Note 91: The opinions received in answer to this circular are dated December 3 and 4 and were practically unanimous against a winter campaign and an attack on Philadelphia. Two or three opinions were indecisive, and many of them branched off into a reconsideration of the question of winter quarters.]
[Note 92: The words in brackets are in an unknown hand. The circular sent to Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne is in the writing of John Fitzgerald and is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 3, 1777.
Dear Sir: The importance of the North River in the present contest and the necessity of defending It, are Subjects so well understood and so familiar to you, that it is needless for me to enlarge upon them. I therefore only mean to mention that no exertions can be too great to render it secure against any future attempts of the Enemy, and that the present opportunity should be improved to effect it, as far as it may be practicable. There cannot remain a doubt, but that the Enemy, as soon as the Spring opens, or the condition of the River after the Winter's frost will permit, will attempt to gain possession of it, to prosecute their favourite plans of ruin and of devastation. [unless the most vigorous efforts are adopted to prevent them] Under these Ideas, I must beg, my Dr. Sir, that you will turn your attention to this infinitely important Object, and by your advice and assistance promote and forward, as much as possible, such Works and Obstructions as shall be essential to render it perfectly secure. I wish to be favoured with your sentiments upon the subject, and that you will give them with freedom and without reserve, as to the present management, or of any difficulties that may have occurred to prevent you from interfering.
Genl. Gates was directed by Congress to turn his views to this matter, but from some proceedings that have just come to hand, he may be employed in the Board of War, if it shall be his choice. Should this be the case, nothing would be more pleasing to me, and I am convinced more advancive of the Interest of the States, than for you to take the chief direction and super-intendance of this business; and I shall be happy, if the Affairs of Government will permit you. If they will, you may rest assured, no aid in my power to afford you shall be withheld, and there are no Impediments on the score of delicacy or superior command, that shall not be removed. I am etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The phrase in brackets is in the draft, which is also in Harrison's writing, but not in the letter sent.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head-Quarters, White Marsh, December 3, 1777.
Parole Portugal. Countersigns Falmouth, Derby.
At a General Court martial whereof Col. Grayson was president, held the 26th, 27th, 28th and 29th of Nov. last, Major Howard94 appeared before the court, charged with "1st. Wounding
[Note 94: Maj. John Eager Howard, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was lieutenant colonel of file Fifth Maryland Regiment in March, 1778; voted a medal by Congress for his conduct at Cowpens, S.C.; wounded at Eutaw Springs, S.C.; retired in April, 1783.] Capt. Lieut. Duffey95 with his sword. 2nd. Abetting a riot in camp, and 3rd, In the front of his men (at his request assembled) attempting the life of Capt. Duffey with a loaded firelock, and fixed bayonet, being utterly subversive to good order and military discipline." The Court having considered the charges and the evidence are of opinion that Major Howard did not intentionally wound Capt. Duffey, and therefore acquit him of the first charge. Upon the second charge, they are of opinion, that however justifiable the motives were, by which Major Howard was at first actuated his conduct in the end was such as tended rather to promote than suppress a riot. They therefore sentence him to be reprimanded in General Orders. With respect to the 3rd. charge the Court are of opinion that it is not supported by evidence, and therefore do acquit him of the said charge.
[Note 95: Capt.-Lieut. Patrick Duffey, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was promoted captain in February, 1778; dismissed in October, 1781.]
Capt. Duffey appeared before the court, charged with "1st. Aiding and abetting a riot. 2nd. Assaulting and abusing Major Howard in the execution of his office." The Court having considered the first charge and the evidence, are of opinion that Capt. Duffey behaved with a warmth, which tended to produce a riot, and do sentence him to be reprimanded in General Orders. Upon the second charge they are of opinion that Major Howard, when Capt. Duffey struck him, had deviated from the line of his duty, and consequently was not in the execution of his office. They do therefore acquit Capt. Duffey of the second charge.
The foregoing opinions are approved by the Commander in Chief, and the sentences of reprimand appear to be pronounced with great justness, on an impropriety of conduct unbecoming the character of officers, whose duty it is to suppress all riot and tumult, and to set examples of moderation, decency and order.
The officers and men of the company raised by the late Capt. Calderwood,96 are to be annexed to Capt. Niven's97 Company, in Col. Malcom's regiment.
[Note 96: Capt. James Calderwood, of an independent Pennsylvania company. He died in September, 1777, of wounds received at the Battle of Brandywine.]
[Note 97: Capt. Daniel Niven. He became captain of Sappers and Miners in April, 1779 captain of Engineers in March, 1780; served to close of the war.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 4, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The troops are constantly to have one day's provision's on hand, ready cooked. The officers are to pay particular attention to this, and consider it as a standing rule, that if they are suddenly called to arms the men may not be distressed.
Major General, The Marquis La Fayette is to take the command of the division lately commanded by General Stephen.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 6, 1777.
Parole Bennington. Countersigns Bedford, Bethlehem.
The Commissary General says he has put six day's provisions into the hands of the division and brigade Commissaries; if therefore the troops want provisions, it must be the fault of the latter; and this want will be attended with such pernicious consequences, that no excuse will be admitted in behalf of any Commissary who fails supplying his division or brigade, but a severe example will be made of him.
The troops are to ground their arms at their alarm posts; and as soon as possible, draw and cook their provisions for to day and to morrow, and immediately set about making the best provision they can of wood and huts for to night.
The officers commanding brigades, and corps, are again called upon, to bring back from the baggage, sent off yesterday, every man who has cloathing and shoes sufficient to enable him to do duty. And to prevent the strolling and loss of men, the commanding Officer of every corps is to see, that the rolls are called every two hours, and to know where every man is.
The Q. M. Genl. has stores to supply such brigades as want them. The Brigade Qr. Masters, and all to whom any are issued, are to be accountable, respectively, to those of whom they receive them.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 8, 1777.
Parole Lexington. Countersigns Bunker Hill, Stillwater.
The Commander in Chief returns his warmest thanks to Col. Morgan, and the officers and men of his intrepid corps, for their gallant behaviour in the several skirmishes with the enemy yesterday.99 He hopes the most spirited conduct will distinguish the whole army, and gain them a just title to the praises of their country, and the glory due to brave men. They will remember, that they are engaged in the cause of humanity and of freedom, and that the period is probably at hand, when, by their noble and generous exertions, the Liberties and Independence of America shall be firmly established.
[Note 99: Howe maneuvered in front of Washington's lines at Whitemarsh from December 5 to 8, and several skirmishes of greater or less intensity took place. On the 8th the British marched back to Philadelphia and went into quarters for the winter. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Dec. 10, 1777, post.)]
The General with pleasure has been informed that the Militia of Maryland under Colonel Gist,1 shewed in yesterday's skirmishes a spirit becoming freemen, and which claims his sincere acknowledgements.
[Note 1: The militia acting under Col. Mordecai Gist, of the Third Maryland Regiment.]
The enemy remaining quiet, the officers are to be particularly attentive that the men draw and cook their provisions, that they may be ever ready for service.
Head Quarters, White-Marsh, December 9, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The tents are near the bridge, on the Skippack road, and so many are to be immediately sent for and pitched, as are necessary for officers and men that have not huts, that will keep themselves and their arms dry. But the General earnestly recommends that no more tents be pitched than are absolutely necessary to shelter the troops. Neither officers nor men are to be absent from camp upon any pretence whatever.
A Captain and two Subalterns are wanted for the Corps of Invalids2 commanded by Col Lewis Nicola. Officers disabled in the service, so as to be unfit for field duty, who are desirous of engaging in that corps, upon being properly recommended, will receive commissions therefor.
[Note 2: The Invalid Corps was established by a resolve of Congress of Apr. 22, 1777. Col, Lewis Nicola commanded the corps, which performed valuable service in furnishing guards during the remainder of the war.]
The General Court Martial, of which Colonel Ogden is president, is to sit at the usual place, to morrow morning, at nine o'clock. If any of the members are sick or absent, the Brigade Majors are to warn other officers of the same rank in their stead. An orderly serjeant from each division to attend the court.
An Orderly Serjeant from each brigade is to attend constantly at Head Quarters.
Brigade returns are to be made to the Adjutant General to morrow morning, at 9 o'clock, of all the sick in camp, and in private houses, about the country, and of the number of waggons necessary to transport them to the hospitals; but the surgeons are to return none for waggons, who are able to march, when their packs are carried for them, otherwise from the scarcity of waggons, some of the sick will be left in camp. Each brigadier, or officer commanding a brigade, will see that his surgeons duly comply with this order. When these returns are made, the surgeons will apply to Dr. McKnight, at Colonel Biddle's quarters for waggons. One careful officer from each brigade, is to be sent with the sick of the brigade to see them properly taken care of on their way to the hospitals. Three days' provisions are to be sent with the sick. The Convalescents 'tis supposed will be sufficient to wait on the sick.
Each officer commanding [a] brigade is to make a return to morrow at orderly time of their killed, wounded and missing since General Howe's late march from Philadelphia, and if any during that time, lost to a sense of duty, have infamously deserted, their names are to be added to the same returns.
Head Qurs., White Marsh, December 10, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor to inform you, that in the course of last Week from a variety of intelligence I had reason to expect that General Howe was preparing to give us a general Action. Accordingly on Thursday night he moved from the City with all his Force, except a very inconsiderable part left in his Lines and Redoubts, and appeared the next Morning on Chesnut Hill, in front of, and about three miles distant from our Right wing. As soon as their possition was discovered, the Pennsylvania Militia were ordered from our Right to skirmish with their Light, advanced parties, and I am sorry to mention, that Brigadr. Genl. Irvine, who led them on, had the misfortune to be wounded and to be made prisoner. Nothing more occurred on that day. On Friday night the Enemy changed their Ground and moved to our left within a mile of our line, where they remained quiet and advantageously posted the whole of the next day. On Sunday they inclined still further to our left, and from every appearance, there was reason to apprehend they were determined on an Action. In this movement their advanced and flanking parties were warmly attacked by Colo. Morgan and his Corps, and also by the Maryland Militia under Colo. Gist. Their loss I cannot ascertain, but I am informed it was considerable, having regard to the number of the Corps who engaged them. About Sun set, after various marches and countermarches they halted, and I still supposed from their disposition and preceding Manoeuvres, that they would attack us in the Night or early the next morning, but in this I was mistaken. On Monday afternoon, they began to move again and instead of advancing filed off from their Right, and the first certain account that I could obtain of their intentions was, that they were in full March towards Philadelphia by Two or Three Routes. I immediately detached light parties after them to fall upon their Rear, but they were not able to come up with them. The Enemy's loss, as I have observed, I cannot ascertain. One account from the City is, that Five hundred wounded had been sent in; Another is that Eighty two Waggons had gone in with Men in this situation. These I fear are both exaggerated and not to be depended upon. We lost Twenty Seven Men in Morgans Corps in killed and wounded, besides Major Morris,4 a Brave and gallant Officer, who is among the latter. Of the Maryland Militia, there were also Sixteen or Seventeen wounded. I have not received further Returns yet. I sincerely wish, that they had made an Attack; the Issue in all probability, from the disposition of our Troops and the strong situation of our Camp, would have been fortunate and happy. At the same time I must add that reason, prudence, and every principle of policy, forbad us quitting our post to attack them. Nothing but Success would have justified the measure, and this could not be expected from their position.
[Note 4: Maj. Joseph Morris, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
The constant attention and watching I was obliged to give the Enemy's movements, would not allow me to write before, and this I believe was the less material, as I have reason to think your Committee,5 who were in Camp most of the time, and
[Note 5: On November 28 Congress unanimously resolved that a committee of three be appointed to repair to headquarters and "in a private confidential consultation with General Washington, to consider of the best and most practicable means for carrying on a winter's campaign with vigour and success, an object which Congres has much at heart." After conferring with the Commander in Chief the committee came to the "determination" that an assault upon Philadelphia was inadvisable; that no militia reenforcements of any consequence were to be relied upon; that the proper method of reenforcing the Army should be determined by Congress and that the Army should go into winter quarters at such place as would "afford supplies of provision, Wood Water and Forage, be secure from a surprise and best calculated for covering the Country from the Ravages of the Enemy, and prevent their collecting Recruits and supplies for their Army, as well as afford comfortable Quarters for the Officers and Soldiers."
A copy of this determination was inclosed in a letter (December 10) from the committee to Washington and discloses that the committee conferred with the Commander in Chief and a council of the general officers before coming to the foregoing determination. In that letter the committee noted that "Among the many reasons offered against a Winters Campaign we were sorry to observe one of the most prevalent was a general discontent in the Army and especially among the Officers. These discontents are ascribed to various causes and we doubt not many of them are well founded and deserve particular attention, and in the course of the present Winter, will be taken into consideration by Congress, and we hope effectually remedied. That a reform may take place in the army, and proper discipline be introduced, we wish to see the Military placed on such a footing as may make a Commisison a desirable object to the Officer, and his Rank preserved from degradation and contempt; for these purposes we intend to recommend to Congress: That an half pay establishment be formed and adopted in the American Service. That a pensionary establishment take place in favour of Officers' Widows. That a New regulation of Rank, confining it as far as possible to the line of the Army be adopted. That an equitable mode of paying for back rations be ordered. Should these several regulations be approved and established by Congress (and we have reason to suppose they will) We trust the prevailing discontents will subside and a Spirit of emulation, take place among the Gentlemen of the Army to promote the public service and introduce that order and discipline amongst the Troops so essential to the Military Character. As a further inducement the Committe have it also in Contemplation to propose in Congress that the Officers be permitted to dispose of their Commissions under such regulations as may render the measure eligible." A further determination of the committee was that the Army needed to be reenforced "before the intended Enterprise" against Philadelphia "can be carried into execution."
The committee's letter with a copy of its "determination" is in the Washington Papers.] who are now here, transmitted an Account of such Occurrences, as they deemed important in any degree. The first cause too, Sir, and my Engagements with the Committee previous to the coming out of the Enemy, will, I trust, sufficiently apologize for my not acknowledging before, the honor of your favors of the 30th Ulto. and 1st Inst. which came to hand in due order and time. I am &ca.6
[Note 6: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 10, 1777.
Sir: I was honored with yours of the 22d Ulto. on Wednesday last; but the Situation, which the Army has since been in, has prevented me from answering it before. Genl Howe had been for some time preparing for a move, which every account from the City, informed me was intended against this Army. On thursday Evening he advanced as far as Chesnut Hill and in the Morning he appeared upon the Heights about three Miles in our front. There was a small Skirmish between the Enemy's advanced Corps and the Pennsylvania Militia, in which Brigr. General Irvine of that State was unfortunately wounded, thrown from his Horse and taken Prisoner. Having reconnoitred our Situation all that day, and I suppose not liking the appearance of our right Wing, they moved on Friday night about three miles to our left. They lay still on saturday, and on sunday about noon intelligence was brought that they were in full March towards our Camp. As soon as they began to move Colo. Morgan with the light Corps under his Command and the Maryland Militia attacked their right flank, and I am informed did them a good deal of damage, considering the Number of Men that engaged. About sunset they halted again, their left wing being about one Mile from our line. From this Manoevre I expected an Attack in the Night, or by day break and made disposition accordingly. On Monday Afternoon they began to move, but instead of advancing, they filed off from their right, and the first Certain Account, that I could obtain of their intentions was that they were in full March towards Philadelphia; I immediately dispatched light parties after them, but such was the rapidity of their movement, that they could not even come up with their rear.
I am pleased to hear of the Arrival of Cloathing in Virginia,7 which tho' not very great will be very acceptable, as far as it will go. I beg that whatever you can spare may be immediately sent forward to the Head Quarters of the Army, where ever that may be, and I have no doubt but we can get the Cloaths more readily made up by the Taylors of the Army, than you can in the Country. I observe that there is a small Supply of Cloth, Suitable for the Officers. I should be extremely glad if that could be sent up for the use of those who remain in the Field and not delivered out to those, who under various pretences will find means to winter at home. I hope the Gentlemen, who are appointed in your State to make a Collection of Cloathing for your Troops will exert themselves; for altho' large quantities are ordered from Europe, the arrival is so
[Note 7: In one of Beaumarchais's ships at Portsmouth, Va. Thomas Nelson, jr., in a letter (November 21) informed Washington of this arrival. Nelson's letter is in the Washington Papers.] precarious, that we ought by no means to put a dependence upon a Supply thro' that Channel.
As I have not yet seen the Director General of the Hospitals since the Receipt of your Letter, I cannot say, what may be his wants in the medicinal way, but I dare to say a Supply of any of the Capital Articles will be very acceptable to him. I expect him here in a day or two, when you shall, hear further from him, or me upon the Subject. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 10, 1777.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 21st. Ulto. on Wednesday last; but such has been the Situation of the two Armies since, that I have not had an opportunity of answering it before this time.
Genl. Howe had been for several days making great preparations for a move, which they did not scruple to say was intended against this Army, threatning to drive us beyond the mountains. On Thursday Evening last they marched out and took post in the morning upon Chesnut Hill, three miles in our Front. In the Evening they shifted their Ground to our left, from which I thought they meant an attack upon that quarter. But after manoevering about us for some days, they suddenly decamped on Monday afternoon and marched back to Philada., in the most hasty manner. I detached light parties after them, but they were not able to come up with them.
I hope the exertions of our Friends in your House of assembly will be attended with the desired effect. Unless we can fill our Regiments against the next Campaign, I very much fear that all our past labours will have been in vain, for unless a War with France should divert the attention of Great Britain, I am convinced she will strain every nerve to make up for the disappointments and losses of this Campaign. And altho, from many of our late accounts, it should seem as if a War was inevitable, we ought not to count upon that score, but make our preparations as if we were to depend solely upon our own Bottoms.
The question you ask respecting the strength of our Army is of so important a nature, that altho I have the fullest confidence in you, I dare not trust the particulars to paper for fear of accidents. Thus much I can assure you, that our numbers have been always much exaggerated and that the Enemy have constantly exceeded our Continental Force. The Battalions of the other States are in point of deficiency much upon a footing with yours and you may judge from thence, how much we stand in need of Recruits.
The Officers who commanded at Red Bank and Fort Mifflin were Colo. Green of Rhode Island and Lt. Colo. Smith of Maryland. They did all that brave men could do, but the posts at length fell, being over powered by dint of superior force. They however confess that the long and unexpected opposition which they received broke in upon their plans for the remainder of the Campaign. I am &ca.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, White Marsh, December 10, 1777.
Parole Worcester. Countersigns Rutland, Salisbury.
The army to march at four o'clock in the morning from the right.10 A Subaltern from each regiment and a Captain from each brigade, under the command of a Field Officer from the
[Note 10: By order of Washington the general officers drew up a plan of the order of march from Whitemarsh across the Schuylkill River, and this plan, signed by Maj. Gen. John Sullivan for the officers, is filed in the Washington Papers under date of December 10.] line, are to assemble at General Knox's quarters in the morning and remain 'till the Army moves off the ground, and then see that all stragglers in the camp, and its environs, are collected and marched after it. They are also to see that no baggage, entrenching tools or other articles are left, or that they are secured under proper guards taken from the Pennsylvania Militia, by application to the commanding officer thereof.
Head Quarters, White Marsh, December 11, 1777.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving yours of the 1st Instant some days since; but the Situation, which the Army has been in, must apologize for my not Answering it sooner. Genl. Howe, after making great preparations, and threatning to drive us beyond the Mountains, came out with his whole force last thursday Evening, and, after manoeuvering round us till the Monday following, decamped very hastily, and marched back to Philadelphia.
In my opinion, trying the Officers, taken by General Dickinson on Staten Island, for High Treason, may prove a dangerous expedient. It is true they left the state after such an offence was declared treason; but, as they had not taken the Oaths, nor had entered into our Service, it will be said they had a right to choose their side. Again, by the same rule that we try them, may not the Enemy try any natural born subject of Great Britain, taken in Arms in our Service. We have a great number of them; and I, therefore, think we had better submit to the Necessity of treating a few individuals, who may really deserve a severer fate, as Prisoners of War, than run the Risque of giving an opening for retaliation upon the Europeans in our Service.11
[Note 11: The names of these officers were not given in Livingston's letter (December 1) to Washington. Livingston mentioned that Putnam was to have made an attack on New York at the same time that Dickinson moved against Staten Island, "but I cannot learn that the Old Gentleman has bore any part in the Concert. L fear Sir there are Newcombs in your Army as well as in our Militia." Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.] I am pleased to hear that your Assembly are in so good a disposition to regulate the price of Necessaries for the Army. I could wish that they would not forget to regulate the prices of Country produce, which the Commissaries tell me has risen to so exorbitant a rate, that there is no purchasing a single Article from the Farmers. I am &ca.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 12, 1777.
Dear Sir: In answer to your favour of to day, I cannot think Princeton, under the present situation of affairs, by any means a proper place for the sick. Should they remain there they would be liable to be taken. At the same time, I do not wish you to precipitate their removal in such a manner as to endanger them. In respect to the Hospitals at Easton and Bethlehem, I also am of opinion that they should be removed: But these, as their situation is not so dangerous, may be deferred till the last. We must keep the Sick always in the Rear of the Army, or they will be subject to captivity. As to Colo. Nichola and his Corps I shall have no objection to their being at the Hospitals, if there is no Resolution of Congress assigning them to other duty, Colo. Nichola will know if this is the case. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Sweede's Ford, December 12, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A careful subaltern from each brigade is to repair this day to the last encampment of the army, to collect and take care of the sick and conduct them to Reading. These officers are to apply to the Regimental Surgeons for information where to find the sick of their brigades. Every motive of duty and humanity requires the most exact attention to this order. Drs. Draper and Campbell, at Mr. West's will give assistance to the subalterns.
The Commander in Chief, with great pleasure, expresses his approbation, of the behaviour of the Pennsylvania Militia yesterday, under Genl. Potter, in the vigorous opposition they made to a body of the enemy on the other side Schuylkill.
Daniel Clymer Esqr. is appointed Deputy Commissary of prisoners, to act in the absence of the Commissary General of prisoners.
Head-Quarters, at the Gulph,14 December 13, 1777.
[Note 14: The Gulph was the place where Gulph (or Gulf) Creek cuts through Gulph Hill and empties into the Schuylkill River at West Conshohocken, Pa. Matsons Ford crosses the Schuylkill at this point.]
Parole Carlisle. Countersigns Potsgrove, White Marsh.
The officers are without delay to examine the arms and accoutrements of their men, and see that they are put in good order.
Provisions are to be drawn, and cooked for to morrow and next day. A gill of Whiskey is to be issued immediately to each officer, soldier, and waggoner.
The weather being likely to be fair, the tents are not to be pitched. But the axes in the waggons are to be sent for, without delay, that the men may make fires and hut themselves for the ensuing night in the most comfortable manner.
The army is to be ready to march precisely at four o'clock to morrow morning.
An officer from each regiment is to be sent forthwith to the encampment on the other side Schuylkill, to search that and the houses for all stragglers, and bring them up to their corps. All the waggons not yet over are also to be sent for and got over as soon as possible.
Mr. Archibald Read is appointed paymaster to the 8th. Pennsylvania regiment, and is to be respected as such.
Head Quarters, Gulf Creek, December 14, 1777.
Sir: Your several favors of the 28th November and 4th and 5th instants came duly to hand; but the constant motion which the Army has been in, since the Receipt of them, has prevented me from answering them before this time.
Nothing but the absolute necessity which the Army lay under for want of Cloathing induced me to send out Officers to make Collections; the Cloathier General represented it to me as impossible for him to procure what Articles were in the Hands of private Persons and I therefore, by Virtue of the Powers with which I was vested by Congress, granted Warrants to different Officers to impress what the holders would not willingly part with; but I, at the same time, directed them to give orders upon the Cloathier General, to be paid for at a Reasonable rate. Since the State of Pennsylvania have undertaken to collect what things are proper for the Army by Commissioners of their own. ! have recalled all the Officers sent out by me.
I shall direct Genl. Armstrong who remains upon the East side of Schuylkill, to endeavour to find out what Leather is tanned in and about Germantown and to have it removed. I am informed that it will be needless to remove what is half tanned, for if it freezes it will be spoiled.
I have directed the Muster Master Genl. to take the first opportunity of mustering Colo Nicola's Corps of Invalids, which he promises to do. Doctor Shippin has requested me, to allot them to guard the Hospitals, and if there is no other duty assigned to them I dont know how they can be better employed.
Colo Richardson has gone to Maryland for the benefit of his health and I am constrained to mention the impossibility of sparing the Battalion at present, most of the Men of the Nine eldest Virginia Regiments whose times would have expired in February have been permitted to go home upon Furlough, to induce them to reinlist for the War, upon the common Terms and a considerable Number of the Troops of Connecticut and Massachusetts, who were drafted for eight Months will leave us the last of this Month. These will weaken us more than is proper considering the Resolution of taking a Position for the Winter near the Enemy for the more effectual covering the Country.
I have ordered a return to be made of the exact Number of the men in the Eastern Regiments whose times will expire with this year. They were not inlisted upon the Continental Bounty, but drafted by different Townships to make up their Quota of Continental Troops.
I will send up a proper Officer to train and take the Command of the Recruits at York Town.
The Judge Advocate15 has gone to visit his family and I send you the Copies of a Number of proceedings of Courts Martial which he left to be forwarded. I cannot say whether all that you call for are among them, but I know that of Genl. Stephens's is. I had ordered him to transmit Copies of all proceedings to the Board of War and I imagine he has done it, in all instances prior to the present.
[Note 15: Lieut. Col. William Tudor.]
Lt Colo. Nevil is not out with the present Classes of Pennsylvania Militia neither do I know where he is to be found. I do not know any person qualified for the Business for which he was wanted.
I am very Sensible, that vast quantities of public Arms and stores are carried off by the Militia. But such an Officer as you recommend would not remedy it in the least. The Mischief is not done by those who are regularly discharged, but by those who Desert before the expiration of their time and carry away their Arms &c. privately, nor except an Inspector General could prevent desertion, he would do nothing. I think I can recommend a much more effectual Method and that is, for the States to pass laws, imposing a certain penalty upon any Man who shall have any Arms, Accoutrements or other Stores branded with the Continental Brand found in his House. I am &ca.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 14, 1777.
Sir: The difficulty of supplying the Troops of General Burgoyne's Army with Wood and Provisions from the Country in the Neighbourhood of Boston, induces me to request, that you will grant passports for Vessels to be employed to bring them from places on the Coast. I cannot ascertain the number of Vessels that may be necessary for this Business, or the names of the Persons who may be intrusted with the command of them; the passports therefore should be blank. In such case, they can be occasionally filled up; and to prevent any doubts of their being improperly used, they may be countersigned by General Burgoyne. This I shall direct. The Letters from General Burgoyne which accompany this, I transmit you by his request. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, at the Gulph, December 14, 1777.
Parole Raritan. Countersigns Schuylkill, Delaware.
The regiments of horse are to draw provisions of any issuing Commissary, lying most convenient to them, upon proper returns therefor.
Such of the baggage as is not absolutely necessary for the troops, and all the Commissarys and others stores, are to remain on this side of the gulph.
Head Quarters near the Gulph, December 14, 1777.
Sir: On Thursday Evening I had the Honor to receive your Favor of the 8th Inst. From the several Letters which have lately passed between Genl. Howe and myself, I am fully convinced, that any propositions by me, to release the Baron St. Ouary18 from captivity, either by an exchange or on parole, would be unavailing. In his Letter of the he [Sir William Howe] has explicitly stated his sentiments, and has declared himself, to be utterly against a partial Exchange. The situation of the Baron, thro' the interest and acquaintance of the Marquis Fayette with [a Mr. Kirkpatrick] an Officer in the Guards, is much more comfortable than that of any of our Officers, who are Prisoners, he being on Parole in the City, whilst they are All confined in the State House. I do not know that it is the practice in Europe, not to consider Volunteers as Prisoners. I am inclined to believe, that it is not, and that they are generally held as such, unless the contrary is particularly stipulated by Cartel. However this may be, they have been held in the present contest on both sides on the footing of other prisoners and exchanged as such. Besides this, I fear, that a proposition calculated for the peculiar benefit of the Baron, would be lily received by our Unhappy Officers, who have been much longer in confinement, whose sufferings are far greater than his, and who claim a right to exchange in due course.
[Note 18: On December 3 Congress resolved that Washington request the release of Baron St. Ouary, "a gallant gentleman from France, engaged as a volunteer in the service of the United States, ... lately, by the fortune of war, made prisoner by the British."]
The Inquiries directed in the Resolutions contained in your Letter of the 30th Ulto., respecting the loss of the Forts in the Highlands and of Fort Mifflin, I shall order to be made, as soon as circumstances will admit.19 These However it is probable will not be effected in a short time, from the Situation of our Affairs and inevitable necessity.
[Note 19: The draft at this point has the following, which is lined out: "At the same time, I wish Congress had taken these matters under their direction. Whether the loss of the former could have been prevented I can not determine, but I am persuaded it will be found on the strictest inquiry that every aid was given to support the latter that the situation of the army would authorize and that the Officers and Garrison employed in its defence. did all that Men could do to maintain it. They sustained a severe and disagreeable Siege; they fought, they fell and the post was not quitted till it was a mass of Ruins."]
On Thursday morning we marched from our Old Encampment and intended to pass the Schuylkill at Madisons Ford,20 where a Bridge had been laid across the River. When the first Division and a part of the Second had passed, they found a body of the Enemy, consisting, from the best accounts we have been able to obtain, of Four Thousand Men, under Lord Cornwallis possessing themselves of the Heights on both sides of the Road leading from the River and the defile called the Gulph, which I presume, are well known to some part of your Honble. Body. This unexpected Event obliged such of our Troops, as had crossed to repass and prevented our getting over till the succeeding night. This Manoeuvre on the part of the Enemy, was not in consequence of any information they had of our movement, but was designed to secure the pass whilst they were foraging in the Neighbouring Country; they were met in their advance, by General Potter with part of the Pennsylvania Militia, who behaved with bravery and gave them every possible opposition, till they were obliged to retreat from their superior numbers. Had we been an Hour sooner, or had had the least information of the measure, I am persuaded we should have
[Note 20: Matsons Ford, at the Gulph.] given his Lordship a fortunate stroke or obliged him to have returned, without effecting his purpose, or drawn out all Genl Howe's force to have supported him. Our first intelligence was that it was all out. He collected a good deal of Forage and returned to the City, the Night we passed the River. No discrimination marked his proceedings. All property, whether Friends or Foes that came in their way was seized and carried off.21
[Note 21: Ford quotes a letter from John Laurens to his father (December 23) giving an account of these movements: "When we marched from Whitemarsh Camp and were in the act of crossing the Schuylkill, we received intelligence that the enemy were advancing on this side of the river ... and were driving Potter's militia before them. Two regiments of this corps, however, are said to have conducted themselves extremely well, and to have given the enemy no small annoyance as they advanced. General Sullivan was Master General of the day ... being uncertain as to the number of the enemy, and dreading their advance in force, when part of the army should be on one side of the river and part on the other, he ordered those troops to recross and our bridge to be rendered impassable. Notice of this was sent to the Commander in chief, and when he arrived, parties of the enemy were seen on the commanding heights on this side of the river. ... Some pronounced hastily that the enemy had received intelligence of our march ... and that they were prepared to oppose our passage. Genl. Washington, who never since I have been in his family, has passed a false judgment on such points, gave it as his opinion that the party in view were foragers; that the meeting was accidental, but, however, the enemy might avail themselves of this unexpected discovery, and might draw as much advantage from it as if the rencounter had been premeditated. The intelligence was received that the enemy were retiring in great haste, but it did not appear satisfactory, and the army was ordered to march to Swedes Ford, three or four miles higher up the river and encamp with the right to the Schuylkill. The next morning the want of provisions--I could weep tears of blood when I say it--the want of provisions rendered it impossible to march. We did not march till the evening of that day. Our ancient bridge, an infamous construction, which in many parts obliged the men to march by Indian file, was restored, and a bridge of waggons made over the Swedes Ford, but fencerails from necessity being substituted to plank, and furnishing a very unstable footing. This last served to cross a trifling number of troops. As the event turned out, Genl. Sullivan's retrograde movement was unspeakably unlucky, If we had persevered in crossing in the first instance, or if we had even crossed in the evening of the first day, the flower of the British army must have fallen a sacrifice to superior numbers."]
Enclosed is a Copy of a Letter from Genl. Burgoyne, by which you will perceive, he requests leave to embark his Troops at Rhode Island or at some place in the sound, and in case this cannot be granted, that he may be allowed, with his Suite to go there and return from thence to England. His first proposition, as I have observed upon a former occasion is certainly inadmissible and for reasons obvious to himself. As to the Second which respects the departure of himself and Suite, Congress will be pleased to determine upon it and favor me with their Sentiments by the first Opportunity, that I may know what answer to give him.22 I learn from Mr. Griffin, who has just come from Boston, that this Gentlemen either holds, or professes to hold very different Ideas of our power, than what he formerly entertained; That, without reserve he has said it would be next to impossible for Britain to succeed in her views, and that he should with freedom declare his Sentiments accordingly on his Arrival in England, and seemed to think the recognition of our Independence by the King and Parliament an Eligible measure, under a Treaty of Commerce upon a large and extensive Scale. How far these professions are founded in Sincerity, it is not easy to determine; But if they are what a mighty change. While I am on the subject of Mr. Burgoyne and his Army, I would submit it to Congress, whether it will not be right and reasonable that all Expences, incurred on their Account for Provisions &c. should be paid and satisfied, previous to their embarkation and departure. I mean, by an Actual deposit of the Money. Unless this is done, there will be little reason to suppose, that it will ever be paid. They have failed, that is the Nation, in other instances, as I have been told, after liquidating their Accounts and giving the fullest Certificates and we cannot expect that they will keep better faith with us, than with Others. The payment too, I should apprehend, ought to be in Coin, as it will enable us to administer some relief to our unfortunate Officers and Men who are in Captivity.23
[Note 22: On December 17 Congress resolved that General Washington be directed to inform General Burgoyne that Congress would not receive nor consider any proposition for indulgence or altering the terms of the convention of Saratoga, unless immediately directed to their own body. By a resolve of December 1 Congress had already decided to reject any proposal for embarking the convention troops from any place other than that stipulated by the terms of surrender at Saratoga.]
[Note 23: The Saratoga convention provided that the British troops on their march to Boston were to be supplied with provisions at the same rate of rations as the troops of Gates's army. Gates was paying paper money for his supplies, which had depreciated at this time about two-thirds of its face value. Washington's suggestion to exact payment in coin for what the British consumed was hard driving; but in view of the generous counterfeiting of Continental paper money, indulged in by the British, which counterfeiting had been a real factor in depreciating the Continental money, it is a nice question to decide. Congress was already considering the question, and on December 19 ordered that the accounts of all provisions and other necessaries which already have been, or which hereafter may be supplied by the public to prisoners in the power of these States, shall be discharged by either receiving from the British commissary of prisoners, or any of his agents, provisions or other necessaries, equal in quality and kind to what have been supplied, or the amount thereof in gold and silver, at the rate of 4 s. 6 d. for every dollar of the currency of these States, and that all these accounts be liquidated and discharged, previous to the release of any prisoners to whom provisions or other necessaries shall have been supplied. Burgoyne protested and claimed the convention was infringed by such a demand. He appealed to Howe, and Howe then agreed to an exchange of prisoners, but later difficulties developed.]
December 15.
Your Favor of the 11th Current,24 with its Inclosure came to hand Yesterday. Congress seem to have taken for granted a Fact, that is really not so. All the Forage for the Army has been constantly drawn from Bucks and Philadelphia Counties and those parts most contiguous to the City, insomuch that it was nearly exhausted and intirely so in the Country below our Camp. From these too, were obtained all the Supplies of flour that circumstances would admit of. The Millers, in most instances, were unwilling to grind, either from their disaffection or from motives of fear. This made the supplies less than they otherwise might have been, and the Quantity which was drawn from thence, was little besides what the Guards, placed at the Mills, compelled them to manufacture. As to Stock, I do not know that much was had from thence, nor do I know that any considerable supply could have been had. I confess, I have felt myself greatly embarrassed with respect to a vigorous exercise of Military power. An Ill placed humanity perhaps and a reluctance to give distress may have restrained me too far. But these were not all. I have been well aware of the prevalent jealousy of military power, and that this has been considered as an
[Note 24: This letter was one of December 12, a copy of which is entered in the "President's Letter Book" in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The resolve alluded to is that (December 10) directing the removal of all stock and provisions beyond the reach of the enemy.] Evil much to be apprehended even by the best and most sensible among us. Under this Idea, I have been cautious and wished to avoid as much as possible any Act that might improve it. However Congress may be assured, that no exertions of mine as far as circumstances will admit shall be wanting to provide our own Troops with Supplies on the one hand, and to prevent the Enemy from them on the other. At the same time they must be apprized, that many Obstacles have arisen to render the former more precarious and difficult than they usually were from a change in the Commissary's department at a very critical and interesting period. I should be happy, if the Civil Authority in the Several States thro' the recommendations of Congress, or their own mere will, seeing the necessity of supporting the Army, would always adopt the most spirited measures, suited to the end. The people at large are governed much by Custom. To Acts of Legislation or Civil Authority they have been ever taught to yield a willing obedience without reasoning about their propriety. On those of Military power, whether immediate or derived originally from another Source, they have ever looked with a jealous and suspicious Eye.
I am extremely sorry for your Indisposition and wishing you the earliest relief from your painful disorder,25 I have the honor etc.26
[Note 25: Laurens resigned as President of Congress on Dec. 12, 1777, on the ground of ill health, but Congress did not accept the resignation, and he continued as President until Dec. 9, 1778.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Gulf Mill, December 15, 1777.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 2d Instt. I am much obliged for the attention you have paid to my requests thro' Genl. Putnam, and I shall ever acknowledge the readiness with which you have Always afforded any assistance from your State, when demanded immediately by myself. I was never consulted in the least upon the Rhode Island expedition, and I cannot therefore pretend to say who were or who were not to blame; but it undoubtedly cost the Public, an enormous sum to little or no purpose.
I observe by the Copy of your letter to Congress, that your State had fallen upon means to supply your troops with Cloathing, I must earnestly beg that it may be sent on to Camp as fast as it is collected. To cover the Country more effectually we shall be obliged to lay in a Manner in the Field the whole Winter, and except the Men are warmly clad they must suffer much.
Among the troops of your State there are 363 drafts whose time of Service will expire with this Month. This deduction, with the former deficiency of the Regiments, will reduce them exceedingly low and as I have represented this Matter to Congress very fully I hope they have before this time urged to the States the necessity which there is of filling their Regiments this Winter. But lest they should not have done it, I beg leave to urge the matter to your immediate consideration. Recruits for the War ought by all means, to be obtained if possible; but if that cannot be done, drafts for one year at least should be called out without delay; and I hope that as many as are now upon the point of going home, will be immediately reinstated. We must expect to loose a considerable number of Men by sickness and otherways, in the course of the Winter and if we cannot take the field in the Spring with a superior or at least an equal force with the Enemy, we shall have laboured thro' the preceeding Campaigns to little purpose. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Headquarters, December 15?, 1777.]
In Congress, December 10, 1777.
Resolved. That General Washington should for the future, endeavour as much as possible to subsist his Army from such parts of the Country as are in its vicinity and especially from such quarters, as he shall deem most likely to be subjected to the power or depredations of the Enemy, and that he issue orders for such purpose to the Commissaries and Quarter Masters belonging to the Army.
That General Washington be directed to order every kind of Stock and provisions in the Country above mentioned, which may be beneficial to the Army, or serviceable to the Enemy, to be taken from all persons without distinction, leaving such quantities only as he shall judge necessary for the maintenance of their families: The Stock and provisions so taken to be removed to places of security, under the care of proper persons to be appointed.
Extract from the proceedings of Congress.
Sir: You will perceive by the foregoing Extracts, that it is the direction of Congress, that the Army should be subsisted, as far as possible, on provisions to be drawn from such parts of the Country, as are within its vicinity and most exposed to the ravages and incursions of the Enemy. Also, that all stock and provisions which may be liable to fall into the Enemy's hands and which would be serviceable to them, except such a part as shall be absolutely necessary for the maintenance and support of the families to which they may belong, should be removed to places of security under the care of proper persons.
You are therefore, forthwith and upon all future occasions, to comply with their views, as far as it may be in your power, and in a particular manner, you are to exert yourself to draw from the Counties of Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester every Species of provision you possibly can. You will also extend your care to such parts of Jersey, as are near the City of Philadelphia, and in like manner to the Counties in the Delaware State, and to obtain from these several places all the Supplies you can. Besides drawing provisions, you are to remove from such parts of all the before mentioned Counties as may be subject to the depredations of the Enemy, the Stock and Grain of every kind which would be Serviceable to them, to places of security under the restriction and exception above mentioned; keeping a just and exact account of the number, quantity, quality and value, and of the persons to whom they belonged, in order that the owners may be paid a reasonable and equitable compensation for the same. These duties are important and interesting, and it is expected will have your pointed attention, as a regular discharge of them will not only contribute to the more easy support of our own Troops, aid our supplies from the more interior parts of the Country, but also will distress the Enemy, and prevent that injurious and pernicious intercourse too prevalent between them and a number of disaffected Inhabitants. I am &ca.28
[Note 28: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress. The resolve of December 10 was forwarded in a letter from the President of Congress on December 12 and acknowledged by Washington on December 15. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Dec. 14, 1777, ante.) Presumably Washington wrote the above letter to the officers at once.]
Head-Quarters, at the Gulph, December 15, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --
A field officer from each brigade, is to inspect immediately, all the men of his brigade, now with the baggage, and take from thence, to their brigades, every man who is able to do duty in the line. Major Snead29 is (till further orders) to take charge
[Note 29: Maj. Thomas Snead, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He resigned in March, 1778.] of the men remaining after this for the baggage guard, and report any who are left with the baggage contrary to this order.
AFTER ORDERS
The baggage of the army is to move at seven, and the whole army at ten o'clock, to morrow morning, in such routes and order, as shall be previously directed.
Head. Quarters, at the Gulph, December 16, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The tents are to be carried to the encampment of the troops, and pitched immediately.
Head Quarters, December 17, 1777.
Sir: I was, a few days ago, honored with yours of the 25th. November. The packets for Sir William Howe and the letters for Gentlemen in his Army, were immediately forwarded to Philadelphia.
As I did not conceive myself at Liberty to Answer either of your requests, without first consulting Congress, I have transmitted a Copy of your Letter to them and have desired their determination, as speedily as possible; As soon as I know the result, I shall take the earliest Opportunity of acquainting you with it. I have the Honor etc.
Genl. Washington presents his Comps. to Major Genl. Philips and begs leave to inform him that his letters were forwarded to Phila. immediately upon the receipt of them.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Gulph Mill, December 17, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 23d. and 27th.32 of November. If the Recruits intended for Lee's and Jackson's Regiments have not had the small pox, and axe not marched when this reaches you, I desire they may be inoculated before they join the Army. After the repeated directions, which I had given to have All the Recruits who had not had that disorder innoculated the moment they were inlisted, I was not less surprised than mortified to find the fine detachment of Men that came forward under Lt. Colo. Smith rendered intirely useless for this Campaign by my Orders not being attended to. By the time they reached the Camp the small pox broke out upon them, which obliged me to send the whole into the Hospital, as those who were well were not more than sufficient to nurse the sick.
[Note 32: The draft has "23d, 26th and 27th."]
I immediately forwarded the packets and Letters from Genl. Burgoyne and his Officers to Genl. Howe. As to Genl. Burgoyne's request to me, to permit him to depart before his Army, I did not think myself authorized to grant it, before I consulted Congress, to whom I transmitted a Copy of his Letter. I shall give him an Answer as soon as I know their determination. I think it would have been highly improper to have allowed him the liberty of visiting your Seaport Towns. A man of his sagacity and penetration would make many observations upon situations &ca. that might prove detrimental to us in future.
You have felt but a small share of the inconveniences arising from the ill regulations in the Commissary's department. I hope it will get into some better order before long, but in the mean time you acted properly in appointing persons to excute the Office yourself.33
[Note 33: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "As there will undoubtedly be a great many points to adjust before the Army under Genl. Burgoyne will be permitted to embark I would recommend it to you to not to suffer them to depart before you have the full and final order of Congress for that purpose."]
Your favor of the 4th. Instant came to Hand since beginning this Letter. I am pleased to hear of the arrival of the Ship with Artillery &ca. from France, as it is a fresh proof of the friendly disposition of that Court towards us.
Genl. Patterson informs me that there are Two Hundred and forty of the Troops of Massachusetts who were drafted for Eight Months, and whose times will expire the last of this Month. He also informs me that care will be taken by the Legislature to replace them, but lest they may be forgetful of it, I beg you will remind them not only of the necessity of reinlisting or supplying the place of the above number, but of filling their Regiments against the next Campaign. Upon this last head, I have written fully to Congress, and I make no doubt they have or will urge the matter to the Council and Assembly of your State.
Whenever you have occasion for directions in any matters respecting General Burgoyne and his Troops, it will be best for you to write fully to Congress upon the subject, as they alone must determine in all cases which refer to them. I am etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Tench Tilghman and Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, at the Gulph, December 17, 1777.
Parole Warwick. Countersigns Woodbridge, Winchester.
The Commander in Chief with the highest satisfaction expresses his thanks to the officers and soldiers for the fortitude and patience with which they have sustained the fatigues of the Campaign. Altho' in some instances we unfortunately failed, yet upon the whole Heaven hath smiled on our Arms and crowned them with signal success; and we may upon the best grounds conclude, that by a spirited continuance of the measures necessary for our defence we shall finally obtain the end of our Warfare, Independence, Liberty and Peace. These axe blessings worth contending for at every hazard. But we hazard nothing. The power of America alone, duly exerted, would have nothing to dread from the force of Britain. Yet we stand not wholly upon our ground. France yields us every aid we ask, and there are reasons to believe the period is not very distant, when she will take a more active part, by declaring war against the British Crown. Every motive therefore, irresistably urges us, nay commands us, to a firm and manly perseverance in our opposition to our cruel oppressors, to slight difficulties, endure hardships, and contemn every danger. The General ardently wishes it were now in his power, to conduct the troops into the best winter quarters. But where are these to be found ? Should we retire to the interior parts of the State, we should find them crowded with virtuous citizens, who, sacrificing their all, have left Philadelphia, and fled thither for protection. To their distresses humanity forbids us to add. This is not all, we should leave a vast extent of fertile country to be despoiled and ravaged by the enemy, from which they would draw vast supplies, and where many of our firm friends would be exposed to all the miseries of the most insulting and wanton depredation. A train of evils might be enumerated, but these will suffice. These considerations make it indispensibly necessary for the army to take such a position, as will enable it most effectually to prevent distress and to give the most extensive security; and in that position we must make ourselves the best shelter in our power. With activity and diligence Huts may be erected that will be warm and dry. In these the troops will be compact, more secure against surprises than if in a divided state and at hand to protect the country. These cogent reasons have determined the General to take post in the neighbourhood of this camp; and influenced by them, he persuades himself, that the officers and soldiers, with one heart, and one mind, will resolve to surmount every difficulty, with a fortitude and patience, be coming their profession, and the sacred cause in which they are engaged. He himself will share in the hardship, and partake of every inconvenience.
To morrow being the day set apart by the Honorable Congress for public Thanksgiving and Praise; and duty calling us devoutely to express our grateful acknowledgements to God for the manifold blessings he has granted us. The General directs that the army remain in it's present quarters, and that the Chaplains perform divine service with their several Corps and brigades. And earnestly exhorts, all officers and soldiers, whose absence is not indispensibly necessary, to attend with reverence the solemnities of the day.
Head Quarters, at the Gulph, December 18, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Persons having any passes from Major John Clarke are to pass all guards.
The Commander in Chief approves, the following sentences of a General Court Martial, the 22nd. November last, whereof Major North was president.
Adjutant Ralston35 of the 1st Pennsylvania Brigade, charged with "Making a false return, and signing it, with ungentlemanly behaviour, disobedience of orders, and leaving his arrest." By the unanimous opinion of the court, he was found guilty of making a false return, contrary to the 1st Article of the 5th Sec. of the articles of war, and sentenced to be cashiered.
[Note 35: Robert Ralston.]
Joseph Conn, Quarter Master of the 1st. Pennsylv. Regt. charged with "Disobedience of orders, neglect of duty and fraudulent conduct was acquitted of the charge of fraudulent conduct but found guilty of disobedience of orders and neglect of duty," and sentenced to be dismissed from the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial held the 30th. of Novr. last of which Col. Grayson was president.
Capt. Havelman36 charged with. "Wounding Moses Plaine a soldier in the 11th. Virginia regiment," confessed the fact, but justified it by the insolence of the soldier. The Court having considered the evidence are of opinion the justification is not sufficient, and do sentence him to be reprimanded on the Grand parade by the Major General of the day. This is to be done the next time the guards are paraded.
[Note 36: Capt. Arnold Havelman (Hevelman), of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
The Major Generals and officers commanding divisions, are to appoint an active field officer in and for each of their respective brigades, to superintend the business of hurting, agreeably to the directions they shall receive; and in addition to these, the commanding officer of each regiment is to appoint an officer to oversee the building of huts for his own regiment; which officer is to take his orders from the field officer of the brigade he belongs to, who is to mark out the precise spot, that every hut, for officers and soldiers, is to be placed on, that uniformity and order may be observed.
An exact return of all the tools, now in the hands of every regiment, is to be made immediately to the Qr. Mr. General, who, with the Adjutant General, is to see that they, together with those in store, are duly and justly allotted to the regimental overseers of the work; who are to keep an account of the men's names, into whose hands they are placed, that they may be accountable for them. The Superintendents and Overseers are to be exempt from all other duty, and will moreover be allowed for their trouble.
The Colonels, or commanding officers of regiments, with their Captains, are immediately to cause their men to be divided into squads of twelve, and see that each squad have their proportion of tools, and set about a hut for themselves: And as an encouragement to industry and art, the General promises to reward the party in each regiment, which finishes their hut in the quickest, and most workmanlike manner, with twelve dollars. And as there is reason to believe, that boards, for covering, may be found scarce and difficult to be got; He offers One hundred dollars to any officer or soldier, who in the opinion of three Gentlemen, he shall appoint as judges, shall substitute some other covering, that may be cheaper and quicker made, and will in every respect answer the end.
The Soldier's huts are to be of the following dimensions, viz: fourteen by sixteen each, sides, ends and roofs made with logs, and the roof made tight with split slabs, or in some other way; the sides made tight with clay, fire-place made of wood and secured with clay on the inside eighteen inches thick, this fireplace to be in the rear of the hut; the door to be in the end next the street; the doors to be made of split oak-slabs, unless boards can be procured. Side-walls to be six and a half feet high. The officers huts to form a line in the rear of the troops, one hut to be allowed to each General Officer, one to the Staff of each brigade, one to the field officers of each regiment, one to the Staff of each regiment, one to the commissioned officers of two companies, and one to every twelve non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
AFTER ORDERS
The army and baggage are to march to morrow in the time and manner already directed in the orders of the 15th. instant, Genl. Sullivan's division excepted, which is to remain on its present ground 'till further orders.
Gulph Mill, December 19, 1777.
Dr. Sir: With the Division lately commanded by Genl. Sullivan, you are to March immediately for Wilmington, and take Post there. You are not to delay a moment in putting the place in the best posture of defence, to do which, and for the security of it afterwards, I have written in urgent terms to the President of the Delaware State to give every aid he possibly can of Militia. I have also directed an Engineer to attend you for the purpose of constructing, and superintending the Works, and you will fix with the Quarter Master on the number of Tools necessary for the business; but do not let any neglect, or deficiency on his part, impede your operations, as you are hereby vested with full power to sieze and take (passing receipts) such articles as are wanted. The Commissary and Forage Master will receive directions respecting your Supplies, in their way; but I earnestly request that you will see that these Supplies are drawn from the Country between you and Philadelphia, as it will be depriving the Enemy of all chance of getting them; and in this point of view, becomes an object to us of importance.
I earnestly exhort you to keep both Officers and Men to their duty, and to avoid furloughs but in cases of absolute necessity. You will also use your utmost endeavours to collect all the straglers &ca. from both Brigades, and you are also to use your best endeavours to get the Men Cloathed in the most comfortable manner you can.
You will be particular in your observation of every thing passing on the River and will communicate every matter of Importance to, Dear Sir, etc.
Camp 14 Miles from Philadelphia, December 19, 1777.
Sir: On Saturday Evening I was honored with your favor of the 6th. Instant, and am much obliged by your exertions for Cloathing the Virginia Troops. The Articles you send shall be applied to their use, agreeable to your wishes.37 It will be difficult for me to determine when the Troops are supplied, owing to their fluctuating and deficient state at present; However I believe there will be little reason to suspect that the quantities that may be procured, will much exceed the necessary demands. It will be a happy circumstance, and of great saving, if we
[Note 37: Henry had sent nine wagonloads of supplies and would forward, shortly, he wrote, £15,000 of woolens for clothing for the Virginia troops.] should be able in future to Cloath our Army comfortably. Their sufferings hitherto have been great, and from our deficiencies in this instance, we have lost many men and have generally been deprived of a large proportion of our Force. I could wish you to transmit the price of all the Necessaries, you may send from time to time. This will be essential, and the omission upon former occasions of the like Nature in the Course of the War, has been the cause of much unneasiness and intricacy in adjusting Accounts.
I am persuaded that many desertions have proceeded from the cause you mention. The Officers were highly culpable in making such assurances. The Expedient you propose might, and I believe would bring in several, but I cannot consider myself authorised to adopt it.38
[Note 38: Henry's letter stated that a great many deserters were skulking on the Eastern Shore. They had been promised that they would not be called away from there and, on being ordered north, had deserted. Henry's suggestion was that Washington pardon their desertion and promise that they would not be called away from the Shore, if they would surrender themselves. He argued that that many more recruits would be thus released elsewhere in Virginia for the main Army.]
The Letters for the Marquis were sent to his Quarters as soon as they were received. I shall present you to him according to your wishes. He is certainly amiable and highly worthy of Esteem.
I have nothing material to inform you of, Except that we are told by the Boston paper that a Ship has arrived from France at one of the eastern Ports, with Fifty pieces of Brass Artillery, 5000 Stand of Arms and other Stores. There are letters also which mention her arrival, but not the particular amount of the Stores. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I sent the Express on to Congress, which occasioned me to write by this Conveyance. I wrote you on the 13th Ulto. two Letters--one a private one. I am fearful and uneasy lest they should have miscarried, as you have not mentioned the Receipt of them.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Gulf Mill, December 19, 1777.
Sir: I have received information, which I have great reason to believe is true, that the Enemy mean to establish a post at Wilmington, for the purpose of Countenancing the disaffected in the Delaware State, drawing supplies from that Country and the lower parts of Chester County, and securing a post upon Delaware River during the Winter. As the advantages resulting to the Enemy from such a position are most obvious, I have determined and shall accordingly, this day send off General Smallwood with a respectable Continental force to take post at Wilmington before them. If Genl. Howe thinks the place of that Importance to him, which I conceive it is, he will probably attempt to dispossess us of it; and, as the force, which I can at present spare, is not adequate to making it perfectly secure, I expect that you will call out as many Militia as you possibly can to rendezvous without loss of time at Wilmington, and put themselves under the Command of Genl. Smallwood. I shall hope that the people will turn out cheerfully, when they consider that they are called upon to remain within, and defend, their own state.
In a letter, which I had the honor of receiving from you some little time past, you express a wish that some mode may be fallen upon to procure the exchange of Govr. McKinley. As this Gentleman will be considered in the Civil line, I have not any prisoner of War proper to be proposed for him. The application would go more properly to Congress, who have a number of State Prisoners under their direction for some of whom Sir Win. Howe would probably exchange the Governor. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Let the Militia March to Wilmington by Companies, or even parts of Companies and form their Battalions there; Because if the Enemy move, it will be quickly.
Head Quarters, near the Valley Forge,
December 20, 1777.
By virtue of the power and direction to me especially given, I hereby enjoin and require all persons residing within Seventy miles of my Head Quarters to thresh one half of their grain by the first day of February and the other half by the first day of March next ensuing, on pain in case of failure of having All that shall remain in Sheaves, after the periods above mentioned, seized by the Commissaries and Quarter Masters of the Army and paid for as Straw.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The printer's changes in capitalization and punctuation may be noted by a comparison of this draft text with the illustration facing next page. Tench Tilghman forwarded the text to John Dunlap, then in Lancaster, Pa., requesting him to strike off 300 handbills (see illustration) and to continue printing the Proclamation in his Pennsylvania Packet until the time limit mentioned therein expired. The quartermaster in Lancaster was to distribute the handbills. "If there is a German Paper printed in Lancaster be kind enough to have the proclamation printed in that also." Tilghman's letter to Dunlap, dated Dec. 22, 1777, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 41: A Presbyterian minister of Salem, Mass.]
Valley Forge, December 20, 1777.
Revd. Sir: Your favour of the 24th. of September inclosing a discourse against Toryism, came safe to my hands. For the honour of the dedication, I return you my sincere thanks, and wish most devoutly that your labour may be crowned with the success it deserves.42
[Note 42: Whitaker had delivered a discourse on Judges 5:23, and afterwards published it (34 pp. 12°, Newbury Port, 1777) under the title, "An Antidote of Toryism," and dedicated it to Washington.]
You also have my gratefl. Thanks for your affectionate wishes. With great Esteem and Respect, I am etc.
Head Quarters, December 20, 1777.
Sir: I have your favor of the 18th. by Mr. Potts. Commissioners being appointed by the Legislative Authority of this State, to take cognizance of, and to dispose of the personal Property of those who have willingly gone over to the Enemy, it is not in my power to grant a Licence for the removal of any of your Effects. I have not the least Objections to Mrs. Galloway's going to Philadelphia, and I shall be ready to furnish passports for that purpose, whenever they are applied for. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 20, 1777.
Sir: In Answer to your Letter delivered me by Major Jamieson.44 When Mrs. Potts applies she will have my permission for herself and Children to go into Philadelphia. As to your Household furniture, I cannot consent to their removal, they being under the cognizance and direction of the Legislature of the State. The Bearer will escort you tomorrow morning as far as our Pickets. I am etc.45
[Note 44: Maj. John Jameson, of the Second Continental Dragoons. He was wounded near Valley Forge in January, 1778; lieutenant colonel in August, 1778; served to end of the war.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, December 20, 1777.
Sir: When I had the Honor of addressing you on the 17th. Instant, I informed you, that I had transmitted a Copy of your
Head Qurs., Valley Forge, December 20, 1777.
Dear Sir: I yesterday Evening received your favour of the 7th Instant, and am happy to find the first account of the arrival of the Ship with Artillery &ca. fully confirmed.48 This event is fortunate and interesting, as it not only manifests the strong attachment of France to our cause, but also makes us very respectable in point of Artillery. I doubt not of your attention to secure the Stores, and wish your care of them. The Board of War, it is probable, will give particular directions about them.
[Note 48: Beaumarchais's ship Flamond, at Portsmouth, N. H.]
The state of the Commissary's department has given me more concern of late, than any thing else. Unless matters in that line are very speedily taken up and put in a better train, the most alarming consequences are to be apprehended. Congress are already informed upon the subject, Yet I shall transmit them that part of your Letter which relates to it. Your conduct in delivering the Salt to Mr. Colt49 so far from being censurable, gives you a claim, in my opinion, to the public thanks. Surely nothing can be more essential than laying up supplies of provision
[Note 49: Peter Colt, deputy commissary general of purchases, Eastern Department.] for the Army, and if the present moment is not siezed for the purpose I do not see how it will be possible to subsist it. The work has been already too long neglected. Should it be still deferred, the prospect before us will be painful and disagreeable. As far as your situation and circumstances will admit, I beg you to give Mr. Colt every spur in your power to prosecute the business. My last advices from Congress on this subject were that they had written to the State of Connecticut respecting it.
The Board of War have received some report, that a Genl. Hamilton50 of Genl. Burgoyne's Army is desirous of being exchanged and serving in America. This they have not had from any proper authority. However I request that you will inquire into the matter, and if it is so, the measure will be readily come into on our part and may be carried into effect for the release of Brigadr. Genl. Thompson. At the same time, I would observe, if this is Genl. Hamilton's wish, it will be necessary for General Burgoyne to inform me of it, that application may be made to Genl. Howe, upon the Subject. It might not be improper for Genl. Burgoyne to inclose me a line from himself to Genl. Howe. I would have you introduce the matter as a report you had heard but not as coming from me, nor in nature of an application. If this Exchange should take place, perhaps it may be the means of bringing on others and of relieving many of our Officers from their present unhappy condition.
[Note 50: Maj. Gen. Sir Robert Hamilton. He was colonel of the Fortieth Foot, British Army, and a major general in America.]
This Letter goes by an Express to Genl. Burgoyne. Congress will not consider or give any answer to any propositions or requests he may make for altering or dispensing with any Terms in the Convention of Saratoga, unless he makes them directly to themselves. I am etc.51
[Note 51: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 52: Col. Henry Emanuel Lutterloh, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
December 20, 1777.
Whereas the Enemy, in their late excursions have carried off most of the Horses belonging to such of the inhabitants of the Counties of Philadelphia and Chester as have been within their reach, whereby they have been enabled to increase their number of light Dragoons. Therefore in order to prevent their making the like advantages in future and at the same time to enable us to remount our Dragoons upon such Horses as would otherwise in all probability fall into the hands of the Enemy, you are hereby authorized by yourself or any of your deputies or such other persons as are properly appointed by you, to remove all Horses of proper age and size for draft or saddle that may be found between our advanced posts and those of the Enemy. Excepting only such a number as may be absolutely necessary for the purpose of drawing Fuel for the Family during the Winter.
For the Horses so taken receipts are to be given, specifying their Age, size, colour and marks, and are to be brought to the Head Quarters of the Army where the owners are to attend and a proper value is to be affixed to each by persons indifferently chosen by yourself and them. You are to employ no persons in the execution of this Business, but those in whom you can place confidence and who will conduct themselves in such a manner as will not tend to give offence to the good people of the Country, but rather convince them of the equity and propriety of the measure which is calculated to secure and pay for that property which they have lately found our Enemies deprive them of, without any kind of compensation. I am &ca.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, at the Valley Forge, December 20, 1777.
Parole Haverhill. Countersigns Concord, Cambridge.
Genl. McIntosh is appointed to the command of the North Carolina brigade.
The Major Generals accompanied by the Engineers are to view the ground attentively, and fix upon the proper spot and mode for hutting so as to render the camp as strong and inaccessible as possible. The Engineers after this are to mark the ground out, and direct the field Officers appointed to superintend the buildings for each brigade where they are placed.
The soldiers in cutting their firewood, are to save such parts of each tree, as will do for building, reserving sixteen or eighteen feet of the trunk, for logs to rear their huts with. In doing this each regiment is to reap the benefit of their own labour.
All those, who in consequence of the orders of the 18th instant, have turned their thoughts to an easy and expeditious method of covering the huts, are requested to communicate their plans to Major Generals Sullivan, Greene or Lord Stirling, who will cause experiments to be made, and assign the profer'd reward to the best projector.
The Quarter Master General is to delay no time, but use his utmost exertions, to procure large quantities of straw, either for covering the huts, if it should be found necessary, or for beds for the soldiers. He is to assure the farmers that unless they get their grain out immediately, the straw will be taken with the grain in it, and paid for as straw only.
The Quarter Master General is to collect, as soon as possible, all the tents not now used by the troops, and as soon as they are hutted, all the residue of the tents, and have them washed and well dried, and then laid up in store, such as are good for the next campaign, the others for the uses which shall be directed; the whole are to be carefully preserved. The Colonels and Officers commanding regiments are forthwith to make return to the Qr. Mr. General, of every tent belonging to their corps.
The army being now come to a fixed station, the Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades, are immediately to take effectual measures, to collect, and bring to camp, all the officers and soldiers at present scattered about the country.
All officers are enjoined to see that their men do not wantonly, or needlessly burn and destroy rails, and never fire their sheds or huts when they leave them.
Head-Quarters, Valley-Forge, December 21, 1777.
Parole Cumberland. Countersigns Carlisle, Caroline.
The field officers who are appointed to superintend the business of hutting, are to call upon Col. Meade at Head Quarters for the model of the huts, and directions about placing them.
Four Carpenters, and five expert axmen, from each division are to parade at General Sullivan's quarters at three o'clock this afternoon. Genl. Poor's and Glover's brigades to be considered as one division.
The General congratulates the army, on the arrival of a French Ship, at Portsmouth, with 48 brass cannon, 4 pounders, with carriages complete; 19 nine Inch mortars, 2500 nine inch bombs, 2000 four pound ball, entrenching tools, 4100 stands of arms, a quantity of powder and 61,051 lbs of sulpher.
AFTER ORDERS
All the Artillery of the army is to be collected together at the park; the detachments are to march thither, to morrow morning at nine o'clock.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 21, 1777.
Dear Sir: Major Clark has wrote to me several times about some provision that a Mr. Trumbull was sending into Philadelphia by his permission as a cover to procure intelligence. This provision was siezed by Colo. Ranking and has been since detained by him. I desire you will give orders to have it delivered, for unless we now and then make use of such means to get admittance into the City we cannot expect to obtain intelligence.
I think it of the greatest consequence to have what Hay remains upon the Islands above the mouth of Derby Creek destroyed, especially if what you heard of the former Magazine of Hay being spoiled is true. At any rate, as we cannot remove it, I think it should be done as speedily as possible, as we shall probably oblige them to come out into the Country to forage, which will perhaps give us an opportunity of cutting off a party. The mode I leave intirely to Colo. Morgan and yourself. I am informed that there are parties cutting wood every day on this side the Schuylkill. I do not doubt but they might easily be drove in, but I think destroying the Hay ought to be first attended to. I am &ca.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 22, 1777.
Dear Sir: The Enemy marched out of Philadelphia this morning early with a considerable Body. Their intent is said to be to forage, but lest they may have something further in view, I think it proper to put you upon your guard. They encamp this Evening near Derby. I have this day received information, that the Troops were embarked some days ago, and were said to be destined for New York are designed to land in the lower Counties and collect Stock and Forages there and upon the Eastern Shore of Maryland. But I cannot say the information is much to be depended upon. You may easily know the probability of this, by sending down to inquire whether the Transports yet remain in Delaware Bay. I shall be glad to hear what progress you make in fortifying yourself, and whether the Militia join you in any considerable Number. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 22, 1777.
Sir: On Saturday Evening, I had the Honor to receive your Favor of the 17th Inst. with Its Inclosure. The next day I wrote to Genl. Burgoyne, upon the Subject of his Application, and transmitted him a Copy of the Resolution of Congress founded thereon. That the matter might not be delayed, I dispatched my Letter by the Express who brought yours, he having informed me, that you expected he would be sent with It.
It is with infinite pain and concern, that I transmit Congress the Inclosed Copies of Sundry Letters respecting the State of the Commissary's department. If these matters are not exaggerated, I do not know from what cause, this alarming deficiency or rather total failure of Supplies arises; But unless more Vigorous exertions and better regulations take place in that line, and immediately, this Army must dissolve.56 I have done all in
[Note 56: Extracts from letters (December 22) from Brig. Gens. Jedidiah Huntington and James Mitchell Varnum are typical:
"I received an order," wrote Huntington to Pickering, "to hold my Brigade in Readiness to march; fighting will be by far preferable to starving; my Brigade are out of Provisions nor can the Brigade Comisary obtain any Meat, it has several Times been the Case before though the Failure has generally been in Flour. I am exceedingly unhappy in being the Bearer of Complaints to Head Quarters. I have used every Argument my Imagination could invent to make the Soldiers easy, but I despair of being able to do it much longer."
Varnum wrote: "According to the saying of Solomon, hunger will break thro' a Stone Wall. It is therefore a very pleasing Circumstance to the Division under my Command, that there is a probability of their marching. Three Days successively we have been destitute of Bread. Two Days we have been intirely without Meat. It is not to be had from the Commissaries. Whenever we procure Beef, it is of such a vile Quality, as to render it a poor Succerdernium for Food. The Men must be supplied, or they cannot be commanded. ... The Complaints are too urgent to pass unnoticed. It is with Pain, that I mention this Distress. I know it will make your Excellency unhappy; But, if you expect the Exertions of virtuous Principles, while your Troops are deprived of the essential Necessaries of Life, your final Disappointment will be great, in Proportion to the Patience, which now astonishes every Man of human Feeling."
These letters are in the Washington Papers.] my power, by remonstrating, by writing to, by ordering the Commissaries on this Head, from time to time; but without any good effect, or obtaining more than a present scanty relief. Owing to this, the march of the Army has been delayed upon more than one interesting occasion, in the course of the present Campaign, and had a Body of the Enemy crossed Schuylkill this Morning, as I had reason to expect from the intelligence I received at Four O'Clock last night, the Divisions which I ordered to be in readiness to march and meet them, could not have moved. It is unnecessary for me to add more upon the subject. I refer Congress to the Copies, by one of which they will perceive how very unfavorable also our prospect is, of having any considerable supplies of Salt Provisions for the ensuing Year.
I would also take the liberty of reminding Congress of the necessity of filling, as soon as possible, the Offices of Quarter Master57 and Adjutant General. These Posts are of infinite importance, and without appointments to them, it will be impossible to conduct the Affairs of the Army. The first Office is now suffering much, for want of a Head to direct the great business of it, and the latter will be in the same predicament in the course of a few days by the departure of Colo. Pickering, who has
[Note 57: Maj. Gen. Thomas Mifflin had tendered his resignation as Quartermaster General of the Continental Army on November 7 on the ground of ill health.] been only waiting, since his appointment to the Board of War, for a Successor.
Congress were pleased by their Resolution of the 29th Ulto., to direct me to regulate the rank of Major Genl. Arnold and of Brigadier Genls. Woodford and Scott, by calling in their present Commissions and granting New ones agreable to the principle adopted in their Resolution of the 12th of the same Month. This business so far as it relates to Genl Arnold and General Scott is clear and admits of no difficulty. But it is otherwise in the case of Genl. Woodford. The principle adopted by the Resolution and previously recommended by a Board of General Officers upon another occasion, was, "That relative rank or precedence of Officers, should be settled according to that standing they held in the Army immediately before their present Commissions." At the time General Woodford was appointed, he held no rank in the Army. Hence arises the difficulty with me. Congress, therefore will be pleased to take up the matter and to grant him such a Commission as will satisfy their own intention. His claim is, to rank before such of the Gentlemen appointed Brigadiers when he was, as were younger Colonels than himself. If this was intended by Congress, in their Resolution of the 29th Ulto. and I presume it was, or it can have no operation as to him, an explanatory and directory Resolve would answer every purpose as from that a Commission might be filled up, agreable to their views respecting him. I wish this business to be determined on as early as possible, in whatever mode Congress may think proper, as no subject can be more disagreeable or injurious to the service than that of contested rank. The Generals, who were younger Colonels and promoted above him, I believe were Wayne, Muhlenberg and Weedon. From the difficulties which have arisen in several instances of this sort, in the course of the present Year, I trust Congress will be more guarded in future. They may not be so intimately acquainted with them as I am, But they may be assured there are none of a more fatal and injurious tendency. When rank is once given, no matter upon what principle, whether from mistake or other causes, the Party in possession of it, in most cases is unwilling to give it up, tho' the most obvious principles of Justice, or even the Public good should require it. Such is the general ambition of Men and attachment to their own private preferment. It is a truth, that it will even be found more easy to prevent than to remedy difficulties after they have happened. I do not mention these things from a wish or disposition to dictate, Nothing being farther from my intention; but because my feelings are every day wounded by the discontent, complaints and jarring of the Officers not to add resignations. All of great detriment to the service.
3 O'Clock P.M.
Just as I was about to conclude my Letter, your favor of the 20th with its several Inclosures came to hand.
It would give me infinite pleasure to afford protection to every individual and to every Spot of Ground in the whole of the United States. Nothing is more my wish. But this is not possible with our present force. In all wars, from the nature of things, Individuals and particular places must be exposed. It has ever been and ever will be the case, and we have only to pity and to regret the misfortune of those, who from their situation are subject to ravage and depredation. These facts are evident and obvious to all, and if that system of conduct is pursued by an Army, which is most likely to give the most general and extensive security, it is all that can be done or expected from it. I assure you, Sir, no circumstance in the course of the present contest, or in my whole life, has employed more of my reflection or consideration than in what manner to effect this and to dispose of the Army during the [present] Winter. Viewing the Subject in any point of light, there was choice of difficulties. If keeping the Field was thought of, the naked condition of the Troops and the feelings of Humanity opposed the measure: If retiring to the Towns in the interior parts of the State, which consistently with the preservation of the Troops, from their necessitous circumstances, might have been justifiable, the measure was found inexpedient because it would have exposed and left uncovered, a large extent of Country. If cantoning the Troops in several places, divided and distant from each other, then there was a probability of their being cut off, and but little prospect of their giving security to any part. Under these Embarrassments, I determined to take post near this place, as the best calculated, in my Judgement to secure the Army, to protect our Stores and cover the Country; and for this purpose we are beginning to hut, and shall endeavour to accomplish it, as expeditiously as possible. I have also from a desire of preventing the Enemy from an intercourse with the Delaware State and from making incursions there detached Genl Smallwood with the Maryland forces to take post at Wilmington, which I had strong reasons to believe the Enemy intended. This However, I cannot but consider as hazardous, and shall be happy if it does not turn out so. I have it also in contemplation, to throw a Bridge over Schuylkill near this place,58 as soon as it is practicable by means of which I hope we shall be able, in a great measure with the aid of the Militia to check the Excursions of the Enemy's parties on the other side. As to Jersey, I am sensible of her sufferings and exertions in the present contest, and
[Note 58: This bridge was defended on the west side of the Schuylkill by what was called "the Star Redoubt."] there is no State to which I would more willingly extend protection; But as I have observed, it is not in my power to give it, in that degree, in which it seems to be wished and expected. I cannot divide the Army, not superior (from sickness and other causes equally painful when collected) to the Enemy's force, into detachments contrary to every Military principle and to our own experience of the dangers that would attend it. If this is done, I cannot be answerable for the consequences. My feelings lead strongly to Universal relief, but I have not the power to afford it. Nevertheless it has been and is still my intention, as soon as I have formed and secured this Camp to detach a small force to aid and countenance their Militia. This is all it appears to me that can be done, and I hope their apprehensions for the greater part will prove rather imaginary than well grounded; tho' I confess there are strong reasons to conclude the Enemy will not be remiss, in their acts of violence and injury there or any where else.
Inclosed is a Copy of a Letter from Genl. Howe of the 21st in answer to mine of 28th Ulto. and 14 Inst. From this it appears, Transports have sailed to take in Genl Burgoyne and his Troops. Should Mr. Boudinot be at York, I think it will be adviseable to shew him the Copy of Genl. Howe's Letter, that he may expedite the return of the Officers that an equal number of Our's may be released. I have the honor &ca.
P.S. A larger supply of Blank Commissions are still wanted, but few of the States having granted them to their Officers.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent is not found among the Papers of the Continental Congress. It was read in Congress on December 26 and referred, along with Washington's letter of December 23 to Congress, to William Duet, John Witherspoon, and John Harvie. On December 29 this committee was discharged and the letters referred to the Board of War, to which Cornelius Harnett, Elbridge Gerry, and Abraham Clark were added. The report of the board on regulating the department of the Commissary General of Military Stores was rendered Feb. 5, 1778, and agreed to by Congress on Feb. 7, 1778.]
Head Quarters, December 22, 1777.
Gentn.: Your favor of the 14th. inst. I received on Saturday Evening. The release of Genl. Thompson is what I wish much to effect. No circumstances have arisen since his captivity by which it could be accomplished. Your letter is the first and only information I have had, respecting Genl. Hamilton's desire of being exchanged and remaining in America, having never received a line from General Gates or any intelligence from him or any other person upon the subject. However, that Genl. Thompson may have a chance of being relieved from his present disagreeable situation, and of being in a situation to give the States his services, I have written to Genl. Heath to inquire into the matter and to mention it to Genl. Hamilton. If it is wished by him and Genl. Burgoyne, which I shall know from Genl. Heath, I am hopeful Genl Howe will consent to an Exchange. I have the honor etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Valley Forge, December 22, 1777.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The good of the service requiring at this time, the attention of officers and soldiers to duty, the General orders, that no furloughs be granted to officers above the rank of Captain, but from himself; nor to those below that rank, but from the Major General, or Officer commanding the division, they belong to: Noncommissioned Officers and privates may be furloughed by their respective Brigadiers, or officers commanding brigades. But the General does in most express and positive terms, enjoin the Major Generals and Brigadiers, to grant furloughs only in case of absolute necessity, and even then to have proper regard to the state and condition of the regiment and company, before they are given. All furloughs to officers are to be registered by the Adjutant of the regiment; and those to non-commissioned officers and soldiers, by the commanding officer of the company they belong to, or they will not be deemed valid. The strictest punctuality, in returning, at the expiration of their furloughs will be required of all those who obtain them.
Major General Sullivan having obligingly undertaken the direction of a bridge to be built over the Schuylkill, is to be excused from the common duties of the camp.
The old and new field Officers of the day are to be punctual, as to time in their attendance, at the mounting of the picquets, that the duty may go on regularly, and the men not to be detained on the parade. And it is expressly ordered that officers and men, who go on picquet take their provisions with them, as none will be allowed to come off to get them.
As the proper arming of the officers would add considerable strength to the army, and the officers themselves derive great confidence from being armed in time of action, the General orders every one of them to provide himself with a half-pike or spear, as soon as possible; firearms when made use of with drawing their attention too much from the men; and to be without either, has a very aukward and unofficerlike appearance. That these half-pikes may be of one length and uniformly made, the Brigadiers are to meet at General Maxwell's quarters to morrow at 10 o'clock in the forenoon and direct their size and form.
The Quarter Master General is to provide a number of pails, that every hut may have one.
Any soldier who shall be found discharging his musket without leave, and in an irregular manner, is to receive 20 lashes immediately on the spot.
At a General Court Martial whereof Col. Grayson was president, held on the 30th. of November last, Capt. Duffey was tried on the charge of "Having broke his arrest." The court having duly weighed the evidence, and the circumstances of the case, are of opinion that Capt. Duffey did break his arrest, by going six miles from camp, without leave of the commanding officer of the regiment, and falls under the penalty of the 20th. Article, 14th Section of the articles of war: But as it is not in proof that he did this in order to avoid a trial, or to screen himself from Justice, and it appearing in evidence, that he is an excellent officer, and has rose from the station of a soldier to his present rank by merit alone, the Court do in the strongest terms unanimously recommend him to His Excellency's clemency. The General approves the sentence; but for the reasons assigned in the above recommendation pardons the prisoner, and orders that he go on duty.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, whereof Col. Ogden was president, held the 2nd. instant, viz:
Captain Vail61 of the 2nd. N. Carolina battalion, charged with "1st, Cowardice at the battle of Germantown; 2nd, with not taking his post when ordered," was found guilty of the first charge and sentenced to be dismissed from the service; and that his crime, name, place of abode, and punishment, be published in the news-papers in and about the camp, and that particular state from which he came; and that it shall be deemed scandalous for any officer to associate with him. The Court acquit Capt. Vail of the 2nd. charge.
[Note 61: Capt. Edward Vail.]
Capt. Granburry62 of the 3rd. N. Carolina Battn. charged with "1st, Neglecting his duty and quitting his command; 2nd, With misdemeanors unbecoming the character of an officer," was acquitted of both charges.
[Note 62: Capt. Thomas Granberry.]
AFTER ORDERS
A Captain, Subaltern and twenty men from each brigade, together with the Brigade Commissaries and their waggons, are to parade forthwith in the road and field near the Bake-house by Head Quarters, and take instructions from Col. Stewart, Commissary General of Issues.
Each brigade thro' the line to furnish a good partizan Captain, two Subs, three Serjeants, three Corporals and fifty privates, all picked men, fit for annoying the enemy in light parties. Those of the Right Wing to parade at General Sullivan's quarters, and receive orders from him; those of the Left Wing at General Greene's quarters, and take orders from him; those of the second line and of the N. Carolina Brigade at the park, and take orders from Lord Stirling. The whole to parade immediately and to be furnished with a full supply of ammunition of 40 rounds each.
Valley Forge, December 23, 1777.
Sir: Full as I was in my representation of matters in the Commys. departmt. yesterday, fresh, and more powerful reasons oblige me to add, that I am now convinced, beyond a doubt that unless some great and capital change suddenly takes place in that line, this Army must inevitably be reduced to one or other of these three things. Starve, dissolve, or disperse, in order to obtain subsistence in the best manner they can; rest assured Sir this is not an exaggerated picture, but [and] that I have abundant reason to support what I say.
Yesterday afternoon receiving information that the Enemy, in force, had left the City, and were advancing towards Derby with apparent design to forage, and draw Subsistance from that part of the Country, I order'd the Troops to be in readiness, that I might give every opposition in my power; when, behold! to my great mortification, I was not only informed, but convinced, that the Men were unable to stir on Acct. of Provision, and that a dangerous Mutiny begun the Night before, and [which] with difficulty was suppressed by the spirited exertion's of some officers was still much to be apprehended on acct. of their [for] want of this Article.
This brought forth the only Corny. in the purchasing Line, in this Camp; and, with him, this Melancholy and alarming truth; that he had not a single hoof of any kind to Slaughter, and not more than 25. Barls. of Flour! From hence form an opinion of our Situation when I add, that, he could not tell when to expect any.
All I could do under these circumstances was, to send out a few light Parties to watch and harrass the Enemy, whilst other Parties were instantly detached different ways to collect, if possible, as much Provision as would satisfy the present pressing wants of the Soldiery. But will this answer? No Sir: three or four clays bad weather would prove our destruction. What then is to become of the Army this Winter? and if we are as often without Provisions now, as with it [them], what is to become of us in the Spring, when our force will be collected, with the aid perhaps of Militia, to take advantage of an early Campaign before the Enemy can be reinforced ? These are considerations of great magnitude, meriting the closest attention, and will, when my own reputation is so intimately connected, and to be affected by the event, justifie my saying that the present Commissaries are by no means equal to the execution [of the Office] or that the disaffection of the People is past all belief. The misfortune however does in my opinion, proceed from both causes, and tho' I have been tender heretofore of giving any opinion, or lodging complaints, as the change in that departmt. took place contrary to my judgment,63 and the consequences thereof were predicted; yet, finding that the inactivity of the Army, whether for want of provisions, Cloaths, or other essentials, is charged to my Acct., not only by the common vulgar, but those in power, it is time to speak plain in exculpation of myself; with truth then I can declare that, no Man, in my opinion, ever had his measures more impeded than I have, by every department of the Army. Since the Month of July, we have had no assistance from the Quarter Master Genl.64 and to want of assistance from this department, the Commissary Genl. charges great part of his deficiency; to this I am to add, that notwithstanding it is a standing order (and often repeated) that the Troops shall always have two days Provisions by them, that they may [might] be ready at any sudden call, yet, no oppertunity has scarce[ly] ever yet happened [offered] of taking advantage of the Enemy that has not been either totally obstructed or greatly impeded on this Acct., and this tho' the great and crying evil is not all. Soap, Vinegar and other Articles allowed by Congress we see none of nor have [we] seen [them] I believe since the battle of brandywine; the first indeed we have now little occasion of [for] few men having more than one Shirt, many only the Moiety of one, and Some
[Note 63: The change was ordered by Congress. (See resolves of June 10, Oct. 4, and Nov. 24,1777, in Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 64: Maj. Gen. Thomas Mifflin. He had resigned as Quartermaster General of the Continental Army Nov. 7, 1777, to become a member of the Continental Board of War.] none at all; in addition to which as a proof of the little benefit received from a Cloathier Genl., and at the same time as a further proof of the inability of an Army under the circumstances of this, to perform the common duties of Soldiers (besides a number of Men confind to Hospitals for want of Shoes, and others in farmers Houses on the same Acct.) we have, by a field return this day made no less than 2898 Men now in Camp unfit for duty because they are bare foot and otherwise naked and by the same return it appears that our whole strength in continental Troops (Including the Eastern Brigades which have joined us since the surrender of Genl. Burgoyne) exclusive of the Maryland Troops sent to Wilmington amount to no more than 8200 In Camp fit for duty. Notwithstanding which, and that, since the 4th Instt. our Numbers fit for duty from the hardships and exposures they have undergone, particularly on Acct. of Blankets (numbers being [having been] obliged and [still are to] do set up all Night by fires, instead of taking comfortable rest in a natural [and common] way) have decreased near 2000 Men. we find Gentlemen without knowing whether the Army was really going into Winter Quarters or not (for I am sure no resolution of mine would warrant the remonstrance)65 reprobating the measure as much as if they thought Men [the Soldiery] were made of Stocks or Stones and equally insensible of frost and Snow and moreover, as if they conceived it [easily] practicable for an inferior Army under the disadvantages I have describ'd our's to be wch. is by no means exagerated to confine a superior one (in all respects well appointed, and provided for a Winters Campaign) within the City of Phila., and [to] cover from depredation and waste the
[Note 65: The Pennsylvania Legislature addressed a remonstrance to Washington against putting the Army into winter quarters. (See Pennsylvania Archives, First Series, 6, 104,)] States of Pensa., Jersey, &ca. but what makes this matter still more extraordinary in my eye is, that these very Gentn. who were well apprized of the nakedness of the Troops, from occular demonstration [who] thought their own Soldiers worse clad than others, and advised me, near a Month ago, to postpone the execution of a Plan, I was about to adopt (in consequence of a resolve of Congress) for seizing Cloaths, under strong assurances that an ample supply would be collected in ten days agreeably to a decree of the State66 not one Article of wch., by the bye, is yet come to hand, should think a Winters Campaign and the covering these States from the Invasion of an Enemy so easy [and practicable] a business. I can assure those Gentlemen that it is a much easier and less distressing thing to draw remonstrances in a comfortable room by a good fire side than to occupy a cold bleak hill and sleep under frost and Snow without Cloaths or Blankets; however, although they seem to have little feeling for the naked, and distressed Soldier, I feel superabundantly for them, and from my Soul pity those miseries, wch. it is neither in my power to relieve or prevent.
[Note 66: Col. John Bayard and James Young were a committee of the Pennsylvania Council of Safety which consulted Washington on the matter of clothing for the Pennsylvania troops.]
It is for these reasons therefore I have dwelt upon the Subject, and it adds not a little to my other difficulties, and distress, to find that much more is expected of me than is possible to be performed, and that upon the ground of safety and policy, I am obliged to conceal the true State of the Army from Public view and thereby expose myself to detraction and Calumny.
The Honble. Comee of Congress went from Camp fully possessed of my Sentiments respecting the Establishment of this Army, the necessity of Auditors of Accts, appointment of Officers, new arrangements, &ca. I have no need therefore to be prolix on these Subjects, but refer to them after adding a word or two to shew, first, the necessity of some better provision for binding the Officers by the tye of Interest to the Service (as No day, nor scarce an hour passes without the offer of a resignd Commission) otherwise I much doubt the practicability of holding the Army together much longer. In this I shall, probably, be thought more sincere, when I freely declare that I do not, myself, expect to derive the smallest benefit from any establishment that Congress may adopt, otherwise than as a Member of the Community at large in the good which I am perswaded will result from the measure by making better Officers and better Troops, and Secondly to point out the necessity of making the Appointments, arrangements, &ca. without loss of time. We have not more than 3 Months to prepare a great deal of business in; if we let these slip, or waste, we shall be labouring under the same difficulties all next Campaign as we have done this, to rectifie mistakes and bring things to order. Military arrangements and movements in consequence, like the Mechanism of a Clock, will be imperfect, and disorderd, by the want of a part; in a very sensible degree have I experienced this in the course of the last Summer, Several Brigades having no Brigadiers appointed to them till late and some not at all; by which means it follows that an additional weight is thrown upon the Shoulders of the Commander in chief to withdraw his attention from the great line of his duty. The Gentlemen of the Comee. when they were at Camp talk'd of an expedient for adjusting these matters, which I highly approved and wish to see adopted namely, that two or three Members of the Board of War or a Comee of Congress should repair immediately to Camp where the best aid can be had and with the Commanding Officer, or a Comee of his appointing[ment] prepare and digest the most perfect plan that can be devised for correcting all abuses, making new arrangements, considering what is to be done with the weak and debelitated regiments (if the States to wch they belong, will not draft men to fill them, for as to enlisting Soldiers it seems to me to be totally out of the question) together with many other things that would occur in the course of such a conference, and after digesting matters in the best manner they can to submit the whole to the ultimate determination of Congress. If this measure is approved of I would earnestly advise the immediate execution of it and that the Corny. General of Purchases whom I rarely see, may be directed to form Magazines without a Moments delay, in the Neighbourhood of this Camp in order to secure Provision for us in case of bad weather; the Quarter Mr. Genl. ought also to be busy in his department; in short there is as much to be done in preparing for a Campaign as in the active part of it; in fine, every thing depends upon the preparation that is made in the several departments in the course of this Winter and the success, or misfortunes of next Campaign will more than probably originate with our activity, or supinehess this Winter. I am &ca.67
[Note 67: The bracketed words in this letter are Robert Hanson Harrison's efforts to improve Washington's diction. The letter sent is missing from the Papers of the Continental Congress. It was sold at auction in 1933 and, from the catalogue description, was a copy, by Harrison, of Washington's autograph draft. Harrison's copy, which Washington signed, shows a few minor verbal variations. (See note to letter of Washington to the President of Congress, Dec. 22, 1777, ante.)]
Head-Quarters, Valley-Forge, December 23, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Those men engaged in building the bridge, under General Sullivan's direction, are to be supplied with provisions by themselves, upon General Sullivan's order and are therefore to be deducted from the regimental provision returns.
December 24, 1777.
You are hereby directed to repair to the East side of Schuylkill kill and take the command of the parties of Horse stationed upon the different Roads leading into the City of Philadelphia.
You are not only to watch the motions of the Enemy upon that quarter, but what you are principally to attend to, is to endeavour to cut off the intercourse between the Country and the City of Philadelphia. In order to do this more effectually, you are to Sieze all provision of every kind going into the City with the Horses or Carriages upon which it is conveyed without respect to persons, and if any are taken carrying in such quantities as appear to you intended for sale and a supply to the markets, you are to apprehend them and send them with proper Witnesses to Head Quarters, that they may be dealt with according to a Resolve of Congress68 lately passed for the purpose Of cutting off the intercourse between the City and Country.
[Note 68: The resolve of Oct. 9, 1777. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
The provision so Siezed is to be applied, part thereof to the Support of the parties under your command and the remainder to be sent to the Commissary General. The Horses and Carriages to the Qr. Mr. General.
You are to make a return of the number of Men and Condition of the Horses upon the East side of Schuylkill, that they may be increased or diminished as the nature of the Service ice may require.
You are to inform Genl. Count Polaski of your being sent upon this command, and you are to forward to me the earliest intelligence of any thing that you may judge material. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley-Forge, December 24, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Every regiment is to draw provisions, to complete their rations, for to morrow; and the whole army being supplied up to that time, the Issuing Commissaries are then to make return, to the Commissary General of Issues, of all the provisions they have on hand.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 25, 1777.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your Favor of the 25th Ulto., with its Inclosures by yesterday's Post. A spirit of resigning their Commissions, whether resulting from necessary causes or reigned ones, I cannot determine, has been but too prevalent in the Army of late. I have discountenanced it as much as possible, especially where the Applications were by men of merit and in some such instances have peremptorily refused to grant them. The practice is of a pernicious tendency and must have an unhappy influence on the service. At the same time, it is to be observed, where Officers wish to resign, whose Characters are exceptionable or do not stand in a favorable point of view, their Commissions should be received, as their continuance would not promote the Public Interest and might prevent the promotion of better men. I shall pay due regard to the Resolve of your Honble. House of Commons,70 and that their views may be the more fully answered, I shall deliver a Copy of it to the Commanding Officer of your Troops, that it may be communicated through their Line.
[Note 70: The Legislature of North Carolina had passed a resolve that any Carolina officer who resigned from the Army, except for good reasons certified to by the Commander in Chief, would be deemed incapable thereafter of holding any civil or military office in the gift of the State.]
I have nothing that is agreeable or interesting to inform you of in the Military Line. The Enemy still remain in possession of Philadelphia, and are strongly fortified by a Chain of Intrenchments and Redoubts from Schuylkill to Delaware. By a Letter from the Eastward, a ship arrived at Portsmouth (New Hampshire), about the last Ulto. in Seventy five days from Marseilles with forty Eight Brass four pounders, 19. nine Inch Mortars, 4110 stand of Arms, 9 Tons of Powder and 61,051 lb. of sulphur, 2500 9 Inch Shells and 2000, 4 lb Balls for the United States. This is an agreeable event, as it is a recent proof of the friendly disposition of the French Nation. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 25, 1777.
Parole Springfield. Countersigns Windsor, Hartford.
Each brigade is to detach an active, careful subaltern and eight men, who with an Assistant Commissary are to go to such places as the Commissary General, or his Assistant at Camp shall direct, for the purpose of collecting flour, grain, cattle and pork for the army. Such men are to be selected, as are able of body, and know how to thresh. Lieut. Col. Bayard74 is to take the command of these detachments, and see them duly employed for the purposes above mentioned. The men are to take their arms, blankets and necessaries with them; and parade to morrow morning at nine o'clock, at the Black-Bull. Three baggage waggons of each brigade are to be unloaded and parade at the same time and place, to go with the detachments.
[Note 74: Lieut. Col. Stephen Bayard, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783.]
Very correct returns are to be made immediately, of every corps in the army, to be transmitted to their respective states, to enable them to determine on the measures best adapted for completing the corps to the establishment. Of the nine old Virginia regiments, the number reinlisted are to be particularly specified, and in the New England regiments those inlisted for a short period are to be distinguished from the rest.
Complaint has been made, that divers soldiers, some on horseback back, have been plundering the inhabitants; this probably arises at least in part from the rolls not being regularly called, and absentees duly noticed. The General requires therefore that this be constantly done in future; and if any soldier is caught riding a waggon or other horse, in or out of camp, he is to be severely punished.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 26, 1777.
Parole Cape Henry. Countersigns Cape Cod, Cape May.
A General Court Martial is to set at the House of Wiley Bodles, near the provost, at nine o'clock, this morning, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them. Colonel Scammell is appointed president of this court; and a Captain from Muhlenberg's, end. Pennsylvania, Glover's, Paterson's, Huntington's, and McIntosh's brigades, and a subaltern from Weedan's, Woodford's, Scott's, 1st Pennsylvania, Learned's and Varnum's brigades, will constitute the members of the court.
Henry McCormick Esqr. is appointed Brigade Major to the first Pennsylvania brigade, and is to be respected as such.
It is with inexpressible grief and indignation that the General has received information of the cruel outrages and roberries lately committed by soldiers, on the other side of the Schuylkill: Were we in an enemy's country such practices would be unwarrantable; but committed against our friends are in the highest degree base, cruel, and injurious to the cause in which we are engaged. They demand therefore, and shall receive the severest punishment. Such crimes have brought reproach upon the army; and every officer and soldier suffers by the practices of such villains; and 'tis the interest, as well as duty, of every honest man to detect them, and prevent a repetition of such crimes. The General earnestly desires the General Officers, and those commanding Corps, to represent to their men, the cruelty, baseness and wickedness, of such practices, and the injury they do the army, and the common cause. And still further, to prevent the commission of those crimes, the General positively orders.
1st. That no officer, under the degree of a Field Officer, or officer commanding a regiment, give passes to non-commissioned officers or soldiers, on any pretence whatever.
2nd. That no non-commissioned officer, or soldier, have with him, arms of any kind, unless he is on duty.
3rd. That every non-commissioned officer, or soldier, caught without the limits of the camp, not having such pass, or with his arms, shall be confined and severely punished.
4th. That the rolls of each company be called frequently, and that every evening, at different times, between the hours of eight and ten o'clock, all the men's quarters be visited, by such officers as the Brigadiers or the Officers commanding corps, shall daily appoint, and all absentees are to be exemplarily punished.
5th. That as some of the villains complained of, have been found mounted upon waggon horses; every waggon-master and conductor of waggons, is constantly to be near his charge, and frequently, particularly every evening and morning, to inspect his waggons, and horses, and see that neither they, nor the waggoners are missing; and if a waggoner, or any of his horses are missing, and not on duty, he is to be confined and punished.
Complaint has been made by the Surgeons of the hospitals, that the sick are often sent to them, without the lists required by the General Orders issued the 12th. of November. To those orders all officers are referred for direction in this point, and for the disposition of the arms of the sick.
Valley Forge, December 26, 1777.
Sir: The reason of my troubling you, at this time, is, to request, that Congress will defer their decision on General Woodford's claim of rank for the present. I find that the Gentn. affected by it, are much averse to it, and therefore shall direct the whole to state their objections, which I shall transmit by the earliest opportunity that, Congress may be fully possessed of the Subject and apprized of the difficulties involved in matters of this sort. I have the honor, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 27, 1777.
Sir: On Wednesday I had the Honor to receive your letter of the 9th. Instt., I have directed a Compleat state of the Virginia Troops to be made, which if done and I expect it will, I will transmit it by the next post. From it you will be able to discover the Amount of the Whole, their deficiency, How many Men of the Old Regiments have reinlisted &c.
I do not recollect ever to have heard that Genl. Stephen was employed or that he had interested himself to reinlist the Troops before the receipt of your favor. But however this may have been, It is evident, his Success was not very great or by any means equal to what his Letter of the 12th of April professes. This you will readily conclude from an Inspection of the return, especially, when you are informed that most, if not every Man reinlisted, have been engaged within the course of a few Weeks past, by the exertions of their Genl. and other Officers in Consequence of my Orders. As an inducement to this desirable end, the Officers were authorised to promise a Furlough to such as would re-engage till March, and I hoped the Measure would have been attended with more happy effects than it has been. I really do not know what plans will be most likely to succeed for filling your Battalions or those of the other States. It is an Object of infinite, indeed of the last importance, and must be effected if possible. All the difficulties we are now involved in, are the result of the fatal, ruinous policy, of temporary and short Inlistments.
In Several of my late Letters, I addressed you on the distresses of the Troops for want of Cloathing. Your ready exertions to releive them have given me the highest satisfaction. At the same time, knowing how exceedingly the Service has been injured, How great the Sufferings and loss of Men thro' this want, I cannot but hope every measure will be pursued, that circumstances will admit, to keep them Supplied from time to time. No pains, no efforts can be too great for this purpose. The Articles of Shoes, Stockings and Blankets demand the most particular attention, as the expenditure of them from the Operations and Common accidents of War we find robe greater than Articles of any others. I assure you, Sir, it is not easy to give you a just and accurate Idea of the Sufferings of the Troops at large. Were they to be minutely detailed, the relation so unexpected, so contrary to the common opinion of people distant from the Army, would scarcely be thought credible. I fear I shall wound your feelings by telling you that by a Field return on the 23d. Instant, we had in Camp not less than 2898 Men unfit for duty by reason of their being barefoot and otherwise naked; Besides these, there are many others detained at the Hospitals and in Farmers Houses for the same causes. I will no longer dwell upon the Melancholly subject, being firmly convinced, that your views and most Studious care, will be employed to render the Situation of the Troops, both Officers and privates, comfortable in future. If the Several States direct their attention to this indispensably essential Object, As I trust they will, I have the most Sanguine hopes, that their Supplies with those immediately imported by Congress themselves, will be equal to every demand. I have the Honor etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 27, 1777.
Dr. Sir: I was a few days ago favored with yours of the 8th instant. I am sorry that any undue promotions Should have disgusted your Brother,77 but as I do not know the instances to which you allude, I can say nothing to the justice of his pretensions to rank in preference to them. The only dispute that has come to my knowledge, is that between him and Colo. Cortland, and in that I must say Colo Cortland had in my opinion an undoubted right to the precendency, upon principles of strict Justice. And as I have heard nothing more of this Matter for some time, I imagine Colo. Livingston has dropped his claim.
[Note 77: Col. Henry Beekman Livingston.]
It is impossible to form such a Corps as you mention at this time. The Regiments, small in the beginning of the Campaign and much diminished by service, will not bear a draft without reducing them to mere Companies. I expect a Committee of Congress here in a short time, to confer upon ways and means of new modelling the Army, I shall, among other things, strongly recommend the formation of Corps of Light Infantry, and as your Brother will be upon the spot, he will have an opportunity, if such are formed, of putting in his claim for a Command. I have a high opinion of his Merit, and therefore shall not be forgetful of him. I do not chuse to make an absolute promise at this time, because I know there will be many competitors for such Posts, and I am determined to decide in favor of those, who appear in every view best qualified, and who will give the most general satisfaction. Col. Morgan,78 Colo. Butler79 and Major Morris80 who have so eminently distinguished themselves in the light Corps established this Campaign, will undoubtedly claim a preference, should they incline to continue in that kind of service. I have the honor, etc.81
[Note 78: Col. Daniel Morgan.]
[Note 79: Richard Butler.]
[Note 80: Maj. Lewis Morris, jr.]
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 27, 1777.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 16th. instant from the Sawpitts. I am glad to find that matters are not as represented in Colo. Drake's83 memorial, and my only wish is that the people may be protected, as far as circumstances will permit without detriment to the public cause.
[Note 83: Col. Samuel Drake, of the New York Militia. He was also a New York commissioner to remove stock beyond the reach of the enemy, and his complaint related to an alleged improper seizure of cattle by Putnam's troops.]
I am exceedingly sorry to hear of the misfortune that has befallen Colo. Webb84 and Colo. Eli, and I can only hope that our loss is not greater than had come to your knowledge at the time of writing. I have ever been averse to these small excursions, especially when they divert our attention from more material objects. And as I think more solid advantages will arise from carrying on the works upon the River than now and then attempting the destruction of part of the Enemy's Stores, my wish is that the Troops may be kept steadily to work, except
[Note 84: Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb, of an Additional Continental regiment, and Col. John Ely, of a Connecticut Militia regiment, had been taken prisoners on an expedition to Long Island on December 10.] such as are necessary to patrole towards the plains and keep small parties from ravaging.
If Genl. Gates should have come down to Fishkill, or if he should not, if Genl. Parsons remains there, I have no objection to your going home for a time, to look after your private affairs.85
[Note 85: Putnam's wife had died and he had requested a furlough.]
Before you leave the post, be pleased to make me an exact return of the Strength, distinguishing the Continental particularly from the Militia.
I wish you a happy sight of your remaining family and am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing at Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 27, 1777.
My Lord: Your Lordships Letter of yesterday arrived late last night; with respect to the proposed Attack upon the detached body of the Enemy, it appears from Major Clarks account of their Situation whom I sent for to consult upon the Subject; that they can be so easily and readily reinforced from the main body as to render any attempt upon them abortive. The business of your inclosed Letter has been in part obviated, by the orders which I had already given relative to it. What you advise respecting a Deputy Commissary to be stationed below shall be put in execution as soon as circumstances will permit; at present neither the principal of the Department nor any of his Deputies make their appearance in camp. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 27, 1777.
Sir: As we have more than probably taken a position for the Winter, and every exertion in the different departments should be made to prepare for the next Campaign. I take this early oppertunity to remind you of the necessity of providing Common Tents, Bell Tents for Arms, Ammunition Waggons, and such other essentials in your Line as you know will be wanted for the use of the Troops next Campaign. A Moments reflection must convince you that the smallest delay will be injurious, as the Season for providing these things is fast advancing, and the difficulty in obtaining them may be great.
If you have not resources within your own Comd. to furnish the two first Articles, you are to apply to the board of War for Instructions; particularly, to know whether the Sail Duck imported, or purchased for the Frigates may not be applied to these useful purposes.
To descend into the Minutiae of our wants, is unnecessary; the experience of the last Campaign, will be your best informer, and guide.88 I am etc.
[Note 88: On December 28 Lieut. Col. John Laurens wrote to Lutterloh, by direction of Washington, to collect plank from the mills nearby and repair the new bridge over the Schuylkill. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. You ought to know where your resources of Waggons and Drivers are to be had, and no longer depend upon Soldiers for this business.
Head-Quarters, Valley Forge, December 27, 1777.
Parole Castleton. Countersigns Pittsburg, Stanwix.
Mr. Berryman Greene at present Quarter Master is appointed Pay Master, to the first regiment of Light Dragoons, and to be respected as such.
Mr. John Hughes, Quarter Master Serjeant to the 6th. troop, is appointed Quarter Master to the same regiment in the room of Quarter Master Greene, and to be respected as such.
All the troops are to draw and cook provisions for tomorrow.
Notwithstanding the orders repeatedly given, for calling the absent officers to camp, the Commander in Chief is informed, that many are still scattered about the Country, mispending their time, to the prejudice of the service, and injury of those officers who remain and attend their duty in Camp. He therefore directs, that the Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades forthwith make a strict inquiry, concerning all the officers absent from their brigades; and such as are absent without leave from proper authority, or having had such leave remain unnecessarily absent, are to be immediately notified to return to camp without delay on pain of being suspended or cashiered.
Each brigade Quarter Master is to make a return, this afternoon, to the D. Q. M. General of the number of officer's huts necessary for their brigades, according to the regulation in General Orders.
Head-Quarters, Valley Forge, December 28, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
All the troops are to draw and cook provisions for to morrow. Two Captains of General Wayne's division are to be detached to aid Lt. Col. Bayard in the business committed to his charge. The Assistant Commissary General (Mr. Chaloner89) will inform the captains where Col. Bayard may be found.
[Note 89: John Chaloner.]
Head Quarters, December 28, 1777.
Dear Sir: I have this Morning received your favour of 26th. Instr. The method you have adopted for preventing the intercourse and Supply of Marketting from the Country, I think is a good one, and I expect will have the intended effect, though I fear it is impossible to put a total stop to it, even by the greatest exertions of the Officers, as there are many Avenues to Town which it will be found difficult to Guard. Congress had information that there was a great Quantity of Flour near the British Lines which I suppose by what you mention to be groundless.
I have, by their desire, issued a Proclamation ordering the Farmers to Thresh out their Wheat and prepare it for Mill, and that in case of Noncompliance within certain Periods, it shall be Siezed upon for the use of the Army and only paid for as Straw.
A number of printed Copies are to be sent from Lancaster, when they arrive I shall forward a proportion to you. When the Wheat is ready, the Commissaries will go thro the Country and pay a generous price for it.
Our want of the Article you mention90 has been relieved in a temporary manner, but not fixed upon so good a foundation, as to prevent my apprehensions of similar and indeed greater inconveniences happening in the course of this Winter from the same cause.
[Note 90: Armstrong does not name the article, but it seems probable that it was powder.]
By the last accounts from below, the British Army remain in the same situation. When they return and things are a little settled here, I shall readily agree to your request of having Genl. Potter with you, and will give him directions accordingly.
I have now to acknowledge your favour of the 23d. instr. by a return Express. The Troops which had marched over the foot Bridge at Matson's ford had returned before I came up, this was occasioned by the Officers not knowing the numbers or situation of the Enemy, and the risque of passing thro so great a defile as lies on this side the River. As soon as I was acquainted with the Circumstance of the Bridge, I ordered them to stop and repair what damage had been done; had we been acquainted with the strength of the Enemy upon this Occasion, something very advantageous might have been effected. As the meeting, I believe, was very unexpected on both sides, [however] it is always much easier to see where advantages might have been taken, and what ought to be done, when the matter in agitation is passed beyond a possibility of being recalled. I am &ca.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald. The word in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 92: Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, December 28, 1777.
Sir: As the Season advances in which bad weather and broken Roads will render the transporting provision from any distance, for the most part subject to considerable delay, and sometimes impracticable. It becomes indispensibly necessary to form with all possible expedition ample Magazines for our Winter Supply contiguous to the Rear of the Camp, and to embrace every favourable Opportunity of keeping them furnished. They ought never to have less than thirty days provision in them.
You will likewise extend your views to establishing the necessary Magazines for the next Campaign; with respect to their Situation I can only say in general Terms at present, that they are to be in the most convenient places consistent with security for Subsisting an Army in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia.
The Deputies in your Department complain of a deficiency of Waggons, the power which you have by virtue of your office of impressing them, if exerted, will certainly remedy this evil. I am &ca.
P.S. Such Articles of provision as can be obtained nearest the Enemy's Lines, ought to be first secured.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. Practically this same letter was sent Col. Clement Biddle, Commissary General of Forage of the Continental Army, on the same date as this letter. The letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 29, 1777.
Dear Sir: Major Blackden94 of Colo. Sheldons Light Dragoons goes to Boston to procure Cloathing and Accoutrements for the Regiment against the ensuing Campaign. As the prices of many articles have risen from there being too great a number of Bidders, I have directed the Major, if there are any persons purchasing for the Continent, not to interfere with them, but to apply to them for such Articles as he may want, and as he has the measures of the Men, he will have the Uniforms made up. There will be several things as Boots, sadlery &ca. for which he must contract himself, to pay for which I desire you will furnish him with money. If the Continental Agents should not have the Articles of Cloathing proper for Major Blackden, he is in that case to procure them on the best terms he can, and you will also be pleased to furnish him with Money for the Amount. We have found so many advantages from Cavalry in the Course of this Campaign, that I am determined to augment them as much as possible against the next, and enable them to take the Field in a respectable manner. I therefore hope you will give Major Blackden your Countenance and every assistance in your power. I am etc.95
[Note 94: Lieut. Col. Samuel Blackden [Blagden], of the Second Continental Dragoons. He had been promoted from major on Apr. 7, 1777; resigned in August, 1779.]
[Note 95: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 29, 1777.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 27th. as I was with those of the 22d. and 25th. I imagine the Ships you saw going down, were only empty Transports and Victuallers for which having no use, they think it safer to send them away than let them lay crowded in the docks of Philada. where a single Vessel taking fire might prove destruction of the whole. The Enemy, who were only out upon a great Hay, Forage, have returned to Philada. I was apprehensive that they would have paid you a visit, and altho they [we ? ] were not in a position to make a general attack upon them to advantage, I kept large parties of light troops near them to watch their motions and prevent their stragling into the Country and plundering.
I shall send you down a party of Light Horse as much with a view of refreshing them as any thing else, for while the Enemy remain quiet in Philada. you will not have occasion to keep out a single Vidette. If they at any time cross the Schuylkill, I shall give you notice by Express, and you may then advance a few Horse, some towards Chester and others up the Brandywine to keep a look out at other times I wish they may lay intirely still, and if you have occasion for Expresses hire them from the Country.
Or if you can take seven or eight of the Dover Horse into employ you may do it, they will serve for the purpose of bringing you intelligence from different parts of the Country and carrying dispatches when there is occasion.
I beg you will continue to urge the president of the Delaware State and Genl. Rodney to turn out part of their Militia to your assistance.
I approve of your proposal of setting one of the Mills to work to supply you with Flour and Horse Feed, but you should keep it intirely under your own direction, that no more may be ground than what you and the inhabitants may want.
I will order the Commissary to send you down some salt and liquor if he has any of the latter, and the Waggon shall make up a load with intrenching Tools. As our stock of liquor is very small, your Commissary had better purchase some, up the Country, for the use of the Men upon fatigue.
Officers, on whom you can depend, should now be sent off to collect all the Straglers of your division and those who may have recovered in the different Hospitals, and you should inform the State of Maryland where you are that what Cloathing they collect for their Troops may be sent to you.
Inclosed you have a Resolve of Congress founded upon information that large quantities of Cattle have been driven down upon the Marshes of Kent upon Delaware which are exposed to the depredations of the Enemy or may be easily conveyed to them. I desire you will, in conjunction with the president of the State, have the fact inquired into, and if it be found true, endeavour to have them removed to a place of Safety, from whence they may be taken by the Commissary, and paid for as the Resolve directs.96
[Note 96: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Dec. 15, 1777.]
If the Weather should continue as severe as it promises, Vessels will not be able to go up to Philada. on account of the Ice, perhaps they may be obliged to put into Reedy Island. If they should and you can procure intelligence of it quickly, you may, by sending down a party and a single field piece make prize of them or oblige them to run down the Bay again. If they pass by you, they may probably not be able to get further up than Chester, where they must lay within the piers to avoid the Ice, and there they may be easily either destroyed or taken. I would have you endeavour to procure people who live at or near the places just mentioned to give you intelligence privately if any Vessels put in, that you may take measures to secure them. I am &ca.97
[Note 97: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[M.L.]
[Note 98: Of the Sixth Virginia Regiment, then commanding at Fort Pitt.]
Head Quarters, December 29, 1777.
Sir: Captn. Sullivan99 has delivered me your Letter of the 5th. Instant, inclosing a return of the Garrison at Fort Pitt, and desiring me to give such directions to Captn. Sullivan as may facilitate the procuring a Supply of Clothing for that part of the 13th. Virginia Regiment which is with you, I am sorry that I can do no more in this business than represent the distress of the Garrison to the Board of War and press them to apply the speediest relief possible. I have for this purpose written them a Letter to be delivered by Captn. Sullivan. I am etc.1
[Note 99: Capt. James Sullivan, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 29, 1777.
Gentlemen: Captain Sullivan, who will deliver this, was bearer of a Letter to me from Colo. Gibson Commanding Officer at Fort Pitt, in which the Garrison is represented as exceedingly distressed for want of Cloathing, and I am solicited, to give such directions as may facilitate the procuring a Supply. I have, in consequence, written to you on the subject and have no doubt, that every thing on your part will be done, as far as circumstances allow, to administer the speediest relief to the unhappy sufferers. I am etc.1
[Note 2: This circular is a fair example of some of the peculiar textual difficulties encountered in editing Washington's letters. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, and in the Washington photostats in the Library of Congress are facsimiles of the circular to New York and the circular to Maryland. No one of these three is exactly like the other two in word arrangement, capitalization, or spelling, while all three are in agreement in ideas and sense. It therefore follows that it is impossible for any one text to absolutely agree with every one of the surviving circulars. The text here printed follows the draft in the Washington Papers.
The circular to the Governor of Maryland omits the opening sentence and substitutes instead the following: "Genl. Smallwood will, by this Conveyance, transmit you a Return of Seven of the Maryland Regiments. The eighth, which was composed of part of the German Battalion and part of Rawlins's Regiment, is in the same situation in point of numbers."
The circular was sent to all of the States except Georgia, and in each instance addressed to the executive of the State, except the circular to Massachusetts, which was sent to the council.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 29, 1777.
Gentn. I take the liberty of transmitting you the inclosed Return, which contains a state of such of the Massachusetts Regiments, as are in the Army immediately under my command. By this you will discover how deficient, how exceedingly short they are of the compliment of Men, which of right according to the establishment they ought to have. This information, I have thought it my duty to lay before you, that it may have that attention which its importance demands; and in full hope, that the most early and vigorous measures will be adopted, not only to make the Regiments more respectable, but compleat. The expediency and necessity of this procedure are too obvious to need arguments. Should we have a respectable force to Commence an early Campaign with, before the Enemy are reinforced, I trust we shall have an Opportunity of Striking a favorable and an happy stroke; But if we should be obliged to defer it, It will not be easy to describe with any degree of precision what disagreeable consequences may result from It. We may rest assured, that Britain will strain every nerve to send from home and abroad, as early as possible, All the Troops it shall be in her power to raise or procure. Her views and schemes for subjugating these States and bringing them under her despotic Rule will be unceasing and unremitted. Nor should we in my opinion, turn our expectations to, or have the least dependance on the intervention of a Foreign War. Our wishes on this head have been disappointed hitherto, and I do not know that we have a right to promise ourselves from any intelligence that has been received, bearing the marks of authority that there is any certain prospect of one. However, be this as it may, our reliance should be wholly on our own strength and exertions. If in addition to these, there should be aid derived from a War between the Enemy and any of the European powers, our situation will be so much the better. If not, our efforts and exertions will have been the more necessary and indespensible. For my own part I should be happy if the Idea of a foreign rupture should be thrown intirely out of our Scale of politics, and that it may have not the least weight in our public measures. No bad effects could flow from it, but on the contrary many of a salutary nature. At the same time I do not mean, that such an Idea ought to be discouraged among the people at large [because the event is possible2].
[Note 2: This phrase is in the circular sent to New York.]
There is one thing more, to which I would take the liberty of solliciting your most serious and constant attention, to wit, the cloathing of your Troops and the procuring of every possible supply in your power for that end. If the several States exert themselves in future, in this Instance, and I trust they will, I hope that the Supplies they will be able to furnish in aid of those which Congress may immediately import themselves will be equal and competent to every demand. If they do not, I fear, I am satisfied the Troops will never be in a situation to answer the public expectation and perform the duties required of them. No pains, no efforts on the part of the States can be too great for this purpose. It is not easy to give you a just and accurate idea of the sufferings of the Army at large and of the loss of Men on this Account. Were they to be minutely detailed, your feelings would be wounded, and the relation would probably be not received without a degree of doubt and discredit. We had in Camp on the 23d Instr. by a Field Return then taken, not less than 2898 Men unfit for duty by reason of their being barefoot and otherwise naked. Besides this number, sufficiently distressing of itself, there are many others detained in Hospitals and crowded in Farmers Houses for the same causes. In a most particular manner I flatter myself the care and attention of the States, will be directed to the Supply of Shoes, Stockings and Blankets, as their expenditures from the common operations and accidents of War is far greater than that of any other Articles. In a word, the United and respective exertions of the States cannot be too great, too vigorous in this interesting work, and we shall never have a fair and just prospect for success, 'till our Troops (Officers and Men) are better provided than they are or have been.
We have taken post here for the Winter, as a place best calculated to cover the Country from the Ravages of the Enemy, and are now busily employed in erecting Huts for the Troops. This circumstance renders it the more Material, that the Supplies should be greater and more immediate than If the Men were in warm comfortable Houses.
The Return transmitted, comprehends only such Troops of your State, as are at this Camp. I imagine all the Regiments stand nearly upon the same footing in point of deficiency and from it, you will be able to form a pretty just estimate of the men that will be necessary to fill the whole.
Before I conclude I would also add, that it will be essential to innoculate the Recruits or Levies, as fast as they are raised, that their earliest services may be had. Should this be postponed, the work will be to do most probably at an interesting and critical period and when their aid may be very materially wanted. I have the honor etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, Valley-Forge, December 29, 1777.
Parole Germantown. Countersigns Concord, Charlestown.
The Commander in Chief earnestly exhorts the officers of every rank to use their utmost exertions to have the huts completed as soon as possible, that the troops may get comfortably lodged.
He also directs a gill of spirits to be served this afternoon to each non-commissioned officer and soldier. And as officers may find it difficult and expensive to procure spirits for their own use in camp, he authorises those of each regiment, to depute and send one of their own corps into this, or the neighbouring State, to purchase such spirits, and other articles for their accomodation in camp, as they shall find convenient for their own use only.
The returns which were called for, on the 25th. instant, were intended to pass thro' the hands of the Commander in Chief, to be by him transmitted to the respective states, where the troops were raised; those who have failed making such returns, to the Adjutant General, are to do it immediately.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 30, 1777.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Great numbers of prisoners are now in the Provost, suffering extremely from the severity of the season. Brigade General Courts Martial are to be appointed for to morrow, and to sit daily, 'till all the prisoners belonging to the respective brigades are tried.
Head Quarters, December 30, 1777.
Sir: Capt. Jones5 of Colo. Baylor's Regt. of Light dragoons, has a troop of Men inlisted and accoutrements complete; but not having been able to procure Horses, at the limited price, the Men are yet dismounted.
[Note 5: Capt. Cadwallader Jones, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He served as an aide to Lafayette, 1778--81.]
I am informed, that there are a number of horses at Lancaster and Carlisle, which were purchased for the North Carolina light dragoons; but 'tis said, they have neither proper Arms or Accoutrements, if therefore those Horses could be delivered to Capt. Jones they would immediately render very essential service, for the regiments that have been upon duty the last Campaign, are so reduced, that they can scarcely furnish the necessary patroles for the security of the Camp. I am sending off all the worn down Horses to recruit, and I could therefore wish, that the Board would give orders, that the Horses at Lancaster and Carlisle may be delivered to Capt. Jones, except the North Carolineans, for whom they were intended, are ready to mount and take the Field. I am &c.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., December 30, 1777.
Sir: I am favoured with your Letter of Yesterday, in which you propose (in order to loose no time) to begin with the instructions of the Troops.7
[Note 7: Conway was appointed by Congress Inspector General of the Continental Army and promoted to the rank of major general on December 13. His letter of December 29 to Washington recited: "I accepted the office of inspector general with the view of being instrumental to the Welfare of the cause, and to the Glory of the commander in chief in making his troops fitt to execute his orders. The rank of major general which was given me is absolutely requisite for this office in order to be vested with proper authority to superintend the instruction, and the internal administration. there is no inspector in the european armies under a Major general. however sir if my appointment is productive of any inconvenience or any Ways Disagreeable to your excellency, as I neither apply'd nor solicited for this place, I am very readdy to return to france where I have pressing Business; and this I will do with the more satisfaction that I expect even there to be useful to the cause." Conway's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Conway had applied to Congress for the rank of a major general as early as Sept. 25, 1777, and his letters of October 19 and November 14 to that body were impertinent arguments sustaining his claim to such a promotion. It is quite doubtful that he would have secured this rank and that of Inspector General if the influences in Congress and the Board of War which were antagonistic to Washington had not just then been in the ascendancy.]
You will observe by the Resolution of Congress relative to your appointment, that the board of War is to furnish a Sett of Instructions, according to which the Troops are to be Manoeuvred. As you have made no mention of having received them, I suppose they are not come to you. When they do, I shall issue any Orders which may be judged necessary to have them carried into immediate Execution.
Your appointment of Inspector General to the Army, I believe has not given the least uneasiness to any Officer in it. By consulting your own feelings upon the appointment of the baron de Kalb you may judge what must be the Sensations of those Brigadiers, who by your Promotion are Superceded.8 I am told they are determined to Remonstrate against it; for my own part I have nothing to do in the appointment of Genl. Officers, and shall always afford every Countenance and due respect to those appointed by Congress; taking it for granted, that prior to any Resolve of that Nature, they take a dispassionate View, of the merits of the Officer to be promoted, and consider every consequence that can result from such a Procedure; nor have I any other wish on that Head, but that good attentive Officers may be chosen, and no Extraordinary promotion take place, but where
[Note 8: Conway himself had been a vigorous remonstrant to Congress on Baron De Kalb's appointment, claiming that De Kalb was his inferior in rank in France.] the Merit of the Officer is so generally acknowledged as to Obviate every reasonable cause of Dissatisfaction thereat. I am etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.
Conway's reply to this letter (December 31) is characteristic. He outlines what he had intended, spoke largely of preparing and printing a set of regulations, but left these matters in the air, with a warning that Washington had no time to lose. It was a clever shifting of responsibility concealed behind a future claim of unfamiliarity with the English language, which defense he attempted to make later in the matter of his resignation to Congress. "What you are pleased to call an extraordinary promotion is a very plain one. there is nothing extraordinary in it, only that such a place was not thought of Sooner. the General and universal merit, Which you Wish every promoted officer might be endowed with, is a rare gift. We see but few men of merit so generally acknowledged. We know But the great frederick in europe, and the great Washington in this continent. I certainly never was so rash as to pretend to such a prodigious height; neither Do I pretend to any superiority in personal qualities over my Brother Brigadiers for Whom I have much regard. but you, sir, and the great frederick know perfectly well, that this trade is not Learn'd in a few Months. I have served steadily thirty years. that is, before some of my comrades Brigadiers Were Born. therefore I Do not think that it will be found Marvellous and incredible, if I command here a number of men Which falls much short of What I have commanded those many years in an old army.
"however, sir, By the complexion of your Letter, and by the two receptions you have honour'd me with since my arrival, I perceive that I have not the happiness of being agreeable to your excellency, and that I can expect no support in fulfilling the Laborious Duty of an inspector general I Do not mean to give you or any officer in the army the Least uneasiness therefore I am very readdy to return to france and to the army where I hope I will Meet with no frowns. I begg Leave to Wish your Excellency a happy New year and a Glorious Campaign." Conway's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Col. Ephraim Blaine, Deputy Commissary General of Purchases, informed Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison (Jan. 18, 1778) that General Conway had publicly said "that the General was not the man people Imagined nor yet the General, and that he was unpardonable for Missing the Many Oppertunities he had over the Enemy." Blaine's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, December 30, 1777.
Sir: Being appointed by Colo. Sheldon to procure Cloathing and accoutrements for the Regiment against the ensuing Campaign, you are to repair immediately to Boston as the most probable place of furnishing yourself. Upon your arrival there, you are, thro General Heath (to whom I have written) to apply to the persons purchasing Cloathing for Continental use, for as much as will be Sufficient, and as you have the measures of your Men, have it made up as expeditiously as possible. For the Articles of Boots, Saddlery &ca. you are to contract yourself, and Genl. Heath will furnish you with the Money.
If the Continental Agents should not have the kind of Cloathing necessary and suitable to your purpose, you are to purchase them yourself on the best terms you can, and apply to Genl. Heath for the Amount.
That you may not be imposed upon on the one hand, or tend to raise the prices of Goods on the other, by giving more than is usual, you will apply to the Continental Agents for advice and direction in this Matter.
Altho' I have mentioned Boston as the principal place from whence you may expect to draw your supplies, you are not to overlook the different Towns in Connecticut, in many of which sadlery especially is to be obtained. You must be so well convinced of the necessity and advantage of being early in the Field, that I need not urge you to exert yourself in procuring the things necessary for that purpose. I am &ca.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 30, 1777.
Sir: As you are appointed to retire from the immediate duty of your Regiment, in order to provide accoutrements &ca. to Equip it for the next Campaign. You are to observe that it will be necessary to enter into some agreement with the Officers of the other Regiments of Dragoons who go for the same purpose, that you may not interfere with each other in applications to Tradesmen, or the purchase of any necessaries which may be wanted by you.
In order to this, it will be best to nominate and agree upon the respective Towns in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia in which each of you is to apply and contract for the Articles wanted by you (unless where a Sufficiency of any Article can be manufactured to supply the whole) and as fast as you can procure a quantity which you judge worth sending, you will forward them to such place as the commanding Officer of your Regiment will point out to you.
You will also Endeavour during this Recess, to Enlist as many men as will fill your Regiment, and as the Equippment of Dragoons is very expensive and Desertion should be avoided, you will receive none but Natives of the Country, or Foreigners of approved fidelity in service, or such as can be particularly recommended to you.
As soon as the manner of providing Cloathing for your Corps is determined on, you will receive Instructions about it.
When you find it necessary you are to furnish the Commanding Officer of your Regiment with an Account of what Money you want, which shall be forwarded to you.
I shall expect to be frequently inform'd by you of the Progress you make and the prospect you have of compleating the Business on which you are Detach'd.12
[Note 12: In the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, December 30, 1777.
All the Continental Arms that are out of order are to be collected without delay, that they may be repaired and rendered fit for Service as speedily as possible.
Every workman that can possibly be engaged, is to be employed for this purpose, and in proportion as the Repairs are completed the Arms are to be packed in proper Chests, which are to be deposited in places of security.
A sufficient number of Arm Chests are to be provided, in order that the transporting of Arms from place to place may be rendered convenient and safe.
It is scarcely necessary to add, that the utmost diligence should be used in laying up an ample Store of Cartridges for the Service of the ensuing Campaign, and making every other necessary provision in your Department.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, December 31, 1777.
Sir: It being of great importance to prevent the Enemy from Supplies of Forage and Provisions, I must take the liberty of requesting the interposition of your interest and Authority for this purpose, and that the most speedy and Suitable measures may be adopted and pursued either by your direction, or that of the Legislature or Council, for the removal of all that lies within the vicinity of the Jersey shore opposite Philadelphia, or that may be within the reach of the Enemy's foraging parties, except such as may be really essential for the Inhabitants' use. They Should be removed so far back from the Water, that they will not be in danger of falling into the Enemy's hands. The expediency and necessity of the procedure, I am satisfied, will appear at once to you, and I have no doubt as far as it may be in your power it will be carried into execution. It is not unlikely but that some of the Owners, especially if there are any tainted with toryism, will be somewhat averse to the Measure, as it has happened in similar cases; However, I trust means will be found to do away their prejudices, and to convince them of the propriety of it; Indeed if they will reason from their own experience and that of their Neighbours on this Side Delaware, they cannot but assent to it. But be this as it may, it is a matter so important, that it ought not to be dispensed with. The present opportunity, while the weather is severe, and a considerable quantity of ice in the River is favorable for the removal, as the Enemy will not be able to give any interruption. I am not without power and directions from Congress, to act myself in Such instances. But I would wish the business to be done by Civil Authority, as their Acts will create less jealousy and disgust, and be viewed in a much more unexceptionable light.14
[Note 14: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "I shall always be unwilling to exercise my powers out of the line of the Army."]
In a few days, All our Light Horse, except a few that will remain to do duty, will be sent to Trenton to Winter and recruit, It being a place, under all circumstances, the best adapted to that end. Besides recruiting, they will serve to protect the Country from incursions by small parties of the Enemy, and will give security to our Stores and Magazines. In addition to these, when we have secured and fortified our Camp, If circumstances will possibly admit, I will send a few more Troops. I cannot promise that they will be many, The Army being now much reduced by the expiration of the service of several Regiments, and from other causes, equally distressing.
Your Favor of the 25th with its inclosures I received on Sunday Evening. Mr. Boudinot, being apprized of the Situation of Lts. Buskirk and Earle and Surgeon Hammell, I presume will give the necessary directions about them. As to Browne, should he be acquitted, he must be considered as a prisoner of War. Your Sentiments in the close of your Letter to Colo. Seely are certainly just and will not admit an Answer.
I sincerely feel for the unhappy Condition of our Poor Fellows in the Hospitals, and wish my powers to releive them were equal to my inclination. It is but too melancholy a truth, that our Hospital Stores are exceedingly scanty and deficient in every instance, and I fear there is no prospect of their being better shortly. Our difficulties and distresses are certainly great and such as wound the feelings of Humanity. Our sick naked, our well naked, our unfortunate men in captivity naked I You were certainly right in representing the state of Sick, that they may be made more happy if possible. I have ordered a Field Officer to be always, in future, at the Hospitals, and hope they will contribute all in their power to accomodate them and prevent some of the inconveniences which you mention and which are of great moment. As to the Directors, if they do not afford every aid in their power, their conduct is highly culpable and deserves the severest reprehension. I assure you, Sir, I shall ever consider myself much obliged by your information, of any grievances or abuses respecting the Army, and shall never suppose you step out of your proper line in doing it. We are all equally engaged in the present Important Struggle, and In the cause of Humanity, and are equally concerned in promoting them. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley Forge, December 31, 1777.
Sir: By Lt. Colo. Barton, I was honored with your Favor of the 5th Ulto. with its Inclosure. The spirit and disposition of this Gentleman for enterprize and of the Officers concerned with him in capturing Genl. Prescot, give them a high claim to the thanks and esteem of their Country. Congress, persuaded of this, promoted Mr. Barton on the 24th Inst. to the Rank and pay of a Colonel in the Service of the States, and recommended him to me for employment. To their and your recommendations, I would willingly pay the utmost attention, But at present It is impossible for me to introduce Col. Barton into the Army without injuring others and creating disgust, there being now a full and over proportion of Officers, of which he is convinced.
Under these circumstances I would take the liberty to mention, if your State should raise and continue Troops for their own defence, that his past merit, and that of the other Officers, affords favourable grounds to hope, if they can be in command, that their service would be attended with no small benefits. I have the honor etc.15
Head Quarters, December 31, 1777.
You are to march the body of the Cavalry into Winter Quarters at Trenton, where you are to take the most effectual means for putting both men and horses in condition to act with vigour in the ensuing Campaign. Notwithstanding your distance from the Enemy and the apparent improbability of their forming any Enterprise against you, some degree of vigilance will be necessary to secure your Quarters from Surprise; this may be effected by such small patroles as will not make the Tour of duty come round too frequently, and break in too much upon the Repose of the men and horses, which is so essential to reestablishing them; the same Patroles may likewise be a safeguard to the Shipping laid up at Borden Town.
After you are well settled in Quarters, frequent Opportunities, in favorable Weather, are to be taken of perfecting the Cavalry in the most useful manoeuvres, even a Series of bad weather will not prove a total bar to the instruction of the men and horses, as they may at such times, perform the ordinary exercises of the Riding School, a proper house for which purpose you will provide immediately upon your arrival at Trenton. this kind of discipline will not occasion any greater exercise than is conducive to the health of both men and horses.
The men are to keep their Arms in the best Order, and the Sadlers to keep the Saddles and Bridles in constant Repair; if any Regiment be without a Sadler the Commanding Officer of it is to procure one with proper Tools, upon the best Terms he can make.
The Colonels are commissioned to provide their Regiments with Cloathing and Accoutrements. All that can be done with respect to these Articles under your eye, is that the Officers require their men to make the best of what they have, by repairs.
You will have sufficient time for training a Troop of Lancemen, and the Lances may be made according to your directions on the spot. No pains should be spared to inspire the men with an affection for their horses, and make them perfect in the management of them. These important ends can only be gained by great attention and assiduity in the Officers. You must therefore strictly prohibit all Wandering from Quarters.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, December 31, 1777.
My Dear Marquis: Your favour of Yesterday17 conveyed to me fresh proof of that friendship and attachment which I have happily experienced since the first of our acquaintance, and for which I entertain sentiments of the purest affection. It will ever constitute part of my happiness to know that I stand well in your opinion, because I am satisfied that you can have no views to answer by throwing out false colours, and that you possess a Mind too exalted to condescend to dirty Arts and low intrigues to acquire a reputation. Happy, thrice happy, would it have been for this Army and the cause we are embarked in, if the same generous spirit had pervaded all the Actors in it. But one Gentleman, whose Name you have mentioned,18 had, I am confident, far different views. His ambition and great desire of being puffed off as one of the first Officers of the Age, could only be equalled by the means which he used to obtain them; but finding that I was determined not to go beyond the line of my duty to indulge him in the first, nor, to exceed the strictest
[Note 17: This letter, dated Dec. 30, 1777, is not now found in the Washington Papers. Sparks, however, prints it in vol. 5, P- 488, of his Writings of Washington. From this the following is an extract: "When I was in Europe, I thought that here almost every man was a lover of liberty, and would rather die free than live a slave. You can conceive my astonishment when I saw, that Toryism was as apparently professed as Whigism itself. There are open dissensions in Congress; parties who hate one another as much as the common enemy; men who, without knowing any thing about war, undertake to judge you, and to make ridiculous comparisons. They are infatuated with Gates, without thinking of the difference of circumstances, and believe that attacking is the only thing necessary to conquer. These ideas are entertained by some jealous men, and perhaps secret friends of the British government, who want to push you, in a moment of ill humor, to some rash enterprise upon the lines, or against a much stronger army."]
[Note 18: Maj. Gen. Horario Gates.] rules of propriety, to gratify him in the second, he became my inveterate Enemy; and has, I am persuaded, practised every Art to do me an injury, even at the expense of reprobating a measure, which did not succeed, that he himself advised to. How far he may have accomplished his ends, I know not, and, but for considerations of a public Nature, I care not. For it is well known, that neither ambitious, nor lucrative motives led me to accept my present Appointments; in the discharge of which, I have endeavoured to observe one steady and uniform conduct, which I shall invariably pursue, while I have the honour to command, regardless of the Tongue of slander or the powers of detraction.
The fatal tendency of disunion is so obvious, that I have, in earnest terms, exhorted such Officers as have expressed their dissatisfaction at General Conway's promotion, to be cool and dispassionate in their decision upon the matter; and I have hopes that they will not suffer any hasty determination to injure the service. At the same time, it must be acknowledged that Officers' feelings upon these occasions are not to be restrained, although you may controul their Actions.
The other observations contained in your Letter, have too much truth in them, and it is much to be lamented that things are not now as they formerly were; but we must not, in so great a contest, expect to meet with nothing but Sun shine. I have no doubt but that every thing happens so for the best; that we shall triumph over all our misfortunes, and shall, in the end, be ultimately happy; when, My Dear Marquis, if you will give me your Company in Virginia, we will laugh at our past difficulties and the folly of others; where I will endeavour, by every civility in my power, to shew you how much and how sincerely, I am etc.19
[Note 19: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[December, 1777.]
Sir: I have received your three Several favours of this day. I have Spoken to the Commissary and forage Master, who have promised to take the proper measures for furnishing you with supplies in their respective Departments.
You will be pleased to send all Captn. Lee's troop that remain behind with the Regiment, to join the detachment now with him, and you will also return immediately to him, whatever men he may send with prisoners, or on any other errand. He is so enterprising and useful an Officer that I should wish him not to be Straitened for the want of Men. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 1, 1778.
Parole Ulster. Countersigns Salem, Amboy.
As this day begins the new year The General orders a gill of spirits to be Served to each non-commission'd Officer and soldier; And to avoid the irregular and partial distribution of this Article (which has been a good deal complaind of) he expressly orders that no Spirits shall issue to any part of the Troops in future but in Consequence of general or special orders from Head Quarters. A deviation from this rule will be at the risque and peril of the Issuing Commissary.
The Commanding Officer of each Regiment is to give in a Return at orderly time tomorrow of the number of Tailors in the Regiment he commands; and no new Cloathing to be made for the use of any Regiment but by a pattern which will be furnished them.
A considerable number of Froes23 and some Axes, are ready to be issued at the Quarter Master General's Stores.
[Note 23: Frow, a kind of cleaving knife in which the blade was set at right angles to the handle.]
Colo. Cook24 is appointed President of the Court Martial which Sits daily at the Bake-House;25 to relieve Colo. Scammell.
[Note 24: Col. William Cooke(?), of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 25: The bakehouse is thought to have been on the site of the present inn at Valley Forge.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 1, 1778.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your several favors of the 23d, 24th and 25th Ulto. with the several inclosures to which they allude.26
[Note 26: At this point in the draft the following has been crossed out: "I must beg the particular and immediate attention of Congress to a matter of the utmost importance to the Army, and which I fear has been too long delayed. I mean the appointment of a Quarter Master General. Since General Mifflin's indisposition obliged him to quit the field in July last I have experienced the greatest difficulties and inconveniences for want of a person of activity and authority at the head of that department. Upon General Mifflin's resignation, and I can only account for its not having been filled up since his resignation and indeed to believe that."]
In my letters of the 22d and 23d of last month I mentioned the difficulties which the service laboured under for want of a Qr. Master General, and as I am induced to believe that a new nomination has not been made since General Mifflin's resignation, because Congress could not fix upon any person in their opinions, fully qualified to fill that important Office, I thought it my duty to endeavour to find out a Gentleman who I could venture to recommend either from my own particular knowledge or from that of others. That my enquiries might be more extensive, I occasionally mentioned the Matter to the General and Field Officers and desired them, if any person came within their Idea as proper, that they would mention him to me, that I might upon their comparative Merits, fix upon the most deserving.
Several of the Officers from the Northward spoke of the uncommon activity and exertions of Colo. Hay D. Qt. Mr. Genl. in that department. Hearing him so well spoken of I enquired very particularly of most of those who had Served there the last Campaign and of General Sullivan and General Wayne who had served in that Country the two preceeding ones in times of uncommon difficulty. They confirmed the favorable reports of the others and went as far as to say, that without disparagement to any Gentleman, they thought him the best qualified of any Man upon the Continent for the Office in Question. Upon this universal concurrence of all parties, I think I may Venture to recommend Colo. Hay to the consideration of Congress and if upon further inquiry they should find him answer the high Character which he bears, I hope no time may be lost in appointing him, provided some other has not already been the object of their Choice. I will just add, that Colo. Hay's pretensions, in right of Seniority, entitles him to notice.
You must be fully Sensible, that very little time is left between this and the opening of the next Campaign for the provision of Field equipage, Carriages, Horses and many other Articles essentially necessary, towards which I cannot find that any steps have yet been taken.
In my last I also took occasion to mention, that by Colo. Pickering's appointment to the Board of War, I expected he would soon be called upon to take his Seat. In a letter from the Secretary of the 24th Ulto., I am desired to permit him to retire and nominate an Adjutant General pro tempore. But as there is no person on the spot that I can with propriety ask to accept of the place pro tempore, I am obliged to detain him, and am under the necessity, for that reason, of urging a new appointment as speedily as possible. I have taken the same methods of endeavouring to find out a person qualified for an Adjutant General that I did for that of Qr. Mr. General. But I can not say that I have reed. any account sufficiently satisfactory to determine me in favor of any particular person. I will just recite the Names that have been mentioned to me, which are Colos. Lee and Scammell of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Colos. Innis and Davies of Virginia and Major Scull of Pennsylvania. The four first are well known to many Gentlemen of Congress and Major Scull is warmly recommended by Genl. St. Clair.
The Enemy returned into Philadelphia on Sunday last, having made a considerable Hay forage, which appeared to be there only intention. As they kept themselves in close order and in such a position that no attack could be made upon them to advantage, I could do no more than extend light parties along their front and keep them from plundering the inhabitants and carrying off Cattle and Horses, which had the desired effect.
I have the pleasure to inform you, that a Vessel has fallen into Genl. Smallwood's hands near Wilmington, I hope she will prove a valuable prize. You have the particulars in the inclosed extract of his Letter.27
[Note 27: The captures were a slooper with flour, pork, poultry, and other supplies, and an armed brig named Symetry, which ran aground and surrendered after a couple of shots were fired into her from a fieldpiece. She had on board clothing for four British regiments, over 1,000 stand of arms, ammunition, pork, butter, and a great deal of baggage of British officers. Smallwood's letter, dated Dec. 30, 1777, is in the Washington Papers, in the Library of Congress.]
Before this reaches you, you will have recd. a letter from General Weedon in which he has stated his objections to Genl. Woodford's taking Rank of him. Genl. Muhlenberg is gone to Virginia. I cannot therefore say what would have been his objections, but I imagine they are founded upon the same Reasons as those of Genl. Weedon's and you may percieve by the inclosed Copy of Genl Wayne's letter to me that he does not think that the rank of Colonel which Genl Woodford held at the time of his Resignation could operate in his favor upon his appointment to the rank of Brigadier Genl.; I could therefore wish that Congress, as they now have the matter fully before them would proceed to the final settlement of the relative Rank of the Brigadiers. I am &ca.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, January 1, 1778.
Sir: I have been informed that a number of broad swords and other Horse accoutrements taken in the course of the last Campaign are deposited at Albany; if this be the case you are to deliver those Articles to Colo. Sheldon or his order, for the use of the Brigade of Light Dragoons. I am, etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, January 1, 1778.
Sir: By this Express from General Armstrong, he informs me he is of opinion that 1000 Militia, regularly reliev'd, may be equal to effect the necessary duty on the North side of Schuylkill; he also mentions that he writes you to this purpose, and requests my sentiments thereon.
Arrangement of the Army for the Campaign of 1778, January 1, 1778As it has been my constant desire and study to conduct things in such a manner as may be attended with the smallest expence and inconveniences to the people I readily concur in this measure, and expect it may answer, as 2000 could not prevent the Enemy from coming out in force, and 1000 may be a Sufficient check to small parties, and answer all the purposes of preventing an Intercourse between the City and Country.
I think it will be absolutely necessary to furnish the light Horse the General speaks of, As I shall be obliged to send those belonging to the Army into quarters, in order to put them in a condition to be fit to render any essential Service the approaching Campaign; from the present appearance of matters I hope I shall not be obliged to call for any assistance of Militia to do duty on this side Schuylkill this Winter; or if I do, that the number will not exceed 2 or 300. I am, &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.
On January 1 Lieut. Col. Richard Kidder Meade wrote to Maj. John Jameson, of the First Continental Dragoons, ordering him, by Washington's direction, to stop all intercourse between the country and Philadelphia and to be particularly alert to send word of any movement of the British toward Valley Forge. The expense of the dragoons and the matter of their rations was also touched upon. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head-Quarters, Valley Forge, January 2, 1778.
Parole Southampton. Countersigns Bristol, Burlington.
The Commander in Chief, to prevent unnecessary Applications for Furloughs informs the Officers that none will be granted by him unless the Officers who apply for the Same produce Certificates from the Major Generals of the Divisions to which they belong, that the State of their Regiments will admit of their absence from Camp.
And it is expected that the Major Generals previous to their giving Such Certificates will duly inform themselves of the State of the Regiment and whether the Furloughs requested may be granted without Injury to the Service. And in determining this they will consider how very expedient it is that Officers remain in Camp (where Strong necessity does not demand their Absence) to improve themselves and their Corps in Such a regular System of discipline as may be prescribed and which the quiet and leisure of a fixed Camp will afford them Opportunity to practice.
All the Cartridges in the men's hands are to be collected forthwith and delivered to the Regimental Quartr. Masters except those which are regularly placed in their Cartridge boxes, which are to be completely filled.
The Regimental Quartr Masters are to deliver all these Spare Cartridges to the Persons appointed by the Major Generals of the respective divisions to receive them, and the Major Generals are desired without delay to appoint proper Persons for that purpose, who are to apply to the Commissary of military Stores for paper and cause all the good Cartridges to be carefully packed in Bundles and the damaged ones to be returned to the Commissary. The Brigadiers and Officers commanding independent Brigades are to make the like Appointments for their Brigades.
Every monday morning the Surgeons of Regiments are to make returns to the Surgeon General or in his absence to one of the Senior Surgeons present in Camp of all the Sick in Camp or otherwise under the immediate Care of the Regimental Surgeons, Specifying the men's names, companies, Regiments and Diseases.
Adjutant Marvin31 is appointed Brigade Major pro tempore to General Varnum's Brigade and is to be respected as Such.
[Note 31: Elihu Marvin, adjutant of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment.]
Colo. Swift32 is appointed President of the General CourtMartial to Sit tomorrow morning at the Bake-House in the room of Colo. Cook who is absent.
[Note 32: Col. Heman Swift, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment.]
Valley Forge, January 2, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty of transmitting you the Inclosed Copies of a Letter, from me to Genl. Conway, since his return from York to Camp, and Two Letters from him to me, which you will be pleased to lay before Congress. I shall not in this Letter animadvert upon them, but after making a single observation submit the whole to Congress.
If General Conway means, by cool receptions mentioned in the last paragraph of his Letter of the 31st Ulto., that I did not receive him in the language of a warm and cordial Friend, I readily confess the charge. I did not, nor shall I ever, till I am capable of the arts of dissimulation. These I despise, and my feelings will not permit me to make professions of friendship to the man I deem my Enemy, and whose system of conduct forbids it. At the same time, Truth authorizes me to say, that he was received and treated with proper respect to his Official character, and that he has had no cause to justify the assertion, that he could not expect any support for fulfilling the duties of his Appointment. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. The Inclosed Extract from the proceedings of a Council of Genl. Officers will shew, the Office of Inspector Genl. was a matter not of such modern date as Genl. Conway mentions it to be, and that it was one of the Regulations in view for the reform of the Army.33 The Foreign Officers who had Commissions and
[Note 33: See Washington's letter to the Council of War, Oct. 29, 1777, ante.] no Commands and who were of ability, were intended to be recommended to execute it; particularly the Baron D'Arendt with whom the Idea originated, and whose capacity seemed to be well admitted.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on January 7 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 2, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty of introducing Major John Clark, the Bearer of this, to your notice. He entered the Service at the commencement of the War and has for some time past acted as Aid de Camp to Major Genl Greene. He is active, sensible and enterprising and has rendered me very great assistance since the army has been in Pennsylvania by procuring me constant and certain intelligence of the motions and intentions of the Enemy. It is somewhat uncertain whether the State of the Major's health will admit of his remaining in the military line, if it should, I may perhaps have occasion to recommend him in a more particular manner to the favor of Congress at a future time. At present I can assure you that if you should, while he remains in the neighbourhood of York, have any occasion for his Services, you will find him not only willing, but very capable of executing any of your Commands. I am etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 2--3, 1778.
Gentn.: Your Several Letters of the 23rd. 24th and 27th Ulto. have been received.
Agreeable to your request I shall communicate to General Howe the information you have received respecting Capt. Dick36 and the other American Officers, with your determination to retaliate on an equal number of their Officers, till Capt. Dick &c. are relieved from their cruel and unjustifiable treatment.37
[Note 36: Captain Dick seems to have been a sea captain.]
[Note 37: See Washington's letter to Sir William Howe, Jan. 8, 1778, post.]
It would be a happy circumstance, if the Cloathing from Virginia was made up, that it might be delivered to the Troops from thence. I believe there will be little, nay none for any other part of the Army, after they are supplied, supposing such to be the wish of the State. Their views do not extend only to such of their Soldiery as are now in Camp, but to their Men in Hospitals and the recruits or drafts who will join hereafter; And I am satisfied, should any of it be appropriated to the use of others and their own troops want, there will be disgust and dissatisfaction. From the Letters I have received upon the Subject, it is particularly mentioned that the supplies which the states procures, are intended for their own Men and this is agreeable to the Idea entertain'd by the other States. The Connecticut Troops now here, have received from thence more necessaries of an essential nature than their present wants require and these are kept for their future demands. As to Blankets, I really do not know what will be done. Our situation in this instance is peculiarly distressing. I suppose that not less than from 3 to 4000 are now wanted in Camp, Our Sick want, Our unfortunate men in captivity want. I gave Doctor Shippen an order some time ago for 400, said to be coming from the East. ward; whether they have been received or not, I cannot tell. To relieve in one quarter, is to distress in another, and I do not see that any of those sent from Virginia, can be possibly spared from the Troops here.
I have written to Genl Smallwood, who is posted at Wilmington, respecting the Cattle said to be driven to the Marshes in Kent County, and given him direction to inquire into the fact and if found true, to pursue proper measures for their removal and security, [which, in a Letter just received from him, he has promised to do.]38
[Note 38: The words within the brackets have been inserted by Washington.]
I hoped before this Congress would have fixed upon a proper person for the Office of Adjutant General. Till it is done, I do not know how it will be possible to spare Colo. Pickering. I addressed them yesterday upon the subject.
Whether the Men from the Eastward, drafted for a short term of Service, have received Cloathing is a matter I am not able to determine. I do not apprehend that they have drawn much since they joined this Army; Because the supplies in the Cloathier's hands would not admit of it; nor do I know certainly whether they have had any. As far as it is in my power I shall attend to the prohibition, tho' the observance of it will be found easier in Speculation than in practice.
I have given directions to the Commissary and Qr. Master about the Flour and Bread at Elk and hope measures will be pursued, that they will be with the Army or in the vicinity of it by the time they are wanted.
The Army being much reduced by Sickness, by the expiration of the time of service of Several of the Troops, by Detachments and other Causes, I cannot think it safe to weaken it more, and therefore cannot comply with the requisition for sending Taylors to Lancaster. However, that the Supplies of Cloathing may be forwarded, I have directed a return to be made of all the Taylors and they will be set to Work either in Camp or at some place Contiguous to it, as soon as Cloth and other materials arrive.39
[Note 39: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "The service and interest of my Country, I have much at heart, and no Man has laboured with more unwearied assiduity to promote these than I have in the present Contest. This I shall continue to do as far as it may be in my power; But I fear the Board's expectations will never be answered in the instance in which they have so particularly recommended my co-operation and Countenance; I mean in the case of General Conway. His appointment to the office of Inspector General, I believe, would have caused no uneasiness; But his promotion to the rank of Major General has given much. My exertions to cooperate with him, or any other Officer to establish discipline shall always be employed; but my feelings and opinion of him will never permit me, without the grossest dissimulation which I abhor and despise, to countenance the man as my Friend, whom I know to be my Enemy, and who has been using every base and insidious art to injure me."]
January 3.
Your favors of the 28th and 30th Ulto. came to hand this Morning. In compliance with the Board's request, I have ordered Colo. Heartley's Regiment to march to York, and in turn shall expect as soon as possible the Detachment of Men, which you mention. This measure at the same time, does not appear to me very adviseable, The Army, as I have observed before, being greatly reduced and weakened by the term of service of several Regiments being expired and from other causes. It is daily diminishing. On the 31st day of Decr. the Inlistments of near 300 of Colo Stewart's Regiment ended and they are all gone. Our condition in point of force is far from being the most eligible or respectable, and in case the Enemy should make a General push, would be hazardous.
I shall use every exertion, that may be expedient and practicable, for subsisting the Army and keeping it together; But I must observe, that, this never can be done by coercive means. Supplying of Provisions and Cloathing must be had in another way, or it cannot exist. The small seizures, that were made of the former, some days ago, in consequence of the most pressing and urgent necessity, when the alternative was to do that or dissolve, excited the greatest alarm and uneasiness imaginable even among some of our best and Warmest Friends. Such procedures may relieve for an Instant, but eventually will prove of the most pernicious consequences, besides spreading disaffection and jealousy in the people, they never fail even in the most veteran Armies, under the most rigid and exact discipline, to raise in the Soldiery a disposition to licentiousness, plunder, and Robbery, which has ever been found, exceedingly difficult to suppress and which has not only proved ruinous to the Inhabitants, but in many instances to Armies themselves.
I have communicated to the Army the Matters directed in the resolutions of the 29th. Ulto.40 I have the honor, etc.41
[Note 40: Should be 30th. (See General Orders, Jan. 3, 1778, post.)]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, January 2, 1778.
Sir: The Continental Forces from Virginia being at present in a Situation, that requires the exertion of some Officer in that State, to collect together the reinlisted Soldiers of the old Regiments, as well as the recruits and Draughts intended to complete those and the Six additional Battalions, you are, while in Virginia, in aid to any Superior Officer who may be there with Instructions to pay particular attention to the recruiting Officers and those who returned with the reinlisted Soldiers. Hold frequent corrispondence with them, and give them such Instructions from time to time as the Interest of the Service may appear to you to require. You will endeavour to inform yourself of the nature of the Draught Act, and the particular mode pointed out by it to complete the 15 Regiments. Assemble as many of the Draughts as possible and expedite their march to Camp under proper Officers. If it be by any means practicable get the Soldiers Clothed, in the Uniforms of their respective Regiments, particularly use your every effort with the proper persons, to provide each man with a good Blanket, and Shoes.
A particular Resolve of Congress was passed some time since, recommending to the different States, that proper Officers should be appointed in each, for the purpose, not only of recruiting cruiting but, apprehending Deserters; to the latter, I must urge your most active exertions, and if it has not already been done, that you will order proper Officers on that duty, without loss of time, to collect such as may not voluntarily have come in, or otherwise be secured. Your own knowledge of this matter will at once strike you with the necessity of paying the utmost attention to it, and relying on your activity with the aid of others, shall rest Satisfied, that some effectual step will be taken.
If any thing material is done by you, in consequence of these Instructions, I shall expect to hear from you.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 43: Of the First Virginia State Regiment. He was colonel of the Second Virginia State Regiment from May, 1778, to February, 1781.]
Head Quarters, January 2, 1778.
Sir: You are to proceed to Williamsburg as expeditiously as you possibly can. You will apply to His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable the Council and take their advice on the most speedy mode for apprehending the Deserters from the Regiment to which you belong, A return of which you have with you. You will also apply for the residue of the men to Complete the Regiment previous to It's march from Williamsburg. Regulate the Instructions you may give to the Officers of your Corps in Virginia by the Directions you may receive from His Excellency the Governor.
Visit the Sick left by the Regiment at George Town, York and Lancaster, and send such of them as are fit for duty to the Regiment. You will make frequent reports to Colo. Gibson, or the Commanding Officer of your Regiment of what you have done and what there is a probability of your being able to effect.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
[Note 45: Of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He was a major in the First Continental Dragoons in 1780; served to close of the war.]
Head Quarters, January 2, 1778.
Sir: Being appointed by Colo. Moylan to procure Clothing and Accoutrements for the Regiment against the ensuing Campaign, you are to repair immediately to Boston as the most probable place of furnishing yourself. Upon your arrival, you will see Major Blackden, who has similar Instructions with these; with him you will determine on your manner of proceeding on this business, that you may not by any means interfere with each other. In order that you may effect the purport of your errand there the better; I have written a Letter to Genl. Heath, through whom you are to apply to the persons purchasing Clothing for Continental use, and of them you will receive the necessary quantity. Which done, you will either forward the Articles in the State you receive them, or have them made up as you see proper, and most for the benefit of the Regiment.
The Articles of Boots, Sadlery &ca. you are to contract for yourself, and Genl. Heath will furnish you with the money.
If the Continental Agent, should not have the kind of Clothing necessary and suitable to your purpose, you are to purchase them yourself, on the best terms you can, and apply to Genl. Heath for the amount.
That you may not be imposed upon on the one hand, or tend to raise the prices of goods on the other, by giving more than is usual, you will apply to the Continental Agents for advice and direction in this matter.
Altho I have mentioned Boston as the principal place from whence you may expect to draw your supplies, you are not to overlook the different Towns in Connecticut, in many of which Sadlery especially is to be obtained.
You must be so well convinced of the necessity and advantage of being early in the Field, that I need not urge you to exert yourself in procuring the things necessary for that purpose. I am, &ca.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, January 2, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Copy of a Letter from Genl. Varnum to me, upon the means which might be adopted for completing the Rhode Island Troops to their full proportion in the Continental Army. I have nothing to say, in addition to what I wrote the 29th of last Month on this important subject, but to desire that you will give the Officers employed in this business all the assistance in your power. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head-Quarters at the V. Forge, January 3, 1778.
Parole Westfield. Counter signs Wilmington, Newcastle.
At a General Court Martial held 28th. ultimo whereof Colo. Scammell was President, Captn. Courtney49 of the Artillery appeared before the Court charg'd with "leaving his Howitz in the Field in the Action of Brandywine in a cowardly and unoficerlike manner." The Court having considered the Charge and Evidence are of Opinion that Captn. Courtney is guilty of the charge exhibited against him and do sentence him (as he has ever supported the Character of a brave man) to be reprimanded by Genl. Knox in the Presence of all the Artillery Officers. The Commander in Chief is induced from the State of the Evidence to disapprove the Sentence; and orders Captain Courtney to be discharged of his arrest without Censure.
[Note 49: Capt. Hercules(?) Courtney (Courtnay), of the Fourth Continental Artillery. (See General Orders, Mar. 3, 1778, post.)]
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of the same General Court-Martial held 29th. ultimo.
Ensign Carpenter50 charged with "Absenting himself without leave from Camp knowing that the Regiment was immediately to go to Action," is found guilty and sentenc'd to be cashiered: The sentence is to be executed forthwith.
[Note 50: Ensign Samuel Carpenter, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
John McClure charged with "Suttling in Camp contrary to general orders" pleads guilty. The Court are of Opinion that his sufferings in the provost have sufficiently punished him for his Crime and do direct that he be discharged from thence.
The Honorable The Continental Congress have, Resolved, That the Commander in Chief be directed to inform and he does hereby inform the brave Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army now in Camp that as the situation of the Enemy has rendered it necessary for the Army to take Post in a part of the Country not provided with houses and in consequence thereof to reside in hutts, Congress approving of their soldierly Patience, Fidelity and Zeal in the Cause of their Country direct one months extraordinary Pay to be given to each; and that Congress are exerting themselves to remedy the Inconveniencies which the Army has lately experienced from the defects of the Commissary and Cloathiers' Departments.
That after the first day of January instant the Commissary Genl. of Purchases is from time to time to compute the Cost of each part of a Ration agreeable to the Prime Cost of the Several Articles composing the same; and by this estimate the Issuing Commissaries are to govern themselves, instead of that made in 38th. Article of the Commissary's Regulation passed by Congress 10th. of June last. And further that the General should recommend and he does strongly recommend to the Officers of the Army to draw such a part of their rations only as may be necessary for their respective subsistence; and to receive the residue in money at the estimated Cost aforesaid, until the difficulties arising from the present deficiency in the Commissary's department shall be removed.
The Second Brigade of Lord Stirling's division have Permission to discharge their Arms tomorrow morning at Roll-Call.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been regularly favoured with yours of the 28th. and 30th. of December, and of the 1st. instant. I congratulate you upon the prize that has fallen into your hands, and the more so as she turns out more valuable than you at first expected. That her Cargo may be removed and secured with all possible expedition, I have sent Colo. Biddle51 to assist you, he will take down with him all the Waggons that can be spared from the Camp and will impress all that he can find upon the Road. Your first object should be to get them from the Water side, some short distance into the Country, from whence they may be removed back, more at leisure. You and Colo. Biddle may settle that matter. The prisoners may as well be sent first to Lancaster, from whence Mr. Boudinot the Commissary will order them to such place as he thinks proper. The Women had better be allowed to go to Philadelphia when you have got all matters secured. I suppose they have got Husbands there.
[Note 51: Col. Clement Biddle.]
I approve of your plan of bartering Hides for dressed Leather and having it worked up into Shoes. The Rate at which the Commy. of Hides disposes of them is 5 lb. Raw Hide for 1 lb. tanned Leather. When you send Officers to collect your straglers they should be particularly careful to bring down the tradesmen. No more well Men need be left at any of the Hospitals than are sufficient to tend your own sick, and if any of them have got employed in any other way, it is without my orders, and your Officers have my allowance to bring them to their Regiments.
Inclosed you have a Copy of the Resolve of Congress for trying by a Court Martial any persons taken carrying supplies to the Enemy. If any of those who have fallen into your hands, are in your opinion proper objects, you will deal with them as the Resolve directs.
Colo. Biddle carries down with him some of the proclamations calling upon all persons within 70 Miles of the Army to thresh out their Grain in limited times under certain penalties. Be pleased to have some of them set up in the most public places.
I am obliged to you for your promise of the prize Wine. I do not imagine you will find more liquor on Board than will be sufficient for your little Garrison; but if the Quantity should be any thing considerable, you must not be forgetful of the poor fellows who are exposed to the severity of the Weather in very indifferent Houses, indeed many of them are not yet under Cover.
I have advanced the paymasters of two of the Maryland Regiments Money on account of the pay due to them. This I have done because I think Soldiers should not suffer on account of the irregularity of their Officers. But I must tell you that there are no Pay Rolls in the whole Army so little attended to as those of Maryland, and I most earnestly wish that you would endeavour to oblige both Paymasters and Captns. to do their duties, settle their Public Accounts and proceed regularly in future. I am, &ca.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 3, 1778.
Sir: Colo. Innes having staid a few days longer than he expected, it affords me an Opportunity of inclosing you the Returns of the Virginia Regts., which I promised in mine of the 27th December. I refer you to Colo. Innes for more full information than I have given you by letter, of matters relating to the Virginia line. A valuable prize has fallen into Genl. Smallwood's hands near Wilmington, I have not the particulars of her whole Cargo, but there are three hundred Chests of Arms besides many other useful Articles. I have the honour, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, Valley Forge, January 4, 1778.
Parole Litchfield. Countersigns New-Haven, Norwich.
As fast as the men go into Hurts the tents are to be returned immediately to the Quarter Master General. The Commanding Officers of Regiments will see this performed. The Brigadiers are also to pay proper attention to it; and the Officers of Companies will be answerable for those which have been delivered to them. The Commander in Chief is thus pointed because he is informed that some tents have already been cut up by soldiers and disposed of; and because all the tents which now are good and can be repair'd will be indispensably necessary next campaign.
As fast as the tents come into the Quarter Master General's hands he is to have them washed, thoroughly repaired and stored; making a return of the whole and the quality of them.
By order of Congress no Officer is allowed to hold two Commissions in the Army; The Commanding Officers of Companies and Regiments are to pay strict attention to this order in making out their Muster Rolls.
A General Court-Martial is to sit tomorrow morning at nine o'Clock at the Bake House for the trial of all Prisoners which shall be brought before them. Colo. Swift is President, a captain from each brigade (those of Genl. Wayne's division excepted) will constitute the members of the Court. One orderly sergent from each division is to attend the Court.
Valley Forge, January 4, 1778.
Sir: Your Letter of the 8th. Ulto. came to my hands a few days ago; and, to my great surprize informed me, that a Copy of it had been sent to Congress, for what reason, I find myself unable to acct.; but, as some end doubtless was intended to be answered by it, I am laid under the disagreeable necessity of returning my answer through the same channel, lest any Member of that honble. body, should harbour an unfavourable suspicion of my having practiced some indirect means, to come at the contents of the confidential Letters between you and General Conway.
I am to inform you then, that Colo. Wilkenson, in his way to Congress in the Month of Octobr. last, fell in with Lord Stirling at Reading, and, not in confidence that I ever understood, inform'd his Aid de Camp Majr. McWilliams54 that General Conway had written thus to you,
[Note 54: Maj. William McWilliams, aide to Lord Stirling.]
Heaven has been determined to save your Country; or a weak General and bad Counsellors55 would have ruined it.
[Note 55: Washington starred this word "Counsellors" and wrote at the bottom of the page: "* One of whom, by the by, he was."]
Lord Stirling from motives of friendship, transmitted the acct. with this remark.
The inclosed was communicated by Colonl. Wilkinson to Majr. McWilliams, such wicked duplicity of conduct I shall always think it my duty to detect.
In consequence of this information, and without having any thing more in view than merely to shew that Gentn. that I was not unapprized of his intrieguing disposition, I wrote him a Letter in these Words.
Sir. A Letter which I received last night contained the following paragraph.
In a Letter from Genl. Conway to Genl. Gates he says, "Heaven has been determined to save your Country; or a weak General and bad Counsellors would have ruined it."
I am Sir &ca.
Neither this Letter, nor the information which occasioned it, was ever, directly, or indirectly communicated by me to a single Officer in this Army (out of my own family) excepting the Marquis de la Fayette, who, having been spoken to on the Subject by Genl. Conway, applied for, and saw, under injunctions of secrecy, the Letter which contained Wilkenson's information; so desirous was I, of concealing every matter that could, in its consequences, give the smallest Interruption to the tranquility of this Army, or afford a gleam of hope to the enemy by dissentions therein.
Thus Sir, with an openess and candour which I hope will ever characterize and mark my conduct have I complied with your request; the only concern I feel upon the occasion (finding how matters stand) is, that in doing this, I have necessarily been obliged to name a Gentn. whom I am perswaded (although I never exchanged a word with him upon the Subject) thought he was rather doing an act of Justice, than committing an act of infidility; and sure I am, that, till Lord Stirlings Letter came to my hands, I never knew that General Conway (who I viewed in the light of a stranger to you) was a corrispondant of yours, much less did I suspect that I was the subject of your confidential Letters; pardon me then for adding, that so far from conceiving that the safety of the States can be affected, or in the smallest degree injured, by a discovery of this kind, or, that I should be called upon in such solemn terms to point out the author, that I considered the information as coming from yourself; and given with a friendly view to forewarn, and consequently forearm me, against a secret enemy; or, in other words, a dangerous incendiary; in which character, sooner or later, this Country will know Genl. Conway. But, in this, as in other matters of late, I have found myself mistaken. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft in the Washington Papers is in Washington's writing, the variations being those of punctuation only. Another copy, by Washington, is in the Papers tithe Continental Congress.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Valley Forge, January 4, 1778.
Sir: Unwilling as I am to add any thing to the Multiplicity of Matters that necessarily engages the attention of Congress, I am compelled by unavoidable necessity to pass my answer to Genl. Gates through their hands. What could induce Genl. Gates to communicate a copy of his Letter to me, to that Honble. Body, is beyond the depth of my comprehension upon any fair ground; but the fact being so, must stand as an apology for a liberty, which no other consideration would have induced me to take, to give you this trouble. With the greatest respect I am, etc.57
[Note 57: Both the draft and the letter sent are in Washington's writing, the only difference being in the word "matters" in the first sentence. In the draft Washington wrote "matters" first and then changed it to "business."]
Head-Quarters, Valley Forge, January 5, 1778.
Parole Fairfield. Countersigns Milford, Harlem.
At a General Court-Martial held 1st. instant whereof Colo. Scammell was President appeared Denham Ford Commissary in General Greene's division charged with Theft. The Court having considered the Charge and the Evidence are of Opinion, That Denham Ford is guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do sentence him to pay Mr. Spencer and Mr. Holliway two hundred dollars and that after he shall procure a certificate from the aforesaid Gentlemen of the Payment of the above sum, he be brought from the Provost-Guard, mounted on a horse back-foremost, without a Saddle, his Coat turn'd wrong side out, his hands tied behind him, and he drummed out of the Army (never more to return) by all the drums of the division to which he belongs and that the above sentence be published in the News-Papers.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution.
The Officers commanding Corps which furnished Seamen to the Galleys in Delaware, are to make inquiry and report to the Adjutant General whether or not they have joined their Corps again.
The Commissaries are without delay to provide soap to be issued to the troops; Soft soap is to be procur'd if hard soap cannot be obtained.
Pursuant to a resolve of Congress of 1st. instant the Commanding officers of the Continental Regiments now in camp are required to make immediate and exact returns of the Officers and soldiers in their respective Regiments to the Pay Master thereof, to prevent any imposition in the payment of the one month's pay extraordinary which Congress in their resolve of 30th. of December last have ordered to be given to the brave officers and soldiers of the Continental Army on account of their soldierly patience, fidelity and zeal in hurting &c. as express'd in the said resolve.
The daily guards are to parade in the morning precisely at nine o'Clock; which the officers of the day and Brigade Majors will duly notice.
Valley Forge, January 5, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday Evening had the honor of your Favor of the 1st Instant with its several inclosures.
The Letter you allude to from the Committee of Congress and Board of War came to hand on Saturday Morning; But it does not mention the Regulations adopted for removing the difficulties and failures in the Commissary line. I trust they will be vigorous, or the Army cannot exist. It will never answer to procure Supplies of Cloathing or Provision, by coercive measures. The small seizures made of the former, a few days ago, in consequence of the most pressing and absolute necessity, when that or to dissolve was the alternative, excited the greatest alarm and uneasiness, even among our best and warmest friends. Such procedures may give a momentary relief, but if repeated, will prove of the most pernicious consequence. Besides spreading disaffection, jealousy and fear in the people, they never fail, even in the most Veteran troops, under the most rigid and exact discipline, to raise in the Soldiery a disposition to licentiousness, plunder and Robbery, difficult to suppress afterwards, and which has proved not only ruinous to the Inhabitants, but in many instances to Armies themselves. I regret the occasion that compelled us to the measure the other day, and shall consider it among the greatest of our misfortunes, if we should be under the necessity of practising it again.
I had received from the Board of War, a Copy of the Resolutions of the 29th.58 Ulto. and published such parts in Orders as were directed. I shall endeavour as far as possible to carry the intention of Congress into execution respecting the Extra pay,
[Note 58: Should be 30th.] and to prevent any from receiving it, who do not come under their description.
The three packets with Commissions came safe to hand. I have, &c.
P.S. I am now under the necessity of keeping several parties from the Army, threshing Grain, that our Supplies may not fail. But this will not do. As to meat our Stock is trifling, not being sufficient for more than two days, if so long, with the most sparing oeconomy.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 5, 1778.
Sir: The Plan proposed by the Field Officers of your Brigade is Similar to what is adopted by some New England Corps, does them Honor, and is approved of. You are therefore, as soon as possible to make up the 1st. 2d. and 3d. Battalions of No. Carolina, as nearly equal as Conveniently may be, from the Non Commissioned Officers and privates of the other Regiments of that State, and order all the Commissioned Officers of the vacant Regiments upon the Recruiting Service without delay, that they may if possible [under the advice and direction of their Governor] be able to fill their Regiments and join the Army early the next Campaign. They are to use their utmost exertions to pick up all deserters and other stragglers belonging to the Continental Army wherever they may be found and the better to effect these purposes, they are to request his Excellency the Governor of No. Carolina, that he will be pleased to give every Assistance in his power, and fall upon some effectual measures to fill up expeditiously the Quota of Troops from that State in which its own Honor and that of the Continent is so much concerned. And assist in Clothing their Troops as other States have done which prevents desertions and saves many useful Lives.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Lieut. Henry P. Livingston, Washington added the phrase in brackets.]
Valley Forge, January 5, 1778.
Sir: A few days ago I received your Favor of the 27th. Ulto. I wish it had been on any other Subject than that of your resignation, and am extremely sorry the situation of your affairs should have made such an application necessary. I must request, Sir, if it can be done, that you will not entertain an idea of it. It is no time for Officers of merit in which class I consider you, to leave the Army. I know that the Service has been less honorable, and attended with more distressing circumstances to the Officers, than I could have wished. These I hope will in a great measure be shortly removed, and that a reform and some regulations will take place, that will make the condition of the Officers more agreeable and Commissions much more desirable than they have yet been. At any rate, I would wish you to decline the measure, till you see what Establishments may be come into.
I am much obliged by your assurances of personal attachment and am, etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, January 6, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 4th. Instt. When you reflect how lately you joined the Army. What indulgencies you have had, and how long you were at and in the Neighbourhood of your Home, after your appointment, you cannot be surprised, that I disapproved your application for a Furlough and with some degree of displeasure.
It has been a custom with several Officers to resign of late when Furloughs could not be granted them consistently with the good and demands of the service. This practice you seem to wish to pursue; I therefore inform you, However anxious I might have been before for your continuance in the Army, that if you can obtain liberty from Congress to resign, to whom it will be necessary to apply, that you will meet with no difficulty with me.62 I am, etc.63
[Note 62: Malcom continued in the service until his regiment was consolidated with Spencer's in April, 1779. He afterwards served as deputy adjutant general of the Northern Department and colonel of New York levies.]
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, January 6, 1778.
Parole Hampton. Countersigns Jamestown, Springfield.
The difficulty of procuring Forage for such horses as must necessarily be detained for the common purposes of the camp obliges the Commander in Chief to call upon the General Officers, and Commanding Officers of Regts. to see that no Officers under their respective Commands (except those who are allowed Forage by Congress and even to those it is recommended to part With their horses if they can) does under any Pretence whatsoever keep a horse in Camp. The Plea of doing it at their own Expence will not be admitted as the Evil will not be thereby remedied.
A strict Compliance with this order is expected from every Officer.
The Quarter Master General is without delay to send for the Iron-Ovens provided by Mr. Erskine and deliver one to each Brigade; He will know at Head Quarters where they now lay.
The General in riding thro' the Incampment, observing that many huts were covered with tents whilst Chimneys were building to others, again repeats his Orders to have the Tents delivered up the moment the Huts are, or can be completed: for the doing of which will allow only this week. And he expects from the General Officers commanding the Wings and the Second Line that they will put this into a train of execution and see that the order is complied with.
The spirits which the Commander in Chief ordered to be seized may be delivered to the officers, by the Commissary in due Proportion.
Colo. Dewees who was nearly ruined by the Enemy complains that the remains of his buildings are likely to be destroyed by this Army. The Commander in Chief positively forbids the least Injury to be done to the walls and chimnies of Colo. Dewee's buildings; and as divers Iron plates have been taken from them the Commanding Officers of Corps are immediately to inspect all the huts of their Regimt. and make return to the Quarter Master Genl. of all they can find and the names of the Persons in whose possession they are found that they may be restored when demanded.
The Regimental Surgeons are immediately to make returns to Doctr. Cochran the Surgeon General of all the men in their Regts. who have not had the small pox. They will also call on Doctr. Cochran for what Sulphur they need for the use of their Regiments.
At a General Court Martial held the second inst. in General Varnum's Brigade of which Major Ward66 was President, Ensign Benjamin Arnold67 of Colo. Angell's Regiment charged with geting drunk and behaving in a disorderly and unsoldierlike manner in camp on 6th. of December; with refusing to retire to his quarters when ordered by the Colonel, sending him for answer that he would go when he pleased and not before, and also for refusing to do his duty when regularly warned and
[Note 66: Maj. Samuel Ward, jr., of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He was lieutenant colonel in May, 1778; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 67: Of the Second Rhode Island Regiment.] threatening to leave the service whether he could get a discharge or not, on 24th. of the same month, was tried and adjudged guilty of the whole and by the Court unanimously sentenced to be discharged with Infamy, to be rendered ever hereafter incapable of holding a Commission in the Continental Service; and that it should be accounted scandalous for an Officer to hold any friendly correspondence with him. The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence and orders it to be executed.
At a General Court Martial held in Genl. Weedon's Brigade on 4th. instant, whereof Lt. Colo Simms68 was President John Reily a soldier in 2nd. Virginia Regt. charged with deserting from his guard and taking with him two prisoners in irons was tried and found guilty of the Crime wherewith he was charged and Sentenced therefor to Suffer death.
[Note 68: Lieut. Col. Charles Simms, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; resigned in December, 1779.]
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence and orders that it be put in execution next friday at ten o'Clock in the forenoon near the grand parade.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, January 7, 1778.
Parole Warsaw. Countersigns Berlin, Dresden.
The Quarter Master General is to apply to the Adjt. General for a fatigue party and cause all dead horses in and about the camp, and all offal to be buried, after which each division Quarter Master is to see this regularly performed once a week in and near their own divisions. The Officers commanding Divisions are required to know that this order is executed. The Depy. Clothier Genl. desires those brigade Quarter Masters and officers who drew the cloathing lately at White Marsh, for the brigades and have not yet given in the Regimental Receipts for their proportion to produce them immediately to him. He also requests all persons having private accounts with him to call and settle the same.
Valley Forge, January 7, 1778.
Dear Sir: Learning that the Captured Brig contains a great quantity and variety, of officers baggage; and necessaries proper for them; many articles of which from the length of time I have been in the service and difficulty of procuring them at first, I stand much in need of, I shall be obliged to you for sending me, if to be had, the things contained in the Inclosed memm. I will pay the appraised value, or come in as a common purchaser at a public auction as shall be thought best. With sincere esteem and regard I am, etc.
P.S. I shall refer you to another Letter of mine written since the above, but still wish for the articles in the Inclosed List.69
[Note 69: From a copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress. This list is not found.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, January 8, 1778.
Parole Newark. Countersigns Woodbridge, Chatham.
The Commander in Chief is informed that gaming is again creeping into the Army; in a more especial manner among the lower staff in the environs of the camp. He therefore in the most solemn terms declares, that this Vice in either Officer or soldier, shall not when detected, escape exemplary punishment; and to avoid discrimination between play and gaming forbids Cards and Dice under any pretence whatsoever. Being also informed that many men are render'd unfit for duty by the Itch, He orders and directs the Regimental Surgeons to look attentively into this matter and as Soon as the men (who are infected with this disorder) are properly disposed in huts to have them annointed for it.
All issuing Commissaries are carefully to Save all the horns of the cattle and have them separated from the bones and then return'd to the Quartr. Master General, who is to store them.
A detachment of a Captain and forty men from each brigade are to attend the execution of John Reily on the grand parade at ten o'Clock tomorrow forenoon.
At a General Court Martial held 5th. inst. in General Muhlenberg's Brigade of which Lt. Colo. Ball72 was president Ensign Cooke of 1st. Virginia Regiment charged with denying upon Oath what he formerly and has since said he knew respecting Captain Crump's73 behaviour, thereby acting inconsistently with honor and truth was tried and found guilty of the charge;
[Note 72: Lieut. Col. Burgess Ball, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole until retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 73: Capt. Abner (?) Crump, of the First Virginia Regiment.] and by the unanimous opinion of the Court sentenced to be discharged from the service; The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be executed forthwith.
Head Quarters near the Valley Forge, January 8, 1778.
Sir: I have thought proper to give you the following Instructions relative to the Ordnance Department under your command. My wish to have so essential a Department of the Army in the best order the next Campaign induces me to desire that no time may be lost in geting every thing forward with the utmost expedition.
As the short inlistment of the Artificers have been, and still may be, productive of bad consequences, you are to inlist for the War, or during the pleasure of Congress, all the different Artillery Artificers necessary to carry on the different branches of Work at Carlisle and Springfield, upon the best terms; the whole to be on one establishment as to pay, Rations, Clothing, &ca., so as to be formed into as many Companies as shall be necessary for their good Government, and consistent with Oeconomy.
The Laboratory Companies at Carlisle and Springfield to be augmented to one hundred Men each.
You are hereby authorized to procure and collect such Ordnance Stores as shall be wanted for next Campaign, and to form Magazines of fixed Ammunition, at such places as shall be pointed out to you. But before any Stores are procured, you are to give notice to the Board of War of the intention and manner of doing it, in such season, that if it should interfere with any measures formed by them it may be prevented in time.
The Ordnance Departments are to be fixed on a proper plan, without loss of time, if any thing, is yet wanting to render them more complete. Carlisle, Lebanon and Springfield to be the Magazines.
The Stores and Artillery not essentially necessary in Camp, to be transported to Lebanon. Perhaps it may be best to deposit some of the Stores at an intermediate distance.
If there is not every reason to believe that the business of the Laboratories will go on with expedition at Lebanon and the other places, materials should be ordered to Camp, and each Regiment employed in making and storing Musket Cartridges. At all events, I think this would be proper, as a store of them cannot be hurtful to us.
All the spare Arms should be inspected and thoroughly repaired; too many hands nor too much vigilance cannot be used in this business, as it is to be hoped that the augmentation of the Troops will render them necessary in the Spring.
At the opening of the Campaign a travelling Forge for each Division will be necessary to keep the Arms in repair.
The Artillery at Portsmouth must be brought forward to Springfield; and that at Albany, except what may be necessaryfor the Troops on Hudson's River, to Lebanon, or in the ... State of Pennsylvania.
The Artillery alloted for the field and reserve, in your Estimate, I think amply sufficient; but a new arrangement of the Army may make some change necessary.
You are to procure as many Waggoners as will be necessary for the Artillery, to be inlisted for the War, on such terms as shall be given to you by the Quarter Master General.
You are to give an estimate of the Number of Horses, and such other things for the Artillery as will probably be wanted, to the Quarter Master General.
I think the following will be a proper arrangement of the Battalions of Artillery, and the Number of Men to be furnished by each State in addition to those already raised, and I shall accordingly recommend it to Congress.
You are to procure Cloathing for your Corps, provided it does not interfere with any arrangements made by the Clothier General, to whom you are to write on the Subject.
You will make a particular report of your doings to me as soon as may be convenient.
N. B. Let the Articles of Tents be particularly attended to and a large number provided.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Samuel Shaw.]
Valley Forge, January 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: In addition to the Instructions I gave you to day, I beg may be added that of providing a number of Gunscrews for the purpose of drawing Ball. I conceive this to be a matter well worthy of attention, will prevent the disorderly firings in our Camp, and be a considerable public saving.
If they are to be made, Let them be stout and Substantial, but I recollect something of a large importation of these from France. If they are to be had, the expence of making will be saved.
Let me know whether the Artificers in the Artillery line are to prepare the Travelling Forges, and what Waggons for Ammunition, and other purposes we are to depend upon them for, that the Qt. Mr. Genl. may regulate his Department accordingly. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 8, 1778.
Sir: As the short time we have to lay in Winter Quarters ought to be spent in training the Men, and endeavouring to bring them into the Field in a more regular manner than they have hitherto been, I must desire that you will join your Brigade as soon as possible; in order to effect this measure. I have another reason, which is, that so many of the Brigadiers and Colonels commandant, who have been long absent from their Families, have been under the necessity of going home to look into their private affairs, that there are scarce Officers Sufficient to do the Camp Duties, much less to make a proper arrangement, should the Enemy move out against us.
I desire you will bring on all detachments from your Brigade that may have been left at any of the posts which they have been at during the last Campaign, or that may have recovered in the Hospitals. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. This same letter was also sent to Brig. Gen. Ebenezer Learned. In John Glover's Memoir this letter is printed with the following postscript: "Send on all officers whose Furloughs have expired, or who are absent without leave."]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 8, 1778.
Sir: I desire you will immediately detach a proper Officer from your Brigade with orders to bring forward all the men that may have been left upon command at the posts where the Brigade has been stationed, and who have recovered in the different Hospitals to which they have been sent. If any of the Men left at the Elaboratories have become expert at the Business and therefore useful in preparing Ammunition and Military Stores against the next Campaign I would wish they may remain, but all the others who are fit for duty are to be brought on without delay. I am, &ca.
Valley Forge, January 8, 1778.
Sir: I was this Evening favoured with your Letter of the 29th. Ulto. I had heard before of your unfortunate expedition and Captivity,77 and not without concern.
[Note 77: Webb had been taken prisoner in an attempt on Long Island in December, 1777.]
It would give me pleasure to render you any services in my power, but it is impossible for me to comply with your request, without violating the principles of Justice and incurring a charge of partiality. You are sensible, that we have several Officers now in Captivity with the Enemy of your rank and of Lt. Colo. Campbell's78 rank, who have been in this unhappy situation much longer than you. Some taken when Genl. Thompson was defeated at the Three Rivers early in 1776. Others at Long Island in August following. Others at Fort Washington and a further number at the Battle of German Town. These Gentlemen would surely exclaim loudly against my conduct and with reason, were any distinctions to be made by my concurrence or authority to their prejudice. So far as Exchanges have depended on me, or as they may rest with me, they have been and ever will be conducted on one principle, to wit, To release those first, who were first captured, as far as circumstances of rank would apply. There is no other rule by which equal and impartial justice can be done. I know there have been some Exchanges contrary to this Rule, but they were not made with my privity, consent or approbation. In a Word, you may rest assured, when ever circumstances will put it in my power to effect your Exchange and that of all the Officers and privates, under the restrictions I have mentioned, there shall not be a moments delay on my part; but on other terms, or in a different order, you will find on reflection, I can never do it. Suppose yourself for an Instant an Officer taken at any of the above periods, you would consider it an injury, a wrong, an act of high injustice done you, If one captured the 10th. of December last of your rank was exchanged before you. Perhaps on your return, you may have interest enough with your Acquaintances to obtain your release on parole, but you cannot do this on a principle of having an Officer sent in on the like indulgence, the objections to an enlargement on parole out of due course in such case, being the same as to an Exchange. I am, etc.79
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. Archibald Campbell, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, January 8, 1778.
Sir: I am directed by the Board of War to acquaint you, that they have received undoubted information, that a Captain Dick and a number of American Officers are confined in Dungeons in England.
It is not known with whom this injurious and unwarranted Treatment originated, nor by what Authority it is continued; but it is expected that you will interest yourself to have it redressed. The Board cannot but feel the Wrong, and however painful it may be to retaliate, they are determined to treat an equal number of your Officers, of the like rank, with the same degree of rigor, as long as it shall remain.
Your Favor of the 21st. Ulto. in answer to mine of the 28th. of November was duly received.
Before I conclude, I would mention my concern that your last Flag was fired upon. From the inquiries I have made upon the Subject, the accident appears to have happened from your Messengers approaching by an indirect road and Omitting to give the customary Signal in time. I am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
Desertions were one of the numerous troubles that afflicted the encampment at Valley Forge. On January 8 Lieut. Col. John Fitzgerald wrote Capt. Allen McLane, by direction of Washington, to round up deserters in Delaware State and empowered him to call for assistance from all civil and military officers in so doing. This order is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, January 9, 1778.
Parole Blenheim. Countersigns Bolton, Bergen.
The execution of John Reily is respited 'till tomorrow ten o'Clock in the forenoon, when the detachments from the several brigades are to attend on the grand parade.
Some doubts having arisen with respect to the manner in which the payrolls for the months extraordinary pay should be made up; the proceeding therein is to be stayed 'till further Orders.
The regimental Pay Masters are to bring in their abstracts for the month of November for examination.
The Major Generals and Brigadiers (or Officers commanding the brigades) of each division are to fix on some suitable ground near their respective Brigades where hospitals may be erected, one for the sick of each Brigade, and as soon as the men can be possibly spared from working at the huts, they are to erect their hospitals. The officers who shall be appointed to superintend this work will receive directions therefor at the Adjutant Genl.'s Office.
The Brigade Quarter Masters are as soon as possible to make Racks for all the horses of their brigades to prevent a waste of forage.
The General is informed that many Officers are frequently passing out of Camp without leave; That practice is positively forbiden; and no officer is to go beyond the limits of the camp without written license from the Major General or Brigr. of the division or brigade to which he belongs.
Each Brigade Quarter Master is to come tomorrow in the forenoon to receive the iron Ovens for their brigades.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 9, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favs. of the 17th. and 25th. of December. At the time of your writing, Genl. Burgoyne could not have recd. my letters, which were dated the 17th. and 20th. of December.
Colo. Webb wrote to me himself upon the subject of his Exchange, to which I have given him an answer.
I beg you will carefully forward the inclosed Letters to Brigadiers Glover and Learned. They contain orders for them to join their respective Brigades, with which they are much wanted.
I am glad to hear that considerable quantities of Cloathing have been purchased on the general account of the Continent, and I hope these supplies, in aid of what each State will furnish for its particular Troops, will relieve the Army from the extreme distress which they have been in for covering.
Be pleased to deliver the inclosed Letter to Baron Stuben who I imagine waits at Boston for my answer. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 9, 1778.
[Note 82: Frederick Wilhelm Augustus Henry Ferdinand, Baron von Steuben.]
Sir: I yesterday received the Honor of yours from Portsmouth,83 inclosing the Copy of a Letter from Messrs. Franklin and Deane, the original of which I shall be glad to receive from your own Hands, as soon as it is convenient for you to undertake the Journey.
[Note 83: Steuben's letter, undated, is filed under Jan. 8, 1778, in the Washington Papers.]
As it will lay solely with Congress, to make a suitable provision for you in the American Army, you will be under the necessity of prolonging your Journey, in order to lay before them at York Town, the honorable testimonials which you bear of your former Service.
I return you my thanks for the polite manner in which you express your desire of serving under me, and have the Honor, etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, January 9, 1778.
Sir: I Yesterday Evening had the honor to receive your favor of the 5th. Inst. with its Inclosures.
The power Congress have been pleased to vest me with for appointing Aids de Camp, I shall use with oeconomy, and will not appoint more, at any time, than shall be necessary and essential to advance the public interest. Any future appointments that may be material, will be made out of the line of the Army, if circumstances will allow it. In general this has been the case.85
[Note 85: By the resolve of January 3 Washington was authorized to appoint such aides-de-camp for himself as he should think proper and to make the appointments from regimental officers, if he saw fit. He had met former necessities by appointing extra aides, though no more than three could, by previous resolves of Congress, draw aides' pay or claim rank. Capt. George Lewis and Maj. Caleb Gibbs, of the Commander in Chief's Guard. were outstanding examples.]
The proceedings of Congress for the detention of Genl. Burgoyne and Army, or rather suspending their embarkation, till the convention of Saratoga is explicitly ratified and notified by the Court of Britain shall remain secret here, till they are duly announced by Congress. This procedure, when known to the General, will chagrine him much; For I learn by a Letter from Genl. Heath, that the refusal to let his troops embark at Rhode Island had given him some uneasiness.
I have nothing of importance to communicate and have only to add, that I have the honor, etc.
P.S. The great diversity of Opinions prevailing, as to the Operations which the resolve of the 30th Ulto. and 1st Inst. should have, which give a Month's Extra pay, makes it necessary for me to request Congress to describe with certainty and precision the persons whom they intended should be the particular Objects of their benevolence. Without this I am certain, I shall not be able to execute the Resolves, according to their intention and in a manner that will be agreeable to the Army.
If such Officers and men, as were in Camp when the Resolves were passed and who continue the whole winter are the only Objects to be benefitted; It is urged, that many who have discharged their duty with fidelity, who have experienced a severe campaign to that time or till a few days before, who may be now out of Camp, and yet be here in the course of the Winter will be excluded. For Example All Officers and men on furloughs, tho they should have been long from their Homes before, perhaps much longer in many instances than many who remain and whose private and family necessities obliged them to be absent. Those who have fallen sick from their services and are in the Hospitals or the Country, Detachments on command, these would be excluded. Such discriminations, I believe will give great disgust and uneasiness. it is difficult in cases of this nature to draw a proper line of distinction and impossible to do it in such a way as to give general satisfaction. I do not mean to enlarge upon the subject, my only wish is to have it precisely ascertained, who are to be included and paid, and who are not, under the Resolves, that I may not on the one hand act contrary to public intention, and on the other give cause of complaint and perhaps do wrong to Individuals.
Knowing the difficulty of drawing a proper line and the disgust and murmurings that ever attend discriminations, were I to advise upon the subject, Only such Officers and Men should be excluded, since Extra pay has been determined on, as are absent from Camp without regular authority or such as may abuse Indulgences regularly obtained. It has been observed by some and perhaps with propriety, that there are Officers and Men now in Camp or who may be shortly in, who have no superior claim to merit; whose affairs are not so pressing, or who have already had indulgencies, or who from their being nearer their Friends and connections have had Opportunities of seeing them frequently, of ordering their concerns and visiting their Homes once or twice or perhaps oftener in the Campaign, whilst they who were more remote were precluded from any of these advantages and were constantly on duty. These considerations will have their weight in the scale of disgust with the parties interested. For my part, tho' the Resolves were founded in principles of generosity, were intended to reward merit and promote the service, from the difficulties attending the execution, I wish they had never been made, especially, as I believe, Officers and Men would in a little time have been tolerably well reconciled to their Quarters. I have, &c.86
[Note 86: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, January 9, 1778.
Sir: In consequence of your Letter of the 31st of last month, I dispatched a Gentleman well acquainted with the ground and Inhabitants in the vicinity where the Journals of Congress were said to be deposited, in order to make inquiry concerning them; he found them without difficulty, and they will be sent forward to York, under the Escort of Colo. Hartley's Regiment. The search for the Types was not attended with equal Success; all that could be discover'd respecting them was, that the person who had possession of the papers, said he suspected the Types were concealed in some interior part of the Country; but he could not speak with any degree of certainty or precision upon the Subject.87 I am, etc.88
[Note 87: In September, 1777, Congress had directed General Armstrong to remove all the presses and type (except Dunlap's) from Philadelphia and Germantown to places of safety in the country, and on October 17 the Committee on Intelligence was directed to bring a press to York, Pa, Hall & Sellers were printing at York for Congress early in 1778.]
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, January 10, 1778.
Parole Boston. Countersigns Cambridge, Medford.
The issuing Commissary is hereby authorized to furnish the Generals and other Officers of the Army with small proportionable Quantities of spirit upon their orders whenever it can be spared; of which he is to keep a regular Account and settle with them for it at a reasonable price.
All the tin Cannisters that have been issued to the Troops are to be return'd forthwith to the Commissary of military stores who is to enter the number received of each Corps or Brigade.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, January 11, 1778.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
At a General Court Martial held 3rd. instant in Lord Stirling's division, whereof Lt. Colo. Brearly was President, John Rea, Quarter-Master in 6th. Pennsylvania Regiment charged with fraudulent Practices in said Regiment, ordering Lieutt. Gibbons89 in the Provost, and behavior unbecoming the character of an Officer or a Gentlemen, was tried and by the unanimous opinion of the Court was found guilty of a breach of 21st. Article of 14th. section of the articles of War and sentenced to be discharged from the service.
[Note 89: Lieut. James Gibbons, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was aide to General Irvine in 1779; thanked by Congress and brevetted a captain for bravery at Stony Point, N.Y.; resigned in May, 1781.]
At the same Court held 6th. instant, was tried Lieutt. Hays90 of 12th. Pennsylvania Regt. charged with breaking open officers Chests at Bethlehem and ungentlemanlike behaviour. The Court unanimously acquit him of the first charge, but find him
[Note 90: Lieut. John Hays.] guilty of a breach of 5th. Article of 18th. Section of the articles of War and sentence him to be dismissed from the service.
The Commander in Chief approves both these sentences and orders them to be carried into execution accordingly.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, January 12, 1778.
Parole Edenton. Countersigns Savannah, Charlestown.
The detachments ordered to relieve Colo. Morgan and to take post at the Gulph Mill, are to be on the grand parade and ready to march at Sunrise tomorrow morning with their pro. visions completed to next Wednesday inclusively.
The Commissary General of Issues is to keep an exact account of the number of Cattle delivered to the Army that the number of hides may be thereby ascertained and duly accounted for by the commissary of hides.
The Brigade Commissaries are to apply forthwith to their Brigadiers or Officers Commanding brigades, and with their approbation respectively, fix upon a plan for collecting all the dirty tallow, and saving the ashes for the purpose of making Soft soap for the use of the army; and also for employing proper persons to boil out the oil from the feet of the bullocks and preserve it for the use of the army; This oil is to be put in Casks and delivered to the Quarter Master General.
The Brigade Quarter Masters are to see that the order of 9th. instant for building racks for the horses be duly complied with, That the Waggon Masters pay proper attention to the horses, and that every Soldier caught on horse back is immediately confined and punished.
Lt. Stagg93 of Colo. Malcom's Regiment, is appointed Brigade Major pro tempore in the brigade late Genl. Conway's and is to be respected as Such.
[Note 93: Lieut. John Stagg, of Malcom's Additional Continental regiment. He was brigade major in Conway's brigade; transferred to Spencer's Additional Continental regiment in April, 1779; contractor for supplies, Orange County, N.Y.; Assistant Adjutant General in 1781.]
A detachment of one hundred and fifty men are to parade tomorrow morning at nine o'Clock on the grand parade, taking nothing in their packs but their blankets and provisions. Colo. Stewart94 is to take command of this detachment.
[Note 94: Col. Walter Stewart, of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, January 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 10th. My order to you to have the Baggage removed to this place, was founded upon [information] that there was a much greater quantity than there turns out; but as it proves otherwise, you were right in detaining it, till you represented the matter to me. I wish the Gentlemen who drew up and signed the representation95 had attended more closely to my Letter. They would have found nothing in it tending to rob them of their right, whatever that might prove to be.96 The Officers of this part of the Army [who are suffering from Cold, want of Houses and every other convenience] only wanted an opportunity of furnishing themselves with many Articles of which most of them stand in as much need as the Gentlemen of your Division, [who are in comfortable Quarters] possibly can do. These they meant to pay for, so that if the whole Value had been adjudged to the Captors, the amount would have been ready for them. I am sorry that the Gentlemen, in the Course of their representation have been led into some very unmerited Reflection upon the Officers of this part of the Army, by supposing, that an unjust anxiety in them to possess those things to which they have not even a pretence of title as they say would prompt them to persuade me to do an act of injustice. I hope, upon a Review of the Matter they will acquit them of any such intention.
[Note 95: The remonstrance of the officers of Smallwood's division is dated Jan. 10, 1778, and signed by 11 officers (2 colonels, 3 lieutenant colonels, and 6 majors). It is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 96: The Varick Transcripts at this point has the following which does not appear in the draft "I did not even pretend to determine the matter."]
I desire you will communicate as much of this letter to them as respects their Representation, and assure them that as I never did, so I never shall shew an undue partiality to one part of the Army in preference to another. But that still upon the most dispassionate View I cannot think their reasonings in favour of an exclusive Right altogether admissible.
There were some Resolves of Congress passed at the commencement of this dispute,97 for settling the mode of disposing
[Note 97: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 14, 1777.] of prizes, but as I have not those Resolves by me, I cannot precisely determine what they are. I have wrote to Congress and stated the present Case [as you will see by my Letter sent thro yr. hands to Congress wch. you will please to seal and forward by express] and desired their determination, which will serve for a Guide in future. In the mean time, the Baggage may be exactly inventoried and delivered out to the Officers of the division at a just appraisement, and an exact account kept of the Amount, that the distribution may be made, when the determination of Congress is known, in whatever way they may direct. What are properly called Military Stores, may remain as they at present are. As for the Brig, I think she ought to be sold as speedily as possible, to the highest bidder; she will bring more now, when there is chance of running her out, than she will do in the Spring, when the River will be full of Ships of War. Besides if a detachment from the Enemy should oblige you to move your post, she will be inevitably lost. By this mode of proceeding the Captors will have justice done them, whether they shall be intitled to the whole or part of the prize in question.
As I imagine the Vessel at Reedy Island was taken by private adventurers, all we can do, is to purchase the property suitable for and wanted by the Army from the Captors at a reasonable price. I would therefore have them secured for the public and receipts given to those who appear to you to have the right, expressing the quantity and quality of the Goods, that they may apply to the Commissaries and Cloathier General for payment of the Articles in their respective departments. If Waggons can be got below, they should be immediately moving towards the Army.
I send you the Articles of War with some amendments since the first edition.
The intrenching Tools were ordered long ago and I thought had gone, but I have again ordered the Qr. Mr. General to do it and you may depend upon having them directly. I am, &ca.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Valley Forge, January 12, 1778.
Sir: As I do not recollect with precision whether any or what Resolutions have been made by Congress respecting Captures by the Army or detachments of It, and not having all their proceedings with me, with which I have been honored from time to time, to assist my inquiries upon the subject, I must take the liberty to request, that they will determine and favor me with their decisions upon the following points.
First, What articles captured are to be considered as public property?
Secondly, Whether Articles captured by parties or Detachments, not determined public property, are to be distributed or sold for the benefit of it, the Army at large, or are to be considered as the sole and exclusive right of the Captors?
Thirdly, If in general instances, such articles as are taken and not considered public property, are determined to be the sole and exclusive right of the Captors are Stationary Detachments, who from their situation have much more than a common chance of making prizes to be considered upon the same footing ?
Fourthly, If there is to be a distinction between Stationary and Other detachments, and the former are denied an exclusive right to the Captures they make, what proportion of the Articles are they to have?
I have been induced to state the above Questions on account of some difficulties, that have arisen, respecting the prize taken by the Detachment at Wilmington under Genl. Smallwood, that the same may be determined and certain principles established to govern in like and future cases. In the instance of this prize, as the baggage taken, from Genl. Smallwood's and the Officers representation, will be but inconsiderable, when divided among themselves, I have consented that they shall have it at a just appraisement and distribution, and directed him to have the whole and the value properly inventoried, that such order may be made respecting the latter, as the decisions of Congress may justifye and point out. I have also directed a Sale of the Brig, as I understand some Offers have been made for her, and as her situation may be considered hazardous and precarious.
Besides the Brig taken at Wilmington, a vessel has stranded at Reedy Island with Goods on board. It is said a quantity of Rum, some bales of Cloth, a number of Hats and some other articles, all wanted by the Army, have been taken out of her by the Militia, particularly those of Kent County. These General Smallwood is endeavouring to find, that they may be of public benefit. I have the honor, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on January 20 and referred to the Marine Committee.]
January 12, 1778.
Sir: I have duly received your favour of Yesterday, and observe serve the pernicious tendency which may arise from a continuation of the intercourse between the City and Country in order to prevent which, you are hereby instructed to take the most immediate and Coercive measures. I should gladly know who the Officers are, who act so directly contrary to my inclination and express commands, in granting passes for the purpose of taking Provision into the City.
I must repeat my desire, that you will adopt the most vigorous means (if nothing less will do) to put a stop to this practice; In the execution of which you shall have every necessary support from me. Major Jamison (I'm sure) will give you every assistance in his power.1
[Note 1: On January 12 Lieut. Col. John Fitzgerald informed Maj. John Jameson, by order of Washington, that a stop was to be put to the intercourse between Philadelphia and the country. It had been reported that Jameson's dragoons, on picket duty, could be bribed to permit provisions to go into the city. Fitzgerald also warned Jameson of a report that the British intended an attempt on his dragoon pickets. Fitzgerald's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Commissary of Purchases will, in a few days, go over to the Counties of Bucks and Burlington for the purpose of purchasing Beef and Pork from those, who will agree to take Continental Currency; from the others, there will be a necessity to take these Articles, where it is known they can be spared, and allow them a Reasonable price, it is unnecessary to request your Assistance in this matter, as I know you will afford every Aid in your power.
The Bearer will deliver you my Proclamations2 which you will distribute as you see proper. I am, &ca.3
[Note 2: The proclamation of Dee. 20, 1777, ante, respecting threshing of grain, q. v.]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 12, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 26th. Decemr. and soon after the receipt I had an opportunity of communicating the substance of it and one from Govt. Livingston on the same subject to the Director General. It is to be regretted that a Department for which such ample provision has been made, and on which so much depends, should yet be inadequate to the Ends proposed. If the present medical establishment is as you say a bad one, no time ought to be lost in amending it, and those Gentlemen who have had an opportunity of trying it for a twelvemonth, are certainly best able to point out the defects. From the peculiarity of our circumstances we cannot expect to be as well furnished with the necessary apparatus of an Hospital as we ought to be; but still I believe we might do much better if more order and discipline was observed by the patients. Upon hearing of the many irregularities committed by them I have lately ordered a discreet Field Officer to visit the principal Hospitals and endeavour to establish a proper discipline.
Among the many necessary reforms in the Military line, I suppose that of the regulation of the Hospitals will be considered. I shall always be ready to contribute all in my power towards rendering the situation of these unhappy people who are under the necessity of becoming the inhabitants of them, as comfortable as possible. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, January 13, 1778.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honble the Congress having been pleased to call Colo. Pickering to a seat at the Board of War, have appointed Colo. Scammell, Adjutant General in his Room who is to be obeyed and respected as such.
At a General Court Martial of which Colo. Swift was President, held 5th. instant Captn. Powell5 of 3rd. Virginia Regiment charged with "insulting Lieutt. Davis when on his guard and arresting him upon a groundless Foundation," was tried and acquitted of the first charge; but found guilty of the second and sentenced therefor to ask Pardon of Lieutt. Davis in Presence of the officers of his Regiment. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be executed tomorrow morning at roll-calling.
[Note 5: Capt. Robert Powell, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He resigned in July, 1779; served as a major of Virginia Militia in 1781.]
At the same Court held 6th. instant Captain Flagg6 charged with "neglect of duty 1st. in suffering the Marquis de la Fayette, when Major Genl. of the day to come in the night to the center of his Picquet, without being stopped or challenged; end for permitting his sentries to have fires in his sight" was tried and acquitted by the unanimous opinion of the court. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
[Note 6: Capt. Ebenezer Flagg, of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He was a major in May, 1778; killed in Westchester County, N.Y., in May, 1781, in an encounter with Delancey's corps.]
At the same Court held 7th. instant Captn. Laird7 charged with "Neglect of duty, in suffering the Major General of the day to surprize him at his picquet in the night," was tried and found guilty and sentenced to be dismissed from the service.
[Note 7: Capt. David Laird, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Lieutt. Ziegler8 appeared before the same Court charged with "Striking and wounding inhumanely with his sword James Quin a soldier belonging to 7th. Pennsylvania Regiment of which Wound he died." Lieutt. Ziegler confessed, the fact but justified it by being in the line of his duty.
[Note 8: Lieut. David Ziegler, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. lie was a captain in December, 1778; retired in January, 1783.]
"The Court having considered the Evidence are of Opinion that Lieutt. Zieglers Justification is sufficient and do acquit him of the charge exhibited against him." The Commander in Chief approves the sentence. The numerous instances of the peaceable inhabitants being plundered and grossly abused by the soldiery, demand the severest examples. They have in general orders been repeatedly caution'd against the commission of those crimes and assured that no Mercy should be shewn to the offenders. Justice to the sufferers and a regard to the cause we are engaged in (which is essentially injured by such practices) rendered this necessary. At the same time The General desires that such offenders may be corrected with coolness; and that when the case does not require an immediate example officers would confine and bring them to a regular trial.
At the Same Court-Martial held 8th. inst. Ensign Washburn9 of Colo. Bigelow's Refit. charg'd with "Leaving his picquet and going to a house at some distance," was tried and found guilty; but on account of the circumstances of the case the Court sentenc'd him to be reprimanded by the Colo. of the regiment he belongs to in presence of the officers of the regt.
[Note 9: Ensign Joseph Washburn, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment, He was promoted to lieutenant Mar. 2, 1779; resigned in April, 1780.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be executed tomorrow morning at roll-calling: But cautions all officers on guard to avoid the like inattention to duty; as a repetition of the offence will not again meet with the same clemency.
At a general court martial held 10th. instant whereof Colo. Olney was president, Lieutt. Joseph Fish of Colo. Durkee's regiment charged with "Squandering away public Stores," was tried and found guilty and sentenced to return the stores so squandered away (being a firelock) into the public Store; to forfeit all his pay, and to be dismiss'd from the Service. The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence; but upon the recommendation of the court remits that part of it which respects the forfeiture of pay. The Court Martial of which Colo. Swift is President is dissolved.
A General Court-Martial is to Sit tomorrow at ten o'Clock in the forenoon, at the Bake-House for the trial of all prisoners which Shall be brought before them. Colo.Clarke10 is appointed President of this Court. A Captain from each Brigade (excepting Woodford, Learned's and Mcintosh's) will constitute the members of the Court.
[Note 10: Col. Thomas Clark, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was wounded at Stono Ferry June 20, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; retired in January, 1783.]
Officers who command guards are to give the Counter-Sign to the picquets as soon as it is dark.
The Commander in Chief is Surpriz'd to hear that the butchers have extorted money from the soldiers for the plucks of beef.11
[Note 11: Heart, lights, and liver.]
The Commissaries are therefore directed to issue the head and pluck together at eight pounds, and the Quarter Masters are to see that the different Companies draw it in turn.
The flying-hospital huts are to be fifteen feet wide and 25 feet long, in the clear and the Story at least nine feet high; to be covered with boards or shingles only, without any dirt. A Window made on each side and a chimney at one end. Two such hospitals are to be made for each brigade in their rear, as near the center as may be; and if the ground admits of it not more than three, nor less than one hundred yards from it.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, 22 Miles from Philadelphia, January 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your favours of the 2d. and 3d. of November by Genl. Mcintosh who arrived very opportunely to take the command of the North Carolina Brigade, which had wanted a Brigadier very much since the Fall of Genl. Nash.
The account you give of the Number of Indians in the Southern Tribes, far exceeds any thing that I had an idea of, and it therefore behoves us the more to cultivate their friendship. But I hope, that as the means which our oppressors have hitherto used to stir up the Savages against us have been rendered fruitless, that they may in the like manner be disappointed in future thro' the activity and address of our Agents and the Generosity of the public who must purchase their Neutrality, at least.
It would in my opinion be in vain to apply to the States of North Carolina and Virginia to allow the Officers of South Carolina and Georgia to recruit among them, As it has been found, upon trial, that those States cannot furnish their own Quota of Continental Troops. If the Enemy should make any disposition towards a southern expedition, a detachment from the Continental Army and a Body of Militia from the Neighbouring States will undoubtedly be ordered to your assistance.
You will, long before this reaches you, have had the Satisfaction of knowing that Congress have conferred that Rank upon you which you claimed as your due, and which you complained had been unjustly detained from you. I imagine, from the time at which your promotion took place, that it has been in consequence of your own representation to Mr. Hancock of the 2d. of June.
Military operations seem to be at an end for the Winter. Sir William Howe is fixed in Philadelphia, and we have, by dint of labour and exposing the Troops to the utmost severity of the Season rather than give up the country to the ravages of the Enemy, established a post at this place, where the Men are scarcely now covered in log Huts, having hitherto lived in Tents and such temporary Shelters as they could make up. The want of Clothing added to the rigor of the Season has occasioned them to Suffer such hardships as will not be credited but by those who have been spectators. I am, &ca.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, January 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you this morning on the subject of the prize Brig Symetry, the Regulations of the Field Officers of the division for conducting the Sale and disposing of the Cargo was laid before me with a Letter from the Regimental Surgeons and Mates to Doctor Cochran. These Gentlemen feel themselves so much hurt by the discrimination made by these Regulations between them and the Officers of the Division that they have sent in their Resignations.
As the common Guardian of the Rights of every man in this Army I am constrained to interfere in this matter and to say that by the regulations a manifest injury is intended not only to the Gentlemen in the medical line, but to the whole Staff, who, provided the prize should be adjudged the sole property of the Captors (a matter in my opinion not easily to be reconciled on principles of equity or reason) have undoubtedly as good a right to become purchasers in the first instance and to all other priviledges as any Officers in the division.
For these Reasons therefore I desire that you will not proceed to a Sale or Distribution of any of the Articles, except the Vessel fill you have my further directions, and that you will as early as possible transmit me an inventory of the Baggage and Stores. The Letter to Congress is nevertheless to go on and you will please to forward it as speedily as possible. I am, &ca.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. In the letter sent, which was in the possession of the late F. B. McGuire in 1892, the last clause reads "you will please to forward it by the first Conveyance."]
Head Quarters, January 13, 1778.
Sir: This will be deliver'd to you by the Chevalier de Mauduit du Piessis, who was among the first French Officers that joined the Army of the United States; the gallant Conduct of this young Gentleman at Brandywine, German Town, and his distinguished Services at Fort Mercer, where he united the Offices of Engineer and Commandant of Artillery, entitle him to the particular notice of Congress; he made several judicious alterations in the works at Red bank, shew'd great good Conduct during the action in which the Hessians were repulsed and was spoken of in consequence in terms of the highest applause by the Commanding Officer of the Post; after the evacuation was determined upon he became the means of saving some valuable Artillery and Stores, and chearfully undertook as Volunteer the hazardous operation of blowing up the Magazines &c without the apparatus usually provided upon such occasions. I must farther add in Mr. Duplesis favour that he possesses a degree of Modesty not always found in men who have performed brilliant actions. It is with pleasure therefore that I recommend it to Congress to grant him a Brevet of Lieutenant Colonel, a Reward due to his merit and which will not have the inconvenience of occasioning any dissatisfaction in the Corps to which he belongs. As some particular Circumstances have prevented Mr. Duplessis waiting upon Congress sooner, I hope there will be no difficulty in antedating the Brevet, so that the Recompense may more immediately follow the Services which he has done; at the same time that there may not be any uneasiness on the part of Mr. Fleury whom Congress has been pleased to reward in the same way, and as their times of Service are nearly equal in France, I would propose that Mr. Duplessis Brevet should bear the same date, vizt. the 26th. November.
I have the honor, etc.14
[Note 14: In the writing of John Laurens. It is indorsed as read in Congress on January 19 and "request granted." The draft, also in Laurens's writing, varies in many, but not important, particulars.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, January 14, 1778.
Parole Perseverance. Countersigns Peace, Plenty.
The Majors of Brigade will deliver a list of the Field Officers in the Several brigades to which they belong tomorrow at orderly-time.
The Court-Martial which was to sit this day, to sit tomorrow ten o'Clock at the Bake-House near Head-Quarters.
Head Quarters, January 14, 1778.
Sir: Your Letter of the 9th. Instant was delivered to me Yesterday, and I immediately acquainted the Forage Master General with such parts of it as related to his Department. If proper Magazines for the Subsistence of the cavalry cannot be formed at Trenton this is an insurmountable obstacle to their quartering there, and they must of necessity be removed to Flemingtown or some other convenient place in that neighbourhood, where the proper supplies can be obtained. But if the only objection to Trenton be a little difficulty that may at first occur in procuring the most desirable Quarters for the Officers and Men I would not have any time lost in seeking farther, the Barracks and the Town together will certainly furnish ample Quarters for the Galley Men and the Cavalry. The latter may with more propriety be billeted on the Inhabitants, in order to have their Horses immediately under their eye.
As so much has been said of the Character and abilities of Mr. Crovatch,15 I have no objection to his being engaged in the capacity of Exercise Master for a few months; at the same time I must caution you against a fondness for introducing foreigners into the Service; their ignorance of the Language of the Country and of the genius and manners of the people, frequently occasion difficulties and disgusts which we should not run the risque of, Unless it be in favour of extraordinary Talents and good Qualities. I shall give orders to the Quarter Master to employ the Armourer at Easton for the Service of the Cavalry, provided he has not been previously engaged in any other way, by the Commissary of Military Stores.
[Note 15: Michael de Kowatz. He became commandant of the lancers of Pulaski's Legion, and was killed before Charleston, S.C., in May, 1779.]
I must postpone any decision with respect to the Horses, until the arrival of the Committee of Congress, as I am in daily expectation of those Gentlemen. I hope you will not be long kept in suspence, if you can in the mean time, engage the Owners to keep their Horses on the spot, you will take every proper step for that purpose. I have no objection to your making Trial of the abilities of Mr. Betkin16 as Brigade Major for the present, it will soon be discovered whether he is equal to the Office. I am, &ca.17
[Note 16: Henry Bedkin. He was a Pennsylvanian; had been adjutant of the Fourth Continental Dragoons and was appointed a captain in Pulaski's Legion in April, 1778; served to the close of the war.]
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, January 15, 1778.
Parole -- Countersigns --.
Colos. Humpton18 and Gibson,19 Lt. Colo. Vose20 and Majors Furnald21 and Ball22 are appointed to repair to the several
[Note 18: Col. Richard Humpton, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 19: Col. George Gibson, of the First Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 20: Lieut. Col. Elijah Vose, of the First Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 21: Maj. Tobias Fernald, of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 22: Maj. Burgess Ball, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment.] Hospitals in the middle department; They will receive their orders at the Adjutant Genl.'s office tomorrow morning; 1st. Pennsylvania, Poors, Learned's, Maxwell's Huntington's and McIntosh's brigades each give a Captain, Woodford's, Scott's Weedon's and Varnuna's each a Subaltern for Said purpose. They must attend likewise at the aforesaid time and place.
Nicholas Gilman, Adjutant of 3rd. N. Hampshire Battalion is appointed Assistant to the Adjt. General and to be respected as Such.
The works marked out by the Engineers for the defence of the camp are to be executed with all possible dispatch, and the commander in chief requests the favor of General Greene, Lord Stirling and the Marquis de la Fayette (General Sullivan being upon other duty) to consult with Genl. Portail on the proper means and number of men necessary to execute the works in the different Wings and Second line and give orders accordingly, and that each of them appoint proper officers to Superintend and push forward the defences.
The Quarter Master General is positively order'd to provide straw for the use of the Troops and the surgeons to See that the Sick when they are remov'd to hutts assign'd for hospitals are plentifully Supplied with this Article. All the Armourers except those already imployed in their respective brigades are to parade tomorrow on the grand parade at Guard Mounting. A Camp Colorman from each brigade to parade at the Same time and place.
Provisions to be issued to the Troops up to next Sunday inclusively.
At a General Court-Martial held 28th. of November last in the North-Carolina Brigade of which Lt Colo. Davidson23 was
[Note 23: Lieut. Col. William Lee Davidson, of the Fifth North Carolina Regiment. He was killed at Cowan's Ford, N. C., in February, 1781.] President, Lieutt. Richard Whedby,24 charged with acting in an ungentlemanlike manner and encouraging Theft in the Army was tried and found guilty and sentenced therefor to be discharg'd from the service. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be executed forthwith.
[Note 24: Lieut. Richard Whedbee, of the Seventh North Carolina Regiment.]
The Quarter-Master General is immediately to fix upon a proper Place between or near the Lines where hurts may be erected for Prisoners under the Provost Guard; He will also appoint a suitable Carpenter to assist and direct the men who shall be employ'd in the work. Two Axmen with their Axes from each of those Brigades which furnish Guards tomorrow are to be brought by their Brigade Majors to the Grand-Parade tomorrow morning at 9 o'Clock to be thus employ'd, and in like manner from day to day 'fill the hurts are completed.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: In a letter from you of the 25th. Octobr. last, you informed me that twenty three Boats had been saved from the Enemy, besides what were up Esopus Creek, the number of which you did not then know. You at the same time informed me that you should have those put into repair that wanted it, and set the Carpenters at work to build new ones. I shall be glad to hear in your next what number you have at present upon the River and of what kinds.
I shall be glad to know whether any thing is now doing or whether any thing of Consequence has yet been done towards repairing the Works and replacing and compleating the obstructions in the North River. Genl. Gates was ordered by Congress to superintend that Business, but as he was so soon after appointed to the New Board of War I imagine he never did any thing in it. By a letter from Genl. Parsons of the 29th. December, I find he was in Connecticut upon a visit to his Family by your licence. I therefore suppose you will have postponed your own Visit till his Return.
I shall be glad of the Return of the Troops at Fishkill &ca., called for in my last. I am, &ca.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
P.S. Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Springfield.26
[Note 26: The letter to be forwarded to Springfield was addressed to Ezekiel Cheever, Commissary of Military Stores of the Continental Army, requesting immediate returns of arms and accouterments at Springfield. This letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.
On January 15 Tilghman wrote to Lieut. Col. Benjamin Flower, by Washington's direction, for an exact return of all the arms in the different magazines. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: Should it be thought expedient to draw a Body of Men together early next Spring, it will be necessary for us to know previously what number of Arms we could have ready for such an emergency. I have desired Colo. Flowers to make me a return of all at the Magazines under his immediate direction, and have wrote to the Commissary at Springfield to do the like. You will be pleased to make the proper inquiry for such as may be in Boston and any other places in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, have them collected and properly deposited and a Return of them made to me as soon as possible. There may probably be quantities of Arms laying up and down useless at present for want of repairing; be pleased to endeavour to have them collected and put into a way of being fitted up.
I shall be glad to hear what steps are taking to recruit the Army, and of any other matters that relate to the Service. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, January 16, 1778.
Parole Arlington. Countersigns Albany, Andover.
A Flag will Soon go to the Enemies Lines, those Persons who have any things to send to our Prisoners there must have them at the Commissary Genl. of Prisoner's Quarters by next Saturday afternoon.
Valley Forge, January 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: Three days ago I received your favour of the 29th. Ulto. I had heard before of Colo. Webb's27 misfortune thro various channels and by Letter from himself; and having written to him fully upon his request to be exchanged, it is unnecessary to enlarge upon the subject. I shall therefore briefly observe, that I could not consent to it without doing injury to the Officers who have been much longer in Captivity, and subjecting myself to a charge of injustice and partiality.
[Note 27: Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
I am sorry to find you have thoughts of leaving the Army. I hope you will consider the matter well and the consequences which such a procedure may involve. Besides the loss of your own services the example might have a disagreable influence on other Officers. The discontent prevailing in the Army, from various causes, has become but too prevalent, and I fear, unless some measures can be adopted to render the situation of the Officers more comfortable than what it has been for some time past that it will increase. The depreciation of our Money, the difficulty of procuring necessaries and the exorbitant prices they are obliged to pay for them, when they can be had, are among the causes of dissatisfaction. Whatever your determination may be, I am persuaded you will not remain an idle Spectator, or be wanting in your exertions to promote the Cause. If you persevere in your wishes to retire, you must apply to Congress, as they only can give you permission.28
[Note 28: Parsons retired in July, 1782.]
I wrote some days ago to Govr. Trumbull respecting the deficiency in the Quotas of Men which ought to be furnished by the States, and of the necessity of filling them. From the polite and obliging attention which the State of Connecticut have ever had to my representations and their earnest desire to promote the Service, I am encouraged to hope, that they will pursue every measure in their power that will contribute to that end. While you are at Hartford you will do well to throw your weight into the scale, being persuaded that our successes the next Campaign will depend much upon our early operations, and on our taking the Field with a respectable force. I am, etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, January 17, 1778.
Parole Buckingham. Countersigns Boston, Brentwood.
Thomas Bradford Esquire is appointed Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners. His Quarters are at Mr. David Havard's the next house to the Marquis de-la-Fayettes.
The Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades are to meet this evening at Genl. Varnum's Quarters to consult and agree upon proper and speedy measures to exchange raw-hides for shoes; They will as soon as possible critically review and examine into the State and condition of the Arms in their respective Brigades; get those out of repair put in order as soon as possible and consult upon the most speedy method of procuring a sufficient number of proper sized Bayonets to supply the deficiency thereof: The General desires that they will likewise agree upon the most proper and speedy measure to have all the Officers in their Brigades furnish'd with half Pikes agreeable to the General Order of the 22nd. of December last.
Head Quarters, January 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of this morning containing an extract of a Letter written by Colonel Ramsey on behalf of the Field Officers at Wilmington. Their apology Sir, is sufficient to do away every thing disagreeable that has past on the subject and to induce me to attribute their incautious expressions to the causes which they mention.
You will communicate this to the Gentlemen by the first convenient opportunity and believe me to be, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 31: Lieutenant or sublieutenant of Lancaster County, Pa.]
Head Quarters, January 17, 1778.
Sir: Mr. William Smith, is employed in the Continental Service as Deputy Waggon Master, Josiah Kittara as Waggon Conductor, William Smith Junior as Sub Conductor, and Thomas Edwards and Amos Evans as Waggoners, the Certificates of their being attached to the Continental Army in these Capacities will be delivered to you by Mr. Wm. Smith, who goes in behalf of the rest, and as it cannot be the intention of the Legislature to treat persons of this description in the light of Delinquents, I have no doubt that upon receipt of this you will acquit them from the Fines to which they have hitherto been considered as subject under the Militia Act. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, January 18, 1778.
Parole Connecticutt. Countersigns Concord, Conway.
At a Brigade Court-Martial held 12th. instant whereof Lt. Colo. Harmer33 was President, Ensign Foster34 of 6th. Pennsylvania Regiment having been found guilty of challenging Captn. Cruise35 and behaving unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman was sentenced to be discharged from the service;
[Note 33: Lieut. Col. Josiah Harmar, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Seventh, Third, and First Pennsylvania Regiments, and made colonel ofthe First Pennsylvania Regiment in September, 1783.]
[Note 34: Ensign John Foster.]
[Note 35: Capt. Walter Cruise, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in June, 1778.]
The Commander in Chief in Conformity to the Articles of War approves the above sentence, but in consideration of Circumstances is pleased to restore Ensign Foster to his former Rank; At the same time He is sorry to observe that the dispute between the parties arose from a cause and was conducted in a manner that does neither of them much Honor.
As the Army is now in all probability stationary for the remainder of the winter it is necessary that the departments for supplying it with Provision and Forage should be put upon such a footing that as few delays and difficulties as possible may happen; In order to do this more effectually the most exact arrangment and disposition should be made of all the Waggons and horses employ'd in the service: The Commander in Chief therefore orders that all private Waggons and horses annexed either to Regiments or employed by Brigade Commissaries shall be delivered up on Monday and Tuesday next to the Quarter Master General at the Field next beyond the Adjutant General's Office. Those belonging to the first line on Monday and those belonging to the second line and the Artillery on Tuesday; and on Wednesday and Thursday next all the Waggons and horses the property of the United States annexed to the different Regiments or employ'd by the Commissaries of Brigades are also to be delivered up to the Quarter-Master General at the place and in the manner above directed; The whole to be then arranged and appropriated in such manner as the Quarter-Master and Forage Master General shall judge best calculated to supply the Army with Forage and Fuel and to perform other Camp Duties. A sufficient number of Waggons will be immediately returned to the Brigades for the service of the Camp while a more compleat Arrangement is making.
It having been represented by the Qr. Master General that a great number of saddle horses have been drawn at different times by Officers, Quarter Masters, Commissaries and Waggon-Masters for various services and never returned; The Commander in Chief expressly orders that such be return'd to the Quarter-Master General upon the day and at the place before mentioned, when he will allow such to retain them as appear to have a real necessity from their occupations, for their service.
A General Council of the Brigadier Generals and Officers commanding Brigades, in Obedience to Yesterday's orders have reported as follows.
1st. That the Commissaries of the respective Brigades retain their hides, Subject to the disposal of the Brigadier giving an account from time to time to the Commissary of hides.
That the Brigadiers for the present exigency send an Officer from each Brigade into the Country to exchange hides for shoes; Hide @ 4d pt. pound for Shoes at 10/pr. pair, that the expence be defrayed by a draught upon the Quarter Master-General. That the Commanding Officers of Regiments give receipts to their respective Brigadiers who will deliver the Same to the Clothier General.
Second. That those Brigades which are furnish'd with Armourers and Tools have the Bayonets made in the Brigades; and that those who cannot procure Armourers and Tools purchase Bayonets from the Country Artificers in the best manner possible.
Third. That the Quarter Master General be directed to cause Espontons or Pikes made for the Officers, the Staff six feet and one half in length, and one inch and a quarter diameter in the largest part and that the iron part be one foot long.
The Commander in Chief accepts and approves the above Report and orders it to take place in every respect.
At a division Court Martial 15th. instant whereof Lt. Colo. Ballard36 was President Captn. Lamberth37 of 14th. Virginia Regt. tryed for Stealing a hat from Captn. Ellis38 was found guilty and unanimously Sentenced to be cashiered, and deemed Scandalous in an officer to associate with him in future, and that his Crime, Name, Place of Abode and punishment be publish'd in and about Camp and in the News Papers of every State, particularly the State he belongs to, and that he pay
[Note 36: Lieut. Col. Robert Ballard, of the First Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; resigned in July, 1779.]
[Note 37: Capt. George Lambert.]
[Note 38: Capt. Paul(?) Ellis, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment.] Captn. Ellis thirty dollars for the hat he stole of him, also the expences of the witnesses against him, and the expence of an express sent for the Witnesses which Shall be paid before he is released from his confinement.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, January 18, 1778.
Sir: As the time of Service of part of the Virginia Troops has already expired, and many more will shortly petition for discharges upon the same claim. It will be necessary for the Brigadiers and Commandants in that Line, to meet, and come to some determination with respect to the mode of doing it. I have therefore to request that you will take such steps, and precaution as will put it out of the power of any man to obtain dismission, who is not justly entitled to it, and that you will look forward to the number of Troops that will remain and the Officers necessary to command them. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The same letter was sent also to Brig. Gens. William Woodford, Peter Muhlenberg, and Charles Scott.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 18, 1778.
Sir: I am glad to hear by yours of the 15th. instant, that you have been appointed to the Command of the Brigade late Newcomb's.40 From the Character given of you by Genl. Greene, I have every reason to expect that nothing will be wanting on your part to excite a proper Spirit among the people, and to
[Note 40: Of New Jersey Militia.] give the most effectual opposition to any parties of the Enemy who may attempt to ravage your Coast. If the State has no Ammunition belonging to it, you must send an Officer to me, with an account of the Quantity wanting, and I will supply you. I think when the Army came from Morris Town, we left two Iron four pounders there belonging to Jersey. You will therefore send an Officer to inquire for them and to bring them down to you if he finds them there. But lest they should have been removed, I inclose you an Order on the Commissary of Military Stores at Allen Town in Northampton County, for two Iron four pounders with fixed Ammunition for them. You should inquire what is done with the light Iron Guns that were removed from Red Bank, if you can find any of them that will suit you, you had better get two of them fitted up and only send for the fixed Ammunition to suit them from Allen Town, this will save much trouble.
Altho it will be inconvenient to the Inhabitants of Burlington, Gloucester and Salem to remove their Stock back, I would still have you do it as effectually as possible, or the Enemy will certainly make a sweep of them one day or another. What are proper for Beef, the Commissaries will take off their hands and for the others I should think it would be in the power of every farmer to carry back some forage for them.
I have nothing to do with the appointment of the Staff in the Militia, more than of any other Officers, and therefore cannot interfere. I should suppose you had better yourself appoint persons who are suitable and get them confirmed by the Governor. I am, &ca.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. On January 18 Robert Hanson Harrison, by direction of Washington, replied to Capt. Henry Lee's letter, in which Lee reported that an officer of the Anspach regiment (German troops in Philadelphia) was willing to bring off 300 of them provided he was promised command of them. The General wished Lee to manage the matter very cautiously. Both Harrison's and Lee's letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 42: Of Grayson's Additional Continental regiment.]
Head Quarters, January 18, 1778.
Sir: General Knyphaussen having obtained a passport for Quarter Master Major Kitz to go to Fredericksburg in Virginia with a Serjeant and Servant and a Waggon with Clothing and necessaries for the Hessian Officers at that place; In order that the same may be safely conveyed, and that no irregularities may attend the execution of this Business, you are to proceed with all convenient expedition with the said Quarter Master Major Kitz, with the Clothes and necessaries he has in charge, by the most direct route to Fredericksburg, or to such other place or places as the Hessian Officers may be at. After he shall have executed his business, you are to return with him, and to make report of your arrival when you come within the neighbourhood of this Camp, that such further orders may be given respecting him as may be necessary.
You are to receive of the Pay Master General Two hundred Dollars, out of which you are to defray your own expences, and you are to keep an exact account of the same and to take proper Vouchers, that an account may be settled and adjusted on your return.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 18, 1778.
Sir: I have the pleasure of observing, by a publication in Dunlaps Paper that before the adjournment of the General Assembly of this State they had among other wholesome Laws enacted one for "filling the quota of troops to be raised in this State." As you may perhaps be ignorant of the reduced condition of your Regiments, I have thought proper to inclose you a Return by which you will see how very deficient they are at present as to the number required by the allotment. You will also perceive, by a note at the Bottom of the Return, how destitute the Men in the field are in point of Cloathing. I had sent out Officers from every Regiment to procure Cloathing for their Men, and they were collecting considerable quantities, when Colo. Bayard and Mr. Young, a Committee from the Assembly, waited upon me, and desired me to call in the Officers, informing me that they had appointed Commissioners in every County, to purchase necessaries for the Army, which would be a mode more agreeable to the inhabitants, than if done in a military way. What these Commissioners have gone, I do not know, but no Cloathing has yet come to the Army thro' their Hands. General Wayne informed me, that he understood it was collected and stored at Lancaster and he went up about ten days ago to inquire into the Matter.
It being recommended to every State to procure what Cloathing they can for their own Troops, I trust yours will not be backward. From the quantity of raw materials and the number of Workmen among your people, who being principled against Arms remain at home and Manufacture, I should suppose you have it more in your power to cover your Troops well, than any other State. The Continent will continue to import from abroad and to purchase on the General account what they can. I am therefore in hopes, that the exertions of the States, aided by foreign importations, will contribute to Cloath our Troops more comfortably and plentifully than they have heretofore been. But as there are so many impediments in the way of the latter kind of supply, I could wish that no great dependance may be put upon it, but that we may rely principally upon our internal manufacture.
I shall be glad to be favoured with a Copy of the law for raising your quota of Men, and have the Honour, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 45: Of Delaware.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 18, 1778.
Sir: I am in hopes that the legislature of your State have fallen upon some mode to fill up the Battalion alloted to it, against the ensuing Campaign. If they have not, I beg leave to remind you how short the time is from hence, to that, in which we ought to be in the Field. The advantages that will arise from our being able to begin our operations before the Enemy are reinforced are too obvious to need recapitulating and I have therefore wrote, in the most pressing Manner, to every State to endeavour to send their quota of Men as nearly compleat and as early as possible. The Regiment of your State is at present with Genl. Smallwood at Wilmington, and you will therefore be pleased to apply to him for a Return, from which you will see the deficiency in point of Numbers. If you should not have already adopted some mode of raising your Men, I think you will find it in vain to attempt to do it by any other means than those of drafting. I am told the State of Pennsylvania have passed a law to draft their Men; I have not seen it, but I am convinced, if the practice was universal that the people would not Complain.
It has been recommended by Congress to every State, to Cloath their own quota of Troops, as far as they may be able, and make it a continental Charge. I am certain that, with proper exertions, it may be done by the middle and northern States, very nearly by their own internal Manufacture; but lest that should not be sufficient, the Continental agents will continue to import and purchase from private Adventurers all kinds of Goods proper for the use of the Army.
Considering the many impediments that lay in the way of foreign importations we ought to put as little dependance as possible upon that source, especially for the Articles of Shoes and Stockings, of which there is the greatest consumption and for the want of a regular supply of which our Soldiers suffer amazingly.
I shall be glad to hear from you, as soon as convenient upon the above Subjects and have the honour, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, January 19, 1778.
Parole Dunkirk. Countersigns Durham, Dublin.
At a Brigade Court-Martial held 7th. instant whereof Major Ryan47 was President; Francis Morris a Soldier in 1st. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for repeated desertions was found guilty and unanimously sentenced to suffer death in Such manner as Shall be ordered by the Commander in Chief. His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the Sentence.
[Note 47: Maj. Michael Ryan. He was brigade major to General Wayne until June, 1779; appointed major in the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment in October, 1777, which was deemed irregular, and he was superseded in May, 1778; captain in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment to rank from January, 1777; resigned in June, 1779; inspector general of Pennsylvania in 1780.]
Provisions to be issued to the Troops up to next Thursday inclusive. Detachments sent upon Command, from the time of their marching no Provisions are to be drawn for them by the Regimental Quarter Masters 'till they return. The Brigade Majors will attend daily at the Adjt. Genls. quarters precisely at 12 o'Clock.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, January 20, 1778.
Parole Finland. Countersigns Farnham, Fairfield.
The General Officers commanding Brigades are desir'd to meet at General Sullivan's Quarters tomorrow morning at ten o'Clock in order to consider of the expediency of opening a public Market in camp; They are to take into consideration the proper Places and days of holding markets, the regulations and guards necessary to preserve good order. The prices proper to be offered upon each article; in the Settlement of which they Should endeavor to consult Some of the most intelligent Country-men; Some plans that have been proposed will be laid before them at the time of meeting. A report of their proceedings to be Sent in to the Commander in Chief as soon as possible.
The Commander in Chief returns his warmest thanks to Captn. Lee and Officers and men of his Troop for the Victory which by their superior Bravery and Address they gain'd over a party of the Enemys dragoons, who trusting in their numbers and concealing their march by a circuitous road attempted to surprize them in their quarters; He has the Satisfaction of informing the Army that Captn. Lee's Vigilance baffled the Enemy's designs by judiciously posting his men in his quarters,48 although he had not a Sufficient number to allow one for each window, he obliged the party consisting of two hundred, disgracefully to retire after repeated but fruitless attempts to force their way into the house, leaving two killed and four wounded without receiving any other damage on his part than having his Lieutenant Mr. Lindsay49 slightly wounded unless any of his out-patroles should have been unfortunately Surrounded and taken which is not yet known.
[Note 48: At Scott's farm, Darby, Pa.]
[Note 49: Lieut. William Lindsay. He was a captain in Lee's Legion in April, 1778; resigned in October, 1778.]
The General positively forbids the burning of the Farmers Fences; He enjoins it upon all Officers to use their endeavours to prevent it and bring to severe punishment all those who shall offend herein.
A General Court Martial where of Colo. Craig50 is appointed President is to Sit at the President's Marqui to try Such Prisoners as Shall be bro't before them, belonging to Lord Stirling and General Wayne's Divisions. Major Church51 a Captn. and two Subalterns from each Brigade in those divisions will compose the Court.
[Note 50: Col. Thomas Craig, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 51: Maj. Thomas Church, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
The Commander in Chief is informed that Captain Lee and Lieut. Lindsey had but a Corporal and four men to assist them in the manly Opposition against the British Light Horse. Major Jameson was accidently there and justly merits his Share of the Praises due to this brave little party.
Valley Forge, January 20,52 1778.
[Note 52: Sparks prints this letter under date of January 21.]
My dear Lee: Altho I have given you my thanks in the general orders of this day, for the late instance of your gallant behaviour I cannot resist the Inclination I feel to repeat them again in this manner. I needed no fresh proof of your merit, to bear you in remembrance, I waited only for the proper time and season to shew it: these I hope are not far off. I shall also think of and will reward the merit of Lindsay when an opening presents as far as I can consistently, and shall not forget the corporal whom you have recommended to my Notice. Offer my sincere thanks to the whole of your gallant party and assure them that no one felt pleasure more sensibly, or rejoiced more sincerely for yours and their escape than Your Affectionate.
Head Quarters, January 20, 1778.
Sir: Your letter of the 8th. Instt. inclosing Lieut. Eyre's53 representation was duly received. I am not at liberty to contradict the facts which he has related; but I am inclined to think, from his own state[ment], that his conduct has not been so discreet, as it should have been; and that if he experienced a severer treatment than had been usually imposed upon Officers, Prisoners with us, it proceeded in some measure, at least, from that cause. But were not this the case, If the insults and incivilities Mr. Eyre complains of having suffered, were even so unprovoked by him, tho' I wish not to justify them, yet I cannot forbear observing, that they are not to be wondered at, since the accounts generally received of the treatment of our Officers in your hands are replete with instances of the most flagrant indignities and even Cruelties.
[Note 53: Lieut. Thomas Eyre, of the Eighth Light Dragoons, British Army.]
Americans have the feelings of Sympathy, as well as other men. A series of injuries may exhaust their patience, and it is natural that the sufferings of their Friends in Captivity, should at length irritate them into resentment and to Acts of retaliation. If you suppose Mr. Eyre's representation to be just, and that he escaped from a rigorous confinement, under no obligation of parole, I cannot conceive upon what principle you still consider him my prisoner: But if you are of a different Opinion, I shall expect some Gentleman of ours in your possession, who was taken in a similar character, in return for him. He was reported to me, at the time of his capture, as a Volunteer, in which light I still view him.
The Officer you mention, did not attend the flag of truce with my knowledge or consent. His conduct was reprehensible, and I hope an instance of this sort will not happen again.
Mr. James Byard was taken prisoner near the Swedes Ford, the day your Army crossed the Schuylkill. He had just returned from College, and had no rank in, or connection with the Army. He is not to be considered as a prisoner of War, but as a Citizen, and as such his Friends will propose an exchange for him. I am, &ca.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 20, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 15th., last Evening. When I arrived at Morris Town last winter, you applied to me, thro' Col. Moylan, for liberty to remove from thence to your farm near second River: I consented to this, as I looked upon it as a thing more convenient to you, and more proper than for you to remain in Morris Town, under your particular circumstances. I considered you then, as I do now, a prisoner of the State, and do not therefore think myself at liberty to interfere in any determination which the Governor and Council may come to respecting your future place of Residence. I can only wish that your conduct may appear to have been so unexceptionable that there may be no occasion to remove you from your own House. I am, etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Commission, by which you will find, that you are restored to the rank you claim in the line of the Army. This I transmit by direction of Congress and in pursuance of their Resolution of the 29th. of November.56 The situation of my papers and the want of Blank Commissions prevented me doing it before.
[Note 56: This commission is now in the Washington Papers.]
May I venture to ask, whether you are upon your Legs again, and if you are not, may I flatter myself that you will be soon? There is none who wishes more sincerely for this event than I do, or who will receive the information with more pleasure. I shall expect a favourable account upon the subject. And as soon as your situation will permit, I request that you will repair to this Army, It being my earnest wish to have your Services the ensuing Campaign. In hopes of this, I have set you down in an Arrangement now under consideration, and for a Command which I trust will be agreeable to yourself and of great advantage to the public.57
[Note 57: Arnold, with Lincoln, was then in Albany, N.Y., recuperating from the wound received at the Battle of Bemis Heights, Saratoga.]
I have nothing of importance to inform you of in the Military line, that is new or interesting. The Enemy still remain in possession of Philadelphia and have secured themselves by a strong chain of Redoubts, with Intrenchments of communication from Schuylkill to Delaware. We on our part have taken post on the West side of the former, about twenty miles from the City, and with much pains and industry have got the Troops tolerably well covered in Huts. We have to regret that we are not in more comfortable Quarters, but these could not be found unless we had retired to the Towns in the more interior part of the State; The consequences of which would have been, distress to the virtuous Citizens of Philadelphia, who had fled thither for protection, and the exposure of a considerable tract of fertile Country to ravage and ruin. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 20, 1778.
My Dear Sir: By the inclosed Copies of two Resolutions of Congress you will perceive that they have restored Genl. Arnold to the rank he claims. in the line of General Officers, and have directed me to grant him a Commission for that purpose. This I have done, and he will receive it by the conveyance by which this goes.
From your peculiar situation, and being one of the Officers within the operation of the Resolves, I have been induced to communicate the matter to you59 I am too sensible, My Dear Sir, of your disposition to justice and generosity, of your wishes to see every Man in the possession of his rightful claim, not to be convinced that you will chearfully acquiesce in a measure calculated for that end. In the instance before us, General Arnold is restored to a violated right, and the restitution I hope, will be considered by every Gentleman concerned, as I am sure it will by you, as an act of necessary justice.
[Note 59: Lincoln was then in Albany, N.Y., recovering from the wound received in the fighting around Saratoga.]
May I hope that you are recovered of your wound, and if you are not, that you will be soon? There is none who wishes more sincerely for this event, than I do, or who will receive the information with more pleasure. I request that you will write me upon the Subject, and let your account be favourable and pleasing. As soon as your situation will permit, I shall be happy to see you, it being my earnest wish to have your Services the ensuing Campaign. In hope of this, I have set you down in an Arrangement now under consideration....60 I am, etc.61
[Note 60: The omitted paragraph is practically the same as the last paragraph in the letter to Maj. Gen. Benedict Arnold of the same date as this letter, q. v.]
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have not yet received an answer respecting the Guard for the Salt Works Solicited in your Memorial. Till you hear further from me upon the subject, you may detain a Captain, two subalterns and Sixty men of the detachment of your Regiment now in Monmouth, for the purpose of Guarding the works, the remainder be pleased to send forward to Camp with Captain Combes,62 with whom be pleased to send the Cloathing of those men who are already here. I am, etc.63
[Note 62: Capt. John Combes (Combs), of Forman's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 20, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 13th. instant last Evening, and have immediately written to Govr. Livingston upon the Subject. I make no doubt but the prosecution will be immediately stopped upon my representation of the matter in its true light, and of my pointing out the impossibility of getting persons to undertake this kind of Business in future, if they are not protected by us. I am, &ca.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 20, 1778.
Sir:I have the honor of your several favors of the 9th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th instant. I am pleased to find that your legislature have fixed a price circumscribing the avarice of your farmers, who like their neighbours are endeavouring to take every advantage of the necessities of the Army. I have mentioned to Mr. Commissary Blaine65 what you say respecting Wilson's66 not having employed a Sufficient Number of Mills in his district. He will write to him and order him to extend
[Note 65: Col. Ephraim Blaine.]
[Note 66: Robert Wilson, Deputy Commissary General of Purchases.] his business. I have also desired him to direct his Deputies in the Monmouth district, to purchase up that produce first which lays nearest the Coast. I am in hopes, that by the Activity of Genl. Ellis, who I am much pleased to find has superseded Newcomb, the Trade carried on from Jersey to Philadelphia will be put a stop to.
When I fixed the Head Quarters of the Army at Morris Town last Winter, I found Capt. Kennedy there, who I considered as a State Prisoner, but judging it improper that he should remain there, and finding that it would be more agreeable to him to remove to his own Farm, I agreed that he should go thither and took a parole from him, stipulating, to the best of my memory, as I have not the parole by me, that he should remain quietly there. I considered him then as I do now a State prisoner, and therefore do not think I have any right to interfere in the matter.
I am sorry that Troup has found means to escape to the Enemy, especially as he has confessed, by an account published by himself, that he was in Jersey upon a villainous design when taken. When you sent him down to me, I ordered a Court Martial to try him, but no sufficient evidence appeared to the Court to convict him. He lay in our provost Guard and was marched backwards and forward, till he was naked and almost eaten up with Filth and Vermin. Mr. Boudinot taking compassion upon his sufferings desired I would deliver him up to him, engaging either to detain him as a prisoner or to set him at liberty upon his taking the Oaths to the State, which he offered to do. I was induced to permit this, as I saw no chance of bringing him to a final trial, and he was perishing by inches. In what manner he made his escape I do not know.
I hope as you have got notice of a design against you, that you will be able to counterplot your Enemies and that they may fall into the snare which they intend for you. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
P.S. I am making proper use of the hints given in yours of the 9th.68
[Note 68: Livingston's letter of January 9 speaks of employing as a spy one Morseiles [ sic], who was being urged by the British to establish a line of secret intelligence for them. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 20, 1778.
Sir:I last night received a Letter from Colo. Dayton, informing me, that John and Baker Hendricks, and John Meeker had been apprehended upon a supposition of carrying on an illegal Correspondence with the Enemy, as they had been several times upon Staten Island and that they were to be tried for their lives in consequence.
In justice to these Men I am bound to take this earliest opportunity of informing you that they were employed by Colo. Dayton last Summer to procure intelligence of the movements of the Enemy while upon Staten Island, for which purpose I granted them passports, allowing them to carry small quantities of Provision, and to bring back a few Goods the better to cover their real designs. Colo Dayton acquaints me that they executed their trust faithfully; this I very well remember, that what intelligence he communicated to me and which he says, came principally thro' them, was generally confirmed by the Event. Upon these Considerations I hope you will put a stop to the prosecution, unless other matters appear against them. You must be well convinced, that it is indispensibly necessary to make use of these means to procure intelligence. The persons employed must bear the suspicion of being thought inimical, and it is not in their powers to assert their innocence, because that would get abroad and destroy the confidence which the Enemy puts in them. I have the honour, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you the 15th., desiring you to have the Arms in Massachusetts and New Hampshire collected and a Return made to me as soon as possible. I find, by letters from Genl. Heath, that Arms have lately arrived in several Vessels from France, I beg they may be immediately sent to the different Arsenals and put in order. We shall want a considerable number in the Spring when the Levies come into the Field, and I therefore think that advantage should be taken of this Season of the Year, when the Roads are hard, to bring part of them forward to the Magazines on this side of Delaware. I do not know what number to order precisely, but you can form a pretty good Judgment, upon comparing the quantities that are already in the Magazines here with the number of Recruits that the Middle and southern States will probably send into the Field. It is true that many of the reduced Regiments have their old Arms, but when you consider the customary waste and the destruction made by the Militia, who I suppose we shall be under the necessity of calling out, we ought to have a Magazine of new Arms equal to the Levies, that there may not be any delays or difficulties on that account. I am, &ca.
P.S. Upon considering the usefulness of travelling forges more fully, since you went away I think it proper that each Brigade should be furnished with one, instead of each division.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, January 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: I this day received yours of the 18th. by Lieutt. Gamble71 who has brought down 463 Coats ready cut out. I
[Note 71: Lieut. Robert Gamble, of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment. He was captain in March, 1778; taken prisoner at Camden, N.J., in August, 1780; retired in January, 1783.] could have wished that had not been done, as I intended to have had them made up in a new fashion which I think will save Cloth, be made up quicker and cheaper and yet be more warm and convenient to the Soldier. I desire that all the remainder of the Virginia Goods may be immediately sent on in the State which you receive them, as soon as they arrive at Lancaster. I will send you a Coat of the new fashion as soon as one can be made up, and I think it will be deemed most convenient and useful to dress the whole Army in the same manner.
The Officer who had the charge of the Convoy of Cloathing from Boston left them at Fishkill, contrary to Genl. Heath's express order, he makes some trifling excuse, that the Waggons would not come any farther. I have sent up an Express with orders to have it brought immediately forward.
I shall give directions to have some agreement made with the Taylors for their extra pay when working at their trade. Now we are fixed, I am of opinion that we can have any quantity of Cloathing made up in the Regiments provided all the materials are sent with them. If the Taylors are drawn from the Army and sent to a distance, they will most certainly find means of going off, and the Service will lose so many men. Besides we cannot at this time spare the Men from Camp.
I beg you will exert yourself in procuring Shoes, it is evident that any quantities may be got by contracting to pay for them in Hides. The price fixed by the General Officers is 4d. pr. [piece] for Hides and Shoes at 10/pr. pair. With this the Shoemakers are content, and several of the Brigadiers have made contracts accordingly. I am, &ca.
P.S. Lieutt. Gamble returns to bring down the remainder of the Goods. He informs me that he desired you not to cut up the Cloth, as it was intended to be made up different from the usual method, I cannot therefore tell why it was done.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, January 21, 1778.
Parole Edenton. Countersigns Easton, Edinburgh.
The Commander in Chief approves the report made by the Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades in the Virginia Line and orders that the men whose term of service is expired be discharged and march'd home by proper Officers in the manner there directed; The Brigadiers &c. are also to see that the Arms and Accoutrements of such men are return'd in the first instance to themselves in Order that the Arms and discharges may correspond, and by them to the Commissary of Military Stores whose receipt is to be taken for what is delivered; All blankets are to be stoped and other Articles belonging to the Publick. The Brigadiers &c. will cause proper care to be taken of the first and see that the latter is delivered in to the hands of the Qr. Master General and other proper officers.
Notwithstanding the pointed and frequent orders which have issued to have all deserters reported to Head-Quarters it is by indirect and casual information, that this knowledge comes to the General (except in the general returns) which are exceedingly irregular. He therefore in peremptory terms now calls upon the Brigadiers to see or know that the rolls of their several Regiments are call'd over agreeable to former orders, and that all deserters (specifying the Regiment and Company they belong to) are reported by them to the Major General of the day, who is to present the whole in one view to the Commander in Chief when he comes from his Tour of duty. The Brigadiers are also requested to use every possible means to apprehend deserters of their respective Brigades; This order will not be dispensed with.
The General also in positive terms declares that he will have a general return of the Army delivered in to him every Monday at orderly-time. The Adjutant General is therefore to pay particular attention to this matter and consider himself responsible for the performance unless he arrests every Delinquent who causes the failure: In the next Mondays return, the officers in the Virginia Line are to ascertain the number of men whose term of service will expire shortly.
It being impossible for the Surgeons of the Flying Hospital to make effectual provision for the sick out of Camp, unless they are sent to the places by them appointed and furnish'd for the purpose; All officers and regimental surgeons when any of their Corps are proper subjects for the Hospital are therefore immediately to apply to the Chief Surgeon of the Flying Hospital present in Camp and take his direction where to Send their Sick: A contrary practice has been attended with great inconvenience to the sick and probably occasioned the Death of Several men; many having been Sent to Hospitals already crowded with patients, or to places where no provision had been made for the sick, and in order that the sick, which shall from time to time remain in Camp, as well as others before they are sent to Hospitals may be properly taken care of; the Director General of the Hospitals is, as soon as possible to furnish the Regimental Surgeons with Medicine Chests supplied with such Medicines as are necessary for the sick in Camp. When Flags go to the Enemys lines all officers are positively forbidden to go with them unless they receive proper orders therefor.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Clark was President held January 19th. Lieutenant McGibbons73 of 4th. North Carolina Battalion tried for embezzling or misapplying the money with which he was intrusted for enlisting men into the service, also for taking bribes to discharge inlisted soldiers from the service was unanimously acquitted of the charges.
[Note 73: Lieut. Patrick McGibbons.]
At the Same Court held January 15th. Captn. Joshua Brown74 of Colo. Bigelow's Regiment tried for Suffering two prisoners to escape from the Provost-Guard was unanimously acquitted of the charges exhibited against him. The Commander in Chief approves the Sentences and orders them to be immediately released from their Arrests.
[Note 74: Of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: An Officer of Genl. Glovers Brigade arrived here Yesterday and informs me that he left twelve Waggons load of Cloathing at that place, which he had under his charge from Boston with directions to bring it on to this Army. He alledges in excuse for leaving it, that the Waggons would not come any further, but it does not appear that he took any pains to procure others. The Army being in the greatest distress for the Articles, I have sent an express purposely to the Deputy Cloathier at Fishkill to send them on, and I desire that the Qt. Master may immediately furnish Waggons. I hope the packages have none of them been broken. If they have not, I beg they may not, as near 4000 of our men are rendered unfit for duty for want of the very Articles contained in them.
If there should be any small detachments belonging to any of the Northern Troops now here, let the Cloathing be sent under their Escort. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favor of the 6th and 8th. instants. I particularly alluded to Henley's, Lee's and Jackson's Regiments when I expressed my surprise that they had not been innoculated, as they had lain so long in Boston. I hope that very strict attention will be paid to that matter against the next Campaign. We find upon a scrutiny, that there are upwards of Two thousand Men to be innoculated in Camp at this time.
I have given the adjutant General the Resolve of your Council, but he tells me that he does not think it will be in the powers of the Colonels to make such a return as is called for. Few of them have their Papers with them, and some of these who were at Ticonderoga lost them. In my next I shall be able to inform you whether it can be done. Some little time past I sent the President of the Council an exact return of such of their Troops as are under my immediate Command for their Government in cornpleating their Levies.
You will I suppose before this time have received orders from Congress respecting the delaying the embarkation of Genl. Burgoyne and his Army till the Convention is ratified by Great Britain.
By this Step Genl. Burgoyne will more than probable look upon himself as released from all former Ties, and consequently at liberty to make use of any means to effect an escape. I would therefore have you increase the vigilance and, if necessary the Strength of your Guards. All magazines of Arms if should be removed from Boston and the Neighbourhood, for any attempt is made, it must be by first seizing upon Arms to force their way.
I cannot think with you, that the operations of the next Campaign will be against New England, except the Enemy are much more strongly reinforced than I think they have any chance of being. They know the unanimity and Spirit of the people too well to attempt it by detachment, and should they send a considerable Body from Philadelphia, they must either remain beseiged in the Town, which would be ignominious, or risque a defeat should they come into the Field with inconsiderable Numbers. The Troops, which went back from Philadelphia to New York, were I believe only intended for the security of that City. The Garrison was so small after the reinforcement had been sent to General Howe, that the Inhabitants complained much of their being abandoned, and the Troops were returned to quiet them. This being merely matter of opinion, it should not relax your endeavours to perfect the necessary defences of the Harbour and to fix upon signals which may at all times alarm the Country upon any sudden invasion.
If any good Sealing Wax is to be procured in Boston, be pleased to direct a dozen pound to be purchased for me and send on at different times as opportunities offer. I am, &ca.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, January 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 18th. I should have answered you by return of your Officer but he omitted to call upon me. I spoke to Mr. Blaine, Commissary of purchases respecting the insufficiency of his Deputies. He promised to go over himself or send a proper person to assist you and to keep them to their duty.
I am amazed at the report you make of the quantity of provision that goes daily into Philadelphia from the County of Bucks. I must beg you to look into this matter and endeavour to find out whether it proceeds from the remissness of our Guards or whether any of our Officers connive at it. This latter has been hinted to me.
I am told that Genl. Lacey,77 who succeeds Genl. Potter, is an active Officer and well acquainted with all the Roads of that
[Note 77: Brig. Gen, John Lacey, of the Pennsylvania Militia.] Country; if any particular mode of cutting off this pernicious intercourse strikes you, be pleased to communicate it to him. The property taken, with the Horses and Carriages that transport it, should be seized without distinction, and if any of the persons are proper objects to make examples of, it must be done. They have had sufficient warnings and cannot therefore plead ignorance in excuse of their crime. I am, etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 23, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed you will receive Copies of Letters in favor of Messieurs de la Neuville79 from the Marechal Merlet and the Marquis de Bouilly80 to me, together with a Certificate signed by the Baron de Wurmser; all my knowledge of these Officers who are solicitous of employment in the American Service is derived from these papers and what I have seen of them during their Stay in Camp; the manners and appearance of these Gentlemen give a prepossession in their favor and seem to confirm the Recommendations which they bring. I have the honor, etc.81
[Note 79: Chev. de la Neuville. He was inspector general of the Northern Department in May, 1778; brevet brigadier general Aug. 14, 1778.]
[Note 80: François Claude Amour, Marquis de Bouillé, lieutenant general of the French Army. and later governor general of the French Windward Islands.]
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 23, 1778.
Dear Sir: As I have not received any answer to mine of the 13th. instant, I am at a loss how to give you further directions respecting the Sale or distribution of the Symetry's Cargo. My reason for putting a stop to it was upon seeing what was certainly a very inequitable mode, upon several accounts, of conducting the Business, as appeared by a plan drawn up by the Field Officers. In the first place, the Staff were in a great measure excluded from purchasing, and as a credit of four or five Months was to be allowed, the Soldiers and noncommissioned Officers must of course have waited till the expiration of the Credit, before they could receive their dividend. Besides, by the Death, Resignation, or dismission of an Officer, if great care was not taken, the debt would be lost. For this reason, whether the Goods are disposed of by open sale, or delivered out at a valuation, the Officer who purchases more than the Amount of his share, should immediately pay the surplus. If these matters axe put upon a proper and equitable footing, I have no objection to the sale or distribution's going on. I would only desire, that the person who acts as Vendue Master, may not make a final distribution of the money arising from the Sale until the determination of Congress is known respecting the property.
Inclosed you have a letter for Mr. Read president of the Delaware State, upon the Subject of filling up their Regiment. I have desired him to call upon you for an exact Return of their present Strength, that he may know what number of New Levies are wanting to complete it. Be pleased to forward the letter to him with the Return, and continue to press him on this Subject.
The Enemy made an attempt to surprise Captn. Lee a few days ago, in which they failed, but upon their return they took two Waggons, which were said to be coming from Wilmington. This makes me apprehensive that they might have been those, which Colo. Moylan informed me you were sending up with some things for me. I shall be happy to find it otherwise.
A few days ago I received a very polite letter from Doctor Boyes86 Surgeon of the 15th. Regiment, British, requesting me
[Note 86: Robert Boyes, surgeon of the Fifteenth Foot, British Army.] to return him some valuable Medical Manuscripts taken in the Brig Symetry. He says they are packed in a neat kind of portable library and consist of Doctr. Cullen's lectures on the institutions of Medicine, 18 Volumes. Cullen's lectures on the practice of Medicine 39 or 40 Volumes. Monroe's anatomical lectures 8 Volumes and Doctr. Black on Chemistry 9 Volumes, the whole in octavo. If they can be found, I beg that they may be sent up to me, that I may return them to the Doctor. I have no other view in doing this, than shewing our Enemies that we do not war against the Sciences. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original is in the possession of William Williams, of New York, to whose courtesy the editor is indebted for the text. The draft, in the Washington Papers, also by Tilghman, varies slightly from the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, January 23, 1778.
Sir: I received your favour dated the 21st. Instant and must request that you will exert yourself to fulfil the intention of keeping a body of Troops in the Country where you are posted. Protecting the Inhabitants is one of the ends designed, and preventing supplies and intercourse with the Enemy is the other, this, perhaps with the utmost vigilance cannot be totally effected. But I must intreat you to take every step, that may render it possible. As to the reduction of your Numbers, I wish you to make timely application to the President of your State, to keep up the necessary force under your Command.
I am well informed that many Persons, under pretence of furnishing the Inhabitants of German Town and near the Enemy's Lines, afford immense supplies to the Philadelphia Markets, a conduct highly prejudicial to us and contrary to every order. It is therefore become proper to make an example of some guilty one, that the rest may be sensible of a like Fate should they persist. This I am determined to put into execution, and request you when a suitable object falls into your hands, that you will send him here, with the witnesses, or let me know his name, when you shall have a power to try, and if found guilty to execute; this you'll be pleased to make known to the people, that they may again have warning.
Your want of Whiskey I cannot remedy, we are in the same situation here, and nothing effectual can be done, until the arrival of the Committee of Congress, whom we expect every day. I am, etc.
P.S. You will strive to suffer no more provision to go into German Town, but what is absolutely necessary for its Inhabitants.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, January 23, 1778.
Parole Ganges. Countersigns Groton, Goshen.
The General Officers and Officers commanding Brigades will meet tomorrow morning at ten o'Clock at Genl. Sullivan's quarters for the purpose mention'd in general orders 20th. instant. Serjeant Howe is appointed Provost-Marshal P.T. vice Captain Snag91 who has resigned.
[Note 91: See General Orders, Feb. 15, 1777, ante, where Snagg is appointed provost marshal and there called a sergeant.]
The Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades are immediately to make returns of the Deficiency of Bayonets in their respective brigades to the Adjutant General.
As Several Farmers have complain'd that notwithstanding the Certificates granted by the Commissary General of Forage, of their having furnish'd the quotas of Forage assign'd them further demands have been made upon them so as to deprive them of what was reserved for the use of their own Families. The General strictly forbids such unjust proceedings and desires that more respect may be paid to the Forage Master General's Certificate for the future.
At a General Court-Martial whereof Colo. Clark was President Jany. 20th. Lt. Colo. Linley92 and Major Bailey93 tried for nonattendance on the grand-parade in proper time; the former when Field Officer and the latter when Brigade Major of the day, found guilty of the Charge exhibited agst them, being a breach of Article 5th. section 18th. of the Articles of War and Sentenced to be publickly reprimanded in General orders.
[Note 92: Lieut. Col. Eleazer Lindsley, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in May, 1779.]
[Note 93: Maj. Hodijah Baylies(?), aide to General Lincoln. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington from May, 1782, to December, 1783.]
The General approves the sentence and is surprized that he is under the disagreeable necessity of reprimanding officers for a breach of duty so well known and which ought to be performed with the greatest punctuality; And as exact discipline and the strictest obedience to orders is the Soul of an Army and foundation of success, whilst the contrary may be productive of the most fatal consequences, He flatters himself that every officer in future (as in honor and duty bound) will be emulous to pay the strictest attention to orders and prove exemplary to the soldiery.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 24, 1778.
Sir: I have reced. your favor of the 8th. inst. and that of Mr. Nourse94 of the 16th. Upon the receipt of yours some time ago, Upon the Subject of the Leather in the Vatts at Germantown, I made enquiry and was told then as I am now, that, except that which is fit to put into the Curriers hands is immediately worked up, and that which is not Sufficiently tanned is shifted into other Vatts, that it will be undoubtedly spoiled. As I had no person to superintend this Business I did not think it worth while to remove the leather, when there would have been almost an absolute certainty of its being ruined. I have seen nothing of Capt. Ming, but if you will order him down, and he will prepare some Tanneries, at a convenient distance back from Germantown to receive the leather, I will furnish a proper party and endeavour to bring it off. The less that is said of this matter, the better, as it must be executed with Secrecy and dispatch.. You certainly must be misinformed, as to the quantity of leather in Germantown or Captain Ming's consumption must be much less than I imagined. Those Tanyards at the lower end of the Town, may probably be out of our reach, without risquing too much. I think the plan of having some Boats upon Susquehannah a very good one. Altho' the Army may not have occasion to pass, yet they will very much expedite the passage of the Supplies which we shall probably have occasion to draw from the West Side of that River next Campaign. Genl Mifflin, who had those built which we used upon Delaware, is well acquainted with the proper kinds.
[Note 94: Joseph Nourse, deputy secretary of the Board of War.]
The demand of the return of Messrs. Wallace and Philipse, agreeable to the terra of their parole, comes in my opinion more directly under cognizance of the State of New York, whose Prisoners they are. They have several times exchanged Flags, with the Governor of the City of New York on the Subject of their State prisoners, and I think they may with more propriety make a peremptory demand of those Gentlemen, except they will exchange Mr. Fell95 for one of them, than I can. It is more than probable that the State may have some of the Friends of the Crown in their Custody, and if they threaten retaliation upon them, it will have more effect than my writing to Genl. Howe, who, to the best of my knowledge, said he had nothing to do with them when they were demanded by Governor Trumbull. Would it not be proper to write to Govr. Clinton, and know from him in what light the Gentlemen above mentioned are considered by the State? I have, &c.
January 25.
[Note 95: John Fell, New Jersey Delegate to the Continental Congress.]
P.S. Since writing the foregoing I have recd a letter from Genl. Heath of the 6th in which he says.
I have sounded what your Excellency observed with respect to Genl. Hamilton. Genl. Burgoyne informs me, that he never heard Genl. Hamilton hint any such desire, but whether he should be exchanged or not, he must go to England, as his Regiment is one of those under the Convention and he is a General Officer only in America. I shall again sound the matter with Genl Hamilton with all due caution.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, and is addressed to Richard Peters, secretary of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 24, 1778.
Sir: I am honoured with yours of the 14th instant and am much obliged for your promised attention to the compleating of your Regiments, and I hope your exertions will be attended with the desired success. I am also to thank you for your care in providing Cloathing for your Troops. If the Coats should not be cut out before this reaches you, instead of the usual Regimental Coat, I would recommend a garment of the pattern of the Sailors Sea Jacket, this sets close to the body and by buttoning double over the breast, adds much to the Warmth of the Soldier. There may be a small cape and cuff of a different colour to distinguish the Corps. I have consulted most of the Officers of the Army and they all seem to think that this kind of Coat will be much the best, at least till we can fall upon means of procuring full supplies of cornpleat Uniforms. As the Overall is much preferable to Breeches, I would recommend as many of them as possible. We cannot spare Taylors to go from hence, therefore if you cannot get all the Clothes readily made up, I think you had better send part of the Cloth here with all kinds of necessary trimmings and the Regimental Taylors will soon make them up under the inspection of their Officers.
The Transports that have lately arrived at Rhode Island went from Philadelphia; they were empty, and were taken away by Lord Howe to secure them during the Winter, as the Port of Philadelphia was so crowded that had any part of the fleet taken fire the whole would probably have been consumed.
Nothing has been wanting upon my part, to procure the release of our prisoners upon just and equitable terms.97 Congress are fully possessed of all the Letters that have ever passed between Genl Howe and myself, upon the subject of exchange and they have been pleased to approve of the Steps I have from time to time taken. If they should think it most conducive to the general Good, to settle this unhappy dispute upon his terms, I shall most cheerfully acquiesce, for nothing can be
[Note 97: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "To submit to the unjust claims of General Howe, would relieve those at present in captivity; but it would in my opinion afford him too much encouragement, if he should ever again get a large number of our men in his possession, first to reduce them to death's door, and then turn them out upon parole in such a condition that few would ever reach home andnone ever recover."] more distressing to me, than to receive daily applications from the friends of those in captivity and not have it in my power to afford them redress. I am, &ca.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, January 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 7th. Instr., has this day come to my hand, inclosing a return of the force of the Enemy at Rhode Island. I have for sometime understood that Lord Howe sailed for Rhode Island with more than 100 Transports in order to winter there, which must be those mentioned by you. I am concerned to find that the want of Money in that Department, has put you to so many inconveniencies, and that the prices of the necessary Articles there, have become so exceedingly high, which must be the Source of infinite difficulties. This proceeds from the great depreciation of our Currency and the avarice of the people and not from a real scarcity of many Essential Articles.
I hope the Tax recommended by Congress will be collected in the several States, and that our Money will become more valuable. Nothing will place it on a more respectable footing, than lessening the Quantity. I am, &ca.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald and Robert Hanson Harrison. On January 24 Fitzgerald wrote, by direction of Washington, to Col. Edward Stevens, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment, declining to accept his resignation unless Congress consented. It seemed to have become the practice for officers, when leave of absence was refused them, to send in their resignations. This was the case with Stevens. His resignation was accepted by Congress on January 31. He subsequently became a brigadier and major general of Virginia Militia and was wounded at Guilford Court House, N. C., in March, 1781.]
Valley Forge, January 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 13th. Instt. I hope you will determine without delay, whether you will accept the appointment of Auditor,1 and if you do, that you will repair as soon as you possibly can to the Army, to enter upon the duties of it. An office of this nature has been long thought expedient, and for want of it, I am persuaded, the public have suffered greatly as well as Many individuals. There is a great number of accounts such as recruiting &ca. now to be taken up and adjusted. I doubt not but your powers will be defined. This will be exceedingly material that you may meet no Impediment when you enter upon the business.
[Note 1: For the Continental Army.]
I am much obliged by your polite tender of Services and am, etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It varies from the draft in spelling and capitalization only.]
Head Quarters at the V. Forge, January 24, 1778.
Parole Haverstraw. Countersigns Hampton, Harlem.
Three days provision to be issued to the troops on Mondays and four days provision on Thursdays 'till further orders.
Head Quarters at the V. Forge, Sunday, January 25, 1778.
Parole Indostan. Countersigns Ireland, India.
At a Brigade Court-Martial whereof Lt. Colo. Ballard was President, Jany. 10th. Captn. Zane3 of 13th. Virginia Regt. tried for acting in a cowardly manner when sent on a scouting party 12th. December last by ordering his men to retreat when he had a considerable advantage over the Enemy, found guilty and sentenc'd to be discharged from the service. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately. No Officer is subject to be tried by a
[Note 3: Capt. Silas Zane.] Brigade Court Martial unless he consents thereto which is to be noted in the proceedings of the Court.
As it is necessary the Muster Rolls should be accurately made in one form the officers are to make them out agreeable to the forms given them for that purpose by the Mustering Officers.
January 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favoured with your Letter of 13th. Instr. inclosing a return of those taken from Colo. Webbs and Ely's Regiments.4
[Note 4: Webb's Additional Continental regiment and Ely's Connecticut Militia regiment had lost men in an unfortunate attempt on Long Island in December, 1777.]
I begin to be very apprehensive that the Season will entirely pass away, before any thing material will be done for the defence of Hudson's River. You are well acquainted with the great necessity there is for having the works there finished, as soon as possible, and I most earnestly desire, that the strictest attention may be paid to every matter which may contribute to finishing and putting them in a respectable State before the Spring.
I wish you had not waited for returns of the Militia to furnish me with a state of the troops in that Quarter, and if you do not get them in, before you receive this, you will please let me have an Accurate return of the Continental troops alone, it being absolutely necessary that I should know the Strength of your command as soon as possible.
I congratulate you on the success of your two little parties against the Enemy, which I dare say will prevent their making so extensive excursions for some time at least. One circumstance however I cannot avoid taking notice of, that our Officers who have been but a very short time in the Enemy's hands, reap the advantages of any Captures which happen to be made by us, this must not be practised in future, as it is the height of Injustice, and will (if continued) draw upon us the just censure of the Officers who have been for a long time suffering all the Rigors of a Severe Captivity. The proper mode of proceeding is, to deliver them into the Hands of the Commissary of Prisoners, who must be best acquainted with the propriety of complying with the Claims of our Officers in their hands.
I shall represent your Situation in the Money way, to the Paymaster Genl. and order such measures to be taken as may relieve you. I am, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald. Putnam's reply to this letter, dated Feb. 13, 1778, is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress. It is printed, in part, as a footnote to Washington's letter in Sparks's Writings of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 25, 1778.
Sir: I have your favour of the 13th. instant. As the Majority of the Council were for erecting the new works upon West Point, in preference to the place upon which Fort Clinton was built, I desire that they may be carried on with all dispatch. If we remain much longer disputing about the proper place, we shall lose the Winter, which is the only time that we have to make preparations for the reception of the Enemy. I am afraid, if you leave the Works to come down here, that matters will not go on properly in your absence, for I should imagine that the Eye of the Engineer is constantly wanting over Men not used to such Business. I have not yet seen Genl. Duportail, but whatever he lays before me for my decision, I shall endeavour to determine with impartiality. I am, etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. On January 20 Lieut. Col. François Louis Teisseydre, Marquis de Fleury, of the Engineers, wrote to Lieut. Col. John Laurens of his disappointment in not being able to set fire to the British shipping in the Delaware by means of "sulphured shirts," because the river was not frozen over. He sent also a memorandum of observations on the British shipping and proposed an attempt against them by fire rafts. This proposal Washington authorized through a letter from Laurens to Fleury (January 25), but the scheme was not, however, carried out. Both of these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarter's, Monday, January 26, 1778.
Parole Lexington. Countersigns Lincoln, Louden.
A board of General Officers having recommended that a Sutler be appointed in each Brigade whose liquors shall be inspected by two officers appointed by the Brigadier for that purpose and those liquors sold under such restrictions as shall be thought reasonable. The Commander in Chief is pleased to approve of the above recommendation and to order that such Brigade Sutler be appointed, and liquors sold at the following prices and under the following regulations: Peach brandy by the quart at 7/6 by the Pint 4/, by the Gill 1/3. Whiskey and Apple brandy at 6/ pr. quart, 3/6 pr. pint and 1/ by the gill. Cyder at 1/3 by the quart; Strong beer 2/6 by the quart. Common beer 1/ by the quart. Vinegar 2/6 by the quart. Any Sutler who shall be convicted before a Brigade Court-Martial of having demanded more than the above rates, or of having adulterated his liquors or made use of deficient Measures shall forfeit any quantity of his liquors not exceeding 30 gallons or the value thereof at the foregoing rates. The fourth part of the liquor or the value thereof, so forfeited, to be applied to the benefit of the Informer and the remainder, if liquor to be put into the hands of a person appointed by the Brigadier who shall deliver it out to the non-commissioned officers and Privates of the Brigade at one gill pr. man, pr. day; if money, the same to be laid out in liquors or necessaries for the non-commission'd officers and privates of the brigade, and distributed in due and equal proportion.
The brigade sutler is also at liberty to sell leaf tobacco at 4/ pr pound; Pigtail at one dollar pr. pound and hard soap at 2/ pr pound; but no other articles rated for the public market shall be sold by him or any person acting under him on any pretence whatever.
Lieutenant Sugars7 of the German Battn. tried by a brigade Court-Martial for challenging Lt. Laudermilk8 of the same Battalion is found guilty of a breach of 7th. Section of the Articles of War and therefore sentenced to be cashiered.
[Note 7: Lieut. Martin Shugart. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 8: Lieut. Jacob Laudermilk. He resigned in April, 1778.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence but in consideration of the recommendation of the Court is pleased to restore him to his rank, hoping at the same time that His Lenity in this and some other particular Instances will not be construed into his giving countenance to a practice, not only directly repugnant to our own Articles of War but discouraged by all Military Nations as subversive of good order, discipline and harmony.
Valley Forge, January 26, 1778.
Sir: I this Evening received a Letter from Lt. Colo. Smith at Lancaster, advising me of the confinement of the British Officers, who were going with the Cloathing and medicine for the Prisoners in our hands.
This measure I consider as rather unfortunate, as they came out by my permission and in consequence of a Stipulation between myself and General Howe.
The Officers are a Hessian and British Regimental Quarter Master and a Doctor and two Mates. They had passports signed by one of my Aids, who met them at our most advanced post and were attended by a Captain and Lieutenant of our Army. Mr. Boudinot, I am persuaded, was mistaken in his representation respecting General Howe's forbidding any more Provisions being sent in by Water, as the only information he had, was derived from a postscript in a Letter from him to me. Vizt.
A Sloop with flour has been received yesterday Evening for the use of the Prisoners here, but I am to desire, that no more flags of Truce may be sent by water, either up or down the River, without leave being previously obtained.
As to Cloathing, I have no doubt but Genl Howe has denied us the liberty of purchasing. This is now a subject of difference between us, and the design of our insisting that he shall victual his Troops in our hands by a certain day is to oblige him to consent to that measure. But it should not, in my Opinion, prevent him sending Cloathes to the Prisoners, especially as he had obtained my consent for the same, so long ago, as the last day of November, in consideration of his Assurances to permit a Commissary of Ours to go into Philadelphia with necessaries for our People in his hands. Matters being thus circumstanced and the conclusion of your Letter to Colo. Smith, directing the Officers to be secured till farther orders, either from the Board of War or from me, I have written to him to release and permit them to pursue their route. I have the honor, etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is addressed to Major General Gates, president of the Board of War, at York, Pa.]
Head Quarters, January 26, 1778.
Sir: I have received your two Letters of 20th. and 25th. Jany. The latter was communicated to the Forage Master, whose answer you will find annexed. I can only repeat, what has been already written on the subject, that if the Cavalry can procure a sufficiency of forage at the quarters first assigned them, that situation is to be prefered, otherwise they must undoubtedly retire to the nearest place where this indispensable article can be obtained.
I have no objection to Captn. Craig's10 taking the command of the Lance Men; you do not mention whether the matter has been proposed to himself and whether he is willing to accept it.
[Note 10: Capt. John(?) Craig, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons.]
With respect to having the prices of Articles necessary for the Cavalry rated, as it is a matter intirely of civil cognizance, it can only be done by the authority of the State. The scarcity of Rum is so great, that the Infantry can only have it dealt to them on certain occasions; your men must therefore content themselves till times of greater plenty. Your Officers complain that the Cavalry undergo severer duty now, than they did while they were in Camp. As rest and refreshment are two of the principal objects of your removal from Camp, I hope you will by proper arrangements give your Men and Horses an opportunity of reaping these benefits from their Winter Quarters.
There is a large Supply of Carabines arrived, at one of the Eastern ports, and orders have been given to bring forward a sufficient number to furnish the Cavalry. I am, &ca.
P.S. With this you will receive a Letter for Princeton which you will forward.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Tuesday, January 27, 1778.
Parole Kensington. Countersigns Kingston, Kimbolton.
Any Articles to be sent in to our prisoners in Philadelphia must be left with the Commissary of prisoners Friday evening next. Paper to be issued by the Quarter-Master General in the following proportions 2 quire to each Brigadier or officer commanding a brigade, 1 to each Brigade Major and six to each Regiment.
Ammunition to be drawn immediately to complete the troops to forty rounds pr. man which is to be deposited in the hands of the Brigade Quarter Masters to be ready when called for.
Valley Forge, January 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I last Night received your favor of the 30th. Ultimo. It gave me great pleasure to hear that you were released from your confined situation and permitted so many indulgences. You may rest assured, that I feel myself very much interested in your welfare, and that every exertion has been used on my part to effect your exchange. This I have not been able to accomplish. However, from the Letters which have lately passed between Sir William Howe and myself upon the subject of Prisoners, I am authorized to expect that you will return in a few days to your Friends on parole, as Major General Prescot will be sent in on the same terms for that purpose. Indeed, 'till I saw Major Williams last Night, I supposed that he had arrived either at New York or Rhode Island, having directed his releasement as soon as I was at liberty to do it. I will take the earliest opportunity to recommend to your Friends, Mr. Nourse and Mr. White, the care of your Farm.12
[Note 12: Lee's farm was at or near Winchester, Va.]
Your request to Major Morris13 in favour of Mrs. Battier, reached me only last Night. I wish I had been informed of it sooner. I have inclosed a passport for her to Major Morris, and
[Note 13: Maj. Jacob Morris, aide to Lee.] I doubt not but he will do every thing in his power to accommodate a Lady from whose Husband you have received so many civilities. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley Forge, January 27, 1778.
Sir: Your two Letters of the 24th Inst. came to hand. Before the receipt of the first, I had written to you upon the subject contained in it, in consequence of your Letter to the commanding Officer at Lancaster, which had been transmitted to me. As that will inform you fully, respecting the British Officers and Cloathing, I will not trouble you with a repetition of the matter. I must observe, however, that the number of Officers and Men who came out does not appear to me so very extraordinary, considering the various duties they have to perform and the amount of Waggons and necessaries they have in charge. The Officers are under parole and the party unarmed. Nor will the state of this Army admit large escorts to be detached, and if it were much more respectable, I should apprehend Two Officers sufficient to attend the Flag. I should have been happy, if the Officers and Cloathing had not been seized, as it destroys that confidence which should ever be had in passports and involves consequences of a delicate and interesting nature. In answer to the last clause of your Letter, respecting the detention of the Cloathing, I refer you to my Letter of yesterday by which you will perceive, that there is a particular agreement between Genl. Howe and myself, under the sanction of which they came out.
I am much obliged by your polite request of my Opinion and advice on the Expedition to Canada and other occasions. In the present instance, as I neither know the extent of the Objects in view, nor the means to be employed to effect them, It is not in my power to pass any judgment upon the subject. I can only sincerely wish, that success may attend it, both as it may be advancive of the public good and on account of the personal Honor of the Marquis de la Fayette, for whom I have a very particular esteem and regard. Your Letter was delivered him in a little time after it came to my hands, and he proposes to set out for York Town to morrow.
Agreeable to your request I shall order Hazen's Regiment to march from Wilmington to this place, from whence it will immediately proceed towards Albany. As some particular purpose seems to be intended, by desiring this Regiment, I am induced to part with it, notwithstanding our force will illy bear the smallest diminution. I am, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is addressed to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, president of the Board of War.]
[Note 16: Of Lee's Additional Continental regiment. He was transferred to Spencer's regiment in April, 1779; adjutant and inspector to Marquis de Lafayette in January, 1781; lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington from July, 1781, to December, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 27, 1778.
Sir: I received yours this Evening by Lieut. Patterson inclosing a letter from the Board of War directing you to seize the Persons, Carriages &ca. that have lately arrived at Lancaster with Cloathing for the British Prisoners and secure the same until you receive further directions from me or from the Board. As this order was founded upon a misapprehension of facts, I desire that they may be released upon the Receipt of this and suffered to proceed upon their respective Routes, under the conduct of the Officers appointed to escort them. Inclosed you have a letter to the President of the Board of War, setting this matter in its proper light, which please to forward to him.
As soon as the detachment under your command are fit to leave the Hospital, I desire you may march immediately to this Camp. They are much wanted here, and the room which they occupy at Lancaster wanted for other patients. You are to consult the Director General upon the proper time of leaving your present quarters and march the moment he thinks it may be done without endangering the health of the men. I am, etc.
P. S. Send an Officer down three or four days before you march, that some preparations may be made for the reception of the men.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 27, 1778.
Sir: I received your favour of the 22d. instant by Captn. Alexander, to whom I have given an order to take several pieces of Cannon with a proper supply of Ammunition, that he, in conjunction with the other Gentlemen of the Navy, may endeavour to interrupt the Erieroy's Shipping in their passage up and down the River.
Having never found an opportunity of conveying the letter, which you some time ago sent to me for Mr. Duché, by such a Channel as I thought it would reach him, I return it to you again. The contents have not been made public. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: Hopkinson's letter to Duché is dated Nov. 14, 1777, and is printed in Sparks's Writings of Washington, vol. 5, P. 478.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I last night received yours by Colo. Williams with several letters from Genl. Lee. I am sorry that his request for a passport for Mrs. Battier had not been immediately granted upon the first request in Jersey, you have one inclosed, and I am persuaded you will do every thing in your power to accommodate a Lady so warmly recommended by the General. I am not without hopes that he will be able to wait upon her himself, as Genl. Prescot, for whom he is to be exchanged upon parole, has been ordered to Rhode Island some time ago.
I would have you comply with Genl. Lee's several requests for his Horses, and for the Hunting Shirt and Rifle. I return you the Letters and Papers and inclose you a letter for the General which be kind enough to forward to him. I am, etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I last night received Mr. Young's20 letter of the 24th, informing me of the unlucky accident that had befallen the Virginia Cloathing.21 I have consulted the Brigadiers what is best to be done in their present situation, and they think that the Cloths and Linens proper for the Officers should be dried as quick as possible and sent here to be made up. The coarse Cloths and Linens proper for Soldiers, to be made up agreeable to directions given by Genl. Scott to Lieutt. Gamble, who will remain at Lancaster and receive the Cloathing as it is made up and forward it to Camp. All the Stockings, Shoes, Hats and ready made Shirts to be sent off immediately, if not already done, Thread and Trimmings to be sent with the fine Cloth and linen. I am, &ca.19
[Note 20: Charles Young, Assistant Clothier General.]
[Note 21: Young's letter (January 24), telling of damage sustained to linen and woolens in crossing the Susquehanna, is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Wednesday, January 28, 1778.
Parole Minorca. Countersigns Minden, Manchester.
As there has been an extraordinary and unaccountable waste of Ammunition in many of the brigades; as soon as the brigades are completed therewith agreeable to yesterdays orders, the Commander in Chief positively orders the Colonels and Commanding Officers of Regiments to see that an Officer in each Company carefully examine their men's ammunition every day at roll-call in the morning and severely punish any soldier who shall carelessly waste a single Cartridge.
At a General Court-Martial whereof Majr. Church22 was President Jany. 26th. William McIntire a soldier in 7th. Pennsylvania Battn. tried for robbing a load of wheat &c. from one of Colo. Spencer's Waggoners found guilty of a breach of 5th. Article 18th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive 30 lashes on his naked back well laid on at the head of his own regiment.
[Note 22: Maj. Thomas Church, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
At the same Court William Dearlove of 4th. Pennsylvania Battalion tried for stealing money from Frederick Buzzard found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes well laid on. The Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences and orders them to be put in execution tomorrow morning at roll-call at the head of the Regiment to which they respectively belong.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Clark was President Jany. 22nd., Thomas Scott who acted in the Character of Waggon-Master tried for taking Forage contrary to General Orders of 31st. of december last, was acquitted of the charge exhibited against him; The General approving the sentence orders him to be released immediately.
Stephen Rice (at the same Court) of 8th. Virginia Regiment tried for plundering the Inhabitants of the Country found guilty of the charge exhibited against him being a breach of 15th. Article of 13th Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back well laid on.
At the same Court Joseph Tern of 3rd. Virginia Regiment tried for deserting from the Provost-Guard and taking a Prisoner with him, found guilty of a breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back well laid on. Likewise Robert Gist, Drummer in Colo. Lamb's Regiment of Artillery tried for attempting to desert to the Enemy, found guilty, but on account of his youth only Sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back.
At a General Court-Martial whereof Colo. Clark was President January 23rd., Benjamin Benney of Colo. Hale's Regiment tried for attempting to desert to the Enemy found guilty of the charge and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on. The Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences and orders them to be executed tomorrow morning at roll-call at the heads of their respective Regiments.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favour of the 26th. pr. Express, inclosing Returns of the Maryland Companies of Artillery and the Law of that State for recruiting their Battalions. Their Bounties are generous, but I very much fear that nothing short of drafting will have the desired effect. The Congress having ordered Hazen's Regiment to the Northward, for a particular purpose, I have directed Major Taylor to march immediately. You will therefore detain the two Artillery Companies for the present, as they will in some measure make up for the deficiency. As the Men of Hazen's Regiment who are in Hospitals in this quarter will be coming in, in the Spring I have desired Major Taylor to leave a few Officers behind to receive and take care of them. I received the Silk and twist by the Express for which I am obliged, as I am for your promise of procuring the other Articles which I wrote for. I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 24: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in February, 1779.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 28, 1778.
Sir: Previous to yours of the 26th. instt., I had received directions from the Board of War to send part, or if they could be spared, the whole of Colo. Hazen's Regiment to Albany. Their numbers are so reduced that it is not worth while to make a division, and I therefore desire that you will immediately march with all that are fit for duty. As your nearest Route will be thro' Bethlehem, you will cross the Schuylkill at or near this Camp. For the better accommodation of the Men at this Season of the Year I would have you march in two divisions, one or two days apart. As the march will be heavy, advise the Officers to take no superfluous Baggage and see that the Men do not incumber themselves with any more than necessary Clothing. Considering the climate they are going to, you should endeavour to equip them as warmly as possible. You will necessarily leave some men behind who are invalids, and others who are in the Hospitals will be coming in as they recover, you will there. fore leave a sufficient number of Officers to take care of them. I am, etc.23
[Note 25: Of the Fifth Maryland Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January 28, 1778.
Sir: I have yours of the 25th. As it is my most earnest wish to have the pay Rolls of the several Regiments brought to a final settlement, that they may from thence be regularly adjusted every month; I shall lay your letter before the Muster Master General, and if the mode you point out can be admitted, or any other adopted which will answer the desired end, I will direct him to give orders to one of his Deputies to have it carried into execution. I am, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 27: This committee, generally known as the committee of conference, had been chosen on January 10 as Francis Dana, Joseph Reed, Nathaniel Folsom, and John Harvie, together with three members of the Board of War, who were selected on January 12, to wit, Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Maj. Gen. Thomas Mifflin, and Col. Timothy Pickering. On January 20 Charles Carroll and Gouverneur Morris were added, after Gates, Mifflin, and Pickering were excused from acting. The committee held its sessions at Moore Hall, the house of William Moore, about two and a half miles north of the Valley Forge headquarters.]
[Head Quarters, January 29, 1778.]
Gentlemen: The numerous defects in our present military establishment, rendering many reformations and many new arrangements absolutely necessary, and Congress having been pleased to appoint you a Committee, in concert with me, to make and recommend such as shall appear eligible, in pursuance of the various objects expressed in their Resolution for that purpose; I have in the following sheets, briefly delivered my sentiments upon such of them as seemed to me most essential; so far as observation has suggested and leisure permitted. These are submitted to consideration and I shall be happy, if they are found conducive to remedying the Evils and inconveniences we are now subject to and putting the Army upon a more respectable footing. Something must be done, important alterations must be made; necessity requires that our resources should be enlarged and our system improved for without it, if the dissolution of the army should not be the consequence at least, its operations must infallibly be feeble, languid and ineffectual.
As I consider a proper and satisfactory provision for officers in a Manner, as the basis of every other regulation and arrangement necessary to be made; Since without officers no army can exist, and unless some measures be devised to place those of ours in a more desirable situation, few of them would be able, if willing, to continue in it. I shall begin with a few reflections tending to prove the necessity.
OF A HALF PAY AND PENSIONARY ESTABLISHMENT
A small knowledge of human nature will convince us, that, with far the greatest part of mankind, interest is the governing principle; and that almost every man is more or less, under its influence. Motives of public virtue may for a time, or in particular instances, actuate men to the observance of a conduct purely disinterested; but they are not of themselves sufficient to produce a persevering conformity to the refined dictates and obligations of social duty. Few men are capable of making a continual sacrifice of all views of private interest, or advantage, to the common good. It is vain to exclaim against the depravity of human nature on this account; the fact is so, the experience of every age and nation has proved it and we must in a great measure, change the constitution of man, before we can make it otherwise. No institution, not built on the presumptive truth of these maxims can succeed.
We find them exemplified in the American officers as well as in all other men. At the commencement of the dispute, in the first effusions of their zeal, and looking upon the service to be only temporary, they entered into it without paying any regard to pecuniary, or selfish considerations. But, finding its duration to be much longer than they at first suspected, and that instead of deriving any advantage from the hardships and dangers, to which they were exposed, they on the contrary, were losers by their patriotism and fell far short even of a competency to supply their wants, they have gradually abated in their ardor; and with many, an intire disinclination to the service, under its present circumstances, has taken place. To this, in an eminent degree, must be ascribed the frequent resignations daily happening, and the more frequent importunities for permission to resign, and from some officers of the greatest merit. To this also may we ascribe, the apathy, inattention and neglect of duty, which pervade all ranks, and which will necessarily continue and increase while an officer instead of gaining any thing, is impoverished by his commission; and conceives he is conferring not receiving a favor, in holding it. There can be no sufficient tie upon Men possessing such sentiments. Nor can any method be adopted, to oblige those, to a punctual discharge of duty who are indifferent about their continuance in the service, and are often seeking a pretext to disengage themselves from it. Punishment, in this case will be unavailing; but when an officer's commission is made valuable to him, and he fears to lose it, you may then exact obedience from him.
It is not indeed consistent with reason or justice, to expect that one set of Men should make a sacrifice of property, domestic ease and happiness, encounter the rigors of the field, the perils and vicissitudes of war to obtain those blessings which every Citizen will enjoy, in common with them, without some adequate compensation. It must also be a comfortless reflection to any Man, that after he may have contributed to securing the rights of his country at the risk of his life and the ruin of his fortune, there will be no provision made to prevent himself and family from sinking into indigence and wretchedness. Besides adopting some methods to make the provision for officers equal to their present exigencies, a due regard should be paid to futurity. Nothing, in my opinion, would serve more powerfully to reanimate their languishing zeal, and interest them thoroughly in the service, than a half pay and pensionary establishment. This would not only dispel the apprehension of personal distress, at the termination of the war, from having thrown themselves out of professions and employments, they might not have it in their power to resume; but would in a great degree, relieve the painful anticipation, of leaving their Widows and Orphans, a burthen on the charity of their country, should it be their lot to fall in its defence.
I am earnest in recommending this measure, because I know it is the general wish and expectation; and that many Officers whom, upon every principle, we should wish to retain in the service are only waiting to see whether something of the kind will or will not take place to be determined in their resolutions either of staying in, or quitting it immediately; and I urge my sentiments with the greater freedom, because I cannot and shall not, receive the smallest benefit from the establishment, and can have no other inducement for proposing it, than a full conviction of its utility and propriety.
I am sensible, the expence will be a capital objection to it, but to this I oppose the necessity. The Officers are now discontented with their situation; if some generous expedient is not embraced to remove their discontent, so extensive a desertion of the service will ensue, and so much discouragement be east upon those who remain as must wound it in a very essential manner. Every thing that has this effect, has a tendency, at least to protract the war; and though dictated by a well intended frugality will, I fear, in the end, prove erroneous oeconomy.
OF COMPLETING THE REGIMENTS AND ALTERING THEIR
ESTABLISHMENT
The necessity of the first, in the most expeditious manner possible, is too self evident to need illustration or proof, and I shall therefore only beg leave to offer some reflections on the mode. Voluntary inlistments seem to be totally out of the question; all the allurements of the most exorbitant bounties and every other inducement, that could be thought of, have been tried in vain, and seem to have had little other effect than to increase the rapacity and raise the demands of those to whom they were held out. We may fairly infer, that the country has been already pretty well drained of that class of Men, whose tempers, attachments and circumstances disposed them to enter permanently, or for a length of time, into the army; and that the residue of such men, who from different motives, have kept out of the army, if collected, would not augment our general strength in any proportion to what we require. If experience has demonstrated, that little more can be done by voluntary inlistments, some other mode must be concerted, and no other presents itself, than that of filling the Regiments by drafts from the Militia. This is a disagreeable alternative, but it is an unavoidable one.
As drafting for the war, or for a term of years, would probably be disgusting and dangerous, perhaps impracticable, I would propose an annual draft of men, without officers, to serve 'till the first day of January, in each year; That on or before the first day of October preceeding, these drafted Men should be called upon to reinlist for the succeeding year; and as an incitement to doing it, those being much better and less expensive than raw recruits, a bounty of twenty five dollars should be offered: That, upon ascertaining, at this period, the number of men, willing to re-engage, exact returns should be made to Congress of the deficiency in each regiment, and transmitted by them to the respective states, in order that they may have their several quotas immediately furnished, and sent on to Camp, for the service of the ensuing year, so as to arrive by, or before, the first day of January.
This method, though not so good as that of obtaining Men for the war, is perhaps the best our circumstances will allow; and as we shall always have an established corps of experienced officers, may answer tolerably well. It is the only mode, I can think of, for completing our batalions in time, that promises the least prospect of success; the accomplishment of which is an object of the last importance; and it has this advantage, that the minds of the people being once reconciled to the experiment, it would prove a source of continual supplies hereafter.
Men drafted in this manner should not, in the first instance, receive any bounty from the public; which being solemnly enjoined upon each state, and a stop put to the militia substitution laws, would probably be attended with very happy consequences. A number of idle, mercenary fellows would be thrown out of employment, precluded from their excessive wages, as substitutes for a few weeks or months; and constrained to inlist in the Continental army. In speaking of abolishing the militia substitution laws, it is not meant to hinder a person, who might be drafted in the annual allotments, from procuring a substitute in his stead, himself in consequence being excused. This indulgence would be admissible, and considering all things, necessary, as there are many individuals, whose dispositions and private affairs would make them irreconcilably averse to giving their personal services, for so long a duration; and with whom it would be impolitic to use compulsion. The allowance of substitution, upon a smaller scale, in the occasional coming out of the militia, for a few Weeks, a month or two, is the thing meant robe reprobated. It is highly productive of the double disadvantage of preventing the growth of the Army, and depreciating our currency.
In the new establishment of a regiment, as apparent inconveniences result from the enemy's having no full colonels in their army, distinctly such, to exchange for ours, in case of captivity, I would propose, that our batalions should be commanded by Lieutenant-colonels commandant, with the pay of colonel, and consist of the following officers and men: one lieutenant colonel commandant, one lieutenant Colonel, a major, nine captains, nine lieutenants, nine ensigns, an adjutant, quarter master, pay master; serjeant, drum and fife major, twenty seven serjeants, 18 drums and fifes, and five hundred and four rank and file: That these should be divided into eight companies: That a captain, lieutenant, ensign, three serjeants, two drums and fifes, and fifty six rank and file, should be selected from the whole to compose a company of light infantry; That the infantry from each brigade be commanded by a field officer belonging to it; if officers by the reduction of Corps and otherwise unprovided for, are not appointed to the commands; a mode preferable to that of drafting from the brigades, as a means of doing those Officers justice and because the brigades would miss the field officers, drawn from them for this purpose: And, That the whole be commanded by General officers from the line, chosen by the commander in Chief. This body would compose the flying army; and, in conjunction with a body of horse would become extremely formidable and useful.
The benefits arising from a superiority in horse, are obvious to those who have experienced them. Independent of such as you may derive from it in the field of action, it enables you, very materially, to controul the inferior and subordinate motions of an enemy, and to impede their knowledge of what you are doing, while it gives you every advantage of superior intelligence and, consequently, both facilitates your enterprizes against them and obstructs theirs against you. In a defensive war as in our case it is peculiarly desirable; because it affords great protection to the country, and is a barrier to those inroads and depradations upon the inhabitants, which are inevitable when the superiority lies on the side of the invaders. The enemy fully sensible of the advantages, are taking all the pains in their power, to acquire an ascendency in this respect,28 to defeat which, I would propose an augmentation of our cavalry, by adding a lieutenant, serjeant and corporal and twenty two privates to each troop. The establishment will then be as follows,
[Note 28: In Hamilton's first draft Washington added at this point "and from the Enemy's endeavour. to obtain a superiority."]
[Note 29: In Hamilton's first draft Washington here added "excepting 6 addl. Lieutts."]
There are and will continue four regiments of cavalry, which composing a brigade, will require a Brigadier, Brigade-Major, Quarter master, Commissary and forage Master as usual. The Men for this service can easily be gotten: the providing horses and accoutrements will be found to suffer some difficulty, yet will not be impracticable. The procuring horses should be undertaken by judicious officers from each regiment, well skilled in them; and conducted, in such a manner as to occasion no interference with each other. Let Sheldon's purchases be confined to the Eastward of the North River; Moylan's between the North River and Susquehannah; Baylor's between Susquehannah and James River; and Blands to the Southward of that. The number of horses to be purchased by each, ought to be determined; and an average price limited, disclosed only to the purchaser, with a strict injunction to conceal it as much as possible; because, if once generally known, sellers would take advantages of it, and part with none under the limitation. The accoutrements to be provided in the same districts, and by the same persons; but as some of these districts abound more in manufacturers than others, all that can be engaged in each, in a certain stipulated time, ought to be secured, in order that the overplus, in one part, may supply the deficiency in another. And as these articles may be imported cheaper, and better, in quality, than they can be made here, I would advise that at least, fifteen hundred sets should be sent for to France, with directions to divide them in small parcels, and embark them in different vessels that we may have a probability of getting at least a part, and not run the risk of sustaining a total loss and disappointment, by adventuring the whole in one bottom.
OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE ARMY
The establishment of a batalion being fixed, under the last head; it remains to ascertain the number of batalions in order to form a proper arrangement. The number of batalions now in the field from each state stand thus.
By the foregoing list, it appears, that in regiments and parts of regiments, there are Ninety seven now in the field; but the state of them requires explanation. Out of Nine from North Carolina, by a return of the 31st. Ultimo, only 572 rank and file are fit for duty: These with 71 sick present and 137 on Command, make 780 rank and file, which, I suppose may be produced. The total number, rank and file, in the nine regiments is 1079; the difference is accounted for in sick, absent and on furlough; which is the only way, I am apprehensive they ever will be accounted for. From this defective state of them, I should think it advisable, to throw the rank and file of the nine regiments into two (they have been already reduced to three) and to send the supernumerary officers back to the state, to collect such men as, on various pretences, were left behind and deserters: And aided by the whole efficiency of the State, voluntary inlistments being, as I said before, out of the question, to exert all their endeavours towards completing the seven other regiments, or such of them as Congress shall direct. I am the more induced to recommend this measure, from the possibility of the enemy's attempting a more southern expedition next campaign. They may do it in order to gain possession of the capital of another state, which will give reputation to their arms in Europe, distress our trade and abridge our supplies; at the same time will enable administration to avail themselves, in another instance, of the illusory idea, they endeavour to hold up to the nation, to keep their hopes alive and extract fresh contributions; That every State, whose capital they possess, is conquered. These new raised troops may, either, join this army, or aid South Carolina or Virginia, as circumstances shall point out.
It is needless to enter into a minute detail as to the precise state of the other troops: Let it suffice to say, that they bear too near an analogy to the specimen here given.
Virginia, I understand, though not from any direct authority, has resolved to draft towards the completion of her batalions; and as this mode seems to be the only one, calculated to answer the end, it is to be hoped, she will be able to furnish the full complement of fifteen, including the state batalion. What plan Maryland has fallen upon, or may adopt, to fill her batalions, I know not; but as the powers of government are with her in full vigor and the abilities of the State intirely adequate to the end, I think her original quota ought to be depended upon. Delaware must undoubtedly contribute one batalion; no change having happened, since that portion was assigned her, sufficient to afford a plea for reducing it. In behalf of Pennsylvania, much may be said; the exhausted state of her regiments, her loss of capitol, and intestine divisions, ever destructive to the energy of government, may perhaps incapacitate her, for completing her thirteen regiments, now on foot. Suppose the number should be for the present, diminished to eight, and the state should exert herself to fill them in the first place. When this shall be accomplished, if her resources appear equal to any further efforts, she may proceed to raising the remaining five. New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New Hampshire are fully competent to the quotas respectively required of them, and no abatement seems necessary with respect to either. We have reason to hope their exertions will keep pace with their abilities, and that they will take decisive measures to send their several proportions into the field.
I am at a loss what to propose, concerning the German batalion, Hazen's Regiment and the sixteen additionals. Appertaining to no particular state or states, they will have no chance of being filled by drafts, and as little by any other means. They must either remain weak and imperfect corps, be adopted by the states or incorporated into each other and then, if possible, recruited: The first, upon every principle, ought not to be the case, and as the second would not be altogether eligible from the difficulty of apportioning them, without dividing and subdividing the regiments, the third seems to be the expedient to which we must have recourse. Let Maryland take the German batalion wholly, as one of her eight, for she already claims a part of it; and then let the sixteen additionals, none of which are strong, some extremely weak and others only partially organized, be thrown into nine. There is this number of them, which comparatively speaking, are tolerably respectable, and have undergone a good deal of hard service in the course of the last campaign. These, after having received the Men out of the reduced corps, ought to be licensed, though a barren experiment, to try what can be done by voluntary inlistments, throughout the Continent, at large. Hazen's regiment might be added to them and united in the same privilege.
If these propositions are approved, the whole number of batalions on the establishment, will be eighty, and the total amount of them if complete 40,320 rank and file.
Upon this number of batalions, I shall make my arrangements. Whether full or not, they will require to be thrown into Brigades and divisions; these again into wings and lines; all of which, for the sake of order, harmony and discipline, should be under distinct commands, capable of moving either jointly or seperately, in the great Machine, as circumstances shall require. I would accordingly, to every four batalions, allow a Brigadier, to every three brigades a Major General, and to the grand army three Lieutenant Generals; one to command the right Wing, another the left and a third, the second line. These three will always be necessary with the grand army, and unless it should be more divided next campaign, than we have reason to judge from present appearances, are all that will be requisite; yet it may be better to appoint four on account of contingent services.
If it should be deemed improper to reduce the number of Pennsylvania batalions,* in the manner proposed, another Brigadier will be wanted; otherwise, Twenty two Brigadiers (two for the flying army) eight Major Generals (one for the flying army) and three Lieutenant Generals will be sufficient. To each Brigade, there should be a Quarter Master, Forage Master, Waggon Master and Commissary; also armourers, a traveling forge, and some artificers. In short, each Brigade should be an epitome of the great whole, and move by similar Springs upon a smaller scale.
*Since writing the above, I hear the assembly of this state have passed a law to draft men for their batalions, and I have arranged the Army accordingly, in a schedule hereunto annexed.30
[Note 30: This schedule probably was a copy of the "Arrangement of the Army for the Campaign 1778 and present state of the Battalions this 1st day of Jany. 1778," which is a 3-page tabular statement, in Washington's writing, filed in the Washington Papers at the end of January, 1778.]
In a young Army, like ours, the Office of Inspector General, principally for the purpose of instituting and carrying into practice an uniform system of manual and manoeuvres, must be extremely useful and advantageous. A number of assistants to this office will be required, as one man would be incapable of superintending, the practice of the rules laid down, throughout the Army; and unless this were carefully done, it would be of little avail to establish them. It would be proper, in my opinion, to have one to each Brigade; the benefits resulting from which, would greatly overballance the consideration of expence.
Another new institution, I should wish to see take place in the army, and from which signal advantages would flow, is that of a Provost-Marshalcy.31 It should be composed of.
[Note 31: This provost-marshal organization was authorized by the resolves of May 27, 1778, which established the rearrangement of the army. The corps became known as the Marechaussée and was commanded by Capt. Bartholomew von Heer.]
The reason that the pay of this corps is rated so high, is thatthe offices of it are extremely troublesome; and require menworthy of trust and of great activity, to execute them, whowould not be tempted by a less recompence, to undergo thedrudgery and fatigue. It is also necessary the officers shouldhave some rank, to enable them to maintain a proper degree ofrespect and command; for which purpose that of captain forthe principal and lieutenant for his assistants will be sufficient.The intention of the corps requires, that the whole should beon horseback, armed and accoutred in the same manner as lighthorsemen. And as there is a necessity for good men to be employedin this service, who cannot well be inlisted, they oughtto be drafted from the brigades.
The business of this corps is to watch over the good order and regularity of the army, in camp, quarters, or on a march; to silence all quarrels, tumults and riots; detect and hinder every species of marauding, prevent straggling and other unsoldierlike licenses among the troops; to apprehend spies, or persons, who not being able to give a good account of themselves, may render them suspicious; to establish and enforce good regulations among the suttlers, who should therefore be subject to the rules prescribed them by the grand provost, and of whom he is to keep a register, frequently inspecting their conduct, and seeing that the articles, they offer for sale, are good in quality and at reasonable prices. These, and many other particulars, are comprehended in the duties of the Provost-Marshalcy; in the execution of which, continual patroles must be kept up, day and night, throughout the limits of the camp and its environs.
There are many little crimes and disorders incident to soldiery, which require immediate punishment and which from the multiplicity of them, if referred to Court Martials, would create endless trouble, and often escape proper notice: These, when soldiers are detected in the fact, by the provost marshals, they ought to have a power to punish on the spot; subject to proper limitations and to such regulations, as the commander in chief, according to customs and usages of War, shall, from time to time, introduce.
Before I conclude this head, I shall recur a moment to the subject of altering the establishment of a batalion in the manner proposed under the preceding. Notwithstanding a company of light infantry is added to it, there will be a considerable reduction of officers, by having only two instead of three subalterns to a company; and this reduction will be greatly increased, if intire regiments are disbanded, and the fighting part of the staff taken from the line, not left separate and distinct as heretofore. It becomes an object of inquiry, what is to be done with these reduced officers. To turn them adrift, without some provision, though they insist on the privilege, whenever it suits them to continue no longer in it, of relinquishing the service, wears at least the appearance of hardship, if not of injury; and would, no doubt, be a subject of clamor and complaint with them all. With some, who may have provided and lain themselves out for a military life, it would be perhaps a real grievance. I see but one method of obviating the embarrassments on this score and that not altogether unexceptionable. It is to be presumed and fervently to be wished, that every batalion retained in service, will be officered by Gentlemen of the most deserving characters and best military qualifications in it, and that can be selected from other corps, belonging to the same state, which may happen to be dissolved, if any are. After this, should there remain any worthy officers, unprovided for, and that cannot be disposed of, in some useful capacity, they may be held on half pay, if not too numerous, till vacancies should occur in the line of their own states. Others may be dismissed with an allowance of land, proportioned to their several ranks.
OF RANK
Among the complicated causes of complaint in this army, none seems to have taken deeper root, nor to have given more general dissatisfaction than the lavish distribution of rank. No error can be more pernicious, than that of dealing out rank with too prodigal a hand. The inconveniences of it are manifest: It lessens the value and splendor of it, in some measure degrades it into contempt, breeds jealousies and animosities, and takes away one of the most powerful incitements to emulation.
To avoid this evil, in future, it is proposed, that such of the staff as are intitled to it and ought to be commissioned should be taken from the line. For instance, the Adjutant, Quarter Master and Pay Master of each regiment to be chosen from the regiment, they are to serve in; the two first from the subalterns, the other from the subalterns or captains, according to the fitness of the person. Each of these to enjoy double pay, but to hold no other rank, than he is vested with, by his station in the line, in which he is regularly to rise; the adjutant and quarter master ceasing to be such, when they arrive at the rank of Captain and the pay master when he attains to that of major. The Brigade-major and brigade Quarter Master to be officers from the Brigade, not exceeding the rank of Captain, and to resign those offices when they obtain a majority. The future appointments of Aid de Camps to the Major and Lieutenant Generals to be from the line, and they to hold no other ranks, than their commissions there give them a claim to. But as many good officers are now acting in this capacity to the former, who originally belonged to the line, and have at this time no appointments there, the rule ought to have no retrospective operation with regard to those already created; who ought upon every principle to preserve their present rank.
The Secretaries and Aid de Camps to the Commander in chief ought not to be confined to the line for plain and obvious reasons. The number which the nature and extent of his business require, in addition to the many drawn from the line to fill the different offices of the staff, when it is considered, that they ought all to be Men of abilities, may seem too large a draft upon the line. But a consideration still more forcible is, that in a service so complex as ours, it would be wrong and detrimental to restrict the choice; the vast diversity of objects, occurrences and correspondencies, unknown in one more regular and less diffusive, constantly calling for talents and abilities of the first rate; men who possess them ought to be taken, wherever they can be found. With respect to their rank those who are now in the station, ought in every point of view to retain that, which they now hold; some of them have been acting in these capacities a considerable length of time, others who quitted the line of the army to come into them, would in the common course of promotion have been at least as high as they now are, and almost all of them have been in the service from an early period of the war; in future those who happen to be from the army ought only to hold their rank in it, and rise in course like others in a similar predicament; it is submitted whether those taken out of it ought to have any rank, and if any, what; also what shall be the pay in both cases.
The Quarter Master General and Adjutant General, as they fill places of the highest trust and importance and ought to be Gentlemen of the first military characters, should, if not of the line, have rank conferred upon them, and not less than that of colonel.
As it does not require military men, to discharge the duties of Commissaries, Forage Masters and Waggon Masters, who are also looked upon as the money making part of the army, no rank should be allowed to any of them, nor indeed to any in the departments merely of a civil nature. Neither is it, in my opinion proper, though it may seem a trivial and inconsequencial circumstance, that they should wear the established uniforms of the army, which ought to be considered as a badge of military distinction.
These regulation s will add weight and dignity to the fighting part of the army, render commissions valuable, and bringing rank into the estimation it ought to bear, will make it a stimilous to bravery and enterprize. At the same time, they will ease the public of a present, and in case of half pay, of a considerable future, expence.
In speaking of rank, as a spur to enterprise, I am led, by the way to hint an idea, which may be improved and turned to no small advantage. This is the institution of honorary rewards, differing in degree, to be conferred on those, who signalize themselves, by any meritorious actions, in proportion to the magnitude and brilliancy of the atchievement. These should be sacred to the purpose of their institution, and unattainable by loose recommendations, or vague, though arrogating pretension; given only upon authentic vouchers of real desert, from some proper board. Congress have already adopted the idea, in particular instances; but it were to be wished, it could be extended to something more general and systematic. I have not sufficiently employed my thoughts upon the subject, to digest them into a proposition, as to the nature variety and extent of these rewards; but I would in general observe, that they may consist in things of very little cost, or real value, and that the more diversified they are, the better. If judiciously and impartially administered, they would be well calculated to kindle that emulous love of glory and distinction, to which may be imputed far the greater part of the most illustrious exploits performed among mankind, and which is peculiarly necessary to be cherished and cultivated in a military life.
OF PROMOTION
Irregular promotions have also been a pregnant source of uneasiness, discord and perplexity in this army. They have been the cause of numerous bickerings and resignations among the officers, and have occasioned infinite trouble and vexation to the Commander in Chief. To rectify mistakes, introduced by accident, inadvertency, the interference of state appointments, or other means, employed much of the time of the General officers, in the course of the last campaign, and to less purpose than could be wished. We find, that however injuriously to the rights of others, an officer obtains irregular promotion, he is not the less tenacious of it; but it is with the utmost difficulty, if at all, he can be convinced of the propriety of doing an act of justice by abandoning his claim; though he will confess there was no just cause in the first instance, for giving him the preference. But as it did happen, he pretends his honor would be wounded, by suffering another, who is, in fact, his inferior, to come over him; not considering how much that other was injured by the act, which gave him the superiority.
This, however, shows how indespensably necessary it is, to have some settled rule of promotion, universally known and understood and not to be deviated from, but for obvious and incontestible reasons. Extraordinary promotions founded upon acknowledged worth on the one hand, and acknowledged demerit on the other, would rather excite emulation than murmurs. The prospect of not being shackled to the tedious gradations of ordinary succession, would teach the good officer to aspire to an excellence, that should entitle him to more rapid preferment; and the fear of being superceded with dishonor, would teach indifferent ones to exert more activity, diligence and attention, than they otherwise would; were they left in a listless security, certain of enjoying the honors and emoluments of progressive rank, let their conduct be ever so undeserving. But this is a matter, that ought to be handled with the utmost caution and delicacy. Nothing is more alarming and prejudicial, than an injudicious infraction of rank. It discourages merit and foments discontent and disorder. No departure from the established maxims of preferment is warrantable, which is not founded upon the most apparent and unequivocal reasons.
With respect to the rule of promotion, proper to be observed; as I believe it to be consistent with the general sense and sentiment of the Army, I would propose,
That promotion should be regimental to the rank of Captain inclusively, and from that, in the line of the state to the rank of Brigadier inclusively; proceeding, from that, in the line of the army at large.
The reason that promotions in the line of a state, end with the Brigadier, and are extended from that to the line of the army, is, that, though the principle of having regard to the proportion of troops, furnished by each state, in the appointments of general officers, be in the main equitable and politic; yet the end proposed from it will be sufficiently answered by limiting it to the creation of Brigadiers. If carried further, will be injurious and become an incurable source of inquietude and disgust. When once a man is made a general officer, his circle of expectation widens, and he transfers his views from the line of his state to the line at large. He looks for promotion according to his seniority in the scale of general officers, and will not brook being overleaped by his juniors and inferiors, merely because he had the ill fortune to enter the service of his country in a smaller or less populous state than they. These feelings and sentiments are universal, and we have already, in some instances, experienced their operation.
As four regiments, in the arrangement proposed, are required to constitute a Brigade, and some states send less than that number to the field, a mode should be fallen upon to place this matter upon determinate principles, so as to prevent disputes hereafter. At present, no difficulty can arise; because all the states, Delaware excepted, have Brigadiers; but time and accident may remove these, and give rise to contention, unless some rule is previously fixed and declared.
It appears to me absolutely essential, that Congress, the board of war or some other body, or person, should exercise the sole power, when once the states have sent their Regiments into the field, of giving and receiving commissions, filling vacancies and the like. If this should not be the case, I fear, the confusion will be endless. Erroneous promotions will probably be made, as heretofore, commissions antedated, officers dissatisfied, time lost in transmitting returns from one end of the Continent to the other, and waiting the arrangements upon them, the wheels of the whole machine, in consequence, clogged and disordered, and infinite trouble incurred in putting them to rights again.
OF CLOATHING THE ARMY
In regard to cloathing, experience has evinced, that the mode of providing hitherto in practice, is by no means adequate to the end; and that unless our future efforts are more effectual, it will be next to impossible to keep an army in the field. I am in hopes that valuable consequences will accrue from a resolution of Congress of the 22d of November, directing
That the several states from time to time exert their utmost endeavours to procure, in addition to the allowance of cloathing heretofore made by Congress, supplies of blankets &c. for the comfortable subsistence of the Officers and Soldiers of their respective batalions.
As this puts the business into a greater variety of hands, than it has heretofore been in, and under the providence of a more diffusive attention, besides exciting a laudable rivalship, and operating upon the attachments of the different states, it will probably, be not a little instrumental in bringing us the needed supplies. But it is not an expedient that can be relied on altogether; of which, I doubt not, Congress are fully sensible and will only consider it as an auxiliary to their exertions. Indeed with several states which happen to be more or less the theatres of the war, and labor under other local impediments, it would be impracticable to furnish but a very small part of their proportion.
For my own part (with all deference I speak it) I have little conception, that our extensive wants can be completely satisfied, in any other way, than by national or governmental contracts, between Congress and the Court of France. If we are to depend wholly upon the resources of our mercantile credit, they must from the nature of things be too limited and contingent. While the seas are crowded with the British navy, and no foreign maritime power is employed in the protection of our trade, the precariousness of remittances from this Continent must be so great, as to destroy, or, at least, sicken our commercial credit; and make it neither the interest, nor within the abilities of private individuals, to adventure so largely upon that foundation, as our necessities demand.
It is not in my power to judge with certainty, what terms we may be upon with the French Court, what may have been already attempted, or may be now negociating, in the matter here suggested. Perhaps the project of national contracts is not practicable; but, if it is, it would certainly be our interest to embrace it. Besides placing our supplies, in so essential an article, on a sure and unfailing foundation, it would cement the connexion between the two countries, and, if discovered, prove a new and powerful topic of hostility between France and Britain. At the same time, I do not think, that the fear of a discovery, from an unwillingness on the part of France, to force on an immediate war, supposing it to exist, need be any insuperable obstacle. Things might be conducted in such an indirect and discreet manner, as to make them go on, in all appearance as they do at present, and render a detection of the part the government bore in the affair, morally impossible.
The resolution, before cited, recommends to the respective states, the appointment
of one or more persons to dispose of the articles (procured) to the officers and soldiers, in such proportions as the General officers from the respective states, commanding in the army, shall direct, and at such reasonable prices, as shall be assessed by the Cloathier General or his deputy and be in just proportion to the Wages of the officers and soldiers, charging the surplus to the cost of the United States: adding that all cloathing hereafter to be supplied to the officers and soldiers of the Continental army, out of the public stores of the United States, beyond the bounties already granted, shall be charged at the like prices.
The regulation contained in this clause is very Wholesome, generous and equitable. It will give great satisfaction to the army and conduce to removing the difficulties stated in the first section of these remarks, arising from the insufficiency of the present provision for officers. Nor do I know whether it admits of any improvement, by being made more definite. As the criterion of reasonableness in the prices seem to lie with the Cloathier General, or deputy, it may perhaps be liable to uncertainty and abuse, and may be the subject of dispute between them and the Officers. If to prevent this, a catalogue of rates could be established as the standard, it would be desireable; but perhaps the great difference and the variety in the quality and kinds of goods, may not admit of such a Measure.
It will of course be necessary for each state to have agents for importing and purchasing goods, towards its quota of supplies; and the Cloathier General should have a deputy in every state, for purchasing all overplus articles wanted in his department,provided that effectual measures be taken by each state for preventing any competition between their agents or the Cloathier General and his agents, who are severally directed to observe the instructions of the respective states, relative to the prices of cloathing purchased within such state.32
[Note 32: The resolves of Nov. 22, 1777. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
There should also be a sub-clothier or clerk from every state, constantly with the army; to receive and distribute the cloathing, see that the goods brought correspond with the invoices, and that the issues are made conformable to some general rule established, to do justice to the public, to regiments and to individuals.
The rule I would propose for issuing and distributing cloathing is this; That the captains of companies in the first place give certificates, containing the names of his Men, with the particular wants of each: That these be digested into a regimental return signed by the officer commanding the regiment: That the pay Master draw the cloathing, lodging the regimental return, so signed, with the Clothier as a Voucher for the delivery, who is to keep an account with the regiment for the same: That the paymaster, retaining the certificates for his own government, distribute the cloathing to the Men, agreeable to them, taking their receipts and keeping an exact account with every individual; which he can easily do, as he is supposed to have accounts open for their Monthly pay: And that all cloathing delivered to the Men be given credit for in the pay rolls, with accounts signed by the sub-clothiers, annexed, for the information of the Pay Master General.
To make soldiers look well and bestow proper attention and care upon their cloathes, they ought to receive them at stated periods. This gives a taste for decency and uniformity and makes the Officers regardful of the appearance of the men; a matter of no small moment in an Army, as tending to promote health, and foster a becoming pride of dress; which raises soldiers in their own esteem and makes them respectable to their enemy.
The periods I would fix upon for delivery are on the first days of June and January. In June should be given a waistcoat with sleeves, flannel, if to be had, two pair of linnen overalls one shirt, a black stock of hair or leather, a small round hat bound and a pair of shoes. In January, a waistcoat to be worn over the former, close in the skirts and double breasted resembling a sailors ... to have a collar and cuff of a different color, in order to distinguish the regiments, a pair of breeches, woolen overalls, yarn stockings, shirt, woolen cap, and a blanket, when really necessary. Watchcoats ought, if possible, to be provided for sentinels. Whatever might be furnished more than these, the soldier ought to have stopped out of his pay, upon the terms fixed by Congress, in their late resolve: A list of the cloathing to be kept by the commanding officer of each company, an inspection into them made at least once a Week, and punishment inflicted, or restitution made, for every article missing unless well accounted for. If it could be done, which is much to be doubted, it would be well to discriminate the troops of each state, by the colour of their cloathes and each regiment by that of the collar and cuff.
If this plan could be adopted, and a quantity of supernumerary articles laid in, for occasional demands, our men would appear infinitely better, be much healthier, and the army a great deal stronger, than it commonly is.
The Clothier General ought to be authorised and directed to enter into contracts, for as large quantities as possible, of shoes and stockings to be manufactured in the Country. These are articles that can least be dispensed with, and the deficiency of which we have most severely felt. A Mr. Henry of Lancaster, I am told would contract for one, or two hundred thousand pair of shoes, annually, to be paid for in raw hides. The number of cattle killed for the consumption of the army, enables us to make this contract to great advantage.
OF THE QUARTER MASTER GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT
In this department, are comprehended, Forage Masters, waggon masters, artificers &c. with all their appendages. It is a department of great trust and magnitude, on the due administration of which all the operations of an army essentially depend. The person who fills it, ought to be a military character, a man of abilities, of business and activity, well versed in the resources of the country and of sufficient prudence and rectitude, to exercise his office, in drawing the necessary supplies, in a manner least distressing to the inhabitants.
His duty requiring him to be almost constantly with the army, to see and know its wants, superintend the movements of his department in the different branches, and to prevent or rectify the abuses that may be creeping into it, he will stand in need of assistants, to execute the business abroad under his direction. It is not easy to ascertain the number of these assistants, that will be required: circumstances vary and must govern. But I cannot forbear observing, that some measures ought to be taken, to restrain that extravagant rage of deputation, now too prevalent among us. It has served to create a number of mere sinecures, and to render the execution of every office more perplexed, more expensive and less satisfactory than formerly, both to the army and country.
I should imagine, that a great part of the business of this department might be managed by contracts with people capable of performing them and bound by sufficient securities. This would unburthen the public of large sums now paid in stationary wages, often for temporary purposes, and would perhaps answer the end of supplies better. Standing wages are very apt to beget indolence and inattention, and commonly continue an incumbrance, when the cause, that gave rise to appointments, ceases to exist, from the difficulty of throwing off the persons to whom they were given; on which account they ought to be avoided, whenever any point can be effected without them.
I am also unacquainted with the number of persons, the Quarter Master General may find it necessary to employ in camp or elsewhere, as storekeepers, clerks, and the like; but under the [head?] of these remarks, I have given my opinion of all the assistant Quarter Masters required in the subordinate duties of the office in Camp. More than these should not be allowed. Division Quarter Masters, Forage and Waggon Masters should be abolished.
Who may be in contemplation to fill the place of Quarter Master General is as yet to me unknown,33 and equally indifferent, provided he be a fit person. But in making the appointment, not a moments time should be lost: The least procrastination will be extremely prejudicial, as the season is already far advanced, which we ought to be improving in preparations for the next campaign.34 Everything is tube done; the old waggons to be repaired, new ones provided, horses and pack saddles procured, Bell tents for arms and tents for the Men, haversacks and knapsacks made, tools of different kinds prepared, and artificers and waggoners engaged.
[Note 33: Maj. Gen. Thomas Mifflin, Quartermaster General of the Continental Army, had resigned Nov. 7, 1777.]
[Note 34: Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene was appointed Quartermaster General of the Continental Army by Congress Mar. 2, 1778; he served until Sept. 30, 1780.]
And here I shall take occasion to declare, that however inconvenient it may be to the Quarter masters to provide, or expensive to the public to pay for waggoners, it ought nevertheless, at all events, to be done. Soldiers are drafted for waggoners and many other purposes, by which their services in the line are intirely superseded, while they actually compose a part of our numbers, and appear on the returns to compose part of our strength. This may be tolerated in quarters or in a season of inaction, though even then the soldiers would be better employed, in learning the duties of their profession, but it ought not to be submitted to in the progress of the campaign, as has been of late the unvariable practice.
Several new regulations, will I believe be necessary in the Forage department, the particulars of which, the Gentleman at the head of it, will be best able to point out.
One thing I shall observe, that the manner of paying the Forage master has been a subject of discussion. It has been suggested that the allowing a commission, instead of a fixed determinate pay, opens a wide door to fraud and peculation. In mentioning this not the least insinuation is intended to the prejudice of the Gentleman now acting in this capacity, it is merely hinted as a matter worth consideration on general principles. I think however it may be safely asserted, that the assistant forage masters are not, in general so accurate as they ought to be, in receiving or delivering forage, and that, depending too much upon the farmers reports and their own conjectures, the public pays for much more than they receive.
We have to lament that we are suffering exceedingly from a scarcity of forage; an article not less essential to the well being of an army, than that of provisions. Should we be able to shift through the winter, this want will be no small obstacle and delay to our operations in the spring; especially, as we are exhausting the small stock now on the spot, which will probably be the immediate scene of them. We have numbers of Horses dying daily, for the want of provender; what then must become of them, when it grows scarcer, and the distance to fetch it greater? How are magazines to be formed under these circumstances? And without Magazines, how are our horses to be supported in the early part of the next campaign; when their numbers shall be greatly augmented? These are serious questions, not easy of solution, and are proposed, that every exertion may be made to avert an evil of no small consequence.
A Waggon Master General is a necessary officer, and there would be a great saving to the public, if the duties of the office were discharged by an active careful man, who would make a judicious choice of deputies, and not be himself above his business, as has been the case with most of those heretofore in this line. They have been apt to indulge fantastical notions of rank and importance; and assume titles very inapplicable to their stations; which have served to destroy a great part of their usefulness; and make them the objects of general contempt and resentment. This inconvenience must be obviated in future, by allowing no rank to any of them, from the highest to the lowest.
The number of Assistants requisite cannot be precisely ascertained, as it must depend upon the number of waggons. There must be one to each brigade to superintend the baggage waggons; but how many will be wanted to take charge of forage, provisions and for a variety of other purposes, I am at a loss to judge. This must be left to the quarter master general of whose department this is a branch and to the waggon master general, who is the immediate agent. One deputy however to every twenty waggons appears to me fully sufficient.
The men employed in this capacity should be plain, sober, diligent Men, acquainted with the management of horses and waggons, and untainted with absurd fancies of gentility; who would understand the end and design of their appointment, and not consider the means of making themselves useful, as a degradation of their imaginary dignity.
I shall close this head with an observation on the mode, hitherto in practice, of estimating and paying for damages, done by the army in quarters, or in the field; which appears to me objectionable, on several accounts. The payments have usually been made, on certificates of appraisement by farmers or other persons in the neighbourhood of the parties injured, chosen by themselves, and whenever the accounts were presented and there was money in hand to pay them.35 This mode is unequal and gives the injured party an evident advantage over the public; and has no doubt in many instances been attended with gross impositions. Besides this defect, it would probably promote the service and be productive of more regularity; if a fixed time was appointed, when these payments should be made. There would not be such frequent large drafts upon the Quarter Master, in the most active part of a campaign, when he wants money for more pressing exigencies, and the entries of his disbursements might be made with more order and exactness, if these were deferred to a time of greater leisure. It is submitted, in the first place whether the appointment of two, or more persons would not be proper to accompany the army constantly, for the purpose of ascertaining damages, with a like number
[Note 35: In what seems to be the first draft of this letter, in Alexander Hamilton's writing, is the following, in Washington's writing, which appears to have been intended for insertion at approximately this point, but was afterwards discarded:
"Among the many hardships which the Inhabitants, who happen to live in the rout of an army experience, is that of destruction of Fences; wch. in spite of all the vigilance lance and care that can be used will, and in some cases must, from necessity, be taken for firing, to the great detriment of the proprietor, or ultimately to the Public, and no method has yet been adopted to estimate the damage by any just rule, or any rule at all, by which means the sufferer is left to ascertain his own loss or, which amounts nearly to the same thing, get two of his neighbours who either are, or expect to be in the same predicament to do this which involves the public, if she pay it, in great"] of persons, chosen by the party interested; whose certificates should be a sufficient justification to the Quarter Master, for paying them; and, in the second place, what time or times would be proper to satisfy demands of this nature. Perhaps two different periods would be best, both in the interval of tranquillity; one a little after the entrance of the army into Winter Quarters, and the other just before the opening of the campaign.
OF THE COMMISSARY'S DEPARTMENT
This department has been all along in a very defective and for some time past, in a very deplorable situation. One important change has already taken place in it; since which it has been with the utmost difficulty we were able to keep the army together. Whether this proceeded from the revolution being ill-timed, or too great, from the difficulties in the way of executing the office being multiplied, or from the present Gentleman, at the head of it, not having yet had leisure to digest his plan and form his connexions, I shall not undertake to determine. But unless a very considerable alteration shortly takes place, I see no prospect of adequate supplies for the succeeding campaign. To attempt supplying the army from hand to Mouth (if I may be allowed the phrase) scarcely ever having more than two or three days provisions beforehand, and sometimes being as much in arrears, is a dangerous and visionary experiment. We shall ever be liable to experience want in the most critical conjunctures, as we have frequently done heretofore; and to suspend or forego the most interesting movements, on account of it.
Whether the first establishment of this department, the present, or the mode of supplying the army by contract, at certain stipulated rates, be preferable; is a question not for me to decide, though well worth a strict and candid examination. But I shall not scruple, in explicit terms to declare, that unless ample magazines are laid up in the course of this winter and the approaching spring, nothing favourable is to be looked for, from the operations of the next campaign; but our arms, enfeebled by the embarrassments of irregular and fluctuating supplies of provisions, will reap no other fruits than disgrace and disappointment. To obviate this, no possible exertion should be omitted; the ablest and best qualified men in the several states, whence provisions are drawn, should be called forth to aid in the matter; such as are acquainted with the resources of the country and may have been conversant in business of the kind.
The choosing of fit places for Magazines in defensive war, is equally momentous and difficult. Expence and hazard are naturally incident to them; because the possible movements of an enemy must ever be conjectural and it is precarious, when, where and, often, how they are to be removed. According to present appearances, magazines any where in the rear of the army from Lancaster to the North River would not be amiss, and the more numerous they are, the better; as their mutiplicity, decreasing the importance of each, would leave no one a sufficient object of enterprise; enhance the trouble of destroying them, and lessen the labour and expence of forming them in the first instance.
Whether the Commissaries should be dependent upon the Quarter masters, for teams, or be empowered to provide for themselves, is a matter they can perhaps best settle between themselves. But it is necessary they should come to some agreement or determination upon the subject, to remove the inconveniences hitherto incurred on this score; the Commissaries having frequently imputed the deficiency of supplies to a want of the means of transportation.
It is a point of prodigious consequence, and in which we have been amazingly deficient, that vinegar, vegetables and soap should be regularly and abundantly furnished to the army; nothing contributing, more than this, to the health, comfort and contentment of soldiers. Certainly, there are no insurmountable obstacles to doing it; and if not, no pains should be spared to accomplish so valuable an end.
A ration should be more precisely defined than it now is, and the quantity of spiritous liquors allowed the soldier, fixed. It should also be considered, whether any and what quantity should be allowed officers at the public expence; at all events, the Commissaries should be obliged to provide for them, if at their own charge, as they would otherwise have no opportunity of getting it, and in the hard and fatiguing service they pass through, it is indispensible, even to the most temperate men.
OF THE HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT
There ever has been and, I fear will continue, difficulties and imperfections in this department. What they are particularly, or whence arising, it is not in my power minutely to enter into, as I have neither had leisure nor opportunity to examine its present constitution with a critical eye. One powerful reason, no doubt, of its not producing so fully the advantages to be hoped for, from it, is the extreme scarcity of proper supplies for the accomodation of the sick.
But one thing, which has had a very pernicious influence, is the continual jealousies and altercations, subsisting between the hospital and regimental surgeons. They seem always to be at variance, and recriminating the sufferings of the sick upon each other. The Regimental surgeons complain that for want of medicines and other necessaries, they are disabled from giving that assistance in slight cases, and in the first stages of more dangerous complaints, which would serve to check their progress to maturity, and save the lives of the soldiery: The hospital surgeons reply, that their stores are incapable of bearing the excessive drafts, which the profusion and carelessness of the regimental surgeons would make upon them, if indulged in their demands.
I shall not attempt to decide the merits of this dispute; nor can I conceive any adequate mode of adjusting the difference. But one would imagine, it might not be impossible to fix some general rule of allowance, by which the supplies to regimental surgeons might be regulated; and to make them accountable for the right and oeconomical application of what they received.
At all events, as the accomodation of the sick and the preservation of men's lives are the first and great objects to be consulted; the regimental surgeons ought not to be destitute of a reasonable quantity of medicines and other conveniencies, of which the sick stand in need. The ill effects of it are many and glaring. Either men, at every slight indication of disease must be sent away to distant hospitals, and the army unnecessarily deprived of the services of numbers, who, if the means were at hand, might in a day or two be restored; or they must remain without proper assistance, till their diseases confirm themselves and with regard to many, get beyond the power of cure.
Other ill consequences, that have attended the sending so many men away, to a distance from the army, are desertions and the waste of arms and cloathing; for which reasons, it ought to be avoided as much as possible. To prevent these evils, as far as it can be done, a field Officer is stationed at each hospital, to see the arms of the soldiers carefully deposited at their admission into it, take care of them in their convalescent state, and send them on to join their regiments, under proper Officers so soon as they are fit for duty.
OF THE PAY MASTER GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT
This department is well conducted so far as depends upon the Gentleman at the head of it; but the want of money, which too frequently happens, is extremely injurious to our affairs. It is unnecessary to observe, that besides feeding and cloathing a soldier well, nothing is of greater importance than paying him with punctuality; and it is perhaps more essential in our army, than in any other, because our Men are worse supplied and more necessitous; and the notions of implicit subordination, not being as yet, sufficiently ingrafted among them, they are more apt to reason upon their rights and readier to manifest their sensibility of any thing, that has the appearance of injustice to them; in which light they consider their being kept out of their pay, after it is due. Nor does the evil end here; the inhabitants, who through choice, accident, or necessity, have any pecuniary concerns with the army, finding themselves frequently disappointed in the payments they have a right to expect, grow dissatisfied and clamorous; the credit of the army, and which is nearly the same thing, the credit of the continent is impaired, our supplies of course are impeded, and the price of every article we want, raised.
This circumstance is not among the least causes of the depreciation of our currency.
OF THE COMMISSARY OF MUSTERS' DEPARTMENT
The duties of this office are, I believe, discharged with fidelity and care by the Gentleman at the head of it. No complaint has ever come to my car, either of him, or his deputies.
OF THE COMMISSARY OF PRISONERS' DEPARTMENT
The business of this department, as far as I am yet capable of judging, is in good hands and going on in a proper train.
OF AUDITORS OF ACCOUNTS
The want of such an institution has been much felt, and I am very happy it is at length adopted. The sooner the gentlemen appointed enter upon the execution of their office, the better, as much necessary business waits their regulating hand. The public has sustained a loss of many thousands, which might have been prevented, by the negligence, dishonesty and death of numberless officers.
Having run through the different distributions of the army, as composed of horse and foot, with all the departments depending thereon; and offered such remarks as occurred to me on the several subjects, I proceed to the mention of two departments commonly considered as separate and distinct, the Artillery and Engineering.
OF THE ARTILLERY DEPARTMENT
This department, if the arrangements and measures in contemplation, meet with proper countenance and support, bids fair to be upon a very respectable establishment. A plan was agreed upon, not long since, between General Knox, and myself, for the formation of four batalions, which was intended to be presented to Congress; that, if approved by them, it might be recommended to the several states: It is now submitted to the consideration of the Committee.
We have at this time, three imperfect batalions of Artillery in the field, besides some detached companies which have never been regularly incorporated. These together make 1370, including officers; to which, Harrison's batalion of Virginia being added, would amount to 1970. The deficiency of the four batalions on this state, will be 910, which, it is proposed, should be raised by the different states, agreeable to the following arrangement:
In the above are included all the officers, except the brigadier, field and staff officers, and if completed would prevent the necessity of the pernicious practice of drafting from the batalions.
General Knox communicated to me, more than two months ago an estimate of Ordnance and Ordnance stores, which he had prepared to send to the board of war, for the supplies of the next campaign agreeable to their request. Nothing more is necessary, than an inquiry what has been done in consequence.
I shall take the liberty in this place to give it as my opinion, that any arsenal or depository of stores at Albany, in the present situation of the North River, is improper. It would be too easily accessible and exceedingly liable to be surprised and destroyed. Indeed it ought to be a general rule to have every kind of magazines as far advanced into the interior parts of the country, and as remote from the sea coasts, or from the sides of Navigable, rivers, as the nature and design of them will permit. We have seen the effects of not attending duly to this precaution.
OF THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
The Gentleman at the head of this department appears to be a man of science, knowledge in his profession and zeal in the cause. He complains, that he has not assistant Engineers enough, to execute the various duties of his office, and wishes for an augmentation of the number. He also proposes that three companies of workmen should be formed to be instructed in the fabrication of all kinds of field-works, so far as relates to the manual and mechanical part; whose business it should be to teach the fatigue parties to execute the works with celerity and exactness, which could not otherwise be expected from men entirely unpracticed in the matter: These companies, he would have to consist of a Captain, three lieutenants, four serjeants, four corporals and sixty privates each: The commissioned officers to be intelligent and skilled in some branches of the Mathematics; the non-commissioned officers to be sober sensible men, and capable of writing a legible hand, and the whole corps to consist of Men of good characters, of diligence and integrity. In consideration of these qualifications, and the extra-duty, confinement and hazard, they must encounter, being always foremost in danger, to repair the injuries done any fortification by the enemy's fire, and to prosecute works in the face of it, the corps is to have extraordinary pay. This proposition appears reasonable and promises a degree of utility that outweighs the cost.
These companies, if formed, are to be solely under the direction of the Chief Engineer, and to have the care of all the intrenching tools of the army.
CONCLUSION
I shall now in the last place beg leave to subjoin a few Matters unconnected with the general subject of these remarks, or not recollected in their proper places to which the attention of the Committee is requested. What is to be done with the foreign officers who have been commissioned and never designated to any particular command, and who cannot, without displacing others, be brought into the line? Such of them as possess a competency of military knowledge and are otherwise men of character, I have sometimes thought, if they understood enough of our language, might be employed as Assistant inspectors. At other times, I have judged it best, if practicable, to form them into a corps by themselves, but most of them being field Officers, the difficulty of getting men for such a corps, unless deserters and prisoners were inlisted (which I have ever looked upon as impolitic) appeared to me an insurmountable objection.
The enemy have set every engine at work, against us, and have actually called savages and even our own slaves to their assistance;36 would it not be well, to employ two or three hundred indians against General Howe's army the ensuing campaign? There is a Gentleman now in camp, who would, I imagine, be able to bring half that number of Cherokees, and i should think the Reverend Mr. Kirkland might be able to influence a like number of the Northern tribes. Such a body of indians, joined by some of our Woodsmen, would probably strike no small terror into the British and foreign troops, particularly the new comers. The good resulting from the measure, if these savages can be kept in the field at so great a distance
[Note 36: On Jan. 2, 1778, Brig. Gen. James Mitchell Varnum suggested throwing the two Rhode Island regiments into one and sending the then supernumerary officers back to the State to obtain recruits. "It is imagined that a Batalion of Negroes can be easily raised there. Should that Measure be adopted, or recruits obtained on any other Principle, the Service will be advanced." Varnum's letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Gov. Nicholas Cooke, Jan. 2, 1778, ante.)] from their native haunts, would more than compensate for the trouble and expence they might cost us.
Colo. Morgan, when he left camp, desired to know whether he might engage any good riflemen to serve during the next campaign in the light corps. He thinks he should be able to procure many, under assurances, that they would serve with him and be dismissed at the end of the campaign.
The difficulty of getting waggoners and the enormous wages given them, would tempt one to try any expedient to answer the end on easier and cheaper terms. Among others, it has occurred to me, whether it would not be eligible to hire Negroes in Carolina, Virginia and Maryland for the purpose. They ought however to be freemen, for slaves could not be sufficiently depended on. It is to be apprehended they would too frequently desert to the enemy to obtain their liberty; and for the profit of it, or to conciliate a more favorable reception, would carry off their waggon-horses with them.
A resolve of Congress of the 19th instant, provide that all continental officers prisoners with the enemy, either while in confinement with them, or on parole among us, "so long as they continue officers of the United States," should be entitled to their pay and rations, liable to a deduction for what they may have received while present with the enemy; and that all flying camp or militia officers should be entitled to the same while in confinement with them only. This resolve excludes from pay all officers liberated on parole, who have not actual appointments in the Continental army; will it not be deemed a hardship and injustice to such officers; especially to those, who merely from their absence, have been neglected in arrangements posterior to their capture, as has been too much the case? While they continue prisoners, whether in possession of the enemy, or out on parole, they can have little opportunity of prossecuting any business for a livelihood, and must be in distressful situation, unless they have a private fortune sufficient to maintain them.
It has in many instances happened, that officers in captivity have been omitted in promotions made in their absence; upon which a question has arisen whether there should not be a restoration of rank with respect to those who are men of merit. It seems but reasonable there should.
Several new regulations will, I imagine, be found useful in the articles of war; which the Judge Advocate, from his official experience of the deficiency, can more accurately indicate. One thing, we have suffered much from, is the want of a proper gradation of punishments: the interval between a hundred lashes and death is too great and requires to be filled by some intermediate stages. Capital crimes in the army are frequent, particularly in the instance of desertion: actually to inflict capital punishment upon every deserter or other heinous offender, would incur the imputation of cruelty, and by the familiarity of the example, destroy its efficacy; on the other hand to give only a hundred lashes to such criminals is a burlesque on their crimes rather than a serious correction, and affords encouragement to obstinacy and imitation. The Courts are often in a manner compelled by the enormity of the facts, to pass sentences of death, which I am as often obliged to remit, on account of the number in the same circumstances, and let the offenders pass wholly unpunished. This would be avoided, if there were other punishments short of the destruction of life, in some degree adequate to the crime; and which might be with propriety substituted.37 Crimes too are so various in their complexions and degrees, that to preserve the just rule of proportion, there ought to be a gradual scale of punishments; in order to which,
[Note 37: See Council of General Officers, Aug. 14, 1778, post.] whipping should be extended to any number at discretion, or by no means, limited lower than five hundred lashes.
Upon the whole Gentlemen, I doubt not you are fully impressed with the defects of our present military system, and the necessity of speedy and decisive measures, to put it upon a satisfactory footing.38 The disagreeable picture, I have given you, of the wants and sufferings of the army, and the discontents reigning among the officers, is a just representation of evils, equally melancholy and important; and unless effectual remedies be applied without loss of time, the most alarming and ruinous consequences are to be apprehended. I have the honor, etc.39
[Note 38: The difficulties of raising men for the army at this time are pictured in Tench Tilghman's letter to Lieut Col. Aaron Burr (January 30). A captain who was advanced $200 for recruiting bounties found, after enlisting a few men, that he could not compete with the high State bounties. He was allowed, therefore, to "take back the men that he has enlisted and repay the 200 Dollars." Four of these men were in Burr's regiment, so Tilghman requested their delivery to the captain. Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 39: The text is from the original report, which seems to have been left with Washington by the committee. It is 38 folio pages in length, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, signed by Washington, and indorsed by Francis Dana. Prior to the arrival of the committee of Congress at Valley Forge, Washington requested the opinion of the general officers, in writing, upon a "proposed new establishment and regulation of the army." The foregoing report is based upon these observations of the general officers, which are in the Washington Papers and entered in a group in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.
On January 29 John Fitzgerald answered a letter of January 28 from Col. Walter Stewart, by direction of Washington, approving an alternation of dragoon picket guards as a means of checking provisions being taken into Philadelphia and directing the seizure of cloth in some fulling mills near Newtown, Pa., which belonged "to rich Quakers, and People of this County, much disaffected, who are by no means in want of Cloathing." Fitzgerald's letter is in the Washington Papers.
"This day [January 29] I was on fatigue building a brest work to defend the Middle line of the Camp."-- Military Journal of George Ewing (Yonkers: 1928. Privately printed).]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, January 29, 1778.
Parole Northumberland. Countersigns Norway, Norton.
The Commanding Officer of each brigade is to appoint a Captain daily to visit the sick of his Brigade in or near Camp, to examine whether they have proper attention paid them and are furnish'd with everything their situation requires as far as circumstances will allow. Likewise an orderly officer every day to inspect the hutts to see whether cleanliness is observed in the soldiers quarters and proper means taken to keep the roofs weather proof. The Commissaries in future to issue a quart of salt to every hundred pound of fresh beef.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, January 30, 1778.
Parole Portugal. Countersigns Prussia, Poland.
At a General Court Martial whereof Col. Clark40 was President January 23rd.,William McMarth of Captain Lee's41 Company of Artillery tried for desertion and stealing an horse from General McIntosh acquitted of the charge of desertion but found guilty of the Theft, being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back and have one half of his pay stoped monthly from him 'till General Mcintosh is fully satisfied. The Court on account of the Prisoner's having sustained heretofore the character of a good soldier, recommend him to His Excellency's clemency with respect to the corporal punishment.
[Note 40: Col. Thomas Clark, of the First North Carolina Regiment.]
[Note 41: Capt. James Lee, of the Second Continental Artillery.]
The General remits the stripes, approves the rest of the sentence and orders it to take place.
At a General Court Martial whereof Major Church42 was President January 26th., Ensign Cook43 of 12th. Pennsylvania Battalion tryed for leaving his guard before he was properly relieved (it being an Out-Guard) found guilty of a breach of
[Note 42: Maj. Thomas Church, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 43: Ensign John Cook.] 4th. Article of 13th. Section of the Articles of War and unanimously sentenced to be cashiered with Infamy.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, January [30?] 1778.
The Commander in Chief being informed, that many disorders and irregularities have taken place at the Hospitals, and that in some the Sick are not tended with due care, thinks it necessary that each Hospital should be visited by a prudent and careful Field Officer, who should govern himself by the following Rules.
1st. Upon his arrival at the Hospital or Hospitals assigned him, he is to take accurate Lists of all the Sick, their Names and the Regiments to which they belong, and transmit the same to the Adjt. General.
2d. If there be any Arms, accoutrements or Ammunition at the Hospitals, he is immediately to take charge of them, making an inventory of them, and of the Soldiers Names and Regiments to whom they belong. So many of these Arms as will be necessary, are to be put into the Hands of such Soldiers belonging to the Hospitals as the Chief Surgeon there shall judge fit to perform the duty of guards to the Hospital. These guards are, as fast as possible, to prevent and Quell all disorders and Riots at the Hospitals, by confining the offenders; To suffer no patient to go beyond the limits of the Hospital without a written licence from the Chief Surgeon attending; and to inforce obedience to such regulations as the directors or Chief Surgeons of the Hospital shall judge necessary for the Health and best good of the patients and the service.
3d. He is to make or cause to be made exact lists of all the Articles of Clothing and necessaries belonging to the patients and when any new patients arrive, he is to demand the lists of their Names and Regiments, and of their Clothing and Necessaries; and if lists of either be wanting, or if their Arms, accoutrements or ammunition are sent with them, the Names of the Officers so sending them are to be reported to the Adjt. General, that they may be punished therefore agreeable to the General Orders, issued 12th November last. These lists of the Clothing and Necessaries of new patients, are upon their arrival to be compared with the Clothing and Necessaries the Soldiers actually have with them, that if any article be wanting, due inquiry may be made for it; and if not found, the person thro whose fault the deficiency happens is at a proper time to be punished or charged with the article missing, or both as the circumstances shall justly warrant.
4th. When any Non commissioned Officer or Soldier shall die, an exact account is to be taken of whatever effects he dies possessed of, above his Regimental Clothing, Arms and accoutrements, and transmitted to the Board of War. But his Regimental Clothing is to be carefully preserved, and issued to such recovered Man, as must need the same, who are to be charged therewith and an account thereof transmitted to their Commanding Officer when they are sent to Camp.
5th. As fast as the patients recover and are judged by the Director or Surgeon of the Hospital to be fit for duty, the Field Officer is to send them to Camp, under the care of some Commissioned Officer, or if the number be small, of a trusty Non Commissioned Officer, and if such are wanting, then to give notice to ye Adjt. General, of the number ready to march to Camp, that he may find the Necessary Officers to conduct them.
6th. He is to reside at the most convenient distance from the Hospital or Hospitals under his inspection and visit them daily, if in the same Town, and if not, then very frequently, at least twice a week. He is to examine critically, whether the Sick are well taken care of, and if in his opinion there be any fault or neglect in their Management, to report the same to the Director General of the Hospitals or one of his Deputies, and if a remedy be not applied in a reasonable time, then to report the same to the Commander in Chief. But he is to avoid disputes with the Surgeons of the Hospitals and not interfere with them in the management, diet or Medicines of the Sick.
7th. For any disorders committed at the Hospitals by the Non commissioned Officers or Soldiers, he is to cause the Offenders to be tried and punished by Courts martial, if three or five Officers can be assembled for that purpose; otherwise he must retain the disorderly by his own authority.
8th. He is to collect all stragglers from the Army, who may be in the vicinity of the Hospitals, and send them under proper Officers to Camp.
9th. All Non commissioned Officers and Soldiers thus sent to Camp, are to be accompanied with lists of their Names, Regiments, Clothing and Necessaries, and, if they have any of their Arms, Accoutrements and Ammunition, and addressed to the Adjt. General. But besides general Lists of the whole, which are to be left with the Adjt. General, Seperate Lists of the Men of each Brigade are also to be sent with them, which are to be delivered to the Brigadiers with the Men, on their arrival in Camp.
Lastly. He is to suffer no officer to remain at or near the Hospitals after they are declared by the directing surgeon to be fit for duty. If any are tardy or show an unwillingness to join the Army, he is to report their Names immediately to the Adjt. General.44
[Note 44: The text for this is found only in the Varick Transcripts of the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress. It is not dated, but is copied at a point which places the probable date at January 30.]
Valley Forge, January 30, 1778.
Sir: By a letter from Genl. Lee of the 30th Ulto. which came to hand the 26th instant, he seems to be anxious about the state of his farm and affairs and requests me "to recommend the care of them to you and Mr. White." I have taken the earliest opportunity to inform you of his desires on these subjects, and have no doubt but you will render him every service in your power. I am happy to acquaint you, that though he is still a prisoner, his condition is comfortable, being on parole in the City of New York and treated with much Civility. It is highly probable that he will soon be enlarged under that restriction, as Major Genl Prescott is ordered to be sent in for that purpose on the same terms. I am, &c.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The same letter was sent to Alexander White at Winchester, Va.]
Head Quarters, January 30, 1778.
Sir: I have duly received your Letter of the 19th. Inst. It is unnecessary to enter minutely into its contents; since the inclosed Resolutions of Congress46 will shew you, that the Matter is now put upon a footing different from that mentioned by Mr. Boudinot47; which, at the same time, you will be pleased to consider, as final and decisive, and to regulate your Measures accordingly.
[Note 46: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Dec. 19, 1777.]
[Note 47: Elias Boudinot. He was Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army; resigned in May, 1778; later a Delegate to Congress from New Jersey and President of Congress.]
I shall be glad as soon as possible to be favoured with your determinations in consequence, especially on those parts numbered in the Margin of the Resolves, to which I must request a speedy and explicit answer.
There is one passage of your Letter, which I cannot forbear taking particular notice of. No expressions of personal politeness to me can be acceptable, accompanied by reflections on the Representatives of a free People, under whose Authority I have the Honor to act. The delicacy I have observed in refraining from every thing offensive in this way, entitled me to expect a similar Treatment from you. I have not indulged myself in invective against the present Rulers of Great Britain, in the course of our Correspondence, nor will I even now avail myself of so fruitful a Theme.48
[Note 48: Howe had written, protesting against Boudinot's notification that the British would have to send in provisions for the British prisoners in American hands, beginning February 1: "Mr. Boudinot does not mention by whom this Measure is threatened to be adopted: But it is so repugnant to the Rules of War in all civilized Nations, and so marked with Inhumanity, that I cannot persuade myself it has been derived from your Advice; and I am unwilling to suspect that even the present Rulers of this Country, are so entirely lost to all Sense of Honor, and to all feelings of Humanity, as to pass an Edict for the deliberate Destruction of those whom the Chance of War has thrown into their Hands." This was a curious thing for Howe to write, in view of the fact that he had some time previously decreed that the American prisoners of war in his hands would have to be fed by the Americans. Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
The Quarter Masters permitted to go with the Cloathing, appeared to me sufficient for the purpose. For tho' the Prisoners are in different places, yet they lie chiefly on a direct communication. If upon any future occasion you should conceive a greater number requisite, you will inform me of it previous to their coming, and I shall be ready to comply, as far as I think myself justified.
Whether your sending out more than one British Quarter Master was an encroachment upon the spirit of the Agreement between us, shall not now be a matter of discussion, but can it be said there is anything in it, that can reconcile the coming out of Captn. McCleod.49 I have the Honor, etc.50
[Note 49: Capt. Norman McLeod, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley Forge, January 31, 1778.
Sir: I this morning received your favor of the 27th. Ulto.
I cannot sufficiently express the obligation I feel to you for your friendship and politeness upon an occasion in which I am so deeply interested. I was not unapprized that a malignant faction had been for sometime forming to my prejudice; which, conscious as I am of having ever done all in my power to answer the important purposes of the trust reposed in me, could not but give me some pain on a personal account; but my chief concern arises from an apprehension of the dangerous consequences, which intestine dissentions may produce to the common cause.
As I have no other view than to promote the public good, and am unambitious of honours not founded in the approbation of my Country, I would not desire in the least degree to suppress a free spirit of enquiry into any part of my conduct that even faction itself may deem reprehensible.
The anonymous paper handed you51 exhibits many serious charges, and it is my wish that it should be submitted to Congress; this I am the more inclined to, as the suppression, or concealment, may possibly involve you in embarrassments hereafter; since it is uncertain how many, or who may be privy to the contents.
[Note 51: This anonymous paper was dated Jan. 17, 1778, and headed "The Thoughts of a Freeman." It was, Laurens wrote Washington (January 27), "picked up on the Stairs" of Congress Hall and handed to Laurens, who, after glancing at it, "put them into my pocket and intimated to the House that it was an anonymous production containing stuff which I must be content with, as perquisites of Office, that the hearth was the proper depository for such Records." Laurens showed the paper to no one before finally sending it to Washington, who, from his letter above, appears to have returned it to Laurens to be communicated to Congress, but there is no record as to any further action. Laurens's letter is in the President's "Letter Book" in the Papers of the Continental Congress.
A copy of "The Thoughts," in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Washington Papers. It is 3 folio pages in length and consists of 45 propositions or statements, all of which either reflect directly on Washington's management of the army or insinuate that such management deserved investigation by Congress. Sparks prints "The Thoughts," taking liberties as to form, etc., in the appendix to his Writings of Washington (vol. 5, P. 497).]
My Enemies take an ungenerous advantage of me; they know the delicacy of my situation, and that motives of policy deprive me of the defence I might otherwise make against their insiduous attacks. They know I cannot combat their insinuations, however injurious, without disclosing secrets, it is of the utmost moment to conceal. But why should I expect to be exempt from censure; the unfailing lot of an elevated station? Merits and talents, with which I can have no pretensions of rivalship, have ever been subject to it. My Heart tells me it has been my unremitted aim to do the best circumstances would permit; yet, I may have been very often mistaken in my judgment of the means, and may, in many instances deserve the imputation of error.
I cannot forbear repeating that I have a grateful sense of the favourable disposition you have manifested to me in this affair, and beg you will believe me to be, with sentiments of real Esteem, etc.
[M.L.]
Valley Forge, January 31, 1778.
Sir: I have been honored with your several favors of the 14th, 19th, 22d and 25th Inst. in due order with their Inclosures, which shall have my attention. My application in preparing and digesting matters for the consideration of the Committee who are now in Camp prevented me acknowledging them before. The packet for Governor Livingston which accompanied the first Two, I transmitted him the next day by a careful hand and hope it got safe to him.
The inclosed Copy of a Letter and memorial from General Foreman I would take the liberty of laying before Congress. Supplying the Army with Salt is a matter of infinite importance, and if it can be accomplished, it is very much to be desired. How far General Foreman may succeed in his Experiments I cannot determine; But, from every account there is a favourable prospect of his manufacturing a considerable quantity of this necessary essential article. For the greater security of the works against the Enemy's Tenders &c. he prays to be furnished with a guard of Fifty Men. His requisition is submitted to Congress, and they will be pleased to determine upon it, in such manner as they may think proper. I have the honor, etc.52
[Note 52: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 1, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of Yesterday. As it is my wish to cut off the intercourse with Philadelphia, as effectually as possible, I desire that no passes may be granted by you to any persons, upon any pretence whatsoever, and that you will do all in your power to apprehend those who attempt to go into the City with Marketting. There is no way so likely to put a total stop to this practice, as making an example of some notorious offender. If therefore you can hear of any person who has made a practice of going to Philadelphia with Provisions or Horses, I would wish you to take pains to have him apprehended. I am, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 1, 1778.
Sir: The quantity of provision, Flour especially, that is carried into Philadelphia is by all accounts so great that the British Army is well supplied with almost every Article. The committee of Congress now here having expressed a desire that this pernicious intercourse may be cut off as effectually as possible, I know of no other way to prevent the supply of Flour, but disabling the Mills, as we have not Guards sufficient to stop all the Roads. You are therefore, in concert with Genl. Lacey to fix upon a certain time and attempt to disable all the Mills upon Pennepack, Frankfort, and Wissahicken Creeks, beginning Morris's at Frankfort, Vanderen's on Wissahicken and Lewis's at Pennepack and proceed as far as the people usually come out for Flour. As it will be impossible for you to remove the Stores, I am advised to take off the spindles and saw off the spikes of the water wheels. This you will therefore do as soon as possible. The whole must be began upon the same time, that you may have proceeded some distance before the Enemy can get notice. You must be fully sensible of the necessity of secrecy, and therefore none should be intrusted but the Officers who are to execute the business, and those should be such who have no connections in the part of the Country where the Mills are. Nothing will convince the Market people that we are in earnest, till an example is made of one of them, and I therefore desire you will use your endeavours to apprehend some notorious offender, against whom there will be proof and send him here for trial; seize all the provision and the Horses, and Carriages drove by Women and Boys, many of whom are employed, as they think indulgence will be allowed on account of Sex and Age. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Sunday, February 1, 1778.
Parole Rockingham. Countersigns Richmond, Rutland.
The Brigade Quarter-Masters are to call on the Assistt. Quarter Master General at the Adjt. Genl.'s Office tomorrow morning at ten oClock for their proportion of 320 camp kettles.
In Congress, June 10, 1777.
Resolved, That the Commissaries General of Purchases and Issues, and their respective deputies for neglect of duty or other offences in their respective offices shall be subject to military Arrest and trial by Order of the Commander in Chief or any General Officer commanding a Division of the Army, Post or Department where such neglect of duty or offence may happen; and the respective Assistants of the Deputy Commissaries General of Purchases and Issues shall for the same causes be liable to military arrest as Commissioned Officers in the Army, by any General Officer or any Officer commanding a detach'd post to which such Assistants may be assign'd.
The General directs that due attention be paid to the foregoing resolve.
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Clark is President is dissolved.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, February 2, 1778.
Parole Stafford. Countersigns Stillwater, Sutton.
A General Court Martial to sit tomorrow 9 oClock A.M. whereof Colo. Wigglesworth is appointed President, a Captain from each Brigade will compose the Court.
Head Quarters, February 2, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 26th Ulto.
The recent detection of the wicked design59 you mention gives me the most sensible pleasure; and I earnestly hope you may be alike successful in discovering and disappointing every attempt that may be projected against you, either by your open or concealed enemies. It is a tax, however, severe, which all those must pay, who are called to eminent stations of trust, not only to be held up as conspicuous marks to the enmity
[Note 59: To assassinate Livingston.] of the Public adversaries to their country, but to the malice of secret traitors and the envious intrigues of false friends and factions.60
[Note 60: In the draft the following has been crossed out: "It is easy to bear the first, and even the devices of private enemies whose ill will only arises from their common hatred to the cause we are engaged in, are to me tolerable; yet, I confess, I cannot help feeling the most painful sensations, whenever I have reason to believe I am the object of persecution to men who are embarked in the same general interest, and whose friendship my heart does not reproach me with ever having done any thing to forfeit. But with many, it is a sufficient cause to hate and wish the ruin of a man, because he has been happy enough to be the object of his Country's favour."]
I am obliged to you for the interest you take in the affair of the two Hendricks and Meeker;61 and I have no doubt that the measures adopted, are, considering all things, best.
[Note 61: John and Baker Hendricks and John Meeker, spies of Colonel Dayton in the summer of 1777. (See Washington's letter to Governor William Livingston, Jan. 20, 1778, ante.)]
You are pleased to intimate, that you would take pleasure in recommending, at the approaching Session of your Assembly, any hints from me respecting the Army, by which your State can advance the general interest; I should be happy in offering any such in my power; but, as there is now in Camp a Committee of Congress to confer with me at large, on the measures proper to be adopted in every respect for the benefit of the Army, whatever shall be thought necessary to this end, will of course be communicated to you by Congress. I have the honor, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, February 3, 1778.
Parole Ticonderoga. Countersigns Toledo, Taunton.
A report having circulated that Mr. Jones,63 Deputy Commissary General of Issues had granted a pass to a woman to carry thirty pounds of butter into Philadelphia; The matter was fully inquired into and appears to be without foundation.
[Note 63: Thomas Jones.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: A Letter from Congress will accompany this containing two resolutions relative to prisoners. You will perceive by them that Congress go upon the presumption of our furnishing our prisoners in the Enemy's hands wholly and intirely with provisions. Their fixing no rule for liquidating and accounting for the rations heretofore supplied by the Enemy, is a proof that they do not intend them to continue, but expect our prisoners will hereafter be altogether victualled by ourselves. This is a matter, it will be necessary to attend carefully to, both that a competent supply be immediately ready for the purpose, and that there be no deficiency in future, otherwise the consequences may be dreadful, for the past conduct of the enemy gives too much reason to apprehend they would not be very apt to relieve want, which we had undertaken wholly to administer to. I am, etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: In answer to your letter of yesterday, I am sorry to inform you, that however willing to oblige your father and yourself, I do not think I can with propriety comply with your request. I cannot suppose your father would mean to make the least ill use of the privilege he wishes for; but every indulgence of this kind becomes a precedent for others, and you will easily be sensible that it must be inexpedient, to admit any person to a free intercourse with the country, who is actually in the power of the enemy. It is necessary all communication should be intercepted between the Country and City, which I am endeavouring to effect. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Valley Forge, February 3, 1778.
Sir: On the Ulto., I had the honor to receive your favor of the 27th with the Copies alluded to. As the proceedings of Congress in this instance, seem to imply, that our Unfortunate people in the hands of the Enemy are to be victualled by us, I have only to wish that the Supplies may be constant and plentiful. I have transmitted your letter to Mr. Boudinot who is out of Camp, and have requested his most pointed attention to the business. I have also written to Genl. Howe upon the occasion and inclosed him One of the Copies. In my next, I shall take the liberty of transmitting you a Copy of my Letter to him on this head, and of some Others which have lately passed between us. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. I wish a Supply of Money to be sent, as soon as possible. Our distresses for want of it, are not easily to be described. What Mr. Palfrey brought with him was not sufficient to pay the Troops for November by 250 or 300,000 Dollars. The demands were immense, most of the Eastern Troops having had four or five Month's pay due them and some more. The Army now in general has three months pay in arrear, exclusive of the Month's Extra pay, and besides this, the Quarter Master is pressing for large drafts for the purposes of his Department, tho' he received a proportion of the Money which came with Mr. Palfrey.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Indorsed as read in Congress February 5, and referred to the Board of Treasury.]
Head Quarters, February 4, 1778.
Sir: I have received your two Letters of 29th. and 31st. of last Month. The forming any considerable deposit of Forage at Trenton, while you have so small a Force to protect it does not appear to me advisable, as the Enemy may, with the greatest facility, destroy it.
My approbation of Capt. Craig's appointment, was signified in my last Letter; I cannot at any rate consent to your giving Mr. Zelienski67 the Commission of first Lieutenant; his character has not yet been cleared from a charge of a very serious nature, brought against him by Colo. Moylan, and this circumstance apart, which is of itself a sufficient reason for at least suspending his appointment, there may be a concurrence between him and other Officers who may have better pretensions. A court martial ought immediately to be held for the Trial of this Gentleman in pursuance of the order given long since. I am not at Liberty to take notice of any ex parte relation in affairs of this nature, whatever evidence you may have in favour of Mr. Zelienski, will properly come before the Court, and when I am furnished with their proceedings I shall be able to judge of the matter.
[Note 67: John de Zielinski. He became a captain in Pulaski's Legion in April, 1778; died in September, 1779.]
The Committee have now under consideration, the means of recruiting and remounting the Cavalry, their determination will be transmitted for your government, as soon as it is made.
You will be pleased to transmit me an exact Return of the Cavalry immediately, and hereafter to continue to make accurate Weekly Returns. I am desirous of submitting your Pattern Saddle to the inspection of the Committee, you will therefore send it to Camp without delay.
As Mr. Worsham68 is so well recommended by the Officers of his Regiment, I have no objection to his filling one of the vacancies in it. I am, etc.
[Note 68: William Worsham, quartermaster sergeant of the First Continental Dragoons. He was made cornet Feb. 4, 1778; lieutenant in 1780; served to November, 1782.]
P.S. Inclosed is a Letter to Govr. Livingston relative to the three Troops of Jersey Horse. The bearer will deliver one thousand Flints for the use of the Cavalry.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 4, 1778.
Sir: Brigr. Genl. Count Polaski informs me, that there are three Troops of Jersey Horse who would enter into the Continental Service for a short time, if they could obtain your Excellency's consent. They will be a very great relief to our Horse, if they can be spared and will answer another very valuable purpose. We find that our common Dragoons are not proof against the bribes offered to them, by the people who are constantly carrying provision to the City of Philadelphia, so that instead of cutting off the intercourse, they encourage it, by suffering many to pass who pay them for it. If it is agreeable to you, that the Horse above mentioned should be taken into the service, be pleased to signify it to me by a line. I have the honor, etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, February 4, 1778.
Parole Ulster. Countersigns Uxbridge, Upton.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Clark was President January 27th. Charles Smith a Soldier in 1st. New Jersey Regiment tried for desertion and inlisting again as a substitute and acquitted. The General approving orders him to be immediately released.
The most pernicious consequences having arisen from suffering persons, women in particular to pass and repass from Philadelphia to camp under Pretence of coming out to visit their Friends in the Army and returning with necessaries to their families, but really with an intent to intice the soldiers to desert; All officers are desired to exert their utmost endeavors to prevent such interviews in future by forbiding the soldiers under the severest penalties from having any communication with such persons and by ordering them when found in camp to be immediately turned out of it.
If any of them appear under peculiar circumstances of suspicion they are to be brought to immediate trial and punishment, if found guilty.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Thirsday, February 5, 1778.
Parole Vandalia. Countersigns Vermont, Vidona.
In Congress June 10.
Resolved, That for the future the Quarter Master or other Person drawing provision for any Regiment Corps or Detachment shall on the last day of every month make out an abstract of the number of retain'd rations due to each Officer respectively and also the number of each part of a ration due to each regiment corps or detachment and deliver the same to the respective issuing Commissary who shall compare it with his books and finding it right shall certify thereon that the several charges in the abstract are just and that such a sum as he shall find to be due should be paid to the respective Pay-Masters of the Regiment Corps or Detachment who shall annex the said abstract to the Pay-Roll, that the Pay-Master or Deputy Pay-Master General of the district may pay and he is hereby required to pay such ration abstract to the Regimental PayMaster who is directed to pay the respective officers and soldiers and take their receipts; and when any regiment Corps or detachment or Issuing Commissary is ordered to leave a Post before the end of a month, the ration abstracts shall be made up to the time of his or their leaving their post and certified by the Commissary as aforesaid.71
[Note 71: This resolve forms Article XXXVIII of the regulations for the Commissary Department, agreed to in Congress. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 10, 1777.)]
It is expected that due attention will be paid to the aforegoing resolve and no abstracts for retain'd rations or back allowance to be received or deemed valid unless certified as specified therein.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, February 6, 1778.
Parole Winchester. Countersigns Weston, Wells.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Clark was President January 27th. Lieutt. William Williams of 13th. Virginia Regiment tried for repeatedly behaving unbecoming the Character of an officer and a Gentleman, 1st. in buying a pair of Continental shoes from a soldier and thereby rendering the soldier unfit for service; 2ndly. for messing and frequently sleeping with the soldiers, taking their bread and not returning it by which the soldiers suffered with hunger; acquitted of the charge of taking the soldiers bread and not returning it by which they suffered with hunger, but found guilty of behaving unbecoming the character of the officer and gentleman in buying a pair of Continental shoes from a soldier, and in messing and frequently sleeping with the soldiers being a breach of 21st. Article, Section 14th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged from the service. His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, February 6, 1778.
Sir: As the resources of this Country in point of fresh Provision are nearly exhausted, and the Army under my command is in consequence literally reduced to a starving condition, it becomes indispensibly necessary for us to avail ourselves, as much as possible, of our more distant supplies, and not to suffer any part of them to be diverted into other Channels; which has, I am told, been heretofore in some instances the case by your direction. for the future, I beg you will consider it as explicitly contrary to my intention that any Cattle ordered for the use of this Army should be stopt short of their destination. Every diminution is an object in times of such scarcity. You have a ready substitute in Salt Provisions, of which I am informed there are ample Stores within your reach, whereas to us, at this distance, no considerable advantage can be derived from this article, by reason of the great difficulty attending its transportation. I am &ca.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Valley Forge, February 6, 1778.
Sir: I must take the liberty of addressing you on a subject, which, tho' out of your sphere, I am fully persuaded will have every possible attention in your power to give. It is the alarming situation of this Army on account of Provision. I shall not undertake, minutely to investigate the causes of this, but there is the strongest reason to believe, that its existence cannot be of long duration, unless more constant, regular and larger supplies of the meat kind are furnished, than have been for some time past. We have been once on the brink of a dissolution in the course of the present year, for want of this Article, and our Condition now is but little better. What is still more distressing, I am assured by Colo. Blaine, Deputy Purchasing Commissary in the Middle district, comprehending the States of Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland, that they are nearly exhausted in this instance; and that the most vigorous and active exertions on his part will not procure more than sufficient to supply the Army during this Month, if so long. This being the case, and as any relief that can be obtained from the more Southern States, will be but partial, trifling and of a day, we must turn our views to the Eastward, and lay our account of support from thence. Without it we cannot but disband. I must therefore Sir, entreat you in the most earnest terms and by that zeal which has so eminently distinguished your Character in the present arduous struggle, to give every countenance to the person or persons employed in the purchasing line in your State, and to urge them to the most vigorous efforts to forward supplies of Cattle from time to time, and thereby prevent such a Melancholy and alarming Catastrophe. As I observed before, this subject is rather out of your Province, yet I know your wishes to promote the Service, in every possible degree, will render any apology unnecessary, and that the bare state of facts will be admitted as a full and ample justification for the trouble it is like to occasion you. I have the honor, etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, February 7, 1778.
Parole Yorkshire. Countersigns Yarmouth, York.
The Brigade Major of the day will in future take the names of the officers who mount guard, the names of the guard they are appointed to command and the regiments to which they respectively belong.
Likewise the names of the serjeants that are to attend as orderlies at the Adjutant General's quarters and their respective regiments who are regularly to be brought on to the parade at guard mounting; These names to be delivered to the Adjt. General at orderly-time.
[Note 74: Deputy Commissary General of Purchases.]
February 7, 1778.
Sir: The present situation of the Army is the most Melancholy that can be conceived. Our supplies in provisions of the flesh kind, for some time past, have been very deficient and irregular, a prospect now opens of absolute want, such as will make it impossible to keep the Army much longer from dissolving, unless the most vigorous and effectual measures be pursued to prevent it. Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland are now intirely exhausted. All the Beef and Pork already collected in them, or that can be collected, will not by any means support the Army one Month longer. Further to the Southward some quantities of Salt provisions have been procured; but if they were all on the spot, they would afford but a very partial and temporary supply. The difficulty of transportation is great; The distance will not allow it to be effected by land Carriage; and the navigation up Chesapeak Bay is interrupted by the Enemy's Vessels, which makes it very precarious when we shall get any material relief from that quarter. To the Eastward only can we turn our eyes with any reasonable hope of timely and adequate succour. If every possible exertion is not made use of there, to send us immediate and ample supplies of Cattle, with pain I speak the alarming truth, no human efforts can keep the Army from speedily disbanding.
[I have much confidence in your zeal and activity and I trust upon this occasion they will be exerted in a peculiar manner to hurry on to Camp all the Cattle you may be able to purchase.]
I have desired Colo. Blaine to give you a just state of our situation, and to send an active man in his Department to you, to hurry on to Camp whatever Cattle you may be able to purchase. I cannot forbear, so urgent is the necessity of the case, accompanying his representation by a similar one from myself. You are called upon by every motive, that ought to influence you in your official capacity and as a well wisher to the Army, to strain every nerve and exert your utmost activity towards affording us the assistance we indispensably stand in need of, and without a moment's loss of time. I persuade myself you will duly consider the infinite importance of leaving nothing undone that may be in your power; and as I know the State of Connecticut abounds in the Article we want, I flatter myself we shall not be left to feel the calamitous consequences with which we are now threatened.
Mr. Blaine will inform you of the quantity of Cattle we require for an instant supply, to be at Camp by the latter end of this month. This you will push forward with all expedition; and continue your most zealous endeavours to preserve us hereafter from experiencing the same distresses and embarrassments to which we have been heretofore too frequently exposed. I have written to Governor Trumbull to beg his concurrence and aid in this matter, of which I doubt not you will properly avail yourself.
I am informed there are considerable quantities of Salt provisions laid up in New England; as it is inconvenient, tedious and extremely expensive to transport them to this Army, I have directed General Putnam, to make use of them almost wholly, for the Troops under his command, and to let all the Cattle that can be procured come on to us, which will be equally conducive to dispatch and oeconomy. As far as this may depend upon you, I should wish the rule to be strictly observed. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, with the paragraph in brackets in that of Robert Hanson Harrison. This same letter was sent to Peter Colt, commissary general of purchases, Eastern Department, in which, however, the bracketed paragraph was omitted.]
[Note 76: Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 7, 1778.
Sir: The occasional deficiencies in the Article of Provisions, which we have often severely felt, seem now on the point of resolving themselves into this fatal Crisis, total want and a dissolution of the Army. Mr. Blaine informes me, in the most decisive terms, that he has not the least prospect of answering the demands of the Army, within his district, more than a month longer, at the extremity. The expectations, he has from other Quarters, appear to be altogether vague and precarious; and from any thing I can see, we have every reason to apprehend the most ruinous consequences.
The spirit of desertion among the Soldiery, never before rose to such a threatening height, as at the present time. The murmurs on account of Provisions are become universal, and what may ensue, if a better prospect does not speedily open, I dread to conjecture. I pretend not to assign the causes of the distress, we experience in this particular, nor do I wish to throw out the least imputation of blame upon any person. I only mean to represent our affairs as they are, that necessity may be properly felt, of exerting the utmost care and activity, to prevent the mischiefs, which I cannot forbear anticipating, with inexpressible concern. I am, etc.
P.S. I shall be glad to have from you a just state of what we have to expect, at the expiration of this month and in the course of the ensuing spring.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Valley Forge, February 8--14, 1778.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Favor of the 3d Instant and with its Inclosure.
As General McDougall's late severe illness and present feeble state, will not permit him to proceed on the intended incursion into Canada, Baron de Kalb will follow the Marquis agreeable to his wish and the direction of Congress.
According to the promise contained in my last, I take the liberty of transmitting you Copies of such Letters, as have lately passed between Genl. Howe and myself.
February 12.
Since writing the above, I have received another Letter from General Howe of the 5th. Instant, Copy of which and of my Answer you have also inclosed.78 By these you will perceive, that he has proposed a General exchange of prisoners and that I have acceded to it. I have written to Mr. Boudinot, Commissary in this line, requiring his return to Camp, and shall give him directions to pursue the most speedy measures for accomplishing this business, so interesting to the unhappy Officers and Men in General Howe's hands, and to the cause of Humanity. There are some other matters, as you will discover, which I could not enter upon.
[Note 78: According to Charles Thomson's indorsement, these inclosures were: Sir William Howe's letters to Washington, Jan. 8, 18, 19, and Feb. 5, 1778; Washington's letters to Howe, Jan. 8, 20, 30, and Feb. 10, 1778. All of these letters, except that from Howe to Washington, January 8, are in the Washington papers.]
The situation of the Affairs of the Army has not till lately made it convenient to go into the inquiry, directed by the Resolve of the 28th of November of the losses of the Forts Montgomery and Clinton, in the state of New York and of Fort Mifflin in the Delaware. With respect to the two former, it happens, that almost all the principal Officers acting in that quarter, were in some way or other so far concerned in the affair, as to make them improper for prosecuting the inquiry. I therefore propose to send Officers from this Army: If his health will permit, I should wish General McDougall to preside. His thorough knowledge of those posts and all their connexions, qualifies him in a peculiar manner for the purpose. I have written to him on the subject.
With respect to Fort Mifflin, the inquiry involves very extensive considerations, and more or less affects almost all the General Officers in this Army, whose advice and concurrence in the measures taken, make them in some degree parties. The mode in my opinion, most unexceptionable to be pursued is for Congress, to authorise a Committee of their own body, or to delegate any other persons they may chuse to intrust, not connected with the operations of this Army, to go into the business.
February 14.
Your Several favors of the 7th and that of the 8th Inst. were duly received yesterday evening.
As soon as circumstances will admit, I shall appoint a Court Martial in the case directed, and shall notify the parties concerned of the same.
The Oath which Congress have prescribed to be taken by the Officers of the Army, I shall publish in General Orders and the mode how it is to be done with directions about the certificates.
I shall extend Lt Colo. Dyer's79 Furlough to the first of April as required. I have the honor, etc.80
[Note 79: Lieut. Col. Thomas Dyer, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He resigned Apr. 11, 1778.]
[Note 80: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, February 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have to request, that you will, without loss of time, make a return of the Troops under your command belonging to the State of Connecticut, to His Excellency Governor Trumbull. It is necessary this return should be very exact and particular, as it is intended for the information of the assembly, in the measures they may think proper to take, towards completing their Battalions. Among other things, you will specify the time or times for which the men are engaged; and the number of each. I shall also be glad of a complete return of all the Troops at present under your command. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Practically the same letter was sent this same day to Brig. Gen. John Nixon at Albany.]
Valley Forge, February 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: On the 29th. Ulto. I received your favour of the 22d. I have not the least objection to Lt. Colo. Smith's taking the Command of your Regiment, till you or Lt. Colo. Forrest are in a condition to appear in the Field. This I shall be happy to hear of.
I thank you much for your wishes for my Honor and happiness, and you have mine very sincerely for your immediate and perfect recovery.82 I am, etc.83
[Note 82: Colonel Stone had been wounded at Germantown, Pa., in October, 1777. He resigned in August, 1779.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 84: Commissary of military stores at Albany, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 8, 1778.
Sir: I observe by a Return of Military Stores made the 12th. January, that there were 5000 Muskets unfit for service in the Magazine at Albany. I most earnestly desire that you will use your utmost endeavours to have them put into repair by the opening of the next Campaign. I also observe, by the same Return, that there is a considerable deficiency of Bayonets, which you will endeavour to make up if you have Armourers skilled in that branch of business. The loss and abuse of Arms in the course of a Campaign, in which We are obliged to call in large Bodies of Militia, is so great, that unless the utmost attention is paid to the repair of the Old, our Stock must soon be exhausted, for, of all the new imported last year, it is amazing how few remain in the different Magazines. As soon as you have any considerable quantity rendered fit for service be pleased to inform me that I may call for them when and where wanted. I am, etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, February 8, 1778.
Parole Zebulon. Countersigns Zembla, Zealand.
The General Officers are requested to meet ten o'Clock tomorrow morning at Genl. Varnum's quarters to take into consideration the propriety of altering the present ration. The Commissary Genl. proposes that instead of the rations heretofore allowed there shall be issued a pound and an half of flour one pound of beef or three quarters of a pound of salt pork and a certain quantity of spirits. Mr. Blaine will attend this meeting.
Officers who are desirous of taking Commissions in the company of sappers, under the Command of Brigadier General Du Portail and possess the necessary qualifications, such as the knowledge of practical Geometry and drawing will give in their Names at the Adj. General's office; Three Captains, three first and three second Lieutenants are wanting.
In future the Reveille will beat at day-break; the troop at 8 in the morning; the retreat at sunset and taptoo at nine o'Clock in the evening. To render this duty uniform, the drummer's call to be beat at the right of the front line and answered throughout that line; then through the second and Corps of Artillery begining at the left; The Reserve to follow the second line. Immediately upon this three rolls to begin and run through in like manner as the call; then all the drums of the Army at the heads of their respective Corps should go thro' the regular beat, ceasing upon the right which will be a signal for the whole to cease.
At a General Court-Martial whereof Colo. Proctor87 was President Feby. 5th. 1778, Lieutt. Grey88 of Colo. Lamb's Regiment of Artillery tried for absenting himself from Camp without leave, being guilty of theft and other behavior unbecoming the character of an officer and gentleman, found guilty of ungentleman, unofficer like behavior in absenting himself from camp without leave; associating with a soldier, robbing and infamously stealing, unanimously sentenced to have his sword broke over his head on the grand parade at guard mounting, that he be discharged the Regiment and rendered incapable of serving any more as an officer in the Army and that it be esteem'd a crime of the blackest Dye, in an officer or even soldier to associate with him after the execution of this just, though mild punishment.
[Note 87: Col. Thomas Procter, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He resigned in April, 1781.]
[Note 88: The name of Lieutenant Grey, or Gray, does not appear in "New York in the Revolution." Heitman gives him as Gray, but without a Christian name or mention of the State from which he came.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the Sentence and orders it to be put in Execution tomorrow morning at guard mounting.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Clark was President Jany. 22nd., Thomas Butler an Inhabitant of the State of Pennsylvania tried for attempting to carry flour into Philadelphia, found guilty of the charge being a breach of a Resolution of Congress dated October 8th. 1777, extended by another resolution made for the purpose of cutting off all communication of Supplies or Intelligence to the Enemy's Army and sentenced to receive two hundred and fifty lashes on his bare back.
At the same Court Thomas Ryan an Inhabitant of the State of Pennsylvania tried for being taken on the night of 13th. of January last in company with Thomas Butler with eight quarters of mutton and a bull beef on his way into Philadelphia found guilty of the Charge being a breach of a resolution of Congress above mentioned and sentenced to pay the sum of Fifty pounds and to be confined in the Provost guard-house 'till that sum is paid to the Adjutant General to be applied for the use of the sick in Camp.
At the same Court January 2nd. William Maddock an Inhabitant of the State of Pennsylvania tried for attempting to drive Cattle in to the Enemy, found guilty of the charge, being a breach of a resolution of Congress aforementioned and sentenced to pay the sum of one hundred pounds and to be confined in the Provost Guard-House until that sum is paid in manner aforesaid.
At the same Court-Martial Jany. 26th. Joseph Edward an Inhabitant of the state of Pennsylvania tried for attempting to drive Cattle in to the Enemy, found guilty of the Charge, being a breach as aforesaid, and sentenced to pay the sum of one hundred pounds and to be confined in the Provost Guard 'till that sum is paid to the Adjutant General out of which twenty dollars shall be paid to each of the Light-horsemen who apprehended the prisoner as an encouragement for their Activity and good conduct the rest to be applied to the use of the sick in Camp.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Wigglesworth was President Feby. 4th. Philip Kirk tried for supplying the enemy with cattle, found guilty and sentenced to be confined in some Gaol in the State of Pennsylvania during the Enemy's stay in it and both his real and personal Estate to be taken from him for the use of The United States of America.
At the same Court-Martial John Williamson tried for supplying the enemy with Cattle found guilty of the Charge and sentenced to receive two hundred and fifty lashes on his bare back well laid on.
At the same Court David Dunn tried for supplying the enemy with Cattle found guilty and sentenced to receive two hundred and fifty lashes on his bare back well laid on.
At the same Court James Bowen tried for communication with the City of Philadelphia and acquitted.
At the same Court Jacob Gibbons tried for selling sheep to a butcher of Philadelphia and acquitted of the charge.
At the same Court Daniel Williamson tried for attempting to take a number of sheep into Philadelphia, found guilty of the charge being a breach as aforesaid and sentenced to receive two hundred lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing sentences, so far as they relate to corporal punishment, fines and imprisonment but remits the remainder being of Opinion that confiscation of property is a matter not cognizable by martial Law; The sentences of whipping to be put in execution tomorrow morning on the grand parade at guard mounting. A Surgeon from General Patersons Brigade to attend to see that the Criminals do not receive more lashes than their strength will bear. Tomorrow being the day appointed for opening the Market at the Stone-Chimney Picquet, The Army are desired to take notice of the same. Markets will be held at the same place every monday and thirsday. On the eastside of Schuylkill near the new bridge every tuesday and friday and near the Adjutant General's Office every Wednesday and Saturday; certain prices having been affixed to the several Articles mentioned in the hand-bills by a board of General-Officers, the same are to be strictly observed.
Printed hand-bills with the regulations at large will be delivered by the Adjutant General to the Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades, who are desired to have the same read at the head of each regiment in the brigade and endeavor to convince the officers and soldiers of the necessity and expediency of observing the same punctually.
As a proper person for the Clerk of the market is not yet appointed, the officer commanding the picquet guard at the Stone-Chimney is desired to see the regulations of the market observed; he is also desired to distribute the hand-bills among the market people who attend it; It is expected that the numbers will be but few tomorrow as the notice has not had sufficient time to circulate through the Country.
Head Quarters, Valley forge, February 9, 1778.
Sir: I was duly favoured with your Letter of the 23d. of last Month; to which I shd. have replied sooner, had I not been delayed by business that required my more immediate attention.
It is my wish to give implicit credit to the assurances of every Gentleman; but in the subject of our present correspondence, I am sorry to confess, there happen to be some unlucky circumstances, which involuntarily compel me to consider the discovery you mention, not so satisfactory and conclusive as you seem to think it.
I am so unhappy as to find no small difficulty in reconciling the spirit and import of your different Letters, and sometimes of the different parts of the same Letter with each other. It is not unreasonable to presume, that your first information of my having notice of General Conway's Letter came from himself; there were very few in the secret, and it is natural to suppose, that he being immediately concerned, would be most interested to convey the intelligence to you. It is also far from improbable, that he acquainted you with the substance of the passage communicated to me; one would expect this, if he beleived it to be spurious, in order to ascertain the imposition and evince his innocence; especially as he seemed to be under some uncertainty, as to the percise contents of what he had written, when I signified my knowledge of the matter to him. If he neglected doing it, the omission cannot easily be interpreted into any thing else, than a consciousness of the reality of the extract, if not literally at least substantially. If he did not neglect it, it must appear somewhat strange that the forgery remained so long undetected; detected; and that your first Letter tome from Albany of the 8th. of Decemr. should tacitly recognize the genuineness of the paragraph in question; while your only concern at that time seemed to be "the tracing out the author of the infidelity, which put extracts from General Conway's Letters into my hands."
Throughout the whole of that Letter, the reality of the extracts is by the fairest implication allowed, and your only solicitude was to find out the person, that brought them to light. After making the most earnest pursuit of the author of the supposed treachery, without saying a word about the truth or falsehood of the passage; your Letter of the 23d. Ulto. to my great surprize, proclaims it "in words as well as in substance a wicked forgery."
It is not my intention to contradict this assertion, but only to intimate some considerations, which tend to induce a supposition, that though none of Genl. Conways Letters to you contained the offensive passage mentioned, there might have been something in them too nearly related to it, that could give such an extraordinary alarm. It may be said, if this were not the case, how easy in the first instance, to have declared there was nothing exceptionable in them, and to have produced the Letters themselves in support of it? This may be thought the most proper and effectual way of refuting misrepresentation and removing all suspicion. The propriety of the objections suggested against submitting them to inspection may very well be questioned: "The various reports circulated concerning their contents," were perhaps so many arguments for making them speak for themselves, to place the matter upon the footing of certainty. Concealment in an affair, which had made so much noise, tho' not by my means, will naturally lead men to conjecture the worst; and it will be a subject of speculation, even to candor itself. The anxiety and jealousy you apprehended from revealing the letter, will be very apt to be increased by suppressing it.
It may be asked why not submit to inspection a performance perfectly harmless and of course conceived in terms of proper caution and delicacy? Why suppose that "anxiety and jealousy would have arisen in the breasts of very respectable Officers, or that they would have been unnecessarily disgusted at being made sensible of their faults when related with judgment and impartiality by a candid observer"? Surely they could not have been unreasonable enough to take offence at a performance so perfectly inoffensive, "blaming actions rather than persons," which have evidently no connexion with one another, and indulgently "recording the errors of inexperience."
You are pleased to consider General Conway's Letters as of a confidential nature; observing that "time and circumstances must point out the propriety or impropriety of communicating such Letters." Permit me to enquire, whether, when there is an impropriety in communicating, it is only applicable with respect to the parties, who are the subject of them. One might be led to imagine this to be the case from your having admitted others into the secret of your confidential corrispondence, at the sametime that you thought it ineligible it should be trusted to those "Officers, whose actions underwent its scrutiny." Your not knowing whether the Letter, under consideration, "came to me from a Member of Congress, or from an Officer," plainly indicates that you originally communicated it to at least one of that honorable body; and I learn from Genl. Conway, that before his late arrival at York town, it had been committed to the perusal of several of its members, and was afterwards shewn by himself to three more. It is somewhat difficult to conceive a reason, founded in generosity, for imparting the free and confidential strictures of that ingenious Censor, on the operations of the Army, under my Command, to a Member of Congress; but perhaps "time and circumstances pointed it out." It must indeed be acknowledged, that the faults of very respectable Officers, not less injurious for being the result of inexperience, were not improper topics to engage the attention of Members of Congress.
It is however greatly to be lamented, that this adept in Military science did not employ his abilities in the progress of the Campaign, in pointing out those wise measures, which were calculated to give us "that degree of success we might reasonably expect." The United States have lost much from that unseasonable diffidence, which prevented his embracing the numerous opportunities he had in Council, of displaying those rich treasures of knowledge and experience he has since so freely laid open to you. I will not do him the injustice to impute the penurious reserve which ever appeared in him upon such occasions to any other cause than an excess of Modesty; Neither will I suppose he possesses no other merit than of that after kind of sagacity, which qualifies a Man better for profound discoveries of errors, that have been committed, and advantages that have been lost, than for the exercise of that foresight and provident discernment which enable him to avoid the one and anticipate the other. But, willing as I am to subscribe to all his pretensions, and to believe that his remarks on the operations of the Campaign were very judicious, and that he has sagaciously descanted on many things that might have been done, I cannot help being a little sceptical as to his ability to have found out the means of accomplishing them, or to prove the sufficiency of those in our possession. These Minutiæ, I suspect, he did not think worth his attention, particularly, as they might not be within the compass of his views.
Notwithstanding the hopeful presages, you are pleased to figure to yourself of General Conway's firm and constant friendship to America, I cannot persuade myself to retract the prediction concerning him; which you so emphatically wish had not been inserted in my Last. A better acquaintance with him, than I have reason to think you have had, from what you say, and a concurrence of circumstances oblige me to give him but little credit for the qualifications of his heart; of which, at least, I beg leave to assume the privilege of being a tolerable judge. Were it necessary, more instances than one might be adduced, from his behaviour and conversation, to manifest, that he is capable of all the malignity of detraction, and all the meanesses of intrigue, to gratify the absurd resentment of disappointed vanity, or to answer the purposes of personal aggrandizement, and promote the interests of faction. I am etc.89
[Note 89: A copy of this letter, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Valley Forge, February 9, 1778.
My Dear Sir: On the 20th. Ulto. I did myself the pleasure of writing you by Colo. Marshall, who was going to Boston, to which place I had heard that you were gone. Lest my information should have been wrong on that head and you should still be at Albany, I transmit you a Copy of my Letter of that date by the Conveyance which now offers, and I am to request that you will, as soon as your condition will admit, repair to this Army.
No occurrence of importance has taken place of late, and I have only to add my best wishes for your immediate and perfect recovery and to assure you that I am, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, February 9, 1778.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Adams, Allen.
On account of the inclemency of the weather the sentences of Courts-Martial which were to be put in execution this morning are postpon'd 'till tomorrow morning nine o'Clock in manner as specified in yesterdays orders.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, February 10, 1778.
Parole Baltimore. Countersigns Brent, Bond.
The Regimental Pay-Masters who have not yet received the pay of their respective Regiments for november last to call on the Pay-Master General next wednesday morning and receive the same.
The Meeting of the General Officers mentioned in orders of 8th. instant is postponed 'till tomorrow ten o'Clock in the forenoon, when it is desired they will attend at the place therein mentioned.
In case any Field-Officer ordered on duty should not be able to attend he will notify the Brigade Major (of the Brigade to which he belongs) thereof immediately who is to appoint another in the same Brigade; but if there is no other fit for duty to relieve him, notice to be given to the Adjutant General as soon as possible that another may be appointed.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 10, 1778.
Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 27th and 31st. Ultimo. The Officers and Men, belonging to the Artillery under the command of Major Stevens,91 had been sent back, previous to the Receipt of yours of the 27th. I have always found great inconvenience in keeping small parties detached from their Corps.
[Note 91: Maj. Ebenezer Stevens, of the Independent Battalion of Artillery. His battalion was annexed to the Third Continental Artillery in the fall of 1778. He was lieutenant colonel of the Second Continental Artillery from November, 1778; served to June, 1783.]
You must have heard that the Officers who had the British Cloathing in charge, would not proceed further than Lancaster. They insisted upon and have returned to Philadelphia.
I cannot find, upon inquiry of Colo. Smith,92 that there was any thing reprehensible upon the part of the Officers, he says on the contrary, that their behaviour was in his opinion strictly proper while under his Care. Lieut. Patterson93 one of the Officers who attended them, also says, that their behaviour upon the journey was conformable to the terms of their parole.
[Note 92: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith, of Lee's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 93: Lieut. William Patterson(?), of Grayson's Additional Continental regiment.]
I received a Letter from you of the 23d January on the subject of Cloathing said to be collected in this State for the use of the Pennsylvania Troops, and delivered out to the Army in general. There was a mistake in the representation of this matter to you. Soon after the Officers were sent out by me to collect cloathing they were recalled, by desire of the President, who informed me by a deputation from the Assembly, that they had appointed Commissioners for that purpose. What little was collected by the Officers, was distributed among the Men of their own Regiments. I do not believe that the Cloathier General ever received any of it on the general account. On the contrary, he complains that the State had taken a parcel of Cloth to their particular use, which he had purchased for the Continent. I am &c.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. It is addressed to General Gates as president of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, February 10, 1778.
Sir: I received yesterday the favor of your Letter of the 5th. Instant.95
[Note 95: Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
In answer to what ever it contains concerning General Burgoyne's Army and the measures adopted relative to it, I have only to inform you, that this is a Matter in which I have never had the least direction. It lies wholly with Congress; and the proposals you make on this head, must be submitted to them; I have accordingly transmitted a Copy of your Letter, and shall be ready to forward you any Resolution they may take in consequence.96
[Note 96: Howe's letter protested against the detention of Burgoyne's troops. Maj. Gen. William Heath had informed Burgoyne that the Saratoga Convention troops would not be permitted to embark until all accounts for their subsistence and other necessaries were settled.]
I shall omit animadverting on your Observations, with regard to the allowance and treatment to Prisoners in your Hands. It is a subject which has been fully discused in the progress of our correspondence, and the necessity of a further investigation is superseded, by your now meeting me on the ground I have so long wished.
The Powers under which I act, are entirely derived from Congress, and must of course be subject to such modifications as they may think proper, according to circumstances, to prescribe. But, holding myself fully authorized by their Instructions and intentions, to avail myself of the reasonable Terms, you are at this time willing to adopt for the mutual relief of Prisoners, I shall explicitly close with your propositions to the following effect.
"That an Exchange of all Prisoners now in our possession, Officer for Officer, Soldier for Soldier and Citizen for Citizen, so far as number and rank will apply," be carried into execution, as expeditiously as the nature of the case will admit, and without regard to any controverted point, which might prove an impediment to so desireable an End. And here, as I may not clearly understand your meaning when you say "In the mean time I shall wait the arrival of the British Officers whom you have released upon their paroles, and shall without delay send an equal number to you in return"; I take occasion to request, that you will be pleased to favor me with an explanation; Whether you intend to consider such Officers on both sides, as still continuing under the Obligation of a parole, or as absolutely exchanged in pursuance of the General Cartel. I see no reason why an effectual exchange should not, at once, operate with respect to them.
I also agree that two Commissioners from me shall meet a like Number from you, on the 10th. day of March in German Town at the King of Prussia Tavern at 11 in the forenoon, to adjust, upon equitable Terms, the difference you mention, and such other matters, as they may be severally empowered to determine.
With respect to a general settlement of Accounts, as it comprehends points with which I have no Authority to interfere, it is not in my power to concur in the measure you suggest for that purpose. I am under the necessity of referring it to the decision of Congress.
Considering a general exchange as finally agreed on between us, I shall, without delay, order the Prisoners in our hands to places in the vicinity of your different posts, as their respective situations may render most convenient; and shall give you notice as they arrive, that you may return a number equal to those sent in from time to time. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Qurs. Valley Forge, February 10, 1778.
Sir: I have been honoured with your favours of the 15th. and 22d Ulto., with the several public Acts referred to inclosed. I most sincerely wish, that for compleating your quota, of Men, may be found adequate to the purpose, but I very much doubt it. I have ordered two proper Officers, from every Regiment belonging to your State, to repair to Lancaster and take their recruiting instructions from you.
I observe that the State have appointed Colo. Francis Johnson99 to receive and distribute the Cloathing collected by the Commissioners. That Gentleman has not been able to do duty for some time, on account of his health; he is not in Camp at present, and I do not find that he is expected, I therefore most earnestly desire, that some other may be appointed, and that what Cloathing is collected may be immediately sent down.
[Note 99: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.] Genl. Wayne brought a tolerable supply for the two Brigades under his command, but the 3d, 6th, 9th, 12th and 13th. Regiments are in great distress, and are the more uneasy and discontented, as they see their companions are provided for. Colo. Lutterloh Dy. Qr. Master General, informs me that he found a considerable quantity collected at Reading, waiting for an order to be sent forward. This being the particular property of your State, I did not think myself at liberty to interfere with it, but I hope you will immediately order it to Camp. It may come down by Water and save the labour and Expence of Waggons.
It certainly was never expected or intended, that the States should furnish their Officers with such Cloathing as was demanded of yours. The recommendation of Congress is, that each State should furnish their Officers and Men with proper (by which I understand decent and substantial) Cloathing, at a price in proportion to their pay, and that the loss which will arise between the first cost and the price at which it may be charged upon delivery, shall be defrayed by the Continent at large.
Inclosed you have the return of the Commissioned and Staff Officers of your State. You will observe that there are many promotions and vacancies to fill up. I put a stop to them until the new arrangement of the Army, now under consideration, shall be compleated. I have the honour &c.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft by Tilghman, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, February 11, 1778.
Parole Constantinople. Countersigns Conway, Cortlandt.
Representation having been made by the Captains of the Pennsylvania line against the promotion of Michael Ryan Esquire to the Majority of a Regiment as irregular, he is suspended from doing duty in that rank 'till the matter can be adjusted by a proper board of officers.
At a division Court Martial whereof Lt. Colo. Sprout was President Feby. 9th. Captn. Israel Davis of Colo. Wigglesworth's Regiment tried for fraudulently detaining two months pay drawn by him belonging to Giles Tibbits a soldier to the great damage and distress of the said soldier; 2ndly., for detaining a sum of money about the value of sixty pounds Massachusetts Currency, the Property of five soldiers being money due to them as a hire from the town of Newbury; acquitted of the first part of the charge, but found guilty of the second being a breach of 4th. Article 12th. section of the Articles of war and sentenced to be cashiered and to refund the money, to Thomas and William Clark each fifteen pounds to Hollis Hutchins, Reuben Kincade and Benjamin Fletcher each ten pounds aforesaid Currency and that his pay be stop'd to make good those sums.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Thirsday, February 12, 1778.
Parole Dunbarton. Countersigns Dunmore, Dayton.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Wigglesworth was President Feby. 6th. 1778: Captn. Zane2 tried upon appeal
[Note 2: Capt. Silas Zane, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment.] to a General Court Martial, for acting in a cowardly manner when sent with a scouting party on 12th. of December last in ordering his men to retreat when he had a considerable advantage over the Enemy, again found guilty of the charge being a breach of 13th. Article 13th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged from the service. At the same Court Lieutt. Richard Whitbee3 tried upon appeal for acting in an ungentlemanlike manner and encouraging theft in the Army and acquitted.
[Note 3: Lieut. Richard Whedbee (Whitbee), of the Seventh North Carolina Regiment.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences and orders that Captn. Zane be immediately discharged from the service and that Lieutt. Whitbee be released from his Arrest.
At the same Court Captn. Samuel Ely,4 tried (Feby. 7th.) for several practices unbecoming the officer and acquitted of the charges against him.
[Note 4: Capt. Samuel Ely, of the Seventh North Carolina Regiment. He resigned Feb. 17, 1778.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders him to be discharged from his arrest.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: The Congress, so long ago, as the 30th. November last, directed me to have an inquiry into the Causes of the losses of Fort Mifflin5 upon the Delaware and Fort Montgomery upon Hudson's River. The peculiar situation of the Army has hindered me from attending to this matter before this time.
[Note 5: The resolves of November 28, which were forwarded to Washington in a letter of November 30. See Washington's letter to Congress, Feb. 8. 1778, ante.]
As most of the principal Officers up the North River, were immediately concerned in the defence of Fort Montgomery, or eventually so by being very near it, there cannot, in my opinion, be a sufficient number proper to compose a Court found upon the spot. It is therefore my intention to send three at least from this Army, and it is my wish that you should be one and act as president upon the occasion, if your health will permit you to attend. I shall therefore, be glad to hear from you upon the subject, that I may, either proceed to fill up the Commission for you, or appoint another, if your health should not be sufficiently established to go thro' the business. It is my wish to have this inquiry carried on, not only in obedience to the Resolve of Congress, but for other Reasons which I need not explain to you. It is, besides, impatiently expected by the Gentlemen in the State of New York, who are in hopes that some beneficial consequences will result from it. You are particularly well acquainted with many Circumstances relating to the situation of matters in that quarter and therefore more capable of conducting the inquiry than any other officer. I shall only add one Reason more, to induce you to strain a point upon this occasion; which is, that the scarcity of Genl. Officers is already so great, that supposing one as proper as yourself, I could not spare him without injury to the Service. I shall expect an answer by return of the express. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters,Valley Forge, February 12, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 7th. instant, which is fully answered by mine of the 10th.
When the Winter Quarters of the Army were arranged, it was agreed between Genl. Armstrong and myself that the Militia of this State should cover the Country between the Schuylkill and Delaware, in order to prevent the incursions of small parties of the Enemy and to cut off the intercourse between the City and Country. The number of Militia, fixed upon for this purpose, were one thousand, which Genl. Armstrong promised should be regularly kept up. Upon the appointment of Genl. Lacey, Genl. Potter, who had been long from home, gave up the command to him. As I have not the pleasure of knowing Genl. Lacey I will not undertake to say whether the little that has been done since Genl. Potter's departure has been owing to any want of activity in him, or whether he has not been furnished with the stipulated number of men; but this is a fact, that they have by some means or other dwindled away to nothing, and there are no guards within twenty Miles of the City, on the East Side of Schuylkill, but a few patroles of Light Horse, who being unsupported by Foot, dare not go near the Enemy's lines. Owing to this, the intercourse of all the Country between Schuylkill and Delaware, is as open and uninterrupted as ever it was, and must continue so, unless a sufficient number of Militia are immediately ordered out. The continental Troops, much worn down with the fatigues of the Campaign, building themselves houses and fortifying their Camp, are unable to do more duty than they now have to perform on this side of the River, especially as many of them cannot leave their Quarters for want of Cloathing.
I hope, from this state of facts, that you will immediately order out, at least the number of Men stipulated by Genl. Armstrong; and if possible, some hundreds more, for the purpose of forming the most advanced guards, as we find the Continental Troops (especially those who are not Natives) are very apt to desert from the pickets. I have the honour, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have recd a Letter from General Lacey dated at Warwick in Bucks County, in which he informs me that his numbers are reduced to between 60 and 100.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, February 13, 1778.
Parole Elk. Countersigns Ervine, Elbridge.
AFTER ORDERS FEBY. 13TH
Lieutt. Ebenezer Smith of Colo. Wigglesworth's Regiment is appointed to do the duty of Pay-Master in the Regiment 'till the return of Thomas Smart Pay-Master of the same.
[Note 9: Of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. His name was omitted in the reorganization of July 1, 1779.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 13, 1778.
Sir: I am informed, that you have been since September last, absent from your Regiment, on a Furlough given you by General Gates; which must be supposed to have expired before this; I have to desire you will, without fail, immediately join your Regiment. I am &ca.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 11: Deputy quartermaster general of the Northern Department.]
February 13, 1778.
Sir: I have been informed, there is a considerable number of pack saddles among the Stores taken from Genl. Burgoyne's Army; I am to desire, you will send me immediately a return of them; and indeed a general return of all the Stores in your Department. Such of the pack Saddles, as may want it, you will have repaired, without loss of time. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
An extract of a letter from Washington to Brig. Gen. John Lacey, jr., dated Feb. 13, 1775, is printed in the Pennsylvania Register, vol. 3, P. 306. It was in answer to Lacey's letter of February 11 on the reduced state of his militia. Washington stated he had written to the President of Pennsylvania to "let him know that unless the number of men (one thousand) which Gen. Armstrong promised should be kept up are regularly and constantly in the field, it will be impossible to cover the country on the other side of the Schuylkill."]
Head Quarters, February 14, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 9th. instant, inclosing the proceedings of a General Court Martial held by your order.
It is a defect in our martial law, from which we often find great inconvenience, that the power of appointing General Courts Martial, is too limited. I do not find it can be legally exercised by any officer, except the Commander in Chief or the commanding general in any particular State. This circumstance would make it improper for me to ratify the sentence against Murray, did the nature of his crime require it; and if it was thought inexpedient to let him pass unpunished, I should be under the necessity of ordering another Court for his trial. But as there are some mitigating considerations, which you mention, it may perhaps be as well to remit the present sentence, without proceeding any further in the affair. I leave it to your judgment, either, with my approbation to do this, or to make use of the inclosed order,13 to bring the offender to a second trial.
[Note 13: The order inclosed, which is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, was the following form: A General Court Martial, whereof to be president, to be held the day of at York in the State of Pennsylvania, for the trial of all offenders, that shall be brought before it. Head Quarters Valley forge, feby. 14th 1778.]
Had the constitution of the Court been intirely regular, I do not conceive I could with propriety, alter the capital punishment into a corporal one. The right of Mitigating only extend, in my opinion, to lessening the degree of punishment, in the same species prescribed; and does not imply any authority to change the nature or quality of it altogether. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. It is indorsed by Tilghman: "respecting a Court Martial held by order of the Board of War upon a soldier of Hartley's Rgt."]
Head Quarters, February 14, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 10th. Instt. with a Schedule of expences for Clothing and equipping the Cavalry, and have submitted them to the consideration of the Committee of Congress, these Gentlemen will by no means consent to a Plan, which appears to them so extraordinarily expensive, as each Colonel has undertaken to provide for his own Regiment, and the Lance Men are to be draughted, the men who compose this Company must take their chance for Cloathing &ca. with the rest of the Dragoons.
You are at Liberty to raise as many Recruits as may be wanted, provided it can be done upon the Terms allowed by the Continent; that is, twenty Dollars bounty, to men engaging for three years or during the War, but I do not approve of your giving encouragement to Volunteers, as the trouble which they occasion, generally overbalances their service.
With respect to the deposition in favor of Mr. Zelienski; as the whole proceeding is exparte, I can take no notice of it, and must refer you to what I said on the subject in my last Letter.
Among the Articles of Charge alluded to above, that of the Sheep Skin Saddles, is particularly extravagant, perhaps this may be owing to the Lining, you will be so good as to inform me at what rate you can contract for the Tree of the Saddle alone, the Skin Covers may be procured from the public Butchers, without being an Article of additional expense.
Inclosed is a Letter for Commodore Hazelwood, which forward. I am &ca.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, February 14, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 9th. instant, accompanied by the proceedings of a General Court Martial, held by order of Major General Marquis Delafayette.
I am sorry, there happens to be an obstacle, which must necessarily delay the punishment due to such atrocious offenders, as those who have been the subject of these proceedings; but as the constitution of the Court was irregular, I cannot with propriety confirm the sentences. There is no authority to appoint General Courts Martial vested in any other hands than those of the Commander in Chief, or the Commanding General in any particular State.
I send you an order for constituting a Court, both for the trial of these criminals and of all others, that may be brought before it.
There are however some mistakes in the present proceedings, which it will be necessary to rectify in the next. Joseph Rhoad and Windle Myer, being inhabitants, are not triable on the Articles of War, but must be tried on a special resolution of Congress passed the 8th. of October last and extended by another of December 29th, which are inclosed for the Government of the Court. If it can consist of the same Members who composed the former, it will save trouble. I am etc.
P.S. I send you herewith the proceedings of another Court Martial, the sentence of which have never been approved, for the same reason of an illegal appointment. The criminals were ordered to be kept in confinement in Lancaster Jail. If sufficient testimonials can be found to proceed against them, I should wish the present Court, to enter upon their trials also.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Valley Forge, February 14, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honour of transmitting you a letter from the Committee of Congress now here. These Gentlemen have represented the distress of the Army for want of provision so fully and in so just a light, that I shall forbear to trouble you with further observations upon the subject. I shall only observe, that if the picture they have drawn is imperfect it is because the colourings are not sufficiently strong. It does not exceed our real situation. From your zeal and earnest wishes to promote the service, I am firmly convinced we shall have every relief in your power to give. I should have troubled you before on this interesting and alarming business had I not supposed Congress the proper body to have been informed, and that the means of relief should be under their direction. Not to mention our distresses the last Campaign and that we were supplied from hand to mouth and frequently not at all, from the day Mr. Trumbull left the Commissary department. This is the second time, in the course of the present year, that we have been on the point of a dissolution, and I know not whether the melancholy event may not take place.
The subject of Horses too, is so fully explained by the Committee, that it is needless for me to enlarge on that head. The advantages derived from a respectable Cavalry will strike you at once, and I have the most entire confidence, that you will with pleasure afford any aid in your power to promote our views in this instance.17 I have the honor etc.18
[Note 17: Cf. Washington's letter to Gov. Thomas Johnson, Feb. 16, 1778, post.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, February 15, 1778.
Parole Gibralter. Countersigns Greene, Glover.
As the public teams are now employed and the troops are in immediate want of straw, the Commander in Chief anxious to have them furnished with every necessary to make them comfortable, desires the Brigadiers and officers commanding Brigades each to send out a party properly officered to procure straw and impress waggons to haul it to camp where they will deliver it to their respective Brigade Quarter-Masters who are to make an equal distribution thereof to the several Regiments according to their numbers present.
The General officers are desired to meet at General Sullivan's quarters tomorrow morning ten o'Clock to take into consideration and determine upon the Memorial of the Captains in the Pennsylvania Line against the promotion of Michael Ryan Esqr. to the Majority of a Regiment likewise to settle the rank of Captain Grier.20
[Note 20: Capt. James Grier, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine and made a major of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment in October, 1777.]
The Court Martial whereof Colo. Wigglesworth is President is dissolved and another ordered to sit tomorrow at ten oClock in the forenoon at the Bake House for the trial of prisoners brought before them. A Captain from each Brigade to attend as Members. Colo. Cortlandt President.
Abstracts for the month of December's pay, not yet sent in to the Pay-Master General are to be sent to him for examination so as to be ready for payment as soon as the money arrives.
Pay-Rolls immediately to be made out and presented for the month's extraordinary pay mentioned in the orders of 3rd. of January, given as a reward for the virtuous Patience and Zeal of the troops under the Inconveniencies of their present situation; to comprehend all the officers and men in camp on 29th. of december, the time the resolution was passed and such as may have since joined the army to the date of the Pay-Rolls. This however is not meant to be final or to exclude those who may hereafter assert a reasonable claim to the benefit of the resolve. Difficulties having arisen as to the construction of it which have been submitted to Congress, and it is not to be doubted they will give a liberal explanation.
Valley-forge, February 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: Since my last to you abt. the end of Jany. I have been favourd with your Letter of the 12th. of that Month. which did not reach my hands 'till within these few days. The question there put was, in some degree, solved in my last. But to be more explicit, I can assure you that no person ever heard me drop an expression that had a tendency to resignation. the same principles that led me to imbark in the opposition to the Arbitrary Claims of Great Britn. operate with additional force at this day; nor is it my desire to withdraw my Services while they are considered of importance in the present contest; but to report a design of this kind, is among the Arts wch those who are endeavouring to effect a change, are practising, to bring it to pass. I have said, and I still do say, that there is not an Officer in the Service of the United States that would return to the sweets of domestic life with more heart felt joy than I should; but I would have this declaration, accompanied by these Sentiments, that while the public are satisfied with my endeavours I mean not to shrink in the cause; but, the moment her voice, not that of faction, calls upon me to resign, I shall do it with as much pleasure as ever the weary traveller retired to rest. This my dear Doctor, you are at liberty to assert; but in doing it, I would have nothing formal. All things will come right again and soon recover their proper tone as the design is not only seen thro but reprobated.
With sincere esteem and regard I am etc.
P.S. Mrs. Washington who is now with me joins in best respects to Mrs. Gordon.
[Note 21: Hooper was a deputy quartermaster general; Falconer and Mifflin were deputy commissaries of purchases.]
Head Quarters, Valley, February 15, 1778.
Gentlemen: I this minute received your favour of the 14th. Instant with its several Inclosures.
I am constrained to inform you, that the situation of the Army is most critical and alarming for want of provision of the meat kind. Many of the Troops for four days and some longer, have not drawn the smallest supplies of this Article. This being the case, it is needless to add more to convince you of their distress. They have been on the point of dispersing and without the earliest releif, no address or authority will be sufficient to keep them long together. Their patience and endurance are great, but the demands of nature must be satisfied. I must therefore, Gentlemen, in the most urgent terms, request and entreat your immediate and more active exertions to procure and forward to Camp, as expeditiously as possible, all the provision of the meat kind which it may be in your power to obtain. I would not have you wait till you collect a large quantity, but wish you to send on supplies, as fast as you can get them. The Troops must have instant relief or we shall have reason to apprehend the worst consequences. I need not mention to you the necessity of secrecy in an affair of such delicacy. Your own prudence and discretion will point it out. I am etc.
P.S. The State of Forage is the same with that of provision, and a supply is materially wanted. Without it and very speedily, we shall have not a Horse left.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
"His Excellency desires that you would extend your Views beyond your present Circle of foraging, and while the Waggons, you carried down, are bringing off what is under the protection of the covering party, that you would send some persons further back, impress every Carriage that can be found and send them forward to Camp loaded with Forage. You will have an opportunity of looking about you in the Country upon the upper parts of Brandywine and between that and the Camp and seeing what quantity of Forage is there. But if some is not got in soon, it will come too late as I fear we shall not have a Horse left alive to eat it. You know our distress and I am sure you will endeavour to alleviate it." -- Tilghman to Col. Clement Biddle, Feb. 15, 1778. This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, February 16, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of Yesterday and have given instructions to the Quarter Master to supply your demand of Waggons, by sending forward as many as can be spared from the Camp and pressed in the Neighbourhood; however, I would not have your exertions abated, by a reliance on success in this quarter.27
[Note 27: Greene had recommended a foraging expedition in Bucks County, Pa., and the seizure of wagons back of the Brandywine.]
As it is impossible to secure the Hay on the Jersey Shore for our own use, it is certainly advisable to destroy it, that the Enemy may derive no benefit from it, and the sooner Colonel Butler effects this business the better.
An Express has been sent to Colonel Cox on the subject you mention. I am etc.
P.S. If there is any good reason to believe that the Inhabitants have Carriages and with hold them, make severe examples of a few to deter others, our present wants will justify any measures you can take.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The P.S. in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: The distress of this Army for want of provisions is perhaps beyond any thing you can conceive; and unless we strain every nerve to procure immediate relief, a general mutiny and dispersion is to be dreaded. Our nearest Magazines are at Dover and the Head of Elk; and it is absolutely necessary, by a vigorous effort, to push on all the provisions at those places for the present subsistence of the Troops. I have intrusted this important business to the zealous activity of Capt. Lee, whom I have empowered to impress the number of Waggons requisite for the purpose. He will probably stand in need of some assistants, acquainted with the Neighbouring Country, to facilitate and dispatch the business. I imagine you can furnish him with proper persons for the purpose, Officers in the Maryland and Delaware Troops. Every aid you can possibly afford him is demanded by the exigency of the occasion. I am etc.
P.S. I do not know in what manner the troops under your command have been hitherto supplied with provisions; but as you are in an abundant Country, I shall imagine you might furnish yourself from the resources of it, without the help of the Magazines above mentioned, no part of which can, without detriment, be spared from the use of this Camp.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: You are immediately to proceed, with a party of Horse to Dover and the Head of Elk, and in conjunction with the Commissaries there, exert your utmost endeavours, to hasten to this Army all the flesh provisions deposited in the Magazines, at those places. In order to this, you are empowered to impress throughout the Country, any Number of Waggons you may stand in need of. I have also written to Genl. Smallwood, whom you will consult on the occasion, to afford you every assistance in his power, he will furnish you with proper Officers, acquainted with the adjacent Country, to aid in the execution of your purpose.
After putting in motion all the provisions in the aforementioned magazines, I wou'd recommend to you to consult Genl. Smallwood, on the propriety and expediency of collecting Cattle and Forage about the Country to which you are sent, and if any resources can be derived thence towards the relief of our distresses it will be infinitely desirable. I need say nothing to animate your zeal on this occasion. I am confident you have too just a sense of our necessities to omit any exertion it will possibly be in your power to make.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Valley Forge, February 16, 1778.
Sir: I am under the painful necessity of informing you, that the situation of the Army is most critical and alarming for want of Provision, especially of the Meat kind. The Troops have not had supplies of the latter for four days and many of them have been much longer without. I have sent Captn. Lee to forward from the Head of Elk and Dover, all the provisions, that may be at either of those places, as expeditiously as possible, and I must entreat you, Sir, to give all the assistance, in your power, to promote this very important and interesting Work. I am etc.
P.S. I need not mention to you the Delicacy of this subject and the propriety of Secrecy.31
[Note 31: The copy is in the writing of Richard Varick. A draft, by Hamilton, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: It is with great reluctance, I trouble you on a subject, which does not properly fall within your province; but it is a subject that occasions me more distress, than I have felt, since the commencement of the war; and which loudly demands the most zealous exertions of every person of weight and authority, who is interested in the success of our affairs. I mean the present dreadful situation of the army for want of provisions, and the miserable prospects before us, with respect to futurity. It is more alarming than you will probably conceive, for, to form a just idea, it were necessary to be on the spot. For some days past, there has been little less, than a famine in camp. A part of the army has been a week, without any kind of flesh, and the rest three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery, that they have not been ere this excited by their sufferings, to a general mutiny and dispersion. Strong symptoms, however, of discontent have appeared in particular instances; and nothing but the most active efforts every where can long avert so shocking a catastrophe.
Our present sufferings are not all. There is no foundation laid for any adequate relief hereafter. All the magazines provided in the States of New Jersey, Pensylvania, Delaware and Maryland, and all the immediate additional supplies they seem capable of affording, will not be sufficient to support the army more than a month longer, if so long. Very little has been done to the Eastward, and as little to the Southward; and whatever we have a right to expect from those quarters, must necessarily be very remote; and is indeed more precarious, than could be wished. When the forementioned supplies are exhausted, what a terrible crisis must ensue, unless all the energy of the Continent is exerted to provide a timely remedy?
Impressed with this idea, I am, on my part, putting every engine to work, that I can possibly think of, to prevent the fatal consequences, we have so great reason to apprehend. I am calling upon all those, whose stations and influence enable them to contribute their aid upon so important an occasion; and from your well known zeal, I expect every thing within the compass of your power, and that the abilities and resources of the state over which you preside, will admit. I am sensible of the disadvantages it labours under, from having been so long the scene of war, and that it must be exceedingly drained by the great demands to which it has been subject. But, tho' you may not be able to contribute materially to our relief, you can perhaps do something towards it; and any assistance, however trifling in itself, will be of great moment at so critical a juncture, and will conduce to keeping the army together till the Commissary's department can be put upon a better footing, and effectual measures concerted to secure a permanent and competent supply. What methods you can take, you will be the best judge of; but, if you can devise any means to procure a quantity of cattle, or other kind of flesh, for the use of this army, to be at camp in the course of a month, you will render a most essential service to the common cause.32 I have the honor etc.33
[Note 32: Brig. Gen. James Mitchell Varnum's letter to Major General Greene (Feb. 12, 1778) presents a vivid picture of conditions at Valley Forge:
"The Situation of the Camp is such," wrote Varnum, "that in all human probability the Army must soon dissolve. Many of the Troops are destitute of Meat, and are several Days in Arrear. The Horses are dying for want of Forage. The Country in the Vicinity of the Camp is exhausted. There cannot be a moral Certainty of bettering our Circumstances, while we continue here. What Consequences have we rationally to expect? Our Desertions are astonishingly great; the Love of Freedom, which once animated the Breasts of those born in the Country, is controlling by Hunger, the keenest of Necessities. If we consider the Relation in which we stand to the Troops, we cannot reconcile their Sufferings to the Sentiments of honest men. No political Consideration can justify the Measure. There is no local Object of so much moment, as to conceal the Obligations which bind us to them. Should a blind Attachment to a preconcerted plan fatally disaffect, and in the End force the army to Mutiny, then will the same Country, which now applauds our Hermitage, curse our Insensibility.
"I have from the Beginning view'd this Situation with Horror! It is unparalelled in the History of Mankind to establish Winter Quarters in a Country wasted, and without a single Magazine. We now only feel some of the Effects, which Reason from the beginning taught us to expect as inevitable. My Freedom upon this occasion may be offensive; I should be unhappy, but Duty obliges me to speak without Reserve. My own Conscience will approve the Deed, when some may perhaps look back with Regret, to the Time, when the Evil in Extreme might have been prevented. There is no Alternative, but immediately to remove the Army to places where they can be supplied, unless effectual Remedies can be applied upon the Spot, which I believe every Gentleman of the Army thinks impracticable."
Varnum's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, February 16, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of writing to you a day or two ago, and transmitting a letter from the committee of Congress now at camp, containing a representation of the present alarming distress of the army for want of provisions; They press upon us with such increasing violence, and threaten such fatal consequences, unless the most vigorous measures be pursued to effect an immediate remedy, that I have thought proper to send Mr. Tilghman, in case any accident should have happened to those letters, to give you a just picture of our situation, and with your aid and concurrence to take the most effectual methods for procuring us a speedy though temporary relief, from the magazines which have been established in your state. I have the honor etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp, Valley Forge, February 16, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honour of transmitting you the inclosed Letter from a Committee of Congress now here.34 These
[Note 34: The letter from the committee of Congress was signed by Francis Dana, Nathaniel Folsom, John Harvie, and Gouverneur Morris. It was dated February 16:
"We have the Honor to compose a Committee of Congress appointed to confer with the General upon the Officers of the Army and with him to concert Measures for opening the Campaign with Vigor and Activity. During the Progress of this important Business the critical Situation of the Army on the Store of Provisions hath filled our Minds with Apprehension and Alarm, fed by daily Supplies and even those uncertain we have to fear a total Want. Some Brigades have not tasted Flesh in four Days and the Evil great as it is seems rather to increase than diminish. The Commissioners inform us that they have not only met with great Difficulties in Purchasing Provisions in your State but that they cannot even transport what they have purchased for the Want of Waggons and the like. Whether these Apologies are justly founded we will not presume to say but this is certain that upon an early Transportation of large Quantities of Provisions to this Camp from the State you preside over the very Existence of our Army depends. Let us then intreat you Sir to exert the full Influence of your Abilities to forward such Supplies as may have been already brought up and also to obtain by such Measures as you may think most adequate to that Purpose as much as can be spared by the Inhabitants from their own particular Consumption."
This letter is in the Maryland Historical Society.] Gentlemen have represented the distress of the Army for want of Provision so fully and in so just a light, that I shall forbear to trouble you with many observations upon the subject. I shall only add, if the picture they have drawn is imperfect, it is because the colouring is not sufficiently strong. It does not exceed our real situation, nor will it be easy to give you an adequate idea of it.
The only public Stores of the meat kind, that I can hear of in your State, lie at the Head of Elk. I have sent an active Officer there to day, and hope with the assistance of Mr. Hollingsworth, who resides there, that in the course of a few days they will be transported to Camp. But, should this be the case, the quantity is so small that it will afford but a very short and temporary relief, nor can I find from the most minute inquiry, that the Magazines of this kind, when drawn together and aided by the supplies of Cattle the Commissary expects to get, will be more than sufficient to support the Army longer than this Month. After, our prospect of support from him seems to be at an end, or at least it will be extremely precarious.
From this view of Matters and foreseeing the fatal and alarming consequences that will necessarily attend a dissolution or dispersion of the Army, I must take the liberty of solliciting your good Offices, and to request your exertions to prevent as far as possible, so melancholy a catastrophe, by having forwarded to Camp, all the Provisions of the meat kind that may be in your power. I know not what resources Maryland may have in this instance; but perhaps, thro' your means and influence, we may derive no inconsiderable Supplies. Not to mention our distresses during the active part of the last Campaign and that our Operations were then much retarded. This is the second time in the present year, that we have been on the verge of a dissolution on this account.
I am sensible, Sir, I have addressed you upon a subject out of your Province; But I am assured your zeal for the service and wishes to promote it, where possible, will indulge me with an apology, especially when I add, that my application is the result of the most painful and pressing necessity. I have the honour etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MD. H. S.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, February 17, 1778.
Parole Ipswich. Countersigns Inman, Isabel.
At a division Court Martial (Feby. 13th. 1778.) whereof Lieutt. Colo. Sprout was president, Lieutt. Austin Alden of Colo. Brewer's Regiment,36 tried for behaving in many instances unbecoming the Character of an officer and gentleman, 1st. in taking Jack Brown's allowance of Whisky and drinking it and then refusing to pay for it. 2nd. In messing, frequently drinking and sleeping with the soldiers. 3rdly. For writing Petitions for the soldiers and taking pay for the same.
[Note 36: The Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment.]
The Court are unanimously of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of the whole and do sentence him to be discharged from the service. The Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentence and orders him to be discharg'd immediately and that his Commission be taken from him by the Commanding Officer of the Regiment.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, February 18, 1778.
Parole Kent. Countersigns Knox, Kemper.
At a brigade Court Martial whereof Lt. Colo. Beauford38 was president (Feby. 16th.) Lieutt. John Rust of 10th. Virginia Regiment, tried at the request of Lieutt. Broadwater39 for abusively aggravating said Broadwater to strike him, for getting drunk, playing Cards and beating Captn. Lard40 on the Sabbath day whilst he the said Captn. Lard was under arrest and found guilty of a breach of 21st. Article 14th section of the Articles of war, also of a breach of General Orders, and sentenced to be discharged from the service. But as Lieutt. Rust has formerly borne the character of a good officer, the court are pleased to recommend him to the consideration of His Excellency General Washington to have him reinstated in his rank.
[Note 38: Lieut. Col. Abraham Buford, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He was colonel in May, 1778; transferred to the Eleventh and, later, to the Third Virginia Regiments; served to close of war.]
[Note 39: Lieut. Charles Broadwater, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 40: Capt. David Laird, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. This offense evidently had been committed in January, as Laird had been dismissed the service on the 13th of that month.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence, but is concern'd he cannot reinstate Lt. Rust in compliance with the recommendation of the Court founded upon his former good Character as an Officer. His behavior in the several instances alledged was so flagrant and scandalous that the General thinks his continuance in the service would be a disgrace to it and as one part of the charge against him was gaming, that alone would exclude him from all Indulgence; a Vice of so pernicious a nature that it never will escape the Severest punishment with His approbation.
The orders of yesterday with respect to the late Lieutt. Austin Alden's Commission being taken from him is meant to be applied in all cases where officers are cashiered or discharged from the service by sentence of a Court Martial.
The General officers are desired to meet at General Sullivan's quarters tomorrow morning at ten o'Clock for the same purpose as requested in orders 15th. instant. The Captains in the Pennsylvania line who presented the Memorial therein mentioned, likewise the Majors who have been promoted in that line since the Commencement of the year 1777, are desired to give their attendance at the time and place mentioned.
Head Quarters, February 18, 1778.
Sir: I have received your two favors of yesterday and to day; there has been no considerable desertion from this camp, to my knowledge within a few days past, nor have the Enemy made any number of Prisoners on the other side of Schuylkil; the persons said to have been paraded in the city, were perhaps defenceless Inhabitants that have been seized upon by the traiterous parties who style themselves Royal Refugees.
If you have any prospect of making it worth the while, I would by all means have you continue foraging a few days longer. If the matters alleged against Mr. James,41 are founded in truth, and he is within reach, he ought immediately to be secured.
[Note 41: Jacob James. He tried to raise a troop of Tory dragoons in Chester County, Pa.]
Your observations with respect to the branding Continental Horses are exceedingly just; but the proper arrangements and regulations in that department can only take place when there shall be an active and intelligent head to it. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 18, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 27th. of last Month. Since, from the circumstances you represent, your continuance where you are, may be for some time necessary, I cannot but acquiesce in it, while that necessity continues; but I must hope, you will not delay a moment to join your Brigade, when the exigency, which now detains you from it, ceases.
Your presence, as that of every other General Officer, will be essentially requisite, to aid me in carrying into execution, many important new arrangements, which, there is a prospect, will take place, for the reformation and better establishment of the Army.
Excuse me Sir, if I hesitate to give my concurrence to the desire you express, of quitting the Army. I have too high an opinion of your value, as an Officer, to do any thing that may contribute to your relinquishing that Character. My earnest wish is, that you may continue in it. The spirit of resigning, which is now become almost epidemical, is truely painful and alarming. This spirit, prevailing among many of the best Officers, from various inducements, if persisted in, must deeply wound the common cause. You cannot but be convinced, the situation of the Army is such, that it can ill bear the loss of good Officers, and such would do well to consider how much they put to the hazard, by doing any thing to weaken the sinews of our contest, at so critical a time. I am persuaded, if these ideas were properly realized, they would endure great inconveniences and make great sacrifices, rather than withdraw their services. I am fully sensible of the disadvantages Officers have hitherto laboured under from the insufficiency of their appointments;43 but measures have been, and I flatter myself, others, still more effectual, will be taken, to remedy this evil. I am impressing the necessity of it, by every argument in my power and you may assure yourself that no endeavour of mine will be omitted, to remove so just a cause of complaint. I am etc.44
[Note 43: The "insufficiency of their appointments" was the matter of the small pay of the officers in the Continental Army, which Glover had found, as had every other officer, was insufficient to support him, even in camp.]
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
February 18, 1778.
Sir: The communication between the city and country, in spite of every thing hitherto done still continuing and threatening the most pernicious consequences; I am induced to beg you will exert every possible expedient to put a stop to it. In order to this, to excite the zeal of the militia under your command and make them more active in their duty, I would have you to let every thing actually taken from persons going into and coming out of the city, redound to the benefit of the parties who take them. At the same time, it will be necessary to use great precaution, to prevent an abuse of this privilege, since it may otherwise be made a pretext for plundering the innocent inhabitants. One method to prevent this, will be to let no forfeitures take place, but under the eye, and with the concurrence of some commissioned officer.
Any horses captured in this manner, fit for the public service, either as light or draft horses, must be sent to camp to the Quarter Master General, who will be directed to pay the value of them to the captors.
I cannot but think, your present position is at too great a distance from the city,45 and puts it in the power of the disaffected,
[Note 45: Lacey was then at Warwicks, in Bucks County, Pa.] very easily to elude your guards, and carry on their injurious commerce, at pleasure. I would recommend to you, to remove to some nearer post, and not to depend upon fixed guards, but to keep out continual scouts and patroles, as near the city as possible; to ramble through the woods and bye ways, as well as the great roads. The strictest orders should be given to these parties, even when necessary, and the intention is evident, to fire upon those gangs of mercenary wretches who make a practice of resorting the city with marketing.
I am informed, a considerable reinforcement is coming to your aid. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, February 18, 1778.
Sir: In a Letter of the 17th. Ulto. from Major General Riedesel, after setting forth that a certain number of British Officers prisoners of War, had been exchanged for an equal number of Officers in the Continental Army, at the request of Gen. Burgoyne, he complains, that upon application to you, for the exchange of a proportionable number of German Officers, likewise prisoners of War, you answered no exchange of the German Troops could be entered upon, without an express order from Congress; he observes farther, that the Officers of Genl. Burgoyne's and Genl. Philipps's Families, being part of the Convention Troops, have been exchanged and he requests that a similar indulgence may be extended to the Officers of his Suite, representing it as a hardship that the Troops of the two Nations should not be treated exactly alike.
You will be so good, Six, as to inform me, whether any particular reasons have determined you to make a distinction in the respects above mentioned between the British and German Officers, that I may know what kind of answer to give Genl. Riedesel.47 I am, &ca.48
[Note 47: See Washington's letter to Baron von Riedesel, Mar, 31, 1778, post.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 18, 1778.
Friends Countrymen and Fellow Citizens After three Campaigns, during which the brave Subjects of these States have contended, not unsuccessfully, with one of the most powerful Kingdoms upon Earth, we now find ourselves at least upon a level with our opponents; and there is the best reason to believe, Efforts adequate to the abilities of this country would enable us speedily to conclude the War and to secure the invaluable Blessings of Peace, Liberty and Safety. With this view, it is in Contemplation, at the opening of the next Campaign, to assemble a force sufficient, not barely to cover the Country from a repetition of those depredations which it hath already suffered, but also to operate offensively and strike some decisive Blow.
In the Prosecution of this object, it is to be feared that so large an Army may suffer for the want of Provisions. The Distance between this and the Eastern States, whence considerable Supplies of Flesh have been hitherto drawn, will necessarily render those supplies extremely precarious; And unless the virtuous Yeomanry of the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Maryland and Virginia, will exert themselves to prepare Cattle for the use of the Army during the Months of May, June and July next, great difficulties may arise in the course of the Campaign. It is therefore recommended to the Inhabitants of those States, to put up and feed immediately as many of their Stock Cattle, as they can spare, so as that they may be driven to this Army within that period. A bountiful price will be given and the proprietors may assure themselves, that they will render a most essential service to the illustrious Cause of their Country, and contribute, in a great degree, to shorten this bloody Contest. But should there be any so insensible to the common Interest, as not to exert themselves upon these generous principles; the private interest of those, whose situation makes them liable to become immediate subjects to the Enemy's incursions, should prompt them at least to a measure, which is calculated to save their property from plunder; their families from insult, and their own persons from abuse, hopeless confinement, or perhaps a violent death.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Governor Morris, with a few changes in that of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thirsday, February 19, 1778.
Parole Lebanon. Countersigns Larned, Lamb.
The officers of the day are to cause strict search and inquiry to be made whether any Sutlers or other Persons whatever sell any spirituous liquors, contrary to General orders, particularly near the picquets and out lines of the camp, or within a mile or two of them, and if such liquors are found in those places they are to be seized, secured and reported.
No prisoner to be Sent to the Provost but such as are charged with capital Crimes.
Valley Forge, February 19, 1778.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the honor of your Letter of the 13th Instant with its inclosures.50
[Note 50: The resolve of Congress alluded to was one of February 9 requesting the Sates to give attention to the conduct of all Continental officers within their borders, both civil and military; to suspend them for misconduct or neglect of duty and to make temporary appointments in their places where necessary.]
The recommendation and authority to the several States, in the instances pointed out by the Resolve, if they are duly attended to, will produce many valuable consequences. The abuses complained of are but too prevalent and require a reform. I have the honor etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley Forge, February 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: There having been some suggestions, that the Pensylvania Troops have not received a proportion of the Cloathing distributed to the Army; Also, that they have not been furnished with the quantity they are charged with. I have to desire, that if application should be made, you will satisfy the president and Council of this State upon the subject, exhibiting to them your Vouchers and specifying to whom the Supplies were made.52 I am etc.51
[Note 52: Mease was then at Lancaster, Pa.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 19, 1778.
Sir: The melancholy prospect before us, with respect to supplies of provisions, induces me, reluctantly to trouble you on a subject, which does not naturally fall within the circle of your attention.
The situation of the Commissary's department and of the army, in consequence, is more deplorable, than you can easily imagine. We have frequently suffered temporary want and great inconveniences, and for several days past, we have experienced little less than a famine in camp; and have had much cause to dread a general mutiny and dispersion. Our future prospects are, if possible, still worse: The magazines laid up, as far as my information reaches, are insignificant, totally incompetent to our necessities, and from every appearance, there has been heretofore so astonishing a deficiency in providing, that unless the most vigorous and effectual measures are at once, every where adopted, the language is not too strong to declare, that we shall not be able to make another campaign.
To what causes this is to be attributed; whether to an ill-timed and too general revolution in the department, in the midst of a campaign, to its being placed in improper hands, or to a diminution of resources and increased difficulties in the means of procuring, or to a combination of all these circumstances. I shall not undertake to decide. We have to lament that our affairs are so situated, and it is incumbent upon us, to employ our utmost efforts to ward off the ruin such a situation of things threatens. We have it in our power to do it; but our greatest activity and the fullest exertion of our resources, are requisite.
I am earnestly requesting the aid of the executive authority of those States, whence our supplies are drawn; and in pursuance of this intention, I address myself to you; convinced that our alarming distresses will engage your most serious consideration; and that the full force of that zeal and vigour you have manifested upon every other occasion, will now operate for our relief, in a matter that so nearly affects the very existence of our contest. What methods you have it in your power to embrace for this purpose, your own judgment will best suggest; the substance of my present request, is, that you will contribute your assistance to turning all the supplies your State can afford, more than are sufficient for the subsistence of its inhabitants, into a channel of supplies for the army, in such a way as will appear to you most effectual; and at the same time to forwarding the means of transportation, from a defect in which we suffer great embarrassments.
I am duly honoured with your favour of the 28th of last month. The method of paying the additional state bounty. that appears to me most eligible is that of sending the money to Camp, with a temporary paymaster, to be issued on Warrants from me, agreeable to muster rolls and abstracts, authenticated in the same manner as practiced in other cases. Any other mode, however, that may be deemed more convenient, will be perfectly agreeable to me.
I submit it to consideration, whether it might not be advisable for your Excellency, to issue a notification to those Soldiers, who have been reinlisted and permitted to go home on furlough, that on their return to Camp, they will receive the additional bounty, as prescribed by the Act of Assembly. As most of them engaged before the Act took place or was announced, the bounty may be put upon the footing of a reward for past services. This notification may have an influence in making them more faithful and punctual in returning to Camp at the expiration of their furloughs. I have the honor, etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head-Quarters, Friday, February 20, 1778.
Parole Middleborough. Countersigns McDougall, McIntosh.
At a board of General Officers held Feby. 19th. 177856 to take into Consideration the promotion of Maj. Michael Ryan and after having heard the reasons for and against it, are of opinion that his promotion to the Rank of Major in 10th. Pennsylvania Regimt. is irregular. The Commander in Chief is therefore obliged to suspend the appointment of Major Ryan in the said Regiment.
[Note 56: The proceedings of this board on the cases of Major Ryan and Captain Grier, dated Feb. 19, 1778, are in the Washington Papers.]
The same board likewise took into consideration the Memorial of Captn. James Grier; after hearing his allegations in support of it and what the Majors in the Pennsylvania line promoted in the year 1777, had to offer are of opinion that though Captain Grier stood fair for promotion on the 3rd. day of January 1776, yet as he was not promoted to fill up the Vacancy (which then existed) until the 7th. day of March following and as agreeable to the then regulations of the Army he could not take rank from the time of the Vacancy's happening, only, but from the time of his appointment, he has not a just claim to take rank of the Majors appointed in the State of Pennsylvania in the year 1777.
Captn. Grief will therefore consider this settlement of his rank as final.
An immediate return to be made from the Virginia Line of all the men whose times have expired and who have been reinlisted, to comprehend also all those whose term of service is near expiring, of those who have reinlisted; Such as may be absent on furlough or otherwise must be distinguished from those present.
Head Quarters, February 20, 1778.
Sir: I am glad to be informed by your Letter of the 9th. Instt. that you are established in Quarters where you are likely to have means of putting your Men and Horses into good condition. As you have been so successful in contracting for Boots and Leather Breeches, I would not have you confine your views in these Articles, to the precise Number that may be wanted by your Regiment, but wish that you would extend them in such a manner, as to be useful to the other Regiments.
The Sums which may be wanted to fulfil your agreements, must be drawn from the Quarter Mr. General, in whose hands a fund is established for defraying all expences of this kind.
It gives me pain, that there should be any delay in the important business of providing Remounts, this matter among others is under the consideration of the Committee of Congress, and nothing can be done in it till their determination is known. I am &ca.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Valley Forge, February 21, 1778.
Sir: At General Knox's departure from camp, I directed him to forward the artillery at Albany, to some proper depository in this quarter, convenient for rendering them useful in the next campaign. My motives for this, were, that in case of an augmentation of this army, we should stand in need of a much larger train, than we now have in the field; and ought, besides, to have a reserve to answer the demands of contingencies.
In consideration of the difficulty of transportation at this Season, it was thought advisable to postpone the removal of the Cannon from Albany, till early in the Spring, when the Situation of the North River would permit their being brought a great part of the distance by water, which would be the most expeditious and least expensive Way. In the mean time, the Navigation to Albany being impracticable, it was imagined they would be intirely safe in remaining there, and that it would be inexpedient to remove them into New England, which, if they were to come to this army, must occasion a good deal of unnecessary expence, trouble and delay.
By a letter I have just received from General Knox, I learn, that five and twenty field pieces and two howitzers, had arrived at Farmington in Connecticut sent there by your order. I must beg the favor of the board to inform me, whether they may have any particular reasons, or views with regard to the disposal of that artillery, or what may remain in Albany, unemployed in the Northern expedition, which may not coincide with my first intention. If not, I should wish to give immediate directions to have the artillery at Farmington forwarded on its route to this state; in doing which, no time is to be lost, as I am informed the roads from Connecticut to Hudson's River across the mountains, will become impassible, when the spring fairly opens. I have &ca.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and is indorsed as to "Genl. Horatio Gates, President of the Board." The letter sent is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 21, 1778.
Sir: I have been duly favoured with yours of the 10th instant. You intirely misconceived my intention, with respect to the mode proposed of furnishing your division with shoes. I did not mean, that a shoe manufactory should be established for the purpose, but only, that you should contract with private persons, in the way of barter, to furnish you with such a Number of shoes, and to be paid for them, at stipulated rates, in raw hides. This is the mode, which has been, with success, pursued in several instances, and which, I should be glad, if you can find an opportunity, you would embrace.
With respect to the proposition from Governor Johnson, I have no objection to your sending the officers required. You know the scope of his requisition, and what the ends of it demand, and will act accordingly.
You mention some scruples, as to the operation of our articles of war, with regard to intentional, or attempted desertion. Cases of mere intention, unexpressed in any act, notwithstanding the confession of the Criminal, I do not conceive, to fall within the meaning of that article, which particularly relates to desertion, or to be susceptible of capital punishment; but where intention and any act, expressive of it, correspond, I think there can be no doubt of the propriety of construing it into desertion, and inflicting the sentence of the law. When a man is found at an improper distance from camp, or circumstances that indicate an attempt to desert, he is certainly to be considered and treated as a deserter. If not the attempt, or nothing but the full execution of his design, were to be deemed desertion, the crime could never, or very rarely be ascertained, for, in order to that, it would be necessary, the soldier should have been actually with the enemy and afterwards recovered. When difficulties occur, the spirit rather than the letter of the law is to be consulted, and this appears clearly to be intended by that part of the oath prescribed to courts martial, which declares, "that when any doubts shall arise which is not explained by the articles, the court is to determine, according to conscience, the best of their understanding, and the custom of War in like cases." I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 21, 1778.
Sir: I duly received your favour of the 18th. of January, which hurry of business has prevented my answering sooner.
As transportation at this season, would be difficult, tedious and expensive, I approve of the plan you adopted with respect to the cannon at Albany, but that no risk may be run, and in order to have them, as early as possible, so near the scene of action, as that we may be able to make use of them if necessary, it is my wish, the moment the River is Sufficiently open, to permit it they may be brought forward with all speed. It would be altogether improper to send them to Springfield.
Neither does it appear to me eligible to send the small arms at Albany, so far out of the way. If those requiring it, can possibly be repaired there, it ought to be done; or if they cannot, and it is practicable in this quarter, they ought to be sent to the Armouries this way. Nothing but necessity and its being impossible to have the business done otherwise, will justify their being sent to Springfield, to be brought from thence to this army.
I am exceedingly apprehensive from the immense waste which has constantly attended them, that we shall be very much distressed for arms at the opening of the next Campaign. I am also much afraid, that without the greatest care, we shall come far short of having a sufficiency of Cartridge boxes. These are matters, to which I most urgently request your particular attention, that every possible exertion may be used to avoid a deficiency in such essential articles.
I dare say you will, in your absence, be very usefully employed; but your presence here, to Superintend your department at large, is so extremely requisite, that I flatter myself you will make a point of rejoining the army as expeditiously as circumstances will admit. I am, etc.
P.S. I this moment received your letter of the 21st. of January. I shall immediately write to the Board of War, on the subject of the artillery sent to Farmington, and transmit you directions concerning them, so soon as I receive an answer; but would not have you to wait, till these arrive at Boston, as I cannot help expressing my fear that the business of your department will be exceedingly behind hand, as Flower60 is not yet able to look into it, with that degree of attention, it requires.61
[Note 60: Col. Benjamin Flower, of the Artillery Artificer Regiment.]
[Note 61: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade; the draft, in the Washington Papers, is in that of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, February 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: It gives me pain, that a Dispute of so delicate a nature as that which makes the Subject of your favour of the 19th. Instr. should be left undetermined and continue the source of uneasiness in officers who deserve well of their Country.62 This matter will not, as you seem to apprehend, be returned for the consideration of Congress, they have already refered it to their Committee in this Camp, the members of which, judging themselves incompetent to the decision of it, have, as you know, desired a state of the case to be laid before a Board of General Officers, whose Sentence is to be final. As there would be but few Members to compose a Board at the present
[Note 62: Woodford claimed rank precedence over Brig, Gens. Peter Muhlenberg and George Weedon. Woodford's letter, dated Feb. 19, 1778. is in the Washington Papers.] moment, I though it would be more satisfactory to all parties, that this business should be postponed to some future day, when the presence of a greater number of Officers will afford an opportunity of obtaining their sense more generally upon the subject, and this is the reason why it was not entered upon immediately.
You are already possessed of my sentiments Sir, with respect to your retiring from the Service, it would give me concern that you should quit the Army at any time; but more particularly on the eve of a campaign, the events of which are likely to be critical and perhaps decisive. If, notwithstanding all the arguments which I have repeatedly used to dissuade you from returning your commission to Congress, you are inflexibly determined on the measure, I can only say, that it will occasion great regret in. Dear Sir Yours &ca.
P.S. If you are desirous of having the Board of Genl. Officers assembled at this time, I have no objection, as I only delayed it on the consideration above mentioned.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, February 21, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 19th. instt. informing me of the measures which you have taken for supplying our wants, and the prospects which you have of success. Your application to the Assessors of the several hundreds, was extremely judicious, and I have no doubt that by your activity and prudent management, you will avail yourself of all the resources of the Country, without giving unnecessary umbrage to the inhabitants. Mr. Blaine64 Deputy Commy. Genl. of Purchases is to call at Head Quarters previous to his setting out for the
[Note 64: Ephraim Blaine.] Neighbourhood, in which you are making collections of Cattle &ca. I will give him instructions, to be as well provided as possible with Cash in order to inspire the people with confidence and to facilitate the execution of your plans. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 21, 1778.
Sir: I received your favours of the 19th. and 20th. instant. With respect to the three men you mention to have taken, when going to Philadelphia, I wish you to examine them and the witnesses on the subject and to punish them in such manner, as they may deserve. If there is any of them, who appear to be great offenders, and to be proper objects for Capital punishment, you will send them to Head Quarters with the witnesses, that he may be tried by a General Court Martial here.
I am informed, there still remains a considerable quantity of Hay at Point no Point,66 notwithstanding the large supplies the Enemy have obtained from thence. This, it is more than probable, they will attempt to get away before it be long, since all accounts agree, that the forage they collected heretofore is nearly expended. As it is of infinite importance to distress them in this Article, and prevent them obtaining further Supplies, I must request that you will devise some method immediately for destroying all the Hay at the place I have mentioned. The business should be conducted with great address and secrecy, and suddenly, by an active party, under Active and Enterprising Officers. If this is not the case, or the design should be previously talked of or communicated, it is almost certain the Enemy will be informed of it, and will not only find means to prevent the execution of the plan, but will take measures to cut off the party. The situation of the place is some what peculiar
[Note 66: On the west bank of the Delaware River.] and difficult. This is an additional motive for secrecy and the greatest activity. If the party could go on one way and come off another, it would be highly eligible, and it appears to me if they could return, their retreat would be the more secure. Guides, in whom you have the strictest confidence, should be provided. If the Officers appointed to Command the party are not acquainted with the Routes themselves; but in procuring them if they are necessary, you must use much caution and Management. I am etc.
P.S. If there is any Hay towards Dunks' ferry67 or any where else, which you suppose will be liable to the reach of the Enemy, that should be destroyed if you cant remove it.68
[Note 67: Dunk's Ferry, on the Delaware River, south of Bristol, Pa.]
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 69: Of Lee's Additional Continental regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 21, 1778.
Sir: I was favoured last night, with your Letter of the 14th. Instant and with its inclosure.
As no person under our present Military system, can appoint a General Court Martial, but the Commander in Chief or Commanding General in a particular State, I cannot determine on the proceedings transmitted. Those sent by Major General, the Marquiss Dela Fayette, he omitted to deliver. I have written to Colo. Gibson70 respecting Lieutts. McMichael71 and Dickenson72 and ordered that they should be tried again. The causes of complaint, contained in General Wayne's Order for their trial, I have inclosed him, and return you the proceedings in the case of the latter. I am, etc.73
[Note 70: Col. George Gibson, of the First Virginia State Regiment.]
[Note 71: Lieut. William McMichael, of a Pennsylvania State regiment.]
[Note 72: Lieut, Henry Dickenson, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, February 21, 1778.
Sir: Your Letter of the 18th. gives me pleasure, by informing me that you have employed two active persons for the purpose of collecting Cattle and other Articles of provision for the use of this Army, and that your Brother,74 whose zeal and knowledge of the Country will render him exceedingly useful, is likewise exerting himself in this business. I am persuaded he will need no spur to his activity, if he is sensible of the importance and critical Service which it is in his power to render. With respect to the money, which seems to be so essential to the success of this matter, as Mr. Blaine the Deputy Commy. Genl. of purchases is going into the Country where the collections are making, I will desire him to be as well furnished with this requisite as circumstances will allow, in order to prevent any unwillingness and Jealousies in the minds of the Inhabitants on this account. I am, etc.75
[Note 74: Levi Hollingsworth.]
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 21, 1778.
Sir: I last night received your Favor of the 17th. Instant. The same reasons which prevented me determining on the sentences of the Court Martial, ordered by Major General the Marquiss de la Fayette, apply against the proceedings of the Court directed by General Wayne, in the case of Lieuts. McMichael and Dickenson. I make no doubt Colonel Hubley will have shewn you my Letter of the 14th. on that subject. Under our present Military system, none can appoint General Courts Martial, but the Commander in Chief or Commanding General in a particular State. Hence it follows, that the proceedings of a Court otherwise appointed, must be irregular. I sent Colo. Hubley an order upon that occasion, for constituting a New Court, not only for the trial of Mansin [sic] and the other criminals, who had been convicted; but for all offenders that might be brought before it. If that Court is sitting, they will try Lieutt. William McMichael of the Pennsylvania State Regiment and Lieutt. Henry Dickenson of the 5th Virginia Regiment, on the charges contained in the inclosed paper. If it is not, you are to assemble one, of which you will be President.
I not only excuse, but thank you much for your conduct respecting Rations. At a time when the Army was nearly experiencing a famine and wanting every possible supply of provision, It would have been highly inexpedient for the Officers at Lancaster to have drawn more Rations than what you allowed. Nor shall the Staff with my consent, ever receive their back claims of this nature in provision. No part of the Army has been allowed the indulgence, supposing they had a right to claim it, which however is very questionable, if not altogether inadmissible; and there can be no reason why the Staff should have a preference.
With respect to the Sick, Houses must be provided for their accommodation, and the Convalescents ought to be seperated from them. Nor should the latter be discharged too soon, as fit for duty, as their coming out in a weak feeble state can answer no valuable purposes; but on the contrary, may bring on relapses and ultimately the loss of their lives. Our situation for want of Clothing is distressing. Our demands are great and universal and our Supplies but scanty and trifling; to give to one part of the Army is to take from another. However, I wish the Clothier General to furnish the Sick, both patients and those under the denomination of Convalescents, upon your order and those of the Officers appointed to attend the Hospitals in future, with such necessaries as they may really require. In such case, you and the Officers will be very particular in describing the Companies and Corps to which the Men belong, their Names and the Articles they stand in need of, And regular information must be transmitted of the Supplies they obtain to the Commanding Officers of their respective Regiments, that abuses may not be committed and the Men prevented from losing and disposing of what they receive. The Clothier General and his Assistants, will of course know their issues and to what Corps, which will be a check when drafts are applied for again.
We shall certainly want many Horses for our Dragoons. Of this however, you will say nothing, as the proprietors will regulate their prices, at least, in proportion to our necessity. I would wish you to have an Eye to the Horses you mention and to inform yourself, as well as you can, of their number and of the characters of the holders, but in such away as to prevent every suspicion of design.
Your report of the Surgeons, is extremely pleasing and I hope they will continue to exert themselves, to answer the purposes of their appointment and to promote the interest of their Country and the cause of Humanity. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, February 21, 1778.
Sir: Your favour of the 5th instant inclosing a copy of a Letter from you to Genl Smallwood dated the 26th Ulto. and the substance of his answer, did not reach me till the day before yesterday. It gives me great concern to find that the Legislature of your State77 has not taken timely and effectual means for completing the Battalion belonging to it. However desirable the
[Note 77: Delaware.] mode of voluntary inlistments might be, if it offered any adequate prospect of success, our circumstances evidently demand measures of more prompt and certain execution; it is incumbent therefore upon your Legislative body, as a duty which they owe both to their own State and the Continent at large,to pursue with energy the method of drafting which has been successfully practised in other States. Indeed, I expect, that you will shortly be called upon by Congress for this purpose. The property of the Clothing taken in the prize Sloop, will I presume be determined by certain Resolutions of Congress, Copies of which were sent to Genl Smallwood in order to settle a dispute of a similar nature. But however this matter may be decided, you ought undoubtedly to secure a sufficient quantity of this necessary article to supply the wants of the Delaware Battalion. I am totally ignorant of any interruption having been given by the Military, to the election of Representatives in your State. It is much to be lamented that at a Season when our affairs demand the most perfect harmony and greatest Vigour in all publick proceedings, there should be any languor, occasioned by divisions, your efforts cannot be better employed than in conciliating the discordant parties and restoring Union.
The representations against the Commissaries of Purchases, I fear are too well founded; such orders shall be given to the principal of the Department for this district, as will, I hope, in some degree remedy the evils complained of. I have the honour etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The letter sent, which is also in the writing of Laurens, is dated February 22. It is owned by Hon. Richard S. Rodney, Wilmington, Del., and is mutilated.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 21, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 16th instant communicating the intelligence you had received respecting the scheme of investing this camp and cutting off its supplies. Your being unacquainted with our present position and the circumstance you mention of an intimation from General St. Clair of thepossibility of such an event, very naturally occasioned Biddle's79 insinuations to make the impression it did on your mind. But it is a project, which appears to me totally impracticable with the enemys present force, or even with one much greater; and I believe the experiment will hardly be made. The extensive line or rather circle they must occupy, to keep up the communication from post to post, necessary to intercept our intercourse with the country, would so divide and string out their force, that they would be very little able to defend themselves at any given point and would expose themselves to ruin in case of an attack from us. I am inclined to believe you must be under some misapprehension, with respect to General St. Clairs observations; and that he alluded to something else than an investiture. I am, etc.
[Note 79: Duer had written: "I esteem it my Duty to inform you that a certain Mr. John Biddle has lately gone into the Enemy, who has an Exact Draft of your Camp; before he went in he told a Person confidentially that he could put the Enemy in a Way of investing it in such a Manner as to cut off your Communication with the Country, and thereby prevent the Supply of Provisions &ca." Biddle was a deputy quarter-master who deserted to the enemy. He was a native of Bucks County and Duer said was an excellent draftsman. Duer's letter is in the Washington Paper's.]
P. S. We have one bridge nearly completed. Defects in the Qur. Masters department have delayed it hitherto.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, February 21, 1778.
Sir: I receiv'd your favour by Major Sneed.81 Your request to suffer the drafts in that part of the Country to remain there,82 is an indulgence, I am sorry to say, I cannot with the least
[Note 81: Maj. Thomas Snead, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He resigned in March, 1778.]
[Note 82: Simpson was in Virginia. He had teen a member of the House of Burgesses in 1770. His letter is not found in the Washington Papers.] propriety consent to; and am persuaded, when you have weighed the matter in your own mind, you will be of opinion with me. Many parts of this Continent, as to their situation and circumstances, resemble yours, and fixing the precedent with you, would inevitably afford sufficient cause for those to make the like application. Many other arguments may be used; but trusting that you will readily give up the idea, I shall omit them; returning you my sincere thanks for the warm manner in which you express your anxiety to serve the cause. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Sunday, February 22, 1778.
Parole Orkney. Countersigns Ormond, Otway.
The Commissary General, is, if possible to keep the Camp well supplied with rice for the use of the sick; if rice cannot be had, Indian meal is to be provided in it's place; and as this is an article that can at all times and under all circumstances be had no excuse will be admitted for the neglect.
He is every Monday to make a return of all his issues in the course of the week and of his stock on hand in Camp, and on the first day of every month the issues in the month preceeding are to be carefully made out and forwarded to the Commissary General who is to return the whole in one view as Soon after as possible to The Commander in Chief. A Monthly Return is also to be made of the quantity of provisions and other articles in the Commissary's department.
The regimental Surgeons are desired to be more punctual in making returns of their sick to the Chief Surgeon of the flying Hospital present on every Monday.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Cortlandt was President (Feby. 17th. 1778) Thomas Scott of 5th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for desertion and unanimously acquitted: Likewise Thomas Lawler of 4th. Pennsylvania Regt. tried for deserting to the Enemy the 5th. of October last, found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on. Also James Low of 13th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for the same Crime found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back. Also John Henry of 7th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for the same crime and acquitted.
Likewise Thomas Whitney of Colo. Bowman's Company of Artillery tried for the same crime found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
At the Same Court William Harris of 9th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for getting drunk, threatening the life of one Cameron and knocking him down, also for striking the Corporal of the quarter Guard after being confined, and Dennis Kennedy of 9th. Pennsylvania Regt. tried for striking and abusing Said Cameron and threatning to desert as soon as he got shoes and cursing Congress; William Harris found guilty of striking the Corporal of the Guard, being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive thirty lashes on his bare back. Dennis Kennedy found guilty also of the charge alledged against him and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences and orders those against Lawler, Low, Whitney, Harris and Kennedy to be put in execution tomorrow morning at roll-call at the heads of the regiments to which they respectively belong. Scott to be immediately released from his confinement also Henry who is to join his regiment.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 22, 1778.
Sir: Your favour of the 16th. instant came duly to hand. I cannot but be highly sensible of the fresh proofs given, of that zeal which yourself in particular, and the State of New Jersey in general, have so uniformly manifested in the common cause, and of the polite regard you have in repeated instances shewn to my applications. I lament the additional load of business heaped upon you from the sources you mention, and earnestly hope, that painful experience will teach us so to correct our former mistakes and reform past abuses, as to lighten the burden of those whole time and attention are devoted to the execution of their duty and the service of the public.
I feel with you the absolute necessity of calling forth the united efforts of these states, to relieve our wants, and prevent in future a renewal of our distresses; and the impossibility of answering these purposes by partial exertions. Nothing on my part has been or will be omitted, that may in the least tend to put our affairs upon this only footing, on which they can have any stability or success.
I shall be obliged to your Excellency to send immediately to camp the troop of horse you can spare. I have the honour, etc.
P.S. In terms similar to those addressed to you in my late letters, have I called upon Connecticut, New York, Maryland and Virginia, for aid in these our days of distress; but nothing less than a change in the system can effect a radical cure of the evils we labor under at present.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, February 23, 1778.
Parole Peru. Countersigns Poor, Paterson.
Brigadiers and Officers Commanding Brigades to meet tomorrow morning ten O'Clock at General Sullivan's quarters to make a just distribution of the cloathing in the Cloathier General's department now in Camp and near at hand on it's way to it, in proportion to the real necessities of the men, in order to which the Commanding officers of Regiments and Corps are to make an exact return of the wants of their men to their respective Brigadiers and officers Commanding Brigades before the time prescribed for their meeting. The board in their distribution are to have particular regard to the Artillery and other Corps not attach'd to any particular State having consequently no chance of other supplies, and are to make them an allowance accordingly. The Officer commanding Morgan's Light Corps will furnish the board with a return of the wants of the men under his command regimentally digested, for which they are to make as generous and effectual proportion as circumstances will permit. Duplicates of the returns to be made to the commanding officers of the respective Regiments from which these men were drafted, who are to take proper notice of the same in their regimental Accounts.
This is not meant to exclude them from a share in the State Cloathing which has been or may be furnish'd, but on the contrary the Brigadiers are directed to see that strict justice be done them in this respect.
The Regimental Pay-Masters who have not yet delivered to the Pay-Master General their abstracts for the extra month's Pay are order'd to do it immediately. They are also to deliver in the remainder of their abstracts for the months of December and January without delay.
Some of the abstracts for the extra month's pay having been delivered to the Pay-Master General without being signed by the Brigadier, the Pay-Masters are to take the same back that they may be properly compleated.
The Quarter Masters belonging to General Scott's and Muhlenberg's Brigades and the Corps of Artillery who drew the cloathing for the same at White-Marsh are desired to send the Regimental Receipts for the proportion delivered each Regiment immediately to the Deputy Clothier General as there is a necessity for the same. And all officers having private Accounts with them are again desired to call and settle them.
[Note 85: Of the Fourth, Twelfth, and First Pennsylvania Regiments, respectively.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 23, 1778.
Gentlemen: I received yours of the 18th. from Lancaster, in behalf of Yourselves and others appointed to superintend the recruiting Service.
If, upon the representation which you, intend to make to the Assembly when they meet, you do not get such an allowance as will defray your necessary Expenses, it cannot be expected that you will continue upon a Service, by which you will be losers. The Bounty of Eight dollars for each recruit, would, in my opinion, be fully sufficient, if there was any chance of the Business going on with success; But I fear it will not, upon the Terms held forth by this State. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 23, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 17th instant. The Militia from the westward, who had been detained by the badness of the weather, have arrived at Genl Lacey's Camp, and those from Northampton have, I hope, come in by this time. Their presence had become exceedingly necessary, as the insolence of the disaffected in Philadelphia and Bucks Counties had arisen to a very alarming Height. They have seized and carried off a number of respectable inhabitants in those Counties, and such Officers of the Army as fell in their way; among others, Major Murray87 of the 13th Pennsylvania Refit. who was at Newtown with his family. What adds to the misfortune, is, that they carried off near 2000 Yards of Cloth, which had been collected in the County and was making up for the Regiment. In the last paragraph of your Letter, you say that the Clothing coming to Camp is for the 3d, 6th, 9th and 12th Battalions, as you expected that the 13th. would be otherwise supplied. You probably had the Cloth at Newtown in view when you wrote, but that being lost, you will undoubtedly make proper provision for that Regiment.
[Note 87: Maj. Francis Murray. He was captured on February 21; exchanged in December, 1780, and did not return to the Army.]
I am exceedingly sorry to hear that a difference between the Officers and Men of the Continental troops and those of the Militia should damp the exertions of the latter. It has been my constant endeavour, since I have had the honour to command the forces of the united States, to prevent all animosities and jealousies between the troops of different States, whether regular or Militia, by exercising the most impartial line of Conduct towards all. I very well know, that, except there is a mutual confidence and good understanding between all the component parts of an Army, that the service must be manifestly injured, and therefore you may depend that I will take particular care, when the Army takes the field in the Spring and when we shall, more than probably, be obliged to call upon the Militia to act in conjunction with us, to endeavour to remove the causes of Complaint.
I hope the unhappy dispute that arose at the Sign of the Compass, between a few Officers of the Continental Army and the Militia, will rather be looked upon as an accidental matter, than the effect of a general and fixed hatred between those two bodies of Men embarked in the same cause, and who ought to afford a mutual support to each other and to turn their Arms against the common Enemy, rather than upon one another. I also hope, that all prejudice upon the part of the Country may be laid aside upon this occasion, and the most impartial inquiry made into this matter.
Inclosed you have a Copy of a representation sent to me by Captns. Scull, Patterson and Wilson, in behalf of themselves and the Officers sent to superintend the recruiting service. As they mean to address the Legislature upon the same subject, I take it for granted that they will explain themselves more fully, and point out the reasons for demanding a greater Sum than allowed in the recruiting instructions. As the expence of riding about the Country, at this time, is very heavy and certain, and the chance of procuring recruits very uncertain, perhaps they may think a reasonable allowance per day, a more equitable mode.
I shall have another Officer appointed in the room of Lieut. Hammond88 and four more for the County of Philadelphia and two for the County of Bucks. The blank instructions shall be properly filled up for them. I have the honour, etc.89
[Note 88: Lieut. Benjamin Hammond, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been killed Feb. 20, 1778.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 23, 1778.
Sir: I am honored with your two favours of the 14th and 18th Instant with their inclosures.
With respect to the subject of the former, to obtain redress in the case of Mr. Heister,90 the mode suggested in the postscript, appears to me the most eligible and I shall take the first opportunity to transmit a copy of your letter to Genl Heath, with the directions required.
[Note 90: Daniel Heister, jr., of Pennsylvania, who had been seized by the British. (See Washington's letter to Major General Heath, Mar. 14, 1778, post.)]
I shall take the measures, necessary on my part, to comply with the views of Congress in the regulations which have been made in the Ordnance department; and should be happy did any additional ones occur to me, that might conduce to the advancement of the department, to submit them to the board, but at present, there do not.
Some time since, General Knox shewed me an estimate of ordnance and stores, for the use of the ensuing campaign, which he intended to lay before the board. I should be glad to be informed what prospects there are of procuring the requisite supplies. I am extremely apprehensive that we shall suffer much, and have the operations of the campaign greatly retarded and enfeebled from a deficiency in some essential articles, unless the most strenuous exertions are employed, to make the ample provision of which we shall stand in need. The board, I doubt not, will feel the importance of doing every thing in their power to prevent a deficiency of this kind; and will bestow their utmost attention and zeal, upon a matter of such interesting consequence. I have the honor, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
P.S. 26th. Inclosed is a piece of intelligence I have just received, to which I beg the attention of the board, and that they will take proper measures to apprehend Robinson.92
[Note 92: John Robinson, of Shermans Valley, Pa. He was reported to be collecting a force of loyalists to seize all civil officers he could and to join the British in Philadelphia. The intelligence came from Miss Anne Myers, of Philadelphia, through Maj. John Jameson.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, February 24, 1778.
Parole Russia. Countersigns Randolph, Russell.
At a General Court-Martial whereof Col. Cortlandt was President (Feby. 19th. 1778) Mr. Edward Bennett, Forage-Master in the Marquis La Fayette's division tried for repeated neglect of duty in suffering the horses of the division to remain three days without Forage when there was Forage in the General Forage yard, and all the divisions in the Army drew, for neglecting to draw hay when to be got and for trusting to others what he should himself perform by which many horses in the division have perished and the whole of the teams rendered unfit for duty.
The Court after due deliberation are of opinion that forage was not drawn for horses of the Marquis's division between the 10th. and 14th. instant; it also appears to them that Forage was drawn at that time by different brigades in the Army. It also appears to them that the chief of the business of getting Forage from the forage yard has been done by Mr. Bennett's Assistant; It also appears to them that Mr. Bennett when he went into the Country after forage, in two instances, employed at each time a Waggon he had with him in carting Cyder instead of attending the business he went on. The Court are therefore unanimously of opinion that Mr. Bennett has been neglectful of his duty in not getting forage for the horses of the division to which he belongs when it could have been procured whereby many of them have perished for the want of it, being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and they do sentence him to be dismissed from his employment in the forage department.
At the same Court Barney Deland a soldier in 6th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for attempting to desert and persuading a number of others to desert with him acquitted of the first part of the charge but found guilty of persuading others to desert, being a breach of Article 4th. Section 6th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive an hundred lashes on his naked back.
At the Court by adjournment (Feby. 23rd. 1778) Henry Lewis and John Hambleton Inhabitants of Pennsylvania tried for attempting to carry Provisions into Philadelphia, found not guilty of a breach of a resolution of Congress, dated October 8th. 1777, and acquitted. Also James Baily of Colonel Brewer's Regiment tried for attempting to desert to the enemy, plead guilty of a breach of 1st. Article Section 6th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back &c.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences and orders those against Deland and Bailey to be put in execution tomorrow morning at 8 o'Clock at the head of the Regiments to which they respectively belong; Lewis and Hambleton to be immediately released from confinement and Bennett to be dismissed from his employment in the forage department.
Valley Forge, February 24, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday received your favor of the 19th. Instt. I am as averse to controversy, as any Man, and had I not been forced into it, you never would have had occasion to impute to me, even the shadow of a disposition towards it. Your repeatedly and Solemnly disclaiming any offensive views, in those matters, which have been the subject of our past correspondence, makes me willing to close with the desire, you express, of burying them hereafter in silence, and as far as future events will permit, oblivion. My temper leads me to peace and harmony with all Men; and it is particularly my wish, to avoid any personal feuds or dissentions with those, who are embarked in the same great National interest with myself, as every difference of this kind must in its consequences be very injurious. I am etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 24, 1778.
Sir: I have sent over Captn. Lieut Symonds93 to take the charge of some pieces of heavy Artillery, with which I have directed him, to give the Enemy's Shipping near the City all the annoyance in his power, while the river continues in its present situation. He will stand in need of a body of Infantry to cover the Artillery in this Operation and to aid in throwing up some little work, that may be necessary to give them greater security and enable them to act with more effect. I have therefore to request, you will give him all the Assistance you can afford, from the Militia under your command. He may possibly have it, in his power to do something to advantage, by means of red hot shot, or otherwise. I am etc.94
[Note 93: The draft leaves the name blank, but the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress has Symond's name inserted.]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[Note 95: Of the Second Continental Artillery.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 24, 1778.
Sir: You are to proceed forthwith into the State of New Jersey, and apply to Captn. Alexander96 of the Navy, who is hereby directed to deliver you the pieces of heavy artillery, at present under his care; with which, you are to give all the annoyance, in your power, by means of red hot shot, or any other, that may appear to you effectual, to the enemy's shipping near
[Note 96: Capt. Charles Alexander, of the Continental Navy.] the city of Philadelphia. The most eligible mode of proceeding to effect this, as to the choice of position, the construction of any necessary work, or other matter whatever, I must leave to your own discretion, to be governed by circumstances. But I must observe to you, the necessity of guarding against a surprise, or the loss of your cannon and party, in case of any attempt for that purpose being made by the enemy: in order to which, I have written to the commanding officer of the Jersey Militia at Haddonfield, to afford you all the aid he can, from the militia under his command, as a security for your cannon and to assist in raising any little work you may find requisite. You will apply to him accordingly, and enter upon the purposes for which you are sent, as speedily as possible. One thing you will have particularly to attend to, is, that as you will have to act on a point of land, or kind of peninsula, there will be great danger of the enemy throwing parties above and below you, and getting into your rear, in which case your retreat would be intercepted. This will require a good lookout, out pretty far on both your flanks.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, February 25, 1778.
Parole Sunderland. Countersigns Sullivan, Stirling.
The Brigadiers General and Officers commanding Brigades in pursuance of yesterdays orders have made a distribution of Cloathing. The Commanding officers of Regiments and Corps may receive their respective proportions accordingly by applying to the Commissary of Cloathing.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Cortlandt wasAt President, February 16th, '78, Lieutt. Tipton98 of 12th. Virginia
[Note 98: Lieut. Abraham Tipton. He resigned Mar. 16, 1778; served subsequently as captain of a Virginia State regiment; was killed by Indians near Ohio Falls in 1781.] Regiment tried for gaming and behaving unbecoming the Character of an Officer or Gentleman and acquitted of the charge exhibited against him.
The General cannot perceive upon what principle the Court acquitted Lt. Tipton having been clearly convicted of gaming, which is a palpable breach of the general orders prohibiting it in every form and is therefore obliged to disapprove the sentence yet as Lieutenant Tipton has undergone his trial it would be improper to bring him to a second; he is of course to be released from his arrest.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I yesterday received your Two favors of the 15th. and 21st. Instant.
I thank you much for the trouble you took in procuring the several Articles, which came by Serjeant Sprig. The Caledonian pistols and both Swords I return. The latter are too small. I wish to be informed, by the earliest opportunity, of the prices of the other Articles, that I may transmit you the Money.
I will order the Directors of the Hospital, to furnish medicine and supplies for the sick at Newport. In the mean time, the Quarter Master of the Division will accommodate them, as well as it may be in his power. I approve of your proposal for inoculating and wish the business to go on, as fast as possible.
I am sorry to find, that you are under inconveniences with respect to provisions and seem to apprehend that bad consequences may result from the supplies we are drawing from below for the use of this Army. This is the result of an irresistable necessity, and such, as under the present circumstances of affairs, cannot be avoided. I have been obliged to exert every nerve to keep the Troops here together, and I trust you will spare no pains in your power to accommodate those with you. I should hope, sufficient supplies may be drawn for them from the Country below and from the adjacent Counties in Maryland, notwithstanding what we are getting.
The conduct of Mr. Huggins99 has been much complained of. Colo. Blaine,1 who is about Wilmington or the Head of Elk, has been spoken to about him. I wish you to represent to him his conduct again and get him removed. If he neglects to do it, you will appoint Captain Rumford2 to act in that line and I will direct Colo. Blaine to supply him with Money. I approve your seizing Canby's Flour, as I have not the smallest doubt, from your information, but it was designed for the Enemy You will keep an account of the quantity and also of the quality.
[Note 99: Thomas Huggins, Assistant Deputy Commissary of Purchases.]
[Note 1: Col. Ephraim Blaine.]
[Note 2: Capt. Jonathan Rumford. He had been a captain of the Delaware Battalion of the Flying Camp in 1776.]
I wrote you by Colo. Blaine respecting Mr. Rutherford3 and about sending officers to Maryland.
[Note 3: Rutherford was a Philadelphia shoe manufacturer.]
I must request you, to make me Regular returns every Week of the Troops under your command. It is a necessary duty and unless it is done, It is impossible to know the State of the Army, or how to regulate in any essential matters.
With respect to the board of the Officer's Wives,4 it is a matter you must determine yourself. I imagined they had been sent to Philadelphia, soon after the prize was taken. I do not suppose, that the public will suppose themselves liable for it, as they do not consider themselves prisoners, and it might be deemed ungenerous to make the Ladies pay it themselves, after so long a detention. As you and your Officers only, have had the pleasure of their company and conversation, I believe you must adjust the matter among you, as well as you can. But it were to be wished, the Ladies may be sent into their Friends without further delay, as their continuance where they are, can
[Note 4: The wives of British officers captured in a prize.] only serve to increase the expence and the difficulty of getting rid of them.
I can not find, from inquiry, that Patrick McCord belongs to any Regiment here and therefore send him back according to your request. I am etc.
P.S. Upon consideration of the situation of Newport, I think, if a more interior place could be conveniently got, proper for a Hospital, it were to be wished. Tho' it is not immediately on the Delaware, yet it lies rather too much exposed.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favors of the 1st. and 22d. from Dover and am much obliged for the steps you have taken and are taking for procuring Supplies for the Army. All the Cattle that are tolerably fit for slaughter, must be immediately consumed on account of our present necessity, and therefore should be drove towards Camp, as fast as they can be collected. I do not think that Kent in Maryland or any part of the Eastern Shore, a proper place to form a magazine of the lean ones, because if the Enemy were to land but a few men upon any part of the Delaware State, it is so short a way across the Isthmus, that they would sweep what are collected before any force would be drawn together to oppose them and I have some information that such an excursion is in contemplation. Again, if the Enemy should establish a post any where down the River in the Spring, a thing by no means improbable, on account of the opportunity it would afford them of obtaining supplies from the disaffected in the Delaware State, they might, by extending themselves across, render it very difficult for us to draw our Stores from any Magazines below Christeen. For these Reasons, I should think it best to have all the lean Cattle drove into Chester County at first; from whence they may be distributed thro' the upper parts of that county, Lancaster and Berks. This is a fine Country for Forage and Grass, and being directly in our Rear is perfectly safe. Colo. Hollingsworth6 who is well acquainted with the Country, can inform you what part of the County of Chester would be most proper to drive the lean Cattle to.
[Note 6: Col. Henry Hollingsworth, Deputy Forage Master General.]
I have, agreeable to your desire, wrote to the president of the Delaware State recommending it to him to endeavour to procure a law, making it penal for any person knowingly to harbour Deserters. If they do this, any officer sent to apprehend Deserters may bring an offender to justice, which they cannot at present do for want of such a law.
Mr. Blaine the Deputy Commy. General of purchases, has gone down to the lower Counties by my direction, he will be able to form some Judgment of the amount of the Cattle and other provision that you take off, and will fall upon the proper means to procure payment. I am &ca.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 26, 1778.
Parole Tartary. Countersigns Titcomb, Tubbs.
Captain Daniel Duval8 and Adjutant Haskell9 are to act as Brigade Majors, one in General McIntosh's the other in General Paterson's Brigade 'till the return of Majors Berrien10 and McClure.11
[Note 8: Of the Fifth Virginia(?) Regiment.]
[Note 9: Lieut. Elnathan Haskell, of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was captain in April, 1778; brigade major in May, 1778; transferred to Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; aide to Gen. Robert Howe in September, 1782; served to end of the war.]
[Note 10: Maj. John Berrien, brigade major of a North Carolina brigade. He was wounded at Monmouth, N.J.; aide to Ceneral Mcintosh; served to close of the war.]
[Note 11: Maj. John(?) McClure, of the Georgia Militia.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 26, 1778.
Dear Sir: I duly received yours of the 13th. instant, and am happy to learn the works on the North River are getting into some train for execution, though I could wish circumstances had permitted them to be in greater forwardness as I consider them of the last importance. For if the enemy next campaign, should be able to open a navigation up the North River, to mention no other ill consequence, that may insue, I see not how we shall be able to conduct the affairs of this Army under the uncertainty and difficulty, which will attend drawing supplies from the Eastward.
I am concerned at the inconveniences you suffer, from a scarcity of money, but is a common subject of complaint, and we experience it as much as you do. I am informed there is a supply on its way to you; but lest this should not be the case, or the supply should not be adequate to your wants, I have represented your situation to Congress, and urged the necessity, as far as possible, of affording you relief.
The Clothier General shall be directed to furnish a proportion of Cloaths for the use of the men under your command. In the prohibition I made, some time since, I only meant to hinder any breach being made upon the Cloathing intended for and coming on to this Army, which is productive of much confusion and inconvenience. But I did not suppose, the Clothier would have been inattentive to the wants of the Troops with you, or would have neglected ordering proper supplies, purposely for them.
With respect to the number of men, necessary for the defence of the Posts, in your charge, it is to be observed, that it will depend upon circumstances, and be relative to the number the Enemy can bring against them. With their present force, in the vicinity of your command, a smaller number than you mention will be sufficient, for defence; but should they be able to draw together a much larger force, it would be requisite to increase yours in proportion. But it is impossible to say what number of troops, it will be in our power actually to station in your department. This must be governed by the general amount of our strength and the strength of the Enemy. At present we are very deficient every where, but if the States will exert themselves, as they ought to do, we may be enabled to make liberal provision for all our Posts. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 26, 1778.
Dear Sir: In answer to yours of this morning, I think it advisable, that a couple of officers, one from the New Hampshire and one from the Massachusetts troops, should be immediately sent on by different routes, in quest of the cloathing; with directions to proceed on towards Fishkill till they meet it. As from other information, besides what you now communicate, I have reason to believe there is a large quantity of cloathing on its way from Massachusetts, which it is of great importance to secure from any accident; let the Officers be directed, if either of them overtake it near the North River, to apply to General Parsons for an escort in proportion to the quantity; and give it a route directly towards Easton, and when it reaches, or is near that place, to advise me of it by express, that I may send an escort to meet it there and relieve the other. If the cloathing from either state should be found on the other side Coryell's ferry, it must be turned up towards East-Town, cross there, and come to camp by an upper road. If it should have already crossed the Delaware, it must in that case strike up into the Country, and take a circuitous route to camp. It is better, there should be some delay, than to risk their loss. Wherever the Massachusetts cloathing may be overtaken, as the quantity will probably be large, I should wish to be advised of it by express, that measures may be taken to give it proper security, by an escort or covering party. I am, etc.
P.S. In our present uncertainty where the cloathing may be, I do not think it would be proper to send a detachment of men in search of it; which might be to fatigue them to no purpose. It will be well to caution the officers sent, to keep their business a secret.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter sent, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in the New Hampshire Historical Society. It differs from the above draft in spelling and capitalization only.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 26, 1778.
Sir: Capt. Lee and several Officers, who are sent to apprehend Deserters, inform me, that there are numbers of disaffected Persons in your State, who make a practice of harbouring those people. They are encouraged to do this, knowing there is at present no law to punish this crime, which is most pernicious to the service. I have for this reason taken the liberty to address the Legislature of your State through you, and I hope you will use your influence with them to endeavour to procure a law adequate to the remedy of this abuse. The necessity is so evident that I trust they will not hesitate to do it. If such a law can be procured, it will add much to the utility of it to have it done speedily, because Officers are now waiting, who would carry it immediately into execution and the men brought into the field by the opening of the Campaign. I am informed, that there are not less than three hundred deserters in your three Counties. I hope you will afford Capt. Lee all necessary assistance and countenance in the execution of the Business which he is upon, in doing which you will render essential service to the public cause and confer an obligation upon, sir, etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 27, 1778.
Sir: I am now to acknowledge the Honor of your several Favors of the 18th, 19th and 21st Instant which with their respective Inclosures have been duly received.
In compliance with the Resolution of Congress of the 5th Inst. transmitted in your Letter of the 7th. I was about to take measures for appointing a Court Martial and bringing on the Trials, which they direct. But on recurring to the papers, you were pleased to send me, I do not find that the Committee have made any particular charges against the Officers who are to be the objects of trial.15 It was probably the intention of Congress, that these charges should be laid by me, but as I might err in doing it, and not fully correspond with their views in the matter, especially as it would require considerable time and thought, to make myself sufficiently acquainted with It, from the papers collected, I should think it would be most advisable, for Congress to state explicitly the charges they wish to have exhibited against the Officers respectively; and then the business may be proceeded on with propriety.
[Note 15: "Resolved, That the committee be directed to transmit the evidence by them collected to General Washington, and that he be authorized and directed to appoint a court martial for the trial of the general officers who were in the northern department when Ticonderoga and Mount Independence were evacuated, agreeable to the rules and articles ok war: That two counsellors, learned in the law, be appointed to assist and cooperate with the judge advocate in conducting the trial. The gentlemen chosen: Jonathan D. Sergeant, Esq., attorney general for the State of Pennsylvania; William Patterson, Esqr. attorney general for the State of New Jersey." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Feb. 10, 1778.)]
Besides the above reasons, which operate generally against my exhibiting the charges, in the particular instance of General Schuyler, it is impossible for me to do it, as I do not know what instructions he had received from Congress from time to time as to the objects of his command, nor precisely what these were. These appear to me necessary to be known, and essential to carrying on a prosecution against him. When Congress shall have arranged the points and are pleased to honor me with them, I will pursue the speediest measures to bring on the Trials.16 The sooner this can be done the better, as some of the parties are extremely anxious and strongly importune it.
[Note 16: On March 6 it was ordered that so much of Washington's letter of February 27 as relates to the court-martial on the officers in the Northern Department be referred to a committee o@ four. The members chosen were William Ellery, James Smith, Eliphalet Dyer, and James Lovell.]
Baron Steuben has arrived at Camp. He appears to be much of a Gentleman, and as far as I have had an opportunity of judging, a man of Military knowledge and acquainted with the World.
The inclosed Extract of a Letter from General Putnam17 will shew how great the distresses in that Quarter for want of Money. He has described their necessities so fully, that it is unnecessary for me to add upon the subject. I shall only observe, that his account is more than justified by many other Letters, and that I am persuaded, the earliest possible supply will be forwarded, that the very important and interesting works carrying on there may not be the least retarded.
[Note 17: Putnam's letter, dated Feb. 13, 1778, is in the Washington Papers. The extract noted is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I am under some embarrassments respecting the 13th Virginia Regiment. It was raised on the West side of the Allegahany and towards Pittsburg with Assurances from the Officers, it is said, that the men would not be drawn from that Quarter. This circumstance, added to the disturbances by the Indians and the exposed situation of their families, has been the cause of great desertions and is at present the source of much uneasiness; and the more so as part of the Regiment was never marched from thence. I think the whole should be united, either here or there, and wish Congress to direct me upon the subject. At the same time that their case, if truly represented, seems to be hard and to merit the indulgence they claim, I would observe that the 12th Regiment from the Western parts of the same State and the 8th and 12th Pennsylvania from the Frontier Counties of this, have similar pretentions and might become uneasy and apply for a like indulgence.
Agreeable to the directions of Congress, I shall send a Major General to Rhode Island.18 Tho' the number of Officers here of this rank, from one cause and another, is greatly reduced and more so than it ought to be in point of policy.
[Note 18: Maj. Gen. John Sullivan was sent.]
Our loss of Matrosses the last Campaign, in killed and wounded, was considerable, and it has been not a little increased this Winter by desertions from Colo. Proctor's Corps. From these circumstances, we are very weak in this line, and I request that Congress will be pleased to order Colo. Harrison's Regiment of Artillery to march from Virginia, as early as the Roads will admit and join this Army. I have the honor, etc.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 27, 1778.
Sir: The frequent complaints of the Brigade Majors and Adjutants, for want of Writing Paper, obliges me to call the attention of the Board to the procurement of that necessary article. Colo. Pickering can inform them how much the service suffers on that account, from his experience while in the office of Adjutant General. I know it properly belongsto the Quarter Master General's department to provide paper, but the Deputy who has attended the Army has not been able to furnish any thing like the proper quantity. I fear it is not to be obtained on the Continent, as all the Mills are fully employed in making Cartridges and printing paper; I would therefore wish that orders may be given to the purchasers of Military stores, to buy what writing paper may fall in their way, and that the secret Committee or whatever body has the Management of importations from abroad, may be desired to include paper among other Articles. If they were also desired to import a parcel of blank Books proper for Orders, it would be very convenient. I have the honor, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been regularly favoured with yours of the 13th. 18th. 19th. and 25th. January and 10th. Current.
As these letters principally respect your transactions with General Burgoyne, you will be guided by the directions of Congress as far as relates to him.
If they consent to the Exchange of Colo. Anstruther21 and Lord Napier,22 I have not the least objection. I only desire that the Exchange may not be carried into execution, until Mr. Boudinot the Commissary General of Prisoners informs you, what Officers you are to demand in return for them. If the matter takes place be pleased to mention Lord Napier's rank.
[Note 21: Lieut. Col. John Anstruther, of the Sixty-second Foot, British Army.]
[Note 22: Francis, Lord Napier, lieutenant of the Thirty-first Foot, British Army.]
Considering Genl. Learned's ill state of Health, I think his resignation had better be accepted of, more especially, as from the nature of his complaint, it does not appear that he ever can be able to bear the fatigues of a Campaign. I would therefore advise him to make his Resignation to Congress, (with the Reasons for so doing) who are the proper Body to receive it. I am, &ca.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, also in Tilghman's writing, is in the Massachusetts Historical Society. It varies in inconsequential details from the above.]
[Note 24: Of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 27, 1778.
Sir: You are aware, that the purposes of the party under your command, are, as much as possible, to cover the Roads leading into Philadelphia, cut off the communication between the city and country, and prevent the depredations, daily committing by the enemy's parties. Your own discretion also and knowledge of the Country, will point out the best means of accomplishing these ends. I shall only observe, that in order thereto, and for the security of your party, it will be incumbent on you, never to remain long in the same place, but to be constantly changing your position and quarters.
There is one thing, to which I would point your particular attention; which is, as far as circumstances and the general intention of your party will permit, to keep yourself in a posture most convenient, for covering any supplies, that may be coming to this Army. Should you hear of any large quantity of cloathing, or provisions, coming to camp, which are not accompanied by a proper escort, I would have you take it under your care, and see it safe on its way.
To induce your men to be more active and zealous in the execution of their duty; every thing which may be actually taken going into, or coming out from the city, shall be the property of the captors. But to prevent an abuse of this privilege, by making it a cover for plundering the inhabitants, it must always be managed under the eye of a commissioned officer, and no forfeiture must be made, but where the fact is clearly ascertained. One principal object of your command, is to protect the country, it is therefore peculiarly your duty to prevent any violence on the persons or property of the inhabitants, being perpetrated by your party.
When any horses or cattle happen to be taken, you will order them immediately to camp to be delivered to the Quarter Master, or Commissary General, for the public service. Directions will be given them to pay the captors the value of what they receive on a generous estimate.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: General Putnam writes me, that the men, under his command, have been totally neglected, in the article of cloathing, and that since my prohibiting him to break in upon those parcels, which were on their way to this camp, he has had no cloathing at all for the use of his department. At the same time, that I wish to prevent irregularity and confusion, by an exercise of such a power; it cannot be my intention to exclude the troops under him, more than others, from such a share of necessaries, as circumstances will justify. I must request your attention to this matter, and that you will leave no just room for complaint; but will order on to Fishkill, from time to time, regular and proportionable supplies of cloathing. I am, etc.25
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, February 28, 1778.
Parole Warsaw. Countersigns Washington, Woodford.
A return of the drums, drum-heads, Snares cords &c. and Fifes wanting in the several Brigades to be made immediately.
At a General Court Martial whereof Col. Cortland was President (Feby. 25th.) Thomas Booth of 4th. North-Carolina Regiment tried for desertion found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow eight o'clock at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, February 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 25th. from Haddonfield. The Cattle that you collect, should cross the Delaware at Coryell's Ferry and then keep higher up the Country before they strike across. They should fall in with Schuylkill, at Potts Grove and cross the River there. A considerable escort should attend them. We lost a fine drove of 130 Head that were coming from New England, a few days ago. Some of the disaffected in Bucks County, gave information of them and a party of light Horse pushed up twenty miles and carried them off. When you come over with your detachment, you should keep a good look out between you and Philadelphia, for you may depend that they will have information of you, thro' the means of their friends with which the Country abounds.
I sent a party of Artillery men, to attempt to annoy the shipping that lay at Philadelphia, while there was Ice in the River, but as that must be all destroyed by the late thaw, and no great chance of any more, during the remainder of the Season, I think you had best order them to return to Camp, except you find they can be any how usefully employed.
If you meet with any Cattle as you come thro' Bucks County, I would have you drive them along. Those belonging to the disaffected, will most certainly be sent in to Philadelphia, If we do not get them. I do not imagine there can be any worth speaking of below New Town and the Cross Roads.26
[Note 26: Wayne reported the carrying out of these orders in his letters of March 5 and 14. Pulaski cooperated with him in part of the movement, which the latter reported to Washington in a letter of March 3. A question of the right of command interfered with the cooperation. These letters from Wayne and Pulaski are in the Washington Papers.]
I shall be glad that you will, upon your Return, visit General Lacey and inquire of him what dispositions he has made or intends making, he will have a considerable Body of Men with him and if they are properly placed and the Officers alert, they may certainly check the parties of the Enemy's light Horse that have frequently come out upwards of twenty miles and carried off the well-affected inhabitants' Horses, Cattle and Forage. I am &ca.
P.S. You will before this reaches you have received a Letter from Colo. Biddle; You will be pleased to execute the Business recommended therein, if possible.
Inclosed is a Letter for the Officer commanding the Artillery. I am informed that there are a Number of Cannon belonging to the Continent, the State of Pennsylvania and private persons at Bordentown. Be pleased to inquire into the matter and see whether they cannot be carried further up the River while the Waters are high, or if that cannot be done, back into the Country; that they may not fall into the Enemy's hands. Capt. Symonds has two 18 pounders and one 12 pounder upon travelling Carriages. The Roads are too bad to bring them to this Camp at present; but before he leaves them, he should put them into a place of security, from whence they may be brought in better weather. These Cannon under the care of Symonds, should go to a place of perfect security as they are fine pieces and on travelling Carriages. He is directed to obey your orders.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 29: Of Dumfries, Va.]
Camp, Valley Forge, February 28, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday received your favor of the 16th. Instt. I am sorry to hear your indisposition still continues, and that it is such, as to make a change of your situation necessary.
Under these circumstances, I cannot but consent to your request and shall willingly grant you a permit, to go either to Philadelphia, or to New York, as maybe most expedient, when you are pleased to apply for it. I do not know whether the Legislature of Virginia has prescribed any Regulations in cases of this sort. If it has, I am persuaded, they will be pointedly observed by you. I am, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
February 28, 1778.
...If you should happen to draw a prize in the militia, I must provide a man, either there or here, in your room; as nothing but your having the charge of my business, and the entire confidence I repose in you, could make me tolerable easy from home for such a length of time as I have been, and am likely to be. This therefore leads me to say, that I hope no motive, however powerful, will induce you to leave my business, whilst I, in a manner, am banished from home; because I should be unhappy to see it in common hands. For this reason, altho' from accidents and misfortunes not to be averted by human foresight, I make little or nothing from my Estate, I am still willing to increase your wages, and make it worth your while to continue with me. To go on in the improvement of my Estate in the manner heretofore described to you, fulfilling my plans, and keeping my property together, are the principal objects I have in view during these troubles; and firmly believing that they will be accomplished under your management, as far as circumstances and acts of providence will allow, I feel quite easy under disappointments; which I should not do, if my business was in common hands, liable to suspicions. I am, etc.38
[Note 38: Extract in "Washington's Letter Book, No. 5." Lund answered (March 18): "By your letter I should suppose you were apprehensive I intended to leave you. I hope for the future you will entertain a better opinion of me than to beleive that while you are encountering every danger and difficulty, at the hazard of your life and repose, giving up all domestic happiness, to serve the public and me among them, that I would attempt to take advantage of you by screwing up my wages or leaving your estate to the care of a stranger." Lund Washington's letter is from the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Prepared under the direction of the UNITED STATES
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 11
March 1, 1778--May 31, 1778
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
Printed
February, 1934
PRINTED
February, 1934
Valley-forge, March 1, 1778.
Gentlemen: As I do not recollect your determination respecting the resolve of Congress, in the case of Woodford &ca. Mr. Harrison1 waits upon you for that purpose; and to explain the matter so far as it relates to Weedon and Scott.2
[Note 1: Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 2: The rank dispute between these generals.]
By him you will receive the proposals for collecting Cavalry. I also send, for your perusal, a Letter &ca. just received from Genl. Howe; which shews in a very conspicuous point of view, the advantage we give him, by suffering one power to counteract another; and taking things up through improper Channels, and upon hasty information, which was the case of that given by Mr. Boudinot.
Will Putnam, or Heath do for the Command at Rhode Island? If not, it is hard to furnish Tools that cannot be used, and yet expect work from them.3
[Note 3: The draft, in Washington's writing, was first written: "tis hard to give me Tools I cannot work with, and expect nevertheless that business must be done."]
The appointment of Genl Officers cannot be delayed without injuring the Service. Our arrangements will be the more imperfect, and we less fit for the field, the longer they are delayed; however, as these are matters that cannot have escaped4 the
[Note 4: First written, "that must strike."] Comee. I shall only add, that with sincere esteem and regard, I am, etc.
P.S. Is it not the present expectation of the Comee. that Genl. Green will come into the Qr. Mrs. department? [As Genl. Portail is pressing to know the Comee's decision relative to the Engineer recomd. by him, and a real want of these People appear I should also be glad to know what to expect and say to him on this head.]5
[Note 5: The original is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 33. The part in brackets is in the letter sent and not in the draft.]
Valley forge, March 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th. of Decr. came safe to my hands after a considerable delay in its passage.6 The sentiments you have expressed of me in this Letter are highly flattering, meriting my warmest acknowledgements, as I have too good an Opinion of your sincerity and candour to believe that you are capable of unmeaning professions and speaking a language foreign from your Heart. The friendship I ever professed, and felt for you, met with no diminution from the difference in our political Sentiments. I know the rectitude of my own intentions, and believing in the sincerity of yours,
[Note 6: Bryan Fairfax had returned to Virginia after attempting to go to England to live because his political views were so far out of accord with his Virginia friends and neighbors. He had repaired to Continental Army headquarters and obtained from Washington a passport to go to New York. Arrived there, he found that the British required him to take certain oaths before allowing him to go to England. Fairfax's conscience would not permit him to subscribe to such restrictions, and he returned to Virginia, where he remained throughout the war, unmolested and respected. After his return home he wrote to Washington (Dec. 8, 1777), to which the above letter is a reply: "There are Times when Favours conferred make a greater Impression than at others, for, tho' I have received many, and hope I have not been unmindful of them, yet that, at a Time your Popularity was at the highest and mine at the lowest, and when it is so common for Men's Resentments to run high agst those that differ from them in Opinion You should act with your wonted Kindness towards me, hath affected me more than any Favour I have received; and could not be believed by some in N: York, it being above the Run of common Minds." Fairfax's letter is in the Washington Papers.] lamented, though I did not condemn, your renunciation of the creed I had adopted. Nor do I think any person, or power, ought to do it, whilst your conduct is not opposed to the general Interest of the people and the measures they are pursuing; the latter, that is our actions, depending upon ourselves, may be controuled, while the powers of thinking originating in higher causes, cannot always be moulded to our wishes.
The determinations of Providence are all ways wise; often inscrutable, and though its decrees appear to bear hard upon us at times is nevertheless meant for gracious purposes; in this light I cannot help viewing your late disappointment; for if you had been permitted to have gone to england, unrestrained even by the rigid oaths which are administred on those occns. your feelings as a husband, Parent, &ca. must have been considerably wounded in the prospect of a long, perhaps lasting seperation from your nearest relatives. What then must they have been if the obligation of an oath had left you without a Will? Your hope of being instrumental in restoring Peace would prove as unsubstantial as mist before the Noon days Sun and would as soon dispel: for believe me Sir great Britain understood herself perfectly well in this dispute but did not comprehend America. She meant as Lord Campden in his late speech in Parlt. clearly, and explicitly declared, to drive America into rebellion7 that her own purposes might be more
[Note 7: Charles Pratt, Baron Camden, in the debate on the reply to the King's speech at the opening of Parliament (Nov. 18, 1777) referring to some of the preliminary steps in the contest, had said: "The people of America showed great dissatisfaction, but that did not fully answer the intentions of government. It was not dissatisfaction, but rebellion, that was sought; dissatisfaction might furnish a pretence for adding to the intolerable oppressions, that those people had for a series of years groaned under; but nothing short of something in the shape of rebellion, or nearly approaching to it, could create a decent apology for slaughter, conquest, and unconditional submission." In regard to the declaration that Massachusetts was in open rebellion, Camden had charged: "But all this did not do; the New Englanders were resolved not to verify the address; they were determined not to be rebels; but only to prepare, should the worst happen, to be in a situation to defend themselves. Something more was still wanting, and that was obtained. Our troops were ordered to act effectively; and self-defence was styled actual and declared rebellion." (See Almon's Parliamentary Register, vol. x, pp. 30, 31.)] fully answered by it but take this along with it, that this Plan originating in a firm belief, founded on misinformation, that no effectual opposition would or could be made, they little dreamt of what has happened and are disappd. in their views; does not every act of administration from the Tea Act to the present Session of Parliament declare this in plain and self evidt. Characters? Had the Comrs. any powers to treat with America? If they meant Peace, would Lord Howe have been detaind in England 5 Months after passing the Act? Would the powers of these Comrs. have been confined to mere acts of grace, upon condition of absolute submission? No, surely, No! they meant to drive us into what they termed rebellion, that they might be furnished with a pretext to disarm and then strip us of the rights and privileges of Englishmen and Citizens. If they were actuated by principles of justice, why did they refuse indignantly to accede to the terms which were humbly supplicated before hostilities commenced and this Country deluged in Blood; and now make their principal Officers and even the Comrs. themselves say, that these terms are just and reasonable; Nay that more will be granted than we have yet asked, if we will relinquish our Claim to Independency. What Name does such conduct as this deserve? and what punishment is there in store for the Men who have distressed Millions, involved thousands in ruin, and plunged numberless families in inextricable woe? Could that wch. is just and reasonable now, have been unjust four Years ago? If not upon what principles, I say does Administration act? they must either be wantonly wicked and cruel, or (which is only anr. mode of describing the same thing) under false colours are now endeavouring to deceive the great body of the people, by industriously propagating a belief that G. B. is willing to offer any, and that we will accept of no terms; thereby hoping to poison and disaffect the Minds of those who wish for peace, and create feuds and dissentions among ourselves. In a word, having less dependance now, in their Arms than their Arts, they are practising such low and dirty tricks, that Men of Sentiment and honr. must blush at their Villainy, among other manoeuvres, in this way they are counterfeiting Letters, and publishing them, as intercepted ones of mine to prove that I am an enemy to the present measures, and have been led into them step by step still hoping that Congress would recede from their present claims. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 1, 1778.
Sir: I am very anxious to have all the continental Flat Boats below Trenton carried up the River, as far as Easton or near it that they may be intirely out of the enemy's reach. I have desired the Gentlemen of the Navy Board to order Commodore Hazlewood to collect all those and carry them up, as far as Trenton and when he has got them there to let you know it. I shall therefore be exceedingly obliged to you, if you will collect a proper number of hands, who are used to carry Boats thro' the Falls and go down for them when you have notice. Or if you do not receive such notice in a few days, the Men may as well go down to Bordentown where the boats are and bring them up from thence. There are a number of Cannon and some Stores there which I want carried to a place of safety. If you think the Boats can be taken thro' the falls with the Cannon in them, it will save much expence and secure them perfectly. You are to apply to Messrs. Hopkinson and Wharton of the Continental Navy Board at Bordentown, for the Cannon, if they can be carried up in the Boats.
I see, by a Letter of yours to Colo. Lutterloh, that you wantMoney for these purposes. You may hire the Men for doing this Service upon an assurance of their being paid the moment it is performed. And you will therefore make out the account when you have finished, and apply directly to me for the Money, when it shall be paid with thanks. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 27th. Ulto. was delivered to me by Express and that of the 28th. by Colo. Proctor, who saw the British Ships and Craft on their return, they had passed Marcus Hook. He says it was reported that they had burnt Salem, he does not know the truth of this, but he saw a great smoke in that quarter.
When I heard last from Genl. Wayne he was at Haddonfield, and I hope will return safe with his detachment and the Cattle he has collected.9
[Note 9: The British attempted to surprise Wayne but failed. His letter to Washington (February 26), describing the attempt, is in the Washington Papers.]
In mine of the 25th. Feby. you will find directions about the Officers Wives taken in the Brig Symetry. I shall be glad to know whether you have ever found the physical Manuscripts that were on board that Vessel, as the Gentleman to whom they belong has wrote to me again concerning them. I am, etc.8
Head Quarters, March 1, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 27th. Ulto., and in answer to your question respecting the right of command in Officers of equal rank in the Infantry and Cavalry, I am to inform you that there is no other preeminence in our Service than what arises from Seniority. The Officer whose Commission is of prior date commands all those of the same grade indiscriminately whether Horse or foot.
You will afford General Wayne all the assistance in your power, and the rather as the Service in which he is engaged is of great importance. A sufficient number to furnish Men for keeping a look out, and preventing any sudden enterprise of the Enemy against his parties is all that is requisite. I am &ca.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 1, 1778.
Gentlemen: I am informed that a Number of the continental flat Boats still remain at Bordentown. I wrote to Commodore Hazelwood to have them removed higher up the River, but why he has not done it I do not know. I am very apprehensive that the Enemy will one day or other make an excursion and destroy our Vessels, Boats and Stores at that place. To prevent as much of this as possible, I shall esteem it as a favour if you will, upon your return, have all the flat Boats sent up as far as Trenton, and if Commodore Hazelwood has not hands enough with him to carry them up the Falls I will write to Coryell and desire him to employ people to do it. These Boats may probably be of the greatest importance to us in the course of the Campaign; and I therefore beg that your first attention may be paid to them.
As I see no great prospect of the Gallies being of any use to us while the Enemy have their Ships of War at Philadelphia, I submit it to you whether it would not be better to have the Cannon and Stores taken out of them and the Hulks carried up the Creeks and sunk. From repeated misfortunes we have lost the greatest part of our heavy Cannon at our different posts and we ought therefore to be as careful as possible of the remainder. I am informed that the Cannon taken out of the Continental, State and private Vessels yet remain at Bordentown to a very considerable amount. I could therefore wish that means might be fallen upon to remove them from the Water Side, some distance back into the Country from whence they may be brought occasionally. I also think that every kind of public Stores should be removed from thence if possible, for as the Enemy have the Command of the Water they may at any time destroy or carry them off. I make no doubt but the Gentlemen of the State Navy Board will chearfully cooperate with you in what respects their Department.11 I have the honor etc.
[Note 11: Hopkinson and Wharton replied the same day that all the boats had been removed up the Delaware "above two months ago" and that they would exert themselves to secure the cannon and stores at Bordentown. There was some friction between the Continental Navy Board and the Pennsylvania State Navy, so Hopkinson and Wharton suggested that Washington write to Commodore Hazelwood direct, as they did not "know how even a Recommendation from us to Commodore Hazelwood would be received." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. If the Commodore carries the Boats no further than Trenton he should give Coryell notice that he may come down for them. It will be worth considering whether the Cannon cannot be carried up the River in the Boats.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, March 1, 1778.
Parole Arnold. Countersigns Ashford, Almbury.
The Commander in Chief again takes occasion to return his warmest thanks to the virtuous officers and soldiery of this Army for that persevering fidelity and Zeal which they have uniformly manifested in all their conduct. Their fortitude not only under the common hardships incident to a military life, but also under the additional sufferings to which the peculiar situation of these States have exposed them, clearly proves them worthy the enviable privelege of contending for the rights of human nature, the Freedom and Independence of their Country. The recent Instance of uncomplaining Patience during the scarcity of provisions in Camp is a fresh proof that they possess in an eminent degree the spirit of soldiers and the magninimity of Patriots. The few refractory individuals who disgrace them. selves by murmurs it is to be hoped have repented such unmanly behaviour, and resolved to emulate the noble example of their associates upon every trial which the customary casualties of war may hereafter throw in their way. Occasional distress for want of provisions and other necessaries is a spectacle that frequently occurs in every army and perhaps there never was one which has been in general so plentifully supplied in respect to the former as ours. Surely we who are free Citizens in arms engaged in a struggle for every thing valuable in society and partaking in the glorious task of laying the foundation of an Empire, should scorn effeminately to shrink under those accidents and rigours of War which mercenary hirelings fighting in the cause of lawless ambition, rapine and devastation, encounter with cheerfulness and alacrity, we should not be merely equal, we should be superior to them in every qualification that dignifies the man or the soldier in proportion as the motive from which we act and the final hopes of our Toils, are superior to theirs. Thank Heaven! our Country abounds with provision and with prudent management we need not apprehend want for any length of time. Defects in the Commissaries department, Contingencies of weather and other temporary impediments have subjected and may again subject us to a deficiency for a few days, but soldiers ! American soldiers! will despise the meanness of repining at such trifling strokes of Adversity, trifling indeed when compared to the transcendent Prize which will undoubtedly crown their Patience and Perseverence, Glory and Freedom, Peace and Plenty to themselves and the Community; The Admiration of the World, the Love of their Country and the Gratitude of Posterity!
Your General unceasingly employs his thoughts on the means of relieving your distresses, supplying your wants and bringing your labours to a speedy and prosperous issue. Our Parent Country he hopes will second his endeavors by the most vigorous exertions and he is convinced the faithful officers and soldiers associated with him in the great work of rescuing our Country from Bondage and Misery will continue in the display of that patriotic zeal which is capable of smoothing every difficulty and vanquishing every Obstacle.
At a Brigade Court Martial Feby. 27th. whereof Lt. Colo. Burr13 was President Lieutt. Blackall William Ball of 12th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for disobedience of orders, Insolence and ungentlemanlike behavior. The Court after mature deliberation on the evidence produced are clearly and unanimously of opinion that Lieutt. Ball is not guilty and do therefore unanimously acquit him with the highest honor of all and every of the Articles exhibited against him. The Court do further agree and determine that the charges each and all of them are groundless, frivilous and malicious, that Lt. Ball's behaviour was truly gentlemanlike, his attention and obedience to orders exemplary and his Conduct rather deserving applause than Censure.
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. Aaron Burr, of Malcolm's Additional Continental regiment.
On March 1 Lieut. Col. Richard Kidder Meade wrote to Col. Timothy Bigelow, who was stationed at Radnor, that His Excellency approved Bigelow's refusals to grant passports to go into Philadelphia and ordered the arrest of a suspected person if Bigelow had sufficient proof of his having carried cattle to the British. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders Lieutt. Ball to be immediately released from his arrest.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Cortland was President, Feby. 25th. Philip Bocker an Inhabitant of this State tried for attempting to carry Provision in to the Enemy at Philadelphia and unanimously acquitted of the charge.
At the same Court Joseph De Haven, an Inhabitant of this State tried for repeatedly going into Philadelphia since the Enemy have been in possession of it and acquitted.
Also Michael Milanberger an Inhabitant of this State tried for Supporting the Enemy with Provision and acquitted.
The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing opinions of the Court and orders the three last mentioned Prisoners to be immediately released from confinement.
At the same Court Jacob Cross an Inhabitant of this State tried for stealing Calves and carrying them into Philadelphia, found guilty of stealing two Calves one of which he carried into Philadelphia, the other he was carrying in when taken, being a breach of a resolution of Congress dated October 8th, '77 extended by another dated December 29th. and do Sentence him to receive two hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in Execution on the Grand-Parade tomorrow morning at guard mounting.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Cortland was President Feby. 24th, '78, Joseph Worrell an Inhabitant of the State of Pennsylvania tried for giving intelligence to the Enemy and for acting as guide and pilot to the Enemy; The Court are of opinion the Prisoner is guilty of acting as a guide to the Enemy (and do acquit him of the other charge against him) being a breach of a resolution of Congress dated Octr. 8th, '77, extended by another resolution of Congress dated december 29th, 1777, and they do (upwards of two thirds agreeing) sentence him to suffer death.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders Joseph Worrell to be executed next tuesday at 10 o'Clock in the forenoon.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, March 2, 1778.
Parole Burke. Countersigns Bristol, Bucks.
The General Court-Martial whereof Colo. Cortland is President is dissolved and another ordered to sit tomorrow ten o'Clock A.M., at the Bake House, whereof Colo. Chandler14 is appointed President. Each Brigade gives a Captain for the Court. A serjeant from each brigade is to be sent to the Court as orderly, daily.
[Note 14: Col. John Chandler, of the Eight Connecticut Regiment. He resigned Mar. 5, 1778.]
The Execution of Joseph Worrell is postponed to a future day Whenever the Brigade Quarter Masters are ordered to furnish the Quarter Master Genl.'s office with any returns from their respective departments and do not immediately comply therewith they may depend upon being tried for disobedience of orders.
AFTER ORDERS
Colo. Bradley15 is appointed President of the Court Martial vice, Colo. Chandler.
[Note 15: Col. Philip Burr Bradley, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 2, 1778.
Gentlemen: As the Gallies can now be of no service in the River, and the enemy have it in their power to get them into their possession, with all their cannon and stores, I beg leave strongly to recommend it to the Board, without delay, to evacuate them of their cannon and stores; and removing these to a place of security, in some interior part of the country, to carry the Gallies up into some of the creeks and have them sunk. If there should be any other vessels, belonging to the state in the river, I would mean to comprehend them; and if there should be any stores at Bordentown, or other places on the river, these also ought to be removed to a place of safety. We can reap no advantage from keeping the Gallies, cannon and stores in such an exposed situation; and if they should fall into the hands of the enemy, which they would in all probability do, the gallies would be useful to them, and the cannon and stores would be no inconsiderable loss to us. I am etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton, from a photostat of the original.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 2, 1778.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 26th. from Mount Holly came to hand last Evening. I am pleased to hear that you had so good intelligence of the designs and motions of the Enemy that you were enabled to withdraw your detachment from Haddonfield before they invested it. Considering the disproportion of your Strength to that of the Enemy, all that can be expected of you is to wait upon and circumscribe them as much as possible. You will not fail to make use of your utmost exertions to destroy all the Forage within their reach, because I imagine they are more in want of that than any thing else. I have wrote to Genl. Pulaski to give you all the assistance that he can with the small Body of Cavalry that he has at Trenton. I can give you no other directions than to throw as many obstacles as you can in the way of the Enemy to prevent them from executing their plan to any great extent, and I know of no way more effectual than driving off all the Cattle and Horses that you possibly can and destroying the Forage that you think they would carry off. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 2, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday received yours of the 27th. Feby. I had heard of the loss of the Cattle before it came to hand, and I am sorry to say that the loss is imputed to your having refused to let the drovers have a Guard when they applied for one. I shall be glad to know whether it is so, and if true, what could be your reason for refusing.
I desire you to send a party of 150 Men, under a good Officer, well armed and compleated with Ammunition, to Bartholomews Tavern on Wednesday next at 11 O'Clock in the Morning. The Officer will meet a party there at that time from this Camp, and will then receive his orders. As a very particular piece of Service is to be executed, I beg that the party may be punctual to the time and not fail upon any pretence whatever.
You are constantly to make me weekly Returns of your Numbers and where your parties are posted, that I may know how to direct the Rout of any parties sent from this Army.
I dont well know what to do with the great numbers of people taken going into Philadelphia. I have punished several very severely and fined others heavily and some are sentenced to be imprisoned during the War. If the State would take them in hand and deal properly with them it would be more agreeable to me than to inflict Military punishment upon them. The evidences seldom appear against those guilty of small crimes and then they escape. If you think that the State will receive to those persons you have taken, I am willing that they should be given up to them, either to be punished as Criminals or kept to exchange for those inhabitants lately taken away from their families. I am &ca.
P.S. If any or either of the persons now in your Custody are such that you think are proper to make examples of, and you have sufficient evidence to convict them send them over to me with the Witnesses and I will have them immediately tried by a Court Martial.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Tench Tilghman; the draft, also in Tilghman's writing, varies in inconsequential verbal details. The editor is indebted to Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach for the text of this letter.]
March 2, 1778.
Gentlemen: It gives me singular pain to learn by your Memorial of the 10th. inst. that there are any discontents in a corps of Officers, so eminently distinguished by their Services. You cannot be more ready to point out grievances, than I am desirous of redressing them, as far as depends on me. At the same time I must confess to you, that I cannot consider all the Articles of complaint, in the same light in which they appear to you.
That which respects the promotion of Mr. Duplessis, I think not well founded. That Gentleman received the most flattering testimonials, from the Officers who were witnesses of his conduct at Fort Mercer, where he acted both as Artillerist and Engineer, and in both capacities rendered signal Service; not to mention his bravery and activity at the time of the attack. When the evacuation was determined, by delaying the destruction of the Works beyond the time appointed, he was the means of saving several valuable pieces of Cannon, and he ran a very great hazard in blowing up the Magazine &ca. without the apparatus usually provided for safety on such occasions. On these considerations, and as a reward for his zeal manifested on other occasions and which did not suffer him to confine himself to the mere limits of his Duty, he has received, not a commission placing him as Lieutenant Colonel in the line of Artillery Officers, but a brevet giving him an honorary rank out of the line, and which was particularly chosen, as the least exceptionable mode of recompense.
This cannot be considered as a violation of any of your rights. It does not in the least interfere with your lineal promotion, which will still go on in the same manner, as though it had never happened. Mr. Duplessis cannot claim the least command in the Corps to which you belong, nor even out of it, over any Artillery Officer whatever, unless annexed to him by special order in any detached command. It may even never work any inconvenience, much less injury; as it will always be possible, where that Gentleman is assigned to any particular Service, to unite with him Officers, who were his juniors before his late preferment.
You will remember Gentlemen, that Mr. Duplessis has never been properly in your line, nor enjoyed any of the advantages of regimental command. An attempt to introduce him, would have been very offensive to you and even injurious, and as he could not rise by Succession in your line; if he were not to have extraordinary promotion, he could never be promoted at all, whatever merit or capacity he might display. And as he was not in your line, not possessed of any of the emoluments attending it, his advancement out of it cannot with propriety be said to be an injury. The same reasoning that would construe it so, would apply to the whole Army; but the truth is that no brevet preferment, as it does not realize the rank confered, in the line, is an infraction of the right of any Officers belonging to it, nor is it deemed such in any other Service.
You speak of yourselves as superseded and disgraced, but do you not hold precisely the same station in your line, that you did before the promotion you complain of took place? If so, how can you be superseded? Superseding an Officer is placing his junior in a vacancy, he had a right to aspire to in the common course of lineal Succession; this has not happened. Neither can you be in any wise disgraced or dishonored by it, for an Officer is only then dishonored when he is deprived of any priviledge, which in the common course of things he has a claim to and another inferior in rank derives the benefit of it, which may imply some incapacity or want of merit in him.
I do not mean to draw any comparison in favor of Mr. Duplessis and to your disadvantage. I have the highest Sense of the merit of the Officers of your Corps in general; and should be sorry to see the least injustice done to them. Yet I am persuaded your own candor will allow that Mr. Duplessis's knowledge of his profession acquired by long and indefatigable study under the greatest advantages, his zeal in embracing every occasion to be Serviceable, and the bravery he has shown in repeated instances, justly entitled him to encouragement. It is true, that the only opportunity he had of exerting himself, in the line of his Duty as an Artillery Officer was at Fort Mercer; but it was not his fault that he had not more frequent opportunities, this happened from his not being in the line, and consequently not having the command incident to an Officer in it. He is the more to be applauded for having sought as he did extra occasions of signalizing himself.
Altho' our present arduous Struggle has the general good for its chief object, yet the Success of it necessarily involves the safety and happiness of each individual engaged in it. Duty to themselves therefore as well as to the community at large, should prevent Officers being discouraged by the difficulties they experience, and the present apparently inadequate rewards of their labours. I am happy however to inform you, that there are some arrangements in agitation, which, if my views succeed, will render the condition of Officers more desirable.
I am totally unacquainted with the cases alluded to, of Majorities offered to persons who had held no previous rank in the Army.
The powers vested in Major Stevens, as represented by you, appears to be such an abuse as demands serious attention, and you may rest satisfied that this matter shall be inquired into, and that nothing shall be neglected on my part to remedy it.
The inclosed Resolutions of Congress will shew you that the Cause of complaint respecting the rank of Staff Officers, is in future obviated. There are arrangements in contemplation, which if adopted, will more effectually redress the evil. Among these, the general establishment of your Corps as well as others, will be comprehended.19
[Note 19: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, March 3, 1778.
Parole Cromwell. Countersigns Carthage, Chatham.
A Guard house at Sullivan's Bridge over Schuylkill is to be immediately built on this side; The officer of the guard is to suffer no non-commission'd officer or soldier to pass over from Camp without leave in writing from the Commanding officer of his Regiment.
The Quarter Master General is to delay no time in causing this guard house to be built.
The General is informed that notwithstanding the repeated orders which have been issued to prevent soldiers from straggling that the Country round Camp and to a considerable distance is full of them; He once more calls upon the Commanding officers of Regiments and Companies to attend to this matter, as well to prevent the Mischiefs resulting from this pernicious Practice to the Inhabitants, as to be prepared at all times against any sudden attempt of the enemy; He has no doubt but that every Brigadier and Officer commanding a Brigade has taken proper Pains to shew every Regiment its Alarm Post to which they are to repair upon any Alarm at the firing the usual signal Guns.
All the Major Generals and Brigadiers are to meet at Lord Stirlings Quarters at ten o'Clock tomorrow in the forenoon when they will take into Consideration a Claim of Rank by Generals Muhlenberg, Weedon, Woodford and Scott according to a Case stated and such papers as are referr'd to in it, which will be transmitted and report their opinion as to the Precedence they shall hold with respect to each other.
At a Brigade Court Martial whereof Colo. Burr was President (Feby. 27th. 1778,) Ensign Maxwell20 of Colo. Malcom's Regiment tried for propagating a scandalous report prejudicial to the character of Lieutt. Enslin.21 The Court after maturely deliberating upon the Evidence produced could not find that Ensign Maxwell had published any report prejudicial to the Character of Lieutt. Enslin further than the strict line of his duty required and do therefore acquit him of the Charge.
[Note 20: Ensign Anthony Maxwell, of Malcom's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 21: Lieut. Frederick Gotthold Enslin, of Malcom's Additional Continental regiment.]
At a Brigade Court Martial whereof Colo. Strobogh22 was President (Feby. 27th.) Captn. Hercules Courtney of Colo. Proctor's Regiment of Artillery tried for neglect of duty in leaving Camp when officer of the day; also for disobedience of orders in lodging out of Camp without permission, who plead
[Note 22: Lieut. Col. John Martin Strobagh, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He died in December, 1778.] guilty to the above crimes. The Court after duly considering the Prisoners crimes find him guilty of a breach of Article 2nd. Section 13th. and Article 4th. Section 13th. of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be dismissed the service.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences and orders Ensign Maxwell to be discharged from his Arrest and Captain Courtney to be immediately dismissed the service.
Head Quarters March 3, 1778.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 28th. Ulto. informing me that you were proceeding with a part of Bland's Regiment to join General Wayne; you will have received my instructions relative to the Service which you are to render.
Your intention to resign, is founded on reasons which I presume make you think the measure necessary. I can only say therefore that it will always give me pleasure to bear testimony of the zeal and bravery which you have displayed on every occasion.
Proper measures are taking for completing the Cavalry and I have no doubt of its being on a respectable footing by the opening of the Campaign. I am &ca.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, March 3, 1778.
Sir: This will be delivered to you by Monsieur de Pontieres,24 to whom Congress has been pleased to grant the brevet of Captain in the Cavalry, this you will observe gives no title to rank
[Note 24: Capt. Louis de Pontiere.] or promotion in the line. You are therefore to consider him merely as an Officer a' la suite, and to employ him in such way as will be most likely to conduce to the good of the Service. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, March 4, 1778.
Parole Durkee. Countersigns Dunkirk, Dresden.
As the Field Officers of the day are often so busily employed in visiting the Guard the day they are on duty as not to be able to wait upon the General, He desires the pleasure of their Company to dine with him the day after when relieved.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Cortlandt was President (Feby. 26th, 1778.) Captn. Cox26 of 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for absenting himself from his duty and the Regiment upwards of three months without leave; Upon mature deliberation the Court are of opinion that Captn. Cox has been neglectful of his duty, being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be reprimanded by the Brigadier General or Officer Commanding the Brigade to which he belongs in the Presence of the Officers of the Brigade.
[Note 26: Capt. William Cox, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in July, 1778]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow morning at roll-calling.
[Note 27: On the rank of Virginia brigadiers.]
Head Quarters, March 4, 1778.
Gentlemen: Inclosed I transmit you the Case and papers alluded to in yesterday's orders, respecting the claim of rank by the Brigadiers in the Virginia line and upon which you are requested to report your opinions, as to the precedence they should hold with respect to each other.28 I am, etc.29
[Note 28: Weedon's, Woodford's, and Scott's statement of claim to rank is in the Washington Papers under date of February, 1778. The board rendered its decision on March 4, and this original is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 152, 5, 369.]
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley forge, March 4, 1778.
Sir: It being adjudged advisable to augment the Cavalry in Continental Service by an addition of one Lieutt. one Sergeant one Corporal and twenty two privates to each Troop, and that the States of Virginia and North Carolina should furnish Six hundred Horses for this purpose. You will receive from the Comee. of Congress (setting at Moor hall) direction respecting the means to obtain these; with which you will repair to Virginia, and as soon as possible consult Colonel Bland, who is requested by Letter to aid you in this business and to whom you are to participate the means and furnish a Copy of these Instructions, on the most effectual mode of accomplishing this purchase with oeconomy and dispatch.
In purchasing these Horses you are not restricted to price on the one hand, nor by any means to launch into Acts of extravagance on the other; good Horses are wanting, and for such the customary prices must be given; take none less than a quarter blooded, nor under fourteen and a half hands high, sound and clean made; they are not to exceed twelve years old, nor be under five, this Spring. Any kind of bays would be prefered; but, as the time is short in which they must be procured, and the Service without them will suffer, you must not stand upon colour. Pacing Horses, Stone horses, and Mares must be avoided.
Colo. Bland and yourself will fix upon proper places of rendezvous for the Horses when purchased, where provision is to be laid in for their support, and where every proper means is to be used for the exercise and training of them; You will so concert matters as not to interfere with each other, thereby enhancing the prices of Horses and rendering the purchase more difficult and expensive.
You will, each of you, use your best endeavours to obtain Saddles and other accoutrements for the number of Horse afore mentioned, and procure also as many Swords and pistols as you can. To enable Colonel Bland to perform his part of this business you are as before directed to furnish him with the money and Certificates. To add any thing, with a view of impressing you with an idea of the great importance of this business, and the dispatch necessary in the execution, is, I am persuaded, totally useless; your own observation and judgment will point this out in the fullest and clearest manner, but I am to desire that both you and Colo. Bland will give me early, and regular information of your proceedings and prospects.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thirsday, March 5, 1778.
Parole Eugene. Countersigns Egham, Essex.
As Persons, Inhabitants of this State are often brought and lodged in the Provost Guard upon charge of being disaffected or for other reasons which upon examination before a Court Martial appear groundless and those persons consequently subjected to needless Imprisonment; The Commander in Chief therefore desires that in future the Adjutant General would before commitment refer the Cases of such as appear to him not to come under cognizance for a breach of a late act of Congress for punishing of persons for going in or coming out of Philadelphia for certain purposes therein described, to the Judge Advocate, in order that if he does not think the charges well supported by the Evidence, the prisoners may be immediately discharged.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 20th. Feby. inclosing a letter from Lieutt. Coune30 of the 62nd Regiment to Genl. Howe. I shall send in the letter and shall have no objection to his Exchange, if Genl. Howe consents. As Ensign Winslip's31 health does not admit of his remaining in the Service, I would have you accept of his resignation.
[Note 30: Lieut. Conolly Coane, of the Sixty-second Foot, British Army.]
[Note 31: Ensign John Winship, of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned Apr. 3, 1778.]
The wax which you mention to have sent forward is not yet come to hand. Having wrote to you fully on the 27th. Ulto. I have only to recommend the continuance of the removal of all supernumerary Stores from Boston. I am etc.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[M.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 18th. Feby. inclosing your remarks upon Colo. Drake's33 representation of your Conduct. As I did not chuse to give any determination upon the matter exparte, I sent the representation back to Genl. Putnam, that you might see it, and vindicate yourself, if any of the
[Note 33: Col. Samuel Drake. New York commissioner to remove stock from reach of enemy and member of New York committee of sequestration.] charges were not founded in truth. It would appear from your state of the matter, that Colo. Drake and his Colleague had been guilty of neglect of duty on their parts, and therefore as they charge you with having done injustice to the inhabitants of the State of New York, in my opinion you had better address your vindication to Governor Clinton, who, being on the spot, can have a better opportunity of hearing both parties fully than I can.
I am exceedingly glad to hear of your determination to remain in the Army at this time, when too many are withdrawing themselves from the Service, and I am not less pleased at the account you give me of the progress of the obstructions and Fortifications in and upon the River. I can only recommend your strictest attention to a work of so much consequence. I must also desire that you will have all the Arms at the different posts in your Neighbourhood collected and have those that want repair put into the hands of the Armourers at Fishkill, for I am certain when we come to draw our force together in the Spring, that we shall want Arms, notwithstanding the considerable importations.
Colo. Hay,34 of Haverstraw informs me, that there is a large quantity of Forage collected at that place which he fears will fall into the Enemy's hands if it is not removed or a proper guard sent over to protect it. As your Force may not probably allow you to do the latter with convenience, I wish you would do all in your power to effect the former. The Enemy, I should suppose must be distressed for want of it, and when our Stores come forward in the Spring our Horses will stand in equal need of it. As Colo. Hay complains of Genl. Putnam's inattention to this matter when he represented it to him, I must beg you to see to it.
[Note 34: Lieut. Col. Udny Hay, Deputy Quartermaster General, and, later, agent for the State of New York.]
The Committee of Congress who are now here have desired that no Commissions may be filled up till some new general arrangements of the Army are completed. The Gentlemen will not lose any of their pretensions to Rank, by waiting a little time longer for their Commissions, which shall be forwarded as soon as the Business above mentioned is finished. Colo. Webb's35 Officers will take Rank from the time he really appointed them. As I do not know when that was, he or Lieutt. Colo. Livingston36 must make an exact Return of their Ranks and time of appointment. Inclosed you have a letter for Genl. Knox who is expected from the Eastward. If he has not arrived with you, be pleased to forward it to Springfield with orders if he has not been there to send it on to Boston. I am, etc.37
[Note 35: Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
[Note 36: Lieut. Col. William Smith Livingston, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favours of the 4th. and 16th. Feby. I have not yet received any answer from the Board of War respecting the Artillery at Farmington.
I would not have you keep any more of the new Arms in the Magazines to the Eastward than you think will be absolutely necessary for the Recruits coming on to the Army, what number that will probably be you can best judge who are upon the spot. I do not know what steps Congress intend to recommend to the States for filling their Regiments, but I am certain that nothing short of the measure you mention will prove effectual.38 The Committee now here wrote upon this subject to Congress very soon after they arrived, and pointed out the necessity of
[Note 38: Knox's letter of February 16 suggested that Congress order a draft of men in each State, free of expense to the continent. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] falling upon some spirited measures for reinforcing the Army, but they have not yet received any answer, and I very much fear that the States will each proceed in different ways most of them feeble and ineffectual.
From what I have heard, I imagine that the northern Expedition will fall through, and I therefore hope, that what Arms are repaired at Albany and are already fit for use may be brought down this way. But I cannot help again urging you to give the strictest orders to the different Commissaries of Stores to have the old repaired with the greatest industry, as I am certain we shall find the want of them should we draw such a head of Men together as we ought to expect.
Should you not receive orders from the Board of War for the purchase of Lead, Flints and every other article of Military Stores, which we shall want, I think you will be fully justifiable in doing it upon the best terms you can, for you may depend the owners will enhance the prices as they find our necessities increase.
I beg you will have all the Artillery and Mortars removed from Boston, more especially as matters are now circumstanced, for I should not be surprised if the Enemy, looking upon themselves as no longer bound by the Convention, should attempt to liberate General Burgoyne's Troops.
I shall be glad to see you at Camp as soon as you have made the proper arrangements to the Eastward and am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 5, 1778.
Sir: In my orders of the 8th. January last I did not mean to comprehend Van Schaick's40 and Livingstons41 Regiments. I
[Note 40: First New York Regiment.]
[Note 41: Fourth New York Regiment.] only meant that you should send forward the small detachments belonging to those Regiments of your Brigade now here.
General Heath in his last letter transmitted me Copies of the Certificates which you inclose me respecting your State of Health. He mentioned your desire to resign, as you found no probability of recovery at least so far as to bear the fatigues of a Campaign. I wrote him word that I thought you might under such circumstances quit the service with honor, having worn yourself out in the Cause of your Country.
The Officer who informed you that a complaint had been lodged against you for embezzling public Stores, must have been misinformed himself or have done it with an ill design, for I assure you I never heard of it before. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: It being judged advisable to augment the Cavalry by an addition of one Lieutenant, one Serjeant, one Corporal and twenty two privates to each Troop, a great Number of Horses will be wanting for such augmentation and to replace those worn down by the last Campaign. It is proposed that six hundred should be purchased, if possible, in Virginia, and North Carolina, and that Colo. Baylor and yourself should superintend this business. Colo. Baylor will be furnished by the Treasury with Money for this purchase, a proportion of which he will deliver to you. He has full instructions for his government, a copy of which he will give to you, and by which you are to regulate yourself.
I am so well assured of your zeal for the Service that I shall give you no further directions, than to act perfectly in concert with Colo. Baylor and to advise me regularly of your success in this business. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 44: Of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in July, 1778.]
Head Qurs., March 5, 1778.
Sir: Colonel Shepard has communicated to me the contents of your Letter to him of 24th. November last. Your scruples relative to continuing in the Service from the motives you mention, are the suggestions of a generous mind. But from the high character I have heard of you as an officer, I should not wish them to have influence enough to deprive the Army of so valuable a member. There can be no indelicacy or impropriety, for a while to receive the emoluments of your present station, though you may be under a temporary disability to discharge the duties of it; especially as it proceeds from mere accident and no fault committed by you, and as it is to be expected you will again be in a condition to become as useful as ever, by the time the season for activity returns. Your absence till the Campaign opens will be of no essential detriment to the Corps you belong to; and both that and the Service had better dispense with your presence for a time than lose you altogether. I am &ca.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 5, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 28th. Feby. respecting the Forage at Haverstraw; I have wrote to Genl. Parsons who now commands at the Highlands, upon the Subject, and I make no doubt but he will pay proper attention to it. I am etc.47
[Note 47: The copy is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Valley forge, March 6, 1778.
Gentn: However inconvenient, and distressing to the Service in this quarter it may be to part with another Majr. General, yet, in obedience to a resolve of Congress I must do it, if neither Genl. Putnam nor Heath, in the judgment of the Comee. will answer the purposes of the command at Rhode Island.
The Comee. best know the designs of Congress in assembling a body of Troops in that State; consequently, what kind of an Officer (under our present circumstances) may be made to answer. They also know with more certainty than I do, what will be the determination of Congress respecting Genl. Putnam, and of course, whether the appointing of him to such a command as that at Rhode Island would fall within their views; it being incumbant on me to observe, that with such materials as I am furnished, the work must go on, whether well, or ill, is another matter: if therefore he, and others, are not laid aside they must be placed where they can least injure the Service. Generals Arnold and Lincoln will not, by Doctr. Browns acct. just from Albany, be able to take the Field till June. With great respect I am etc.48
[Note 48: The original is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 33. The draft in the Washington Papers, also in Washington's writing, varies slightly from the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, March 6, 1778.
Dear Sir: I deleted replying to your favour of the 2d. instr. on the Subject of Captn. Sullivan,49 till I should have an
[Note 49: Capt. Ebenezer Sullivan, of the Fifteenth Continental Infantry. He was a brother of General Sullivan; had been taken prisoner at The Cedars in May, 1776, and just recently exchanged.] opportunity of assisting my memory relative to the Resolve of Congress of the 19th. Feby. By consulting some papers in which the Substance of it is recited, I find it in the following words, so far as concerns the particular question before us.
All Continental Officers prisoners with the Enemy, either while in confinement or on parole, so long as they continue Officers of the United States, are entitled to their Pay and Rations, liable to a deduction for what they may have received in confinement.
The principle upon which a distinction in favour of Captn. Bliss50 was founded, is here plainly established, the fact being once allowed that he was continued in the Service, he has an undoubted claim to the privilege granted to persons of that description. And Captn. Sullivan who is deficient in this only requisite, is as clearly excluded from the benefit of the Resolve. I do not inquire at present into the equity of the principle, but merely cite the Resolve for your information. You are fully possessed of my Sentiments on the contents of your other Letter, and if I were to enter into the matter, I could do no more than repeat what I have already said to you on the subject. I am &ca.51
[Note 50: Capt. Thomas Theodore Bliss, of the Fifteenth Continental Infantry. He had been taken prisoner at The Cedars in May, 1776; exchanged and made captain in the Second Continental Artillery in January, 1777; was taken prisoner at Monmouth, N.J., in June, 1778; exchanged in January, 1781; did not rejoin his regiment.]
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 6, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 3d. instant and am sorry to find that what I meant merely as a joke, has been taken by you in a serious point of light. I can assure you, I never had the least suspicion that any part of your time was sacrificed or your duty neglected, on account of the Ladies who fell into your hands. As it has been thought expedient to detain them a considerable time for the security of the property taken, I think it would be hard to make them or their friends pay the expence of detention. Their Board therefore in my opinion properly becomes an incidental charge, to be deducted from the gross amount of the prize before a dividend is made.
General Howe having lately, by way of recrimination, charged us with many acts of cruelty towards prisoners who have fallen into our hands, among other matters introduces the treatment of those taken in the Brig Symetry. The charge is contained in the deposition of Serjeant Thompson of the 63d. Regiment copy of which you have inclosed. If what respects their treatment while under your command is false, be pleased to send me your state of the matter properly authenticated.52
[Note 52: Smallwood denied the charge of cruelty to the British prisoners. The weather was extremely cold; several of them were frostbitten, and one, a captain, had his hand accidentally injured through no one's fault but his own.]
I should have no objection to having Copies of the Physical Manuscripts taken, could it be done in any reasonable time, but there are so many Volumes that it would be a work of infinite labour. I would therefore wish to have them sent forward to me by the first opportunity. I am &ca.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 6, 1778.
Sir: As the season approaches fast when we may expect to draw together a considerable reinforcement to the Army, I cannot help having apprehensions that we shall be at a loss for Arms and Accoutrements for them. The last Returns that I obtained from the Commissaries on this side the North River were very imperfect, as the Stores were then on the remove from Bethlehem and Allen Town to Lebanon and Carlisle; nor have I recd. a regular Return from the Eastward for some time past. I am therefore much at a loss how to form a judgment, with any degree of accuracy, of the number that may be depended upon by the opening of the Campaign. You will oblige me by ordering an abstract to be taken from the latest returns and send to me. The number of Arms in the different Elaboratories wanting repair are very great; but I am fearful that there is neglect in the Armourer's department, owing to the inactivity of the person at the head of that branch, who I am told is almost superannuated.
As the neighbourhood of Philadelphia is the place where the Army will rendezvous in the Spring, I think it will be necessary to draw the Arms from all our remote Magazines to those in our Rear, and I have for this reason desired Genl Knox to send all the new ones (except those wanted for the recruits) from the Eastward to this State, and to have the old repaired with the greatest industry. I do not know whether we have any public Arms to the Southward, but if we have, I think they ought, for the same reason, to be brought forward in time [even from Charles Town].
The State of Virginia has voted a very considerable number of Men, who are to serve for Six Months, and it is more than probable, that if other States should find it difficult to procure their Quota of Continental Troops that they may adopt Similar expedients. I take it for granted, that they will all depend upon the public Magazines for Arms, and it will be a mortifying and discouraging circumstance should we not be able to supply them.
I am also apprehensive, that the scarcity of leather will occasion a Scarcity of Accoutrements. From what the Commissary of Hides informed me some time ago, his prospects of dressed leather are distant, he having put out a great quantity to be tanned, which will not be fit for Service until next Fall.
The Cartouch Boxes made in this Country, are generally very bad, and I see little chance of their being made Substantial and fit to turn the weather until we can bring our manufacture of leather to a greater perfection; which is only to be done by letting it lay much longer in the Vats, than we can afford, under our present wants. Military Accoutrements of the leather kind are said to come exceedingly cheap and good from France, and I would therefore Suggest the propriety of ordering a quantity from thence, if it should not have been already done. The Hides of the Cattle killed in the Army might then be in a manner totally applied to procuring Shoes for them, by making contracts to exchange one for the other. Had not this method been fallen upon, the Soldiers must have been rendered totally unfit for Service, as they could not get Supplied upon any other Terms, but in a very small degree. I have very little doubt, but contracts of this kind may be so extended, as to procure a constant Supply of good Shoes for the whole Army. This is a matter worthy of the attention of the Board, as we have Suffered more for the want of Shoes than for any other Article [and those imported from France affording little more than a days wear.] I have the honor, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 7, 1778.
Dear Sir: In a letter from Genl. Putnam of the 13th. Ulto. he informed me, that there were two large Scows and several Gun Boats upon hand and that the timber for two floating Batteries was cut but the work not began. I must beg your attention to the completing of these several kinds of Craft and to the repairing of any others that may want it. We shall have occasion for the common Boats to transport men, baggage and Stores with expedition when we are drawing our Reinforcements from the Eastward, and for the armed Boats and Batteries, to keep open the communication, should any of the Enemy's Vessels attempt to interrupt it.55 Genl. Putnam wrote me at the same time, that some Boats were building at Albany, but did not know in what forwardness they were; be pleased to inform yourself and urge the necessity of having them finished. I am &ca.56
[Note 55: Parsons was then stationed at West Point on the Hudson.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 7, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 2d. instant, inclosing Copy of your requisition to the Deputy Qr. Master General for Waggons with his answer thereon. I have had so many complaints of the difficulty of procuring Waggons under the late Law, either thro' the deficiency of it, or the inactivity of the Officers in the execution of it, that I have wrote fully to the president upon the occasion and have inclosed him a copy of your letter, so far as it respects the Subject.
I received yours of the 22d. Feby. with proceedings of the Court Martial upon Marsin, Myer and Harvey which are under consideration.57 I have also a letter from Lieutt. Colo. Hubley of the 26th. Feby. inclosing depositions respecting the conduct of the British Serjeants who left the Flag lately near Lancaster. You shall have my determination upon that matter and upon the sentences of the Court in a short time.
[Note 57: Gibson's letter of February 22 is in the Washington Papers, but the court-martial proceedings are not found therein.]
I am exceedingly obliged to the Gentlemen of the Virginia line for their offer of part of the Cloth provided for them by the State, but as I am well assured that their own wants must be fully if not more than adequate to the supply, I cannot think of depriving them of any part of it at this time. I am &ca.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 7, 1778.
Sir: Instructions were given a few days ago to Colo. Baylor to proceed to Virginia and in concert with Colo. Bland to purchase a number of Horses fit for the use of Light Dragoons. As the number wanted is considerable, I would wish you to undertake part of this business. If upon your arrival in Virginia you find you can do it to advantage you are to apply to Colo. Baylor for a Copy of the Instructions given to him, by which you are to govern yourself in every respect. Colo. Baylor is also desired to furnish you with Money for the purchase, upon producing this letter to him. You are to inform me, whether you remain in Virginia upon the above mentioned business, that if you do, Lieutt. Colo. Temple59 may be ordered to join and take charge of the Regiment. If you do not, you will return as soon as the nature of your private business will permit. I am &ca.58
[Note 59: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Temple, of the First Continental Dragoons.]
Valley Forge, March 7, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty of transmitting you Copies of three Letters from Genl. Howe of the 14th and 21st Ultimo, and of the 2d Inst., with their Inclosures.60 The unhappy Violation of the Flag of Truce has laid us under no small Embarrassments and has afforded the Enemy good Grounds for Complaint and Triumph at the same time. This, however, is the natural Consequence and must ever be the Case, where different Powers counteract each other in Matters of the most delicate Importance. There are some circumstances attending this Affair, which it may possibly be in the Power of Congress to throw Light upon. If they can I shall be obliged by their Assistance.
[Note 60: Laurens wrote (March 21) that Washington's letters "of the 7th, 8th and 12th are still in the hands of a Committee from whom may be expected a Special Report respecting the many opprobrious terms and epithets scattered throughout the Papers from Sir William Howe, applied to the good people of these United States and to their Representatives in Congress, which were heard by the House with great Indignation. From expressions of sentiment by Members on all sides, it appears to be the general opinion, that such papers should have been marked with the contempt of an immediate return." This letter is in the President's "Letter Book," Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 13.]
March 8.
In Consequence of the Letters which have lately passed between Genl. Howe and myself, particularly those of the 5th and 10th Ulto., Copies of which I had the Honor to transmit you in mine of the 8th continued to the 14th, I was about to send Commissioners to meet those appointed by Genl. Howe for adjusting the disputed Points between us; carrying into Execution an Exchange of Prisoners and improving the old Cartel, as far as it might be practicable, for their better Accomodation in future. This Meeting was to be the 10th Inst.; But yesterday Morning, Dunlaps paper of the 4th being put into my Hands, I found that a Resolution had been made the 26th of Febry., calling for all Accounts against Prisoners in our Hands and declaring that no Exchange should take place till the Ballance due thereon to the United States, is discharged. Some of the States are not required to exhibit their Claims till the 1st of June. The Time that would be taken to adjust them and make a Delivery of the Prisoners would more than exhaust all the ensuing Summer.
This Resolution I cannot consider as an intended Infraction of my Engagements with General Howe, yet its Operation is diametrically opposite, both to the Spirit and Letter of the Propositions made on my Part and acceded to on his. I supposed myself fully authorized, "by the Instructions and Intentions" of Congress to act as I did, and I now conceive, that the public, as well as my own personal Honor and faith, are pledged for the Performance.
By the Direction of Congress, I, in the first Instance, stipulated with Genl. Howe an Exchange of Prisoners, Officer for Officer of equal Rank. Soldier for Soldier and Citizen for Citizen. This Agreement they have ever approved, and repeatedly declared their Willingness to carry into Execution. Their Resolution of the 24th March last, impowered me, on Condition of General Lee being declared exchangeable; not only "to proceed" to the Exchange of Prisoners, according to the Principles and Regulations of the Cartel before agreed on, but also to enter into such further Principles and Regulations as should appear to me most proper and advantageous. A subsequent Resolution of the 6th of June holds forth the same Language; sanctions my Conduct and Reasonings in the Negotiations about that Time on the Subject, and directs an Adherence to them. No Event has occurred since that Period, by which I could conclude, there was any Alteration in the Views of Congress. So far from it, that all my late Letters, breathing the same Spirit with the former, and pointedly signifying my Wish to bring about a general Exchange, if not with an express, at least, met with a tacit Approbation. Genl. Howe at length, by Profession if not in Reality, is willing to perform the Agreement on the Conditions, required by me and confirmed by them.
It may be said, that with whatever powers I was originally vested to negociate an Exchange, the Resolution of the 19th Decr. last was an Abridgement of them, so far as to annex a new Condition; the Settlement and Payment of Accounts previous to it's taking place. I had no Conception of this being the Case, in the present Instance. However the Letter may warrant the Construction. Besides, the common Principle of preventing the Inconveniences, necessarily resulting from allowing the Enemy to make their Payments in paper Currency, I had reason to imagine, that General Burgoyne's Army was more particularly the Object of the concluding Clause. This Interpretation I the more readily adopted; for, exclusive of the Affairs of that Army, I verily believed, that from the confused, defective State of our Accounts relating to Prisoners, there would be a considerable Ballance in favor of Mr. Howe. Nor was the Situation of our Accounts the only Reason for this Belief. The Prisoners in our Hands, especially those Westward of the Delaware, as I am informed, have been in a great measure supported by their own Labor and at the Expence of the Enemy, who have had Agents constantly among us. If this is the Case, the Reason of the Resolve not applying, the Effect ought not of Course.
But perhaps it may be thought contrary to our Interest to go into an Exchange, as the Enemy would derive more immediate Advantage from it, than we should. This I shall not deny; but it appeared to me, that on Principles of genuine extensive Policy, independant of the Considerations of Compassion and Justice, we were under an Obligation not to elude it. I have the best Evidence, that an Event of this Kind is the general Wish of the Country. I know it to be the Wish of the Army, and no one can doubt, that it is the ardent Wish of the unhappy Sufferers themselves. We need only consult the Tide of Humanity and the Sympathies natural to those connected by the Cements of Blood, Interest and a common Dread of Evil, to be convinced, that the prevailing Current of Sentiment demands an Exchange. If the Country, the Army, and even the Prisoners themselves, had a precise Idea of our Circumstances, and could be fully sensible of the Disadvantages, that might attend the giving our Enemy a considerable Reinforcement, without having an Equivalent, they might perhaps be willing to make a Sacrifice of their Feelings to the motives of Policy. But they have not this Knowledge, and cannot be intrusted with it, and their Reasonings of Necessity will be governed by what they feel.
Were an Opinion once to be established, and the Enemy and their Emissaries know very well how to inculcate it, if they are furnished with a plausible Pretext, that we designedly avoided an Exchange, it would be a Cause of Dissatisfaction and Disgust to the Country and to the Army; of Resentment and Desperation to our captive Officers and Soldiers. To say nothing of the Importance of not hazarding our national Character, but upon the most solid Grounds, especially in our Embryo-state, from the Influence it may have on our Affairs abroad; it may not be a little dangerous, to beget in the minds of our own Countrymen, a Suspicion that we do not pay the strictest Observance to the Maxims of Honor and good Faith. It is prudent to use the greatest Caution, not to shock the Notions of general Justice and Humanity, universal among Mankind, as well in a public as a private View: in a Business, on the side of which the Passions are so much concerned as in the Present, Men would be readily disposed to believe the worst and cherish the most unfavourable Conclusions. Were the Letters that have passed between General Howe and myself from first to last and the Proceedings of Congress on the same Subject, to be published with proper Comments, it is much to be feared, if the Exchange should be deferred till the Terms of the last Resolve were fulfilled, that it would be difficult to prevent our being generally accused with a Breach of good Faith. Perhaps it might be said, that while the Enemy refused us Justice, we fondly embraced the Opportunity to be loud, persevering, incessant in our Claims; but the Moment they were willing to render it, we receded from ourselves and started new Difficulties. This I say, might be the Reasoning of speculative Minds, and they might consider all our Professions, as mere Professions, or at best, that Interest and Policy were to be the only Arbiters of their Validity.
Imputations of this Nature, would have a tendency to unnerve our Operations, by diminishing that Respect and Confidence, which are essential to be placed in those who are at the Head of Affairs, either in the civil or military Line. This, added to the Prospect of hopeless Captivity would be a great Discouragement to the Service. The ill Consequences of both would be immense, by increasing the Causes of Discontent in the Army, which are already too numerous, and many of which are in a great measure unavoidable, by fortifying that unwillingness, which already appears too great, towards entering into the Service, and of Course impeding the progress both of drafting and recruiting, by dejecting the Courage of the Soldiery from an Apprehension of the Horrors of Captivity, and finally by reducing those, whose Lot it is to drink the bitter Cup, to a Despair, which can only find Relief by renouncing their Attachments and engaging with their Captors. These Effects have already been experienced in part from the Obstacles that have hitherto lain in the Way of Exchanges; but if these Obstacles were once to seem the Result of System, they would become tenfold. Nothing has operated more disagreeably upon the Minds of the Militia, than the Fear of Captivity on the Footing it has heretofore stood. What would be their Reasonings, if it should be thought to stand upon a worse.
If a present, temporary Interest is to be a ruling Principle, it is easy to prove, that an Exchange can never take place. The Constitution of our Army in respect to the Term of Service, for which our Men engage, and the Dependence, we are obliged to place on the Militia, must forever operate against us in Exchanges, and forbid an Equality of Advantages. Should it be said there are times, when it might be more peculiarly unequal and injurious, and that the present is such, on account of the weak condition of our Army, I answer, that the Delay necessarily involved, in the previous Negociation on the Subject, in delivering the prisoners from time to time, in small numbers, and receiving others in their Stead, and the Mode of Delivery at different Places, will nearly bring the Matter to the Point we could wish, and give us Leisure to reinforce this Army, if it is to be done at all, so as to obviate, in a great measure, the ill Consequences apprehended. But if the Argument of Interest, on a partial Scale, be pursued as far as it will go, not only the general Consideration thrown out above, but special ones, opposite to every Situation, will present themselves, that we ought not to exchange. Now we ought not, because our Army is weak. When the Season is more advanced and it is Time for the Campaign to open, we ought not, because our Army may be strong, and it will be our Business to avail ourselves of our own Strength and the Enemy's weakness, to strike some decisive Blow. If they by the Protection of their Shipping and impregnable Works, should be able to baffle our Attempts, 'till the Period of Reinforcements from Europe arrive, it will surely then, not be our Interest to add Numbers and Strength to an Enemy already sufficiently numerous and strong. Thus, by a Parity of Reasoning, the golden æera will never come, which is to relieve the Miseries of Captivity, our Service must become odious, those who are out of it will endeavour to keep so, and those who are in it will wish to get out of it. Every Prisoner the Enemy makes will be his Soldier, rather than submit to a rigorous and despairing Confinement.
If we do not seize the present propitious Moment, when the Necessities of the Enemy, press them to reasonable Terms, to form and establish a liberal Cartel, it is not impossible in the Vicissitudes and Reverses of War, that a Time may come, when we should wish we had embraced it, and Interest may strongly impel the Enemy to decline it, except on the most unequal Conditions. True policy as well as good Faith, in my Opinion, binds us to improve the Occasion.
There are however some Ambiguities in General Howe's Conduct, which require Explanation and ought to put us upon our Guard. I determined to make the Affair of Citizens; viz. to procure an Exemption from Captivity for them if possible, or if not, since it cannot now be demanded as a Matter of Right, to fix their Exchangeability upon the easiest and most unequivocal Foundation, an indispensible Preliminary to any further Procedure, and at the same Time, to secure the Exchange of General Lee and all other Officers who have been the particular Objects of exception.
The Interview intended between General Howe's Commissioners and those on our Part on the 10th Instant is now postponed.61 I cannot doubt that Congress, in Preservation of the public Faith and my personal Honor, will remove all Impediments that now oppose themselves to my Engagements, and that they will authorize me, through Commissioners appointed for the Purpose, to negotiate a more extensive and competent Cartel, upon such Principles as may appear advantageous and
[Note 61: Howe wrote (March 24) to Lord George Germain: "The time appointed for the meeting of the commissioners being postponed by General Washington to the 31st of this month, without assigning any satisfactory reason, leads me to believe that neither he, nor those under whose authority he acts, are sincere in their professions to carry an exchange into execution at this time."] founded in Necessity, any Resolutions heretofore to the contrary notwithstanding; and I must request that they will favor me with their Answer by the earliest Opportunity. The Work from its nature, will be difficult. Two parties are concerned whose Interests are more than opposite in a common View. We shall endeavour to act for the best, and to promote the public Service, as far as possible; though we may not be able to answer the Expectations of all; But it should be remembered, that although General Howe's Want of Men affords a Prospect of favourable Terms; yet he will not be disposed to sacrifice to it, all Considerations of general Advantage, in a Contract of such a Nature; and it is not even to be hoped, that it can take place, except on Principles of mutual Benefit.
I persuade myself, that the Freedom I have taken in delivering my Sentiments so fully upon this Occasion, will readily be excused; as it proceeded from a Desire to place the Motives of my Conduct in a just point of View, and from an Opinion of Duty that led me to a free Discussion of a Subject, which, considered in all its Lights, will appear to comprehend Consequences of the first Delicacy and Magnitude. I have the honor etc.62
[Note 62: The letter was read in Congress on March 16 and referred to a committee of three: Francis Lightfoot Lee, John Henry, and Samuel Huntington. On March 18 Congress resolved "that General Washington be authorized and empowered to proceed to the exchange of such prisoners as are now in the power of the enemy, without waiting for the settlement of the accounts aforesaid."]
Valley Forge, March 7, 1778.
Sir: There is nothing I have more at Heart, than to discharge the great duties incumbent on me with the strictest Attention to the Ease and Convenience of the People. Every Instance, therefore, of Hardship or Oppression, exercised by the Officers of any Department under my immediate Controul gives me the most sensible Concern and should be immediately punished, if Complaints were properly made and supported. That there has been some Foundation for such Complaints and that they have affected the Service I cannot doubt from the great Delay and Backwardness of the People in forwarding Supplies and affording the Means of Transportation. Until the late Waggon Law of this State was passed, there being no Means of procuring the Service of the Inhabitants but by military Compulsion Quarter Masters and Commissaries from the Necessity of the Case seem to have been justified in impressing, tho' in many Instances perhaps it has been done with Circumstances of Terror and Hardship which they ought to have avoided. But when the Legislature had, by Law, made an Arrangement and put this important Service under the Care of their own Officers, it was my full Determination by every Means in my Power to support the Law that had passed and avail myself of the Resources of the State, in the Mode pointed out under a full Confidence that the Wisdom and Forecast which had marked out such a Plan would be accompanied with proportionate Zeal and Efficacy to carry it into Execution. Perhaps, Sir, I am not sufficiently informed to judge properly where the present defect lays and therefore avoid imputing Blame to any but I would wish you and the Gentlemen in Authority with you to be assured that nothing would give me more Satisfaction than to see the Powers of the Government so effectual for the Supply and Accomodation of the Army as to take away not only the Necessity but even Pretence of using any other than the ordinary civil Authority. Give me leave further to remark that the Army seems to have a peculiar Claim to the Exertions of the Gentlemen of this State to make its present situation as convenient as possible as it was greatly owing to their Apprehensions and Anxieties expressed in a Memorial to Congress that the present position was had when with unparallel'd Patience they have gone thro' a severe and inclement Winter, unprovided with any of those Conveniences and Comforts which are usually the Soldiers Lot, after the Duty of the Field is over.
This will be delivered you by the Depy. Qur. Master [Lutterloh]63 whose Expectations of Waggons for the Transportation of Supplies to Camp, as well as ordinary Camp duty have [by no means] been so fully answered as he expected. To what cause this Disappointment is owing you will doubtless discover upon Conference with him and if it shall appear to proceed from the Misconduct of any Officer accountable to me I beg you will furnish me with Proof of such Mal-practice that I may apply a suitable Remedy: But if our Difficulties flow from a defective Execution of the Law of the State I trust your publick Spirit and Regard to the great Cause in which we are engaged will induce you to strengthen what may be found weak and quicken what may be found languid and sluggish.
[Note 63: Henry Emanuel Lutterloh.]
The Necessities of the Service, Sir, are great the Duty required I acknowledge is burthensome and difficult at this inclement Season but it cannot be dispensed with. The Army and the Country have a mutual Dependence upon each other and it is of the last Importance that their several Duties should be so regulated and enforced as to produce not only the greatest Harmony and good Understanding but the truest Happiness and Comfort to each. Depending therefore upon a due and early Attention to this important Business and promising myself no small Relief from our present Difficulties. I remain, etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing I have receivd a Letter from Colo. Gibson at Lancaster, dated the 2d Instr. extract of which with his order to the Qt. Mr. and the answer I inclose to shew how much we are distressed even in small matters but our sufferings in Camp for want of Forage and Waggons is beyond all description.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Joseph Reed. The words in brackets and the P.S. are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, March 7, 1778.
Parole Granby. Countersigns Germany, Grantham.
The Commander in Chief orders and directs that Captures of Provisions actually going into Philadelphia must be made under the Eye and by the approbation of a Commissioned officer and no Forfeitures otherwise will take place. Provisions so taken will be for the benefit of the Captors and an authentic Certificate of their being properly taken, from the officers commanding parties and delivered to the Commissary; The Commissary of Purchases in Camp will pay for them.
All officers are strictly injoined to use the greatest caution in the matter, that it may not be made a pretext for plundering and injuring the well affected Inhabitants.
Aaron Ogden Esquire is appointed Protempore Brigade Major in General Maxwell's Brigade and is to be respected accordingly.
At a Brigade Court Martial whereof Lt. Colo. Burr was President March 2nd. 1778, Lieutt. Robert Lyon of 6th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for absenting himself from the Regiment without leave, found guilty and sentenced to be reprimanded in Brigade orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
At a General Court Martial (March 4th. 1778) whereof Colo. Bradley was President Lieutt. Young65 tried for neglect of duty
[Note 65: Lieut. Robert Young(?), of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment He retired in September, 1778.] and disobedience of orders; The Court upon mature deliberation are of opinion that Lieutt. Young is not guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do acquit him.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders Lieutt. Young to be immediately discharged from his Arrest.
AFTER ORDERS
Colo. Livingston is appointed President of the General Court-Martial (adjourned 'till tomorrow ten oClock) vice, Colonel Bradley.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, March 8, 1778.
Parole Hamden. Countersigns Hexham, Hull.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Bradley was President (March 6th. 1778) Thomas Hughes Pay-Master to 7th. Virginia Regiment tried, firstly for neglect of duty, secondly disobedience of orders, thirdly leaving Camp (with an Intention not to return) without settling his Accounts, found guilty of the charges exhibited against him, being a breach of Article 5th. section 18th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be dismissed the service, and that he continue in Camp 'till he settles his Accounts with the Pay Master General and with the Regt. in which he has acted and further that he pay Lieutt. Colman his reasonable expenses incurred in going to York by Genl. Woodford's Directions to order Mr. Hughes to camp.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence and orders it to take place.
At the same Court Martial March 3rd. Ensign Forbs66 of Colo. Shepard's Regiment tried for neglect of duty and cowardly behaviour on the night of 7th. of February, found guilty of the charges exhibited against him, being breaches of 5th.
[Note 66: Ensign Jonathan Forbes, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment.] Article 18th. Section and 13th. Article of 13th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced him to be cashiered, and that agreeable to 22nd. Article 15th. Section of the Articles of War, his Crime, name place of Abode and punishment be published in the News Papers in and about Camp and of that particular State to which he belongs or in which he resides.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence, orders Ensign Forbs to leave Camp as soon as he has settled his Accounts and the remainder of the sentence to be put in Execution as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 8, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 20th. Feby. and am sorry to find from it that the ill state of your health, added to the situation of your private affairs, renders it highly inconvenient on the last account and impossible upon the former to remain in the Service.
I am so well convinced that you have no other motives for quitting the service than those you have alledged, that you have my consent as far as it depends upon me, but Congress having in a late instance seemed to have reserved to themselves the right of accepting the resignations of Officers of your Rank, I have not since that time thought myself at liberty to receive such Commissions, before their consent has been obtained; You will therefore be pleased to make application to them.67
[Note 67: Dayton does not seem to have pursued his intention of resigning. He was transferred from the Third to the Second New Jersey Regiment in January, 1781; became brigadier general in January, 1783; served to the end of the war.]
I am obliged to you for your professions of personal regard and hope that domestic ease and an attention to your private affairs, will restore your health and circumstances to their former State. I am, etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley-forge, March 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: Below you will receive a copy of my last dated the 5th. to which I will add a thought which has occurred since the writing of it; and which if the Scheme is practicable at all may add not a little to the success namely to let the Officers and Soldiers imployed in the enterprize be dressed in red and much in the taste of the British Soldiery. Webb's Regiment will afford these dresses and it might not be amiss to know certainly the number of some Regiment that is quartered in the City; under some circumstances this knowledge may avail them, especially if the number on their own Buttons should corrispond thereto. I am, etc.
P.S. The Official Papers would be a vast acquisition and might without much difficulty accompany the Person.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, March 9, 1778.
Parole Joab. Countersigns Ifford, Italy.
The Cloathier General will have particular regard to Morgan's Corps, the Artillery, the Sixteen Additional Battalions and the North Carolina Brigade, when the next supply of cloathing arrives as the former are not provided for by any State and the latter are so far distant from their own that they have not received any supplies from thence.
A General Court Martial whereof Brigr. General McIntosh is appointed President is ordered to sit tomorrow ten oClock at the Adjutant General's Quarters for the trial of Colo. Cook charg'd with absenting himself from Camp without leave &c. &c. Colo. Chambers,69 Lt. Colo. Carlton,70 Major Hull71 and a Captain from each of the following Brigades, (viz) 1st. Pennsylvania, Poor's, Scott's, Weedon's, Maxwell's, Conway's, Huntington's, Varnum's and Glover's are to attend as Members; All Persons concern'd will attend said Court at the time and place mentioned.
[Note 69: Col. James Chambers, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine, Pa.; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 70: Lieut. Col. Samuel Carlton, of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in September, 1778.]
[Note 71: Maj. William Hull, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He was lieutenant colonel of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in August, 1779; served to June, 1784.]
AFTER ORDERS
Tomorrow morning will be issued from the Pay-Office the Gratuity of one month's Pay allowed by the honorable Congress to the Officers and soldiers who remain'd in Camp during the Winter. The Regimental Pay-Masters are to call upon the Pay-Master General for the same; They are also notified that a few tickets in the Continental Lottery are to be had at the Pay-Office if applied for soon. The drawing of said Lottery will absolutely commence May next.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 9, 1778.
Sir: I have been this day favd. with yours of the 27th February and of the 2d, 3d and 4th instants, which I shall answer in their order. The removal of so valuable a train of Field Artillery from Albany to Farmington as to a place of greater security was certainly a measure highly proper, and you may be assured, that every precaution shall be taken to escort it safely thro' Jersey to this Camp, when it is thought advisable to bring them hither. You mistook the intent of mine of the 18th February. I did not mean to give you the trouble of making a Return of the British Officers who were exchanged after the Convention. Genl. Reidesel, as I informed you, wrote to me to obtain liberty for him to make an exchange of some of his Suite and other foreign Officers, as that liberty had been allowed to the British. I did not choose to give him any answer, untill I had applied to you, that I might know, whether you had any reason for making such distinction; and as you misapprehended me, I shall still be obliged to defer answering him till I hear from you. I think, considering the great number of Officers of ours who are in captivity, it is our interest to exchange as many of our officers, prisoners under the Convention as we can.
Commissioners from me are to meet others from Genl. Howe on the 31st of this month to endeavour to settle a general exchange of prisoners: untill we know the issue of the negociation, it will be hardly worth while to alter the [present] Situation of the prisoners in Lancaster County.
On the 27th February I had occasion to write to Congress on the subject of yours of the 3d. It was occasioned by a representation from the Colonel of the 13th Virginia Regiment which was raised as Colo. McKays and Cooks were, to remain upon the Frontier. Was this the case with only one Regiment, I should not hesitate, considering the face of Affairs to the Westward, to order it immediately to Fort Pitt or the neighbourhood. But the 8th and 12th Pennsylvania and 12th and 13th Virginia all claim the same right, and if the indulgence is granted to one, the others will be dissatisfied. And to spare them all at this time is impossible. To regain the deserters from those Regiments is certainly a very desirable thing, and the mode you point out is the most probable. But I fear if those Men who are now here, find that the deserters are not to be brought down to join their Regiments in Camp that they may be induced to go off in hopes of obtaining the same terms. I confess I am much embarrassed by this matter, and shall be exceedingly glad to have the advice and assistance of Congress and the Board upon the subject before I come to any determination. It is an evil that will ever result from inlistments for local purposes, when it is not convenient to abide by the agreement.
I shall immediately transmit the papers, inclosed in yours of the 4th to General Howe. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Several instances having occurred in which Officers have drawn cloathing from the Cloathier General, not being entitled to it, I shall be glad if any applications are made to the Board that they will never give orders to any but such as bring testimonials from the Brigadier or Officer commanding the Brigade they belong to. Some who have resigned have taken up Cloathing on their return home.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The word in brackets, also by Tilghman, is in the draft, which is addressed to General Gates. The letter sent is unaddressed.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 9, 1778.
Sir: The receipt of your favour of the 28th. last Month gave me much pleasure as it relieved me from a State of the greatest anxiety on account of provisions. I hope you will steadily persevere in sending forward Supplies of Cattle and if it is yet possible to put up any Salt meat, I beg it may be done, for during our late want we have been obliged to consume most of the little that was cured in this quarter. I am endeavouring to draw as many Cattle as possible from Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, but they are in general small and very thin, nor can we expect any quantity from those parts till next Fall.
I shall lay your petition for a temporary suspension of the limitation law before Congress, with your Reasons for the measure, and I hope they will see the propriety and expediency of it. I am, etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 9, 1778.
Sir: I have your Letters74 of the 14th. and 21st. of February and the 2d. of March, of all which due notice shall be taken.
[Note 74: The draft, by Hamilton, was originally written: "I have been honored with your several favours of the 14th etc." and apparently changed as above by Washington's direction.]
Particular circumstances occurring make it inconvenient for my commissioners to meet yours at the time appointed: I must therefore beg to have the meeting deferred 'till the 31st. of [March.]
Mr. Boudinot, who has lately returned to Camp from New York, informs me, that, notwithstanding Maj or General Prescot has been several Weeks in the City, in pursuance of our agreement for the liberation of Officers on parole, General Lee is not permitted to come out; and that orders had been received from you, to send him round to Philadelphia by Water, that you might take his parole in person. There can be no reason to prevent his parole being taken where he is; and I must consider his being required to expose himself to the inconveniencies of a Sea-Voyage, at this Season, as altogether unnecessary. I had a right to expect, he would have been released as soon as General Prescot went in; and must request you will accordingly give immediate orders for it. If you will be pleased to transmit your directions through me, for that purpose, I will carefully forward them. This would obviate the uncertainty and possible delay of a conveyance by Water. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The word in brackets has been inserted by Washington after striking out the 24th instant (April) and other meeting arrangements.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, March 10, 1778.
Parole Knolton. Countersigns Kittery, Kendal.
The month's extra pay and for the month of December may be received tomorrow at the Pay-Master General's, who has been prevented from paying it this day, agreeable to yesterday's after orders.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Tupper76 was President (March 8th. 1778) Lieutt. Tipton77 of 12th. Virginia Regiment tried for embezzling the Country Clothing drawn for the soldiery in the Company to which he belongs; Secondly, for taking a Blanket from William Smith a Fifer in the said Company, by which means he suffered much with cold. The Court are of Opinion that Lieutt. Tipton is not guilty of the Charges exhibited against him and do acquit him.
[Note 76: Col. Benjamin Tupper, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. Transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; to the Sixth Massachusetts Regimentin January, 1783; served to June of the latter year.]
[Note 77: Lieut. Abraham Tipton.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the Opinion and orders Lieut. Tipton to be discharged from his arrest.
At a Brigade Court Martial whereof Majr. Buckhart78 was President, March 6th. 1778, Mr. Robinson,79 Adjutant of 13th. Virginia Regiment tried (with his consent) for encouraging a soldiers wife to sell liquors in General Muhlenbergh's Brigade without leave, also for taking the liquors after they were seized
[Note 78: Maj. Daniel Burchardt (Burkhard, Buckhart), of the Pennsylvania German Regiment. He resigned in July, 1779.]
[Note 79: Adjt. James Robertson (Robinson). He retired in September, 1778; served subsequently as a lieutenant in George Rogers Clark's regiment.] by order of the Commanding Officer of the Brigade and saying it should not be taken away and for repeatedly getting drunk and behaving in an ungentlemanlike manner.
The Court are of opinion that Mr. Robinson is guilty of detaining and using liquors seiz'd by Order of the Commander of the Brigade and saying it should not be taken away and sentenced to be reprimanded in Brigade Orders for so doing, but acquit him of the other charges. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place as soon as may be.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Bradley80 was President (March 3rd. 1778) Lieutt. French81 tried for refusing in positive terms to do duty when properly warned; The Court are of opinion that Lieutt. French is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him and do acquit him. The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion and orders his discharge from arrest.
[Note 80: Col. Philip Burr Bradley, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 81: Lieut. Mason(?) French, of Grayson's Additional Continental regiment.]
At a Brigade Court Martial in the Artillery whereof Lieutt. Colo. Strohbogh82 was President March 8th. 1778, Thomas Coshall and Samuel Burris of Colo. Lamb's Regiment of Artillery tried for desertion. The Prisoners plead guilty, confessing their intention to desert to the enemy and were sentenced to receive 500 lashes each on their bare backs well laid on. The Commander in Chief disapproves the sentence as being illegal and orders them to be tried anew by a General Court Martial.
[Note 82: Lieut. Col. John Martin Strobagh, of the Fourth Continental Artillery.]
Head Quarters, March 10, 1778.
Sir: In pursuance of a Resolve of Congress, dated the 21st. Feby. last, by which I am directed to order a Major General to take the Command, of the Troops in the State of Rhode Island in the place of Major General Spencer who has resigned, I have appointed you to that duty and you are to proceed with all convenient dispatch to enter upon it.
Congress have not communicated any thing to me on the Subject of Instructions, if they have any new object which will occasion an alteration of those given to your predecessor, it is probable that they will make you particularly acquainted with their views. I am &ca.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, March 10, 1778.
Sir: Annexed is a Copy of my last Letter to you, which from the tenor of yours of the 7th. instant, I am inclined to think you never received; it went by the return of the Dragoon who brought yours of the 9th. February.
The Legislature of New Jersey certainly never intended that the Law regulating the prices of necessaries should have a retrospective view, and affect any anterior Contracts. You ought therefore to settle with Mr. Estey84 according to the agreement which Colo. Sheldon made with him.
[Note 84: Estey had been engaged to make 140 pairs of leather breeches for Sheldon's Dragoons.]
As the Congress has called upon those States in which there is the best breed of Horses to supply the Cavalry, I cannot take upon me to put Money into Colo. Sheldon's hands for purchasing Remounts for his Regiment in particular, which will be provided for among the rest. But if he will engage some good Horses at a reasonable price upon Credit, I will undertake that they shall be paid for hereafter. I have no doubt that he will be able to inlist a number of Men for the established Continental bounty, as the Service of the Cavalry is sought by many who are unwilling to enter into the Infantry.
The Debts which accrue from your Contracts must, as I said before, be paid off from the Fund which is established for that purpose in the hands of the Quarter Master General. I am&ca.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, March 10, 1778.
My Dear Marquis: I have had the pleasure of receiving your two favors of the 19th and 23rd. February, and hasten to dispel those fears respecting your Reputation, which are excited only by an uncommon degree of Sensibility. You seem to apprehend, that censure, proportioned to the disappointed expectations of the World, will fall on you in consequence of the failure of the Canadian Expedition. But, in the first place, it will be no disadvantage to you to have it known in Europe, that you had received so manifest a proof of the good Opinion and confidence of Congress, as an important detached Command, and I am persuaded that every one will applaud your prudence in renouncing a Project, in pursuing which you would vainly have attempted Physical Impossibilities. Indeed, unless you can be chargeable with the invariable effects of natural causes, and be arraigned for not suspending the course of the Seasons, to accommodate your march over the Lake, the most prone to slander can have nothing to found blame upon. However sensibly your Ardour for Glory may make you feel this disappointment, you may be assured, that your Character stands as fair as ever it did, and that no New Enterprise is necessary to wipe off this imaginary Stain. The expedition which you hint at,86 1 think unadvisable in our present circumstances; any thing in the
[Note 86: An attack upon New York City.] way of a formal Attack, which would necessarily be announced to the Enemy by preparatory measures, would not be likely to succeed. If a stroke is meditated in that Quarter, it must be effected by Troops stationed at a proper distance for availing themselves of the first favourable opportunity offered by the Enemy, and success would principally depend upon the suddenness of the Attempt; [this therefore must rather be the effect of time and chance than premeditation.]
You undoubtedly have determined judiciously in waiting the farther Orders of Congress: Whether they allow me the pleasure of seeing you shortly, or destine you to a longer absence, you may assure yourself of the sincere good wishes of, Dear Sir, &c.
[P.S. Your directing payment of such debts as appear to be most pressing is certainly right as there is not money enough to answer every demand, and I wish your supplies of Cloathing had been better. Your Ordering a large supply of provisions into Fort Schuyler was a very judicious measure and I thank you for it.]87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The parts in brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, March 11, 1778.
Parole Lewis. Countersigns Litchfield, Landaft.
At a General Court Martial whereof Lt. Colo. Hubley was President held at Lancaster Febry. 24th. 78. Lieutt. McMichael88 of the Pennsylvania State Regiment tried for ungentlemanlike behaviour, found guilty of a breach of 21st. Article Section 14th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged the service. Also Lieutt. Dickason89 of 5th. Virginia Regiment at the
[Note 88: Lieut. William McMichael. The Pennsylvania State regiment had been designated the Thirteenth Pennsylvania in November, 1777.]
[Note 89: See General Orders, Mar. 12, 1778, post.] same Court tried for infamous and scandalous behaviour unbecoming the Character of a Gentleman found guilty of a breach of Article 21st. Section 14th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged the service, and also that this sentence be published in the public News Papers on this Continent.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences and orders them to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Pennsylvania, March 11, 1778.
Sir: I was only two days since honoured with your very obliging Letter of the 11th. of February.
Your indulgent Opinion of my Character, and the polite terms in which you are pleased to express it, are peculiarly flattering; and I take pleasure in the opportunity you have afforded me, of assuring you, that, far from suffering the views of national opposition, to be imbittered and debased by personal animosity, I am ever ready to do justice to the merit of the [Man] and Soldier, and to esteem where esteem is due, however the Idea of a public Enemy may interpose. You will not think it the language of unmeaning ceremony, if I add, that sentiments of personal Respect, in the present instance, are reciprocal.
Viewing you in the light of an Officer contending against what I conceive to be the [rights] of my Country, the reverses of Fortune you experienced in the Field, cannot be unacceptable to me; but, abstracted from considerations of national advantage, I can sincerely sympathize with your feelings as a Soldier; the unavoidable difficulties of whose situation forbid his success; and as a man, whose lot combines the calamity of ill health, the anxieties of Captivity, and the painful sensibility for a reputation, exposed, where he most values it to the assaults of malice and detraction.
As your Aide de Camp went directly on to Congress, the business of your Letter to me had been decided before it came to hand. I am happy, that their chearful acquiescence with your request, prevented the necessity of my intervention; and wishing you a safe and agreeable passage, with a perfect restoration of your health, I have the honour, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Pennsa., March 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: Immediately on my appointment to the command of the American Army and arrival at Cambridge (near Boston) in the year 1775, I informed you of the impracticability of my longer continuing to perform the duties of a friend by having an eye to the conduct of your Collector and Steward, as my absence from Virginia would not only withdraw every little attention I otherwise might have given to your business; but involve my own in the same neglected predicament. What use you may have made of the information I know not, having heard nothing from you these four years, nor been in Virga. these last three.
I have heard, and fear it is true, that your Seat (Belvoir) is verging fast to destruction. In what condition, and under what management your estate in Berkeley is, I know not; and equally ignorant am I respecting the conduct of Peyton, but earnestly advise you to impower some person to attend to these matters, or the consequence is obvious.
Lord Fairfax (as I have been told) after having bowed down to the grave, and in a manner shaken hands with death, is perfectly restored, and enjoys his usual good health, and as much vigour as falls to the lot of Ninety. Your Sister Washington91 goes on teeming, but cannot produce a boy. Miss Fairfax was upon the point of Marriage in decemr. last with a relation of mine, a Mr. Whiting, but her ill health delayed it at that time, and what hath happend since I know not. Your Nieces in Alexandria are both Married, the elder to Mr. Herbert, the younger to Mr. Harry Whiting, Son of Frank in Berkeley. Mrs. Cary, her Son Colo. Cary, Mr. Nicholas, Mrs. Ambler,92 and their respective families were all well about two Months ago. Miss Cary is married to Tom Nelson, second Son to the Secretary.
[Note 91: Hannah Fairfax, who married Warner Washington.]
[Note 92: Mary Cary Ambler, wife of Edward Ambler.]
Mrs. Washington who is now in Qrs. with me joins in most Affecte Complimts to Mrs. Fairfax and yourself, with, Dear Sir, etc.93
[Note 93: This letter, Washington noted on the draft, was carried to England by Lieutenant General Burgoyne.]
Head Quarters, March 11, 1778.
Gentlemen: I yesterday received yours of the 9th. inclosing the Copy of a representation made to Colo. Proctor of some matters in which you thought yourselves and the other Officers of the Regiment aggrieved.
I am surprised that you should object to the vacant Company's being reserved for Captn. Lieutenant Turnbull,94 now a prisoner. I am informed that he was senior Captn. Lieutenant
[Note 94: Capt.-Lieut. Charles Turnbul (Turnbull).] and had he been at Liberty, would have been promoted accordingly. I confess it is not customary to make the promotion of an Officer known, while he is prisoner, because the Enemy might rate him in the exchange at the Rank to which he is preferred but it does not follow that his Rank is not to be reserved for him. You mention a resolve of Congress for barring the promotion of Officers during Captivity. I do not recollect it, but I am sure if there is any such Act, it is calculated to suspend for a time but not to bar promotion. An Officer who has behaved well and has the Misfortune to be made prisoner, ought rather to receive an addition to, than be deprived of his Rank.
If you will reflect a Moment and make Mr. Turnbull's case your own, you will be convinced of the hardship you would at present wish to impose upon him.
The Maryland Companies are not to be annexed to your Battalion. I am, etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 11, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 8th. Mr. Boudinot has wrote to Mr. Atlee96 and has given him directions respecting the British officers. If the Commissary at Lancaster does not exert himself to procure meat for the troops, write to the Commissary General at York and make complaint to him and inform him that there are people who are willing to supply you. Certainly it is as easy for the Commissary to procure Cattle, as it is for the Butcher. I would not have you consume any of the Salt meat if you can possibly avoid it. As all the Continental Troops at present at Lancaster will be wanted here and must
[Note 96: William Augustus Atlee, Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners.] be drawn down, as soon as they are fit for Service, I would wish you to apply to the Governor and Council for a Guard of Militia to take care of the Stores. But they need not be called in until the Continental troops are about leaving the Town. The Doctor that you have in Custody called at Head Quarters when he came out of Philada.97 and some of the Gentlemen of my Family say he hold them the same story that he did to you. They therefore think him innocent of any ill design. They advised him to go into Lancaster County, as a place where he would find many of his Countrymen.
[Note 97: Pierre Manor. He had served in the Hessian hospital and been dismissed.]
Inclosed you have a Warrant for the execution of Marsin and Myer. Blanks are left for the name of the person acting as provost and for the time of execution, which had better be done quickly and in as public a manner as possible. I have thought fit to pardon Harvey for the reasons recommended by the Court.
I confirm the sentence of the Court against Wendal Bowman who should be delivered up to the Sheriff with Copy of his Crime and Conviction.
I also confirm the Sentences against Lieutenant McMichael of the 12th. Pennsylvania Regiment, and Lieutt. Dickenson of the 5th. Virginia, both of which shall be published in general orders here. I am etc.
P.S. Nothing is yet determined in the case of the British Serjeants, they must therefore be kept under Guard.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 11, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 27th. Ulto., inclosing your Instructions from the Board of War relative to procuring Leather for Military Accoutrements, to which I have nothing to add. The common and milder method of Contract is to be prefered for supplying the Army, and when that fails recourse must inevitably be had in the last resort to compulsive means. From the importance of the object, I cannot forbear repeating my express orders that you will take the most vigorous and effectual measures for putting the Arms into the best repair. Altho' I have a right to expect that you are already sufficiently impressed with the necessity for diligence and dispatch in this business. I am &ca.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 1: Major in the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was lieutenant colonel in December, 1778; resigned in October, 1781.]
Head Quarters, March 11, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 9th. I cannot conceive how you can think yourself injured by the promotion of Major Popkin2 to the Lieutenant Colonelcy of Colo. Crane's Battalion of Artillery, if it is so, for I am not yet informed that such promotion has taken place. Each Regiment of Artillery is as distinct as the Regiments of foot belonging to different States are from each other, and therefore the promotion of an Officer in Colo. Crane's or Colo. Lamb's Battalion no more affects you, than the promotion of an Officer in the Virginia line affects the Rank of an Officer in the Maryland or any other. I hope upon reflexion you will see this matter in its true light, which I think is as stated above. I am etc.
[Note 2: Maj. John Popkin, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He had been promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Third Continental Artillery, to rank from July, 1777; served to June, 1783.]
P.S. As I am unacquainted with the matter respecting Major Popkin's promotion, I shall suspend it at least till General Knox's arrival.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, March 12, 1778.
Parole Marlborough. Countersigns Manchester, Minden.
The sentence in yesterday's orders respecting one Lieutt. Dickason therein set forth to belong to 5th. Virginia Regiment is a mistake (as there neither is, nor has been such an Officer in the Regiment) occasion'd by some Villain who imposed himself upon the Gentlemen who constituted the Court in that Character their distance from Camp prevented a sooner discovery of the Imposition.
Head Quarters, March 12, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 9th. inst. and congratulate you on the success which crowned your gallantry and address, in the late Attack upon the Enemy's Ships.4 Altho circumstances have prevented you from reaping the full benefit of your conquest, there is ample consolation in the degree of Glory which you have acquired. You will be pleased to accept of my sincere thanks for the good things which you have been so polite as to send me, with my wishes that suitable Success may always attend your Bravery. I am, etc.
[Note 4: Barry had captured two British armed ships and a schooner, loaded with forage, entrenching tools, etc. From the cargoes he sent Washington a cheese and a jar of pickled oysters.]
P.S. As the Intrenching Tools are of great value, you will be so good as to reserve them, and take particular care of them.5
[Note 5: ln the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am honoured with yours of the 5th. instant and cannot sufficiently express my thanks for your attention to my letter of the 16th of Febry. I have the pleasure to inform you, that by the exertions of our Friends in different quarters, the Army has been pretty well supplied since, and I hope will continue to be so, if proper steps are taken by the present Commissaries, or if there should be a change for the better in that capital department. There is however one thing that I fear it is too late to remedy and that is the neglect of curing Salt provision in season, to the want of a proper quantity of which, in hot weather, I attribute the prevalency of fluxes and other disorders in our Army. There are complaints from every quarter of the remissness of payment in the Commissary and Qur. Masters departments, whether this is owing to the misapplication of Public Money or whether the departments have not been properly supported by the Treasury I will not undertake to determine as none of their accounts either go thro' my hands or are subject to my inspection. A change is taking place in the Qur. Master's and I hope if the Gentleman, who is in nomination, accepts that there will be a considerable reform.
The Letter which you desired Doctor Cochran to inquire about came safely to my hands. The hints which you were pleased to give of mismanagement in the North River command came also from several other hands, and did not a little embarrass me, as they contain charges rather resulting from want of judgment, than any real intention to do wrong. It is much to be lamented, that we should have Officers of so high Rank as to intitle them to claim seperate Commands, with so moderate a share of Abilities to direct them in the execution of those Commands. You may however rest assured that proper steps are taking to introduce [if the general course of service will admit], a Gentleman who I hope will better answer the public end and be fully agreeable to the State of New York in particular. I hope you will in the mean time continue to afford General Parsons every assistance, by your advice in the execution of the necessary Works and by rendering him what aids he may call for from your Government. I have the honour, etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: I should have answered your favour of the 14th January before this time, had I not have been daily in hopes that I should have been able to have given you a satisfactory account of a change of Men and measures in the North River department. It has not been an easy matter, to find a just pretence for removing an Officer from his command, where his misconduct rather appears to result from Want of Capacity, than from any real intention of doing wrong; and it is, therefore, as you observe, to be lamented, that he cannot see his own defects and make an honourable retreat from a station in which he only exposes his own weakness.
Proper measures are taking to carry on the inquiry into the loss of Fort Montgomery, agreeable to the direction of Congress; and it is more than probable, from what I have heard, that the issue of that inquiry will afford just grounds for a removal of Genl. P--,7 but, whether it does or not, the prejudices of all ranks in that Quarter against him are so great, that he must at all events be prevented from returning.8 I hope to introduce a Gentleman in his place [if the genl. course of service will admit of it] who will be perfectly agreeable to the State and to the Public. In the mean time, I trust that Genl. Parsons will do
[Note 7: Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam.]
[Note 8: Livingston had written (January 14) to Washington that popular opinion in New York and the neighboring States, as well as in the Army, ran strongly against Putnam, who was then in his sixtieth year and unable to render the military services demanded of him by the important command he then filled.] every thing in his power to carry on the Works, which, from his last accounts, are in more forwardness than I expected.
I wish all the men on the upper part of the River had been drawn down to the Highlands, instead of being kept to carry on an expedition, in which I never was consulted, but which I saw from the begining could never succeed, from a variety of reasons, which it would be needless to give you or any man acquainted with the State of the Country thro' which it was to have passed. Those, who were most sanguine, I fancy, now see the impracticability of it.
Peekskill and the neighbouring posts were, by a Resolve of Congress, included in the Northern department, and the care of carrying on the Works put under the direction of the Officer commanding in that district. Genl Gates being, soon after the Resolve, called to the Board of War, he had no opportunity of doing any thing towards it. Whether there will be any alteration in the extent of the command this Campaign, I cannot tell; but, if it falls again into that department, more immediately under my particular command, you may depend that all the attention due to Posts so important shall be paid to them. I am &c.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 12, 1778.
Sir: Your Letter of the 10th came to hand last Night.
The Meeting of our Commissioners cannot take place 'till the time appointed in my last.
I am not able to conceive on what principle it should be imagined, that any distinction, injurious to Lieut. Col. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers still exists. That they have not yet been returned on parole, is to be ascribed solely to the remoteness of their situation. Mr. Boudinot informs me, that he momently expects their arrival, in prosecution of our engagement. You are well aware, that the distinction originally made, with respect to them, was in consequence of your discrimination to the prejudice of General Lee. On your receding from that discrimination, and agreeing to a mutual releasement of Officers on parole, the difficulty ceased, and General Prescot was sent into New York, in full expectation, that General Lee would have immediately come out, in return. So far from adhering to any former exception, I had particularly directed my Commissary of Prisoners, to release Lieut. Col. Campbell in lieu of Lieut. Col. Ethan Allen.
I wish, Sir, I was not Obliged to say there are some ambiguities, still Characterising the measures taken concerning General Lee, which justify alarming surmises, notwithstanding all that has passed to the Contrary. I have now been as explicit as you can desire, on the subject of Col. Campbell and the HessianGentlemen, and I hope to find you as explicit on the subject of General Lee, by giving directions without farther delay, to liberate him in place of General Prescot. General Lee's request, mentioned by you, to be permitted to come by Land to Philadelphia, can be no Objection to this requisition; it was founded upon your order to send him round by Water to that place; and, conceiving it would be insisted on, that he should pass to Philadelphia, he preferred the mode of going by Land, as the least inconvenient alternative. But the Measure appears to me wholly improper, and a departure from our late stipulation, calculated to impose unnecessary hardships on that unfortunate Gentleman, and to produce needless procrastination, at least, in allowing him the common benefit of a General agreement. With due respect, I am, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley Forge, March 12, 1778.
Sir: On Sunday night I had the honor to receive your favors of the 1st11 and 5th Instant with their Inclosures.
[Note 11: Laurens's letter of March 1 inclosed, among other resolves, that of February 27.]
I am happy to find that my past conduct, respecting Citizens, in the correspondence between Genl Howe and myself is approved by Congress. They may rest assured that their rights are strongly impressed on my mind, and that in all my transactions every support in my power shall be given them. I know their importance, and in my expected negotiations with Genl. Howe, if possible, I will exempt Citizens from Captivity. However I cannot hope to effect it, as I cannot demand it as a matter of right, since Congress themselves in their Original resolve, directing a proposition to be made for the exchange of Prisoners, mentioned that of Citizens, which implied a right of capturing them. They may also be assured, that General Lee will not be forgotten. He has all along been a principle object in dispute, and so far from doing any thing injurious to him, his right to be exchanged and releasement are intented to be placed upon the most explicit, unambiguous footing. Indeed from the spirit of Genl. Howe's Letters, collectively taken, since his agreement to enlarge the Officers on parole, in the first instance, and his extension of it in the last to an exchange, (tho' they are not free from ambiguities) it may be inferred, that on sending in Lt. Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers captured at Trenton, that an exchange of all Officers will immediately commence. It seems to be a point with him, that it shall begin with them, as they have been longest in captivity.
I have taken the liberty to inclose you Copies of three Letters which have just passed between Genl. Howe and myself more particularly concerning Genl Lee; in which I have pushed matters respecting him, as far as I thought it prudent at this time. Every precaution will certainly be used to prevent the Enemy gaining any advantage in the exchange of prisoners.
With great deference, I would take the liberty to observe that Congress seem to have carried the preamble of their Resolve of the 26th Ulto. prohibiting the inlisting &c. Prisoners and deserters [to serve in our Army] too far, and thro' accident, to have recited a fact that has never happened (at least to my knowledge) and which is injurious to us. Viz. that Prisoners had been inlisted by us. If any have, it is what I never knew. However, be this as it may, if the Resolution has not been published, I could wish the preamble to be altered and only recite "that experience &c. in Deserters" only. [has proved that no Confidence &c. can be placed in deserters."] The Resolution itself may stand as it does, comprehending a prohibition against the inlistment of both. My reason for troubling Congress upon this occasion is, we have always complained against Genl Howe and still do for obliging or permitting the prisoners in his hands to inlist, as an unwarrantable procedure and wholly repugnant to the spirit, at least, of the Cartel. This preamble seems to admit the practice on our part, which certainly would justify it in him, and is such evidence as must silence us in future should it stand, and afford him an opportunity for recrimination, tho' as I have suggested, I believe no prisoners have ever been inlisted by us. I am sure none have through compulsion.12
[Note 12: As they stand on the Journals of the Continental Congress (February 26) the preamble and resolve recite that: "Whereas experience hath proved that no confidence can be placed in prisoners of war or deserters from the enemy, who inlist into the continental army; but many losses and great mischiefs have frequently happened by them; therefore, Resolved, that no prisoners of war or deserters from the enemy be inlisted, drafted, or returned, to serve in the continental army."]
I have the pleasure to transmit you an Extract of a Letter from Capt. Barry, which will inform you of his successes. The two ships he burnt, after stripping them; and he was obliged, it seems, two days after the capture, to ground and abandon the Schooner after a long and severe engagement with some of the Enemy's Frigates and smaller armed Vessels. It is said he saved her Guns and most of her tackle.
I also take the liberty to lay before Congress copies of Letters from Messrs. Champion, Wadsworth and Reed.13 From the uniformity of sentiment held forth by these Gentlemen, it is much to be feared, the measures lately adopted by the Commissioners at New Haven14 for regulating the prices of provision will have a disagreeable effect upon our supplies of meat. How far it may be practicable to suspend their operation for a time, I cannot determine; but if it can be done, it appears we should experience many advantages from it. It is a matter of great importance, and as such is submitted to Congress for their consideration. If any thing can be done to procure supplies of provision, particularly of the salt kind, I should suppose and am persuaded it will not be omitted. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 13: These extracts from letters of Henry Champion, commissary of purchases in the Eastern Department; Jeremiah Wadsworth and James Reed, Deputy Commissaries General of Purchases, are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 14: The Commissioners at New Haven had been appointed by New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania in response to the resolve of Congress of Nov. 22, 1777, for the purpose of regulating the prices of labor, manufactures, internal produce, commodities, etc. They met Jan. 15, 1778, and adjourned January 31. A copy of their proceedings is in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 15: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the draft but were omitted in the letter sent.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, March 13, 1778.
Parole Nixon. Countersigns Norwales, Newport.
The Commander in Chief is informed that notwithstanding His order of 12th. of January last, the Carcases of dead horses lay in and near camp and that the offal near many of the Commissaries Stalls still lay unburied, that much Filth and nastiness is spread amongst the Hutts which are or will soon be reduced to a State of Putrefaction and occasion a sickly Camp; Out of tender regard for the lives and health of His brave soldiery and with surprize that so little attention is paid to his orders, He again in the most positive terms orders and commands that the Quarter Master General apply for men from time to time to bury such dead horses as shall lay at any considerable distance from Camp so as never to permit any of them to lay unburied and that he compel some of his Assistants to see this order strictly complied with; The Division and Brigade Qr. Masters are to pay the strictest attention to it in or near their respective divisions and Brigades.
The Division and Brigade Commissaries are constantly to bury the offal and damaged provision, near their quarters. The Commander of divisions and brigades are desired to see this order implicitly obeyed and further that the Field Officers of the day take particular notice and report any neglect thereof.
The Commanding officers of Regiments or Corps will immediately order their Qr. Masters to see their respective encampments cleansed, their old vaults filled and new ones dug once a week, all filth and nastiness buried and that fresh earth be flung into the Vaults twice every day. As the above orders are essentially necessary to preserve Health in Camp, no plea of Ignorance will be admitted, and the least breach thereof severely noticed.
In case a non commissioned officer or soldier is mustered out by the Commissary of Musters, the Brigadiers or officers commanding Brigades will give them discharges either to return to their own home or to go into the Corps of Invalids at the option of the men.
They will not transfer them to that Corps unless fit to do duty in it.
A board of General officers will sit at Lord Stirlings quarters tomorrow morning ten o'Clock to settle the rank of the Field Officers in the Massachusetts Line.
All officers concern'd are desired to attend and prefer [profer] their pretensions.
[Note 16: Philip Schuyler, James Duane, and Volkert Pieterse Douw were Commissioners of Indian Affairs for the Northern Department. They sat at Albany, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 13, 1778.
Gentlemen: You will perceive, by the inclosed Copy of a Resolve of Congress, that I am impowered to employ a body of four hundred Indians, if they can be procured upon proper terms. Divesting them of the Savage customs exercised in their Wars against each other, I think they may be made of excellent use, as scouts and light troops, mixed with our own Parties. I propose to raise about one half the number among the Southern and the remainder among the Northern Indians. I have sent Colo Nathl. Gist, who is well acquainted with the Cherokees and their Allies, to bring as many as he can from thence, and I must depend upon you to employ suitable persons to procure the stipulated number or as near as may be from the Northern tribes. The terms made with them should be such as you think we can comply with, and persons well acquainted with their language, manners and Customs and who have gained an influence over them should accompany them. The Oneidas have manifested the strongest attachment to us throughout this dispute and I therefore suppose, if any can be procured, they will be most numerous. Their Missionary Mr. Kirkland seemed to have an uncommon ascendency over that tribe and I should therefore be glad to see him accompany them. If the Indians can be procured, I would choose to have them here by the opening of the Campaign, and therefore they should be engaged as soon as possible as there is not more time between this and the Middle of May than will be necessary to settle the business with them and to March from their Country to the Army. I am not without hopes that this will reach you before the treaty which is to be held, breaks up. If it should, you will have an Opportunity of knowing their sentiments, of which I shall be glad to be informed, as soon as possible.17 I have the honour etc.18
[Note 17: Regarding the employment of Indians, Sparks prints the following footnote in volume 5 of his Writings of Washington:
"A short time before Congress passed the resolve conferring the authority described above the subject had been vehemently discussed in the British Parliament (February 6) on a motion of Mr. Burke to call for the papers which had passed between the ministry and the generals commanding in America relative to the military employment of Indians. The act was denounced as criminal, and the ministers were censured with much asperity by the prominent opposition members for abetting and approving it. Mr. Burke said: 'No proof whatever had been given of the Americans having attempted offensive alliances with any one tribe of savages; whereas the imperfect papers now before that House demonstrated, that the King's ministers had negotiated and obtained such alliances from one end of the continent of America to the other; that the Americans had actually made a treaty on the footing of neutrality with the famous Five Nations, which the King's ministers had bribed them to violate, and to act offensively against the colonies; that no attempt had been made in a single instance on the part of the King's ministers to procure a neutrality; that if the fact had been, that the Americans had actually employed those savages, yet the difference of employing them against armed and trained soldiers, embodied and encamped, and employing them against the unarmed and defenceless men, women, and children of a country, dispersed in their houses, was manifest, and left those, who attempted so inhuman and unequal a retaliation, without excuse.'
"Lord George Germain spoke in reply, and justified the conduct of the administration. He said 'the matter lay within a very narrow compass; the Indians would not have remained idle spectators; the very arguments used by the honorable gentleman, who made the motion, were so many proofs that they would not. Besides, the rebels, by their emissaries, had made frequent applications to the Indians to side with them, the Virginians particularly; and he said, that some Indians were employed at Boston in the rebel army. Now taking the disposition of the Indians, with the applications made to them by the colonies, it amounted to a clear, indisputable proposition, that either they would have served against us, or that we must have employed them.' Lord North said, on the same side, 'that, in respect to the employment of Indians, he looked upon it as bad, but unavoidable.'
"Governor Pownall, who had resided long in America and understood the Indian character perfectly, was of the same opinion. He proposed a scheme of his own. 'I know,' said he, 'and therefore speak directly, that the idea of an Indian neutrality is nonsense; delusive, dangerous nonsense. If both we and the Americans were agreed to observe a strict neutrality in not employing them, they would then plunder and scalp both parties indiscriminately on both sides. Although this is my opinion, founded on the knowledge and experience I have had in these matters, yet I am persuaded, that if we and the Americans would come to some stipulation, or convention, that we would mutually and in a spirit of good faith not suffer the Indians to intermeddle, but consider and act against them as enemies, whenever they did execute hostilities against any of the British nation, whether English or Americans, all this horrid business might be prevented, or at least in a great measure restrained.' Governor Pownall enlarged upon his scheme and even offered to proceed himself to Congress, if duly authorized, and use his endeavors with that body to carry it into effect."
(See Almon's Parliamentary Register, vol. viii, pp. 349, 353, 357.)]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 19: Chaplain to Poor's New Hampshire brigade.]
Head Qrs. Valley-forge, March 13, 1778.
Revd. Sir: Your favor of the 17th. Ulto., inclosing the discourse which you delivered on the 18th. of December; the day set a part for a general thanksgiving; to Genl. Poors Brigade, never came to my hands till yesterday.20
[Note 20: This sermon (24 pages) was printed by Francis Bailey, at Lancaster, Pa., in 1778. It was, probably, one of these imprints which Evans sent to Washington.]
I have read this performance with equal attention and pleasure, and at the same time that I admire, and feel the force of the reasoning which you have displayed through the whole, it is more especially incumbent upon me to thank you for the honorable, but partial mention you have made of my character; and to assure you, that it will ever be the first wish of my heart to aid your pious endeavours to inculcate a due sense of the dependance we ought to place in that all wise and powerful Being on whom alone our success depends; and moreover, to assure you, that with respect and regard, I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 14, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed are a memorial to and a letter from the Board of War on the subject of Mr. Daniel Heister,21 a Gentleman who
[Note 21: Daniel Heister, jr., of Pennsylvania. The British denied knowledge of him.] some time since obtained a flag from you, under the sanction of which he went to Halifax and was there unwarrantably seized and detained as a spy. You will be pleased, agreeable to the request of the Board, by the first flag to remonstrate against this procedure in a proper manner; and demand Mr. Heister's liberation, with a restoration of his papers and effects. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, March 1, 1778.
Sir: I expected you would have been at Camp with the Detachment under your command before this time, but I imagine the Weather and Roads have hindered you. I desire you will lose no time in marching after you receive this; and that you will bring with you all the Men of other Corps that are sufficiently recovered from the Hospitals and properly clad to do duty. I am &ca.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 14, 1778.
Sir: I have the honour of yours of the 2d instant; and I can assure you, I feel myself very sensibly affected by the strenuous manner in which you express the public regard of the State and your personal friendship towards me. I only desire to be the object of both, while in your good opinion and that of the Publick, I continue to merit them.
We seem hitherto to have mistaken each other, in respect to the Troop of light Horse. I did not mean to inlist them in the Continental Service, but only to engage them for a few Months, while the Continental Horse were recruiting, upon the same terms that I engaged the Morris County Horse last Winter. It will be expected that they provide their own Horses, Arms and Accoutrements and be paid accordingly. If Capt Arnold24 will come into the Service upon the above terms, I will immediately take him into employ.
[Note 24: Of the Morris County, N.J., Horse.]
I am exceedingly glad to hear of the reform you have already made in the Quarter Masters and Commissary's department at Princeton and doubt not, but if you pursue the same line of Conduct thro' the other Posts, that the public will not only save an immense Sum of Money, but be better served, for these Supernumeraries, [are] like useless Wheels in a Machine, they only clog and perplex the more essential parts.
It is impossible to devise any other mode of disposing of deserters, than to let them go at large among us, provided there is no particular cause of suspicion against them. To confine them would effectually put a stop to a drain which weakens the Enemy more in the course of a year than you would imagine.
I am pleased with the favourable account which you give of Count Pulaski's Conduct while at Trenton. He is a Gentleman of great activity and unquestionable bravery, and only wants a fuller knowledge of our language and Customs, to make him a valuable Officer. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 14, 1778.
Sir: This will be presented to you by Count Pulaski, who from a conviction that his remaining at the head of the Cavalry, was a constant subject of uneasiness to the principal Officers of that Corps, has been induced to resign his command. Waving a minute inquiry into the causes of dissatisfaction, which may be reduced perhaps to the disadvantages under which he laboured as a Stranger not well acquainted with the Language, Genius and Manners of this Country; It may be sufficient to observe, that the degree of harmony, which is inseperable from the well being and consequent utility of a Corps, has not subsisted in the Cavalry, since his appointment, and that the most effectual as well as the easiest remedy is that which he has generously applied.
The Count however far from being disgusted with the service is led by his thirst of Glory and zeal for the cause of Liberty, to solicit farther employment, and waits upon Congress to make his proposals; they are briefly, that he be allowed to raise an independent Corps composed of 68 Horse and 200 foot, the Horse to be armed with lances and the foot equipped in the manner of light Infantry; The former he thinks he can readily fill with natives of good character and worthy the trust reposed in them; with respect to the latter he is desirous of more latitude, so as to have liberty of engaging Prisoners and deserters from the Enemy. The original plan for the Lance-men was, to have draughted them from the Regiments of Horse; but as this method would produce a clashing of interests, and perhaps occasion new disturbances, the Count prefers having a Corps totally unconnected with any other; my advice to him therefore, is to inlist his number of Cavalry with the Continental bounty, and if it should be found consonant to the views of Congress, to allow his raising the number proposed, over and above the establishment for the Horse, then he would have them on the footing of an independent Corps; if not, he might, at all events have them as Draughts, as in this case there would be no grounds for complaint. With regard to the infantry, which the Count esteems essential to the Success of the cavalry, I have informed him, that the inlisting deserters and prisoners, is expressly prohibited by a late Resolve of Congress. how far Congress might be inclined to make an exception and license the engaging Prisoners, in a particular detached Corps, in which such characters may be admitted with less danger than promiscuously in the line, I could not undertake to pronounce.
I have only to add, that the Counts Valour and active zeal on all occasions have done him great honor, and from a persuasion, that by being less exposed to the inconveniences which he has hitherto experienced, he will render great Services with such a Command as he asks for, I wish him to succeed in his application. It is to be understood that the Count expects to retain his rank as Brigadier and I think is intitled to it, from his general Character and peculiar distinterestedness on the present occasion.26 I have the honor, etc.27
[Note 26: On March 28 Congress authorized Pulaski to raise his corps, the manner of this and the organization being left to Washington. The corps became known as "Pulaski's Legion." After Pulaski's death, at the siege of Savannah in 1779, Colonel Armand took command and the corps was known from then on as "Armand's Legion."]
[Note 27: In the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, March 14, 1778.
Parole Ormskirk. Countersigns Otley, Ottery.
At a General Court Martial whereof Brigr. General McIntosh was President (10th. March) Colo. William Cook of 12th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for disobedience of orders in sundry instances (viz) About 20th. of December last when the Enemy advanced over Schuylkill, the Brigade to which he belonged was ordered and did march towards the Enemy, but Colo. Cook absented himself from his Regiment and did not join it again whilst on that service which was near ten days. After the Regiment was incamped again for about two days, Colo. Cook after having been refused leave of absence, did without leave abscond from Camp and did not return again until a few days since. For giving leave of Absence to Officers of his Regiment and reporting them absent without leave, by which they were brought to a trial by a Court-Martial and acquitted.
The Court having maturely considered the Evidence produced are of opinion that Colo. Cook after having been refused leave of absence, did without leave absent himself from Camp and did not return until near two months after he went away being a breach of General orders of 22nd. of december last and contrary to good order and military discipline and do sentence him on account of some particular Circumstances and on account of the good character he has sustained as an officer only to be reprimanded in General orders, but acquit him of furloughing his officers and reporting them absent without leave.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and hopes that the disgrace to an Officer of Colo. Cook's rank of being found guilty of the Charge of quitting Camp without leave will be a sufficient reprimand.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Tupper was President (10th March 1778) Lieutt. Enslin28 of Colo. Malcom's Regiment tried for attempting to commit sodomy, with John Monhort a soldier; Secondly, For Perjury in swearing to false Accounts, found guilty of the charges exhibited against him, being breaches of 5th. Article 18th. Section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be dismiss'd the service with Infamy. His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and with Abhorrence and Detestation of such Infamous Crimes orders Lieutt. Enslin to be drummed out of Camp tomorrow morning by all the Drummers and Fifers in the
[Note 28: Lieut. Frederick Gotthold Enslin.] Army never to return; The Drummers and Fifers to attend on the Grand Parade at Guard mounting for that Purpose.
At a Court of Inquiry held in the Brigade of Artillery whereof Lieutt. Colo. Strohbogh was President March 11th. 78, to examine into a Complaint exhibited by one John Willson against Captains Rice and Proctor Senior29 of Colo. Proctor's Regiment for plundering and taking by force and for permiting the soldiers to take a quantity of houshold Furniture and other Articles from the Complainant. The Court after hearing the Evidence and Altercations of the Parties are of opinion that the charges exhibited against Captains Rice and Proctor Senior are groundless, consequently the Complaint quash'd.
[Note 29: Capts. Joseph Rice and Francis Procter, sr., of the Fourth Continental Artillery.]
Head Quarters V. Forge, Sabbath, March 15, 1778.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersigns Pitt, Plato.
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Tupper is President is dissolved and another ordered to sit tomorrow at ten o'Clock A. M. at the Adjutant General's quarters for the trial of all such Prisoners as shall be brought before them. Colo. Swift is appointed President. Each Brigade gives a Captain for the Court. All Evidences and Persons concerned are desired to attend, more especially those against the Inhabitants of this State, now confined in the Provost, as their trial will come on tomorrow.
Many inconveniencies and injuries having arisen to the service from the Powers exercised by officers in granting furloughs, the Honorable Continental Congress to prevent the like in future have been pleased to resolve,
That the Commander in Chief or Commander of any Department shall have full Power and Authority to suspend or limit the Power of granting furloughs or leave of absence and to reserve it wholly to himself or impart it to such officer or Officers under him as he thinks fit according as he shall judge the good of the service requires; and that no officer under Color or pretence of authority to him granted by the 2nd. Article of 4th. Section or any other Article in the rules and regulations of War, grant any furlough or leave of absence contrary to the orders of the Commander in Chief or Commander of a department on pain of being punished for disobedience.
All officers are to pay strict obedience to the foregoing resolution and none are to grant furloughs or leave of absence on any pretence whatever, except such as are authorized by General orders, and they only under such limitations and restrictions as have been or shall be pointed by the Commander in Chief.
Passes to soldiers going out of Camp are to be taken from them on their return by the officers commanding guards and to be destroy'd. The Market which has been held heretofore on the other side Schuylkill is to be held in future on the West Side near the Bridge.
The General perceiving that there is a great abuse and waste of hides from the present mode of leaving them with the Brigades 'till exchanges can be effected, directs in future that the Commissary of each Brigade will deliver all the hides produced in the Brigade to the Commissary of Hides taking his receipt for them and keeping an Accompt with him for the same. The Brigadiers will still continue their contracts as heretofore directed and for the performance will give orders upon the Commissary of hides who is hereby required to make returns the first day of each month at Head Quarters of the number and weight of hides received and issued by him. The most convenient mode of delivering the hides will be to send them daily in the Brigade provision Waggons to the Commissary of Issues when they will be received by the Commissary of hides and a receipt given for them: The Commissary of hides will attend at Head-Quarters tomorrow at 10 o'Clock.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Tupper was President March 78, Licutt. Oliver30 of 14th. Virginia Regiment appeared before the Court charged with sending a Corporal and file of men into Colo. Stewarts Regiment to seize a keg of Whiskey belonging to one of his officers without consulting Colo. Stewart or any of his officers. The Court after mature consideration are of opinion that Lieutt. Oliver is guilty of the charge exhibited against him being a breach of 5th. Article 18th. Section of the articles of War and think that however laudable Lieutt. Olivers intentions were in seizing the Whiskey, or the man who sold it, the mode he fell on was by no means justifiable as many ill-consequences must necessarily follow the practice of sending a file of men into another Regiment to seize anything without an application to the Commanding officer. The Genl. confirms the opinion and orders Lt. Oliver discharged from his arrest.
[Note 30: Lieut. Drury Oliver, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in May, 1779.]
At a Court Martial March 11th. 1778, Edward Grissel tried for going into Philadelphia found guilty, being a breach of a resolution of Congress passed October 8th. 1777, and since extended and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow morning at guard-mounting.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 14th. This will be delivered to you by Lieutt. Peyton of Captn. Lee's Troop who takes 12 Horse with him, which are all that are not upon command. I wrote to you a few days ago pr. Express, desiring you to give the proper orders to the eldest Officer of your Detachment and to repair to Camp yourself as quick as possible, as the Gentlemen of Congress want to see you much on account of the arrangement of the Army. I imagine you had not received my letter. But I desire you will come over immediately upon the receipt of this leaving proper orders. I am &ca.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 15, 1778.
Sir: I wrote to you fully the 18th. Ulto., to acquaint you with the important purposes, which indispensibly require the presence of yourself and every other General Officer, in Camp, and from the reasons then mentioned, as well as because those urged in a former Letter on the subject, daily acquire more weight, I am induced to avail myself of the opportunity by Colonel Shepard, again to press your return to the Command of your Brigade.
The Arguments which I have used to dissuade you from quitting the Service, will I flatter myself have their due influence, and lead you to renounce all thoughts of resigning in our present critical circumstances. I am &ca.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Valley Forge, March 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: The situation of the Army in respect to Genl. Officers at this time, the anxiety of General Woodford to visit his family, and the fast approach of the period for opening the Campaign, urge me to request that you will return to Camp as soon as possible. It is unnecessary for me to enlarge upon this subject. Your precise and accurate knowledge of our circumstances, in this instance, will suggest to you at once, that your presence here is exceedingly material. A great number of Officers are now absent, and many more are pressing for the same purpose and must be indulged.
Your claim of rank is not yet adjusted. It has been before a board of General officers by request of the Committee of Congress. They declined determining the matter, but after considering your several pretensions, reported (I beleive unanimously) that General Woodford ought to have been restored to his rank when he was appointed, and that Generals Muhlenburg and Scott should have been promoted next. The Committee have referred the question to Congress again, and it yet remains for their decision.33
[Note 33: The decision of the board of officers on the rank of Brigadier Generals Woodford, Muhlenberg, Scott, and Weedon. dated Mar. 4, 1778, is filed in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I am heartily sorry that there should have been grounds for a dispute of this nature, and should be happy if the parties interested would chearfully acquiesce, in whatever determination it may receive. This I have and would still advise, and if it should be against you, I really think, it will be more for your honor and reputation to do it, than to leave the service. The Gentlemen who have had the affair before them, and those who have it now, must be equally indifferent about your claims, and whatever judgment is given upon the occasion should be considered; as the result of an impartial inquiry and founded in justice. I have been told, if the point of precedence is settled in Genl. Woodford, that Genl. Muhlenburg as well as Genl. Scott, will submit to it without hesitation. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original letter sent, which varies from the draft only in spelling and capitalization, is in the possession (1933) of Allyn K. Ford. of Minneapolis. Minn.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 15, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday received a letter from Governor Wharton inclosing Copy of one from you to the Council on the subject of keeping five or six Gallies manned for the protection of the upper part of the River. The Govr. has very politely left the matter to my determination, but I would not wish to interfere in a Business which is out of my line any further than by giving my advice. I cannot help thinking now, as I did before, that should the Enemy come up the River, they will do it with a superior force and certainly carry them. But Captn. Hustons35 thinks, with the assistance of a small work upon land, under cover of which they can run in case of necessity, that they may be protected. I would wish you to consult Govr. Livingston and the Gentlemen in the Naval line upon this matter and do what to you seems best. But you will not fail to secure the Guns and Stores of those Gallies that you strip, in the safest manner until means can be fallen upon to carry them away. I am &ca.36
[Note 35: Capt. Thomas Houston, of the Pennsylvania Navy.]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 37: Of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
March 15, 1778.
Sir: I received your favour of the 12th. Instant and am well pleased with the account of your proceedings.38 I have ordered a party to march with Lieutenant Quin39 which I hope will make you so strong as to answer most of the objects of your command.
[Note 38: Chambers was on scout duty on the northern and western sides of Philadelphia, endeavoring to prevent provisions being taken into the city by the inhabitants. His letter, dated Mar. 12, 1778, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 39: Lieut. Samuel Quinn, of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired July 1, 1778.]
With respect to the Shoes, I think you should get them. You will procure them in a way, as little exceptionable as possible, giving receipts for the number that they may be paid for. It will also be necessary to keep a note of the amount and the Soldiers names and Corps to whom you may have occasion to deliver any part of them, that they may be settled for.
The Horses which you mention, we shall want, if we do not get them the Enemy will. You will therefore take such, as will answer either for the Regiments of Cavalry or Waggons, and give the owners receipts, describing the quality and size of each and affixing what you may consider a just and reasonable price, that it may be paid when applied for. I need not mention to you that Horses obtained in this way, do not come within the meaning of Genl. Orders giving the benefit of Captures in some instances to the parties who make them.
You will take a particular account of all you get and report the number and price to me when you send them to Camp. If the Stallion you speak of, is a good one for covering it would perhaps be wrong to convert him to another use. In such case, however, you must oblige the owner to send him into a more interior and secure part of the Country where the Enemy cannot get him. This business, as I mentioned in the case of the Shoes, you will also conduct in the best, at the same time in the least exceptionable manner. I am &ca.
P.S. You will let me know when you expect to return to Camp, and where it is likely to meet with you should I have occasion to write hereafter.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 16, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit you a Letter from Governor Clinton,41 which he inclosed to me open for my perusal and consideration.
[Note 41: A copy of this letter from Governor Clinton to Governor Trumbull, dated Mar. 6, 1778, is filed with this letter of Washington to Congress, Mar. 16, 1778.]
The inconvenience, he mentions, as resulting from the resolve respecting the appointment of a commandant for forts Montgomery and Clinton, requires to be obviated. I do not conceive it to have been the design of Congress, to make the command of those forts, altogether distinct, and independent on [of?] the general command of the posts in that quarter; but only to designate the rank of the Officers who should have the immediate charge of them. There is such an intimate connexion, between the forts and the other posts and passes in the Highlands and their vicinity, that it is necessary for one Officer to have the superintendency and controul of the whole, and to be answerable for all. If this were not to be the case, but the command were to be divided, there might want that co-operation between the Garrisons and the troops without, which might be essential to their preservation, and to the common purpose of defence.
The assigning a fixed number of Men to the garrisons would not remove this inconvenience; for the co-operation would still be necessary; but if it were otherwise, I should not think the measure advisable; because we do not know what number of men, we may have in the field next campaign, and the number for the defence of the Highlands must be proportioned to the general strength and the force of the garrisons, to that number.
On these considerations, having ordered General McDougall to repair to the Highlands to assume the chief command there. I have comprehended the forts, among the other objects of his trust; in the discharge of which, I am persuaded he will manifest adequate zeal and ability. But as the Resolve, in question,42 affords room for doubt, it will be proper to have it explained, so as more explicitly to ascertain the intention of Congress.
[Note 42: The resolve of Feb. 18, 1778, which authorized Governor Clinton to superintend the fortification and securing the passes of the Highlands; but his duties as Governor of New York prevented him from doing so. Brig. Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons commanded in the Highlands after Putnam went home and until McDougall arrived. For an account of conditions at West Point see George Clinton's letter to Washington, Dec. 20, 1777, and General Parsons's letter to Washington, Mar. 7, 1778. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
I am perfectly in sentiment with Governor Clinton, on the propriety of drawing the troops from the Northward, to reinforce, and carry on the works in the highlands. From every thing I can learn, there seems to be no prospect of prosecuting the intended expedition into Canada. If so, I apprehend it can answer no valuable end to keep a body of troops in and about Albany: In the present circumstances of Canada, little is to be dreaded [from] thence; the enemy in all probability will be well satisfied to act on the defensive, without risking the consequences of an attempt against us. A proper garrison at Fort Schuyler, and a small party, by way of guard at Albany, with the militia of the country that may be occasionally drawn together, will be a sufficient security against the inroads of the enemy from Canada, or the depredations of the neighbouring indians, supposing there were any of the tribes, whose dispositions were still actively hostile, notwithstanding our late Northern successes; which, is by no means, a natural supposition. All the men more than are wanted for these purposes, would be of the most important utility in the Highlands.
If the arms and stores at Albany should be thought an objection to the plan; I beg leave to observe that Albany appears to me a most improper place for stationary arsenals or magazines, and that those which are there at present should be removed without delay. Besides, as they would be in most danger from an incursion up the North River; the best way to counteract that danger is to strengthen the passes in the Highlands and obstruct the navigation; in order to which, the reinforcing them with the troops from the Northward would be no inconsiderable step.43 With the greatest respect, I have the honor etc.44
[Note 43: See resolve of Mar. 21, 1778, in Journals of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 44: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words bracketed are supplied as the obvious intent.]
Valley Forge, March 16, 1778.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Capt. Sullivan, who waits on Congress upon the subject of pay and the loss of his rank in the line of the Massachusetts Officers. He is one of the Gentlemen, who in going with Major Sherburne to relieve the post we had at the Cedars in 1776, after a brave and gallant conduct, fell into the Enemy's hands. In a few days after on the treaty which General Arnold made he generously offered himself, as I have been informed, and went as one of the Hostages to Quebec for the performance of it.
By some means the State of Massachusetts bay, has not continued him in their line, nor has he any appointment in the Army. He is now on parole, thro' the indulgence of Genl Carleton, and has applied to me for pay and rations from the time of his return; and considering also the deprivation of his rank, as hard and injurious, he hopes that he will be provided for in a suitable manner, and according to that standing which he formerly held in the Army.
Captain Sullivan's wishes in either instance, cannot be answered by me. As to the first, the Resolution of the 19th of January regulating the pay of prisoners, which is the only rule for my government, seems to have drawn the line between Officers on parole, who are continued in service, and those who are not; and making that the only criterion to fix pay, to have precluded every other discrimination. And the powers which were vested in the respective States to appoint [their own] Officers, prohibit any interference by me in his favor, as to the latter.
[Thus] I have stated the nature of the Captain's claims and the reasons, which are opposed to his obtaining relief in either instance from me. I shall only add, that the neglect by the States, in their appointments, of the Officers who were in captivity, where there was no other objection to them [and who were liable to no other imputation] was at least ungenerous, if not impolitic and unjust. It has been the case in many instances, and as to the Gentleman, who is particularly the subject of this Letter, the testimonials that have been given of his character, as an Officer, were much in his favor, and greatly to his Honor. By accident the Resolution of the 19th of Janry. alluded to above, has been mislaid. I must trouble you with a request for another copy of it. I transmit Congress Colo. Chs. Webbs application to resign. As Genl Huntington in whose Brigade he is, and in whom I have the utmost confidence is perfectly willing, I have only to say upon the occasion, that I have not the smallest objection to the measure.
General Sullivan set out for Rhode Island on Friday last to take the Command there, in consequence of the Resolution of Congress, directing me to send a Major Genl. there for that purpose.45 Supposing Genl. Greene in the Quarter Master line, I have now only one Major General left in Camp. I have thehonor, etc.46
[Note 45: The resolve of Feb. 21, 1778. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 46: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the draft, but were not in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: The Congress having by a Resolve of the 28th. November last, directed that an inquiry be made into the loss of Forts Montgomery and Clinton and into the conduct of the principal Officers commanding those Forts, I have appointed Majr. Genl. McDougall, Brigr. Genl. Huntington and Colo. Wigglesworth to carry the Resolve into execution. It is more than probable that the conduct of the Officer commanding at the time in that Department will be involved in the inquiry, and I therefore desire that you would repair immediately to Fishkill upon the receipt of this to meet Genl. McDougall and the other Gentlemen.
Genl. McDougall is to take the command of the posts in the Highlands. My reason for making this change, is owing to the prejudices of the people, which, whether well or ill grounded, must be indulged, and I should think myself wanting in justice to the public and candour towards you, were I to continue you in a command, after I have been almost in direct terms informed that the people of the State of New York will not render the necessary support and assistance while you remain at the Head of that Department.47
[Note 47: At this point the following paragraph is crossed out in the draft: "Your own experience must have convinced you that when once the people have imbibed strong prejudices it is impossible to remove them, and as we cannot enforce their Services, we must indulge them in order to obtain their Assistance."]
When the inquiry is finished, I desire that you will return to Connecticut and superintend the forwarding on the new Levies with the greatest expedition. I am &ca.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 17th. Ulto. in due time and should have proceeded immediately upon the business of the inquiry had not General Putnam's private Affairs required his absence for some little time. I have appointed Brig. Genl. Huntington and Colo. Wigglesworth to assist you in this matter and inclosed you will find instructions empowering you, in conjunction with them, to carry on the enquiry agreeable to the Resolve of Congress. You will observe by the words of the Resolve that the inquiry is to be made into the loss of Forts Montgomery and Clinton in the State of New York and into the conduct of the principal Officers commanding those Forts.
Hence the officer commanding in Chief in that Department, will be consequentially involved in the inquiry, because if he has been deficient in affording the proper supports to those posts when called upon to do it, the commandant and principal Officers will of course make it appear by the evidence produced in their own justification. I am not certain whether General Putnam has yet returned to Fishkill, and I have therefore by the inclosed, which you will please to forward to him by express, give him notice that the inquiry is to be held and have desired him to repair immediately to that post. Genl. Huntington and Colo. Wigglesworth will set out as soon as they can make preparation for the journey.
Upon your arrival at the Highlands, you are to take upon you the command of the different posts in that Department, of which I have advised Genl. Putnam. Your time will at first be principally taken up with the business which you now have in hand; but I beg that your attention may be turned, as much as possible, to the completion of the Works or at least to putting them in such a state that they may be able to resist a sudden attack of the Enemy.
Governor Clinton has wrote his opinion very fully to Congress upon the propriety of ordering all the Troops, except the Garrison of Fort Schuyler, down to the Highlands, as all prospects of carrying on the Northern Expedition seem to have vanished. I have backed his opinion forcibly with my own, and hope, if Congress see matters in the light that we do, that those troops may be instantly brought down. I am &ca.
P.S. There has been a resolve of Congress vesting Governor Clinton with the direction of the works erecting for the defence of the River, and requiring the commanding Officer at Peekskill to aid him in the execution of the same. Governor Clinton, I understand, from his civil avocations, does not incline to take the immediate direction of the business, and the late commanding officer in that quarter, has doubted from that resolve, whether his command or superintendency, extended to the forts. To remove difficulties of this kind, by which the public service must suffer, and as I consider it essential to the nature of the command that one Officer should have the general controul and direction of all the posts in the Highlands and their dependencies, and be answerable for them, you are to consider yourself as possessed of this general controul and direction and to act accordingly. If the Governor has leisure from his official duties, to undertake the more immediate management of the works, it will afford you a very desirable assistance. I have written to Congress to give you every power necessary to promote the objects of your command; and in the mean time you are to consider yourself authorized, as far as can depend upon me, to take every measure conducive to that end. I am sensible this command will not be in itself the most agreeable piece of service, and that you would prefer a part on the principal theatre of action; But the vast importance of it, has determined me to confide it in you, and I am persuaded your object is to be useful to the public. If you get things in a proper train by the opening of the Campaign, so as that the prosecution may be assigned to other hands, I shall be extremely happy to avail myself of your services with the main army.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P. S. is in that of Alexander Hamilton. The letter sent (also in the writing of Tilghman) is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J., and contains the additional sentence: "After reading Genl. Putnams letter please to seal it."]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, March 16, 1778.
Parole Paoli. Countersigns Pittsburgh, Providence.
The General Court Martial whereof Brigadier General McIntosh is President is dissolved.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Bradley was President March 7th. 1778, Lieutt. Armer50 of 1st. Pennsylvania
[Note 50: Lieut. Thomas Armor, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He served, apparently, until June, 1778.] Regiment tried for behaving in many respects unbecoming a Gentleman, found guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and sentenced to be discharged the service, but in consideration of the excellent Character given the Court of Lieut. Armer and several circumstances in the mode of prosecution appearing malicious, the Court do in the strongest terms unanimously recommend him to His Excellency's Pardon. The General approves the sentence, but in consideration of the Court's recommendation is pleased to pardon him, yet with Abhorrence of such practices as Lt. Armer has indulged himself in which are highly derogatory to the Character of an officer. He expects this instance of Clemency will properly affect his future Conduct.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, March 17, 1778.
Parole Robinson. Countersigns Radnor, Ringwood.
One hundred chosen men are to be annexed to the Guard of the Commander in Chief for the purpose of forming a Corps to be instructed in the Manoeuvres necessary to be introduced in the Army and serve as a Model for the execution of them.51 As the General's guard is composed intirely of Virginians the one hundred draughts are to be taken from the troops of the other States.
[Note 51: This was the model corps which was trained by Baron Steuben in introducing his system of drill exercises into the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 17, 1778.
Sir: It gives me inexpressible concern to have repeated information from the best Authority, that the Committees of the different Towns and districts in your State, hire deserters from Genl. Burgoyne's Army, and employ them as substitutes, to excuse the personal service of the Inhabitants. I need not enlarge upon the danger of substituting as Soldiers, men who have given a glaring proof of a treacherous disposition, and who are bound to us by no motives of attachment, to Citizens, in whom the ties of Country, kindred, and some times property, are so many securities for their fidelity. The evils, with which this measure is pregnant, are obvious, and of such a serious nature, as makes it necessary not only to stop the farther progress of it, but likewise to apply a restrospective Remedy, and, if possible, annul it, as far as it has been carried into effect. Unless this is done, although you may be amused for the present with the flattering idea of speedily completing your Battalions, they will be found at, or before, the opening of the Campaign, reduced, by the defection of every British Soldier, to their original weak condition, and the accumulated bounties of the Continent and the State will have been fruitlessly sacrificed. Indeed, Mr. Burgoyne could hardly, if he were consulted, suggest a more effectual plan for plundering us of so much Money, reinforcing Mr. Howe with so many Men, and preventing us from recruiting a certain number of Regiments, to say nothing of the additional losses which may be dreaded, in desertions among the native Soldiers, from the contagion of ill example, and the arts of seduction, which it is more than probable will be put in practice. This matter demands your immediate attention, and I flatter myself, that on a due consideration of the mischiefs which must inevitably flow from the pernicious practice, remonstrated against, you will not delay the application of the most extensive and efficacious remedy.52 I have the honour, etc.53
[Note 52: In answer to this appeal the Massachusetts Legislature passed resolves (Apr. 23, 1778) regulating the enlistment of recruits, which Washington acknowledged May 19, 1778.]
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters at Valley Forge, March 17, 1778.
Whereas the Honorable the Continental Congress, by their Resolution bearing date the 28 day of November last, have been pleased to direct, "that I cause an inquiry to be made into the loss of Forts Montgomery and Clinton in the State of New York and into the conduct of the principal Officers commanding those Forts," in obedience to their order and that their intentions may be carried into execution in these instances, I have thought fit to constitute and appoint you the said Alexander McDougall, Jedidiah Huntington and Edward Wigglesworth members to make the said inquiries.
You are therefore without delay to proceed to Fishkill or to such other place in the State of New York as to you shall appear most expedient and there on the ... day of April next and on such other days as may be necessary to inquire into the following facts.
1st. Who commanded at the said Forts when attacked.
2dly. Of what number of men the Garrisons consisted at the time of the attacks, and whether the number was sufficient for the defence of the Works.
3dly. How supplied with Arms, Artillery and Ammunition when they were attacked.
4thly. At what place the Enemy landed.
5thly. Whether any opposition was given to them in their approach.
6thly. Of what number the Enemy consisted who made the attack.
7thly. What defence the Garrisons made when attacked and how many men were killed and Wounded.
8thly. The manner in which the posts were carried.
9thly. Whether there were any applications made for reinforcements upon the approach of the Enemy, to whom, at what time, for what numbers and whether any and what succours were received, and if none, what were the reasons.
10thly. Whether the Enemy landed at any other place previous to the attack upon the Forts, how long before and what were their general movements and dispositions.
11thly. And finally you are to inquire into all matters not before recited which you may judge necessary more fully to explain the causes of the loss of the said Forts, and for this purpose you are authorized and required to call before you all Officers and others in the Military line, to give evidence in any matters relating to the premises, and also to call for all returns and papers which you may judge necessary to elucidate the subject.
You are to make report of your proceedings to me, under your respective Signatures, in order that the same may be by me transmitted to Congress as by them directed.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 8th. instant inclosing a letter from you to Congress upon the Subject of Affairs in the North River Department. I agree perfectly with you as to the propriety of drawing every man down the River, except the Garrison of Fort Schuyler and have backed your opinion forcibly with my own.
I cannot think it was the intention of Congress to make the command of the Forts independent of that of the Department, or that it would be proper to assign any certain number of Men to the defence of those posts, they are so materially connected with the others in the neighbourhood, that it must be supposed that the commander of the Department would find himself so much interested in their security, that he would always allow them a full proportion of his general Force. It may be said, this has not been the case heretofore, but as I have appointed Genl. McDougall to take the command, I hope matters will assume a more pleasing aspect.
In obedience to the Resolve of Congress of the 28th November last, I have appointed Genl. McDougall, General Huntington and Colo. Wigglesworth to make inquiry into the causes of the loss of Forts Montgomery and Clinton; the two latter will set out to morrow or next day and I imagine will proceed to business about the first of next month. I am &ca.55
[Note 55: The copy is in the writing of Richard Varick.]
Head Quarters, March 17, 1778.
Sir: I have received your two Letters in one of which you declare your intention to resign the Office of D. Quarter Master General. I wish you to retain it, if possible, till some proper person arrives here to take your place. Leaving the variety of business which necessarily comes before the acting person in that Department to be managed by those whose knowledge and experience have been altogether limited to inferior branches of duty, is necessarily productive of great confusion. This you cannot but be fully sensible of, and I hope it will be a sufficient argument, to prevent your retiring so suddenly from the Department, as to occasion a prejudice to the service.56 I am 'ca.57
[Note 56: Lutterloh wished to resign because he had been deranged in rank. He continued in the service through 1782.]
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 17, 1778.
Sir: On Saturday I had the Honor to receive your favor of the 10th with the Resolutions alluded to.
Inclosed I take the liberty to transmit an Extract of a Letter just received from Genl. Parsons. This as well as the letter which I inclosed you yesterday from Governor Clinton, will shew the confusion in the management of affairs on the North River. I informed Congress then, that I had sent General McDougall to take the Chief command there, comprehending the Forts, which appeared to me the only effectual means for curing all disorders and promoting the Public Service. To remove all impediments, it were to be wished, that Congress would invest him with every necessary power for carrying into execution the objects of his command; and it might be well, if they were to extend to any future commanding Officer, as it would prevent those difficulties, which have heretofore arisen from their having been considered as merely personal.
I am more and more in sentiment with Governor Clinton, on the propriety and absolute necessity of drawing the Troops from the Northward to reinforce and carry on the Works in the Highlands. From the information I have from Colo. Radiere, who has just come from thence, I find that the intended defences are far less advanced than I had any idea of. According to him little or nothing is yet done, tho' I have repeatedly and constantly urged the prosecution of them with all possible industry. The inclosed Copies of my Letters to Genl. Putnam will shew, that I have uniformly pressed the closest attention to the business; tho' it might be inferred from Genl Parson's Letter, that there had been some inconsistency in my orders. There remains but a little time to do a great deal in, and I fear that no exertions now will be sufficient to place things in that Quarter, on the secure and respectable footing we could wish. However we should do the most we can, and if the Works cannot be as compleat as they ought, the Troops will be there, and a reliance must be had in their bravery to repel any attempt that may be formed against them. I have &ca.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, March 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 7th. inclosing a letter from the Revd. Mr. Dwight,59 to whom I have written upon the matter proposed by him.
[Note 59: Rev. Timothy Dwight, jr., chaplain of Parsons's brigade.]
I am sorry to hear, that any seeming inconsistency in my letters should among other things have retarded the execution of the Works, but if you will revert to my letters of the 2d. and 27th. of December, you will find that my orders were express, to keep the Troops, meaning the main Body of them, steadily to work. I mentioned a liberty of sending out light parties towards the plains, because they were necessary, not only to curb small parties of the Enemy, but for the security of the Camp.
To reconcile all matters and to obviate the jealousies and prejudices that, whether well or ill founded, had taken place, I have ordered Genl. McDougall to take the command at the Highlands, and vested him with full powers to superintend the whole, at least until Congress have determined whether the command of the Forts and the superintendency of the Works shall be distinct and independent of that of the Department. I am, etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 18, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 15th. which you will find fully answered by a Letter which I wrote you upon the 14th. Instr. by Captn. Huston. As the No. Carolina Troops, now serving on Board the Gallies, are exceedingly wanted with their Regiments, I must insist that they be sent to Camp immediately on their return from below under the care of some Officer of Foot, or one of the Officers of Light Horse, to prevent their stragling. I am &ca.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, March 18, 1778.
Sir: As seven of the Gallies at Bordentown are to be stripped and sunk, not having men sufficient to work them, I desire you will send down travelling Carriages to remove the fine heavy Cannon belonging to them. If you have not Carriages ready for the whole, send down as many as you have, with orders to remove part of them, at first some distance from the Water and then return for the remainder. I depend upon your doing this immediately upon receipt of my letter, as the Cannon are liable to be taken away or destroyed, should the Enemy come up the River, and we have none of equal weight to replace them. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 18, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday received your favour of the 8th. Inst., accompanied by so warm a recommendation from General Parsons, that I cannot but form favourable presages of the merit of the Work you propose to [honour me with the dedication of.]
Nothing can give me more pleasure, than to patronize the essays of Genius and a laudable cultivation of the Arts and Sciences, which had began to flourish in so eminent a degree, before the hand of oppression was stretched over our devoted Country. And I shall esteem myself happy, if a Poem, which has employed the labour of Years, will derive any advantages, or bear more weight in the World, by Making its appearance under dedication to me.63 I am, etc.64
[Note 63: Dwight's "Conquest of Canaan." It was not published until 1785.]
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, March 18, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor of transmitting you the inclosed letter from General Smallwood, giving intelligence of the Enemy's motions on the Delaware, and his conjectures respecting their object; the account he has heard of troops being on board the Vessels, is confirmed by the relations of deserters [and others,] who agree that a considerable number of men have been embarked, and add that they took seventeen days provision with them; from this circumstance it is scarcely to be imagined that they are ordered on a Sea Voyage. The proportion of small Vessels in the Fleet makes it probable that they have in view to collect forage65 or attempt the destruction of the Salt-Works, and both these ideas are favoured by accounts from the City. As soon as their intentions are certainly known, they shall be communicated; in the mean time, I have the honor, etc.66
[Note 65: At this point in the draft Washington inserted "Forage is their object or" some attempt is to be made for the destruction, etc. Laurens changed the construction as above in the letter he copied for Washington's signature.]
[Note 66: In the writing of John Laurens. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, March 18, 1778.
Parole Steuben. Countersigns Sheffield, Scarborough.
Innoculation for the Small Pox having been happily performed on all the subjects in Camp it is necessary to guard against the fatal effects of that disorder taken in the natural way. The Commander in Chief therefore enjoins all officers commanding Regiments upon the arrival of recruits or return of absent soldiers to make immediate and strict inquiry whether they have had the Small Pox, and order such as have not to be innoculated without loss of time by the Regimental Surgeon; and in case of the Regiments being unprovided with one to give instant notice to the Surgeon General.
The men ordered yesterday for His Excellency's guard are to parade tomorrow morning at guard-mounting on the grand parade.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, March 19, 1778.
Parole Thomas. Countersigns Truro, Tunbridge.
The Commander in Chief directs that the officers be very attentive to the water their men drink. The little springs about Camp from which they have been accustomed to supply themselves during the winter will in their present state become extremely impure and pernicious in the approaching warm season; as it is a matter essential to health it is expected that officers will without delay take measures to provide good water for their men by having the springs opened and cleared and Wells sunk in proper places with barrels to preserve them taking care to have them frequently emptied and cleansed to prevent an accumulation of Filth.
To prevent a false Alarm notice is hereby given that a Cannon will be discharged at the Park of Artillery tomorrow at Sunset.
Head Quarters, March 19, 1778.
Sir: As it is found necessary for the purpose of establishing uniformity of discipline and manoeuvres in the army to appoint an Inspector General; and in order to form a well organised Body of Instructors it is proposed to have Sub-Inspectors to superintend divisions or larger portions of the army according to their numbers; and Brigade-Inspectors to be charged with the Instruction of Brigades, which last officers are to be chosen in the Brigades respectively. I have to desire of you to make choice of a Major from the Regiments under your command, whose activity, Intelligence, Address and decided Taste for the kind of employment, qualify him in a superior degree for the office.
The importance of the object and the little time which remains for executing what is necessary to accomplish it, render every moment precious; you will therefore without loss of time, make the choice and give me notice of it.
The Brigade Inspector retains his rank, but is to be exempt from the duties of the Line during the exercise of his office. I am, etc.
PS. As the danger of delay in this business is more to be dreaded than any other inconvenience; if no Major should be present possessing the qualities required, any other officer in whom they are united, and who is ready at once to assume the functions of his office may be taken.67
[Note 67: One of the original Ls. S., in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in the National Museum, Independence Hall, Philadelphia; another is in the Morgan Library; and another, addressed to General Varnum, is in the Huntington Library.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 19, 1778.
Sir: It having been judged expedient to appoint an Inspector General with a proper number of Sub-inspectors for the purpose of introducing a regular System of Discipline and Manoeuvres into the Army; The Baron Steuben an Officer of great experience is pitched upon to execute that important business, and as he is intirely unacquainted with the merits of the Gentlemen of the Army, he has desired me to fix upon such for his assistants as I shall judge properly qualified. As you are among the number of those, who are, in my opinion, suitable to undertake this Business, if it should be agreeable to you, I should be glad to see you at Camp, as soon as possible, where you will be more fully informed of the nature and duties of the Office. I shall only add, that you will retain your Rank in the line. If you do not incline to accept, I shall be glad to be informed of it, that I may look round for some person in your stead.68 I am, &ca.69
[Note 68: Scull had resigned as major in Patton's Additional Continental regiment in January, 1778. He declined the subinspectorship and became secretary to the Board of War in January, 1779, and died at sea in November of that year.]
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 19, 1778.
Sir: Having received information, that the Enemy have sent a Body of Troops, said to be four Regiments, down the Delaware, which I am apprehensive are either designed to collect Forage and Cattle in Salem, Cumberland and Cape May Counties, or to go round and destroy the Salt Works upon the Sea Coast: I desire that you will march immediately with all the Men of your Regiment that are in Camp and fit for duty to the State of New Jersey and there take such a post as will be most convenient, either to give protection to the Inhabitants upon the Delaware or to the Salt Works upon the Coast, as the Enemy may make their descent. If they do not land in Jersey, you will employ your Men in collecting Cattle from Salem and Cumberland Counties, until such time as you shall receive orders to return. Colo. Hug70 the Commissary of Purchases will attend you and settle for the Cattle.
[Note 70: Col. Joseph Hugg. Assistant Commissary of Purchases.]
I have dispatched an Express to Governor Livingston to give notice to the Militia, that they may be ready to join you if wanted. I desire you will inform me regularly of all your proceedings. I wish you success and am, etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent was sold at auction in Phildelphia in 1911.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: I yesterday received information from Genl Smallwood at Wilmington, that a number of Vessels, mostly Sloops and Schooners, had gone down the Bay with Troops on Board, their destination uncertain. Several deserters this day inform me, that the number of Men embarked are four Regiments of British which are at most 1000. We have had it reported from different quarters that an expedition was in agitation to destroy the Salt Works upon the Coast, and as the size of the Vessels, mentioned by Genl. Smallwood, is calculated to run into the Inlets, I am apprehensive that may be their plan. Or perhaps it may be to collect Forage and Cattle in Salem, Cumberland and Cape May Counties. I have thought it my duty to give you this information, that you may order the Militia contiguous to the Sea Coast, and those upon the Delaware to be in readiness and to give them countenance and support. I have ordered Colo. Shreve's Regiment to march immediately to Jersey. I hope the Militia will resort to Colo. Shreve, with the same alacrity, that they did to Genl Wayne; if they do, I am convinced that a larger Body than what are embarked may be repulsed. I have the honour, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 19, 1778.
Gentlemen: Agreeable to General Reed's73 request I inclose you a list of the Field Officers in the Pennsylvania line.
[Note 73: Joseph Reed. He had been appointed a brigadier general in the Continental Army, but had declined.]
The Board of General Officers, upon reconsidering Colo. Putnam's74 claim of rank in the Massachusetts line, and having before them his pretensions in consequence of his appointment as Engineer, have determined to place him in the arrangement next to Colonel Wigglesworth. I am, etc.75
[Note 74: Col. Rufus Putnam, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 20, 1778.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 7th, 11th and 14th Instant. As soon as Genl. Greene enters upon the Office of Quarter Master General he will attend to the Stores at Reading and have all that are not immediately or soon wanted for the Army, removed to a place of greater safety. I am obliged for your attention to the Article of paper, with which I hope we shall be in future better supplied. I do not think much Credit is to be given to the intelligence communicated in yours of the 14th76; because the number of Horse mentioned, is more than
[Note 76: This letter from the Board of War is not found among the Washington Papers.] the Enemy have at present, and if they had them, they would not risque them so great a distance. They cannot possibly march any body of Horse or Foot from Philadelphia, upon the route mentioned in the information, without being discovered by our patrols; But that we may be prepared should such a scheme be in agitation, I have strengthened our advanced picket with 200 Men.
A few days ago, one of our scouting Parties fell in with and took four fine teams going into Philadelphia, two of them belonged to one Evan Griffith, who lived about one Mile from York Town. The other two, belonged to one Dorsey who was killed in the skirmish. Griffith made his escape and went into Philadelphia. Inclosed you have the examination of two of the Waggoners who were taken. By enquiring who are Griffith's acquaintances some further discoveries may be made. From what we have found out, in several late instances, the Enemy are attempting by all ways and means to procure a recruit of Horses. I am obliged, by the full information of the State of our Arms, Artillery, Ammunition and other Stores, given in yours of the 14th. If there are not Bayonets and Cartouch Boxes to the Muskets returned serviceable, there will be found a great deficiency of the first, and almost a total want of the latter, as appears from the return transmitted. You must be sensible, that not a moments time is to be lost in providing these necessary Articles and I therefore take it for granted that no exertions on your part will be wanting to procure them. I am endeavouring to have the deficient Bayonets for the Army made up by Armourers drawn from the line.
I perfectly agree with you, as to the necessity of collecting a battering train of Artillery, and I think Springfield and Carlisle the places mentioned by you, very proper to deposit them. Springfield is also the proper place to deposit the spare Stores to the Eastward; but as it appears, that all the Arms and Tents from all the Magazines will be wanted by the Army, they should, without loss of time, be moving towards Carlisle. Nine or ten of the 9 Inch Mortars should also be brought forward. The Field Artillery, heavy twelves and the twenty four Pounders that were at Albany and such other Military Stores, as will not be immediately wanted down the River, will be ordered on and what are not wanted here, sent to Carlisle, by General Knox. That place will then be the grand Arsenal of all Artillery and Stores on this side of Hudson's River, as Springfield will be of those on the East side. I am getting the heavy Cannon that were saved out of the Shipping upon Delaware, mounted upon travelling Carriages, they are very fine Iron 18 and 24 pounders and I suppose they will amount to about twelve. If we should take a post below the City, they with the heavy brass Artillery and the Mortars will be of the greatest use to us, but the Cannon will be too heavy to move any great distance. I have the honor &c.
P.S. I shall be much obliged to you for hurrying on those Levies towards the Camp, who march thro' York. We have hitherto found that a vast many of them have straggled and have been lost, before they have reached the Army, by making repeated Halts.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. It was addressed to Major General Gates, as president of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, March 20, 1778.
Sir: In pursuance of a Resolve of Congress of the 13th. instt. a Copy of which is inclosed,78 I am to desire that you will without loss of time return to Camp, to resume the command of a Division of this Army; and that you will communicate a similar order to Major General de Kalb.
[Note 78: The resolve of March 13 suspended the projected expedition against Canada and authorized Washington to recall Lafayette and De Kalb to the main army.]
By the 2d. Resolve of the same date, you will see that I am impowered to order Hazen's or any other Regiment from the Northward to join this Army. I intend no other change for the present, than to have Van Schaick's Regiment marched to the Highlands to receive the orders of Major Genl. McDougall, and desire that you will give orders in consequence to the Commanding Officer of that Regiment.
I anticipate the pleasure of seeing you, and with sincere assurances of esteem and regard, remain etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 20, 1778.
Sir: Sunday next, being the time on which the Quakers hold one of their general Meetings, a number of that Society will probably be attempting to go into Philadelphia. This is an intercourse that we should by all means endeavour to interrupt, as the plans settled at these meetings are of the most pernicious tendency. I would therefore have you dispose of your parties in such a Manner, as will most probably fall in with these people, and if they should, and any of them should be mounted upon Horses fit for the draft or the Service of light Dragoons, I desire they may be taken from them and sent over to the Qr. Master General, any such are not to be considered as the property of the parties who may seize them as in other cases. Communicate the above orders to any of the officers of the Continental Army who may command scouting parties upon your side of the Schuylkill. I am &ca.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley forge, March 20, 1778.
Dr. Sir: As Count Pulaski has left the Command of the Horse never, I beleive, to return to any general command in it again, I have to desire that you will repair to Trenton, and take upon yourself the comd. of that Corps till Congress shall determine further on this head.
You will use your utmost endeavours to have the Cavalry belonging to the four Regiments (now in N. Jersey) put in the best order possible, that they may take the field with some degree of eclat. Not a moments time should be lost in repairing the Saddles and other accoutrements; and getting the Troopers Arms compleated and repair'd. In a Word, the Season calls for the utmost vigilance, and without descending to the Minutia, I shall in general require that you will use your utmost skill and industry to equip in the most Oeconomical manner your own Regiment, and cause the others to do the like.
Inclosed are orders to the commanding Officers of these Regiments to obey you. You must immediately send a relief for the party near the Enemys lines in Phila. County. It is to consist of Men of approved attachment commanded by active vigilant Officers. I am &ca.
P.S. I entreat that you will keep the Officers with the Men for the purposes of fitting them [Horses &ca.] for the field this campaign.81
[Note 81: The words in brackets in the P.S. were added by Richard Kidder Meade.]
Valley-forge, March 20, 1778.
Sir: As Count Pulaski will, I beleive, quit the command of the Cavalry, and is now absent from that Corps, and at York; you are to receive your Orders from Colo. Moylan.
I expect the Officers of your regiment will remain constantly with the Men, and use every possible means to train and discipline them. Recruit the Horse, and repair the Arms and accoutrements, in a word that they will vie with each other and endeavour to come into the field with some degree of eclat. I am etc.82
[Note 82: One of these three letters sent, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in the Huntington Library.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 20, 1778.
Sir: The Director General and the other Gentlemen of the Faculty having determined that it will be more convenient to innoculate all the Levies that have not had the small pox, at or near the Camp, I desire that you will suffer none of them to be detained at Alexandria or George Town for that purpose. If the small pox should be in either, the troops are not to halt at or enter them. The Officers commanding the different detachments are to be directed to march them slowly that they may not be over heated by exercise and thereby put into a habit prejudicial to innoculation. They are to make diligent enquiry whether the small pox be at any Houses upon the Road, and if it is to avoid them carefully. When the Officers arrive within a day or two's march of the Camp, they are to send forward to inform the Surgeons, that proper accommodations may be prepared for them. Should there be any places intended for small pox Hospitals below Alexandria, a Copy of these orders is to be sent to the Officer commanding who is to obey them punctually. This is intended to extend to the Troops of No. Carolina as well as Virginia. I am &ca.83
[Note 83: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original is in the Allyn K. Ford collection, Minneapolis, Minn.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: As I want to see you upon very particular business, I shall be glad of your attendance at Camp as soon as possible. If your health or any other matter prevents you, be pleased to inform me. I am etc.
Valley Forge, March 20, 1778.
My Dear Sir: Your favour of the 12th. Instt. came safe to my hands and gave me sincere pleasure; as it encouraged a hope, I had before entertained, of seeing you in Camp again. Most sincerely do I wish it was in my power to point out some post or place in the Army that would invite you to, and fix you in, it. We want your aid exceedingly; and the public, perhaps at no time since the commencement of the War would be more benefitted by your advice and assistance than at the present, and throughout the whole of this Campaign which must be important and critical. One thing certain is, a seat at my board, and a square on my Floor shall always be reserved for you; but this, though it would add to my pleasure, is not the height of my wishes. I want to see you in a more important Station.
By death and desertion, we have lost a good many Men since we came to this ground, and have encountered every species of hardship, that cold, wet, and hunger, and want of Cloathes were capable of producg; notwithstandg. and contrary to my expectations we have been able to keep the Soldiers from Mutiny or dispersion, although, in the single article of Provisns. they have encountered enough to have occasioned one or the other of these in most other Armies; as they have been (two or three times), days together, without Provisions; and once Six days without any of the Meat kind; could the poor Horses tell their tale, it would be in a strain still more lamentable, as numbers have actually died from pure want; But, as our prospects begin to brighten, my complaint shall cease.
It gives me much pleasure to hear, that the Recruiting Service in the Counties near you, is in so hopeful a way; but I despair of seeing our Battalions compleated by any other means than drafting. The importance of the place you speak of,84 is obvious; it has engrossed much of my thoughts; but in our present situation, and under our present prospects, it is one of those things that is more like to become an object of our desire than attainment.
[Note 84: Billingsport, N.J. Cadwalader's letter of March 12 is in the Washington Papers.]
I have every reason, short of absolute proof, to believe that General Howe is meditating a stroke against this army. He has drawn, some say two thousand, and others 2,500 Men from New York, which I believe are arrived at Phila., as a number of Transports have just past Wilmington in their way up the Delaware; and reports from Newport say, that the Garrison there had orders to Be in readiness to imbark by the 20th. Instt; their Invalids had gone off for England; and the Women and Children for New York. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, March 20, 1778.
Parole Wolfe. Countersigns Wales, Warrington.
At a Division Court Martial whereof Majr. Johnson was President March 15th. 1778, Lieutenant Davis85 of Colo. Angell's Regiment (he consenting thereto) tried for swearing on the evening of 2nd. instant after being warned for duty that if he could not get rid of that tour he would feign himself sick for he was determined not to do it and would suffer himself to be cashiered with Infamy before he would go and for refusing the tour accordingly.
[Note 85: Lieut. William Davis. Heitman states he belonged to the First Rhode Island Regiment, but Angell's regiment was the Second Rhode Island.]
The Court after the most mature deliberation, unanimously adjudge Lieutt. Davis guilty of a breach of 21st. Article of 14th. Section of the Articles of War and sentence him to be discharged the service as ordered in said Article.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, March 21, 1778.
Parole Andover. Countersigns Acton, Alton.
The Brigade Inspectors are desired to attend at Head Quarters on Monday morning at ten o'Clock precisely.
The Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades are desired to make exact returns to the Adjutant General tomorrow at Orderly time of the number of rounds of ammunition that each of their men are furnished with and what quantity of spare Cartridges are in the hands of their respective Quarter Masters.
Head Quarters, March 21, 1778.
Sir: This will be delivered to you by Colonel de la Radiere of the Corps of Engineers, who was employed to superintend the fortifications on the North River, but from some misunderstanding between him and the late commanding Officer, in which he thought his own honour and the Public Interest were committed, he determined to renounce the work, and return to Camp. I can safely recommend him to you as a Man who understands his profession, and make no doubt of his giving you Satisfaction, both in projecting and executing the works required for the defence of the River.
I have given directions to Major Genl. de la Fayette, to order Van Schaicks Regiment to march and join you without loss of time. I am &ca.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 20th. I think the Steps you are taking in regard to removing what Forage can be carried off and destroying what cannot, are very proper. As it is more than probable that the Enemy will attempt a stroke at you with a superior force, nothing more ought to be kept at the post than is absolutely necessary. I would therefore have you immediately send four pieces of your Artillery with the Ammunition Waggons belonging to them to this Camp, reserving the four pieces that are lightest.
I desire you will write to Maryland to have the Recruits sent on to join their respective Regiments, as fast as they are raised. The sooner they join the less is the loss from stragling and Deserting, added to this, we are in great want of the Men.
Be pleased to say, whether you received the Swords and Pistols that were returned and what is the Cost of the Articles I retained. I am &ca.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 21, 1778.
Sir: Having received information that a considerable number of the Enemy, both Horse and Foot, have advanced as far as Hickory Town upon the Wissahicken Road, you are immediately to cross the Schuylkill with the detachment under your command and endeavour to discover the Number, situation and intention of the Enemy. I have received information that a large drove of 500 Cattle are upon their way from Sherrard's Ferry upon Delaware and it is more than probable that the intention of the Enemy may be to carry them off. Colo. Nagle88 who will be with you, knows the Country well and will provide a number of good officers likewise well acquainted with it. It will be proper to send an officer to meet the Cattle and to order them to be kept pretty high up and by observing the Route of the Enemy it will be easy to keep between them and the Cattle. If you should find their numbers and situation such that you can attack them to advantage, I expect you will do it, but that I leave to your judgment [and the Intelligence you shall rece.]
[Note 88: Col. George Nagel (Nagle) of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
As this is the time of one of the Quakers general Meetings, it is more than probable that many of that Society will be going into Philadelphia. If you fall in with any of them, I desire they may be stopped and turned back and their Horses taken from them. Be pleased to inform me of your proceedings. I wish you success and am, etc.
P.S. There is a Gentleman on the other side of the River, Colo. Corry, perfectly acquainted with every Road. Send to him and he will attend you instantly, and will be very useful to you.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
[Note 90: Of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment. He resigned Mar. 28, 1778.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 21, 1778.
Sir: Your favour of Yesterday was duly received. It gave me great pain to find that you were sollicitous to resign your commission. I hope you will think better of the matter and consider the fatal consequences that must necessarily attend so many resignations. This proceeding in the line at large, I have sensibly felt; but that the resignations in the Virginia line should exceed, greatly exceed those in that of any other State, distresses me in a more peculiar manner. There are none among us, who do not experience great inconveniences from the service, but are we to quit it? What the consequences will be, are obvious to all. Officers wishing to retire have frequently observed, that there would be enough left, and therefore that the want of their Services could not be material. Those who reason thus, pay themselves but an ill compliment, as they evidently confess, that others possess more virtue, more attachment to the great and Common cause than they themselves do. If there are hardships attending the service, why should not all equally share in them? Why are they more severely felt by the Virginia line, than any other? Look my Good Sir, and reflect on the Shock it has already sustained. You, I would fain flatter myself, will not increase it. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 21, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honour to inclose you a representation, made to me by Mr. Chaloner Deputy Commissary of Purchases, upon the difficulty, under your present law, of procuring Waggons to bring the public Stores of provision collected at the Head of Elk and Middletown in your State. The State of Pennsylvannia has been already exceedingly harrassed in providing teams, as we have drawn our Horses and Waggons almost totally from them since the commencement of this dispute. I would therefore wish, that you would lay this matter before your legislature, and endeavour to procure an amendment to the law, whereby a mode may be fallen upon to obtain a sufficient number of Waggons to bring forward the Stores at the places above mentioned and in the neighbourhood of them. Governor Livingston lately did us the favour to procure a law of the State of Jersey vesting him and the Council with powers to impress any number of Waggons, to supply the Army, in cases of great emergency, and I assure you that is truly the case now. If we do not establish Magazines in Camp and near it before our Reinforcements arrive, it will be impossible to subsist our force when collected.
I have to acknowledge the receipt of yours some little time ago, informing me of the steps you had taken to procure us a supply of provision. I sincerely thank you, and hope I shall find the same readiness in you to assist us with Carriages. As one of the Gentlemen in the Commissary department will wait upon you with this, he will inform you of the number wanting at present. I have the honour etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 21, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 14th and 15th instant. In consequence of the Resolves transmitted to me I have dispatched an Express to the Marquis de la Fayette and to Baron de Kalb, to recall them from the northward, and instead of ordering down Hazen's Regiment to rejoin this Army, I have ordered Van Schaicks immediately to the Highlands, where the publick Works are in a manner at a stand for want of Hands. Van Schaick's is a full and fresh Regiment and Hazens but weak in point of numbers, and must be considerably fatigued with their late long march.95
[Note 95: Hazen's regiment had marched to Albany to take part in the projected Canadian expedition.]
Inclosed you have the Copy of a letter which I received a few days ago from Doctor Rush. As this letter contains charges of a very heinous nature against the Director General Doctor Shippen for mal-practices and neglect in his department; I could not but look upon it as meant for a public accusation, and have therefore thought it incumbent upon me to lay it before Congress.96 I have shewed it to Doctor Shippen, that he may be prepared to vindicate his character, if called upon. He tells me that Doctor Rush made charges of a similar nature, before a Committee of Congress appointed to hear them, which he could not support. If so Congress will not have further occasion to trouble themselves in the matter. I have the honor etc.97
[Note 96: The letter was read in Congress on April 3 and referred to William Henry Drayton, Samuel Huntington, and John Banister.]
[Note 97: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 1: Of the First Virginia Regiment.]
Head Quarters, March 22, 1778.
Sir: Lieutt. Colo. Parker2 has made application to be appointed to the command of the first Virginia Regiment, said to be vacant by your resignation: But as that resignation has not been made to me in proper form, I do not think myself at liberty to fill the vacancy without having it from yourself. I shall expect your answer by return of post, or sooner if a good opportunity offers, because if Colo. Parker is to have the Regiment he is anxious to be at the head of it, that he may make use of his time in training it. I am &ca.3
[Note 2: Lieut. Col. Richard Parker, of the Second Virginia Regiment, was made colonel of the First Virginia Regiment to date from February 10, the date of Hendricks's resignation. Parker died in May, 1780, from wounds received at the siege of Charleston, S. C.]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 22, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 19th. I desire that the British Serjeants, their Horses, Arms and Accoutrements may be sent down by the first party that marches after the receipt of this. The party that took them have no right to any thing belonging to them. Plunder taken from the Enemy where any risk is run, is given to the captors, but that could not have been the case when there were only two men and they in the heart of the Country. Harvey is not by any means to be permitted to enter the Service, he is a very great Villain and should be sent out of the way.
The British Prisoners who are sick, should not be mixed in the Hospitals with our Men, the Commissary of Prisoners must provide some place where they may be taken care of by themselves, the less intercourse they have with the Troops the better.
If Camp Kettles are wanted, the Dy. Qr. Mr. Genl. should apply to Major Genl. Greene, who is appointed to the Office of Qt. Mr. General, for them or any other Articles he may want. I am &ca.
P.S. Order the Serjeants to stop at the Wt. Horse and let me be informed of it.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, March 22, 1778.
Sir: I have yours of the 19th. inclosing sundry papers relating to a dispute between Major Forrest5 and Colo. Crane,6 founded upon an Arrest of Captn. Proctor.7 I had heard of
[Note 5: Maj. Thomas Forrest, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December, 1778; resigned in October, 1781]
[Note 6: Col. John Crane, of the Third Continental Artillery.]
[Note 7: Capt. Francis Proctor(?), of the Fourth Continental Artillery.] this matter before, as Colo. Crane had laid before me a letter from Major Forrest to him, which he conceived couched in very improper terms from an inferior to his commanding officer. I refused to give any opinion upon the Subject, but desired Colo. Crane to dissolve the Court whereof Major Forrest was president and arrest him, that the matter might be impartially determined by a General Court Martial of the line.
I will just add, that as nothing gives me more pleasure than to determine any points that are amicably submitted to me by the Gentlemen of the Army, so nothing gives me more pain than the frequency of complaints that are made and difference of various kinds that happen among a set of Men embarked in the same great cause, who ought rather to cultivate harmony than break out into dissentions upon almost every occasion that offers. If, as I have hinted above, matters cannot be amicably settled, a Court of inquiry or a Court Martial is the resort, and it is therefore improper to bring the dispute before me, because I am ultimately to give my opinion upon a revisal of the Evidence and allegations of both parties. I am &ca.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 22, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 19th. inclosing proceedings of a Court Martial against Doctor Smith. Some of the facts do not appear to me well supported by the evidence. I have made my remarks against such as are doubtful. If, upon the hearing, the proofs appeared to you to be satisfactory, I desire that the Sentence may be confirmed.
As the Court have no more business it may be dissolved. And if the time for which you obtained leave of absence is expired, I would wish you to join your Regiment, as the Army is going to be put under a new System of Manoeuvre and Discipline. I am, etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 22, 1778.
Sir: Your several Letters of the 15th. 19th. and 21st. Instt. have been duly received.
You are under a mistake, as to the rank of Mr. Ethan Allen, which is only that of Lieutenant Colonel; and as such he has been returned and considered by your Commissary, Mr. Loring. The fact truly is, to the best of my information, that at the Time of his capture, he had an appointment as Lieut. Col., from the State of New York, in a Regiment commanded by Col. Warner. Tho' he may have been called Colonel in some Letters of mine, it was either thro' misconception at the time, or by a concise and familiar mode of expression, which frequently applies that term to a Lieutenant Colonel.10 I shall therefore expect him in exchange for Mr. Campbell.
[Note 10: Ethan Allen was generally accorded the title of colonel, whether he held such a commission or not. Heitman states he was lieutenant colonel of the Green Mountain Boys, a New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) organization of 1775. He was brevetteda colonel in the Continental Army by the resolve of Congress of May 14, 1778.]
I am by no means sensible of the propriety of so rigorous a proceeding, as you have adopted in the case of Captains Robinson11 and Galt,12 especially as it respects the former. Your Letter gave me the first notice I had, of any circumstance of the Affair, and I can without scruple, assure you, I am not conscious, that they had any sinister view in what they did. It is evident, no deception nor any thing unfair could have been intended by Captain Robinson, as he was previously announced to you, and your passport obtained. He was a person too well known in
[Note 11: Isaiah Robinson (or Robertson) was a captain in the Continental Navy.]
[Note 12: Nathaniel Gait was a captain in the Pennsylvania State navy.] Philadelphia, to have hoped to escape detection, under the mask of a fictitious and disguised Character. The destruction of the Armed Brig he formerly commanded, threw him out of actual employment, and his taking charge of the Shallop, destined to convey relief to the unfortunate, can only be deemed an instance of his condescension.13 I know nothing of Captain Galb but it is not improbable he was actuated by similar motives. If the conduct of both or either of them was influenced in part by other incentives, I am persuaded they only related to private and personal concerns and might authorize a charge of indiscretion, rather than of ill design. You were expressly told, that Captain Isaiah Robinson was to have charge of the Shallop. Your own passport ought to have protected him, since it is not pretended, that he committed any Act, in the execution of his Commission, which could have forfeited it's protection. I am well aware of the delicacy which ought to be observed in the intercourse of Flags, and that no species of imposition should be practised under their sanction. But there are some little deviations, which inadvertency or the imprudence of Individuals may occasion, which are more properly causes for Remonstrance, than punishment; The present event, on an impartial consideration, will not appear any thing worse, and I think myself fully justified in demanding the immediate restoration of Captain Robinson, and desiring the release of Captain Galt.
[Note 13: Harrison wrote "humanity," but Alexander Hamilton substituted the "condescension."]
The conduct of Lieutenant Col. Brooks14 in detaining John Miller, requires neither palliation nor excuse. I justify and approve it. There is nothing so sacred in the Character of the King's Trumpeter, even when sanctified by a flag, as to alter the nature of things, or consecrate infidelity and Guilt. He was a Deserter from the Army under my Command; and, whatever you have been pleased to assert to the Contrary, it is the
[Note 14: Lieut. Col. John Brooks, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment.] Practice of War and Nations, to seize and punish Deserters Wherever they may be found. His appearing in the character he did, was an aggravation of his Offence, in as much as it added insolence to perfidy. My scrupulous regard to the priviledges of flags, and a desire to avoid every thing, that partiality itself might affect to consider as a violation of them, induced me to send orders for the release of the Trumpeter, before the receipt of your Letter; the improper and peremptory Terms of which, had it not been too late, would have strongly operated to produce a less compromising conduct; I intended at the time to assure you, and I wish it to be remembered, that my indulgence in this instance, is not to be drawn into precedent, and that, should any deserters from the American Army, hereafter have the daring folly to approach our Lines in a similar manner, they will fall victims to their rashness and presumption.
I shall give orders, as you request, for acknowledging the receipt of your Letters at the Posts where they shall be delivered.
Serjeants McMahon and Cameron were taken at a distance from their party, whither they had straggled, under very exceptionable circumstances, and were confined in Lancaster Gaol, on suspicion of their being Spies. I have sent directions to have them conveyed to your lines, which nothing but a regard to the promise of my Aid de Camp would induce me to do, the Conduct of these men having been so irregular and criminal, as to make them justly amenable to punishment. The particulars of this Affair shall be the Subject of future animadversion.
Before I conclude, I think it proper to inform you, that Col. Grayson, Lieut. Colonels Harrison and Hamilton and Elias Boudinot Esquire Commissary General of Prisoners, are the Gentlemen appointed on my part, to meet your commissioners.15 I am, etc.16
[Note 15: For negotiating an exchange of prisoners.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, with a few minor changes by Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, March 22, 1778.
Parole Beverly. Countersigns Buxton, Brent.
As a System of easy Manoeuvres and Exercise is to be introduced with a view of establishing Uniformity in these points throughout the Army the Commanding Officers of Brigades and Regiments are desired to discontinue exercising and manoeuvring their men by way of instruction until new regulations shall be distributed. Such Evolutions and Exercise as are indispensibly necessary in the ordinary Camp duties may in the mean time be performed according to the accustomed methods.
The prices of the following Articles, Rum, French Brandy, Gin, Spirits and Cyder Royal not being rated in the general orders of 26th. January last, the venders of these Articles have taken advantage and therefore sell them at the most exorbitant rates. The Brigadiers and officers commanding Brigades are desired to meet at General Woodford's Quarters on tuesday morning at ten o'Clock and regulate the prices of the above.
Adjutant General to purchase all Arms and Accoutrements of deserters and no other Person.
Captain Seely17 is appointed Brigade Major vice, Brigade Major McGowin18 who is to act as Brigade Inspector, in the Second Pennsylvania Brigade.
[Note 17: Capt. Isaac Seeley (Seely), of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Paramus, N. J., in April, 1780; transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to the close of the war.]
[Note 18: Maj. John McGowan, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Germantown, Pa., in October, 1777, and was finally transferred to the Invalid Regiment in February, 1781.]
A return of Drums and Fifes wanting in the several Brigades to be given in to the Adjutant General tomorrow at orderlytime.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, March 23, 1778.
Parole Copenhagen. Countersigns Charlestown, Carlisle.
As the Season is approaching fast when every thing should be in the most perfect readiness for the field, the Commander in Chief reminds the Brigadiers of the former order to provide Bayonets for their men and the officers of the necessity of procuring Espontoons.19
[Note 19: A sort of halbert, or half-pike, which was the distinguishing arm of an officer.]
A return of the Stores in the Quarter-Master General's department, also a return from the Waggon-Master General of the Waggons and horses, to be made as soon as possible.
Major Burnett20 is appointed Aide-de-Camp to General Greene and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 20: Maj. Robert Burnett. He continued as aide to Greene to the end of the war.]
All officers who were on command with General Wayne in the Jerseys are desired to meet at General Wayne's Quarters tomorrow morning ten o'Clock to render an account of those horses which they had in charge.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Swift was President (March 16th. 1778.) Serjeant John Henry Leiders of the late Armand's Corps, tried for wounding with his sword one Henry Trautcher found guilty of a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War, but in consideration of some alleviating circumstances only sentenced to be reprimanded by the officer commanding the Corps he belongs to.
At the same Court George Walter tried for attempting to desert to the Enemy and acquitted.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence. At the same Court by adjournment March 18th. Thomas McKalvey of Colo. Malcom's Regiment tried for desertion, found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow morning at roll-call at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
Colo. Ogden is appointed President of the General Court Martial which sits tomorrow (by adjournment) at ten o'Clock in the forenoon vice Colo. Swift.
[Note 21: Of the Fourth Continental Artillery.]
[Note 22: Of the Third Continental Artillery.]
[Note 23: Of the Second Continental Artillery.]
[Note 24: Of the Third Continental Artillery.]
Head Quarters, March 23, 1778.
Gentlemen: Business has prevented my answering yours of the 18th. before this time. If I have given Capt. Duplissis a Character, in my recommendation of him to Congress, which he does not deserve, I have done it through misinformation. As you very well know, I was not an eye witness of any part of his conduct or behaviour. I took the matter up from Colo. Greene's letters, who commanded at Fort Mercer, and who spoke in the highest terms of the Capts. address and Bravery, particularly at the time when Count Donop was defeated. He was an entire stranger to him and therefore could not have been prepossessed in his favor. I am still of opinion, that the Rank to which Congress have been pleased to promote him does not injure you, for the Reasons given at large in my last.
You are so well acquainted with the difficulties we labor under in procuring Cloathing, that I am convinced you will attribute the want to real scarcity, and not to any intention to injure a Corps which has been distinguished in all services, and which has so well merited it in ours. It is true, each State is to provide for its own Regiments, and as that will make the draft upon the Continental Store so much the less, the Artillery and those Regiments not particularly belonging to any State may reasonably expect to be fully supplied. I have very pleasing accounts from all quarters of the purchase of large quantities of Clothing, and you may rest assured that you shall have your full share and at as reasonable Rates as the Regiments of particular States.
I am unacquainted with the pretensions of Major Popkin25 to the Lieutenant Colonelcy of Colo. Crane's Battalion. When he arrives at Camp, I shall be ready to hear what he has to urge in defence of his claim, and what you have to offer against it. I am etc.26
[Note 25: Maj. John Popkin, of the Third Continental Artillery. He had been promoted to lieutenant colonel in July, 1777; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On March 23 Washington wrote also a short acknowledgment to Col. Sylvanus Seely, of the New Jersey Militia, for his information of a British embarkation at New York. This letter and a copy of Seely's are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, March 24, 1778.
Sir: I have received your letter of Yesterday by Major Duvall.27 As the principal object of your detachment is the protection of the Cattle said to have been expected to cross at Sherard's Ferry, all your movements and operations are to be directed to that end, and you will take the best means to answer it effectually.
[Note 27: McIntosh's letter gives Daniel Du Val (Duvall) the rank of captain. He is not listed in Heitman's Register.]
The intelligence which you may receive concerning the motions and number of the Enemy's parties, from intelligent persons that may be depended on, will enable you best to judge of their real designs, and to counteract them, if their views are turned to intercepting the supply which you are to cover.
Mr. Chaloner D.C. of Purchases has sent expresses to inquire the Route of the Cattle and direct them by the upper Road from Sherard's ferry to Potts Grove, it will facilitate your business, perhaps to send an express and discover where they really are at present. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 29: Of the Third New Jersey Regiment.]
Head Quarters, March 24, 1778.
Sir: With a view of establishing uniformity of discipline and Manoeuvres in the Army, it is in agitation to form an inspectorship distributed among different Officers. The Baron Steuben, a Gentleman of high Military rank, profound knowledge and great experience in his profession, is placed at the head of this department. As assistants to him four sub-inspectors are to be appointed, who will be charged each with the superintending a considerable portion of the Army. Officers to each Brigade, under the title of Brigade-inspectors, are already in the execution of their office, preparing the way for ulterior instructions by perfecting their men in the first and most simple elements.
As the Office of Sub-inspector cannot be filled with propriety but by men whose character and abilities will give them influence and ensure their success; I would make choice of Gentlemen who unite those advantages, and in my own mind have fixed upon you as one. The evident utility of this institution, will I am persuaded engage you to undertake the office, and contribute your labours to obtain the important ends proposed. There will be an additional share of duty incident to the office, which will probably be considered in determining the emoluments, but will more especially be compensated by the respectability and honor attached to it.
If you determine to accept of the appointment, you will be pleased to acquaint me immediately with your intentions. The time for action advances with hasty strides, we should therefore improve every minute; The sooner you enter on the function of Subinspector, the more likely will you be to have the satisfaction of rendering essential Service to the Army. I am, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The same letter was sent to Lieut. Col. John Brooks, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Head Quarters, March 24, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 11th. reminding me of your former request to have an inquiry into your conduct and that of the Regiment under your command on the 7th. December last.31 When you first mentioned this matter, the Army was in so moving a State, that it was impossible to hold a Court, as soon as we were fixed, I recollected your request, and intended to have given an order for the inquiry, but I was informed that you were ill and had been obliged to leave Camp, nor was I certain until I received yours, as above, that you had returned. If you will fix a time, I will order the Adjutant General to summon a proper Court and will give notice to General Reed, who is the principal person charged by you with reflecting upon your conduct to attend. I am, &ca.32
[Note 31: At Edge Hill, Pa.]
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley forge, March 24, 1778.
Sir: Herewith I do myself the honor to inclose copies of a Letter from an Officer33 of Militia at Elizabeth Town to me,
[Note 33: Col. Sylvanus Seely. The letter was dated Mar. 20, 1778. A copy by Harrison is filed with this letter of Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] and an extract of a Letter from one of Mr. Boudinot's deputies, at Boston, to him; both tending to induce a belief, that the enemy have some enterprise in contemplation. What this is, time must discover. I have this whole Winter been clearly of opinion, that Genl. Howe's movements would be very early this Spring to take advantage of the Weak state of our Army, or late, if he expected considerable reinforcement from England and meant to avail himself of his full strength.
If the first takes place, as appearances indicate, it may I think be considered as a proof of one or both of these two things; that he is either well informed (he cannot indeed be otherwise) of the situation and more than probably the strength of our Army, or that he expects no considerable reinforcements this year from Europe. In either case it is our indispensable duty to reinforce and arrange our Army, as speedily as possible, that we may in the first Instance be prepared for defence. In the second to take advantage of any favourable circumstance, which may happen to injure the enemy.
Whatever may be the designs of Congress with respect to the establishment of the Army, I know not but do most earnestly and devoutly recommend a speedy adoption of them, and the appointment of Officers, as our present situation at this advanced Season is truely alarming, and to me highly distressing, as I am convinced that we shall be plunged into the Campaign before our arrangements are made and the Army properly organized. The numberless disadvantages resulting from the late appointment of Genl. Officers last year, make me look forward with infinite anxiety this; for after all the Wisdom that Congress or their Comee. can use in the choice of Officers, many will be disgusted, resignations of some and perhaps non-acceptance of others follow. Before matters then can be brought to a proper tone much time will be lost and a great deal of trouble and vexation encountered; to overcome which, is not the work of a day and till they are overcome confusion, disorder, and loss must prevail; in the mean while Order, regularity, and discipline, which requires the vigilance of every Officer to establish and must flow from the General Officers in every Army is neglected, or not entered upon in time to effect; thus it happened last year and Brigades and Divisions became vacant to the great injury of the Service.
As it is not improper for Congress to have some idea of the present temper of the Army it may not be amiss to remark in this place that since the Month of August last between two and three hundred Officers have resigned their Commissions and many others with difficulty disswaded from it. In the Virginia line only, not less than Six Colonels as good as any in the Service have left it lately, and more I am told are in the humour to do so.
Highly advantageous also would it be if the Recruits and draughts from No. Carolina and Virginia were not Suffered to Halt on their way to Camp (under pretence of getting equip'd) but sent forward and incorporated into the different Regiments of their respective States, as soon as it could be done. Out of the number of Men said to be draughted in Virginia last fall and others from No. Carolina very few have joined the Army, but owing to desertion and other causes have dwindled to nothing, and this will always be the case with new recruits (especially those who are unwillingly drawn forth) if much time is spent in getting them to their Regiments under the care of proper Officers; this shews the necessity, if the Season, and other powerful reasons did not loudly call for it of hastening them to the Army.
My Sollicitude for the preservation of the communication of the No. River gives me very uneasy Sensations on account of our Posts there, and will excuse my again asking if the Troops to the Northward except such as are necessary for the defence of Fort Schuyler can be so advantageously employed as at the Works on that River. A respectable force at those Posts would awe New York and divide Genl. Howes force, or expose the City. To depend too much upon Militia, is in my opinion putting every thing to hazard.
If I should appear uncommonly anxious, respecting the several Matters contained in this Letter by repeating them, Congress will do me the justice I hope to believe, that I am actuated by no views but such as are prompted by circumstances, and the advanced Season. With the greatest respect I have the honor, etc.
P.S. Your Letter of the 21st Instt. is just come to hand, containing sevl. Resolves of Congress.34
[Note 34: Read in Congress on March 27 and referred to the Board of War. The resolves transmitted in the letter from the President of Congress were those of March 18, 19, and 21. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
Valley Forge, March 24, 1778.
Sir: Colo. Charles Lewis of the 14th Virginia Regiment will have the honor to deliver you this. He waits on Congress to resign his Commission. I have interested myself, but in vain, to retain him in service, and have only to add my regret at the loss of so good an Officer. I have the honor, etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, March 24, 1778.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Derby, Dunkirk.
The Honorable the Continental Congress have been pleased to appoint Major General Greene Quarter Master General in the Army of The United States reserving to him his rank of Major General in the same and John Cox and Charles Pettit, Esquires Assistants Quarter Master General, all of whom respectively are to be considered and respected accordingly.
At nine o'Clock precisely all the Brigades will begin their exercise, each Regiment on it's own parade and the Inspector General will attend the Exercise. In the afternoon the Brigades will begin the exercise at 4 and finish at 5 oClock.
The Commander in Chief strictly injoins it upon the Commissary General of Issues to keep a quantity of hard bread in store for the use of detachments which may be ordered out on any sudden Emergency; Likewise of salt Provisions if possible; Certain quantities of the above he will issue to the Brigade Commissaries to be kept in store for the same purpose.
At a Brigade Court Martial whereof Lieutt. Colo. Weissenfels was President March 12th. Mr. Vunck36 Quarter Master to Colo. Livingston's Regimt. tried (by his own consent) for neglect of duty and appropriating to his own use Rum and Soap drawn for the use of the Regiment, found guilty of the charges exhibited against him, being a breach of 1st. Article 12th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to make good to the Regiment what Articles he has fraudulently appropriated to forfeit all his pay and be dismiss'd from the service, that his Crime, Name, Place of Abode and Punishment be published in the News-Papers in and about the Camp and in those of the particular State from which he came or resided, after which it shall be deemed scandalous for any officer to associate with him.
[Note 36: Quartermaster Peter Vonk, of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence orders Mr. Vunck immediately to leave the Camp and that his forfeited pay be at the disposal of the State to which he belongs.
At the same Court by adjournment March 14th. Mr. John Lloyd37 of Colo. Henry B. Livingston's Regiment tried (he consenting thereto) for behaving in an ungentlemanlike manner in advising Peter Vunck, Quarter Master of said Regiment
[Note 37: Lieut. John Lloyd, of Col. Henry Beekman Livingston's Fourth New York Regiment.] to draw rum from the Commissary of Issues on account of the Regiment and in being a sharer in the use of the same rum at the expence of the Regiment, found guilty of ungentlemanlike behaviour in appropriating to his own use a quantity of rum which he knew was drawn for the use of the Regiment being a breach of Article 21st. Section 14th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be dismissed the service. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders him to depart Camp immediately.
Head Quarters V. Forge, Wednesday, March 25, 1778.
Parole Effingham. Countersigns Enfield, Embden.
The Honorable the Congress having appointed Matthew Clarkson and Major John Clarke38, Esquires Auditors to settle and adjust the accounts of the Main Army they are to be respected accordingly; Any persons who have any accounts to be audited by them may find them at the house of Griffith Johns about three miles beyond the Pay-Master Generals quarters.
[Note 38: Maj. John Clark, jr., of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Mr. Ten Eyck39 Adjutant in Genl. Huntington's Brigade is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in absence of Brigade Major Alden.40
[Note 39: Adjt. Henry Ten Eyck, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was made captain in May, 1778; transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 40: Brigade Maj. Roger Alden. He was made captain-lieutenant of the Second Connecticut Regiment in June, 1778; captain in September, 1779; major and aide to Huntington in April, 1780; resigned in February, 1781; Deputy Secretary, Continental Congress, from 1785 to 1789.]
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Swift was President March 18th. Abel Jeans an Inhabitant of the State of Pennsylvania tried for supplying the Enemy with Money, trading with them buying and passing counterfeit Continental Money found guilty of the charges exhibited against him and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, be sent to some public place in this State to be kept at hard labor during the Controversy with Great Britain. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
At the same Court, Matthew Tyson, Henry Norris, Thomas Boley, John Campbell and Jesse Horvan, Inhabitants of the State of Pennsylvania tried for supplying the Enemy with provisions severally found guilty and ordered by the Commander in Chief to be confin'd by night in the Provost and in the day constantly employed on fatigue during one month and in addition to said Norris's fatigue, that agreeable to the sentence of the Court, he pay fifty pounds into the hands of the Adjutant General for the use of the sick in camp.
At the same Court Thomas Coshel and Samuel Burris, soldiers tried for attempting to desert to the Enemy, plead guilty and are sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each, fifty pr. day two days successively. Said Burris's Back to be well washed with Salt and water after he has received the last fifty.
The General approves and orders the execution of the sentences to commence tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at the head of the Regiment to which they belong.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 25, 1778.
Sir: I was yesterday favoured with yours of the 17th by Major Campbell.41 Our numbers of Effectives is so reduced by innoculation, that it is impossible to spare the few Men of the 13th Virginia Regiment just at this time. I shall send Colo. Russell42 immediately to Pittsburg to collect and take the Command of by far the greatest part of the Regiment, who are now
[Note 41: Maj. Richard Campbell, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment. He was wounded at Camden, N. J., in April, 1781; killed at Eutaw Springs, S. C., in September, 1781.]
[Note 42: Col. William Russell, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in November, 1780; served to November, 1783.] straggling about that Country. Major Campbell informs me, that their ought to be four hundred Men there. There are not above one hundred here sick and well. You have been misinformed as to the reinlistment of the 12th and 13th Virginia Regiments. The Men of Seven of the oldest Regiments had been inlisted for two years, and as their times expired in the Winter, many of them reinlisted upon being allowed furloughs to go home for two Months. Upon Enquiry you will find the above to be the fact, and that the reinlistment was confined to the seven Regiments.
All the men that are now in the 8th and 12th Pennsylvania Regiments came originally with them, they never having received any recruits. I mention this, because it appears from your Letter, that you thought most of those first inlisted had been carried off by casualties of different kinds and that others had been raised to fill their places. It is to be wished that our force may be such, that we may be able to send succours to the Westward, should the Indian War, that is apprehended, break out. But should the situation of affairs here require us to keep our whole force together, I imagine there will be no difficulty in raising a body of Men upon the Frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania for the purpose of defending them. I have the honor etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was addressed to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, as president of the board.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 10th. inst. inclosing a petition from Lt. Colonel Tudor44 and Lieut. Thompson45
[Note 44: Lieut. Col. William Tudor, of Henley's Additional Continental regiment His resignation was accepted Apr. 9, 1778.]
[Note 45: Lieut. William Thompson, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment. His resignation was dated Mar. 16, 1778.] desiring a liberty to resign. I desire that their request may be granted, not that it is my wish to have an Officer of Colo. Tudor's good character out of the Army, but as there will be a necessity of reducing the 16 additional Battalions to a less number, the more Officers that resign voluntarily, the easier it will be to provide for the remainder.
I hope that no time will be lost in removing Genl. Burgoyne's troops from Boston after the Rect. of the Resolution of Congress for that purpose. If they remain within reach of that part of the Enemy's force who are at Newport, I think it more than probable that they will make an effort to rescue them.
I beg you will exert yourself in forwarding on the Recruits for such of the Massachusetts Regiments as are with this Army; they need not remain to be innoculated as that can be done conveniently upon their arrival in Camp; and the Doctors say the men will be much healthier thro' the Campaign than if they had been innoculated at home and marched immediately upon their recovery. I am particularly pressing in this matter, because I have many reasons for thinking that Genl. Howe means to call in reinforcements and attack us before we receive ours. Four Regiments are actually embarked at New York and Reports from Rhode Island say there is an appearance of their evacuating Newport. I am &c.
P.S. Some little time past I wrote to the president and Council of Massachusetts informing them that several of the towns had hired British Deserters and sent them on by the way of Substitutes. Since writing that letter, eleven of those people have come from one district, and I doubt not but many more will follow. I shall be obliged to send them back, or they will most certainly, as they have ever done, desert again to the Enemy and carry off their Arms. I desired the Council to put a stop to this practice and I beg you will mention it to them and point out the injury it does the service. By a late Resolve of Congress46 there is an absolute prohibition to the inlistment of Deserters, it being better to be deficient in the quota than to have such Men.47
[Note 46: The resolve of Feb. 26, 1778. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 47: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S. ]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I hope this will find you arrived at your Quarters in the Highlands. By advices received two days ago from Elizabeth Town, I am informed that two Regiments of British and two of Hessians were embarked at New York, and by accounts from Rhode Island it was imagined that the Enemy were about evacuating Newport. This makes me suspicious that General Howe is drawing his reinforcements together to attack us before we get ours. At least I think sound policy directs it. I therefore most earnestly request, that all the Recruits for the Eastern Regiments now here may be sent forward the moment they arrive at Peekskill or Fishkill. They can be conveniently inoculated here, and as they will not have a long march to undergo after they have recovered, they will in all probability do better than if they had taken the small pox before they set out. I hope you will find matters in a tolerable good train upon the North River, as Genl. Parsons's letter of the 16th. is favourable. I am, etc.
P.S. Inclosed is a letter to the commanding Officer at Albany directing him to send down Hazen's Regiment to you. I some time ago desired, that all the Arms at Fishkill might be repaired, and if there are any to spare, be pleased to Arm the Recruits with them as they come on. Colo. James Livingston's Regiment is ordered down likewise, but I fear it is very weak.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am informed that Iveham and Springfield back of Mount Holly, particularly the latter, are very commodious places for the accommodation of horse, as they abound in forage. I wish you to consult the Governor, whether such of the Cavalry as are not in good Quarters where they now are, may not be more advantageously situated at those places, and if it shall appear they may, to have them removed accordingly. You will remember the object of having the cavalry detached from the Army in the manner they now are, is chiefly with a view to get them in as good order as possible at the opening of the campaign. This consideration must determine in the present case. The horse should not be stationed where they would not be well provided, where they would not be in security, nor where their situation might oblige them to do so much duty as would be inconsistent with the purpose I have mentioned. If, these objects being properly attended to, they can be withal so placed as to afford any degree of cover to the country, it will be very desireable.
I fear the horse have not heretofore benefited so much by their Winter Quarters as might have been expected. You must be sensible of the importance of having them in good condition in the course of the campaign, and will no doubt pay every necessary attention to it. You will also be careful that no disorders are committed by your men. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 25, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday received your letter from York Town. You must have misunderstood me, if you thought I gave you permission to raise a new and seperate Corps. I told you I had no power to grant such a request; but that if you could obtain permission from Congress [or of the Comee. of Congress in Camp] I should have no objection [to the measure and to your Inlisting Prisoners.] I am certain I never gave you any encouragement to inlist deserters, because I had ever found them of the greatest injury to the Service, by debauching our own Men and had therefore given positive orders to all recruiting Officers, not to inlist them upon any terms. The Congress have since made an express Resolve against it, and also against inlisting prisoners.
As you say your two Lieutenants were promised the Rank of Captains by the Marquis de la Fayette, I cannot do any thing in that matter until I have seen the Marquis who is expected from Albany shortly. When the Committee of Congress found that the Corps formerly commanded by you, were reduced below 50 Men, they determined to reduce it and to throw the Men into some Regiment.
I hope you will understand me clearly, [when I again assure you, that I have no powers to authorize the raising of New Corps] and as you are upon the spot, you will have a good opportunity of making application to the Congress for such a command as you seem desirous of having. I am etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 25, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 13th. instant. The opinion of the council of your State is so directly opposed to the continuance of the men at the Salt Works you are erecting, that to avoid the imputation of partiality and remove all cause for censure, both with respect to you and myself, I am induced to direct they may for the present join and act with Colo. Shreve's Regiment, in the purposes of common defence. I have as yet had no answer from Congress on the subject of your memorial; when I receive one, I shall govern myself accordingly. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Valley Forge, March 25, 1778.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Excellency's favors of the 14th, 18th and 21st instant.
I am sorry to find, that the few Troops with Colonel Foreman, have become a subject of uneasiness. They are ordered to join Colo. Shreve's Regiment for the present and to Act with him. Colo. Foreman, five or Six Weeks since, transmitted thro' my hands a Memorial to Congress, respecting his Salt Works, offering a contract for the proceeds, and requesting some Continental Troops for their protection. I expected they would have decided on the matter, soon after it was submitted, and consented that the Troops with him might remain there till their determination was had. I imagined, at the same time, that the Works which were the object of the Memorial, would derive some security from the party being placed there, that others not too remote, might be benefited by it in some degree; as a knowledge of Troops being in that quarter might prevent small detachments of the Enemy making attempts against them.
I have written to Colo. Moylan upon the subject of quartering the Horse at proper places, and desired him to consult you on the occasion. So far, Sir, from viewing your Sentiments in this or in any instance, as an obtrusion, I hold myself much obliged by them. However, tho' Gloucester and Salem Counties have considerable quantities of Forage, I fear the Horse will be too much exposed there, and if they were not captured, that the duty they would be obliged to perform, would prevent their recruiting and becoming fit for Service against the Campaign opens, which is an object of infinite importance. I am told, that Springfield, not far from Mount Holly, can accomodate many of them with great case. I have directed Colo Moylan to give a strict attention to their conduct and to prevent, as far as possible, every species of irregularity, which I trust he will do.
It was unnecessary to offer an apology for committing to my care your Letters for Congress and Colo. Blaine. I shall always be happy to forward your dispatches Colo. Blaine is not in Camp, nor do I know where he is, having been out some time, after Provision.
I thank you for your trouble in taking Eliza. Chatham's deposition.52 Her name will not be disclosed. I have other depositions in my possession, nearly the same in substance, and which do not say more for General Howe's humanity.
[Note 52: Elizabeth Chatham's deposition was on the treatment of American prisoners in Philadelphia by the British.]
I am much concerned, that it is not in my power to afford further aid for checking the incursions of the Enemy in Jersey. The situation of this Army will not admit the smallest detachments to be made from it. Indeed were it much better than what it is, it would be hardly practicable to give relief, as the Enemy, from local circumstances, would always be able either to withdraw or reinforce their parties. It is our misfortune not to have a sufficient Force on foot, either for the purposes of offence or defence, and the fatal policy of short inlistments, like an evil genius, is now prosecuting us and marring all our operations. I have the honour, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 25, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I have strong reasons to suspect a Mr. Bankson, late a Captain of Marines in our service, of being in the employ of the enemy as a Spy. His family lives at Princeton. We have nothing against him that amounts to proof, and to seize him at present would answer no end; but to put it out of our power to detect and punish him. It were to be wished, your Excellency, without discovering our suspicions could fall upon some method to have him well watched, and, if possible, find out something to ascertain the fact. He is lately from Philadelphia and has offered me his services in that way, as he proposes to return in a few days, taking this Camp in his way. If in the mean time any circumstance should arise within your knowledge you will be pleased to transmit it to me. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Robert Hanson Harrison.]
March 26, 1778.
Sir: I received your two Letters of the 23d. and 24th. as also5 Horses, sent to the Qr. M. General.
As to the property of Thompson and Vandyke, who are supposed to have fled into the City, I wou'd not have you to interfere any farther in it, than by giving information to some of the Commissioners appointed by the Civil Power of this State, for the purpose seizing all such property.55
[Note 55: The draft at this point has an additional unfinished clause: "this I would".]
I do not mean that you should stay out so long as you mention in your letter, and wish you to return to Camp in about 10 or 12 days, for which time, you will do the best you can with your ragged party, and single Horseman. You desire to procure intelligence from the City, is very agreeable to me; I would have you attempt it, but it must be done with the utmost care, knowing well whom you trust, for such Characters are generally tempted by gain only, and therefore are liable to be bribed by the Enemy and to our Cost. In this I shall rely on your prudence and judgment, and should your prospect of gaining any important intelligence justify your stay a few days longer than I have mentioned, you will remain, but of this I beg to be informed. I am &ca.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter sent is in the possession of Frederick S. Peck, of Providence, R. I.]
[Note 57: Of the Seventh Virginia Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 26, 1778.
Sir: As the time for which you had leave of absence must have expired, I desire that you will immediately on the receipt of this repair to your respective Regiment in Camp. But should Govr. Henry have requested you to undertake the direction of forwarding the drafts and others coming from the State, or have given you any orders of that kind, I wish you to pay the strictest attention to them, and in that case, desire you will inform me by letter, without loss of time. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The same letter was sent to Col. Abraham Bowman, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 26, 1778.
Sir: I desire you will immediately upon the receipt of this order Colo. Hazens Regiment down to Fishkill, where the commanding Officer is to take his orders from Major General McDougall. I am, etc.
P.S. Congress having particularly directed that Colo. James Livingstons Regiment should be sent to the Highlands, you are also to order that Regiment down, to take orders from Genl. McDougall.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 26, 1778.
Sir: I was favoured with your letter (without date) yesterday. As you seem to have taken it for granted that your services are rejected, and intimate an inconsistency in my not discouraging from the beginning the application made in your behalf. It is incumbent upon me to assure you, that I have not given up the idea of your becoming one of the Subinspectors, on the terms expressed in my last letter and acceded to by you. And consequently that the want of consistency depends upon your interpretation of some parts of my conduct towards you.
I will not however conceal from you, that foreseeing some difficulties in the way, I declined announcing your appointment precipitately and before the other Subinspectors were chosen. That the whole might be declared at the same time. Having now in my own mind fixed upon these Gentlemen, tho' all of them are not in Camp. I have not the smallest objection to your entering upon the duties of the Office, as I am persuaded it will afford much relief to Baron Steuben and benefit the Service. I am, etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Valley-forge, March 26, 1778.
Sir: You are to delay no time in providing a quantity of Indian Meal, as a number of Men are expected to join the Army soon who will have to undergo Inoculation for the Small pox. I am &ca.
Head Quarters, March 26, 1778.
The bearer Mr. Johnston Smith being sent by Major Genl. Greene Qur Master General to the Continental Army to provide Horses, Waggons and such other things, as are necessary for the Quarter Master General's department, I have the fullest hopes that every person, well affected to their Country, and who wish well to the Noble cause in which we are embarked, will cheerfully supply him with what he may want, for which they will be amply and regularly paid. I address myself particularly to my Countrymen of Virginia, because Mr. Smith proposes to confine his purchases principally to the Counties of Hampshire, Berkely, Frederick, Dunmore, Augusta, Loudoun and Fauquier. I have ever experienced the greatest kindness and readiness to assist from the good people of every State in which the Chance of War has placed me, and I hope that those of that State, to which I have the honour to belong will not be behind hand with their neighbours in paying an attention to my requests in making which I am solely influenced by a desire to advance the general interest.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 26, 1778.
Sir: Major General Greene, having been lately appointed to the Office of Qur Master General of the Army, has desired me to make him acquainted with some Gentlemen of the State of Virginia, of influence in their own and the adjacent Counties. I have taken the liberty to mention you to him among others. He proposes to send Mr. Johnston Smith into your Quarter of the State, to purchase and hire Horses and Waggons and to transact such other business as belongs to the department. I shall esteem it as a favour conferred upon me and a service rendered to the public, if you will give Mr Smith or any other person sent by General Greene, every assistance in your power towards the speedy execution of the business. When I assure you that much of the Success of the ensuing Campaign depends upon the Strength of the Quarter Master Genls. department, I am convinced that your zeal for the public good will influence you not only to exert yourself but to stimulate your Neighbours to contribute cheerfully to the supply of what is necessary, and for which they will be amply and regularly paid. I am &ca.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The same letter was sent to Thomas Rutherford, Sampson Matthews, and Francis Peyton, all of Virginia.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thirsday, March 26, 1778.
Parole Fend. Countersigns Framingham, Frankfort.
No scouting party is to be sent out of Camp unless it is by order of the Commander in Chief, the General Officer of the day or Adjutant General 'till the Army may happen to be in a moving state and circumstances require it, disobedience to, or neglect of this order will be severely punished, and as many officers have been captivated by their own folly and carelessness, He most expressly declares that wherever this is found to be the Case such officers shall be the last exchang'd notwithstanding in point of time they should be entitled to preference.
No Officer commanding an Out-Post or upon a scouting party is to give passes into Philadelphia under pain of being tried for Disobedience of Orders. The very end and design of these Parties are defeated by this means. The Adjt. General will take Care that these orders are communicated to Officers on all detach'd Commands.
The fatigue men in future are to take their dinners with them to prevent unnecessary straggling from work and will be daily allowed a Gill of Whiskey pr. man.
No Boats to pass Sullivan's Bridge without permission from the officer commanding the Guard there who will be strict in examining them and permit no suspicious person to pass.
Sixty eight men out of the number of those who are return'd unfit for duty for want of cloathes and necessaries to be paraded tomorrow morning at Guard-mounting and march'd to the Laboratory to be daily employ'd in that Department one Month and as it is of the greatest Importance that a stock of fix'd Ammunition should always be in store it is expected that each Brigade will keep it's Detail good.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Swift was President, March 20th, 1778, Commissary Gambol tried for opposing Lieutenant Robinson in the Execution of his office in drawing his sword, opposing the Serjeant and his men and rescuing the offenders was acquitted of rescuing the offenders, but found guilty of opposing Lt. Robinson in the Execution of his office being a breach of Article 5th. Section 2nd. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding officer of the Brigade to which he belongs. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow.
At the same Court, Thomas Webb, a Soldier in Colo. Jackson's Regiment tried for repeatedly getting drunk found guilty and sentenced to receive twenty five lashes on his bare back. Approved and ordered to be put in execution tomorrow morning at guard mounting.
Godfrey Grim tried for desertion acquitted and ordered to be immediately discharged.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I opened the inclosed to take out the Letter for the commanding Officer at Albany, having an opportunity of sending it immediately there by Colo. Armand.
I forgot to desire you to give orders to the drivers of all Cattle and to the conductors of all Clothing or Stores coming from the Eastward to cross the Delaware at Easton and not come down as low as Sherrard's or Coryells ferry as usual. When at Easton to send an express to Camp, that they may have their Route pointed out and a party sent to escort them, if it should be necessary. If there should be no opportunity direct to Boston, when you receive this, be pleased to send Genl. Heaths Letter by Express. I am &ca.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, March 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: About eight days ago I was honoured with your favour of the 20th. Ultimo.
Your Friendship, Sir, in transmitting me the Anonymous Letter you had received,65 lays me under the most grateful
[Note 65: Dated York, Pa., Jan. 12, 1778. It is printed in Sparks's Writings of Washington, vol. 5, P. 495. (See Washington's letter to Gov. Patrick Henry, Mar. 28, 1778, post.)] obligations, and if my acknowledgments can be due for any thing more, it is for the very polite and delicate terms in which you have been pleased to communicate the manner.
I have ever been happy in supposing that I had a place in your Esteem, and the proof you have afforded on this occasion, makes me peculiarly so. The favourable light in which you hold me, is truly flattering, but I should feel much regret, if I thought the happiness of America so intimately connected, with my personal welfare, as you so obligingly seem to consider it. All I can say is, that she has ever had, and I trust she ever will have, my honest exertions to promote her Interest. I cannot hope that my services have been the best. But my heart tells me, they have been the best that I could render.
That I may have erred in using all the means in my power for accomplishing the objects of the arduous exalted station with which I am honoured, I cannot doubt, nor do I wish my conduct to be exempted from reprehension farther than it may deserve. Error is the portion of humanity, and to censure it, whether committed by this or that public Character, is the prerogative of Freemen. However, being intimately acquainted with the Man, I conceive the Author of the Letter transmitted; and having always received from him the strongest professions of attachment and regard, I am constrained to consider him, as not possessing at least a great degree of Candour and honest sincerity; though his views, in addressing you, should have been the result of conviction and founded in motives of public good. This is not the only secret, insidious attempt that has been made to wound my reputation. There have been others equally base, cruel, and ungenerous; because conducted with as little frankness, and proceeding from views, perhaps, as personally interesting. I am, Dear Sir, With great Esteem and Regard, Your much obliged friend and servant.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson, Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, March 27, 1778.
Parole Ghent. Countersigns Goshen, Gardner.
The numerous Inconveniences of a large train of baggage must be apparent to every officer of the least observation; an Army by means of it is rendered unwieldy and incapable of acting with that ease and Celerity which are essential either to it's own Security and defence or to Vigor and Enterprize in its offensive Operations; The sollicitude which those who have a large quantity at stake will feel for its safety even in the most critical Circumstances is sometimes attended with very alarming Consequences and Individuals frequently and unavoidably sustain no inconsiderable losses from the Imprudence of incumbering themselves with superfluous baggage; the Public is burdened with a fruitless Expence, in an additional number of Horses and Waggons and the strength of the Army is diminished by the extraordinary number of Guards required for their protection; These disadvantages and many more that will suggest themselves on reflection notwithstanding the Pains taken to remedy them have been heretofore severely felt by this Army; many instances will be recollected in the course of last Campaign, and among others the great loss which attended the sending the superfluous baggage, during the more active part of it, to a distance from the Army. The Commander in Chief hopes these considerations will influence officers in the ensuing Campaign to provide themselves with those necessaries only which cannot be dispensed with, and with the means of carrying them in the most easy and convenient manner; In order to which he strongly recommends the dis-use of Chests and Boxes and that Portmanteaus or Valises made of Duck may be substituted instead of them, this will be the more requisite as it is in Contemplation to employ as few Waggons as possible and to make use of Pack-Horses as far as may be practicable: It is expected the General and Field Officers will set the Example and see that it is strictly followed by all those under their respective Commands.
Officers at Out-Posts receiving Letters by Flag addressed to the Commander in Chief, by General Howe, whose Name is always indorsed on them are desired to give receipts for the same.
As the Commander in Chief is desirous of getting the interior line of defence completed, He desires that the Brigadiers and officers commanding Brigades will meet at General Varnum's quarters tomorrow at eleven o'Clock and there, or at the Line assign each Brigade it's proportion which they will cause to be executed under the inspection of the Engineer with as much dispatch as possible.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, March 28, 1778.
Parole Halifax. Countersigns Harvard, Holliston.
At a board of the Brigadiers and officers commanding Brigades the prices of sundry liquors were fixed as follows and now ratified by the Commander in Chief (viz) West-India rum or Spirit at 15/; Continental rum 10/; Gin 9/; French brandy 19/ and Cyder royal 2/ pr. quart and in larger or smaller quantities at the same rates.
On Monday next the Troop will beat at half past seven o'Clock in the morning the Guards to be on the Grand Parade at 8 o'Clock precisely, in order to exercise previous to guard-mounting. Major Wallace,67 Brigade Inspector in Genl.
[Note 67: Maj. Gustavus Brown Wallace, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment (designated the Eleventh Virginia in September, 1778). He had been promoted to lieutenant colonel Mar. 20, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged and transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.] Woodford's Brigade will command and is to have two Adjutants from that Brigade to assist him.
On Sunday at ten o'Clock in the forenoon all the Brigade Inspectors with the officers and non Commissioned officers who are to mount guard on Monday will attend at Head Quarters where the Inspector General will instruct them in what is to be done the next day.
Baron Steuben, a Lieutenant General in Foreign Service68 and a Gentleman of great military Experience having obligingly undertaken to exercise the office of Inspector General in this Army, The Commander in Chief 'till the pleasure of Congress shall be known desires he may be respected and obeyed as such and hopes and expects that all officers of whatsoever rank in it will afford him every Aid in their Power in the execution of his office.
[Note 68: There had been a general misconception of Steuben's foreign rank. He appears to have held no higher commission than that of a major when he came to America.]
Lieutt. Colo. Davis,69 Brooks and Barber and Mr. Ternent are appointed to act as Sub-Inspectors, the three former retaining their rank and station in the Line. The Importance of establishing a Uniform System of useful Manoeuvres and regularity of discipline must be obvious, the Deficiency of our Army in these Respects must be equally so; the time we shall probably have to introduce the necessary Reformation is short, without the most active Exertions therefore of Officers of every Class it will be impossible to derive the Advantages proposed from this Institution which are of the greatest moment to the ensuing Campaign; Arguments surely need not be multiplied to kindle the Zeal of Officers in a matter of such essential consequence to
[Note 69: Lieut. Col. William Davies, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He was lieutenant colonel and commandant of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment in April, 1778; regiment designated the Tenth Virginia in September, 1778; colonel in 1778; transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.] their own honor, the Advancement of the service and the Prosperity of our Arms.
Camp, March 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: Just as I was about to close my Letter of Yesterday, your favour of the 5th. Instant came to hand.
I can only thank you again, in the language of the most undissembled gratitude, for your Friendship; and assure you, the indulgent disposition, which Virginia, in particular, and the States in general, entertain towards me, gives me the most sensible pleasure. The approbation of my Country is what I wish, and as far as my abilities and opportunity will permit, I hope I shall endeavour to deserve it. It is the highest reward to a feeling Mind; and happy are they, who so conduct themselves as to merit it.
The Anonymous Letter, with which you were pleased to favour me, was written by Doctor Rush,70 so far as I can judge from a similitude of hands. This Man has been elaborate, and studied in his professions of regard for me; and long since the Letter to you.
[Note 70: Dr. Benjamin Rush, Pennsylvania Delegate to the Continental Congress.]
My caution to avoid any thing, that could injure the service, prevented me from communicating, but to very few of my friends, the intrigues of a faction, which I know was formed against me, since it might serve to publish our internal dissentions; but their own restless Zeal to advance their views has too clearly betrayed them, and made concealment, on my part, fruitless. I cannot precisely mark the extent of their views, but it appeared in general, that General Gates was to be exalted, on the ruin of my reputation and influence. This I am authorised to say, from undeniable facts in my own possession, from publications, the evident scope of which, could not be mistaken, and from private detractions industriously circulated. General Mifflin, it is commonly supposed, bore the second part in the Cabal; and General Conway, I know was a very Active and malignant Partisan; [but I have good reasons to believe, that their machinations have recoiled most sensibly upon themselves.]
I am happy to hear, the Assembly have Authorised the Executive power to provide their Troops with cloathing and other necessaries. If the several States attend to this important business, I am persuaded, we shall not experience the same wants, not to say miseries, that we heretofore have.
The Commissary's department too, I trust, will be under better regulations, than what it has been. Our difficulties and distresses, in this instance, have not arisen from a scarcity of Provision, but from improper persons, or rather none at all, being employed.
The arrival of the French Ship is an agreeable circumstance, as I presume she brought Goods; and as it is a proof of the friendly disposition of the Nation. If she was in Commission of the King, it would be still better.
With sentiments of great Esteem, and Regard, I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 28, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 16th. and 24th instant; the first inclosing sundry papers relating to the Case of Captns. Robinson and Galt who have been detained after going into Philadelphia under the sanction of a Flag. I have made a demand of Capt. Robinson, as he was previously named and a passport regularly obtained for him. I have also endeavoured to procure the release of Capt. Galt who I must need say has been guilty of a very imprudent action, in attempting to pass himself as a private seaman or Boatman, which strictly speaking brings him under the imputation of a Spy; but I am in hopes that the matter may be got over. Genl. Howe has not yet answered my letter upon the Subject.
I am obliged to you for the trouble you have taken in removing the Stores and more so for the offer of the Rice, Oil and Fish, the two first of which will be particularly useful at this time to the Hospital. The Rice and Oil will be removed immediately, as orders are given to procure Waggons for the purpose. The Commissary of purchases at Bordentown or Trenton will give proper receipts for them, by which you may charge them to the Continent. I am &ca.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favoured with yours without date, inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial held upon Colo. Hall73 of Maryland. Inclosed you have Copy of my opinion, which is published in the General Orders of this day.74
[Note 73: Col Josias Carvil Hall, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment.]
[Note 74: The opinion was not published until April 2. (See General Orders, Apr. 2, 1778.)]
I am informed that there still remains a considerable quantity of Hay between Chester and Wilmington upon the River side, particularly at one John Smiths near Marcus Hook. I would have you send an Officer immediately along the Shore to let the owners of the Hay know that it must be removed some distance back from the Water without loss of time, otherwise wise we shall be obliged to burn it to prevent its falling into the Hands of the Enemy. You must allow a few days for the removal and at the expiration of that time, what cannot be got off must be burned and Certificates of the Quantity destroyed given to the owners.
I have received advice that four Regiments had embarked at New York and that the Transports had fallen down to the Hook. It also appears by accounts from Rhode Island, as if they were about to evacuate that place. I therefore desire you to keep a good look out for these Vessels, for I am fully of opinion that they are bound for Philadelphia. If any Vessels come in, endeavour to discover whether they have troops on Board.
I thought you had eight peices of Cannon at Wilmington, I would nevertheless have you send two peices with the Waggons belonging to them to Camp. Keep the best Horses with the peices that remain, that you may move rapidly upon occasion. If General Howe draws his force together we must unite ours; I would therefore have you hold every thing in readiness to move at a moments warning, and I would recommend it to you and your Officers, to remove any heavy or useless Baggage immediately. I would not have you hold up an Idea, that we have thoughts of leaving Wilmington, I would rather hint the contrary, and that I only disincumbered myself of my useless Baggage and Stores, to be able to act with more vigor.
As our Commissioners meet those from General Howe on Tuesday next, I hope the depositions wrote for will not be delayed beyond that time. I shall be glad to have Major Stewarts75 deposition relative to his treatment while a prisoner taken and sent up as soon as possible. I am &ca.
[Note 75: Maj. John Stewart, of the Second Maryland Regiment. He had been taken prisoner on Staten Island in August, 1777; Congress voted him a silver medal for his gallantry in the storming of Stony Point; lieutenant colonel of the First Maryland Regiment in February, 1781; died in December, 1782.]
P.S. The opinion shall be in my next.76
[Note 76: From a photostat copy in the New York Public Library in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: You are immediately upon your arrival in Virginia to take the most speedy and effectual means for forwarding all the Drafts, Recruits and reinlisted Men to Camp. It being determined to inoculate them here, they are not to be detained upon that account. The Officers are to be ordered to march them moderately and not by any means to halt in any Villages or at any Houses in which there are any persons in the small pox. You are also to order all Officers to join their Corps whose furloughs have expired, or who were not limited to any particular time, except those who are employed by the State in collecting and forwarding the Drafts, or upon any necessary duty. You are so well acquainted with the situation of our affairs that I need not repeat to you the many Reasons that might be assigned for drawing our Reinforcements together as expeditiously as possible, the most striking one is that the Enemy are drawing in theirs. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghrnan.]
[Note 78: Of the First Continental Dragoons.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 28, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 20th. Ulto. and am glad to find that you have been able to procure most of the Articles necessary for the Clothing of the 1st. Regiment of Light Dragoons. Colo. Bland and Colo. Baylor have full powers to purchase a Number of Horses, to accomplish which they are supplied with Cash and I doubt not but they will be successful. The reinlisted men and those upon furlough may be sent to Camp upon some of those Horses. Major Jamison, who was called to Virginia upon his private Business, was directed to assist Colo. Bland and Baylor in the purchase of Horses. You will therefore be pleased to return and take the command of the Regiment as soon as you have secured a proper quantity of Clothing. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 80: Of North Carolina.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 28, 1778.
Sir: I have been this day honoured with yours of the 15th Febry. and am pleased to hear that you have found an Opportunity of purchasing a quantity of Cloathing for the Troops of your State, which I beg may be forwarded as quick as possible, not to the Clothier General but to Brigr. Genl Mcintosh who Commands the North Carolina Troops. My reason for desiring is, that the Troops of your State will by these means be sure of having the whole appropriated to their particular use; but if it goes into the hands of the Clothier General it will get mixt with the general mass of Continental Cloathing, and may be delivered out to the troops of other States. I would not have you wait to have the Cloathing made up in Carolina. If it comes on in pieces as far as Lancaster, it may be made up there in such garments as are most wanted. I am also exceedingly glad to hear, that you have made a purchase of Salt provision very little of which, to what ought to have been, has been put up to the Northward, owing to neglect or mismanagement in the Commissary's department. I beg you will not discontinue your purchases of Salt meat, if it is in your power to extend them, for I am certain we shall have occasion for it.
I hope some means have been fallen upon before this time for the Completion of the Battalions of your State. Whether it be by drafting or recruiting, I desire that the men may be sent forward, as fast as they are raised, always under the charge of a commissioned Officer. They need not wait for innoculation as they can conveniently go through the disorder in or near Camp, and the Men will not have a long March to perform after their recovery, which has always proved more destructive than the Small pox itself.
There is every appearance of General Howe's drawing reinforcements from New York and Rhode Island, and I very much fear he will be in a condition to take the field before we are prepared for him. I have wrote pressingly to every State to forward on their Levies without loss of time and I am certain that the same zeal which has ever actuated you when your Country wanted your assistance will be exerted upon this occasion. I am etc.
P.S. I have desired the Cloth to be sent forward, upon a supposition that it will be difficult to get it made up in Carolina. But if it can be done speedily it will be as well or better. If made with you, be pleased to order the Cloathes to be made large.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 82: Moravian minister at Bethlehem, Pa.]
Head Quarters, March 28, 1778.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 25th instant by the hands of Mr. Hasse, setting forth the Injury which will be done to the inhabitants of Letiz,83 by establishing a general Hospital there. I need not explain to you, how necessary establishments of this kind are to the welfare of the Army, and you must be
[Note 83: Lititz, Pa.] A General Return of Sick from Valley Forge at the Manheim Hospital, April 1, 1778 sensible that they can be placed no where, without occasioning inconvenience to some set of people or other; at the same time, it is ever my wish and aim to effect the public good, with as little sacrifice as possible of individual interests. Doctor Shippen is intrusted with the arrangement and distribution of all Hospitals. I am persuaded he will not exert the powers vested in him, unnecessarily to the prejudice of your Society; however it will be proper to acquaint him with the circumstances of the People in whose favour you remonstrate, and you may, if you please, communicate to him the contents of this letter. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 29, 1778.
Sir: I have been honoured with your's of the 25th. inclosing duplicates of two former Resolves of Congress, and a Resolve of the 23d Inst. accepting the resignation of Colo. Charles Webb.
Since mine of the 24th. Mr. Boudinot has communicated the following intelligence being part of a letter to him,
I have lately received some intelligence from New York that we may make ourselves easy in Jersey as all the force that can be spared is to be sent to join Genl. Howe. 2500 are actually on board transports and lying at the watering place.
I have this day received a letter from Genl Smallwood dated yesterday, at Wilmington, in which he says,
The Enemy about four days ago had a Fleet of near 50 Sail standing up the River which I fancy was from New York, and yesterday their foraging Fleet went up without touching upon this side the Delaware except three or four small parties about Port Penn who have been constantly drove off by a party of 100 of our Men who have been guarding and aiding the removal of the forage on that shore, which is at length happily effected.
A Philadelphia85 of the 27th. also mentions that a Fleet of upwards of 40 Sail had left the Hook on Sunday and that they were said to be in the River.
[Note 85: The word "paper" or "newspaper" inadvertently omitted.]
From all the above circumstances, I have no doubt but the Troops have arrived from New York. I have heard nothing further from Rhode Island since I wrote to you last. I have the honor &ca.86
[Note 86: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 29, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 24th and 26th instant. The latter by M. de Francy,87 who delivered me the several things mentioned in M. Penet's letter. You have my thanks for your care in forwarding them. Several accounts corroborate the probability of the evacuation of Rhode Island, and a number of Men are embarked at New York. I have not the least doubt but they are meant to reinforce Genl. Howe, and have therefore wrote pressingly to all the States to forward their Recruits.
[Note 87: Thévencau de Francy, agent for Caron de Beaumarchais, in America.]
You may depend upon my paying Gray88 his wages upon application. If he ever applied before, I refused to settle with him then, because he wanted the proper testimonials.
[Note 88: A messenger of Congress.]
I think the admission of our Vessels to an entry in the Custom House of Martinique, and receiving the duty upon our Goods on Account of the Government, is a clear proof of the intention of France to encourage and protect our trade. The Warlike manner in which they now fit out their Merchantmen, also indicates a jealousy between the Courts of Versailles and London. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you will receive a Copy of a Resolution of Congress, respecting the Rank of the Brigadiers in the Virginia Line, by this you will perceive they have given General Woodford the precedence he claimed.
In my Letter of the 15th. I mentioned my sentiments upon this Subject, and that it was my opinion the parties interested should acquiesce in whatever decision might be given concerning it, this I still wish, and the pressing necessity there is for General Officers in Camp, induces me again to request your most expeditious return. At the same time, if you are determined not to serve in inferior Rank to Generals Woodford and Scott, you will be pleased to inform, as the State of the Virginia Troops in such case, will demand another immediate appointment in your room. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of John Walker.]
Head Quarters, March 29, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 27th. Instant.
I agree with you, that German Town shall be considered as a neutral place, during the Meeting of the Commissioners, and that, no Troops shall be permitted to enter it, while they are there, except the guards mutually sent to attend them. With due respect, I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sabbath, March 29, 1778.
Parole Islington. Countersigns Ireland, Ixworth.
As the stormy weather prevents the Brigade Inspectors &c. meeting this day agreeable to yesterdays orders, the Sub and Brigade Inspectors with the Officers and non commission'd Officers who were to have assembled at Head Quarters this day ten o'Clock will attend the first fair day at said time and place. The following Officers are appointed Brigade Inspectors and are to be obeyed and respected as such in the respective Brigades Colo. Tupper92 in General Patterson's Brigade, Lieutt. Colo. Sprout93 in Glovers, Major Wallace94 in Woodford's, Major Cabbel95 in Weedon's, MajorHull96in Larned's, MajorFish97 in Poor's, Major Bloomfield98 in Maxwell's, Major Ryan99 in 1st. Pennsylvania, Major Huling1 in Late Conway's, Captn. Smith2 in Varnum's, Captain Converse3 in Huntington's, Captain Ingles4 in McIntosh's, and Captain McGowin5 in 2nd. Pennsylvania.
[Note 92: Col. Benjamin Tupper, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 93: Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Sprout, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 94: Maj. Gustavus Brown Wallace, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 95: Maj. Samuel Jordan Cabell, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 96: Maj. William Hull, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 97: Maj. Nicholas Fish, of the Second New York Regiment.]
[Note 98: Maj. Joseph Bloomfield, of the Third New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 99: Maj. Michael Ryan, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 1: Maj. John Huling, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 2: Capt. Royal(?) Smith, of Stanton's Rhode Island regiment.]
[Note 3: Capt. Thomas Converse, of the Third Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 4: Capt. John Inglas, of the Second North Carolina Regiment.]
[Note 5: Capt. John McGowan, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Captain Walker6 of Colo. Livingston's Regiment is appointed Brigade Major pro temp. in General Poor's Brigade and is to be obeyed and respected as such.
[Note 6: Capt. Benjamin Walker, of the Fourth New York Regiment. He became aide to Steuben in September, 1778, and lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington in January, 1782.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, March 30, 1778.
Parole Kingsbridge. Countersigns Kendal, Kittery.
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Ogden is President is dissolved and another ordered to sit tomorrow ten oClock at the usual Place, whereof Colo. Vose is appointed President to try all Persons who shall be brought before them. Each Brigade gives a Captain for the Court. A Sub Serjeant and two privates, from General McIntosh's Brigade furnished with three days provision to attend at the Clothier's Store tomorrow A.M. to receive the Commissary of Prisoners directions.
As the operations of the ensuing Campaign whether offensive or defensive renders it indispensibly necessary that the Spare baggage of the Army should be at a distance from this Camp, and it may be inconvenient, perhaps impracticable (for want of teams) to remove it at the instant it may be become absolutely necessary, The General desires that the officers will loose no time in disengaging themselves from every thing they can possibly part with: On the means for removing it they will consult the Quarter Master General who may have empty Waggons returning from Camp. At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Swift was President March 23rd. 1778, Lieutt. Colo. P. Regnier tried for disobedience of Orders and refusal to do duty when required by his superior Officer in a stile unbecoming an inferior officer and acquitted of the charge exhibited against him with honor. His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders Lieutt. Colo. Regnier to be immediately discharged from his arrest.
Head Quarters, March 30, 1778.
Sir: The dispersed situation of your Regiment7 and the number of Deserters that have from time to time left it, renders it necessary that some diligent and active Officer should repair to that part of the Country in which it was raised; You
[Note 7: Thirteenth Virginia Regiment.] are therefore desired without loss of time to proceed to Fort Pitt, and there exert yourself to collect all, or as many of the Men belonging to the Regiment as you possibly can. It is needless to urge the necessity of doing this, I shall therefore only request that you will frequently inform me of your success, and when you are to move you shall hear from me. I am &ca.
P.S. When I mention Fort Pitt, I do not mean that the Regiment is absolutely to be drawn to that particular place, as it may be necessary for the safety of the Country to keep it somewhat dispersed, and in that case it must be done, tho, it need not retard the collection of Deserters and others.
N. B. Colo. Russel is to go home from Fort Pitt and after settling the business of his family to return to Ft. Pitt.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, March 31, 1778.
Parole Lancaster. Countersigns Lynn, Lyme.
Germantown being appointed for the meeting of Commissioners from the two Armies, a strict Neutrality and Suspension of Hostilities are to be observed in all the Extent of that Village and all Officers whether Continental or Militia are expressly forbid to enter there either with their Parties or singly or to do any thing that may in anywise tend to violate the Peace which is to subsist in the above-mentioned Place 'till further orders.
By Permission of The Honorable Congress the Pay-Master General has appointed Thomas Reed, Esquire to be his Assistant he is to be considered as such and the business of that department in the absence of the Pay-Master General to be transacted with him.
Valley Forge, March 31, 1778.
200,000 Bushels of Grain and as much Hay as can be drawn in from both sides of Delaware, to be lodged on the banks of Delaware from Trenton upwards.
200,000 Bushels of Grain and as much Hay as can be procured at different posts on Schuylkill.
200,000 Bushels of Grain and as much Hay as can be procured within 40 Miles of the Camp, to be fixed at different posts from the Head of Elk to Camp.
100,000 Bushels of Grain and a proportionate quantity of Hay on the Line from Reading to Wrights ferry on Susquehannah at different posts.
100, 000 Bushels of Grain and a proportionate quantity of Hay on the Line of Communication between Delaware and Hudsons River.
All the Hay to be screwed in Bundles. 40,000 Bushels of Grain and Hay in proportion, at Trenton, Allentown, and other lower parts of Jersey.
Sir: I approve of the above places for Magazines with this proviso, that the one at Trenton shall not (in its full extent) be immediately formed, and that the others upon that River shall be tolerably high up, for security. The quantity is, I presume the result of estimation; for obvious reasons, I should prefer a number of small Magazines to a few large ones, and think, if they were laid in quarterly, or for a term not exceeding four, or six Months, it would be adviseable and proper, as the theatre of War may change, and taxation must reduce the price of every commodity.9 I am &ca.10
[Note 9: The quantities and locations of the grain and hay deposits had been proposed by Greene as above.]
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of John Walker.]
Valley-forge, March 31, 1778.
Dear Sir: That part of the Troops at New York have left that place, admits of no doubt. The accts. of their number differ, some say four Regiments (two British and two Hessian), some 2300, and others 2500 Men, all of which, there is reason to believe are arrived at Phila.; as a fleet consisting of near 50 Transports (the same number that left New York passed Wilmington about five days ago. By report, Rhode Island was to be evacuated (as on the 20th. Instt.) and the Garrison brought to Phila. this, if true, evidently proves that General Howe intends an early Campaign; to take advantage of our weak state.
What is to be done? We must either oppose our whole force to his, in this Quarter, or take the advantage of him in some other, which leads me to ask your opinion of the practicability of an attempt upon New York, with Parsons's Brigade, Nixon's, and the Regiments of Vanscoick, Hazen, and James Livingstons; aided by Militia from the States of New York and Connecticut; such I mean as can speedily be drawn together. On this Subject, and the advisability of such an enterprize, I would have you consult Govr. Clinton and Genl. Parsons, and them only. In considering of this matter, Provisions will be found a capital object; not merely on Acct. of the quantum necessary for the support of such force as may be thought adequate for your own operations, but inasmuch as it respects this Army, which must depend, materially, upon the Eastern States for Beef and Pork; and must, at all events, be attended to as a primary object.
If in viewing of this matter in every light the Importance of it deserves, you shall be of opinion that it can be undertaken with a fair prospect of Success, I shall not withdraw any part of the aforementioned Troops to this Army; if on the other hand, too much danger and difficulty should appear to warrant the attempt, I desire that Vanscoicks Regiment (which has been ordered to Fishkills) may be directed to march without delay to join me.
It is unnecessary I am sure, for me to add, that the most profound secrecy should attend your operations, if the scheme is adopted; and to drop hints of such a measure being in agitation if it is not, in order to divide the attention of the Enemy. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, March 31, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 29th. and in answer to your Plan of removing all the Inhabitants in the vicinity of the Enemy's Lines, with a view of stopping the communication between the city and the Country, have to observe that the measure is rather desirable than practicable; if it could be carried into execution, it would undoubtedly put an end to the pernicious illicit Commerce which at present subists. But the difficulties attending the removal of so many inhabitants with their effects may be regarded as insurmountable, and at the same time, the horror of depopulating a whole district, however little consideration the Majority of the parties concerned may deserve from us, would forbid the measure.
With respect to the Culprits, whom you have in confinement if any of them are notorious Characters, and have capitally offended, you will have them tried by a Court Martial and transmit me their Sentences for confirmation. I am &ca.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 12: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. His resignation was accepted June 19, 1778.]
Head Quarters, March 31, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of this date inclosing your Commission. The frequency of Resignations throughout the army is truly alarming, in the Virginia Line this Spirit unhappilly seems to rage like an epidemical disease. I am at a loss to account how Gentlemen can reconcile such an abandonment of the Public Interest at this crisis of our Affairs, either with the principles of honor or their duty to themselves and their Country. If however you think yourself warranted, and are determined to quit the Army, I must at least insist upon your remaining till the arrival of more Officers in Camp. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 31, 1778.
Sir: The evil which I apprehended from the inlistment of Deserters, as pointed out in my letter of the 17th inst., has already made its appearance. One of the Colonels informs me, that every British Deserter sent to his Regiment, except one, is already gone off. One of these people, a few nights ago, took off a light horse with his accoutrements from an advanced picket. I hope upon this proof of the infidelity of the above described class, that a total stop will be put to the hiring them. It is now prohibited by an express Resolve of Congress, passed a few weeks ago.
I hope, before this reaches you, that part of your Levies are upon their March to join the Regiments to which they are allotted. Genl. Howe is beginning to draw his reinforcements together and I can with truth assure you, that if he begins his operations before there is an addition made to our present force, that we shall not be able to make that stand which is expected from us. I hope this short, but true State of facts, will induce you to exert yourselves to the utmost to forward the recruits. Such as are not innoculated, need not be detained for that purpose as it may be done conveniently in and near the Camp, and these two great advantages will result from it, that we shall have the service of the patients upon an emergency and they will not have a long March to perform after their recovery, which often debilitates them the remainder of the Campaign and is more fatal than the disorder itself.
I have no doubt but proper care will be taken, to procure Clothing for the Men before the march, or to have it sent forward, that it may be ready for them upon their arrival. I hope a due attention will also be paid to keeping up a sufficient quantity of Cloathing, that the Soldiers may never be reduced to want and nakedness. Not only a loss from Sickness, follows the want of covering, but desertion to a very great degree. I am astonished, considering the sufferings the men have undergone, that more of them have not left us. I have &ca.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 31, 1778.
Sir: It is some time since I have been honoured with a letter from you. The sole reason of my taking up your attention at this time is to lay before you a short state of our present situation, the apparent views of the Enemy, and from thence to shew the absolute necessity which there is for drawing our force together, as quick as possible, and being able to take the Field before the Enemy are in a condition to begin their operations. Notwithstanding the Orders I had given last year to have all the Recruits innoculated, I found upon examination, that between three and four thousand Men had not had the Small Pox; that disorder began to make its appearance in Camp, and to avoid its spreading in the natural way, the whole were immediately innoculated. They have gone thro' with uncommon success, but are not yet sufficiently recovered to do duty. All the Men of the Eastern Regiments, who are drafted for eight and twelve months, were discharged in the Winter and their places have not yet been filled up. Seven of the Virginia Regiments had been inlisted for two Years, and their time of Service expiring, about two Months ago, they were discharged likewise. Full two thousand Men belonging to the different States are returned unfit for duty for want of cloathing and must consequently be deducted from the effective list, from which also are to be taken the Sick present and in Hospital. From the above you may form a pretty just estimation of our present force, I mean with which we should be able to look the Enemy in the face.
General Howe has already drawn a body of Men, said to be 2500, from New York, and several accounts from Rhode Island speak confidently of the intended evacuation of New Port, which I suppose, if it takes place, is also to reinforce Philadelphia. These things indicate the intention of an early movement on the part of the Enemy and indeed if they have the least penetration, or have profited by past experience, they must know, that an early Campaign upon their part will be highly advantagious to them. Had they attacked us last spring in the Neighbourhood of Morris Town before our Levies joined, they would undoubtedly have routed us, and perhaps have hindred us from making a junction of any consequence during the remainder of the Campaign.
After the foregoing, little need be said to convince you of the absolute necessity of sending forward your Levies with the greatest expedition. They are wanted now to enable us to act merely on the defensive; but would the States exert themselves and send such a body of Men into the Field before the Enemy are fully reinforced, as would enable us to act upon the offensive, such advantages might be taken of them in their present situation, and such posts occupied as would reduce them to the greatest distress. We may be assured, that notwithstanding the severe blow which great Britain met with in the loss of Burgoyne's Army, that she will exert herself most strenuously to repair her Credit this Campaign. It is plain, that France is playing a politic game. Enjoying all the advantages of our Commerce without the expence of War. It will probably end in a rupture between the two Courts, but perhaps not so speedily as some imagine.
Such of the Levies as have not been innoculated need not be detained upon that account. We have found it more convenient to innoculate them in and near Camp. They can be of service in case of an emergency, and are not to be subjected to a long march immediately upon their recovery, which has always been much more fatal than the disorder.
Among the Troops returned unfit for duty for want of Cloathing, none of your State are included. The care of your Legislature, in providing cloathing and necessaries of all kinds for their Men, is highly laudable, and reflects the greatest honour upon their patriotism and humanity.
I wrote to you the 6th Ulto. upon our then want of Provision, to which hav[ing] received [no] answer, [I am doubtful of the Letters getting to hand.] We have been since better supplied, and as I am informed that Mr. Wadsworth has accepted of the Commissary department, I hope that we shall do better in future. I am etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 16: Maj. Gert. Frederich Adolph, Baron von Riedesel, German Allied Troops, British Army in America.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, March 31, 1778.
Sir: It is some time since I have been honored with yours of the 11th. January, to which I should have replied sooner, had I not been obliged to wait for an answer from General Gates, upon the subject of your Letter. He says you never applied directly to him for the exchange of yourself, or any German Officers, either of your family or the Corps; but that he was told at Albany, that you and Major General Phillips17 had seperately applied to Sir William Howe to be exchanged for General Lee and had been answered, that as General Prescot had been first taken he must be first exchanged. I imagine from the foregoing, that General Gates must have misunderstood you, as he says he should have had no Objection to exchanging the foreign as well as the British Officers.
[Note 17: Maj. Gen. William Philips, British Army.]
Commissioners from me are now negotiating a general Exchange of Prisoners with Commissioners from Sir William Howe. If they agree upon Terms, I shall not have the least objection to exchanging a proportion of foreign as well as British Officers. But you will please to observe, that this is a Matter which depends solely upon Sir William Howe's pleasure, as he has a right to demand such Officers as he think proper for an equal Number of equal rank; but I should suppose that justice to his Allies would point out the equity of an impartial Exchange. I have the Honor etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, April 1, 1778.
Parole Morristown. Countersigns Marblehead, Munster.
Some Brigades were late in sending their men on the Parade this morning; The General is willing to attribute this to the difference in Watches, and to the end that greater punctuality may be observed in future with respect to time, the Adjutant General is to regulate his Watch by the Clock at Head Quarters, the Brigade Majors by his and the Adjutants by their Brigade Major.
The Guard at the Bridge is in future to consist of a Captain, two Subs, three Serjeants and thirty six Rank and File whereof one Sub, one Serjeant and sixteen rank and file are to be posted on the other side; 'Tis expected that the guard will be very attentive to their duty and suffer no soldier to pass without written leave from the Commanding officer of the Regiment he belongs to.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 1, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the honour to address you upon the 29th ulto. I have not been able to learn, with any precision, whether the transports that arrived brought any considerable number of Troops. A Hessian Deserter says there were only a few German convalescents on board. If so, the Fleet with 2500 [troops] mentioned in my last, is not arrived; supposing they were bound to Philadelphia.
Genl St. Clair arrived yesterday from Boston, and as he seems very anxious to have his matter determined one way or the other, I beg leave to recall the attention of Congress to my letter of the 27th. Febry. upon the subject. Having received no information, since that time, which serves to direct my judgment as to the charge which it will be proper to exhibit against General St Clair, I have only again to request that Congress or the Committee will be pleased to point out the particular charges upon which the Court shall proceed. I could wish that this matter might not be delayed on several accounts. General St. Clair is in a very delicate Situation and feels it sensibly. He was kept inactive great part of last Campaign, and probably will the whole of this, except his trial can shortly be brought on, as it will be almost impossible to find time to hold a Court after the scene of Action opens. If he should be acquitted, he would render very essential Service, especially at this time when we have so few General Officers. If condemned, his place may be immediately filled. It will besides take him some little time to prepare for his defence after he knows the particular Charges alledged against him. I have the honor &c.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 22: Chief Justice of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 1, 1778.
Sir: I was yesterday favd. with your letter of the 13th March. I should be ready to afford every probable means of procuring honest testimony, to the two persons now under confinement for passing counterfeit Continental Money. But it cannot be supposed that General Howe would permit persons to come out of Philadelphia to give evidence in a matter, which by being traced fairly back would fix the issuing counterfeit Money upon some of his own party. A thing which he has affected to treat as not having the least foundation in truth. Besides I very much doubt whether he would not consider the suffering persons to come out to give evidence in our Courts, as in some measure acknowledging their authority and jurisdiction, which he has ever cautiously avoided.
Upon the whole Sir, I think it will be to no purpose to send in for the evidences required, who, if they were permitted to come out would only endeavour to make it appear that the prisoners did not know the money was counterfeit; Whether they did or did not I should suppose the jury will be able to determine from Circumstances. I am etc.21
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, April 1, 1778.
Gentlemen: I transmit you herewith three papers, indorsed No. 1. 2. and 3, which I apprehend will be necessary for your consideration in the cases of rank, that will be before you to day, agreeable to the orders of Yesterday.23
[Note 23: These orders are not found in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
The paper No. 1. and the paragraphs 1 and 7 in that indorsed No. 3, and proceedings of Congress. No. 2. is the opinion of a Board in a case that happened between the two periods when the Resolutions of Congress were adopted, and besides this, there have been other corresponding opinions and proceedings on similar points, or such as did not differ substantially from it. These matters I mention, as Boards appointed in disputes about rank and precedence, owing to peculiar circumstances, have not always been composed of all the General Officers. The Board will be pleased to return the papers again, when they are done with them. I have the Honor etc.24
[Note 24: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 1, 1778.
Gentlemen: The inclosed Resolutions of Congress came to my hand this instant, and as they are essentially necessary for your Government I have sent them immediately by Express. The first four Resolves are absolute and therefore you are obliged to insist upon the terms therein directed. But do not let the last embarrass you or impede your Business. I have so perfect a reliance upon your judgment and upon your prudence that you may depend upon my confirming whatever you may agree to. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The original, signed by Washington and in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is in the Washington Papers. It was evidently returned to the Commander in Chief by the commissioners.]
Head Quarters, April 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: By your favor of yesterday I am made acquainted with the feelings of your mind on the subject of my proposal communicated to you by Colo. Hamilton, the undisguised manner in which you express yourself cannot but strengthen my good opinion of you. As the offer on my part was purely the result of a high sense of your merit, and as I would by no means divert you from a Career in which you promised yourself greater happiness, from its affording more frequent opportunities of acquiring Military fame, I entreat you to pursue your own inclinations, as if nothing had passed on this Subject, and to be assured of the good wishes of, Dear Sir Yours &ca.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 2, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday received yours of the 15th. March with a general Return of the Ordnance, Arms and Military Stores at Springfield. I beg you will be as industrious as possible in getting the New Arms cleaned and put in order, and having all the old that are worth repairing made fit for service. You need not wait until the whole are compleated, but keep sending them forward as they are finished.
I am apprehensive that the direction of my former letter has led you into a mistake, as you seem to think you have the appointment of Commissary General of Military Stores. If so, it is but proper that I should set you right. Nothing more was meant than to direct to you as the principal Commissary of Stores at Springfield. I am confident that you have ever exerted yourself for the good of your Country, and if it will be any satisfaction to you, I can assure you that your conduct has always met with my approbation. I am &ca.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, April 2, 1778.
Parole Norwich. Countersigns New Market, Newtown.
A soldier from each Brigade acquainted with driving a Waggon to be paraded tomorrow morning at Guard mounting and to be employ'd in the Waggon Master General's department 'till the Waggoners inlisted for that Purpose come into Camp.
The Inspector of 1st. Pennsylvania Brigade will command the Parade tomorrow; he will bring with him two Adjutants of his Brigade and when the Parade is over remit the Command for next day to the Inspector of 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade and his two Adjutants who are desir'd to attend the Parade tomorrow for that purpose; The same method to be observed in regular rotation; The Inspector General purposes exercising the officers of 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade at ten oClock tomorrow and at 11 o'Clock those of General Poor's Brigade.
As the Stumps and brush in front of the New Lines afford an excellent obstacle to the approaches of an Enemy, it is expressly forbid that any part of it should be burnt by the fatigue parties or any others for the distance of extreme Musquet range in front of the Lines, of which all officers commanding Regiments are to take particular notice. There is a sufficiency of wood within the lines to furnish Stakes for the works.
Colo. Josias Carvel Hall tried by a General Court Martial held at Wilmington the 20th. ultimo by order of Brigadier General Smallwood whereof Colo. Richardson was President, on the Charge of refusing to comply with a General order issued on an Emergency and calculated to aid the service which at that juncture could not be otherwise remedied, and for unofficerlike behavior in threatning to blow out the brains of any officer who should head the party to execute the same was acquitted in the following terms:
The Court with respect to the first Charge exhibited against Colo. Hall are of opinion that the order issued in that instance was not military, nor conveyed thro' a military Channel. That the General by conveying it thro' the hands of the Quarter Master in the nature of an Impressment, not even addressed to Colo. Hall, was an actual confession that he had not a right to expect or exact a compliance with the order by virtue of his superior Command; and with respect to the second charge, altho' the Court does by no means approve of Colo. Hall's intentions or threats of resisting by force the officer sent to execute the order, yet as they can easily account for it from the keen and sensible feeling of a person in his situation, and as a few moments of cool reflection determined him to act otherwise, we acquit him of unofficerlike behavior, and upon the whole are unanimously of opinion that he is not guilty of the charges exhibited against him and therefore acquit him with honor.
It is with much concern the Commander in Chief thinks himself obliged in propriety to disapprove of the determination; He is clearly of opinion that the order issued thro' Colo. Sherriff28 Division Quarter Master was regular and obligatory; regular because General Smallwood as commanding Officer of a detach'd Post must be supposed to be officially vested with
[Note 28: Col. Charles Sheriff, Deputy Quartermaster General.] every power necessary for the good of it and consequently that of impressing horses on an Emergency and because the Division Quarter Master was the proper Channel thro' which it should operate agreeable to the practice of Armies and to the true spirit and design of General orders; Obligatory, because it was the orders of a superior and Commanding officer and from the face of the evidence appears to have been founded in the necessity of the Case and calculated to promote the service.
Colo. Hall's refusal to comply with the order was a blameable opposition to the Command of his superior Officer acting in the line of his duty, and the violent threats thrown out against any person who should have a party to execute it were at least highly indelicate and improper. Colo. Hall is released from his arrest.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Swift was President (March 23rd). Major Thomas Forrest29 tried for sending Colonel Crane Commanding Officer of Artillery an insolent and unwarrantable Letter; It appeared to the Court that Major Forest was President of a Court Martial when he wrote the Letter he was arrested for and that it was done by order of the Court, they are of opinion that he is not personally liable for writing the letter, at the same time are of opinion, having considered the Circumstances, that the letter is not insolent or unwarrantable. The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion and orders Major Forrest to be discharged from his arrest.
[Note 29: Of the Fourth Continental Artillery.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, April 3, 1778.
Parole Oakham. Countersigns Otis, Oxford.
The works of the New Line being very carelessly executed in many Parts, and the Representations of the Engineers to the Officers commanding fatigue Parties hitherto been of no Avail, the General calls upon the several Brigadiers to inspect the Parts which have been allotted to their several Brigades and order their defects to be remedied which appears to be principally owing to the Stakes and those of the exterior face being placed too perpendicularly.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Ogden was President dent March 24th. 78, William Morgan, an Inhabitant of the State of Pennsylvania, tried for coming out of Philadelphia stealing a horse and attempting to carry him back to the City, found guilty of a breach of a resolution of Congress dated October 8th. 77 and extended by another and sentenced, two thirds agreeing, to be kept at hard labor during the Contest with Great Britain, not less than thirty miles from the Enemy's Camp and if he is caught making his Escape to suffer Death.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Vose was President March 31st. 1778. Lieutent. Anderson of 11th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for behaving in a manner unbecoming the Character of an officer and Gentleman, found guilty of the Charge exhibited against him, being a breach of 21st. Article, 14th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharg'd from the service. His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences and orders them to take place.
Valley forge, April 3, 1778.
Sir: Having receiv'd information that the Recruits from North Carolina have passed through the Small pox, at George Town in Maryland; and it being indispensably necessary that our force should be collected without a moments delay; and Marched, those who have lately come out of the above disorder, with judgment, to prevent the ill effects thereof; you are to dispatch a careful field Officer from your Brigade if to be spared with a copy of this order, to see these duties punctually performed. No arguments can be necessary, in our present circumstances, to impress the Officer you send, and those he is to conduct, with the necessity of using as much dispatch as is consistent with the health of the Men. I am etc.
Head Quarters, April 3, 1778.
Sir: However painful it is to me to signify my public disapprobation of a sentence solemnly pronounced by a Court Martial, it is a disagreeable sensation from which my duty forbids me to exempt myself in particular instances, such a one is that which makes the subject of your favour of the 26th. Ulto.31 A refusal to obey the commands of a superior Officer, especially where the duty required was evidently calculated for the good of the Service, cannot be justified, without involving consequences subversive of all Military Discipline. A precedent manifestly too dangerous would be established, of dispensing with orders, and subordination would be at an end, if men's ideas were not rectified in a case of this kind, and such notice taken, as has been on my part.
[Note 31: Hall's letter, dated Mar. 26, 1778, is in the Washington Papers.]
As far as the matter personally regards you, I feel additional concern, but I can by no means discover that necessity of retiring from the Service in support of a mistaken opinion, which you remotely hint at. On the contrary, from the Crisis at which our affairs have arrived and the frequent defection of Officers seduced by views of private interest and emolument to abandon the cause of their Country. I think every Man who does not merely make profession of Patriotism is bound by indissoluble ties to remain in the Army. My advice in which I flatter myself you will coincide, after a dispassionate review of this matter, is therefore, that differences may be mutually forgot, and that the whole may subside, to which your love of the Service will I hope in no small degree contribute,32 and I remain, etc.33
[Note 32: Colonel Hall continued in the service until January, 1781.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, April 3, 1778.
Sir: The Officer who will deliver you this, is sent by Colo. Grayson for the purpose of getting Cloathes for his Regiment, by him you will receive a Copy of a general order,34 in which my desire of furnishing all those Corps not appertaining to any particular State is expressed. You will readily conceive the justice of this, when you consider that the Troops from particular States are, or shortly will be provided with every necessary by them, when the Sixteen Regiments, and others in the same situation, must rely solely on the Continental Stock. I have therefore to request that you will pay particular attention to supplying these, and for your Government in the matter refer you to the general order on the Subject. I am, etc.35
[Note 34: Orders of Feb. 23, 1778.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 3, 1778.
Sir: Captain Lee of the light Dragoons and the Officers under his command having uniformly distinguished themselves by a conduct of exemplary zeal, prudence and bravery, I took occasion on a late signal instance of it to express the high sense I entertained of their merit, and to assure him, that it should not fail of being properly noticed. I was induced to give this assurance, from a conviction, that it is the wish of Congress to give every encouragement to merit, and that they would chearfully embrace so favorable an opportunity of manifesting this disposition. I had it in contemplation at the time, in case no other method, more eligible, could be adopted, to make him an offer of a place in my family. I have consulted the Committee of Congress upon the Subject, and we were mutually of opinion, that the giving Capt. Lee the command of two troops of Horse on the proposed establishment with the Rank of Major, to act as an independent partisan Corps, would be a mode of rewarding him, very advantageous to the Service. Capt. Lee's genius particularly adapts him to a command of this nature, and it will be most agreeable to him, of any station, in which he could be placed.
I beg leave to recommend this measure to Congress and shall be obliged by their decision as speedily as may be convenient. The Campaign is fast approaching, and there will probably be very little time, to raise and prepare the Corps for it. It is a part of the plan to give Mr. Lindsay36 the command of the second Troop and to make Mr. Peyton,37 Capt. Lieutenant of the first.38 I am, etc.39
[Note 36: Lieut. William Lindsay, of the First Continental Dragoons. He had been wounded in a skirmish near Valley Forge in January, 1778; was made a captain of Lee's Legion Apr. 7, 1778; resigned in October of that year.]
[Note 37: Lieut. Henry Peyton, of the First Continental Dragoons. He was made captain-lieutenant of Lee's Legion Apr. 7, 1778; a full captain in July, 1778; major in February, 1780; killed at Charleston, S. C., in May of that year.]
[Note 38: Congress approved Washington's recommendations by its resolves of Apr. 7, 1778.]
[Note 39: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley forge, April 4, 1778.
Sir: You are to visit all the Hospitals of which I have given you a list, and such others in the States of Pennsa. and Jersey as may have been omitted, if there are Continental Soldiers in them.
You are to bring me an exact acct. of the state of each hospital with the number of Men therein; distinguishing the State, Regiment, and Company they belong to; and, as nearly as possible, those who died in, and have been discharged from them. For this purpose you are authorized to examine, if necessary, the Books of the Directors, Surgeons, Commissaries &ca. You are to make a minute enquiry into the management of the Sick; the care and attendance given them; their wants; &ca. and report the same to me with your opinion of the number and proper place or places to fix the Hospitals at for the purposes of accommodating the Sick, the more convenient superintending of them; and reducing the expence by lessening the number of Physicians, Surgeons &ca. &ca., which are now imployed and may be necessary in the present divided state of the Hospitals.
You are to inform yourself truely of the number of Soldiers employed as Guards, Tenders of the Sick, Waiters on Officers, Surgeons, &ca., and, if it shall appear to you that any are improperly employed order them to their respective Regiments and in such a manner as to be known whether the order is complied with or not. The Arms and accoutrements at each Hospital is also to become an object of your attention.
Herewith you will receive a Copy of the Instructions given to the Officers sent to the different Hospitals. Enquire how far they have been complied with, and, if you should discover any inattention or neglect in any of them, order them immediately to Camp with proofs of their Mis-conduct if you should think a Court Martial proper.
Above all things, you are to cause every Officer and Soldier at any of the Hospitals who are fit for duty, and not detained at them by order, or to answer any valuable purpose to repair to Camp immediately, and join their respective Corps; this you will likewise do by all such as you may meet with in your circuit under the like circumstances.
Your expences, in the course of this tour of duty, will be borne by the public; an Acct. of which you will render to the Auditers; oeeconomy, and every dispatch which you can use consistent with the valuable purposes of your journey will be expected, as the Season is fast advancing and every Officer will be found necessary at his post in the line.
Note, If at any of the Hospitals you shall visit, there should be found Soldiers unfit for Service, and whose appearance affords little hope of their ever becoming useful to the States in that line you are at liberty to discharge them provided it is agreeable to their own desires.
A List of the Officers Names who are at the different Hospitals.40
[Note 40: This list was copied by Varick on the sheet containing Washington's "Note" with the direction: "(to be recorded.)" Varick copied it from the original, dated Apr. 3, 1778, in the Washington Papers, to which Alexander Scammell, Adjutant General of the Continental Army, appended the following: "Major Furnald who was at Reading is gone on Furlough. As the Number of sick is much diminished at that place shall send a Capt up to succeed him." (Furnald was Mai. Tobias Fernald, of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment.)]
[Note 41: Phillips was of the First New Jersey Regiment. Buell may have been John Hutchinson Buell, though he was only a lieutenant on this date. Humpton then commanded the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. Child was of the Sixth North Carolina Regiment. Chapman was of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. Foster was of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment. Irvine was of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment; he had been wounded at Paoli, Pa., in September, 1777. Bancroft was of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. Gibson then commanded a Virginia State regiment. Lieut. Edward White is not identifiable; he may have been either the White in the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment, or the White of Patron's Additional Continental regiment.]
Valley forge, April 4, 1778.
Sir: Genl. Mcintosh is upon a visit to the several Hospitals to inspect into the oeeconomy and management of them, and the Military order and government observed at each. Any orders which you may receive from him are strictly to be obeyed, as coming from Sir, Your, etc.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 4, 1778.
Sir: Commissioners from me are to meet others from General Howe on Monday next at Newtown, to settle a Cartel for a general exchange of prisoners. During the sitting of the Commissioners none of our parties are to enter the Town, and you are therefore to give immediate notice to all the Officers under your command to pay strict obedience to this order. The British Commissioners will probably come part of the way on Sunday, they will be attended by an escort of Horse, and care must be taken not to offer the least insult to their flag. I am &ca.
P.S. If you fall in with any of the Continental Parties communicate the above order to them.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 4, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 28th. March and 1st. of April. Not being able to spare any ready made Cartridges just at this time, I have sent over an equivalent in loose powder and Ball.
I would have you deliver the negro or any of the inhabitants taken in Arms, to the Civil power of the State, their laws are severe and I would rather have them punished agreeable to the Civil than by military law. I can give you no other directions than to watch the motions of the Enemy and to cover the Country as well as you can if they make an incursion. Our situation does not admit of sparing more Continental Troops.
If the situation of the Tories at Billingsport is such that you can make a stroke at them and rout them it will be very desirable and may answer many valuable purposes, but I would not have you attempt it at any great Risque. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 21st. and 23d. of March. I am convinced that your silence has not been owing to any want of respect or neglect of duty, but to having nothing material to communicate, and when that is the case, I will always willingly dispense with your not writing.
I some time ago sent orders to the different Hospitals in Virginia, to have no more men inoculated there, as it was determined to have it done upon their arrival in Camp. You will therefore be pleased in future to direct the drafts to march the most direct Road to Camp, taking care to avoid the Towns where the small pox has been.
I will not allow you to receive the Resignation of any Officer in Virginia, whose Regiment is here, they must make their Resignation to me and make it appear that they are not indebted to their Companies or to the public for recruiting money or in any other way. If any therefore, who have gone home upon furlough, and wish to resign, do not return and make their resignations in due form, they may depend upon being dealt with in a very disagreeable manner.
By the Articles of War, none but General Officers have a right to inflict the sentence of a Court Martial which affects life. If therefore, there should be a condemnation, and no General Officer in the State, the proceedings must be sent to me for approbation.
I am surprised to hear that Men have been received as drafts or substitutes who are not capable of doing the duties of Soldiers. This is imposing upon the public, and the Officer who received them ought to be answerable. If the district that furnished any such will not take them and replace them with able bodied men they had better be discharged at once, as they will consume public Cloathes and Stores and be of no advantage. I am sorry to hear of the indisposition of Mrs. Mason, whose complaint I hope will be releived by the warm weather. After having seen the drafts and reinlisted Men upon their march, I desire you will join your Regiment, and assist in training it, and endeavouring to inculcate that spirit of discipline into both Officers and Men which the Baron Steuben, a very able German Officer is introducing into our Army. I am &ca.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am sorry to find your own account of the State of your Wound contradict the favorable one which I had received from others. Your desire to quit the Service because you cannot be longer useful is certainly laudable, but perhaps you judge your case desperate before you have given it sufficient tryal. Good and moderate weather, in which you can take exercise, may have an effect beyond your hopes and I would therefore advise you to defer your Resignation at least a month or six weeks longer. If at the expiration of that time you still find yourself unlikely to recover you can put your present resolution into practice. If you are obliged to do it, I shall regret that the service has lost so good an Officer. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 4, 1778.
Whereas a proposition was made by me, on the 30th. day of July 1776, to His Excellency General Sir William Howe, and acceded to by him, on the first day of August following stipulating an exchange of prisoners, "Officer for Officer of equal rank, Soldier for Soldier, and Citizen for Citizen"; And whereas differences have arisen on the construction and execution of this agreement; and it has been found by experience to be inadequate to all the desirable purposes for which it was intended, not being sufficiently extensive and definite to comprehend the diversity of circumstances incident to the state of Captivity, or to ascertain the various modes of relief applicable to all.
In order to adjust all such differences, to prevent others in future, so far as may be practicable, and to fix the exchange and accommodation of prisoners of War, upon a more certain, liberal and ample foundation; You are, in virtue of full powers to me delegated, to meet such Commissioners of suitable rank, as are or shall be appointed on the part of General Sir William Howe, and who shall come duly authorised to treat on the subject46; At Newtown in the County of Bucks on the sixth day of this month, and such place afterwards as shall be mutually agreed upon.
[Note 46: Cf. The powers granted to Robert Hanson Harrison, in Washington's letter to Harrison, Mar. 4, 1777, q. v.]
With them to confer, determine and agree upon a Treaty and Convention for the exchange of Prisoners of War and for all matters whatsoever, which may be properly contained therein on principles of Justice, Humanity and mutual advantage, and agreeable to the customary rules and practice of war among civilized nations: For all which this shall be your sufficient Warrant, and your engagements, being mutually interchanged, shall be ratified and confirmed by me.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Tench Tilghman, countersigned by John Laurens, whose draft is also in the Washington Papers. A previous draft, by Hamilton, dated March 28, is also in the Washington Papers, appointing Germantown as the meeting place on March 31.]
Head Quarters, April 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am sorry to find by yours of the 24th. March that you were not likely to be successful in the purchase of Horses as you expected. Upon a supposition that you would have remained in Virginia, I had ordered Colo. Temple48 to join his Regiment, but if it will be more agreeable to him to stay and to you to return to the Army I am content. I am, etc.49
[Note 48: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Temple, of the First Continental Dragoons. He transferred to the Fourth Continental Dragoons in December, 1779; served to the close of the war.]
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, April 4, 1778.
Sir: I was sorry to learn an objection had been made to the residence of my Commissioners at German Town, during the continuance of the negotiation, as it served to give interruption to a business, which we are mutually interested should proceed without more delay, than the nature of it requires. I had no idea, but that the Gentlemen on both sides were to remain constantly at German Town 'till the conclusion of the treaty. The distance between my lines, or any post of sufficient security near them and that place, rendered the daily return of those on my part intirely inexpedient, not only on account of the inconvenience to themselves; but because it must have necessarily retarded, to a very great degree, the progress of the negociation.
It is perfectly agreeable to me to fix upon some place not liable to the exceptions you mention. Newtown appears to answer this description, as well as any other I now recollect. I have no Objection to its being changed at any time, if requisite, by the concurrence of the Commissioners. It is of course to be understood, that the place of treaty shall be neutral 'till it is terminated. Monday next, at five O'Clock in the afternoon, if you think proper, will be the time of meeting.
It gives me pleasure, that you have directed General Lee's releasement on parole, not only for his own sake, but in consideration of its tendency to reconcile differences, and facilitate an object, in which the interests of humanity are so nearly concerned, as that which we now have in contemplation. You may rely on it, that Colo. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers will be sent in as speedily as possible.
Lieut. Col. Meade, one of my Aids, with a small escort of Horse, will meet General Lee at your Picket near Schuylkill Bridge, on Sunday Morning. I am, etc.
P.S. I take the liberty to inclose a letter for General Lee, which I shall esteem it a favor may be forwarded him.50
[Note 50: The drafts, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Alexander Hamilton, are in the Washington Papers. The text follows the Harrison draft, which differs from Hamilton's in capitalization only.]
Head Quarters, April 4, 1778.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 26th. February, informing me of your having letters from Doctor Franklin, and that you are desirous of serving in the Continental Army. It will save you unnecessary travelling and expenses, to apprise you that Congress alone can place you there, and consequently that your personal application to them, is the first step to be taken by you in prosecuting this business. If they should determine in your favour, it will give me pleasure to render your situation in the Army as agreeable as possible. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 52: Of the merchantman Ferdinand. He afterwards was captain in the Continental Navy and commanded the U. S. S. Pallas.]
Head Quarters, April 4, 1778.
Sir: I have received your obliging letter of the 26th. February with the Inventory of your Cargo, and congratulate you on your safe arrival in America. The delay of your Sales incident to the compliment which you were so polite as to pay me, has probably been much greater than you were aware of, and I should not be surprised if in the mean time, from an idea of your letters having miscarried, you should have been induced to break Bulk and dispose of your Cargo. However, in case your good intentions should have led you to persevere in your first resolution 'till now, and that you may not be a loser by them, I have transmitted to Congress a Copy of your Invoice. The Committee of Foreign affairs will probably give Orders for the purchase of the principal part of your Cargo.
I shall be very happy to have it in my power to render you any services during your stay in America, and to prove to you how sensible I am of the consideration which you have been pleased to shew me; that your success may equal your expectation, is the wish of, Sir, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 4, 1778.
Sir: I have now the honor to acknowledge your several letters of the 21st, 29th and 30th ulto. with their inclosures, which have been duly received.
It gives me pain to observe, they appear to contain several implications, by which my sensibility is not a little wounded.
I find myself extremely embarrassed by the Steps I had taken towards an Exchange of prisoners and the formation of a general Cartel, making more ample provision for their future accomodation and relief.
The Views of Congress seem to be very different from what I supposed them, when I entered into my late engagements with General Howe. Their Resolution of the 30th ulto. pointedly requiring a strict adherence to all former ones upon the subject, will in all probability render them impracticable.
I considered some of their Resolutions as dictated on the principle of retaliation, and did not imagine the terms they contained would be insisted on, in negotiating an agreement calculated to remedy the evils which occasioned them. In most respects they might be substantially complied with, but there are some points to which an exact conformity must of necessity destroy the Idea of a Cartel. One is, the obliging the Enemy to pay Gold and Silver on equal terms for continental Currency, estimating the Articles supplied them at their actual prices with us, as seems to be the design of the Resolve of the 19th. December. Another is, that subjecting the inhabitants of these States, taken in Arms against them, to trial and punishment agreeable to the Resolve of the 30th of the same month.
I am well aware that appearances ought to be upheld, and that we should avoid as much as possible recognizing by any public Act, the depreciation of our currency; but I conceive this end would be answered, as far as might be necessary, by stipulating that all money payments should be made in Gold and Silver, being the common Medium of Commerce among Nations, at the rate of 4/6 for a Spanish milled dollar &c. by fixing the price of Rations on an equitable Scale, relatively to our respective circumstances, and providing for the payment of what we may owe, by sending in provisions and selling it at their market. The Rates of Money and the prices of provisions and other Commodities differ every where, and in treaties of a similar nature between any two States, it is requisite for mutual convenience, to ascertain some common Ratio, both for the value of Money in payments and for the Rates of those Articles on which they may arise.
It was determined, on mature consideration, not to concede any thing expressly that should contradict the Resolution of the 30th Decemr. but at the same time, if it is designed to be the rule of practice, it is easy to perceive it would at once overturn any Cartel that could be formed. Genl. Howe would never consent to observing it on his part, if such a practice were to exist on ours. Though the law ought not to be contravened, by an express article admitting the exchangeability of such persons, yet if it is not suffered to sleep, it is in vain to expect the operations of it will ever be acquiesced in by the Enemy.54
[Note 54: The resolve of December 30 ordered "That all persons, inhabitants of any of these United States, who have voluntarily inlisted, or shall so inlist with or join the enemy of the said states, and have been or shall be taken in arms, be confined in close goals, subject to be delivered up to the respective states to which they belong, to be dealt with agreeable to the laws thereof, and that the commissary general of prisoners and his deputies be directed. from time to time, to transmit to the respective States the names of such of their citizens who have been made prisoners."
This placed the matter entirely in the hands of the States and naturally would have left no civilians available for exchange with the Continental authority. It had also been resolved by Congress (Dec. 19, 1777) that no exchange take place until all accounts for subsistence of prisoners between the United States and Great Britain be settled and the balance due the United States be paid. "The beauty of it is," wrote Alexander Hamilton to Governor Clinton (March 12), "on a fair settlement, we shall without doubt be in Mr. Howe's debt; and in the meantime, we detain his officers and soldiers as a security for the payment, perhaps forever. At any rate, it cannot take place all next summer."]
The measures I have taken must evince that it is my determination to pay the fullest attention to the interests of Citizens and to the rights of General Lee in the treaty; and I think it but justice to the Gentlemen appointed to negociate it, to declare, that I know them to be so fully impressed with the importance of both of those objects, as to make them chearfully observant of the injunctions of Congress, so far as not to conclude any agreement, of which the exchange of Genl. Lee and the alternative respecting Citizens, are not essential parts. These points had been early determined on.
It is with no small concern that I have been obliged to trouble Congress upon the subjects of this letter, and should they appear to them in the same light they do to me, and they should think proper to remove the obstacles which now oppose the Business in hand, I must request they will be pleased to communicate their determinations, as expeditiously as possible, that the Commissioners may govern themselves accordingly and either proceed to forming a Cartel or to put an end to the negociation. Before the Resolves of the 30th came to hand, they had met and been in treaty two days, with a prospect of a favorable accomodation.
I am happy to inform Congress, that General Lee will be out on parole tomorrow, in place of General Prescot; and I have every reason to expect, if the negociation can be continued on admissible terms, that his Exchange will immediately follow the releasement of Col. Campbell and the Hessian Field Officers. It is agreed that Lt. Colo. Allen shall be exchanged for Lt. Colo. Campbell.
The importunate applications of Colo. Lee55 and Major Swasey56 to leave the Service oblige me to lay the matter before Congress. Colo. Lee's letter upon the subject was transmitted me the 25th January, but hoping he might change his mind, I deferred writing to Congress on his request. He has renewed it again in urgent terms thro' Genl. Heath, and I have only to observe, that it is a painful circumstance to see Officers of their Merit leaving the Service. It is the case every day. I shall be obliged, by Congress informing me of the dates of the Resignations by the Colonels in the Virginia line. I have only received the date of Colo. Lewis's.
[Note 55: Col. William Raymond Lee. His resignation is dated Jan. 24, 1778.]
[Note 56: Maj. Joseph Swasey, of Lee's Additional Continental regiment. He did not resign finally until in July, 1778.]
Inclosed is a Letter from Captain Cottineau of the Ship Ferdinand, with an Invoice of her Cargo. The letter only came to hand yesterday, and as it is of an old date, it is highly probable that the Goods are sold. If they are not, from the Captains desire to give the publick a preference in the Sale, Congress will have an opportunity of directing them to be purchased. Most of them would be proper for the Army. I have the honour etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. When received by Congress (April 7) this letter was referred to Francis Dana, Samuel Chase, and William Duer. This committee reported the draft of a reply (April 10) which underwent various modifications and amendments which were insulting to Washington. Thomas Burke, a Delegate from North Carolina, set himself to stop such a proceeding and when the fierce debate lasted far into the night of April to, Burke "declared the states might vote as they pleased, he would upon his honor adjourn himself; and thereupon he immediately withdrew, by which means Congress could not proceed to business" [for lack of a quorum]. Mr. Edward Langworthy, a Delegate from Georgia, also departed. Congress sent a messenger to these two Delegates requesting their attendance. Langworthy replied that he would return presently; but Burke was less diplomatic. He sent word "Devil take him if he would come; it was too late and too unreasonable." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Apr. 10, 11, and 24, 1778, for the record of this Burke filibuster.) Burke returned to North Carolina, reported his action and grounds therefore to the State legislature, received the full commendation of that body and was returned as a Delegate to the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, April 4, 1778.
Parole Plymouth. Countersigns Plympton, Pembroke. The Brigade Commissaries are to make an exact return of the horns delivered into the Quarter Master General agreeable to the orders of 8th. of January last.
The Brigadier General of the day is to visit the Prisoners in the Provost during his tour of duty and to inquire into the manner of their treatment which he is to report with the number and kind of them and length of confinement when he gives in the General report of the Guard and occurrences.
This is to be considered as a standing order and to be punctually executed.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sabbath, April 5, 1778.
Parole Roxbury. Countersigns Rumhey, Rindge.
On Monday 6 oClock in the morning the North Carolina Brigade to send a non-commissioned officer and ten Privates to relieve his Excellency's Guard for two hours only. The Brigade Inspectors, the Brigade Majors and all the Adjutants of the Army are to attend on the Grand Parade tomorrow morning at Guard mounting; if the weather should prove bad, they will attend the first fair day.
No Furloughs to be granted to non-commissioned Officers and Privates until further orders.
Those Regiments that are in want of shoes are desired to apply to the Cloathiers store for them. A few dozen of worsted stockings and some shoes fit for Officers may be had at the Clothiers.
Head Quarters, April 5, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty to inclose you a Letter to me from Mrs. Mary Pemberton,58 requesting a passport for some waggons to be sent out, with articles for the use of her husband and others, who are now in confinement. As the persons concerned are prisoners of the state I did not think proper to comply with her request. I have assured her that I would transmit her letter to you, and did not doubt, but her application would meet with your ready concurrence. If you will be pleased to send the passports required to me, I will convey it by a flagg. The letter mentions one or more waggons: I dare say, you will extend the indulgence, as far as may be requisite and consistent with propriety. I have the honour, etc.59
[Note 58: Wife of Israel Pemberton. Her letter to Washington, dated Mar. 31, 1778, was in the Pennsylvania archives at Harrisburg in 1848. According to it, the Quaker prisoners were held at Winchester, Va.]
[Note 59: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat of the original in the possession of Mrs. Ray Spear, Washington, D.C., to whom the editor is indebted.]
Head Quarters, April 5, 1778.
Madam: It would give me pleasure to oblige you by granting the passport you desire; but as those for whose benefit it is intended, are prisoners of the State, I do not think myself at liberty to do it. I shall, however, transmit your letter to Governor Wharton and interest myself for the success on its contents. I have no doubt an application of such a nature will meet with his most cheerful concurrence. I am, etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, April 6, 1778.
Dear Sir: Inclosed are two Letters for Colonel Hay, which you will be so good as to forward immediately by Express. The presence of Colonel de la Radiere rendering the Services of Mr. Kosciouski,61 as Engineer at Fishkill, unnecessary, you are to give him orders to join this Army without loss of time. I am &ca.
[Note 61: Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko, of the Continental Engineers. He was brevetted a brigadier general in October, 1783.]
P.S. However desirous I am that Mr. Kosciousko should repair to this Army, if he is specially employed by order of Congress or the Board of War, I would not wish to contravene their Commands.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 6, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 3d. instant inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial held upon William Seeds and Thomas Carter. As no Officer under the Rank of a Brigadier commanding in a seperate state has a power of appointing a general Court Martial. I am obliged to disapprove the sentences as illegal; but that the prisoner Seeds may not escape, I have inclosed you a power to constitute another Court which may consist of the same members if they are at hand. By the Resolve of Congress we are not empowered to try persons inhabitants of the States, if taken more than thirty Miles from the Head Quarters of the Army, you must therefore deliver up Carter to the Civil Authority. I hope Majr. Howell63 may be able to effect
[Note 63: Maj. Richard Howell, of the Second New Jersey Regiment.] something against the Tories at Billingsport, who may probably be surprized by a vigilant Officer. If Cattle or provisions of any kind can be collected in any parts of the Country within the Enemy's reach, it ought by all means to be done. Some of the Commissaries should attend and give Receipts for what is taken. I am &ca.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, April 6, 1778.
Sir: As the Services of Colonel Hay, Deputy Quarter Master, from the present appearance of things, will probably be very little wanted in the station in which he is at present, and will certainly be of considerable utility in this Army, You will order him to join it with all possible dispatch, unless from any reason which is unknown or does not occur to me, the general Service will essentially suffer by it. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 6, 1778.
Sir: Mrs. Jones, Mrs. Pleasants and two other Ladies, connected with the Quakers confined at Winchester in Virginia, waited upon me this day for permission to pass to York Town, to endeavour to obtain the release of their Friends. As they were admitted by the Officer at the advanced picket to come within the Camp, I thought it safer to suffer them to proceed, than to oblige them to return immediately to the City. You will judge of the propriety of permitting them to proceed further than Lancaster; but from appearances, I imagine their request may be safely granted. As they seem much distressed, humanity pleads strongly in their behalf. I have the honour etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original, also in Tilghman's writing, was in the Pennsylvania archives at Harrisburg in 1848.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, April 6, 1778.
Parole Leonidas. Countersigns Lee, Logtown.
Lieut. Colo. Greene67 is appointed to the Command of the 10th. and Lieutt. Colo. Davies68 to the Command of the 14th. Virginia Regiments 'till further orders and are to be respected accordingly.
[Note 67: Lieut. Col. John Green.]
[Note 68: Lieut. Cot. William Davies.]
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Vose69 is Presidt. March 31st. 1778. Lieutt. Dunn70 of Colo. Patron's Regt. tried for striking and ungentlemanlike behavior to Lieutenant Street71 and acquitted.
[Note 69: Col. Joseph Vose, of the First Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 70: Lieut. Abner Dunn.]
[Note 71: Lieut. Benjamin Street, of Hartley's Additional Continental regiment.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders Lieutt. Dunn to be discharged from his arrest, at the same time observing that the frequent proceedings of Courts Martial presented to him which seem to originate more from personal prejudice and private animosities than real intention to promote the good of the Service, gives him very sensible pain; He wishes the Officers of his Army to consider themselves as a band of brothers cemented by the Justice of the Common Cause, that a perfect harmony might subsist among them and that they would settle all personal disputes among themselves in an amicable cable manner, ever being cautious not to trouble Courts Martial or the General with private dissentions or add papers to the public files which may hereafter reflect disgrace upon themselves and the Army.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, April 7, 1778.
Parole Sandown. Countersigns Saco, Sutton.
A General Court Martial of the Line whereof Brigadier General Poor is appointed President to sit tomorrow nine o'Clock at the Presidents quarters to try such persons as shall be brought before them, Colo. Stewart, Lieutt. Colo. Burr, Major Peters and a Captain from the Corps of Artillery, Woodford's, Scott's 1st. Pennsylvania 2nd. Pennsylvania, GIover's, Paterson's Muhlenberg's, Maxwell's, Huntington's, Varnum's and McIntosh's Brigades to attend as members.
Captain William Lewis72 is appointed Brigade Inspector in General Muhlenberg's Brigade and Captain Corghan73 in General Scott's; they are to be respected accordingly.
[Note 72: Of the First Virginia Regiment. He became major of the Tenth Virginia Regiment in May, 1778; was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., and remained a prisoner to the close of the war.]
[Note 73: Capt. William Croghan, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to major in May, 1778; transferred to the Fourth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., and remained a prisoner on parole to the close of the war.]
The Brigade Quarter Masters will immediately bring in the empty Ammunition boxes to the Park of Artillery and deliver them to the Commissary of Military Stores.
An exact return of Arms and Accoutrements to be made immediately according to the form which shall be delivered the Brigade Majors.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps axe desired to be very particular in their next weekly returns to account for all their officers and men, who are absent, sick, on furlough or Command and the places where that proper measures may be taken to call them in to join their respective Corps. The General enjoins upon them to be exceedingly exact to mention those officers in every department who detain any of their soldiers as waiters or for any other purpose and every other particular circumstances relative to their absence as his fixed determination is that he will know the true state of his Army.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been lard. with yours of the 23d. and 24th. ulto. Finding that Colo. Lee cannot be prevailed upon to remain in the service I have represented his case and that of Major Swazee to Congress and expect in my next to inform you of their acceptation of their Commissions. If Capt. Alden's circumstances are such, that he cannot conveniently continue in the Army, you may give him a discharge, first seeing that he has settled his Regimental Accounts and accounted for any public Money that he may have received for recruiting or other purposes.
I am exceedingly anxious to hear what steps the State of Massachusetts have taken to raise their Recruits, for what time, and what numbers are voted.74
[Note 74: At this point the draft, which is in Tilghman's writing, has the following crossed out: "I have been informed that by some strange mode of calculation they make their deficiency only twelve hundred Men. The Returns are the only true tests, and by comparing the amounts of them when they were transmitted at the end of the Campaign with the amount of what 15 Regiments ought to be the beginning of this the deficiency will appear to be very much greater."]
It is shameful to see the number of Men that have been admitted to Furlough. In some Brigades they amount to nearly as many as the men present and fit for duty. I must beg you to issue positive orders for every man belonging to the Regiments of your State whose furloughs have expired, to join their Corps under pain of being treated as Deserters. Many Officers have likewise exceeded their terms and they should also be ordered to join their Regiments without loss of time.
You must be sensible that the lateness of raising the Recruits can only be compensated by hurrying them to the Army after they are raised and I therefore depend much upon your assiduity in doing it. And I desire, that whenever an Officer sets out with a party of Men, that he may have a reasonable time allowed him for reaching Camp, which if he exceeds he must be accountable for. I would have this done to prevent unnecessary delay upon the Road. I am &ca.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 29th. March and 3d. instant. The Fleet which arrived in Delaware, as mentioned in mine of the 31st. Ulto. came from New York, but they had very few Troops on board, so that if those Transports, which were at the Hook with the Troops, have sailed, I know not certainly where they are gone. General Lee, who came out of Philadelphia a few days ago upon parole, says he thinks they were to go to Rhode Island to replace some Troops which were to be brought from thence to New York.
The practicability of the enterprize mentioned in mine of the 31st. Ulto. will depend intirely upon circumstances and must be still as it was then left to your own good judgment and that of the Gentlemen with whom I desired you to consult. The sending on Van Schaicks Regiment must also depend upon the intelligence you receive from New York. If you find that the Enemy are not in a situation to make an attempt upon you, but still too strong for you to attempt any thing against them with a probability of success, I would have you in that case send the Regiment forward as quick as possible.
The number of Men in Parsons's Brigade admitted to Furlough amazes me. Their terms must certainly be by this time expired, and I beg that Genl. Parsons may exert himself in having them collected and brought to their Regiments, as all the Officers of other Regiments who have Men absent upon that account ought to do.
The Recruits who have not had the small pox and who are intended for the Regiments with this Army, ought not to halt or touch at the places where the Hospitals are. If they do they will more than probable take the infection and be seized with the distemper upon the Road. An Officer may be posted at some convenient place in Connecticut to give them directions in this matter. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, April 8, 1778.
Parole Thornton. Countersigns Taunton, Terrytown.
A renewal of the orders relative to the Cleanliness and proper appearance of soldiers who are to mount guard however great a reproach to the officers whose province it is, to attend to those points, is become necessary.
The Adjutants in whom the delinquency originates, as it is their duty in the first instance to inspect the Arms, Ammunition, Accoutrements and Dress of the men before they quit their regimental Parades, are particularly called upon.
The Brigade Majors are required minutely to examine the detachments assembled on the Parade of the Brigade in all the above mention'd respects, and the Adjutants are to remain there 'till the men are march'd off in order to answer for any deficiency.
When the Guards are assembled on the Grand Parade the Brigade Majors and Field Officers of the day are carefully to repeat the same examination of the Arms &c. and to order the Adjutant under arrest when any ill-appearance or deficiency may justly be attributed to his Negligence; Want of Uniformity in the soldiers cloathing and its indifferent quality so far from excusing Slovenliness and unsoldierly neglect in other respects ought rather to excite each man to compensate those blemishes by redoubled attention to the means which he has in his power; For instance, the soldier may always shave his beard, appear with clean hands and face and in general have an air of neatness which will be conspicuous under all disadvantages.
A Court of Inquiry whereof Lt. Colo. Hubley77 is appointed President to sit tomorrow morning nine oClock at the President's quarters to examine into a complaint exhibited by an Inhabitant of this State against Captn. Chambers78 of 12th. Pennsylvania Regiment. Majr. Ledyard79 and a Captn. from Glover's, Conway's and Huntington's Brigades to attend as Members.
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Adam Hubley, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He transferred to the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment in February, 1779; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 78: Capt. Stephen Chambers. He rented in July, 1778.]
[Note 79: Maj. Benjamin Ledyard, of the Fourth New York Regiment. He was transferred to the First New York Regiment Apr. 29, 1778; resigned in March, 1779.]
Head Quarters, April 9, 1778.
Sir: However contrary to my wish and inclination it is to refuse the requests of my Officers, there are cases in which duty requires a sacrifice of my feelings, it is upon this principle that I find myself under the disagreeable necessity of disapproving the application which you have made for leave of absence, for I cannot think myself warranted in suffering the Army to be deprived of its best bulwark, good Officers, at a time when we cannot from one moment to another, assure ourselves of inactivity on the part of the Enemy. General Huntington's leave of absence was partly obtained because your stay was regarded as certain. If you were to go at this time, your Division would be without a single General Officer, when our circumstances rather demand the presence of them all.
For these reasons I hope you will renounce all thoughts of quitting Camp, and endeavour to conciliate your happiness with the public Interest and the good of the Service. I am &ca.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, April 9, 1778.
Brigadier General Count Pulaski is hereby authorized to draught from each Regiment of horse, two Privates of his own choice, with their horses, Arms and Accoutrements, and one Serjeant belonging to Sheldon's Regiment.80
Head Quarters, April 9, 1778.
Gentn.: By a Resolve of Congress, the appointment of Officer to the Corps which Brigadier General Count Polaski is authorized to raise, has been referred to your decision in conjunction with me; as I know the superior confidence which a Commandant places in Officers of his own choice, I have given him my approbation of the Gentlemen whom he has nominated; it remains with you to decide in their favor, or have others substituted. I have the honour, etc.81
[Note 81: In the writing of John Laurens. The letter was sent to Congress by the committee and read in that body on April 18.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, April 9, 1778.
Parole Frederick'sburgh. Countersigns Fairfax, Fayette.
In addition to the orders of yesterday for the purpose of effecting decency and cleanliness in the dress of the men, the Commander in Chief informs the Serjeants and Corporals of the Line and desires it may be deeply impressed upon them that unless they exert themselves to the utmost to bring about this desirable change (as far as the circumstances of cloathing will admit) and at the same time by a conduct and example which ought to distinguish them from privates, endeavor to preserve order, regularity and obedience, every delinquent amongst them without exception shall be reduced to the Ranks and others appointed 'till good ones can be had to discharge their respective duties properly. Nothing does, nor nothing can contribute more to the health of soldiers than a clean Camp, clean Cloathes and Victuals well dressed; these (however deeply involved in rags an Army may be) are to be effected by attention in the officers. The General therefore calls upon every officer from the Major General to the Corporal inclusively for their exertions hoping thereby with the blessing of God to prevent such number of deaths which unfortunately have happened since we came to this ground, and see a stricter attention to orders than heretofore has been paid. The Court of Inquiry whereof Lt. Colo. Hubley is President will sit tomorrow at his quarters to examine into the circumstances of Captn. McGowen's82 mortally wounding a soldier of the 4th. Pennsylvania Regiment.
[Note 82: Capt. John McGowan.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, April 10, 1778.
Parole Warwick. Countersigns Wrentham, Walpole.
Whereas many Inconveniencies may arise in settling the recruiting Accounts of the Army for want of the officers being acquainted with the mode of stating the said Accounts, the Commanding Officer of each Regiment and Corps is therefore requested to apply to the Auditors of the Army who will furnish them with blank forms by which that business will be much facilitated, and render the adjustment of their Accounts both simple and easy. In order that no difficulties may arise from a multiplicity of Accounts, the Auditors request that the officers commanding Regiments and Corps will cause the respective officers of their regiments &c. who have been employed in the recruiting service to produce to them their recruiting accompts which should be collected in Form of an Abstract, that the whole may appear at one view and thereby enable the Auditors immediately to acquit the said Commanding officers of Regiments and Corps from the several sums with which they respectively stand charged.
The increasing warmth of the Season requires that the greatest Care should be taken to keep the Hutts of the men clean, their beding air'd every day and the Streets and Alleys of the Camp free from all kind of Filth; The Commander in Chief therefore earnestly requests both the Brigade and Regimental officers of the day to see these duties regularly and punctually performed; All bones, putrid meat, dirty straw and any other kind of filth to be every day collected and burnt.
The detachment from Forman's Regiment now in Camp to be got in readiness immediately to join their Regiment in the Jerseys.
As marching men by files has an unmilitary appearance and a tendency to make them march in an unsoldierlike manner; All parties commanded by commissioned officers are to be march'd by divisions and every officer commanding a Guard or detachment will be very attentive to see that his men march properly and when relieved to march his guard &c. back to the Brigade to which they belong, if from several Brigades he will march them to the Grand Parade before he dismisses them.
At a General Court Martial whereof Brigr. General Poor was President April 8th. 1778. Colo. John Crane tried for a vexatious and groundless Arrest of Major Forrest and for speaking disrespectfully of Courts Martial to the Prejudice of Good order of the Service of the United States acquitted of a vexatious and groundless arrest against Major Forrest, but found guilty of speaking disrespectfully of Courts Martial to the Prejudice of Good Order of the Service of The United States being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be reprimanded in Brigade Orders. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow.
Head Quarters, April 10, 1778.
Dear Sir: In answer to yours of this morning, I have only to say that the matter respecting your Rank and that of Generals Woodford, Scott and Weedon has been most fully discussed at several times by Congress, the Committee of Congress, and a Board of General Officers, whose opinions all seemed to correspond. This contradicts the Report that Congress were at all events determined to give a preference to Genl. Woodford, as it appears to me that their determination was founded upon the proceeding of the General Officers. Their report was short, because they had papers before them which fully evinced that the respective claims had been duly considered, and there was therefore no need of recapitulating all that had passed. You know my opinion, which has been given in a conversation between us. I cannot judge of the feelings of others, but my own should generally be regulated by the opinions of a set of Gentlemen, who I conceive have been actuated by the purest principles of impartiality and justice, and I do not think that any Officer will look upon a submission to their decision as dishonorable. I would not be thought to press you to a hasty decision upon this matter, but when you consider that we are upon the verge of the Campaign, you will think with me that no time is to be lost, because if a successor should be necessary, he will scarcely have time to be acquainted with the Brigade before they are called to action. I am &ca.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 84: At the date of this letter a major in the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment while, at the same time, brigade major to Wayne's brigade. His regimental rank was deemed irregular and he was superseded on May 9, 1778; captain in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment to rank from Jan. 23, 1777; resigned in June, 1779; afterwards served as inspector general of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, April 10, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of yesterday. You know very well that by the Rules of the Army which have been and now are in force, that no Officer could hold two appointments, unless by an express Resolution of Congress, and that therefore when you accepted the appointment of Brigade Major, you vacated your Rank in the line. You cannot produce an instance where a Brigade Major has returned to the line, except it may have been by the general concurrence of all the Regimental Officers who would have been affected by it. When General Wayne was desired to give in a list of the Officers of Pennsylvania, who were intitled to promotions as Field Officers, he inserted you as youngest Major. The Gentlemen of my family, imagining that care had been taken to settle the matter properly, filled up the Commission, but no sooner was it issued, than there was aremonstrance from all the Captains against the legality of it. This brought on the inquiry, and the General Officers determined, as had been always the case, that by your acceptation of the Office of Major of Brigade, you lost the right of promotion in the line. You must be sensible that it is not in my power to violate a General Rule and to replace you in the Regimental line. But you certainly have Rank in the line of the Army, and while you chuse to continue in it are intitled to all the respect, and Honors of any other Major. Among other matters now before Congress, for the regulation of the Army, the peculiar case of Officers who have left the line to accept of the Offices of Adjutant, Brigade Major &ca. is fully stated, and I hope something will be done to make them compensation for the loss of Regimental promotion. I am &ca.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, April 10, 1778.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your favor of the 4th Instt., inclosing a resolve of Congress of the same date, empowering me to call forth five thousand Militia from the States of Maryland, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. I thank Congress for the power; at the same time it is incumbent on me to assure them, that granting the practicability of collecting such a number, it would prove a work of time, difficulty and expence; to evince which, I need only to recur to the experience of last Campaign on similar occasions, and to remind you that it was not possible to obtain 1000 Men, nor sometimes even one hundred from this State, altho the former number was required, and promised, for the purpose of covering during the Winter, the Country between Schuylkill and Delaware.
As this resolve appears to have been made in consequence of my Letters of the 24th and 29th Ulto. which were founded on conjecture, and in some degree misinformation; and as the execution of it would, exclusive of the inconveniences above mentioned, I am perswaded, have a tendency to injure the completion of the Continental Regiments, I shall call for a small part only of the number allowed; but could wish that Hartleys Regiment were ordered immediately to Camp, and the duties of it performed by Militia. In like manner I would propose that all remote guards should be composed of Militia and that the several purposes, for which men are drawn from the Continental Troops, should be answered by them. This would be the means of drawing together a considerable number of Men, who are in a manner lost to the Army; and of employing the Militia to the best advantage possible.
The great end of my letter to Congress of the 24th Ulto. seems to have been mistaken. My views were not turned to reinforcements of Militia. To know whether the old establishment of the Army or the new, as agreed upon by the Committee, is the choice of Congress and in what manner the Regiments of this State, and the additionals are to be reduced. Officers for the whole appointed &ca., were my objects. These are objects of the greatest moment, as they may, in their Consequences, involve the fate of America; for I will undertake to say, that it is next to impossible when the Season is so far advanced, properly to accomplish those changes, appointments and the dependant arrangements for the ensuing Campaign. Should any convulsion happen, or movement take place, they will be altogether impracticable. Justice to my own character, as well as duty to the publick, constrain me to repeat these things; their consequences are more easily conceived than described.
It may be said by some Sir, that my wish to see the Officers of this Army under a more respectable establishment, is the cause of my Solicitude, and carrys me too far. To such I can declare, that my anxiety proceeds from the causes above mentioned. If my opinion is asked with respect to the necessity of making this provision for the Officers, I am ready to declare, that I do most religiously believe the salvation of the cause depends upon it, and without it, your Officers will moulder to nothing, or be composed of low and illiterate men void of capacity for this, or any other business. To prove this, I can with truth aver, that scarce a day passes without the offer of two or three Commissions; and my advices from the Eastward, and Southward are, that numbers who had gone home on furlough, mean not to return; but are establishing themselves in more lucrative employments. Let Congress determine what will be the consequence of this Spirit. Personally, as an Officer, I have no interest in their decision, because I have declared, and now repeat it, that I never will receive the smallest benefit from the half pay establishment, but, as a Man who fights under the weight of a proscription, and as a Citizen who wishes to see the liberty of his Country established upon a permanent foundation and whose property depends upon the success of our Arms, I am deeply interested. But all this apart, and justice out of the question, upon the single ground of oeconomy and public saving, I will maintain the utility of it; for I have not the least doubt, that untill Officers consider their Commissions in an honorable, and interested point of view, and are afraid to endanger them by negligence and inattention, that no order, regularity, or care, either of the Men, or Public property, will prevail. To prove this, I need only refer to the General Courts Martial which are constantly sitting for the trial of them, and the number that have been cashiered within the last three Months, for misconduct of different kinds. By Officers who are just returned from Massachusetts bay, I learn that there is not the least prospect of getting Men from thence, before the Month of June, if then, and indeed, that there is no reason to expect any number that will deserve the name of reinforcement, for the Continental Regiments this Campaign. The Towns being only called upon to furnish the deficiency of their last year's quota, so that all subsequent casualties are disregarded, and the fifteen Regiments of that State which may now perhaps want 4000 Men to compleat them, will receive only 500 if the Towns came within that number of their complement last year. What change the requisition of Congress of the [15th]86 Febry. may effect I shall not undertake to say, if it has not a Speedy and powerful operation our prospects in that quarter will be exceedingly unpromising. A Gentleman from New Hampshire some little time since informed me that matters were nearly in the same train there, notwithstanding a resolve for the completion of their Battalions and, the Inclosed copy of a Letter No. 1 from General Putnam,87 whom I have desired to remain in Connecticut for some time in order to forward the Recruits from that State conveys his Ideas of what may be expected from thence. What New York, New Jersey, and No. Carolina have done, or are about to do, I know not. Pensylvania and Maryland have tried the effect of voluntary inlistments to
[Note 86: The date is left blank in Washington's letter, but in the draft, in John Laurens's writing, it is given as the 15th.]
[Note 87: The copy of Putnam's letter is not filed in the Papers of the Continental Congress, nor is the original found in the Washington Papers.] little purpose, and the first, in direct contradiction to the most pointed injunctions laid on the Officers, have their Recruits composed chiefly of Deserters who will embrace the first opportunity of escaping with our Arms.
Virginia, it is true, has proceeded to a draught; but the number, besides being in itself inadequate, has been lessened by desertion, and the deficiency of the Regiments on the other hand, being increased by death and desertion, their strength will probably fall very far short of the new establishment.
This Sir is not a flattering Picture of our Affairs, but the representation is just, and it is incumbent on me to exhibit it in my own defence, as notwithstanding all these unfavorable circumstances (and what is to me a certain prospect of being plunged into the Campaign before our arrangements are made, Officers appointed &c) great matters I perceive are expected from our activity this Spring; in proportion therefore will the disappointment be felt, by those who are Sanguine. For want of the ratification of Congress, the horse establishment, Companies of Sappers, Provost Marshalsey &ca. &ca. &ca. as agreed to by the Committee, and recommended for their consideration, are intirely at a stand; at a time when we ought to be deriving benefits from their execution. In a word, at no period since the commencement of the War, have I felt more painful sensations on account of delay than at the present, and urged by them, I have expressed myself without reserve.
By a Letter just received from General Weedon I am informed of his intention to resign, if General Woodford should be restored to his former Rank, which he had not then heard. General Muhlenberg is now ballancing on the same point; one therefore, if not two Brigadiers will be wanted for that State. The disadvantages resulting from the frequent resignations in the Virginia Line; the changes of commanding Officers to the Regiments and other causes equally distressing, have injured that Corps beyond conception, and have been the means of reducing very respectable Regiments, in some instances to a mere handful of Men, and this will ever be the case till Officers can be fixed by something equivalent to the sacrifice they make. To reason otherwise, and suppose that public virtue alone will enable men to forego the ease and comforts of life, to encounter the hardships and dangers of War for a bare subsistence, when their companions and friends are amassing large fortunes, is viewing human nature, rather as it should be, than as it really is.
The Clothier Genl. of the Army as well as the heads of every other department, should be in Camp, near the Corer. in Chief; otherwise it is impossible that the operations of War can be conducted with energy and precision. I wish most sincerely that this, as not the least essential part of the business settled with the Comee. were decided and a thorough investigation were had into the conduct of this department, as it is a matter of universal astonishment, that we should be deficient in any article of Cloathing when it is commonly asserted that the Eastern States alone can furnish Materials enough, to cloath 100,000 Men. If this be fact there is a fatal error somewhere, to which may be attributed the death and desertion of thousands.
I shall make no apology for the freedom of this Letter. To inform Congress of such facts as materially affect the Service, I conceive to be one great and essential part of my duty to them, and myself. My agreement with the Comee. entitled me to expect upwards of Forty thousand Continental Troops, exclusive of Artillery and Horse, for the Service of the ensuing Campaign, including those to be employed in the defence of the North River; instead of these, what are my prospects? Major Genl. the Marquis de la fayette is arrived at Camp, and will resume the Command of his division. The Baron de Kalb is expected in a few days. The Inclosure No. 2. is the copy of a Letter from Colo. Shreive88 of the 2d Jersey Battn. containing an Acct. of the destruction of the Salt, and Salt Works at Squan and No. 3 of a Letter from General McDougall shewing the State of affairs in that department. With very great respect I have the honr. etc.
[Note 88: Col. Israel Shreve.]
P.S. Your favor of the 8th Instt, inclosing the Act of Congress appointing Captn. Lee Majr. and Commandant of an Independt. Corps, is this momt. come to hand.89
[Note 89: A copy of this letter, in the writing of John Laurens, corrected by Washington, is in the Washington Papers. The letter was read in Congress on April 13 and referred to William Duer, Samuel Chase, and Francis Dana.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 10, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 6th inclosing a passport for the Waggons with Stores for the Prisoners at Winchester,90 which I immediately forwarded to Mrs. Pemberton.
[Note 90: The draft gives Lancaster.]
I beg leave to introduce Major General Greene to you, who is lately appointed Qur. Master General. Upon looking carefully over the late law of this State, for regulating the providing of Waggons for the Service, he has found out some parts which he conceives might be amended so as more fully to answer the valuable purposes intended. He will lay the wished amendments before you and the Council for your consideration, and if you think with him that the Service will be benefitted by them, I have no doubt but you will recommend them to the Assembly, at the opening of the next Session.
There is a Grievance complained of by many people, inhabitants of this State, who attend the Army in Continental employ as Qr. Masters,Waggon Masters, Teamsters, &c. They are called upon to do duty in the Militia, and if they do not appear are fined to the Amount of their substitute money. This they conceive to be very hard upon them, as they are in the service of the States and ought to be as much exempted as Officers or Soldiers. General Greene will represent this matter fully to you and point out an equitable mode of redress. He is interested in the matter, as the Persons who complain generally belong to his department. I have the honour etc.91
[Note 91: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
April 10, 1778.
Dr. Sir: Majr. Schull92 leaving Camp without giving me a second oppertunity of speaking to him, prevented another offer which I had in contemplation; and which I am still disposed to make him if it can be done without carrying with it the appearance of importunity, and consequently embarrassment, if his Inclination leads him to a different pursuit.
[Note 92: Maj. Peter Scull.]
The place I had in view for him was in my own family; assistant Secretary. The good character given me of this Gentn., added to the favorable opinion I have imbibed of his abilities, and prudent deportment, makes this a desirable object; and I should think myself fortunate in the success of it provided he could be brought into the Office with his own entire consent.
The pay will be Sixty Dollars and four Rations a Month. His expences trifling, as he will have the use of my Table and be found forage for his Horses.
I will now, without appologizing for the freedom I take, and the consequent trouble you will receive, request the favor of you to discover, if you can, whether the offer would be agreeable to Majr. Schull, or not, and let me know as soon as you can. If I had reason to believe that it would be agreeable to him to come into my family in the capacity above-mentioned, I would immediately write to him upon this subject. on the other hand, if I found he had the least unwillingness, I should decline all thoughts of it.93 I am, &c.
[Note 93: Scull declined the appointment offered, in a letter to Washington (April 14), a copy of which is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 11, 1778.
Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 10th. Feby. and 12th. March, to which I should have replied sooner had I not been taking some steps to inquire whether the Rank of Colo. of Engineers conferred upon you August 12th. 1776, would intitle you to take Rank in the Massachusetts line as from that time. I am inclined to think it would give great dissatisfaction to those Colonels who were elder Lieutt. Colos. than you were. They allow that you have Rank in the great line of the Army from the date of your appointment as Colo. of Engineers, but in the line of Massachusets they contend that you only rank from the time you were appointed to the Command of a Regiment by the State. There were so many of the Field Officers absent who are interested in the settlement of this matter that a Board of Genl. Officers who met to determine it could not effect it to their satisfaction and I therefore wish that you would let your claim rest until it can be more fully discussed. I am &ca.94
[Note 94: The original, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in Marietta College, Ohio.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 11, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of yesterday inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial against sundry inhabitants for supplying the Enemy with provision, and a Return of your Brigade. When you have gone thro' the trials of the whole, I would recommend it to you to send such as you think dangerous and who would join the Enemy if released, to the president, with a desire to confine them or put them to labour for five or six months, which will be the active part of the Campaign. Those whose general character has been good I would have released with an assurance of being hanged, if they are taken in such practices again, and perhaps it would be well to remit the Corporal punishment of all, especially if they are people who have any reputable friends in the Country. You will observe that the Resolve of Congress for trying inhabitants by law martial expired Yesterday, and therefore it will be needless to apprehend any more. If they are found going into Philadelphia with provision, you may take that and their Horses from them. I am &ca.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 6th. Yours to Colo. Hamilton a few days before came also to hand. Your return of the Cavalry is really vexatious, but what can be expected when Officers prefer their own ease and emolument to the good of their Country or to the care and attention which they are in duty bound to pay to the particular Corps they command. In every Service but ours, the Winter is spent in endeavouring to make preparation for the ensuing Campaign.
I desire you will make strict inquiry into the conduct of every officer present and find out whether those absent have gone upon furlough regularly obtained: And if it appears that they have been negligent in point of duty or are absent without leave, arrest and have them brought to trial; for I am determined to make examples of those to whom this shameful neglect of the Cavalry has been owing. If there has been any deficiency on the part of the Commissary of Forage` let the commanding Officer of Sheldon's make it appear in his own justification. I have given Lieutt. Craig96 an order for the few Horse accoutrements that are in the hands of the Commissary of Stores. I am sorry that this Gentleman has lost his Rank, because you did not take care to procure him the Commission of eldest Lieutt. I certainly cannot interfere in this instance and give a preference to intentional Rank. You must remember, that it was not allowed to bear any weight in settling the Rank of the Colonels of Horse. Mr. Craig however says, that he for some time did duty as eldest Lieutt. and that the Rank never was disputed until the Commissions were issued, and that then those Officers who found their Commissions of older date claimed rank accordingly, I have no objection to having the matter laid before a Board of Field Officers of the Horse when a sufficient number are together, and let them examine Mr. Craig's pretensions and hear what the other officers have to alledge against them.
[Note 96: Lieut. John Craig, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He was promoted to captain in December, 1778, and served to close of the war.]
Capt. Jones97 and Lieutt. Page98 have not been in Camp to my knowledge. I am &ca.99
[Note 97: Capt. Cadwallader Jones, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was aide-decamp to Lafayette from 1778 to 1781.]
[Note 98: Lieut. Carter Page, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was promoted to captain Apr. 10, 1778; aide-de-camp to Lafayette from June to November, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 1: Of Patron's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in October, 1778.]
Head Quarters, April 11, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of Yesterday. As you seem to think you have been treated in an unusual manner, I will give you my reasons for ordering Colo. Scammell to act as he has done. You had been repeatedly reported by Brigr. Genl. Scott, as absent without leave, and even when present inattentive to your duty; I therefore had you arrested, upon your arrival in Camp, that you might answer these charges. Finding that no person could support them, in the absence of Genl. Scott, who will not return under three or four Weeks, I thought it would be hard to continue you under the rigor of an arrest for so long a time, and therefore directed Colo. Scammell to release you from the Arrest; but at the same time to suspend you from command till the matter could be determined. I am sorry that peculiar circumstances render it impossible to bring on your trial as soon as I could wish; but I am determined not to admit any Officer, whose Character labours under the least suspicion of unmilitary behaviour to so important a command as that of a Regiment, much less of a Brigade. I am &ca.
P.S. As to the letters you wrote to Colo. Scammell, I have neither seen nor heard any thing of them.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, April 11, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 26th. March, inclosing an elegant draft of part of Hudson's River. If your affairs are in such a situation that they will admit of your attendance upon the Army, I shall be glad to see you as soon as possible. Captn. Scull,3 who is intended for one of your assistants, has been for some time employed in surveying the Country adjacent to the Camp. I am etc.2
[Note 3: Capt. William Scull, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in July, 1778, and joined the Geographers Department.]
[Note 4: Of the Continental Navy Board, at Bordentown, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 11, 1778.
Gentlemen: I am favoured with yours of the 31st. Ulto. All the Articles which you send over, are to be directed to the Commy. Genl. of purchases or his deputy in Camp and they will give Receipts upon delivery.
I have never had an answer from General Howe respecting Captains Robinson and Galt. Our Commissioners are now setting at Newtown, to endeavour to procure a general release of prisoners, and to settle a more extensive Cartel than has hitherto subsisted. I am in hopes if they agree, that Captn. Galt may be redeemed notwithstanding his indiscretion. If Captn. Robinson is detained, I shall not fail to make a demand of him in a proper manner. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 11, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I have the honour of yours of the 4th instant. If Capt. Arnold6 makes so many difficulties before he comes into the field, he will perhaps find more after he has entered, and I therefore would rather have him drop the scheme than take it up unwillingly.
[Note 6: Capt. Jacob(?) Arnold. of the Morris County, N.J., Light Horse.]
Mr. Boudinot is at present at Newtown with the Commissioners, but I will send him that part of your letter which respects the illicit trade carried on under the Sanction of his flag Boats with provision and desire him to remedy the evil in the manner you point out. I will also desire him to remove the Prisoners of War from your Jails.
A Resolve of Congress, passed the 4th Inst., empowering me to call for 5000 Militia from the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Jersey. I would not wish to distress the States, but when there is an absolute necessity; but from the present poor prospect of an early reinforcement to the Continental Army, I fear I shall be obliged to make the demand. If I do, I am confident that your State, notwithstanding their former exertions will contribute their quota. I am &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 11, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honour to inclose you a Resolve of Congress of the 4th instant empowering me to call for 5000 Militia from the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Jersey. Much as the Army stands in need of Reinforcements, I would not wish to call upon the States for their Militia, in great numbers before there is an absolute necessity. I shall therefore only make a demand at present from Pennsylvania, of one thousand effective Rank and File including those at present in service under the command of General Lacey. I inclose you Copy of his Return of the 6th. instant for your Government. I wish this Body of one thousand Men to be sent into the field as expeditiously and for as long a time as possible. If they cannot be ordered out for a longer term than the tour prescribed by the law, I hope care will be taken to replace them regularly as their services expire. I have the honour etc.
P.S. Colo. Gibson informs me, that if the Militia would mount the Guards at Lancaster, he could send forward a considerable number of continental Troops. Be pleased to apply to him and know what number will be necessary, which may be considered as part of the 1000. above demanded.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, April 11, 1778.
Parole Armenia. Countersigns Alfred, Arnold.
The Commander in Chief earnestly calls on all officers to pay the strictest attention to the General order of 28th. of January last respecting their mens Ammunition and in addition to that order, He directs that whenever a non commissioned officer or soldier is detected in discharging his Piece or otherwise wasting his Ammunition the first Commissioned Officer he is brought before shall order him to be tied up immediately and receive thirty nine lashes on his bare back; and as many soldiers contrary to good order often straggle into the Woods or by places to avoid being detected, no soldier in future to be allowed to carry his Arms and Accoutrements out of Camp unless on duty, and whenever the report of a Gun is heard in the Vicinity of the Camp, the Commanding officers of Regiments are desired to send off parties under non Commissioned officers to apprehend the delinquent and bring him to immediate punishment.
The Commanding officers of Regiments and Corps will see that this order is read to their officers and men and the Commanders of Companies will be careful to inform all their men now absent of this order when they return to Camp.
At a General Court-Martial whereof Colonel Vose is President April 1st. 1778, Doctor Vacke9 of 4th. New York Regiment tried for neglect of duty, disobedience of orders, behaving unbecoming a Gentleman and an officer, using menacing language to his Colonel and spreading false reports to his prejudice, found not guilty of either of the charges exhibited against him and unanimously acquitted with honor. Also Ensign Bloomfield10
[Note 9: John Francis Vacher, surgeon of the Fourth New York Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 10: Ensign Jarvis Bloomfield. He had been promoted to lieutenant in November, 1777; was regimental adjutant in July, 1780; resigned in October of that year.] of 3rd. Jersey Battalion tried by the same Court for conducting in an unofficer, unsoldierlike manner in suffering himself to be surprised by the Enemy near their lines; After mature deliberation, the court are unanimously of opinion that Ensign Bloomfield is not guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and that his conduct far from being unofficer like merits applause and is worthy of Imitation.
The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing opinions of the Court, and orders Doctr. Vaske and Ensign Bloomfield to be immediately discharged from their Arrest.
At the same Court Ensign Kirk11 of Colo. Grayson's Regiment tried for suffering Major Taylor one of the officers of the day to surprise him at his Picquet, for, permitting several of his guard to be asleep with their Accoutrements off and for not demanding either the Parole or Countersign after the Guard was paraded, found guilty of the charge exhibited against him and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding officer of his Regiment. The General approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow.
[Note 11: Ensign Robert Kirk. He was promoted to lieutenant Apr. 19, 1778; transferred to Gist's Additional Continental regiment in April, 1779; retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours by Mr. Burrell, who I believe found his Son in more agreeable circumstances than he expected.
Upon a full consideration of all circumstances, I have determined to withdraw the main body of your division from Wilmington, and to leave a field Officer and two good Captains with about 150 Men who can be depended upon, to act as patrols from Wilmington to Duck Creek, and, in conjunction with the Militia, cut off the trade between the Enemy and the disaffected in the lower Counties.12 I would have the Delaware Battalion and all the Recruits that have joined brought up, and orders left with the recruiting Officers of that State to send their recruits to Camp as fast as they are inlisted. My reason for this is, upon an information that the disaffected make a point of seducing the Recruits to desert and either harbouring them when they have done so, or sending them off to the Enemy.
[Note 12: Of Delaware.]
I would have you begin to file off your Baggage and Stores immediately upon the Receipt of this, without giving the true Reason and when you have fixed upon a day to march (which I desire may be as soon as possible) give me notice, that I may order preparation to be made to receive your Men. You had better make a small circuit, than march directly across to Camp, to avoid all possibility of being interrupted.
The Stores lodged at Foy's Manor Meeting House should be removed unless you think them safe there. I am &ca.
P.S. I would not have you move till your Baggage and Stores are perfectly secured.13
[Note 13: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[ CH. H. S. ]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: I do myself the pleasure to inclose you a letter from the president of Congress, advising you of the promotion of yourself, Lieutt. Lindsay and Cornet Peyton, I shall be glad to see you as soon as possible, that we may fix upon the other Officers for your Corps, and devise ways and means of procuring the additional Men, Horses, Arms and accoutrements. If Captn. Lindsay has not rejoined you, it would be well to inform him of his promotion, and desire him to come up. I am &ca.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, April 12, 1778.
Parole Bemus. Countersigns Burlington, Bennington.
The Court Martial whereof Colo. Vose is President is dissolved and another ordered to sit tomorrow nine o'Clock A.M. at the usual Place whereof Colo. Craige is appointed President to try such persons as shall be brought before them: A Captain from each Brigade to attend as Members.
A Subaltern from 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade to attend at the Adjutant General's Office at three o'Clock this afternoon where he will receive his orders.
The Honorable Congress having thought proper to recommend to The United States of America to set apart Wednesday the 22nd. instant to be observed as a day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer, that at one time and with one voice the righteous dispensations of Providence may be acknowledged and His Goodness and Mercy toward us and our Arms supplicated and implored; The General directs that this day also shall be religiously observed in the Army, that no work be clone thereon and that the Chaplains prepare discourses suitable to the Occasion. The Funeral Honors at the Interment of Officers are for the future to be confined to a solemn Procession of Officers and soldiers in number suitable to the rank of the deceased with Revers'd Arms; Firing on those occasions in Camp is to be abolished.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Vose was President April 6th. 1778; William McMarth, Matross in Captain Lee's15 Company, Colo. Lamb's Regiment of Artillery was brought prisoner before the Court charged with desertion to the Enemy; After mature deliberation the Court are of Opinion that he is guilty of a breach of 1st. Article, 6th Section of
[Note 15: Capt. James Lee.] the Articles of War and do sentence him to be hanged 'till he be dead.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders William McMarth to be executed next Friday, ten oClock A.M.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Monday, April 13, 1778.
Parole Cuckold-town. Countersigns Croten, Canada.
The General Officers are desired to meet at Lord Stirling's quarters at ten o'Clock next Wednesday morning. The General Court Martial which was ordered to sit this day, will sit tomorrow at the time and place mentioned in yesterdays orders, and strict Enquiry will be made into the reasons of Non-attendance of any Member warned.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Vose was President (April 4th. 78), Philip Culp an Inhabitant of Pennsylvania tried for attempting to carry flour into Philadelphia, found guilty and sentenc'd to receive fifty lashes and to be employed in some publick work for the use of the Continent while the British Army continues in this State, unless he should choose to inlist into the Continental Service during the present War.
John Bloom an Inhabitant of this State tried at the same Court for attempting to carry flour into Philadelphia found guilty and sentenced the same as Culp.
At the same Court by Adjournment April 7th., Captain Benstead16 Pay-Master of 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for disobeying the orders of Captain Cox17 by refusing to pay him when he paid the other officers of the Regiment. The Court having considered the Charge and the Evidence are unanimously of opinion that Captain Benstead is guilty of the charge
[Note 16: Capt. Alexander Benstead. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 17: Capt. William Cox, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in July, 1778.] exhibited against him, but think that the orders of his Colonel justify his refusal to pay Captain Cox and therefore do acquit him. The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences except the stripes in the two first, orders them to take place and that Captain Benstead be released from his arrest.
John Evans an Inhabitant of this State tried at the same Court for attempting to send Provisions into Philadelphia, found guilty of the charge exhibited against him, being a breach of a resolve of Congress and sentenced to be sent to Carlisle, there to be employed in some work for the benefit of the Publick during the Continuance of the Enemy in this State.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place.
Adam Gilcrest an Assistant Forage-Master tried at the same Court for abusing and threatning to take the Life of a soldier, found guilty of the charge exhibited against him; but as the nature of the insult received by him rendered instant Chastisement necessary, the Court are of opinion that he is pardonable.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders Mr. Gilcrest to be discharged from his arrest.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you yesterday, I have been conversing with the Commissary General of purchases, who informs me that there are considerable quantities of provision at the Head of Elk and Charles Town, which will lay very much exposed, if you are suddenly withdrawn from Wilmington. I would therefore only have you send off what Baggage and Stores you conveniently can, and wait my farther orders for marching. In a late general order I recommended it to the Officers immediately to divest themselves of as much Baggage as possible, and I would therefore think it would be most prudent for the Gentlemen of your division to send theirs home or near home and not trust it to frequent removals, by which a great loss has always been incurred. I am &ca.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, April 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favour of the 9th. Instant by Colo. Barber.
The liberation of our Officers from their confinement, is certainly a desirable object. Yet I am not satisfied, that we could fully justify our conduct in effecting it in the manner proposed. But, be this as it may, it appears to me, that the attempt, supposing it to succeed, would not be founded in principles of a large and general expediency. It would afford relief to a few men, and subject a far greater number, perhaps six times as many, to the inconveniences of a stricter and much more limited confinement, than they now experience. Our Officers, in the hands of the Enemy, are permitted to be on Long Island thro' favour, and for their better accommodation. If we by an attempt, should release twenty or thirty, every indulgence would be withdrawn from those remaining, and they and all future prisoners would be so closely and uncomfortably placed, that they would not be liable to the same accidents. Besides, a breach of Honor would certainly be objected against the Officers released; for it would be said, right or wrong, that they, at least, had consented to the measure, if not planned it. These considerations, without taking into view, how far the proceeding would be justifiable, are opposed to the scheme and induce me to decline it. Were it to be prosecuted, I certainly should have no objections to your conducting it. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am honoured with yours of the 9th. inclosing a petition from a number of respectable inhabitants of the lower Counties of your State. I wish it were in my power, immediately to afford them that relief and protection which they look for, but you know I can only make detachments from the Army, proportioned to the strength of the main body. I have ordered the few men of Colo. Forman's Regiment who are here, to join Colo. Shreve, which will make a small addition to his force, and it is my intention, if I can do it consistent with the safety of the Army, to send over another of the Jersey Regiments; but as this is a matter of great uncertainty, and will depend intirely upon my reinforcements; I would not wish that the people should count upon it. A few hundred Continental Troops, quiet the minds and give satisfaction to the people of the Country; but considered in the true light, they rather do more harm than good. They draw over the attention of the Enemy, and not being able to resist them, are obliged to fly and leave the Country at the Mercy of the foe. But, as I said before, the people do not view things in the same light, and therefore they must be indulged, tho' to their detriment. If four or five hundred Militia could be kept together, they, in conjunction with Colo Shreve's Troops, would cover the Country from incursions of small parties of the Enemy and would oblige them, if they moved at all, to do it in larger numbers than they choose to risque across the Delaware, except to accomplish some matter of great importance.
I think Col Mawhood's20 Summons with proper comments upon it, and the barbarities really subsequent to it should be
[Note 20: Col. Charles Mawhood, of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army. He summoned the New Jersey Militia at Quinton's Bridge to lay down their arms, disperse, and return home, on which he would reembark his detachment and pay for all the cattle, forage, etc., he bad seized. If the militia refused to disperse, Mawhood would arm the Tories and lay waste the country. He then listed the names of 17 of the Jersey inhabitants "as will be the first Objects to feel the Vengeance of the british nation." A copy of Mawhood's summons is in the Washington Papers, under date of Mar. 21, 1778.] published. Colo. Hand's21 Answer does him and the Officers and Men under his Command great honour.
[Note 21: Col. Elijah Hand, of the New Jersey Militia. His answer to Mawhood is not found in the Washington Papers.]
Mr. Boudinot has taken charge of the prisoners sent over, and has promised to have proper Steps taken to prevent the private trade carried on by the persons going in the Flag Boats. I have the honour etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 14, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 10th. instant inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial against William Seeds and Samuel Carter.24 I confirm the sentence of the former and desire he may be executed at such time and place as you may think most convenient. I cannot confirm the Sentence against Carter until I have consulted Govr. Livingston upon the matter. Introducing martial law into this State, was intended to remedy the weakness of the Civil; but in the State of New Jersey where there is a law framed expressly for the purpose of trying inhabitants taking Arms on the side of the Enemy, I think such persons should be delivered to the Civil power. When I have the Governor's determination upon this matter, you shall hear from me. In the mean time secure the prisoner. I am &ca.25
[Note 24: These court-martial proceedings, dated Apr. 8, 1778, are in the Washington Papers. Seeds was a deserter from the Fourth New Jersey, a Continental line regiment; Carter, also a deserter, was a private in Col. Bodo Otto's New Jersey Militia regiment.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 14, 1778.
Sir: I have received yours of the 12th. containing an account of the Robberies committed by sundry Soldiers of your Corps.26 I would have you by all means confirm your promise of pardon to those two who made the discovery. Colo. Humpton is certainly mistaken. I never gave him any power to punish by his own authority when he could not make up a Court, as it would have been delegating a power to him which I never thought I had the least power to assume. As a great number of Officers are passing and repassing Easton, detain some of them a day or
[Note 26: Nicola's letter, with a list of the thieves and thefts, is in the Washington Papers.] two and constitute a Regimental Court Martial and bring the offenders to trial. I am, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Tuesday, April 14, 1778.
Parole Denmark. Countersigns Delaware, Dartmouth.
Lieutenant McKenny28 is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in Late Conway's Brigade 'till Major Stagg29 returns and is to be accordingly respected.
[Note 28: Lieut. John McKinney (McKenney), of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 29: Maj. John Stagg. He had been appointed to Conway's brigade in January, 1778; was Assistant Adjutant General from 1780 to 1781.]
The Brigade Quarter Masters will apply tomorrow for their respective Proportions of Paper.
The Medecine Chest from General Greene's Division to be sent immediately to the Yellow Springs to be refill'd. A return to be made of such Regiments as have no Chests to Mr. Cuting30 Apothecary General of the Middle Hospital who will supply them.
[Note 30: John Brown Cutting. He was apothecary general of the Middle Department until June, 1780.]
The General was very much pleased in a ride through the Lines yesterday to see what attention some of the Brigadiers had paid to his orders respecting the Neatness and Purity of their Camp. He wishes it had been general, but the case was otherwise and (notwithstanding repeated orders enjoining Cleanliness) the smell was in some places intollerable, owing to the want of Necessaries or the Neglect of them; He therefore and for the last time (without proceeding to Extremities) requests that all kinds of Dirt and Filth as well that in Front, Rear and between the Hutts as what shall be found on the Parade and before the doors be raked together and burned or buried as the Case may require.
The Regimental Quarter Masters are to see that Necessaries, where wanted are immediately dug and that fresh Earth be thrown into them every morning.
The Brigade Quarter Masters are to see that the Offal at the Slaughter Pens for their respective Brigades is buried daily; they will be answerable for the Neglect of these duties and will without Fail be arrested for the smallest inattention to them.
Centinels from the Quarter Guards are to be posted at proper places who are to make Prisoner of any soldier who shall attempt to ease himself any where but at a proper necessary and five lashes are to be immediately ordered him by the Commanding Officer of the Regiment to which the delinquent belongs for the offence and disobedience of orders. That soldiers may not ignorantly offend against this order it is to be read to them frequently and the serjeants are to take Care that all New-comers are inform'd thereof or they will become answerable themselves. The General observing that many Hutts are without straw. The Quarter Master General will therefore provide it for the soldiers to lodge on.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Vose was President (April 6th. 1778) Doctor Sackett31 Surgeon's-Mate of 14th. Virginia Regiment, tried first, For repeatedly neglecting to visit and procure necessaries for the sick of the Regiment, 2ndly. For absenting himself and going to the State of New York without leave, acquitted of the first charge, but found guilty of the second, being a breach of 5th. Article 14th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of the Regiment to which he belongs.
[Note 31: Dr. James Sackett. He resigned Apr. 24, 1778.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow.
[Note 32: Of the United States Navy.]
Head Quarters, April 15, 1778.
Sir: In a letter received from you some days past were inclosed the paroles of some Officers, these I have delivered to the Commissary General of Prisoners. Yesterday I received the Articles agreeable to the Bill sent me by Major Burnet33 and by him, or when he sends down you shall receive the amount.
[Note 33: Maj. Robert Burnett, aide-de-camp to Greene.]
The men at present under your command belonging to Genl. Varnums Brigade, I cannot think of suffering to remain with you, so long as you perhaps may wish, and have to desire that you will send them by a careful Officer to Camp by the first day of next Month. Their time of stay will be so short, that I cannot think it necessary or right that they should receive their Clothes until they join their Corps. I am &ca.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 15, 1778.
Dr Sir: Some little time ago, one Samuel Carter an Inhabitant of the State of New Jersey was taken in Arms on the side of the Enemy by a party of Colo. Shreve's. The Colonel summoned a General Court Martial and tried one Seeds a deserter from the Continental Army and Carter. He sent the sentences of the Court to me for approbation, but as it was illegally constituted, I was under the necessity of disapproving the sentences for that reason; but that Seeds, who was a proper object to make an example of, might not escape, I sent Colo. Shreve a Commission to constitute a Court for his trial, but desired him to deliver Carter to the Civil Authority of the State, as I knew they had Laws fully competent to the punishment of offenders of such a nature. You will learn from the inclosed extract of Colo. Shreve's letter, what was his reason for trying Carter a second time by law Martial, and by the Copy of the proceedings of the Court, upon what grounds they condemned him. I have not yet approved or disapproved the sentence, because I am not fully satisfied of the legality of trying an inhabitant of any State by Military Law, when the Civil authority of that State has made provision for the punishment of persons taking Arms with the Enemy. A Resolve of Congress, passed the 8th October last and extended to the 10th instant, gave me power of trying all persons, taken within thirty Miles of the Head Quarters of the Army, carrying Provision to the Enemy, acting as Spies or Pilots for them, or any ways assisting them. Under this Resolve, the Court convicted Carter. I imagine this Resolve was passed with an intent to operate principally in Pennsylvania, where, as you know, the Civil Authority is extremely weak. I shall be happy to have your opinion upon this subject. I have the honour, etc.
P.S. I have just received yours of the 11th respecting Moss,35 I would only mean to shield him from harm, upon a supposition that he had been no further concerned in going to the Enemy than to serve us; But if he has been playing the double part and his Villainy can be proved, he ought not to be screened. I know nothing more of his Sister than what he himself reported. She was never employed directly by us.36
[Note 35: Moss (possibly John Morse) was reported to have acted as a spy for the Americans.]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, April 15, 1778.
Parole Eastham. Countersigns Essex, Eden.
The men who are draughted for the Commander in Chief's Guard are to be included in the Pay Abstracts of the Regiments 'till the first of April after which they will draw pay as a distinct Corps, altho' return'd on command in their respective Regiments.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Craige was Presidt. April 14th. 1778, Lieutt. Ritter37 of Colo. Proctor's Regt. tried for ungentlemanlike behavior and for going into the City of Philadelphia since the Enemy have taken Possession of it, acquitted of the Charge of ungentlemanlike behavior but found
[Note 37: Lieut. William Ritter. He resigned in March, 1779.] guilty of going into Philadelphia since the Enemy have taken possession of it, being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War, but on account of circumstances do only sentence him to be reprimanded in Brigade orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place.
At the same Court John Foster of Colo. Malcolm's Regiment tried for deserting to the Enemy, plead guilty and in consideration of his youth, only sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow morning at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, April 16, 1778.
Parole Friburgh. Countersigns Fitzwilliam, Fitzgerald.
The Commander in Chief directs that only one Sutler be allowed to each Brigade, who shall have one Sutling Booth within the limits of the Brigade (and shall sell liquor at no other) where he shall sell his liquor at the following prices to the officers and men of the Brigade to which he belongs and on no Pretence to any other under penalty of having his whole stock seized and being rendered incapable of ever serving as sutler in the Army again. Whiskey, Peach Brandy, Apple-Brandy, Cordials of all kinds and any other home-made spirits at 15/pr. gallon, pr. quart 4/, pr. pint 2/, pr. half pint 1/3. West-India spirit pr. quart full proof 15/, a bowl of toddy containing half a pint of spirit 7/6; no persons whatever besides such licensed sutlers or Commissaries sent by particular States shall sell liquors of any kind in Camp or within seven miles of Camp under penalty of having their whole stock seized without payment for the use of the Army, except that the Quarter Master General is authorized to allow one or more houses of Entertainment to accommodate Travelers and Strangers who must necessarily be in the Vicinity of the Camp. The persons receiving their license for that purpose, giving sufficient security not to vend their liquors to any person belonging to the Army. The Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades are to report to the Adjutant General the names of the sutlers of their respective Brigades and when any change happens they are to report it accordingly.
A ration for the future shall consist of a pound and an half of flour or bread, one pound of beef or fish or three quarters of a pound of Pork and one gill of whiskey or spirits; or a pound and an half of flour or bread, half a pound of pork or bacon, half a pint of Peas or Beans one gill of whiskey or spirits. The Commissary is directed to issue rations to the Army from time to time agreeable to either of the foregoing Estimates according to the State of Stores in Camp.
William McMarth under sentence of death is reprieved 'till further orders.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Vose was President (April 8th. 1778), John Conner of the 9th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for, 1st. desertion to the Enemy; 2nd. taking the Oath of Allegiance to the King of Great Britain acquitted of the first charge, but found guilty of the second, being a breach of the 5th. Article, 18th. Section of the Articles of War, and as he did not return to his Regiment after leaving Philadelphia is an addition to his crime they sentence him to receive 50 lashes and rejoin his Regiment.
At the same Court Lieutt. Orr,38 of 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment, tried for ungentlemanlike behavior and conniving with Serjeant Hughes in secreting stolen Goods, secondly for countenancing him in carrying off and offering for sale a Molatto Slave belonging to Major Shaw, found guilty of the first charge exhibited against him being a breach of 21st. Article 14th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged the service.
[Note 38: Lieut. William Orr.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
At the same Court, James Gorden, a soldier in 2nd. Virginia Regiment tried for, 1st. desertion a third time, 2nd. Forging a discharge, 3rd. reinlisting in 12th. Pennsylvania Regiment, found guilty of the several charges exhibited against him, being breaches of the 1st. and 3rd. Article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive three hundred lashes at three different times, one hundred for each crime.
The General approves the sentence and orders the execution of it, so far as extends to 100 lashes, at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
Head Quarters, April 16, 1778.
Sir: I have just received your favour of this date, inclosing a Letter to the Marquis de La Fayette.
Your proposition to entrap some of the Enemy's parties, is a matter I could wish, and think it may be effected, and in order the better to enable you to attempt it, have directed the Commanding Officer of Colo. Morgans Corps, to repair as soon as he can to your post, and in conjunction with your force to form such plan as you may determine most likely to produce success. I shall only say that I wou'd have you exceedingly cautious, and secret in the scheme. I am etc.
P.S. It will be necessary for you to inform Lt. Colo. Smith39 of your design as his aid may be wanted.40
[Note 39: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith, of Lee's Additional Continental regiment. He transferred to Spencer's Additional Continental regiment in April, 1779; adjutant and inspector to Lafayette from January to July, 1781; aide-de-camp to Washington from July, 1781, to December, 1783.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 1st. instant, inclosing the proceedings of a General Court Martial upon John Bates and others. I am under the necessity of disapproving the sentences, as the Court was illegally constituted, no Officer under the Rank of a Brigadier commanding in a seperate State, except authorized by me, having a right to constitute a general Court Martial, as I wrote to you in my last. But that the offenders may notes. cape the punishment due to their Crimes, I herewith inclose you a Commission empowering you to summon another Court for their trial. I am, etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 17, 1778.
Sir: I have long been convinced that one great cause of the backwardness of the people to supply us with Articles in the Qr. Masters and Commissary's departments, has been owing to the imprudent choice of deputies in those departments, who have not only personally abused the inhabitants, but have defrauded them of great part of their dues. So glaring an instance, of one of those improper appointments, has lately presented itself to me, that I thought it my duty to take the deputation away from the person to prevent his doing mischief, and as he was empowered to act by Mr. Thomas Edwards the Commissioner of Lancaster County, I thought it highly expedient to give you information of it, with the Character of Patrick Maguire, the person named in the inclosed extensive Commission. He was hired about twelve months ago, to act as Steward in my family, in which station he continued untill a few weeks past, when I was obliged to dismiss him. [and I have the greatest reason to believe, that during the whole time of his employ, he took every opportunity of defrauding me]42 He is given to liquor, and where he dares take the liberty, very insolent. He is totally unacquainted with the Country, or with the quality or value of the Articles wanted, and yet, you will pleased to observe, by his powers, that he is unlimited as to quantity, quality or price. He must have been a stranger to Mr. Edwards, as he had but lately come from Ireland when I hired him. I hope you will attribute this representation of facts to the true motive, which is, my desire of delivering the people from the oppression which they have too long laboured under, by being harassed and abused by persons of Mr. Maguire's stamp. I have the honour, etc.
[Note 42: The clause in brackets is in the draft but not in the letter sent.]
P.S. I have received yours of the 13th Instant.43
[Note 43: In the writing of Tench Tilghman; the draft, dated Apr. 15, 1778, in the writing of Tilghman, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Valley Forge, April 17, 1778.
Sir: The bearer Mr. Ernest44 was introduced to me yesterday, by a Letter from Governor Livingston, an extract of which, so far as it relates to him, I take the liberty to inclose. From the Governor's account, Mr. Ernest is an honest man, warmly
[Note 44: An inhabitant of New York.] attached to our fortune, and who, for the part he has taken has been persecuted with unusual severity. I know not what his talents are, but if they are such as qualify him for any services of a public nature, his persevering fidelity and distress seem to give him a claim to a favourable notice. I have the honor, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: Scarcely a day passes, but I am either applied to by different Officers for cloathing, or by persons for payment or some Business in the Cloathier Generals department. To the first, I can give no satisfactory answer, because I am intirely ignorant of the quantity which you have on hand or in expectation. To the last, I can only refer them to you, at such a distance, that they think it very hard to be at the expence of the money and time which they must necessarily expend in going to you [and which must ultimately, become a public expence, and in the aggregate amount to no trifling sum. In a word your absence, and the incompetency of a Clerk, to answer the various applications that are daily making, throws a load of business upon me which ought to be the burthen of your own Shoulders, and which were you present you would become more intimately acquainted with and know better how to provide for. For these reason's if you mean to continue in the Office I am obliged to insist that you shall reside with] the Army or so near it, that I can upon every application to me, for matters in your department, receive proper information from you. I should suppose, that an active deputy at Lancaster could superintend the making up the Cloathing at that place, and by making you weekly returns of the quantities ready to issue, orders might be given upon a certainty, and not put Officers to the expence and trouble of going up and down to no purpose. I hear, by report, of great quantities of Cloathing purchased on continental account in every quarter. But where are they? [I cannot get as much cloth as will make Cloaths for my Servants, notwithstanding one of them, that attend s my person and Table, is indecently, and most shamefully naked, and my frequent applications to Mr. Kemper46 (which he says he has as often transmitted to you) in the course of tile last two Months. I can easily under such an instance as this give credence to the complaints of others, when they assert that no attention is paid to their wants.] The greatest part lately supplied has been by particular States to their own troops.
[Note 46: Daniel Kemper, Assistant Clothier General.]
I shall be glad to see you as soon as possible, and I beg you will bring with you as exact an account as you can make out, of the Quantities of Cloathing in your own Hands and those of your Agents in the different States, [and it is of essential importance that the Prices of Cloaths agreeable to the resolves of Congress of the ... 47 ... be fixed that proper Stoppages may be made and Officers and Soldiers know what they have to depend upon; at present the public are loosing and every body dissatisfied]. I am &ca.
[Note 47: Nov. 26, 1777.]
P.S. Shoes, Shirts and linen Overalls should now be principally attended to.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The parts in brackets have been added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, April 17, 1778.
Parole Georgia. Countersigns Goshen, Gosport.
The Regimental Quarter Masters are directed to go into the Country and make Contracts with proper Persons for bringing in Milk and other Necessaries for the sick. Such Contracts it is expected they will compleat by the 21st. instant, after which day no Passes are to be granted to any Persons whatever to go out of Camp for the Purpose of purchasing Provision of any kind.
Henceforward no officer, soldier or other Person belonging to the Army shall go or send out to purchase any of those Articles which are usually brought to Market or bargain for them any where else, than at the places appointed for Markets; Nor shall any of the Inhabitants expose their marketing for sale in any other Places. The Purchasers on Pain of being tried for Disobedience of orders and the Venders of forfeiting their whole stock brought in, and for the more effectual discovery of any breach of this order whoever gives Information of such breach will be intitled to the Articles thus illicitly sold or offer'd for sale, or their Value to be recovered from the purchasers. All Permits to go out of Camp are for the future to be granted only by Brigadiers or Officers commanding Brigades.
The Officer of the Guard at Sullivans Bridge is carefully to inspect the Passes offered there and make himself a Judge of their Authenticity.
Returns are immediately to be made to Lieutt. Colo. Meade at Head Quarters of all the parties that have joined their Regiments since the first of the present Month by the officers who march'd them to camp distinguishing the draughts from the reinlisted, and similar returns are to be made to him of such Parties as shall arrive hereafter immediately upon their coming to camp.
The Commanding officers of Regiments are reminded of the order of the 18th. of last March relative to Innoculation for the small Pox and their strictest attention to it is called for to prevent taking it in the natural way.
At a division Court-Martial whereof Colo. Swift was President (April 12th. 1778), Captn. Darrow49 of Colo Prentice's Regiment try'd for abusing the Serjt. of General Varnum's Brigade and honorably acquitted.
[Note 49: Capt. Christopher Darrow, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was promoted to major Apr. 15, 1778; resigned in August, 1780.]
At the same Court by Adjournment April 13th. Lieutt. Hill50 tried for the same Crime and likewise acquitted; Also Adjutant Rogers51 of Colo. Bradley's Regiment tried for the same Crime the Court having fully considered the Evidence on both sides unanimously acquit Mr. Rogers of the Charge and in justice to Mr. Rogers think themselves under obligation to declare it as their opinion, that in the whole of the dispute he acted no more than the part of a good officer and Gentleman.
[Note 50: Lieut. Henry Hill of the First Connecticut Regiment. He resigned June 30, 1779.]
[Note 51: Lieut. Hezekiah Rogers, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment and regimental adjutant to July, 1781. He was promoted to a captaincy, Second Connecticut Regiment, in December, 1782; aide-de-camp to General Huntington to June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences and orders the aforemention'd officers to be immediately discharged from their Arrests.
The sentence against John Conner in yesterdays orders is approved and ordered to be put in execution tomorrow morning at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have this moment received yours of Yesterday,52 by Captn. Patton.53 Suffering so audacious an insurrection as that you mention to go unpunished or to gain any head, will be of so dangerous a tendency, that I desire you will immediately take
[Note 52: Smallwood's letter of April 17 is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 53: Capt. John Patten (Patton), of a Delaware regiment. He was promoted to major in December, 1779; taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; prisoner on parole to end of the war.] the most effectual means to suppress it.54 As you havescarce any Baggage to incumber you, you may, if the case requires it, send what little you have, some where back of Wilmington under a proper guard, and march with all the remainder of the division against the insurgents. But as I suppose by the time this reaches you, you will have heard something more certain you can proportion your force to the occasion. If you can crush them at once and seize the Ring-leaders it will put an end to any further trouble.
[Note 54: The insurrection was a local Tory uprising on Jordans Island, about 10 miles from Dover. Smallwood suppressed it.]
I will direct the Commissary General to take the speediest methods of releiving Captn. Patton from the engagements which he has entered into for the public. The Act of Congress against persons supplying the Enemy with provision continued in force until the loth. of this month; but if you succeed in your intended expedition, perhaps some more worthy of being made examples of may fall into your hands, and therefore I would have you suspend the execution of any of those convicted, till you see the issue of the disturbance in Kent. I shall be glad to have a line from you by return of the Express. I am &ca.
P.S. All communication between the City of Philadelphia and the lower Counties should be now totally stopped, if possible.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, April 18, 1778.
Parole Hillsborough. Countersigns Holland, Hancock.
In the return called for yesterday from the officers marching Parties into Camp, the General expects lists of the mens names in which distinction is to be made of the draughts, reinlisted and others. The officers are to ascertain the number that were committed to their care in the several States they marched from, and account for the difference if any there be, between that and the number they bring to Camp. They are also to note against each man's name the Regiment to which he belongs and goes to. This order to be very strictly complied with.
Shoes and Stockings may be had at the Cloathiers store for the soldiers.
At a division Court Martial whereof Colo. Swift was President (April 11th. 1778), Serjeant Helmes of Genl. Varnum's Guard tried for insulting a number of Officers and attempting (with an iron Ramrod) to strike Lieutt. Hill, also for endeavoring to cause and excite a Mutiny, found guilty of the charges exhibited against him being breaches of the 3rd. and 5th. Articles of the 2nd. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be reduc'd to the Ranks and to receive fifty lashes on his bare back. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Craige was President (April 15th. 1778), Samuel Harry an Inhabitant of this State tried for endeavoring to supply the Enemy with Provision, acquitted and ordered to be immediately discharged from Confinement.
At the same Court by Adjournment (April 16th. 1778) Thomas Fitzgerald and David Rush, Inhabitants of the State of Pennsylvania tried for attempting to relieve the Enemy with provision, found guilty of a breach of a resolution of Congress, dated October 8th. 1777 and extended &c. and sentenced each to receive one hundred lashes, on his bare back.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I yesterday was favd. with yours without date. The season is already so far advanced, that however inconvenient it may be, I plainly perceive we shall be obliged to bring our new raised Horse into the field without training. I am sorry to inform you that few of the Horse sent out last winter to recruit will be in any kind of condition, such has been the inattention of their Officers, and we shall for that reason be under the further necessity of using our fresh Horses immediately. You will therefore be pleased to send forward the Recruits, as fast as you can mount them; those who have not had the Small pox as well as those that have. They may be inoculated as soon as they join their Regiment, and should be cautioned carefully to avoid every place where the small pox is or has lately been. As the Recruits are to be sent to the Regiment, the Riding Master should remain there also, and as a Field Officer will be necessary to take the command, I desire that Major Jameson may come on and leave Lt. Colo. Temple to compleat the Cloathing of the Regiment. To pay for which you are to supply him with Money. Altho' the recruiting of men was not mentioned in your instructions, it was intended, and I am glad you have been going on with it. You found so great an advantage from having the Men of your Regiment mostly natives, and all of them of reputable Connections, that I need not urge to you the benefit we shall derive from having Men of that Class in the Cavalry, and I therefore hope you will be attentive in your Choice. I have not been able to obtain a correct General Return of Cavalry, but you need not be afraid of procuring too many Horses, Arms and Accoutrements. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, April 18, 1778.
Sir: On Thursday evening I had the Honor to receive your Two Letters of the 14th. Instant.
I am much obliged by the fresh assurances, which Congress are pleased to make me of their confidence, and they may be satisfied, that I wish nothing more ardently, than that a good and perfect agreement should subsist between us.
The negociation between the Commissioners is ended, without effecting a Cartel. Nor do I suppose, from the information I have received on the subject, that there is any good prospect, that one will ever be formed, or at least for a great while, on a liberal and an extensive plan. A report of the proceedings of the Commissioners on our part, at their several meetings, I take the liberty to inclose. The papers No. 1 contain the letters between General Howe and myself, stipulating the neutrality of German Town, our Respective powers, and the result of the meeting there. No. 2 the subsequent proceedings at Newtown.58
[Note 58: These inclosures are filed with Washington's letter to Congress. They are copies in the writing of various of Washington's aides of the following: Lieut. Thomas Eyre, of the Twenty-third Foot, British Army, to Howe, Jan. 2, 1777; deposition of Sergt. Thomas Wiggins, of the Sixteenth Light Dragoons, British Army; Washington's letter to Howe, Jan. 8, 1778; Howe's letter to Washington, Jan. 8, 1778; Howe's letter to Washington, Jan. 18, 1778; Howe's letter to Washington, Jan. 19, 1778; ration of prisoners in Philadelphia, Jan. 19, 1778; Washington's letter to Howe, Jan. 20, 1778; Washington's letter to Howe, Jan. 30, 1778; Howe's letter to Washington, Feb. 5, 1778; Washington's letter to Howe, Feb. 10, 1778; Powers of British Commissioners, Mar. 5, 1778; Howe's letter to Washington, Mar. 27, 1778; Powers of American Commissioners, Mar. 28, 1778; Washington's letter to Howe, Mar. 29, 1778; Report of American commissioners to Washington, Apr. 15, 1778; Resolves of Congress, Dec. 19, 1777, and Jan. 21, 1778 (broadside).] The old agreement, I presume, continues, and under it we must carry on exchanges.59
[Note 59: The powers given the British exchange commissioners by Sir William Howe were not sufficiently binding on Great Britain to satisfy the American commissioners, who possessed powers delegated to them from Congress. Howe declined to change hispowers and the negotiations ended.]
General Muhlenberg has communicated his determination to resign, but has promised not to leave his Brigade, till Congress shall appoint another General in his room, provided it is done in any reasonable time.
By postponing my call upon the Militia as mentioned in my last of the 10th, I did not mean to decline it altogether. I did not see the necessity of calling out 5000 for the sole purpose of defence; and in the present situation of things, I cannot perceive my way sufficiently clear for offensive measures, as I do not know when to expect the Recruits from the different States, nor what prospect the Commissary has of Provision. As we only get it yet from hand to mouth, assembling the Militia, unless for the purpose of defence, should be the last thing done, as they soon become impatient, and are very expensive in the articles of stores, Camp utensils, Provisions, &c.
The inclosed Draught of a Bill, was brought to Head Quarters Yesterday afternoon by a Gentleman, who informed me, that a large Cargoe of them had been just sent out of Philadelphia. Whether this insidious proceeding is genuine and imported in the Packet, which arrived a few days ago, or contrived in Philadelphia is a point undetermined and immaterial; but it is certainly founded in principles of the most wicked, diabolical baseness, meant to poison the minds of the people and detach the wavering, at least, from our cause.60 I suppose it will obtain a place in the papers, and am not without anxiety, that it will have a malignant influence. I would submit it, whether it will not be highly expedient for Congress to investigate it, in all its parts, and to expose, in the most striking manner, the
[Note 60: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Apr. 20, 1778, post.] injustice, delusion and fraud it contains. I trust it will be attacked in every shape, in every part of the Continent. I have the honor to be, &c.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on April 20 anti referred to a committee consisting of Gouverneur Morris, William Henry Drayton, and Francis Dana. On April 21 the committee brought in its report., approving the conduct of the American commissioners and Congress immediately adopted the report.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have the honor of yours of the first inst. informing me of the appointment of Mr. Hawkins, to the Office of purchasing Commissary in the State of Virginia. I have heard so good an account of his Character that I hope the most salutary effects will ensue. I hold myself infinitely obliged to the Legislature for the ready attention which they paid to my representation of the wants of the Army and to you, for the strenuous manner in which you have recommended to the people an observance of my request for fattening Cattle.
Congress have just made a change in the Commissary General's department by the appointment of Mr. Jeremiah Wadsworth of Connecticut, in the room of Mr. Buchanan.62 Mr. Wadsworth is a man of most extensive influence in the Eastern States, has a thorough knowledge of the resources of those States, and possesses that most useful quality of great activity and address in business. I shall take the first opportunity of acquainting him with your appointment of Mr. Hawkins, that he may co-operate with him.
[Note 62: William Buchanan.]
I have consulted Mr. Blaine63 the purchasing Commissary in this district upon the Subject of your letter. He advises that no Cattle be immediately sent forward but those fit for present use
[Note 63: Col. Ephraim Blaine.] or in tolerable good order, as he observes, that it is almost impossible to fatten poor Cattle in any reasonable time after being drove a great distance. Such as are purchased in a part of the Country, which does not afford pasture, must of necessity be drove on; but those that the purchasers can provide for, had better be kept thro' the Summer and drove on in or about September, when there is plenty of grass upon the Road. Mr. Blaine recommends two Routes for the poor Cattle. The upper by Winchester, Red House, Watkins's Ferry and Carlisle. Mr. James Smith near Carlisle will provide for them. The other across Potowmack and thro' Frederick's Town. Mr. George Murdoch of Frederick Town will provide pasture for those brought that way. But he begs Mr. Hawkins may be pressed to send forward the Beef and Cattle as expeditiously as possible.
If the Money to pay the additional bounty to the reinlisted Men comes to my hands it shall be properly disposed of. I have the honour, etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, April 19, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 16th. Instant.
Mr. Lowry65 was never a principal commissary of ours, but only acted occasionally as a Deputy, for purchasing Provisions where he lived. I do not know, whether he was employed, at the time of his capture, even in this line. From this state of facts, you will readily agree with me, that I can not with propriety accede to your offer. However, in order to put the fair Lady, in whose case you so obligingly interest yourself, in the possession of her Husband, I would propose that an exchange should take place between Mr. Higgins and Mr. Lowry. I am
[Note 65: Stephen Lowry, Assistant Deputy Commissary of Purchases in 1776.] ready, as far as depends on me, to comply with the Lady's wishes, and it remains with you to lend your aid for their completion.
I request, that your flags in future, may cross the Schuylkill near Philadelphia, and proceed to our out posts, by the Lancaster Road. By taking the route East of Schuylkill they may meet with accidents from parties of Militia, for which I cannot be responsible. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sabbath, April 19, 1778.
Parole Independence. Countersigns Ipswich, Jamaica.
The Sub-Inspectors will each superintend the discipline of the Brigades according to the following division (viz) Mr. Ternant, Woodford's, Scott's and McIntoshe's. Lieut. Colo. Brooks, 1st. and 2nd. Pennsylvania, Poor's and Glover's. Lieutt. Colonel Davies, Larned's, Paterson's, Weedon's and Muhlenberg's. Lieutt. Colo. Barber, Maxwell's, late Conway's, Huntington's and Varnums.
The Orderly-Office will be opened tomorrow at General Varnum's late Quarters between his and General Huntington's Brigades.
The Medicine Chests of General Paterson's and Larned's Brigades to be sent immediately to Mr. Cutting,67 Apothecary General at the Yellow-Springs to be refill'd.
[Note 67: John Brown Cutting, apothecary general, Eastern Department, 1777--1779; same for Middle Department, 1779 to June, 1780.]
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Craige was President (April 15th. 1778), Hugh Baker, Forage Master tried for pressing a horse from Daniel Yarnel without Authority for so doing, or returning the horse into the Continental Yard until Complaint was made against him, also for abusing Joseph Smedly, an Inhabitant of Chester County and confining him under guard without any order or authority for so doing and taking his horse without giving a Receipt or shewing his Warrant for so doing, found guilty and sentenced to be discharg'd from the service and to have as much of his Pay stopped as will satisfy Mr. Smedly for the loss of his horse.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, April 20, 1778.
Parole Kensington. Countersigns Kingston, Kittery.
Passes signed by Doctor Cochran, Director of the Flying Hospital to any in his department are to be deemed valid.
Valley Forge, April 20, 1778.
Sir: With your Letter of the 17th and its inclosures, I was duly honoured on Saturday afternoon.
When I addressed you on the 18th, I was doubtful whether the draught of the Bill then transmitted was not spurious and contrived in Philadelphia; but its authenticity, I am almost certain, is not to be questioned.68 The information from Philadelphia seems clear and conclusive, that it came over in the Packet, with Lord North's Speech on the introduction of it into Parliament. I inclose a paper containing his speech which just came
[Note 68: The drafts of the Conciliatory Bills were referred to Gouverneur Morris, William Henry Drayton, and Francis Dana, who brought in a report (April 22) which, after a long analysis of the bills, recommended: "that these United States cannot, with propriety, hold any conference or treaty with any commissioners on the part of Great Britain, unless they shall, as a preliminary thereto, either withdraw their fleets and armies, or else, in positive and express terms, acknowledge the independence of the said states." The report, drawn up by Gouverneur Morris, was unanimously adopted.] to hand. This Bill I am persuaded will pass into a Law. Congress will perceive by the Ministers Speech, that it aims at objects of the greatest extent and importance, and will no doubt, in one way or other, involve the most interesting consequences to this Country. I have the honor etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 72: County lieutenant of Bucks County, Pa.]
Head Quarters, April 20, 1778.
Sir: In answer to your Letter of the 18th. I am to inform you, that the Resolution of Congress by which offenders of the description of those whom you have sent here, were subject to Trial by Court Martial, is expired. And that even while it remained in force, it was not so extensive as to include all the cases which you mention. The Crimes of the two prisoners sent, being intirely of civil cognizance, the only method of bringing them to Trial, will be sending them to Lancaster, where they will be delivered to the Civil Magistrate. Capt. Rue is therefore directed to send them under the guard which conducted them hither, and to prepare the evidence which may be had in support of the charges laid against them. I have already given my opinion on the subject of dismantling the Gallies, in concurrence with the Sentiments of Govt. Livingston and Commodore Hazelwood. It is understood that those Gallies only are to be dismantled that are destitute of crews.
With respect to your future treatment of the Tories, the most effectual way of putting a stop to their traiterous practices, will be shooting some of the most notorious offenders wherever they can be found in flagrante delicto. This summary punishment inflicted on a few leading traitors will probably strike terror into others and deter them from exposing themselves to a similar fate. I am &ca.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 74: Virginia Delegate to Congress.]
Valley Forge, April 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: On Saturday Evening, I had the pleasure to receive your favour of the 16th. Instant.
I thank you very much, for your obliging tender of a friendly intercourse between us; and you may rest assured, that I embrace it with chearfulness, and shall write you freely, as often as leisure will permit, of such points as appear to me material and interesting.
I am pleased to find, that you expect the proposed establishment of the Army will succeed; though it is a painful consideration, that matters of such pressing importance and obvious necessity meet with so much difficulty and delay. Be assured the success of the measure is a matter of the most serious moment, and that it ought to be brought to a conclusion, as speedily as possible. The spirit of resigning Commissions has been long at an alarming height, and increases daily. [Applications from Officers on furlough are hourly arriving, and Genls. Heath, of Boston, McDougal on the No. River, and Mason of Virginia are asking what they are to do with the appliants to them.]
The Virginia Line has sustained a violent shock in this instance; [not less than Ninety havg. resigned already, to me], the same conduct has prevailed among the Officers from the other States, though not yet to so considerable a degree; and there are but too just Grounds to fear, that it will shake the very existence of the Army, unless a remedy is soon, very soon, applied. There is none, in my opinion, so effectual, as the one pointed out.75 This, I trust, will satisfy the Officers, and, at the same time, it will produce no present additional emission of Money. They will not be persuaded to sacrifice all views of present interest, and encounter the numerous vicissitudes of War, in the defence of their Country, unless she will be generous enough, on her part, to make a decent provision for their future support, I do not pronounce absolutely, that we shall have no Army, if the establishment fails: But the Army, we may have,
[Note 75: Retirement of officers on half-pay after the war. The committee from Congress at camp agreed with Washington on the justice and necessity of this and reported in favor of it to Congress. The Massachusetts and other New England Delegates strongly opposed the principle.] will be without discipline, without energy, incapable of acting with vigor, and destitute of those cements necessary to promise success, on the one hand, or to withstand the shocks of adversity, on the other. It is indeed hard to say how extensive the evil may be, if the measure should be rejected, or much longer delayed. I find it a very arduous task to keep the Officers in tolerable humour, and to protract such a combination in quitting the service, as might possibly undo us forever. The difference between our service and that of the Enemy, is very striking. With us, from the peculiar, unhappy situation of things, the Officer, a few instances excepted, must break in upon his private fortune for present support, without a prospect of future relief. With them, even Companies are esteemed so honourable and so valuable, that they have sold of late from 15 to 2,200 £Sterling, and I am credibly informed, that 4,000 Guineas have been given for a Troop of Dragoons: You will readily determine how this difference will operate; what effects it must produce. Men may speculate as they will; they may talk of patriotism; they may draw a few examples from ancient story, of great atchievements performed by its influence; but whoever builds upon it, as a sufficient Basis for conducting a long and [bloody] War, will find themselves deceived in the end. We must take the passions of Men as Nature has given them, and those principles as a guide which are generally the rule of Action. I do not mean to exclude altogether the Idea of Patriotism. I know it exists, and I know it has done much in the present Contest. But I will venture to assert, that a great and lasting War can never be supported on this principle alone. It must be aided by a prospect of Interest or some reward. For a time, it may, of itself push Men to Action; to bear much, to encounter difficulties; but it will not endure unassisted by Interest.
The necessity of putting the Army upon a respectable footing, both as to numbers and constitution, is now become more essential than ever. The Enemy are beginning to play a Game more dangerous than their efforts by Arms, tho' these will not be remitted in the smallest degree, and which threatens a fatal blow to American Independence, and to her liberties of course: They are endeavouring to ensnare the people by specious allurements of Peace. It is not improbable they have had such abundant cause to be tired of the War, that they may be sincere, in the terms they offer, which, though far short of our pretensions, will be extremely flattering to Minds that do not penetrate far into political consequences: But, whether they are sincere or not, they may be equally destructive; for, to discerning Men, nothing can be more evident, than that a Peace on the principles of dependance, however limited, after what has happened, would be to the last degree dishonourable and ruinous. It is, however, much to be apprehended, that the Idea of such an event will have a very powerful effect upon the Country, and, if not combatted with the greatest address, will serve, at least, to produce supineness and dis-union. Men are naturally fond of Peace, and there are Symptoms which may authorize an Opinion, that the people of America are pretty generally weary of the present War. It is doubtful, whether many of our friends might not incline to an accommodation on the Grounds held out, or which may be, rather than persevere in a contest for Independence. If this is the case, it must surely be the truest policy to strengthen the Army, and place it upon a substantial footing. This will conduce to inspire the Country with confidence; enable those at the head of affairs to consult the public honour and interest, notwithstanding the defection of some and temporary inconsistency and irresolution of others, who may desire to compromise the dispute; and if a Treaty should be deemed expedient, will put it in their power to insist upon better terms, than they could otherwise expect.
Besides, the most vigorous exertions at Home, to increase and establish our Military force upon a good Basis; it appears to me advisable, that we should immediately try the full extent of our interest abroad and bring our European Negotiations to an Issue. I think France must have ratified our Independence,76 and will declare War immediately, on finding that serious proposals of accommodation are made; but lest, from a mistaken policy, or too exalted an Opinion of our powers, from the representations she has had, she should still remain indecisive, it were to be wished proper persons were instantly dispatched, or our envoys, already there, instructed, to insist pointedly on her coming to a final determination. It cannot be fairly supposed, that she will hesitate a moment to declare War, if she is given to understand, in a proper manner, that a reunion of the two Countries may be the consequence of procrastination. An European War, and an European Alliance would effectually answer our purposes. If the step I now mention, should be eligible, despatches ought to be sent at once, by different conveyances, for fear of accidents. I confess it appears to me, a measure of this kind could not but be productive of the most salutary consequences. If possible, I should also suppose it absolutely necessary, to obtain good intelligence from England, pointing out the true springs of this manoeuvre of Ministry; the preparations of force they are making; the prospects there are of raising it; the amount, and when it may be expected.
[Note 76: The treaty of alliance with France had been signed Feb. 6, 1778, but the news of this had not yet reached America. This, of course, recognized the United States as an independent sovereign nation.]
It really seems to me, from a comprehensive view of things, that a period is fast approaching, big with events of the most intersting importance. When the councils we pursue and the part we act, may lead decisively to liberty, or to Slavery. Under this Idea, I cannot but regret, that inactivity, that inattention, that want of something, which [unhappily, I have but too often] experienced in our public Affairs. I wish that our representation in Congress was compleat and full from every State, and that it was formed of the first Abilities among us. Whether we continue to War, or proceed to Negotiate, the Wisdom of America in Council cannot be too great. Our situation will be truly delicate. To enter into a Negotiation too hastily, or to reject it altogether, may be attended with consequences equally fatal. The wishes of the people, seldom founded in deep disquisitions, or resulting from other reasonings than their present feeling, may not intirely accord with our true policy and interest. If they do not, to observe a proper line of conduct, for promoting the one, and avoiding offence to the other, will be a Work of great difficulty. Nothing short of Independence, it appears to me, can possibly do. A Peace, on other terms, would, if I may be allowed the expression, be a Peace of War. The injuries we have received from the British Nation were so unprovoked; have been so great and so many, that they can never be forgotten. Besides the feuds, the jealousies; the animosities that would ever attend a Union with them. Besides the importance, the advantages we should derive from an unrestricted commerce; Our fidelity as a people; Our gratitude; Our Character as Men, are opposed to a coalition with them as subjects, but in case of the last extremity. Were we easily to accede to terms of dependence, no nation, upon future occasions, let the oppressions of Britain be never so flagrant and unjust, would interpose for our relief, or at least they would do it with a cautious reluctance and upon conditions, most probably, that would be hard, if not dishonourable to us. France, by her supplies, has saved us from the Yoke thus far, and a wise and virtuous perseverence, would and I trust will, free us entirely.
I have sent Congress, Lord North's Speech and two Bills offered by him to Parliament. They are spreading fast through the Country, and will soon become a subject of general notoriety. I therefore think, they had best be published in our papers, and persons of leisure and ability set to Work, to counteract the impressions, they may make on the Minds of the people.77
[Note 77: Lord North's Conciliatory Bills arrived in New York on Apr. 14, 1778, and were published on the 15th by Governor Tryon, accompanied by a declaration certifying that they were genuine copies of the drafts sent to him by Lord George Germain. Tryon added: "To prepare the way for the return of peace, the above bills were read in the House of Commons on the 19th day of February last, in pursuance of unanimous resolve of the House on the 17th of the same month; and I have his Majesty's command to cause them to be printed and dispersed, that the people at large may be acquainted with their contents, and with the favorable disposition of Great Britain towards the American colonies." Lord North's speech, on presenting the bills to Parliament, was published at the same time.]
Before I conclude, there are one or two points more upon which I will add an Observation or two. The first is, the indecision of Congress and the delay used in coming to determinations in matters referred to them. This is productive of a variety of inconveniences; and an early decision, in many cases, though it should be against the measure submitted, would be attended with less pernicious effects. Some new plan might then be tried; but while the matter is held in suspence, nothing can be attempted. The other point is, the jealousy which Congress unhappily entertain of the Army, and which, if reports are right, some Members labour to establish. You may be assured, there is nothing more injurious, or more unjustly founded. This jealousy stands upon the common, received Opinion, which under proper limitations is certainly true, that standing Armies are dangerous to a State, and from forming the same conclusion of the component parts of all, though they are totally dissimilar in their Nature. The prejudices in other Countries has only gone to them in time of Peace, and these from their not having, in general cases, any of the ties, the concerns or interests of Citizens or any other dependence, than what flowed from their Military employ; in short, from their being Mercenaries; hirelings. It is our policy to be prejudiced against them in time of War; and though they are Citizens having all the Ties, and interests of Citizens, and in most cases property totally unconnected with the Military Line. If we would pursue a right System of policy, in my Opinion, there should be none of these distinctions. We should all be considered, Congress, Army, &c. as one people, embarked in one Cause, in one interest; acting on the same principle and to the same End. The distinction, the Jealousies set up, or perhaps only incautiously let out, can answer not a single good purpose. They are impolitic in the extreme. Among Individuals, the most certain way to make a Man your Enemy, is to tell him, you esteem him such; so with public bodies; and the very jealousy, which the narrow politics of some may affect to entertain of the Army, in order to a due subordination to the supreme Civil Authority, is a likely mean to produce a contrary effect; to incline it to the pursuit of those measures which that may wish it to avoid. It is unjust, because no Order of Men in the thirteen States have paid a more sanctimonious regard to their proceedings than the Army; and, indeed, it may be questioned, whether there has been that scrupulus adherence had to them by any other, [for without arrogance, or the smallest deviation from truth it may be said, that no history, now extant, can furnish an instance of an Army's suffering such uncommon hardships as ours have done, and bearing them with the same patience and Fortitude. To see Men without Cloathes to cover their nakedness, without Blankets to lay on, without Shoes, by which their Marches might be traced by the Blood from their feet, and almost as often without Provisions as with; Marching through frost and Snow, and at Christmas taking up their Winter Quarters within a day's March of the enemy, without a House or Hurt to cover them till they could be built and submitting to it without a murmur, is a mark of patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarce be parallel'd.]
There may have been some remonstrances or applications [to Congress], in the stile of complaint from the Army [and slaves indeed should we be, if this privilidge was denied], on Account of their proceedings in particular instances; but these will not Authorize nor even excuse a jealousy, that they are therefore aiming at unreasonable powers; or making strides, dangerous, or subversive of Civil Authority. Things should not be viewed in that light, more especially, as Congress, in some cases, have relieved the injuries complained of, and which had flowed from their own Acts.
I refer you to my Letter to yourself and Colonel Lee which accompanies this,78 upon the subject of Money for such of the Old Virginia Troops, as have or may reinlist.
[Note 78: This letter is dated April 23. (See Washington's letter to Francis Lightfoot Lee and John Banister, Apr. 23, 1778, post.)]
In respect to the Volunteer Plan I [scarce know what opinion to give at this time.] The propriety of a requisition on this head, will depend altogether, on our operations. Such kind of Troops should not be called for, but upon the spur of the occasion and at the moment of executing an Enterprise. They will not endure a long service; and, of all Men in the Military Line, they are the most impatient of restraint and necessary Government.
[As the propositions, and the Speech of Lord North must be founded in the despair of the Nation of succeeding against us, or, from a rupture in Europe that has actually happend, or that certainly will; or from some deep political Manoeuvre; or from what I think, still more likely, a composition of the whole, would it not be good policy, in this day of uncertainty and distress to the Tories to avail ourselves of the occn. and for the sevl. States to hold out Pardon &ca. to all delinquents returng. by a certain day? They are frightned, and that is the time to operate upon them. Upon a short consideration of the matter it appears to me that such a measure wd. detach the Tories from the Enemy, and bring things to a much speedier conclusion and of course be a mean of saving much public treasure.]
I will now be done, and I trust that you excuse not only the length of my Letter, but the freedom with which I have delivered my sentiments in the course of it upon several occasions. The subjects struck me as important and interesting, and I have only to wish, that they may appear to you in the same light. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, April 21, 1778.
Parole Londonderry. Countersigns Lexington, Laurenz.
No Pay Master is to be discharged but by the Commander in Chief or Officer Commanding in a separate department and none of them are to apply for discharges without first obtaining and producing from the Pay Master General, Auditors of Accompts and Officers Commanding the Regiments they belong to ample Certificates of their having settled their Accompts properly with the Publick and their Regiments; This to be considered as a standing order.
The Colonels and commanding officers of Regts. are to make it an invariable rule to review their respective Regiments once every week, look into the state and condition of the mens Arms Accoutrements and Cloaths and know precisely the State of them and where every man is.
The Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades are to do the same in their respective Brigades at least once a fortnight; In a word it is expected from both that every possible Care and Attention will be paid to keep their men together and the Arms, Cloaths and Accoutrements belonging to them in good order. These are also to be considered as standing Orders, but not supercede the daily Inspection of the subordinate Officers agreeable to former orders.
At a Brigade Court Martial whereof Major Haws80 was President April 19th. 1778, Lieutt. John Coffer and Charles Lewis Brodwater81 of the 10th. Virginia Regiment tried for obtaining a Certificate from the Commanding Officer of the Regiment that they were not in debt to the Continent and after obtaining said Certificate unlike Gentlemen and without Right or Justice went to the Virginia State Store procured a quantity of goods designed only for the use of such officers and soldiers from that State as remained in the service.
[Note 80: Probably Maj. Samuel Hawes, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He is stated to have been promoted to lieutenant colonel Mar. 1, 1778.]
[Note 81: Broadwater (Brodwater).]
After mature deliberation on the evidence produced the Court are of opinion that Lieutenants Coffer and Brodwater are guilty of a breach of the 21st. Article of the 14th. Section of the Articles of War and that they be discharged from the service and compelled to deliver the Cloathing into the store which they drew since they obtained a Certificate of their not being in debt to the Publick and that their resignations be taken from them by the Commanding Officer of their Regiment.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it immediately to take place.
Valley-forge, April 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: Mr. Boudenot, at Commissary Loring's request, met him at Germantown yesterday; from whence he is just return'd, after having agreed on a final exchange of yourself, and other Officers, with that Gentn. That delay may not produce danger, I shall send in a Flag to morrow for your parole. When obtaind, I shall most cordially, and sincerely, congratulate you on your restoration to your Country and to the Army. I could not however refrain till this happy event shld. take place, rejoicing with you on the probability of it and to express my wish of seeing you in Camp as soon as you can possibly make it convenient to yourself after you are perfectly at liberty to take an active part with us; of which I shall not delay giving you the earliest notice.
I have received your favor of the 13th. Instr. from York Town the contents, shall be the subject of conversation when I have the pleasure of seeing you in circumstances to Mount your hobby horse, which I hope will not, on trial, be found quite so limping a jade as the one you set out to York on.82 I am, &c.
[Note 82: Lee's letter said: "I perhaps ought to make an apology to you for a liberty I have taken, but if it is viewd in a proper point of view I am in hopes it can neither be considered a step of indelicacy towards you, nor by General Howe as any violation of the parole I have given.
"You must know that it has long been the object of my studies, how to form an army in the most simple manner possible. I once wrote a treatise, tho I did not publish it, for the use of the Militia of England by reading Machiavel's institutions, and Marshal Saxe, I have taken it into my head that I understand it better than almost any Man living, in short, I am mounted on a hobby horse of my own training, and it runs away with me indeed I am so infatuated with it, that I cannot forbear boasting its excellencies on all occasions to Friends or Enemies. you must excuse me therefore, if I could not refrain recommending the Beast to some Members of Congress."
Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, April 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: Inclosed I transmit you a Philadelphia Paper, containing the draught of two Bills introduced into Parliament by Lord North, and his speech upon the occasion.83 Their authenticity in Philadelphia is not questioned, and I have not the smallest doubt, but there will be some overtures made us similar, or nearly so, to the propositions held forth in the draughts. You will see their aim is, under offers of peace, to divide and disunite us; and unless their views are early investigated and exposed in a Striking manner and in various Shapes by able Pens, I fear they will be but too successful, and that they will give a very unhappy, if not a ruinous, cast to our affairs. It appears to me, that we have every possible motive to urge us to exertion. If they are still for War, and of which there can be no doubt, since they are straining every sinew and nerve to levy troops, it behoves us to be prepared. If for peace, our preparations are equally essential, as they will enable us to treat with honour, dignity and, I trust, to freedom. There are many important concessions in the speech and which I hope will be improved to our advantage. If your leisure will possibly permit, I should be happy that the whole should be discussed by your Pen. I am, etc.
[Note 83: A copy of the Pennsylvania Gazette (Apr. 24, 1778), containing Lord North's speech on his concilitary motion, draft of a bill declaring the intentions of Parliament concerning the exercise of the right of imposing taxes in America, and the draft of a bill to appoint peace commissioners is in the Washington Papers.]
Dear Sir: After I had inclosed the foregoing letter, and when I was just about to dispatch it by Express, I received your favours of the 17th and 20th inst. with Governor Tryoh's Letters, both of the same import. I inclose you a Copy. The inclosures alluded to are the draughts of the two Bills. Can you conceive any thing equal to the Shifts and Stratagems of the British Ministry? If we conduct our affairs with firmness and wisdom, we must do well. The Resolution, so called in Towhe's Paper, must be an arrant forgery,84 as I never had the least intimation of it; and to
[Note 84: In the Philadelphia Evening Post, published by Benjamin Towne. These spurious resolves of Congress were also published in Gaine's New York Gazette Mar. 9, 1778.] suppose such a one could have passed, is to suppose almost the existence of an impossibility. The forgery is calculated for the most wicked purposes, to excite an opposition in the people to the Measures for drafting and to render them ineffectual. There is nothing the Enemy will not attempt to carry their ends.
The only proceedings of Congress, for drafting, that I have seen, were passed the 26th Febry. and are a recommendation to the several States--
To fill up their respective Regiments by drafts from the Militia to serve 9 Months after they appear at the places appointed for their Rendezvous, dischargeable before the end of that Period, in proportion as recruits, inlisted for three Years or during the War, may join the Regiments in which they are.
What a contrast between these proceedings and the Forgery! I shall transmit the paper to Congress immediately, that they may pursue proper steps for counteracting this wicked, infernal publication.
As these propositions and the Speech of Lord North must be founded in the despair of the Nation of succeeding against us, or from a rupture in Europe that has actually happened or that certainly will, would it not be good Policy to avail ourselves of the occasion and for the several States to hold out Pardon &c to all delinquents returning by a Certain day? It appears to me, upon a short Consideration of the matter, that such a measure would detach the Tories from the Enemy, and give them a further shock. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 13th. instant. I am perfectly satisfied with your delay of the enterprise proposed to you, as I am certain it has been founded upon substantial reasons.
Congress having, by their Resolve of the 15th. inst., directed Genl. Gates to resume the command of the Northern department and to repair forthwith to Fishkill for that purpose; I imagine he will proceed immediately thither. Upon his arrival there, I must desire you to return to this Army and take command of your division.
As Colo. La Radiere and Colo. Kosiusko will never agree, I think it will be best to order La Radiere to return, especially as you say Kosiusko is better adapted to the genius and temper of the People.
It is painful to reflect upon the number of valuable Officers who have been obliged to quit the Service on account of the disproportion between their pay and every necessary of life. I do not yet know what Congress will determine as to the new arrangement and provision for the Army, but if the Gentlemen mentioned by you are such as will be an acquisition to the Service, I would wish you to endeavour to persuade them to remain untill they see what Congress will do. If they cannot be prevailed upon to wait till that time, you will see that they are not indebted to their Regiments or to the public and give them discharges. I am, etc.86
[Note 86: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Washington Headquarters Museum, Newburgh, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, April 22, 1778.
Parole Massachusetts. Countersigns Maryland, Middlesex.
The Forage Master General is without delay to appropriate a sufficient number of Wheat fields in the Vicinity of Camp to serve as Forage Ground; to allot to each Brigade an extent proportion'd to it's Strength which is to be clearly mark'd out and to make a report of the whole at Head Quarters and to the Quarter Master General as well as a particular Return to each Brigade Forage Master for the Portion assigned to his Brigade.
The Commanding Officers of Brigades are to give strict orders to prevent mutual Encroachments by exceeding the limits assigned to each.
Lieutenant Cyrus De Hart is appointed Pay Master to the first New-Jersey Regiment vice Mr. Aaron Ogden (resigned) and is to be respected as such.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, April 23, 1778.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Naples, Norway.
A most scandalous Performance has made it's appearance in the Philadelphia Evening Post of this Month bearing all the marks of a genuine Act of Congress setting forth that those brave men who have inlisted or have been drafted to serve in the Continental Army for any limited time are nevertheless to be detained during the War between these United States and Great Britain.
The Commander in Chief assures the Army that this Publication is as false as it is wicked and is intended to induce those who have already inlisted or have been draughted to desert and to intimidate others from engaging into the service of their Country.
Our Enemies finding themselves unable to reduce us by the force of their Arms are now practicing every insidious Art to gain time and disunite us, but the General hopes that men who have strugled with every difficulty and encountered every danger are not to be conquered by Artifices which are so easily exposed; It is necessary to give warning to such weak men as might otherwise be deluded by the traiterous promises of the Enemy that under Pretence of sending Deserters from this Army Passage free to Great Britain or Ireland there to be set at large, they confine them on Ship board with a view either to force them into their service as Seamen or transport them as Recruits to some Garrison.
The Medicine Chests from Poors and Glover's Brigades are to be sent to Mr. Cutting, Apothecary General at the Yellow Springs immediately to be refilled. From the 1st. and 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigades next Saturday.
A Flagg will go to Philadelphia the 28th. instant whatever Articles are to be sent in to our Prisoners there must be left with the Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners at David Havards previous to that time.
[Note 87: Of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 23, 1778.
Sir: I was yesterday favored with yours of the 20th. Instr. informing me of your arrival at Morris Town. Give me leave to congratulate you upon the prospect of your exchange, which will be immediately effected, Mr. Boudinot having given orders to his Deputy to accompany you to Elizabeth Town, where I expect you will meet Lieut. Col. Allen.
I am sorry that a variety of Obstacles have prevented your Exchange before this time, but I can assure you, that no proposition has ever been made in your favor but has been acceded to on my part. I wish you a happy sight of your family and Friends, and am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, April 23, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty to transmit you a Letter, which I received yesterday from Governor Tryon,89 including the draughts of
[Note 89: Tryon wrote: "Having been honored with His Majesty's Instructions to Circulate the Inclosures; I take the liberty, to offer them to you, for your Candid Consideration, and to recommend that through your means, the Officers and Men under your Command may be acquainted with their Contents". Tryon's letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Tryon, Apr. 26, 1778, post.)] the Two Bills, I forwarded before, with his certificate of the manner in which they came to his hands; accompanied by his more extraordinary and impertinent request, that thro' my means the contents of them should be communicated to the Officers and Men of this Army. This Engine of Ministry, from Governor Livingston's account, is very industriously circulating Copies of these Draughts, in obedience to their and his Royal masters mandates. The Letter which I inclose, and a Triplicate came to hand at one time. Some future conveyance, it is probable, will present me the Duplicate.
I would also take the liberty to inclose you the Evening Post No. 475 which Governor Livingston was so obliging as to send me yesterday. Were we not fully satisfied from our experience, that there are no artifices, no measures too black or wicked for the Enemy or there adherents to attempt, in order to promote their views, we might be astonished at the daring confidence, in defiance of the opinion of the World manifested in a publication in this paper, purporting a Resolution of Congress of the 20th Febry. This proceeding is infamous to the last degree, and calculated to produce the most baneful consequences, by exciting an opposition in the people to our drafting system, and embarrassing, at least, the only probable mode now left us for raising Men. I think it of great importance that the Forgery should be announced in the most public manner, and I am the more induced to this opinion, from Govr. Livingston's account of the disagreeable operation it has had, and is still likely to produce, if not contradicted. If it is, and with a few strictures, I should hope that it will excite in the breasts of all our Countrymen, a just and generous contempt of the Enemy for such a dirty wicked proceeding.
I was last night honored with your favor of the 18th Inst. with the proceedings alluded to. A general plan of operations for the campaign is indispensibly essential to be settled. I have thought much upon the subject and some propositions respecting it were put in the hands of all the General Officers here on Tuesday Evening, for their consideration. I also intended to send a Messenger this day to meet General Gates, supposing him to be on his way to Hudsons river, and to request his call at this Camp, that we might enter into a full and free discussion of the point. There is not a moment to be delayed, in forming some general system, in my opinion, and I only wait the arrival of Generals Gates and Mifflin to summon Council for the purpose. I have the honour etc.
P.S. It is confidently reported and I have little doubt of the truth of it, that Sir Win. Howe is recalled, and that Genl. Clinton is to succeed him in command.90 I also have the pleasure to transmit a list of sundry Officers exchanged on the 21st Inst.91
[Note 90: Howe's request to be relieved was accepted and Germain's letter directing him to turn over the command in America to Sir Henry Clinton is dated Feb. 4, 1778. It was received by Howe on April 9.]
[Note 91: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 92: Virginia Delegates to Congress.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 23, 1778.
Gentlemen: I have the honor of yours of the 16th instant. I know of no more eligible mode of remitting the 30,080 dollars for payment of the additional Bounty to the reinlisted Men of the Virginia Regiments, than by giving a special order to the paymaster General to pay that Sum to me or my order. I only beg, that the Gentlemen of the treasury Board may be reminded, that as pay is due the greatest part of the Troops from the month of January, they should look upon the 30,000m dollars as extra, and therefore send a sum besides adequate to the exigencies of the Army. I am &ca.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: In the affair of Princetown the winter before last, a box was taken from the enemy, which by appearances was supposed to contain a quantity of hard money. It was put into a small ammunition cart, on the spur of the occasion and has ever since disappeared. I am informed there were some suspicions at the time against one Crane,94 a Capt. Lieutenant in the artillery, who it was imagined had converted the box and its contents to his own use.
[Note 94: Capt.-Lieut. Joseph Crane(?), of Knox's Continental Artillery.]
The inclosed letter to Mr. Hamilton, gives some reason to believe those suspicions were not without foundation; and if any method could be fallen upon to detect the villainy and recover the money, or some equivalent for it, it would not be amiss. I am not able to give you any clew to the discovery further than to refer you to Mr. Kip95 whom I have desired to communicate to you all the information he may be possessed of on the subject. Crane it seems lives in Orange County, within your government. I am, etc.96
[Note 95: In the draft Kip is stated to be a deputy quartermaster general at Pompton, N. J., but this was crossed off.]
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 24, 1778.
Sir: It being indispensibly necessary that some general plan of operation should be settled for the present Campaign; and perceiving that Congress have been pleased to appoint you to command on the North River. I am to request, if you should not find it too inconvenient, that you will make a digression from your route thither, and favor me with a call at this Camp, that we may enter upon a discussion of the point, and form some general System. The propriety of this measure, particularly at this advanced period, will be so obvious to you, that it is unnecessary to add upon the subject. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 24, 1778.
Sir: In conformity to a Resolve of Congress,98 of which the inclosed is a Copy, I am to inform you that a Council of War at which I request your attendance, will be held at this place to deliberate and determine upon the measure recommended by Congress.
[Note 98: The resolve of Apr. 18, 1778. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
As the meeting of the Council, will depend upon the arrival of General Gates, to whom I have written, you will be pleased to enquire of him when he will be here, and regulate yourself accordingly. I am &ca.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. Another draft of this short letter, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, is in the Washington Papers. It expresses the same ideas in different language.]
Valley Forge, April 24, 1778.
Sir: It is essential that there should be an immediate meeting of General Officers to consult and advise upon some measures of great importance; I am therefore to request your speediest return to Camp that you may make a part of the Board. I am etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Another draft of this short letter, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is in the Washington Papers. It expresses the same idea in different language.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: A council will be held here, as speedily as possible, to settle a plan of operations for the ensuing campaign, which, I should be glad, you could make it convenient to attend. General Gates and Mifflin are to be members of this council, on the arrival of whom at camp, it will be entered upon. As it is a business of great importance and requires dispatch, if it will suit you to be present, you will be pleased to repair immediately to Head Quarters. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 3: Turner lived on the Rappahannock River in King George County, Va. His father, who died in 1758, had been a friend of Washington.]
April 25, 1778.
Sir: Altho' I am not much accustomed to accept presents, I cannot refuse one offered in such polite terms as accompanied the Pistols and furniture you were so obliging as to send me by Captn. Fauntleroy. They are very elegant, and deserve my best thanks, which are offered with much sincerity. The favourable Sentiments you are pleased to entertain of me, and the obliging and flattering manner in which they are expressed add to the obligation. I am etc.
Valley Forge, April 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your obliging favour of the 18th. Instant, only Yesterday evening. I thank you much for the explanatory hints it contains, and could have wished it had come to hand a little sooner. I have many things to say to you, but as the Express, who will deliver you this, is going with dispatches that will not admit of delay, I shall content myself with taking Notice of one matter, that appears to me to require immediate remedy.4
[Note 4: Morris wrote (April 18): "All will yet go well. We have determined to send Gates to Hudson's River where he is to command very largely. But he is to receive Instructions, which shall be proper. You are directed to call a Council of Major Generals in which the Chief Engineer is officially to be a Member and to which by a subsequent Resolution Genls. Gates and Mifflin were ordered to repair. As these Gentlemen ought not to receive Orders immediately from Congress they are as you will see permitted to leave the Board of War upon your Order. This Amendment was for that Reason acquiesced in nem con...
Apropos, of your Council of War. Should you determine on any Thing, which considering the Course of human Affairs is I confess rather improbable Let Congress know Nothing about it. A Secret should never be trusted to many Bosoms. I will forfeit any Thing except Reputation that it will not be well kept even by those necessarily confided in."
Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The resolution of Congress directs the Council to be formed of Major Generals and the Chief Engineer, who, you say, is to be a Member officially. By this, the Commanding Officer of Artillery is negatively excluded, who by the practice of Armies, and from the very nature of his appointment, is more officially a Member than the other. According to my Ideas, both, or neither, ought to be there; or, if an official preference is due to one more than the other, it is to the Commander in the Artillery line. I do not know what motives induced the discrimination in this instance; but I should suppose, it will at least be felt; and I will further add, though prejudices may be entertained by some against General Knox, there is no department in the Army, that has been conducted with greater propriety, or to more advantage, than the one in which he presides; and owing principally, if not wholly, to his management. Surely whatever plans may be come into, the Artillery will have no small share in the execution.
[You say all will yet be well; I wish it heartily, but am much mistaken, if there are not some secret and retrograde Springs in motion to disprove it.]
I wish you could announce the provision for Officers concluded. It seems to me the basis of all our operations. Resignation after resignation is taking place; not here only but of Officers acting East of Hudson's river, &c.5 I am etc.6
[Note 5: Morris's reply to this letter (May 1) states: "Knox will attend the Council. Conway hath resigned, and his Resignation is accepted. The Affairs of the Army are necessarily delayed by the foreign Affairs, which have broken in upon us. As to the Half Pay Matters stand thus the Questions have been carried but by an Entry on the Minutes there is an agreemt. that a final Question shall be put whether it be finally determined in Congress, or sent to the several States. When a Motion is made for the Purpose The yeas will be Massats. Rhode Island, Connec. Jersey, and South Carolina The Nays will be N York Maryland Virginia, and Georgia. Pensilvania is in a mighty flimsy Situation on that Subject having indeed a mighty flimsy Representation. I wish Boudinot were here. Delaware is absent who is with us as is N. Carolina also absent. New Hampshire is absent, who is against us. This is to go by Gates." (A vote was taken in Congress on May 13, and Morris proved a good prophet. The half-pay was defeated as he prophesied, but Delaware voted against it.)
Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The sentence in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Valley Forge, April 25, 1778.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Congress, that the report of the Commissioners coming, according to intelligence received yesterday by a Person of Philadelphia, is confidently believed, and it is there thought, that they will very soon arrive.7 I think it almost certain, that the matter will not be delayed, as the conduct of Ministry in not sending them immediately after their former propositions has been much reprobated; and as it may be of much importance to improve the first impressions of the people upon the occasion.
[Note 7: British peace commissioners to America. They were Frederick Howard, Earl of Carlisle, William Eden, and George Johnstone, They arrived in Philadelphia early in June, 1778.]
Lord Amherst, Admiral Kepple and General Murray are said to be the persons appointed, and it is likely they are vested with both civil and military powers. The information was thro' the channel of a sensible, intelligent Man well known and of esteemed credit. He is connected with the British Army, having two or three Brothers in it. I shall transmit the earliest accounts, I may receive from time to time on this very interesting subject. I have the honour etc.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, April 25, 1778.
Parole Persepolis. Countersigns Peekskill, Peru.
The Court Martial whereof Colo. Craige is President is dissolved, and another ordered to sit in a Hut near General Varnum's Brigade, Genl. Huntington's late quarters next Monday ten o'Clock in the forenoon for the Trial of all Prisoners brought before them. Colo. Febiger10 is appointed President. Each Brigade gives a Captain for the Court.
[Note 10: Col. Christian Febiger, of the Second Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Lieut. Colo. Gibson of the 13th. is appointed to the Command of the 6th. Virginia Regiment till further orders.
Edward Harris, Serjeant in one of the Virginia Regiments by applying at the Auditors Office may hear of something to his advantage. If he is absent his officers are desired to send Information to said Office where he is.
[Note 11: He resigned the royal governorship of New York, Mar. 21, 1778.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 26, 1778.
Sir: Your letter of the 17th.12 and a triplicate of the same were duly received. I had had the pleasure of seeing the Draughts of the two Bills, before those which were sent by you, came to hand; and I can assure you, they were suffered to have a free currency among the officers and men under my command, in whose fidelity to the United States, I have the most perfect confidence. The inclosed Gazette, published the 24th. at York Town, will show you, that it is the wish of Congress they should have an unrestrained circulation.
[Note 12: Tryon's letter of April 17 was forwarded to Congress by Washington, April 23, and is filed with that letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I take the liberty to transmit you a few printed copies of a resolution of Congress of the 23d. instant, and to request, you will be instrumental, in communicating its contents, so far as it may be in your power, to the persons who are the objects of its operation.13 The benevolent purpose, it is intended to answer, will, I persuade myself, sufficiently recommend it to your candor. I am, etc.14
[Note 13: The resolve of April 23 recommended to each State to issue a proclamation offering pardons, as it might judge expedient, to its inhabitants who had levied war against the State, or aided or abetted the enemy, who should surrender themselves before June 10. Congress ordered 500 copies of this resolve printed in English and 100 in German, and Washington was desired to take measures to circulate them through the Tory troops with the British Army.]
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Valley Forge, April 26, 1778.
Sir: I received yesterday your favour of the 15th Instr. with the papers alluded to.
Your reasoning upon the subject of Deserters attending Flags, is certainly right, and not to be disputed. Their appearing in that character is an additional crime, and it is the practice of War, in such instances, founded in principles of common reason and the delicacy of truces, to execute them immediately. This is the custom in general cases. How far the circumstances, which attended the enlistment of Job Hetfield,15 require a discrimination in his favor, is a point, perhaps, of some difficulty. I find by inquiry, of General Maxwell, that he was inlisted and Sworn; but yet, that there was a sort of coercion, which might distinguish it from an act perfectly free and voluntary. Upon the whole, I think, his detention and confinement justifiable, which I would prefer to capital punishment. At the same time, you will permit me to observe, that, from the expediency of Flags and the necessity of such an intercourse between Waring Powers, it is the constant usage for the party detaining, executing, &c. to inform the other side of the reasons.
[Note 15: The name was Hatfield, many members of this family being notorious Tories.]
I am sorry, I do not recollect the mode suggested by the Committee, for paying for the Horses. None of the Gentn. are now here, and therefore I shall take the earliest occasion to transmit an extract of your letter to Congress and to forward you their Answer. It is certain without Money things go on heavily if they go on at all.
As the Season for Action is fast advancing and it is necessary for me, in forming plans, either offensive or defensive, to know, with some degree of certainty, what succours might be obtained from the Country in any emergency, I request that you will inform me, as soon as you can, what number of well armed Militia (I say well armed, because the Continent cannot supply them) Jersey could afford, if called upon? How long they might be retained in service, and how soon drawn into the Field after requisition. I would wish the estimate to be as accurate, as you can well make it, and if imperfect in any instance, that it should rather fall short of the Number that may be obtained, than exceed. I do not mean by this, to relinquish my hopes of your filling your Battalions, and I trust the Legislature will no longer defer Measures necessary for effecting so important and interesting a Work. It is our misfortune never to have our forces in the Field, till the Enemy have received their reinforcements.
I have taken the freedom to commit to your care a letter for Major Genl. Tryon, which you will be pleased to send by a Flag to Staten Island, or to such other post; as you may deem most proper. I transmit you a Copy of our Correspondence, which, on his part, is pretty Similar, it is probable, to His addresses to your Officers. Determined that I should get some of his obliging letters, he made out a first, a Second and a third, all of the same tenor and date. I am persuaded you will be under some difficulty, which to admire most, his impertinence, or his folly. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, April 26, 1778.
Sir: The Season for action is advancing very fast, and it is highly necessary for me, in forming any plans, ... * ... *17 It is of very great importance, that your estimate should be well
[Note 17: The omitted portion is identical with that part of Washington's letter to Gov. William Livingston relating to the same matter, the same date as this letter, q. v.] considered, that the experiment may not disappoint any expectations or projects which may be formed in consequence. I have the honour etc.
P.S. Be so good also, as to let me know in how short a time after requisition is made, they could be drawn into the field.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and John Laurens.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Sabbath, April 26, 1778.
Parole Rariton. Countersigns Rumhey, Raymond.
The Commander in Chief has been informed that it is a common Practice for soldiers to go about the Country and make use of his name to extort from the Inhabitants by way of sale (or gift) any necessaries they want for themselves or others. He strictly enjoins it upon officers to take the most effectual measures to put a stop to a practice so daring and infamous and assures all concerned that if any Persons shall be detected in the Commission of it they will be punished with every Circumstance of disgrace and Severity.
Elihu Marshal, Adjutant of the 2nd. New-York Regiment, is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in General Poor's Brigade 'till further orders and is to be respected accordingly. The Commanding Officers of Regiments are desired to wait on the Commander in Chief at Head Quarters precisely at ten o'Clock tomorrow morning.
Wanted immediately for public service the following Workmen (viz) Two good Smelters, two ditto Miners, four Axmen, One dresser to tend the Stamp-Mill to work and burn ore and a good Smith for which a handsome Salary will be given. Any Person out of the Army that can be well recommended for the above Purpose by applying to Major John Clark at the Auditors Office will meet with Encouragement.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, April 27, 1778.
Parole Simsbury. Countersigns Solon, Scott.
Lieutt. Colo. Fleury19 is to act as Sub-Inspector and will attend the Baron Stuben 'till Circumstances shall admit of assigning him a Division of the Army. Each Sub-Inspector is to be attended daily by an Orderly-Serjeant drawn by turns from the Brigades of his own Inspection that the necessary orders may be communicated without delay.
[Note 19: Lieut. Col. François Louis Teisseydre, Marquis de Fleury, of Continental Engineers.]
A few Continental Lottery Tickets to be sold at the Oderly-Office. The drawing of the Lottery will commence the first of next month.
Valley Forge, April 27, 1778.
Sir: I had the Honor, yesterday afternoon, to receive your Letter of the 24th, continued to the 25th, with its important inclosures.
Congress will be pleased to accept my sincere thanks for the fresh instance of confidence, manifested in their Resolution of the 23d and other proceedings, and they may rest assured, that whatever powers are intrusted to me, shall be unvariably directed to promote the interest of these States.20 If in any case there should be a misapplication or failure in the execution, they will be the effect of mistake and not of design.
[Note 20: "Resolved, That the powers vested in General Washington by the resolutions of 17 September, 8 October and 10 December, 1777, be renewed and extended to the 10 day of August, 1778." These were the so-called plenary powers.]
I shall take measures for distributing the report of the Committee on Lord North's Bills, and the Resolutions of the 23d, inviting delinquents to their allegiance, and to the protection of these States. This proceeding appears to me founded in great, good policy, and I should hope, that it will be attended with many valuable consequences; but this can only be proved by the event.
Tho' I wish most heartily for the aid of General Lee in Council, and upon every other occasion, Yet as the time of his return is uncertain, or at least will be several days before it takes place; and as it seems to me, that there is not a moment to lose in forming some general system for our Operations, I should think it inexpedient for General Gates to delay coming to Camp, 'till his arrival. After a plan is digested, there will be a great deal of time expended before things will be in a proper train for the execution. The season is fast advancing, and the period which may be most favourable for any designs we may form, will presently arrive.
I take the liberty to transmit an Extract of a Letter from Genl. Heath, which will shew Congress, that he is pressed on all sides for money. Governor Livingston too is apprehensive, he will be under embarrassments on account of the purchase of Horses, in consequence of the recommendation of the Committee. Their Letter to him, by some means, has been mislaid in the Assembly, and he does not know exactly, the mode prescribed for the payment. I cannot inform him myself, or do what perhaps is more necessary, furnish him with money, and therefore hope that Congress or the Committee will.
I have written Major Genl. Tryon a few lines, in answer to his Letter, a copy of which is inclosed. I have the honour etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 27, 1778.
Sir: I have lately been informed by a Gentleman, actuated solely by a regard to the public good, and by an apprehension that we might fall short in the indispensible article of musket Cartridges particularly, that there are not, in his opinion, a sufficient number of Workmen kept employed, in the Elaboratories of Carlisle and Lebanon, to answer the exigencies of the Campaign. As the hint was thrown out to me, probably supposing that the publick Works were under my direction, I thought it my duty instantly to communicate it to you, that due inquiry might be made, and the Commissary General of Military Stores ordered to enlarge his plan, if it should be found insufficient. While an enquiry of this nature is on foot, perhaps it would be well to extend it to the Elaboratories to the Eastward, and see what progress they are making. I shall not add upon the importance of this subject or apologize for giving you this trouble, as you are so well acquainted with the real, as well as accidental expenditure of ammunition in the course of a Campaign, and the fatal consequences attending a scarcity of it. I have the honour etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. It is addressed to General Gates, as president of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 22d instant. I take the hint in the friendly light in which it was meant, and thank you for your attention to a matter of the utmost importance. I shall write to the Board of War, and, without mentioning names, let them know that there is not that activity and exertion in the Conductors of our Elaboratories, that the advanced season demands. Some allowance must be made, when you consider that our Works were removed the last Winter from Allen Town and Easton to Lebanon and Carlisle, and that it took some time to have them properly fitted for Business; but as that has been compleated, there can be no excuse for not going on briskly now.
The management and direction, of the Elaboratories out of Camp, belongs intirely to the Board of War, and I cannot therefore with propriety send an Officer to superintend them, but I have no doubt that the Board will immediately look into the matter, and give necessary orders upon my representation. I am &ca.
[P.S.] Quare have you ever received a Letter from me, in answer to yours by Colo. Armand?23
[Note 23: In the writing of Tench Tilghman, The P. S. is in the writing of Washington. From the original in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J., to whom the editor is indebted.]
Head Quarters, April 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 20th instant, I have received. The practice of seizing and confining the friends to America, in the civil line, however barbarous it may be, is a favourite engine of policy with the enemy; from which, I believe it will not be easy to make them depart. Their object is to deter men from taking an active and leading part in our governments; the firm establishment of which they foresee, will be fatal to their views. Whether the measure of seizing their friends with us, to redeem ours in their power, would put a stop to the practice is extremely doubtful. There are few persons among us, whom they esteem of sufficient consequence to desist on their account, from anything which they look upon as advancive of their interest.
With respect to Mr. Bedford, if the exchange you mention was under my direction, I should chearfully consent to its taking place. But Mr. Cook is not, that I know of, a military prisoner; consequently not subject to my disposal. I apprehend he must be a prisoner to this state, and therefore it lies with them to determine whether he shall be exchanged for Mr. Bedford. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, April 28, 1778.
Parole Tripoli. Countersigns Toulon, Tunis.
The Medicine Chests from Scotts and Woodford's Brigades to be sent to the Yellow Springs tomorrow where they will be refilled by the Apothecary General, Mr. Cutting.
The sentences against David Rush and Thomas Fitzgerald mentioned in orders of the 18th. instant are commuted to one month's constant fatigue each.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments are desired to prevent their men from stragling that they may be ready to turn out on the shortest notice.
It is expected that the several Brigades will be completed as soon as possible with forty rounds pr. man: The Brigade Quarter Masters will make out returns immediately for that purpose; They must be signed by the Commanding Officers of Brigades.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, April 29, 1778.
Parole Ulysses. Countersigns Ulster, Ulm.
Major Ledyard25 is removed from the 4th. to the 1st. New York Regiment.
[Note 25: Maj. Benjamin Ledyard. He resigned in March, 1779.]
Each Officer who mounts guard will in future bring his Name, Regiment and Brigade wrote on a Piece of Paper, which he will deliver to the Brigade Major of the day when he is appointing the Officers to the several guards. Strict compliance with this order is expected, as it will shorten the duty of the Parade.
Those Regiments that are in need of Shoes may be supplied by applying to the Cloathier Genl. Store.
In order to prevent any disputes which may hereafter arise among the Officers of the Virginia line relative to the distribution of the draughts from that State, the following mode is henceforward to be observed. The Draughts are upon their Arrival in Camp to be brought to that Brigade to which the Officer who conducts them from Virginia belongs. They are to continue with that Brigade for the space of twenty four hours that they may have time to inform themselves of the situation of the different Regiments in the Line and where their Relations, Friends and Acquaintances are; After the Expiration of the twenty four hours they shall be respectively brought before the Officer commanding the Brigade and make their free Election of Corps which shall be binding and obligatory provided the Regiments they choose shall not be fully completed; in that case they are to have another Choice. While the draughts continue in the Brigade at which they first arrive they shall draw provisions by order of the Commanding Officer and if they have not had the Small-Pox, they shall be innoculated by the Surgeons of the Brigade; These orders are constantly to be made known to the Draughts upon their arrival, and if any Officer is convicted of making use of any undue means to induce the draughts to join his Regiment or Company he may depend upon being called to a severe Account.
Complaint having been made by Mr. Dewees26 Proprietor of the Valley Forge that the soldiers pull down the houses and
[Note 26: William Dewees.] break the fire bays at what is called the new Forge at the Valley Creek; The Commander in Chief strictly forbids all Persons from further damaging the said buildings and Works which he hopes will be punctually attended to especially when they consider the great loss which Mr. Dewees has already suffered by the Enemy and by the great waste which our Army has been under the Necessity of commiting upon his Wood and other Improvements.
As some Inconveniencies have attended the general order of the 17th. instant by confining the purchase of Milk and other Necessaries for the use of the sick to the Regimental Quarter Masters; instead of that mode a discreet Serjeant and a few men according to the number of sick in each Regiment are to be sent out daily to purchase those Articles with Passes from the Officers Commanding Brigades respectively.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 18th instant, and am pleased to hear that your prospect of procuring Recruits and Draughts for the Army bore a more favourable appearance than when you wrote before. I must beg you to forward on all those for the Regiments at this Camp as fast as possible.
I expect in a few days a general plan of operations for the Campaign will be settled; if one similar to that which you mention should be fixed upon, your assistance will still be wanting in Connecticut to arrange and forward the Militia which we shall have occasion to draw from that State, and therefore wish you to continue there till you hear from me. I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, April 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your two favors of the 6th. and 13th. Instt. have been duly received.
I am glad to hear that General Burgoyne is gone, and wish his departure had been much earlier. At the time of his Capture he certainly must have entertained very favourable impressions of our force, and perhaps in point of good policy he should have been allowed to depart, before they were in the smallest degree done away, and before he could have obtained any accurate Ideas of our affairs. He must yet, in vindication of his conduct, speak largely of our Powers.
I received a quantity of Wax from Reading, which I presume, was what you sent.
The resignation of so many good Officers is a painful circumstance whether it proceeds from choice, or necessity. You must indulge Captain Sewal,28 taking care that his recruiting and Regimental accounts are previously settled.
[Note 28: Capt. Stephen Sewall, of Lee's Additional Continental regiment. His resignation is dated July 1, 1778; he served as aide to General Glover from August, 1778, to July, 1782.]
It is astonishing that Officers will, in direct violation of the Resolution of Congress, my recruiting instructions and the most evident principles of policy, founded in experience, persevere in inlisting Deserters from the British Army. Supposing it might be done in any case, yet there is every possible objection to the measure in the instance of Deserters from General Burgoyne's Army. These Troops did not originally come into our hands thro' choice, they were conquered, brought to our possession by compulsion. Those apprehensions of punishment in case of return, which may operate on the minds of Deserters, they feel nothing of. So far from the most distant chance of punishment They will be applauded by the Commanders of the British Army, for their fidelity and attachment to their Prince, and their inlisting with us, will be considered as a high stroke of policy and the only probable mode they could adopt to effect their escape. We are counting on Men, who cannot be confided in, and who will embrace the earliest opportunity to leave us and strengthen the Enemy, at the expence of Arms, Cloathes and bounty on our part. But very few, if any, of those who Deserted from General Burgoyne and who came on with the two detachments under Lieutenant Colo. Smith,29 now remain with him, they are gone. In like manner, a detachment from Colo. Henley,30 which marched from Boston 60 strong arrived here two or three days ago with 13 Men only, and had it not been for a detachment of New Hampshire Troops, it is highly probable, one of 'em would not have been seen. Thirty of the 60 are now in Easton Jail, having formed a plan at that place to go off in a body. The rest except 13 had escaped before. If we would wish to reinforce the Enemy with the whole of Mr. Burgoynes Army, we can not pursue a mode that will be more effectual or more certain, than to inlist it in our service; but it may be done with less injury by sending them the Men, unarmed, without Cloathes and without paying them an exorbitant bounty. If nothing else will restrain Officers from pursuing such a pernicious, ruinous practice, they must be made to pay for all expences and losses occasioned by it. Indeed there is nothing that can compensate for the injury.
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith.]
[Note 30: Col. David Henley.]
Colo. Heister,31 who was intended to be the object of the flag to Halifax, so far as the Board of War directed, is returned. He arrived at Philadelphia a few days ago, and was discharged.
[Note 31: Daniel Heister. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, Mar. 14, 1778, ante.)]
You seem to be pressed hard for money. The price of articles has got to such a pitch, that it will be difficult to furnish the necessary supplies. I have transmitted an extract of your Letter to Congress upon this subject.
I would wish you to communicate to the General Assembly, that part of this Letter which relates to the inlisting of Deserters. It is more than probable, Men under that description may be made up in the Quotas furnished by some of their Towns. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: ln the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, April 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 21st. instant. I am as much at a loss as you can possibly be how to procure Arms for the Cavalry, there are 107 Carbines in Camp but no Swords or Pistols of any consequence. General Knox informs me, that the 1100 Carbines which came in to the Eastward and were said to be fit for Horsemen were only a lighter kind of Musket. I believe Cols. Baylot and Bland have procured Swords from Hunter's Manufactory in Virginia, but I do not think it will be possible to get a sufficient Number of Pistols, except they are imported on purpose. I long ago urged to Congress the necessity of importing a large quantity of Horse Accoutrements from France, but whether the order was ever given, or whether they have miscarried in the passage I do not know.
I suppose the Horses purchased by Govr. Livingstons order in Jersey, will be immediately delivered to the different Regiments. Cols. Baylor and Bland will send on those purchased in Virginia without loss of time, and I am informed that a considerable number are purchased and purchasing in this State. Necessity will oblige us to bring them into the Field very raw, as I look upon it too late to think of engaging the Connecticut Militia Horse, neither do I think the number you mention could be procured. If the Enemy wait for reinforcements, it will probably be a considerable time before the Campaign will be active and fatiguing, and if the Officers are attentive great progress may be made in training while the duty is easy. I am &ca.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, April 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favord with yours of the 27th. Instt.
I had received the Resolution of Congress of the 23d. extending my former powers. From your representation of the character of John Derrick, he seems a proper object to make an example of. You will be pleased to transmit me the proceedings of the Court Martial against him, that I may determine upon them. This I do not desire from the smallest doubt of the most conscientious rectitude and propriety of conduct on your part, being satisfied that this will ever be the case, but from an idea on reconsideration of the matter, that the powers delegated to me by Congress are of a personal nature, and should according to common usage in similar cases, at least in instances where life is concerned, be exercised and carried into execution by a personal decree. You are not to infer from hence, that you are not to order Court Martials for the Trial of Offenders in the predicament of John Derrick, and who have or may violate the Resolutions you mention, but only that the proceedings in such cases, where Capital punishments are denounced, must be sent to me for approbation or disapprobation.
I have sent to the Commissary of Military Stores upon the subject of Arms, and find that the Arms which were at Faggs Manor have been ordered away and are now on the road to the Armourers to be repaired. At present you cannot be provided with either Arms or Armourers.
I must request that you will transmit me immediately a Return of the Troops under your command and that you will do it every Friday, that it may come into the General Return on Monday. I have at this instant a pressing occasion for it.
I have the happiness to congratulate you on the most interesting and important intelligence just received. The La Sensible a Frigate of 36 Guns belonging to his Most Christian Majesty, has just arrived at Falmouth, Casco Bay, in 35 days from France, which she left the 8th. of March, with dispatches from our Envoy at the Court of Versailles, informing as pt. Letter from the Gentleman who has gone to Congress with the dispatches, that the Court of France has recognized us free and Independent States. That Britain is in a greater ferment than she ever was since the Revolution, and that all Europe is getting into a flame. This fortunate event I presume will be announced by Congress. A Ship of 36 Guns sailed 6 Weeks before with the intelligence, but springing her Mast at Sea was obliged to put back. I refer you to Lt. Colo. Fleury for further particulars. Hence you may account for Lord Norths speech and two Bills. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley Forge, April 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: On Monday I received your favor of the 22d Inst.
I should be extremely sorry if the incursions you apprehend, should take place. From the defeats and disappointments the Indians met with the last campaign, when pushed on and supported by a formidable regular Army, we had reason to hope, that they would remain peaceable, at least for some time. However, there is no reasoning with precision from the past to the future conduct of these people. Their own disposition to ravage, with the artifices of the Enemy may possibly induce them to commit some outrages in order to alarm and divert a part of our force, from the points at which it will be materially wanted. I have not seen the Resolution which you mention, but I imagine Genl. Gates, who is to command immediately the whole northern department, will dispose of the Troops acting there, in such way, as the exigency of affairs may seem most to require. Securing the north river is an object of the first magnitude and appears to be a principal one in the opinion of Congress, yet his instructions extend to the protection of the northern and Western frontiers of the State against any ravages that may be attempted. I expect him here in a Day or two, when I shall communicate to him your apprehensions. This proceeding may be placed to the account of our generosity, but it certainly cannot to that of policy or our true interest. It appears to me, that no period in this contest has demanded our exertions equal to the present one. Upon every rational principle, we should have, if possible, more than a respectable Army on foot. Britain is setting every engine to work against us. She means to try us by force and by fraud, and in proportion to our abilities in the field, will be our success in resisting both. I am, etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Valley Forge, in Pensylvania, April 30, 1778.
Sir: I received, not long since, your [polite and obliging] favour of the 12th. of November last, accompanied by your agreeable presents to Mrs. Washington and myself, for which we beg you will accept our acknowledgements.36 It will [I am
[Note 36: Penet was in Nantes, France, on the date of this letter.] perswaded] enhance the pleasure you feel on the occasion to be informed, that the extra shoulder and sword knots are destined for Generals Arnold and Lincoln; Gentlemen, who were wounded, while rendering very distinguished services, in the last actions, between our Northern army and General Burgoyne's troops.
With my sincere thanks for polite expressions of regard to me, and wishes for the speedy and prosperous termination of the war, in which we are engaged, and with assurances of real esteem. I have the honour, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Valley-forge, April 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: I thank you much for your obliging favor of the27th.
I think with you, that a most important crisis is now at hand; and that there cannot be too much wisdom in all our Councils for conducting our affairs to a safe and happy issue. There should in my opinion, be a full representation of the States in Congress, which I have often regretted has not been the case for a long time past. I also concur with you in Sentiment, that Gentlemen any where, whose abilities might be of essential service in case of treaty with the British Commissioners, ought to be called forth for the purpose. It will be a work of infinite importance and the result may lead to happiness or to misery; to freedom, or to Slavery.
The enemy are determined to try us by force, and by fraud; and while they are exerting their utmost powers in the first instance, I do not doubt but they will employ men in the second, versed in the arts of dissimulation, of temporising, negotiating, genius's.
It appears to me, that nothing short of Independance can possibly do. The injuries we have received from Britain can never be forgotten, and a peace upon other terms would be the sourse of perpetual feuds and animosities. Besides, should Britain from her love of tyranny, and lawless domination attempt again to bend our Necks to the yoke of slavery, and there is no doubt but she would, for her pride and ambition are unconquerable, no Nation would credit our professions, nor grant us aid at any rate, their favors would be obtained upon the most disadvantageous, and dishonorable terms.
I sincerely wish the provision for Officers so long the subject of discussion, was established. It is certainly equitable, and in my opinion essential. Day after day, and hour after hour produces resignations; if they were confined to bad Officers, or to those of little or no character, they would be of little or no consequence. But it is painful to see men who are of a different cast, who have rendered great Services to their Country, and who are still, and may be most materially wanted, leaving the Army, on acct. of the distresses of their family, and to repair their Circumstances, which have been much injured by their zeal in the part they have taken in the defence of common Rights; the provision if adopted, would not produce present relief, nor a present expence, yet it would be a compensation in future for their misfortunes and their toils; and be some support to their injured constitutions. I will be done, after observing if the measure is to be submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for their concurrance, that the delay, supposing it should be assented to will I fear, be attended with effects that will only be regretted when too late. But the chance in such case, will be rather against the adoption; for there are but few of the Legislatures, who are impressed, or who can without difficulty be fully informed of the real state of things; and while this matter is held in suspence, every thing is at a stand, and the most fatal consequences may result from it. I do not to this hour know whether (putting half-pay out of the question) the old or New establishment of the Regiments is to take place; how to dispose of the Officers in consequence; whether the instituting of the several other Corps, as agreed to by the Comee., and referred by them to Congress, is adopted or not; in a word, I have no ground to form a single arrangement upon; nor do I know whether the augmentation of the Cavalry is to take place, or was rejected, in order that I may govern myself thereby; equally unable am I to answer the incessant applications of the Officers of the Pensylvania, and additional Battalions, who knowing the intended reduction of some of those Corps, are held in suspence, unable what part to act. In short, our present situation (now the first of May) is beyond description, irksome and dangerous. But I will trouble you no further than to assure you that, I am, etc.
[M.L.]
[Note 38: Jean Baptiste Lazarus Thevenau Francy. He was agent of Rodrique Hortalez & Co. (Caron de Beaumarchais) in America, and, on the date of this letter, was at York, Pa.]
Head Quarters, April 30, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty to enclose you a letter for Mr. Penet, which I request your care in transmitting to him, by the first proper conveyance. I congratulate you on the happy and interesting intelligence from France, which you will have no doubt heard, before this reaches you. I have the honor, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head-Quarters, April 30, 1778.
Sir: The extensive ill consequences arising from a want of uniformity in discipline and manoeuvres throughout the Army, have long occasioned me to wish for the establishment of a well organised inspectorship, and the concurrence of Congress in the same views has induced me to set on foot a temporary institution, which from the success that has hitherto attended it, gives me the most flattering expectations, and will I hope obtain their approbation.
Baron de Steubens length of service in the first military School in Europe, [and his former rank] pointed him out as a person peculiarly qualified to be at the head of this department; this appeared the least exceptionable way of introducing him into the army and one that would give him the most ready opportunity of displaying his talents. I therefore proposed to him to undertake the office of Inspector General which he agreed to with the greatest chearfulness, and has performed the duties of it with a zeal and intelligence equal to our wishes; he has two ranks of Inspectors under him, the lowest are officers charged with the inspection of brigades, with the title of brigade-inspectors; the others superintend several of these; they have written instructions relative to their several functions and the manoeuvres which they are to practice are illustrated by a company which the Baron has taken the pains to train himself.40
[Note 40: Ford prints the following extract from John Laurens's letter to his father, the President of Congress (Feb. 28, 1778), respecting Steuben: "I have had several long conversations with the Baron Steuben, who appears to me a man profound in the science of war, and well disposed to render his best services to the United States. In an interview between him and the general, at which I assisted in quality of interpreter, he declared that he had purposely waved making any contract with Congress, previous to his having made some acquaintance with the Commander in chief, in order that he might avoid giving offence to the officers of the army, and that the general might decide in what post he could be the most useful....I think he would be the properest man we could choose for the office of inspector general, and there are several good assistants that might be given him. I have the highest opinion of the service he would render in this line, as he seems to be perfectly aware of the disadvantages under which our army has labored from short enlistments and frequent changes; seems to understand what our subjects are capable of, and is not so staunch a systematist as to be averse from adapting established forms to stubborn circumstances. He will not give us the perfect instructions, absolutely speaking, but the best which we are in a condition to receive. We want some kind of general tutoring in this way so much, that as obnoxious as Conway is to most of the army, rather than take the field without the advantages that might be derived from a judicious exercise of his office, I would wish every motive of dissatisfaction respecting him for the present to be suppressed. The Baron proposes to take the rank of major general, with the pay, rations, &c. He does not wish for any actual command, as he is not acquainted with our language and the genius of our people."]
The Brigade-Inspectors were chosen by the Brigadier and commanding Officers of Regiments in each brigade. The Inspectors are Lt. Colonels Barber of Jersey, Brooks of Massachusetts, Davis of Virginia and Mr. Ternant a french gentleman; the reason for employing him apart [from] his intrinsic merit and abilities, was his possessing the french and english languages equally, which made him a necessary assistant to the Baron de Steuben; he is content to serve without rank, until after an experiment of his abilities, Congress shall determine what he is entitled to.
Upon the arrival of Lt. Colonel Fleury in camp, as he was unemployed, and had exercised the office of Aid-Major in France, the Baron proposed to have him employed as an Inspector in which I readily acquiesced, as Congress had given him the rank and pay of Lieut. Colonel;41 there may be other foreign Officers in continental pay, idle for want of being attached to some corps, of whose services we might avail ourselves in this way, which is the only method of disposing of them, unless they could be formed into a distinct corps.42
[Note 41: Washington wrote this phrase in the draft: "as Congress hath already bestowed on him the Rank and pay of Lt. Col."]
[Note 42: Washington wrote this phrase in the draft: "or form them into a distinct Corps."]
From the extraordinary fatigue and close attention required of the Officers employed in the inspectorship, I did not think it amiss to let them entertain hopes that Congress would allow some addition to the pay which they derive from their rank; and I take the liberty of recommending the measure. I would propose twenty dollars per month for the brigade-inspectors, and thirty for the inspectors, in addition to their pay in the line.43
[Note 43: Washington wrote thus in the draft: "I think not less than 30 Dollars pr. Month to the Sub Inspectors and 20 to those of the Brigades will be sufft. Comn."]
I should do injustice if I were to be longer silent with regard to the merits of the baron de Steuben, his knowledge of his profession added to the zeal which he has discovered since he began upon the functions of his office, lead me to consider him as an acquisition to the service and to recommend him to the attention of Congress; his expectations with regard to rank extend to that of Major General, his finances he ingenuously confesses will not admit of his serving without the incident emoluments; and Congress I presume from his Character and their own knowledge of him, will without difficulty gratify him in these particulars.
The Baron is sensible that our situation requires a few variations in the duties of his office, from the general practice in Europe, and particularly that they must necessarily be more comprehensive; in which as well as in his instructions he has skilfully yielded to circumstances.
The Success which has hitherto attended the plan, enables me to request with confidence the ratification of Congress, and is I think a pledge of the establishment of a well combined general System, which insurmountable obstacles have hitherto opposed. I have the honor to be, &c.44
[Note 44: In the writing of John Laurens; the draft, also by Laurens, is dated Apr. 28, 1778, and indorsed by him: "Copy to Congress 30th April." Washington, as noted, made several changes in Laurens's draft, which Laurens modified as above in the final signed letter sent to Congress.]
Valley Forge, May 1, 1778.
Sir: I have had the honour to receive your dispatches of the 27th Inst.
In compliance with the request of Congress, I shall immediately call upon the Officers in the Army to take the Oath of Allegiance and Abjuration.45 This I should have done, as soon as the Resolution passed, had it not been for the state of the Army at that time, and that there were some strong reasons which made it expedient to defer the matter.
[Note 45: On Feb. 3, 1778, Congress resolved that all officers, military and civil, should take an oath of allegiance to the United States, the form of which will be found in the Journals of the Continental Congress of that date. This form is also to be found in the General Orders, May 7, 1778, q. v.]
My opinion upon the subject of a future provision for the Officers, hath been so fully and I trust, so necessarily and equitably urged, that I shall not add further respecting it, except my sincere wishes that the establishment was determined on. Nothing in my idea can be more just, and I am certain there is nothing more essential. The present unsettled state of the Army, is hurtful in the extreme.
Since my Letter of the 27th, I have received authentic information of the sailing of a very large number of transports from Philadelphia. Two hundred it is said. They went down the Delaware, the beginning of the Week, light and empty. I have not been able to learn any thing of their destination, nor can I form a conjecture upon the occasion, that is the least satisfactory.
With infinite pleasure, I beg leave to congratulate Congress on the very important and interesting advices brought by the Frigate L'Sensible. Genl. McDougall and Mr. Deane were so obliging as to transmit me the outlines of the good tidings.46 As soon as Congress may think it expedient, I shall be happy to have an opportunity of announcing to the Army with the usual ceremony, such parts of the intelligence as may be proper and sanctified by authority. I have mentioned the matter to such
[Note 46: Simeon Deane, brother to Silas Deane, was the bearer of the treaties of amity and commerce and of alliance between France and the United States. He came over in the French frigate La Sensible, arriving in Casco Bay April 13. He reached York, Pa., on Saturday, May 2. Congress had adjourned till Monday, but immediately convened, and the dispatches were read. The treaties were unanimously ratified by Congress on the afternoon of May 4.] Officers as I have seen, and I believe no event was ever received with a more heart felt joy. I have the honour, etc.
P.S. Just as I had finished my Letter above, I received the honour of your favor of the 28th, with the Resolutions and Packets alluded to.47 I will take measures for dispersing the Printed Resolutions.48
[Note 47: On April 28 the President of Congress wrote to Washington: "The bearer hereof is charged with a packet containing 500 Copies of the Oath of Allegiance and Abjuration and he is directed to call on Mr. Bailey, printer at Lancaster for 200 Copies of the Act for granting pardons printed in the German tongue." This last was the packet alluded to in the P.S. to this letter.]
[Note 48: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Valley Forge, May 1, 1778.
Sir: In compliance with your request, contained in your Letter of the 30th Ulto. I have delivered the Bundle of papers respecting the loss of Tyconderoga &c. transmitted me some time ago, which I hope will get safe to hand.49 I have &c.50
[Note 49: These were the papers sent to headquarters by the committee appointed by Congress to collect evidence, etc., on the loss of Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. This letter of Washington's in indorsed by Charles Thomson: "read 4. The papers mentioned herein put into the hands of the comee. appointed to draw up the charges agst. Genl. Schuyler, Sinclair &c. as the pry. informs." This committee had been appointed on April 29 and consisted of Roger Sherman, William Henry Drayton, and Francis Dana.]
[Note 50: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 1, 1778.
Sir: I am honoured with yours of the 25th and 29th last Month. As I have never heard any thing from Genl. Heath respecting the exchange of Genl. Hamilton for Genl. Thompson since his letter of the 6th January, copy of which I transmitted to Mr. Peters51 in mine of the 25th Janry, I concluded that the
[Note 51: Richard Peters, secretary of the Board of War.] exchange could not be effected; but that no means may be left untried to regain so valuable an Officer as Genl. Thompson; I will again write to General Heath, and desire him to propose his exchange for either of the three Brigadiers at Cambridge. I have before mentioned my willingness to exchange the Officers under the Convention, for any of ours of equal rank, but I imagine this is made a matter of great favour by Genl Howe, as many urgent Letters to him on that subject, from the Conventionists, have passed thro' my hands. I have just now one from Lord Napier52 a Lieut. in the 31st Regt.
[Note 52: Francis, Lord Napier, lieutenant in the Thirty-first Foot, British Army.]
The state of our Elaboratories contained in yours of the 29th is sufficiently alarming, but would be much more so if we had not every reason to expect from the late glorious news from Europe, that the Enemy will not be in a condition to operate against us early. I make no doubt but every thing has been done and will be done, to put matters in the best state of preparation. I am exceedingly glad to hear that so active a Man as Mr. Henry53 is universally represented to be, has succeeded Butler in the Armourer's department, which had been long shamefully conducted. I do not think a moment's time is to be lost, in opening the lead mine upon Juniata.54 If the dispute of property is between individuals, the public should, in my opinion, take the matter in hand, keep an account of the produce and pay it to him who shall in future appear to have the best title. The Iron cartridge Cannisters should be by all means carried on. They will upon an emergency serve instead of the Cartouch Box and will always carry spare ammunition perfectly secure from Rain, and save tin of which the former ones were made. I have the honour &c.55
[Note 53: William Henry, Superintendent of Armourers.]
[Note 54: The Juniata River, in Pennsylvania.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; it is addressed to General Gates, as president of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, May 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: I return you my thanks for your favor of the 27th. Ulto. and heartily congratulate you on the important intelligence contained in it. As the matter is related in general terms, France appears to have acted with politic generosity towards us, and to have timed her declaration in our favour most admirably for her own interests and the abasing her ancient rival. One immediate good consequence I flatter myself will attend this intelligence, which is that the States will shake off their languor and be stimulated to complete their batallions. I am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, May 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: A plan has been formed for establishing uniformity of discipline and manoeuvres throughout the army by instituting an inspectorship, and the troops in camp have already derived evident benefit from the execution. Baron de Steuben a Prussian Officer of high rank and great experience acts as Inspector General and has under him two ranks of Inspectors, the first superintend several divisions of the Army, and the others with the title of brigade inspectors are charged each with the care of a brigade. Of the first class is Lieutt. Colo. Fleury, whom I send to Wilmington that the Division under your command may through his means receive the instructions which the Baron has introduced here. You will desire the Commanding Officers of Regiments to choose two active intelligent Officers to do the duty of brigade Inspectors; during their office they are to be excused from the duties of the line, and I presume that Congress will, in consideration of the exertions required of them, allow an addition to the pay which they derive from their rank. These Gentlemen will receive the Baron's written instructions relative to the most elementary points, from Colo. Floury, who is perfectly acquainted with his System, as his success must in a great measure depend upon his being properly seconded by the Officers, you will make it a point that all who are well and not on duty attend at the hours of exercise. Your own presence, as often as it does not interfere with any important business, will give weight to the matter.
I will not expatiate to you on the advantages of good discipline and aptness to manoeuvre in an army, but take it for granted that you are fully impressed with this utility, and that nothing on your part will be wanting to have them established in your Division. In order to correct the vicious step which our Soldiers have contracted, and introduce a natural march easy to the Soldier and calculated to gain ground, it will be necessary to discontinue the use of Music for some time.
I commend Colo. Floury to your protection, his disposition and talents promise success in the task which he has undertaken, provided he is seconded and supported. I am &ca.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: Mr. Francis Wade who has been lately appointed Deputy Qr. Mr. General for the State of Delaware and three Counties in Maryland, has applied to me for a letter of introduction to you. As his Business will lay among a number of disaffected and refractory people, he will probably sometimes want your advice and assistance to enable him to execute his duty. Mr. Wade is represented to me as an honest man and a warm and zealous friend to our Cause; but I must hint to you that his temper is hasty, which sometimes carries him beyond bounds. I mention this that you may look well into any Complaints before you determine. You will find him active and attentive to his business. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, May 1, 1778.
Sir: I am exceedingly concerned to learn that you are acting contrarily both to a positive Resolve of Congress and my express orders, in engaging British prisoners for your Legionary Corps. When Congress refered you to me on the Subject of its composition, to facilitate your raising it, I gave you leave to inlist one third deserters in the foot, and was induced to do even that, from your assuring me that your intention was principally to take Germans, in whom you thought a greater confidence might be placed. The British prisoners will chearfully inlist, as a ready means of escaping, the Continental bounty will be lost and your Corps as far as ever from being complete. I desire therefore that the prisoners may be returned to their confinement, and that you will for the future adhere to the restrictions under which I laid you. The Horse are to be, without exception, natives who have ties of property and family connexions. I am sorry it is not in my power to grant your request relative to draughting four men per Regiment for your corps, as this would be branching ourselves out into different corps without increasing our strength, and Men cannot conveniently be spared from the line at present. I am, etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 5th. of last Month. I have not the least doubt but your time and attention have been both fully applied to the Business upon which you were sent, and in which I hope you will have the desired success. I wrote to Colo. Bland about ten days ago and directed him to send forward the Horses and Recruits in squads, as they could be got ready, those men who have not had the small pox may be sent on and inoculated with their Regiments. I repeat this to you, lest you should not have been informed of it by Colo. Bland.
By a letter from Colo. Moylan a few days ago, I find that his Regiment and Sheldon's will want Arms, swords and pistols in particular, and as they are not to be obtained to the Northward, I beg you will engage all that you possibly can from Hunter.61
[Note 61: James Hunter, at Fredericksburg, Va.]
I approve of your employing Officers to purchase Horses &ca. in preference to the common dealers in that way, and as you seem to think that Captn. Lewis62 can be particularly useful to you, I shall send him back to Virginia.
[Note 62: Capt. George Lewis.]
Captn. Lewis informs me that you have been appointing Cornets to your Regiment, upon a presumption I suppose that the plan for augmenting the Cavalry is actually adopted. You must remember that this was only a recommendation of the Committee, but whether Congress have confirmed it I do not yet know. If any young Gentlemen apply for admission into your Regiment, I would have you take an account of them, but make no absolute promise of a Commission, as I am not clear that the powers, formerly vested in me by Congress to appoint Officers have not expired.
If there is a vacant Cornetcy in your Regiment, I should wish it reserved for Mr. Peregrine Fitzhugh63 Son of Colo. Fitzhugh of Patuxent in Maryland, a young Gentleman strongly recommended to me by his father. He is now here, but will go over to Major Clough64 and receive proper instructions from him, to fit him for command. Should your Regiment be full, be pleased to speak to Colo. Bland and desire him to reserve a Cornetcy in his, for Mr. Fitzhugh. I am etc.65
[Note 63: Peregrine Fitzhugh was appointed a cornet in the Third Continental Dragoons June 16, 1778. He was taken prisoner at Tappan, N.Y., in September, 1778; exchanged in October, 1780; captain in the Third Continental Dragoons in 1781; lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington from July, 1781, to close of war.]
[Note 64: Maj. Alexander Clough, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was killed at Tappan, N.Y., in September, 1778.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received yours of the 10th. Ulto. with an account of your proceedings up to that time. As the money put into your hands by the Board of Treasury was particularly for the purpose of procuring Horses and Accoutrements, I think you were right in not applying it to the payment of the Cloathing purchased by Colonel Temple.66
[Note 66: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Temple, of the First Continental Dragoons. He transferred to the Fourth Continental Dragoons in December, 1779; served to close of the war.]
I can see no objection to your taking up Money from the Deputy Pay Master General in Virginia and giving credit for it when you come to settle your Regimental Account. I wrote fully to you about ten days ago, and to Colo. Baylor this day, to which I refer you for orders respecting sending forward the Horses and Recruits with all dispatch. I am &ca.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 1, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 30th. last Month, informing me of your appointment to the Qr. Mastership for the Delaware State and three Counties in Maryland. As I am a stranger to all arrangements in that line, I do not know how it comes to pass that there should be so many employed in the same business in the same district. At any rate the thing must be wrong, as it increases officers and consequently one will be clashing with and bidding upon the other. I shall therefore speak to General Greene to regulate the matter. Inclosed you have a letter for General Smallwood, who I am convinced will give you every proper countenance and assistance in the execution of your duty. Genl. Reed68 never shewed me the Certificate which you mention, neither do I know to what it alludes. I am etc.67
[Note 68: Probably Joseph Reed, who had, however, by this date, declined the appointment of brigadier general in the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, May 1, 1778.
Parole America. Countersigns Amsterdam, Albany.
The Brigade Quarter Masters are daily to attend at the Orderly Office for the Quarter Master General's Orders precisely at three o'Clock in the afternoon. It is expected this order will be strictly complied with as the delinquents may depend on being severely noticed by the Quartr. Mastr. Genl.
As the Adjutant General is now furnish'd with the Names of all the men in the Hospitals and the Regiments they belong to; also of those who died deserted and were discharged from them at different times; Officers commanding Regiments and Companies are therefore desired immediately to apply to him and get an exact account of their men respectively before they attest their Muster Rolls for the last Month and every month hereafter, as such returns are to be made regularly for the future to prevent the Uncertainty hitherto experienced.
The Muster Master and his Deputies also are ordered to be more careful hereafter and not to certify any Muster Roll unless the duty every Man is on or the Hospital he is in is mentioned in the Muster-Roll.
On the day of Muster the men are to be brought on the parade clean, dressed in their Regimentals and with their Arms and Accoutrements; they are to be drawn up in the order in which they stand upon the Roll, with their Arms shouldered and Bayonets fixed; The Officers to take post in front of their respective Companies and to continue there during the time of Muster; The Field and Staff Officers are to attend and no Officer or soldier to be absent unless upon duty or prevented by sickness; The Rolls must be made out with all possible Fairness and agreeable to the directions given by the Officer of Musters.
A certain number of Pickets will be fixed up in the front of the Lines by direction of the Inspector General. A sufficient number of Centinels, from each Brigade are to be posted with strict orders to prevent their being removed.
A General Court Martial whereof Major Tyler69 is appointed President is ordered to sit tomorrow ten o'Clock in the forenoon at the Gulph to try such Persons as shall be brought before them70 six Captains and eight Subalterns will attend as Members.
[Note 69: Maj. John Steel Tyler, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in March, 1779; served subsequently as lieutenant colonel of Massachusetts Militia.]
[Note 70: "Last Evening [April 30] May poles were Erected in everry Regt in the Camp and at the Revelle I was awoke by three cheers in honor of King Tamany The day was spent in mirth and Jollity the soldiers parading marching with fife and Drum and Huzzaing as they passd the poles their hats adornd with white blossoms The following was the procession of the 3d J Regt on the aforesaid day first one serjeant drest in an Indian habit representing King Tamany Second Thirteen Serjeants drest in white each with a bow in his left hand and thirteen arrows in his right Thirdly thirteen Drums and fifes Fourthly the privates in thirteen Plattoons thirteen men each--The Non Commissiond Officcers and Soldiers being drawn up in the afforesaid manner on the Regimental Parade gave 3 Cheers at their own Pole and then Marchd of to Head Quarters to do Honor to his Excellency but just as they were descending the hill to the house and Aid met them and informd them that the Genl was indisposd and desird them to retire which they did with the greatest decency and regularity--they then returnd and marchd from right to left of Lord Stirlings Division Huzzaing at every Pole they pasd and then retird to their Regimental parade taking a drink of whiskey which a Generous contribution of their officers had procurd for them they dismisd and each man retird to his own hut without any accident hapening throughout the whole day the whole being carried on with the greatest regularity--in the evening the Officers of the aforesaid Regt assembld and had a song and dance in honour of King Tamany about 12 OClock we dismissd and retird to rest"-- Military Journal of George Ewing (Yonkers: 1928. Privately printed.)]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, May 2, 1778.
Parole Bavaria. Countersigns Bristol, Burlington.
The Commander in Chief directs that divine Service be performed every Sunday at 11 oClock in those Brigades to which there are Chaplains; those which have none to attend the places of worship nearest to them. It is expected that Officers of all Ranks will by their attendence set an Example to their men.
While we are zealously performing the duties of good Citizens and soldiers we certainly ought not to be inattentive to the higher duties of Religion. To the distinguished Character of Patriot, it should be our highest Glory to add the more distinguished Character of Christian. The signal Instances of providential Goodness which we have experienced and which have now almost crowned our labours with complete Success, demand from us in a peculiar manner the warmest returns of Gratitude and Piety to the Supreme Author of all Good.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Febiger was President, April 27th. 1778, Timothy Flood a soldier in Captain Craige's Company of Light Dragoons tried for desertion to the Enemy and upon Suspicion of being a spy and unanimously acquitted; And the Court determine the money for which the Prisoner sold his horse and the Accoutrements brought with him out of Philadelphia be delivered for the public Use to the Person appointed to purchase horses and Accoutrements for Captain Craige's Company of Light Dragoons.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place.
AFTER ORDERS, MAY 2, 1778
No fatigue Parties to be employed on Sundays till further Orders.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 3, 1778.
Sir: In a late letter from General Schuyler, I received the proceedings of a Board of Commissioners for Indian affairs, held at Albany the 15th of last month, [a copy of which has no doubt been transmitted to Congress.] It appears by them, and some other accounts, I have seen, that there is very little prospect of succeeding in the plan, for engaging a body of Indians from that quarter to serve with this army. The advantage, which the enemy possess over us, in having the means of making presents, much more liberally than we can, has made a strong impression upon their Minds, and seems to be more than a counterballance, for any arguments we can offer to conciliate their attachments. They also appear to be apprehensive for their own safety, and rather to wish for aid and protection from us, than willing to leave their habitations and come to our assistance.
The measure proposed was by way of experiment, as one, which might possibly be attended with valuable consequences; and if it could have been effected, without much difficulty, might have been worth a trial. But as the scheme does not well correspond with their present disposition and may serve to increase our embarrassments, in keeping them even in tolerable good humour, I am inclined to think it would be most advisable to relinquish the attempt. They may be told of what has happened in Europe, with proper embellishments, and that our affairs are now upon such a footing as to render their aid, in the field unnecessary, and that all we require of them is their friendship and good wishes. This and promises of protection may have a very powerful and happy effect.
It is of great importance to counteract the temptations held out by the enemy, and to secure the good will of the Indians, who appear at least to be in a state of hesitancy and indecision, if nothing worse. Congress, I am persuaded will do every thing in their power to promote these desireable ends. I have the honour etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton, The bracketed phrase is in the draft but does not appear in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, May 3, 1778.
Parole Canterbury. Countersigns Castletown, Camptown.
In future no guard in Camp is to be suffered to remain on duty more than forty eight hours without being relieved.
On Monday next the several Brigades will begin their Exercise at six o'Clock and continue 'till eight o'Clock in the morning and from five to six oClock in the afternoon, the men for guard not to attend the Exercise.
The Medicine Chest from Lord Stirling's Division to be sent to the Yellow Springs immediately to be filled by the Apothecary General.
The Pay Masters of the Marquis's and General Wayne's Divisions are to call on the Pay-Master General for a month's Pay next Monday, Poor's, Glover's and the Baron De Kalb's on Tuesday; Weedon's, Muhlenberg's, the Artillery and Maxwell's on Wednesday, Late Conway's, Huntington's, Varnum's and McIntosh's on Thursday.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, May 4, 1778.
Parole Denmark. Countersigns Dartmouth, Deane.
The Sub and Brigade Inspectors are to be pointedly exact in pursuing the written Instructions of the Inspector General.
That the strictest Uniformity may be observed throughout the whole Army, they are not to practice a single Manoeuvre without his direction, nor in a method different from it. Any Alteration or Innovation will again plunge the Army into that Contrariety and Confusion from which it is endeavouring to emerge. The hours for Exercise are also to be exactly attended to by each Brigade for which purpose and that no difference may arise on account of Watches, proper attention is to be paid to the order of the first of last April, for regulating them by that of the Adjutant General.
The Commander in Chief requests the Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades will see that these orders are strictly complied with, hoping we shall not let slip the golden Opportunity which now presents itself of disciplining the Army and that each brigade will vie with the other in arriving at the highest and earliest Pitch of Excellence.
For the sake of decency the General hopes the Commanding Officers of Regiments will order their Necessaries to be hid with Boughs or Hurdles, the last tho' more troublesome at first will allways serve as they can easily be removed.
Stricter Attention is required to the order of the fifteenth of last March respecting Hides.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 4, 1778.
Sir: I desire you will immediately proceed to the State of Maryland and use your utmost endeavours to have the Recruits collected and marched to join their respective Regiments. I shall be glad to hear, as soon as you have informed yourself, what number of Men have been recruited in the State, what are the prospects, and whether you think the intended draught will have a speedy and the desired effect. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 4, 1778.
Sir: Congress having by a Resolve of the 26th February last annexed the German Battalion to the State of Maryland, and no means having been yet taken to compleat it: I have thought proper to dispatch Capt. Hubley to receive information from you, in what manner the Officers shall proceed to recruit. Upon his return, I will send off a proper number of Officers, either to receive directions from you, or to proceed immediately to such parts of the State as you shall appoint. In the latter case, you will be pleased to furnish me with the necessary instructions, and inform me to whom the Officers are to apply for money to pay the State Bounty &c. I have the honor etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 4, 1778.
Sir: Last Night at 11 O'Clock, I was honoured with your dispatches of the 3d. The Contents afford me the most sensible pleasure. Mr. Simeon Deane had informed me, by a line from Bethlehem, that he was the bearer of the Articles of alliance &c. between France and the States. I shall defer celebrating this happy event in a suitable manner, untill I have liberty from Congress to announce it publickly. I will only say, that the army are anxious to manifest their joy upon the occasion.
Inclosed you have a letter which I received a few days ago from Lord Stirling, and which, at his request, I lay before Congress with its contents.77 I have the honor, etc.76
[Note 77: Stirling's letter, dated May 1, 1778, is filed with that of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The account of Stirling's losses in the service, dated April 30, Valley Forge, is also there filed. It was for horses, pistols, etc., lost at Long Island, Trenton, and Germantown.
"This day [May 4] His Excellency dined with G Nox and after dinner did us the honor to play at Wicket with us."-- Military Journal of George Ewing (Yonkers: 1928. Privately printed.)]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding the favorable aspect of our affairs, Congress have wisely determined to put nothing to the hazard, and have therefore directed the preparations for the Campaign to be carried on with as much activity as possible. I must therefore again request you to use your utmost endeavours to forward the Recruits of Connecticut to the North River with all possible dispatch. Those belonging to Parsons's Brigade will be detained there by the commanding Officer, and those to Regiments here will be sent on to join them. I hope that the fair and I may say certain prospect of success will not induce us to relax, it ought on the contrary to stimulate us, and enable us by one great exertion, to seize and secure that peace and liberty which is now within our reach. I congratulate you upon the acknowledgment of our Independency by and alliance with the Court of France, and am, etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding the immense advantages which we shall derive from the acknowledgment of our Independency by and our late alliance with the Court of France, yet much remains to be done to extricate ourselves intirely from our oppressors. even taking it for granted that the Enemy, from the situation of European Affairs, cannot be further reinforced, their remaining Strength, if Collected and properly directed, is formidable. The Congress, sensible of this, have wisely determined not to relax in their Preparations for War, and have earnestly recommended it to every State to compleat their Quotas of Continental Troops, and to hold their Militia ready for Service. I cannot account for a late Manoeuvre of the Enemy, in any other manner, than by supposing they are about making some change in the disposition of their Forces. They have lately sent near two hundred sail of light transports from Philadelphia. If they evacuate Rhode Island and carry the Troops from thence to New York, the Brigades upon the North River should be reinforced by their Recruits as speedily as possible, and if the troops are brought from Rhode Island to Philadelphia this Army will in like manner stand in need of assistance. I therefore must again request you to forward the Recruits, Draughts, furloughed Men and those recovered from hospitals, to the North River, with as much Expedition as possible. The commanding officer there will detain those belonging to the regiments stationed there, and forward the remainder to this Army. I have never yet heard what Number of men were raised or to be raised by the state of Massachusetts, in addition to those in the Field, and as it will very much assist me in forming a plan of operations to be made acquainted with this circumstance, I shall be glad to be informed in your Next.
I had a letter a few days ago from the Board of War, in which they desire to know whether you had ever been able to do any thing more towards the exchange between Brigr. Genl. Thompson and Brigr. Genl. Hamilton. If you cannot succeed in that, they desire you to feel the Pulse of the two other Brigadiers, for either of which, we would willingly exchange Genl. Thompson. The foreigners have thought themselves partially treated by Genl. Howe, in regard to exchange, and if you were to propose the matter to the foreign Brigadiers, and either of them should incline to it, perhaps Genl. Howe would accede, rather than give umbrage. I am etc.
P. S. As the ballance of Officers is much against us, in the case of Prisoners, and may long remain so, unless we can effect exchanges between ours with the Enemy, and those of Genl. Burgoyne, I must request that you will take occasion to inform the latter on their application, or indeed without it, that we shall readily consent on our part to their releasement for our Officers of the same rank. If there should be any Number, who wish this to take place they had better write at the same time to Genl. Howe or Commanding Officer at Philadelphia, and you will send me a list of their rank and Names, that a like number who have been longest in Confinement may be directed in return, if their request is complied with.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 5, 1778.
Sir: In answer to your favour of the 3d. I give it clearly as my opinion, that no change has happened in our affairs, which will justify the least relaxation in our military preparations, and consequently that the provisions you have been, and are making in your department, ought to be continued in their fullest vigor and extent.
Whether any, or what change may happen, for the ensuing campaign, or what dispositions in your department, may be necessary, in consequence, are matters which for particular reasons, I cannot yet determine. A council will soon be held, in which will be decided a general plan of operations for the army. When this is done, you shall receive your instructions accordingly, in the mean time, you will proceed in the plan already on foot. With great esteem I am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have wrote pressingly to General Heath and General Putnam to forward the Recruits of Massachusetts and Connecticut to the North River with all possible dispatch. If they arrive there during the continuance of your command, you will be pleased, agreeable to former orders, to send on those, belonging to the Regiments that are here, immediately.
I very much fear that we, taking it for granted that we have nothing more to do, because France has acknowledged our Independency and formed an alliance with us, shall relapse into a state of supineness and perfect security. I think it more than probable, from the situation of affairs in Europe, that the Enemy will receive no considerable, if any, reinforcements. But suppose they should not, their remaining force, if well directed, is far from being contemptible. In the desperate state of British Affairs, it is worth a desperate attempt to extricate themselves, and a blow at our main Army, if successful, would have a wonderful effect upon the minds of a number of people still wishing to embrace the present terms or indeed any terms offered by Great Britain. It behoves us therefore to make ourselves as respectable as possible, that if the Enemy continue in their detached State, we endeavour to destroy them by peice meal, and if, on the contrary, they collect, they may not fall heavily upon us in some quarter. I cannot help thinking, from a late uncommon movement of their shipping, that they have something of this kind in view. Near two hundred sail of light transports have gone down the Delaware within a week past. New York is too valuable to evacuate, but upon the last extremity, and I therefore incline to think that the move, if any, will be from Rhode Island. If the Troops should be brought from thence to New York, we must provide for the posts upon the North River, in proportion to the addition of the Strength of the Enemy. If to Philadelphia, we must draw down our force accordingly. For these Reasons, it is my wish to see the Eastern Recruits brought on towards the North River as quickly as possible. If there should be no alteration in the position of the Enemy, you will, as before mentioned, send on those intended for the Regiments here, without loss of time. If there should be a move, we must alter our plan according to circumstances. I am &ca.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, May 5, 1778.
Parole Europe. Countersigns Exeter, Eltham.
Aaron Ogden82 Esquire is appointed Brigade Major in General Maxell's Brigade and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 82: Ogden had been paymaster of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was promoted to captain in February, 1779; wounded at Yorktown, Va., Oct. 14, 1781; served to end of the war.]
Mr. Davis Bevan is appointed by the Quarter Master General to superintend the Artificers and to deliver out boards, Plank &c. in future therefore when boards or Plank are wanting or Artificers are necessary to do any Jobbs in the Army an order signed by a General Officer, Officers commanding Brigades or Brigade Quarter Masters and directed to Mr. Bevan at Sullivan's Bridge will be duly attended to.
If there are any Comb-makers in the Army, the Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades are desired to make return of them to the Adjutant General.
A Flag goes into Philadelphia next Friday.
At a General Court Martial whereof Majr. Tyler was President at the Gulph Mills May 2nd. A. D. 1778. John Morrel a soldier in Colo. Henry Jackson's Regiment tried for desertion from his Post while on Centry and unanimously found guilty of a breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. and Article 6th Section 13th. of the Articles of War and unanimously sentenced to be hung by the neck 'till he is dead.
At a Brigade Court Martial whereof Colonel Bicker83 was President April 24th. 1778, Thomas Hartnet a soldier in the Second Pennsylvania Regiment tried for desertion to the Enemy, found guilty and unanimously sentenced to be hung by the Neck 'till he is dead.
[Note 83: Col. Henry Bicker, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in July, 1778.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences. The General Court Martial whereof Major Tyler is President is dissolved.
AFTER ORDERS
It having pleased the Almighty ruler of the Universe propitiously to defend the Cause of the United American-States and finally by raising us up a powerful Friend among the Princes of the Earth to establish our liberty and Independence up lasting foundations, it becomes us to set apart a day for gratefully acknowledging the divine Goodness and celebrating the important Event which we owe to his benign Interposition.
The several Brigades are to be assembled for this Purpose at nine o'Clock tomorrow morning when their Chaplains will communicate the Intelligence contain'd in the Postscript to the Pennsylvania Gazette of the 2nd. instant and offer up a thanksgiving and deliver a discourse suitable to the Occasion. At half after ten o'Clock a Cannon will be fired, which is to be a signal for the men to be under Arms. The Brigade Inspectors will then inspect their Dress and Arms, form the Battalions according to instructions given them and announce to the Commanding Officers of Brigades that the Battalions are formed. The Brigadiers or Commandants will then appoint the Field Officers to command the Battalions, after which each Battalion will be ordered to load and ground their Arms.
At half after eleven a second Cannon be fired as a signal for the march upon which the several Brigades will begin their march by wheeling to the right by Platoons and proceed by the nearest way to the left of their ground in the new Position; this will be pointed out by the Brigade Inspectors. A third signal will be given upon which there will be a discharge of thirteen Cannon; When the thirteen has fired a tuning fire of the Infantry will begin on the right of Woodford's and continue throughout the whole front line, it will then be taken on the left of the second line and continue to the right. Upon a signal given, the whole Army will Huzza! "Long Live the King of France." The Artillery then begins again and fires thirteen rounds, this will be succeeded by a second general discharge of the Musquetry in a tuning fire. Huzza! "And long live the friendly European Powers." Then the last discharge of thirteen Pieces of Artillery will be given, followed by a General tuning fire and Huzza! "To the American States."
There will be no Exercise in the morning and the guards of the day will not parade 'till after the feu de joie is finished, when the Brigade Major will march them out to the Grand Parade. The Adjutants then will tell off their Battalions into eight Platoons and the commanding officer will reconduct them to their Camps marching by the Left.
Major General Lord Stirling will command on the right, the Marquis De la fayette on the left and Baron De Kalb the second line. Each Major General will conduct the first Brigade of his Command to its ground, the other Brigades will be conducted by their commanding Officers in separate Columns. The Posts of each Brigade will be pointed out by Baron De Steuben's Aids. Majr. Walker84 will attend Lord Stirling--Major
[Note 84: Maj. Benjamin Walker. He was lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington from January, 1782, to close of war.] De Eponsien85 the Marquis De la Fayette and Captain Lanfant86 the Baron De Kalb. The line is to be formed with the Interval of a foot between the files.
[Note 85: Maj. Augustin François Desepinières, aide to Steuben. He was a nephew of Beaumarchais; returned to France in October, 1779.]
[Note 86: Capt. Pierre Charles L'Enfant. He was appointed captain of Continental Engineers in April, 1779, to rank from Feb. 18, 1778; wounded at Savannah, Ga., in October, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in November, 1780; brevet major in May, 1783; served to close of war.
"This [May 6] day we fired a Grand Fue de Joy on account of the News brought by Mr. Simeon Dean in the La Sensible from our Plenepotentiary at the Court of France the purport of which was that the Courts of France and Spain had declared the U States of America to be free and Independand States and had ceded to us all the teritories on the continent of America which formerly belongd to the Crown of Great Britain and also the Island of Bermuda and also to assist us in carrying on this just and nessary war with no other conditions on our part but that we should not in any treaty of peace with England give up our Independancy--In consequence of this intelligence this day was set apart for a day of rejoysing throuout the whole Army Accordingly at ten o clock A M a cannon was fired as a signal for the whole to Parade and after a discourse suited to the subject by the Chaplains of each Brigade a second cannon fired a signal for each Brigade to repair to their respective post Thirteen Six Pounders were drove to a height in the Rear of Conways Brigade after the troops were posted the flag on the fort was dropt and the third cannon fired at the Park when the 13 cannon fired on the height after which a fire of Musquetry Began on the right of the front line and proceeded to the left of the same and then instantly beginning on the left of the rear line proceeded to the right of the same after this firing was over a fourth cannon from the Park was the signal for three cheers and Long Live the King of France after this Thirteen more Cannon and Musquetry as aforesaid the signal and three cheers and a shout of God Save the friendly Powers of Europe--The third cannon and Musque as aforesaid signal and cheers and a shout of God Save the American States as soon as this was concluded the troops Marchd to their respective quarters no accident happend during this day after the Fue de Joy was over and the troops dismisd his Excellency invitd the officers of the Army to assemble under a booth that was prepad for the purpose and partake of a cold Collation which was prepard for them where he did us the honour eat and drink with us where many patriotic Toasts were drank and the concluded with harmless Mirth and jollity. This day was a Genl releasement of prisoners"-- Military Journal of George Ewing. (Yonkers: 1928. Privately printed.)]
Each man is to have a Gill of rum. The Quarter Masters of the several Brigades are to apply to the Adjutant General for an order on the Commissary of Military Stores for the number of blank Cartridges that may be wanted.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, May 6, 1778.
Parole France. Countersigns Franklin, Frederick.
The Medicine Chests from Huntington's and Varnum's Brigades to be sent immediately to the Yellow Springs, to be refilled, from the Artillery and General McIntosh's Brigades next Saturday.
The Commander in Chief being more desirous to reclaim than punish Offenders and willing to shew Mercy to those who have been misled by designing Traytors and that as many as can may participate the pleasures of the truly joyful day is pleased to pardon William McMarth of the Artillery and John Morrel of Colo. Henry Jackson's Regiment now under sentence of death and orders their immediate Release from Confinement, hoping that Gratitude to his Clemency will induce them in future to behave like good soldiers.
Head Quarters, May 7, 1778.
Sir: Under cover with this you will receive a copy of a letter which I wrote the 23d January, and of two letters of recommendation delivered me by the Chevalier de la Neuville, which I transmit you at the request of that Gentleman; the original packet having, as he informs me, miscarried. I have the honour etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley-forge, May 7, 1778.
Sir: The detachment under your comd. is designed to answer the following purposes; become a security to this Camp, and the Country between the Schuylkill and Delaware; interrupt the communication with Philadelphia; obtain intelligence of the motion, and designs of the enemy; and, aided by the Militia, prevent small parties of the Enemy from patrolling, to cover the market people; whilst large Parties, especially if any attempt should be made on this side the Delaware to destroy the Vessels above Bristol, are to be harrassed as much as possible, till notice thereof can be communicated to me.88
[Note 88: On May 10 Alexander Hamilton wrote to Maxwell, by Washington's direction, expressing surprise that Maxwell had not taken his artillery with him. It was impossible to defend the vessels in the river without cannon. A detachment of 200 men and 2 cannon were immediately ordered to join Maxwell.]
Our parties of foot and horse betwn. the Rivers, are to be under your commd. and to form part of your detachment; which had best not be stationary, that the enemy may be less able to comprehend the design, or take advantage of your situation which at all times, and in all places should be guarded against surprizes. On Monday sennight you are to return.
As great complaints have been made of the disorderly conduct of the Parties which have been sent towards the enemys lines, it is expected that you will be very attentive in preventing abuses of the like nature, and will enquire how far the complaints already made, are founded in justice.
You will make particular enquiry into, and obtain the most authentic testimony of the conduct of the British Troops towards the Militia under the comd. of Brigr. Genl. Lacey on the ... Instt. that if the facts alledged be true a proper representation of it may be made to the Comr. in Chief of the British Troops.
Valley Forge, May 7, 1778.
Sir: I received yesterday your favors of the 3d. and 4th. Instt., and am happy to hear that you have fallen in with some of the Enemy's stragglers and pretty well suppressed the intercourse between the disaffected where you are and Philadelphia. You will continue your exertions, and prevent it as much as possible. What the designs of the Enemy are by their movements at Cooper's point is difficult to determine, but if they should attempt to penetrate into the Country, or to push towards Bordentown and Burlington to destroy the Craft and Frigates there, which according to some information, is not improbable, you'll give them every opposition you possibly can with your Troops and such Militia as you can collect. I shall order a further force to march for Jersey to day; but of this you will say nothing, lest by some accident the Enemy should be apprised of it and take measures to intercept it.89 I have inclosed you a letter to Commodore Hazelwood, requesting him to furnish you with Sixty stand of Arms, and also an order for the same number on the Commissary of Military Stores at Allen Town or Easton. The order is not to be used, if Commodore Hazelwood furnishes the Arms. I have nothing in particular to give you in charge and have only to recommend to you, the utmost vigilance and exertion upon every occasion to answer the purposes of your command. I transmit, for the satisfaction of yourself and Officers, a postscript to the Pennsylvania Gazette of the 2d. Instant, containing the most interesting and important intelligence and such as must give the sincerest pleasure to every well wishing American.90 I am, etc.91
[Note 89: This force was the Second New Jersey Regiment, under command of Lieut. Col. William De Hart.]
[Note 90: News of the treaties with France.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 7, 1778.
Sir: When you passed by this place in your way to Dover, you mentioned that there were a number of Arms at Trenton belonging to the Navy which you wished might be taken for the use of the Continent. As Colo. Shreve wanted Arms for his Recruits, I gave him an order to draw Sixty stand; but he writes me word that Colo. Bradford93 would not deliver them, perhaps not knowing that you had desired they might be so disposed of. If the Arms are not yet sent away, I shall be glad you would order sixty stand to be delivered to Colo. Shreve taking his Receipt for them. I am &ca.94
[Note 93: Lieut. Col. William Bradford. jr., chairman Pennsylvania Navy Board.]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thirsday, May 7, 1778.
Parole Guilford. Countersigns Grantham, Gates.
William Barber, Esquire is appointed Aide de Camp to Major General Lord Stirling, vice Major McWilliams95 who has resigned and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 95: William McWilliams.]
The Honorable Congress have been pleased by their resolution of the 3rd. of February last to require all Officers as well civil as military, holding Commissions under them to take and subscribe the following Oath or Affirmation according to the Circumstances of the Parties.
I ... do acknowledge The United States of America to be Free, Independent and Sovereign States and declare that the People thereof owe no Allegiance or Obedience to George the Third, King of Great Britain and I renounce refuse and abjure any Allegiance or Obedience to him, and I do swear (or affirm) that I will to the utmost of my Power support, maintain and defend the said United States against the said King George the third, his heirs and Successors and his and their Abettors, Assistants and Adherents and will serve the said United States in the office of ... which I now hold with Fidelity according to the best of my skill and understanding.
Sworn before me at ... this day of ... A.D.
In order to accomplish this very interesting and essential work as early as possible the following Officers are to administer the Oath and grant Certificates to the Officers of the divisions, Brigade or Corps set against their names including the Staff. Major General Lord Stirling to the Officers of Late Conway's Brigade; Major General Marquis De la Fayette to those of Woodford's and Scott's Brigades; Major General Baron De Kalb to those of Glover's and Larned's Brigades; General McIntosh to those of his own Brigade; Genl. Maxwell to those of his own Brigade; Brigadier General Knox to those of the Artillery in Camp and Officers of Military Stores; General Poor to those of his own Brigade; General Varnum to those of his own and Genl. Huntington's Brigade; Brigadier General Paterson to those of his own Brigade; Brigadier General Wayne to those of the 1st. and Second Pennsylvania Brigades; General Muhlenberg to those of his own and Weedon's Brigade. Printed Copies of the Oath will be immediately lodged in the hands of the Major and Brigadiers General to facilitate the business.
The Generals administring the Oath are to take Duplicates of the same and to grant Certificates when it was made. In the beginning of the Oath the Name Rank and Corps of the Party making it are to be inserted. The Duplicate of the Oath and Certificate is to be returned to Head Quarters by the Generals, who will also keep those respecting the Officers of each Regiment by themselves that an Arrangement of the whole may be made out with greater ease and Accuracy.
Major General Greene is to administer the same Oath and to grant the like Certificates to the Officers in his department.
The Commissaries of Provisions both Issuing and Purchasing and to the Commissary of Forage and his Deputies; besides which he is to administer to the said officers the following Oath and to grant duplicate Certificates.
I ... do swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully truly and impartially execute the Office of ... to which I am appointed and render a true Account when thereunto required of all publick Monies by me received or expended and of all stores or other effects to me intrusted which belong to The United States and will in all respects discharge the Trust reposed in me with Justice and Integrity according to the best of my Skill and understanding.96
[Note 96: The oaths were taken by the officers, beginning on May 12.]
The Commander in Chief in a season of General Joy takes occasion to proclaim Pardon and Releasement to all Prisoners whatever now in Confinement whether in the Provost or any other place; this he is induced to do from a desire that the Influence of our Prosperity may be as extensive as possible and from an unwillingness that even those who merit Punishment rather than favor, should be excluded from the benefit of an Event so interesting to mankind as that which has lately happened in the Affairs of America. He hopes the Indulgence will not be abused but will excite Gratitude in all those who are objects of it, and produce a Change of Conduct and an Abhorrence of every Practice inconsistent with the duty they owe to their Country.
The Commander in Chief takes particular Pleasure in acquainting the Army that their Conduct yesterday afforded him the highest Satisfaction; The Exactness and order with which their Movements were performed is a pleasing Evidence of the Progress they are making in military Improvement, and an earnest of the pleasing Perfection to which they will shortly arrive, with a Continuance of that laudable Zeal and Emulation which so happily prevails; The General at the same time presents his thanks to Baron Steuben and the Gentlemen under him for the indefatigable Exertions in the duties of their Office, the good effects of which are already so apparent, and for the Care, Activity and Propriety manifested in conducting the business of yesterday.
[Note 97: This council was held agreeable to the resolves of Congress of April 18 and 27. The members were: The Commander in Chief; Major Generals Gates, Greene, Stirling, Mifflin, Lafayette, De Kalb, Armstrong, and Steuben; Brigadier Generals Knox and Duportail.]
Head Quarters at Valley Forge, May 8, 1778.
The Commander in Chief informs the Council,
That the enemy's whole force within these States is distributed into three divisions, one at Philadelphia, one at New York and its dependencies, and one at Rhode Island, amounting, according to the best estimate he can form, to between sixteen and seventeen thousand rank and file fit for the field, exclusive of horse and artillery.
Their whole force in Philadelphia, consisting of the flower of their army is about 10,000 rank and file, exclusive of Marines and New levies, fortified by a strong chain of redoubts from Schuylkill to Delaware, with a small detached work at Bilingsport.
At New York, Long Island and Staten Island they have about 4000 rank and file, composed of a few British regiments, some German corps and new levies. The City is secured by shipping in front and on both flanks, and in the rear by Harlem River, by the forts, Independence and Washington, and by a country difficult of access.
At Rhode Island they have about 2000, mostly Germans. What fortifications, they may have raised, for their defence, is not particularly known; but they derive their principal security from the insular situation of the post and the protection of their Shipping.
He is not sufficiently acquainted with the general complexion of European intelligence, to be able to form any precise judgment of the reinforcements, which the enemy may expect this Campaign, or at what time they will arrive. But from such appearances as have fallen within his view, and supposing that England will be, in some measure, governed by the rules of prudence, and by a regard to her own honor, interest and safety and to the safety of her possessions abroad, He is led to conjecture they will, probably, not be very large nor very early.
The Commander in Chief further informs them:
That the whole of our Continental force hitherto assembled, lies in the States of Pensylvania and Delaware, and on the North River, and amounts to about Fifteen thousand rank and file, fit for the field, besides horse and Artillery.
The main body lies at this post, Valley forge, and in its vicinity, amounting to about 11,800 rank and file, capable of service; comprehending such of the sick present and on command, as might be called into action on any emergency, as per general return herewith submitted dated the 2d. instant.
The detachment at Wilmington in Delaware state is about 1400, comprehending a like proportion of sick present and on command, as above.
From the best judgment he can form not having had any late returns from that quarter, he imagines the force on the North River, at Fish Kill and its dependencies, may be about 1800, rank and file, fit for duty.
With respect to the reinforcements of Continental troops to be hereafter expected, he is destitute of any information, from the different states on which dependence may be placed; but judging of the future from the past, there will not be more in the field from every quarter, than abt. 20,000 rank and file, fit for duty; unless the favourable events, which have lately taken place in our political system, should stimulate the states to greater and more successful exertions, than have been heretofore made.
The succours of Militia, which may be occasionally drawn to the aid of the army, will not admit of an exact calculation. Notwithstanding the most pressing applications, a greater number could not be collected at anytime in the course of the last campaign to reinforce the Southern army, than between three and four thousand men; and generally there was far short of three thousand. With the Northern army there was about
What quantity of ordnance, small arms and military stores our magazines will afford for the use of the ensuing campaign, He is unable to decide; but imagines there will not be a sufficiency for any regular seige, if there is for the contingencies of the field.
In regard to supplies of provisions, The Commissary's department has been for some time past in such a defective and disordered state, that no accurate estimate can be formed. The Gentleman lately appointed to the head of it, reports that his prospects are tolerably good, though he cannot with any precision ascertain their extent.
Having stated these particulars for the consideration of the Council, The Commander in Chief requests, that after a full and candid discussion of the matter in council, each member would furnish him with his sentiments in writing on some general plan, which, considering all circumstances, ought to be adopted for the operations of the next campaign.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The unanimous decision of the members was "to remain on the defensive and wait events; without attempting any offensive operation of consequence, unless the future circumstances of the enemy, should afford a fairer opportunity, than at present exists" It was considered that Philadelphia could not be taken by assault, nor could it be successfully blockaded with less than 30,000 men. An attempt upon New York City was open to the same general objections. These decisions, signed by the members of the council, dated May 9, 1778, are in the Washington Papers. Gen. Charles Lee, who was absent "from indisposition," subscribed to the opinion of the council on May 22.]
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, May 9, 1778.
Parole Independence. Countersigns India, Jinkintown.
The hours appointed for the Exercise of the Troops having been changed makes it necessary to alter the hours appointed for the Drummers to practise which will for the future be from five to six in the morning and from four to five in the afternoon, any Drummer that shall be found practising at any other than the time mentioned above shall be severely punished. The Adjutants of the several Regiments are to pay particular Attention to this order as they will be answerable for the Execution of it.
The use of Drums are as signals to the Army and if every Drummer is allowed to beat at his pleasure, the Intention is entirely destroy'd, as it will be impossible to distinguish whether they are beating for their own pleasure or for a signal to the Troops.
Congress has been pleased to appoint Baron De Steuben, Inspector General with the Rank of Major General and the Commander in Chief being vested with Power to appoint the Inspectors and Brigade Inspectors, He continues in office those who have already been nominated and appointed.
The languid Progress of essential works of Defence which have been traced by the Engineers gives the Commander in Chief great Concern. He calls upon those Officers who superintend them to use their utmost Exertions to have them completed without loss of time.
At a General Court-Martial, Colo. Febiger, President May 5th. 1778, Robert Anderson late Waggon-Master in the Marquis's Division tried for selling a Rifle marked U.S. found guilty and sentenced to redeem the Rifle and Return it to the first Pennsylvania Regiment to which the Person who lately had it in Possession belonged. Approved and ordered to take place.
At the same Court Lieutt. McDonald99 of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for absenting himself from his Regiment without the consent of his commanding Officer; Upon mature Consideration of the Charge and Evidence the Court are of opinion that the Prisoners justification is sufficient and do acquit him of the Charge exhibited against him.
[Note 99: Possibly Lieut. Donald McDonald, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. Heirman states that he was "omitted" in 1777.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders Lieutt. McDonnald to be released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, May 9, 1778.
Gentlemen: I have received your favor of the 6th instant, inclosing a Copy of a Letter from you to Capt. William Scull and a Resolution of Congress of the 13th April. The employment proposed for Capt. Scull will prevent his completing the Survey which I had directed him to make, and so far interfere with my views; but as he is in the Neighbourhood of the Country which you intend to have surveyed and the instructions have been already transmitted to him, I have not the least Objection to his proceeding in consequence of them.
There are at present but two Engineers in Camp besides General du Portail, and they are fully employed in constructing the necessary works of defence, so that I have no prospect of being able to furnish a geographical engineer, until Mr. Erskine who is at the head of that department and has been ordered on to Camp, shall arrive; whichever of his Assistants, shall be thought properly qualified, will attend the orders of the Board.
The Copies of the German Translation of a Resolution of Congress addressed to foreign Officers and soldiers in British pay, are come to hand. I have the honour etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1778.
My Lord: By desire of Governor Cooke and Captain William Chace of Rhode Island, I transmit to your Lordship the inclosed Letters, which came some days ago addressed to my care.
At the same time I would take the liberty to offer your Lordship my request for the release of John Chace, the object of those Letters, and who is a prisoner on board one of the Ships under your Lordship's command. In the case of this man, I find myself peculiarly interested, as his long suffering and present confinement may perhaps, in some degree, be ascribed to me. The enclosed copy of a Letter to myself from Governor Cooke, will discover to your Lordship, that I am more concerned in his discharge, than in that of common Prisoners. I would further observe, that you may be fully possessed of the whole subject, that my interposition in favor of Messrs. Hutchinson and Shireley was founded on an application made by Lt. Col. Walcot thro Lt. Col. Harrison, and on the assurance of the former, that your Lordship, or Sir William Howe, would release in turn any person, not in the Military line, whose discharge might be requested. Colo. Walcot in a short time after, was desired by Letter from Lt. Col. Harrison to intercede for Mr. Chace's enlargement, but as it has not been obtained, I must suppose he either did not receive the Letter, or that he omitted to mention the matter. I have the Honor etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, May 11, 1778.
Sir: I have been duly honoured with your favor of the 5th. It is matter of regret, that the want of arms and the other causes you assign, afford but an unpromising prospect as to the number of militia which might be drawn out from this State, on any emergency.
The Quarter Master's and Commissary's departments are still far behind hand, not having yet had time to recover from the disordered and defective State, in which they have been for a considerable time past. This circumstance and the imperfect success, which has hitherto attended the business of drafting and recruiting in the different states, and consequently the slow manner, in which the reinforcements for the Continental army, come in, will necessarily obstruct and retard our operations. As I am fully sensible of the disadvantages that accrue from drawing the farmers and tradesmen from their respective employments; especially at this season, I should by all means wish to avoid it, as far as the good of the service will possibly permit. But at the same time, that the militia ought not to be called into service a moment sooner, than their presence in the field is essentially requisite; it is highly necessary that we should be prepared for events, and so order matters that the whole force of the militia, might on any sudden exigency, be immediately drawn forth in aid of the Continental troops, whether it were for the purposes of defence or offence. I therefore beg leave to recommend that some plan may be digested, for holding the militia in constant readiness to take the field, when called upon, in the most expeditious manner, and at the shortest notice.
The situation, however, of the Continental army is not such, that we can dispense altogether with the services of the militia for ordinary duty. I must still request the exertions of the State to keep up a body between the Delaware and Schuylkill for the security of the country, consisting of not less than 400 men. These I shall aid with detachments of Continental troops.
Whatever present inconveniences may attend the disuse of substitution, I am persuaded it will be salutary, if persevered in. The use of it is certainly a very great impediment to the growth of the Continental army, the filling which ought to be the first object of our attention. For the same reason that I disapprove the practice of substitution, I should not wish to see the project of raising state Regiments for a short term of service, adopted. This service would be preferred to a more permanent one by a number of persons, who would be willing to engage in the latter, if there was no alternative. I have the honour etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 11, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I was some little time past empowered by Congress to call for 5000 Militia from the States of Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. This Resolve was, I believe, occasioned by a report, which has proved groundless, that the Enemy intended suddenly to evacuate Rhode [Island] to draw part of their force from New York, and attack this Army, before its expected reinforcements arrived. Finding no immediate occasion for the Militia, I forbore to make the requisitions, except in a very small degree from New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
I know it is a very favourite scheme with many, not acquainted with the Situation of our Magazines, and the deranged state of the two capital departments of Commissary and Qr. Mr. Genl. which have not yet [resumed a proper tone] to draw together a great body of Militia in addition to our continental force and make an attack upon the Enemy in Philadelphia. [However much a measure of this kind is to be wished two capital obstacles render it totally ineligible at present; the want of Provisions (or means of transportation) and the uncertainty both with respect to time and numbers, of obtaining the Recruits for the Continental Regiments.] The new Commissary General is exerting himself, and I hope, with the generous aids which the States are giving him, that when grass fed Cattle come in, we shall be able to victual a very considerable force, should a fair oppertunity offer of making a capital Blow against the Enemy. [But till these happen,] you will plainly perceive that it would be fruitless to call out the militia; it would be consumptive of public stores, and disheartening to the people; who, finding nothing done upon their first tour of duty, would perhaps come out very unwillingly when there is real occasion for their Services. Abstracted from all these is a consideration of equal if not greater magnitude, which is the immense loss suffered by drawing out the farmer and tradesman [until the momt. of necessity arrives.] I would therefore wish you to hold up an idea that the Services of the Militia may probably be wanted and endeavour to have a plan digested, by which a given Number may be drawn out armed, accoutred and ready for the field upon the shortest [possible] notice. Something upon the plan of the minute Battalions and Companies formed at the commencement of this war might answer the end.
I need not point out to you the many advantages that will result from having the Continental Battalions compleated and I therefore hope that you will persevere until yours are filled either by recruits or Draughts. I have the honour etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Valley Forge, May 11, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty to transmit to Congress a copy of a Letter from General Howe, which I received at three O'Clock this afternoon. The contents are exceedingly interesting to the unhappy prisoners in his hands. I thought it my duty to forward them immediately, and I must request that Congress will be pleased to inform me, as soon as possible, what line of conduct I am to pursue upon this occasion. The inclosed extract of a Letter from Genl. Smallwood, will shew the painful alternative to which the prisoners in Philadelphia will be reduced, unless they are relieved, and this is confirmed by intelligence thro' several other channels to myself. I shall wait directions in the matter, and govern myself by them, in my answer to General Howe.5 I have the honour etc.
[Note 5: A copy of Howe's letter, dated May 10, 1778, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It hints Howe's "apprehension of the sufferings of the unfortunate men in my possession during the approaching hot season, from the wants of those in yours, and from the disappointments I have experienced in sending supplies to them." He also stated that this was a final proposal. The extract of General Smallwood's letter (also filed as above) stated that the American soldiers, prisoners in Philadelphia, dreaded the return of the putrid fever and unless they could be exchanged, would be forced to enlist in the British Army to save their lives.]
P.S. As to an equivalent in Men for Officers; That proposed by his Commissioners was too high. A more moderate one was nearly agreed to between them and the Gentlemen deputed by me when they were in Treaty. This mode of relief, at this instant, it may not be so necessary to adopt. There are probably Officers in General Burgoyne's army who are desirous of being exchanged, and if not, an equivalent may be fixed on hereafter as circumstances may point out.6
[Note 6: In the writing of John Walker. The letter was read in Congress on May 13 and referred to William Duer, R. H. Lee, and Charles Carroll. This committee reported on May 21. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, May 21, 1778.)]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 6th. instant, inclosing a Return of the Troops under your command; from the accounts which I had received, I expected that the Connecticut Regiments had been much fuller. That the persons who are draughted should procure substitutes of any kind to relieve themselves, is not to be wondered at; but that the Officers who are appointed to receive the Draughts, should suffer the public to be imposed upon, by taking men incapable of performing the duty of soldiers in every respect, is intolerable.
The proceedings of the Court of Enquiry have not yet come to hand which makes me apprehensive that they have been sent on and may have miscarried, as so much time has elapsed since it was finished. General Putnam has wrote to me to know the result, in which he imagines himself interested. I can give him no information until I hear from you, which I desire may be as speedily as possible.
General Gates will be upon the North River shortly, as he left this place Yesterday; but I believe he intends to return to York Town before he sets out finally to take the command. Upon his arrival you are to repair to Head Quarters as directed some little time ago. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 11, 1778.
Sir: Brigadier General Potter's return from the Westward, affords me an opportunity of releiving you in the command of the Pennsylvania Militia, which must have been fatiguing, considering the smallness of your numbers, and the constant motion which you have consequently been obliged to be in. As General Potter is in a great measure a stranger to the Country and to the people among whom he is to act, I shall be obliged to you, if you will remain with him a few days, to give him a general idea of the Roads, and to make him acquainted with those upon whom he can depend as guides, for intelligence, and for other necessary purposes. I am, etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, May 11, 1778.
Parole Lebanon. Countersigns Liberty, Lynn.
A Court of Enquiry to sit tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at General Varnum's Hut to take into Consideration a Complaint exhibited by Colo. Greene11 against Colo. Steward.12 Brigadier General Varnum is appointed President. Colonels Grayson13 and Biggelow,14 Lieutenant Colonels Wiessenfels15 and Brearly16 and Major Ward17 will attend as Members.
[Note 11: Col. Christopher Greene, of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He was voted a sword by Congress, Nov. 4, 1777, for his gallant defense of the fort at Red Bank, Delaware River; killed in May, 1781, in Westchester County, N.Y.]
[Note 12: Col. Waiter Stewart, of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in July, 1778; subinspector of Continental Army, 1783.]
[Note 13: Col. William Grayson, of an Additional Continental regiment. He retired in April, 1779; member Continental Board of War in December, 1779; resigned in September, 1781.]
[Note 14: Col. Timothy Bigelow, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 15: Lieut. Col. Frederick Weissenfels, of the First New York Regiment.]
[Note 16: Lieut. Col. David Brearley, of the First Rhode Island Regiment.]
[Note 17: Maj. Samuel Ward, jr., of the First Rhode Island Regiment.]
The General Officers are requested to attend at Head Quarters tomorrow at eleven o'Clock in the forenoon, that they may take the Oath appointed by Congress in their Resolution of the 3rd. of Feby. last which was published in General Orders of the 7th. instant.
At a General Court Martial Colo. Febiger, President April 28th. 1778; Captain Thomas Lucas of Colo. Malcom's Regiment tried for assuming the rank of a Captain when a Lieutenant, secondly, for discharging an inlisted soldier and also for receiving a sum of money for so doing; and thirdly for returning the said soldier deserted in the Muster Roll after discharging him; found guilty of the charges exhibited against him, being breaches of the 5th. Article 18th. section and 2nd. Article, 3rd. section, also 5th. Article, 5th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged the service.
Also Lieutt. Baron18 of Colo. Wigglesworth's Regiment tried for striking Lieutt. Page19 and secondly ungentlemanlike behaviour found guilty of the charges exhibited against him and sentenced to be cashiered and to be rendered incapable of ever serving The United States in any military Capacity.
[Note 18: Lieut. Isaac Barron, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 19: Lieut. Peter Page, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was a captain in March, 1779; resigned in March, 1780.]
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences and orders them to take place immediately.
At the same Court, Captn. Morrison20 of the 1st. Jersey Battalion tried for selling as Substitutes, men who by an express law of the State, were deemed incapable of being such and for selling soldiers as Substitutes who were before inlisted for the common bounty. Upon consideration of the Charges and Evidence the Court are unanimously of opinion that Captain Morrison is guilty of the charges exhibited against him, but as he does not appear to have been actuated by self interested motives, as his actions which are most censured, have arose from a desire of promoting the good of the service, the Court determine mine that he does not merit Censure.
[Note 20: Capt. Isaac Morrison. He had been wounded at Germantown, Pa., in October, 1777.]
The General confirms the sentence; at the same time he cannot forbear remarking that the practice of selling soldiers as substitutes is an abuse of the highest nature and pregnant with the most pernicious Consequences, though there is every reason to hope in the present instance that it did not proceed from selfish and pecuniary motives, yet it is in itself of so dangerous a tendency and so inconsistent with every rule of Propriety that it cannot but merit reprehension. Captn. Morrison is released from his Arrest.
At the same Court by Adjournment April 29th; Adjutant Thompson21 of the 9th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for refusing to come when sent for by Major Nichols;22 2ndly, for treating Major Nichols after coming to him with ill language; acquitted of the first charge, but found guilty of the second and sentenced to be privately reprimanded by the Officer commanding the Brigade.
[Note 21: Adjt. William Thompson. He was a lieutenant in June, 1778; retired in January, I78I.]
[Note 22: Maj. Francis Nichols, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment; resigned in May, 1779.]
The General remits the sentence from a consideration that the conduct observed towards Mr. Thompson must have exceedingly wounded his feelings and excited him to the Warmth of Expression for which he was censured. Adjutant Thompson is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, May 12, 1778.
Parole Mexico. Countersigns Minden, Munster.
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Febiger is President is dissolved and another ordered to sit tomorrow at the usual place whereof Colo. Bowman23 is appointed President. A Captain from each Brigade to attend as Members. Elnathan Haskell Esquire is appointed Brigade Major in General Paterson's Brigade, vice Majr. McClure, and is to be obeyed and respected as such.
[Note 23: Col. Abraham Bowman, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was a few days ago honoured with yours, informing me of the probable strength of Militia which might be collected in your State, if called upon. This was a piece of information which I wanted more for my guidance in future, than for any sudden plan. There are several matters, which render the drawing together a large body of forces, just at this time, impracticable: The deranged state of the Commissary and Quarter Masters Generals' departments, with which you are well acquainted, are sufficient obstacles. Every thing is doing, to put the Qur. Mastership upon a proper and respectable footing; and I hope the New Commissary Genl., with the assistance of the States, will be able to make such arrangements, that we shall, some time hence, be able to victual a very considerable body of Men, should any advantagious prospects, from drawing them together, present themselves. We know but little yet of the intentions of the Enemy, or their expectations in respect to reinforcements; and, therefore, cannot determine whether an offensive or defensive plan is to be adopted by us. I would, therefore, wish, that some plan might be digested for calling out a given number of Militia, should there be occasion, armed and accoutred and, in every respect, ready for the field upon the shortest notice. Perhaps some thing similar to the Minute Companies, which were instituted at the commencement of this War might answer the purpose.
The late visit of the Enemy to Bordentown, has fully verified my predictions of what would be the fate of the Frigates and other Vessels there. As soon as the Enemy had gotten full possession of the River, I urged the Gentn. of the Navy Board to Scuttle and sink the Frigates immediately. They objected to sinking them at that time, but said they would have them ballasted and ready to sink upon the approach of the Enemy. I then wrote them, that as they might depend the attack would be sudden, so they would find that those intrusted with the execution of the Business would not be able to effect it before the Enemy had possession of the Vessels. The event has proved it. Had Hulks of such bulk been sunk, it would have taken a considerable time and much labour to have weighed them. Upon the first intimation of the design, I detached Genl. Maxwell with a strong party to endeavour to prevent it; but the mischief was done by the time he reached the Cross Roads, and the Enemy had returned again. I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, May 12, 1778.
Sir: I had the Honor to receive, in due time, your several favors of the 3d, 6th and 9th Inst., with the Papers to which they respectively alluded.
After much consideration upon the subject, I have appointed Genl McIntosh to command at Fort Pitt and in the Western Country for which he will set out, as soon as he can accomodate his affairs. I part with this Gentleman with much reluctance, as I esteem him an Officer of great worth and merit, and as I know his services here are and will be materially wanted. His firm disposition and equal justice; his assiduity and good understanding, added to his being a stranger to all parties in that Quarter, pointed him out as a proper Person, and I trust extensive advantages will be derived from his command, which I could wish was more agreeable. He will wait on Congress for their instructions.
As Lieut. Colo. Southerland,25 Major Agnew26 and Lieut. Poe,27 have only requested to go to Europe on Parole, It does not appear to me, that I can with propriety apply to Genl. Howe for their exchange. This would imply that they were Prisoners of War. Tho' their exchange is certainly the most desirable
[Note 25: Lieut. Col. Nicholas Sutherland, of the Forty-seventh Foot, British Army.]
[Note 26: Maj. William Agnew, of the Twenty-fourth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 27: Lieut. James Poe, of the Forty-seventh Foot, British Army.] mode of release, as it would relieve an equal number of our Officers from Captivity, yet I should be happy if a negociation for the purpose should commence on their part. Knowing that it would be our Interest to exchange all the Officers of General Burgoyne's Army if it could be done, I wrote Genl. Heath not long since, to take occasion to mention to them, that we should always be willing to accede to any equal propositions for that purpose, and would carefully convey their applications to Sir Wm. Howe or the Genl. who might command the British Army. I take the liberty to return their Letters, presuming that Congress may incline to give them some answer either directly or thro' Genl. Heath.
In respect to Lieut. Colo. Dirk,28 I do not find that there is any necessity for granting the prayer of his Petition. We have already too many Officers, and I do not apprehend the interest of the States would be much promoted in his appointment. If he could make up two or three Companies, they would be of Prisoners and Deserters, who would most assuredly embrace an early opportunity to go off with their Arms and Cloathing. I am disposed to consider him as a man of some address and Policy, as he is aiming at a confirmation, in the line of the Army, by obtaining an appointment to a new Corps, of the rank which he had as a Division Qr. Master. Besides the impolicy of augmenting the number of Officers, where it is not really essential, such a promotion would give dissatisfaction, and I suppose there are few Officers if any, who formerly Commanded Mr. Dirk in the line of the Army, that would submit to his orders.
[Note 28: Lieut. Col. Jacob Gerhard Diricks (Dirks). He had been a captain in the Fourth Continental Artillery, but had resigned in July, 1777. Congress granted him a brevet of lieutenant colonel by a resolve of Nov. 5, 1778. President Laurens, in a letter to Washington of May 9, called him Lieutenant Colonel Dirks.]
The inclosed Copy of a Letter from Genl. Dickenson to me, will inform Congress of the Fate of the Continental Frigates in Delaware; a fate in the situation they were left, I had long predicted and which I had taken much pains to avert, by using every argument in my power to have them sunk. In that case their destruction would have been, at least, a work of time, difficulty and expence; and might have been perhaps prevented. About One O'Clock on Thursday I got notice of an intended move of the Enemy by water, and conjecturing the destination of it, had a Detachment under Genl. Maxwell (whose tour of duty it was) ready to march towards the Delaware by 4 O'Clock, but a heavy rain prevented their moving till next Morning.
I have been happy in the exchange, and a visit from Lieut. Colo. Allen.29 His fortitude and firmness seem to have placed him out of the reach of misfortune. There is an original something in him that commands admiration, and his long captivity and sufferings have only served to increase, if possible, his enthusiastic Zeal. He appears very desirous of rendering his services to the States and of being employed, and at the same time does not discover any ambition for high rank. Congress will herewith receive a Letter from him, and I doubt not they will make such provision for him, as they may think proper and suitable.
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. Ethan Allen.]
I take pleasure in transmitting a Philadelphia Paper of the 9th which came to hand yesterday evening, containing a message from his most Christian Majesty to the Court of London, in consequence of the Treaty between him and these States, and his Britannic Majesty's address to the Lords and Commons &c. The Message is conceived in terms of irony and derision, more degrading to the pride and dignity of Britain, than any thing she has ever experienced since she was a Nation. It is not an actual declaration of War, but it certain must produce one. I have the honour &c.
P.S. A great number of blank Oaths will be wanted. You will be pleased to order some by every Opportunity.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 31: Of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 12, 1778.
Sir: I have duly received your two favours of the 25th. of April and 6th. of May, with the inclosed proceedings of two General Courts Martial held by order of the Board of War.32
[Note 32: Neither these letters nor the court-martial proceedings are found in the Washington Papers.]
With respect to Boyer, his trial does not appear to have been regular; The resolution of Congress empowering the Board of War to appoint Courts Martial, extends only to those persons and cases, cognizable by the rules and articles of war; Whereas the present trial is founded on a Special resolve of the 27th. of February,33 which is no part of those rules and articles. Had the circumstances of Boyer's case been such as to require rigor and punishment, it would be necessary for me to constitute another Court Martial. But the extreme stupidity, if it may not rather be called phrenzy of the man, having very properly induced the Court to recommend him to mercy, a second trial of the matter appears to be useless. You will therefore be pleased to have him released from confinement.
[Note 33: The resolve of February 27 established the death penalty for any civilian who captured or conveyed or aided in conveying any loyal citizen within the power of the enemy.]
I approve the sentences respecting Lt. Armstrong and Cornet Rushworm, and desire they may be carried into execution; the former cashiered and discharged from service, the latter acquitted and released from arrest. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favors of the 21st. and 26th. April, the last inclosing the Resolve of the General Assembly of Massachusetts for compleating the Battalions and for raising 1300 Men to serve upon the North River. I hope that clause, prohibiting the receiving Prisoners or deserters either as Draughts or Substitutes, will be particularly attended to, for reasons given at large in my last. If Lieut. Clarks health is such that he cannot continue in the Service, you must give him his discharge upon producing Certificates that he is not indebted to the Regiment or public.
The Court of Versailles has announced her Alliance, with the United States, to that of London, upon which the Embassadors were immediately withdrawn from the respective Courts. The Houses of Lords and Commons have addressed the King upon the subject, and seem to resent the matter highly. We have this by a Philada. paper of the 9th. A War I suppose will be the inevitable and speedy consequence. I am &ca.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 9th., informing me of the destruction of the Frigates and private Vessels at Bordentown. Upon the first intimation of this design, I detached Genl. Maxwell with a strong party, in hopes that he would have reached the Delaware time enough to have given them some opposition, but they had compleated the Business and gone off by the time he reached the cross Roads. Had the Commissioners of the Navy taken my repeated advice last fall and scutled and sunk the Frigates, it would have taken so much time and labour to have weighed them, that our force from all quarters could have been up to have prevented them.
With our present force it is impossible to take a fixed post in Jersey. I first detached Colo. Shreve with his own Regt. since that I have reinforced him with Colo. Ogdens, and as my numbers increase here, I shall strengthen the party in Jersey. They must for the present content themselves with moving about and acting according to circumstances. I am &ca.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favs. of the 5th. and that of the 7th. continued down to the 9th. If the Commissioners of the Navy ...37 Present my thanks to Major Clough and his small party for their bravery. The price formerly paid the captors of a light horse, with his accoutrements, was 100 dollars, but as money has depreciated, the Rule has been, in some instances, deviated from. Colo. Morgans Riflemen some time ago took Ten [teams of British light Horse between Derby and Chester, very capital Horses going into Philadelphia]38 they were paid 170 dollars per Horse and at that rate I have estimated those taken by Major Clough. Inclosed you have a Warrant for 510 dollars payable to the Major, which he will please to distribute among the party according to their Rank.
[Note 37: The omitted portion is practically the same as that in Washington's letter to Gen. Philemon Dickinson of the same date as this letter, q. v.]
[Note 38: The original phrase in brackets, "teams of Very Capital horses going into Philadelphia," was in the draft and also in the letter sent, but was crossed out and the words "British light Horse between Derby and Chester" substituted.]
I do not know whether the Carbines that are here are in proper order. I will have the matter inquired into, and, if they are, inform you, that you may send over a Waggon and a small escort for them.
You mentioned in a letter of the 23d. April that you understood some members of Congress were dissatisfied with the determination of Rank between Colo. Bland, Baylor, Sheldon and yourself; if it is so, I have never heard any thing of it from any person but yourself. I am &ca.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Valley Forge, May 13, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of the 4th. Instant by Colo. Sheldon.
I do not censure the conduct of Officers or hurt their feelings in the smallest degree thro' choice. When I do it, I always regret the occasion, which compelled me to the measure. How far the conduct of the generality, or of Individual Officers in your Corps may have been reprehensible and deserving the reproof and charges contained in my Letter, I cannot determine upon my own knowledge. I shall be happy if they were without foundation; However, my information was such that I could not disbelieve the facts. It came thro' various channels, and it appeared, that the Horses had been neglected and greatly harrassed. Colo. Moylan, in his general report of the state of the Cavalry informed me "That the second Regiment had been most cruelly dealt with. Of 54 Horses which he had seen paraded, that he did not think Ten could be selected fit to go on any duty. That they had been really starved during the Winter and the blame thrown from the Officers on Mr. Caldwell,40 who acted as a Commissary of forage; but that the true reason of their being in such condition, according to his believe, was that few or none of the Officers had been with the Regiment." If this was the case; If the Horses were neglected in their absence or not attended to as well as circumstances would admit, the Officers certainly are reproachable for not having done that duty they owed the public. I am, etc.41
[Note 40: Rev. James Caldwell, chaplain of the Third New Jersey Regiment. He acted at various times as a deputy quartermaster general.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 14, 1778.
Sir: General Wayne this day showed me a letter from Lt. Colo. Bayard,42 in which he informed him, that he had agreeable to order procured near three hundred Bayonets, which were fitted to Muskets, and was just preparing to send them down, when they were stopped by the executive Council, who alledged that they had positive orders from me to reserve all the Arms, belonging to the State, for the Militia, who are to be called out soon. There must be some mistake in this, because I never gave any such order in possitive terms, but yet I would wish to see every State have their Arms collected and in readiness. If the Muskets to which the Bayonets are fitted, happen to belong particularly to the State, Mr. Henry can easily replace them with a like number of Continental, a great quantity of which he will have to repair. I have written to him to do so; should this be the case. I should therefore be exceedingly glad to have the Arms, which were got ready by Colo. Bayard, sent down as quick as possible, as Genl Wayne's division really wants them. I am &c.43
[Note 42: Lieut. Col. Stephen Bayard, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1778, and to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 43: The draft is m the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 14, 1778.
Sir: I find by a letter from Lieutt. Colo. Bayard to Genl. Wayne, that a parcel of Arms, to which you had made and fitted Bayonets, were detained by the Governor and Council because the Muskets belonged to the State. I have written to Governor Wharton upon the subject, and have informed him, that if the muskets do belong particularly to the State, you will replace them with an equal number of continental, many of which you have to repair. This I desire you will do.
If the Espontoons for the Officers are finished be pleased to send them down. If they are not, let them be compleated as soon as possible. I am &ca.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, May 14, 1778.
Parole Orleans. Countersigns Orkney, Ostend.
The Troops are in future to be exempt from exercise every Friday afternoon, which time is allowed them for washing Linnen and cloathing. The Serjeants who conduct Squads to bathe are to be particularly careful that no man remains longer than ten minutes in the Water.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments are to order two windows at least to be made in each hut.
As the Second North Carolina, Livingston's45 and Angell's46 Regiments are sickly the commanding Officers of those Regiments will apply for tents to remove their men from their hurts.
[Note 45: Fourth New York Regiment.]
[Note 46: Second Rhode Island Regiment.]
At a Brigade Court Martial in the Artillery May 9th. 1778, Colo. Proctor, President, Captain Francis Proctor, Senior47 tried for scandalous and infamous behaviour unbecoming the Character of a Gentleman and Officer. Also for breaking his Arrest and threatning Captain Rices48 Life in an ungentlemanlike manner in different Companies, acquitted of the charge of breaking his Arrest but found guilty of scandalous behaviour unbecoming the Gentleman and Officer being a breach of the 21st. Article, 14th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged the service.
[Note 47: Capt. Francis Proctor, sr., of the Fourth Continental Artillery.]
[Note 48: Capt. Joseph Rice, of the Fourth Continental Artillery.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Febiger was President 5th. of May 1778; Lieutenant Carter49 of Colo. Baylor's Regiment of Light Dragoons tried for neglect of duty in leaving the different roads unguarded from Barren Hill Church to Philadelphia, by which neglect the Enemy march'd a body of horse and foot to said Church and surprized and made Prisoners a Subaltern and his Party who had returned to the Church for refreshment. After due deliberation the Court are of opinion that Lieutt. Carter is guilty of the charge exhibited against him, being a breach of Article 5th. section 18th. of the Articles of War but are of opinion that he must have mis-understood the orders given by Captain McLane, which considerably alleviates his neglect of duty and sentence him to be reprimanded in General Orders.
[Note 49: Lieut. John Hill Carter, of the Third Continental Dragoons.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence, discharges Lieutenant Carter from his Arrest and desires him to repair to his Regiment; He hopes that he will in future pay very strict attention to the orders of his commanding Officer, as he must plainly perceive the ill effects that have arisen from Misapprehension.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, May 15, 1778.
Parole Onondaga. Countersigns Ohio, Ontario.
General Mcintosh being appointed to a separate Command and requiring a little time to prepare for it, Colo. Clark50 is to
[Note 50: Col. Thomas Clark, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was wounded at Stono Ferry, S. C., in June, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; retired in January, 1783.] take the immediate command of the North Carolina Brigade and discharge the several duties of Colo. Commandant 'till further orders, except administring the oath to the officers (agreeable to former orders) which General Mcintosh is to continue to do while he stays in Camp.
James McHenry,51 Esquire, is appointed as Assistant Secretary to the Commander in Chief and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
[Note 51: Had been a surgeon in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment; as assistant secretary to the Commander in Chief he held the rank of lieutenant colonel; major in the Continental Army in May, 1781, to rank from October, 1780; aide to Lafayette from October, 1780, to December, 1780; Secretary of War of the United States, Jan. 29, 1796, to May 13, 1800.]
The Court of Enquiry whereof General Varnum was President report "That although the Inconveniences suffered in Colo. Greene's Regiment would naturally prompt him to request an Enquiry, yet that Colo. Steward has acquitted himself with propriety being no way contributary thereto."
The Proportions of Paper will be delivered the several Brigades tomorrow.
No Sutler or soldiers are to sell or give any rum or other spirituous liquors to the Indians on any pretence whatever. A breach of this order will be immediately and severely noticed.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favoured with your letters of the 16th. and 26th. of last month, with their inclosures. I am sorry to observe, that the Disposition of the Indian nations is not generally so favourable, as could be wished; but it is not to be wondered at, when we consider the advantages the enemy possess over us, in the means of supplying their wants, and rewarding their friendships. I doubt not Congress, as far as may be practicable, will direct the measures recommended by the Board of Commissioners for cultivating their attachment, to be carried into effect, or any others that may appear proper for promoting that end. I should hope, that if their minds could be impressed with a conviction of the true state of Affairs between France and this country and of the genuineness of the Treaties lately concluded, it would have a very happy influence. The Oneidas and Tuscaroras have a particular claim to attention and kindness, for their perseverance and fidelity.
Mr. Toussard,52 with a party of Indians arrived in camp yesterday. I learn by him, that Lt. Colo. Gouvion53 was shortly to set out with another party. If he has not yet began his journey, when this gets to hand, I should wish the party to be stopped, or if they should be on the way and not far advanced, and it can be done without occasioning disgust, I should be glad they might return home. When my application was made for a body of Indians to join this army, our prospects were very different from what they now are. It was expected that the campaign would have been opened by the enemy much earlier than it, in all probability, will, if they do make another campaign in America, which is far from being certain, in the present posture of European affairs. All appearances at this time are opposed to the supposition of any speedy offensive movement on their part, and if they remain on the defensive, protected by their works, there will be very little of that kind of service in which the Indians are capable of being useful. To bring them such a distance, while there is likely to be scarcely any employment suited
[Note 52: Louis Tousard, volunteer. He lost an arm in action in Rhode Island in 1778 and was given the rank of brevet lieutenant colonel, Continental Army, and a pension of $30 a month for life by Congress Oct. 27, 1778; major in the First United States Artillery in February, 1795; lieutenant colonel of the Second United States Artillery in May, 1800; honorably discharged June 1, 1802.]
[Note 53: Lieut. Col. Jean Baptiste Gouvion, of the Continental Engineers. He was brevet colonel in November, 1781; retired in October, 1783.] to their active and desultory genius, could answer no valuable purpose; but would be productive of needless expence, and might perhaps have a tendency to put them out of humour. As there seemed too, to be some apprehensions among them for their own security, and rather a reluctance, to leave their homes, they will possibly not be displeased to find the call for their services has cease'd.
I leave it to your judgment to assign such reasons as you shall deem best calculated to account for the change and satisfy them. I should think however a good way might be, to inform them, with proper comments of the Treaties we have entered into, and that in consequence of them, affairs have taken such a turn, as to make it unnecessary to give them the trouble at this time of coming to our assistance; That we wish them for the present, to continue peaceably at home, and only be in readiness to cooperate with us on any future occasion, that may present itself for advancing our mutual interest. They may be told, that we hope soon to be able to expel our enemies and to give them effectual protection, against all those from whom they themselves have any thing to dread. These you will consider merely as hints, and make such use of them as you shall judge expedient. As I have requested the Marquis to instruct Mr. Gouvion, with a message from him to them, expressive of ideas similar to those here suggested. He will inclose his letter for Mr. Gouvion open to you, directing him nevertheless to consult you and make his declarations correspond with yours. With respect to such Indians as may happen to be on their way to us, though under present circumstances, I had much rather dispense with their attendance; yet if you conceive, they cannot be sent back, without offending them, they must be suffered to proceed.
Congress have not yet sent me their final instructions relative to your trial: So soon as they do, you may depend I shall immediately give you notice, and transmit, agreeable to your desire, a copy of the charges they exhibit.
You will without doubt have seen such particulars of our new alliance, as have been made public. There is every reason to believe a war has been some time since declared between France and England. The late Philadelphia papers are full of it. One of them contains a message from the Court of France to that of Britain, announcing the alliance with America in terms of banter and contempt that must be more galling, than any thing she has ever before experienced. The King pronounces it to be a high and unprovoked insult. The two houses of parliament, reecho his sentiments and assure him of their most zealous support, in any measures he may find necessary towards resenting the injury. The English ambassador is recalled from France, and the French ambassador from England. Every appearance indicates an instant war. Another Philadelphia paper of the 13th., among several other articles of a similar complexion, mentions that the Directors of the Bank had waited upon Lord North to know if a war would take place so soon as was expected, to which he replied it was inevitable. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: By last nights post I received your favor of the 5th. Instant.
I thank you for your exertions to raise a body of Cavalry for reinforceing and relieving those belonging to the Army, which by the severe service of the last campaign are much reduced. As motives of generosity and duty bring your Corps to the field, I flatter myself they will render essential services, and that their conduct will be such, as to merit the approbation of their Country.
With respect to Carbines, if they can be procured without much delay, it would be best, but if they cannot, I would not wish you to wait for them. The most direct route will be thro' Baltimore. However, I do not know but the Horses may be more easily subsisted on the upper road, tho' that too has been greatly frequented and the forage considerably exhausted.
I congratulate you most sincerely on the part which France has taken in our Affairs. The public prints will inform you of the Treaty with us, and of her message to the Court of London in consequence. The Latter was communicated thro' the Philadelphia press, and it must have been more galling and degrading to the pride and ambition of Britain than any thing she has experienced since she was a Nation. By a paper of the 13th. from the same Quarter, it is said, "the directors of the bank had waited on Lord North, to know whether a war would happen as soon as expected, who answered it was inevitable. That all Governors &ca. had been ordered forthwith to repair to their respective Stations in England, Ireland and elsewhere. A further paragraph is, That a Messenger extraordinary had been dispatched to Lord Grantham, Ambassador at the Court of Madrid, instructing him to demand categorically, whether that Court meant to aid the French in their present unjustifiable able conduct with respect to American disputes, or to preserve the strictest neutrality; with further directions, in case of an evasive answer, to leave the Spanish dominions immediately. It is added that the Declaration of War was only suspended to know the event of the demand." Matters appear abroad to be in as favourable a train as we could wish, and If we are not free and happy, it will be owing to a want of virtue, prudence and management among ourselves. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am glad to find by yours of the 4th. Instant that you have been so successful in the purchase of horses; and I hope that as the favorable news from Europe has already began to produce a visible effect on the value of paper money in this quarter that it will extend its influence and reduce the price of horses and every other article. If you have not received an answer from the Treasury Board before this reaches you, I would have you send a good officer to them, which may have more effect than writing. I can see no objection to applying part of the money recd. for purchasing horses to paying bounty to your recruits. In my letter of the first of May I desired you not to make any absolute appointment of officers, as the augmentation of the Cavalry was only recommended by the committee of Congress but not yet adopted. I am &ca.56
[Note 56: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J., to whom the editor is indebted.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 16, 1778.
My dear Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving to day your letter of the 8th of April Ultimo; and am much obliged to the Governor and Council for their agreeable present. It is now on its way from the head of Elk; When it arrives I make no doubt, but it will find us in a humour to do it all manner of justice. I rejoice with you most heartily upon our recent good news, the ratification and public acknowledgement of our alliance with France and our still further prospect of friendship and alliance with other foreign powers. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Valley Forge, May 16, 1778.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with your two favors of the 12th Instant.
If the provisions and stores, which are in the Southern States can be transported by water, it will without question be infinitely more eligible, than the present mode of conveyance, which is and must be attended with great delay and vast expence. The vessels to be employed in this business, I should suppose, ought to be small and such as could without difficulty, run into shallow water, or any port or inlet, in case of their being chased by the Enemy's ships or cruisers. From the opinion I entertain of Captain Robinson and the Board's desire to give him the chief direction of the craft, I should be exceedingly happy to obtain his release; however I cannot promise that it will soon take place. The moment I had notice of his detention, which General Howe communicated himself, I remonstrated against it and demanded that he should be liberated, but without any effect. I will urge it a second time. Captain Robinsons permitting a Captain Galt to attend the flag, in the character of a private, was the foundation of this unhappy affair. I am persuaded he had no ill design in the matter and that it proceeded intirely from an imprudent and unreasonable curiosity in Galt to see his Philadelphia acquaintances. The proceeding, considering the great delicacy of Truces, was not justifiable. I do not conceive, that any proposition for his exchange can be made with propriety. He is not to be viewed in the light of a prisoner of war, If his seizure was illegal, he ought to be restored without our giving any compensation; if it was not, we cannot claim his release. To propose an exchange, would be to give up the point and to admit there was a degree of criminality in his conduct. Supposing for a moment, that he could be considered as a prisoner, I dont know that we have an Officer of his rank to offer for him.
While we are on the subject of transportation of provisions and Stores, I would take the liberty to suggest, that great advantages in my opinion, would be derived to the public from the establishment of stages at proper distances, for instance forty or fifty miles apart, on the Land communication between this and the principal Towns in the Eastern States, from which we generally procure supplies. For want of this, Stores are a long time getting to hand, and in many cases, I am satisfied, they have been stopped (sometimes thro' whim and sometimes thro' accident) dispersed, and in the end intirely lost. If stages and depositories were fixed on, the conveyance would be more certain and more expeditious. Magazines of forage might be collected, where they are established, for the cattle used in the business, and there would be no difficulty in procuring teams. As matters now stand, the owners from the great distance they go the uncertainty of their returning on the one hand and on the other the certainty of their being much injured if they do, are unwilling to hire them and very frequently refuse it altogether, by which means the Publick measures are greatly impeded and very essentially detrimented.
The inconvenience which the Board mention in the case of discharg'd Soldiers, has frequently happen'd, and however easy it may appear to guard against it, it will be found in practice and on a more minute investigation of the matter tolerably difficult. If those sent to Hospitals should not receive their back pay, and that which becomes due while they are there, it is said they would want many comfortable necessaries which by having it they could procure, in aid of the Hospital Supplies. Another difficulty is, their pay is frequently comprehended in the Abstracts for three or four Months back previous to their being sent away, and Warrants granted for it, which remain unpaid for want of money in the Military Chest. When this is the case, their pay might be drawn twice; once by the Pay Master on the General Regimental Warrant and by themselves on the Director or Surgeons Certificate. Nor can the Pay Masters when they receive money on the Abstracts give credit for the sum due the Sick as the warrants are always fix'd and drawn for the whole Account of the Abstract, when it was first presented. I will try with the Resolution and some Orders fram'd for the purpose to provide against the grievance. The former or one very like it was communicated to the Army in 1776.
I am much obliged by the information of the Board of War respecting Soldiers who leave Camp as Servants to Officers. Orders shall be immediately issued to restrain the abuse, and once for all I beg to add, that I shall always receive with great pleasure intelligence from the Board, of any practices failing under their notice which require reform. I have the honour etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is partially in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, May 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: From many concurrent circumstances it appears that the Enemy are preparing to evacuate Philadelphia. Whether their design is to withdraw altogether from the Continent or to concenter their forces at New York cannot be ascertained; in case the latter should be the case, it will be proper to have provision of forage made on the road to the North River for such body of Troops as may be ordered to march from hence in consequence.
If you could employ an intelligent confidential person to go into New York and inform you of what passes there, it would be of infinite use in the present conjuncture, as any similar preparations on the part of the Enemy in that place would evince their intention of generally abandoning the Territories of the United States. I am, etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 16, 1778.
Sir: I wrote to you the 17th. of last Month, desiring your immediate attendance at Head Quarters, duplicate of which I now inclose. I cannot conceive how that letter could have miscarried; neither can I conceive, if it got to hand, what can have prevented my receiving some answer to it. I am now to inform you that the complaints against your department have become so loud and universal, that I can no longer dispense with your presence in camp to give satisfaction on the many subjects of discontent that prevail in the army from that source, and to relieve me from those difficulties in which I am involved by your absence. If you have not therefore express directions from Congress to the contrary, you will consider this, as a positive and peremptory injunction immediately to repair to Head Quarters.60 I am, etc.61
[Note 60: A picture of one of the provision difficulties is found in Col. Stephen Moylan's letter (May 13) to Washington, from Trenton: "the great neglect of providing any thing (flour excepted) for Bland's and Baylor's Regiments call aloud for redress, they have lived upon Salt fish and Salt Herrings these five weeks past, which is now expended, and nothing have they now but flour to live upon." Moylan's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, Saturday, May 16, 1778.
Parole Potomack. Countersigns Poland, Princetown.
A most pernicious Practice has in too many instances prevailed of Officers on leaving Camp either upon Furlough or what is still worse to quit the service taking with them soldiers in the Capacity of servants. This abuse so detrimental to the Army and so injurious to the Public is positively forbid in future and Commanding Officers of Regiments are enjoined to prevent its being practiced on any pretence whatever. This is to be considered as a standing and invariable Order.
It is not improbable that the Army may soon find it necessary to make a sudden and rapid movement. The Commander in Chief reminds the Officers of the order of the 27th. of last March respecting Baggage; if there should be any who have been inattentive to it, they must abide the consequences of it, as it is determined that no hindrance to the Motions of the Army will be suffered to happen on Account of an Incumbrance which ought to have been removed.
As the hot season advances the time of Exercise will be an hour sooner than heretofore; the whole Army will therefore be under Arms at five o'Clock in the morning precisely. The Inspectors and Brigade Majors will regulate their Watches agreeable to the Clock at Head Quarters.
Honours due from Guards to the Generals and other Officers of the Army, to be observ'd in future.
1st. Guards commanded by Commissioned Officers are for the Commander in Chief to parade and present Arms, the Officers saluting and Drums beating; but as in Camp before the Enemy it would not always be proper to announce the Presence of the Commander in Chief. His Excellency therefore orders that the Drums do not beat.
2ndly. For Major Generals and General and Field Officers of the day, the Guards present Arms.
3rd. For Brigadier Generals they parade with handled Arms. 4th. For the Adjutant General and Inspectors of Divisions the same. Also from Quarter Guards to their own Brigade Inspectors.
5thly. Guards commanded by non-commissioned Officers to the Commander in Chief, Major Generals, Brigadier Generals, Field Officers of the day, Adjutant General, The Inspectors of Divisions, Field Officers of their own Regiments and Inspectors of their own Brigade, Sentinels present Arms for all General Officers, Field Officers of the day, Adjutant General and Inspectors of Divisions and the Sentinels in Camp likewise to the Field Officers of their own Regiments.
The Guard of the Commander in Chief pays no Honours but to him. The Guard of Majr. Generals pay no Honour but to the Commander in Chief and the General to whom they are on Guard.
Guards of Brigadier Generals pay Honours to the Commander in Chief, the Major Generals and the Brigadiers to whom they are on guard.
When a guard parades they must be formed in two ranks agreeable to the Instructions already given for the formation of Troops, the Officer to the right of the front Rank a Serjeant covering him in the same manner as formed for the Charge, The Drums to the right of the Officer and Sentinels to the right of the Drums a little advanced. There must be no single man. The Sentinel will give the time; The Officer facing to the left gives the word Present Arms! and with the last Motion faces again to the front; facing again to the left he commands Shoulder! &c., keeping to the right of his Guard when occasion may require.
N. B. This last Article respects only the Guards in Camp in time of War. In Garrison &c. in time of peace the Guards parade at open ranks and the Officers advance four Paces before the center.
When it happens that a General or Field Officer of the day passes a Guard during the time they are relieving both guards pay the honours before mentioned without altering their position, though they should pass behind either of the Guards.
When a Battalion or detachment passes before a Guard, they must carry Arms and beat a march; the Guard must present Arms and beat a march and if the Battalion or Detachment has Colours the Officer salutes them.
When a body of men without Arms [approach?] even if they are Country man, if their numbers are equal to or stronger than the guard, the Sentinels should alarm the Guard and the guard turn out 'till they have passed.
When a Guard in marching to it's post or in returning meets a General or Field Officer they should carry Arms and continue their march.
When a single soldier with Arms meets any Officer he should halt, front and carry Arms 'till the officer has passed.
When two Guards or Detachments meet they should both carry Arms and incline to the right to make room for each other to pass.
Valley Forge, May 17, 1778.
Sir: From a variety of concurring circumstances and the general information of persons coming from Philadelphia it would appear, that the Enemy mean to evacuate the City, and accordingly are preparing to embark. Some accounts are, that part of the Heavy Cannon and baggage are already on board, and the whole agree, that all the Transports are taking in wood and Water. Whether an evacuation is really intended or what their destination will be, supposing that it should take place, is a matter that cannot be determined here; However I think it right to give you the substance of the intelligence, that you may be in the best situation, circumstances will admit of, in case they should have it in view to operate on the North River. That you may be the more respectable, if such should be their design, you will retain all the Eastern recruits intended for the Regiments here, till I give further directions respecting them. It is probable, the point of evacuation or the contrary will become so certain, that it may be decided in a few days what measures will be best to pursue. Perhaps, at the same time it might not be improper for you to make a requisition of the Militia or a part of them to reinforce the Highland posts and compleat the Works, agreeable to the powers vested in you for that purpose. Their services may be very beneficial on condition of a sudden push on the part of the Enemy, and will not at any rate, involve any considerable expence, as a little time will demonstrate what operations the Enemy have in contemplation. I have also written to General McDougal, requesting him to remain where he is till he hears further from me. If the Enemy, in Philadelphia, are going to leave the Continent in consequence of the state of affairs in Europe, I should suppose they will also abandon New York; and that the same preparations for a removal will be making there, that are in Philadelphia. It will be very material to obtain good information from thence, and I am persuaded you will use all the means in your power to effect it. If some one or two Intelligent persons could be sent in for the purpose, in whose integrity and veracity you could implicitly confide, their report would be extremely interesting. As soon as the Objects of the present preparations in Philadelphia are well understood, I will advise you, and if they shall seem to be directed to the Northward of this, I shall afford the earliest and every possible aid that I can give. I am &ca.
P. S. I request that you will transmit the inclosed Letters for the Commissaries of military Stores at Albany and Springfield by Express.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The P.S. does not appear in the letter sent, which was addressed to Gates "or Commanding Officer at Fish Kills."]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 17, 1778.
Sir: Every piece of intelligence from Philadelphia makes me think it more and more probable, that the Enemy are preparing to evacuate it. Whether they intend to leave the Continent, or only go to some other part of it must be uncertain. There are some reasons that induce a suspicion they may intend for New York. In any case it is absolutely necessary, we should be ready for an instant movement of the army. I have therefore to request, you will strain every nerve to prepare without delay the necessary provisions in your department for that purpose. The most pressing and immediate object of your attention will be the procuring a large number of Waggons for transporting baggage, provisions &ca. and some good horses for the Artillery. You will call upon this State and use every other means in your power for a supply. The scarcity of forage will not allow any number of horses being brought into Camp; but it is essential the horses and Waggons should be collected at different places in the vicinity of Camp, where they can be furnished with forage, and drawn expeditiously to the Army. Tents should also be provided and hastened forward with all possible speed; not only with a view to a general movement; but also an account of the advancing hot season, from which we already begin to experience very unhappy effects, and have reason to apprehend worse, if we keep the men much longer in huts. We probably have no time to lose, and I shall rely upon your exertions, that every thing will be done, on your part, to enable us to be prepared for events. Let me know what prospects you have, and when you think you will have it in your power to answer the present exigency. I am &ca.
P.S. As we may have to go to the North River, Magazines of forage should immediately be provided on the different routes, particularly those by way of Coryell's, Morris Town &ca. and Trenton, Boundbrook, Westfield &ca. smaller ones should be formed on the road by Howel's ferry, Goshen &ca.
You will also immediately have the boats on the Delaware inspected and got ready in all respects to transport the army across. Those which want it must be repaired.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 17, 1778.
My dear sir: From a number of concurring circumstances there is reason to believe that the enemy mean to evacuate Philadelphia. It is necessary therefore to draw together as great a force as can be provided for, with the utmost expedition. But as several of our outposts, covering magazines and the like, cannot be recalled without a body of Militia to act in their room, I am obliged to request of the neighbouring States a reinforcement for this and other purposes. The requisition of Congress extends to 5000 Militia from the Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland.
A large compact body of regulars are wanted, and several valuable intentions to be attended to at the same time. General Smallwood who lays at Willmington, covers a quantity of Stores at the Head of Elk. If he is withdrawn, the enemy may destroy our magazines in that place. I would imagine that five hundred militia of your State would be a sufficient security, and proper restraint upon the enemy on that quarter. I would therefore beg of you to embody and send forward five hundred of your militia equipped, and the most contiguous to the Head of Elk. You may probably find it most convenient to send them by companies. The most expeditious way is certainly the best. And the sooner they get to the Head of Elk, the sooner shall I have it in my power to recall the Garrison from Willmington and complete such a body of Continental troops as may enable me to act according to conjunctures.
I rely on your particular assistance on this critical occasion, and am, etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[MD.H.S.]
Valley Forge, May 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: From a variety of concurring circumstances and the general information of persons coming from Philadelphia, it would appear, that the Enemy mean to evacuate the City and accordingly are preparing to embark. Some accounts are, that part of their Heavy cannon and baggage are already on board, and all agree, that the whole of the Transports are wooding and watering. What objects they have in view I cannot yet determine. However, as things are circumstanced, I would wish you to remain where you are till you hear further from me. If they intend to leave the Continent on account of the complexion of affairs in Europe, I should suppose they will also abandon New York and that the same preparations will be making there for a removal that are in Philadelphia. If on the other hand they only mean to concenter their force, New York for many reasons is most likely to be fixed on for the purpose. I have written to Genl. Gates on the subject and have advised him, if possible, to obtain certain intelligence of the State of things there. I have also requested him to detain for the present the Eastern Recruits designed for the Regiments here. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: From a variety of accounts, all concurring, I am fully of opinion that the Enemy are making preparations to evacuate Philadelphia. It is my wish to draw all the Continental force together, that I may be able to act immediately as circumstances may require. Was it not for the safety of the Stores at the Head of Elk, I should order your division to join directly, but as the Stores now there and expected are, I believe, considerable in quantity, you are only to hold yourself in readiness to move at a moments warning. I have wrote to Governor Johnson desiring him to send 500 Militia to the Head of Elk as quickly as possible. I have called for this number, upon a calculation that about one half the requisition will come into the Field. Supposing the Enemy totally evacuate Pennsylvania, a Guard at Elk will still be necessary to protect the Stores from the insult of Marines and Seamen who may be sent up the Bay. Inclosed you have the letter for Governor Johnson; but as I do not certainly know whether he is at Annapolis, Baltimore or Frederick, I shall be obliged to you for sending a subaltern Officer with it, charged to find out and deliver it to the Governor himself.
If the Stores at Elk are not very considerable, I think we might leave them under a guard of 150 or 200 continental Troops. I would therefore have you send a judicious Officer to get an exact Account of the quantity there and shortly expected from Mr. Hollingsworth,66 Mr. Rudulph67 and others in the Qr. Mr. and Commissary's department. Let me know the result of the enquiry, and I can then judge whether it will be prudent, to remove your main Body before the Militia come in. But at all events be prepared. I am etc.68
[Note 66: Henry Hollingsworth, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 67: Tobias Rudulph, Commissary of Stores, at Head of Elk.]
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, May 17, 1778.
Sir: The Enemy's transactions in Philadelphia as related by divers intelligent persons indicate the speedy evacuation of that post. This requires a state of readiness in us for marching at the shortest warning. I am therefore to desire that you will give the proper orders in your department, that every thing that depends on you, may be prepared for moving on the first notice. You will likewise acquaint me to what Commissary in the neighbourhood of Camp, I may with most effect issue orders for a prompt supply of small Arms. From the present appearance of things, it is not impossible that the enemy mean to concenter their force at New York. Your views are therefore to be extended to such preparations as may be required in case of a march to the North River. I am, etc.
P.S. You will inform me what orders were given relative to the Arms at Springfield and Albany, and when they may reasonably be expected.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 70: Commissary of Military Stores of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, May 17, 1778.
Sir: By your last return, it appears that the Musket cartridges in camp amount only to about 140,000, as this number is very far from being adequate to the demand, you are without loss of time to take the most effectual means for increasing it very largely. Acquaint me in the mean time with your prospects that I may know what to depend upon. I am &ca71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 72: Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army.]
May 17, 1778.
Sir: Very frequent and recent intelligence from the City of Philadelphia induces me to think that the Enemy mean to evacuate that place, such a step must consequently make it necessary for this Army to move, and as this will be a sudden affair, I now give you notice that every thing in your Department may be in perfect readiness for the event. I have written to the Quarter Master to take every step in his power to procure Waggons, and to him you will apply for them, giving every aid in your power to effect that business, you will, as far as it may be in your power, lay in magazines of provision between this and the North River on or convenient to the Road leading over Coryells Ferry to Morris Town &ca. and thro' Boundbrook, Westfield &ca. Sufficient to feed the Troops on their march should it be found necessary to take that course. no time is to be lost. I am &ca.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 74: Commissary of Military Stores at Springfield, Mass.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 17, 1778.
Sir: General Knox informs me, that he directed 2000 arms to be sent on from Springfield to Lebanon; which it is to be supposed are now on their way. The distress of this army for want of arms is very great; we have a number of men intirely destitute and many recruits are dayly coming in from whom we can derive no service on the same account. I am therefore to desire in the most urgent manner, that the above mentioned arms may be hastened forward with all possible dispatch. In order to effect this purpose, it would be of great use to send some active trusty conductor, to take care of them, with orders not to lose a moments time in bringing them on. When they are near the Delaware, I should be glad to be apprized of it, as think it will be better to bring them immediately to this Army, if they are fit for use, than to send them to Lebanon, as was directed. I am, etc.
P.S. Let a 1000 more arms be prepared and packed up, to be sent on, on orders being given.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 76: Commissary of Military Stores at Albany, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, May 17, 1778.
Sir: General Knox informs me that he gave you directions to send from Albany two thousand Arms with bayonets for the use of this army; as we are in the most pressing want of these articles, I am to desire that you will exert yourself to have them forwarded with all possible expedition and to commit them to the care of an attentive, active person in your department, who may provide as well for security as dispatch in their transportation. I am &ca.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Camp, May 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yesterday your favor of the 15th Inst., inclosing a paper, subscribed by Sundry Officers of General Woodford's brigade, setting forth their reasons for not taking the Oath of Abjuration, Allegiance and Office, and thank you much for the cautious delicacy, used in communicating the matter to me.
As every Oath should be a free act of the Mind, founded on the conviction of the party, of its propriety, I would not wish, in any instance, that there should be the least degree of compulsion exercised; or to interpose my opinion in order to induce any to make it, of whom it is required. The Gentlemen therefore who signed the paper, will use their own discretion in the matter, and swear or not swear, as their conscience and feelings dictate.
At the same time, I cannot but consider it, as a circumstance of some singularity, that the scruples against the Oath should be peculiar to the Officers of one Brigade, and so very extensive.
The Oath in itself is not New. It is substantially the same with that required in all Governments, and, therefore, does not imply any indignity; And it is perfectly consistent with the professions, Actions, and implied engagements of every Officer.
The objection, founded on the supposed unsettled Rank of the Officers, is of no validity (rank being only mentioned as a further designation of the party swearing); Nor can it be seriously thought, that the Oath is either intended, or can prevent their being promoted, or their resignations.
The fourth objection stated by the Gentlemen, serves as a Key to their scruples, and I would willingly persuade myself, that their own reflexions will point out to them the impropriety of the whole proceeding, and not suffer them to be betrayed in future into a similar conduct. I regard them all, and cannot but regret that they were ever engaged in the measure. I am certain they will regret it themselves: [Sure I am they ought.]78 I am etc.79
[Note 78: Sparks prints a footnote that the above-mentioned memorial was signed by 26 officers and that their objections to taking the oath were:
"1. The tenor of the oath they in some measure consider an indignity; they will not undertake to determine it unnecessary; an indignity, as it presupposes that some of them have acted contrary to their sentiments; it may be unnecessary, for those officers, who ventured their lives and fortunes in support of American Independence, could have no other reason but the apparent one.
"2. As many officers at present are injured in their rank, and cannot possibly continue in the army exactly in their present situation, they apprehend it would be an impropriety in them to swear to continue in their present posts, as the rank of the juror is to be taken when the oath is administered.
"3. Would not the oath debar an officer from the privilege of resigning when circumstances might render it indispensably necessary that he should quit the army?
"4. The taking of the oath, while the present establishment continues, most of the subscribers are of opinion, would lay them under a pointed restraint in endeavorimg to procure a change, which the whole army have long, not only most ardently wished for, but conceived absolutely necessary for its preservation; a change, that would put them on an honorable and advantageous footing."
This memorial is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The phrase in brackets was added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, May 17, 1778.
Parole Ramapau. Countersigns Rochester, Rome.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps are to make an exact return tomorrow morning ten o'Clock at Head Quarters of the Arms deficient in their respective Regiments and Corps.
The Commissary of Military Stores is also to make a return the 21st. instant of all the Arms received from and delivered to the Army from the first of November last specifying the particular Corps and the number received from and delivered to each.
Commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps are expressly directed to call in by the 1st. of June all soldiers belonging to their several Corps, who are now distributed in the different departments of the Staff in quality of Servants and to prevent any others in future being made use of in the same manner.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, May 18, 1778.
Parole Sparta. Countersigns Spain, Squam.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to inform the Army that the Honorable the Congress have been pleased to come to the following Resolution:
In Congress May 15th., 1778.
Resolved unanimously that all military Officers Commissioned by Congress who now are or hereafter may be in the service of the United States and shall continue therein during the War and shall not hold any Office of Profit under these States or any of them, shall after the Conclusion of the War be entitled to receive annually for the term of seven years (if they live so long) one half of the present pay of such Officers; provided that no General Officer of the Cavalry, Artillery or Infantry shall be entitled to receive more than the one half part of the pay of a Colonel of such Corps respectively and provided that this Resolution shall not extend to any Officer in the service of the United States unless he shall have taken an Oath of Allegiance and shall actually reside within some of the United States..
Resolved unanimously that every non-Commissioned military Officer and soldier who hath inlisted or shall inlist into the service of the States for and during the War and shall continue therein to the end thereof shall be entitled to receive the further reward of eighty dollars at the expiration of the War.
The whole Army are desired to prepare in the best manner possible for an immediate and sudden Movement.
Valley-forge, May 18, 1778.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 15th. Instt. gave me singular pleasure. I thank you for the agreeable intelligence it contains, which (tho' not equal to my wishes) exceeded my expectation, and is to be lamented, only for the delay;80 as the evils, consequent of it will soon as I have often foretold, be manifested in the movg. State of the Army, if the Departments of Quarter Master and Corny. will enable us to stir and keep pace with the enemy, who from every acct. are busy in preparing for their departure from Phila., whether for the West Indies, a rendezvous at New York to prepare for their voyage, or for some other expedition, time only can discover; the sooner however the regimental regulations and other arrangements are set abt. the sooner they will be finished; and for Godsake My dear Morris let me recomd. it to you to urge the absolute necessity of this measure with all your might.
[Note 80: See Journals of the Continental Congress, May 15, 1778, for the vote on the question of half pay to officers after the war or on retirement from disability incident to service. The Massachusetts Delegates had been the principal objectors to the pension idea, and James Lovell, of that State, and Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut, were the only Delegates who voted against the resolves of May 15, which granted half pay to officers who continued in service during the war, for seven years, with various restrictions, from the end of the war. Noncommissioned officers were to receive a gratuity of $80 in lieu of half pay.]
As the Council held at this Camp was by order of Congress and the Members constituting it pointed out by them, it was determined out of respect to that Body to treat the new Members with civility. Indeed the wish of all here that no private differences should interrupt that harmony wch. is so necessary in public Councils had no small share in the amity that appeared; contrary I own to my expectation, the same sentiments respecting the measures to be pursued pervaded the whole; our resolutions of course were unanimous.
I was not a little surprized to find that a certain Gentleman who some time ago (when a cloud of darkness hung heavy over us and our affairs looked gloomy) was desirous of resigning now stepping forward in the line of the Army.81 But if he can reconcile such conduct to his own feelings as an Officer and Man of honour and Congress hath no objection to his leaving his Seat in another department, I have nothing personally to oppose to it, yet I must think, that Gentleman's stepping in, and out, as the Sun happens to beam forth or obscure is not quite the thing, nor quite just with respect to those Officers who take the bitter with the Sweet.
[Note 81: Maj. Gen. Thomas Mifflin. He resigned as Quartermaster General of the Continental Army Nov. 7, 1777, to become a member of the Continental Board of War the same date. On May 21, 1778, Congress gave Mifflin leave to join the Army under Washington.]
I am told that C--y (from whom I have receiv'd another impertinent Letter dated the--Ulto.82 demanding the comd. of a division of the Continental Army) is through the medium of his friends solliciting his comn. again. Can this be? and if so, will it be granted?83 I am, etc.
[Note 82: This letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: Morris wrote (May 21) in answer to this: "As to your Friend who thought proper to demand of you a Command, I did beleive from the first that his Resignation was like some former ones from the same Quarter meerly calculated to gain other Promotion or Favor or Revenge. I was therefore led to expect that his Merits and our Misfortune in loosing him would become the Topick of Declamation and took the earliest Opportunity to express in the very strongest Terms my Satisfaction my Joy at the Receipt of the Letter from him and of Consequence to assign the Reasons why this Event gave me so much Pleasure. This gave a very different turn to Affairs. Panegyrick dwindled to Apology and no Opposition was made to the main Point of accepting his Resignation." (See Burnett's Letters of Members of Congress, vol. 3, p. 260.) Conway's letter of resignation to Congress is dated Apr. 22, 1778, and the resignation was accepted on April 28. He disclaimed intending to resign and took refuge in the explanation that he was unable to express himself clearly in English; but his letter of April 22 to President Laurens states "therefore, Sir, I expect you'll make my resignation acceptable to Congress."]
Valley Forge, May 18, 1778.
Sir: I have been honored with your two favors of the 11th and 15th Instant, with the several papers alluded to; the former by Monsr. Jemat,84 the latter by Express yesterday.
[Note 84: Lieutenant Colonel De Gimat (Jimat), aide to Lafayette.]
Colo. Johnson85 set out on Saturday afternoon to wait on Congress upon the subject of his late appointment, and I presume will be at York to day.
[Note 85: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been appointed Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army to succeed EliasBoudinot, but declined. Congress gave him leave to decline on May 23.]
I shall announce the Resolution of the 15th to the Army,86 and would flatter myself, it will quiet in a great measure, the uneasinesses which have been so extremely distressing, and prevent resignations which had proceeded and were likely to be at such a height, as to destroy our whole military system. It has experienced no inconsiderable shock, particularly in the line of some States, from the loss of Several very valuable Officers.
[Note 86: The half-pay resolves.]
The Letter and Brevet for Colo. Allen87 I will transmit, by the first opportunity. He left Camp Eight days ago.
[Note 87: Ethan Allen. He was breveted colonel in the Continental Army; became major general of Vermont Militia in 1779.]
From a variety of concurring circumstances and the uniform report of persons, who have left Philadelphia within four days past, it would appear that the Enemy mean to evacuate the City. It is said, they have already embarked a part of their Heavy cannon and baggage; That transports are fitted and fitting for their Horse, and taking in Hay. The accounts further add, that there has been a press for some nights in the City, and several Men obtained in this way and carried aboard Ship; also that there has been an increased number of Vendues. These circumstances all indicate an evacuation, but I have not been able to learn the objects of their future operations. I wrote to General Gates yesterday upon the subject, that he may be prepared in the best manner the situation of things will admit, in case they should be destined for the North River, and desired him to retain for the present all the Eastern recruits, intended for this Army. The Quarter Master General and Commissary of Provisions are directed to use every possible exertion for putting the affairs of their departments in a train to facilitate a movement in case it should be necessary; but such have been the derangements and disorders in them, that we must be greatly embarrassed for a considerable time yet. A valuable detachment under the Command of the Marquis Fayette marched this morning, which is intended to move between the Delaware and Schuylkill, for restraining the Enemy's parties, procuring intelligence and to act as circumstances may require.
I cannot help feeling for the prisoners in possession of the Enemy. If they evacuate Philadelphia, these unhappy men will be dragged away with them, and perhaps into a more miserable confinement; but supposing that their future treatment should not be worse, or even that it should be more comfortable than their past, the idea of being removed farther from their friends, and farther from relief, must distress them to the last degree. I have &ca.
P.S. I would take the liberty to mention, that I think the Arms and Cloathing expected from France, should be brought forward without a moments delay after they arrive. The impolicy of suffering them ever to remain in places accessible to shipping, out of the question, Our distress for both is amazingly great. We have many men now without Firelocks, and many coming in, in the same predicament; and Half the Army are without Shirts. Our condition for want of the latter and Blankets is quite painful, of the former very distressing. The Doctors attribute in a great degree the loss of Hundreds of lives to the scarcity of cloathing, and I am certain Hundreds have deserted from the same cause.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 18, 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 13th. on the subject of the Militia, which have been stationed at Easton, Bethlehem and Reading. The matter is new to me, as I do not recollect ever to have ordered a man of them to either of the above places. Colo. Nichola's Invalids89 have been at Easton and Bethlehem, where they were kept as a guard to the Hospitals and Stores, and therefore Militia were not necessary there, as Reading was the principal depository of our Quarter Master Stores, a guard was necessary, but I should have supposed far short of 200 would have been sufficient. When I drew Lt. Colo. Smith's detachment of Continental Troops from Lancaster, I desired Governor Wharton to furnish a guard of Militia in their place, as I was informed there were considerable stores there, but they were to be considered as part of the number of 1000 Men, which General Armstrong stipulated should be kept up during the Winter, to cover the Country between Schuylkill and Delaware This stipulation was never complied with, there being sometimes not more than 50 Men with Genl Lacey and never more than two or three hundred at a time. In my opinion, the Militia at Easton and Bethlehem, if they yet remain there, are totally useless. A small guard will be necessary at Reading, over the Quarter Master Stores. If I had given orders to mount
[Note 89: Col. Lewis Nicola's Invalid Regiment.] these Guards, I would have countermanded them, but as I did not, the Board had better take proper measures. As you say the Manner of procuring this Body of Militia was a little extraordinary I conclude it must have been somewhat irregular, and therefore should be glad to have your meaning more fully explained. The Rations consumed at the out posts, are, as you observe, monstrous and extravagant and therefore every method should be pursued to find out the useless mouths and dismiss them. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. It was addressed to Richard Peters, as secretary of the board.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 18, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed you have a duplicate of a letter which I forwarded yesterday by an express. The accounts from Philadelphia since, still continue to increase, and confirm a design of the enemies evacuating the City.
I beg you may transmit to Colo. Ethan Allen the inclosed letter by some safe and certain conveyance91 I am, etc.92
[Note 91: The letter to Allen inclosed was a brief note inclosing a letter from Congress and Allen's brevet commission. A draft of the letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 92: In the writing of James McHenry. The draft, also in the writing of McHenry, is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 18, 1778.
Sir: The detachment under your command with which you will immediately march towards the enemy's lines is designed to answer the following purposes: to be a security to this camp and a cover to the country between the Delaware and Schuylkill, to interrupt the communication with Philadelphia, obstruct the incursions of the enemy's parties, and obtain intelligence of their motions and designs. This last is a matter of very interesting moment, and ought to claim your particular attention. You will endeavour to procure trusty and intelligent spies, who will advise you faithfully of whatever may be passing in the city; and you will without delay communicate to me every piece of material information you obtain.
A variety of concurring accounts make it probable the enemy are preparing to evacuate Philadelphia. This is a point, which it is of the utmost importance to ascertain; and if possible the place of their future destination. Should you be able to gain certain intelligence of the time of intended embarkation; so that you may be able to take advantage of it, and fall upon the rear of the enemy in the act of withdrawing, it will be a very desirable event. But this will be a matter of no small difficulty, and will require the greatest caution and prudence in the execution. Any deception or precipitation may be attended with the most disastrous consequences.
You will remember that your detachment is a very valuable one, and that any accident happening to it would be a severe blow to this Army. You will therefore use every possible precaution for its security, and to guard against a surprise. No attempt should be made nor any thing risked without the greatest prospect of success, and with every reasonable advantage on your side. I shall not point out any precise position to you; but shall leave it to your discretion to take such posts occasionally as shall appear to you best adapted to the purposes of your detachment. In general I would observe that a stationary post is unadvisable, as it gives the enemy an opportunity of knowing your situation and concerting plans successfully against you. In case of any offensive movements against this army, you will keep yourself in such a state as to have an easy communication with it and at the same time harrass the enemy's advance.
Our parties of horse93 and foot between the rivers and to be under your command and to form part of your detachment.
[Note 93: On May 17 Lieut. Col. John Laurens wrote to Col. Stephen Moylan, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. that the Commander in Chief desired a select party of 50 dragoons, fully equipped, under active officers, to proceed to Whitemarsh to join a detachment of infantry. This was Lafayette's detachment, though no mention of it is made in the letter. Laurens's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
As great complaints have been made of the disorderly conduct of the parties which have been sent towards the enemy's lines, it is expected that you will be very attentive in preventing abuses of the like nature and will inquire how far complaints already made are founded in justice.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 19, 1778.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 17th. instant, inclosing the proceedings of a General Court Martial held by your order. The character you give of Jetson makes him so atrocious, that I regret his trial and sentence are not more clear and regular. There could be no more proper object for an example, if it could be made with propriety, than the circumstances you mention designate this man to be. But the proceeding in this affair has not all that precision, authority and evidence, which are essential to affect life. The charge is laid in too general terms to be admitted, either at a civil or military tribunal. The only part in which it is specific and definite is the firing on the Continental troops, which in itself, is no crime; but depends upon the manner and circumstances of the fact, to make it so, of which there ought to be something descriptive in the charge. In those cases, where it is a crime, if the criminal is an inhabitant, we have no law, subjecting him to the jurisdiction of a court Martial, but he must be referred to the civil power, to be tried for treason. There is a resolve of Congress, empowering Courts Martial to take cognizance of inhabitants who have any communication of Trade or intelligence with the enemy, or who serve them in the capacity of guides or pilots; but the operation of this law is limited to persons taken within thirty Miles of Head Quarters; which prevents its application to the present case. There is another resolve, copy of which I inclose, for the trial and punishment of Kidnappers.95 You mention the practice of Kidnapping as one of Jetson's offences; if proper evidence can be adduced in support of it, and the commission has been since the date of the law, you may have him tried on that charge, which will effectually procure him his deserts; otherwise he must of necessity be turned over to the civil power of the State, to which he belongs, which it is to be hoped will at least take proper precaution to prevent his doing further mischief.
[Note 95: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Feb. 27, 1778.]
It gives me real pain to dissent from any request the object of which is the relief of our suffering friends, particularly those in captivity. But I do not think, I can, consistent with the good of the service, allow the permission desired for sending flour into Philadelphia. An objection arises not only to the quantity, which is considerable, but to the precedent. If the indulgence should be granted in one instance it could not without the imputation of partiality be refused in another; and to grant it in all would lead to a very extensive consequence, which I do not think myself at liberty to involve. At the present juncture also, while there is in all appearance an important change impending in the affairs and situation of the enemy, I think it would be less proper, than at another time.
I send you a permit for Mrs. Flower96 and Mr. Nichols.97
Your's of the 10th. is also before me. I would not have you recall the detachment under Colo. Pope; It is very usefully employed, and it may perhaps be necessary for you to leave a
[Note 96: Mrs. Flower was from Marcus Hook, Pa. Her husband was imprisoned by the British in Philadephia.]
[Note 97: Isaac Nichols. He had been a royal customs officer in Massachusetts but was stated to be a neutral and inoffensive citizen.] party behind, for the purposes, that detachment is now answering. The scarcity of arms with us is so great, that I can at present afford no relief to your wants in this respect. I am employing every means we have, to collect supplies, and shall furnish you as soon and as amply as possible. I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 99: Of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 19, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 28th. ulto. inclosing a Return of that part of your Regiment that is at Fort Pitt, and giving me an account of the situation of matters to the Westward.
The Commissioners had made a representation to Congress a good deal similar to that of yours and therefore in consequence of their direction to nominate a proper Officer to succeed Genl. Hand, I have appointed Brigr. Genl. McIntosh. I have great expectations from his prudence, good sense and knowledge of negociation in Indian Affairs, in which I imagine he has been conversant during his long residence in Carolina and Georgia.
Congress have ordered two Battalions to be raised expressly for the purpose of defending the Frontier or carrying on an expedition against the Enemy should it be found practicable. It is my wish to have Regiments united, and I would for that reason send the remainder of yours to Fort Pitt could I spare them at this time. When the intentions of the Enemy are more fully known and our arrangements for the Campaign are made, I will endeavour to send them up. I shall, as soon as possible, fill up the Vacancies of Field Officers in the Virginia line, when a Lieutt. Colo. and Major will be appointed to the 13th. I am &ca.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 2: Of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 19, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 21st. April by Colo. Syme.3 I cannot with any degree of propriety consent to your Return from Alexandria to Williamsburg, there to remain till Mrs. Mason's health shall admit of your joining the Army. This is a matter of so much uncertainty, that it would undoubtedly give umbrage to every Officer whose family requires his attention; and there must be many under the same circumstances with yourself. You have already had an uncommon share of indulgence, having been constantly at home or very near home.
[Note 3: Col John(?) Syme, of the Virginia Militia.]
For the above Reasons, I am under the necessity of calling upon you to join your Regiment immediately, and if the situation of your family will not admit of it, I expect to hear from you, that the vacancy which your Resignation will occasion may be filled up.4 I am &ca.5
[Note 4: Mason resigned July 31, 1778.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 6: Of the Massachusetts Council.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 19, 1778.
Sir: Two days ago, I had the honor to receive your favour of the 25th Ulto. with the Resolutions alluded to.
I sincerely wish the drafts determined to be furnished by the several States were with the Army. It has ever been our misfortune not to be in a condition to avail ourselves of circumstances, which, otherwise, might have been most favourable. However, I trust, in the end, all will be well. There is yet a call for our most strenuous and prudent exertions.
I am happy to see the precautions the Court have taken to prevent the inlisting of deserters or Prisoners of War. No practice has been more impolitic, nor injurious, in proportion to its extent. But few of the former have proved faithful, and I believe there is not a single instance where the latter have not deserted, when they had an opportunity. The inlisting of Prisoners or Soldiers in the circumstances of those of Mr. Burgoyne's Army, is far less justifiable than inlisting Deserters; in as much as they are not under the smallest anxiety or fear of any consequences, that will attend their return; but, on the Contrary, have every Reason to conclude, that their desertion will be considered as a meritorious act worthy of applause and a strong manifestation of their attachment to the service of their Prince. Measures more effectual, tho' far less expensive, could not be easily adopted by us, to reinforce the Enemy with the whole of the Army, included in the Convention of Saratoga, than permitting the Troops to inlist among us. Of a detachment of Sixty in this predicament, which marched to join Colo. Henley's Regiment only twelve or thirteen reached Camp. Part of the remainder made their escape, and the residue formed a Plan for the same purpose, mutinied and are now in prison. I am determined, where any are recruited, to call the Officers to an account, and to make them answer for the consequences resulting from their desertion as far as possible.
From a variety of concurring circumstances, it would appear, that the Enemy mean to evacuate Philadelphia and are preparing to embark. I cannot learn with certainty the cause; However it is probable, if the event happens, it will be in consequence of the changes which have, and which are likely to take place in Europe. The objects of their future operations are also unknown, but from the intelligence received, New York is supposed the place of their first destination. It is said that Houses are preparing there for their reception, and particularly for many families in Philadelphia, who have been their fast Adherents. Indeed, if there is a War between France and Britain, and which seems inevitable, Philadelphia is an ineligible situation for the Army under Sir Win. Howe or, perhaps, Sir Henry Clinton.
Before I conclude, I beg leave to return you my warmest thanks for your kind wishes, and request that you will present my best respects to the Honble. Council. I have the Honour, etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, May 19, 1778.
Parole Trenton. Countersigns Tadmor, Tufton.
Commanding Officers of Regiments are to make return to the Quarter Master General of the number of Tents absolutely wanting in each for such men as cannot be accommodated consistent with their health and comfort in butts. It will be relied upon in these returns that none will make a larger demand than the real situation of their respective Regiments requires. The Quarter Master General will make his is sues upon these Returns.
The Sub and Brigade Inspectors, Majors of Brigade and Adjutants of the Army will assemble at the Baron Steuben's quarters at ten o'Clock tomorrow morning precisely where they will receive particular orders.
At a General Court Martial Colo. Bowman President, May 13th, 1778, John Reynolds an Artificer in Major Pollard's8 Corps tried for striking Lieutt. Hammet,9 found guilty of the charge and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes.
[Note 8: Maj. Benjamin Pollard, Baldwin's Artificer regiment. He resigned in August, 1778.]
[Note 9: Lieut. John Hammit (Hammer), of Spencer's AdditionaI Continental regiment.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in Execution tomorrow morning at guard mounting on the Grand Parade. Samuel Raymond at the same Court tried for presenting a loaded Musquet at Lieutt. Hammet.
Upon due consideration the Court are of opinion that Samuel Raymond is guilty of the charge exhibited against him, but the extreme and unpardonable warmth with which the Officers conducted themselves renders the actions of the Prisoner in some measure excusable and operates with the Court so much in his favor that they only sentence him to be reprimanded by his commanding officer in presence of the Troop to which he belongs.
Also John Coffin tried for abusing Captain Gowerly10 when attempting to suppress a riot on the other side Schuylkill found not guilty and acquitted.
[Note 10: Probably Capt. Thomas Gourley, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned May 23, 1778.]
The General approves the two last mentioned sentences and orders them to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your very agreeable favor of the 4th. Instant, with your acceptable present, came to hand last night. I shall direct a guard to releive Captn. Hutchins at Reading, and give every necessary instruction for the safe conduct of his charge.11
[Note 11: Heath was sending on to the Treasury at York 127,3341/3 specie dollars in wagons under the guard of Capt. Nathaniel Hutchins, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. This money had been paid by the British in settlement of the subsistence accounts of the Convention troops. It was packed in wooden boxes labeled "Canteens." Heath's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I do not wonder at Gen. Massey's12 answer to your letter, it is in a stile of ignorant insult that has often, of late characterized the writings of British officers.
[Note 12: Maj. Gen. Eyre Massey, British Army, commanding at Halifax, Nova Scotia.]
The inclosed letters to Major Curtis,13 Ensign Jones14 and Adjutant Dunckerley15 are confirming of their resignations which they sent me. You will therefore be pleased to call upon the gentlemen for their commissions and transmit them by first opportunity. You will also see that they are not indebted to their regts. All our accounts from Philadelphia concur in confirming the opinion that the enemy mean to embark from Philadelphia. But there is no divining their destination, or where they design to operate next.
[Note 13: Maj. William Curtis, of Henley's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 14: Ensign windsor Jones, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 15: Adjt. Joseph Dunkerley, of Henley's Additional Continental regiment.]
I hope the remainder of the fleet from France16 will be equally fortunate with the two you have mentioned. I am etc.17
[Note 16: Beaumarchais's supply ships.]
[Note 17: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 20, 1778.
Sir: In a letter from Major General Sullivan of the 1st. Instant he complains of wanting assistance in his command, and begs that you may be desired to take post with him this campaign; You will therefore be pleased to join him as soon as possible. I am etc.17
[N.H.H.S.]
[Note 18: Deputy Quartermaster General, then at Easton, Pa.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 20, 1778.
Sir: I expect Capt. Hutchins of New Hampshire with 3 Waggons load of Stores from Boston will be at Easton in a few days. Inclosed you have a letter for him, which directs him to proceed to Reading, where he will be releived by another party. Be pleased to inform me by Express of Capt. Hutchin's arrival at Easton, that the Relief may be ready to meet him at Reading. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 20, 1778.
Sir: You are to proceed as far as Reading with the three Waggons under your Charge. Upon your arrival there, you will find a party to releive you and escort the Waggons to York Town. The Canteens are to be delivered to the Qt. Mr. at Reading, from whence you are to march to Camp with the detachment under your command. I am etc.19
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your two favors both of the 1st. Instr. with a general return of the troops under your command. I am sorry to find the States so backward in reinforceing you, and considering your weakness in forces, and the enemy's strength on Rhode Island their indolence is somewhat remarkable.
If General Stark has accepted of the appointment of Congress I can have no objection to the complying with your request. Should you know this to be the case I have inclosed a letter desiring him to join you immediately, which you will be pleased to forward.
All our late information from Philadelphia concur in producing a belief that the enemy mean to evacuate the City. We hear also from New York that a number of Houses are taken up for the refugees and officers from Philadelphia. This would seem to point to New York, at least as a place of general rendezvous. But from the information yet acquired it is difficult to conjecture rightly where they mean to open the campaign, whether in America or the West Indies. With respect I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 21, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I thank you for your two favors of the 17th Inst., which came to hand yesterday.
I had heard before, that Houses were preparing in New York, and from a variety of concurring circumstances, it would seem that the Enemy mean to evacuate Philadelphia and make that their Rendezvous, at least in the first instance. The event only can determine the authenticity of the information; but added to the reports on this head, Philadelphia certainly appears to be an ineligible situation for them, in case of a War between them and France.
The person who brought the Letters is employed in our service. So is the Man now for whom, I presume, you took him; nevertheless, I am not the less indebted for your attention and cautious notice.
I have the pleasure to inform you that Two Ships with Cloathing from France on account of the States, have arrived at Portsmouth and Cape Ann. Others, from which they had parted, are looked for Hourly. With great regard and esteem, I am etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 21, 1778.
Sir: General Mcintosh will have the honor to deliver you this. He is now on his way to take the command at Pitsburg and in the Western frontiers, and waits on Congress for their instructions.
I would also take the liberty of submitting to Congress, the inclosed account of Expences incurred by the General in his Journey from Georgia to join this Army, and which he presented to me and to the Auditors for payment. I did not know how far I might be authorised to comply with his request, and therefore lay the matter before Congress. At the same time I would observe, that nothing appears to me more equitable, than that claims of this sort, where they are not immoderate, should be satisfied by the public. If this were not the case, the expences of an Officer when ordered from one post to another, especially where they are distant, would sink the whole or a very large part of his pay. The charges attending the General's journey from hence to Pitsburg will require equal attention, and the whole I am persuaded will meet with a just and suitable provision. I have the honour, etc.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, May 21, 1778.
Parole Asia. Countersigns Amboy, Aleppo.
Inspectors &c. will attend at the Baron Steuben's quarters at the hour appointed in the orders of the 19th. instant tomorrow.
If there are any persons in the Army who understand making thin Paper such as Bank Notes are struck upon they are directed to apply immediately to the Orderly Office where they will be shewn a sample of the Paper. Officers commanding Regiments are to publish this in Regimental Orders.
Mr. Vowles,23 Adjutant of the 7th. Virginia Regiment is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in General Woodford's Brigade 'till further orders.
[Note 23: Lieut. Henry Vowles. He transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778, and to the First Continental Artillery in January, 1779; resigned in May, 1779; served subsequently as a captain-lieutenant in a Virginia State regiment.]
At a General Court Martial May 15th, 1778. Colo. Bowman, President, Captain Cleveland24 of Colo. Michael Jackson's Regiment tried for behaving in an unofficer like manner in refusing to do a tour of duty when duly notified, found not guilty of the charge exhibited against him and acquitted with honour; Though Captn. Cleveland ought not to have been warned for duty when return'd sick yet the General cannot applaud the spirit which actuated him in refusing obedience to a positive order and declining a tour of duty of such a kind as might in all appearance been easily performed by Captn. Cleveland in his circumstances. Captn. Cleveland is releas'd from Arrest.
[Note 24: There were two Captain Clevelands (Cleaveland) in Jackson's regiment, Ebenezer and Ephraim.]
At a Brigade Court Martial May 18th, 1778, Lieutt. Colo. Cropper,25 President, Captain Edward Hull26 of the 15th. Virginia Regiment tried for gaming when he ought to have been on the Parade the 12th. instant unanimously found guilty of that part of the Charge relative to gaming but acquitted of nonattendance on the Parade and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of the Brigade in presence of all the Officers thereof.
[Note 25: Lieut. Col. John Cropper, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He transferred to the Seventh Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; resigned in August, 1779; served subsequently as colonel of Virginia Militia.]
[Note 26: Heitman gives this officer as Edwin Hull. He retired in September, 1778, yet was killed in service in September, 1780.]
At the same Court Lieutt. Thomas Lewis27 of the said Regiment tried upon a similar charge, found guilty and sentenced the same as Captain Hull.
[Note 27: Of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment (regiment designated the Eleventh Virginia in September, 1778). He retired in February, 1781.]
The Commander in Chief however unwilling to dissent from the judgment of a Court Martial is obliged utterly to disapprove the sentences, the punishment being in his opinion totally inadequate to the offence. A practice so pernicious in itself as that of gaming, so prejudicial to good order and military discipline; So contrary to positive and repeated General Orders, carried to so Enormous a height as it appears, and aggravated certainly in Case of Lieutt. Lewis by an additional offence of no trifling military consequence, Absence from Parade, demanded a much severer Penalty than simply a reprimand. Captn. Hull and Lieutt. Lewis are to be released from their Arrest.
Head-Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, May 22, 1778.
Parole Armstrong. Countersigns Arnold, Atlas.
The Auditors Office is removed to James Cloyd's within a mile and an half of the Pay Master Generals.
At a General Court Martial May 16th. 1778, Colo. Bowman President, Lieutt. Eddison28 of the German Battalion tried for behaving in a manner unbecoming a Gentleman and an Officer in abusing Colo. Nixon's29 family, found guilty of a breach of the 21st. Article of the 14th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged the service. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
[Note 28: Lieut. Thomas Edison.]
[Note 29: Possibly Col. John Nixon, of the Pennsylvania Associators.]
At a Brigade Court Martial 18th. May 1778. Major Wallace30 President, Lieutt. Marks31 of the 11th. Virginia Regiment tried for not attending the parade the 13th. instant and acquitted of the charge with honor. Likewise Lieutt. William Powell32 tried upon the same Charge and acquitted in like manner.
[Note 30: Maj. Gustavus Brown Wallace(?), of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 31: Lieut. Isaiah Marks, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment (designated the Seventh Virginia in September, 1778). He was promoted to captain in May, 1779; transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment (designated the Twelfth Virginia in September, 1778) in February, 1781; served to January, 1783.]
[Note 32: Lieut. William Powell, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment (designated the Seventh Virginia in September, 1778); resigned in March, 1779.]
The General observes that sickness or Indisposition is certainly a sufficient Excuse for not attending the Parade, but it ought to be an established rule to signify it either personally or in writing thro' the Adjutant to the Commanding Officer of the Regmt. to which the officer concerned shall belong; these Gentleman in not doing this were deficient in the line of regularity and propriety; hereafter the Excuse shall not be admitted unless this shall be observed, except where any very particular Circumstances render the observance impracticable which can rarely happen.
AFTER ORDERS
General Paterson's, Late Larned's, and Weedon's Brigades will each furnish a Captain, Sub, two Serjeants and forty rank and file daily for fatigue 'till they have compleated the work in front of Late Conway's Brigade; Colo. Bradford to superintend the work; they are to be supplied with three Waggons to hall turf.
At a General Court Martial at Foster town, New Jersey, May 18th. 1778; Lieutt. Colo. De Hart, Prest. Lieutt. Joseph Jay of the 2nd. New Jersey Regiment tried for a scandalous neglect of duty in absenting himself from his Regiment near one year without leave; Also for gambling and gaming contrary to general orders; unanimously found guilty of both charges and sentenced to be cashiered. His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 22, 1778.
Sir: I want to obtain a very particular account of the Number of Men who have come from Virginia under the old and new draught law. You are therefore to order the commanding Officers of the different Regiments in your Brigade to make you, as soon as possible, an exact Return of the Men in their respective Corps who came out as Draughts or Substitutes, distinguishing those of the old from the new. If you can obtain a Return of those who either died or deserted after they joined their Regiments, I should be glad to have it. After the Returns have been made to you, be pleased to examine them carefully, and send them to me. I am &ca.
P.S. Let the County be mentioned from whence the draughts came.33
[Note 33: The same letter was sent to Brig, Gen. Peter Muhlenberg and the commanding officers of Weedon's and Woodford's brigades.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 22--23, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 19th. and beg a continuance of your exertions for the removal of the stores, as fast as possible, as I wish to have it in my power to draw your detachment to this army, which cannot be conveniently done, while there is any quantity of stores at Elk &ca.
I have no objection to your complying with Colo. Chalmer's34 request, provided the woman and child remain in Philadelphia.
[Note 34: Lieut. Col. Commandant James Chalmers, of the First Maryland Loyalist Regiment, British Provincial troops.]
I this moment received yours of the 22d. I am happy to learn that the compliment of militia, required for the security of the stores, is in a fair way of being speedily completed. I am anxious that it should be done, as soon as possible, and request you will give me immediate notice when it is, and at the same time of the progress made in removing the stores.
It is very far from improbable that the enemy will endeavour to fulfil their threats against your post. I am informed they have now a considerable detachment actually embarked, which they give out as intended for New York; but which may be destined against you. I am convinced you will be at all times upon your guard, and will omit no precaution to prevent a surprise. In case any attempt should be made as it will in all likelihood be with a force superior to your own, I would wish you to embrace the safest part and not materially risk your detachment, for objects of inferior magnitude. I commit however the whole to your own prudence.
On the supposition that Mr. Maurice35 has the permission he mentions of the President of the State, I am intirely willing you should grant his request. I am etc.
[Note 35: Theodore Maurice, formerly clerk of Newcastle County, Del.]
May 23d. 1778.
P.S. In writing the above I have received information that the enemy are preparing for a general movement which from many circumstances appear to be of an offensive kind. From their having embarked a body of troops, and preparing their whole army to operate at the same time, I am led to suppose it very possible they may intend something against you. Perhaps they may cross the Schuylkill and by a sudden and rapid march endeavour to intercept your retreat. To guard against all possible danger, I would have you on the receipt of this to quit your position at Wilmington and fall back a few Miles into the Country, putting yourself into such a situation as you shall judge most advantageous to extricate yourself and form a junction with this army. I have directed Colo. Morgan36 to give you notice by express of any movement the enemy may make on this side the Schuylkill; on receiving which you are immediately to make towards this army so as to gain the enemy's right if they advance upon you, or their left if they approach us.
[Note 36: Col. Daniel Morgan, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment (designated the Seventh Virginia in September, 1778); brigadier general in the Continental Army in October, 1780; thanked by resolve of Congress, Mar. 9, 1781, for victory at Cowpens, S.C., and voted a gold medal; served to close of the war.] But you will not wholly rely on this, but use every mean to procure the earliest intelligence for yourself of any movement of the kind here mentioned.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 23, 1778.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 18th. With respect to Hamer, the State will do whatever they think proper; if they choose to consider and treat him as a Traitor, I have no objection to it; if they choose to turn him over to me as a prisoner of war, I shall receive him accordingly.
As that part of the drafts, which comes from West Jersey, will pass near your post, it would be inconvenient for them to march to this army and return to the Jerseys. It is therefore my wish, that such of them as would prefer entering into the two regiments under your command, may remain with them and be mustered there. The Brigade being now divided, this cannot be deemed inconsistent with the intention of the law, directing the Muster Master to attend at the Quarters of the Brigade, to receive and muster the drafts. You will accordingly signify to Mr. Dun, that I think the mode here pointed out would be most eligible. All the drafts from East Jersey, I would have come on to camp, for several reasons.
I am sorry I cannot comply with your request in favour of Mr. Rhea,38 resignations have been, for some time past, so frequent in the army, that it has become necessary to throw every discouragement in the way of so injurious a practice. One of them is not to admit any person to reenter the service, who has once resigned. Mr. Rhea's case I confess is somewhat particular,
[Note 38: Lieut. Jonathan Rhea, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He seems to have reentered the service and continued until November, 1783.] but it is difficult to discriminate, and if the indulgence should be granted in some instances, it would be hard not to grant it in all. I am, etc.
P.S. The enemy seem to be preparing for some general movement: among others, it is possible they may make a push across the Jerseys, towards Amboy. You will keep the troops under your command in the most compact order, to act according to circumstances. In case they should make a general embarkation, you will not enter the City; but hold yourself in readiness to march on receiving orders from me for that purpose.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 40: Brigade major of Woodford's brigade.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 23, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of the 11th. inclosed in a letter from Genl. Woodford. I always accept the Resignation of a good officer with reluctance. However at your desire, I cannot but receive it. I wish your expectations in the civil department of the State which you mean to choose may be answered. I am &ca.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, May 23, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was duly favoured with yours of the 13th. I am happy to learn, that the appearances with respect to the future treatment of our prisoners are now so favourable. It is much to be wished, the disposition which at present appears, may be persevered in; though unluckily for the credit of their humanity, it is too evident the change which has taken place, is to be ascribed more to the series of successful events which have lately happened in our affairs, than to any desire to relieve the sufferings of captivity.
By a resolve of Congress of the 21st., in consequence of a late proposal from General Howe, a general exchange of prisoners is to be carried into execution; This renders your immediate presence at Camp necessary, which I therefore request.
Colo. Francis Johnston has been nominated to succeed you in your Department, but he has not yet accepted the appointment. In any case, your presence and assistance are indispensable, as your successor could not be at once sufficiently acquainted with the state of the department to execute with propriety a matter of such extent and importance, as that which now calls for your attention; and indeed you ought to be some time with him to communicate the necessary information concerning it, and put him in a train. You will bring all your papers with you, for this purpose. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 23, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty to transmit you a Return of the Drafts and Substitutes from the State of Virginia, which have joined the Army.43 By this you will perceive how far short we are at this time in the reinforcements expected; and what is still more unfortunate, I cannot learn from any information, I have been able to obtain upon the subject, from gentlemen who have travelled on most of the Routes leading from the State, that there are any more, or at best, that the number following is exceedingly small. The Return is not so correct and particular as I
[Note 43: According to a return dated May 23, 1778, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, 716 drafts and substitutes from Virginia had joined the army; 42 had deserted and 41 had been left on the road. This return is in the Washington Papers.] could wish it, and therefore I have directed another to be made, which will specify the Counties from whence these Drafts and Substitutes came and shew their respective deficiences. This I will transmit by the next Opportunity. None of the drafts made under the first Law are comprehended in the present return, nor can I ascertain what number of them ever reached Camp. I believe it was very inconsiderable and trifling. However it shall be fixed and forwarded. It pains me much to trouble you upon so disagreeable a subject, and nothing but duty and the necessity of the case, could have induced me to do it. There is certainly something wrong, the drafts do not come on, and our condition is but very little better, from any new aids we have received, than it was before.
Besides the deficiency in the reinforcements expected from Virginia, there is another circumstance which has chagrined me much; I mean the resignations of her Officers. I can not account for it, but so it is, that they have taken the lead far before all others in this instance, and have severely shocked their line. It is difficult to conceive the confusion and the injury, which have flowed from this unhappy practice and from the long extraordinary absence of many others. The inclosed list will shew you, that I have but too much reason for being chagrined, and I know, Sir, that your concern will not be less than mine. I have the honor, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 23, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 19th with its inclosures on the subject of the Indian ravages upon the Western Frontier. Previous to the Receipt of it, I had put that part of the 13th Virginia Regt. which remained here under marching orders, with an intent of sending them to Fort Pitt, as they were raised in that Country. Immediately upon receiving the account of the alarming situation of the Frontier inhabitants from you, I ordered the 8th Pennsylvania Regt. to march. They were also raised to the Westward and are a choice Body of Men about one hundred of them have been constantly in Morgans Rifle Corps. These two Regiments will march full the number of 250 Men from hence. There are upwards of one hundred of the 13th Virginia now at and near Fort Pitt, and many deserters belonging to both will come in, when they find their Regiments are to do duty in that Country. As Colo. Russell of the 13th Virginia Regiment is already at Fort Pitt and Colo. Brodhead commands and goes up with the 8th Pennsylvania, it was impossible to give the command of the detachment to Lieut. Colo. Butler. Indeed he does not seem to wish to go upon the expedition, as he says his influence is not so great among the Inhabitants of the back Country as the Board imagine. From his knowledge of the Indian Country, their language and manners, he certainly would be very useful and I shall therefore either send him or Colo. John Gibson up, who I am informed can render equal service. I can very lily spare the Troops which I have sent, especially the 8th Pennsylvania Regt. which composed the greatest part of Morgans Corps, as the Draughts and Recruits from the different States, not only fall short of the stipulated numbers, but come in extremely slow. if Colo. John Gibson goes up, he will take the Command of the 13th Virginia Regiment pro tempore, and Colo. Russell will come down to Gibson's. There is a dispute subsisting between Colo. Russell and Colo. William Crawford for the 13th. Virginia Regiment, and I do not mean, that this temporary appointment of Colo. Gibson, to the command of it, should prejudice Colo. Crawfords claim, should he incline to prosecute it hereafter. If the two Regiments to be raised upon the Frontiers are not disposed of, I would recommend Colo. Crawford to the command of one of them. I know him to be a brave and active officer and of considerable influence upon the Western Frontier of Virginia. I am &ca.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, May 23, 1778.
Sir: I duly received your Letter of the 10th. instant.
Inclosed is a Copy of a Resolution of Congress of the 21st. instant, which you will consider as a definitive answer to the propositions that Letter contains.46
[Note 46: The resolves of May 21 proposed, in general, an exchange of officer for officer and soldier for soldier. The officers of Burgoyne's army were included, but no tariff of exchange was allowed. The resolves closed with a hint to Howe regarding his treatment of American prisoners during the approaching hot season, which implied retaliation for their suffering. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, May 21, 1778.) Gouverneur Morris wrote (May 23) to Washington: "Congress having determined on the Affair of the Prisoners, and (in my opinion wisely) dropt for the present all Mention of Citizens; you will probably be enabled to negotiate a Cartel." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall direct my Commissary of Prisoners, in concurrence with yours, to prosecute the exchange agreeable to that resolve, in the most expeditious and convenient manner. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, May 23, 1778.
Parole Bunkerhill. Countersigns Brandewine, Bennington.
'Till some further Arrangement of the Army is made, Major General Lee is to take charge of the division lately commanded by Major General Greene, and in Case of Action or any general Move of the Army the three eldest Major Generals present fit for duty are to command the two Wings and second line according to their seniority.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps will immediately apply for orders on the Commissary of Military Stores for all the Arms and Accoutrements wanting to compleat their men.
The Quarter Masters of Brigades will also make out returns and apply for orders for ammunition to complete each man to forty rounds and two flints.
All Officers are called upon to see that their Mens Arms and Accoutrements are put in the best order possible. They will likewise take particular Care that their men have wooden drivers fixed in their pieces at the hours of Exercise to prevent an unnecessary waste of Flints. They are not to be absent from Camp on any Pretence but be in actual readiness to march at a moments warning.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, May 24, 1778.
Parole Cyrus. Countersigns Cromwell, Cato.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Bowman is President is dissolved, another is ordered to sit tomorrow morning nine o'Clock to try all such Persons as shall be brought before them. Colonel Chambers will preside. Each Brigade gives a Captain for the Court.
At a Brigade Court Martial May 22nd., 1778; Lieutt. Colo. Cropper, President, Lieutt. Davis48 of the 11th. Virginia Regiment tried for encouraging a soldier to stay away from his Regiment; for refusing, when the soldier was sent for by a
[Note 48: Lieut. Jesse Davis. Heitman gives him as a captain after September, 1777; but his name appears on the returns of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment as lieutenant in 1778.] guard to let him go to his Regiment and for speaking disrespectfully of the officer who sent a guard for the soldier a second time. Upon mature Deliberation the Court are of opinion he is not guilty of speaking disrespectfully of the Officer who sent the Guard for Serjeant Davis, tho' of opinion that his defaming the Serjeant was unwarrantable but considering that his Errors seem to have arose from what he thought was doing his duty do acquit him. Lieutt. Davis is ordered to be released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 24, 1778.
Sir: I was duly honoured with your two favors of the 20th and 21st Instant, with their Inclosures.
I have transmitted General Howe a Copy of the Resolution of the 21st. respecting prisoners, and supposing him willing to effect an Exchange immediately, I have written to Mr. Boudinot and requested him, as he is in possession of all the papers concerning them, to come to Camp without delay and superintend the business on our part.
The Provost establishment is a necessary one, and the Corps shall be formed as soon as proper Officers can be fixed on.
On the night of the 19th the Enemy moved out in force, against the Detachment under the Marquis Fayette, mentioned in my Letter of the 18th, which made a timely and handsome retreat in great order over the Schuylkill at Matsons ford. Our loss was nine men in the whole. The Enemy's supposed something more. Their march was circuitous and rapid, and I should imagine many of their Men suffered from it. Genl. Clinton it is said, commanded in person.49
[Note 49: Sir William Howe commanded the main detachment, while the enveloping troops were commanded by Lieut. Gen. Francis Grant and Maj. Gen. Charles Grey.]
The accounts from Philadelphia are still in favor of an evacuation; It is certain that a great deal of baggage is on Ship board, and that they still seem busy in packing up. There are other reports which say, that it is only a Detachment which is going, and that the West Indies is conjectured to be the place of their destination.
I beg leave to lay before Congress a Memorial and Remonstrance of the Field Officers of the North Carolina [brigade],50 founded on the suspension and dismission of Captain John Vance51 of the Artillery thro' the means of the House of Commons of that State. It is with reluctance that I Interfere with the decisions of any civil or Legislative body; However, I cannot help thinking that the proceedings respecting Captn. Vance, are of an extraordinary nature and such as involve consequences, which may deeply effect and Interest the rights of every Officer or at least all under the rank of Brigadiers. I should suppose no Individual State can or ought to deprive an Officer of rank, derived from the States at large; and that it will not be improper for Congress to prohibit the exercise of such a power. I do not know myself what the merits or demerits of Captain Vance are (the memorial speaks very favourably of him) nor do I apprehend they can make a part of the question. The principle and practice are what I cannot reconcile to my ideas of propriety. Congress I am persuaded will give the Memorial that attention, which the Objects of it seem to deserve, and I have only to refer them to the Journals of the House, which contain the whole of the proceedings against Captain Vance, that have come to my knowledge. They will be found in pages 6, 10, 14 and 18. I have the Honour etc.52
[Note 50: The memorial of the field officers of North Carolina was referred to a committee of Congress. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, May 27. 1778.)]
[Note 51: Capt. John Carlow Vance, of the North Carolina State Artillery. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781.]
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley Forge, 11 O'Clock P.M., May 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: From some intelligence received since I wrote you to day,53 it would seem that the Enemy have a Land movement in view, but where or what their object is, is entirely a matter of uncertainty. Some reports say they mean to make a push against us here and that this is the most common opinion. Others that their intention is to pass thro' Jersey. Lest the latter should be their object, I think it will be highly expedient to prepare the Militia for assembling themselves on the shortest notice, and for this purpose, that it will be advisable to fix on certain Signals by which they may be the more expeditiously summoned. The Tree near Prince Town, which is well known to you and to most people appear very proper to hoist Beacons on. I shall send you in the morning Two pieces of Artillery, under the direction of proper Officers and some Matrosses, with which I am in hopes you will be able to give the Enemy some annoyance, if Jersey is their Rout; It is said, that by cutting away the Bridges over Ancocus and ... Creeks54 and obstructing the Roads, their March may be considerably retarded and rendered much more circuitous. But of this you will be a much better judge than I can possibly be. You know that there are Two Continental Regiments now in Jersey, which I trust will cooperate with you and give you every aid; and if I obtain no information between this and Morning to alter my present Opinion, I shall detach General Maxwell with Two more,55 so that if the whole can unite and are joined by a tolerable number of Militia, I should hope that the Enemy will not be able to effect their
[Note 53: This letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 54: Rancocas Creek, New Jersey. The blank may have been Pensauken Creek, 5 miles above Camden, or Assiscunk Creek, a little above Burlington.]
[Note 55: Two more regiments.] retreat without some loss. At any rate it will be the means of restraining their parties and preventing them committing such depredations as they otherwise might, and perhaps of occasioning desertions. I will consult General Knox again upon the subject of Lead and if it is possible, I will forward you some. It is an Article with which we are illy provided here, and I am to request in case any can be spared, that you will have it used with the greatest discretion and oeconomy. I am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: The Commissary General of Forage has informed me that he can now accommodate the Cavalry in the Neighbourhood of the Camp. I therefore desire that you will immediately come over with all the Horse of your own, Bland's and Baylor's Regiments that are in good order; Sheldons is to remain at Chatham. Good Officers are to be left with the Horses out of condition, who ought rather to attend to getting them in order, than to training them, the weather is growing warm, and it is hardly possible to do both at a time. The three Regiments had better come on in three divisions, at the interval of a day or two, they may then be cantoned with ease, and not be distressed for Forage by coming in a crowd. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 24, 1778.
Sir: You are to march immediately with the thirteenth Virginia Regiment to York Town in Pensylvania, going thro' Lancaster and collecting from the Hospitals there and at other places all the convalescents belonging to the said Regiment who are able to proceed. You will also remain with the Regiment after it arrives at Yorktown till it receives further orders respecting it's destination; When that is done, and the Regiment begins it's march from thence, you are to return immediately and join this Army.58
[Note 58: The draft is in file writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 25, 1778.
Sir: I was, yesterday, favd. with yours of the 21st. inst. The Enemy have been constantly busy since my last in embarking their Cannon and Stores. I do not yet find, that any Troops have gone on board. They give out that they mean to attack this Army before they go off, but I rather think, that if they move at all by land, that it will be across Jersey. Under this uncertainty, I cannot alter my position untill they change theirs. I hold the Army ready to move at the shortest notice towards the North River, should circumstances require it. In the mean time, I would have you make yourself as respectable as possible, by stopping all the Recruits, and calling in as many Militia as you can feed. I cannot account for the evacuation of Kings Bridge and Fort Washington, if they mean to keep the City, as they are the Keys to the Island.59
[Note 59: The draft reads "especially the latter, which is the key to the Island."]
I would have you by all means exchange the British Convalescents, and I would have you direct our deputy Commy. of prisoners to receive those in return for them who have been longest in captivity. You will undoubtedly take the proper precautions when the prisoners pass our posts upon the River.
You may depend upon having constant intelligence of the Motions of the Enemy, in this quarter from me, and I shall depend upon the same from you. I am &ca.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 25, 1778.
Sir: You are immediately to proceed with the two remaining regiments of your Brigade, to Mount Holly in the Jerseys, and order the other two regiments under Col. Shreve to join you. In order to this, you will take the shortest route towards Coryel's ferry, there cross the Delaware and repair to the place of your destination.
You are to keep your Brigade when assembled, in such a situation as will be most consistent with its security, and best calculated to cover the country, and annoy the enemy, should they attempt to pass through the Jerseys, which there are many powerful reasons to suspect they intend. I have written to General Dickinson, desiring him, in case such an event should take place, to use his utmost exertions towards collecting the militia, to give the enemy all the interruption, in his power, in their March. You are to consult and cooperate with him for the same purpose. Every possible expedient should be used to disturb and retard their progress, by hanging on their flanks and rear, breaking down the Bridges over the Creeks in their route, blocking up the roads by falling trees and by every other method, that can be devised.
You will take the greatest care to procure exact intelligence of what is passing in Philadelphia, and give me information of the discoveries you make, and the earliest advice of any movement that may happen.
Any measures you can take to expediate the assembling and distribution of the drafts for your Brigade to the respective regiments will be desirable. So far as it can be done, without departing from the law of the State, for distributing the drafts, it were to be wished they could be pretty equally divided among the regiments; from which many obvious good consequences would flow. You will pay proper attention to this matter.
In case the enemy should leave Philadelphia, in any manner whatever, you are not to enter the city either with the whole or any part of the force under your command. You are to hold yourself in constant readiness to march as circumstances may require. It will be well for the sake of dispatch, that you send an officer on before you, to Coryel's to have the boats prepared, for transporting you across the River.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am to request that you will immediately detach the first Brigade of the Troops under your command, with all their Baggage, Artillery &ca. to join this Army. With the second and their Baggage &ca. you will move to some strong grounds in the Neighbourhood of Chad's ford and take a position from whence you will have it in your power either to cover the Stores at the Head of Elk, in case an attempt should be formed against them, or to proceed to this Camp on further orders. Tho' you leave Wilmington, it will be necessary to send parties of observation thither and to employ persons in whom you can confide to give you the earliest notice of any movements the Enemy may make, and to inform of the departure or arrival of any Ships, and as correctly as circumstances will admit whether Troops, or what other contents they may have on board. It will also be equally and I think more necessary, that trusty persons should be kept at New Castle for the same purpose, as from the small distance between that place and the Head of Elk, it is most probable the Enemy will land there, if they should undertake an expedition to destroy the Stores.
From your having been quartered so long at Wilmington, I am persuaded, you are pretty well acquainted with what persons you can and may safely employ in this business. Nor need I mention to you, the propriety of your keeping out light guards on all the avenues leading to the post you take, to prevent the Enemy from effecting any thing by way of surprise or Coup de main. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, May 25, 1778.
Parole Downingtown. Countersigns Dover, Derby.
The Regimental Surgeons will apply to the Flying Hospital store for hogs lard and sulphur; They are to make their returns more punctually on Mondays.
The Regimental Pay Master to give in their Abstracts to the Pay Master General immediately for examination for the Month of April.
At a General Court Martial May 1st. 1778, Colo. Febiger,67 President; Lieutt. Adams68 of 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for ungentlemanlike behaviour in propagating a report that an Officer of the 10th. Pennsylvania Regt. had behaved cowardly in the Action of Germantown and when desired by Colo. Hubley to name the officer, for refusing to do it in an unbecoming manner, unanimously found guilty of the charge exhibited against him, being a breach of the 21st. Article of the 14th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged from the service.
[Note 67: Col. Christian Febiger, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 68: Lieut. Francis Adams.
The following Washington letter is in private hands, but no comparison or check of it was possible. It is dated May 25, 1778, and addressed to Brig. Gen. James Mitchell Varnum:
Sir: Upon perusing the petition handed [me] by you this morning in favor of Lieutenant Peck; I have given orders that he may be released from his arrest. The Nature of the Charge exhibited against this Gentleman is very weighty, and which the excellent character he has hitherto borne, could only induce me to overlook. I hope this instance will sufficiently warn him and prevent his doing anything in future which may draw on him the Censure of his Brother Officers. I am, etc.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, May 26, 1778.
Parole Embdem. Countersigns Epping, Easton.
The Commander in Chief perceiving that the regimental returns materially differ in the number of sick absent from the Hospital reports notwithstanding these were lodged with the Adjutant General that the regimental returns might be rectified and adjusted by them, calls upon the Commanding Officers of Regiments to make returns tomorrow to the Adjutant General, specifying the names of all their sick absent, places where they are, and the times they were sent to them, that the difference abovementioned may be satisfactorily accounted for; in doing this the strictest regard is to be paid to the Hospital reports.
A sub-serjeant, Corporal and 8 men from each Brigade are to be sent immediately into the Vicinity of their respective Brigades to seize the liquors they may find in the unlicensed tipling houses. The Commissaries will give receipts for the liquors they shall seize and notify the Inhabitants or persons living in the Vicinity of the Camp that an unconditional seizure will be made of all liquors they shall presume to sell in future.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 26, 1778.
Sir: On the 15th of April I received your Letter of the 31st of March, accompanied by Capt. Chace's and two for Lord Howe.
When the Letters came to hand Lord Howe was not at Philadelphia, nor did I hear of his arrival for some time after. This and the intervention of other circumstances prevented me sending the Letters addressed to him and my intercession in favor of Mr. Chace, as early as I would have wished. I have just obtained his Lordships answer, which tho' not explicit that Mr. Chace shall be released, yet affords grounds to hope that it will be the case. For your more perfect information upon the subject, I take the liberty to transmit you a Copy of my Letter and his Answer, which you will be pleased to communicate to Captain Chace.
I congratulate you sincerely on the events which have taken place in Europe in our favor. The alliance with France is extremely interesting, and a war, which it would seem is inevitable, would or ought to give a most happy tone to all our Affairs.
From a variety of concurring circumstances it would appear, that the Enemy mean to evacuate Philadelphia. It is said they have embarked part of their baggage and Cannon and are still employed. Their destination in the first instance in case of an evacuation, it is generally conjectured will be New York. It is certain Philadelphia, if there is a War with France, is not the most eligible situation for them. I have the honour, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley-forge, May 26, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 11th. Instt. with a Deed to Mr. Henry came safe by Mr. Lund Washington. In lieu of the latter, I have executed a Deed to you, conveying all the right title and Interest which I, or any person claiming by, from, or under me can have to the Land.70 More than this cannot be expected, as I purchased the Land at your own desire; by the advice of your friends; and without intending, or receiving, the smallest benefit therefrom, after having the title fully investigated by Mr. Wythe;71 for me therefore to give a general Warrantee of the Land to Mr. Henry thereby subjecting my Estate for the value of it, is what I cannot entertain a thought of, altho I believe there is not the smallest doubt of the goodness of the Title. Mr. Henry will, I presume, require a general Warrantee; it is for this purpose therefore I make the Deed to you; and Black72 will be responsable to you; as to myself, as I only acted the part of a friend and Trustee in the business, I do not mean to be further engaged in the matter than to convey the legal right which
[Note 70: This was the plantation known as "Woromoroke," in King and Queen County, Va.]
[Note 71: George Wythe.]
[Note 72: William Black.] is in me. If you had got a Deed drawn for the other Land (in King William) the whole might have been executed at the same time, and the sooner you do it the better; let it be drawn by the one now sent. I have got the most likely evidences I could, but unless there has been some alteration in our Laws if it is proved in Court any time within two years it will do, as I am out of the State at present.
The reasons which you assign for selling your Lotts in Williamsburg and James City, and your Lands in Hanover and New Kent (where Trowers lives) may be good, if you can get an adequate price for them and the Money is immediately vested in the funds, or laid out in other lands; but, if this is not done be assured, it will melt like Snow before a hot Sun, and you will be able to give as little acct. of the going of it; to which I may add, as I did upon a former occasion, that Lands are permanent, rising fast in value, and will be very dear when our Independancy is established, and the Importance of America better known. To these, one observation more, may not be unworthy of attention, which is, that in proportion to the brightness of our prospects, and the heaviness of our taxes, the rage for getting quit of, and realizing paper money must cease, and Men and Measures will resume a more reasonable tone again; which, if it has already taken place, shews that your scheme will, in part, prove abortive. With respect to your purchase of Mr. Robt. Alexander's Land I can only say that the price you have offered for it is a very great one but as you want it to live at; as it answers yours and Nelly's views; and is a pleasant Seat and capable of improvement I do not think the price ought to be a capital object with you, but I am pretty sure that you and Alexander will never agree; for he is so much afraid of cheating himself that if you were to offer him five thousand pounds more than he ever expected to get for his Land the dread of injuring himself or hope of getting more, would cause him first to hesitate and then refuse; which leads me to think that the increasing of your offer, if you were disposed to do so, would answer no valuable end; nor bring you one whir nearer the mark.
The Public papers will convey all the news of this Quarter to you, except that Genl. Howe has actually Sailed for England, and that the Enemy in Phila. appear to be upon the point of evacuating the City for New York. This has made such a change in the Language and Visages of the Tories of that place, that they are scarce known to be the same Men, a few great offenders excepted, the disaffected are now endeavouring to make peace with the Country, to which they have been advised by the Enemy; at the same time it is left optional with them to follow the Army. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, May 26, 1778.
Sir: Much time having elapsed since I wrote you on the 22d. of March, upon the subject of Captains Robinson and Galt, without receiving an Answer or their being restored to their Liberty, I esteem it my duty to transmit you an Extract from the Copy of that Letter, so far as it relates to them, and to call your attention again to the requisitions contained in it. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, dated May 27, 1778, is in the Royal Institute, London.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 26, 1778.
Sir: I was not a little surprised to see by a letter from Colo. Hooper74 to Colo. Harrison (copy of which you have inclosed)
[Note 74: Robert Lettis Hooper, jr., Deputy Quartermaster General, wrote (May 23) to Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison from Easton that the arms at Sussex Court House were sent back to New Windsor. "If any arms should arrive they shall be forwarded agreeably to his Excellency's orders." Hooper's letter is in the Washington Papers.] that 728 stand of Arms, which had come on as far as Sussex Court House, had returned to New Windsor, in consequence of directions given by Mr. Andrew Taylor, D. Qr. Mr. Genl. to Mr. Lansing.75 Mr. Taylor says this was done by your positive orders as appears by Copy of his letter No. 2 to Mr. Lansing, which you have also inclosed. This order of Mr. Taylor's extends to all the Arms under the care of Mr. Lansing, and therefore it is more than probable that all which he was forwarding, and which are above 1900, will be also sent back.76
[Note 75: Abraham G. Lansing, Continental Storekeeper at Newburgh. The letters referred to, in either the original or copy form, are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 76: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "What could induce you to give these orders, or how you can justify this countermand I cannot conceive."]
In my letters to the Board of War some time ago, I informed them that I should draw about 4000 stand from the Eastward and Albany for the use of this Army, and that I had ordered a sufficient Number to be left on the other side of the North River for the Eastern Levies. General Knox informs me, that he has left 3000 stand for that purpose. There are now at least 2500 Men, consisting of those whose Arms are out of repair, and the Levies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland, who are unable to do duty for want of Arms. The 10th. Carolina Regiment, lately arrived at Camp, have not a Musket.77
[Note 77: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "This is my situation, and how it is to be bettered if my arrangements are thus broke in upon. It was known that the 728 stand were coming forward by my orders, because Mr. Lansing's letter to Col. Hooper (No. 3) expressly mentions that I was to be informed of their arrival at Easton. That I may be clearly understood I am under the necessity of giving a peremptory order that all the Arms which General Knox, by my order, directed to be sent from Albany and Springfield to this Army should be forwarded, and that the 728 stand, if they are not delivered out, be sent on."]
I therefore desire that the 728 stand may be immediately sent down, and that all the Arms which General Knoxby my orders directed to be sent from Springfield and Albany to this Quarter may come on without the least delay. This countermand has greatly disappointed and exceedingly distressed [and injured the Service],78 as I depended upon and had actually given an order to General Maxwell to send and meet those Arms, that he might draw part of them for the Jersey Levies, who are ready to take them up, and who will now be unable to give any opposition to the Enemy, should they attempt to pass thro' the Jerseys.
[Note 78: The phrase in brackets was inserted by Washington. The sentence first stood as: "has greatly disappointed and exceedingly distressed me."]
You will consider the above as an order not to be dispensed with in the present situation of Affairs. I am &ca.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, also in Tilghman's writing, is in the New York Historical Society. It varies from the amended draft in capitalization and a minor verbal difference.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 26, 1778.
Dear Sir: In my last to you of the 20th. Inst. in answer to yours of the 1st. I inclosed my directions to Gen. Stark for his joining your command, not knowing at that time the sentiments of Congress on this head. But since that I have received their resolve of the 20th. Inst. by which I find General Stark is ordered to the Northern department. I have inclosed him a letter signifying this which you will be pleased to send him as soon as convenient.
The situation of the service in this quarter at present will not admit of my nominating another Brigadier General to join you.
Our accounts from Philadelphia still continue to wear the same face, and promise a speedy movement or embarkation. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Camp, Valley Forge, May 26, 1778.
Sir: The Congress having been pleased to direct me to appoint an Officer to command at Fort Pit and in the Western Frontiers, in the room of Brigadier General Hand, I am induced, but not without reluctance, from the sense I entertain of your merit, to nominate you, as an Officer well qualified from a variety of considerations, to answer the Objects they may have in view.
I do not know particularly what the Objects are, which Congress have in contemplation in this command and therefore request, that you will, as soon as you conveniently can, repair to York Town and receive their instructions respecting them.
I have only to add, that I shall be happy to hear from you as often as opportunity will permit, and my warmest wishes, that your services may be honorable to yourself and approved by your Country. I am etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 26, 1778.
Sir: In my letter to you of the 20th. Inst. I was induced, at the particular request of General Sullivan, to desire that you might join his command. I did not then know that Congress had taken the matter into consideration, or that General Sullivan, at the same time he wrote to me, had made application to them. But I have since received a resolve of theirs of the 20th. Inst., in which you are ordered to the northern department, a copy of which I suppose they have transmitted. I am &ca.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, May 27, 1778.
Captain Lachlan McIntosh of the first Georgia Regiment is to attend Brigadier General Mcintosh in the Western Department, while he shall have occasion for him, acquainting his Commanding Officer in Georgia of the same, when Opportunity offers.
The Captain's stay in Camp this Winter for improving himself in discipline is approved, and while he remains with the General he is to act as Brigade Inspector to the Troops under his command. His rank in the line of the Army is not to be prejudiced by this appointment or his absence on the command on which he is now ordered.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, May 27, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday received a letter of the 24th instt. from Colonel Shreve, in which he renews his application for Arms, and complains of the distressing want of Shirts in your Brigade. It is unluckily out of my power to do any thing in addition to the order with which you are already furnished relative to the first article. With respect to the latter, as there are no Shirts in camp, I can point out no other method for procuring them at present, than sending an Officer from each Regiment to the Clothier General at Lancaster, with a return of the deficiency. I am, etc.
P.S. The Officers will do well to call at Head Quarters in their way, as the Cloth. Genl. may possibly arrive in Camp in a day or two.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, May 27, 1778.
Parole Fortitude. Countersigns Fortune, Fame.
Commanding Officers of Regiments are to make returns on Friday next of the Arms that were in possession of their respective Corps the first of November last of those they have since delivered in; of those they have since drawn and of those now actually in possession. It is expected they always have exact Accounts left of Arms, Cloathing, Camp Utensils &c. furnished their men as they must be responsible for their due application.
Major General Mifflin having been permitted by Congress to repair to and serve in this Army, he is to take Command of the Division Late Lincoln's.
The Field Officers of Regiments who have drawn Money from any of the public Offices for recruiting their respective Corps are desired as soon as possible to furnish the Auditors of the Army with Lists of Money advanced by them to their Officers for that service. Captain Turbeville85 is appointed Aide de Camp to Major General Lee 'till further orders and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 85: Capt. George Lee Turberville, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment. He served as aide to Lee until retired in September, 1778.]
Officers are to see that the mud plaistering about the hutts be removed and every other method taken to render them as airy as possible; they will also have the Powder of a Musquet Cartridge burnt in each hutt daily to purify the Air or a little Tar if it can be procured. The Commissary of Military Stores will provide blank Cartridges for this Purpose.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, May 28, 1778.
Parole Germany. Countersigns Ganges, Groton.
Commanding Officers of Brigades in pursuance of former orders to hold themselves in readiness to march, are to apply immediately to the Quarter Master General for a sufficient number of Waggons to transport their Baggage and are to have their respective Brigades supplied as completely as possible with Camp Utensils and Necessaries of every kind requisite towards taking the Field. The Commissary will have a quantity of hard bread and salt meat prepared to issue to the Army when call'd for. As we may expect every moment to march, the Army is to be prepared in all respects for that purpose. Guards of every kind are constantly to hold themselves in a collected State with their Accoutrements on and ready to act at a moments warning. The General therefore forbids all Exercises and diversions particularly such as cause them to disperse and put off their Accoutrements which is equally inconsistent with their Security and with good discipline.
A board of General Officers are desired to sit tomorrow morning ten o'Clock at General Lee's quarters to examine into Lieutt. Colo. Regnier's Claim of rank in the New York Line and report their opinions thereon. The other Lieutt. Colonels of that line present are desired to attend. The Commander in Chief will lay before the board the Memorial presented by Lieutt. Colo. Regnier, with some other Papers.
A Court of Enquiry to sit tomorrow to examine into the Conduct of Lieutt. Colo. Park86 reported to have been absent from Camp without leave, and to have been negligent in his duty. All Persons concern'd will attend--Colonel Johnson87 is appointed President, Colonel Parker,88 Lieutt. Colonels Bonner89 and Starr90 and Major Fenner91 will attend as Members at the President's quarters, 9 oClock tomorrow morning.
[Note 86: Lieut. Col. John Parke, of Patton's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in October, 1778.]
[Note 87: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He declined the appointment of Commissary General of Prisoners; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 88: Col. Josiah Parker, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in July, 1778; colonel of Virginia Militia in 1781.]
[Note 89: Lieut. Col. Rudolph Bunner, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was killed at Monmouth, N.J., June 28, 1778.]
[Note 90: Lieut. Col. Josiah Starr(?), of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. Heitman gives Starr's rank in 1778 as colonel of the First Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 91: Major William Fenner, of the Seventh North Carolina Regiment. He retired June 1, 1778.]
Returns from the several Brigades of such Cloathing and Necessaries as are actually wanting to be made next Saturday at Orderly time.
At a Brigade Court Martial, May 25th. 1778; Colonel Bowman President, Adjutant Bowyet92 of 12th. Virginia Regiment tried for furnishing two soldiers with the Countersign to go into the Country to buy Provisions, found guilty of a breach of the 15th. Article, 13th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be dismissed the service.
[Note 92: Adjt. Henry Bowyer.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence, but in Consideration of Mr. Bowyer's good Character as an Officer, notwithstanding so material a breach of the rules of Discipline as he is chargable with in the present instance, is induced to restore him to his Office.
*ARRANGEMENT OF ARMY AND ROUTE OF
MARCH TO THE NORTH RIVER93
[Note 93: Washington indorsed this, at some later date: "Note--this March was changed by the Enemays March through New Jersey."]
The Detachment under Colo. Jackson to March into Philadelphia and receive orders from General Arnold who will comd. there.
Vanscoicks Regiment to replace the 8th. Pensyla. in the 2d. Pensa. Brigade.
The Seed. State Regimt. of Virginia to replace the 13th. Virga. Regt. in Muhlenbergs Brig.
The Parke of Artillery to be divided among the several divisions above, equally and March with them.
ARMANDS CORPS.
The first and Second division to move the Morning after Intelligence is received of the Enemys evacuation of the City. The third and fourth divisions the Morning next following; and the fifth division the Morning after.
Every days March to begin at four o'clock in the Morning at farthest.
1st. 3d. and 5th. Divisions by Coryells Ferry and through Smiths Clove.
2d. Division by Sherards Ferry and Sussex Court House.
Fourth division by Easton and Sussex Ct. Ho.
[Note 94: Of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 28, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of the 23d instant, and sincerely condole with the Council and State on the loss of so worthy a citizen and president.95
[Note 95: President Thomas Wharton, jr.]
I thank you exceedingly for your assurances of cooperation whenever circumstances of public honor or safety make it necessary.
As yet I have had no official information of the Marquis De la Fayette's appointment as Ambassador from the Court of France to the United States of North America. But when I am advised of such an event, I shall take a pleasure in giving the Council previous notice of his departure from the army. I am, etc.
P.S.96 Before I received your letter of the 27st instant, I had determined on all necessary measures in case of the enemies evacuating Philadelphia, for the preservation of private property and the protection of the Citizens of every denomination. I would beg leave to recommend it to the civil authority of the Commonwealth to fix itself as soon as possible in the City. Till then the Council may be assured of my endeavours and attention to the peace, safety and good order of the place.97
[Note 96: The P.S. is dated May 29.]
[Note 97: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, May 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of yesterday's date. The intelligence contained in it, as far as related by the two Deserters, agrees with what we have collected here from persons of the same kind and others who have left the City lately. It has been hitherto difficult to decide whether the intention of the Enemy was to retire by means of their shipping, or by marching through the Jerseys. The preparation of flat bottomed boats which you say is making in Princes bay, is a strong argument in favor of the latter plan, and connected with the non-embarkation of their cavalry and supposed insufficiency of Transports almost fixes the matter. If this be their real design, it is much to be regretted that our present situation incapacitates us for giving them so much annoyance as we possibly might in the other case. The number of sick in camp and its vicinity who as well as our Stores must be guarded, renders it highly imprudent to make any considerable detachment previous to the actual commencement of the Enemy's march, as the remaining part of the army would be exposed to a sudden attack from their whole force. And little can be hoped from pursuit after their departure considering the distance and the ground which they will have gained in their first march. It has besides been reported and believed by many people, that the Enemy's intention is to make an attack upon this army before they finally evacuate Philadelphia, and that they are only disengaging themselves of every thing that would encumber their retreat in case of misfortune, and although this may be only thrown out to cover their real designs, our intelligence is too various to reduce their plan to an absolute certainty.
You will continue to transmit the earliest account of every interesting occurrence, particularly whatever you may learn from Staten Island. As you do not mention the receipt of my last Letter, I inclose a Copy lest the original should have miscarried. And remain &ca.
P.S. The incessant labour of the enemy in perfecting their new redoubts favors the opinion of their acting offensively here; Tho' it is also subject to be interpreted as a feint.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you upon the 24th and desired you to come forward with all the Horse of your own, Blands and Baylors Regiments that were fit for Service. But as every appearance now indicates a move of the Enemy thro' Jersey, I would wish you to continue there until their intentions are more clearly and fully known. If you can subsist the Men and Horses at and near Trenton, they will be more conveniently situated there than at any other place, to be ready to observe the Rout of the Enemy, and therefore I would have you collect all that are fit for service as near that place as possible.
General Greene informs me that he apprehends a number of Horses purchased by the Agents in this State are unfit for the Dragoon service, and he would therefore wish to have two or three Officers who are good judges of Horses go round and examine them, that those fit may be sent to the Regiment and the others put to the Draught. Be pleased therefore to send over such Officers and General Greene will direct them where to proceed. I would have you by all means sell those Horses that will never be fit for service again. Until the new arrangement of the Army is completed, no vacancies are to be filled up, and when they are, the promotions must be regular in the Regimental line as high as Captains, except some of the subs should be disqualified on any particular account. I am &ca.
P. S. Should you be near Camp you need not return.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 28, 1778.
Sir: The particular situation of Indian Affairs to the Westwardrendering it necessary to send up Officers acquainted with their language, customs and Country, I have among others, qualified to answer these purposes, ordered Colo. Jno. Gibson to Pitts-Burgh with Brigr. Genl. McIntosh: As there are but two Continental Regiments employed upon this Service, the 8th. Pennsylvania and 13th. Virginia, there is only a command for two Colonels, and therefore I am under the necessity of directing Colo. Gibson to take the command of your Regiment for the present, and of desiring you to come down and take the command of Colo. Gibsons, the 6th. in his absence. My only reason for making this temporary change is, that the nature of the Service calls for an Officer accustomed to the management of Indians, and you can be more usefully employed here. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, May 28, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you on the 24th Inst., nothing material has happened. The Enemy are still in Philadelphia, but the intelligence from thence is so clear and so strong, that it is certain, or nearly as much so as any Event can be that is contingent, that they mean to abandon it. Against the various measures they are pursuing, which point to an evacuation, there is but one single circumstance opposed, that I can learn, which is; that they are working at their Redoubts with great industry; but this fact, tho' certainly true, cannot be of sufficient weight to raise a doubt upon the subject, and must be considered, as merely calculated to deceive and mask their design. We cannot find out, Notwithstanding the most diligent pains, whether their movement will be by Land or Sea; Nor are the Inhabitants of the Town satisfied on the point. Appearances favor either. They have a great many Ships and very large; Yet from the preparation of boats at Prince's Bay on the South side of Staten Island, which I am just advised of, and for some other reasons a Land rout is not improbable. I have detached to Jersey the whole of the Troops of that State under General Maxwell, which I flatter myself with the Militia General Dickinson will be able to collect, will give them some annoyance in case they attempt a retreat by Land. I have the honour, etc.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley Forge, May 28, 1778.
Sir: Lieut. Colo. Jno. Gibson3 of the 6th Virginia Regiment, who, from the knowledge of the Western Country and Indian Nations and language, is ordered to repair to Pitsburg will have the honor of delivering you this; he is intitled and has been ever since the Twenty fifth of October last to a Regiment in that line, and I must take the liberty to request that Congress will give him a Commission of that date. The Resolution of the 31st of December "recommending the States to suspend filling up Regimental vacancies," my expectations that some Officers of inferior rank and perhaps of the same, belonging to Other States, might be reduced upon a New arrangement, and certainly if I gave Commissions in one instance, I should be obliged to do it in all, have prevented me appointing him to the vacancy he had a right to. I do not know particularly to what Regiment he ought to be appointed, Congress therefore will be pleased to give him a Commission for a Regiment from the State of Virginia, without mentioning the Number. I have the honour etc.
[Note 3: Gibson's commission as colonel gave him rank from Oct. 25, 1777. He was transferred to the Ninth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; to the Seventh Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
P.S. Many Copies of Oath's are still wanted.2
[Note 4: Of Rhode Island.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Sir: I was this day honoured with your favor of the 15th. Instant.
I congratulate you on your appointment of chief magistrate, and shall confide in your exertions when necessary, in completing a contest that has engaged the abilities of so many great and good Men. I am &c.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: Some days ago I received your favor of the 8th. Inst. and am much obliged by the measures you have taken to recover the Box.6
[Note 6: Sparks states that this box was taken from the British at the Battle of Princeton and was supposed to contain hard money. It disappeared and the officer suspected of knowing something about it was in the State of New York.]
I am happy to find by a Letter from General Schuyler of the 22d, which came to hand last night, that the Indian Nations, which had discovered an unfriendly disposition, seem to be well affected, and to afford grounds to hope for a friendly alliance between us. If this can be effected, or we can only keep them from falling upon our Frontiers it will be a fortunate circumstance; as we may not only then employ nearly the whole of the Continental Force wherever Sr. Henry Clinton's movements require it, but also derive greater aid from the Militia in cases of exigency. Our Treaty and alliance with France when well understood by them, I am persuaded, will have a favourable influence on their conduct.
That the Enemy mean to evacuate Philadelphia, is almost reduced to a certainty. It is as much so as an event can be that is contingent. Their baggage and Stores are nearly, if not all embarked, and from our intelligence, there is reason to conclude, that many days will not elapse before they abandon it. All accounts concur, that New York will be the place of their first destination. Whether they will move by Sea or Land cannot be ascertained; but the weight of circumstances is in favour of the latter. I have sent a Brigade to Jersey, which, with the Militia I expect will collect under General Dickinson, I hope will give them some small annoyance. More cannot be done. If the States had furnished their Quota of Men, or any thing like it, and the great departments of Quarter Master and Commissary had not been in a State almost of inextricable confusion, a more favourable opportunity could not have presented itself for giving the troops in Philadelphia a decisive stroke. After the Enemy have passed thro' Jersey, if that should be their Route, or embarked, the Brigade, which is there, is ordered to proceed with all possible expedition to Newburg, and the Main body, if not the whole, of this Army, will move immediately after the same way. This I mention for your own information.
I thank you much, for your exertions to compleat your Batallions. Colo. Malcom's Regiment will proceed with the rest of the Army and will then have an opportunity of recruiting. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley-forge, May 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your polite favor of the 5th. Instr. I duly received, and thank you much for the information contained in it. at the same time, I earnestly request, that you will endulge me with an excuse for not answering it before; a constant crowd of business, and the intervention of a variety of circumstances have been the cause; and not an inattention to the rules of civility, or to those of friendship.
Your Letter gave me the first intimation of the disagreement between our Commissioners;8 the event is disagreeable and painful; and unless they can bring themselves to harmonize, their proceeding will not probably consult the public interest as well, as they otherwise might. It is certain they will not have that degree of respect, either at home or abroad; their embassy is a most interesting one, and may involve consequences which will lead, in no small degree, to the happiness or misery of their Country. I hope re flexion and a due consideration will set them right.
[Note 8: The United States Commissioners in Paris. (See Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution.)]
The act of the 22d. of April will certainly require the Commissioners,9 if they come at all, to be vested with much more ample powers than Lord Norths Bill profess'd, or their Mission will be rediculously mortifying. Indeed, Men who would come out under the powers expressed in the Bills, after all that has passed, deserves to be mortified in the extreme. I am happy the report and consequent resolution were previous to the treaty and alliance with France being known. The Parliament have been so much parties to this War, and to all the proceedings respecting it, that it would seem, the crown itself has no authority, either to continue, or to end it; or to do any thing else, without their express concurrance.
[Note 9: The British Peace Commissioners announced as coming from England.]
I sincerely wish the Military arrangement to be compleated. the delay is attended with great inconvenience and injury. While it remains open, our whole system cannot but be imperfect. I know that the Congress have a variety of important matters to claim their attention; but I assure you there are few, if any, that are more interesting than what this is.
The question of half pay being decided, I shall not trouble you with a further discussion of the subject. It must be granted however, that in the situation of our affairs the measure, or something substantially the same had become necessary. Nor can I, after ballancing in my Mind and giving the subject the fairest consideration I am capable of, esteem it unjust.10 I assure you Sir, however we may have differed in sentiment on this point, I am fully convinced that the strictest candour forms a part of your character and request you to believe, that I am with great attachment, &c.
[Note 10: At this point the draft, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, has the following crossed out: "I acknowledge that there are many Individuals out of the Army, whose losses in the present contest have been extremely severe, and whose conduct has been noble and generous in every instance, but at the same time, I think I am authorized to say, as a body, the Army have made greater sacrifices than any other order of Men belonging to the States."]
P.S. The Letter for Mr. Pike11 was sent to him in a day or two after it came to hand. I most sincerely wish that Congress would lay the charge, and order tryal of the Majr. Generals in disgrace. St. Clair is exceedingly uneasy and distressed at the delay, and with pain I add, that the proceeding, or more properly, not proceeding in this matter, is looked upon as cruel and oppressive.
[Note 11: Thomas Pike, possibly the fencing master mentioned in Sabine's American Loyalists.]
[M.L.]
Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Sir: I received yesterday your Letter of the 23d. Inst. by General Huntington.
If the States will not or cannot send their Quota of Troops into the Field, it is no fault of mine. I have been urgent in my requisitions on that head, and whatever consequences may arise from the deficiency, will not, I trust, be chargeable on me. I cannot detach the reinforcement you request. The Enemy are yet in possession of Philadelphia in full force, and we have near Four Thousand men in this Camp sick of the small pox and other disorders. I have sent the whole of the Jersey Troops to that State to harrass them in their march, in case they proceed to New York by Land, and General Maxwell who commands them, is ordered, as soon as they shall have passed thro', or the moment he is informed that they are embarked, to repair with all possible expedition to Newburgh and take your directions. The whole of the Army besides is under marching orders, and as soon as Philadelphia is evacuated, will move, as fast as circumstances will admit, towards the North river. I have written to Colonel Sheldon and directed him to proceed immediately to Fish Kills with his Regiment. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S]
Head Quarters, May 29, 1778.
Gentlemen: I send you herewith a memorial from Lt. Col: Regnier13 of the 4th. New York regiment, explaining the principles on which his claim of rank in the army is founded, which you will be pleased carefully to examine into and report your opinion concerning, as directed in the general orders of yesterday. I send you also a resolve of Congress of the 30th. of last month, determining the nature and operation of brevet commissions, and the proceedings of a Board of General Officers held the 19th of February past, the principle of which may perhaps have some influence in the present case. There are other papers, which would be useful in the decision, that I have not at this time in my possession. The resolve of Congress passed,
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. Pierre Regnier. His memorial. dated May 28. 1778, is in the Washington Papers.] I think, in October 76, vesting the sole power of appointing all regimental officers in the several state legislatures, with which, you are no doubt fully acquainted, ought to be properly attended to; and the arrangement of the state of New York, which gave rise to the dispute between Lt. Col: Regnier and the other Lieutt. Colonels of that line. This I imagine will be produced by the parties themselves. There is also an article of war, the 24th. of the 13th. section, to which I beg leave to refer the attention of the Board.14 I am etc.15
[Note 14: The proceedings of the board, dated May 29, 1778, are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 15: The original, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, signed by Washington, is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Sir: I have reed. yours of the 28th. from Trenton. The Arms out of which you were to have been supplied had come on as far as Sussex Court House, but for some reason or other Genl. Gates ordered them back to New Windsor. I have sent up and ordered them down in the most express manner. Until they arrive I cannot supply you.
You say you think Bordentown a more suitable place for your main Body than Haddonfield. I cannot conceive how you can think Bordentown a proper place, it is hemmed in between two deep Creeks, and should the Enemy throw a small Body in your rear you must be cut off. Mount Holly was the place to which, by your instructions, you were directed to repair, as the position most safe. But if upon a consultation with General Dickinson you should judge another place more eligible I have no objection, provided it be not at Bordentown, Burlington, or any place near the Delaware, flanked by the deep Creeks which run up into the Country. In a word, keep above the Heads of the Creeks and then you have the Country open to act as circumstances may require. I am &ca.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Sir: It is yet a matter of uncertainty whether the Enemy intend to embark or to march across the Jersey. If they do the former, you are immediately upon obtaining certain intelligence of it, to march with the whole of your Brigade by the shortest Rout to New Burgh upon the North River, and there take your orders from Major General Gates. All the unarmed Men are to march, as they will meet Arms coming from the Eastward.
If the Enemy attempt to cross the Country, you are, as before directed, in conjunction with the Militia to break up and obstruct the Roads, and make their march as difficult as possible: And when you find that it is needless to pursue any further, you are to file off and gain the North River as quick as possible. I am apprehensive that the Enemy mean to endeavour to operate in that quarter before we can reinforce the posts from this Army, and therefore the utmost expedition will be necessary. I am &ca.16
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 22d. Inst. I wish some positive and clear evidence could have been procured against Mr. Hammel,17 It is painful, to be obliged, at any time, to take
[Note 17: Jury Hammell, brigade major in James Clinton's New York brigade and Dutchess County, N.Y., Militia.] away the personal liberty of a subject, on mere presumption of guilt. However, I have reasons to expect some further proofs from another hand to justify any vigorous proceedings, which it may be necessary to use. I am &ca.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, May 29, 1778.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 23d. instt. inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial of which you were President. The sentences pronounced in the cases of Shorkey and King appear to be just and they have my approbation. That pronounced in the case of William Jones is expressly contrary to the 3d. Article of the 18th. Section of the Articles of War, which limits the number of lashes that may be inflicted on any offender at the discretion of a Court Martial, to one hundred. And as it is altogether unwarrantable to elude this restriction by accumulating the punishments of several crimes, in the course of the same trial. I mitigate the punishment to one hundred lashes.19 I am happy to hear, that your Regiment has not experienced any pernicious exemption from duty in its quarters at York, and that you have a prospect of its being cloathed and equipped. I congratulate you upon the reestablishment of your health and remain, etc.
[Note 19: These court-martial proceedings are in the Washington Papers, under date of May 21, 1778: Christian Shorkey, of Malcom's regiment, was tried for desertion; William Jones, of the Maryland regiment, for theft and desertion; and John King, jr., for desertion. All of them were stated to come from South Mountain.]
P.S. I cannot forbear mentioning an informality in the trial of King, whose name in the proceedings has neither addition nor description. the charge should have specified that he belonged to some Regt. I presume that the Court took care to ascertain the fact of his being a soldier and liable to be tried as a Deserter.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 21: Of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment. He retired in September, 1778; was Judge Advocate of the Continental Army from July to September, 1782.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Sir: I am a little surprised, that you have not yet returned to Camp, as your stay has now considerably exceeded the greatest extent, you requested permission for; The season is far advanced and you must be sensible your presence with your Regiment is essentially necessary. I shall expect you will immediately on receipt of this repair to camp. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 23: Colonel of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in July, 1778; served subsequently as colonel of Virginia Militia in 1781.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Sir: I cannot forbear expressing my astonishment, that you should have so far exceeded the time, limited for your return; I desire on receipt of this, you will instantly repair to camp. Iam, etc.22
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 29, 1778.
Sir: An extent of Country between Gen. Gates and the enemy, make it necessary to employ horse in that quarter. I therefore desire you may proceed immediately to the North River and put yourself under the command of Genl. Gates with all of your cavalry that are in a condition to march. With such as remain you will leave proper officers. I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Friday, May 29, 1778.
Parole Hungary. Countersigns Holland, Huran.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps are not under any pretence whatever (unless duty requires it) to permit their Officers or men to be absent from Camp, that they may be ready to march at an hours warning.
At a General Court Martial, Colo. Chambers,30 President, May 25th, 1778; Captain Medaras31 of the North Carolina Brigade tried for Forgery. After mature deliberation the Court are of opinion that Captn. Medaras is guilty of the Charge exhibited against him, but as he could not have been actuated by motives self interested or injurious to Captain Jones (the Gentleman whose name he signed) and as he had before been perfectly acquainted with Captain Jones's Sentiments, the Court (thinking his Crime, though he is yet truly blameworthy alleviated by these circumstances) do sentence him to be reprimanded in General Orders.
[Note 30: Col. James Chambers, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 31: Capt. John Medaris, of the Third North Carolina Regiment. He transferred to the First North Carolina Regiment in February, 1782; served to close of the war.
On May 29 the following letter was sent to Dixon & Hunter, publishers of the Williamsburg Gazette, Virginia:
"Gentn: The Commander in Chief requires all Officers absent from Camp, belonging to the troops of the State of Virginia, except those who are detained on Public Service by his Excellency the Governor of that State, or any General Officer of the same, or those who may have furloughs not yet expired, immediately to join their respective Corps.
By his Excellency's Command Alexr. Hamilton, A D Camp
The Several Printers of the State of Virginia are desired to publish the above in their respective News Papers."]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and is much concerned to find that an Officer in this Army should presume to sign a brother Officer's name without his Permission. Captain Medaras is ordered to be released from his Arrest.
At the same Court William Whiteman, Waggoner tried for Desertion and sentenced to receive sixty lashes approved and ordered to be put in execution tomorrow morning on the Grand Parade at guard-mounting. Also John Clime of the 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for desertion and attempting to make his Escape to the Enemy, found guilty of both Charges alledged against him and sentenced to receive two hundred lashes, One hundred for each Crime.
The General approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution this evening at roll-call at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
Also John Wood, Serjeant in the 8th. Pennsylvania Regiment, tried for desertion and attempting to escape to the Enemy acquitted and ordered to be released from his confinement.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, May 30, 1778.
Parole Islington. Countersigns Ireland, Johnson.
Commanding Officers of Brigades are to appoint a sufficient number of proper Officers to be left in charge of the sick and such others of their respective Brigades as will be unable to march with them in case the Army moves from the present Camp.
The Regimental Surgeons will make out and lodge with the Surgeon General of the Flying Hospital exact returns of the sick belonging to their several Regiments who shall be left in Camp when the Army marches.
The board of General Officers held agreeable to a general order of the 28th. instant have made the following report, the Claims of Lieutt. Colonel Regnier and the other Lieutt. Colonels of the State of New York respecting their standing in rank being considered; The Board are of Opinion that Lieutt. Colo. Regnier will take rank of those Gentlemen upon Courts Martial, Detachments and all duties from the Line, but that they command him in the Line of the State, for notwithstanding Lieutt. Colo. Regnier's Rank, as Lieutt. Colonel was antecedent to theirs in the Line, yet his appointment in that State was posterior.
The Commander in Chief approves the above Report.
At a Brigade General Court Martial, May 27th. 1778, Lieutt. Colonel Cropper,32 President; Captain Hull33 of the 15th. Virginia Regiment tried, firstly, for being so far elevated with liquor when on the parade for exercising on the 14th. instant as rendered him incapable of doing his duty with Precision. 2ndly, for accusing Lieutenants Samuel and Benj Jones of not deposing the truth when called upon Oath to give Evidence against him on the 18th. instant; acquitted of the first Charge, but found guilty of the second and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of the Brigade in presence of all the Officers therein. Captn. Hull is ordered to be released from his Arrest.
[Note 32: Lieut. Col. John Cropper, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 33: Capt. Edwin Hull.]
At a General Court Martial, May 28th, 1778; Colonel Chambers President. Ensign James Walker of Colo. Gist's Regiment, tried firstly for deserting a Waggon he had in his Charge at the Appearance of one of our Light Horse and loosing his Party in his flight; Secondly, for telling several Falsehoods in relating the Event after returning to Camp; unanimously found guilty of the charges exhibited against him, being breaches of the 5th. Article, 18th. section and 21st. Article, 14th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be cashiered.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
At the same Court, John Lewis Garew, of Colo. Angell's Regiment tried for threatning to take the lives of several Officers of that Regiment found guilty and sentenced to receive sixty lashes; approved and ordered to be put in Execution at Roll-Call this Evening at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
Head Quarters, May 30, 1778.
Sir: Poors, Varnums, and Huntingtons Brigades are to March in one division under your Command to the North River.
The Quarter Master General will give you the Rout, Incampments, and halting days to which you will conform as strictly as possible to prevent interfering with other Troops and that I may know precisely your situation on every day.
Leave as few sick and lame on the road as possible such as are absolutely incapable of Marching with you are to be committed to the care of proper Officers with directions to follow as fast as their condition will allow.
Be strict in your discipline, suffer no rambling, keep the Men in their Ranks and the Officers with their divisions, avoid pressing Horses &ca. as much as possible and punish severely every Officer or Soldier who shall presume to press without proper authority; prohibit the burning of Fences, in a word you are to protect the persons and property of the Inhabitants from every kind of Insult and abuse.
Begin your Marches at four oclock in the Morning at latest that they may be over before the heat of the day, and that the Soldiers may have time to Cook, refresh, and prepare for the ensuing day.34
[Note 34: The above instructions were drawn up and dated, but held for issue until such day as the British evacuated Philadelphia. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, "½ after 11 A. M.," June 18, 1778, post.)]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 30, 1778.
Dr. Sir: In my last of the 23d Inst. I inclosed you the best ascertained account of the draughts and Substitutes obtained from the State of Virginia, which could be procured at that time. I have since discriminated and classed the Recruits from each County, as draughted under the old and new law, that have joined me and now send you an exact return.
I have the pleasure to inform you that our prospects of regaining Philadelphia still continue; our information bringing it down to almost a certainty. But it is not easy to determine whether they design to march thro' the Jersey or go by water to New York. The former opinion is supported by several considerations. Their waggons are still retained, their cavalry provided for such a purpose and the horses of Citizens impressed. Reports also agree, that they have not Transports sufficient for their Troops. However every thing points to their speedily evacuating the City. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favr. of Yesterday by Colo. Fleury. After sending off the prisoners of War to Lancaster, I think you had better endeavour to disincumber yourself of the Tories by examining them, and if any of them appear insignificant in themselves or confined for trifling crimes dismiss them. I have no objection to your permitting Captn. Walbe and the purser to go to Philadelphia upon parole. As I do not admit Captn. Robinson to be considered as a prisoner of War, but have demanded him as being unjustly detained, I cannot with propriety propose an Exchange between him and Captn. Walbe, because that would be giving up the point.
I would wish to have the other Brigade with the Army, could they move up without exposing the Stores at the Head of Elk too much. I gave orders to the Commissaries to have those that came up the Bay in future carried to Charles Town. If they have done so, the quantity remaining at Elk cannot be very considerable. If therefore you think the Maryland Militia sufficient to answer the purpose, I would have you make a proper disposition of them and join the Army with your Continental Troops. I should think the party under Colo. Pope36 might now be called in, and Militia sent to take their places. I expect to hear of the move of the Enemy every hour, and whether they go by land or Water, our Army will march Northward. You will therefore hold yourself ready at a moment's warning. As you will not, in all probability remain where you are more than a day or two, it is not worth while to send Colo. Fleury back to the Brigade at Chads. They may be practicing their former lessons. I am &ca.37
[Note 36: Lieut. Col. Charles Pope, of a Delaware regiment. He resigned in December, 1779.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 31, 1778.
Dear Sir: I do myself the honour to inclose you a letter which Mr Morris sent open for my inspection. I shall only add, that the mode of promotion which he points out, is exactly conformable to the rule established by a Board of General Officers on the 29th October last. It is absolutely necessary that some fixed principles should be settled for regulating promotions, and it would be attended by the most happy consequences, could all the States adopt one and the same Rule. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 43: Clinton took command of the British Army in Philadelphia on May 11.]
Head Quarters, May 31, 1778.
Sir: I had the Honor last night to receive your favor of the 30th. Instant.
I am sorry, that I cannot see the necessity of the interview, which you propose.44 If you or Lord Howe have any dispatches for Congress and think fit to transmit them to my care, they shall be forwarded by the earliest Opportunity: If you have any of a military nature for me, for none other can come properly
[Note 44: Clinton wished to send Colonel Paterson to Washington with a number of the conciliatory bills.] under my consideration, I wish them to be communicated in writing and in the usual way. This will prevent any trouble on the part of Colonel Paterson, and must answer I should suppose, all the purposes you may have in view. I have the Honor, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sunday, May 31, 1778.
Parole Knolton. Countersigns Keen, Keswick.
The 2nd. State Regiment of Virginia is for the present to be annexed to Muhlenberg's Brigade and Colo. Vanschaick's Regiment 'till further orders is in like manner to be joined to the Second Pennsylvania Brigade in lieu of the 8th. Pennsylvania Regiment which is to be detach'd on other service. A Surgeon from each Brigade is to remain in Camp to attend the sick of it which shall be left behind under the direction of Doctor Hutchinson46 'till relieved by Surgeons from the General Hospital, when they are immediately to join their respective Regiments. Men in the Small Pox or under Innoculation are to be comprehended in the number of the sick. Regimental Medicine Chests are to go on with the Army. A sufficient number of Camp Kettles must be left for the use of the sick.
[Note 46: Ebenezer Hutchinson, surgeon's mate, of the Fifth New York Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.
In the Force Transcripts, Continental Army Returns, 31, 106, the originals of which were at one time a part of the Washington Papers, is a copy of a memorandum of the opinions and recommendations of the major generals assembled at Valley Forge in May, 1778. The Commander in Chief had informed the council of the state of the army, prospects of recruiting and drafting, present and probable supplies of provisions, and the force of the enemy at Philadelphia, New York, and Rhode Island. He requested the opinion of the council on the conduct of the campaign of 1778. The council recommended completing the army, the organization of the quartermaster and commissary departments, the exercise and discipline of the troops, the making of small and occasional drafts only from the militia, and the adoption of a defensive system of warfare for the present. The council further reported that it had "seen with regret, the imperfect and undisciplined State of the American Cavalry during the last Campaign, and being apprehensive, that without Some new and great Exertions, the Utility of that Corps, in the present Campaign, will fall Short of the views of Congress, and the Generals who recommended their Establishments; Earnestly request the Commander in Chief, to appoint Some intelligent and experienced officer, as Inspector General of Cavalry, who Should lose no time in Dressing, both Men, and Horses, for the Field." The original of this memorandum is presumably in the Adjutant General's Office, War Department.]
Commanding Officers of Regiments will assist the Regimental Surgeons in procuring as many Women of the Army as can be prevailed on to serve as Nurses to them who will be paid the usual Price. Orderlies are also to be left, one to every twenty sick men. These should be men out of such as are (for want of Cloathing, from lameness and the like) least fit to march with the Army, but at the same time capable of this duty.
A Commissary is to be left to supply the sick with provisions. A Commissioned Officer to every fifty men is to remain and a Field Officer to superintend the whole.
The Arms of the sick in each Regimt. are to supply, as far as may be necessary the deficiency in it, of those fit for duty, if there are any remaining they are to be left in the Care of the Officers who are to stay with the sick. The Vaults are to be well covered before the Brigades quit the ground.
Commanding Officers of Divisions and all others are to pay the strictest Attention that no Women be suffered on any Pretence to get into the Waggons of the Army on the march.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, May 31, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your favor of the 25th Inst. by Doctor Scudder,47 and that of the 29th yesterday afternoon, with the inclosures and packet to which they referred.
[Note 47: Dr. Nathaniel Scudder, a Delegate to Congress from New Jersey.]
I shall inform Major Lee48 of the New arrangement of his corps, and will appoint the officers required.
[Note 48: Maj. Henry ("Light Horse Harry") Lee.]
Major Beatty49 is not in camp. The letter addressed to him shall be sent by the first Opportunity to Princeton, where I presume he will be found. That for Capt. Smith50 is already dispatched to him.
[Note 49: Maj. John Beatty. of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was made colonel and Commissary General of Prisoners on May 28; resigned in March, 1780.]
[Note 50: Capt. Robert Smith, of Malcolm's Additional Continental regiment. He declined the appointment of Secretary to the Board of War; was wounded at Monmouth, N.J., June 28; did not rejoin his regiment.]
The Enemy are yet in Philadelphia, tho' the whole chain of information for several days past afforded grounds to believe that they would have evacuated it before now. I should suppose they are nearly prepared to do it, tho' the removal of the stores and baggage of so large an army requires considerable time.
June 1.
I should be glad to know, in case Philadelphia is evacuated, whether any and what line of conduct is to be pursued respecting the goods that may be left. Such articles as come under the denomination of public stores will, of course, be taken by the proper officers for the use of the States. The point on which I wish direction, is with respect to goods and Merchandize, private property. I do not know whether any considerable quantity may be left; but it has been suggested, that from an expectation of the sort, there are some bringing into light their gold and silver for the purpose of buying up. If there should be Cloathing &c. suitable for the army, perhaps there might be nothing unjust in the public's taking the preference; and Congress appointing one or two, intelligent, active persons of address dress, acquainted with the City, and with those who have the goods, with proper powers to purchase them. Whatever measure may be thought expedient, it will be necessary to adopt it as early as possible, as the evacuation will probably take place in a short time. Robt. Morris Esqr., I should imagine, if the purchasing scheme is determined on, will be able to point out proper persons. Some Gentlemen have mentioned Messrs. Samuel Howel and Thomas Franklyn as well qualified, both on account of their integrity and attachment to our cause, as from their knowledge of the City and residence in it, ever since the enemy had the possession. I have the honour etc.
P.S. I was just now honoured with your Letter of the 31st Ulto.51
[Note 51: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on June 2 and referred to Thomas McKean, John Witherspoon, and James Smith.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 12
June 1, 1778--September 30, 1778
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
1934,
Copy 8
PRINTED
July, 1934
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am honoured with yours of the 23d and 29th Ultimo. The person who delivered me your letter of the 17th, was one of our hired Expresses. He is now out upon duty, but when he returns I will inquire how he came by the letter. The Christian name of Bankson, who I begged the favor of you to keep an eye upon, is Jacob,1 but as I am now satisfied concerning him, you need not trouble yourself further in the matter.
[Note 1: Jacob Bankson was one of Washington's spies.]
Upon an application from General Dickenson, about ten days ago, I sent him over 2000 weight of Musket Ball, which was all the lead in Camp and indeed more than could be well spared considering the scarcity of that Article. If any can be procured in Jersey at any rate, I would recommend your doing it without loss of time.
I am glad to hear that your Militia are in spirits and I make no doubt but they will give the Enemy as much trouble as they possibly can, should they march through Jersey. Could their intentions be certainly known, or could I detach from this Army, without exposing our Baggage, Stores, Artillery and Sick, of whom we have a considerable number just recovering from the small pox, I would throw a greater continental force into Jersey, than is at present there: But to weaken ourselves at present by detaching, would be extremely dangerous. The Enemy have all their effective foot, their Cavalry and Field Artillery on this side the Delaware, and although I am certain that they intend to evacuate, either by land or Water, I am as certain that they would not miss an opportunity of giving us a parting Blow. A very little time must discover their true intentions. I am &c.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 30th. May: A person, who I sent down to Chester to observe the movement of the Fleet, left that place on Sunday at dusk, he informs me that upwards of one hundred Sail had come down from Philadelphia and that they had not stopped near Wilmington, but proceeded towards the Capes. If this is so, it is a plain proof that they have no design to land any body of Men to molest our Stores. Captn. McLane who commands a scouting Party upon the Enemy's lines has been this Morning as near Philadelphia as Kensignton, from whence he has a full view of the Harbour, he says very few ships remained and those chiefly armed Vessels. If therefore, upon sending an Officer to Chester and another to Wilmington, you find that the Vessels have gone down and are below New Castle, you are immediately to join me, with your whole continental force. I am &ca.
P. S. Bring up your Tents with you and your lightest Baggage, as you will probably march immediately Northward.2
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 1, 1778.
Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 30th. Ulto. last Night. I am not a little surprised that the arms of three Regiments should be reduced to 120. I would wish to have this matter enquired into, and that the officers of the different Corps send in a return, accounting for so considerable a defection.
As it is probable the enemy will penetrate the Jerseys I think you had better continue where you are putting your cavalry in the best condition for acting which your circumstances will admit of.
A Brigadier or Major General is directed to administer the Oath which your officers will have an opportunity of taking upon joining us. I am etc.
P.S. As things are situated it will be unnecessary to make a change in Major Cloughs command for some days.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 1, 1778.
Sir: I have considered your letter of yesterday, but must confess I do not see into the force of your scruples.
The accident which happened Colo. Jackson is not uncommon. But it would be, to discharge an officer, merely because he happens to be wounded. Were such a practice to prevail, it would lessen the incitements to bravery, and prove most injurious to the service.
I think you will be convinced on reflection, that where there has been no neglect or inattention to an Officers promotion, his personal honor cannot therefore be affected by his continuance in the Army, and waiting the natural gradations of the line. I am, etc.3
Head Quarters, June 1, 1778.
Sir: As soon as you shall have received such intelligence of the evacuation of Philadelphia, as will warrant your sending a party there, you are to detach a Subaltern and a few men, to ascertain the fact, with orders to approach under every proper precaution, and when he finds it safe to enter the city, to do it in the greatest order, keeping his Men together and forbidding under the severest penalties, any insult to the inhabitants. When the officer has gained satisfactory intelligence relative to the evacuation, the situation of the Shipping in the Delaware &ca., he is to dispatch a horseman with it to you, and return with his party. You will immediately forward his Letter to Head Quarters, and march with your whole Detachment towards Camp. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, June 1, 1778.
Parole Luxemburgh. Countersigns Leech, Lewis.
Colo. Cortland is appointed to tarry in Camp to superintend the sick on the Ground when the Army moves and to send on the recovered men properly officered to join their respective Corps, and Major Grier will repair to the Yellow Springs and the Hospitals near Camp and superintend the sick there; They will apply tomorrow at the Orderly-Office for written Instructions.
The following will be observed as a standing Model for the Order of March, whether of the whole Army, a Division, Brigade or Battalion; It may happen that some changes may be necessary in the Strength and number of the Advanced Rear and Flank Guards and in their relative distances to each other and to the Main Body &c. which are to be determined according to particular Circumstances and which the Officers commanding will judge of, but the general Principles and Rules here laid down are in all Cases to be practiced only with such Variations in applying them as different situations may require.
When a Battalion receives orders to march each Company forms before its own quarters, the Captain having inspected into their Arms and Accoutrements, conducts it to the Regimental Parade where the Field Officers inspect the whole, form each Battalion into eight Platoons for charging agreeable to the Instructions given and march it by Platoons to the Rendezvous. When only one Battalion marches the Colo. orders out an advanced and rear guard, each consisting of one Lieutenant three non-commissioned Officers, a Drum and twenty Privates.
A Brigade composed of several Battalions has an advanced and rear Guard each consisting of one Captain two Subalterns, six non-commissioned Officers and forty or fifty Privates.
When several Brigades march together, each Brigade furnishes a proportionable number for the Advanced and Rear Guards.
When the whole Army marches the new guards of the day form the advanced Guard and the old Guards form the Rear Guard.
The new guards being assembled on the Grand Parade the Brigadier of the day forms them into a Battalion of 8 Platoons, the eldest Field Officer of the day takes command of it and marches at the head of the Column.
The Brigadier of the preceding day having assembled the old Guard forms them in the same manner; the eldest Field Officer taking the Command and marching in the Rear of the Column.
The advanced guard should be advanced from fifty to two hundred paces in front of the Column. Each advanced Guard should send forward a detachment to serve as an advanced guard to itself and that detachment should also send out a patrole in front each one hundred paces in front of the other; thus one Captain 2 Subalterns, 6 non-Commissioned Officers, one Drum and fifty men will send out a non-Commissioned Officer and twelve men, and that non-Commission'd Officer will also advance four men in his front.
An advanced Guard of a Lieutt. and 20 men will advance one non-Commissioned Officer and eight men, and the nonCommissioned Officer will advance two men in his front.
The Rear Guard will observe the same Rules sending it's detachment in the Rear as the advanced Guard does in front.
When a Brigade, Division or the Army marches by the right tis supposed the Enemy is on the left and the contrary; Each Battalion will therefore send out on the Flank exposed to the Enemy, a subaltern, two non-commissioned Officers and sixteen men as a flank guard, who will march in a platoon by files from the right opposite the center of the Battalion at the distance of 80 or 100 Paces from the Column.
When the Army marches in two Columns the Right Column has its flank Guard on it's right and the left Column on it's left. When in one Column and the Position of the Enemy uncertain, guard must be sent on both flanks. The advanc'd, Flank and Rear Guard must allways have their Bayonets fixed. Wherever the Ground will permit the Battalion must march by Platoons: During the march each Colonel must stay before his Battalion and each Captain and Subaltern before his Platoon; The Intervals between the Battalions and Platoons must be strictly observed during the march.
When there is a Creek or Defile to pass the Brigadiers must stop 'till their Brigades have passed and the Colonels 'till their respective Battalions have passed. They will take care that the Men pass with as large a front and as quick as possible.
The advanced Guard having passed the Defile should take such a situation as to be able to see all around and should send out Patroles 500 Paces round: The head of the Column halts before it enters the Defile to let the Platoons get at half distance and when half the Column has got thro' it halts 'till the whole has passed and then continues its march.
When the road will not admit to march by Platoons, the march is to be made by sections of four in front in the following manner; Each Officer divides his Platoon into sections; For Example a Platoon of 16 files makes four sections, they will break off by the right or left and continue the march, each section two paces distant from the other: If a Platoon has fifteen files, the last section will have three files. If the Platoon has only fourteen the last will have four men in one rank. If a Platoon has thirteen files, the last will have five files.
When marching in this Order by the right, the Officers commanding Platoons will be on the left of the first Section, the Serjeant on the right stays in his Place and the Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers Who were in the Rear will be on the right flanks; If they march in this order by the left the Commanding Officer of the Platoon remains on the right of the first section and the others on the left flank so that by wheeling the Sections the Platoon will be formed and each Officer and non-Commission'd Officer be in his Place.
During the march each Officer must keep his Platoon in order; The Officers and non-Commissioned Officers in the Rear must prevent the soldiers leaving their ranks on any Account; If the soldiers have occasion for water, the Officer must send a nonCommissioned Officer with some men to fill their Canteens, and the Non-Commissioned Officer must bring them back to their Platoon immediately. The flank guard will never suffer any non-Commissioned Officer or soldier to pass them during the march and the Rear Guard will take care to bring up all Straglers.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, June 2, 1778.
Parole Montgomery. Countersigns Mercer, McClary.
At a General Court Martial, Colo. Chambers, Presidt. 29th. May, Lieutt. Colo. Gray5 of 12th. Pennsylvania Regt. tried for unofficer and ungentlemanlike behaviour in entering into
[Note 5: Lieut. Col. Neigal Gray.] Private Contracts with the soldiers of his Regiment for the deficiencies of rations by which means and other unwarrantable practices the soldiers are defrauded of a considerable sum of Money, found guilty of the charges exhibited against him being a breach of the 21st. Article of the 14th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be cashiered and that agreeable to the 22nd. Article of the 14th. section of the Articles of War, his Crime, Name, Place of Abode and Punishment be publish'd in the News-Papers in and about Camp and of that particular state from which he came or in which he usually resides.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it take place.
At the same Court, Lieutt. Webb6 of the 7th. Virginia Regiment was tried for disobedience of Orders for going upon duty in a hunting shirt after confessing he had a Coat and being desired if he had no regard for his own Appearance to have some for the Credit of his Regiment and therefore not to appear in so unofficer like a manner; found guilty and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Officer commanding the Regiment to which he belongs in presence of the officers of the Regimt.
[Note 6: Lieut. Isaac Webb, He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; promoted to captain in 1781; served to the close of the war.]
The General approves the sentence and orders it put in Execution tomorrow morning at Roll Call.
Valley Forge, June 2, 1778.
Sir: I beg leave to inform you, that agreeable to the Resolutions transmitted in your Favor of the 31st Ulto., I shall undertake the reform of the North Carolina Batallions in Camp, as soon as circumstances will admit.
I sincerely wish the Legislatures of the several States had passed Laws, adopting the generous policy, recommended by Congress in their Resolution of the 23d of April. I am assured by authority not to be questioned, that for want of this, Hundreds, nay Thousands of people, and among them valuable Artisans, with large quantities of Goods will be forced from Philadelphia, who otherwise would willingly remain. From report, their reluctance and distress upon this occasion, are scarcely to be parallelled. There are a few, whose conduct have been such, that no assurances of security, I presume, could induce them to stay; and their departure compelled and founded as it were in the approbation of their own consciences, would answer all the purposes of example, especially if followed by a confiscation of property. A proscribing system or Laws having the same effect, when carried to a great extent, ever appeared to me to be impolitic; and their operation should always cease with the causes, which produced them. Examples in terrorem are necessary, but to exile many of its Inhabitants cannot be the interest of any State. I have the honor, etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 2, 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 30th. ulto. As there is the greatest probability that the whole Army will move to the Northward, I have desired Genl. Knox to write to Colo. Lamb, to halt upon the East side of Hudsons River, at the most convenient place for forage for the Artillery Horses. I think he mentions Litchfield. Inclosed you have a letter for Colo. Lamb, which please to forward pr. Express.
I know not what to say respecting Colo. Malcolm. I have not looked upon him as in the service since January last. He then applied for leave of absence, which I refused, as he had been constantly at and near home all the preceeding Campaign. Upon this he desired liberty to resign I referred him to Congress, as I did not chuse to accept his Commission without their concurrence. What Steps he took afterwards I do not know, but he left the Army, and has never been a day with the Regiment since, except once upon a visit. If Congress, in consequence of his application, have not accepted his resignation, and he, in the intended reduction and arrangement of the 16 Battalions should be continued in service, I have no objection to his retaining the command of his Regiment and acting as Deputy Adjt. General at the same time. But I cannot oblige myself to send the Regiment to the Northward.
The Enemy are still making preparation to evacuate Philada. and from all appearances they will march through Jersey. I have matters in such readiness to move, that I flatter myself a strong reinforcement will reach the North River before they can gain Staten Island and make a proper disposition for going up the River, should they have such intentions. Do not omit to send forward the Arms, as the Recruits and Levies from Jersey and Maryland want them much. I am, &ca.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 2, 1778.
Gentlemen: The business of your meeting this morning is to take into consideration and report your opinion concerning Lt. Colonel Du Plessis' claim of rank and service in the corps of Artillery, to which he was annexed by an order of Congress; Colonel Du Plessis will produce to the Board the papers on which his pretensions are founded. There are herewith my answer to a memorial from the officers of Artillery, on this subject, and a second memorial from them in reply. Their first has been by some accident mislaid; but I have directed them to furnish you with a copy of it. In the issue to which the matter is now brought, whatever may be contained in my answer, can only be considered as declarative of my opinion, and can have no influence in deciding the question. I wish to have the sentiments of the Board accurately and explicitly, as to the nature and operation of Mr. Du Plessis' appointment, specifying the particular species of service, in which he ought to be employed in the corps of Artillery, in giving which they will no doubt pay proper attention to former decisions of a similar kind. I am etc.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 2, 1778.
Gentlemen: The Adjutant General has directions to send you one Shanks10 formerly an Officer in the l0th. Pennsylvania Regiment, charged with being a spy for the Enemy. There is a British deserter a serjeant of Grenadiers, who will attend as a Witness against him. His own confession is pretty ample. But to make the evidence as full as possible, I have directed Col. Morgan to send up the persons, who took the criminal, ill order to ascertain the circumstances of his apprehension. To avoid the formality of a regular trial, which I think in such a case ought to be dispensed with, I am to request you will examine him and report the result; and if his guilt is clear, his punishment will be very summary.11 If the Witnesses expected from Colonel Morgan, should not arrive speedily, so that it would detain the Board too much to wait for them; they may
[Note 10: Thomas Shanks, formerly an ensign of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been cashiered Oct. 12, 1777, for stealing shoes.]
[Note 11: The board voted 10 to 4 that he was a spy and 8 to 6 that he ought to suffer death.] proceed to the examination, without them, but if it should appear that their presence may materially affect the merits of the inquiry, I would wish it not to be brought to a conclusion. If it should be thought unessential, I should be glad the examination may be definitive. I am, etc.
P.S. I wish your report to be as full as possible, clear as to the criminality of the person, expressive of your opinion whether he is a proper subject for an example, and what kind of punishment may be most proper.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 15: Boudinot had resigned as Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army on May 11, 1778.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 2, 1778.
Dear Sir: I inclose you a Copy of a letter of the 23d Ulto. forwarded by express; to which I have received no answer.
Colo. Johnston refusing the appointment, Congress have since nominated as Commissary of prisoners Major Beatty.16 I have forwarded him their resolve, and desired his immediate attendance at Head Quarters.
[Note 16: Maj. John Beatty, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was commissioned colonel and Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army on May 28, 1778; resigned in March, 1780.]
I must again urge the great necessity of your hastening here with all possible dispatch. The prospect of the enemy's moving, the present circumstances and situation of the prisoners in Philadelphia make your presence at this time absolutely necessary. If their liberty is to be affected by exchange or parole, it will be easier, in all probability, to accomplish it where they now are than where they may be removed to. I am &ca.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, June 3, 1778.
Parole Morristown. Countersigns McPherson, Morris.
Thomas Shanks on full Conviction of his being a Spy in the service of the Enemy before a board of Genl. Officers held yesterday by order of the Commander in Chief, is adjudged worthy of Death. He is therefore to be hanged tomorrow morning at Guard mounting at some convenient Place near the Grand Parade.
At a General Court-Martial June 1st. 1778, Colo. Chambers, President, Lieutt. Tomy19 of Colo. Gist's Regiment detach'd to the 3rd. Maryland Regiment tried for disobedience of orders, found guilty and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of the Brigade in Presence of the Officers of the Brigade to which he belongs.
[Note 19: Lieut. John Toomy. He served to Jan. 1, 1780.
On June 3 James McHenry, an aide-de-camp, wrote to Captain McLane that Washington would allow him to enter Philadelphia to look after his property as soon as the British evacuated the city. He was to turn over his command to a proper officer before going into the city and not to mention having obtained this permission to any one.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow morning at Roll-Call.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 4, 1778.
Parole Northumberland. Countersigns Nottingham, Newtown.
The following Resolve of Congress, the Operation of which has been heretofore prevented by the particular Circumstances of the Army is in future to be punctually observed.
In Congress, Novr. 19th, 1776.
Resolved, That, on any sick or disabled non-Commissioned officer or soldier being sent to any hospital or sick quarters, the captain or commandant of the troop or company to which he belongs, shall send to the surgeon, or director of the said hospital, or give to the non-Commissioned officer or soldier so in the hospital or quarters, a certificate, (countersigned by the pay master of the regiment, if he be with the regiment) of what pay is due to such sick non-commissioned officer or soldier at the time of his entering the hospital or quarters; and the captain or commandant of the troop or company shall not receive the pay of the said soldier in hospital or quarters, or include him in any pay abstract during his continuance therein. And, in case any non-Commissioned officer or soldier shall be discharged from the hospital or quarters, as unfit for further service, a certificate shall be given him by the surgeon or director, of what pay is then due to him; and the said non-commissioned officer or soldier so discharged shall be entitled to receive his pay at any pay office or from any pay master in the service of the United States; the said pay master keeping such original certificate to prevent impositions, and giving the non-commissioned officer or soldier his discharge, or a certified copy thereof, mentioning, at the same time, his having been paid.
That this resolution be transmitted to the commanders in chief in the several departments, to be by them given out in orders, and then delivered to the directors of the hospitals in each department, who are to cause the same to be fixed up in some conspicuous place or places, in every military hospital for the information of all concerned.
Commanding Officers of Regiments are immediately to make Returns to the Commissary of Military Stores of the Arms actually wanting in their respective Corps to compleat the number of men fit for duty in each agreeable to which the Commissary is forthwith to issue the Arms now in Store.
All Persons whatever are forbid selling liquor to the Indians. If any Sutler or soldier shall presume to act contrary to this Prohibition, the former will be dismissed from Camp and the latter receive severe Corporal Punishment.
On the march Lieutt. Colo. Fleury will be attached to General Lee's Division; Lieutt. Colo. Davis to Genl. Stirlings; Lieutt. Colo. Barber to Genl. Mifflin's; Mr. Ternant to General De la Fayette's and Lieutt. Colo. Brooks to Genl. De Kalb's; and as they will not be employed on the march in exercising or manoeuvring the Troops they are to fill the Office of Adj. General each in his respective Division.
Head Quarters, June 4, 1778.
Sir: Mr. Loring having been sent by Sir Henry Clinton to meet Mr. Boudinot or any other person appointed by me for the purpose of effecting an exchange of prisoners; I have therefore to desire you (Mr. Boudinot being absent from Camp) to hear any proposals Mr. Loring may have to offer on this subject, and to do definitively whatever may be necessary towards the execution of a general exchange of prisoners: And I hereby assure you, that your proceedings in this instance will be ratified by me. I am &ca.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 4, 1778.
Sir: You are to proceed in the most expeditious manner, with the party under your command, to Reading, where you will meet Captn. Hutchins of New Hampshire, with three Waggons under his charge. Upon delivering the inclosed to him, he will put the Waggons under your care, and you are to proceed immediately with them to York Town, and upon your arrival there, deliver the Contents of them to the Board of Treasury. You are to wait at York Town with your party until Colo. Brodhead with the remainder of the 8th. Regiment joins you. I am, etc.
P.S. If the Canteens which came from Boston in the Waggons were not left at Easton, they are to be delivered to the Quarter Master at Reading.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 22: Of the First New Hampshire Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 4, 1778.
Sir: You are to deliver the three Waggons with their Contents, which you brought from Boston to Capt. Finley of the 8th. Pennsylvania Regiment. You are then to march, as expeditiously as possible, with the party under your command to the Head Quarters of the Army. I am &ca.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Valley Forge, June 4, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty to transmit you by Express, the inclosed packet, which just arrived at our advanced Post by a flag from Sir Henry Clinton. I also transmit a Copy of a Letter I received from him of the 30th Ulto., and of my answer; likewise Copies of his and Lord Howes Letters, which came to hand by the present flag. The packet I presume, contains Acts similar to those sent to me.24 I have the honour etc.25
[Note 24: The inclosures were copies of letters to Washington from Clinton and Howe and printed copies of the Conciliatory Acts of Parliament.]
[Note 25: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on June 6.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 5, 1778.
Sir: I this day received yours of the 2d. instant. The Arms arrived at Camp yesterday. If you will advert to the copy of the orders sent by Major Taylor26 after Mr. Lansing,27 you will find that I had every reason to think that the Arms were going back to New Burgh by your orders. He is so pointed, that he says in a P.S. "It is Major Genl. Gates's positive orders." If he by making use of your name, when he was not authorized, drew from me an order in very express terms, the blame ought to fall upon him. His representation, which you inclosed me, differs materially from his first order. He now says he acted in
[Note 26: Maj. Andrew Taylor, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 27: Abraham G. Lansing.] consequence of verbal orders from Colo. Hay. I was alarmed to think that the Levies should be disappointed of the Arms intended for them and therefore wrote fully, and plainly, as the good of the Service, and my duty (under the information I had received) indispensably required of me. I am, &ca.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favour of yesterday came safe to hand. What the real designs of the Enemy are remains yet to be discovered. Appearances and a thousand circumstances induce a belief that they intend thro' the Jerseys to New York. Your last intelligence however is a lot to this opinion, inasmuch as it contradicts a former report of their assembling a Number of Boats in Princes Bay. That they will either march to Amboy and from thence pass to Staten Island, or embark below the Chevaux de frize scarcely admits of a doubt; and the first being much the most probable, I would recommend it to you to be in the most perfect readiness for their reception, as you may rely upon it that their march will be rapid whenever it is begun.
I take the liberty of giving it to you as my opinion also, that the way to annoy, distress and really injure the Enemy on their march (after obstructing the Roads as much as possible) with Militia, is to suffer them to act in very light Bodies. Were it not for the Horse, I should think the parties could not be too small, as every Man in this case acts as it were for himself and would I conceive make sure of his Man between Coopers Ferry and South Amboy, as the Enemy's Guards in front flank and Rear must be exposed and may be greatly injured by the concealed and well directed fire of men in Ambush, This kind of annoyance ought to be incessant day and night and would I think be very effectual. I shall add no more than that I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[June 5, 1778.]
Dear Sir: I just now received your favor of this date by Mr. Anderson and approve of your coming on.
With respect to the Stores taken in the Sloop, I wish you to give direction to Mr. Wade30 to have them brought on to the Army. The Salt and Tea will be particularly useful. The party who made the prize will be paid for the Articles which the public get. I am etc.
[Note 30: Capt, Francis Wade, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
P.S. On reflection the Sloop and Cargo must be libelled, I believe agreeable to the Resolves of Congress. This will supersede the order for their removal.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, June 5, 1778.
Sir: I am glad to find by your letter of the 28th. Ulto. that your health is so far reestablished as to allow of your returning to active duty. At the same time it gives me concern to be informed that you have any disinclination to rejoin your Regiment, and the rather as I have no prospect of your being otherwise employed. It remains with you to determine whether the differences which you have had with your Officers are of such a nature as to exclude reconciliation. I am etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 5, 1778.
Sir: Robert Erskine Esqr., who is appointed Military Surveyor, and Geographer is now here, endeavouring to arrange that department, fix upon the proper number of deputies, and settle their pay, appointments &ca. To do this, he would wish to see and consult you. I therefore desire you to come down immediately upon the receipt of this.33 If the movement of the Enemy from Philadelphia should oblige the Army to quit this ground before you arrive, I will leave directions for you. I imagine the business you are at present upon cannot suffer by a temporary absence. I am etc.34
[Note 33: Scull was then surveying upon the upper Susquehanna River.]
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 5, 1778.
Parole Oronoko. Countersigns Otway, Otis.
A Court of Enquiry whereof Colo. Wigglesworth is appointed President will sit tomorrow morning at ten o'Clock at the Presidents Quarters at the request of Lieutt. Colo. Duplessis to enquire into his Conduct on the different occasions mentioned in a letter from the Commander in Chief to Congress in his behalf and into the Truth of the Facts on which the Representations contained in it were founded, and of the several matters urged by the Officers of Artillery to the contrary in a letter from them to the Commander in Chief; All Persons concerned will attend. Lieutt. Colonels Dearbon35 and Butler36 and Majors Hay37 and Campbell38 will attend as Members.
[Note 35: Lieut. Col. Henry Dearborn, of the Third New Hampshire Regiment.]
[Note 36: Lieut. Col. Zebulon(?) Butler, of the Third Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 37: Maj. Samuel(?) Hay, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 38: Maj. Richard(?) Campbell, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment.]
Captain Lawrence Keen39 of the Regiment late Patton's is appointed Aide-De-Camp to Majr. Genl. Mifflin and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
[Note 39: Keen was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781.]
At a General Court-Martial May 27th, 1778, Colo. Chambers President, Lieutt. McDonnald40 of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for unofficer and ungentlemanlike behaviour in taking two Mares and a barrel of Carpenters tools on the lines, which Mares he convey'd away and sold the tools at private sale; 2ndly, with insulting behaviour and refusing to comply with his Arrest.
[Note 40: Lieut. Donald McDonald.]
After mature deliberation, the Court taking into consideration several Circumstances are unanimously of opinion, that altho' Lieutt. McDonnald is guilty of the facts alledged in the first charge that they do not amount to unofficer or ungentlemanlike behaviour and do acquit him of the first Charge; Likewise of the second.
The Commander in Chief is far from being satisfied of the Propriety of Lieutt. McDonnald's Conduct; He knows of no authority under which he had a right to seize the horses in question and to apply them in the manner he did; He approves still less of the measures taken with respect to the Tools; If the Probability of their being carried in to the Enemy, arising by being in Possession of a disaffected Person, justified the Seizure, nothing can justify the converting them, as appears to have been intended, to private Emolument, to the Injury of the Right Owner, who was an absent and innocent Person and who had only lodged them in the Care of the other during his absence.
They ought immediately to have been reported to and deposited with the Quarter-Master General. Lieutt. McDonnald is released from Arrest.
General Poor's, Varnum's, Huntington's, 1st. and 2nd. Pennsylvania and Late Conway's Brigades and the Artillery to receive their Pay for the Month's of February and March this day; Woodford's, Scott's and the North Carolina Brigades the 6th. instant; Glover's Paterson's and Larned's the 7th.; Weedon's, Muhlenberg's and 1st. and 2nd. Maryland the 8th.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 6, 1778.
Parole Perkaomy. Countersigns Portsmouth, Plymouth.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Chambers was President June 2nd, 1778; Captn. Stake41 of the 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for propagating a report that Colo. George Nagle was seen on the 15th. of May drinking either Tea or Coffee in Serjeant Howcraft's42 tent with his Whore, her Mother, the said Howcraft and his Family to the Prejudice of good Order and military discipline.
[Note 41: Capt. Jacob Stake. He transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; was wounded at Green Springs, Va., in July, 1781; transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 42: Sergt. Thomas Howcroft, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The Court having considered the Charge and Evidence are unanimously of opinion that Captn. Stake's Justification is sufficient and do acquit him of the Charge exhibited against him.
The General approves the Acquittal.
At the same Court Lieutt. Samuel Jones of the 15th. Virginia Regiment tried for concealing and denying that he had in his Possession a pair of Mittins belonging to Captn. Hull;43 2ndly, Gaming on the 12th. of May and at sundry other times; 3rdly, Behaving in a manner unbecoming an Officer and Gentleman in treating Captn. Hull with abusive language while under an Arrest and endeavouring to incense the Officers of his Regiment against him.
[Note 43: Capt. Edwin Hull, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment.]
The Court having considered the charges and the Evidence are of Opinion that Lieutenant Jones is guilty of the charges exhibited against him, being breaches of the 5th. Article of 18th. section of the Articles of War, of repeated General Orders and of 21st. Article of 14th. section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be discharged from the service.
The General is intirely disposed to believe from the Representations he has received in favor of Lieutenant Jones that he was incapable of having retained the Gloves with a fraudulent intention, but as he has been clearly proved to have been guilty of the pernicious Practice of Gaming which will invariably meet with every Mark of His Disapprobation he confirms the sentence of dismissing Lieutt. Jones.
At the same Court Lieutt. John Roberts of the 2nd. North-Carolina Regiment, tried 1st. for behaving in a scandalous, infamous manner, such as is unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman; 2ndly. for absenting himself from Camp without leave. The Court having considered the first Charge and the Evidence are unanimously of opinion that the facts stated in Evidence do not amount to scandalous infamous, behaviour, and do acquit Lieutt. Roberts thereof: Having considered the 2nd. Charge and the Evidence are unanimously of opinion that Lieutenant Roberts is not guilty of 2nd. Charge exhibited against him and do acquit him.
The General approves the Acquittal; He is sorry to see little personal Bickerings between Officers, which cannot with Propriety be drawn into military Offences made the subjects of a Court-Martial.
Head Quarters, June 6, 1778.
My Lord: On Thursday last I received the favor of your Letter of the 27th. Ulto., with the Copies of the Acts to which it refers.44 I have the Honor etc.45
[Note 44: The two acts were those passed "this Session of Parliament, for quieting the Disorders now subsisting in these Colonies, and preparing the Way for the Return of Peace,"]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, June 6, 1778.
Sir: On Thursday I received the favor of your Two Letters of the 3d. Inst.
The packet addressed to the President of Congress has been forwarded to him.
In consequence of your Letter on the subject of Prisoners, and a Note to Mr. Boudinot from Mr. Loring, I authorized Lt. Colo. Hamilton, one of my Aids, to meet the latter, and to make such propositions for an exchange, as the situation of the Prisoners in our hands would justify. These, I find, by a Letter from Mr. Loring, have not met with your concurrence. As an exchange is exceedingly interesting to the Prisoners on both Sides and mutually wished by us, I have directed Mr. Boudinot to request a meeting with Mr. Loring to day at German Town, in order to discuss the point more fully than it was the other day; and to adopt every measure that circumstances will admit of, for accomplishing so desireable a Work. Mr. Beatty who will succeed Mr. Boudinot in the Commissary's Office, will accompany him. I have the Honor etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 6, 1778.
Gentn.: I have lately received 1900 Stand of Arms from the Eastward, which will nearly, if not quite compleat the number of Men who are at present in want. But we are exceedingly distressed for Cartouch Boxes. By an exact return made a few days ago 1700 were wanting for the new Recruits, and to replace the old ones, worn out in the last Campaign. Since this a number of Recruits from New York and Maryland have arrived. The Deputy Commissary of Stores informs me, that Lebanon will furnish about 150 pr. week. The supply from that quarter will be so slow that we must not put any dependence upon it. I do not know what quantity has been made at Springfield, but Genl Knox inform'd me, that the manufactory there would be considerable; I shall be much obliged by your dispatching an Express to that place, with orders to send forward what are ready, with the utmost dispatch. In the mean time, if you have a number of the thin Iron Cannisters finished, be pleased to have them sent down, as they will serve as a substitute for leather Boxes. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 48: One of the New York Commissioners for completing the New York battalions.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 6, 1778.
Sir: I am this day favd. with yours of Yesterday. What Men are now upon their way to Easton may be sent from thence to join their Regiments now here. Those that remain in the State may, as you advise, be delivered as they are collected to Colo. Dubois's Regiment. That Regiment was much reduced by the loss it sustained at the Storm of Fort Montgomery and Col Gansevoort's which is at Fort Schuyler is very full. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, June 6, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed is a copy of the establishment of the Marechaussé, as passed in Congress the 20th. Ulto. This Corps is to be armed and accoutred in the manner of Light Dragoons. You will therefore provide with all possible expedition sixty three Horses, with proper Saddles and bridles. As the nature of the duty will principally require patroling within the distance of a mile from the pickets, the horses which were lately furnished by the State of Pennsylvania may serve the purpose, and such other horses may be taken to complete the number as are rather capable of fatigue, than possessed of such qualities as would recommend them for the Corps of Cavalry.
Capt. Heer49 who is to command this Corps, will have immediate occasion for one horse, which you will order to be delivered to him, the rest are only to be kept apart so as to be ready when the men are draughted and furnished with Clothes. I am, etc.50
[Note 49: Capt. Batholomew von Heer. The Marechaussée was the mounted provost corps of the Army.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 6, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 11th. Ultimo. the fourty men and fifty horse you mention in your letter are not yet arrived at Camp.
I have no new matter to recommend: you will use your endeavours in getting the swords and pistols completed as soon as possible. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: In the writing of James McHenry. The editor is indebted to Judge E.A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J., for a photostat of this letter.]
Head Quarters, June 7, 1778.
Sir: I have been duly honoured with your Favors of the 4th and 5th Inst. and with the Resolutions and papers to which they refer.
I have taken measures to communicate the New Establishment of the Army thro' the Line, and the sooner the arrangements can be made the better. Should there appear further regulations necessary I shall take the liberty to offer my Sentiments respecting them.
My principal design in addressing you, so soon after the receipt of your Letters, is to advise Congress of the arrival of the Commissioners. Lord Carlisle, Governor Johnston and William Eden Esquire are come over in this character and got to Philadelphia yesterday. Lord Cornwallis is arrived also.
I have been just favoured with the inclosed British paper which I transmit for your perusal. Some parts of it are very interesting.
By some accident, the Copies of the Resolutions of the 10th of January,52 referred to in that of the 4th Inst., have been mislaid or lost. This circumstance lays me under the necessity of troubling you with a request for Others. I have the honour etc.
[Note 52: Appointing three members of the Congress and three members of the Board War to repair to camp and execute a plan, in concert with the Commander in Chief, for reducing the number of Continental battalions, removing civil officers, settling rank disputes, etc.]
P.S. I am told, a Resolution passed about the 19th Ulto. respecting the payment of Prisoners, either in the actual possession of the Enemy or on parole.53 I do not recollect to have been honoured with it, and if there is such a One, I wish to be favoured with a Copy for the government of my conduct.54
[Note 53: The resolve of May 19 provided for pay and rations to the officers who were prisoners.]
[Note 54: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on June 9 and referred to Richard Henry Lee, Samuel Adams, and Henry Marchant.]
Head Quarters, June 7, 1778.
Dear Sir: Since I wrote the inclosed upon the 5th I have had no opportunity of forwarding it before now.55 I have received
[Note 55: Dickinson was then at Trenton, N. J.] yours of the 6th. The Commissioners are arrived, but whether this will make any alteration in the intentions of the Enemy I cannot yet say. If they mean to stay even a short time in Philadelphia they must order up some of their transports and Victuallers, as from every information, they had retained but a very small quantity of provision and scarce any Baggage. The Commissioners are Lord Carlisle, Govt. Johnston and William Eden Esqr. Lord Cornwallis is returned, but no Troops with him. I am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 7, 1778.
Parole Roxbury. Countersigns Rutland, Richmond.
The Court-Martial whereof Colo. Chambers is President is dissolved, and another ordered to sit tomorrow at the usual Place to try all Persons that shall be brought before them. Colo. Livingston will Preside. Each Brigade will give a Captain for the Court. A General Court Martial to sit tomorrow at nine o'Clock at the Gulph Mill to try all such Persons as shall be brought before them. Lieutt. Colo. Smith will Preside. Four Captains and eight Subalterns from Colonel Jackson's detachment to attend as Members.
The Court of Enquiry whereof Colo. Johnson was President, May 29th, 1778, report as follows: The Court duly considering the Charge exhibited against Lieutt. Colo. Park and his Defence are of Opinion that he is guilty of having been absent from Camp without leave, but that he is not guilty of Negligence of Duty whilst in Camp. The Court taking into consideration the peculiar Circumstances attending Lieutt. Colo. Park's absence and the punishment he has already endured in consequence of his Arrest and Suspension from duty, beg leave to recommend him to His Excellency as worthy of Acquittal.
The General restores Lieut. Colo. Park to his Command.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to come to the following Resolutions respecting the Establishment of the Army.
In Congress, May 27th, 1778.
I. INFANTRY
Resolved, That each battalion of infantry shall consist of nine companies, one of which shall be of light infantry; the light infantry to be kept complete by drafts from the batallion, and organized during the campaign into corps of light infantry:
That the batallion of infantry consist of
Each of the field officers to command a company.
The lieutenant of the colonel's company to have the rank of Captain lieutenant.
This Corps to be mounted on horseback and arm'd and accoutred as light dragoons.
Resolved, That in the engineering department three companies be established each to consist of
These companies to be instructed in the fabrication of field works as far as it relates to the manual and mechanical part. Their business shall be to instruct the fatigue parties to do their duty with celerity and exactness; to repair injuries done to the works by the enemy's fire and to prosecute works in the face of it.
The commissioned officers to be skilled in the necessary branches of mathematicks; the non-commissioned officers to write a good hand.
Resolved, That the adjutant and quarter master of a regiment be nominated by the field officers out of the subalterns, and presented to the Commander in Chief or the commander in a separate department for approbation; and that being approved of, they shall receive from him a warrant agreeable to such nomination.
That the pay-master of a regiment be chosen by the officers of the regiment, out of the captains or subalterns and appointed by warrant as above: the officers are to risque their pay in his hands:
The pay-masters to have the charge of the cloathing and to distribute the same.
Resolved, That the brigade major be appointed as heretofore by the Commander in Chief, or the Commander in a separate department, out of the captains in the brigade to which he shall be appointed.
That the brigade quarter master be appointed by the quarter master general, out of the captains or subalterns in the brigade to which he shall be appointed.
Resolved, That two aids de camp be allowed to each major general, who shall for the future appoint them out of the captains or subalterns.
Resolved, That in addition to their pay as officers in the line, there be allowed to an aide de camp 24 dollars per month; a brigade major 24 dollars; and a brigade quarter master 15 dollars.
Resolved, That when any of the staff officers appointed from the line are promoted above the ranks in the line out of which they are respectively appointable, their staff appointments shall be thereupon vacated.
The present aids de camp and brigade majors to receive their present pay and rations.
Resolved, That the aids de camp, brigade majors and brigade quarter masters, heretofore appointed from the line shall hold their present ranks and be admissible into the line again in the same rank they held when taken from the line; provided that no aid, brigade major, or quarter master shall have the command of any officers who commanded him while in the line.
Resolved, That whenever the adjutant general shall be appointed from the line, he may continue to hold his rank and commission in the line.
Resolved, That when supernumerary lieutenants are continued under this arrangement of the battalions, who are to do the duty of ensigns they shall be entitled to hold their rank and to receive the pay such rank entitled them to receive.
Resolved, That no more colonels be appointed in the infantry; but where any such commission is or shall become vacant, the batallion shall be commanded by a lieutenant colonel, who shall be allowed the same pay as is now granted to a colonel of infantry and shall rise in promotion from that to the rank of brigadier; and such batallion shall have only two field officers, viz: a lieutenant colonel and major but it shall have an additional captain.
May 29, 1778.
Resolved, That no persons, hereafter appointed upon the civil staff of the army, shall hold or be entitled to any rank in the army by virtue of such staff appointment.
June 2, 1778.
Resolved, That the officers herein after mentioned be entitled to draw one ration a day, and no more; that where they shall not draw such ration, they shall not be allowed any compensation in lieu thereof; and to the end, that they may be enabled to live in a manner becoming their stations:
Resolved, That the following sums be paid to them monthly for their subsistence, to wit: to every colonel, 50 dollars; to every lieutenant colonel, 40 dollars; to every major, 30 dollars; to every captain, 20 dollars; to every lieutenant and ensign, 10 dollars; to every regimental surgeon, 30 dollars; to every regimental surgeon's mate, 10 dollars; to every chaplain of brigade, 50 dollars.
Resolved, That subsistence money be allowed to officers and others on the staff in lieu of extra rations, and that henceforward none of them be allowed to draw more than one ration a day.
Ordered, That the committee of arrangement be directed to report to Congress, as soon as possible such an allowance as they shall think adequate to the station of the respective officers and persons employed on the staff.
Extract from the Minutes. Ch. Thomson, Secretary.
All Officers will be careful to make themselves well acquainted with the Establishment and govern themselves accordingly.
The Commissaries will be particularly observant of what relates to their department with respect to rations and subsistence money.
'Till the Regiments shall be arranged agreeable to this Establishment the Nomination of Regimental Staff Officers according to the Mode here pointed out is to be suspended.
Head Quarters, June 8, 1778.
Sir: The very Sickly situation of the camp, and the danger of its becoming still more alarming makes it improper we should remain longer on the present ground. You will be pleased in the course of this day, to reconnoitre a new camp, with the aid of the chief Engineer. The object, principally to be attended to, is a wholesome situation, convenient for the accommodation of the men, well provided with wood and water, and at such a distance from this position, that we should run no risk of its being gained by the enemy, on a sudden attempt, before we could have time to repossess it and make our dispositions. If to this advantage, could be added that of a defensible position, it would be desireable, but this you will only consider as a secondary object. In choosing the new camp, you will endeavour to avoid taking one, which on account of the destruction of the woods, which it will necessarily occasion, may tend to weaken our present post. I am informed, there is some good ground for an incampment on our right, but I apprehend it is liable to the objection just mentioned. You will examine it and judge how far it may be the case. I request your report this evening. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, June 8, 1778.
Sir: As the removal of the Troops under General Smallwoods Command will leave our Stores at the head of Elk exposed, and their only protection will be such as they may derive from the Militia of the Country; You are without loss of time to have every thing of value in your magazines thereabouts, transported to the most convenient place for the purposes of the Army. I am &ca.
P.S. As Genl. Smallwood with his Brigade is expected in Camp this forenoon, you will give immediate orders for marking his ground.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 59: Of Grayson's Additional Continental regiment.]
Head Quarters, June 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your Letter of the 29th. of April by Mr. Washington,60 and am exceedingly sorry your indisposition should make it necessary for you to resign your Commission. Your discharge I have inclosed, It is of the date of your application. I thank you much for your kind wishes and you will accept of mine for your perfect recovery. I am etc.61
[Note 60: Lund Washington.]
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 62: Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, June 8, 1778.
Sir: As the Stores at the head of Elk will by the removal of the Troops under Genl. Smallwood's Command have no other protection, than such as may be afforded by the Militia in that Neighbourhood. You are to have all the Magazines of your department transported without loss of time to the most convenient place for the purposes of the Army. I am &ca.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 9, 1778.
Sir: It is my wish, that Captn. Woelpper of the German batalion should be admitted as a captain in the corps of invalids under your command. His good character, his age, his bodily infirmity, from that and other circumstances, give him the fullest title to this privilege. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 9, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I was favoured with a Resolution of Congress of the 4th Inst. by which you are appointed to assist in the arranging of the Army. As so important a matter ought not to be delayed, I would be glad to see you at Camp, as soon as possible; and to know when I can have that pleasure. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: Contemporary copy in an unknown hand.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 9, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 6th Inst. inclosing copies of your answers to Lord Howe and General Clinton. The originals I sent in early this morning by a flag.
I have the honor to transmit you a duplicate of a letter I received from Sir Henry Clinton for the purpose of procuring a passport for Doctor Ferguson68 (the secretary to the Kings Commission) to Congress, with my answer to him; on the subject of which Congress will be pleased to favor me with their instructions. I have the honour, etc.69
[Note 68: Dr. Adam Ferguson. The passport was refused.]
[Note 69: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, June 9, 1778.
Sir: At nine O'Clock this Evening, I had the honor to receive your Excellency's Letter of this date. I do not conceive myself at liberty, to grant the passport which you request for Doctor Ferguson, without being previously instructed by Congress on the subject. I shall dispatch a Copy of your Letter to them; and take the earliest opportunity of communicating their determination. I have the Honor etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, June 9, 1778.
Sir: The Letter which accompanies this will inform Sir Henry Clinton, that I cannot grant the passport requested by his Favor of this date, without the previous direction of Congress upon the subject. This I have thought proper to advise you of, to prevent you the inconvenience of proceeding, should this find you on the Way. I have the Honor etc.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 9, 1778.
Parole Tiverton. Countersigns Ticonderoga, Tilghman.
After the Division of the old Guards the Brigadier and Field Officers of the preceding day are to assemble at the Provost Guard and examine into the charges against the several Prisoners there and the Circumstances attending them, and to discharge all such as shall appear to be improperly confined or the length of whose imprisonment may be deemed a sufficient Punishment for their Crimes, or whose offences are so trifling as to make the Process of a General Court Martial unnecessary. This to be a standing order.
They are also to send to their Brigades and Regiments all those who ought to be tried by a Brigade or Regimental Court. Martial.
Three Captains and nine Lieutenants are wanted to officer the Companies of Sappers: As this Corps will be a school of Engineering it opens a Prospect to such Gentlemen as enter it and will pursue the necessary studies with diligence, of becoming Engineers and rising to the Important Employments attached to that Profession as the direction of fortified Places &c. The Qualifications required of the Candidates are that they be Natives and have a knowledge of the Mathematicks and drawing, or at least be disposed to apply themselves to those studies. They will give in their Names at Head-Quarters.
The Army is to take a new Camp tomorrow morning at 8 oClock; The whole is to be in readiness accordingly and march to the respective Ground of Encampment which will be pointed out for each division by the Quarter Mastr. Genl.
At a Division Court Martial, June 7th. 1778. Lieut Colonel Badlam President. Adjutant Allien71 of Colo. Michael Jackson's Regiment, tried first, for repeated disobedience of Orders; 2nd. for abusive language to Major Hull72 and refusing to leave his hutt when ordered; unanimously found guilty of the Charges exhibited against him and sentenced to be discharged the service.
[Note 71: Adjt. John Alien.]
[Note 72: Maj. William Hull, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take Place.
Head Quarters, June 10, 1778.
Sir: Major Campbell73 of the 13th. Virginia Regiment will have the Honor of presenting you this. He is now on his way, at the earnest sollicitation of General McIntosh to serve in the Western department and waits on Congress to obtain, if they shall think proper, a Commission for a Lieutenant Colonelcy in the Virginia Line, to which he has been intitled in the ordinary course since the 20th of February last. The Major sustains the Character of a good and brave Officer and has behaved as such during his service. He is the more desirous of getting a Commission at this time, as otherwise he may be commanded by the Lieutenant Colonels to be, or who are appointed to the two new Regiments, lately ordered to be raised in that Quarter. I do not know the particular Regiment to which he should be affixed, therefore, if he obtains a Commission, it may be left blank in this instance. I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 73: Maj. Richard Campbell. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel, to date from Feb. 20, 1778; wounded at Camden, S. C, in April, 1781; killed at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781.]
[P.S.] There are elder Majors in the Virginia line than Major Campbell.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp, near Valley forge, June 10, 1778.
Dear Brother: I do not recollect the date of my last to you, but although it is not long ago, I cannot let so good an oppertunity, as Captn. Turberville affords, slip me. Your favors of the 10th. of April from Bushfield, and 8th. of May from Berkeley, are both before me, and have came to hand, I believe, since my last to you.
We have been kept in anxious expectation of the Enemy's evacuating Phila. for upwards of fourteen days; and I was at a loss, as they had Imbarked all their Baggage, Stores, &ca. on Board Transports, and had passed all those Transports (a few only excepted) below the Cheveaux de Frieze, to acct. for their delay; when behold on Friday last the additional Commissioners, to wit, Lord Carlisle, Govr. Johnson, and Mr. Willm. Eden arrived at the City; whether this, heretofore, has been the cause of the delay I shall not undertake to say, but, more than probably, it will detain them for some days to come; they give out, as I understand, that we may make our own terms provided we will but return to our dependance on Great Britain; but, if this is their expectation, and they have no other powers than the Acts (which we have seen) give them, there will be no great trouble in manageing a negotiation; nor will there be much time spent in the business I apprehend. They talk, as usual, of a great reinforcement; but whether the situation of affairs between them and France will admit of this, is not quite so clear. My wishes lead me, together with other circumstances, to believe that they will find sufficient employment, for their reinforcements at least, in other Quarters; time however will discover, and reveal things more fully to us.
Out of your first and Secd. draught by which we ought to have had upwards of 3500 Men for the Regiments from that State, we have received only 1242 in all. I need only mention this fact in proof of what other States do; of our prospects also; and, as a criterion by which you may form some estimate of our real numbers when you hear them, as I doubt, not you often do, spoke of in magnified terms. From report, however, I should do injustice to the States of Maryland and New Jersey, were I not to add, that they are likely to get their Regiments nearly compleated.
The extreme fatigue and hardship which the Soldiers underwent in the course of the Winter, added to the want of Cloath, and, I may add, Provisions, have rendered them very sickly, especially in the Brigade you have mentioned (of No. Carolina); many deaths have happened in consequence, and yet the Army is in exceeding good Spirits.
You have doubtless, seen a publication of the Treaty with France, the Message of the King of France by his Ambassador to the Court of London, with the Kings Speech to, and addresses of, Parliament upon the occasion. If one was to judge of the Temper of these Courts from these documents, War I should think must have commenced long before this; and yet the Commissioners (but we must allow them to lye greatly) say it had not taken place the 28th. of April, and that the differences between the two Courts was likely to be accommodated; but I believe not a word of it; and as you ask my opinion of Lord Norths Speech and Bills, I shall candidly declare to you, that they appear to me, to be a compound of Fear, art, and villainy, and these ingredients so equally mixed, that I scarcely know which predominates.
I am sorry to hear of Billy Washingtons75 ill health, but hope he is recovered. Mrs. Washington left this the day before yesterday for Mt. Vernon. My love to my Sister and the Family is most sincerely offered, and I am with the truest regard and affection yours, &c.
[Note 75: William Augustine Washington, son of Augustine and nephew of George Washington.]
Head Quarters, June 10, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 7th. Instant.
I am sorry to find, that more vigorous measures have not been pursued for promoting the objects of your command. From the apprehensions which seemed to prevail of inroads by the Savages and the desire to repel them, I hoped by this, that things would have been in a much better train.
I assure you, Sir, I would willingly give you every justifiable aid from this Army. At present, the situation of affairs will not permit my doing more than what I have already. The Enemy are yet in Philadelphia with a respectable force, and ours but very little if any increased, since you left us. From what reason I shall not pretend to determine, but certainly there is an unaccountable kind of lethargy in most of the States in making up their Quota of Men. It would almost seem from their witholding their supplies or not sending them into the Field, that they consider the War as quite at an end. Colo. Brodhead will march to morrow with his Regiment, and Major Campbell in consequence of your request will also set out to serve with you.
On Saturday the Earl of Carlisle, William Eden Esqr. and Governor Johnston arrived at Philadelphia in Character of Commissioners. What effect this event will have on the operations or movements of the Enemy remains to be known. It may retard the evacuation of Philadelphia for some time. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 10, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 26th. Ulto.
Considering the weak condition of your command I am not surprised at the enemie's incursion. It was what you had reason to expect, tho' without force sufficient to prevent the stroke.77
[Note 77: Foray of British in Rhode Island, when they burned Warren and Bristol.]
You are informed, you tell me, that the superior bounty and privileges for serving in the continental army, is the great reason why you experience so much backwardness in recruiting for your service. I can assure you the army in this quarter is not sensible of the effect, very inconsiderable reinforcements as yet having arrived from the Eastern States.
Last night Sir Henry Clinton announced the arrival of the Earl of Carlisle, Governor Johnston and William Eden, the King's Commissioners. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, June 10, 1778.
Sir: As the testimony of Colo. Greene is judged necessary by the Court of Inquiry, to ascertain the facts in dispute between Lt. Colo. Duplessis and the officers of Artillery, and that Gentleman's personal appearance cannot be obtained. The most equitable way of procuring his evidence will be, that you should digest in writing such questions as the Court and each party in their presence shall think proper to be put to Colo. Greene, and transmit them with a request that he will return as speedily as possible his answers on oath. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
June 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: I thank you for your favour of the 8th. which was duly received.
I must take the freedom to hint to you, that if in the packets transmitted by this conveyance there are any Letters for persons, with whom you are not acquainted, or in whose firmness and attachment you have not an entire confidence, it may not be improper to open them. This I am persuaded would be the case; However, I am the more induced to mention it, as the obvious, nay almost sole, design of Several Letters which have come to my hands, is to give the Commissioners the most favourable characters, for candour and integrity and to establish a belief, that they have the most competent and extensive powers. The Letters coming sealed was sufficient to awaken my suspicions, and I shall not transmit a single one of this complexion. You and I, I am convinced, move on the same principle, and therefore I am certain, I hazard nothing in taking this liberty. I am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is marked "Private."]
Head Quarters, June 11, 1778.
Sir: The Letters, which I have the Honor to transmit you by this conveyance, were sent by a flag last night to our advanced post at Radnor, and from thence to Head Quarters this Morning.81 I have the honour etc.82
[Note 81: On June 14 Henry Laurens wrote to Washington as follows: "Between one and two o'Clock yesterday the Packet which your Excellency sent to Congress accompanied by Your Excellency's favor of the 11th was bro't into the House, among other Papers it contained an Address from the British Commissioners to Congress, at that minute Congress were determining on a proper reply to be given to Sir H. Clinton's application for a Passport for Doctor Ferguson, I was ordered to read the Address, when I had advanced to the second page, the House directed me to Seal up all the Papers and adjourned to Monday Morning." Laurens's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 82: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 11, 1778.
Parole Wisdom. Countersigns War, Watch.
Some Misunderstandings (and Mistakes in consequence) having arisen with respect to the Major Generals Commands, The Commander in Chief directs that 'till a more perfect Arrangement can be made under the New Establishment, or 'till further orders on this head each Major General is to command the Division heretofore assign'd him, previous to the late disposition for a march, but in Case of an Alarm or any other general Movement of the Army the three eldest Major Generals present and fit for duty are during the Occasion to command the Right and Left Wings and second line of the Army agreeable to the general order of the 23rd. of May last.
The North Carolina Brigade is to supply the Place of Maxwells in Lord Stirling's division 'till further orders.
Upon firing the signal Guns for an Alarm the Troops are to form immediately in front of their respective Brigades and are to be marched by the Senior Major Generals (as above) to their respective Alarm Posts.
The 1st. and 2nd. Maryland and Varnum's Brigades are to draw up in front of their respective Encampments and send to the Commander in Chief for orders.
A Major General is to be appointed for the day who with the Brigadier and other Field Officers on that duty are carefully to attend to the Police and good order of the Camp; They are always to be on the Grand Parade at Guard mounting and when the Guards are marched off the Majr. General will make a distribution of the several duties of the day among the Field Officers: He is to receive and report to the Commander in Chief all the remarkable Occurrences which happened during his tour of duty and will attend in an especial manner to the order of the ninth instant respecting Prisoners; as there is reason to believe that many of them are improperly detain'd in the Provost.
All unnecessary waste of timber is to be avoided; The Commanding Officers of Brigades will know that their Quarter Masters attend particularly to this business.
The Commander in Chief having received ample Testimony of the general good Character and behaviour of Lieutt. Jones who was sentenced to be dismissed the service by a General Court-Martial, which sentence was approved by Him on the 6th. instant, and being further satisfied by Generals Woodford, Scott and other Officers that that Gentleman is not addicted to the Vice of Gaming restores him to his Rank and Command in the Regt. he belong'd to and in the line of the Army.
At a Brigade General Court Martial, June 2nd, 1778, Lieutt. Colo. Adams President; Captain Norwood83 tried for refusing to comply with a General Order issued expressly for the Relief of the Troops on Piquet, founded on the Necessity of the Case and which at that Period could not be otherwise remedied, found guilty of the Charges exhibited against him and sentenced to be privately reprimanded by the Officer commanding the Regimt. to which he belongs.
[Note 83: Capt. Edward Norwood, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was dismissed. in September, 1778.]
The Commander in Chief utterly disapproves the sentence as altogether inadequate to the Offence. The mutinous and dangerous spirit which actuated Captn. Norwood merited in his Opinion the most exemplary Punishment. He is to be released from his Arrest.
At a General Court Martial, June 5th, 1778, Colo. Chambers President; Lieutt. Colo. Hubley84 of 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for malicious behaviour in being the occasion of Colo. Nagle's signing a false return to the Injury of his honor and contrary to good order and military discipline in the Case of Captn. Lang85 who as Colo. Hubley told Colo. Nagle was absent without leave, tho he had Colo. Hubley's and General
[Note 84: Lieut. Col. Adam Hubley. He became lieutenant colonel-commandant of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment in February, 1779; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 85: Capt. James Lang, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in April, 1779.] Wayne's orders to remain at Lancaster 'till the business he was sent on was perfected.
After mature deliberation, the Court are unanimously of opinion that Colo. Hubley is not guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do acquit him with honor.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion.
At the same Court Captain Redman86 of Late Patton's Regiment tried for Misconduct on the night of the 11th. of last April; 1st. in neglecting to guard the Passes by which means Captn. Humphry's87 was surprized; 2ndly. in not coming to Captn. Humphry's Assistance when he was attacked by the Enemy.
[Note 86: Capt. John Redman, of Patton's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in November, 1778.]
[Note 87: Capt. William Humphrey, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment.]
The Court are unanimously of Opinion that Captain Redman is not guilty of the first Charge exhibited against him and do acquit him; They are of opinion that Captain Redman is guilty of 2nd. Charge exhibited against him, but think that his reasons for not marching to the Assistance of Captain Humphry are sufficient and do unanimously acquit him with honor.
The Commander in Chief confirms the Opinion of the Court. At the same Court William Powell, soldier in Colonel Angell's Regiment was tried 1st. for desertion; 2ndly. for reinlisting and thirdly for Perjury found guilty and sentenced to receive three hundred lashes, 100 for each Crime and to return to Colo. Angell's Regiment.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence so far as it extends to one hundred lashes.
Likewise Edward Conolly, soldier in Colo. Harrison's Regiment of Artillery, tried first for deserting to the Enemy and secondly reinlisting in Colo. Weltneer's Regiment found guilty of the Charges exhibited against him and sentenced to receive two hundred lashes, one hundred for each Crime. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence the same as Powell's. The sentences against Powell and Conolly to be put in Execution tomorrow morning at the head of the Regiments to which they belong.
The Grand Parade is assigned in front of late Conway's Brigade.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 12, 1778.
Parole Worcester. Countersigns Wilks, Warren.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments are desired to make Returns of Cloathing wanting for their respective Corps and send them to the Cloathier General's Store that they may be complied with as soon as possible, and as far as Circumstances will admit; And as the Cloathier General is now in Camp all Accounts relative to that department are likewise to be left there that they may be adjusted. The Officers will observe that under our present Circumstances they are not to make out returns of Cloathing for more men than they can actually collect.
The Brigadiers and Officers Commanding Brigades are to order fatigue Parties which under their respective Forage Masters are to cut grass for the horses belonging to their several Brigades. The Forage Master General will furnish Scythes for this Purpose upon application to him.
The Surgeons of the General and Flying Hospitals are to fall upon the most immediate and direct means of removing all those sick out of Camp who are proper Objects for the General Hospital that the Army may not be incumbered with them in Case a sudden March shall be found necessary.
The Commissary General of Issues88 is directed always to be prepared with fresh Provision for the sick in Camp which is
[Note 88: Jeremiah Wadsworth, Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army. (See General Orders, June 14, 1778, post.)] to be drawn for them even on those days when salt Provision is generally issued.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 12, 1778.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 8th. instant with its several inclosures. Whether the intention of the Enemy is to make the present Campaign offensive or defensive, time alone must discover: But if the former, I cannot think they mean to operate against the Eastern States89 in any other manner, than by laying waste their Coast, and destroying their Sea port towns. They will never venture into a Country full of people, and who they have always found ready to give them the most spirited opposition. Should the North River be their object, I can, as I have mentioned in my former letters, march such a part of this Army thither, by the time they can reach it, that they will not be able to effect any thing by Coup de main.
[Note 89: Gates had written to Washington (June 8): "I have long been of the Opinion, that provided the ensuing Campaign, is Offensive on the side of the British, their Operations will be up the North River, and intirely bent to Attack the Eastern States." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The arrival of the Commissioners from Great Britain, upon the 7th. instant, seems to have suspended the total evacuation of Philadelphia. The Transports, except a few storeships and Victuallers, have fallen down the River, and many of the troops are in Jersey, where they have thrown over a number of their Horses and Waggons. They seem to be waiting untill the Commissioners have announced themselves to Congress, and found whether a negociation, under their present powers, can be brought about. They asked liberty, upon the 9th. to send their Secretary Doctor Ferguson to York Town; but not knowing whether this would be agreeable to Congress, I refused the request untill I should know their Sentiments.
The Commissioners are Lord Carlisle, Governor Johnstone and Mr. William Eden. I am, &ca.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, June 12, 1778.
Sir: On Wednesday Evening I had the Honor to receive your polite favour of the 9th. Instant. If an occasion shall present itself of an interview with Doctor Ferguson, you may rely, Sir, I shall esteem myself happy in shewing him the civilities due to his literary and social character.
I thank you much for your care of the Letters addressed to myself. The one from your Brother [Sir Robt.]91 gave me particular satisfaction, as it not only excited a plea sing remembrance of our past intimacy and friendship, during his residence in this Country, but also served to show that they had not been impaired by an opposition of political sentiments. And you will permit me to add, that if the situation of National Affairs would admit, I should be no less desirous of cultivating your acquaintance than you would be of mine.
[Note 91: Colonial Governor of Maryland.]
With respect to the other Letters, I shall transmit them to the persons to whom they are directed, as opportunities may offer. I have the Honor, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, June 12, 1778.
Sir: I have had the Honor to receive your very obliging Letter of the 10th. Inst.
The sentiments you are pleased to entertain of me, cannot but be extremely flattering, separated as we are, by the circumstances of our political stations; and have a just claim to my [warmest] acknowledgements. If in the course of events, an opportunity should be afforded me, you may be assured I shall take pleasure in shewing Doctor Ferguson every civility, it may be in my power to render.
I shall ever be happy to relieve the anxiety of parted friends, and where Letters are calculated, either to this end, or to effect matters of mere private concern, they will have the earliest conveyance. I have the Honor, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The word in brackets was inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Saturday, June 13, 1778.
Parole Arcadia. Countersigns Adams, Allen.
A Court of Enquiry whereof Lieutt. Colo. Ballard is appointed President, will sit tomorrow morning at the Presidents quarters to inquire into the Conduct of Major Williams94 of the second Pennsylvania Regiment at the Battle of Germantown and into the Circumstances attending his Capture on that Occasion. All Persons acquainted with the Matter to attend.
[Note 94: Maj. William Williams. He was taken prisoner at Germantown, Pa., Oct. 4, 1777; escaped from the British Apr. 20, 1778; lieutenant colonel of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in June, 1778; resigned in April, 1780.]
Returns of what Arms may be now actually wanting to be made this afternoon at the Orderly Office.
Commanding Officers of Regiments are to pay particular attention that the Arms be properly disposed in the Bell-Tents. The Musquets by being leaned against the Canvas covering instead of the Rack wear it out and are exposed to the Rain.
A fatigue Party is to be ordered from each Brigade for the Purpose of cleansing the old Encampment, filling up the Pitts and burying all kind of Garbage and Carrion that may remain.
The Poke95 in this and in the succeeding Month begins to have a poisonous quality; the soldiers are therefore warned against the use of it.
[Note 95: Poke plant, which was cooked as greens.]
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Livingston was President, June 8th. 1778; Colo. Nagle of 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for associating with a Serjeant in Company with Women of bad reputation in the Serjeants hutt. The Court are unanimously of opinion that Colo. Nagle is not guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do acquit him. The General approves the sentence.
At the same Court Captain Henderson96 of the 9th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for fraudulently extorting a sum of money from Alexander Bayard, an Inhabitant of this State, as a fine for having purchased an horse from one John Welch, acquitted of the Charge of Fraud, but found guilty of extorting money from Bayard which is a flagrant breach of the 5th. Article 18th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to refund the money and to be reprimanded in General Orders.
[Note 96: Capt. Matthew Henderson. He retired July 1, 1778.]
The General confirms the sentence. Captain Henderson's Conduct was a daring Violation of the Rights of Citizens and calculated to cut asunder the Sinews of Society.
Glover's, North Carolina, Huntingtons and Weedon's Brigades each give a Captain for the Court of Enquiry whereof Colo. Ballard is President.
Two men now in Colo. Harrison's Regiment of Artillery are claimed by the 14th. Virginia Regiment two Subs from each Corps will sit tomorrow morning at ten o'Clock at the Park and report to which of right they belong. A Captain from Colo. Harrison's Regiment to preside.
[Note 98: Lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, June 13, 1778.
You are to proceed with all convenient expedition to Fort Pitt, and join Brigadier General McIntosh, to whom you will give all the assistance in your power in any transactions which he may have with the Indians. Mr. de la Colombe99 will accompany you; The affection which the Indians in general have for your nation, may enable you to render great Service.1
[Note 99: Pierre de la Colombe. He held the rank of captain in the Continental Army and was allowed the pay of a lieutenant colonel; served as aide to Lafayette and De Kalb; taken prisoner at Savannah, Ga., in December, 1778; returned to France at end of the war and was imprisoned with Lafayette by Austria in 1792. Later, he returned to America.]
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 13, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of the 11th. It is my wish to indulge every Officer, who thinks himself aggrieved by his superior, with an opportunity of redressing himself by a Court of Enquiry. But when I reflect how often these enquiries are demanded, upon differences occasioned by sudden heat, I wish Gentlemen would cooly consider before they carry matters to such a length, that the decision of the Court and my determination thereon, must appear before the public. The charges you make against Colo. Jackson2 are of as high nature as one Officer can make against another, and if you cannot fully support them, you will lay yourself open to censure. I would therefore advise you rather to leave the matter to a few Gentlemen of your own Corps, than to bring it before a Court, except, upon reflection, you conceive yourself able to support your allegations fully. I am, etc.3
[Note 2: In the original Colonel Jackson's name has been cut out. He was Col. Henry Jackson, of an Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 3: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
[Note 4: Of the First New York Regiment. (Name also spelled Clock.) He resigned in May, 1780, and joined the British.]
Head Quarters, June 13, 1778.
Sir: Thirty four of the Indians who are in Camp being desirous of returning home, and it being necessary to commit them to the care of a prudent Officer who will preserve good order among them, I have appointed you for that purpose, and you are to conduct them to Fort Schuyler or the Neighhourhood of Johnstown. Pay the strictest attention to restraining them from irregularities, and causing any uneasiness to the Inhabitants on the road. You will draw provision for them upon giving your receipt at the Continental Magazines, as occasion may require.
As you are going to the Neighbourhood of your own habitation, I have no objection to your taking a week or ten days for your private affairs. I am &ca.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 6: Paymaster General of the Continental Army.]
June 13, 1778.
The distance at which your Office is held, makes it exceedingly inconvenient for the Officers to attend there, as they are obliged to do in the ordinary course of business.
It will therefore be necessary for you to choose among the huts that have lately been quitted, one that will be most commodious for the transaction of your affairs.
Let your Office and that of the Auditors be as near together as possible, for the dispatch of business, and that one guard may serve both.7 I am &ca.8
[Note 7: This letter was sent both to the Paymaster General and to the auditors (John Clark, jr., and Matthew Clarkson).]
[Note 8: The draft, in the writing of John Laurens, is addressed to the auditor. The Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, for convenience in recording, addresses it to the Paymaster General.]
[Note 9: Chaplain of the Third New Jersey Regiment; Deputy Quartermaster General. He was killed by a sentry at Elizabethport, N.J., in November, 1781.]
June 13, 1778.
Sir: Having received information to day, that a Letter had been found by you in an Office in the Commissary of forage's department, written by a Mr. Hoit who acted in that line, implying if not expressing in a direct and positive manner, that Colo. Biddle,10 the Head of the department and the writer were both in the service of the Enemy or were disposed to favour their interest, I am urgently to request that you will repair, as soon as possible, to Head Quarters and use every means in your power to bring with you the said Holt and Mr. Benjamin Hoit
[Note 10: Col. Clement Biddle, Commissary General of Forage of the Continental Army. He was quartermaster general of Pennsylvania from September, 1781, to the chose of the war.] his Father with any other persons and papers which can give information on the subject. With this request I trust you will readily comply, as both public and private justice demand that an inquiry be made. The reluctance of the Hoits to appear in the matter, cannot or should not excuse their attendance; For if the suggestion was true it should be known, and if without foundation it also should, to prevent injury to Colo. Biddles character, which as far as it has come to my knowledge stands fair and unsullied. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Sabbath, June 14, 1778.
Parole Almanza. Countersigns Arms, Art.
In General Orders of the 12th. instant the Commissary General of Issues was, thro' mistake inserted instead of the Commissary General of Purchases, who is to observe said order.
Head Quarters, June 14, 1778.
Sir: I this Evening received your Letter of the 13th. Instant, with the papers to which it alluded.
It appears to me, from a consideration of the respective proceedings, that both King12 and Shockey13 might be executed agreeably to their sentences, without the imputation of a rigorous severity. However as the Court Martial have interposed a petition in favour of the former, which has also received a sort of countenance from Congress, by their suspending his execution, I grant him a pardon. I also pardon Shockey, as
[Note 12: John King, jr., a private in Malcom's Additional Continental regiment. He was charged with desertion.]
[Note 13: Christopher Shockey, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was charged with desertion and theft.] the crime of which he has been convicted, altho' clearly proved according to the proceedings, does not seem to me to deserve death more than King's; Indeed, in the conduct of King, there were some circumstances leading to consequences of greater political criminality.
With respect to the affairs of your Regiment, I should suppose nothing will be finally settled before you arrive here, if you march at the time you mention.
I am sorry for the indisposition of Colo. Connor14 and hope he will soon recover. I am etc.15
[Note 14: Lieut. Col. Morgan Connor, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was lieutenant colonel and commandant of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment in May, 1779; granted leave of absence in December, 1779; lost at sea in January, 1780.]
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Valley-forge, June 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: I thank you very much for your friendly favor of this date, and your polite attention in submitting the draught of your Letter to Govr. Johnstone to my perusal. I return it again, but before you transcribe a fair copy I would wish to see you upon the subject of it; perhaps there are some parts of it, which might receive a small alteration. In the present situation of things, all corrispondence of this nature must, and will be weighed and scanned with a scrupulous exactness; and even compliment, if carried far, may not pass entirely uncensured.16
[Note 16: Reed's letter to Gov. George Johnstone, dated June 13, 1778, is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Reed's Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed (Philadelphia: 1847), vol. 1, p. 377, under date of June 14, 1778.]
There is another consideration wch. weighs with me, Congress, at this instant perhaps, are deliberating on an answer to give the Commissioners to the address wch. they have received from them, should your letter therefore (considered as coming from a Member) contains sentiments repugnant to theirs, an unfavourable use more than probably, will be made of it. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, June 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of this date, and thank you, as I shall do any Officer over whom I have the honor to be placed for his opinion and advice, in matters of importance; especially when they proceed from the fountain of candor, and not from a captious spirit, or an itch for criticism.17
[Note 17: Lee had written to Washington (June 15) regarding the division command arrangements and had also, somewhat officiously, given his opinion that the British would not march through Jersey after evacuating Philadelphia. Elias Boudinot also thought the enemy would not march through Jersey to New York; but he does not seem to have agreed with the rest of Lee's idea, which should be analyzed in connection with Lee's "Scheme" which he had submitted to Sir William Howe:
"My opinion is, that (if they are in a capacity to act offensively) They will either immediately from Philadelphia or by a feint in descending the river as far as New Castle, and then turning to the right march directly and rapidly towards Lancaster, by which means They will draw us out of our present position, and oblige us to fight on terms perhaps very disadvantageous; or that They will leave Lancaster and this Army wide on the right, endeavour to take Post on the lower parts of the Susquehanna, and by securing a communication with their Ships sent round into the Bay for this purpose, be furnished with the means of encouraging and feeding the Indian War broke out on the Western Frontier; this last plan I mention as a possibility but as less probable than the former.
"If They are not in a capacity to act offensively, but are still determined to keep footing on the Continent, there are strong reasons to think, that They will not shut themselves up in Towns, but take possession of some tract of Country which will afford em elbow room and sustenance, and which is so situated as to be the most effectually protected by their command of the Waters; and I have particular reasons to think, that They have cast their eyes for this purpose on the lower Counties of Delaware, and some of the Maryland Counties on the Eastern Shore...If They are resolv'd on this plan it certainly will be very difficult to prevent 'em or remove 'em afterwards as their Shipping will give em such mighty advantages. Whether They do or do not adopt any one of these plans there can be no inconvenience arise from considering the subject, nor from devising means of defeating their purposes, on the supposition that They will.
"in short, I think it would be proper to put these quries to ourselves, shou'd They march directly towards Lancaster and the Susquehanna or indirectly from N. Castle what are We to do? shou'd They (tho it is less probable) leave this Army and even Lancaster wide on the right, and endeavour to establish themselves on the lower parts of the Susquehanna, what are We to do? and shou'd they act only on the defensive and attempt to secure to themselves some such tract of Country as I have mention'd what measures are We to pursue? these are matters, I really, think worthy of consideration."
Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
No man can be more sensible of the defects of our present arrangement than I am. No man more sensible of the advantage of having the Commander, and commanded of every Corps well known to each other, and the Army properly organized than myself. Heaven and my own Letters to Congress can Witness, on the one hand, how ardently I have laboured to effect these points during the past Winter and Spring. The Army on the other, bear witness to the effect. Suspended between the old and new establishment, I could govern myself by neither, with propriety; and the hourly expectation of a Comee. for the purposes of reducing some Regiments, and changing the establishment of all rendered a mere temporary alteration (which from its uncertainty and shortness could effect no valuable end) unnecessary; that I had a power to shift regiments, and alter Brigades, (every day if I chose to do it) I never entertaind a doubt of, but the efficacy of the measure I have very much questioned; as frequent changes, without apparent causes, are rather ascribed to Caprice and whim, than to stability and judgment.
The mode of shifting the Major Generals from the cored. of a division in the present tranquil state of affairs to a more important one in action and other capitol movements of the whole Army is not less disagreeable to my Ideas, than repugnant to yours, but is the result of necessity; for having recommended to Congress the appointment of Lieutt. Generals for the discharge of the latter duties, and they having neither approved, or disapproved the measure, I am hung in suspence, and being unwilling, on the one hand to give up the benefits resulting from the Command of Lieutt. Generals in the cases above mentd.; or to deprive the Divisions of their Major Genls. for ordinary duty, on the other, I have been led to adopt a kind of medium course which, tho not perfect in itself, is, in my judgment the best that circumstances will admit of, till Congress shall have decided upon the proposition before them; Your remark upon the disadvantages of an Officers being suddenly removed from the command of a divn. to a Wing, tho not without foundation as I have before acknowledged does not apply so forceably in the present case as you seem to think it does. There is no Majr. Genl. in this Army that is not pretty well known, and who may if he chooses it soon become acquainted with such Officers as may be serviceable to him. Their Commands being anounced in genl. orders and the Army prepared for their receptn. a Major Genl. may go with the same ease, to the Comd. of a Wing consisting of five Brigades, as to a division composed of two, and will be received with as little confusion, as the Brigades remain perfect, and no changes have happened in them.
Mr. Boudenots conjecture of the enemys intention altho it does not coincide with mine, is nevertheless, worthy of attention; and the evils of the measure have been guarded against as far as it has been in my power, by removing the Stores, Provisions, &ca. as fast as possible from the Head of Elk, the Susquehanna &ca., and by exploring, the Country, Surveying the Roads, and marking the defiles, and strong grounds, an Engineer and three Surveyors having been employed in this Work near a Month, though their report is not yet come in. Boats are also prepared on the Susquehanna for the Transportation of our Troops, in case we should find it necessary to move that way. But nevertheless, it gives me real pleasure to find you have turned your thoughts that way and are revolving the questions contained in your Letter; and here let me again assure you that I shall be always happy in a free communication of your Sentiments upon any important subject relative to the Service; and only beg that they may come directly to myself; the custom which many Officers have of speaking freely of things and reprobating measures which upon investigation may be found to be unavoidable is never productive of good, and often of very mischievous consequences. I am, &c.
Valley-forge, June 15, 1778.
Sir: Your favor of the 12th. Ulto. did not come to my hands till yesterday; the Land therein mentioned hath not been legally conveyed, or properly secured, to me by my Mother; this reason if no other would prevent me from selling either the Land, or the Wood that grows on it; but I have other reasons against it, equally forceable; one is, that I have had an intention, which my present situation and absence have been the only bar to the execution, of building a Saw Mill, for the purpose of sawing up the Pines which I am told the Land abounds in, and which constitutes the chief value of it provided its bowels have been stripped of all the Ore, and which is denied by some.
If no disadvantage, on acct. of Roads into the Land, and the consequent destruction of Wood and Timber by the Miners, and their followers, was to result I shd. have no objection so far as the matter depended upon me, the thing at the same time appearing absolutely necessary for the well being of your Works, to part with the Ore upon terms which shall be adjudged reasonable between Man and Man. Wishing you success in your undertaking, I am etc.
Head Quarters, June 15, 1778.
Sir: I have been duly honoured with your favours of the 11th and 14th Inst., and with the inclosures to which they refer.
The Resolution for settling the value of Rations which have become due since the 1st of January and fixing the mode of payment, I shall announce in this days orders,18 and hope it will be highly satisfactory to all who are interested in it.
[Note 18: See General Orders of June 16, 1778, post.]
I have notified Genl Mifflin of the inquiry directed by Congress on the 11th Inst., by transmitting him a copy of their proceedings;19 and he has obtained leave, on his solicitation, to repair to York &c in order to prepare for his defence. This I thought myself under a necessity of granting, however inconvenient and injurious it may be, to permit the absence of Officers at this period.
[Note 19: On June 15 Washington wrote to Mifflin: "Inclosed you will receive a Copy of a Resolution of Congress of the 11th Inst. which came to hand on Saturday Evening." The resolve of June 11 directed Washington to order an inquiry into the conduct of Mifflin, as late Quartermaster General, for responsibility for the deficiencies and distresses of the army and, if justified, to order a court-martial upon the delinquents.]
Our expectations that Philadelphia will be evacuated in the course of a few days, are again up. The information received yesterday, thro' various channels and in a pretty direct way, would seem to place the matter, almost, on the footing of certainty.
We had about Forty privates and Twenty seaman exchanged on Sunday. Another party will be exchanged to day and according to agreement, the whole of our unfortunate men will be released, as fast as we can bring down parties of the Prisoners in our hands to give for them. It is thought by some, we shall not have an opportunity of compleating the exchange of All those in Philadelphia before the Enemy leave it. Mr. Boudinot has also adjusted and settled and adjusted the whole number of Prisoners we are to account for, besides those now in actual confinement at Nine Hundred, which is less than half of the claim Sir Wm. Howe so pertinaciously and so long adhered to. I have the Honor etc.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It is indorsed by Thomson as "read 18th. referred to the board of war who are directed to report to Congress the grounds and terms upon which the exchange of prisoners between genl. Washington and genl. Clinton has taken place."]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 9th instant. I have directed the Blankets to be brought forward to Camp, after the North Carolinians are supplied, the remainder shall be distributed among the troops who most want.21
[Note 21: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "I wish I could, without reducing the Regiments, already small, to mere Companies, furnish you with workmen for making Cannisters; But"]
The draughts from the Army, for Teamsters, Mechanics and persons of different occupations are so great, that our return, upon command, amounts to almost half the effective fit for duty.22 And what is worse, they scarce ever come back. At the Rate Capt. Coren23 is going on, he will soon make up as many Cannisters, as will supply the want of Cartouche Boxes, and for that, and the reasons I have just given, I have not ordered any Workmen from the Army. I am &ca.24
[Note 22: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "I have endeavoured to strengthen the Army as much as possible by drawing in all the soldiers who were employed as waiters upon officers not in the line, and the Qr. Mr. General is hiring teamsters at an immense price in."]
[Note 23: Capt. Isaac Coren, of Flower's Artillery Artificers. He was cashiered in June, 1778.]
[Note 24: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to Col. Timothy Pickering, as president of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, June 15, 1778.
Sir: I was favoured with your letter of the fourth Inst. The number of applications for manufacturers and artificers of different kinds could they all be complied with, would be a considerable loss to the army.
But as the establishing the smelting of lead is of very great importance, I have directed Serjeant Harris to repair to you at York Town; and this day given general orders for an inquiry to discover if two others, who understand the business can be found in camp. If there are any such, I shall have them sent to you. With great respect, I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, one O'clock, June 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: Since I had the pleasure of writing you this morning I have received intelligence which makes it probable that the enemy's rout will be determined in 24 hours. You will therefore order the necessary look out on your part on this occasion, and inform Genl. Maxwell to keep his small parties close upon the enemy in order to discover their first motions and course. And whether they stretch towards their shipping along the Delaware or attempt to penetrate the Jerseys, he will dispatch messengers to me with the earliest information. I am etc.25
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Monday, June 15, 1778.
Parole Bohemia. Countersigns Boston, Bolton.
'Till the duties of the Office of Inspector General shall be defined and fixed by Congress, the Commander in Chief thinks proper to establish the following Plan.
The Functions of it are to comprehend the instituting a System of rules and regulations for the Exercise of the Troops in the Manual and Manoeuvres, for their formation, for the purposes of Exercise on Guard and on detachments and for Camp and Garrison duty, by which is to be understood whatever relates to the service of Guards, the ordinary routine of duty in, and the internal Police of, Camps and Garrisons; In the execution of which Rules and Regulations, the Inspector General and his Assistants shall be employed as hereafter specified.
All Rules and Regulations shall first be approved and authorized by the Commander in Chief and either published in general orders or otherwise communicated thro' the Adjutant General, from whom the Division and Brigade Inspectors will receive them and communicate them to the Major Generals and Brigadiers and to their respective Divisions and Brigades.
The Major Generals will exercise their respective Divisions agreeable to the Rules and Regulations so established; The Brigadiers their Brigades; the Colonels their Regiments, or in the absence of either the Officer present next in Command. The Division and Brigade Inspector will assist in the execution under the immediate orders of the Major Generals, Brigadiers and Colonels Commandant.
The Major Generals shall make such dispositions as they think proper for grand Manoeuvres in their own Divisions and the Brigadiers in their own Brigades, conforming exactly to the general Principles of Manoeuvres which shall be established.
Grand Manoeuvres will be occasionally executed by the Inspector General with particular Brigades or with detachments from the line, of which previous Notice will be given in General Orders and of the Corps which are to perform them.
The Inspector General will occasionally attend the Troops while exercising. His directions relative to the Exercise and agreeable to the rules laid down are to be observed by every Officer of inferior Rank who may command.
When any new Manoeuvre is to be introduced it is in the first Instance to be performed by the Division or Brigade Inspector after which the Brigadier or Colonel will take the Command.
Each Division Inspector shall attend his Major General when he is of the day and under his directions assist the Field Officers of the day in examining whether the duty of the guards is performed according to rule.
Each Brigade Inspector shall likewise attend his Brigadier when he is of the day for the same Purpose.
On the daily Parade of the Guards the Inspector General, if present, or the Sub-Inspector of the day is to exercise the Parade under the Orders of the Major General of the day.
The Division and Brigade Inspectors are immediately to furnish their respective Major and Brigadier Generals with all the Regulations which have been heretofore made.
The General reminds the Army of former Orders to be in constant readiness to march.
Captain Smith, Brigade Inspector in Genl. Varnum's Brigade is appointed Brigade Major in the same and is to do duty in both Capacities.
Two men are wanting who understand smelting of lead. The Officers will make Enquiry among their soldiers and if they find any who will answer the Purpose they are desired to send them to the Orderly Office immediately. Very good Encouragement will be given to such men.
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Tuesday, June 16, 1778.
Parole Connecticutt. Countersigns Cambridge, Coventry.
In Congress, June 9th, 1778.
Whereas doubts have arisen as to the sum which shall be paid for the rations which now may be due and owing to officers in the service of these states, and also as to the vouchers for drawing the same, by reason whereof the intentions of Congress with respect to such officers are frustrated:
Resolved, That the value of the rations due since the first day of last January, till the first instant be estimated at one third of a dollar; and that the officers do present their accounts to the pay master general, or deputy pay master general, who shall adjust and pay the same; provided, always that the said officers shall make oath to their accounts respectively, which oaths the said pay masters are hereby empowered and directed to administer, and transmit the said accounts with the receipts thereon to the treasury.
The Court of Enquiry appointed to inquire into the Conduct of Major Williams at the Battle of Germantown are desired to revise their Proceedings and to require the Attendance of Brigadier Genl. Wayne and Colonel Walter Stewart to give Evidence relative to such Parts of Major Williams's Conduct as came within their knowledge.
All noncommissioned Officers and soldiers transfer'd to the Corps of Invalids are to be sent to Colonel Nichola's26 quarters at Pauling's Ford with Certificates from their Commanding Officers of what wages are due to them the first of this month, at which time the date of transference is to take place.
[Note 26: Col. Lewis Nicola, of the Invalid Corps.]
Captain Archibald Anderson27 of the second Maryland Regiment is appointed Brigade Inspector to the 2nd. Maryland Brigade and is to be accordingly respected.
[Note 27: Capt. Archibald Anderson seems to have been appointed major of the Third Maryland Regiment in June, 1777. He was killed at Guilford Court House. S.C., in March, 1781.]
A Court of Enquiry whereof Colo. Cortlandt is appointed President to sit tomorrow morning, nine o'Clock at the President's Quarters to take into Consideration and report upon a Complaint exhibited by Capt. Jarvis,28 against Colonel Jackson, Commandant at the Gulph. Lieutt. Colo. North,29 Major
[Note 28: Capt. Nathaniel Jarvis, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in October, 1778.]
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. Caleb North, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He transferred to the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment July 1, 1778, and to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.] Porter30 and a Captain from Muhlenberg's and Paterson's Brigades to assemble as members. All person's concernd will attend.
[Note 30: Maj. John Porter, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; was discharged Oct. 12, 1782.]
The Quarter Masters of the several Regiments wanting Arms are to apply immediately to the Commissary of Military Stores at the Park where they will receive them agreeable to the last returns made, which are lodged with him.
The Colonels and Commanding Officers of Regiments in the Virginia Line are to have exact and accurate Returns made out of the soldiers in their respective Corps now in Camp, specifying their Names and the time of their Inlistments who reinlisted to serve for three years or during the War after their former time of service expired; which are to be lodged with the Brigadiers in that line and returned by them to Head Quarters, after examining and certifying the same, to the end that the men may be paid the additional bounty of twenty dollars granted by the State, and transmitted to the Commander in Chief: The Returns of the men inlisted in the Virginia Regiments in the Brigade late Weedon's are to be made to General Muhlenberg.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 16, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of the 14th. If the Enemy do not march thro' Jersey they have been making a deal of useless preparation, and indeed I do not see how they can carry off the great number of Horses and Carriages that they have been collecting with so much industry. I would not have you begin to inlist any of the draughts yet. I will in due time write to Congress, and if towards the end of the Campaign, we should find we shall have occasion for a considerable Army the next, I will advise the offering handsome Bounties to such as will inlist for the War, or a limited time. I am etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Wednesday, June 17, 1778.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Derryfield, Danbury.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Livingston was President, June 12th. 1778, John Shay an Inhabitant of this State tried for attempting to supply the Enemy with Provisions, found not guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and acquitted;
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
The Brigade Quarter Masters will call on the Commissary of Military Stores for their respective Proportions of Tin Cannisters which are to be kept by them with the Spare Ammunition, filled with Cartridges and delivered out proportionably to the several Regts. only in time of an Alarm or when the Troops are actually going to attack the Enemy, except to such Soldiers as are destitute of Cartridge Boxes, the Cannisters are to be delivered to them in lieu thereof, 'till they are furnished with boxes, when they are to be lodged with the Brigade Quarter Masters as before mentioned. As the Proportion of Cannisters will be but small it would be proper to intrust them to the Non Commissioned Officers only or some of the most trusty soldiers when the Brigades are completed with Cartridge Boxes.
Head Quarters, June 17, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 9th. Inst. and thank you for the reports made by General Parsons and Captain Van Buren.32
[Note 32: Capt. Abraham Van Buren, Albany County, N.Y., Militia.]
With respect to the rank of the Officers in Colonel Lamb's Regiment, I can give you no information. The divided state of the Corps has prevented an arrangement being made. I would advise you, as the only expedient for the present, to appoint a good board of Officers, unconnected with the parties to hear their several pretensions, and to adjust their rank relatively to each other. I say relatively to each other as this will fix the matter among themselves and prevent the inconveniences arising from their dissentions to the public service, without affecting the rights of Others. As soon as the situation of affairs will admit, an arrangement will be attempted on a general scale, after which, I trust, we shall have no more trouble on the score of rank.
I am much surprised, that an equal number of prisoners to those sent in, was not returned; However, no other injury will result from it than a temporary detention of our unfortunate men. A general exchange is agreed to; and we shall as soon as possible releive the whole of our privates, and as many Officers, as the circumstances of the number and rank of those in our hands, will admit of. I shall inform the Commissary of this proceeding that he may receive an equivalent out of the prisoners in New York, before any more are ordered in.
The Enemy have not quitted Philadelphia yet, but from the concurring accounts of every day, as well of Deserters as others who escape, there is every reason to beleive, that they will in a very little time. I shall transmit you the earliest advice on the subject. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your two letters of the 23d. and 25 Ulto.
I am sorry an exchange cannot take place between General Thompson and one of the gentlemen who were supposed to be Brigadiers. This method of considering officers as Brigadiers, and not considering them as such, does not altogether accord with my ideas of propriety. In the course of the contest we lost one officer, that is the difference in rank between a Major and Brigadier, by this mode of conduct. We must take care how we lose another. As to the exchange of the other officers who are soliciting, I wish it may be consented to by Sir Henry Clinton. From some circumstances which have happened we have reason to doubt whether it will. It is our interest and therefore we should promote their exchange whenever we can.
With respect to the appointment of Major Pollard34 to the office of deputy adjutant General, If such an appointment was necessary, I suppose there will be no objection to his having it; but I would wish you to write in this, as in all other instances of a like nature, to Congress, on the subject, and receive their consent or disapprobation.
[Note 34: Maj. Jonathan Pollard, aide to Heath.]
I cannot give order in the point referred to me, respecting the men inlisted by Colo. Armand. The resolution of Congress of the 26th. of February is express against inlisting prisoners or deserters. I beleive applications are gone to them and the board of war in this particular instance, who will direct in it, I presume as they may think right.
The enemy are still in Philadelphia that is they hold the City, but all accounts point to an evacuation. I am, etc.
P.S. A Captn. Robt. Davis35 of Vose's regt. was sent from this camp the 27 of Deer. last, in order to collect the men of
[Note 35: Of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned Apr. 1, 1779.] Glovers Brigade who had been left sick on the East side of the North River, and has never made his appearance since. I am informed he amused himself by travelling from Town to Town till he at length arrived at Boston. I request you to make inquiry after him, and to order him in the most peremptory manner forthwith to join his Regiment. If you should hear any material circumstances respecting his conduct, since he went from camp you will be pleased to inform me of them.36
[Note 36: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 38: At this council there were, besides the Commander in Chief, Major Generals Lee, Greene, Arnold, Stirling, Lafayette, and Steuben, and Brigadier Generals Smallwood. Knox, Poor, Paterson, Wayne, Woodford, Muhlenberg, Huntington, and Duportail. Brig. Gen. John Cadwalader was also asked for an opinion, although he was not a member of the council. Only Wayne and Cadwalader were unequivocally in favor of attacking the British on their march if they moved through New Jersey to New York. Stirling, Lafayette, Steuben, Smallwood, and Knox were in favor of annoying the enemy as much as possible without bringing on a general action. Duportail was partially in favor of such a thing, but advised great caution; Muhlenberg was in favor of an attack only if the British quitted Philadelphia and endeavored to establish themselves elsewhere and did not attempt to move through Jersey. All the council were opposed to attacking Philadelphia in any event, and all but Greene, Wayne, and Cadwalader were opposed to moving from Valley Forge before the British intentions were clearly perceived. Most of the council were opposed to sending any strong detachment from Valley Forge into Jersey in anticipation of the British move.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 17, 1778.
The Commander in Chief informs the council, that from a variety of concurring intelligence, there is the strongest reason to believe the enemy design speedily to evacuate Philadelphia; having actually put all their heavy baggage, cannon and stores on board their transports, which have fallen down the river, and having sent across to the Jersey shore, the principal part of their waggons, containing their light baggage and a considerable part of their force, including, according to several recent accounts, almost the whole of their cavalry; their grenadiers and light infantry, a brigade of British and some regiments of New levies, being the only troops now remaining in the city. That from every appearance the most natural inference is, they are destined for New York, either by marching through the Jerseys towards Amboy, or down the river to some convenient place of embarkation, and thence round by water; but as it is far from impossible, they may only mean to draw us out of this strong position, throw us off our guard and attack us to advantage or may intend some southern expedition, these objects ought duly to be attended to. That their force amounts to about 10,000 rank and file, fit for duty.
He further states to them, that the strength of the army at this post, including those on command, who might be drawn together in time of action, and such of the sick present as might be capable of acting on an emergency, is 12,500 rank and file. That of these near 11,000 would be able to march off the ground, in a condition for service; That there are now in camp about 2300, who, from sickness and want of necessaries, would be unable to march with the army for the purpose of operating; but would most of them be able to travel moderately to some place of greater security, into the country, in case of a removal of the army. That besides these there are in the rear of this camp within the distance of eight or ten miles, twelve hundred who would be incapable of removing themselves in case of necessity; but must be carried away in waggons, if it should become requisite. That there are no very considerable magazines, either in camp, or in its vicinity; but there are some valuable stores, in the Quarter Master General's department, at Reading; and two large depositaries of military stores at Lebanon and Carlisle. That there are parcels of flour and other provisions dispersed in different parts of this state; but no material quantity at any one place.
His Excellency also informs the Council, that there is a brigade of Continental troops in the Jerseys consisting of about 800 fit for duty, and that all the Militia of that state, have been notified of the probability of the enemy's marching through it, and warned to collect, on signals for the purpose, to give them all the annoyance and disturbance in their power, in concert with the Continental troops.
He observes to them also, that on a junction of the enemy's force in and near Philadelphia, and that which they already have at New York, and its dependencies, their number will amount to between 14 and 15,000. That on our part, when this army shall be united to the one on the North River, we shall have near 14,000 Continental troops, fit for service.
Having stated these facts, for the information of the Council, The Commander in Chief requests, after a personal discussion of the subject, that each member will favour him with his opinion in writing, on the conduct, which it will be adviseable for this army to observe on the present occasion, and under present appearances, in determining which, though he would not wish to confine the attention of the Council solely to these objects. He recommends the following questions to their mature consideration.
Whether any enterprise ought to be undertaken against the enemy in Philadelphia, in their present circumstances?
Whether this army should remain in the position it now holds, 'till the final evacuation of the city or move immediately towards the Delaware?
Whether any detachment of it shall be sent to reinforce the Brigade in the Jerseys, or advanced towards the enemy to act as occasion shall require and endeavour to take advantage of their retreat?
If the army remain on its present ground, 'till the enemy quit the city, and if they march, through the Jerseys towards Amboy, will it be practicable, from the obstruction they may probably receive from the troops already there, in conjunction with the Militia, to arrive in time with this Army, to give them any material interruptions? Will it be prudent to attempt it, or not rather more eligible to proceed to the North River, in the most direct and convenient manner, to secure the important communication between the Eastern and Southern states?
In case such measures should be adopted, as will enable this army to overtake the enemy in their march, will it be prudent, with the aid, which may reasonably be expected from the Jersey Militia, to make an attack upon them, and ought it to be a partial or a general one?
In case of an immediate removal of this army, what precautions will be proper for the security of the sick belonging to it, and of the store in this state?39
[Note 39: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
June 18, 1778.
Sir: In answer to the Letter which you delivered me yesterday, on the subject of your department. I have to assure you that it is my most earnest wish to conciliate the rights of the Inspectors with those of the Officers commanding Corps, and that the public good may be advanced by a perfect harmony between them, with this view the plan proposed in General orders the 15th. inst. was made, and it was hoped that the line there drawn between the duties of the inspectors and Officers, by preventing an interference of authorities, would have effectually answered this end. As it will require a few days for the Officers to become acquainted with the instructions hitherto given, and you think your presence is not necessary till the new plan is in a train of execution. I have not the least objection to your going to York, and am persuaded that after having seen the difficulties that opposed the establishment of the Inspectorship according to your first ideas, you will from a desire to promote the Service, lay before Congress such a plan as will be most likely to obviate those causes of disagreement, and comprehend all the essential duties of your office.
I am perfectly satisfied with the conduct of the Officers who have acted as your assistants, and think that the Army has derived every advantage from the institution under you, that could be expected in so short a time. With respect to your plan of uniting the Offices of Brigade Major and Brigade Inspector, I am of opinion with you that many advantages would result from it. The taking the Brigade Majors from the line of Majors, would be contrary to our present arrangement of the Army, and therefore can only be effected by the authority of Congress. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: Colonel Harrison communicated yours of this date to me with the temporary arrangement of the 1st. 5th. and 9th. Virginia Regiments. The plan is agreeable to me, and if the same mode can be pursued in General Weedons Brigade I shall be exceedingly glad to have it adopted. Nothing will conduce more to filling the Regiments, than having a number of Officers to receive the draughts as they are made, and forwarding them immediately to Camp. Orders will be made out for Colo. Ballard41 whenever he calls for them. I am, etc.42
[Note 41: Lieut. Col. Robert Ballard, of the First Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 18, 1778.
Sir: Having received information that the State of Virginia have determined to fill their Regiments by Recruits, I have directed the 1st. 5th. and 9th. Regiments to be incorporated for the present, and the supernumerary Officers to proceed to Virginia to superintend the recruiting Service. You are therefore to proceed, with such supernumerary Officers to Virginia, and upon your arrival there, wait upon His Excellency the Governor and take your instructions from him. You are to look upon the Officers from Genl. Muhlenberg's Brigade as under your particular direction, and you are to designate them to such parts of the Country as they are best acquainted with. You are to desire them, from time to time, to make you returns of their progress, which returns you are to make regularly to me. The sooner the Recruits are marched to Camp, after they are inlisted, the better; and you are therefore to send them forward in Squads, under the Care of Officers; as fast as they can be collected. I lately issued an order, which was published in the Virginia papers, calling upon all Officers in that line, not absent upon command, to repair to their Regiments immediately. But you may, under the present circumstances, detain all those of the 1st. 5th. and 9th. to assist in recruiting. I am &ca.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1778.
Sir: The Baron Steuben will have the Honor of delivering you this. I do not know particularly the extent of his business at York, but from what he has communicated, it is in part to get the duties and powers of his appointment minutely defined and settled. I inclose a Copy of orders on the 15th Inst., which were issued to quiet the minds of the General Officers and to remove a spirit of jealousy, which but too apparently was rising among them. These contain my ideas of the principal duties of the Inspectors office, and I have reason to think are generally agreeable to the Army. While I am on this subject, I must do justice to the Baron's intelligence, zeal and indefatigable industry, from which we have experienced very happy effects.
The inclosed Letter, I transmit at the request of Captain Gibbs,48 and I wish to recommend him to the consideration of Congress. He has been in the Army from the commencement of the War, and in the capacities, which he mentions. When Congress were pleased to honor me with the appointment of Officers for the Sixteen additional Batallions, I offered to make some provision for him, but this he declined; preferring to remain in my family. The Guard he commanded originally consisted of Fifty men, but since the arrival of Baron Steuben it has been augmented to a Hundred and fifty. He advised that there should be a select Corps of this number to receive the mancoeuvres in the first instance, and to act as a Model to the Army; and proposed that it should be formed of the Old Company and Drafts from the Line. I presume, if it should be Congress's pleasure, that a Majority would be highly agreable to the Captain; and is as much as he expects. I have the honor, etc.49
[Note 48: Capt. Caleb Gibbs, of the Commander in Chief's Guard. He was promoted to major July 29, 1778; transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment Jan. 1, 1781; wounded at Yorktown, Va.; retained in Jackson's Additional Continental regiment in November, 1783; brevet lieutenant colonel in September, 1783.]
[Note 49: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, ½ after 11 A.M., June 18, 1778.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform Congress, that I was this minute advised by Mr. Roberts, that the Enemy evacuated the City early this morning. He was down at the Middle ferry on this side, where he received the intelligence from a number of the Citizens who were on the opposite shore. They told him, that about Three Thousand of the Troops had embarked on board Transports. The destruction of the Bridge prevented him crossing. I expect every moment Official accounts on the subject. I have put Six Brigades in motion, and the rest of the Army are preparing to follow with all possible dispatch.50 We shall proceed towards Jersey and govern ourselves according to circumstances. As yet I am not fully ascertained of the Enemy's destination, nor are there wanting a variety of Opinions as to the route they will pursue, whether it will be by Land or Sea, admitting it to be New York. Some think it probable in such case, that the part of their Army, which has crossed the Delaware, will march down the Jersey shore some distance and then embark. There is other intelligence corroborating Mr. Robert's, but none Official is yet come. I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 50: To this point precisely the same words were written to Vice President George Bryan, of Pennsylvania.]
P.S. A Letter from Capt. McClean51 dated in Philadelphia, this minute came to hand confirming the evacuation.52
[Note 51: Capt. Allen McLane, of Patton's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 52: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Read in Congress on June 20 and referred to the Committee of Intelligence, which, apparently, published as much of the letter as the part sent to Vice President Bryan and added the postscript, as these portions of the letter have been underscored by the Congress.]
Head Quarters, 6 o'Clock P.M., June 18, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you this forenoon. I received your Letter of the 17th with its several Inclosures.
I am happy in the approbation of Congress respecting my conduct to Doctor Ferguson. I could not find, after the maturest consideration on the subject, that his passage thro' the Country would be in any wise material, or answer any other purpose than to spread disaffection.53
[Note 53: At this point the draft has deleted: "which appears evidently to be a capital Object with the Commissioners and their Sovereign, Under this persuasion I refused the passport."]
I shall take every measure in my power to prevent an intercourse between the Army and the Enemy, and also between the Inhabitants and the latter. You may rest assured, that whatever Letters come from their lines shall be, as they ever have been, minutely inspected; and wherever they import any thing of an insidious cast, they shall be suppressed. In this, I trust, I shall offend not against any rule or right, nor the strictest propriety.
The Letter for the Commissioners, I shall transmit by the earliest opportunity; However their departure from Philadelphia will prevent their getting it as soon as they otherwise would have done. I cannot say, that I regret the delay; for there is no knowing, to what acts of depredation and ruin, their disappointed ambition might have led. And permit me to add, that I think there was no other criterion for Congress to go by, than the one they have adopted. The proceedings of the 22d of April, it is probable, have reached Britain by this time, and will shew, that the present powers of the Commissioners or least those we are obliged to suppose them to possess, are wholly incompetent to any valuable end.
I have appointed General Arnold to command in Philadelphia, as the state of his wound will not permit his services in a more active line. Colo. Jackson54 with a Detachment of Troops is to attend him, and I flatter myself, that order will be preserved and the several purposes answered, expressed by Congress in their Resolution of the 4th. Instant.55 The General set out this
[Note 54: Henry Jackson, of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments. His regiment was designated the Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment in July, 1780. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783.]
[Note 55: The resolve of June 4, 1778, directed Washington to prevent public or private injury being done in Philadelphia after the British evacuated the city and to prevent the removal, transfer, or sale of goods or property belonging to the King or to British subjects.] Evening, and I myself shall move with the main body of the Army at 5 in the morning to morrow. I have the honor etc.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
P.S. By this conveyance you will be pleased to receive the proceedings of the Court of Inquiry respecting the losses of the Forts in the Highlands.57
[Note 57: The proceedings of this court of inquiry are not found in either the Washington Papers or the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, 2 O'clock P.M., June 18, 1778.
Sir: This morning about sun. rise the rear of the enemies army evacuated Philadelphia. To-day and to-morrow morning the whole army will move towards the Delaware; and should the enemy march rapidly thro' the Jersey, I shall proceed Northward as expeditiously as possible. My movements however will be influenced by theirs.
In your quarter59 you will take the proper measures on this occasion; and let me particularly recommend to your attention the great object of provisions. I am, etc.60
[Note 59: Gates was then at Peekskill, N.Y.]
[Note 60: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
[June 18, 1778.]
Dear Sir: I have this moment received intelligence that the rear of the enemy are crossing the Delaware. I am putg. the army in motion in consequence. Yesterday General Knox, by my order, sent you thirty or forty thousand Cartriges, for the use of the militia, if necessary, otherwise you will deliver them to General Maxwell.
I rely on your activity to give the enemy all possible obstruction, in their march; And that you will give me instant and regular intelligence of every thing, that passes. I am etc.
P.S. The Cartriges went off yesterday one o'Clock. They will be at Trenton to night. An officer is with them.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1778.
Sir: You are to proceed with the first and second Pennsilvania and the brigade late Conways, by the direct route to Coryells Ferry, leaving a proper interval between your division and General Lee's, so as to prevent their interfering with each other. The instructions given to General Lee, are to halt on the first strong ground after passing the Delaware at the said ferry, until further orders. Unless he should receive authentic intelligence that the enemy have proceeded by the direct road to South Amboy (or still lower) in this case, he is to continue his march to the North River.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.
On June 18 Washington wrote also to an unidentified Pennsylvania officer that: "General Wayne having very pressing business at Philadelphia, I have consented to his going there tomorrow and returning the next day. You are to join the division commanded by him and take charge of it during his absence. When he returns you will rejoin your brigade.
N.B. The division is about a mile and half on the other side the Bridge. It will march to-morrow morning 4 o'clock toward Coryels ferry." This letter was sold at auction in the Cohen sale, Philadelphia, 1907.
A letter from Washington to the British Peace Commissioner, George Johnstone, is printed in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, v. 13, P. 483, but the text itself, the date--June 18--and the letter from Washington to Johnstone, June 12, 1778, q. v., combine to stamp it as a forgery.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1778.
Sir: I have received and thank you for your two Letters of this morning. You will be so good as to take every possible means of discovering what has been the Conduct of the enemy since you wrote. Whether they continue to hover about the neighbourhood of Haddon field, or if they have made a decisive move, what has been the direction of their march. Early and certain intelligence in these points will be very interesting to Sir Yours &c.62
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, June 18, 1778.
Sir: I am informed this morning that the enemy's rear are evacuating the City. You will immediately send down a small party of horse under a good officer, on this side, in order to ascertain the matter, or to gain intelligence. The result of his inquiry you will transmit as soon as possible, and hold yourself in readinessto join this army on the first orders. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of James McHenry. The signature of this letter has been cut off.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1778.
Sir: As the Army is to march to morrow morning at 5 O'Clock, towards Coryells ferry, you are to cross the Schuylkill with your detachment and the horse annexed to it, at Matsons ford, and direct your course in such a manner as to intersect our line of march and fall in on our rear. I am &&ca.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1778.
Sir: You are immediately to appoint an active person in your department, for the purpose of collecting and taking possession of any provisions which the enemy may have left behind them in Philadelphia, as well as for making any other necessary arrangements there relative to your department; particular orders for which he will receive from Major General Arnold, who will command in the city. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of James McHenry; from a facsimile in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1778.
As you best know the state of your own department, and the extent of the provision which has been already made in it, you can best judge how far it may be adviseable to take measures for converting to the use of the army such articles in your line, as are to be found in the city of Philadelphia. If you think any purchases can be made there to advantage, you will send one of your deputies, without delay, into the city for that purpose. I inclose you a resolution of Congress of the 4th. instant for his government; by which you will perceive that no absolute transfer or sale of goods in possession of the inhabitants can be made, 'till the property of them shall be ascertained by a joint committee of persons appointed by Congress and the state of Pensylvania. The person therefore whom you shall employ in this business can only make conditional contracts, not to be executed 'till the property of the goods contracted for shall be determined in the mode pointed out.
He is also to be instructed to take into his possession any public stores belonging to the enemy, which may happen to have been left behind, and which properly falls within the notice of your department.
Major General Arnold will have the command in the city. Your deputy will address himself to him for advice, directions and assistance in the execution of his duty.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, V. Forge, Thursday, June 18, 1778.
Parole Esopus. Countersigns Egypt, Elk.
Poor's, Varnum's and Huntington's Brigades are to march immediately under the Command of Majr. General Lee. The two Pennsylvania and Late Conway's Brigades to march at three o'Clock this afternoon and the whole Army to march at five o'Clock tomorrow morning. All former orders respecting the sick &c. are to be strictly obeyed.
At a Brigade Court Martial June 16th. 1778; Major Hait70 President, Ensign Daniel Lawrence of Colo. Angell's Regiment
[Note 70: Maj. Joseph Hait, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He is listed by Heitman as a lieutenant colonel on this date.] try'd upon a charge of having in several Instances disobeyed Colo. Greene's orders in refusing to come forward to join his Regiment and for returning back after he had set out and behaving in a manner unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman from the time he was ordered forward 'till he actually set out with a design to join his Regiment, found guilty of a breach of the 5th. Article 18th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharged the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take Place.
At a General Court Martial, June 15th. 1778; Colo. Livingston President, Captain Bowen71 of 9th. Pennsylvania Regt. Lieutenants Darrah72 and Parsill73 of the 2nd. Pennsylvania, Regiment, tried 1st. for entering the Encampment of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regiment in a riotous and mutinous manner. 2ndly. for attempting to enter Colo. Craige's house between the hours of twelve and one in the morning of the 4th. of June instant with drawn sword.
[Note 71: Capt. Thomas Bartholomew Bowen. He became regimental paymaster in October, 1778; transferred to Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 72: Lieut. Charles Darragh. He retired July 1 1778.]
[Note 73: Lieut. Henry D. Purcell. He transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in September, 1779; served to close of the war.]
The Court are unanimously of Opinion that they are not guilty of the Charges exhibited against them and do acquit them with honor.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court.
Agreeable to the Report of a Court of Enquiry ordered the 13th. instant, John Randolph, a soldier now in Colonel Harrison's Regiment of Artillery is to join the 14th. Virginia Regiment immediately: The determination concerning the other man claimed by the last mentioned Regiment is postponed for want of Evidence.
RECEIPT FROM DEBORAH HEWES FOR PAYMENT FOR THE USE OF HER HOUSE AT VALLEY FORGE, AS WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS, JUNE 18, 1778
Head Quarters, Doctor Shennons,74Friday, June 19, 1778.
[Note 74: Doctor Shannon. "June 20, 1778. To cash Gave Mr. Shannons Servants by Ord. Genl. £1:17:6"--"Headquarters Expense Account," in the Washington Papers.]
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Commanding Officers of Corps are to pay the greatest attention to keeping their men within their Encampment and prevent stragling, that they may be in constant readiness for moving at the shortest notice. They are likewise to forbid under the severest Penalties, marauding and the Destruction of the Inclosures, Fruit Trees or other Property of the Inhabitants.
The General will beat tomorrow morning at 3 o'Clock, the troop in half an hour afterwards and the whole line is to march precisely at four.
If through mistake any part of the baggage should not have marched in the order of the Brigades, the Waggon Master General is to have the matter rectified so that the whole may move tomorrow in proper order.
If any of the Troops have marched without the proper quantity of cooked Provisions they are to cook enough this afternoon to serve them tomorrow and the next day provided their rations are of salt meat.
The old and new Guards will parade in the road opposite Mr. Shennon's precisely at half past three o'Clock in the morning.
AFTER ORDERS
In future the Camp Kettles are always to be carried by the Messes; each soldier of the Mess taking it in his turn, and no man is on any Account to presume to put the Camp Kettle belonging to the Mess in a Waggon. No soldier is to put his Musquet in a Waggon unless on Account of his Inability to carry it, in which Case he is to obtain leave from a Field Officer of the day, Commanding Officer of the Regiment or from the Officer of the Baggage guard who shall make themselves judges of the circumstances.
The Officers of the day are authorized to punish on the spot such as transgress the foregoing Orders.
The indulgence of suffering Women to ride in Waggons having degenerated into a great abuse, and complaint having been made by the Officers of the day that the Plea of leave from Officers is constantly urged when the Waggon Masters order such Women down.
It is expressly ordered that no Officer grant such leave for the future but the Commanding Officers of a Brigade or the Field Officers of the day who are to grant it only on account of Inability to march, and in writing.
The General is far from supposing that any Officer will act in opposition to a positive order, but he is determined in Case a Violation should happen that it shall not pass unnoticed.
The Officers of the day are to report the names of those who are guilty of a breach thereof.
Head Quarters, June 19, 1778.
Sir: You are immediately to proceed to Philadelphia and take the command of the troops there. The principal objects of your command you will find specified in the inclosed resolve of Congress of the 4th. instant; which you will carefully execute. You will take every prudent step in your power, to preserve tranquillity and order in the city, and give security to individuals of every class and description; restraining, as far as possible, 'till the restoration of civil government, every species of persecution, insult, or abuse, either from the soldiery to the inhabitants, or among each other. I leave it to your own discretion, to adopt such measures, as shall appear to you most effectual and, at the same time, least offensive, for answering the views of Congress, to prevent the removal, transfer or sale of any goods, wares, or merchandize, in possession of the inhabitants of the city, 'till the property of them can be ascertained in the mode directed.
The Quarter Master General will send one of his assistants into the city, who will take your directions and give you all the aid in his power. He is to search out any public stores belonging to the enemy and convert them to the use of the army.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
4 O'clock P.M., June 20, 1778.
Sir: I think it necessary to inform you by the return of the express who brought your packet for Congress, that I am now with the main body of the army within ten miles of Coryells ferry. General Lee is advanced with six brigades, and will cross to-night, or early to-morrow morning. By the last intelligence the enemy were near Mount-Holly, and moving on very slowly; but as there are so many roads open to them, their route could not be ascertained. I shall enter the Jersey to-morrow, and give you the earliest notice of their movements, or whatever may affect you. I would just observe, again, that as forage and provisions will be objects of the utmost importance, they will therefore claim your attention. I am, &ca.76
[Note 76: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
June 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday morning favoured with your Letter of the 18th. and this morning with that of the 19th. I thank you much for your Intelligence and I shall take the liberty to request your very frequent advices of the movements and Routs of the Enemy. My conduct will be governed intirely by circumstances and therefore I shall wish the earliest information of their proceedings. I expect six Brigades will be at Coryells to night, and I myself am now in full march with the main body of the Army and as far advanced as Bartholomews tavern.
There can scarcely be any thing that will not be material for me to know. I am happy to hear that the people are in such spirits, and that you are likely to be tolerably respectable in point of force. Colo. White will remain with you till further orders, of which Colo. Moylan will be advised. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
2 O'Clock P.M., June 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am now advanced within Ten miles of Coryells, and in a little time, the main body of the Army will be within the same distance, when they will halt to refresh and for the night. I wish you to inform me with accuracy, as soon as possible of the Enemy's situation and of your own; also of the number of Militia already collected, and what farther prospects of augmentation you expect from them. These points will at once appear material, when you consider they are to influence and in a manner to direct my measures. I am &ca.
P.S. I have received no intelligence from Philadelphia respecting the Enemy or of their Fleet.77
Head Quarters, June 20, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting you the inclosed Letters from General Philips, which came under cover to my care.
I must also take the liberty to commit to your care, a Letter addressed to the Right Honble the Earl of Carlisle &ca. with two others for Govr. Johnstone and Mr. Eden, and to request that they may be conveyed to them by the earliest opportunity.
Your Letter, covering one for General Philips, was duly received. The latter I shall forward agreable to your request. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. I transmit a Note, for a Sum of Money from a Mr. Gwinn to Mr. Boyce of your Army, of a mere private nature, which has lately fallen into my hands.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
4 O'Clock P.M., June 20, 1778.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform you, that I am now advanced with the main body of the Army within Ten Miles of Coryel's ferry, and shall halt to refresh the Troops, and for the night, [as the weather is very rainy]. Genl. Lee with the six Brigades mentioned in my former Letter, will reach the Ferry this Evening. My last accounts from Jersey were from Genl. Dickinson, dated Yesterday at 3 o'Clock P.M. These say, the Enemy had then advanced to Eyres Town, three miles below Mount Holly, and were busily engaged in repairing the Bridge which had been destroyed. Genl. Dickinson adds, that there had been a brisk firing for some minutes between the Enemy and Maxwell's Brigade or a part of it in their advance; in which the former, according to the report of a Deserter had several killed. He further says, the Militia had been alarmed of their approach, were in good spirits and that he expected to day to be tolerably strong. I have this minute written to him by Express, requesting him to acquaint me with their and his own situation, what number of Men he had already collected, and what further augmentations he expects to receive. I have the Honor, etc.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The phrase in brackets was inserted by Washington in the draft and has the following deleted at the end: "The Afternoon promises to be very rainy, which will rather be inconvenient, as our Baggage is not yet on the ground for encamping." The letter was read in Congress June 23.]
Head Quarters, Buckingham, Saturday, June 20, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--
Each Regiment is to furnish a Sub, each Brigade a Captain, and the line a Field Officer who are during the march to mount with the morning Guards and under the direction of the Brigadier of the day collect all Straglers and march them to the Army.
They are more over to see that nothing which can or ought to be brought away is left on the ground, or properly secured there; That this business may be conducted with more ease, a Subaltern and twelve Dragoons are to assist. The Commanding Officer of the Cavalry will give orders for having them furnished in Rotation.
If the morning should not be very wet, the General, Troop and March will be as this morning.
If the Commissaries are provided, the men are to have each a Gill of spirits served to them this afternoon.
10 Miles from Coryels, June 21, 1778.80
[Note 80: "1778, June 21. To cash paid John Fell for Breakfast dinner and Supr. £ 6"-- "Headquarters Account Book," in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: This will be delivered you by Major Wemp,81 who has the care of some Warriors from the Seneca Nation. The
[Note 81: Maj. Myndert Wemple, of Schenectady, N.Y.] inclosed copy82 of a Letter from our Commissioners will shew, that they are come to obtain the release of Astiarix Another Warrior, who has been taken on the Frontiers of Virginia. I never heard of the circumstance, till I was informed of it a few days ago by a Letter from General Schuyler. As the Commissioners have consented to his exchange and advised it, I have assured them it was agreeable to me, and I must take the liberty to request that Congress will order it to be accomplished, as soon as possible. I have treated them with civility, but declared at the same time, in answer to their speeches, both in Council and as Warriors, if they do not immediately cease Hostilities and become our friends or at least neutral, that the moment we are clear of the British Army, I will turn our whole force against them and the other Nations, at War with us, [who had taken up the Hatchet against us and committed the most horrid barbarities,] and cut them off to a man. They saw the main body of our Army to day, which circumstance, added to the evacuation of Philadelphia and the presents I wrote to Genl. Arnold to make them, and the other instances of kindness, I trust, will have a happy influence on the actions and disposition of their nation, when they return. They are also attended by a few of our Oneida and Tuscarora friends, who were thought necessary to proceed with the truce. They have dispatches from their sachems for the immediate return of such of their Men and Warriors as were here on account of their apprehensions of Hostilities by the Senecas &c. I consented to the measure and directed that they should be furnished with ample and suitable presents, if they could be obtained previous their departure. The Army is in march which will not permit me to add further than that I have the Honor etc.83
[Note 82: This copy, dated June 9, 1778, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 83: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
6 O'Clock A.M., June 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: I just now received your letter dated 10 o'Clock yesterday night for which I thank you. The one you sent off a few hours before is not yet come to hand. This morning the main army would have been in motion by four o'clock had it not been for the rain, however as there is a prospect of the bad weather giving way, we shall be under march in a few hours. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Qurs. in Jersey, near Coryel's, June 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am now arrived myself on the East side of the Delaware, and the main body of the Army on the other, from whence it will cross as soon as possible. This would have been effected in part to day, had it not been for the rain and the very doubtful appearance of the morning, which prevented the Troops from moving till it was late. The Afternoon will be employed in passing the Artillery and such Baggage as can be got over. I should have written you before upon the subject of our advance, had I not been extremely occupied in putting matters in train for it, and had I not supposed you would have received regular intelligence from General Dickinson respecting it, with whom I have corresponded, as having the military direction of the Militia. I have only to add that I shall be exceedingly happy in your information from time to time of the Enemy's movements, and in your sentiments of their probable operations and routs. I have the Honor etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
10 Miles from Coryels, June 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: This will be delivered you by Major Wemp who has the conduct and care of some Warriors from the Seneca Nation, who are also accompanied by a few of our Oneida and Tuscarora Friends. The inclosed Extract of a Letter from our Indian Commissioners at Albany, will inform you of the Senecas's business in this Quarter. I cannot give them the smallest account of Astiarix of whom they are in pursuit, nor did I ever hear of his captivity till I was advised of it a few days ago by Genl. Schuyler. They have been treated with civility, but at the same time I told them of their Hostilities, and that as soon as the British Army were gone, If they did not immediately cease them, I would turn our whole force against them and the other Indian Nations, who have taken a like bloody part against us and cut them to pieces. They have also had a view of the main body of the Army and been told of our great resources of Men, and number of Troops elsewhere. I hope This circumstance with the evacuation of Philadelphia and their own evidence of it, added to our civilities and some presents, will have a happy effect upon the temper and disposition of their Nation when they return. I wish you to order them such Trinkets &ca. as you may judge necessary, keeping up however a distinction between them and the Oneidas and Tuscaroras who are our Friends. I would have the favors and presents to these greatly to exceed. Majr. Wemp has dispatches from the Sachems for all the Warriors and Men here before, to return Home immediately. Such as remained, I beleive are with Monsr. Tussard;86 I shall be glad that you will have them
[Note 86: Louis Toussard, a volunteer. He had been a captain of artillery in the French Army; later served as an aide to Lafayette; was wounded and lost an arm in Rhode Island; was praised for his gallantry by a resolve of Congress Oct. 27, 1778; made a brevet lieutenant colonel and granted a pension of $30 a month for life; major of the First United States Artillery and Engineers in February, 1795; lieutenant colonel of the Second Artillery and Engineers in May, 1800; honorably discharged June 1, 1802.] collected and have them well presented, after which they may return to their nation, in obedience to their Sachems orders if they incline. I have given the Senecas a Letter to Congress respecting Astiarix's releasement, if he can be found.
I received your favor yesterday. If Morgan's corps could have been on the rear of the Enemy they might have harrassed them, but not without considerable risk. They are now advancing as the whole Army is to the Delaware. We have been much impeded by the rain. The Troops with Genl. Lee crossed the River last night. I am in haste, etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to give the necessary orders for their being supplied with provision while in Phila. and on their way to Congress.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the P.S. is in that of James McHenry.]
--O'Clock P.M., June 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with yours of this date. I arrived myself about three o'Clock to day on the East side of the Delaware and the main body of the Army on the other, from whence they will cross to morrow. This afternoon has been employed in passing the Artillery and such Baggage as could be got over.
The Enemy from the last intelligence were at Mount Holly and at Mowes Town,88 their precise rout not yet ascertained. We intend, as soon as things are in a train, to move towards them and to avail ourselves of any favourable circumstances
[Note 88: Moore's Town.] that may offer. If a body of militia, even tho inconsiderable, could be got to advance towards their Rear, under the command of a spirited, sensible Officer, it is thought many advantages might be derived from it. The number, tho small, would not be without great use. Perhaps you might prevail on a good many to cross from Philadelphia and from its environs. If you can it might be a happy circumstance if they could be commanded by Genl. Cadwallader. He is a good Officer, in whom great confidence will be reposed. You can readily discover whether any thing essential can be done in this way; if it can, it must be with expedition. I am, etc.
P.S. I would wish you to shew this to Genl. Cadwalader.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters in Jersey, near Coryels ferry, June 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of this days date, and thank you for the intelligence contained in it. Rain prevented our marching so early this morning as I intended, the succeeding heat and badness of Roads rendered it impossible for the Army to advance any farther than the other side of the ferry. I have crossed myself, and have ordered the Artillery and spare baggage to be ferried over this afternoon. The number of boats and state of readiness in which every thing is for the purpose, will render the passage of the troops very expeditious.
As my future movements must depend so much upon those of the enemy, a continuance of early and accurate intelligence relative to them will be of the greatest importance to Dear Sir Your etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, in Jersey, Coryels ferry, June 21, 1778.
Sir: I arrived here this day at noon. Two divisions of the army have crossed the Delaware; the remainder will cross tomorrow. The enemy, by the last intelligence, was moving on slowly; the head of their column had only reached Mount Holly. Their shipping had gone down the River below Reedy Island, except two, which lay opposite to it. These appearances seem to decide, that they intend to traverse the Jerseys, though they do not appear to be in any hurry. While they continue in their present, or a similar posture, no detachments can with propriety be made from this army to reinforce you; but, if they proceed on, towards New York, we shall endeavour, according to circumstances, to keep pace with them, and be in time to give succour to the Highland passes, and counteract any attempt, they may meditate that way. In the mean time, you will no doubt exert yourself to be in the best state of defence, your situation will admit. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.H.S]
Head Quarters, Coryell's-Ferry, June 21, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A Gill of spirits pr. man to be issued to the Troops this day. Those Brigades which are out of provision will draw this afternoon at Mr. Simpson's on the Hill the West-Side of the Ferry. No men are to be permitted to bathe till sunset. The Troops are to begin to cross the Ferry at half past three o'Clock tomorrow morning precisely, at which time the new Guards are to parade on the East Side the Ferry and the old ones on the West where the officers who are to march in the Rear will also assemble.
The General to beat at three quarters past two and the troop at a quarter past three in the morning.
Head Quarters, Coryell's Ferry, Monday, June 22,92 1778.
[Note 92: "1778, June 23. To Cash paid Richard Holcombe as pt. bill £ 10: 17: 16."--"Headquarters Account Book" in the Washington Papers. This bill is also in the Washington Papers and is receipted as paid June 22 "Near Coryells Ferry, 9 oClock evnig" and was for 38 dinners @ 3/9, "bread butter and other necessaries £ 1:17:6" and "To Trouble &c. made in the house £ 1:17:6."]
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A Field return is to be made this afternoon under the immediate Inspection of the Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades, who are to be responsible for their Exactness; These returns to comprehend those men only who are actually on the spot fit for duty in time of Action, among which the guards will be included; the unarmed men to be distinguished.
The soldiers to have their Arms well cleaned and afterwards carefully inspected, together with their Ammunition, by their respective Officers. The tents and heavy baggage, if there is any, will be separated from the Army for some days; the Officers will content themselves with a few Necessaries during that time; The Quarter Master General will make his Arrangements accordingly. He will give orders respecting the movement of the separated baggage: None but Invalids and men unfit for the fatigues of a march are to go as guards to the baggage.
Intrenching Tools are to be assigned to the Brigades in due proportion and delivered to the Care of the Brigade Quarter Masters.
When circumstances will permit the Artificers and Pioneers are to advance before the Van Guard of the Army and repair the roads with Fascines and Earth instead of Rails which serve to cripple the horses.
The Quarter Master General will fall upon some method to have straw equally and regularly distributed to the men, when they arrive at the ground of Encampment to prevent Confusion and Waste.
On a march the Major General of the day will pay particular Attention that the Column advances in compleat order and not so fast in front as to fatigue and distress the Rear.
The Brigadier of the day with the Officers ordered to remain in the Rear will see that every thing is properly conducted there; the Guards kept to their duty and all damage to the fruit trees prevented, of which the whole road hitherto exhibits such shameful proofs.
Commanding Officers of Companies will see that their men fill their Canteens before they begin the march, that they may not be under a necessity of tuning to every spring and injuring themselves by drinking cold water when heated with marching.
Each Brigade is to furnish an active, spirited Officer and twenty five of it's best marksmen immediately; These parties to join Colo. Morgan's Corps and continue under his command 'till the Enemy pass thro' the Jerseys after which they are to rejoin their Regiments without further orders.
The General will beat at three oClock in the morning and the Army march at four o'Clock precisely.
The Quarter Master General will communicate the order of March and the Route and will acquaint the Major Generals with their respective Commands.
AFTER ORDERS
The following Brigades during the march are to compose the Right Wing of the Army and be commanded by Major General Lee: Woodford's, Scott's, No. Carolina, Poor's, Varnum's and Huntington's. First Pennsylvania, 2nd. Pennsylvania, Late Conway's, Glovers, Larneds, and Paterson's are to compose the Left Wing and be commanded by Major General Lord Stirling.
The Second line is to consist of 1st. and 2nd. Maryland, Muhlenberg's, Weedon's and Maxwell's (when it joins) and be commanded by Major General the Marquis De la Fayette. The Army to march from the left. The Quarter Master Genl. will furnish Guides.
A Field Officer is to take Charge of the baggage guard.
If the weather should prove very rainy in the morning the Troops are not to march; in any case, if they march the tents are to be left standing and the baggage guards are, when dry to strike and load them in the Waggons. Lieutt. Colo. Coleman93 will take command of the baggage guard.
[Note 93: Lieut. Col. Dudley Coleman, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in March, 1779.]
The Officer and twenty five men from each Brigade who are to be annexed to Colo. Morgan's Corps are to be sent to his quarters early tomorrow morning about a mile in front of the Army.
The two Light Infantry Companies in the North Carolina Brigade will be attached to Colo. Morgan's Corps instead of the twenty five therefrom, mention'd in the first order of this day.
Lieutenant Colo. Basset94 is appointed Bringer-up vice Lieutt. Colo. Coleman.
[Note 94: Lieut. Col. Barachiah Bassett, of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, near Coryels, June 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: Since my last, I have received three letters from you, with their inclosures, one of yesterday 9 O'Clock, two of to day, one 11 O'Clock, the other the hour not mentioned. You will continue to advise me punctually of the enemy's motions. The whole army is now across the River incamped about three miles from it. Tomorrow morning very early, we march towards Princeton. I am, etc.
P.S. You will be pleased always to mention the hour at which you write. All the effective horse under Colo. Moylan will instantly march to join you. I am augmenting Colo. Morgans Corps which will also speedily march to your assistance. I need not observe to you that every thing ought to be done to keep up the spirits of your Militia.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and James McHenry.]
[Note 96: Of the Bucks County, Pa., militia.]
Head Qurs., near Coryell's, June 22, 1778.
Sir: It would seem from the information received, that the Enemy mean to advance thro' Trentown. They are now in motion and on that rout. Nothing could contribute to harrass them more or to facilitate our views, than for a number of Militia to hang on and annoy their rear. I could wish you and the other officers in your County, to exert yourselves, and if possible, to pass the River with a respectable number of Militia for this purpose. Indeed a force tho' never so small will have its advantages. Whatever can be done in this way will require the utmost expedition. I am etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, near Coryel's, June 22, 1778.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform you, that I am now in Jersey and that the Troops are passing the River at Coryel's and are mostly over. The latest intelligence I have had respecting the Enemy, was yesterday from General Dickinson. He says that they were in the morning at Mores Town98 and Mount Holly, but that he had not been able to learn what rout they would pursue from thence; nor was it easy to determine, as from their then situation, they might either proceed to South Amboy or by way of Brunswick. We have been a good deal impeded in our march by rainy weather. As soon as we have cleaned the Arms and can get matters in train, we propose moving towards Princetown, in order to avail ourselves of any favourable occasions that may present themselves of attacking or annoying the Enmey. I have the Honor etc.99
[Note 98: Moore's Town.]
[Note 99: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp near Coryels, June 22, 1778.
Gentn.: I was honoured yesterday with the Board's Letter of the 19th. Inst.
From the apprehensions of the Public, of an Indian war in the western department, and the earnest applications of General McIntosh for Troops, I was induced the 15th of the month to detach Durkee's and Ransom's companies1 for that command. I am told by Lieut. Buck2 that they are halted at Lancaster. As they are detached from this Army, Congress will be pleased to order their service, wherever they think it will be the most material; Nor have I any thing to offer against Lieut. Colo. Zebulon Butler's3 remaining where he is and taking the
[Note 1: Capt. Robert Durkee, of one of the Wyoming Independent companies. He retired June 23, 1778, and his company was consolidated with that of Capt. Samuel Ransom's Wyoming company. Both Durkee and Ransom were killed in the Wyoming Valley Massacre, July 3, 1778.]
[Note 2: Lieut. Asahel Buck, of Durkee's Wyoming Independent Company. He was killed by Indians in February, 1779.]
[Note 3: Of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He is recorded as colonel of the Second Connecticut Regiment by this date; was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regimen in January, 1781, and to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.] direction of the Troops to be employed in that Quarter, if it is agreeable to Congress.
I inclose you the papers the Board were pleased to transmit me. As to the return of the Companies, I cannot conveniently get at it in the moving state of the Army. I have directed Lt. Buck to procure it at Lancaster. I have the Honor etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Hopewell Township, near the Baptist Meeting House, ½ past 7 O'Clock P.M., June 23, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with your two letters both of to-day. One of them is dated at 11 the other at 2 O'clock.
As soon as this comes to hand (if you have not done it before) I would beg of you to send me as full and explicit an account of the enemy's present position as you can possibly obtain. I would wish to receive it before morning, as it will be a matter of great influence in directing my movements.
Inclosed is a letter to Genl. Arnold which I beg you will seal and forward by an express. I am &ca.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
There were no general orders issued June 25 or 26. Headquarters were at Kingston June 25 and the parole was "Monmouth" and the countersigns "Minden" and "Mexico." June 26 headquarters were at Cranberry, the parole "Lookout," and the countersigns "Sharp" and "Keen."]
Head Quarters, Hunt's House, Tuesday, June 23, 1778.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Brunswick, Boston.
The Troops will cook their Provisions and in every respect be in the greatest readiness possible for a march or Action very early in the morning.
When the General beats, the Army is to be put in immediate readiness to march; on beating the troop the march begins. The Wings and the second line are each to furnish 2 Captains, 3 Subs, 3 Serjeants, 3 Corporals and 117 Privates for guards daily 'till further Orders.
The Guards parade tomorrow before Doctr. De Camps quarters on the Road to Head Quarters when the General beats.
The Commissary of Military Stores will deliver out Arms tomorrow to the returns signed by Commanding Officers of Regiments or Corps, who will send very early to the Artillery Park for such numbers as are wanting to complete their men now on the ground fit for duty.
Head Quarters, Hunt's House, Wednesday, June 24, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Officers are on no Account to be absent from their Encampment and are to be particularly vigilant to prevent their men from stragling.
The Troops in point of provision and every other respect are to be held in constant readiness for moving when the General beats which will be the signal for marching.
The Commanding Officers of Corps are to make accurate returns of the Axes, Tomahawks and other such tools in possession of their Corps.
John Hunt's6 near the Baptist Meeting House, ½ after 4 A.M., June 24, 1778.
[Note 6: Hunt's receipt for the use of his house, in the Washington Papers, is dated June 25, 1778.]
Dear Sir: At four O'Clock this morning I received your favour of yesterday dated after 11 P.M. If Genl. Clinton's intention is what you suppose it to be, It will be extremely difficult to account for his conduct.7 It is likely his movements in a little time or his delays will place his views out of doubt with all. I am etc.
[Note 7: Dickinson supposed that Clinton was trying to bring on a general action.]
P.S. I wish to know the whole number of Militia you have collected, how they are disposed, and the particular objects of each division. These are points material for me to know. I also wish to know where Colo. Morgan and his Corps are.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Hopewell Township, Jersey, near the Baptist meeting house, June 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of your two letters, the one of the 26 of May and the other of the 6 Inst.
The Congress some time ago resolved that Col. Lee's9 commission should not be received till further consideration. I have not heard any thing since on this subject and must therefore refer Col. Lee to Congress for an answer. I accept of the resignation of Captn. Cleveland10 of Jackson's Regiment, and Joseph Stacy's11 Q. M. to Col. Lee's. In the settlement of their accounts you will see that they are not indebted to the Continent.
[Note 9: Col. William Raymond Lee. He had resigned his command of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments in January, 1778.]
[Note 10: Capt. Ephraim Cleaveland, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. Heitman states that he retired in October, 1778.]
[Note 11: Joseph Stacey (Stacy), regimental quartermaster of Lee's Additional Continental regiment. Heatman states that he retired in April, 1779.]
On the morning of the 18 Inst. the rear of the enemy's army evacuated Philadelphia upon which I immediately moved towards the Delaware. They have penetrated as far as Allen Town, but whether they mean for Amboy, or Sandy-Hook is not evident. Every obstruction is thrown in their way which our circumstances will admit. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Hopewell Township, June 24, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of this date and must request you to keep up a constant correspondence as the movements of this Army must be governed wholy by the intelligence I receive from Genl. Dickinson and yourself, and as an half hour may make much difference, I must entreat you to date accordingly. I have directed Colo. Morgan to keep on the right flank of the enemy, and Genl. Scott who has a very respectable Body of Troops, to hang on their rear and left flank; you yourself will give them all the annoyance you can on their left also. I am &ca.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Hopewell Township in New Jersey, June 24, 1778.
You are immediately to march with the detachment, under your command towards Allen Town, in order to fall in with the enemy's left flank and rear, and give them all the annoyance in your power. You will carefully collect intelligence as you advance and govern your motions accordingly; and you will take every precaution for the security of your detachment consistent with the objects it is intended to promote. You will co-operate, as far as may be proper with the other troops in the neighbourhood of the enemy. You will keep me continually and punctually advised of every occurrence, that happens, either with respect to the Enemy or yourself.
Lt. Colo. White is ordered to join you with the detachment of Cavalry under his command.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Hopewell Township, June 24,1778.
Sir: Captn. Welpper16 of the invalid corps has lodged a complaint of a very serious nature against the conduct of some of the soldiers under your command. He informs me that they have abused a serjeant of a guard and a prisoner under his care, countenanced by a Mr. Copitoh. I desire that this mutinous
[Note 16: Capt. John David Woelper.] disposition may be immediately inquired into, and if as represented, properly punished, and measures taken to prevent such behaviour in future. I am, etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Hopewell Township, June 24, 1778.
Sir: I received your letter of the 22d Instr. and have written Count Pulaski or the Officer commanding in his absence to pay a proper attention to the behaviour of his Soldiers, to have the offence inquired into, and punished, and to prevent all such abuse of good order and subordination in future. I am, etc.17
Hopewell Township, New Jersey, June 24, 1778.
His Excellency informs the Council, that by the latest advices he has received, the Enemy are in two columns, one on the Allen
[Note 19: The council consisted of the Commander in Chief, Major Generals Lee, Greene, Stirling, Lafayette, and Steuben; Brigadier Generals Knox, Poor, Wayne, Woodford, Paterson, Scott, and Du Portail.] Town and the other on the Borden Town Road. The front of the latter near the Drawbridge, at which the two Roads unite in the main Cranbury road; Their force from the best estimate he can form is between 9 and 10,000 rank and file.
That the strength of the Army on this Ground, by a Field return made two days since, consisted of 10,684 rank and file; besides which there is an advanced Brigade under General Maxwell of about 1200. That, in addition to this force, from the account given by General Dickinson, there appear to be about 1200 Militia, collected in the Neighbourhood of the Enemy, who in conjunction with General Maxwell are hovering on their flanks and rear and obstructing their march.
He further informs the Council, that measures have been taken to procure an aid of Pennsylvania Militia; which have not as yet produced any material effect. General Cadwalader with fifty or Sixty Volunteers and a detachment of Continental Troops, amounting to about 300, were to cross the Delaware yesterday morning and fall in with the Enemy's rear, General Lacey had crossed with 40 men.
He observes to the Council that it is now the seventh day since the Enemy evacuated Philadelphia during which time, they have marched less than 40 miles; That the obstructions thrown in their way, by breaking down Bridges, felling Trees &c were insufficient to produce so great delay, as is the opinion of General Dickinson himself, who has principally directed them; and that the opposition, they have otherwise received, has not been very considerable.
Under these circumstances, and considering the present situation of our national affairs and the probable prospects of the Enemy, the General requests the sentiments of the Council on the following questions:
Will it be adviseable for us, of choice, to hazard a general action?
If it is, should we do it, by immediately, making a general attack upon the Enemy, by attempting a partial one, or by taking such a position, if it can be done, as may oblige them to attack us ?
If it is not, what measures can be taken, with safety to this Army, to annoy the Enemy in their march, should it be their intention to proceed through the Jerseys.20
[Note 20: The council decided against bringing on a general action and approved detaching 1,500 men to annoy the left flank and rear of the British. The decisions are in thewriting of Alexander Hamilton. All but Wayne signed the proceedings.]
In fine, what precise line of conduct will it be best for us to pursue?21
[Note 21: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Kingston,22 June 25, 1778.
[Note 22: An expense account of Robert Hanson Harrison settled July 28, 1778, notes the following: "on the General's march thro Jersey. June 25, To John Hunt at Hopewell £ 10: 2: 6. June 26, To Thos. Wetheral the morning after we left Kingston, 14 Dollrs. June 27, To Doctr. Stiles at Cranbury 9 Dollrs. To a servt. at Mrs. Watkins's by the Genls. order 1 Dollr." This expense account is in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: You are immediately to proceed with the detachment commanded by Genl. Poor and form a junction as expeditiously as possible with that under the command of Genl. Scott. You are to use the most effectual means for gaining the enemy's left flank and rear, and giving them every degree of annoyance. All continental parties that are already on the lines will be under your command, and you will take such measures, in concert with Genl. Dickinson as will cause the Enemy most impediment and loss in their march; for these purposes you will attack them as occasion may require by detachment, and if a proper opening shd. be given by operating against them with the whole force of your command.
You will naturally take such precautions as will secure you against surprise, and maintain your communication with this army.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.
On June 25 Alexander Hamilton wrote to Lafayette from Doctor Stile's house in Cranbury: "We find on our arrival here, that the intelligence received on the road is true. The enemy have all filed off from Allen Town on the Monmouth road. Their rear is said to be a mile Westward of Laurence Taylor's Tavern, six miles from Allen Town. General Maxwell is at Hyde's Town, abt. three miles from this place. General Dickenson is said to be on the enemy's right flank, but where cannot be told. We can hear nothing certain of General Scott but from circumstances he is probably at Allen Town. We shall agreeable to your request consider and appoint some proper place to rendezvous, for the union of our force, which we shall communicate to General Maxwell and Scott and to yourself. In the meantime, I would recommend to you to move towards this place as soon as the convenience of your men will permit. I am told Col. Morgan is on the enemy's right flank. He had a slight skirmish with their rear this forenoon at Robert Montgomery's, on the Monmouth road leading from Allen Town. We shall see General Maxwell immediately and you will here from us again. Send this to the General [Washington]. We are just informed that General Scot passed by Hooper's Tavern, 5 miles from Allen Town, this afternoon at 5 OClock." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Kingston, June 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of Yesterdays date.
Major General the Marquis de la fayette is preparing to march with a reinfforcement to the light troops already detached under the command of General Scott. it is my desire that he should have a general command over the several detachments as well continental as militia that are employed immediately to interrupt the enemys march, in order that they may more effectually answer the objects for which they are designed, by cooperating on one common Plan. I am etc.
P.S. You will communicate to Genl. Maxwell the Marquis's approach and what relates to his command.
Since writing as above I have received yr. favor of this date inclosing your disposition for the Militia which I highly approve of.23
Cranbury, June 26, 1778.
My Dear Marquis: General Lee's uneasiness on account of Yesterdays transaction rather increasing than abating, and your politeness in wishing to ease him of it, has induced me to detach him from this Army, with a part of it, to reinforce, or at least cover, the several detachments under your command, at present. At the same time that I felt for Genl. Lee's distress of mind, I have had an eye to your wishes, and the delicacy of your situation; and have, therefore, obtained a promise from him, that when he gives you notice of his approach and command, he will request you to prosecute any plan you may have already concerted for the purpose of attacking or otherwise annoying the Enemy. This is the only expedient I could think of to answer both your views. General Lee seems satisfied with the measure, and I wish it may prove agreeable to you, as I am with the warmest wishes for your honor and glory, and with the sincerest esteem and affection,24 Yours.25
[Note 24: Lee's letter to Washington (June 25) is a peculiar one. He wrote: "When I first assented to the Marquis of Fayette's taking the command of the present detachment, I confess I view'd it in a very different light than I do at present I consider'd it as a more proper busyness of a Young Volunteering General than of the Second in command in the Army; but I find that it is consider'd in a different manner; They say that a Corps consisting of six thousand Men, the greater part chosen, is undoubtedly the most honourable command next to the Commander in Chief, that my ceding it woud of course have an odd appearance I must intreat therefore, (after making a thousand apologies for the trouble my rash assent has occasion'd to you) that if this detachment does march that I may have the command of it; so far personally, but to speak as an Officer I do not think that this detachment ought to march at all, untill at least the head of the Enemy's right column has pass'd Cranbury; then if it is necessary to march the whole Army, I cannot see any impropriety in the Marquis's commanding this detachment or a greater as advance Guard of the Army; but if this detachment with Maxwells Corps Scotts, Morgans and Jackson's are to be consider'd as a seperate chosen active Corps and put under the Marquis's Command until the Enemy leave the Jerseys; both myself and Lord Sterlin will be disgrac'd." This letter is in the Washington Papersin the Library of Congress.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Cranbury, June 26, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your uneasiness, on account of the command of yesterday's detachment, fills me with concern, as it is not in my power, fully, to remove it without wounding the feelings of the Marquis de la Fayette. I have thought of an expedient which though not quite equal to either of your views, may in some measure answer both; and that is to make another detachment from this Army for the purpose of aiding and supporting the several detachments now under the command of the Marquis and giving you the command of the whole, under certain restrictions; which, circumstances, arising from your own conduct yesterday, render almost unavoidable. The expedient which I would propose is, for you to march towards the Marquis with Scot's and Varnum's Brigades. Give him notice that you are advancing to support him, that you are to have the command of the whole advanced body; but as he may have formed some enterprise with the advice of the Officers commanding the several Corps under his command, which will not admit of delay or alteration, you will desire him to proceed as if no change had happened, and you will give him every assistance and countenance in your power. This, as I observed before, is not quite the thing; but may possibly answer, in some degree, the views of both. That it may do so, and the public service receive benefit from the measure, is the sincere wish of, Dear Sir, Yr. etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On June 26 Alexander Hamilton, who was with Lafayette's detachment, wrote to Washington from Robins Tavern, 8 miles from Allentown:
"We have halted the troops at this place. The enemy, by our last reports, were four miles from this (that is their rear) and had passed the road which turns off towards South Amboy, which determines their rout towards Shrewsbury. Our reason for halting is the extreme distress of the troops for want of provisions. General Wayne's detachment is almost starving, and seem both unwilling and unable to march further till they are supplied. If we do not receive an immediate supply, the whole purpose of our detachment must be frustrated. This morning we missed doing any thing from a deficiency of intelligence. On my arrival at Cranbury yesterevening, I proceeded by desire of the Marquis immediately to Hides Town and Allen town, to take measures for cooperating with the different parts of the detachment, and to find what was doing to procure intelligence. I found every precaution was neglected, no horse was near the enemy, or could be heard of 'till late in the morning; so that before we could send out carries and get the necessary information they were in full march, and as they have marched pretty expeditiously we should not be able to come up with them during the march of this day; if we did not suffer the impediment we do on the score of provisions. We are intirely at a loss where the army is, which is no inconsiderable check to our enterprise if the army is wholly out of supporting distance, we risk the total loss of the detachment in making an attack.
"If the army will countenance us we may do something clever. We feel our personal honor as well as the honor of the army and the good of the service interested and are heartily desirous to attempt whatever the disposition of our men will second and prudence authorize. It is evident the enemy wish to avoid not to engage us.
"Desertions I imagine have been pretty considerable to day; I have seen 8 or 10 deserters and have heard of many more. We have had some little skirmishing by detached parties, one attacked their rear guard with a degree of success killed a few and took seven prisoners. Marquis and Gen Dickenson send their compliments. My writing makes theirs unnecessary. An officer just comes in who informs that he left the enemy's rear five miles off, still in march about half an hour ago. To ascertain still more fully their route I have ordered a fresh party on their left towards the head of their column. They have three Brigades in rear of their baggage." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
--OClock, June 26, 1778.
Dear Marquis: I received your favors of last night and this morning. I have given the most positive and pointed orders for provisions for your Detachment and am sorry that they have not arrived.
In order that the Troops may be supplied, I wish you would always send up an Active Officer in time to the Commissary, who might never leave him till he obtained the necessary supplies. This will be attended with more certain relief than by writing by common expresses. Tho giving the Enemy a stroke is a very desireable event, yet I would not wish you to be too precipitate in the measure or to distress your men by an over hasty march. The Weather is extremely warm and by a too great exertion in pushing the Troops, many of them will fall sick and be rendered entirely unfit for Service. I am etc.
Cranbury 45 m past 9 O'Clock A.M.
I am now arrived here with the Head of our line. I must repeat again my wish that you do not push on with too much rapidity. You may be, in case of Action, at too great a distance to receive succour and exposed from thence to great Hazard. The Troops here are suffering for want of provision, as well as those with you, and are under the necessity of halting, till they are refreshed. Had this unfortunate circumstance not intervened, the severe rain now falling would compel them to delay their march for the present. Your provision is on the Road. I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Cranbury, ½ after 8 O'Clock P.M., June 26, 1778.
Dear Marquis: I have received your favor dated at half past four this afternoon, and must refer you to my Letter written about two hours ago28 which in effect supersedes the necessity of a particular answer on the points contained in your present one. You will see by that, you are to move to Englishtown, after which it may be in our power to give you countenance and support in case of an Attack, or to cover your retreat should misfortune attend your measures. From your situation at Robins's tavern and ours at Cranbury, either of these would have been impracticable as we should have been on two distinct roads without any communication. A secondary inducement for directing you to remove to English Town, is that when the several detachments form a junction the supplies of provisions I trust will be rendered more easy and more certain. I am surprised those on the Road this morning had not arrived at the time of your writing. I am persuaded you will, on every occasion, observe the greatest circumspection; However in the instance of your march to Englishtown, I wish you to keep out your flankers at a good distance on your right and your advanced party well in front. My reason for this is, I have this moment received intelligence that the Enemy have posted a picket within
[Note 28: This letter is not found in the Washington Papers.] less than two Miles of that place. It will also be necessary and as soon as possible for you and Genl. Dickenson to understand each others situation and to fix on the plan and Signals for cooperating with each other. If this is not done, in case of an attack, Genl. Dickinson may not second or facilitate your measures in the smallest degree. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On June 27 Alexander Hamilton wrote to Washington that the British march on that day was "very judicially conducted; their baggage in front and their flying army in the rear, with a rear guard of loon men about 400 paces from the main body. To attack them in this situation, without being supported by the whole army would be fully in the extreme." Hamilton thought that South Amboy could still be the enemy's destination. Washington's letter (probably the missing one of 6 or 6.30 p. m., or the one written to Lafayette at ½ after 8 p.m., June 26, q. v.) to Lafayette arrived before Hamilton finished writing "This puts the matter on an entirely different footing. The detachment will march tomorrow Morning at three OClock to English Town." Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 30: Of the New Jersey Militia.]
Head Quarters, Cranbury, June 26, 1778.
Sir: I have received your favor of this date and thank you for the intelligence contained in it. various and uncertain information relative to the enemy's movements, has made it difficult to determine the part to be taken by this army. I shall rely upon you to advise me constantly of their situation. it is essential for me to know where they encamp each night, and the extent of their encampment; at what hour they march, the length of their line, their halting places, in fine every minute particular that may assist me in forming my plans, above all a frequency of distinct intelligence, whether the enemy change their position or remain stationary, will be of the greatest importance to me.
With respect to your own operations, if you find it impracticable to gain the enemy's front as was intended; the next best thing is to fall on one of their flanks or rear as opportunity may offer and give all the annoyance in your power. The Monmouthshire militia may be of very great service by attaching themselves to one of the continental detachments that are near the enemy. it will be best for them to cooperate with that, which they can most readily join. I am, &ca.31
[Note 31: In the writing of John Laurens. From the original in Rutgers University Library.]
Head Quarters, Penolopen, Saturday, June 27, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
As we are now nigh the Enemy and of consequence Vigilance and Precaution more essentially necessary, the Commander in Chief desires and enjoins it upon all Officers to keep their Posts and their soldiers compact so as to be ready to form and march at a moments warning as circumstances may require.
English Town,--P.M., June 27, 1778.
Sir: Between 11 and 12 to day I received your favor of the 25 by Major Armstrong.33
[Note 33: Maj. John Armstrong, of Pennsylvania.]
The movement you proposed to make I highly approve and thank you for it. Whether any reinforcements would have come from York is a matter which neither of us can determine, but this will certainly prevent it. I wish you to take every means in your power to keep up their ideas of an attack and have not the smallest doubt but you will do it.
Owing to the delays occasioned by rainy weather and the intense heat when it was fair (tho' these may have been equally disadvantageous to them) we have not been able to come up with the enemy yet. They are now at Monmouth Court house, and we have some strong detachments advanced as far as this to-day, which is about 7 Miles from thence. Col. Morgan is on their right flank, and there are some corps of Jersey Militia acting around them in different parts. It is difficult to say where they design to embark, some think they will push for the Hook. Others to shoal harbour, as there appears to be a preparation of Vessels and craft there. There have been many deserters. On wednesday evening 420 had got into Philadelphia since the evacuation; besides, it is to be presumed there are many in the Country, as not a day passes without some diminution of their force in this way. The deserters are mostly foreigners.
I think you were right in reducing the rations of meat and increasing it in flour and rice. Our supplies of the former are scarce and difficult to obtain of the latter they are plenty and easy. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
[Note 35: Of the New Jersey Militia.]
Englishtown, ¼ after 1 OClk P. M., June 27, 1778.
Sir: I this morning received your Letter of Yesterday and was much concerned to find that you had declined advancing to join this Army or to act in this quarter. Your aid I deem of great importance, and if you are not too far beyond Brunswic when this reaches you, I must request that you will immediately face about and proceed as expeditiously as you can with the Troops under you, to Spotswood, from whence or a little before you get there, you will inform me by Express. You will not halt at Spotswood but direct your course towards Middletown point. I will write you immediately on receipt of your Letter. Your services may be of infinite advantage, and I doubt not if you are not too far returned, that I shall presently be reinforced with your command. I am told the Bridges at Spotswood and South River are not cut up and if they are that your passage nevertheless will not be obstructed. I am &ca.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlesex County,
6 O'clock A.M., June 28, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of the 24th. Instant, last night. I wish the corps of foreigners which you mention could be posted in a less exceptionable place. I leave it to you to take such measures as you may think most expedient in the present case.
In my letter of yesterday I pointed out the situation of the two armies. This morning at 4 O'clock the enemy began to move; we are following them fast, and mean to harrass them as much as possible. I am, etc.38
[Note 38: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S]
English Town, 6 Miles from Monmouth,39
½ after 11 A.M., June 28, 1778.
[Note 39: The draft adds "Court House" after Monmouth]
Sir: I was duly honored with your favor of 20th Inst. with the report to which it referred, and trust my situation will apologize for my not answering it before.
I am now here with the main body of the Army and pressing hard to come up with the Enemy. They encamped yesterday at Monmouth Court House, having almost the whole of their front, particularly their left wing, secured by a marsh and thick wood and their rear by a difficult defile, from whence they moved very early this morning. Our advance, from the rainy weather and the intense heat, when it was fair (tho' these may have been equally disadvantageous to them) has been greatly delayed. Several of our men have fallen sick from these causes, and a few unfortunately have fainted and died in a little time after. We have a select and strong detachment more forward under the general Command of Major Genl. Lee, with orders to attack their rear, if possible. Whether the detachment will be able to come up with it, is a matter of question, especially before they get into strong grounds. Besides this, Morgan with his Corps and some bodies of Militia are on their flanks. I cannot determine yet, at what place they intend to embark. Some think they will push for Sandy Hook, whilst other suppose they mean to go to Shoal Harbour. The latter opinion seems to be founded in the greatest probability, as, from intelligence, Several Vessels and Craft are lying off that place. We have made a few prisoners, and they have lost a good many men by desertion. I cannot ascertain their number, as they came in to our advanced parties and pushed immediately into the Country. I think five or Six Hundred is the least number that have come in, in the whole. They are chiefly foreigners. I have the honour, etc.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Fields near Monmouth Court House, June 29, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor to inform you that about seven OClock yesterday Morning both Armies advanced on each other. About 12 they met on the Grounds near Monmouth Court House, when an action commenced. We forced the Enemy from the Field and encamped on the Ground. They took a strong post in our front, secured on both flanks by Morasses and thick Woods, where they remained 'till about 12 at Night, and then retreated. I cannot at this time go into a detail of Matters. When opportunity will permit I shall take the liberty of transmitting Congress a more particular account of the proceedings of the day. I have the honor, etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Near Monmouth Court house, June 29, 1778.
Sir: ...42 As soon as the men are properly refreshed, I shall march towards the North River as expeditiously as the distance, and the intense heat of the weather will permit. The Posts in the highlands I make no doubt, have been properly attended to and secured.
[Note 42: The omitted paragraph is practically the same as the letter to Congress, June 29, 1778, above.]
The Enemys Ships have made their appearance at Sandy hook, and are preparing to receive their troops who will probably lose no time in embarking. I am, etc.
P.S. Since the evacuation of Philadelphia, at a moderate calculation between 600 and 1000 Deserters have come in from the Enemy.43
[Note 43: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Qurs., Fairfield Township near Monmouth
Court house, 6 O'Clock P.M., June 29, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of this instant dated at 3 O'clock P.M. with its inclosure.
I am sorry to find the disposition of the Militia so unfavourable to the safety of the State, or that those who have behaved heretofore so well in obstructing the progress and preventing the depredations of the enemy should think of leaving their duty when it is so near finished. For their own honor I would wish them to see the Enemy fairly out of the State before they think of returning home. A few days perhaps a few hours will terminate the matter. In the mean time many advantages may be derived from their presence. They will prevent Marauding parties, distress their rear and flanks, lay hold of favourable conjunctures, and be a defence to private property till the enemy get a ship board. When so many valuable purposes may be answered by their longer stay, with so little inconvenience to themselves, I am persuaded that on proper consideration they will give up their design for the present. You will use your further endeavours to answer this end. I am &ca.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Freehold (Monmouth County),
June 29, 1778.
Parole Monckton. Countersigns Bonner, Dickason.
The Commander in Chief congratulates the Army on the Victory obtained over the Arms of his Britanick Majesty yesterday and thanks most sincerely the gallant officers and men who distinguished themselves upon the occasion and such others as by their good order and coolness gave the happiest presages of what might have been expected had they come to Action.
General Dickinson and the Militia of this State are also thanked for the noble Spirit which they have shewn in opposing the Enemy on their march from Philadelphia and for the Aid which they have given by harrassing and impeding their Motions so as to allow the Continental Troops time to come up with them.
A Party consisting of two hundred men to parade immediately to bury the slain of both Armies.45 Genl. Woodford's Brigade is to cover this Party.
[Note 45: A return of the slain of both armies buried under the care of Col. Cornelius Van Dyke, is in the Washington Papers, under date of June 29, 1778. It is endorsed by Washington "Note Those buried by the Enemy not included in these reports."]
The Officers of the American Army are to be buried with military honors due to men who have nobly fought and died in the Cause of Liberty and their Country.
Doctor Cochran will direct what is to be done with the wounded and sick. He is to apply to the Quarter Master and Adjutant Genl's for necessary Assistance. The several detachments (except those under Colo. Morgan) are to join their respective Brigades immediately and the lines to be formed agreeble to the order of 22nd. instant. The Army is to march from the Left, the Second Line in front; the Cavalry in the Rear. The march to begin at five oClock this afternoon.
A Serjeant, Corporal and 12 men from General Maxwell's Brigade to parade immediately to guard the sick to Princetown Hospitals. Doctr. Craik will give directions to the guard.
Colo. Martin is appointed to superintend collecting the sick and wounded on the Army's route through Jersey between Coryell's and Monmouth and send them to Princetown Hospitals, he will call immediately at the orderly Office for further orders.
It is with peculiar Pleasure in addition to the above that the Commander in Chief can inform General Knox and the Officers of Artillery that the Enemy have done them the Justice to acknowledge that no Artillery could be better served than ours.
Head Quarters, Englishtown, June 30, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Men are to wash themselves this afternoon and appear as clean and decent as possible.
Seven o'Clock this evening is appointed that We may publickly unite in thanksgiving to the supreme Disposer of human Events for the Victory which was obtained on Sunday over the Flower of the British Troops.
Accurate Returns of the killed wounded and missing in the battle of Monmouth are immediately to be made to the Adjutant General's Office.
The troops are to be completed with Provision for tomorrow and have it cooked to day.
The whole Army except Maxwell's Brigade is to move at two o'clock tomorrow morning, and every thing is to be in the most perfect readiness to night.
General Maxwell will apply at Head Quarters for particular Orders.
Complaint having been made to the Commander in Chief that certain Persons belonging to the Army have seized the Property of Inhabitants which had been concealed in order to escape the Ravages of the Enemy, He calls upon the Commanding Officers of Corps to order a strict search of the soldiers Packs at Parade time that the offenders may be discovered and brought to condign Punishment. Such Articles as may be found agreeable to a List left at the Adjutant General's are to be sent to his Office that they may be restored to the owners.
The General further gives Notice that the detestable Crime of Marauding will henceforward be invariably punished with instant Death.
Head Qurs., English Town, June 30, 1778.
Sir: I received your Letter (dated thro' mistake the 1st. of July)46 expressed as I conceive, in terms highly improper. I am not conscious of having made use of any very singular expressions at the time of my meeting you, as you intimate. What I recollect to have said was dictated by duty and warranted by
[Note 46: This was Lee's letter of June 28 (printed by Sparks as June 29), an attested copy of which. by James McHenry, is in the Washington Papers.] the occasion. As soon as circumstances will permit, you shall have an opportunity, either of justifying yourself to the army, to Congress, to America, and to the world in General; or of convincing them that you were guilty of a breach of orders and of misbehaviour before the enemy on the 28th. Inst in not attacking them as you had been directed and in making an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry, who also certified to the correctness of the draft. The phrase, "justifying yourself to the army, to Congress, to America, and to the world in General," was an exact repetition from Lee's letter.
John Fitzgerald, first aide to Washington, delivered the original to General Lee, and certifies the fact in a note attached to the copy, as follows:
"The original Letter of which the above is Copy was read by me before it was sealed, and deliverd by me to Major General Lee by command of His Excellency Genl. Washington. John Fitzgerald, 1 Aid de Camp."]
Head Quarters, English Town, June 30, 1778.
Sir: Your letter by Colo. Fitzgerald and also one of this date have been duly received. I have sent Colo. Scammell, the Adjutant General to put you in arrest, who will deliver you a copy of the charges on which you will be tryed. I am, etc.48
[Note 48: The draft, in the writing of James McHenry, is also certified by him.]
English Town, June 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: As we are again in possession of Philadelphia and it may possibly happen that in the course of the War, the Enemy may form some design against it, either in reality or appearance, I have sent General Portail to examine what defences may be essential for its security and to make his report to me, as soon as the nature of the business will admit. In order to facilitate this, I am to request that you will give him every aid in your power that he may consider material for informing his judgment and making a well digested plan. For particulars on this Head, I refer you to Genl. Portail's instructions.
Colo. Jacksons regiment having joined the Army and being thus far advanced from the Station to which it was lately assigned, It will proceed with me to Hudson's river. Colo. Hartly's was to have marched from York Town about the time we left Valley forge, which you will order to supply the place of the former, unless Congress shall have directed another disposition of it, and which they wish to remain.
In your next, let me know the state of your wound. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, English Town, June 30, 1778.
You will immediately proceed to Philadelphia, with such of your assistants, as you shall think necessary, to take a full and complete survey of the city the River Delaware and their environs, in order, from a collective view of the whole, to form a well digested plan, for the defence of the River and consequently the city. You are well aware, that in case of an attempt to approach the city by land, the great and almost only security against the success of it will be to have an army equal, or superior in the field, to that which shall be employed to gain possession of it; and that, if this resource should fail, it would be hardly practicable, by any fortifications on the land side, to prevent the city falling into the hands of the enemy. But as reason and experience prove, that it cannot be held, unless the enemy can have possession of the river and a free communication with their shipping, your principal attention should be directed to the defences of the river. You will therefore have every part of it accurately measured and sounded, the land on the opposite sides, and the Islands in it carefully examined, that you may be able to determine, the best and most effectual means of obstructing the several channels, and raising works to cover and protect those obstructions. The experiment of last campaign points out Mud-Island as a very interesting spot; the trouble it occasioned the enemy, in so imperfect a state as it was then in, is an argument of its being capable of the most effectual defence if judiciously fortified. The fort on Mud-Island was reduced by batteries erected on Province Island, and by the enemy's shipping, which had found out a new channel by way of Hog Island. Province Island is susceptible of being laid under Water, and this new channel as well as the others may be obstructed by chevaux de frizes.
The particulars, I have mentioned, are only intended as hints to assist your inquiries; not meant to direct your judgment. After a thorough examination of every matter necessary to be attended to, you will form your plan on the result and report it to Congress and to the Commander in Chief.
I have written to General Arnold informing him of the business on which you are sent, and desiring him to afford you all the assistance in his power, towards accomplishing it.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On June 30 Tilghman wrote to Morgan, at Washington's direction, to remain as close to the British as possible "until they have all embarked." General Maxwell was to remain near Monmouth Courthouse to support Morgan, and both were to cover the country from sudden raids by the British. Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 54: Of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He resigned in May, 1779.]
Spotswood, New Jersey, July 1, 1778.
Sir: Having received information, that the State of Virginia has determined to fill up her Regiments by Recruits, I desire that you will immediately proceed thither, with such Officers of the 3d. 7th. 11th. and 15th. Virginia Regiments as can be spared, to superintend the recruiting Service. Upon your arrival at Williamsburg, you are to apply to his Excellency the Governor for your instructions, by which you will be informed whether and upon what terms you are to inlist the Men. You are to abide strictly by these instructions, both as to the time of inlistment and the Bounty to be given. You are to consider the Officers of the above Regiments under your direction, and you are to appoint them to such Counties as they may be best acquainted with, and have the most influence in. You are to furnish me from time to time with an account of your success and you will forward the Recruits to Camp under the Care of Officers as fast as they are raised.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The same letter was also sent to Maj. Ralph Faulkner, of the Second Virginia Regiment. Heitman states that Faulkner is recorded as having resigned Apr. 30, 1778, and also as having retired in September, 1778, with the rank of lieutenant colonel.]
English Town, July 1, 1778.
Sir: I embrace the first moment of leisure, to give Congress a more full and particular account of the movements of the Army under my command, since its passing the Delaware, than the situation of our Affairs would heretofore permit.
I had the honor to advise them, that on the appearance of the enemy's intention to march thro' Jersey becoming serious, I had detached General Maxwells Brigade, in conjunction with the Militia of that State, to interrupt and impede their progress, by every obstruction in their power; so as to give time to the Army under my command to come up with them, and take advantage of any favorable circumstances that might present themselves. The Army having proceeded to Coryell's ferry and crossed the Delaware at that place, I immediately sent off Colo. Morgan with a select Corps of 600 Men to reinforce General Maxwell, and marched with the main Body towards Princetown.
The slow advance of the Enemy had greatly the air of design, and led me, with others, to suspect that General Clinton desirous of a general Action was endeavouring to draw us down, into the lower Country, in order by a rapid movement to gain our Right, and take possession of the strong Grounds above us.56 This consideration, and to give the troops time to repose and refresh themselves from the fatigues they had experienced from rainy and excessive hot Weather, determined me to halt at Hopewell Township, about five Miles from Princetown, where we remained till the Morning of the 25th. On the proceeding day I made a second detachment of 1500 chosen troops under Brigadier Genl. Scott, to reinforce those already in the vicinity of the Enemy, the more effectually to annoy and delay their march. The next day the Army moved to Kingston, and having received intelligence that the Enemy were prosecuting their Rout towards Monmouth Court House, I dispatched [a third detachment of] a thousand select Men, under Brigadier General Wayne, and sent the Marquis de la Fayette to take the command of the whole advanced Corps, including Maxwells Brigade and Morgans light Infantry; with orders to take the first
[Note 56: Clinton's slow progress was due to the necessity of protecting his huge baggage train.] fair opportunity of attacking the Enemy's Rear. In the evening of the same day, the whole Army marched from Kingston where our Baggage was left, with intention to preserve a proper distance for supporting the advanced Corps, and arrived at Cranberry early the next morning. The intense heat of the Weather, and a heavy storm unluckily coming on made it impossible to resume our march that day without great inconvenience and injury to the troops. Our advanced Corps, being differently circumstanced, moved from the position it had held the night before, and took post in the evening on the Monmouth Road, about five Miles from the Enemy's Rear; in expectation of attacking them the next morning on their march. The main Body having remained at Cranberry, the advanced Corps was found to be too remote, and too far upon the Right to be supported either in case of an attack upon, or from the Enemy, which induced me to send orders to the Marquis to file off by his left towards English Town, which he accordingly executed early in the Morning of the 27th.
The Enemy, in Marching from Allen Town had changed their disposition and placed their best troops in the Rear, consisting of all the Grenadiers, Light Infantry, and Chasseurs of the line. This alteration made it necessary to increase the number of our advanced Corps; in consequence of which I detached Major General Lee with two Brigades to join the Marquis at English Town, on whom of course the command of the whole devolved, amounting to about five thousand Men. The main Body marched the same day and encamped within three Miles of that place. Morgans Corps was left hovering on the Enemy's right flank and the Jersey Militia, amounting at this time to about 7 or 800 Men under General Dickinson on their left.
The Enemy were now encamped in a strong position, with their right extending about a Mile and a half beyond the Court House, in the parting of the Roads leading to Shrewsbury and Middletown, and their left along the Road from Allen Town to Monmouth, about three miles on this side the Court House. Their Right flank lay on the skirt of a small-wood, while their left was secured by a very thick one, and a Morass running towards their rear, and their whole front covered by a wood, and for a considerable extent towards the left with a Morass. In this situation they halted till the morning of the 28th.
Matters being thus situated, and having had the best information, that if the Enemy were once arrived at the Heights of Middletown, ten or twelve Miles from where they were, it would be impossible to attempt any thing against them with a prospect of success I determined to attack their Rear the moment they should get in motion from their present Ground. I communicated my intention to General Lee, and ordered him to make his disposition for the attack, and to keep his Troops constantly lying upon their Arms, to be in readiness at the shortest notice. This was done with respect to the Troops under my immediate command.
About five in the Morning General Dickinson sent an Express, informing that the Front of the Enemy had began their march, I instantly put the Army in motion, and sent orders by one of my Aids to General Lee to move on and attack them, unless there should be very powerful Reason's to the contrary; acquainting him at the same time, that I was marching to support him and for doing it with the greater expedition and convenience, should make the men disincumber themselves of their packs and Blankets.
After marching about five Miles, to my great surprise and mortification, I met the whole advanced Corps retreating, and, as I was told, by General Lee's orders, without having made any opposition, except one fire given by a party under the command of Colo. Butler,57 on their being charged by the Enemy's Cavalry, who were repulsed. I proceeded immediately to the Rear of the Corps, which I found closely pressed by the Enemy, and gave directions for forming part of the retreating troops, who by the brave and spirited conduct of the Officers, and aided by some pieces of well served Artillery, checked the Enemy's advance, and gave time to make a disposition of the left wing and second line of the Army upon an eminence, and in a wood a little in the Rear covered by a morass in front. On this were placed some Batteries of Cannon by Lord Stirling who commanded the left Wing, which played upon the Enemy with great effect, and seconded by parties of Infantry detached to oppose them, effectually put a stop to their advance.
[Note 57: Col. Richard Butler, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment He transferred to the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783: major general United States levies in 1791: killed in action with Indians in November, 1791, near Fort Recovery, Ohio.]
General Lee being detached with the advanced Corps, the command of the Right Wing, for the occasion, was given to General Greene. For the expedition of the march, and to counteract any attempt to turn our Right, I had ordered him to file off by the new Church two miles from English Town, and fall into the Monmouth Road, a small distance in the Rear of the Court House, while the rest of the Column moved directly on towards the Court House. On intelligence of the Retreat, he marched up and took a very advantageous position on the Right.
The Enemy by this time, finding themselves warmly opposed in front made an attempt to turn our left Flank; but they were bravely repulsed and driven back by detached parties of Infantry. They also made a movement to our Right, with as little success, General Greene having advanced a Body of Troops with Artillery to a commanding piece of Ground, which not only disappointed their design of turning our Right, but severely infiladed those in front of the left Wing. In addition to this, General Wayne advanced with a Body of Troops and kept up so severe and well directed a fire that the Enemy were soon compelled to retire behind the defile where the first stand in the beginning of the Action had been made.
In this situation, the Enemy had both their Flanks secured by thick Woods and Morasses, while their front could only be approached thro a narrow pass. I resolved nevertheless to attack them, and for that purpose ordered General Poor with his own and the Carolina Brigade, to move round upon their Right, and General Woodford upon their left, and the Artillery to gall them in front: [The Troops advanced with great spirit to execute their orders] But the impediments in their way prevented their getting within reach before it was dark. They remained upon the Ground, they had been directed to occupy, during the Night, with intention to begin the attack early the next morning, and the Army continued lying upon their Arms in the Field of Action, to be in readiness to support them. In the meantime the Enemy were employed in removing their wounded, and about 12 OClock at Night marched away in such silence, that tho' General Poor lay extremely near them, they effected their Retreat without his Knowledge. They carried off all their wounded except four Officers and about Fifty privates whose wounds were too dangerous to permit their removal.58
[Note 58: Lodge's Works of Hamilton prints Hamilton's letter of July 5, 1778, to Elias Boudinot (vol. 9, 140): "I never saw the General to so much advantage. His coolness and firmness were admirable. He instantly took measures for checking the enemy's advance, and giving time to the army, which was very near, to form and make a proper disposition. He then rode back and had the troops formed on a very advantageous piece of ground ...America owes a great deal to General Washington for this day's work. A general rout, dismay and disgrace would have attended the whole army in any other hands but his, By his own good sense and fortitude, he turned the fate of the day. Other officers have great merit in performing their parts well; but he directed the who!e with the skill of a master workman. He did not hug himself at a distance, and leave an Arnold to win laurels for him; but by his own presence he brought order out of confusion, animated his troops, and led them to success."]
The extreme heat of the Weather, the fatigue of the Men from their march thro' a deep, sandy Country almost entirely destitute of Water, and the distance the Enemy had gained by marching in the Night, made a pursuit impracticable and fruitless. It would have answered no valuable purpose, and would have been fatal to numbers of our Men, several of whom died the preceeding day with Heat.
Were I to conclude my account of this day's transactions without expressing my obligation s to the Officers of the Army in general, I should do injustice to their merit, and violence to my own feelings. They seemed to vie with each other in manifesting their Zeal and Bravery. The Catalogue of those who distinguished themselves is too long to admit of particularising individuals; I cannot however forbear mentioning Brigadier General Wayne whose good conduct and bravery thro' the whole action deserves particular commendation.
The Behaviour of the troops in general, after they recovered from the first surprise occasioned by the Retreat of the advanced Corps, was such as could not be surpassed.
All the Artillery both Officers and Men that were engaged, distinguished themselves in a remarkable manner.
Inclosed Congress will be pleased to receive a Return of the killed, wounded and missing.59 Among the first were Lieut. Colo. Bunner60 of Penna. and Major Dickinson61 of Virginia, both Officers of distinguished merit and much to be regretted. The Enemys slain left on the Field and buried by us, according to the Return of the persons assigned to that duty were four Officers and Two hundred and forty five privates. In the former number was the Honble. Colo Monckton.62 Exclusive of these they buried some themselves, as there were several new Graves
[Note 59: This return, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 60: Lieut. Col. Rudolph Bunner, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 61: Maj. Edmund B. Dickinson, of the First Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 62: Hon. Robert Monckton, colonel of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army.] [on and] near the field of Battle. How many Men they may have had wounded cannot be determined; but from the usual proportion to the slain, the number must have been considerable There were a few prisoners taken. [Nor can the amount of the Prisoners taken be ascertained, as they were sent off in small parties, as they were captured, and the returns not yet made.]
The peculiar Situation of General Lee at this time requires that I should say nothing of his Conduct. He is now in arrest. The Charges against him, with such Sentence as the Court Martial may decree in his Case, shall be transmitted for the approbation or disapprobation of Congress as soon as it shall have passed.
Being fully convinced by the Gentlemen of this Country that the Enemy cannot be hurt or injured in their embarkation at Sandy Hook the place to which they are going, and being unwilling to get too far removed from the North River, I put the Troops in motion early this morning and shall proceed that way, leaving the Jersey Brigade, Morgan's Corps and other light parties (the Militia being all dismissed) to hover about them, countenance desertion and to prevent their depredations, as far as possible. After they embark the former will take post in the Neighbourhood of Elizabeth Town. The latter rejoin the Corps from which they were detached. I have the Honor etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions within brackets are in the draft, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, but not in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Spotswood, Wednesday, July 1, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The General will beat at twelve o'Clock, troop at half past twelve and the march begins at one; The Troops are in the mean time to take as much Sleep and Refreshment as possible that they may be the better prepared.
A General Court Martial whereof Lord Stirling is appointed President will sit in Brunswick tomorrow (the hour and place to be appointed by the President) for the Trial of Major General Lee. Brigadier Generals Smallwood, Poor, Woodford and Huntington and Colonels Grayson64 Johnson,65 Wigglesworth,66 Febiger,67 Swift,68 Angell,69 Clark70 and Williams71 are to attend as Members. All Evidences and Persons Concerned are to attend.
[Note 64: Col. William Grayson, of one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments.]
[Note 65: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 66: Col. Edward Wigglesworth, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 67: Col. Christian Febiger, of the Third Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 68: Col. Heman Swift, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 69: Col. Israel Angell, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment.]
[Note 70: Col. Thomas Clark, of the First North Carolina Regiment.]
[Note 71: Col, Otho Holland Williams, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Brunswick, Thursday, July 2, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Army is to remain on its ground tomorrow. The commanding Officers of Regiments under the direction of their Brigadiers are to avail themselves of this Opportunity for collecting all their Straglers. The baggage is to be got up and the Waggons arranged in their proper order.
The men are to wash and cleanse themselves; they are to be conducted to bathe in squads by non commissioned Officers who are to prevent their bathing in the heat of the day, or remaining too long a time in the water.
Officers are to exert themselves in restraining their men from stragling, injuring Fences, Fruit Trees &c. They are to have the orders of the 30th. ultimo relative to marauding read to the men and use every means to guard against this infamous Practice.
Baron Steuben will have a pro tempore command of Woodford's, Scotts and the North Carolina Brigades.
The General Court Martial ordered to sit this day for the trial of Major General Lee will sit tomorrow eight o'Clock at the house of Mrs. Voorkees72 in the Town of New Brunswick. Members the same as yesterday except Colo. Shepard,73 vice Colo. Johnson.
[Note 72: Mrs. Minnie Voorshies.]
[Note 73: Col. William Shepard, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment.]
The Brigadiers and Officers Commanding Brigades will order General Courts Martial to sit in their several Brigades for the trial of their own Prisoners.
Such Officers as are under Arrests may be tried by said Courts Martial if they choose.
Two orderly Serjeants from each Brigade to attend the Grand Parade at Guard mounting which will be on the road near the Orderly Office leading to Head Quarters.
The troop to beat at six o'Clock and the guards to be on the Parade precisely at seven.
Two Light Dragoons are to attend Lord Stirling whilst President of the General Court Martial.
The Deputy Commissary of Cloathing has a few shirts by him. Commanding Officers of Regiments will apply for such of their men as are intirely destitute; he has also shoes in store, a few Over-halls, Breeches Vests and Blankets which may be drawn this afternoon or tomorrow.
Brunswick,--O'Clock, July 3, 1778.
Sir: My last to you was upon the 29th. June. I have the pleasure to inform you, that the loss of the Enemy, in the action of the 28th., was more considerable than we at first apprehended. By the Returns of the officers who had charge of the burying parties, it appears, that they left 245 non commd. and privates on the Field, and 4 Officers, one of whom was the Honble. Colo. Monckton of the Grenadiers. Our loss was 7 officers and 52 Rank and File killed and 17 officers and 120 R. and f. wounded. Among the former were Lt. Colonel Bunner of Pennsylvania and Major Dickinson of Virginia, who were the only Officers of Rank. There were several fresh Graves and burying holes found near the field, in which, the Enemy put their dead before they quitted it. These were exclusive of the 245 before mentioned. We have made upwards of one hundred prisoners, including forty privates and four Officers left wounded at Monmouth Court House. [the number of their wounded we can only guess at, as they were employed in carrying them of during the action, and till Midnight when they stole of as silent as the grave.]74 Finding that the Enemy had, during the Action, pushed their Baggage to Middle town, and that they, by marching off in the Night after the engagement, would gain that place before there was any possibility of overtaking their Rear, I determined to give over the pursuit. From the information of General Forman, and several Gentlemen well acquainted with the Country, I found it would be impossible to annoy them in their embarkation, as the neck of land, upon which they now are, is defended by a narrow passage, which, being possessed by a few men, would effectually oppose our whole force. Besides this consideration, I thought it highly expedient to turn towards the North River. I marched from the English town the 30th. last month, and arrived here yesterday with the whole Army, except Maxwells Brigade and Morgans Corps, who are left upon the Rear of the
[Note 74: This sentence in brackets was added to the draft by Washington and his spelling is here followed.] Enemy to prevent their making depredations, and to encourage desertion, which still prevails to a considerable degree.75
[Note 75: Sparks notes that by an official return from General Arnold (July 4) the number of deserters who had then arrived in Philadelphia during the march of the enemy through Jersey was 576. Of these 136 were British and 440 German troops. OnJuly 8 the number was increased to above 600.]
The march from English Town was inconceivably distressing to the Troops and Horses, the distance is about twenty Miles thro' a deep sand, without a drop of Water, except at south River, which is half way. This, added to the intense heat, killed a few and knocked up many of our Men, and killed a number of our Horses. To recruit the former upon the airy open Grounds near this place, and to give the Qt. Mr. General an opportunity of providing the latter, will occasion a short halt, but you may depend that we will be with you as soon as possible. My present intention is to cross the North River at Kings ferry, but should you be of opinion, that it will be in the power of the Enemy to hinder our passage, be pleased to inform me, as it would be loosing much time to be obliged to turn up from thence and march thro' the Clove. The Rout by Kings ferry is so much the shortest and best, that if the passage could be kept open by throwing up Works and mounting some Cannon upon them, I think it would be worth while having it done. But this I leave to your determination. I am, &ca.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, near Brunswick, July 3,77 1778.
[Note 77: The original is dated June 3, through inadvertence.]
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 22d Ultimo by the hands of Captain Horton.78
[Note 78: Capt. Jotham Horton, of the Third Continental Artillery. He resigned in September, 1778.]
It is a melancholly consideration that in the execution of our duty an officer of the convention should suffer so unfortunate a fate.79 However your conduct in the affair will meet general approbation.
[Note 79: Lieut. Richard Browne, of the Twenty-first Foot, British Army, disregarded a sentry's challenge and was shot.]
I have attended to Ensign Ponds'80 memorial and accept of his resignation.
[Note 80: Ensign Enoch(?) Pond, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment.]
In my last of the 24 Ulto. I gave you the course of the enemy we came up with them near Mammouth Court house, when an action ensued. The several contentions during the day were sharp and severe. We remained in full possession of the ground--of 245 dead, and several wounded which they had not time to carry off. Our loss in rank and file is 60 killed and near 13081 wounded. About midnight they decamped, retreating in great silence and rapidity, and gained a position which made any further pursuit impracticable.
[Note 81: The draft, which is in McHenry's writing, makes the losses 52 killed and 120 wounded.]
In one of your late letters you mention the arrival of a vessel with military stores, among which are horse accoutrements. I desire that the latter may be sent forward to the North River with all possible dispatch. I am, etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, Brunswick, July 3, 1778.
Dear Marquis: I have received your letter on the subject of the corps raising by Col Armand.
You are sensible that it rests solely with Congress to determine the existence of a new corps and decide in an affair of this nature; If they should think proper to give their sanction to Col. Armand in the business he is engaged in, and in which by your representation he has made so considerable a progress, I assure you, it will be intirely agreeable to me, not only because I should be glad to see Col. Armand himself provided for; but because the corps he is raising may furnish means of employment to a number of the foreign Officers who are hitherto unemployed. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, near Brunswick, July 3, 1778.
Sir: I received your favour of the 12th. Ulto. which is the only letter of yours that has come to my hand.
You ought to be a judge of the weight of the arguments that should induce an officer of your rank to quit the service. I do not wish to detain you in a situation you may think disagreeable, or disappoint you in your expectation of being useful to your country in another capacity where your interest will not suffer, I therefore accept of your resignation from the date of your first letter, of which you will be pleased to inform me. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Brunswick, July 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been lard. with your two letters of the 5th. Ulto. As it was not possible for Capt. Medici85 to procure Horses at the prices to which he had been at first limited, I think you did right in advising him to purchase upon the best terms he could without limitation, but I do not think that you should advance him any Money. He will with more propriety draw it from the State to which he belongs. There are some Horse Accoutrements arrived from France, at Portsmouth New England,
[Note 85: Capt. Cosmo de Medici, of the North Carolina Independent Company of Light Horse. His company was discharged in January, 1779.] but how many or what kind I do not know. I would therefore have you still procure all you can in Virginia. I have ordered the above accoutrements to meet me at the North River, and therefore I desire that you may send forward the Men and Horses as fast as they are fit for service, and I will accoutre them there. Lieutt. Lewis86 is certainly intitled to a Captaincy from the date of Major Lee's promotion, but what reason Capt. Jones87 has to complain, I cannot conceive, unless it be, that Congress, on account of the extraordinary merit of Capt. Lee and the Officers who served under him last Campaign, have promoted them in a seperate Corps. Had Captn. Lee been promoted in the Regiment, Captn. Jones would then have had reason to think himself injured. It was the pleasure of Congress that Capt. Lee's former troop should make part of his present Corps, and therefore I can say nothing about it, further than that in the inlistment of Men for your Regiment, you must make provision for that deficiency.
[Note 86: Capt. Addison Lewis, of the First Continental Dragoons.]
[Note 87: Capt. Llewellyn Jones, of the First Continental Dragoons.]
I should have been exceedingly happy had the settlement of the Rank of the Officers of Horse been agreeable to all parties. You must be sensible that it is not in my power to do more than I have done, or to alter the determination of the Board of Officers to whom it was left.
You are mistaken as to the Colonels of the other Regiments of Cavalry having filled up the Vacancies in their Regiments, they have only taken an account of such Gentlemen as are willing and qualified to serve, and I shall be glad that you would do the same.
I have just recd. yours of the 14th. Ulto. with the Returns inclosed, and am Dear Sir Yours &ca.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Brunswick Landing. July 3, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Colo. Craige89 and Majors Nichols90 and Vaughan91 are appointed to superintend the Hospitals in Pennsylvania. They will call at the Orderly Office tomorrow morning for Instructions.
[Note 89: Col. Thomas Craig, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 90: Maj. Francis Nichols, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 91: Maj. Joseph Vaughan, of the Delaware Regiment]
Vaults for Necessaries are to be immediately sunk, the Offal at the slaughtering pens to be buried and the dead horses removed or buried.
AFTER ORDERS
Tomorrow, the Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence will be celebrated by the firing thirteen Pieces of Cannon and a feu de joie of the whole line; the Army will be formed on the Brunswick side of the Rariton at five o'Clock in the afternoon on the ground pointed out by the Quarter Master General. The Soldiers are to adorn their Hats with Green-Boughs and to make the best appearance possible. The disposition will be given in the orders of tomorrow. Double allowance of rum will be served out.
The General Court Martial whereof Major General Lord Stirling is President will assemble tomorrow morning at the time and place mentioned in yesterdays Orders. Members the same as heretofore, except Colonel Irvin92 vice Colo. Grayson.
[Note 92: Col. William Irvine, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment He was promoted to brigadier general in May, 1779; served to close of the war.]
Head Quarters, Brunswick, Saturday, July 4, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At three o'Clock this afternoon a Cannon will fire at the Park as a signal for the troops to be put under Arms and formed ready to march. At four another signal Cannon for the Right to march by the Right over the Bridge to the Ground which shall be shewn them to form on. At half past four a third signal Cannon for the Left Wing to march by the Right and follow the Right Wing. At five a fourth Signal for the second Line to form on the ground which shall be shewn them. After the Army is formed, upon a signal by order of the Commander in Chief, thirteen Pieces of Cannon will be discharged, after which a single Cannon which will be a signal for a tuning fire to begin on the right of the Army and be continued to the left with Musquetry and Cannon. At the Conclusion of which, on a signal, three Cheers will be given, "Perpetual and undisturbed Independence to the United States of America."
Previous to forming the Army the commanding Officers of Corps will see that their men draw their charges and that such as cannot be drawn be discharged under the Eye and direction of proper Officers.
As blank Cartridges are not to be procured the officers will be careful that their men charge their pieces with their worst Cartridges after having taken the balls out of them, and that the Balls thus taken out be delivered to the Regimental Quartr. Masters, who are to deliver them to the Quarter Masters of Brigade and they to the Commissary of Military stores. A March beat on the left will be a signal for the troops to retire by the left to their respective Encampments.
The Commander in Chief presents his Compliments to the General Officers and Officers commanding Brigades, The Commisarry, Muster Master and Judge Advocate Generals with the Surgeon General of the Hospital and desires the pleasure of their Company to dine with him at three o'Clock this afternoon.
The Left Wing of the Army is to march precisely at half after three o'Clock tomorrow morning by the Left. The Quarter Master General will give the Route, Encampments and halting days.
The baggage and stores belonging to this Wing are to follow in their proper order.
No Member of the General Court Martial now sitting, at the request of Major General Lee is to march with the above division, and if there are any Evidences in the said Division for or against him they are to remain and attend the Court. Their Names to be given in to the Judge Advocate.
Brunswick in New Jersey, July 4, 1778.
Dear Brother: Your Letter of the 20th. Ulto. came to my hands last Night; before this will have reached you, the Acct. of the Battle of Monmouth probably will get to Virginia; which, from an unfortunate, and bad beginning, turned out a glorious and happy day.
The Enemy evacuated Philadelphia on the 18th. Instt.; at ten oclock that day I got intelligence of it, and by two oclock, or soon after, had Six Brigades on their March for the Jerseys, and followed with the whole Army next Morning. On the 21st. we compleated our passage over the Delaware at Coryells ferry (abt. 33 Miles above Philadelphia) distant from Valley forge near 40 Miles. From this Ferry we moved down towards the Enemy, and on the 27th. got within Six Miles of them.
General Lee having the command of the Van of the Army, consisting of fully 5000 chosen Men, was ordered to begin the Attack next Morning so soon as the enemy began their March, to be supported by me. But, strange to tell! when he came up with the enemy, a retreat commenced; whether by his order, or from other causes, is now the subject of inquiry, and consequently improper to be descanted on, as he is in arrest, and a Court Martial sitting for tryal of him. A Retreat however was the fact, be the causes as they may; and the disorder arising from it would have proved fatal to the Army had not that bountiful Providence which has never failed us in the hour of distress, enabled me to form a Regiment or two (of those that were retreating) in the face of the Enemy, and under their fire, by which means a stand was made long enough (the place through which the enemy were pursuing being narrow) to form the Troops that were advancing, upon an advantageous piece of Ground in the rear; hence our affairs took a favourable turn, and from being pursued, we drove the Enemy back, over the ground they had followed us, recovered the field of Battle, and possessed ourselves of their dead. but, as they retreated behind a Morass very difficult to pass, and had both Flanks secured with thick Woods, it was found impracticable with our Men fainting with fatigue, heat, and want of Water, to do any thing more that Night. In the Morning we expected to renew the Action, when behold the enemy had stole of as Silent as the Grave in the Night after having sent away their wounded. Getting a Nights March of us, and having but ten Miles to a strong post, it was judged inexpedient to follow them any further, but move towards the North River least they should have any design upon our posts there.
We buried 245 of their dead on the field of Action; they buried several themselves, and many have been since found in the Woods, where, during the action they had drawn them to, and hid them. We have taken five Officers and upwards of One hundred Prisoners, but the amount of their wounded we have not learnt with any certainty; according to the common proportion of four or five to one, there should be at least a thousand or 1200. Without exagerating, their trip through the Jerseys in killed, Wounded, Prisoners, and deserters, has cost them at least 2000 Men and of their best Troops. We had 60 Men killed, 132 Wounded, and abt. 130 Missing, some of whom I suppose may yet come in. Among our Slain Officers is Majr. Dickenson, and Captn. Fauntleroy, two very valuable ones.
I observe what you say concerning voluntary enlistments, or rather your Scheme for raising 2000 Volunteers; and candidly own to you I have no opinion of it; these measures only tend to burthen the public with a number of Officers without adding one jot to your strength, but greatly to confusion, and disorder. If the several States would but fall upon some vigorous measures to fill up their respective Regiments nothing more need be asked of them, but while these are neglected, or in other words ineffectually and feebly attended to, and these succedaniums tried, you never can have an Army to be depended upon.
The Enemy's whole force Marched through the Jerseys (that were able) except the Regiment of Anspach, which, it is said, they were affraid to trust, and therefore sent them round to New York by Water, along with the Commissioners; I do not learn that they have received much of a reinforcement as yet; nor do I think they have much prospect of any, worth Speaking of, as I believe they Stand very critically with respect to France.
As the Post waits I shall only add my love to my Sister and the family, and Strong assurances of being with the Sincerest regard and Love, Yr. most Affectt. Brother.
Mr. Ballendines Letter shall be sent to New York by the first Flag. I am now moving on towards the No. River.
Head Quarters, near Brunswick, July 4, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I had the honor to inform you on the ground of action of the advantage over the enemy on the 28th Ultimo. I could not then be particular in their killed, as the burying parties were not come in. They have returned 245 killed. Besides the enemy left behind them at Monmouth Court house, 4 wounded officers, and 40 privates exclusive of those we took on the field of battle. The prisoners taken since the enemy entered the Jersey amount to about 100.
Our loss considering the severity and sharpness of the different contentions is very inconsiderable. We have 60 rank and file killed and 133 wounded. Not knowing where to find you the letter alluded to above93 could not be sent. I have now the honour to inclose it and am, etc.94
[Note 93: This letter from Washington to Livingston (June 28) is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Brunswick, July 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I take the earliest opportunity of congratulating you on the success of our Arms over the British on the 28th June near Monmouth Court House. I have in a letter to Congress, given a very particular account of the Manoeuvres of both Armies preceding the action, and of the Action itself; and this will be published I must take the liberty of referring you to it for the matter at large. The Enemy left 245 dead upon the Field and 4 Officers among whom was Colo. Monkton of the Grenadiers, the above were buried by us, but we found, besides, several Graves and burying holes in which they had deposited their dead before they were obliged to quit the Ground. Our loss amounted to 60 Rank and file killed and 130 Wounded. We lost but two Officers of Rank Lt. Colo. Bonner of Pennsylvania and Major Dickenson of the 1st Virginia Regt. The former of those Gentlemen is unknown to you, but the latter ought much to be regretted by his friends and Countrymen as he possessed every qualification to render him eminent in the Military line. Capt. Fauntleroy of the 5th was unfortunately killed by a random Cannon Ball. We made upwards of one hundred prisoners while the enemy remained within our reach, but desertions since they left Philadelphia have been prodigious, I think I may, without exaggeration assert, that they will lose near one thousand Men in this way before they quit Jersey, and that their Army will be diminished two thousand by killed wounded, desertions and fatigue. I have the Honor &c.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilgham.]
Head Quarters, Brunswick Landing, July 5, 1778.
Parole Paris. Countersigns Peace, Plenty.
The Right Wing of the Army is to march at three o'Clock tomorrow morning under the Command of Majr. General Baron de Steuben. The Route, halting places and Encampments will be given by the Qr. Mastr. Genl.
Any Officers of the Right Wing who may have Evidence to give to the Court Martial sitting for the trial of Major General Lee are to remain in Camp that they may attend.
The Park of Artillery is to move with the Right Wing. The sick of the Right Wing are to be sent to the Barracks in the City of Brunswick this Evening. All Invalids who are able to march with the Army and carry their Arms not to be sent. Three Commissioned Officers from the Wing are to be left to superintend the sick which shall be left.
Head Quarters, Brunswick, Monday, July 6, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Second Line is to march at three o'Clock tomorrow morning under the Command of Major General De la Fayette.
The Director General of the Flying Hospital is desired to make as exact a return as he can of the sick and wounded from the time of the Army's crossing the Delaware and deliver it in at Head-Quarters as speedily as possible.
The General Court Martial of which Lord Stirling is President is to adjourn to one o'Clock tomorrow afternoon and meet at Morristown where the Evidences will attend.
The sick of the Second Line are to be dispos'd of as mentioned in yesterday's orders relative to the Right Wing. A sufficient number of Officers to superintend them, also Orderlies and Camp Kettles are to be left with them.96
[Note 96: A note follows these orders: "The Army marching by Divisions." The next orders were issued at the camp at Paramus July 11.]
Brunswick, July 6, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 30 ultimo and thank you much for your kind and affectionate congratulations. As you will have seen before this, the account of the Action transmitted to Congress, I shall only add, since that was given, more of the Enemy have been found dead in the Woods near the field of action and on their route according to report; and that desertions yet prevail in a pretty considerable degree.
I have also been favoured with Majr. Franks's97 Letter of the 4th. and was sorry to find you had been afflicted with a violent oppression in your Stomach. I hope you are released from it and shall also be happy to hear that your leg is in a very fair way of recovering.
[Note 97: Maj. David Solebury Franks, aide to Arnold. He served until January, 1783.]
Sr. Henry Clinton has really suffered in his march thro Jersey. From desertion &c. I am firmly persuaded his Army has experienced a diminution of Two Thousand men at least, since it left Philadelphia. I am, &ca.
P.S. Our left wing moved yesterday morning and our right this on the rout to the North river.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
[July 7, 1778.]
Gentlemen: On further consideration of the adjournment of the Court Martial to Morris Town, It appears to me that the matter is liable to many great and almost insuperable objections. Should the Court remain there, it would be necessary for more Officers to be drawn distantly from the Army than could be prudently spared; and the frequent occasions there will be of calling on the same Witnesses on the several and often on the same points in question would cause such a detention of them as might be very injurious. From these considerations I am induced to change the place of the Court's setting and to request that they will adjourn from Morris Town to Pyramus Church which will be immediately in the route of the Army. The Court will be pleased to notify General Lee of the removal and the Witnesses in such way as they shall deem most proper. I am &ca.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 7, 1778.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform you, that on Sunday morning the left wing of the Army moved towards the North River. The right followed yesterday; and the second line which forms the rear division, is also now in motion. I shall advance, as fast as I can, consistently with the circumstances of the weather and the health of the Troops.
The Enemy, from the advices of our parties of observation, were nearly if not all embarked yesterday. They have continued to desert upon all occasions.
I should be extremely happy, if the Committee appointed to arrange the Army, would repair to it, as soon as possible2 Congress can form no adequate idea of the discontents prevailing, on account of the unsettled state of rank, and the uncertainty in which Officers are, as to their future situation. The variety of hands, in which the power of granting Commissions and filling up vacancies is lodged, and other circumstances have occasioned frequent instances of younger Officers commanding their seniors, from the former having received their Commissions and the latter not; and these not only in the line of the Army, but in their own Brigades and even in their own Regiments. This it will be readily conceived is necessarily productive of much confusion, altercation and complaint and requires the speediest remedy. I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 2: This committee consisted of Joseph Reed and Francis Dana and had been appointed June 4, 1775, to assist Washington to arrange the army. In consequence of this letter Congress ordered (July 9): "That the committee appointed to arrange the army, repair without delay, to General Washington's head quarters and proceed on the business committed to them."]
P.S. By accounts from Monmouth more of the Enemy's dead have been found. It is said the number buried by us and the Inhabitants exceeds three Hundred.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Newark, July 9, 1778.
Sir: I yesterday met yours of the 6th. on the march to this place, at which the front division of the Army arrived in the morning. They halt this day, and will march again at one OClock to morrow Morning. The other divisions follow at a days distance. I am glad to hear that every thing will be ready at Kings ferry to transport the Army and hope that measures will be taken to keep the passage open should the Enemy attempt to interrupt it. Since my last, we have discovered a number more of their dead, near Monmouth; the buried now amount to upwards of three hundred. The number of deserters, to every quarter, will be near if not quite one thousand. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
On the March,5 July 10,6 1778.
[Note 5: These instructions are dated at the foot as given at headquarters.]
[Note 6: Washington breakfasted in Piscataway, the northern end of Middlesex County, N.J., on July 10. John Dunham's receipt to Hamilton shows that he furnished nine breakfasts, hay for horses, and a gill of bitters for £2: 4: 9. This receipt is in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: Having received information that there is a quantity of fat Cattle and Sheep in the district called Barbadoes neck, which by their situation are exceedingly exposed to the enemy, and are besides the property of persons disaffected to the United States; I hereby authorise you to take all such Cattle and Sheep as may not be absolutely necessary for the use of the families settled in that neighborhood, paying the value of them, and secure them for the use of the Army.
[Note 7: One of the justices of the supreme court of New Jersey and at Minisink, N.Y., on this date.]
Paramus, July 10, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of the 8th. instant near this place, and am extremely sorry to hear of the melancholly stroke that has fallen upon the Wyoming settlement. I have lately made a very considerable detachment from this Army to go to Fort Pitt, to quell the Indian disturbances in that quarter, and from the loss of Men in the late Action near Monmouth and the numbers that have fallen down thro' fatigue in the excessive heat, I could not, but in a case of the greatest emergency, spare any more. What I shall therefore advise at present, is for you and the Gentlemen in your Neighbourhood to gain the most exact intelligence of the Enemy's Number, Situation and intention. I am of opinion that now they have struck the meditated Blow they will retire and not attempt to penetrate the Country, but should they seem seriously to persist, I will, upon hearing from you again, afford what force I can to give them a check. In the mean time all possible opposition should be given by the Militia remaining above. I shall discharge those on service below. I am, &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Paramous, July 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: I, this morning, had the pleasure of receiving your polite and friendly letter of the 7th.
My warmest acknowledgements are due for the indulgent terms in which you express your sense of my conduct, in our late rencounter, with the British Army. Not to be pleased with the approbation and esteem of any of the virtuous and discerning part of my countrymen would indicate a want of sensibility; but I assure you, My dear Sir, there is no man on whose good opinion and friendship, I set a higher value than on your's; and every fresh instance, I receive of them, cannot fail of affording me the most sincere and genuine satisfaction. At the same time, it is both a pleasing and humiliating consideration to me, that the partiality of my friends greatly overates the importance of my Services. With every Sentiment of respect and affection, I am, etc.9
[Note 9: From the original in the possession of Judge E. A. Armstrong, Princeton, N. J., to whom the editor is indebted for many courtesies.]
Pyramus Church, July 11, 1778.
Sir: I am now as far advanced as this place from whence the left wing of the Army marched to day about Four miles. According to my present Ideas it will move to morrow morning, under the Baron de Kalb, towards the North River, with a view of passing it, at Kings Ferry. The right wing and second line, which form the remainder, being greatly fatigued by their march and the intensely hot weather, will halt here when they arrive for a few days in order to refresh themselves; as from the latest accounts and such as seem to have come thro' a pretty direct channel, the Enemy are reposing themselves at New York and on long and Staten Islands, without there being any preparations like a new expedition. These are my present intentions, but I confess, that I am under some difficulty, as to what should be our movements, or what precise disposition to make of the Army, and therefore shall be exceedingly obliged by your advice as soon as possible, on the subject. It is said by the Quarter Master and Commissary General, that it will be much easier to subsist it, i e, the Troops with me, on this side the river, both with provisions and forage, than on the other, which is a point of material importance; and besides, that we shall drain the disaffected of this Country of those supplies which the Enemy would otherwise get.10
[Note 10: At this point the draft, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, the following crossed out: "However essential as this is, I would not wish you to make it a governing principle in your opinion, independent of all others, but you will take the matter up, upon a large and extensive scale; weighing and balancing every convenience and inconvenience, and particularising, whether the whole, or only a part and what proportion of this Army should cross the river or remain on this side, and the several positions, which it should take. The state of the fortifications and the water defences on the river will be a material consideration and the number of men sufficient for their security."]
After considering the state of the fortifications, water defences and other matters necessary to be attended to, I request to be favored with your opinion, whether the whole or a principal part of the Army with me, can remain on this side the river and be in a condition to act properly and in time, in case the Enemy should direct their operations up the river and against those places; and if it can, what place will be most suitable for it to occupy as a Camp.
There is one circumstance, I would recommend to your particular attention, which is the care of the Boats. After Baron Kalb has passed with the wing under his Command, if not before, I think it will be most adviseable to send them up to some of the fortifications, as a place of greater security. When they are wanted, they can be easily had; but if they should be destroyed by the Enemy on any sudden enterprize, the consequences might be extremely injurious, and we should be subjected to a thousand difficulties.
We have had it reported from New York, that there is a French Fleet on the Coast. Just as I was about closing my Letter, I received one from Genl. Arnold containing an account, which countenances the report. You have an extract from it upon the subject. I don't know whether this intelligence should be made Public for reasons which will be obvious to you. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, July 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th. instr. affords me peculiar satisfaction by informing me that your wound begins to wear a favourable aspect and that you are recovered from the disorder in your stomach.12 The left wing of tile army is advanced four miles from this place, and 19 miles from Kings ferry; the other two divisions are moving after it with proper intervals. The enemy since quitting the Jerseys, have encamped in three divisions on Staten Island, New York Island and Long Island. It does not appear to be their design or even practicable for them immediately to commence any offensive operations; this consideration added to the intense heat of the Weather determines me to move very leisurely and spare the troops as much as possible. My hurry was so great when I last wrote that I omitted returning you my thanks for your obliging care in for. warding a Letter to Mrs. Washington, you will be so good as to accept them now, and excuse the delinquency.
[Note 12: Arnold's letter (July 8) is in the Washington Papers.]
The intelligence of the French fleet sailing from Toulon, gives some weight to the accounts which have been received by a Flag boat from New York of the arrival of a French Fleet off Chesapeak bay, and induces me to congratulate you on it as a matter worthy of credit.13A vigorous press is said to have
[Note 13: The extract concerning the French Fleet is in the same as that given in the P.S. of Washington's letter to Gov. George Clinton, this date, q. v.]
taken place in the harbor of New York, for the purpose of maning their large Ships which are ordered to be ready for Sea. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, July 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: The first division of the Army moved from hence this morning, about four Miles, to give room to the second. They will reach Kakiate15 to morrow evening, and the North River the next day. I shall halt the remainder hereabouts a few days, to refresh the Men. I am yet undetermined as to the expediency of throwing the Army immediately over the North River. I will state my reasons for hesitating, and shall beg to hear your sentiments upon the matter.
[Note 15: New Hempstead, Queens County, N. Y.]
Upon conversing with the Qr. Mr. and Commissary General and Commissary of Forage, upon the prospect of supplies, they all agree, that the Army can be much more easily subsisted upon the West, than upon the East side of the River. The Country on this side is more plentiful in regard to Forage: And Flour, which is the Article for which we shall be most likely to be distressed, coming from the Southward, will have a shorter transportation, and consequently the supply more easily kept up. We are besides in a Country devoted to the Enemy, and gleaning it, takes so much from them. Was this the only point to be determined, there would not remain a moments doubt; but the principal matter to be considered, is, (upon a supposition that the Enemy mean to operate up the North River) whether the Army, being all, or part upon this side the River, can afford a sufficient and timely support to the posts, should they put such a design in execution.
Upon this point then, Sir, I request your full and candid opinion. You are well acquainted with the condition of the posts, and know what opposition they are at present capable of making, when sufficiently manned, which ought in my opinion to be immediately done. After that, you will please to take into consideration, whether any, and what advantages may be derived from the Army's being upon the East side of the River, and if there, what position would be most eligible. The neighbourhood of the white plains, after leaving sufficient Garrisons in our Rear, strikes me at present. We know the strength of the Ground, and we cover a considerable extent of Country, and draw the forage which would otherwise fall into the hands of the Enemy.
In forming your opinion, be pleased to advert to the necessity of keeping our force pretty much collected, for which side soever you may determine: For should the Enemy find us disjointed, they may throw the whole of theirs upon part of ours, and, by their shipping, keep us from making a junction.
In determining the above, you are to take k for granted that we can, should it be deemed most expedient, support the Army upon the East, tho' it will be with infinitely more difficulty than upon the West side of the River.
By the latest accounts from New York, it does not seem probable that the Enemy will operate any where suddenly. They have been much harrassed and deranged by their march thro' Jersey, and are at present encamped upon Long, Staten and New York Islands. We have this day a rumor that a French Fleet has been seen off the Coast, and that the English is preparing to sail from New York in pursuit of them. But it is but a Rumor. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. I have just reed. a letter from General Arnold at Philada. in which is the following.
An Express is arrived to Congress from France by the way of Boston with intelligence, that on the 15th. of April a French Fleet sailed from Toulon consisting of 12 sail of the line, 7 frigates and 4 xbecks,16 which we may hourly expect to arrive in this Chesapeak Bay. Admiral Keppel17 sailed the 24th. April from St. Helens with 11 sail of the line.
[Note 16: Xebec.]
[Note 17: Augustus, Viscount Keppel, admiral and commander in chief, British Navy in North America.]
The above fully corroborates the account from New York. But I do not know that it ought to be made public yet, I mean as to numbers.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, Peramus, Saturday, July 11, 1778.
Parole Jones. Countersigns Ranger, Drake.
The Commander in Chief is happy to communicate to the Army the fresh testimony of the Approbation of their Country contained in the following Resolve of Congress of 7th. instant:
Resolved, That General Washington be directed to signify the thanks of Congress to the gallant officers and men under his command, who distinquish'd themselves by their conduct and valor at the battle of Monmouth.
The Left Wing will march tomorrow morning at one o'Clock. Those Gentlemen belonging to it who are concerned as Witnesses in the Case of General Lee are to remain behind and attend the Court Martial.
Head Quarters, Peramus, Sabbath, July 12, 1778.
Parole Bridgewater. Countersigns Bergen, Bristol.
At a General Court Martial in the Right Wing of the Army at Water-sisson, July 9th, 1778, Lieutt. Colo. Meade,19 President,
[Note 19: Lieut, Col. Richard Kidder Meade.] Captain Lipscomb,20 Acting Quarter Master General to the Division commanded by Majr. General Baron de Steuben, tried for treating the General in a disrespectful manner.
[Note 20: Capt. Reuben Lipscomb, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; died in October of that year.]
After considering the Charge and Evidence the Court are unanimously of opinion that Captain Lipscomb is not guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do acquit him with honor.
The General approves the sentence; He is willing to believe that Captain Lipscomb did not intend that disrespect to Baron de Steuben, which the Baron apprehended, at the same time he must observe that there was an Impropriety in Captain Lipscomb's taking quarters in a house destined for the General commanding the Division.
At the same Court Lieutt. West21 of Colo. Angell's Regiment was tried for plundering the property of Mrs. Golf in the Month of December, A.D. 1776, found guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and sentenced to be discharged from the service. The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence, and orders it to take place immediately.
[Note 21: Lieut. Ebenezer West, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief directs that no sick be left on this ground, but that they be all carried to King's Ferry. Spare Waggons are to be provided for such as cannot be conveyed on the Baggage Waggons.
The Post Office will in future on a march move and remain with the Park.
[Note 22: South Carolina Delegate to Congress.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, July 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: Permit me to assure you, that the cordial terms of your obliging favour of the 5th. afford me the most sensible pleasure. It, naturally, is my ardent wish, that my well-meant endeavours, for the prosperity of my country, may meet the approbation of my countrymen; and I cannot but be peculiarly flattered by every instance of esteem, from the discerning part of them.
The want of a longer personal acquaintance, rather increases, than lessens my obligation, for your politeness on the present occasion, which certainly could need no apology on that, or on any other, account. I need not say, I shall be happy, in every occasion, of cultivating a continuance of your friendship and convincing you that I am etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp at Pyramus, July 12, 1778.
Sir: On friday evening I had the honour to receive your Letter of the 7th Inst. with its inclosures.
The vote of approbation and thanks, which Congress have been pleased to honour me with, gives me the highest satisfaction, and, at the same time demands a return of my sincerest acknowledgements.24 The other resolution, I communicated with great pleasure, to the Army at large in yesterdays orders.
[Note 24: On July 7, 1778, Congress "Resolved, unanimously, That the thanks of Congress be given to General Washington for the activity with which he marched from the camp at Valley Forge, in pursuit of the enemy; for his distinguished exertions in forming the order of battle; and for his great good conduct in leading on the attack and gaining the important victory of Monmouth over the British grand army, under the command of Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton, in their march from Philadelphia to New York."]
The left wing of the Army, which advanced yesterday four miles beyond this, moved this morning on the route towards King's ferry. The right and the second line, which makes the last division are now here, where they will halt for a day or two or perhaps longer, if no circumstances of a pressing nature cast up, in order to refresh themselves from the great fatigues they have suffered from the intense heat of the weather.
We have had it reported for two or three days, thro' several channels from New York, that there is a french fleet on the Coast; and it is added, that the Enemy have been manning with the utmost dispatch several of their Ships of war which were there, and have pushed them out to sea. How far these facts are true, I cannot determine, but I should think it of infinite importance to ascertain the first if possible, by sending out swift sailing Cruisers.25 The most interesting advantages might follow the information. I will try by every practicable means, that I can devise, to obtain an accurate account of the Enemy's fleet at New York. I have the Honor etc.26
[Note 25: Conrad Alexandre Gérard de Rayneval, French Minister to the United States, arrived in Philadelphia on July 12 on a vessel from D'Estaing's fleet at the Delaware Capes. He was officially received by Congress on August 6. On July 11 Congress resolved "That General Washington be informed by Mr. President, that it is the desire of Congress that he co-operate with his excellency Count D'Estaing, commander of a French squadron now on the coast of North America, and proceeding to New York, in the execution of such offensive operations against the enemy as they shall mutually approve." In the letter (July 11), transmitting this resolve, Laurens wrote: "Congress have directed me to propose for your Excellency's consideration an attack by Vice Admiral Count d'Estaing upon the British ships of War and Transports in the Harbour of Rhode Island, by which possession of a safe port may be gained, and the retreat of the British forces in that Island be cut off, as an alternative to a hazardous or ineligible attempt upon the British squadron within Sandy Hook."(See Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 13, v. 2, fol. 28.)]
[Note 26: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp at Pyramus, 9 O'Clock P.M., July 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am to request that you will cross the North or Hudson's river, as soon as possible, with the Troops now under your command and take post on the other side on some good convenient grounds, where you will wait for further orders. Some advices I have received this minute require this movement to be made with every degree of dispatch. I am, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, July 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: Having received intelligence from Congress that the French fleet under the command of Admiral Count d'Estaing28 arrived near Chincoteague29 on the evening of the 5th. Instr. I have written to the Admiral30 in order to concert such a plan of cooperation with him as the nature of the case will admit, and establish proper signals for reciprocal intelligence. Mr. Laurens is bearer of my letter to him. As it is of the utmost consequence that Count d'Estaing shd. be immediately acquainted with the strength and posture of the Enemy's fleet, and other matters contained in my letter, I entreat you by every means in your power to facilitate and expedite Mr. Laurens's getting on board the Admirals Ship. I am, etc.31
[Note 28: Charles Henri Theodat, Comte d'Estaing, admiral and lieutenant general, French Navy.]
[Note 29: On the Atlantic side of Accomac County, Va., just below the Maryland line. By July I3 D'Estaing had arrived off Sandy Hook.]
[Note 30: This was Washington's letter of July 14. D'Estaing wrote to Washington July 8 and July 13, neither of which letters reached him until July 17. They were answered on that day.]
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Peramus, Monday, July 13, 1778.
Parole Courage. Countersigns Conduct, Conquest.
The first Division (or Right Wing) of the Army is to march precisely at two o'Clock tomorrow morning; the second Division is to be in readiness to move at three but not to march 'till further Orders. Both Divisions are to observe their late order of march and the Officers commanding them to receive their Route and have their Encampments pointed out by the Quarter Master General. The Court Martial whereof Majr. General Lord Stirling is President will not adjourn from the present place of their sitting 'till further orders.
A Party of 250 men is to be ready at five o'Clock this afternoon with three days provisions exclusive of the present. The Officer Commanding the detachment will receive his orders from the Adjutant General.
Captain Charles Porter field of the 11th. Virginia Regiment is appointed Brigade Major in General Woodford's Brigade and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.32
[Note 32: A note follows these orders: "The Army marching by Divisions."]
Head Quarters, Paramus, July 14, 1778.
Sir: The report of a French Fleet's being on the Coast, as mentioned in my letter of the 11th. is confirmed. I received last night advices from Congress, that a Ship of 90, 2 of 80, 8 of74, 1 of 64 and 4 of 36 Guns were off Chincoteague on Wednesday last, where they fell in with, and sunk the Lydia of 26 Guns on a cruize from New York. The Fleet is under the command of Admiral Count D'Estaing, and was originally designed to come into the Delaware; but finding Philadelphia evacuated, and the British Ships all gone to New York, they intended to sail for Sandy Hook. After mentioning this, and congratulating you on the happy event, I must request that you will take the earliest and every possible means you can devise, to obtain an accurate account of the Ships of War at New York, or that have gone out lately, and their respective force, which you will transmit me without a moments delay, in order that it may be put into a proper channel of conveyance to the Admiral. The importance of this will strike you at once, and therefore I will not add further upon the subject, without it is to tell you, that Admiral Keppel was to sail from Portsmouth with a Fleet in pursuit of this.
Interest and policy strongly press us to cooperate with, and to give every countenance to our Friends upon this occasion; and this is the wish of Congress. I therefore think it will be material for you to circulate a report in a proper manner, that we are upon the point of concentering our whole force and bringing it to act against New York. This will excite the Enemy's fears, and aided by such movements and other measures as you may judge it advisable to take, may greatly facilitate the Admiral's designs, and produce the most beneficial consequences. We should attempt to rouse their jealousy in every quarter, and in every shape. The Baron de Kalb I expect will, in the course of a day or two, cross Hudsons River with the left Wing of this Army. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: In the writing' of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, July 14, 1778.
Sir: I am just favord with your Letter of yesterday. The right wing and second line of the army marched this morning from hence and will be at Hayerstraw tomorrow, where I also expect to be at the same time. I shall be glad to see you there without delay to confer on the several subjects of your letter, and on some other matters of importance. I wrote to you last night communicating the intelligence I had received from Congress of the arrival of a French fleet on our coast; this morning brought me accounts, though not certain, of its being arrived off the Hook. This is a circumstance of serious import, and may have no small influence on our operations. I am, &ca.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, July 14, 1778.
Sir: I have received your favour of yesterday, and am obliged to you for the intelligence it contains. I beg you will continue your endeavours to procure every information you can, concerning the enemy's situation and designs, as well with respect to their naval, as to their land force; which at this time is peculiarly important. For this purpose, I send you a number of questions, which you will deliver to the persons you employ in the business, to direct the objects of their inquiry; if you think of any matters not mentioned there, the knowledge of which may be useful, you will add the necessary questions for obtaining it.
I am at a loss what will be a reasonable compensation to Hendricks35 for his services. His expectations founded on the risk he has run, what he has suffered and what he has lost, seem to be pretty high. Of these, as he was not employed under my immediate direction and I am not acquainted with the circumstances attending the execution of his trust, I cannot be a proper judge. I should be glad you would make particular inquiry into the matter, and let me have your opinion, what may be an adequate reward, I understand he has been chiefly employed by General Winds and Colo. Dayton, who will therefore be able to inform what services he has rendered. With my best wishes for your speedy recovery, and with great regard. I am, etc.36
[Note 35: John Hendricks, an American spy.]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp at Pyramus, July 14, 1778.
Sir: I take the earliest opportunity to advise you, that I have been informed of your arrival on this coast, with a fleet of Ships under your command, belonging to his most Christian majesty, our Great Ally. I congratulate you, Sir, most sincerely upon this event, and beg leave to assure you of my warmest wishes for your success. The intelligence of your arrival was communicated to me last night, by a Letter from the Honble Mr. Laurens, president of the Congress, as you will perceive by the inclosed copy.
With respect to the number or force of the British Ships of War, in the Port of New York, I am so unhappy as not to be able to inform you of either, with the precision I could wish as they are constantly shifting their Stations. It is probable, and I hope it is the case, that your advices on this subject, from some captures you may have made, are more certain than those of Congress, or any I can offer. The number of their transports is reported to be extremely great, and I am persuaded that it is. If possible, I will obtain an accurate state of their Ships of war, which I shall do myself the honor of transmitting to you.
Before I conclude, I think it proper to acquaint you, that I am now arrived with the main body of the Army, immediately under my command, within twenty miles of the North or Hudson's river, which I mean to pass as soon as possible, about fifty miles above New York. I shall then move down before the Enemy's lines, with a view of giving them every jealousy in my power. And I further think it proper to assure you, that I shall upon every occasion feel the strongest inclination to facilitate such enterprizes as you may form and are pleased to communicate to me.
I would submit it to your consideration whether it will not be expedient to establish some conventional signals, for the purpose of promoting an easier correspondence between us and mutual intelligence. If you deem it expedient, you will be so obliging as to fix upon them with Lieut. Colo. Laurens, one of my Aids, who will have the honor of delivering you this, and of giving you satisfaction in many particulars respecting our affairs, and to whom you may safely confide any measures or information you may wish me to be acquainted with.
I have just received advice that the Enemy are in daily expectation of a provision fleet from Cork, and that they are under great apprehensions, lest it should fall into your hands. You will also permit me to notice, that there is a navigation to New York from the sea, besides the one between Sandy Hook and Long Island. This lies between the latter and the state of Connecticut, is commonly known by the name of the sound, and is capable of receiving forty Gun Ships, tho' the passage within seven miles of the City at a particular place is extremely narrow and difficult. I have the Honor, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp Paramus, July 14, 1778.
Sir: I received your letter of the 10th Inst. dated at the Minisinck.
The Militia who were on service down upon the sound, have been discharged and are since ordered by the Governor to your support and assistance.
But I flatter myself, from the face of intelligence that the indians are now returning to their homes, which will render assistance from this quarter unnecessary, could it be spared at present. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Camp, Paramus, July 14, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor yesterday evening of receiving your very important favour of the 10th. Instant.
Colonel Laurens, one of my aids, will set out this morning with a letter to the French Admiral the Count d'Estaing inclosing a copy of yours, and such other information as I have been able to collect. Its further purpose is for the establishing a convention of signals in case of co-operation; or to convey him such a knowledge of the enemy's naval force and position, as may from time to time come under our cognizance.
It appears by intelligence of to-day that the Count d'Estaing is off or near Sandy Hook, having already seized several fishing boats on the banks, in order to procure information and pilots.
The Army is in motion and will cross the North River with all convenient dispatch, where I shall pursue such measures as may appear best calculated for improving the present conjuncture. I have the honor etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[Paramus, July 14, 1778.]
Sir: I last night received a letter from Congress, informing me of the arrival of a French fleet, on our coast; extracts of which I have the honor to inclose. In addition to that information, I have received intelligence of tolerable authenticity to day of its arrival off the Hook. Every thing we can do to aid and cooperate with this fleet, is of the greatest importance. Accounts from New York speak of a Cork fleet which is momently expected there, for the safety of which the Enemy are extremely alarmed. It is probable that this fleet, to avoid the French fleet, will be directed to take its course through the sound; if this should be the case, it might answer the most valuable consequences, were the Eastern states to collect beforehand all the frigates and armed vessels they can get together for the purpose, at some convenient place, for interrupting their passage that way. If the whole, or any considerable part of the Cork fleet could be taken or destroyed, it would be a fatal blow to the British army, which it is supposed at this time has but a very small stock of Provisions on hand. Should the project I have now suggested, appear to you eligible, I beg the favour of you to transmit copies of it, and the inclosed extracts to the neighbouring States, and endeavour to engage their concurrence. I have the honor etc.
P.S. From the nature of the River even small armed Boats may be useful as the frigates cannot protect the transports.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Haverstraw,41 July 15, 1778.
[Note 41: On July 15 Washington breakfasted at Jacob Harden's (Hardin or Arden), and fixed his headquarters at Mrs. Provost's house at Haverstraw this day, where he stayed through July 18.]
Sir: I desire you immediately to select Fifty of your best Bullocks, and give orders to have two hundred Sheep, if to be procured and a quantity of poultry purchased in the most convenient part of the Country. They are intended as a present to the Count D'Estaing Admiral of the French Fleet now laying off Sandy Hook. You are to send them to the Coast as expeditiously as possible, and by giving notice to the Admiral, he will contrive means of taking them off. A letter from me will be delivered to you for the Count, which you are to forward with the provision. You are to write to him in your public Character and offer him any assistance that he may want in victualling the Fleet under his command. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 43: A coast pilot, who was then at Fishkill, N.Y.]
[July 15, 1778.]
Sir: A considerable fleet of french men of War, chiefly Ships of the line, has just arrived at Sandy Hook, under the command of Admiral Count D'estaing. As the Admiral is a Stranger to our Coast, and is come for the purpose of cooperating with us against the Enemy, it is absolutely necessary that he should be immediately provided with a number of skilful pilots, well acquainted with the Coast and Harbours and of firm attachment to our cause. I am assured by Governor Clinton and General McDougal, that you answer this description in every part, I must therefore request the favor of you to see me as early as possible, when I would flatter myself you will not have the smallest objection to going on board the fleet on so essential and interesting occasion. I will not at this time say any thing of your pay, but I doubt not we shall readily agree on a sum that will not only be just but generous and if we should not, that your services will be liberally considered and rewarded by the States. I am, etc.44
[Note 44: Dobbs replied (July 16) that he wrote from a sick bed, where he had been confined for four days past by a severe fit of fever and ague. He recommended in his stead Martin Johnson and James Howler as pilots in whom Washington could repose confidence. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. I wish you to come prepared to go as the situation of affairs will not admit of delay45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who, by Washington's direction, wrote (July 16) practically the same letter to Capt. Patrick Dennis, a sea pilot at Baskinridge, N.J.]
July 15, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty, in behalf of the United States, to present you with a small quantity of live stock, which I flatter myself, after a long sea voyage, will not be unacceptable. I have directed the Commissary who will deliver them, to execute any Orders you will be pleased to give him, for procuring such further supplies as the country may afford for the accommodation of the fleet under your command. I have the honor, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Haverstraw, July 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you, of what you have probably heard before this time. that the Admiral Count D'Estaing has arrived upon the Coast, and now lays off Sandy Hook, with a fleet of twelve Ships of the Line and four Frigates belonging to his most Christian Majesty. The design of this fleet is to co-operate with the American Armies, in the execution of any plans, which shall be deemed most advancive of our mutual interests, against the common enemy. No particular plan is yet adopted, but two seem to present themselves; either an attack upon New York, or Rhode Island. Should the first be found practicable, our forces are very well disposed for the purpose; but should the latter be deemed most eligible, some previous preparations must be made. That we may therefore be ready at all points, and for all events, I desire that you may immediately apply in the most urgent manner, in my name, to the States of Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut to make up a Body of 5000 Men inclusive of what you already have; establish suitable Magazines of provisions, and make a collection of Boats proper for a descent. I am empowered to call for the Militia for the purpose above mentioned, by a Resolve of Congress of the 11th. instant. You will not fail to make yourself fully master of the numbers and position of the Enemy by land, and of their Strength by Sea. Should nothing come of this Matter, it will answer this valuable purpose, that the enemy will be distracted and deceived, and will probably be off their guard, in respect to the defence of New York, should that ultimately be our real design.
You should engage a number of Pilots well acquainted with the navigation of the Harbour of New port and of the adjacent Coast, and have them ready to go on Board upon signals which will be thrown out by tile French Admiral,and of which you will be advised. That you may have the earliest intelligence of his arrival, you should establish a Chain of Expresses from some commanding View upon the Coast to your Quarters. I need not recommend perfect secrecy to you, so far as respects any assistance from the French Fleet. Let your preparations carry all the appearance of dependance upon your own strength only. Lest you may think the Number of 5000 Men too few for the enterprise, I will just hint to you, that there are french Troops on board the Fleet, and some will be detached from this Army, should there be occasion.
I have it not in my power to be more explicit with you at present. But should the expedition against Rhode Island be finally determined upon, you may depend upon having every previous and necessary information for your Government. I am, &ca.
P.S. As I have heard from you but once or twice since your arrival at Rhode Island, I am much at a loss for the situation of matters in that quarter. Be pleased therefore to inform me in your answer to this.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The P.S. is not in the draft.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Camp at Haverstraw Bay, July 17, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving, the night of the 14th. Inst. your very obliging and interesting letter of the 13th. dated off Sandy Hook, with a duplicate of another, dated the 8th. at Sea.
The arrival of a Fleet, belonging to his most Christian majesty on our coast, is an event that makes me truly happy; and permit me to observe, that the pleasure I feel on the occasion, is greatly increased by the command being placed in a Gentleman of such distinguished talents, experience and reputation as the Count D'Estaing. I am fully persuaded that every possible exertion will be made by you to accomplish the important purposes of your destination, and you may have the firmest reliance, that my most strenuous efforts shall accompany you in any measure which may be found eligible.
I esteem myself highly honored by tile desire you express, with a frankness which must always be pleasing, of possessing a place in my friendship: At the same time allow me to assure you. that I shall consider myself peculiarly happy, if I can but improve the prepossessions you are pleased to entertain in my favour. into a cordial and lasting amity.
On the first notice of your arrival. and previous to the receipt of your Letter, I wrote to you by Lt Colo Laurens one of my Aides De Camp,whom I charged to explain to you such further particulars, as were not contained in my letter, which might be necessary for your information: and to whom it was my wish you should confide your situation and views, so far as might be proper for my direction, in any measures of concert or cooperation, which may be thought advancive of the common cause. Major De Chouin,48 who arrived this day at my Quarters, has given me a very full and satisfactory explanation, on this head, and in return I have freely communicated to him my ideas of every matter interesting to our mutual operations. These, I doubt not, he will convey to you, with that perspicuity, and intelligence, which he possesses in a manner, that amply justifies the confidence you have reposed in him. You would have heard from me sooner in answer to your letter; but I have been waiting for Mr. Chouin's arrival to acquaint me with your circumstances and intentions, and, at the same time, have been
[Note 48: André Michel Victor, Marquis de Choin (spelled Chouin by Sparks) was a major of French infantry and a near relation of the French Minister of Marine, Antoine Raymond Jean Gualbert Gabriel de Sartine.] employed in collecting information with respect to several particulars, the knowledge of which was essential to the information of our plans.
The difficulty of doing justice by letter to matters of such variety and importance as those, which now engage our deliberation, has induced me to send Lt Colo. Hamilton, another of my Aids to you, in whom I place entire confidence. He will be able to make you perfectly acquainted with my sentiments, and to satisfy any inquiries you may think proper to propose; and I would wish you to consider the information he delivers as coming from myself.
Colo Hamilton is accompanied by Lt Colo Fleury, a Gentleman man of your nation, who has distinguished himself by his zeal and gallantry in the present war with England. He has also with him four Captains of Vessels, whom, I hope, you will find very useful, from their knowledge of the Coast and harbours, and two persons, who have acted a considerable time in the capacity of pilots and in whose skill, expertness and fidelity from the recommendations I have had, I believe you may place great dependence. I am still endeavouring to provide others of this description, who shall be dispatched to you, as fast as they can be found.
With the most ardent desire for your success and with the greatest respect and esteem, I have the Honor etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is it, the writing of Robert Hanson, on Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Haverstraw, July 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was duly favoured with yours of the 29 and 30th. Ultimo with that of the 7th. Inst.
I shall take the first opportunity of transmitting your packet to General Clinton.
The French fleet are now laying off Sandy Hook. I congratulate you on this very important and fortunate event.
As the Cork fleet is hourly expected with provisions for the British army; and it is probable they are directed to take their course thro' the Sound in order to avoid the Count d'Estaing; I have written to the Eastern States proposing to them, to collect and rendezvous their frigates and other vessels of force to intercept their passage that way. If you can give any assistance in promoting so valuable a purpose it will be rendering the cause a very great service. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, Haverstraw, July 18, 1778.
Sir: You are hereby directed to March the Brigade under your command to Fort Clinton on West Point, where you are to use every Exertion for carrying on and compleating the Works. Upon your arrival, you are to instruct the troops now there, immediately to proceed to the Army and join their respective Corps therein.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of John Walker.]
Haverstraw, 8 OClock P.M., July 18, 1778.
Sir: Captain William Dobbs will have the honour of delivering you this. He has the character of an able, experienced seaman, and for a considerable time, has been esteemed among the first pilots, on account of his general knowledge of the Coast and Harbours and particularly with those of New York. Added to these considerations, he is firmly attached to the cause of America, and you may repose in him the strictest confidence. I should have prevailed on him before to wait upon you, but his indisposition prevented. I have the honor, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 53: Of Rhode Island.]
Head Quarters, Haverstraw, July 18, 1778.
Sir: I have the pleasure to congratulate you on the arrival of a French Fleet at Sandy Hook under the Command of Admiral Count d'Estaign for the purpose of cooperation with the American forces.
Accounts from New York speak of a Cork fleet which is hourly expected, and for whose safety the Enemy are extremely alarmed. It is probable that this fleet, as well as other Vessels to avoid the Count d'Estaign's will be directed to take its course thro' the Sound. If this should be the case, it might answer the most valuable intentions, were the Eastern States to collect immediately all their frigates and privateers to rendezvous at some convenient place for intercepting their passage that way. Could the whole or any considerable part of this fleet be taken or destroyed, it would be a fatal blow to the british army, which it is supposed, at this time has but a small stock of provisions on hand. I would therefore beg leave to recommend and urge the matter to your particular consideration, as a thing of the utmost importance to our cause at this critical conjuncture from the proper execution of which we might derive the most solid advantages. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The same letter was sent to Jeremiah Powell, president of the Massachusetts Council.]
Head Quarters, Haverstraw, July 18, 1778.
Sir: I did myself the honor to transmit you, a few clays ago, the accounts which I had then reed. of the Arrival of a french Fleet upon the Coast. I soon after had the pleasure of receiving a letter from the Admiral Count D'Estaing, dated off Sandy Hook, where he now lies with twelve sail of the line and four Frigates. The British Fleet are within the Hook. I am so fully convinced of the advantages that will result from having all our Frigates, privateers and armed Vessels of every kind cruising off the East End of Long Island, that I have taken the liberty of mentioning it again, to you, and have wrote to the same effect to the States of Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The British Fleet awed by the French will be obliged to keep together, which will afford the noblest opportunity to our cruisers to pick up whatever is inward bound. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. You will oblige me by forwarding the letters for Genl. Sullivan, Govt. Greene and the president of Massachusetts by a fresh Express.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Haverstraw, July 18, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--
At a Brigade General Court Martial in General Woodford's Brigade held at Sloterdam Camp, July 10th, 1778; Lieutt. Colo. Cropper59 President, Ensign Cooper60 of the 15th. Virginia Regiment tried for being drunk on the 6th. instant and laying in the road in a shameful manner when he ought to have been with his Regiment; found guilty and sentenced to be cashiered.
[Note 59: Lieut. Col. John Cropper, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 60: Ensign Samuel Cooper.]
At the same Court, Lieutt. Burnly61 of the 7th. Virginia Regiment tried for absenting himself from his command without leave; found guilty and sentenced to be discharged from the service.
[Note 61: Lieut. Garland Burnley, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He served, later, as a captain of the guards raised by Virginia to guard the Convention troops.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentences and orders them to take place.
Head Quarters, Delavan's House,62 July 19, 1778.
[Note 62: Washington reached Samuel Delavan's house at Crompond, N.Y., in time for breakfast, July 18, as Delavan's receipt dated that day is for payment for 10 breakfasts and other items, among which is one for "Damage done in barn £ 1: 12: 6." This receipt is in the Washington Papers.]
The whole of the Left Wing under the Command of Major General De Kalb except Malcom's and Spencer's Regiments are to march tomorrow morning at two o'Clock for the White Plains: Baron Steuben with the Right Wing, Angell's Regiment and the Regt. commanded by Lieutt. Colo. Park63 excepted are to follow in an hour after; These Divisions may arrive within the distance of from one to five miles of the
[Note 63: Lieut. Col. John Parke, of Patton's Additional Continental regiment.] present Camp at the plains as Water and Ground will admit but not enter 'till a new Camp can be formed, a disposition for the whole made, and some Alteration in the present Brigades take place.
Malcom's and the Regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colo. Parke are to march early tomorrow for the Fort at West-Point on Hudson's River; Spencer's will take Post at Kings-Ferry and Angell's with Glover's Brigade (when it comes up) are to wait at Croton Bridge for further orders.
After the second Line of the Army under the Marquis De la Fayette have crossed the River the Quarter Master General will remove the Boats except such as are necessary for ordinary Purposes from Kings Ferry to and above the Forts in the Highlands.64
[Note 64: "July 19 To sundry Expences to Ferryman and for punch at Kings ferry 9 Dollrs."--Robert Hanson Harrison's account (July 28) in the Washington Papers.]
Drakes Farm, July 19, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed you have the arrangement of the Army. Be pleased to draw off Sherburne's, S. Webb's and J. Livingstons Regiments65 to Kings Road66 or somewhere upon your left flank with orders to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moments warning; and whenever Baron Kalb with the front division of the Army arrives near your Camp be pleased to order Enos's and McClenachan's Regiments67 to march for the Fort at West Point. If there is any conveniency for their embarkation at Tarry Town and they can do it safely it will
[Note 65: Col. Henry Sherburne's regiment was one of the 16 Additional Continental regiments, as was also Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb's; Col. James Livingston's was the First Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 66: The draft by Tilghman has Kings Bridge.]
[Note 67: Col. Roger Enos, who had resigned at the end of the year 1775, then commanded a Connecticut regiment; Col. Alexander McClanachan had resigned from the command of the Seventh Virginia Regiment in May, 1778.] be best. The Company of Colo. Graham's Regiment that was drawn from Tarry Town is to return thither, as the Country is not only exposed, but the people complain, as they say that Company was expressly raised for a River Guard.
I would have you send out a strong party of Foot with all the Horse under a good Officer to drive off the Cattle and Sheep between you and the Bridge. If the Enemy are distressed this will add to it. I am, &ca.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On July 19, by Washington's direction, Tilghman ordered Brigadier General Maxwell to move toward Hackensack, leaving a detachment of about 200 men near Monmouth to cover the country. Also Colonel Van Schaick, with the First New York Regiment, was ordered to Orangetown and to send out mixed patrols of horse and foot, using Capt. David Hopkins's company, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons, which was at Closter, N, Y., to prevent the inhabitants from sending in supplies to the city. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Monday, July 20, 1778.
Parole Carlisle. Countersigns Campton, Chester.
The Right and Left Wings are to remain on their present ground 'till further orders. The Officers will see that their men wash their Cloathes, cleanse and put their Arms in good Order as soon as possible and carefully examine their Ammunition.
The Commander in Chief directs that no drums beat after Retreat beating 'till Reveillee, unless by a general Order. Commanding Officers of Regiments and Corps are desired to see this order punctually complied with.
Head Quarters, Wright's Mill, Tuesday, July 21, 1778.
Parole Denmark. Countersigns Dedham, Dover.
Durkee's and late Chandler's Regiments72 now in Varnum's are to join Parsons's Brigade immediately.
[Note 72: Col. John Durkee's Fourth Connecticut Regiment and Col. John Chandler's Eighth Connecticut Regiment. Chandler had resigned in March, 1778.]
A return of the Officers Names left in the Jersey's to superintend the sick and now there to be made immediately.
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 21, 1778.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of yesterday, and soon after, Genl. Gates transmitted me letters from Colonel Ethan Allen to Genl. Stark and himself upon the same subject.73 I plainly perceive that this matter is likely to be productive of a serious dispute between the State of New York and the Inhabitants of Vermont, and therefore I do not choose to give any determination. I shall transmit the whole proceedings to Congress, and desire their decision. In the mean time I have ordered the prisoners to be returned to Fort Arnold where they are to remain,
[Note 73: Gates's letter, dated July 13, 1778, and Stark's, dated July 10, 1778, are in the Washington Papers. Allen's letter is not found therein. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, July 22, 1778, post.)] in an easy confinement, under the care of Colo. Malcom the commanding Officer. I am &c.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter was printed in the Magazine of American History, vol. vii, p. 135, as of the year 1777, and was stated to be in the New York State Library, by Doctor Toner.]
Head Quarters, July 21, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with yours of this date with the Inclosures, respecting the prisoners sent from Bennington. previous to its coming to hand, I received a Letter from Governor Clinton, with a Copy of an Address from the prisoners to him and of a Letter from the Committee of Albany; all remonstrating against the proceedings had against these Men. Under these circumstances, as I am determined not to involve myself in any dispute, not coming properly within my cognizance, I shall order the men to West point, there to remain under the care of the Commanding Officer at that post, till the pleasure of Congress is known upon the subject, to whom I shall transmit all the papers, which I have received relating to it, by the first opportunity. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
July 21, 1778.
Sir: You are to take the command of Colo. James Livingston's Regt Colo. Sherburne's and Colo. Saml. Webb's, and proceed agreeable to the rout as given you below. It will be necessary as you approach these places to send your Qr. Mr. forward, that you may meet with no delay in furnishing your men with provision.
When you arrive at Providence, you are to put yourself under the command of Major General Sullivan or any other superior Officer Commanding at that Post, or follow such further orders as you may hereafter receive from me. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters near White Plains, July 21, 1778.
Sir: You are immediately to repair to Fort Arnold at West Point and take upon you the command of that post. You are to use your utmost diligence in carrying on and compleating the necessary Works, and when the Regiments, destined for the Garrison of the Fort, arrive, you are to send down all the new Levies that they may join their respective Regiments.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 21, 1778.
Sir: Captain Clark78 will deliver you this, with Eight persons (two with families) who have been sent from Bennington under sentence of banishment into the Enemy's lines. There names are at the Bottom. As I have received a Letter from Governor Clinton, with a Copy of a petition from the prisoners and of a Letter from the Committee of Albany, all remonstrating against the proceedings had against these Men; and as I am determined not to involve myself in any dispute about matters, with which I have nothing to do, I have resolved to lay the affair before Congress by the first Opportunity, that they may determine upon it, as they shall think proper. In the mean time, you will take charge of the prisoners and supply them with provisions; allowing them such indulgencies as may be reasonable. I do not wish or mean that their confinement should be close or rigorous. Yet they must not be suffered to escape. I am, etc.79
[Note 78: Capt. John Clark(;), of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 79: The draft is m the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 21, 1778.
Sir: You are immediately to march with Colo. Angells Regt. to Providence by the Rout above mentioned below. The Regt. is still to be annexed to a Brigade which will be formed under the command of Genl. Varnum, under whose command you are to put yourself, if you meet with him upon the march. You are to use every possible endeavour to prevent your men from stragling or committing any kind of hurt or waste to the persons or properties of the Inhabitants. I am &ca.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The order of march is in an unknown hand and precedes the letter on the folio.]
It will be necessary to draw Provision
to last to Danbury.
from Danbury draw to last to
Hartford.
from Hartford to Windham.
from Windham to Providence.
It will be best to have the Qr. Mr. go forward to the different Places when you are to draw Provision, before the Regiment as the March is unknown at those places they may not be so well prepared.
[Note 81: Assistant Clothier General.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 21, 1778.
Sir: Being informed that you have applied for Teams to transport cloathing to Philadelphia, I would be glad to know for what purpose it is to be sent away when it is so much wanted here, or the propriety of doubling the course of carriage, and burthening the Continent with an unnecessary expence.
Mr. Kemper has a large quantity of Shoes at Morris Town, you will be pleased to direct him to have them brought forward to the Army immediately. He has also some shirts and over alls which he will send with the Shoes. I am &ca.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favour of the 16th. instant, and thank you for your congratulations on the success of our Arms on the 28th Ulto. and for your kind wishes on my personal account.
I am in a great measure a stranger to the expedition against Detroit, and intirely so, to that against the Senecas. Agreeable to the Direction of Congress, I sent General McIntosh and two Regiments to Fort Pitt, but whether an expedition is immediately intended against Detroit, or whether those Troops are to remain as a defence for the Western frontier, I do not know. The parties of Indians and others, under Butler and Brandt,85 have already done considerable mischief on the North East corner of Pennsylvania; having cut off the inhabitants, and destroyed the Settlement of Wyoming. Upon a representation from Govt. Clinton, I have sent up Lieutt. Colo, Butler with the 4th. Penna. Regt. and Capt. Posey with a detachment of Morgans Rifle Corps to assist the Militia of New Jersey and
[Note 85: Maj. John Butler, of Butler's Rangers, and Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chief.] New York in repelling their farther incursions. If the expedition agt. the Seneca Country is to be prosecuted, I imagine you and the Gentlemen joined with you in the commission for Indian Affairs will hear more of it from Congress and those who at first had the management of it.
As it does not appear clear to me, from your letter, whether you have ever been furnished with a copy of the charge against you, I now inclose it. But it is impossible to determine at what exact time your trial can be brought on. General Lee's Court Martial will yet take up a considerable time, and when that is finished General St. Clairs is to come on. The Committee of Congress appointed to State the Charges, having first taken up Genl. St. Clair's matter, it seemed proper to bring on his trial first in conformity thereto: But as you may perhaps be in some measure involved, I shall give you notice, that you may attend if you please. Your trial may immediately follow. I am &ca.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: When I had the pleasure of writing to you on the instt. I mentioned the probability of an enterprise being meditated against Rhode Island, as the next capital object, in case the shallow entrance at Sandy Hook should frustrate Admiral d'Estaing's first design of an attack upon the Enemys fleet in New York harbour. The most experienced Pilots have been employed in sounding, and after the deepest consideration of what might be effected by lightening the Ships and the like, the attempt has been determined unadvisable. Nothing detained the Admiral from sailing immediately to Newport, but the absence of a Frigate which he was daily expecting from the Delaware. But as she has probably joined him by this time, I think it proper to apprise you that the instructions which were given in my last relative to collecting a proper force &ca. are to be regarded as having an immediate object. I have this morning detached two Brigades to reinforce your strength, and am this moment instructed of the sailing of the fleet for Rhode Island. You will I am well assured pursue every measure in your power that can render the enterprize happy and fortunate, and as its success will depend in a great degree on the promptness and energy of its execution, I trust the conduct will answer the spirit and hopes of the expedition.
The inclosure will shew you the demonstrations of the Admiral's arrival on the coast, and point out to you what is to be done on your part.
This Letter is intrusted to one of my Aids Lieut. Col. Laurens; he has had an interview with the Count D'Estaign, and is fully possessed of all such information as concerns the present enterprize. I am, etc.
P.S. In my letter of the 17th. I mentioned the drawing together as many men as would make up 5,000 including your present force. I do not mean to restrict you to that Number, but wish you to get as many as will insure you success. I should suppose there will be many volunteers on this occasion. I opened the letter after it was sealed to subjoin this postscript.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens and James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 22, 1778.
Sir: You are to have the immediate command of that detachment from this Army which consists of Glovers and Varnums Brigades and the detachment under the command of Colo. Henry Jackson.
You are to march them with all convenient expedition and by the best Routs to Providence in the State of Rhode Island. When there, you are to subject yourself to the orders of Major Genl. Sullivan who will have the command of the expedition against Newport and the British and other troops in their pay on that and the Islands adjacent.
If on your march you should receive certain intelligence of the evacuation of Rhode Island by the enemy, you are immediately to countermarch for this place, giving me the earliest advice thereof.
Having the most perfect reliance on your activity and Zeal and wishing you all the success, honor and glory that your heart carl wish. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 22, 1778.
My Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of your favor of the 30th. Ultimo by the last post.
I am sorry to find such a backwardness in Virginia in the Service of the army. Perhaps it is fortunate for the cause, that our circumstances stand in less need of the great exertions of patriotism than heretofore, from the changes in foreign councils, and the open interposition of the French in our favor. But I am convinced you have left nothing undone, of encouragement, for the increase of your corps, or that could be of advantage to the service; and shall be happy to see you with such a number as you have collected as soon as their condition will admit of their joining the army. I would not advise you however to waste any time in waiting for the accoutrements you mention as there is a pretty large supply of pistols and carbines coming on from the Eastward with which they may be furnished. In much esteem, I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
White plains, July 22, 1778.
Sir: The Marquis de la Fayette will command, under the Orders of Majr. Genl. Sullivan, the detachment from this Army consisting of Glovers and Varnums Brigades, and the detachment under the care of Colo. Henry Jackson. You are, consequently, to obey his orders.90 I am etc.
[Note 90: This same letter was sent to the officer commanding Glover's brigade and to Col. Henry Jackson.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have yours of the 27th. ulto. I am exceedingly mortified at hearing, that after Colo. Temple91 has been so many months in Virginia, employed solely in procuring cloathing for the Regiment, that the greatest part of what he had engaged should have been applied to other purposes, by Mr. Finnie.92 The Men of your Regiment now here are in a manner destitute of cloathing, and having still depended upon receiving a supply from Virginia every day, have made no provision. The Officers
[Note 91: Lieutenant colonel of the First Continental Dragoons. He transferred to the Fourth Continental Dragoons in December, 1779; served to close of the war.]
[Note 92: William Finnie, deputy quartermaster general, Southern Department.] who had the charge of procuring necessaries for Moylan's and Sheldon's Regiments93 have long since compleated the business and the Men are well equipped. Matters being thus circumstanced with you, I see nothing better to be done than for Lt. Colo. Temple to come immediately forward with what Cloathing he has, and to call upon the Cloathier Genl. in Philada. and leave an order for what is deficient.
[Note 93: Moylan's was the Fourth Continental Dragoons; Sheldon's the Second Continental Dragoons.]
I cannot give any direction about the disposal of the Money sent to Colo. Baylor and yourself, that is a matter which you must settle between yourselves. He undoubtedly, if it comes first to his hands, should give you your share, and not suffer you to be embarrassed on acct. of your public engagements.
If you think that the eight or ten Men, mentioned by you, cannot come forward without danger of taking the small Pox upon the Road, you had better innoculate them; but I had rather they should have it done after they join the Regt. I am &ca.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 95: Of a New York Militia regiment.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 22, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday informing me of your having been stationed at King's Ferry before Colonel Spencers arrival there. Be pleased to send for the Cloathes and Tents of the Men under your command, to Fort Arnold, and after they have recd. them, let them march to Camp under the care of proper Officers that they may join the Regiments of the State to which they belong. When they arrive, the commanding Officer must report them to me. I am, etc.94
July 22, 1778.
Colo. Laurens will suggest to his Excellency Count de Estaign the advantages which would more than probably result from a French Ship of sufficient force getting into the Sound. as far up as the lyons tongue, or somewhere thereabouts. A Measure of this kind would clear that Channel of the British armd vessls. which now infest it, and cover the Passage, anti landing of a party. of Men which might be sent to long Island for the purposes of removing the Cattle out of the way of the enemy, destroying their horses &ca.: and would afford supplies of Fresh Provisions to the Fleet, vegetables and other comforts.
The Vessels belonging to the Harbours of Connecticut, would presently take off the fat Cattle and other stock, if the British Cruizers were driven from the Communication between the Island and the Main.
How far the enterprize upon Rhode Island is compatible with a watch of the Fleet in the Harbour of New York is left to the Admiral's superior judgment. But, as an imbarkation of the Army at that place cannot happen without notice being had of it, nor an evacuation of the harbour after it is begun in less than 48 hours, it is submitted, whether a capitol stroke might not be aimed at that Fleet upon its departure from the hook.
The enterprize upon Rhode Island might be followed by an attempt upon Hallifax: which, if fortunate, would be a deadly stroke to G. Britain: as it is the only Dock on the Continent in which Ships of large Force can Careen,96 and moreover abounds in Naval and Military Stores of all kinds.
[Note 96: Heaving down a ship on her side up as to clean her hall.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 22, 1778.
Sir: I was yesterday honoured with yours of the 18th and thank you for the Steps you have taken to carry, my requests into execution. I must make an apology for not informing you, in particular, of our success at Monmouth on the 28th last Month. The multiplicity of Affairs then upon my hands prevented me from writing but to Congress and Genl. Gates, and I expected that the intelligence would have reached you through the latter Channel. You must before this time have seen my public letter which contains a full account of the action.
The intention of the Count D'Estaign was to have entered the Harbour of New York, but unluckily there is not Sufficient draught of Water to admit Vessels of the Rate of his line of Battle ships. He has therefore determined to operate against Rhode Island to which place he has sailed 'ere this. I have made as large a detachment from the Army, as circumstances would admit of, to co-operate with him. The Admiral will probably be able to land some force, but our principal dependence must be on our own troops and on the rapidity with which they are collected and operate. I had, upon a presumption that this expedition would take place, desired General Sullivan to draw together five thousand Men from the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island. and Massachusetts, in consequence of a Resolve of Congress on the 11th inst. I am convinced that you will be so well satisfied of the importance of the object in view, as to exert yourself to turn out the force of your state upon the occasion. I would go more largely into the matter, had I not an opportunity of referring you to Lt. Colo. Laurens one of my Aids who I am sending Express to Genl. Sullivan.
I am exceedingly sorry to hear of the illness of your son Colo Joseph Trumbull,97 whose recovery I hope is not so much to be despaired of as you seem to apprehend. I have the honor, etc.98
[Note 97: He died July 23, 1778.]
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman and James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, July 22, 1778.
Sir: I this moment received the Letter which you did me the honor of writing by Lt. Colonel Hamilton. I cannot forbear regretting that the brilliant enterprise, which you at first meditated, was frustrated by physical impossibilities; but hope that something equally Worthy of the greatness of your Sentiments is still in reserve for you.
Upon the report made me by Lt. Col. Laurens, of the depth of Water at Sandy hook, and the Draught of your Ships of the Line,99 I thought that no time was to be lost in Marching a reinforcement to Genl. Sullivan, that he might be in a situation for a vigorous co-operation. I am happy to find that we coincided so exactly in the importance of this expedition.
[Note 99: In his letter to Congress (August 26) Comte d'Estaing stated that he had been deceived by the Delaware River pilot as to the depth of the water in the Sandy Hook Channel. D'Estaing himself examined the Shrewsbury River as a possibility, and a French officer, several sailors, and rowboats were lost in the effort. The pilots procured by Colonels Laurens and Hamilton destroyed all hope of getting into New York Bay. D'Estaing offered in vain a reward of 50,000 crowns to any one who could carry his ships in, and the soundings taken by the French officers themselves confirmed the American pilots' refusal to take the risk.-- Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 164, folios 555--572.]
Mr. Laurens, who will have the honor of delivering you this, will inform you of my opinion relative to the stationing a Ship of the line in the Sound; as well as of other particulars which I have communicated to him. I shall not therefore employ your attention farther than to assure you that you have inspired me with the same sentiments for you which you are so good as to entertain for me; and that it will be my greatest happiness to contribute to the service of our great Ally in pursuing our common enemy, and to the glory of an officer who has, on every account, so just a claim to it, as the Count d'Estaing.
The amiable manners of Major Chouin, would of themselves entitle him to my esteem, if he had not the best of titles in your recommendation; and I beg you to be assured, that nothing on my part shall be wanting to render his stay in Camp agreeable.
At the same time permit me to add that your great civilities, and politeness to my aid's cannot but increase my regard, while they serve to give me additional ideas of your worth.
I have now only to offer my sincere wishes for your success in this and every Enterprise, and the assurances of the perfect Respect and Esteem, with which I have the Honor etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Camp near White Plains, July 22, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 14th, I have been favoured with your Letters of the 11th2and 17th with their respective inclosures.
[Note 2: This letter contains this interesting P.S.: "Sometime ago I informed Your Excellency that Congress had adopted the Stile of 'North America' to these States This day that Resolution was reconsidered and reduced to the former mode of 'America'." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The next morning after the receipt of the former, which came to hand on the 17th, I dispatched Lt. Colo. Hamilton another of my Aides [ (with the best Pilots, and the most skilful Masters of Ships I could procure)]3 to Admiral Count D'Estaing, to converse with him more fully on the subject of his operations than I was able to direct Lt. Colo Laurens to do, for want of the
[Note 3: This phrase within the brackets was inserted by Washington in the draft. His capitalization is here followed.] information which afterwards I obtained from Major Chonin, and a knowledge in several other points besides. On Sunday night Mr. Laurens returned, and I found by him, that it was the Count's first wish to enter at Sandy hook in order to possess himself of, or to destroy, if possible, the whole of the British fleet, lying in the Bay of New York; and that for this purpose he had been much engaged in his inquiries about the depth of water, and in sounding the channel to ascertain it. The result of which was, that the water from the experiments made was too shallow at the entrance to admit his large Ships, or if they could be got in, it appeared that it would not be without a great deal of difficulty and risk. After this disappointment, the next important object, which seemed to present itself was an attempt against Rhode Island, which the Count inclined to make, unless I should advise the contrary, as soon as the Chimere frigate which had carried His Excellency Monsieur Girard, into the Delaware, should rejoin him. Lt. Colo. Hamilton, who was well informed of our situation, and of my sentiments on every point, was instructed to give the Admiral a full and accurate state of facts, and to acquaint him, what aid and how far we could co-operate with him in case of an attempt, either against New York or Rhode Island; and also to obtain his ideas of the plan and system, which, he might think, ought to be pursued and to agree with him on certain Signals.
Previous to my dispatching Mr. Hamilton, from the information I received on my inquiries respecting the navigation at the Hook, I was led to suspect, however interesting and desireable the destruction or capture of the British fleet might be, that it was not sufficient to introduce the Count's Ships. Under this apprehension I wrote General Sullivan on the 17th by Express, that an Expedition might take place in a short time against Rhode Island, and urged him at the same time to apply to the States of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, for as many men as would augment his force to Five thousand, and also to make every possible preparation of boats, provision, pilots &c, as if the event was fixed and certain.
From this time till about Twelve OClock on Sunday the Troops continued passing the River, when I crossed with the last division. On Monday afternoon I arrived at this place, in the neighbourhood of which the right and left wing encamped that night, with the second line a few miles in their rear. And here I am happy to add, that their passage across the river was effected without any accident, or without any more delay than necessarily attended the work.
Being persuaded now from the conversation which I had, with several pilots and Masters of Vessels of character, as well as from the accounts of other Gentlemen and Colo. Laurens's report on his return, that the passing of the Counts Ships by the Hook would be extremely precarious, if not impracticable, I determined yesterday, which was as soon as it could be done, without waiting for further intelligence upon the subject, to put Two Brigades under marching orders. They accordingly marched this morning, at Two OClock for Rhode Island, under the particular command of Generals Varnum and Glover respectively, and both under the general direction, for the present, of the Marquis de la Fayette. A Water conveyance was thought of, and wished for the case of the Troops; but on consideration of all circumstances, such as the difficulty of providing vessels, the change and precariousness of the winds, The risk from the Enemy's Ships &c, their rout by land was deemed by far the more eligible. The force with General Sullivan from the best and latest advice I have been able to obtain, is about Three thousand. A detachment under Colo. Jack son will follow Varnum's and Glovers brigades.
The inclosed papers No. 1, respecting Eight persons sent from Bennington and ordered into the Enemy's lines came to hand yesterday.4 About the same time, I received a Letter from Governor Clinton, containing a petition by the prisoners and a Letter from the Committee of Albany; all remonstrating against the proceeding. As this is a matter, in which I have no authority to act, nor in which I would wish to intermeddle, I take the liberty of referring it to Congress, that they may decide upon it.5 The prisoners are at West point and ordered to be detained there for the present.
[Note 4: These inclosures are not found. (See Washington's letters to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates and to Gov. George Clinton, July 21, 1778, ante.)]
[Note 5: These eight prisoners were inhabitants of New York, who were accused as loyalist suspects and duly sentenced to be sent within the British lines by the Vermont commissioners, whose duty it was to examine suspicious characters. Sent by these commissioners to General Stark at Albany. The Albany committee demanded the release of the prisoners, which injected the question of New York State's sovereignty over the New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) into the matter. Stark, a New Hampshire man, refused to release the men, who thereupon petitioned Governor Clinton themselves. Stark forestalled Clinton's action by sending the prisoners to General Gates. This in turn brought Washington into the dispute and be properly referred the matter to the Continental Congress. Washington's letter was read in Congress on July 27, which "Ordered, That the papers relating to the eight persons sent from Bennington, lie on the table for future consideration."]
I would also take the liberty of transmitting to Congress a Letter from Capt. Gibbs,6 and of recommending him to their consideration. His Letter was to have been sent by the Baron Steuben, before we marched from Valley forge, but his declining to go to York town, at that time, and our move thro' the Jersey's sey's delayed its being done. The Captain has been in the Army from the commencement of the war, and in the capacities, he mentions. When Congress were pleased to honor me with the appointment of Officers for the Sixteen additional Batallions, I offered to make some provision for him, but this he declined; preferring to remain in my family. The Guard he originally commanded, consisted of Fifty men, but since the arrival of Baron Steuben, it has been augmented to a hundred and fifty.
[Note 6: Capt. Caleb Gibbs. His letter is not found either in the Washington Papers or the Papers of the Continental Congress. This letter was read in Congress on July 27, and so much of it as respects Captain Gibbs was referred to the Board of War.] The Baron advised that there should be a select corps of this number, to receive the manoevres in the first instance and to act as a model to the Army; and proposed that it should be formed of the old guard company and drafts from the line. I presume if it should be Congress's pleasure, a majority would be highly agreable to the Captain, and that it is as much as he expects.
1 O'Clock P.M.
I this minute received a Letter from Colo. Hamilton, who is on his return to the Army, dated the 20th at Black point. He informs that the Count D'Estaing would sail the next Evening for Rhode Island, being convinced from actual soundings that he could not enter his Ships. He was anxiously waiting the arrival of the Chimere, but at all events meant to sail at the time he mentions. The Admiral has agreed on Signals with Mr. Hamilton. Immediately after this Letter came to hand, my Aid Mr. Laurens set out for Providence, having many things to communicate to General Sullivan upon the subject of his co-operation, which neither time nor propriety would suffer me to commit to paper. Genl. Sullivan is directed not to confine the number of his Troops to Five thousand, but to augment it, if he shall judge it necessary to ensure his success.
I was informed by Mr. Laurens that the Count D'Estaing's magazine of bread is not so large as we could wish, and that in the course of a few weeks he will be in want. This circumstance I thought it right to mention, and I should suppose that any quantity of Biscuit may be provided in a little time at Philadelphia.
The inclosures No. 2, are Copies of three Letters from myself to the Admiral.7 I flatter myself the present of stock, which I directed for him, on his first arrival, in behalf of the States will be approved by Congress.
[Note 7: Washington's letters to Comte d'Estaing of July 14, 15, and 17, 1778, q. v.]
The accounts from the Western frontiers of Tryon County are distressing. The spirit of the Savages seems to be roused, and they appear determined on mischief and havoc, in every Quarter. By a letter from Governor Clinton of the 21st, they have destroyed Springfield and Andreas Town, and are marching towards the settlements on the West branch of the Delaware. Their incursions are extremely embarrassing to our other affairs, and, I think, will justify a conclusion that Sir Henry Clinton's intention was to operate up the North River. Whether it may have changed with circumstances, cannot be determined. I have detached the 4th Pensylvania Regiment and the remains of Morgans corps under Lt. Colo Butler, and also Colo. Graham8 with a York State regiment, to co-operate with the Militia and to check the Indians if possible, Colo Butler is an enterprising good Officer, and well acquainted with the savage mode of warfare; and I am persuaded whatever comes within the compass of his force and abilities will be done. I have the Honor etc.9
[Note 8: Col. Morris Graham, of a New York Militia regiment.]
[Note 9: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the draft is in that of Harrison and James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, July 22, 1778.
Sir: Baron d'Arendt Colonel of the German Batallion who will have the honour of delivering you this, waits on Congress to make application for leave to retire from the service. the reasons he urges to me, are irreconcileable disputes between him and his officers, which make it impossible for him to join his regiment, and the great uncertainty of his being elsewhere employed in a military line. As he requests that this letter may be a certificate to Congress of his past conduct, and assures me that he does not mean to use it as a foundation for solliciting a higher command. I very readily assure them that as far as his conduct has come under my cognizance and his infirm health has permitted him to act, it has ever been that of an intelligent experienced officer. I have the honor etc.10
[Note 10: The draft, in the writing of John Laurens, is signed by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Wrights Mills, July 22, 1778.
Parole Exeter. Countersigns, Egypt, Elk.
The Troops will be brigaded as follows and the necessary Changes are to be made accordingly.
[Note 11: Lieut. Col. Samuel Prentiss, of the First Connecticut Regiment, Heitman states that he had resigned on May 27, 1778, and that Col. Josiah Starr commanded in July, 1778.]
Woodford's, Muhlenberg's, Scott's, Smallwood's and the 2nd. Maryland Brigades are to compose the Right Wing of the first Line. North Carolina, Nixon's, Paterson's, Late Larned's and Poor's Brigades are to compose the Left Wing of the same Line; and Wayne's, 2nd. Pennsylvania, Clinton's, Parsons's and Huntington's are to form the second Line.
Poor's12 Regiment of Militia and Mosely's13 are to march at four o'Clock tomorrow morning for West Point and put themselves under the Command of Colo. Malcom or the Officer Commanding at that Post.
[Note 12: Col. Thomas Poor, of the Massachusetts Militia.]
[Note 13: Col. Increase Moseley, of the Massachusetts Militia. On July 24 Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Col. William Malcom, by Washington's direction, that Moseley's regiment was too small in numbers to lustily retaining all the officers. He therefore suggested that "Many or at least some of them [the officers] might be permitted to return home without injury to the service." Malcom was to inquire into and arrange the matter "if an arrangement can be made." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The detachment under the Command of Colo. Henry Jackson son is to be in readiness to march at a moments warning with their Baggage.
The Quarter Master General so soon as he has marked the ground for a Camp is to direct the march of the Troops to it; They are to be encamped in the order just mentioned begining upon the right of each Line.
The three Senior Major Generals present will command the Right and Left Wing and Second Line of the Army according to their Rank.
When the Troops arrive at their new Camp Baron Steuben will please to resume his Office of Inspector General and make his Arrangements accordingly. He will please also to accept the thanks of the Commander in Chief for his Extra Services in conducting the Right Wing of the Army from Brunswick to it's present Ground, and for his Care and Attention to the Troops during their March.
The Brigade Majors will in future attend at the Orderly Office daily precisely at twelve o'clock.
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 23, 1778.
Sir: Your favor of the 19th. Instt. was duly received. I have not as yet had the least intimation of your parole; but should it come into my hands I shall take a pleasure in its early transmission, and be happy to see you again with the army.
It is entirely out of my power to do any thing either in the case of Mr. Coats14 or Mr. Noasth,15 as all aids agreeable to a late resolve of Congress are to be taken from the line. The matter therefore only lays with Congress. I am etc.16
[Note 14: Capt. John Coates, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was also a doctor;had been wounded at Piscataway, N. J, and resigned in October, 1777.]
[Note 15: Lieut. Col George Noarth (North), Deputy Commissary General of Musters.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 23, 1778.
Sir: Upon Colo. Malcom's arrival at West point, you are to join your Brigade, now upon its march to Providence. As the Colo. Commandant has his orders, you need not come down here, but go) directly across the country. There is the greatest necessity for the speedy arrival of these troops, at Providence and therefore, if you find your Baggage any incumbrance, leave it to come on under a small Guard of Men who may perhaps be fatigued by the march. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Wrights Mills, Thursday, July 23, 1778.
Parole Farmington. Countersigns Freehold, France.
John Ternant18 and Robert Forsythe, Esquires, are appointed Deputy Quarter Masters General and are to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 18: Jean Baptiste Ternant.]
At a Division General Court Martial held at Kakeat Camp July 16th. 1778, Colo. Gibson,19 President, Lieutenant Deavors20 and Ensign Gassaway21 of the 3rd. Maryland Regiment tried for disobedience of Orders and neglect of duty in absenting themselves from their Regiment without leave, found guilty of a breach of the 2nd. Article of 13th. section of the Articles of War and the Court considering the evil tendency of such Conduct which has been too generally practiced by the Officers throughout the line and what Lieutt. Deavor and Ensign Gassaway have offered in mitigation of their Offence, are unanimously of Opinion they be severely reprimanded in General Orders and beg leave to observe that nothing but a tacit Consent of the Commanding Officer of the Regiment prevents the Court from being much more severe in their sentence.
[Note 19: Col. John Gibson, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 20: Lieut. John Deaver, of the Third Maryland Regiment. He resigned in April, 1779; served subsequently as a captain of Maryland Militia from 1780 to 1782.]
[Note 21: Ensign Nicholas Gassaway, of the Third Maryland Regiment. He transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to November. 1783.]
It gives the Commander in Chief most sensible Pain to find any Officers Conduct so very blameable as that of Lieutenant Deavor and Ensn. Gassaway. The striking Propriety and Necessity of Officers staying in Camp with their Corps is well known to every Private. The General is therefore sorry that he is obliged to reprimand Lieutt. Deavor and Ensn. Gassaway or that an Example of so pernicious and fatal a tendency should be seen in the records of the Army.
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 23, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was last night favd. with yours communicating the distressing Accounts of the Ravages of the Indians upon the frontier of this State. I wish it were in my power to afford an adequate relief, but as you are well acquainted with our force, and what we have to oppose, I am certain you will think that I have done all in my power. Colo. Butler having shifted his ground before my orders got to his hands, has been the occasion of some delay, he is however to go this day up to New Windsor by water, where he will meet Capt. Posey. They will take their Orders from you and march from thence wherever you may direct. Immediately upon the Rect. of yours I gave orders to Colo. Graham's State Regt., to march to New Windsor, there to take Orders from you. But they were unluckily with other troops covering a large forage in the lower part of the County. However that no time may be lost I have directed the Qur. Mr Genl. to send for Craft to be ready at Tarry town to take them in, against they return from the foraging party.
Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Genl Schuyler and oblige etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Wrights Mills, Friday, July 24, 1778.
Parole Hackensack. Countersigns Holland, Hull.
The Commanding Officers of Corps will take particular Care that their Men are made acquainted with all such Orders which are necessary for their Government, as the plea of Ignorance will not be admitted in Excuse.
The Rolls are to be called regularly twice a day (at troop and retreat beating) and every possible means used to keep the soldiers within the limits of the Camp. Those who disobey are to be severely punished.
Pay Abstracts to the 1st. of June are immediately to be made and examined by the Pay-Master General and Auditors for all the Continental Troops, that Warrants may issue for Payment to that date.
Accurate Lists of all the Field Officers belonging to the Brigades now on the Ground according to the present disposition are to be made out and brought to the Orderly Office tomorrow morning nine o'Clock, at which time the Brigade Majors will bring in a morning Report of the several Brigades.
[Note 23: Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 24, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 18th. by Capt. Forman, who delivered most of the exchanged men committed to his care. Those, who stragled have, I believe, generally come in and joined their Regiments.
Inclosed you will find a Copy of a resolution of Congress directing you to take charge of the prisoners that may be taken by Admiral Count D'Estaing. You will be pleased to transmit it to your Deputies and give them orders to pay a proper attention to it. I am, etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp near White Plains, July 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: I had yesterday the pleasure to receive your favor of the 18th Inst. with the inclosure and packets, which you mentioned.
I should have been sorry, if you or Monsieur Gerard had found the smallest difficulty in recommending the packets for the Count D'Estaing to my care; and I am happy to inform you, that they will meet with a speedy and safe conveyance to him by an Officer, who has set off for Rhode Island.
It is very pleasing as well as interesting to hear, that prizes are already finding the way into the Delaware. The event seems the more agreeable, as that Navigation but yesterday as it were, could scarcely contain the Enemy's fleet and their numerous captures, which were constantly crowding in. Happy change! and I should hope, that the Two prizes which have entered, will be succeeded by many more. The want of information on the one hand of Philadelphia's being evacuated, and the countenance which our armed Vessels will derive from the French Squadron on our Coast, must throw several into our possession.
The second Epistle from the Commissioners of which you have so obligingly favoured me with a Copy, strikes me in the same point of view that it did you. It is certainly puerile and does not border a little on indecorum, notwithstanding their professions of the regard they wish to pay to decency. It is difficult to determine on an extensive scale, tho part of their design is tolerably obvious, what the Gentlemen would be at. Had I the honor of being a Member of Congress, I do not know how I might feel upon the occasion; but it appears to me, the performance must be received with a sort of indignant pleasantry, on account of its manner, on the one hand, and, on the other as being truly typical of that confusion, in which their Prince and Nation are.25
[Note 25: President Laurens had written to Washington (July 18) regarding the Commissioner's second letter to Congress: "If I dared to venture an opinion from a very cursory reading of the performance, it would be, that this is more puerile than any thing I have seen from the other side, since the commencement of our present dispute, with a little dash of insolence, as unnecessary as it will be unavailing." The puerile part of this second letter, which was dated July 11, was that the Commissioners evaded the positive requirement of Congress, that as a preliminary of negotiation there must be an acknowledgment of independence, or a withdrawal of the King's fleets and armies. The indecorous and offensive part was that the Commissioners demand to know by what authority Congress assumed the prerogative of making treaties with foreign nations, and claimed the right to be informed of the particulars contained in the treaty with France, intimating that an appeal might be made to the people, that they might judge whether such an alliance ought to be a reason for continuing the war. Congress voted (July 18) that no answer should be returned to the letter, but ordered it to be published.]
By the time this reaches you, I expect the Messrs. Nevilles26 will be in Philadelphia. From the Certificates these Gentlemen have provided, if I may hazard a conjecture, they are in quest of promotion, particularly the Elder. How far their views may extend, I cannot determine; but I dare predict, they will be sufficiently high. My present intention is to tell you, and with freedom I do it, that Congress cannot be well too cautious on this head. I do not mean or wish, to derogate from the merit of Messrs. Nevilles. The opportunities I have had, will not permit me to speak decisively for, or against it. However, I may observe from a certificate, which I have seen, written by themselves, or at least by one of them and signed by Genl. Parsons probably through surprise or irresolution, that they are not bad at giving themselves a good character; and I will further add, if they meet with any great promotion, I am fully convinced it
[Note 26: Chevalier de La Neuville, and his brother, Noirmont de La Neuville. The chevalier was a major in the French army and became Inspector General in the Northern Army and a brigadier by brevet. Noirmont de La Neuville became a captain and aide to Conway and, later, a major by brevet.] will be illy borne by our own Officers; and that it will be the cause of infinite discontent. The ambition of these men (I do not mean of the Messrs. Nevilles in particular, but of the Natives of their Country and Foreigners in general) is unlimited and unbounded; and the singular instances of rank, which have been conferred upon them, in but too many cases, have occasioned general dissatisfaction and general complaint. The feelings of our own Officers have been much hurt by it, and their ardour and love for the service greatly damped. Should a like proceeding still be practised, it is not easy to say what extensive murmurings and consequences may ensue. I will further add, that we have already a full proportion of Foreign Officers in our General Councils and should their number be increased, it may happen upon many occasions, that their voices may equal if not exceed, the rest. I trust you think me so much a Citizen of the World, as to believe that I am not easily warped or led away, by attachments merely local or American; Yet, I confess, I am not entirely without them, nor does it appear to me that they are unwarrantable, if confined within proper limits. Fewer promotions in the foreign line, would have been productive of more harmony, and made our warfare more agreeable to all parties. The frequency of them, is the source of jealousy and of disunion. We have many, very many, deserving Officers, who are not opposed to merit wheresoever it is found, nor insensible of the advantages derived from a long service in an experienced Army, nor to the principles of policy. Where any of these principles mark the way to rank, I am persuaded, they yield a becoming and willing acquiescence; but where they are not the basis, they feel severely. I will dismiss the subject, knowing with you, I need not labour, either a case of Justice, or of policy. I am etc.
P.S. The Baron Steuben will also be in Philadelphia in a day or two. The ostensible cause for his going, is to fix more certainly with Congress his duties, as Inspector General, which is necessary. However, I am disposed to believe the real one is to obtain an actual command in the line as a Major General; and he may urge a competition set up by Monsr. Neville for the Inspector's place, on this side the Hudson, and a denial by him of his the Barons authority, as an Argument to effect it, and the granting him the Post, as a mean of satisfying both. I regard and I esteem the Baron, as an Assiduous, Intelligent and an experienced Officer; but, you may rely on it, if such is his view and he should accomplish it, we shall have the whole line of Brigadiers in confusion. They have said but little about his rank as Major General, as he has not had an actual command over them; But when we marched from Brunswic, as there were but few Major Generals and almost the whole of the Brigadrs. engaged at the Court Martial, either as Members or Witnesses, I appointed him pro tempore and so expressed it in orders, to conduct a Wing to the North River. This measure, tho' founded in evident necessity, and not designed to produce to the Brigadiers the least possible injury, excited great uneasiness and has been the source of complaint.27 The truth is, we have been very unhappy in a variety of appointments, and our own Officers much injured. Their feelings from this cause, have become extremely sensible, and the most delicate touch gives them pain. I write as a Friend, and therefore with freedom. The Baron's services in the line he is in, can be singular, and the Testimonials he has already received are honorable. It will also be material to have the point of the Inspector Generalship, now in question between him and Monsr. Neville adjusted. The appointment of the latter it is said, calls him Inspector General in the Army commanded by Genl. Gates, and under this, as
[Note 27: See Alexander Hamilton's letter to Elias Boudinot, July 26, 1778, in Lodge's Works of Hamilton, vol. 9, P. 147.] I am informed, he denies any Subordination to the Baron and will not know him in his Official capacity. There can be but one head. Yours.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is indorsed: "Private."]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 23d. by Major Washington. I think the best position for the Cavalry, to answer the purposes of foraging and covering the Country, will be about Hackensack New Bridge. You then have an opportunity of drawing supplies from the Country between the North River and Hackensack, and Hackensack and Pasaic as your Station will be central. You also hinder the inhabitants from carrying provision to New York, either by the way of Bergen, or Barbadoes Neck.
As soon as the Forage Master has got matters in his department fixed, I shall order all, but about 50 Horse, over to this side. You will therefore be ready to move at a moments warning. I am &ca.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Wrights Mills, July 25, 1778.
My Lord: I desire that you and the General Officers upon the Court Martial would meet here at five o'Clock this Afternoon, when the other General Officers will be assembled, to consider of some measures that respect the Army at large.
I would submit it to the Court, whether it would not be more convenient to adjourn to the plains, where the Witnesses may be attending their respective duties, and be at hand when called for. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The text is from a photostat of the original in the writing of Tench Tilghman, kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of Philadelphia, Pa.]
[Note 32: "At a Board of General Officers, assembled at Head Quarters at Reuben Wright's in the neighbourhood of White Plains on Saturday the 25 day of July, 1778."]
The Commander in Chief stated to the Board, that the Two Armies, which had heretofore acted in different Quarters, had formed a junction. That the whole was composed of Troops from the several States from New Hampshire to North Carolina inclusive. That the Army was about to take a Camp, which might possibly be of some perminancy. That for it's regularity and more effectual operation; as well as to prevent every possible ground of jealousy, and to preserve harmony through all it's parts, it was necessary to adopt some mode of arrangement and a certain disposition.
Having stated these several matters to the Board, the Commander in chief requested them to take them into consideration, and propounded the following Questions for their advice.
1st. Will it be best for the Troops of each State to encamp together?
2d. What will be the best mode of arranging and disposing of the Troops throughout the line upon the present or a future occasion?33
[Note 33: The board answered these questions: (1) That it would be best for the troops of each State to camp together; and (2) That the troops should be arranged geographically, relative to their present frontage to the ocean, but that there should be no post of honor between them.]
The Board having given their advice upon the foregoing points, the Commander in Chief proceeded to state,
That the proposed Camp at White plains was about 15 miles from York Island. That the Enemy from the information he had received, were in possession of Fort Independence &c. on the Heights this side King's bridge, and also of Fort Washington and the strong grounds at the North entrance of York Island. Than from the advices he had been able to obtain, they had Two Camps on Long and Staten Islands; but as to the precise number of men in each or either he was uninformed. That he could not ascertain the Enemy's present force on York Island and the Heights this side King's bridge, nor what their whole strength would be, if the Troops were drawn from Long and Staten Islands; However, that he should suppose it would amount to about 14,000, rank and file, fit for duty; and that from his latest and best accounts, they had several ships of War between New York and Sandy Hook.
That by the last return we had 16782 rank and file fit for duty. That out of this number, a detachment of about 2000 had marched to the Eastward. That another detachment of about 400 had moved towards the Western frontiers of this State. That Maxwells Brigade consisting of 1100 were at Elizabeth Town in Jersey. That Vanschaicks Regiment of about 400 was in the Neighbourhood of Hackensack. That about 900 fit for duty were at the Posts in the Highlands and at Kings ferry, besides the New levies which are ordered down. That the remainder of the Army amounting to between 11 and 12,000 were at the White plains and in their vicinity. That the French Squadron, under Admiral, Count D'Estaing had left Sandy Hook and put to Sea.
The several matters above, being before the Board, the Commander in Chief requested, that after their consideration of the same, they would deliver their Opinions, upon the following questions.34
[Note 34: The decision on the first question was that an attack could not be made with any probability of success; and to the second question, that the army should not advance.]
1st. Whether we can make an attack upon the Enemy's Posts, either on the Heights on this side King's bridge, or on those on York Island, with a probability of success?
2d. If an Attack cannot be made, in the opinion of the Board, with a probability of success, should the Army advance and take Post nearer the Enemy, or continue on the Grounds it now occupies, at or about the White plains?35
[Note 35: The proceedings are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and are signed by Maj. Gens. Israel Putnam, Horatio Gates, Nathanael Greene, Lord Stirling, Baron de Kalb, Alexander McDougall, and Baron von Steuben, and by Brig, Gens. John Nixon, Samuel Holden Parsons, James Clinton, William Smallwood, Henry Knox, Enoch Poor, John Paterson, Anthony Wayne, William Woodford, Peter Muhlenberg, Charles Scott, Jedidiah Huntington, and Chevalier Du Portail. Brig. Gen. John Glover and Lewis Morris, a Signer of the Declaration of Independence and at this date a brigadier general of New York Militia, were also present at the council but did not sign the proceedings.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Saturday, July 25, 1778.
Parole Kilkenny. Countersigns Keen, Kensington.
All Officers who have received public Monies, which are yet unaccounted for will prepare and settle their Accompts immediately with the Auditors.
The troop will beat at six o'Clock in the morning; the guards to be on the Parade at seven precisely; The Brigade Majors are reminded to bring on the Super-numeraries, one to every twelve men.
The Grand Parade is assigned on the Main-Road near the Park in Rear of the Old Lines.
A large Cut and thrust sword silver mounted left at General Poor's quarters. Inquire of Majr. McClintock.36
[Note 36: Brigade major, Nathaniel McClintock.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Sunday, July 26, 1778.
Parole Moravia. Countersigns Minden, Manchester.
Colonel Wood's Regiment of Militia is to be employ'd in collecting forage 'till further orders. Colo. Wood will receive directions where and how to employ his men from the Forage Master General. Additional Pay will be allowed them whilst on that duty.
One man from each Brigade who is acquainted with burning Coal to be paraded on the Grand Parade tomorrow morning at Guard mounting.
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Putnam is President is dissolved and another General Court Martial of the Lines to assemble tomorrow morning, nine o'Clock at the New dining Room on the Left of the Park nigh General Morris's Quarters to try all such Persons as shall be brought before them. Colo. Stewart will preside. Lieutt. Colo. Ball, Major Furnald and a Captain from each of the following Brigades, No. Carolina, Woodford's, Scott's, 1st. and 2nd. Maryland, 2nd. Pennsylvania, Clinton's, Parsons's, Huntington's, Nixon's, Paterson's, Late Larned's and Poor's.
As it is necessary for the sake of regularity that there should be some fixed general Rule for arranging and disposing in the Line of the Army the Troops of the different States during the present Campaign; They are to take post so far as Circumstances will permit according to the relative Geographical Position of the States to each other, supposing their front to [be] the Ocean; This Arrangement is not to establish any Post of honor or Precedency between the Troops.
All Guards and detachments are to parade agreeable to this rule.
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 26, 1778.
Sir: Major General Greene, who is now Quarter Master General of our Army, will have the honor of delivering you this. Besides the military abilities of this Gentleman, he is a Native of the State of Rhode Island, and having always resided there 'till the commencement of the war, he is intimately acquainted with every part of it, and with its navigation. From these circumstances, added to his weight and influence in that Country, I have thought that his services might be of material importance in the intended Enterprise against our Common Enemy. I recommend him to your notice and attention, as a brave, Intelligent, worthy Officer, and in whom you may place the utmost confidence. I have the honor, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 26, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of writing you the inclosed Letter from Haverstraw Bay, which was intended to introduce Colonel Sears38 to your Notice. This Gentleman set out with Captain Dobbs, a pilot, of the first established reputation, to offer their services to the Squadron under your command. Before they had an opportunity of reaching the Fleet, they sailed from the Road off Sandy Hook.
[Note 38: Col. Isaac Sears, a pilot.]
Colonel Sears is still desirous of manifesting his zeal in this our common cause, and will be happy, if he can contribute in the smallest degree to the success of the Enterprise which you have formed against Rhode Island. I have the honor, etc.37
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 26, 1778.
Sir: The Baron de Steuben will have the honor of delivering you this. I am extremely sorry, that this Gentleman's situation and views seem to have determined him to quit the service, in which he has been heretofore and is capable of still being extremely useful. Some discontents which arose among the Officers on account of the powers with which the office was at first vested, induced me to arrange the duties of it upon a plan, different from that in which it began. The moving state of the Army has for some time past, in a great degree, suspended the exercise of the Inspectorate. When the Troops marched from Brunswic, the scarcity of General Officers, most of them being engaged with the Court Martial, either as Members or Witnesses, occasioned my giving the Baron a temporary command of a Division, during the March. On our arrival near our present incampment, I intended he should relinquish this charge and resume his former Office, for which purpose a General Order was accordingly issued. But I find that he is intirely disinclined to the measure, and resolves not to continue in the Service unless he can hold an actual command in the line. Justice, concurring with inclination, constrains me to testify, that the Baron has in every instance discharged the several trusts reposed in him with great Zeal and Ability, so as to give him the fullest title to my esteem, as a brave indefatigable, judicious and experienced Officer. I regret there should be a necessity his Services should be lost to the Army: At the same time I think it my duty explicitly to observe to Congress, that his desire of having an actual and permanent command in the line cannot be complied with, without wounding the feelings of a number of Officers, whose rank and merits give them every claim to attention, and that the doing it would be productive of much dissatisfaction and extensive ill consequences. This does not proceed from any personal objections on the part of those Officers against the Baron: on the contrary, most of them whom I have heard speak of him, express a high sense of his military worth. It proceeds from motives of another nature, which are too obvious to need particular explanation, or may be summed up in this, that they conceive such a step would be injurious to their essential rights, and just expectations. That this would be their way of thinking upon the subject I am fully convinced, from the effect which the temporary command given him, even under circumstances so peculiar as those I have mentioned, produced. The strongest symptoms of discontent appeared upon the occasion. I have the honour etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter was read in Congress on August I and referred to Joseph Reed, Elias Boudinot, and Samuel Chase. They brought in a report (August 20) which established an Inspector General's Department, which was ordered referred to Washington for his opinion. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Sept. 12, 1778, post.) On August 28 Congress requested Steuben to repair to Rhode Island to assist Sullivan.]
[Note 40: Physician and surgeon general, Northern Department. He had been a lieutenant of Maryland Militia in 1776.]
Head Quarters, July 26, 1778.
Sir: You are to proceed immediately, with two assistants to Doctor Isaac Foster, D. Director in the Eastern Department, and take his instructions for the procuring of hospital furniture, medicines, instruments, and such things as may be thought necessary in the formation of a military and flying hospital for the use and benefit of the troops under the command of Major General Sullivan, at Providence, Rhode Island; in case or provided a proper hospital arrangement has not already taken place in that quarter either by the orders of Major General Sullivan or Doctor Foster. But should there be as yet no establishment of this kind, you will repair to and continue with Major General Sullivan in the faithful exercise of the several functions of your profession till dismissed by General Sullivan, the commander in that quarter, or the Commander in chief of the army of the United States.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: This will be delivered to you by Majr. Cabell42 who goes to Philadelphia in order to Collect and bring forward all the soldiers belonging to this Army who may have gone back to, or remaind in the City, or its Neighbourhood. You will please give him every Necessary assistance in the Execution of this duty. I expect you will find Colo. Hartley's Regiment with Colo. Proctors sufficient for Garrison duty, and you know how injurious it is to Soldiers, both in their Military and Moral Line, to be seperated from their Regiments, without proper Officers to inspect their Contract add to this that our Situation renders it highly proper that our Regiments should be as complete as we can possibly make them. As Major Cabell belongs to Virginia he goes more particularly to bring on the soldiers of that State, but any Others that can be collected he will take charge of it will be highly necessary to order all Officers to Camp who are not on immediate duty with you or have not regular leave of Absence. I am &ca.43
[Note 42: Maj. Samuel Jordan Cabell, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of John Fitzgerald.]
Head Quarters, White Plains,44 July 27, 1778.
[Note 44: Hamilton dated this letter "Head Quarters," then "Valley" and crossed it out, next "Wrights Mill" and crossed that out, and, finally, "White Plains."]
Dear Marquis: This will be delivered you by Major General Greene, whose thorough knowledge of Rhode Island, of which he is a native, and the influence he will have with the people, put it in his power to be particularly useful in the expedition against that place; as well in providing necessaries for carrying it on, as in assisting to form and execute a plan of operations proper for the occasion.
The honor and interest of the common cause are so deeply concerned in the success of this enterprise, that it appears to me of the greatest importance to omit no step which may conduce to it, and General Greene on several accounts will be able to render very essential services in the affair.
These considerations have determined me to send him on the expedition, in which as he could not with propriety act, nor be equally useful merely in his official capacity of Quarter Master General, I have concluded to give him a command in the troops to be employed in the descent. I have therefore directed General Sullivan, to throw all the American troops, both Continental, State and Militia into two divisions, making an equal distribution of each, to be under the immediate command of General Greene and yourself. The Continental troops being divided in this manner to the Militia, will serve to give them confidence, and probably make them act better than they would alone. Though this arrangement will diminish the number of Continental troops under you, yet this diminution will be more than compensated by the addition of militia; and I persuade myself your command will not be less agreeable or less honorable, from this change in the disposition. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 27, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I have thought it expedient to permit General Greene to go to Rhode Island, to take a part in the Enterprize, intended against the Enemy in that Quarter. You know his merit and his services, as well as I do, and therefore I need not add on that head. When the Marquis Fayette set out, I put Varnums and Glover's Brigades under his command, and, according to his instructions, they were to act in this manner. Upon a more mature consideration of the matter, I am convinced the success of the Enterprize will be more advanced, by disposing of the Continental Troops among the Militia. You will therefore make your arrangement in this way, and forming the whole of our force into Two Divisions, General Greene will take the direction of one, the Marquis of the other. You yourself the general command of course. I have written to the Marquis upon the subject. Besides the service, which General Greene will be of, both in Council and in the Field, upon this very interesting and important occasion, his presence will contribute greatly to expedite your Operations by an earlier provision, it is probable, of many matters in the line of his Department.
There is one thing more, which I would mention. Most likely there will be a debarkation of Troops from the Count D'Estaing's fleet, to assist in reducing the Island and the Enemy's force. These Troops, the Admiral may place under your general direction. His wish should be complied with, as to the particular command of them. I should suppose the Marquis would be his choice. Success and Laurels attend you. I am, etc.
P.S. What I have said, respecting the command of the Count D'Estaing's Troops is intirely a matter of incertainty. I do not know that he will, in case of a debarkation, choose that they should be with ours, or under any other than their Own Officers, Harmony and the best understanding between us should be a Capital and first object. The Count himself is a Land Officer and of the high rank of Lt. General in the French Army.
Your Letters of the 20th. and 22d. were received on Saturday Evening.46
[Note 46: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters [White Plains],47 July 27, 1778.
[Note 47: Tench Tilghman dated this draft from Valley Forge. (See note to Washington's letter to Lafayette, this same date, ante.)]
Sir: I this morning recd. yours of the 26th. by Capt. Bicker.48 I shall be glad to receive a perfect Return of the State of the Works, and what will be necessary for their completion, as soon as possible. In the mean time I shall lay the Commissary's return of provision before the Commy. General and desire him to lay in what further supply may be necessary. The Qt. Mr. Genl. has given orders to Colo. Hay respecting the supernumerary Waggons.
[Note 48: Capt. Walter Bicker, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
If the commanding Officers of the two Continental Regiments will make out Returns of the Cloathing wanting and will apply to the Cloathier at Fishkill, he will supply them, if he has the Articles. If he has not, he must immediately order them from Boston or from Philada.
Colo. Kosiusko was left at the Fort as acting Engineer and I have always understood is fully competent to the Business, I do not therefore see why another is necessary.
By the 12th. Article of the 14th. section of the Articles of War you are empowered to hold Garrison Courts Martial. If any case occurs which affects life or the trial of a Commd. Officer, I will, upon application, order a general Court Martial.
I have no objection to the person49 you mention doing the duty of Major of Brigade. But I think the same person may very well perform both duties of Brigade Major and Adjt. General, as the whole Garrison may be thrown into one Brigade.
[Note 49: Name not mentioned by Malcom, but was William Peck, who had acted, formerly, as brigade major of Spencer's brigade.]
There certainly is reason in your demand of some thing extra for your Expences as Commandant of the Posts. I am therefore willing to allow you double your stated subsistence, but as this, if known, may be drawn into precedent where there is no right or real occasion, I would wish you to say nothing about the matter.
I some time ago directed the German or Armand's Regiment to be sent to Fort Arnold as the most proper place of security, they being chiefly deserters. But as the order has been neglected, I now inclose a letter to Colo. Armand or the commanding Officer directing him to repair thither. I cannot at present spare Graham's Regiment. A few days ago I sent up eight persons to Fort Arnold who were sent from Vermont. If they could be confined in any other place, I think it would be more proper, as, if they are really inimical, they may make themselves masters of the state of the Garrison, Works &ca. If you can see Govr. Clinton, you may consult him upon a proper place. I am &ca.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 27, 1778.
Sir: I would recommend the laying a copy of the inclosed letter to you from Mr. Pintard,51 dated the 21st. Instt. before congress for their consideration.
[Note 51: Lewis Pintard. He became later the agent or commissary for American prisoners in New York City.]
You will take their judgement on the exchange of our mariners, and those of the French now in their hands for a like number of British seamen as proposed by Admiral Gambier.52
[Note 52: Rear Admiral tames Gambler, commander in chief of the British Navy in North America.]
The supplying our prisoners in New York with provisions, is another matter that demands particular attention. I do not wish them to suffer for want of what may be thought necessary for their support; but at the same time we should carefully guard against throwing flour into the hands of the Enemy. If we are to credit the different accounts from New York the army there is much straitened in this material article. This should lead us, therefore, to devise if possible, a plan for liquidating our debts in such a manner as would not administer to their wants, and teach us the expediency and propriety of only sending in to our people a supply adequate to their subsistence, without paying any attention to the requests of individual officers. This is a subject at present of too much importance to be overlooked. I am,etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 27, 1778.
Sir: Upon receiving this letter you are immediately to repair to camp to the exercise of the duties of your office. There is no useful purpose answered that I know of by your absence, while the advantages of the institution are in a great measure lost to the army.54
[Note 54: The Marechaussée, or mounted provost guard.]
If you have procured cloathing for your corps, it may be directed to be sent on after you. I am, etc.53
Head Quarters, White Plains, Monday, July 27, 1778.
Parole Lexington. Countersigns London, Lebanon.
The Gentlemen who have offered themselves as Candidates for Commissions in the Companies of Sappers and Miners are requested to wait upon General Du Portail, Chief Engineer who will examine their respective Pretensions and Qualifications and make a report to Head Quarters accordingly.
A Hogshead of Rice will be delivered to each Brigade for the use of the sick.
At a General Court Martial, July 17th. 1778, Colo. Putnam, President, Mr. James Davidson, Quarter Master of Colo. James Livingston's Regiment tried for defrauding the soldiers of their Provisions, embezzling Continental Property and disposing of several Articles belonging to the United States, found guilty and sentenced to be cashiered.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
At the same Court, Henry Scott, a soldier in Colonel Sherburne's Regiment was tried for desertion, found guilty and sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back and be confined in some Gaol 'till he can be put on board the Continental Navy there to remain during the War. The Commander in Chief orders him to receive his lashes on the Grand Parade tomorrow morning at Guard mounting and then to return to his Regiment.
Likewise Alexander Graham alias Smith a soldier in Colo. Meigs's Regiment tried for desertion unanimously found guilty and sentenced to be shot to death.
John Craige of 4th. Maryland Regiment, at a Brigade General Court Martial, July 10th. 1778, was tried for deserting to the Enemy; found guilty and unanimously sentenced to suffer death.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the two last mentioned sentenced.
Head Quarters, White Plains, Tuesday, July 28, 1778.
Parole Gerrard. Countersigns Great, Good.
The Commander in Chief desires that the Officers who did not compose part of the Grand Army last Winter and Spring and who may be unacquainted with the General Order relative to the duties of the Officers of the day as there pointed out, will have recourse to one issued on the ninth day of June last at Valley Forge and govern themselves thereby.
The Commander in Chief also begs leave to inform such Officers as may be unacquainted therewith that it is His Wish and Desire that the Field Officers of the day when they are relieved from their tour of duty would dine with him at Head Quarters, and where there is no particular Reason to prevent it he would take it as a favor from them to be punctual, as it enables him to invite Company accordingly;
The Inspector and Brigade Major of the day are meant to be included in this Invitation, and the General further requests that the Chaplains would also dine with him in turn each coming with his Brigadier when of the day.
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 28, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I was this morning favoured with your Two Letters of the 24 and 26th. Inst. with the papers to which they referred.
I am exceedingly happy to find that your efforts to prepare for the intended enterprise against the Enemy, had succeeded so well, and that things in general were in so promising a train.
With respect to the Enemy's force in your Quarter, I think your Estimate must be far too large. In your Letter of the 24th. you say it amounts to 3717 before General Brown's55 arrival. Supposing this to have been the case, which is making it as great, as I conceive it could be, the only reinforcement, which I have been able to learn, has gone from New York did not exceed 14 or 1500 at the outside, upon a very liberal allowance for the strength of the Corps. It is a good and a safe way to
[Note 55: Montfort Browne. In addition to being Governor of the Bahama Islands. he was a brigadier general of British provincial troops.] count sufficiently upon the Enemy's force, because, according to this we should always provide and act; however, by fixing it too high, it may injure, by exciting in the Troops if it should come to their knowledge, a spirit of diffidence and distrust; the contrary of which, you know, is essential to success. By a Letter from Govr. Trumbull of the 25th. he mentions, you had stated it at 7000 and that in a day or two, it would be 11,000. This, perhaps, you might imagine would give your requisition for men a more vigorous and successful efficacy.
With regard to the plan of operation, which you have submitted to the Admiral, my want of a more precise knowledge, than what I have, in a variety of facts and circumstances, will not permit me to decide upon it; but it appears to me, there are many useful and interesting hints in it, and such as I hope and am persuaded, are founded in consideration and an investigation of the matter. The cutting off the three Regiments on Connanicut and preventing further Reinforcements are great and important Objects, if they can be effected. General Greene set out this morning in order to join you and will arrive, I expect, by the time this reaches you. The fleet sailed from the Road off Sandy Hook, on Tuesday morning, and I should suppost are now with you. I have only to repeat my warmest wishes for your success and assurances that I am, etc.
P.S. From very good information I have reason to believe that the late Re-inforcement sent to Rhode Island did not exceed 1200 Men.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The P.S. is in the writing of Washington and does not appear in the draft.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 28, 1778.
Sir: This will be presented to Congress by Genl. Putnam. He arrived from Connecticut the day after I came into the Neighbourhood of this Camp. As I have not received any Resolution of Congress, respecting the Court of Inquiry, which they directed and which was transmitted them, on the subject of the posts in the Highlands, taken last year, I am at a loss in what point of view to consider him. He wishes some decision in this instance, and his journey to Philadelphia is for the purpose. I have the honor, etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 28, 1778.
Sir: I was this morning honoured with yours of the 25th. I think you need be under no apprehensions for the safety of your Coast, while the Count D'Estaing's Squadron lays off the Harbour of Newport, as the Enemy will have sufficient upon their hands to prevent their carrying on a predatory war. I took the liberty of suggesting to the Count the advantage of sending a ship of force down the sound to prevent the Enemy's reinforcing thro' Hell Gate. But whether he will incline to divide his fleet in that manner I cannot say. I am well aware of the inconveniency of drawing out the Militia at this time, but I am in hopes that the importance of the object, and I think I may say the moral certainty of Success, if the enterprise is supported with spirit, will outweigh every other consideration. Besides, the time of service will probably be but short, as the expedition will either be immediately determined in our favor, or must be laid aside.
It is impossible for me to spare larger detachments from this Army than I have already done, as the Enemy in and about New York are superior in Force to our main Body; should they reinforce Rhode Island I shall do so of Course.
I sincerely condole with you on the death of your worthy son Colo. Joseph Trumbull, whose exertions in the Cause of his Country, while he continued in a public Character, will reflect honor upon his Memory, and for whom, when living, I entertained a most cordial regard. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. It varies in the minor particulars of capitalization and punctuation from the printed text in the Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 5th Series.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 28, 1778.
Sir: I had a few days ago the pleasure of receiving yours of the 9th instant. The Butt of Wine has not yet arrived, but I doubt not, when it does, that it will answer your recommendation. Permit me to return you my thanks for the generosity of your present, and to express my wishes, that Fortune may continue to be as indulgent to you as she has hitherto been. I am &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Wednesday, July 29, 1778.
Parole Netherlands. Countersigns Nantz, Natick.
The Regimental Quarter Masters are to be pointedly exact in having Vaults sunk for necessaries and see that they are regularly covered every morning; They are also to pay strict attention to the Cleanliness of the Camp, seeing that all Offal, putrid flesh and bones are buried. Altho' this is the particular duty of the Quarter Masters it is expected that the Commanding Officers of Corps will know that the duty is performed, as the sweetness of a Camp and the health of the men depend upon it.
Particular attention agreeable to former orders is to be paid to the slaughtering Pens that no offensive smell may proceed from them.
Colo. Baldwin61 is appointed by the Quarter Mastr. General to the command and superintendency of the Artificers belonging to the Army.
[Note 61: Col. Jeduthan Baldwin, of the Engineers and Artificers, He retired in April, 178:]
All Officers commanding Companies of Artificers are there. fore to make return to him forthwith of the number of men in their respective Companies, and for the future to make such weekly and other returns to him as he shall direct.
In the monthly returns which are to be brought in to the Orderly Office next Saturday (and hereafter the last Saturday of every month) particular attention must be paid to insert the monthly Alterations regimentally, distinguishing between those discharged by the Muster Master General or Surgeon: and those whose terms of service are expired.
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Thursday, July 30, 1778.
Parole Palmyra. Countersigns Pitt, Plymouth.
The Guard at Terrytown62 is to be reinforced with a Captain, 2 Subs, 3 Serjeants, 3 Corporals, a Drummer and Filer and fifty five Privates and to be commanded by a Field Officer.
[Note 62: Tarrytown, N.Y.]
The Guard at Burtisses63 is to be reinforced by a Serjeant Corporal, Drum and Fife and thirteen Privates and to be
[Note 63: William Burtis, loyalist of Westchester County, N.Y.] commanded by a Captain; and the Guard at Saw Mill River Bridge is to be reinforced by a Captain, 2 Subs, 3 Serjeants, 3 Corporals and 40 Privates and be commanded by a Field Officer; From this Guard, a Sub, Serjeant and twenty Rank and File is to be detached to Pugsley's.64 A detachment of Artillery to be sent to Terry-town.
[Note 64: Gilbert Pugsley, loyalist of Philipseburg, N. Y.]
The Field Officers in performing their rounds are to examine whether the Guards upon the Communication between Dobbs's Ferry and Maroneck can afford a Chain of Centinels; if not they are to direct the Patroles to pass at such times and in such a manner as to secure the communication perfectly.
One Light Dragoon is to be at each of the following Guards 'till Colo. Moylan arrives, after which two are to be placed to each; namely Terry town, Dobbs's Ferry, Saw Mill River Bridge, Pugsley's, Appleby's,65 Burtiss's, Tomkins's,66 2 Miles, Cornell's, and Maroneck; The horse guard at Pugsley's may be withdrawn and aid in this service:
[Note 65: Elnathan and Joseph Appleby, loyalists of Westchester County, N.Y.]
[Note 66: John Tompkins, loyalist of White Plains, N.Y.]
The Dragoons attending these Piquets are to keep their horses constantly saddled by night and ready to mount at a moments warning; In the day they may graze.
AFTER ORDERS
Captain Smith late Inspector in Genl. Varnum's Brigade is appointed to do that duty in General Parson's Brigade and is to be respected accordingly.
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 30, 1778
Dear Sir: I received yours of Yesterday by your Dragoon. I approve of the step you took to drive off the Stock from Bergen, but if it appears to you that the families will be distressed by keeping their Milch Cattle, you have liberty to restore them to such persons and in such numbers as you think proper.
I desire you will, upon the receipt of this, come over with all the Cavalry except about twenty four, who are to act in concert with the detachment of foot. If that number appears too few, you may increase it to any as far as fifty. Colo. Simcoe67 told Captn. Sargent68 (who went down with a flag yesterday) that Admiral Byron69 was arrived. Be pleased to endeavour to find out the truth of this. I am &ca.
[Note 67: Lieut. Col. John Graves Simcoe, commandant, Queen's Rangers, British provincial troops.]
[Note 68: Capt. Winthrop Sargent, of the Third Continental Artillery. He was aide to Gen. Robert Howe in June, 1780; served to close of the war.]
[Note 69: Vice Admiral John Byron, of the British Navy.]
P.S. Leave orders with your Officer to keep a good look out from Fort Lee and if he perceives any extraordinary Movement to make report to me.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 71: Of Lee's Additional Continental regiment.]
July 30, 1778.
Sir: The recruits under your command belonging to Colo. Lee's Regiment, who were either Prisoners or Deserters from the Enemy, you will immediately deliver to Colo. Malcom at West Point, who will until further orders put them to such employment as he thinks fit.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.
On July 30 Alexander Hamilton wrote, by direction of Washington, to a commissary of clothing who was bringing a supply from Virginia to be very particular in his issues. Much unfairness had been practiced, and Washington ordered the commissary "whatever partial applications may be made, to observe one general rule in distributing the Clothing, that every Regiment may have a due proportion according to its numbers and wants ... justice and the good of the service essentially demand the most exact adherence to it." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 31, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 27th. 10 O'Clock, A.M. Upon opening of it, I was much disappointed at not hearing of the Count D'Estaing's arrival, who I hope will have made his appearance off the Harbour of Newport before this time, as a Reinforcement passed Maroneck the day before yesterday Morning.73 I wish it had been in my power to have spared a larger detachment of Continental Troops, but remember, I am left very near the Enemy, with a Force inferior to theirs upon New York and the adjacent Islands. I am much pleased with the account of the readiness which you were in, to begin your operations, as soon as the Count, and the Marquis should arrive, and I flatter myself, that you will receive no small assistance from Genl. Greene, in the department of Qr. Mr. Genl., as well as in the military line.
[Note 73: Reenforced by Byron's arrival, the British were able to send a fleet of 36 sail, 74 of which were double-deckers, against D'Estaing at Newport, whose force is stated to have been 12 ships of the line and 4 large frigates.]
As you have mentioned the matter of carrying the Enemy's works by storm, and have submitted it to my consideration and advice, I will only say, that as I would not, on the one hand wish to check the Ardor of our Troops, so I would not, upon the other, put them upon attempting what I thought they could not carry but with a moral certainty of success. You know the discipline of our Men and Officers very well, and I hope you, and the General Officers under your command, will weigh every desperate matter well before it is carried into execution. A severe check may ruin the expedition, while regular and determined approaches may effect the work, tho' perhaps they may take something longer time. Upon the whole, I will not undertake, at this distance, to give orders, I submit every thing to your prudence, and to the good advice of those about you. You have my sincere wishes for your success, as I am, etc.
P.S. By a letter from the Officer of the Maroneck Guard, he does not seem certain that the Vessels which went thro' the sound the day before yesterday had troops on Board at least any considerable number.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 31, 1778.
Dear Marquis: I had last Night the pleasure of receiving yours of the 28th. dated at Saybrook. I hope your next will inform me of your arrival at Providence, and of your having seen the Count D'Estaing's Fleet off the Harbour of Newport, an event, of which I am most anxious to hear. The inclosed letters were received from Philadelphia by Express. I am, etc.74
Head Quarters at the White plains, July 31, 1778.
Sir: With the Detachment under your Command, which is to comprehend the Corps now advanced (by) [with] Colo. Morgan, you are to move towards Kings bridge and the Enemys lines thereabouts.
The principal objects in view are, to cover the Engineers and Surveyors, while they reconnoitre, and as far as time will permit, Survey the Ground and Roads in your rear, and in front of this Camp, (Give a spring to) [to countenance] and encourage that Spirit of Desertion which seems so prevalent at present. To discover, if possible, those unfriendly, and ill disposed Inhabitants who make a practice of apprehending, and conveying within the enemy's line, such Deserters from their Army as [happen to] fall into their hands, and (are desirous of leaving their Service; and) with such (evidences) [Witnesses] as are necessary, to illucidate the facts, send them to the head Quarters of this Army, and lastly to try what effect this detachment's approach may have upon the Enemy.
I do not mean, or wish that you should incamp very near the Enemy of Nights, but wherever you do incamp, to be [that you do it] in a proper order of Battle, [so] that your Officers and Men may rise at once upon the ground they are to defend. Your Flanks and front should be well secured by Patroles of Horse and foot, sufficiently advanced upon every possible approach; always remembring how disgraceful a thing it is for an Officer to be Surprized, and believing that if the Enemy are in force at the Bridge they will certainly attempt it.
When I speak of your Flanks, I have an eye particularly to the North River, as the Enemy can, with facility, move with both secrecy and dispatch by Water, if they are provided with Boats at, or near the Bridge, or even at the City, so as to be upon your right flank and even rear, without much difficulty or notice.
Have your Evening's position well reconnoitred before hand. Unless there are good reasons to the contrary, I would advise against kindling fires at Night, as the Weather is warm, and your position would be discovered, and advantages taken from the knowledge of it.
You may continue out with this Detachment two or three days and Nights according to the state of your provisions and other circumstances and when you return leave an Officer and sixteen dragoons of Colo. Sheldons Regimt. with Colo. Morgan who with the Detachment under his immediate Command are to remain till further Orders.
As the Grounds on the West side of the Brunx River are much stronger than those on the East it may possibly be more eligible to go down on that side and return on the other in case any attempts should be made to harrass your rear.
You will give me the earliest, and fullest Intelligence of all occurrences worthy of Notice.75
[Note 75: The letter sent is in the Morgan Library and is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. It differs from the A. Df S. in the Washington Papers, as above, according to the corrections made by Alexander Hamilton on Washington's draft. Hamilton's changes are shown above in brackets and his deletion of Washington's phraseology is inclosed in parentheses. To obtain a clear reading of the letter as signed and sent, read the brackets and ignore all words within the parentheses.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 31, 1778.
Sir: By order of His Excellency I am to desire you will furnish the Wife and four Children of Nicholas Jordan employed as an interpreter to the Indians, with one Ration each for two Months from the time this reaches you.76 It will be afterwards continued if Jordan is detained from his family. The inclosed Bill of thirty dollars is sent by him to his Wife, to whom be pleased to have it delivered. I am etc.77
[Note 76: Gansevoort was then at Fort Schuyler, N.Y.]
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, July 31, 1778.
Sir: About Nine hundred of the Nine Months Men from the State of Massachusetts have joined the Army, and have been attached to Nixons, Paterson's, and late Learneds Brigades. As Glovers has yet had no proportion, I desire that three hundred of those yet to come on, may be ordered to stop at Providence and join that Brigade, which will make it equal to the others.
It is my intention to proportion all these Recruits among the Brigades of your State, that they may be upon a level, but they claim a right of choice to join which they please, which right they say is founded upon the law for raising them. As I have not a Copy of this law, I shall be glad to be furnished with one, that I may regulate myself according to the Terms of it. I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Friday, July 31, 1778.
Parole Ringwood. Countersigns Rye, Raymond.
At a General Court Martial of the 2nd. Line July 22nd. 1778; Colo. George Gibson, President, John Jenkins, Zechariah Ward, Richard Burk, Michael Carmer, William McConklin of the 6th. Maryland Regiment and Nicholas Fitzgerald of the 7th. Maryland Regiment were tried for desertion and attempting to get to the Enemy, all found guilty and unanimously sentenced to suffer Death.
Also John Daily of the 7th. Maryland Regiment tried for desertion; found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
At the same Court July 23rd., Solomon Lyons of the 2nd. Virginia Regiment was tried for desertion; found guilty and unanimously sentenced to suffer Death. Likewise David McClemens of the Delaware Regiment was tried for the same Crime and acquitted.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences; The sentence against John Dailey to be put in Execution tomorrow morning 6 o'Clock at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs. David McClemens to be immediately released from confinement.
Head Quarters, White Plains, Saturday, August 1, 1778.
Parole Tuscany. Countersigns Truro, Tartary.
At a Division General Court Martial held at Peek's-Kill July 16th. 1778; Lieutenant Colo. Hay,80 President, Lieutenant James Armstrong of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regiment was tried for behaving in a scandalous manner, beating a number of Persons, breaking Windows, and being guilty of other abusive treatment. After due consideration the Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Armstrong was guilty of beating Quarter Master Bradford,81 but think the Provocation was in some degree equal to the Offence; that he was guilty of breaking Cellar Windows and of other abusive treatment; but upon the whole cannot pronounce his behaviour scandalous, tho' unjustifiable and notwithstanding his good Character as an Officer and soldier do sentence him to be reprimanded in General Orders.
[Note 80: Lieut. Col. Udny Hay, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 81: Brigade quartermaster, Robert Bradford.]
At the same Court Captns. Thomas Moore and James Christe,82 of said Regiment were tried for the same Crime.
[Note 82: Capt. James Christie.
On August 1 Robert Hanson Harrison, by direction of Washington, wrote to Lieut. Col. Aaron Burr, at West Point, directing him to take charge of Chief Justice William Smith and other loyalist gentlemen and convey them to the British lines. Gov. George Clinton's instructions were to govern in the matter.
Tench Tilghman and Alexander Hamilton, respectively, wrote to Brig. Gen. James Clinton this same date (August I) conveying General Washington's warning to be particularly watchful against being surprised. Clinton, who occupied an advanced position, was directed to fall back on the main army if the British approached him in force. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
The Court are of Opinion that they are not guilty of behaving in a scandalous manner, beating a number of Persons or of breaking Windows, but find them guilty of abusive treatment and sentence them to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of the Brigade.
The Commander in Chief is sorry that he has Occasion to declare that Captains Christe and Moore and Lieutenant Armstrong were, thro' the whole of this affair in Circumstances that did them very little Honor. He laments they should suffer themselves so far to deviate from that line of delicacy and decorum which they owe to their own Characters as to engage in a Riot and Tumult of so singular a Complexion, especially as it rather appears by their own defence that they left their Regiment without leave. Captns. Moore and Christe and Lieutenant Armstrong are released from their Arrests.
The Brigade Major and Adjutants of the day are to be very alert in telling off the guards so soon as they are assembled on Parade, that the men may not be fatigued by long standing. They are also to see that the men stand firm with their heads erect and observe the strictest Silence while this is doing.
A Chain of Centries is to be posted along the Front of the Parade at forty yards distance within which none but the General, Field and other Officers of the day are to be admitted.
As there is something extremely awkward and unmilitary in Officers saluting at different times and in different manners the following general Direction is to be observed; The saluting Officer is to look full in the Face of the Officer saluted, his body upright and his step firm and to begin at such a distance as to finish the salute when opposite the Person for whom it is intended. The Motions of the Sword or Fusil and the Feet ought to be exactly in Concert; in order to which and for the graceful Performance of salutes it is expected Officers will spare no Trouble or Pains to perfect themselves and arrive at Dexterity and Uniformity as it is a matter which forms no unessential Part of their duty and will be highly ornamental to their military Appearance and Character.
When the guards are ordered to march off the Brigade Major is to see that they all step off at the same instant with their left feet and the Officers of Platoons will be particularly attentive that the step is afterwards preserved: As the Platoons pass in Review before the Major General or Officer Commanding the Parade the men are to hold up their heads and look full in their Face.
No Officer who has Regimentals is to mount guard in any other dress, and when men are warned for guard they are to be directed to come on with clean hands and faces, hairs combed and powdered, and are to appear in all respects as decent and solderlike as circumstances will permit.
Brigade Majors and Adjutants will recollect that it is an indispensible part of their duty to attend to this and see that the mens Arms Ammunition and Accoutrements are continually in the best order.
The Major General of the day thro' the Field Officers will have a careful Inspection made into these several matters and where there appears to be any deficiency will call the Brigade Majors and Adjutants to account on the spot, and either reprimand arrest or acquit as circumstances shall warrant; These are to be considered as standing orders which it is expected all officers and soldiers will be made acquainted with and punctually observe.
The whole Army to be under Arms tomorrow morning at five o'Clock precisely with their Tents struck and rolled up and their Packs slung; further orders will then be given by the Adjutant General.
The Troops of the whole line will exercise and manoeuvre on the Principles heretofore established for the Main Army twice a day from five to seven in the morning and from five to seven in the Evening. The Brigade Inspectors will perform the duties of their Office as heretofore directed by the order of the 15th. of June last.
Colo. Davies will superintend the Right Wing and three Brigades on the Right of the second line. Lieutenant Colonel Brooks will superintend the Left Wing and two Brigades on the left of the second Line, conformable to the spirit of the same order.
The Brigadiers and Commanding Officers of those Brigades who have no Brigade Inspectors appointed, will recommend to Head Quarters proper Officers for that Purpose.
Head Quarters, White Plains, Sabbath, August 2, 1778.
Parole Ulster. Countersigns Virginia, Wenham.
A Return as usual of the sick in camp to be made to the Surgeon General tomorrow morning, 9 o'Clock and every succeeding Monday at the Post Office near the Artillery Park, where attendance will be given to receive them. When the Surgeon is absent the Surgeon attending the Regiment will make the Return.
Return of Arms, Ammunition and Accoutrements, good bad and wanting in the several Brigades to be made and delivered in to the Orderly Office by the Brigade Quarter-Masters tomorrow morning at Guard mounting.
A like Return of Cloathing and Necessaries to be delivered in at the same time by the Majors of Brigade.
August 2, 1778.
Sir: I have just received the inclosed from the Board of War.83 I beg of you to inform me what steps have been taken in consequence of the resolves of the 11th. of June last.84 What Troops you had in contemplation for the Expedition into the Country of the Seneca's. What number you conceive adequate to the Service. What were your prospects of supplying them with Provisions, Stores, and other Necessaries. And with what convenience and readiness the means of transportation can be provided. In a word, I wish for every information that can enlighten my own judgment, and enable me to carry the views of Congress into execution, with [all] every possible [and] practicable dispatch: as the time appointed for the co-operation of Genl. McIntosh is near at hand.
[Note 83: At this point the following is crossed out: "As the subject is new to me, and unexpected."]
[Note 84: The comprehensive resolves of June 11, 1778, directed, among other activities, an expedition against Detroit which Mcintosh was to command, and that Gates was "to take the most expeditious measures for carrying the war into the Senecas' country," and to appoint a suitable officer to conduct the proposed expedition.
On August 2 Tench Tilghman wrote to the Commissary General of Purchases, Jeremiah Wadsworth, that this Indian expedition was in agitation, and that General Washington wished to know what magazines Wadsworth had formed along the line of the Mohawk River to Fort Schuyler and what steps had been taken to arrange for supplies. The matter was to be kept as secret as possible. This letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to the Board of War, Aug. 3, 1778, post.)]
When you have read the Inclosed Papers, you will please to return them under Cover, with your Sentiments, upon the above matters. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The letter signed and sent, in the writing of James McHenry, is in the New York Historical Society. It varies from the above A. Df. S. in capitalization, spelling, and in the inclusion of the words in brackets which McHenry inserted as improving Washington's composition.]
Head Quarters, August 2, 1778.
Sir: As General Glover's brigade has been detached to Rhode Island and is intended to operate against the Enemy in that Quarter, I take the liberty to request, that such recruits of your State, as have not marched, may proceed and join him. This will not only be the means of placing them in a way to render service, but will prevent the trouble and fatigue of a long march at this season. The Recruits here will join your Brigades that remain with this Army. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 3, 1778.
Gentlemen: I had the honor of receiving your favour of the 27th Ulto. on the 1st instant, inclosing sundry resolves of Congress and other papers respecting two expeditions meditated into the Indian Country one from the Southward and the other from the Northward. I have [since the receipt of them] it, been endeavouring to collect the necessary information concerning the means already provided, or to be provided towards prosecuting the latter; and I sincerely wish our prospects were more agreeable to the views of Congress than they are; but after examining the matter in every point of light I am sorry to say, an enterprise of this nature at the present time under our present circumstances appears to me liable to obstacles not easily to be surmounted.
On receiving your Letter I wrote to General Gates, copies of mine to him and of his answer to me87 are inclosed. I do not
[Note 87: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Aug. 2, 1778, ante. Gates's answer is not found in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.] find that any preparations have been made for the intended expedition; If the project should be continued almost every thing is still to be done. The Board will perceive that General Gates imagined it was laid aside.
Governor Clinton happening to be in Camp, I took occasion to consult him and General Gates jointly on the affair. They both concurred fully in opinion, that a serious attempt to penetrate the Seneca settlements at this advanced season [and under present circumstances] appearances was by no means adviseable; would be attended with many certain difficulties and inconveniences, and must be of precarious success. The reasons for this opinion are in my judgment conclusive.
Supposing the enemy's force is fifteen or Sixteen hundred men according to the estimate made by the Board [and much larger by their accts.], (other accounts make it larger) to carry the war into the interior parts of their country, with that probability of succeeding, which would justify the undertaking, would require not less than three thousand Men. And if the attempt is made it ought to be made with such a force as will in a manner insure the event; for a failure could not but have the most pernicious tendency. From inquiries I have made, not more than about twelve hundred militia from the frontier counties could be seasonably engaged for a sufficient length of time to answer the purpose of the expedition; little or no assistance can be looked for from the people of the Grants,88 who are said to be under great alarm for their own security, which they think is every moment in danger of being disturbed by way of Coos. The deficiency must be made up in Continental troops; and as there are only four or five hundred already in that quarter, who might be made use of on the occasion, the residue must go immediately from this army. The making so
[Note 88: The New Hampshire Grants, otherwise Vermont.] considerable a detachment at this time, is I conceive a measure that could not be hazarded, without doing essential injury to our affairs here.
Of this the Board will be fully sensible, when they are informed, that the enemy's strength at New York and its dependencies is at a moderate computation 14,000 men, our strength on the present ground less than [under] 13,000. Besides this number, only a bare sufficiency has been left in the Highlands to garrison the forts there. We have been lately reduced by a large detachment to Rhode Island, and it is possible a further detachment may become necessary. Should we weaken ourselves still more by an enterprise against the Indians, we leave ourselves in some degree at the mercy of the enemy, and should either choice or necessity induce them to move against us, the consequences may be disagreeable. Though there is great reason to suppose the enemy may wish to withdraw their force from these states, if they can do it with safety; yet if they find their departure obstructed by a superior maritime force, it may become a matter of necessity to take the field, and endeavour at all hazards, to open a communication with the country in order to draw supplies from it and protract their ruin. This they will of course effect, if we have not an equal or superior army in the field to oppose them with. We should endeavour to keep ourselves so respectable as to be proof against contingencies.
The event of the Rhode Island expedition is still depending; if it should fail we shall probably lose a number of Men in the attempt. To renew it, if practicable, we should be obliged to send reinforcements from this army, which could very ill be spared with its present strength; but would be impossible, if it were diminished by a detachment for the Indian expedition. And then should the enemy unite their force, they would possess so decisive a superiority as might involve us in very embarrassing circumstances. If on the contrary we succeed at Rhode Island a variety of probable cases may be supposed with reference to European affairs, which may make it extremely interesting to the common cause, that we should have it in our power to operate with vigor against the enemy in this quarter; to do which, if it can be done at all, will at least require our whole force.
These considerations sufficiently evince, that we cannot detach from this army the force requisite for the expedition proposed, without material detriment to our affairs here. And comparing the importance of the objects here with the importance of the objects of that expedition, it can hardly be thought eligible to pursue the latter at the expence of the former. The depradations of the savages on our frontiers and the cruelties exercised on the defenceless inhabitants are certainly evils much to be deplored, and ought to be guarded against, as far as may be done consistent with proper attention to matters of higher moment; but they are evils of a partial nature which do not directly effect the general security, and consequently can only claim a secondary attention. It would be impolitic to weaken our operations here, or hazard the success of them to prevent temporary inconveniences elsewhere.
But there are other objections to the measure of almost equal weight. The season is too far advanced for the enterprise, to raise and collect the troops to lay up competent magazines, and to make needful preparations and then to march to the Seneca settlements and back again would exhaust at least five months from this time; and the rivers would be impracticable before it could be effected. This time will not be thought too long, if it is considered, that the preparations of every kind are yet to be begun; and that when completed an extent of more than three hundred miles, is to be traversed through a country wild and unexplored, the greater part hostile and full of natural impediments. The rivers too at this time of the year are more shallow than at others, which would be an additional source of difficulty and delay. I shall say little on the subject of provision, though it is a serious question whether our resources are so far equal to our demands, that we can well spare so extensive supplies, as this expedition will consume. Besides feeding our own troops, we shall probably soon have to victual the French fleet which is said to have twelve thousand Men on board.
Notwithstanding the opinion I entertain of this matter, founded upon a knowledge of many circumstances which Congress could not be apprised of, in obedience to their orders, I shall without delay take measures for forming magazines at Albany [and upon the Mohawk River] and for preparing every thing else for the expedition, except calling out the Militia and shall be glad of the further directions of Congress, as speedily as possible. If it is their pleasure that it should still go on, I shall apply for an aid of Militia and can soon march the detachment of troops which must be sent from this Army.
I shall take the liberty however to offer it as my opinion, that the plan for subduing the unfriendly Indians ought to be deferred till a moment of greater leisure. We have a prospect that the British army will ere long be necessitated either to abandon the possessions they now hold and quit these states, or perhaps to do something still more disgraceful. If either these should arrive, the most effectual way to chastise the Indians and disarm them for future mischief, will be to make an expedition into Canada. By penetrating as far as Montreal, they fall, of course, destitute of supplies for continuing their hostilities, and of support to stimulate their enmity. [A measure of this sort would strike at the root, the other is only checking a few sprouts which will soon grow again]89 This would strike at
[Note 89: This bracketed sentence is in the writing of Washington but was later stricken out.] once at the root, the other would only lop off a few branches, which would soon spread out anew, nourished and sustained by the remaining trunk. Instead of the expedition resolved upon, it might be advisable to establish a well furnished Garrison of about three hundred continental troops90 some where near the head of the Susquehannah, at Unadilla, or in the vicinity of that place. And at the same time to establish a good post at Wyoming, with some small intermediate post. These posts would be a great security to the frontiers; and would not only serve, as barriers against the irruptions of the savages, but with the occasional aid of the militia would be convenient for making little inroads upon their nearest settlements; and might facilitate a more serious enterprise, when it shall be judged expedient. I shall be glad of the sentiments of Congress on this proposition.91
[Note 90: The draft first estimated this garrison at 400 or 500.]
[Note 91: The letter sent is missing from the Papers of the Continental Congress. The above text is from the draft in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The occasional words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
White plains, August 3, 1778.
Dear Custis: Your Letter of the 15th92 Ulto. from New Kent came to my hands by the last Post, and gave me the pleasure of hearing that you, Nelly, and the little ones were well.
[Note 92: This letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
You should not delay recording my Deed to you, because you cannot, I am told, make a proper conveyance to Henry till this happens, the postponing of it, therefore, may not be a pleasing circumstance to him. As you seemed so desirous of living in Fairfax, as I know it will be an agreeable measure to your Mother, and a very pleasing one to me, I am very glad to find that you have purchased Robt. and Gerrd. Alexanders Lands as they are pleasantly situated, and capable of great improvement. These two Gentln. not only knew how to take advantage of the times but resolved to profit by them and here, early, and in time; as a friend and one who has your welfare at heart, let me entreat you to consider the consequences of paying compound Interest. Your having 24 Yrs. to pay Mr. Robt. Alexander, without his having it in his power to call upon you for any part of the principal or Interest, is in my judgment an unfortunate circumstance for you; a Dun, now and then might serve as a Monitor, to remind you of the evil tendency of paying compound Interest, and the fatal consequence which may result from letting a matter of this sort Sleep without it; you may be plunged into a most enormous debt without thinking of it, or giving that timely attention, which the importance of it requires. I presume you are not unacquainted with the fact of £ 12,000 at compound Interest amounting to upwards of £ 48,000 in twenty four Years. Reason therefore must convince you that unless you avert the evil by a deposit of the like Sum in the loan Office, and there hold it sacred to the purpose of accumulating Interest in the proportion you pay, that you will have abundant cause to repent it. No Virginia Estate (except a very few under the best of management) can stand simple Interest how then can they bear compound Interest. You may be led away with Ideal profits; you may figure great matters to yourself to arise from this, that, or t'other Scheme, but depend upon it they will only exist in the imagination, and that year after year will produce nothing but disappointment and new hopes; these will waste time, whilst your Interest is accumg. and the period approaching when you will be called upon to be prepared perhaps to advance 4 times the original purchase money. Remember therefore, that as a friend, I call upon you with my advice to shun this rock by depositing the Sum you are to pay Alexander, in the loan Office; let it be considered as Alexanders money, and Sacred to that use and that only, for if you shd. be of opinion that pay day being a great way off will give you time enough to provide for it and consequently to apply your present Cash to other uses it does not require the gift of prophecy to predict the Sale of the purchased Estate or some other to pay for it.
After this dissertation upon a Subject which perhaps you may think I have no business now to intermeddle in I shall approve your proposal for selling the Lands mentioned in your Letter to me, provided you can get an adequate price but one circumstance should not be forgotten by you in these transactions and that is that your Lands will go but a little way in the purchase of others if you sell at three or four pounds an Acre and give twelve; after this remark I shall only add that if Mrs. Washington has no objections to your selling her thirds in your Lands about Williamsburg, or elsewhere I have not. The loan Office Interest, of whatever Sum they fetch, I shall be content to receive whilst I have any concern in it and your Mother, if she should be the Survivor, consenting to do the same removes every impediment and difficulty to yr. selling and places the matter in my opinion upon a fair, just, and equitable footing, as you will have the principal, if you choose it, paying the Interest or may deposite it in the loan Office, to raise the Interest there (if more desirable) during her life when the whole will revert to you as the Land would do.
As you seem so well disposed to live in Fairfax and have now fixed the matter by your late purchases of the Alexanders, I should, were I in your place, extend my Ideas and views further than you have done, that is over and above the Sale of the Eastern Shore, Williamsburg and the Hanover Lands with the Lotts in the City I would sell, or exchange, the whole below; for, depend upon it, that whilst you live in Fairfax you will get very little benefit from an Estate in New Kent or King William, unless you have much better luck than most who have Plantations at a distance.
When I advise selling, I would not be understood to mean at all hazards. I would try in the first place, what I could get for my own Lands without bargaining for them unless it was conditionally. I would then see whether some large Tracts of Land (not leased out) could not be had in Fairfax, Loudoun, Fauquier, Berkeley, or Frederick, or, on the Maryland side of the Potomack and upon what terms they could be purchased; you will then from a comparative view be a judge of the propriety of selling your own and buying others or holding fast what you have. Among those who hold large Tracts in Fairfax are the Fitzhughs, Mr. B. Fairfax, &ca. In Loudoun and Fauquier, The Carters (who probably would be glad to exchange) the Lees, Turbervilles, Page, Burwells, &ca;. Most of these being low landers, I think it not improbable but that bargains may be had of them, either by purchase or exchange.
With candour I have given you my opinion upon the several matters contained in your Letter. If it is faulty, it proceeds from error in judgment not from the want of Attachment, affection to you, or honest sincerety and is open to correction. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your two agreeable favors of the 19th. and 22d. Ulto. came to hand, which I now have to acknowledge.
I am very happy to learn that your wounds are less painful and in so fair a way of doing well, the only drawback in the pleasure we receive is that the condition of your wounds is still such as not to admit of your active services this campaign.93
[Note 93: Arnold had written to Washington (July 19): "My wounds are in a fair way and less painful than usual, tho' there is little prospect of my being able to take the field for a considerable time; which consideration together with that of having been obliged entirely to neglect my private Affairs since I have been in the service has induced me to wish to retire from Public business unless an offer which my friends have mentioned should be made to me of the command of the Navy to which my being wounded would not be so great an objection, as it would remaining in the Army. I must beg leave to request your Excellency's sentiments respecting a command in the Navy; I am sensible of my inability, and of the great hazard and fatigue attending the office; and that I should enjoy much greater happiness in a retired life, still my wishes to serve my Country have a greater weight with me than domestic happiness or ease." Arnold's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
You will rest assured that I wish to see you in a situation where you can be of the greatest advantage, and where abilities like yours may not be lost to the public; but I confess myself no competent judge in marine matters to offer advice on a subject so far out of my line, believe me, tho', that it is my desire that you may determine, in this case, in a manner most conducive to your health, honor and Interest. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1778.
Sir: At the earnest intercession of Colo. Armand I have consented to advance his Corps, consisting of Horse and Foot, near the Enemy's lines. You will therefore permit Lieut. Colo. Vrigny95 to march with the Foot of that Corps to Camp. I am etc.96
[Note 95: Lieut. Col.--de Vrigny, Armand's Corps. He resigned in October, 1778.]
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 13th. ulto. As you seem to have proceeded as far as you can in the purchase of Horses without indulging the exorbitant demands of the holders, I would have you desist, and come immediately to Camp with all the Officers, Men and Horses. If you have any Arms or Accoutrements unfinished, or any Men and Horses unfit to come forward when this order reaches you, I would have you leave an Officer, upon whose diligence you can depend, to bring them on when they are ready. Lieut. Baylor97 under arrest for gaming, is to come on with you.
[Note 97: There were two Lieutenant Baylors in the Third Continental Dragoons at this date--Walker and John.]
I have written to Colo. Bland and desired him to give over purchasing, and to come on to Camp also, as it is my intent to draw as strong a Body of Cavalry as possible together, that we may keep the Enemy from foraging or drawing other supplies from this part of the Country. I am, etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original is in the collection of Judge E, A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J., to whose kindness the editor is indebted for a photostat.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: I find by a letter from Colo. Baylor of the 13th. July that Horses had got to such extravagant prices that it was in vain to think of procuring but very few more for Dragoon Service. I have therefore desired him to desist from purchasing and come immediately to the Army with all his Officers, Men and Horses. I desire you may do the same. It is probable that some of both Men and Horses may be unfit to travel when this order reaches you, and that some of the Arms and Accoutrements which you have bespoke may be unfinished. I therefore desire you to leave an active diligent Officer to wait untill they are ready, and then bring them on. It is my wish to draw the whole of the Cavalry speedily together that we may endeavour to confine the Enemy to as strict bounds as possible. I am etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains,
Monday, August 3, 1778.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Boxford, Cambridge.
The Connecticutt Militia Light Horse commanded by Captain Skinner1 are discharged and have his Excellency's thanks for their good Services.
[Note 1: Capt. John Skinner. He was major of Connecticut Militia in 1779.]
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Stewart2 was President, July 29th, 1778: Lieutenant Colo. Regnier3 tried 1st. For leaving his Regiment when alarmed by the firing of the Patroles upon the lines on the morning of the 29th. of June last and not joining it again 'till the Alarm was over. 2ndly. For purchasing a horse from a soldier which properly belonged to the Continent. 3rd. For treating Adjt. Sackett4 in an unofficer and ungentlemanlike manner. The Court having considered the Charges and the Evidence are unanimously of opinion that Lieutt. Colo. Regnier is not guilty of either of the Charges exhibited against him, and are farther of opinion, that they are groundless, vexatious and dictated by private Pique and Malice; They do acquit him with honor.
[Note 2: Col. Walter Stewart, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 3: Lieut. Col. Pierre Regnier (sometimes called Regnier de Roussi), of the Fourth New York Regiment. He transferred to the Second New York Regiment in June, 1779; resigned in March, 1780.]
[Note 4: Adjt. Peter Sackett, of the Fourth New York Regiment. He resigned in September, 1778.]
At the same Court Martial, July 31st. Captn. Silleron acting as a Volunteer in the 4th. New-York Regiment was tried 1st. For calling Adjutant Sackett a Liar and drawing his sword on him when unarmed. 2ndly. for insinuating that he was a Coward and challenging him to fight a Duel.
The Court having considered the first Charge and Evidence are of Opinion that Captn. Silleron is guilty thereof, but as the Abuse was reciprocal and as Captain Silleron could not mean by drawing his sword to take Advantage of Mr. Sackett's being unarmed, The Court think the Punishment of lying in Arrest (a punishment pointed out in the Articles of War of which his Crime is a breach and which Captn. Silleron has already suffered) is adequate to the fault he has committed; They are likewise of opinion that Captain Silleron is guilty of the second Charge exhibited against him, but as the Challenge was given by him immediately, as it proceeded from the instantaneous Resentment of an incensed Gentleman and was not sent on cool reflection; the Court are of opinion that Captain Silleron has not been guilty of a breach of the Article of War which prohibits sending challenges and do determine that he does not merit Censure.
Likewise Lieutenant Norton5 of the 2nd. Pennsylvania Regiment, tried for entering the Encampment of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regiment in Company with several others in a riotous and mutinous manner and for attempting to enter Colo. Craige's house between the hours of twelve and one in the morning of the 4th. of June with a drawn sword and unanimously acquitted of the Charge exhibited against him.
[Note 5: Lieut. Thomas Norton. He became regimental quartermaster in September, 1778; a lieutenant in March, 1779; resigned in September of that year.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentences. Colo. David Hall is appointed President of the Court Martial now sitting, vice Colo. Stewart.
Major Oliver6is appointed Inspector in General Nixon's Brigade and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 6: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January. 1783; served to September of that year.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 3, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting to Congress a copy of a Letter from General Knox, and of sundry observations and remarks on the Ordnance establishment of the 11th of Feby, which I received about the time we marched from Valley Forge. These would have been transmitted before, had it not been for the moving state of the Army and a variety of other Objects which engrossed my attention. We have found by experience, that some inconveniences have resulted from this Establishment, which I conceive, have proceeded principally from the total independence of the Commissary General of Military stores, on the Commanding Officer of Artillery. It seems some alterations are necessary and what they shall be, Congress will be pleased to determine.
It is not without reluctance that I am constrained, to renew my importunities on the subject of the Committee of Arrangement. The present unsettled state of the Army is productive of so much dissatisfaction and confusion and of such a variety of disputes, that almost the whole of my time is now employed in finding temporary and inadequate expedients to quiet the minds of the Officers and keep business on a tolerable sort of footing. Not an hour passes without New applications and New complaints about rank and for want of a proper adjustment of this and many other essential points, our Affairs are in a most irksome and injurious train. We can scarcely form a Court Martial, or parade a Detachment in any instance, without a warm discussion on the subject of preceedence and there are several Good Officers now who are forced to decline duty, to prevent disputes and their being commanded by Others, who upon every principle are their Inferiors; unless their having obtained Commissions before them, from the opportunities they had of making earlier applications from local circumstances, should be considered sufficient to give them a superior claim. There are many other causes of dissatisfaction on this head, but I will not enter into a minute relation of them. I sincerely wish, that the Gentlemen appointed or such Others as Congress may think proper to nominate for the occasion, would immediately repair to Camp. The present opportunity is favourable for reducing matters to System and order, and from painful experience I know, there is an absolute necessity for it.
I should also hope, that Congress will excuse me for mentioning again the necessity there is for appointing some Brigadiers. The Massachusetts, by the resignation of General Learned, wants one. Pennsylvania as General Hand is not here, has but one with the Army. Maryland, which has Two large Brigades in the field, has only General Smallwood and the North Carolina Troops, since the departure of Genl. Mcintosh, have been without any. As I had taken the liberty upon a former occasion to offer my sentiments to Congress and their Committee upon this subject, I should not trouble them now, if I was not more and more convinced that the service requires promotions in this line. The frequent changes which take place among the Officers, where there are no Brigadiers, are attended with great inconvenience and detriment; and they are an effectual bar to the introduction of discipline. In such cases, the Officers know, that their command is but temporary, always liable to cease and therefore they do not find themselves sufficiently interested to promote order and subordination; nor will the rest look up to them with that respect and deference which are essential. Every day's experience proves this, and shews beyond question, that the Affairs of a Brigade can never be in a right train without a Brigadier, or some General to direct them. It is certain, these appointments, at the first view will add a little to the list of expence, but in the end they will be a great saving and produce many important advantages. We are also a good deal distressed at this time for Major Generals; however, as this arises more from the peculiar circumstances and situation of many, which prevent them from duty in the line, than from a deficiency in the number appointed, I shall not add upon the occasion.
There is another branch of the Army, which in my opinion calls loudly for the appointment of a General Officer and this is the Cavalry. For want of a proper regulating Head in this Corps, the whole has been in confusion, and of but very little service; whereas, under a right management, it might be most useful. The principal Officers in it do not harmonise, which circumstance with their disputes about rank would, were there no other Objections, effectually prevent the Corps from rendering the Public the services they have a right to expect, and of which it should be capable. To promote any gentleman now in it, to general Command, would not be acquiesced in by the rest (nor do I know that any of them wish it) and it would increase their misunderstanding and of course disorder. I mean to draw all the Horse immediately together, when I trust they will be under the direction of a General Officer appointed by Congress for the purpose. Who he shall be, will remain solely with them to determine. However, I will take the liberty to add, that he should be intelligent, active, attentive; and as far as I can judge, General Cadwallader or General Reed would fill the post with great honor and advantage; tho' it would seem, from the seat the latter has taken in Congress and from his late appointment to the Council of Pensylvania, as if he had declined every military view. The abilities of these Gentlemen, as well as their attachment are generally known, and I am led to believe that either would be as acceptable to the Corps, as any person that can be found; [indeed I have learnt as much from two of the Colonels.]7
[Note 7: The phrase within the brackets was added in the draft by Washington.]
I have been waiting with the most impatient anxiety to hear of Count D'Estaing's arrival at Rhode Island, but as yet I have not been so happy. My last intelligence from thence is a Letter from Genl. Sullivan dated at 10 O'Clock in the forenoon of the 27th when he had no advice of the Fleet. He was in high spirits and from the preparations in which matters were, he entertained the most flattering hopes of success in the intended Enterprise. The Brigades of Varnum and Glover, with Jackson's detachment would arrive, I expect on the 2d Inst.
As the Army was encamped and there was no great prospect of a sudden removal, I judged it advisable to send Genl. Greene to the Eastward on Wednesday last; being fully persuaded his services, as well in the Quartermaster line as in the field, would be of material importance in the expedition against the Enemy in that Quarter. He is intimately acquainted with the whole of that Country, and besides he has an extensive interest and influence in it. And in justice to General Greene, I take occasion to observe, that the public is much indebted to him for his judicious management and active exertions in his present department. When he entered upon it, he found it in a most confused, distracted and destitute state. This by his conduct and industry has undergone a very happy change, and such as enabled us, with great facility, to make a sudden move with the whole Army and baggage from Valley forge in pursuit of the Enemy and to perform a march to this place. In a word he has given the most general satisfaction and his affairs carry much the face of method and System. I also consider it as an act of justice, to speak of the conduct of Colo. Wadsworth, Commissary General. He has been indefatigable in his exertions to provide for the Army and since his appointment, our supplies of provision have been good and ample.
August 4th.
At 7 O'Clock in the Evening yesterday, I received the inclosed Letter from Genl Sullivan, with one addressed to myself, a Copy of which I do myself the pleasure of forwarding. I am exceedingly happy in the Count's arrival, and that things wear so pleasing an aspect.
There is another subject, on which I must take the liberty of addressing Congress, which is that of the Cloathier's department. I am perfectly satisfied, that unless this very important and interesting Office is put under better regulations and under a different Head, than it now is, the Army will never be cloathed. Mr. Mease is by no means fit for the business. It is a work of immense difficulty to get him to Camp upon any occasion, and no order can retain him there sufficiently long, either to answer the demands of the Troops, or to acquire more than a very slight and imperfect knowledge of them. This is of itself according to my ideas, would make him highly culpable; but there are other circumstances. He is charged with inactivity, in not pursuing the best and all the means that present themselves, to provide Cloathing. His Agents too, who have been with the Army from inability or a want of industry, or proper instructions from their principal, have been very incompetent to the purposes of their appointment. Besides these objections, Mr. Mease unhappily is represented to be of a very unaccomodating cast of temper, and his general deportment towards the Officers who have had to transact business with him, has rendered him exceedingly obnoxious. The constant and daily complaints against him, make it my indispensible duty to mention these points, and it is the more so, as I believe both Officers and Men, particularly the latter, have suffered greater inconveniences and distresses, than Soldiers ever did before for want of Cloathing; and that this has not flowed more from a real scarcity of Articles, than a want of proper exertions and provident management to procure them. It is essential that something should be done and immediately, to place the department on a better footing. We have now a great many men intirely destitute of Shirts and Breeches and I suppose not less than a fourth or fifth of the whole here, who are without Shoes. From the deficiencies in this line numbers of desertions have proceeded, not to mention deaths, and what is still worse, the Troops which remain and see themselves in rags want that spirit and pride necessary to constitute the Soldier.
I have been informed by Several Officers and by such as I can depend on, that many of the late Draughts are willing and desirous of enlisting during the War. I do not conceive myself at liberty to give directions on the point and therefore submit it to Congress to decide. However, if they can be engaged for the usual bounties allowed by the Continent, after proper precautions are taken to prevent fraud, I think the measure will be expedient. It is true, our Affairs have an agreeable aspect at present, but the War may continue and we want men. A third of the time of some of them, and a half in the case of others, is already expired; and as they will rise in their views and become more difficult in proportion as their service draws to a conclusion, if the step is considered adviseable, the sooner we attempt to inlist the better in all probability will the work succeed. I have the Honor etc.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Tuesday, August 4, 1778.
Parole Bloomendale. Countersigns Andover, Croten.
The Sixth Virginia Regiment being ordered to join the Tenth in the Arrangement of the Brigades was a Mistake; it is to continue with the Second as usual.
All Officers commanding Regiments having men who from their state of health will not be fit for active service in a short time are desired to make a return of them to the Orderly Office, that those proper for the Purpose may be draughted to join the Invalid Corps under Colonel Nicola in Philadelphia.
The several Regimental Pay Masters are requested to make out a list of the Prisoners, Deserters and dead men belonging to their respective Regiments immediately, together with the sums that are due each, and file the same with the Auditors, who will give them directions in what manner their Accompts are to be made out, in order that the same may be adjusted and settled without delay.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was, last Evening, favd. with yours of the 1st. instant, which releived me from the greatest anxiety, as so much longer than the usual time of passage had elapsed, since the Count D'Estaing left the Hook. I am very happy to hear your presages of a good understanding between the Count and yourself in respect to command. I wish you had mentioned how many of the Enemy's ships of War were in the harbour, and what stations they took upon the arrival of the French Fleet. If their situation should be such, that there is no possibility of their escape, I would have you inquire of the Count, whether it would be improper, or inconsistent with the Rules of War, to warn them not to destroy them upon their peril. You will just suggest this matter, in a transient way, and let the Count act as he thinks prudent.
You must suppose that I shall be most anxious to hear as often as possible from you, and I therefore beg you will keep me constantly advised of your operations. Even if nothing material should happen in the course of a day or two, just to hear that all is well will be a relief to me. If you gain any more certain accounts of the strength of the Enemy, than what was mentioned in your last, be pleased to transmit them to me. If we can come at an exact knowledge of the detachment at Rhode Island, we can form a truer judgment of the numbers remaining at New York.
I must beg your care of the inclosed for the Count D'Estaing, to whom be pleased to present my most respectful Compliments and good Wishes. Be pleased also to deliver the letters inclosed for Colo. Laurens and Captn. Gibbs.9 I am, &ca;.
[Note 9: Captain Gibbs had already been promoted to major by Congress on July 29.]
P.S. The most certain way of calculating the Enemy's strength, is first to ascertain the number of Regiments, and then endeavour to find out the number of Men in them by examining deserters and others.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 4, 1778.
Sir: I was last Night favd. with yours of the 2d. with a York paper for which I am obliged to you. I have only to recommend to you, to keep a vigilant watch upon the motions of the Enemy upon Staten Island, and upon their fleet in the Bay. If you procure any certain intelligence that any considerable Number of ships are preparing for sea, let me know it immediately, that I may communicate it to Count D'Estaing who has arrived at Rhode Island. I am etc.
P.S. Direct your Spies to be very inquisitive whether they are embarking Baggage and Stores and if any troops move from Staten Island, whether they go on board Ships or up to New York.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 4, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of the 30th. with the Returns of the Garrison, I should have answered you by the same person who brought it, but he did not call upon me.
It is not in my power at present to add to the Strength of the Garrison, the detachment to Rhode Island having taken every Man that can be possibly spared from this Army.
I think you will do well to send down the Brass 12 pounder to this park.
If Mr. Lawrence's12 service as a deputy Adjutant General is indispensably necessary, you may take him into employ as such, but I should have thought that your Brigade Major with the Assistance of the Regimental Adjutants might have done the duty. Rations have varied at different times according to the scarcity or plenty of Meat and Flour. The Ration at present delivered out by you is much the same as the Commissary General proposes at this time, and therefore you may continue it.13 In future direct your Commissary of Issues to take his orders from the Commissary General of Issues.
[Note 12: Lieut. Jonathan Lawrence, jr., of Malcom's Additional Continental regiment. He was a captain of Sappers and Miners, June 12, 1781; resigned Nov, 25, 1782.]
[Note 13: See General Orders, Aug. 6, 1778, post.]
It falls into the Qr. Master Generals Department to see that the Artificers are properly employed, and therefore, if you think those upon the North River are idling away their time, you should apply to Colo. Hay, who will order them to repair to West Point or any other place where they are wanted.
I cannot approve of the sentence of the Court against Springsteel, because the Court Martial was illegally constituted, as being held without my order. But that he, or capital Offenders may be brought to justice in due form in future, I inclose you a power to hold General Courts Martial14 when necessary.
[Note 14: This form may be seen in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Feb. 14, 1778, q. v.]
Yours of the 1st. instant inclosing the weekly return has been received. I am, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
White Plains, August 4, 1778.
(This letter is the same as that written to Brig. Gen. James Clinton, July 31, 1778, q. v.16
[Note 16: Contemporary copy in an unknown hand.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 5, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 29th. July by Lieutenant Randolph17 and of 31st., inclosing the order of Congress for raising those Men who are now demanding pay. As this is a matter of a particular nature, I cannot undertake to settle it. I think the charges, whatever they may be, ought to be drawn out and submitted to Congress. I cannot determine what is to be done respecting the State prisoners at Albany who draw continental provision. Govr. Clinton says those at Poughkeepsie are furnished with provision by the state. I would have you enquire of the Magistrates of Albany and know of them how it first happened that those prisoners drew from the continental store. The Commissary should keep an exact Act. of what he issues.
[Note 17: Lieut. Edward Fitz Randolph, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in May, 1779.]
I cannot see why the soldiers Wives in Albany should be supported at public expence. They may get most extravagant Wages for any kind of Work in the Country and to feed them, when that is the case, would be robbing the public and encouraging idleness. If they would come down and attend as Nurses to the Hospitals they would find immediate employ. When I sent up Lieut. Colo. Butler with his own Regiment and a detachment from Morgans, I intended he should have taken the command of all the troops employed upon that service, provided it did not require a Genl. Officer. He is not only a very brave but an experienced Officer, especially for such an expedition. If Colo. Alden18 is with his Regiment, and forms a junction with Lt. Colonel Butler, he must command him of course, except Colo. Alden could by any means be put upon some other service. If the thing could be so managed it would be very agreeable to me, as I place great dependance upon Colo. Butler's Abilities as a Woodsman.
[Note 18: Col. Ichabod Alden, of the Twenty-fifth Continental Infantry. He was killed at the Cherry Valley, N.Y., massacre in November, 1778.]
I will send up as many of the Articles as can be procured for Butler's and Morgan's Regts. by Lieut. Randolph. I am &ca.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 5, 1778.
Sir: As an expedition against the Indians to the Westward is in contemplation, I desire you will give orders to have the Batteaus in the Mohawk River put in order and kept ready for such an event. Some Waggons and Horses will likewise be wanting should the expedition take place, but I would not have you either hire or purchase immediately upon an uncertainty, only be making such arrangements, that you can command them suddenly if called for. You need not be cautioned to keep the reason of these preparations secret. All other matters in your department should also be put into a proper train, to forward the expedition should it take place. General Schuyler is particularly well acquainted with what preparations will be necessary upon such an occasion, and I would therefore have you consult him. I am &ca.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 5, 1778.
Sir: A few days ago I received your favor, dated at New Windsor on the 24th. Ulto., but how or by whom I do not recollect. As the person, acting as paymaster to your detachment, has not applied for their pay; and as the Officers and Men may have occasion for Money, I have drawn a Warrant on the paymaster at Albany, payable to you or your Order for Two thousand five Hundred Dollars, which you will find inclosed. I have also written him a Letter of advice upon the subject, which you will send with the Warrant when it is presented for payment. You will have to account for this Money and therefore you will be careful in taking receipts or proper Vouchers for the disbursement of it among the Officers and Men, that you may meet with no difficulty in settling with the Auditors. I wish you success, and am, etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 5, 1778.
Sir: Captain Thomas Posey was detached a few days ago from this Army, with a party of Riflemen to act on the Frontiers of this State. At the time they marched, they had not an opportunity of receiving their pay. I have therefore drawn a Warrant on you for Two Thousand five Hundred dollars which I request you to pay to the Captain or any person he may authorize to receive it. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Wednesday, August 5, 1778.
Parole Cromwell. Countersigns Bronx, Ashford.
The Commander in Chief in very express and positive Terms forbids soldiers to remove, burn or otherwise destroy the Rails belonging to the Inclosures in and about Camp and expects that Officers of all Ranks will use their utmost Exertions to prevent this wanton and injurious Abuse of Private Property, or bring to severe Punishment the Offenders.
The Adjutant General in ordering a detachment for Guards or Scouts is always to mention the number of days for which they are to draw Provisions. Notice of which being communicated to the Regimental Quarter Masters (thro' the proper Channel) makes them responsible for the men of their respective Regiments that they bring the Provisions ordered.
The Commanding Officer of every detachment for more than a day is, before he marches from the Parade to inquire if the men are provided agreeable to order and if they are not to lodge the names of the deficient men and the Regiment they belong to, with the Adjutant General, who is positively directed to arrest and bring to trial the delinquent Quarter-Masters; and if the Commanding Officer of the Party neglects to make this Inquiry before he leaves the Parade, he makes himself responsible and must answer accordingly. This is to be considered as a standing Order, and all Officers are to pay strict obedience thereto, as it hath been found in some Instances that a neglect has defeated the End of detachments and in others that the Country People have suffered greatly in having their Provisions forced from them to support these Parties.
Major Fish,23 late Inspector in General Poor's Brigade is appointed to do that duty in General Clinton's and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 23: Maj. Nicholas Fish.]
A Return of Drums, Fifes, Drum-heads &c. wanting in the respective Brigades to be made immediately.
Head Quarters, White Plains, Thursday, August 6, 1778.
Parole Delaware. Countersigns Eden, Franklin.
The Officers commanding the several Guards are to be pointedly exact in reporting in time the Occurrences of the day; at any rate they are not to delay doing this beyond 12 o'Clock, that the whole may be drawn into one view and presented by the Majr. Genl. before 3 P.M.
That the whole Army may be served with the same Ration, the Commissary General is 'till further orders to issue as follows, one pound and a quarter of flour or soft bread or one pound of hard bread, eighteen ounces of beef, fresh or salt or a pound of Pork or a pound of fish and two ounces of butter, a Gill of Rum or Whiskey when to be had; The usual allowance of soap and Candles.
The Major Generals with the Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades under them are to examine the ground well in front and round about their respective Encampments and assign each Brigade it's Alarm Post; In doing this, after the Ground hath been previously examined, they are to cause the Brigades to be drawn up on such as shall be respectively intended for them, that the space required for each may be ascertained.
A Discharge of three Pieces of Cannon as usual from the Park is to be the signal for an Alarm.
At a General Court-Martial, July 27th. 1778: Colo. Stewart, President, Doctor Brown24 of the 14th. Virginia Regiment, tried 1st. For going home, not only without the leave but against the express Consent of the Commanding Officer, and that at a time too when the distressed situation of the Regiment required the Doctor's particular Attention. 2ndly. For neglecting to have a furlow, which he said he obtained from Doctor Cochran registered as is positively directed in general Orders of the 22nd. of December last.
[Note 24: Surgeon Daniel Brown. He resigned in September, 1778.]
The Court having considered the Charges and the Evidence are unanimously of opinion that Doctor Brown is guilty of the Charges exhibited against him, being breaches of 5th. Article 18th. section of the Articles of War and of a General order issued the 22nd. of December A.D. 1777; but in Consideration of his very bad State of health at the time he left his Regiment and his conceiving that a furlow from Doctor Cochran was intirely sufficient, the Court only sentence him to be reprimanded in General orders.
Tho' the fact stated in the first charge is proved, yet the Commander in Chief cannot think that it contains any Imputation of guilt, because by the Establishment of the Medical Department, the Surgeon General had a Right to give Doctor Brown a furlow in the manner he did, and it appears besides that the Doctors State of health did not permit his attendance on the Regiment, his Conduct was certainly blameable in not having the Furlow registered as directed by General Orders, an Ignorance of which is the worst of all possible Excuses.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 7, 1778.
Parole Flanders. Countersigns Epping, Dobbs.
All returns for Arms, Ammunition, Accoutrements &c. are first to be made out by the Regimental Quarter Masters, which after examined and signed by the Commanding Officers of Regiments are to be given to the Brigade Quarter Masters who are to digest them into Brigade Returns, get them examined and signed by the Brigadiers or Commandants of Brigades, then present them to the Adjutant General for an Order upon the Commissary of Military Stores, taking receipts from the Regimental Quarter Masters for such Articles as shall be delivered them which they are to charge to the several Companies. The Commanding Officers of Companies are again to charge their men with such Arms &c. as shall be delivered them respectively and severely punish any non-commissioned Officer or soldier who shall carelessly or willfully waste or destroy them besides making them pay the full value thereof. And as there has been in many Instances a wanton waste of Arms Accoutrements and Ammunition, the Commander in Chief enjoins it upon the Commanding Officers of Regiments to see this order punctually executed, and as it is of the highest Importance that strict Oeconomy should be observed with respect to those essential Articles he desires the Brigadiers to pay particular attention to the observance of the same.
The Commander in Chief directs that Doctor Cochran25 and Doctor Burner26 in conjunction with the officers of their departments take the immediate Charge of the Flying Hospital.
[Note 25: Dr. John Cochran, surgeon general of the Middle Department.]
[Note 26: Dr. William Burnet, surgeon general of the Eastern Department.]
The Muster Rolls of the Army to be drawn agreeable to the directions and forms prescribed by the Commissary or Deputy Commissary General of Musters. The absent Officers to be accounted for by the Commanding Officers of Corps; the dates of Inlistments and different terms of service for which the troops are engaged to be continued on the Rolls. The strictest attention will be expected to this order.
A return of the State of the Arms Accoutrements and Cloathing of the Regiments to be made to the Officers of Musters on the day of every Muster. The Rank of the Field Officers of the four Regiments of Light Dragoons having been settled by a board of General Officers at White Marsh on the 24th. day of November last, the Officers are to rank in the following manner:27
[Note 27: The regiments remained as formerly, i.e., Bland commanded the First, Sheldon the Second, Baylor the Third, and Moylan the Fourth Dragoons.]
The Quarter Master General is authorized to direct the Waggon Master General or his Deputies to use their best endeavours to enlist Waggoners out of the Militia now in service, and if a sufficient number cannot be procured in that way, they are to engage such as may be deficient out of the draughts or levies from the several States. In the latter Case they are not to take on any Account more than four men out of a Company.
Lieutenant Jones28 of the 15th. Virginia Regiment is appointed Pay-Master to the same.
[Note 28: Lieut. Samuel Jones. He was a captain in January, 1780; retired in February, 1781. The Fifteenth was designated the Eleventh Virginia Regiment in September, 1778.]
White Plains, August 7, 1778.
Sir: Yesterday afternoon I had the Honor to receive your favor of the 30th Ulto.
Major Gibbs is now at Rhode Island. I shall embrace the first safe opportunity to transmit him your Letter and the Commission with which Congress have been pleased to honor him.
Since my Letter of the 3d and 4th Inst., I have received no advices from General Sullivan, so that I can give no information of our operations against the Enemy in the Eastern Quarter. I am told the Militia of Massachusetts and Connecticut were collecting fast, and proceeding to reinforce him.
I have the pleasure to acquaint Congress, that Major General Lincoln arrived here yesterday, and that he is happily so far recovered from his wound, as to be able to take his command in the line.
The inclosed paper from New York came to hand last night. It contains an account of the fire, which unfortunately broke out in the City on Sunday night and of the damage which was occasioned by it. It also contains the latest advices that I have seen from Britain and such as appear to be interesting.29 I have the Honor &c.30
[Note 29: Comte D'Estaing wrote to Washington (August 3) of his arrival at Rhode Island, the burning of three British frigates there, and general preparations against the enemy's position. Lieut. Col. John Laurens wrote (August 4) a long letter from Providence, detailing the occurrences from July 25. Washington forwarded copies of these two letters (August 7) to the President of Congress in a brief inclosing note.]
[Note 30: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 8, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor last night of receiving your favour of the 3rd. instant. I most sincerely sympathize with you in the regret you feel at the obstacles and difficulties you have heretofore encountered. Your case has certainly been a case of peculiar hardship, but you justly have the consolation which arises from a reflection that no exertions possible have been wanting in you to insure success, the most ample and adequate to your wishes and to the important expectations from your command. The disappointments you have experienced proceed from circumstances which no human foresight or activity can controul. None can desire more ardently than I do, that the future may compensate for the past and that your efforts may be crowned with the full success they deserve.
I have just received a letter from Brigadier General Maxwell who is stationed in the Jerseys near Staten Island dated yesterday at nine OClock in the forenoon. Inclosed are extracts from it which contain very interesting information.31 The terms made use of are so positive and express, that it is natural to conclude the intelligence is well founded. Its importance induces me to lose no time in communicating it. What may be the real design of this movement can only be the subject of conjecture. Unless the fleet may have received advice of a reinforcement on the coast, which it is gone to join, with intention to bend their United force against you, it can scarcely be supposed that Lord Howe will be hardy enough to make any serious attempt with his present inferiority of strength. If he should it can only be accounted for on the principle of desperation, stimulated by a hope of finding you divided in your operations against Rhode Island.
[Note 31: The extracts are not with the letter, but the draft originally contained the information of Lord Howe's sailing from Sandy Hook, which was afterwards stricken out. Maxwell's letter, which was dated August 7, is not found in the Washington Papers, but the extracts themselves are quoted in Washington's letter to Laurens of August 8 and in his letter to Congress of August 9, q. v. This information did not reach either D'Estaing or Sullivan before Howe's ships arrived at Rhode Island. D'Estaing's letter to Congress, Aug. 26, 1778, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
This however is a very probable supposition. It is more likely he may hope by making demonstrations towards you to divert your attention from Rhode Island and afford an opportunity to withdraw their troops and frustrate the expedition we are carrying on. I shall not trouble you with any further conjectures, as I am persuaded you will be able to form a better judgment than I can, of his intentions, and of the conduct it will be proper to pursue in consequence.
In order to aid in removing the inconveniences you sustain in the article of water,32 and relieve the sufferings of the brave officers and men under your command, whose patience and perseverance cannot be too highly commended, I have written to Governor Trumbull of the state of Connecticut, requesting his endeavours to collect vessels and load them with water at New London for the use of your Fleet. I shall be happy if this application is productive of the desired effect.
[Note 32: D'Estaing's letter of August 3 stated: "The extreme difficulty of procuring water at Shrewsbury, and the tardiness with which it is collected here from different places, have long since obliged me to retrench our allowance. The officers and men support this terrible privation with courage and patience."]
I send you a New York paper of the 5th. which is not unworthy of attention. Allow me to assure you of the Warm respect and regard with which I have the honor, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qurs. White Plains, August 8, 1778.
Sir: The fleet at Rhode Island under the Count D'Estaing suffers many inconveniences in the procuring of water. I could wish in case it can be any ways effected that vessels may be sent forward immediately from New London with a proper supply. From the situation of his squadron with respect to water it is a measure which if undertaken and executed with alacrity cannot fail of being of the utmost consequence to the Count. It may prevent also accidents of a very alarming nature in case he is obliged to put to sea. You will therefore I hope take the matter into consideration and give it that attention which its importance demands. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
White Plains, August 8, 1778.
Sir: The inclosed for Count D'Estaing is of the utmost importance and must be forwarded instantly. It announces to him the sailing of the British fleet from the Hook which according to intelligence received happened the day before yesterday. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 8, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor dated the 4th. Inst. informing me of your arrival at Providence, and the flattering disposition of things in that quarter.
We have just received an account from Genl. Maxwell of Lord Howes sailing from the Hook with his fleet of armed Vessels early on Thursday morning last. Whether it is to make demonstrations of fighting the Count D'Estaing, in order to favor the withdrawing or reinforceing of the troops on Rhode Island is not easy to determine. I would hope however that it is not to join a squadron from England, or if it is that your operations will be determined before they can act. Wishing you all manner of success and glory. I am etc.
P.S. You have referred me for particulars to a letter from General Sullivan, no such letter came to hand.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The Sullivan letter was to Greene and dated August 6. Washington received it on August 13 and forwarded it at once to Congress.]
Head Quarters, August 8, 1778.
Sir: I am uncertain whether you may not already have a party somewhere in Monmouth County, but however this may be, it is my wish you should without delay have one of 50 Men stationed under a very vigilant and intelligent Officer at some place in that County most convenient for commanding a view of the Hook and its environs; in order to watch the motions of the Enemy's Fleet and to advise me from time to time of every thing that passes, of all Vessels that arrive to them, or go out from them. Lieut. Colo. Brearly,37 Ray38 or Major Howel39 would either of them be very proper for this business. I would wish the Officer who is to have the charge of the party to go instantly on and his party to follow as soon as possible. If you have any Militia Horse it would be desireable to send a few with him, and to remain with the party.
[Note 37: Lieut. Col. David Brearley, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in August, 1779.]
[Note 38: Lieut. Col. David Rhea, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment, who had retired in July, 1778.]
[Note 39: Maj. Richard Howell, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in April, 1779.]
For conveying any important intelligence with dispatch, I inclosed you a letter to Mr. Caldwell40 directing him to station expresses at proper distances between the party you send and
[Note 40: Rev. James Caldwell.] Elizabeth Town; and I shall expect whenever it comes to you, you will not lose a moment in forwarding it to me, by a trusty hand, on whose activity and care you can depend; and when there is any thing particularly interesting you will send duplicates for fear of accidents. As the obtaining good and certain intelligence is a matter of great importance to us, I must intreat you to continue your other exertions for procuring such as may be depended on. I am &ca.
P.S. I just now recd. your favor of yesterday and the intelligence it contains respecting the Fleet seems so certain that it cannot well admit of a doubt. Yet should it be otherwise, I must request you to give me the very earliest information of it. The importance of such a circumstance you must be fully sensible of, and therefore I make no doubt you will upon similar occasions have the fullest proof, before you hand it to me as fact. I have transmitted a copy of that part of your letter which Count D'Estaing is so materially interested in, to him. You will be pleased to Seal the inclosed before you forward it.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 8, 1778.
My Dear Sir: Yesterday Afternoon I reed. your favr. of the 4th. instt. You have my warmest thanks for your indefatigable exertions to promote the intended enterprise against the Enemy, and my sincerest wishes that you may see them crowned with the fullest success. I shall be happy if things are in a proper train at the time you mention to begin our operations.
About an hour ago I recd. a letter from General Maxwell, dated at Elizabeth Town the 7th. at 9 OClock A.M. which contains the following paragraphs
I have to inform your Excellency that early Yesterday Morning Lord Howe sailed out of the Hook, with his whole Fleet of armed Vessels. They were out of sight in the afternoon and supposed to be going to Rhode Island. No troops nor transports were thought to be with them.
Some transports are drawn up between Governors Island and Yellow Hook, supplied with wood, water and provisions. Their Number sufficient to carry three Regiments to the West Indies. The Regiments supposed to be going are the 7th, 29th and 71st, but they were not embarking.
He adds a Nota bene,
No British Fleet is arrived yet, that we can hear of.
I have written to Count D'Estaing by this Conveyance and communicated the above advices. I have also transmitted him a York paper of the 5th. instant, containing British intelligence to the 4th. of June, from which it would appear that Admiral Keppel was then watching the Brest fleet.
Your Journal and Map42 were very satisfactory and as I am deeply interested in the success of our operations, I need not urge to you my wishes for constant information respecting them. What is and what is not are both very material. I shall not write to General Sullivan by this opportunity. You will be pleased to remember me to him. I am &ca.
[Note 42: Laurens's letter of August 4 was in the form of a journal from July 25. The original of this letter is not found in the Washington Papers. The map was not copied in the copy inclosed to Congress by Washington in his letter to that body on August 7.]
P.S. In a letter from Genl. Greene which came when yours did, he mentions one from Genl. Sullivan. If he wrote, his letter miscarried.
I dare say the Count D'Estaing has taken the wisest precautions in his power to obtain information of any sea movements of the Enemy on our Coast and particularly of the approach of any fleet towards him. I hint however to you that if he has not already done it, I think he might employ light Cruisers off Rhode Island and the south side of Long Island to answer important purposes.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 44: A Deputy Quartermaster General, stationed at Springfield, N.J.]
Head Quarters, August 8, 1778.
Sir: To day I have directed Genl. Maxwell to station a party of men in Monmouth for the purpose of watching the motions of the Enemy. For the better facilitating their discoveries to head Quarters you will be pleased instantly on receipt of this to establish a train of expresses between the situation of this party and Elizabeth Town, that there may be the least possible delay in the communication of intelligence. I am &ca.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 46: Of the Second Continental Artillery. He was captain-lieutenant in June, 1780; wounded on Long Island Sound in December, 1782; served to June, 1783. He commanded an armed whaleboat on Long Island Sound and conveyed secret intelligence from Samuel Culper to Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge.]
White plains, August 8, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of Yesterday from Norwalk. Let me entreat that you will continue to use every possible means to obtain intelligence of the Enemys motions, not only of those which are Marching Eastward, upon Long Island, but others. In a more especial manner, I have to request, that you will, by every devise you can think of, have a strict watch kept upon the Enemy's Ships of War, and give me the earliest notice of their Sailing from the hook. To obtain speedy and certain intelligence of this matter may be of great Importance to the French Fleet at, and the enterprize on, Rhode Island; for which reason, do not spare any reasonable expence to come at early and true information; always recollecting, and bearing in Mind, that vague, and uncertain accts. of things, on which any plan is to be formed [or executed]47 is more distressing and dangerous than receiving none at all. Let an eye also be had to the Transports, whether they are preparing for the reception of Troops
[Note 47: The two words in brackets were added by James McHenry.] &ca. Know what number of Men are upon long Island; whether they are moving or Stationary; what is become of their draft Horses; whether they appear robe collecting of them for a move. How they are supplied with Provisions; what arrivals; whether with Men, or Provisions. And whether any Troops have Imbarked for Rhode Island or elsewhere within these few days. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Saturday, August 8, 1778.
Parole Europe. Countersigns Finland, Durham.
The Regimental Pay Masters are to apply to the Pay Master General for Pay for the Months of April and May. Those who have not received their Ration money since the first day of January last are to apply immediately as the Pay Master General is ordered to forward the Accounts to Congress.
Right Wing to be paid on Monday next, Second Line and Artillery on Tuesday and Left Wing on Wednesday.
At a General Court Martial, August 4th, 1778, Colo. Hall,48 President, Anthony Matica, an Inhabitant of this State was tried for supplying the Enemy with Fuel and acquitted.
[Note 48: Col. David Hall, of the Delaware regiment. He retired in May, 1782; subsequently Governor of Delaware.]
Also William Cole on Suspicion of being a Spy and acquitted of the Charge exhibited against him; Both are to be released from their confinement.
At the same Court, John Armstrong, a Private in Captain Pollard's49 Company of Artificers was tried; 1st. "For stealing a Key; 2nd. For striking and giving abusive language to Lieutenant Parker,"50 found guilty and sentenc'd to receive one hundred lashes.
[Note 49: Capt. Benjamin Pollard, of Baldwin's Artillery Artificer regiment. He resigned in August, 1778.]
[Note 50: Lieut. Phineas Parker, of Baldwin's Artillery Artificer regiment. He was a captain in January, 1779; served to March, 1781.]
Also John Duffey, a soldier in the Delaware Regiment tried for desertion to the Enemy, found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentences and orders them to be put in Execution tomorrow morning at Guard mounting at the head of the Troops to which they respectively belong.
Lieutt. Herbert51 of the 6th. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in the 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade 'till further Orders and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 51: Lieut. Stewart Herbert. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Green Springs, Va., in July, 1781; served to June, 1783, and subsequently as adjutant of United States Infantry in 1784; resigned in 1785.]
AFTER ORDERS
For the Safety and Ease of the Army and to be in greater readiness to attack or repel the Enemy, The Commander in Chief for these and many other Reasons orders and directs that a Corps of Light Infantry composed of the best, most hardy and active Marksmen and commanded by good Partizan Officers be draughted from the several Brigades to be commanded by Brigadier General Scott, 'till the Committee of Arrangement52 shall have established the Light Infantry of the Army agreeable to a late Resolve of Congress.
[Note 52: The Committee of Congress at Camp, appointed June 4, 1778.]
[Note 53: These officers were, as given: Col. Richard Parker, of the First Virginia Regiment; he died in May, 1780, of wounds received at the siege of Charleston, S.C. Col. Mordecai Gist, of the Third Maryland Regiment; thanked by Congress (Resolve of Oct. 14, 1780) for his conduct at the Battle of Camden, S.C.; brigadier general, Jan. 9, 1779; served to close of the war. Col. Richard Butler, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. Col. David Henley, of an Additional Continental regiment. Lieut. Col. Josiah Hatmar, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment; colonel of the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; commanded the United States Army from September, 1789, to March, 1791; resigned, 1792. Lieut. Col. Charles Simms, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment; resigned in December, 1779 Lieut. Col. Isaac Sherman, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment; retired in January, 1783. Maj. John Stewart, of the Second Maryland Regiment; thanked and presented with a silver medal by Congress (Resolve of July 26, 1779) for his conduct at the storming of Stony Point, N.Y.; lieutenant colonel of the First Maryland Regiment in February, 1781; died, December, 1782. Maj. Richard Taylor, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment; lieutenant colonel of the Second Virginia Regiment in December, 1779; retired, February, 1781. Maj. Benjamin Ledyard, of the Fourth New York Regiment; resigned in March, 1779.]
Colo. Graham's54 Regiment to be added to this Corps.
[Note 54: Col. Morris Graham's New York Militia regiment.]
The details of the several Brigades are to be draughted and got in readiness as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Sabbath, August 9, 1778.
Parole Gadsden. Countersigns Hatfield, Ipswich.
Lieutenant Colo. Russell55 will take Command of the 10th. Virginia Regt. until further orders.
[Note 55: Col. William Russell, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment. His rank is incorrectly given here as lieutenant colonel; he was transferred to the command of the Fifth Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and exchanged in November; served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 9, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 30th. ulto. inclosing a return of the Troops in the City and of the Officers. All those of Pennsylvania had leave of Absence for a particular reason, and may therefore remain untill further orders. Those from other States, (Lt. Colo. Parke56 in particular) should be ordered to join their Corps, except they can make it appear that they are upon Business. I would wish that all the effective
[Note 56: Lieut. Col. John Parke, of Patton's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in October, 1778.] Continental troops may be sent forward to the Army. I should think that the few Men necessary for Town Guards might, upon application, be furnished from the City Militia.
I have regularly furnished Congress with all my intelligence from Rhode Island, you will therefore, though the members, receive a state of matters in that quarter, which hitherto wear a favorable aspect. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 9, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of the 7th. with the weekly returns inclosed. I have not the least objection to making Robinsons House58 an Hospital, if it is convenient. Doctor Treat59 must apply to the director General for the necessary Stores.
[Note 58: Beverley Robinson's house, on the east side of the Hudson.]
[Note 59: Malachi Treat. He was physician general, Northern Department; Chief Hospital Physician in October, 1780; served to close of the war.]
I desire you will immediately order a sufficient number of Artificers from Windsor60 to Fort Arnold to build a Bomb proof Magazine and such other works as may be necessary.
[Note 60: New Windsor, N.Y.]
If you can contrive to man the Gun Boats when they are fitted, I am very willing that they should be kept at the Fort. I cannot spare a sufficient number of men from the line for that service, the Regiments are already too much reduced by the draughts for Waggoners &ca.
One of the purposes, for which Colo. Warner61 wanted an officer stationed at Fishkill, was, to receive the draughts coming from Massachusetts; but as the remainder of the draughts are ordered to join Genl. Glover at Rhode Island, he will not have that duty to attend to. An Officer will notwithstanding be wanting there, and the one, you had sent, may remain. I mean that post and Windsor should be included in your command.
[Note 61: Col. Seth Warner, of an Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Last winter, owing to the necessity of the case, the commanding Officers of Corps drew Hydes to exchange for shoes, but as much inconveniency has arisen from that mode, a stop has been put to it. If the Officers know of any persons who have shoes to dispose of, they must direct them to the Cloathier who will purchase them, and they must then draw them from him. This is putting the Business in its regular line. I am &ca.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 9, 1778.
Sir: I have been favd. with a letter of the 6th signed by yourself and other Field Officers of the Jersey Brigade. You cannot feel, more sensibly than I do, the inconveniencies that arise from a delay of the new arrangement of the Army. Just as the Committee had made a beginning of that business at the Valley Forge, the removal of the Enemy from Philada. obliged them to desist. Congress have since directed them to repair to the Army and proceed in the Business. As some time has elapsed since the Resolve was passed, and the Gentlemen have not arrived; I took, a few days ago, the liberty to mention to Congress the total derangement of the Army for want of their presence, and my wish that they should come immediately forward. I therefore am in hopes that we shall see them soon, or that some other mode will be pointed out to compleat the Work. I am, &ca63
[Note 63: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original in the library of Princeton University.]
White Plains, August 9, 1778.
Sir: At 10 O'Clock last night the Inclosed Letter came to hand from General Sullivan with one addressed to my self, a Copy of which I do myself the honor of transmitting. The Enemy seem determined that none of their Ships of War shall fall into the Count D'Estaing's hands....64
[Note 64: The omitted paragraph is practically the same as the second paragraph in Washington'sletter to Lieut. Col. John Laurens, Aug. 8, 1778, q. v.]
General Maxwell's information, respecting Lord Howe's sailing from the Hook was stated in such pointed and positive terms, that I thought it my duty to communicate it to Count D'Estaing and accordingly I dispatched an Express with it, in a very little time after I was advised on the subject, subjoining a Copy of his Nota Bene. I have the Honor etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Head Quarters, White Plains, August 9, 1778.]
Sir: Mr. Fuhrer66 and Mr. Kleinsmith67 have lately left the British lines and come into us. The account they give of themselves is this. That they had been first lieutenants in the Hessian Corps, were taken prisoners at Trenton, resided during their captivity at Dumfries in Virginia, were lately exchanged and have since resigned their commission. That having solicited permission to come out from the enemy and being refused, they determined to leave them at all hazards, and have now put their design in execution. The circumstances of their captivity are known to several officers in our army.
[Note 66: Ensign Carl Friedrich Fuhrer, of Knyphausen's regiment, Hessian allied troops, British Army.]
[Note 67: Ensign Carl Wilhelm Kleinschmidt, of Rahl's regiment, of which he acted as adjutant. 'Von Kraft's Journal, printed in the New York Historical Society's Collections, 1882, states that the portraits of these two officers were affixed to a gallows as deserters by the British in New York on Oct. 1, 1781.]
They are desirous of entering into our service, observing that there are a number of German Officers in the same disposition with themselves, who will resign and join us, if they find that these meet with proper countenance. It appears to me, that important advantages may attend the encouraging a disposition of this nature, if it really exists, which is far from impossible, from the influence it will necessarily have on the soldiery, by increasing that spirit of desertion and discontent, which already prevails among them. Congress will best judge of the propriety of employing these Gentlemen. I have been thinking in what manner it might be done; and the mode least exceptionable, which at present occurs to me, is to authorise them to raise a corps for themselves, by inlisting such German inhabitants, and such of the prisoners and deserters from the foreign troops, as may be willing to engage. The Corps at first as it is only by way of experiment need not be large; but may be afterwards increased, as circumstances shall point out. This measure, I apprehend, cannot be attended with any material inconvenience and may be productive of utility. If the Gentlemen are employed at all it must be in a New Corps, as they could not be introduced into any of those already formed, without injuring the Officers in them and producing dissatisfaction, murmurs and resignation's.
I have sounded them on the plan here suggested and they seem to be very sanguine in its success and anxious to undertake it. They expect some augmentation of rank and indeed it seems necessary in order the more effectually to interest others to follow their example; but caution should be used not to carry the idea too far, because besides other weighty objections, the higher the rank conferred on them, the more difficult it will be to provide for those, who may hereafter come to us, and who will of course frame their expectations by comparison. I have the honor etc.
P.S. An additional grade to the rank they held in the corps they come from will in my opinion be sufficient.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Henry P. Livingston. The draft, dated Aug. 9, 1778, is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, and vanes in unimportant details from this letter sent. The P.S. is in Hamilton's writing and is not in the draft. The letter sent is undated but is indorsed as received and read in Congress August 18 and referred to the Board of War.]
White Plains, August 9, 1778.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I received your favor of the 26th. Ulto. inclosing one from Colo. Spotswood,69 for which I thank you. The reputation which this Gentleman had acquired, of being an attentive Officer and good disciplinarian, was justly founded, and I considered his leaving the Army a loss to the service. The supposed death of his Brother, it is natural to believe, had a painful influence upon his mind; but he had long before been very uneasy in his situation, on account of the determination in the case between him and Colo. McClanachan70 [and I am persuaded he was only prevented from quitting the line in consequence, thro' my means].71 My regard for Colo. Spotswood and the opinion I entertain of him as an Officer, would induce me to interest myself in his favor, where ever I could with propriety. In the present instance however I cannot, because I think I should do an injury to the Officers of the Virginia line (if not to those of the line at large) and because I am convinced his promotion would excite infinite discontents and produce many resignations. When he left Camp in the Month of October, he made a surrender of his Commission to me, according to the then prevailing custom. This was accepted and a New arrangement took place among the Field Officers. After this, I could not suppose him to continue in the line, and to attempt to recall the rise of the Officers, to give him a place again, would be to attempt an impossibility. No reasoning upon the subject would be sufficient to get them to consent to it. With
[Note 69: Col. Alexander Spotswood, of the Second Virginia Regiment. He had resigned in October, 1777.]
[Note 70: Col. Alexander McClanachan, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He had resigned in May, 1778.]
[Note 71: Brackets in original.] respect to the report of the Board of General Officers, to which you allude, you will excuse me when I say, in my opinion it will not apply. The case there was, that sundry inferior Officers or juniors of the same rank, from local circumstances and the opportunities of application obtained from the Committees or Councils of the States, in whom the power of appointing Officers to the Army for 1777 was vested, New commissions prior in date to those granted afterwards to their seniors, and in consequence claimed a right to rank before them. The Board determined their claims unjust and that the rank which the Officers immediately held before their new Commissions, should govern, as it did not appear that the Councils intended to supercede the Senior Officers; but here, there had been no interruption or relinquishment of the right to rank by resignation, surrender of commissions, or any other act of the parties. Nor could I ever think that Colo. Spotswood had cause to complain of the decision on the point in question, between him and Colo. McClanachan. It was founded on the practice, which had commonly prevailed, I believe universally, in like cases. Vizt. That when State Officers became Continental they should rank with respect to each other, according to their State precedence. This principle appeared to be just, and I am certain, was the only one that could be adopted to give general satisfaction. As many of our Regiments in the first instance, and particularly those from Virginia, were raised by the States without any order by Congress, a contrary rule would have involved great inconveniences and would have proved an effectual bar to many valuable Officers coming into service. I have not the most distant suspicion that Colo. Spotswood is influenced in his wishes, upon the president occasion, in the smallest degree by any considerations arising from the half-pay establishment. I am convinced that he is not; Nor do I believe that any Officer will impute a matter of the sort to him, or object to his being reintroduced into the line, from motives of personal dislike. They will oppose it as an injury to their rights.
I thank you much for your Congratulations. The prospect we have before us is extremely pleasing, and such as promises a glorious and happy issue to all our Struggles. Success in the intended enterprise against Rhode Island would operate powerfully, I should suppose, upon the minds of the British Nation and to bring matters to a conclusion. [I wait impatiently to hear from thence.] I am, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The final sentence within the brackets is in the writing of Washington. This letter is printed in the Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee and His Correspondence, vol. 2, p. 2.2, under date of Aug. 10, 1778, and with a few verbal variations of small consequence.]
Head Quarters, August 9, 1778.
Sir: Major Clough73 has informed me thro' Captn. Smith that he has lately received a letter from Colo. Baylor, by which he is made acquainted that he has not been able to procure any Cloathing for the use of his Regt. As it is represented to me that they are much in want, you will deliver to Major Clough's order such Articles as he may demand, or you be able to supply him with. I am &ca.74
[Note 73: Maj. Alexander Clough, of the Third Continental Dragoons.]
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
White plains, August 10, 1778.
My dear Marqs.: Your favor of the 6th. Instr. which came to my hands yesterday, afforded a fresh proof of the noble principles on which you act, and has a just claim to my sincere and hearty thanks.
The common cause, of which you have been a Zealous supporter, would I know, be benefitted by Genl. Greene's presence at Rhode Island, as he is a native of that State, has an interest with the People, and a thorough knowledge of the Country; and therefore I accepted his proffered Services; but was a little uneasy lest you should conceive that, it was intended to lessen your Command. Merely as Qr. Master Genl., Genl. Greene did not incline to act in a detached part of the Army; nor was it to be expected; It became necessary therefore to give him a Command, and consequently, to divide the Continental Troops. Your chearful acquiescence to the Measure, after being appointed to the Command of the Brigades that Marched from this Army, obviated every difficulty, and gave me singular pleasure.
I am very happy to find that the Standards of France and America are likely to be united under your Commd. at Rhode Island. I am persuaded that the supporters of each will be emulous to acquire honor, and promote your glory upon this occasion.
The Courier to Count D'Estaing is waiting, I have only time therefore to assure you, that with the most perfect esteem, and exalted regard, I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 10, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favoured with yours of the 6th. I regret much the tardiness of the militia, as every moment is infinitely precious, and the delay, it produces, may not only frustrate the expedition, which is a matter of the greatest importance in itself, but may expose the French fleet to some fatal disaster. I have no doubt of your utmost exertions to forward the business with all dispatch.
I have received advice from Long Island, that a party of the enemy, from twelve to fifteen hundred men were marching under General Tryon, towards the East End of the Island, collecting all the waggons, they can find, in their way. They were at Setacket the 6th., and were to continue their march early the next morning. I have had information of another party more considerable being at Jamaica plains; but this fact is not so well ascertained as the former. I conclude the design of these parties is to sweep the Island of all the stock and grain upon it, particularly the cattle collected upon the neck, at the East-end; which will be an immense acquisition to them, in their present circumstances.
While the navigation of the Sound is open to the enemy, it would be too perilous an attempt, to throw a body of troops from this army upon the Island; notwithstanding it is a very desireable object to intercept the enemy and disappoint their intended forage. Could the Count with propriety have sent a ship or two down the Sound, agreeable to a proposal made him, through Colonel Laurens, the enterprise might have been effected without difficulty; [and I had resolved upon the attempt]75 sending troops to collect the cattle on the neck; at the same time, I am fully sensible of the weight of the reasons which prevented his doing it. It has occurred to me, that there is a possibility [if your operations are not much delayed]76 it may be in your power to throw a part of the troops, under your command, upon the Island, for the purpose here mentioned; though from your last accounts, it is to be apprehended the expedition against Rhode Island will not be completed in time to admit of a measure of this kind. If it should be, this will be an object well worth your attention. A sufficient body of troops, under the protection of some ships of war, thrown across, so
[Note 75: The words in brackets are in Washington's handwriting in the draft; "the attempt" was crossed out by Hamilton.]
[Note 76: This phrase in brackets was added by Washington and later crossed off by Hamilton.] as to take post just within the neck, might cut off the enemy's detachment without great risk, and collect all the cattle there for our own use. A stroke of this kind would be attended with several obvious advantages. Besides the loss of their troops to the enemy, the disappointment in supplies, of which they stand in great need, would be severely felt; and we should gain a quantity of good cattle, which would afford extensive refreshment to the French fleet.
How far it may be convenient to the Count to assist in an operation of this kind, I cannot perfectly judge. I know he will want to repose and refresh his men, and repair the injuries, which a fleet necessarily suffers, from being a long time at sea. If circumstances make the project suggested in other respects practicable, which I very much question, you will consult the Count; but it is not my wish he should be, in any instance, pressed to engage in a thing, to which he discovers the least reluctance. I am, etc.77
[Note 77: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Monday, August 10, 1778.
Parole Killingsly. Countersigns Lynch, Munster.
Lieutenant Colonel Carlton78 is appointed to take command of the Post at Terrytown.
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. Samuel Carlton, of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired Sept 12, 1778.]
Ensign Alexander Benstead79 of the 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Pay Master to the same.
[Note 79: Was promoted to lieutnant in March, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Tuesday, August 11, 1778.
Parole New Windsor. Countersigns Orange, Peru.
A sufficient number of Officers having not yet presented themselves as Candidates for Commissions in the Companies of Sappers and Miners, The General requests all those who may be disposed to enter into this service immediately to give in their names and wait upon General Du Portail as he is desirous of having the Companies established without delay. This being a species of service well worthy the Ambition of Gentlemen of Zeal and Talents who wish to advance themselves in military knowledge and Distinction and being held in the highest Estimation in every Army, it will be expected as heretofore that those who apply should be well recommended for their good Character and liberal qualifications.
The Field Officers in the Maryland Line are desired to assemble and either collectively or by a Committee state the Pretensions of Rank claimed by the Officers of that Line; together with the reasons or grounds upon which those Pretensions are founded and report as soon as may be.
The Issuing Commissaries are carefully to preserve the Provision Barrels or Casks after the Meat or Flour is taken out of them 'till the Coopers have repaired them, when they are to be returned to the Commissary General of Issues.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. David Hall was President, August 4th. 1778, Captn. Seely80 of the 5th. Pennsylvania Regiment tried for leaving his guard before he was regularly relieved found guilty of the Charge exhibited against him, being a breach of the 4th Article, 12 Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be reprimanded in General Orders.
[Note 80: Capt. Isaac Seeley. He was taken prisoner at Paramus, N.J., in April, 1780; transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to close of the war.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence tho' he could wish a severer punishment had been decreed to an offence which is of the highest military Criminality and of the most dangerous tendency; the safety of the Army altogether depending on the strict discipline and unremiting Vigilance observed by Officers on Guard particularly at the out Posts.
At the same Court, Neil Megonigle81 a soldier in the 7th. Pennsylvania Regiment, tried first, for threatning Captain Scott's82 Life, 2ndly. drawing his Bayonet and stabbing him repeatedly while in the Execution of his Office, found guilty of the Charges exhibited against him, being breaches of the 5th. Article 2nd. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced by a Majority of more than two thirds to be shot to Death.
[Note 81: Also spelled McGunnagle.]
[Note 82: Capt. William(?) Scott, of Henley's Additional Continental regiment.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentence.
White Plains, August 11, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty of transmitting to Congress the Inclosed Letter, which I just now received from the Pay Master General. They will perceive by it, that the Military Chest is intirely exhausted and that a third of the Army remains unpaid for the Months of April and May. The importance and necessity of an immediate and large supply will at once appear and I am persuaded it will be forwarded with all possible expedition.
Since I had the honour of writing by Colo. Heth83 on Sunday last, I have not received any advices from Rhode Island. I have the Honor &c.84
[Note 83: Col. William Heth, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to close of the war.]
[Note 84: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 7th Inst. this morning.
You will perceive by the inclosure from Colo. Biddle the Forage Master General to the army the prices that have been given for hay in the different States, and that the proper measures will be used to exempt Somerset County from her proportion of forage.
The last accounts from Rhode Island was of the 6th. with the news of the enemy's destroying several of their frigates upon the approach of two of the Count D'Estaings ships to give them battle.85 I am etc.86
[Note 85: See Washinton's letter to the President of Congress, Aug. 13, 1778, post.]
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 11, 1778.
Sir: By a letter from Lieut. Brewster, who is stationed at Norwalk, I am informed that you had granted permission to Lieut. French87 a prisoner of War to return to Long Island upon parole. There are very particular reasons for putting a stop to this matter at present, and I have therefore ordered Mr. French back to the place from whence he came.88
[Note 87: There were two different Lieuts. Arthur French and a Lieut. George French in the British Army in America at this date.]
[Note 88: Washington sent this letter to Silliman through Lieut. Caleb Brewster, to whom he wrote also this day, ordering Lieutenant French sent back immediately to theplace whence he came, This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
As many inconveniencies arise from a variety of persons undertaking to negotiate exchanges, I must desire that neither Mr. French or any other prisoner may be sent out of the State, except by order of the Commander in Chief. The Officer commanding in a seperate department, or the Commissary General of prisoners. I am &ca.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 11, 1778.
Sir: Captain John Stevens90 who will deliver you this, I find was properly authorized to project a Machine in the river, at
[Note 90: Treasurer of New Jersey and inventor of the screw propeller.] West Point, for the purpose of setting fire to any of the Enemy's Shipping that might attempt a passage up it. He represents that for the want of hands he is unable to carry it on; being totally unacquainted with the circumstance, I have taken the opinion of some Gentlemen who have long commanded in this department, and they advise that as the principal Labor and expence has been already used, that the Captain should be enabled to compleat it. I have therefore to request that unless it very materially interferes with your operations, that you will furnish him with such a number of hands as may be necessary to accomplish the work. I am &ca.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
White Plains, August 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I received your favour of the 16th. Ulto., which Colo. Lee was so obliging as to transmit.
From the regard I had for you and the estimation in which I held you, as an Officer, I wished your continuance in the Army; and considered your departure from it a loss to the service. This you will readily believe, as you well know my persuasions had been used to prevent its taking place before it did. At this time, I can neither interest myself to introduce you into the line again, nor advise you to persevere in your application for the purpose. I am convinced, if the measure were to take place, it would excite infinite discontents, and produce a variety of resignations. When you left the Army, you made a surrender of your Commission, according to the usual and then prevailing custom. This [tho very reluctantly (but indeed you left me no choice)]92 was accepted by me and in consequence many Officers were promoted. To attempt to recall their rise, would be to attempt an impossibility and no reasonings on the subject would be
[Note 92: The words within the brackets were added by Washington.] sufficient to obtain their consent to it. Their objection, I am persuaded, would not proceed from any motives of personal dislike, but from an opinion. that your being introduced again would be an essential injury to their rights. I have every reason to believe, that this is the light in which the matter would be viewed by the Virginia Officers, and I am by no means clear. that the disgust would be confined to them. Whether you were injured or not in the question determined between you and Colo. McClenachan, is a point I shall not undertake to discuss. However, the decision given upon the occasion, was agreeable I am certain, to the common, and I believe, universal practice in like cases, Viz. that state Officers should rank according to their State precedence when incorporated into the Continental; Army. This appears to me to have been a Rule, strongly founded in principles of justice and policy, and to have been calculated to promote a more general harmony than any other that could have been devised. Indeed, in the more early period of the War, there was an absolute necessity for it, as most of the Troops raised in the first instance were State and not Continental; and as a different principal would have been an effectual bar to a large proportion of Officers coming, or at least continuing in service. Nor would policy or the public interest, suffer a discrimination to be made, tho the Officers did not all come into the line at one and the same instant.
I have written to you with freedom and as a Friend. I wish you had continued in the Army; but as you did not, a regard to the rights of Others and the tranquility of the Virginia line, and perhaps that of the Army at large are opposed to my interesting myself in the smallest degree, to promote your present views. I am etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 12, 1778.
Sir: I have just received a second letter dated the 10th. from General Maxwell, confirming the intelligence of the departure of the British Fleet from the Hook, with some further particulars, which it may not be useless or unsatisfactory to you to know, an extract from which I do myself the honor to inclose.94 The state of the winds for two or three days past makes me hope this communication may not arrive too late.
[Note 94: The extract is not found in the Washington Papers.]
With the most ardent wishes for your success and the sincerest respect, I have the honor, etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. This letter was inclosed in a short notice to Lieut. Col. John Laurens, with instructions not to deliver it to the comte if the French and British Fleets had had an engagement. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Wednesday, August 12, 1778.
Parole Quercy. Countersigns Rutland, Sidney.
The Brigade Commissaries are daily to deliver the hides and tallow at the Magazines of Provisions.
The Light Troops96 are to be paraded this afternoon at two o'Clock on Chatterton's Hill. A number of Tents and Camp Kettles proportionate to the number of men from each Regiment are to be sent with them. The Brigade Quarter Masters will see that those tents are brought on the ground in Waggons at the time fixed.
[Note 96: That is, the newly formed light infantry.]
The Commissary General of Issues will immediately appoint an issuing Commissary to the Light Corps.
Head Quarters, W. Plains. Thursday, August 13, 1778.
Parole Worcester. Countersigns Upton, Tweed.
Two Colliers from each Brigade are to be constantly employed under direction of Colonel Baldwin in burning Coal for the use of the Army.
All the Teams attached to the different Brigades fit for service are to be turn out daily by the Waggon Master General to be employed by the Commissary General of Provisions and Forage in the Invirons of Camp except so many as may be necessary for Camp duty, which the Waggon Master General will allot.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 13, 1778.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 10th.97 inclosing a list of the French Fleet. I am informed that Lieutt. Lane98 of your Brigade, who was the officer that reed. the Flag at Second River, opened the packet from the British Commissioners to Congress, read the contents and made them known to several persons; one of whom is ready to prove the fact. I therefore desire that Mr. Lane may be arrested and sent up here, to be tried for so unofficer a like a procedure.
[Note 97: Maxwell's letter is not found among the Washington Papers.]
[Note 98: Lieut. Aaron Lane, of The Second New Jersey Regiment. He was cashiered Aug. 28, 1778.]
There are not at present either Cartouch Boxes or Tin Cannisters in the hands of the Commy. of Military Stores. I will direct him to send to the Magazines and, Manufactories and endeavour to obtain a supply. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 13, 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 10th. inclosing a letter from Colo. Butler,1 whose presence I hope will curb the disaffected and stop the Ravages upon your frontier. If an expedition of any consequence should be carried on, a proper supply of light Artillery shall be furnished; in the mean time let me know whether you want Ball for any Artillery that you already have.
[Note 1: Col. Richard Butler.]
I think you had better inform the Civil Authority that they must in future supply their State prisoners with provision.
Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Colonel Gansevoort by the first opportunity. I am &ca.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 13, 1778.
Sir: I have received the proceedings of a Court Martial held by your order respecting Samuel Gake.3 As neither the articles of war, nor any resolves of Congress authorise the constituting General Courts Martial by any others, than the commander in chief, the commanding officer in a separate department, or a General Officer commanding in a particular state, I should have been under the necessity of ordering a second trial, and appointing a Court for the purpose, if it had been judged expedient to bring Gakes to punishment. But as his confession contains information very pointedly against Major Hammel,4 which concurs with other accounts I have received, I think it of more
[Note 3: A private in the Third New York Regiment. He was court-martialed as a spy.]
[Note 4: Maj. Jury(?) Hammell, brigade major of James Clinton's brigade; was also of the Dutchess County, N.Y., militia.] importance to the public to save Gakes, as a Witness against Hammel, than to make an example of him.5 You will therefore keep him in such a kind of confinement, as will effectually prevent his escape 'till matters are ripe for the prosecution of Major Hammel, and at the same time, will be as little rigorous as the nature of the case will admit. He need however know nothing of my intention. I am, etc.6
[Note 5: Gake testified in his own defense at his court-martial that Haremell, who had been a prisoner with the British also, was endeavoring to enlist men for the King's service.]
[Note 6: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, August 13, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of yesterday. A Board of Officers cannot sit at this time upon the point in question between you and Colo. Harrison; but you may be assured, that as soon as circumstances will permit, I will order One, as there is nothing that I wish for more, than an adjustment of disputes about rank. In the mean while I request, that you will transmit me a full state of your claim, that I may lay it before the Board when they meet, with such other papers as may be necessary upon the occasion. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 13, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit you a letter from Major General Sullivan, which, from the tardiness of the expresses, is but just come to hand. I suppose it gives Congress the same information communicated to me; but lest there should be any particulars mentioned in his letter to me, which may not be contained in the one to you, I am induced to accompany the latter with a copy of the former.8
[Note 8: A copy of Sullivan's letter to Washington of August 6, reporting the destruction of British frigates at Rhode Island and the slowness of the militia in assembling, is filed with Washington's letter, in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is not found in the Washington Papers.]
The papers sent from Congress to Head Quarters and returned, respecting the case of Major General St. Clair, will be wanted immediately, as it is probable his trial will now very speedily come on.
I beg you will excuse the trouble I give you, in requesting you will favour me in your next with copies of the resolve of Congress, for raising the regiment of Artillery in Virginia, and appointing Col. Harrison to the command of it, and of another passed the latter end of 76, for raising three battalions of Continental Artillery.9 Some disputes about rank have arisen which makes these resolutions necessary; and it happens that my papers of that period are absent. With the utmost respect I have the honor etc.
[Note 9: The resolves of Nov. 26 and 30 and Dec. 27, 1776. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
P.S. I request you will be pleased to forward the inclosed to Mr. Serjeant10 without delay.11
[Note 10: Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant, attorney general of Pennsylvania. (See following letter.)]
[Note 11: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 12: Attorney General of New Jersey.]
York State, White Plains, August 13, 1778.
Sir: You will perceive by the Inclosed Copy of the proceedings of Congress, that they have appointed you, to assist and co-operate with the Judge Advocate13 in conducting the Trial of the General Officers, who were in the Northern department, when Tyconderoga an d Mount Independence were evacuated.14 I think it proper to inform you, that a General Court Martial will sit at this place on Monday the 24th Inst., to try Major
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. John Lawrence, jr.]
[Note 14: Paterson declined the appointment.] General St. Clair, who is one of the Officers under this description.15 I am etc.16
[Note 15: On August 14 Washington sent a line to Major General Schuyler, notifying him of the above date of the court-martial. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. This same letter was sent also to Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant, who also declined the appointment.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: Within a few days past I have been favoured with your several letters of the 15, 17 and 25 Ulto. and of the 6th. Inst.
Mr. Attendorff17 shall never act as a Major or in any capacity as an officer in the army with my consent; and I am much surprised that he should entertain the most distant idea that he would be received. His conduct deserves a very different notice.
[Note 17: Nicholas Dietrich, Baron Ottendorff. He was brevet captain in the Continental Army in November, 1776; major, Independent Pennsylvania Battalion in December, 1776, which battalion was merged with Armand's Corps in October, 1780; served to close of the war.]
With respect to the salt provisions which you mention, Col. Wadsworth, the Commissary general had given directions about them before your letter came to hand, and matters of this nature are principally left to his management.
I have no objection to your receiving Major Lithgows18 resignation, as he appears unfit for service and to be very desirous of a discharge. You will use the proper and accustomary precautions in like cases respecting a settlement of his accounts.
[Note 18: Maj. William Lithgow, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He had been wounded at Saratoga, N.Y.; resigned in July, 1778; resignation accepted in November of that year.]
I thank you much for your kind wishes. It is natural for you to desire to be in a more active scene; but the important objects of your present command, requiring an intelligent and attentive officer I do not see how your services can be dispensed with.
I have transmitted a copy of General Phillips's letter to Congress on the subject of an officers going to Canada. This I have never thought regular, or given directions in any matter, respecting the Convention troops of my own accord. Indeed I wish that when there are any points in which they are concerned, anti which you cannot determine yourself you would make your application immediately to them.
The zeal of the gentlemen volunteers deserves great commendation. I hope their exertions will be crowned with success and with all the honor they desire. I am, etc.19
[Note 19: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 14, 1778.
Sir: With the detachment of light troops under your command you are to take post in front of our camp and in such a position as may appear best calculated to preserve the security of your own corps and cover this army from surprise.
For the better execution of these purposes you will make yourself master of all the roads leading to the enemy's lines.
You will keep up a constant succession of scouting parties as large as can possibly be spared from the detachment without harrassing it by too severe duty.
These parties are to penetrate as near the enemy's lines as possible, and to continue within observing distance at all times. In order that these parties may avoid all surprise, they will have their evenings position well reconnoitred, and choose it at a greater distance than the ground which they occupied during the day. They will move to it under circumstances the least liable to excite attention, and be careful not to kindle fires in the night, as these might betray their situation.
These parties will make you, constant reports of their discoveries, and you will give me the earliest and fullest intelligence of all occurrences worthy of notice.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Camp, August 14, 1778.
Sir: The multiplicity of business in which His Excellency has been engaged, would not permit him to take the subject of your Letter of the 3d. Inst. into consideration before to day. It seems but reasonable that the public should have the emoluments arising from desertion or the death of Soldiers in preference to Officers; yet there is no Article of War or Resolution of Congress known here that will directly authorize the order you request.21 The General is desirous to give the Auditors every countenance in his power to promote the purposes of their appointment and when opportunity will admit of your absence, he requests you to call at Head Quarters, that you and I may talk more fully upon the matter you have in view. I am, etc.22
[Note 21: See General Orders, Sept. 29, 1778, post.]
[Note 22: This letter is signed "Rob. H. Harrison, Sec'y."]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Friday, August 14, 1778.
Parole Almanza. Countersigns Atlas, Albany.
A Detachment of Light Dragoons commanded by a Field Officer to join the Light Infantry this afternoon and to be relieved Weekly.
The General Court Martial whereof Majr. General Lord Stirling is President is dissolved. Also that whereof Colonel Hall is President; and another order'd to sit at the usual place tomorrow morning nine o'Clock to try all such Persons as shall be bro't before them. Colo. Hazen will preside. Members: Lieutt. Colonel Russell,23Major Haws24 and a Captain from each Brigade except Scott's, Parsons's and Poor's.
[Note 23: Col. William Russell, of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment. (See note to General Orders, Aug. 9, 1778, ante.)]
[Note 24: Maj. Samuel Hawes, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. His commission as lieutenant colonel was postdated and he was at this date still a major.]
The Regimental Pay Masters are to prepare the Pay Rolls for the Months of June and July and deliver the same to the Pay Master General for examination; They are to be careful to make them up agreeable to the Resolves of Congress of May 27th. and June 2nd.; a Column is to be added for subsistence of the officers which is to be charged at the following Rates:
The Pay of the Infantry remains as before except as follows:
The following Officers if taken from the line to be allowed in addition to their Pay in the line:
The Officers of the Staff taken from the line are not to be made up in the Pay Rolls of their respective Companies, but to receive their Pay in the manner heretofore practiced by the Staff.
The Pay Masters of the Artillery and Cavalry may receive the Establishment of their respective Corps by applying to the Pay Master General.
Next Monday nine o'Clock in the morning is appointed for the Execution of David Potter, Solomon Lynes, Alexander Graham, Nicholas Fitzgerald, Zechariah Ward, Richard Burk, Michael Carmen, William McLaughlin, John Jenkins, John Craige and Neil Megonigle now under sentence of Death, the ten first for desertion &c. and the last for wounding an Officer in the Execution of his office.
White plains, August 15, 1778.
Dear Lund: Your Letter of the 29th. Ulto., Inclosing a line from Captn. Marshall25 to you came to my hands Yesterday. I have no reason to doubt the truth of your observation, that this Gentleman's Land, and others equally well situated, and under like circumstances, will sell very high. The depreciation of our Money, the high prices of every article of produce, and the redundancy of circulating paper,will, I am persuaded, have an effect upon the price of land; nor is it to be wondered at, when a Barfl. of Corn which used to sell for 10/ will now fetch 40; when a Bark of Porke that formerly could be had for £3. sells for £15, and so with respect to other Articles which serves to enable the Man who has been fortunate enough to succeed in raising these things to pay accordingly; but, unfortunately for me, this is not my case; as my Estate in Virginia is scarce able to support itself whilst it is not possible for it to derive any benefit for my labors here.
[Note 25: Capt. Thomas Hanson Marshall.]
I have premised these things to shew my inability, not my unwillingness, to purchase the Lands in my own Neck at (almost) any price. and this I am yet very desirous of doing if it could be accomplished by any means in my power, in the way of Barter for other Land; for Negroes (of whom I every day long more and more to get clear of) or in short for any thing else (except Breeding Mares and Stock of other kinds) which I have in my possession; but for money I cannot, I want the means. Marshalls Land alone, at the rate he talks of, would amount to (if my memory of the quantity he holds, is right) upwards of £3000, a sum I have little chance, if I had much inclination, to pay; and therefore would not engage for it, as I am resolved not to incumber myself with Debt.
Marshall is not a necessitous Man, is only induced to offer his Land for Sale in expectation of a high price; and knowing perhaps but too well my wish to become possessed of the Land in that Neck will practice every deception in his power to work me (or you in my behalf) up to his price, or he will not sell. this should be well looked into, and guarded against. If, as you think, and as I believe, there is little chance of getting more (at any rate) than the reversion of French's Land,26 I have no objection to the Land on which Morris27 lives going in exchange for Marshalls, or its being sold for the purpose of paying for it, but remember, it will not do to contract at a high price for the one, before you can be assured of an adequate sum for the other; without this, by means of the arts which may be practised, you may give much and receive little, which is neither my Inclination nor intention to do. If Negroes could be given in Exchange for this Land of Marshalls, or Sold at a proportionable price, I should prefer it to the Sale of Morris's Land as I still have some latent hope that Frenchs Lands may be had of D--28 for it. but either I wd. part with.
[Note 26: Daniel French. The land was purchased from his widow, Mrs. Penelope French.]
[Note 27: John Morris, overseer on Dogue Run.]
[Note 28: Sampson Darrell(?).]
Having so fully expressed my Sentiments concerning this matter, I shall only add a word or two respecting Barry's Land.29 The same motives which induce a purchase in the one case prevail in the other, and however unwilling I may be to part with that small tract I hold on difficult Run (containing by Deed, if I recollect right 275 acres, but by measurement upwards of 300) on acct. of the valuable Mill Seat Meadow Grds. &ca. yet I will do it for the sake of the other but if the matter is not managed with some degree of address you will not be able to effect an exchange without giving instead of receiving, Boot. For this Land also I had rather give Negroes, if Negroes would do. for to be plain I wish to get quit of Negroes.
[Note 29: On Dogue Run.]
I find by a Letter from Mr. Jones30 that he has bought the Phaeton which you sold Mr. Geo: Lewis31 and given him £300 for it. I mention this, with no other view than to remind you of the necessity of getting the Money for wch. you sold it, of Lewis (if you have not already done it). He, probably, will propose to settle the matter with me, but this, for a reason I could mention, I desire may be avoided.
[Note 30: Joseph Jones. He was a Member of the Continental Congress from Virginia, 1777, 1778, 1780-1783; judge of the Virginia general court, 1778-79 and 1789-90; member of convention which ratified the United States Constitution and major general of Virginia Militia.]
[Note 31: Capt. George Lewis, nephew of Washington.]
In your Letter of the 29th. you say you do not suppose I would choose to cut down my best Land, and build Toba. Houses, but what am I to do, or, how am I to live. I cannot Support myself if I make nothing, and it is evident from your acct. that I cannot raise Wheat if this Crop is likely to share the fate of the three last. I should have less reluctance to clearing my richest Lands (for I think the Swamps are these and would afterwards do for Meadow) than building Houses.
I should not incline to sell the Land I had of Adams32 unless it should be for a price proportioned to what I must give for others. I could wish you to press my Tenants to be punctual in the payment of their Rents; right and justice with respect to
[Note 32: Daniel Jenifer Adams. This was the Charles County, Md., land.] myself requires it; and no injury on the contrary a real service to themselves as the Man who finds it difficult to pay one rent will find it infinitely more so to pay two, and his distresses multiply as the rents increase. I am &c.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: On Thursday I received your favor of the 10th. Inst., advising of your descent on Rhode Island, of the arrival of the British fleet and of Count D'Estaing's pursuing them. Since this, I have not had a single tittle of intelligence on the subject of your operations, and of course I have been in a disagreeable agreeable state of suspence and anxiety. I must earnestly request that you will be more frequent in your advices. It is material for me to know and extremely satisfactory what you are doing or not doing. I trust Count D'Estaing has got into port again, and unless he was fortunate enough to overhaul Admiral Howe's Squadron and give them a drubbing, I consider their appearance as a very unlucky event. I am etc.
P.S. The Letters which accompany this, you will dispose of agreable to their addresses. Those for Count D'Estaing you will forward to him immediately.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 16, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty, by the conveyance now offered me by Capt. Riley,34 to transmit to Congress the proceedings of the Court Martial in the case of Major General Lee.35
[Note 34: Capt, John Reiley(?), of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded in 1777 and was transferred to the Invalid Regiment in 1780.]
[Note 35: The original proceedings of the court-martial of Lee are missing. It was published by Congress, and copies of this publication exist. Later reprints are also readily available. In the Washington Papers, under the assigned date of August 12, is an extract in Washington's writing, which he made from the original record before forwarding it to Congress, of the charges and the judgment of the court.]
The inclosed papers comprehend a request by General Phillips,36 so for an Officer to go to Canada by way of the Lakes, on the subject of Cloathing for the Convention Troops. I do not conceive myself at liberty to answer General Heath upon the point, who referred it to me, and request that Congress will favor me with their direction as soon as they conveniently can, that I may enable him to satisfy Genl Phillips respecting it.
[Note 36: Maj. Gen. William Phillips, British Army, commanding the Convention troops. His letter to Heath, dated July 29, 1778, is in the Washington Papers. Heath's letter to Washington, of August 6, is not found in the Washington Papers; but a contemporary extract of it is filed with the above letter from Washington to Congress.]
I have not received a single tittle of Intelligence from Rhode Island, since General Sullivan's Letter of the 10th, a Copy of which I transmitted in mine of the 13th. I am extremely anxious to hear from thence, and of Count D'Estaings safe arrival in port. The moment I do, I shall do myself the honor to advise Congress. I have the Honor etc.37
[Note 37: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It is indorsed: "Ordered That the sd. papers with so much of the letter as relates to the request" [of General Phillips] "be referred to Mr. [Samuel] Chase, Mr. [William] Duer and Mr. R. H. Lee."]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 16, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you to day by Capt. Riley, I received a Letter from General Sullivan, a copy of which you have inclosed. From this it appears the Count D'Estaing had not returned with his Squadron on the 13th Inst. and there is reason to fear from the Violence of the Weather ever since, that he has not yet got in. This accident has much deranged our views, and I shall be happy if it does not totally defeat the Enterprise against Rhode Island. I feel much for the Count. He has been peculiarly unfortunate in the combination of several untoward circumstances to frustrate his plans. The Letter addressed to you accompanied mine from General Sullivan. They were both delivered at the same instant and through inadvertency, I broke the seal of yours. Before I had opened it I discovered the mistake, and the contents have not been seen. This relation I trust will apologize for the measure. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. Your favor of the 13th has come to hand.38
[Note 38: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 16, 1778.
Sir: The inclosed packet was sent to me a few days ago by Sir Henry Clinton.
I should be happy to Oblige Sir Henry or yourself, in any thing I could do with propriety; but it is not in my power to grant the request made by him in this instance, as all matters respecting the Officers and troops of the Convention are under the immediate direction and controul of Congress. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Sunday, August 16, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Return to be made immediately of the Carbines and Pistols, Good, Bad and Wanting in the several Regiments of Horse.
The Brigade Quarter Masters are to apply to the Deputy Commissary General of Military Stores tomorrow for their proportion of tin Cannisters, Wires and Brushes, Fifes, Drum-heads, Snares, Sticks &c. and proportion them to the several Regiments agreeable to a late order. The tin Cannisters are to be put into the hands of those men who are in the Light Infantry.
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Monday, August 17, 1778.
Parole Thessaly. Countersigns Thames, Taunton.
The Sub-Inspectors are to receive thirty dollars pr. Month in addition to the Pay which they derive from their Rank in the Line; and Brigade Inspectors twenty dollars pr. Month in addition &c. This Pay to commence from the time of their respective appointments.
The Execution of the ten remaining Criminals who were to have suffered death this day is postponed to next Friday morning nine o'Clock.
Major Cabbell40 is appointed Inspector in Genl. Muhlenberg's Brigade, vice, Captn. Lewis41 and is to be accordingly respected and obeyed.
[Note 40: Maj. Samuel Jordan Cabell, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 41: Capt. William Lewis, of the First Virginia Regiment. He was major in the Tenth Virginia Regiment m May, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and was a prisoner to close of the war; but was meanwhile transferred to the Third Virginia Regiment in February, 1781.]
Head Quarters, August 17, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of the 13th. inst. and cannot determine the question you put respecting adjutants on the establishment of 1777, for want of the resolves.
With respect to that part of your Memorandum given to Mr. Oliver concerning the exchange of Hides for Shoes, I must beg to decline giving the permission, as it makes the business of the commissary in that department too complicated. He has the power of making all such contracts, and it would be well if you'd direct the Shoemakers you mention to see him and make their bargains with him. The Shoes may be delivered to you after being in the hands of the Clothier General.
Inclosed is a letter to the Clothier at Fish Kills, to furnish you with such necessaries as he may have, for the use of the Men you mention. You will be pleased to inform him for what Corps they are intended, that he may charge them properly. This you can do by giving a particular return.42 I am &ca.43
[Note 42: On August 17 Washington wrote an order to Assistant Clothier Peter Hansen at Fishkill, N.Y., to furnish the above clothing on Malcom's order. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.
On August 17 Washington wrote a brief note to Gov. George Clinton that an officer with a flag would await his orders at Fishkill on the 19th, and Alexander Hamilton, by Washington's direction, wrote to Col, William Malcom, ordering him to appoint "a genteel sensible officer" to be ready to conduct some inhabitants into New York City. Among these inhabitants was William Smith, royal Chief Justice of New York State. He wrote to Washington, thanking him for the conduct of the flag and making a request (his letter is not found in the Washington Papers), which the Commander in Chief could not grant "without interfering with the civil authority" ( Washington Papers, August 21), but which he transmitted in a short letter to Governor Clinton on August 21. The original of this last is in the Huntington Library.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Tuesday, August 18, 1778.
Parole Cadwallader. Countersigns Concord, Crosswicks.
A board of General Officers to consist of Majr. General McDougall, Brigadiers General Parsons and Knox to sit tomorrow morning at ten o'Clock at Genl. Smallwood's large Marquee to hear the Claims of the Officers in the Maryland Line respecting their Rank and to make such Arrangement of the same as they shall think right which they are to report to the Commander in Chief. In order to facilitate the business, three officers are to be chosen by that line out of those who were in the Regiment formerly commanded by General Smallwood, the Independent Companies and Flying Camp, to attend the board and represent the Claims and Pretensions of the Rest who have been respectively promoted from those Corps into the present Battalions from that State.
The Commander in Chief will also lay such Papers before the board as have been transmitted to him by the State upon the subject; and they will besides call upon such Persons as they may judge necessary to give Information on the Points in question.
Lieutenant John Potter is appointed Pay Master in Colonel Wood's Regiment of Militia.
Head Quarters, White Plains,
¼past 9 A.M., August 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 17th. came to hand an hour and a half ago; and at the same time, that I regret extremely the Count not being arrived, for whose fate, I feel the greatest anxiety, I am happy to learn, that you had been able to extricate yourself from the difficulties you laboured under, and that you had so favourable a prospect before you. I shall wait the issue with the most anxious expectation; and earnestly hope both for your own sake and that of the public, the success may answer your warmest wishes.
If your next does not announce the return of the French fleet, I shall be glad to know how they were provided with water and other necessaries when they Sailed; my apprehensions on this score, are very great.
I observe letters, for Congress generally accompany those you send to me. I presume they contain the same information you give me, yet as I was not certain of it, I have hitherto made a point of transmitting copies of those I received. You will please to advise me on this head that I may know whether it is necessary to continue this practice, or not.
I have discovered that the expresses stationed between us are sometimes employed in sending private letters; the impropriety and inconvenience of this are obvious. You will give the strictest orders to prevent it, in future. I am, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: This will be delivered you by Colo. De la Radiere, a Gentleman of the corps of Engineers. The nature of your operations, if they are not completed before he arrives, may make the addition of a Gentleman in this capacity useful, which is my inducement for sending Mr. De la Radiere. He is superior in commission to Mr. Gouvion; but there are certain punctilios of service observed among these Gentlemen, which I have left to be arranged by General Du Portail, Chief Engineer. I wish you to let them operate as far as may be consistent with the good of the service.
If the Count should return before the expedition is accomplished, and there still should be a land co-operation between you, agreeable to the original plan, which may make an Engineer necessary to him, and he should be unprovided, it will be well to accommodate him in this particular with the services of one of the Gentlemen I have sent you. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft, also by Hamilton, varies from the above in word arrangement.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Wednesday, August 19, 1778.
Parole Sardinia. Countersigns Sharon, Saw-Pitts.
The Commander in Chief is informed that many Corps which have had Cloathing sent to them from their respective States continue nevertheless to make returns and draw from the Continental Stores in the same manner as if no such Provision had ever been made for them. This Practice he does in express and positive terms forbid, unless the Officers commanding such Corps will evince beyond a doubt that the Cloathing from their respective states is not and never will be made a Continental Charge.
The honorable the Congress were pleased to pass on the 12th. instant the following Resolution:
Resolved, That every officer in the army of the United States, whose duty requires his being on horseback in time of action, be allowed a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, as a compensation for any horse he shall have killed in battle; this resolution to have retrospect as far as the first day of May, 1777; and that the quarter master general be, and he is hereby, authorized to pay the value of such horses, not exceeding the said sum, to the respective sufferers, on the facts being properly authenticated.
Lieutenant Hiwill47 of Colonel Cranes Regiment of Artillery is appointed Inspector and Superintendent of Music in the Army and is to be respected accordingly. His Pay and Rations to be made equal to a Captains in the Train.
[Note 47: Lieut. John Hiwell, of the Third Continental Artillery. He continued as inspector and superintendent of music until June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 19, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit you a Copy of a Letter from General Sullivan, dated the 17th Inst., which I just now received with the Letter Inclosed.48 It appears that Count D'Estaing was still out with his fleet, but yet that the General was in high spirits and entertained the strongest hopes of success. I flatter myself they are well grounded, and that in the course of a few days he will announce the entire reduction of the Enemy's force on the Island.
[Note 48: A copy of Sullivan's letter of August 17, by James McHenry, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 160, fol. 153. It informed Washington that though Comte D'Estaing had not been heard from since he sailed out to meet the British Fleet, Sullivan had moved forward to "within long shot of the enemy" to tempt them to make an attack; this was declined and Sullivan thereupon commenced intrenching.]
The Declaration49 respecting Governor Johnstone has been sent by a flag to the British Commissioners. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 49: This "Declaration" was spread on the Journals of Congress on Aug. 11, 1778. It declared that Congress hold it incompatible with their honor in any manner to correspond or have intercourse with George Johnstone, Esq., one of the British Commissioners. This was forwarded to Washington in a letter from the President August 13.]
P.S. I send three York papers.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The P.S. is in the letter sent, but not in the draft, which is also by Harrison, and which has the following crossed out: "I could wish the earliest decision of Congress on the subject of reinlisting the Troops whose time of service will shortly expire. There are several in the Virginia line who have been long in the Army and who have but a little time to stay. I am informed by the Officers that most of these, as well as many of the Drafts can be reingaged, if the present opportunity is embraced."]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, August 20, 1778.
Parole Dunstable. Countersigns Dublin, Deal.
The Tents of the whole Army are to be struck three times a week on Monday, Wednesday, and Fridays from ten in the morning 'till two in the afternoon when the weather will permit; The Officers will be careful to have the ground between and where the tents stood well cleansed.
No Persons whatever whether belonging to the Army or not are to pass beyond the advanced Corps without Permits from Head Quarters. The Commanding Officer of that Corps is directed not only to stop all Persons who shall hereafter attempt to pass without such Permits but to report their names and take away any other Passes they may have and send them to the Adjutant General. The General also reminds the Officers of a former order, forbiding any under the degree of commanding Officer of a Brigade from giving Passes to soldiers and expects a strict observance.
Lieutenant George Purvis51 is appointed Adjutant of the Delaware Regiment.
[Note 51: Of the Delaware Regiment. He was promoted to captain at a later date; taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., and reported as a prisoner until the close of the war.]
Returns of Medicines, Instruments, Bandages &c. now in the several Regiments to be made out by the Regimental Surgeons and delivered to the Physician and Surgeon General next Monday.
Returns of all the Negroes in the several Regiments to be made out immediately Regimentally, digested into Brigade Returns and brought into the Orderly Office next Saturday specifying those present and the particular Places where the absent or on command are.
Head Quarters, August 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am now to acknowledge my obligations for your favor of the 31st. Ulto.52 and for its several Inclosures.
[Note 52: Laurens's letter of July 31 is not found in the Washington Papers. It is printed, in part, by Burnett, Letters of Members of Congress, vol. 3, P. 355, from Laurens's letter book in the South Carolina Historical Society.]
The conduct of Governor Johnstone has been certainly reprehensible, to say no worse of it, and so I think the world will determine. His Letters to Messrs. Morris and Reed are very significant and the points to which they conclude quite evident. They are, if I may be allowed so to express myself, of a pulsefeeling cast, and the offer to the latter thro the Lady, a direct attempt upon his integrity. When these things are known, he must share largely in public contempt, and the more so from the opposite parts he has taken.53
[Note 53: Governor Johnstone, presuming on his former friendships, had written to Robert Morris, Joseph Reed, and Francis Dana, then members of the Continental Congress, upon matters improper to have broached to them in his capacity as a British Peace Commissioner. Congress resolved (July 9) that all letters received by any of the members from the British Commissioners, or any subject of the King of Great Britain, should be laid before it. Johnstone's letters were accordingly laid before Congress and found by that body to be highly objectionable. The "Declaration" of August 11 (previously noted) was the result. In it was recited the story of Mrs. Ferguson's attempt in June to bribe Joseph Reed with £10,000 and a high office in his Majesty's gift. Reed reported his reply to have been, "He was not worth purchasing, but such as he was, the king of Great Britain was not rich enough to do it." Congress resolved thereon, "That as Congress feel, so they ought to demonstrate, the highest and most pointed indignation against such daring and atrocious attempts to corrupt their integrity." The "Declaration" of August 11 was the result. An effort was made to add to this a resolve, "That Congress will not, in any degree, negotiate with the present British commissioners in America, for restoring peace" but it was voted down by seven States to three, with one, North Carolina, divided.]
I am sorry you troubled yourself with transmitting me copies and extracts of your Letters to the French Officers, in answer to their applications for Rank. Your word, Sir, will always have the fullest credit with me whenever you shall be pleased to give it upon any occasion; and I have only to regret that there has not been the same degree of decision and resolution in every Gentleman, as you have used in these instances. If there had, it would not only have contributed much to the tranquility of the Army, but preserved the rights of our own Officers. With respect to Brevet Commissions, I know many of the French Gentlemen have obtained nothing more. That these were intended as merely honorary; and that they are not so objectionable as the other sort; however these are attended with great inconveniencies, for the instant they gain a point upon you, no matter what their primary professions and engagements were, they extend their views and are incessant in teasing for actual command. The reason for their pressing for printed Commissions in the usual form, in preference to the Brevits you give them is obvious. The former are better calculated to favor their Schemes as they import an idea of real command, and of consequence afford them grounds for their future sollicitations for the purpose. I am well pleased with Monsr. Girards declaration, and if he adheres to it, he will prevent many frivolous and unwarrantable applications; for finding their pursuits not seconded by his interest, many of the Gentlemen will be discouraged, and relinquish every hope of success. Nor am I insensible of the propriety of your wish respecting our friend the Marquis. His Countrymen soon find access to his heart and he is but too apt afterwards to interest himself in their behalf, without having a sufficient knowledge of their Merit, or a proper regard to their extravagant views. I will be done upon the Subject. I am sure you have been severely punished by their importunities as well as myself.
The performance ascribd to Mr. Mauduit54 is really curious as coming from him, when we consider his past conduct. He is a sensible writer, and his conversion at an earlier day, with
[Note 54: Israel Mauduit. The performance was, probably, one of his pamphlets on the conduct of the Howes in America.] many others that have lately happened, might have availed his Country much. His reasoning is plain and forcible and within the compass of every understanding.
I have nothing new to inform you of. My public Letter to Congress yesterday contained my last advices from Rhode Island. I hope in a few days from the high spirits and expectations of General Sullivan, that I shall have the happiness to congratulate you on our Success in that Quarter. I am, etc.55
[Note 55: This was a private and unofficial letter.]
[M.L.]
Camp at the White-plains, August 20, 1778.
My dear Sir: In what terms can I sufficiently thank you for your polite attention to me, and agreeable present? and, which is still more to the purpose, with what propriety can I deprive you of a valuable, and favourite Horse? You have pressed me once, nay twice, to accept him as a gift; as a proof of my sincere attachment to, and friendship for you, I obey, with this assurance, that from none but a Gentn. for whom I have the highest regard, would I do this, notwithstanding the distressed situation I have been in for want of one.
I am heartily disappointed at a late resolution of Congress for the discontinuance of your Corps, because I pleased myself with the prospect of seeing you, and many other Gentn. of my acquaintance from Virginia, in Camp. As you had got to Philadelphia, I do not think the saving, or difference of expense (taking up the matter even upon that ground, which under present circumstances I think a very erroneous one) was by any means an object suited to the occasion.56
[Note 56: Congress had resolved on March 2 that it be earnestly recommended to the young men of property and spirit in the States from Massachusetts to North Carolina, respectively, to form themselves into volunteer troops of light cavalry, to serve at their own expense, except in the articles of provisions and forage, and to join the main army on May 1, 1778, or earlier if possible. Nelson had arrived at Philadelphia with a troop from Virginia, but as the British had evacuated that city Congress decided that the employment of such corps was unnecessary. It, therefore, thanked Nelson and the "gentlemen under his command for their brave, generous, and patriotic efforts in the cause of their country." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 8, 1778.)]
The arrival of the French Fleet upon the Coast of America is a great, and striking event; but the operations of it have been injured by a number of unforeseen and unfavourable circumstances, which, tho they ought not to detract from the merit, and good intention of our great Ally, has nevertheless lessened the importance of their Services in a great degree. The length of the passage in the first instance was a capital misfortune, for had even one of common length taken place, Lord Howe with the British Ships of War and all the Transports in the River Delaware must, inevitably, have fallen; and Sir Harry must have had better luck than is commonly dispensed to Men of his profession, under such circumstances, if he and his Troops had not shared (at least) the fate of Burgoyne. The long passage of Count D'Estaing was succeeded by an unfavourable discovery at the hook, which hurt us in two respects; first in a defeat of the enterprize upon New York; the Shipping, and Troops at that place; and next, in the delay that was used in ascertaining the depth of Water over the Bar; which was essential to their entrance into the Harbour of New York, and lastly, after the enterprize upon Rhode Island had been planned, and was in the moment of execution, that Lord Howe with the British Ships should interpose, merely to create diversion, and draw the French fleet from the Island was again unlucky, as the Count had not return'd on the 17th. to the Island, tho drawn of from it the 10th; by which means the Land operations were retarded, and the whole subject to a miscarriage in case of the arrival of Byrons Squadron.
I do not know what to make of the enemy at New York; whether their stay at that place is the result of choice, or the effect of necessity, proceeding from an inferiority in the Fleet, want of Provision, or other Causes, I know not, but certain it is that, if it is not an act of necessity it is profoundly misterious unless they look for considerable reinforcements and are waiting the arrival of them to commence their operations, time will shew.
It is not a little pleasing, nor less wonderful to contemplate, that after two years Manoeuvring and undergoing the strangest vicissitudes that perhaps ever attended any one contest since the creation both Armies are brought back to the very point they set out from and, that that, which was the offending party in the beginning is now reduced to the use of the spade and pick axe for defence. The hand of Providence has been so conspicuous in all this, that he must be worse than an infidel that lacks faith, and more than wicked, that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligations, but, it will be time enough for me to turn preacher, when my present appointment ceases; and therefore, I shall add no more on the Doctrine of Providence; but make a tender of my best respects to your good Lady; the Secretary and other friends and assure you that with the most perfect regard I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing, I have been favoured with your Letter of the 25th. Ulto. from Baltimore, and 9th. Instt. from Philadelphia. The method you propose to take with the Public Horses in your volunteer Corps will be very proper and agreeable to me.
MAJOR GENERAL THOMAS CONWAY'S LETTER OF APOLOGY TO WASHINGTON, JULY 23, 1778
White-plains, August 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: On Wednesday afternoon I received your favor of the 12th58 and 13th Inst. by Mr. Hulet the Pilot, who did not arrive in Camp 'till then. I am much obliged by your particular relation of matters, and request that you will continue it from time to time whenever opportunity will permit.
[Note 58: Greene's letters of August 12 and 13 are not found in the Washington Papers.]
There is one circumstance in your relation, of which I was exceedingly sorry to hear.59 You will readily know which it is. I wish the utmost harmony to prevail as it is essential to success; and that no occasions be omitted on our part to cultivate it.
[Note 59: At this date misunderstandings and antagonism were already existent between the American and French officers.]
Your operations have been greatly retarded by the late violent storm; but as it is now over, I trust things will go on prosperously and that you will be rejoined by Count D'Estaing who has been kept out so long by it. Indeed from General Sullivans Letter of the 17th., I flatter myself you will have made a compleat reduction of the Enemy's force before this reaches you, and that the next advices I receive will announce it. If the fact is otherwise, let me beseech you to guard against Sortee's and surprizes. The Enemy, depend upon it, will fall like a strong Man, will make many Sallies, and endeavor to possess themselves of, or destroy your Artillery; and in one of these, they once put the Militia into confusion, the consequences may be fatal.
By a Letter which I received yesterday from General Maxwell, inclosing one from Major Howell,60 (who I have stationed at black point for the purpose of observn) it appears certain, that Sixteen of Lord Howe's fleet entered the Hook on the 17th.
[Note 60: Maj. Richard Howell, of the Second New Jersey Regiment.] That on that, and the preceeding day, there had been heard severe Canonades at Sea, and that it was reported in New York that a 64 Gun Ship and several Transports had been taken by the French Squadron. I wish the fact may be so as to the capture, and that the Count may be with you to give a narrative of it himself. I cannot learn that Admiral Byron is arrived, nor do I believe that he is. It is said that one Ship only of the Cork Fleet is yet arrived. I have not time to add more, as Majr. Blodget61 is in a hurry to proceed, than to assure you that I am, etc.62
[Note 61: Maj. William Blodgett, aide to Greene.]
[Note 62: From the Nathanael Greene Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 63: Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters,64 August 21, 1778.
[Note 64: Near Fort Washington, N.Y.]
Sir: Lewis Johnson Costagan,65 a Lieutt. in the 1st. Jersey Regiment was taken prisoner early in 1777. I would wish that the speediest means may be used for the obtaining his exchange, at the same time you will observe such caution in conducting the affair as not to alarm the enemy or induce them to detain him. You will not seem over anxious, and yet take such measures as cannot fail to procure his liberty.
[Note 65: Lieutenant Costigin had managed to open a secret communication with headquarters and had sent in secret intelligence. He was exchanged in December, 1778, and appears to have paraded a refusal to return to the patriot army, remained in New York City as a loyalist, and sent in secret intelligence to Washington over the signature of "Z."]
As soon as he comes out you will be pleased to direct him to repair immediately to the Head Quarters of the army. I am.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 21, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting to Congress, the inclosed Memorial of Colo. Rawlings67 presented in behalf of
[Note 67: Col. Moses Rawlings, of one of the Additional Continental regiments, He had been lieutenant colonel of Stephenson's Rifle Regiment in 1776 when taken prisoner; resigned in June, 1779. His memorial is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 41, 8, 365.] himself and the Maryland Officers, who were under his command in the year 1776. The facts which are stated in it, are generally true and I cannot but feel myself exceedingly interested in favor of these Gentlemen. The conduct of this whole Corps, when Fort Washington was attacked is so generally known and approved, that it is almost unnecessary to add upon the subject. However, I think it but justice to observe, that every representation of that day's transaction gave them the highest credit. They fought with a degree of veteran bravery and tho' but a handful, they maintained their ground a considerable time, notwithstanding the most vigorous efforts to force them. All who were spectators upon the occasion have declared this, and the Enemy themselves have not refused them applause. It seems hard that Officers of their merit should be overlooked, and a loss to the service, that they should remain unemployed. But the consequences that would attend their incorporation with any of the Corps now existing, appear too disagreeable to try the experiment. Colo. Rawlings himself from the information I have had, does not incline to give any uneasiness to the line of the Army, and would rather make a distant part of it against the Indians, in case he could be provided for in that way. Capt. Beale68 who is charged with this, will be able to inform Congress more fully than I can, of the wishes of the Colonel and the rest of his Officers; and his account may lead perhaps to some suitable and practicable provision for them. As I have observed before they are men who deserve well of their Country. I only mention the Maryland Officers upon this occasion, because that part of the Corps which came from Virginia, was provided for by the state in their present arrangement, as I have been credibly advised.
[Note 68: Capt. William Dent Beall (?).]
Mr. Rawlings was never in the compleate and actual command of the Regiment under his direction, as Colonel, because he never obtained a Commission; but he became entitled to it, according to the common rule of promotion, by the death of Colo. Stephenson69 and the non-acceptance of Colo. Morgan70 who was appointed to it. With the latter circumstance Mr. Rawlings I am persuaded was never apprised, as it was kept a secret from an apprehension that the Enemy might claim an Officer of the rank of Colo. in exchange for Morgan who was then a prisoner on parole, if his promotion came to their knowledge. Major Williams71 of the Maryland part of the Corps, was appointed by the State to one of her regiments now in the field, and is the only Officer in his predicament I know of, that they arranged. I have the Honour, etc.72
[Note 69: Col. Hugh Stephenson.]
[Note 70: Col. Daniel Morgan.]
[Note 71: Maj. Otho Holland Williams, of Stephenson's Rifle Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Fort Washington; exchanged and appointed colonel of the Sixth Maryland Regiment in December, 1776; transferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; brigadier general, Continental Army, in May, 1782; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 72: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It was read in Congress on August 25 and referred to the Board of War.
On August 21 Washington wrote also a brief note to Congress forwarding Sullivan's letter to that body of August 19 and a copy of Sullivan's letter to Washington of the same date. Both of these are in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 160, and Washington's note of August 21 is in No. 152.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Friday, August 21, 1778.
Parole Rotterdam. Countersigns Rumney, Riswick.
The Commander in Chief has tho't proper to pardon the following Criminals who were under sentence of Death and to have been executed this day: Solomon Lynes, John Craige, Zechariah Ward, Richard Burk, Michael Carmen, William McLaughlin, John Jenkins, Nicholas Fitzgerald David Potter and Neil Megonigle.73
[Note 73: On August 21 Washington issued his proclamation pardoning all these prisoners (the name of Alexander Graham only was omitted). The draft of this proclamation, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Washington Papers. (See General Orders, Aug. 14, 1778.)]
Notwithstanding the general good Character of the Criminal as a soldier, the Wounds he has received in fighting for his Country; the warm Solicitation of several respectable Officers and even the special Intercession of Captain Scott himself to whom the Injury was offered, it was with extreme difficulty the Commander in Chief could prevail with himself to pardon an Offence so attrocious as that committed by Megonigle; The least disrespect from a soldier to an Officer is criminal in an high degree and deserves severe Punishment; when it proceeds to any kind of personal Violence the offender justly merits death, but when it extends to an attempt upon the Officers life as was the Case in the present instance it assumes a Complexion so enormous and aggravated that it wants a name, and puts the Criminal almost beyond the reach of Mercy itself. The General is happy to reflect that this is the first time an Instance of this nature has come before him. He thinks it necessary to warn every soldier that a similar one will never hereafter be forgiven, whatever may be the Character of the Offender or the Intercessions of the Officers.
Several Deserters from the Army to the Enemy who have since returned having been permitted with Impunity to join their Regiments; The General to prevent an Abuse of his Lenity by its being drawn into Precedent and made an Encouragement to others to commit the same Crime, takes occasion to declare in explicit terms that no man who shall desert to the Enemy after the Publication of this order will ever be allowed to enjoy the like Indulgence, but whether he returns voluntarily himself or fall into our hands by any other means will infalliably suffer the Punishment decreed to his Crime.
Captn. Lieutt. Ambrose Buchanan is appointed Pay Master to Colo. Harrison's Regiment of Artillery.74
[Note 74: First Continental Artillery.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received information, which has the appearance of authenticity, that the enemy have from an hundred to an hundred and fifty vessels in the sound near Frog's point. This intelligence, I think it necessary to communicate to you that you may be upon your guard. What may be the purpose of these vessels can only be matter of conjecture. On the supposition, that the enemy have reason to believe the French fleet so remote, either in consequence of the storm or other circumstances, as to afford them an opportunity to operate by way of the sound, it is perhaps most probable; these vessels are designed to transport a body of troops for the relief of those on the Island. On another hand, the enemy may think the present moment favourable for evacuating New York; concluding the French fleet may be so much in want of necessaries; as to oblige them when they get into port again, to remain there a while for fresh supplies; and, at the same time, so much injured, by being several months at sea, and by the late storm, as to stand in need of both of rest and repairs. In this case, they might deem it expedient to conceal their real aim by creating a jealousy of the sound; while the ships sent there may also serve to facilitate their embarkation. They may perhaps meditate some incursions along the coast by way of diversion; or they may possibly have it in view to operate against this army, by way of the Sound, which however appears to me the least likely supposition.
Whatever may be the meaning of it, the fact itself deserves attention; and I dare say you will use every precaution in your power to obtain the earliest discovery of the approach of these vessels, if they should be destined your way; and to secure the troops under your command from any untoward accident. And I am equally persuaded, that you will not suffer any ill-founded or premature alarm to produce any change in your disposition, which may injure or frustrate the enterprise, you are carrying on. The present state of the wind makes me hope, that if Rhode Island is the enemy's object, this letter will get to you before they can accomplish it. I am, etc.
P.S. I doubt not you have taken every measure in your power to secure the passage across to the Main on any emergency.
If the expresses stationed between this place and you, go by way of providence as this route is productive of delay, you will give directions to have it changed.
Your letter of the 19th. was received yesterday.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who indorsed on the address sheet: "The Expresses are positively ordered to ride day and night without fail. Alex. Hamilton, Aide de Camp."
On August 22 Washington wrote a brief note to the Rev. James Caldwell regarding the pay of a Captain Randolph and the proper employment of expresses: "I would not have you employ the stationary Expresses upon common occasions, because, as you observe, they may be out of the way when dispatches of consequence are going on. Whenever you are under the necessity of using them, some person should be engaged to remain at the stages till they return." This letter is in the Washington Papers "]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Sunday, August 23, 1778.
Parole Pensacola. Countersigns Pottsdam-Plymouth.
A General Court Martial whereof Majr. General Lincoln is appointed President will sit tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at the new dining Room near Baron DeKalb's quarters for the trial of Major General St. Clair. Brigadiers General Nixon, Clinton, Wayne and Muhlenberg; Colonels Grayson, Russell, M. Gist, Greaton, Putnam, Meigs, Stewart and Cortlandt are to attend as Members. All Evidences and Persons concern'd will attend. The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Hazen is President will assemble at the President's Marquee at the time to which it stands adjourned.
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Monday, August 24, 1778.
Parole Framingham. Countersigns Fez, France.
Brigade returns of all the horses in each Regiment and by whom kept to be made out immediately and delivered in to the orderly Office by 12 o'Clock tomorrow.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to agree to the following Report of their Committee and to pass the resolution annexed to it:
In Congress, August 17th, 1778.
The committee to whom was referred a letter from General Washington, of the 28 July, respecting Major General Putnam, and the report of the court of enquiry on the subject of the posts in the Highlands, on Hudson's river, taken last year, which was transmitted to Congress, report,
That, upon a careful examination of the facts stated by the court of enquiry, and consideration of the evidence taken and transmitted, it appears that those posts were lost, not from any fault, misconduct, or negligence, of the commanding officers, but solely through the want of an adequate force under their command to maintain and defend them.
Resolved, That Congress agree to the said report.
At a Brigade Court Martial in the Corps of Artillery, Augt. 14th, 1778, Lieutt. Colo. Popkin78 President, Lieutenants Waters79 and McNamara80 were tried for speaking disrespectfully of the Commander in Chief; treating Lieutt. Hill81 in a scandalous manner unbecoming the Characters of Gentlemen and raising a Riot; and contemptuous treatment of Colo. Harrison82 after being arrested. After mature deliberation the Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Waters is guilty of treating Mr. Hill in a scandalous manner, unbecoming the Character of a Gentleman, but as the provocation from Mr. Hill was so considerable and so very apt to produce in Mr. Waters the forgetfulness of his Character as a Gentleman and Officer, they view the Crime in some measure palliated and therefore only sentence him to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of Artillery in Presence of all the Officers of the Corps. The General
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. John Popkin, of the Third Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 79: Lieut. William Waters, of the First Continental Artillery. He appears to have resigned in 1778.]
[Note 80: Lieut. Michael McNamara, adjutant of the First Continental Artillery.]
[Note 81: Lieut. Richard Hill, of the First Continental Artillery. He resigned in April, 1779.]
[Note 82: Col. Charles Harrison, of the First Continental Artillery.] approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow morning at Roll Call.
The Court find Lieutt. McNamara of Colonel Harrison's Regiment of Artillery guilty of speaking disrespectfully of His Excellency General Washington, treating Lieutt. Hill in a scandalous manner, unbecoming the Character of a Gentleman and contemptuous treatment of Colo. Harrison after being arrested and unanimously adjudged that he shall be cashiered.
The Commander in Chief is sorry to be under the Necessity of Deciding in a Case of this Nature and would readily remit the sentence against Lieutt. McNamara if his behaviour to Colonel Harrison, his Commanding Officer had not been so gross and disorderly as to compel the General to confirm it.
The General Court Martial whereof Major General Lincoln is President will sit tomorrow at the time and Place mentioned in yesterdays orders. Members the same, except Colo. Wyllys vice Colo. Cortland who is absent on Command.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 24, 1778.
Sir: I had yesterday the honor to receive your favor of the 20th Inst.
I take the liberty of transmitting you a Copy of a Letter, which this minute came to hand from Genl. Sullivan, advising of the Count D'Estaings arrival.83 He omitted to inclose the Admirals Letter84 to which he refers and therefore I can give no further
[Note 83: Sullivan's letter, dated August 21, is not found in the Washington Papers, but a copy of it, by James McHenry, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 160. It reported the damage done the French Fleet by the storm and encounter with the British and Comte D'Estaing's apparent purpose of going to Boston to refit. Sullivan sent Greene, Lafayette, and John Langdon to persuade him to remain in Rhode Island.]
[Note 84: D'Estaing's letter to Sullivan (August 21) was sent by the latter to Washington in his letter of August 23. In it the admiral announced his departure for Boston and the impossibility of leaving troops to aid Sullivan. He explained that he was bound by his instructions from the King not to risk his fleet against a superior force which, after the storm and the engagement, the British then possessed. John Laurens, in a hurried letter to Washington (August 23), ascribed the comte's decision to go to Boston to the French council of war, composed, he said, of "the Cabal of Marine Officers who wish his destruction because he was introduced from the land Service into their Corps." Laurens thought the solemn protest of the American officers might afford the comte "a justification for his acting in direct contradiction to the unanimous voice of his officers," and induce him to remain at Rhode Island. Laurens's letter is in the Washington Papers.] intelligence than what the Copy contains. From the suffering of the fleet the Storm must have been exceedingly severe at Sea. I also inclose Two York papers of the 19th and 20th. These mention an engagement off Sandy Hook on the 16th. It could only have been partial on the side of the French Squadron at any rate, as the Languedoc and the Seventy four Gun Ship must have lost their Masts before that time. It would seem by the account given in the papers, that the Iris and some other ships on the part of the Enemy had been damaged. I have the Honor, etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On August 24 Washington wrote to Col. William Malcom concerning the construction of Capt. John Stevens's machine. There was a difference of opinion as to its probable success and if Malcom could not spare the workmen, Washington directed that the experiment be laid aside temporarily. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Also on August 24 Washington wrote briefly to Lieut. Col. William Butler, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, congratulating him on his small frontier successes at Schoharie, N.Y., and stating that he had requested General Stark, commanding at Albany, "not to send any Officer of superior Rank to interfere with you in command, as I have great reliance upon your activity and skill in conducting such an expedition as that which you are now upon." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 86: Of the Third Continental Dragoons.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 25, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday late last Night. I am very anxious to obtain a true account of what is passing in New York, and am therefore endeavouring to send in a variety of persons from different quarters who have no connexion or communication with each other. By comparing their accounts, I shall be able to form a pretty good judgment. I have desired them to attend particularly to some matters of which the inclosed are the Heads.87 I shall be obliged to you to procure some intelligent person to go into the City, and as it will be unsafe to give
[Note 87: No copy of these "Heads" are found in the Washington Papers.] him a written paper, I desire you to impress the inclosed upon his memory by repeating them to him; when he returns, let me know his Answer to each head. If the person, who goes in, cannot make an excuse of Business, he must be allowed to carry a small matter of provision in, and bring something out, by way of pretext. I am &ca.88
[Note 88: The draft is m the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
White plains, August 25, 1778.
Sir: If it be practicable, and convenient for Congress to furnish me with some Specie (gold, as more portable,would be most convenient) valuable purposes I think would result from it. I have always found a difficulty in procuring Intelligence by the mean of Paper money; and I perceive that it increases. The period is critical and interesting, and the early knowledge of an Enemys intention, and movements too obvious to need explanation.
Having hinted to the Comee. of Congress when at Valley forge this want I address this Letter to you now rather as a private than public one; because I do not wish to have the matter again mentioned if Congress hath been apprized of my wants and find it inconvenient to comply with them.89
[Note 89: "This Morning upon enquiry I was confirmed in my belief that the former Camp Committee had made no application to Congress for Gold or Silver to be deposited in Your Excellency's bands for public uses, wherefore I suggested to two or three Members the necessity and utility of establishing such a fund and prevailed upon one of the Gentlemen to move the House for that purpose, the motion was accepted, and without a pause, the sum of five hundred Guineas voted, these I shall presently receive and if possible convey them to Your Excellency under the protection of Captain Josiah Stoddard of the Light Dragoons."-- Henry Laurens to Washington, Aug. 29, 1778. Lauren's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
I have the pleasure to inform you that Colo. Laurens was well on the 23d. I have had a Letter from him of that date. With great respect and regard I have the honr., etc.
Head Quarters, White Plains, Tuesday, August 25, 1778.
Parole Oronoko. Countersigns Orr, Otway.
The whole Army to have their tents struck and loaded into Waggons, their Packs slung and to be in every respect ready for marching tomorrow morning at six o'Clock. The Quarter Master General, Commissaries, Clothier &c. will in like manner be ready to move with the affairs of their respective departments.
At a General Court Martial, August 15th, 1778, Colo. Hazen President, Lieutt. Lewis90 of the 9th. Virginia Regimt. tried for disobedience of orders on the 27th. of last June; found guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and sentenced to be reprimanded in General Orders; The good Character given Lieutenant Lewis by his Commanding Officer has prevented the Court from being more severe in their sentence.
[Note 90: Lieut. John Lewis, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. Heitman records him as resigning Aug. 15, 1778.]
The Commander in Chief looks upon Lieutt. Lewis's Conduct as an inexcusable breach of military discipline. The Plea of not knowing Colo. Swift under whose immediate Command he then was, cannot be admitted, as Licutt. Lewis, if he was in any doubt, might very easily, and very naturally ought to, have asked from whom the order came.
At the same Court Joseph Cooler of the 3rd. Maryland Regiment and John Fowler of Colo. Nixon's Regiment were tried for desertion found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each. The Commander in Chief approves the sentences and orders them put in Execution tomorrow morning at guard mounting at the head of the Regiments to which they respectively belong.
At the same Court, Augt. 20th. Lieutt. Lane91 of the 2nd. Jersey Battalion was tried for unofficer like Procedure in opening a Packet from the British Commissioners to Congress, while on Command at second River, unanimously found guilty of the Charge exhibited against him, being a breach of the 5th. Article of 18th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be cashiered.
[Note 91: Lieut. Aaron Lane.]
At a Brigade General Court Martial Augt. 22nd. 1778, Colo. Patten,92 President, Lieutt. Levi Gatlin of the 2nd. North Carolina Battalion, was tried for neglect of duty and disobedience of orders, unanimously found guilty of the Charges exhibited against him and sentenced to be dismissed the service.
[Note 92: Col. John Patten, of the Second North Carolina Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; retired in January, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief approves the two last mentioned sentences and orders them to take place immediately.
At another Brigade General Court Martial, August 21st, Colonel Chambers,93 President, Francis Murray a soldier in the 1st. Pennsylvania Regiment was tried for desertion to the Enemy. The Court duly considering the Evidence, the Prisoner's defence and the aggravating Circumstances, are unanimously of opinion that he is guilty of desertion to the Enemy and do therefore sentence him to suffer Death. His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
[Note 93: Col. James Chambers, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, He had been wounded at Brandywine, Pa., in September, 1777; retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 25, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed you will be pleased to receive a Copy of a Letter of the 23d Inst. from General Sullivan, which came to hand about half after three O'Clock this morning, with the several papers to which it refers, Copies of which are also transmitted.94 By these Congress will perceive, our prospects are much changed with respect to the operations against Rhode Island, and that the issue, as things are now circumstanced, whether we look to a continuation of the seige, to an immediate attack or a Retreat, must be attended with great difficulty and risk. I trust the wisest measures will be pursued and I will hope for the best. With the greatest respect and esteem I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 94: These inclosures were copies of Sullivan's two letters to Washington of August 23, Greene's protest to D'Estaing of August 21, D'Estaing's letter to Sullivan of August 21, and the protest of all the American officers to D'Estaing against his leaving Rhode Island for Boston of August 22. This last was signed by Sullivan, Greene, and Brig. Gen. John Glover; Maj. Gert. John Hancock, of the Massachusetts Militia, and the following brigadier generals of militia: Ezekiel Cornell, Rhode Island; William Whipple, New Hampshire; John Tyler, Connecticut; Solomon Lovell, Massachusetts; and Jonathan Titcomb, Massachusetts. Originals or copies of all of these are also in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. General Sullivan I think, must be under a mistake, as to the amount of the relief, which the Enemy had attempted to give from New York.95 I have used every possible means to obtain information from time to time on this head, and I never could learn, either from Deserters or from others who had been in the City, that any Troops had embarked since the reinforcement sent up the sound long ago, except some drafts to act in the fleet as Marines.96
[Note 95: Sullivan stated that Howe's fleet had 4,000 troops on board.]
[Note 96: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on August 28.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Wednesday, August 26, 1778.
Parole Georgia. Countersigns Gibralter, Gosport.
Guards are to be placed at proper distances in front and Rear of the Brigades to see that the soldiers make use of the Vaults prepared for them; The Purity of the Air and Wholesomness of the Camp depend so much upon the observance of this order that it is expected it will be strictly attended to and every soldier severely punished who is found guilty of a breach of it.
The Brigade Quarter Masters are immediately to have racks fixed up to prevent the great Waste of Forage, occasioned by feeding upon the ground. they are likewise to see that the Waggoners remove the dung and Litter once a Week and burn it.
The Pay Masters who have not received Pay for their regiments for April and May are to apply to the Pay Master General tomorrow.
The Commanding Officer of each Company is to keep an exact Size-Roll by which his men are to be drawn up in a single rank, sizing from right to left the tallest being on the right and the shortest on the left, then doubling towards the Center, the Whole is to be thrown into two Ranks the shortest in the Front and the tallest in the Rear Rank.
In all firings the Words " Take Sight"! are to be substituted in Place of the Word of Command " Present"!
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Thursday, August 27, 1778.
Parole New Hampshire. Countersigns Newark, Norway.
As the late Order respecting Brigade Inspectors of the day renders their duty very unequal, the Commander in Chief directs, that they be daily appointed in orders in regular rotation.
Captn. John Alexander97 is appointed Pay Master, Lieutenant John McCullan98 Adjutant, and Lieut. John Hughes99 Quarter-Master, to 7th. Pennsylvania Regiment.
[Note 97: Alexander was transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; resigned in July of that year.]
[Note 98: McCullam was transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783: served to June of that year.]
[Note 99: John Hughes, jr. He transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; served to close of the war.]
These appointments to bear date from the 1st. day of June last when they were made.
Captain Joseph Howell1 of the 2nd. Pennsylvania Regt. is appointed Pay Master to the same.
[Note 1: Joseph Howell, jr. He had been taken prisoner at Long Island in August, 1776, and exchanged in December: resigned in October, 1778; Commissioner of Accounts and Acting Paymaster General, United States Army, 1787 to May, 1792.]
The Colonels and Officers commanding Corps are desir'd to return to Head Quarters, with all the Accuracy they can, a list of the names of all the Officers who have served in their respective Corps at any time since the 1st. of January 1777, and the present day, in which they will specify their ranks and the dates of their Commissions; and also such promotions and removals as have happened, whether by reason of death, Resignation or from other Causes.
All Corps now in service in the Continental Line are comprehended in this order.
The honorable the board of War want these lists and wish to obtain them as soon as they can be made out.
Half a Gill of Rice pr. Ration is to be issued to the Army three times a Week in lieu of one quarter of a pound of flour which is on those days to be deducted from the usual Rations.2
[Note 2: This rice ration had been recommended by a board of general officers at White Plains on August 26, as there was then a greater proportion of rice than flour in store. The orders regarding horses; changing the command in the firing movement from Presentl to Take Sightl; and the sizing of companies were also recommendations of this board, the proceedings of which are in the Washington Papers.]
The General again in the most positive and express terms forbids any person whatever keeping a horse or horses in or near Camp, who are not properly authorized by the Regulations of the Army or by his special Permission to keep horses maintained at the Public Expence; The necessity of a strict Compliance with this order is obvious and Officers commanding Divisions, Brigades and Regiments will in a particular manner be responsible for the most exact obedience.
All horses belonging to the Public in the Possession of any Person not entitled to them by Public Authority are forthwith to be returned to the Quarter Master General or his Deputy.
The making use of Waggon horses as riding horses is strictly forbidden unless by a written order signed by the Commanding Officer of the Brigade to which the horses belong; Any Person guilty of a breach of this order may depend on being severely punished. All Persons who have horses belonging to the Public in their Possession for their own use are without fail to make return of them to the Qr. Master General by Saturday noon next; The utmost punctuality will be expected.
AFTER ORDERS
A board of Field Officers consisting of:
[Note 3: Lieut. Col. John Cropper, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He transferred to the Seventh Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; resigned in August, 1779; served subsequently as colonel of Virginia Militia from 1781 to close of war.]
[Note 4: Maj. Gustavus Brown Wallace, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment. He was later lieutenant colonel of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged, and transferred to Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 5: Col. William Davies, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 6: Lieut. Col. Burges (Burgess) Ball, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. He transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in September, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C.; prisoner on parole until retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 7: Col. James Wood, of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment, designated the Eighth Virginia, in September, 1778; served to January, 1783.]
[Note 8: Maj. Jonathan Clark (Clarke), of the Twelfth Virginia Regiment. Lieutenant colonel in May, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C.; prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
are to sit tomorrow to settle the relative Rank of the Field Officers and Captains of the Virginia Line; One Officer at least from each Regiment is to attend the board to give Information.
The Brigadiers of the Virginia line are to appoint a board of Officers consisting of an equal number from each Brigade to settle the relative Ranks of the Subalterns:
Each of those boards are to ascertain the dates which the Commissions are to bear and make a return of them to the Committee of Arrangement, sitting at Head Quarters that the Register may be as compleat as possible. The Commanding Officer of the New York Brigade and the Colonels or Commanding Officers of Battalions are to attend the Committee of Arrangement tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at Head Quarters.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 27, 1778.
Sir: You will proceed as speedily as convenient to the Highlands and examine the several fortifications carrying on there for the defence of the North River. When you have done this, you will make me a full report of their state and progress, with your opinion of any alterations or additions which may appear to you necessary in improvement of the present plan. In doing this, you will of course consider the labor and expence which have been already incurred, the advanced season of the year and the resources of the Country for carrying any plan which may be formed into execution.
It is my wish you should also take measures without delay for executing the instructions given you the of June last relative to a plan for the defence of the River Delaware and the City of Philadelphia; in performing which, you will also view the subject in a maritime point of light, in order, as far as natural circumstances will permit, to provide a secure Port, capable of excluding the enemy's vessels and receiving and protecting our own or those of our allies. To this end you will make such arrangements as the state of your department and the good of the service will best warrant. I am &ca.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
Capt. Samuel Colston, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment, dangerously wounded a civilian in an altercation. Tench Tilghman wrote to General Muhlenberg on August 27, by direction of Washington, that Colston should be put in safe custody, befitting his rank, to await the issue, as the civil authorities would doubtless demand a trial should the injured man die. Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Gov. George Clinton, Sept. 1, 1778, post.)]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: The unfortunate circumstance of the French Fleet having left Rhode Island at so critical a moment, I am apprehensive, if not very prudently managed, will have many injurious consequences, besides merely the loss of the advantages we should have reaped from succeeding in the Expedition. It will not only tend to discourage the people, and weaken their confidence in our new alliance, but may possibly produce prejudices and resentments, which may operate against giving the Fleet such Zealous and effectual assistance in its present distress, as the exigence of affairs and our true interest demand. It will certainly be sound policy to combat these effects, and whatever private opinions may be entertained, to give the most favorable construction, of what has happened, to the public, and at the same time to put the French Fleet, as soon as possible, in condition to defend itself and be useful to us. The departure of the Fleet from Rhode Island is not yet publicly announced here, but when it is, I intend to ascribe it to necessity, from the damage suffered in the late storm. This, it appears to me, is the Idea which ought to be generally propagated. As I doubt not the force of these Reasons will strike you equall with myself, I would recommend to you to use your utmost influence to palliate and soften matters, and induce those, whose business it is to provide succours of every kind for the fleet, to employ their utmost zeal and activity in doing it. It is our duty to make the best of our misfortunes, and not to suffer passion to interfere with our interest and the public good.
By several late accounts from New York, there is reason to believe the enemy are on the point of some important movement. They have been some days past embarking Cannon and other matters, and yesterday an hundred and forty transports fell down to the Hook. These and other circumstances indicate something of moment being in contemplation. Whether they Meditate any enterprise against this army, mean to transfer the War elsewhere, or intend to embrace the present opportunity of evacuating the Continent is as yet uncertain. If they have a superior fleet on the Coast, it is not impossible they may change the seat of the War to the Eastward, endeavouring by a land and Sea cooperation to destroy or possess themselves of the French Fleet. With an Eye to an event of this kind, I have desired General Sullivan, if he makes good his Retreat from the Island, to disband no more of his troops than he cannot [ sic] help; and I would recommend to you to have an eye to it likewise, and by establishing Signals and using other proper precautions to put things in a train for calling out your Militia at the shortest notice. I am, &ca.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On August 28 Washington wrote again to Heath acknowledging letters and General Paterson's request for silk "for a set of Colours."]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 28, 1778.
Gentlemen: Your favor of the 14th Inst. has been duly received. The object which the Board have in view, is desireable, and I wish it may be accomplished; however I cannot entertain a hope that accurate returns can be obtained here of the Officers who have served in the Army from the beginning of 1777 to the present time, and I am certain it will be impossible to ascertain the dates of their Commissions. The States never transmitted me lists of their appointments, and the perpetual changes which have taken place from death, resignations, the confusion of rank &c &c have put it out of my power to procure a competent knowledge of them. I believe the Board will not be able to form a Register with any regularity, but from the arrangement now in contemplation; Nevertheless the Colonels and Officers commanding Corps will use, I am persuaded, their best endeavours to make the Returns requested by them, having received orders for the purpose. I have the honour etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 28, 1778.
Dr. Sir: By a Letter received this day from Colo. Malcom, I learn that the time of service for which the militia in the Highlands is engaged, is very near expiring. I am to request you will be pleased to order out a relief from 500 to 1000 as expeditiously as possible. Besides the call for them to carry on the defences of the River, there is at this juncture an additional necessity for their services. Matters seem to be drawing to a crisis with the enemy and there is every appearance of their speedily making some very important movement. From various concurring accounts they seem to be in a general fermentation. They have been some clays past embarking cannon on board their transports taking in forage &c. and yesterday an hundred and forty sail fell down to the Hook. There is no small motion of vessels on the sound, and among their troops on Long Island. It is difficult to ascertain what these appearances indicate; but it is our duty to be at all points prepared.
I am sorry to inform you that the French fleet left Rhode Island bound to Boston the ... instant. Our troops were still on the Island and of course in a very precarious situation. The reasons for this conduct were, the damage suffered in the late storm, the apprehension of Byron's being on the Coast and the orders of the french King, that in case of misfortune or a superior naval force, the fleet was immediately to repair to Boston, as a secure port and a place of rendezvous for any reinforcement which should be sent.
Different opinions will be entertained on the propriety of the measure; but we ought all to concur in giving it the most favourable colouring to the people. It should be ascribed to necessity resulting from the injury sustained by the storm.
If we solve the present movements of the enemy by this circumstance, one of these two solutions will appear not improbable; either that they mean to seize the opportunity for quitting the Continent, or have a superior fleet in the east and by transferring the principal seat of the War to the Eastward, intend to operate conjointly with their sea and land force for the destruction of the French fleet.
If the latter should be their intention, We must proceed Eastward, and there will be the more need of militia to reinforce the Highland Garrisons. It is also possible some enterprise against this army may be in view, in that case succours of militia are equally essential. If your Excellency, besides ordering out the number I have mentioned, could make any dispositions which might facilitate calling out the general body of the militia on any sudden emergency, it would be a desirable circumstance. I have the honor, etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, 12 O'Clock, Noon, August 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am exceedingly anxious to hear the determination of yourself and the General Officers upon the great reverse of your prospects, since the French Fleet left you.13 I however think it incumbent upon me to inform you, that from a variety of intelligence, Lord Howe put to sea again on Tuesday, his design no doubt to attempt the relief of Newport, which will be easily effected, either by throwing in a reinforcement or withdrawing the Garrison, as I take it for granted the French Fleet would not have returned, had your protest reached them. I also yesterday received information from Long Island, that looks like a great and general move among the British Army, the real intent I have not been able to learn, but I think part of it must be meant to cooperate with their fleet, especially as many transports are drawn into the sound.14 You will more than probable have come to a decisive resolution either to abandon the enterprise
[Note 13: The French Fleet had two of its strongest ships dismasted by the storm and was otherwise weakened by one of its frigates being separated from the rest.
Greene wrote to Washington (August 28--31), giving an exact account of the situation. Sullivan wrote August 29 and 31. Greene stated that the departure of the French Fleet "struck such a panic among the Militia and Volunteers that they began to desert by Shoals.... Our strength is now reduced from 9000 to between 4 or 5000.... General Sullivan very imprudently issued something like a censure in General Orders, indeed it was an absolute censure....The Marquis is going to Boston also [Hancock having already gone] to hasten the Counts return." Lafayette, on August 24, advised Sullivan to retreat, mainly on account of the desertion of the militia.
Both Greene and Sullivan reported that the enemy had been repulsed at Quaker Hill, when he pursued the retreating Americans. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 14: The next day (August 29) Washington amplified this intelligence of British activity. From 60 to 70 vessels were assembled in Oyster Bay; troops had crossed from New York to Long Island, supposed to be ordered to embark on this shipping, 50 of which were topsail vessels. Sir Henry Clinton was reported to be with them. "But however these particulars may be, there can be no doubt that every exertion is making to relieve Rhode Island."-- Washington to Sullivan, Aug. 29, 1778. The letter sent is in the New Hampshire Historical Society; the draft is in the Washington Papers.] or to attack long before this reaches you, but least you should not, I have given you all the information that I have been able to obtain, that you may judge more fully of the propriety of remaining upon the Island under such appearances. The Wind is now contrary and if it continues a short time, this will reach you before the transports can, should they be bound Eastward.
Supposing you should remove from the Island, I desire you will keep as many of your troops together as you possibly can. We do not know the views of the enemy, should they be Eastward, you may be able with a force already collected, and the assistance of the Militia, to keep them from making much progress, untill a reinforcement from this army would join you.
I will just add a hint, which, made use of in time, may prove important, and answer a very salutary purpose. Should the expedition fail, thro' the abandonment of the French fleet, the Officers concerned will be apt to complain loudly. But prudence dictates that we should put the best face upon the matter and, to the World, attribute the removal to Boston, to necessity. The Reasons are too obvious to need explaining. The principal one is, that our British and internal enemies would be glad to improve the least matter of complaint and disgust against and between us and our new Allies into a serious rupture. I am &ca.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Friday, August 28, 1778.
Parole Hellespont. Countersigns Honor, Honesty.
The General observed on the 26th. instant that there were several deficiencies towards a general movement of the Army. He expects every Exertion will be made to supply them without a Moment's loss of time, that the Troops may in all respects be in a perfect State of readiness for marching at the shortest notice: The several departments of the Army will make their Arrangements accordingly; The Quarter Master General in particular will endeavour to furnish a full supply of Waggons.
Officers and Soldiers will keep close to their quarters that they may at all times answer to a sudden Call. Commanding Officers of Corps are carefully to examine the State of the men's Arms and Ammunition and will have the former in perfect order, and the latter compleat; If the quantity in their possession should be deficient they will draw a supply to make up the usual Complement. The General finds with concern an inexcusable want of punctuality in the returns of the Cavalry. The Commanding Officers of Regiments will be responsible for the greatest exactness hereafter and may rely on it that no Apology will be admitted for neglect.
The returns of Arms and Cloathing directed in Genl. orders of the 7th. instant to be made to the Mustering Officers, will be omitted 'till further orders.
No Officer to appear on the Parade at Muster without his side Arms.
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Saturday, August 29, 1778.
Parole Marlborough. Countersigns Montcalm, Montgomery.
The board of Field Officers appointed in orders of the 27th. instant in the Virginia Line are to take into Consideration and settle Lieutt. Colos. Brent16 and Ellison's17 claims. of rank.
[Note 16: Lieut. Col. William Brent, of the First Virginia State Regiment. He is recorded as colonel of the Second Virginia State Regiment in May, 1778; served to February, 1781.]
[Note 17: Lieut. Col. John Allison, of the First Virginia State Regiment. He served to February, 1781.]
Colonels Wyllys, Bradley, Swift and Meigs are appointed to settle the relative rank of the Lieutt. Colonels, Majors and Captains in the Connecticutt line. They are desired to meet at Colonel Wyllys's Marquee three o'Clock this afternoon and make report of their proceedings to the Committee of Arrangement at Head Quarters.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 29, 1778.
Sir: I have duly received yours of the 13th. 18th. 19th. and 21st. instants, to which I shall reply in course. I have desired the Pay Master General to appoint a deputy at Albany and to supply him with the proper Sums to pay the troops to the Northward. I have it not in my power to make you any extra allowance for your expences, an application upon that head must be made to Congress. If Captn. McKeen's18 Company of Rangers is raised for a limited time to answer any good purpose, I have no objection to their being taken into continental pay; but if they are intended to be a permanent Corps, and to act in one particular district, I have the same objection to them, that I have to all Corps raised for local purposes, and cannot give my sanction to them, if they are upon such terms. I will desire Genl. Knox to order some 2. 3. and 4 pound shot to be sent to Albany. The application for Cloathing for Colo. Whircombs19 Rangers should have been made to the Cloathier General. I have not seen Lt. Mort,20 who you say is sent down for the Cloathes, but when he arrives I will direct him in what manner to make the application in a proper manner.
[Note 18: Capt. Robert McKeen (McKean). Stark authorized him (September 12) to raise a company of rangers; he was killed in an encounter with Indians at Fort Plain, N.Y., in July, 1781.]
[Note 19: Col. Benjamin Whitcomb, of the New Hampshire Rangers.]
[Note 20: Lieut. John Mott. Heitman records him as having resigned in March, 1778.]
The appointment of a deputy Commissary in the room of Mr. Winship21 lays intirely with the Commissary General. He
[Note 21: Ebenezer Winship, deputy commissary general of issues, Northern Department. He was still in the service in October, 1778.] has been informed of Mr. Winships intended resignation, and will no doubt take care to appoint another.
I shall lay yours of the 21st. respecting the Deputy Qr. Mr. at Albany before the Qr. Mr. Genl. and shall desire him to make inquiry into so extraordinary a conduct as you represent. I am &ca.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 29, 1778.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 27th. inclosing a weekly return of the Garrison. I observe that ten men of your small Regiment are upon furlough, I desire that they may be recalled as soon as the terms expire and that no more may be granted, during the active part of the Campaign. I have wrote to Govr. Clinton and have desired him to call in from 500 to 1000 Militia to the Highlands, and I have no doubt of his complying to the utmost extent in his power. A Lieutt. Colo. Brown23 of a Massachusets Regiment of Militia has represented to me that the Regiment is deficient in Arms and wants to draw from the Continental Store. It is very probable this Regiment is one whose time of service is near expiring, and that they now want to get hold of public Arms.
[Note 23: Lieut. Col. Abijah Brown.
On August 29 Washington wrote to Col. Peter Gansevoort, sending him a copy of his letter of Aug. 13, 1778, q. v. "The spirit of desertion which possessed your soldiers was certainly very alarming and required a serious check. I hope the intention of the example you have made will be fully answered; and altho' the proceeding was not strictly an the prescribed form, yet the necessity of the case may justify the measure" This draft is in the Washington Papers. The letter signed is an the New York Public Library.]
I have spoke to Genl. Knox upon the subject of sending more Artillery men to Fort Arnold, he tells me, that he cannot, without leaving part of the Artillery here unmanned, possibly spare any more. I shall desire the Qr. Mr. Genl. to make an enquiry into the disturbance among the Artificers, and know by what authority their Wages have been raised to so extravagant a sum. I am &ca.22
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 29, 1778.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 12th inst. I very highly approve of the determination of your Council to reinlist the nine month's men at this period; if it is left undone, until the time of their service is near expiring, it will be almost impossible to re-engage them. I some time ago, pointed out to Congress the expediency of adopting this measure but as yet have not received their Answer. The money supplied by the Board of treasury to the Pay Master General is barely sufficient to pay the monthly abstracts of the Army, and to defray other contingent expences; I therefore have it not in my power to advance the state Bounty of 40 dollars, out of the military Chest: Indeed I should not be authorised to advance it, without the special order of Congress, did the state of the Chest allow it. I have the Honor &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Robert Hanson Harrison.
Captain De Vallehais (Valnais), aide to Col. Mottin de la Bahne, Inspector General of Cavalry, wrote to Washington for a certificate of service. As La Balme had never entered upon his inspectorship duties the Commander in Chief expressed surprise at the request. "I shall ever be ready to give testimonials of the merit of officers, where their services have come under my own observation; but it is not to be imagined that I should sit down and write certificates for Gentlemen who have afforded me no opportunities of approving their conduct." Washington to De Vallehais, Aug. 30, 1778. The letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, August 30, 1778.
Parole Industry. Countersigns Ireton, Ixworth.
The General Court Martial of the Line whereof Colo. Hazen is President is dissolved and another is ordered to sit tomorrow nine oClock at the usual place to try all such Persons as shall be brought before them.
Colonel Humpton25 is appointed President, Lieutt. Colo. Miller,26 Major Thompson and a Captain from each Brigade except Nixon's, Late Larned's and Wayne's are to attend as Members.
[Note 25: Col. Richard Humpton, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 26: Lieut. Col. Henry Miller, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in December, 1778.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Monday, August 31, 1778.
Parole Leonidas. Countersigns Liberty, Law.
A board of Field Officers to sit this afternoon in General Poor's Brigade to settle the relative Rank of the Majors and Captains in said Brigade; Colonels Hazen, Scammell and Cilley27 will compose the Court; One Officer at least from each Regiment to attend the board.
[Note 27: Col, Joseph Cilley, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
General Poor will appoint a Captain from each Regiment and a Field Officer as President to settle the relative rank of the subalterns.
At a Brigade General Court Martial, Augt. 22nd. 1778, Colo. Greaton President: Lieut. Welch28 of Colo. Putnam's Regiment was tried for challenging Captain Barns29 to fight a Duel and for insulting and abusive language offered to him (Captain Barns) found guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and sentenced to be cashiered.
[Note 28: Lieut. Peter Welch (Welsh), of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in April, 1780.]
[Note 29: Capt. Thomas(?) Barnes (Barns), of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief is not fully satisfied that Lieutt. Welch's behaviour to Captain Barns amounted to a challenge in the sense intended by the Articles of War, nevertheless his conduct was highly culpable and merited a sentence similar to that passed by the Court.
The indecent heat and fury with which he acted and the Insult and Abuse given to Captain Barns which appeared to have been unprovoked are certainly a high Impeachment of his Discretion. Nevertheless the good Character, the General has heard of him as an Officer, induces Him to restore Lieutt. Welch to his command.
At another Brigade General Court-Martial, August 20th, Major Lee President, Captn. Ewell30 of the 1st. Virginia State Regiment was tried: 1st. "For embezzling money the property of several soldiers" and 2ndly "For Embezzling Cloathing belonging to the Public." Acquitted of the 1st. charge but found guilty of the 2nd. and sentenced to be reprimanded in General orders. The General disapproves the sentence; For if Captain Ewell was guilty of the Charge of embezling public Cloathing, the sentence is entirely inadequate to the offence; if he was not guilty he ought to have been acquitted. He is to be released from his Arrest.
[Note 30: There were two Captain Ewells in the First Virginia State Regiment at this date--Capt. Charles and Capt. Thomas W.]
The Regimental Surgeons are to be supplied with Paper by the Brigade Qr. Masters.
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 31, 1778.
Sir: I would take the liberty to inform Congress, that Colo. Armand is come to camp with his Corps and has applied to me for commissions for his Officers. By the Resolution for establishing the Corps, it was to be officered out of the Foreigners then commissioned in our service, who were not, nor could be provided for in any of the Regiments. Instead of this, there are only three Officers in his Corps, who before held any Commissions in our service Viz: Lieut. Colo. Vrigny31 and Captains Mercley and Shafner.32 The Two last were only Lieutenants and are now appointed to Captaincies, contrary, it seems to me, to the spirit and intention of the Resolution.33 As Colo. Armand has departed from his instructions which must govern me, I am not authorised to grant the Commissions he requires, and am therefore under the necessity of troubling Congress, with the arrangement of the Corps, No. 1,34 as it now actually stands for their consideration and decision. The Colonel founds his deviation from the Resolve upon some verbal intimation given him, that the part in question would not be insisted on.
[Note 31: Resigned in October, 1778.]
[Note 32: Capts. Charles Markit and George Shaftnet. Both had been in Pulaski's Legion.]
[Note 33: The resolve of June 25, 1778. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 34: This arrangement (inclosure No. 1), in Armand's writing, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 152, 6, 383. It is indorsed by Charles Thomson: "Arrangement of Armand's Corps made by the sd. Armand wch. Genl. Washington cannot confirm. referred to the board War."]
I would also take the liberty to mention, that General Du Portail lately delivered me a Memorial,35 in which among other things he represents that he had made an agreement with Congress, at his first appointment, that neither himself nor the other Gentlemen with him, should ever be commanded by any of the Engineers who had preceded them in our Army. I could not but answer, that the Commissions of Officers were the only rule of precedency and command I had to judge by; and while others held superior appointments, I must consider them accordingly in the course of service. He gave me the inclosed Letter to you upon the subject and is extremely anxious to have the matter placed upon a certain footing; and no doubt it will be for the good and tranquility of the service that the claim be determined as speedily as possible one way or the other. At the same time I think it right to observe, that it cannot be expected that Colo. Cosciusko,36 who has been a good while in this line
[Note 35: This inclosure, which should have been numbered 2, is dated August 27 and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 41, 8, 54.]
[Note 36: Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko.] and conducted himself with reputation and satisfaction will consent to act in a subordinate capacity to any of the French Gentlemen, except General Portail.
The frequent condemnations to capital punishment, for want of some intermediate one between that and a Hundred lashes (the next highest under our present military articles) and the necessity of frequent pardons in consequence, induced me a few days ago, to lay the matter before a Board of Officers for them to consider, whether some mode might not be devised of equal or greater efficacy for preventing crimes and punishing Delinquents when they had happened, less shocking to humanity and more advantageous to the States, than that of Capital execution. The inclosed paper No. 3,37 contains the opinion of the Board upon the subject, which with all deference I submit to the consideration of Congress and doubt not but they will adopt the expedient suggested, if it shall appear in anywise calculated to promote the service. I will only observe before I conclude upon this occasion, that when I call the Board to consult upon the point, there were Eleven prisoners under sentence of death, and probably many more for trial, in the different guards on charges that would effect their lives.
[Note 37: This was a copy of the proceedings of the Council of General Officers, Aug. 20, 1778, ante.]
Since I had the honor of writing you on the 25th Inst. I have not received a single line from General Sullivan. The only intelligence I have from the Eastward is from Monsr. Pontjebeau.38 This Gentleman left Rhode Island the 27th inst. and arrived about Two Hours ago in Camp. From him I learn that that our people were still on the Island. That it was generally thought they had made effectual provision for a retreat in case of exigency. That in the evening of that day he met Monsr. Preville,39
[Note 38: Pontgibaud, Comte de Moré, Chevalier de, aide to Lafayette.]
[Note 39: Chevalier de Preville is given in Combattants Français de la Guerre Americane as an ensign on Le Zélé, D'Estaing's fleet.] an Officer belonging to the Languedoc, at Providence, going with dispatches to Genl. Sullivan, who informed him that the French fleet had got into Boston. He further adds, that Monsr. Colonne,40 who was in company with him at Providence and who had more conversation with Mr. Preville than he himself had, told him, that M. Preville said Count D'Estaing had sailed or was on the point of sailing again for Rhode Island with 10 Ships of the line and his Frigates. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 40: Capt. Louis St. Ange, Chevalier de la Colombe. He was aide to Lafayette.]
P.S. Your favor of the 20th only came to hand justnow.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on September 3 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, August 31, 1778.
Dear Sir: It is at this present Crisis extremely interesting to our conduct to learn with exactness and certainty the force that is reported to have sailed for New Port by way of the Sound, and that from the Hook, and whose command they are under. It will be necessary to discover what particular corps have been embarked, what baggage, what heavy cannon and artillery and how the transports (those especially that sailed from the hook) were provided with provisions, whether for a long or short voyage.
You will, without loosing a moment employ the best means in your power to answer these several purposes, and in case you are possessed of intelligence on any of those subjects you will send me it as soon as possible. I have only to recommend great diligence and dispatch in this matter. I am &ca.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
P.S. You will send the inclosed to Colo. Ogden.43
[Note 43: The letter to Col. Matthias Ogden, also dated August 31, asked him to ascertain immediately what British troops went up the Sound on the transports; how many vessels sailed from Sandy Hook; what artillery and provisions they carried; and whether Clinton or Cornwallis, or both, went with them. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 31, 1778.
Sir: It is of the utmost importance that we should ascertain whether General Clinton and Lord Cornwallis are both gone to the Eastward and what Corps embarked in the sound and at the Hook. I would have you make use of every endeavour to gain intelligence upon the above points, and also of what the enemy are doing since they sent off their detachment. If there is any person upon whom you think you can depend, you may send him over and promise him a handsome reward if he brings such intelligence as is really material and interesting. I have so many reports brought me by ignorant unobserving people that they serve to perplex more than inform. Whatever accounts you get, be pleased to forward them to me; by comparing them with others from different quarters they sometimes confirm intelligence. I am &ca.
P.S. desire the person to make particular inquiry whether the Grenadiers and Light Infantry are gone. Keep a scout at fort Lee to observe what ships are in the North River.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, August 31, 1778.
Sir: I have information that there were a considerable number of Troops, on board the transports that went to the Eastward a few days ago, under the command of Genl. Clinton and Lord Cornwallis. I have no doubt but the intent of this expedition was to have relieved Rhode Island, but when they find that, by the French Fleet being obliged to bear away to Boston to refit, the seige is raised, they may perhaps turn their force and views to some other object. The destruction of our Magazines of provision and military Stores is what they have aimed at thro' the whole course of this War, and I should not therefore be surprised, should they attempt to destroy Springfield by a Coup de Main. To guard against this as much as possible, I would have you turn your attention to the sound and if you hear with certainty that a Body of troops are landed upon the Coast of Connecticut, you will begin to remove your most valuable Stores back into the Country. You will observe, that I am speaking from my apprehensions of what may happen, and not from any intelligence that the enemy have such a design. You will not therefore be alarmed by any vague reports, but settle a correspondence, with some intelligent Gentlemen upon the Coast, who will give you such information as will justify you in beginning to remove the stores. You will keep this matter as much to yourself as the nature of the thing will admit. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On August 31 Washington also wrote to Col. William Malcom, at West Point, ordering him to collect the public arms from Col. Increase Moseley's Connecticut Militia regiment and the regiment formerly commanded by Col. Roger Enos, whose times of service had expired before they returned to their homes. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
White plains, September 1, 1778.
My Dear Marquis: I have been honored with your favor of the 25th Ulto.50 by Monsr. Pontgebaud, and wish my time, which at present is taken up by a Comee. of Congress, would permit me to go fully into the contents; this, however is not in my power to do. But in one word, let me say, I feel every thing that hurts the Sensibility of a Gentleman; and, consequently, upon the present occasion, feel for you and for our good and great Allys the French. I feel myself hurt also at every illiberal, and unthinking reflection which may have been
[Note 50: Lafayette's letter of August 25 is not found in the Washington Papers; it is, however, printed by Sparks in his Correspondence of the American Revolution (Boston: 1853), vol. 2, p. 181. "I did not choose to trouble your friendship with sentiments of an afficted, injured heart, and injured by that very people I came from so far to love and support." He then described the events at Rhode Island and that D'Estaing, "Bound by express orders from the King to go to Boston in case of an accident or superior fleet, engaged by the common sentiment of all the officers, even of some American pilots, that he would ruin his squadron in deferring his going to Boston," took leave of Lafayette "with true affiction." He then described the anger of the people in Rhode Island at the fleet's departure, "You can not have any idea of the horrors which were to be heard on that occasion. Many leaders themselves, finding they were disappointed, abandoned their minds to illiberality and ungratefulness....I have no complaints at all to make to you against any one; but I lament, with you, that I have occasion of seeing so ungenerous sentiments in American hearts.... All that I know is, that I shall be very happy to see the fleet cooperating with General Washington himself....Farewell, my dear General; whenever I quit you, I meet with some disappointment and misfortune."
Congress, on September 9, passed a resolve that the President inform the Marquis that Congress had a due sense of the sacrifice he made of his personal feelings in going to Boston and so missing the opportunity of acquiring glory in the field at Rhode Island. Lafayette, however, returned to Rhode Island while the rear-guard action in the retreat was being fought and brought off the pickets in a manner that gained applause.] cast upon Count D'Estaing, or the conduct of the Fleet under his command; and, lastly I feel for my Country. Let me entreat you therefore my dear Marquis to take no exception at unmeaning expressions, uttered perhaps without Consideration, and in the first transport of disappointed hope. Every body Sir, who reasons, will acknowledge the advantages which we have derived from the French Fleet, and the Zeal of the Commander of it, but in a free, and republican Government, you cannot restrain the voice of the multitude; every Man will speak as he thinks, or more properly without thinking, consequently will judge of Effects without attending to the Causes. The censures which have been levelled at the Officers of the French Fleet, would more than probable, have fallen in a much higher degree upon a Fleet of our own (if we had one) in the same situation. It is the Nature of Man to be displeased with every thing that disappoints a favourite hope, or flattering project; and it is the folly of too many of them, to condemn without investigating circumstances. Let me beseech you therefore my good Sir to afford a healing hand to the wound that, unintentionally, has been made. America esteems your Virtues and your Services, and admires the principles upon which you Act. Your Countrymen, in our Army look up to you as their Patron. The Count and his Officers consider you as a Man high in Rank, and high in estimation, here and in France; and I, your friend, have no doubt but that you will use your utmost endeavours to restore harmony, that the honour, glory, and mutual Interest of the two Nation's may be promoted and cemented in the firmest manner. I would add more on the subject, but am restraind for want of time, and therefore shall only add, that with every sentiment of esteem and regard, I am, My dear Marquis Yr. obedt. Servt. and Affecte. friend.
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 1, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I am extremely sorry that it is in my power to inform you, that a Captain Colson51 of the 5th Virginia Regiment a few days ago, violently wounded a Mr. Vantassel52 of this State, of which he died in a little time after. The moment I was apprized of it, I directed a Letter to be written and sent to Genl. Muhlenburg, to whose Brigade he belonged, to have him secured, in order that he might be delivered to the Civil Magistrate, in case the wound should prove mortal, as you will perceive by the inclosed copy. I have reason to believe that every exertion was used on the part of the General, to have him apprehended; but he was not able to effect it, as he kept himself out of the way, according to report, from the time he gave the wound and went off, most probably, the instant he got intelligence that Mr. Vantassel was dead. Mr. Colson is a native of Virginia, but whether he is gone there, or to some Seaport, to procure a passage to the West Indies, where it is said he has a Brother, seems to be a matter of doubt. I do not know the causes, which led to this unhappy accident; but I wish he could have been taken, that he might receive a regular and proper trial, in the ordinary course of Justice. If you shall think it requisite, I will chearfully join you in any expedient, or pursue any you may point out, to recover and put him into the hands of the civil authority.
[Note 51: Capt. Samuel Colston (Colson). Heitman records him as retired Sept. 14, 1778.]
[Note 52: Van Tassel. His first name is blank in the index to the Clinton Papers, New York State Library.]
My last advices from Rhode Island, were of the 29th Ulto. General Sullivan informs me, by Letter of that date, that he had retreated the preceding night to the North end of the Island. That the Enemy pursued him, and the next day a warm action ensued, which lasted an Hour, in which our people obliged them to quit the Field in disorder, and with precipitation. When he wrote, he could not ascertain the loss on either side, but says it was considerable. It was a very interesting event, and I sincerely hope the next accounts I have, will announce that he and his Troops are again on the Continent. The Count D'Estaing's fleet has got to Boston. I am, etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 1, 1778
Dear Sir: I have not received any letter from you since the 23d Ulto. which I attribute to some mishap of the messengers with whom they were sent. I was anxious to learn the determination and designs of the council of officers, that so I might be prepared for eventual measures. The success or misfortune of your army will have great influence in directing the movements and fortune of this.
The disagreement54 between the army under your command and the fleet has given me very singular uneasiness. The Continent at large is concerned in our cordiality, and it should be kept up by all possible means that are consistent with our honor and policy. First impressions, you know, are generally longest remembered, and will serve to fix in a great degree our national character among the French. In our conduct towards them we should remember that they are a people old in war, very strict in military etiquette and apt to take fire where others scarcely seem warmed. Permitmeto recommend in the most particular manner, the cultivation of harmony and good agreement, and your endeavours to destroy that ill humour which may have got into the officers. It is of the greatest importance, also that the minds of the soldiers and the people should know nothing
[Note 54: In the draft the word "unfortunate" precedes disagreement, but is crossed out.] of the misunderstanding, or if it has reached them that ways may be used to stop its progress and prevent its effects.
I have received from Congress the inclosed by which you will perceive their opinion with regard to keeping secret the protest of the General Officers.55 I need add nothing on this subject.
[Note 55: This was the order of Congress of August 28, "That General Washington take every measure in his power that the protest of the officers of General Sullivan's army against the departure of Count D'Estaing be not made public." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 28, 1778.)]
I have one thing however more to say. I make no doubt but you will do all in your power to forward tim repairs of the french fleet, and in rendering it fit for service by your recommendations for that purpose to those who can be immediately instrumental.56 I am, etc.57
[Note 56: On September 1 Washington sent to Congress a copy of Sullivan's letter to him of August 29. which he received after closing this letter to Sullivan. "I congratulate Congress on the repulse of the Enemy and only wish our Troops may be able to effect a retreat, which seems the most eligible measure they can pursue, in the present situation of things."
Washington wrote also on September 1 a brief note of acknowledgment to Sullivan's letter of August 29.]
[Note 57: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.H.H.s.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your several letters, the last of which was of the 22d. August. I have not now time to take notice of the several arguments that were made use of, for and against the Counts quitting the Harbour of Newport and sailing for Boston. Right or wrong, it will probably disappoint our sanguine expectations of success, and what I esteem a still worse consequence, I fear it will sow the seeds of dissention and distrust between us and our new allies, except the most prudent measures are taken to suppress the feuds and jealousies that have already arisen. I depend much upon your temper and influence to conciliate that animosity which I plainly perceive, by a letter from the Marquis, subsists between the American officers and the French in our service. This you may depend will extend itself to the Count and the officers and Men of his whole Fleet, should they return to Rhode Island, except upon their arrival there, they find a reconciliation has taken place. The Marquis speaks kindly of a letter from you to him upon this subject. He will therefore take any advice coming from you, in a friendly light, and if he can be pacified, the other French Gentlemen will of course be satisfied as they look up to him as their Head. The Marquis grounds his complaint upon a general order of the 24th. Augt. the latter part of which is certainly very impolitic. and upon the universal clamor that prevailed against the french Nation.
I beg you will take every measure to keep the protest entered into by the General Officers from being made public. The Congress, sensible of the ill consequences that will flow from the World's knowing of our differences, have passed a resolve to that purpose. Upon the whole, my dear Sir, you can conceive my meaning better than I can express it, and I therefore fully depend upon your exerting yourself to heal all private animosities between our principal Officers and the french, and to prevent all illiberal expressions and reflections that may fall from the Army at large.58
[Note 58: Greene had written (August 21) a remonstrance to D'Estaing against the French Fleet going to Boston, and he signed the remonstrance of the general officers of August 22.]
I have this moment recd. a letter from Genl. Sullivan of the 29th. Augt., in which he barely informs me of an Action upon that day, in which he says we had the better but does not mention particulars. I am &ca.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On September 1 at a council of war held at headquarters at White Plains, Washington described the situation at Rhode Island, the sailing of the French Fleet for Boston, and announced the result of the action at Quaker, or Butts Hill, R. I. He also told of the movements of the British at New York, both as to the land and sea forces and the strength of the enemy in that city. A report from Boston stated that the French Fleet was on the point of returning to Rhode Island. The Commander in Chief then requested the opinion of the council on the following questions: 1. What operation could be undertaken by the army at this time and could a movement be made to the eastward with prospect of advantage? 2. How should the Highland land passes be protected if the army moved eastward? 3. Could an attempt be made upon New York City with any probability of success and how could the army be fed if it moved to the eastward? Those who negatived all these queries were: Putnam, Stirling, De Kalb, McDougall, Nixon, Parsons, Smallwood, Knox, Poor, Paterson, Muhlenberg, and Scott. Gates pleaded a lack of information as to the eastward situation and was opposed to attacking New York; Lincoln approved moving the army eastward and opposed attacking New York; Wayne disapproved moving eastward and thought any good chance should be improved for an attack on New York; Woodford gave an hesitant assent to the eastward move, but opposed attacking New York: Du Portail thought a reenforcement should be sent toward Rhode Island. Brig. Genls. James Clinton and Jedidiah Huntington attended the council, but apparently gave in no opinions. These reports are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Tuesday, September 1, 1778.
Parole Kingsbridge. Countersigns Knolton, Kelso.
A board of Officers will sit this day at Major Allen's60 Marqui to settle the rank of Captns. Fenner61 and Read62 of the North Carolina Brigade. Major Allen two Captains from Nixon's and a like number from Paterson's Brigade will compose the board.
[Note 60: Maj. Jonathan Alien, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He was killed in January, 1780, while hunting.]
[Note 61: Capt. Robert Fenner, of the Second North Carolina Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 62: Capt. James Read, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He served subsequently as colonel of North Carolina Militia; was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780.]
Lieut. John Bartley,63 of the 5th. Pennsylvania Regt. is appointed Adjutant to the same.
[Note 63: Lieut. John Bartley. He became captain-lieutenant in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in June, 1779; retired in January, 1781.]
Thomas Dungan,64 Ensign in the 6th. Pennsylvania Regt. is appointed Pay Master in the same.
[Note 64: Ensign Thomas Dungan. He became lieutenant in the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Wednesday, September 2, 1778.
Parole Jedburgh. Countersigns June, July.
The Court of Enquiry whereof Colo. Marshal65 is President will assemble at ten o'Clock tomorrow morning at the
[Note 65: Col. Thomas Marshall, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] Presidents quarters and take into consideration a Complaint exhibited by Mr. Kean,66 Assistant Commissioner of Issues against Lieutt. Seldon67 of the 4th. Virginia Regt; both Parties to attend.
[Note 66: John(?) Kean.]
[Note 67: Lieut. Samuel(?) Seldon.]
A return of Colours in the several Regiments to be made tomorrow at Orderly time.68
[Note 68: A return of the colors belonging to the several brigades in camp was made by Adjt. Gen. Alexander Scammell on September 5. It shows three classes of colors: Standards, regimental and grand division, Also it shows that in the 15 brigades listed there were 45 good flags and 29 others in bad condition. This return is in the Washington Papers. See illustration, p. 470.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 2, 1778.
Sir: The importance of the fleet under your command to the common cause, and the interest I take in your personal concern, would not permit me, but to be deeply affected with the information of the disappointment and injuries you sustained in the late unfortunate storm. I flatter myself, and I most ardently hope, my countrymen will exert themselves to give you every aid in their power, that you may as soon as possible recover from the damage you have suffered and be in a condition to renew your efforts against the common enemy.
Inclosed I do myself the honor to send you an extract from the journal, from an officer stationed in the vicinity of Blackpoint to watch the motions of the enemy's fleet; which I have just received. He is an officer of vigilance and discernment, but from his situation it is possible he may be mistaken in the size of the ships. Part of his intelligence too from the nature of it must have been received from others, and is so far fallible. I think it my duty to communicate to you as I receive it; and shall immediately give you notice of any thing that comes to my knowledge, which may either confirm or contradict.69
[Note 69: This was information that four large British ships of war had arrived at Sandy Hook. The next day (September 3) Washington sent a brief note to D'Estaing that "Admiral" Hyde Parker had reached New York with six ships of the line. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am informed there is a considerable quantity of provisions on the way from Philadelphia for the use of your fleet; part crossed the North River several days since; so far as it shall depend upon me, you may be assured every method will be taken to forward them with dispatch. I have the honor etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 2, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 22d Ulto. by Mr Webb. The regard I have for Colo Webb71 and my wish to oblige you, would urge me most strongly to effect his release, if it were practicable; but our circumstances will not admit of it. The only rule of exchange, now existing between the two Armies, is equality of rank; and unhappily, we have not a Colonel, a prisoner, in our hands. Indeed, if we had, the Enemy have other Colonels of ours, who have been much longer in captivity, and who must have a preference. As from this state, his exchange cannot now be accomplished, his enlargement must depend intirely upon the indulgence of Sr Henry Clinton, and for which I cannot sollicit, with any degree of propriety; having been obliged to refuse him requests of the same nature, and as it would lead to many inconveniences. At the same time I shall be happy, if he can obtain his parole, and from what I told Mr. Jos. Webb, his Brother, I am in hopes he will interest himself thro' the medium of some of his British acquaintances, and that it may be granted. With respect to news, my Letter of Yesterday to Congress, which I presume you will be informed
[Note 71: Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb. He had been taken prisoner in December, 1777, obtained a parole, but was not exchanged until December, 1780.] of, contains the last from the Eastward. By General Sullivan's account the Enemy attacked him in his retreat on the 29th Ulto. and after a warm Action, were obliged to retire from the Field, with precipitation, and in disorder. He had not time then, to ascertain either our or their loss. This was a very interesting event, considering his situation, and it will give me great pleasure to hear, that he and his Troops are on the main again.
I thank you much for your promised visit, and I will thank you still more for the visit itself. I shall consider it, not only as an honorable, but as a very friendly mark of your attention. I have the Honor, etc.72
[Note 72: From a photostat of the original, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York.
On September 2 Washington wrote to Col. William Malcom, at West Point, that the troops were entitled to I gill of rum or whisky per day "when to be had. But it was not my intention that they should be allowed tickets for deficiencies." The militia were to have the same allowance. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 73: A sub-inspector. He was commissioned lieutenant colonel and inspector in the Continental Army, Sept. 25, 1778; served with Pulaski's Legion; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., May, 1780; colonel in Armand's Legion in March, 1783; served to close of war.]
Head Quarters, September 2, 1778.
Sir: I received your letter of the 29th. of August, which hurry of business has prevented my answering before.
You express an opinion, that rank is essential to a proper and effectual discharge of the duties of your station from the respect and authority it commands, which you seem to think are unattainable without it. The abuses formerly existing from a lavish distribution of rank in the departments of the staff obliged me to exert my utmost influence to have all rank out of the line of the army abolished. Whatever may be my opinion of the merit of an individual, I cannot recommend a deviation from a general principle in his favour. I should incur by doing it the charge of inconsistency and partiality. It would be made a precedent for a similar claim, at least throughout the department to which he belongs, if it did not extend to others. These could not be complied with without overturning the whole system, [we ( sic) ] have been labouring to establish; and could not be refused without exciting much clamour and dissatisfaction. I am aware, that a distinction may be made between the civil and military branches of the department; but this distinction has been hitherto unknown in our army, and the ideas now familiar could not easily be changed.
I am sensible of the prejudice in favour of rank; but I cannot agree with you, that it is essential to authority. Your authority must be founded in the nature of your office, not in the degree of rank you may hold. In your transactions with the officers of the line, the rank you would expect or which could be given you would be of little efficacy; because as obedience on the principle of rank can only be demanded from inferiors in rank the extent of your authority from that source would be too limited to answer any material end. With respect to your subalterns in office, they are all of course officially under your direction and controul; and I will engage to support you in enforcing obedience, whenever it may be necessary, by all the means commonly used in armies.
With respect to the office you first acted in, there are some arrangements now in contemplation with Congress which if adopted, will put it out of my power to employ you again in that line. Agreeable to that, the inspectors must be taken from the line of the army.
You intimate an apprehension that your conduct may not have met my approbation. I take pleasure in assuring you of your mistake. Justice and inclination induce me to acknowledge, that in the different capacities in which you have officiated you have distinguished yourself as an officer of intelligence zeal and activity, and have rendered valuable services. I shall be happy, it may be agreeable to you to continue in the line you are in, from a full conviction of your usefulness. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Thursday, September 3, 1778.
Parole Languedoc. Countersigns Leech, Ludlow.
The troop to beat at 7 o'Clock and the Guards to be on the Grand Parade at 8 in the morning 'till further orders. All the Drums and Fifes of the Right Wing, Second Line and Left Wing to attend the Parade in Rotation; Those of the Right Wing tomorrow.
The Inspector of Music will daily attend the Parade.
Head Quarters, White Plains, Friday, September 4, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a General Court Martial of the Line of which Colo. Hazen was President, Captain Norwood75 of the 4th. Maryland Regiment appeared before the Court charg'd with: 1st. Publickly declaring and implying that he did not regard the Censure of the Commander in Chief, because the Facts set forth in his trial, to Him, were misstated; 2ndly. With Conduct unbecoming an Officer and Gentleman in suggesting publickly that the Facts were misrepresented; which has an implied tendency to reflect on His Excellency, on the Court Martial, on General Smallwood or on the whole.
[Note 75: Capt. Edward Norwood, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. (See General Orders, Sept. 29, 1778, post.)]
3rdly. With declaring that General Smallwood has been guilty of Partiality in his Case. That the General was no Gentleman and that he would make it his business to declare publickly "that General Smallwood was a partial Man and no Gentleman"; plead not guilty of the first and second charges. Captain Norwood requested the Court not to proceed on an examination of the third charge exhibited against him unless he was permitted to lay before them those facts which had occasioned the Expressions he had used relative to the Character of General Smallwood in this Case; he said he could justify them.
As such an Enquiry would lead to the trial of General Smallwood, which the Court do not think themselves authorized to enter on, and as passing sentence on Captain Norwood for Expressions, he has made use of without hearing his reasons for those Expressions might do injustice to that Gentleman; The Court are unanimously of Opinion that they cannot with Propriety, enter into an Enquiry of said charge exhibited against Captain Norwood.
At the particular request of General Smallwood the Court deferred hearing the Witnesses on the 1st. and 2nd. charges exhibited against Captain Norwood 'till they should be empowered to try him for the 3rd. likewise. The Court adjourns 'till tomorrow 9 oClock.
Moses Hazen, Colonel, President.
The Court of which Colo. Hazen is President met after intermediate Adjournments.
A letter from His Excellency General Washington to the President respecting a former determination of the Court Martial, that they could not with Propriety enter into an investigation of the third Article in charge exhibited by General Smallwood against Captain Norwood, was laid before the Court.76
[Note 76: See Washington's letter to Col. Moses Hazen, Aug. 22, 1775, ante.]
They reconsidered their former decision and still remained of Opinion that it was founded on Military Principles and that they could not depart from it.
Captain Norwood observed to the Court that he had been arraigned before them, that he had plead to that part of his charge which they tho't themselves competent to proceed on and that he now insisted on being tried on those Articles of the Charge exhibited against him, to which he had already plead.
The Court were of opinion that as Captain Norwood had plead to his charge, he had a right to insist on his trial and determined that they would proceed to an Investigation of the two first Articles of the Charge exhibited against Captn. Norwood. The Court adjourns 'till Monday morning next 9 o'Clock.
The Court having met on Monday the 24th. adjourn'd 'till the day following and then proceeded to an investigation of the two first Charges exhibited against Captain Norwood as before recited.
General Smallwood made an objection to the Court's proceeding on the two first Articles of the charge exhibited against Captain Norwood, unless they would include the whole of the charge, in which Case he was willing to give Captain Norwood the fullest Power of justifying those Expressions with which he was charged.
The Court after considering the objection made by General Smallwood to their proceeding farther in the Case of Captain Norwood, were of opinion that it was inadmissible, since stoping their proceedings in consequence of this objection, would be supposing they had no right to continue them and consequently that any officer who has arrested another possesses the power of preventing the Supreme Military Court in the American Army from examining into the Merits of the Charge. The Court then proceeded to hear the Witnesses on the two first Charges and came to the following determination.
The Court having considered the Charges and the Evidence are of Opinion that Captain Norwood did say that he did not regard, or did not mind the Censure of the Commander in Chief, because the Facts stated to Him, on his (Captain Norwood's) trial were misrepresented, and are farther of opinion that this Expression had a tendency (tho' Captain Norwood could not mean it) to reflect on His Excellency as well as on General Smallwood. The Court find Captain Norwood guilty of breaches of the 5th. Article of 18th. Section and of the 2nd. Article of 2nd. Section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be reprimanded in general Orders.
The Court acquit Captain Norwood of unofficer- and ungentleman-like behaviour and of reflecting on the Court-Martial.
Moses Hazen, President.
The Commander in Chief finds himself under the disagreeable necessity of disapproving the proceedings of the Court because they have not tried all the charges exhibited before them. On each Fact agreeable to Precedent and common usage they ought to have given either a sentence of Acquittal or Condemnation; To this end their power and Jurisdiction seem to have been fully competent.
The third Charge from its very nature implied a right of Justification in the prisoner and could not be discriminated in Point of reason from either of the preceding ones, or any other. The matter in question between the Parties in this instance was the Character and conduct of one of them. The Prisoner by the strongest Implication acknowledges he had made the charge as stated and if permitted would justify it.
General Smallwood on the other hand consented and declared himself willing that he should have the fullest Power of doing it. This circumstance supposing there had been room for doubt before respecting the Court's authority to try the matter was sufficient to remove every objection. Captain Norwood still remains in Arrest and is to be tried on the several charges exhibited against him.
At the same Court, Joseph Askins, a soldier of the 5th. Pennsylvania Regiment was tried for desertion twice; 2ndly. for making his escape from a Guard and endeavoring to desert to the Enemy found guilty of the charges exhibited against him and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes.
Also Peter Wood of the 1st. New-York Regiment was tried for Robbery and Desertion; acquitted of the charge of Robbery but found guilty of desertion and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentences and orders them to be put in Execution tomorrow morning at the head of the Regiments to which said Askins and Wood belong.
White-plains, September 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am your debtor for two Letters bearing date the 28th and 29th Ulto.; the contents, shall be the subject of a future address.
Feeling myself interested in every occurrance that tends to the honor of your worthy Son; and sensible of the pleasure it must give you to hear his just plaudit, I take the liberty of transcribing a paragraph of General Greene's Letter to me (giving some Acct. of the conduct of particular Officers in the late Action on R. Island).
Our Troops behaved with great spirit, and the Brigade of Militia under the Command of Genl. Lovel advanced with great resolution, and in good order; and stood the fire of the Enemy with great firmness. Lt. Colo. Livingston,77 Colo. Jackson,78 and Colo. H. B. Livingston79 did themselves great honor in the transactions of the day; but it is not in my power to do justice to Colo. Laurens who acted both the General and Partisan. His command of regular Troops was small, but he did every thing possible to be done, by their numbers.
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. William Smith Livingston, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in October, 1778.]
[Note 78: Col. Henry Jackson, of an Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 79: Col. Henry Beekman Livingston, of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
Major Morris80 affords me too good an oppertunity of returning your paper parcel of Gold, sent me by Messenger Jones to pass it by. I therefore embrace it, a more particular acknowledgement of, and thanks for this favour, shall, as I have before premised, be conveyed in my next; at present I shall only assure
[Note 80: Maj. Lewis Morris, jr., aide-de-camp to General Sullivan.] you, and with most perfect truth I can do it that with every sentiment of Affect. and regard, I have the honr. etc.81
[Note 81: This was a private letter and not addressed to Laurens in his capacity as President of Congress.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 4, 1778.
Sir: I had the pleasure to hear this morning, by a Letter from General Sullivan of the 31st Ulto. that he had effected a retreat to the main, the preceding night, without any loss, either of men or Stores. As he has written to Congress fully upon the subject, and I feel their anxiety to hear it, I shall not detain Major Morris longer than to observe, that I think the retreat a most fortunate, lucky and well timed event. Major Morris informs me he has heard that Lord Howe82 was off Boston with his fleet, and it appears by a New York paper of the 2d, that Rear Admiral Parker arrived at Sandy Hook this day week, with Six Ships of the line of Seventy four guns each, which is corroborated by other accounts. I transmitted the intelligence to His Excellency, Count D'Estaing yesterday and the day before, as it acquired more and more the appearance of certainty [as I have regularly done every occure., interesting to his Fleet, and our Operations.] I have the Honor, etc.83
[Note 82: Richard, Lord Howe.]
[Note 83: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The part in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 84: Of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been captured at Fort Washington, N.Y., in November, 1776; remained a prisoner on parole until January, 1779, when he resigned; Member of Continental Congress from New Jersey, 1784--1787; Member of United States Congress, 1789--1791 and 1793--1795.]
Head Quarters, September 4, 1778.
Dear Sir I am pressed by a number of causes to beg your determination on a point which is likely to give rise to much disquietude in the Pennsylvania line. The officers consider the retention of your commission as an obstacle to their rise, while it is urged that you are not viewed by the enemy as a prisonerof war.
It appears to me that the workings of a delicate sentiment should never be discouraged, tho' we do not find men much inclined to favor its operation against their own rank. But this is not the principal consideration; your liberty is supposed to be the price of General Prescots obligation to your Father which it is thought implied no inactivity whatsoever on your part. The circumstances of the transaction which came to my knowledge I must confess led me to think in the same manner. And the inclosed letter will also explain the judgment of the commissioners of arrangement on this subject. I wish to have your decision as soon as possible; and should it be to return to the army I shall consider it a fortunate circumstance to the service. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 4, 1778.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your favors of the 28th, and that of the 30th Ulto. with the several Inclosures, to which they refer.
Congress may rely, that I will use every possible means in my power to conciliate any differences that may have arisen, in consequence of the Count D'Estaings going to Boston, and to prevent a publication of the protest upon the occasion. Several days before the receipt of the Resolution, I had written to the Eastward, urging the necessity of harmony, and the expediency of affording the Admiral every assistance to refit his Ships. This I repeated, after the Resolution came to hand, and I have also taken opportunities to request all the General Officers here, to place the matter in the most favorable point of view, when ever they hear it mentioned.
The Five Hundred Guineas, which Congress were pleased to order, came safe to hand, and shall be appropriated to the purposes they intended, and as the exigency of the service may require. For want of supplies of this sort, we have been very deficient in intelligence, in many important and interesting points. In some cases, no consideration in paper money has been found sufficient to effect, even, an engagement to procure it; and where it has been otherwise, the terms of service, on account of the depreciation, have been high, if not exorbitant.
The designs of the Enemy, as to their future movements, remain yet entirely unfolded; but the expectation of their leaving the Continent is daily decreasing. The hurricane season seems opposed to their going to the West Indies and the passage to Europe in a little time will become more and more dangerous. Besides these, there is another circumstance of some weight, if true, to induce a belief that they mean to stay. It appears by the papers, that part of the Regiments lately raised in Britain, are ordered to Hallifax. If the Troops here were intended to be recalled, it would seem, that some of them would be sent to reinforce that Garrison, sooner than troops from England or Scotland; and hence I think it may be presumed, that another Campaign will take place in America, especially if Administration are disappointed in their expectations from the commission. Where the theatre of War may be, must be a matter of conjecture, but as it is an acknowledged fact, that an Army acting in the Eastern States must derive flour for it's support, from those more Western, I submit to Congress the Expediency, and in my opinion the necessity, of establishing without loss of time, Magazines of this Article at convenient places, removed from the Sound, in Connecticut and Massachusetts. I am the more induced to wish an early consideration of this point, as by a sudden move of the Army86 should events make it necessary, the departments of Commissary and Quarter Master would be greatly distressed. Nor would such Magazines, I should imagine, be attended with any considerable loss, tho' the Army should not operate in that Quarter, as the flour would answer occasionally for our Shipping and the surplus might, in all probability, be otherwise readily disposed of.
[Note 86: At this point the draft has "to the Eastward."]
I take the liberty of transmitting to Congress, a Memorial I received from the Reverend Mr. Tetard.87 From the certificates annexed to it, he appears to be a Man of great merit and from every account he has suffered in the extreme, in the present contest. His attachment, services and misfortunes seem to give him a claim to a generous notice; but according to the now establishment of the Army, it is not in my power to make any provision for him. I therefore recommend his case to the attention and consideration of Congress.
[Note 87: John Peter Tetard, chaplain of the Fourth New York Regiment. He had officiated until May, 1777. His memorial was referred to a committee of three, but the memorial itself is not found in the Papers of the Continental Congress nor is there any record of the final action of Congress thereon.]
6 OClock P.M.
I this minute received a Letter from General Sullivan, of which the Inclosure No. 2, is a Copy.88 I shall be exceedingly happy, if a perfect reconciliation has taken place between him and the Count and all the Officers. His Letter will shew some
[Note 88: This copy of Sullivan's letter of September 3 is filed with Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress; the original is in the Washington Papers. "I have the pleasure to Inform your Excellency That Though the first Struggle of passion are So important a Disappointment were Scarcly to be Restrained: Yet in a few Days by Taking advantage of the Subsiding passion I found means to Restore the former Harmony between the American and French officers of the Army. The Count D Estaing and myself are in the Same friendship as heretofore. The Reasons of the Protest has been Explained to him and he is now perfectly Satisfied. he has offered to come on with his Land Forces and do every thing which I may Request of him and his Troops but This Step has become unnecessary."] of the reasons that led to the protest and that it was the hope of our Officers, that it would have operated as a justification to the Admiral, to return against the sentiments of his Council, especially as it coincided, as it is said, with his own inclination. I had these reasons from another hand, when the protest first came.
September 5.
I was duly honored yesterday evening, with your favor of the 31st Ulto. Tho' it is not expressed in the Resolution of that date, that any other bounty is to be given to the Men who engage for three years or during the War, than Twenty Dollars, I shall take it for granted they are to receive the usual allowances of Cloathing and Land. There are several Continental Troops, whose time of service will expire at the end of the fall or during the Winter. I shall consider these within the meaning and operation of the Resolve, tho' they are not mentioned and shall direct every necessary measure to be taken to reinlist them. From the exorbitant State, Town and Substitute bounties, I am very doubtful whether Twenty Dollars will be found sufficient to engage so great a proportion, either of the Draughts or Continentals, as was at first apprehended. Our failure in the enterprise against Rhode Island will have its weight and every day, from the approach of the fall and Winter, will add new difficulties. As it is a work of the most essential importance, I will order it to be begun, the instant the Money arrives; and lest on experiment, the sum should prove too small, I would submit it to Congress, whether it will not be expedient to pass another Resolve, authorising a further bounty of Ten Dollars, to be used as circumstances may make it necessary. This can remain a secret, and will not be carried into execution, but in case of evident necessity.
I feel very much interested upon the occasion, and have submitted this mode, that there may not be the least possible delay, in attempting to engage the men under a second expedient, if the first should not succeed.
The Articles of Cloathing and blankets should also employ the utmost attention to provide them. We are now in great want, particularly of the latter, there not being less than actually wanted at this moment. I have the Honour etc.
P.S. The return of Blankets has not yet come in and therefore I cannot ascertain the deficiency by this conveyance.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On September 4 Washington wrote briefly to Col. James Hogun, of the Third North Carolina Regiment, to postpone inoculating his troops as the danger of infection no longer existed. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favoured with your Letter of the 31st. ulto. The One you allude to came to hand about five days before.
I thank you much for your very polite and friendly appeal, upon the subject of half bounty in Solid coin. The measure, I have no doubt, would produce an Instant benefit, so far as the engaging drafts &c might be concerned. But I am certain many mischievous and pernicious consequences would flow from it. It would have a tendency to depreciate our paper Money, which is already of no value, and give rise to infinite difficulties and irremoveable inconveniences. Nothing after this would do but Gold or Silver. All would demand it and None would consider the impracticability of its being furnished. The soldiers, seeing the manifest difference in the value between that and paper; that the former would procure, at least, five or Six fold as much as the latter, would become dissatisfied; they would reason upon the subject, and in fine cast their views to desertion [at least], as a very probable and the only expedient, from whence it might be derived and similar and greater advantages arise.
As the Express is now waiting, I will not enter upon a long detail, or into an enumeration of the evils that would result from the Grant. I am satisfied they would be many and of an obstinate and injurious kind; and that they would far over ballance in their operation and effect, any present good. We have no prospect of procuring gold and Silver to discharge more than a mere Scruple of our demands. It is therefore our interest and truest policy to give a Currency, to fix a value, as far as it may be practicable, upon all occasions, upon that which is to be the medium of our internal commerce and the support of the War. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Saturday, September 5, 1778.
Parole Mount Joy. Countersigns Maroneck, Milton.
The General expects agreeable to former orders that the whole Army is now prepared to move at the shortest notice. Circumstances may, very soon make it necessary.
Colo. Chambers is appointed to relieve Colonel Craige who is now Superintending the hospitals in Pennsylvania.
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have reed. yours of the 31st. ulto. by Major Morris and of the 2d. and 3d. instants by Express. At the same time that the former relieved us from infinite anxiety upon your account, it served to convince, that the enemy felt the weight of their repulse, by their permitting you to pass the River without the least interruption. I sincerely congratulate you, not only upon your safe retreat, but upon the success of our Arms upon the 29th. Augt., and I beg you will present my thanks to the Officers of all Ranks and to the troops for their gallant behaviour upon that day. I am exceedingly happy to find by yours of the 3d. that harmony is again re-established between our Army and our Allies. I have transmitted a Copy of your letter to Congress and I am certain it will afford them pleasure.
I have been informed that you were obliged to draw all the Arms from the Magazine at Springfield to put into the hands of the Militia. If this has been the case, I entreat you to make use of all possible means to have them returned, when the Militia are disbanded, and lodged again in the Magazine. A large Regiment arrived a few days ago from North Carolina, unarmed, and we have none to supply them. Besides this, there is a considerable deficiency in the other parts of the Army. I beg you will upon no account or pretence suffer them to turn their backs upon you, before they have delivered their Arms and other stores, for if they once carry them out of your sight, it will be impossible to recover them.
6th. Septr. I have recd. yours of the 4th. respecting the complaints of Colo. Sherburne's and Colo. Webb's officers. Their circumstances are similar to those of all the other 16th. additional Battalions.91 What will be determined upon in regard to those Battalions I do not know, but I imagine the Committee for arranging the Army upon the new establishment, who are now setting here, will have direction from Congress concerning them. As soon as they come to any resolution, that affects them, I will communicate it. I am, etc.92
[Note 91: The 16 Additional Continental regiments, not belonging to any particular State, had been neglected by Congress in the matters of clothing and supplies.]
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Sunday, September 6, 1778.
Parole Narragansett. Countersigns Newtown, Nottingham.
The General Court Martial whereof Majr. Genl. Lincoln is President stands adjourned to the New Dining room.
The Court whereof Colo. Humpton is President will meet at the President's quarters.
Head Quarters, September 6, 1778.
Dr. Sir: I had the Satisfaction of your two favors both of the 27th ulto.
The Battalions of Colonel Enos93 and McClellen's94 I am informed by Col Malcom who commands at West Point were in readiness to return before the receipt of your letter; and I suppose they are now on their way home.
[Note 93: Col. Roger Enos.]
[Note 94: Col. Samuel McClellan, of a Connecticut Militia regiment.]
The violent gale which dissipated the two fleets when on the point of engaging, and the withdrawing of the Count D'Estaing to Boston may appear to us as real misfortunes; but with you I consider storms and victory under the direction of a wise providence who no doubt directs them for the best of purposes, and to bring round the greatest degree of happiness to the greatest number of his people.
I feel with you for the unfortunate frontiers, exposed to all the inroads of an enemy, whose natural barbarity in war has been increased by the arts and influence of a civilized nation.95
[Note 95: Trumbull's interest was the Connecticut lands in Pennsylvania which were considered Connecticut's frontier.]
I had early ordered for the defence of the Inhabitants, Col Hartley's regiment, Colo. Butler's, Colo Aldens with the remains of Morgan's rifle corps. These, I believe, have been of considerable service. But I am unhappy in not having it in my power to afford them a more complete and sufficient security from this army, for the purposes you mention of carrying the war into the enemy's country. It is of the utmost importance to maintain the force now in the field and even to increase it if possible. However, as soon as circumstances will admit of putting a more comprehensive plan into execution, I shall be ready to give it all the furtherance in my power. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 97: Of Wilmington, Del.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 6, 1778.
Sir: In the Brig Symmetry, taken in the course of the last Winter at Wilmington, there were several Medical manuscripts, belonging to a Mr. Boyce,98 Surgeon of the 15th British Regiment. For these Mr. Boyce applied to me and obtained my promise that they should be returned. I am now much concerned to find, that after so much time has elapsed and after his politeness in consenting that they might be copied, that they have not been sent him and that there are some difficulties made against doing it. I am told the Manuscripts are at present in your hands; If it is the case Sir, I must request the favor of you to transmit them either to me or to General Smallwood by the first safe conveyance, that they may be sent to New York by a flag. I am etc.99
[Note 98: Robert Boyes.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 6, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 26th. and 30th. August, and 1st. and 2d. instants. I am glad to find that your sentiments, respecting the reception that ought to be given to the Count D'Estaing and his Officers, corresponded with mine, and that you had taken proper steps to prepare for refitting his fleet, previous to the receipt of my letter. As the Rhode Island expedition is now at an end, I can see no objection to Mr. Commissary Clarkes1 going thither, and if he should have occasion to go from thence to New York to settle his accounts and procure Money, he may do it without any disadvantage to us.
[Note 1: Jonathan Clarke, assistant commissary general, British Northern Army, Convention troops' prisoner.]
I do not know what device Genl. Patterson will chuse to have upon his Colours. I will speak to him and desire him to inform you.
The fleet that has appeared off Boston, consists only of Men of War, and I imagine is intended to block up the Count. I have just recd. a letter from New London, which informs me, that about fifty sail of transports, with troops on Board, appeared off that Harbour, bound Westward. Whether they are only bringing back the late Reinforcement, or have withdrawn the Garrison of Newport intirely I do not yet know: But at any rate, it serves to evince, that they have no intent against Boston by land. It will however be prudent to man all the Batteries to aid and protect the Counts Fleet against a superior British Squadron. A Company of Artificers at Springfield will apply for a suit of Cloaths each, part of their annual Bounty. They were inlisted upon these terms, and you will therefore be pleased to give orders to the Cloathier to supply them. I am, etc.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
September 7, 1778.3
[Note 3: The draft is undated but the indorsement is corrected by Hamilton, so that the date may be either September 7 or September 8.]
Sir: Brigadier General Du Portail Chief Engineer is by my orders on a visit to the posts in the Highlands, to examine into the state of the fortifications carrying on there. It is my wish that Colo. Koshiosko4 may communicate every thing to this
[Note 4: Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko.] Gentleman, who is at the Head of the department, which he may find requisite for the purpose he is sent upon. I am persuaded you will show him every proper attention. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, Monday, September 7, 1778.
Parole Halesworth. Countersigns Harlow, Heden.
For the present and until the Circumstances of the Army will admit of a more perfect Arrangement it is to be divided and commanded as follows, viz: Woodford's, Muhlenberg's and Scott's Brigades by Major General Putnam; Poor's, Late Larned's and Paterson's by Major General Gates; Wayne's, 2nd. Pennsylvania and Clintons by Major General Lord Stirling; Parsons's and Huntingtons Brigades by Major General Lincoln; Smallwood's and 2nd. Maryland by Major General Baron De Kalb; Nixon's and North-Carolina by Major General McDougall.
The Commanding Officers of Brigades are to call for exact returns of the number of Waggons appropriated thereto respectively, and with the Quarter Master General or his Assistants see that each Regiment has its due proportion agreeable to former Regulation in this matter. If any Corps is incumbered with heavy baggage it is to be immediately removed. The board of Officers ordered to determine the claims between Lieutt. Colo. Brent and Allison to command in the 1st. Virginia State Regiment, are of Opinion that Lieutt. Colo. Brent resume his former Command in the same.
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 7, 1778.
Sir: I take the liberty of laying before Congress, the inclosed Copies of a paragraph and Schedule, contained in a Letter from Genl. Heath, which I lately received. These will apprize Congress, if they are not already informed, of the supplies of provision and Wood wanted by the Count D'Estaing; and will naturally lead to a consideration of the ways and means to be pursued for furnishing them, as soon as possible.
Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 4th and 5th Instant, I have obtained a Return of the Blankets which are now deficient. This and the fast approach of the Fall will suggest, the necessity of the most vigorous exertions being used to procure them. Not a night will pass from this time, without the Soldier's feeling the want. I have &c.6
[Note 6: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft has the notation "Blankets 11067" at the bottom of the page. The original return, dated Sept. 6, 1778, is filed with this letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, September 7, 1778.
Sir: Your favor of this date has been duly received. I have already given my reasons in General Orders, for disapproving the proceedings of the Court Martial in your case, and therefore I need not repeat them. I will only observe that they appeared to me, to be contrary to precedent and common usage, and totally irregular and incompleat. Under this persuasion I could not but continue your arrest. The matters in charge against you had never been tried.
With respect to any reflection on myself I believe you never intended One and I am concerned that my name is mentioned in any of the charges. This circumstance however has not, nor will it have I assure you, the least possible influence on my Judgement in deciding on your case. You will be tried by a Constitutional and General Court Martial, the One now sitting, and I doubt not agreeable to the Articles of War and the customs of the Army. I am sorry your arrest has been of such long continuance; but it has been occasioned in a great measure, by the New and peculiar difficulties that have occurred in the course of the proceedings under It. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On this same day (September 7) Washington wrote to Col. Otho Holland Williams, Lieut. Cols. Benjamin Ford, Thomas Woodford, Samuel Smith, and others, declining to accede to their request for the discharge of Captain Norwood from arrest: "Tho' I would willingly grant a request coming from so respectable a number of Officers, yet in the instance of your present application I cannot do it, without incurring a charge of impropriety and staying the course of justice." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: Deputy Quartermaster General. He had the complimentary title of colonel.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 7, 1778.
Sir: I imagine you must stand in need of assistance in your Office at this time, by reason of Genl. Greene's absence, and Mr. Ternant and Major Forsyth's9 a having left the department. I therefore think it advisable and expedient that Colo. Hay should be immediately called down from the Highlands, more especially as it is probable that the Army may be under the necessity of changing its present position in a short time. Genl. Gates informs me that there is also a Major Chartinet,10 a deputy Quarter Master at Fort Arnold, who is remarkably active, especially in the Waggon department, and as he can be spared from that post, be pleased to order him down likewise.
[Note 9: Maj. Robert Forsyth, Deputy Commissary General of Purchases.]
[Note 10: Maj. Francis Chandonet.]
If the Enemy continue in New York this Winter, we shall be obliged to quarter a considerable Force at and in the vicinity of the Highland posts. I would therefore have you immediately contract for a quantity of Boards, Plank, Scantlin and Nails for the purpose of building Barracks. As I cannot ascertain the number of men that will be stationed there, I cannot say precisely what quantity of materials will be necessary; but I believe you need not be afraid of over doing the matter, as they will always be useful for other purposes. Colo. Biddle should be advised in time of the probability of a considerable post's being established in the Highlands this Winter, that he may form his Magazines of Forage contiguous to them. He should also be desired to draw his Forage from between the present encampment and the Enemy, that we may leave the Country as bare as possible, should we remove; [no time shd. be lost in doing this.]
I shall, in the orders of this day, direct the Brigadiers to call for exact returns of the Waggons in their Brigades, and allot them to the Regiments in proportion to their numbers. I am apt to believe that there will be upon the whole a deficiency of Waggons for Baggage, and I would therefore wish you to be endeavouring to procure a supply for them. In a word I would wish you to have your whole department so arranged that the whole Army may move at the shortest notice; [it will not be advisable to keep more Stores in your line at this Post than what are absolutely necessary for immediate use.] I am &ca.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Tuesday, September 8, 1778.
Parole Oakingham. Countersigns Orton, Onslow.
The Colonels and Commanding Officers of Corps are to cause Company rolls to be made out with all possible expedition, comprehending the names of their men actually in the Field, on Command and in hospitals, and particularly noting the time for which they are engaged to serve. These rolls are to be regimentally bound up and delivered to the Brigadiers or officers commanding Brigades who are to transmit them to Head Quarters as soon as they have obtain'd full returns of their respective Commands.
The General expects that there will be the most pointed and expeditious compliance with this order.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief is pleased to accept the following report of the Court of Enquiry whereof Colo. Marshall was President.
It is the opinion of the Court that Lieutt. Selden throughout the whole of his Conduct towards Commissary Kean was uniform. That the Conversation relative to Sword and Pistol did not amount to a Challenge; And as the Commissary was indulged to stay in the same Apartment with the Officer of the Guard or to go any where within his sentries that there appears nothing unjustifiable in the Conduct of Lieutt. Selden.
Likewise by consent of Colo. Davis12 and Doctor Brown13 it is published,
[Note 12: Col. William Davies, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 13: William Brown, Director General of the Hospital Department of the Continental Army. He resigned in July, 1780.]
That the Muster in which the Doctor was mentioned as superceded was founded upon a mistaken Supposition of Facts, and that he was not actually superceded.
Head Quarters, White Plains, Wednesday, September 9, 1778.
Parole Glastenbury. Countersigns Graves-end, Grantham.
The following resolutions of the Committee of Arrangement respecting rank in the Army are published at their Request:
The Committee of Arrangement after mature Consideration of the many disputes of rank, subsisting in the Army of the United States have agreed to the following resolutions founded upon a report made by a board of General Officers of the whole line (vizt.):
1st. That the relative rank in the Continental Line of the Army between all Colonels and Inferior Officers of different States, between like Officers of Infantry and those of horse and Artillery appointed under the Authority of Congress by Virtue of a resolution of the 16th, of September 1776, or by Virtue of any subsequent Resolution, prior to the 1st. of January 1777, shall be deemed to have their Commissions dated on the clay last mentioned, and their relative rank with respect to each other in the Continental line of the Army shall be determined from their rank prior to the 16th. of September 1776.
This rule shall not be considered to affect the rank of the Line within any State or within the Corps of Artillery, Horse, or among the Sixteen Additional Battalions where the rank hath been or shall be settled; but as there is a difficulty in settling the rank of the Line of Artillery by reason of the peculiar Circumstances attending some Appointments in that Corps, it is recommended that the general rule now to be established for the great line of the Army should be the rule to determine the relative rank within the particular line of Artillery so far as their rank remains unsettled.
2ndly. That in determining rank between Officers of different States previous to the 16th. of September 1776, preference should be given in the first instance to Continental Commissions, and to State Commissions of those Corps which have been incorporated into the Continental Army, the latter being considered as Continental from the time of their entering the Continental service: That in the second instance Preference shall be given to Commissions in the New Levies and Flying Camp. That in the third Place Commissions in Militia be considered where they have served in the Continental Army for the space of one Month at least.
3rd. That all Colonels and Inferior Officers appointed to vacancies since the 5th. of January 1777, shall take rank from their Right in Succession to such Vacancies.
4th. That in all Cases where the rank between two Officers of different States is equal, or between an Officer of State Troops and one of Cavalry, Artillery or the Additional Battalions, their Seniority is to be determined by Lot.
5th. That a resignation entirely precludes any Claim of benefit from former rank, under a new appointment.14
[Note 14: The original signed decision of the board of general officers, dated Sept. 7, 1778, on points numbered 1 to 5, is in the Washington Papers. A paragraph not published in these General Orders reads: "To avoid Confusion and Perplexity which have arose from Brevet Rank it is earnestly recommended by the Board that no more Brevets be given except to Officers of the Line or in Cases of very eminent Services."]
6th. Adjutants, Pay Masters and Quarter Masters taken from the line shall be again admitted into it in the rank they would have been entitled to had they continued in the Line, and such Adjutants, Pay Masters and Quarter Masters not taken from the Line may be admitted into the line in such Subaltern Ranks as by a signed Certificate from the Field Officers of their respective Corps they shall be deemed competent to.
7th. The rules above laid down for the determination of rank between Officers of different States are to govern between Officers of the same State unless where a rule has been laid down by the State or rank already settled, in which Case it is not the Intention of the Committee to interfere.15
[Note 15: The original signed decision of the board as to points 6 and 7 is dated Sept. 7, 1778, and is in the Washington Papers.]
Signed in behalf of the Committee of Arrangement.
Jos. Reed, Chairman.
At a General Court Martial August 31st. 1778, Colo. Humpton, President, Adjutant Verrier16 of Colo. Patten's Regiment was tried for "Cruelly and unnecessarily beating the Fife Major or' the same Regiment while in the execution of his duty." The Court are of opinion that Adjutant Verrier is guilty of beating the Fife Major unnecessarily but not cruelly and sentence him to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of the Brigade to which he belongs in presence of the Officers of the Brigade.
[Note 16: Lieut. James Verrier, adjutant of the Third North Carolina Regiment. He resigned in September, 1779.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow morning.
At the same Court, Samuel Bond, Assistant Waggon Master, was tried for 1st. Picking a Lock; breaking into a public store and taking from thence rum and Candles which he appropriated to his own use; found guilty of the charges exhibited against him and sentenced to receive fifty lashes and to return to the Regiment from which he was taken. The General remits the stripes and orders said Bond to return to the Regiment from which he was taken.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to confirm the following Opinions of a Division General Court Martial whereof Lieutt. Colonel Miller17 was President, held in the Pennsylvania Line August the 30th. 1778: Lieutenant McFarlin18 of the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment tried for unmercifully beating James Welch, soldier of the 7th. Pennsylvania Regiment without Provocation.
[Note 17: Lieut. Col. Henry Miller, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in December, 1778.]
[Note 18: Lieut. James McFarlane, adjutant of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He was a captain in January, 1781; served to 1783.]
The Court are unanimously of opinion that Lieutt. McFarlin did not unmercifully beat James Welch and that he had sufficient Provocation to strike him. The Court therefore acquit him of the Charges.
At the same Court by Adjournment Septr. 4th, Mr. Allen,19 Quarter-Master to the 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade, was tried for Disobedience of General Orders and neglect of duty to the Detriment of the Service and endangering the health of the Officers and Men. The Court are unanimously of Opinion that Mr. Allen is not guilty and acquit him of the Charges.
[Note 19: James Allen.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 9, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 5th. and 6th. I hope the loss of the enemy mentioned in the former may prove true.
I cannot at present account for the intent of the landing at Bedford, if they mean to act seriously to the Eastward, I think it will occasion a removal of their whole force from New York. Many accounts from thence say that an evacuation is intended, but I cannot learn that they have yet made sufficient demonstrations to render the thing certain. I hope your next will give me such further information of the operations of the Enemy, as will serve in some measure to direct me as to what ought to be the disposition of this Army. I am &ca.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 9, 1778.
Sir: Major Clough, who commands at Hackensack, is under the necessity of sometimes allowing persons to carry small matters into New York, and to bring a few goods out, that he may the better obtain intelligence. The persons employed in that way are sometimes stopped by your guards, under suspicion that they are carrying on a contraband trade. You will therefore be pleased to give orders to your officers not to detain or molest any person shewing a pass from Majr. Clough. I am &ca.20
Head Quarters, September 9, 1778.
Sir: I have more reason for thinking that the Army will have occasion to remove from its present position shortly, than when I wrote to you two days ago. I therefore desire you will immediately send off all the supernumerary Stores of your department. I think it would save land carriage if they were transported by water above the posts in the Highlands, and removed from thence more inland, at leisure. The Ox teams you mentioned should be collected as quick as possible, as I mean to remove the sick, and all the spare stores of every department from this Ground. I am &ca.20
Head Quarters, September 9, 1778.
Sir: It is more than probable, from some late manooeuvres of the Enemy, that the Army will have occasion to move from its present position to the Eastward. I therefore desire that the most immediate measures may be fallen upon to remove the sick of the Army at least as far as Danbury. The Hospital established at Bedford will for the above Reasons be too much exposed and should therefore be immediately removed also as far as Danbury. The Quarter Master General will, upon application, afford all the assistance in his power, towards procuring Waggons for the removal of the patients and Hospital Stores. I am &ca.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Thursday, September 10, 1778.
Parole Palmyra. Countersigns Poland, Pittsfield.
The Committee of Arrangement having requested that a board of Officers may sit not connected with the Artillery to settle the rank and Precedence of the Colonels and the Seniority of the Regiments in that Line; All the General Officers in Camp except Brigadier General Knox are to meet at 4 oClock tomorrow afternoon at the New Dining Room for these Purposes where the parties interested will attend.
The board will be furnished with such Resolutions upon the subject as the Commander in Chief is possessed of.
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 10, 1778.
Sir: The superiority of naval force, which the enemy at present possess over our allies, rendering it not improbable, that they may be tempted to undertake a co-operation, by sea and land, for the capture or destruction of the French fleet, in the Port of Boston, it appears expedient, that our dispositions, as far as is consistent with the other important objects of our attention, should be calculated as much as possible, to afford succour in that Quarter. In persuance of this principle and other motives of weight which will occur to you; You are to proceed with the division under your command towards Danbury, taking the route by Kings Street and Bedford, and making slow and easy marches. You will begin your march tomorrow morning, and halt at some convenient place within six or eight miles of this Camp. Intelligence may be received in the course of the day, which may decide the measure of your future progress; but, if you have no further advice from me, You are to continue your route by proportionable stages to the place of your destination.
For your supplies of provision, forage and other necessaries on the march, you will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements with the Quarter Master and Commissary Generals.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, September 11, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of this date.
I am always willing to grant requests where I think the good of the service will admit of it, and I am particularly so, when the requests are urged by Others besides the party, in whose behalf they are made. However, in the present instance of your application, I can not do it with any degree of propriety, as I conceive. Colo. Kosciusko has had the chief direction and superintendence of the Works at West point, and it is my desire, that he should remain to carry them on.23 New plans and
[Note 23: Gates asked for Kosciuszko to attend his detachment: "If I had not an Affectionate regard for This amiable Foreigner, I should upon no Account have made this my request." Gates thought the West Point fortifications so far advanced that they could be finished easily. (See letter from Gates to Washington, dated Sept. 11, 1778, in the Washington Papers.)] alterations at this time, would be attended with many inconveniences, and protract the defences of the River. These possibly in some degree, might take place in case of his absence, under the management of Another Engineer. With respect to Colo. Hay,24 he will be of very essential service here, and I cannot consent to his leaving Camp, while the Army continues in its present position and under its present circumstances. I am, etc.25
[Note 24: Col. Udny Hay.]
[Note 25: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
[Note 26: Convened to settle the rank of artillery officers, It met at the new dining room.]
Head Quarters, September 11, 1778.
Gentlemen: The Book you will herewith receive contains the Journals and proceedings of Congress for the year 1776.27 Among these and agreeable to the pages marked below, you will find all the Resolutions that I am possessed of, respecting the Regiments and Officers of Artillery now in Camp, and also the establishment of the Army for 1777. I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 27: This was vol. 2 of the John Dunlap edition of 1778, printed at York, Pa.]
P.S. I wish you also to settle the relative rank of All the Artillery field Officers now present.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
This same day (September 11) Richard Kidder Meade wrote to Brig. Gen. Jedidiah Huntington, by order of Washington, to discharge four of the Stockbridge Indians in his brigade. "As they behaved well and were unfortunate in a late action, His Excellency is inclined to indulge them...if it meets with your approbation." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 11, 1778.
Sir: I am to request that you immediately employ proper persons to gain the most authentic intelligence from Canada of the several matters herein after mentioned. Viz:
First. What force is now in Arms in that Country.
Secondy. If any reinforcements have arrived in Canada the Summer past, and if any expected to arrive this Season.
Thirdy. In what state of defence are the Garrisons and how are the Troops posted in that Country.
Fourth. Are any Canadians in Arms there, if so are they compelled to it, or is it from their own choice and what number.
Fifth. The General sentiments of the people with respect to American Politics and that of the Clergy in particular.
Sixth. The disposition of the Indians in the neighbourhood of Canada.
Seventh. Who is the Governor and principal Magistrates in that Country.
Eighth. If there is a plentiful of Short Crop there, and what may be the price of Grain.
Ninth. If the Canadians have been disarmed by any authority from Government, or not.
Tenth. Whether the Canadians would chuse to unite with the Independent States of America.
If you find a favorable report from credible people, on the matters herein mentioned, and as your situation is so distant from hence, you may in the month of Novr. next employ a part of Colo. Bedels regiment, should it be continued, or a small number of other good men, in cutting a road from your House29
[Note 29: Bayley lived at Coos, N.H.] into Canada, which you with others have reported to me to be practicable. Your reasonable expences in this service will be allowed you.
You will from time to time transmit to me an account of your proceedings with all the intelligence you shall collect.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, September 11, 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 10th. with the weekly Returns of the Garrison.
By a special agreement with the Artificers, they draw larger Rations than the Soldiers, you are therefore to allow them, what Colo. Baldwin's draw here, which I think is 1 ½lb. Bread or Flour 1 ½lb. Meat and half a pint of Rum pr. day.
Altho' your Qr. Mr. would be very useful here at present, yet Colo. Hay has pointed out the difficulties the Garrison would be under for want of him, in such a manner, that I must consent to his staying.31
[Note 31: Maj. Francis Chandonet.]
You will detain the four hundred repaired Arms expected from Albany, for the use of Colo. Hogan's32 Regiment, and desire as many more to be sent down as will complete them. The armourers shop is, I am told, in very fine order at Albany, and I would not therefore wish to break in upon it, by drawing off the hands. I would rather you should endeavour to find a few Gun Smiths among your own men and put them under the direction of Mr. Allen at Fishkill, to repair the Arms of the Garrison. I am &ca.33
[Note 32: Col. James Hogun.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 11, 1778.
Sir: I am glad to find by your letters of the 31st. Augt. that matters continued so quiet upon the Frontier.34
[Note 34: Buffer was then at Schoharie, N.Y.]
It appears to me, that the Money arising from the sale of Cattle belonging to those in the interest of the enemy, belongs to the Captors. But I beg you will proceed in these matters with the caution which you have used in the first instance, otherwise the soldiers for the sake of plunder will seize every thing under the denomination of its being Tory property.
I shall give orders to the Cloathier Genl. to send up some shoes to Albany for your detachment. They will go to the Care of General Stark who I suppose can forward them to you. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 11, 1778.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your Letter of the 5th. inst: accompanied by a Copy of two Letters to Congress and Genl. Sullivan. The confidence which you have been pleased to shew in communicating these papers engage my sincere thanks. If the deepest regret that the best concerted enterprise and bravest exertions should have been rendered fruitless by a disaster which human prudence is incapable of foreseeing or preventing can alleviate disappointment, you may be assured that the whole Continent sympathizes with you; it will be a consolation to you to reflect that the thinking part of Mankind do not form their judgment from events; and that their equity will ever attach equal glory to those actions which deserve success, as to those which have been crowned with it. It is in the trying circumstances to which your Excellency has been exposed, that the virtues of a great Mind are displayed in their brightest lustre; and that the General's Character is better known than in the moment of Victory; it was yours, by every title which can give it, and the adverse element which robbed you of your prize, can never deprive you of the Glory due to you. Tho your success has not been equal to your expectations yet you have the satisfaction of reflecting that you have rendered essential Services to the common cause.
I exceedingly lament that in addition to our misfortunes, there has been the least suspension of harmony and good understanding between the Generals of allied Nations, whose views, must like their interests be the same. On the first intimation of it I employed my influence in restoring what I regard as essential to the permanence of an Union founded on mutual inclination and the strongest ties of reciprocal advantage. Your Excellencys offer to the Council of Boston36 had a powerful tendency to promote the same end, and was distinguished proof of your zeal and magnanimity.
[Note 36: To strengthen the batteries defending Nantasket road.]
The present superiority of the enemy in Naval force, must, for a time, suspend all plans of offensive cooperation between us; it is not easy to foresee what change may take place by the arrival of Succours to you from Europe or what opening the enemy may give you to resume your activity; in this moment therefore, every consultation on this subject would be premature. But it is of infinite importance that we should take all the means that our circumstances will allow for the defence of a Squadron, which is so precious to the common cause of france and America, and which may have become a capital object with the enemy. Whether this really is the case can be only matter of Conjecture; the original intention of the reinforcement sent to Rhode island, was obviously the Relief of the Garrison at that post. I have to lament that, tho seasonably advised of the movement, it was utterly out of my power to counteract it. A naval force alone could have defeated the attempt; how far their views may since have been enlarged by the arrival of Byron's fleet, Your Excellency will be best able to judge. Previous to this event, I believe Genl. Clinton was waiting orders from his court, for the conduct he was to pursue; in the mean time embarking his Stores and heavy baggage in order to be the better prepared for a promt evacuation, if his instructions should require it.
But as the present posture of affairs may induce a change of operations, and tempt them to carry the war eastward for the ruin of your Squadron, it will be necessary for us to be prepared to oppose such an enterprise. I am unhappy that our situation will not admit of our contributing more effectually to this important end; but assure you at the same time, that what ever can be attempted without losing sight of objects equally essential to the interests of the two Nations, shall be put in execution.
A Candid view of our affairs which I am going to exhibit, will make you a judge of the difficulties, under which we labour. Almost all our supplies of flour and no inconsiderable part of our meat, are drawn from the States westward of Hudson's River; this renders a secure communication across that River indispensably necessary both to the support of your Squadron and the Army. The enemy being masters of that navigation, would interrupt this essential intercourse between the States. They have been sensible of these advantages, and by the attempts which they have made, to bring about a separation of the Eastern from the Southern States, and the facility which their superiority by Sea had hitherto given him, have always obliged us besides garrisoning the Forts that immediately defend the passage, to keep a force at least, equal to that which they have had posted in New York and its dependencies.
It is incumbent upon us at this time to have a greater force in this quarter than usual, from the concentred State of the enemy's strength and the uncertainty of their designs; in addition to this it is to be observed that they derive an inestimable advantage from the facility of transporting their troops from one point to another; these rapid movements enable them to give us uneasiness for remote unguarded parts, in attempting to succour which we should be exposed to ruinous marches, and after all perhaps be the dupes of a feint. if they could by any demonstration in another part draw our attention and strength from this important point, and by anticipating our return, possess themselves of it, the consequences would be fatal. Our dispositions must therefore have equal regard to cooperating with you in a defensive plan, and securing the North River; which, the remoteness of the two objects from each other, renders peculiarly difficult. Immediately upon the change which happened in your naval affairs, my attention was directed to conciliating these two great ends.
The necessity of transporting magazines, collected relatively to our present position, and making new arrangements for ulterior operations, has hitherto been productive of delay. these points are now nearly accomplished and I hope in a day or two to begin a general movement of the Army eastward, as a commencement of this, one division marched this morning under Major General Gates towards Danbury, and the rest of the army will follow as speedily as possible.
The following is a general Idea of my disposition: The Army will be thrown into several divisions, one of which consisting of a force equal to the Enemy's in New York, will be posted about thirty miles in the rear of my present camp, and in the vicinity of the North River with a view to its defence; the other will be pushed on at different stages, as far towards Connecticut River, as can be done consistently with preserving a communication, and having them within supporting distance of each other; so as that when occasion may require, they may form a junction, either for their own immediate defence, or to oppose any attempts that may be made on the North River. The facility which the enemy have of collecting their whole force and turning it against any point they choose, will restrain us from extending ourselves so far as will either expose us to be beaten by detachment or endanger the Security of the North River.
This disposition will place the American forces as much in measure for assisting in the defence of your Squadron and the Town of Boston, as is compatible with the other great objects of our care.
It does not appear to me probable that the Enemy would hazard the penetrating to Boston by land, with the force which they at present have to the eastward. I am rather inclined to believe that they will draw together their whole Land and Naval strength, to give the greater probability of Success. in order to this, New York must be evacuated, an event which cannot take place without being announced by circumstances impossible to conceal and I have reason to hope that the time which must necessarily be exhausted in embarking and transporting their troops and Stores, would be sufficient for me to advance a considerable part of my army in measure for opposing them.
The observations which Your Excellency makes relative to the necessity of having intelligent Spies, are perfectly just; every measure that circumstances would admit has been to answer this valuable end, and our intelligence has in general been as good as could be expected from the situation of the Enemy.
The distance at which we are from our posts of observation in the first instance, and the long Journey which is afterwards to be performed before a letter can reach your Excellency hinder my communicating intelligence with such celerity as I could wish.
The letter which I sent giving an account of Lord Howes movement, was dispatched as soon as the fact was ascertained; but it did not arrive 'till you had gone to Sea, in pursuit of the British Squadron.
As your Excellency does not mention the letters which I last had the honor of writing to you, I am apprehensive of some delay, or miscarriage; their dates were the 3rd. and 4th. inst.37
[Note 37: 3d and 5th Inst., ante.]
The sincere esteem and regard which I feel for Your Excellency, make me set the highest value upon every expression of friendship with which you are pleased to honor me; I entreat you to accept the most cordial returns on my part.
I shall count it a singular felicity if in the course of possible operations above alluded to, personal intercourse shd afford me the means of cultivating a closer intimacy with you, and of proving more particularly the respect and attachment with which I have the honor etc.
P.S. My dispatches were going to be closed when your Excellency's Letter of the 8th. was delivered to me.
The State of Byron's Fleet from the best intelligence I have been able to obtain, is as follows:
Six Ships, the names of which are mentioned in the paper I had the honor of transmitting the 3rd. have arrived at New York with their Crews in very bad health.
Two vizt. The Cornwall of 74 and Monmouth of 64, had joined Lord Howe; two One of which the Admirals Ship, were missing. One had put back to Portsmouth.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Friday, September 11, 1778.
Parole Frankfort. Countersigns Freetown, Falkland.
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Humpton is President is to sit tomorrow nine o'Clock at the new Dining Room; Lieutt. Colo. Regnier is appointed a Member, vice Lieutt. Colonel Mellin,39 Nixon's and the 1st. Pennsylvania Brigades each give a Captain in the room of those who have marched.
[Note 39: Lieut. Col. James Mellen, of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; was lieutenant colonel and commandant of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June of that year.]
The Drum and Fife Majors of the Regiments on the Ground are to attend at the Inspector of Musick's tent in the rear of the Park tomorrow morning ten o'Clock to receive his Instructions.
Head Quarters, White Plains, Saturday, September 12, 1778.
Parole Rockingham. Countersigns Rye, Rippon.
The troop, retreat &c. to be beat in the following manner: The Drums Call to begin at the Artillery Park a quarter of an hour before beating off and to run thro' the Right and Left Wing and second line and be returned into the Park again.
The next signal to be three Taps from the Park runing thro' and to be return'd in the same manner; Then the whole beat off at the hour appointed for the respective Beats: Every Fifer and Drummer to be ready to beat off after the Drummer's Call is beat before the Taps are received.
The hours of Exercise in the afternoon are altered from four to six o'Clock.
The Court Martial whereof Colo. Humpton is Presidt. will sit tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at the President's quarters near the Provost; The Members are desired to attend punctually.
The General Officers off duty agreeable to Orders of the 10th. instant are desired to meet this afternoon four o'Clock at the New Dining Room, for the Purpose therein mentioned; The Field Officers of the Artillery will attend the board at that time.
A Subaltern and sixteen men from each Brigade to be paraded tomorrow morning on the Grand Parade where they will receive particular Orders to patrole the Vicinity of the Camp to pick up all public and other horses that may have stragled away.
A Surgeon and a proportionable number of Officers with a sufficiency of well men will hold themselves in readiness to assist the sick to Tarrytown and from thence in boats to Fish Kills Hospitals. The Officers will see that the sick draw three days provisions.
The Brigade Surgeons to settle this Piece of duty among themselves or in failure to be appointed by the Commander of the Brigade. The Surgeons for this service will immediately deliver to the Surgeon General at the Hospital tents the number of sick in each Brigade that the Waggons may be sent to transport them as soon as the boats are ready to receive them.
A Vessel is waiting at Tarrytown for the Reception of such heavy baggage as is ordered to be sent off to transport it to Fish Kill where it will be carefully stored. The Officers will send it in Waggons to Tarrytown between this and tomorrow noon. They are desired to mark their Names on their own Baggage.
A Field Officer from Genl. Muhlenberg's Brigade is appointed to Superintend the Hospitals in Pennsylvania under the direction of Colo. Chambers.
White-plains, September 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I wrote, in haste, a Letter to you by Majr. Morris, and took the liberty of returning the gold you were so obliging as to send me by Jones. For your kind intention in forwarding this Specie, and goodness, in bringing Congress acquainted with my want of this article you will be pleased to accept my sincere and hearty thanks. These are also due to you for your polite attention in forwarding for my perusal the late exhibitions of Govr. Johnstone and his brothers in Commission. That of the former is really a curious performance. He trys to convince you that he is not at all hurt by, or offended at, the interdiction of Congress. That he is not in a passion, while he exhibits a striking proof of his being cut to the quick, and actually biting his fingers in an agony of passion.
Your Letter to Colo. Laurens, relative to Monsr. Galvan40 was forwarded to Rhode Island whilst he was on his return from Boston, by means of which he mist41 it, this Gentn. (if he may be so called) waited on me a few days ago and met with a reception suited to his merit, and conduct to you. The beginning of the next paragraph of the above Letter excited my curiosity to pursue it to the end, and to my shame was reminded of my inattention to your favour of the 18th. of June which coming to hand upon my March through the Jerseys, and being laid by to be acknowledged at a time of more leisure was entirely forgot till reminded thereof by your enquiry after the
[Note 40: Lieut. William Galvan, of the First South Carolina Regiment. He was a captain in 1779; major and inspector, Continental Army, in January, 1780.]
[Note 41: This is one of the occasional instances of Washington's thought outrunning his pen. From the corrections in the draft at this point it is evident that the first intention was to write "by means of which he must have missed it."] Letters from Messrs. Manning and Oswald42 which I then, and not till then recollected had been sent for perusal. I now return them and Govr. Johnstone's Letter with my thanks for the favor of the perusal of them. I am convinced that no apology to you can be of equal weight with the recital of a fact. I must therefore take shame to myself and acknowledge that this is the truth which I have here related. I hope no inconvenience has arisen from the detention of these Letters contrary to my intention and much more so to my wish.
[Note 42: William Manning and Richard Oswald.]
I am sorry to find by your favor of the 29th. that Monsr. Gerard43 was indisposed. I hope his indisposition was not of long continuance, and that he is perfectly recovered. Having often heard of the favourable Sentiments entertained by this Gentn. towds. the American Cause, I have placed him among the number we ought to esteem; if therefore you see no impropriety in my (being a stranger) presenting compliments to him, I would give you the trouble of doing this and assuring him that I have the honor of being among the No. of his admirers. With every Sentiment of esteem, etc.44
[Note 43: Conrad Alexandre Girard de Rayneval, French minister to the United States.]
[Note 44: This was a private letter.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 10th. came to hand late last night. The intentions of the Enemy are yet very mysterious. From the expression of your letter, I take it for granted that General Gray45 had embarked again after destroying Bedford; and by his hovering about the Coast, and Lord Howe's coming round again to New port, I cannot but think, that they mean something more
[Note 45: Maj. Gen. Charles Grey, British Army.] than a diversion or deception. The destruction of the Count D'Estaings Fleet is an object of the greatest magnitude, but as that cannot be easily effected, while they lay in the Harbour of Boston, without a cooperation by land and water, I am apprehensive that they mean to possess themselves of such Grounds in the neighbourhood of Boston, as will enable them to carry such a plan into execution. Whether they would do this by landing at a distance and marching thro' the Country, or possessing themselves at once of part of the harbour, I cannot determine. I must therefore recommend it to you to keep the strictest watch upon the motions of the Enemy, and if you find them inclining towards Boston, endeavour, with your own force and what you can collect upon the occasion, to prevent them from taking such positions as will favor their designs upon the Fleet.
Upon a supposition that the Enemy mean to operate to the Eastward, I have already advanced three Brigades some distance from the main Body of the Army, ready to move forward, should there be occasion; and I intend to place the whole in such a position, in a day or two, that they may either march to the Eastward, or be within supporting distance of the posts upon the North River, as appearances may require.46
[Note 46: "From intelligence this moment come to hand, I...desire that you will encamp where ever this may meet you, and there wait until you receive further orders."--Washington to Gates, Sept. 12, 1778. The letter is in the Washington Papers. The original note sent is in the New York Historical Society.]
I shall govern myself chiefly in my motions, by the advices I receive from you. I therefore most earnestly intreat you to be very clear and explicit in your information, and to let me hear from you every day. Tho' there may be nothing material to communicate, yet it relieves me from a state of anxiety, which a suspension of intelligence naturally creates.
I would not have you attempt, in the present situation of affairs, to divide your force too much in order to cover every part of the Country, and as the Enemy have now the superiority by sea, I recommend it to you by all means to keep out of Necks or narrow peices of land with any considerable Bodies of Men. Small guards posted at the most likely places of descent are all that ought to be expected from you. In one of my late letters I mentioned the necessity of taking the public Arms out of the Hands of the disbanded Militia. I cannot help repeating the necessity again, because I find our public Magazines are unable to supply the wants of the Army, notwithstanding the great importations of last year. Be pleased to forward my letter to Count D'Estaing with the greatest expedition to whom be pleased to communicate every move of the enemy by land or Water, as far as they come under your observation. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 12, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed, I have the honor to transmit Congress a Copy of a report of a Board of Officers, who were appointed by me to consider what would be the most eligible plan for invading Canada; in case our future prospects and circumstances should justify the enterprise. The pains which General Gates has, for some time past taken to inform himself on the subject, and the knowledge which General Bailey48 and Col. Hazen possess of the country induced me to make choice of these Gentlemen. It appears to me, that the mode recommended by them, for an expedition of this kind, is liable to fewest objections, and, though attended with many difficulties, affords a reasonable prospect of success. The great naval force of the enemy on the lakes is, in my opinion, an almost insurmountable obstacle to any attempt to penetrate by the ordinary communications.
[Note 48: Brig. Gen. Jacob Bayley.]
The expediency of the undertaking in a military point of view, will depend on the enemy's evacuating these states and on the reinforcements they may send into Canada. While they keep their present footing, we shall find employment enough in defending ourselves, without meditating conquests; or if they send a large addition of strength into that country, it may require greater force and more abundant supplies on our part, to effect its reduction, than our resources may perhaps admit. But if they should leave us, and their other exigences should oblige them to neglect Canada, we may derive essential advantage, from a successful expedition there; and if it should be thought adviseable, there is no time to be lost in making preparations, particularly if the idea of carrying it on in Winter be pursued.
The great importance of the object both in a military and political light demands the sanction and concurrence of Congress, before any steps can be taken, towards it with propriety. The peculiar preparations, which will be necessary, from the peculiar nature of the enterprise is an additional motive with me, for requesting thus early, their determination; as a considerable expence must be incurred in procuring several articles which would not be requisite, but on this occasion. The soldiery must be clad in a particular manner to fit them for enduring the inclemencies of an active winter campaign; a number of snow shoes must be provided, and extraordinary means of transportation, to convey our stores and baggage through a country covered with snow, and, a great part of it, hitherto unexplored.
Congress will perceive, that valuable Magazines, both of provisions and forage, may be laid up in the upper settlements on Connecticut River. I have given directions for this purpose; because if the expedition in question should be carried into execution, they will be indispensible; if it should not, they will still be very beneficial for supplying the army, especially if the war should be transferred Eastward, which there are many powerful reasons to expect.49
[Note 49: ln his answer (September 16) to this, President Laurens wrote: "I am directed to intimate That Congress highly approve of laying up Magazines of forage and Provisions at such places as Your Excellency shall Judge proper for prosecuting an Expedition into Canada in the Winter, if the Motions of the Enemy shall render the measure expedient and Your Excellency is desired to make every preparation of Cloathing, Snow Shoes, and other articles for this purpose which you shall deem necessary." Laurens's letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 13, 2, folio 82.]
I shall not trouble Congress with more extensive details on the subject, as Colonel Hazen who will have the honor of delivering this, will be able to satisfy any inquiries they may be pleased to make.50 With the greatest respect etc.51
[Note 50: A copy of the report of Gates, Bayley, and Hazen is filed with this letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original, dated Sept. 10, 1778, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 51: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Read in Congress on September 15 and referred to Mr. Richard Henry Lee and Mr. William Henry Drayton.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 12, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honour of returning to Congress the report of their Committee on the subject of an Inspectorship, transmitted in your Letter of the 20th Ulto. which was not received 'till the 31st, with such observations52 as have occurred to me in considering the matter, and which I have made with a freedom, that I trust will be agreeable to Congress. I wish it had been in my power to have returned it before; but the intervention of a variety of other important business from time to time, obliged me to postpone a conclusion upon the points till yesterday. I have already, in a Letter of the 26th of July, delivered my sentiments upon the consequences that would attend the Baron Steuben's being appointed to an actual and permanent
[Note 52: See Observations on Congress's Plan for the Inspector General's Department, immediately following this letter.] command in the line and therefore, I will not trouble Congress with a repetition of them; however, I will take the liberty to add, that I am more and more convinced, that what I then said upon the occasion was well founded; and that I am certain such a measure will produce, at least, infinite discontents and disquietudes among the General Officers.
I have also had the Honor to receive your favor of the 5th Inst., with the several papers to which it refers. These shall have my attention as far as practicable. I hope all the Confederal troops are on the March from Philadelphia and if they are not, that immediate orders will be given for their joining the army.
The Inclosed copy of a Letter from General Sullivan of the 10th Inst.,53 will inform Congress, that the Enemy have not relinquished their burning plans, and that in this way they have destroyed several Houses, Stores and Vessels at and near Bedford. I was advised on Wednesday night, that a body of them, consisting of four or five Thousand, under General Gray had made a landing in that Quarter, and were intrenching. In consequence of this, and from an apprehension that General Clinton might possibly mean to operate at the Eastward and form some project in concert with Lord Howe against the Count D'Estaing's Squadron, I determined to move the troops from this ground to a Rear position, better calculated to afford support to the Works on the North river, in case an Attempt should be made against them, and at the same time more convenient for forwarding Detachments to the Eastward, if the Enemy point their operations that way.
[Note 53: In the Washington Papers. It gives the account of the British exedition against New Bedford and of the British loss at Quaker Hill.]
I was the more induced to come to this determination, as most of the accounts from New York seemed to lead to a belief, as they still do, that a considerable movement was and is in contemplation, if not an intire evacuation of the City, and this by Water.
Besides these reasons, the principle Objects for taking post here do not now exist. One was to create every possible jealousy in favor of the expedition against Rhode Island; Another, the consuming the forage within its vicinity and towards Kingsbridge &c. The former is now over, and the latter in a great degree accomplished. I have the Honor, etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: I duly received your favor of the 11th. Inst. Repeated accounts from different quarters, announce some great and general movement on the part of the enemy. And tho' the facts with which I have been hitherto furnished are not sufficiently pointed to determine whether the result may be an attack on this army, an enterprise against the french Squadron, or finally a simple evacuation of N.York unconnected with any offensive operation in the territories of the United States, yet the conduct of General Gray, and return of Genl. Clinton to N.Y. without troops, require us to be very particularly on our guard against any operations which they may meditate eastward.
The immediate embodying of the Militia might be attended with the disadvantages of a heavy expence, to the State, and disgusting the men by premature Service; but it will be of the utmost importance, to have every preparatory Step taken for collecting them on the Shortest Notice. The establishing known Signals for this purpose in every proper place, that an alarm may be rapidly communicated, is an object of the first attention. Every thing that regards provision, Ammunition and the means of transporting them, I suppose to be already in a proper train.
I need not suggest to you how important it will be to give powerful opposition to the enemy's first attempts, and by checking their progress afford the more time for the arrival of Troops from this Army; but persuaded that your foresight and activity will make the best use of the means you have, I remain &ca.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.
On September 13 Washington wrote a line to Gates, directing him to repair the road to Danbury, Conn., to facilitate his march "should you receive orders to move on." This letter is in the Washington Papers.
On the same day (September 13) he wrote also to Gov. Patrick Henry, referring to his letter of May 23, q. v., as unanswered and offering to send a duplicate.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have just received advice from the Board of War, that they have given directions to Mr. Fletcher,58 to send forward to Springfield and Hartford all the ready made cloathing in his possession, there to be sorted and repacked previous to their coming to Camp, except a few particular articles, which are ordered immediately on; and to deliver Messrs. Otis and Andrews59 all the Cloths, woolens linnens and other goods, to be made up by them, as expeditiously as possible, for a further supply.
[Note 58: Samuel Fletcher, agent, Continental Board of War, at Boston.]
[Note 59: Otis & Andrews, Continental agents for clothing, at Boston.]
The necessities of the army and the experience we have had of the total mismanagement, too common in the manner of transporting cloathing to camp, by which great delay and loss have been incurred, induce me to desire your particular attention and assistance in the matter. The importance in this advanced season of losing no time and sparing no pains to supply the exigencies of the soldiery, in so essential an article, is too obvious, and I am persuaded too interesting to your own feelings, to need being inforced by a single argument. I would wish you to call upon Mr. Fletcher to know what means he is imploying to answer the views of the Board, and if they do not appear to you perfectly adequate, to concert with him any additional measures, that you may think adviseable. The necessity is urgent and the exertions should be proportioned.
I have written to General Greene directing him to instruct his assistants in Boston, that they may strain every nerve to give the most effectual aid. There is a great number of return waggons both in the Commissary's and Quarter Master's line, which may be made use of on the occasion, and be a saving of expence to the public. But though this resource should be well improved, in a business of such moment, it ought not wholly to be relied on. It is my anxious wish, the cloathing may come on with the greatest dispatch, and as much together as circumstances will permit; and for this purpose every expedient ought to be used to provide a sufficient number of waggons; hiring them if to bc had, or if not, calling in the aid of the civil authority to impress, or otherwise procure them in the most certain and expeditious mode.
It hath been too much a practice hitherto to send on cloathing in small parcels, without a guard or conductor to take care of them. The consequences have been, in every case, loss of time, in many cases, the loss of the cloathing itself, which being scattered about at different places on the road, have often been converted to private use. To obviate this, I request your care to have trusty persons appointed to conduct the cloathing, to the respective depositaries, furnished with proper guards, to facilitate which, it will be necessary to send it on in large parcels.
I should also be glad, you would call upon Messrs. Otis and Andrews and know what measures they are taking for making up the articles intrusted to their care, and to give them all the advice and assistance in your power. In every step you take, however, you are to be cautious not to contravene the directions of the Board of War; but to promote and accelerate their execution. With very great esteem and regard, etc.60
[Note 60: ln the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft, in the Washington Papers, which is also by Hamilton, varies from the above letter sent in minor verbal particulars, and has been redated September 14 by Hamilton.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Sunday, September 13, 1778.
Parole Eugene. Countersigns Eastown, Elk.
The Commander in Chief directs that such of the sick in Camp who are able to walk may be immediately sent off towards Peeks Kill under careful Officers who will march them moderately and attend carefully to their Accommodation; They are to take their Arms and Accoutrements with them; Their Packs to be sent to Terrytown and transported by Water to Fish Kill. Boats will meet this part of the sick at Peeks Kill to convey them to Fish Kill.
At a General Court-Martial whereof Colo. Humpton was President Septr. 4th. 1778, John Pooler, Private in the Second Regiment of Light Dragoons, tried 1st., for Desertion. 2ndly., Selling his Continental Cloathing. 3rdly., Stealing a horse and Saddle; found guilty of breaches of the 1st. Article, 6th. Section, of 3rd. Article, 12th. Section, and of 5th. Article of 18th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes and to serve on board such Frigate as His Excellency shall direct during the term for which he is inlisted.
His Excellency remits the service on board a Frigate but approves the remainder of the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow morning at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.
Head Quarters, W. Plains, Monday, September 14, 1778.
Parole St. Augustine. Countersigns Salem, Sandown.
The Consumption of Ammunition in this Army considering there has been no Action nor any extraordinary weather to injure Cartridges in good tents, has for the two last Months been beyond description; but this is not to be wondered at when the Camp is continually disturbed both within it's own limits and Vicinity by a disorderly firing. So many orders have been given to correct this Abuse, and induce the Exertions of the Officers to prevent it, punish delinquents and make their men attentive to preserving their Ammunition, that it gives the General real Pain to be compell'd to a further Repetition; but finding himself hitherto disappointed he positively requires that Officers Commanding Companies will in future keep an exact account of the Cartridges delivered their men, charging six pence for every Cartridge which cannot be satisfactorily accounted for besides administering Corporal Punishment for neglect and disobedience. This order is to be regularly read to the men once a Week in Presence of a Commissioned Officer to obviate every Plea of Ignorance.
At a General Court Martial in Maxwell's Brigade, Septr. 4th. 1778, Colo. Shreve President, Captn. Mitchel,61 of the 4th. New
[Note 61: Capt. Alexander Mitchell, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment Heitman states he was transferred to the First New Jersey Regiment in July, 1778; served to end of the war.] Jersey Regiment, was tried for willfully disobeying positive, Express written Orders on the night of the first of September. The Court are unanimously of opinion the Charge is not supported, but that he behaved like a careful, vigilant, active Officer and do therefore acquit him with honor.
At the same Court, Septr. 5th., Capt. Burroughs62 of late Forman's Regiment, was tried for disobeying positive written General Orders on the night of the 2nd. of September and persisting in the same. The Court likewise acquit him of the Charges with honor.
[Note 62: Capt. John Burrowes (Burroughs), of Forman's Additional Continental regiment. He transferred to Spencer's Additional Continental regiment in April, 1779; major in July, 1779; retired in January, 1781.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the Opinion of the Court.
At a General Court-Martial in Nixon's Brigade, September the 12th. 1778, Lieutt. Colo. Loring,63 President, Captn. Daniels64 of Colo. Nixon's Regiment was tried for Inattention to his duty while under Arms. The Court are of opinion that the Charge is not supported and that he be acquitted with honor. The Commander in Chief confirms the Opinion of the Court.
[Note 63: Lieut. Col. Jotham Loring, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was dismissed in August, 1779.]
[Note 64: Capt. Japhet Daniels, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He served as captain to June, 1783.]
AFTER ORDERS
At a General Court Martial held in the Highlands January the 13th. 1778, by order of Major Genl. Putnam whereof Colo. Henry Sherburne, was President, Matthias Colbhart of Rye, in the State of New-York, was tried for holding a Correspondence with the Enemy of the United States, living as a Spy among the Continental Troops and inlisting and persuading them to desert to the British Army, found guilty of the whole Charge alledg'd against him and in particular of a breach of the 19th. Article of the 13th. Section of the Articles of War and therefore sentenced to be punished with Death, by hanging him by the Neck until he is dead. Which Sentence was approved of by Major General Putnam. His Excellency the Commander in Chief orders him to be executed tomorrow morning nine o'Clock on Gallows Hill.
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: The Board of War have advised me of a large quantity of ready made cloathing for the use of the army, in possession of Mr. Samuel Fletcher of Boston; which they have ordered to be immediately sent on to Springfield and Hartford in the first instance and afterwards to the Army. You are aware of the mismanagement there has been in the manner of transporting cloathing, which has commonly been brought forward in small parcels, without guards or conductors; a mode always productive of delay, frequently of loss. An apprehension of similar mismanagement in the present case and an anxiety to have the necessities of the troops at this advanced season, supplied as speedily as possible, have induced me to call the attention of General Heath to the matter. I have directed him, in conjunction with your assistants, to employ every resource for hastening the transportation. Agreeable to this idea, I would wish you to make every arrangement you can in your department, for that purpose. Good use should be made of the return waggons on the occasion but in an affair of such consequence every additional resource that may promote dispatch, should be improved.
The wants of the army and the season of the year are sufficient motives for every exertion to bring on so valuable a supply of cloathing; but there is at this juncture a further reason for it, of the greatest weight. Congress have come to a resolution to inlist all the drafts in service, for the Continental bounty to serve during the war. It is the opinion of the officers, that if the cloathing was on the spot, so that every reinlisted man could be furnished, in hand with a good suit of cloathes, it would have a most powerful influence in promoting the success of that resolution. So many promises have been made to the men, which have never been fulfilled, that they will now trust to nothing but actual performance. If you think your going to Boston will be serviceable, it will be perfectly agreeable to me. With the greatest regard and esteem, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 14, 1778.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with a letter from the Board of War accompanied by the Copy of one from the Board to you of the 20th. August. They desire me to give you such further directions as I may judge proper and essential to the good of the service, but their instructions are so full, that I have very little to amend or to add. In making up regimental Cloathing in future, I must desire that a difference may be made between the Serjeants suits and those for the privates, both as to fineness of Cloth and mode of finishing. Nothing contributes more to keep up that distinction which ought to subsist between the non-commissioned Officer and the soldier than a difference in point of dress. The Cloathing of the Drums and Fifes should also be characteristic of the Regt. to which they belong, that is, the Ground of the coat of the same Colour as the Regimental facings. The Board have with great propriety remarked upon the usual scantiness of the Cloaths and I beg that it may be particularly attended to.
We are often unable to alter or even to mend the Cloaths of the soldiers for want of thread; I would therefore wish that you would purchase a quantity of coloured threads and send them forward to the Deputy Cloathier General who attends the Army, to be distributed among the regimental Quarter Masters.
The approaching season demands that no time should be lost in having the Cloathing made up and ready for the Troops. I must therefore urge your utmost exertions in that respect.
I observe that the Board of War have instructed you to have all the Cloths fit for overhalls made up into that kind of Garment, and I must desire that you will in future, except you have orders to the contrary, endeavour to have a sufficiency of them, both for winter and summer wear instead of Breeches. The superior advantages of them in point of convenience and warmth and coolness, at the different seasons is too obvious to need commenting upon.
Taking it for granted that the charge of forwarding the Cloathing when made up, devolves upon Mr. Fletcher, I have wrote to him upon the subject, and have desired Genl. Heath and the Quarter Master General to give him every assistance in procuring fresh teams and taking advantage of those returning, which have carried supplies to the Fleet and Army at Boston.
I would recommend it to you to pack all the Uniforms of different Colours in separate Parcels, marking upon the package the number and Colour of the Contents.
General Knox will send an Officer with a return of the uniforms and other Cloathing still deficient for the Corps of Artillery. Be pleased to attend to it and make up the quantity called for by him. I am &ca.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 14, 1778.
Sir: The Board of War have favoured me with a Copy of their letter to you of the 20th. Augt. by which I find that they had directed you to forward all the ready made Clothing to Springfield and Hartford there to be opened, aired and Assorted, and the Blankets, Shoes, Stockings and Shirts to Camp.
The intent of the Board is to put the whole Army in compleat new uniform as early as possible in October, and to call in the old cloathing to be appropriated to other purposes. As their orders to you were pressing, I hope that considerable progress has been already made in forwarding the Goods to the places directed, but lest you should have met with difficulties in procuring Waggons, I have wrote to Genl. Heath and the Quarter Master General to afford you all the assistance in their power. I expect you will derive considerable advantage from the returning Teams which have carried provision to the Fleet and Army at Boston.
I observe that the Board had directed you to deliver all the unmade Cloths and linens to Messrs. Otis and Andrews, to be by them made up into proper Cloathing for the Army. When finished and packed up, they will put them under your care to be forwarded after the others.
Vast quantities of cloathing have been lost during the course of last winter, in the passage from Boston to Valley forge, for want of proper persons to attend and conduct the Waggons, and see the delivery of the goods at the place of destination: to remedy this evil, I have likewise dcsired General Heath and the Qr. Mr. to appoint active persons, whose Business it shall be to attend every detachment of Waggons, and see that they neither loiter upon the way or lose any part of their loading. It is of the greatest consequence to the Healths of the Troops, that the Blankets should reach them as quick as possible and I therefore desire that they and the shoes may be first forwarded, with orders to come immediately to the Army. The season also requires that the Men should be in their new Cloathing as early as possible in next month, I therefore hope that no exertion on your part will be wanting to have it lodged at the places directed, and properly assorted for delivery to the Deputy Cloathiers. I am &ca.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, White Plains, September 14, 1778.
Gentlemen: On Sunday night I had the honor to receive your favors of the 5th and 7th Inst, with the papers to which they refer.
It gave me great pleasure to find, that we were on so respectable a footing in the General articles of Cloathing, and I would fain hope, if we can once get the Troops tolerably supplied, that we shall in future, by proper and timely exertions always keep them well and suitably provided. I have written to Mess. Otis and Andrews, urging the necessity of the strictest attention to the points severally enjoined them and also to General Heath, to give every possible assistance to have the Cloathing forwarded under the care of proper persons to be employed for the purpose. For want of a regulation of this sort, It has come on, when it came at all, in the strangest Manner; and the loss I am persuaded has been immense. I have also written to General Greene requesting that he will use his endeavours to expedite the Transportation. The deficiency in Hats, besides taking off much from the appearance of the Men, will be an essential want, in case they cannot be procured. I do not know how good or extensive the Boards prospects may be, of obtaining supplies at Philadelphia, and from the southern States; but I should think, if the order to the Agents in this instance, as well as for Blankets, Stockings and Shoes, was enlarged, no injury would arise from it, as the demand is almost constant. And here I will take occasion to submit to the Board's consideration, whether it will not be greatly to the advantage of the States, to enter into Contracts for the Article of Shoes. It appears to me, that this would produce not only large and certain supplies but such as would be good. I have been told that a Mr. Henry68 in Lancaster would contract for a considerable number and so of others in Jersey; and I dare say there are persons in every State, who would engage in the business and that it might be conducted by an easy and profitable barter of Hides for Shoes, compared to the prices usually paid and the waste of the former. The Board's idea of having all the new Cloathing delivered at one time is certainly right, and the measure will be attended with many valuable consequences. I also think the depositing of the old in proper places of security a beneficial expedient.69 With respect to Overalls, Woolen ones for the Winter and Linnen, of a proper quality for the Summer, in my opinion are much to be desired for the Troops. They look well and neat and in the summer at least they will remove the difficulty of furnishing Stockings; In the winter both Overalls and Stockings should be provided if it can be done, as is the case in the British Army; but if it can not, Socks made out of the Old Cloaths, might in some degree answer as a substitute for the latter. I perceive the Board have directed Overalls instead of Breeches, as far as the quantity
[Note 68: William Henry.]
[Note 69: At this point the draft is confused as to meaning and the confusing words have been stricken out. The suppressed idea was that Washington was not certain what effect this calling in of the old clothing would have "on the minds of the Soldiery as they will consider both their property."] and quality of the Cloth to be made up will admit. This I wish them to make a standing rule. I have desired Mr. Otis and Andrews to make a distinction in the Cloaths for the Sergeants to let them be superior in quality to that of the Soldiers, and to be more in the Style of Officers. For want of this and some encouraging designating marks, we have been very deficient in this useful and essential order of Men in our Army. I have also suggested to them, that the Drummers and fifers should be uniformed differently from the Soldiers of their Regiment. The Board I observe, have not considered themselves at liberty to direct the purchase of Mittens. These, in case of a late Campaign or a Winter expedition will be of great service and I would recommend the procuring a good many.
I do not find from the Invoice nor from the Copies of the Letters which the Board have been pleased to transmit me, that there is any provision of Cloathing for the Officers. I wish some measures could be pursued for this purpose. At present it is with infinite difficulty that an Officer can procure necessaries to make him appear decent, and when he can, it is at the expence of all his pay.70
[Note 70: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "Hence there arises a sort of inconsequential feeling, a want of proper pride, an indifference to the service, and in fine a disposition, at least, to resign his Commission. I will not enlarge upon this Head. If Cloathing could be furnished them in an easy way and on tolerable terms, I am certain, the public would derive advantages from it."]
I would also take the liberty to mention to the Board, that we are in great want of Cartouch Boxes. At this time we have many Men without any, and a large proportion of those we have in use, serve but for little more than to spoil ammunition. This is an object worthy of consideration, and I am well persuaded the waste of Cartridges in the course of a Campaign, independent of their utility and the inconveniences experienced for want of them, is equal nearly in value to the sum necessary to procure a competent supply. The Board are acquainted with the best patterns and the quality of the leather of which they ought to be made; and I trust they will direct the most expeditious measures to be pursued for furnishing the Army with them.
The prisoners confined in Easton jail, were committed by an Officer who had the charge of conducting a party to Valley forge, for mutinous conduct and attempting to escape, as he reported to me. If they could be employed at Philadelphia or about the River defences, it would be the best way of disposing of them. To bring them to the Army, would be to afford them an opportunity of deserting with their Arms and cloathing and perhaps of seducing many Others. I have the Honor &c.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On September 14 the Congress committee of arrangement, at camp furnished the following certificate to brevet Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Stevens: "Having done eminent Service to the united States by his great exertions in raising three full independant Companies, of Artillery, which composed the whole Artillery Line in the northern department in the Winter of the year 1776, at a time of great danger and distress; a Corps he has ever since commanded with great Skill and distinguished bravery, is in the opinion of the Commander in Chief and the Committee of Arrangement entitled to the farther Notice of Congress in Reward of his eminent Services; they therefore recommend his appointment to hold effectually a Lieutenant Colonels Commission in the Artillery with the Pay of that Officer from the date of his Brevat Commission, and that he be entitled to the first vacancy that may fall in the Line; and this Recommendation they inclined to make as well for the above Reasons, as because the Commander in Chief and the Committee, for promotion of the Service, thought it necessary to incorporate the three independant Companies into an incomplete Battalion of Artillery, whereby he was deprived of a Command to which he was much attached."
Go: Washington ... Roger Sherman ... John Banister]
Head-Quarters, W. Plains, Tuesday, September 15, 1778.
Parole Dunkirk. Countersigns Dresden, Danbury.
AFTER ORDERS
1st. The whole Army will march tomorrow morning at seven o'Clock. The General will beat at five the troop at six and the march at seven precisely.
2nd. The baggage will precede the troops the first day, Provision and Forage Waggons going in front.
3rd. The Park of Artillery will march with the second Line between Parsons's and Clinton's Brigades.
4th. The Commander in Chief's baggage with the Baggage of all the General, Staff and Flying Hospital are also to march with the second line in the order which will be particularly pointed out by the Quarter Master General.
5th. The Quarter Master and Commissary General will divide the Stores in their respective departments to the several Columns which will lead the Columns of Baggage.
6th. Colo. Sheldon with all the Cavalry on the East Side of the North River will join General Scott.
7th. The Quarter Master General will give the particular Order of march to be observed by each Division.
8th. The Troops are to be furnish'd with three days bread.
The board of General Officers assembled by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief, to settle the relative rank of the Field Officers of Artillery, met this day and being of opinion that the rules of settling rank as published in General Orders of the 9th. instant (with the Approbation of the honorable Committee of Congress for arranging the Army) are fully competent to determine the relative rank of the said Officers of Artillery, The board thereupon agreed that the Field Officers of that Corps at present on the ground ought to take rank in the following manner in the Line of Artillery with respect to each other but that this Arrangement does not prevent them from such other Rank as they are intitled to in the Line of the Army, nor with respect to such Officers of their own Corps as are absent whose Pretensions are unknown to the board:
The board are also of Opinion that the Regiments of Artillery ought to rank in the following manner:
[Note 72: The original proceedings of the board of general officers which settled this arrangement is in the Washington Papers under date of Sept. 15, 1778. It bears a notation thereon, in the writing of Tench Tilghman: "This arrangement of the relative Rank of the Regiments has been altered by a subsequent Board of General Officers held at West Point Augt. 8th, 1779."
From an opinion of Baron de Kalb's, dated September 10, White Plains, it is evident that the Commander in chicf requested the opinions of the major generals on the selection of winter quarters for the army. De Kalb's is the only opinion that has survived in the Washington Papers.]
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Humpton is President will assemble near Croten Bridge tomorrow twelve o'Clock at such house as the President shall appoint. All Evidences and Persons concerned are ordered to attend.73
[Note 73: The Varick Transcript notes at this point: "The Army marching by Divisions to Fredericksburgh &c."
"Sep. To Cash paid in reconoitg. the Country abt. the Plaint, betwn. the No. and East Rivers 133 Dollrs."--" Accounts and Expenses While Commander in Chief"" in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, September 15, 1778.
Sir: I have received your note by Capt. Edwards.74 I have no objection to your going to Philadelphia, as you request, that
[Note 74: Capt. Evan Edwards, aide to Lee. He was made a major in the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1779, to rank from Dec. 10, 1778; transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.] you may avoid any inconvenience to which you might be exposed, in your present circumstances, by accompanying the Army in a moving state. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and is signed by Washington.]
September 15, 1778.
Sir: You are to march precisely at the hour appointed tomorrow morning, with two divisions, the one under your own immediate command, and the other under the immediate command of Baron De Kalb. You will take the route by Young's Tavern and Stephen Danfords to Croton Bridge.
Near Crotons Bridge the two divisions will separate. With the one under your immediate command, You are to Proceed to West Point to reinforce the garrisons in the Highlands, and aid in the completion of the works with all possible expedition. Baron De Kalb will proceed with his division towards Fredericksburgh to join the second line.
When arrived at West Point, you are to have the horses and waggons of your division employed in laying up Magazines of forage &ca., for a Winter store; but you are to be careful not to suffer them to be detached so remotely; but that they may be called in at a short notice, to enable the division to move Eastwardly or elsewhere, as occasion, shall require.
You will regulate your particular order of march agreeable to the principles established in a General order issued at Valley forge the first of last June and to the General order of this day; to both which you will without doubt pay the most exact attention.
You will attend carefully to the accommodation of your men on the march; keep your column always compact, prevent straggling, and use every other precaution which distinguishes a well ordered march; discouraging by the strictest discipline all injury or abuse, either to the persons or properties of the inhabitants, on any pretence whatever.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, September 15, 1778.
Sir: You will early to morrow morning with the division under your command, begin your march from Bedford, and proceed by easy marches to Danbury, near which place you will take a position, in the choice of which, regard is to be had to two capital objects: 1st. the maintaining a communication with the divisions between you and the North River, for mutual support and the security of the Posts in the highlands. 2dly. The facility of moving farther eastward, to be in measure for opposing the enemy, in case they should direct their operations that way. It will be necessary to pay some attention likewise to pasture and forage. With respect to the latter article I am farther to desire that it may be spared as much as possible on the immediate communication between Danbury and Boston, that a sufficient stock may be reserved for the benefit of traveling Teams.
The whole Army marches to morrow morning at 7 0Clock. General McDougall will proceed with his Division by the way of Kingstreet Bedford &ca. to Danbury, where he will join you and take your orders.
Dispatches for me are to be sent on to Fishkill and West Point, as I shall proceed with a small party of horse round that way, and thence to Fredericksburg. I am, etc.
P.S. Lord Stirlings Division will take post in the neighborhood of Fredericksburg, and General Putnams at West Point.77
[Note 77: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
[Note 78: General Greene, who was Quartermaster General, was on the date of this letter in Boston. Lieut. Col. Udny Hay, Deputy Quartermaster General, carried out these orders.]
Head Quarters, September 15, 1778.
Sir: The army is to march tomorrow morning precisely at seven O'Clock. It will move in three columns, one consisting of the two divisions, General Putnams and Baron De Kalbs, will proceed towards Crotons Bridge. The former will prosecute its route to West Point, the latter will file off at or near Croton's Bridge to Fredericksburgh and there join the second line under Major General Lord Stirling; another column consisting of the whole second line, will proceed towards Fredericksburgh and the third, consisting of General McDougals division towards Danbury to join General Gates who at the same time, will move on towards the same place. You will make the necessary arrangements in your department accordingly observing the particular directions given in the General orders of this day. You will also furnish the officers leading the several columns with their respective routes. The advanced Corps under General Scot will take post in the vicinity of Kings street.
You will regulate the particular order of march for the baggage of the Commander in chief and of all the General staff, with respect to each other. They are immediately to follow the provision and forage Waggons of the second line.
You will give directions to draw off all the forage as fast as possible from the Country lying between the Highlands and the enemy; beginning below and continuing upwards which may be done under the protection of General Scot's advanced corps.
I have directed General Putnam to have magazines of forage for a Winters stock laid up in the vicinity of West Point, and have cautioned General Gates and Lord Stirling to avoid drawing forage from the country lying on the route from Fishkill to Boston &ca. This is done to prevent the travelling teams being distressed for want of forage. These objects will of course engage the attention of your department.
You are to change the routes and stages of the expresses, those to the Eastward by way of Hartford and those to the Southward by way of Sufferans at the Clove, Morristown, Coryels &ca.
You will have all boats the property of the public removed to and above King's ferry. None are to be left at this place; but what are essential to the necessary transportation. All, more than this number are to be collected under the care of proper persons at some convenient place in the rear of West Point.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, September 15, 1778.
Sir: You are tomorrow morning at the hour appointed for marching; with the second Line, to take the route by Doctor Daytons at North Castle, Elijah Hunters at Bedford, second Bridge over Croton River, Lt. Samuel Halts,80 Capt. Browns,81 and Wilsons Tavern to Fredericksburg; if any better road can be pointed out, that will not be liable to the objection of interfering with the Columns commanded by Generals De Kalb and McDougal, you will pursue it in preference. Baron De Kalbs division will seperate from Genl. McDougals82 at Croton Bridge, from which place it will begin to communicate with yours and continue to do so, till it joins you at Fredericksburg where it will be under your Command.
[Note 80: Lieut. Samuel Hair (Haight), of the Westchester County militia.]
[Note 81: Capt. Andrew(?) Brown, of the Westchester County militia.]
[Note 82: Should be Gen. Israel Putnam's.]
You will send for and consult Majr. Strang83 and Capt Delavan,84 on a proper position for the second Line and Genl. De Kalb's Division to Encamp in. In the choice of it regard is to be had to two capital objects; first, a communication with the North River, and facility of supporting our defences there; secondly, a farther move Eastward, if any enterprises of the Enemy should render it necessary to oppose them in that quarter; some degree of attention is likewise to be paid to the convenience of pasture and forage.
[Note 83: Maj. Joseph Strang, of the Westchester County militia.]
[Note 84: Capt. Samuel Delaven (Dalevan, Daliven), of the Westchester County militia.]
With respect to this latter article I am farther to desire that it may be spared as much as possible on the immediate communication between Boston and Fishkills, that there may be a sufficient stock reserved for the benefit of the travelling Teams.
The Park of Artillery is to move with your line, between the Brigades of Parsons and Clinton. All the baggage of the General Staff is for the first day to march in front of your Column, in the particular order that will be communicated to you by the Quarter Master General.
You are to march by the left regulating your order of march, by the principles established in a General order of the 1st. June, and by another of this day....85
[Note 85: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The last paragraph is in the writing of John Laurens and the omitted portion is a duplicate of the last paragraph of Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates the same date as this letter, q. v.
Marching orders were also issued this day (September 15) to Maj. Gen. Alexander McDougall and to Baron De Kalb. McDougalI was to move by way of Kings Street and Bedford, to Danbury, there to join the left wing under Major General Gates; De Kalb was to move via Croton Bridge until he fell in with the second line, when he was to take orders from Lord Stirling. Both these orders were practically the essence of those to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam of this date, q. v.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, September 15, 1778.
Sir: The General and Field Officers of the day, have orders to withdraw the pickets at day-break to morrow morning. Previous to that, you are to assemble Major Lees Corps and the rest of the Cavalry under your command, and distribute them on the different Roads leading to the Enemys lines; directing them to advance with a view of discovering whether the enemy intend any forward movement, that the earliest notice may be given, in case they should be apprised of our march, and meditate any enterprise in consequence of it.
At Eight OClock if you are satisfied from the reports of the Officers of Cavalry, that the enemy are not prepared to give you any interruption; you will begin your march by the left, proceed towards No. Castle or Bedford, and take post on some strong grounds beyond Kings Street; but if this Situation should appear upon a nearer view to be too much exposed either to a surprise, in case of a forced night-march on the part of the enemy, or to be turned by a movement up the River, you will take a position still more remote from the enemys lines.
You will avoid having any stationary Guards, but such as are directly under your eye, and necessary for the immediate security of your Camp; but you will be careful to keep patroles both of horse and foot constantly moving towards the enemy's lines, to make discoveries, and warn you of danger in its first approach.
You will use every possible means to obtain intelligence; your letters, after two days, may be sent to Fredericksburg, between Fishkill and Danbury.
If a total Evacuation of the City and Island of New York should take place, you are as soon as the fact is ascertained, to dispatch a Party of One hundred men, under an active, intelligent Officer, with orders to secure on behalf of the U.S. whatever public Stores the enemy may have left. And give immediate notice to the Governor of this State, that he may take his measures for the civil Government, of the territory abandoned by the Enemy.
Col. Sheldon has received orders to join you, with all the horse that are posted on this Side of the River, and will remain with you in your new position. I am &ca.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1778.
Sir: I transmit you the inclosed Copies of sundry Resolutions of Congress, by their order, and take the liberty to request your Answer to the last of them, on the subjects of passports by the earliest opportunity.87
[Note 87: These were the resolves of September 11, requesting Clinton to furnish passports for American vessels to transport provisions and fuel to the Convention prisoners at Boston under penalty of said prisoners being removed to some other part of the United States for their more convenient subsistence. The resolves of January 13 and September 4 on this and other matters relative to the Convention prisoners were also inclosed.]
I was much concerned to hear, that One of my patrols fired on a Flag coming from your lines on Monday Evening. I shall do every thing in my power to prevent the like mistake on any future occasion. With due respect, I have the honor etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On September 16 Washington also wrote to the British Peace Commissioners (Earl Carlisle, Sir Henry Clinton, and William Eden), transmitting the resolve of Congress of September 4 respecting the ratification of the Saratoga Convention by Great Britain.]
West Point, September 19, 1778.
Sir: On consideration it appears to me best, that you should incamp with the division under your command on the East side of the River; so as to preserve as easy a communication with the forts, as the situation of the ground will permit. The position will be most convenient, both for the benefit of Water and for the greater facility with which you may form a junction with the rest of the army in case of emergency.
Col Malcom will continue in the immediate command of the forts and garrison; and in the immediate direction of the several works carrying on, for the defence of the river.
You will discharge the New York Militia; and the two regiments of Connecticut militia under Cols. McClellan and Enos. You will furnish daily such fatigue parties from your division as shall be found necessary to aid the Garrison in carrying on the works.
You will, from time to time, relieve the troops you were directed to leave at Hawes landing that one regiment may not be too long detached from the Brigade to which it belongs, which is always attended with inconveniences. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West Point, September 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of your letter of the 15th. Instt. last night and another of the 14 the day before.
By a resolve of Congress lately passed all horses killed in action are to be paid for by the Quarter Master General on the oath of the party, a sum not exceeding 500 Dollars.
We have pretty authentic intelligence of Lord Howes return with his squadron to New York; and a large fleet of transports came down the Sound the 16th. Inst which is supposed to be General Gray returning.
Nothing has been done as yet decisive by the Committee of arrangement, with respect to Lee, Henley and Jacksons Regiments but I believe it is the design of the Committee to throw them into one. It is not therefore of immediate necessity to fill up the Commissions till the matter is finally settled.
The army is in motion to Fredericksburg and its neighbourhood; we shall there be in a more favourable position to give you assistance should the war take an Eastern direction or to take care of ourselves should the enemy meditate an attempt on the main army, or the defences on the North river.
You will be pleased to give the Counts letters the speediest conveyance. I am &ca.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West Point, September 19, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of the 17th. Instt. yesterday evening.
No certain conclusions can be drawn of the enemy's designs on the Jersey from the fitting up of their flat bottomed boats. If part of them are going to the West Indies, they will want them there. It will not therefore be altogether advisable on the present appearance of things to call out the militia. But in order to guard against the worst I would recommend the fixing on proper positions for beacons to be fired in case of their landing, upon which the Militia should immediately assemble at a given point to co-operate with your troops, according as circumstances may require.
As to the information you wanted respecting the Enemy's naval force at Halifax &ca. I cannot now give you any assistance. I am etc.90
West Point, September 19, 1778.
Sir: I have herewith troubled you with a Warrant for the purpose of reinlisting the Virginia Troops in your Brigade, and when you send it to the Paymaster Genl. ff you will direct the Officer who may carry it to call at Head Quarters, I will transmit you the necessary instructions, or if an earlier opportunity offers will do it then. I am &ca.
P.S. Do not delay a moment in sending for the Money, and let me beseech you to use every possible exertion to facilitate the Recruiting of your Men. Endorse the Warrt.: that the Offr. who goes for the Money may be empowered to receive it.91
[Note 91: The draft, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is signed by Washington. The P.S. is in his handwriting. This same letter was sent to Brig. Gen. Peter Muhlenberg and Col. James Wood, and from tile original letter sent to Wood (owned by W. B. Davis, of Washington, D.C., in 1932) it seems likely that the P.S. in each letter was added by Washington.]
Fort Clinton, West Point, September 19, 1778.
Sir: I have perused the memorial, which you delivered relative to the defence of the North River at this place, and upon a view of them highly approve what you have offered upon the Subject, Colo. Kosciousko who was charged by congress with the direction of the forts and batteries, has already made such a progress in the construction of them as would render any alteration in the general plan a work of too much time, and the favorable testimony which you have given of Colo. Kosciousko's abilities prevents uneasiness on this head; but whatever amendments subordinate to the general disposition shall occur as proper to be made, you will be pleased to point out to Col Kosciousko that they may be carried into execution.
The Works proposed on the peninsula not being subject to the abovementioned inconvenience, you will desire Colo. Kosciousko to shew you his plan for approbation before he proceeds to the construction or have them traced in the first instance conformably to your own ideas. I am &ca.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
West Point, September 19, 1778.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with the Boards Letter of the 9th Inst.
With respect to inlisting either Deserters or prisoners in general cases, I am decisively of Opinion against it and I am convinced it will always operate against us, or at least till our appointments in Cloathing &c can be placed upon as good a footing as those of the Enemy. With respect to the Count Pulaski's Corps, as the Campaign is yet open and there remain Two Month's in which the Enemy may act in the field, if they incline, I think it will be best for them to join the Army, if Congress should concur with me in sentiment.93 This will be agreeable to the Count's wishes and the ideas of all parties when he was authorised to raise the Corps. His Horse may be of use on the advanced posts and his Infantry can be kept with the main body of the Army or drawn in and be otherwise employed if they discover a disposition to desert.
[Note 93: On September 19 Washington wrote to Pulaski to join the main army at Fredericksburg with his corps if Congress or the Board of War so directed. "If...you hear as you pass thro' Jersey that the Enemy have landed in that State, you will give General Maxwell every assistance you can with your Corps." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
When the Cloathing arrives I shall take all the care in my power to have a just and oeconomical distribution made of it. With respect to the Horse, I believe they have not depended on any of the Cloathing made up and now in the hands of Messrs. Otis and Andrews. Blands, I think has obtained a supply from Virginia; Moylan's is provided for and Sheldon's appear not to want any; However where supplies are necessary, the mode suggested by the Board seems to be a good one. I have the Honor, etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
CONDITION OF FLAGS IN THE ARMY, SIGNED BY ADJUTANT GENERAL ALEXANDER SCAMMELL, SEPTEMBER 5, 1778
Fish Kill, September 19, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor writing to your Excellency on the 11th. instant.
I take the earliest opportunity of transmitting you the following intelligence which I have reason to think is authentic. That Lord Howe's Fleet has returned to New York and that the seamen which he had taken from the Transports to reinforce his crews are remanded to their respective Ships.
The day before Yesterday a considerable fleet of transports returned from the Eastward to N. York. It is presumed they have on board the reinforcement that was destined for the relief of Newport. Since the destruction of Bedford that force has been employed in collecting Cattle and sheep upon Martha's Vineyard and other places in the sound.
I have other information, upon which I cannot place so much dependance, that all the transports in the Harbour of New York are ordered to be got ready, 47000 Tons of which are to be hastened in an extraordinary manner. I have repeatedly recd. accounts that ten Regiments were held ready to embark. My Spies say that they are destined for the West Indies. But this they are obliged to take up from what is given out in New York, which may perhaps be contrary to their real design, purposely to amuse and deceive. One piece of intelligence, if true, strongly evinces an intention to send a Body of Troops to the West Indies; it is, that they are taking the heavy linings out of a number of the soldiers Coats and making up their waist coats and Breeches.
I shall by every mean endeavour to ascertain the truth of the above, and, if confirmed you may depend that I shall not fail to advise you.
It is my wish to give you no intelligence but that which may be perfectly relied on, but as that, from the nature of things is impossible, I shall always carefully distinguish between that which is certain, and that which admits of a doubt.
Deserters from the six ships of Admiral Byron's Fleet, which arrived at New York95 some time since, mention the extreme sickness of the Crews of those ships. Some of them say that 2000 have been landed upon Staten Island, and are there in Hospital tents. Perhaps this may be an exaggerated account; But from a variety of information, I am inclined to think that an uncommon sickness has prevailed on board them.
[Note 95: Admiral Byron had been appointed to the command of the West Indies squadron of the British Navy; his ships had sailed from Portsmouth, England.]
A general Embargo has been laid upon all Vessels in the port of New York. Liberty has been within a few days granted to those that would engage to carry coarse woolens and salt to Canada, to sail. I have not heard that any troops are ordered to Canada.
I am on my way to Fredericksburg at which place I purpose to establish my Head Quarters, and where I shall be happy to receive your favors. I have the honor, etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
September 20, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of writing to Your Excellency yesterday from Fort Clinton, since which I have received intelligence by a New York paper that Admiral Byron in the Princess Royal of ninety Guns, accompanied by the Culloden, Captain Balfour of seventy four arrived at New York the 16th. inst: the same paper mentions that an armed Sloop from Hallifax, announces the arrival of the following Regiments there Viz. the seventieth, the Duke of Hamiltons,97 said to consist of one thousand men, and the Duke of Argyles98 highlanders said to amount to eleven hundred.
[Note 97: Lieut. Gen. Sir Robert Hamilton, colonel of the Fortieth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 98: Lieutenant General John, Duke of Argyll, colonel of the first battalion, First Foot, British Army.]
The arrival of Admiral Byron is confirmed by intelligence received thro another channel; that of the three Regiments may want confirmation; the common practice of exaggerating numbers, at least leaves us room to doubt the strength of the Corps.
Your Excellency's Letter by Col Fleury was detained by the laudable motives which you foresaw; it did not reach me 'till a day or two ago. I have the honor, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On September 20 Washington wrote to Sullivan that Admiral Byron's whole fleet had now arrived at New York.]
Fredericksburgh, September 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: His Excellency reed. yours of yesterday, late last Night. He has rode out this morning to reconnoitre our position, which is the reason of his not answering you himself.
The distance is now so great between you and the army, that it is very fatiguing for a single Horseman to ride through. His Excellency therefore desires you to fix two Dragoons at convenient places, every twelve or fifteen miles apart, that one may be always ready to take up dispatches sent from hence or brought from you. Be pleased to endeavour to ascertain whether the transports, that lately came from the Eastward, brought Troops with them, and whether five Brigades did really embark at the time you mention, and if they did, what is their destination. If you have expended the means of procuring intelligence, send His Excellency word and he will supply you with more.
If you will send up an Officer with a Return of the Cloathing actually wanting by the light Corps, we will endeavour to supply you from hence and the store at Fishkill. I mention actually wanting, because the whole Army is to be put in Uniform next month, and the old Cloathing taken in. The Officer who brings up the return, can carry down the Gold, if wanted. As soon as the Army has taken its proper position, orders will be issued to the paymasters to pay off those men belonging to your Corps.
The inclosed News paper contains a very good address from W. H. Drayton Esqr.3 to the British Commissioners. His Excellency wishes it to get into New York, and desires you to take the first opportunity of sending it in. He desires you to remind the Officers under your command, that our losses upon the lines have chiefly arisen from being surprised or inadvertently led into ambuscades, and he hopes that the damage which they have sustained will be a warning in future. The patroles should communicate with each other, so that if the Centre or either Wing is struck, the whole chain may have notice. They need not be now so far advanced upon the Enemy.
[Note 3: William Henry Drayton's address to the British Peace Commissioners, dated Sept. 4, 1778, was published in the Pennsylvania Packet of Sept. 12, 1778.]
His Excellency approves of your falling back whenever the stores at Wrights are removed. I am &ca.
P.S. Be pleased to keep a party of Horse upon the North River and if you receive any advice of a movement by water up the River, communicate it with the utmost dispatch to Genl. Putnam at West Point, and to Head Quarters.4
[Note 4: This letter is in the writing of and signed by Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 14th. instant. Whatever may be the future intentions of the enemy, it is evident that they have lain aside all designs against Boston for the present: Lord Howe having returned to the Hook with his Fleet, and the Troops under Genl. Gray have come down the sound again, and have landed at White Stone upon Long Island. I shall keep the best possible watch upon their motions, and if, upon their next move, I have the least reason to believe that they yet mean to operate to the Eastward, I shall order Genl. Gates to move forward with five Brigades which are advanced to Danbury. While they remain collected at and near New York, prudence forbids quitting a position which secures and covers the posts in the Highlands, by the preservation of which we ensure our communication with the middle and southern Colonies on which we depend totally for Bread.
I have every now and then mentioned the inexpediency of keeping any superfluous public Stores in the Town of Boston. Now the enemy have so much greater an inducement to make an attempt upon that post, the necessity of removing them becomes more urgent. I shall give you the earliest intelligence of the movements of the enemy, that if towards you, you may make the best disposition to receive them, untill the Continental Troops can get up. Major Nicholas5 is appointed by the Board of War to superintend the transportation of Cloathing from Boston to Springfield and Harford, you will therefore be pleased to inform him what steps you have taken in consequence of my letter of the 14th. instant, and give him every assistance which he may need to carry the Business speedily into execution. I am pleased to hear, by a letter from Genl. Greene of the 16th. that the affray mentioned in yours of the 10th. has terminated in such a manner as to convince the French Gentlemen that no public harm or insult was intended by the people of the town of Boston.6 All possible means should now be taken to
[Note 5: Maj. Samuel Nicholas, of the Continental Marines.]
[Note 6: "The night before last an unhappy affray happened here between a number of American and French sailors. Some French Officers who were near the place attempting to quell the disturbance were much wounded one I fear mortally. The guards instantly turn'd out to suppress the riot but the Rioters dispersed before the guard arrived at the place. Every step has been taken to discover and apprehend the persons concerned and to satisfy the French Gentlemen who appeared much alarmed on the occasion and in particular that their Officers should be insulted and wounded,"--Heath to Washington, Sept. 10, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] cultivate harmony between the people and seamen, who will not be so easily reconciled as their Officers, not having so much sense to direct them. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, September 22, 1778.
Sir: Mr. De Chouin has announced to me your desire, that he may pay you a visit to explain more fully than can be done by letter, the state of affairs both with respect to the enemy and to us, their movements and probable designs and our dispositions in consequence. The intelligence, I have received of the former has been imparted to him as it arrived, the latter he has in a great measure had an opportunity of seeing himself and I have given him every explanation, which might be necessary to perfect his idea of my situation and views. This he will communicate with his usual perspicuity, and, I dare say, in a manner that will be intirely satisfactory.
The amiableness of the Major's character has secured him my esteem as fully, as I am persuaded, his zeal and attention in executing his commission, must have gained him your approbation. One circumstance only could diminish the pleasure his company afforded me; this is the sacrifice he has been obliged to make in accommodating himself to a manner of life, which the operations of the field and the nature of the Country, that is the present scene of them would not permit to be the most agreeable. The cheerfulness with which he has submitted to every inconvenience is an additional proof of his zeal. With the most perfect consideration, etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 9: This circular was sent to President Jeremiah Powell, of the Massachusetts Council; Vice President George Bryan, of Pennsylvania; and Govs. William Greene, of Rhode Island; Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut; George Clinton, of New York; and William Livingston, of New Jersey. The P.S. was sent only to Powell, Trumbull, and Greene.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 22, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting you copies of two letters from Colo. Biddle10 and Charles Pettit11 Esqe. upon the subject of forage. The representations of these gentlemen are so full and so well founded respecting the difficulties that attend the getting of this important article, from the reluctance of the holders to part with it, and the enormous and exorbitant prices they demand for it, that I shall not trouble you with any observations upon the occasion. However I think it necessary to add, that unless some effectual means can be devised by which the army may be supplied with forage, with more certainty, and on terms much more moderate than it is at present, it will be impossible for it to exist long. What the means will be I shall not attempt to point out; for I confess the subject appears to me to be involved in great intricacy; and I am the less inclined to enter upon it, from a perfect conviction that you and the other branches of your legislature will be forward to adopt every expedient that shall seem calculated to afford the smallest relief in this interesting and essential point. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 10: Col. Clement Biddle, Commissary General of Forage of the Continental Army.]
[Note 11: Charles Pettit, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
P.S. The rates of Waggonage and Cartage also call for the interposition of the Legislature. They are now exorbitant in the extreme.12
[Note 12: In the writing of James McHenry; the draft is in that of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 16th. The exorbitancy of the price of forage to the Eastward exceeds what I had any conception of, and should the seat of War be transferred to that quarter, the prices, high as they are, would no doubt rise with the demand. Mr. Pettit and Colo. Biddle, alarmed at the prices of that Article in this quarter, and finding the people every day more unwilling to part with it from a hope that withholding it will still enhance the value, have drawn up a representation of the matter to me, which I am forwarding to the Legislatures of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts, with a desire that they will interfere, and endeavour to fall upon ways and means to regulate the prices and oblige the farmers to part with their Grain and Hay. Whether they will take up this matter, or if they do, whether the end will be answered, I cannot determine. I am afraid that the depreciation of our money, is the Root of the evil, and that, untill it can be remedied, all our endeavours will be in vain.
I am exceedingly pleased to hear that the unhappy affray at Boston has been traced to its true source, and that the French Gentlemen are convinced, that it did not originate with the inhabitants of the Town.
I cannot determine what the next move of the Enemy will be. By withdrawing their fleet and the troops under Genl. Gray from the Eastward, our apprehensions on account of Boston are releived for the present. A little time must determine whether they mean to winter in New York, remove from thence to some other part of the Continent, or quit the States intirely.
To be prepared to march Eastward should circumstances require, or to support the Posts in the Highlands should the Enemy turn their views that way, I have advanced Genl. Gates to Danbury with five Brigades. Lord Stirling with the second line will lay hereabouts, and Baron Kalb with his division, between this and West Point. Genl. Putnam, with three Brigades in addition to the former Garrison, is at West point. Genl. Scott with the light Corps and all the Horse, is advanced in front near our old position. at the White plains.
The particular situation of Mrs. Greene is a sufficient apology for your remaining at home at present, you may at the same time be making any necessary arrangements in your department, especially those for forwarding the Cloathing from Boston to Springfield and Hartford. Majr. Nicholas is appointed by the Board of War to superintend that Business, and I therefore wish you to give him every kind of assistance and advice. I am &ca.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
This same day (September 22) Washington wrote again to Greene, that the provisions for the French Fleet at Boston had not arrived nor was anything known of their being on the way. "This is an object of so great importance that I cannot forbear repeating my desire, that every possible expedient may be embraced to promote it." This letter is in the Washington Papers. The original letter sent, which, like the draft, is in Hamilton's writing, is in the Bibliothèque Communale, Lille, France, which very kindly furnished a photograph.
On September 22 Washington wrote two brief notes to Sullivan, "that the troops under Genl. Gray landed at White Stone upon Long Island" and that the divisions of the American Army had settled upon their positions for winter quarters "where we shall wait the unfoldings of the enemy's measures." These notes are in the Washington Papers.]
Farris's,16 September 22, 1778.
[Note 16: Washington seems to have been at Reed Ferris's house until September 15, as on that day Ferris's expense account was rendered for £20:1:0. This was not paid until November 17.]
Dear Baron: Lest you should not thoroughly have conceived my intention, as communicated by Lt. Colo. Hamilton, I give you the trouble of this Letter. After advancing on the Fishkill road (by a Colo. Luddington17) till you have crossed the Mountain, and descended into the Flat land, you will take the first good position on acct. of Water, Wood, and Forage to Incamp at, having respect at the sametime to the road leading by the ninepartners,18 Sharon &ca., which will be the rout you will pursue in case of a Movement towards Boston, &ca., and which, at the sametime that it avoids the other Columns, will be equally near, and throw you into a better road.
[Note 17: Col. Henry Lurington, of the Dutchess County, N.Y., militia.]
[Note 18: In Dutchess County. There was a lead mine there; also, a Great and a Little Nine Partners in this county.]
I mean that you should Incamp on, or near, the Fish kill road, in order that you may be ready to support the Posts at West point, if occasion should require it, and, that no time may be lost, in giving your aid, it is my desire that you do move that way immediately upon receiving notice from General Putnam that the Enemy demonstrate an intention of operating that way; consulting with him upon the manner of your advancing and giving me advice of your Motions. I would not wish you to march far from the foot of the Mountain (on the West side) unless it be with a view to be convenient to the road leading by the Nine Partners &ca. as before mentioned. I have only to add, that with esteem and regard I am etc.
[September 22, 1778.]
Sir: I received your letter of yesterdays date this morning.19 The security of your command makes it in my opinion perfectly expedient to take post five miles above Claps20 tavern. You should if possible be out of surprising distance, while your scouts may be made use of to watch the movements of the enemy. I would have you to keep a constant look out on the Sound from the commanding bights [near] Claps and when you observe any extraordinary body of transports you will immediately send a report to Genl. Gates at Danbury, and should similar appearances take place in the North River, you will make the communication to General Putnam, who is encamped opposite West point. You will continue your intelligence to myself as usual.
[Note 19: Scott was stationed in Philipseburg Patent, N.Y.]
[Note 20: Benjamin(?) Clapp, of Westchester County, N.Y.]
The flour at Wrights mills may be converted into biscuit, altho it is unfit for bread. I think it may be all wrought up in this way.
If the deserters are taken you will make particular inquiry into the encouragement which you suppose they had from an officer. This matter should be well attended to. As you do not mention the corps to which they belonged it is out of my power to make any sort of inquisition on the subject, or to know whether any of them have returned to their regiments [some being at Danbury and others under Lord Stirling, Genl. Lincoln &ca. Spare no pains, nor expence, to obtain and transmit the earliest intelligence of the Enemy's movements and designs, get an intelligent person if you can to remain constantly in the City and others to communicate with him for the purpose of conveying his observations &ca.] I am &ca.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
On September 22 Washington wrote also to Brig. Gen. Gold Selleek Silliman, commanding the Connecticut Militia, at Fairfield, Conn., sending him a provision order for troops doing guard duty. "The Guard at Norwalk answers a particular purpose and can not therefore be removed at present to Fairfield." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarter's, Frederick'sburgh, Wednesday, September 23, 1778.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The honorable the Congress have passed the following Resolution of the 11th. instant:
That all officers of the army not authorized by the resolutions of Congress, or by the special permission of the Commander in Chief, to keep horses, be prohibited, though at their own expence from keeping any horse or horses within forty miles of the main body of the army, and that General Washington be desired to appoint proper officers to see this order carried into strict execution, and to bring to trial all offenders against it.
The Commander in Chief expects the most pointed Compliance with this resolve, the propriety and even Necessity of which are striking. He will in an especial manner look to the Officers commanding Brigades to see it punctually executed and to suffer no deviation on any Pretence whatever. A week from this date is allowed to send away the supernumerary horses after which the Commissary of Forage is enjoined to report to Head Quarters every horse that falls within his notice that may be retained contrary to the Intention of this Prohibition.
The Regimental Pay Masters who have not yet paid the detachments of Light Infantry with Genl. Scott are to repair immediately to the Flying Camp near King's Street22 and pay off the men from their respective Regiments.
[Note 22: Kings Street, Westchester County, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 23, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am glad to find by yours of the 19th. that such progress had been made in forwarding the Cloathing from Boston to Springfield &ca. I think you did right under the appearance of matters to send the unmade Cloathing out of town, and I would recommend it to you to keep the Bulk still there, bringing it in as the Taylors want it.
By a letter from Genl. Greene of the 19th. I am informed that the General Court had ordered in three thousand Militia for the defence of Boston, untill the Continental troops should arrive. I suppose this measure was taken upon a presumption that General Gray would make an attempt upon the Fleet and Harbour. But, as I have before informed you, he has returned. If therefore the Militia should have been assembled, and are not disbanded before this reaches you, I would advise its being immediately done. They will consume Stores unnecessarily, and will not be so ready to turn out again should there be occasion.26
[Note 26: The draft, in Tilghman's writing, has the following crossed out: "A Resolve of Congress passed in November last for supplying the officers with Cloathing at prices in proportion to their pay, but those prices never have yet been fixed for the government of the Cloathier, neither has the quantity been ascertained which the Officers shall be entitled to upon terms below the real cost; perhaps the reason of this may have been, that we have never yet had the Articles proper for Officers wear; but as there is now a probability of it, I shall desire Congress to fix the above regulations." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Nov. 26, 1777.)]
I will inform you in my next of the terms upon which Congress directed Officers should be supplied. The Resolve passed in November last, and I have not the papers at hand just now.27 I am, &ca.
[Note 27: At this point the draft has stricken out: "I have not recd, more certain accounts of the intentions of the Enemy than when I last wrote."]
P.S. I have recd. advice from New York that two Brigades were ordered to be held in readiness to embark for the West Indies, and that four of the Regiments had actually gone on board. This is brought out by deserters.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 23, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed you have a Warrant for the impress of Teams agreeable to an Act of this State.29 Be pleased to be as moderate in the use of it as possible, and follow the directions of Govt. Clinton in his letter to you of the 23d. June,30 as far as you can consistent with the expedition and good of the service. I am &ca.31
[Note 29: The impress warrant, a draft of which, dated Sept. 23, 1778, is in the Washington Papers, recites that it is issued by virtue of a clause in an act of the New York General Assembly of Apr. 2, 1778, "in case of any special and extraordinary movement or emergency...any General in actual service in this State, without the Aid of a Justice or Justices of the peace...to make a general impress of all such teams...duly providing for the payment for such services...."]
[Note 30: Clinton's letter to Hay, of June 23, informed the Deputy Quartermaster General that the New York Legislature wished "that in executing said Warrant a Constable may be called upon to assist in each District and that the Teams and Carriages be taken from such parts of the State as has been least Burthened with this Kind of Service providing Time will permit the Exercise of that Precaution."]
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Fredericksburg, in the State of New-York, September 23, 1778.
Dear Brother: Your Letter of the 30th. Ulto. came to my hands a few days ago, and gave me the pleasure of hearing that you were all well, and an oppertunity of congratulating you on the birth of a grandchild, tho you do not say whether it be male or female.
The proceedings of the General Court Martial in the case of General Lee, has lain with Congress since the 20th. of last Month for their approbation, or disapprobation; and why it is yet undecided upon I know no more than you and therefore shall not hazard a conjecture; as it has been my aim from the beginning to avoid saying any thing upon the Subject till it came properly before the public.
To say any thing at this late hour, of the proceedings against Rhode Island, would be but mere repetitions of narratives with which all the News-papers are filled; the whole may be summed up in a few words, and amounts to this; that an unfortunate storm (so it appeared, and yet, ultimately, may have happened for the best) and some measures taken in consequence of it by the French Admiral, perhaps unavoidably, blasted, in one moment, the fairest hopes that ever were conceived; and from a moral certainty of success, rendered it a matter of rejoicing to get our own Troops Safe of the Island. If the Garrison of that place (consisting of nearly 6000 Men) had been captured, as there was, in appearance, at least a hundred to one in favor of it, it would have given the finishing blow to British pretensions of sovereignty over this Country; and would, I am perswaded, have hastened the departure of the Troops in New York as fast as their Canvas Wings could convey them. What their present designs are, I know not. They are busily preparing however for something. Whether to operate against our Posts in the highlands (on Hudsons River) and this Army; whether for a remove Eastwardly, and by a junction of their Land and Naval force attempt the destruction of the French Fleet at Boston, and the repossession of that Town, or whether to leave us altogether for the purpose of reinforcing Canada, Nova Scotia, and their Islands, is a matter yet to be decided, and from the season must soon be determined.
Many circumstances indicate a general movement, whilst others point out a partial one only, so that it is next to impossible to form a decided opinion of their plan. In short, my conception of the matter is, that they have none; but are waiting the orders of the Administration, who were weak, and wicked enough, to expect something from their Commissioners; preparing, in the mean while for their departure, if that should, instead of Lord Norths Ultimatum, be the determination; or, for some vigorous exertion, if coercion continues to be their plan.
There is but two capitol objects they can have in view (except the defeat, and dispersion of this Army) and those are the possession of the Fortifications in the highlands, by which means the communication between the Eastern and Southern States would be cut off, and the destruction of the French Fleet at Boston. These objects being far apart, renders it very difficult to secure the one, effectually, without exposing the other, eminently; I have therefore, in order to do the best that the nature of the case will admit of, strengthen'd the Works, and reinforced the Garrison in the highlands, and thrown the Army into such positions as to move Eastward, or Westward, as circumstances may require. The place I now date from is about 30 miles from the Fort on the No. River, and I have some Troops nearer, and others further, but all on the road leading to Boston, if we should be dragged that way.
Offer my compliments of congratulation to the young couple on the increase of their Family, and my love to my Sister and the rest of the family, and be assured that with every sentiment of Affection, I am, etc.
Head Quarters near Fredericksburg, September 23, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 12th Inst., I have received your several Favors of the 10th, 12th and 16th, with the Resolutions to which they allude.
I transmitted the British Commissioners the Resolve of the 4th Inst., respecting the Convention Troops, the morning after it came to hand; and also wrote to Sir Henry Clinton upon the subject of passports. I have not received his Answer.
With respect to the Magazines, I have directed the Commissary to form them on the Inland communication from hence to Boston, at proper Intervals. The 20,000 Barrels of flour that Congress have ordered to be purchased, will be a valuable addition, if they can be transported by Water; but it seems to me there will be a great risque of its being lost, if it is sent by Sea, while the Enemy have a superior fleet on our Coast.
As the Campaign is not closed yet, all our Cavalry are of use. They lie in the Neighbourhood of the Enemy's posts for the purpose of restraining their parties, and for obtaining and giving intelligence of their movements; and they are subsisted upon the forage, which would otherwise be exposed to them. I am sensible, that these Corps are attended with great expence, and the moment I think the service will admit of it, they or part of them shall be quartered in different places distant from the Army, where they may be provided for on better terms. The price of forage and the difficulty of getting it, are really Objects of great magnitude, and such as should undergo some regulation, if there is any that can be adopted. I received Letters a few days ago from the Commissary and Quarter Master upon this subject, Copies of which and of my Letter in consequence to the several States from Massachusetts bay to Pensilvania inclusive, I take the liberty to inclose.32
[Note 32: Copies of Washington's circular letter to the States (September 22) and an extract of Greene's letter (September 16) are filed with this in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The originals of the other inclosures, to wit, Clement Biddle (September 21) and Charles Pettit (September 10) are in the Washington Papers, but copies of them ar not filed with this letter from Washington.]
The Resolution prohibiting Officers, except such as are specially authorised, to keep Horses in the Army or within Forty miles of it, has been published in orders; and I will take every step in my power to give it effect.
I have considered the practicability of reducing the Teams employed in the Army and find, however desirable the object may be, that it cannot be done. We have not at this time, more than are absolutely and indispensibly necessary, nor so many as would be requisite in case of a rapid movement. Neither does it appear to me, that there can be a substitution of Ox for Horse teams, at least, to any great extent, nor that any material advantages would arise from such a measure. There might perhaps be a small saving in the Article of provender, but this I fear would be greatly overbalanced in the loss of Cattle, that would otherwise be appropriated to the use of the Commissary's department. After a full investigation of the subject, I believe we shall be obliged to adhere to the kind of teams we now employ, and that the only relief we shall have in point of expence, will arise from sending a part of the Horses to places where they may be more easily foraged, when we have fixed our Camp and Quarters for the Winter.
I beg leave to mention to Congress, that there is a necessity for some mode's being established by which claims on the Old Quartermastership, that remain unsatisfied, may be discharged. There are many of this nature and these, however well authenticated they may be, the Gentlemen now in Office, do not conceive themselves at liberty to adjust, without obtaining some special direction for the purpose. I am every day applied to for payment of such accounts, and in many instances have been obliged, as well for the sake of justice to Individuals as for the publick good, to order them to be taken up. It appears to me, that Congress cannot be too early in their Resolution upon the occasion, and that either the present department should be authorised to settle and pay such claims, or that some persons should be appointed and supplied with money for the purpose.
The Army marched from White plains on the 16th Inst. and is now encamped in different places. Three Brigades, composing the Virginia Troops, part of the right wing, under the command of Genl. Putnam, are at Robinson's near West point and two Brigades more, composing the remainder, are with Baron de Kalb at Fish Kill plains, about 10 miles from the Town on the road leading to Sharon. The second line with Lord Stirling is in the vicinity of Fredericksburg; and the whole of the left wing at Danbury, under the command of General Gates. These several posts appear to be the best we can occupy in the present doubtful state of things, as they have relation to the support of West point, in case of an attack in that Quarter and are also on the communication to the Eastward, if the Enemy point their operations that way. Besides these dispositions, Genl. Scot with a Light corps remains below, in the Country about Kings street.33
[Note 33: At this point the draft has the new date: "24th," which is omitted in this letter sent.]
The Letter from Sr Henry Clinton, which I have the honor of transmitting,34 was sent to me to day by Colo. Baylor, who is posted at Hackinsack. He says he received One for me by the same flag and from his note, supposed he had charged the Horseman with it, who just arrived at Head Quarters. Thro' accident he forwarded yours to me, and I think it probable that you will be troubled with mine. If this should be the case, you will be so obliging as to return it to me, by the first conveyance.
[Note 34: This letter from Clinton is not found in the Washington Papers, nor is it filed in the Papers of the Continental Congress. A copy is in the Royal Institute, London. It was dated Sept. 19, 1778, and demanded that the Saratoga Convention be carried out. Clinton offered to renew, in the King's name, all the conditions stipulated by Burgoyne respecting the troops serving under his command. Clinton meant, he said, to discharge his duty, not only to the King, "But to the unhappy People likewise whose Affairs are committed to you, and who I hope will have the Candour to acquit me of the Consequences that must follow from the new System of War you are pleased to introduce."] I was also informed by Colo. Baylor, that a considerable body of the Enemy landed at Powles Hook, in the Evening of the 22d and encamped that night in the Wood, between four and five miles from the Town of Bergen. He had not learnt their object, but it is likely they are after forage. I have the Honor etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on September 28.]
Fredericksburg, September 24, 1778.
My Lord: I have just received intelligence of the Enemys having thrown a body of about 5000 men over to Paules hook,36 and of their advancing about five Miles on the Road towards the English Neighbourhood. I have also intelligence (from General Scott) that about 3000 Men with artillery &ca. were advancing from Kings bridge. The design of these movements is, probably a forage, and the gathering of Stock &ca. It may also be something else, and, as our Posts in the highlands are of infinite importance to us, I desire your Lordship will immediately detach Genl. Clintons Brigade towards Peeks kill with orders, if the Enemy continue to advance, to throw himself into the Pass of the highlands at the Continental Village, and defend the same; or be ready to support West point if occasion requires it. if it should be only a forage, and he obtains certain information that the Enemy are returnd to their lines at the bridge, General Clintons brigade may remain some where in the Neighbourhood of Crumbpond; advanced however towards the village and within such a distance of it as to have it in his power at all times to sieze the pass before the Enemy could
[Note 36: The letter sent, which is in the writing of James McHenry, also spells this Paules Hook; but the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress (made in 1781) spells it Powles Hook.] possess themselves of it. He should keep up a communication with General Scott for the purpose of receiving early information of the Enemy's Movements by land or Water.37
[Note 37: The British also pushed a body of troops into Jersey, which moved up the west bank of the Hudson. As Washington suspected, this simultaneous movement on both sides of the river was nothing but a grand forage in Bergen County, N.J., with the move north from Kings Bridge as much a feint to protect the troops on the west side as a foraging expedition. It was in this movement that Baylor's Third Continental Dragoons were surprised at Tappan, N.Y., by General Grey, with a loss of over half their number.
On September 24 Washington wrote a brief note to Sullivan, acknowledging the information of Admiral Byron's arrival at Newport with two ships (a 90 and a 74). This note is in the Washington Papers.]
With the other two Brigades of your division, your Lordship will move on to this place in the morning, and will be shewn your ground by the Qr. Mr. Genl. Lincolns division, and the Parke of Artillery are to proceed you, and will have their ground pointed out as above. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The letter sent is in the writing of James McHenry and is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
[Note 39: Deputy Clothier General.]
September 24, 1778.
Sir: The Board of War having directed, that the Cloathing which is to come on from Boston for the use of the army should be deposited in the first instance at Springfield and Hartford, there to be sorted and repacked and afterwards brought on to the army. You will proceed to those places and superintend the execution of this business, with all practicable dispatch,provided it can be done consistent with the arrangements which may have been made by Mr. Fletcher, in consequence of his instructions from the Board.40 In doing this you will govern yourself by the directions you will receive from him or the Board of War. If any other person should have been appointed to take charge of this matter, it is not my intention to supersede the
[Note 40: Measam was at this date stationed at Fishkill, N.Y.] appointment; in that case however I would still wish you to give your assistance towards forwarding a business of such importance to the army. I have written to Mr. Fletcher41 on the subject. I am etc.
[Note 41: This letter to Samuel Fletcher (September 24) informed that agent that Measam had been ordered" to repair to Hartford and Springfield to superintend the repacking and assorting the cloathing," under the same instructions as given in the letter to Measam. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. Any cloathing which may be coming on marked for particular regiments are not to proceed so far as Fishkill; but are to be stopped at Fredericksburgh or Danbury.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, September 24, 1778.
Parole Boston. Countersigns Philadelphia, New York.
The General Court Martial whereof Majr. General Lincoln is President will meet next Monday at General Lincoln's Quarters near Quaker Hill where Head Quarters are at present.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, September 25, 1778.
Parole Jamaica. Countersigns Johnstown, Japan.
It has pleased the Honorable Congress to pass the following Resolve:
In Congress, September 4, 1778.
Resolved, That any regimental officer, who has been, or shall be, ordered by the Commander in Chief, or commanding officer of any department, on business not incidental to his office, and distant from camp, be allowed, for the expence of himself and horse, three dollars a day, while necessarily employed on such service.
The Commander in Chief directs that when it shall be necessary to send any officer on duty of this kind the commanding officer of the Brigade to which he belongs will apply at Head Quarters and an order will be given accordingly.
The Brigade Quarter Masters will apply to the Commissary of Forage for directions where to pasture the horses belonging to the respective Brigades, with which proper guard are to be sent to prevent the horses stragling or breaking into adjacent Inclosures. The intention of this order is to prevent a consumption of Hay while the Country affords such good Pasturage and a strict observance of it will be expected.
One hundred and fifty men from each division under a Field Officer to parade tomorrow morning on the division Parades at seven o'Clock furnished with three days provisions and wait for further orders. The Quarter Master General will send a Waggon load of tools to each division proper for mending roads.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been honoured with yours of the 20th. and 24th. instants; the latter by Mr. Herkimer,43 who gives a melancholy account of the distresses of the Inhabitants at the German Flatts. To defend an extensive frontier against the incursions of Indians and the Banditti under Butler44 and Brant45 is next to impossible; but still if you think the addition of another Regiment, ill as I can spare it, or a change of position in the troops that are already upon the Frontier, will answer any good purpose, I will cheerfully comply.46
[Note 43: Henry Herkimer, of Tryon County, N. Y.]
[Note 44: Walter Butler, who was a lieutenant colonel of British Provincial troops.]
[Note 45: Joseph Brant (Mohawk chief, "Thayendanega").]
[Note 46: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "I am far from being satisfied myself with the present command to the Northward, but some peculiar circumstances render it very difficult to effect a change without introducing a good deal of uneasiness and confusion in the Army should Genl. Stark be called down to it. You are, I dare say, acquainted with his Resolution to obey no Officer, now a Brigadier, who was a junior Colonel, and from his promotion, not taking place in course, there are several in that situation. He has for that reason been generally employed in some separate command. I know but of one way to remedy the evil at present, which is, to get the best information possible, from Gentlemen well acquainted with the Country, of what would be the proper measures to be pursued, and then direct Genl. Stark to have them carried into Execution. If you will favr. me with your sentiments upon the subject, you will oblige me, as I confess myself entirely ignorant of the situation and circumstances of the part of the Country which at present demands assistance."]
From every account, the enemy are upon the Eve of some important move. Whether a total evacuation of New York will take place I cannot determine, but from a variety of intelligence, preparations are making for a considerable embarkation. The uncertainty of the intentions of the enemy who have their principal force collected at New York, renders it impossible for me to give that assistance to the frontier which I could wish, and which I might do were their views fully unfolded.
When the army came up from the plains, we brought up three Inhabitants of the County of West Chester detected in first inticing our soldiers to desert and then offering to conduct them to the Enemy. I have not punished them by martial law, because I did not know but the Civil might take cognizance of them. They are now in confinement, and if you think proper that they should be delivered to the Civil power it shall be done. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favor of yesterdays date came to hand this moment. A very little time must discover the designs of the Enemy, yet I cannot conceive that they have any thing farther in view than to Forage and collect Cattle. I would however have you to be in the most perfect readiness to oppose them where you are, or to move should it be necessary and you receive orders for that purpose. I am &ca.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Fredericksburg, September 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your letter of yesterday 9 OClock is just come to hand; and by the Officer you will receive twenty-five Guineas. I earnestly entreat, that you will endeavour to get some intelligent person into the City,49 and others of his own choice to be Messengers between you and him, for the purpose of conveying such information as he shall be able to obtain and give. It is of great consequence to the French Admiral to be early, and regularly advised of the movements of the British Ships of War, at New York; and he depends upon me to give this advice; vague and idle stories therefore, which have no foundation in fact, ought not to be communicated by the person employed because false intelligence may prove worse than none; he should therefore examine well into, and compare matters before he transmits accts., always distinguishing facts of his own knowledge from reports. If Mr. C.--50 could be engaged in a Work of this sort, his discernment, and means of information, would enable him to give important advices.
[Note 49: Scott was then in command of the light infantry and stationed at Kings Street.]
[Note 50: Samuel Culper, which was the fictitious name of Aaron Woodhull, of Setauket, Long Island.]
To me, it is very important to get the earliest intelligence of the imbarkation of Troops; their numbers, and, if possible, destination. I am surprized that you should not be able to ascertain the Motions and advance of the party from Kings bridge. They can scarce have in view to turn your right;but this should, nevertheless, be well guarded. You doubtless know that there is a passage over Croton at the Mouth, and that, that rout, is the nearest to Peeks kill, and the Pass of the highlands at the Continental Village; which, of all things, should be secured by us; therefore, in addition to what was mentioned to you yesterday. I again repeat, that you must not let them get above you, either by Land or Water, so as to sieze that Pass before you. If they had a mind to inclose you, they would aim at your left flank. I am perswaded your vigilance will guard against either, and surprizes. I am etc.
Head Quarters, September 25, 1778.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 23d. instant; the deficiency of remounts is an evil which does not admit of immediate remedy, as I cannot at present authorize the completing your number by purchase. The same reason will render it necessary for you to make the best of those horses that you say are in low condition. It gives me pain but I cannot forbear attributing the ill state of the Cavalry, in a great measure to the unrestrained licence of the Dragoons in the use of their horses; their speed is equally immoderate on all occasions; when they are detached, nor are their horses less freely employed on their own private concerns. It is incumbent on the Officers to pay the strictest attention to this matter and eradicate an abuse the ill consequence of which they have already felt.
We have now a prospect of ample Supplies of Clothing for the troops; in which the Cavalry will have their part. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, September 25, 1778.
Sir: I have received your letter of the day before yesterday, on the subject of contraband goods seized by your order.52
[Note 52: Stoddard, of the Second Continental Dragoons, had seized a quantity of merchandise brought out from New York by Isaac Underhill, who kept a store near Fort Independence. Some loaf sugar and wine was secreted before Stoddard arrested Underhill.]
As the person accused of the illicit commerce and in whose hands they were taken, is committed to the custody of the Civil Magistrate; and will probably have his trial in due course, the Sentence passed on him, will determine the fate of the goods; in the mean time, to prevent loss or waste they should be deposited in the hands of some public person who will be responsible for their safety. I am etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Fredericksburg in the State of New York,September 25, 1778.
My Dear Marquis: Since my last to you, I have been honoured with your several favors of the 1st., 3d., and 21st. of this Month. The two first came to hand before I left the White plains, and the last at this place. I should not have delayed acknowledging the receipt of the Ist. and 3d. till this time, (thereby neglecting to pay that just tribute of respect which is due to you) but for the close attention I was obliged to bestow on the Committee of Arrangement while they remained in Camp; To the March of the Troops since, and, to the several Posts54 which I found myself under a necessity of visiting in my way to this Incampment.
[Note 54: "1778, Sep. To paid in Visiting the Posts at West point, Dollrs. 130 "--"Accounts of Expences while Commander in Chief," in the Washington Papers.]
The Sentiments of affection and attachment which breathe so conspicuously in all your Letters to me, are at once pleasing and honourable; and afford me abundant cause to rejoice at the happiness of my acquaintance with you. Your love of liberty; The just sense you entertain of this valuable blessing, and your Noble, and disinterested exertions in the cause of it, added to the innate goodness of your heart, conspire to render you dear to me; and I think myself happy in being linked with you in bonds of strictest friendship.
The ardent Zeal which you have displayed during the whole course of the Campaign to the Eastward, and your endeavours to cherish harmony among the officers of the allied powers, and to dispel those unfavourable impressions which had begun to take place in the Minds of the unthinking, (from Misfortunes which the utmost stretch of human foresight could not avert) deserves, and now receives, my particular, and warmest thanks. I am sorry for Monsr. Touzards loss of an arm, in the Action on Rhode Island; and offer my thanks to him, thro you, for his gallant behaviour on that day.55
[Note 55: Louis Tousard (Touzard) was a captain of French artillery; a volunteer in the Continental Army and an aide to Lafayette. The marquis wrote to Congress of Tousard's gallantry in the action at Quaker Hill, R. I, where he lost his right arm in an attempted capture of a British cannon. Congress voted him the rank of brevet lieutenant colonel and a pension of $30 a month for life. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 27, 1778.)]
Could I have conceived, that my Picture had been an object of your Wishes, or in the smallest degree worthy of your Attention, I should, while Mr. Peale was in the Camp at Valley forge, have got him to have taken the best Portrait of me he could, and presented it to you;56 but I really had not so good an opinion of my own worth, as to suppose that such a compliment would not have been considered as a greater instance of my Vanity, than a mean of your gratification; and therefore, when you requested me to set for Monsr. Lanfang57 thought it was only to obtain the outlines and a few shades of my features, to have some Prints struck from.
[Note 56: John Hancock presented Comte D'Estaing with a copy of General Washington's portrait at Boston, and had promised another to Lafayette. The Pennsylvania Packet, Nov. 10, 1778, contained a letter from a gentleman on Rhode Island, dated Oct. 11, 1778:
"Monday, se'ennight, a large company of gentlemen and ladies dined on board the Languedoc, at the invitation of Connt D'Estaing. The entertainment was highly elegant. A picture of General Washington at full length, lately presented to the Count by General Hancock, was placed in the centre of the upper side of the room, the frame of which was covered with laurels."]
[Note 57: Pierre Charles L'Enfant.]
If you have entertained thoughts My dear Marquis of paying a visit to your Court; To your Lady; and to your friends this Winter, but waver on acct. of an expedition into Canada; friendship induces me to tell you, that I do not conceive that the prospect of such an operation is so favourable at this time as to cause you to change your views. Many circumstances, and events must conspire, to render an enterprize of this kind practicable and advisable. The Enemy in the first place, must either withdraw wholly, or in part from their present Posts, to leave us at liberty to detach largely from this Army. In the next place, if considerable reinforcements should be thrown into that Country, a Winter's expedition would become impracticable, on acct. of the difficulties which will attend the March of a large body of Men with the necessary apparatus, Provisions, Forage and Stores at that inclement Season. In a word, the chances are so much against the undertaking that they ought not to induce you to lay aside your other purpose; in the prosecution of which you shall have every aid, and carry with you every honourable testimony of my regard, and entire approbation of your conduct, that you can wish; but as it is a compliment which is due, so am I perswaded you would not wish to dispense with the form, of signifying your desires to Congress on the subject of your Voyage and absence.
I come now in a more especial manner to acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favor of the 21st. by Majr. Dubois,58 and to thank you for the important intelligence therein contained.
[Note 58: Mal. Zachariah(?) Du Bois, of the New York Militia.]
I do most cordially congratulate with you on the glorious defeat feat of the British Squadron undr. A. Keppel,59 an event which reflects the highest honor on the good conduct and bravery of Monsr. d'Orvilliers,60 and the offrs. of the Fleet under his Command; at the same time that it is to be considered, I hope, as the happy presage of a fortunate and glorious War to his Most
[Note 59: Augustus Keppel, admiral of the Blue, British Navy. The battle was off Ushant.]
[Note 60: Louis Guillouet, Comte d'Orvilliers, admiral in the French Navy.] Christian Majesty. A confirmation of the act. I shall impatiently wait, and devoutly wish for. If the Spaniards, under this favourable beginning, would unite their Fleet to that of France, together they would soon humble the pride of haughty Britain; and no longer suffer her to reign Sovereign of the Seas, and claim the priviledge of giving law to the Main.
I should be very happy in havg. you with the grand Army again, but the present designs of the enemy are wrapped in such impervious darkness, that I scarce know what measures to pursue to counteract them; and therefore have thrown the Army into a position to move either to Boston, or to our Posts in the highlands with equal celerity. If they do not mean to quit the United States altogether, there is but two objects, I conceive, that they can have in view, namely, the Fleet at Boston, and the Posts just mentioned the last of which is the security of our communication between the Eastern and Southern States, and consequently of those supplies of Flour, on which the French Fleet, and our Troops to the Eastward, depend.
The Current stream of Intelligence from the Enemys Army point to an evacuation of New York; but, there is no ground on which to form a decisive judgment of this matter; my own opinion is, that they have not, at this time, any fixed object or plan; but are waiting orders from their Court, preparing in the mean while either to evacuate the City wholly or in part as they shall be directed. You have my free consent to make the Count D'Estaing a visit, and may Signify my entire approbation of it to Genl. Sullivan, who I am glad to find has moved you out of a Cul de Sac.61 It was my advice to him long ago to have no detachments in that situation, let particular places be never so much unguarded and exposed from the want of Troops.
[Note 61: Lafayette had been stationed with his troops near Bristol, R. I., after the main body of Sullivan's army had fallen back to Providence.] Immediately upon my removal from the White plains to this Ground the Enemy threw a body of Troops into the Jerseys, but for what purpose, unless to make a grand forage, I have not been able, yet, to learn. They advanced some Troops at the same time from their lines at Kings bridge, towards our old Incampment at the plains, stripping the Inhabitants not only of their Provision and forage, but even the Cloathes on their backs and witht. discrimination.
The information my dear Marquis, which I beg'd the favor of you to obtain, was not, I am perswaded, to be had thro the Channel of the Officers of the French Fleet, but by application to your fair Lady, to whom I should be happy in an oppertunity of paying my homage in Virginia, when the War is ended, if she could be prevailed upon to quit, for a few Months, the gaieties, and splendor of a Court, for the rural amusements of an humble Cottage.62 I shall not fail to inform Mrs. Washington of your polite attention to her. The Gentlen. of my family are sensible of the honr. you do them by your kind enquiries and join with me in a tender of best regards, than whom none can offer them with more sincerity, and affection than I do. With every Sentiment you can wish, I am, etc.
[Note 62: Several ladies had lately come out from New York, who reported that a vessel had been captured and brought to that city, in which was contained a present from the Queen of France to Mrs. Washington, as "an elegant testimonial of her approbation of the General's conduct," and that it had been sold at auction for the benefit of the captors. This intelligence was so confidently affirmed, and from such a respectable source, that General Washington had requested tile Marquis de Lafayette to make inquiry as to the truth of it, through the medium of the Marchioness at Versailles.-- Sparks.]
Head Quarters, September 26, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 23d. Inst.
That the Enemy have a movement in view seems more than probable; but whether they mean to leave, or still to act on the Continent, is a point difficult to determine. If they move from New York and the latter is their plan, I think with you, that they will direct their force to the Eastward. The french squadron under the Count D'Estaing is an important object, and if they could effect it's destruction, it would give them a great if not a decisive superiority at sea.
The Commissary is directed to exert himself for laying up Magazines of provision, particularly of flour, on the Inland communication between this and Boston, while the season will permit, and the Congress, according to a Letter I lately received, have ordered 20,000 Barrels to be purchased at Philadelphia, which they intend to transport by water for the same purpose; but as the Enemy's Ships possess our Coast, this supply, I fear, is not to be depended on, or at least that it will be exposed to imminent risk in the transportation.
There is a point, which I wish to mention to you, and I shall be glad if it coincides with your own inclination. If the movements of the Enemy make it necessary for the Main body of the Army to proceed to the Eastward, there will still remain a considerable command for the defence and security of the Highland posts. This from Several resolutions of Congress heretofore upon the subject, and from several other considerations, it seems to me, will be proper for you. The command will and must extend to the forces employed above and on the frontiers of this State; and I am persuaded that you will be agreeable to the views and wishes of Congress. [But if this could not be supposed to be the case, there is another circumstance, which appears to render your remaining in this department extremely necessary. This State I am authorized to say dislike General Putnam, and, not reposing confidence in him, they will be uneasy if he should be left to command.]63
[Note 63: The part in brackets is in the draft but was omitted from the letter sent.]
By a Letter from Genl. Scot just received, the Enemy had advanced nearly as high as our Old camp at the plains. I presume they are out for the purpose of foraging, but in case they proceed farther, he will transmit you the earliest intelligence.
You will find inclosed some intelligence brought from Boston, by a Gentleman who arrived today. I wish we may have a confirmation of the engagement between the Duc de Chartres64 and Admiral Keppel, and of the advantages gained by the former. I am, etc.
[Note 64: The Due de Chartres commanded a division of Comte d'Orvilliers's fleet off Ushant. This engagement was indecisive.]
P.S. I wish you to send parties to repair the Roads by the way of Newtown for Twenty or Twenty five miles towards Hartford.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The last three words in the P.S. were added by Washington to the letter sent. They do not appear in the draft.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 26, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have yours of yesterday. There are three facts contained in it, which I would wish you to ascertain if possible. The embarkation of the Troops, their number and destination. The embarkation of the Cavalry, and whether there was a meeting of the Refugees66 and what was the Business proposed to them. From the correspondence which you say you have now established, I hope for information that will unfold the real designs of the Enemy. I am &ca.67
[Note 66: That is, Loyalists, many of whom had left their homes and taken refuge with the British in New York City. The Board of Associated Loyalists was not established until the year 1780.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Fredericksburg, in the State of New York, September 26, 1778.
Sir: Congress have authorized me to lay in magazines of provisions and forage for an expedition into Canada, and have consented to an enterprize of the kind, if circumstances will admit of it. The commissary general of purchases informs me, that Mr. Cuyler68 will do every thing on his part towards effecting this end. But if notwithstanding, there should be any delay, or difficulty, give me immediately notice of it, that a remedy may be applied in time.69
[Note 68: Jacob Cuyler, deputy commissary general of purchases, Northern Department.]
[Note 69: Bayley was then at Newbury, N.H., on the Connecticut River.]
I have to request that you will provide 1500 snow shoes (more will be got at Albany) and skins for at least four thousand mocosons. The importance of obtaining certain intelligence of the enemy's force in Canada is too great to escape your utmost attention. The British prints speak of reinforcements going to that country. The certainty of this and the amount to the latest period they can arrive should be ascertained with precision. Every thing depends upon it, and no reasonable expence should be spared to come at a true knowledge of this fact.
If there are any other previous steps necessary to be taken to facilitate an expedition of this kind I should be glad to be advised of it. I need not I am persuaded, hint to you the propriety of conducting this business with as much secrecy as the nature of it will admit of; or that I am, etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 26, 1778.
Sir: As the inclosed from Mr. Mercereau71 respects your department I send it to you. The reasons which induced Genl. Sullivan to hinder the prisoners of the 71st. Regiment72 from
[Note 71: Joshua Mercereau, Deputy Commissary of Prisoners, He sent in considerable secret information of value to Washington and was active in encouraging desertions among the Hessian prisoners.]
[Note 72: Of the British Army. These men had been captured at Saratoga and formed a part of the Convention troops.] going in at that particular time, do not now exist, and you had better order them on, if it does not contravene any of your own arrangements. As to what Mr. Mercereau mentions respecting repairing Barracks &ca., you will please to give proper directions. I am, etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On September 26 Washington wrote briefly to Charles Pettit, Assistant Quartermaster General, to erect a barracks for 60 men at Springfield, Mass.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: Be pleased to send Genl. Woodfords Brigade to the West side of the River with orders to fall down towards Clark's town, for the purpose of hindering the Enemy from advancing parties from their main body about Hackensack Bridge, to carry off the Stock which has been drove out of the Necks. I have directed Baron Kalb to send a Brigade from his Division to Fishkill, who will be ready to come to your assistance should the enemy advance forward upon this side of the River. Genl. Woodford had better not take Artillery or Carriages of any kind with him, because if the Enemy advance in force upon him he will have to retreat thro' the passes that lead to the Fort at West point. You will take proper measures for supplying this detachment with provisions. I am &ca.73
Head Quarters, near Fredericksburg, September 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I last night received your favor of the 21st. Inst. and thank you much for the intelligence it contains. I hope we shall have a confirmation, 'ere it be long, of the advantages said to be gained over Admiral Keppel, in public dispatches to the Count and Monsr. Gerard.
When I wrote you on the 23d., I apprehended that the General Court had been induced to order in the Militia, merely from General Gray's having been on the Eastern Coast, with a considerable detachment, and therefore advised a countermand of the order, or that they should be disbanded if assembled, as he had returned from the Eastward with his force, and rejoined the Army at New York. I now perceive by your favor, that the Court had other motives, and that one object for calling them in was to complete and garrison the works around the Harbour. This being the case, and as several circumstances and advices of late more strongly indicate that the Enemy have either an evacuation of New York or some capital movement in view, I think it will be advisable for the Court to employ the Militia in the manner they intended, till Sr. Henry Clinton's intentions are better understood. A little time must decide the part he means to take. I am using every means in my power to come at his designs, and the very instant I am able to determine on them, I shall pursue measures for counteracting him, whatever way he may point his Operations. I am, &ca.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 22d. 23d. and 24th. instants. I cannot conceive what transports those can be that have come into Newport Harbour, except they are those from Hallifax.75 None have lately gone from New York. It will be very material to know with certainty from whence they came and
[Note 75: This was a report, received by Sullivan from Lafayette, that a great number of sail had been observed. The morning was foggy so observation was difficult.] whether they had any troops on board. If they are those from Hallifax, and empty, it gives weight to an opinion entertained by many that the enemy mean to evacuate the States totally. They are at present busily employed in foraging in Bergen County and between Kings bridge and the Plains. These parties obstruct our communication with the City, and have rendered it very difficult to obtain intelligence for some days past. By the last accounts from thence there were many circumstances that led to a belief that an evacuation was intended. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Fredericksburg, September 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours of yesterday late last night. There are one or two facts with respect to the enemy's affairs of great importance to be known which I would wish to have communicated as soon as possible. You will therefore ascertain with certainty and precision whether the forage which they have drawn from the Jersey and by means of the party from Kingsbridge has been stacked in their yards or stored in magazines as if destined for the service of the winter; or put on board of vessels as collected and brought to the City.
I observe that the same day which you mention the falling down of some transports with troops to the hook, there were troops landed from vessels at Powles hook for the foraging party. As the observer, who gave you the information, might not have attended to the progress of the transports after the embarkation, the troops may have been relanded in the Jersey which he supposes proceeded to the Hook. I would wish this fact well authenticated.
Upon the first notice of the appearance of the Enemy from Kingsbridge I gave orders to General Clinton to move with his Brigade to Crompond that he might give you some support in your retreat and to be more at hand to seize on the passes on the high land. You will communicate with Genl. Clinton, and observe in case the enemy keep advancing the instructions you have received. I am &ca.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On September 27 Washington wrote also to Baron De Kalb, ordering him to send a brigade to Fishkill to replace the one Putnam had sent to the west side of the Hudson to protect the country from the British foraging parties. Col. George Baylor also was ordered on this date to join his dragoons (Third Continental) to the detachment on the west side of the river. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 27, 1778.
Gentlemen: This will be delivered to you by Capt. Smith78 of Colo. Baylors Regiment, the Officer appointed to procure Cloathing. By the directions of the Board of War, you are only to provide for the number of men actually now in the Regiment, which amount by the Adjutant Generals Certificate to 159. But there are between twenty and thirty Recruits on the way from Virginia not included in the Return who must be provided for; add to these the chance of a few more recruits and to make up for casualties and you may increase the Quantity to 200 Coats and Cloaks, Waistcoats and other Cloathing has been provided in Philada.
[Note 78: Capt. Robert Smith. He resigned in November, 1778.]
Be pleased to make me an exact return of the Cloths, Linens, and other Articles suitable for Officers wear that you have upon hand, and let me know whether a further quantity for such purposes could be procured if orders were given to you to purchase. I am &ca.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 27, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 19th. and 22d. Inst. As the party of the enemy now on a forage in the Jersey, are in considerable force, and from the latest intelligence have taken post at the liberty pole, extending themselves to the New-bridge on the Hackinsack River; you will therefore immediately march to the high grounds, west of acquacanach with [your Brigade], in order the better to cover the Country, [the public Stores at Morristown], give confidence to the militia, and promote the driving off the Cattle &ca. It may be expedient to leave a small party at Elizabeth Town to watch the enemy on Staten Island and forward your information from New York.
I have ordered a Brigade under General Woodford to take post at [or near] Clarkstown, you will mutually communicate with and assist each other.
I need not recommend a careful observance of every precaution necessary to prevent a surprise by a sudden and rapid movement of the enemy and am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, September 28, 1778.
Sir: I have yours of this date inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial upon Colo. Brewer.81
[Note 81: Col. Samuel Brewer, of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. (See General Orders, Sept. 29, 1788, post.)]
General Scott was directed to send you intelligence, if the Enemy made a serious advance; but as they have hitherto kept their main Body upon Valentines Hill, and only sent out Foragers as far as the plains, he has thought there was no occasion to trouble you. The party in Jersey lay still in Bergen Neck, have no Waggons with them, and only collect what they want for subsistance. The Returns you mention were received, and delivered to the Adjutant General. I imagine his letter, demanding them, was wrote before they got to his hands. I am, etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 28, 1778.
My Lord: You will proceed forthwith into the State of New Jersey and take the command of the Troops there. These will consist of two continental Brigades under Brigadier Generals Maxwell and Woodford, and such of the Militia of the State as shall be collected on the occasion.83 General Maxwell has been directed to move and take post on the heights west of Acquaquenunk Bridge. General Woodford is to proceed towards Clarks Town; General Winds with a Body of Militia was on his march towards Saddle River to join Colo. Day84 with another Body of Militia. You will make such a disposition of your whole force as shall appear to you best calculated to cover the Country, check the incursions of the enemy, and give them annoyance, if any opportunity should offer which may be, with prudence, embraced. It seems most probable the enemy have nothing more in contemplation than a Forage; but as it is possible they may have some design against the Forts in the Highlands, you will take such a position as will have an eye to their security,
[Note 83: These instructions were inclosed in a brief note to Stirling, the same date, that as a considerable force of jersey militia had been ordered out and also two Continental brigades, it was "necessary there should be some officer of higher rank, than any now there, to take direction of the whole Your knowledge of the country will give you a peculiar advantage for this purpose." This note is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: Col. Theunis Dey, of the New Jersey Militia.] that your Continental troops at least may have an easy communication with, and be able to succour them should the Enemy make an attempt that way. I have been informed there may be a quantity of Stores at Morris Town. I have desired the Commissary, if it should be so, to have them removed as fast as possible. I wish your Lordships particular attention to this matter. I am, etc.
[P. S.] Genl. Pulaski's Legion is on the March from Trenton.85 They may be hastened forward to join you.86
[Note 85: The order to Pulaski to move his legion to the neighborhood of Paramus and to place himself under the command of Stirling is dated September 29. "As the Enemy are out in considerable force in Jersey, near Hackensack, you will make particular enquiry of their situation as you advance, lest you should fall in with these parties."
Washington also informed Brig. Gen. William Winds, New Jersey Militia, September 28, of Woodford's and Maxwell's brigades having been ordered west of Aquakanonk Bridge to help cover the country.
Both these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 86: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 29, 1778.
Sir: The following is an extract of a letter of the 17th inst. which I had the honor to receive from the Count D'Estaing.
I intreat you to promote the exchange of prisoners already planned by Mr. Gerard. The unhappy persons taken before the commencement of Hostilities cannot be lawfully regarded as prisoners, their lot is dreadful. The mode adopted for exchanging them by means of your Commissary, without introducing the King's name or mine into the transaction, removes a great part of the political difficulties which before subsisted.
I am an entire stranger to the plan above referred to or to the mode that has been adopted for exchanging by means of our own Commissary. He is absent from the Army, and I must therefore beg the favr. of you to obtain, from Mr. Gerard, such information as will enable me to give directions for carrying the Count's desires into execution, if practicable.
The Marquis de Vienne,87 at present at Boston, has requested a Furlough of eighteen Months to enable him to return to France, whither he is called by some domestic Concerns. I do not conceive myself at liberty to grant his request, without the permission of Congress, to whom I would beg leave to observe, that if agreeable to them, he may be indulged without prejudice to the service, as he is not attached to any particular command.88
[Note 87: Marquis de Vienne, major in the French Army and brevet lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army.]
[Note 88: On September 29 Washington wrote to De Vienne that he had referred his application for leave to Congress. He appended a certificate of service to his letter to the marquis which recited that De Vienne's "conduct was always such as became an officer and Gentleman, having embraced every occasion his situation offered to give proofs of his zeal and bravery." This letter is in the Washington Papers. Congress granted him leave to go to France. He did not return to America.]
I have just recd. an account from Jersey, which I fear is too true, that Colo Baylors Regt. of Dragoons were surprised in their quarters89 the night before last, and most of them killed or taken. A few of the straglers have come in, who can give but a very imperfect account of the matter. They think the Colonel and most of the Officers were made prisoners, and that the privates were put to the sword. There were, I imagine, about one hundred Men of the Regiment together when this unlucky accident happened.
[Note 89: At Old Tappan (Harrington), Bergen County, N.J., near the Hackensack River and about 2½ miles from the main body of American troops, then in Jersey.]
The stay of the Enemy in Jersey being longer than I apprehended, and not knowing what their real intentions may be; I have ordered Genl. Maxwell to advance from Elizabeth Town to the neighbourhood of Acquaquenunk Bridge, and have sent over General Woodfords Brigade, from this side of the River. I have also ordered Genl. Pulaski to advance, with as much expedition as possible and join the Brigades. Lord Stirling has this day gone over to take the general command of the continental forces and Militia, who are assembling in considerable numbers. If the Enemy mean only to forage, they will be kept from extending themselves, by these troops; and if they have any designs upon the posts in the Highlands, they will be prevented from seizing the passes leading to the Forts, by Lord Stirling, who will be between them and the enemy, and always ready to possess them.
I have made proper dispositions on this side the River for the security of the Highlands, in case that Body of the enemy, who are on this side Kingsbridge employed in collecting forage, should advance.
The sketch of Rhode Island, forwarded by this Express was received from Genl. Sullivan, and left behind, by accident, when the last dispatches were sent off.
I have had the honor of receiving yours of the 20th. inclosing an order for Count Polaski's Legion to advance to Trenton. I have the honor &c.90
[Note 90: In the wilting of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 29, 1778.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter of the 17th; the Sentiments expressed in it flow from a great mind, and prove the wisdom of His most Christian Majestys choice in appointing you his military representative in America. I flatter myself with Your Excellency that what only in a moment of chagrin assumed the air of a misunderstanding, is buried in total oblivion; and that uninterrupted harmony will forbid its being brought to light again.
The untimely death of the Chevalier De St. Sauveur91 is the more melancholy, as he possessed such an amiable character and fell a sacrifice to the zealous pursuit of his duty; the
[Note 91: Chevalier Saint-Sauveur, lieutenant in the French Navy. He was killed in the not at Boston, when the French sailors of D'Estaing's fleet were attacked.] relation of this unfortunate event filled me with inexpressible grief; it affords me some consolation to learn that the matter is so far traced, as to leave no doubt that the plot originated with the convention troops, and that british Sailors in our service were the immediate instruments of their Malice; these circumstances together with the wounds which two of the assassins are said to have received from the french Grenadiers, may enable us to revenge the death of an officer whose fate we sincerely lament; and to whose friends we are anxious to give the only satisfaction the unhappy case admits of.
The Council of Boston will, I am persuaded use their utmost exertions to discover, and bring to punishment, the instigators and perpetrators of this horrid Crime.
However the Authors of this mischief may triumph, that an individual dear to his Country and Connections has fallen a victim to their machinations, they will, I trust, ever be defeated in their principal aim of sowing discord and exciting animosities between nations so firmly united as ours.
The advantage peculiar to Your Excellency of uniting the Knowledge and Experience which constitute the Admiral and General, the excellent disposition of your Squadron, the land batteries raised under your direction, and the command given to Mr. de Bougainville92 leave us nothing to apprehend from any naval operation on the part of the enemy. Brigadier General Duportail our chief Engineer is setting out for Boston,93 and will afford all the succours of his art, that we may have as little to fear from any attempt by land.
[Note 92: Louis Antoine, Comte de Bougainville, maréchal de camp, captain and chef d'escadre, French Navy.]
[Note 93: In a letter introducing Du Portail, Washington wrote: "His business at Boston is to examine the state of the works constructed for the immediate defence of the town ... The judicious disposition of Your Excellency's Squadron and the works which have been erected under your orders at the entrance of the harbour, supersedes the necessity of any further care on that side." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
It is important as Your Excellency observes to guard against an Enterprise to which the enemy have powerful inducements and avoid determining them to it, by too great a reliance on their want of troops and Seamen in another quarter.
I am as yet unacquainted with the arrangement made between Congress and your Plenipotentiary for the exchange of those french Seamen who unfortunately fell into the enemy's hands previous to an open rupture. I have written to Congress on the subject; they will I am persuaded warmly interest themselves in a matter which equally concerns the cause of humanity and the service of their Ally. immediately on receiving their orders, I shall do every thing that depends on me to effect the exchange in the manner alluded to, and forward the seamen to your Excellency's Squadron with expedition and safety.
Give me leave to offer your Excellency my hearty congratulations on the Victory obtained by the Brest Squadron over the british under Admiral Keppel, in a pitched battle. the character of the french Captain arrived at Portsmouth, who brings the intelligence, and this circumstantial Relation of the matter give us every reason to hope that our Joy on this occasion will speedily be Legitimated by official accounts to Your Excellency. I have the honor, etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your letter of the 27th. Instt. with that of yesterdays date.
His Lordship Genl. Stirling [who is perfectly well acquainted with the Jerseys and its Militia] has been dispatched there this morning in order to condense the regular troops under General Maxwell, with those who have marched from your division, [and the Militia wch. are Assembling] to a useful point, where they can afford cover to the country, protection to our stores at Morris Town and elsewhere, as well as to keep open, as far as possible, the communication by which we derive our supplies.
The shew of boats on both sides of the river; with the appearance of the shipping, make it absolutely necessary for us to provide against any attempts which they may have in view on our defences on the North River. You will therefore immediately throw over to the garrison at West point, the two Brigades which remain with you. Perhaps you may find it expedient to send your baggage [either towards Fish kill, or] to some [little] distance up the Hudson, but the tents of the brigades must go along with the men. [Genl. Smallwood with the first Maryland Brigade is now at Fish kill Town; if there is the least appearance of an Attempt] on the Highlands, you will call him in to your Assistance. I am &ca.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, September 29, 1778.
Dr. Sir: This will be delivered to you by Brigadier General Du Portail, whom I recommend to you as a Gentleman of merit and abilities, and knowlege in his profession. He is Chief Engineer in the army of the United States. I have sent him to examine into the nature and condition of the fortifications, which have been erected or are erecting for the defence of the Town of Boston on the land side, and to form a plan for a more complete system, so far as may be necessary and circumstances will permit. This is to be combined on the principle of a cooperation with the French fleet for mutual defence. He will communicate his plan to you, and if you approve it, you will have it carried into execution. I have directed him at the same time to send me a duplicate for my information. I need not recommend to you the necessity, in adopting any plan, to have regard to the state of our finances and resources. This is a point too important to escape your attention. I am, etc.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your letter of the 28th. Instt. late last night. You will continue your information of the enemys progress; and by those means which you have set on foot, for the obtaining intelligence from New York, endeavour to learn as much as possible of their naval force, their number, their sailing, or detachments. All facts of this kind are of the utmost importance to the Count d'Estaing, and every thing in our power should be done to obtain them. You will direct a particular attention this way as well as those movements among the transports which appear to be of a general nature.
I am sorry to inform you that about two O'clock yesterday morning a party from the enemy surprised Colo. Baylor with his corps at Harrington, which they almost entirely cut off; but as I have only received an account of this unfortunate affair from some of those that escaped, and from Gen. Putnam who had it of the same source, there is hope of its not being so bad as represented. The enemy it seems were conducted by inhabitants perfectly acquainted with the Country. They avoided all the videts which were posted, penetrating thro' bye ways, and unsuspected roads to the very houses where the Dragoons and their officers were quartered. This may afford a very useful caution, to those on a command of observation or harrassment, by instructing them to take care of those parts, from whence they suspect no danger, with as much care and vigilance as the avenues and roads, which point more immediately to the enemy. It is not sufficient that our front and flanks are well secured while there is a possibility of his approaching our rear unobserved. I am etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 29, 1778.
Sir: You will proceed forthwith to Boston in the State of Massachusetts Bay. You will examine into the state of the fortifications which have been erected and are erecting for the defence of that Town against a Land attack; and you will form a plan, from a view of the whole local situation of the place, which shall appear best calculated to give it the most effectual security, that circumstances will permit.
[Without intention to lay any restraint which may contradict your own Judgments, I will barely hint my desire in general, that the works may not be too extensive with a view of embracing any considerable part of the bay, the heights of Dorchester which immediately command the town, will strike you as an object of the first attention, and the possession of them as indispensable; the occupying them, Roxbury heights and such ground as may cover the inner bason with works capable of obstinate defence will, together with the fortifications of the harbour secure the Town and French Squadron, till the arrival of this Army.]
You will combine your project upon the principle of a cooperations with the Squadron of His most Christian Majesty, for the mutual defence of itself and the Town of Boston. In this however it cannot by my intention, that there should be any interference with the measures adopted by His Excellency Count D'Estaing; But that you should connect your plan for the defence by Land, with his for the defence by water, in such manner as that there may be consistency and mutual support. When you have formed your plan you will submit it to Major Genl. Heath who commands in that Quarter for his approbation; and he will give the necessary assistance to carry it into execution. You will be pleased to correspond with me and render me an account of the measures taken in pursuance of these instructions.98
[Note 98: The signed draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The paragraph in brackets, in the writing of James McHenry, was added later.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Tuesday, September 29, 1778.
Parole Germany. Countersigns Glasgow, Gosport.
In Congress, September 17, 1778.
Whereas it is represented by the auditors of the army that many regimental pay masters have adopted the unwarrantable practice of paying to the commanding officers of companies, agreeable to the recommendations of the colonels or commanding officers of their regiments respectively, such sums of money as the said regimental pay masters have drawn for, but not paid to, prisoners, deserters, and men who have died in the service:
Resolved, That, until the sums of money so paid by the regimental pay masters, shall be reimbursed and paid into the hand of the pay master or deputy pay master general, such commanding officers of regiments shall be accountable for the moneys which they have so ordered to be paid, the commanding officers of companies for the moneys so received and the regimental pay masters for the money so paid by them respectively; and the auditors of the army are authorized and directed forthwith to oblige the said officers to account, agreeable to the mode prescribed by the resolution of Congress of the sixth February last.
The Regimental Pay Masters are to apply to the Pay Master General for the Pay of their respective Regiments for June and July.
At a General Court-Martial of the Line whereof Colo. Humpton was President September 1778. Captain Norwood of the 4th. Maryland Regiment was tried upon the following Charges.
1st. "For publickly declaring and implying that he did not regard the Censure of the Commander in Chief, because the facts set forth to him on his trial were mis-stated;
2nd. "For conduct unbecoming an Officer and a Gentleman in suggesting publickly that the Facts were misrepresented, which has an implied tendency either to reflect on His Excellency, or the Court Martial, or General Smallwood or the whole;
3rdly. "For declaring that General Smallwood has been guilty of Partiality in his Case, that the General is no Gentleman, and that he will make it his business to declare publickly every opportunity that General Smallwood is a partial Man and no Gentleman."
The Court having considered the two first Charges and the Evidence are of opinion that Captn. Norwood is guilty of saying that he did not regard the Censure of the Commander in Chief, because the Facts set forth to Him on his trial were misstated, and are further of opinion that such an expression had a tendency to reflect on His Excellency and on General Smallwood. The Court having considered the third charge and the Evidence are of opinion that Captn. Norwood's Justification is not sufficient and that his Expressions with respect to the Character of General Smallwood are totally groundless and without foundation. The Court find Captn. Norwood guilty of breaches of the second Article of the 2nd. Section and of the 5th. Article of the 18th. Section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be discharged from the service.
The Commander in Chief in justice to Captain Norwood declares that he does not believe he had any Intention to reflect upon Him tho' his Expressions might have such a tendency, but as Captain Norwood's Conduct in other respects has been highly prejudicial to good Order and Military Discipline and inconsistent with the respect due to his superior Officer, He approves the sentence of the Court.
At a division General Court Martial held at Danbury September 21st. 1778, by order of Major General Gates, Colo. Cilley President; Colo. Brewer was tried for embezzling or misapplying part of the Cloath sent by the Board of War of the State of Massachusetts Bay for the Officers of his Regiment. The Court after considering the Evidence are unanimously of Opinion that Colonel Brewer is guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do sentence him to be discharged from the Service.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentence of the Court.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, September 30, 1778.
Parole Manchester. Countersigns Morocco, Mendon.
In future the Captains and Commanding Officers of Companies are allways to insert in their Muster Rolls the time when the sick absent and those on Furlough left their Companies. No man is to be borne on the Muster Roll before he has joined his Company.
The General Court Martial whereof Major General Lincoln is President will assemble tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at the Presidents quarters and sit at such Place as he shall appoint for the trial of Major General Schuyler. Colo. Johnson1is appointed a Member of the Court vice Colonel Wyllys who is sick. All Evidences and persons concerned will attend.
[Note 1: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment, took the place of Col. Samuel Wyllys, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. The personnel of the court otherwise remained the same as that which tried Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair, to wit, Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, president; Brig. Gens. John Nixon, James Clinton, Anthony Wayne, and Peter Muhlenberg; Cols. John Greaton, Rufus Putnam, Mordecai Gist, William Russell, William Grayson, Waiter Stewart, and Return Jonathan Meigs. Judge Advocate General John Lawrence acted as judge advocate.]
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Hump ton is President is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, September 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: The enemys designs still continue ambiguous, however it is our policy to provide against possible events. You will therefore detach a field Officer with about one hundred men to guard the pass leading from Haverstraw to Fort Montgomery, I mean the pass by which the enemy marched to the reduction of that post. You will take every other necessary precaution, or place such advanced parties as may appear to give you the most perfect security. If you have any communications to make, I shall be at Fishkill Town. I am &c.
P.S. I think among other things it will be advisable to keep a good look out on the river by sending down a few guard boats under the direction of some vigilant officer.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. Washington inclosed this letter in another to Putnam of this same date, as he had later "advices that the enemy are moving towards the Clove at Sufferns, you will immediately dispatch some horsemen to ascertain the fact. I shall be at Fish kill Town this afternoon." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, September 30, 1778.
Sir: I have received advice, that a considerable body of the enemy, in addition to those already in the Jerseys, had crossed the North River on the morning of the 28th. and landed at a place about two miles from Orange Town. There are rumours, that they were marching towards Kakeate and had detached a party to take possession of the Clove; but these want confirmation. They have surprised and cut off Col Baylor, with the principal part of his regiment. I have not yet received an account sufficiently distinct, of this affair; but it appears to have been attended with every circumstance of barbarity. Most of the men, it seems, were killed unresisting and begging for quarter. Colonel Baylor himself and Major Clough were left wounded at Orange Town on parole.
I still continue to think as I did at first of the enemy's intention; yet as appearances grow more serious, it is necessary our dispositions should be adapted to them, so far as not to lose sight of other essential objects. With this view, I have ordered General Woodford's brigade into the Jerseys, with which Maxwell's brigade, Pulaski's corps and the militia are to be united under the command of Major General Lord Stirling, whose knowlege of the country will be of importance in this service. My instructions to him convey this general idea, that he is to take such positions as will be best calculated to cover the country and at the same time, secure a communication with the Forts and with the main body of the army. General Putnam with his two remaining brigades is thrown across the river to West Point, for its immediate defence. Baron De Kalbs division is advanced to Fish Kill town. Two brigades from the second line will march this morning to take his place; and I am now to desire, that you will direct General McDougall with his division to march immediately hither.
I shall myself, presently set off to Fish-Kill-town, where I shall remain 'till the present appearances have come to an issue. Your dispatches will find me there. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[.N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, near Fredericksburg, 9 O'Clock P.M., September 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of yesterday. In consequence of the Enemy's movements on the West side of the North river, I shall proceed to Fish Kill Town to day and hold my Head Quarters there till their intentions are better understood or while circumstances may make it necessary. You will therefore send all your Letters and information to that post and you will also be so obliging as to communicate my removal to Lord Stirling, that he may do the same.
I am in hopes there is no foundation for the report you mention of the Enemy's being at the Clove. That pass is so exceedingly important that they should never be suffered to possess it; and whatever position you take should be calculated to give it perfect security. I have written to Genl. Putnam to send a detachment to occupy the pass leading from Haverstraw through the Mountains,4 by which the Enemy marched to attack Fort Montgomery last Year; so that I trust there will be nothing to apprehend from that. You will advise Lord Stirling of this.
[Note 4: Washington also ordered Brig. Gen. James Clinton's brigade to take post at the pass at the Continental Village, on the east side of the Hudson. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am much obliged by your sending Doctor Griffith5 to the assistance of Colonel Baylor, Major Clough &ca. I regret their unhappy situation and the misfortune that has befallen their Corps. I am, etc.6
[Note 5: David Griffith, surgeon and chaplain of the Third Virginia Regiment. He resigned in March, 1779.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday inclosing Capt. Leavensworth's7 intelligence. I shall move myself to Fishkill to day, to which place be pleased to send your next dispatches. I have directed the relay of Horsemen to move their present stages to form a communication directly from you to Fishkill. I think your present position rather too near the North River, as there is a possibility that the enemy may move up the River in the Night and turn your right flank; If therefore you can find an advantageous piece of ground more to the eastward than North Castle Church I think you had better take it. I have directed General Clinton to take post with his Brigade at the pass at
[Note 7: Maj. Eli Leavenworth, of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] the Continental Village, and therefore you need not be uneasy about the security of it. You may do what you think proper respecting the punishment of the deserters. If you remit it you ought to insist upon their making an ample confession of the motives of their desertion, that if it proceeded from the instigation of any Officer, he may be called to a proper account. I am &ca.
P.S. Desire Colo. Sheldon to order Moylans Regt. up to the Continental Village, there to wait orders either to cross the River or not as there may be occasion.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 27th. Instt. and Memorandum by Genl. Muhlenburg.
I am sorry the recruiting business does not promise more success; but it is not to be wondered at, as there are such exorbitant bounties given for substitutes. I have never received any regular account of the Act you mention and of which you have transmitted a Copy.9 If the Legislature have determined on the bounty contained in the Transcript, they should have made provision for paying it.
[Note 9: This copy is not found in the Washington Papers. The Virginia act was, however, one for increasing the bounty paid to recruits.]
If you have a field officer with your Regiment, I shall have no objection to your going to Virginia, for the purposes you mention; but you will be so obliging as not to set out, till you receive a Letter from me to Govr. Henry. I mean to inclose him a state of the Virginia Troops, as soon as I can obtain proper returns, that the State may adopt some speedy and vigorous measures for making their number more respectable. At present they are but a handful, compared to the Quota that they should furnish, and unless something is done this handful will dwindle to Nothing. You will be able to give the Governor satisfaction in many points, about which he may think proper to inquire.
If there are no Superior claims, that is, of Ensigns in the Virginia line who are unprovided for and who still have merit, I shall not be against Mr. Hite's:10 being introduced as you request; but if there are, there will be a necessity and propriety in giving them the preference.
[Note 10: Cadet Joseph Hite. He was appointed lieutenant in February, 1779; resigned in January, 1780.]
I do not prescribe a day for your return but I must request, that you will not be absent from Camp longer than you shall find it absolutely necessary. You know there are a Great many Officers who will want and press for furloughs and the Indulgence must be made as equal and as extensive as circumstances will permit. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 13
October 1, 1778--January 11, 1779
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
[1936]
PRINTED
May, 1936
Colo. Brinckerhoffs,1 October 1, 1778.
[Note 1: Col. Dirk (Dirks or Derrick) Brinckerhoff. Baker's Itinerary of General Washington gives also a Col. John Brinckerhoff, at whose house in Fishkill Washington is said to have stopped.]
Sir: I do not find that the Enemy are advancing on the West side of the River. From the latest accounts they were at the liberty pole, and at the Newbridge near Hackensack; and from many circumstances and the conjectures of the Officers in their Neighbourhood, it would seem that foraging is the principal object of their expedition. I was very apprehensive that they would possess themselves of some of our Stores, but they have not; and I am in hope, that the only inconvenience we shall suffer in this instance from their coming out, will be a diversion of them from the usual route, and a little more delay in getting them to Camp.
Colo. Butler2 from Genl. Scot's detachment was fortunate enough to fall in with a party of the Enemy yesterday morning, and to make a Lieutenant and Eighteen privates prisoners, besides killing Ten, without any loss on our part. I am etc.3
[Note 2: Col. Richard Butler, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 3: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Fishkills, October 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of the 29th. at this place, to which I have removed for the convenience of gaining intelligence of the Motions of the Enemy, who are out in considerable force on this side of Kingsbridge, and in Bergen County in Jersey. They seem to be foraging, in which they are busily employed. A few nights ago the party in Jersey made an unlucky stroke at Colo. Baylors Regt. of Horse laying at Harrington about four Miles from Tapan, they were completely surprised in their quarters and upwards of fifty Men killed and taken. The Colonel and Major Clough were both wounded and taken prisoners. The latter is since dead and the former in danger. All accounts from New York yet mention the intended evacuation of that place, but I cannot say they are sufficiently satisfactory to enable me to determine.
Colo. Butler with a part of the light Corps retaliated upon the Enemy in some measure yesterday morning. He surprised about 150 Chasseurs and Yagers, took a Lieutt. and eighteen privates, and left ten dead upon the spot. Not a man upon our part was either killed or wounded.
By the proceedings of the Court Martial upon Capt. Allen,4 the evidence so materially contradicts his own defence, that I cannot see any objections to confirming the Sentence. You, who are upon the spot, will have a better opportunity of enquiring into all circumstances than I possibly can, I desire you will do what appears to you just and proper. I am &ca.5
[Note 4: Capt. Jean Baptiste Allen, of the First Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Fishkill, October 1, 1778.
Dear Sir: The inclosed was sent to you at Boston, and by mistake of General Heaths Aid de Camp, who imagined you were returning directly to the Army, sent it back again.
The Enemy are foraging with strong parties on this side the River, between the plains and the Bridge, and on the other in Bergen....6 The Enemy keep the main Body at the New Bridge and forage below. Whether this forage is for a winters store in New York, or preparatory to a move else where is yet uncertain, but a variety of accounts from the City mention that an evacuation is to take place this fall. The season advances fast, and if they intend to sea, they must soon prosecute their Voyage.
[Note 6: The paragraph omitted here is the same as that describing the surprise of Baylor's Dragoons in Washington's letter to Maj. Gern. John Sullivan, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
Colo. Butler with part of the light Corps and Lees Horse retaliated upon the Enemy in some sort yesterday morning....7 I am &ca.8
[Note 7: An omitted sentence; the same as that in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 9: Of the Third Continental Dragoons.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1778.
Sir: You are as speedily as possible to collect all the men, Horses and accoutrements remaining of Colo. Baylors Regt. and proceed to Springfield in Jersey, where you will consult with Mr. Caldwell the D. Q. M., upon the most proper place for the accommodation of the men and Horses, so as not to exhaust the forage that lays convenient for the Travelling Teams, and other purposes. The design of your being ordered on this business, is to recruit the Horse as expeditiously as possible, and it is hoped you will exert yourself to effect so essential an end. The sick you will take care to have placed in the Hospital most convenient to you, and where it may be in your power to visit them. That part of the Regt. now with Genl. Woodford, requiring your attention too, will as soon as they can be spared from the service they are on, be ordered to join you; of this, you will give the Serjt. who commands them notice. As soon as can be you will transmit me a very particular return of the state of the Regt. specifying where the Officers and Men are.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.
On October 1 Washington wrote a brief note to Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, acknowledging his account of Colonel Butler's victory: "to whom and all the Officers of his party, be pleased to present my thanks for their behaviour." This letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.
Also, according to an unauthenticated copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress, Washington sent general instructions to Brig. Gen. William Smallwood to use his best endeavors to enlist the Maryland draft for three years, or the war. The recruits were to receive the continental bounty of $20, clothing, and land: "You or the officers appointed by you are not to enlist the drafts or soldiers belonging to any but your own state."]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Friday, October 2, 1778.
Parole Northampton. Countersigns Nash, Nelson.
Captain Thomas Buchanan11 and Ensign Andrew Johnston12 of the 1st. Pennsylvania Regiment are appointed, the former Pay Master and the latter Quarter Master to the same, from the 2nd. of June last. Likewise Lieutt. Aaron Norcross13 is appointed Adjutant to the same from Feby. 20th. last.
[Note 11: He resigned in October, 1779.]
[Note 12: Johnston, who had been promoted to lieutenant and wounded at Monmouth, N.J., retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 13: He resigned in May, 1779.]
Fishkill, October 2, 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 29th. Sept. Lord Stirling who is now in Jersey, and has the general command of the troops there, will be a better judge than I am of the necessary and proper disposition to be made. You will therefore implicitly obey him, and either remain where you are at present with your whole Brigade, or detatch such a part of it as His Lordship may direct. He mentions the necessity of two Regs. at least at Aquaquenunk Bridge to encourage and support the Militia. I am, etc.
P.S. direct Maj: Howell to be very vigilant in watching the Motions of the enemy's fleet and expeditious in communicating his intelligence.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Fishkill, October 2, 1778.
My Lord: I have been favd. with yours of the 30th. Sept. and 1st. instant from Kakeate. You will make such a disposition of the troops as shall seem to you most eligible, for your own security, and for checking the excursions of the enemy.
The inclosed for General Maxwell directs him to obey your orders. You will therefore draw up such part of his Brigade as you shall think proper. He and all the people about Elizabeth town are very anxious for the whole to remain there. But that which is most conducive of the general good must be done. In my opinion all the demonstrations that have been made of landing from Staten Island, have been for the purpose of drawing our attention and force to that Point.
I came hear the day before Yesterday for the greater convenience of receiving intelligence from both sides of the River. Whatever information you get of the intentions of the Enemy be pleased to forward immediately. I am etc.15
[Note 15: ln the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[M.L.]
Colo. Brinckerhoffs, October 2, 1778.
Dear Sir: I wish you and General McDougal, to whom I have written upon the subject, to send a fatigue party from your Divisions on the Road from Fredericksburg by New Milford, Woodbury and Waterbury to Farmington, for the purpose of repairing it. This will facilitate our movement if we proceed to the Eastward. Genl. McDougal will only furnish for the fatigue from Nixon's Brigade, as I may find it necessary to make a different disposition of the Carolina Troops. The party must be supplied with provision from time to time as they want, as I wish them to continue, till they have gone over the whole tract of road I have mentioned, unless some circumstances cast up to make their rejoining their Corps necessary. I would also wish you to send on the above Rout as far as the Rough road continues your Quarter Master or some Intelligent Officer, to mark the different Stages proper for the halting of Troops, which may march from your Camp. You will be pleased to direct him to be particular in his observations, and to note the distances, with all the accuracy he can.
I am in hopes you are making good progress in the trial of General Schuyler, and that in a day or two you will finish. If we should have occasion to move before it is ended, it will be injurious to the service for the Court to remain and inconvenient both for them and the General to be finding New places where to convene occasionally.
The Enemy, from the last accounts were at the liberty pole, and at the New bridge near Hackensac. Foraging seems to have been the principal object of their coming out.
I am credibly informed that a packet has just arrived. If this is the case and Sr. Henry Clinton has been waiting for orders from Ministry to govern his operations, It is probable we shall soon be able to discover the part he means to take. I am etc.
P.S. I am very desirous of the Quarter Master's pointing out the stages where the troops may march from day to day, that I may be able to regulate the advance of the Columns that may move on other Routes.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
October 2, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of yesterdaymorning. I have no particular orders to communicate, exceptthat I wish you and Genl. Lincoln to send from your Divisionsa fatigue party....17 You will not include any of the Carolina Troops in the fatigue men to be sent from your division, as I may find it necessary to make a new disposition of them. With respect to shoes, it is our misfortune to have none in store at this time. I have dispatched an Express to Hartford, with orders to the persons having the superintendence of the Cloathing there and at Springfield, to send on all the Shoes they have with the utmost expedition.
[Note 17: The omitted portion duplicates the last half of the first sentence in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
The Enemy who landed in Jersey, from the last accounts, were at the Liberty pole and the New bridge near Hackensac. I am credibly informed that a packet has just arrived....18
[Note 18: The omitted portion duplicates the last paragraph in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
I have not mentioned any particular quantity of provision the fatigue party should take with them. This they must be supplied with from time to time as they may want, as my wish is for them to continue, till they have gone over the Tract of Road I have mentioned, unless some circumstances should cast up to make their rejoining their Corps necessary. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 2, 1778.
Sir: You will send a proper fatigue party from your division, on the road leading from Bulls Iron Works to Litchfield, to be employed in repairing the road, in case it should become necessary to march that way. The party will continue out 'till the purpose be completed; and measures must therefore be taken to supply them with provisions. Other similar parties are ordered on the other roads.
You will send your Quarter Master to precede the party and examine how far the road may need repair; and what good halting places there are at proper stages, which must be reported to me, that I may be enabled to regulate the marches of the different columns accordingly.
We have received advice from the Jerseys that the enemy there have drawn in their out parties and are now within their first position on Hackensack River, about the Liberty pole, newbridge &ca. I have also received an account, that Sir James Wallace20 had come express to General Clinton, who it seems was himself in the Jerseys, and that a packet was just arrived from England, in consequence of which General Clinton had returned to New York. If this be true, the affairs of the enemy must now soon come to an issue. I am etc.
[Note 20: Captain in the British Navy.]
P.S. In case your division should be ordered to march you will continue with the Court Martial21 unless otherwise specially directed.22
[Note 21: For the trial of General Schuyler.]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 2, 1778.
Sir: Your Excellency's letter dated the 25th instant made me happy by communicating the intelligence of Mr. D'ovilliers victory. I entreat you to accept my repeated congratulations on an event pregnant with such important consequences to the common cause; as well as my warmest thanks for the interesting collection of advices you are so obliging as to make.
The British Admirals both at home and abroad, if we may judge from the present appearance of things will be reduced to play a very cautious game. The judicious disposition, Your Excellency has made will be a great discouragement to any enterprise your way, and every days approach of Winter lessens the probability. Our intelligence respecting Admiral Howe's departure is the same, except the name of the Ship. My advices announce the Eagle instead of the Maidstone.25 Your Excellency's inference from this circumstance carries weight with it. My Idea still is that the British General is waiting positive instructions from his Court to determine his conduct; and that his preparations are adapted to either contingency of remaining or going away, as his orders shall prescribe.
[Note 25: The ship on which Richard, Lord Howe was reported to have sailed for England on September 16. D'Estaing interpreted Lord Howe's departure in a single frigate as inconsistent with the withdrawal of the British forces from America. He concluded that some sort of an expedition would be undertaken and begged to be kept informed of Washington's opinion as well as of events.]
Your observation on the inability of England to spare a sufficiency of Ships, men and money to continue hostilities in America at the same time that she is engaged in a war with the United powers of France and Spain, appears to me conclusive; but you are best acquainted with the present State of European Politics, and the actual forces and dispositions of these two Kingdoms, and can best decide whether the necessity for Englands withdrawing her Troops be urgent and immediate, or whether this event may not be procrastinated with a view to facilitate Negotiations which may be intended in the course of the Winter. The concurring Sentiment of the citizens of New York is that an evacuation will take place, and repeated intelligence indicates a part of the enemy's force destined for the W. Indies. The preparing a number of Uniforms for a warm climate, was a circumstance the importance of which did not escape me; but I have not been able to obtain so full a confirmation of the fact as I could wish. The weak state of the British Garrisons in the Islands seems to make a considerable reinforcement necessary on defensive principles, upon an open rupture with France, whose strength and magazines in that quarter are so respectable. And if all idea of future operations in this country be renounced, as is supposed, a part of the British force here will probably be disposed of in this way. But in this also a source of embarrassment occurs. If the enemy are not certain of a naval Superiority in those latitudes, they cannot risk sending a detachment of their troops hence, without materially dividing their fleet to afford a convoy sufficient for its protection, a step they will not be fond of taking while there is so formidable a Squadron under Your Excellency's command, to controul their motions. Whether besides merely strengthening their own Garrisons, they may mean to employ their arm in any attempt upon your colonies, or whether all above what may be required for the first purpose will be recalled for the defence of Great Britain or other parts of her dominions, must in my opinion depend on the preponderance of naval power, and the farther demonstrations made by the great Broglie.26
[Note 26: Charles François, Counte de Broghe. He had been head of the French secret diplomacy under Louis XV, but was unable to obtain any position of power under Louis XVI and the Maurepas-Vergennes ministry. Having suffered heavy financial reverses, he conceived, as a scheme to recoup both his political and financial fortune, the idea of making himself head of the American Revolution. He died in 1781.]
The enemy some days since made an incursion into the Jerseys, and foraged in security on a neck of land, where both flanks were guarded by navigable Rivers; and a small front only remained to be covered by a little field fortification. This inconvenience we cheerfully suffered for the advantage of being in posture to co-operate with you at Boston. A considerable reinforcement however, gave room to suspect some further design and obliged me to make additional provision for the safety of the communication over the North River, by moving another division of troops that way.
I have myself changed quarters to this place, for a time to be nearer the posts which guard it. This object, from which I dare not withdraw my force or attention, while the enemy are so powerful at New York, and the casualties to which we are exposed, while they have the advantage of transporting their troops by water, make it impossible for me to diminish my numbers by a detachment to Boston; a circumstance which I infinitely regret as it seems to be in Your Excellency's wish.
The defence which may be drawn from the natural advantages of situation, improved by works and the numerous militia, that may be suddenly assembled, will I hope give security to the Town and to Your Excellencys Squadron against a land operation and aided by the troops under General Sullivan, which on an emergency would be employed for the same purpose, allow time for the arrival of this Army. The troops you ask for at Boston, will no doubt readily be granted, and inspired by Mr. de Bougainvilles27 in conjunction with those he already has, maintain the important isthmus.
[Note 27: Louis Antoine, Comte de Bougainville. He was captain in the French Navy; commander of the Languedoc; with the fleet of De Grasse; played an important part in the action off the Virginia Capes Sept. 5, 1781.]
A continuance of the Marquis de la fayette's painful separation from Your Excellency, is unluckily involved in the impossibility above mentioned. His Cartel to Ld. Carlisle has not been communicated to me by him; it is a fresh instance of his sensibility for the honor of his Nation.28
[Note 28: The language to which Lafayette took exception is in the Declaration of the British Peace Commissioners to the Continental Congress, Aug. 26, 1778, where France is characterized as "a Power that has ever shewn itself an Enemy to all Civil and Religious Liberty" and accused of misrepresentation; of deliberately prolonging the war; of making the Colonies "the instruments of Her Ambition"; and of misdating treaties. As Earl Carlisle's name headed the signers of this declaration, Lafayette challenged him to a duel, which was declined on the ground of the earl's embassy as peace commissioner.]
The Town of Boston enjoys a privilege of which every town on the Continent must be ambitious, and the individuals charged with conveying the testimonies of its respect, must feel a pleasure which is envied them by, Your Excellency's, &c.
P.S. Since closing my Letter, I have received a fresh piece of information; which from the Channel through which it comes, deserves attention, though it is not absolutely to be relied on. That a fleet of Transports, was taking in Stock for a Voyage, on board of which ten Regiments said to be bound for the W. Indies were to embark, convoyed by Commodore Hotham with three Sail of the Line and some frigates. This moment advice is brought me of the arrival of a packet boat from England, which will in all likelihood bring the affairs of the enemy to an issue.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and John Laurens.]
Fishkill, October 2, 1778.
Dear Sir: Capt. Machin30 has been employed since the year 1776 in the engineering Branch without coming to any regular settlement for his Services. He does not chuse to fix any price himself, and I am really ignorant of what is just and proper. You have been a witness of a good deal of his work and he is willing to submit the matter to your decision. Capt. Machin holds a Commission in the Artillery, and has besides an account of his extra Expences in transacting his Business. The sum therefore to be ascertained is what he is intitled to above his pay of an Officer of Artillery, and an allowance for extra Expences.31 I am &c.32
[Note 30: Capt.-Lieut. Thomas Machin, of the Second Continental Artillery. He had been wounded at Fort Montgomery, N.Y., in October, 1777; promoted to captain in August, 1780; served to June, 1783; later served as captain, Twenty-ninth United States Infantry.]
[Note 31: Clinton replied (October 3) that Machin's services in fixing the chain across the Hudson and sinking the cheveaux de frises had been of great value; that he "frequently endangered his Health by working in the Water when it was floating with Ice." Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fish Kills, October 3, 1778.
Sir: I am honored with your favour of the 27 of September, with the inclosed resolves of Congress; a copy of which has been transmitted to Major General Lincoln, for his information and direction. Being separated from my papers, I am uncertain, whether I mentioned in my last, that the enemy in the Jerseys having received a reinforcement and made some forward movements, I had thought it expedient to detach another brigade thither to act in conjunction with the one already there, together with Pulaski's corps and the militia, and had sent Major General Lord Stirling to take the command of the whole. That I had also ordered Major General Putnam [with two brigades] across the River for the immediate security of West Point and moved a division of troops to this place, to be near that post. I have also come here myself and propose to remain 'till the views of the enemy in the Jersey's are decided; though I have had no reason to alter my opinion, that nothing more than a forage is intended. By the last accounts, they had drawn in their out parties and resumed their first bounds behind Hackensack River at the Liberty-pole and New Bridge.
That part of Baylors regiment, which escaped, came off in the first instance, and were afterwards brought off in so dispersed a manner, that the number has not been ascertained; but from what I have learned, I should estimate the loss at about fifty men and seventy [or eighty] horses. Major Clough is dead of his wounds. This affair appears to have been attended with every circumstance of cruelty.
It is a small compensation for this accident, that Col: Butler, three or four days ago, with a party of infantry and horse, comprehending Major Lee's corps, surprised about an hundred Yagers below Tarrytown; killed ten on the spot and took a Lieutenant and eighteen Men prisoners. The roughness of the country facilitated the flight of the rest and prevented the success being more complete.
The proceedings in the case of General St. Clair accompany this letter. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have received advice of the arrival of a Packet from England.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the draft, which is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, but were omitted from the letter sent.]
Fishkill, October 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 23d. Ulto. came to my hands at Fredericksburg the Evening before I left it for this place. I thank you for the transmission of Mr. Beresford's intelligence, tho I have not the smallest Idea that any thing more than a deception, is meant by it; and that Mr. Williams is either a voluntary Agent, or the innocent instrument, for carrying it on. Yet, as the case may be otherwise, common prudence bids us guard against the worst. A conclusive evidence against the measure, with me, is, his speaking of the Troops destined for the Southward in the light of a detachment only. I am well convinced myself, that the Enemy, long ere this, are perfectly well satisfied that the possession of our Towns, while we have an Army in the field, will avail them little. It involves us in difficulty, but does not, by any means, insure them conquest. They will know, that it is our Arms, not defenceless Towns, they have to Subdue, before they can arrive at the haven of their Wishes, and that, till this end is accomplished, the Superstructure they have been endeavouring to raise, "like the baseless fabric of a vision"34 falls to nothing. But this, tho a reason
[Note 34: The Tempest (Shakespeare), act iv, scene I.] operating powerfully with me, in deciding upon the point, is by no means the most weighty consideration in my Mind. A Measure of this kind before the hostile disposition of France became so evident, and before the French Fleet arrived on this Coast, was probable, as their whole conduct was full of unaccountables; but to attempt now, to detach 10,000 Men (which is, I suppose half their Army) and to divide their Naval strength for the Protection of it, would, in my judgment, be an Act of insanity, and expose one part or the other, of both Land and Sea force to inevitable ruin. I, therefore conclude, that they will go there wholly or not at all. Nevertheless, I may be mistaken.
As you have not acknowledged the receipt of my Letter by Majr. (now Lt. Colo. Morris) by whom I took the liberty of returning the first paper parcel of gold you were so obligg. as to send me; nor of a Subsequent Letter by Colo. Hazen, inclosing the Letters of Govt. Johnstone, Mr. Manning &ca. I am somewhat fearful that they may have been mislaid, and forgot as these Gentlemen were charged with other business of more consequence. With every Sentiment of esteem, regard and Affec.; I am etc.35
[Note 35: This was a private letter to Laurens, rather than in his official capacity as President of Congress. The letter sent, which was also in the writing of Washington, is missing from the Papers of the Continental Congress. It was sold at auction in 1933, and from the catalogue description it varies in minor verbal particulars from the draft.]
Fishkill, October 3, 1778.
Sir: General Mcdougall forwarded Major Gray's36 letter to you, to me. I have no account from General Scott of any troops having lately gone from New York to the Narrows. The party that went to Jersey were reinforced, and perhaps that might have occasioned the mistake.
[Note 36: Maj. Ebenezer Gray's letter of Sept. 30, 1778.]
I do not apprehend any attempt agt. this Army, but to be prepared for contingencies, I am to desire, if the Enemy should make a debarkation in force which may seriously threathen your left Flank, you will fall back to Fredericksburg, at which place we can concentre our force.
I have just seen a Philada. paper of the 29th. Septr. which mentions that a Vessel had arrived at Baltimore in 13 days from Martinico, and brings an account that the French had taken possession of Dominica and had sent down 4000 Men agt. Jamaica. If this is so, we shall soon have a confirmation of it. I am &ca.
P.S. Some troops went from New York to Staten Island abt. the time Majr. Gray mentions.37
[Note 37: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Colo. Brinckerhoff's, October 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: You will perceive by the inclosed Copy of a Resolution which came to hand last night, that Congress have determined on measures for securing Charles Town, in case the Enemy should form an expedition against it, and have appointed you to command there.38 I have nothing to add upon the subject, except my assurance that you will have, as you have had upon all occasions, my warmest wishes for your success and happiness. You will receive your Instructions from Congress when you have an Opportunity of seeing them. I am, etc.
[Note 38: The resolve of September 25 directed that Lincoln take command in the Southern Department "and repair immediately to Charleston, S.C."]
P.S. I received your favor of yesterday, after I had written you about a fatigue party.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, Oct. 2, 1778, ante.)]
Head Quarters, October 3, 1778.
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterdays date, and am glad that Capt. Leavensworth has found means to elude the enemy's posts. I wish him to use his utmost endeavours to ascertain the truth of the following intelligence transmitted me by Majr. Gray from Norwalk. "From the 19th. or 20th. Ulto. to the 24th. (when his informant left New York) Troops were constantly embarking from the City to the Narrows, to the amount as was judged of two or three thousand. Twenty eight Sail were loading Wood for Newport, at Huntington,40 and Twenty Sail for New York, in Cold Spring Harbour. Governor Tryon was employed in Swearing the Inhabitants at Huntington. Admiral Gambier had taken the Command."
[Note 40: Huntington, Long Island.]
Your treatment of the wounded Lieutenant cannot but have my approbation, such conduct is invariably to be observed to an enemy in his unfortunate circumstances.41 We have no authority to punish the persons taken in the fact of illicit commerce, any farther than by seizing their merchandize, and delivering their persons to the civil magistrate; if there are any circumstances which incline you to dispense with the latter, it may be well at least to take the names of the offenders, and threaten them in case of a relapse with the full rigour of the Law.
[Note 41: "The Lieutenant that was taken the other Day by Colo. Butlers party being Badly Wounded and nobody with me able to Speak with him. I took his Parole and Sent him into the enemy's Camp."-- Scott to Washington, Oct. 2, 1778. Scott's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Horses taken from disaffected persons, and which by their situation were liable to fall into the enemys hands, should be sent to the Quarter Master Genl: who will take an account of them and their value. I am &ca.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 3, 1778.
Sir: Capt. Young43 has just delivered me your favour of the 21st. of September. I wrote you a few days since, to the care of Colo. Hazen, informing you, that a satisfactory answer had been received from Congress relative to carrying on the expedition, if circumstances will permit; and making the necessary preparations for that purpose, and that Mr. Cuyler44 had agreed with the Commissary of Purchases here, on the proposed arrangements in their department. Captn. Young will communicate what particulars he learnt from Mr. Tychiner,45 Assistant to Mr. Cuyler. You will therefore proceed in the matters intrusted to your direction.
[Note 43: Capt. Samuel(?) Young, of Bedel's New Hampshire Militia regiment.]
[Note 44: Jacob Cuyler, deputy commissary of purchases, Northern Department.]
[Note 45: Isaac Tichnor, deputy commissary of purchases, at Coos, N.H.]
Since my last, General Schuyler has undertaken to provide a number of Snow shoes and mocassins at Albany; but allowance has been made for this and you are nevertheless to procure the quantity of these articles mentioned in my last. Yet as the actually collecting them, would naturally lead the enemy to suspect our design, I would wish this part of the business to be deferred as long as it can, so as to be completed in season. In the mean time you may be laying out for them and taking such steps as will be least obvious and declarative of the intention. I thank you for the information you have sent me and am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Fish-kill, October 4, 1778.
My dear Marquis: I have had the pleasure of receiving, by the hands of Monsr. de la Colombe, your favour of the 28th. Ulto.; accompanied by one of the 24th., which he overtook somewhere on the Road. The leave requested in the former,47 I am as much interested to grant, as to refuse my approbation of the Cartel, proposed in the latter.
[Note 47: Neither of these letters, of September 24 and September 28, are now found in the Washington Papers; they are, however, printed in Sparks's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, pp. 209 and 213, The September 24 letter asked for "candid advice" on the subject of taking notice of the disrespectful references to France in the address of the British Peace Commissioners to Congress. "I am the first French officer in rank of the American Army; I am not unknown to the British and if somebody must take notice of such expressions that advantage does, I believe, belong to me." In the letter of September 28 Lafayette requested leave to come to headquarters for an interview with Washington: "the letters I have received from home make me very anxious to see you."]
The generous Spirit of Chivalry, exploded by the rest of the World, finds a refuge, My dear friend, in the sensibility of your Nation only. But it is in vain to cherish it, unless you can find Antagonists to support it; and however well adapted it might have been to the times in which it existed, in our days it is to be feared that your opponent, sheltering himself behind Modern opinion, and under his present public Character of Commissioner, would turn a virtue of such ancient date, into ridicule. Besides, supposing his Lordship accepted your terms, experience has proved, that chance is as often, as much concerned in deciding these matters as bravery, and always more than the justice of the Cause; I would not therefore have your life, by the remotest possibility, exposed, when it may be reserved for so many greater occasions. His Excellency the Admiral I flatter myself, will be in Sentimt. with me; and, as soon as he can spare you, send you to head Quarters, where I anticipate the pleasure of seeing you.
Having wrote very fully to you a few days ago, and put the Letter under cover to Genl. Sullivan, I have naught to add at this time, but to assure you, that with the most perfect regard, I am etc.
Fish-kill, October 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: My public Letters to the President of Congress will inform you of the Wind that wafted me to this place; nothing more therefore need be said on that head.
Your Letter of the 8th. Ulto. contains three questions and answers, to wit: Can the Enemy prosecute the War? Do they mean to stay on the Continent? And is it our interest to put impediments in the way of their departure? To the first you answer in the Negative; to the second you are decided in opinion that they do not; And to the third, say, clearly No.
Much, my good Sir, may be said in favor of these answers; and some things against the two first of them. By way therefore of dissertation on the first, I will also beg leave to put a question, and give it an answer. Can we carry on the War much longer? certainly NO, unless some measures can be devised, and speedily executed, to restore the credit of our Currency, restrain extortion, and punish forestallers.48
[Note 48: Forestallers were those who purchased merchandise or supplies before they came on the market and then advanced the prices. Under old English law this was a punishable offense.]
Without these can be effected, what funds can stand the present expences of the Army ? And what Officer can bear the weight of prices, that every necessary Article is now got to? A Rat, in the shape of a Horse, is not to be bought at this time for less than £200; a Saddle under thirty or Forty; Boots twenty, and Shoes and other articles in like proportion. How is it possible therefore for Officers to stand this, without an increase of pay? And how is it possible to advance their Pay when Flour is selling (at different places) from five to fifteen pounds pr. Ct., Hay from ten to thirty pounds pr. Tunn, and Beef and other essentials, in this proportion.
The true point of light then to place, and consider this matter in, is not simply whether G. Britain can carry on the War, but whose Finances (theirs or ours) is most likely to fail: which leads me to doubt very much the infalibility of the answer given to your Second question, respecting the Enemy's leaving the Continent; for I believe, that they will not do it, while ever hope and the chapter of accidents can give them a chance of bringing us to terms short of Independance. But this you perhaps will say, they are now bereft of. I shall acknowledge that many things favor the idea; but add, that upon a comparative view of circumstances there is abundant matter to puzzle and confound the judgment. To your third answer, I subscribe with hand and heart. the opening is now fair, and God grant they may embrace the oppertunity of bidding an eternal adieu to our, once quit of them, happy Land. If the Spaniards would but join their Fleets to those of France, and commence hostilities my doubts would all subside. Without it, I fear the British Navy has it too much in its power to counteract the Schemes of France.
The high prices of every necessary. The little, indeed no benefit which Officers have derived from the intended bounty of Congress in the article of Cloathing, The change in the establishment, by which so many of them are discontinued. The unfortunate delay of this business, which kept them too long in suspence, and set a number of evil spirits to work. The unsettled Rank, and contradictory modes of adjusting it, with other causes which might be enumerated, have conspired to sour the temper of the Army exceedingly; and has, I am told, been productive of a Memorial, or representation of some kind, to Congress,49 which neither directly, nor indirectly did I know,
[Note 49: This memorial from the field officers and captains of the Continental Army is dated Sept. 13, 1778, and was forwarded to Congress in a letter of September 22, signed by Cols. Daniel Morgan, Otho Holland Williams, and William Davies. The grievance was the exclusion of supernumerary officers from the Army through rearrangement, lack of half-pay and pensions, medical care, clothing, and other deficiencies. On October 20 Congress ordered it to lie on the table "until Congress have fully considered and determined on the report of the committee of arrangement." The original papers are in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 41, 7, fols. 191--204.] or ever hear was in agitation, till some days after it was dispatched; owing, as I apprehend, to the secrecy with which it was conducted to keep it from my knowledge, as I had in a similar instance last Spring, discountenanced and stifled a child of the same illigitimacy in its birth. If you have any News worth communicating, do not put it under a bushel, but transmit it to Dr. Sir,50 Yrs. sincerely.
[Note 50: Morris answered this letter from Washington (October 26): "the Petition you mention or Representation which I have not yet seen and never wish to see ... it gave my Enemies (and who were so in some Degree for my earnest Support of the Claims of the Army heretofore) no small Cause of Triumph ... It was by Procedures such as these that the good Fairfax made way for a crafty Cromwell and that he dismissed a tedious Wrangling Parliament and established a military Despotism. It is a melancholy Truth that when once Faction takes Possession of the human Heart Men are hurried into Extremes which make considerate People tremble. I will not do your Army the Injustice even to permit a Thought that they wish to get Rid of their General. But Sir their and your and our Enemies do not want the Confidence to say so and indeed to say they can prove it and to attempt that Proof from the Manner of procuring (Agitating as they term it) the Petition in Question. Certainly could such Ideas be inculcated it would answer their Views. It would also answer their Views to instill into the Army a Distrust of Congress and therefore I doubt not but the Enemies of both are assiduous in this Business." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 51: Cox was an assistant deputy quartermaster general and Mitchell a deputy quartermaster general.]
Fish-kill, October 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am informed that Sundry Goods (in the Military line) addressed to Mr. Jas. Rivington of New York, were taken, carried into Egg harbour, and axe now in Philadelphia. Among them a compleat sett of Camp equipage. As I am perfectly incompleat in this way, I should be glad if you would enquire into the truth of this matter, and make a purchase of it for me, if it answers the description; and can be had upon terms not unreasonable.
I am also informed that there are proper Camp Trunks, with Straps &ca.; two of which, equal in size, I should be glad to get; and a Cut and thrust Sword, genteel, but not costly, with Chain and swivels, strong.
These things are to be had, I am told, in Market Street, but of whom, I have not been able to learn. Genl. Wilkenson, if in Phila., can tell. I am, etc.
P.S. If there are any of Dolands best pocket Telescopes, be so good as to get one of these also, and send it to me as soon as you can.
Head Quarters, October 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am to thank you for your favor of the 28th. Ulto. and its several inclosures. The intelligence given you by Mr. Colvill52 is very interesting if it can be depended on, and particularly to Count d'Estaing, to whom no doubt you have communicated it. Your distribution of the twelve hundred Militia men ordered out by the Council of State, exactly coincides with my wishes. Their labour if it has not its immediate use, will remain a permanent security to the town, and as you observe give confidence and tranquillity to our allies.
[Note 52: William Colvill, formerly ensign in the Royal Scotch Emigrants.]
Every intelligence of the progress of Clothing, is very acceptable to me, as it diminishes my anxiety, and opens the prospect of a happy completion of our wishes, in this important article; the stopping a sufficient quantity for the invalids was perfectly right.
The Enemy in the Jersey continue nearly in the same position as when I last had the pleasure of writing to you and will probably retire as soon as they have secured their Plunder. A packet is arrived at New York, which will probably determine General Clintons Plans. I am, etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 4, 1778.
My Lord: It is now three days since I have received any intelligence from your Lordship; this makes me the more uneasy as my movements depend altogether upon the indications you give me of those of the enemy. It is of so much importance to me to be regularly informed that I must request you will send expresses daily, acquainting me precisely with the enemy's position, and communicating such intelligence as you may collect from spies, deserters &ca. It is often a satisfaction to know that nothing new has happened, altho' it may not appear very interesting, to make a report of; it will be always in your Lordships power to compensate the dearth of events by favoring me with your conjectures. I am etc.
P.S. I open this letter to acknowlege the receipt of your Lordship's favour of Yesterday. I have also received two New York papers, transmitted me by Mr. Livingston54 at your desire. I have nothing to add, but my thanks for the intelligence you communicate. Major Washington with Moylan's Regt. is on his way to join your Lordship.55
[Note 54: Gov. William Livingston.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The P.S. is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The last sentence was added to the letter sent, but not noted on the draft.]
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 4, 1778.
Gentlemen: By a letter from the Board of War, which will be delivered you herewith, you will perceive they have left it to my determination, whether the Continental troops under General Sullivan should be supplied with coats, Jackets and breeches from the imported ready made cloathing, ordered on to Springfield and Hartford, or from the materials in possession of Mr. Reynolds56 and yourselves. I have decided in favour of the last mode and written to Genl. Sullivan accordingly. It seems Mr. Reynolds has been already making provision for the purpose; but you are to supply any deficiency in the quantity he has, out of the stocks in your hands. I have recommended to General Sullivan to have the materials drawn from you and made up in the state of Rhode Island, where I imagine a Number of Taylors may be found to dispatch the business in a little time; and this will leave you at leisure to go on with your provisions for the army at large. You will hear from him on this point. With respect to other matters, you will follow precisely the directions of the Board.
[Note 56: John Reynolds (Reynold), agent for clothing in Rhode Island.]
I make no doubt you will scrutinize carefully the quality of the articles you purchase, or send on for the use of the army. I am induced to call your attention particularly to the article of shoes, as there is now a parcel in the store at this place, intirely unfit to be issued to the men; because they are so slight, the service they could render would be momentary. This is too much the case with the French shoes in general, of which kind this parcel is, and unless much circumspection be used the purchasing them can answer no other end, than to run the public to an unprofitable expence and deceive the expectations of the army. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 5, 1778.
Gentlemen: Among the various disputes upon the subject of Rank in the Army, there have not been found any more difficult to settle than the claims of this nature in the Maryland line. These have been matter of employment for a Board of General Officers for several days, and, after all their care and assiduity, I fear no arrangement that they can make, will prove intirely satisfactory. There is one point, about which the Board and myself have doubts, Viz. the construction and extent of the powers with which the Assembly were pleased to honor me, by their Resolution of the II of April 1778, transmitted in a Letter of the 18th of the same month. Neither they nor I know with the precision we could wish, whether the Resolution meant to confer powers for changing the appointment of any Officer made by the Assembly, by adding or taking away a grade, where it might appear right; or whether it only intended to authorise an alteration in the instance of precedence among those of similar rank, where it should be found, that mistakes had taken place in that respect. Satisfaction in these points may effect the decision of the Board, and make a material difference in the arrangement. I shall be happy to receive such Answer, as you may think proper to honor me with, by the earliest opportunity, as nothing will contribute more to the service, than a speedy and final conclusion of the disputes upon this head. I made some attempts in the course of last year to have them adjusted, but without effect. I have the Honor etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 5, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 21st. Sepr. this morning. By what means it has been so long delayed, I cannot conceive.
The conduct of Crowel59 appears to me to have forfeited the protection he derived from the flag and to justify in point of right the detention of his person and the confiscation of the
[Note 59: Crowel, whose Christian name was not given, was a New Jerseyman, who had turned loyalist. He attempted to carry a load of flour back to New York City.] Vessel and her effects. The obligation of a flag is reciprocal. On the one hand it ought to be inviolable, when conducted agreeable to the rules of War and honor, and on the other any fraud or deceit committed under its sanction is doubly criminal, and the Laws and practice of nations will authorize inflicting a Punishment proportioned to the crime. How far it may be proper to make use of the right in particular cases is a question of policy and must be determined by circumstances.
I shall relate to your Excellency an affair that happened last Campaign, which bears a remote analogy to the present. a passport was obtain'd from Genl. Howe to send a flag Boat laden with Provisions, for the use of our prisoners in Philadelphia. Robinson60 was announced as the intended master and the passport given in his name. He went with the Boat accordingly, and Capt. Galt61 accompanied him in the capacity of a Seaman. Both these Gentlemen belonging to the navy at the time, though not in actual employ, General Howe had them seized and thrown into close confinement, for appearing in an assumed and disguised character. The fairness of this proceeding with respect to Robinson could not well be vindicated; but with respect to Galt was justifiable. My interposition in their favor could with difficulty prevent their meeting with a still severer punishment. The vessel however and her cargo were unmolested.
[Note 60: Capt. Isaiah Robinson.]
[Note 61: Capt. Nathaniel Gait.]
There is indeed a wide difference between the two cases; in one, the crime, supposed or real, consisted only in a slight ambiguity of conduct in the commander of the Boat, and a little personal concealment in another individual, under his command; in the other it extended to a felonious commerce in which the Vessel itself was made immediately instrumental. In this, there was Villainy, in that there was only indiscretion.
I should think at all events, Crowel should be imprisoned for a time and the articles he attempted to smuggle, converted to the benefit of the Captors. It will be a necessary piece of ceremony, which I dare say, will occur, to give the Enemy notice of the affair, and the measures taken in consequence.
To prevent similar abuses hereafter, from the practice of sending flag Boats, to places where we have no posts, I shall direct General Maxwell to write to the commanding Officer at Staten Island, assigning the places at which their boats will be received, and forbidding their being sent to any other without special licence. Should you wish at any time to change the established channels, you will only have to intimate your wish to Genl. Maxwell. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. Your Excellency's letter of the 14th Septr. was handed me some days since; but in the hurry of business mislaid. Capt. Costiger's62 situation, being on parole would make it improper to take any steps in the affair, in which he is suspected to be concerned. My intention was to have had him exchanged; but there has been some mistake in executing it.63
[Note 62: Capt. Louis J. Costigan. Crowel brought him and his family from New York City to Brunswick, N. J.]
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 5, 1778.
Sir: I am much obliged to you for your several communications of the 3d. and 4th. Inst.
The relation of the two deserters64 is certainly of a serious complexion, could we confide in its reality. But the reasons for
[Note 64: The draft says "sailors." They were Cape Cod men who had escaped from the British prison ships at New York. Gates's letter of October 4 related "that an Empedemical Disease was brought to New York, in Admiral Byrons Fleet, which causes great Mortality, and Desertion, amongst the Sailors." Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers.] denying it any great degree of credit are not a few. Of the different observers in New York and those places proper for attending the motions of the fleet, not one has made any return of such an occurrence. Major Howel in particular whose station is at Black point for the express purpose of watching the fleet, and giving regular information of their movements, has afforded me no light on this subject. However some interruption to his intelligence may have arisen from the enemys late irruption into the Jersey.
To gain as much certainty as our circumstances and situation are capable of, I could wish you to procure, if possible, some person in whom you can confide, to go to the west end of Long Island, for the purpose of intelligence and obtaining the truth of this matter.
I have since your letter given activity to those employed in such business and hope soon to have the matter either contradicted or ascertained. I have also directed my outposts to pay the utmost attention to those sailors &c. who may come from New York, that we may do every thing to avoid so alarming a contagion. I am &ca.65
[Note 65: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: This will accompany a letter from the Board of War to you and two others to the Clothiers at Boston and Providence. You will perceive there is one point in particular, which is referred to my decision. Whether the Continental troops with you shall be cloathed in the Articles of Coats, Jackets and breeches out of the imported ready made cloathing which has been ordered on to Springfield and Hartford, or out of the purchases in the hands of Mr. Reynolds, and the materials in possession of Messrs. Otis and Andrews. The latter mode appears to me preferable on several accounts. In the first place, it would save to the public the trouble and expence which would attend transporting the other cloathing to Springfield and Hartford and back again to Providence; for by the information I have received I am led to conclude the whole is by this time either arrived at those places or on its way. And in the next place, it would give the troops in this quarter a chance of being clothed equally soon with those under you, and, I believe not sooner. By the time the cloathing at Springfield and Hartford can be sorted repacked and forwarded to this army, there will be full leisure to provide a sufficiency in the other way for the troops with you. To expedite this, it might be advisable, to have the materials drawn from Messrs. Otis and Andrews to supply the deficiency in the quantity already procured by Mr. Reynolds, and to have the whole made up, in the state of Rhode Island where I should imagine Taylors enough are to be found to dispatch the business in a very short time; while Messrs. Otis and Andrews may be employed in preparing further supplies for the army in general. But this as you judge best and as shall be most consistent with the instructions of the board of war. The distance the troops here are from Boston, the source of our supplies, makes it equitable and for the good of the service that the Clothing first ready should come on for their use. The greater part of the Men with you are I apprehend better clad than those here; and will be sooner and better accommodated with quarters to shelter them from the approaching cold season which are additional reasons for adopting the mode I have mentioned. I believe the Board of war have greatly overrated the quantity of ready made cloathing on the way. With respect to other articles, I have no alterations to propose in the directions given by the Board.
Our stock of cloathing is not yet so ample, but that great care and oeconomy are still requisite. I dare say you will take every method in your power to procure exact returns of the men intitled to the new cloathing and will not suffer more to be drawn than is really necessary. I have been informed that General Glovers brigade has lately been completely clad, in uniform, procured by the immediate applications of the Commanders of regiments to the clothiers at Boston. If so, I should not conceive it to be within the spirit of the Board's arrangements, to furnish them anew out of the present stock. They can only mean, that the troops in general should be put into uniform and comfortable cloathing; and that the old cloaths delivered at different periods and of different kinds should be returned into the hands of the public; if any brigade has been recently provided with cloathes of the former description, it can hardly be their intention, after being worn a month or six weeks that these should be exchanged for others. I am also informed, that General Varnum had stopped some articles on the way to camp for the use of his Brigade. This should be inquired into and if found true, allowance made in the general distribution, which is about to take place.
The enemy remain much in the same situation. They have not yet left the Jerseys.66 A packet has lately arrived from England. I am etc.
[Note 66: On this same day (October 5) Washington wrote a second letter to Sullivan, sending the report of the two escaped sailors from New York that a British fleet had sailed to attack D'Estaing. This report, though it lacked confirmation, was to be sent to D'Estaing for what it was worth, anti Sullivan, who was at Providence, was to assist the Comte should the British attempt a land cooperation with their fleet. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
He sent, also, the same information, with little change of wording, to Lord Stirling and Brig. Gens. William Maxwell and Charles Scott.]
P.S. The Marquis has requested permission from me to make a visit to Head Quarters, on some private affairs of importance to him; to which I have consented. You will give him your concurrence accordingly.
You will forward my letter for Otis & Andrews with the one from the Board.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
October 5, 1778.
Sir: I have attentively considered the memorial you delivered me in behalf of a respectable number of officers in the Maryland line, requesting the restoration of Capt. Norwood. It gives me real pain, that I find myself obliged to refuse their request; but the duty I owe to justice and impartiality out weighs every other consideration. Notwithstanding the honorable testimony which is given of the general good character of Capt. Norwood; his conduct in the whole of the transaction, which has terminated in his present misfortune, so far as may be judged from the complexion of the public proceedings in his case must be viewed by every unbiassed mind, as in an high degree blameable.
The violation of the rules of military discipline and decorum, and the injuries offered to General Smallwood put it out of my power, as the affair is now circumstanced, to show the indulgence solicited, without essentially wounding the honor of that Gentleman, and encouraging a pernicious example in the army. If Capt. Norwood is sensible of his indiscretion, it will be in his power to make atonement; and when it could be done with propriety, I shall take pleasure, in remitting the consequences of his error. I am, etc.67
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 5, 1778.
Sir: I have just received a letter from Danbury containing the following paragraph,
Two sailors belonging to Cape Cod, who made their escape from the Prison-ship last Monday night, arrived here. They declare, That the British fleet of men of war sailed ten days ago, in quest of the French fleet.
I cannot suppose this account to be well founded because I have heard nothing of the kind from you; and I have too good an opinion of your vigilance to suppose it possible, a circumstance of such importance and so obvious could escape your knowlege. I shall however be glad to hear immediately from you; and must desire you will take measures to ascertain the truth or falsehood of this report. I must also desire, that besides communicating instantly any event of importance that takes place among the enemy's shipping, you will every two or three days let me hear from you, if it be only to inform me that nothing new has occurred. It will be proper to take notice in your reports of every vessel, besides a mere boat that comes in and goes out; and for this purpose you will keep parties of observation continually stationed, with an intelligent officer always present.68 I am, etc.69
[Note 68: Howell answered this (October 9): "report you mention is false, and the heavy Ships are now in View off the Neversinks. Admiral Biron is now at New York." Howell's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 5, 1778.
Sir: Two American Seamen, who made their escape from a prison Ship at New York, report that the british fleet sailed ten days ago in quest of the french Squadron.
This is an event of such importance, and which from the nature of it, admits so little of concealment, that I could not have been uninformed of it 'till now, supposing that it really happened, without the most unpardonable neglect in the Officer whom I have stationed in a convenient post for the express purpose of discovering the Enemy's naval movements; neither do I think it could have escaped the vigilance of our spies, or have passed unnoticed in the daily accounts given us by Deserters; however as such a report exists, and a failure in all the regular sources of our intelligence, however unlikely, is still a possible misfortune, I have immediately dispatched an Express to the Officers of out posts, to have the matter speedily investigated, and will do myself the honor to transmit Your Excellency, the result of their inquiries without delay; In the mean time I have thought it my duty to acquaint you with report and its origin, that you may not have any doubts or anxieties raised in your mind by hearing it from any other quarters; but by being apprised of it, know what attention to pay to it, and how to distinguish the Original Story, from the same with such improvements and additions as reports generally acquire by travelling.
While I am writing a Letter of the 3rd. Inst from Genl. Sullivan informs me that Admiral Biron accompanied by the Culloden had left Newport the Sunday preceding that date; this has doubtless been communicated to Your Excellency. It is a circumstance that seemingly favors the intelligence above mentioned. I have the honor, etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 71: Brother of John and member of the South Carolina Assembly in 1778.]
Fish-kill, October 5, 1778.
My dear Sir: Our correspondance seems to be at an end; but why it is so, I am at a loss to discover. In the Month of Augt. last year, from the House of Mr. H. Hill72 near Germantown (where I was then Incamped) I wrote you a Letter as long as my Arm;73 Since which I have not received a line from you, but enquire at every oppertunity how you do.
[Note 72: Henry Hill, of Indian Queen Lane, about I mile east of Schuylkill Falls, Pa.]
[Note 73: A draft of this letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
Many great and important changes have taken place in our Military and Political Affairs since that period, and I hope, tho fortune at times seemed to frown upon us, for the better. The day seems now to dawn upon us, but Clouds and tempests may yet arise to endanger our Bark. The designs of the Enemy as yet, are impervious to the view. They are upon the eve (if one may judge from appearances) of some capital move; but of what nature, remains to be disclosed; many circumstances point to an evacuation of the States, others discredit a belief of it; in a word, it is very difficult to form a decided judgment of their plan; my opinion of it is, that they have none, but that Ministry vainly hoping that some good might result from their Commission, have not, as yet, communicated their final Orders to Sir Harry; who in the meanwhile, is busily preparing for a total evacuation, or an Expedition, the same preparations of Transports &ca. answering to both. If the latter is the plan, and the French Squadron at Boston is the object, which I think most important and likely, he has not a moments time to spare in commencing his operations.
Congress I presume, are suspicious of the Enemys having an eye to your State, by the measures they are taking for its defence; but I have no Idea myself of the Enemys detaching part of their Land or Sea force on an enterprize of this kind while a respectable French Fleet hovers on this Coast. You will have the whole or none of them. Tho there is no telling; for they have done, and left undone things, so contrary to common conceptions, that they puzzle, at all times and upon all occasions, even conjecture.
The bearer Majr. Genl. Lincoln is nominated by Congress to take Command of the Southern department, and I take the liberty of recommending him to your civilities as a worthy character, a brave, and an attentive Officer.74 My respectful compliments await your Lady, the Mr. Middletons,75 and other Gentn. of my acquaintance. With sincere esteem and regard I remain etc.
[Note 74: On this same day (October 5) Washington wrote to President John Rutledge, of South Carolina, the same brief introduction of General Lincoln as above.]
[Note 75: Arthur Middleton, the Signer, and Henry, his brother.]
Head Quarters, October 5, 1778.
Gentlemen: By the enclosed Copies of letters to General Sullivan and Messrs. Otis & Andrews, you will be informed of what I have written on the subject of Clothing, in consequence of the letter which you did me the honor to write on the 29th. Ulto.
The prospect of having the Army amply provided for, by your exertions, affords the highest degree of satisfaction. I am particularly happy to be informed that you have extended your orders for hats and shoes; The Season of the year and the roughness of the roads, should a march eastward become necessary; render the latter an article of immediate and indispensible necessity. I must therefore entreat that every possible step be taken for procuring a large and instantaneous supply from your factories or elsewhere. The present deficiency in this respect I have reason to think, is greatly increased by the bad quality of the imported shoes; at any rate it is such as will prevent the marching of a great many men, and render them miserable in a state of inaction. I have the honor etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Tuesday, October 6, 1778.
Parole Pannona. Countersigns Pool, Portland.
The Regimental Pay Masters are to make out their Pay Rolls for the Month of August and lodge them at the Pay Master Generals for Examination as soon as possible.
A Court of Enquiry whereof Lieut. Colo. Temple77 was President which sat to examine into a Charge against Lieutt. Eggleston's78 Conduct on the 26th. ultimo, report that the Charge was groundless and vexatious and that his Conduct was not only prudent but spirited and does him honor.
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Temple, of the First Continental Dragoons.]
[Note 78: Lieut. Joseph Eggleston (Egleston), of Lee's Light Dragoons, He was a captain in September, 1779; taken prisoner at Elizabethtown, N.J., in January, 1780; served to close of the war.]
Head Quarters, Fishkill, October 6, 1778.
Sir: Colonel G. V. Schaick advises me in a letter of this date,79 that he is "this moment informed, that, a ship, a tender and a galley are standing up the river; they were seen off Tallers point about ten O'clock this morning under sail. I have sent off a party of fifty men well officered to bring off a number of boats laying at Kings ferry."
[Note 79: Washington acknowledged Van Schaick's information in a brief note this same day (October 6), the draft of which is in the Washington Papers.]
You will give your attention to this information of the Colonels increase your vigilance on the River and respect every thing which may add to the security of your important post. I am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
October 6, 1778.
My Lord: I have had just now the honor of your letters of the 4th and 5th Instt.
As we are often obliged to reason on the designs of the enemy, from the appearances which come under our own observation and the information of our spies, we cannot be too attentive to those things which may afford us new light. Every minutiæ should have a place in our collection, for things of a seemingly triffling nature when conjoined with others of a more serious cast may lead to very valuable conclusions. The particular kind of forage which the enemy are now amassing in Jersey, may have a tendency this way. Whether it is long or short, such as is usually stored in their magazines for the winter, or procured as provender in sea voyages. You will endeavour my Lord to ascertain these matters of information, as well as to collect such further circumstances and facts as may be useful to inform our judgment as to their designs or destination. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Fishkill, October 6, 1778.
Sir: Mr. Crowel's recent violation of the usages and laws of flags render it necessary to adopt some measures, that may prevent similar proceedings in future. For this purpose you will immediately fix upon a certain number of places for the reception of flag-boats, and advise the commanding Officer on Staten Island, of the places, and that no flag-boats will be received any where else without a special permission. But should the Governor think it expedient, in particular instances, to nominate any other place, at any time, you will comply with his instructions. I am &ca.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 6, 1778.
Sir: This will be delivered to you by Major General the Marquis de la fayette, the generous motives which first induced him to cross the Atlantic, and enter the Army of the United States, are well known to Congress. Reasons equally laudable now engage his return to France, who in her present circumstances claims his services.
His eagerness to offer his duty to his Prince and Country, however great, could not influence him to quit the Continent in any stage of an unfinished Campaign; he resolved to remain at least 'till the close of the present, and embraces this moment of Suspense, to communicate his wishes to Congress, with a view of having the necessary arrangements made in time, and of being still within reach, should any occasion offer for distinguishing himself in the field.
The Marquis at the same time from a desire of preserving a relation with us, and a hope of having it yet in his power to be useful as an American Officer, solicits only a furlough, sufficient for the purposes above mentioned; a reluctance to part with an Officer, who unites to all the military fire of youth, an uncommon maturity of judgment, would lead me to prefer his being absent on this footing, if it depended on me.
I shall always be happy to give such a testimony of his services, as his bravery and conduct, on all occasions, entitle him to, and I have no doubt that Congress will add suitable expressions of their sense of his merit, and their regret on account of his departure.83 I have the honor, etc.
[Note 83: On October 21 Congress granted Lafayette leave to return to France; ordered that the President write him a letter expressing the thanks of Congress and that the United States Minister at Paris obtain a sword and present it to the marquis as a gift from Congress; also a letter was ordered written to the King, recommending Lafayette to his sovereign.]
P.S. The Marquis is so obliging as to take charge of a Packet containing the proceedings of a Court Martial in General Schuylers case.84
[Note 84: In the writing of James McHenry. The letter was read in Congress on October 13 and referred to Gouverneur Morris, R. H. Lee, John Witherspoon, Samuel Adams, and William Henry Drayton.]
Head Quarters, Fish Kill, October 6, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving, three days since your letter of the 30th of September; and should have answered it at once but was delayed by being separated from my papers, a recourse to which was necessary to assist my memory.
I recollect, that in a conference with the Committee of arrangement on the subject of inlisting prisoners and deserters, I gave my opinion explicitly against the practice; and that a letter was written by them to Congress, agreeable to this idea, though I am not equally clear, as to the precise contents of the letter, or whether I understood the scope of it to comprehend Pulaski's corps. It may have happened in the perplexity of business, that the peculiar circumstances of the establishment of this corps did not occur to me; otherwise I should have conceived myself bound to make an exception in its favour. A compact made between the publick and the Count, when all the inconveniences of engaging such characters had been fully experienced would have restrained me from recommending a measure, which was a direct breach of it, and might give just cause of complaint. The principal motive for authorizing the Count to raise his corps, was to induce him voluntarily to relinquish the command of the cavalry, with which the officers under him were in general dissatisfied; and it was thought better to submit to the defect in its composition, than either to leave the cavalry in a state, which occasioned a total relaxation of discipline, and destroyed its usefulness, or to force the Count out of it, whose zeal and bravery entitled him to regard, without compensating in some way that might reconcile him to the sacrafice, he was required to make. When he proposed his plan to me, I informed him of the objections to it and even avoided flattering him with the concurrence of Congress. You will perceive by the inclosed extract of my letter to them on what footing the affair was placed. Their resolve of the 28th of March which sanctioned his raising a corps left the point of engaging prisoners and deserters undecided, but empowered me to dispense in that instance with their resolve against it, if I should deem it not injurious to the service. The reasons before assigned determined me to consent to the Counts views so far as to permit his composing a third of his infantry of deserters.
When the Board of War consulted me on the propriety of permitting this corps to join the army, recurring to the original principle of its formation, my opinion naturally favoured its coming forward, if agreeable to Congress. After all the trouble the Count has given himself to raise and equip the corps, he could not but esteem it a singular hardship to be deprived of the benifit of his exertions from considerations of inconvenience, which existed before they were undertaken and had been in a manner precluded by Contract.
The circumstance of the Count's having exceeded his establishment was a matter to which I did not advert. There would certainly be no injustice in reducing the extra number. But whether as the men are raised and clad and the expence already incurred, it may not be as well to risk the additional disadvantage which may attend bringing them into the field is a question which Congress will decide.
I am extremely sorry, if any misconception in me should have been the cause of the least embarrassment to the Committee; and I hope the explanation I have now given will remove every difficulty. With the greatest esteem etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1778.
Sir: Your letter of yesterday reached me in the night. Your observations on the probable intentions of the enemy are forcible.86 The capture, or destruction of the French fleet appears to be the most important object, they can have on the continent; and it is very possible, they may have it in contemplation, though the time they have lost, since they have had the superiority at sea and the advanced season of the year are strong arguments against it. Our present disposition was formed on the possibility of such an event, at the same time, that it does not lose sight of the security of the North River, or the concentration of our force to repel any attempt upon the army. Though it may not be probable that the enemy have at present any design against either of these, it would be imprudent to offer them a temptation by diminishing our strength in a considerable detachment, so far Eastward as to be out of supporting distance.
[Note 86: Great Britain's principal interest now was her war with France and military affairs in America had been relegated to a secondary place. Acting under orders from England, Sir Henry Clinton had sent detachments from the New York garrison to Halifax and Bermuda, 5,000 troops to the West Indies, and 3,000 to Florida. These orders were unknown to Washington, to whom the large scale embarkation preparations in New York appeared to presage an intention of evacuating the city.] If they were able to possess themselves of the Highland passes and interrupt the navigation of the River, the consequences on the score of subsistence would be terrible as well to the fleet as the army. It is supposed the enemy have lost all hopes of effecting any thing material against these states, and this supposition is upheld by powerful reasons; but after all, the truth of it depends so much upon the contingencies of naval operations and European politics, that it would be very unwise to let it essentially influence our military arrangements.
I am taking measures for having all the roads leading towards Boston put in repair, for the more convenient march of the several columns, in case a movement further Eastward should become necessary. You will therefore be pleased to send a proper fatigue party on the lower route leading from Danbury to Hartford, so that the column which may march thence may not interfere, with the others, by falling into the same road so long as it can be avoided. The column nearest to that, will proceed by New Millford, Woodbury and Waterbury to Farmington. The repairs are only to be extended through the rough country.
You will also send a Quarter Master forward to observe the good halting places at proper stages. His report you will communicate to me. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, near Fredericksburg, October 7, 1778.
Sir: On the 23d and 30th May, I did myself the Honor to transmit to your Excellency Returns of the troops of Virginia. By the conveyance now offered me by Colo. Wood, I inclose another, comprehending their State on the 30th. Ulto. Your Excellency and the Honorable Assembly which I am informed is about to sit, will perceive from this, how far deficient the Troops are, in the Quota assigned the state. Their present amount would not be great, supposing every man mentioned in the Return were in the Field; but a large deduction is to be made from it, on account of the columns of Sick. It is highly probable, that many under this description particularly that of Sick absent, are actually dead, others unfit for service and that several who have recovered, have deserted. Besides this, I find by a Return which I have just obtained, that there are Seven Hundred and Ninety Six, Drafts and Others, whose term of service will expire in the course of the ensuing Winter.
I thought it expedient to advise your Excellency of the above facts, that you and the Assembly may adopt such measures, for providing Recruits or Drafts for the next Campaign, as may be judged proper. What these measures will be, will be with you and the Assembly to determine; but I will take the liberty to suggest it, as my opinion, that it will be well for the States in general, to give the raising of Men the earliest consideration; and to pursue such speedy and vigorous means, as will place our Army upon a respectable footing. I have been exerting myself to have the Drafts inlisted and the Old Soldiers reengaged, who are on the point of being discharged, for the usual bounty allowed by Congress; but my attempts as yet have been without any or with but very inconsiderable success. Besides the Continental bounty I have offered the Virginians, in this predicament, on the part of the State, a further bounty of Twenty Dollars pr. Man, the ballance remaining in my hands of the Money deposited by their Delagates in Congress last Spring, being sufficient for the purpose; but this has proved no temptation.
If deficiencies and the expiration of the service of Troops in the course of the Winter, were peculiar to Virginia, I should not be so much concerned, tho' that I confess would be a circumstance of no small mortification; but when I know that they are not, that the Enemy are still with us, in respectable, I may add, formidable force; and that another Campaign may take place, I feel very much interested in our pursuing measures that will make us equal to all events, and the establishing of our Independence. I cannot say with precision, that we shall have occasion the next year to employ a large Army, as the designs of the Enemy and their future system of conduct are intirely unknown; but from their remaining so long, and the approach of Winter, it would seem, tho' there have been flattering appearances to the contrary, that they do not mean to leave the Continent. But, be this as it may, it will be wise in the States to provide for every contingency, and we may reasonably conclude, if they determine to try the event of Another Campaign, that they will act with vigor; and by concentering the force they now have, independent of any other aid or augmentation, they may make it a very serious, and a very important one. From these considerations, I am induced to hope, that we shall not relax on our part, but on the contrary that we shall use every prudent and practicable exertion, to put ourselves in a good posture of defence. If this is done, we shall be prepared for War, and if Britain should relinquish her ideas of conquest and withdraw her Armies, it will be easy to cease our efforts, and to disband our Levies.
I would also inform your Excellency, that the Virginia Regiments, in the Continental line, have lately undergone a reform and are now reduced to Eleven. This measure, the Committee of Arrangement appointed by Congress, deemed it expedient to adopt, as some of them were not larger than a Company or two in point of Effectives. There may be many other matters respecting the Virginia Troops, in which you may wish satisfaction, and which do not occur to me at this time. If there are, I must take the liberty of referring you to Colo. Wood, who will be able to give the furthest information. I have the Honor, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On October 7 Washington had written briefly to Brig. Gert. Charles Scott requesting information as to "the number of flat bottom boats, the number of transports, and vessels of force in the river as well as their exact situation. We should know all these things without any doubt or uncertainty because we may do it without exposing the observers to any great danger." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1778.
Sir: I learnt with equal chagrin and astonishment, from your letter of yesterday's date, of the new disgrace which has happened to Sheldon's horse;89 these surprises can only be attributed to the unpardonable inattention of Officers, and their scandalous sacrifice of every other consideration to the indulgences of good Quarters; the frequency of them becomes intolerable and demands some exemplary punishment. I desire that the present case may be very strictly inquired into, and that Col. Sheldon may in my name be desired to address the Officers of horse in such terms as will awaken a sense of their duty. While the Safety of the Army often rests on their vigilance, they neglect the most ordinary precautions for their own security, and risk their own honor, the lives or liberty of their Soldiers, and open an avenue for some more extensive operation of the enemy. If any Officer regardless of his own reputation and the important duty he owes the public, suffers himself to be surprised, he cannot expect if taken, that interest should be made for his exchange, or if he saves his person, to escape the Sentence of a Court Martial.
[Note 89: A patrol of Sheldon's cavalry was surprised on the Clap Tavern Road on the morning of October 7, with a loss of 9 men and II horses.]
An instance which fell under my own observation yesterday, and the frequency of delays in conveying Letters by the means of the stationary expresses, lead me to desire that you would speak to Lt. Colo. Temple or whoever commands Blands Regiment, to remedy the abuse, and particularly to inquire into the reason of William Allen's90 delay, in returning yesterday, which is the instance above alluded to.
[Note 90: William Allen, a dragoon express rider.]
I shall this afternoon return to my old Quarters at Mr. Kane's,91 Fredericksburg, you will in consequence take timely care to alter the route of your expresses.
[Note 91: John Kane, (The name is spelled Keane m the expense account.)]
Be so good as to continue the strictest inquiry relative to the report of the sailing of the fleet, as desired in my former letter.92 I am etc.
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Fishkill, October 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: I shall remove this afternoon to Fredericksburg to which place be pleased to address any future intelligence. If the enemy should make any move up the river of a serious nature, you are immediately to call upon Baron de Kalb who will remain here until the designs of the Enemy are more fully known.
I would recommend it to you, always to keep a sufficiency of Boats ready to throw over your force to West point, and not depend upon contingencies. You should also establish some other mode of obtaining intelligence from below than by means of your guard Boats. If they should fall into the hands of the enemy, they will be upon you, before you have time to make the least preparation. I would therefore advise you to fix small guards upon the points to give signals by firing of Guns, or lighting fires of the approach of an enemy. Between them and the Boats you cannot fail of notice by night or day. I am &ca.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1778.
Sir: As I am removing Head Quarters from this place, it may not be unnecessary to inform you, that the former directions given you respecting the objects of your division and the conduct you are to observe with regard to the Highland posts still continue in force.
The Quarter Master here has represented to me that the present position of your troops so near the road causes a consumption of the forage, which is absolutely necessary for the use of the teams employed in public transportation; This is an inconvenience I should wish might be avoided, and I would therefore have you to remove your division a little distance from the communication, so as not however to lose sight of other objects. It may not be amiss to consult Col. Hay on this point. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Fishkill, October 8, 1778.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 31st. Augt. and 7th. 15th. and 28th. September. The subject of Mrs. McNeils petition95 comes under the notice of the Qr. Mr. General, General Mifflin, who was in that Office at the time the grievance complained of was committed, has lately had one million of dollars put into his hands for the purpose of discharging all old demands, and I see that Colonel Hughes is appointed to adjust and settle all those in the State of New York. To him therefore Mrs. McNeil must apply. The proceedings of the Court Martial held at Schoharie never came to hand. The inclosed paper,
[Note 95: Mrs. McNeil claimed damages for the use of her house by the soldiers. Her petition is not found in the Washington Papers.] which appears by the indorsement to have contained the proceedings, was all that you sent.96
[Note 96: At this point the draft has the following, which was not incorporated in the letter sent: "Your letter of the 7th Septr. never reached me until the 24th of the same month, when the batteau men were immediately sent up."]
The Qr. Master should make a reasonable compensation to those persons who take up shot or any Stores from the North River and deliver them to him. I have laid your several complaints against Colo. Lewis,97 before the Qr. Mr. General. Colo. Lewis has sent down a vindication of his conduct and desires a proper inquiry, which the Qr. Mr. General must make.
[Note 97: Col. Morgan Lewis, deputy quartermaster general, Northern Department.]
I would not have you build Barracks at Fort Edward. The troops now there may winter at Saratogha, where are good Barracks for 300 Men. If there should be a necessity of keeping a small command at Fort Edward,98 a Hut or two may be easily erected for the purpose. If Colo. Butler undertakes the Unadilla expedition99 I hope he may have success. I am very glad to hear of the blow struck by the Oneida Indians upon the rear of Brant's Party. I am &ca.1
[Note 98: At this point the draft has: "during the winter."]
[Note 99: A Mohawk settlement in Otsego County, N.Y., which had developed into a place of refuge for Tories and runaway negroes.]
[Note 1: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Fishkill, October 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours of yesterday inclosing a letter from Genl. Nixon and a deposition respecting the abuse of several inhabitants of the State by some Officers of the Army. I shall immediately order the Officers to be secured untill civil process shall issue against them.2
[Note 2: "An outrage has been committed on some inhabitants of this State by a Lieut. Henderson, Marshal B. Ball and Ensn. Smith as appears from a deposition in the hands of the bearer of this letter. As these officers are of your command, you will be pleased to direct them under immediate confinement to remain so till the civil power can take place."-- Washington to Malcom, Oct. 8, 1778 This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
A flag Boat was standing up the River yesterday with directions to proceed as far as Fishkill landing, to take off the family and effects of Mr. Cuyler3 of Albany. As I understood from Mr. Cuyler, when he went into New York himself, that his family and effects were not to be permitted to go down untill he had cleared up some matters respecting the exchange of himself and Major Lush,4 I ordered the Boat to be stopped below West Point. If it is proper that Mr. Cuyler's effects should be sent to him, be pleased to direct them to be carried from Fishkill to the Boat below West Point, as there are many good reasons why the persons on board of her should not have an opportunity of coming further up and viewing the Works.
[Note 3: Abraham Cuyler.]
[Note 4: Maj. Stephen Lush, aide to Governor Clinton. He had been taken prisoner at Fort Montgomery, N. Y., in October, 1777.]
I send you by the Express a number of packets directed for your Excellency, the House of Assembly and the different Officers of Government, they came out yesterday by a Flag and contain a Manifesto and proclamation,5 by the British Commissioners, of a very extraordinary Nature. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 5: The Proclamation and Manifesto of Oct. 3, 1778. A broadside of this is in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress.]
P.S. Be pleased to write a line to Genl. Putnam if the Boat is to return with Mr. Cuylers effects. That he may take off the Guard. I shall return to Fredericksburg this Afternoon if the weather is good, at which place I shall be happy to receive your favr.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 8 Washington wrote briefly to Lord Stirling that Congress by a resolve of September 30 had ordered Pulaski's corps and all the Continental troops in the vicinity of Philadelphia to Princeton. Stirling was requested by Washington to issue the necessary instructions and to order all the detachments then at Princeton to join their commands.
Also on this same date (October 8) Washington wrote to Col. William Malcom. granting permission for the supernumerary officers of Col. Enoch Poor's regiment to return to their homes and to Col. John Beatty, Commissary General of Prisoners, requesting a "detail state of the wants and condition of the prisoners with the enemy, the better to enable me to represent their case and real sufferings to Congress." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh, Friday, October 9, 1778.
Parole Bennington. Countersigns Bolton, Berks.
Particular Brigade returns to be made to the orderly Office on Monday next agreeable to a form which will be given by the Adjutant General. Regimental Returns to be delivered in the same day by the Brigade Majors containing every Article of Cloathing in Possession of the non commissioned Officers and soldiers discriminating the good and serviceable from the bad and unserviceable; These returns are to be as exact and complete as possible.
All Commissaries and Clothiers in and near the Army to make returns on the same day and in the same manner of all the Cloathing and Materials for Cloathing in their hand, respectively, distinguishing State from Continental Cloathing, and if any Quarter Masters have Cloathing of any kind in their possession they are to do the same.
Mr. Kemper7 will take particular Care to communicate this order to the Commissaries and Cloathiers and the Quarter Master General to his Assistants and Deputies.8
[Note 7: Daniel Kemper, Assistant Clothier General.]
[Note 8: On October 9 Hamilton, by Washington's direction, ordered Maj. John Bigelow, assistant clothier at Hartford, Conn., to make an exact return of all clothing and materials he had furnished any State by order of Congress or the Board of War. Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 9, 1778.
Sir: I have perused your Report of this date to Genl. McDougall. You will continue your examination of the different roads, and reconnoitre the most convenient halting places on each, allowing the interval of an easy days march from one to the other, and make a report of the whole to me, that I may be enabled to regulate the different routes.
The Road towards Litchfield appears from your account of it to be worth attention, and Colo. Hall9 should be directed to proceed on it accordingly. I am etc.10
[Note 9: Col. Josias Carvil Hall, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment.]
[Note 10: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[HV.L.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 9, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with your letter of the 4th. instant.11 The several particulars contained in it should be considered and any measures that may appear necessary in consequence, taken. There is one part of it, however, which demands my immediate attention. You wish to have regimental returns made of the cloathing wanted for each regiment in order to make it up in parcels answerable to those returns, for the more convenient delivery; and in the mean time you think it necessary the business of sorting and repacking should be suspended. This delay of a matter of such consequence, appears to me totally unnecessary. I am therefore to desire you will immediately set about it, without waiting for the returns required. All the Cloathing of a particular quality and uniform, should be packed together in parcels of different sizes, containing two, three, four and five hundred suits, and marked and numbered accordingly. There
[Note 11: Measam's letter announced the shipment to headquarters of 3,129 pair of shoes, about 600 blankets, and 2,612 pair of hose. The clothing from France had not come farther forward than Springfield, Mass., and it was this that needed assorting and repacking in shape for proper issue. There were various difficulties in keeping the clothing accounts, invoices, etc., which caused delay. Measam's letter is in the Washington Papers.] should be but a small proportion of the five hundred packages. When this is done, the returns can be made, and it will be very easy to make the delivery.
The season is far advanced, not a moment is to be lost, and I must pray your utmost activity in giving all possible dispatch. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 10, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday by Major Marshall who delivered the prisoners Farnsworth13 and Blair to the provost. The crime of passing counterfeit Bills of credit, by which our currency has been extremely depreciated, added to the strong suspicion of their being both Spies, will render it necessary to have them executed according to their Sentences. I shall direct a sensible Clergyman to get as ample a confession from them as possible.
[Note 13: Farnsworth had been recommended for leniency by the court-martial.]
Congress having constantly given direction in all matters concerning the prisoners of the Convention I would recommend it to you to lay Lord Balcarras's14 letters to yourself and Colo. Magaw before them. It is evident that if he is remanded to Massachusetts, Colo. Magaw will be immediately recalled. I am etc.15
[Note 14: Alexander, Earl of Balcarras, major in the Fifty-third Foot, British Army.]
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 10, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours of yesterdays date with its several inclosures this morning.
I really begin to have my fears respecting the safety of Capt. Leavensworth. I wish his zeal may not have carried him too far into the enemy's tract.
The sentence of death passed by the Court on Elisha Smith of Colo. Sheldons Regiment seems sufficiently clear and well founded. You will therefore be pleased to direct his execution agreeable to your own desire and the tenor of his warrant which is inclosed. The example being made where the opportunity to desert is greatest, may have a good tendency in checking so pernicious a practice.
It will be necessary to make some change in the relay of express horsemen, some of those on this duty have been very irregular and faulty in its discharge. Let it be the business of an Officer to put such on this service as are steady, sober, and attentive. He will also place them in a more direct line between this and Bedford, as I have removed from Fishkill to my old quarters. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 10, 1778.
Gentlemen: The Committee of Arrangement having determined to annex the Regiment late Patton's to Colo. Hartleys, it will be proper to put them in the same Uniform. I have therefore desired Capt. Prowell,17 the commanding Officer to send an Officer to Philada. with an exact return of the Regiment, and the Cloathing wanting. Be pleased to give an order to the Cloathier General to have them made up after the same fashion of Hartley's and as speedily as possible, as the Men are in extreme want. I have the honour, etc.18
[Note 17: Joseph Prowell. He was then major of Patton's Additional Continental regiment; was transferred to the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1779; retired in June of that year.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Fredg. in the State of N. York, October 10,19 1778.
Dear Sir: I have now, at your request, given my full consent to the Sale of the Lands which I hold in right of Dower in a Tract in the County of York, to a Water Grist Mill thereon; To Lotts in the City of Williamsburg, and others in James Town. As also to yr. Renting or otherwise disposing of the other Dower Lands and Slaves which I am possessed of in the County of King William, upon the terms which have been specifically agreed and subscribed to; but I should think myself wanting in that friendship and regard which I have ever professed for, and endeavoured to evince towards you, were I to withhold my advice from you with respect to the disposal of them.
[Note 19: George Washington Parke Custis's Recollections of Washington prints this as of October 12.]
A Moments reflection must convince you of two things. first that Lands are of permanent value, that there is scarce a possibility of their falling in price, but almost a Moral certainty of their rising exceedingly in value; and secondly, that our Paper Currency is fluctuating; that it has depreciated considerably, and that, no human foresight can, with precision, tell how low it may get as the rise or fall of it depends upon contingencies which the utmost stretch of human sagacity can neither foresee, nor prevent. These positions being granted, and no one can gainsay the justice of them, it follows that by parting from your Lands you give a certainty for an uncertainty; because, it is not the nominal Price. It is not ten, fifteen, or twenty pounds an Acre, but the relative value of this Sum to Specie, or something of substantial worth that is to constitute a good price. The inference therefore I mean to draw, and the advice I shall give in consequence of it, is this, that you do not convert the Lands you now hold into Cash faster than your present Contract with the Alexanders, and a certain prospect of against vesting it in other lands more convenient, requires of you; this will be treading upon sure ground; it will enable you to discharge contracts already entered into and in effect, exchange Land for Land, for it is a matter of Moonshine to you considered in that point of view how much the Money depreciates if you can discharge one pound with another pound and get Land of equal value to that you sell; but far different from this, is the case of those who sell for Cash and keep that Cash by them, put it to Interest, or receive it in annual payments; for in either of these cases, if our currency should, unfortunately, continue to depreciate in the manner it has done in the course of the last two years, a pound may not, in the space of two years more, be worth a Shilling, the difference of which becomes a clear loss to the possessor and evinces in a clear point of view the force and efficacy of my advice to you to pay debts and vest it in something that will retain its primitive value; or rather, in your case, not to part with that thing for money, unless it be with a view to the Investing it in something of equal value; and it accts. at the same time for the principle upon which I act with respect to my own Interest in the Dower Lands; for I should be wanting to myself, and guilty of an inexcusable act of remission, and criminl. injustice to your Mother, not to secure an equivalent for her releasemt. of Dower; and this might be the case of a nominal sum, that had no relative value to the thing in question; and which, eventually, might be a means of giving away the Estate, for it is not the number of Pounds but the worth and what they will fetch that is to stamp the value of them. Four hundred Pounds in Paper Dollars now is, and I suppose, at the time of parting with this Dower may be, worth one hundred pounds in Specie; but two years hence, One hundred pounds in Specie may be worth, and will fetch one thousand pounds of Paper; it cannot be reasonable or just therefore to expect that I, or your Mother, if she should be the Survivor, should loose this, when no person I believe, will undertake to give it as an opinion, that the value of the Dower will decrease but the direct contrary as Lands are increasing in their price every day.
This, if you follow the advice here given, cannot be the case with you, let money depreciate as it will; because, with a pound you pay a pound in discharge of a purchase already made and for those to be made you can regulate yr. Sales by yr. purchases.
It may be said that our money will recover a proper tone again, and in that case it would be an advantage to turn Lands &ca. into Cash for the benefit of the rise. In answer to this I shall only observe, that this is a lottery, that it may or may not happen; that, if it should happen, you have lost nothing; if it should not, you have saved your Estate, which in the other case might have been sunk. Hence it appears that you may play a good and sure game, so far as it relates to yourself, and so far as it respects me, the advantage is wholely on your side; for instance, if the difference between specie and paper at this time is as four to one, and next year is eight to one, it makes no difference to you, because the presumption is that the same Tobo., Corn, and other produce will rise in proportion to the fall of Money and fetch in quantity what it lacks in quality; but on the other hand, if the Intt. was to be fixed at the present difference of 4 to I, and should hereafter become as one to one that is equal I should get 4 times as much as I am content to receive, and you would loose it; from hence as before you may gain, and cannot loose; while I get the simple value of the Estate, and can neither gain or loose; which is all I aim at by fixing the value of the Dower in Specie, to be discharged in any Money currt. in the Country at the time of payment, at the prevailing Exchange or difference between Specie and Paper.
It may possibly be said that this is setting up a distinction between Specie and Paper and will contribute to its depreciation; I ask if there is a Man in the United States that does not make a distinction when 4 to 1 is the difference, and whether it is in the power of an Individual to check this when Congress and the several Assembly's are found unequal to the task. Not to require, or contract for the actual payment in Specie, but to keep this as much out of Sight as possible in common cases that are to have an immediate operation, is all that can be expected; but in a bargain that may exist for twenty years, there should be something to insure mutual advantage, which advantage tho every Man can judge of in the transactions of a day, no Man can do it when it is to be extended to years under the present fluctuating state of Paper Bills of Credit.
My design in being thus particular with you, is to answer two purposes; first, to shew my ideas of the impropriety of parting with your own Lands faster than you can vest the Money in other lands (comprehending those already purchased) and Secondly, to evince to you the propriety of my own Conduct, in securing to myself and your Mother the intrinsic value, neither more nor less, of the Dower Estate.
I have only one piece of advice more to give, and that is to aim rather at the Exchange, than Sale of your Lands; and I think among those Gentn. mentioned in a former Letter, you may find chapmen.20 I am etc.
[Note 20: Buyers. (See Washington's letter to John Parke Custis, Aug. 3, 1778, ante.)]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Saturday, October 10, 1778.
Parole Southborough. Countersigns Selim, Salem.
A General Court Martial of the Line whereof Colo. Patten21 is appointed President, to assemble at the Presidents Quarters
[Note 21: Col. John Patten, of the Second North Carolina Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780, and retired in January, 1783.] next Monday morning nine o'Clock and sit at such Place as he shall appoint for the trial of all Persons who shall be brought before them. Lieutt. Colo. Loring,22 Major Haft,23 a Captain from the North Carolina Brigade, one from each of the Pennsylvania Brigades, two from each of the Connecticutt and three from General Nixon's, will attend as Members.
[Note 22: Lieut. Col. Jotham Loring, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 23: Maj. Joseph Haft, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. At this date he had been promoted to lieutenant colonel; was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in October, 1779; retired in January, 1781.]
Captn. Moore24 of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Major of Brigade to the 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade and is to be obeyed and respected as such.
[Note 24: Capt. Thomas Lloyd Moore, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was major in the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment in May, 1779; was transferred to the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
Lieutenant Thomas Drew25 is appointed Pay Master to Colo. Grayson's Regiment and Lieut. John Jeremiah Jacob,26 Pay Master to the 6th. Maryland Regiment.
[Note 25: Lieut. Thomas Haynes Drew, of Grayson's Additional Continental regiment. He was transferred to Gist's Additional Continental regiment in April, 1779; resigned in July of that year.]
[Note 26: Lieut. John Jeremiah Jacobs (Jacob), of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. He resigned in February, 1780.]
At a General Court Martial held at Bedford the 8th. of October 1778, by order of General Scott, whereof Lieutt. Colo. Blackden27 was President, Elisha Smith, a Private of Captn. Stoddard's Company, in the 2nd. Regiment of Light Dragoons was tried for deserting to the Enemy last August, for piloting the Enemy in an Incursion into and against the Troops of these States, defrauding the Public by selling his horse, Arms, Accoutrements, Furniture and Cloathing in a treasonable manner to the Enemy and for Mutiny in insulting and menacing his Officers while a Prisoner with them, found guilty of breaches of the 1st. Article, 6th. Section and of the 3rd. Article of 12th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to suffer Death.
[Note 27: Lieut. Col. Samuel Blackden (Blagden), of the Second Continental Dragoons.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders said Elisha Smith to be executed next Monday the 12th. inst. 11 o'Clock in the forenoon at or near Bedford as General Scott shall direct.
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh, Sunday, October 11, 1778.
Parole Amiens. Countersigns Abington, Acton.
The following summary of the duties of the Marechausie Corps commanded by Captn. V. Heer28 is published for the information of the Army at large. The General hopes that the Institution, by putting men on their Guard will operate more in preventing than punishing Crimes.
[Note 28: Capt. Bartholomew yon Heer.]
While the Army is encamped the Officers of this Corps are to patrole the Camp and it's neighborhood for the purpose of apprehending Deserters, Marauders, Drunkards, Rioters and Straglers under which last denomination are included all soldiers who are found beyond the nearest Picquets in front and on the Flanks and beyond the distance of one mile estimated from the Center of the Encampment, in the rear; They are also to apprehend all other soldiers that may be detected in a Violation of General orders;
All Countrymen and Strangers whose Appearance or Manners excite Suspicion of their being Spies, and are not furnished with Passes either from some General Officer, the Quarter Master General or the Commissaries General of Provision or Forage. The Officers of this Corps are directed not to apprehend any Offender who may be within the Encampment of his own Regiment, as it is expected that the Regimental Quarter-Guard will in that Case secure the Offender.
Captain Von Heer is to keep an exact List of all licensed Sutlers and confine any follower of the Army who may presume to suttle without proper leave. Every newly appointed Sutler is therefore to signify his Appointment to Captain V. Heer and produce a proper Certificate thereof.
On a day of march this Corps with the Provost Guard is to remain on the old ground 'till the Columns and Baggage have moved off, in order to secure all such soldiers as have loitered in Camp and the officers are to see that the soldiers and Women who march with the baggage do not transgress the General Orders made for their Government; They will likewise secure all straglers on the march, treating in this light all soldiers absent from their Platoons without a Non Commissioned Officer to conduct them. On a day of battle the Marechausie will be posted in the Rear of the Second Line or Reserve in order to secure Fugitives.
The Commander in Chief strictly forbids all persons whatever to do or say anything that may tend to impede the Officers of this Corps in the Execution of their duty; On the contrary, He requires that they may be respected and assisted, as good order and discipline will be much promoted by the full Exercise of their office.
If any offender attempts to escape or presumes to make any resistance he will incur double punishment and all persons belonging to the Army are required to succour any part of the Marechausie Corps that may be opposed in the Prosecution of their duty.
The Captain of the Marechausie will have the usual Provost Guard drawn from the line near him and under his Direction for the Security of Prisoners. He is every morning to deliver a written report of the Persons committed the preceding day and the charges against them to the Adjutant General who will have proper Courts Martial held for their trial; This is to be considered as a standing order and as such to be published in the different Parts of the Army. The Adjutants of Regiments are to have it frequently read to the men, that by being reminded of what is prohibited and the Certainty of punishment they may avoid the one and the other.
No Officers except those who have authority to do it are to send men from Camp, lest they should expose such men to punishment and subject themselves to trial for disobedience of Orders.
In Consideration of the nature of their duty, Regimental Pay Masters are to be included in the List of those Officers who are intitled to keep a horse and draw Forage.
The Commanding Officers of Regiments are requested to send to the Auditors Office the Names of their respective Pay Masters.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am honoured with yours of the 9th. inclosing a Resolution of your legislature directing two Companies of Colo. Enos's Regiment to be stationed at Greenwich. I cannot but express my fears that they will be in danger, except they act as a kind of patrole. The light Corps of the Army under General Scott affords as much cover to that part of the Country as it is possible for me to give in our present situation. It is so near to Kingsbridge, at which the Enemy keep a very considerable force, that to post a Body of troops there, out of supporting distance, would be an invitation to the enemy to come out and certain destruction to the Men. Strong patroles from the advanced Corps go as far down as they can consistent with safety, and prevent the Enemy from doing more than taking off some forage or Cattle if they fall in their way.29 This is an inconvenience that those who lay near the enemy's lines must, from the nature of things, unavoidably submit to. From every information the Enemy are upon the eve of some general and important move. Many think that they mean to evacuate New York totally. If they do this, the most likely place of operation, if they remain upon the Continent, will be against Boston, for the purpose of destroying the french fleet in that Harbour. To be prepared to throw in the most timely assistance, should such an event take place, was the reason of my withdrawing the Army from the White Plains and taking the present position. The expediency of this move, naturally exposed the south West quarter of your State, somewhat more than when we lay lower down; but I am in hopes that the inhabitants have not suffered much from the Ravages of the Enemy as our advanced Corps have been very alert, and have kept them pretty much within bounds except when they come out in great force. I have the honour etc.30
[Note 29: On October 12 Washington wrote to Lord Stirling: "As your Lordship's force is very unequal to that of the Enemy, I would not wish you to remain so near them as to intice them to aim a blow at you. Keeping their foragers from extending themselves far from their main Body is your object and all that can be expected in your circumstances." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near Fredericksburg, October 11, 1778.
Gentlemen: The Incessant and pressing applications of the Officers and their real distress for Cloathing, obliges me to repeat my wishes to the Board to obtain the earliest direction of Congress for relieving their wants. They are in a very disagreeable situation in this respect, and, unless some mode can be adopted for speedily supplying them, Many will be obliged involuntarily to quit the service, or if this should not be the case, we shall be involved in perpetual complaints and the most painful applications.
I do not recollect, when the Army was first appointed, that there was any engagement on the part of the public, that the Officers should be provided with Cloathing, thro' their means, nor has there been any explicit declaration since, that I remember, for the purpose, but the measure has become indispensably necessary, and without the intervention of publick aid, they never can be supplied; for their pay, if the Articles proper could be found in a private way, from the enormous and exorbitant prices now exacted for every thing, would prove wholly incompetent to the end. There is however, a Resolution of Congress of the 22d of Novr. last, which points to a provision, thro' the public means and those of the States, individually taken. This has encouraged the Officers to look for Supplies in the manner there professed and their not being able to obtain them, makes them more uneasy perhaps, than if the Resolution had never passed. I have written to Messrs. Otis & Andrews to make a Return of the Cloth &c in their hands proper for Officers, and also to advise me what quantities might be procured, in case the Board should direct a purchase. This appears to be the only practicable expedient at this time, from which relief can be drawn, and if it is to be adopted, the Agents cannot be too soon ordered to carry it into execution. I really wish to be informed by the Board, by the first opportunity, whether the Officers may expect Supplies thro the public Stores, that I may be able to answer them decisively upon the point when they apply. As matters now stand, I am in a very aukward and irksome situation.
Since it is evident, that the Officers cannot provide themselves with Cloathing and that there is a necessity for the intervention of publick aid, I would submit it to the Board, whether it may not be proper for them to form an Estimate of Cloathing, proportioned to the number of Officers in the Army, for the consideration of Congress, and to obtain their sanction for importing the same, if they approve the plan. This measure, it seems to me, is the only one that can insure relief in future, and it appears the more eligible, as the loss to the public will be infinitely less, than if they procure the Articles in the Country, supposing that it could be done. Besides this consideration, the Officers then might be properly uniformed, and all placed on a just and equal footing.
If the Board should be authorised to direct an immediate purchase of Cloathing for the Officers, I will take the liberty to suggest, that it may not be improper for them to enjoin on the part of the Cloathier, a strict compliance with the Resolution of Congress which I have mentioned, in the sale. The Officers say, that hitherto it has not had the necessary and generous operation intended by Congress; but on the contrary, in the few instances, in which they have been able to furnish themselves with Articles from the public Stores, that they have done it, at the current exorbitant prices. Indeed there are many matters in the Department, which require a more perfect and explicit arrangement than has ever been made; and at present there is such a Clashing of Office and of Officers, that it is difficult to determine how or with whom business is to be transacted. I have the Honor, etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on November 30 and referred to the Committee on the Clothier's Department to which James Searles was added.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 11, 1778.
Sir: Your favour of yesterday was handed me in the afternoon. I thank you for the communication of Majr. Gray's32 letter, I have received a correspondent account from another quarter, with only this difference, that there is said to have been forty instead of twenty five sail in the Sound. I am assured by the Gentlemen, who are charged with procuring intelligence in the Jerseys, that the English fleet were within the hook, the seventh instant.33
[Note 32: Maj. Ebenezer Gray had written to Gates from Horse Neck, N. Y-, that the British Fleet was sailing eastward in Long Island Sound.]
[Note 33: This information Washington relayed to Sullivan (October II), with the additional note that the "weather was then, and has been since, so thick that it could not be discovered whether they had troops on board or how many of them were ships of war." This letter is in the Washington Papers,]
I doubt not your division is held in readiness to march at any moment. I expect soon some interesting and decisive intelligence which will possibly determine whether any of the troops ought to move immediately Eastward. I am, etc.
P.S. You will please forward the inclosed by express.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am glad to find by yours of yesterday that Captn. Leavensworth is safe. I hope that the Officer left behind will bring something material. I did not mean to reflect on Colo. Sheldon or his Field Officers, or the Officers of that Regiment in particular for negligence while upon command. I only wished that the Field Officers in general would point out to the Sub-alterns, who usually go upon patrols, the necessity of being constantly on Horseback or in a situation to mount immediately. From the nature of the duty they are upon, they should never take up Quarters at any place. Explain this matter to Colo. Sheldon and his Officers and set them right. I am, etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 36: A partial résumé of the instructions was published in General Orders of this same day, q. v.]
Head Quarters, October 11, 1778.
The principal Duty of the Corps under your command, while the Army is encamped, is to patrole the Camp and its environs, for the purpose of apprehending Deserters, Marauders, Drunkards, Rioters, Stragglers, and all other Soldiers that may be found violating general orders; likewise all Countrymen or Strangers that may be found near the pickets or in camp, without passes, either from the Quarter master General, the Commissaries General of Forage and Provisions, or some General Officer, and are unable to give a good account of themselves, or from their appearance and manners give room to suspect they are Spies. Even persons who are furnished with passes as required above are to be secured if their stay in camp exceeds a reasonable time for the transaction of their business, and is accompanied by any suspicious circumstances; but in all these cases, the character of the party, and such authentic credentials as he may be possessed of, are to be attended to. As it is impossible to make General Rules which will apply to every particular case that may occur, much must be left to your own discretion; but you will always remember that you are as carefully to avoid laying innocent free Citizens under any unnecessary restraint and inconvenience, on the one hand, as risking any mischief to the Army from ill-placed lenity on the other.
For the purposes above mentioned, your Corps is to be distributed into a convenient number of parties, with an officer appointed to each. To patrole the Camp and its vicinity in front and rear, for a certain distance beyond the pickets, according to the situation of the Enemy, at different hours by day and sometimes at night; carefully avoiding any fixed time for making the rounds; that they may be as unforeseen as possible.
As the booths of unlicensed Sutlers, are great Sources of disorder and Riot, you are to confine all such as have not proper permission to suttle agreeable to General Orders of.37
[Note 37: Apr. 16, 1778.]
For your direction in this point, it will be necessary for you to keep a regular list of the licensed Sutlers. You are likewise when the Army arrives at a new encamping ground, to give notice to such housekeepers as sell liquors, either to obtain the Quarter master Generals license, or discontinue the Sale of their Liquor, and in case of their neglect, to seize and report it to the Commissary General.
On a day of march ...38
[Note 38: The paragraph here omitted is virtually the same as that in the General Orders of this same day, q. v.]
On a day of action, you are to post yourself in the rear of the second line or reserve, and to send patroles on the roads to the right and left, in order to rally and collect all fugitives, 'till a superior officer arrives to take command of them.
You are not to omit having a Copy of General Orders each day, and it will be proper that you should take extracts at the orderly Office; of all former standing orders, that may serve more minutely to point out the offences which fall under your cognisance.
You are not to apprehend any offenders that are within the encampment of their own Regiment, as they in that case will be within the Jurisdiction of their own Quarter Guard; but all offenders that may be found in the encampment of a Regiment to which they do not belong, or in the purlieus of Camp out of the reach of their own quarter guards, fall under your notice.
The persons you apprehend, are not to be ill treated by words or actions, unless they attempt to escape, or make resistance; in which case should your own force prove inadequate, you are authorised to call for assistance from the troops nearest you; but otherwise they are to be conducted peaceably and committed to the provost Guard which will be quartered near you for this purpose, and be under your command.
You are every morning to deliver in a written Report of the prisoners confined the preceding day, with the charges against them, to the Adjutant General; and you are to consider yourself as being under his immediate command.
The Executioners &ca. are to remain with the provost Guard, and a detachment of the Marechausse will attend the prisoner to the Place of Punishment.
P.S. In order that it may be clearly understood who are Stragglers from Camp, You will remember that all Soldiers found beyond the nearest Pickets in front and on the Flanks; and beyond the extent of one mile estimated from the center of the Encampment in the Rear, without furloughs in the usual form, or proper passes, are to be treated as such.
Mem. Names of Strangers to be taken.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 12, 1778.
Sir: I have received your Letter of yesterday's date and its several inclosures. No such act of Congress exists as that on which Captn. Carter founds his claim for forage.40 By Genl. Orders published about a twelvemonth since Captains of Artillery commanding two pieces, or commanding Regiments destitute of field Officers, were allowed forage, the reason in the latter case is obvious, in the former it is drawn from the necessity that might occur in time of action, of posting the pieces at some distance from each other; but besides that the reason on which the privilege is founded, does not subsist in Garrison.
[Note 40: Capt. John Champe Carter, of the First Continental Artillery, had caused the arrest and court-martial of a quartermaster for refusing to furnish forage for his riding horse. The court exonerated the quartermaster.]
The General Order is not so inflexible as to prevent the operation of orders issued in a detached post, and dictated by particular circumstances, but they are to be regarded as the Rule of Conduct for Officers on Duty there. I therefore approve the decision of the Court. I am etc.
P.S. You are constantly to keep two weeks provision for two thousand men, at your post, an A. Commissary went to you yesterday in order to consult with you upon the means of completing that quantity for the present and keeping it constantly supplied. The Sentences given in the Case of Pendleton and Painter are confirmed.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 42: Chaplain of the Artillery brigade.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 12, 1778.
Sir: There are now under sentence of death, in the provost, a Farnsworth and Blair, convicted of being spies from the enemy, and of publishing counterfeit Continental currency. It is hardly to be doubted but that these unfortunate men are acquainted with many facts respecting the enemys affairs, and their intentions which we have not been able to bring them to acknowlege. Besides the humanity of affording them the benefit of your profession, it may in the conduct of a man of sense answer another valuable purpose. And while it serves to prepare them for the other world, it will naturally lead to the intelligence we want in your inquiries into the condition of their spiritual concerns. You will therefore be pleased to take the charge of this matter upon yourself, and when you have collected in the course of your attendance such information as they can give, you will transmit the whole to me. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 13, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed I have the honor to send your Excellency the British account of the late engagement between the two fleets44 respectively under the command of Monsieur D'orvilliers and Admiral Keppel, contained in a letter from the latter; published by authority, which I have just received from New York. The insipid terms of this letter; the frivolous pretext assigned for not renewing the engagement, the damage confessed to have been received, the considerable number of the killed and wounded announced to the public in the shape of an official report, which from the customary practice cannot be suspected of exaggeration, and the acknowledged necessity of returning immediately into Port, are circumstances that prove at least the enemy have had no great cause of triumph in this affair.
[Note 44: Off Ushant.]
The departure of the English fleet from New York mentioned in my last is positively contradicted. They were certainly at the Hook the 9th. instant. The current of intelligence still continues to indicate the intention of sending a detachment to the West Indies; tis said from ten to fifteen regiments. An apprehension of this event occasions numerous desertions among their troops; who have an extreme reluctance to a voyage into that climate. No alteration has taken place in the apparent preparations for an evacuation. With the warmest respect etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh, Tuesday, October 13, 1778.
Parole Wyoming. Countersigns Woodbury, Water-bury.
The General Court Martial whereof Col. Patten was appointed President will sit tomorrow morning, nine o'Clock at General St. Clair's quarters.
At a General Court Martial held at West Point, September 28th, 1778, Lieutt. Colo. Burr, President, Elisha Painter, Major of Artificers,46 was tried for absenting himself from the Garrison and neglect of duty found guilty of the charges exhibited against him and sentenced to be dismissed the service.2
[Note 46: Maj. Elisha Painter is given also as major of Warner's Additional Continental regiment. Painter appealed his sentence of January, 1777, and was again dismissed Oct. 13, 1778; granted a new trial, Oct. 28, 1778; died while the case was pending. (See General Orders, Oct. 28, 1778, post.)]
At the same Court Captn. Pendleton47 of Artificers, was tried for neglect of duty; found guilty; but some palliating Circumstances induced the Court only to mulct him half a Month's pay to be appropriated to the use of such Prisoners in the Garrison as do fatigue and draw no Pay.
[Note 47: Capt. Daniel Pendleton, of Baldwin's Artillery Artificers. He served to May, 1781.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences and orders them to take place.
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh, Wednesday, October 14, 1778.
Parole Yarmouth. Countersigns Yale, York.
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Patten is President will assemble at the Yellow House next below General Nixon's Brigade tomorrow morning, nine oClock precisely.
Captn. John Bankson48 of the 2nd. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Pay Master to the same, vice Captn. Howell49 resigned.
[Note 48: Capt. John Bankson. He was transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November of that year.]
[Note 49: Joseph Howell, jr. He resigned Oct. 1, 1778, and served later as Commissioner of United States Army Accounts and acting Paymaster General up to May, 1792.]
Lieut. Col. Smith50 is appointed Member of the General Court Martial whereof Colo. Patten is President vice Lieutt. Colo. Loring.
[Note 50: Lieut. Col. Samuel Smith, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment.]
Head Quarters, near Fredericksburg, October 14, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you on the 6th. Inst., by favor of the Marquis Fayette, I received your Letter of the 2d with its Inclosure.
I do myself the honor of transmitting you an Account of the Engagement, between the French and British Fleets on the 27th of July, as published by the British Admiralty Board.51 I received a printed Copy of it last night from New York, which I have forwarded to His Excellency Count D'Estaing. It is evident from Admiral Kepple's own relation of the affair, that he
[Note 51: A copy of Keppel's letter of July 30, 1778, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] was pretty severely handled, notwithstanding he affects in the conclusion to mention that he wished extremely for an Opportunity to renew the Combat, the next day.
We are still in great suspense as to the operations and designs of the Enemy, tho' every practicable measure has been used and is pursuing to come at them. By late and direct accounts, it would seem, that some Troops at least, are certainly going from New York. A few days I think, must open their conduct decisively.
I have had the misfortune to hear, that the Rawleigh Frigate has become a prize to Two British Ships of War, after a long and very gallant resistance. Capt. Barry finding that the Frigate would fall into the Enemy's hands, run her on a shore on Seal Island, to which he escaped in Boats with about Eighty of his Hands and from thence to the Main. It is said he took measures for blowing her up, but was defeated in his purpose by the perfidy of an Under Officer, who concealed himself and remained on Board.52 I have the honour &c.53
[Note 52: The Raleigh fell in with the British 50-gun ship Experiment and the Unicorn of 29 guns, and on September 27 the British, sailing better in the light airs, commenced action off the Maine coast, in the neighborhood of Penobscot Bay. The engagement lasted from 4 p. m. to about midnight. The British Admiralty reported that the Raleigh's first lieutenant and 133 men who got ashore surrendered on summons; but Barry and his 80 men escaped and arrived safely at Boston, overland. The Raleigh was hauled off the recks by the British and taken into their navy.]
[Note 53: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 14, 1778.
Sir: I have been waiting impatiently for the movements of the enemy to come to an issue that might ascertain their intentions for the Winter, which has hitherto prevented my taking the present step; but the uncertainty in which they still continue involved, and the advanced Season of the year, will no longer admit of delay in fixing upon a plan for the general disposition of the Army in winter quarters.54 In determining this, it will readily occur to you that the following particulars are to be considered. The security of the Army itself, its subsistence and accommodation, the protection of the Country, the support of our important posts, the relation which ought to be preserved with the french Fleet should it remain where it is, depending on the degree of probability of a Winter operation against it, and the succour it may derive from the troops under Genl. Sullivan and the Militia of the Country. After a full consideration of these points, and of any other matters requiring attention, you will be pleased to favr. me with your opinion as speedily as possible. The main Questions to be decided are, whether the Army shall be kept in a collected State and where, whether it be distributed into Cantonments and in what manner and places, how soon it shall enter into quarters, and what precautions shall be used in respect to covering provisions and Forage. I am, etc.55
[Note 54: On this same day (October 14) Washington wrote to Gates and Baron De Kalb asking that they, with Generals Poor, Paterson, and Smallwood, meet at headquarters at 10 a.m., Friday, October 16, "to consult upon a proper disposition for the Winter Quarters of the Army under present appearances and circumstances." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 55: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the text of the letter sent to General Clinton, kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City. The draft, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, shows that this same letter was sent to Lord Stirling, Baron De Kalb, Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, and Brig. Gens. James Clinton, William Woodford, and Peter Muhlenberg.]
[Note 56: Of the Second Continental Artillery.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 14, 1778.
Sir: I received your letter of the 4th. at Fish Kill. On my return to this place, I immediately sent for you, to have some matters explained, concerning which you appear to have adopted an erroneous idea. But to my surprise, I found you were gone to Philadelphia.
You say, you think you have a right to a sight of the report of the board of General officers; on which the plan adopted by the Committee of arrangement was founded and declare your opinion, that both this and the subsequent report of another Board which settled the rank of the field officers of Artillery ought to have been inserted at large in general orders.57 These papers are neither of them in my possession; but as well as I recollect, they were not only substantially but almost literrally published in the General orders of the ... ;58 in the first instance in the shape of a report of the Committee in the last with scarcely any change of form. But if you have any scruples on the subject, you can easily remove them by applying to the Committee of arrangement who have the original papers, and who, I dare say, will readily communicate them.
[Note 57: The report of the Board of General Officers is dated Sept. 7, 1778, and is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 58: See General Orders of Sept. 9, 1778, ante.]
It is not for me to enter into the merits of the principles on which the decision you complain of was founded. It is only to be lamented, that no mode which can be invented to adjust competitions about rank will satisfy all the parties. But unless decisions once formed be adhered to there will never be any thing but confusion and discontent in the army. I must always regret, when a good officer leaves the service; but as you are determined to do it, I shall not refuse to accept your resignation.
You are acquainted with the forms used upon these occasions, and that it will be necessary to produce a Certificate of a settlement of accounts and your commission either to be retained or cancelled by an indorsement. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 14, 1778.
Sir: I recd. yours of the 10th. by Major Nicholas60 and was very glad to hear that so large a quantity of Cloathing had got forward to Springfield. There being but two kinds of Coats and all the Waistcoats and Breeches being alike, will make the issuing infinitely less troublesome than had there been a variety of Uniforms. All that you have now to do is to send them forward with the utmost expedition.61 As they arrive the Regiments will have orders to draw as many suits as they have Men present, and upon command near Camp. It is to be regretted, that there are no Hats or substitutes for them. I fear if Caps are adopted it will take more leather than we can spare without injuring the manufacture of Shoes, Accoutrements and Harness. The Board of War have given orders for an extensive purchase of Hats if to be procured.
[Note 60: Maj. Samuel Nicholas.]
[Note 61: Measam requested Robert Hanson Harrison to obtain an order from Washington governing the appraisal value of clothing issued over the regular allowance; Washington declined to issue such an order, as the directions of Congress were clear in such a matter. He suggested, however, that disinterested persons join with the deputy clothier in appraising such clothing. Harrison's letter to Measam (Oct. 147, 1778) is in the Washington Papers.]
The troops at providence are in good Quarters and I have reason to think are much better clad than those who now are and may probably be in the Field for some time yet. I would therefore have you forward on all the Blankets, for the want of which many of the Men here are almost perished. Major Nicholas informs me that there is some difference in the quality of the Blue and Brown Coats. The Brigades must therefore draw for Colour. I am &ca.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 14 Washington wrote also to Gov. Patrick Henry, by John Parke Custis, in reply to Henry's interposition in the case of Lieut. Elisha White, of the First Virginia Regiment, who had fled from camp after killing a Mr. Green in a duel. He wished to return to the Army without the stigma of desertion. The Commander in Chief was willing to ignore the matter if Green's friends did not prosecute. He suggested that Col. John Green, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment, be sounded out by White. According to Heitman, the Army records show that White was dropped from the rolls for absence in May, 1778, and did not reenter the service.]
Fredericksburg in the State of New York, October 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th. of Augt. came safe to my hands, tho delayed in the conveyance. I am very glad that the Board prevailed on you to act as a Commissioner at Fort Pitt, tho I am apprehensive the end designed, so far as an Indian treaty was in view, will not be answered by it; and am sorry that you met with so many disappointments in the beginning, on acct. of the non-attendance of the Gentn. on behalf of Pensylvania &ca.
No Man can be more thoroughly impressed with the necessity of offensive operations against Indians in every kind of rupture with them, than I am; nor can any Man feel more sensibly for General Mc. Intosh than I do, on two Accts., the Public and his own. But ours is a kind of struggle designed I dare say by Providence to try the patience, fortitude and virtue of Men; none therefore that are engaged in it, will suffer themselves, I trust, to sink under difficulties, or be discouraged by hardships. General Mc. Intosh is only experiencing upon a small Scale, what I have had an ample share of upon a large one; and must, as I have been obliged to do in a variety of Instances, yield to necessity; that is, to use a vulgar Phraze, shape his Coat according to his Cloth,63 or in other Words if he cannot do as he wishes, he must do what he can.
[Note 63: Washington first wrote this word "Cloath" and, afterward, crossed out the "a."]
If the Enemy mean to hold their present Posts in the United states the presumption is, that their operations next Campaign will be vigorous and decisive because feeble efforts can be of no avail unless by a want of Virtue we ruin and defeat ourselves; which, I think, is infinitely more to be dreaded than the whole force of G. Britain, assisted as they are by Hessian, Indian, and Negro Allies; for certain I am, that unless Extortion, forestailing and other practices which have crept in and become exceedingly prevalent and injurious to the common cause, can meet with proper checks, we must inevitably sink under such a load of accumulated oppression. To make and extort money in every shape that can be devised, and at the same time to decry its value seems to have become a mere business and an epedemical disease, calling for the interposition of every good Man, and body of Men.
We have, for more than a Month, been kept in an awkward state of Suspence on Acct. of the Enemy's preparations for Imbarking at New York. Many circumstances indicate a total evacuation of that City and its dependancies; others tend more to prove that it is only a partial one. Some time ago I inclined to the former opinion, at present I lean more to the latter. Certain it is, they are about to detach Troops; and, I believe to the West Indies; but the weight of evidence, in my judgment, is on the side of their Garrisoning New York and Rhode Island this Winter, at least; in this case it would appear clear to you (if you knew the Circumstances of the Army) that no aid, or very trifling, can go from hence to Genl. Mc. Intosh; but I should think that the Frontiers of Virginia, Maryland and Pensylvania could furnish Men fully competent to an Expedition to Detroit and of such kind as the Service required. Two very common errors, should be avoided in getting them (if Militia), namely not to draw the Men together till every thing else is prepared; and next not to engage them for too short a time. For Militia are soon tired of waiting and will return at the expiration of their term of Service if they were upon the eve, certainly, of reaping the most important advantages.
If Congress are not convinced of the impropriety of a certain irregular promotion, they are the only sett of Men who require further and greater proofs than have already been given of the fallibility of the measure.64
[Note 64: On Feb. 19, 1777, Congress appointed five major generals, all of whom superseded Lewis and Benedict Arnold. Lewis resigned.]
Before I conclude, let me ask if we have any prospect of getting Lands which have been Surveyed, and located, under the Proclamation of 1763, but which might not have been Patented. this is the case with some that I had in my own right, and by purchase; having had no leizure, even in thought, to attend to the matter for near four years, it would be rather hard upon me therefore, under these circumstances, to be a looser, or put to difficulty to get my right. Was I not concerned with you in the burning Spring?65 Is the Land Patented? and secured? With sincere regard etc.
[Note 65: Burning Spring was near what is now Charleston, W. Va.]
Head Quarters, October 15, 1778.
Gentlemen: I this morning received your application,66 and I can assure, that I am sorry any individual of the army should have violated the rights of a citizen, or that an officer should insult the authority of the State in an instance where it seems to have been particularly concerned.
[Note 66: The application from the magistrates of Norwalk, Conn., is dated Oct. 13, 1778, and is in the Washington Papers.]
But that this matter may be brought to a legal issue, I inclose you a letter to General Scott who commands near Bedford, directing him to deliver over to any civil officer the soldier which you had in arrest. I have also ordered Capt. Stoddard67 to this place that his conduct may be inquired into; you will send the evidence against him here. I am, etc.68
[Note 67: Capt. Josiah Stoddard, of the Second Continental Dragoons.]
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
October 15, 1778.
Sir: The magistrates and selectmen of Norwalk have entered a complaint against two privates of Capt. Stoddards company, for violences offered to one of the inhabitants, and for the rescue of Gershom Dorman by Capt. Stoddard, whom a constable had in arrest. You will be pleased to deliver to the civil authority of the State, the said Gershom Dorman of Capt. Stoddards Company and direct Capt. Stoddard himself to this place to explain his conduct in this affair, with such evidences as he may think necessary.
This letter will be delivered you by some of the civil officers of Norwalk. I am &ca.68
Head Quarters, October 15, 1778.
Sir: His Excellency desires me to communicate to you his determination with respect to furloughing Officers; you must be sensible the numberless applications that will occur during this Winter renders it necessary that some general regulation should take place, and you are requested to make it known to the commanding officers of the two other Brigades, which will LOTTERY DRAWING FOR UNIFORMS. OCTOBER 28, 1778 prevent unnecessary applications, that he is determined that two field officers to a Regiment, and the same number of officers to each Company unless in very extraordinary cases shall be present, and that those who are to be absent must be decided among the officers themselves that no discontent may prevail. The furloughs are all to be granted from the adjutant Generals office by an order from Head Quarters and to effect this the more properly the Commanding officer of each Brigade when an application is made by an officer in it, will give him a certificate agreeable to the above regulation. Major Cabells pretentions to go home are surely equal to any Gentleman's, and will no doubt be attended to, many others have apply'd who will be gratified under this general rule. Lieutt. Overton has permission to proceed on the business proposed by Colo. Ball. I am etc.
P.S. His Excellency also desires that the Brigade Majors may keep accurate accounts of the absent Officers.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade, A.D. Camp."]
Head Quarters, October 15, 1778.
In addition to the questions already proposed for the consideration of the General Officers,70 I have further asked, whether judging from the present State and appearance of affairs, it would be advisable to detach any part of the Army to Boston and should it be determined in the affirmative; What force it would be proper to detach there. You will be pleased to favor me with your opinion on these subjects. I am, etc.71
[Note 70: See Washington's letter To the Major and Brigadier Generals, Oct. 14, 1778, ante.]
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry and indorsed by him: "Addit. Questns. for the Council of War." (See Council of War, Oct. 16, 1778, post.)]
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh,Thursday, October 15, 1778.
Parole Antwerp. Countersigns Argos, Attleborough.
A Court of Enquiry whereof Lieutt. Colo. Carrington is appointed President will sit at one oClock this afternoon at the President's quarters to enquire into a complaint exhibited by Charles Proud, a soldier in the Artillery against Captain Wiley.72
[Note 72: Capt. John Wiley, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Two Captains from each of the Connecticutt Brigades to attend as Members.
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh, October 16, 1778.
Parole Woolwich. Countersigns Wooburn, Witney.
Tomorrow being the glorious Anniversary of the surrender of General Burgoyne and his troops to the Arms of America, under the Command of Major General Gates, it will be commemorated by the discharge of thirteen Cannon from the Park of Artillery at twelve o'Clock.
No more sick to be sent to the hospital at Quaker Hill without first enquiring of the Chief Surgeon there whether they can be received, as the house is already full. At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Hogan73 was President held at West Point, October 11th. 1778, Lieut. Chandenit, A.D. Q. M. G., was tried for refusing to sign an order for Forage sent him by Captain Carter and acquitted. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence. Lieutt. William Henshaw of the 5th. Connecticutt Regiment is appointed Pay Master to the same from the 1st of September last.74
[Note 73: Col. James Hogun, of the Third North Carolina Regiment.]
[Note 74: Henshaw served as paymaster until January, 1781. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 75: This Council of War was composed of the Commander in Chief, Maj. Gens. Horatio Gates, Nathanael Greene, Baron De Kalb, Alexander McDougall, and Baron Steuben; Brig. Gens. John Nixon, Samuel Holden Parsons, William Smallwood, Henry Knox, John Paterson, Anthony Wayne, and Edward Hand.]
Fredericksburgh, October 16, I778.
The Commander in Chief informs the Council, that the enemy's whole force in these States still continue in two principal divisions one at New York and its dependencies consisting of about thirteen thousand; the other on Rhode Island consisting of about five thousand. That a considerable detachment from the former sent three or four weeks since into Bergen county, in the Jerseys, have hitherto been employed in a forage, part are said to have lately returned and the remainder it is given out, intend to cut a quantity of wood before they leave the Jerseys.
That their fleet was still in the harbour of New York the 9th instant, rumoured to intend shortly sailing for Boston.
That the general current of intelligence from New York indicates preparations to be in readiness to leave that post, and more particularly a design of making a considerable detachment, generally supposed for the West Indies, the number mentioned from ten to fifteen regiments, which are reported to have been filled up, by the reduction of some other regiments. That an officer of ours, prisoner with the enemy, just exchanged brings an account of the actual embarkation of a large body of troops, on Saturday night and Sunday last, said to be destined for the Southward, of which however, no confirmation has been received from any other quarter.
That our whole force in this quarter is about fifteen thousand rank and file, fit for duty; including the two brigades in the Jerseys, and the garrison at West Point, a considerable part of which have completed and will soon complete the term of service, for which they are engaged.
That General Sullivan has under his command at Providence. and its dependencies about 3500 Continental and State troops.
From this state of facts and under these circumstances, the Commander in Chief requests the opinion of the Council, whether it will be prudent and adviseable to make a detachment from the main army towards Boston, and of what force.
He further informs the Council, that he has been impatiently waiting for the movements of the enemy to ascertain their intentions for the Winter, in order to enable him the better to judge of a proper disposition of the army in Winter quarters; but the uncertainty, in which their designs still continue involved and the advanced season of the year, will no longer admit of delay, in fixing upon a plan for this important purpose. He therefore requests the advice of the council on the following points: whether the army shall be held in a collected state during the Winter and where? whether it shall be distributed into cantonments and in what particular manner? what precautions shall be adopted in either case to shelter the troops and procure subsistance both of provision and forage?
He observes: That in determining these questions, the considerations principally to be attended to are, the actual strength and situation and the probable designs of the enemy; the security, good government and discipline of the army; the difficulties of subsistance and accommodation; the protection of the country; the support of our important posts; the relation proper to be preserved with the French, [fleet]76 considering the degree of probability of its remaining where it now is, and of a winter operation against it, and the occasional succour it
[Note 76: The word "fleet" was inadvertently omitted here.] may derive from the troops under General Sullivan and from the Militia of the Country.77
[Note 77: Most of the opinions, in answer to these queries, were submitted in writing to the Commander in Chief on October 20 and are in the Washington Papers.]
He finally informs the Council that some time since, he directed the Quarter Master General to endeavour to provide materials for barracks. The result of his measures will appear in a letter from Mr. Pettit hereunto annexed.78
[Note 78: Deputy Quartermaster General Charles Pettit's letter of October 16 to Alexander Hamilton accompanies this record of the Council of War, in the Washington Papers, which is in Hamilton's writing. A copy by Tench Tilghman, which varies slightly from the above, is also in the Washington Papers, and another copy by Tilghman is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am fard. with yours of the 15th. containing the disagreeable account of the further ravages committed by the Indians. I will immediately order one Regiment to be held ready for the frontier service, and if, upon making a general arrangement of the Army, I find that more can be spared, I will make an addition to the number. As I am unacquainted with the direction of Anaquaga,79 I shall be obliged by your Excellency's informing me immediately by Express to what place the troops from hence shall march, in order to meet and cooperate with those already to the Northward. Colo Butler marched the begining of this month with an intent to strike some of the places of rendezvous of the enemy upon the North West frontier. I have not heard whether he has had any success; but by a letter
[Note 79: Anaquaga (Onoquaga, Oquaga, Unaquaga), N. Y. Clinton's reply (October 17) stated that Anaquaga was on the Susquehanna nearly west of Kingston, in Ulster County. There were practicable routes from Minisink, Rochester (in Ulster County), and Kingston, but the best was from Schoharie. This was the route taken by Col. William Butler. Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.] from General Stark I find that the Oneida's had destroyed the settlement of Unadilla and Butter Nuts and brought off some prisoners. I shall be guided by your better Judgment in the directions to be given to the Officer who will command this expedition, and I shall therefore be glad to have your advice in the fullest manner, as to the Route, the proper places to lodge supplies, the easiest method of procuring them and any other matters which you may judge necessary for the execution of the plan. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 16, 1778.
Sir: I have just received intelligence that on the nights of the 10th. and 11th. inst a considerable body of troops embarked at New York; the most accurate accounts that we have been able to obtain of their numbers make them consist of ten Regiments with their flank Companies, completed by drafts to the full establishment, which will make them amount to between five and six thousand men; some however pretend that five and other that seven brigades have embarked. Although I am clearly satisfied in my own mind that these troops are destined for the West Indies, and repeated intelligence corroborated by the reason of the thing, almost removes the suspicion of any enterprise being meditated at this late Season, against Your Excellency's Squadron it is an object too precious to the common cause, for me not to give Your Excellency immediate notice of a movement which might by the most remote possibility affect it; and take such measures for counteracting the success, as the other considerations by which Your Excellency knows my conduct must be regulated, will allow. I have therefore ordered a detachment of troops to proceed by gentle marches as far as the Connecticut River, that it may be so far on its way, should occasion require. the utmost vigilance will be used to ascertain the time when the transports, with the troops in question shall put to Sea; their numbers; the convoy attending them and every other interesting particular. there are circumstances which induce a belief of the enemy's intention to maintain a Garrison in New York after sending a sufficient detachment to their islands; such are, the superior advantages which this post and its dependencies possess for the security and support of a body of troops, the convenience of the port for distressing our Trade and the excellence of the general situation for carrying on that kind of predatory and desultory war, with which they seem to threaten us.
The judicious reflexions which Your Excellency has done me the honor to communicate in your letter of the 29th. Ulto. and the conjectures founded on them, favor in part the idea of an offensive operation by the English in the West Indies; their Success must depend upon a naval superiority in those Seas.
Your Excellency's reasoning on Admiral Gambier's being appointed to the chief command on the American Station is conclusive and gives room to surmise that Admiral Biron is destined for the W. Indies. The ill health of the latters crews is a circumstance that may be depended upon; the report of their laboring under a contageous disorder is without foundation: Many of the Sailors have deserted to our outposts, and among them some convalescents who report that the rest are recovering very fast.
I am happy to be informed that Your Excellency has found a satisfactory method for exchanging the bulk of your prisoners; every thing in my power shall be done for the expeditious forwarding of the rest to New York and negotiating their exchange agreeably to the terms of the convention, which you are to communicate.
The Marquis de la fayette is gone to pay a visit to Congress; the relation in which he stands to Your Excellency, made me happy during his Stay in camp by furnishing me with more particular occasions for expressing the Sentiments of respect with which Your Excellency has inspired me.
Mr. de Choin whose flattering remembrance of me you are so obliging as to mention in your letter of the 2d. inst. if he had obtained Your Excellency's permission to return would likewise have furnished me with such desirable opportunities; but the regret for my own loss is much diminished, when I consider the enviable happiness the Major enjoys near your Excellency and the satisfaction you derive from the company of this worthy officer.
I have already had the honor of transmitting to Your Excellency Admiral Keppel's own Account of the Naval Combat, which has all the complexion of a defeat on his part, tho his affairs were not so desperate as those of your antagonist Lord Howe who is said to have kept himself for security, on board a Swift Sailing Frigate, when you gave him chase.
If the report that Channel pilots are engaged for the use of the Spanish Fleet be well grounded, the natural inference as Your Excellency observes is very favorable.
I congratulate with Your Excellency on the prospect of Mr. Du Chaffau's81 Recovery. The present I think promises fair to be the æra when the valor of the French Marine will be rewarded. The English can boast but few Ships that have not been chased by the French, their European Fleet and American Squadron have undergone the same disgrace. I have the honor etc.
[Note 81: Louis Charles, Comte du Chaffault de Besné, lieutenant-general in command of the rear guard off Ushant, in which action he was wounded.]
P.S. I have the honor to inclose your Excellency the last effort of the British Commissioners in proclamation. It will share the same fate of the rest. I likewise inclose you the petition82 of the Tories in New York.83
[Note 82: The petition was from the refugees to the Peace Commissioners, and had been sent to Washington by Brig. Gen. Charles Scott.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.
On October 16 Washington wrote brief notes: To Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, stressing the great need of obtaining intelligence of the enemy as often as possible, and that Captain Leavenworth's slowness in this made him of little value; to Marquis de Vienne, informing him that Congress bad granted him leave to return to France; to Maj. Henry Lee, that Capt. William Lindsay's resignation from Lee's Dragoons would be accepted; to Capt. Pierre Capitaine, an aide to Lafayette, thanking him for two plans, presumably of the operations on Rhode Island in 1778. All of these notes are in the Washington Papers.]
October 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: Captains Gawen Brown and John Langdon and Lieut. William Davis of Colo. Henry Jacksons Regiment84 have requested to resign their Commissions and have lodged Certificates, that they are not indebted to the public. You will be pleased to call for their Commissions and to give discharges upon them. And as there are frequent applications by the Officers, employed at the Eastward, of the same nature, and considerable time is spent in writing to and from Head Quarters upon the subject, you will upon future occasions, give discharges yourself upon the Commissions and transmit me an account of the same from time to time that they may be properly registered and forwarded to the Board of War.
[Note 84: Jacksons Additional Continental regiment.]
The Enemy, who were in Jersey, for several days past, have returned to New York again, and by advices received Yesterday, I believe it is certain, that a considerable detachment, consisting of Ten full Regiments at least, is embarking. Their destination is not certainly known; but the current reports of Deserters and other intelligence from York say they are going to the West Indies. There are some accounts too, which say that Charles Town is their Object. However, as it is possible that they may meditate a stroke against Boston, notwithstanding all reasoning seems against it, I mean to put a Detachment from the Army in motion, which will advance Eastward, as far as Connecticut River, till we are ascertained of their views. I am, etc.
P.S. The Inclosed Letter for the Marquiss Devieune you will be pleased to deliver him as soon as you can. The Officers of Jacksons Regiment mentioned above, are probably at Boston.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 6th. and 11th. instant. The enemy have withdrawn themselves from Jersey and are now employed in making a very considerable embarkation. It is said to consist of ten British Regiments...86 to be prepared, should their views be upon Boston, I shall immediately order a detachment to move slowly Eastward, as far as Connecticut River. I expect your next will inform me, what appears to be the intention of sending the transports lately to Newport. I am &ca.
[Note 86: The omitted portion is practically the same as the information, respecting the embarkation of 10 regiments, in Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Oct. 18, 1778, q. v.]
P.S. Yours of the 14th. is just come to hand. Sir Henry Clinton was kind enough to forward me the offers of Grace and pardon87 some days ago. I made no scruple of communicating the Contents to the Officers of the Army, as I was sure they could have no ill effects at this time of day. I will not pretend to direct the line of conduct to be pursued by the Civil powers.
[Note 87: The Manifesto and Proclamation of the British peace commissioners of Oct. 3, 1778.]
Be pleased to signify to Lt. Colo. Smith88 that the Resignation of Lt. Jeremiah Reed of the Regt. under his command is
[Note 88: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith, commanding Lee's Additional Continental regiment.] accepted from the 26th. Sept. 1778 and that of Capt. Joshua Orne from the 1st. October 1778. Their discharges are to be indorsed upon their Commissions, provided they have settled their Accounts with the public and Regt.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 17, 1778.
My Lord: I have received your favours of the 14 and 15th. instants. I have undoubted intelligence, that a very considerable embarkation is making from New York. It is of the utmost importance that we should ascertain the numbers as near as possible, their destination the time of their sailing and above all how they are convoyed as to numbers and force of ships of War. Upon this, and a certain account of what ships of War remain in New York the Count D'Estaing will probably form his plan of Operations. I therefore intreat your Lordship to leave no means untried to come at a knowlege of these facts. I would not wish you to take up any vague reports, because I shall forward your intelligence to the Count. You may always distinguish in your letters between what you think may be depended upon, and what is dubious.
If an Officer acquainted with marine Affairs was stationed at Bonum Town he wou'd have an opportunity of seeing every thing going in or out of the Hook and could give intelligence of the time of the fleets sailing; endeavouring to distinguish the men of war from the transports. Major Howell will have a better opportunity of counting the exact number from his Station at Black point. Be pleased to give him notice that a fleet is upon the point of sailing, desire him to be attentive and inform him of the importance of being particular, and expeditious in communicating his intelligence.
I do not intend that Woodfords Brigade shall remain at New Ark, longer than untill the views of the enemy are more fully known. This will in all probability be very shortly. I would not therefore have them order down more of their Baggage than is absolutely necessary. As the enemy have retired, a small escort from the Brigade will serve to convoy the Baggage, who may carry down the field Artillery at the same time. I am &ca.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[October 17, 1778.]
Sir: I have determined to send Col. Van Schaick's Regiment to Fort Schuyler to relieve Col. Ganseworth.91 You will signify this to Col. Van Schaick that he may be preparing for it. So soon as the Cloathing, expected in camp, arrives; he shall have an order for a competent supply and will then proceed. He can mention the matter to Col. Hay, who will be looking forward to a provision of vessels to convey the regiment to Albany.
[Note 91: Col. Peter Gansevoort, of the Third New York Regiment, He was thanked by Congress Oct. 7, 1777, for his gallant defense of Fort Schuyler; was made brigadier general, New York Militia in March, 1781; served to close of the war.]
It is also my intention to send Col. Cortlandt92 on an expedition to the Frontier. This regiment will proceed immediately to Poughkeppsie; and he himself will go on before, to consult Governor Clinton. I have written to him on the subject. I am etc.93
[Note 92: Col. Philip Van Cortlandt, of the Second New York Regiment.]
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 17, 1778.
Sir: As your Regiment is to be employed in an expedition against Anaquaga, you are immediately to give the necessary orders, to the Officer next in command, for proceeding with your Regiment to Poughkeepsie, by water, and apply to Col. Hay the Q. M. who will provide boats for the purpose; in the mean time, dispatch a careful officer to Head Quarters with an accurate Return of your whole Regiment exclusive of drafts, in conformity to which he will receive an order for the proper number of Regimental Suits and other articles of Equipment, with which he will meet the Regiment at Poughkeepsie.
As soon as your Regiment is put in motion you will repair in person to that place in order to consult with Gov. Clinton and take his advice relative to the disposition of the troops and other measures to be pursued for accomplishing the ends proposed. I am &ca.
P.S. When the men receive their New Clothing, the Regimental Q.M. is to collect the old Coats Waistcoats and breeches, to have them packed, marked and put into Store, and to make an exact Return of them to Hd. Quarters.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, October 17, 1778.
Sir: I received your letter of the 15th. Inst. respecting a reprieve for Elisha Smith a deserter from your company. It is far from my inclination to increase the number of unfortunate sufferers, or to sign a warrant which does not appear indispensably necessary for the preservation and safety of the army. Smith has been represented to me, as an object worthy of punishment, and as a proper example to prevent the commission of crimes of a like nature. Indeed I should have been glad of a justifiable foundation of pardon to have obliged you in this instance. I am etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: As the term of your Regiment's inlistment is nearly expiring, it is time to fall upon some mode to continue the men in the service. Genl. Scott in a letter to me of the 15th. Inst. observes that could they be indulged with leave of absence for the winter, he thinks the greatest number would reenlist.96 I am not over fond of making a stipulation of this kind could it be avoided, besides it is setting up a pernicious precedent to the Army. I would therefore have every other methodtryed, the inducements offered by congress, with the endeavours of those of your officers, whom you perceive to have a more immediate influence over the men. In the mean time you will be pleased to make me a return of those whose times are expiring or may have expired, with your opinion whether the regiment can be reinlisted without having recourse to this expedient. When I receive your report I shall instruct you further on this subject. I am &ca.97
[Note 96: "The measure you have mentioned I believe must be put in practice, in case the men cannot be induced to continue in the service by the common means."-- Washington to Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, Oct. 17, 1778. Washington wrote to Scott this same day also: "You will give orders to your Commissary to supply such small parties of Militia with provision as Genl. Morris may judge necessary for the protection of the Farmers whose Situation renders them liable to be interrupted in their farming business; and you will as far as circumstances will allow second the Militia in this duty; by disposing your patroles as much as is in your power for the Security of the Country people." These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 97: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 98: Of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 17, 1778.
Sir: You will proceed to Springfield and apply to Mr. Measam for the following articles of cloathing, which he is hereby directed to furnish you out of the t at that place.
For Col. Aldens Regiment, 300 suits of Uniform, a proportion of Shirts and stockings and 200 blankets and 200 pair of shoes.
For the Regiment under the command of Lieut. Col. Butler, 150 suits of Uniform, a proportion of shirts and stockings and 100 blankets, and 100 pair of shoes.99
[Note 99: James McHenry wrote to Butler (October 17), by Washington's direction, that the quantities of clothing mentioned were coming to him and Major Posey. McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
For the detachment under the command of Major Posey, 80 suits of Uniform, a proportion of shirts and Stockings and 50 Blankets and fifty pair of shoes.
With these you are to proceed with all dispatch to Albany, and deliver the several quantities to their respective regiments; taking proper receipts as vouchers for the delivery; you will have the cloathing packed up in separate parcels and marked for the corps to which they belong.
You will apply to the Quartermaster at Springfield for the means of transportation; and will use the greatest care and diligence in getting the cloathing to the place of its destination. I am etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 17, 1778.
Sir: I had the honour of writing to your Excellency yesterday, requesting your advice on the proposed expedition against Anaquaga. I have given Col. Cortland orders to get his regiment well clad and prepared without delay, for this purpose, and to wait upon you himself to consult you fully upon the most expeditious mode of proceeding and the previous measures proper to be taken.2 If the troops already to the Northward, and which by my last accounts were marching towards Unadilla, [under the Comd.of Lt. Colo. Butlar] can form a junction with this regiment in time [and with a proper degree of safety] it will be a desirable circumstance. I shall be glad of your opinion on this point and at what place the junction could be most safely and conveniently formed. If this cannot be done, they may possibly still co-operate and form a diversion favourable to the enterprise against Anaquaga, by directing a stroke upon some other quarter; on this point also I request your Excellency's sentiments.
[Note 2: Washington wrote again to Governor Clinton (October 18) repeating this information and promising an inquiry into Ezra L'Hommedieu's complaint to Clinton that Captain Leavenworth had plundered inhabitants of the east end of Long Island of their horses and cattle. L'Hommedieu's letter to Clinton, of Oct. 16, 1778, and Washington's letter to Clinton, of Oct. 18, 1778, are in the Washington Papers.]
You will no doubt, give directions in time to have the Militia, who are to assist in this business, ready, and will appoint a place of rendezvous where they will join the Continental troops I must beg the favour of you to concert with Colo. Cortlandt the necessary arrangements for providing the supplies of provisions, which will be wanted, the proper repositories, the means of transportation and such other matters as will occur to you upon the subject and measures shall be immediately taken accordingly.
I fear the articles of cloathing may be the occasion of some delay with respect to the troops already to the Northward; their distressed situation and the approaching cold season, make a supply indispensible in an expedition of this nature. I have ordered cloathing for them to be forwarded with all dispatch from Springfield to Albany; but before it can reach them a great deal of time must unavoidably be lost.
Col. Van Shaicks regiment will shortly set out, to relieve the Garrison at Fort Schuyler; if this Regiment could be employed on the expedition and in time to answer this other purpose, it would be manifestly advantageous. If this cannot be the case, can any use be made of Gansevoort's regiment after it is relieved?
I am sorry to give you so much trouble in this affair; but your superior knowledge of the frontier and of the country in general [and the means you have at present of information] will plead my excuse. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The parts in brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have just recd. intelligence, bearing strong marks of authenticity, that the enemy mean a total and immediate evacuation of New York. Various are the conjectures of their destination. I cannot think that they mean to attempt anything against Boston, considering the danger of carrying a large fleet round Cape Cod at this advanced season; but to be prepared at all events, I had, upon the first intimation of an embarkation, ordered two of the Brigades stationed at Danbury to move Eastward as for as Harford;4 I shall now order the third to follow. By the time they arrive there we shall probably come at a knowledge of the real intentions of the Enemy. I have communicated all my intelligence in the fullest manner, to the Count D'Estaing, that he may make such preparations as circumstances seem to require. I am etc.
[Note 4: Hartford, Conn.]
P.S. Your favr. of the 12th has come to hand.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Sparks prints this letter under date of Oct. 10, 1778. The same letter, minus the postscript, was sent to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan.]
[Ms.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 18, 1778.
Sir: With the Money you have drawn from the Pay Master General you will use your best endeavours to inlist the Drafts from the State of New York to serve for three Years or during the War.
To facilitate the inlistments you will put the Money into the hands of such Officers as you may judge proper for the occasion.
Each draft inlisting for three years or during the War is to be paid a bounty of twenty dollars. Besides this he will receive the usual allowance of Cloathing and Land.6
[Note 6: By the resolve of Congress of Sept. 16, 1776, officers were granted quantities of land, according to rank, on entering the service and privates and noncommissioned officers were granted 100 acres on enlisting, and a bounty of $20. By a resolve of Oct. 8, 1776, certain quantities of clothing were granted.]
Where the inlistment is for three years iris to commence from the expirations of the time of service for which the party inlisting stands now engaged.
You or the Officers appointed by you are not to inlist the drafts of any States but your own.
The names of the Men who inlist, the times when and the terms for which they engage whether for three years or during the War are all to be particularly noted and set down, that there may not be any disputes or mistakes respecting the same. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the text kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 18, 1778.
Sir: I imagine General Poors Brigade is by this time in motion agreeable to the determination of the Council on Friday. I desire that the next Brigade in course may follow, with directions to the commanding Officers to proceed by very slow marches to Hatford, where they are to halt for further orders. Be pleased to impress upon the Officers the necessity of keeping up the strictest discipline upon the march. As they will not be in the least hurried their Commissaries and Quarter Masters may make every necessary preparation for their accommodation upon the road, particularly in the article of Wood, to prevent destruction of the inclosures.
Should there be a necessity for their proceeding to Boston, be pleased to give the Officers the following Route, by which they are to march upon rect. of their orders. From Harford to Boston, East side of the River, thro' Coventry. Mansfield, Ashford, Pomfret, Thompson, Douglass, Uxbridge, Mindens, Hollston, Medway, Medfield, Dedham, Boston; the distance 105 Miles.
My latest accounts from the enemy are that they are still busily employed in their embarkation, but I cannot learn with certainty that it is to be general; Altho' many of the inhabitants near the lines, and persons from the City think it is. I ametc.8
[Note 8: ln the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
October 18, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with your letter of the 14th. Instant. The undecided state of rank in the Maryland line makes it a point of some difficulty to determine in such cases as that of Major Adams9 and Capt. Winders,10 where the complaint is
[Note 9: Maj. Daniel Jenifer Adams, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment He had obtained his majority in December, 1776; resigned in June, 1779.]
[Note 10: Capt. Levin Winder, of the First Maryland Regiment. He had been promoted to major in April, 1776; was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S.C, in August, 1780; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Maryland Regiment in April, 1781; transferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1783; served to April of that year.] founded on their respective claims to a precedency in rank. I think it most expedient therefore that Capt. Winder should be released from arrest, as you have mentioned, and to suspend the further consideration of the matter, till such time as the relative rank of the whole line is finally determined. For this purpose, I have taken every measure that can lead to its accomplishment. You will be pleased to signify this to Major Adams and that the affair cannot be investigated before a general settlement of rank is obtained, as the issue of the case is manifestly involved in its determination. I am &ca.
P.S. As there may be a number of other officers in a similar situation with Major Adams and Capt. Winder, I do not doubt but you will so arrange their several duties, without any prejudice to the service, as to prevent their clashing with each other or giving ties to disputes of the same nature.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1778.
Sir: I have received your two letters of yesterday's date; intelligence becomes more interesting as every day brings us nearer to an important juncture; too much attention therefore cannot be paid to the choice of persons employed in collecting advices of the enemys transactions and designs, and to the directions given them for governing their inquiries; an enemy is always supposed to be secret as to their real intentions, and may generally be suspected of a view to deceive, when they speak openly of them; but there are some circumstances which attend every considerable move, or expedition which cannot always be concealed, and which by being compared together and combined may almost infallibly point out the enemy's true design. As it now seems to be ascertained that a considerable embarkation has taken place, many concomitant circumstances may satisfy us as to the destination of the Ships. Such are, The number and species of Transports, passages taken on board them for Europe or the W. Indies, the Strength of the Convoy, the quantity of Provisions, Water &ca. said to be taken on board, the quantity of Artillery, in fine every particular that considered singly or with relation to something else can give us light; much more confidence is to be placed in such facts when they can be ascertained, than the common conversation or opinions either of inhabitants or Military Men.
Major Johnson's12 request shall be granted and a proper certificate given him.
[Note 12: "Majr. Johnson will hand Your excellency this, who finding no provision made for him in the Army (with Your Excellencys permission) about to Leave the Service; he has never had a Commission and therefore wishes to have a Certificate of his Services from Your Excellency, as it may be of Service to him."-- Scott to Washington, Oct. 17, 1778. Scott's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am sorry to be informed that you have proceeded to such extremity against Mr. Wadsworth D. Commissary of Issues;13 it is altogether contrary to rule to commit a person acting in that capacity to the prevost Guard; The mode of treating the Commissaries and their Assistants in case of neglect of duty or misdemeanour is pointed out in the resolve of Congress made for the regulation of the Department, which directs that they be tried by a Court Martial by order of the Commander in chief, or Genl Officer commanding a post.
[Note 13: This was not, however, Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth, Deputy Commissary of Purchases; but a "scaleman" by the name of Wadsworth. (See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, Oct. 25, 1778, post.)]
The Regiments of Cortlandt and Van Schaick being ordered on a remote duty, makes it necessary that the Officers and men belonging to them in your Corps should join immediately;you will give orders therefore that they may be marched in order by the most direct road to the Continental Village. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 18, 1778.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 9th inclosing a Resolve to extend the Embargo and to prevent forestalling provision.15 I hope the latter will have the desired effect, for unless that most infamous practice of raising the prices of the necessaries of life can be stopped, it will be impossible for any Funds to subsist the Army.
[Note 15: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 2, 1778.]
Inclosed you have the Copy of a petition from the Refugees in New York to the Commissioners. You may depend upon the authenticity of it, as it is taken from a New York paper. It should seem by this that they are extremely sollicitous and anxious to know whether New York is to be garrisoned, which implies a suspicion on their part, that it is to be evacuated.
All accounts since mine of the 14th confirm the report of a very considerable embarkation.16 It is said to consist of ten British Regiments compleated to their full establishment, and their Grenadier and Light Companies added to them. This will make them amount to upwards of five thousand Men. They have not sailed. I cannot say that I am satisfied, that a total evacuation of the City is intended this Winter, altho' many
[Note 16: On this same day (October 18) Washington forwarded, in a brief note to Comte D'Estaing, his latest intelligence concerning the British embarkation at New York. The comte had, meanwhile, received the same information from Ensign De Boubée, of the French Navy, who had visited the British Fleet at New York to effect an exchange of prisoners. Washington's note, D'Estaing's reply (October 23), and an extract of De Boubée's report are in the Washington Papers.] inhabitants near the lines and several out of the City are of that opinion. I have set every engine at work to procure full intelligence of their designs and I hope to succeed. The current opinion of deserters and others is that the present embarkation is intended for the West Indies; some few have said that they have a design upon Charlestown. I have the honor &c.17
[Note 17: In the writing o[ Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1778.
Gentlemen: Major Nicholas has been with me, and reported the state of the Cloathing, and also the forwardness in which it is for coming on. I was sorry to find by his account, that the whole of the shoes will not exceed Seven thousand pair. This I thought it my duty to inform the Board of, as the supply will not more than answer the Instant pressing wants of the Troops, who are actually barefoot. I fear we shall suffer greatly in this necessary article, unless every possible exertion is used to prevent it. The demands are continual, and too large a quantity cannot be provided. I have the Honor etc.
P. S. Major Nicholas who has returned to the Eastward, informed me the Cloathing were of excellent quality and in very good order. Viz. the Coats, Jackets and Breeches; but from the account of Mr. Kemper, one of Mr. Mease's Assistants, many of the Blankets, which he has just opened, are so small, that four of them joined together, will not exceed the common and necessary size of One. It is reported here, that a Ship from Spain has just arrived at Baltimore with a very considerable cargoe. Perhaps she may have some Blankets.18
[Note 18: The draft is m the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh, Sunday, October 18, 1778.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersigns Thrace, Tenbury.
Lieut. Augustine Taylor19 of the 7th. Connecticutt Regiment is appointed Pay Master to the same from the 27th. day of July last.
[Note 19: Lieutenant Taylor was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and resigned in June of that year.]
Colo. Greaton is appointed President of the Genl. Court Martial which is to sit tomorrow morning ten o'Clock, vice Colo. Patten.
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh, Monday, October 19, 1778.
Parole Copenhagen. Countersigns Chatham, Cape Ann.
As Colo. Greaton is unable to attend the Court Martial whereof he was yesterday appointed President, Lieutt. Colo. Smith20 will preside in his room.
[Note 20: Lieut. Col. Samuel Smith.]
Major Murphy21 is appointed an Additional Member of the Court which will sit tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at the usual Place.
[Note 21: Maj. Hardy Murfree(?), of the Second North Carolina Regiment.]
A General Court Martial of the Line whereof Col. Bradley22 is appointed President will assemble at the President's Marqui next friday morning ten o'Clock and sit at such place as shall be provided by the Quarter Master General for the trial of Col. Price23 and such others as shall come before them. Lieutt.
[Note 22: Col. Philip Burr Bradley, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 23: Col. Thomas Price, of the Second Maryland Regiment. He resigned in April, 1780.] Colos. Hay,24 Russell25 and Harney,26 Majors Nichols,27 Thompson28 and Holdridge29 and a Captain from each of the Brigades on the Ground will constitute the Court. All Evidences and Persons concerned to attend.
[Note 24: Lieut. Col. Samuel Hay, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at Stony Point, N. Y, in July, 1779; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 25: Lieut. Col. Giles Russell, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment. He was later promoted to colonel of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment, to date from March, 1778; died in October, 1779.]
[Note 26: Lieut. Col. Selby Harney, of the Second North Carolina Regiment. He was transferred to the Third North Carolina Regiment in February, 1782; promoted to colonel in September, 1783; served to close of the war.]
[Note 27: Major Francis Nichols, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in May, 17791.]
[Note 28: Possibly William Thompson, who was adjutant of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 29: Maj. Hezekiah Holdridge, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was later promoted lieutenant colonel of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment, to date from May, 1778; retired in January, 1781.]
Nixon's, Parsons's and Huntington's Brigades, to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's warning. Ensign Richard Fullerton30 of the 3rd. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. of July last.
[Note 30: Fullerton was promoted to lieutenant in May, 1779; transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783. According to a resolve of Congress (Nov. 1, 1783): "Lieutenant Richard Fullerton, having acted as a volunteer at an early period of the war, particularly in the action on Long Island, and at the battles of Trenton and Princeton; and having discharged the several extra appointments of adjutant, major of brigade, and the important one of assistant adjutant general to the southern army, highly to the satisfaction of his general officers: Resolved, That the Secretary at War issue to Lieutenant Fullerton, the brevet commission of captain."]
Fredericksburg in the State of New York, October 19, 1778.
I have no perfect remembrance of the conduct, or particular applications of Lieutt. Colo. Johnston31 of Colo. Wards Regiment for a furlough; nor do I at this period recollect how or by what means he obtained one while the Army under my
[Note 31: Col. Obediah Johnson, of the Connecticut Militia. He had been lieutenant colonel of Ward's Connecticut State regiment from May, 1776, to May, 1777.] command lay in Bucks County in the State of Pensylvania. It is a fact notorious however, that the situation of our Affairs at the time we lay on the West bank of the Delaware (in the Month of Decemr. 1776) was such as to require the attendance of every Officer and Soldier, and the greatest exertion of the former, our force being small and we in daily expectation of the enemy's attempting to force the passage of the River on their Rout to Philadelphia, the supposed object of the Expedition. I do not believe that Lt. Colo. Johnston had any knowledge of the intended attack upon Trenton because the success of the enterprize depended too much upon the secrecy of it, not to have used every precaution for concealment.32
[Note 32: This certificate was given in response to Johnson's application, Apr. 10, 1778, a photostat copy of which is in the Washington Papers. Johnson had been later accused of importuning for a discharge, when his application was for a furlough, which was granted; he returned to the Army before the expiration of his furlough time. (See Washington's Certificate, 1779, Sept. 4, post.)]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: I last evening received the inclosed from Congress with a Request that I would take measures for carrying the plan recommended by Colo. Hartley into execution. The advices which I have just received from different quarters bear the strongest Marks of an immediate evacuation of New York.33
[Note 33: At this point the following is crossed off in the draft: "The precise destination of the enemy is yet unknown, but as a considerable detachment is, from every account, intended for the West Indies, the remainder, should they incline to operate to the Eastward, will be inadequate to our force and that of the Militia."]
These considerations induce me, should it be deemed expedient, to make an addition to Colo. Cortlands command by sending up the whole of Genl. Clintons Brigade, except Van Schaicks Regt. which is to relieve Gansevoorts at Fort Schuyler. In that case Genl. Clinton would go with his Brigade. I do not know the situation of Chemung, the place which Colo. Hartley advises to be possessed by us, and cannot therefore say, whether the same Body of men which are to be employed upon the Anaquaga expedition, could afterwards break up the settlement at Chemung. I shall send General Hand to take command at Albany in the room of General Stark who goes to Rhode Island. Perhaps by enlarging our force in the manner I have before mentioned, we may be enabled to carry on our operations upon the frontier upon a more extensive plan, by forming one expedition under the immediate command of Genl. Clinton and another under Genl. Hand or Colo. Butler composed of the troops already to the Northward. That there may be a more free and full communication upon this subject I have desired Genl. Clinton, Genl. Hand and Colo. Cortland to wait upon you. As your Legislature are now sitting, there must be Gentlemen from every part of the State well acquainted with the frontier, the different Routes the resources of the Country and many matters conducive to the conduct and success of such an expedition.
After having made the proper use of Colo. Hartley's letter be pleased to return it to me, as I have not a Copy. I am etc.
P.S. Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Genl. Stark by the earliest conveyance.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 19, 1778.
Sir: I have received your two letters of yesterday's date; If you think the intelligence of the evacuation of Kings bridge and the intermediate posts between that and New York, may be depended upon, it will be proper to order a respectable detachment of horse to move down that way, in order to make more particular inquiries and discoveries of what is going forward. The officer commanding this party should proceed with the greatest circumspection and caution to guard against any move that may be laid for him by the enemy; after he has gained all the intelligence that his own observation and the accounts of inhabitants will furnish, he will return and report to you, and avoid being so long stationary as to become an object of enterprise to the enemy. I am, etc.
P.S. The intelligence from Lord Stirling35 who is now at Elizabeth Town, likewise indicates a general evacuation, it is of the utmost importance to ascertain this Fact, and I desire that no expence may be spared in doing it, as speedily as possible36
[Note 35: "Between Eight and Nine OClock last night, I received your Lordship's favor of the 16 Inst"-- Washington to Lord Stirling, Oct. 19, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Stirling's letter of Oct. 16, 1778, is in the Washington Papers. In it he forwarded Maj. Richard Howell's latest report and an account of the British embarkation activities in New York, by a sea captain by the name of Clun, who had just been exchanged. Stirling also mentioned "a Grand Wedding of Miss Smith to Mr. Elisha Boudinot."]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, October 19, 1778.
Sir: You are forthwith to proceed to Albany and take the command at that place and its dependencies. The forts on the frontiers, and all the Troops employed there will be comprehended under your general command and direction. Besides the garrisons, there are at this time Warner's Regiment, Alden's, the fourth Pensylvania Regiment under Lt. Colo. Butler and the rifle Corps, late Morgan's, now commanded by Major Posey.37 The principal objects of your attention will be the defence of the frontiers, from the depredations of the Enemy, and the annoyance of their settlements, as much as
[Note 37: Maj. Thomas Posey. Col. Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps had been designated the Seventh Virginia Regiment and was then commanded by Posey.] circumstances will permit; in which you will be aided by the Militia of the Country.
The late repeated incursions of the Savages and the mischief they have effected, have determined me to direct an expedition against Anaquaga, one of the chief places of their rendezvous. It is my present intention that General Clinton with a part of his Brigade shall be employed in this business, and Governor Clinton will furnish a body of Militia, to assist in the enterprise.38 I have directed the former to proceed to Poughkeepsie, and consult the latter fully on the manner and means of conducting it. The Troops which are now on the frontier, will either form a junction with these to render the operation more decisive; or according to circumstances may cooperate and form a diversion in their favor by making an attempt upon some other point. It will therefore be useful for you to be present at this consultation, to acquire thorough information of the nature of the expedition and the manner of co-operation; and I also recommend it to you to advise with the Governor at large upon the several matters, which will fall within the notice of your command. His extensive knowlege of the frontier and the resources of the Country in general will be very seviceable to you.
[Note 38: In furtherance of this Washington wrote to Governor Clinton (October 20) that the then latest news from Albany "serves to shew the hostile intention of the Indian enemy and consequently the necessity of counteracting them as vigourously as possible." Washington's original letter is in the Huntington Library.]
General Stark now commands at Albany. I have written to him informing him that you are to succeed him. He will communicate all the particulars necessary for your information. I wish your earliest attention to be paid to the state of the Garrisons, to see whether the supplies of stores of every kind in them are sufficient, or if they are not to makeup the deficiency.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, October 19, 1778.
Sir: By recent intelligence from the city of New York, there are the strongest appearances of a general evacuation. Where the force of the enemy will be next directed can only be the subject of conjecture; but it is generally supposed, if they operate again any where in the United States, it will be against Boston and the French fleet. Should this event take place, your influence near the seat of war will enable you to render more essential service there, than where you now are. With a view to this, I am to desire you will forthwith proceed to join General Sullivan at Providence. General Hand will succeed to your present command, to whom on his arrival at Albany you will be pleased to communicate every thing necessary for his information and Government. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 20, 1778.
Sir: Since I wrote to you last I have recd. accounts from New York which I think may be depended upon that the greatest part if not the whole of that Garrison are upon the point of embarking. A considerable number had embarked. Upwards of one hundred sail of square rigged Vessels besides a great number of Sloops and schooners fell down to the Hook on the 16th. and 17th. Under these circumstances I think it safe and prudent to direct Genl. Patterson's Brigade to move forward to morrow after Poor's and late Learned's. I desire that you will proceed with them and take the command of the whole. You will not move beyond Hartford with out hearing further from me. By the time the troops arrive there, if not before, I shall know with certainty whether a total evacuation is meant.
I received yours last evening with your own opinion subscribed by Generals Poor and Patterson.41 I am &ca.42
[Note 41: Gates's letter of October 19, subscribed to by Brig. Gens. Enoch Poor and John Paterson, is m the Washington Papers. It gives as Gates's opinion that the British could have no other object of attack than the French Fleet at Boston; that the Highlands needed no greater garrison than the number of British troops left in New York City; and that the Army should winter in the vicinity of Fishkill.
On October 21 Washington wrote again to Gates, acknowledging the letter of October 29 and stating that the movements of the British "still continue to point the same way with the late information which I transmitted." The original of this brief note is in the New York Historical Society.]
[Note 42: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: In my last letter of the 18th. Instant I observed that the whole current of intelligence from New-York suggested an immediate evacuation of the City. My accounts from different quarters still wear the same complexion. An intelligent officer stationed at Amboy reports, "that the 16th. Octor. about twelve ships fell down to the Hook, and the 17th. early in the morning about one hundred ships of war and transports also fell down to the hook." Lord Stirling who transmits this information, says, that signal guns have been firing almost all day (17th) in New-York bay, which he supposes were for more ships to follow. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: In my last letter of the 18th. Instt. I observed that the whole tenor of intelligence from New-York suggested an immediate evacuation of the place. My accounts since from different quarters still wear the same complexion, and seem to bring it nearer to a crisis. An intelligent officer stationed at Amboy reports ...44
[Note 44: The omitted portion is the same as that in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
Thus we see every circumstance supposes an evacuation at hand, tho' the enemy's object or destination cannot be investigated from those circumstances. The preparations, or movements in your quarter if well known I would think more immediately tend to this discovery at least they may serve to ascertain with more certainty whether a general evacuation of the States be intended. For this purpose you will take every method to discover what is going forward in the garrison, among the shipping, whether it is employed in the embarkation of stores and of what kind. In short every minute motion and circumstance should be collected. You will spare no reasonable expence to gain this information nor make any delay in its communication.
I have directed Gen. Stark from Albany to join you. From your former request to have the general with you, I am disposed to beleive you will not be dissatisfied, and that you will be able to find him an agreeable command. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, near Fredericksburg, October 20, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of the 6th. Instt. by Lt. Ellsworth, with the inclosure referred to46; and also the Company Rolls and pay Abstract of the Horse under your command, in 1776. The Rolls and Abstract, according to constant practice, were transmitted to the Pay Master General for examination, by Mr. Ellsworth,
[Note 46: Seymour was then at Hartford, Conn.] who reported that they contained a load of inadmissible and unprecedented charges &c. such as in justice to the public, he could by no means think himself authorised to allow. Under these circumstances, a Warrant could not be granted for the claim, and the adjustment of it is rendered the more difficult, by the length of time since the Horse were out; and by all my papers and Letters of that date, which respect the matter, being deposited at Philadelphia. It is my wish to do justice in all cases, both to the public and to Individuals, but, in the present instance, I cannot act and bring matters to a conclusion for want of proper information. After the report of the Pay Master, I wrote to Colo. Sheldon, hoping that his memory would serve to clear up some points in question; but it will not.47 I mean as soon as the situation of things will admit, to collect all my papers together and when I obtain such as relate to this subject, I will take the earliest opportunity to advise you; in the mean time the Rolls and Abstract will remain with me unless you should call for them. I am, etc.48
[Note 47: Colonel Sheldon, who was with Seymour's Light Horse in 1776, had written (October 18) that he "had no opportunity of Knowing upon what Terms we were sent. Our leaving New York in the manner we did, displeased me so much, I never made any Enquiry into the matter afterwards. I let Colo. Seymour know I should never make any demands on the publick for our Services, but that I was of opinion we were Indebted to our Country for Quiting their Service in so Scandalous a manner." Sheldon's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who has noted on the draft: "A Resolution of Congress 16. July 1776, fixing the subsistence of the Horse @ ½ Dollar pr Week."]
[Note 49: Deputy Commissary of Purchases.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 20, 1778.
Sir: There is the strongest reason to suppose that a great part of the Army will continue this Winter upon the East side of Hudsons River. The season approaches fast when it will be next to impossible, on account of the Roads, to bring forward a sufficiency of Flour even for daily consumption. The distress to which we were reduced last Winter at Valley Forge, for want of a proper Magazine, makes me extremely sollicitous to see such an one established in time, as will, with what can be brought on from time to time, supply the exigencies of the Army without difficulty. I therefore desire you immediately to set every engine at work, to get as much flour as possible brought from the Southward and stored upon the East side of the River, near Fish Kill. It will there be convenient to the Highland posts, to the Army should it be Barracked any where upon the River, or be ready for transportation to the Eastward should there be occasion to move to that quarter. Whatever Flour may be purchased upon the Head of Hudsons River should be brought down while the Navigation continues open. Genl. Schuyler, who is well acquainted with the River, informs me that it is no uncommon thing, to have it froze over by the middle of November. You therefore see the necessity of losing no time in having the flour from thence brought down.
It is probable that two or three Regiments besides the Garrison of Fort Schuyler may be quartered at Albany, Schenectady and Saratoga this Winter. Your deputy at Albany should make provision for such an event. I am &ca.
P.S. Since writing the above a reason occurs for keeping a Magazine of Flour up the North River. If therefore you can possibly subsist the Army in that Article without bringing any down from thence, I would wish it may remain there.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 20, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of transmitting to Your Excellency on the 18th. inst. some advices which appeared to me very interesting.
An intelligent officer stationed at a proper place for observing the enemy's naval movements, in his last report, says...51
[Note 51: The omitted portion is the information, in practically the same words, as that in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
An orderly book of the enemy's which has fallen into our hands, confirms the account already communicated to Your Excellency of the drafting of three Regiments vizt. the 10th. 45. and 52. to complete others to their full establishment; it differs only in making the latter amount to nine instead of ten, and is more particular in informing us that in completing the Corps no account is to be made of Prisoners of War.
The care taken to fill them, is a convincing proof to me that these Regiments are destined for some separate service. A part of the objections which I have already taken the liberty to suggest to Your Excellency, it does not appear to me probable that the enemy wd hazard an expedition against your Squadron with such a force, and they have no other object of enterprise in America; thus reasoning upon the Subject corroborated by a variety of concurring intelligence induces a belief that this detachment is intended for the W. Indies. It is very probable however that the enemy will leave a naval force superior to that under Your Excellency with a view of keeping it in check, while the Transports convoyed by the remainder of their Ships and Frigates proceed to their destination.
How far they may be restrained from acting offensively by a reinforcement from France or active measures taken by the other branch of the House of Bourbon,52 Your Excellency is best able to judge. My solicitude for the interest of our allies will plead my excuse for entreating you to give me some light in this subject.
[Note 52: Spain.]
No opportunity shall be missed on my part of communicating to Your Excellency every interesting intelligence and proving the attachment and respect with which I have the honor, etc.
P.S. Three brigades are moving eastward to guard against the remotest possibility of Your Excellency's Squadron being the object of the enemy's manoeuvre.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Tuesday, October 20, 1778.
Parole Sandown. Countersigns Saco, Sydenham.
Doctor Cochran54 during the absence of Doctor Burnett55 is to do the duty of Physician and Surgeon General in the Army in the Eastern Department.
[Note 54: Dr. John Cochran. He was then physician and surgeon general of the Middle Department.]
[Note 55: Dr. William Barnett (Burnett). He served to June, 1782.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Wednesday, October 21, 1778.
Parole Dunbarton. Countersigns Dedham, Dunkirk.
Lieutt. Samuel Richards56 is appointed Pay Master to the 3rd. Connecticutt Regiment, Lieutt. William Adams57 to the 4th., Lieutt. John Shearman58 to the 6th. and Lieutt. Richard Sill59 to the 8th. from the 7th. of September last.
[Note 56: Richards retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 57: Adams was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781. He was cashiered in June of that year.]
[Note 58: Sherman was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June of that year.]
[Note 59: Sill was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; promoted to captain in April, 1781; major and aide to Lord Stirling in September, 1781; rejoined his regiment in January, 1783; served to June of that year.]
Purity of Morals being the only sure foundation of publick happiness in any Country and highly conducive to order, subordination and success in an Army, it will be well worthy the Emulation of Officers of every rank and Class to encourage it both by the Influence of Example and the penalties of Authority. It is painful to see many shameful Instances of Riot and Licentiousness among us; The wanton Practice of swearing has risen to a most disgusting height; A regard to decency should conspire, with a Sense of Morality to banish a vice productive of neither Advantage or Pleasure. The frequent Roberies which have lately prevailed in the Vicinity of Camp are truly alarming and demand the most vigilant Exertions to detect the Perpetrators and bring them to the severest punishment.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: Since I wrote to you this morning the inclosed Resolve of Congress60 came to my hands. As Sir Henry Clinton never complied with the request of granting passports for the transportation of Flour by Water it becomes necessary that the Convention troops should, without loss of time, be put in motion for Charlotteville in Virginia, agreeable to the order of Congress. You will be pleased to signify this to General Phillips immediately upon the receipt. I know of no way of conveying the troops to the place of their destination but by calling upon the several States thro' which they are to pass for a proper guard of Militia and Carriages sufficient to transport their Baggage. You will therefore apply to the State of Massachusetts for the number necessary, and when you have fixed the time of march and the Route, inform Governor Trumbull that he may be ready to receive them upon the Borders of Connecticut. I shall give him previous notice that he may be prepared for such an event. Be pleased to inform me likewise, when
[Note 60: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 16, 1778, for resolve which recited the previous resolve of Sept. 11, 1778.] the troops leave their present Quarters that I may make application to the Governors of New York, New Jersey &ca. for an Escort. I am &ca.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On this same day (October 21) Washington wrote again to Heath sending later information of the enemy received from Lord Stirling, dated October 19. He wrote also practically the same short note to Sullivan and added: "I have the pleasure to inform you, that the taking of Dominica by the french is confirmed. The Articles of capitulation upon the occasion were agreed to on the 7th of September, and have just reached Camp." These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 21, 1778.
My Lord: I inclose you the extract of a letter from Governor Livingston to Congress, which they have referred to me. I think it not impossible, some instances of a commerce between the inhabitants and the enemy, may have been tolerated for the purpose of gaining intelligence, and that this may have given rise to the whole suspicion. But lest there should be any thing more serious in it, that may require a remedy, I am to request your Lordship will have the matter inquired into, in the manner you shall judge most effectual, and if you discover any improper connivance, or concurrence on the part of the officers at Shrewsbury, that you will take proper measures not only to prevent it in future, but to punish the past. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is m the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 21, 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours by Genl. Clinton. I have furnished Genl. Schuyler with the Resolve of Congress63 directing the Expedition to Chemung, and desired him in conjunction with Governor Clinton and yourself to take the matter fully into consideration, that if thought practicable at this season of the year
[Note 63: Of Oct. 13, 1778.] it may be undertaken, if not, that I may stand justifiable to Congress for laying it aside.
You have in my opinion put the present supply of the inhabitants of the German Flats64 upon the proper footing, I will lay their distressed situation before Congress and if they approve of their being supplied at public expence, it may be continued untill they can settle themselves again and procure the means of livelyhood. I am &ca.65
[Note 64: New York.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 21, 1778.
Dear Sir: It is of the utmost importance that we should be thoroughly acquainted with the resources of this State in regard to Flour. Can it be procured in any considerable quantity, it will not only save the immense expence that arises upon the transportation from Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland, but it will enable us to lay up suitable Magazines, which I fear we shall not be able to establish notwithstanding the utmost exertions of the Quarter Masters and Commissaries while the distance of carriage is so great. It now takes our whole strength of teams to bring forward the daily consumption of the Army, [and should we move with any part of the Army further to the Eastward, this difficulty will be increased.]
Could the scrutiny into the remaining quantities of Wheat and Flour be made by persons vested with proper authority by the legislature, it would add much to the ease of executing such a plan and to the precision of the enquiry. I would therefore request the favr. of your Excellency to lay the proposal before your Assembly, and endeavour to obtain the nomination of a suitable person in each district or township producing Wheat and Flour throughout the State, to procure as exact a return as possible of what remains of either, in the hands of every person within his district. As this will be for the general advantage, I do not think the State should bear the expence of the enquiry. I will therefore engage for the payment of such Wages, as shall be, by the Assembly, deemed adequate to the trouble. If this law can be procured the sooner it can be carried into execution the better. Both the Quarter Master and Commissary General are anxious to know what they may depend upon with certainty in this Quarter.
I am informed by the Quarter Master Genl. that there has been a necessity of erecting public Buildings at convenient places for the reception of provisions and Stores upon the lands of private persons within this State; and that in some instances the proprietors of the land have undertaken to pull them down. If this is suffered, the public will be put to the greatest inconvenience and loss. I could wish this were remedied by the intervention of the legislature. A proper compensation might be made for the use of the Ground, and the Buildings become the property of the proprietor when no longer wanted by the public. I am &c.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the collection of Judge E.A. Armstrong, Princeton, N.J. The portion in brackets is in Washington's writing in the draft, which is also by Tilghman. On Judge Armstrong's original, Governor Clinton has drafted his reply of November 1, forwarding an act of the New York Legislature of October 31, to more effectually provide flour, meal, and wheat for the army. Clinton suggested sending 4,000 or 5,000 bushels of salt into the State to exchange for grain and flour and also an investigation of the practices of the commissaries of purchases. Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.
On October 21 Washington wrote briefly, also, to Comte D'Estaing, sending the latest reports of the British movements and his congratulations on the capture of the island of Dominica by France.
Also, on this same day (October 21) Washington wrote to the President of Congress approving the request of the Chevalier Mauduit Duplessis for leave to return to France, which Congress granted November 3, at the same time conferring upon Duplessis the brevet of colonel of artillery and a grant of £250 to meet his expenses in coming to America and returning to France.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you yesterday inclosing the resolve of Congress for the removal of the Troops of the Convention to Virginia. I find, upon perusing the resolve more attentively, that Sir Henry Clinton by the resolve of the 11th. of Septemr., recited in that of the 15th. Instt67 had the choice of either granting passports to transport Flour by Water, or to supply the Troops himself by the 1st. Instt. If neither has been complied with, then the removal is to take place. The first request we know has never been granted, and I imagine no steps have been taken to supply the Troops from New York or else where. If there have, agreeable to the letter and spirit of the resolution; they are to remain where they now are. If not, they are to be sent forward in the manner pointed out in mine of Yesterday.
[Note 67: Both letter sent and draft are plainly 15, but the date should be October 16.]
I have certain advices that the Fleet left Sandy Hook the 19th. and 20th. The first division consisted of upwards of 120 sail of which 15 were of the line, and 10 or 12 Frigates. The second division about 30 sail, of which two were of 50 Guns and two Frigates. They stood Eastward. Whether the remaining Ships and Troops are to remain at New York, I have not yet been able to ascertain. I am &ca.
P.S. I think it would be prudent under the present appearances for you to call for 5000 Militia including those already in service; altho' I am myself persuaded that the late embarkation is not intended against Boston, I would not for the sake of opinion, put any thing to the risque. That force with the Count's own strength and General Sullivans, will prevent the Enemy, should they be bound thither, from doing any thing decisive before the Troops upon their march can get up. It is more than probable that the British Fleet of Men of War will appear off Boston, to keep the Count in check, altho' the destination of the transports may be to any other Port. I do not think it will be needful to call for this addition to the Militia, in their regular course of service or for any certain time. those from the vicinity of Boston had better come out for a few days, as in that time the views of the Enemy will be known.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: In my letter of yesterday I gave you my latest information. I have now to advise you, that the fleet left Sandy Hook the 19th. and 20th. Instt. The first division consisted of about 120 vessels, of which 15 were of the line, and 10 or 12 Frigates. The second division about 30 sail of which two were of 50 Guns and two frigates. They all stood Eastward. Whether the remaining ships and troops are to continue at New York I have not been able to ascertain.
Three additional Brigades will march Eastward to-morrow morning.
I am pretty well persuaded from the consideration of such of the enemy's circumstances in Europe and their Islands as have come to my knowledge that the present armament from New York, is not destined against Boston. Nevertheless it is our duty to have every thing in that quarter in a state of actual preparation for such an event. Measures have been provided for this purpose. And should the force of the enemy take this direction I have no doubt of your exertions agreeable to your former instructions on this head. I would just observe, that altho' the enemy should not act against boston, yet their fleet may demonstrate before the harbour the better to cover the transports which have sailed or may have still to sail. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 13th. Instant.70 I must refer you for the particular circumstances attending the surprise of Colonel Baylors Regiment to those officers and men who made their escape and, who are now in the Jersey. Those persons also in whose houses the Dragoons were quartered may be able to assist in your report to Congress. And should any deserters have come from the party concerned in the attack their evidence may have its consideration. Lord Stirling can inform you on this subject to whom I have written for that purpose. I am etc.71
[Note 70: Livingston's letter states that he had been called upon by a resolve of the Congress of Oct. 6, 1778, to obtain the facts, under oath, of the massacre of Colonel Baylor's Dragoons by the British: "The President in his Letter inclosing the resolve says that if the bayonotting in cold blood should be proved he apprehends suitable retaliation will immediately follow a refusal of satisfaction." Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 22, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to Your Excellency yesterday, I have received some further accounts, which you will be pleased to find inclosed.72 They confirm the sailing of the British fleet which lay at the Hook. I confide most in the account from Lord Stirling with respect to the number. You will observe it is said they sailed towards the eastward; but Your Excellency will be sensible that nothing particular can be infered from this circumstance, as the wind with which they went out naturally gave them that course, 'till they had cleared the land, whatever might be their ultimate destination. Though I am still of opinion, it is most probable this detachment is designed for the West Indies; yet my unwillingness to leave any thing to chance, that depends on me, in which the interest of the common cause is essentially concerned, has determined me to order three additional brigades to begin their march tomorrow Morning towards Connecticut River.73 I take pleasure in every occasion of assuring Your Excellency of the Respect and attachment etc.74
[Note 72: The inclosures were extracts of Maj. Richard Howell's letter of October 19 and Lord Stirling's of October 20, both of which are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 73: "You are immediately to proceed with the brigade of Nixon, Parsons, and Huntington, by the route which will be delivered to you by the Quarter Master General, as far as Hartford, where you will wait for farther orders."-- Washington to McDougall, Oct. 23, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 22, 1778.
My Lord: I am favd. with yours of the 19th. and 20th. with their inclosures, and thank you for the important and particular intelligence which you have communicated. I must now beg of you to continue your endeavours to find out whether a total evacuation is intended, or a Garrison to be left in New York. If the latter, the Knowlege of the number of Troops, the Corps, and the ships of War will be very essential. If your expresses can with safety cross to South Amboy, your communication with Major Howell will be much more expeditious.
If you obtain any material intelligence, I shall be obliged to you for transmitting it immediately to Congress; but I would just hint to your Lordship the necessity of mentioning to the president what information they may give to the public as authentic, if they chuse to publish: As I see they have printed a postscript to one of your letters, in which you speak of the evacuation of Fort Independence as a report only.
If the small detachment of Major Lee's has not yet left you, be pleased to send them forward to join their Corps.
I have informed Govr. Livingston that you would afford him any assistance in your power in collecting evidence of the surprise and Massacre of part of Colo. Baylor's Regt. I am etc.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with yours of the 20th. and 21st. The Serjeant76 is intelligent and proves beyond a doubt that a large Body of troops have been embarked. The Fleet left the Hook the 19th. and 20th. It now remains to find out whether they mean a total evacuation this fall or to garrison New York; let the attention of all your intelligences and Spies be turned to these points. If they intend to keep a garrison, let them be very particular in discovering the number of Troops,
[Note 76: Sergt. Nathaniel Brown, of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment.] the Corps of which they consist, and where posted, especially how many are upon long Island. I think you may as well pass by Knyphausen's letter in silence. If you do answer him, I would have you defend the conduct of the Serjeant, who could not be supposed to infringe a flag, by hindering one of our own subjects from carrying supplies to the Enemy.77 I am &ca.78
[Note 77: General Knyphausen had complained of the conduct of the sergeant who had gone with a flag of truce to the British and taken some cattle from a countryman on his return toward the American lines. Knyphausen's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 22, 1778.
Sir: I am sorry to find by your favour of the 20th., that we have not perfectly understood each other, with respect to your continuance in the Army. I cannot now recur to your letter written in the fall of 77 which has been by some accident mislaid, but I well recollect it was conceived in such terms as led me to believe you had lost all prospect of raising your regiment, and would be obliged, however reluctantly, to relinquish your station in the army. I took up an idea at that time, that it nearly amounted to a resignation; and I was confirmed in this idea by your subsequent ill success. When the Committee of Arrangement arrived in camp, about the close of last Winter, in the state I laid before them, of the additional batalions, I omitted yours, considering it as having intirely failed; and I had no doubt that you looked upon yourself as out of the service, though you had not made a formal resignation.
I am happy to learn from Col. Harrison that notwithstanding you viewed the matter in a different light, yet in consideration of the difficulties occurring in your case, you expressed to him a willingness to limit your claims to this period; and it is intirely agreeable to me, that you should make up your accounts to the last of January, about which time my reports were made to the Committee.
I assure you Sir, I sincerely regret, the failure of your regiment, both on your own and on a public account. On the most favourable opinion of your merit, my appointment to your late command was founded, and the same opinion makes me lament you could not have had an opportunity of serving your Country at the head of your regiment. With great personal regard I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and is dated October 23, which afterwards has been changed to 22.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Thursday, October 22, 1778.
Parole Rhode Island. Countersigns Rupert, Rehoboth.
Nixon's, Huntington's and Parsons' Brigades are to march at seven o'Clock tomorrow morning from the Left under the Command of Major Genl. MacDougall. The Quarter Master General will give the Route.
The first Connecticutt Regiment to be stationed at Danbury to guard the Stores now there 'till further orders.
Camp near Fredericksburg, October 22 [--23], 1778.
Sir: I have been Honoured, in due order, with your favors of the 13th and 16th Inst.; the former came to hand on Sunday Evening, the latter to day. The several matters, which are the Objects of them, shall have my attention, as far as it shall be practicable.
With respect to the practices complained of by Governor Livingston, the Extract from his Letter, transmitted by Congress conveyed the first intimation I had of them. I have written to Lord Stirling upon the occasion82 and requested him to inquire into the matter and to report the result.
[Note 82: See Washington's letter to Lord Stirling, Oct. 21, 1778, ante.]
Previous to the receipt of your Letter, inclosing a Copy of Colo. Hartley's, I had determined and ordered another Regiment to march and co-operate with those under Colo Alden and Lt. Colo. Butler, which have been employed on the frontiers of this state for sometime. It was intended that the whole should go against the settlement of Anagquaga, with such Militia as might join; but from the accounts received this morning, I have reason to hope, that Lt. Colo. Butler has already destroyed the Town.83 I am now consulting Govr. Clinton84
[Note 83: Butler's expedition had been entirely successful. His journal (October 1--16) was forwarded to Washington by Brig. Gen. John Stark in a letter of October 18. On the margins of tile journal Washington has noted the daily marches made by the troops, who traveled a total distance of 110 miles and destroyed both Anaquaga and Unadilla in 15 days.]
[Note 84: Washington sent Butler's journal to Governor Clinton in a brief note dated October 24 with the remark that "Perhaps this may be of some service to you in forming some decisive opinion upon the Chemung expedition." Clinton returned the journal to Washington, as requested. Stark's letter to Washington, Washington's note to Clinton, and a copy of Butler's journal are in the Washington Papers.] and General Schuyler, who are much better acquainted with the frontiers in this Quarter than I am, upon the practicability of an expedition upon a large scale, against Chemung. I dont know what will be the result; but I am apprehensive from the advanced season of the year and the daily increase of the Rivers and Creeks, it will be found impracticable or at least extremely difficult in the execution.
I have written to General Heath to take immediate measures for carrying into effect, the intention of Congress, respecting the removal of the Convention Troops, in case Sir Henry Clinton has not furnished supplies of provision and fuel, according to their Resolution of the 11th Ulto. The matter now rests upon this footing, as passports have not been granted for our Vessels, or any answer given to the application upon the subject. It will not be possible for me to send proper guards from the Army to escort the Troops on their march, and therefore I have requested General Heath to employ a sufficient number of the Massachusetts Militia to conduct them to Connecticut. I shall make a like requisition to Governor Trumbull, and it will be necessary, that the several States in succession, through which they are to pass, be called upon in the same Manner.
With respect to seditious papers calculated to excite dissentions and mislead the people, Congress may be assured, that whenever they may be sent from the Enemy by a Flag and they come to my hands, I shall not fail to suppress them. I fear however, the avenues and channels in which they may be conveyed, are so various and so numerous, that no exertions will be found sufficient intirely to prevent the evil.85
[Note 85: At this point the following is crossed out in the draft: "and I am not certain that an ineffectual attempt by Authority, to suppress and seize, would not involve more disagreeable consequences than a free circulation, especially with proper strictures." (See also Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 16, 1778.)]
Having mentioned the subject of seditious papers, I beg leave to observe, that the Commissioners in their late Proclamation and Manifesto have touched upon every thing to awaken the fears of the people. They have thrown out an implied threat, to change the manner of the War to one of a more prædatory and destructive kind. They may have done this only in terrorem; but it is possible that it may be intended, as a serious principle of practice. It perhaps may not be imprudent to guard against it, by fortifying our most valuable and most accessible Sea ports. Immediately after the Action of Monmouth I sent General Pot tail to form a plan of fortification for the Delaware. While he was in the execution of this, he was called away at General Lee's instance, as a Witness in his trial. After this was over I thought it necessary, that he should turn his attention to the Highland posts; and lately, the possibility of an Enterprise against the french fleet and the Town of Boston, determined me to send him to that place, to take measures for their common security. Previous to this however he had sent Colo. Laumoy86 to prepare the way, by taking plans of the River and the Adjacent Country near Philadelphia. These points I deemed it material to mention, and submit to Congress the propriety, as Colo. Laumoy is not yet returned, of their directing a number of Men, to prosecute the defences.
[Note 86: Colonel Jean Baptiste Joseph, Cheavlier de Laumoy. He had been a major of French Engineers; was commissioned colonel of Continental Engineers by Congress the latter part of 1777; wounded at Stono Ferry, S. C., in June, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in 1781; retired in October, 1783, with the brevet rank of brigadier general.]
October 23.
Congress, I make no doubt, will have heard from Lord Stirling, or thro' some other Channel, before this reaches them, that a considerable fleet sailed from York on the 19th and 20th and put to Sea. According to advices, it consisted of about 150 sail, including transports and Ships of War. The amount of the Troops on board is not known; but from the current of intelligence, they are those mentioned in my Letter of the 18th, with some additional corps; and it is the general opinion, that they are destined for the West Indies. There are many reasons in favor of this and among them, the taking of Dominica by the French is a very weighty one. However, as Boston and Count D'Estaing's Squadron are capital Objects, and those only on the Continent to which we can hope to afford succour; I thought it prudent and the part of caution, to put three Brigades Viz. Poor's, Pattersons and the late Learned's in motion on the 18, 19 and 21st. Inst. which are ordered to proceed for the present, as far as Connecticut River. Nixon's, Parson's and Huntington's follow to day and are now on their March. These movements will be attended with many great inconveniences, arising particularly from the difficulty of supplying flour; but as I have already observed, tho all reasoning is against an Eastern expedition at this time, especially with a Detachment, they are such as could not be avoided. Besides advancing these troops, I wrote to General Heath yesterday morning, to request as many of the Neighbouring Militia as would make the whole number, comprehending those already assembled, Five Thousand, which I trust with the other forces in the Eastern Quarter, will be sufficient to delay the operations of the Enemy, if they are going against Boston, till we can give further and I hope effectual relief.
I beg leave to inclose an Extract from a Letter of the 20th. Inst. from Genl. Hand, who is going to take the command at Albany, respecting the distressed Inhabitants of the German Flats. In consideration of their sufferings and of the great importance of the settlement to us, I have consented to his furnishing them with provision, agreable to the propositions between him and Governor Clinton, till Congress shall be pleased to decide whether they arc to be supplied at the expence of the States, or upon what other terms and for how long.
I have the Honor to transmit a Copy of Lieutenant Colo. Butler's Journal, which I just now received in a Letter from General Stark. Congress will perceive by this, that he has effectually destroyed the Settlements of Anaquaga and Unadilla, and returned with the Troops under his command to Schoharie. I hope their destruction will give some relief to the Frontier Inhabitants of this and the States of Jersey and Pensylvania, at least for this year, as they were places of Rendezvous for the Savages and Tories who infested them, and where they deposited a part of their plunder.
We are again distressed for want of Money. The Military Chest is quite exhausted, and near three Months full pay due the Army. I wish a Supply to be sent to the Pay Master as soon as possible. I have the Honor &c.
P.S. I have written to Lord Stirling and requested him as he is much nearer Congress than I am, to transmit them information of any material occurrences that may come to his knowledge respecting the movements of the Enemy.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Friday, October 23, 1778.
Parole Elizabethtown. Countersigns Essex, Egypt.
At a General Court Martial of the Line, Octr. 15th. 1778, Colo. Patten, President, Henry Despert, Daniel Thompson, John Kidder, John Cole, Asa Adams, Samuel Wortman, Jonathan More, Davis Brown and Edward Wiley of the Commander in Chief's guard were tried for going out secretly with their side Arms in the night of the seventh instant with a design of being revenged on Captain Van Heer's men for confining some of the Guard and acquitted of the charge exhibited against them; Also Thomas Piper of His Excellencys guard was tried for destroying and moving Mr. Kean's House; It appearing to the Court that said Piper carried away some of the boards after the house was pulled down; but from circumstances they are of opinion he is undeserving of any more punishment than what he has already received by confinement.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders the aforementioned Prisoners to be released and return to their duty.
At the same Court, Hate-evil Colston of Colo. Nixon's Regiment was tried for entering the house of Reuben Crosby, an Inhabitant of Frederick'sburgh, by force of Arms in company with one more, and taking from thence about three hundred dollars in Continental Money, one Musquet, one pair of plated Shoebuckles and sundry other Articles, found guilty of the charge exhibited against him being a breach of Article 21st., Section 13th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
At the same Court by Adjournment, Octr. 16th. 1778, Joseph Timberlake, a Soldier of His Excellency's guard was tried for knocking down Lieutt. David Zeigler88 when he was in the way of his duty. The Court are of opinion that altho' it appears that the Prisoner did not knock Lieutt. Zeigler down, yet as it appears he struck him, his Conduct was highly blameable and unjustifiable being a breach of Article 5th., section 18th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
[Note 88: Lieut. David Ziegler, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He was captain in December, 1778, and retired in January, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief approves the two last mentioned sentences and orders them to be put in Execution tomorrow morning 9 o'Clock near the Village of Frederick'sburgh.
Likewise Serjeant Roach, Corporal Forbs, John Smith, Solomon Townsend, William Palmer, Lewis Flemister, Henry Perry and William Jones were tried for striking Corporal Wingler, of Captain Van Heer's Troop and calling him a Hessian Bougre likewise for swearing and unsoldierly behaviour when taken up by Captain Van Heer.
The Court acquit Serjeant Roach, Corporal Forbs, William Palmer, Lewis Flemister, Henry Perry and William Jones, of the charge against them; They are of opinion that John Smith did call Corporal Wingler a Hessian Bougre and that Townsend struck him, also that John Smith and Solomon Townsend were guilty of swearing and unsoldierly behaviour after being in Custody of Captn. Van Heer, but are of opinion that Smith and Townsend should not receive any more punishment than they have already receiv'd by confinement.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. The last mentioned Prisoners to be released from confinement and return to their duty.
At the same Court Martial, Lieutt. Colo. Smith vice, Colo. Patten appointed President, Jesse Goldsmith, Gibbs Lamb and Thomas Glover, soldiers of the 1st. North Carolina Regiment were tried for plundering the house of Daniel Burch of some Cash, sundry Articles of wearing Apparel and Household Furniture. Thomas Glover also charged with stealing sundry Articles from the Inhabitants whilst encamped at White Plains; Also with stealing a piece of Linen from an Inhabitant on the march from White Plains to Danbury.
The Court are of opinion that Jesse Goldsmith, Gibbs Lamb and Thomas Glover are severally guilty of plundering the house of Daniel Burch of the Articles mentioned in the Crime, being a breach of Article 21st., section 13th. of the Articles of War; They are also of opinion that said Thomas Glover is guilty of stealing several Articles from the Inhabitants whilst encamped at White Plains, and they are also of opinion that said Thomas Glover is guilty of stealing a piece of Linnen aforementioned being breaches of the aforesaid Articles of War. The Court do sentence Jesse Goldsmith and Gibbs Lamb to receive one hundread lashes each on his bare back well laid on, and they do unanimously sentence Thomas Glover to suffer Death. Likewise William York and John Eldridge, soldiers of the first North Carolina Regiment, at the same Court were tried for being concerned with Thomas Glover in stealing several Articles when encamped at White Plains; Also John Ferguson for being concerned with said Glover in stealing the aforesaid Linen, found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each on his bare back.
At the same Court by Adjournment, October 22nd., Moses Walton and John Herring, soldiers, and Elias Brown Fifer of His Excellency the Commander in Chief's guard were tried for breaking into the house of Mr. Prince Howland on or about the 3rd. instant and robbing him of several silver spoons, several silver dollars, some Continental dollars and sundry kinds of wearing Apparel to a considerable amount; Also in company with John Herrick for plundering of Mr. John Hoag, on the fifth instant late at night of a number of silver Spoons, a quantity of hard Money, four hundred and fifty pounds in Continental Bills and sundry kinds of wearing Apparel with several other Articles to a large Amount.
The Court are of opinion that John Herring, Moses Walton and Elias Brown are severally guilty of all the Charges exhibited against them, being breaches of Article 21st., section 13th. of the Articles of War. They are also of opinion that John Herrick is guilty of plundering Mr. John Hoag on the 5th. instant late at night of sundry Articles being a breach of the Article aforesaid.
The Court (upward of two thirds agreeing) do sentence John Herring [ sic] to suffer Death.
The Court (two thirds agreeing) do sentence Moses Walton to suffer death.
The Court (upward of two thirds agreeing) do sentence Elias Brown to suffer Death and John Herrick to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves these sentences. Shocked at the frequent horrible Villainies of this nature committed by the troops of late, He is determined to make Examples which will deter the boldest and most harden'd offenders. Men who are called out by their Country to defend the Rights and Property of their fellow Citizens, who are abandoned enough to violate those Rights and plunder that Property deserve and shall receive no Mercy.
Thomas Glover will be hanged tomorrow morning at Guard mounting at the Camp in presence of all the troops on the Ground who will be assembled for the purpose near Fredericksburgh. Herring will be sent to the Division under Baron De Kalb to suffer the same Punishment. Brown to the Division under Major Genl. MacDougall and Walton to that under Major Genl. Gates, to be executed in like manner; Their Execution to take place as soon as they arrive.
The sentences of corporal punishment to be put in execution tomorrow morning near the Village at the time aforesaid.
At a Division General Court Martial held at Danbury October 8th. 1778, by order of Major General Gates, Brigadier General Paterson, President, a certain David Farnsworth and John Blair were tried for being found about the Encampment of the Armies of The United States as Spies and having a large sum of counterfeit Money about them which they brought from New York, found guilty of the charges exhibited against them and sentenced (two thirds of the Court agreeing), to suffer death.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders them to be executed as soon as they arrive at General Gates's Division.
October 23, 1778.
[See letter under date of Oct. 27, 1778, post.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 23, 1778.
Sir: The Quarter Master General has an immediate occasion for 250 Men with a proper number of Officers to assist in getting forage down the North River while the Navigation is open. You are to furnish that number from the two Maryland Brigades and put them under the direction of Colo. Hay Deputy Qt. Mr. Genl. who will assign them to their posts and duties. The fatigue will be extraordinary and the Qr. Master General will for that reason make them some allowance. He desires as many of the Men and Officers as possible may be such as have been used to go by water. I am &ca.
P.S. 20 Carpenters and 20 Masons are also wanted. If that number or any part of them can be procured from your division sion, be pleased to furnish them to Colo. Hay.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 23, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 14th. inst. inclosing the weekly Return and an Account of two wounded Officers. The application must be to the Director General Doctr. Shippen. I am told there has been a Resolve of Congress passed for making provision in such cases,90 but I have never seen it.
[Note 90: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 20, 1778.]
Inclosed you have an order upon the Cloathier at Fishkill for Blankets and Cloathing for the persons you describe. The Cloathing for the Tory prisoners and for the Deserters may be of that which is turned into the Stores by the troops who draw new Uniforms. When any of these people have worked out their times, they may leave the Blankets for the next comers. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 23, 1778.
Sir: By the inclosed Resolution you will find the determination of Congress to remove the Troops of the Convention from the State of Massachusetts to Charlottville in Virginia, should not the conditions therein required have been complied with I have directed Genl Heath should it be found necessary, to put those troops in motion as quick as possible, as the Season is already ready far advanced, and the distance, from the place of their present Cantonments to that of their destination, very considerable. I propose, as the most speedy way of forwarding the prisoners, that each State shall furnish a guard of Militia through its own Boundaries, and Carriages to transport their Baggage. Should they move I have desired Genl. Heath to give you notice when they will march from their present quarters, and by what Route, that you may have due time to order a proper escort; and I mention the matter to you at this early period, that you make such provision for their passage through Connecticut, as you may think necessary. I have the honor, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1778.
Sir: The coincidence between Your Excellency's sentiments, respecting the Marquis de la fayette's Cartel93 communicated in the letter with which you honored me the 20th. and those which I expressed to him on the same subject, are peculiarly flattering to me. I am happy to find that my disapprobation of this measure was founded on the same arguments which in Your Excellency's hands acquire new force and persuasion.
[Note 93: Challenge to Earl Carlisle, which was dated October 5 and sent to the British lines by Lieutenant Colonel de Gimat, an aide to Lafayette. The text of the challenge is printed in the fifteenth report, appendix, part VI, of the British Historical Manuscripts Commission: The Manuscripts of the Earl of Carlisle, p. 374. The copy of the challenge forwarded by Estaing is not found in the Washington Papers.]
I omitted neither serious reasoning nor pleasantry to divert him from a Scheme in which he could be so easily foiled, without having any credit given him by his antagonist for his generosity and sensibility. He intimated that Your Excellency did not discountenance it, and that he had pledged himself to the principal Officers of the french Squadron to carry it into execution; the charms of vindicating the honor of his country were irresistible; but besides he had in a manner committed himself and could not decently retract; I however continued to lay my friendly commands upon him to renounce his project; but I was well assured that if he determined to persevere in it, neither authority nor vigilance would be of any avail to prevent his message to Lord Carlisle. And though his ardour was an overmatch match for my advice and influence, I console myself with the reflexion that his Ldship will not accept the challenge, and that while our friend gains all the applause which is due to him for wishing to become the Champion of his Country, he will be secure cure from the possibility of such dangers as my fears wd otherwise create for him, by those powerful barriers which shelter his lship and which I am persuaded he will not in the present instance violate.
The report of Lord Carlisles having proposed a substitute reached me, for the first time in Your Excellencys letter; if this is really the case, his Ldship has availed himself of one of the ways in which he was at liberty to wave the Marquis's defiance, and has probably answered it in a strain of pleasantry; for the affair being wholly personal, his ldship could not have made such a proposition seriously. Indeed I have every reason to think that the matter has terminated as I expected; for the Marquis was still in Philadelphia by my last accounts from thence; we wait with impatience for his arrival, which he promised sooner than his affairs probably have permitted. I have the honor etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, near Fredericksburg, October 24, 1778.
Sir: The letter, which I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency the day before yesterday, would inform Congress of the embarkation and sailing of a considerable detachment of the enemy from New York; and of the measures I had taken, in expectation of, and upon the happening of the event. Whether this will be succeeded by a further embarkation, or by a total evacuation of the posts, which they hold within the States, in the course of this year or the ensuing one, I cannot pretend to determine. But as it will be right and prudent in us to prepare for every contingency, I would, with the greatest deference, submit it to Congress, whether it may not be proper for them to call upon the States to provide Men in time for filling their respective Battalions before, or at any rate against, the opening of the Spring, in the same manner, as if there was a moral certainty that the War would be prosecuted with all possible vigor on the part of Britain. Should this not be the case, or should any events cast up in the mean time, to render Troops unnecessary, it will be easy to disband the levies, and to keep them from the field, while on the other hand, our relaxations in not providing them, may subject us, at least, to many disagreeable consequences.
The general Return of the Infantry in the Month of September, transmitted to the Board of War by the Adjutant General, and to which I beg leave to refer, will shew Congress the whole amount of our reputed force at that time; but I am to observe, that large, very large deductions are to be made from it, on account of the Columns of sick and the men said to be on command. Many under the former description, particularly that of sick absent, are actually dead, others unfit for service, and several, who have recovered, have deserted: nor will the latter afford more than one half of its number in time of Action, as various duties such as waggoning, distant Guards, Escorts &c, employ a great proportion of those under this denomination.
Besides the above deductions, Congress will perceive from the Return which I now take the liberty of transmitting,95 that
[Note 95: This return is filed with Washington's letter to Congress of October 31 in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 6, fol. 431.] there are 4380 Drafts and others, whose terms of service will expire during and by the close of the Winter. For I am sorry to add that our exertions to re-engage the Drafts and old Soldiers, in this predicament, for the usual Bounty, have proved so far ineffectual and without success. I have not tried what effect the additional Grant of ten dollars might have; but I fear and it seems to be the opinion of all I have consulted upon the occasion, that it would have but little if any influence. I know in the case of the Drafts and troops of one State; that the offer of twenty dollars on the part of the Continent, with a like allowance and an actual deposit of it by the State has been no temptation. This general reluctance and refusal is founded in the unhappy depreciated light in which the Soldiery view the money, and their expectation of receiving immense State, District and substitute Bounties. Whether grants or bounties by Congress, bearing some proportion to these, to such as should inlist for the War would be attended with better success, I cannot undertake to decide. The experiment may be made, if they judge it proper, and if it proves an inducement to any extent, it will be an infinite saving in the end. I believe however, our surest and only certain aids will be derived from drafting, which I trust may and will be clone by the States on the recommendation of Congress, agreeable to the mode mentioned in my letter to their Committee, when they first honored me with a visit at Valley Forge, The exertions to recruit by voluntary inlistments may still go on, as both modes in all probability will not produce near as many men as may be found necessary.
In the Case of the Carolina Troops, whose service is ending every day, the Officers say, that nothing will induce them to inlist, unless they can be permitted to go home on furlough till the Spring. On this indulgence they seem to think, several might be engaged. The distance is great and there will be some uncertainty as to their returning; besides it will be fixing a precedent for others. If Congress approve the plan, they will be pleased to inform me by the earliest opportunity.
I am under some difficulty about cloathing the drafts and the old Soldiers whose service is expiring and will determine every day. As Congress have never expressed their sense upon the subject, and this is increased by a letter which I received some time ago from the Board of War, which respects particularly the drafts. I must earnestly request that Congress will favr. me with the speediest direction in the Case, whether they are to be furnished out of the supplies coming on, equally with the other troops. At the same time I will take the liberty to offer it as my opinion, that however inconvenient or expensive it may appear at the first view to cloath them, the measure will be necessary and founded not only in humanity but sound policy. We have no prospect now of levying men in any other way, and if they are not cloathed they will be exhausted by sickness and by death; and not doing it may prove an insurmountable Bar, or at least a great obstacle to our obtaining future Aids, tho' the Exigencies of our Affairs should be never so pressing. Yet, the cloathes may be withheld as long circumstances will permit, as an inducement for them to inlist. In the instance of the old Soldiers, who have not received the annual allowance of Congress, the point seems clearly in their favor. The Board suggested, that the drafts might be supplied out of the best of the old Cloaths, which might be given in by the troops on receiving new ones; but unfortunately there will be few of any worth. I have the honor &c.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on October 31 and referred to the committee of William Duer, Roger Sherman, R. H. Lee, and Gouverneur Morris, to prepare a plan for procuring reenforcements, etc.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: I inclose you the opinion of Mr. Pettit A. Qr. M. G. and the Commissaries Massrs. Flint97 and Stuart,98 on that paragraph in your letter of the 22d. Instr. which respects the purchasing the flour and wheat in those districts of Pennsylvania and Jersey, above Trenton, with their several sentiments how far a water conveyance can be conveniently adopted. Mr. Stuart is particularly conversant in the navigation of Delaware, both above and below the mountains.
[Note 97: Royal Flint, Assistant Commissary General of Purchases.]
[Note 98: Col. Charles Stewart, Commissary General of Issues of Continental Army.]
Things you will observe by Mr. Flints letter, are already in a train and proper measures shall be taken to have the purchases stored at Cole's fort99 as you purpose, from whence they may be moved as the exigencies of the army require. To obtain an estimate of the quantity which may be drawn from those places I have given orders to the Commissary to send a person properly qualified for this purpose who will transmit his report as soon as complete.
[Note 99: Coles Fort, N.Y.]
I am much obliged to you for offering yourself in this affair, but as it seems so well contrived, and the business in some degree entered on, I would not wish to give you unnecessary fatigue on this occasion. I am etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 24, 1778.
Sir: A fleet of about one hundred and sixty sail, supposed to contain 7, or 8,000 men having left the Hook the 19th. and early the 20th., I,Yesterday morning put three Brigades, Nixon's, Parsons and Huntington's in March, under Major General McDougal2 to join you at Hartford. You will be pleased to open a correspondence with Generals Heath and Sullivan, in order to obtain from them instant information of the Enemy's arrival off the coast, should their destination be, for the Eastward; and on certain advice of this event, you will proceed immediately, with the two divisions, in the most expeditious manner towards the quarter which seems to be threatened, and in order to march as light as possible, you will leave all the baggage you can dispense with behind. You will at the same time communicate the intelligence you receive to me, without a moments delay.
[Note 2: "I have written to General Gates, whom you will join at Hartford....I mention this, lost that part of your instructions which requires you to wait further orders from me, should occasion any doubt, in case of such an event."-- Washington to Maj. Gen. A1exander McDougall, Oct. 24, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The difficulty we shall find in supporting Troops far Eastward, with respect to the Article of Flour, makes it prudent, you should not advance further, than where you now are, except it be really necessary. You will therefore not move, unless appearances shall make it pretty certain, that the body of the fleet above mentioned is on the Coast. I think it probable that if the Troops should be destin'd elsewhere, the ships of war will even in that case, appear before Boston, to keep the French squadron in harbour, till the Fleet of transports get a sufficient distance on their way. This, however, I mean only as a caution and shall confide in your judgment, that you are neither too fast, nor too slow. I am etc.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 24, I778.
Dear Sir: If the fleet of Men of War and Transports, which have lately sailed, should appear off Boston, be pleased instantly INVOICE OF ARMS BOUGHT FROM FRANCE, NOVEMBER 12, 1778 to send an Express to meet Genl. Gates with information of it, that he may hasten the march of the six Brigades under the command of himself and General Mcdougall. Be pleased also to advise me of it with the greatest dispatch, as I mean, should such an event take place, to set out immediately and take the command of the Army at Boston. I am etc.
P.S. Endeavour to be certain that the Enemy have Troops off the Harbour as well as ships of War, before you advise Genl. Gates. I think it very probable that the Men of War may blockade the Harbour while the transports continue their Course, should they have another destination. It is not my intention that the Brigades should move further than Harford without the Enemy actually attempt Boston.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 24, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of the 22d. The three Brigades mentioned to you in my last marched yesterday morning towards Hartford. I have directed General Gates to open a correspondence with General Health and yourself, that you may give him instant advice of the arrival of the enemy's fleet which lately sailed from the Hook; should they be designed to operate Eastward, in order that he might immediately march forward with the troops under his command. You will at the same time that you do this, dispatch the intelligence to me, as I propose, the moment, I should hear of such an event, to proceed myself with all dispatch to the Eastward.
I would not wish the troops now at Hartford to advance unless it should be really necessary. I would therefore recommend to you to be circumspect in your communications to General Gates, that he might not be put in motion by any ill-founded alarm. It is probable, whatever may be the destination of the present detachment from New York, the vessels of war may appear off Boston, to watch the motions of the Count 'till the fleet of transports with a small convoy have gotten pretty far on their way. But at the same time that we should not be too hasty on the one hand, we should as carefully avoid an extreme of caution on the other, lest it should produce a dangerous delay. Your own discretion will strike the proper medium. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 24, 1778.
My Lord: I am favd. with yours of the 21st. and 22d. and have still to thank you for the particular and satisfactory intelligence which you communicate. If the embarkation now in preparation should be considerable, I think they must inevitably abandon New York, as their remaining force must be too small to risque the defence of the City upon.
The Roads from Morristown to King's ferry have become so exceedingly bad that the Qr. Master Genl. and Commissary inform me it is with the greatest difficulty the Waggons pass even at this dry season. I therefore desire your Lordship to detach one hundred Men from Maxwells and one hundred from Woodfords, (with a party of Carpenters with each to repair the Bridges) to mend the Roads. A Waggon load of tools with each. They may divide the distance. Maxwells take from Morristown downwards to some fixed place, and Woodford's from thence down to the ferry. Be pleased to appoint active Officers somewhat acquainted with the Business. If the parties from each Brigade were to divide themselves they would in my opinion accomplish more work than by proceeding in a Body.
Be pleased to endeavour to find out who commanded the late embarkation and what number of General Officers went with it. We can from thence compute the numbers with some precision. I am &ca.
P.S. The parties should go furnished with provisions.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 25, 1778.
Sir: The certain intelligence of a large number of troops having embarked at New York; the sailing of a considerable fleet at the moment their departure was expected, and the general purport of the accounts received at the time, left me no room to doubt that this fleet which went out of the Hook the 19th. and 20th. Instant contained the detachment of the embarkation of which I had been advised. In the full pursuasion of this fact my letter of the 22d. to your Excellency, was written; but from more recent information, through various channels, bearing every mark of authenticity, I am to conclude the supposition has been ill founded.7
[Note 7: As soon as this information was received, Washington sent it (October 25) to the following officers:
To Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, in the Highlands: "All the troops which have embarked barked still continue in the harbour you will keep the strictest lookout imaginable on the river, and give me the earliest communication of your discoveries...should a force appear on the river you will immediately throw yourself over to the fort."
To Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, at Hartford: "There were none but invalids and officers of reduced corps on board...the troops which had embarked, were still on the 23d Instant in New-York harbour."
To Maj. Gen. William Heath, at Boston: "Perhaps all outward bound Vessels might have taken the benefit of Convoy, which may have enlarged the fleet to an uncommon size. My accounts still confirm a very considerable body of troops being embarked, but that they yet remain in the Bay of New York...you shall be advised of the sailing of this second Fleet."
To Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, at Providence, the same as to Maj. Gcn. William Heath.
To Maj. Gert. Alexander McDougall, at Hartford: "You will halt the three Brigades under your command, till you hear further from me."
To Baron de Kalb, at Fishkill: "Be pleased to march early tomorrow morning to the Ground where you were before encamped, near Fishkill....The above circumstances make it necessary for us to have more force near the posts in the Highlands than is now there....A mile or two more or less for the convenience of Forage, Wood and Water will make little difference; but I had rather you should advance on the Road between Fishkill and West Point, and hold yourself in readiness for a further move at a Moments warning."
To Brig. Gen. James Clinton, at Peekskill: "This Letter is intended to countermand the orders which have been given you for marching; if therefore on receipt of it, your hoops shd still be at the Continental Village, you will remain there with them and revert to the instructions which you received relative to that post; if it shd find you on the march you will halt...at the first convenient position and wait farther orders; in either case you will give me immediate notice."These letters are in the Washington Papers.
These letters are in the Washington Letters.]
The above mentioned fleet appears in reality to have carried away no other troops than invalids, and the officers of the corps lately reduced. The troops which had embarked still remained in the harbour the day before yesterday. They are said to consist of ten or twelve British Regiments and six of the new levies.
This fleet was probably composed principally of homeward bound victuallers, with some merchantmen and other vessels, which chose to take the protection of a convoy. The accounts still agree, that they were accompanied by fourteen or fifteen sail of the line and some frigates. I have the honor, etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 25, 1778.
My Lord: The intelligence communicated in yours of yesterday is confirmed by a Gentleman who has been into New York with a flag and is just returned. The mistake into which we have been led, as to the embarkation, and the sailing of those transports which actually have the troops on board, has somewhat deranged us. Lest the enemy should take any advantage, be pleased to order Woodfords Brigade to move immediately towards the Clove, and to take post in such a situation as to be able to occupy it should they move up the River. Instead of sending the parties to repair the Roads from Maxwells wells and Woodford's Brigades, they may now both go from Woodfords, which will lay in a convenient situation for that purpose. Should the enemy, contrary to our expectations, move up the River, you will take such measures to cooperate with us as shall seem to your Lordship most advisable. I will, in my next, give you an answer respecting Colo. Burr.9 I am &ca.10
[Note 9: Lieut. Col. Aaron Burr, of Malcom's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of Yesterday inclosing Capt. Walls11 Report. Be pleased to direct your spies who go into the City to be very observant of what is doing there; whether the packing up of Goods seems general or only a few people, whether any magasine of Wood or forage is forming and whether they are constructing any works round the City or any where upon the Island. I am of opinion if they intend to hold the town this winter, that they will contract their works to a small compass. If any more Corps embark let them endeavour to find out what they are, whether British, Foreign or Levies. Have you ever heard whether the petition of the Refugees was presented, and if it was, whether they obtained any or what answer?
[Note 11: Wall's letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
When I wrote to you concerning the person confined by Colo. Butler it was upon the information of Colo. Stewart Commissary Genl. of Issues, from whom I understood that the person confined was Mr. Wadsworth a relation of the Commy General, and Commissary to your Brigade of light troops. Had he been in that station it certainly would not have been right to have put him into the Provost. I do not know the station or duty of a scaleman,12 I can only say, that it is very difficult to get people of common honesty to undertake the lower duties of the Staff, and except they are guilty of something very criminal, that it is better to report them to their superiors and have them removed, than to enter into a quarrel with them. I have not the Resolve respecting the regulations of the Commissary's Office. I am &ca.13
[Note 12: A scaleman seems to have been one who separated or divided up the supplies into their proper relative proportions for final issue. (See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, Oct. 18, 1778, ante.)]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 14: Of the Third Light Dragoons. He resigned Nov. 4, 1778.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1778.
Sir: As you are furnished with a Copy of the instructions given to Capt. Stith,15 you will easily discover my design in ordering him to retire with the remains of the Regiment; but as he appears in every instance to have gone counter to them, and has crossed the Delaware without advising me of it, in that case, I would have you fix on some place in the State of Pennsylvania consistent with the intention of the instructions already given, and shall confide in you, after consulting the Qr. Masters to comply with my views expressed in them. If on your meeting with Capt. Stith, you do not think he can justify the steps he has taken, I desire he may be directed to repair to Head Quarters to answer for his conduct.16
[Note 15: Capt. John Stith, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Monday, October 26, 1778.
Parole Onadilla. Countersigns Oneida, Oxfordshire.
Captain Thomas Bartholomew Bowen17 of the 9th. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Pay Master to the same vice Ensign Tate,18 resigned from the 15th. inst.
[Note 17: Transferred to the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 18: Ensign Adam Tate. Heitman gives him as a lieutenant in the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Fredericksburg in the State of New York, October 26, 1778.
Dear Brother: In overhauling some old Papers the other day, I came across the Inclosed Letter from Colo. Cresap19 to me, written, as he says, in answer to one of mine on the information of his having set up a claim to some part of the Land formerly owned by our deceased Brother Lawrence, and given by him to my Brother Austin.20 It is essential, as I have upon other occasions mentioned to you, that this matter should be enquired into; or, a hundred to one but Cresap Chouses the Hier at Law out of part of these Lands, under various pleas; strengthen'd by possession. At first he began to Rent them in behalf of my Brother's Estate (pocketing I dare say the Money). Now (by the Inclos'd Letter I find) he lays claim to one Lott, when, if my Memory does not fail me exceedingly, my Brother had Patents for both, and never was their the Shadow of a claim set up
[Note 19: Col. Thomas Cresap. Probably the letter is the one dated Mar. 21, 1775, in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. V, p. 141.]
[Note 20: Augustine Washington.] towards either till lately. As it is a Tract however that I never had any personal knowledge of, I may be mistaken in my conception of the matter, but as before think there were two Lotts; one of which my Brother purchased of Pendergrass,21 and the other of Cresap. The fact may, I presume, be ascertained by having recourse to the Deeds, and other Land Papers belonging to that Estate, or to the records in the Proprietors Office; and in my judgment no time should be lost in the Search, as Cresap is extremely artful, and his claim will obtain strength by length of Possession.
[Note 21: Jerrard Pendergrass.]
We have been kept for sometime in an aukward, and disagreeable state of suspence respecting the Enemys intentions; nor are we able at this time to discover their views. They have five or Six thousand Men on Ship board; where they have been since the 20th. Instt., laying in the Harbour of New-York; the destination is a mistery, but I believe they are bound for the West Indies. Boston and Charlestown are both talkd of; but the Season, I should suppose, is too far advanced for any enterprize on the first, altho the French fleet would be a great additional inducement; and the latter is not, under present circumstances, I think a sufficient object. However, as it is out of all support of this Army and the other place (Boston) while the French Squadron lays there, a Capitol object, I have moved some Troops that way, to be ready in case of need. Various are the conjectures respecting a total evacuation of New York, and various are the appearances, and evidences; some tending to a belief of it, and others contradicting it. If I was to hazard an opinion upon the occasion, it would be, that they do not leave it this Winter. If I was to be asked for a reason, I should say because I think they ought to do so they having almost, invariably run counter to all expectation.
I begin to despair of seeing my own home this Winter, and where my Quarters will be, I can give little acct. of at this time. My love to my Sister, and the rest of the family concludes me Dr. Sir, Yr. etc.
PS. On the 20th. Instr. a Fleet of more than a hundred Sail left New York, said for England, they were Convoyed off by Admiral Byron (with 14 or 15 Sail of the line) whom it is thought will go to Boston, and take a Peep at the French fleet, to keep the Count in Port till their own Transports get a good offing.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 26[--27], 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of your letter of the 22d Instant with its several inclosures to-day, at noon.
I shall pay a proper regard to the Act of Congress respecting Mr. de Vrigny.26
[Note 26: De Vrigny served as a volunteer in 1777 and was commissioned lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army Feb. 2, 1778. He acted with Armand's Legion, and resigned Oct. 21, 1778, to return to France. His memorial to Congress was, by the act of October 21, sent to Washington who was "empowered and directed to give Mons. de Vrigny such certificate and testimonial as his zeal and services may have entitled him to."]
For information on the second resolve, for obtaining a return of the re-inlistments,27 I must beg leave to refer Congress, to my Letter of the 24th. I have complyed with the intention of the 3d and transmitted the act to Sir Henry Clinton, which relates to Mr. Franks.28
[Note 27: The resolve of Oct. 21, 1778, for obtaining a return of reenlistments in pursuance of the act of Aug. 31, 1778. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 28: Another series of resolutions of Oct. 21, 1778, directing the arrest of the British commissary of prisoners, David Franks, then residing in Philadelphia, for clandestine correspondence with the British.
"By direction of Congress I transmit you the inclosed copy of their resolutions on the 21st Inst respecting David Franks...he will not be permitted to act as commissary to the British prisoners after the 10th of next month; and, that if it is their desire that your Excellency will nominate a proper person, who, having received their approbation, may succeed Mr. Franks in the Office"-- Washington to Clinton, Oct. 26, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The certain intelligence of a large number of Troops having embarked at New-York, the sailing of a considerable fleet, concurring at the moment their departure was expected, left me no room to doubt, that the fleet which went out of the hook, on the 19th and early the 20th instant, contained the embarkation of which I had been advised. In the persuasion of this, my letter of the 23d to your Excellency was written. But from more recent advices, and through various channels, bearing every mark of authenticity, I am to conclude the supposition has been ill founded. The above mentioned fleet appears to have carried away, no other troops than invalids, the officers of the corps lately reduced, with some refugees. The 23d Inst. the troops which had embarked still remained in the harbour. They are fixed at 10 or 12 british regiments and six of the new levies.
This fleet was probably composed of homeward bound victuallers with some merchantmen, and other vessels which chose to take the protection of a convoy. The accounts still say that they were accompanied by fourteen or fifteen sail of the line, and some frigates.
27th.
In my Letter of the 22d. I advised your Excellency of the measures I had taken to ascertain the practicability of an enterprize against Chemung. I have the honor to inclose you the report of Governor Clinton, General Schuyler and Genl. Hand on the subject29 I cannot help concurring with these gentlemen in opinion, and am persuaded from a number of considerations, that we must lay aside all thoughts of an expedition against that place for the present. Besides other necessary preparations, we have not yet been able to get forward the cloathing for the
[Note 29: A copy of this report, dated Oct. 22, 1778, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] army. The Congress will also perceive, in Lieut. Colonel Butler's journal, transmitted to your Excellency in my letters of the 22d and 23d instant, the great difficulties he had to encounter, in crossing the rivers, at a much earlier season of the year. I have the honor, etc.30
[Note 30: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Fredericksburg in the State of New York, October 27, 1778.
Mr. Hill: Your Letter of the 5th. of Septr. came to my hands a Post or two ago. I thank you for your offer to look after the Plantation I held in King William, but having rented it to Mr. Custis I have no longer occasion for the Superintendance of a Manager; there, or elsewhere, in the lower parts of Virginia; and have to request, that all the Money you now possess, or may hereafter receive of mine before you quit Mr. Custis's business, may be sent to Mr. Lund Washington by him or some other safe hand. and before you remove from your present employment, I must further beg that you will furnish me with an exact Acct. of every thing sold from, and purchased for, my Estate under your care. In short the exact state of all expenditures, and Sales for my use, since the last Acct. which I settled with you myself; and as Letters are subject to Miscarriage, I shall be obliged to you to leave a Copy thereof, with a list of Ballances due me (if any there should be) with Mr. Custis, that I may, in case of accidents, be provided with another Copy from him. When I speak of a List of Ballances, I hope, and trust, there will be few or none; first from your care in making your collections, and next from the plenty of Money which leaves every person without even the Shadow of excuse to withhold payment of Debts at this time. but if the case should be otherwise, a list of those Debts first properly settled, and reduced to specialties (to avoid disputes in the collection by a new hand, unacquainted with the transaction, and unable to acct. for things which would not be disputed with you) left with Mr. Custis will enable him, or some other Person in my behalf, to receive payment of the Money with such Interest as may be due on the Bonds or Bills.
I have no doubt of your care and attention in this business. I have ever viewed you in the light of an honest Man, and doubt not but that your last transactions with me will confirm me in this opinion; yet, I cannot help observg. that from what I have been able to learn, I have derived very little profit from that part of my Estate which has been under your care for the three or four last years; but as I am not Inclined to go into an investigatn. of the matter at present, I will rather attribute it to bad Seasons and other Causes, than to the want of your good Will.
I observe what you say, respecting your wages for looking after Mr. Custis's Estate, if my Memory does not fail me the first agreement I made with you was reduced to writing, and the conditions specifically defined; after this, and some little time before I left Virginia, you complained that your lay [ sic] was too small, and either required an augmentation or some Indulgences as an equivalent. In answer, to the best of my recollection, I told you, that as your trouble was like to be increased by the late purchases of Mr. Black that I shd. not object to some further, reasonable allowance, provided it should appear that your conduct, the good order of the Plantation's, and Crops would justifie me in so doing; how far these conditions have been complied with on your part, is impossible for me at this distance and undr. my circumstances, to determine, but as to your claim of merit, and an allowance, for the Butter sold, because Mr. Valentine applied the greatest part, or all of what was made on the Estate to his own private emolument, it is quite new and Novel. If the case was so, which I do not believe, and think his accts. will shew the contrary, it does not follow that because one Man cheated, that another is to be paid to the amount of the fraud for being honest; the same reasoning will apply to Corn, Tobo, and other Articles. I am very sure that if Valentine had such a priviledge it was self-granted; and that, was he now living, he might be brought to a severe Acct. for the misapplication of the Money. I am also clear that he never had an Oz of Sugar or gill of rum in the World found him by agreement; these Articles were laid in for the use of Sick Negroes, and if he made use of them for his own purposes, the greater Villain he must be.
You further remark that you think your Wages should rise in proportion to the depreciation of the Money. Permit me to ask whether you have sold the produce of the Estate in proportion to the depreciation? and whether the expences have not kept pace thereto? and lastly whether during those times of common distress you are not living at the cost of another Man while you are raising and saving from your own Estate ? these are matters not unworthy of consideration, altho I do not mean by propounding these questions that it should be infer'd that your Wages ought not to be raised from the original agreement, agreeable to the Spirit and meaning of my assurances to you; it was my intention (under the conditions before mentioned) that they should; and if Mr. Custis and you cannot agree on the quantum I know of no mode so just and equitable, as leaving the matter to impartial Men to determine who can have no Interest in the decision; for it is impossible for me, at this distance, and perplexed as I am with other business, to go into such enquiries as are necessary to enable me to form a proper judgment; and without this, I might do injury to one side or the other, to neither of which am I at all disposed. I am, etc.
P S. I have understood that till Mrs. Washington was at my Plantn. at Claibornes in Augt., and directed, or rather advised the Beeves and Corn to be Sold, that no steps were taken to do it; in short that you were very seldom at, or gave yourself much trouble about the Plantn. Mr. Custis will I expect, take every thing that is now on it at an appraised Value; Corn as well as other things, which will ease you of every kind of trouble of that sort. The Tobacco I trust will be prized and Inspected without a Motors. loss of time and the Notes put into Colo. Bassetts hands (after Davenport has recd. his share) to be sold for my use.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 27, 1778.
Sir: I received last night your two favours of the 25th. with their inclosures. The intelligence from Major Gray31 corresponds in many respects with the general tenor of my advices. The circumstance of the Merchants packing up is what I have not yet obtained any satisfactory account of and is what I am particularly desirous to have ascertained, as it would be decisive of the enemy's intention to evacuate New York, of which I am at present in very great doubt. The capture of the Falmouth packet with the September mail, if confirmed, will be a most fortunate event, but the supposition of a decoy alone can make it credible, she would suffer the mail to fall into our hands. I send you inclosed a letter to Mr. Mesom,32 directing him to furnish cloathing to your order for the three Brigades with you. I am informed that General Patterson has procured complete cloathing for his whole brigade, and that some other regiments
[Note 31: Maj. Ebenezer Gray, of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. His promotion to lieutenant colonel dated from Oct. 15, 1778.]
[Note 32: George Measam, deputy clothier general at Springfield, Mass.] have done the same for themselves, by particular applications, in a different channel; where this has been the case, they cannot expect to be furnished with a double supply, and must not therefore be permitted to draw from the stock at Springfield. You will be pleased to attend carefully to this and to regulate your orders accordingly. The drafts are not intitled to the new cloathing. You will only be able to get the uniforms at Springfield; all the other kind of cloathing must be by this time on its way to this place, and I would not choose to have any thing stopped on the road, as it could not be done, with out many inconveniencies and much confusion. I am, etc.
PS. All the old cloathing is to be returned to the Clothier. As I am convinced many pretences will be made to elude this, I must request your pointed care in having it executed. By the old cloathing is meant, coats, jackets and breeches. I have confined your drafts to uniforms on the supposition that the other articles of every kind are coming forward; but if there should be any remaining at Springfield you may extend your orders to those. In deliveries here we use a proportion which you will also observe. We allow a shirt a pr. stockings and a pr. Shoes pr. man; half the number of blankets deficient in each regiment and ¼ of the hats wanting. The insufficiency in the quantity of these last articles forces us to use this disagreeable oeconomy.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 21st. Instant.
I have not received General Du Portails plan of the works necessary for the defence of Boston and therefore cannot determine the propriety of it. My wish is, that such works as are essential to its safety, and only such, may be erected.
With respect to Captn. McFall, as I know nothing of him, I can say nothing. He may be sincere in his profession, or he may be not; but I have no idea of giving him any assurances that he will obtain a Commission in our service. Our credulity and indulgencies to persons of his character, have been of no advantage; but on the contrary, they have operated to our injury. I am not well apprised of the extent of Capt. McFalls34 views, but if he has the firm attachment to us, which he seems to wish us to suppose, tho he should be exchanged and even be sent to Canada, he may easily find an opportunity to manifest it in a more convincing way, than by mere declaration.
[Note 34: Capt. David McFall, of the Queen's Rangers, British Provisional Troops.]
The Americans are generous and where satisfied that people are their friends, they are not wanting in hospitality and acts of benevolence. I am etc.
P.S. Things with respect to the Enemy and us are in the same situation they were when I wrote you last.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The P.S., which is not in the draft, is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am favor'd with yours of Yesterday. We have been much deceived as to the fleet that sailed from the Hook the 20th. inst. I have certain intelligence, that there were no other Troops on board that fleet than the invalids bound for Europe. The transports, that actually have the troops that have been embarked, remained in the Bay of New York the 23d. It is possible that the British Guards, who have been for some time under orders to return to England, may have been on board the fleet that sailed. I should be glad if your spies would inquire into that matter.
I am sorry that any officers should be so far lost to all sense of honor and duty, as to talk of resigning, because they have not marchd with the Corps to which they belong. I would have you inform any of those that talk at this rate, that if they leave their post or command before they are regularly drawn off or relieved, or shall directly or indirectly cause any Soldier to do the like, they shall be punished, as far as martial law will extend without favor or mitigation. It is true that officers who conceive they are to go when and where they please are better out of than in the service, but will not be indulged under the present circumstances. The troops which have marched Eastward are no more going into Winter Quarters than those at Bedford or Fredericksburg and may as likely march back or forward. This is not said to quiet the clamours of those officers with you, but to shew that it is their duty to attend to the command assigned them, and not to look to what duty others are performing without knowing the principle or design of it. I am etc.
P.S. Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Major Gray36 at Norwalk.37
[Note 36: Maj. Ebenezer Gray. Washington wrote him this same day (October 27), directing him to send his information by the shortest and most expeditious route. "I need not request you to pay every attention to the business you are on, or to use every practicable means to obtain faithful and authentic reports." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 27, 1778.
Sir: I have recd. yours of this date and was a few days ago favd. with a letter from Genl. Clinton inclosing a Brigade Court Martial upon Jno. Yeomans38 of your Regt. by the sentence of which he is capitally convicted. The Judgment of the Court appears very proper and the offender from his Crimes suitable to make an example of; but as I have been under the necessity of inflicting the punishment of death upon no less than seven persons in the different departments of the Army within a few days, I feel myself obliged to remit the punishment of the above person, after carrying him to the place of execution; lest the frequency of punishment should take off the good effects intended by it. I am &ca.39
[Note 38: New York in the Revolution (Albany: 1904), compiled by the State, gives an Isaac Yeomans, but no John, in the First New York Regiment.]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 27, 1778.
Sir: I have desired General Gates to draw upon you for cloathing for the three brigades with him, so far as they may be now deficient. This only extends to uniforms as I suppose there is a sufficiency of these remaining at Springfield and take it for granted all other kind of cloathing is already on its way I would not choose to have any thing whatsoever stopped on the road; which would only serve to produce confusion. It is probable you will not have to supply the whole three brigades, as I have been informed, that General Patterson's has been already fully supplied in another way and that this is also the case, with some regiments in the other two; if so, they are not to have a double supply; but this matter General Gates is to regulate.
All the old cloathing is to be delivered in to you. I am persuaded every pretence will be seized to elude this. I have therefore requested General Gates to pay particular attention to the matter. You will also be pointedly exact in requiring compliance in this and in every other instance. I am, etc.
P.S. I have confined the matter to uniforms because I suppose all other articles are already on the road. If this should not be the case, you will deliver any other kind of cloathing which may still be at Springfield. The proportion we allow here ...40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The omitted portion is the same as that in the P. S. of Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 23[--27], 1778.
Dear Sir: I was favoured with your letter of the 11th. Instant.41 I am sorry at the destruction of property at Egg harbour; but in attending to the general objects of war, we must at times submit to such losses, or depend on the exertions of the militia for their prevention.
[Note 41: Arnold's letter of October 11 is in the Washington Papers. He reported that the British landed 500 men from a small squadron and burnt all the houses and 8 or 10 vessels at Little Egg Harbor, N.J.; they then moved toward Great Egg Harbor. Pulaski's corps and Procter's artillery, with a few militia, were watching them. Later the British surprised Pulaski's corps and innflicted some damage.]
No doubt you have been informed of the progress of the enemy's embarkation at New-York. The 19 and 20th. Instt. about 150 sail of vessels, including transports and ships of war, put to sea with a considerable part of the garrison. They stood Eastward. Their destination still continues a matter of inquiry; and whether they are to be followed by the garrison. However this latter must be ascertained in a very little time. I am, etc.
[October] 27.
By some accident this letter has been delayed since the 23 which gives me an opportunity to correct an error which was induced by the fleets sailing at the moment our intelligence had announced for the departure of the embarkation. However we have the most authentic advices that the troops which had embarked are still in the harbour. A little time must throw some light on their intentions and serve to unravel their designs.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
October 27, 1778.
Sir: I have read Your Excellency's two favours of the 18th. and 21st. with all the pleasure which the perusal of your letters never fails to inspire and which naturally attends the communications of those in whom we are interested.
I rejoice with you in the prospect of your being so soon in a state to resume the sea. I cannot but ardently desire that an opportunity may be soon offered you of again exerting that spirit of well directed activity and enterprise, of which you have already given proofs so formidable to our enemies and so beneficial to the common cause.
It is to be hoped our next accounts from Europe will manifest, that the Court of Spain has properly estimated the value of the present moment, and has united her power to that of France, to give a decisive blow to the haughty dominion, which Britain has so long affected to maintain over the Sea. The satisfaction I feel in looking forward to this event is augmented by the illustrious part I am persuaded you will act in accomplishing it.
My letter of the 24th. will I hope have removed Your Excellency's apprehensions for our amiable young friend. Every days continuance where he now is, is an additional confirmation of my conjecture on the manner in which his proposal has been received. It was natural your sensibility should be affected as it was. A generous solicitude for the safety of a friend, so far from requiring an apology, is intitled to applause.
The British Commissioners, I believe, will not trouble us with any more of their harangues. They authorise us to consider the last as a farewell speech, preparatory to their final exit. They will not need our aid to accelerate their political death. Whether they may not undergo a transmigration, of the sort Your Excellency mentions, time will discover. More unlikely things than this sometimes happen.43
[Note 43: In his letter of the 21st D'Estaing had suggested that the Peace Commissioners might "lose no time in going to solicit for the next year, the place of Embassador from his Britannic Majesty to the Congress, and Philadelphia will be the place for Tories to present their addresses to them for subsistence." D'Estaing's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The enemy's affairs in New York remain without any perceptible alteration from the state in which they were, when I had the honour of writing you last. Their troops which have embarked still lie in the harbour. I have the honor, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 27, 1778.
Gentlemen: In the Letter, which I had the honor of addressing to you on the 18 Inst. I mentioned the scanty size of many of the Blankets, which had come to the hands of the Cloathier. By this conveyance by Wm. Jones,45 I think it proper to send one for the inspection of the Board, by which they will find, how much we have been deceived, and the publick imposed on in this essential article of supply; and also the necessity there is for purchasing more if it can be possibly done. I do not know whether these were originally imported by the states, or procured in the Country; but it may not be improper for the Board
[Note 45: William Jones, Congress messenger.] to instruct the Agents to be particularly careful upon future occasions that similar inconveniences may not happen. I have the Honor, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Wednesday, October 28, 1778.
Parole Narragansett. Countersigns Nobletown, Naples.
Lieutenant Job Vernon47 and Lieutt. Andrew Little48 of the 5th. Pennsylvania Regiment are appointed, the first Pay Master and the second Quarter Master to the same from the 1st. instant.
[Note 47: Veron was captain-lieutenant at this date, He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 48: Lieut. Andrew Lytle. He was transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
A General Court Martial of the Line to sit at or near Robinson's House as soon as may be for the trial of Major Painter on an Appeal from a late Garrison Court Martial held at West Point. A Field Officer from the Virginia Line to preside. Four Captains from Muhlenberg's Brigade, five from Scott's and three from the Garrison of West Point to attend as Members. All Evidences and Persons concern'd will attend the Court.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held in General Clinton's Brigade, October 20th. 1778: John Yeomans, a soldier in Colo. Dubois's Regiment was tried for desertion and robbery. The Charge of robbery was not supported, but found guilty of desertion and sentenced to be shot to death at the head of the Brigade.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence but is pleased to pardon said Yeomans on account of the recent instances of many criminals having been executed for breaches of military duty, which he hopes will not only deter him but every other soldier in the Army from violating his solemn obligations faithfully to serve the United States.
Fredericksburg, October 28, 1778.
Sir: The cold season advances so rapidly and the necessities of the troops are so distressingly great, that it is of infinite importance to the service to have the cloathing of every kind brought to camp and distributed as speedily as possible. It begins to be high time to enter into Winter quarters; and we shall be obliged to adopt the same expedient and submit to the same inconveniences with respect to quarters this Winter as we did the last. To reconcile the men's minds to the drudgery and sufferings they have before them, nothing can contribute so powerfully as to have them well clad, before they begin, [and nothing perhaps will facilitate recruiting more]; in doing this we have not a moment to lose. I am therefore to desire you will exert yourself to the utmost to forward the cloathing with all possible dispatch. Provided it come on in some tolerable order, we must dispense with the nice punctilios of exact method which at another time might be very proper. The great and pressing object now is to have the cloathing put upon the men's backs to shelter them from the inclemencies of the season.
I inclose you a certificate which will show what colored cloathing the troops of each state are to have as determined by lot. In any issues you make, you must govern yourself by this.
I wish you to know as soon as may be what quantity there is of each color. You will endeavour to ascertain it as near as you can and give me information.
As it was apprehended that there might be a surplus of Blue Cloathing after supplying the troops of North Carolina, Maryland, New Jersey and New York agreeable to lottery No. 149 There was a second draft for the choice of Blue, which is to be agreeable to lottery No. 2. I am etc.50
[Note 49: Lottery No. I, which is attested by all the aides, Henry Ph. Livingston, Caleb Gibbs, and Alexander Scammell, shows that North Carolina, Maryland, New Jersey, and New York drew blue, through Harrison, Tilghman, Hamilton, and Livingston; while Virginia and Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Hazen's regiment drew brown, through Meade, McHenry, Gibbs, and Scammell. Lottery No. 2 gave Massachusetts first choice for any blue left over, Virginia and Delaware second, New Hampshire and Hazen's regiment third, and Pennsylvania last. The lotteries and the tickets drawn are in the Washington Papers under date of Oct, 28, 1778.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The last paragraph is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, and the phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 28, 1778.
Dear Sir: Part of the Cloathing has already arrived from Springfield and I imagine a sufficiency for the Troops in this quarter will be here in a day or two. I therefore desire you will immediately send up proper Officers from each of the Virginia Regiments and from the Delaware Regt. to draw their proportions. The Officers are to call at Head Quarters where they will receive orders upon the Deputy Cloathier for their uniforms compleat and for a proportion of Hatts and Blanketts. Be pleased to give notice to the commanding Officer of Genl. Woodfords Brigade.
In answer to yours of the 22d. I can only say that it is my wish to accommodate every Gentlemans situation in the Army to his private Affairs, as far as I can do it consistent with that duty which I owe to the public, and to the trust which is reposed in me. Genl. Woodford is already gone to Virginia; by what I can learn, Genl. Scott will be obliged, from some late domestic Calamities either to go home for a time or resign, and if you go before a General Officer returns to superintend the Troops of the State, they will be left as they were last Winter without a Head and will dwindle to nothing. From the tenor of your letter I am pleased to find that you are determined to wait untill the service will admit of your absence with convenience and you may be assured that whenever that is the Case I shall give my consent to your visiting your family and Friends. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 28 Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Gates of the result of the lottery and Congress's order for him to command the Eastern Department; to De Kalb that he send proper officers to draw clothing for the Maryland regiments; to Col. William Grayson that he had permission to go to Philadelphia to settle his accounts and to resign; and to Col. Clement Biddle to settle the damage claim of James Willis for the destruction of two haystacks. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Thursday, October 29, 1778.
Parole Holstein. Countersigns Hoebuck, Hopewell.
The Commissary General of Issues is desired to issue one Gill of Rice pr. day to the Artificers in lieu of half a pound of flour untill further orders.
Head Quarters near Fredericksburg, October 29, 1778.
Sir: Yesterday forenoon I had the honor to receive your favor of the 23d Inst., with a Resolution of Congress of the preceding day, appointing Major General Gates to command in the Eastern district. A copy of the Resolution was immediately forwarded to him at Hartford, with a request that he would repair to Boston in compliance with it. Your Excellency's letter to him, was also dispatched by the same Express.
The Letter which I had the honor to write you on the 22d and 23d Inst. will have advised Congress before this comes to hand, of the Troops I put in motion upon the embarkation and supposed sailing of a large Detachment of the Enemy from New York, and that this was dictated by a principle of caution, as it was possible the Enemy might have in view, an Enterprise against Boston and the French Squadron. Their advance was never intended to be farther than Connecticut river, unless the operations of Sr Henry Clinton should make it necessary; in which case it was my intention to hurry to Boston myself, as Congress will perceive by the Copies of my Letters to Genls. Heath and Sullivan, which I take the liberty to inclose, and to advance other Detachments. It was also equally my intention, founded in the necessity of the case and on the immense expence and difficulties that would attend the subsisting of these Troops, to recall them, the moment I should be satisfied the Enemy were not going upon an Eastern expedition. It so happened, that when the advices of the Enemy's sailing from New York were contradicted by Others, which I was obliged to consider as authentic, the Brigades of Nixon, Parsons and Huntington, which formed the second division of the Troops which had been put in motion, had not proceeded beyond New Milford, where they were halted and yet remain waiting events. I shall be extremely happy if my views in these instances, accord with the sentiments of Congress; and I would fain persuade myself, that from their knowledge of the scarcity of flour, or at least of the enormous expenditures and almost insuperable difficulties attending the purchase and transportation of it, they will think them prudent, and as having a strict regard to public oeconomy.
As the means of transporting provision and the supplying of forage, necessary to this end, fall immediately under the care and direction of the Quarter Master, in addition to what I have said, I beg leave to refer Congress to the inclosed represention, which I received the day before yesterday from General Greene, respecting the difficulties in both cases.52 He has gone largely into the matter, and the observations which he has made, and which arise from his own experience, will clearly evince the inexpediency of our keeping a greater number of Troops at the Eastward, than shall be indispensably required by the probable operations of the Enemy. And to this I would subjoin the transcript of a Letter from Genl. Heath,53 which came to hand last night, as it contains a state of our flour Magazines at Boston and points out the difficulty of subsisting the Militia I requested him to call in, upon the supposition that the Enemy might be going to that Quarter.
[Note 52: This was Greene's letter of October 26, which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 53: This letter of October 25 is not found among the Washington Papers. Washington's reply is dated October 29: "The want of Flour every where, opens really a distressing prospect. It is much to be feared we shall find the greatest possible difficulty in supplying the demands for that article through the Winter." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The subject of General Greene's Letter is very interesting and important, and I am certain will have the consideration it deserves. How far it may be practicable to transport flour by Sea, considering the circumstances of the Enemy's fleet, for forming Magazines at the Eastward, I cannot venture to determine. If it can be done with a tolerable degree of good fortune, it is certainly very desirable. Many risks must attend it, and it appears to me, either in adopting or rejecting the plan, the real plenty or scarcity of the Article among us, will have great weight. I have been informed and I believe Credibly, that the late crop of wheat in Virginia, below the blue ridge, has been almost generally destroyed by Weavel, and that no Supplies of flour can be procured there, south of the Mountains.
Since my last of the 26 and 27, I have not been able to obtain any material intelligence respecting the Enemy. I have the honor &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 29, 1778.
Sir: Col. Harrison transmitted you by my direction Yesterday, together with some dispatches to yourself from Congress, the copy of a Resolve inclosed to me, directing you to repair to Boston and take the command in the Eastern district.
On the departure of the fleet which sailed from the Hook the 19th. and 20th., I recommended to General Heath, to call out a body of Militia from the vicinity of Boston, sufficient to complete the number already in service to about five thousand. This was on the supposition, that that fleet contained the embarkation of which we had been informed. When this supposition was contradicted by subsequent intelligence; expecting still, that every moment would bring us advice of the actual sailing of the detachment, I omitted recalling the order respecting the Militia. But as several days have since elapsed, and this event has not taken place, and as every day's delay weakens the probability of any attempt against Boston and the French fleet; Will it not be adviseable to dismiss those drawn out in consequence of that order? The exhausted state of our Magazines every where makes the greatest oeeconomy necessary in the consumption of provisions.
I have not this day or two received any thing particular from New York. I am etc.
P.S. There is one matter which will claim your immediate attention. It respects the removal of the Convention Troops. As I do not know whether you may have received any instructions directly from Congress on the subject I inclose you a copy of their Resolve. It has been already transmitted to General Heath. General Portail has been sent some time since to examine the state of the fortifications at Boston and to form a plan for its more complete defence. His report has been made to General Heath who will of course communicate it to you,55 and you will have it carried into execution, so far as you shall judge it adapted to the purpose and accommodated to our circumstances.56
[Note 55: On October 29 Washington also notified Sullivan of Gates being placed in command of the Eastern Department. His brief note also says: "Every thing that tends to shew the State and expectations of the Garrison at Rhode Island is highly interesting at this eventful juncture." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favor of last evening. From present appearances and a variety of circumstances, I think we may conclude, that nothing can be done towards the Canada expedition this Winter. It appears now, notwithstanding Genl. Bayleys57 assurances, that the Country, upon the head of Connecticut River, will afford but a scanty if any supply of provision. Genl. Bayley has lately, upon a supposition that the expedition would be carried on at all events, called upon the Commissary at Albany to send up supplies of flour from thence. This I shall forbid.58
[Note 57: Brig. Gen. Jacob Bayley.]
[Note 58: Tench Tilghman wrote to Royal Flint, Assistant Commissary General of Purchases (October 29), that Washington wished "no flour or any kind of supplies may be sent up the Country to form Magazines at Newberry. Our principal inducement towards thinking of carrying the expedition into Canada, was the assurance of Genl. Bayley that a suffiency of provision and forage could be procured on the head of Connecticut River.... It was very well known that under our present difficulties we could scarcely draw together a sufficiency for the Grand army, much less form magazines at such a distance." The draft of Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I rather meant that the Batteaus should be collected than repaired, as I understood that they were very much scattered. The place is not material so it be above the Highlands. When they are collected, if the persons who have the care of them know any thing of the Business they may repair them.
Upon a full consideration of the subject, and a comparison of the opinions of the General Officers upon cantoning the Army for the Winter, I am led to fix upon three places, Danbury, West Point and its vicinities on both sides the River, and Middle Brook in Jersey. At the first I think we determine upon two [or three] Brigades or there abouts, at the others, the numbers will depend upon the strength of the Enemy in New York this Winter. Should they, contrary to appearances and our expectations, remain there with their whole force, ours must be in proportion upon the North River; but should they send off the detachment which is now embarked, we may safely remove a greater number to Middle Brook, than we would otherwise have done. There probably may be a Regiment or two thrown directly into the Clove near Sufferans where there are Barracks already built, and if circumstances will admit a Brigade at Albany &ca. But there being very good Barracks there also [and that Country ordered not to be drained but in cases of necessity,] you will have no preparations to make in that quarter. I think we may venture to assert the following position: that if the Enemy do keep a Garrison at New York it will be of sufficient strength to repel any attack that we can make with prudence during the Winter. I would therefore lay aside all thoughts of collecting our force suddenly for such a purpose, and extend my views to more remote Cantonments than the above, should our necessities [require] it and circumstances justify it. There are good Barracks at Trenton and Burlington, and the adjacent Country abounding in Wheat and Mills to manufacture it. All the troops stationed there being fed upon the spot, would consequently ease us in the article of carriage, our greatest difficulty.
I hope I have said sufficient to explain my meaning and intentions generally. You may therefore be making the necessary previous preparations at the three capital Points. Mr. Caldwell59 some little time ago mentioned that there were very considerable quantities of salt and fresh Forage upon the Sound, which Colo. Biddle should immediately give orders to have removed to the foot of the Mountain, or at least so far from the Water, that it may be easily brought during the Winter to the Camp. The necessity of reconnoitering proper positions for hutting will naturally strike you, and of collecting Boards, Stone and such materials as are requisite to make Barracks comfortable. I am &ca.60
[Note 59: Rev. James Caldwell.]
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Fredericksburg in the State of New York, October 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: By Mr. Custis I took the liberty of requesting the favor of you to set a value upon the Stock of every kind belonging to me at Claibornes except the Horses and Plantation Utensils which I gave him. I have since wrote to him (of this date) proposing that he shd. take all the Corn, Wheat, and Provender for the Cattle, so soon as it can be ascertained, at such prices as you shall affix; and if he agrees to it, I shall be much obliged to you for conferring this additional favor on me. It will be better for both of us that there should be but one Interest on the Plantation; and that the property thereon should not be seperated wch. necessarily would be the case if he was to stock it for the use of the Negroes and Cattle, while the Grain and provender raised thereon remained mine, and kept distinct from his, waiting for occasional Markets. The Cotton, I expect Mrs. Washington will require for her own use; and I hope, and trust, that the Tobacco will be stripped, prized, and Inspected with all the dispatch possible; after which, and paying Davenport his share, I have directed Mr. Hill to put the rest into your hands, and shall be obliged to you for selling it for me in the same manner and at the same time you do your own.
I shall make no appology My dear Sir for giving you this trouble, especially as Mrs. Washington in a late Letter informs me that you have been so obliging as to assure her, that you would readily render me any Services of this kind in your power, which indeed I had no doubt of before, or I should not have asked assistance of you.
I have understood that some choice Bull-calves of the English kind were selected at Claibornes to breed from. I beg you to accept one of the best as a present from me. These being descended from Mr. Custis's English Bull are much more valuable than common Calves of the same age, inasmuch as they will improve the breed.
We still remain in a disagreeable State of Suspence respecting the Enemys determinations; there are reasons for and against a total evacuation of New York. I ought rather to have said, there are circumstances and evidence for and against it; for reason will allow no alternative so clearly does it point out the property of relinquishing their Ideal projects of bringing the United States to their terms. A few days must, I think unfold their views as they have been, and now are busily Imployed in imbarking Troops, Stores, &ca. most of which have fallen down to Sandy hook. The West Indies is the supposed place of destination for this Armament. My Compliments to all enquiring friends. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Saturday, October 31, 1778.
Parole India. Countersigns Italy, Ipswich.
At a General Court Martial held at Fort Clinton, October 23rd, 1778. Colo. Poor, President, Nathan Nuthall, Quarter Master to the 3rd. No. Carolina Regiment was tried for behaving in an infamous manner unbecoming an Officer and a Gentleman also for embezzling the public Stores and applying them to his own use; found guilty and unanimously sentenced (agreeable to the 1st. Article of 12th. section of the Articles of War) to forfeit all his Pay and be dismissed the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
The North Carolina Brigade to hold themselves in readiness to march at an hours warning.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 31, 1778.
Sir: I have had the happiness of receiving your Excellency's letters of the 23 and 26th. I thank you for the extract of Mr. Boubee's letter, which Yr. Excellency so obligingly communicates. This particular enumeration of the vessels of war which sailed with the fleet he mentions, corresponds with the advices I have received; but you will have been informed before this, that the supposed sailing of a body of troops in that fleet was a mistake of the same nature into which my observers fell. It was however the most natural one, that can be imagined, and such as might impose itself on the most careful circumspection. I have the honor to inclose copies of four letters which contain the most recent and authentic information I have collected.
I shall not be surprise d if in a little time, Admiral Byron should make a demonstration before the harbour of Boston; deriving confidence from the superiority of his force. His apprehensions of Your Excellency's activity may suggest this measure to cover the movements which the Enemy are making off the Coast.
Your Excellency's sentiments give value to my own, on the utility of some well combined system of fortification for the security of our principal sea port towns. The predatory war, which the enemy threaten, and have actually carried on in several instances, and which they no doubt have the disposition, when they have the opportunity, to repeat, give additional force to the other reasons for a measure of that nature.
I impatiently expect the arrival of Mr. Holker62 to confer with him on the important objects with which he will be charged.
[Note 62: John Holker. He was agent for the French marine and French consul to the United States, and later purchased horses for Rochambeau's army and became a partner with Robert Morris in private commercial enterprises. Proscribed by the French Revolution, he remained in the United States, married, and died in Virginia.] I shall cautiously observe the secrecy you desire. Colonel Hamilton's high respect for Your Excellency cannot permit him to be insensible to so flattering a mark of your confidence and friendship, as the exception in his favour affords.63
[Note 63: D'Estaing wrote that Holker would communicate interesting objects. "I entreat you," said he, "not to confide the secret but to Colonel Hamilton. His talents and his personal qualities have secured him ever my esteem, my confidence, and my friendship. I do not regret having given the Marquis De la fayette some presentiment of this matter; nevertheless as much my friend as he is, I should not have done it, if I had thought that his stay at Philadelphia would have been so long".]
I received a letter yesterday from the Marquis. He gives me to hope the pleasure of seeing him tomorrow. He also intimates that Lord Carlisle has not only declined his proposition for the present; but, by a prudent foresight, has provided against the necessity of reviving the question at any future period. With the warmest esteem, etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who has noted that there were inclosed an "extract from a letter of Lord Stirling of the 29th. with one inclosed from a Spy signed L. dated 25th. another of the 30th. and another of Major Lee of the same date." The originals of all of these are in the Washington Papers. Also D'Estaing wrote: "If I determine to put to sea, which I have had it in my power to do for several days past, I will not get under sail, until it shall be demonstrated, that if the English Admiral is coming here, I shall meet him on the way; and that I shall contribute to the surety of the town of Boston, more efficaciously, than if I should remain moored where I am." Hamilton has indorsed the draft of the Washington letter: "returned by Mr. Holker the Count having sailed."]
Head Quarters, October 31, 1778.
Sir: I have received your two favours of the 29th. and 30th. with their inclosures. All the intelligence I can get from every quarter still leaves me in absolute doubt as to the intentions of the enemy. There are two points which would decide more than every thing else and which are yet quite unascertained, though, they appear to be of such a nature, as to admit of an easy discovery. These are, the actual State of the magazines of forage and wood in the city; and whether there are any measures going on to lay in a fresh supply for the Winter, and the preparations of the merchants attached to the army in packing up their goods &ca. There is one particular house that of Coffin and Anderson, which ought to be well attended to. I wish you to instruct all your spies, to endeavour to fix these matters; and if they do their duty they cannot fail.
There is one part of Major Lee's letter,65 which you will be pleased to get him to explain. He says. "One fleet of transports with ten regiments and heavy baggage have fallen down to the Watering place. Another fleet fully laden are about falling down &ca." This leaves it uncertain, whether this second fleet was laden with troops, or with something else, perhaps stores or the like. If any good account could be obtained of the number of transports in the harbour, at the Watering place, at the city, or any other place, it would be extremely useful; but this I am sensible will be difficult.
[Note 65: This letter, dated Oct. 30, 1778, is in the Washington Papers.]
Major Lee mentions that some of the inhabitants of West Chester have been armed to apprehend deserters from the enemy. If this fact is certain, it were to be wished means could be fallen upon to detect some of them and bring them off, that they might suffer the punishment due to their wicked presumption.
You mention in your letter of the 29th. the necessity of your leaving the service. I am convinced that nothing but necessity could induce you to take this step; and I assure you, my Dear Sir, I sincerely regret that it should exist; and that the army should lose so valuable an officer. Though nothing would give me more pleasure than that some expedient could be fallen upon to reconcile the situation of your private affairs with your continuance in the service; yet if this cannot be the case, you cannot be expected to make an absolute sacrifice of the former to the latter. It will however be necessary for you to make application to Congress as it does not rest with me to accept the resignation of a general officer.
Some circumstances have lately come to my knowlege, which confirm suspicions I have some time past entertained, that the parties employed to go on Long Island on pretence of procuring intelligence are mere plundering parties. I have lately heard that Capt. Leavensworth66 and Lockwood67 have been selling at Stamford, several kinds of cloths, linnens, ribbands, some cases of knives and forks, wine glasses &ca. which they brought from Long Island, and that they made a distinction in the sale between hard money and paper money. That they have frequently done the same, extending it even to articles of women's wearing apparel. All this they pretend to be the property of tories, New levy officers &ca., which if even true is nevertheless unpardonable, because this was never intended to be the business of their incursions upon the Island. But I suspect their rapacity makes very little distinction between friends or foes. As I would wish to have these practices fully developped that the punishment may be adequate to the guilt, I am to request you will take effectual measures to have full inquiry made into them, in as cautious a manner as possible, so as not to give an alarm. I should be glad you could trace them to the source. Norwalk, Stamford and Bedford are mentioned as the places of sale. At Bedford a Mr. Anderson formerly a printer at New York may throw light upon the affair. You had best send prudent officers in whose discretion and integrity you can confide to those places to make the inquiry. If you could even manage, so as to have it extended to Long Island and could bring some
[Note 66: Capt. Eli Leavenworth, of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 67: Capt. Samuel Lockwood, of the Second Continental Artillery, He resigned in February, 1779.] of the sufferers to support the fact, it would be desirable. So soon as you have sufficient reason to think the matters I have mentioned confirmed; You will have Captns. Lockwood and Leavensworth arrested and conveyed to Head Quarters. Inclosed I send you a letter for Major Gray, which you will seal and send him.68 I am etc.69
[Note 68: "It has been intimated to me that several persons, have gone over to Long Island, under the pretext of gaining intelligence, and indiscriminately distressed and plundered the inhabitants....You will prevent any persons whatsoever from making excursions to the Islands and only employ those as spies or observers, in whom you can place a proper confidence."-- Washington to Maj. Ebenezer Gray, Oct. 31, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, October 31, 1778.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 20th., inclosing your remarks on the state of the fortifications already erected for the defence of the Town of Boston,70 and on such amendments and additions as appear to you necessary to render them effectual. Your reasonings and observations appear to be strong and well founded; but at this distance, and without so perfect a knowlege of the local circumstances of the place, as I could wish, I cannot undertake to judge absolutely of the plan you propose. I have referred the consideration of it to General Gates, who is appointed by Congress to take the command at Boston, and who will no doubt adopt every measure proper to be taken on the occasion. You will be pleased to communicate with him on the subject.
[Note 70: Du Portail's scheme of fortification for Boston is filed with his letter of October 20 to Washington in the Washington Papers.]
Though I think very little is to be apprehended at this late season, with respect to an operation against Boston; yet as it is a possible event, and as your presence would be very useful, should it happen, your determination to remain there some time longer, till the point is better ascertained, is agreeable to me. I have it however much at heart that the security of Philadelphia should be better provided for than it now is, so that as soon, as the question concerning Boston is decided, I shall be glad to see you, that you may repair to Philadelphia. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, October 31, 1778.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 22d. 24th. and 29th. with the several weekly Returns inclosed.
The Commissary will take care to keep up the proper supply of provision for the Garrison. He tells me he sent a person over at the time I mentioned it, who procured the necessary returns from your Commissary for his information.
The Barracks now built and to be built in the Fort will be for about two thousand Men, including Artillery Artificers and all the persons necessary to the Garrison.
I have approved the Sentence of the Court Martial against Nuthall Qr. Mr. to the 3d. No. Carolina Regiment.
It appears by a representation made to me by Major Painter72 that the Court Martial by which he was tried was irregularly constituted. By the 7th. Article of the 14th. section of the Articles of War, "No Field Officer shall be tried by any person under the Rank of a Captain." Several of the Members were Subs, and I have therefore been obliged to direct the Adjutant Genl. to order a new Court not of the Garrison but of the line, as Major Painter hints at partiality in his former trial. He can have no occasion to complain again should his sentence be the same.
[Note 72: See General Orders, Oct. 13, 1778, and Oct. 28, 1778, ante.]
Our accounts from New York are so various that I can form no opinion of the intentions of the enemy. One day we are told that the Merchants are generally packing up their goods for a removal, the next that the City will be garrisoned for the Winter. If you have any means of communication be pleased to direct any persons who go in, to visit the Stores of some of the capital Merchants, who are attached to the British Army and who will not therefore dare to remain behind. There is one House in particular, that of Coffin and Anderson, who supply the Army and will go wherever the Bulk of it goes. let their motions be especially watched. You will give such other directions for observation as your own Judgment shall suggest. I am &ca.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Fredericksburg, October 31, 1778.
Sir: Your Excellency's favor of the 23d Inst. was delivered me yesterday, with the Resolution respecting Monsieur L'Eclise.74 As soon as I am notified of the place of his residence, I will give the necessary directions, for carrying into execution the humane and benevolent intention of Congress towards him.
[Note 74: Dominique L'Eclise, a Canadian. He had served General Schuyler as a spy and had been imprisoned by the British and his property confiscated. By a resolve of October 23 Congress granted him $600 to pay his debts and $60 and one ration a day "during the pleasure of Congress." The name was also spelled L'Eglise.]
I take the liberty to inclose a Letter from Doctor Connolly,75 representing his situation. His case I am persuaded will have due attention and such a determination, as humanity and policy will justify.
[Note 75: Dr. John Connolly. His letter of October 16 is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
By intelligence received yesterday evening it is said, that Transports with Ten Regiments on Board had fallen down from York to the Watering place; that there were several other Ships laden (not said with what); and that there were Others at the Wharffs, taking in Troops. I cannot tell whether this intelligence is certain; for we have been deceived of late in points of information, that seemed to carry equal marks of authenticity. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. Just as I was closing my Letter, I received one from Lord Stirling dated yesterday at 9 O'Clock A.M. by which he informs me that on Wednesday and Thursday about Eighty sail of Ships, chiefly Transports with Troops, fell down from New York to Staten Island and that Sixty or seventy sail lay there before.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, November 1, 1778.
Sir: I received yesterday, your favor of the 28th. Ulto, and was sorry to find you were in want of flour. I had a Letter written immediately to the Commissary upon the occasion, and from his account, I hope you have obtained a supply before this. He says three or four parcels had gone from Danbury for Hartford in the course of the Week, and that more was on the road from Fredericksburgh. Besides these supplies, he adds, that he had four Hundred barrels at Fish Kill for Eastern purposes, of which he had notified the Quarter Master General, who would put them in motion without loss of time. As to seizing flour belonging to private persons, I have no authority for the purpose. When the wants of the Army absolutely compell the measure, it must be justified on the principle of necessity.
The inclosed Extracts from Lord Stirling's Letters of the 29th. and 30th. Ulto. contain my latest advices, respecting the movements of the Enemy. I have similar intelligence from other Quarters, and it would seem, that a few days must certainly point out the part, the Enemy mean to take. I am etc.77
[Note 77: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters Fredericksburg, November 1, 1778.
My Lord: I have been favd. with yours of the 26th containing your opinion upon the cantonment of the Army, and of the 29th. and 30th. with a variety of information. Matters seem drawing very near a Crisis, and a few days will in all probability determine our doubts. In a letter which I reed. from General Scott last evening, he mentions, that a report prevailed in New York that Jamaica was taken and that Rum and Molasses had rose to a very extravagant price in consequence. If West India produce has taken a sudden start, may it not be owing to the purchases of speculators, upon a prospect of an evacuation. They must be sensible of the high prices of sugars, liquors &ca. among us, and the certainty of making a vast profit should they be able to sell them to the Country at large. It is not however impossible but another stroke may have been struck by France in the West Indies, and is a fact worth making particular inquiry after. I am etc.
P.S. Could you procure me one of Dollonds best pocket telescopes from New York you would oblige me. I will furnish the Amt. in hard Money.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Fredericksburg, November 1, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor of the 28th. Ulto. I do not mean to place your Brigade on a different footing from the rest of the Massachusetts or the other Troops in the Army. In my Letter to General Gates of the 27th. I advised him according to the information I had received, and which I was then and am now told was derived from yourself, but a little time before the Army left the White plains, that you had procured Cloathing for your Brigade, by particular applications, from a different channel. This I also understood you had not delivered, and that you had determined when at the plains to keep it for some time; and therefore I added, that where this was the case, there could not be a double supply, by permitting another draught from the Stock at Springfield. Supposing the above facts to be true, and on which I request your Answer, my restrictions were certainly right as being founded in principles of equal justice, and conformable to the general system of conduct used thro the whole line. Your Brigade was more particularly mentioned than any other Troops because the information respecting it was more particular; but the restrictions was designed to extend to all Troops in the same predicament. If you have Cloathing which has not been delivered, you may return it to the Cloathier if you choose it, and draw from the Stock in his hands; or if it has been delivered, you may still give it in, and obtain from him a new supply. All I had or have in view, is to put the whole Army in the same situation. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison]
November 1, 1778.
Sir: I just now received your favor of the 30th Ulto, and am exceedingly obliged by the very polite terms, in which you are pleased to express yourself. As I applaud your zeal and the motives, which brought you to this Country, I cannot but regret, that the circumstances of the Army did not afford you more satisfactory opportunities of serving. I am persuaded if they had, you would have improved them in a manner, that would have done honor to yourself, and justified the confidence reposed in you.
I shall consider myself happy in seeing you before your departure, and am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 2, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am honored with yours of yesterday inclosing an Act of the legislature of your state empowering the Commissary, under certain restrictions to seize all Wheat, Flour or Meal in the hands of Forestallers, or Wheat of the year 1777 and years preceding. I have, immediately in the absence of the Commy. Genl., transmitted this salutary law to the Asst. Commy. General who is with the Army, that he may without loss of time, proceed to put it into execution.
I have also recd. the report of the Senate, setting forth their suspicions of the real-practices of some of the deputies in the Commissary's office, and recommending an inquiry into their conduct. I am exceedingly obliged for the hint, and every thing shall be done on my part, towards endeavouring to discover so pernicious a system of villainy. However, before I take any steps in the matter, I shall be glad, if possible, to be furnished with some clue tending to fix the matter upon some person or persons. If the inquiry is set on foot in a general and vague manner, perhaps those who are really guilty may contrive means to perplex their accounts and cloak their villainy in such a manner that it will be difficult to detect them. I shall be obliged by being furnished with any lights you may be able to throw upon the foregoing, as early as possible, and the more secretly it is done the better, for obvious Reasons.
Our accounts from New York are various and perplexing. They however all agree in this, that a very considerable body of troops have been embarked, and were laying at the Hook the 30th of last month. Whether the embarkation was finished, or whether it would end in a total evacuation, I cannot, notwithstanding every endeavour, determine. It is the general opinion of the officers nearest upon the lines, that the evacuation will be total, but they can only form their conjectures from the accounts of deserters and people coming from the City, who are often deceived by appearances. The season is so far advanced, that the fleet will never lay long in their present situation. When they have sailed (if they do not all go off together) the remainder must make such preparations and dispositions as will plainly indicate whether they intend to winter in New York. I am &c.
P.S. The deputy Commy. informs me that he had before the Rect. of yours ordered some salt into the Country for the purposes you mention,81 and that upon your recommendation he will increase the Quantity.82
[Note 81: Clinton suggested that the Continental commissaries trade salt for flour, and Washington wrote (November 2) to Royal Flint: "you will consider this proposition and gave your sentiments on its expediency."]
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 2, 1778.
Dear Sir: General Gates having been ordered by Congress to repair to Boston and take the command of the Eastern district; I have thought it best, that you should proceed to Hartford and take the command of the division late General Gates, consisting of Poor's, Patterson's and Learned's brigades. This you will, therefore, be pleased to do without delay. The standing order for that division is that it is to remain at Hartford 'till further orders from me, or till the arrival of the enemy's fleet to the Eastward shall demonstrate that they intend a serious land operation that way; in which case you are to advance and give me instant notice of it, as it is my intention on such an event to proceed immediately Eastward.
You will communicate to General Muhlenberg83 on whom the command of your division will now devolve, whatever instructions you have received from me respecting it, and whatever other information may be necessary for his government.84 I am, etc.85
[Note 83: On this same day (November 2) Washington wrote briefly to Brig. Gen. Peter Muhlenberg that Gates had gone to command at Boston and that Putnam would replace him at Hartford.]
[Note 84: On November 7 Washington sent Putnam brief, but specific, instructions to hold the troops at Hartford ready to march at the shortest notice: "But as putting the troops in motion, in our present condition of supplies, is a matter of serious consideration you will not assume this measure without the information which you may receive from Genl Gates, is clear and decided."]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Monday, November 2, 1778.
Parole Kaminec. Countersigns Kenderhook, Kings-bridge.
As the Campaign is drawing to a Close and the Commander in Chief is desirous of affording the Officers an opportunity of seeing their Friends and Families as far as it can be done consistent with the publick service; The Brigadiers and Colonels commanding Brigades are requested to grant Furloughs to the officers of their respective Commands under the following restrictions, viz, to one Field Officer of each Regiment and to one Commissioned Officer of each Company at a time: They are not to be given to a greater proportion of Officers at once and in this only but when there will remain two Field Officers and two Commissioned Officers to each Regiment and Company respectively, except there should arise cases of very pressing and extraordinary nature of which the General Officer having the General command of the Post, Division or Detachment in which the Officer requesting such Indulgence is, is to judge and to act as he shall think proper.
As the Length of Furloughs must depend upon the Circumstances of distance and some other Considerations, the General cannot prescribe the time for which they are to be granted, but He most fully confides that they will be given only for a warrantable time, that the Officers remaining may experience like Indulgences in Succession and to which they will have an equal Claim upon every Principle of Justice and Generosity.
As the troops are about to receive new Cloathes the General hopes and expects that the Colonels and the rest of the Officers will give particular attention to their preservation as well for the sake of their own reputation and the appearance of their Corps as the great difficulties which attend the procuring them, and that they may be the better preserved, He enjoins in the most pointed manner that after their delivery, Company Rolls be kept of the same with proper Columns for each Article; That these be examined at least once a Week by an actual View of the Articles and that every deficiency and loss unless satisfactorily accounted for, and every neglect of sufficient Care in the soldiery, be punished with proper severity, according to former Orders. To all of which on this subject there is to be a strict regard.
The General also hopes that the Officers will pay constant attention to the Cleanliness and Dress of the men and the fitting of their Cloaths in the first instance, without those they must be sensible that they can never assume the Air of soldiers or appear to the least advantage.
After the troops have received new Cloathes the Officers commanding Regiments are to be very careful in causing the proper Officers to make the earliest delivery of the old (that is of the Coats Jackets and Breeches) fit for service to the Cloathier for which they are to obtain two Receipts; one to be kept for their own justification the other to be returned to Head Quarters.
The old Cloathes are to be well aired and the Cloathier is to have them packed in secure Casks, keeping an account of the uniforms and the whole together as far as circumstances will permit.
That Casks may not be wanting for this purpose the old cloathes are to be returned in those which carry the new to the several Brigades.86
[Note 86: Gates forwarded to Washington (November 2) a memorial from the officers of Poor's, Paterson's, and Learned's brigades, then at Hartford, on clothing and the return of old clothes. "That returning the old rags, and Cloaths of the soldiers, at this period; in order to obtain new, would not only in many respects be taking away the Private Property of Individuals without their Consent, but would in other cases put the soldiers on a very unfair and unequal footing; and in its consequences naturally tend to destroy one of the greatest Virtues in a soldier, for it is a general rule and a known fact, that those who have received the most Cloaths from the Publick, have now the least to return." Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers. (See General Orders, Nov. 7, 1778, post.)]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Tuesday, November 3, 1778.
Parole Alderney. Countersigns Acton, Artois.
The Pennsylvania Brigades to hold themselves in readiness to march at an hours warning.
The Deputy Cloathier General will exert himself to have the Cloathing that is returned in carried to Fish Kill as soon as possible. The Officers now in Camp to procure Cloathing for the several Brigades, are desired to use all possible dispatch in drawing their respective quotas and sending them off.
AFTER ORDERS
The Park87 to move as soon after the order of March is given them as their horses can be brought to Camp from their several Forage Yards.
[Note 87: Of artillery.]
Fredericksburg in the State of New York, November 3, 1778.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 15th. Ult. came to my hands by the last Post. Soon after the date of my Letter giving you an acct. of Captn. Henry's88 having left the Service, I was informed (upon further enquiry after him) that he had gone no further than Elizabeth town in the Jerseys and was there rather distressed for want of money, having been indisposed at that place for some time. Colo. Bannister being then in Camp, and just setting out for Phila., was requested by me, and very readily undertook, to furnish what Money he wanted; and in other respects help him on to Virginia; this was about the middle of Septr.; since which I have not heard of him, but hope he is with you ere now.
[Note 88: Capt. John Henry, of the First Continental Artillery. He had resigned in August 1778.]
The Enemy have Imbarked a considerable part of their Troops at New York, and the transports have fallen down to the hook; the Imbarkation still continues; but there is no evidence, so conclusive, as to lead to a demonstration that they mean a total evacuation; the proofs are equivocal, and will apply to a general, or partial one. A short time, perhaps by the end of our days of Grace (the 11th. Instt.)89 matters may be reduced to a certainty. I have little doubt in my own Mind, but that the greatest part of the Troops Imbark'd, and Imbarking at New York, are destined for the West Indies and their Posts. Boston and Charles Town are also talked of but with no other view, I conceive, than to perplex and confound the judgment; and yet, so far as any collateral enterprizes (in pursuance of their Predatory and Nefarious plan) can be undertaken subsurvient to, and correspondant with their more enlarged and important views, I have little doubt of their attempting them. For if motives of policy do not restrain, sure I am that those of generosity and humanity will not prevent them from committing as much devastation as they can upon our defenceless towns, Country Seats, and helpless Women and Children; resentment, and unsoldiery practices in them, now seems to have taken place of all the Manly virtues; as I wish self interest, in the shape of forestalling, Engrossing &ca. may not do among us, if not checked in time by well applied and vigorous Laws in the several States. I am, etc.
[Note 89: November it was the time limit fixed by the Peace Commissioners' Manifesto and Proclamation of October 3 on which submissions to Great Britain would be received.]
Head Quarters, November 3, 1778.
Sir: In my Letter of the 29th. Ulto. I transmitted you a Copy of a Resolution of Congress, directing the removal of the Convention Troops; a Copy similar to which had been forwarded before to General Heath. By a Letter from him of the 28th, he asks whether it may not be best for their Heavy baggage to be sent by Water. It appears to me that it will, and it may be water-borne, as far as the falls of James river. If the Troops have flag Vessels of their own at Boston, or the Officers choose to provide 'em themselves, the baggage, except such as they may judge necessary to take with them, had better go in them; If otherwise, you will be pleased to direct proper ones to be provided for the occasion. In either case, it will be right for General Philips or Generals Riedsel and Hamilton, as well as yourself to sign and countersign as circumstances may require, the passports which it will be necessary to furnish. I should also suppose it advisable for One or more of their own Quarter Masters to go with the Vessels. I have also written to General Heath upon the subject, in case this should find you still at Hartford.
I am this minute favoured with your Letter of the 28th. and regret the captivity of so good an Officer as Captain Goodall,90 but I cannot direct the Commissary to give him the preference that you request. There are many other Officers of merit prisoners, who have experienced a much longer confinement. Were I to postpone their releasement, I should subject myself, at least, to their complaints, and to a charge of partiality. It has been a rule with me, which has never been deviated from by my order or consent in a single instance, to have prisoners exchanged, both Officers and privates, according to the priority of their capture, as far as the circumstances of rank and number would apply; and this appears to me to be founded in principles of equal justice and the only one that will or can give general satisfaction. I am etc.91
[Note 90: Capt. Nathan Goodale, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He had been wounded and taken prisoner at Kingsbridge, N. Y., Aug. 30, 1778; was exchanged in October, 1780; transferred to the First Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November of that year.
"His Excellency requests you will, in the first flag boat from New York, forward the baggage belonging to Capt. Goodale."-- McHenry to Lord Stirling, Nov. 3, 1778. McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 91: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, November 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your several Letters of the 23d, 26th. and 28th. Ulto., the first and last of which came to hand last night and this morning.
On the 29th. I wrote you of the difficulties that attend the procuring of flour. The Commissary I am persuaded, does not leave a step untried to obtain supplies; but it will be at least, immensely difficult to do it The loss of the Biscuit was an event foreseen by many and what might be reasonably expected. The Enemy did not intercept any of our Convoys of provisions, while they were in Jersey as you had heard.
With respect to the removal of the Convention troops, the Resolution of Congress which was transmitted you, requires the measure and points out the only condition, on which they could have remained. I was nothing more than a mere vehicle, an Instrument in forwarding of it, that it might have the intended operation. It will be certainly best for their baggage to go by Water into James River, from whence it may be transported to the Falls and from thence to the places where the Troops are to quarter.
If they have flag Vessels of their own at Boston, or choose to provide them, the Baggage had better go in them; If otherwise, you will direct proper Ones to be provided for the occasion. In either case, it will be prudent for you and General Philips, or Generals Riedsel and Hamilton, to sign the passports, which it will be necessary to furnish. I should also suppose it adviseable, for one or more of their own Quarter Masters to go with the Vessels. I am etc.
P.S. My Letter of the 29th. inclosed a Copy of a Resolve of Congress appointing General Gates to command in the Eastern district. I transmitted him a Copy of the Resolution directing the removal of the Convention Troops, and write him by this conveyance upon the subject of their baggage, in case he should be at Boston.92
[Note 92: ln the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 3, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 31st. Ulto. inclosing Major Talbots Account of the capture of the Schooner Pigott.93 It was really a well concerted plan and gallantly executed. Be pleased to present my approbation and thanks to the Major, his Officers and Men.94 The enemy's fleet consisting of 150 sail of transports lay at the Hook the 31st. Ulto. It is the general opinion that the evacuation of New York will be total; but I cannot say I have had sufficient evidence to convince me that it will be so.
[Note 93: Neither Sullivan's letter of October 31 nor Talbot's account are found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 94: Maj. Silas Talbot, of the First Rhode Island regiment, on October 24 in the sloop Hawke captured the schooner Pigot in the eastern channel of Narragansett Bay. For this exploit he was praised by Congress and promoted to lieutenant colonel by a resolve of Nov. 14, 1778. Talbot had been twice wounded in action previous to this and was made a captain in the Continental Navy in September, 1779; captured several prizes and was captured by the British in 1780; exchanged in 1781; served to close of the war.]
I sent a Letter for the Marquis de la Fayette to your care about the beginning of October. Be pleased to say whether it reached your hands, and whether it was delivered to the Marquis before he left Boston or Providence. I am etc.
P.S. I have just heard that nine ships and a Brig left the Hook a day or two ago, said by a deserter to be bound to Rhode Island.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On November 3, Washington directed in brief notes to Cols. Henry Jackson and John Crane that the resignations be accepted of Lieut. John Jackson and Ensign William Barber, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment, and Lieut. [Zaccheus] Dunnell, of the Third Continental Artillery. The drafts of these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Wednesday, November 4, 1778.
Parole Lorrain. Countersigns Lancaster, Lebanon.
A General Court Martial of the Line whereof Lieutt. Colo. Williams96 is appointed President to sit tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at Genl. St. Clair's late quarters, for the trial of all Persons brought before them.
[Note 96: Lieut. Col. William Williams, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in April, 1780.]
Three Captains from the North Carolina Brigade, four from the 1st. Pennsylvania and five from the second to attend as Members.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Thursday, November 5, 1778.
Parole Broomsgrove. Countersigns Breed, Belfast.
The Pay Masters of Regiments and Corps are to apply to the Pay Master General immediately for the Months of August and September's pay.
A Field Officer from the Maryland Line to relieve Lt. Colo. Ball97 who is superintending the Hospitals at and near Fish Kills. Lieutt. Colo. Ball will furnish him with the Instructions.
[Note 97: Lieut. Col. Burges Ball, of the First Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., and prisoner on parole until retired in February, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: I shall be exceedingly obliged to you for information, either from your own knowledge or that of others, whether there is a possibility of marching a Body of troops from the head of Susquehannah, across the Country to Niagara. Among many other Routes pointed out for carrying the War into the Indian Country, when circumstances will permit, the above has been mentioned as one. The distance appears upon the Map, to be shorter than almost by any other way, but I have my doubts of the practicability of the march, never having heard of any road or passage leading to the lakes through that quarter, I mean for a body of Men with necessary Baggage and Stores. I shall be glad of your answer upon the above as soon as possible, as I want to form an opinion from a comparative view of the most accurate accounts. The particular advantages to be derived from the above mentioned Route would consist in the opportunity of destroying several Indian settlements in the way, and of avoiding Lake Ontario upon which the Enemy have a naval force. I am &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On this same day (November 5) Washington wrote again to Governor Clinton "that the inhabitants of Minisink are under apprehensions of another visit from the Enemy" and that he had ordered the Second New York Regiment to march to such place as Clinton should direct.
"You will march as expeditiously as possible to the place appointed, and upon your arrival take such measures for your own security and the safety of the Country as shall seem most proper to answer both purposes. I wish you success."-- Washington to Col. Philip Van Cortlandt, Nov. 5, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 5, 1778.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit your Excellency an Extract of a letter from Major General Lord Stirling of the 3rd. by which you will perceive, that a fleet of One hundred and eight sail, left Sandy Hook the morning of that day. This probably contains a division of the troops, the departure of which we have so long expected.99
[Note 99: On this same day (November 5) Washington wrote to Major Generals Gates and Sullivan, sending this same information of the sailing of the fleet anti forwarding printed copies of Congress's Manifesto of Oct. 30, 1778, on retaliations.]
The Marquis De La Fayette, arrived three days since at Fish Kill two and twenty miles from this place; where, I am unhappy to inform Yr. Excellency, he is detained by a fever which seized him soon after he sat out from Philadelphia. I hope our anxiety on this account may not be of long duration.
The inclosed letter from our Commissary of Prisoners1 is just come to hand. With the utmost esteem, etc.2
[Note 1: Probably the letter of November 1 from Commissary General John Beatty, which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, November 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have yours of yesterdays date, with its several inclosures to acknowledge; and those of the 2d. Inst. and the 31st. Ulto.
It is not my desire to detain you longer than the time necessary for making the proper communications to the Officer who is next in command, and who will succeed you till I may find it proper to make another arrangement. You will therefore open to him the train of obtaining intelligence, the persons you have employed, and every circumstance which you think may lead him to conduct this particular duty with utmost secrecy, latitude, and precision. I could wish however that you may have yourself the satisfaction of completing the present command in the possession of New York.
I have ordered Colonel Bland's Regiment to take another situation, and instructed the Colonel on this subject. I am, etc.
P.S. You will please forward the letters for New York immediately by flag.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: Congress having determined to remove the Troops of the Convention from the neighbourhood of Boston to Charlotteville in Albemarle County Virginia, an Officer of Rank and prudence will be necessary to regulate and conduct their march. I must desire you to undertake this duty. The first division of the troops was to have marched off yesterday, and will be followed by four others, at proper intervals. I would wish you to lose no time in coming up here, as the sooner you set out to meet them, the better. I intend your Regiment shall go immediately into Winter Quarters, I have not determined upon the place but it will be either in Frederick Town Maryland or Winchester in Virginia. You will therefore put them upon their march, with their Baggage, by the most direct Route to Frederick Town. When the Regiment has arrived at the place of Cantonment, I have no objection to granting Furloughs for the Winter to those men whose times of service are near expiring and who will reinlist upon such terms. I am told Major Jameson would have particular influence in reengaging the Men, otherwise I should imagine he would be able to give you very great assistance in conducting the march of the troops. If you think Lt. Colo. Temple would answer the purpose as well as the Major, he may proceed with the Regt. and the Major come up with you, otherwise he may go on. Be pleased to bring up a subaltern Officer with you, who may follow the Regiment with particular orders for the place of Cantonment &ca. Should any of the Men of Colo. Baylors Regt. be upon the lines, you are to march them with your Regiment until you cross the North River and then direct them to repair to Bristol in Pennsylvania, where the Regt. is assembled.4 I am &ca.5
[Note 4: On this same day (November 5) Washington also wrote a brief note to Maj, William Washington, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons, ordering him, contingently, to Bristol to take command of Baylor's Dragoons and march them into winter quarters, This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 6, 1778.
Sir: I was favoured with your Letter of the 29th Ulto. by Captain Masters.6
[Note 6: Capt. Richard Master, of the Twenty-fourth Foot, British Army.]
The several packets which he had in charge have been sent into New York, but from recent and particular resolves of Congress I could not comply with your intention respecting Captain Masters's interview with General Clinton. He has however made his application in writing for an exchange, and waits in this neighbourhood for his Excellency's answer.
Your cares for the troops of Convention on their present march, are such as discover the attentive commander; while your expressions of politeness claim my personal respect. I shall endeavor, during the continuance of their march to confine its inconveniencies to such as are unavoidable, or that cannot be obviated by any arrangement of ours at this season of the year.
For this purpose I have appointed an officer of rank to attend the march, and commissaries and quarter masters to meet the troops, with such other dispositions as appear necessary on the occasion.7
[Note 7: "Col. Bland who is appointed to superintend the removal of the Convention troops will set out today on this service. His Excellency mentioned to you the providing of a quarter master to attend the troops on their march.... You will be pleased Sir to notify the Gentleman of your appointment of Col. Bland's intention to set out to day, and that it is his Excellencys pleasure he should accompany the Colonel. You will also be pleased to communicate his name; When he will be ready and where he may be found."-- McHenry to Greene, Nov. 8, 1778. McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I make no doubt but your officers will accommodate their minds to the change and conform the discipline of their soldiers to the prevention of disputes, either with their conductors, or the countries thro' which they may travel.
The resolution of Congress directing the removal of the Convention troops to Charlottesville, includes in my opinion, its officers under every description; And in this sentiment I have written to Major General Gates who now commands at Boston.
It is natural, the desire you express for a sight of your friends for the settlement of private affairs, and a moment of free communication with those at a distance; but Sir the proposition which you have been pleased to prefer to me on this subject, must come directly and in the first instance before congress. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Qurs., November 6, 1778.
Sir: On Wednesday Evening I received your Excellency's favors of the 30th. ulto. and 1st Inst. with their several inclosures.
I will direct the best and cheapest disposition I can, to be made of the Cavalry for their accommodation in Quarters and will instruct the Forage Master on the occasion.
The remittance to the Pay Master which you mention, I presume has come to hand, having been applied to by him, to issue an order for the payment of the Troops for August and September.
I have transmitted the Letter from Nicholas Dupui and others, with the Affidavits to His Excellency Govr. Clinton and have ordered Colonel Cortland to march with his Regiment towards the Minisinks and to take such Post as the Govt. may point out.
I have made a distribution of the Printed Manifestoes, and there is no doubt, but the Enemy will very soon be possessed of some of the Copies, and of news Papers that contain them.
By a letter from Lord Stirling, of the 3d Inst. he informed me, "That the Fleet at the Hook the preceding day, increased to 108 Sail, and that morning at seven weighed Anchor and stood out to Sea." I am impatiently waiting for further advices from New York and to learn whether any other, and what movements are likely to take place. I have the honor &c.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 6, 1778.
Sir: I am led to believe, by a letter from Major Genl. Phillips,10 that he may not, in consequence of the late Resolve of Congress, have recd. orders to remove to Virginia with the Convention Troops. He had been for some time past, for particular reasons, confined to the limits of his House and Garden by Genl. Heath, who informs me that he received the approbation of Congress for so doing, and upon requesting the opinion of the president how long he should continue these restrictions, he recd. the following answer on the 13th Septr. "I apprehend Congress conclude that you will continue in force your order respecting Maj. Genl. Phillips until he shall have made such
[Note 10: General Phillips had requested that Lieut. George Preston Vallancy, of the 62d Foot, be permitted to go to New York for clothing for the Convention troops, and the subsequent correspondence had resulted in Phillips being confined to quarters on account of the tone of his letters.] concessions as shall be satisfactory to your own honor as commanding Officer of a department in the service of the United States." By a letter from Genl. Heath himself, he seems to doubt the propriety of Genl. Phillips's removal, untill the terms mentioned in the president's opinion have been complied with: But as the Resolve for the march of the troops is general and subsequent to the opinion above cited, I think it may be inferred that Genl. Phillips is included, and that if he should not have left Cambridge, that he be permitted and directed to follow the Troops. I am &ca.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 6, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favor of 30th ulto. by Captn. Master, who waits in this Neighbourhood until he can hear from New York, having written to Sir Henry Clinton in order to effect his exchange. A Resolve of Congress lately passed put it out of my power to indulge his wish of going in himself.
From part of Genl. Phillips's letter I am led to believe....12
[Note 12: The omitted portion is the same in sense, though not in words, as that in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
I have mentioned this matter to Genl. Gates, upon whom the Command at Boston has by this time developed, that if Genl. Phillips should have remained behind, he may be directed to follow the Troops.
I thank you for your caution in concealing the route13 from the officers of the Convention, altho', in the present situation of the Enemy's affairs, I do not think any danger is to be apprehended. I am &ca.14
[Note 13: In a memorandum, dated Nov. 5, 1778, by Royal Flint, the route of the Convention troops from Springfield, Mass., to Fishkill, N.Y., is given as Enfield, Suffield, Simsbury, New Hartford, Norfolk, Canaan, Sharon, Beekmans Patent, and Fishkill. This memorandum is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 14: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 7, 1778.
Sir: I am honoured by yours of the 28th. I had, previous to the receipt of it, determined upon such a disposition of the troops for the Winter, as will serve the purposes you mention. As soon as the intentions of the enemy are more clearly known, I shall fix upon the places of cantonment and assign the troops to their respective stations. A Fleet of upwards of 100 sail left the Hook on the morning of the 3d, supposed to be bound to the West Indies. I cannot ascertain the number of troops on board. Whether a further embarkation from New York is to take place this fall, I am not able yet to determine, but as we have spies upon their motions I expect soon to learn that they are preparing for it. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Saturday, November 7, 1778.
Parole Carthagena. Countersigns Cambray, Condè.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held at Camp near Hartford by order of Brigadier General Poor, October 31st. 1778, Colo. Hazen, President, Lieutenant David Gilman of the 2nd. New Hampshire Regiment was tried first for ungentlemanlike behaviour in associating with Private Soldiers and offering them a reward of twenty dollars and engaging to secure them from harm, in case any should arise in consequence thereof, if they should take up and bring to him a Horse. 2ndly. for taking two Stray horses the Property of private Persons and converting them to his own use without making any Publication thereof, much to the Prejudice of the service and to the good People of The United States, unanimously found guilty, sentenced to be cashiered and rendered incapable of ever serving the United States again as a Military Officer and forfeit all his Pay that is now due to him.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take Place immediately.16
[Note 16: "I have approved and confirmed the sentence and shall direct its publication in this days orders."-- Washington to Brig. Gen. Enoch Poor, Nov. 7, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
At a Brigade General Court Martial held in the Corps of Artillery by order of Brigadier General Knox, October 29th. 1778, Lieutenant Colo. Stevens,17 President; Captain Moody18 of Colo. Lamb's Regiment of Artillery was tried for disobedience of orders and contemptuous behaviour, found guilty of the Charges exhibited against him, and the Court are of opinion that Captain Moody should be reprimanded in Brigade orders.
[Note 17: Brevet Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Stevens, of the Third Continental Artillery. He was lieutenant colonel of the Second Continental Artillery, Nov. 24, 1778, to rank from April 30, 1778; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 18: Capt. Andrew Moodie (Moody), of the Second Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders the sentence to take place.
Captain Lilburn Williams19 of the second Maryland Regiment is appointed Pay Master of the same.
[Note 19: Capt. Lilburn Williams, of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.
Col. Nathaniel Gist claimed the right to command Brigadier General Scott's corps when Scott left, but Washington decided that Col. David Henley was entitled to it. Scott was directed in a brief note (November 7) to make Henley "acquainted with the different Channels through which you have obtained intelligence and communicate to him the orders which you received for the government and duties of the light Corps. I want to see Col. Butler upon particular Business; be pleased to ask him to ride up." This note is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Sunday, November 8, 1778.
Parole Nuremberg. Countersigns Namure, Narva.
The order of the 2nd. instant directing a delivery of the serviceable old Coats Jackets and Breeches to the Cloathier after the troops should have received new ones was not meant to comprehend such as had been procured by the soldiers themselves either by purchase or Donation, or such as had been paid for by Stoppages out of their Pay; Those which were to be the object of delivery now call'd for on the recommendition of the honorable the board of War as from a view of our supplies at the time the measure was considered as founded not only in Policy but strict necessity, as providing the best source for relief to the soldiers themselves against Accidents that might attend the Importation of future supplies as well as to those whose unhappy lot it might be to become the subjects of hospitals and others of the Army for whom some provision in this instance would have been indispensable. However as our quantity of new Cloathing fortunately turns out better than it was at first apprehended and of course removes in some degree the necessity which dictated the measure and as the old remaining in the hands of the soldiers will contribute much by a careful use and application of them on duties of fatigue &c. to preserve the new, the order of the 2nd so far as it respects a return of them to the Cloathier is dispensed with. But such Cloathing viz, Coats, Jackets and Breeches as have been received either thro' the hands of the Cloathier or Agents or thro' the States on Continental Account and which has been delivered in the course of the Fall or that may remain undelivered is not to be comprehended under the description of old and must be returned to the Clothier or Agents of the department in Case new ones are drawn, to prevent Injustice to the Public by obtaining double supplies and to the Troops themselves who otherwise would be upon an unequal footing.
The General expects a pointed attention on the part of the officers to this order, and also according to former instructions to their mens cloathing and that they will not only extend their Care to its' Cleanliness but to prevent any Misapplication of it.20
[Note 20: On November 8 Washington, having gone to Fishkill, Tilghman wrote to George Measam, informing him of the great need of shirts and asking for a return of the shoes, hats, and blankets wanting by the three brigades at Hartford. "They shall be sent back by the returning teams." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: As I am obliged to go from Head Quarters this morning on business of consequence, I am under the necessity of giving a very short answer to your Letter of the 3d. Inst. which was only presented to me just now.
Your reasoning as to the improbability of the Enemy's operating to the Eastward was very strong, and your views of the difficulties that would attend the quartering of the Whole Army on this side the North River, are certainly well founded and coincide much with my own.
I think Colo. Putnam had better send for the Cloathing of his Regiment, as the want of it tho' but a very short time may be attended with bad consequences to the Men. With respect to furloughs to privates, I have granted none, and it is contrary to my intention that any should be given, till matters are more decided and some general system adopted for the purpose. I will take into consideration the mending of the Roads which you mention. If you have not moved towards Woodbury, you may as well remain where you are if you can do it with any conveniency, as a few days must point conclusively to the post your Troops must take.21
[Note 21: At this point the draft has: "If General Parsons or General Huntington is returned," which phrase appears to have been omitted from the letter as sent.]
You will give General Nixon permission to visit his family. I mention no time for his absence, being persuaded he will make it as short as he can, as other Officers will have occasion for a like indulgence.
If the Troops are ordered to move to the Westward, I shall not have the smallest objection to your visiting Mrs. McDougall, or if from her indisposition, for which I am extremely sorry, you prefer going now, it will be perfectly agreeable to me. As to myself, I had rather you should go immediately than wait the event of the Troops marching.
The proceedings of the Court Martial cannot have my attention till I return.
On the 3d. in the Morning a fleet of 108 sail put to Sea with Troops on board, and there are accounts, how authentic I cannot determine, that there are other movements on foot or appearances that indicate them. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am informed by Genl. Scott that some boatmen, belonging to your brigade who were imployed by Lieutt. Brewster23 in navigating from the main to Long Island, have been remanded to their Regiments, in consequence of which a service of a particular nature is very much impeded if not intirely stopped.24 The names of the men Gen. Scott tells me are David
[Note 23: Lieut. Caleb Brewster, of the Second Continental Artillery.]
[Note 24: This service was an armed whaleboat, commanded by Lieutenant Brewster, which brought spy communications from Long Island to Connecticut.] Dickinson, Fochanah Hawkins, Benja. Dickinson, Jonathan Kinner and Joshua Davis. I beg that you will order them back to their late duty under a careful and attentive sergeant. I am &ca.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 7th. with its inclosure last night thro' the hands of Cornet Wells26 with whom it was sent.
[Note 26: Cornet James Wells, of the Second Continental Dragoons. He was promoted to lieutenant in June, 1779.]
I think you had better advise the person who communicates to withold his name from his letters or else to assume a false signature. But I do not see the necessity of any name so long as the writing is known by the parties.27
[Note 27: On November 9 Scott again wrote to Washington: "The letter which I sent you by Cornet Wills was from Sir, John Bolton the person whom Majr. Talmadge Recommended To Your Excellency Some time ago. there will be no Dainger of his being discovered. I do not know his Propper Name my self, for neither of those are." (John Bolton was the name assumed by Tallmadge in managing the secret correspondence.) Scott's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The letter which accompanies this will procure the stay of the men employed in navigating to and from Long Island. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the 5th. inclosing a weekly Return of the Garrison.
If you will make a Return of your Regiment and send an Officer up to this place he can have compleat suits of Uniform, Shoes and Stockings and a proportion of Hatts and Blankets. Let your Return specify the exact number of the two latter Articles already in the Regiment. There are no Shirts at this time in the Store, but they are daily expected. The Uniforms are Blue and Red and Brown and Red, either of which you may have.
You may, if you think it is proper, put all things in readiness to take up the Chain and Boom. I do not think there is any danger of a Visit from the Enemy this Fall, but still there is no need of running any Risque by taking it up before there is a necessity for it. I am &ca.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1778.
Sir: You are hereby appointed to superintend the removal of the convention troops from the State of Massachusetts to Charlottesville in Virginia. You will therefore proceed immediately on the shortest route to Enfield, or to where the first division of the troops may have arrived, and announce yourself to the Officer commanding. You will then dispatch Major Jamison, who is directed to assist you in the execution of this duty, to the rear of the troops, to see that the necessary provisions and arrangements are made for the intermediate and successive divisions.
A proper escort of Militia from the State of Massachusetts is to attend the troops to Enfield, at which place they will be relieved by the militia of Connecticut, previous notice being given to have them in readiness. You will take care not to dismiss the old guard till relieved by the new. The Militia of Connecticut are to proceed as far as the North River where they will either be relieved by a guard of Continental troops, or New York militia.
During the march you will have respect to the quarter Masters who are appointed to attend the troops and see that their haulting places are convenient for cover and accommodation. You will also have regard to the Commissaries, so that good provisions be distributed and at the proper times.
You will accommodate the stages of march to the state of the weather, the condition of the troops, and the nature of the country through which they travel.
You will attend to the complaints which may arise and obviate them as far as possible.
The annexed route will bring the Troops as far on in their march as Fish Kills. You will then be furnished with a new route for your direction thro' the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and to their place of destination in Virginia.
As soon as you meet the first division of the troops it will be necessary for you to give me notice, that I may form a judgement of the time at which they may arrive at the North river.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. Royal Flint's memorandum of route for the Convention troops is copied at the bottom of the page. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, Nov. 6, 1778, ante.)]
Head Quarters at Fredericksburgh, November 8, 1778.
Sir: Colonel Bland having been ordered upon another Duty, you will take the command of the 1st. Regt. of Dragoons and march them immediately by the shortest Route to Winchester in Virginia, at which place they are to be quartered for the Winter. You will collect and carry with you all the Men, Horses and Accoutrements belonging to the Regt.
When you have passed the Delaware at Coryell's Ferry you will send the Regiment forward under the command of the senior Officer and proceed yourself to Philadelphia. Upon your arrival there you are to wait upon the Board of War and inform them, that the present terms of inlistment of the greater part of the men are near expiring, and that you have good Reason to suppose that many of them will reinlist upon being allowed a Furlough for the Winter to visit their Friends. Inform them also of the Value of the Men who compose the Regiment, who should not be lost for want of the indulgence they require. If the Board approve the plan you will apply to them for instructions and Money to pay the new Bounty.
You will at any Rate have a number more Horses than Men during the Winter, you must therefore direct the men that remain to take care of as many as they conveniently can, and quarter the remainder upon the neighbouring Farmers.
You will make use of all possible means to have the Horses put in good order and to have the accoutrements repaired.
You will constantly, while you have the command of the Regiment see that a sufficient number of Officers remain with the Regiment to superintend the Men and Horses.
After you have arrived at Winchester and informed yourself of the number of Men who will reinlist, be pleased to make me a Return of them and of the state of the Regt. in other particulars.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Poughkeepsie, November 10, 1778.
Sir: Your favr. of the 6th. was delivered to me at Fishkill by Mr. Gerard. I am sorry your indisposition deprived me of the pleasure of seeing yourself.
Upon consulting Govr. Clinton, of the State of New York, upon a position, in which your Corps can be employed to advantage, and at the same time be plentifully subsisted in the Article of Forage, he advises the Minisink settlement upon Delaware. You will therefore be pleased to march immediately for that place, and take your Station as near Cole's Fort as you conveniently can. Let your Cavalry and Infantry be quartered as near together as possible, that you may, in case the Indian Enemy make any attempt upon the settlement, draw your force quickly together. I must beg you to make use of all means to keep your Corps from marauding or in any way distressing the Inhabitants, who will cheerfully contribute every thing to your support if properly demanded. There are two Gentlemen of particular influence in that Country, Mr. Depui32 and Mr. Van Camp, who will assist you very much in procuring Forage and other necessaries. I am &ca.33
[Note 32: Benjamin Dupuy (Depui, De Puy), of Minisink, and Isaac(?) Van Camp, of Albany County, N. Y.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On November 10 Washington wrote to Col. Philip Van Cortlandt countermanding the order to march his regiment to Minisink: "If you should have marched, you may return. When you have fixed upon a position, be pleased to inform me of it, that I may know where to address any future orders," This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Count Pulaski recommended Count Kolkowski (Kotkowski) to Washington as a brave and useful officer, who he wished in his legion. Washington, in turn, because of the recommendatory letters from Franklin and Deane, introduced Kolkowski to Congress in a brief letter, dated Nov. 18, 1778, which is in the Washington Papers. Congress commissioned Kolkowski a captain in the legion Dec. 10, 1778. (See Washington's letter to Count Pulaski, Nov. 24, 1778, post.)]
[Note 34: Colonel and Deputy Quartermaster General, then at Philadelphia.]
Fredericksburg, November 11, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 3d. and have received the three Table Cloths which accompanied it; as also the Bear skin, which I accept, and thank you for. The Trunks will do, tho if they had been a size smaller I should have liked them better. the four Table Cloths which preceeded the three above mentioned, are not yet got to hand. I would not have you trouble yourself to procure another Bowl; the one I have, can, I believe, be mended.
Colo. Fitzgerald seems to doubt whether Mrs. Washington can get to Philadelphia without the Springs which Mr. Custis (unluckily) prevented his getting; I have therefore, as the Season is growing cold, and the Roads getting bad, to request the favor of you to send them on by a Special Messenger, along the following Rout: Wilmington, Christeen, head of Elk, lower Ferry on Susquehanna, Baltimore, and Bladensburg; by doing which, if Mrs. Washington should have set out, as I have desired her to do if it be praticable and along that Road they will meet. The Springs may then be fix'd at P.
Upon her arrival in Philadelphia I must beg the favour of you to give me notice of it by the lay Expresses, that I may send for her, if my own Quarters for the Winter should happen to be fixed up; But as this is not the case yet, and I do not know when it will be, I cannot, under the uncertainty of her stay in the City, think of accepting yours and Mrs. Mitchells kind and polite Invitation to her to lodge with you; the trouble of such a visitor (for more than a day or so) being too much for a private family but I shall be equally thankful to you for providing good lodgings for her as I do not know how long it may be necessary for her to remain in them. Her Horses you will be so good as to send to the Public Stables (most convenient).
I wish the report of the reduction of the Island of St. Vincent may be true, and think the Troops at New York might be as usefully employed in defence of their possessions in the West Indies, as where they are; but, Ministry I suppose judge otherwise. My best respects to Mrs. Mitchell, I am, etc.
Head Quarters, November 11, 1778.
Sir: On Wednesday afternoon I received a Letter from the Honble. Mr. Lee and Mr. Lovell, of the Committee for foreign affairs,35 inclosing a plan and sundry Resolutions of Congress for attacking Canada the next Campaign, in conjunction with the forces of his most Christian Majesty;36 and requesting my observations upon the same to be transmitted to Congress, and a Copy to be delivered to the Marquis De la Fayette.37 These dispatches, thro' the indisposition of the Marquis, who unfortunately was seized with a fever in his journey from Philadelphia, which still detains him at Fish Kill, were prevented coming to hand till that time, and the great importance and extent of the subject they comprehend, would not permit me the honor of an earlier communication of my sentiments.
[Note 35: Dated Oct. 27, 1778. It is in the Washington Papers. (See note 45, P. 243, post.)]
[Note 36: For this plan see Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 26, 1778.]
[Note 37: In the Washington Papers, filed under date of December, 1778, is a folio document in Washington's writing, which lists 10 subject heads of a proposed report on this expedition against Canada, all of which are developed in this letter of November 11. (See illustration, p. 402.)]
I hope Congress will excuse my not complying with that part of the Resolution, which requires me to deliver a Copy of my Observations to the Marquis, as the manner in which I am obliged to treat the subject, opens such a prospect of our wants and our weaknesses, as in point of policy ought only to be known to ourselves.38
[Note 38: This important letter to Congress, one of the most important that Washington wrote to that body, exists in two forms in the Washington Papers. 1. The first rough draft in Washington's writing, which is somewhat disconnected and may be, in reality, parts of several different drafts. 2. The completed draft in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter which was signed and sent to Congress, which is the text given above, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Because of its importance the first rough draft, in Washington's writing, is here printed in footnote form in so far as the variations seem of value. The words in brackets were those first written by Washington and afterwards crossed out. An attempt has been made to connect the variants of the draft with their proper places in the finished letter, but the result can be no more than approximate.
"An appology for so often twarting the views of Congress by exposing the difficulties attending the execution of several plans proposed by them. duty, requires a candid representation of facts from me the weight of which Congress will judge of. Reason of the Delay.
"Under the present uncertainty respecting the Enemys operations and views, the exhausted State of our Magazines and finances, the immense difficulty of getting Provisions, even from hand to Mouth, infinitely more so to lay up a Store of it, especially of Salted meat which would be absolutely necessary in the execution of the Plan concerted by Congress; the expiration of Service in a number of Men before next June; the distressed Situation of our officers and the consequent resignations which I much fear will take place at the end of this Campaign. The impracticability of Wintering Troops upon the Mohawk and upper parts of Connecticut River without exhausting every necessary supply of Provision for the ensuing Campaign [a knowledge lately come at of this circumstance but] renders the Plan proposed by Congress too extensive, too complexed, and too arduous to be entered upon with a probability of success; much less to [do it in concert] warrant a contract for them with a foreign power tenacious perhaps of Her own views in entering into such an engagement and jealous of her own honour undr. any disgrace or disappoinmt. arising from us. Suspecting ours, or our want of Military knowledge and ability to concert [impracticable] Schemes or want of means and power to execute them from either of which causes disgust and fatal consequences may follow, Congress no doubt are better acquainted with the State of European politics than I am for unhappily I have no means of information and have good ground to fix the number of French Ships for this Service at of the Line and frigates but from my uninformed view of the matter I shd. look upon them as sent to inevitable destruction if the Expedition into Canada does not Succeed [in all its parts] or, to grace the Port of Quebec only if it should as they cannot get ent. again.
"The Plan proposed by Congress takes 12,600 Rank and file [besides Indians and Carpenters for Ship and Boat Building] great part of whom are to be at the posts designated this Winter; and to insure the remainder early in the Spring you are to call for a much greater number of Militia than are intended to be imployed [this, probably will give an inundation of Useless Mouths in the Supernumerary Officers and Privates who will desert you perhaps if when they come to be seperated from their own Officers wch. must happen in many Instances;] in the height of their Spring Seeding and Corn Planting; this [then] may add considerably to the consumption of Provision but supposing you only get the number wanted, when to these are added Cored. and Non comd. Officers, the Staff of the different Departments and their attendants, Sutlers, Carpenters for Ship and boat building, Indians, Batteau men, Waggoners, Bat Men and Servants and Women it will be found that your Number of Eaters will be little if any, under 20,000 and that this Provision except what goes by the way of Fort Schuyler is to be transported in Waggons or by Packhorses some hundreds of Miles the great part of which thro an uninhabited Country affording no other Forage but herbage. the difficulties and the expence attending which in the exhausted condition of the States, present depreciation of Money, and high prices of every Article is easier to conceive than describe and is well worth the most serious attention especially when we recur to (at least) the possibility of keeping up a respectable front on the Sea board, in addition to the above all of whom must be fed and cloathed.
"These difficulties, as far as I am capable of reasoning upon the Subject, are of such a nature and magnitude as to render an enterprize upon the large Scale proposed by Congress extremely precarious, of course an Offer to the Court of France under such Circumstances impoltitic and dangerous for nothing less than a moral certainty of fulfilling to a tittle every part of our Contract should induce us to call forth the strength of another People for Conquests.
"But conclusive as these reasons are to my judgment, I have one other wch. to me is unanswerable. But on this I shall beg to be silent, it is an important and delicate Subject and shall be left to conjecture, but may not the French subserve the purpose as well in the West Indies as Canada?
"When I argue upon the difficulties attending the extensive Plan of Congress, I am clear nevertheless for undertaking every thing that can in our present circumstances, be attempted with a moral certainty of Success with our own strength and would prepare accordingly as no bad consequences will follow if we do not involve others; the Winter may unfold New Scenes. the Spring may present New prospects, and if we should be left without an Enemy upon the Sea board, or small Garrisons only at New York and Rhode Island, or either; and the French can keep the Enemys Troops employed in the West Indies and to defend their dominion elsewhere, I have no doubt (if we can get over the difficulties on Acct. of Provision, and can obtain a better currency to our Money) but that something may be done next Campaign that will give permanent Peace to our Frontiers and circumscribe the Enemy within such bounds in Canada as to leave as little to apprehend from them till something more decisive can be achieved. The success of which, in a great measure, would depend upon the little knowledge the Enemy could obtain of the real projects in contemplation."]
I am always happy to concur in sentiment with Congress, and I view the emancipation of Canada as an Object very interesting to the future prosperity and tranquility of these States; but I am sorry to say, the plan proposed for the purpose does not appear to me to be eligible, under our present circumstances. I consider it as my duty and what Congress expects from me, to give my reasons for this opinion, with that frankness and candour, which the importance of the subject demands; and in doing this, I am persuaded, I shall not fail to meet with their approbation.
It seems to me impolitic to enter into engagements with the Court of France39 for carrying on a combined operation of any kind, without a moral certainty of being able to fulfil our part, particularly if the first proposal came from us. If we should not be able to perform them, it would argue either a want of consideration, a defective knowledge of our resources, or something worse than either; which could not fail to produce a degree of distrust and discontent, that might be very injurious to the union. In the present instance should the Scheme proposed be
[Note 39: That France was decidedly lukewarm in 1778 toward repossessing Canada is clear. (See the instructions to John Holker, Nov. 25, 1777, in Doniol, ii, 616, and Vergennes to Gèrard, Dec. 25, 1778, Arch. Aff. Err., E. U., 5, 142, a copy of which is in the Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.) Later this lukewarmness became adamant objection.] adopted, a failure on our part would certainly occasion in them, a misapplication of a considerable land and naval force, which might be usefully employed elsewhere; and probably their total loss. It is true, if we were at this time to enter into the engagement, we shall be every day better able to judge, whether it will be in our power to accomplish what would be expected from us; and if we should find hereafter, that our Resources will be unequal to the undertaking, we may give notice to the Court of France in season to prevent the sailing of the Troops and the ill effects, which might attend it. But, besides that a project of this kind could not be embraced by France, without its having an influence on the whole system of operations for the next Campaign, which of course would receive some derangement from its being abandoned, a renunciation of this could not fail to give a very unfavourable impression of our foresight and providence and would serve to weaken the confidence of that Court in our public councils.
So far from their being a moral certainty of our complying with our engagements, it may, in my opinion, be very safely pronounced, that if the Enemy keep possession of their present posts at New York and Rhode Island, it will be impracticable either to furnish the men, or the other necessary supplies for prosecuting the plan. They will not attempt to keep those posts with less than ten Thousand men and a considerable Navy. If it should be thought best, for the advantage of carrying on the expeditions intended, to forego any offensive operations against these garrisons and to leave them in quiet possession of such important places; we shall at least be obliged to provide for the security of the Country against their incursions and depredations, by keeping up a force sufficient to confine them within their own limits. It is natural too to suppose, that the people's expectations of being protected will grow stronger, in proportion to the diminution of the Enemy's force, and the greater facility with which it can be afforded. They will hardly be content to continue in a state of alarm and insecurity from a force so inconsiderable, while the principal Strength of the States is drawn out in the prosecution of remote Objects. If this reasoning is just, we shall be obliged to have a larger force than the Enemy, posted in different places, to prevent sudden inroads, which they would otherwise be able to make at different points; and the number required cannot be estimated at less than 12 or 15000 men. This will be two thirds as large a force, as we have been able to raise and maintain during the progress of the War; as these calculations, both of the Enemy's strength and of our own, are meant to designate the number of effective rank and file.
If I rightly understood the plan in consideration, it requires for its execution 12,600 Men, rank and file. Besides these, to open a passage through a Wilderness for the march of the several bodies of Troops, to provide the means of long and difficult transportations by land and Water, to establish posts of communication for the security of our Convoys; to build and man Vessels of force, necessary for acquiring a superiority on the Lakes; these and many other purposes, peculiar to these Enterprises, which would be tedious in detail, will demand a much larger proportion of Artificers and persons to be employed in manual and laborious Offices, than are usual in the Ordinary course of military operations. When we add the whole together, the aggregate number of men requisite for the service of the ensuing Campaign, will be little less than double the number heretofore in the field; but to be more certain in the calculation it, may be placed at only one half more.
Experience is the only rule to judge by in the present case. Every expedient has been exhausted in the preceding Campaigns to raise men; and it was found impossible to get together a greater force than we had; though the safety and success of the cause seemed absolutely to require it. The natural and direct inference therefore is, that the resources of the Country were inadequate to a larger supply. I cannot then see that we can hope upon any principle, to be equal to so much greater exertions next year, when the people and the Army appear to grow daily more tired of the War and the depreciation of our money continually increasing and of consequence proving a smaller temptation to induce Men to engage.
The State of our supplies for transporting and subsisting the troops, will stand upon a footing equally bad. We have encountered extreme difficulties in these respects, and have found, that it was full as much as we were competent to, to feed the Army we have already had and enable to keep the field, and perform the movements required by the contingencies of the service. It is not likely that these difficulties will diminish, but on the contrary they will rather multiply, as the Value of our currency lessens; and the enormous prices to which provisions have risen and the artificial scarcity created by monopolies, with what we have to fear from the effect of the same spirit, give us no reason to flatter ourselves, that our future prospects can be much better. In this situation of things we are hardly warranted to expect, that we shall have it in our power to satisfy the demands of numbers so much greater, than we have yet had to supply; especially if we consider, that the scene of our operations has hitherto been in the Heart of the Country furnishing our resources, and which of course facilitated the drawing them out; and that we shall then be carrying on the War at an immense distance, in a Country wild and uncultivated, incapable of affording any aid, and great part of it hostile. We cannot in this case depend on temporary or occasional supplies, as we have been accustomed, but must have ample magazines laid up beforehand. The labour and expence in forming these, and transporting the necessary stores of every kind for the use of the Troops, will be increased to a degree that can be more easily conceived than described. The transportation must be a great part of the way through desarts, affording no other forage than herbage; and from this circumstance, our principal subsistance of the flesh kind must be salted, which would not only be an additional expence, in the additional consumption of so scarce and dear an Article as salt, but would greatly increase the difficulty both of providing and transporting. My Letter of the 29th Ulto., transmitting a Copy of one from the Quarter Master General, which I had the honor of addressing to Congress and to which I wish to refer, will point out the difficulties and daily expence attending our supplies of the Article of flour only, in our present circumstances, exclusive of its Cost, and lay the foundation for a sort of comparative estimate to be formed, of those that would attend the support of the Troops when employed at so great a distance.
If in addition to all this, we should have the French fleet to supply during the winter, the likelihood of which I have no sufficient information to ground a judgment upon; it will appear still more impracticable, to furnish the supplies requisite for the extensive operations proposed. But independent of this the improbability of doing it is, in my apprehension, infinitely too great to justify the undertaking.
This reasoning is founded on a supposition that the Enemy do not evacuate their present posts at New York and Rhode Island; nor can we presume upon any past appearances so far as to determine the contrary, and enter into a national contract the fulfilment of which, at any rate in my Judgment, will depend on this event. Opinions on the subject are various and the arguments on both sides cogent; circumstances hitherto very indicisive. At Rhode Island, there is nothing that looks like an evacuation, that I have heard of; at New York, the length of time elapsed, since the event has been expected, which cannot be satisfactorily accounted for, makes it not a little doubtful and problematical.
But if it were even certain, that the Enemy would shortly leave these States, I should think our ability to carry on the expeditions meditated from the nature of the Country and the remoteness from the source of our supplies, joined to the discouraging State of our finances, too precarious to authorize a preconcerted agreement with a foreign power, binding ourselves to the attempt.
On the other hand, if we were certain of doing our part, a co-operation by the French would in my opinion, be as delicate and precarious an enterprise, as can be imagined. All the reasons which induce France and the United States to wish to wrest Canada and Halifax from the dominion of England, operate with her, perhaps more forcibly, to use every possible effort for their defence. The loss of them would be a deadly blow to her trade and empire. To hope to find them in a defenceless state, must be founded in a supposition of the total incapacity of Britain, both by land and sea, to afford them protection. I should apprehend, we may run into a dangerous error by estimating her power so low.
We have been informed, that a strong Garrison has been lately sent to Hallifax amounting by report to about 4000 men. A part of the detachments, which the Enemy are now making from New York are currently said to be, and in all probability are, destined for that place. If they evacuate intirely, a very considerable part of their force will no doubt go there; and, in any case we may expect, that reinforcements will be thrown from thence into Canada, early in the Spring. The English are now greatly superior to the French by Sea in America; and will from every appearance continue so unless Spain interpose, an event which I do not know, we are authorized to count upon. However, as I am destitute of information with respect to the present state of European politics, this is a point upon which I can form but an imperfect judgment. But if it should not take place, I think it infinitely probable, from the maritime situation and advantages of Hallifax, which is represented as the finest port and best naval arsenal in America, from the security it is calculated to give to the general trade and possessions of Britain, both on the Continent and in the West Indies, that it will be a station for a larger naval force, than the one intended to convoy the french Troops. It will naturally be the principal rendezvous of the British Ships of War in America. If this position be admitted, should the English have any knowledge or even suspicion of the design of the French Court, to send a fleet up the river St. Lawrence, nothing will be easier than to intercept this fleet on its way; or to take or destroy it after it has gotten in.
Nor can we flatter ourselves with keeping this business a secret. Congress perhaps will be surprised to be told, that it is already in more hands than they suspect, and, in the progress of the negociation in France, it will get in many more. The preparations will announce the intention. It is indeed a part of the plan to avow the destination of the French Troops, though this is to be contradicted by the manner of their Cloathing &c. The Stationing Troops this Winter, as is proposed, particularly on the Mohawk and Connecticut river, would be unequivocal proofs of the design. It must at least excite the strongest suspicions; so as to put the English nation upon their guard, and make them take precautions to counteract it.
But if the French troops should arrive before Quebec, I think their success against that strong place, fortified by every advantage of nature and of art would be extremely doubtful. It is supposed this Capital post will be found in so weak a condition as to make its surrender a matter of course, owing to the Enemy's having previously drained themselves for the defence of Detroit, Niagara, St. Johns, Montreal &c. But we cannot depend that this will be the case. They may esteem it the part of prudence rather to sacrifice, or at least hazard the extremities in order to collect their strength at the Heart. Montreal indeed and the posts essential to it must be defended, because the possession of them would throw too large a part of the Country into our hands. But if reinforcements are sent to Canada early in the spring, a circumstance extremely likely, these may be attended to, without too far weakening the garrison of Quebec; and, as before observed, we cannot build upon their conduct's being regulated by an ignorance of our plans. The french troops instead of a coup de main would, in this case, be reduced to the necessity of carrying on a blockade.
I will now take the liberty to turn my attention towards the operations of our own troops.40 The one against Detroit, I shall
[Note 40: "The expedition to Detroit from Pittsburg I highly approve of being fully convinced from experience and observation that there is no way of opposing Indians effectually, but by carrying the War into their own Country and in the present. Instance stopping the source from whence these disorders and blood shed flow with their Supplies which will be found to originate at the Enemys Posts near the Indian Settlements; but I cannot say that I see into the policy of avowing the intention, because the more covert we act the more distracted are the Enemy which is the great advantage that offensive measures have over defensive ones and where we have sevl. blows to Aim, and all very desirable, it is best to let them grope, for in that case, by paying attention to every place they are weak at all points where as by reducing one or two operations to a certainty you give a clue to the whole and enable them to make defences accordingly. Nor can I see how the Troops designd for Detroit are to form a junction with those at Niagara unless they subdue the Naval force on Lake Erie as well as the Garrison of Detroit which cannot be so as long as Niagara remains theirs the former being on the West and the latter on the East end of the lake distant Miles wch. is as far as it is from Pittsburg to Detroit and a much more difficult Rout by Land. The distance by Water is less but where are the Vessels? Detroit is upon the edge of the lake and if the Post cannot be defended, the Garrison will immediately ship themselves for Niagara, and with their Armed Vessels (two of which one of 16 and another of 18 Guns they have) scour the lake of Batteaus if you even had them to transport your Troops "
"The same reasons which lead me to approve the Expedition to Detroit operate equally forceably for one to Niagara but I have too little knowledge of the Rout proposed from Ochnaquaga and the object of that Rout to give an opinion upon the propriety of dividing the force that is to operate against Niagara and without there was some cogent reason for it I should be against it and for this Reason principally, that you may be beaten in detachment by the collective force of the Enemy against either of these bodies. As I have before said I have too little knowledge of the rout from Onaquaga to Niagara to give a decided opinion upon the practicability of a March with the necessary Apparatus for the reduction in that Post; from the Idea I entertain of the Country and a general description I have nevr. understood that Artillery could be transported and without this the Garrison could be reduced no otherwise than by famine. If the destruction of the Indian Settlements is the only end to be answered by the March this body of Troops the conquest of them will be as effectual by the possession of this Post as by any means whatsoever as it is in the heart of or rather covers their Country
"Under my present view of the matter I see no other way of reducing Niagara and making the Iroquois or Six Nations depandant upon us but by obtaining the Mastery of Lake Ontario."] at present say nothing about; if well conducted, I should hope that place would fall without very great difficulty. The case is very different with respect to Niagara. This I am informed is one of the strongest fortresses in America; and can only be reduced by regular approaches or by famine. (In accomplishing this last war and a conquest as far as Montreal, I believe, General Amherst exhausted two campaigns, with all the advantages which he derived from the United efforts of Britain and America; with every convenience for water transportation, including plenty of Seamen, and with money that commanded every thing, which either Country could furnish.)41
[Note 41: In the Washington Papers are eight folio pages, in Washington's writing, of extracts "Taken from the Journal of Lieut. Colo. Bradstreet's Expedition to Fort Frontenac in the year 1759," which Washington apparently copied out to further clarify his ideas as to this projected Canadian expedition.]
The former mode would require great perseverance time and labour and an apparatus, which it would be almost impracticable to transport. The latter is practicable, but very difficult. To effect it we must gain a superiority on the lakes; the Enemy have already a respectable force there. If the suspect our design, which they cannot fail to do from the measures to be taken, they may improve the interval in adding to it; and by providing materials and Artificers upon the spot, they may be able to increase it, so as to keep pace with us. It is therefore easy to see, that we ought not to be too sanguine in the success of this expedition; and that, if a moderate force be employed in the defence of Niagara, without degarnishing Quebec and the intermediate posts, its reduction will be a very arduous task.
The body of Troops to penetrate by way of the River St. Francis, must meet with great obstacles. They will have a march of about 150 miles from the Co-os which is about 160 beyond Hartford, a great part of which is through a hitherto uninhabited and tractless Country, with an immense train of Waggons. All the stores and provisions for the whole march and the future supply of the troops, at least till they should get footing in Canada, must accompany them from the beginning. The impediments and delays in such a march almost exceed conception. When arrived at the St. Lawrence, fresh obstacles probably would present themselves. The presumption is, that if the Enemy could not make head there, they would desolate the Country, through which we were to pass; destroy all the provision and forage, remove every kind of Water craft and demolish the materials for building Others. These precautions being taken on the Sorrell and St. Lawrence, would pretty effectually obstruct our progress, both to Montreal and Cadosoqui;42 to say nothing of the rapidity of the current, and the numerous rifts between Montreal and Lagalette.43 While we deliberately consider all the obstacles in the execution; and the difficulties we shall find in preparing the vast magazines required, which have been already enumerated, if within the compass of our Resources, we shall be led to think it not very improbable, that this body may
[Note 42: Cadiroqui (Cataraqui), same as Frontenac, Canada.]
[Note 43: La Gallette (Lagalette), New York.] be unable to penetrate Canada, at least in time to co-operate with the French troops, if a co-operation should be necessary. The situation of these troops then would be delicate and dangerous. Exposed to a defeat from the United force of the Enemy; in great danger of having their retreat cut off by a superior naval force in the River, they would have every thing to fear.
On the other hand, if our operation should be as successful as we may flatter ourselves, a tempest or a British fleet may deprive us of the expected aid; and, at a critical moment, we may find ourselves in the bosom of an Enemy's Country, obliged to combat their whole force, with one inferior, and reduced by a tedious and wasting march. The five thousand men, when they arrived in Canada, would probably little exceed four capable of service, and would be still less, if, out of them we should establish posts as we advanced to ensure a retreat and to protect escorts of provisions, which must follow for future suport. Thus an accident in either case, would involve the defeat of the whole project, and the catastrophe might be attended with the most unhappy consequences to America.
The plan proposed appears to me not only too extensive and beyond our abilities, but too complex. To succeed, it requires such a fortunate coincidence of circumstances, as could hardly be hoped and cannot be relied on. The departure of the Enemy from these States, without which we cannot furnish the stipulated force or supplies to maintain them. Such a want of power or want of foresight in the Enemy, as will oblige them to neglect the reinforcement of Hallifax and Canada and prevent them, however conveniently situated, from disputing the passage of four Ships of the line and four Frigates up the River St. Lawrence, or attempting their destruction afterwards. Such a combination of favourable incidents, as will enable several bodies, acting separately and independently by Sea and land and from different countries, to conform to times and periods, so as to ensure a co-operation; These and many other circumstances must conspire, to give success to the Enterprise.
Congress I am persuaded, had powerful reasons for fixing the convoy at the number they have, and their superior information respecting the affairs of Europe at this juncture, enables them to judge much better than I can pretend to do, of its sufficiency. But, from the imperfect view I have of the matter, I have been led in considering the subject, to look upon it as insufficient. From the general tenor of intelligence, the English outnumber the French in the Channel. In America, both on the Continent and in the Islands, they are greatly superior. If the last Toulon fleet is employed in the Mediterranean, the French may have the superiority there; but upon the whole the ballance of naval force seems hitherto to be on the side of the English. If we add to this, that the number of Ships of War in the french ports, built or building, bear no comparison to the number in the English ports; and that Britain, notwithstanding the diminution she has suffered, is still a Kingdom of great maritime resources, we shall be disposed to conclude, that the preponderance is too likely to continue where it is. The interposition of Spain indeed, would make a very interesting change; but her backwardness heretofore, seems to be an argument, that she is withheld from interfering by some weighty political motives; and how long these may continue to restrain her, is a question I am unqualified to determine.
Besides these general objections to the plan, which have been stated; there appear to me to be some particular ones, which I shall take the liberty to point out.
In the first place, I observe there are to be 5000 Militia employed in the two expeditions against Detroit and Niagara. The drawing into service so large a number composed chiefly of Husbandmen, in addition to what may be found necessary for other exigencies on the Coast, at so interesting a season of the year, will certainly be very injurious to the culture of our Lands, and must tend to add to the deficiency of supplies. But this, though not to be overlooked, is not the principal objection. In the expedition against Detroit, Militia perhaps may answer, as it not a post of very great strength, and may possibly be abandonned on, or in a little time after the approach of a force, that cannot be opposed in the field, and the garrison proceed to reinforce that of Niagara; but even here, troops of another kind would be far preferable. However the case will be very different with respect to this last. It is, as I have before mentioned, one of the strongest fortresses of America and demands for its reduction the very best Troops.44 Militia have neither patience
[Note 44: "Laying it down as a Position that Militia are totally unfit for the enterprize agt. Niagara (which is of the strongest fortresses upon the Continent) and that, if the Enemy should not abandon their Posts, and thereby require any army below to watch their motions or dislodge them if possible, it will be impossible that Provisions and other necessaries for so extensive a Plan as Congress have sketched out can be provided and very precarious under any circumstances, therefore I would substitute in its place the following plan and proceed to the execution of it in the following manner."
"Without a moments loss of time (and this I have already given file necessary Orders for) Magazines of Flour and Salt Provisions should be laid up at Albany; and on Connecticut River from No. 4 abe. fort Charles to Newbury in the Co'os Country, and at the former, that is Albany provide every Material for Ship and Boat Building, Rigging, Guns &ca. &ca. should be provided. I would also form large Magazines of Flour and an adequate quantity of Salt Provisions at Pittsburg. The Troops in the meanwhile, except such as may be necessary for safe Guards to the Provisions and Stores at the above places to be cantooned (if Circumstances will admit) in such places as they can be easiest supplied, and with the least interruption to the forming of the Magazines here mentioned. By the time Troops could safely take the field in the Spring, we shall know how far the full views of Congress so far as depends up. on our operations (for I am totally against connecting them with any other operation for the reasons already mentioned, and the consequences that might follow) can be carried into Execution; and thus far we proceed upon sure Grounds. If our resources and circumstances then combine we are thus far advanced into the Enterprize upon Canada on the large Scale, but If these should not warrant any capitol movement to the Northward, we may nevertheless extend ourselves from Pittsburg and the North Western Parts of the Frontier of this State into the Indian Settlements as I am fully perswaded that measures of this kind will be found most effectual indeed the only means of putting an end to Indian Ravages. lastly if in the possible event of the Enemy's finding us full imployment in the interior parts of the Country it should be found that our Supplies must be drawn to that Quarter the Magazines will be very properly situated for a removal [anywhere] being on the Rivers and to be Water borne.
"Thus far in general. I will now take the matter up more in detail and begin with the Expedition from Fort Pitt, which I conceive to be indispensably necessary for the peace and safety of the Frontiers of Pensylva. and Virginia; being thoroughly convinced as I have before observ'd that there is no way of putting an entire stop to Indian depredations but by the destruction of their Towns removing them to a greater distance and cutting of their supplies. The most effectual way then of doing this remains to be considered.
"If the Expedition is conducted by the more direct rout to Detroit, it must stand solely on its own bottom; for it can neither give aid to, or receive it from, the Troops which may be employed at Niagara, as Congress [have proposed] seem to expect; but will be convinced of the impracticability of, by adverting to the distance between the two places (upwards of 400 Miles thro an almost tractless rout more than double the distance it is from Pittsburg to Detroit) and, that the Enemy have the entire command of Lake Erie by means of two Armed Vessels which they have there containing 16, or 18 Guns each with which they can stop all Transportation by Water. It appears then that the object of this expedition must be confined to Detroit and to the Indian Settlements in the surrounding Country, if Detroit is the primary object.
"But as it appears to me that the Possession of the Lake is of infinite more importance than the reduction of the Fort (the abandoning of the last being the inevitable consequence of the first) it is an object highly worthy of consideration whether some plan cannot be devised to effect this, for till Lakes Erie and Ontario are in our absolute Possession, or the strait between them at Niagara, which could not well be obtained, or supported, unless we become Masters of the lower lake, it is of little avail to proceed to Detroit; because that place of itself give no opposition to Cannon unless it is considerably strengthened since last Winter; being only a stockade and deriving its importance from its situation and contiquity to Lake Huron and upper Lakes and in as much as it forms file Chain with the Mississipi and its security from the Indians, and the reinforcements to be received from Canada; the common Garrison being under two hundd. Men. If the Enemy cannot oppose our Troops destined for this Expedition in the Field and on their March I have no doubt of their abandoning the Post (after destroying the Works) and Shipping themselves for Niagara upon their approach.
"To remedy this, and strike a more deadly blow, the lake should be our first object; and the Rout, as far as my present knowledge of the Country extends should be up the Ohio in Barteaus or Canoes (which may be built at Fort Pitt in the course of Winter) to Wenango, thence up French Creek to where the French formerly had a Fort (all the way by Water) thence by a good carrying place 15 Miles and good Road to the Lake at Prisquisle another old french fort [on the Lake] about ... Miles from Niagara from whence, if a superiority could be obtained on the Lake the Expedition to Detroit is rendered more easy, much safer, or could be directed in the first, o Second Instance against Niagara as circumstances may require; for I lay it down a an incontestable fact that if we once obtain the Mastery of Lake Ontario and the Fort at Niagara that all the Indians in the upper Country cease to be hostile as they must from that moment become dependant upon us. the Communication with the upper Lakes by the way of the River Outawais being (undr. my Conception of the matter too intricate and round about for us to apprehend much danger from it till by a little, breathing spell, we shall recover enough to extend our own views for further security or contravene those of the Enemy, which may be directed to our injury.
"But to obtain this superiority is the difficulty as we are straitned for want of Guns and perhaps for want of every other article for the equipment for Vessells and are two Ships behind the enemy in the outsett and may presume that they can build as fast as we. There is no way of effecting this end, but by hanging out false appearances to mislead the Enemys attention and judgment; and this I think may in some measure be accomplished under these Idea's that to save the expence of Land Carriage from Fort Pitt, the Expedition will be conducted by Water down the Ohio to the Rive Scioto, up that to the small carrying place only 4 Miles and very good to Sandusky. this rout, so far from being chimercal, or even improbable, that I am not clear whether it is not the cheapest, safest, and most expeditious rout they can take to go immediately to Detroit; this therefore will acct. very satisfactorily for the building of the Batteaus or Canoes at Pittsburg and as [it is the desire I know] the opinion of Sore of the Settlers on the East side the Ohio is that nothing wd. contribute more to deter the hostile Indians from crossing that River than [some] armed Vessells to be Sailing up and down to cut of the Retreat of those that did (tho I myself do not think the there is sufficient depth of water for the purpose or that the end would be answered, if there was) yet this, or a hint that they were intended for some operation upon the Mississipi might with the unexpectedness of the real design sufficiently conceal it from the Enemy if none but the Commanding Officer of the Expedition is intrusted with the secret; and he under the strictest ties of honor enjoined not to reveal it. The kind of Vessels proper for the purpose of encountering such as the Enemy have upon the Lakes and the manner of building them, so as to be taken to pieces and transported in bits must be determined by those who are more competent judges of that kind of Service than I am.
"I am equally strongly impressed with the necessity of an Expedition to Ontario and Niagara, and for the identical reasons which have [prevail] been assigned in the case last mentioned but do not see the force or Propriety of dividing the Troops intended for this Service on the contrary can See many capitol evils and a fatal consequence which may result from the measure, for if each of these columns is not equal to the whole Assembled force of the Enemy they beat you in Detachment; by opposing their whole force to first one, and then the other, of them; besides, you are at the trouble and expence of preparing for two expeditions instead of one. Opening two Roads instead of one and risquing the junction of these columns at a critical moment perhaps even if no disaster should happen to either. If the only object, is the destruction of [a few] the Indian Villages which [may] lye in the Rout between Ouchnaquaqa and Niagara I do not think the object is equal to the risque; the expence, and the difficulties which will attend the Seperation of the Troops designed for this general Service especially when it is considered that if we succeed in the [main] objects of these two Expeditions that all the Indian South of the Lakes lay wholly at our Mercy.
"As the door into Canada, by the way of lake Champlain, is barred by the Naval force which the Enemy have there, every advantage gained by the way of lake Ontario is a step into that Country, by the [only] most practicable rout through which a large body of Troops can be conducted for I consider the movement by the way of Co'os at all end, and the design of it accomplished when the Troops arrive at the St. laurence as the presumption is that the Enemy if they cannot oppose them in the Field that they will remove or destroy all Provisions within their reach, all Vessels, and every material for building Vessels thereby endeavouring to prevent their crossing either the St. Lawrence or River Sorrel, which if accomplished would be an effectual bar to their progress to Montreal and up the River to Caderauki if the rapidity of the Currant and the many rifts which lays between Montreal and la galette were not alone sufficient. The March of Troops however into Canada by this Rout will create a very powerful diversion, distract the attention of the Enemy exceedingly and answer many valuable purposes, for which reason they should secure themselves as they go as well for the purpose of retreat as advance and for the benefit of Convoys as it may be a Channel thro which great supplies of live meat may be drove for the purpose of feeding the Army wch. may have penetrated by the River St. Lawrence."] nor perseverance for a siege. This has been demonstrated by all the experience we have had. An attempt to carry on One, which should materially depend on them, would be liable to be frustrated, by their inconstancy, in the most critical moments. Agreable to the plan under consideration 3,500 out of 5,600 are to be Militia.
It is a part of the plan, that the Troops sent against Detroit, whether successful or not, are to form a junction with those at Niagara. It appears to me on the contrary, that the expedition against Detroit under the present arrangement, must stand on it's own bottom, and have no other object than the reducing that place, and destroying the adjacent indian settlements. Lake Erie is certainly occupied by Two armed Vessels of Sixteen and Eighteen guns and it is said by five or six Others of smaller size, having two, three or four guns each, which while the Enemy hold Niagara, will prevent the communication of our Troops by way of the lake, to say nothing of the want of batteaus for transportation. A communication by land, must be performed through an extent of more than 400 miles, and great part of this at least, under many disadvantages of route and through tribes of hostile Indians.
My knowledge of the Country is not sufficiently accurate, to enable me to discover the reasons, which determined Congress to divide the force destined against Niagara, and to appoint the march of one body from Ononguaga to that place. It seems to me however, that this disposition might be subject to one great inconvenience, which is, that if each column be not superior to the whole collective force of the Enemy, they risk being beaten separately and successively; besides the trouble and expence of preparing, as it were for two expeditions instead of one, of opening two roads instead of one, and the uncertainty of co-operation if no disaster should happen to either, at the moment when it might be necessary. The inquiries, I have as yet had it in my power to make, are opposed to the practicability of conveying Cannon in the route from Ononguaga to Niagara, or at least place it as a point infinitely doubtful; and without Cannon, nothing can be effected against that post. Upon the whole, the great matter essential to success against Niagara, is to subdue the Enemy's force on Lake Erie and Ontario, particularly the latter. This once done, and the Garrison by that means cut off from it's supplies, the fort will be likely to fall an easy prey. Here our effort should be directed; nor do I at present perceive the purposes to be answered by the body going from Ononguaga, unless the devastation of the intermediate Indian villages be the object, which perhaps might not be equal to the risk, labour and expence; and the more so, as they would fall of course, if we should succeed in the general operation.
The cantoning five Thousand troops this winter on Connecticut river, under our present prospects, will, in my opinion, be impracticable, and, in any case unadvisable. When I had the honor of writing Congress in September last, on the subject of a winter campaign into Canada, I had been led by General Bayley and other Gentlemen acquainted with the Country, to expect that very considerable magazines of provisions might be laid up, on the upper parts of that river; but it appears on experiment, that their zeal for the expedition had made them much too sanguine in the matter. The purchases fall far, very far, short of what was expected. The difficulties of transportation, as represented by the Quarter Masters and Commissaries, supported by facts that speak for themselves, are so great and complicated, that I should have no hope of our being able from remote parts of the Continent, to throw in the quantity requisite for subsisting these troops during the Winter and, at the same time, of forming the Magazines which would be necessary to prosecute the expedition in the Spring. We may be endeavouring to form the Magazines; but the Troops cannot be on the spot this Winter; otherwise they will exhaust the provision, as fast as it can be collected. The same objection applies to the stationing troops on the Mohawk river.
In estimating our force for the next Campaign, it is to be considered, that upwards of Four thousand of the present Army will have compleated their term of service by the last of May next, and, that a great proportion of the remainder will have done the same about the close of the ensuing fall; unless they can be induced to reengage, of which the ill success of our present exertions to inlist those whose engagements are about to expire, affords but an unfavourable prospect. This and the general temper of the Officers, dissatisfied much with their situation, will suggest a strong argument against the extensive projects in contemplation.
In whatever point of light the subject is placed, our ability to perform our part of the contract, appears to me infinitely too doubtful and precarious, to justify the undertaking. A failure, as I have already observed, would involve consequences too delicate and disagreeable to be hazarded. But at the same time that my judgment is against this, I am clearly of opinion, that we should attempt everything that our circumstances will permit; but as the extent of our power must be regulated by many possible events, I would wish to hold ourselves free, to act according to either possibility, and as a clearer view of our future resources shall authorise. If the Enemy intirely leave these States, it will produce a vast change in our affairs and new prospects may open, of which we can at present have but a very imperfect idea. It would be a great step towards raising the value of our money, which would give a new spring to our military operations. We may be able to undertake much more than we can now foresee.
If the Enemy attempt to keep posts in these States, a primary object will be to expel them, if in our power; if not, we must make proper provision to bar their depredations; and must turn our attention to the security of our frontiers, by pursuing such measures, as shall be within the reach of our abilities.
Though we may not be able to launch into so wide a field as we could wish, something upon a more partial scale may be enterprised. Detroit and Niagara may perhaps be reduced, though Canada may not be an accession to the confederacy. With a view to what is possible, preparations may be going on, and we can make such an application of them, as we shall find practicable.
As there is no time to be lost in doing this, I shall give the necessary orders, so far as relate to the article of provision, which indeed has been already done in part. Magazines of forage, materials for boat and ship building, and other articles must also be provided; which will depend on the final arrangements, and more definitive instructions of Congress. These measures will be necessary to be taken, whether the present plan is carried on, or whether something less extensive, depending wholly on ourselves, is substituted in its place. I shall wait the further orders of Congress for the government of my conduct, in delivering the plan to the Marquis, as their resolution seems to require; or in transmitting it immediately to Doctor Franklin, as the Letter to the Committee seems to direct.45 At present I am under some doubt concerning the intention of Congress in this particular. I have the honor etc.
[Note 45: The Committee for Foreign Affairs, the members of which who signed the letter to Washington (October 27) were James Lovell and Richard Henry Lee. The letter is somewhat ambiguous, but Washington properly chose so to consider it, as by following the instructions literally he would report his observations to Franklin and not to Congress.]
P.S. I shall use every means in my power to obtain intelligence, in the points mentioned in the Resolution of the 26th Ulto.,46 and had taken measures for the purpose, with respect to Canada before. Mr. Livingston,47 an Officer in the Corps of guards will have the honor of presenting these dispatches to your Excellency. Their importance requiring more than a common Messenger, he very obligingly undertook upon application to give them a safe conveyance.48
[Note 46: The date should be October 22. Washington received the resolve on October 26.]
[Note 47: Lieut. Henry Philip Livingston, of the Commander in Chief's Guard. He was a captain of the Guard m December, 1778; resigned in March, 1779.]
[Note 48: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on November 19 and referred to the committee on the letter of Marquis de Lafayette. who were Samuel Adams, Gouverneur Morris, and William Henry Drayton. A report was rendered and adopted by Congress on December 5, agreeing with Washington's conclusions and that Congress are "of Opinion that the General should be directed to write to the Marquis de la Fayette upon that Subject, and also to write to the Minister of this States very fully, to the End that eventual Measures may be taken in case an Armament should be sent from France to Quebec to cooperate therewith to the utmost Degree which the Finances and Resources of these States will admit." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Dec. 5, 1778; also Washington's private letter to Henry Laurens, Nov. 14, 1778, post.)]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 11, 1778.
Sir: I have been honoured with yours of the 19th, 27th, 28th and 29th Ulto. A tolerable supply of Shoes have lately arrived to the Issuing Clothier's Store from the Eastward, Pennsylvania and Jersey, and if the different persons employed in procuring that article will exert themselves to keep up the supply, I hope we shall not be much distressed during the Winter, provided we remain quietly in Quarters.
It is much to be wished that Congress would come to a speedy resolution concerning the procuring Cloathing for the Officers at a price in proportion to their pay, more especially as they were led to expect this from a Resolve which passed in November 1777. If the Cloathing itself cannot be conveniently procured, I imagine the alternative of allowing an adequate sum of money in lieu thereof would be the next best expedient.
As the Board must undoubtedly have experienced the many difficulties arising from want of a proper arrangement of the Cloathier's department, I hope they will press the Committee who have the business in charge to bring in their report, that the new system may be carried into execution without loss of time. Whether it has been owing to want of conduct in the late officer, or his want of proper Powers and directions I will not undertake to determine; but the regularity in that department has been an endless source of trouble to me, and a great cause of discontent in the Army.
I have given the issuing Cloathier directions to keep an account of the marks and numbers of the Bales of Blankets and of the quality of their contents, from whence you will be able to trace from whom those small ones were purchased. When the issues are compleated you shall have the account. The directions to Mr. Mease were very proper. If any Corps want compleating, in any particular article, which is not to be procured here, I will sign the order myself.
In the present scarcity of Harts, the Caps, of which you have forwarded a pattern, must be used by way of substitute. But an officer very attentive to the health of his men, informs me that he found an inconvenience from the use of Woolen Caps last Winter, instead of Harts. When the men put them off in the Spring, they, many of them, took violent colds from the sudden transition. They also contribute to keep the Head dirty, than which nothing is more unhealthy.
I find it impracticable to carry the recommendation of the Board, respecting calling in the old Cloathes upon the delivery of the new, into execution. The Soldiers were not to be convinced of the good policy and oeconomy intended by the application of the old Cloaths to Hospitals, and the followers of the Army; but looked upon it as an unjustifiable attempt to deprive them of what they had earned by their years service; and what, considering the scanty supply of some kind of covering, Blankets in particular, would help to make them more comfortable during the Winter. These discontents were communicated to me the moment they arose, by some of the best Officers in the line, which determined me to let the matter drop, more especially as another argument was made use of, which was unanswerable, this was, that upon a fair settlement there would be found a considerable deficiency of the bounty Cloathing for a year or two past, and that therefore it would be more equitable to make up the deficiency than to draw in the remains. I am &c.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and addressed to Richard Peters as a "Member of the Board of War."]
Head Quarters, Frederick'sburgh, Wednesday, November 11, 1778.
Parole Europe. Countersigns Enfield, Egra.
Lieutenant Joseph Crocker50 of Colo. Greaton's Regiment is appointed Pay Master. Lieutt. William Cheney51 is appointed Adjutant and Lieutt. Samuel Millish52 is appointed Quarter Master of the same from the 16th. of September last.
[Note 50: Lieut. Joseph Crocker, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was captain in March, 1780, and resigned in July, 1781.]
[Note 51: Lieut. William Chaney (Cheney), of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in August, 1780.]
[Note 52: Lieut. Samuel Mellish, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
At a Division General Court Martial held in the Pennsylvania Line, October 28th. 1778, by order of General Wayne, Lieutt. Colo. Adam Hubley, President, Lieutt. Thomas McCoy of the 7th. Pennsylvania Regiment was tried for repeated disorderly Conduct unbecoming an Officer and a Gentleman and for embezzling the State's Money, found guilty of a breach of the 21st. Article, 14th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be discharg'd the service. The Court do acquit him of embezzling the States Money, but it appears by an Amount render'd by Lieutt. McCoy to Lieutt. Colo. Hay and laid before the Court that he is considerably indebted for publick Monies advanced by the State of Pennsylvania and do therefore order the Accompts to be transmitted with the Proceedings of the Court to Head Quarters.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence; It gives him real Pain and regret that any officers should permit themselves to run into such frivolous, indecent quarrels and disorders.
As Lieutt. McCoy appears considerably indebted to the State of Pennsylvania for public Money received by him it is but equitable that if there be any Money due him from the United States, it should be stopped so far as not to exceed that Debt.
The Pay Master will therefore attend to this and the Commanding Officer of the Regiment to which he belongs will see that the Money so due to Lieutt. McCoy be paid to the State of Pennsylvania.
At a General Court-Martial of the Line, Novr. 5th. 1778, Lieutt. Colo. Williams, President, Lieutt. Wolfen of the Marechaussie Light Dragoons was tried for disobedience of orders, cursing and damning the service, striking Serjeant Muller with a Sword and confining him afterwards and for offering to have him punished again without a trial and for being drunk when he committed the same.
The Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Wolfen in striking Serjeant Muller and then confining him without any apparent Provocation was highly blamable and that his conduct thro'out the affair was unbecoming the Character of an Officer and a Gentleman and do sentence him to be reprimanded in General orders.
The General approves the sentence. Lieutt. Wolfen's conduct was highly indiscreet and improper.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Thursday, November 12, 1778.
Parole Penobscot. Countersigns Potowmack, Po.
The North Carolina Brigade to march tomorrow morning 8 o'Clock. The Commanding Officer will receive further orders at the Orderly Office.
All soldiers discharged from the Hospital by the Director General or Surgeons as unfit for Camp duty are to be sent to the Quarter Master General who will employ such as are fit, for Waggoners.53
[Note 53: Meade wrote to Greene (November 11): "His Excy ... approves of your proposition of taking into employ as Waggoners all such as may be fit for that service and are unable to do duty as Soldiers, and that the director of the Hospitals shall be instructed to turn all such over to you." Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
At a General Court-Martial of the Line (Novr. 10th. 1778) whereof Lieutt. Colo. Williams was President, Lieutenant Marshall54 of the first North Carolina Regiment tried for" Neglect of duty and disobedience of Orders"; found guilty of Neglect of duty but acquitted of the charge of disobedience of orders and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of his Regiment.
[Note 54: Lieut. Dixon Marshall, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1780; served to close of the war.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence.
[Note 55: Agent for Continental armed vessels at Newburyport, Mass.]
Head Quarters, November 12, 1778.
Sir: It was not till the return of Major Gibbs from the Eastward, that I discovered how much the cheerfulness of my table was owing to you. The pipe of Wine, which you sent me, was till then, mistaken for a purchase of the commissary; but notwithstanding its goodness, there still remained enough to remember the sender. I beg you may accept my thanks, and am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 12, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed I have the honor to transmit the Copy of a letter from Brigr. General Hamilton57 to Genl. Heath. I did not choose to grant the request without the concurrence of Congress; tho' at the same time I think it may be safely done.58 It will save the trouble and expence of another escort at a future day. I shall be glad of the determination of Congress as speedily as possible as the Flag Vessell bound to Virginia with the Baggage of the Convention troops, will perhaps be detained for the answer. I have the honor &c.59
[Note 57: Brig. Gen. James Hamilton, of the British Army. A copy of his letter is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. His request was to allow a few sick and married British officer prisoners to go to Virginia in the flag vessel, to allow some sick privates to remain at Cambridge, and hospital stores to be shipped in the vessel.]
[Note 58: On this same day (November 12) Washington wrote to Maj. Gen. William Heath that he had referred Hamilton's request to Congress and sent officers to meet the Convention troops at Enfield. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 59: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 12, 1778.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your letter of the 29th. Ulto., with its several inclosures.
The two militia companies, who were under General Stark's discharge, and which you mention on the cover of your letter to have left you, will necessarily forfeit, by this step the State bounty, as appears by its own resolutions of June the 10th, 1778.
Cloathing has been already sent on to Aldens, Butlers and Poseys corps. When the other troops are mustered, which are still unprovided and exact and accurate returns made out, you will then order officers down for the purpose of procuring them the necessary supplies. The return should correspond with their wants and include both their serviceable and unserviceable articles of cloathing. I am &ca.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The original letter, which was sold at auction in 1893, contained the following: "P.S. You will be pleased to forward the inclosed to Colo. Butler."]
Head Quarters, November 12, 1778.
Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Ulto. was duly communicated by Doctor Jones.62
[Note 62: James Jones, surgeon's mate, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The arrangements for the winter being not yet complete your regiment will wait further orders.63 In the mean time I would be glad to know in what time you think your regiment and Colo. Morgan's corps could move to Wyoming; you will also mention the difficulties and the best course for such a march at this season of the year.
[Note 63: Butler was then at Schoharie, N. Y.]
In case I find it expedient to remove these two corps to Wyoming, your presence will be necessary during the march. But when this is over, or if it should not take place I have no objection to complying with your visiting your family. This will be ascertained by the time I have your answer, when I shall write you further on this subject.
Lieutt. Dover64 of your Regt. has signified his desire on the 2d. instant, to resign, you will be pleased to report whether Mr. Dover has any accounts with the publick unsettled. I am &ca.65
[Note 64: Lieut. John Dover, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. His resignation was dated Nov. 2, 1778.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On November 12 Washington wrote to Major General Sullivan calling for an accurate list of those who were to be commissioned in Colonel Henley's regiment: "When I receive this I shall order commissions to be made out, and take the first opportunity to transmit them. But you will take precautions against the insertion of appointments not legally made; admitting those only of the first instance, or of a regular succession confirmed by proper officers." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Friday, November 13, 1778.
Parole --. Countersigns -- --.
Lieutt. Benjamin Lodge66 and Ensign James Allen67 of the sixth Pennsylvania Regiment are appointed the first Adjutant and the second Quarter Master to the same from the first day of August last.
[Note 66: He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June of that year.]
[Note 67: He retired in January, 1780. His name appears sometimes as McAllen.]
Head Quarters, November 13, 1778.
Sir: I received your letter of the 7th. Inst. with the inclosed representation of your officers.68
[Note 68: This representation, dated Nov. 5, 1778, is addressed to Regnier and signed by 4 captains and 5 lieutenants of the Fourth New York Regiment. It is in the Washington Papers.]
When a general plan of arrangement is once established for wintering the army, any alteration whatsoever might be introductory of difficulties and confusion; but independent of considerations of this kind, the reasons on which your officers found their request does not operate in favor of the change they desire. You may mention to the Gentlemen that the persons who have made incursions on Long Island have done it without my permission; And that a frequency of such prædatory conduct under proper authority, when not against our enemy in arms would soon put an end to the very intention of Major Grays command; those incursions have been chiefly planned against the inhabitants of the Island. You will also observe to your officers, that I shall at all times take a pleasure in the gratification of that spirit of enterprise which they have discovered and in its direction to proper objects. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 13, 1778.
Sir: Baron De Steuben will have the honor of delivering you this. He waits upon Congress on the subject of the Inspectorship, which he is extremely anxious should be put upon some decided footing. He appears to be sensible of some difficulties in the plan formerly proposed and which I had the honor some time since to transmit my observations upon;70 and desirous, that they should not prove an obstruction to the progress of an institution, which if accomodated to the circumstances and sentiments of the Army, promises very great advantages to the service. The success the Baron had in the beginning and the benefits derived from it makes me regret the obstacles that have so long suspended his exertions; and I should wish he may have it in his power to resume them on principles most advancive of the service. On these I have already fully communicated my ideas; and it is unnecessary I should add. I have the honor, etc.71
[Note 70: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Sept. 12, 1778, ante.]
[Note 71: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Fredericksburgh, November 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: This will be accompanied by an official letter on the subject of the proposed expedition against Canada. You will perceive I have only considered it in a military light; indeed I was not authorised to consider it in any other; and I am not without apprehensions, that I may be thought, in what I have done, to have exceeded the limits intended by Congress. But my solicitude for the public welfare which I think deeply interested in this affair, will I hope justify me in the eyes of all those who view things through that just medium.
I do not know, Sir, what may be your sentiments in the present case; but whatever they are I am sure I can confide in your honor and friendship, and shall not hesitate to unbosom myself to you on a point of the most delicate and important Nature.
The question of the Canadian expedition in the form it now stands appears to me one of the most interesting that has hitherto agitated our National deliberations. I have one objection to it, untouched in my public letter, which is in my estimation, insurmountable, and alarms all my feelings for the true and permanent interests of my country. This is the introduction of a large body of French troops into Canada, and putting them in possession of the capital of that Province, attached to them by all the ties of blood, habits, manners, religion and former connexion of government. I fear this would be too great a temptation, to be resisted by any power actuated by the common maxims of national policy.72 Let us realize for a moment the striking advantages France would derive from the possession of Canada;
[Note 72: The draft at this point has the following crossed out: "to lay no particular stress on that spirit of ambition and love of dominion which the enemies of France have pretended to be peculiarly characteristic of that enterprising nation."] the acquisition of an extensive territory abounding in supplies for the use of her Islands; the opening a vast source of the most beneficial commerce with the Indian nations, which she might then monopolize; the having ports of her own on this continent independent on the precarious good will of an ally; the engrossing the whole trade of New found land whenever she pleased, the finest nursery of seamen in the world; the security afforded to her Islands; and finally, the facility of awing and controuling these states, the natural and most formidable rival of every maritime power in Europe. Canada would be a solid acquisition to France on all these accounts and because of the numerous inhabitants, subjects to her by inclination, who would aid in preserving it under her power against the attempt of every other.
France acknowledged for some time past the most powerful monachy in Europe by land, able now to dispute the empire of the sea with Great Britain, and if joined with Spain, I may say certainly superior, possessed of New Orleans, on our Right, Canada on our left and seconded by the numerous tribes of Indians on our Rear from one extremity to the other, a people, so generally friendly to her and whom she knows so well how to conciliate; would, it is much to be apprehended have it in her power to give law to these states.
Let us suppose, that when the five thousand french troops (and under the idea of that number twice as many might be introduced,) were entered the city of Quebec; they should declare an intention to hold Canada, as a pledge and surety for the debts due to France from the United States, [or, under other specious pretences hold the place till they can find a bone for contention], and [in the meanwhile] should excite the Canadians to engage in supporting [their pretences and claims]; what should we be able to say with only four or five thousand men to carry on the dispute? It may be supposed that France would not choose to renounce our friendship by a step of this kind as the consequence would probably be a reunion with England on some terms or other; and the loss of what she had acquired, in so violent and unjustifiable a manner, with all the advantages of an Alliance with us. This in my opinion is too slender a security against the measure to be relied on. The truth of the position will intirely depend on naval events. If France and Spain should unite and obtain a decided superiority by Sea, a reunion with England would avail very little and might be set at defiance. France, with a numerous army at command might throw in what number of land forces she thought proper to support her pretensions; and England without men, without money, and inferior on her favourite element could give no effectual aid to oppose them. Resentment, reproaches, and submission seem to be all that would be left us. Men are very apt to run into extremes; hatred to England may carry some into an excess of Confidence in France; especially when motives of gratitude are thrown into the scale. Men of this description would be unwilling to suppose France capable of acting so ungenerous a part. I am heartily disposed to entertain the most favourable sentiments of our new ally and to cherish them in others to a reasonable degree; but it is a maxim founded on the universal experience of mankind, that no nation is to be trusted farther than it is bound by its interest; and no prudent statesman or politician will venture to depart from it. In our circumstances we ought to be particularly cautious; for we have not yet attained sufficient vigor and maturity to recover from the shock of any false step into which we may unwarily fall.
If France should even engage in the scheme, in the first instance with the purest intentions, there is the greatest danger that, in the progress of the business, invited to it by circumstances and, perhaps, urged on by the solicitations and wishes of the Canadians, she would alter her views.
As the Marquis clothed his proposition when he spoke of it to me, it would seem to originate wholly with himself; but it is far from impossible that it had its birth in the Cabinet of France and was put into this artful dress, to give it the readier currency. I fancy that I read in the countenances of some people on this occasion, more than the disinterested zeal of allies. I hope I am mistaken and that my fears of mischief make me refine too much, and awaken jealousies that have no sufficient foundation.
But upon the whole, Sir, to wave every other consideration; I do not like to add to the number of our national obligations. I would wish as much as possible to avoid giving a foreign power new claims of merit for services performed, to the United States, and would ask no assistance that is not indispensible. I am, etc.73
[Note 73: This was a private letter. The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The letter sent, which is entirely in the writing of Washington, was sold at auction in 1933, and from the catalogue description varies in some particulars from the draft by Hamilton, which suffered much alteration before it was approved.
President Laurens replied (November 20): "I believe and upon good grounds, the scheme for an expedition into Canada in concert with the Arms of France, originated in the breast of the Marquis de lafayette, encouraged probably by conferences with Count d'Estaing and I also believe it to be the offspring of the purest motives so far as respects that origin, but this is not sufficient to engage my concurrence in a measure big with eventful mischiefs. As deeply as my very limited time and faculties had suffered me to penetrate, I had often contemplated our delicate connexion with France, and although it is painful to talk of one's own foresight, I had view'd and foretold fifteen Months ago the humiliating state, to which our embrio Independence would be reduced by courting from that Nation the loan of more Money than should be actually necessary for the support of the Army and of our unfortunate Navy.
"I was one of the six unsuccessful opponents to the resolution for borrowing Money from France for paying the Interest of our loan Office Certificates; we have in this single article plunged the Union into a vast amount of debt, and from neglecting to exert our very small abilities or even to shew a leading disposition to cancel any part of the former demand against us, our Bills for that Interest are now floating in imminent danger of dishonor and disgrace; fully persuaded of the true value of National honor I anxiously wished to support our own by a propriety and consistency of conduct and I dreaded the consequences of subjecting our happiness to the disposal of a powerful Creditor, who might on very specious grounds, interpret National honor to our destruction. I warned my friends against the danger of Mortgaging these States to foreign powers. Every Million of Livres you borrow implies a pledge of your Lands, and it is optional in your Creditor to be repaid at the bank of England with an exorbitant Premium, or to collect the Money due to him in any of your Ports, and according to his own mode, whenever National Interest shall require the support of pretended National honor; hence Your Excellency will perceive what were my feelings, when the propositions for subduing Canada by the aid of a french Fleet and Army were first broached to me. I demurred exceedingly to the Marquis's scheme and expressed some doubts of the concurrence of Congress, this was going as far as I dared consistently with my Office or considering him as a Gentleman of equal honor and tenacity. I trusted the issue of his application to the sagacity of Congress, the business was referred to a Committee who conferred with the Marquis, their Report was framed agreeably to his wishes, but the House very prudently determined to consult the Commander in Chief previously to a final determination, and, although Your Excellency's observations are Committed, I am much mistaken if every Member of Congress is not decided in his opinion in favor of them. If the prosecution of so extensive a project is from the present state of our Army and funds impracticable on our part, it becomes altogether unnecessary to discuss the point in a Political view, and I trust the Marquis will be satisfied with such reasonings in apology for our desisting from the pursuit of his favorite enterprise, as our circumstances will dictate.
"The immense debts which we are involved in abroad and at home demands the most serious attention and calls for an exertion of the collected wisdom of all these States, in order to secure what we have saved from the ravages of the Enemy. I am very short sighted, if there be at this time any encouragement for attempting distant conquests. I have been uniformly averse from every proposition which tended to dissipate our strength, and to accumulate our debt; events have confirmed my opinions, and at this Instant taking in view all circumstances, I have doubts of the policy and more of the success of the pending expedition against East Florida." Laurens's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 14, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit you the copy of a letter of the 10th instant, which I received yesterday from Sir Henry Clinton,74 on the subject of exchanging the prisoners of the Convention. Should the proposition be agreeable to Congress, I shall be glad to receive powers to enter into a negotiation as soon as possible, as it may probably relieve our Officers, upon parole, from the disagreeable necessity of returning to New York. I will just observe, that should an exchange take place upon the terms proposed by Sir Henry, I should suppose that we shall not be obliged to give up any considerable number of privates by way of composition, as the Officers of the Convention, should the whole be suffered to be exchanged, would go
[Note 74: A copy of Clinton's letter is filed with this one of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. In proposing an exchange negotiation Clinton added: "You have ordered the troops of the Convention to be removed from Massachusetts Bay to Virginia, and I have ordered all the officers of your Army prisoners out on parole to return here."] a great way towards liberating ours75 at present in the hands of the Enemy.
[Note 75: The draft reads "liberating all ours."]
But it cannot be expected that they will leave their troops intirely destitute of Officers. Mr. Commissary Clark76 mentioned by Sir Henry Clinton, was permitted by Genl Heath to go from Boston to New York to settle the accounts and procure money for the discharge of the debts of the troops at Cambridge.77 I have the honor, etc.78
[Note 76: Jonathan Clarke, Assistant Commissary General, British Northern Army.]
[Note 77: "General Scott has my instructions that you may proceed by the most convenient route to Cambridge or the troops of Convention. And that nothing may be wanting which can add to their ease and comfort you may [if you choose it] signify to Sir Henry Clinton that I will receive at Kings ferry the necessaries and money you mention and take immediate measures to have them conveyed to the troops."-- Washington to Clarke, Nov. 14, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers. The draft of this letter is in the writing of James McHenry and the words in brackets were added, in the draft, by Washington.
"Mr. Clarke has my permission to proceed by the most convenient route to the troops of the Convention."-- Washington to Sir Henry Clinton, Nov. 14, 1778, This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 78: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on November 18 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favs. of the 9th. and 13th. I think it will be on every account better for the Officers of the Connecticut line to take their places as they were posted by the new arrangement, and I desire that Genl. Huntington and Parsons may do it.
I have received advice from Boston that the Somerset of 64 Guns, one of Admiral Byron's Fleet, went on shore on Cape Cod in a Gale of Wind the 31st. last month. The Officers and Crew except 40 or 50 drowned, are prisoners. It is said that three or four more ships were seen in extreme distress. If the Fleet had not made a port before the Storm of the 11th. and that of last night we may conclude that they cannot be in a very agreeable situation. They had not got into Newport the 10th. Count D'Estaing put to sea with his whole Fleet the 4th. of this month. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowlege your favor of Yesterday, and one by Colonel Graham.80
[Note 80: Col. Morris Graham, of the New York levies.]
When Colonel Graham was up here, I received from Count D'Estaing a number of declarations, to the french inhabitants of America,81 addressed to them in the name of his most christian majesty. Each of the gentlemen who were at table got one of those declarations. As I do not think it proper they should be made public by me in the first instance; or that they should creep into New York before they have an operation elsewhere I have therefore recalled all the declarations but that one in Colonel Grahams possession. You will be pleased to recover this as soon as possible and transmit it here.
[Note 81: A translation of this Declaration, in the writing of John Laurens, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 59, 3, fol. 147. It was read in Congress by the request of the French Minister Gérard on December 5.]
In the letter from Mr. Clark the A. Commissary Genl. to the Convention army he requests a passport by land; and an examination of his letters, in order that he may not be under the necessity of going to Boston in case the troops should be on their march. You will examine the letters he brought out of N. York, and give him a permission to proceed by the nearest route to Cambridge or the Convention troops, previously taking his parole that he will not communicate with the people to the injury or disadvantage of the States, either directly or indirectly.
The inclosures you will send into N. Y. by flag and should Mr. Clarke want to write me, you will give his the same conveyance. I am etc.
P.S. In case Colo. Graham has had the declaration translated, you will do every thing to recover such from the persons who may have them.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: Permission is granted to send a Flag Boat from New York to Kings Ferry with Cloathing and other necessaries for the troops of the Convention who may be shortly expected at Fishkill on their way to Virginia. Upon the arrival of the British Boat at Kings Ferry, you are to procure a proper Vessel and take the goods out of her and send them under the care of an Officer who is to deliver them to the Deputy Quarter Master Genl. at Fishkill landing, to be carefully stored till called for.83 I am etc.84
[Note 83: On November 16 Washington wrote again to Clinton ordering him to march as soon as possible to Albany. "The inclosed copy of a letter to Genl. Hand will point out the cause of your movement, and you will consider it as instructions for your conduct, as you will have the command. ... I wrote you on Saturday respecting a flag Vessel that might come up to Kings ferry. If She should not come before you march, you will advise Colo. Malcom of the matter and request him to pursue the same conduct with respect to the Cloathing &c. she may bring as was prescribed to you." This original letter is in the Morgan Library.]
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 16, 1778.
Sir: By the time this reaches you General Du Portail will probably be at Philadelphia. One part of his business is to prosecute the directions given him, some time since, for forming a plan for the defence of the River Delaware, to be submitted to Congress. Another part is to understand from Congress, what may be their views and wishes with respect to his further continuance in America and that of the three other Gentlemen attached to him. He informs me that the furlough, he obtained from the Court of France expires in February next, and that unless there is a certain prospect of his being employed hereafter, in a manner useful to the States and honorable to himself, he intends immediately to return. He therefore wishes some explicit ideas to be realized on this subject. He is also anxious that something difinitive should be done, with respect to the pay and other appointments both of himself and the Gentlemen with him; which have been hitherto undecided and have left them in a very uncertain and disagreeable situation; added to this, he is desirous to have some arrangement fixed for the rules and manner of service in his department.
He delivered me some days since a memorial intended for Congress and which I have now the honour to inclose, containing his ideas on a general system of fortification for these states, and which he requested me to accompany with my Sentiments. But it includes questions of finance and considerations of policy, the most extensive and important; of which Congress alone can form a competent judgment. I shall therefore only say, that considered merely in a military point of view, the plan appears to me worthy of very serious attention.
It is but justice to General Du Portail to observe, that I have a high opinion of his merit and abilities; and esteem him not only well acquainted with the particular branch he possesses, but a man of sound judgment and real knowledge in military science in general. I have also a very favourable opinion of the other Gentlemen; I will take the liberty to add, that it appears to me they will be extremely necessary and useful in our future operations, whether be directed to offence, or defence, whether to dispossess the enemy of posts in our front, to assist in carrying on the proposed expedition into Canada, or any other, on a less extensive plan, which may be substituted in its stead, for the mere security of our frontier.
Mr. De Murnon85 has served in quality of Engineer under General Du Portail since the first of March last with the promise of a Majority, by the Committee of arrangement at Valley forge. He has never yet received his commission. This I presume has been forgotten in a croud of more important affairs. With the greatest respect, etc.86
[Note 85: Jean Bernard de Murnand. He received his commission as major of engineers, Jan. 13, 1779, to date from Mar. 1, 1778; brevet lieutenant colonel in September, 1783; resigned Feb. 3, 1784, when Congress resolved that it entertained "a due sense of Lieutenant Colonel Murnan's abilities and services."]
[Note 86: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter was read in Congress on November 21 and referred to the Board of War. The memorial enclosed was referred to the Marine Committee.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 16, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your favour of the 6th, yesterday, with the inclosed copy of a letter from the President of the Council of New Jersey, relative to an expected attack upon the Western frontier of that state. I have just received a letter from General Hand,87 giving intelligence of an attack upon Colonel Alden's regiment at Cherry-Valley, effected by surprise, in consequence of which there is too much reason to apprehend, that regiment may fall a sacrifice. I transmit a copy of the dispatches announcing this disagreeable affair.
[Note 87: A copy of Hand's letter of November 13, also one of Col. Frederick Fisher, of November 11, and one of Col. Jacob Klock, of November 12, are filed with this one of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original of Hand's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
These depredations of the Enemy give me the most serious concern. I lament that we have not yet had it in our power to give them an effectual check. I am perfectly convinced, that the only certain way of preventing Indian ravages is to carry the war vigorously into their own country; but as this is thought impracticable at this late season of the year from the state of the waters and other impediments, I fear we must content ourselves for the present with defensive precautions, for the present. I have already informed Congress, that Col. Cortlandt's regiment had marched towards the Minisincks; but having since directed Count Pulaski to proceed with his corps to Cole's fort in that neighbourhood, Col. Cortlandt will take post somewhere between that place and Rochester. Orders are now given to Col. Spencers regiment and Col. Armands corps to join General Pulaski. This disposition is agreeable to the opinion of Governour Clinton and other Gentlemen acquainted with the Country, whom I have consulted; and is calculated to cover the Eastern frontier of Pensylvania, New Jersey and the western part of New York. I shall also immediately send the remainder of General Clinton's Brigade to Albany; when arrived there if any thing offensive can possibly be undertaken it shall be done, if not they will be disposed of in a manner that shall seem best adapted for protection and defence. With the greatest respect, etc.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: By a Letter from General Hand of the 13th. which came to hand to day, I received the disagreable intelligence that the Enemy had proceeded to the settlement of Cherry Valley, surprised and slain Colo. Alden, who was stationed there and committed many outrages. I wish it may not turn out, that the whole of his Regt. has been cut off, as the accounts seem to have left matters in a very doubtful and disagreeable situation. These incursions and depredations of one settlement after another are infinitely distressing, and if possible, I should be happy to check them effectually. I have ordered the remainder of Clinton's Brigade to move immediately to Albany, and I would wish you to consider with Genl. Hand, whether it will be practicable for it, in conjunction with the other troops in that Quarter, to prosecute any offensive operation this season. If it will not, you will be so obliging, as to advise with him on the disposition that should be made of the Troops, so as to give the most extensive security to the Frontiers and having regard to their own safety. Besides the Troops now going to Albany, I ordered Count Pulaski some days ago to march to the Minisincks with his Legion consisting of about 250 Horse and foot, which will be reinforced by Armand's and Spencers Corps, amounting to about the same number. This force you will have in view, in your deliberations, and also Colo. Cortlandts Regiment, which is now between Minisincks and Rochester.
You will not be unmindful of the Canada intelligence, I am persuaded; and I must request the earliest exertions in your power to obtain it.
I have directed the Quarter Master Genl. to set the saw mills to work about Fort Ann and Fort Edward, and shall be happy in your advice to Colo. Lewis upon the occasion.
The Enemy still remain in New York and at Rhode Island, and it would seem from the lateness of the season and other circumstances, that they mean to winter there, yet there are somethings which favour a hope to the contrary.
The Winds of late have been very violent. On the 31st. Ulto. the Somerset of 64 Guns was drove on shore on the south side of Cape Cod and her Crew made prisoners. There is also a report that three more of the fleet are lost on Nantucket Shoals. The Count D'Estaing put to sea with his Squadron on the 4th. Instr. I dont know his destination. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 16, 1778.
My Lord: You will be pleased to order Colonel Spencer, with his Regiment, to repair immediately to Coles Fort, at the Minisink, and there join General Count Pulaski. Your Lordship will further direct that Colonel Spencer may take the nearest route, and make his march as expeditious as possible.
It was not till to day I had an opportunity to acknowlege your letters of the 11th. and 13th. Inst. The uncertainty which General Skinner's90 answer left us in, with respect to Sir Henry Clinton, is cleared up by a letter of the 10th. which I received from himself.
[Note 90: Brig. Gen. Cortlandt Skinner, of the New Jersey Volunteers, British Provincial Troops.]
As your Lordship predicted of Admiral Byron, so has it in some measure fallen out. One of his vessels, the Sommersit, has been lost on Cape Codd, and the crew, about 500, are prisoners in our hands. It is said, that three others were seen at the same time in great distress.
General Sullivan in a letter of the 13th. mentions, that one large man of war had arrived at Newport harbour, and that 10 more had appeared off the East end of block Island, standing in, all supposed to be of Byrons fleet.
The late embarkations of the enemy have rather deranged my ideas of the number of regiments which still remain at New York and its dependencies, as well as those that have sailed. It is absolutely necessary at least that the former should be known with great precision. For this purpose you may register in different columns the accounts of deserters, your information from spies, and persons who may come out of New York. In one column designating the corps which have sailed, and those which remain on Staten and Long Island. As you proceed in this work, you will transmit me copies, and the result as soon as it is made complete.
Colonel Ogden perhaps will be able to ascertain, by a channel which he mentioned to me at Mrs. Provost91 the exact number of Regiments yet remaining which is by far the most essential part of the inquiry. I am &ca.92
[Note 91: Mrs. Samuel Provost.]
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 16, 1778.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 13th. containing the disagreeable account of the attack upon Colo. Aldens Regt. at Cherry Valley. But your Letter of the 10th. has never come to hand. I have ordered Genl. Clinton with the two remaining Regts. of his Brigade to march immediately to Albany,93 that they may be ready to act as circumstances may require. It is in the highest degree distressing to have our frontier so continually harrassed by this collection of Banditti under Brand94 and Butler.95 I would have you without loss of time consult Genl. Schuyler and some of the Gentlemen and others in the part of the Country where you now are, upon the propriety or practicability of
[Note 93: "In writing to him, [General Hand] it was only intended that matters should be getting in train."-- Washington to James Clinton, Nov. 16, 1778. This letter is in the Morgan Library.]
[Note 94: Joseph Brant.]
[Note 95: Walter Butler.] some offensive operation at this season of the year, with the number of Men which the addition of the two Regts. will make against these people, by means of which they may be removed to such a distance as to make it inconvenient for them to make such frequent incursions. If any thing is to be undertaken let me know upon what quarter it is to be, as soon as it is determined. If it shall not be judged expedient to carry an expedition at this time, you will then consult with the Gentlemen above mentioned upon the most proper disposition of the troops to support each other in case of an attack upon any of the separate posts, and at the same time to afford protection and cover to the Frontier. Count Pulaski's legion consisting of about 250 Horse and Foot are at Coles Fort in the Minisink settlement. I intend to strengthen them, with the addition of some other Corps say about 250 more. Colo. Cortlandts Regt. is between Minisink and Rochester. In deliberating upon the matter before mentioned, you will keep these troops in view, as they may either co-operate with those to the Northward, or make any diversion to favor them, should an offensive operation be determined upon. I am &ca.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 14[--16], 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 7th. We are yet under as much uncertainty as ever respecting the evacuation of New York. My advices from Lord Stirling of the 11th. say that another fleet of one hundred sail had collected at the watering place, and that they had some Hessians and troops of other kinds on board; but he does not mention the estimated number. He also adds that but few ships are left at New York, so TENCH TILGHMAN'S ACCOUNT OF EXPENSE OF MOVING HEADQUARTERS FROM WHITE PLAINS TO FREDERICKSBURG, NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 21, 1778 that if the fleet above mentioned does not carry off the whole, a Garrison must of necessity remain or wait the arrival of more ships, which is not probable.
Inclosed you have a Resolve of Congress directing me to procure intelligence from Canada and Nova Scotia. I have laid a proper train to obtain the necessary information from Canada, but I must depend upon you, from your situation, to procure the best you can from Nova Scotia. If you have an opportunity of getting any thing from Canada, I shall be glad you will do it, as, by comparing the two accounts, we may form a better judgment.
No doubt proper advantage will be taken of the Winter to establish Magazines of Flour to the Eastward, which will not be so difficult now you are relieved from the Convention Troops and the French Squadron. I am &ca.
16th: I have your favr. of the 10th. I am obliged for your care of the Box committed to Colo. Harrison who is not yet arrived; nothing further from New York of any consequence.97
[Note 97: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Qurs. Fredg., November 16, 1778.
Sir: In your Letter of the 14th. Instr. in answer to mine of the [my enquiries]98 I do not know whether you clearly understood my meaning and intention; therefore, as it is essential to the due execution of some Plans in contemplation, and to orders I am about to give, to have the following questions solved with precision I wish you to say.
[Note 98: The words in brackets were inserted by Tilghman, who crossed out "mine of the."]
How much Flour, and how much Salted Beef, and Porke, you can lay in at Albany by the 1st. day of Feby. 1779?99
[Note 99: Washington first wrote "15th of Jan."
On November 16 Washington wrote to Lieut. Col. Ludowick Weltner, of the German Regiment, that he preferred granting him a furlough to accepting his resignation tendered on account of Weltner's health: "Please to consider of this....If you conclude to quit the service, I shall make no further objection, but must regret the loss of a good officer." Weltner retired in January, 1781. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
How much of each of these Articles you can lay in at the same place by the first day of May next ensuing?
And whether a large, and constant supply of Beef Cattle could be had at that place afterwards to feed 15,000 Men from each of the days above recited; if necessary for the purpose of saving the Salted Meat?
How much Flour, and how much Salted Beef or Porke, you can lay up on Connecticut River, from Fort Charles, or No. 4 upwards by the 15th. day of January next?
How much of these Articles you can lay in at the same place, or places by the first day of May next ensuing?
And whether a regular supply of Cattle could be had there for the purpose of feeding 5000 Men afterwards.
It is of importance to be informed of these matters with as much accuracy as the Nature of the case will admit of, early in the Morning. I am &ca.
Head Quarters, November 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: You will, as soon as possible after receipt of this, put the two Massachusetts Brigades under your command in motion, with their Artillery and Baggage, and proceed with them to Danbury, where you will receive further orders.1 General Poor, with his Brigade, is to conduct the Convention troops from Enfield to Fish Kill landing. I have written to him particularly on the subject and therefore it is unnecessary to
[Note 1: See Washington's letters to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, Nov. 20, 1778, post.] detail his instructions here. The two Massachusetts Brigades cannot arrive too soon at Danbury, provided they do not march so fast as to injure themselves. I am, etc.
P. S. There have been several claims exhibited against a Lt. Trowbridge2 of the 2d. Connecticut Batallion, by Men in his Company, such as bounty and billeting money, and pay; and besides this, it seems he was considerably indebted to the public. It is said that you gave him a discharge from the service. I shall be glad if you will inform me, whether he lodged with you proper certificates of his being clear of debt previous to his dismission and whether he was at that time or is now in circumstances to pay the claims against him.3
[Note 2: Lieut. Elihu Trowbridge, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He resigned Dec. 4, 1777.]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters Fredericksburg, November 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: You are to march immediately upon the receipt hereof with your Brigade to Enfield at which place I imagine the first division of the Convention troops will be arrived by the time you get there. It is intended that your Brigade shall guard them from thence to Fishkill by the inclosed Route.4 You will therefore inquire of the Officer who conducts the first division, into how many they are divided, that you may proportion your force accordingly. Be pleased to appoint a careful field Officer to superintend each division. You may come on with the front yourself or wait to make any arrangements, as you may judge necessary. Colo. Bland of the 1st. Regt. of Dragoons went forward by my directions to meet the troops. He is to conduct
[Note 4: This route is entered on the draft after the postscript. It is the same as that given in Royal Flint's memorandum in the footnote to Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, Nov. 6, 1778, q. v.] them to the place of their destination in Virginia: But as he will be wanted to make some preparations for their accommodation thro' Jersey and Pennsylvania he will leave them under your charge as far as Fishkill and come forward. He will communicate his instructions to you. I would advise you to send your heavy Baggage and Artillery with Pattersons and Learneds Brigades to Danbury. Upon your arrival at Fishkill, you will receive orders for the disposition of your Brigade for the Winter. I am etc.
P.S. Upon reconsideration you will be pleased to send your Baggage and Artillery thro' New Milford and Fredericksbg. to Fishkill.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: In order to avoid the calling on the militia of Connecticut, for the purpose of guarding the troops of Convention, I have directed Genl. Poor, with his brigade to proceed with them as far as the North River.
Major Jameson may continue, but you will be pleased to return here previously communicating to General Poor a copy of your instructions.
I am the more desirous to see you, that a comprehensive plan may be settled for the remainder of the march, as I mean you should take up the troops at the North River, and continue with them to Charlottesville. You may have discovered some defects which future arrangements may be able to obviate, and make the journey easier to you, and more comfortable to the troops. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Tuesday, November 17, 1778.
Parole Hampshire. Countersigns Harkamer, Holden.
At a General Court Martial of the Line November 14th. 1778, Lieutenant Colo. Williams, President; Lieutt. Cobie8 of the 2nd. Pennsylvania Regiment was tried for behaving unlike an Officer and Gentleman. The Court are unanimously of opinion that Lieutt. Cobie is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him and acquit him.
[Note 8: Lieut. John Cobea, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He was made a captain in March, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Lieutt. Cobie is to be released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Wednesday, November 18, 1778.
Parole Thermopyle. Countersigns Trent, Troy.
A few Tickets in the second Class of the United States Lottery9 are received and ready for sale at the Pay Office where those who are inclined to become Adventurers are requested to apply as soon as possible as the Lottery will certainly commence drawing the first day of January next, at which time all the Tickets remaining on hand must be returned. Those who are possessed of Prize Tickets of twenty dollars in the first Class may have them renewed by applying as above.
[Note 9: The Continental Congress Lottery of 1777, which was authorized in November, 1776.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 18, 1778.
Sir: The troops of the Convention have advanced considerably towards the North River. They will be guarded to that place by the Militia of Connecticut and from thence to Delaware by an escort of Continental troops. As I cannot with any degree of convenience send the Continental troops beyond Delaware, I am under the necessity of desiring the Board to make a requisition to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, to give orders to the County Lieutenants of Northampton, Berks, Lancaster and York to hold four or five hundred of the Militia of each of those Counties ready agt. they shall be called upon by Colo. Bland, of the 1st Regt. of Dragoons, who is appointed by me to superintend the march of the troops the whole way. The Militia of each County to march to the extent of their own bounds, which will make the duty very light. Be pleased likewise to desire, that the Waggon Masters in each of the above Counties may be ordered to assist the Qr. Masters who attend the troops with Waggons sufficient to transport the Baggage. I could wish that no time may be lost in giving the orders, lest there should be some unnecessary delay on the Roads at this advanced Season. I shall be obliged to you for making the like requisition to Govr. Johnson of Maryland for an escort of Militia and supply of Waggons thro' the County of Frederick in that State. I will give Colo. Bland directions to call for the necessary Guards from Virginia, after he has crossed the Powtomack.
The troops have hitherto come on in very good order and with great expedition and I hope they will continue so to do thro' their whole march. I have the honor, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, 8 o'Clock P.M., November 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have this moment reed. your Excellency's favr. of yesterday, containing the disagreeable account of the destruction of Cherry Valley settlement, the loss of Fort Alden, and of Colonel Alden's Regiment. Upon the first intimation of the seige of the Fort, which I received from Genl. Hand by letter of the 13th,11 I directed Brigr. Genl. James Clinton to march immediately to Albany with the two remaining Regiments of his Brigade, to act as circumstances might require. Count Pulaski's Legion consisting of 250 Horse and Foot is at Minisink
[Note 11: Brigadier General Hand had written also on the 10th, but this letter was delayed in transmission.] and I have ordered two other Corps of about 250 more to the same place. Colo. Cortland is, with his Regiment, in the neighbourhood of Rochester. I mention these particulars to your Excellency, that you may, if you find it expedient to form any offensive plans, command the assistance of those troops either to cooperate with or make a diversion in favr. of those to the Northward.
If you proceed yourself to the Frontier I wish you every success, as I am etc.
P.S. You will find, by my instructions to Genl. Hand that I have recommended some offensive operations if they can be undertaken.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your Excellency's favor of the 7th. It will always be my wish, whenever it is in my power, to afford protection to every part of the State of New Jersey by means of the Continental Army, as I would ever avoid calling out the Militia but upon exigencies. The lower part of the County of Bergen must from its situation remain exposed to the Enemy while they keep a garrison in New York; but when I come to make the Cantonments in Jersey,13 I will, if it can be done with safety, make such a disposition of part of the troops as will answer the purposes you mention. I have ordered Count Pulaski's Legion and several other Corps to the neighbourhood of Minisinck, which I hope will quiet the apprehensions and afford protection to the Inhabitants of the Western Frontier of your State and that of New York. I am etc.12
[Note 13: For winter quarters.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favs. of the 10th. 13th. and 15th. instants. I am obliged to you for the Newport paper which gives a more circumstantial account of the embarkation of the Enemy than any I had procured. The prospect of an evacuation of New York is not so great as it was some little time ago. A fleet consisting of the greatest number of their remaining Vessels is now collecting at the Hook, their departure must reduce the matter to a certainty, at least for the present, because if they do not all go off in that fleet, part must remain of necessity. Be pleased to communicate every intelligence of the Enemys motions upon Rhode Island.
Colonel Wadsworth Commissary General of purchases has shewn me an order from you to Clarke and Nightingale,14 which they have delegated to a Mr. Mumford, to purchase Flour in this state for the use of the Army at Rhode Island.15 The Commissary General has represented this to me, as having a tendency to raise the price unnecessarily, by increasing the number of purchasers, and to defeat the salutary effects of a law lately passed in ibis state for the better supply of the Army, by which, no Flour can be transported to any of the other states except by the Commy. Genl. or special license of the Governor. Count D'Estaing by making a private Contract with a Mr. Price for 2000 Barrels of Flour not only raised the price exceedingly, but under the allowance given to Mr. Price to export his 2000 Barrels the Governor suspects many more were run upon private account. The Commy. Genl. pledges himself to supply you
[Note 14: Clark & Nightingale, merchants, of Providence, R I.]
[Note 15: This order to Thomas Mumford and Zebdial Rogers to, purchase and forward flour to Major General Sullivan is dated Oct. 30, 1778, and is in the Washington Papers.] amply with both Bread and Meat this Winter. He begs you to recollect, that if you have heretofore been scantily supplied with the former, it has been owing to the great and sudden demand of the troops assembled without the least previous notice for the Rhode Island Expedition, and the consumption of the French Fleet. Under all these difficulties he contrived to keep up a supply, and as he is now releived from the greatest part of his burthen to the Eastward by the removal of the Convention troops and the sailing of the fleet from Boston, he has not the least doubt of keeping your magazines full. I have therefore desired Mr. Mumford to withhold his purchase [and beg that you will never take a step of the kind again without first representing the matter to me; by means of contending purchasers Flour in this State rose from three pounds to Seven pounds ten shillings and Eight pounds pr. Ct. and the business not half as well done as if the whole purchases had passed through one hand.]
A 64 and a 40 Gun ship came into the Hook the 12th. and 13th. dismasted. I imagine they are part of Byron's scattered fleet. I am, etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The part in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: The first division of the Troops of the Convention may be expected in a few clays at Fishkill on their way to Virginia. The Escort from the North River to the Delaware is to be furnished from your division. You will therefore immediately select between five and six hundred Men for this duty, divided into six detachments, (as the Convention troops march in so many,) each under the command of an active Officer not above the Rank of a Lieutenant Colonel. I mention this, that there may be no interference with Colo. Bland on account of Rank, he being appointed to superintend the march of the troops the whole way to the place of their destination in Virginia. That the Men from your division may be ready, let them cross the River immediately and encamp near New Burgh.
It is probable that many of the Convention troops may, under the pretence of desertion, attempt to get into New York. I therefore desire you will order a strict watch to be kept, and if any of them are found stragling any suspicious distance from their Corps, that they may be taken up and returned to them. I am &ca.
P.S. Upon reconsidering the matter, it will be better to post two Regiments at the Continental Village where Genl. Clinton was posted, and if any of the Convention troops attempt to pass that way let them be stopped and informed that they must go back into the Country. Returning them to their Corps will have a bad effect to those who really mean to desert in earnest.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you yesterday, I received a Letter from Colo. Bland, advising me that the Van of the Convention Troops were at Enfield on the 13th. and would reach Sharon to night; also that proper arrangements had been made and Militia escorts assembled for conducting them to the North river. As matters are so circumstanced and the Troops much more forward in their advance than I expected, I think it best to countermand my instructions to you of yesterday; and that they should come on under the care of Colo. Bland and the Militia provided for the purpose. You however will put your Brigade in motion with its baggage and Artillery and proceed to Fish Kill by the shortest route, with as much expedition as you can, without injuring your Men, where you will receive further orders from Major Genl. McDougal. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. This letter was inclosed in one of November 18 from Washington to Putnam, of the same purport as to the march of the Convention troops, with instructions to forward it to Poor, and is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, November 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am informed by Colo. Bland who has the care of the Convention Troops, that the first division of them would be at Sharon this Night. It is more than probable that many of these under the pretence of desertion, will endeavour to find their way into New York; I would therefore wish you to stop all that may happen in your way and detain them until you think their release may be safe, or send them back into the Country, provided there will not be a probability of accomplishing their aim, should they mean to get into the City, with a threat that if they are detected again under the slightest appearance of making their escape that they may rely on the severest treatment. It would not be amiss to warn the Magistrates convenient to you of this matter, who may frequently have an opportunity of intercepting such when it would be out of your power to do it.
I wish to be informed when you expect to arrive at Danbury. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 18, 1778.
Sir: Colonel Gist handed me your letter of the 16th. Inst.
You will be pleased to continue in your command,20 till circumstances may make it necessary to alter the arrangement, or till my furthers orders on this subject.21
[Note 20: Henley succeeded Scott in command on the lines at Bedford, N.Y.]
[Note 21: Armand's corps was serving with the light troops under Henley on the lines at this time, and Armand himself, being dissatisfied with the treatment he had received from Congress, requested Washington's leave to go to Philadelphia to settle the affairs of his corps and return to France. Washington furnished him with a letter of introduction to Congress. "He considers his honor as interested in having his engagements with his officers fulfilled and if he can succeed in this, proposes to return immediately to France. Several of these Gentlemen also, he informs me will accompany him. Under these circumstances as the appointments have been made and the Gentlemen have served a considerable time under those appointments, I take the liberty to recommend it to Congress, to grant commissions agreeable thereto." Washington's letter to the President of Congress, dated Nov. 19, 1778, is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Aug. 31, 1778, ante.)]
I need not recommend to you diligence and good conduct in the execution of its different objects. But besides communicating your information as it arises, in the manner which Genl. Scott pursued, and in which you have his instructions, you might make out a table, or something in the way of columns, under which you might range, their magazines of forage, grain and the like, the different corps and regiments, the Works, where thrown up, their connexion, kind and extent, the officers commanding, with the number of guns &ca. &ca. This table should comprehend in one view all that can be learned from deserters, spies, and persons who may come out from the enemy's boundaries. And tho' it will be a gradual work, and subject to frequent alteration and amendment yet it may be, by attention and proper perseverance made a very useful one. Transcripts may be drawn occasionally from it as you advance, and communicated.
In the mean time you will direct your utmost exertions to learn every movement which may lead to a positive conclusion with respect to their leaving, or garrisoning New York.
As the troops of Convention are on their way to the North river, on their march to Virginia, you will command the strictest observance of the roads leading from Kingsbridge, as well as in your look outs along the Hudson.
You will also, in case any of the convention troops should straggle down towards you with an intention to escape into New York, have them secured, that they may be sent into the country.
I have no doubt of the faithful execution of these things and of your utmost diligence in the great object of just, constant and authentic intelligence. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 18, 1778.
Sir: You will be pleased upon the Rect. of this to cross with the two Carolina Regiments at Kings Ferry and proceed immediately to Sufferans and take post at the entrance of the Clove.23 You will then post small parties at the different passes between that and Hudson's River.
[Note 23: Smith's Clove, Highlands, N.Y.]
These positions are to prevent the Convention Troops from deserting to the Enemy, while they cross above you on their way to Virginia. You will direct these parties to apprehend such as may escape from their Escort and fall in with them, and put them under proper confinement till they can be sent into the Country. You will occupy this position till further orders. I am &ca.
P.S. As soon as you have certain intelligence that the Convention troops have all passed you may call in the small parties. You may in the mean time be repairing and enlarging, if necessary, the Barracks at Sydmans24 near Sufferans as you may probably winter there.25
[Note 24: Sidman's Clove, Highlands, N.Y.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Fredericksburg, November 18, 1778.
Sir: I wish you would request the person whom you formerly recommended to me, and who Genl. Scott tells me, is to correspond with you, to ascertain the following facts with as much precision and expedition, as possible.
What Corps (without having regard to numbers) are leftupon York Island, and the posts at and about Kings Bridge.
What Corps are upon long Island.
Whether any new works are erecting near the City of New York, or the old ones repairing.
Whether any works are erecting, or the old ones repairing on long Island, opposite to the City of New York.
Whether the Troops upon Long Island are stationed, and what appears to be their object, and who commands them.
What General Officers remain on York Island, Long Island, and at the posts at and about Kings Bridge.
Whether Coffins and Andersons Store (chiefly intended for the use of the Army) is still at New York and open.
Whether, as it is suspected that there is some movement in agitation at Rhode Island, the Troops at that place may not be brought to New York.
The reason why I wish to have the Corps (which are left) ascertained, is that I can form a pretty accurate opinion of the numbers from hence, and this is a piece of knowledge that a man of common abilities may come at with precision by taking a little pains. With esteem and regard I am, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 19, 1778.
My Lord: I am favd. with yours of the 15th. The accounts of the embarkation of the enemy vary so much in respect to Corps and Numbers that, I am every day more and more at a loss. However I hope if your Spies will attend particularly to the observations recommended in my last, we shall be able to ascertain the Corps that remain at New York and its dependencies. I am informed that the persons who are indulged with a liberty of carrying on a small trade to and from New York for the purpose of gaining intelligence, abuse the license to a very great degree; insomuch that many of the well affected Inhabitants complain. I am convinced this is neither done by Your Lordships connivance or permission, and that you will take proper measures to curb this extravagant passion for gain in the persons who are of necessity employed in this Business.
Be pleased to give orders to the commanding Officer of Moylan's Regt. if the Colonel is not himself in the neighbourhood, to collect all the Men and Horses and hold the Regiment ready to move into Quarters. I will consult the Commissary of Forage upon the proper place of Cantonment and inform you in my next where they are to be stationed for the Winter. I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, Colo. Biddle has fixed upon the town of Lancaster for the Winter Quarters of Moylans Regt. be therefore pleased to direct them to march without loss of time to that place.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qurs., November 19, 1778.
Sir: If you should not have reached Danbury or very near it with the division before this gets to hand, you will be pleased to halt the two Connecticut Brigades where this shall find you 'till further orders.28 General Nixon will still proceed to Danbury, as was at first intended. In this case you will inform me where the two Brigades halt. But if you should be very near Danbury with the division, you will continue your march to that place. I am, etc.29
[Note 28: McDougall, who was at Hartford, had been ordered (November 17) to march immediately to Danbury, where he would be met by further orders.]
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Fredericksburg, November 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 16th. Inst.
I confess I expected that the Connecticut Troops were to receive their Cloathing from Major Bigelow,30 and was surprised to find, that there was even a wish or an idea to the contrary. I have ever held and, I hope, I ever shall, all the troops of the Army in the same point of light, and as far as it has been in my power they have had equal justice in every instance. In the case under consideration, the Cloathing in the hands of Major Bigelow was allotted to the Connecticut troops, not by any compulsion or wish of mine, but on the most pressing and importunate solicitation of General Parsons, and Other Officers. They feared, that it would be made subject to a common
[Note 30: Maj. John Bigelow, Assistant Commissary of Clothing.] distribution, and such was the anxiety to obtain it for the Connecticut troops, that arguments were used to shew, that they, from many considerations, had an exclusive claim to it, or at least one superior to any Others. These are facts well known to Genl. Parsons and to other officers, and, at the same time that they must remove every idea of a discrimination on my part injurious to them, which I am happy to beleive never had place in your mind, they must preclude every possible ground of complaint, or right to claim a change, even if the Cloathing drawn by the other troops should be much better. However, notwithstanding all this, as it is my wish to prevent the least possible pretext for uneasiness and to place all the Troops on the same footing, as far as it can be done, I shall be willing to give orders for compleat suits of French Cloathing for all the inlisted men in the Two Connecticut Brigades, under the usual restrictions, provided there shall remain sufficient, after the other Troops are served, who as matters stand I am obliged to consider as entitled to a preference, on your assurances, that all the Cloathing they have already received on Continental account from Major Bigelow or that is now in the Taylors hands, as a supply for the Winter and the ensuing campaign shall be returned to the public Cloathier. This exception I am obliged to make, and these assurances I must require and obtain, in justice to the States and to the rest of the Army. You I am certain will think them right, and will punctually comply with whatever you undertake. We have been fortunate in our supplies of Cloathing, compared to what we have hitherto been, but yet oeconomy and an ingenuous conduct are essential to make it serve and to promote equality.
Among the many arguments which were adduced to show how extremely improper it would be to deprive them of these Cloaths it was urged that they had employed their own Taylors, their own Officers to superintend the business, and that the Cloaths were made to suit the uniforms of the respective Regts. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 19, 1778.
Sir: I am to desire that you will immediately give order for establishing as large a Magazine of Flour and Salt meat at Albany as you possibly can without injury to the Army in its Winter Cantonments. I desire that you will also immediately give directions for the establishment of as large a magazine of Flour as you possibly can between No. 4 and the Coos upon Connecticut River. The thousand Barrels of Salt Meat which you say, in yours of the 17th. is already in that Country and on the way thither will be sufficient in that quarter, as should an expedition be carried on from thence, our dependance for meat must be chiefly upon live Cattle to save carriage. I wish every exertion may be made to establish the Magazines at Albany. Be pleased to make a report from time to time of your progress, that I may put a stop should the quantity exceed what I think will be the demand. But of which I imagine there is not much danger from your late representations. I am, etc.
P.S. Let this be done with as little stir as possible.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 20, 1778.
Sir: Mr. Wheelock33 will have the honor of presenting this letter to your Excellency. He waits on Congress upon the affairs of a regiment under the command of Colonel Bedel,34 which it
[Note 33: Lieut. Col. John Wheelock, of Bedel's Vermont Militia regiment.]
[Note 34: Col. Timothy Bedel, of Bedel's Vermont Militia regiment.] seems was raised in the Coos Country, or at least has been kept up since March last, upon the recommendation of the Marquis Fayette, when at Albany. This Corps, according to the inclosed state35 by Mr. Wheelock, who is the Lieut. Colo. to which I beg leave to refer Congress, and according to other information I have received, was at first assembled under the direction of Major Genl. Gates about this time twelve Month for the purpose of a sudden enterprise against St. Johns and the Enemy's armed Vessels lying there, and was engaged till the last of March. I cannot undertake to say in what manner or how usefully this regiment has been employed or to what extent in point of men, but Mr. Wheelock says it has been of great service. And the object of his present journey is to obtain the direction of Congress for their being paid, when proper rolls are produced; and their determination whether it is to be disbanded now, or continued till April next, the period for which the men are said to have engaged, tho' the Marquis's recommendation extended only to the end of the present Campaign. The Regt. may or may not be necessary in future. Much will depend on the system of conduct the Enemy pursue the next Campaign and on our own operations. I would observe under its present engagement, its services were to be local or at least confined to a certain Quarter. If it should be deemed expedient to reinlist it, if practicable it should be done on the general scale of acting wherever it may be requisite; tho' perhaps it may not be possible to accomplish it; and in such case it will also be material for the Public to have a more perfect knowledge of its arrangements than what I apprehend it has hitherto had. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 35: The original statement, written and signed by Wheelock, is in the Washington Papers. It is dated from Paulings Precinct, Nov. 20, 1778. A copy is filed in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 36: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on November 27 and is indorsed by Thomson: "Ordered that the regiment be disbanded."]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: You are upon the Receipt hereof to proceed to Danbury with General Poors Brigade and send on General Pattersons and Learneds by the most direct Route to Fishkills. Should Genl. Poors, agreeable to my orders of yesterday, have marched on towards Fishkill, you will be pleased to countermand them and turn them back to Danbury. The two Connecticut Brigades are also ordered to Danbury, at which place you are to wait further orders. Desire Genl. Patterson to proceed with the two Massachusetts Brigades as expeditiously as possible to Fishkills. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and has the following crossed out at the end: "You shall have my further orders respecting barracking the troops and other necessary directions."]
Fredericksburg, November 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: On the 17th. I wrote you that Genl. Poor, with his Brigade was to proceed to Enfield to conduct the Convention troops to Fish Kill landing.
On the 18, having received a Letter from Colo. Bland, advising that the Van of the Convention Troops had reached Enfield on the 13 and that proper Escorts of Militia were provided; and supposing that the whole would have passed that place before my Letter of the 17 could come to hand, I countermanded my order to Genl. Poor as to his taking charge of the Convention troops, and directed him to proceed by the shortest route to Fish Kill.
Supposing that the Convention Troops were under the care of the Militia as last above mentioned, and having altered the destination of Genl. Poor's Brigade to Danbury instead of Fish Kills. I wrote you to day to proceed with it to Danbury. Since this I received your Letter of the 19th, informing me that you had just received mine of the 17th; that Genl. Poor would immediately march to take charge of the Convention Troops, and that their 3d Division was the day before at Simsbury.
Now this is to acquaint you that if General Poor is with the Convention Troops, in consequence of my first Letter of the 17th., he is to proceed with them to Fish Kill landing, notwithstanding my intermediate Orders to the contrary, altho he is ultimately to go to Danbury, otherwise, the Convention Troops will probably be without a guard, as the Militia it is likely upon his taking the care of them is returned to their Homes. But if he is not with the Convention Troops, and they are still under the escort of the Militia, they will bring them on and you will proceed with his Brigade to Danbury agreeable to the Order of this morning. Genl. Patterson with the 2 Massachusetts Brigades will advance to Fish Kill as expeditiously as he can. You will communicate these Orders to Genl. Poor, as I dont write to him. I am, etc.
P.S. If Genl. McDougal is at Hartford,38 do inform him I wish to see him immediately.39
[Note 38: On this same day (November 20) Washington wrote to General McDougall or the officer commanding his division to "give orders for Genl. Nixons Brigade to get in motion, and, with their Baggage and Artillery proceed without loss of time to the Continental Village." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 20, 1778.
Sir: You will be pleased to cross the North River with your whole division, including your baggage and artillery, before the arrival of the Convention troops; and take post at the Fork of the roads leading to Chester,40 and through Smith's Clove, till the Convention troops begin their march from New Burgh, for the Delaware. Immediately preceeding this, General Smallwoods brigade will move to Chester, or rather a little beyond Chester, on the road leading thence to Pompton and there remain till the rear of the Convention troops has past. You will at the same time, march with the other brigade of your division to Smiths Tavern or beyond it, on the road passing through the Clove, and there continue, for the security of the pass, till the rear of the Convention troops is arrived at Chester. When the whole of these troops have passed Chester, both your Brigades will commence their march for middle brook.
[Note 40: In Orange County, N.Y.]
The two Brigades will keep proper guards and use the greatest vigilance to prevent any of the Convention troops passing below them, either on pretence of desertion or otherwise. They will also keep a steady eye to West Point, and concert measures for affording immediate succour to the Fort on an emergency.
The two regiments ordered to the Continental village are to be recalled.
The number of men directed in my letter of the 18th are to be furnished as guards to the Convention troops; but for particular reasons, I should prefer to have regiments instead of detachments from the whole division applied to this duty. But they must not materially exceed the number prescribed nor must they be commanded by officers superior in rank to Colo. Bland, to avoid which you will select those corps whose Colonels are absent. I am, etc.
P.S. The direction given in my last for sending stragglers from the Convention troops into the Country and not to rejoin their corps is to be observed.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: Upon receipt of this letter you will be pleased to proceed immediately to Albany, or the place to which General Hand may have gone; previously, however, directing the two Regiments of your brigade to follow you, in case they have not already set out, and to wait your orders42 at Albany.
[Note 42: The draft has "further orders."]
General Hand receives my directions to take the command at the Minisink, in which I have (for the present) included Colonel Cortlandts Regiment, now at Rochester. You will deliver him the inclosed letter, left open for your information, in which I have desired a free communion of sentiment and co-operation of force. You will therefore consult with General Hand, on the plans he may have in contemplation, whether offensive against the Indians, or for giving greater security to the frontiers.
It is my wish that you should make the best possible disposition, and such arrangements as appear most consistent with your combined strength. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 20, 1778.
Sir: Since mine of the 16th. your missing letter of the 10th. and another of the 11th. have come to hand. A supply of Cloathing for the 4th. Pennsylvania Regt. and the Rifle Corps has been ordered up by Captn. Cobourn44 of Colo. Alden's Regt. and I hope it may be arrived with them by this time.
[Note 44: Capt. Asa Coburn, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
The exigency of Affairs to the Northward having required an additional number of troops to be sent thither, I have ordered up the New York Brigade as being most convenient and suitable upon several accounts. Genl. James Clinton their own Brigadier going with them will of course supersede you, and as the whole force in that quarter will not admit of being divided into commands suitable for two General Officers, I have thought it would be more agreeable to you to remove down to the Minisink settlement and take the command of a Body of troops which we are under the necessity of assembling there to protect that Frontier against the incursions of the Indians. The Corps at the Minisink will consist of Count Pulaski's Legion, Colo. Armands Corps and Colo. Spencers Regt. making about 500 Horse and Foot. Colo. Cortlands Regt. is at Rochester in the neighbourhood of Minisink. This Regiment, tho' part of Genl. Clintons Brigade, will remain under your command for the present. The troops upon the Susquehanna (tho pretty remote) consisting of Colo. Hartley's Regiment and two independent Companies will also be under your general direction, should there be any means of cooperation. I have just heard that the Indians have again appeared at Wyoming and threaten that quarter seriously.
If you have in consequence of my last formed any plans of offence you will be pleased to communicate them to Genl. Clinton and repair as speedily as possible to Minisink and inform me upon your arrival there. As Govt. Clinton goes himself to the Frontier, he will be the best judge of the propriety of taking the ranging Companies into pay again. I send you a Copy of Colo Hartleys letter45 by which you will perceive the situation of Matters upon Susquehanna. I am &ca.46
[Note 45: This letter of Hartley's is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 20, 1778.
Sir: I have received your favours of the 12th. and 16th. You express a desire in the former to make a visit to Head Quarters to represent the state of the Garrison.47 Unless the necessity be very urgent I wish you to defer it awhile, as the arrival of the Convention troops at the North River will make your presence at the Fort very necessary.
[Note 47: At West Point, N.Y.]
While they are near and passing the River, you will see the propriety of using the greatest vigilance and of having your guard boats constantly on the look out both across and down the river and well manned, as well to prevent desertion, as to be advertised in time of any attempt from below to effect a rescue, which though perhaps not a very probable is a possible event.
I thank you for the intelligence communicated in your last and wish you to continue your measures for obtaining advice of what is going on with the enemy. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton]
November 20, 1778.
Sir: I received your two favors both of yesterdays date. I inclose you a form49 something of the nature of that mentioned in my last. You will observe the important columns, or those most in our power to fill up, are the Regiments and corps, the works, their strength, where situated and by whom commanded. These ideas50 may be obtained, with a good deal of
[Note 49: A copy of this form is in the Washington Papers under date of Nov. 20, 1778.]
[Note 50: McHenry wrote, at first, "matters" and then changed it to "ideas."] precision from deserters and spies. But as most of the other objects are removed from common observation, they may only serve to perplex our observers, and may therefore be omitted unless where you find them very intelligent and attentive.
You may inform Colonel Sherman51 that he may join his Regiment the moment the troops go into winter quarters, which will be in a very short time. This answer will also apply to those officers of the light corps who have requested furloughs as they will return to their respective Regiments and of course are comprehended in the general order on this subject.
[Note 51: Lieut. Col. Isaac Sherman, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was commandant of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment in October, 1779; transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
The inclosures to Sir Henry Clinton52 you will be pleased to send in by flag. I am &ca.
[Note 52: "I am charged by Congress to transmit the inclosed resolution on the case of Lt. Colonel Conolly."-- Washington to Sir Henry Clinton, Nov. 20, 1778. The resolution was that of November 17, confining Connolly to his room and forbidding any person to converse with him until the further order of Congress.]
P.S. Above all things try to ascertain the corps and Genl. Officers which remain since the two embarkations.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
The two Virginia Brigades under Command of Brigadier General Muhlenberg are to march by the following Route.
Camp Fredericksburg, November 20, 1778.
Sir: You will have every thing in readiness and as soon as you hear that two divisions of the Convention troops have crossed at Fishkill you will begin your march by the above Route. You will either send your sick to Fishkill or lodge them at Robertsons House54 as the Surgeons shall advise.
[Note 54: Beverley Robinson's, opposite West Point, N. Y.]
On your arrival at Middle brook you will be shewn the Ground allotted for your Troops to hut on. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is partially in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1778.
Sir: I was favoured with your letter of yesterday. You will be pleased to observe the strictest silence with respect to C--,56 as you are to be the only person intrusted with the knowledge or conveyance of his letters. I am etc.57
[Note 56: Aaron Woodhull, of Setauket, L. I., who sent in secret intelligence over the name of Samuel Culper.]
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 20, 1778.
In consideration of the absolute necessity of it to the public service, from the impossibility of procuring sufficient supplies otherwise; You are hereby authorised to impress forage necessary for the consumption of the army, from the inhabitants as well of this State in the vicinity of camp, as on the borders of Connecticut and those residing on the routes through the Jerseys, by which any body of troops shall march, having regard to the real wants of the inhabitants and paying the established price for what you shall so impress.58 This Warrant to continue in force a month from the date hereof.59
[Note 58: Biddle had urged this on Quartermaster General Nathanael Greene, and Greene had written to Washington: "I am perswaded it will be impossible to subsist the Cattle belonging to the Army here [Fredericksburg] unless there is a Press Warrant granted to aid the Forage Master. I shall take great care that no improper use is made of the Warrant." Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 59: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[H.S.P.]
Fredericksburg, November 20[--21], 1778.
My dear Sir: Congress seem to have a strong desire to undertake an Expedition against Canada. The practicability, of it depends, upon the employment the Enemy intend to give us on the Sea board next Campaign, on their strength in Canada, the State of our resources, and other circumstances, some of which are too much buried in obscurity, others too much in the field of conjecture to form any decisive opinion of at this time; But there is not a moment to spare in preparing for such an event, if, hereafter, it should be found expedient to undertake it.
In your Letter of the 9th. Ulto., which you did me the favor of writing upon this Subject, you are opposed to an Enterprize against Canada by the way of Co'os, and assign cogent reasons for not making it a principal dependance.60 You are also against the rout by Oswego; but as an Expedition that way had not been suggested, you do not touch upon the reasons; but recomd. the common rout by the way of Lake Champlain; and a Winter Expedition if the Ice will admit of it.
[Note 60: Schuyler argued that as the distance from Albany to Coos was 200 miles "a great part of the road leads thro a very mountainous Country and such are the roads that any kind of Carriages that pass do It with great difficulty, here then is a land Carriage of near three hundred hard that is from Albany to Coos and from thence Into Canada, and one third of this distance thro an uninhabited Country, where not a mouthful of Forrage is to be had." He added to this that the St. Lawrence would have to be crossed; that it could not be bridged and that it was impossible to transport a sufficient number of batteaux through the Wilderness. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
In general, Winter Campaigns are destructive to Troops; and nothing but pressing necessity, and the best state of preparation can justify them. I fear neither the State of our Provisions, the condition of our Men. nor the situation of our Officers (whose distresses on acct. of the uncommonly high prices of every necessary of life, are a source of general discontent and indifference to the Service) would warrant the undertaking; even if the state of the Lakes, and the force of Canada, should invite the Measure. I am clear also that neither force nor Stratagem, can give us a well grounded hope of a decisive Superiority in Naval strength, upon Lake Champlain, where the Enemy are, at present, so powerful.
Your scheme for preparing Materials for building two large Ships upon this Lake is plausible, and if only one or two were entrusted with the Secret, practicable. But when fifty Men are to be consulted, before the measure can be adopted; When a number of these, (inattentive to the importance of keeping Military Manoeuvres secret) make matter of incautious, if not common conversation of the Plans in contemplation, and a knowledge of them by that means gets into the hands of the Enemy's emissaries, who are industrious in acquiring, and diligent in communicating every piece of useful information, I say when this is the case, I can entertain but little hope of success from a project of this kind.
If from these considerations, a Winters Expedition is found impracticable, or unadvisable; If the conquest of the Enemy's Fleet on lake Champlain is not to be accomplished by force, nor by stratagem; And if an Enterprize by the way of Co'os is inadmissible as a primary object.
1st. What door is left open for an Expedition against Canada?
2d. How far is there a moral certainty of extending the American Arms into that Country in the course of next Campaign?
3d. And how far short of the entire conquest, and annexation of Canada to the Union, would give permanent peace and security to the Frontiers of these States?
In considering these points, and such others as may hereafter occur, it will be necessary to take the matter up in two points of view; presuming in the one case, that the Enemy will evacuate the United States. in the other, that they mean to retain New York and Rhode Island as Garrison Towns. In discussing them with that freedom and candor which I [mean]61 to do, you will readily perceive that [it is my]62 wish to enter into an unlimited, and confidential corrispondance with you on this subject. Where then, in addition to the above queries,
[Note 61: Washington wrote first "it is requisite," which Hamilton crossed out and wrote "mean," but omitted the personal pronoun, which Washington inserted afterwards.]
[Note 62: Washington wrote "I mean to." Hamilton's change was again incomplete, and Washington added "wish to" to complete the sense. Throughout this draft the words in brackets have been inserted by Hamilton.]
4th. Lie the difficulties of an Expedition against Canada by the way of Lake Ontario?
5th. Why did General Amherst take this rout (when lake Champlain was open, free, and so much more direct) if he did not foresee that some apparent advantages were to be derived from it?
6th. What resources can be drawn from the State of New York towards the support of an Expedition of this kind?
7th. At what places would it be necessary to establish Posts between Albany and Oswego, for the support of the communication, and Security of Convoys? and
8th. How many Men will be required at each Post for the above purposes? and at Oswego?
I mean to hazard my thoughts upon a Plan of operations for next Campaign, if the Enemy should evacuate these States and leave us at liberty but being unacquainted with the Country, and many other matters essentially necessary to form a right judgment upon so extensive a project I am sensible that it will be very defective and shall consider it as the part of friendship in you, to observe upon every part of my plan, with the utmost freedom.
I have already laid it down as a position, that unless a Winters Expedition can be undertaken with Success (opposed to which, in addition to the reasons already assigned, the want of Provisions I find is an almost insuperable bar) or the Fleet at St. Johns can by some means or other be destroyed, [the]63 door into Canada [by way of Lake Champlain] is effectually closed;64 I am further of opinion that the distance of Land Carriage by the way of Co'os for Flour, Stores &ca. is too great to expect that a sufficient body of Troops can be introduced through that rout to answer singly any valuable purpose; [and] I am [therefore], naturally, [led] to turn my thoughts to the Rout by the way of Oswego though the same kind of difficulties but not in so great a degree, present themselves here, as on the other Lake.
[Note 63: Washington first wrote "that that," which is crossed out.]
[Note 64: The words in brackets were inserted by Alexander Hamilton, after Washington had crossed out the following: "the Naval strength on Lake Champlain being too great for us to equal by the building."]
If I am not mistaken with respect to the Water carriage from Schenectady to Oswego, by the help of finesse, and false appearances, a pretty large stride may be taken towards obtaining a Naval superiority on lake Ontario before the real design would be unfolded.
The plan I would adopt shd. be this. By inuendos and oblique hints, [I would endeavour to inculcate an idea] that we were determined to acquire the Mastery of lake Champlain; and to give currency to this belief, I would have the Saw Mills about Fort Ann and Fort Edwd. set to Work to prepare plank for Bateaux, and such kind of Armed Vessels as may be proper for lake Ontario. I would go further, and tho it should be inconvenient, and expensive, I would build the Batteaux, and bring the Timber for larger Vessels to some place or places that might serve to confirm an Idea of this kind. A Plan of this sort if well conceived and digested, and executed [with secrecy], might I think deceive, so far as to draw the attention of the Enemy to Lake Champlain, at the expence of Ontario; especially as part of my plan is to advance a respectable body of Troops at a proper Season to Co'os, for purposes which will be mentioned hereafter.
In the Spring, when every thing is ripe for execution, and the real design can no longer be concealed, I would advance with the utmost celerity (consistent with proper caution) to Oswego; in the Batteaux which have been provided (apparently) for Champlain, transporting the Armed Vessels in pieces to the same place. But here I am to ask if this is practicable? My knowledge of the Water Communication from Schenectady to Oswego, is not sufficiently accurate to form a decided opinion upon the possibility of this Measure; and if it is not to be effected, my plan in part fails; and we can only provide the Materials under false colours, and depend upon out building the Enemy to obtain the superiority of the Lake. Whether [the superiority can be obtained in this manner] I am [not well] able65 to determine, tho it is very necessary to be known, as it is the corner Stone of the superstructure. Much will depend upon the practicability of the Enemys getting Vessels, or materials for vessels from lake Champlain or Montreal to the navigation above la galette; because I [proceed]66 upon the principle, that if we can deceive them effectually, their whole attention will be
[Note 65: Washington wrote "unable." Hamilton changed it, as above.]
[Note 66: Washington wrote "go."] drawn to the more interior parts of the Country, and of course their Ship Carpenters, and Materials for Ship building, will be imployed that way.
The foregoing is a summary of my [Capital]67 movement; to facilitate wch. I would, as has been before observed, advance a body of Men from the Co'os. The motions of these should be regulated precisely by those of the [main]68 army, establishing Posts as they go, for the purposes of retreat (in case of necessity) and to protect convoys if the [main]68 Army should be able to penetrate Canada as far as Montreal.
[Note 67: Washington wrote "general."]
[Note 68:[Note 68: Washington wrote "grand."]
Several advantages will be derived from the advance of a body of Troops by the way of Co'os; first, strengthening the belief, that we mean to enter by the way of St. John's; Secondly it will serve to distract the Enemy in their Councils and measures, [and] either divide their force and render them weak at all points, or by keeping them collected, expose the interior, or exterior part of the Country to a Successful and fortunate blow, from one or the other of these bodies, and will, [in the third place],69 open a communication for ample supplies of live Cattle, if we should have occasion for them for Troops in Canada.
[Note 69: Washington wrote "thirdly."]
Under this plan, it is not only possible, but to be expected, that the Enemy, if they should come at the knowledge of our real designs would oppose their whole Naval force to our Troops on lake Ontario, and their Land force against those by the way of Co'os. In this case I should be glad of solutions to the questions wch follow.
9th. Is there any practicable rout from Johnson Hall or any other part of the Mohawk River, or from the upper parts of Hudsons River, to a River emptying itself into the St. Lawrence a little above la galette, by which we could avoid lake Ontario and the Armed Vessels on those Waters altogether? and If this is not to be effected, and a superiority on the lake [is] despaired of, then, [I should wish to be informed.]
10th. Whether Niagara can be approached with an Army and the necessary apparatus by a rout which will avoid this Lake?
11th. What will be the distance of the March from Fort Schuyler? the kind of Country thro which it is to [be made]?70 and the difficulties that are to be expected? and lastly
[Note 70: Washington wrote "pass."]
12th. The advantages, and disadvantages of Maintaining that Post, after possessing it? Canada71 remaining in the hands of the Enemy.
[Note 71: The word "still" has here been crossed out.]
For the more certain reduction of Niagara, and for the Peace and safety of the Frontiers of Pensylvania and Virginia, a part of my plan is to advance a body of Troops from Pittsburg by the way of Alligany, la beauf (or French Creek) and Prisquile to the above Post, if it be practicable, of which I am not certain, as the Enemy have Armed Vessels on lake Erie and I am ignorant of the kind of Country between Prisquile and Niagara, in case it is to be attempted by a Land March. But admitting the impracticability of this, an Expedition to Detroit which Congress meditated last Fall, and still have in contemplation, will keep the Indians in that Quarter employed, and prevent them from affording succour to the Garrison at Niagara. The preparations necessary to the one [will]72 answer for the other; while the one to Niagara may be [concealed]73 under the Idea of going to Detroit.
[Note 72: Washington wrote "answering."]
[Note 73: Washington wrote "hid."]
Although, under the present appearance of things, it is a matter of very great doubt whether we shall be in circumstances to prosecute a project of this kind, I have, nevertheless, given orders for Magazines of Provisions to be laid in at Albany and on Connecticut River from the lower Co'os to No. 4; and have ordered the Saw Mills abt. Fort Ann &ca. to be set to Work, and shall be obliged to you for your advice to Colo. Lewis74 on this occasion.
[Note 74: Col. Morgan Lewis, deputy quartermaster general, Northern Department.]
If it should fall in your way to ascertain with precision, the Number and strength of the Vessels upon Lake Ontario, and down to la galette, and the force of the Garrisons at Niagara, Oswegatchie &ca., I shall thank you; and must beg leave to remind you of the mode you suggested to procure intelligence from Canada in the course of the Winter, as it is of infinite importance to be well informed of the strength, expectation, and preparation of the Enemy; and to receive the acct. through different Channels is also essential, to avoid deception.
I shall be very happy to see you at the head Quarters of the Army in your way to Philadelphia whenever it happens. Governor Clinton wrote me that he should be at Albany in the course of a few days; as I have implicit confidence in him it will be quite agreeable to me that you should converse largely with him upon the sevl. matters herein contained, and then furnish me with your observations upon my Plan, and the most effectual means of carrying it, or some other into execution; with the necessary preparations to be made during the Winter. With the greatest esteem, etc.
21st., P.S. Since writing this Letter I have seen a very intelligent Man who was many years a liver at and about Detroit. He was sent Prisoner in May last from that Post to Quebec, and from Quebec escaped the 7th. of October. He has given me a very accurate acct. of the Enemys' Naval force on the two Lakes (Erie and Ontario) at the time he was in that Country75 but I should still be glad to see how far other Accts. corrispond with his and whether they have made any late progress in ship building since that period. He is particular also in his acct. of the strength of the Garrisons of Michilamakinack, Detroit, Niagara, and Oswegatchie as they stood in the Spring, and adds that at the time he passed down the River, the Enemy were removing Cannon from Oswegatchie to Buck Island which place he understood they meant to fortify. When he left Canada Genl. Haldiman with most of the Troops were at the Mouth of the Sorrel, very busy in fortifying that Post and strengthening themselves above on that River, the received opinion in the Country being that an Expedition would be undertaken.
[Note 75: John Dodge. His account is in the Washington Papers under the date of November, 1778, and is indorsed by Washington "John Dodge's acct. of the strength of the Forts and Vessells on Lakes Erie and Ontario. Note--he left Detroit in May--& Quebec in October 1778."]
[Note 76: Of Lee's Partisan Light Dragoons. He resigned in December, 1778; was made ensign in the Second Virginia Regiment in 1780; lieutenant of same in May, 1781; aide to Lafayette in 1781; served to close of the war.]
Head Quarters, Fredg., November 21, 1778.
Sir: Your Letter came to my hands last Night. I have wrote to Majr. Lee on the subject.77 When his answer arrives, you will hear further from me on the subject of it. I am, &c.
[Note 77: Not found in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 21, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of your Excellency's two favors of the 14th and 15th Inst. with their several inclosures.
The consideration of Doctor Conolly's case, with the resolution of Congress, I have transmitted to Sir Henry Clinton.
In my letter of the 16th. I communicated to your Excellency the attempt on Fort Alden, by the savages. I have since received the inclosed dispatches confirming that disagreeable account.78 I also informed Congress at the same time with the steps which were taken for the security of the frontier of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the Western part of New York, and that the two remaining regiments of General Clintons Brigade were ordered to Albany. I have to regret that the condition of affairs is such, as does not admit of a compliance with repeated detachments from this army. However that every thing possible might be done under our present circumstances, Genl Hand was further instructed, on the 16th instant, to confer with General Schuyler at Albany, and with those persons, in that part of the Country, who could in any manner assist in forming his judgment on the best measures to be pursued, with the troops which were employed in the several quarters. And yesterday I changed his command to that of the Minisincks and forwarded him an extract from Colo. Hartley's Letter of the 9th that he might accommodate his dispositions to recent events. I have only to add on this subject, that on the 20th. Brigr. General Clinton set out to take the command at Albany, with directions to consult with Genl Hand, and to form with him, such combined arrangements, as may appear most consistent with their united strength. I am, etc.
[Note 78: Copies of Governor Clinton's letter of November 17, of Brig. Gen. Abraham 'Ten Broeck's of November 12, Lieut. Col, Alexander Webster's of November 11, General Hand's of November 15, Col. Goose Van Schaick's of November 15, Col. Jellis Fonda's of November 14, Lieut. Col. James Gordon's of November 14, and Maj. Daniel Whiting's of November 13--all reporting the massacre in Cherry Valley--are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
P.S. As the troops of Convention are approaching the North River, I am throwing over a part of the army, in order to form a line of posts paralel to their march, for the greater security of the several passes leading to the River.79
[Note 79: In the writing of James McHenry. The letter was read in Congress on November 27 and referred to the Board of War.
On November at Washington wrote again to Congress, introducing "young Mr. Penet," for whom Pierre Penet petitioned a brevet captaincy on condition that young Ignatius Penet would immediately return to France. Washington "endeavoured to discourage the application, but the footing on which he placed it, and the consideration that the house to which he belonged engaged very early in a commercial intercourse with this country, in the present contest induced me finally so far to comply, as to promise that I would communicate his request to Congress." (This letter is in the Washington Papers.) On Jan. 6, 1781, Congress appointed Ignatius Penet a lieutenant in Armand's Legion, in which he served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Saturday, November 21, 1778.
Parole Labrador. Countersigns Lynn, Leghorn.
Five hundred men from the Pennsylvania line properly officered to march tomorrow morning to Sharon to escort the Convention troops to Hudson's River.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Sunday, November 22, 1778.
Parole Waldeck. Countersigns Walpole, Wales.
Lieutenant James Lord80 of the 1st. Connecticut Battalion is appointed Pay Master for the same from September 9th. 1778.
[Note 80: He was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June of that year.]
November 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: In consequence of a Letter this minute received from Colo. Bland who is conducting the march of the Convention troops and whose Van would be at Sharon last night, I am under the necessity of detaching a part of the Pensylvania Brigades to escort them from thence to the North River. This detachment with the several guards furnished by them, leaves this pass almost destitute of Men. I therefore request that you will order One of the Connecticut Brigades to move as soon as possible to this Camp, that it may be secure against every possible accident. As the Brigade will only remain here while the Convention troops are moving to and passing the North River and will then return, you will order no more baggage to be brought with it than can be possibly helped. I am, etc.
P.S. I dont imagine Genl. McDougal has returned yet; but if he has you will be pleased to inform him, that I wish to see him, as soon as he can arrive here.
The Brigade coming to Camp can occupy its old ground or any that may be better.
The Connecticut Militia are not to guard the Convention troops farther than the boundary of the State, which makes the escort I have mentioned necessary from thence.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, 8 O'Clock A.M., November 22, 1778.
Dear Sir: Yours of last evening reached me at day Break this morning. The Continental troops will march from hence in an hour and will have orders to proceed untill they meet the troops of the Convention. I have directed one hundred Men to advance quickly before the rest. You will therefore put the first division in motion as soon as possible after this reaches you, they may march the distance between Sharon and the place where they will meet the Continental troops even without an escort, tho' I hope some of the Militia will from Colo. Meade's letter,82 be prevailed upon to come as far as Mabbits.83 Altho' none of the Officers are to be permitted upon any terms to go into New York yet if they incline to write you may inform them that their letters shall be forwarded. I am &ca.84
[Note 82: Lieut. Col. Richard Kidder Meade's letter of November 21 from Sharon to Lieut. Col. Alexander Hamilton, a copy of which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: Samuel Mabbit, in Dutchess County, N.Y.]
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1778.
Sir: John Temple Esqr85 will have the honor of presenting this to your Excellency. I do not know what Mr. Temple's views are; but it seems he has some application to make to Congress. I never had, till now, the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with him, but from the terms in which Mr. Bowdoin86 speaks of him, as your Excellency will perceive by the inclosed letter, and from other recommendations I have had of him, I consider him as a Gentleman of sense and merit and of warm attachment to the rights of his Country, for which he appears to have suffered greatly in the present contest. I have the honor, etc.87
[Note 85: John Temple came from England in 1776, with a considerable sum of money furnished him by the ministry. Judge Thomas Jones, in his History of New York During the Revolutionary War (New York: 1879), vol. 1, pp. 85--88, speaks rather bitterly of him as an American sympathizer, who was pampered undeservedly by the British Government while staunch loyalists were ignored. "He went to Boston, proved himself a whig persecuted by Great Britain, from there to Congress, never saw the commissioners, spent the money, and returned to England; did no good in America, but much harm, and is now in full enjoyment of an office of great consequence." He married a daughter of James Bowdoin, but aroused suspicions in several quarters as to his purpose in coming to America. Samuel Adams, and others of the New England delegation, labored strenuously against those suspicions. After the Revolution Temple was appointed consul general to the United States at a salary of £1,500, which was the "office of great consequence" alluded to by Judge Jones.]
[Note 86: Former president of the Massachusetts Council.]
[Note 87: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 23, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have been honrd. with yours of the 23d October, inclosing an extract of an Act of the State of Virginia for recruiting the Continental Army. The Bounties and other encouragements offered by this Act are so liberal that I think if Men cannot be induced to inlist on such terms, it will be in vain to think of offering any thing higher. I have transmitted a Copy to each of the Officers commanding the three Virginia Brigades, but have not yet heard whether it has had any influence upon the Men.
I have upwards of twenty thousand dollars in my hands belonging to the state, the Ballance of Money which was deposited last Spring, to pay such as would reinlist upon a Bounty of twenty dollars. I shall apply that money as far as it will go, to the payment of the Bounties offered by the late Act, should I be called upon by the Officers. Should that be expended I will call upon Mr. Morse.88 Agent to the state, as you direct, and I shall be very happy should the success of recruiting be such as to oblige me to draw upon your Delagates in Congress for a further Sum. I am &c.89
[Note 88: Capt. John Moss (Morse), Virginia agent.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 23, 1778.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 12th. inclosing a Copy of the Invoice of the different Articles ordered from Europe for the supply of the Year 1779. The estimate of Cloathing appears to be liberal. I am not so well acquainted with the demands of the Artillery and Quarter Master Departments, but I will consult the Gentlemen at the Head of them and if any thing is deficient, I will acquaint the Board, that they may endeavour to make it up by an after order.
The Cargo of the Frigate Providence90 cannot be better disposed of than at Springfield, from whence the Articles may be brought to the Army as they are wanted.
[Note 90: "I am greatly pleased with the gallant circumstances of your passage through a blockaded harbour; and much obliged for the detail of your voyage. It was very agreeable to hear of your safe arrival, with the valuable articles of your invoice."-- Washington to Capt. Abraham Whipple, Nov. 25, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers. Captain Whipple, in the Providence, had run the British blockade, after a smart engagement with two British frigates, and arrived at Portsmouth, N.H., from Brest, France, with a cargo of blankets, uniforms, and military and medical supplies.]
Major Nicholas arrived yesterday from the Eastward; from him I learn that 20,011 suits of Uniform had been brought on to Springfield which are all of those imported from France, exclusive of those lately arrived in the Frigate Providence. By this account there is a deficiency of upwards of 3,000 suits. There being now a sufficiency of the French Cloathes for the whole Army, the Board may, if they think proper, stop Otis and Andrews from making up any more Cloth, and direct them to bestow their whole attention to making up and forwarding shirts, which are much wanted.
In mine of the 18th. I desired the Board might make a requisition for the Militia of the Counties of Northampton, Berks, Lancaster and York for the escort of the Convention troops through Pennsylvania; their route being since changed for the convenience of Forage and provision they will now pass the Delaware at Sherrards Ferry and therefore the Board will be pleased to require the Militia of Bucks and Philada. in lieu of those of Northampton and Berks, as they will pass below those Counties.
I have never seen or had any report from the new Commy. of Hides. Upon the Receipt of your letter I sent for him, but found that he had gone to Jersey. His deputy in Camp knew nothing of any steps that had been taken by him or any arrangements made by him since he came into Office. Upon his return, I will make enquiry of him what he has done and desire him to report to the Board. I am &c.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am to acknowledge your letter of the 7th. Ulto., which I have this day transmitted the committee of arrangement for their particular consideration.
You may be assured I shall be very happy if any mode can be settled by you and the Committee, which may give mutual satisfaction, or continue you in service.92 I am, etc.
[Note 92: Cadwalader had been made prisoner at Fort Washington, N.Y., in November, 1776, and was now on parole. The question was as to his right to a command when exchanged.
"I could wish the committee to consider, if there is any method, yet remaining, by which his scruples might be removed, and the affair settled in a conclusive and satisfactory manner."-- Washington to the Committee of Arrangement of Congress, Nov. 23, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Fredericksburg, November 23, 1778.
Sir: As you have not yet had a route given you beyond the North River, I am to desire that you continue the march of the Convention troops by way of New Windsor to Sussex Court House, to Hackets Town to Sherrards ferry by Pitts Town, to White Horse on the lancaster road, to Lancaster and thence by the usual route through York in Pennsylvania, Frederickstown in Maryland [and Leesburg in Virginia]. In the further progress of the march, I shall not give you any particular directions; you will regulate it according to your own judgment, the information you receive and the arrangements of the Commissary with respect to provisions.
On the other side the North River, you will apply to Baron De Kalb, who has been directed to furnish proper escorts from his division to guard the troops as far as the Delaware. I have written to the Board of War to obtain the necessary orders for the Pensylvania militia to conduct you through that State, and to Governor Johnson to make the proper arrangements through the State of Maryland. To prevent a possibility of unnecessary delay, You will send on from county to County to the commanding officer of the militia in each to give notice of your approach to their respective limits and the precise time you expect to arrive, and you will give this warning a sufficient time before hand, to allow ample leisure for calling out the militia. In Pensylvania you will pass through the Counties of Bucks, Philadelphia, Lancaster and York.
The distance of the Seat of Government in Virginia, from those parts through which you pass, prevents my calling in the usual way for the escorts of Militia through that state; I have written a circular letter to the Commanding Officers in the several Counties, which you will transmit as you advance in the time and manner you judge most convenient.
I send you herewith a warrant for Two thousand dollars, towards bearing the expences of your command, which you will hereafter bring into a general account. I am &ca.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
[Note 94: Virginia.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 23, 1778.
Sir: Congress having directed the removal of the Convention troops to Charlotte Ville in the State of Virginia; it will be necessary that proper guards should be furnished from the Militia of the several Counties through which they pass, to escort them through their respective limits. I am therefore to request, that you will, on the requisition of Col. Bland, who is charged with conducting the march of these troops, furnish such a number of militia as guards to them, from the county in which you command, and at such time and place as the Col shall think necessary. I am etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Monday, November 23, 1778.
Parole Morocco. Countersigns Moreland, Modon.
At a General Court Martial of the Line, Lieut. Colo. Williams, President, November 20th. 1778: George Albin, Express Rider, was tried for stealing two thousand and fourteen dollars from Captain Dunn,96 found guilty of stealing twelve hundred and ninety four dollars and sentenced to receive One hundred lashes on his bare back and to remain under confinement until he has refunded what Money is still deficient to Cap rain Dunn amounting to five hundred and seventy four dollars.
[Note 96: Capt. Isaac Budd Dunn, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was major and aide to Major General St. Clair from May, 1781, to the close of the war.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution; the stripes to be inflicted tomorrow morning at the Provost Guard in presence of the old and new Guards.
The Court Martial whereof Lieutt. Colo. Williams is President, is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 23[--24], 1778.
Sir: Your Excellency's Letter of the 18th with the inclosure referred to, came to hand yesterday. I had before received the intelligence contained in Mr. Dean's97 Letter, and in consequence made part of the detachments, which have been mentioned in my late Letters. It is highly probable, that the late incursions and outrages were committed by the parties comprehended in Mr. Deane's intelligence, and I should hope, that the force already gone from the Army together with the season, will prevent them at least from making further great depredations.
[Note 97: James Deane (Dean), agent and interpreter of Indian affairs in the Northern Department. His letter war that of October 10 to Schuyler telling of the gathering of the Indians for war. A copy of this had been sent by General Stark to Washington in his letter of October 16. Them are in the Washington Papers.]
Since I had the honor of addressing Your Excellency on the 21st, I received a Letter from Genl Hand of the 18th an extract from which you will find inclosed, with copies of a Letter from Major Whiting and from a Mr. Clyde.98 These will inform Congress, that tho' the ravages at the Cherry Valley settlement were great in the late attack by the savages, yet our loss was much less than we had reason to apprehend it from our former
[Note 98: The originals of General Hand's, Maj. Daniel Whiting's, and Samuel Clyde's letters are in the Washington Papers. Copies are filed, with the letter of Washington, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] advices. The account of the Enemy's having stormed the Fort and cut off Alden's Regiment happily, turns out premature.
The Inclosure No. 2, which is a Copy of a Letter from Lord Stirling of the 17th.99 will advise Congress, that the Fleet of transports which had lain at the Hook for some days before, came up the preceding night to the watering place; and also that some of the Ships of War had returned to York dismasted. Your Excellency will also see by the inclosure No. 3, which contains an extract from a Letter from Genl. Sullivan of the 18th Inst,1 the latest advices I have respecting Admiral Biron's fleet. From the loss of the Sommerset and these several accounts they suffered severely in their cruise.
[Note 99: The original of this letter is in the Washington Papers. A copy is filed, with the letter of Washington, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 1: The original of this letter is in the Washington Papers. An extract is filed, with the letter of Washington, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Novr. 24th.
I just received from Genl Hand,2 the inclosed petition from Major Whetcomb addressed to Congress and his Letter to General Hand of the same date. My information respecting the Corps under Major Whetcomb's command has hitherto been very imperfect, and even now I do not know the terms on which it was engaged. Nor had I till these Letters came to hand, any reason to think, that the troops above had not all been equally paid, having sent up a supply of money for the purpose soon after I came to this Camp, and authorised the Pay Master Genl. a few days ago to forward a further quantity. I shall immediately write to Genl. Clinton, now on his way to Albany, to send a proper Officer to muster the Corps, and also three Companies which he calls provincials, under his direction, said to be engaged to the 1st of next month, after which, both will be paid
[Note 2: Hand's letter to Washington, dated November 20, inclosing Maj. Benjamin Whetcomb's petition, is in the Washington Papers. Whetcomb's (Whitcomb) petition is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 41, 10, fol. 370. His letter to Hand (November 16) is on folio 377.] on his presenting proper Rolls. With respect to Cloathing, the only application I recollect ever to have had from Major Whetcomb, was answered with such supplies both in quantity and quality, as our stores at the time would admit of. It may perhaps be practicable hereafter to put his Corps on a better footing in this instance. The alarm which Major Whetcomb speaks of, in the beginning of his Letter to Genl. Hand was occasioned, Congress will perceive by a Copy of another Letter from him to Genl Hand, by a descent made by a body of the Enemy in the Country about the south end of Lake Champlain, and who according to his report have done considerable damage.
I directed General Du Portail some time ago to take an accurate view of the works carrying on in the Highlands, for the defence of the North River, and to make an estimate of the Cannon necessary for the purpose. This he did, and as he is now at Philadelphia, I have written to him by this conveyance to present the Estimate of Congress.3 I am sorry the number wanted is so great and the more so, as I find upon inquiry, that the Salisbury furnace in Connecticut, which used to cast many, is much out of repair and could not possibly be put in order and in a proper state of supplies before May. The providing of Cannon is a matter of infinite importance and I am persuaded Congress will take every means in their power to accomplish it. Besides the pressing and extensive demand for the Works on the North river, we cannot extend our views too soon to the obtaining further large supplies. We must in the course of things have occasion for a great deal of Artillery, and in any enterprise we may undertake against Canada, whether on a large or a small scale, several pieces of various Calibers will be
[Note 3: "The estimate you delivered me sometime since of the Cannon wanted for the works of West Point, having been, by some accident mislaid, I am to request you will deliver a copy of it to the President of Congress, which you will be pleased to do as speedily as possible."-- Washington to General Du Portail, Nov. 24, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] absolutely essential. Besides arming the Ships and Vessels we shall be obliged to build to gain the navigation of the Lakes, our land operations will require a great number.
A Detachment of Continental troops will conduct those of the Convention, from the North river to the Delaware. The German Battalion is to compose part of the escort, and after the Convention troops cross to Pensylvania, I have directed it, in consequence of the intelligence transmitted of late by Congress respecting the Frontiers, to proceed to Easton with all its baggage, where it is to wait till Genl Hand arrives at the Minisincks, and whence it may be ready to act as circumstances may require.4 At the same time if these frequent detachments from the Army could be avoided, it were much to be wished. The troops will be by these means in a very dispersed state, and besides loosing perhaps some advantages which might present themselves, if they were more collected, their discipline will be greatly injured, and it will be extremely difficult from a variety of causes to draw them together again, and if it should be practicable, it is highly probable we shall find their number much impaired by desertion and otherwise. I have the Honor etc.5
[Note 4: On November 24 Washington wrote Baron de Kalb that the German battalion should "take their Baggage with them, because I am not yet certain but they may be ordered upon a detached duty. They are to send their Baggage to Easton, and after they have escorted the Convention Troops to Sherrards Ferry upon Delaware they are to repair to Easton and there wait further orders." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 24, 1778.
Sir: I received yours of the instt.6 by Mr. Dodge7 and of the 16th. by Captn. Bailey.8 Dodge is by far the best acquainted
[Note 6: Date should be November 13. This letter of Gates is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 7: John Dodge.]
[Note 8: Capt. Frye Bailey (Bayley), of the New Hampshire Rangers.] with the communication between the St. Laurence and Detroit of any person I have met with and should the situation of our affairs admit of an expedition by way of Lake Erie, he will be truly valuable, not only from his acquaintance with the country but from his knowledge of the Languages of the Western Indians. Several circumstances conspire to render an expedition into Canada this Winter impracticable. Had the Enemy so far have [sic] reduced their number at New York and Rhode Island as to have admitted of a detachment sufficient for such an enterprize, want of provisions only, in proper time, would have been an insuperable bar. When General Bailey came to make a collection of the Bread and Meat upon the upper part of Connecticut River he found the quantity to fall vastly short of the estimate delivered in at the White Plains. Instead of two Thousand Barrels of Salt Meat and from ten to twenty thousand Bushels of Wheat, he cannot furnish more than 1000 Barrels of the former, part of which was drove up from below, and a very trifling quantity of flour. Our magazines were so exceedingly exhausted by the Rhode Island expedition, the French Fleet and the Convention Troops, that the Commissary General would not engage for the supply of a Body of Men adequate to the purpose before the next Spring. However that we may be prepared to take advantage of any favorable opening which the circumstances of the Enemy may oblige them to give us next year, I have desired Genl. Bailey to go on laying up as much meat and flour as he can in that Quarter. Should the Enemy continue their operations upon the Coast the next campaign and oblige us still to turn our attention that way, those magazines above may be brought down at small expence.
The Posts in the Highlands are very illy furnished with heavy Cannon and I find we can put no dependance upon the only quarter from whence we had any expectation. That was from Salisbury Furnace. The manager of which informs Colo. Hay that the Furnace is out of repair, and that there is neither ore nor coal, nor any one thing in preparation for a blast this Winter. If the Guns of the Sommerset are saved, her lower Deckers will answer the purpose. I could therefore wish you would endeavour to procure about Twenty of the heaviest, and if they can be obtained that they may be sent forward as soon as the hardness of the roads will admit, or when they are covered with Snow, which will be the easiest mode of carriage.
All appearances of an evacuation of New York this Winter seem to have vanished; they are from every account busy in preparing Quarters. [The Troops of the second embarkation are stoped.]
I have paid Capt. Bailey and his two Officers for the time they were detained in Canada and Colo. Wheelock is gone down to Congress to get Colo. Bedel's Regiment put upon some kind of establishment, which it has never yet been. When that is done there will be no more difficulty in procuring their pay, Cloathing &ca. in the manner the others do. Be pleased to direct for me hereafter at Middle Brook in Jersey. I am &ca.9
[Note 9: In the writings of Richard Kidder Meade. In the draft, which is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, the sentence in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
[N. Y. H. S.]
November 24, 1778.
Sir: You will forthwith proceed to the Highlands and take the command there. All the posts on the North River from Poughkepsie, inclusively downwards, will be comprehended within the limits of your command. The troops under you will consist of three Massachusetts brigades, Nixons, Pattersons, and Larned's and the garrison of West Point.
I need not observe to you that West Point is robe considered as the first and principal object of your attention. I am persuaded you will neglect nothing conducive to its security, and will have the works directed for its defence prosecuted with all the vigour and expedition in your power. You are fully sensible of their importance and how much their completion will ease and disembarrass embarrass our future general operations.
One of the three Brigades may be posted at West Point, another at Fish Kill for the safety of the stores and the convenience of Barracks, and the other at Peeks Kill and the Continental village; but I leave it to your own judgment to adopt or alter this disposition as circumstances shall appear to you to require. I would recommend it to you to have your own Quarters at Peeks Kill, or in the Neighbourhood, for the purpose of obtaining early intelligence of what passes with the enemy; the better to take your measures in consequence.
You will have an inclosed redoubt made on each side the River at Kings ferry, with a guard house in each sufficient to accommodate forty Men with their officers, which you will relieve occasionally, once a week may be best.
You will at your own discretion advance parties towards the White plains &ca. for the protection of the inhabitants. You will discourage a frequency of flags either to, or from the enemy; and only permit them when really necessary; paying however proper regard to the applications of the state when flags are required for particular purposes. You will not suffer any inhabitants to go within the enemys lines, except for the sake of procuring intelligence; but with the permission of the civil power, agreeable to a late resolve of Congress.
It is my wish you should use every possible precaution for having constant and exact information of the situation and movements of the enemy; of which you will be pleased to advise me punctually.
If appearances should indicate a serious movement of the enemy against your post, you will immediately apply to General Putnam for such aid as shall appear to you necessary, who will either succour you with the whole or a part of his force as may be found requisite. You will also give me the speediest notice of it.
You will improve every opportunity the weather affords to exercise the troops, agreeable to the rules and regulations established for that purpose; and will pay the strictest attention to order regularity and discipline in every respect.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 24, 1778.
Sir: Your favour of the 15th. by Count Kolkowski, I received a few days since. If I have a right idea of your situation at Rosecrantz it will fulfil the object intended. Cole's Fort appeared a good position for covering a considerable part of the frontier; but any place in the vicinity of it, will answer the purpose as well; and as the circumstances you mention, make that particular spot inconvenient on the score of subsistence, you will either remain where you are or choose for yourself such other position in the neighbourhood as appears to you best adapted to the accommodation of your corps.
The motives which incline you to leave this country, at the present juncture, are laudable. When you have arranged the affairs of your corps, you have my consent to go to Philadelphia as you propose. I assure you Sir, I have a high sense of your merit and services and the principles that influenced the part you have taken in the affairs of this country. The disinterested and unremitted zeal you have manifested in the service gives you a title to the esteem of the citizens of America, and have assured you mine.
I gave Count Kolkowski a letter to Congress11 in which I communicated your request.
[Note 11: See note to letter from Washington to Count Casimir Pulaski, Nov. 10, 1778, ante.]
I have ordered Col. Spencer with his regiment, Colo. Armand with his corps and Captn. Schot with a party under his command to join you as speedily as possible; The more effectually to enable you, or the Officer commanding to repel any attempts of the enemy in the quarter where you are.
As you have signified to me your intention to return to Europe immediately, I have ordered Brigadier Genl. Hand to repair to Minisink and take the command. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
Only the parole and countersigns are given for November 25, and these are followed by the note: "The Army marching by Brigades into Winter Quarters."]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, Tuesday, November 24, 1778.
Parole Nassau. Countersigns Natick, Needham.
The Pennsylvania line and Park of Artillery are to march tomorrow morning nine o'Clock; The Stores and Baggage of the Flying Hospital and General Staff to move with them.
Head Quarters, November 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I this morning received your favour of the 24th. Instant.
I am well pleased with your Orders to Genl. Poor to proceed immediately to Danbury, and to Colo. Badlam13 for escorting
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. Ezra Badlam, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment.] in his room the Rear divisions of the Convention troops to Fish Kill.
There has never been any regulation of Congress, authorising Officers and Soldiers on furlough to draw their Rations in the Country, and it can never be done without endless inconveniences. The proceedings of Congress suppose a different idea, and under that part of the Establishment of the Army which took place the 2d. of July, Officers have subsistence money allowed them in lieu and in exclusion of Rations even when in Camp.
You will find your instructions within,14 and perceive thereby, that I have prohibited all seizures of property by our parties under the idea of it's belonging to Tories. Under this pretext there have been many enormities committed, disgraceful to our arms and injurious in the extreme.
[Note 14: These instructions are dated November 27, whereby it seems that they were either not inclosed or else this letter was not sent forward until that date. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, Nov. 27, 1778, post,)]
Your instructions do not mention the manner, in which the three Brigades under your command are to be quartered; but wishing the Army to be as little burthensome as possible to the Inhabitants of the Country, and that the Troops composing it's several divisions may lie compactly together, in order to their greater security, and better discipline and government, It is my desire that they should hut themselves as they did last Winter at Valley forge, where ever they can. This will be done by the divisions which quarter on the West side of Hudsons River, and I persuade myself that you and all the Officers with you will give proper attention to the manner of constructing the Huts. There were several last winter at Valley forge, which by the care of the Officers were not only comfortable but commodious, and in which the Men lived exceedingly well and preserved their health. These are considerations very important, and I have only to add, the sooner the Troops can be fixed the better. I am, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am lard. with yours of the 15th. According to my present Ideas and expectations my Quarters for the Winter will be at or near Middle Brook, at which place the Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia troops will be hutted. Should Mrs. St. Clairs ill state of health require your attention, after your Affair before Congress is determined, I shall have no objection to your remaining with her, while the situation of the Army, in respect to General Officers, will possibly admit of it.
The enemy, from appearances seem to have given over all thoughts of evacuating New York this Winter. Reports say that a second embarkation, which had fallen down to the Hook, is returned. This is variously accounted for; but I do not think it at all improbable that the late disaster which has befallen Byrons fleet may have disconcerted their operations. We have heard of the loss and damage of five of his Capital ships. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to detach a Captain, two Subs and Fifty Men who are to lay at Robinsons Mills near Mahopack Pond till the Rear of the Pennsylvania Troops are about passing the North River, then they are to follow and join their respective Corps. The intention of this party is to prevent any of the Convention Troops, under pretence of desertion, from passing that way to New York. The Captain will detach a Subaltern and sixteen Men to Isaac Beddoes about half a Mile from Robinsons Mills, and at the coming in of another Road, for the same purpose. The party of 50 to be furnished with six days provision.
The Virginia Troops will be upon their march from West Point to pass at Kings Ferry also, therefore to avoid crossing their line of march you are not to advance beyond John Jones's on the Road between the Continental Village and Kings Ferry untill their Rear are in your Front. You will then pass the River as soon after them as possible and continue your march to Middlebrook.
I would wish you to take all possible care to prevent the troops from burning fences or from committing any kind of Waste upon the property of the Inhabitants. I am &ca.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[November 25, 1778.]
Sir: Your favor of the 5th. Inst. was presented me by your son.18
[Note 18: Ephraim Bayley, who came to headquarters with Capt. Frye Bayley.
"I paid the money due to himself and his two Officers for the time they were detained in Canada. Colo. Wheelock is gone to Congress to represent the State of your Regiment....As an expedition into Canada is a thing of much uncertainty, at least as 10 time, I would not have yon engage any of the Indians at present."-- Washington to Col. Timothy Bedel. Nov. 25, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The continuance of the enemy in this quarter, the hazard we should run by detaching from the army, the condition of our supplies in your quarter which [fall infinitely short of what I was led to expect] with some other weighty considerations, make it necessary to suspend the expedition to Canada for this winter. But as I do not give up the idea of an enterprise at a more convenient season and [under more favourable circumstances] you will still exert yourself in obtaining an exact state of the enemies affairs and strength, particularising their Regiments and corps with the general temper of the Canadians.
The further procuring of Snow shoes with such articles as are only wanted in a winter expedition may be totally discontinued. But you may still assist in promoting, and increasing the magazines of flour in the places formerly marked out, to be ready when it shall be judged proper to reassume the expedition.
It would there is no doubt, be a desirable thing to have a quantity of provisions laid up in Canada, in the manner you propose, but should we encourage the frenchman which you mention, in this way it might serve only to point to our objects, and give the enemy an early alarm. This makes me rather hesitate on the propriety of employing him, even supposing his fidelity certain. He may however be used to answer other intentions, (such as giving information) at least till we are more determined on the expedition.
I am really unwilling to incur and accumulate the debt of the Continent by doing any thing at present towards cloathing the Indians you speak of. They must not however by a total neglect be suffered to get too much out of humor; you may furnish them with provisions, and must endeavour to preserve a good understanding, by civil treatment and without running into unnecessary expence.
It is not in my power at present to make you a remittance of the silver Dollars in your account; but I have drawn on the military chest for 5,000 Dollars which is put into the hands of your Son.
You will be pleased to persevere in clearing the road so long as the weather will admit of such duty.
As to appointing an issuing Commissary in your quarter, it is a matter which rests with the Commissary general. But at present there is no such officer necessary, when he is wanted I would suppose there will be no objection to the gentleman you mention. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: You are to remain at Pompton20 untill the Rear Division of the Convention Troops has passed Chester on their Route to Sussex Court House. You are then to march to Middle Brook and receive directions from the Quarter Master General for the position of the Brigade under your command in the line of incampment. The Regiment sent to Hackensack is to remain there till ordered off or releived. I am &ca.
[Note 20: Morgan was then commanding Woodford's brigade.]
P.S. I have received yours of the 24th. When the Virginia Brigades are all assembled at Middle Brook I will consider of the expediency of granting Furloughs to those who will reinlist.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Boston Public Library.]
Head Quarters, November 25, 1778.
Sir: I received your favor respecting Lieutt. White,22 and presented the one it contained to his Excellency. I have it in command from him to desire you will have that Gentleman arrested for having killed Lieut. Greene23 in a Duel, when the charge is
[Note 22: Lieut. Elisha White, of the First Virginia Regiment. After fleeing from camp he had returned to his regiment at West Point.]
[Note 23: Lieut. John Green, of the First Virginia Regiment. He had died Apr. 29, 1778.] to be transmitted to the Adjut. Genl; this is a step the rules of the Army and a regard to propriety obliged the Genl. to take. I am etc.24
[Note 24: This draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade."]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 25, 1778.
Dear Sir: You will perceive by the inclosed that there is a quantity of provision below and West of Bedford which will be sold to or taken by the enemy except it is removed before the light troops fall back. You will therefore send out parties, agreeable to Mr. Colts25 request under good and careful Officers, who will be directed by Mr. Leak of Bedford how and where they are to proceed. They are to take no more from the inhabitants than what they intended for sale, or what they can spare without distressing their families. Nothing is to be taken by way of plunder under any pretence whatever. The Commissary is either to pay or give proper Certificates for whatever he takes. I am &ca.
[Note 25: Peter Colt, deputy commissary general of purchases, Eastern Department.]
P.S. You will keep every thing in readiness for the detachments to join their Corps whenever they are ordered which will be in a few days.26
[Note 26: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, November 25, 1778.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 22d. Instant,with its inclosures.
Miss Tyneck27 may be told how very glad I should be to oblige her with a pass to go immediately into New York, if it
[Note 27: Miss "Kitty" (Catherine?) Ten Eyck, of Half Moon, N. Y.] was not necessary in such cases to observe some general line of conduct.
The line which has been pointed out by Congress, and which I have adopted, is to grant passports to such persons only as have previously obtained permission from the Executive of the State to which they belong. I would therefore wish Miss Tyneck to take the trouble of procuring this from Governor Clinton, (and I make no doubt but he will readily grant it).
But in case of Governor Clinton's absence, and this cannot be procured at present, I have inclosed the Young Lady my passport, that she may not be detained waiting for his return.
I thank you for your endeavours to provide me with some Nuts, and am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 25, 1778.
Sir: I have seen yours of the 16th. to Mr. Tilghman inclosing a return of the Cloathing sent forward to this place and delivered at Hartford. The shoes and Blankets for Poors Brigade will be sent to them at Danbury and those for Pattersons and Learneds to Fishkills at which places they are to be quartered. I do not know what quantity of Cloathing or of what kind remains at Springfield, but I think you had better bring it on to Fishkill, where it will be in a very convenient situation to supply the troops in that neighbourhood, those in Jersey, and those to the Northward. Shirts are exceedingly wanted for a great part of the Jersey, Maryland, Virginia and Carolina troops who have not yet drawn, be pleased therefore to send a parcel forward to Middle Brook in Jersey as quickly as possible, as they will quarter near that place. Six hundred Blankets have lately arrived from France at Boston and are ordered to Springfield, let them come forward with all expedition. There are also upwards of 2000 suits of Uniform which came with the Blankets. If you will make me a Return of what you have at Springfield, I shall then be able to direct with certainty whether the whole shall be brought to Fishkills, but you may without waiting further orders send on all the French Cloathing, Shirts, and Blankets. Pray press Messrs. Otis and Andrews to forward shirts to Fishkill, as they are now more wanted than any other Article.
Let your next be directed for me at Middle Brook at Jersey. I am &ca.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 26, 1778.
Sir: Mr. John Dodge will have the honor of delivering this Letter to your Excellency. His history is, that he is a native of Connecticut, and about eight years ago, as he informs me, settled in the Country between Detroit and Pitsburg as an Indian trader. That he carried on commerce till January 1776, when, for his attachment to our cause and the measures he had taken to promote it, he became obnoxious to the Enemy, was seized by order of the Governor of Detroit, was thrown into prison and there continued till the beginning of May last, when he was sent to Quebec. That on the 9th of October he escaped from thence and got into our settlements thro' the aid of a french Cognawaga, who came with him here on friday last.
I find Mr. Dodge an intelligent young man, intimately acquainted with all the tract of Country between Pitsburg and Detroit and with that lying on Lake Erie; also with most of the savage Tribes in those parts, and with their languages. He is likewise well acquainted with the communication from Fort Stanwix to Oswego and Niagara.
I believe Mr. Dodge's history to be true, and from a variety of circumstances, I am persuaded of his firm attachment to us; and I would take the liberty to suggest to Congress, that I think he may be of very important service to us in any enterprise we may undertake in the western Quarter, or against the force on Lake Erie or Lake Ontario. This consideration, with that of his losses and sufferings, which I am inclined to believe have been considerable, seems to make him worthy of notice and attention. His information is good and clear in several points, which I know myself, and in many others, from the manner in which he delivered it, far superior and much more satisfactory than what I have been able to derive from any other person.
As I have observed before, Mr. Dodge appears to me a valuable intelligencer, and if Congress are pleased to honor him with an opportunity, he will give them an account of the state of the Posts at Detroit and Niagara when he left them, and of that at Mishilimackinac; of the Enemys naval force on Lakes Erie and Ontario; and of such other matters in Canada, as he was able to inform himself of, either by his own observation, or the relation of others.
General Gates supplied Mr. Dodge with some money to defray his expences from Boston to this place, and I have advanced him to day One hundred and fifty dollars more to carry him to Philadelphia. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Mr. Dodge means to call on Colo. Butler of the light Troops, with whom he says he is well acquainted. He also says he is extremely well acquainted with Colo. Wood of Virginia; but he is not in Camp; and he adds that he was in Pitsburg in 1775. when Doctor Walker Mr. Wilson and Lewis Morris Esqr. were there as Commissioners,33 and engaged at that time, to use his influence to keep the Savages quiet &c.34
[Note 33: Dr. Thomas Walker, James Wilson, and Lewis Morris were Commissioners of Indian Affairs for the Middle Department in 1775.]
[Note 34: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on December 2 and referred to the Board of War.]
Fredericksburg in New York, November 26, 1778.
Dear Brother: Your Letter of the 2d. of last Month, though long on its passage, came safe to hand. There is a mistery in the proceedings of Congress respecting General Lee's tryal which I am not able to acct. for. The Sentence of the Court Martial has been hung up in that body since about the 20th. of August, when it should have been approved, or disapproved, without more loss of time than was necessary to have formed a right judgment of the proceedings. This delay is a manifest injustice either to the Generl. himself, or the public; for if he is guilty of the charges, punishment ought to follow; if he is innocent, 'tis cruel to keep him under the harrow. But, there is something in every thing tho it is not for common comprehensions, to take in all: The judgment of the Court ought not to have been known, nor the proceedings (according to Military usage and propriety) promulgated, till the sentence should be approved, or disapproved; and yet, the evidence on one side, with the defence, are industriously circulated; and even published in the Enemy's Papers. the design of this, and the tendency it must have to influence a decision, in the uninformed Mind, is tolerably apparent. I donor mean to insinuate (because I do not believe) that these are the views of Congress. I am sure they are not, but there are Moles among Men as well as beasts, and there ways are as impervious to the view. The Sentence (harsh or favourable) is what you have heard. I may now mention it to you, as it is known to every body; and as I have observed before, publish'd with part of the Proceedings in a New York Gazette.
I had expectations, but not very sanguine ones, that the Enemy were about to evacuate New York and bid adieu to the United States. Appearances have changed, and they now seem busied in preparing for the Winter. What there real designs are, I know not, like others, in distress, they are indecisive and foolish; waiting, I am perswaded, for the meeting of Parliament, that the Ministry may shelter themselves under their Wings, and the report of the Commissioners; who, if I mistake not, will contribute to the delusion by their representation of our distresses, arising from the depreciation of our Paper currency, and want of public virtue; which, in fact, is not a little alarming; and to which, if it were possible, it is high time remedies were applied; for unless something can be done, and speedily, to give credit to the former, and that will act as a stimulus to the latter, I think it does not require the gift of prophecy to foretell the consequences. There is such a thirst for gain, and such infamous advantages taken to forestall, and engross those Articles which the Army cannot do without, thereby enhancing the cost of them to the public fifty or a hundred pr. Ct., that it is enough to make one curse their own Species, for possessing so little virtue and patriotism.
The Enemy have made a considerable detachment (about five or 6000 Men) for, as it is supposed, the West Indies. they were about making another, of betwn. two and 3000, which has actually imbarked and fallen down to Sandy hook, but were remanded, and as it is said, relanded; the cause of this is not easily come at, unless we ascribe it to the disaster which has lately happened, by Storms, to the British Ships under Admirl. Byron; one of which, a 64 Gun Ship, stranded on Cape Cod, and three or four others of equal, or superior Size, dismasted, and other ways injured, that we know of, certainly; besides losses which we may be ignorant of, as the French Fleet put to Sea on the 4th. Instt. and may have caught some of them in the midst of their distress; and taken them to the West Indies whither it is supposed they are gone, and where the presumption is, a capitol stroke may be struck by them; especially if Byron is in such a condition as to disqualify him from following and certain it is, he has not done it yet; and as certain, that they early knew of his Sailing, and supposed destination.
We had advanced thus far on the Rout to Boston, in case the Enemy, induced by a desire of destroying the French Fleet, had been disposed to operate that way; but being convinced that they have given up all thoughts of offensive measures (this Campaign, unless something is attempted in the predatory style) and knowing that they are too strongly posted in New York by means of the natural strength of the place, and their Shipping; I am beginning to throw the Troops into Cantonments for their Winter Quarters, giving up all Idea, this fourth Winter, of seeing my home and Friends as I shall have full employment during the Winter to prepare for the Campaign that follows it. My Quarters for the most Part, will be in the Jerseys near Brunswick, but may be varied as circumstances shall require
I was sorry to learn the indisposition of your family from your Letter of the 2d. Ulto. but hope all is now well and that I may congratulate you ere this on the New comer. My love to all the family, I am most sincerely and Affectionately Yrs.
PS. The Inclosed will answer Rusts purposes at the same-time that public justice is attended to.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 26, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your favs. of the 18th. 19th. and 20th. Instant. I inclose you the Commissions for Colo. Henleys Regt. which be pleased to deliver to Captn. Trescot35 the commanding Officer. I laid yours of the 20th. before the Commissary General36 who in Vindication of his department wrote me a Letter of the 25th. and sent me a Copy of Mr. Flints letter to you of the 30th. October and Copy of Mr. Champions letter of the 19th. Novemr. all of which I enclose to you. You will observe that Mr. Wadsworth, to put things in their regular Channel, offers to take whatever Flour Messrs. Clarke and Nightingale may have purchased, off their hands. If this is satisfactory, he would wave the matter of the enquiry mentioned in the former part of his letter, which would involve all parties concerned in a tedious and disagreeable dispute.
[Note 35: Capt. Lemuel Trescott. Washington wrote (November 26): "I am favd. with yours of the 17th. instant enclosing a Return of the Officers of Colo. Henley's Regt. agreeable to which I have made out their Commissions and forward them to Genl. Sullivan to be delivered to you. Your Commission is filled up as Captain. I do not know the date of the Gentlemans Resignation who was appointed to the Majority of the Regt. but if you will obtain it, I shall, agreeable to my promise of promoting you upon a vacancy, send you a Major's Commission." This letter is in the Washington Papers. Trescott's majority accordingly dates from May 20, 1778.]
[Note 36: Jeremiah Wadsworth.]
I have at this instant your favr. of the 23rd. with its inclosures, so far as respects the Commissary is answered by the above. I hope your surmises of the evacuation of Rhode Island may prove true.
Be pleased to address your next to me at Middle Brook New Jersey for which place I am setting out and near which I expect to make my quarters this Winter. I am &ca.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 26, 1778.
Sir: When I first ordered troops to the Minisinks, Coles fort on the Delaware was recommended to me, as a proper place for them to be posted at, covering at the same time a part of the Frontier of New York, New Jersey and Pensylvania, agreeable to which, my directions to Count Pulaski were given. But the Count, on his arrival in that quarter, has represented to me the impossibility of taking post at Cole's Fort, that place and its environs having been desolated by the enemy, and being quite destitute of forage. I have since directed him to make such a disposition of his corps, as appeared to him best calculated for its accommodation, so as to be as near as possible to the place originally intended. When you arrive at Minisink you will dispose of these and all the other troops, under your command, on the same principles; attending as much to their convenience and easy subsistence, and to the convenience of the inhabitants as you can consistent with the main object of your command. You will then inform me where the troops are posted. I am etc.38
[Note 38: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, November 26, 1778.
Sir: In the inclosed letter, you will find an answer to yours by Colo. Kolkowski; since writing which I am favoured with yours of the 22nd. I shall only add to what I have already said on the subject, that you will keep your cavalry as near as you can to the place first pointed out, consistent with a proper supply of forage and subsistence without too much distressing the already distressed inhabitants. If this cannot be done where you now are, you will remove them to some other place.
If your cavalry must be sent to any considerable distance, your infantry can still remain, in the vicinity of Coles Fort. General Hand will soon be at the Minisinks, whose knowledge of the Country will be useful in making a proper disposition of the troops. The inclosed letter to him is to be delivered on his arrival. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, November 26, 1778.
Sir: You will forthwith proceed to Durham, between New Haven and Hartford in the State of Connecticut, with your Regiment of Cavalry, where you are to fix your quarters for the winter.
In quartering the Regiment at Durham you will preserve as much compactness as the nature of the place will admit, that by having them all under your own eye, you may be able to keep up good discipline, and prevent dissipation and irregularity.
It is not designed that the Regiment should do ordinary duty, or be called out upon every common occasion. But in case of invasion, or the advance of the enemy, you are to obey the orders of General Putnam, and assist in giving them every opposition.
The horse are not to be made use of as hacks. The men should be strictly forbid riding them as such, and when discovered in the practice, punished severely. Nor are they to be ordered by the officers on messages, or in the execution of any private purpose.
You will direct the utmost attention to the horse, that they may come into the field in the best possible condition for service.
Such of the arms and accoutrements of the Dragoons as are out of order are to be repaired, and every thing completed by next campaign.
You will regulate the furlowing of the officers of the Regiment by the rule established in the general order of the 2nd. Inst.
No officer is to make use of the public horses and those who now use them are to discontinue the practice, unless there is a resolve of Congress in being, or till one can be obtained for this purpose.
A field officer is to be allowed forage for four horses only including his servants. A captain forage for 3 horses including his servants, and a subaltern forage for two horses including his servants.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters at Fredericksburg, November 27, 1778.
Sir: You are appointed to the command of the Brigades of Poor, Parsons and Huntington which are to be quartered this Winter at Danbury.
You will keep a succession of small parties down towards the enemy's lines, mostly towards the Sound as Genl. Mcdougall will guard the North River to watch their motions, prevent small parties from penetrating too great a distance into the Country, and to gain any intelligence which may be collected: But the Officers are to be charged in the most express manner, not to meddle with or bring off any Cattle, or Horses, [unless they should be found driving into the Enemys lines; or in eminent danger of being taken by them; in either of which cases they may be brought off but are not to be considered as the private property of the Party; but delivered to the Commissary and Quarter Master for the use, of the Public] who are to pay the owners when brought off to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy, nor are they to take any other kind of property from any persons under pretence of its belonging to Tories.
You are not on any account to suffer persons, Inhabitants of the United States to go within the enemy's lines without they produce a written licence from the Governor or Civil Authority of the State to which they belong [agreeably to a mode pointed out by Congress.]
As many inconveniencies arise from Flags of Truce being sent from a variety of Quarters, you are desired, if applications are made to you on that subject, to refer them to [me unless such application is made by the Governor, or the Executive power of the State in which you are, in that case the request is to be complied with in the first Instance.]
No small parties are by any means to be permitted to go upon Long Island. The most shameful abuses have been committed [and injurious consequences arisen] from such parties, who make no discrimination between the inhabitants, many of whom, altho' obliged to remain there, are well affected to our Cause. Should there be any necessity of sending particular Officers over for intelligence, [you must make choice of such as you can be responsable for, that the end may be answered.] Nevertheless should the enemy, by advancing a party upon the Island to any considerable distance from the main Body, put themselves in such a situation as to afford a prospect of making a stroke at them with success, I would not mean by the foregoing to prevent such an enterprise from taking place. Even in that case, the Officer commanding should be charged to attend to his military object solely, and not, by suffering his Men to run up and down after plunder, lose any advantage which he might have gained.
If the Enemy make a demonstration of acting upon the North River [and] you [shd.] receive information [thereof] from General Mcdougall; [A Brigade] of the troops at Danbury are to proceed immediately towards the posts in the Highlands [and another held in readiness to follow, or act otherwise as circumstances may require.] They may probably at the same time make a move as if towards Danbury: but it will in my opinion be only to create a diversion in favor of their real design upon the Highlands, the loss of which would be of the utmost consequence [to the United States] while Danbury is no [more an] object [than Bedford or any other little Village.]
As the good order and discipline of the Troops during the Winter will depend upon a proper number of Officers being constantly in Quarters with the Men, you will, in granting Furloughs endeavour to observe the following Regulations as near as possible.
No Regiment to be without two Field Officers at one time but in extraordinary Cases.
No Company to be without two Commissioned Officers at a time but in like Cases.
No Regiment to have more than twenty Men upon Furlough at a time, that Number to be proportioned among the Companies.
When the Weather will permit, you are to see that the Brigade Inspectors attend to the Manoeuvre and discipline of their respective Brigades upon the plan introduced the last Campaign.
You are to take every measure to prevent and severely punish marauding or any insult to the persons or destruction of the property of the inhabitants by the Soldiery. Particular attention is to be paid to keeping a stock of Fire Wood which will take off every pretence for consuming Fences or out Houses. As soon as the Brigades have fixed upon their Ground for hutting and have drawn the timber necessary for building, the Quarter Master is to be directed to send away as many draught and other Horses as can possibly be spared. They are to be sent to such places as are out of the communication between the North River and Boston, that they may not consume the forage necessary for the teams transporting provision and Stores.
Monthly Returns are to be made regularly to the Adjutant Genl.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburgh, November 27, 1778.
My Lord: I am indebted to your Lordships several favors of the 17th. 19th. 20th. and 21st. Inst.
The inclosed to Mr. Beatty Commissary of prisoners you will be pleased to transmit by a special messenger. In case of his being within the enemy's lines you will send it by flag. It is to direct his attendance at Amboy, where commissioners on the part of Sir Henry Clinton are to meet Commissioners on our part on the 7th. of December, to treat upon an exchange of prisoners.
I have nothing of a particular nature for your Lordships attention. I expect to leave this place to morrow for my quarters in the Jersey, and shall take Elizabeth Town in my route. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 43: Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1778.
Sir: You will be pleased to give your attendance at Amboy on the 7th. December ensuing, where Commissioners on our part, are to meet Commissioners on the part of Sir Henry Clinton, for the settlement of an exchange of prisoners. You will receive your instructions from Colonels Harrison and Hamilton the Gentlemen I have appointed on our part. I make no doubt but you will be prepared with such papers as may be necessary in the course of this commission. I am, etc.44
[Note 44: Richard Kidder Meade, who drafted the letter, addressed it to "Col." John Beatty, but the "Col" was afterwards stricken out.]
Fredericksburg, November 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I thank much for your favor of the 11th. which I received by the last Post. You know when a House is on the move and packing up, all the family are commonly busy, and all is hurry; so it is when an Army is changing it's ground for new Quarters. This circumstance must plead my excuse for not going fully into your Letter. You are certainly right in your position that we must act according to our powers; however they may place us, in a situation different from what we wish. In pursuance of this, I have made a disposition of our Army for the Winter more adapted to our circumstances in point of supplies, than if the Troops had remained in a collected State; and tho it is not so sparse and divided as the plan of Cantonment mentioned in your Letter,45 yet it has regard to the objects you
[Note 45: Morris had been appointed on the committee of Congress to superintend the commissary and quartermaster departments and in this capacity he had suggested to Washington (November 11) the cantoning of the army "along thro the Towns about the Middle of Connecticut River." The Highlands should be protected and a post maintained at Fredericksburg; the sick Morris would have quartered at Albany and advance parties at Acquackanonck, Newark, and Elizabethtown, with a strong force at Morristown; small bodies at Sussex Court House, Easton, Coryells, Brunswick, and Princeton. Amboy Morris thought too dangerous for a post, but part of the army "might be quartered at Trenton, Bordentown and Burlington and a part at Valley Forge." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.] had in view; and I am well pleased, that in the general it coincides with your Sentiments. A more extended Cantonment to the Southward would have facilitated the means of support; but many inconveniences attend too great a dispersion of Troops. I refer you to my Letter of today to Congress for their general and particular disposition. I must be done after expressing my obligations for your care of myself, and after assuring you that I am etc.46
[Note 46: From a photostat furnished by J. Stuart Groves, of Wilmington, Del.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: In a letter from General Hand of the 20th. instant, he transmitted a memorial from Major Whitcomb (who commands a Corps of Rangers) to Congress, in which he complains of want of regular pay for his own Corps and three companies of provincials under his command, who were engaged till December. The principal bar to obtaining his pay seems to have been the want of being properly mustered. Genl. Hand in his letter says he had desired a Deputy Muster Master to go up to these Corps. If therefore their pay Rolls are produced to the pay Master at Albany made out agreeable to the musters be pleased to direct him to discharge them, and to continue so to do in future upon application made in proper form.
I shall set out for Middle Brook in Jersey to morrow, at which place I shall expect to hear from you when any thing material occurs. I am &ca.
P.S. If Genl. Hand should not have left Albany be pleased to inform him that the German Battalion is ordered to Easton to be ready to march to the Frontier should circumstances require it.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the photostat kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 27, 1778.
Sir: The Army is ordered to Winter Cantonments at the following places Viz:
[Note 48: Brig. Gen. William Irvine.]
On Tuesday next unless you receive orders to the contrary,you will direct the officers to march the men which composeyour Light Corps to the different Regiments to which theybelong by the nearest routes to the above Stations.
Inclosed you will find your Commission dated agreeable to the determination of the Committee of arrangement, those for the Officers of your Regiment were forwarded to them a few days past.
I shall set out to morrow morning for Middle Brook in Jersey bythe way of Fishkill, Kings ferry and Elizabeth Town. I am, etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Fredericksburg in the State of N. York, November 27, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am upon the eve of my departure for Winter Quarters but shall not quit my present roof untill I acknowledge, and thank you for your obliging favor, of the 25th. Ulto.
Unless the Officer who commanded the dispersed Dragoons of Baylors Regiment was directed by Mr. Caldwell to Trenton he was not only guilty of an unpardonable piece of indiscretion, but disobedience of Orders; as he was instructed to collect the scattered remains of that Regiment and repair with them to such place (out of the common rout of the Waggons) as the Quarter Master should direct. I have ordered an enquiry into his conduct on that occasion.
It is most devoutly to be wished that some happy expedient could be hit upon to restore credit to our paper emissions and punish the infamous practice of forestalling and engrossing, such articles as are essentially necessary to the very existence of the army and which by this means come to it through the hands of these people at 50 pr. Ct. advance; to the great injury, and depreciation of our Money, by accumulating, the quantum necessary for ordinary purchases to an amazing Sum, which must end in our total stagnation of all purchases unless some remedy can be soon and effectually applied. It is also most devoutly to be wished that faction was at an end and that those to whom every thing dear and valuable is entrusted would lay aside party views and return to first principles. happy, happy, thrice happy Country if such was the government of it, but alas ! we are not to expect that the path is to be strewed wt. flowers. That great and good Being who rules the Universe has disposed matters otherwise and for wise purposes I am perswaded.
As my Letter to Congress of this date has given a full acct. of the cantonmts. of the Troops and other matters of public concernment, I have no need to repeat it to you as an individual Member; the conduct of the Enemy at New York and Rhode Island is too misterious to be accounted for by any rule of common sense. The Transports containing their second Imbarkation still remain in the harbour, for what purpose is not easy to conjecture.
I shall hope, when the Army gets a little settled in Winter Quarters that the Comee. of Arrangement will perfect the good Work they began in the Summer and draw order from the Chaos we have been in for a long time past. It is eleven Oclock at Night and I am to set out early in the Morning, for which reason I shall only add my thanks for the favourable Sentiments you are pleased to entertain for, and have expressed of me but in a more especial manner for your good wishes and prayers. With sincere esteem and affection, and with Compts. to Mrs. Reed, I am etc.
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 27, 1778.
Sir: I do myself the Honor of transmitting to Your Excellency, the inclosed Copy of an Act of Congress of the 19th. Instant, in answer to the proposition made in your Letter of the 10th.
In order to negotiate an Exchange on the principles therein mentioned, Lieutenant Colonels Harrison and Hamilton, of the Army under my command, will meet Colonels O'Hara50 and Hyde51 at Amboy, on Monday the seventh of December at 11 OClock, with proper powers.
[Note 50: Col. Charles O'Hara, of the Second Foot Guards, British Army.]
[Note 51: Col. West Hyde, of the First Foot Guards, British Army.]
I would propose as the means of expediting business that our respective Commissaries of prisoners should attend at the same time and place, to carry into execution what shall be determined by the Commissioners. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. If Your Excellency should chuse to return me an Answer, Your Letter will have the most ready conveyance by way of Elizabeth Town.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 53: Jeremiah Powell.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1778.
Sir: I was honored with your letter of the 21st. Inst. to day.
It would have given me great pleasure, had the evacuation of New York, and the condition of our affairs coincided with the wishes of the Council to have a detachment of the army at Boston. But the Enemy still remain in New York, and their late conduct seems to evidence a determination to continue in that place, at least during the winter.
Before receiving your favor the cantonments of the troops had been determined on and the army in actual motion towards its different posts on both sides of the Hudson.
The Council will readily perceive that the present state of things in this quarter, would not authorise a seperation very far eastward, of any considerable part of this army. It would be a matter of the utmost difficulty and embarrasment, if not totally impracticable to supply any body of men with provisions at this season at Boston; besides the immense accumulation of public debt, which must arise from a land transportation was the measure in other respects advisable or consistent with our views and circumstances. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Fredericksburg, November 27, 1778.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your favor of the 20th with its several inclosures. Congress will be pleased to accept my acknowledgements for the communication of the treaties between his Most Christian Majesty and the United States. The Resolve respecting the exchange of Prisoners has been transmitted to Sir Harry Clinton, and I have appointed Commissioners if he thinks proper to meet his at Amboy the 7th of next Month.
I have the pleasure to inform Congress that the whole Army` one Brigade and the light Corps excepted is now in motion to the places of the respective cantonments for Winter Quarters. I have thought it prudent to delay this event, a while, to give time for the Convention Troops to make some progress in crossing the North river, to prevent a possibility of accident. The third division passes this day and if no unexpected interruption happens, the whole will be over the 30th instant. When their passage is completed, the remaining Troops kept in the field will immediately retire to quarters.
The disposition of Winter quarters is as follows: Nine Brigades will be stationed on the West side of Hudson's River, exclusive of the Garrison of West point, one of which, the North Carolina Brigade will be near Smiths Clove for the security of that pass, and as a reinforcement to West Point, in case of necessity; another, the Jersey Brigade will be at Elizabeth Town to cover the lower part of Jersey, and the other seven, consisting of the Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania Troops will be at middle Brook. Six Brigades will be left on the East side of the River, and at West Point, three of which, of the Massachusetts Troops, will be stationed for the immediate defence of the Highlands, one at West Point in addition to the Garrison already there, and the other two at Fishkill and the Continental Village, the remaining three Brigades, composed of the New Hampshire and Connecticut Troops and Hazens Regiment, will be Posted in the vicinity of Danbury, for the protection of the Country lying along the Sound, to cover our Magazines lying on Connecticut River and to aid the Highlands, on any serious movement of the Enemy that way. The Park of Artillery will be at Pluckemin. The Cavalry will be disposed of thus, Blands Regiment at Winchester in Virginia; Baylors at Frederick or Hagar's Town in Maryland. Moylans at Lancaster in Pennsylvania and Sheldons at Derham in Connecticut. Lee's Corps will be with that part of the Army which is in the Jerserys, acting on the advanced posts.
This comprehends the general distribution of the Army, except Clinton's Brigade of New York Troops Pulaski's Corps and some detached regiments and Corps, stationed at Albany and at different parts of the frontier, of which Congress have been already particularly advised. Genl. Putnam will command at Danbury, Genl. McDougal at the Highlands, and my own quarters will be in the Jerseys, in the neighbourhood of Middle Brook.
This disposition appeared to me best calculated to conciliate, as far as possible, these several objects: the protection of the country, the security of the important posts in the Highlands, the safety, discipline and easy subsistence of the army. To have kept the Troops in a collected state would have increased infinitely the expence and difficulty of subsisting them, both with respect to forage and provisions. To have divided them into smaller cantonments, would have made it far less practicable to maintain order and discipline among them, and would have put them less in a condition to controul and prevent offensive operations on the side of the Enemy, or to assemble to take advantage of any favourable opening, which their future situation may offer, should they be obliged to weaken themselves by further detachments, so far as to invite an enterprise against them.
By the estimate of the Quarter Master and Commissary General it appeared indispensible to have the principal part of the Army on the other side of the North River. It was thought impracticable to furnish the necessary supplies of flour for the whole on this side the river, from the immense difficulty and expence of transportation in the Winter season, and from the exhausted state of the Country, with respect to forage. As this subject has been already fully before Congress, I shall not trouble them with a repetition of the detail.
In order as much as possible to reduce the demand of forage and facilitate the supplies, I have given directions when the several divisions arrive at their cantonments, to send away to convenient places at a distance from them, all the horses not absolutely requisite to carry on the ordinary business of the army.
It is unnecessary to add, that the Troops must again have recourse to the expedient of hutting, as they did last Year, but as they are now well clad, and we have had more leisure to make some little preparations, for Winter quarters, I hope they will be in a more comfortable situation than they were in the preceeding Winter. With the highest respect, etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Head Quarters, November 27, 1778.]
Sir: I have received your favor of the 20th Inst. Colo. Clark's56 procuring of Cloathing for the N. Carolina troops he commands, on Continental account was a measure taken long before it was known, that we should have it in our power to supply the whole Army with that imported from france.
[Note 56: Col. Thomas Clark, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was wounded at Stono Ferry, S.C., in June, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; retired in January, 1783.]
The whole army has been directed, by a general order of the 8th Inst, that all coats, Jackets and breeches, which have been received, either thro' the hands of the clothier or agents or thro' the states on Continental Acct. and which may have been delivered in the course of the fall, or that may remain undelivered, must be returned to the Clothier or agents of the department in case new ones are drawn.57
[Note 57: "I have yours of the 18th. inclosing a Return of Continental Cloathing remaining in Your Hands. I desire the whole may be sent as expeditiously as possible to this place [Fishkill] and delivered to Mr Measam or to his Deputy in his Absence. When you make the Return lately called for by the Board of War of the Quantity of Goods purchased by you, and have disposed of; you are to specify particularly what was delivered to Officers, at what price, and by whose order. You are not to suffer the Strouds to be cut up into Blankets as they will probably be wanted for other purposes."-- Washington to Maj. John Bigelow (assistant clothier at Hartford), Nov. 19, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Whatever therefore Colonel Clark has procured, will be necessarily stored with the Clothier General, as he is completely provided in french clothing.
The old cloathing of the army is not of great consideration however the most pointed attention of the officers is recommended to prevent its misapplication to have their several articles of dress frequently examined and to make the old as useful as possible in saving of the new. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 60: Of the British Army.]
Head Quarters, November 29, 1778.
Sir: I was last night honored with your polite Letter of the 25th. Instant, and am much obliged by the favourable sentiments you are pleased to entertain of me.
I feel for the situation of Capt. Fetherstone,61 in whose favor you interest yourself, but yet it is not in my power to comply with your request in his behalf. I should hope he may secure his claim by writing to Sir Henry Clinton and his friends upon the subject and if it should be thought that this expedient would answer any good purpose and the Captain will write, His Letters shall be transmitted by an early flag. In consequence of a proposition from His Excellency Sir Henry Clinton and Others on the part of the Honorable the Congress, it is probable there
[Note 61: Capt. William Featherstone, of the Twenty-first Foot, British Army.] will be a meeting of Commissioners from the two Armies, in the course of a few days, to confer upon Matters respecting the exchange of the Convention Officers and those of our Army, prisoners with him. I cannot tell what the result may be; but I shall be happy if it produces relief to the parties who are the Objects of the meeting. I have the Honor, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Fish Kill, November 29, 1778.
Sir: I am favoured with your letter of this date, inclosing one from C--.63 His account has the appearance of a very distinct and good one and makes me desirous of a continuance of his correspondence. At the same time, I am at a loss how it can be conveniently carried on as he is so scrupulous respecting the channel of conveyance. It will be indispensible for you to be with your regiment, and it would be too circuitous and dilatory, to have his communications pass through you at the station to which you are going. I wish you could fix upon some Officer at Danbury, in whose discretion, your correspondent would be willing to confide, or the matter might possibly be so managed that his letters might pass through that officer to me, without his knowing the person from whom they came. But any way, you can fall upon, in which the purpose of procuring his intelligence with expedition can be answered will be agreeable to me.
[Note 63: Samuel Culper.]
If you think you can really depend on C--s fidelity, I should be glad to have an interview with him myself; in which I could put the mode of corresponding upon such a footing that even if his letters were to fall into the enemys hands, he would have nothing to fear, on that account.
I am sorry, I cannot send you the money you request per bearer; All the Specie in my possession is with my baggage from which I shall be for some days separated. But if I am not mistaken, there is a sum about equal to what is now wanted in the hands of Colo. Henley, whom I have directed, in the letter accompanying this,64 to pay what he may have, to you. You will apply to him accordingly.
[Note 64: "I do not exactly recollect what sum of hard Money General Scott left in your hands, but whatever you may now have be pleased to pay to Major Talmadge, who has occasion for it for a special purpose, and let me know the Amount."-- Washington to Henley, Nov. 29, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Specie is so scarce an article and so difficult to be procured, that we must use great oeconomy with it. If Continental money can be made to answer the purpose in part, it will be a very desirable circumstance, as it will facilitate the necessary supplies. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Fishkill] November 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have written to Lord Stirling to day66 to order a Subaltern with 16 Dragoons of Moylan's Regiment to proceed to Sherards ferry and put himself under your command. When you arrive at Fredericktown in Maryland, if you should suppose you will still have occasion for Horse, you will relieve the party from Moylan's, by taking an equal or inferior number from Baylor's, if the state of the Horses will admit, in which case the former are to rejoin their Regiment at Lancaster; but if the State of Baylor's will not admit of the detachment,67 you
[Note 66: "Colo. Bland is in want of a party of Light Horse to assist him in the Escort of the Convention Troops, be pleased therefore to order a Subaltern and 16 from Moylans Regt.... Let the party take their necessaries with them as they will rejoin their Regiment in their Winter Quarters."-- Washington to Lord Stirling, Nov. 29, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 67: "Should Colonel Bland call upon you for a party of Horse from Colonel Baylors Regt. you are to furnish him with it."-- Washington to the Commanding Officer o! Baylor's Dragoons, Nov. 29, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] must retain the party from Moylan's as long as you judge it necessary, after which you will order the Officer to return with it by the best and shortest route to join his Corps. I am etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Fishkill, November 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I just now received a Letter from His Excellency the Governor of this State, transmitting a general complaint from Major Strang and Mr. Hyat69 against your Corps, and a particular one against Lieutt. Carries70 for an irregular seizure of forage, and against yourself for refusing to suffer the sheriff to arrest him for it, and demanding him to be delivered to the Civil Magistrate, as you will perceive by the Inclosed.
[Note 69: Maj. Joseph Strang, of the Westchester County (N. Y.) Militia, and Nathaniel Hyatt, jr. Their complaint, dated Nov. 25, 1778, is in the Washington Papers, along with Governor Clinton's forwarding letter of November 26.
"I have written to Major Strang and Mr. Hyatt, inclosing a Letter to Major Lee....I have also advised them that the Corps is under marching Orders for Jersey, that they may not defer the arrest, if they think proper to make it."-- Washington to Gov. George Clinton, Nov. 29, 1778. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers. The letter sent is in the possession (1934) of Mrs. Emory Clapp, of New Orleans.
Washington's letter to Strang and Hyatt, which is also in the Washington Papers, is practically a recital of what he wrote to Governor Clinton: "I have informed Major Lee...that Lt. Carnes must be amenable to the civil authority, and that he is not to prevent the Sheriff from executing the process he may have against him."]
[Note 70: Lieut. Patrick Carnes, of Lee's Dragoons. He was a captain in Pulaski's Legion in 1780.]
This complaint I confess gives me extreme pain, as there is nothing I wish so much as a perfect good understanding and Harmony between the Inhabitants and every part of the Army. Mr. Carnes must be amenable to the civil authority, and the Sheriff or other Officer must be permitted to execute the process against him without interruption, that the matter may undergo legal inquiry and decision. I am, etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Fish Kill, November 30, 1778.
Sir: I intended in my way to the Jerseys to have called at West Point; but being detained here by the weather, much longer than I expected to stay, I find it necessary to decline my proposed visit to the Garrison. I am to inform you that General McDougall is appointed to take the command in the Highlands. You will therefore receive your future orders from him. I am, etc.
P.S. Your favour of the 27th. with the inclosed return is received.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, November 30, 1778.
His Excellency Sir Henry Clinton having by a Letter to me of the 10th Instant, made a proposition to the following effect, viz. "to exchange the Officers of our Army who are prisoners on parole or otherwise in his possession, for the Officers and Men of the Troops of the Convention, according to the customary proportion, or according to such proportion as might be determined, by Commissioners appointed on both sides."
And the Honorable the Congress having authorised me, by an Act passed on the 19. Instant, "to appoint Commissioners to confer with such as are or may be appointed by Sir Henry Clinton, on the exchange proposed by him; and directed that Officers of equal rank be first exchanged, after which, if it should be necessary, an equivalent of inferior for Superior Officers: and if agreably to such equivalent, all the Officers of the Enemy shall be exchanged and a ballance of prisoners remain in their hands, then an equivalent of privates is to be settled according to the customary proportion or such proportion as may be agreed on."
In virtue of these powers, You the said Robert Hanson Harrison and Alexander Hamilton are appointed and I do hereby appoint You Commissioners, to repair to Amboy in the State of New Jersey on Monday the 7 of December, then and there, or at such other place as shall be afterwards mutually agreed on, to confer, agree, and determine with the Commissioners nominated or to be nominated [on the part of Sir Henry C.] and who shall be properly authorised, upon an exchange of prisoners, agreable to the terms of the said recited Act;
for which this shall be your Warrant; and your engagements being mutually interchanged, shall be ratified and confirmed by me.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets have been crossed out. In a contemporary copy of this document, in the Papers of the Continental Congress, under date of Nov. 20, 1778, this phrase is written: "by Sir Henry Clinton."]
[Note 74: Of the Third Continental Dragoons.]
November 30, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favor last night and have the pleasure of transmitting your Commission which had just come to hand before in a Letter from the President.75
[Note 75: President of Congress.]
Full instructions were made out for Baylors Regiment, but by accident they were put up in the paper Chest with the baggage. They shall follow you as soon as possible. In the mean time you will put the Regiment in motion and proceed with it as fast as you can to Fredericktown in Maryland where it is to quarter unless it can be better accommodated with Hay and forage at Hagerstown, in which case you will take your Station at the latter.
I wrote Colo. Bland yesterday that I had ordered a Subaltern with 16 Dragoons of Moylans Regt. to join him at Sherard's ferry, to be relieved by a like or an inferior party from Baylor's when he gets to Fredericktown if the state of the Regiment would admit of it, and gave him a line to the Commandg. Officer for the purpose. You will settle this matter with him when he arrives there as circumstances will justify. If you are not brisk he will be there as soon if not before you.
With respect to Cornet Baylor,76 I am sorry he should have remained in arrest so long, and were he not charged with Gaming, I would release him from it; but as he is, you will direct a Court to sit when you get in Quarters. There will be several of the Officers of Bland's Regiment at Winchester, who can compose it in part. I am, etc.77
[Note 76: Cornet Walker Baylor, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was made a captain in February, 1780, and resigned in July, 1780.]
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison,]
Elizabeth Town, December 4, 1778.
Sir: Between Fredericksburg and this place, where I arrived yesterday afternoon, I had the Honor to receive Your Excellency's several favors of the 26th. 27th. and 28th. in due order, with their several Inclosures, which shall have my attention. My being on the road from the time of their coming to hand till yesterday, prevented me from acknowledging them before.
As many inconveniences would attend the removing of the Sick Officers and Men of the Convention troops by Land, and the Officers having families, I have written to General Gates to permit them to proceed to the falls of James River by Water, on the Officers giving their paroles that they and the Men will perform the voyage. I have also acquainted him of the meeting in contemplation for an exchange of Prisoners, that the Officers may not leave Boston till the result is known.
With respect to Major de Passem of the Regiment of Hesse Hanau,80 I hope he may be released by an exchange, after which it will remain with him to obtain liberty from Sir Henry Clinton to return to Europe; but if the exchange in agitation should not take place, I should be happy if Congress themselves would decide whether he is to be allowed his request. If on my permission he should go to Europe, without application to and the consent of the British Commander, which seems to be his intention, the Enemy might not think themselves bound upon a future occasion to account for him. I have the Honor etc.81
[Note 80: Hesse Nassau(?)]
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Elizabeth Town, December 4, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving yours of the 24th. ulto. on the Road between Fredericksburg and this place. As soon as the Troops destined for the Middle Brook Cantonment have arrived at that Ground I shall detach one Regiment to Philada. and another to Trenton agreeable to the desire of the Board. I shall set out for Middle Brook in the Morning, at which place I expect to meet two of the Virginia Brigades; the other and a considerable part of the Pennsylvanians and the Marylanders are employed in escorting the Convention Troops from the North River to Delaware and securing the communication between them and the disaffected parts of the States of New York and New Jersey. I am etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is the writing of Tench Tilghman and addressed to Richard Peters as secretary of the Board of War.]
Elizabeth Town, December 4, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your last letters of the 30th. Ulto. and the Ist. Inst. which met me on the way to this place.
If Mr. Wallace83 can spare two rooms below Stairs, it will make our quarters much more comfortable, as well as render them more convenient for public business. You will endeavour therefore to concert measures with Mr. Wallace for this purpose.
[Note 83: John Wallace, who lived about 4 miles west of Middlebrook. (See note 21 p. 385.)]
I consider with you the line of communication to the Eastward much endangered by leaving Paramus exposed, and shall order the Carolina brigade to that station and its vicinity.
The New York paper of the 2nd. speaks of the taking of Colo. Ward84 and Captn. Bradford85 as an enterprise of spirit conducted by tories, thro' a great many hazards.86
[Note 84: Col. Joseph Ward, Commissary General of Musters of the Continental Army. He became Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army in April, 1780, and remained such to the close of the war.]
[Note 85: Capt. William Bradford, jr., Deputy Commissary General of Musters. Heitman lists him as a lieutenant colonel from April, 1777; he resigned in April, 1779.]
[Note 86: Rivington's Gazette reported the captures as "one of the Rebel Muster Masters General, named Ward, heretofore a School-Master at Boston, and his Deputy, Captain Bradford, said to be the son of Mr. Cornelius Bradford."]
From a late application it is necessary to detach a regiment to Trenton and another to Philada. for the security of the public stores. As I think of breaking in upon Genl. Woodford's brigade, you will in the' plan for hurting have respect to this diminution.
I shall endeavour to reach the quarters you have alloted me by that time Major Gibbs may have made his arrangements. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Elizabeth Town, December 4, 1778.
Sir: I have just received information, that the enemy have sent fifty two sail of vessels up the North River. What may be the design is not easy to determine; but if any thing serious is intended it must be one of three things, to make a stroke upon the forts, to rescue the Convention troops, or to intercept our line of march. To prevent their succeeding in the first, I am to desire, you will immediately move by the shortest route towards West point, advising the commanding officer there of your approach, and divesting yourself both of baggage and artillery, if necessary to facilitate your communication. To prevent the second, you will send the information, I now give you, to Colo. Bland, and urge him in my name to hasten on the Convention troops as fast as possible to the Delaware and to redouble his vigilance to suppress any effort on their part. Should the danger of a rescue become eminent, he will take such measures as necessity shall dictate.
Colo. Clarke with his Brigade will remain in the Clove for the security of that pass.88
[Note 88: See Washington's letter to Col. Thomas Clark, December 4--7, under Dec. 7, 1778, post.]
I do not mean however that the directions here given should be so absolute as to preclude your deviation from them if your intelligence should make a compliance unnecessary or improper. In this case you will act according to your own discretion, in which I am persuaded you will act with the greatest circumspection. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Elizabeth Town, December 4, 1778, 10 OClock P.M.
Dear Sir: I have just recd. intelligence that the Enemy moved up the North River yesterday with 52 sail of Transports, they had proceeded this morning as far up as Closter which is above Fort Lee. What is their intent I do not know. I desire you will halt wherever this may find you, collect all your effective Men, and send your Baggage and Convalescents on towards Middle Brook. If you receive certain information that they have proceeded up towards the Highland Posts, you are to move towards Sufferans at the Mouth of the Clove. I would have you send a Messenger to meet Lt. Colo. Hay with the 500 Men belonging to your division. If they have passed the North River, let them join you as expeditiously as possible. If they should be still upon the other side, let Colo. Hay put himself under the direction of Genl. Mcdougall who may perhaps want assistance. I am &ca.
P.S. If any of the troops belonging to the light Infantry should be on their way to rejoin their Corps be pleased to detain them with you.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft, which is also in the writing of Tilghman, does not contain the P.S.]
[H.S.P.]
Elizabeth Town, December 4, 1778, 10 OClock P M
Dear Sir: I request that you will halt the Virginia troops wherever this finds you, if the Ground and Wood will admit of it; if it will not, I had rather you would countermarch them to the first convenient situation. You will collect the Troops and hold them in compact order, taking care to have them well supplied with provision and ammunition and ready to move on the earliest order. You will continue all the Heavy baggage on it's march and only retain what will be barely necessary for the Men and which they can carry. I don't mean that the Artillery or ammunition Waggons should be separated from the Brigades. I am etc.
P.S. I have just received authentic intelligence that the Enemy have several Ships moving up the North River with Troops and flat bottomed boats.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
The same information was sent to Col. Daniel Morgan this same day (December 4), with orders to hold his troops ready "to act on the earliest order." Also, Washington wrote to Col. Thomas Clark practically the same letter as he wrote to Muhlenberg.]
Elizabeth Town, December 5, 1778.
Dear Sir: His Excellency was informed last night by a Letter from Colo. Febiger to Lord Stirling that 52 Vessels yesterday morning were proceeding up the North River with flat bottomed boats and supposed to have troops and were as high up then as Closter landing. We cannot tell what their object is, but the intelligence occasioned the General to send orders for halting all our Troops on the march, and himself and Lord Stirling to set out between four and five OClock this morning towards Acquaquinunck bridge, from whence they will proceed farther or return as circumstances point out. The Enemy certainly must have some Object, more than to divert us from Quarters, and I should suppose it One of three, to intercept our march, or to attempt a rescue of the Convention troops, or to attack the Highlands posts. For the first and Second, they must be too late and for the last I hope they are too weak. If Patterson and Learneds brigades are arrived at their ground and they must be, unless they have used the most cruel and wanton delay, the force in the highlands must be sufficient to resist their whole Army, especially when we take into consideration the aid which may be derived from the troops at Danbury. At any rate we are sure Nixons brigade was in the pass in the mountains, on the other side, the Carolina at the clove and several men in the fort, which, tho possibly they might not be equal to repel the Enemy, if in full force, would, very probably be sufficient to maintain their Ground till succoured.
This movement of the Enemy as I observed before, hurried His Excellency away this morning when he desired me to acknowledge his receipt of your favor of yesterday,93 and said he could not determine which of the positions you mention best, without seeing them. Nor did he decide positively that I recollect as to his own Quarters, but I believe Mr. Wallace's is the place for such has been the run of of conversation and family expectation. You are very well acquainted with the General's ideas as to a proper situation for the troops I should suppose, and I would fain hope, the part you take will coincide with his sentiments. He designed to set out to day towards the intended incampment, which would have obviated every difficulty, but Sir Harry thought to interpose his manuvres. I dare say he will arrive as soon as or before the Troops, which may
[Note 93: Greene's letter of Dec. 4, 1778, is not found in the Washington Papers.] prevent some of the inconveniences you forbode. I must request you to excuse this hurried scrawl, for in truth, Hamilton and Myself are immersed in thought and difficulties about our meeting Colos. OHara and Hyde at Amboy on Monday not so much on account of the business, as because Amboy is destitute of Meat, bread and all the &ca. that you can imagine, but we are trying to put things in train. I am etc.94
[Note 94: This draft is in the writing of and is signed by Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Elizabeth Town, December 6, 1778, 9 0Clock P M.
Dear Sir: I wrote you yesterday from this place in answer to your Letter to His Excellency on the subject of quartering the Troops. This minute Colo. Hamilton received a Letter from Doctr. McHenry dated to day at Paramus, with the following paragraph "desire Colo. Harrison to write to Genl. Greene on the subject of his Letter respecting a change of ground for hutting. He may tell Genl. Greene, that the situation marked out in the first instance seems to His Excellency the most eligible; but that Genl. Greene must be a more competent judge, to which place the preference should be given."
With respect to the movements of the Enemy the said McHenry writes thus. "We are informed by a Major of Militia that the Enemy's Vessels are near King's ferry, and it is said that a body of about 2,000 men are as high up as Tarrytown. Their Object would appear forage and provision to be collected between Kingsbridge and the posts at the Highlands." Genl Wayne is ordered to Sufferans; Genl. Muhlenberg to the same place; we shall move that way immediately."
Ham and I (this is against the rules of grammar, but it is consistent with those of modesty and the merits of the man, therefore I'll let it stand) shall set out to morrow morning for Amboy by sun rise. I have nothing more to add, except to tell you, what I hope you already believe, that I am with very sincere respect and regard, etc.95
[Note 95: This draft is in the writing of and is signed by Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Paramus, December 6, 1778.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased upon receipt of this letter, immediately to put the troops under your command in motion with their field artillery and ammunition for Sufferance at the mouth of Smiths Clove, and there wait further orders.
You will divest yourself of your baggage, which is to be ordered on to the place appointed for winter quarters. You may bring a few tents in some of the Strongest waggons to serve in case of very bad weather for the security of the arms but you are not to encumber yourself with many, but to travel as light in every respect as possible.
I imagine you will find the route by the great falls to be the best, however you will make the necessary inquiry of those who know the Country. I am etc.
P.S. March only such men as are fit for service, let the invalids proceed with the baggage; you will also dispatch an express to Middle brook, for the Commissary Genl. and forage master Genl. to come on to Sufferance.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Paramus, December 6, 1778.
Sir: I have received intelligence that the Enemys shipping had got as high up as King's ferry and that they had landed some Men on this side near Haverstraw. Be pleased therefore to move the Brigade, without their Baggage, to a good piece of Ground seven or Eight Miles towards the ferry. You had better march upon the Road nearest the mountain and not upon that through Kakiate. If the Enemy should have landed any men, you will send out scouts to reconnoitre them and if foraging seems their object, endeavour to keep them from penetrating the Country. If they keep in a Body and seem preparing for a design against the posts, keep your Men together also, prepared to act as Circumstances may require. I am &ca.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Paramus, December 7, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received yours dated the 5th. at West Point early this morning. I was yesterday on my way towards the River when I met Major Platt's99 letter from Haverstraw informing me that the enemy had fallen down the River again, and of the dispositions which had been made for their reception. By this letter I was releived from my principal anxiety which was, that perhaps Pattersons and Learneds Brigades might not have arrived. I cannot account for this odd maneuvre of
[Note 99: Aide to McDougall. He served as such to close of the war, His letter is not found in the Washington Papers.] Sr. Henry Clinton in any other way, than by supposing that he was misinformed as to the quantity of Stores at the ferry, or that it was a demonstration above, to forage with more security below. My latest accounts from New York inform me that thirty thousand tons of shipping have been lately taken up for Government service and that a general Embargo is laid. The occasion has not yet transpired.
The Board of War have called for a Regiment [or two] to guard the Stores at Philada. and Trenton. I can think of none more proper than Colo. Hogans1 of Carolina at present at West Point. They are a tender set of people, but illy provided with Cloathing, and therefore require warm quarters. As I shall leave Colo. Clarke with the North Carolina Brigade at this place [and Kakiate, for the security of the Communication with the No. River] he will be within supporting distance of the posts, and will more than compensate for the reduction of your present force by withdrawing Hogans, which be pleased to put upon their march to Philada. by way of Trenton as quickly as possible, directing the commanding officer to call upon me at Middle Brook on his way down. Be pleased also to direct him to take as many of his Convalescents with him as he possibly can. I have ever found it beneficial to the service and to contribute to the regularity of duty to keep Corps and Brigades as compact as possible. I would therefore suggest to you, if you have not already made other arrangements, to send the small Regiments of Patton and Malcom to the East and West side of Kings Ferry; throw one of the Brigades into the Fort intire, and hut or cover the two others at such places as you think most convenient. Colo. Clarke had sent down two hundred Men to the Ferry upon the Alarm. I have desired him, if he has not withdrawn them, to let them
[Note 1: Col. James Hogun, of the Third North Carolina Regiment.] remain there untill you send a party to releive them, which be pleased to do quickly as the Brigade to which they belong is under marching orders to this place. Colo. Clarke will be instructed to fall Back to the pass of the Clove at Sufferans whenever the Enemy appear in force up the River, and take his further orders from you. The troops destined for the Middle Brook Cantonment are again upon their march to that place for which I shall set out tomorrow. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets have been added by Washington.]
Paramus, December 7, 1778.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving yours by Captn. LeBrun,3 at this place. The spare ammunition of the Army having gone on with the park of Artillery to Pluckemin, I have given an order to have a proper supply sent on from thence. I have likewise given an order upon the Cloathier General for one hundred shirts. We have already made a distribution of what Blankets were upon hand. The Board of War are taking measures to procure a further quantity when you shall have a proportion.
[Note 3: Capt. Lebrun de Bellecour, of Pulaski's corps, and later captain in Armand's legion.]
The badness of the Roads at this season will render the transportation, of even a very light piece of Cannon, difficult. I have therefore declined sending it up at present; but should any offensive operation be determined upon, and it should be thought practicable to carry a piece or two of light Cannon thro the Woods, they can be sent up with more convenience when the Roads are hardened by the Frost.
I have directed the German Battalion to be stationed at Easton, with a view of ordering them to the Frontier should their assistance be needed. I have thought it better to let them remain there until wanted, than to send them up to consume your stores which I imagine are not very ample. I expect by the time this reaches you General Hand will have arrived. I am etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to be as careful as possible of the ammunition, delivering it out only when wanted, and ordering frequent examinations of the quantity delivered to see that there is no unnecessary waste by the soldiery.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and James McHenry.]
Paramus, December 7, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have received your favr. of the 5th. and am obliged by your ready compliance with my orders and the dispositions made by yourself for the security of the posts and Convention prisoners. The troops destined for the defence of the Highlands having arrived and the prisoners being by this time out of reach of any attempt from the Enemy, you will be pleased to begin your march immediately, for Middle Brook, calling in all the detached parties belonging to the division (except the German Battalion) and sending orders to the Escorts to follow you to Middle Brook, as fast as they have delivered their respective charges to the Officers releiving them. I am &ca.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Paramus, December 7, 1778.
Sir: Your two favors of the 23d. and 24th. Ultimo came to hand yesterday evening.
Lieut. Col. Wheelock, who has been with Congress, carries up with him their resolutions respecting Col. Bedel's Regiment to which I refer.
The communications in your letter of the 23rd. seem to be pretty general but I have not had time to give them a very attentive consideration. It is my desire that you would still continue your inquiries in the same line; for altho, the expedition, as I have mentioned at length in my last letter, is laid aside, for the present yet it may be resumed at a more convenient season. I would wish therefore to have every intelligence which can be procured from Canada.
You will find on the arrival of your son that I have sent you a supply of money. I am, etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
"In a letter lately written to Gen. Bayley I mentioned some of those reasons, which made it inexpedient to enter on a winter expendition. I could wish that our supplies and other circumstances were favorable to its execution; but as this is not the case it is necessary to suspend the enterprise for the present."-- Washington to Col. Moses Hazen, Dec. 7, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Paramus, December 7, 1778.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your two favors of the 2d. and 5th. Inst.
I do not doubt but that every thing has been done towards completing the works, which was in the power of an active intelligent and good officer. But as the fort is not now within the protection of the army, it is therefore necessary to augment the number of garrison troops; and as these will be accompanied by a brigadier, it is impossible to comply with your wishes, however they may be agreeable to my own. A change of circumstances, and the situation of the army makes a larger force absolutely expedient.
Under this idea you will see the propriety of the alteration in the command, besides considering the good which always results to the service from keeping corps compact, and as much as may be under the eye of their own officers. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Paramus, December 7, 1778.
Sir: On receipt of this letter you will proceed with the Brigade under your Command to middle Brook, where your Ground will be pointed out to you by the Quarter Master Genl. Colo. Clark has orders to relieve the Guard at Mr. Erskines, and I shall give Colo. Febiger instructions before I leave this place. I am etc.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by E. F. Bonaventure, of New York City.]
Elizabeth Town, December 4[--7], 1778.
Sir: As the Convention Troops will have passed above you by the time this reaches you, the object of your Station at the Clove will have been effected. You will therefore be pleased to move down to Paramus with the Carolina Brigade and quarter your Men in as compact a manner as the situation of the Buildings will permit. You shall, upon my arrival at Middle Brook receive more particular instructions. I would recommend it to you, as soon as you have taken post, to make yourself acquainted with the Roads leading to the North River and have pickets established upon them at proper distances from you. You are in no danger from any other quarter. Should the Enemy move up the River in any considerable force, you are immediately to fall back to your former position at Sufferan's and send your Baggage to Pompton. Colo. Morgan furnished Mr. Erskine at Ringwood Iron Works with a guard of a serjeant and 12. be pleased to send the like number to releive them. They are to remain there during the Winter, as Mr. Erskine will be compleating some valuable surveys for the public.
Be pleased to make use of all means to cut off the intercourse between the Country and New York. You are upon no account to permit any inhabitant of the States of New York or New Jersey to pass to New York without permissions under the hands of their respective Governors. Upon your arrival at Paramus you are to send the inclosed to Colo. Febiger9 at Hackinsack. It directs him to join his Brigade, as soon as you have taken post. I am &ca.
[Note 9: This inclosure, dated Dec. 4, 1778, is in the Washington Papers. It merely directs Febiger to join his brigade at Middlebrook.]
Paramus Decemr. 7.
The Enemy having gone down the River, you will immediately proceed to put the foregoing into execution. Be pleased to let the 200 Men under Colo. Mabane,10 if they are not already withdrawn, remain near Kings ferry until they are relieved by a party, which will be sent over by Genl. McDougal. I must beg you to be particularly careful to prevent the Soldiers from burning the fences of the farmers and committing other disorderly orderly acts. I am etc.
[Note 10: Lieutenant colonel and commandant of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was transferred to the Third North Carolina Regiment in June, 1779, and was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780.]
[P.S.] If Colo. Mabane should have been withdrawn from Kings ferry, be pleased to leave an officer and 50 Men at Kakiate until you receive further orders.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter was held over, and when that of December 7 was drafted, as above, it was added to the delayed letter of December 4 and the whole sent forward December 7. In the Washington Papersthe December 7 portion is a complete draft in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, with an indorsed instruction that it is to be added to the letter of December 4 to Clark.]
Paramus, December 7, 1778.
Six: I had the honor of receiving yours of the 2d at this place. I have forwarded the Brevet to Capt. Seminot,12 and shall take such Measures in regard to Colo. Fleury's letter, as shall seem proper, upon my arrival at Middle Brook, for which I set out again to morrow.
[Note 12: Lieut. John Simonet de Valcour, of the Second Continental Dragoons. He had been given the brevet rank of captain by a resolve of Congress of Dec. 1, 1778, and permitted to retire.]
Upon leaving Elizabeth-town I directed Colo. Harrison to inform you of the intelligence I had received, and which I thought demanded my personal attention, as the enemy appeared to be going up the River in considerable force. Having put the Troops destined for the Middle Brook Cantonment upon their march back towards the North River, I was proceeding that way myself when an Express met me a few Miles beyond this, informing me that the enemys shipping which had been as high as Kings ferry had fallen down again. They landed a party at the Ferry and set fire to a few small Buildings near the Water, but upon a party of ours advancing they immediately debarked13 without attempting any thing further. The Boats and Stores of every kind had been previously secured. I cannot account for this Manoeuvre but by supposing that they have been misinformed as to the quantity of Stores at the Ferry, or that they expected to find the posts in
[Note 13: Inadvertently written instead of "embarked."] a defenceless situation. Or it may perhaps have been to favor a Forage below.
Finding that the Troops destined for the defence of the Highlands had arrived at their respective posts [agreeable to my orders and expectations,] I have again put those intended for Middle Brook into motion, and I hope they will arrive there while the Roads and Weather are both fine.
Accounts from New York, thro' a good Channel, inform me, that thirty thousand tons of shipping have been suddenly taken up for Government service and that a general Embargo is laid. The occasion has not yet transpired, at least it has not yet reached me. I have the honor &c.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington.]
Paramus, December 7, 1778.
Dear Sir: I returned to this place from Elizabeth Town upon hearing that that the Enemy had gone up the North River in considerable force. Their ships proceeded as far as Kings ferry, at which place they landed a few men and burnt a small House upon the Wharf. The Boats and stores of every kind had been removed upon the first appearance of the ships. I do not know what was their true design; but they yesterday fell down again, without making any further attempts.
I have information thro' a Channel which has seldom deceived me, that the enemy shortly intend to make a forage upon the Monmouth coast. The distance of any Continental troops from that quarter, and the necessity they are under of employing every moment in providing covering for the Winter, obliges me to desire your Excellency to give orders to the Militia in that County to remove the stock near the Coast, and to have a particular Regard to the Houses of the disaffected, who always have previous notice of the designs of the Enemy and lay up stores of provision that they may be at hand when they make a descent. By doing this they screen themselves from the charge of having voluntarily contributed. I shall set out tomorrow for Middle Brook at which place I shall be happy to receive your Excellency's favrs. I am, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Eliza. Town, December 8, 1778.
Sir: Upon my arrival at Middle Brook I shall furnish you with Instructions for the command at this post and its vicinity, at which you are to remain with the Jersey Brigade. I have at present to desire that you will take every measure to prevent an intercourse between the Country and New York and that no persons, inhabitants of these States, may be permitted to go thither or into the Enemy's lines without permission under the Hand of His Excellency the Governor of the State or myself. Neither are Flags to be sent, but at the request of the Governor or by my direction. I do not mean by the above to prevent you from sending the usual persons over for intelligence, and from allowing them to carry and bring such small matters as are necessary to cloak their designs. But I must beg you to keep a very watchful eye upon them, and see that they do not abuse this indulgence by turning it into an extensive trade. I am &ca.15
Elizabeth Town, December 9, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favr. of the 6th. reached me at this place last evening. I am exceedingly sorry that you have been disappointed in finding the necessary Escorts of Militia in Pennsylvania as carrying forward the Continental troops at this season of the year will be attended with insuperable difficulties. They have to build their Hurts after their return to Middle Brook. The German Regiment which is part of the Escort is to be stationed at Easton16 for a particular purpose and therefore cannot proceed with you. Rather than let the divisions halt, and thereby croud upon one another, I would have you take forward such number of Continental troops as are absolutely necessary, untill you obtain a sufficient Militia Guard. To effect this, be pleased to dispatch an Express to the Board of War informing them that the Militia have not turned out agreeable to order, and desiring them to apply again to the Governor and Executive Council for a more peremptory order to the County Lieutenants. Mention the number requisite that there may be no further misunderstanding. I should imagine that after the troops of the Convention have passed Delaware the Foreigners will require a very small guard. I mention this, that if you should not be able to raise the full number of Militia, you may go on with the Foreigners weakly guarded rather than carry on the Continental Troops; which I must again beg you not to do but upon the most urgent necessity. I have no objection to Mr. Callisters17 proceeding with you. I am &ca.18
[Note 16: In Pennsylvania.]
[Note 17: Lieut. Archibald McCallister(?), of the First Maryland Regiment.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Middle Brook, December 12, 1778.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 7th. Instr. by Mr. Laurens19 came to my hands a day or two ago; previous to which I should have done myself the pleasure of congratulating you (which I now do very sincerely) on your late Election to the government of Pensylvania had not Sir Harrys late extra Manoeuvre up the North River kept me upon the March and countermarch from the 5th. till yesterday, when I arrived at these, my quarters for the Winter; and imployed too much of my attention to investigate his designs to endulge in more agreeable amusements.
[Note 19: Lieut. Col. John Laurens.]
What did, or could prompt the Knight to this expedition I am at a loss to discover (considering the unseasonableness of it). three things only appeared to me probable. A rescue of the Convention Troops, a stroke at the rear of our Army or, a surprize of our Posts in the high-lands; the two first I had seen perfectly out of his reach before I left the North River and not conceiving that he could be so much out in point of intelligence as to mistime matters so egregiously (if either of the two first was his object) it followed of consequence that the last must be his aim and tho I had left them (as I thought) in a state of security, and, in the hands of a good Officer (McDougall) I could not help being uneasy, lest disaster might happen and posted back from Elizabeth Town at 4 o'clock on the Morning of the 5th. and got within 12 or 15 Miles of King's Ferry, when I was met by an Express informing me that the Enemy had landed at that place, burn'd two or three small logged houses with 9. Barrls. of spoilt Herrings, and had reimbarkd and Sailed for New York again. Thus ended this notable expedition which was conducted (in the preparation) with so much secrecy that all the Flag boats to, and from the City were stopped and not a mouse permitted to creep within their lines; the only bad consequence we have felt from it and as the weather has turned out not a trifling one, is that it has delayed the Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsa. Troops four days in hurting and has occasion'd them to march through Snow and bad roads to come at their ground instead of Sunshine and good ones which was the case before the Storm on thursday last.
It gives me very sincere pleasure to find that there is likely to be a coalition of the Whigs in your State (a few only excepted) and that the assembly of it, are so well disposed to second your endeavours in bringing those murderers of our cause (the monopolizers, forestallers, and engrossers) to condign punishment. It is much to be lamented that each State long ere this has not hunted them down as the pests of society, and the greatest Enemys we have to the happiness of America. I would to God that one of the most attrocious of each State was hung in Gibbets upon a gallows five times as high as the one prepared by Haman. No punishment in my opinion is too great for the Man who can build his greatness upon his Country's ruin.
General Lee's publication in Dunlaps Gazette of the third20 (and I have seen no other) puts me in a disagreeable situation. I have neither leizure nor inclination to enter the lists with him in a News Paper, and so far as his production points to personallity I can, and do, from my inmost Soul, despise; but when he has most bare-facedly misrepresented facts in some places, and thrown out insinuations in others that have
[Note 20: Dunlap's Pennsylvania Packet of December 3 contains General Lee's defense of his conduct at Monmouth, which he begins by the argument that his orders were indefinite and must have been one of three supposititious cases, which he outlines.] not the smallest foundation in truth, not to attempt a refutation, is a tacit acknowledgment of the justice of his assertions; for though there are thousands who know how unsupported his piece is, there are yet tens of thousands that know nothing of the matter and will be led, naturally, to believe that bold and confident assertions uncontradicted must be founded in truth.
It became a part of General Lee's plan from the moment of his Arrest (tho it was an event solicited by himself) to have the world believe that he was a persecuted man; and that, party was at the bottom of it; but however convenient it may have been for his purposes to establish this belief, I defy him, or his most zealous partisans to adduce a single instance in proof of it (unless bringing him to tryal at his own request is considered in this light). I can do more, I will defy any person out of my own family to say that I have ever mentioned his name, if it was to be avoided; and when not, that I have not studiously declined expressing any Sentiment of him, or his behaviour; how far this conduct accords with his, let his own breast decide. If he conceives that I was opposed to him, because he found himself disposed to enter into a party against me: If he thought I stood in his road to preferment, and therefore, that it was convenient to lessen me in the esteem of my Countrymen in order to pave the way for his own advancemt. I have only to observe, that, as I never entertained any jealousy of, or apprehended from him, so neither did I ever do more than common civility, and proper respect to his rank required, to conciliate his good opinion; his temper and plans were too versatile and violent to attract my admiration; and that I have escaped the venom of his tongue, and pen, so long, is more to be wondered at than applauded; as it is a favor that no Officer under whose immediate command he ever served has the happiness (if happiness can be thus denominated) of boasting.
Were I to give into private conveniency and amusement, I should not be able to resist the invitation of my friends to make Phila. (instead of a squeezed up room or two) my quarters for the Winter; but the affairs of the army require my constant attention and presence, and circumstanced as matters are at this time, calls for some degree of care and address to keep it from crumbling. As Peace and retirement are my ultimate aim, and the most pleasing and flattering hope of my Soul, every thing advansive of this end, contributes to my satisfaction, however difficult and inconvenient in the attainment; and will reconcile any place and all circumstances to my feelings whilst I continue in Service.
The Officers of the Army must be grateful for your endeavours to serve them; and those of your own State will, I trust, feel the salutary effects of your exertions in their favor. They really merit it, and resignations must cease to be wonderful when it is a fact too notorious to be denied that Officers cannot live in the Army under present circumstances whilst they see others enriching themselves by an infinity of ways. These are severe tests of public virtue and should not in point of policy be pushed too far. With sincere regard and affection, and with compliments to Mrs. Reed, I am etc.
Head Quarters, Rariton,21 Saturday, December 12, 1778.
[Note 21: Washington reached Middlebrook on December 11 and took up his quarters in John Wallace's house at Raritan, about 4 miles west of Middlebrook (now Boundbrook). The house is in what is now Somerville, county seat of Somerset County, N.J. In the Washington Papers, under date of June 4, 1779, the day after the Army marched from Middlebrook, is Wallace's receipt for 1,000 dollars "for the use of my house and Furniure &c. &c. which His Excellency General Washington had for his Head Quarters."]
Parole Ramapaw. Countersigns Rariton, Ringwood.
At a General Court Martial held at Elizabeth Town, December 5th. 1778, by order of Major Genl. Lord Stirling, Colo. Shreve, President, Major John Conway of the 4th. Jersey Regiment,22 was tried for wilfully and insolently countermanding the orders of Colo. Ogden then Commandant of the Brigade; After due deliberation, the Court are of Opinion that Major Conway wilfully countermanded Colo. Ogden's order, but that he did not insolently do it and that Maj. Conway as Officer of the day had a right to countermand Colo. Ogden's order; For though Colonel Ogden was commanding Officer of the Brigade, yet he was not of the Post: The Court are further of opinion that Major John Conway be acquitted with honor.
[Note 22: Heitman gives Conway as having been transferred to the Third New Jersey Regiment in October, 1778. He was lieutenant colonel of the First New Jersey Regiment in July, 1779, anti retired in January, 1781.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the court. Major Conway to be released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 13, 1778.
Sir: I recd your favr. of the 20th. November, respecting the damage done to your farm by the Army in the Fall 1777,23 and am [not a little surpd.] that General Mifflin should refer you to me [when] he well knows that [this is a business clearly within the line of the Quarter Masters department, and that every Acct. of the kind is to be settled by him, up to the date
[Note 23: Washington occupied the Emlen house, near Whitemarsh church, about 12 miles north of Philadelphia, from Nov. 3 to Dec. 11, 1777. A part of the left wing of the Army encamped directly in the rear of the house.
"I applied to General Mifflin the late Quarter Master General, Respecting the damages done by the Army, on my Plantation, last winter in Wood and Fencing; who tells me he can do nothing in it, And advised me to write to your Excellency concerning it....I dont expect the present high prices of Wood and Rails, but shall be satisfied with a moderate Valuation."-- Emlen to Washington, Nov. 20, 1778. Emlen's letter is in the Washington Papers.] of General Greene's appointment to that Office in March 1778. For such purposes as these it was, I thought, the late Sum was put into his hands. I am sorry you should have delay and difficulties to encounter, and that I am obliged to refer you back to the only Gentn. whose proper business it is to settle with you.] Be pleased to make my Compliments to Mrs. Emlen. I am&c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 13, 1778.
Sir: In a letter which I had the honor of receiving from Congress dated the 2d instant was inclosed the Copy of one from Lt Colo. Fleury, upon the subject of which the president desired me to express, "my Sentiments, as also of the Merits of Mr. Fleurey during his services in the Army."
I do not conceive that Congress should request a renewal of Colo. Fleury's Furlough from the French Minister plenipotentiary. An application of that kind ought in my opinion to be made by himself, not only because it is customary, but because sollicitations of a similar nature would in all probability be made by many not having Mr. Fleury's claim to the favr. of the public, and to whom it would be difficult to give a refusal after a precedent had been established. I would not be understood to include the case of Genl. Duportail and the Gentlemen in the Engineering department, who are peculiarly circumstanced, and in whose behalf I have written particularly to Congress.
As to Mr. Fleury's merits as an Officer I can only repeat which I have upon several occasions mentioned to Congress before, that he is brave, active and intelligent, and that should he obtain leave to remain in America I shall take an opportunity (agreeable to my promise to him) of employing him in a manner suitable to his Rank, and in such a way as will not clash with the Officers of the line. I have the Honor &c.25
[Note 25: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on December 17 and referred to Henry Laurens, Meriwether Smith, Gouverneur Morris, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Burke.
"In my opinion, the application to the French Minister plenipotentiary for a renewal of your Furlough would be made with more propriety by yourself than by Congress...the French Officers to whom you allude...are in a very peculiar situation. They were particularly requested from the Court of France and their services granted for a limited time; that time being nearly expired, the States must either sollicit their leave of Absence to be prolonged or they will be under the necessity of returning home. Upon this principle I desired Congress to express their wishes to the Minister plenipotentiary that Genl. du Portail and the Gentlemen of his department might, if agreeable to themselves, be allowed to remain in America."-- Washington to Fleury, Dec. 13, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (December 13) Washington wrote to Col. François Malmedy that he had not the information needed to enable him "to make out the Certificate of your services, I must desire you to send me an account of the different Commissions which you have borne in the American Army with their several dates." On February 9, 1779, according to a memorandum in Varlck's writing, Washington gave the requested certificate to Malmedy "specefying the Dates of his Commissions. Adding that as far as his Conduct had fallen under the Generals Observation it had been that of a brave intelligent Officer."
Also, on this same day (December 13), he wrote a brief note to Rev. William Rogers, of Philadelphia, referring his application to Congress for an appointment as chaplain to the garrison at Philadelphia. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook December 13, 1778.
Sir: It has not been in my power to return an answer to your favor of the 6th. Instt. till now. The letter met me on the road, seperated from my papers, and I did not reach this place till late on the 11th; since which I have been much employed, in attending to the disposition for hurting the Army; but in the mean time the objects of the dispatch have engaged my utmost consideration.26
[Note 26: "I have made the report of the Committee on Canada Affairs the subject of a particular letter which I have the honor of transmitting by this conveyance. ... Lieut. Colonels Harrison and Hamilton went to Amboy on Monday last to meet the British Commissioners but the Weather had been so extremely bad that they had not met on Friday."-- Washington to the President of Congress, Dec. 13, 1778. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
The earnest desire I have to pay the strictest compliance in every instance with the views and instructions of Congress, cannot but make me feel the greatest uneasiness when I find myself in circumstances of hesitation or doubt with respect to their directions. But the perfect confidence I have in the justice and candor of that honble. body, emboldens me to communicate without reserve the difficulties which occur in the execution of their present order; and the indulgence I have experienced on every former occasion, induces me to imagine that the liberty I now take will not meet with disapprobation.
I have attentively taken up the report of the Committee of the 5th. (approv'd by Congress)27 on the subject of my letter of the 11th. Ulto. on the proposed expedition into Canada. I have considered it in several lights, and sincerely regret that I should feel myself under any embarrassment in carrying it into execution. Still I remain of opinion from a general review of things, and the state of our resources, that no extensive system of cooperation with the French, for the complete emancipation of Canada, can be positively decided on, for the ensuing year. To propose a plan of perfect cooperation with a foreign power, without a moral certainty in our Supplies; and to have that plan actually ratified with the Court of Versailles, might be attended in case of failure in the conditions on our part with very fatal effects.
[Note 27: This committee had been appointed October 30 to consider the letter of October 27 from Lafayette on the proposed Canadian expedition.]
It I should seem unwilling to transmit the plan as prepared by Congress, with my observations, it is because I find myself under a necessity (in order to give our Minister sufficient ground to found an application on) to propose something more than a vague and indecisive plan; which even in the event of a total evacuation of the States by the Enemy, may be rendered impracticable in the execution, by a variety of insurmountable obstacles, or, if I retain my present sentiments, and act consistently, I must point out the difficulties as they appear to me, which must embarrass his negotiations, and may disappoint the views of Congress.
But proceeding on the idea of the enemy's leaving these States before the active part of the ensuing Campaign, I should fear to hazard a mistake as to the precise aim and extent of the views of Congress. The line of conduct that I am to observe in writing to our Minister at the Court of France, does not appear sufficiently diliniated. Were I to undertake it, I should be much affraid of erring through misconception. In this delemma I would esteem it a particular favor to be excused from writing at all, on the Subject, especially as it is the part of candor in me, to acknowledge, that I do not see my way clear enough to point out such a plan for cooperation as I conceive to be consistent with the ideas of Congress, and that will be sufficiently explanatory with respect to time and circumstances to give efficacy to the measure. But if Congress still think it necessary for me to proceed in the business, I must request their more definitive and explicit instructions, and that they will permit me, previous to transmitting the intended dispatches, to submit them to their determination.
I could wish to lay before Congress more minutely the State of the Army, the condition of our Supplies, and the requisites necessary for carrying into execution an undertaking that may involve the most serious events. If Congress think this can be done more satisfactorily in a personal conference, I hope to have the Army in Such a Situation before I can receive their answer, as to afford me an oppertunity of giving my attendance.
I would only add, that I shall chearfully comply with the directions of Congress, relative to making every preparation in our power for an Expedition against Niagara; and for such further operations to the Northward as time and circumstances shall enable us to carry on. Measures for this purpose have been taken in part for some time past, and I shall pursue them vigorously. The subject has long engaged my contemplation, and I am thoroughly convinced of the expediency and policy of doing every thing practicable, on our part, for giving security to our Frontiers by the reduction of those places which facilitate annoying them, and even for accomplishing the annexation of Canada to the Union. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have detained the letter to the Marquis till your further Instructions. The Waters have been so high as to prevent the Express setting out yesterday, with this dispatch, as was intended.28
[Note 28: The draft of this letter, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of James McHenry, with many alterations and changes and substitutions in the writing of Washington. The letter was read in Congress on December 17 and referred to the committee to which Washington's letter of Dec. 13, 1778, respecting Colonel Fleury, was referred, q. v. This committee brought in its report December 18, which was adopted the same day as follows: "Resolved, That General Washington be directed to attend Congress immediately after he shall have put the army in such order as to admit of his absence from it a few days."]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 13, 1778.
Sir: In consequence of your favr. of the 5th. I shall take the first opportunity that offers of ordering Israel Dodge29 to Fort Pitt, and shall direct him to call at Philada. on his way.
[Note 29: "The Board of War have requested that Israel Dodge of Colo. Durkees Regiment may be sent to Philada. from whence he is to go to Fort Pitt to his Brother who is employed in Indian Affairs. Be pleased therefore to have him paid up and give him a pass to Philada."-- Washington to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, Dec. 13, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mr. Hoogland30 Adjt. of Sheldon's Regt. of Dragoons is employed by the Colonel to provide the Regiment Cloathing for the ensuing Year. He goes to Pennsylvania, as the most likely
[Note 30: Lieut. Jeronimus Hoogland. He was adjutant of the Second Continental Dragoons, and had been promoted to captain on Nov. 20, 1778.] place of procuring leather Breeches for which I must desire the Board to give him a Credit upon the Makers. As it will be more convenient to draw their Cloth Cloathing from the Eastern department, be pleased to give directions to Messrs. Otis and Andrews to furnish the necessary quantity agreeable to the Regimental Returns; which will be furnished by the Adjt. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, addressed to Peter Scull, secretary to the Board of War.
The next day (December 14) Washington wrote to George Measam at Hartford: "For the present I think it will be best to Store the cloathing forwarded to your charge by Otis and Andrews, where you now are, at least till my further orders on the subject. It cannot be determined precisely what number of Shirts, hose, shoes and hats we shall want in this quarter; however you need not be apprehensive of our having too many of either. You will be pleased to send a proportion of each to this side of the North River, keeping a reserve for those troops on the other." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 13, 1778.
Dear Sir: Upon my arrival here I found your favor of the 5th. Your own letter communicated the first hint that I ever recd. of any representations on reports made by the Board of War to Congress respecting you or your command in Philada.32 The Board some little time ago applied to me for a Regiment or two to be stationed at Philada. and Trenton to do the Town Duties and guard the Stores, alledging that the militia complained of the hardship of being turned out for these purposes. I have accordingly ordered down Colo. Hogan's Regt. of North Carolina which is as much as I can [with propriety] spare. I [have never heard, nor is it my] wish to be acquainted with the causes of the coolness between [some] Gentlemen composing the Board of War and yourself. I most sincerely hope that they may never rise to such a height as to oblige
[Note 32: Arnold's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.] either party to make a public matter of it, as I am under more apprehensions on account of our own dissentions than of the efforts of the Enemy. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, December 14, 1778.
Dear Lee: The bearer has my horse in exchange for your Mare. He takes with him another which I am willing to give for the old Mare you mentioned to me (if she has not quite passed her teeming time) he is of the same age of the other, bought at the same time, of the same person, and has given sufficient proofs of his goodness. He has been foundered, and not yet perfectly recovered of it; for which reason, and having no inclination to impose upon the public, you may take him upon tryal to be replaced next Campaign by another if the founder should render him unfit for Service. No duty is to be expected of him this Winter.
I do not want the Mare to be sent to me, my wish is to send her and the other to my Seat in Virginia. Do you know of any good and safe oppertunity of doing it? Were you not to have sent a Horse to me to look at for my own riding? Will you come and dine with me today? I am, etc.
Head Quarters, December 14, 1778.
Dear Sir: This morning Capt. White handed me your favor of the 5th. Inst.
While I am willing to gratify your inclination in a visit to your family, I could wish at the same time, that it might be as short as [convenient] with your affairs. It is by no means certain how long we shall continue inactive. It is expedient therefore to have [as many as] possible of the General [and other] Officers with the army this winter, least a small change in circumstances should render their presence indispensably necessary. You will I am persuaded accommodate your stay to these sentiments.
The arrangement is not yet definitely settled. But I would imagine the Officers may be ordered to take their respective commands agreeable to the late arrangement; as I have no doubt of its being ultimately confirmed by Congress. I am etc.
P.S. I inclose you a news paper by which you will observe that Congress have confirmed the arrangement. It came to hand since writing the above.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 35: Brig. Gens. Peter Muhlenberg, William Woodford, and Charles Scott.]
[December 14, 1778.]
Sirs: As it seems to be the General opinion of the officers in the Virginia line that those men who have but a short time to serve would inlist, on being indulged with leave of absence untill the middle of April next; I would have you proceed on that business immediately, and the better to accommodate the matter it will be well, that it should commence thro out the line at the same time, when a sufficient number of men are inlisted to form a body worth marching off under proper officers. The Commanding officer of each Regt. will appoint one to take charge of such men as he may have inlisted, with instructions to march them in good order to the most convenient place where they may be dispersed and proceed to their respective homes, with positive orders to rendezvous at some fix'd spot at so early a season as will insure their arrival in camp by the middle of April next. As you are acquainted with the terms of inlistment it will be unnecessary to repeat them, I shall therefore only request that every exertion may be used to accomplish so desirable an end, and wish your efforts may prove successful. I am &ca.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Camp Middle Brook, Monday, December 14, 1778.
Parole Middle Brook. Countersigns Nash, Oxford.
Much of the sickness among the Troops seems to have been occasioned by the improper method adopted in forming many of the Hurts last Winter; Some being sunk in the ground and others covered with Earth; To avoid consequences of a similar nature as far as in our power from occuring again, The Commander in Chief directs, that all the officers on the ground see that their men observe the Instructions of the Quarter Master General in the formation of their huts. That they be roofed with boards, slabs or large shingles; That the men be not suffered to dig into the ground (except so far as to level the surface) or to cover their huts with earth or turf.
The officers will likewise see that their men erect bunks or births to keep them off the ground and proper conveniencies in their huts for the purpose of preserving their Arms and Accoutrements from being damaged.
Head Quarters, Camp Middle Brook, Tuesday, December 15, 1778.
Parole Plutarch. Countersigns Quincy, Russell.
The regimental Pay Masters are to call on the Pay Master General for the Month of October's Pay.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 15, 1778.
Sir: Without loss of time you will provide, and deposit at Albany Sail cloth, Rigging, Pitch, Junk, Iron and every other Material for Ship Building. I cannot at this Instr. give you either the kind or dimensions of the Vessels which are to be built as it is necessary for me to advise with good naval judges on this occasion before I resolve; but, that you may have some data for your government, say four Square rigged Vessels of Twenty guns each. Or ten large and stout row Galleys.
You will have an exact acct. taken of all the Batteaux which now are, or can be repaired (and got in order for hard Service) by the middle of April next, and transmit the same to Majr. Genl. Schuyler at Albany. This acct. is [ment] to comprehend all the Batteaux on Hudsons River and such others as can be spared and transported from the Delaware to the former. Information of this kind will enable Genl. Schuyler to fix upon the number of New ones to be built, and your Deputy in that department will receive Orders from him accordingly.
You are to form Magazines of Forage at Albany and other places, under directions to be received from Genl. Schuyler, and you are to provide at Albany a number of felling axes, 3000, and a full and compleat assortment of Intrenching Tools; in doing these regard is to be had to such as can be spared from this, and other Posts, after the Hutting is compleated. All new made Tools should, besides having the public mark, be stamped with the initials of the Maker's name that impositions may more readily be detected and justice done the public, as great complaints are made of the defective quality of our Tools.
It may also be necessary to provide Bags for the transportation of short forage, the number necessary will be best known by a consultation with the officer at the head of that department, and the means of obtaining them. It will be proper also to know whether a number of Sleds (no matter how course and rough) could be had at a sudden call and fat cattle sufficient, obtained to draw them.
A Number of Ship and other Carpenters should be provided at Albany for the various purposes there wanted; their particular application will be directed by Majr. Genl. Schuyler.37
[Note 37: The letter sent was in the writing of James McHenry and varied from this draft in spelling and capitalization only. It was in the possession of Capt. F. L. Pleadwell, U.S. Navy, in 1930. The word in brackets has been inserted in the draft by an unknown hand.]
Head Quarters, December 15, 1778.
Dear Sir: His Excellency is not a little surprised to hear that Count Pulaski's legion has got back to Easton, from whence he will remove them the moment he knows where to send them. Colo. Moylans Regiment is certainly to remain at Lancaster so they cannot go there, and it will not do to send them to Frederick town upon the chance of that place being vacant. If there is a possibility of subsisting them at or near the Minisink His Excellency would order them back, he thinks their coming down is only a pretence to get into more comfortable quarters. Be pleased to enquire of Colo. Biddle whether he has had any representation of the state of Forage in that Country. If he is of opinion that they really cannot be subsisted there, let him name any place where there are no Horse at present and they shall be instantly ordered thither. All our Compliments wait upon Mrs. Greene. I am, etc.38
[Note 38: This letter is signed by Tench Tilghman, and is from a copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress made from the original in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1892.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1778.
Sir: I received Yesterday the Inclosed Letter from Colo. Butler,39 with one addressed to myself. As far as the interview requested depends on my concurrence there will be no objection; and whatever place may be thought proper for the purpose will be agreeable to me. I would add, however, if you meet Colonel Butler, that Elizabeth Town point appears to me most convenient for the occasion.40 I am etc.41
[Note 39: Lieut. Col. William Butler, of the Thirty-eighth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 40: Lee at this date was in Philadelphia.
On this same day (December 16) Washington also wrote to Butler that there was no objection to the meeting and that Elizabeth Town point was the most convenient place.
Lee wrote to Washington (December 14) and Washington replied (December 26), granting permission for the meeting; he also wrote to Lieutenant Colonel Butler on that day, referring him to General Maxwell, who was to manage the matter at Elizabeth Town. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: As I expect shortly to be called upon by Congress to lay before them a general State of the Army with our Resources and prospects for the ensuing Campaign; I am collecting from the Gentlemen at the Heads of the several great departments their opinions of the present and future prospect of supplies in their respective lines. Your department (including Forage) being of the utmost consequence and the one in which I fear we shall be most distressed, I am to request you will draw me up such a state as will enable me to point out to Congress in a summary manner in what Articles you are most apprehensive of a deficiency; whether such deficiency is likely to arise from a real or artificial scarcity, and what will be the most probable means of remedying such evil. There are perhaps other matters, which do not strike me, which it would be proper and which you would wish to have represented to Congress. If there are I would wish you to include them, and I assure you that no exertions of mine shall be wanting to get them put upon such a footing as will conduce to the good of the service and the ease and reputation of your Office. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: I duly received your favour of the 9th. and am much obliged to you for the several particulars you communicate. The prize gained by Sir Henry seems hardly to have been worth the trouble of the expedition.
I am sorry that Col. Malcom is not sensible of the necessity which has deprived him of his late command. The very advantageous opinion I entertained of him made me wish it had been possible to continue him in it; but it could not have been done without giving just cause of dissatisfaction to many other deserving officers, besides injuring the service in some other respects, [as I mentioned to him in a Letter from Paras.43] I think the Colonel, on cooler reflection, will come to feel the force of the motives, which have occasioned the change.
[Note 43: Paramus, N. J. (See Washington's letter to Col. William Malcom, Dec. 7, 1778, ante.)]
You will detain Col. Gouvion with you till you hear further on the subject. General Du Portail, to whom, I generally leave the particular arrangements of his corps, is now at Philadelphia. Inclosed is a line for Mr. Gouvion directing him to continue with you 'till further orders.
I intirely approve the dispositions you have made, and have the most perfect reliance on your future good management.
There is a matter of no small importance in which, I shall be obliged to you, for your opinion, as speedily and fully as possible. The probable prospects of next campaign make it the part of prudence to be turning our attention towards Canada, and to be preparing as far as our circumstances will permit, for operations in that quarter, either partially against those posts, which enable the enemy to distress our frontiers, Niagara &c., or, more extensively, for the union of that province to the confederacy, as the future posture of our affairs, may put it in our power to undertake. Perhaps the more partial plan may best suit with our resources. The reduction of Niagara, if it can be effected, is an event essential to the tranquility of the states. This is not to be accomplished, without destroying the enemy's naval force on Lake Ontario, the means of doing which is what I wish at this time to have your sentiments concerning. They have by the best information I can procure, three armed vessels on the lake, two of eighteen six pounders each and one small one with swivels. I presume you are informed of the nature of the navigation on the lake; it is said to be often very turbulent and difficult. The question then is, what kind of vessels, what number and with what force will give us a moral certainty of acquiring the necessary superiority on the lake? In determining this question we are to consider the time and means we have for building, the place where it will be best to build, the transportation of the vessels from that place to Lake Ontario, the facility of furnishing them with the number and size of cannon, which will be proper, and the possibility of the enemy's constructing other vessels on the lake in addition to those they already have there, by the time the season for beginning our operations arrives, or after they are actually begun. These and many other particulars, which ought to be taken into consideration will occur to you; and after viewing the subject in all its lights, you will be good enough to favour me with your ideas at large.
The place where the vessels ought to be built is a point of material consequence; because as that is more or less remote from the object we have in view, our design will be the more or less easily discovered. If we should be obliged to build at Oswego, it might perhaps announce our intention with too great certainty, whereas it might be better covered by building somewhere on the upper part of the Hudson, so as to create a jealousy for Lake Champlain; but the expediency of this must depend on the degree of difficulty in transporting the vessels after they are built. I need not suggest to you the necessity of secrecy in this affair. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: His Excellency desires you will inform him, as shortly and with as much accuracy as possible, what number of battering Cannon you have mounted in the park45 and at the different Arsenals with their Calibres and whether there are any and what number not yet mounted, which might be got ready if wanted.
[Note 45: The artillery park was at Pluckamin, N.J.]
We have not a word of news. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: This letter was signed by Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 16, 1778.
Sir: I am informed by the Qr. Mr. General that you have returned to Easton with the Horse of Count Pulaski's and Colo. Armands Corps, not being able to procure Forage at Minisink or in that neighbourhood. It will not be possible for you to remain at Easton, without the greatest inconvenience to the service, as you must consume that Forage which is necessary for the Teams upon the communication and a great deal of that which is intended for this Camp. Colo. Hooper47 the Deputy Qr. Mr. Genl. has directions to canton the Horse under your command in such places as he shall find least liable to the objections above mentioned, you will therefore be directed entirely by him and remove to such place as he shall point out. That no more Forage may be consumed than is absolutely necessary, you are to divest yourself of all supernumerary Waggon and Baggage Horses and of all Dragoon Horses unfit for service, which are to be delivered up to Colo. Hooper who will dispose of them in a proper manner. You are to take particular care that the Officers attend to their Men and Horses that they may be kept in good order and ready to be collected for service at a Moment's warning. I am &ca.48
[Note 47: Col. Robert Lettis Hooper, jr., Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.] ROUGH DRAFT OF PART OF WASHINGTON'S ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED EXPEDITION AGAINST CANADA, NOVEMBER, 1778
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 16,49 1778.
[Note 49: The date has been rewritten so that it is difficult to decide whether it should be December 15 or 16. The indorsement has it 16.]
Sir: I am so anxious to have large magazines laid in at Albany and on Connecticut river from No. 4 (or Fort Charles) up to the lower Co'os inclusively, that I cannot help again urging you to the utmost exertions in the execution of this business. At the same time I am desirous of knowing, whether from a more critical examination of your deputies you have cause to change your opinion with respect to the estimated quantities mentioned in your letter of the 16th. Ulto., and request that you will now say with as much precision as the nature of the case will admit;
1. How many days provision you can lay up at Albany for ten thousand men, including the followers of the army by the 1st. day of February next?
How many in like manner and time, for five thousand men at the lower Co'os?
Whether you could keep those two bodies regularly supplied at or advanced of those places afterwards; or whether you could provide for a larger number at those places especially at Albany?
In solving these several questions, the matter is to be considered in two points of view.
First on a supposition, that the enemy will evacuate these states, and that the army now in cantonments may be employed in those quarters.
Secondly, on a supposition that the enemy will remain, but that we may have it in our power to transfer the greatest part of this army, Northward, in addition to those troops at Albany; leaving only such a force, as may serve to give countenance to the country, and prevent depredations, implying at the same time the militia which may be called in for this purpose. I am etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The last clause seems to have been confused through hurry; it should read: "implying at the same time that the militia may be called in for this purpose."]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, December 16, 1778.
Dear Sir: Till now I have not had a moments time to reply to your Excellency's several favors of the 12th, 14th & 15th Inst.
I find every disposition not only to afford security to the people of Monmouth, and lessen the duty of their militia; but, to prevent the illicit trade and correspondence complained of between the disaffected in that County, and the City of New York, could it be affected by any part of this army, consistent with that general plan which has been adopted for its cantonments.
Your Excellency will observe, that I have already distributed largely for the security of this state, and that the safety of its inhabitants has been a particular consideration; But it is impossible to include every place. Besides the detaching to the westward there is a brigade stationed at Bergen to cover the Country in that quarter. Should I venture on any further detachments from this part of the army it might very much endanger the whole. Small and unsupported cantonments might become objects with the enemy, and I should not have it in my power to give any essential service to the State at large or a serious opposition to the enemy should they shew themselves in force during the winter. I should also too much endanger the Stores.
As to the allotment of any particular corps of the cavalry for this purpose, they have all gone into quarters, and have long since had the necessary provision of forage established at those places; but besides this, absolute rest from ordinary fatigue is indispensable that the horse may be in condition to act the ensuing campaign, as well as to have their accoutrements repaired.
I agree with your Excellency in opinion, that all persons of the enemy, captured under the circumstances as stated in your letter of the 14th51 should be considered as prisoners to this particular State; and as such exchangeable by this State, for its own particular inhabitants in confinement or captivity with the enemy. I have the honor etc.52
[Note 51: Livingston's letter of December 14 is not found in the Washington Papers; but from his letter of December 21 the persons in question were those in a British ship which stranded on the Jersey coast.]
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 53: Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army. Beatty was then at Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1778.
Sir: Sir Henry Clinton having called for the return of our Officers on parole; You will take the earliest occasion after receipt of this to call for the immediate return of the Convention and other Officers, if any other there be, who have been permitted to go to the Enemy on parole; or for the purpose of being exchanged, if it has not been accomplished by his releasing an equal number required by you; or unless he immediately does it. In your demand of the Convention Officers, you will not include Lieutenant General Burgoyne. Mr. Mercereau who is in these parts, it is probable, can furnish you with a more accurate list of the Convention Officers under the above description, than you may have before received.
As the order for recalling the Convention and Other Officers on parole, is founded on the measures Genl. Clinton has taken with respect to Ours, who had received a like indulgence; if he should countermand his orders for their return, the directions I have given you, concerning the Convention and Other Officers on parole, are to be dispensed with. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Quarters, Middle Brook, December 16, 1778.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing you on the 13th. the Gentlemen appointed to meet Commissioners from Sir Henry Clinton have returned to Camp. Your Excellency will find by a Copy of their Report No. 7, which with the other papers respecting the meeting, is inclosed55 that an Exchange of prisoners has not taken place.
[Note 55: Copy of this report, which was drawn up December 15 at camp, and copies of collateral papers are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
As an exchange has not been effected, and Sir Henry Clinton has called for all our Officers on parole; I shall in consequence of the Resolution of the 19th Ulto. order the Commissary of Prisoners to require the immediate return of the Convention and any other Officers with the Enemy on parole. I do not mean however, to include General Burgoyne in the demand, unless Congress should direct it; as there appears to me, many political reasons for permitting him to remain in Britain in his present temper. But if Congress should differ from me in opinion on this point, I shall be happy to be informed, that measures may be pursued for his recall. I have the honor, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on December 22, and that body approved the proceedings of the commissioners the same day. It also ordered"That so much of General Washington's letter as relates to the said negotiations, together with the papers enclosed, be published"]
Head Quarters, Camp Middle Brook, Wednesday, December 16, 1778.
Parole Southborough. Countersigns Tudor, Ulster.
Major General Lord Stirling is to take the command of the three Virginia Brigades.
The regimental Pay Masters are to bring in their Pay Rolls to the Pay Master General for November when they apply for October's Pay.
Middle brook, December 17, 1778.
Dear Lund: Since my last from Elizabethtown, I have arrived at these my Quarters for the Winter, and have received your Letters of the 25th of last month and 2d. of this; and have also heard of Mrs. Washingtons safe arrival at Philadelphia. The list of Horses has come safe, but I thought their had been more of them.
I observe what you say in your Letter of the 2d. Instt. respecting specting the measurement of Marshalls land. I have already, in a letter about the last of November, given you full directions on this head, and in the one from Elizabethtown desired you to fix the quantity at 500 Acres, to save trouble; but to get it lower if you can, as, from Memory, I think the number of Acres less than that; but could tell almost to a certainty if I could have recourse to my Papers; however, I again repeat, that I had rather fix it at that quantity than let the matter lie open, or run the hazard of disputing with him about bounds. In short, than to delay a moment; for as I have mentioned to you in some former letters, I shall not be in the least surprized to hear that he has hit upon some expedient (if in consequence of his Sale he has not made purchases wch. he may be equally desirous of fulfiling) to get off his bargain with you; for when he comes to find that a barrel of Corn which usually sold for 10/ well now fetch £ 5 and so with respect to other Articles, he will soon discover that the great (nominal) price which he got for his land, is, in fact, nothing, comparitively speaking; for by the simple rule of preportion, he ought to have got £ 20 at least; as I would, in the best times of money, have given him 50/. or more for his land by the Acre. but this under the rose. We need not open his, or the eyes of others to these matters, if they do not already see them. This leads me to say, that I am afraid Jack Custis, in spite of all the admonition and advice I gave him against selling faster than he bought, is making a ruinous hand of his Estate; and if he has not closed his bargains beyond the possibility of a caval, I shall not be much surprized to hear of his having trouble with the Alexanders; notwithstanding your opinion of Bobs disposition to fulfil engagements. Jack will have made a delightful hand of it, should the money continue to depreciate as it has lately done, having Sold his own land in a manner for a Song, and be flung in his purchases of the Alexanders. If this should be the case, it will be only adding to the many proofs we dayly see of the folly of leaving bargains unbound by solemn covenants. I see so many instances of the rascallity of Mankind, that I am almost out of conceit of my own species; and am convinced that the only way to make men honest, is to prevent their being otherwise, by tying them firmly to the accomplishmt. of their contracts.
I like your method (in case of necessity) of giving work instead of building Houses, in the exchange with Barry; the one may be reduced to a certainty, the other cannot. In the one case, it is nothing to you whether the Carpenters work or play, in the other, you may have trouble and vexation, not only on acct. of their idleness, but misconceptions, and a thousand little matters which may be edged in under the idea of doing the Work Well, Neat &ca. &ca.
I do not know what kind of a Conveyancer Arrell is, (he is big enough to draw a good Deed.), but as size does not always qualify a man for such business, I wish you to get Mr. Harrison to look them over, or draw them himself (he has promised this). I wish with all my heart you had got Stones Land at 10 Dollars pr. Acre when it was offered, as I have no expectation of your getting it at that price now. What money you may have in your hands of mine, after complying with all my contracts, and the Debts I owe, may be put into the Continental loan Office; you must receive from Weedon such Sum or Sums as he is disposed to pay on General Mercers Acct. In doing this, begin with his first Bond (for I think there are 4 of £ 500 each, or 5 of £ 400) and go regularly on with the principal and Interest of each. It runs in my head that the first of these bonds was sent to Colo. Lewis to be tendered to a Mr. Blair, of whom I bought Colo. Mercers Land on four Miles run, and that he (Blair) declined receiving it; whether I am right, or wrong in this matter, I cannot be positive. If the first of these Bonds (from Mercer to me) is not among my bundle of Bonds, it must have been applied as above; or is yet in the hands of Colo. Lewis, as I am pretty confident that no money was ever paid to me by Mercer or his Executors.
In a letter which I have lately received from Mr. James Mercer, in answr. to one of mine, he says, he is pretty confident that the four Miles run Land bought of him, and the Attorney of his Brother, was acknowledged in the General Court (that it was to have been so, I perfectly remember) and that my Bond for the payment of his Brothers moiety must be, he thinks, in the hands of Mr. Nell McCool the joint attorney with Blair. When Custis went last from Camp I desired him to examine the records of the General Court and see if this deed was among them, duely executed. I have since heard (from him) that the Papers of the General Court are at Richmond; but nothing more of the matter committed to his charge; tho he has promised to satisfie himself and me by sending them. The reasons for my being thus particular to you at this time, are, that I want, first to be satisfied, that the Land is properly conveyed to me, and secondly, that I may discharge my Bond to the Attorney, or Attorneis of Colo. Geo. Mercer; James Mercers part being to be paid by a discount of so much out of the Sum he owes me. To effect the first, write to Custis, reminding him of my anxiety to obtain information on this head; and if you find that the land is properly secured, endeavor to hunt up McCool, whose wife saved him, it seems from banishment, while the other, Blair, coming under the description of an Act, that rid the State of Virginia of a good many Scotch Laddies is no longer a non-resident among you. If McCool has the Bond, as Mr. James Mercer thinks he must, make him a tender of the money; if he refuses to receive it, place it in the loan office agreeable to the Laws of the state. If he has not the Bond, nor you cannot learn where it is, I think some such advertisement as the one inclosed, might be inserted in the Virginia Gazette; but if you should have an oppertunity I wish you to consult Colo. Mason on the Subject previous to the insertion of it, that every thing may be placed upon a clear and fair footing. I have been in some kind of doubt respecting the propriety, and the equity of paying Interest on the Bond, as I have been always ready, willing, and even upon the hunt after it, to discharge the obligation of it. I do not recollect with certainty the Sum I was to pay for this Land, and the amount of the Bond; but think it was £ 800 the whole Sum, and that my Bond passed for £ 400. If the credit in my Books do not shew, I cannot now inform you; and application if you cannot get at the Bond, must be made to Mr. James Mercer for information.
I think Captn. Brooke must be misinformed with respect to Tomison Ellzeys entry, so far as it relates to me. I am morally certain there is not an inch of waste land. within the bounds I claim to; and which are old and anciently marked. I have run every line by the Deeds, and found the Corners, and marked Trees, that line between Johnston and me from the road down to the hiccory, by my fence, was thinly marked; and may have had those that were formerly there (when I bought the Land) cut down, as I never could prevent a tresspass on that Quarter by Darrell &ca. I know of no Man more capable of such a practice than Ellzey; but think he is upon a wrong scent in the present case; however, as it is a matter I never had the most distant suspicion of, and rely upon Memory, which may deceive me, it will be proper for you to make more particular enquiry into his conduct and if you find he is engaged in such a dirty piece of business, forward the inclosed letter immediately to the proprietors office, to stop a Patent till I can be heard. The line from the hiccory above mentioned to Dogue run, is, if my Memory does not much deceive me, thick marked; but the Corner tree on the run decayed (a Beech) and I suppose e're this, fallen. the run from thence downwards is the boundary; I can not therefore find out upon what ground he can possibly found, or lay an Entry.
I wish, every now and then, that you would take a look at the Land I bought of Mercer, to prevent Tresspasses, which very probably may be continued upon the old plan, as I am told that almost every body adjoining, and near to it, made free with the Timber; for which, and its contiguity to Alexandria, it is mostly to be valued. There is one Ball near to the land acquainted with the lines, get him to shew them to you, and to have an eye to the Land; that no tresspass is committed.
If you get Marshalls Land secured to me, it will behoove you to exert yourself to get some Meadow upon it, and to put the other Meadows in good order against I see them; or, notwithstanding my hearty assent to your getting Morris's land, I shall look to the meadow at that place with a grudging eye. Has the Meadow at the Ferry Plantation, wch. in some former letter you informed me was much injured by an uncommon rain storm, recovered the damage it then sustained? Are the bare places repaired? and is the Grass well taken over the whole Ground that was Seeded?
One reason for my wishing you to consult Colo. Mason on the Advertisemt. respecting the Money, due to the Attornies of Colo. George Mercer is that this is an English debt, and I am unacquainted with the laws or practice of the Estate respecting them, as I have (supposing the fact to be so) got the Land, I am willing to pay the Money, but choose to be safe in doing of it; and therefore wish you to consult proper judges on the occasion.
My Letter to Lord Fairfax is under a flying Seal for your perusal. before you send it to him, put Wafers under the Seal to close it.
I am sincerely and affectionately Yrs.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 17, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 11th. inclosing a Letter from C--. When I desired an interview with him I did not know his peculiar situation. I now see the danger that so long an absence would incur and I must leave it intirely to you to manage the correspondence in such a manner as will most probably ensure safety to him and answer the desired end. I am &ca.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at Middle brook, State of New Jersey, December 17, 1778.
My lord: I have just been informed that Mr. Tomison Ellzey has, under the idea of waste land, entered in your Lordships Office part of my purchase of Simon Pearson or William Ashford, lying in Fairfax County and on or near Dogue run. These Lands are included within ancient marked bounds by which I purchased, and have regularly, and I trust satisfactorily, paid your Lordship the quit rent these fifteen or twenty years.
I am perswaded I need do nothing more than to bring your Lordship acquainted with these facts to stay the iniquitous and I may add dirty and sneaking proceedings of Mr. Ellzey. I therefore beg that this letter may be received and considered as a caveat to the issuing of a Patent to that person for any land adjoining those of mine above mentioned till I can be heard; when, if I do not make it appear that I neither hold, nor claim, lands that have not been paid for in the transfer and regularly to your Lordship by quit rent ever since, I will agree, not only to lose them, but forfeit my whole Estate also.
Your Lordship must be sensible that at this distance, seperated rated from my Papers, and engaged in the important duties of my command, that it is not in my power to go into an investigation of this matter at present and I repose too much confidence in your known justice to harbour a moments doubt that my local situation and confinement to the Army, will operate to my disadvantage in your Office tho it may have had no small weight in the conduct of Mr. Ellzey; whose hopes, I am perswaded, were built upon my absence.
With Sentiments of the most perfect respect, and best compliments to Colo. Martin,58 I have the honor etc.
[Note 58: Denny Martin, brother of Thomas Bryan Martin. He later assumed the name of Fairfax by act of Parliament. He was a nephew of the sixth Lord Fairfax.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 17, 1778.
Sir: To prevent as far as possible the intercourse between the inhabitants of these States and the enemy in New York, I have given positive orders to Genl. Maxwell, who commands at Elizabeth Town, to permit no persons being inhabitants of or coming from any of the States to pass to Staten Island or New York without permission has been first obtained from their respective Governors or legislative Authorities. This will relieve the commanding Officer from the difficulty which he must otherwise be under of discriminating between ill designing persons and those who are proper to be intrusted within the Enemy's lines. But as too frequent passage of Flag Boats is attended with many inconveniences, I could wish, that as many as possible, of those who obtain leave, might be sent at one time. For instance, if it shall be determined that Boats will only be permitted to pass the first of every Month (except in extraordinary cases) they may suit their business to that time and attend accordingly. If you approve of the above plan be pleased to signify your concurrence, and I will give orders to Genl. Maxwell to carry it into execution. I am the more desirous of failing upon some such mode as the foregoing, as, when I was lately at Elizabeth Town, I found the intercourse so common that it alarmed and gave umbrage to the well affected in that neighbourhood. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. This same letter was sent to President Joseph Reed, of Pennsylvania.]
Middle brook December 17, 1778.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 23rd. Ulto.
General Heath by a letter towards the beginning of last month informed that there were some sick officers and men of the Convention troops, and some officers having families, who could not proceed with the other troops to Charlotte's Ville by a land march; and their going by sea was proposed. I did not think myself authorised to decide in the matter, and therefore referred it to Congress, who have been pleased to direct me to act upon the occasion, as I might judge best. I shall have no objection to your giving permission to the officers and men under the above description, with their attendants to go by sea to the falls of James River, if it should be their choice, as it will be a less fatiguing and a far more expeditious mode of conveyance. From thence they can proceed to the place assigned for their general quarters, without any great difficulty. If they deem a water conveyance eligible, I must request you to obtain an exact return of the officers and men, and the paroles of the former, that the whole will perform the voyage and go to Charlotte's Ville. You will also be pleased to give the necessary passports for the vessel or vessels they may employ for the purpose. I have detained this answer for some days in expectation that a meeting of Commissioners on our part, and on the part of Sir Henry Clinton to settle an exchange of the Convention prisoners would have precluded the necessity of their voyage. But they have broke up without being able to negociate the exchange. I am &ca.60
[Note 60: In the writing of James McHenry. This letter was first drafted (December 4) by Robert Hanson Harrison, and the last paragraph informed of the intended meeting of the exchange commissioners. When redrafted, as above (December 17), the last paragraph was changed.]
[N. Y. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, December 17, 1778.
Sir: I inclose you the copies of two letters for your consideration. The one my letter to Mr. Wadsworth on the quantity of provision which he may be able by his utmost exertions to lay in at Albany, and on Connecticut river from No. 4 (or fort Charles) up to the lower Co'os inclusively by the first day of February next; and whether he could keep a large army to the Northward regularly supplied? In his answer you will observe that a principal objection to our supplies being certain is the precariousness of carriage.
Under the idea that the adequate proportion of flour may be obtained for such an army as is supposed in my letter, you will determine, whether it is in your power to give it a certain and uniform transportation. I shall expect your answer, and am Sir. Your &ca.
P.S. The above letter and its inclosures will serve to afford a more comprehensive view of the subject which I have already mentioned to you.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 17, 1778.
Sir: I am glad to find by yours of the 8th. that your Regiment is like to be so well accommodated at Durham. I have never had any representation against its being quartered near that place, neither can I conceive why you can interfere with the provision of Beef for the Army more there than any where else in the State.
Should Congress see a probability that the operations of the next Campaign will require an augmentation of the Cavalry I make no doubt but they will give proper orders to have it done in time; but the prospect of a scarcity of forage is so alarming and the price of Horses so excessive, that I am of opinion they will incline rather to decrease than augment the Cavalry.
I have given Mr. Hoogland a letter to the Board of War, and he is gone to Philadelphia to procure such Articles for your Regt. as can be furnished there. I imagine the Uniforms will be ordered from Boston. I am &ca.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 17, 1778.
Sir: I have the pleasure to transmit you the inclosed Commission and the copy of a Resolution of Congress that accompanied it. I received the Letter which inclosed the Commission on my way from Fredericksburgh; but being separated from my papers just after it came to hand, and not getting the Letter again till a day or two ago, I have been prevented from sending the Commission till now.
In consequence of your Commission and the Resolution of Congress, you are to join Colonel Lamb's Regiment and fill the vacancy, occasioned by the Resignation of Lieutt. Colo. Oswald.63 I am etc.64
[Note 63: On December 18 Washington wrote to Knox that Congress had commissioned Stevens "in the room of Lt Colo. Oswald resigned...you will be pleased to...give the necessary orders on your part." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 64: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Camp Middle Brook, Thursday, December 17, 1778.
Parole Vandalia. Countersigns Wales, Yarmouth.
All the Artillery attached to the Brigades in this Camp are as soon as the weather will permit to join the Park at Pluckimin.
The Commissary of hides is hereafter carefully to deposit all the horns of the Cattle killed for the Army with the Commissary of Military Stores, who is hereby directed to have them converted into Powder horns for the use of the troops as fast as they are delivered him. The strictest attention to the execution of this order is expected.
Head Quarters, Camp Middle Brook, Friday, December 18, 1778.
Parole Alcebiades. Countersigns Bangor, Cyrus.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolutions:
November 24, 1778.
Congress took into consideration the report of the committee of arrangement and thereupon came to the following resolution:
Whereas the settlement of rank in the army of the United States has been attended with much difficulty and delay, inasmuch as no general principles have been adopted and uniformly pursued:
Resolved therefore, That upon any dispute of rank the following rules shall be hereafter observed:
1. For determining rank in the continental line between all colonels and inferior officers of different states, between like officers of infantry and those of horse and artillery, appointed under the authority of Congress, by virtue of a resolve of the 16 September, 1776, or by virtue of any subsequent resolution prior to the 1 January, 1777; all such officers shall be deemed to have their commissions dated on the day last mentioned and their relative rank with respect to each other, in the continental line of the army shall be determined by their rank prior to the 16 day of September, 1776. This rule shall not be considered to affect the rank of the line within any State or within the corps of artillery, horse, or among the sixteen additional battalions, where the rank hath been settled; but shall be the rule to determine the relative rank within the particular line of artillery so far as the rank remains unsettled.
2. In the second instance preference shall be given to commissions in the new levies and flying camp.
3. In determining rank between continental officers, in other respects equal, proper respect shall be had to their commissions in the militia, where they have served in the continental army for the space of one month.
4. All colonels and inferior officers appointed to vacancies since the 5th day of January 1777, shall take rank from the right of succession to such vacancies.
5. In all cases where the rank between two officers of different states is equal, between an officer of state troops and one of cavalry, artillery, or of the additional battalions, the precedence is to be determined by lot.
6. All officers who have been prisoners with the enemy, being appointed by their State, and again enter into the service, shall do it agreeably to the above rule, that is to say: All of the rank of captain, and under, shall enter into the same regiment to which they formerly belonged; and if the Regiment is dissolved or otherwise reduced, they shall be intitled to the first vacancy in any regiment of the State in their proper rank, after the officers belonging to such regiment have been providedfor.
7. The rules of rank above laid down between officers of different states, are to govern between officers of the same State, except in cases where the State may have laid down a different rule or already settled their rank.
8. A resignation shall preclude any claim of benefit from former rank and under a new appointment.
Whereas from the alteration of the establishment and other causes, many valuable Officers have [been] and may be omitted in the new arrangement, as being supernumerary, who, from their conduct and services, are entitled to the honourable notice of Congress, and to a suitable provision until they can return to civil life with advantage:
Resolved therefore, that Congress gratefully acknowledge the faithful services of such officers, and that all supernumerary officers be entitled to one year's pay of their commissions respectively, to be computed from the time such officers had leave of absence from the Commander in Chief on this account. And Congress do earnestly recommend to the several states to which such officers belong, to make such farther provision for them as their respective circumstances and merits entitle them to.
Whereas it will be for the benefit of the service that some rule for promotions be established: therefore, Resolved, That it be recommended to the several states to provide, that in all future promotions Officers rise regimentally to the rank of captain, and thence in the line of the state to the rank of colonel, except in cases where a preference may be given on account of distinguished merit.
Resolved, That all officers who have been in the service, and having been prisoners with the enemy, now are or hereafter may be exchanged or otherwise released, shall, if appointed by the authority of the State, be intitled, in case of vacancy, to enter into the service of their respective State in such rank as they would have had if they had never been captured; provided always, that every such officer do, within one month after his exchange or release, signify to the authority of the State to which he belongs, his release and his desire to enter again into the military service: That every officer so released, and giving notice as aforesaid, shall, until entry into actual service, be allowed half pay of the commission to which by the foregoing resolve he stands entitled; provided always, that in case of his receiving any civil office of profit, such half pay shall thenceforth cease.
Resolved, That no brevets be for the future granted, except to officers in the line or in case of very eminent services.
Resolved, That pay masters, not being of the rank of captains, quarter masters and adjutants, be entitled to receive 20 dollars per month subsistence money in lieu of rations.
Resolved, That all officers and persons employed on the staff shall receive for subsistence money, one-third of a dollar for each extra ration heretofore allowed them.
Resolved, That adjutants, pay masters and quarter masters, taken from the line, be again admitted into the rank they would have been entitled to, had they continued in the line: and such adjutants, pay masters and quarter masters, not taken from the line, may be admissible into the line, in such subaltern ranks as, by a signed certificate from the field officers of their respective corps, they shall be deemed competent to.65
[Note 65: These resolves do not here follow the exact order in which they are entered in the Journals of the Continental Congress. The word in brackets is in the resolve as copied in the orders.]
December 10, 1778.
Resolved, That the 12 months' pay allowed to supernumerary officers of the army, by a resolution of Congress the 24 November last, be made up in the pay rolls of the regimental pay masters, and drawn from them by the said officers respectively.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 18, 1778.
My dear sir: I received your Official Letter of the 8th. Instant, advising that your relinquishment of the presidency would soon take place, which I see has happened; and assuring me of the respect and esteem you should always retain for me.
Permit me in turn, Sir, to assure you in the language of the most unfeigned sincerity, that I hold myself under great obligations for the very polite and satisfactory manner, in which you conducted the Official intercourse that has subsisted between us; and for the flattering marks of confidence and friendship, with which you honoured me in a private capacity. These considerations, and the most perfect conviction of your unwearied assiduity to promote the interest of America, in every instance in your power, have attached me to you, by the ties of the truest respect and affection; and, wherever you may be, and in whatever situation, I shall ever wish you happy, and shall set a high value upon your friendship and correspondence. I have the Honor etc.66
[Note 66: The letter sent was entirely in the writing of Washington and was sold at auction in 1933. The above text is from the copy by Robert Hanson Harrison in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 67: John Jay, of New York.
On this same day (December 18) Washington acknowledged Secretary Charles Thomson's notification of the election of Jay as President of Congress. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 18, 1778.
Sir: On Wednesday I had the Honor to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 12th. Instant, with the Inclosures. I very sincerely congratulate you, Sir, on the Honorable and important station you are chosen to fill. The opinion I entertain of your public character concurs with every personal consideration to make the choice pleasing to me. At the same time, that my warmest acknowledgements are due for the sentiments you express towards me, and the polite assurances you are pleased to give; I beg you to believe that I shall, by inclination, embrace every opportunity of giving proofs of that respect and esteem; which I have ever been happy to pay to your worthy predecessors in Office. I have the Honor etc.68
[Note 68: The copy is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 18, 1778.
Sir: I had the Honor to receive Your Letter enclosing a Copy of the Resolution of the House of Delegates on the 23d Ulto.,69 for presenting me with four Geldings. I assure You, Sir, I am sensibly affected by this pleasing mark of public esteem; and the flattering consideration on which the Assembly are pleased
[Note 69: "In the House of Delegates. Monday the 23rd of November 1778. Resolved, nemine contradicente that four of the finest Geldings that can be procured be immediately bought and sent to his excellency General Washington as a small Testimony of the gratitude of this State for the many signal services he has rendered America.... Teste E. Randolph c. h. d."
General Nelson was requested to purchase the horses and send them to Washington; the treasurer to pay his drafts.
This letter is in the Washington Papers.] to found it, gives it a value, to which my feelings only can do justice. My warmest acknowledgements are due for the favor, and these I take the liberty to request you will offer to the House, on the first proper occasion. I have the Honor to be, etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent, stated to be in the writing of Washington, is in the Buffalo Historical Society. It was addressed to Benjamin Harrison, as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates, and inclosed in Washington's letter to Harrison, Dec. 18--30, 1778, p. v.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, December 18, 1778.
Dear Lund: Your Letter of the 9th. Instant came to my hands this day after I had dispatched a long letter to you by Colo. Harrison;71 the qty. of land mentioned therein, as appears by my Plats, is, I dare say, the exact number of Acres held by Marshall,72 for more than which he ought not to expect payment. The three Small quantities which serve to compose the agregate 480½ are (I presume) those which lye on muddy hole; the North side of the main road joining Wade's and my line; and on the South, joining Manley73 and me. This, as it is by actual and careful measurement, and intended for my own satisfaction and government, does I am perswaded, contain to the utmost inch all that he holds, and I chearfully acquiesce to it as just. But at all events fix the matter with him by a resurvey, or any other way to close the bargain; telling him now however, that if it is resurveyed, and the Surveyor makes it less than 480½ I shall pay for no more than is fd. by the last Survey (if it should even fall short of 400 Acres) and unless you have conditioned to the contrary, I shall expect, as
[Note 71: Col. Charles Harrison, of the First Continental Artillery. (See Washington's letter to Lund Washington, Dec. 17, 1778, ante.)]
[Note 72: Thomas H. Marshall. (See Washington's letters to Col. Thomas H. Marshall, Mar. 9 and Mar. 17, 1778, ante.)]
[Note 73: Harrison Manley.] the Survey will be made to gratifie him, that it will be done at his expence, and by the Surveyor of the County, or at least a Sworn Surveyor. You will see that the Chain is full 33 feet in length.
With respect to the small slipes which he engaged to let me have, the matter taken up in a strict sense, may be determined in a moment, by only solving a single question, to wit. did he, or did he not, agree to take 40/ an acre for the Land in the event of not getting Allexrs? If he did not the matter is at an end, because there is not in that case room for even the Shadow of argument. If he did, where is the hardship of it? or in other words, why is it a greater hardship to receive money (short of one's wishes) for lands sold, than for any other thing. The money which General Weedon wants to pay you is due for Lands I sold Doctor Mercer74 and for the very purpose of enabling me to pay for this and other Lands in that Neck, as oppertunities might present; what difference then is therein the cases, more than in the Sum? and a case still more in point, is, that the very money advanced Alexander was in fact for the payment of this land of Marshall's. it is not harder then upon him to receive a part than for me to receive the whole. Such local disadvantages as these, are to be placed to the misfortunes of the times; some men indeed are benefited by them while others are ruined. I do not it is true come in under the latter class (so far as extends to ruin) but I believe you know, that by the comparative worth of money, Six or Seven thousand pounds which I have in Bonds upon Interest is now reduced to as many hundreds because I can get no more for a thousand at this day than a hundred would have fetched when I left Virginia Bonds, debts, Rents, and annuities undergoing no
[Note 74: Dr. Hugh(?) Mercer.] change while the currency is depreciating in value and for aught I know may in a little time, be totally sunk. I do not labour this point because I expect much from it, but simply to shew Mr. Marshall the light in which he should consider the matter if he has a mind to act upon such principles as ought to actuate every honest man and to show him moreover the falacy and error of his arguments when he endeavours to prove that I have deriv'd benefits from his Ld. which he has not experienced from Alexander; the falacy of it, because if I have taken the timber of, it is not there, consequently the land now, is of so much less value. The error of it, inasmuch as I am exceedingly mistaken if he has not inclosed and worked part of Alexanders Land, which (now I am upon the subject) is a matter that you ought to enquire into, as I have some recollection of Alexander's telling me, that he had not only put Marshall in possession of the whole, or such part of the Land as he wanted but that the Rents wch. usually came to him ceased; intimating, that the bargain between him, me, and Marshall was so far compleated, as that he no longer recd. the Rents or all of them nor was I to expect Interest for the Money lent him. If therefore I am to pay Marshall for his whole land, at the price now agreed at by the Acre, and to receive no Interest from Alexander, I shall be very prettily handled between the two.75 This circumstance is mentioned for your Government; at the same time I leave you at full liberty to close the Bargain with Marshall on any terms (if obliged to allow as much for the Slipes as other parts of his Land and even to come up to 500 acres for the qty.; as I neither wish to disappoint you, nor myself, in our present views. you will do the best you can to have justice done me; their impositions afterwards I must submit to as a tax to dishonourable Men.
[Note 75: Washington wrote "Gentn.," but then crossed it out somewhat heavily.]
Among those plats which contained the quantity of Marshalls Land, you will also find one which shews the contents of those Tracts I bought of the two Ashfords76 and Simon Pearson, which with so much of the waste land (taken up by me) as lyes above the tumbling Dam, shews (after taking of what Mr. Triplet77 is to get) the amount of what you are to have of me, and how far it will fall short of the purchase from Marshall, thereby enabling you to make a proper Settlement. If you find more than one Plat of these Lands (as I think there is) the last is the truest, and most correct.
[Note 76: George and William Ashford.]
[Note 77: William Triplett.]
It is not reasonable that Mr. Triplet should remain longer out of the land which he is to get in exchange, for his by my Mill race, as there is no prospect of my seeing home this Winter; and yet I am really at a loss to find out how it can be done without my being present, as no person knows the true and complex state of that matter as well as I do. Nevertheless if he desires it, I will give you the best directions I can in order that that possession may be given him this Winter; the way that I always expected and wished to have it done, was to extend a line from the bridge, at the head of the race by the Tumbling Dam, to the little branch which you cross in going onward to Morris's, at the road leading thither; thence by a direct line to the Main road, as (if my memory serves me) my fence runs; this, if the fence is removed in, as I think it was Six or Seven years ago, will give as many Acres as I shall get between the race and the line of my New Patent; but if it should not, then to pay for the difference at whatever the land would sell for at the time of ascertaining the several quantities we give and take even if it should be at £50 an Acre. If Mr. Triplet will agree to this, the matter, so far as respects the land and the use of it to both of us, may be settled at any time; and a sum may also be deposited in his hands to be adjusted hereafter; which will prevent his suffering any delay or injustice on acct. of the money he is to receive. or if this will not do, from his apprehensions that he shall give more land than he will get (in which I think he will be mistaken, if I am not wrong in my ideas respecting the removal of my Fence, which was done to this very view) I would, in order to satisfie him, and bring the matter as far as possible to a close and without further delay let the line from the branch at the road (leading from the Tumbling dam to the Plantation as mentioned before) bare a little more to the right to include a little more land. A Measure of this kind must remove every difficulty and will certainly give content; the legal fees of the County Surveyor in ascertaining this work, would amount to the value of both pieces of land; for not knowing, or not depending upon the circumstances, or with a view perhaps to increase his fees, he would Survey Harrisons Patent (on which Mr. Triplet lives) Pearsons (the Patentee of which I do not now recollect); My land taken up as waste, and part perhaps of that I bought of Geo. Ashford, all of which may be avoided by the mode I speak of, and the disadvantage resulting from the want of a final Settlement thrown upon me, by giving him more land, and more money, than he will be entitled to upon a fair and impartial measurement of the exchanged tracts. If you and Mr. Triplet should agree without any thing, have a Stone, or a locust Post fixed at the road for the Corner.
With respect to your bargain with Lanphire78 I can say nothing. I wish every contract that I make, or that is made for me, should be fulfilled according to the strict and equitable meaning of the Parties, and this in the present case you must be a better judge than I. If at the time of engaging him the extra
[Note 78: Going Lanphire.] allowance of Corn &ca. more was expected and promised than has been performed you are certainly under no obligation to comply with your part till he has fulfilled his; if on the other hand he has fulfilled his you are bound to comply altho it may prove hard. but from your state of the case, the true and equitable construction of the bargain seems to me to be, that he ought to have the Corn and Wool, but should be obliged to continue his and Servants labor at their present Wages, till the covered ways and such work as was particularized or had in contemplation at the time is finished; without this his Wages will be monstrous the end not answered and what neither of you at the time could possibly have in view. I therefore think that this is the proper footing to place it on, and, tho' slow, he had better be kept on those terms till you can at least bring his wages within the bounds of moderation by time if he should not quite compleat the work expected of him. The Corn (which I am told Qr. Master Finie79 is now giving Six pounds pr. Barrl. for) should be delivered by little at a time, for if he gets the whole at once you may I suppose, catch him as you can.
[Note 79: William Finnie, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
I come now to mention a matter which more particularly respects yourself. The depreciation of Money, and the sudden rise in the price of produce in the course of this year and other things principally to this cause owing renders your present wages especially under short Crops, totally inadequate to your trouble and Services. I am therefore willing that you should receive a certain part of the last Crop, to be disposed of by you for your own benefit and so in future; this will give you the reward of your Industry without subjecting you to the peculiar hardship resulting from depreciation as it is presumable that the price of produce will rise in proportion to the fall of the other. I do not at this time ascertain what the part shall be, because I wish you to say what you think is just and right; this it is my full wish to give and more I do not think you would ask therefore we cannot disagree. Being little acquainted with the produce of my Estate, amount of Crops &ca. is the reason of my wishing to leave the matter to yourself as it is my first wish that you should be satisfied.
Mrs. Archer has got the letter you inclosed, and I have only to add that I am sincerely and affectionately Yrs.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 18, 1778.
Dear Sir: I beg you will accept my thanks for your obliging letter of the 30th. Ulto. and the polite expressions of your friendship which accompany it. At the same time, I am happy to congratulate you on your honorable acquittal with the approbation of Congress.80
[Note 80: Schuyler's acquittal with honor by the court martial was confirmed by Congress Dec. 3, 1778. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
The information and remarks you have favoured me with are very full and satisfactory;81 and I must request as you are good enough to promise, that you will continue your reflections and inquiries on the subject, and communicate, from time to time, the result.
[Note 81: Schuyler's letter of November 30 is in the Washington Papers. It is a 16--page folio discussion of the proposed Canadian expedition.]
The difference of circumstances, which you have enumerated, between the time of General Amhersts operations and the present, is certainly very striking and the difficulties, of an expedition into Canada by the route he took as things are now situated, great and many. The more however I consider the subject and examine into the state of our resources, the more I am convinced that if an expedition is carried into that country, in the course of the next Campaign, it must of necessity be done through that channel. The advantages of penetrating by Lake Champlain, make the practicability of doing it infinitely desirable; but upon the whole, I still am of opinion, that the prospect of effecting it is too small and precarious to warrant the attempt. I could hardly rely upon the success of any expedient that might be adopted to gain the superiority of the Lake in the Summer; and I have greater reason than when I had the pleasure of writing you the 20th. Ulto., to believe, that an undertaking for that purpose this Winter is intirely out of our power. My earnest desire for a Winter expedition has led me closely to investigate our means of prosecuting it, and I find after the fullest examination, from the concurrent and definitive reports of the Quarter Master and Commissary General, that our resources are unequal to the preparations necessary for such an enterprise.
How far it will be in our power to extend our operations into Canada the next campaign must depend on a variety of events which cannot now be foreseen with certainty. It is to be lamented too, that our prospects are not so favourable as we could wish. But I agree with you in the importance of reducing Niagara at least if practicable; and I think it prudent to be taking preparatory measures, to enable us to attempt this and as much more, as the future situation of our affairs and resources may permit. I am the more induced to this, as the emancipation of Canada is an object, which Congress have much at heart.
Conformable to this principle I have directed the Commissary General to lay in as large magazines of flour and salt provisions &ca. at Albany and any other places which may be thought proper, as he possibly can; and in like manner I have instructed the Quarter Master General to provide all the materials requisite for building vessels, together with forage and every other article, which comes under the direction of his department. A copy of my instructions to him is inclosed.
You will perceive I have referred the Quarter Master General to you for advice and directions in making his arrangements. I have done the same with respect to the Commissary. Every consideration induces me to wish and request your assistance in this business. No person I know has it more in his power to judge of the measures proper to be taken; and I am persuaded you will readily afford your aid in a matter of so great importance, as far as may be consistent with the situation of your public and personal concerns.
In forming the magazines, I wish regard to be had as far as the primary intention will permit, to an easy transfer and appropriation of them to the use of the army in this quarter; lest our operations to the Northward should be disappointed, and the scene of action still continue in our present front. As a large supply of hard bread will be essential, you will please among other things to direct the Commissary, to provide such a quantity of this article as you deem sufficient. The most speedy and complete repair possible of the arms in the hands of Mr. Rensselaer,82 will require immediate attention.
[Note 82: Philip Van Rensselaer, commissary of military stores at Albany, N. Y.]
Though we cannot now determine what will be the extent of our Northern plan, nor consequently, what number of troops will really be employed; yet as it is necessary to fix some precise idea on this point, by which to regulate our preparations, you will adapt them to an army of at least ten thousand effective rank and file, with a proportion of Artillerymen, attendants and retainers of every kind, according to the nature of the expedition.
On account of the difficulty you suggest on transporting the vessels from the place mentioned in my last, my present intention is to have the iron work, rigging, sails &c., prepared at Albany, and the Vessels built at Oswego, agreeable to the plan you propose [unless upon a more full considrn. of the matter you shall think the former plan] of building on Hudsons River [can be executed in the whole or part with more ease than at first view.]
It will be of the greatest moment however to employ every artifice to cover the real design, and beget false expectations in the enemy. I leave this to your management.
You will observe by my instructions to the Qr. Mr. Gl. that I have not absolutely decided on the kind of Vessels to be constructed. I wish first to take the opinions of some persons of experience in maritime affairs before I finally determine. With respect to the batteauxs, I leave the construction of them wholly to your judgment, and every direction accordingly.
I shall be under a particular obligation for the journals you mention, if you are fortunate enough to find them.83
[Note 83: A journal, or journals, of Capt. John Montresor and Lieutenant Pauli(?), of the Royal Americans, who traveled to Niagara by way of Presque Isle in 1764; also an account of the inhabitants of Detroit and the strength of the Indians in that quarter in 1764. There has now been placed in the Washington Papers, with Schuyler's letter of Dec. 27, 1778, a copy of the "Route from Niagara or Discharge of Lake Erie to the Embouchere of the River of Detroit," giving distances by French leagues, the "Places of safety for all the Boats," the "Number of Indian Warriors that could collect themselves in six or eight days at Detroit," and miscellaneous information of the locations of groups of Indian cabins. The paper is indorsed by Richard Varick "Copy to Montresor's Route." Schuyler did not succeed in finding the Montresor journal.]
Before I conclude, there is one or two things in particular, which I must beg you will endeavour to ascertain. Whether, there is not another River below la famine which empties into the St. Lawrence, and what kind of a River it is? I have an idea of one which enters as low as Oswegatchie. Also where the enemy's vessels on Lake Ontario are stationed during the Winter, and how they are defended and secured in the frozen state of the Lake.
It is not unlikely, I may be at Albany in the Month of January. This in the mean time I mean only to be known to you; but I must insist, that you will not suffer it to make the least alteration in your private plans. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 85: Of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 18, 1778.
Sir: I have your letter of the 21st. Ultimo, now before me.
A good Officer cannot feel more real concern, to find that his domestic affairs, and the circumstances of his family, make it necessary for him to leave the army, than I do myself in losing his services.
I always part reluctantly with the officer, who like you, has been early in the cause, and borne his share of military danger and fatigue; and I cannot help wishing that a continuance in the army could in any wise be made compatible with your domestic duties. But should you find this impossible, I suppose I need not tell you that it is customary, in all cases of resignation, to have a certificate that there is no public or regimental account unsettled. You will be pleased to communicate such a certificate in case you take a conclusive determination to resign. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 19, 1778.
Dear Sir: I am honored with Your Excellency's favour of the 12th instant; including the copies of two letters relative to the disposition of the troops on the East side of the North River, and the quartering of Colo. Sheldon's regiment of dragoons.
There is nothing I have more at heart than the ease and security of every part of the Country and its inhabitants; and I wish Your Excellency to believe, that in the present distribution of the army, I have consulted these objects, to the best of my judgment, as far as could be done, consistent with a due attention to other objects too essential to be neglected. You are sensible, sir, that in military operations, there are many partial evils which must be submitted to, to attain the principal end to which they are directed. However desirable the protection of those parts of the country most contiguous to the enemy, and the convenience of the inhabitants, in general; these are sometimes obliged to give place to other considerations of greater magnitude. The present disposition of the troops, after a full consideration of every circumstance, has been thought best calculated to unite the greatest number of advantages, with the fewest disadvantages. To enter into a detail of the reasons on which it has been formed, would be giving your Excellency unnecessary trouble. I shall only therefore observe, that the easy subsistence and accommodation of the troops; their discipline and security, and the facility of collecting them to the principal points of defence, which require they should be as little dispersed as possible, and the protection and convenience of the country and the inhabitants, have all been endeavoured to be provided for, as far as they could be reconciled to each other and to the general situation of our affairs at this period.
The great desire I feel to comply with your Excellency's wishes on every occasion, makes it painful to me, that, in the present case I do not think it would be advancive of the service to make these changes in the disposition of the troops, which your transmitting the letter from Cols. Enos and Meade seems to indicate would be agreeable to you. I should not be without apprehensions for the safety of the Brigades themselves, stationed where they propose. The detaching one so far from the Highland posts would lessen the security of those important places, an unequal portion of duty would be thrown upon the advanced Brigades, and the discipline of the whole would be injured by adding to the dispersion. The directions I have given to Generals Putnam and McDougall to keep a succession of parties constantly advanced towards the enemy's lines, from the Sound to the North River, without being liable to the same disadvantages will pretty effectually answer the same end. If this has not yet been done, it is I suppose to be ascribed to the troops having been hitherto employed in covering themselves for the Winter.
With respect to the proposal for dividing Colo. Sheldon's regiment and sending a part of it to Wallingford or Middleton; this arrangement would interfere with a general principle, essential to order and discipline, to which I have strictly adhered, the keeping every corps in a collected state. It has been with great reluctance that I have even separated the different regiments of cavalry from each other; but the impossibility of subsisting and accommodating them in one body, puts me under the necessity of making a division of this kind. To carry it further would be ruinous to this useful part of the army. And I do not apprehend that the regiment in question could be removed to any other place where it could be equally well provided, in a collective state with forage and quarters, without being attended with the same inconveniences, as at Durham. This place was pointed out as the most commodious, by the Quarter Master General, in his arrangements for cantonning the army: and as I have received a very favourable account of the situation of the regiment in point of accommodation, from Col Sheldon himself, this is an additional motive to wish its continuance where it is.
With the most perfect respect and esteem etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 88: Of the Third North Carolina Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 19, 1778.
Sir: You are to leave a Captain, two Subs and fifty Men of the detachment of Colo. Hogan's89 Regt. at Trenton and proceed with the remainder to Philadelphia, upon your arrival at which place you are to make report to General Arnold or commanding Officer and take your directions from him. You are to leave word at Trenton for Colo. Hogan to follow with the remainder of the Regt. (except the Captain and fifty who are to guard the Stores at Trenton) to Philada. He is to take with him as many of his sick and Convalescents as possible; those that cannot proceed beyond Trenton must be left either there or at Princetown, with directions to join the Regt. as they recover. Colo. Hogan is also upon his arrival at Philada. to take his orders from Genl. Arnold or commanding Officer. Be pleased to leave a Copy of this letter for him at Trenton. I am etc.90
[Note 89: Col. James Hogun.]
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
December 19, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving a few days since your letter of the 6th. instant; I am much obliged to you for the polite assurances you give; and in my turn, I beg you will beleive, that when the institution,91 at the head of which you have been
[Note 91: Inspector General's Department.] placed, can once be established upon a footing mutually agreeable to you and to the army, to which end all the measures I have taken in it have been directed, I shall be happy to give you every support in my power to facilitate your operations. In doing this I shall equally consult the personal consideration I have for you, and the improvement and benefit of the army, which I am persuaded will be greatly promoted by a full exertion of the same talents, experience and activity, of which you have already given the most satisfactory proofs. I am etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 93: Of Henley's Additional Continental regiment.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 19, 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 4th. informing me of the date of Major Curtis's94 resignation agreeable to which I inclose you a Commn. for the Majority of the Regt. from the 20th. May last.
[Note 94: Maj. William Curtis. His resignation took place May 20, 1778.]
I recd. a letter from the Board of War in Sept. respecting those men of your Regt. who were confined at Easton. I recommended it to them to employ them upon the Works in Delaware rather than let them rejoin the Army as they had shewn so great an inclination to desert to the Enemy. I have not heard since what they did in the matter but will make enquiry. I am &c.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 20, 1778.
Sir; I have the honor of yours of the 16th instant. I have directed that only a Captn. and 50 Men of Colo. Hogans may be left at Trenton, that you may have as great a number as possible in Philada. I wish it were in my power to comply fully with your request for Troops, but I have had so many demands upon me from quarters exposed to the Enemy, all of which I have been obliged in some measure to comply with, that I cannot possibly spare any more, without leaving this cantonment in so weak a state as to be liable to an insult during the Winter.
From the dispersed situation of the Army a considerable time would elapse before the Adjutant General could collect the Returns which you call for. I am happy in having it in my power to furnish you with one immediately which I think will answer your purpose; it includes every man (a few Corps excepted who were at a distance) whose time of service will expire by the last of May 1779. The remainder of the Army are engaged some to the latter end of the next Campaign, some for further limited times, and a few, comparitively speaking, during the War. The State of Virginia having offered very great Bounties to such of her old Soldiers and levies who will inlist during the War, perhaps five or six hundred of those men included in the return now sent you may be reingaged; but when we take into account the diminution of an army by natural means, we may still calculate upon a decrease, equal to the total amount of the Return, by the month of May next.
I have recd. a letter of the 11th. inst. from the Secy. of the Board inclosing a Resolve of Congress respecting the pay of the supernumerary Officers, which has been inserted in General Orders for the information of the concerned.
Govn. Reed has informed me of the reasons of the delays and difficulties in procuring the Militia of Pennsylvania to guard the Convention Troops. It will be very distressing upon those continental troops who have been under the necessity of going forward, as they will have their Huts to build after they return, which will bring them to the midst of Winter.
In a letter to the Board of the 14th Sepr. last I advised the employing twenty six Men belonging to Colo. Henleys Regt. then in Easton Goal, upon some of the public Works, rather than let them join their Regt. as they had shewn an inclination to desert to the Enemy. Be pleased to inform me whether they were disposed of in any manner or whether they are still at Easton, as the commanding Officer of the Regt. has lately desired to know whether they are still to be considered as belonging to him or to be struck off the Rolls. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 96: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to Richard Peters as secretary of the Board of War.
In an inconsequential note to Israel Putnam, on this same day (December 20), Washington directed that "If there are any public Magazines of provisions or Stores upon the sound I highly approve of your removing them inland and forbidding the Quarter Masters and Commissaries to collect any there (I mean to remain any length of time) in future." This note is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 97: Of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel in September, 1782; transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in January, 1783; retired in March,1783; brigadier general, U.S. Army, February, 1793; resigned in February, 1794.]
Middle Brook, December 20, 1778.
Sir: Your presence with the Regt. to which you belong is now necessary, you will therefore on the receipt of this repair here. I have written to the commanding Officer at Albany, if he thinks the corps you command can be spared to order the Troops that compose it to join their respective Regts. of this you will be informed, but you will lose no time in coming yourself. I am &ca.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
Washington forwarded this letter to Posey, through Brig. Gen. James Clinton, in a short note of this same date (December 20) in which he expressed a desire to have the ranger corps, to which Posey had been detailed, disbanded, if its services could be dispensed with and the detachments composing it returned to their respective regiments, "but this is left for yourself to decide according to the occasion you may see for detaining it. I am however anxious it should take place." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 20, 1778.
Dear Sir: I have your two letters of the 2d and 7th Inst. now before me.
The order communicated by the Adjutant General to Col. Jackson was in consequence of my instructions. It is not however my desire to remove the band in case it has been procured [at the cost of] the officers, and is kept up at their private expence. This is a prerogative I could not think of assuming. But on the other hand, if it belongs to, and is supported by the public, [I shall adhere to my former order], you must [certainly] be of opinion with me that the necessity for such a thing is much greater here than it can be any where else. Under these circumstances, I could wish the matter to be considered; [especially when I add that I can make no distinction in Corps. A Band is no part of our establishmt., to endulge one Regiment therefore and refuse another (equal in pretensions) is setting up inviduous distinctions which cannot be productive of any good but may of much evil and ought to be avoided.]
I have been applied to lately by Colo. LeRadiere for the discharge of a certain de Marcere a private in Colo. Angels Regiment. De Marcere it appears inlisted in the service from necessity. Colo. LeRadiere claims him for a relation, and is much interested in his dismission. As the Col. is a foreigner and urges it under all these circumstances I have consented to his discharge. You will be pleased to give orders for this purpose, and should the soldier be indebted to the Regiment, you will see by the inclosed paper that Colonel Radiere takes it upon himself. You may transmit the account in your next letter should this be the case. I am &c.
P.S. The 30th. of this Month being prescribed by the honorable Congress as a day of thanksgiving,99 you will be pleased to have the same observed in the army under your command.1
[Note 99: The proclamation of Congress was dated Nov. 17, 1778. (See Journals of the Continental Congress of the same date for the text.)]
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[December 20, 1778.]
Sir: I was favored with your letter of yesterdays date this evening.
I have informed Governor Livingston, with as many of the circumstances of Hatfields2 case, as have come within my knowledge, and directed Lord Stirling to furnish him with such as he has relating to this subject. You will be pleased, without further delay, to deliver both Hatfield and the vessel he was in, to the civil magistrate with all the information you are possessed of in the affair, and assist in making what further discoveries may be attainable.
[Note 2: John Smith Hatfield, loyalist, of Elizabethtown, N. J.]
I wish you would ascertain more fully and clearly the cause of the deficiencies in the several articles of clothing, as con. rained in your return. This may be done by a return of the number of Men in the different corps, and a return of the several] articles drawn for each corps.
To prevent as much as possible that intercourse which has been so much complained of, you will refer the applications for flags from the Commissaries of prisoners to me that one general rule of conduct may be observed in all cases of flags Mr. Mercerer,3 D.C. Prisrs. has my permission to pass into N. Y.
[Note 3: Joshua Mercereau, Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners.]
I have inclosed you full instructions for your observance, and am Sir Your &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Camp Middle Brook, Sunday, December 20, 1778.
Parole Grantham. Countersigns Howe, Ireland.
Captain Samuel King5 of Colo. Marshall's Regiment is appointed Aid de Camp to The Baron De Kalb, vice Major Rogers6 resigned.
[Note 5: Of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He served as aide to De Kalb until the latter was killed at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780. King himself was killed at Guilford Court House in March, 1781.]
[Note 6: Maj. Nicholas Rogers. He had served as aide to Du Coudray; was brevetted lieutenant colonel by Congress on Dec. 10, 1778; resigned the same day.]
The regimental Surgeons are reminded of the standing order to make returns of their sick every Monday to the principal surgeon of the Flying Hospital present and that no sick be sent from Camp to the General Hospital without his certificate.
The Director General of the Flying Hospital quarters [is] at Mr. Field's, Bound Brook.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 21, 1778.
My Lord: I have directed General Maxwell to deliver up Hatfield to the Civil Authority and have informed Governor Livingston that you will furnish him with such proofs of his Guilt as have come to your Knowledge. be pleased therefore to forward such papers to him as you have at present in possession, or any new matter which you may hereafter obtain and which may serve to throw light upon the Affair. I am etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
December 21, 1778.
Sir: Congress having been pleased to require my attendance at Philadelphia8 for a few days, the immediate command of the troops at this place will devolve upon your Lordship.
[Note 8: "As I am under the necessity of going to Philada. for a few days, you are during my Absence to pay off the Regimental Abstracts for the Month of October and those for any Months previous thereto. I will sign the warrants upon my Return. In the meantime this shall be your Authority."-- Washington to Asst. Paymaster Gen. John Pierce, Dec. 21, 1778. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The hutting the troops in the most speedy and commodious manner, and the preservation of order and discipline, I doubt not will receive your Lordship's particular attention. I must request that you will, as much as possible avoid granting furloughs to officers, except in the manner and proportion heretofore specified in General orders, and will not deviate but where the circumstances of the case are of a very peculiar and pressing nature. The frequency of applications on this head induces me to particularise the caution.
Your Lordship will give me the earliest intelligence, of any thing of consequence that may happen.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Middle Brook, December 21, 1778.
You are appointed to the command at Elizabeth Town at which place you are to remain with the New Jersey Brigade: But should you be of opinion that the troops can be more conveniently quartered by removing part to New Ark, you may order a Regiment or as many to that place as circumstances shall require.
The principal object of your position is to prevent the Enemy stationed upon Staten Island from making incursions upon the main and also to prevent any traffic between them and the inhabitants. In this respect I must request you to be very vigilant and to use your utmost exertions as great complaints have been made of a trade's being carried on so openly and to such a height, as to alarm and give great umbrage to the well affected. I am informed that considerable quantities of provision are carried over to and goods brought from Staten Island thro' Woodbridge and Raway Necks, you will therefore either keep patrols or post small parties upon that quarter, as you shall judge most expedient and likely to prevent such intercourse.
You are to pay particular attention to my former order directing you not to suffer any persons inhabitants of the United States to go within the Enemy's lines, without they produce a written licence from Congress the Governors or legislative Authorities to which they belong or from myself, a great part of the illicit traffic complained of having been carried on by persons who under various pretences have gained permission to go to Staten Island, or New York.
As the good order and discipline of the troops will in a great measure depend upon a proper number of Officers remaining in quarters with them you will observe the following Rule in granting Furloughs as far as circumstances will admit.
Two Field Officers to remain with a Regimt. and two Commissioned Officers with a Company. Not more than twenty Soldiers to be absent from a Regiment on Furlough at one time.
You will be careful to see that the Brigade Inspector puts in practice the Manoeuvers and discipline introduced the last Campaign, as often as the State of the Weather will permit during the Winter.
The difficulty of procuring Forage for even those Horses of which there is real occasion, renders it absolutely necessary that none others be kept in the Brigade but by the Field and Staff Officers intitled thereto; for the Artillery, and for the Waggons employed in Garrison duties.
The supernumerary Horses belonging to the public to be delivered to the Dy. Qr. M. Genl. who will dispose of them in such places as will be most convenient for their accommodation.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On December 21 Washington also wrote a brief note to Maxwell directing him to allow Lieut. William Campbell, of the Twenty-fourth Foot, British Army, and Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General, British Army in America, to go into New York by flag and when he returns to send him under the escort of an officer to Major General Phillips. This note is in the Washington Papers.]
Middle Brooke, December 21, 1778.
You are, agreeable to my orders of the 4th. instant,11 to take post this Winter with the Brigade under you command at Paramus. You are to quarter the Men in as compact a manner as possible both for the preservation of discipline and the conveniency of drawing your force speedily together in case of an Alarm. Your position is intended to effect three purposes: to cover the communication to Kings Ferry, to afford countenance and protection to the well affected inhabitants of Bergen County and to be within supporting distance of the Posts in the Highlands. The more effectually to secure the communication to Kings Ferry, you are constantly to keep a Captain and fifty Men at Kakiate which is the junction of several Roads
[Note 11: See Washington's letter to Col. Thomas Clark, December 4--7, under Dec. 7, 1778, ante.] leading to the North River and a place much infested by the Banditti of the Country. The Officer is therefore to see that his Men are in their quarters at Night and their Arms always within their reach.
A succession of small scouting parties down towards Bergen and along the North River will be preferable in my opinion to stationary pickets, as they will not be liable to surprise and will be more likely to fall in with marauders from the enemy and with those of the inhabitants who make a practice of supplying the enemy with provision. They will moreover, if they do their duty, prevent you from any danger by surprise. But this I leave to your own Judgment.
You are to pay particular attention to that part of my instructions of the 4th. in which you are directed not to permit any inhabitant of the States of Jersey or New York to go within the Enemy's lines without they obtain a licence specified under the hand of their respective Governors.
The third object, that of supporting the posts in the Highlands is the most material and what you are, next to your own preservation principally to attend to. Should you receive information that the Enemy are moving up the North River in force, you are instantly to send advice to General McDougal, and fall back with the Troops to Sufferans at the entrance of the Clove, giving him information of your removal and acting afterwards agreeable to his directions. You will in such case send your Baggage to Pompton for its security....12 And you are above all things to attend to the Behaviour of the Troops and punish severely marauding or any kind of insult or damage to the persons or properties of the Inhabitants.13
[Note 12: The omitted portion is a repetition of the instructions to Maxwell (the preceding document) from "As the establishment of good order etc." through "State of the Weather will permit."]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, December 21, 1778.
Sir: In my passage, through Elizabeth Town, a certain Hatfield14 was seized by my order and committed to Jail, in consequence of an intercepted letter to him from New York, supposed by the initials to be from one Hilton, which clearly shews that Hatfield is concerned in a treasonable connexion and intercourse with the writer. The letter is not now in my possession; nor do I precisely recollect the contents, but from that and from other circumstances I think it appeared, that Hatfield, abusing a permit he had received from Lord Stirling, was going to the enemy with a vessel laden with flour, in which he was pressed by his correspondent to bring as many hands as he could, which is conjectured were wanted to man a privateer. I believe there is no doubt of Hatfield's guilt; though I do not know how far the evidence against him may amount to legal proof. I directed Lord Stirling to endeavour to make all the discoveries he could, and to deliver Hatfield with all the information he had collected respecting him to the civil magistrate. What progress he has made in his inquiries I know not; but I have now desired General Maxwell without further delay to turn Hatfield over to the civil power. The vessel was also seized at the same time and is now at Middle Town point, to be disposed of as the law shall direct.
[Note 14: John Smith Hatfield (Hetfield).]
I thought it best to bring the matter under Your Excellency's notice, as I am convinced that you will not suffer it to pass without a proper investigation; and it is certainly of the greatest moment, that practices of this nature should be rigidly scrutinized and severely punished. General Maxwell will execute any directions you shall be pleased to give him in the affair, and Lord Stirling will communicate all the information of which he is possessed. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, December 22, 1778.
Parole Narraganset. Countersigns Otis, Portsmouth.
At a General Court Martial whereof Majr. Genl. Lord Stirling was President, held the 4th. of July last at Brunswick and at other times and places afterwards by Adjournment for the trial of Majr. Genl. Lee on the following charges:
First: For disobedience of orders in not attacking the Enemy on the 28th. of June agreeable to repeated instructions.
Secondly: For Misbehaviour before the Enemy on the same day by making an unnecessary, disorderly and shameful Retreat.
Thirdly: For disrespect to the Commander in Chief in two Letters dated the 1st. of July and the 28th. of June.
The Court passed sentence on the Case in the following Words: "The Court having considered the first Charge against Major General Lee, the Evidence and his defence, are of opinion that he is guilty of disobedience of Orders in not attacking the Enemy on the 28th. of June agreeable to repeated instructions; being a breach of the latter part of Article 5th. section 2nd. of the Articles of War.
The Court having considered the second Charge against Major General Lee, the Evidence and his defence, are of opinion he is guilty of Misbehaviour before the Enemy on the 28th. of June by making an unnecessary, and in some few instances a disorderly retreat, being a breach of the 13th. Article of the 13th. Section of the Articles of War.
The Court having considered the third charge against Major General Lee, are of opinion that he is guilty of disrespect to the Commander in Chief in two letters dated the 1st of July and 28th. of June, being a breach of the 2nd. Article, section 2nd. of the Articles of War.
The Court do sentence Major General Lee to be suspended from any command in the Armies of The United States of North America for the term of twelve Months.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to confirm the foregoing sentence as follows:
In Congress, December 5, 1778.
Resolved, "That the sentence of the general court martial upon Major General Lee, be carried into execution."
At a General Court Martial whereof Majr. General Lincoln was President held at White Plains the 23rd. of August last for the trial of Majr. Genl. St. Clair on the following charges:
First: With Neglect of duty under the 5th. Article of the 18th. section of the rules and Articles of War.
Second: With Cowardice, with Treachery, with Incapacity as a General, respectively, under the 5th. Article of the 18th. section of the rules and articles of War.
Third: With Treachery, under the 5th. Article of the 18th. section of the rules and articles of War.
Fourth: With inattention to the Progress of the Enemy, with Treachery, with Incapacity as a General respectively, under the 5th. Article of the 18th. section of the Rules and Articles of War.
Fifth: With shamefully abandoning the Post of Ticonderoga and Mount Independence in his charge, under the 12th. Article of the 13th. section of the rules and articles of War.
The Court passed sentence on this case in the following words: "The Court having duly considered the charges against Major General St. Clair and the evidence, are unanimously of opinion that he is not guilty of either of the charges against him and do unanimously acquit him of all and every of them with the highest Honor."
The Honorable, The Congress have been pleased to confirm the above sentence as follows:
In Congress, December 16, 1778.
Resolved, "That the sentence of the general court martial, acquitting Major General St. Clair, with the highest honor, of the charges exhibited against him, be, and is hereby confirmed."
At a General Court Martial held at the White Plains whereof Major General Lincoln was President for the trial of Major General Schuyler:
The Court having considered the charge against Major General Schuyler, the evidence and his defence, are unanimously of opinion that he is not guilty of "Any Neglect of duty in not being at Ticonderoga as charged," and the Court do acquit him with the highest Honor.
The Honorable, The Congress have been pleased to confirm the above sentence as follows:
In Congress, December 3, 1778.
Congress took into consideration the proceedings of the court martial in the trial of Major General Schuyler; Whereupon,
Resolved, That the sentence of the general court martial acquitting Major General Schuyler, with the highest honor, of the charges exhibited against him, be, and is hereby, confirmed.
The Honorable The Congress having been pleased by their Proclamation of the 21st. of November last to appoint Wednesday the 30th. instant as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise for the great and numerous Providential Mercies experienced by the People of These States in the course of the present War, the same is to be religiously observed throughout the Army in the manner therein directed, and the different Chaplains will prepare discourses suited to the Occasion.
In consideration of the exhausted State of the Country on this communication with respect to Forage, the necessary supplies of which will be with the greatest difficulty procured, after all the care, industry and oeconomy that can be used; The Commander in Chief has directed the Quarter Master General to send away from camp all the public horses that in his opinion can possibly be spared from the ordinary service of the Army. In addition to this precaution as in a stationary Camp much fewer horses will be wanted by the officers of the line in execution of the duties of their respective stations than at other times, the General particularly requests, that the General Officers will retain no more horses in camp for the use of themselves and their suites than are absolutely necessary, and that the Field Officers do endeavour to make one horse a piece suffice; The other regimental officers who are entitled to keep horses will be able to dispense with them during the Winter.
The same recommendation extends to all the staff officers entitled to keep horses, to which the General requests the attention of the heads of the several departments. The Commissary of Forage will receive the supernumerary horses and have them well provided for at a convenient place at some distance from Camp.
A Brigadier and Field Officers for the day are to be appointed. They will see the Pickets properly posted, visited and superintend the police and discipline of the camp as usual.
A Captain, two Subs, three Serjeants, a Drum and Fife and Fifty Rank and File to be sent to Bonam Town as an advanced Picket to be reliev'd every Monday 'till further orders. The Officer commanding it will receive his instructions from the Adjutant General.
[Note 16: Washington left Middlebrook to wait on Congress Dec. 22, 1778, and arrived in Philadelphia that same day. He remained in that city until Feb. 2, 1779, and arrived in Middlebrook on February 5.
The command of the Army during his absence from Middlebrook devolved upon Lord Stirling. The General Orders of this period have been, as heretofore, included for the sake of keeping this record complete and also because they are entered in the Varick Transcripts, in the Library of Congress, of Washington's General Orders, without explanation for their inclusion.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, December 23, 1778.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Random, Sarum.
The Troop to beat at nine o'Clock and the guard to be on the Grand Parade (which is assigned in the Common opposite to the road leading to Genl. Greene's Quarters) precisely at eleven 'till further orders.
The Body of a Person supposed to have been a servant of Major Hamilton's17 was found drowned in the Rariton. If any Person knows who has the Watch and Money found upon said Body, he is requested to give information thereof at the Orderly Office.
[Note 17: Maj. James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The present State of the Field Officers belonging to the Brigades now on the ground to be delivered in tomorrow at orderly time.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, December 24, 1778.
Parole Tobago. Countersigns Venlo, Wakefield.
The Troops after having provided themselves with sufficient timber for hutting are to cut down no more green standing timber for firewood, until the logs, tops and old fallen timber be first used for that purpose.
The wise and proper orders that have been issued from time to time by His Excellency General Washington in this Army have already produced such good effects that there can be no doubt that the whole Army of whatever rank or station will use their utmost endeavours to see them carried into execution, particularly to the comfortable hurting the Army; and in order that it may be more comfortably effected, it is particularly recommended to the commanding Officers of Brigades to see that ditches are made upon the upper side of every row of huts where on descending ground at about three feet distance from them, and at every convenient place to make other ditches so as to carry off the water in front; This observed will secure the troops from any inundation of water and much contribute to the health and convenience of the whole Camp. It is also recommended to the commanding Officers of Brigades to see that no obstructions of whatever kind are left in the streets of their Encampments and that a good Parade in front of the Brigade be made clear of every incumbrance for parade duty. No firing or discharging of pieces, on any pretence whatever is to be suffered except at particular hours, which will be made known to the Army.
The People of the Country are not to hunt or fire in the neighborhood of the Camp; Whoever finds delinquents in this case will bring the Persons and Their Arms to Head-Quarters.
The whole Army to observe the strictest regularity and decency in their behaviour to the People of the Country. Officers are desired to use their utmost endeavours to detect and bring to punishment Marauders of every kind.
Philadelphia, December 25, 1778.
Sir: On Monday last, just as I was setting out from my Quarters at Middle Brook, I received the favor of your two Letters of the 8th. Instant.
Lieutenant Campbell, agreable to your request, was permitted to proceed to New York with your dispatches to Sir Henry Clinton, with liberty to return when he should have finished his business.
With respect to an exchange of prisoners, I assure you, Sir, there is nothing that would give me greater pleasure than such an event, founded on principles of quality and mutual advantage; but at present, I see but little if any prospect of it's taking place. Since the date of your Letters there has been a meeting of Commissioners from the two Armies upon the subject, when nothing was effected; and when the views of Congress and of Sir Henry Clinton were explicitly declared. This and every other circumstance convinces me that the interview you have been pleased to propose could answer no valuable purpose; nor should I think myself at liberty to take up a business of this nature without proper authority on both sides, to give efficacy to what might be proposed or done. I have the Honor etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1778.
Sir: Inclosed, I send your Excellency Wm. Beatty's representation of the case of Brower and Lezier,19 two soldiers in the
[Note 19: Brower and Lozier (Loziers, Lashier). Sir Henry Clinton reported that they had been captured after killing a loyalist named Richards, and why he was justified in classing them as banditti.] service of these states, who it appears are suffering under a confinement of peculiar severity, without any sufficient cause for so injurious a discrimination. I am persuaded I need only call your attention to the situation of these men to induce you to order them relief, and to have them placed precisely on the same footing with other prisoners of war. This will lead to their immediate exchange. I have the honor etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1778.
Dear Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 17th. at this place, at which I shall remain but a few days and then return to Middle Brook. I am pleased to think that your troops will have been covered before this severe Weather.
A plan for the establishment and regulation of the Inspectorship, is now under consideration of Congress, I would not therefore have you appoint a division Inspector at this time, but let the Brigade Inspectors go on with their duties as usual. I have no objection to Colo. Meigs's executing the Office of Dy. Adjt. General. I have no power to make any appointments in the Qr. Master General department, neither do I know whether, by the present regulations, division Quarter Masters are allowed. You must therefore apply to General Greene if any thing is wanting that relates to his Office.
I have not a Copy of your instructions with me, but if my memory serves me, I was as full in my directions respecting the conduct of Officers who shall be sent upon the lines as I possibly can be. The Officer must determine from all circumstances, whether Cattle or any species of provision found near the lines are in danger of falling into the hands of the Enemy, or are carried there with an intent to supply them. If it is thought necessary to bring them off, they must be reported and disposed of as directed by your instructions. I was very particular upon that Head, because I know that great Acts of injustice have been committed by Officers, under pretence that provision and other kinds of property were intended for the Use of the Enemy. I would recommend the bringing off as much Forage as possible but I would not advise the destruction of what we cannot remove. I think your plan of sending out a large party under the command of a Field Officer and making detachments from thence, a good one; and if you and General Mcdougall can agree upon a cooperation of your parties I think many advantages will result from the measure. You may agree upon the mode of effecting this, between yourselves.
If a repetition of the insults, to the permission of the Governor of New York for exporting Flour, should be again offered, the Commissaries should lodge a Complaint with the Governor agt. the offenders, who I make no doubt will take proper steps to prevent such practices.
The Board of War are to issue the Commissions when the Lists of Officers included in the arrangement are compleated. I am &ca.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1778.
Sir: You will be pleased to transmit the inclosed Letter to Colo. Butler by a flag. This Gentleman has requested an interview with Genl. Lee, who is to meet him. A House near Elizabeth Town point is thought most convenient for the meeting, and has been proposed to them both. Colo. Butler is to appoint the time and to inform you, of which you will advise General Lee and furnish any passports that may be necessary upon the occasion. General Lee it is probable will be at Elizabeth Town before you receive the notice, or on the way. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Friday, December 26, 1778.
Parole Witney. Countersigns York, Zell.
All the Cartridges now with the men to be delivered up to the Regimental Quarter Masters who will have the damaged ones selected and delivered in to the Brigade Quarter Masters respectively, to whom they will make returns for a sufficient number to make up forty rounds pr man, including the good ones on hand which they are to keep by them ready to issue.
Philadelphia, December 27, 1778.
Sir: I have had the Honor to receive Your Excellencys Letter of Yesterday, and I am extremely sorry that it is not in my power to inform the Council, with precision, in the several points of their inquiry. The State supplies of Cloathing hitherto sent to Camp, have been but small and partial. These, I believe, have been generally issued by Officers appointed by the respective states, and conformably to their instructions. It is probable the Genl. Officers of their line have had some direction in the matter, to promote a fair and proper distribution. I am equally at a loss as to the prices, at which the goods have been furnished; but have heard that they were moderate and reasonable; nor can I tell what allowances have been made the issuing Officers. I would take the liberty to add that there is a Gentleman now in the City, a Mr. Moss,23 who has some Stores under his care from Virginia for the use of her Troops. It is more than probable, if your Excellency and the Council should judge it material, that you may without difficulty derive from him information both of the manner and the terms on which the delivery of the Articles in his hands is conducted. I have the Honor etc.24
[Note 23: Capt. John Moss, Virginia agent for stores.]
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Philadelphia, December 27, 1778.
Sir: I recd. your favor of the 12th. at this place, where I shall remain a few days upon Business and then return to Middle Brook. I hope you have, by your own exertions and the Assistance of the Quarter Master, got your Men and Horses well accommodated by this time.
The Resolve of Congress being very express and extending only to the reinlistment of the old25 Men of the Regiment, I would have you countermand your former orders and direct the recruiting Officers to attend to the reinlistment of them only. Should Congress think proper to alter their Resolution hereafter, I make no doubt but Men may be got for the service of the Cavalry, especially as they are put upon the same footing in respect to the high state Bounties with the Infantry. I am &ca.26
[Note 25: That is, former service men, the veterans.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 28, 1778.
Sir: The Marquis de la fayette having served with distinction as Major General in the Army of the United States, two Campaigns, has been determined by the prospects of an European War to return to his native Country.
It is with pleasure that I embrace the oppertunity of introducing to your personal acquaintance a Gentn. whose merit cannot have left him unknown to you by reputation. The generous motives which first induced him to cross the Atlantic; The tribute which he paid to gallantry at Brandy-wine; his success in Jersey before he had recovered of his Wound, in an affair where he commanded Militia against British Grenadiers;27 the brilliant retreat by which he eluded a combined manoeuvre of the whole British force in the last Campaign; his services in the enterprize against Rhode Island, are such proofs of his Zeal, military ardour and talents as have endeared him to America, and must greatly recommend him to his Prince.
[Note 27: At Gloucester, N.J., a few miles below Philadelphia, Nov. 25, 1777. An account of the affair was written down by Sparks, after conversation with Lafayette, at Lagrange, in 1828, ant is in the Sparks Manuscripts, no. XXXII, Harvard College Library. A map of the maneuvers is m the Sparks Collection at Cornell, a photostat of which is in the Library of Congress.]
Coming with so many titles to claim your esteem, it were needless for any other purpose than to endulge my own feelings to add that I have a very particular friendship for him, and that whatever services you may have it in your power to render him will confer an obligation on one who has the honor to be etc.28
[Note 28: A draft, in the writing of James McHenry, dated Dec. 29, 1778, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, December 28, 1778.
Parole Brutus. Countersigns Berwick, Beverly.
Captain Kirkpatrick29 of the 4th. Virginia Regiment is appointed Brigade Major in General Scott's Brigade, from the 15th. of October last and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 29: Capt. Abraham Kirkpatrick. He was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and served to close of the war.]
Lieutt. Abraham Hite30 and Lieutt. John Bowen31 of the 8th. Virginia Regiment are appointed the first Pay Master and the second Adjutant of the same.
[Note 30: He was made captain m April, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
[Note 31: He was taken prisoner at Charleston and retired in January, 1783.]
Philadelphia, December 29, 1778.
This will be accompanied by a letter from Congress, which will inform you, that a certain expedition, after a full consideration of all circumstances, has been laid aside32 I am sorry however for the delay it has occasioned you by remaining so long undecided.
[Note 32: A letter from the President of Congress to Lafayette, announcing the laying' aside of the Canadian expedition, is spread on the Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 2, 1779. Another letter of the same purport to Lafayette, but quite different in wording, is entered under date of January 3, in the "President's Letter Book," Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 14, fol. 8.]
I am persuaded, My dear Marquis there is no need of fresh proofs to convince you either of my affection for you personally or of the high opinion I intertain of your military talents and merit. Yet as you are on the point of returning to your native country, I cannot forbear indulging my friendship by adding to the many honorable testimonies you have received from Congress, the inclosed letter from myself to our minister at your court. I have there endeavoured to give him an idea of the value this country sets upon you; and the interest I take in your happiness cannot but make me desire you may be equally dear to your own.
Adieu, my Dear Marquis, My best wishes will ever attend you. May you have a safe and agreeable passage, and a happy meeting with your [lady and] friends! Yours, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is m the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets were added by Washington.]
Philadelphia, December 29, 1778.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 18th Inst. and am sorry for the accident that has happened to Mr McDowell.34 Whether his Barn was destroyed thro' design or otherwise does not alter the injury as to him, and he seems equally intitled to reparation in either case. I do not know, however, that I am authorised to direct it to be made, and therefore shall be under the necessity of submitting the matter to Congress for their decision and direction. This I am the more inclined to do, that they may settle some principle, by which relief may be given to Others, if any such there are or may be, in similar circumstances. I am etc.35
[Note 34: James McDowell, of "Little Britain," Ulster County, N. Y. His barn was burned by the Convention troops.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, December 29, 1778.
Parole Cato. Countersigns Camden, Campbell.
All officers, intitled to keep horses, who will send them to a distance from camp, where they may have a better supply of Forage than in Camp shall have the expence paid by the Forage age Master General.
The many positive orders relative to the preservation of the Inhabitants' fences and Property renders it painful to the Commander in Chief at this Post to repeat them; but the frequent complaints which are daily exhibited to him of the wanton destruction of inclosures, made by the soldiers, compells him to urge officers of all ranks to search out and bring to severe and immediate punishment every soldier who shall presume to burn or otherwise destroy rails, or any part of the Farmers' inclosures. Honor and Humanity dictate that we should carefully preserve the property of our fellow Citizens.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, December 30, 1778.
Parole Daun. Countersigns Dee, Dennis.
Colo. Beauford36 is appointed to visit and superintend the Hospitals in Jersey. He will apply at the Orderly Office tomorrow for instructions.
[Note 36: Col. Abraham Buford, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and served to close of the war.]
Head Qrs., Middle Brook, December 18[--30]37, 1778.
[Note 37: This draft was written out and dated "Philada. Deer. 26th: 1778." Later, Washington crossed out "Philada." and wrote "Head Qrs. Middle Brook," changed "Decr. 26" back to "Decr. 18" and then wrote "18" above it. Sparks prints this as two separate letters, December 18 and the P.S. as a distinct letter, December 30; Ford prints it as one letter, under date of December 18, with the P.S. properly dated December 30.]
My dear Sir: You will be so obliging as to present the inclosed to the House when oppertunity, and a suitable occasion offers.38 I feel very sensibly the late honorable testimony of their remembrance;39 to stand well in the good opinion of my Countrymen constitutes my chiefest happiness; and will be my best support under the perplexities and difficulties of my present Station.
[Note 38: See Washington's letter to Benjamin Harrison, Dec. 18, 1778, ante.]
[Note 39: The present of four geldings.]
The mention of my lands in the back Country was more owing to accident than design; the Virga. Officers having solicited leave for Colo. Wood to attend the Assembly of that commonwealth with some representation of theirs respecting their claims, or wishes, brought my own matters (of a similar nature) to view; but I am too little acquainted with the minutia; of them to ground an application on or give any trouble to the Assembly concerning them. Under the proclamation of 1763, I am entitled to 5000 Acres of Land in my own right; and by purchase from Captn. Roots, Posey, and some other Officers, I obtained rights to several thousands more, a small part of wch. I patented during the Admn. of Lord Dunmore; another part was (I believe) Surveyed, whilst the major part remains in locations; but where (without having recourse to my Memms.) and under what circumstances, I know not at this time any more than you do, nor do I wish to give trouble abt. them.
I can assign but two causes for the enemys continuance among us, and these balance so equally in my Mind, that I scarce know which of the two preponderates. The one is, that they are waiting the ultimate determination of Parliament; the other, that of our distresses; by which I know the Commissioners went home not a little buoyed up; and sorry I am to add, not without cause. What may be the effect of such large and frequent emissions, of the dissentions, Parties, extravagance, and a general lax of public virtue Heaven alone can tell! I am affraid even to think of It; but it appears as dear to me as ever the Sun did in its meredian brightness, that America never stood in more eminent need of the wise, patriotic, and Spirited exertions of her Sons than at this period and if it is not a sufficient cause for genl. lamentation, my misconception of the matter impresses it too strongly upon me, that the States seperately are too much engaged in their local concerns, and have too many of their ablest men withdrawn from the general Council for the good of the common weal; in a word, I think our political system may, be compared to the mechanism of a Clock; and that our conduct should derive a lesson from it for it answers no good purpose to keep the smaller Wheels in order if the greater one which is the support and prime mover of the whole is neglected. How far the latter is the case does not become me to pronounce but as there can be no harm in a pious wish for the good of ones Country I shall offer it as mine that each State wd. not only choose, but absolutely compel their ablest Men to attend Congress; that they would instruct them to go into a thorough investigation of the causes that have produced so many disagreeable effects in the Army and Country; in a word that public abuses should be corrected, and an entire reformation worked; without these it does not, in my judgment, require the spirit of divination to foretell the consequences of the present Administration, nor to how little purpose the States, individually, are framing constitutions, providing laws, and filling Offices with the abilities of their ablest Men. These, if the great whole is mismanaged must sink in the general wreck and will carry with it the remorse of thinking that we are lost by our own folly and negligence, or the desire perhaps of living in ease and tranquility during the expected accomplishment of so great a revolution in the effecting of which the greatest abilities and the honestest Men our (i. e. the American) world affords ought to be employed. It is much to be feared my dear Sir that the States in their seperate capacities have very inadequate ideas of the present danger. Removed (some of them) far distant from the scene of action and seeing, and hearing such publications only as flatter their wishes they conceive that the contest is at an end, and that to regulate the government and police of their own State is all that remains to be done; but it is devoutly to be wished that a sad reverse of this may not fall upon them like a thunder clap that is little expected. I do not mean to designate particular States. I wish to cast no reflections upon any one. The Public believes (and if they do believe it, the fact might almost as well be so) that the States at this time are badly represented, and that the great, and important concerns of the nation are horribly conducted, for want either of abilities or application in the Members, or through discord and party views of some individuals; that they should be so, is to be lamented more at this time, than formerly, as we are far advanced in the dispute and in the opinn. of many drawg. to a happy period; have the eyes of Europe upon us, and I am perswaded many political Spies to watch, discover our situation, and give information of our weaknesses and wants.
The story you have related of a proposal to redeem the paper money at its present depreciated value has also come to my ears,40 but I cannot vouch for the authenticity of it. I am very happy to hear that the Assembly of Virginia have put the completion of their Regiment upon a footing so apparently
[Note 40: Harrison's letter, forwarding the resolve of the Virginia House of Delegates, and containing this story of the redemption of paper money, is not found in the Washington Papers.] certain, but as one great defect of your past Laws for this purpose, has lain in the mode of getting the Men to the Army, I shall hope that effectual measures are pointed out in the present, to remedy the evil and bring forward all that shall be raised. The Embargo upon Provisions is a most salutary measure as I am affraid a sufficiency of flour will not easily be obtained even with money of higher estimation than ours. adieu my dear Sir.
P.S. Phila. 30th. This Letter was to have gone by Post from Middle brook but missed that conveyance, since which I have come to this place at the request of Congress whence I shall soon return.
I have seen nothing since I came here (on the 22d. Instt.) to change my opinion of Men or Measrs. but abundant reason to be convinced, that our Affairs are in a more distressed, ruinous, and deplorable condition than they have been in Since the commencement of the War. By a faithful labourer then in the cause. By a Man who is daily injuring his private Estate without even the smallest earthly advantage not common to all in case of a favourable Issue to the dispute. By one who wishes the prosperity of America most devoutly and sees or thinks he sees it, on the brink of ruin, you are beseeched most earnestly my dear Colo. Harrison, to exert yourself in endeavouring to rescue your Country, by, (let me add) sending your ablest and best Men to Congress; these characters must not slumber, nor sleep at home, in such times of pressing danger; they must not content themselves in the enjoyment of places of honor or profit in their own Country, while the common interests of America are mouldering and sinking into irretrievable (if a remedy is not soon applied) ruin, in which theirs also must ultimately be involved. If I was to be called upon to draw A picture of the times, and of Men; from what I have seen, heard, and in part know I should in one word say that idleness, dissipation and extravagance seem to have laid fast hold of most of them. That Speculation, peculation, and an insatiable thirst for riches seems to have got the better of every other consideration and almost of every order of Men. That party disputes and personal quarrels are the great business of the day whilst the momentous concerns of an empire, a great and accumulated debt; ruined finances, depreciated money, and want of credit (which in their consequences is the want of every thing) are but secondary considerations and postponed from day to day, from week to week as if our affairs wore the most promising aspect; after drawing this picture, which from my Soul I believe to be a true one I need not repeat to you that I am alarmed and wish to see my Countrymen roused. I have no resentments, nor do I mean to point at any particular characters; this I can declare upon my honor for I have every attention paid me by Congress than I can possibly expect and have reason to think that I stand well in their estimation but in the present situation of things I cannot help asking: Where is Mason, Wythe, Jefferson, Nicholas, Pendleton, Nelson, and another I could name;41 and why, if you are sufficiently impressed with your danger, do you not (as New Yk. has done in the case of Mr. Jay) send an extra Member or two for at least a certain limited time till the great business of the Nation is put upon a more respectable and happy establishmt. Your Money is now sinking 5 pr. Ct. a day in this City; and I shall not be surprized if in the course of a few months a total stop is put to the currency of it. And yet an assembly, a concert, a Dinner, or Supper
[Note 41: George Mason, George Wythe, Thomas Jefferson, Wilson Cary Nicholas, Edmund Pendleton, Thomas Nelson, jr., and Benjamin Harrison.] (that will cost three or four hundred pounds) will not only take Men of from acting in but even from thinking of this business while a great part of the Officers of your Army from absolute necessity are quitting the Service and the more virtuous few rather than do this are sinking by sure degrees into beggery and want. I again repeat to you that this is not an exaggerated acct.; that it is an alarming one I do not deny, and confess to you that I feel more real distress on acct. of the prest. appearances of things than I have done at any one time since the commencement of the dispute; but it is time to bid you once more adieu. Providence has heretofore taken us up when all other means and hope seemed to be departing from us, in this I will confide. Yr. &ca.
Head Quarters, December 31, 1778.
Sir: I had the honor of addressing Congress some time since on the subject of General Du Portail and the Gentlemen with him. He informs me that his affair has not yet been decided and is extremely anxious that it should be in some way or other. He assigns many powerful reasons to show that it is very interesting to him, if he is not to continue in our service, to return to France as speedily as possible.
He also informs me, that he has reason to think, in the consideration of his affair, the retaining him in service and the adopting the plan proposed in his memoir are united, and the decision of the one suspended on that of the other; and has therefore requested me to represent to Congress that he should be happy they could be considered seperately; and if his services, abstractedly from the project proposed by him, are deemed necessary, it will be agreeable to him to remain in the Country.
I have already taken the liberty to offer my sentiments on the propriety of engaging those Gentlemen to continue in the service. It really appears to me that they will be essentially necessary to our future operations whether defensive or offensive; and it cannot therefore but give me pleasure, if it shall be consistent with the views of Congress to retain them and to give every encouragement which they may reasonably expect. I have the honor etc.42
[Note 42: ln the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1778.
Dear Sir: In a letter which I had the pleasure of writing you the 18th. Inst. I requested you to take the direction of the magazines &c. which were to be prepared towards a certain expedition. I should have extended the idea to your taking the full command in the Northern department; but I was restrained by a doubt how far the measure might be agreeable to your own views and intentions. The same doubt still remains, but as it is very much my desire you should resume that command, I take occasion to signify it to you; at the same time, if you have any material objections against it, I would not wish to preclude their operation. If you have not, you will be pleased to consider this as an order for the purpose.43
[Note 43: Schuyler replied (Jan. 25, 1779), confirming his resignation and declined Washington's offer of the command. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
As you are fully acquainted with all the objects of the command, it is unnecessary to enter into a detail of particular instructions.
In a letter I have received from General Clinton, he conveys a request from Major Whiting,44 of Aldens regiment to have
[Note 44: Maj. Daniel Whiting, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment.] the regiment releived. I have informed him that the matter is referred to you. You will best judge whether the situation of that regiment and the good of the service will make it proper to comply with the request. He also transmits a recommendation from Major Whiting for promoting Lt. Jonas Parker.45 If there are any vacancies in the regiment which require to be filled up, a particular state of them, of the periods they commenced, and the officers intitled to succeed, ought to be made out and transmitted to the Board of War. I am etc.46
[Note 45: Capt.-Lieut. Jonas Parker, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was made captain in July, 1779, and dismissed in January, 1781.]
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1778.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 5th. Inst. and with your's and Genl. Hand's of the 28th. Ulto. The one you mention of the 20th. never came to hand.
As the impediments which suspended General Schuyler from command are now removed by an Honorable acquittal. I have written him a line upon the subject of his resuming it, in the Department where he now is for the present. If this event takes place, you will 'till some new arrangement or disposition is made, consider yourself under his directions, and receive orders from him accordingly.
With respect to Major Whiting's application to be releived. I have mentioned the matter to General Schuyler, and he will give such orders about it as circumstances will permit and justify. I have also mentioned to him the case of Lt. Jonas Parker, and requested him to obtain a state of the Officers of the Regiment, of the vacancies and the periods when they happened, and to transmit it to the Board of War who are to issue all Commissions in future.
I always hear of capital executions with concern, and regret that there should occur so many instances in which they are necessary. Aaron Williams appears to have deserved the fate he met with, and the service, from the number of desertions you mention in the York line, to have pointed to his early punishment. I am etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[M.L.]
[Note 48: Commissary General of Military Stores of the Continental Army.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1778.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of this date. I wish I was sufficiently acquainted with Circumstances, to enable me to give you such a Certificate as would fully answer your purposes; but when you reflect that little or no part of the conduct of your Office has come under my immediate Notice, you must see the impropriety of my undertaking to vouch for the regular discharge of your duty or to affix an adequate salary or Commn. to the transaction of a Business of which I am by no means a competent Judge. If I am not mistaken, your department has been newly arranged and put upon a different and more extensive footing than it was when you received your Commn. at Morris Town. As you have been since chiefly under the direction and Controal of the Board of War and Ordnance, they must of course be the best Judges of your Merits as an Officer, and of the proper compensation for your trouble, risque of disbursing large sums of public Money, and the expences necessarily attendant upon your Business. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, December 31, 1778.
Parole Edward. Countersigns Edom, Esk.
The Tents and Markees which are public property are to be delivered in to the Quarter Master General's Store as soon as the Officers and men are hutted; Likewise the tools which were delivered out for the purpose of building huts.
The Regimental Pay Masters will make out returns of the Blankets wanting in their respective Regiments early tomorrow morning and deliver them to the Brigade Majors, who are to digest them into Brigade returns and deliver them in at Orderly time tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, January 1, 1779.
Parole Happy. Countersigns New, Year.
The Brigade Commissaries are to deliver their Hides and Tallow to the Commissary of Hides at Bound Brook at least once a week, taking his receipt for the same, and the Commissary of Hides will issue upon the order of the Commandant of Brigades what number of hides may be necessary to exchange for shoes for the use of their respective Brigades; provided that demand does not exceed the number delivered in.
The Officer of the day will in the tour of his duty pay a particular attention to the order of the camp and forbid Tippling Houses within it's Vicinity: No Person is permitted to sell liquor except such as are capable of giving decent entertainment to passengers, or specially authorized, upon penalty of forfeiting their liquors, which will be appropriated for the use of the Army.
No soldier is to be out of his quarters after dark; no person is to entertain them after that time under any pretence.
Lieutenant William Bruce50 and Ensign Samuel Hanson51 both of the 5th. Maryland Regiment are appointed the 1st, Adjutant from the 6th. day of June, and the 2nd., Quarter Master from the 1st. of October 1778, to said Regiment.
[Note 50: He was made captain in August, 1780; retained in the Maryland Battalion in April, 1783; served to November of that year.]
[Note 51: He was made lieutenant in July, 1779, and retired in April, 1783.]
Philadelphia, January 1, 1779.
Sir: I take the liberty of transmitting to Congress the inclosed Letter with the papers which accompany it, which I received two or three days ago from His Excelly. Governor Clinton. Mr. McDowel's application seems to merit relief, whether the Barn &c. were destroyed by accident or thro' design. In either case the injury is the same and may equally call for reparation by the Public in the first instance. I did not conceive myself authorized to direct him to be paid the amount of his loss, nor did the Quarter Master Genl. think he had power to interfere in the matter, without a special direction. It may happen that accidents of a similar nature may arise to Others, in the course of the march of the Convention troops, and therefore if some General principle could be adopted to relieve where it may be necessary, it might save Congress the trouble of a variety of applications. Cases of the kind, it would seem, fall more properly within the compass of the Quarter Masters line than within that of any other. I have the Honor etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Philadelphia, January 1, 1779.
My Lord: I this minute received Your Lordships favor of the 29th. Ulto., that of the 24th. came to hand on Wednesday night.
If a stroke can be effected against the Enemy on Staten Island with success, it is much to be desired and if the situation of the Bay of New York is such as to prevent support coming from the City or Long Island;53 and the passage from Jersey, on account of the ice should be safe for our troops to cross and recross, I shall not have any objection to your Lordship's attempting to enterprize something. These are points of great weight and the certainty of them can only justify the undertaking. These and others; but they are such as occur in every operation and they will I am certain be properly considered Viz. the force of the Enemy, their situation &c and the number of the troops and the means to be employed against them.
[Note 53: Stirling stated that New York Bay was too full of ice to permit of British reenforcements coming from New York City.]
I shall be extremely glad if the supplies of forage arrive which Colo Biddle has mentioned; and if he should be able to keep them up in future.
You will be pleased to present my Compliments to Lady Stirling and accept my wishes for both your happiness. I am etc.
P.S. Your's of the 25th. was recd. this morning.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Philadelphia January 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: The inclosed was addressed to me by the Board of War at the request of Mr. Rutherford,55 as it appears from
[Note 55: Rutherford was at one time a shoe manufacturer in Philadelphia.] the State of the Case that an Officer is necessary to keep the Men employed in the shoe factory at Newark in order I think it will be best for you to appoint one for that purpose. You may perhaps know more of the matter than I do, and therefore should there be any misrepresentation, you are at liberty to act as you shall judge proper. I am etc.
P.S. At all Events I would have the Men left at Newark for the Winter.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 1, 1779.
Sir: Since I arrived here, I received your favor of the 17th. Ulto. I am sorry the Country about Minisincks or within supporting distance could not afford forage sufficient to subsist Count Pulaski's Horse. Matters respecting them and their Quarters are arranged before this. As to the German batallion, should any pressing circumstances arise to make it essential, you may call it from Easton.
With respect to an expedition against the Indian and Tory settlements, which you mention, their reduction is to be wished; Yet it appears to me, that great difficulties and expence must attend it; and, that nothing will justify its being undertaken, but the fairest prospects, indeed a certainty of success. These, from the idea I have of the Country, from the sentiments of others, from the precarious supplies of provender necessary for the horses to be employed: which would consequently place the support of the troops on a very doubtful and hazardous footing, do not present themselves and, without taking any consideration of the opposition on the part of the Enemy, of the harrassing your Men, and of many other difficulties which occur always in Winter enterprizes, more especially, where the common benefits of shelter cannot be received, induce me for the present to be against the measure. You may nevertheless inform yourself by the best enquiries as to the facility and the means of attempting it, and transmit me your advices upon the subject. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 23d. ulto. inclosing a letter No 5 from C. I have no new instructions to give him and therefore if you see or write to him only desire him to comply as near as possible with those already sent to him. There are regular Expresses established between Danbury and the Head Quarters of the Army and you therefore need not in future send a special messenger the whole way. Send your letters to General Putnam at or near Danbury letting him know that they are to be forwarded with dispatch I shall get them sooner than by a single Express. I am &c.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1779.
My Lord: I am favd. with yours of the 30th. ulto. with the information from Z59 inclosed. I thank you for that and what you have collected from other quarters.
[Note 59: Lieut. Lewis J. Costigan, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was taken prisoner and pretended to foreswear his allegiance, and after being exchanged continued in New York City for four months and sent in secret intelligence to Washington over the signature of "Z" His memorial to Washington for compensation, under date of Apr. 4, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall communicate that part of your letter respecting Cannon Ball to the Board of War and Ordnance, and if they have not already made contracts for a sufficient Quantity they may if they think proper make their proposals known to the managers of those Works under your Lordships direction. I return your Lordship the Compliments of the Season and am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1779.
Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 8th. Decemr. at this place, from whence I shall return again to Middle Brook in a few days. New and more powerful reasons have occurred for laying aside the expedition at this time, than when I wrote you last. I therefore again desire that you will desist from making further preparations and not go beyond the orders which have been given you by the Quarter Master and Commy. General for the establishment of Magazines. You will be pleased to take the greatest Care of the Stores that have been laid up, because although present circumstances forbid an expedition, yet some future events may induce us to take it up. If you follow the directions given to you by the Quarter Master and Commy. General and myself for the establishment and situation of the Magazines you will be fully justified and need not take any notice of the opinion of others. I am &c.60
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, January 4, 1779.
Parole Hiram. Countersigns Hermon, Henly.
The commanding Officers of Brigades are to make report of their huts and how far completed as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, January 5, 1779.
Parole Ireton. Countersigns Iller, Ill.
As passing over Rye and Wheat Fields will prove very prejudicial to the inhabitants and ruin their crops, all officers are called upon to prevent as far as possible such pernicious practices and bring to condign punishment such as transgress.
Head Quarters, Morristown,64 January 5, 1779.
[Note 64: Should be Philadelphia.]
Sir: Your letter of the 27th. Deer. last with its inclosures has been received. Doctor Shippen is ordered by this conveyance in arrest, on the charges you have exhibited.
General Arnold's tryal being yet unfinished and succeeding Mr. Hooper it will not be possible to bring on Doctor Shippens at the time you have propozed coming up to camp; the citations therefore for the attendance of the persons you have named cannot be made out at present. The moment the day can be fixed on, you shall have timely notice, with the citations mentioned as essential. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Philadelphia, January 6, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 1st. Inst. and perused your summary of a plan for raising a french Regiment.66 The matter not being officially before me I can only give as my opinion that the precautions which you have there proposed, such as the limiting the number of officers to the proportion of men enlisted. The choice of Soldiers united by the ties of Country similar manners and ways of thinking, wd obviate two great objections usually made against Corps of this kind. If the Congress approve the carrying your plan into effect I would above all recommend that deserters be excluded from your Regiment; they for the most part prove a dead loss of bounty and appointments to the States, and often are the authors of more serious mischief. I am &c.67
[Note 66: Bretigny's letter, dated Jan. 1, 1779, and his plan are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Philadelphia, January 6, 1779.
Sir: So much time hath elapsed since the several transactions, upon which you require my opinion, happened, and having none of my papers of that day to refer to, I am obliged to trust to my memory alone, which I fear will enable me to give but very imperfect answers to the queries, contained in your letter of the -- instant.68
[Note 68: Morgan's letter dated Jan. 5, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.]
The Hospitals at Cambridge being stationary, and in a country full of every necessary for the use of the patients, were well provided, and I imagine well attended, as I do not remember that any complaints were made upon that head. There were then, as there have been since, contentions between the Hospital and Regimental Surgeons respecting the line of their duties, by which the service hath ever suffered more or less.
No fault I believe ever was nor could be found with the oeconomy of the Hospital, during your Directorship. Things in the first stage of the War were plentyfull and cheap, and I am inclined to think that you contributed as much as lay in your power to provide at the lowest Rates. What were the expenditures in your time I do not know.
I very well remember that when the Army marched from Boston to New York, you remained behind, by my order, to collect Medicines, and that you were a considerable time employed in that service: But I will not undertake to say what quantity or of what kind the Medicines were that you procured.
The Troops, while they remained in the City of New York, and while they were encamped near Haarlem, were exceedingly sickly and died fast: But I cannot pretend to assign the precise Cause or Causes. I believe much may be attributed to the rawness of the troops, unused to a Camp life, want of necessaries and the extreme fatigue they were obliged to undergo during the Heat of the Summer. There were mutual Complaints, between the Hospital and Regimental Surgeons, of each other, the former alledging an intention in the latter to thwart their measures by not sending their men regularly to the Hospitals, the latter asserting that they could obtain neither Medicines nor Stores for the sick in Regiments and that they suffered when at the Hospital. During this time, I believe the seeds of those disorders, and distempers were sown, which broke out with so much Violence later in the fall. When the Army was under the necessity of removing from York Island to the White plains, and part of it from thence to New Jersey, we were peculiarly distressed for want of the means of transportation, by which the sick undoubtedly suffered in their removal. I do not recollect that you were charged with personal inattention or want of activity, but the clamours were loud against the department in general, and the miserable condition of the sick in all quarters a fact too well known and remembered. Whether this was owing to a too contracted medical system or to any other unavoidable causes you I imagine will be able to point out to the Committee of Congress appointed to give you a hearing.
The Resolve of Congress appointing Docr. Shippen and yourself Directors in seperate departments occasioned a disagreement between you, I think particularly as to the disposal of the Hospital Stores. I remember that I was obliged, for the good of the Service, to interpose in some manner, but without reference to my papers, I will not undertake to say, what orders I was under the necessity of giving. I have understood that this clashing between Docr. Shippen and yourself was no small cause of the Calamities that befell the sick in 1776.
I can with truth acquit you of any disobedience or neglect of my general Orders at any time, on the contrary you always appeared ready to execute them, and frequently furnished me with directions to be given in orders for the better accommodation of the sick.
I have every reason to think that you exerted yourself in the removal of the Hospital Stores from N.York in 1776 and, I well remember the fact of your remaining in the City among the last that stayed. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 7, 1779.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 31st. Decemr. inclosing two letters from Major Howell.
To prevent a too frequent interview by Flag Boats I lately wrote to the Governors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey and pointed out the inconveniences of peoples coming almost daily with permissions from them to go into New York, which occasioned the Officer commanding at Elizabeth Town to send a Flag with each individual, by which means a constant current of intelligence was kept up. I proposed to the Governors of the above mentioned States, that a Flag Boat should go the first of every Month only (except in particular cases or with public dispatches) from Elize: Town to Staten Island, and that therefore when applications were made for passes they should inform those who obtained them, that it would be needless to go to Elize: Town at any other time than the first of the Month, as they would be obliged to wait.
They have acceded to this and you will therefore be free'd in Future from the constant applications to furnish Flags.
I have sent you by this conveyance the several late News papers to exchange for those of New York. I shall continue to send them to you as they come to my hands, to answer the same purpose. I am &c.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, January 7, 1779.
Parole Lysander. Countersigns Lubon, Lue.
The Clothier General is immediately to deliver out to the respective regiments any deficiencies of the proportion of clothing allowed at Frederick's burgh: When that is completed, the commanding officers of Brigades are to make returns in to the Orderly Office of whatever then will be deficient.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, January 8, 1779.
Parole Montgomery. Countersigns Milo, Milton.
At a General Court Martial held near Fish Kill, November 9th. 1778, Colonel John Neville,71 President:
[Note 71: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Colonel Thomas Price,72 commanding the 2nd. Maryland Regiment, was tried on the following charges, viz.
[Note 72: He resigned in April, 1780.]
1stly. Cowardice on York Island in the face of the Enemy.
2ndly. Disgraceful behaviour in refusing to take command, at Hackinsack, of the regiment late Smallwood's when ordered to Fort Lee.
3rdly. Scandalously leaving Hackinsack at 12 o'Clock at night, when raining, on the report of the enemies approach.
4thly. Disgracefully leaving Kingston on the approach of the enemy.
5thly. Cowardice at Brandewine.
6thly. Cowardice at Germantown.
7thly. Ungentlemanlike behaviour in not complying with his promise, to leave the service, made at a court of Inquiry at White Marsh, by which he induced many of the Witnesses thro' compassion to suppress their evidence.
After maturely considering the charges and evidence and defence, The Court do acquit Colonel Thomas Price of the 4th. 5th. and 6th. charges; They also acquit him with honor of the 1st. 2nd. 3rd. and 7th. charges.
Major General Lord Stirling, Commander in Chief in the Jersies, confirms the sentence of the Court and orders Colonel Price to be released from his Arrest.
Lieutenant Robert Porterfield73 of the 7th. Virginia Regiment is to do the duty of Brigade Major 'till further orders in General Woodford's Brigade, Brigade Major Porterfield74 being absent.
[Note 73: He was promoted to captain-lieutenant in July, 1779; captain in August, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in December, 1780; transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 74: Brigade Maj. Charles Porterfield. He resigned in July, 1779; was made lieutenant colonel of a Virginia State regiment in August, 1779; wounded and taken prisoner atCamden, S.C., in August, 1780; died of his wound in October, 1780.]
Phila. January 8, 1779.
Gentn: As the resolve of Congress appointing you a Committee to confer with me, extends the object of a conference to the general operations of the next Campaign, I have taken the liberty to throw together a few imperfect minutes of those heads which will require your attention. These minutes only comprehend general ideas upon which the several points may be taken up; but in the course of the conference, as far as may rest with me to do it, I shall be ready to give a detail of any particulars which may be deemed necessary. I have the honor etc.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
This Committee of Conference was appointed by Congress on Dec. 24, 1778, and consisted of James Duane, Jesse Root, Meriwether Smith, Gouverneur Morris, and Henry Laurens. The above letter was addressed to Duane as chairman.]
*MINUTES OF SUNDRY MATTERS TO BECOME THE SUBJECT OF
CONFERENCE WITH A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS
1st. The first and great object is to recruit the Army.
By Inlisting all the Men now in it during the War, who are engaged for any term short of it; for this purpose no bounty shd. be spared.
By drafting, upon some such plan as was recommended (by me) to the Committee at Valley forge last February.
2d. The next object is to Fix some Ideas respecting the Northern preparations, concerning which the Commander in chief now finds himself in a delemma, and respecting the operations of the next Campaign in general, in order that measures may be taken systematically.
The following questions on which the foregoing will depend, ought to be considered and decided.
1st. If the enemy retain their present force at New York and Rhode Island can we assemble a sufficient force, and means, to expel them?
2d. If we cannot, can we make a successful attempt against Niagara and keep a sufficient force at the same time on the Sea board, to keep the enemy within their present Posts?76
[Note 76: The draft, in the writing of Hamilton, ha"within bounds."]
3d. Are our Finances equal to eventual preparations for both these objects?
If the first is determined in the affirmative, and the enemy keep possession, we ought to direct almost our whole force and exertions to that point; and for the security of our Frontiers endeavour to make some Expedition against Detroit and the Indian Settlements, by way of diversion. Our preparations ought then to be adapted to this plan; and if we cannot conveniently unite our preparations for this object with an Expedition against Niagara, we ought to renounce the latter.
If the first question is answered negatively, and the second affirmatively, and it is judged expedient to make such an attempt, our preparations ought to have reference principally thereto, and we must content ourselves with a merely defensive conduct elsewhere and should study oeconomy as much as possible. It is in vain to attempt things which are more the objects of desire than attainment. Every undertaking must be, at least ought to be, regulated by the state of our Finances, the prospect of our Supplies, and the probability of success; without this disappointment, disgrace, and increase of debt will follow on our part; exultation and renewed hope, on that of the enemy. To determine therefore what we can undertake, the State of the Army, the prospect of recruiting it, paying, clothing and feeding it. The providing the necessary apparatus for offensive operations, all these matters ought to be well and maturely considered, on them every thing must depend and however reluctantly we yield, they will compel us to conform to them; or by attempting impossibilities we shall ruin our Affairs.
From the investigation of these points another question may possibly result. viz:
Will not the situation of our affairs on account of the depreciated condition of our Money,77 deficiency of Broad, scarcity of Forage, the exhausted state of our resources in the Middle department, and the General distress of the Inhabitants render it advisable for the main body of the Army to lye quiet in some favourable position for confining (as much as possible) the enemy to their present Posts (adopting at the same time the best means in our power to scourge the Indians and prevent their depredations) in order to save expences, avoid New Emissions, recruit our finances, and give a proper tone to our Money for more vigorous measures hereafter?
[Note 77: The draft read"currency."]
If the third question is answered affirmatively which it is much to be feared cannot be done, then eventual preparations ought to be made for both. We shall then be best able to act according to future circumstances; for though it will be impossible to unite both objects in the execution; yet in the event of the enemys leaving these States we should be ready to strike an important blow, for the effectual security of our Frontiers and for opening a door for a further progress into Canada.
3d. In determining a plan of operations for next Campaign much will depend on the prospect of European affairs, what we have to expect from our friends, what they will expect from us, and what the enemy will probably be able to do. These points should be well weighed and every information concentred to throw light upon them. But upon the whole, it will be the safest and most prudent way, to suppose the worst and prepare for it.
4th. It is scarcely necessary to observe that the providing ample supplies of Arms, Clothes, and Ordnance Stores is essential; and that an uncertain dependence on them may be not only hurtful but ruinous. Their importance demands that very expedient should be without delay adopted towards obtaining these Articles in due Season for the purposes of next Campaign.
Heavy Cannon for the Posts in the Highlands, for Battering, and for Vessels if offensive measures are to be pursued, must be immediately provided and in considerable quantity,78 with a sufficient Apparatus will also be wanted.
[Note 78: The draft reads "Large mortars."]
5th. The completing the arrangement of the Army without further delay, is a matter of great importance, whatever may be our plan; the want of this is a source of infinite dissatisfaction to the Officers in general and continual perplexity to the Commandr in chief.
The want of Brigadiers is a material inconvenience, and has been the cause of much relaxation of discipline and discontent, and loss in several instances.
6th. The Ordnance department seems to require some important alteration. Generl. Knox's representation, transmitted to Congress in July or August last,79 and his Letter and Memorial of the Ulto.80 copy of wch. is annexed, shows that he finds himself under embarrassments of a very disagreeable nature from the present form of it.
[Note 79: Knox's letter to Washington was dated June 15, 1778, and was forwarded by Washington to Congress in his letter of Aug. 3, 1778. These letters are in the Washington Papers and the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 80: Knox's two letters to Washington, dated Dec. 30, 1778, are in the Washington Papers.
On January 14 Washington wrote to Knox: "I duly received your favor of the 30th Ulto. inclosing one of the same date representing the State of the Ordnance Depart merit. The latter I submitted to the consideration of the Committee appointed by Congress to confer with me on the affairs of the Army. The Committee agrees that the Department is at present on a very improper footing and concludes that its defect will be most effectually remedied in a conference with you; I am to desire therefore that you will repair immediately to Philadelphia furnished with such papers respecting the Department as may serve to throw farther light on the subject. You will bring with you all the late Returns of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
7th. The Clothing department appears to be altogether unsettled and confused, and requires immediate attention for the purposes both of regular Issues to the Army, and of saving to the Public. There are too many persons concerned in that business, and acting independently of each other, to have it well conducted. The Army is now exceedingly deficient in the articles of Blankets and Hats; and soon will be of Shoes, as the call for them is incessant. They might, I should conceive be contracted for, by means of the Hides wch. we have in abundance.
8th. The Hospital is, in some respects, in my judgment upon an improper establishment, and might be altered for the better, I mean that part of it which appoints Sub-directors, Surgeons &ca. for different districts, which necessarily must be attended with one or the other of these two evils; either that a competent number must be appointed in each district to serve the purposes of the whole Army (in case the theatre of War should happen to be there) which must be a great unnecessary burthen to the Public. Or, these Gentlemen must be occasionally removed from one district to another which is productive of an interference of authority, jealousies and disputes very injurious to the Service.
It appears to me, that there is no occasion for alloting those departments which are under one general Director into districts. 'Tis true, that wherever there are Troops, there must be Surgeons and Hospital stores, but these can be sent by the Director General as Exigencies require, and proportioned to the demand; Whereas by being made stationary they become inadequate to the duty in one case, and Sinecures in the other. From the beginning of the War there has been a constant disagreement between the Hospital and Regimental Surgeons, in which, more than probably both have been wrong; but I cannot help thinking if a little more latitude were granted to the Regimental Surgeons under the Inspection of the Director General, or rather Surgeon Genl. of the flying Hospital that great good would result from it. As far as I can judge much expence has been incurred, many lives have been lost, and many desertions have been occasioned by removing Men from Camp which the means of taking care of them in their Regiments might have prevented. It often happens that the seeds of dangerous disorders are sown by removing the Sick at improper times and in unfavourable weather, which might be avoided by keeping them in Camp, if they could have the necessary assistance there, but which under the present arrangement are unavoidable.
9th. The immediate Establishment of the Inspectorship on some difinitive plan, that the Benefits of it may be fully derived towards the next Campaign is a matter of the utmost importance.
10th. It is also very interesting that the Engineering department should be arranged upon some fixed and explicit footing. 11th. The Situation of the Officers of the Army (under the present depreciated state of the Paper Curry. and consequent high prices of every necessary) is so singularly hard that the bare mention of their case is sufficient to bring it home to the attention and feelings of every man of reflection, and will leave him no doubt of the necessity of applying a remedy the most speedy and effectual.81
[Note 81: In addition to this letter, a draft, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, is also in the Washington Papers. It is indorsed by James Duane: "General Washington's Remarks & Queries for the Committee." It varies from the letter in the order of its paragraphs and in the minor verbal variations already noted.
In reply to these Minutes, James Duane, chairman of the committee, wrote to Washington (January 9):
"In order to give Despatch to the several matters mentioned in your Excellency's Report to the Committee it is proposed to offer Resolutions to Congress on the Heads you enumerate. We wish that the Remedy may be effectual, and think it happy that we can be favoured with your Assistance: We therefore request that you will be pleased to point out what ought to be done with respect to the Arrangement of the Army, the Department of Artillery and Ordnance, the Clothing Departmt, the Inspectorship and the Branch of Engineers. Indeed, we think it woud be adviseable to vest the Commander in Chief with power to make these and every other Arrangement for the good Government of the Army by forming a compleat System to be adopted by Congress as their Act. We submit this last Suggestion to your Excellency's Consideration being unwilling to throw any Burdthens upon you which may be disagree. able." This letter is in the Washington Papers. The Journals of the Continental Congress for January, February, and March, 1779, record the measures passed as a result of this conference with Washington.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am duly favoured with your letter of the 23d. december, accompanied by one from General Parsons, which I cannot but consider as containing some insinuations of the most delicate nature; I am the more surprized at them as his knowledge of circumstances82 and the agency he had in bringing about the measure, which is now made a subject of complaint
[Note 82: The words "ought to have precluded every idea of partiality on my part" were crossed out.] gave me reason to expect he would have discountenanced any dissatisfaction which might have been excited on account of it. All the troops of the States have ever experienced an equal share of my attention and if those of Connecticut have not fared so well as others, in the late distribution of cloathing to the army, at the same time, that I should be truly sorry for it. I am conscious, that it has not proceeded from my having made any injurious discrimination to their prejudice.83 With respect to their having been referred to Major Bigelow for their uniforms, and not having received their proportion of the imported cloathing; this was done in consequence of a particular application from several of their officers, who informed me, it was the earnest desire of those troops, to be cloathed out of the supplies provided by Major Bigelow, and that this mode would be infinitely preferred to their being placed upon a common footing with the other troops, and furnished out of the imported stock. Indeed this manner of supplying them was insisted on as a matter of right, on the merit of some particular pains which had been taken by the State of Connecticut and the officers of that State to assist in procuring and preparing the materials in Major Bigelows hands. In compliance with repeated importunities supported by this plea, in which General Parsons was principly zealous, and as I foresaw no inconvenience that would accrue to the other troops, I consented that the Connecticut regiments should depend on Major Bigelow for their supply instead of taking their chance with the rest of the army in the imported cloathing. The decided preference given to this mode was certainly founded on
[Note 83: On January 8 Washington wrote to Brig. Gen. Jedidiah Huntington that the purchase of clothing out of the regular mode occasioned a deal of confusion and that if the Board of War "do not see a probability of supplying you in any other manner, they will direct Major Bigelow to procure Hats for the two Connecticut Brigades, which will put things into the proper train and take off any imputation of partiality." This letter is in the Washington Papers.] the prospect of some peculiar advantages that would attend it, and the event proving different from what was expected, could not be a sufficient reason for departing from it. It is an unfortunate circumstance, if Major Bigelows cloathing did not happen to be of so good a quality as the French cloathing; but it might have been better, and if it had been, the troops in question would certainly have reaped the benefit and would not have relinquished their claim in favour of others.
The complaint, among other things extends to Blankets. Orders have been already given and at a very early period for a supply of that article. If I mistake not, I remember two successively given to General Parsons [and for those of the largest and best quality, the latter parcels being of so small a kind, that it took two of one sort, and four of another to make one of full size, and besides this a deficiency of two or three thousand was found upon the whole quantity short of the Invoices.] I cannot, where I now am, ascertain the number, but I have always entertained an idea there was a full allowance made in proportion to the wants of the army and the quantity in the public possession. The fact is, that the whole supply was very inadequate to the deficiency and that the troops in general have only received about one half of the defective number. If the Connecticut troops are in a worse predicament, and you will forward me an exact return of what they have and what they want, they shall be put in the same situation with the other parts of the army. General Parsons mentions a return in his letter; but he does not enclose it.
As to the smaller articles of shirts, Stockings and shoes, I do not recollect what has been done. But if the Connecticut troops have not received their proportion, they may do it by applying with proper returns to the Clothier at Fish Kill, to whom I have written the enclosed for that purpose. The troops in General have had orders for a shirt and a pair of stockings per man for the whole, and a pair of shoes, for each that wanted it. The application in the present case is to be made by the same rule; but it is to be understood, that this supply is only to be drawn, if it has not already been done.
The Idea of appropriating the cloathing in the hands of Major Bigelow, to the use of the Connecticut troops exclusively appears to me to be carried much too far: Major Bigelow was [either] employed by the continent to purchase [or had the purchases taken of his hands by Congress] of course [they] ought to be thrown in a common stock for the benefit of the army at large, and not confined to the troops of a particular state. On this principle, the materials in his possession have been ordered into the Continental store at Fish Kill, [as a central place and for the common benefit.] It could not however have been my intention to deprive the Connecticut troops of their proper share. They will stand precisely upon the same ground as all others.
The measures you mention to have taken in the affair of the seizure and with respect to the abuses practised in the sound, appear to be very proper and necessary.
General Parsons in his letter goes largely into a description of the supplies drawn from the country by the enemy; and intimates the restraint you are under from my instructions, in executing the measures necessary to prevent this commerce.
I cannot but think my instructions and in addition to them my letter of the 26th. of December allow ample latitude for the most effectual measures and that by concerting a plan with General McDougall for the conduct of your respective parties, you have it in your power essentially to put a stop to the intercourse complained of.
I think it may be useful to have some horsemen stationed as you mention and for this purpose I have directed Colonel Sheldon to furnish the number you request84 to be relieved periodically, I wish the fatigueing these parties by employing them as expresses or on common unimportant errands may be avoided as much as possible. I am etc.85
[Note 84: "Be pleased to furnish General Putnam with a non Commissioned Officer and Six Dragoons to be relieved as often as you shall think proper."-- Washington to Col. Elisha Sheldon, Jan. 8, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, January 8, 1779.
My Lord: When a distribution of Cloathing was made in the Fall, it was found that there would be a considerable deficiency of Blankets in particular; I was therefore under the necessity of only delivering a certain proportion to each Corps at that time, intending after all the troops had been served in the first instance, to collect an exact Return of all the remaining Blankets and to distribute them equally. Some of the Corps to the Eastward (although they had a full proportion before) have conceived that they were not put upon an equal footing with their neighbours, and seem apprehensive that the remaining stock will be delivered to the troops at Middle Brook. To remove all grounds of uneasiness, I intend immediately upon my return to Camp, to obtain an exact account of what Blankets are upon hand and deliver them out to the whole Army in proper proportion to their wants. I would therefore wish you to give the Deputy Cloathier orders to prepare a Return not only of the Blankets, but of the other Articles in his Store, but not to issue any of them except upon my order; because as I am possessed of the account of what was delivered to the different Corps in the first instance, I can check any attempts to obtain more than their just proportion in the second.86
[Note 86: "It has been represented to me that the troops of Connecticut are in great want of Shirts Stockings and Shoes. This leads me to inquire of you whether they have not received their proportion of these Articles in common with the rest of the Army. The troops in general have obtained orders for a Shirt and pair of Stockings per man and a pair of Shoes to each that wanted. If the Connecticut Troops have not been furnished ... you will on receiving proper Returns for that purpose supply them in conformity to this Rule."-- Washington to Deputy Clothier Gen. George Measam, Jan. 8, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have received such repeated information of the trade that is carried on between Monmouth and New York by carrying in provisions and bringing back Goods to a very great amount, that I find there is an absolute necessity of sending down a party to that Quarter, to put a stop to the intercourse. Be pleased therefore to order about 250 Men from the line, properly officered under the command of a Field Officer, to go immediately upon that service. I am not sufficiently acquainted with the Country to point out the proper station for these troops, and I must therefore leave it to your Lordship to gain the proper information, if it does not already come within your knowledge. The Officer should be fully informed of the object of his command and strictly enjoined not to suffer any property to be seized, but upon the strongest probability of its being intended for the use of the Enemy.
There will be no necessity of Major Howell's remaining in Monmouth, after this party gets down; be pleased therefore to direct him to join his Brigade, with the Men that are with him as soon as they arrive, and desire the Officer who relieves him, to follow the same mode of communicating any movements of the enemy's shipping or any other intelligence he may obtain. Major Howell should be directed to make the Officer acquainted with the proper persons to be employed and any other steps necessary to be taken to answer the purpose of procuring intelligence.
Since begining my letter I am favd. with yours of the 3rd. & 4th. instants. Should the news of Count D'Estaings falling in with the Cork fleet prove true it will be most interesting to him and distressing to the enemy. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 9, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor. of yours of the 7th. instant. As there is not probably a sufficiency of Mittens for the whole Army, a partial distribution would occasion uneasiness among those who were not supplied. Instead therefore of a general delivery, I should think it better to have them lodged with the Cloathiers attending the Army to be delivered out occasionally to detachments going upon a duty that will expose them to the inclemency of the Weather.
Some little time before I left Fredericksburg I had a very minute inquiry made into the number of Soldiers employed as Officers servants, and I had the satisfaction of finding by the Report of Colo. Ward, Commy. General of Musters, that the number was not more than common usage and the necessity of the Case required. In some particular instances where he found more soldiers returned as Waiters than was justifiable or reasonable, he mentioned the matter to the Officers employing them, and he informed me that at a subsequent Muster he found the injury redressed.
I cannot think that the measure, of allowing the Officer a sum equal to the pay and Rations of a Soldier, to hire a Waiter would answer, for this obvious reason, that, at this time, no person can be procured to do the most common drudgery for the pay and Rations of a Soldier, so far from it, that the pay of a labourer now exceeds that of many Officers. The Board must be fully acquainted with the discontents which already prevail in the Army on acct. of the disproportion between their pay and every necessary Article of life, and to enter into a regulation, which would oblige the Officers to pay as much for a servant as he himself receives, and which would deprive him of a priviledge which I believe is allowed in all services, would I am confident be attended with the most disagreeable consequences. That Officers should be limited to a number of servants, in proportion to their Rank I think highly proper, and had I not found from Colo. Wards representation, as before mentioned, that the number so employed was not more than sufficient, I should have made some regulations on that head.
The Board will find by making a strict scrutiny into the Column of Men upon command,88 that the Bulk are employed as Waggoners, Watermen, Artisans and in short in every kind of Work necessary in and about an Army, for in fact the price of labour is so extravagant that the Quarter Master is obliged to draw Men from the line, for most of his purposes or his department must be at a stand.
[Note 88: In the monthly return of the entire Army for December, 1778(?)]
I have regulated the number of Horses that the Officers of the Cavalry shall be allowed to keep, and have been very particular in the instructions given to the commanding Officers of those Corps gone in to Quarters, to see that the regulation is observed. I will upon my return to Camp transmit the Board a Copy of the Regulation. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to Richard Peters as secretary of the Board of War.]
Philadelphia, January 11, 1779.
Sir: I have perused the letter which you did me the honor to write, containing several subjects of consideration refered by Congress to the Committee of conference, and on which you desire my opinion.90
[Note 90: Of Jan. 10, 1779, which is in the Washington Papers.]
As I am not yet furnished with sufficient data relative to the first head; it will be necessary to defer touching it, until I can by means of the board of war inform myself more fully of the object of the expedition, the orders or instructions given to General McIntosh, and some other fundamental points.91
[Note 91: An expedition against the Indians from Fort Pitt, proposed by Brigadier General McIntosh.]
I pass therefore to that which regards the Commissary of Prisoners. This Letter to Congress evidently proves the necessity of prescribing a proper line of conduct to him, which in my opinion will be sufficiently pointed out in the following instructions, vizt. To reside at the Head Quarters of the Army. To make no Exchanges but such as are directed by the Congress, the board of War or the Commander in chief (the directions of the two former to pass through the hands of the latter) and whenever he has occasion to send a Flag into the Enemys Lines with Provision for prisoners, or on any other business, to make application to the Commander in chief, who will judge of the cause, and the propriety in point of time. The exclusive privilege which Mr. Beatty seems to require of regulating the intercourse by Flag, both with regard to the object and the time of sending them, astonishes me; it would give him powers which no Commissary of Prisoners has ever yet been vested with; they might be dangerous, and certainly are unnecessary, as the Commissary can have no business in the course of his Office with which the Commander in chief ought to be unacquainted.
In order to preserve harmony and correspondence in the System of the Army, there must be a controuling power to which the several Departments are to refer; if any department is suffered to act independently of the Officer commanding, collision of orders and confusion of affairs will be the inevitable consequence; this induces me to repeat that all orders from Congress or the board of War to any department or Officer should be communicated thro the Commander in chief, or in the case of a separate Command thro the Commandant.
It was absolutely necessary that the open and free intercourse with New York which I found prevailing on my arrival at Elizabeth Town, the 1st. December, should be restrained, and I gave positive orders to General Maxwell to suffer no persons to pass unless they had previously obtained permission from the Governors of the respective States or myself, and I requested Governors Livingston and Reed to fix on the 1st. day of every month for this purpose, to which they readily acceded.
12th. Since writing as above I have endeavoured to gain every information relative to the Western Expedition, but have not been able to arrive at such a knowledge of the State of Affairs in that quarter, and the present views of the Commanding Officers as are essential to founding an explicit opinion.
The object of the expedition was to give peace and security to our frontiers by expelling the Indians and destroying their principal point of Support. In prosecuting a Plan for this purpose, much expense has already been incurred, and the end is not yet obtained; neither is it in my power to determine from any thing that has been communicated to me, in what train the operations are. But it appears to me that previous to renouncing the expedition, the Commanding Officer should be consulted; and that a sudden Abandonment of the Undertaking would occasion not only the sinking of the whole expence without reeping any benefit, but likewise on the other hand, give confidence to our enemies, and expose us to more frequent and destructive inroads.
By General McIntosh's Letters to the Board of War &c, it appears evidently that he has been disappointed in his expectation of men, provision and Stores. His orders seem to have been precise, his anxiety great, and tho he may not have advanced agreeably to his own expectation and the views of Congress, yet as a certain progress has been made, as the causes which gave rise to the expedition still exist, and Security to our Frontiers is not to be obtained by a defensive Plan; my Sentiments with respect to his future conduct from the light in which I view the matter, are these:
That General McIntosh should (if he has not already done so) decide finally whether with his present force, provisions, stores, prospect of supplies and means of transportation, he can advance to Detroit, and whether the advantages or disadvantages of a Winter Expedition preponderate. If these should be determined in the affirmative, his plan should be prosecuted with vigour, if in the negative, the Militia should be discharged, every useless mouth dismissed, and the Winter spent in forming Magazines, building batteaux, or such canoes as can be transported into Lake Erie, by the way of Scioto or le boeuf, and will serve to coast it in, when there; a time and place should be appointed for rendezvous in the spring, of such further force, as shall be judged necessary for the operations of the Campaign; effectual measures to be taken in the mean time to secure such force. I do not concieve that more pointed directions than these, can be given at this time, unless General McIntosh's Situation and Views were better understood. My Ideas of contending with the Indians have been uniformly the same, and I am clear in opinion, that the most oeconomical (tho' this may also be attended with great expence) as well as the most effectual mode of opposing them, where they can make incursions upon us, is to carry the war into their own Country. For supported on the one hand by the british, and enriching themselves with the spoils of our people, they have every thing to gain and nothing to lose, while we act on the defensive, whereas the direct reverse would be the consequence of an offensive war on our part.
The Western Expedition upon the present Plan, stands unconnected with any other, consequently General Mcintosh looked only to one object, and doubtless pursued the Route which in his judgment led most easily to it; but considering that his operations and those to the Northward might have a correspondence, if his are delayed 'till the Spring, they might be varied so as to answer his object as well if not better, and they would at the same time favor the other expedition.
The Establishing Posts of Communication which the General has done for the Security of his convoys, and Army in case of accident, is a proceeding grounded on military practice and Experience; these works do not appear to have occasioned any additional expence. I have the honor, etc.92
[Note 92: In the writing of John Laurens. It is indorsed by Duane: "General Washington's first Remarks for the Committee of Congress 11 Jany 1779 on Commissr. Prisoners. An Account of the Plan of operations at Fort Pitt. His opinion on the Media of carrying on the Indian War; that offensive Measures are necessary."]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 14
January 12, 1779--May 5, 1779
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
August, 1936
Philadelphia, January 12, 1779.
Sir: The day I left Middle Brook I recd. the two inclosed letters of the 8th Decemr. from Major General Phillips to which I returned an answer dated the 25th. which you have also inclosed. I imagined this would have put an end to any further applications of the same nature. But I yesterday reed. the inclosed letters from Lord Stirling and Mr. McHenry one of my Secretarys, by which you will perceive that General Phillips still persists in the desire of a negociation for the Exchange of the Convention Troops. I do not apprehend that the least good can possibly result from a conference between persons unauthorized to treat, more especially as the views of Congress and Sir Henry Clinton have been so clearly understood upon the late meeting of Commissioners at Amboy. As I would not wish to take any further Steps in this Business, without the directions of Congress, I must beg the favr. of your Excelly. to lay the inclosed before them, and obtain their Resolution upon the Contents. Capt. Bibby,1 the bearer of Genl. Phillips's dispatches, is also charged with a letter to Congress upon a matter of personal concern, which letter I imagine he wishes to present himself, as he would not send it forward. He waits at
[Note 1: Capt. Thomas Bibbey, of the Twenty-fourth Foot, British Army.] Middle Brook for an answer, which, as I shall be under the necessity of postponing untill I have the determination of Congress, I shall be glad to be favd. with as speedily as possible. I have the Honor &c.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Indorsed by Charles Thomson: "Jany. 12, 1779 Read the same day. Referred to the comee. appointed to confer with genl. Washington."]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, January 12, 1779.
Parole Queensborough. Countersigns Queda, Quinton.
The Deputy Clothier is immediately to make return into the Orderly Office of all the blankets, of every species of clothing and of any other articles he has on hand.
Captain Thomas Marsh Forman3 is appointed Aide De Camp to Major General Lord Stirling in the room of Major Monro,4 resigned the 20th. of December last, and is to be regarded and obeyed as such.
[Note 3: Capt. Thomas Marsh Forman. He served as aide to Stirling until January, 1783.]
[Note 4: Maj. James Monroe. He had resigned in December, 1778. (He became the fifth President of the United States.)]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, January 13, 1779.
Parole Rodolphus. Countersigns Random, Raval.
A subaltern from the Pennsylvania line and one from Muhlenberg's Brigade to be sent immediately to Brunswick to superintend the sick in the hospitals at that place;
They will receive orders from Colo. Beauford5 who is now there.
[Note 5: Col. Abraham Buford, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment.]
Philadelphia, January 13,6 1779.
[Note 6: Sparks prints this as of January 15.]
Gentlemen: The Minutes I had the honor of transmitting to the consideration of the Committee, were intended as a Basis of conference on the several points therein contained; in order after an interchange of Ideas and information, to be the better able to form a just judgment of the System of conduct and measures, which it will be proper for us to pursue. It is essential to consider the subject in several points of light, in which for want of information I feel myself greatly at a loss.7 The question does not turn upon military principles only. The state of European politics and our own prospects of Finance and supplies of every kind are essential to a right determination. My situation has not put it in my power to be as fully acquainted with these as I could wish, and so far as they are concerned my reasoning must be imperfect. Yet as the Committee express their desire to have my Ideas more explicitly on the objects proposed to them; I shall endeavour to comply with their expectations in the best manner I can under my present disadvantages, confining myself principally to a view of our own internal circumstances and prospects.
[Note 7: The draft, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, which contains a great many alterations, has the following crossed out at this point: "This obliges me in some measure to fluctuate between different opinions without being able to come to a satisfactory decision."]
The first object to which I took the liberty to call their attention was the recruiting the Army, towards which two Modes were suggested. 1st. to inlist all the Men now in it during the War who are engaged for any term short of that and to spare no Bounty for that purpose. 2d. To draft upon some plan similar to the one recommended to the Committee at Valley Forge last February. Whether it will be necessary to adopt one or both these expedients will depend on what shall be determined respecting the plan of operations for next Campaign. If the general principle of it be offensive we must unite the two; if defensive the first may answer. I said, in that case, no Bounty ought to be spared, but when I reflect upon the enormous State Bounties already given I can hardly advise an addition to the Continental one, nor am I clear whether it would have the effect intended. If all State Bounties in money could be abolished, from the inequality, interference and competition of which I am persuaded the recruiting Service has greatly suffered. I should recommend the Continental Bounty to be raised as high as an hundred and fifty dollars or perhaps higher, and that this should be extended to recruiting in the Country as well as in the Army. The expences on this plan would be less and the success I believe greater. Adequate provision should also be made for the officers employed in the recruiting Service.
In reasoning upon a plan of operation for the next Campaign,8 we ought, in my opinion, to suppose that the enemy
[Note 8: In this draft the following is stricken out at this point: "To determine a plan of operations for next campaign, it will be useful to settle some ideas on the probable intentions of the enemy. When I first heard of the decided part the French court had taken in our favour, and still more on the appearance of their squadron in America, I was not without strong hopes, that sufficient employment would be given to Britain elsewhere to oblige her to withdraw her forces from America. But subsequent events and the delay which has hitherto ensued have made me much less sanguine in this expectation. I have been for some time past divided between two opinions; one that the Ministry were waiting to obtain the sanction of parliament towards relinquishing the war, which they would naturally do to shelter themselves from consequences, and which would be conformable to their practice through every stage of it; the other, that encouraged by the wretched state of our currency and a hope of internal dissentions, they would endeavour to preserve their power in America, by leaving sufficient garrisons to maintain their present posts and by means of such detachments as they could spare from them and the indians, carry on a predatory war both on the Coast and on the frontier, to distress us into terms more favourable than we are now willing to embrace. Besides the desire of still effecting this, they have additional motives of no small weight. Their present position is extremely convenient for distressing the trade of these states from which besides the injury done us they derive no inconsiderable supplies and for protecting their own, which were we once disengaged would suffer exceedingly from our privateers and cruisers. Their ships and troops employed here also afford no small security to their Islands, as they may be easily transported there on any emergency and in the mean time, they are in a healthy climate, not exposed to the wasting deseases which prevail in the West Indies. From a variety of little circumstances, I have been dayly more and more confirmed in this last opinion. I have pretty good authority for believing that the plan it supposes, will have all the credit of the British Commissioners in its favour, as they went from this country strongly impressed with sentiments of this kind, instigated among other causes, by the powerful motives of personal mortification and resentment. I am aware that however the English Court may wish to continue their pretensions in America; they must yield to political necessity, and that it is not only possible but probable the affairs of Europe may take a turn which will compel them to abandon America. The interposition of Spain and the union of her maritime force to that of France would probably have this effect. But till this event takes place, the necessity I have mentioned may not exist. The war between France and England must be almost wholly confined to maritime operations, until the former can obtain a clear superiority. If England be superior or even fully equal in this way, her dominions are safe and she can well enough spare a force for the purposes pointed out. No capital enterprise can in this case be undertaken by France on the land. Some little jealousies and diversions may be created; but hardly anything more can be expected; indeed there are very slender appearances of anything more being intended.
"It appears to me evident, that England is at present at least equal to our ally by sea. Her maritime resources are greater, and I am apprehensive a little time to exert them will make her a good deal superior. Shipping she has in plenty; men is her principal want. These, by adopting similar policy to that practiced on former occasions may perhaps be had, by stripping her merchantmen of seamen to man her navy and engaging foreigners to supply their place at high bounties and other encouragements. 'Tis hard to say, a nation so full of naval resources may push her exertions, by employing the numerous expedients her situation puts within her reach.
"It seems to be taken for granted, that if Spain should become a party in the war, England would then certainly be obliged to renounce her American projects. I hope this would be the case; but there are possible events, which may make even this a question. But if there were not; can we rely upon it, that Spain will immediately take a decided part in the dispute? May she not be restrained by those powers, who are not equally interested in our independence, and who may be anxious to preserve the political ballance, from being endangered by such an event? May she not have many reasons of policy with respect to her own situation and views which may make her unwilling to embark too deeply in the affair except on conditions with which it will not be advisable to comply?
"I have chosen to consider the matter in this light, to show my reasons for thinking it not improbable, the war may still continue in these States another campaign. But let us even suppose the contrary to be most probable, for which much may be said, especially in the present state of the enemy's finances. It is the safest way to act as if it was not. If they leave us, we are then out of danger; if they stay and we are not prepared we may be ruined. Though if we could be certain they were going away we might avoid much expence and trouble which will attend preparing for their stay; yet this will only be an inconvenience; if we neglect to prepare and they remain the consequence would be ruin."] will hold their present posts. Many strong Arguments may be adduced for and against it, and in the present State of our information from Europe, so far as it has come to my knowledge I do not think we have any sufficient Ground to conclude they will leave us. It is safest to suppose they will not, and to prepare for it. For if they do, though we may not be able immediately to make full advantage of their departure for want of having turned our preparations into a right Channel yet this will be only an inconvenience. On the other hand, if we were to take our measures on the presumption of an evacuation and this should not happen, we might be ruined by the Mistakes. One is a question of convenience, the other of safety.
On the supposition of a continuance of the War in America in its present form, there are three points of view in which the conduct proper to be observed by us may be considered; one the endeavouring to expel the enemy from their present posts in our front and directing our whole effort to that object, another the making an expedition against Niagara, to give effectual security to our Frontier and open a door into Canada and remaining upon the defensive in this quarter. The third, the remaining intirely on the defensive, except such smaller operations against the Indians as will be absolutely necessary to divert their depredations from us.
The first is the most desirable, because if it could succeed, it would be decisive and put us out of the reach of contingencies. The enquiry is, how far it may be practicable?
The enemy's force at New York and Rhode Island, independent of the aid they might on any pressing exigency draw from the Refugees and Militia of the places in their possession induced partly by inclination and partly by compulsion may be estimated at about twelve or thirteen thousand effective Men. Though their force is now divided, it can be so easily assembled that in operating against it in one part, we must expect to meet with the united opposition of the whole. Our force ought therefore to be sufficient to carry our point against the whole. Double the number is the least it could be undertaken with, and this would be far from giving a certainty of success. The insular situation of the Enemy's posts assisted by strong Fortifications and by their shipping would be obstacles not easily to be overcome.
According to this estimate the smallest number with which the attempt could be undertaken would be 26000 effective Men. If I am not mistaken this is a larger number than we have ever had in the Field; and besides these we should be still necessitated to keep Bodies of Troops on the Frontier and at other posts. This is a force which it is much to be feared we should find it very difficult, if not impossible to raise. Our resources of Men, I believe, rather decrease. There is abundant employment in every Branch of business, Wages, in consequence, have become so high and the Value of our money so low, that little temptation is left to Men to engage in the Army. We have tried the effect of drafting and cannot expect more success than last year, so that upon the whole it is probable our force after every exertion, would be rather less than more than it was in the preceeding Campaign; and if it should even be equal it would be considerably short of what is required.
But if the Men were to be had a question arises whether they could be subsisted. The difficulty and expence would be excessive, and it is much to be doubted whether our money, tho' aided by every exertion of Government, would be able to bring out the Resources of the Country to answer so immense a demand. Indeed I am not altogether clear that the Resources of the Country are in themselves equal to it. There is at this time an alarming scarcity of Bread and Forage, and tho' it may be in a great measure artificial, yet there are symptoms of its being in some degree real. The great impediment to all vigorous measures is the state of our Currency. What prospects there are of relieving it, what is to be expected from the measures taken to that effect, the Committee to whom the subject is familiar and best understood will judge. But I fear their operation will be too slow to answer the purposes of next Campaign. And if the vast expenditures necessary to the plan under consideration were to be made, I should have little hope of the success of any projects for appreciating the Currency that can be adopted.
One powerful objection to the undertaking is, that if we fail in it after straining all the Faculties of the State to the highest pitch, a total relaxation and debility might ensue from which perhaps we should not be able to recover.
But though I should be extremely doubtful of our ability to force the enemy from both their present posts, and very apprehensive of the consequences of an ineffectual attempt, yet I should think it might not be impracticable to oblige them to abandon one, that is Rhode Island, and collect their whole force at the other. The manner of doing this would be by an attack upon New York so as to force the Garrison of Rhode Island to come to its succour, but in effect this would require the exertion of our whole strength. And perhaps the object may not be thought adequate to the exertion.
The next plan suggested is to make an Expedition against Niagara and remain upon the defensive here. This would not require so many Men as the other, but it would be more expensive. Not less than a force equal to that of the Enemy could with propriety be left here, say 13000. In estimating the force requisite against Niagara we must provide for establishing posts of communication as we advance, to protect our Convoys and secure a Retreat in case of disaster. We must also lay our account in having to do with the whole force of the Garrisons of Detroit and Niagara, reinforced by all the hostile Indians and other Banditti which have hitherto infested our Frontiers, and we must even go further and look towards a reinforcement from Canada. On a suspicion of our intention against Niagara a part of the troops from Canada would naturally be sent to the aid of that important Fortress. The number then necessary for this expedition to give a moral certainty of success cannot be less than seven or eight thousand men. This will make 20 or 2100 requisite for the execution of the second plan. In addition to these an extraordinary number of Artificers and a number of Sailors, Batteaux Men &c. will be wanted over and above the ordinary attendants of an Army. This must be included in the general estimate of numbers and Expence. The building and equipping Ships and Boats and providing other Apparatus peculiar to an expedition of this nature will be an immense addition to the Article of Expence. The difficulty and consequently expence of supplies of every kind will be greater than in the operations to which we have been accustomed, on account of the remoteness of the scene of action from the source of supplies, and from the nature of the Country thro' which they are to be transported. Considering these things, which I have more fully delineated in my letter to Congress on the Canadian Expedition, it will appear pretty evident that the expence of the second plan under consideration will be greater than that of the first. Most of the objections that militate against the other apply to this. The object is certainly less and it will not perhaps be thought sound policy to exhaust our Strength and Resources in distant and indecisive Expeditions while there is still a possibility of our having a call for our utmost efforts for the interior defence and absolute safety of these States.
It is much to be regretted that our prospect of any capital offensive operations is so slender, that we seem in a manner to be driven to the necessity of adopting the third plan, that is, remaining intirely on the defensive, except such lesser operations against the Indians as are absolutely necessary to divert their ravages from us. The advantages of this plan are these. It will afford an opportunity of retrenching our Expences and adopting a general system of Oeconomy which may give success to the plans of Finance Congress have in contemplation and perhaps enable them to do something effectual for the relief of public Credit and for restoring the Value of our Currency. It will also give some repose to the Country in general and by leaving a greater number to cultivate the lands remove the apprehensions of a scarcity of Supplies.
If this plan is determined upon every measure of Government ought to correspond. The most uniform principle of oeconomy should pervade every department.9 We should contract but we should consolidate our System. The Army tho' small should be of a firm and permanent texture. Every thing possible should be done to make the situation of the Officers and Soldiery comfortable, and every inducement offered to engage Men during the War. The most effectual plan that can be devised for inlisting those already in the Army and recruiting in the Country ought to be carried into immediate execution.
[Note 9: The draft reads: "We should not be frugal in one part and prodigal in another."]
I shall not enter particularly into the measures that may be taken against the Indians; but content myself with the general Idea thrown out, unless it should be the pleasure of the Committee that I should be more explicit. The main Body of the Army must take a position so as to be most easily subsisted, and at the same time best situated to restrain the Enemy from ravaging the Country. If they should hereafter weaken themselves still more so as to give a favorable opening, we should endeavour to improve it.
This plan may perhaps have some serious disadvantages. Our inactivity will be an argument of our weakness and may injure our Credit and Consequence with foreign Powers. This may influence the negotiations of Europe to our disadvantage. I would not suppose it could alienate our Allies, or induce them to renounce our Interests. Their own if well understood are too closely interwoven; their National Faith and Honor are pledged. At home too, it may serve to dispirit the people and give confidence to the disaffected. It will give leisure for factious and discontented Spirits to work and excite divisions. If the Enemy were once expelled no European misfortune on our side would probably tempt England to recommence the War in America; but if they possess a footing among us and have an Army and a Fleet upon our Coast an adverse turn of our Affairs with our Allies might enable them to renew their exertions here. How far these inconveniences ought to determine us to one great vigorous Effort at all hazards, Congress can alone be a competent Judge.
The degree of probability there is of an evacuation of these States for some time past made it a favourite object with me to make eventual preparations for operating against Niagara in particular and Canada in general in case that event should happen; I have given pretty extensive directions for this purpose. But the more closely I look into the State of our finances and resources, the more I am shaken in my judgment of the propriety of going into a very great certain expence for an uncertain advantage. If the Enemy go away, it will be extremely disagreeable to be unprepared for improving the opportunity, but when I consider the necessity of oeconomy in our present circumstances, I am almost ready to submit to that inconvenience. I shall however be glad to receive explicit instructions on this head.
I shall beg leave for the present to confine my observations to these points and defer giving my Sentiments on the other matters submitted till these are determined. I am in some dilemma with respect to the propriety of my continuance in the City. Many Reasons operate to make my presence with the Army proper; and my stay here will become peculiarly ineligible, if an offensive plan should be preferred. I submit it to the Committee whether the other matters may not be as well transacted by letter from Camp as by remaining here. I have the honor etc.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 14, 1779.
Sir: Mr. Thomas Reed Deputy Pay Mastr. Genl. for the Troops in the Northern department has made application for 100,000 dollars for the use of that department. As the Sum remaining in the Chest at Middle brook will not be more than sufficient to discharge the pay now due the Army there, and that upon the other side of Hudsons River I am under the necessity of referring Mr. Reed to the Board of Treasury for the above Supply. I have the Honor etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 14, 1779.
My Lord: I have your favr. of the 9th. I am still of opinion that no good can possibly result from any Negotiation entered into with General Phillips on the subject of the Exchange of the Convention Troops, more especially as I find by a letter from Mr. McHenry that Captn. Bibby had dropt some of the terms which he had in charge from Genl. Phillips to propose, particularly that of exchanging whole Corps of Officers and Men together. This was a point urged by the British Commy. at Amboy and absolutely refused by ours as inconsistent with the powers vested in them by Resolve of Congress. The proceedings of our Comms. have been since approved by Congress. I am confirmed in my opinion by the Sentiments of the Gentlemen appointed by Congress to confer with me on Matters respecting the Service at large. It will therefore be needless for Captn Bibby to remain at Middle Brook and as needless for him to come down here; if he chooses to give up the letters for Congress and myself, you will be pleased to forward them by the stationary Expresses. Should there be any thing in them but what respects the Exchange and Genl. Phillips's application for liberty to go into New York, answers can be sent after him. He may be informed in the most explicit terms that the request to go into New York will not be granted on any terms. The impropriety of such an allowance must strike Genl. Phillips himself on a moment's reflection. The inclosed Resolve has been passed to remedy the inconvenience that would otherwise arise from taking the two emissions of Money mentioned therein suddenly out of Circulation. Be pleased to have it published in General Orders and communicated to the Pay Master in Camp and desire the Adjt. Genl. to send a Copy of it to the different detachments of the Army. I have sent a permission to the Commissary of prisoners to carry into New York what Flour is necessary for our Officers, and have desired him to apply to you should he have occasion for further passports before my Return to Camp.
I have received an answer from the Board of War respecting Cannon Ball, they inform me there is a sufficiency of all kinds contracted for except a small quantity of 32 lb., I therefore imagine it would not be worth putting any of the Works, you have the command of, in blast for such a trifle. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 14, 1779.
Sir: Col. Sherman, who will deliver you this, informs me, that his Regiment has not received a supply of cloathing of any kind. I have not my papers by me and therefore cannot refer to what I wrote you from Fredericksburgh on the subject of cloathing for your Brigade. But if I recollect right, it was that it might be furnished out of the imported cloathing; provided you would engage to have all the new cloathing otherwise received, returned into the public hands. This proposition I am still willing to adhere to, with respect to Col. Sherman's Regiment or any other in a like predicament. In making it I rely upon your impartial regard to the general good of the public service, and I am persuaded you will not wish to derive any advantages to your Brigade more than are shared in common with every other part of the army. With this persuasion, I have written to Mr. Mesom,13 directing him on your return, to furnish the whole or any part of your Brigade with new uniforms on the principle I have mentioned. I hope however, it may not be necessary to make use of this allowance more than for Col. Sherman's regiment, as the Col seems to think the other regiments have been already supplied from Major Bigelow. I am not certain whether there be any of the French cloathing remaining on the Eastside of the River; if not you will be pleased to forward returns to me and an order shall be given for them from the store at Middle Brook. You will also send proper officers to receive them. I am etc.14
[Note 13: "I have authorized General Huntington to draw either as much of the new imported Cloathing as will supply his present deficiency, or the full quantity for his whole brigade ... You will therefore ... furnish him agreeably thereto ..."-- Washington to Deputy Clothier General George Measam, Jan. 14, 1789. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 14, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 3rd. instant. The refusal of passports by General Maxwell was founded on my instructions. The intercourse between New York and Elizabeth Town had become so common and easy, that I thought it necessary to put a stop to it, by permitting no flags to pass, without my permission previously obtained. Whenever you have prisoners or any thing for the use of prisoners to be sent in you will apply at Head Quarters, and you will be furnished with passports.
But during my absence from Camp, to prevent any inconvenient delay in transacting your business, I have now written to Lord Stirling directing him to grant the necessary passports. You will therefore apply to his Lordship, or the Commanding officer at Middle Brook; in doing which you will inform him precisely of what you want to send in. You have my consent to send in the supply of provisions you mention for the use of the prisoners. You will shew this letter to General Maxwell and he will give you a flag for the purpose. I am etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, January 17, 1779.
Parole Vienna. Countersigns Vado, Virginia.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held near Millstone, January 9th, 1779, whereof Major Grier16 was President,
[Note 16: Maj. James Grief, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.] Lieutenant Patrick Fullerton, of the 2nd. Pennsylvania Regiment was tried for "Ungentlemanlike behaviour," found guilty of the charge and sentenced to pay Captain Tolbut17 a reasonable price for two shirts, two stocks and one blanket and to be dismissed the service agreeable to the 25th. Article 14th. section of the Articles of War.
[Note 17: Capt. Samuel Tolbert, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Major General Lord Stirling, Commander in Chief, in the Jersies approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately: The Pay Master of the 2nd. Pennsylvania Regiment is to stop the value of said Articles out of said Fullerton's wages which may be now due and pay it to Captain Tolbut.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, January 18, 1779.
Parole Wittenburgh. Countersigns Witney, Worms.
The Honble the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve,18 viz:
[Note 18: The resolve of Jan. 12, 1779.]
Whereas it may happen that part of the moneys paid for the mouths of September, October, and November, to the officers and soldiers of the United States, for their pay and subsistence, may be of the emissions of the 20 May, 1777, and the 11 of April, 1778:19
[Note 19: These emissions of May 20, 1777, and Apr. 11, 1778, were withdrawn from circulation by the resolve of Congress of Jan. 2, 1779, on account of numerous counterfeiting by the British at New York and others.]
Resolved, That in such case the pay master general and pay masters of the respective departments be directed to exchange such moneys, to the end that the said officers and soldiers be not deprived of the use of the same.
The officers and soldiers of the Army who are possessed of any bills of credit of Continental money of the emissions abovementioned, are desired to carry them in to the Pay Master General's Office in order to have them exchanged for bills of other emissions, which have not yet been counterfeited.
Philadelphia, January 18, 1779.
Gentlemen: In consequence of your letters of the 9th. and 16th. Inst. upon the subject of paying the arrearages of Cloathing due to the Army for the year 1777, I have drawn up the inclosed rough plan, which contains the heads of what, in my opinion will be necessary to establish some general Regulations for a settlement with the line of the Army at large. That justice may be equally distributed to the public and the individual, and that there may be no charge of partiallity in settling and paying off the troops of one state in preference to another, I would recommend that no payments for arrearages be made before some person or persons are regularly appointed for that purpose, their powers fully defined, and their general rule of conduct explicitly designated. I have the Honor etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
PLAN FOR PAYING ARREARAGES OF CLOTHING TO
THE TROOPS.
That some proper person (in the Clothiers department if to be had) be appointed to settle and pay all accounts of this nature. He should be a man of business, method, and punctuality.
He must have all the Clothier General's books to know what issues have been made by him and his deputies and check the regimental accounts. He must also be authorized to call upon all State Clothiers to know what issues have been made by them on Continental account.
The regimental pay Masters should collect and digest all the accounts of their respective regiments and settle them with the Clothier aforesaid. It should also be their business to pay the arrearages to the soldiers themselves to whom they are due, or to their representatives in case of death and they should be responsible to the Clothier for the money they receive producing the receipt of the soldiers, or their representatives for the due payment.
The Captains or officers commanding companies shall make out the accounts of their respective companies, specifying the names of the claimants and where they are, what they have received and what is still due. These accounts to be drawn into a general one by the Regimental pay Masters.
Perhaps the best way in the first instance may be to comprehend no others in these accounts than those who are still in service, leaving it nevertheless to be understood, that if the representatives of the dead &c. apply with demands properly authenticated, the Clothier shall have power to pay them.
The Clothier should be authorized to call upon all officers who have received public cloathing to account for their due application.
The Resolves of Congress ordaining the bounties will designate the description of persons entitled to them and must govern the Clothier.
This plan if approved will have most effect in the form of a resolve of Congress. Besides the Modes of furnishing Cloathing above referred to, Officers have, in a variety of instances been sent to purchase Cloathing for their respective Corps and large Sums of Money have been paid. Cloathing hath also been impressed and delivered to the Troops without going regularly thro' the hands of the Cloathier or any of his Deputies. These matters should be inquired into strictly, as they cannot appear upon the Books of the Cloathier.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favs. of the 1st. and 2nd. instant with their several inclosures.
Since my arrival in this City, to which I was called by Congress to confer with them on matters relative to our future operations, several circumstances have, in the course of our enquiries and deliberations, convinced us of the absolute necessity of contracting our system. It has therefore been determined to lay the Niagara expedition entirely aside for the present and content ourselves with some operation on a smaller scale against the savages and those people who have infested our frontier the preceding Campaign. It will for these Reasons be necessary for you to put an immediate stop to all the preparations for that purpose more particularly pointed out in my letter of the 18th. Decemr. (which inclosed you a Copy of the instructions given to the Qr. Mr. Gl.) except such as may be usefully employed in the prosecution of our Indian expedition. General Greene will refer Colo. Lewis22 to you for his line of conduct in this matter, and when you give him his directions, you may assign him such Reasons for this sudden change as shall seem to you most prudent and plausible. I shall when I am somewhat more at leisure, take an opportunity of informg. you more fully of the causes of this alteration of measures. I was exceedingly sorry to be made acquainted with your determination to resign your command in the Army. I can say with truth that I should have been happy to have derived that assistance from you, in your military Capacity which I shall always take the liberty of asking as from my private friend and a friend of his Country. I had pleased myself with the hopes of seeing you in Albany sometime this Winter, but I shall be detained here so much longer than I expected that I have given up all thoughts of that kind.
[Note 22: Col. Morgan Lewis, deputy quarter master general, Northern Department.]
I laid that part of your letter of the 1st. which respects Indian Affairs, before Congress. They have desired that your promises may be complied with, and I shall direct Genl. Clinton to have the stockade-Fort built, if the Oneidas request it.I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have before me your favor. dated thro' a mistake the 31st Inst: and one of the 8th.24
[Note 24: This date should be January 5. In this letter Putnam recommended the pardon of the ringleaders.]
The mutiny of the Soldiers in Huntington's brigade was on its first appearance of a very alarming nature, but I am in hopes from the success with which your spirited exertions were attended in dispersing them, that there is no danger of farther commotion.
The Conduct which a Commanding Officer is to observe, in cases of this kind in general, is to use every means for discovering the Authors of the mischief, to inflict instant punishment on them, and reclaim the rest by Clemency. The impression made on the minds of the multitude by the terror of the example, and their inability to take any resolution when deprived of their Ringleaders, are a sufficient Security against farther attempts. Humanity and Policy unite in prescribing such limits to Capital Punishments, when the Crime has been so general. With respect to the application in the present instance,25 and the doubt which arises from the foundation of Complaints which the men have, it is to be observed that their mode of pursuing Redress, is of so dangerous a tendency as to call for the exercise of wholesome Severity; and tho' the circumstances may require it, to be tempered with more lenity than in ordinary cases, such a subversion of discipline and Subordination cannot be passed unpunished. You will be best able to judge, from the degree of culpability of those in confinement, what measures ought to be taken respecting them, if there are any
[Note 25: The mutineers under arrest in the provost had sent a petition for pardon to Putnam.] proper subjects for execution among them, it is to be regreted that the matter has suffered any delay.
If the same causes should unluckily give birth to any future mutiny, the conduct abovementioned must be pursued; the severest and most summary example must be made of the Leaders, while a representation is made to the rest, in firm and at the same time conciliatory Language.: That no measure compatible with our present circumstances is omitted for providing them, that Mutiny will not only be ineffectual in procuring a Remedy, but involve consequences infinitely worse than the evil complain'd of.
Instructions have been given to the Clothier to leave a proportion of Clothing at Springfield and Fishkill for the Troops on the East Side of Hudsons River; you will therefore know where to address your orders for such of the smaller articles of Clothg. as the Troops under yr commd may have real occasion for, but as our resources are so inadequate to our wants, I must insist that you grant no orders where the necessity and equity of the distribution are not manifest.
As the Papers relative to Capt. Scudder do not furnish me with a clear State of the Case, I must wave giving any decision on it. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 18, 1779.
Sir: I have your favs. of the 5th. and 9th. instants. the first containing a representation of the dispute with Mr Gilliland27 respecting the payment for Forage. As he has brought a Civil suit, it must go through the usual forms of process, and if you
[Note 27: William Gilliland.] are cast, and it appears that there was no delinquency on your part as an Officer of the public, the public must undoubtedly bear you harmless. In the mean time you will employ proper Council to make your defence.
I have written to Genl. Putnam to give orders upon Mr Measam for shoes, and other Articles of Cloathing wanting for any of the troops under his command which will include Colo. Hazens Regt. and I have directed Mr Measam to obey such orders. Colo. Hazen will therefore procure the shoes he wants through that regular Channel. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 18, 1779.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 3rd. instant inclosing a Return of Cloathing. It was my intention that you should keep a proportion of every Article on the East side of Hudsons River for the supply of the Troops in that Neighbourhood, and as Fishkill will be more convenient to the whole than Springfield, I think with you that it will be the most proper place of deposit for the small Articles of Shirts, Shoes, Hose &c. I have given directions to Genl. Putnam who commands the three Brigades near Danbury and to Genl. McDougall who commands the troops at Fishkills, Peekskill and West Point to draw any of the above Articles as they may have occasion; you will therefore issue them upon their order. This will save much time and trouble in sending backwards and forwards.
As the Troops have been all well supplied with woollen Cloathing I think you had best quit making any more Cloth Overalls, and turn your attention to linen Overalls and Shirts, of which we cannot have too great a stock upon hand, especially the latter. I beg you will urge the Agents and different purchasers to exert themselves to keep up a supply of strong Shoes, but not to meddle with the other kind which are imported merely for sale, and which will scarcely do one days service. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On January 18 Washington sent a line to Major Tallmadge, acknowledging his letter of the 8th and two communications from Samuel Culper. This note is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 19, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favs. of the 18th. and 28th. Decemr. and 2d. instant with their inclosures. I approve of your innocculating the Soldiers of your Brigade upon the first appearance of the small pox among them, and I would not have you confine that salutary operation to them alone, but carry it thro' any of the other Corps which may not have had the disorder.
When I return to Camp I shall direct that Cloathing be sent up to Albany for the Men in Hospital at that place, and I must beg your care in having it delivered out as it is wanted.
You may have such a number of snow shoes made as you may judge necessary to answer the purpose you mention. The Officer who was sent down to procure Cloathing for Warners Regt. and Whitcombs Rangers, has obtained an order for it from the Board of War upon the Store at Springfield, from whence he will send it to the Quarters of those troops.
Inclosed you have an Order upon the Commissary of Military Stores at Springfield for such a quantity of Ammunition as you may judge necessary for the supply of the troops under your command.
You will be pleased to give directions to the Officers commanding the out posts to supply any of the friendly Indians with provision whenever they shall be obliged to fly to them for security from their Enemies. The Oneidas have lately applied to General Schuyler to have a picket Fort built in their Country should they find the other Nations inclinable to put their threats in execution against them for their steady adherence to our Cause. I laid General Schuylers letter to me upon the subject before Congress and they have directed that the Fort be built upon application to have it done. You will therefore be pleased to take the execution of the matter upon you, should the Indians request it. I am &c.
P.S. Docr. Treat writes me that there are a number of invalids in the Hospital who will never be fit for Regimental duty. Be pleased to let them have such sums of Money as will enable them to reach their respective Corps, there to be paid off and discharged or sent to the Invalid Corps if they are fit subjects. The Paymaster at Albany to furnish them with Certificates of what they receive from him.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, January 19, 1779.
Sir: The Scarcity of Forage in this State, renders it absolutely necessary to remove the Cavalry of your Legion, as well as all the horses belonging to it, that are not indispensibly necessary for the Duty of Officers and the ordinary occasions of drawing fuel, &c.
The Quarter Master recommends the Counties of Kent and Sussex as the best place for them to be quartered during the Winter. You will therefore send an order to have the Cavalry, and all the supernumerary horses belonging to the Corps in general, marched to Wilmington, where proper directions will be lodged for their further progress by Mr. Q. M. Wade,31 who is charged with the business of contoning them.
[Note 31: Francis Wade, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
You will of course give instructions to the Officer Commanding to preserve the strictest discipline on the march and in quarters, that the Inhabitants may have no reason to complain of licentious conduct in the Soldiers. I am &c.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 33: Physician general of hospital, Northern Department.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 19, 1779.
Sir: I reed. yours dated 14th. but the Month not mentioned, inclosing an Hospital Return. I shall immediately upon my return to the Camp at Middle Brook direct that Cloathing be sent up to the Men in Hospital, and I must beg that care may be taken to have it delivered to them as it is wanted, which will be chiefly, when they are about to leave you. I highly approve of your innoculating upon the first appearance of the small pox among the troops, and I beg you will continue it until you have carried it thro' all those who have not had the disorder.
I would have you apply to Genl. Clinton for such Sums of Money as will enable the invalids you mention to reach their respective Corps, when they may be paid off and discharged or join the invalid Corps if they are fit subjects for them. I have mentioned this Matter to the General. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 19, 1779.
Sir: The Quarter master General has represented to me, that our resources in point of forage will not, with the greatest oeconomy and management satisfy the demands of the Army, unless the Cavalry of Count Pulaski's Legion is removed to some position where it will interfere less with the general supply. The Counties of Kent and Sussex in your state, he thinks will be able to maintain this Corps, with less inconvenience to the Country, than any other place within a reasonable distance. I am therefore to request Your Excellency will give Mr. Quarter Master Wade, who is charged with this business, proper authority to canton these troops in the most advantageous manner. At the same time that I would have them to be so disposed as to be secure of a sufficient supply and not too much scattered for the preservation of discipline. I would wish them to be as little burthensome to the Inhabitants as possible.
Your Excellency's Countenance and support to Mr. Wade, will conciliate these desirable ends, and in full assurance of your granting them, I remain etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Philadelphia, January 20, 1779.
Gentlemen: That the Officers of the Army are in a very disagreeable situation, that the most unhappy consequences are to be apprehended, if they are not speedily placed in a better, and that therefore some provision more adequate than has yet been made is absolutely necessary, are truths so obvious and so generally acknowledged, that it would almost seem superfluous to say any thing to enforce them. But it is a point, in which in my opinion, the public safety is so essentially concerned, that I cannot let slip any opportunity of urging its importance and pressing it upon the public attention. I have more than once intimated that even a dissolution of the Army is not an improbable event, if some effectual measures were not taken to render the situation of the Officers more comfortable. If this event has not yet happened, we ought not to infer from thence that it will not happen. Many favorable circumstancess have intervened to protract it, but the Causes that lead to it are daily increasing. Had it not been for the happy change which took place in our political Affairs last Winter, and the new prospects it opened, which for a time diverted the minds of the Officers from an attention to their distresses, and encouraged a hope of their having a speedy termination, it is much to be doubted from the discontents which then prevailed, whether we should now have had more than the shadow of an Army. The temporary consolation derived from this has subsided, their passions have returned into the former Channel, the difficulty of supplying their wants has greatly increased, the expectation of the War being near its end has vanished, or at least lost a great part of its force. The large Fortunes acquired by numbers out of the Army, affords a contrast that gives poignancy to every inconvenience from remaining in it. The Officers have begun again to realize their condition and I fear few of them can or will remain in the service on the present establishment. It is unnecessary to add that an Army cannot exist without Officers.
The patience of the Officers has been a long time nourished by the hope that some adequate provision was in contemplation. Though nothing satisfactory has hitherto been done, their hopes have been still kept alive: But this cannot be much longer the case, and when they come once to fix an opinion, that they have nothing to expect, they will no longer combat the necessity that drives them from the service. It is worthy of observation, that the state of inactivity to which we may probably be compelled the next Campaign will give leisure for cherishing their discontents and dwelling upon all the hardships of their situation. When men are employed and have the incitements of military honor to engage their ambition and pride, they will cheerfully submit to inconveniencies, which in a state of tranquility would appear insupportable.
Indeed not to multiply arguments upon a subject so evident, it is a fact not to be controverted that the Officers cannot support themselves with their present pay, that necessity will oblige them to leave the Service unless better provided for; that by remaining in it, those who have no fortunes will want the common necessaries of life, and those that have fortunes must ruin them.
The object that ought to be aimed at, is not a partial expedient, so far to satisfy the Officers as merely to keep them from leaving the service, they ought if possible to be interested in it, in a manner that will call forth the full exertion of their Zeal. It is not enough that we keep an army together, we should endeavour to have one, with all those Cements that are necessary to give it consistency and energy. The principal one is to make the Officers take pleasure in their situation. If they are only made to endure it, the Army will be an insipped spiritless mass, incapable of acting with vigor and ready to tumble to pieces at every reverse of Fortune.
But the great and difficult question is, what provision can be made to answer the purpose in view. I confess I am at a loss even to satisfy my own judgment. Men are in most cases governed first by what they feel and next by what they hope, present support and the relief of present necessity is therefore the first object to which we should attend. But after revolving the subject in every point of light, I can think of no practicable plan for this purpose that promises to be intirely effectual. An expedient long thought of, but never really carried into execution, will perhaps go furthest towards it and be the least exceptionable of any that can be adopted. I mean the providing them with Cloathing by public authority at prices proportioned to their pay, at the value of the Currency when it was settled. This expedient if undertaken, ought to be prosecuted in earnest. It should not prove a nominal but a real relief, and in order to this, not only every exertion should be made to provide supplies on Continental account, but each State should be seriously engaged to provide for its own Officers [till the end is accomplished]. If it should be found in some instances that Cloathing cannot be procured, a complete equivalent in money is the next resource. With this the Officers may endeavour to provide themselves, but this substitute would be subject to many inconveniences, that render it infinitely preferable they should be supplied with Cloathing. An Officer may often not be able to supply himself with the money, and in order to do it may be obliged to leave Camp and exhaust a considerable part of it in expences of travelling and subsistence.
It would be necessary to ascertain the quantity of Cloathing to be allowed in this way and the prices, and to have a pecuniary equivalent fixed in lieu of each Article when they cannot be furnished, according to the actual difference between the estimated prices and the real present cost of the Articles. This would place the provision upon a certain footing and be more satisfactory, than if it should be left to the discretion of the Cloathier to make what charges and allowances he pleased.
The measure, here recommended, alone would be far from sufficient. Something must be done in addition to enable the Officers to subsist themselves more comfortably in Camp. Their present Ration and the subsistence Money allowed are very inadequate. The manner of living of those who have no other dependence is not only unsuited to the Station of an Officer, but even indigent and miserable. It would serve in some measure to remedy this, if instead of the subsistence money now granted, the Commissary General was every month, or every two or three months to regulate the Value of the extra Rations they formerly received according to the real Cost, at the time, of the Articles which compose it, and the Commander in Chief or Commanding Officer in a department empowered to order payment agreeable to that estimate.
But these expedients, though I should hope they would go a great way towards satisfying the Officers would not give such perfect satisfaction as were to be desired. The most, that could be expected from them, if so much, is that they would make their present situation tolerable. They would not compensate in their minds for the sacrifices of private interest and ease which they think they are making to the public good, and for the disagreeable prospect of future indigence which their continuance in the service exhibits, after they are no longer wanted in the Field. To attach them heartily to the service, their expectations of futurity must be interested. After the Steps which have been already taken in the Affair of a half pay and pensionary Establishment, it is not without great reluctance I venture to revive it. But I am so thoroughly convinced of its utility, that notwithstanding some disadvantages, which may attend it, I am firmly persuaded it would in the main be advancive of the public good. I therefore take the liberty to bring it a moment under review.
I beg leave to repeat what I have said upon former occasions, that no step could, in my opinion be taken, which would be so pleasing to the Officers and which would bind them so forcibly to the Service. Our military System would certainly derive infinite Benefit from it, and it appears to me that it ought to be a primary object of Government to put that upon the best footing our circumstances will permit. On principles of Oeconomy I think there can be no solid objection to the plan. No mode can I believe be devised to give satisfaction which will be more convenient and less expensive. The difference indeed in point of expence between the present form of the half pay establishment and one for life would be inconsiderable. Seven Years will probably be the period of the lives of the greatest part of the incumbents, and few of the survivors will much exceed it. But the difference in the provision in the estimation of the Officers own mind is very great. In one case he has a provision for life whether it be long or short, in the other for a limited period, which he can look beyond, and naturally flatters himself he will outlive. The Resolve directing the half pay for seven years contains some provisoes and restrictions which though perhaps unimportant in themselves, were interpreted in a manner that gave an unfavorable aspect to the Measure, and more than disappointed its intended effect.
With respect to a pensionary establishment for Officers Widows, nothing can be a more encouraging reflection to a married Man than that in case of accident to himself, his family is left with some dependence to preserve them from want, and nothing can be a more painful and discouraging one than the reverse.
The chief objection I have heard to this plan is, that the principle of pensioning is incompatible with the maxims of our government. The truth of this objection I shall not controvert, but I think it applies equally to an establishment for seven Years as to one for life. It is alike a pension in both Cases; in one for a fixed and determinate, in the other for a contingent period. All that can be said is we submit to one inconvenience to avoid a greater, and if it operates as a bad precedent, we must endeavour to correct it when we have it in our power.
One thing, however, I think it necessary to observe, that unless the Committee should be fully convinced of the necessity of the establishment proposed, and should be clearly of opinion that it will meet the concurrence of Congress the best way will be not to put it to the experiment of a debate. If it be once known that such a question is in agitation, it will again raise the hopes and solicitudes of the Officers, and if it fails, renew all their former discontents on the same subject, [and under their present circumstances and feelings with redoubled violence.] It is a point in which their feelings are much engaged and they ought not to be awakened, if they are not to be gratified.
I have just received a letter of the 9th instant from his Excellency the Governor of the State of Virginia, accompanied by several late Acts of the Legislature, both for recruiting their troops and more comfortably providing the Officers and Men. The general spirit of these Acts corresponds with the measures I have taken the liberty to recommend. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, and the words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, January 20, 1779.
Sir: You will immediately countermand the orders you have given to transport flour to Connecticut River above Number four, and let no Provision of any kind be forwarded to that neighbourhood. You will also direct your deputy in that quarter, to take care that the provision already collected above Number four are so disposed of as to be no Object for the Enemy and safe from embezzlement. I am &c.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Jeremiah Wadsworth.
On this same day (January 20) Washington wrote Brig. Gen. Jacob Bayley that he had given the above orders to Wadsworth. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 20, 1779.
Gentlemen: The liberal Testimony of approbation which you did me the honour of transmitting by the hands of His Excellency the President, coming from so respectable an Assembly, cannot but make the deepest impression on my mind.38
[Note 38: The Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, by a resolve (January 18), requested Washington to sit to Charles Willson Peale for a portrait, to be hung in the Council Chamber. The painting was executed between Jan. 20 and Feb. 2, 1779, and Peale is said to have made many copies therefrom. The Pennsylvania Packet states that the Spanish agent to the United States, Don Juan Miralles, ordered five copies. In September, 1781, vandals broke into the State House at night and slashed this portrait and an engraving of General Montgomery's monument. The painting was repaired as well as could be at the time. Peale had made a mezzotint engraving, 14 by 10 inches in size, of it in 1780, and sold copies at $2 each. Only a few of these have survived, and the frontispiece of this volume is a reproduction of one of them.]
However conscious I am that your generous sensibility attributes infinitely too much to me, my respect for you leads me to acquiesce in your request and gratefully to subscribe myself Gentn. etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, January 21, 1779.
Parole Archangel. Countersigns Bolton, Canton.
The Deputy Clothier General is to issue a woolen cap to each effective man present belonging to the brigades in this camp on returns made by the commanding officers of brigades, countersigned by the Adjutant General.
The men on detachment at Monmouth to be omitted in the return as they will be drawn for seperately.
The Brigade Commissaries are regularly to turn in all the cattles' horns and feet, with the hides to the Commissary General of hides at least once a week; They will see that the butchers carefully take off all the hide from the feet, as much waste has been occasioned by a contrary practice.
The Officers commanding those brigades which have not yet complied with the order of the 26th. of December last relative to Ammunition, are desired to see that the returns are made out and Ammunition drawn agreeable thereto immediately.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 21, 1779.
Sir: Colonel Rawlins who as well as his officers in general distinguished himself at the affair of Fort Washington has remaining of his Regiment about fifty or sixty men and a few officers.
As the latter are at present an expence to the Continent without being employed, and the Colonel after having deserved well of his Country and suffered a grievous captivity, has some claim to attention, I beg leave to propose to Congress, that the officers be authorised to complete their present number of men being part of three companies, to the full establishment by recruiting; there is an additional motive in favor of this, which is that the three full companies might be employed in the Western Expedition under General Mcintosh and by being composed of men enlisted for the War supply with advantage RESOLVE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL THAT A PORTRAIT IF WASHINGTON BE PAINTED AND HUNG IN THE STATE HOUSE, JANUARY 18, 1779. the place of so many Militia; the uncertainty of whose service is often a great impediment to the most important Enterprises.40 I have the honor, etc.41
[Note 40: On January 23 Congress, by resolve, authorized the recruiting of three companiesof this corps. Washington on January 30 sent a copy of this resolution to Colonel Rawlins, with the note, "I have only to add that the bounty now allowed to soldiers who enlist for the War, is two hundred Dollars, besides Clothing and Land as before." This note is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 41: In the writing of John Laurens. The letter was read in Congress on January 23 and "Order taken thereon."]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 21, 1779.
Sir: I have perused your letter of yesterday, on the subject of recruiting your corps. In answer to it I must inform you, that when you and Count Pulaski declared your intention of quitting this Country, The consideration of the many inconveniences attending small independent Corps had determined me to recommend the incorporation of your troops and his. The evident utility of such an arrangement, in retrenching a very considerable public expence, exclusive of other advantages which wd. flow from it, prevents my loosing sight of it, and obliges me to decline for the present entering into any of the measures which you propose relative to your Corps. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Philadelphia, January 23, 1779.
Gentlemen: Cloathing the Army well is a matter of such essential and fundamental importance, that it ought not by any means to depend on contingencies, but some plan should if possible be concerted to produce regular and constant Supplies. Whether this can best be effected by governmental Contracts with the Court of France, or any other power disposed to assist us, or in the way of Commerce by a Committee appointed for the purpose, or an individual qualified for the trust by his connections, talents for Business and integrity, in either of which cases sufficient and certain funds must be established for the support of public Credit, or in the last place by calling upon the several States to provide each for its respective Quota of Troops; I say which of these three Modes will be most eligible, or how far it will be advisable and practicable to unite them, the Committee or Congress who best know the State of our national Credit, funds and expectations, will be better able to determine than I can.
I shall take the liberty however to observe, that one of the two first modes corresponds most with my Ideas. The united funds and Credit of the Continent appears to me the only sufficient Basis for the extensive supplies which are required. Any other it is to be feared would be too contracted and render them too precarious. Should it be left wholly with each State to provide for its own troops, the business would probably be conducted chiefly on the principle of private mercantile Contracts and Adventures, and with the impediments that now lie in the way of trade, we could hardly promise ourselves from that source the ample and uniform supplies of which we stand in need. This mode I think should rather be considered as subordinate and auxiliary. If governmental Contracts can be made as suggested in the first case, they will put the matter upon a more certain footing than can be done in any other way. If this be deemed either impolitic or impracticable, the second mode may be made our principal dependance, and the plan of State supplies43 adopted in aid of it. If either of these two plans be adopted, measures ought to be taken in consequence without delay, but as it will be some time before the necessary provision can be made upon either of the two first plans, it will be proper44 to call upon each State in the most pressing manner to make every exertion for supplying its own troops.
[Note 43: This developed, in 1780, into the plan of "specific supplies" in which the individual States were assigned a quota of supplies to be furnished the general government for the use of the Army, in lieu of money.]
[Note 44: The draft has "immediately."]
In order to be certain of obtaining competent Supplies, much larger Quantities than are really wanted ought to be sent for, and every Cargo properly assorted. On this plan, the loss of one parcel would not derange the whole Stock, and we should in the worst event have a prospect of securing the supply necessary. If we should be fortunate enough to do more, and a larger quantity should arrive safe than the purposes of the Army require, it might be turned to infinite advantage by a Sale, which besides the profit attending it, would serve to relieve the Currency by drawing a considerable part of the circulating paper into the public Treasury. With a view to this, that more of the materials may not be made up than are wanted and the better to fit the cloathing to the Men, as every Regiment I believe has Taylors enough to make up its own, I would recommend that Materials for Cloathing rather than Cloathes ready made be imported.
Whether the Continent or each State respectively undertake the Cloathing the troops, it is equally necessary in my opinion that there should be A Clothier General; A Sub or State Clothier and a Regimental Clothier. The Clothier General in the first instance will be necessary to furnish Estimates of the Supplies wanted for the Army, to receive those supplies, superintend the distribution of them to the State Clothiers, make the account for what they receive at stated periods, every three, six or twelve months as shall be determined, to stand as it were between the public and the Army, seeing that the first is not imposed on and that the last gets whatever is allowed in a regular, direct and seasonable manner.
In the second Case a Clothier General will be necessary not only to stand between the public and the Army but between the Continent and each particular State. It will be his Business to settle all accounts with the State Clothiers according to the actual deliveries, he will also have to provide for the Cavalry, Artillery and all Corps not appertaining to any particular States.
The Sub or State Clothier should be appointed by his own State (especially if each State is to provide for its own troops). If the Army is supplied on Continental account, he will receive the proportion of Cloathing for the troops of the State to which he belongs from the Clothier General, which he will issue to the Regimental Clothiers, on Returns countersigned by the Colonel or commanding Officer of the Regiment. He is to keep exact accounts with each Regiment, inspect those of the regimental Clothier, see that the Articles delivered them are duly issued to the troops; and that all Cloathing above the Bounty allowance drawn by the non Commissioned Officers and Soldiers be charged to them and credited in the monthly pay Rolls, and that the Officers receive what is allowed them and no more.
In Case the States should each provide for its own troops, the Sub or State Clothier who should always reside with or near the Army to know and supply the wants of the troops the better, is to call upon the Governor or purchasing Agent of the State for the Supplies wanted from time to time, and to perform the same duties in other respects as mentioned above. He may keep accounts with the Cloathier General in behalf of the public, charging the united States only with what is allowed by Congress to the Officers and Men.
The Regimental Cloathier who very properly under our present establishment is the Regimental Pay Master, should observe the following Rule in drawing Cloathing from the State Cloathier. He should in the first instance have returns from the Captains or officers commanding Companies, specifying the Mens names and the particular wants of each. These he should digest into a Regimental Return which being signed by the Officer commanding the Regiment and countersigned by himself with a Receipt upon it, should be lodged with the State Clothier and become to him a Voucher for the delivery in his settlements with the Cloathier General. He is to keep an Account with every Officer and Soldier for every Article delivered taking receipts from them as vouchers for the delivery. He is to credit them for the Continental Allowance and charge for every thing they receive, making stoppages in the monthly pay Rolls for whatever they may fall in debt to the public.
To prevent in future any unequal distribution of Cloathing either to the Regiments or Officers, and the confusion and loss which have heretofore been occasioned, and would for ever be occasioned by having no regular plan for issuing it, and to check irregular applications from commanding Officers of Regiments to public Agents in different parts, it ought to be strictly enjoined on those Agents, on the Clothier Genl. and on the Sub or State Clothiers, to issue no Cloathing but through the Channels already pointed out. In a word, the Clothier General on the first plan, or the persons appointed to procure by the States on the second, ought to know no person nor deliver a single Article to any person but the State Cloathiers. These on their part should make no issues but to the Regimental Cloathiers. If this Rule be departed from in one instance, it immediately opens a door for endless irregularities and impositions and it becomes impossible to prevent double and unequal drafts or to keep proper accounts either with Officers or Soldiers. An adherence to these Rules may sometimes operate inconveniently to individuals, as Officers absent from Camp may frequently stand in need of cloathing from the Stores in the Country, yet the hardship of a refusal to them ought not to be put in competition with the evils attending a compliance.
Having suggested for the consideration of the Committee, different modes to obtain Cloathing for the Army, and the best one I am capable of conceiving for the issuing it, I beg leave to give it as my opinion, that if Congress by a decisive Act of theirs would point out the Colour of the Cloth for each State, and the Uniform of each Regiment and adhere to it invariably, the following good consequences (without a possible bad one that I can foresee) would result. First it would prevent in case of State purchases an interference (as far as Cloth is concerned in these purchases) because the Colour of one State would not suit that of another. Secondly by having many Colours you do not increase the demand and of course the price of any one. Thirdly, it is a great advantage to have one Corps distinguished from another, because the good and bad deeds of the Soldiers, honorable and dishonorable Actions of the Officers are easier brought to light, the Uniform being a ready index to discoveries of this kind. And lastly, Officers by becoming acquainted with the fixed Uniform of their State and Regiment, and knowing that it is not to be changed as fancy and the caprice of a commanding Officer may direct, can take measures accordingly and avoid running into the unnecessary expence and trouble occasioned by the discretionary changes which happen. There may be difficulty in fixing upon 13 Colours (one for each State) or as there may be favourite Colours it will be difficult to please all. How far the first is to be accomplished I know not, but the latter might be determined by lot, unless it should be found worthy of attention to appoint the commonest Colours to the States which furnish the greatest number of Troops, for the more easy procuring them; and to give the Colours most rare to the small States for the contrary reason. If 13 Colours should be thought too many, perhaps four or five might answer by classing the States and varying the facings. I could even wish that Congress were to extend their orders to the Cut of the Cloaths and give each State Cloathier a pattern suit and order him not to deviate from it in the smallest degree, and would moreover forbid Breeches altogether, substituting Woolen Overalls in the Winter and linen ones in the summer as the most convenient and cheapest wear for the Soldier.
In my letter respecting the provision for Officers, I have suggested my Ideas on the necessity of furnishing them with Cloathing at prices proportioned to their pay, and the manner of doing it.45 In the Report No. 2 of the Committee on the Cloathing department.46 I find that the Rate proposed to regulate the prices by, is that of two thirds of a dollar for one shilling Sterling. When we consider that even in the cheapest times the Officers pay was very moderate and required a good deal of oeconomy to make it sufficient, and that now every
[Note 45: See Washington's letter to the Committee of Congress, Jan. 20, 1779, ante.]
[Note 46: This report, in the writing of Elbridge Gerry, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 31, fol. 17. It is undated, but was printed in the Library of Congress edition of the Journals under Jan. 1, 1778. Indorsed "No. 2.", which indorsement was later crossed off and "No. 5" substituted, some date nearer the end of the year 1778, or even between Jan. 1 and 23, 1779, seems more accurate.] Article of expence is greatly increased, this Rate will appear to be rather high. Three hundred pr Cent on the Sterling cost dollars at 7/6 is in my opinion as high as it ought to be placed. The Articles proposed to be furnished seem to be very ample and proper. But the money proposed to be paid in lieu of those Articles for the last Campaign is intirely inadequate. I would either recommend the Idea of compensation to be laid aside intirely, or that it should be made a real and sufficient one. As it now stands, it will rather have a bad than a good effect. The Committee will easily conceive the reasonings and feelings of the Officers when they find that the, at present, trifling Sum of 102 dollars is given as an equivalent for the advantage of having been supplied with a complete Stock of Cloathing at a moderate price in proportion to their pay.
It is a part of my plan suggested in the letter already mentioned, that when the Cloathing cannot be furnished by the public, a true equivalent in money should be given estimated on the difference between the cost of such Cloathing, at the Rate established between the public and the Army, and what they can actually be purchased for in the Country. This is the only satisfactory substitute which can be adopted, and even this, as I have before observed, will be infinitely less beneficial than the stipulated supply itself. With perfect Respect and Esteem I have the honor etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook,
Sunday, January 24, 1779.
Parole Rappahannock. Countersigns Sar, Tweed.
The Regimental Pay Masters are immediately to make out returns of shoes actually wanted in their respective Regiments, which the Brigade Majors are to digest into Brigade returns regimentally, have them signed by the officers commanding Brigades and deliver them in to the Orderly Office next Tuesday forenoon.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 9th. and 13th. insts. In my last of the 19th. I informed you that it was the desire of Congress that a fort might be built for the Oneidas, if they requested it, and I am therefore glad that you have ordered that work to be executed. I also at that time inclosed an order upon the Commissary of Military Stores at Springfield for what ammunition you might think necessary for the troops under your command.
General Schuyler in a letter of the 2nd. inst. mentions the importance of a Settlement called Burners field near the German Flats, and advises that part of the troops now at Cherry Valley be removed to that place, as Cherry Valley Settlement is so nearly destroyed that it is scarcely an object of another attack, while that of Burners field is of so much consequence towards keeping up the communication with Fort Schuyler that the enemy will in all probability direct their next blow at it, unless there is a force there to oppose them. Be pleased therefore to take the matter into consideration, and endeavour to make such a disposition as will secure a place of so much value. Under present circumstances I would not have you send the Rifle Corps down, if they have not received their full Cloathing, let the Commanding Officer make a return of the deficiency, and it shall be sent up to them.
I have suggested a particular matter to General Schuyler upon which he is to consult you, if it should be thought practicable and advisable to carry the thing proposed into execution, you will furnish the force that may be judged necessary for the Enterprize. I am &c.48
[Note 48: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favr. of the 29th Decemr. only reached me a few days ago. I shall lay that part of your Excellency's letter, which respects the payment of those supplies which you were under the necessity of taking out of the regular line, after the loss of the Highland posts, before Congress, it not being in my power to order the present Quarter Master and Commissary Genl. to discharge accounts prior to their appointments.
I fancy there must have been some mistake in the report of General Rheidhesels49 intention to spend the Winter at Wall Kiln, as he never made any such request and has sometime ago past thro' this State on his way to Virginia. I have the honor etc.50
[Note 49: Maj. Gen. Frederich Adolph, Baron von Riedesel, German allied troops, British Army.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: In my last of the 18th. instant I omitted to approve of your plan of endeavouring to have the Enemy's shipping on Lake Ontario destroyed by the Indians. I had some such Scheme in contemplation when I desired that particular information should be obtained of the situation of the place in which they were laid up for the Winter. You will be pleased to direct any kind of combustible composition to be made up in the best manner that it can be done at Albany, or if you have time to send over to the Elaboratory at Springfield, I doubt not but you may have it prepared there in the compleatest manner. [inclosed is an order for the purpose.
I had in contemplation another Scheme, indeed while I entertained hopes of pushing Matters to the Northward or Westward the ensuing Campaign, I was partly resolved upon it, (if upon a sufficient investigation of the subject, and the state of Lake Champlain would admit of it) it should be found practicable; it was to attempt by surprize and the rapid movement of a few Troops in Sleighs the destruction of the Vessels at St. Johns. The force in that Quarter stands thus: Point au fer. An Officers command. At the Isle aux noix, the 29th. Regt. St. Johns and Chamble, the 31st. Do.
If the Posts advanced of the Shipping, could be past in the Night I should have no doubt of success in the enterprize nor of safety in the Retreat; for secrecy in the undertaking, and celerity in the execution, must mark our conduct whilst consternation and incapacity (even if they had ability) would follow on that of the Enemy as the whole would be the work of a moment. I do but drop the hint, if you and Genl. Clinton upon a consultation, think under all circumstances the measure is practicable and advisable this Letter may be his authority for the undertaking. The Party undertaking both, or either of the expeditions should be promised ample reward in case of success.]
As I am more and more convinced of the necessity of carrying the War into the Indian Country in the Spring, in order to give peace and security to our own Frontier, I [shall be much obliged if you would] turn your attention to that matter, and give me your opinion as the number of Men necessary to answer the purpose; whether they shall not act principally in one Body, and if so, against what point their force shall be directed: or if divided, (the more effectually to distract the Enemy) by what Routes, against what places, and what number of Men in the separate parties.
In making the preparations in your quarter you must be guided by your own opinion, as to the number of Men that will probably rendezvous and march from thence. For this Reason I shall be glad to hear from you, as soon as possible [by Express] that such preparations as shall be necessary in other quarters, may be set on foot without loss of time.
I have desired Genl. Clinton to endeavour to dispose of his force in such a manner as to cover Burnets Field, the place you mention as being of importance upon the Mohawk River. He complains that he has already calls upon him for succour from more quarters than he can attend to, and I have really been obliged to detach so largely from the main Body of the Army, that I cannot consistent with prudence weaken myself further, while the Enemy remain with their present force at New York, [but have counter ordered the March of the Rifle Corps under the Command of Major Posey which I much wanted that the Men might join their respective Regiments.] I am &c.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, January 26, 1779.
My Lord: I have been favd. with yours of the 13th. and 10th. inst. with the several letters and papers they inclosed.
Mr. McHenry has informed me of the failure of the Refugee expedition to the Coast of Monmouth; but he mentions an Account from Genl. Maxwell of a Body of New Levies and Refugees having been embarked, supposed for Georgia. I could wish if it be so, that the numbers might be ascertained with as much precision as possible, and also what force Col. Campbell did actually carry with him besides the 71st. Regt. I have two Reasons for this. One, that a tolerably certain knowledge of the force of the enemy at the southward, will serve as a guide for the measures to be taken for the relief of those States; the other, that we may form a better judgment of the force remaining at New York.
I received the inclosed from Genl. James Clinton a few days ago, it contains a list of those Men who have recovered in the Hospital at Albany, but cannot join their Regs. for want of Cloaths. Be pleased to give the list to the Adjt. Genl. and direct him to send the names to the respective Corps with an order to have the Cloaths collected and sent up to Albany, under the charge of an Officer. Full Cloathing for the sick Absent was drawn at the distribution while at Fredericksburg, and therefore the Regimental Quarter Masters ought to have those now wanting in possession. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 26, 1779.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your favor of the 4th. Decemr., two of the 6th. and one of the 16th. Jany.
The application relative to Lieut. Maxwell I find was answered in my absence from Camp; that respecting a conference intended to serve as a basis for a final negotiation of the exchange of the Convention Troops, you have withdrawn. It only remains therefore for me to say, on the subject of the Flag Ships destined to carry necessaries for your Troops, that whenever it is judged proper to dispatch them from New York, the Passports required will be immediately granted, upon my being made acquainted with the names of the Vessels and their Commanders.
With regard to the most convenient place for discharging their Cargoes I must beg leave to refer you to the Governor of Virginia, who will send directions to Hampton,53 as far as which place my Passports will authorise the Vessels to proceed. I inclose a Letter from His Excelly. The Presidt. of Congress and have the honor to be etc.54
[Note 53: Hampton Roads, Va.]
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 55: At Elizabethtown, N. J.]
Philadelphia, January 26, 1779.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 12th. instant, and one inclosing a return of deficient Cloathing which is without a date. Inclosed you have an order for all the deficiences except the Blankets of which I cannot make a distribution, that will do equal justice, before my return to Camp. You may do as you think proper with those people who the enemy will not admit within their lines. I cannot see what purpose their loitering about the town can answer after they have been denied a reception by the Commandant, upon Staten Island. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 27, 1779.
Sir: I am to request that Congress will be pleased to give directions to have the military chest supplied with a sufficient sum of money to enable me to carry into execution their resolve of the 23d instant for recruiting the army during the war. Every moment is so precious, that it is to be wished no time may be lost in improving this important measure to the greatest advantage.
In the papers from Mr. Beatty referr'd to the Committee of Conference, I find it is mentioned, that "by an agreement made between General Philips57 and myself a number of invalids belonging to the Convention army were to be sent into New York." The agreement referred to was not between General Philips and myself but between him and General Gates. They were permitted to go in, as I have since understood on very strong, if not positive assurances from Genl Philips, that they would be exchanged.
[Note 57: Maj. Gen. William Phillips, of the British Army.]
Inclosed is a letter containing an application to me from Capt Stoddard58 of the dragoons for permission to go to France for the benefit of his health. This it appears, by the certificates accompanying the letter, is recommended to him by his Physicians. As I do not think myself authorised to permit an officer to leave the states, I take the liberty to trouble Congress with a referrence of his case. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 58: Capt. Josiah Stoddard, of the Second Continental Dragoons. Washington wrote Stoddard, this same day (January 27), that his "request of a Furlough to go for a considerable time beyond Sea is the first of the Kind"; he had therefore referred it to Congress. On this same day Congress ordered that a furlough be granted to Captain Stoddard, who wished to go to France for his health. On January 29 Lieut. Col. John Laurens forwarded this order to the captain. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 59: The draft is m the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 60: Of Wethersfield, Conn.]
Philadelphia, January 27, 1779.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 18th instant accompanied by one from Mr. Barrel61 owner of the Privateer Vengeance. It gives me pleasure that the success of this Vessel has put it in
[Note 61: Joseph Barrell, of Boston, Mass., a brother-in-law of Lieutenant Colonel Webb. His letter to Washington, dated Jan. 10, 1779, and Webb's letter of Jan. 18, 1779, are in the Washington Papers.] your power to make an attempt to procure the Exchange of your Brother Colo. Saml. Webb.62 If you can effect it for any of the Gentlemen captured in the Eagle packet, I shall not have the least objection, as I apprehend the owners of the privateer have a right, in disposing of their prisoners, to give a preference to their Friends.
[Note 62: Lieut. Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
You will oblige me by transmitting a list of the Officers taken, with an attested Copy of the obligation entered into by the British Consul, that I may be enabled, in a proper manner, to make a demand of an equal number of our Officers of equal Rank, after your Brother has been released. Should any objections be made on the part of Sir Henry Clinton to complying with the Obligation entered into by the Consul be pleased to furnish me with a copy of them. I am &c.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 27, 1779.
Sir: You are hereby directed to provide with all convenient dispatch Twenty five hundred pack saddles of the cheapest and strongest kind, fit for the purpose of transporting Provisions, Stores and Baggage. I am etc.63
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, January 27, 1779.
Parole Kildair. Countersigns Lar, Man.
Ensign Henry Strupp64 of the German Regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. day of October 1778.
[Note 64: Ensign Henry Strupp (Stroop, Strape) is given as a lieutenant of Flower's Artillery Artificer regiment in May, 1778, by Heitman and is also so given in the official lists in the Pennsylvania Archives; he resigned in December, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, January 28, 1779.
Parole Savannah. Countersigns Campbell, Lincoln.
John Mehelm, Esquire,65 being appointed Commissary of hides for the State of New Jersey with full power and authority to collect and receive all hides, tallow, horns and other useful offal of all the cattle slaughtered in the said State for the use of the Continental Army or any persons whatsoever appertaining to it; All persons belonging to the same are to respect him accordingly and to deliver the articles before mentioned to him or his order and to no other person whatever without orders from the Commander in Chief or General commanding in said State.
[Note 65: Heitman gives a John Mehelm as colonel and quartermaster general of New Jersey Militia from 1776, and Tilghman indorsed his letter to Washington of Apr. 2, 1779, as from "Col. Mehelm."]
The discharge of three pieces of cannon at Major General Lord Stirling's quarters will be the signal of Alarm, in which case the troops are to be instantly put in the position lately ordered.
Philadelphia, January 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favoured with your several letters of December 10th January 11th and 19th.,with their inclosures. They have all been received in this city, where I have been for some time past, entirely engrossed in a variety of important business with Congress, which has put it out of my power, to give them an answer so full and particular as I could wish; and as the same impediment still exists, I must beg to defer it, 'till my arrival in camp, which I hope will be in a few days.
I have some specie at Head Quarters at Middle-Brook; part of which, so soon as I am arrived there shall be forwarded to you for the purposes, you mention. With the greatest esteem etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, January 29, 1779.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose you the Extract of a letter which I recd. a few days ago from His Excellency Governor Clinton,67 and which I am to request you to lay before Congress agreeable to his desire. I have only to add that the settlement and payment of such Accounts as are referred to in the letter, is highly beneficial to our public Credit, and satisfactory to those individuals, who have been obliged to part with their property at a time when the situation of Affairs has rendered it impossible to pass regular Vouchers. If Congress would be pleased to authorise the present Quarter Master and Commissary General to discharge such of those accounts as are certified by Govr. Clinton, it would be the most ready and effectual manner of doing justice to the public and individuals.68 I have the Honor etc.69
[Note 67: This extract of Clinton's letter of Dec. 29, 1778, is filed with this Washington letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The letter itself is in the Washington Papers. It asks for the payment for supplies of flour, cattle, and forage taken from the inhabitants on the west side of the Hudson after the capture of the forts by the British.]
[Note 68: "The Opinion of Congress, respecting the continuation of the Committee of Conference, is, as yet, undetermined. To me it appears proper, as well as necessary, that until they become dissolved, by making a Report on the several Matters committed to them, they should consider an epistolary correspondence with your Excellency on those Subjects to be as much within the Line of their Appointment as personal conferences."-- John Jay to Washington, Jan. 31, 1779. Jay's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 69: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on January 30 and "Order taken thereon." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 30, 1779)]
Philadelphia, January 29, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed you will find two Resolves of Congress of the 23d and 28th. Inst. The first contains some general Regulations for your official Conduct; The latter respects the exchange of those Officers on both sides who have actually violated their paroles. To carry the intention of the Resolve into execution, it becomes necessary, in the first place to ascertain what Officers, British as well as Americans, really come under the description of such as are the objects of the Resolve. I have therefore, proposed to Sir Henry Clinton, that you and Mr. Loring should meet at such times and place as you shall both agree upon, to settle that point. If he accedes I will immediately inform you. You will in the meantime be preparing yourself with proper materials to combat the charges against those of our Officers who assert that they have made their escapes in a justifiable manner, but are claimed as having broke their paroles. And also with proofs to support any claims we may have upon Officers of theirs, under similar circumstances.
Passports for the provision for our prisoners in New York were ordered previous to the Rect. of yours of the 19th. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 29, 1779.
Sir: My long and unexpected stay in this city being attended with many inconveniences to the common business of the army, and in other respects; I feel myself under a necessity of requesting the permission of Congress to return; and if consistent with their views, I should be glad to set out for the camp at Middle-Brook, on Monday next. There are several matters, which have been the subjects of conference between the Committee and myself that are yet undecided, and which, with other points that may occur occasionally, may be proper objects for an intercourse of letters, if it should be the pleasure of Congress to continue the Committee for this purpose; the expedience and propriety of which they will judge. I shall wait the orders of Congress, and have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter was read in Congress the same day, and on January 30 it was "Resolved, That the Commander in Chief have leave to return to the Army, agreeable to his request."
On January 29 Washington wrote a brief note to Congress, forwarding a copy of Du Portails letter of January 27, on the subject of fortifying Boston. This was referred to the Marine Committee. The original letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 30, 1779.
Sir: In consequence of the authority vested in me by Congress of "directing and superintending the military operations in these States," I was led to make enquiry into the State of the Magazines to the Westward. From a late letter of Genl. Mclntosh's to myself, and several to the Board of War, I find that he has been so much distressed for provision, that he has been obliged suddenly to disband all the Militia that were in service, and seems to be very apprehensive that he shall with difficulty subsist the two Continental Regiments and a few Independent Companies, thro' the Winter. I communicated this to the Commissary General of Purchases, and desired him to make an estimate of what Magazines of provisions he could establish at Fort Pitt during the Winter, or time enough in the Spring to commence operations should they be necessary. In answer to this he informed me, that the supply of the Army in the Western department had never been under his direction, and that therefore he did not conceive himself authorized to take any Steps in the matter. I have thought it my duty to represent this to Congress as early as possible that proper enquiries may be made of those who have hitherto had the charge of procuring supplies, whether they have made the necessary arrangements for establishing proper Magazines at Fort Pitt in the Spring, and if they have not, or cannot engage to do it with certainty, it will be necessary without loss of time to authorize the Commissary General of purchases to extend his Commission so as to include the Western operations. He, from transacting his Business upon a very large scale, is more likely to be acquainted with the general Resources of the Country, and consequently more able to supply our wants, than those who have been confined to a particular district. If the Commissary General is to undertake the establishment of the Magazines, he should immediately be made acquainted with it, that he may begin to put matters in a train for moving the provision from below as soon as the State of the Roads will admit, as I take it for granted that none can go farther than the foot of the Mountains during the Winter. I fear, notwithstanding our utmost exertions, it will be late before sufficient Magazines can be formed, especially of Flour, the Crops beyond the Allegahany having been generally lost last summer by the evacuation of the Country. The transportation of that Article therefore must be very distant. I hope Congress will view this matter in the same important light that I do, and that whatever their determination may be, it be as speedy as the case will admit. In addition to what I have said, I shall only remark that many good consequences result from having all the Branches of the same department under one head, and that irregularity and want of system generally prevail throughout those that are detached and uncontrouled by a superintending Power.
The Commissary General informs me that he has pressing Calls to the Eastward to regulate some matters in his department. This is a further reason why he should know quickly if he is to undertake the formation of the Western Magazines, that he may, if it should be so, give the necessary orders before his departure. I have the Honor etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on February 1. "Acted on." The Journals of the Continental Congress of that day state:
"Resolved, That the Commander-in-Chief give such directions as he may think proper for arranging the commissary's and quarter master's departments to the westward, any resolutions of Congress notwithstanding; and that for his information the secretary be directed to lay before him the several letters on that subject from Colonel G. Morgan to Congress; and that the Board of War communicate to him all necessary intelligence that may have come to them respecting the same subject."]
Philadelphia, January 30, 1779.
Gentlemen: In answer to your question respecting the Sum to be furnished the Military Chest, for carrying into execution the Resolve of Congress of the 23d inst. I am to inform you that Five hundred thousand Dollars will in my opinion be a sufficient foundation to commence upon.
A farther Supply will be required in the ordinary course, as appears from the following State contained in a Letter from the Deputy Pay Master of the 21st inst. he says there are now in the Military Chest 380,000 Dolls. which after the Army is paid for October and the Money of the two Emissions exchanged pursuant to order of Congress, will not leave sufficient for the Month of November. He concludes with saying that five or six hundred thousand Dollars, will pay November and December, allowing for such exigencies as may arise; this I submit to the board and have the honor of being etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Philadelphia, January 30, 1779.
Sir: I am this moment honored with your letter of the 28th.
I beg leave to inform you that my charge with respect to the Convention troops extended only to their march from Cambridge to Charlotteville; and when they have arrived there will cease of course. The arrangements for their accommodation there, have been conducted under the direction of Congress. But I cannot have the least doubt, that every possible provision has been and will be made to render their situation as comfortable as circumstances will permit. Barracks are built and building for their reception; and by accounts, just received, will probably be completed as fast as the several divisions arrive. Colonel Lewis74 of Virginia, is appointed to the command; and Mr. Hervy75 is to act as Commissary of Prisoners. From the established characters of these gentlemen, every thing that justice honor or humanity dictates may be expected. I promise myself, with pleasure, that General Reidesel's peculiar situation will experience the attention to which it is intitled.
[Note 74: Col. Charles Lewis, of the Fourteenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 75: John Harvie(?), who was colonel of Virginia Militia from 1776 to 1781.]
The inclosed letter which you will perceive was written previous to the receipt of your last contains an answer to that part of it which relates to the subject of Flagg-ships for conveying necessaries to the Convention troops. You will excuse my not permitting an officer to pass with your dispatches to New York; as I think the purpose may be equally well answered without it. The mode most convenient for your communication with New York will be to transmit your dispatches to me; and you may rely they shall be forwarded in the most punctual and expeditious manner.
I am Sorry to find the troops are in such immediate want of money and necessaries. I imagined they would have been supplied in passing the North River, as I had signified my consent to Sir Henry Clinton, that he might send up that River, any necessaries they should require. With great respect, I have the honor, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, January 31, 1779.
Parole Dephford. Countersigns Semlin, Elbe.
The Morristown guard to be increased to a Captains command and relieved monthly 'till further orders.
The officers will see that all the Ammunition now in the men's hands be returned to the Regimental Quarter Masters, and in future when their men return from guard or detachments they are in like manner to see it turned in.
Philadelphia, January 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. without date inclosing a Return of the Troops to the Westward and Colo. Gibson's letter and message from the Indians. I make no doubt but you have a sufficiency of difficulties to struggle with, but am glad to find that the steps you have taken have given at least a temporary relief to the Inhabitants upon the frontier, and I hope by pursuing a steady and properly concerted plan next Campaign we may, if we cannot engage the friendship of the savages, reduce them to the necessity of remaining quiet. To effect this, it is determined, at present, to carry the War into the Indian Country next Spring as early as the season and the state of our Magazines will admit. No particular plan is yet fixed, nor are the places which will be the most proper objects of attack yet marked out. But as we may conclude that Fort Pitt will be one of the principal places from whence we shall commence our operations. I must desire you will immediately upon the Rect. of this set about making the following preparations and collecting the necessary intelligence of the state of the Country, Waters &c. over which we shall probably pass.
It will in the first place be necessary to provide Batteaus or Canoes, (which-ever may be thought most suitable for the Waters of that Country) for 1000 or 1200 Men, and endeavour to form Magazines sufficient for the same number for three or four months. From your letter to me and those to the Board of War, I imagine you will be able to do little towards the latter, as the provision must chiefly go from below, I shall therefore endeavour to put matters in a proper train for the formation of Magazines as early as possible, before I leave this town.
I would wish you to have the Country well explored between Pittsburg and Detroit by the way of Tuscarawas, and also the water Conveyances to that post (Detroit) by the Scioto and other waters, leading out of the Ohio towards Lake Erie, and the distance of portage between the heads of those Rivers and the Waters of the Lake. Attention should also be paid to the face of the Country, whether wet or dry, level or broken, and how furnished with herbage. I would also have you make yourself perfectly informed of the Water and land communication between Pittsburg and Presquisle; what kind of Craft can pass up French Creek (or River la Beuf) and whether such Craft can be transported across from French Creek to the Lake, and if they can, whether they would be of sufficient size and strength to coast it along Lake Erie. The Road from la Beuf to Presquisle is probably much out of repair, it will therefore be necessary that those who are sent to gain information should take particular notice of its condition and whether it would be a work of much labour and time to make it passable for a Body of Men with the common incumbrances of Stores, Baggage &c. If the Batteaus or Canoes that are built in the Ohio can be carried from the River la Beauf to Presquille can live in Lake Erie (I mean by coasting) and could pass in defiance of the Enemy's armed Vessels upon the Lake, I should not hesitate to pronounce this the easiest, cheapest and safest Rout to Detroit should that be made the object: But if an expedition against the Indians of the Six Nations should be determined upon in preference to the other, it will be necessary to enquire how far the Force assembled at Pittsburg seemingly with an intent to operate either against the Indians upon the Ohio or agt. Detroit may be turned to a cooperation with other Bodies from Albany from the Susquehannah, or perhaps from both. To form a judgment of the practicability of this, the distance between Fort Pitt and the Country of the six Nations especially the Senecas, who are most numerous, warlike and inimical of the whole, should be exactly ascertained, and whether the Country is generally level or hilly, dry or swampy.
If there are more Routes than one, that which admits of most water carriage should be preferr'd, for obvious reasons.
When the Northern Indians go to War with the Southern, they fall into the Allegahany River and come down from thence [to] Fort Pitt. Whether they travel by land to the Allegahany or whether they make use of any water Carriage is a matter worth enquiring into. they probably make use of the easiest and most expeditious Route, and if it serves them to come down to the southward, it will be equally useful to us should we penetrate their Country. let it also be inquired how far this Route is wide of the falls of Niagara and Lake Erie.
Persons (either Indians or Whites) of trust should be hired for the several purposes before mentioned; they should not know that we ourselves are undetermined as to the plan of our operations, and then each party will suppose that the Route which they are sent to explore is the one by which we mean to carry on an expedition.
If they betray the confidence reposed in them, they will deceive the Enemy in every quarter but that which may happen to be our real object. As the force collected at and the preparations made at Fort Pitt will point equally every way, it will add to the distraction of the enemy should they find out that we are making enquiries concerning the different Routes leading to their posts.
Should our Arms be turned against the Six Nations, and the Indians upon the Ohio and Country West of it shew a disposition for peace, they should be encouraged in it by all means, as it would be bad policy to irritate them while we are imployed another way. If we can reduce or force the Six Nations to a submission, it will have an admirable effect upon all the Western tribes, who tho' perhaps full as powerful in fact, yet pay the utmost respect to them, and would not willingly offend a people who had chastised the most warlike Nations.
You will inquire what Roads and passes lead from the Northwestern Frontiers of Pennsylvania to Veningo and other places upon the Alleghany River above that post, and whether supplies for Troops in that quarter can be transported by such Roads or passes upon pack horses. You will inform yourself of the times that the Grass will have gained sufficient growth to subsist your Cattle and Horses and the Waters have fallen so as to make such of them fordable, as are to be passed without Boats, that we may not begin to move from the Northward before you are ready. For whether there shall be a cooperation between your force and that from Albany and Susquehannah, or whether you act entirely in a different quarter from them every good consequence will result from the attacks being commenced at the same time.
I would recommend it to you immediately to discharge every useless mouth, that your Magazines may be spared as much as possible.
After having obtained the best information that you can upon the several points before mentioned, given necessary orders for the establishment of Magazines so far as the circumstances and situation of things in that part of the Country will admit, and seen the Batteaus or Canoes in a proper train for execution, you will be pleased to repair to Head Quarters that something precise and definitive may be determined in a personal conference respecting the operations of the Campaign. You had better bring, or send before you if it will save time, a list of such Stores as will in your opinion be necessary for the execution of either of the plans before mentioned.
Congress having by a late Resolve77 (Copy of which you have inclosed) vested me with the power of directing and superintending the military operations in all the departments in these States, the Board of War have delivered me all the papers relating to the Affairs to the Westward and you will therefore probably not hear from them in answer to your late letters.
[Note 77: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 23, 1779.]
You may be assured of every assistance from me to enable you to execute the objects of your command with satisfaction to the public and yourself as I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your Excellency's two letters of the 9th and 15th inst. As the deserters of the Convention Troops apprehended in Jersey, cannot at present be conveniently disposed of, I must entreat that measures may be taken for Securing them, 'till orders can be given for their Removal. With regard to the two whose evidence you think will serve to convict the seducers of the party, there can be no objection to their being detained till that end is answered.
The request of Your Excellency and the Council founded on the scarcity of forage has been anticipated by my orders to send from Camp into the neighbouring States Horses of every denomination that are not indispensible in Winter Quarters. No Corps of Cavalry remains in Jersey except Major Lee's, which is quartered in the lower part of the Country where the Quarter Master informed me there would be a sufficient supply of forage with least inconvenience to the Inhabitants.
In the hurry of Affairs I omitted informing your Excelly. that I had ordered a party under Colo. North79 into Monmouth County with a view of restraining the Malpractices which prevailed there, this measure may lighten the service of the Militia, as the party may supply the place of so many who wd be otherwise employed on that duty. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 79: Lieut. Col. Caleb North, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.
A description of Washington, written in January, 1779, by Johann Konrad Döhla, a soldier in the Brandenburg-Anspach Regiment of the German Allies of Britain, is interesting. Döhla had been a schoolmaster. His original diary, which contains this description, is in the Bayerische Staatsarchiv, Bamberg; a photograph of this part of it is in the Library of Congress, which may be translated as follows:
"The great General Washington is of medium but stately size soldierly countenance, and although he is advanced in years, that is, over 50, still he is in good blooming health, in his whole demeanor very reserved and cautious, of few words and likes solitude rather than great gatherings.... He often visits.... his field and camp posts quite alone and converses often with a sentry.... He is not in the least proud and haughty, speaks often more kindly and more friendly to a sentry than to a staff officer. With strangers he is reserved even when they are recommended to him by Congress. All negligence in duty he punishes severely, but to the recruits he is kind and indulgent, until they thoroughly understand the drill and war articles.... He is soft hearted and very seldom and then not willingly is present at military punishments.... Brave actions are by him immediately rewarded. He is very humane towards the prisoners who fall into his hands and looks after their care as best he can.... He is also married and has a pretty wife...."]
Philadelphia, February 1, 1779.
Sir: A quantity of forage having been provided at Baltimore, for the reception of a small body of Cavalry; You will on receipt of this, detach two troops of the regiment under your command to that place, one of which for particular reasons, I desire to be Capt. Hopkins.83 This will contribute to the more easy accomodation, and subsistence of the Regiment. I am etc.84
[Note 83: On this same day (February 1) Washington wrote to Capt. David Hopkins, First Continental Dragoons, that he could not grant his plea for a furlough, but had directed that his troop be stationed at Baltimore. "I shall be glad if this arrangement may answer your purpose, instead of a furlough." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The original signed letter, in the possession of Mr. A. Philippe von Hemert, of New York City, varies from the draft in minor particulars.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, February 2, 1779.
Parole Rothwell. Countersigns Foy, Pekin.
All the non commissioned officers and soldiers quartered upon the inhabitants are immediately to join their respective regiments in camp and none in future to lodge out of it.
A General Court Martial of the line to sit next Friday the 5th. instant, 10 o'clock A.M. at the Court Martial room for the trial of all such persons as shall come before it.
Colonel C. Hall85 is appointed president; Lieutt. Colonel Gaskins,86 Major Mentges,87 two Captains from Woodfords, two from Muhlenberg's two from the 1st Pennsylvania and one from each of the other brigades on the ground to attend as members.
[Note 85: Col Josias Carvil Hall, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment.]
[Note 86: Lieut. Col. Thomas Gaskins, of the Third Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 87: Maj. Francis Mentges, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment, to date from October, 1778.]
The Brigade Majors of the Virginia and Maryland line are furnished with the names of such men belonging to those States who are now in the Hospitals at Albany but are unable to return to camp for want of clothes; The commanding officers of their respective Regiments will send clothing to the Court Martial room next Friday, ten o'clock for their men agreeable to the lists, where a waggon will be ready to take them in. An officer from the Virginia line to superintend the conveyance of the cloathing and deliver them to the men at Albany and conduct the men to camp. He is to call at the Orderly Office for instructions.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, February 4, 1779.,
Parole Newcastle. Countersigns Ilmen, Maro.
The Brigade Majors are reminded of the standing General Order to bring in their general returns, punctually, every Saturday at Orderly time.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 5, 1779.90
[Note 90: The Commander in Chief arrived at Middlebrook and resumed command of the Army on February 5. (See Washington's letter to Gov. Patrick Henry, Feb. 7, 1779, post.)]
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose the Copy of a Resolve of Congress of the 28th. ulto. respecting the Exchange or return of Officers as well British as American who may have actually violated their paroles. That the intention of this Resolve may be the more readily and effectually carried into execution, I would propose that our respective Commissaries of Prisoners91 may meet at such time and place as they themselves shall agree upon, to determine what Officers, on both sides, come strictly under the description of violaters of their paroles, and then to account for them mutually, according to the principles and agreements which have hitherto regulated their Exchanges. I have had the honor of receiving your far. of the 23d. ulto. and am to thank you for your ready attention to the representation in behalf of Brower and Loshier. I have the Honor &ca.92
[Note 91: John Beatty, of the Continental Army, and Joshua Loring, of the British Army.]
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 5th. and 30th. ulto. In one of my late letters I desired that you might take such steps with the mutineers in Genl. Huntington's Brigade, as you, upon consultation with the principal Officers, should judge most proper.
I am pleased to hear of the success of the two whale Boats against the victualling transports, such strokes are beneficial to us, and at this time highly distressing to the Enemy.
Be pleased to take the first opportunity of forwarding the enclosed letters to Major Talmadge, and Capt. Stoddard93 particularly to the latter, as it is of immediate consequence to him. I am etc.94
[Note 93: See note 58 to Washington's letter to Congress, Jan. 27, 1779, ante.]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 28th. ulto. inclosing C--, No. 7. Altho' he does not at present purpose giving any further intelligence untill the Middle of March; yet I hope if any thing of importance should come to his knowledge in the mean time he will communicate it. If you have an opportunity of letting him know this, be pleased to signify it to him. I am, etc.94
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, February 6, 1779.
Parole Leyden. Countersigns Kendal, Jago.
The Commander in Chief approves the orders issued by Major General Lord Stirling during his command at this camp and thanks him for his endeavours to preserve order and discipline and the property of the Farmers in the Vicinity of camp: He doubts not but the officers of every rank from a just sense of the importance of securing to others, the blessings which they themselves are contending for, will use their utmost vigilance to maintain those privileges, and prevent abuses as nothing can redound more to their personal honor and the reputation of their respective corps.
The views of Congress founded on the disadvantages which have arisen from the number of Purchasers or Contractors of hide and the absolute propriety of reducing the business of Contracts to a settled system for the sake of regularity in accounts, and equal justice to the troops, make it necessary to suspend the order of the 1st. of January so far as it respects the distribution of hides; But the General will thank any officer for informing the Commissary of hides of the names of such persons as are willing to give shoes in exchange for raw hides and the Commissary is hereby ordered to contract for them accordingly and see that they are delivered to the Clothier General or his deputy for the use of the Army.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, February 7, 1779.
Parole Inverness. Countersigns Nile, Hercules.
The Honble the Continental Congress having been pleas'd by their resolve of the 23rd. of January last to direct,
That the Commander in Chief be authorized and directed to take the most effectual measures, to reinlist for the continuance of the war, all such of the continental troops as are not expressly engaged for that period ... to complete the battalions to their proper complement; and for those purposes, besides the bounties of cloathing, and ... land heretofore provided by Congress, for encouraging the recruiting service, to grant to each able bodied soldier now in the service, and who shall voluntarily re-enlist during the war, a bounty according to the circumstances of his present engagement, but not to exceed in any case 200 dollars.
The Commander in Chief therefore engages to every able bodied soldier whose time of service will expire between this and the last day of June next and who shall reinlist during the War, a bounty of two hundred dollars besides the usual bounties of land and clothing.
And to every able-bodied soldier who shall reinlist to serve during the War whose time of service extends beyond the last day of June next, a bounty of one hundred dollars besides the usual bounties of land and cloathing. As an encouragement to the officers to exert themselves in the reinlistment of the men, The Honorable, the Congress have been pleased to allow ten dollars pr. man for every man so reinlisted and who shall pass muster.
The Officers of one State are not on any account to endeavour to reinlist the men of another; neither are the officers of one regiment, for the present, to reinlist the men of another. The commanding officers of regiments are to call at Head Quarters for Warrants for reinlisting money.
Officers are to make use of every precaution to avoid being imposed upon by those who have been already inlisted for the War. Regimental returns of the names of the men reenlisted to be made monthly to the officers commanding brigades, who are to make brigade returns to the Adjutant General, to be by him transmitted to the Commander in Chief.95
[Note 95: Washington wrote (February 8) to Col. George Gibson, of the First Virginia State Regiment, and Lieutenant Colonel Dabney, of the Second Virginia State Regiment, that "The General Orders of yesterday on the subject of reinlisting Soldiers who have not engaged to serve during the war, are to be regarded as extending to the Virginia State Regiments. You will therefore conduct yourself accordingly, in reinlisting such men under your command as come under that description." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Arrangement and rank of the officers of the Virginia line, as settled by the Committee of Arrangement at the White Plains is immediately to take place, and the officers are to repair to, and take rank in the respective regiments, to which they were appointed.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I had the honor of receiving yours of the 9th ulto. while at Philada. from whence I returned two days ago. I have not yet had an opportunity of consulting the Officers of the Virginia line upon the most proper and agreeable mode of carrying the Act of the State, intended for their benefit and that of the troops, into execution; but I myself am at present of opinion that the Six Months pay allotted to the privates had better be paid out in some kind of necessaries or applied to the use of their families than paid into their own hands. I will however inform you the moment I obtain their opinions, and at the same time make you the Return of those entitled to the State Bounty.
I will take care to appoint either a General or Field Officer to superintend the recruiting service in Virginia, but it will not be in my power to give him authority to liquidate or settle any old accounts between the State and Continent. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your several favors of the 26th. and 27th. Ultimo with that of the 1st. Instant.
Inclosed you have a copy of the arrangement of the New Jersey Regiments as made out by the committee of arrangement appointed by Congress. You will observe that all the officers, subordinate to a Major have the respective dates of their commissions regularly ascertained, but that the dates of the superior officers are left open.
In case the relative rank of these officers cannot be amicably settled among themselves, it will be proper to have their claims discussed by a board of field officers, or, such as are totally disinterested in the matter. As Colonel Martin97 has declined the service it may make the arrangement easier should it be found necessary to recur to the determination of a board of field or General officers. You will be pleased to order a flag with the packet for Sir Henry Clinton &c. I am etc.98
[Note 97: Col. Ephraim Martin. He had been wounded at the Battle of Long Island while commanding a New Jersey Militia regiment and had been appointed to the command of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment in November, 1776]
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 99: Then at Minisink, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 7, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 9th. 10th. and 15th. January with their several inclosures, which I have not had an opportunity of answering before.
Count Pulaski's Legion being ordered by a Resolve of Congress of the 2nd. Instant (Copy of which you have enclosed) to repair to South Carolina, you will be pleased to direct the Officer commanding the Infantry of the Legion to march immediately, by the shortest Route to Lancaster where he will meet orders for his future destination. There is a small corps under the immediate command of Capt. Schott,1which formerly belonged to Colo. Armands old and now attached to his new Corps. As they are unhappy in their situation on account
[Note 1: Capt. John Paul Schott, of the Independent Pennsylvania Company, which was attached to Ottendorff's corps the end of December, 1776; attached to Armand's corps early in 1777. He was taken prisoner at Short Halls, N. J., in June, 1777; his name appears on Armand's return of Sept. 1, 1778, as prisoner.] of a disagreement in point of Rank, I have thought it best that they shall also march to the Southward with Pulaski's Legion. You will therefore give Capt. Schott orders to march to Lancaster, where he will also find orders how to proceed.
Count Kokowski,2 arrived in Philada. before the proceedings of the Court Martial held upon him, he has I believe returned or is about to return to Europe, and consequently you will have no more trouble with him. I fancy had he staid he would not have been able to have made the Man he abused any reparation for his damages.
[Note 2: Count Kotkowski (Kolkowski). He was a captain in Pulaski's Legion, and had abused David Wesfall, of Minisink, N.Y., and damaged his property.]
To replace the Corps before mentioned I have directed the Officer commanding the German Battalion now at Easton to hold himself ready to obey your orders for marching3 You will therefore order that Battalion to join you, except you think they may remain where they are 'till the approach of the season for action, as they are more easily subsisted in their present quarters than at Minisink.
[Note 3: This order, dated Feb. 8, 1779, in the writing of James McHenry, is in the Washington Papers.]
Although all thoughts of an Indian expedition are laid aside for the Winter, I do not know but we may be induced to prosecute one in the Spring should circumstances demand it and the situation of Affairs on the sea Coast admit of it; I would therefore have you be making every possible enquiry in the course of this winter, of those who are best informed, of the different Routs leading to the Country of the Six Nations by land and Water, having particular regard to the distances, face of the Country, and kind of navigation.
Colo. Butler need not at present be making any preparations at Wyoming. Should any operations be determined upon, which are to be carried on by the waters of Susquehannah perhaps building the necessary Boats lower down may be more proper, as it would not awaken the suspicions of the Enemy. They can easily be carried up to any part of the [river] where they may be wanted. I would not wish you to entrust any person with the true reason of making enquiry concerning the Routes to the Indian Country. Let it seem as if intended to satisfy your own Curiosity. Be pleased to mark down the different accounts you receive and transmit them to me when you think they are sufficiently full, noting the names of the persons from whom you receive your information.
Upon a supposition that an expedition will be carried into the Indian Country from Susquehannah I should be glad to be informed where you think would be the most proper place to establish a Magazine for the supply of the troops destined for that Service, having particular regard to the safety of the position. After having satisfied yourselves as to the most probable Route, it will be well to have some place reconnoitered upon that Route to which we may advance a post for the security of the main Body, while they are assembling and preparing for their march.
Inclosed you have the General Order of Yesterday for the reinlistment of all Men in the Continental Army who are engaged for a limited time. Be pleased to have them published to the troops under your command, and if the commanding Officers of Corps find any of their Men willing to accept of the terms, let them specify the number and send down an Officer for recruiting Money. I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I have determined that Captn Schott's Corps shall remain where they are, as I find they occupy a small detached post.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, February 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: Colonel Udney Hay, communicated to me, a proposal of Mr. Weeks a D. W. General a late inhabitant of Long Island of considerable Property and the person, who will deliver you this letter. Mr. Weeks represents that there are several sawmills, on Long Island, very valuable to the enemy, and easy of access to a small party; and that he is willing to conduct a party for the purpose of destroying them.
Should you find upon a proper inquiry; from the situation of the mills; the disposition of the enemy's force on the Island; and the distance of the mills from this force; that there is a strong certainty of succeeding in such an attempt, with a small party, I have no objection to your putting it into execution.5 In case you adopt the scheme, you will take such measures as may seem best calculated to insure the destruction of the mills and the safe return of the party. I am, etc.6
[Note 5: "I am much obliged to you for your information, and have inclosed a letter to Genl. Putnam on the subject which you will be pleased to put into the hands of Mr. Weeks, who will deliver it to Genl. Putnam, and take measures with the General (in case he approves of the scheme) for its execution."-- Washington to Udny Hay, Feb. 10, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 8, 1779.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 2d and 5th instants with the Resolves of the 2d and 4th inclosed. I have dispatched orders to the Infantry of Count Pulaski's Legion to march immediately from Minisink to Lancaster, at which place they will expect a Route and further orders for proceeding. The Horse of the Legion not being in this Quarter will receive orders from the Count himself.
In obedience to the Resolve of the 4th directing Count Pulaski and Colo. Armand to cornpleat their Corps of Infantry to the full compliment, I have informed them of the terms on which Recruits for the War are to be raised: But it will rest with Congress to give them proper authority to recruit, as I do not conceive that any of the States will suffer them to inlist Men within their Bounds without a special licence for that purpose. I have informed them of this, and have desired them to make application to Congress on the subject.
I am informed by Colo. Laumoy7 that he is already ordered by Genl. Duportail to repair to South Carolina.
[Note 7: Of the Continental Engineers. He was wounded at Stono Ferry, S.C., in June, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston in May, 1780; exchanged in 1781; retired in October, 1783.
"Col. Laumoy ... is instructed to proceed with all possible expedition to take your orders in South Carolina, and his Conduct while he has been attached to this army leaves me no room to doubt that he will give satisfaction."-- Washington to Lincoln, Feb. 8, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall take every possible measure to compleat the arrangement of the Army as expeditiously as possible and have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter was read in Congress on February 10 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, February 8, 1779.
Sir: I recd. your favor of the 5th. Inst. In consequence of the resolution of Congress of the 2nd. Inst. directing your Legion to South Carolina "to act under the command of Major Genl. Lincoln, or the commanding officer of the Southern department" I have ordered the Infantry of your corps which were stationed at the Minisink to march immediately to Lancaster in Pennsylvania.
You will be pleased to inform yourself of the nearest route to your place of destination, and put the troops in motion as soon as possible. I make no doubt but that you will give such orders as may seem best calculated to facilitate the march, without over fatiguing the men or rendering the horses unfit for service, as well as do every thing in your power to keep the men together, and prevent the destruction of property.
[Congress by a Resolve of the 4th. Inst. direct the recruiting of your corps of infantry to its full compliment. But for powers and money for this purpose I must refer you to that honble. body. When you have obtained these you will proceed in the execution of the business. The present established bounty is 200 Dollars to every man enlisting for the war, and land and Cloathing besides the usual allowances after passing muster; and 20 Dollars to the officer for every man recruited, under this description. To this is added, three dollars per day to the officer on the service as a compensation for extra expences.]
The detached corps under Captn Schott cannot be spared at this time. You will be pleased to give orders to the horse of your Legion to proceed with your Infantry. I am etc.
P.S. You will disencumber the troops of all baggage which you can spare and carry only such as cannot be dispensed with.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. With slight verbal variation that part of the above letter which is inclosed in brackets was sent, thus same date (February 8), to Colonel Armand-Tuffin. The original is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, February 8, 1779.
Sir: Congress have by an act of the 2nd. inst. directed me to order an Engineer to proceed to South Carolina for the service of the southern department, if I shd. judge it necessary.
As I think the presence of a skilful Engineer indispensible in that Country I am to desire that you will detach one of the Corps, with directions to repair to Charles Town and take the orders of Major General Lincoln or the Officer commanding in that Department. The choice of the person I leave to yourself and have only to add that from the importance of the service he cannot be too expeditious in his journey. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 9, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor of your Excellency's favr. of the 5th. instant11 inclosing sundry Resolves of the Executive Council respecting the Conduct of Major General Arnold during his command in the City of Philada. Previous to the Rect. of your letter, General Arnold, who had arrived at Head Quarters the day before, had shewn me a letter from the Council to him accompanied by a Copy of the same Resolves, in which they advise him that a Copy was also laid before Congress.12 This relieved me from some doubts which arose in my mind respecting the line of conduct, which the Council might expect me to pursue. For as the matter is before Congress, that Honble. Body will no doubt decide upon the measures proper to be taken in the Affair.
[Note 11: Neither Reed's letter nor the resolves of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, which were dated Feb. 3, 1779, are now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 12: These resolves are not now found among the Papers of the Continental Congress. This action of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania resulted from Arnold's handling of the application of a Miss Levy for a passport to go into New York City, which affronted the Council and seems to have brought matters to a head in the conflict of authority between Arnold, as military commandant in Philadelphia, and the civil power. Miss Levy was involved in the coil of charges against David Franks and the Council charged Arnold with indecency and disrespect toward it. It is only fair to Arnold to call attention to Washington's criticism of the Supreme Executive Council's laxity in the matter of granting passports to women to enter New York City, in his letter of Feb. 12, 1779, to President Joseph Reed, q. v.]
I should have replied to yours of the 19th January respecting Colo. Atlees claim to rank before I left Philada. had I not understood by a paper which was afterwards put into my hands, that the Delegates of Pennsylvania were instructed by the Council to represent the matter to Congress.
I have a high opinion of Colo. Atlees merit and abilities as an Officer, but I do not see how he can be at this time promoted to the Rank of Brigadier. As the State have only two Brigades in the Field they of course will only require two Brigadiers. They already have one, General Wayne, supposing General Hand to be out of the question, to supply the place of the other, Colonels Magaw and Irvine being senior Officers have both superior pretentions to Colonel Atlee. If in the captivity of Colo. Magaw it is thought necessary to fill the place with another, Colo. Irvine will by right of seniority be the person. I have the honor etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: In my letter of the 29th. Ulto. I briefly acknowledged the receipt of your favours of the 10th of december 11th and 19th of Jany. and promised you a particular answer to their contents so soon as I should be disengaged from the variety of pressing business in which I was, at that time, immersed. I returned to Camp; three days since;14 and embrace the earliest opportunity of resuming your letters; though from a multiplicity of business incident to my arrival, I shall not have it in my power to be as full and as minute as I could wish. I shall however endeavour to comprehend the most important
[Note 14: February 5, not 6, as apparently here stated.] parts; and shall include your subsequent letters of the 25th of Jany. and 4th instant. I persuade myself, my dear Sir, you need no assurances of my perfect confidence and esteem. The occasions are too numerous and unequivocal in which it has been testified to make the assistance of words necessary to your conviction. So far as I have been concerned in the disposition; if you have not always been employed in a manner most agreeable to yourself, you have at least been employed; as far as circumstances would permit, where the nature of the service in my judgment made the talents and qualifications of a good officer, requisite. My opinion of your merit has had a principal share in regulating my choice of the stations you have been appointed to fill. I sincerely regret the instances you enumerate, in which you have found your feelings wounded from another quarter; but you will remember, my dear Sir, that we are young in the business in which we are engaged; and that more of our errors proceed from inexperience and inadvertency than from an inclination to do wrong.
With respect to the nature of your present command, you will recollect, that by the last arrangement of Congress, it was comprehended in the Northern department, and cannot therefore be considered as seperate. The peculiar situation of the different commands on the East side of the North River will more especially preclude the idea, at this time. You intimate a desire to know, whether you will continue where you are, till the opening of the next campaign. As far as I am able to judge of the matter, I should answer in the affirmative; but what changes Congress may hereafter think proper to make, or the exigencies of military service may require, it is not in my power to foresee.
The distresses of the posts under your command for the articles of flour and forage are truly embarrassing. They are the more deplorable; as similar ones are felt in every other part. This camp has been, not long since, reduced to an alarming extremity for the want of forage. The truth is, there is a real scarcity of the two articles. The country is in a great degree exhausted, and our money is of so little value, that it affords hardly any temptation to the farmers to furnish what they have. I have however conversed with the Commissary General on the subject of flour, and he thinks, there will be no danger of your suffering materially on that account, if the situation of the roads will permit transportation.
He intends in a few days to pay you a visit, and assures me he will do everything in his power to prevent a deficiency in his department. On your part I am convinced no exertions will be omitted to remedy the inconveniences, under which you labour; and the measures you have already taken appear to be well calculated for the purpose.
Danbury and its dependencies derive their supplies East of Hudson's River. I wish our prospect with respect to Cannon was better than it is. An early application was made for the Sommerset's cannon but it was refused. The state of Massachusetts reserves it to fortify the harbour of Boston. An estimate was made some time since, by General Du Portail at my desire, and transmitted to Congress of the quantity and sizes of cannon necessary for the Highland posts; but I have as yet received no satisfactory information of a supply. I directed General Knox in some arrangements he has been lately making with Congress relative to the Ordinance department, to make this a particular object of his attention. I shall also direct him to furnish you with the mortars you mention, in addition to those already at the post. The cannon wanted for Kings ferry must for the present be taken from West Point. The addition of two small bomb batteries to those works will be an useful expedient.
When you have completed your intended survey of the works at West point, I shall be obliged to you for communicating the result as you propose. From the manner in which you speak of employing Mr. Gouvion in this business, I am in doubt whether Col: Koshiosko still remains at West Point, or not. As he has not been removed by my order or permission, I should imagine he is still there. If he is, he will inform you of the plan agreed upon between General Du Portail and myself, which he was instructed in the first place to carry into execution, afterwards to receive such additions or improvements, as might be found necessary to render the plan more perfect. I have spoken to General Du Portail, on your request concerning Col. De la Radiere or Gouvion. Whether the former will be sent or the latter continued will depend on circumstances which are not now decided. But if Koshiosko be still at West Point, as he is a senior officer he must of necessity have the chief direction.
Your observation on the inconveniance of the regimental pay Masters coming to Head Quarters is just. To obviate it, so soon as the military chest receives a supply, which is momently expected, I shall send a person in the pay Master Generals line to pay off the troops on the other side the river. He will also be authorized to discharge any accounts, which may have arisen for contingent expences at the respective posts.
I mentioned to you in my last that on my arrival at this place, I should send you some hard money. I only wait to forward it by a safe hand. Fifty guineas are all my stock will spare; but as you express a desire to have a larger sum, I shall immediately transmit your application for that purpose to Congress.
I am sorry our stock of cloathing will not admit of a discretionary power being lodged with the officers commanding at detached posts, for supplying the men under their command. The want of system in the cloathing department renders it impossible to make regular distributions to the several posts of the quantity proper for each; and as there is a very scant and inadequate supply for the whole, if the power of directing issues were placed in a variety of hands, the consequence would be, that particular corps would be completely furnished, while others were left wholly destitute. The want of a general knowledge of our means and of our wants in some and partiality in others would naturally produce this effect. There will indeed occur some cases of necessity which will oblige an officer to exercise the power in question. The instance you mention is of this nature; but whenever it can be avoided, it will be left to do it.
It is the province of the Quarter Master General to provide for the artificers and others of a similar description. I have understood he has done it. That part of your letter which relates to this subject shall be communicated to him, in order that relief may be afforded. The inconvenience of which you complain, of drawing artificers from the posts under your direction for the Northern service, I believe will cease. In the distribution of blankets to the army, it has been customary to give a proportionable number of the small ones to make them equivalent to the intended number of the common size. I am very much obliged to you for your sentiments on the proposed Northern operations. Your remarks appear to me [to have great weight and] to be well [worthy] the most [attentive consideration].15
[Note 15: At this point the following is crossed out in the draft: "After a more close intimate view o[ our resources finances and prospects, Congress have determined to lay aside their views with respect to this object and have directed that the preparations towards it should cease."]
You hint a suspicion, that some of the Commissaries are concerned in carrying on a traffic for provisions with the enemy. If it were possible to detect any of them, it would be worth all the pains that could be bestowed upon it. I request you will try every expedient in your power to make a thorough discovery.
With respect to calling for returns from the purchasing Commissaries, there can be no doubt of its propriety. An officer otherwise could not know what he had to depend upon, and the concealment would be liable to the abuses you suggest. You will therefore insist upon a compliance. I mentioned the matter to Colonel Wadsworth, who is on all occasions very reasonable, and, I dare say, will rectify the misapprehension of his deputies.
Though the removal of Poor's brigade to the Highlands would be attended with the advantages you have in view; yet there are objections to it, some of which will occur to you, that prevent my adopting the measure [at this particular juncture.]
With respect to the party from General Putnam's division, to join the advanced corps from yours, I should not choose to interfere in an arrangement of this nature; but I most ardently wish there could be a perfect co-operation, between you, [agreeable to my instructns. on this head], as I am convinced the covering the country effectually and the good of the service in every other respect would be promoted by it.
I have directed a troop of horse, which makes a part of Col Armand's corps to join you. This will answer the purpose of the party which you desire.
The arrangement of the bay16 line is not yet completed. A late resolution of Congress directs me to finish the arrangement of the army17 and takes the business out of the hands of the Committee. I shall endeavour to execute it as speedily as possible. In the mean time if there are any preparatory measures
[Note 16: Massachusetts.]
[Note 17: See Journals of the Continental Congress of Feb. 4, 1779.] you can take, which may conduce to dispatch they will be desirable. I approve of the appointment of Buchanan. With the truest regard and esteem, I am, etc.
P.S. It gives me pleasure to observe your anxiety for prosecuting the works at West Point. It is certain nothing can be more important than effectually to secure the communication of the river against the next campaign. Herewith you will find the copy of a General order founded upon a late resolve of Congress for recruiting the army during the war. A sum of money for the purpose is hourly expected, part of which shall be immediately transmitted to you. I am persuaded you will do every thing in your power to give success to the measure.18
[Note 18: ln the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City. In the draft, which is also in the writing of Hamilton, the words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, February 9, 1779.
Sir: In answer to your letter of yesterdays date, I have to inform you that no blankets can be issued, until I have obtained an exact return of the quantity in Store, and the difference of the Troops on the other side Hudsons River. As soon as these points are ascertained in order to an equal and general distribution, no time will be lost in furnishing the quotas to the troops.19 I am etc.20
[Note 19: "I desire that immediately on receipt of this letter you will make a minute and accurate account of the Clothing in your Store, and transmit it to Head Quarters without a moments delay. You will likewise add a State of such issues as may have been made in consequence of powers given to Genls. Putnam and McDougall to draw from your Store."-- Washington to George Measam, Feb. 8, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
"By not receiving an answer to the enclosed of the 8th of last month His Excellency supposes it never reached your hands. There is no making a distribution of some kinds of Cloathing, Blankets in particular for want of the Return called for, be pleased therefore to make it as soon as possible after the Rect. of this."-- Tench Tilghman to the Cloathier at Fishkill (who is stated, by the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, to be James Geary), Mar. 7, 1779.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 23rd. and 30th. ulto. If a vacancy should happen in the Regiment I would not have you permit Mr. Baylor21 to succeed to it, until he has cleared up his character. The Cloathing for the Regiment which Capt. Smith22 procured at Boston has not yet come on to Camp; when it arrives it shall be forwarded, if the Men should be in absolute want before Spring. But if they can make a shift with their old Cloaths while in Winter quarters, they will find more benefit from the new next Campaign. I see no prospect at present of any other troops going to South Carolina besides Pulaski's Legion which is ordered thither. I am etc.23
[Note 21: Walker(?) Baylor. He was a lieutenant of the Third Continental Dragoons. The draft has the following crossed off at this point: "I am sorry that he is obliged to lay so long in arrest for want of a Court."]
[Note 22: Capt. Robert Smith of the Third Continental Dragoons.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, February 9, 1779.
Parole Felkirk. Countersigns Quedal, Elna.
Complaints having been made that the regimental Pay Masters have in many instances made it a practice when paying their regiments to get officers to write receipts without obliging the persons receiving the money to sign them, or to make their marks thereto: This practice cannot be allowed of as a Voucher sufficient to discharge the Pay Masters on a settlement of their accounts. The Pay Masters are therefore forbid to take any such receipts at their own peril in future; and those Pay Masters who have taken receipts without signature are directed to produce receipts with each man's signature, or in case of the soldiers not being able to write, with his mark, attested by some Commissioned Officer.
The old and new Field Officers of the day are to attend regularly at parade hours at the New Orderly Room.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, February 10, 1779.
Parole Dardanells. Countersigns Ree, Chester.
General Muhlenberg and the Field Officers of the Virginia line are requested to meet tomorrow morning at 11 o'clock at the Orderly Office when the Commander in Chief will lay some business before them respecting their line.
Complaint having been made that the soldiers have abused the indulgence of Congress contained in their Resolve of ... 24 by buying money of the two emissions of May,1777 and April, 1778, of persons not belonging to the Army; The Paymaster General is desired to receive no more of those emissions after the 12th. instant; and notice is further given that any one convicted of the practice above mentioned will be punished with the utmost severity.
[Note 24: Jan. 12, 1779.]
To facilitate the collection of the bills at present in possession of the soldiers, they are to deliver them in to the Regimental Pay Masters, who will have them exchanged by the Pay Master General.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, February 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your several favors of the 25th. and 26th.25 Ultimo met me in Philadelphia.
[Note 25: No letter from Putnam of January 26 is now found in the Washington Papers. There are letters from him bearing dates of January 24 and 25.]
To give a just decision in Captain Scudders26 affair, a more perfect knowledge of the subject is necessary than what I have yet acquired, and perhaps an acquaintance with circumstances which it may be difficult if not impossible to obtain. It appears to me a mixed case, and such a one as may be better decided by Governor Clinton and those on the spot.
[Note 26: Capt. William Scudder. He commanded an armed whaleboat in Long Island Sound.]
You need not be told of the disadvantages attending leaving a post of importance, even at a time, when we may suppose the season and other causes would check or prevent any operations of the enemy. But there are other considerations, which respect the discipline, the order and, particular government of the command, and which require the constant attention of a superior officer. However as you think it advisable to throw out a sheet anchor I could wish to accommodate matters to your request. You will therefore on Genl. Parsons and General Huntingtons return, (which you think will be some time in march) if you find the service will then admit of your going home, use that opportunity. But you will make your stay as short as possible, as it is altogether uncertain when you may be wanted.
The absence at this time of Gen. Parsons and Genl. Huntington, is matter of some surprize. The intervals which the former in particular has already enjoyed and lately too, one would have thought sufficient for the purpose of settling every thing of a private or domestic nature. We should not suffer ourselves to be led from the line of our service by a mere desire to see our friends, or to arrange affairs not really of the last importance.27 I would just add in addition to what I have said in my letter of the 8th. of last month dated Philadelphia on the subject of the distribution of cloathing a copy of a letter written to General Huntington, while the Army lay at Fredericksburgh. This will serve to shew you more fully, that the discrimination complained of was not of my making, but in consequence of the earnest sollicitations of those who have since undertaken to complain. I am etc.
[Note 27: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "By attending too much to ourselves the public may be injured in a very capital degree. We should never forget that our own property as well as that of the publics depends on individual exertions."]
P.S. You have herewith the general order for recruiting or reenlisting. Money is expected momently from Philadelphia when it arrives I shall immediately send over your proportion hat you may be enabled to put the order into execution.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 10, 1779.
Sir: The unsettled state of the Maryland Line will require the utmost attention, pains and care to organize it before the opening of the next Campaign. That you may assist in that necessary work and perform the other duties incident to the Rank to which you have lately been appointed, I must request your attendance with the Army immediately after the receipt of this. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: The Circumstances and Situation of the Virginia line call loudly for your return to the Army as soon as possible, more especially as General Muhlenberg, the only General Officer of the state now present, has long had a promise of leave to visit his family and private Affairs whenever he could be possibly spared. As the time which you expected to be absent has considerably elapsed, I am not without hopes that you will be here before this reaches Virginia. Should it find you there, I must desire you will set out for the Army immediately upon the rect. of it. I am, etc.
P.S. Yours of the 3rd. is come to hand by which I am informed that this will still find you in Virginia. I have only to urge you to the above which will point out the necessity of your return.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, February 10, 1779.
Sir: I received your letter of the 5th. Inst. It is my wish to avoid every measure, which has the appearance of distressing the farmer, or of forcing from him that forage which may be necessary for his own stock, in all cases, not strictly justified by the urgency of the occasion. If subsistence for the whole Regiment31 can be procured, thro' the forage master [in the regular mode] without distress or coercion, you will continue them where you are. But if irregular measures must be used
[Note 31: Of the Fourth Continental Dragoons.] to procure, either grain or hay, a part must be sent to Baltimore, in order that the burden may be made easy to both places.
Should this latter be the case, you will give such instructions to the officer who goes to Baltimore, as you have received for the government of the regiment. I am &c.32
[Note 32: In the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets have been interlined by Washington. From the original in the possession (in 1934) of A. Philippe von Hemert, of New York City.]
[Note 33: Of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
Head Quarters, February 10, 1779.
Sir: I have received through the hands of Ld. Stirling your report of the Surprisal of the guard from Bonham Town. A Disgrace of this kind can never happen to an Officer who is attentive to his duty and takes common precautions. I desire therefore that Lieutt. Pierson, who had the command of the guard, may be immediately put under arrest, and ordered to Camp if he was detached from hence or to the quarters of the Jersey Brigade, if he belongs to those troops that he may take his trial. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, February 10, 1779.
Sir: As I think you are much exposed in your present situation, to the enterprises of Refugees acquainted with the Country, and the work in which you are employed unquestionably makes you an object with the enemy; I desire that as soon as possible after the receipt of this letter, you will remove to quarters more safe by the vicinity of the Army. You will of course dismiss your guard, and direct the Serjeant to march it immediately and join Col. Clarke.35 I am etc.
[Note 35: Col. Thomas Clark (Clarke), of the First North Carolina Regiment.]
P.S. It will naturally occur to you to remove with you all your Surveys that might be of any use to the enemy.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, February 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: It was not 'till the 5th instant I returned to this place. While in Philadelphia, what between Congress and a special committee of that body I was furnished with ample employment. I had few moments of relaxation, and could do little more than barely acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favors of the 27th of December and the 1st. and 2nd. of January Ulto. Even now I find it impossible to be as explicit and comprehensive as I could wish in this letter my common business having run so much behind hand during my absence from the army; but as the season is advancing and no time to be lost, which can be employed in preparing for such operations, as our circumstances will allow us to adopt for the ensuring campaign, I shall thank you for your opinion and aid in the several objects of this letter. Some of them were contained in my last; however I shall repeat them again for fear of a miscarriage.
1st. What number of men do you conceive necessary for an expedition against the hostile tribes of the six nations and the force which it is probable they will bring to their aid?
2nd. What part of the Indian settlements should be considered as the central point to which all the force of the expedition from the different quarters should be directed, where a junction of the whole should take place?
3rd. Whether any, and if so, what artillery will be necessary? And what stores most proper for such an expedition and the quantities of each?
4th. The best route to approach their settlements? Three different routes have been suggested. The 1st. by the way of Fort Schuyler, the Oneida lake, and Cayuga or Seneca river. The second, by a land march wholly from fort Schuyler, the difficulties of which arc variously stated; some making the passage through the country easy, others representing it as the reverse. The 3rd. by a portage from the Mohawk river to the East branch of the Susquehannah and down this to a branch made use of by the Indians in their invasions of our frontiers. The advisibility of the second will depend in a great measure, on the kind of country to be passed through and that of the first and last upon the goodness and extent of the water carriage. For if this will serve only in part; and requiring horses and pack saddles, for the performance of the rest, it then becomes a question, which is to be preferred, in point of oeconomy, time, and other circumstances. That wholly by land, or that composed of both land and water portage.
5th. In case the 3d or last route should be preferred, what is the distance of transporting batteaux from the Mohawk river to the Susquehannah, and the physical or natural obstructions? This should be fully scrutinized. Indeed, every Foot of the Route, if possible, should be described, and the difficulties and distances from place to place minutely ascertained.
I could wish a similar critical examination of each of the other routes. This would be attended with other advantages, besides those arising to the expedition from a comparative view. The same attention given to each avenue, by which the country is accessible must distract the enemy, and may produce a confusion and irresolution in their measures for defence.
6th. The route being fixed on, what time (making a reasonable allowance for unforeseen delays) will it require to penetrate to the Heart of the Indian country or to the principal object or point of the expedition.
If a water transportation is to be used either in whole or in part what inconveniences or obstructions may be expected from the state of the rivers at the season in which the expedition should be executed? And if pack horses are to be employed and their chief support to be grass, when should the operations commence?
Further it [is indispensibly] necessary to ascertain the precise moment [for the movement of the main body] that diversions from different points may be exactly timed for cooperation.
7th. What distance is it from the Seneca Towns to Fort Pitt? What kind of a country between? And the land and water transportation?
8th. Is it [essentially] necessary to have slight Stockade forts erected as the army advances for the benefit of convoys, and the security of a retreat in case of misfortune? Or, is it, that the good to be expected from such works would be more than overbalanced by the delays occasioned in erecting them; the dimunution of strength which the army would suffer in small garrisons, and the advantages which the enemy would derive from the slowness of our movements, with the knowledge of our designs? Or what is the proper medium?
9th. Will it do to have the provisions to follow after the army, in case there are no forts constructed; or must the whole stock accompany the army from its first movement?
10th. When ought the troops to rendezvous and where? And how long is it probable they will be engaged in this expedition?
11th. At what places should magazines be formed, and when, and for how many days?
12th. How many batteaux will be wanted for this expedition? Or are those on hand of the proper kind and sufficient in number? If we are to build more, no time should be lost. It should be set about immediately and the requisite number completed, as soon as possible.
13th. What precautions are to be devised to alarm the enemy in Canada, thereby to prevent the troops in that country coming to Ontario to the aid of the Indian nations?
To these many questions would occur If I had more leisure to pursue the subject. But your time and good judgment will take in every other consideration of policy or importance. When you have committed your thoughts and enquiries on this occasion, you will be pleased to transmit them by some trusty conveyance.
It will be necessary, immediately to employ proper persons, unacquainted with each others business to mix with the hostile Indians, that the most unequivocal information may be gained of their strength and sentiments, their intentions, and what ideas they may have acquired of our designs.
We should also learn what support or assistance they expect in case our intended expedition should be known to them; or what precautions they are taking to oppose our operations.
The Indians in friendship with us, may be sent on this purpose. The half tories [also], if they can be engaged, and will leave pledges as a security for their fidelity might prove very useful instruments. Similar investigations should be carried into Canada, and the garrison at Niagara. I shall likewise depend on your exertions in having the different routes to the object of the expedition critically explored, both by Indians and others, so that a complete knowledge of distances, natural difficulties, and the face and nature of the country may be precisely obtained.
I must beg the use of your manuscripts a little longer. Some of them I think interesting. I shall keep them 'till I find a safe hand to entrust them to or 'till I have the pleasure of seeing you at Camp. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of lames McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. Schuyler answered this in a 16--page letter, begun on March 1 but not finished until March 7. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.
On February 12 Washington ordered Commissary General of Purchases Jeremiah Wadsworth to "form a Magazine of Provision at Pittsburg for twelve hundred Men for four Months. I would wish to have the Magazine compleated by the first of May next, or if possible before that time." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, February 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: Upon a farther consideration of the subject of my letter of thte 25th. Ulto., it appears to me of the utmost importance to secure a communication between Fort Schuyler and Schenectady, in case any expedition should be formed. You will therefore regard this as your primary object, and make the best dispositions relatively to it, that your force and the nature of the Country will allow.
Inclosed is an extract of General Orders for reinlisting soldiers who are not engaged to serve during the war, which you will have executed without loss of time. I am etc.38
[Note 38: In the writing of John Laurens. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
[Note 39: Of the Second Virginia Regiment. He was killed at the Waxhaws, S.C., in May, 1780.]
Head Quarters, February 11, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterdays date inclosing a list of articles seized in the hands of two women from New York.
The licence to pass and repass granted them by the executive Council of Pennsylvania, is not intended to countenance the illicit Commerce in which they have been concerned; Besides a Law of this State subjects such contraband Goods to forfeiture. You will therefore inform yourself what Conduct is prescribed by this Law, to the Captors of such effects, and proceed accordingly. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, February 11, 1779.
Parole Sunderland. Countersigns Bombay, Tirol.
A formal complaint having been lodged with the Commander in Chief against Colo. Craige41 for beating and otherwise ill-treating Caleb Brokaw, an Inhabitant of this State, a Court of Inquiry to examine into the circumstances of the affair will sit on Saturday forenoon, 10 o'Clock at the Court Martial room. The court will consist of Colo. Russell42 as President, Colonels Williams43 and Butler,44 Lieut. Colonel Adams45 and Major Posey,46 Members. They will report a state of facts and their opinion to the Commander in Chief.
[Note 41: Col. Thomas Craig, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 42: Col. William Russell, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 43: Col. Otho Holland Williams, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment.]
[Note 44: Col. Richard Butler, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 45: Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment.]
[Note 46: Maj. Thomas Posey, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment.]
Accurate returns of Arms, Accoutrements, Ammunition &c. according to the printed forms which will be delivered out are to be forthwith made by the commanding officers of regiments to the officers commanding Brigades, who are to have them digested into Brigade returns and transmitted to the Adjutant General. The Officers will advert to the order of the 7th. of August last and all Arms, Ammunition &c. in use at that time or drawn since are to be regularly accounted for.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. C. Hall47 was President, Feby. 6th, 1779:
[Note 47: Col. Josias Carvil Hall, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment.]
Captain Von Heer,48 commanding the M. L. D. was tried for, "Exacting without authority money for licensing Sutlers."
[Note 48: Capt. Bartholomew Von Heer, of the Marechaussée Corps (Provost).]
The Court are of opinion that Captn. Von Heer exacted without authority money for licencing Sutlers, being a breach of Article 5th. section 18th. of the rules and articles of war. They are also of opinion that as Captain Von Heer's conduct might possibly have arisen from a mis-conception of the nature of his office, he shall only be reprimanded in general orders and repay the several sutlers the money he exacted from them.
As the public manner in which Captain Von Heer demanded fees from the sutlers is an argument of his being unconscious that he was committing the most heinous species of extortion, The Commander in Chief acquiesces in the lenient sentence of the Court Martial. He desires that Captain Von Heer will for the future pay stricter attention to his instructions and consider them as the only rule of his conduct which will be approved or condemned only, as he adheres to, or deviates from them.
A course of lectures on Anatomy and the operations of Surgery will commence sometime between the middle and latter end of February instant, at or near the camp, so as best to suit the conveniency of those surgeons belonging to the Army who shall attend. A Preliminary lecture will be delivered by Doctor Brown,49 Physician General to the Middle Department, at the
[Note 49: Dr. William Brown. He resigned in July, 1780.] Orderly Room on Tuesday the 16th. instant 11 o'clock A. M. on the Theory and Practice of Physic. All regimental surgeons are desired to attend.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 12, 1779.
Sir: In my last I omitted to answer what part of your Excellency's letter of the 5th. inst. respecting Capt. Campbells proposal of attempting to bring off our Officers prisoners on parole upon Long Island. Was the measure justifiable, of which I have my doubts, it would in my opinion be impolitic. We could not hope to be compleately successfull, and strict confinement would certainly be the fate of all those who remained or who may hereafter fall into the enemy's hands.
I have good reason to suspect that many persons (Women particularly) who obtain leave from the Executive Council to go and come to and from New York under pretence of visiting their Friends, have, in fact, no other Business but that of bringing out Goods to trade with. Some have been detected within a few days and their Goods confiscated, by a law of the State of Jersey, to the Captors. To avoid the disagreeable necessity of seizing the property of individuals, and to put a stop to a Commerce which creates a great deal of uneasiness among the well affected inhabitants, I shall be obliged to you for inquiring well into the circumstances of those who apply for passes, and if their applications appear so well grounded as to obtain them, caution them against bringing out any kind of Goods, as they will most certainly fall into the hands of the Guards posted upon every Road in order to cut off this pernicious communication, which is contrary to Resolve of Congress and possitive laws of this State. The property has been only hitherto confiscated, but there will, if the practice is persisted in, be a necessity of inflicting a punishment upon the persons of those who knowingly and so repeatedly violate the Laws. If, as is urged by some, it is good policy to get Goods out of New York by any means, let the license be general; but in the present situation of things, I cannot, consistent with my feelings and my duty suffer those only to reap the Benefit of a trade, who from their peculiar characters can gain admittance within the Enemy's Lines. I have the honor &c.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 69, vol. 2, fol. 129.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Friday, February 12, 1779.
Parole Attleborough. Countersigns Virginia, Wilton.
In reinlisting men for the war agreeable to the order of the 7th. instant it is particulary recommended to the officers carefully to consult the Muster Rolls of their respective regiments.
This will be absolutely necessary to avoid being deceived and giving the bounties to some men who are already engaged for that period.
In the settlement of recruiting accounts the Muster Rolls will be made the standard, and no money will be allowed for any men who shall be found to have imposed themselves.
At a General Court Martial of the Virginia line, Middle Brook, February 4th. 1779: Major Massie,51 President, Lieutenant William Jenkins of the 14th. Virginia regiment was tried:
[Note 51: Maj. Thomas Massie (Massey), of the Second Virginia Regiment. He resigned in June, 1779.]
1stly. "For embezzling the property of the public and the soldiers whilst on command at the hospital last winter."
2ndly. "For procuring false orders from soldiers on the regimental Pay-Masters" and
3rdly. "For disobedience of orders"; found guilty of the 1st.and 3rd. charges and sentenced to be dismissed the service.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence of the Court and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, February 12, 1779.
Sir: Upon considering the contents of your letter of yesterdays date, it appears to me proper, that they shd. be communicated to Baron de Kalb.52 I gave you notice of this compliance with your request that you may have an opportunity of transmiting him a Copy. I will only remark that there are some general Reflections at the close of the letter which were perhaps better omitted; if you agree with me you will send me a Copy without that addition.
[Note 52: Smallwood's letter of February 11 is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I should be glad to have both done this day. I am &c.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 54: Of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment, He was stationed in Monmouth County, N. J.]
Head Quarters, February 12, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterdays date respecting the French Snow, Mary retaken from the Enemy. The Subject of an Ally in these cases is entitled to the equal privileges with a fellow Citizen. And his property recovered in this way is to be preserved and restored to him or his representatives; a reasonable allowance being made to the Recaptors for Salvage.
The Conduct to be observed by you therefore is to secure whatever you can of the Cargo, Rigging &c. taking an inventory of the whole, to deposit in a place of safety; such articles as will sustain no injury in store, and cause the perishable Commodities to be disposed of to the best advantage.
Transmit an account of the whole with the name of the Owners &ca. that the French Consul at Philadelphia may be notified and take order in the matter.
Your success in baffling the Enemys attempt to destroy the Snow, justifies the dispositions made for that purpose and your Conduct Claims my thanks. As the nature of the Service your detachment is employed in requires frequent relief, I have directed the Adjutant Genl. to order a party to relieve you. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 13, 1779.
Sir: Agreeable to a stipulation between Sir Henry Clinton and myself I have granted passports for the three following Vessels: the Ship Polly, Reed, Master; the Brig Lady Howe, Steady, Mas'- and Schooner Genl. Phillips, Hare, Master, all laden with Cloathing and Stores for the Troops of the Convention at Charlotteville and the British prisoners of War at Fort Frederick, to proceed to Hampton Road in Virginia, and there take your Excellency's orders for discharging their Cargoes at such place as you shall deem proper, having in view the convenience of transporting the Stores to Charlotteville.
I thought it most prudent to oblige the ships to come to in Hampton Road, and take your directions, not knowing into what port it would be most proper to admit them. I have informed Sir Henry Clinton that orders shall, if possible, meet the Ships at Hampton, that they may not be unnecessarily detained in the Road, be pleased therefore to have them lodged there, should my letter reach you before the ships arrive. I have the honor &c.
P.S. Should these Vessels after discharging their Cargoes return directly to New York, be pleased to grant them passports for that purpose. If they do not return to New York, they should be allowed a protection until they have cleared our Coasts to a reasonable distance.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, February 13, 1779.
Sir: I received your favor of the 11th. Inst. In order to accommodate the affairs of the prisoners who are coming out or going in to New York, and prevent the inconveniences you complain of, the inclosed directs Mr. Adams57 one of the deputy Commissaries of prisoners to give his attendance twice or thrice a week, or as often as circumstances may require.
[Note 57: John Adam, Deputy Commissary of Prisoners.]
The want of an established post between this and Elizabeth Town must prevent you from receiving the Philada. papers regularly. But as often as I have opportunities, and get them myself, I shall send them.
You will be pleased to transmit the inclosed dispatches to New York by a flag. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of lames McHenry.]
February 13, 1779.
Dear George: It is with concern and resentment I find, by the return of Colonel Baylor's Regiment, that you are again absent therefrom; nay, more, that you had left it while the command devolved upon you. I am sorry to add, that these things reflect much discredit upon you as an Officer, and involve me in the censure, for the natural presumption is, that such indulgences arc the effect of partiality proceeding from our connexion.
With truth, I believe, it may be said, that in the course of the last 15 Months you have scarce been once with your Regiment, and when ordered to join it, the latter part of last Summer or fall, was shamefully tardy in obeying the order.
Immediately upon receipt of this Letter you will, I expect, join your Regiment and give that constant attendance on duty, which is to be expected from a good Officer. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress. The draft, in the writing of Washington, is much altered and partially mutilated, the alterations showing the difficulty Washington experienced in conveying the proper degree of censure. The draft, as first written and as well as can be deciphered, reads: "It was with pain and indignation I found by the return of Colo. Baylors Regiment, that you are again absent from it; nay, that you had left it while the command of it devolved upon you. I am sorry to add that these things reflect much discredit upon you as an Officer and involve me in the censure as it is presumed that these indulgencies proceed from and is the effect of partiallity." The rest of the draft is the same as the above text.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, February 13, 1779.
Parole Adrianople. Countersigns Alby, Aller.
Lieut. Colonel Williams60 is appointed member of the court of Inquiry vice Colonel Williams.61
[Note 60: Lieut. Col. William Williams, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in April, 1780.]
[Note 61: Col. Otho Holland Williams.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, February 14, 1779.
Parole Woodbridge. Countersigns Waldee, Ware.
The court of Inquiry which was to have sat yesterday will sit tomorrow, ten o'Clock A.M. and as some of the members of the court must necessarily be absent, the following Field Officers are to compose the court, Colo. Febiger62 as President, Colonels Butler and Davies,63 Lieutt. Colo. Adams and Majr. Posey, Members.
[Note 62: Col. Christian Febiger, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 63: Col. William Davies, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Head Quarters] February 14, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your letter of the 9th. instant. You will find inclosed three passports for the ships you mention in the margin, to proceed to Hampton road, there to receive further directions from His Excellency the Governor of Virginia. I prefer this mode to that of giving passports immediately for Richmond, as when they are arrived at Hampton the Governor can regulate their future progress in the manner which will be most convenient to both parties.
I have notified him on the subject that he may be prepared to meet the vessels with the necessary directions, to avoid delay.
I have not added the passport for the Vessel to proceed to Baltimore, as the supplies for the Prisoners at Fort Frederick and Winchester can be conveyed to them in the ships that go to Hampton and being addressed to the care of Major General Phillips can be transported to those places by way of Charlotteville. I have the honor etc.
P. S: I shall do myself the pleasure of forwarding your letter to Major General Philips. Governor Henry will furnish passports for the return of the Vessels.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: Mr. ... 65an assistant to the Paymaster General sets out this morning with 400,000 dollars for the use of the posts, under the respective commands of General Putnam and yourself. The inclosed copy of his instructions will show you in what manner it is to be applied. You will perceive that 100,000 dollars is to be appropriated as bounty money for reinlisting the troops under your command during the war, agreeable to a General order of the 7th. instant, which was transmitted to you some days since. The particular distribution of this to the several regiments is to be regulated by your order to the Pay Master. The rule observed here and which I would recommend to you, is to issue small sums from time to time according to the progress made by each regiment in in recruiting; for which purpose returns are made by the commanding officers as often as they apply for money to show how many men they have engaged since the last grant. Inclosed is a subsequent order of the 12th, which you will also be pleased to communicate to the troops. You will readily perceive its intention. You are so well convinced of the necessity of care and oeconomy that I need say nothing on that head. I am etc.66
[Note 65: Jonathan Burrall, Assistant Paymaster General.]
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The same letter was sent to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 14, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 27th. Decemr. and of the 15th. and 26th. January. That of the 15th. did not reach me until the 12th. instant. I was at Philada, when yours of the 27th. December came to hand, and I reported to Congress the answer of the Council of Massachusetts respecting the Guns of the Somerset.
I was sometime ago informed by Genl. Bayley that he thought the Magazine at Coos was rather exposed, and therefore as soon as I found that there was no probability of an expedition being carried into Canada by that Route, I desired the Commy. General to send orders to have the Stores removed down the Country. Since the Rect. of your last I called upon him to know whether the orders for removal had been given. He informs me that he sent up an Express for that particular purpose.
The inclosed Copy of an order from the Board of War to the Commy. General of Issues designates exactly the line to be observed towards delivering Rations to Soldiers on Furlough. Nothing is said respecting Officers, but I imagine it is not customary for them when indulged with Furloughs, which are supposed to be for their private emolument or amusement, to draw Rations at the posts at which they may happen to reside. If they are sent upon command they are allowed three dollars per day, by Resolve of Congress, in addition to their pay and subsistence to bear their expences. While they remain in town executing the object of the command on which they are sent, it will perhaps be reasonable to allow them Forage, because the three dollars will not more than support themselves. But before the allowance is made, it should appear clearly, [agreeably to the resolve of Congress] that they are sent by the commanding Officer of the district or department to which they belong, and not upon frivolous pretences of Business by inferior Officers.
I will immediately desire the Commy. General of prisoners to inquire into the circumstances of those who remain in the neighbourhood of Rutland &ac. and endeavour to have them removed to a place where they may be subsisted with more case.
If I am not mistaken, the Commy. General of purchases has orders to endeavour to establish a Magazine of Flour to the Eastward. The propriety is evident, but you are well acquainted with the almost unsurmountable difficulty of doing it by land Carriage, and of the risque and danger of attempting it by the Sea. I have the honor, etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. In the draft, which is also in the writing of Tilghman, the words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[N. Y. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: While I was at Philada. I recd. a letter from you inclosing sundry papers taken in a prize, which I laid before Congress for their information. Your letter was mislaid by their Secretary, and I cannot therefore recollect whether there was anything more in it than what respected the papers it inclosed.
I have since been favd. with yours of the 14 ulto. If Jackson's Band consists of only three performers it will be of no use here, and was Webbs to be ordered it would create as much uneasiness as the sending for Jacksons did.68
[Note 68: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, Dec. 20, 1778, ante.]
Inclosed you have Extracts from the General orders of the 7th. and 12th. instants directing the reinlisting for the War all Men in the Continental Army who are at present engaged for a limited time.
You will be pleased to let the commanding Officers of Regiments be furnished with money, in proportion to their wants and endeavour to prevent any impositions on the public by suffering new Bounties to be paid to any who are already engaged for the War.
I am exceedingly sorry to find by a letter from General Varnum of the 29th. Ulto. that a spirit of Mutiny has made its appearance among the troops under your command. I am convinced this does not originate with the common Soldiers, and therefore I would wish, that every possible endeavour should be made use of to trace the evil to the fountain head, that the Agitators may, if discovered, be made examples. General Varnum informs me, that he quelled the Rioters by fair Words before they proceeded to any great lengths. This may have been prudent in the first instance, but I beg you may keep a very strict watch upon their future conduct, and if you find the least appearance of another attempt of the same kind, punish those who are the movers instantly and severely. The depreciation of our currency and the advance of necessaries are made the ostensible reasons for these disturbances. These are evils which are felt by all, but by none less than the common soldier who is intirely fed and chiefly cloathed by the public. I have not the least doubt but if the officers are attentive to the first emotions among the Soldiers, and act with spirit and firmness upon the occasion that all tumults will subside and good order and discipline again prevail. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, February 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received your letter of the 28th. Ultimo with its inclosure containing the final determination of the friendly Indians. The order for your ammunition has been sent forward from Philadelphia under cover to yourself; and I would suppose it come to hand before this time.
The general orders of the 7th. 9th., and 12th. Inst. which accompany this, will point out the steps which are to be taken for reinlisting the soldiers for the war; and for removing some disorders in the pay master's regimental accounts.
If the money which Mr. Reed70 has on hand, should be insufficient for the present expences of the department, and the purpose of reinlisting he will draw for more; But the enlisting service should not be checked on any consideration. I am &c.71
[Note 70: Thomas Reed, Assistant Paymaster General.]
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, February 14, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 29th. Ultimo.
It is no easy matter, and always requires great efforts of judgment, to extinguish a general spirit of complaint, without punishing the principal offenders; for soldiers are restrained, more by fear, than by argument; by severe and well timed examples, than by cool and lenient measures.
I could wish there were no reasons to suppose that the soldiers have drawn encouragement, from the sentiments, or unguarded expressions of their officers; and that officers having a sense of the duty they owe their country, would endeavour to accommodate the minds of the soldiery to the circumstances of the times.
That mutinous spirit which some corps have lately discovered, averse from order, and subordination, must be extinguished by every means in our power, and punishment enforced proportionate to the nature and consequences of the crime. As in the late case, I will not doubt your exertions, should such licentiousness ever again make its appearance.
The troops which you mentioned, have arrived at New York. I am, &c.72
[Note 72: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Middle brook, February 14, 1779.
Sir: If my order of the ... ,73 respecting the Magazine of Provision at Fort Pitt did not explicitly declare that the quantity there directed to be laid up by the first of May is to be over and above the necessary supplies for the Troops in that Quarter I now inform you that this was my meaning; And I have further to desire that you will form a Magazine under like circumstances, and for the same time (that is four Months) for one thousand Men at Sundbury on Susquehanna.
[Note 73: February 12. (See note on page 98.)]
For particular reasons I think it advisable, that the Magazine at Pittsburgh should be drawn from the Frontiers of Virginia, and the parts of Pensylvania contiguous to that Post; and, that the supplies for Sundbury be drawn from the Westside of the Susquehanna. You will consult the Quarter master Genl. on the means of Transportation that no disappointment may take place in either of these cases.
Genl. Bayley having repeatedly expressed his fears on acct. of the Provisions which have been laid up at Cohos74 I am to repeat my desire (if you have not already done it) that you will cause the same to be removed lower down the Connecticut River so as to be out of the reach of any sudden excursion of the Enemy from Canada.
[Note 74: Coos, N.H.]
You will furnish me with a return of the Provisions and other Articles in your department wch. are on hand the first day of every Month and where they lie.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed is the copy of a Letter which was written to you from Philadelphia and now transmitted for fear of a miscarriage.
The more I contemplate on an Expedition from Fort Pitt, the more perswaded I am of the superior advantages that will result from its co-operation with some enterprize from this quarter (if circumstances will permit) but as a measure of this kind depends upon contingencies, no perfect plan can be yet formed; but as there will be little or no difference, in the preparation for an Expedition up the Alligany against the hostile tribes of the Six Nations, and one against the Indians more Westerly and Detroit, I would have you confine your attention more to the first than the latter objects; keeping the design as much as possible an impenetrable secret, under an Idea that you are preparing to prosecute the objects of the last campaign; and to lessen as much as possible the expence of land transportation, you mean to make use of that by Water.
The only thing75 that can lead to a discovery of the real design, is the steps which must necessarily be taken to obtain a thorough knowledge of the rout, and other circumstances to form the plan; but this may be covered in a great degree by the adoption of similar measures (which may eventually be equally necessary) the other way. Your oblique enquiries in the first
[Note 75: Washington wrote "means", but this is crossed out and "thing" substituted in the writing of McHenry.] case, should always be accompanied with pointed ones in the second, which will naturally give the bias to that way of thinking.
I am clearly of opinion that water transportation wherever it can be used will be found most eligible76 and least expensive; I therefore again repeat the desire contained in my last respecting vessels; but am somewhat at a loss to decide on the proper kind. Batteaux will, I fear, be too heavy and unwieldy for such waters as you will have occasion to go up; and will, besides, be expensive. Large Canoes, say pettiauguers, unless well made, are also heavy, and perhaps equally unfit for narrow Waters and crooked streams; nor will they, it is to be feared, do in a swell unless modell'd by skilful hands; but as great part of the workmanship of these is to be effected by common labourers, and no Iron pitch, or oakum requisite, they must on these accts. be infinitely the cheapest and easiest obtained, and therefore to be preferr'd.77 But still I can not give an absolute order for prefering them to Batteaux but leave the matter to your own judgment and to circumstances after having given this opinion. Should the Pettiaugers deserve the preference,78 I recommend it to you to get some skilful Persons as Master Workmen and directors. If there are any Men with you from the Seacoast; or broad Waters in Virga. Maryland, or Pensylvania, they more than probably, will be proper hands to employ; as they know the kind made use of in Chesapeak and Delaware Bays (where they will live in almost any weather). The reason of my being thus particular in respect to this matter is, that
[Note 76: Washington wrote "expeditious", but this is crossed out and "eligible" substituted in the writing of McHenry.]
[Note 77: Washington wrote "notwithstanding which I cannot give an absolute order for preferring them to Batteaux but leave the matter to your own judgment and to circumstances after giving this opinion." This has been altered to the above, partially in the writing of McHenry.]
[Note 78: Washington wrote "be preferred ", but this is crossed out and "deserve the preference" substituted in the writing of McHenry.] Vessels properly constructed would be light, easily transported into lake Erie, and answer there to coast it, and by serving a double purpose, be fitted for any event79 and save much expence to the public. The French last War had a number of Bark Canoes on these Waters; these are extremely light, and easily transported by land from place to place, but so easily wrecked as to render a dependance on them precarious. I mention them because they are cheap and may be called in aid of the others. They used to make them of Birch bark, but if this is difficult to be had other kinds I suppose will do.
[Note 79: Washington wrote "and by serving a double purpose, answer in any event", but this was changed as above in the writing of McHenry.]
The necessity of the enquiries directed in my last (added to what I have here said) will appear so obvious, that I am persuaded you will not delay a moments time, nor slip an oppertunity, to obtain information sufficient to form the expedition for co-operation (if that shall be ultimately determined upon). In doing this, it is needless to repeat how indispensably expedient80 it is to obtain a thorough knowledge of the extent nature81 &c. of the navigation above Fort Pitt. How far it is from the head of this navigation to the Settlements of the Six nations, especially those of the Senecas, and what kind of Country to pass through. Whether there is any better rout by the way of presquile and the Lake; whether there is any, and what kind of communication betwn. the upper parts of the Alligany for instance Kittanning, Venango &ca. and the well settled parts of Pensylvania which is necessary to be known on two accts. as it may serve to draw supplies, and answer for a retreat in case of extreme necessity. It is also necessary to have in contemplation proper places to establish small posts at for
[Note 80: Washington wrote "necessary", but this was changed to "expedient" in the writing of McHenry.]
[Note 81: Washington wrote "kind", but this was changed to "nature" in the writing of McHenry.] the security of Convoys and other purposes. The Kittaning and Wenango appear from the face of Evans Map to be eligible; others will be necessary higher up the Alligany; and one essentially so at the head of the Navigation, with a strong guard for the security of the Vessels.
Your Vessels (let them be82 of what kind they will) should be accommodated with83 both oars and setting Poles; the first for deep Water (and keeping in the middle of the River in case of necessity) and the latter for the sides and shallow Water; both these should be made of good Wood, and in time, that they may season and get light before they are used. It would be no bad exercise, and I am sure it would be good policy, to practice the Soldiers when they are disengaged from other duty, in rowing and setting Vessels against stream; they will otherwise, be very aukward when they are brought to it by necessity.
[Note 82: Washington wrote "be them of what kind ", etc., but this was changed as above in the writing of McHenry.]
[Note 83: Washington wrote "should have both oars", etc., but this was changed as above in the writing of McHenry.]
I shall endeavour to give you as little trouble84 as possible with Militia next Campaign, not only to avoid expence to the public, but that your operations may be more governable, and pointed with respect to time, in co-operation with other bodies. The adjt. Genl. will furnish you with Copies of General Orders for reinlisting the Soldiers of the Continental Regiments, and I trust that every exertion of the Officers will be used to comply with the views of them. Broadhead85 may send Officers into the back parts of Pensylva. and Gibson86 into those of Virginia, to try their success under the resolve inclosed. How you
[Note 84: Washington first wrote "I shall endeavour to plague you as little as possible."]
[Note 85: Col. Daniel Brodhead, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was voted the thanks of Congress, Oct. 27, 1779, for his successful expedition against the Mingo and Munsey Indians up the Alleghany River in August and September, 1779; transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; served to the close of the war.]
[Note 86: Col. John Gibson, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Seventh Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.] stand provided with the means I know not, but in case of deficiency, you are to apply to the board of treasury for Money to answer these purposes. I hope these two Regiments may be got pretty strong by the middle May, and Congress having empowered me to compleat some Companies of Colo. Rawlings's Regiment, these, with the standing Forces under your Command at present, will (as they are Troops to be depended on) make a respectable body). I have directed the Commissary Genl. of purchases (Wadsworth) under the inclosed resolve, to lay in four Months provision for 12,00 Men, at Pittsburg, by the first of May. He will continue Colo. Morgan87 in this business, if he chooses it; but as it is necessary to avoid interference in office that all the branches of the same department should be under one general direction, and superintendance, my orders have gone, and must go through88 him.
[Note 87: Col. George Morgan, deputy commissary general of purchases, Western Department.]
[Note 88: Washington wrote "to ", but "through" is substituted in the writing of McHenry.]
That I may know what Stores of different kinds, Tools &ca. are wanted, let me have exact returns of all those you now have in the department. Your attention should be turned in time to proper guides for the expedition; [men in whom you can confide]89 and that you may not be hurried so much in these matters as to obtain imperfect accts. I do not wish you to be at head Quarters till about the Middle or last of April, by which time it is to be hoped that clear and perfect information of the whole distance may be obtained from Fort Pitt to the head of the navigation of the Alligany, and the distance afterwards to the Indian towns, so that the Rout may be compleatly marked, and the Stages and halting days named, that the different Armies may move in concert, and know with certainty what dependance to place on each other and where they are. I am etc.
[Note 89: The phrase in brackets is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, February 15, 1779.
Sir: I have just now received a letter from Capt. Stokes90 stationed at Bonum Town, informing me that the enemy on Staten Island appear to be in motion, and have been collecting boats both at New York and the Island. You will therefore redouble your vigilance and be ready to oppose any attempt they may make near you.
[Note 90: Capt. John Stokes, of the Second Virginia Regiment. Washington wrote to him, this same day (February 15), thanking him for intelligence and ordering him to cooperate with General Maxwell in removing the cattle Stokes had reported. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am informed, there are a considerable number of fat cattle between Woodbridge and the blazing star. If this be true, which you will ascertain, you will immediately have them removed to a place of security. I have desired Capt. Stokes to assist you in the business and to communicate to you any further discoveries he may make. I am etc.
P.S. You will send this intelligence forthwith to Col. Clark at Paramus.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, February 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 16th. Ulto. Its contents give me that concern which ever arises in my mind from any indication of a want of that harmony and mutual confidence between officers, which the public interest requires.
As it is my duty to remedy every abuse of which I am authorised to take cognizance; if any charge were brought against General Mcintosh I should immediately give it proper attention. But a moments reflection will make you sensible that your general assertion and opinion with regard to the dissatisfaction of his officers, is by no means a foundation for any measures on my part respecting him that will either convey or imply censure. Impartial Justice, as well as that delicate regard which is due to the character of an Officer, and which you and every one in a similar case would expect, requires something more positive and definite to proceed upon.
If there are discontents among the Officers, the motives of them must be known before their merits can be judged of; and they alone can furnish grounds for an investigation.
The sole reason for appointing General Mcintosh to his present command was an opinion of his being in every view qualified for it; and I must observe that while the General was immediately under me his conduct gave the most favorable impressions of him in every respect.
I have only to add that the honorable the Congress having put this command immediately under my direction, and thereby created a degree of responsibility in me I am particularly called upon to watch over its Success; and as it is my duty and wish on the one hand to redress every just complaint, so it will be expected of me on the other to discountenance every illfounded uneasiness that may prejudice the service. Upon the whole it is my earnest desire that every one, will as far as depends on him, cultivate and promote that good Understanding which is indispensible to the general Interest. And I entreat that you will do every thing in your power to accomplish this desirable end. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 93: Deputy commissary general of musters, Northern Department.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 15, 1779.
Sir: Col. Ward Commy. General of Musters having been unfortunately taken prisoner and Lt. Colo. Bradford the only Deputy now here having announced to me his intention to resign that Office as soon as he can be relieved, I am to request your removal to the Head Quarters of the Army as soon as you can make it convenient, leaving some person to the Northward who can execute the Office of Muster Master to the troops in that department. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Middle brook, February 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 4th. is this minute come to hand, and at the instant an Express was setting out for Fishkill. I will not delay a moment therefore in yielding my entire consent to your ordering an additional number of Batteaux, sufficient for the purposes mentioned in the above letter, that in case events should invite, and circumstances justify the extension of our views in the course of the Campaign we may not be at a stand for the means.
I have to thank you much for your sentiments on the intended Expedition; and shall beg that you will continue to furnish me with your observations as they may, from time to time occur, I shall stand in much need of information, and can depend upon yours.
I thank you also for the order given respecting the Forage, and the Timber for the 20 Gun Ship; could you provide plank for it also, with the Carpenters now engaged, without impeding the building of Batteauxs, I shall readily consent to it; altho it is a deviation from the general line I am to pursue.
I highly approve of your reason for establishing a Post at Fort George, and wish you to dispose of the other force in that Quarter in such a manner as will facilitate the ends in view; this will comprehend, as far as the strength there will enable you, a Post for the security of Stony Arabia.95 I shall take up no more of your time at present than to assure you, that I am etc.
[Note 95: Stone Arabia, in Montgomery County, N.Y., about 35 miles west of Schenectady.]
Head Quarters, February 16, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favour of yesterday. Your observations on the necessity of the Deputy Commissary of prisoners residing on the spot, are just. I was not before fully apprised of Mr. Adam's situation. There certainly can be no propriety in any officers staying at his own home, for private conveniences seven or eight miles from the place where his duty calls him while public business is suffering for want of his presence. I shall therefore desire Mr. Beatty, to direct his deputy to reside for the future at Elizabeth Town, and I shall give particular instructions that the several irregularities you complain of may be remedied.
I should be happy to indulge your request of being present at Pluckemin on the 18th.96 But I do not think it can be done with propriety, especially under the present appearances of a movement among the enemy, which your letter, concurring with the intelligence received from Capt Stokes, indicates.
[Note 96: Washington himself attended the celebration of February 18, at Pluckamin, in honor of the French Alliance. It had been postponed from February 6 on account of the Commander in Chief's absence from camp. Thacher's Military Journal gives a meagre account and General Knox's letter of February 28 to his brother complacently states that: "We had above seventy ladies, all of the first ton in the State, and between three and four hundred Gentlemen. We danced all night--an elegant room, the illuminating, fireworks, &c., were more than pretty." The entertainment was given by the artillery corps, which erected a temple, or frame, of 13 Corinthian arches, about 100 feet in length and proportionably high, each arch containing an illuminated painting emblematic of the Revolution. Fireworks were devised by Colonel Stevens and set off from the top of the frame. The entertainment began with a discharge of 13 cannon at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, which was the signal for the commencement of the supper at which many toasts were drunk to patriotic sentiments. After the fireworks display, the ball was opened by Washington and Mrs. Knox in the Academy budding in the village of Pluckamin.] The enemy may think our attention too much engaged in the exhibition of that day, and may be encouraged to some enterprise on that account. I must therefore beg you will remain at your post, and have a look out more vigilant than ordinary upon the occasion. You will for that purpose give notice to all your guards and parties along the sound and enjoin them to be particularly alert. I am &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 16, 1779.
Gentlemen: The Business upon which I have called you together, is, to request you to scrutinize strictly, the terms upon which the old Soldiers of the Maryland line were inlisted, in order that justice may be done to the public and to those individuals who are really entitled to the Bounty of Congress upon reinlisting for the War. I always understood, and reported accordingly to Congress, that a much greater number of the Soldiers of the Maryland line were enlisted for the War than I find now returned for that term. I have never had a full or clear representation of the matter, but I am informed, that the difference arises upon a doubt of the interpretation of the Words in the inlistments of numbers of the Men, which specify that they are to serve for three Years or during the War. To determine the true intent and meaning of those Words, it will be necessary to recur to the orders issued by the State to those officers who were employed to recruit, and also to endeavour to find out the precise Ideas of the State at the time. That is, whether the term of Service was to be at the option of the public or the Individual. In short, I would wish you to make every possible enquiry, by examining carefully into the original inlistments, into the Regimental and Company Books, (by which it will appear how those men were considered before the Bounty brought the matter into dispute) and by such other means as your judgments shall direct. When you have come to a determination, be pleased to direct lists to be made out in the several Regiments of such Men as are clearly in your opinions at liberty to reinlist for the War.98 I am etc.99
[Note 98: Copies of the lists submitted in February and March, in conformity with this request, are in the Continental Army Returns, Washington Papers (Force Transcripts, in the Library of Congress, vol. 25, nos. 107--118). The originals are supposed to be in the Adjutant General's Office, War Department. Also in these Force Transcripts of Continental Army Returns, vol. 31, no. 60, is a list of "Men inlisted for the War previous to 23d January 1779, taken from the Muster Rolls." This includes the Maryland troops along with the rest of the Army.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, February 16, 1779.
Dear sir: I have received your favor of the 10th. inst.expressing your desire to have a command in the light Corps.
My opinion of your merit will lead me chearfully to comply with your request, as soon as the Arrangement of the army, and other circumstances permit the formation of that Corps.
The pennsylvania Barracks appear to be well constructed for the accomodation of the troops, and judiciously disposed. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[H. S. P.]
Head Quarters, February 16, 1779.
Sir: As the Enemy may be tempted to some Enterprize on a supposition that the festivity of the 18th2 will occasion remisness in duty, I have directed the officer commanding at Bonum Town to be particularly vigilant, and to transmit you the
[Note 2: Celebration at Pluckamin of the French Alliance.] earliest intelligence, shd any movement happen.3 You will therefore be prepared if occasion shd require, to have the convalescents of yr Hospital marched, and the sick whose situation admits of it removed to a place of greater security. It will likewise be necessary in this case to remove any spare Hospital Stores that may have been collected at Brunswick. I am &c.
[Note 3: Alexander Hamilton, by Washington's direction, wrote this same day (February 16) to Capt. John Stokes, at Bonum Town, enjoining extra vigilance on Thursday, February 18, that night and part of the day following; and to Capt. Bartholomew yon Heer, to send a select patrol on the south side of the Raritan towards Amboy, "so as to be in the quarter for obtaining intelligence" of the enemy's movement on Thursday morning next. "In case of any movement, the earliest notice is to be given to His Excellency at the Artillery Park, pluckemin." and "likewise to Col. Beaufort at Brunswick." The patrol was to return to camp after 10 o'clock, Friday morning, February 19. Hamilton's letters are in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. In case of a move, notice will likewise be given you from S. Amboy.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens, and is addressed to "Col Beaufort" at Brunswick, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 16, 1779.
Sir: You will in the first instance proceed with the money under your care to Peekskill. The purposes to which it is to be applied, are to pay the troops under the command respectively of Major Generals Putnam and McDougall, to discharge the accounts for contingent expences, at the posts under their direction, and to furnish bounty money for reinlisting the men during the war agreeable to the General order of the 7th instant.
In paying the troops the pay rolls are to be made up to the last of December examined and certified in the usual manner; after which an order from the commanding officer at the post, will be your voucher for the payment. The accounts for contingent expences, are also to be paid on orders from the respective commanding officers.
Two hundred thousand dollars are to be appropriated for the purpose of bounty money; one hundred thousand for the troops in each command. The particular distribution of this to the several regiments is to be regulated by orders from the respective commanding officers, Major Generals Putnam and McDougall.
All issues of money for whatsoever purpose, are to be made upon warrants in the usual mode, which will be of course lodged with you, to be hereafter signed by me.
It is not meant to point out Peeks Kill as the place of your residence; I leave it to you when you arrive there to act in such a manner as shall appear to you most convenient for answering the purposes of the different posts of Danbury and the Highlands.
But on your arrival at Peeks Kill, I would have you give immediate notice to Major General Putnam and pursue the most expeditious measure for furnishing the necessary supply of money, to the different posts particularly that for recruiting in which not a moment's time should be lost.
When you have completed the business for which you are sent, you will return to Middle Brook.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, February 16, 1779.
Parole Tobago. Countersigns Toledo, Truro.
At a General Court Martial held at Middle Brook, Jany. 10th. 1779, Lieutenant Holman Mennis6 of the 1st Virginia
[Note 6: Lieut. Holman Minnis (Mennis), of the First Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to captain in May, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston in May, 1780; transferred to the Seventh Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to the close of the war.] regiment was tried for "misconduct in swaping an impressed horse in the year 1777."
The Court are of opinion that he is not guilty of swaping an impressed horse as is alledged to him in the charge, but think him guilty of swaping a stray; That as he was charged with mis-conduct in swaping an impressed horse which it appears he is not guilty of, don't conceive they have a right to censure him for his mis-conduct in swaping a Stray.
Lieutenant Mennis is released from his Arrest. All the men belonging to Lieutenant Colonel Rawlings's Regimt.7 now doing duty in the line are to be delivered to Lieutenant Tanneyhill8 of said regiment upon his demanding them.
[Note 7: Rawlings's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 8: Lieut. Adamson Tannehill, of Rawlings's Additional Continental regiment. He was promoted to captain in July, 1779, to rank from April, 1778, and retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, February 17, 1779.
Parole California. Countersigns Canada, Chichester.
The Commandants of Divisions, Brigades and Corps are to be particularly careful that the camp is not left too bare of officers tomorrow and to issue strict orders that their soldiers do not straggle from their quarters.
Brigadier General Smallwood will take command of the Maryland Division during the absence of Baron De Kalb.
[Note 9: Deputy Quartermaster General, in Philadelphia at this time.]
Camp at Middle brook, February 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: My Plates and Dishes, once of Tinn, now little better than rusty iron, are rather too much worn for delicate stomachs in fixed and peaceable quarters, tho they may yet serve in the busy and active movements of a Campaign. I therefore desire that you will send me a sett of Queens China if to be had; not less I conceive, than what follows of each article will do:
The whole to be very carefully packed.
I also desire you will send me Six tolerably genteel but not expensive Candlesticks all of a kind and three pair of Snuffers to them. I wish for as much fur as will edge a Coat, Waistcoat, and Breeches and that it may be sent to me as soon as possible. Let this be accompanied by 2 pounds of Starch.
Your Nephew gave me the Padlock keys of the two last Trunks sent, but not the other keys of them; it is not in my power therefore (without spoiling the locks wch. I am not disposed to do, as I shall deliver the Trunks to Genl. Greene for his and Harrison's10 use) to get out the Sheeting you procured for me; you will please to have enquiry made for the other keys and send them under cover by some safe conveyance. Let me know how many Table Cloths you sent to me at different times and by whom. No more than Seven ever came to my hands. 3 at one time and 4 at another. I must request you to get me a good Hat. if my old Hatter Parish11 is furnished with materials I would prefer one of his make as those already had from him have proved they are good and he knows the size of
[Note 10: Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 11: Isaac Parish (Parrish), Philadelphia hatter.] my head. I do not wish by any means to be in the extreme of the fashion either in the size, or manner of Cocking it.
Please to examine if any of the inclosed Tickets have come up Prizes, and if any thing is to be made of them be so obliging as to do it for me.12 My Complimts. to Mrs. Mitchell. I am etc.
[Note 12: Mitchell replied (February 21). The china, he feared, would be difficult to get; the candlesticks he would get; the fur would be forwarded in a day or two, in the wagon carrying the papers from the Board of War; "Mr Parish is at work to make you the best Hart in his power....Yesterday all your Tickets were in the Wheel but one wch. is a Blank; the Lottery is very rich and much in favor of the Tickets not yet drawn;" he had sent 11 tablecloths and was making inquiry about the trunk keys. Mitchell's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. I expect the Board of War will send you a box of Papers for me. Please to let them be sent to head Qrs. by a safe hand and covered waggon.
Middle brook, February 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: Altho I have delayed till now to give you the trouble of a line, I am not the less impressed with a sense of your politeness and civilities to me while I had the honor of being under yr. roof.13 I shall think myself very happy if any poor cottage, of which I happen to be Master, can be hond. with your Company.
[Note 13: While in Philadelphia, Dec. 22, 1778, to Feb. 2, 1779, Washington stayed at the house occupied by Henry Laurens.]
We have nothing new in this quarter, but are told that something great and good is in store for us at Congress. Nothing less, in short than an alliance with Spain, and a loan from that Court of thirteen million of Dollars. When I said we had nothing new, I ought to have excepted a piece of Intelligence, that the Enemy on Staten Island &ca. are busy in preparing Fascines the design of them, we are as yet ignorant. I am a little impatient to hear something further from Georgia. Mrs. Washington prays you to accept her sincere thanks for your kind attention to her while she was in the City of Philadelphia and joins in respectful compliments with, Dr. Sir, Yr. etc.
[Note 14: Member of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: I must request the favr. of you to put the Box of Adjutant Generals papers which are at the War Office into the Hands of Mr. Mitchell with directions to forward them to Head Quarters by a careful hand. Be pleased to inform him of their consequence that he may give the stricter charge. I must also trouble you respecting my Box of private papers which are at York Town. If you will inform Lt. Colo. White where they are to be found, and will give him an order upon the person in whose possession they are for the delivery, he will, agreeable to the instructions in the inclosed, send an Officer for them, who will take charge of and bring them over to me. I am etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, February 17, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your favour of the 11th. with its inclosure. The general plan of the proposed regulation appears to me to be a very good one. There is however one alteration which I think would be an improvement. Instead of referring the settlement of accounts, with the officers who have given certificates, to the Auditors, they may be left in cases which respect their departments, to the Quarter Master and Commissary Generals, with the main army or their principal deputies in separate or detached commands. The reason of my preferring this mode is, that they from an intimate knowledge of the state of their own departments will best judge of the necessity of the conjunctures, which gave rise to those demands and the proper application of the articles on which they arise. The auditors can hardly be supposed proper judges of either. How far the same principle will apply in the Clothiers department, the Board will best determine.
Though I think it will be proper to leave it discretionary to those who are to pay the certificates to judge of what shall constitute their authenticity, so far as respects the inhabitants; yet it might serve to prevent imposition to appoint some rule for giving certificates to be enjoined upon the officers. This will make it easier to investigate their conduct and more difficult to deceive the inhabitants. I would therefore propose an additional regulation to the following effect.
That certificates given by commissioned officers for articles taken for the use of the army, be signed with their names at full length and the rank they hold; and if under a general officer, that the regiment to which they belong be added.
That the particular articles taken be inserted in the body of the certificate, their supposed value, the time and place, in letters not in figures.
That the certificate be directed to the principal of the department or his nearest deputy; whose duty it is to provide the articles so taken.
That officers keep exact copies of the certificates they give, and transmit other copies to the nearest agents in the department giving him the necessary information respecting the business.
That the deputies shall transmit copies of all such certificates which they pay to their principals, that inquiry may be made, whether the giving the certificates was necessary for the public service and whether the things taken have been properly applied. The papers respecting the arrangement of the army are received, and measures are taking to complete it. I have the honor etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and addressed to Richard Peters.]
Head Quarters, February 17, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed is the Copy of the Virginia Arrangement as transmitted to me by the Board of War, for a final revisal before the Commissions are issued. I therefore desire you, to assemble the Field Officers of the Virginia Line and with them inspect the arrangement carefully, that if there should be any mistakes or misdates, they may be reported to me, that I may endeavour to have them adjusted, and the Lists returned compleat to the Board of War. Be pleased to mark those who have resigned with the dates of resignation. There are a few dates not yet filled up, which you will ascertain if possible. Be pleased to acquaint the Officers of your whole line that after the Commissions are issued there will be no future appeal, and therefore desire them, if they have any objections or claims, to make or bring them in now.
Be pleased to direct Returns to be made to me Regimentally of the Officers absent on command or furlough specifying the time when their furloughs will expire and the Counties in which they may most probably be found.
Governor Henry writes me that a number of Officers will be wanted to collect and march the Recruits from Virginia and therefore some of those now absent may be ordered to remain for that purpose. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 17, 1779.
Sir: This will be forwarded to you by Richard Peters Esq. of the Board of War, with an order for the delivery of a Box of my private papers which are at York Town. As these papers are of very great consequence, I must desire you to send an Officer and three or four Men to receive and bring them over by the shortest Route from York Town to this Place. The Deputy Quarter Masters must furnish Waggons at the different Stages, except that which sets out from York will come the whole way. Be pleased to give the Officer a charge, to be careful in not sufferg the papers to get wet, in passing Brooks and also to see that the Waggon is well covered. Should the Regimental pay Abstracts or any public Accounts be ready, the Officer who has the papers in charge can bring them with him. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, February 18, 1779.
Parole Sherbon. Countersigns Siam, Stamford.
Lieutenant Colin Coke19 is appointed Pay Master of the 2nd. Virginia regiment, vice Lieutt. Erasmus Gill20 from the 16th. instant.
[Note 19: Lieut. Colin Cocke (Coke), of the Second Virginia Regiment. He was made captain in December, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner to the end of the war.]
[Note 20: Of the Second Virginia Regiment. He had been promoted in February, 1779, to captain in the Fourth Continental Dragoons, to rank from December, 1778; taken prisoner at Savannah, Ga., in October, 1779; exchanged October, 1780; served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 19, 1779.
Sir: I have been successively honored with your two favours of the 8th and 15th instant, with their several inclosures; to all which due attention shall be paid. The Court Martial in the case of the officers conducting the public works at Springfield, shall be immediately directed.21
[Note 21: A committee of the Massachusetts Legislature had charged the officers at Springfield laboratory with misdemeanors, and Congress, by a resolve of February 11 (not February 15, as stated in the President's letter of that date), referred the matter to Washington. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, Feb. 22, 1779, post.)]
A letter of the 11th Ultimo from General McDougall22 contains the following paragraph,
[Note 22: McDougall's letter of January 11 is not now found in the Washington Papers. He managed a secret intelligence system which produced good results.]
If Congress will order me one thousand dollars in hard cash without delay, I will pledge myself to make such use of it, as will abundantly compensate for it to the Continent, divert them and the army.
I have since sent him fifty guineas, which were all I could spare out of my stock.
With the greatest respect and esteem, I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter was read in Congress on February 22 and "Order taken thereon."]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 20, 1779.
Sir: I have your favr. of yesterday accompanied by four New York papers for which I am obliged and return you the latest Pennsylvania and Maryland in exchange.
As it is not thought proper to send in those who have deserted from the Convention Troops, to be exchanged as prisoners of War, you will please to send all at present at Elizabeth Town to Morris Town where the Guard has been strengthened for their security.
I have examined the arrangement of the New Jersey Brigade sent over by Colonel Ogden and find it differ in some respects from the Copy made out by the Board of War. Inclosed are my remarks24 which you will please to explain, and if the alterations have been made with propriety, I will return it compleated to the Board of War that Commissions may issue.
[Note 24: A copy of these remarks (Force Transcripts) is in the Continental Army Returns, vol. 100, no. 69. They query the rank of 15 different officers; but, lacking the return on which the queries are based, said queries are, in most instances, unintelligible.]
Captn. Isaac Morrison25 has lodged some charges of a very high nature, against Colo. Ogden with Copy of which he has engaged to furnish Colo. Ogden.26 I think myself under the necessity of having the matter enquired into, and therefore wish you to desire Colo. Ogden to prepare his defence. When he is ready I shall expect to be informed by you, that a Court may be ordered for the purpose. None of the Field Officers, Colonels Dayton and Barber, excepted have the dates of their Comms. affixed. If it arises from any disputes among themselves I wish to be made acquainted that I may have it settled by the Regulations laid down by Congress. I am etc.27
[Note 25: Of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 26: "I herewith send you a copy of the charges exhibited against you by Capt. Morrison. You will be pleased to notify, when you are prepared for a defence, that the evidences may be summoned, and a court ordered."-- Washington to Col. Matthias Ogden, Feb. 22, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 20, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 15th. The terms on which men already in the service engaged for a period short of the war, are to be reinlisted you will find specified in the General order of the seventh instant transmitted to General Hand. With respect to men who may be recruited in the Country not heretofore in service, they are intitled to a bounty of two hundred dollars; but they are not to be engaged for any term, less than during the war; recruiting officers to be paid 20 dollars for every able bodied recruit so inlisted, and three dollars a day for their expences while detached on the recruiting service.
As there is not however any provision of the kind made for the sixteen regiments I cannot give you authority to recruit in the country; I can only permit, and that on condition it be not contrary to the laws of the state. There is no resolve of Congress of the nature you mention, for giving those soldiers, who at first inlisted for the war, eighty dollars, in addition to their original bounty.
I have given Lieutenant Ogden28 a warrant for five thousand dollars for the use of your regiment. When these are exhausted you will send a list to Head Quarters of the men you have engaged and a further sum will be granted. I am etc.29
[Note 28: Lieut. Barney(?) Ogden, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, February 20, 1779.
Parole Dantzick. Countersigns Dol, Dis.
The Commander in Chief having been informed that in several instances regimental Pay Masters have been ordered to do duty in rotation with other commissioned officers;
As it is incompatible with the nature of their office, he directs that they be freed from all duties except such as relate to the pay and clothing of their regiments respectively.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, February 21, 1779.
Parole Rockingham. Countersigns Rugby, Ripley.
Returns of the names of those men who have reinlisted in consequence of the late orders to be transmitted next Tuesday to the Orderly Office by the Commandants of Brigades.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: A Committee appointed by the Council of the State of Massachusets Bay to inquire into the conduct and behaviour of the Officers both Civil and Military, doing duty at Springfield, having preferred Complaints against Colo. David Mason, Colo. Smith Dy. Qr. Mr. and Major Eyres, the Congress have by a Resolve of the 11th. instant (copy of which you have inclosed) directed me to order a Court Martial upon the several persons accused of Misdemeanours. Reading being the nearest Post to which the parties can with any convenience repair, I must desire you to give them due notice and order a Court Martial to sit for their trial. You will be pleased to furnish them with a Copy of the Charges and allow them a reasonable time to collect and summon their Evidences, if they should not be already prepared. When the Court has compleated the Business be pleased to forward the proceedings that I may transmit them to Congress. I inclose you all the papers of this transaction that have come to my hand, which you will lay before the Court for their information.
Inclosed you have a Copy of the Arrangement of the Connecticut line, but as some Alterations have since happened from Resignations and other causes, it is sent up by the Board of War for a revisal before the Commissions are issued. Should any dispute of Rank remain, it must be determined by the Regulations established by Congress for the settlement of Rank and published in the General Orders of 24 Novr. Ulto., Copy of which has been transmitted to your Deputy Adt. Genl. Should any promotions take place by Resignation or otherwise they are to be filled up regimentally as high as Captains and from thence upwards in the line of the State. When the Arrangement has been revised be pleased to return it to me with your remarks if any, and with any claims of Rank that may be made. Be pleased also to inform the Officers that when Commissions are once issued, there will be no future admission of any claims whatever. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 11th. instant; and am pleased to hear of the success of your armed Vessel against the Enemy's Foragers. I fear from the Complexion of General Glovers letter that he will be under the necessity of leaving the Service, he had thoughts of this some time ago and it was with difficulty that he was prevailed upon to continue.
Inclosed you have a Copy of the arrangement of the two Rhode Island Battalions, but as none of the dates are affixed I must desire you to convene the officers and have that matter settled.
Should any dispute of Rank arise it must be determined by the Regulations of Congress published in the General Orders of the 24th. Novemr. last. Copy of which has been transmitted to your Deputy Adjt. General. Should any promotion arise from Resignation or otherwise it must take place Regimentally as high as Captains and from thence upwards in the line of the State.
When the proper dates are affixed be pleased to transmit the list to me that I may transmit it to the Board of War and have the Commissions issued, after which there will be no admission of any claims whatever.
The arrangement of Webbs, Sherburnes, Henley's, Lees and Jacksons are not yet compleated but I expect will be soon. I am etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On February 22 Washington wrote to Brig. Gen. James Clinton: "Inclosed you have a Copy of the arrangement of the New York line as transmitted to me by the Board of War for a final revisal ... As your Brigade is a good deal scattered, I must request you to take the most speedy method of finding whether any alterations have since happened by resignation or otherwise. Should there remain any disputes respecting Rank etc." The remainder of the letter is practically the same as the corresponding part of Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, Feb. 22, 1779, q. v.
Practically this same letter was also sent (February 22) to Brig. Gert. Enoch Poor, for the New Hampshire line, and condensed versions of it were also sent to Brig. Gen. James Hogun, for the Third North Carolina Regiment, and to Col. Thomas Clark, for the First and Second North Carolina Regiments.]
[N.H.H.S]
Head Quarters, February 22, 1779.
Sir: I have been informed that you have, upon Colo. Russel's leaving Camp, taken the command of General Scott's Brigade. This gives umbrage to the Officers properly belonging to the Brigade who do not conceive that you are attached to that or any other, as you have no Regiment in the field, and have never in the arrangement of the Army been considered as belonging to one Brigade more than another: But have taken your tour of duty in the line at large. This is agreeable to my opinion also, and I would therefore advise you to give up the command to Lieut. Colo. Hawes32 or whoever may be the senior Officer and take command in the line only, untill something definitive is determined upon respecting your continuance in the service. I am etc.33
[Note 32: Lieut. Col. Samuel Hawes, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November of that year.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, February 24, 1779.
Parole Florida. Countersigns Fontenay, Furen.
The court of Inquiry upon a complaint exhibited by Mr. Brokaw against Colonel Craige, report as follows: That they are of opinion, that if the Inhabitants of the country take the liberty of dealing with the soldiers in an improper manner and to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, they do it at their own risque, and if they should receive any correction, which they think is a breach of the civil law, as they hold themselves not amenable to a military court, they should have recourse for redress to the courts of civil law, and that Mr. Brokaw as he thinks himself aggrieved has an undoubted right to bring an action against Colonel Craige.
The General is sorry to find that the court seem to have mistaken his intention. He had no doubt that an inhabitant who conceives himself aggrieved by an officer has a right to seek redress from the civil-law; but he wished to have the opinion of the court explicitly on the particular merits of the complaint against Colo. Craige in order to determine how far the complainant might be intitled to redress from military justice.
All improper treatment of an inhabitant by an officer or soldier being destructive of good order and discipline as well as subversive of the rights of society is as much a breach of military, as civil law and as punishable by the one as the other. The General does not mean to decide in the present case nor to include Colo. Craige's conduct in that description; but he seriously recommends it to all officers to consider the delicacy of their situation with respect to the inhabitants and cautiously to refrain from every thing that may have even the appearance of an abuse of power. A real one so far as depends upon him will never escape the severest notice.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 24, 1779.
Sir: I transmit you herewith two letters the applications of General Glover34 and Colo. Wigglesworth35 for the acceptance of their respective resignations. Colonel Wigglesworth is particularly desirous to obtain a speedy answer that he may have it in his power to make some arrangements before his proposed departure for France. Congress will also be pleased to attend to General Glovers request for his Commission as Brigadier.
[Note 34: Brig. Gen. John Glover had been appointed a brigadier general in February, 1777. He resigned in July, 1782.]
[Note 35: Col. Edward Wigglesworth, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. His resignation was accepted on Mar. 10, 1779.]
The State of Maryland having remitted to General Smallwood £4000 in Bills of the two emissions which Congress have called out of circulation, to repay a loan to the military Chest employed as a State Bounty to its troops, I would wish to know the will of Congress as to the propriety of receiving them in payment. I have the Honor etc.36
[Note 36: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on February 27, which resolved that same day, "That the Board of Treasury be empowered to exchange a sum not exceeding 40,000 dollars of the money now in the hands of Brigadier General Smallwood, advanced by the State of Maryland to their commissioned officers."]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 24, 1779.
Sir: I take occasion, in this place, to repeat the verbal instructions, given you in Philadelphia, for countermanding the orders you may have issued, in consequence of former instructions to you of the 15th. december last; except so far as relates to an Indian expedition upon a smaller scale, preparations for which are to be prosecuted, agreeable to the directions which shall be received for that purpose from Major General Schuyler.
I have given the Commissary General orders to lay in a Magazine of four months provisions for Twelve hundred men at Fort Pitt, and another of the like quantity for One thousand men at Sunbury, both to be formed by the first day of May next, and exclusive of the quantities necessary for the subsistence of the troops in these quarters.
I have directed him, if possible, to draw his supplies for Pittsburgh from the frontiers of virginia, and those for Sunbury from the Westside of the Susquehanna. You will consult with him and afford him the necessary aid respecting the transportation.
You will endeavour to obtain as soon as possible, and in as secret a manner as the nature of the case will admit, a list of all the vessels from the Falls of Susquehanna (above Harris's Ferry) to Wyoming; estimating the number of men and quantity of provisions they are capable of carrying and distinguishing public from private property and those which may suit the upper norrower and shallower parts of the River, from such as are adapted to the lower, wider and deeper parts.
You will please to furnish me with a return of all the stores, which shall be in your department on the first day of every month, and the places where they are to be made as soon after that day as the particular returns from your deputies can be collected and drawn into a general one. You will cause the same to be done by the Commissary of forage in his department.
Though you are to proceed no further in providing materials for the vessels of force, the articles which may be already provided are to be carefully deposited for future use in such manner as will best secure them from waste and loss.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: General Smallwood informs me that Captn. Winder38 with about 100 Men of the 1st. Maryld. Brigadeis detained in Philada. to do Garrison duty.
[Note 38: Capt. Levin Winder, of the First Maryland Regiment. His promotion to major was to date from April, 1777. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S C., in August, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment, in January, 1781; promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Fifth Maryland Regiment, in April, 1781; transferred to the First Maryland Regiment, in January, 1783; served to April of that year.]
The line has been so weakened, by the expiration of the service of a number of the draughts and by necessary detachments that it is impossible the Men above mentioned can be spared for that duty; I must therefore request you to give Capt. Winder orders to march immediately to Camp. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 24, 1779.
Sir: I received your favr. of yesterday with several News papers inclosed. The Regulations of Congress for the settlement of Rank take in every claim that the Field Officers of your Brigade can possibly make and therefore there will be no need of referring the matter to the State. If they find they cannot settle the dispute among themselves I will appoint a Board to hear their pretensions and come to a final decision. The sooner this is done the better. Tuesday next is appointed for a Court Martial to sit at this place for the trial of Colo. Ogden40 on the charges exhibited by Capt. Morrison.41 I have given the Colo. notice and I must desire you to summon Capt. Morrison, and Colo. De Hart,42 Capt. Polhemus,43 Capt. Van Angel,44 Major Conway,45 Ensign Levy,46 Mr. Mathias Williamson and Robt. Kelso, who were returned as evidence to support the charges.
[Note 40: Col. Matthias Ogden, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Elizabethtown, N.J., in October, 1780; exchanged in April, 1781; granted leave to go to Europe in April, 1783. For the court-martial result see General Orders, Apr. 2, 1779, post.]
[Note 41: Capt. Isaac Morrison, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 42: Lieut. Col. William De Hart, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in November, 1781.]
[Note 43: Capt. John Polhemus, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 44: Capt. John Van Anglen, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 45: Maj. John Conway, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the First New Jersey Regiment in July, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 46: Ensign Asher Levy, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in July, 1779.]
Captain Fitzrandolphs47 treatment in New York is referred to Mr. Boudinot the State Commy. of prisoners who no doubt will make a proper representation. I am etc.48
[Note 47: Capt. Asher Fitzrandolph, of the New Jersey Militia. He later served as an American spy.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have a Copy of the arrangement of the Massachusets line as returned to the Board of War by the Committee appointed for that purpose, but as many alterations may have happened, by Resignations and other causes, since the lists were made out, the Board have sent them to me for a final revisal; Congress having by a Resolve of the 4th. instant impowered me to cornpleat the arrangement; I must therefore request you to convene the General and Field Officers of the three Brigades under your command, and desire them to point out any alterations that may have arisen in their respective Corps. Should any promotions take place in consequence they are to be filled up regimentally as high as Captains and from thence upwards in the line of the State, agreeable to the Regulations of June 2nd. 1778. It is more than probable that some disputes may yet remain respecting the relative Rank of the Field Officers and some of the Subalterns. Should this be the case, they must be guided by the Resolve of Congress of the 24th. Novemr. last which has been published in General Orders and transmitted to your Deputy Adjt. General, and which I think makes provision for every claim that can possibly be raised.
I would much rather that the Officers should settle this matter among themselves, but if this cannot be done, they must state their respective claims and I must appoint a Board to take them into consideration and assist me in determining upon them.
Glover's Brigade being at Rhode Island will possibly occasion some delay and difficulty, because some of the Officers in it may perhaps have disputes of Rank with those at the Highlands. I can therefore think of no better method of giving all an equal chance of stating their claims, than by sending a Copy of the arrangement of those Regiments that are at Rhode Island to the Officers there and request them to overlook it and if they have any objections to it as it stands to empower some of their Body to meet the rest of their line at Peekskill or Fishkill and endeavour to make a settlement. I am exceedingly anxious to have the arrangements cornpleated on terms that will give general satisfaction and I am certain it can be as well or better done by the contending parties, than by any other persons if they will but determine to submit to the Regulations of Congress before mentioned which seem calculated to take in every case and make provision for every claim.
As soon as you have got the work compleated to the satisfaction of the concerned, or if this cannot be done, as soon as you have compleated it as far as circumstances will admit and have collected the claims of those who are dissatisfied be pleased to return the whole to me. I have nothing to add but my wish that you will endeavour to have every dispute settled upon the spot, that the Commissions may be issued as speedily as possible, after which, there will be no admission of any future claims.
Since I began this letter I have received the arrangement of Putnams, Wigglesworths, Voses, Shepherds and Bigelows Regs. with such alterations as have occurred since the first copy was made out, as they will be of use in forming the new lists I have inclosed them.
Be pleased to forward the packet for Genl. Clinton by a careful hand. It contains the arrangemt. of the New York line. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: Agreeable to my promise, when you were at Head Quarters, I have had a calculation made from the last returns of the Commissary of Prisoners, of the number of privates which upon the several propositions that have been made by the enemy, we should have to give them in a general exchange of our officers, for officers and privates of the Covention Troops.
By submitting this to Congress, if necessary, they will be the better able to decide on the propriety of adopting the measure solicited in the memorial, which you have been appointed to present.50 I am etc.51
[Note 50: The memorial was, presumably, that from Gen. William Thompson and other officers, prisoners on Long Island. It was reported on, to Congress, Mar. 5, 1779. (See Journals of the Continental Congress.)]
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 26, 1779.
Dear Sir: Upon a presumption that a part of the intended operations against the Indians will be carried on by a Body of Men from the Waters of the Susquehannah it will be necessary to be well informed of the Situation of the principal Villages of the hostile tribes and the number of fighting Men that each may contain. We will suppose Chemung on the [Cayuga]54 Branch the first post to be attacked and carried, and will make that the point from whence our Body will proceed towards the Enemy, the Villages that this Body will probably fall in with in their march to join that from the Mohawk River [and another body coming up the Alligany if that should be fd. practice.] is what I want principally to be informed of. I have thought of no way more likely to gain this information, than from Mr. Deane55 [or Mr. Kirkland]56 to endeavour to get it from the Friendly Oneidas in such a manner as not to give them any suspicions of the real design.
[Note 54: Tilghman wrote "Tioga", which Washington changed to "Cayuga."]
[Note 55: James Deane. He was agent and interpreter to commissioners of indian affairs, Northern Department.]
[Note 56: Rev. Samuel Kirkland, missionary to the Oneida Indians.]
If a rough Sketch of the Country and Waters, situation of the Indian Villages and their distances from each other (making Chemung the place of departure) could be laid down upon paper it would be more satisfactory than in any other Manner.
If you approve of this plan of gaining the intelligence and think it practicable, I shall be obliged to you for writing to Mr Deane [or Kirkland (or both to see how their accts. agree) ] upon the subject and give him any other directions you may think proper to render the plan more perfect. I am etc.
[P.S. If the rough draft of the Country containing the Indn. Settlements was, besides comprehending Chemung on the Susquehanna, to take in the Alligany River, and upper landing thereon; the place of debarkation in the Seneca or Cayuga River, and Niagara and Iorondequat57 on Ontario it would
[Note 57: Irondequoit, now about 4 miles northeast of Rochester, N.Y.] give one a general and comprehensive view of the whole and with a knowledge of the distances from these given points to the several Towns enable one to form a plan for cooperation.]58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, February 26, 1779.
Sir: Capt. Walker59 delivered me your favor of the 10th. inst. with the Sequel of your Manuscript.
[Note 59: Capt. Benjamin Walker, aide to Baron Steuben. He was lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington from January, 1782, to the close of the war.]
Inclosed I transmit you my remarks on the first part,60 the Remainder shall follow as soon as other affairs of equal importance will permit. I very much approve the conciseness of
[Note 60: These remarks, as dictated by Washington to John Laurens, are undated, but filed under date of February 26 in the Washington Papers. As they illustrate Washington's grasp of the details of good military training, they are here printed. A comparison with Steuben's printed "Regulations" will make clear any point:
"Chap. 1st. Officers who receive their functions on horseback are to wear Swords. The Platoon officers are to be armed with Swords and Espontoons.
Chap. 3. Under the head of Formation, There is a disagreement between the Plan and directions, which it is meant to illustrate.
Ibid. "The advantages resulting from these additional file-closers, will not compensate the loss of fire, occasioned by drawing so many corporals from the ranks, the eldest corporal from each company in addition to those who are already posted as File-Closers, will be sufficient.
"Chap. 5 The manner of performing the oblique Step ought to be explained.
Ibid. "Manual Exercise.
"The word of command take sight is to be universally used instead of present. The motion of grounding the Firelock is omitted, as it is frequently useful and when executed ought to be done in order, a word of command for the purpose seems necessary. The Words of Command for fixing and unfixing the bayonet ought likewise to be inserted.
"Chap. 6. Artic. 3. This manoeeuvre does not appear to be practicable in real service.
"Chap. 9. Article 6. In the Central display. Two Sergeants of the first platoon, mark the position to which the platoon of allineation is to march. This should be mentioned under the head of directions to the first platoon. Nothing is said of the return of these Sergeants after the end for which they were posted, is answered, it is probably intended that they should retire along the rear of the battalion. The forward movement of the platoon of allineation, is intended to prevent a kind of retrograde evolution which would otherwise be performed by one wing in the Central display, and also by the whole battalion, where the display is made on a different hand from that on which the Column was formed. Quare whether it would not be well to practice both methods, the method alluded to, may be very serviceable in the oblique order of battle, when either of the wings is to be refused, and seconds the gradation of the Columns. The Title of this Chapter is 'the Method of forming and displaying Columns and changing front.' The last is omitted in the body of the Chapter, probably it was intended to be introduced under the 9th Article.
"Chap. 10. Artic. 4 The hollow square or Oblong with a Reserve in Center, appears preferable to the disposition here proposed, when the battalion is menaced by Cavalry. It is readily formed, is capable of pursuing its march or halting in order of defence as occasion may require, and better calculated to resist the Charge of resolute horse.
"Chap. 12. Art. 1. Passage of Lines. The two cases appear reducible to one. For the more prompt and convenient execution of the manoeeurve, one or other of the two Lines must form Columns. The very reason which obliges the first line to retire, will incapacitate it to form Columns by Platoons. Whereas the Second Line not being immediately subject to the enemys fire may very readily by central foldings be thrown into that order, and leave ample intervals for the Retreat of the first line. Some Tacticians reject the method of displaying the second Line at all, and recommend having it disposed in Regimental Columns, in which form they are ready to advance on the first notice for the partial or general relief of the first line, and leave sufficient issues for its Retreat. The french method is to have the second line displayed, and in case of necessity, the front line retires, the second line opening passages wherever the head of columns present themselves. The difficulty of forming the first line into Columns, and the danger in our slender order, of having the second line overborn by the first, seems to determine in favor, either of throwing the second line into Regimental Columns, or having it previously disposed in that way, which last method appears preferable, as the retiring of the first line in time of action is naturally a moment of tumult and confusion, and the more movements there are to be performed, the more the confusion will be encreased and vice versa. On this plan the first line should endeavour to retire in line."] the work, founded on your general principle of rejecting every thing superflous; though perhaps it would not be amiss in a work of instruction, to be more minute and particular in some parts. One precaution is rendered necessary by your writing in a foreign tongue, which is to have the whole revised and prepared for the press by some person who will give it perspicuity and correctness of diction, without deviating from the appropriated ( sic) terms and language of the Military Science. These points cannot be too closely attended to, in Regulations which are to receive the sanction of Congress and are designed for the general Government of the Army.61 I am etc.62
[Note 61: Steuben's Regulations, as printed in 1779, bore the title "Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, Part 1." It was printed in Philadelphia by Styner & Cist. An abstract for the use of the Pennsylvania Militia was also published in Philadelphia in 1779 by Francis Bailey.]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry and John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 26, 1779.
Sir: I have received the honor of your two favours of the 22d and 23d, with the several papers accompanying them. The measures necessary in consequence shall be immediately taken. I am much obliged by the communication of the intelligence from Martinico.63
[Note 63: This extract is filed under date of Jan. 27, 1779, in the Washington Papers. It described the unhealthy condition of the British forces at St. Lucia, 12 to 15 soldiers dying each day. The British frigate, which carried the news of the capture of St. Lucia, was taken by the French frigate La Boudeusse.]
Yesterday morning a detachment of the enemy from Staten Island made an attempt to surprise the post at Elizabeth town.64 On receiving information of it, Genl. St. Clair with the Pennsylvania division and General Smallwood with the Maryland division were put in motion by different routes to form a junction at the Scotch plains, and proceed to reinforce General Maxwell and act as circumstances should require. Intelligence of the sudden retreat of the enemy occasioned their recall before they had advanced far. The inclosed copy of a letter from General Maxwell will furnish all the particulars I have received of this fruitless incursion.
[Note 64: Mr. Mathias Williamson forwarded the intelligence of the British having entered Elizabethtown.
"If their design should appear to be anything more serious than surprising that post and they should be in force sufficient to approach this army...you will retire gradually, harrassing and delaying them in their march, to give more time for our dispositions here. You will carefully preserve your communication with this post and give frequent advice of their progress."-- Alexander Hamilton to Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, Feb. 25, 1779. Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Through hurry of business in Philadelphia and since my arrival here, the papers relating to the inquiry into the conduct of the late Quarter Master General have till now escaped a particular consideration. There is a difficulty in executing the direction of Congress for bringing the affair to a military decision which requires to be explained. It is a received opinion that Major General Mifflin has resigned his commission in the army. If this be true, as he is no longer an officer, I should not conceive that he can be amenable to a military tribunal. I request to be favoured with information on this head.65 With very great respect and esteem I have the honor etc.66
[Note 65: Mifflin had resigned as Quartermaster General of the Continental Army on Nov. 7, 1777, and as a major general in the Army on Feb. 25, 1779.]
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 26, 1779
Gentlemen: I am honored with yours of the 19th, 22d and 23d instants with their several inclosures. General Duportails plan for the formation of the Corps of Miners and Sappers shall be immediately revised and returned by himself with the amendments which may be, in my opinion, proper. I will have the dispute of Rank between Majors Mentges.67 Murray68 and Nichols69 carefully examined and will transmit to the Board such determination as shall seem, upon a full investigation, conformable to justice and the Rules established by Congress for the regulation of Rank throughout the Army.
[Note 67: Maj. Francis Mentges, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment, to rank from October, 1778, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 68: Maj. John Murray, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel, to rank from December, 1778, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 69: Maj. Francis Nichols, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in May, 1779.]
I will write to Major Burchardt70 commanding the German Battalion and make him account for the total deficiency of Ammunition. I have the Honor etc.71
[Note 70: Maj. Daniel Burchardt, of the German regiment. He resigned in July, 1779.]
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 26, 1779.
Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Ult. came to hand a few days ago. I am sorry for the unfortunate occasion that urges you to leave the service. But as I cannot take the measure on myself of accepting your resignation, I have therefore referred your letter to Congress. When I receive their determination, I shall immediately transmit it, altho' should your resignation be accepted, it will be with that concern which I cannot help feeling on the loss of a good officer. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. Glover did not resign until July, 1782.]
[Note 73: Of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, February 26, 1779.
Sir: I received your letter of the 22nd. Inst. Captn. Farhum carries up the arrangement with him, as all claims are to receive their final discussion, he will now have it in his power to lay his before such officers as may be appointed to give opinion in cases of disputed rank.
I must refer the Capn. to the officer commanding at your post on the subject of a furlough. The liberty of granting furlough's has been very fully placed in the hands of the officers of an independent command by a general order issued when the army was at Fredericksburg.
As I have not properly any authority, to grant orders for the issuing of cloathing for officers it is impossible for me to comply with your request. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 75: Of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, February 26, 1779.
Sir: I recd. your letter of the 19th. Jany. Ult when at Philadelphia.76
[Note 76: Jackson's letter of January 19 complains of the delay in filling the vacancies in his regiment, and aspersions which Francis Dana cast upon Jackson's character.]
The arrangement is now sent forward to Genl. McDougall when such officers whose claims are undetermined will have an opportunity of preferring them and of their receiving a final decision.
As to the matter which you have mentioned, you may be assured, I cannot be prejudiced against an officer who punctually executes the several duties of his station. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 26, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. information from the Board of War that they had furnished you with Ten thousand new Musquet Cartridges for the use of the German Battalion and had directed you to deliver the old which were supposed to be in possession of the Men to Colo. Hooper Dy. Qr. Mr. Genl. at Easton. The Board were not without reason surprized to hear from Colo. Hooper that there were no Cartridges either good or bad remaining in the Regt. This is so strange a Circumstance that I am directed to call upon you in the most express manner to account for this total deficiency of ammunition, as it must be presumed that when the Regt. left the Brigade they had a supply.
I shall expect your answer78 by the first opportunity and am Sir your etc.79
[Note 78: Burchardt answered (March 20) from Minisink, N.Y., that the cartridges were lost through being damaged in various foraging expeditions on which detachments of the regiment had been ordered, in bad weather. A detachment had also acted as escort to the Convention troops when a quantity of cartridges had been damaged by carelessness of a wagoner and some were fired off in celebrating New Years at Easton,Pa. Burchardt's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On February 26 Washington wrote a few lines to Brig. Gen. John Nixon, ordering him to return to the Army at once. Also Washington wrote another brief note to Brig. Gen. John Paterson, granting him a short leave of absence, to commence on General Nixon's return to camp. These letters are in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (February 26) Washington wrote also to Col. Edward Wigglesworth in regard to his wish to resign and testimonials of his services. This letter is inthe Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 27, 1779.
Sir: Mr. Beatty, at my desire has made a representation of the state of the Marine prisoners, a copy of which is inclosed.80 They do not seem to be upon so regular a footing as might be wished. It appears that those in the hands of the enemy, captured in state or private as well as in Continental vessels, are subsisted at the expence of the United States; but exchanged for the benefit of the particular states, in whose service they were taken. It also appears that inconveniences arise from the variety of channels through which the business of exchanging those prisoners is conducted; and, that the Commissary of Prisoners is greatly embarrassed in the execution of his office; and has actually incurred a debt of marine prisoners to the enemy, which he has no means of paying.
[Note 80: This copy is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, vol. 7, fol. 123.]
As it would be attended with many inconveniences to require the several states to supply each its own prisoners, it seems best that the supplies should go on in their present channel; but would it not be adviseable to direct some mode for having the States charged with their respective proportions of expence? Our agent residing with the enemy can easily ascertain the prisoners of each state and the quantities of provision and necessaries delivered to them respectively which will make it easy to keep the accounts.
Would it not also be conducive to order and the good of the service to prohibit all state and partial exchanges and have the whole business transacted through the medium of the Continental Commissary of Prisoners, who can keep accounts with the different state commissaries and enter into a mutual responsibility for the prisoners taken and exchanged? I suggest these hints for the consideration of the Committee; and I doubt not will promote some plan for introducing greater regularity, than now exists.
I have also received a representation from the Qr. Mr. General on the subject of procuring waggoners. His observations are founded in experience; and if the bounty would have the effect of engaging men to serve in that capacity during the war, it would not be ill bestowed. But considering the high encouragements they already have; if these do not prove sufficient inducements; I should not be sanguine in the success of the bounty. It may however be tried, if Congress think proper to authorize it.
It is much to be wished that the several matters submitted to the Committee while I was in Philadelphia, and hitherto undecided could be brought to a conclusion. The arrangement of the Clothier's department in particular, on some consistent plan is an object infinitely interesting to the service. We every moment experience fresh inconveniences from the disorder in that line: Unequal issues to the troops and continual loss to the public are the necessary consequences.
I apprehend it to be the sentiment of the Committee, that the Resolve of Congress of the 23d. of Janry., so far as relates to recruiting men out of the Army, should be suspended till some other points connected with it could be decided. I have on that principle declined taking measures for carrying it into execution. I shall be happy to receive some explicit instruction on this head. At the same time, I beg leave to add, that whatever salutory effects might have been expected from giving the bounty which has been directed, essentially depended on abolishing the state bounties. If this cannot take place, it is to be feared our expectations will be in a great measure disappointed. They certainly will, in those places where the state bounties exceed the Continental and the term of service is for a fixed period; unless it be understood that the two hundred dollars continental bounty is to be given in addition to the state bounty; which would bring the expence to an enormous sum. It may not be amiss to remark, that the sending officers on the recruiting service will be attended with a certain, and no inconsiderable expence, whatever may be their success,
My ideas of the different modes of completing our batalions are already fully before the Committee.
With very great respect and esteem, I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: It is very probable, that necessity or choice, may induce us, to undertake some offensive operations against the Indians this summer, in case the situation of affairs on the Seaboard admit of any thing of this kind. At all events it will be necessary to obtain such information of the country and the avenues leading into it, as may be advantageously applied under favourable circumstances. I have been told by Charles Stuart82 Esqr., Comy. Genl. of Issues, that the State of Pennsylvania is in possession of actual surveys of the waters of Susquehannah, and the distances of the different branches across to the Alleghany river. As a knowledge of these particulars may be of use in giving preference to certain routes or in forming a plan of operations I shall be obliged to you for the papers alluded to and as soon as the conveniency will permit.
[Note 82: Charles Stewart.]
I need not mention to you the obtaining them in a manner the least liable to produce ideas of the purpose for which they are wanted. I am etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 27, 1779.
Gentlemen: The inclosed plan for the establishment of a corps of Engineers has been submitted to me by General Du Portail. I now return it to the Board accompanied with my remark on such parts of it as appeared to me to require them.84
[Note 84: These "Remarks" on Du Portail's plan were dictated to Alexander Hamilton and are as follows:
"Section 1st. Article 2d. For the unity of service, it is necessary that all orders to particular departments, should be communicated through the commander in Chief in the main army, or the commanding general in a separate one. It is necessary both for their information and to prevent a clashing of views and measures, which might otherwise happen. The reason applies with equal force to the Engineering department as to any other and it should not therefore be upon a different footing. It will be proper to insert a general clause that the orders of Congress shall be transmitted to the Commandant of the corps or to the principal Engineer in a separate department, through the Commander in Chief or the officer commanding in the department.
"Section 2d. Article 9th. This article is not necessary; as in general it is to be supposed the Engineers will find sufficient employment in performing the functions of their profession; and as it is declared, in the 1st. section, article the 1st. that "the Corps shall take rank in the Continental troops and enjoy the same rights, prerogatives and honors," if it should be for the good of the service at any time to employ them in the manner here mentioned, it may be done without special provision for the purpose.
"10. When any Engineer, whether the Commandant of the corps or another, is sent for the purpose here specified to any place, he should also be obliged to communicate his plan to the Commanding Officer of the department, who should transmit his observations to the Commander in Chief upon the same.
Concerning the Corps of Sappers and Miners
"Article 9. This article should be omitted. The Commanding General of the army, or commanding officer of the post must regulate this matter, otherwise it might be made to interfere with his general arrangements.
"10. This corps has already the same pay as the artillery. This is in consideration of extra services and if they were to have an additional allowance besides, it would make too great a difference between them and the other troops, which would serve to create jealousy.
"23. This article had best be omitted. In particular exigencies it might be for the good of the service to employ them in the manner here prohibitted; though it would not be proper to do it on common occasions.
"26. It is a point of no small difficulty to regulate the appointments of this corps; two things are principally to be attended to, not to make too great a disproportion between these and those of the other parts of the army; and at the same time to consult what is customary in other armies and adjust the allowance accordingly. The idea which most naturally arises from our service is to make their pay the same as that of the Artillery. But as they will be employed very much on horseback, it may be proper to add an allowance of horses. I would propose however, instead of keeping them in horses at the public expence, to allow either once for all or at stated periods, what may be deemed an equivalent in money to enable them to provide themselves. The quantum of expence to the public on this plan will be more certain and all complaints with respect to the quality of the horses to be furnished will be obviated. As they will have frequent journeys to make, there should be an allowance pr. day for the expence of travelling. There is a difficulty in determining what this shall be. By a late resolve of Congress, Officers of the Army who are sent to any distance from Camp on duties not incidental to their office are allowed 3 dollars a day for travelling expences. In the present low state of our currency this is not sufficient. To raise it would be very inconvenient; and if it should remain as it is and a larger allowance should be made to the Engineers (at least to those in the inferior ranks) it would give room for very disagreeable comparisons.
"As there may be some Gentlemen in this line, in peculiar circumstances, to whom the appointments above proposed may be deemed inadequate; rather than incur the burthen of a permanent establishment upon such a footing as might be satisfactory to them and hazard the disgust of the other parts of the army, it will perhaps be preferable to make some private compensation to the individuals."] These have been first communicated to Genl. Du Portail. With great respect and esteem I have the honor &c.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, February 28, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have received the letters you did me the honour to write the 22d and 23d inst. In consequence of the first, I have written to Col. Bland appointing him to the command at Charlotteville and inclosing the Resolve of Congress relative to the general superintendence of the Governor and Council of Virginia for his direction. As Col. Bland in my opinion answers the description of the Officer which you think that duty requires, and has already had some acquaintance with the Conventioners, I have every reason to hope that he will give satisfaction.
I have received from the Board's pay Master Specie equal in value to £375 Currency, for which I transmit duplicate Receipts as he desires. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Middlebrook, February 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I had not the pleasure of receiving your polite and friendly letter of the 4th January 'till within these few days, and of course had no opportunity of acknowledging it sooner.
I find myself extremely flattered by the strain of sentiment in your sister's composition. But [request it as a favr. of you to prest. my best respects to her, and assure] her, that however I may feel inferior to the praise, she must suffer me to admire and preserve it as a mark of her genius tho' not of my merits.87
[Note 87: Boudinot's letter of January 4 is in the Washington Papers, but Miss Boudinot's poetry is not there found.]
I shall be glad when your health is so far established as to admit of a ride to Middlebrook. And if Mrs. and Miss Boudinot can accompany you it will add to our pleasure. Mrs. Washington presents her compliments, and wishes [for this event]. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, February 28, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd with yours of the 17th. and 22nd. instants. If the Serjeant of the 3rd. Penna. Regiment will be as useful to you as you represent you may keep him with you. I will direct the Commissary of Musters to send up a deputy to your quarter who will transact the Business with more regularity than an Officer not acquainted with the proper mode of making returns.
I approve of your plan of sending out the foraging party provided there is no risque of their being intercepted and cut off. I would wish a very discreet and careful Officer might be sent to command this party on many accounts, particularly to attend, in the collection of Grain, Horses and Cattle, to the real wants of the Inhabitants, who may be obliged to render service and afford supplies to the Enemy from necessity and not from inclination. In your instructions therefore to the commanding Officer, be pleased to direct him to leave as much Forage to each farm as will serve the remaining Stock 'till next Grass, as much Grain as will support them 'till Harvest, sortie Milch Cattle and a reasonable number of Horses. Of the latter we should procure as many as possible, without driving the inhabitants to the utmost distress, as we shall want them much for the expedition;89 Direct an exact account also to be kept, of the names of every person and the Articles taken from them, that we may at a future day, make a discrimination between those who have taken an active part against us and those who are not really inimical. Whatever is brought in, in this way, is to be deemed for the benefit of the Continent.
[Note 89: The expedition against the Indians.]
If the party upon their return appear to have been industrious and active some compensation shall be made to them, but to allow them any certain share in what they collect would encourage them to maraud and commit every act of violence upon the inhabitants.
I have upon the hint in your last directed Mr. Deane the Indian Agent to make the inquiries you mention.
Inclosed you have a set of questions which I want resolved as accurately as possible. You can take an opportunity of putting them occasionally without any seeming design to persons acquainted with the parts of the Country which they respect, and mark down the answers, in the Margin opposite each question. When you have obtained answers to all or as many as you can, be pleased to return them to me.90 I am &c.91
[Note 90: Hand answered (March 20), and his answer is in the Washington Papers. Later he filled in the questions which Washington inclosed in above letter, and these answers, together with those from Cols. John Cox, William Patterson, and John Stewart, were summarized by Washington. This summary is filed in the Washington Papers at the end of May, 1779.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, February 28, 1779.
Sir: The Board of War having received disagreeable Accounts, of the situation of matters at the Convention Barracks, are of opinion that order can be restored only by the presence of a sensible, discreet officer charged with the general direction of their affairs, and having sufficient weight and knowledge of business to regulate the uneasy and discordant spirits among the prisoners. Upon the boards applying to me to appoint an officer for that purpose, I have fixed on you as fully answering the description and am therefore to desire that you will as speedily as possible after receipt of this letter, repair to Charlotteville, and take the command there. You will immediately make yourself acquainted with the sources of discontent content and uneasiness and exert yourself in applying the most efficacious remedies.
The inclosed Copy of a Resolve of Congress will shew you that the Governor and Council of Virginia are authorized to superintend the whole.92 You are therefore to conduct yourself accordingly, in rendering them an account or requesting their assistance. Upon the whole I am persuaded that from your knowledge of the world and the acquaintance which you have already made with the troops committed to your care, you are no stranger to the characters with which you will have principally to deal, and that while you do credit to the Continent by affording the Conventioners no grounds of Complaint, you will know how to manage the refractory Spirits among them. I am etc.93
[Note 92: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Feb. 20, 1779.]
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Middlebrook, March 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been a little surprised, that the several important pieces of intelligence lately received from Europe [such parts of it I mean as are] circulated without reserve in conversation, have not yet been given to the public in a manner calculated to attract the attention and impress the minds of the people.94 As they are now propagated, they run through
[Note 94: The intelligence was of the cooperation of Comte D'Estaing in a proposed expedition to recover Georgia. Jay acknowledged Washington's letter, officially, on March 4; but wrote privately March 3: "The opinion that greater advantage results from communicating important Events to the People, in an authentic manner; than by unauthorized Reports, is certainly just, tho often neglected. The Intelligence alluded to, is unfortunately of such a Nature, or rather so circumstanced, as to render Secrecy necessary. As Congress, with the Consent of the Minister of France, have directed it to be communicated to you, further Remarks will be unnecessary. Dr. Witherspoon, who lately returned to Jersey, promised to do it in a personal Conference. A Committee was appointed this Morning to prepare an address to the People on the present State of our Affairs. If properly executed, Benefit may be expected from it."] the Country in a variety of forms, are confounded in the common mass of general rumours and lose a great part of their effect. It would certainly be attended with many valuable consequences, if they could be given to the people in some more authentic and pointed manner. It would assist the measures taken to restore our currency, promote the recruiting the army and our other military arrangements, and give a certain spring to our affairs in general. Congress may have particular reasons for not communicating the intelligence officially (which would certainly be the best mode if it could be done); but if it cannot, it were to be wished that as much as is intended to be commonly known could be published in as striking a way and with as great an appearance of authority, as may be consistent with propriety.
I have taken the liberty to trouble you with this hint, as sometimes things the most obvious escape attention. If you agree with me in sentiment, you will easily fall upon the most proper mode for answering the purpose. With very great esteem etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, March 1, 1779.
Parole Marlborough. Countersigns March, Moro.
A General Court Martial of the line to sit tomorrow 11 o'clock A.M. at the usual place for the trial of Colonel Ogden and such other persons as shall come before them, Colo. Williams96 to preside.
[Note 96: Col. Otho Holland Williams, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment.]
Members, Lieut. Colonels Hay97 and Dabney,98 Majors Meriwether99 and Howard1 and a Captain from each brigade except Woodfords, which gives two.
[Note 97: Lieut. Col. Samuel Hay, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at Stony Point in July, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 98: Lieut. Col. Charles Dabney, of the Second Virginia Regiment. He served subsequently as colonel of a Virginia State regiment.]
[Note 99: Maj. Thomas Merriwether, of the First Virginia State Regiment.]
[Note 1: Possibly Maj. John Eager Howard, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment, who had been promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Maryland Regiment, to date from March, 1778. He was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in October, 1779; voted a medal by Congress on Mar. 9, 1781, for his bravery at the Battle of Cowpens, S.C.; wounded at Eutaw Springs in September, 1781; retired in April, 1783.]
An officer from each brigade to superintend the sick in hospital at Brunswick under Colonel Beauford to be relieved monthly.
Head Quarters, March 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of this Morning. I have no particular Business with Colo. Hooper, I would only wish him to leave [or send] me any draughts of the River or Country that may serve to inform me of the situation. I have not yet determined upon the march of the troops from Easton, but should it be concluded, you shall have timely notice, that you may give directions to Colo. Hooper to make preparations. I think it will be highly necessary to have a number of Kegs prepared, not only at Easton but Albany, should more be made than are wanted for the expedition, they can be turned to account in the Commissary line. As soon as you have made out a list of the Stores &c. at Estertown2 I shall be glad to have a sight of it. I am &c.3
[Note 2: Esthertown, Pa.]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 1, 1779.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 27th. and 28th. ulto. containing a more particular account of the enemy's late attempt upon your post. I do not know what may be their design by landing up the River, but I think you had better desire Colonel Shreves Parties from New Ark to endeavour to keep up a communication with Colo. Clark's from Paramus, which will hinder them from effecting any thing, by surprize. Be pleased to forward the letter for Sir Henry Clinton immediately. Inclosed you have the last news papers. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 1, 1779.
You are to obtain as minute and satisfactory information as possible on the following points, vizt.
The Situation of the Towns belonging to the six nations and their dependent Tribes. The strength of each Town their disposition and designs with respect to War or peace; the relative distances of all remarkable places as well as between each of them and the navigable waters of the Susquehanna, Allegany and Seneca Rivers, (the latter empties itself [into Lake Ontario] at Oswego). [You are also to obtain the best information you can of the Strength of the Garrison at Niagara; whether any Troops are expected in that quarter from Canada, to what amount, and what other aid the Six Nations can derive in case their Country is invaded.]
You will for these purposes employ intelligent, active and honest Men, qualified for the service by a knowledge of the Country and manners of its inhabitants, to visit the several Towns and make the observations and inquiries. You will proportion the number of these persons to the nature of the business, and a proper degree of expedition; their Pay you will make a reasonable compensation for the service, in both cases avoiding unnecessary expence to the public. [The less they are acquainted with the end, and design of their mission the better; and if they had no knowledge of the business entrusted to each other the better chance would there be to come at the truth by comparing their Accts.]
Yourself and the persons employed under you in this business, are hereby entitled to protection and assistance in the prosecution of it, from all officers commanding at the frontier posts, which you may have occasion to pass.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
To BRIGADIER GENERAL PETER MUHLENBERG
Head Quarters, March 1, 1779.
Sir: The State of Virginia having granted a gratuity of six Months pay to her Officers, and such of her Men as come under the description of the Act for that purpose, of which I inclose you an extract, His Excellency the Governor has requested me to furnish him with Returns specifying the Names, and Ranks of the Officers and Names of the non Commd. and privates. Be pleased therefore to communicate this to the commanding officers of the other Brigades and desire them to direct the pay Master of each Regiment to make out an exact Roll of his Regiment agreeable to the above affixing the pay pr. Month to each Officer, nonComd. Officer and private. As I wish to transmit them to Virginia by the next post, they must be brought in by Thursday. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 1, 1779.
Sir: I have yours of the 26th. ulto. by Capt. Armstrong7 who carries up 25000 dollars for the purpose of reinlisting, when that is expended you can upon application be furnished with a further sum.
[Note 7: Capt. William Armstrong, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was wounded at Ramsour Mill, N. C., in June, 1780; transferred to the Third North Carolina Regiment in February, 1782; retired in January, 1783.]
Be pleased to keep me informed of every move of the Enemy while they remain on this side of Hudsons River, or should they return, it will be a satisfaction to me to know it. I am &c.
P.S. When the present sum is expended be pleased to furnish me with a list of Men recruited their Regiment and Company.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 1, 1779.
Sir: Persons presenting themselves at your post9 with passports signed by Colonel William Patterson,10 are to be suffered to pass and repass without interruption, and without search of their Canoes or baggage; they are farther to be supplied with five days provision on their applying for it; and you will afford them any other assistance their circumstances may require. I am etc.
[Note 9: Colonel Butler was then at Wyoming, Pa.]
[Note 10: Of the Lancaster County (Pa.) Militia.]
P.S. In case of your being relieved, you will deliver this letter to the Officer who suceeds you, for his government.11
[Note 11: In the writing of James McHenry. The same letter was sent to Maj. Barnet Eichelberger, of the Pennsylvania Militia, at Sunbury, and to the commanding officer at Fort Willis.
The editor is indebted to Gilbert S, McClintock, of Wilkes-Barre, Pa., for a photostat of this letter, which shows a note indorsed thereon: "This will serve as passport for Getshom Hicks who may appear in Indian Dress, and the Officer commanding will receive him. W. Patterson. 25th March, 1779."]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, March 1, 1779.
Sir: You have herewith inclosed a passport for 10.000 £ St. on board the brig Lady Howe, for Hampton road in Virginia.
I have also transmitted a passport for the Schooner Argyle, Magnus Crosbie Master, but confined it to the same place. It is a much shorter passage from Hampton road to Alexandria or George Town on the Potomack; and as either of these places are nearer to Fort Frederick and Winchester, than Baltimore. The necessaries and specie in the schooner Argyle may be conveyed in one of the Bay craft from Hampton road to Alexandria or George Town, and from thence by land to their place of destination.
Least the articles for the prisoners should meet with any unnecessary delay, or my Letter to the Governor of the State of Virginia on the subject of receiving and forwarding them, should not have arrived before the Argyle, I send you one to Governor Henry of the same import, which will procure proper crafts and persons for their safe conveyance and protection. I have the honor etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 1, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Sir Henry Clinton in order to supply the British prisoners at Fort Frederick and Winchester with necessaries and money has twice requested a passport for a vessel to go with the same to the port of Baltimore. As it is necessary the prisoners should be supplied, I have granted permission to a schooner to proceed to Hampton road. Where the cargo is to be received into some of the Bay craft, and sent to Alexandria or George Town under the conduct and escort of our own people, and from thence to it's places of destination. I refused the passport to Baltimore especially as it was twice pressed': upon me, as that port did not appear to be the nearest to Fort Frederick and Winchester, and as it might be made use of for the purpose of exploring a navigation, with which they may be in some measure unacquainted.
I have been thus particular, lest under colour of hard weather, the vessel should run towards Baltimore. I have the Honor, etc.13
[Note 13: In the writing of Henry P. Livingston.]
[MD.H.S.]
[Middle Brook, March 1, 1779.]
Sir: I had the honor of writing you on the 13th Ulto. informing you of passports granted three british vessels to proceed as far as Hampton road in Virginia, subjecting the further conveyance of their cargoes to Charlotteville to your Excellency's directions.
In revising the letter, I find I have not been as explicit as I at first designed. My intention, in limiting the passports to Hampton road, and in putting the cargoes under your directions, was that it might be in your power effectually to prevent the vessels from proceeding any further; a restriction which I thought came more immediately under your notice and which appeared necessary from a number of considerations.
It is uncertain how far Britain may have altered her plan of carrying on the war; or what she may have in view against our defenceless towns on our sea coast. At all events, it is our policy to prevent any discoveries of the Navigation that leads to those places; and as much as possible the state and face of the country on the sea board. These ideas will naturally suggest the measures to be taken, when we are obliged to admit of their vessels, as in the present case.
In consequence of an application from Genl. Clinton, I have granted a passport for the Schooner Argyle, Magnus Crosbie Master, with necessaries and 150 guineas in specie for the use of the British prisoners at Fort Frederick and Winchester, but limited her as I have the others, to Hampton road in Virginia. I have also given a protection to 10,000 St. in specie in the Brig Lady Howe for the use of the Convention troops.
Gen. Clinton twice pressed, for an extension of the passport for the Schooner Argyle to the port of Baltimore in Maryland, but I have confined it to Hampton road for the reasons mentioned above. With the passport, I inclosed him a letter to your Excellency,14 (lest the vessel should arrive at Hampton before this) in which I have requested you to dismiss the Schooner as soon as possible, and give orders for the reception of her Cargo in some of the Bay craft; to be conveyed to Alexandria or George Town, by our own people, and under a proper escort to its place of destination.
[Note 14: The letter to Governor Henry which Washington inclosed in his letter to Clinton was dated Mar. 1, 1779, and was a condensation of the above. The draft of it is in the Washington Papers.]
I hope you will excuse me for being so particular on this subject, and believe me Dear Sir etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On March 1 Washington also wrote a brief note to the President of Congress, telling of the attempt of the British to surprise Maxwell at Elizabethtown. About a thousand troops under the command of Lieut. Col. Thomas Stirling, of the Forty-second Foot, made the attempt. They burned a few houses, but the cattle and horses they collected were recovered by Maxwell, who pursued the enemy to their boats. His loss was 1 killed, 4 wounded, and 9 missing. Washington's letter, inclosing Maxwell's report, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, March 2, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed I transmit you your instructions, and letters for the officers commanding at the posts of Wyoming, Sunbury and Fort Willis. Should any money be wanted preparatory to this business, you will apply to me for it. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 2, 1779.
Gentlemen: Inclosed you have the settlement of rank in the Maryland line by a board of General Officers, after a full representation and investigation of the different claims. You have also an explanation of the former powers of the State of Maryland to the Commander in Chief, respecting the different disputes existing in your line.
You will be pleased to compare the above mentioned settlement, with the Resolve of Congress of the 24th November last published in General orders of the 18th. of december following, which is to be final in all cases comprehended in it; but any cases to which it does not extend are to be noted, and officers unconnected with the dispute will be appointed to decide them.
I cannot conclude, without earnestly recommending it to the Gentlemen concerned, to acquiesce in the decisions which shall now be made, though repugnant in some instances to their expectations and wishes. It is to be hoped that hereafter the progress of promotion and rank will be more uniform and satisfactory; and since the war seems to be arrived at a stage in which we are ballancing between the prospect of an immediate and glorious peace and the vigorous exertions of one more campaign; I trust those who are interested, influenced by the desire of puting a finishing hand to the first and sharing in the honor of the last, will not leave the service; because they cannot be placed precisely in the Situation to which they conceive themselves entitled. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favr. without date containing your Ideas of the kind of War necessary to be carried on against the Savages for the more effectual security of our frontier, with your opinion of the most practicable Route of penetrating the Indian Country. Your Ideas correspond in a good measure with my own and should the situation of affairs on the Coast admit, I have turned my thoughts and taken some measures towards carrying on an expedition against the Indians of the Six Nations whenever the state of the Grass, Waters, and other circumstances will admit. I communicate thus much to you in confidence, because the more suddenly a blow of this kind can be struck, especially against the Indians, the more will the weight of it be felt.
I am obliged to you for the information you have already given me, and should you come to the knowledge of any thing further which you may deem material or should any new Ideas occur to you, I shall be glad to have them communicated. Should any part of our operations be carried on from the Western parts of Pennsylvania do you think any and what number of Volunteers consisting of good Woodsman could be engaged to go upon such an expedition. They should be engaged for as long a time as it would probably take to compleat our scheme, [in short for the Expedition.]
If you could sound the Militia, who have been under your command [but in a more especial mannr. the Men who have been driven from the Frontiers] upon this head, you would soon find how they relish the plan and could form a judgment without letting them know the meaning. I shall be glad to hear from you on the foregoing subjects as soon as possible and am Dear Sir Yours &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 2, 1779.
Sir: In your letter of the 25th. Ulto. you seem to have misconceived the intention of Congress, upon which is founded your application for leave to resign. It is not their purpose to reduce Col. Malcom's Regiment. This will be incorporated with Col. Spencer's and as you are the only Major in the two Regiments of course you will be continued.
After considering the just claims which the country have on good officers I am persuaded you will suspend your application. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Camp Middlebrook, March 2, 1779.
Articles to be provided and deposited at Estherton, for the ensuing campaign. 150 Batteaux of about two tons burden to be immediately built.
NB. All the articles that will admit of being packed, to be boxed up with two hoops round Each box, and every box to weigh, to as near 100 lb as possible and all marked and numbered.
Sir: The foregoing list being submitted to me by you for consideration, I shall observe that if the articles therein contained are intended as an extra provision for the ensuing campaign and wholly designed for such troops as may proceed by the way of Wyoming, I think the quantity too great, and that the following deduction may be made as an expedition of this kind should be as little incumbered as possible.
It is to be presumed the troops will be provided with these articles.
Perhaps the whole 500 as every woodman knows how to make them equally good of hickory withes. If on the other hand these things are to be considered as part of the general provision for the use of the army next campaign and can be procured on tolerable good terms in the towns bordering on the Susquehanna, they may as well be purchased there as elsewhere especially as it may be a magazine from whence the troops at Fort Pitt may be supplied; the wants of which should be immediately ascertained and supplied. And a proper enquiry made into the State of these articles at Albany, that there may be no want of them in that place.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, March 2, 1779.
Sir: I find there will be occasion for larger Magazines of Provisions on the Susquehanna than were directed in my order of the 14th. Ulto. You will therefore extend your views to the Supply of three thousand Men for at least three Months. As far as it is practicable, procure the provisions on the West side the River, and deposit it thereon (to be Water borne) from Middle Town up to Sunbury; and on both sides of the River, as it may happen to be purchased. Use your utmost exertions to have the above quantity of Flour provided by the first day of May, as the Meat intended for the Supply of these Troops will, more than probably, be in live Cattle, it may be held in readiness but not drove to the Susquehanna till Troops are about to move thither.
The Supply for Fort Pitt as mentioned in the above order of the 14th. Ulto. must not be dispensed with either in quantity, or time, under no pretence whatsoever.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, March 3, 1779.
Parole Languedoc. Countersigns Lord, Lidd.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Hall is President is dissolved; at which court, February 23rd. Lieutt. Person21 of the 6th. Virginia regiment was tried for "officerlike conduct in being absent from his patrole and thereby suffering the enemy to surprize and take his men at Woodbridge on the morning of the ninth of February last."
[Note 21: Lieut. Thomas Pierson, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and was a prisoner on parole to the end of the war.]
After mature deliberation the Court are of opinion he is guilty of the charge exhibited against him being a breach of the 5th. Article, 18th. Section of the Articles of War and sentence him to be reprimanded in general orders.
The General is sorry to be obliged to declare that he thinks the sentence inadequate to the offence.
The strictest punctuality in patrole duty is of such essential importance, and a surprize from any neglect or irregularity in an officer is always so disgraceful, often so pernicious, that it should never fail to incur the severest penalty.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 3, 1779.
Sir: I have received the letter which Your Excellency did me the honor to write of the 26th. of last Month, together with the two resolves of Congress and the other inclosures referred to in it.
A plan of offensive operations for the effectual relief of the Western frontier has been some time since determined upon and preparations are making in consequence. I endeavour to observe as much secrecy as possible.
In the late proceedings of the Committee of arrangement respecting the sixteen additional batalions, it has been determined to incorporate Malcolm's and Spencer's regiments into one, and Webb's and Shelburnes22 into another. It is left undecided who shall be the Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel in the first, and who the Colonel in the last. By the resolve of Congress of the 4th frebruary, directing the Commander in Chief to complete the arrangement of the army, the decision of this matter devolves upon him. In giving this general direction,
[Note 22: Sherburne.] I am persuaded, the particular case of these officers did not occur to the attention of Congress; otherwise they would have been sensible of the delicacy of my undertaking to decide in an affair of this nature; especially where officers of such character and rank are concerned.
I shall be happy, if Congress think proper to take the matter into their consideration and will favour me with the result, as speedily as possible. The officers interested are very anxious to know their fate and the service will suffer from delay. I have the honor etc.
P.S. In the incorporation of Sherburne's and Webb's regiments, I observe a note, that "Col Sherburne is to command at present." If he is not to be continued in command, he will hardly like to remain in it, 'till Col Webb can be exchanged, then to relinquish it to him.23
[Note 23: ln the writing of Alexander Hamilton. This letter was read in Congress on March 8 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, March 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding your letter of the 20th. Ult., was directed to be forwarded in the most expeditious manner, yet it did not reach me 'till last night.
I shall write this day to Mr. Wadsworth, who is at Hartford in Connecticut, on the subject of the civil process against Capn. Sessions24 and suggest a compromise, and his endeavours for the withdrawing of the suit. Should this be agreed to, by the commissary who is the prosecutor it will no doubt be expected on your part that the military court should be suspended. If the affair is to be carried further, I can have no objection to a
[Note 24: Capt. Amasa Sessions, of the Rhode Island Militia. The Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress substitutes "St. John" for Sessions.] court for the tryal of the commissary who is the principal object of your complaint. However, to prevent any questions which might arise from its being composed of judges who may be supposed to have their feelings in some degree interested, it will be necessary to hold it in another department. But I would suppose the affair may be otherwise adjusted, and do not doubt but that Mr. Wadsworth will promote this amicable purpose [as he informed me some time ago that all differences were at an end.] I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: About a fortnight since I sent you by Mr. Lawrence26 fifty guineas.27 I have now given Colonel Malcolm one hundred and fifty more to be delivered to you. These two parcels will nearly amount to the sum you requested from Congress. I am etc.28
[Note 26: John Laurance, Judge Advocate General of the Continental Army.]
[Note 27: The 50 guineas were sent to McDougall on February 15. Both this sum and the 150 mentioned were to be used for secret service.]
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 3, 1779.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 26th. ulto. by Colo. Malcom. Notwithstanding the many conveniences that would result from carrying on your work at your own House, I am still of opinion, that convenience is overballanced by the danger you are in, should the enemy think the draughts in which you are engaged worth their attention. I can assure you, your Work is no secret to them. Some of the Convention officers who were at your House, saw the Maps and mentioned the accuracy and great Value of them. Altho' a small guard assisted by your own people may be sufficient to keep off the small parties of Villains who infest your quarter merely for plunder, it would probably be otherwise with a party sent expressly to take your papers, which from the desultory kind of War they now seem inclined to carry on would be infinitely valuable to them.
I must therefore repeat my desire of your removing as near to the Camp as a convenient situation will admit. You will be as perfectly safe any where in the Rear of the Army as if you were in the midst of it, the people being to a Man well affected and a chain of Guards so posted that no parties can penetrate undiscovered. I cannot think your family will be in danger after the objects that would probably tempt an enemy are removed, but of this you are the best judge. Colo. Malcom delivered the two Maps safe. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 3, 1779.
Sir: Gen. Sullivan in a Letter of the 20th. Ulto. mentions a civil process carried on by the Commissaries against a Capn. Session, for purchasing provision in contravention of an express law of the State of Connecticut which forbids under a large penalty such proceedings, but by persons properly appointed.
He has likewise requested a military court for the trial of the commissary who is the principal object of his complaint.
I have advised for the present a suspension and mentioned that I would suggest to you a compromise, and the withdrawing if practicable the suit. There may be a mixture of passion on both sides, and perhaps on the whole, the matter had better be adjusted in an amicable manner than carried through a court of justice, and a court martial.
The commissary or person who prosecutes will reflect that although the law is positive and express, yet a jury in considering the necessity of the case may be induced to bring in an opinion favorable to the defendant.
On the whole I would recommend it to you to use your endeavours for a friendly adjustment of the matter. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was a few days ago honored with yours of the 18th ulto. inclosing the depositions of several inhabitants and civil Officers respecting ill treatment received from sundry Officers of the Army and a refusal in some of them to submit to the civil process. Major Call32 and Mr. Heath two of the Officers are at Winchester in Virginia, in Winter Quarters a very considerable distance from hence, but if you are of opinion, that there is an immediate necessity for their appearance, to answer the charges against them I will order them down. Capt. Von Heer33 and Mr. Skinner34 are in Camp. From the conclusion of your letter, you seem willing to suffer the matter to be compromised by the parties to prevent further trouble. I rather wish that the several charges may be fully investigated, that the Officers may, if they are found guilty, be dealt with according to law civil or military, in which ever Court they may be tried, or, if innocent, honorably acquitted. I therefore propose that the parties accusing Von Heer and Skinner should institute Civil suits against them, to which I will engage they shall submit, or if they will leave it to a military determination, I will order a Court Martial which will be the speediest method of bringing it to an issue.
[Note 32: Maj. Richard Call, of the First Continental Dragoons.]
[Note 33: Capt. Bartholomew von Heer.]
[Note 34: James Skinner, who was acting as assistant quartermaster to the Seventh Maryland Regiment.]
I am every now and then embarrassed by disputes between the Officers and Inhabitants, which generally originate from the latter coming into Camp with liquor, selling it to the Soldiers, and, as the Officers alledge, taking Cloathing Provision or Accoutrements in pay; there being no civil redress, that I know of, for a grievance of this nature, the Officers undertake to punish those suspected of such practices, some times with reason, and probably sometimes without foundation. If there is no law of the State to prevent this kind of commerce between the people and the Soldiery, it would have a very good effect, to procure one, prohibiting an inhabitant from selling liquor to the Soldiers, within the limits of the Camp, without leave obtained from the commanding Officer of the quarter into which it may be brought, and imposing a penalty, recoverable by a summary process before a Magistrate, upon any person receiving Arms, Accoutrements, Cloathing or provisions from a soldier by way of purchase, or in exchange for any commodity brought into Camp for sale.35
[Note 35: At this point the draft has the following, which has been stricken out: "As it is my most earnest wish to support the Civil authority to the fullest extent and I know of no more effectual method of doing this than pointing out a mode."]
An act of this kind would releive the considerate Officer from the disagreeable necessity in which he is often involved, of submitting to a grievance destructive of every military principle, or undertaking to punish a Citizen by virtue of his own authority, and it will point out a mode of redress to others too willing perhaps to exercise military power when they have an opportunity or excuse for so doing. I congratulate you on your late escape at Elizabeth Town,36 as I am very sincerely. Dear Sir Your etc.
[Note 36: Governor Livingston was absent from home at the time of the British raid of February 28, previously mentioned, and so escaped capture by the party of troops which seized his house.]
I return you the Affidavits agreeable to your request.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 3, 1779.
Sir: The president of Congress has transmitted me the Instructions of the Assembly of your State, to their Delegates, founded on a representation of the distresses of your western frontiers; and farther the opinion of a Committee of the house on the subject of their defence, together with the two Resolves made in consequence.
I am therefore to inform Your Excellency that offensive operations against the hostile tribes of Indians had been meditated and determined upon some time since; that preparations have been making for that purpose and will be carried into Execution at a proper season, if no unexpected event takes place, and the situation of our affairs on the Sea board will justify the undertaking; but the profoundest secresy was judged necessary to the success of such an Enterprise, for the following obvious reasons: that immediately upon the discovery of our design, the Savages would either put themselves in condition to make head against us, by a reunion of all their force and that of their allies, strengthened besides by succours from Canada, or elude the expedition altogether which might be effected at the expence only of a temporary evacuation of forests which we could not possess, and the destruction of a few settlements which they might speedily reestablish. Tho' this matter is less under the veil of secrecy than was originally intended, Your Excellency will see the propriety of using such precautions as still remain in our power, to prevent its being divulgated, and of covering such preparations as might tend to announce it, with the most specious disguise, that the enemys attention may not be awakened to our real object.
With respect to the force to be employed on this occasion, it is scarcely necessary to observe that the detaching a considerable number of Continental Troops on such a remote expedition, would too much expose the Country adjacent to the body of the Enemys Army.
There must therefore be efficacious assistance derived from the States whose frontiers are obnoxious to the inroads of the barbarians, and for this I intended at a proper time to make application. Your Excellency will be pleased to acquaint me, what force yours in particular can furnish in addition to the five Companies voted by Congress. When you think those five Companies, or the major part of them will probably be raised; What proportion of them might be drawn from those Inhabitants who have been driven from the frontier, and what previous measures can be taken to engage them without giving an alarm. This class of people besides the advantages of knowledge of the Country, and the particular motives with which they are animated, will be most likely to furnish the Troops best calculated for this service.
They should be Corps of active Rangers who are at the same time expert marksmen and accustomed to the irregular kind of wood fighting practiced by the Savages. Men of this description, embodied under proper officers, would be infinitely preferable to a superior number of Militia unacquainted with this species of war and who would exhaust the magazines of Ammunition and provision without rendering any effectual service.
It will be a very necessary attention to avoid the danger of short enlistments; their service should be limited only by the expedition or a term amply competent to it, otherwise we may be exposed to having their engagements expire at some interesting, or perhaps critical juncture. I have the honor etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.
Washington wrote again to Reed (March 4): "If Congress have not given you official notice of their intentions relative to the defense of the Western frontier, you will be pleased to regard my letter on the subject in the light of a private and confidential intimation." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 39: Of the First Regiment, Orange County Militia. He lived at Smith's Clove.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 3, 1779.
Sir: It would give me great pleasure were I able to afford protection and assistance to every part of the Country, whether exposed to the common and open Enemy, or those lurking Villains who infest your neighbourhood. To cover the Country generally, I have been obliged to extend the Cantonments of the Army to such a length that it is already but too weak at every post, and was I to send off small detachments from those posts, for the purposes you require, it would defeat the intent of placing them where they are now stationed, which is, to cover the Country generally (as I before mentioned) and to be ready to assemble quickly, should an attack be made upon any quarter. A small Body of Militia well acquainted with the defiles in which, those people who infest you, conceal themselves, would, in my opinion, answer the purpose much better than continental troops who would be intirely at a loss after leaving the most common Roads. I am &c.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 4, 1779.
Dear Sir: The President of Congress has transmitted me your Excellency's letter to the delegates of New York, representing the calamitous situation of the North Western frontier of that State; accompanied by a similar application from the Pennsylvania Assembly, and a Resolve of the 25th. directing me to take the most effectual measures for the protection of the inhabitants and chastisement of the indians.
The Resolve has been in some measure anticipated by my previous dispositions for carrying on offensive operations against the hostile tribes of Savages. It has always been my intention, early to communicate this matter to Your Excellency in confidence, and I take occasion from the letter above mentioned, to inform you that preparations have some time since been making, and they will be conducted to the point of execution at a proper Season, if no unexpected accident prevents, and the situation of affairs on the Maritime frontier justifies the undertaking.
The greatest secrecy is necessary to the success of such an enterprise for the following obvious reasons....
I have only to add that I shall be happy to have the advantage of any Sentiments or Advice Your Excellency may be pleased to communicate relative to the expedition. I have the honor etc.
P.S. In Your Excellency's Letter to the Delegates you mention that you have not received the arrangement of the troops of your State.
It was transmitted me among the rest from the board of War, and I inclosed it in a letter of 22d Ulto. to Brigadr. Genl. J. Clinton desiring him to report to me any subsequent alterations that may have happened, and return the arrangement to me for completion; Congress having vested me with powers for that purpose. Commissions will finally be issued from the Board of War. If Your Excellency can hasten the termination of this business by affording any light or assistance it will be rendering a very great service.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The omitted portion is the same as Washington's letter to President Joseph Reed, Mar. 3, 1779, q. v. The original letter was in the New York State Library, according to Toner.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 4, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with yours of the 25th ulto. inclosing papers relative to the opposition of the Officers of the 1st Penna. Regt. to Capt. McKissacks42 introduction into
[Note 42: Capt. William McKissack. He was appointed a captain in the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1777, to rank from September, 1776. Heitman states that he did not join the regiment.] that Corps, and of the 27th with papers respecting the dispute of Rank between Majors Murray,43 Mentges44 and Nichols.45 I will use my endeavours to have the first adjusted to the satisfaction of the parties, and will direct proper inquiry to be made into the latter.
[Note 43: Maj. John Murray, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been promoted to lieutenant colonel in December, 1778, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 44: Maj. Francis Mentges, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in October, 1778, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 45: Maj. Francis Nichols, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in May, 1779.]
Inclosed I return you the arrangement of the 1st and 2d North Carolina Battalions with such alterations as have occurred. Be pleased to have the Commissions made out and sent up to me as speedily as possible. As the arrangements are returned in to me with the proper amendments, I shall transmit them to the Board, and I can assure you nothing will contribute more to the satisfaction of the Officers than to have their Commissions granted; which will establish their Rank upon a sure foundation.
I likewise inclose you the Jersey and Connecticut arrangement compleated, the Commissions of which be also pleased to forward to me as quick as possible. The relative Rank of Lt. Colo. Johnston46 and Lt. Colo. Grosvenor47 of Connect. not being fully settled, be pleased to leave the dates of their Comms. blank. By the time the Comms. arrive the dispute will be adjusted and I will inform the Board of the dates.
[Note 46: Lieut. Col. Jonathan Johnson, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 47: Lieut. Col. Thomas Grosvenor, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; promoted to lieutenant colonel commandant in May, 1782; retired in January, 1783.]
I recd. yours of the 26 inclosing papers relating to the arrangement of the Army. I have the honor &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 49: Of Havana.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 4, 1779.
Sir: A journey to Philadelphia in the winter procured me the honor of Your Excellency's favour of the 11th. of March last by Don Juan Merailles,50 and the pleasure of this Gentleman's acquaintance. His estimable qualities justify your recommendation and concur with it to establish him in my esteem. I doubt not he will have informed you of the cordial and respectful sentiments, which he has experienced in this country. On my part I shall always take pleasure in convincing him of the high value I set upon his merit; and of the respect I bear to those who are so happy as to interest your Excellency's friendship.
[Note 50: Don Juan de Miralles, Spanish agent in the United States.]
I can only express my gratitude for your polite offer of service by entreating you to afford me opportunities of testifying my readiness to execute any commands, with which you shall be pleased to honor me.
With my prayers for your health and happiness, and with the greatest respect I have the honor etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 52: To Cols. John Lamb, John Crane, Charles Harrison, and Thomas Procter.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 4, 1779.
Sir: I propose, as soon as the different Gentlemen concerned can comply with the direction of this letter, to appoint a Board of officers to determine those points in the corps of Artillery, which were left undecided by the Committee of Arrangement. The principal of these will be, to settle the relative rank of the Colonels who were absent at the time the Committee were in Camp and to determine finally the rank of the several regiments.
You will therefore as speedily as possible transmit to Head Quarters a representation of your own claim of rank in the corps of Artillery and of the rank of the Regiment under your command. In doing this, as you will not be present to give any personal explanations, you will be very explicit and particular; that the Board may be the better enabled to judge of the validity of the respective pretensions, and to give satisfaction to the parties. I am etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Friday, March 5, 1779.
Parole Cicily. Countersigns Russia, Amsterdam.
The Court Martial of which Colonel Williams is President is adjourned to Elizabethtown to meet at Smith's Tavern on monday next at ten oClock.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: The prest. of Congress a few days ago transmitted me a Resolve, of which the inclosed is a Copy by which they have directed me to appoint an Officer to succeed you in the command to the Westward, you having requested to be relieved from that duty. I have in obedience thereto directed Colo. Brodhead to take the command, and have desired him to make application to you for a communication of all matters respecting the department, and particularly of the Steps and measures which you may have taken in consequence of my letters of the 31st January and 15th. February last. I have inclosed Copies of those letters which you will be pleased to deliver to Colo. Broadhead, with that directed to him. Should he not be at Fort Pitt, when this reaches you, you are to forward the letter to him wherever he may be, by a special and trusty messenger, as not a moments time is to be lost.
Should he be absent I shall depend upon your going on with the preparations and making the enquiries pointed out in my letters, until the time that you give up the command to him. After that is done I shall be happy to see you as soon as convenient, at Head Quarters. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 5, 1779.
Sir: Brig. General Mcintosh having requested from Congress leave to retire from the command to the Westward, they have by a Resolve of the 20th. Feby. granted his request and directed me to appoint an Officer to succeed him.
From my opinion of your abilities, your former acquaintance with the back Country, and the Knowledge you must have acquired upon this last tour of duty, I have appointed you to the command in preference to a stranger, who would not have time to gain the necessary information between that of his assuming the command and the commencement of operations.
As Soon as Congress had vested me with the superintendance and direction of Affairs to the Westward I gave General Mcintosh orders to make the preparations and enquiries contained in my letters of the 31st. January and 15th. Feby. last. Copies of these letters he will deliver to you and will inform you how far he hath proceeded in the several matters recommended to him and will likewise communicate to you what measures he may have taken, and what orders may have been given towards the completion of the remainder. You will observe by my letter of the 15th. Feby. that I have directed the Commy. General, to endeavour to form his magazines by the 1st. May, by which time I hope the other preparations will be in sufficient forwardness to move.
To induce you to exert yourself to the utmost to be ready by the above time, I need only make use of one argument, which is, that the success of the intended expedition does not depend on the progress of one Body of Men, but upon the co-operation of several, any one of which failing in point of time may occasion the failure of the whole.
The establishment of adequate magazines and the preparation of a sufficient number of Boats, of the kind that may be deemed most proper, are what ought principally to engage your attention. Should the enquiries concerning the Country, the Waters, the distances &ca. be not so compleat as might be wished, we might yet proceed, but without the others we must be intirely at a stand.
I had desired General Mcintosh to come down after he had put Matters recommended to him in a proper train, and to bring down a list of such stores and other necessaries as might be wanting for the expedition. But I do not see how there will be a possibility of your doing this. Had General Mcintosh come down you would have been fully competent to carrying on the preparations, but if you quit the post I apprehend there will be no officer left of sufficient weight and ability. This is an opinion I would wish you to keep to yourself, because it might give offence to Officers in all other respects very worthy of the Stations they fill.
I must therefore desire you to remain at Fort Pitt and you shall be from time to time fully informed of every thing necessary for your government. I have directed General Mcintosh, in case you should be absent, to send to you by a special Messenger wherever you may be, and I must desire you to repair to Fort Pitt with the utmost expedition, as you will, notwithstanding every exertion, find the time which you have for the execution of your Business full short for its completion. I am &c.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 6, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The annexed Letter, written previous to the Receipt of Your Excelly's favor of the 3d inst. will serve as an Answer to the principal part of its contents.56
[Note 56: See Washington's letter to Gov. George Clinton, Mar. 4, 1779, ante.]
The intelligence I have to communicate to Your Excelly. is I apprehend no more than will have already been transmitted to you by the Delegates of your State.
It is in brief as follows: That the King of Spain has declared he will not be an unconcerned Spectator of the depredations committed on the property of his Ally; That the King of Naples and Scicily has honored the American Flag and ordered his ports to be opened to our commerce; That the City of Amsterdam has prepared a form of a Treaty with America, to be proposed to the States General; That the Empress of Russia has positively refused to enter into any subsidiary Treaty with Great Britain, and has motived her Refusal in terms breathing a generous Regard to the rights of mankind.
I am exceedingly sorry to find that in the present State of our Magazines, I cannot give Your Excelly. any Encouragement to expect a supply of Arms from thence for the Levies of Your State.
If Your Excelly. is of opinion that Lt. Col. Willett57 can be serviceable in the way you mention and Genl. J. Clinton thinks he can be spared from the Regiment, I shall very readily consent to his absence. I am &c.58
[Note 57: Lieut, Col. Marinus Willett, of the Third New York Regiment. He was voted a sword by Congress on Oct. 4, 1777, for his conduct at the siege of Fort Schuyler; transferred to the Fifth New York Regiment in July, 1780; made colonel in November, 1780, to rank from December, 1779; retired in January, 1781; served subsequently as colonel of New York levies and militia.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The original was in the New York State Library, according to Toner.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit you the Returns of the Officers and Men of the Virginia line who are intitled to the donation of six Months pay, except the Return of the 13th Regt. which is at Fort Pitt and that of Colo. Harrisons Regt. of Artilly. which has not been yet brought in.59 Upon consulting the Officers of your State, they were of opinion that the donation intended for the privates could be presented in no way so satisfactory as in money, as any article that could be purchased with the sum would appear so trifling that they might think they were imposed upon by the public. The Officers have added their subsistance money to their monthly pay. If it was not the intent of the state to include it, it may be easily deducted, being in a separate Column. As the Sum will be very considerable, I would advise that some Gentleman already upon the spot should be empowered to receive and pay the money, or that an Agent may be sent up for the express purpose.
[Note 59: Washington forwarded Harrison's return, in a brief note (March 11), which is in the Washington Papers.]
I have directed Genl. Scott to remain in Virginia to superintend the recruiting Service and have furnished him with the names of such Officers already in the State on command or Furlough as are to be detained to assist him and march the Recruits to Camp as they are collected. He will wait upon your Excellency for your orders. I have the honor etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 6, 1779.
Sir: Upon receipt of this Letter you will put Hazens regiment in motion. Inclosed are his instructions; his whole Regiment is to march. You will please to put the remaining part of Poors Brigade under Marching Order; their destination will be pointed out in a subsequent Letter, and you will use the most effectual means to cause every Officer and Soldier now on furlough, or who may obtain leave of absence after this reaches you (unless extraordinary reasons should induce the contrary) to join their respective Regiments before the first of May next. I hope Generals Parsons and Huntington are with their Brigades. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 6, 1779.
Sir: By the enclosed copy of a resolution of the 25 of feby. last, you will perceive it is the desire of Congress that some offensive expedition should be carried on against the Indians, the ensuing campaign. With an eye to a measure of this kind, I have some time since directed preparations to be made at such places as appeared to me most proper for the purpose; to be completed by the 1st. day of May at which time it is my intention the operations should begin.
The objects of this expedition will be effectually to chastise and intimidate the hostile nations, to countenance and encourage the friendly ones, and to relieve our frontiers from the depredations to which they would otherwise be exposed.
To effect these purposes it is proposed to carry the war into the Heart of the Country of the six nations; to cut off their settlements, destroy their next Years crops, and do them every other mischief of which time and circumstances will permit.
From the best information I have been hitherto able to collect the whole number of warriors of the six nations [including the Tories wch. have joined them] will amount to about three thousand. To these must be added the aid they may derive from Canada and from the British Garrisons on the frontiers.
The force we shall have it in our power to employ on the expedition will be about 4,000 Continental troops (I mean rank and file fit for service); besides such aids of Militia as may be deemed absolutely necessary. These however will not be large as Congress are endeavouring to pursue a plan of strict oeconomy and wish to avoid calling out the militia, which is attended with great loss and expence. To obviate the necessity of it, I have strained the supply of Continental troops, to the utmost extent, which a comparison of our collective force and that of the enemy will possibly permit. Three thousand of the above mentioned number will compose the main body; the remainder will be employed in different quarters to harrass and distract the enemy, and create diversions, in favour of the principal operation. It would be improper to hazard upon paper, a more minute detail of the plan.
I am now to express my wish that it may be agreeable to you to undertake the command of this expedition, in which case you will be pleased to repair to Head Quarters without delay, to make the necessary previous arrangements, and enter upon the business. The season is so far advanced that not a moments time is to be lost. But as I am uncertain whether your health or other considerations will permit you to accept a command of this nature, and as the advanced state of the season already mentioned will not allow me to wait an answer, I have inclosed a letter for General Sullivan, on whom, if you decline, it is my intention the command shall devolve, should you accept you will retain the letter and return it to me; if not, you will immediately transmit it to him.61
[Note 61: Gates answered, from Boston (March 16): "Last Night I had the Honour to receive Your Excellencys Letter of the (6th Instant.) The Man who undertakes the Indian Service, should enjoy Youth and Strength; requisites I do not possess; it Therefore Grieves me Your Excellency should Offer me The only Command, to which I am intirely unequal; in Obedience to your Commands, I have forwarded Your Letter to General Sullivan, and that he may not be one moment detained, I have desired him to leave The Command with General Glover, until I arrive in Providence, which will be in a few days. You may be Assured of my Inviolable Secrecy, and that Your other directions shall be fulfilled." (Gates was 50 years old.) Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Whether you accept or not you will be sensible of the necessity of secrecy. The less our design is known or suspected by the enemy the more easy and certain will be its execution. It will also be of importance to its success to endeavour to prevent succours coming from Canada. This will be best effected by hanging out false appearances to deceive the enemy there, and beget jealousies for their own security. Among other expedients for this end one may be to make inquiry, with an air of mystery and yet in such a way as will spread the idea: what force of militia could be derived from the State of Massachusetts towards an invasion of Canada by the way of Coos in case of the appearance of a french fleet and army in the River St. Lawrence. You will employ this and any other artifices that may occur to you for the purpose.
In the event of General Sullivan's leaving Providence; you will take the immediate command of the troops now under him. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: Congress having determined upon an Expedition of an extensive nature agt. the hostile tribes of the Indians of the six Nations, the command is offered to Majr. General Gates as senior officer, but should he decline, it is my wish it should devolve upon you. That no time may be lost by General Gates's non-acceptance, I have put this letter under cover to him, and have desired him to forward it to you, should that be his determination. Should it therefore be sent to you, I must request you to set out as speedily as possible after the Rect. of it to Head Quarters, as the Season is already far advanced.
Upon your arrival the whole plan of the Expedition shall be communicated to you, and measures concerted for carrying it into execution.
Nothing will contribute more to our success in the quarter where we really intend to strike, than alarming the enemy in a contrary one, and drawing their attention that way. To do this you may drop hints of an expedition to Canada by the way of Coos. This will be the more readily believed as a thing of that kind was really once in agitation, and some Magazines formed in consequence, which the enemy are acquainted with. You may also speak of the probability of a French Fleet making its appearance, in the Spring, in the River St. Lawrence to cooperate with us. It will be a great point gained if we can, by false alarms, keep the force already in Canada from affording any timely assistance to the Savages, Refugees and those people against whom the blow is levelled. I would wish you to keep the motives of your journey to Head Quarters a secret, because if it is known that an Officer of your Rank is to take a command to the Westward, it will be immediately concluded that the object must be considerable. I am, &c.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: Mr. Laurance64 delivered me your estimate of the strength and position of the Enemy at New York and its dependencies.
[Note 64: John Laurance, Judge Advocate General of the Continental Army.]
I have since been favd. with yours of the 4th. instant. I shall endeavour to reinforce your post by the time the nine months men are about leaving you, so that I hope the enemy will be disappointed should they have such intentions as have been communicated to you.
Since I sent up the arrangements of the other Massachusetts Regiments, I have recd. that of the Rate Colo. Aldens which I inclose. The promotion of the 7th Captain, who will be Capt. Lieut. Jonas parker, is to take place on the 11th. October 1778 as Major Whiting certifies which I suppose is right. The subalterns entitled to promotion by this move on the same day likewise. This arrangement has been made among the officers themselves, and I imagine may be adopted, if none of the other Officers of the line have any objections to make. I am etc.
[P.S. The bare suggestion of an attempt upon the Posts in the Highlands (whether true or false) makes me extremely sollicitous to have the Works at West point pushed forward with all possible dispatch, tho it shd. occasion a delay of those at any other place (for between you and me) I fear the expence incurred in building a bridge over Croton will avail us little, as the Enemy will never suffer it to remain there if it is not well defended; the prospect of doing which under our circumstances, I fear is but slender. I therefore again repeat my wish that the whole attention in a manner may be turned to the defences at West Point. If there is no longer danger to be apprehended from the Frost, the chain I conceive should be fixed, at all events, every preparation should be making for it. and I would advise the Officers to keep no Baggage of value in the Neighbourhood of Peekskill, as their attention should the enemy operate up the North river must not be withdrawn from other objects to secure it.]65
[Note 65: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City. In the draft, which is in the Washington Papers, the P. S. is in the writing of Washington, and the above text follows that.]
Head Quarters, March 6, 1779.
Sir: The bearer Mr. Barton being desirous of meeting a friend of his (who is now within the British Lines) at Elizabethtown Point; You will be pleased to grant him a Flag to convey his letter containing a request for that purpose. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: His Excellency Governor Henry having requested that a General Officer might be sent to the State of Virginia to superintend the recruiting service and that some of inferior Rank might also be sent to take charge of the Recruits when collected and march them to Camp, I have appointed you to that service and inclose you a list of such Officers as are already in Virginia upon command and Furlough as are to be detained for the purposes above mentioned. You are immediately upon the Receipt hereof to send to the different Officers or signify it to them in the public prints informing them of the duty to which they are appointed and repair yourself to Williamsburg and take your future orders from His Excellency the Governor. Be pleased to exert yourself to get as many of the Recruits as possible here by the 1st. of May and if you can put the Business in such a train that you yourself can join your Brigade by that time, it will be very agreeable to me, as I wish to assemble our force by that time if possible. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, March 6, 1779.
Sir: Immediately upon receipt hereof you are to proceed with your Regiment to Coos. You are to march in three divisions for the benefit of covering your Men, at Night. You will see the whole put in motion before you leave your present Incampment, and will appoint one or more Officers, as the case may require, to collect your straglers and bring up your rear. Let your Rout be properly marked and allow a day between each division, the Officers commanding each to be responsible for the good order and conduct of their Men upon the March.
Upon your arrival at Newbury, you will know of Genl. Bayley what Plan he has on foot for intelligence from Canada; and take such measures to obtain fresh advices as seem best adapted to the end. To know the prest. disposition of the force in Canada, and how it will probably be employed in the Spring are essential objects; Intelligence on these points to be gained, if possible, and communicated without delay, to me. While this is doing your Regiment may be employed in extending the Road towards the River Sorrel, or if that shall be deemed too hazardous (till a greater force may be assembled) you may mend and repair what has been already opened by Colo. Biddle.68
[Note 68: Col. Timothy Bedel.]
You must not suffer the Officers to keep more Horses than are absolutely necessary for the discharge of their respective duties, as care and saving in the article of Forage and Provisions must be attended to with scrupulous exactness.
On your March, but in a more pointed manner when you approach Newbury inform yourself with some degree of certainty whether the Inhabitants would give much aid, by. their personal Services, in an Expedition by the way of Co'os against Canada, if they could have a well grounded hope of a French fleet and Army appearing in the St. Lawrence to co-operate with them. The result of these enquiries you will communicate to me as soon as you have obtained the requisite knowledge.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: It being a matter of importance that the inclosed should reach Genl. Scott as speedily as possible, I have taken the liberty to put it under cover to you and to request you to direct the Deputy Quarter Mr. at Fredericksburg to forward it immediately to him by a special Messenger. As I do not know to what particular place to direct it, I must beg of you to send it where Genl. Scott will most probably be found. I am etc.
P.S. Should General Weedon not be in Fredericksburg the Deputy Qr. Mr. is to follow the above directions.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 6, 1779.
Sir: I herewith transmit your Excellency the last news papers which I have obtained from New York.
I also inclose you an extract of intelligence respecting a fleet of victuallers, with some troops, said to be preparing to sail for Georgia. The fidelity of the writer is hitherto unquestionable.71 The report of the 1500 Troops from Rhode Island, I am induced to suppose is without foundation. Some time ago, I was informed of the sailing of about 1,000 from this place; but these, I believe have all arrived at the garrison at New York. This is confirmed in some measure by Col. Webb, who speaks of two
[Note 71: The extract is filed with this letter of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] Regiments of Anspach, as having actually landed at New York before his departure from Long Island. Besides these two Regiments, the writer himself mentions two light Infantry companies "landed on Long Island from Rhode Island," which appear to have been part of the same embarkation, of which I was advised from Providence.
The enemy have recently made an excursion from Kingsbridge as far as Horseneck. I have not received the account officially, but from what I can learn the expedition has been attended with as little success as that to Elizabeth Town. I have the honor &c.72
[Note 72: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, March 7, 1779.
Sir: Colonel Shreve informs me that several persons who had been made prisoners by the Indians, have lately returned from Captivity, and that they are known to you. In this case I request that you will inform me of their names, characters, and places of abode by the first opportunity.
Be pleased likewise to let me know, whether you have thought of the boots mentioned in a late letter. I am &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was favd. a few days ago with a letter from you by Mrs. Yorke. I wish it had been in my power to have complied with your request, and that of several other Gentlemen, in her behalf, without infringing a Rule which I myself had just proposed to the executive powers of the several States, which was, not to permit any inhabitants of the States to go within the enemy's lines without a recommendation from their respective Governors or Legislatures. Maj. Brittain, Brother in law to Mrs. Yorke, returned to Philada. to endeavour to procure such a recommendation, which he seemed to think he could obtain.
Yours of the 28th. last month only reached me this day. When matters are in a proper train for organizing the Light Troops you shall hear from me. I am etc.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 7, 1779.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th. Ulto. was handed me by Captn Beall.75 That you may not be embarrassed for want of money in reinlisting such of your men whose times of service have expired or will soon terminate, I have given a warrant to Captn Beall for 15,000 Dollars for this purpose and that of filling up the corps by new recruits. You will proceed in reinlisting agreeable to the terms and principles established in the general orders, which accompanies this letter.
[Note 75: Capt. William Dent Beall, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; promoted to major of the Second Maryland Regiment in November, 1781; retired in April, 1783.]
I make no doubt but that you will appoint such officers for the recruiting service, as appear best calculated to answer the end, and to such places as promise the greatest success. Every new recruit is to receive two hundred Dollars besides the usual bounties of land and clothing. The officers who go on this business will be entitled to 20 Doll. pr Head for every new recruit and 3 Dollars pr day for extra expences. Under these encouragements I hope you will be able to fill up your corps to the complement assigned by Congress. Captn. Beall has mentioned to me a degree of dissatisfaction among the officers respecting their rank. They must be satisfied, it is not in my power to make any alterations.
In placing the corps in its present state every thing has been done that could be prudently effected. And I would suppose that the officers after weighing the circumstances under which your Regiment was raised, and the disadvantages under which it has labored, will be of the same opinion. However should any of them decline the service on this account, you will take such measures with those who continue as that the reinlisting and recruiting may be kept up and the corps retain its proper form, avoiding a new appointment of officers.
The Terms in which you speak of the recruiting business is one reason why I have not sent you more money. But should it turn out better than you suppose, you may soon have another sum. In the mean while, you should not loose a single recruit, but if possible borrow for this purpose, till you can receive a further supply.
When you send for money I shall expect a particular return of the expenditure of what is drawn, to include the new recruits and the number and names of the reinlisted. You will use such precautions that the recruits may be collected from time to time with the corps, and that the whole may be held in perfect readiness to march to Pittsburg at a moments warning. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 7, 1779.
Sir: I have received the letter which you did me the honor to write me of the 1st instant. I feel the hardships and embarrassments of your situation, and I should really be happy did I see any method of rendering it more agreeable. But in the present state of our army I do not. However well founded your claim may be to the rank you mean to apply for, from the considerations you mention, it is not in my power to second it as you request.
The introduction of a number of foreign officers, especially in the higher posts of the army, is considered by our own officers, as such a breach of their privileges, and occasions so much dissatisfaction, that the practice cannot be continued without great injury to the service. And as upon this principle, I cannot with propriety recommend the appointment you now solicit. I am sorry to add, though I think it a piece of candour which is due to you, that I do not perceive any other manner suitable to your expectations in which you can be employed.77 With great consideration, I am, etc.78
[Note 77: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 12, 1778, for report of the committee on Knobelauch's case.]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 8, 1779.
Sir: I herewith transmit your Excellency an extract of a letter from Major General Putnam, containing an account of the incursion of the enemy to Horse Neck, which I mentioned in my last. I also inclose you a return of the prisoners we have taken from the enemy in their retreat.79 With great respect, I have the honor etc.80
[Note 79: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 80: Putnam's letter of March 2 is in the Washington Papers; an extract is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The return of prisoners taken shows that the British lost 35 men on this raid. Putnam retook much of their plunder.] ASSISTANT PAYMASTER GENERAL'S REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF THE MILITARY CHEST, FEBRUARY 24, 1779.
March 8, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Early last Fall I wrote to Mr. Mitchell for 1 Dozn. Table Cloths, and while we lay at Fredericksburg received Seven (three at one time and four at another). About a fortnight ago, by letter, I enquired why the others were not sent, and received the following answer: "I sent eleven Table cloths at different times, they went by three several Persons, General Greene had some each time, and it was particularly noted to the Quarter Master at the Quarter Master Generals Store in Camp" I shall be obliged to you to cause enquiry to be made at your Stores what was done with the four I miss.
At the same time I wrote to Mitchell for a sett of QueensWare consistg. of the followg. articles.
and Some pickle plates to which he gave the following answr. on the 21st Ulto. viz "I have made enquiry for a sett of Queens ware but am affraid it will be difficult if not impossible to procure them. I will do all in my power to get them as quick as possible". Since which nothing further has been said about them, from whence I conclude my chance in that quarter is but indifferent. I therefore apply to you to procure them as Lady Stirling informed me a few days ago that they were to be had at Brunswick. I am thus particular lest you may know more of my dependance on Mitchell than I do myself. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, March 8, 1779.
Parole Cunningham. Countersigns Revenge, Mifflin.
Treasury Office, February 11, 1779.
Ordered, That the regimental Pay Masters be required on the settlement of their accounts to produce vouchers agreeable to the Acts of Congress which are on on account to be dispens'd with.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, March 9, 1779.
Parole Palestine. Countersigns Paros, Paris.
Captain Jeremiah Brewen81 is to superintend the Artificers during the absence of Colonel Baldwin and to be respected accordingly.
[Note 81: Capt. Jeremiah Brewen, of Baldwin's Artificer Regiment. He was made major in November, 1779, and retired in July, 1781.]
All officers and soldiers absent on furlough from any part of the Army either immediately under the Commander in Chief or elsewhere are required without fail to join their Corps before the 1st. of May next. This order is not to affect those whose leave of absence will expire before that period; who will be expected to return punctually at the expiration of their respective furloughs. Such officers of the Virginia line who having been on furlough have since been appointed to a particular duty under Brigadier General Scott are not comprehended.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours respecting Mr. Archer82 a few days ago, but I have been so exceedingly engaged that I have not had leisure to answer it before this time. It would give me great pleasure to make provision for a Gentleman of Mr. Archers merit in a way that should be perfectly satisfactory to him, and could your request in his behalf be granted with out infringing the establishmt. of your Corps, I should not hesitate to comply with it instantly. I beg to be understood. I do not mean that the Rank which he asks, is more than he has a right to expect, it is perhaps trifling when compared with the sacrifices he has made for his attachment to our Cause, but in the mode which you propose, it would be an innovation, and I have so repeatedly, in my representations respecting the causes of dissatisfaction in the Army, pointed out that of irregular promotion as the principal one that I cannot with any degree of consistency recommend it in the present instance. Besides I do not see why the Cornets of your Corps would not feel themselves as much hurt by Mr. Archers being created an extra Lieutenant, as they would be by his being promoted in preference to them, was a vacancy to happen. I am etc.83
[Note 82: Cornet Henry Archer, of Lee's Dragoons. He was made captain in 1781 and served to close of the war.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favs. of the 2nd. and 4th. instants and am pleased to hear of Genl. Tryons speedy retreat from Horse-neck with the loss which he sustained in his march back.
I cannot see any right that I have to interfere in Scudders Affair, more especially as he acted under a state commission and has libell'd his prize in the Court of Admiralty. I have returned you the papers you send with Doctr. Anthony's representation respecting such part of the Goods as are claimed by him.
I think it best to let the Court take the matter fully into consideration and determine it according to the principles of law and equity.
I cannot depart from the periods of inlistment pointed out in General orders transmitted to you, as it would occasion endless confusion to make rules suited to the case of every individual.
You may distribute the Blankets which you have discovered at Danbury among the troops under your command in proportion to their wants, and should give Colo. Hazens Regt. a full share as they do not reap the benefit of state supplies.
The 7. Bales of Cloth and Cloathing intended for Colo. Charles Webbs Regt. had better be forwarded to the Clothier at Fishkill from whom you can draw what may be wanting, or take out what is necessary before it is sent off. I am informed that 2714 pairs of shoes and 244 Setts of leather accoutrements are lodged at the House of Comfort Hoit, jun. at Danbury. Should the troops under your command be in want of shoes you may supply them out of that parcel, sending what are left to Fishkill. Should the Connecticut and New Hampshire Brigades have a state supply, you will in that case forward the whole, except what Hazen's may want. The accoutrements are to be sent forward to the Commissary of Military Stores at Fishkill.
The regimental paymasters are to keep exact accounts of what Cloathing they received not directly from the Cloathier and furnish him with a Copy.
I have desired the Board of War in making out Commissions for the Connecticut line to leave the dates of Colo. Johnston's, and Colo. Grosvenor's blank, as I hope the dispute will be settled by the time the Commissions arrive.
If you and the General Officers will, upon hearing the claims of both, determine it finally I will confirm it.
I return you my letter of the 22nd. Feby. which was put among the papers I imagine by mistake. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of this morning. I do not conceive that the 4th. Article of the Resolve of Congress for regulating rank meant to extend the right of filling vacancies, at the time they happened, beyond the 16th. day of Septr. 1776, because it would interfere with the arrangements made by the States for the formation of the new Army. About that time the different States or Commissioners appointed by them were supposed to take a review of their Officers as they then stood, and to promote some and let others remain as they were. Your second question is involved in the first and the same answer serves.
I do not know of any law of this State that makes provision for the case you mention: Govr. Livingston is at Lord Stirlinng's quarters and if you consult him perhaps he can inform you of the proper steps to be pursued.
I would have you keep the Man in confinement85 till we know whether the Civil law gives any redress.
[Note 85: A countryman who had purchased some axes and a tent from the soldiers. He had cut up the tent.]
This state is very tenacious of the rights of its inhabitants, and I could not wish to put military law in execution but upon extremity. In a letter which I had occasion to write to the Governor a few days ago I took occasion to mention a case of the like kind and wished him if there was not a law to prohibit inhabitants from dealing with soldiers, to endeavour to procure one. I am, etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 9, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of your favor of the 5th Instant.
I am much obliged to you for that attention you discover to prevent any intercourse with the enemy, which might be attended with doubtful circumstances. I had taken my measures with the gentlemen which are the object of your information before I received your letter, and, restricted them to [our own lines at] Elizabeth Town point, where they had liberty to see their friends [if they could obtain leave to come over]. This I imagined a sufficient security against any consequences which might be apprehended from a more liberal indulgence. I have the honor, etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets have been added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 10, 1779.
Sir: I am favd with yours of the 15th. Feby. I imagined that the Agents would not have waited for orders to make up the linen proper for shirts, and that suitable for Overalls. The stock of these Articles cannot be too great, as they are in constant demand, and what are not used in one Campaign, will keep over to the next without the least danger of damage, which is not the case with woollen Cloathing. I wish therefore that as many as possible of both the above may be made up and forwarded as they are finished. Be pleased to turn your attention, (and desire the Agents to do the same,) to procuring shoes, of which we shall want more than the common quantity this Campaign, if the enemy by carrying on a predatory war obliges us to follow them, in their excursions. If they purchase imported shoes they should examine them and see that they are the proper kind for soldiers. The shoes that you mention as being upon the Road only reached Danbury, where they were left, and it was by accident that I heard of them. I have ordered them to Genl. Putnam's troops should they be in want of them. This shews the necessity of sending Conductors with every parcel of Cloathing, to see it delivered at the place of destination. I veryly believe that near as much has been heretofore lost as has been used. Genl. Putnam the other day discovered a considerable parcel of Cloths, Blankets, and Cloathing, of a Regiment which had lain at Danbury above a year and were almost damaged by Moth.
Desire the Agents not to let any Blankets, that may arrive, pass by them, as we have ever been much distressed for them. I am, &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 10, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of your Excellency's letter of the 2d Inst with its several inclosures.
I have only at present to request the attention of Congress to the inclosed letter from James Reed,89 signing himself Brigadier General. Congress will be pleased to inform me, if he holds the rank of Brigadier General, that some measures may be taken in his case. I have the honor, etc.90
[Note 89: Reed was from New Hampshire. He was commissioned brigadier general on Aug. 9, 1776, but became blind and retired in September of that year. The letter was read in Congress on March 13 and referred to the Board of War.]
[Note 90: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Camp at Middle brook, March 8[--10], 1779.
My dear Marquis: I am mortified exceedingly that my Letter from Philadelphia with the several inclosures, did not reach Boston before your departure from that Port. It was written as soon as Congress had come to a decision upon the several matters which became the subject of the President's Letter to you,91 and was committed (for conveyance) to the Messenger who was charged with his dispatches to that place; how it happened (unless the passage of the North River was interrupted by Ice) that Letters dated in Philadelphia the 29th.
[Note 91: The determination of Congress to lay aside the proposed expedition against Canada. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 1, 1779.) Sparks quotes from a letter of Lafayette on board the Alliance, Boston, January 11, but the original is not now found in the Washington Papers: "The sails are just going to be hoisted, my dear General, and I have only time to take my last leave of you. I may now be certain, that Congress do not intend to send any thing more by me. Farewell, my dear General. I hope your French friends will ever be dear to you. I hope I shall soon see you again, and tell you myself with what emotions I now leave the land you inhabit, and with what affection and respect I shall ever be your sincere friend."] of Decr. should be till the 15th. of the following Month on their passage to Boston, is inconceivable; equally so is it, that I have not had the Letters returned to me by Majr. Neville,92 who I am told (but this is no excuse) is indisposed at Fishkill. His withholding these letters, renders it necessary for me to give you the trouble of duplicates by Captn. McQueen,93 who will do me the favor of handing this to you; and whose merits are too well known to you, to stand in need of any recommendation from me.
[Note 92: Chevalier de La Neuville. He had been granted the rank of brevet brigadier general and was returning to France.]
[Note 93: Capt. John McQueen, of the South Carolina Militia.]
Monsr. la Colombe94 did me the honor of delivering your favors of the 5th. 8th. and 10th. of Jany.; and will, probably, be the bearer of my thanks for the affectionate manner in which you have expressed your Sentiments in your last adieu; than which nothing can be more flattering and pleasing, nor is there any thing more wished for, by me, than oppertunities of giving substantial proofs of the sincerity of my attachment to, and affection for you.
[Note 94: Capt. Louis St. Ange, Chevalier de la Colombe. He was aide to Lafayette; also to De Kalb.]
Nothing of importance hath happened since you left us, except the Enemy's invasion of Georgia, and possession of its capital; which, tho it may add something to their Supplies on the score of Provisions, will contribute very little to the brilliancy of their arms; for like the defenceless Island of St. Lucia, it only required the appearance of force to effect the conquest of it, as the whole Militia of the State did not exceed twelve hundred Men, and many of them disaffected. General Lincoln is assembling a force to dispossess them, and my only fear is, that he will precipitate the attempt before he is fully prepared for the execution.
In New York, and at Rhode Island, the Enemy continued quiet till the 25th. Ulto., when an attempt was made by them to surprize the Post at Elizabeth Town, but failing therein, and finding themselves close pressed, and in danger from detachments advancing towards them from this Army, they retreated precipitately through a Marsh waist deep in Mud, after abandoning all their plunder; but not before they had (according to their wonted custom) set fire to two or three Houses.
The Regiment of Anspach, and some other Troops, are brought from Rhode Island to New York.
It would my dear Marquis have given me very great pleasure to have answered your expectations respecting Messrs. la Colombe and Houden, but Congress having experienced so many unfortunate instances of disgust, and consequent resignations in the Army, arising from irregular promotions, and brevet Commissions, that they found it absolutely necessary to discontinue the practice and had done so before I received your Letters, to the no small disappointment, and loss, of many Gentlemen whom I found in Philadelphia.
We are happy in the repeated assurances, and proofs, of the friendship of our great and good Ally; whom we hope and trust, ere this, may be congratulated on the birth of a Prince; and on the joy which the nation must derive from an instance of royal felicity. We also flatter ourselves that before this period the Kings of Spain and the two Sicilies may be greeted as Allies of the United States; and we are not a little pleased to find from good authority, that the sollicitations, and offers of the Court of Great Britain to the Empress of Russia, have been rejected with disdain; Nor are we to be displeased, that overtures from the City of Amsterdam for entering into a commercial connexion with us, have been made in such open and pointed terms. Such favorable sentiments in so many powerful Princes, and States, cannot but be considered in a very honorable, interesting, and pleasing point of view, by all those who have struggled with difficulties and misfortune to maintain the rights, and secure the liberties of their Country. But, notwithstanding these flattering appearances, the British King, and his Ministers, continue to threaten us with War and desolation. A few Months however must decide whether this, or Peace is to take place, for both we will prepare; and should the former be continued I shall not despair of sharing fresh toils and dangers with you, in the Plains of America; but if the latter succeeds, I can entertain little hopes that the rural amusemts. of an infant world, or the contracted stage of an American theatre can withdraw your attention and Services from the gaieties of a Court; and the active part which you will more than probably be called upon to share, in the admn. of your government. The Soldier will then be transformed into the Statesman, and your employment in this new walk of life will afford you no time to revisit this Continent, or think of friends who lamt. your absence.
The American Troops are again in Hurts, but in a more agreeable, and fertile country, than they were last Winter at Valley forge; and are better clad and more healthy than they have ever been since the formation of the Army. Mrs. Washington is now with me, and makes a cordial tender of her best regards to you; and, if those of strangers can be offered with propriety, and will be acceptle. we respectively wish to have them added to your amiable Lady. We hope, and trust, that your passage has been short, agreeable, and safe, and that you are as happy as the Smiles of a gracious Prince, beloved wife, warm friends, and high expectations can make you. I have now I think, complied with your request in writing you a long letter, and shall only add that with the purest Sentiments of attachment, and the warmest friendship and regard, I am etc.
P.S. Harrison and Mead are in Virga.; all the other Gentn. of my Suit join most cordially in tendering their best respects to you.
March 10, 1779.
I have this moment receivd the letters which were in the hands of Majr. Neville; accompanied by your favors of the 7th. and 11th. of Jany.; the Majr. himself is not yet arrived at head Qrs.; being, as I am told, very sick. I have again to thank you my dear frd. for the repeated Sentiments of friendship and affection which breathed so conspicuously in your last farewell; and to assure you, that I shall always retain a warm and grateful remembrance of them. Major Neville shall have my consent to repair to you in France; if his health will permit, and the sanction of Congress can be obtained to whom all applications of Officers for leave to go out of the United States are referred.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 10, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of your letter of the 5th Inst. with its inclosures.
I have communicated the resolve of Congress respecting the pay of supernumerary officers to the Auditor of accounts for the government of his conduct.96
[Note 96: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Mar. 4, 1779.]
In case there are any quantity of shoes at the different manufactories under the direction of the board, I could wish them to be forwarded to camp as soon as possible [as also a number of Shirts and Linnen Overalls]. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. It is addressed to Timothy Pickering i as president of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, March 10, 1779.
Parole Austria. Countersigns Bourbon, Turky.
Colonel C. Hall98 is appointed to superintend the Hospital at Brunswick and relieve Colonel Beauford. He will call at the Orderly Office for his instructions.
[Note 98: Col. Josias Carvil Hall.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, March 11, 1779.
Parole Minisink. Countersigns Munster, Moro.
That the returns of the Army may be similar in every respect and regularly transmitted, the Commander in Chief directs that the officers commanding regiments, corps and brigades observe the following regulations:
1st. In the columns under " Officers present fit for duty" are to be included all such as are able to go into Action, on guard, detachments &c. &c.
2nd. The officers and non commissioned officers, " Sick present, Sick absent, On Furlough, Recruiting, Vacancies, on Command, in arrest, on the Staff, Prisoners of War &c. &c". are to be inserted in their proper columns under the body of the brigade returns numerically; but in regimental returns the absent officer's names are to be inserted, with the places where, reasons for, and time of absence. The Sick, present and Vacancies to be noted numerically on the proper lines in such manner in both returns that the sick and absent officers together with the vacancies added to the Present fit for duty will exactly amount to the establishment.
3rd. Under Rank and File in the first column are to be inserted all men fit for duty, in which number are to be included all officers waiters belonging to the Army (who are ever to go on duty with their Masters, making part of the detail). All soldiers employed with their Corps as Artificers or Tradesmen, all guards in camp or its vicinity within alarming distance; in a word all the rank and file capable of doing any kind of duty within the aforesaid limits, are to be included.
4th. In the second, the sick in camp, judged so by the regimental Surgeons, or so near camp as to be attended by them.
5th. The third, to contain all sick absent in hospital or else where too far distant from camp to be attended by their regimental surgeons; and underneath are to be particularly noted the hospitals or places at which they are sick.
6th. The fourth, to include all such as are on detachments or on command too far distant from their respective regiments to join in case of an Alarm and underneath the places where and kind of duty they are upon to be exactly noted.
7th. In the fifth to be inserted such as are furloughed by Officers properly authorized.
8th. And the sixth to contain the Totals of the effective rank and file.
9th. Under " Wanting to complete" are to be inserted the number of serjeants, drums and fifes and rank and file deficient of the establishment.
10th. Under " Alterations since the last" are to be inserted such casualties as may have happened since last return; a discrimination to be noted underneath between such as have been discharged by the Muster Masters or for bodily inability and those whose terms of service have expired.
11th. Besides the weekly alterations, in the monthly returns all the alterations in the rank and file of the month past are to be inserted regimentally and the whole return compared with the one immediately preceding, with which it must be made to correspond so that if it exceeds or falls short of the preceding the augmentation or deficiency of officers or soldiers to be accurately accounted for in the proper casualties.
12th. On the back of each regimental and Brigade Return turn are to be inserted upon honor the number of officers, noncommissioned officers and rank and file fit for action, and from the column of rank and file fit for action none are to be excluded who are returned fit for duty but Waggoners, (viz) Waggoners Wanting Cloaths, Wanting Arms; the totals of which added to the fit for action will amount to the number "present fit for duty" or such as are destitute of Arms or Cloathing who are to be inserted in separate columns.
13th. The regimental returns to be made out weekly signed by the commanding officers of regiments and delivered the commanding officers of brigades who are to have them digested into brigade returns which after they have carefully examined and signed they will transmit to the Adjutant General every Saturday at orderly time. The monthly returns to be delivered in the last Saturday of each month successively, except of such troops as are too far distant from Head Quarters to have their returns forwarded weekly. The commanding officers of such troops are to have their returns made out and transmitted to the Adjutant General the last Saturday save one of each month successively. These returns by no means to be made known to any persons whatever except such as are immediately concerned in making and signing them nor to be forwarded by any others, except under a sealed cover.
That the returns of an Army should be kept a profound secret is a matter of the highest importance, consequently they should be conveyed by very trusty persons, by none under the rank of a commissioned officer, if possible.
14th. The Officers commanding regiments are to keep books in which they are to have every return they make regularly recorded, also the regimental casualties (viz) The dates of the Deaths, Discharges, Desertions, Furloughs &c. &c. &c. that happen in a regiment.
The commanding officers of brigades are also to have their brigade returns recorded in books kept for that purpose, as also the general, division and brigade orders together with brigade casualties. These books to be constantly kept in the regiments or brigades and in case a brigade or regiment should be reduced, said books to be deposited in the orderly office.
15th. Morning reports of companies are to be made every day signed by the oldest officer of each present to the commanding officer of the regiment, immediately after roll-call in the morning, which every Monday and Thursday are to be digested into field returns and delivered to the officer commanding the brigade.
16th. With the monthly returns are to be transmitted returns of clothing, arms, ammunition and accoutrements to the Adjutant General. All the forementioned returns to be made according to the blank printed forms which shall be delivered them.
17th. Size-rolls also according to the printed forms to be taken of companies, which are to be constantly kept by the commanding officer with the company.
Head Quarters, March 11, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 5th. and now return you the Sequel of your work accompanied by a few notes.99
[Note 99: These "Remarks on the 2d part of Baron Steubens Regulations" are in the Washington Papers under date of Mar. 11, 1779, as dictated to John Laurens, and are as follows:
"Page 1. The manoeuvre against Cavalry in the first part of this work, was represented as an open Column. halted in order of march, with the front platoon standing fast, the Rear platoon faced to the Rear, and the intermediate ones faced from the Center outwards, which occasioned my substituting the hollow Square. Capt. Walker afterwards explained that it was an error of the Copyist, and that the design was to have the Column previously closed, this I prefer to the hollow Square, as it unites simplicity and promptness of execution with a more solid defense against the efforts of Cavalry, the defective part of this order (vist. the Angles) is likewise diminished by its solidity. The orbicular battalion proposed by some to obviate this inconvenience, I believe has not been sufficiently perfected by Tacticians, to be brought into use.
"No. 1. This is one of the functions of the Camp Colour men.
"2. As this will make the duty of the Q. M. G1. too minutious, it is proposed that he or his deputies should divide the ground to the brigade Quarter Masters, and they to the Regimental Q. Ms.
"3. It is probable that necessity will decide on the question of bell-tents for the ensuing Campaign, but as these Regulations are intended to be permanent, the advantages and disadvantages of this method of disposing Arms, ought to be fully considered, before another is substituted.
"4. The introduction of Fennions ( sic) or painted Flags marked with the names of Regiments, would greatly facilitate the preserving the order of march of the baggage.
"5. As many abuses result from permitting the sick to mix with the baggage; Instead of what is proposed here, it may be ordered that each regiment furnish a Non Commissioned Officer to take care of its sick, and that the Surgeon be appointed from each brigade to accompany the sick of the brigade. All the sick of the Army to parade at a rendezvous convenient to the point which they are to occupy in the line of march, the latter to be determined by circumstances. A certain number of waggons are to be provided for the reception of their Knapsacks, and in case of necessity their arms.
"6 & 7. A Disagreement between the Manuscript and Plan, as in future the Grade of Colonel will not exist, an order of Incampment to be made in consequence.
"8. The interval between the Kitchens and Officers Tents, appears too small, on account of the Smoke.
"9. Utensils of each Tent, the articles here enumerated would be too great an incumbrance, and consequently liable to be lost. The Pick Axe, Spade and large Cantine to be omitted. If each Camp Colour man, were to carry an Axe slung, this and other circumstances.
"10. Will not one Officer of police be sufficient?
"11. The Duty required here of the Adjutant, is in the province of the Quarter Master.
"12. The Same observation to be made here. The Quarter Master General has a general superintendence over whatever relates to the cleanliness of the Camp, and removal of nuisances.
"13. The authorising a N. Commd. Officer to order an alarm to be beat might expose us to false-alerts.
"14.
"15. Every Saturday for the Inspection of Necessaries.
"16. As there is not a certainty of furnishing even these articles, and the mention of them may have a bad effect by raising expectations which cannot be gratified, perhaps it will be better to substitute a general direction to exclude superfluous articles.
"17. The time of Duty for advanced guards to be extended according to distance and other circumstances.
"18. This Rule to be confined to pickets and advanced posts, for the interior guards, the hour to be appointed according to circumstances.
"19. Notice of the change of Countersign to be given to the General of the Day who is to communicate it to the other Guards and the Adjutant General.
"20. Notice to be given to the nearest General Officer.
"21. Drummer in the Rear.
"22. The Rate of Stoppages to be fixed.
"23. The Brigade Conductor to have the superintendence of the Armourers. 'Materials for making as many more.'
"24. The Cartridges are usually made in the laboratories.
"25. Brigade Q. Master instead of Brigade Major, in the foregoing part of the paragraph."]
It gives me great pleasure to learn that the foregoing part is in such forwardness for the press. With respect to the Title, I think " Regulations for the Infantry of the United States" will be sufficient. In a Letter to Congress I have signified my approbation of the work, it remains for them to give it a final Sanction, and preface it with such order as they judge proper. As the fine Season is advancing, you will I flatter myself shortly have the satisfaction, so rarely enjoyed by Authors, of seeing your precepts reduced to practice, and I hope your Success will be equal to the merits of your work. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 2: Of the First South Carolina Regiment in 1779. He was appointed major and Inspector of the Continental Army in January, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 11, 1779.
Sir: While I was in Philadelphia, I received your letter accompanying a "scheme of instruction" which you propose for the American infantry I have since received your other letter of the 9th. of last month, on the same subject.
I have attentively considered your work and find it to be a work of merit, framed on principles corresponding with those of the most approved systems of tactics. But I do not perceive any utility that could be derived from encouraging the competition you seem to desire between you and the Gentleman who has already been appointed to superintend the instruction of the army.
The specimens he has given of his zeal and knowledge; entitle him to my confidence and he has just prepared a plan of regulations which have received my approbation. These appear also to be founded on the best principles simplified and accommodated to the particular situation of our service. Your manuscript and letter to Congress arc returned herewith. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, March 11, 1779.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the honor of your Excellencys favors of the 4th and 5th, and shall apply the Inclosures to their several intentions.
The Baron Steuben transmitted me his proposed plan of regulations for the Infantry of the American army. I have returned it to the Baron with such observations as occurred on different objects of the work, and my general approbation of the whole.
If the plan should appear agreeable to Congress, it will be necessary that they give it their public sanction, that the regulations may be carried into execution as soon as possible.
The inclosed extract of a letter from General Maxwell, is of the latest intelligence from New York. I would rather presume that Gambier,4 is to re-inforce Byron,5 than the expedition to New-London. However, as an enterprise of this nature was apprehended; it is some time since, that 400 men have been detached from General Putnam's command for the greater security of the vessels at New London.
[Note 4: Rear Admiral James Gambler, commander in chief of the British fleet in North America.]
[Note 5: Vice Admiral John Byron, of the British Navy.]
Your Excellency's letter of the 2d instant covered printed resolves of february the 11th. 1779,6 one of which I return. As they are of the same date; correspond exactly with the old establishment, and contain none of the proposed alterations, I would beg to know, if there has not been some mistake in their transmission. I am, &c.7
[Note 6: Jay's letter said "the 11th Ulto.", but what he inclosed was the resolve of Feb. 11, 1778, on the commissary establishment.]
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 11, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 6th instant inclosing the Resolves of Congress relative to the Cloathing due the Army for the year 1777. I have published such parts of it as respect the duties of Officers within the line of the Army, in General Orders.8 I am, &c.9
[Note 8: See General Orders, March 12, post.]
[Note 9: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to Peter Scull, secretary of the Board of War.
On March 11 Hamilton wrote, by Washington's direction, to Chevalier de La Neuville, that "The prospect of his having an opportunity to employ you next campaign in a manner honorable to yourself and useful to the public is too precarious to justify your stay." Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, March 12, 1779.
Sir: I have received the letter which your Excellency did me the honor to write the 7th inst: with the depositions of Capt. Lawrence and Thomas Minor, relative to Col. Holdridges seizure of the schooner General Howe.
As I am informed that a complaint on the same subject has been laid before Congress, and am ignorant what orders they may have given in consequence, I have given conditional directions to General Putnam, to have a [Court of Inquiry or] Court Martial held for the trial of Col. Holdridge,10 and in the mean time to have the Vessel and effects secured; unless Congress shall have ordered differently. I have the honor, etc.11
[Note 10: Lieut. Col. Hezekiah Holdridge, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He was retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 11: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Friday, March 12, 1779.
Parole Agincourt. Countersigns Wight, Bergen.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to come to a resolution of the 2nd. instant appointing a commissioner to settle and pay all accounts of arrearages of clothing due to the troops of these states for the year 1777; the following parts of which are extracted for the government of all officers concerned and are to be carefully attended to: The General has the most perfect reliance that all officers will contribute to the execution of this resolve on principles of equal justice to the public and to the soldiers under their command.
The irregularity in which the distributions of cloathing have been hitherto involved will make the utmost circumspection necessary.
...All officers of the army who have received cloathing for the troops, either of any continental or state cloathier, or by purchase, or impressment, are directed to render to the commissioner aforesaid, a return of the same, and account with him for their due application:
That the Commander in Chief, and officers commanding at any separate posts, do forthwith cause the captains and officers commanding companies, in the troops under their immediate command, to make out the accounts of their respective companies, specifying the names of the claimants still in the service, where they are, what they have received, and what is still due; these points, in cases of doubt, to be ascertained by a particular inquiry of the officers, non-commissioned officers and privates of each company. The accounts thus formed and ascertained, shall be delivered to the regimental pay masters who shall draw them into a general one, and settle the same with the commissioner aforesaid, and the commissioner shall certify the sums due on such accounts and to whom; whereupon warrants shall be issued for payment, in like manner as for the monthly pay of the troops:
That the said regimental pay masters pay the arrearages aforesaid to the non-commissioned officers and soldiers themselves, or their representatives, to whom they are due; and account with the commissioner aforesaid for the monies they received for that use, producing the receipts of the non-commissioned officers and soldiers, or their representatives, as vouchers. And if upon such accounting, there shall appear to be monies in any pay master's hands received for non-commissioned officers and soldiers who afterwards died or deserted, the said commissioner shall certify the same to the pay master general, or his deputy, at the post where the regiment of such pay master is stationed, to whom he shall pay over all such monies remaining in his hands:
That non-commissioned officers and soldiers intitled to the continental bounty of cloathing, who served in the year 1777, but are not now in the service, and their representatives in case of death, shall also receive the arrearages due for such cloathing: provided that they produce, or transmit to the commissioner aforesaid, accounts thereof, properly authenticated by the certificates of the officers under whom they immediately served, or other sufficient evidence. And the said commissioner being satisfied therewith, shall certify the sums due on those accounts; whereupon warrants shall issue as aforesaid for payment:
That as in the course of this inquiry it may appear that the cloathing issued to divers non commissioned officers and soldiers for the year 1777, exceeds the bounty allowed by Congress, the regimental pay masters shall enter the names of such in two separate rolls, for the inspection of the commissioner aforesaid, who shall transmit one of them to the pay master general or his deputy at the post where the regiments may happen to be, and the other to the commanding officers of the regiments to which such non-commissioned officers and soldiers belong, who shall thereupon be put under stoppages by order of such commanding officers, to the amount of the surplusages of the allowed bounty; for which the regimental pay masters shall account with the pay master general or his deputy aforesaid, upon every application for the regiment's monthly pay.
Head Quarters, March 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed are Copies of Affidavits transmitted me by Governor Clinton in consequence of a Complaint exhibited against Lt. Col. Holdridge, by James Hallett of the State of New York.
A Representation of the same matter I am informed has been laid before Congress, if they have not ordered differently, you will order a Court Martial for the Trial of Col. Holdridge and in the mean time, take proper measures for securing the Vessel and effects in question.
By the Report of the Officers appointed to revise the Connecticut Arrangement, it appears that Capt. James Beebe of the 2d. Connecticut Batt. is advanced to a Vacancy which of right belonged to Lieut. Erastus Woolcot12 of the same Bart. (an Officer of acknowledged Merit now a prisoner with the Enemy). If this Gentleman is intitled to a Company I cannot conceive how he came to be set down in the arrangement as only the 4th. Lieut. I have therefore to desire that the Board of Officers will take the matter fully into consideration, and if it appears to them that Mr. Woolcot is justly entitled to a Company that they arrange him as a Captain. If this is done it will of course reduce the present youngest Capt. to the Rank of Capt. Lieut, but that must be the case, rather than violate the right of a person who is a prisoner, and who from that
[Note 12: Lieut. Erastus Wolcott, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was promoted to captain, to rank from May, 1777, and was taken prisoner at Mamaroneck, N. Y., in July, 1777; transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.] consideration alone is entitled to every mark of attention and justice. I have desired the Board of War to suspend the Commissions of the 2nd. Regt. untill the above point is adjusted.
Be pleased therefore to have it settled as speedily as possible. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens and Teach Tilghman.
On March 13 Washington wrote to Peter Scull, secretary to the Board of War, "to defer filling up the Commissions for the 2d Connecticut Regt. untill I have the matter respecting Capt. Beebe and Walcot explained, on which I shall write to General Putnam immediately." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, March 13, 1779.
Parole Utrecht. Countersigns Colbert, Tuscany.
Captain Bebec,14 of Colo. Shearman's Regiment; Lieut. Andrew Little 2nd. Pennsylvania regiment; Lieutt. Nathan Lawrence, late Patton's Regiment; Lieutt. William Murray,15 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment; Mr. Gilloland,16 Director of Ordnance; Mr. Richard Mount, Volunteer in the 2nd. North Carolina or 1st. N. York Regiment; Captain Du Val,17 at Reading; Lieut. William Glenny,18 2nd. New York Regiment; Mr. Welch, Volunteer in General Huntington's Brigade; Mr. Mix,19 of Colo. Wyllis's Regimt. and Mr. John Burnside,20 Colo. Lamb's regiment of Artillery; being under nomination for appointments in the corps of Sappers and Miners are desired to attend forthwith at Head Quarters.21
[Note 14: Capt. James Beebe. He was transferred to Sappers and Miners in September, 1779, and resigned in June, 1781.]
[Note 15: Appointed captain of Sappers and Miners in February, 1780.]
[Note 16: James Gilliland. He was appointed captain-lieutenant of Sappers and Miners in August, 1779, and captain in June, 1781. He resigned in October, 1782.]
[Note 17: Captain Duval was appointed in August, 1779.]
[Note 18: Apparently not appointed in the corps.]
[Note 19: Lieut. John Mix, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was apparently not appointed.]
[Note 20: A lieutenant of the Second Continental Artillery. He was apparently not appointed.]
[Note 21: The names of the others do not appear in Heitman's Register officers of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, March 14, 1779.
Parole Delaware. Countersigns Sussex, Elgin.
Returns of the reinlisted men from the 23rd. of February to this day to be forthwith made to the Adjutant General; the bounty to each recruit to be specified; where this has been omitted in the last returns it is to be included in the present.
Head Quarters, March 14, 1779.
Sir: As I shall be obliged to weaken the post at Paramus, to strengthen those of the Highlands, you will be pleased to give immediate orders that no stores of your department or provisions, passing on the communication between this and Kings ferry make any unnecessary hault, or delay so as to give opportunity to the enemy for insult or surprize.
And in case there should be any quantities of provision or stores at present on the communication you will have them forwarded to their destination as soon as possible. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The same letter was sent to Commissary of Purchases Jeremiah Wadsworth.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 14, 1779.
Sir: I have your favs. of the 7th. and 8th. instants with a copy of a letter of the 24th. Decemr. last by Major Reid23 which I reed. in Philada. and to which I gave him an Answer.
[Note 23: Maj. James Randolph Reid, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in June, 1783.] I imagined he had communicated it to you. The distribution of Blankets last fall was made exactly in proportion to the Returns sent in, and if some Corps therefore obtained more in proportion to their numbers than others, it must have been owing to the Officers sending in false returns of their wants, which (if they will do) it is impossible for me to detect.
General Putnam lately discovered a parcel of Blankets at Danbury. I desired him to distribute them among the troops under his command and give your Regiment a full share, as it does not reap the Benefit of State supplies. There were a large parcel of Shoes also at Danbury out of which you will have obtained a full supply. Genl. Putnam has directions to draw such Articles from the Cloathier at Fishkill as the troops may want and which he may be able to furnish. I have therefore no doubt but your Regiment will be well supplied in every other Article but Blankets, of which we have not a sufficiency to afford one to every man. This is owing to the scandalous imposition the public sustained in those imported, many of which were so small that it took two and sometimes four to make one of proper size to cover a Man. Whoever has reported that I ever mentioned any thing to the disadvantage of Genl. Bayley has been guilty of a misrepresentation to give it no worse a name` I have only said that the quantity of provision on the upper part of Connecticut River did not answer Genl. Bayleys expectations and the estimate which he delivered at the White plains. But I never attributed this to a willful deception or any distant intent, as I very well know, that estimates of this kind often fall short, owing to misinformation and from the people holding up their produce when they find large purchases making. That the quantity did fall short of the estimate is evident from Genl. Bayley's own letters. I am obliged for your sentiments upon an information respecting Canadian Affairs. In my orders to you of the 6th., I have requested you to keep up a correspondence, with some persons in Canada, and I am not without hopes that our enemies will find so much employment in other quarters, that it will afford us an opportunity of turning part of our force to the northward. I am, etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 25: Consul General of France, in America, with residence at Philadelphia.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 14, 1779.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the honor of your letter of the 6th. instant.
From the tenor of your communication, I form the most favorable presages of our affairs in the West Indies and the success which awaits, vice Admiral Count d'Estaing.
I rejoice with you on the birth of a princess and the safety of the Queen; on the further hopes to the Crown of France from this happy event to your Country.
Should the rumors you mention have a proper foundation; and the contending parties think seriously of peace; I make no doubt but the same wisdom that dictated the principles of our alliance, with his most christian Majesty will terminate the war, in that manner most honorable to both powers. I am, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 14, 1779.
Sir: It is much to be regretted that all the attempts which have been made to establish some general and adequate rule for the exchange of prisoners, have hitherto been ineffectual. In a matter of so great importance, too much pains cannot be taken to surmount the obstacles that lie in its way, and to bring it to a satisfactory issue. With an earnest desire to effect this The Honorable The Congress have again authorised me to propose the settlement of a general Cartel, and to appoint Commissioners with full powers for that purpose.27 This proposition, in obedience to their order, I now make; and if it should meet with your concurrence, I shall be ready to send Commissioners to meet others on your part, at such time and place as shall be judged convenient.
[Note 27: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Mar. 5, 1779.]
That the present attempt may not prove as unsuccessful as former ones, it is to be hoped, if there is a meeting of Commissioners that the Gentlemen on both sides, apprized of the difficulties which have occurred, and with a liberal attention to the circumstances of the parties, will come disposed to accommodate their negotiations to them and to level all unecessary obstructions to the completion of the treaty.28 I have the honor, etc.29
[Note 28: After the word "treaty" the following is crossed out: "in which the interests of both armies as well as of humanity are essentially concerned."]
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 14, 1779.
Sir: The inclosed has been presented to me by Lieut. Varner30 of your Regt. If Mr. Scull is, as the representation sets forth, a junior Officer to the three subscribers, I shall be glad to be informed how he comes to be ranked above them in the arrangements. Be pleased to order Colo. Patton's Regt. to hold themselves in readiness to march from their prest. quarters which they may expect to do in a few days. I am etc.31
[Note 30: Lieut. Robert Varner, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was cashiered in October, 1779.]
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favors of the 19th Decemr. and 5th. Januy. I thank you for your communications and shall always be happy to hear from you when you have leisure. I am so utter a stranger to the Country in which you are, that I cannot pretend to offer my opinion upon the measures that ought or ought not to be pursued.32 Of this however I am confident that your abilities and activity will accomplish whatever can be done. The enemy have been entirely still in this quarter except making two small excursions, one to Elizabeth town to endeavour to surprize Genl. Maxwell, the other as far as Horseneck. They were disappointed in the former and retreated precipitately from the latter with the loss of 47 prisoners, some deserters and a few killed and wounded. They destroyed a trifling salt work at Horseneck. I wish you every success and honor, as I am, etc.33
[Note 32: Lincoln was at Charleston, S.C.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 15, 1779.
Sir: I recd. yours of the 10th. informing me of Admiral Gambier's intent to leave the port of New York; if that event hath taken place be pleased to endeavour to ascertain with what number of ships, their force and destination. We have heard nothing in a long Time from Z.34 Has he dropped the correspondence? or what is become of him. If we are to depend no further upon him, you should endeavour to open some other channel for intelligence. The Season advances
[Note 34: See note 59 (P. 476, vol. 13) to Washington's letter to Lord Stirling, Jan. 2, 1779.] when the enemy will begin to stir, and we should if possible be acquainted with their motions. I am, &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Middle brook, March 15, 1779.
Sir: I have waited with anxious expectations, for some plan to be adopted by Congress which would have a general operation throughout the States for compleating their respective Battalions. No plan for this purpose has yet come to my knowledge, nor do I find that the several Governments are pursuing any measures to accomplish the end by particular arrangements of their own legislatures. I therefore hope Congress will excuse any appearance of importunity, in my troubling them again on the subject, as I earnestly wish to be enabled to realize some ideas on what may be expected towards the completion of our Battalions by the opening of the next campaign. They are already greatly reduced, and will be much more so by that time; owing to the expiration of the term of Service of the last years drafts.
[At the Posts in the highlands, Nixons, Pattersons and Learneds Brigades alone, will suffer (by the first of April) a diminution of 847 Men, which must be replaced, illy as they can, and reluctantly as they will be spared from other Posts.]
The Committee, with whom I had the honor to confer, were of opinion, that the regimts. now in Service should be continued and completed; this was confirmed by the resolve of Congress of the 23d of Jany. last, which also directed some additional encouragements for recruiting the Army during the War. Aware that this expedient, though a very useful one, could not be altogether relied on, especially if the interference of State bounties, were still permitted; I furnished the Committee with my ideas of the mode which afforded the most certain prospect of success. I shall not trouble Congress with a repetition of these, as I doubt not they have been fully reported by the Committee.
Among the Troops of some States, recruiting in Camp on the new bounties has succeeded tolerably well; among others, where the expectations of State bounties have had more influence, very ill; Upon the whole, the success has been far short of our wishes and will probably be so of our necessities.36
[Note 36: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "I have not yet made any attempt to recruit in the Country for reasons which will be communicated by the Committee, added to which I have received information from Colonel Rawlins who has been authorised by congress to recruit the three companies still remaining of his batalion, to their compliment, that he could make no progress in the business, on account of the inferiority of the Continental bounty to that of the State of Virginia."]
The measure of inlisting in the Country, in my opinion depends so much on the abolishing of State bounties, that without it, I am doubtful whether it will be worth the experiment. State bounties, have been a source of immense expence and many misfortunes. The sooner the practice can be abolished, and system introduced in our manner of recruiting and keeping up our battalions, as well as in the administration of the several departments of the Army, the sooner will our Security be established and placed out of the reach of contingencies. Temporary expedients to serve the purposes of the moment, occasion more difficulties and expence than can easily be conceived.37
[Note 37: By resolve of Jan. 23, 1779, Congress granted a bounty, for enlistment for the war, not to exceed $200 to each recruit and reenlisted man. Also, by a resolve of Mar. 15, 1779, Congress permitted all officers, noncommissioned officers, and privates, who had enlisted in the cavalry, artillery, infantry, and artillery artificers since Sept. 16, 1776, to be credited to the quota of the State in which they enlisted.]
The superior information, which Congress may have, of the political State of affairs in Europe [and of combining circumstances] may induce them to believe that, there will soon be a termination of the War; and therefore, that the expence of vigorous measures to re-inforce the Army may be avoided. If this should be the case, I dare say the reasons will be well considered before a plan is adopted; which, whatever advantages of oeconomy it may promise, [in] an eventual disappointment, may be productive of ruinous consequences. For my own part, I confess I should be cautious of admitting the supposition that the War will terminate without another desperate effort on the part of the enemy. The Speech of the Prince, and the debates of his Ministers have very little the aspect of peace; and if we reflect, that they are subsequent (as I apprehend they must have been) to the events, on which our hopes appear to be founded, they must seem no bad argumts. of a determination in the British Cabinet to continue the War. Tis true, whether this be the determination or not, tis a very natural policy that every exertion should be made by them to be in the best condition to oppose their enemies, and that there should be every appearance of vigor and preparation. But if the Ministry had serious thoughts of making peace, they would hardly insist so much as they do, on the particular point of prosecuting the American War. They would not like to raise and inflame the expectations of the People on this subject, while it was secretly their intention to disappoint them. In America, every thing has the complexion of a continuance of the War. The operations of the enemy in the Southern States do not resemble a transient incursion, but a serious conquest. At their posts in this quarter, every thing is in a state of tranquillity, and indicates a design, at least, to hold possession. These considerations joined to the preceeding. The infinite pains that are taken to keep up the Spirits of the disaffected and to assure them of support and protection; and several other circumstances, trifling in themselves but powerful when combined, amount to no contemptible evidence that the contest is not so near an end, as we could wish. I am fully sensible of many weighty reasons on the opposite side; but I do not think them sufficiently conclusive to destroy the force of what has been suggested, or to justify the sanguine inferences many seem inclined to draw.
Should the Court of Britain be able to send any reinforcements to America the next campaign, and carry on offensive operations; and should we not take some effectual means to recruit our batalions. When we shall have detached the force necessary to act decisively against the Indians, and the remaining drafts shall have returned home; the force which remains for our defence will be very inconsiderable indeed. We must then on every exigency have recourse to the Militia, the consequence of which, besides weakness and defeat in the field, will be double or treble the necessary expence to the public. To say nothing of the injury to agriculture which attends calling out the Militia on particular emergencies and at some critical Seasons, they are commonly twice as long coming to where they are wanted and returning home, as they are in the field; and must of course for every days real service receive two or three days pay, and consume the same proportion of provisions.
When an important matter is suspended for deliberation in Congress, I should be sorry that my sollicitude to have it determined, should contribute to a premature decision. But when I have such striking proofs of public loss and private discontent from the present management of the clothing department. When accts., inadmissible if any system existed, frequently remind me of the absolute necessity of introducing one. When I hear as I often do, of large importations of cloathing which we never see, of quantities wasting and roting in different parts of the Country, the knowledge of which reaches me by chance. When I have reason to believe that the money which has been expended for cloathing the Army, if judiciously laid out [and the Cloaths regularly issued] would have effectually answered the purpose. And when I have never till now seen it otherwise than half naked. When I feel the perplexity and additional load of business thrown upon me by the irregularity in this department, and by applications from all parts of the Army for relief; I cannot forbear discovering my anxiety to have some plan decided for conducting the business hereafter, in a more provident and consistent manner. If the one proposed to the Committee does not coincide with the Sentiments of Congress, I should be happy some other could be substituted. [With the greatest respect I have the honr. etc.]38
[Note 38: The draft, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, is in the Washington Papers and has numerous changes The words in brackets were added to the draft by Washington. The letter was read in Congress on March 18.]
[Note 39: Of South Carolina.]
Middle Brook, March 15, 1779.
Sir: Lieutenant Colonel Laurens, who will have the honor of delivering you this, has served two Campaigns in my Family in quality of aide De Camp. The whole tenor of his conduct has been such as to intitle him to my particular friendship and to give me a high opinion of his talents and merit. In the field he has given very distinguishing proofs of his bravery upon several interesting occasions. His military zeal and a concern for his own country have determined him to leave this for a time to offer his services, where he thinks they will be more essential. Though unwilling to part with him, I could not oppose his going to a place where he is called by such powerful motives, and where I am persuaded he will be extremely, useful. I have therefore given him leave of absence 'till a change of affairs will permit his return, when I shall be happy to see him resume his place in my family.
Though I imagine he is personally acquainted with your Excellency, I could not suffer him to depart, without informing you of the great value I set upon him and recommending him warmly to your attention. I have the honor etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Middle brook, March 15, 1779.
My dear Sir: I have to thank you for your friendly letter of the 9th., and for your obliging, tho unsuccessful endeavours to procure the Horses I am indebted to my Country for. At present I have no immediate call for them, as we find it rather difficult to support the few we keep at Camp, in forage.
It gives me very singular pleasure to find that you have again taken a Seat in Congress; I think there never was a time when cool and dispassionate reasoning; strict attention and application, great integrity, and (if it was in the nature of things, unerring) wisdom were more to be wished for than the present. Our Affairs, according to my judgment, are now come to a crisis, and require no small degree of political skill, to steer clear of those shelves and Rocks which tho deeply buried, may wreck our hopes, and throw us upon some inhospitable shore. Unanimity in our Councils, disinterestedness in our pursuits, and steady perseverence in our national duty, are the only means to avoid misfortunes; if they come upon us after these we shall have the consolation of knowing that we have done our best, the rest is with the Gods.
Shall I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you at Camp, when the weather gets a little settled? I can assure you that it will be a gratification of my wishes. Mrs. Washington salutes you most cordially, and offers her thanks for the letter you was41 kind enough to send her. I am, etc.
[Note 41: Washington first wrote "were" and afterward changed it to "was".]
[Note 42: Duer had been Delegate to the Continental Congress from New York in 1778.]
Head Quarters, March 15, 1779.
Sir: The other day, you intimated to me a desire to have an interview with Mr. Elliot on Staten Island, with which I expressed my concurrence. My mind being at the time engaged on others matters, I did not advert to the resolve of Congress which makes the previous consent of the State necessary. Having since recollected the restraint, I am under from this circumstance, to prevent delay at the moment you might wish the interview to take place, I think it best to mention it to you, that you may have time to procure a line for the purpose from Governor Clinton. I should be glad it was in my power to save you this trouble, but as I am not at liberty to dispense with the resolve, so you will be sensible that to discriminate might give dissatisfaction and the precedent would make future applications embarrassing where there might be good reason to refuse. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
March 15[--16], 1779.
Sir: The 1st. April ensuing, the times of about a 1000 of the troops under the command of Genl. McDougall will expire. These returning home will leave the Highland posts in a State much weaker than is proper for them to experience [in the approaching Season]. I shall endeavour to replace them as far as in my power. But in addition to what I may be able to do; it will be expedient to fall upon some plan by which the posts may receive succour from the neighbouring militia [at a moments warning]. Sensible of the inconveniences of calling this body out upon every occasion, I wish to avoid it on the present till it becomes absolutely necessary. I have therefore to request that a convention of signals may be agreed to between General McDougall and your Excellency by which means notice may be immediately communicated of the enemy's approach and beacons fired at proper places as Signals for the Militia to assemble to his support.
While this mode provides for the defence of the posts, it excludes as much as possible all unnecessary expence [and trouble to the Militia].
I have written to General McDougall on this subject, and am Sir. Your, etc.
P.S. March 16th
Since writing the above I have received the inclosed intelligence from Genl. Schuyler relative to a design against your frontier.
One of the letters which the General refers to has not come to hand. But you will be able to judge from the transmitted accounts and the known policy and circumstances of the enemy what degree of confidence is to be given to the supposed incursion.
As there can be no addition of regular force, ordered at present to that now on the frontier [without disconcerting other measures], it will be necessary to take into consideration the best means to reinforce it with Militia [should you think the information sufficiently authentic]; or in case this cannot be accomplished, to withdraw to the interior country, the stock and provision which seem the principal object with the enemy.
The total of the troops at the different posts along the frontier, amounts to 2012 men exclusive of Cortlands Regiment. These with a reinforcement of Militia might at least give the inhabitants a security till more efficacious measures can be pursued [at the proper Season].
The provision at all events should not be suffered to fall into their hands if it can be removed or protected and I make no doubt of such precautions on your part, as may appear adequate to this end. I am, &c.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 16, 1779.
Sir: In order to supply the place of the drafts which you mentioned would leave you by the 1st of next Month, I have sent orders for the remainder of Poor's Brigade (One regiment of which has been detached)45 and one of the North Carolina batalions (Patton's)46 to march forth with to reinforce the troops under your command. I have directed the officer commanding the Carolina troops, previous to marching the regiment, to send an officer to receive your orders for their precise destination.
[Note 45: "You will be pleased to send the remainder of Poor's brigade to reenforce General McDougall. Near a thousand of the men who now compose his command are drafts whose time of service will expire by the first of next month."-- Washington to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, Mar. 16, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 46: "Colo. Pattons Regt. is to march to such a post in the Highlands as Genl. Mcdougal shall appoint, be pleased therefore to dispatch an Officer of that Regt. to him near Peekskill to take his orders. Upon the return of the Officer the Regiment is to march immediately to the place of its destination."-- Washington to Col. Thomas Clark, Mar. 16, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
In addition to these measures, to provide the better for the security of the posts under your command, I have written to Governor Clinton, requesting him to make a disposition for calling to your aid the neighbouring militia in the speediest manner in case of any sudden movement of the enemy your way; and to this end, I have recommended that he will concert with you, convential signals and have beacons fixed at proper places, to convey the alarm with rapidity through the country. I am unwilling to draw any militia into the field; but in the moment of absolute necessity.
As by a late resolve of Congress, Col. Malcom's regiment and the regiment late Patten's, are to be incorporated with Spencer's and Hartley's you will please to have them held in readiness to march, though they will not move off 'till the other troops join you and the season is a little more advanced; when you will receive further directions from me for the purpose. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I, a few days ago, recd. the inclosed extract of a letter, and Affidavits from Governor Livingston,48 which is all I know of the matter to which they relate. As the Governor has called upon me in so pointed a manner to support the Civil authority, I am obliged to request you and Capt. Fishbourne49 to attend any time between this and the 1st. of April agreeable to his requisition.
[Note 48: See Washington's letter to Gov. William Livingston, Mar. 3, 1779, ante.]
[Note 49: Capt. Benjamin Fishbourne, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was an aide to General Wayne and served to June, 1783.]
I am exceedingly sorry an Affair of this disagreeable nature should have happened as I am with great Regard Dear Sir your, etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H. S. P.]
[Note 51: Of the Second New York Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received your favr. of the 22nd. ulto. by your pay Master Mr. Provost to whom I have granted a Warrant for the pay of your Regt. up to February, and one for 5000 dollars for reinlisting, in which I wish you success.
I am in daily expectation of a return of our whole stock of Blankets in the different Stores, when I shall make an equal distribution of them, but I fear they will fall short of a sufficiency for the whole Army.
Be pleased to forward General Hands letter to him immediately, by a trusty Messenger. I am, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 16, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased to hold all the troops under your command, except Col. Cortlands Regt. ready to march, as soon as you shall receive orders from me to that purpose. You are to move over to Susquehannah, but let this remain a secret.
I am informed that three Men who were taken by the Indians from the Minisink settlement have made their escape and have returned home. If they are intelligent, they can probably give a good account of the force that the enemy employed last year, and what is of as much importance, if they were carried into the Indian Country, they can inform you of the situation of the Villages, thro' which they passed, their distances and the number of families in each, from which you may compute the number of Men. You can know who those men were by enquiring of a Major Micker,53 who lives near Sussex Court
[Note 53: Maj. Samuel Meeker, of the New Jersey Militia.] House. If you can find them out, be pleased to send for them and examine them particularly as to the Route they were taken and whatever else they observed while in the hands of the Enemy I would have you make use of one caution before you enter upon matters with these people and that is to enquire whether they are of good reputation and worthy of trust and belief from their connections and former characters. They may be sent back by the enemy to gain intelligence.
I wish to reduce the following as near to a certainty as possible. Whether the principal settlements of the Indians of the Six Nations (particularly the Senecas) are most accessible by the Waters of the Susquehannah or by the Mohawk River. To ascertain this, if you can meet with People acquainted with the Country, begin with the settlement at Chemung and moving onward towards the Seneca Country, enquire what Villages lay in the way, to what Nations they belong, their computed numbers and distances. Of this perhaps the persons mentioned in the foregoing can give you some information. Be pleased to communicate the result of this and of the Queries sent you in my last, as soon as you have come to the knowledge of the several particulars. I am, &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, March 17, 1779.
Parole Indostan. Countersigns Newbury, Korson.
AFTER ORDERS MARCH 17.
Major General Lord Stirling's division to be held in readiness to march at a moment's warning with two days provision and their blankets.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 17, 1779.
Sir: I recd. intelligence last night, that the enemy on Staten Island are in motion with a more than usual demonstration, and parade. This may intend an incursion into the Jerseys, or it may be meant to Cover an expedition elsewhere, possibly against the posts at the Highlands. I therefore think it necessary to communicate to you the intelligence, that you may accelerate the remainder of General Poor's Brigade to the Highlands. Should you get information that the enemy have made a movement this way, in force, I would recommend it to you in concurrence with Genl. McDougall, to march as large a body of troops as can be spared towards Kingsbridge to give an alarm there and create a diversion in our favor; but this must be done cautiously and with great consideration on the part of General McDougall.
I have written to General McDougall on this subject, and am Sir Yours, &c.
P.S. Should the effort of the enemy be up the North River, You will give the most determined and immediate succour to the posts in the Highlands, as so much depends on their security.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received intelligence last night, that the enemy on Staten Island are in motion with more than usual demonstration and parade. This may intend an incursion into the Jerseys, or it may be meant to cover an expedition elsewhere, possibly against the posts under your command.56 I therefore think it necessary to communicate to you the intelligence I have received, to put you upon your guard, and that you may accelerate the succours pointed out in my letter of yesterday.
[Note 56: "The appearances may either mean an operation in this quarter or may be only a feint to cover a design against some other. You will therefore be vigilant and hold yourself in readiness to act as circumstances may require. This is an additional motive for dispatching the regiment, which in my letter of yesterday, I directed you to send to reenforce General McDougall."-- Washington to Col. Thomas Clark, Mar. 17, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Should you get information that the enemy have made a movement this way in force. I would recommend it to you in concurrence with General Putnam, to march as large a body of troops as can be spared towards Kings bridge, to give an alarm there and create a diversion in our favour; but this must be done with so much caution, as not to endanger the important posts under your command. I am, etc.
P.S. You will forward the inclosed to Genl. Putnam who is directed to give the most immediate succour, should the effort be directed up the North river.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The P.S. is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 58: Members of the Committee of Congress to Confer with the Commander in Chief. This was the committee appointed on Dec. 24, 1778: James Duane, Jesse Root, Meriwether Smith, Gouverneur Morris, and Henry Laurens. Thomas Burke appears in the Journals of the Continental Congress as a member of the committee in March, 1779, but there is, apparently, no record of his appointment.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 18, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your letter of the 15th with its inclosure, and shall with pleasure give you my opinion on the points which you have been pleased to suggest.
With respect to the negotiation on the subject of an Exchange of Prisoners; I think the propositions held out on our part are substantially right, and on general principles of justice and policy ought to be adhered to. How far the particular situation of our prisoners in the hands of the enemy may make it an object of humanity to deviate, General Lincoln who is on the spot can best judge. If any arrangement can be made for their supply and accommodation, which will render their condition tolerable, I should think it wrong to depart from any thing that has been proposed.
I am inclined to think with the Committee, that in the present stage of the controversy, the exchange of citizens is impolitic and affords a temptation to the enemy to distress that part of the society more than they might otherwise do. The subjecting them to captivity is, I apprehend contrary to common practice, except with respect to such as are acting in particular civil offices immediately connected with Military duties, as the governors of garrison towns and the like. The Committee however will recollect, that a proposition made to Genl. Howe early in 76, by the direction of Congress, admits the exchange of citizen for citizen. Whether that agreement is to be supposed in force, at this time, after the numerous disputes which have existed, and the change of British commanders, is a question which perhaps interest and convenience will decide. At any rate, I should think it unwise to revive the principle by a new agreement, if it can be avoided; and still more to extend it, by admitting distinction of rank and station, which were not comprehended in the original cartel. But the final difference in the present negotiation does not appear to have rested on this point. It seems to have been given up in the latter conference, so far as to be referred to Commissioners appointed by his Britannic Majesty and the respective states; though perhaps silence on this head would have been preferable. The matter ultimately in dispute, arises on the 7th article; where our Commissioner proposes, that after the prisoners to the Southward; should have been exchanged as far as they would go, the Northern prisoners to complete the ballance, should be delivered at the most contiguous posts of the power receiving. The British commissioner would have them delivered as near as possible to the Head Quarters of the contracting parties; but offers as the ultimatum to receive the ballance which may be due them at Cape Fear in North Carolina, for an equal number to be delivered at the same place. The object on our side, is to procrastinate a reinforcement by delivering their prisoners in this quarter; on their side it is to accelerate it, by receiving them in a more direct channel. The mode of delivery proposed is a fair general rule and accords with the present situation of our Southern affairs. An additional reason for adhering to it is, that by the same article the prisoners are to have their baggage conveyed to the place of exchange at the expence of the power conveying them. This will be to our disadvantage, as we shall have in general a much greater transportation to make than the enemy; and it is therefore our interest to deliver at their most contiguous posts.
Upon the whole, I should imagine, that instead of going into any formal terms of a Cartel, it might be as well to endeavour to justify the present exigency by temporary expedients; to exchange such prisoners as are in the southern district to the extent of their relative numbers, and to make effectual provision for supplying those who remain. I suppose there is a Commissary of prisoners there with sufficient powers; if not, it will be necessary to appoint one. I prefer this plan; because in obedience to the late resolve of Congress. I have proposed a meeting of Commissioners to settle a general Cartel; and though I am apprehensive the enemy may frustate the negotiation, if it takes place, by insisting on terms too disadvantageous to be admitted; yet as it may succeed, it would perhaps be advisable to wait the event, before any partial Cartel is framed elsewhere. It will be best to have a general one operating every where on the same principles.
The Committee also wish to be informed "whether any reinforcements of regular troops can be spared to the Southern department and if, in my opinion, any be necessary." When I was in Philadelphia, I had the honor of delivering my ideas fully on the first part of this inquiry to The Committee of Conference. I still continue in the same sentiment. I am clear that no part of the army can be spared from this quarter. After we have made the detachment intended for the Indian expedition, and the drafts, whose time of service is expired and expiring have left us, the remaining force will be so inconsiderable as to afford real cause of uneasiness for the consequences. Our prospect of speedily replacing those who leave us is not over flattering; and to reduce our force still more by a detachment to the Southward would be in my judgment altogether unjustifiable. There is another weighty objection to the measure. A great part of the troops sent from here would be dissipated by sickness and desertion in so long a march; and the remainder would not arrive in less than three months from the time of marching, allowing for impediments of weather and other delays incident to the movement of a body of troops.
With respect to the necessity of a reinforcement of regular troops, I clearly give it as my opinion that it will be improper to rely upon the militia, and that every exertion ought to be made in the neighbouring states, to raise a force equal to the demand of a more firm and permanent composition. This can only be done, in time, by a draft, which should be made for as long a term of service, as the governments have energy sufficient to effect. North and South Carolina should endeavour to complete their batalions on the establishment in this way; and to raise as many more men as they possibly can, to answer this particular emergency. The former has only three batalions with this army one of which being composed of 9 Months men will soon come to a dissolution. If the war continues any time in the Southern country, unless there should be some sudden stroke of good fortune, Militia will certainly be incompetent to its defence.
With the greatest respect and esteem, I have the honor, etc, P.S. I return you herewith the papers inclosed in your letter.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 60: Deputy quartermaster general at Albany, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 18, 1779.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 4th. inclosing a Report of the Auditors of the Northern Army and your Account for disbursements in the Quarter Master General's department settled by them. I make no doubt but that the Balance found by those Gentlemen, to be due to you is right, but it is not in my power, did I conceive myself properly authorised, by the Resolve of the 5th. Novr. 1776 to which the Auditors refer, to grant a Warrant upon the Paymaster General for the Sum due to you. As the Military Chest is, and has been for some time past, only supplied with a sufficiency to discharge the monthly pay and contingent Expences of the Army. The Staff departments now all draw directly from the Treasury, to which Board I think you ought to apply, not only for the Balance of the account now furnished, but for Money to discharge the arrearages of the department previous to General Greene's appointment. I cannot give him directions to permit you to apply any part of the Money recd. from him to discharge these old arrearages, as I have not the least power to interfere with the disbursements of the Qr. Mr. Genl. Commy. Genl. or any of the great Staff departments.
I have returned you the Account and Report and am Sir your, etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 19, 1779.
Dr. Sir; I have your favs. of the 3d. and 9th. instants. It gives me pleasure to hear that the mutiny of which General Varnum informed me some time ago, was not so serious a matter as he scorned to apprehend and represented.
I cannot see any reason for applying to me to order a Court of Enquiry into the Conduct of Colo. Jackson62 at Monmouth, when the power of appointing General Courts Martial is (by a Resolve of Congress of the 14th. April 1777 making some additions to and Alterations in the Articles of War) vested in the Continental General commanding in either of the American States for the time being.
[Note 62: Col. Henry Jackson, of the additional Continental regiment.]
Inclosed you have the arrangement of Colo. Jackson's Regt.agreeable to which the Officers are to take their posts. A few dates are wanting, and the name of the 8th. Lieutenant. Be pleased to have them filled up and the list returned, that Commissions may issue. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 19, 1779.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 9th. Inst. I would observe; that the sentiments contained in mine of the 14th. of February Ulto. were of a general nature; not pointed at any particular corps, or description of Officers; had reference barely to a prudence and circumspection of language before the soldier, and recommended severe or adequate punishment in case of licentious behaviour.
I inclose you a copy of your letter agreeable to your request which will shew on what ground those sentiments were founded.64 I am, etc.65
[Note 64: Varnum's letter of January 29 (the one he refers to) is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 19, 1779.
Sir: I yesterday recd. the inclosed Resolve of Congress accepting Your resignation, and directing me to give you a Certificate of your services which I also inclose.66 I hope your success in the line of life which you are about to pursue will fully compensate for the losses you have sustained in the service of your Country and am Sir your, etc.67
[Note 66: The draft of the certificate, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, reads as follows: "I certify that Edward Wiggleworth, Esqr. hath served in the Army of the United of America with the Rank of Colonel, commanding a Regiment belonging to the State of Massachusetts Bay, and that he uniformly supported the Character of an attentive brave and judicious Officer." This draft, dated Mar. 19, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 19, 1779.
Sir: I have this day received a representation signed by yourself, and several other Gentlemen in behalf of the Officers and Soldiers of the detachment under your command. I shall agreeable to your desire lay it before Congress, and inform you of their determination as soon as I am furnished with it.
The three Regiments are incorporated agreeable to an arangement which I send to Genl. Sullivan by this Conveyance. There are some dates of Commission wanting which I have desired him to procure, and which when obtained will enable the Board of War to issue new Commissions. The Officers are immediately to take post agreeable to the Arrangement, and you had best level the Companies at the same time. I am, etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, March 20, 1779.
Parole Stockholm. Countersigns Romney, Pyrmont.
The following extract of a resolve of Congress is to be strictly observed in future by all officers of the line and staff.
In Congress March 5, 1779.
Whereas it will be necessary that in future certificates be more formally authenticated, to prevent many inconveniencies which may arise similar to those already experienced:
Resolved, That certificates hereafter given by commissioned officers for articles received for the use of the army, be signed with their names at full length, and the rank they hold, and if under a general officer, that the regiment to which they belong be added: That the particular articles received be inserted in the body of the certificate, their value, the time when, and place where received, in letters, not figures:
That the certificates be directed to the principal of the department, whose duty it is to provide the articles so received, or his nearest deputy; separate certificates to be given whensoever the articles appertain to several departments:
That officers keep exact copies of the certificates they give, and transmit other copies to the nearest deputy or agent in the department giving him the necessary information respecting the business:
That the deputies transmit copies of all the certificates they pay to their principals, that enquiry may be made whether the giving the certificates was necessary for the public service, and whether the things received have been properly applied.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 20, 1779.
Sir: I am honored by yours of the 12th and 14th insts. with their inclosures. Colonel Wigglesworth's certificate is transmitted to him; and I have published such parts of the resolve of the 5th, for payment of certificates given to the inhabitants for supplies, as relate to the future conduct to be observed by the officers of the line and staff.
I take the liberty of laying before Congress a representation addressed to me by Col. Jackson and others in behalf of the officers and soldiers of Henleys, Lee's and Jacksons regiments now incorporated into one, under the command of Col. Jackson. The difficulties under which they labor upon their present establishment are so fully pointed out, that it is needless for me to enlarge on this subject. Should Congress grant their request by allowing the State of Massachusetts to consider them as part of their quota, it would be attended with this inconvenience to the public; a battalion would be added without any real increase of men; but on the other hand, unless some mode can be adopted to place what remains of the 16 battalions on an equal footing, with the battalions belonging to the States, it is hardly to be supposed that the men will be contented, or that the officers will continue in the service. Whether there is any better mode than suffering the different States in which they were raised, to consider them as part of their alloted quota, I leave with Congress to determine. I shall only add, that if those regiments are to be kept up, this method seems best calculated to give satisfaction, and will in the end be attended with no additional expence; if some state does not undertake to supply them at a rate in proportion to their pay, the public must.
The arrangement for want of which the memorialists complain, has since gone forward to them.
I return by this conveyance the proceedings of the court martial held at Fort Pitt, on Col. Steel71 D. Q. Mr. Genl. If I am not mistaken they were sent to me for my opinion rather than my approbation or disapprobation of the sentence. I shall therefore only say, that from the face of the evidence the sentence ought in my opinion to be confirmed. I have the honor, &c.72
[Note 71: Col. Archibald Steele.]
[Note 72: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 20, 1779.
Sir: I have your favs. of the 15th and 18th instants, with the latter, the Commissions for the Jersey Brigade and 1st and 2d North Carolina Regiments came safe. Capt Ogdens Commission in the 1st Jersey Regiment bears date 2d Febry. 1779.
There was a mistake in the rank of the Capt. Lieut and three oldest Lieutenants of the 1st Carolina Regt. It stands truely as follows.
I have altered the Commissions accordingly, and you will be pleased to make the same alterations in your list of the Army.
By this conveyance I transmit the Arrangement of the Virginia line compleated. Those Officers who are prisoners are distinguished from the others, and I do not think there is any occasion of transmitting their Commissions at present, as there may possibly be a change in their rank before they are liberated. Those of the Officers in service will be very acceptable as soon as possible. I am, &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and is addressed to Peter Scull as secretary of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 20, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor of yours of the 13th instant inclosing a Copy of a letter from Colo. Brodhead with an estimate of the Stores necessary for an expedition against Detroit. As there is no probability of an attempt upon that post at this time, I should not think it prudent to send the Artillery required and necessary Stores just now, but as we do not know what an unlooked for turn in the affairs of the enemy may enable us to undertake I think it will be good policy to have such a train prepared at Carlisle which may be moved forward should circumstances require it. The Quarter Master and Commy. General have given directions and are making the necessary preparations in their respective departments.
I imagine that the quantities of Shoes, Shirts, Overalls and hunting Shirts which you propose to send up, were calculated upon a supposition that a larger force would be employed to the Westward than there really will. If you form your estimates of Cloathing upon the supply of 800 Men it will be sufficient. You will, I dare to say, agree with me, that our magazines at that distance should contain nothing superfluous.
In my several conferences with the Committee of Congress it was evident that they wished upon the present prospect of Affairs to decrease rather than increase the Cavalry on account of the immense expence and difficulty of their subsistence. I would not therefore encourage Colo. White74 to inlist any new Recruits. If the Regiment has any spare Horses they will be
[Note 74: Lieut. Col. Anthony Walton White, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He was made lieutenant colonel and commandant of the First Dragoons in December, 1779; colonel in February, 1780; taken prisoner at Lanneaus Ferry, S. C., in May, 1780; exchanged in October, 1780; retired in November, 1782.] wanted to remount Baylor's Dragoons, who lost most of theirs when surprised last Fall.
I have just received a letter from Mr. Mease75 informing me that he has forwarded 2000 pair Overalls, 1000 shirts and 1000 pair Shoes. He says should more overalls be wanting he has 10,000 pair ready. As it will be sometime before the season will admit of that kind of cloathing being worn, I would not wish them to be sent forward yet, but as many shirts and shoes as can be procured. Be pleased to order what Blankets are in the Cloathier's Store, to be forwarded to Camp. Many of the Men are destitute and all those who go upon the Indian Expedition must be supplied with that Article. I have the honour, etc.76
[Note 75: James Mease, Clothier General of the Continental Army.]
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Middle brook, March 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have to thank you, and I do it very sincerely, for your obliging favors of the 2d. and 16th Inst.; and for their several inclosures, containing articles of intelligence. I congratulate you most cordially on Campbells77 precipitate retreat from Fort Augusta. What was this owing to? it seems to have been a surprize even upon Williamson.78 but I rejoice much more on acct. of his disappointed application to the Creek Indians; this I think, is to be considered as a very important event, and may it not be the conjectural cause of his (Campbells) hasty return; this latter circumstance cannot but be a fresh proof to the disaffected (in that Country) that they are leaning upon a broken reed; severe examples should, in my judgment, be made of those who were forgiven former offences and again in Arms against us.
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Archibald Campbell, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
[Note 78: Brig. Gen. Andrew Williamson, of the Georgia Militia.]
The policy of our arming Slaves is, in my opinion, a moot point, unless the enemy set the example;79 for should we begin to form Battalions of them, I have not the smallest doubt (if the War is to be prosecuted) of their following us in it, and justifying the measure upon our own ground; the upshot then must be, who can arm fastest, and where are our Arms? besides, I am not clear that a discrimination will not render Slavery more irksome to those who remain in it; most of the good and evil things of this life are judged of by comparison; and I fear a comparison in this case will be productive of much discontent in those who are held in servitude; but as this is a subject that has never employed much of my thoughts, these are no more than the first crude Ideas that have struck me upon the occasion.
[Note 79: "Our affairs in the Southern department in more favorable light, than we had viewed them in a few days ago; nevertheless, the Country is greatly distressed, and will be more so, unless further reinforcements are sent to its relief. had we Arms for 3000 such black Men, as I could select in Carolina I should have no doubt of success in driving the British out of Georgia and subduing East Florida before the end of July."-- Laurens to Washington, Mar. 16, 1779. Laurens's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I had not the smallest intimation of Monsr. Gerards passing through Jersey till I was favoured with your Letter, and am now ignorant of the cause, otherwise than by conjecture. The inclosed I return, as Mr. Laurens80 left this some days ago for Philadelphia, on his way to the Southward.
[Note 80: Lieut. Col. John Laurens.]
Mrs. Washington joins me in respectful compliments to you, and with every sentiment of regard and attachment. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 21, 1779.
Sir: As I shall have occasion to remove Colo. Rawlins's Corps from Fort Frederick in Maryland, (where they are guarding the prisoners,) to Fort Pitt, I must request the Board to call upon Governor Johnston of Maryland to furnish a Militia Guard to relieve Colo. Rawlins. I wish no time may be lost in making the requisition, and that the Governor may be informed of the necessity of sending the Relief speedily, as I very much want to have that Corps advanced upon the frontier.
The inclosed directs Colo. Rawlins to march as soon as he is releived. I shall be obliged by your forwarding it to him. I have the Honor, etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and is addressed to Col. Timothy Pickering, president of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 21, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 13th. Inst. The papers you inclosed I herewith return. In my letter of the 9th. I gave my opinion on the measures to be pursued in Captn. Scudder's83 and Doctor Anthony's84 case, so that the papers are of no further use to me and may be communicated to the Court of Admiralty, if they throw any light on the affair. You will be pleased to forwarded Col. Hazens Letter. I am, etc.85
[Note 83: Capt. William Scudder. He commanded an armed whaleboat in Long Island Sound.]
[Note 84: A refugee from Long Island.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 21, 1779.
Sir: Since I wrote to you on the 16th. I have been informed, tho' not in such a way that I can depend upon it, that the Country between Chemung and the Seneca Nation is great part of it so low and swampy, that it is traversed with difficulty by even a few foot. This is a matter that should be ascertained with the utmost precision, because should we endeavour to move a Body by that Route, to co-operate with another from the northward, and they, on account of the difficulty I have mentioned, either find it impossible to proceed, or be so retarded as to fail in point of time, our whole plan would be ruined. I must therefore request you to endeavour as soon as possible to find out some persons well acquainted with the Country between the Waters of Susquehannah and those that fall into Lake Ontario (for that is the part which is said to be particularly low and wet) and examine them strictly upon the subject. The three men mentioned in my last86 to have been taken by the enemy were probably carried back by this Route and if they are intelligent and honest they must be able to give a good account. I wish to be satisfied upon this head as speedily as possible, as I am now making arrangements and dispositions for the expedition and should that Country be found such as I have described it, it will occasion considerable alterations. There formerly was an Indian near Wyoming, named Job Chillaway, perfectly acquainted with all the Country before mentioned. Be pleased to write over to Colo. Butler and desire him to enquire for that Indian, and if he is to be found and will come down to me, direct him to furnish him with a Horse and to offer him a handsome reward. If he is not willing to come down, I would not have the Colonel ask him any questions or give him reason to suspect we are going into the Indian Country. Be pleased to furnish me with the Route from Minisinck to Wyoming, with the places of halting, as I shall want to know, where some detachments from the North River, will fall in with you most conveniently, should you move over. I am, etc.87
[Note 86: See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Edward Hand, Mar. 16, 1779, ante.]
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 21, 1779.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 13th. I do not know that there is any provision made for procuring Hunting Shirts for the Army or that the Stock of linen will allow of it. I cannot therefore give an order in favor of any particular Regt. If the States undertake to furnish these to their own troops, it is done without my knowledge or interference. The inclosed Copy of a Resolve of Congress,88 will, I hope, prove satisfactory to those Corps which do not belong properly to any particular State. Your Regiment being one of those included in the Resolve, you will be pleased to pay due attention to the Contents and make the proper Returns to entitle the Officers and Men to the priviledges of the States to which they belong. I am, etc.89
[Note 88: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Mar. 15, 1779.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 21, 1779.
Sir: I received your favor of the 22nd. with the list of the officers of the regiment and the return. As subsisting the horse is become a matter of much difficulty, Congress may not [and I believe do not] think it convenient to increase their number [under present circumstances]. On this consideration the officers actually belonging to your regiment, I would suppose fully adequate to its duties.
The promotions will take place in the order of the vacancies: and the Gentlemen which you mention for commissions will [no doubt] claim proper attention agreeable to your recommendation, should the regiment be completed. An application for clothing must be made to the board of war. You may send the pattern down by a non commissioned officer, and as it will be some time before the Clothing can be finished, he need not wait at Philadelphia on expence, but return when it may be supposed it will be in readiness. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 21, 1779.
Sir: I have desired the Board of War to call upon Govr. Johnson91 to furnish a Guard of Militia to relieve you. As soon as the Relief arrives you are to march with all your Men fit for duty to Fort Pitt and upon your Arrival there take your orders from Colo. Brodhead who now commands in the Western department. You will leave Officers to proceed in recruiting your Corps to the establishmt. [if you think any good will come of it.] Summer Cloathing of all sorts will be forwarded from Philada. for the use of the troops to be employed to the Westward. I am, &c.92
[Note 91: Gov. Thomas Johnson, of Maryland.]
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Middlebrook, March 21, 1779.
Sir: With this Letter you will receive Fifty Guineas for S-- C--r,93 which you will cause to be delivered as soon as possible, with an earnest exhortation to use them with all possible oeeconomy, as I find it very difficult to obtain hard money.94
[Note 93: Samuel Culper, spy, alias of Aaron Woodhull.]
[Note 94: The following receipt, in the writing of Washington, follows this letter in the Washington Papers: "Middlebrook, March 21, 1779. Then received from General Washington the Sum of Fifty Guineas (in Gold) to be delivered to S-- C-- for the purpose of secret intelligence from New York. Benja. Tallmadge."]
I wish C-- could fall upon some more direct channel by which his Letters could be conveyed, as the efficacy of his communications is lost in the circuitous rout. if he could fall upon a method of conveying his Letters to Genl. Maxwell at Elizabeth town, or to Colo. Shreve at Newark, they would come to me with more dispatch, and of consequence render his corrispondance more valuable.
As all great movements, and the fountain of all intelligence must originate at, and proceed from the head Quarters of the enemy's army, C-- had better reside at New York, mix with, and put on the airs of a Tory to cover his real character, and avoid suspicion. In all his communications he should be careful in distinguishing matters of fact, from matters of report. Reports and actions should be compared before conclusions are drawn, to prevent as much as possible, deception. Particular attention is to be paid to the arrival, and departure of all Fleets, and to the alterations in the cantonements of the Troops and their respective movements with the destination of them, if to be come at, and before it is too late to profit by the knowledge. All reinforcements, whether of whole Corps, detachments, or recruits (for the purpose of filling their Regiments) to be carefully marked, and the numbers, description, &ca. properly designated. All detachments and the strength and destination of them to be scrutinized with an eye equally attentive. The temper and expectation of the Tories and Refugees is worthy of consideration, as much may be gathered from their expectations and prospects; for this purpose an intimacy with some well informed Refugee may be political and advantageous. highly so will it be, to contract an acquaintance with a person in the Naval department, who may either be engaged in the business of providing Transports for the embarkation of the Troops, or in victuelling of them. Many other things will occur upon reflection without an enumeration of them: I shall therefore only add my wishes that the whole may be placed on such a footing as to answer the end most effectually, and that I am Sir Yr., etc.
P S I wish merely for curiosity, and that I may be prepared with sufficient knowledge, for any future favourable contingency, to know the depth of Water through Hell gate? the largest Ship of war that has ever passed it? and the largest that can pass it?95
[Note 95: From a facsimile in the Washington Papers. A copy, in the writing of James McHenry, also in the Washington Papers, varies from this letter sent in inconsequential verbal particulars.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 22, 1779.
Sir: My last to you was on the 5th. instant, a Copy of which I now inclose; also Copies of mine of the 31st. January, 15th. Feby. and 5th. March to General McIntosh, lest any accident should have happened to the originals.
I have directed Colo. Rawlins with his Corps consisting of three Companies to march from Fort Frederick in Maryland, where he is guarding the British prisoners to Fort Pitt, as soon as he is relieved by a guard of Militia. Upon his arrival, you are to detach him with his own Corps, and as many as will make up one hundred (should his Companies be short of that number) to take post at Kittanning and immediately throw up a stockade Fort for the security of Convoys. When this is accomplished, a small Garrison is to be left there, and the remainder are to proceed to Venango and establish another post of the same kind, for the same purpose. The party to go provided with proper tools from Fort Pitt and Colo. Rawlins to be directed to make choice of good pieces of Ground, and by all means to use every precaution against a surprize at either of his posts.
Colo. Gibson is to be ordered to hold himself ready to join you with his force when matters are ripe for execution. But he is to keep his intended removal from Tuscarawas a profound secret, and when he receives his orders to march, let it be as sudden as possible. Because whenever the evacuation of the post at Tuscarawas takes place, it will plainly discover that our designs are up the River, and not against Detroit by that Route. [Perhaps it may be better to direct him to be in the most perfect readiness to March with his whole Garrison and Stores without acquainting him with the design lest it should transpire too soon; but in this matter your own judgment and knowledge of Gibsons prudence must govern.]
I cannot with precision say what posts along the Ohio must be kept up for quieting the fears of the people. This must be left to your own judgment. From what I have heard, Fort McIntosh is a better and more extensive cover than Fort Pitt to the Frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and attended with advantages in intercepting Indian parties which the other has not, but which of the two to prefer, if both cannot be held, is left to you to determine. The Fort at Weeling I am told is essential, could we spare men to garrison it. But I fear an attempt to leave too many posts occupied in your Rear, would weaken the Body with which you move up the River so much, that it would not answer the purposes expected from it. I can only therefore give you this general direction, to leave no more posts than are absolutely necessary to secure the communication, and no more men at them, than are absolutely necessary to defend them. The Garrisons of these small posts should consist of the Independent Companies, that your larger Corps may be kept as compleat and compact as possible. Should the Companies not be fully sufficient for the purpose, you are to call in Militia to their assistance.
But let not this done if it can be avoided. Should the emergency of the case require it, let their number be as small as possible.
Hasten the Water Craft by all means, that you may not have them to wait for when other matters are ready. Neither the Indians or any other persons are to know your destination, untill your movement points out the probable quarter. Engage at a proper Season as many Warriors as you can to accompany you, and at all events procure good Guides who know the way from the head of the Navigation of Alleghany to the nearest Indian Towns and to Niagara. After you have moved, let it remain a secret as long as possible to which you are going.
You are to inform me with precision and by a careful Express when you will be ready to begin your movement from Fort Pitt, when you can be at Kittanning, when at Venango, when at the head of the Navigation, how far it is from thence to the nearest Indian Towns, and when you can reach them. In making your estimate of the times, you are to calculate upon moving as light as possible, and with only a few pieces of the lightest Artillery. These are necessary for me to know with as much accuracy as possible, that the plan of co-operation, upon which much depends, may be perfectly formed.
I would wish you to pacify and cultivate the friendship of the Western Indians97 by all the means in your power.
[Note 97: It is difficult to say just what tribes Washington meant by "Western Indians." There seems to have been no tribes, other than the Six Nations, nearer than the Miami and Potawatomis, though individuals of these two tribes were found as far east as Fort Pitt.]
When you are ready to move and your probable destination can be no longer concealed, contrive ways to inform them that you are going to meet a large force to fall upon and destroy the whole Country of the Six Nations, and that if they do in the mean time give the least disturbance to the Frontiers, that whole force will be turned against them, and that we will never rest till we have cut them off from the face of the Earth.
There is one point upon which I will take the liberty of dropping you a caution, tho' perhaps it may have already struck you. It is, the policy and propriety of not interesting yourself in the dispute subsisting between the States of Pennsylvania and Virginia on account of their Boundaries. I would wish you to recommend unanimity for the present to all parties, and if they endeavour to make you an umpire in their Affairs, I would wave it, as not coming properly before me in my military Capacity. This impartial line of conduct will command the respect of both parties, whereas a contrary one would constantly produce discontent and ill will in those disappointed by the decision. I am etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. In the draft, also by Tilghman, and also in the Washington Papers, the portion in brackets has been added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 23, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The possibility of the Enemy's making incursions into this State has suggested the expediency of fixing Signals at places calculated to communicate the most speedy alarm to the Country; and of appointing Convenient posts for the Militia to assemble at for Orders. I was therefore induced to request Lord Stirling a few days ago, from his more intimate acquaintance with the Country, to see the Field Officers of the Counties of Sommerset and Middlesex and to consult them upon the subject. There has been an interview upon the occasion, when alarm posts for those two Counties were agreed on, and the first Eight places in the paper No. 2,99 as proper for establishing Signals at. These I propose to have erected immediately by parties from the Army. It may be also expedient to extend the plan, so as to comprehend a greater part of the State; and for this purpose a further number of Signals is added for other conspicuous Hills and Mountains, which appear to me, judicious and well disposed. Your Excellency may incline to enlarge the plan still further, so as to derive succours from Sussex and Orange Counties, or at least to spread the alarm more extensively should it be requisite.
[Note 99: In the Force Transcripts of Washington Papers (Continental Army Returns, no. 36, vol. 3, P. 119) is a paper marked "No. 2. Signals on which the Militia are immediately to assemble" which locates signals nos. 1--23, which apparently was one of the inclosures in this letter. The original should be in the Adjutant General's Office, War Department, Washington, D.C.]
The first Eight Signals, and also those marked No. 8b No. 9 and 16, I will have erected. About the rest your Excellency will be pleased to give orders if you approve them.
Besides the Alarm posts above, there are some mentioned to include the Counties of Essex, Bergen and Hunterdon, as in paper No. 1.1 If these are deemed proper, Your Excellency, I am persuaded, will give such directions to the Commanding Officers of Militia, respecting them, as may be necessary.
[Note 1: No. 1 is in the Force Transcripts, as above, p. 117, and is headed "Alarm posts, or places where the Militia of New Jersey are to assemble on the first Alarm, which will given by fires on the Mountains at the places agreed on."
A transcript marked "No. 3.", which directs the erection of signals by Knox's Artillery, and Woodford's, Scott's, and Muhlenberg's brigades, of the Virginia line, and St. Clair's division, is in the Force Transcripts, as above, p. 121.]
I shall be much obliged by a list of the Generals of Militia, their districts, and of the places where they may be found in cases of emergency.2
[Note 2: "Our Generals at present are, Major General Dickinson, and Brigadiers Winds and Heard. General Dickinson I believe statedly resides in Maryland, but has expressed his readiness to repair to this State upon the first intelligence of its being invaded. General Winds lives at Rockaway in County of Morris; and General Heard at Rocky Hill in Sommerset."-- Governor Livingston to Washington, Mar. 30, 1779. Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I had the Honor to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 9th. by Mr. Van Nest3 and was much concerned for the occasion of it.4 I wrote immediately, after the receipt of it, to Genl. Wayne and directed him and Major Fishburn to return to Camp by the time you requested. I have the Honor, etc.5
[Note 3: Abraham Van Nest, jr.]
[Note 4: The dispute was over the occupancy of quarters, in which a constable, in attempting to serve a warrant on an officer, refused to show the warrant to General Wayne.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. A second draft, in the writing of Henry P. Livingston, and dated Mar. 22, 1779, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, March 23, 1779.
Parole Harkimer. Countersigns Gideon, Fontenoy.
The Commander in Chief directs that the following ration be delivered to the Army until further orders:
25 ounces of beef, or 18 ounces of Pork.
16 ounces of bread or flour.
1 gill of spirits occasionally.
The usual quantity of soap and candles.
Head Quarters, March 23, 1779.
My Lord: I should have issued orders for the fatigue parties intended to erect the Signals to assemble tomorrow but I was not certain that the Guides would be ready. Instead therefore of a general Order for the purpose, I would propose that you give directions to the parties from Woodfords and Scotts to erect the Signals at Steels Gap and the Hill upon Baskenridge Road. I will desire Genl. Smallwood to furnish parties from the Maryland Brigades to erect those at Waynes Lincoln's and Quibble town Gaps, and shall refer the Officers to your Lordship for the proper construction of the Beacons.6 Be pleased to direct Burrell7 who is to guide the party from the Penna. line to the Hill near Princeton to attend at Genl. St. Clair's quarters tomorrow morning at 8 0Clock.
[Note 6: These directions are to be found in the Force Transcripts in the Washington Papers ( Continental Army Returns, no. 36, vol. 3, P. 123). (See notes to Washington's letter to Governor William Livingston, Mar. 23, 1779, ante.)]
[Note 7: Joseph Burrell.]
I imagine the Signal No. 8a. and 8b. were to have been erected by Muhlenbergs Brigade upon a supposition that they remained below. But as they have returned to Camp, some other Corps most convenient must undertake it. I shall write to Genl. Knox to have the Pluckemin Signal erected. I am, etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: For the more speedy assembling of the Militia upon an emergency, I have agreed with the Field Officers in this and the next County to erect Beacons upon the most conspicuous Hills, the firing of which shall be signals for them to repair to their different Alarm Posts. You will be pleased to have one erected upon the Mountain in the Rear of Pluckemin, upon the place that shall seem most visible from the adjacent Country. The Beacons are preposed to built of Logs in the form of a Pyramid, 16 or 18 feet square at the Base, and about 20 feet in height, the inner part to be filled with Brush.9 Should there be occasion to fire it you shall have proper notice.
[Note 9: On this same day (March 23) Washington wrote to Major General St. Clair and to Brigadier General Smallwood, directing them to erect beacons. St. Clair was "to proceed to a remarkable Hill near princetown to erect a Beacon there. One Burrel will attend as a Guide." Smallwood was to "direct three parties, from the Maryland line, consisting of 24 Men each with Axes to repair tomorrow Morning to Waynes Gap, Lincoln's and Quibble Town Gaps to erect Beacons at these places. The Officers conducting the parties are to apply to Major Genl. Lord Stirling who will direct them in the manner of constructing the Beacons." Both of these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Be please to send me one of the Copies of the last Arrangement of the Ordnance department. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The editor is indebted to Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City, for a photostat copy of this letter.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, March 24, 1779.
Parole Euphrates. Countersigns Darby, Cork.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolution:
March 16, 1779.
Resolved, That all warrant officers on the civil staff of the army, be put on the same footing with commissioned officers, in respect to arrests, trials, and punishments.
Head Quarters, March 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I received your favor of the 10th. Instant. It gives me much concern that there have been so many difficulties, respecting the Cloathing of the Connecticut Troops, and that they still exist in some degree. I heartily wish they had obtained their supplies thro' the ordinary channel, which would have been the case, if there had not been the most pressing applications to prevent it, or at least to establish another fund for the occasion; and as it was not done in the first instance, that the expedients mentioned in my Letter of the 19th. of Novr. repeated by Colo. Sherman on the 14th. of January, had been adopted and carried into execution.
At this time I cannot think myself authorised, to grant an Order for Cloathing for more of your Brigade than Colo. Swifts Regiment, which you will find inclosed for, 188 Coats, 243 Waistcoats and 123 pair of Breeches, to be procured if you judge them really essential. Their situation, from your Return, differs from the rest and seems to justify a discrimination in their behalf, not liable to objection, as their draft for that quantity was in February 1778. It has been otherwise with the rest; and were they now to be permitted to return the Cloaths they have had in use thro the fall and Winter, and which they received by the choice and at the particular instance of some of their Officers, and to obtain New ones, it would lead to extensive consequences and produce at least great discontents and murmuring, not to say public injury, matters which I am sure you wish to avoid. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: The draft, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, has the following P.S. crossed off: "The periods, Viz from Jany to October; between which Colo. Starts regiment is said to have received 323 Coats 125 Waistoats and 179 pair of Breeches and so distant and indeterminate as to the time of the supplies that I cannot decide on what should be done in their case; however, if they were not obtained with a view to the present Winter or were so early as to be worn out I shall have no objection to granting an Order for new ones, where you shall think it absolutely necessary."]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 24, 1779.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 20th. with the inclosures12 to which it refers. As soon as the Weather will admit I intend the German Battalion, Armand's and Schotts Corps shall move over to Wyoming to take post there, and as Spencer's Regt. will remain some time behind them, as a cover to part of the Country in which you now are, and to wait for a detachment [from
[Note 12: The inclosures were evidences of Col. Thomas Procter's rank.] the No River] that is to be incorporated with it, I think they may as well move immediately up to Mahocomac, and erect a small stockade including the Church you mention [(if Cole's fort in its prest. situation is not sufficient) this] may afterwards serve for the Militia to throw themselves into, should the Continental forces be all drawn away, [and be a security to our Convoys.] For this reason it will be unnecessary for any others than Spencer's Regt. to move up. [Unless you shall think the Post too much advanced, for so small a body of Men 'till there can be some slight inclosed Work thrown up. Or unless it will be as convenient for the other Corps to proceed from thence to Wyoming as from where they now are which is the case by the Maps if there is no natural impediment, and a way opened.] Be pleased to let me know how far the place of your present Cantonement, and how far Rochester is from Mahocomac? and also how far it is from Middle Brook to Mahocomac, what kind of Road, and which is the best Route? I wish to be informed of the distances from Chemung and Ononaquaga to Niagara? which is the easiest and best route across? and which would lead most directly to the principal settlements of the Six Nations, especially the Senecas?
By your account the Cannedessaga Castle is about 60 Miles from Chemung. Be pleased to enquire how far it is from Cannedessago to Chenessie a capital Seneca Village, and whether they both lye on the Route from Chemung to Niagara.
What time did the Women, who were brought down by the foraging party, say the Indians threatened to fall upon them?
When the party sent to reconnoitre the Road from Mahocomac to Chemung returns, be pleased examine them accurately and give me their information as speedily as possible. If the Country is favorable for a march, it may prove a valuable discovery.
You will immediately send down a Quarter Master or some proper person to Head Quarters with a Return of the Arms, and what Articles are wanting in the Quarter Master's and Cloathiers departments. Let the Returns be exact, and for no more than are really necessary, as you should not be incumbered with anything superfluous. A number of Kegs for the transportation of Flour, and other Stores are making.
If you will give an order to the Officer who comes down for the Arms &c., or to any of the Regimental paymasters, who may be coming down for Money to receive the Sum advanced to Pulaski's Corps, it shall be paid to them.
Both the persons apprehended by you come I think under the denomination of Spies, perhaps by holding this Idea up to them strongly, and threatning them with the consequences except they confess, something material may be got out of them [by examining them apart from each other] especially if they were going with a message from New York to Niagara. If they were only straglers upon their own Business, they cannot possibly be acquainted with anything material. Do you think they might be kept and used as Guides, if they were to be told, that instant death would be the certain consequence of treachery, [you cannot trust them out of confinement.]
Inclosed you have a Resolve of Congress of the 15th. instant which includes Spencers, Armands, and Schotts Corps, be pleased to communicate it to them, and direct them to make the Returns called for.
Should you accompany Mrs. Hand to Lancaster, I must insist upon your punctual return within the time you mention as the Season will be considerably advanced by that time. [I shall be glad, indeed it is expedient that I should see you at head Quarters in your way to Lancaster as from thence it will be found necessary for you to proceed to Wyoming. The sooner you set out the better (after puting every thing in a proper train) as the Season will render it very inconvenient for an Officer who is to bear a principal share in the intended Expedition to be absent. It is with surprize I observe in your return, so many men absent on Furlough from Spencers and the German Regiment; let them be immediately recalled, and inform me how it happens that the prest. total of Armands Corps is 73 only and by the last return 91 without any reason assignd for the difference.]
The money of the two emissions called out of Circulation is exchanged and sent back by the Express. I am, &c.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 24, 1779.
Sir: I have been honoured, in due order, with Your Excellency's several Favors of the 15, 17 and 19 Inst. with the Papers to which they refer.
I shall direct the earliest Returns to be made, that circumstances will admit, of the Officers, Soldiers &c, who are the Objects of the Act of the 15th, and will transmit them to the Board of War.14 Captain Greene's15 case shall also have my attention, and his release be effected among the first Officers, if an exchange is agreed on, and there shall be no objections on the part of the Enemy.
[Note 14: The resolve of Mar. 15, 1779, determined that each State should have quota credit for all men raised in the State, no matter to what corps they belonged, and the Commander in Chief was directed to call for the necessary returns which would give the information on this head.]
[Note 15: Capt. Ebenezer Green, of Bedel's New Hampshire Rangers. He had been taken prisoner at the Cedars, Canada, held as a hostage, and was on parole until Feb. 9, 1782.]
With respect to the Act of the 16th for inlisting Waggoners, I beg leave to observe that the Quarter Master General is decided in his opinion, that it is too limited to produce the salutary and beneficial consequences intended by it. A copy of his Letter upon the occasion, I take the liberty to inclose,16 as his reasonings are full and founded in his own experience. It is an interesting point, and I am persuaded it will receive an early determination. I have the Honor etc.17
[Note 16: See Greene's letter to Washington, Mar. 24, 1779, in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 17: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 24, 1779.
Sir: The present situation of the Enemy and the appearances that hostilities are still to continue make it necessary that we should know our Resources with tolerable certainty, and the aid that may be reasonably expected from the Militia, in case it should be requisite. To this end I must take the liberty of soliciting your good Offices, and to request that you will inform me, by the first safe occasion that shall present itself, what force of well armed Militia, rank and file, may, in your judgment, be drawn from New Hampshire by the first of June for three or four Months, if the measure should be found expedient; and what part of them, on account of their contiguity, may be assembled at Co'os by that period, to act for the same term, and, in such manner, as circumstances may point out. You will readily perceive the necessity there is for my obtaining good information in this respect, in order to determine on some System of conduct, and such as there will be a prospect of supporting when adopted, and will therefore, I am persuaded, excuse the trouble of the application. I have the Honor etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The same letter was sent to President Jeremiah Powell, of the Massachusetts Council, and Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut. The letter to Trumbull did not contain the closing apologetic clause.
On March 24 Washington wrote to Col. Thomas Procter, acknowledging receipt of his evidences of rank and calling attention to the resolve of Congress of Mar. 15, 1779, respecting returns. This brief note is in the Washington Papers.]
[M.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 25, 1779.
Sir: I have to request that you would call at Head Quarters on your return to your regiment; and that you will come as soon as you can possibly make it convenient, after the receipt of this letter. I am, etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I duly received your favour of the 20th instant. Mr. H--20 has just delivered me that of the 22nd. [The Letter and inclosures referred to in it are not yet come to hand.] I have had a good deal of conversation with Mr. H--. He appears to be a sensible man capable of rendering important service, if he is sincerely disposed to do it. From what you say, I am led to hope he is; but nevertheless, if he is really in the confidence of the enemy, as he himself believes to be the case, it will be prudent to trust him with caution and to watch his conduct with a jealous eye.
[Note 20: Elijah Hunter, assistant commissary of forage, at Bedford, N. Y.]
I always think it necessary to be very circumspect with double spies. Their situation in a manner obliges them to trim a good deal in order to keep well with both sides; and the less they have it in their power to do us mischief, the better; especially if we consider that the enemy can purchase their fidelity at a higher price than we can. It is best to keep them in a way of knowing as little of our true circumstances as possible; and in order that they may really deceive the enemy in their reports, to endeavour in the first place to deceive them. I would recommend, that the same rule should be observed in making use of Mr. H--, who notwithstanding the most plausible appearances may possibly be more in earnest with the enemy than with us. By doing this we run the less risk and may derive essential benefit. He is gone on to Philadelphia.
Inclosed is a copy of a resolve of Congress of the 15th., which so far as it affects the troops under your command you will be pleased to assist me in executing as speedily as possible. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Headquarters, Middlebrook, March 25, 1779.
Sir: I was favored with the receipt of your letter of the 17th. inst. [If you have any] know[ledge] of the country which lays between Niagara and our settlements. [I shall be obliged by your] delineating with as much exactness as you are able, the different Indian villages, the best routes which lead to them; their names, the nature of the [country whether hilly or swampy] the waters and such obstructions as may be in the way. You will distinguish between what you know from actual observation and what you may have drawn from the accounts and observation of others. [take no notice of my having made these enquiries.] You will be pleased to grant a flag in the present instance for the flour and beef for the use of the State prisoners in the hands of the enemy. But mention to Mr. Boudinot as the business is of a State nature it may in future be most eligible to obtain provisions from the Governor, [which when obtained will be sufficient for you to grant a Flag on.
I hope your intercourse with New York is not totally at an end. I have heard nothing from there of a long while, not from you since the 17th. Have you not yet heard what Fleet that it was appeared off the Hook last week? from whence and the contents?, and what the Enemy appear to be abt. in the City?]
The express who takes this letter carries the Commissions for the officers of your Brigade. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
On March 25 Washington wrote also a brief note to Lieut. Col. Anthony Walton White, requesting him to make the returns of his regiment. A photostat of this note is in the Washington Papers.
Also on this same day (March 25) Washington wrote briefly to Brig. Gen. James Clinton, at Albany, sending the resolve of Mar. 15, 1779, and requesting the returns called for therein.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Friday, March 26, 1779.
Parole Barcelona. Countersigns Barca, Bender.
At a Brigade General Court Martial, Fish Kill, September 29th, 1778, Lieutenant Colonel Smith, President, Lieutenant Philip Shrouder23 and Ensign Henry Magg24 of the German Battalion were tried for, "Behaving in a cowardly manner at the battle of Germantown by leaving their regiment in time of Action and not joining it 'till the Action was over." The court having considered the evidences are of opinion that Lieutenant Shrouder is not guilty of the charge, he having acted in the line of his duty as Quarter Master in carrying off the wounded: The Court having considered the evidences are of
[Note 23: Lieut. Philip Shrawder (Schrader). He was captain-lieutenant to rank from February, 1778; retired in January, 1781; captain of Pennsylvania Rangers, 1781--82.]
[Note 24: Ensign Henry Maag.] opinion that Ensign Magg is guilty of the charge and do sentence him to be cashiered.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing opinions of the court and orders that Lieutt. Shrouder be released from his arrest and that the sentence against Ensign Magg take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 26, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I lately recd. from Colo. Proctor,25 a Return of the Names and Ranks of the Officers of his Regiment, which I called for in order to endeavour to settle the relative Rank of the line of Artillery. I observe that Colo. Proctor stiles his Regt. "The Pennsylvania State Regt. of Artillery" from whence I am led to imagine that the Regiment may have been, by some late act of Congress, returned to the particular service of the State. I shall be glad to be informed precisely upon this point, because if it is again a State Regt. I do not look upon myself at liberty to interfere with it, or to take the arrangement of the Rank of its Officers into consideration.26 I have the honor &c.27
[Note 25: Col. Thomas Procter.]
[Note 26: Procter's Pennsylvania artillery was taken into the Continental service in July, 1777, as the Fourth Continental Artillery, and continued as such until 1783.]
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. "Upon a revisal of the Return of the Names and Ranks of the officers of your Regt. I find it intitled 'the Pennsylvania State Regt. of Artillery.' I shall therefore be glad to know whether the Regiment has by any late Resolve of Congress been returned to the Service of the State, or whether you only meant to distinguish it by that name from the others. I wish to be precisely informed upon this point, because if you again belong to the State, I cannot with any propriety undertake to interfere with or take the Rank of the Officers into consideration."-- Washington to Col. Thomas Procter, Mar. 26, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Reed answered this letter (March 29): "The Appelation which Col. Proctor has given his Regiment is by no means a proper one. ... The late Publication of the Committee of Congress gives very great Dissatisfaction; indeed it must be truly wonderful that the two great Events of Trenton and Princeton are wholly unnoticed tho our Enemies date all their Misfortunes from that Period and indeed it is equally astonishing that in such a Compliment the Name of the Commander in Chief should not be mentioned from one End to the other. I do not recollect any Instance of the like in History." Reed's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Reed was referring to the publication by Congress of Observations on the American Revolution, issued in February, 1779, which had for its original purpose the setting forth to the public of the proceedings and reasonings of Congress in connection with the British peace commissioners.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 26, 1779.
Sir: When I had the Honor of addressing Your Excellency on the 11th Instant, I transmitted some intelligence I had just received from General Maxwell, respecting Admiral Gambier's preparing to sail from New York, and suggesting New London to be the Object of the expedition. How far events may justify this suggestion, I cannot determine; however, by advices which came to hand this Evening, from a Correspondent from whom I have my best intelligence, I am informed that 16 Transports with a flat bottom boat each, and a Sloop of War of 16 Guns and 5 or 6 strong privateers went up the Sound a few days ago, with a view of joining the Scorpion and Thames of 20 Guns. The advices also say, that the Admiral in a 64 with a sloop of War sailed from the Hook about the same time, with a pilot acquainted with Long Island and the Sound; that the supposed design of the expedition is to take the Frigates at New London, and that their determination now is to plunder and distress the Coast. There are accounts besides these, that Troops have been drawing towards the East end of the Island, and some flat bottom boats building under the direction of Sir William Erskine. It is added that General Clinton is gone there himself. General Putnam is apprized of these movements, but it will be impossible for us to prevent their descents in many instances.
I transmit your Excellency three New York papers and have the Honor etc.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 26, 1779.
Sir: I must request the Board to give orders to have a considerable number of Cartridges made up with Buck Shott and Ball, indeed it might not be amiss to have all from this time made up in that manner.
I wish to be informed what number of Hunting Shirts are on hand and where they are lodged. There are none among the Cloathing in Camp, and but 500 in the Store at Fishkill. If there are any more, they must be either at Boston, Philada. or Springfield, from which places I have seen no late general Return. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to Colonel Pickering.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 26, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 11th. Instant, and I am also to acknowledge the receipt of the one that came by Mr. Holker. When I wrote you on the 29th. of October and the 6th. of November, Congress seemed to apprehend that an Attack might be made on Boston, and indeed it was the opinion of many. This consideration, as your services in such case might have been very essential there, and that of the Campaign's approaching towards a conclusion, occasioned me not to point out any particular line of conduct for you; but it was my intention against the opening of the ensuing one, to write you respecting your future employment. This I should have done before, but my constant attention to business, while in Philadelphia, and since my return in arranging and carrying into execution, what were there the subjects of deliberation, has prevented me from making an earlier communication on this head. I am now to request, that you will prepare for setting out for the Army, about the first of May, by which time I shall inform you more particularly of your command, unless events or appearances should cast up in the intrim, to render your stay where you now are material and necessary. I am etc.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[M.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: I last evening recd. your favors of the 22nd. instant with the several pieces of intelligence they contained. Under the present uncertainty of the Enemy's intentions it is impossible to determine upon drawing a force to any particular point. New London, tho' the most probable, may not be the real object, and should it be so, it is too far distant to derive any further support from you than what it draws from the detachment already there. From Sir Henry Clinton's going to the East End of Long Island I should suppose the plan, whatever it may be, is nearly ripe, if it has not been executed before this time. I would therefore advise that a respectable reinforcement of Militia should be thrown into New London, and all the remainder in that Vicinity held in readiness to assemble upon signals to be previously agreed on. If I am not mistaken proper signals, by means of Beacons or some other Methods are already instituted in the New England States, for the more speedy assembling their Militia upon an emergency; but if there are not, I would have you recommend it [witht. a moments loss of time.]
I can devise no better plan at present for the general security of the Coast than the foregoing. To cover every place effectually is impossible, and to attend particularly to any one, except it be of the utmost importance, would be giving the enemy that advantage which they would always gain by making diversions [in favour of their real object.] I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 27, 1779.
Sir: I had the pleasure of your favor of the 17th. Col. Fleury's coming up to camp may answer the purposes you mention, 'till the regulations can receive a final completion.32 I would therefore wish to see Col. Fleury as soon as convenient, with such parts of the regulations as are necessary for immediate application. I am, etc.33
[Note 32: Steuben's regulations for training the Army.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Camp at Middlebrook, March 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: By some interruption of the last Weeks Mail your favor of the 8th. did not reach my hands till last Night. Under cover of this Mr. Mason (if he should not have Sailed, and) to whom I heartily wish a perfect restoration of health, will receive two letters; one of them to the Marqs. de la Fayette and the other to Doctr. Franklin;34 in furnishing which I am happy, as I wish for instances in which I can testify the sincerity of my regard for you.
[Note 34: Both of these letters, dated Mar. 27, 1779, are in the Washington Papers. They introduce George Mason, jr., to Franklin and Lafayette; to Franklin as the son of "a Gentln. of fortune and influence ... a zealous and able supporter of the liberties of this country and a particular friend of mine"; and to Lafayette in the same vein.]
Our Commissary of Prisoners has been invariably, and pointedly instructed to exchange those Officers first who were first captivated, as far as Rank will apply; and I have every reason to believe he has obeyed the order; as I have refused a great many applications for irregular exchanges in consequence, and I did it because I would not depart from my principle, and thereby incur the charge of partiality. It sometimes happens, that officers later in captivity than others, have been exchanged before them; but it is in cases where the rank of the Enemys officers in our possession, do not apply to the latter. There is a prospect now I think of a general exchange taking place, which will be very pleasing to the parties and their connexions; and will be a mean of relieving much distress to individuals, though it may not, circumstanced as we are at this time, be advantageous to us, considered in a national and political point of view. partial exchanges have, for some time past, been discontinued by the Enemy.
Though it is not in my power to devote much time to private corrispondences, owing to the multiplicity of public letters (and other business) I have to read, write, and transact; yet I can with great truth assure you, that it would afford me very singular pleasure to be favoured at all times with your sentiments in a leizure hour, upon public matters of general concernment as well as those which more immediately respect your own State (if proper conveyances would render prudent a free communication). I am particularly desirous of it at this time, because I view things very differently, I fear, from what people in general do who seem to think the contest is at an end; and to make money, and get places, the only things now remaining to do. I have seen without dispondency (even for a moment) the hours which America have stiled her gloomy ones, but I have beheld no day since the commencement of hostilities that I have thought her liberties in such eminent danger as at present. Friends and foes seem now to combine to pull down the goodly fabric we have hitherto been raising at the expence of so much time, blood, and treasure; and unless the bodies politick will exert themselves to bring things back to first principles, correct abuses, and punish our internal foes, inevitable ruin must follow. Indeed we seem to be verging so fast to destruction, that I am filled with sensations to which I have been a stranger till within these three Months. Our Enemy behold with exultation and joy how effectually we labour for their benefit; and from being in a state of absolute despair, and on the point of evacuating America, are now on tiptoe; nothing therefore in my judgment can save us but a total reformation in our own conduct, or some decisive turn to affairs in Europe. The former alas! to our shame be it spoken! is less likely to happen than the latter, as it is now consistent with the views of the Speculators, various tribes of money makers, and stock jobbers of all denominations to continue the War for their own private emolument, without considering that their avarice, and thirst for gain must plunge every thing (including themselves) in one common Ruin.
Were I to indulge my present feelings, and give a loose to that freedom of expression which my unreserved friendship for you would prompt me to, I should say a great deal on this subject, but letters are liable to so many accidents, and the sentiments of Men in office sought after by the enemy with so much avidity, and besides conveying useful knowledge (if they get into their hands) for the superstructure of their plans, is often perverted to the worst of purposes, that I shall be somewhat reserved, notwithstanding this Letter goes by a private hand to Mount Vernon. I cannot refrain lamenting however in the most poignant terms, the fatal policy too prevalent in most of the States, of employing their ablest Men at home in posts of honor or profit, till the great national Interests are fixed upon a solid basis. To me it appears no unjust Simile to compare the affairs of this great continent to the Mechanism of a Clock, each State representing some one or other of the smaller parts of it, which they are endeavouring to put in fine order without considering how useless and unavailing their labour, unless the great wheel, or spring which is to set the whole in motion, is also well attended to and kept in good order. I allude to no particular state, nor do I mean to cast reflections upon any one of them. Nor ought I, it may be said, to do so upon their representatives, but as it is a fact too notorious to be concealed, that C--35 is rent by party, that much business of a trifling nature and personal concernment withdraws their attention from matters of great national moment at this critical period. When it is also known that idleness and dissipation takes place of close attention and application, no man who wishes well to the liberties of his Country and desires to see its rights established, can avoid crying out where are our Men of abilities? Why do they not come forth to save their Country? let this voice my dear Sir call upon you, Jefferson and others; do not from a mistaken opinion that we are about to set down under our own vine and our own fig tree. let our hitherto noble struggle end in ignominy; believe me when I tell you there is danger of it. I have pretty good reasons for thinking, that Administration a little while ago had resolved to give the matter up, and negotiate a peace with us upon almost any terms, but I shall be much mistaken if they do not now from the present state of our currency, dissentions, and other circumstances, push matters to the utmost extremity; nothing I am sure will prevent it but the interruption of Spain and their disappointed hope from Russia.
[Note 35: Congress.
On March 27 Washington wrote to Capt. Nicholas Ruxton Moore, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons, accepting, with regret, his resignation.
Also on this same day (March 27) Robert Hanson Harrison, by Washington's direction, wrote to Col. Philip Van Cortlandt, asking for Col. John Cantine's description of the route from Kingston to the Delaware and from thence to Anaquaga. This description had been forwarded by Gov. George Clinton and had been mislaid. Cantine was a colonel of Ulster County Militia. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
I thank you most cordially for your kind offer of rendering me Services. I shall without reserve as heretofore, call upon you whenever instances occur that may require it; being with the sincerest, regard, etc.
[N. Y. P. L.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 28, 1779.
Sir: I do myself the Honor of transmitting to your Excellency, Two of Rivington's papers of the 24th and 25th, which I received last night. I fear from the accounts contained in the last of them, tho I doubt not but that they are highly coloured, that our people have suffered a good deal in the affair, mentioned to have happened in the Southern Quarter on the 4th Instant.36
[Note 36: The battle of Briar Creek, Ga., which, however, was fought on March 3, was a total defeat of the American forces and opened a large area to undisputed British control.]
Since my Letter of the 26th, I have obtained no further advices respecting Sir Henry Clinton and the Vessels gone up the sound. I have the Honor, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 38: Delegate to the Continental Congress from North Carolina.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 28, 1779.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 24th inst. If Congress should be of opinion that either Baylors or Blands Regiment of Dragoons in their present situation would render any essential Service to the Southward, I should have no objection to one of them being ordered thither. The time of the Service of most of the men of Blands expired last Winter, and I fear very few have been reinlisted. They may perhaps have about 80 Men fit for duty, but they are not yet clad for the next Campaign, nor could they possibly move without new Cloathing. Baylor has about 140 men, but they are very weak in Horses, owing to the misfortune they met with last fall: But if Congress are determined not to fill up the Regiments of Cavalry Baylor's dismounted Men might be furnished with some of Bland's spare Horses. I cannot undertake to say whether the Cloathing of this Regiment has yet reached them, if it has not, it will be necessary before they can move. Your Committee will be able to judge from the foregoing State whether either of those Regiments circumstances as they are, will be worth sending to the Southward, and will make application to Congress accordingly. Should the Volunteer Horse be preferred, I would have you recommend it to the Governor of Virginia to get them off with as little delay as possible, and not suffer them to wait to be accoutered in the most regular and uniform manner.
I do not think myself at liberty to send either of the letters put under cover to me into New York before they receive the approbation of Congress. That from Mr. Eustace39 proposes an interview with Colo. Campbell which I shall not think myself at liberty to grant without the sanction of Congress, and that from Mr. Iredell40 invites a Gentleman to come into the State of North Carolina by land, who from the proceedings of the Assembly plainly appears to be a disaffected person. I for the above reasons, return you the Letters. I have the honor &c.41
[Note 39: John Skey Eutace(?).]
[Note 40: James Iredell, attorney general of North Carolina, and, later, associate justice, United States Supreme Court.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I yesterday Evening was favd. with yours of the 21st. instant with the several inclosures to which it refers.
--42 is gone to Philada. and will call upon me in his way back. In my last I took the liberty to drop you a hint upon the subject of the danger of our putting too much confidence in persons undertaking the office of double Spies. The person alluded to in the present instance appears very sensible, and we should, on that account, be more than commonly guarded untill he has given full proofs of his attachment. The letter directed to Genl. Haldimand43 was evidently intended to fall into our Hands. The manner of contriving that, and some other circumstances, makes me suspicious that he is as much in the interest of the enemy as in ours. I am, etc.44
[Note 42: Elijah Hunter. In the draft he is designated "H--"]
[Note 43: Lieut. Gen. Frederick Haldimand, Governor of Canada.]
[Note 44: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly supplied by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 28, 1779.
Sir: I received your favors of the 26th. and 27th. Instant, with the several New York papers.
The directions of the board of war relative to the French commissary of prisoners is to be complyed with as far as possible. There is I believe a resolve of Congress in the hands of Mr. Beatty for the supplying the French prisoners with the enemy; but as I cannot at this instant have recourse to it, I do not therefore know the precise mode which it has pointed out. In the mean time and to prevent their suffering by a delay, should the provisions be required your commissary will take a receipt, from the deputy commissary of prisoners at your post, who is to charge the supply or supplies to its proper account.
Should the mode of furnishing the French prisoners be otherwise directed in the resolve of Congress I shall give you notice. I have had a letter from Col. Shreve complaining that the detached state of his regiment, now employed in covering both flanks of the brigade, prevents him from paying a proper attention to its discipline, and that the duty by this means falls heavier on his regiment, than on the others, having besides this his own post to secure by proper guards. If there is a disproportion in the duty I would wish to see it removed and Col. Shreves Regiment employed at New Ark. The propriety of keeping corps compact will at once occur to yourself; This is one reason why it may be most advantageous to draw only such guards from Col. Shreve as may be placed on a line between you and him which will still keep his regiment together as much as the nature of the service admits. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 46: Of the Seventy-fourth Foot, British Army.]
Head Quarters, March 28, 1779.
Sir: It gives me real concern, that any officer under my command, should, have so far mistaken the spirit of his orders, as to infringe those privileges, to which every gentleman under your description is entitled.
But before my receiving your letter of the 10th. inst., and previous to any knowledge of the transaction, I had accepted Mr. Conway's47 resignation and he retired from the army.
[Note 47: Capt. Henry Conway, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in March, 1779.]
However, I have taken measures to procure a restitution of the Goods; but as the success is uncertain, Mr. Conway being removed from my jurisdiction, you will be pleased to furnish me with the amount of the articles which he seized, that I may direct the money to be transmitted, least any circumstances should put it out of my power to regain them I am, &ca.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Middlebrook, March 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: The enemy have some enterprize in view. New London, on Acct. of the Frigates in the River, and because Boats have been preparing at the East end of long Island, and troops for some time past drawing thitherward, is supposed to be the object; probably it is so. But the Season is now approaching when either negociation or vigorous exertions must take place of inactivity; and as General Clinton doubtless will, in the latter case, and in pursuance of the predatory plan talked of (by the Minority and not disavowed by Administration) attempt something that will give eclat to his Arms, I should not be much surprized if some vigorous effort was used against Annapolis, Baltimore, or even Philadelphia itself.49 I do not mean with a view to hold either of these places but to plunder, or destroy them. General Clinton (under pretence of visiting the Troops) is now at the East end of long Island, with Sir Willm. Erskine. Admiral Gambler is gone to Rhode Island,
[Note 49: Sparks quotes from a letter from Germain to Sir Henry Clinton, Nov. 4, 1778: "The keeping the coasts of the enemy constantly alarmed, the destroying of their ships and magazines, and by that means preventing the rebels becoming a formidable maritime power and obstructing the commerce of his Majesty's subjects, are objects of so much importance, that a war of this sort, carried on with spirit and humanity, would probably induce the rebellious provinces to return to their allegiance; at least, it would prevent their sending out that swarm of privateers, the success of which has enabled and encouraged the rebels to persevere in their revolt."] and one of my most intelligent corrispondants informs me it is surmised that the Troops at that place are to be withdrawn. Transports with Provisions have gone from New York towards Rhode Island, and a number of Privateers have been detained from their cruizes and sent along with them. Upon the whole, I cannot help suspecting that the preparations have been too long making, too formidable, and too open for any enterprize against New London for wch place the fears of the People are up; and as we cannot tell where it may fall, we should, as far as human prudence, and the means in our hands will enable us, be guarded at all points; the sole purpose therefore of this Letter is to suggest for your consideration, the expediency of adopting, in time, some general plan (without taking notice of the present suggestion, thereby creating probably, unnecesary fears) for giving an alarm to the Militia of the country, and for fixing on places of rendezvous for them; that in cases of sudden emergency they may quickly assemble, free from tumult or disorder; for be assured, if any thing is attempted against the City of Philadelphia, the preparations for it will be hid under the darkest veil, and the movement when the plan is ripe for execution, will be rapid.
As my motive to this suggestion is good, I will offer no apology for the freedom, but assure you that I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am sorry to find by yours of the 20th. that you have met with so many delays and disappointments in the prosecution of your plan for taking a survey of the Delaware. Altho' I am anxious to see you in Camp, I shall be very unwilling to recall you while there is the least prospect of your rendering any service; I must therefore desire you to point out to that public Body before which you may have your affair the disadvantage of your remaining so long in Philada. and to request them to enable you to execute your Business immediately, or if that cannot be done in a short time to permit you to return to the Army, where the preparations for the ensuing Campaign call for your attendance. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 29, 1779.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit the inclosed extract of a letter which I have just received from General Maxwell.51 Whether the Report that the expedition from the East End of Long Island is laid aside, is true or false, I will not undertake to determine. I also inclose the latest New York paper. I have the honor, &c.52
[Note 51: The extract from General Maxwell's letter of March 28 is filed with the letter of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 52: In the writing of Tench Tilghman and unsigned.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, March 29, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have had the Honor to receive your favors of the 25th and 26th with the Commissions mentioned for the Connecticut Officers.
The Board's ideas, respecting the difficulties that would attend the introducing Mr. Macpherson53 into the line are certainly right. It cannot be done, or at least without exciting great
[Note 53: Lieut. William Macpherson, of Miles's Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Long Island in August, 1776, and exchanged in April, 1778; brevetted major in September, 1779; made major and aide to General Lincoln in June, 1781; served to close of the war.] discontent and producing many resignations. Nor do I think that he could be employed under a Brevet with any satisfaction to himself, or without much uneasiness to the Officers, who conceive that their rights, even in this way, have been very much affected and injured; and if these appointments heretofore, have been viewed with jealousy and disgust, there is stronger reason to suppose that they will not be acquiesced under now, when we are reducing and daily dismissing a number of Officers, many of them of long service, and of good reputation. It seems to me, that the Muster Masters department, as suggested by the Board, is the only line in which Mr. Macpherson can be placed. This I should presume, will give no offence, as by the Resolutions for arranging the Army, and which were dictated by the disquietudes such matters occasioned, he will not have rank. I have the Honor, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On March 29 James McHenry directed Auditor of Accounts James Johnston, by order of Washington, to issue a warrant to Col. Thomas Seymour "admitting only the allowance established by Congress in the case of forage." This order is in the Washington Papers. (For Seymour's services see Washington's letter to Col. Gold Selleck Sillman, July 6, 1776; Washington's letters to Col. Thomas Seymour, July 8, 1776, and July 16, 1776, ante.)]
Middle brook, March 29, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Since mine of yesterday I have received the inclosed extract of a Letter from General Maxwell at Elizabeth Town, which I send lest the suggestion contained (in my letter) should have made a deeper impression than I intended, which was no more than to hint at the advantages which might result from a systematick plan of assembling the Militia at certain points on any sudden immergency and with more expedition and less expence than it could be effected in the ordinary course of proceeding. Such a measure wou'd, I am certain, be eligable in one point of view, but how far it can be planned without giving an alarm to our friends and setting the numerous tribe of Speculators and stock jobbers to work you can judge better of than I. I am, etc.
Head-Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, March 29, 1779.
Parole Eppingen. Countersigns Embuin, Ems.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colo. Hall was President, Henrich Lily and Henrich Winkler, Dragoons in the Marechausie Corps were tried for "Consulting a plot to desert to the enemy and carry with them two horses the property of Captain Von Heer" and acquitted.
The General approves the sentence and orders them to be released.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, March 30, 1779.
Parole Falkland. Countersigns Farnham, Ferrol.
Major Generals Greene and Lord Stirling and Brigadiers General Smallwood, Knox, and Muhlenberg are requested to meet at General Greene's quarters on thursday next at ten o'Clock in the morning to take into consideration a dispute of rank between Majors Mentzges,55 Murray56 and Nichols57 of the Pennsylvania line. They are to make report to the Commander in Chief.
[Note 55: Maj. Francis Mentges, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. His lieutenant colonel's commission gave him rank from October, 1778.]
[Note 56: Maj. John Murray, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. His lieutenant colonelcy ranked him from December, 1778.]
[Note 57: Maj. Francis Nichols, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in May, 1779.]
The General Court Martial of the line whereof Colonel Williams is president is dissolved and another ordered to sit next thursday 10 o'Clock A.M. at the usual place to try all such persons as shall come before the Court. Colonel Butler58 to preside.
[Note 58: Lieut. Col. William Butler, commandant of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, March 31, 1779.
Parole Granada. Countersigns Groll, Georgia.
Lieutenant Abraham Maury59 is appointed Adjutant and Lieutenant Nathaniel Terry60 Quarter Master in the 10th. Virginia Regiment.
[Note 59: Resigned in February, 1781.]
[Note 60: Promoted to captain-Lieutenant, to rank from Mar. 12, 1779. He was made captain in December, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
Major General Greene being called from camp on duties of his department, the board of General Officers directed in yesterdays orders to meet at his quarters tomorrow are to meet at Major General Lord Stirlings and to proceed on the business for which they were appointed.
[Note 61: Of Plymouth, Mass. He was formerly Paymaster General of the Continental Army and president of the Massachusetts Council.]
Middlebrook, March 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I beseech you not to ascribe my delay in answering your obliging favor of the 16th. of Decr. to disrespect, or want of inclination to continue a corrispondence in which I have always taken pleasure, and thought myself honord.
Your Letter of the above date came to my hands in Philadelphia where I attended at the request of Congress to settle some important matters respecting the army and its future operations; and where I was detained till some time in Feby., during that period my time was so much occupied by the immediate and pressing business which carried me down, that I could attend to little else; and upon my return to Camp I found the ordinary business of the Army had run so much behind hand, that, together with the arrangements I had to carry into execution, no leizure was left me to endulge myself sooner in making the acknowledgment I am now about to do, of the pleasure I felt at finding that I still enjoyed a share of your confidence and esteem, and now and then am to be informed of it by Letter. believe me Sir when I add, that this proof of your holding me in remembrance is most acceptable and pleasing.
Our conflict is not likely to cease so soon as every good Man would wish. The measure of iniquity is not yet filled; and unless we can return a little more to first principles, and act a little more upon patriotic ground, I do not know when it will, or, what may be the Issue of the contest. Speculation, Peculation, Engrossing, forestalling with all their concomitants, afford too many melancholy proofs of the decay of public virtue; and too glaring instances of its being the interest and desire of too many who would wish to be thought friends, to continue the War.
Nothing I am convinced but the depreciation of our Currency proceeding in a great measure from the foregoing Causes, aided by Stock jobbing, and party dissensions has fed the hopes of the Enemy and kept the B. Arms in America to this day. They do not scruple to declare this themselves, and add, that we shall be our own conquerers. Cannot our common Country Am.62 possess virtue enough to disappoint them? Is the paltry consideration of a little dirty pelf to individuals to be placed in
[Note 62: America.] competition with the essential rights and liberties of the present generation, and of Millions yet unborn? Shall a few designing men for their own aggrandizement, and to gratify their own avarice, overset the goodly fabric we have been rearing at the expence of so much time, blood, and treasure? and shall we at last become the victims of our own abominable lust of gain? Forbid it heaven! forbid it all and every State in the Union! by enacting and enforcing efficacious laws for checking the growth of these monstrous evils, and restoring matters, in some degree to the pristine state they were in at the commencement of the War. Our cause is noble, it is the cause of Mankind! and the danger to it, is to be apprehended from ourselves. Shall we slumber and sleep then while we should be punishing those miscreants who have brot. these troubles upon us and who are aimg. to continue us in them, while we should be striving to fill our Battalions, and devising ways and means to appreciate the currency; on the credit of wch. every thing depends? I hope not. Let vigorous measures be adopted; not to limit the prices of Articles, for this I believe is inconsistent with the very nature of things, and impracticable in itself, but to punish Speculaters, forestallers, and extortioners, and above all to sink the money by heavy taxes. To promote public and private oeconomy; Encourage Manufactures &ca. Measures of this sort gone heartily into by the several States would strike at once at the root of all our evils and give the coup de grace to British hope of subjugating this Continent, either by their Arms or their Arts. The first, as I have before observed, they acknowledge is unequal to the task; the latter I am sure will be so if we are not lost to every thing that is good and virtuous.
A little time now, must unfold in some degree, the Enemys designs. Whether the state of affairs in Europe will permit them to augment their Army with more than recruits for the Regiments now on the Continent and therewith make an active and vigorous compaign, or whether with their Florida and Canadian force they will aid and abet the Indians in ravaging our Western Frontier while their Shipg. with detachments harrass (and if they mean to prosecute the predatory War threatened by Administration through their Commissioners) burn and destroy our Sea Coast; or whether, contrary to expectation, they should be more disposed to negotiate than to either is more than I can determine; the latter will depend very much upon their apprehensions from the Court of Spain, and expectations of foreign aid and powerful alliances; at present we seem to be in a Chaos but this cannot last long as I suppose the ultimate determination of the British Court will be developed at the meeting of Parliament after the Hollidays.
Mrs. Washington joins me in cordial wishes, and best respects to Mrs. Warren;63 she would have done herself the pleasure of writing but the present convayance was sudden. I am, etc.
[Note 63: Mrs. Mercy Warren.
On March 31 Washington wrote to Lieut. Col. Frederick Weissenfels, of the Second New York Regiment, in answer to his application that the command of the regiment, late Livingston's (Fourth New York Regiment), would be given to the senior lieutenant colonel: "In determining the matter on this ground, I would flatter myself that you will not find yourself in the least injured or deprived of any rank to which you may be intitled." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, March 29[--April 1], 1779.
Sir: I received your favor of the 28th. Instant, with the New York paper which it inclosed.
Upon application of commissary Beatty you will give permission to him to send into New York, about 40 bls. flour, eight quarters beef and four or five cords of wood, for the use of our prisoners within the enemies lines.
I have ordered a party of ten with a subaltern, from the Marechose66 light dragoons, for your particular command.
[Note 66: Marechaussée corps.]
As it is our interest to bring our cavalry into the field in as good condition as possible, this will point out to you, the precaution of employing them only on such occasions, as are absolutely necessary for the security of the post.
To prevent them from being used on common affairs, the quarter master has orders to provide you with an express rider, which with the one you have, I suppose will be sufficient.67
[Note 67: At this point the draft has the following additional paragraphs, dated April 1, crossed off: "The necessity of establishing signals, or beacons, for the purpose of assembling the militia (in case the enemy should attempt this state in force) has induced me to erect a number of signals, in Summerset, Middlesex &c. and to fix on proper alarm posts to which the militia are to repair for orders. As it may be requisite to carry the signals thro' other counties, I have written his Excellency Governor Livingston on the subject. You will be pleased to call upon the officers of Militia in your vicinity, and agree with them on proper alarm posts for their companies, or regiments to assemble to, where they are to receive their orders, and to assist if necessary in erecting the beacons."]
I have been favored with your letter of the 31st. Ulto. and the two News-papers. You will continue your exertions in obtaining intelligence from the enemy. I am, etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 28th. of March giving me information of such of the movements of the Enemy as had come to your knowledge. The real design of their preparations upon the sound being as much a secret as when I wrote to you upon the 27th. ulto. I can only repeat to you now what I thought most advisable then, which was, to keep the detachment of Continental troops at New London, and call in a reinforcement of Militia to remain there untill the views of the enemy are disclosed. From some circumstances I am inclined to think that the expedition, whatever it may have been, is laid aside; the following are the principal reasons: Sir Henry Clinton is returned to New York, Admiral Gambier, by a letter from General Maxwell, is come back to Sandy Hook, and accounts from New York mention that Troops have been relanded upon Long Island which are thought to be those which went Eastward. But except there should be certain intelligence obtained from Long Island that the matter which has been in agitation is entirely over, the indications which I have mentioned, should not put the Garrison of New London and the Militia in its Vicinity off their guard. It seems generally agreed, that the destruction of the armed Vessels in New London Harbour and perhaps those in Connecticut River, are the principal inducements to the enemy to make a descent upon the Coast. If the ships cannot be got out of port, I think policy points out the necessity of lightening them of their Guns and Stores, stripping them of their sails and rigging which may be conveyed to places of perfect safety, and floating the Hulls as far up the rivers as the Navigation will admit; there to remain until an opportunity offers of getting them to sea. I would wish you to suggest this measure to those who have the care of our marine affairs, in the ports where the Vessels are.
I forward by this Conveyance the Commissions for all the Connecticut Regiments except the 2nd. As soon as the Matter respecting Capt. Beebes69 Rank is settled, the Commissions for
[Note 69: Capt. James Beebe. He was ranked as captain from December, 1777; transferred to Sappers and Miners in September, 1779; resigned in June, 1781.] that Regiment will be fitted up and forwarded likewise. The Board of War wait for the dates of the Commissions of Lieut. Colonels Johnson70 and Grosvenor71 to enable them to make them out. I am etc.72
[Note 70: Lieut. Col. Jonathan Johnson, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 71: Lieut. Col. Thomas Grosvenor, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 1, 1779.
Sir: Since mine of the 24th. I have received a letter from Colo. Butler dated the 28th. March, by which I find, that a Body of the enemy, consisting of Indians and others, had made their appearance at Wyoming, and had destroyed several Houses and Barns in the neighbourhood, but had been unsuccessful in their attempt upon the fort. This indication of the enemy's being in motion upon that quarter makes me anxious to have the post at Wyoming secured, as speedily as possible. I must therefore desire you to order the German Regiment, and Armands and Schotts Corps to march to that place with the utmost expedition. I cannot point out their Route; but you are to direct them to that which shall be deemed most safe, and which will afford the best Road for the troops to march. The commanding Officer of the detachment, should have the strictest order to keep the Men together upon the march, and to use every precaution against suffering the Enemy to lead him into any ambuscades, or to come upon him by surprize.
Upon this head I would have you to be very pointed, as I do not think it improbable, if the enemy are out in that quarter, that they may attempt to intercept the detachment. I would advise that what Baggage they may be under the necessity of carrying should be kept as much upon the left as possible, by which means it will be covered by the line of march. These troops will find Barracks at Wyoming ready for the greatest part of them. I have given orders for Col. Malcoms and Pattons Regiments to move immediately over from the North River to Minisink. The former will be, upon a junction of the troops, incorporated with Spencers and the Latter with Hartley's. I am, etc.
P: S: Should General Hand have left Minisink the Commanding Officer is to put the troops, ordered to Wyoming, in motion as quick as possible. It appears by consulting the Maps, and from information, that the Baggage should go by what is called the lower Road by Fort Penn.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, April 1, 1779.
Gentlemen: I transmit you herewith three Papers, indorsed No. 1, 2 and 3, which I apprehend will be necessary for your consideration in the cases of rank, which will be before you to day, agreable to the Orders of yesterday.
The paper No. 1, and the paragraphs 1 and 7 in that indorsed No. 3 are proceedings of Congress. No. 2 is the opinion of a Board in a case that happened between the two periods when the Resolutions of Congress were adopted; and besides this, there have been other corresponding Opinions and proceedings on similar points, or such as did not substantially differ from it. These matters I mention, as Boards appointed in disputes about rank and precedence, owing to some circumstances, have not always been composed of all the General Officers. The Board will be pleased to return the papers again, when they are done with them. I have the Honor, etc.
P: S: The No. 3. Resolutions alluded to were of the 16 Sept. 1776. and 24 Novr. 1778.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, also by Harrison, is likewise in the Washington Papers, and contains the P. S. which is missing from the letter signed.
The resolves of Congress of Sept. 16, 1776, related to bounties and those of Nov. 24, 1778, related to the settlement of rank.
There is in the Washington Papers, under date of April 1, the report of a board of general officers on the rank dispute between Majors Mentges, Murray, and Nichols, to which Washington's letter as above may relate. The inclosures therein mentioned are not found in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: Be pleased upon Receipt of this to order Colo. Malcoms and late Pattons Regiments to march as soon as possible to the Minisink settlement, and upon their arrival there to take their orders from General Hand or the commanding Officer. Their most expeditious Route will be to New Windsor by Water, and from thence across to Minisink, which is not more than 40 miles. When the Corps march, let an Officer belonging to one of them come down to me with exact Returns of the strength of each. I shall have occasion to send him up to Minisink with dispatches. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 1, 1779.
Sir: I received your letter comprehending the transactions at your post from the 23rd. to the 28th. Ulto. Considering the importance of the place I have ordered up the German regiment, Armand's and Schott's corps as a reinforcement. Therefore you will, take the necessary precautions for their barracks, and give proper notice to the commissaries to increase or proportion their supply to your numbers. I need not recommend to you that watchfulness and discipline in your patroles and scouting parties, which can alone give security to the garrison, as well as prevent a surprize, on their own part; or to your giving that protection to the Country consistent with your orders and force.
On examining the return I was surprized to find on furlough 13 men from Capn. Spauldings76 company, although it has been expressly raised for the defence of the frontier: You will be pleased to call in all who are on furlough, as soon as possible. I am, etc.77
[Note 76: Capt. Simon Spalding, of Ransom's Wyoming Valley company. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment on Jan. 1, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, April 1, 1779.
Parole Huntingdon. Countersigns Henly, Ham.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Hall78 was President March 1779, Ludwich Wolfe, Trumpeter in the Marechausie Corps, was tried for "Concerting a plot to desert to the enemy and carry with him two horses the property of Captn. Von Heer."
[Note 78: Col. David Hall, of the Delaware Regiment.]
The court are of opinion he is guilty of attempting to desert to the enemy being a breach of the 4th. Article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentence him to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
The General approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow.
Head Quarters, April 2, 1779.
My Lord: As there are some other disputes of relative Rank subsisting among the Field Officers of the Pennsylvania line, besides that between Majors Mintges, Murray and Nicol, I have desired General St Clair, to direct such of them as are in Camp to attend your Board and lay before you their claims upon which be pleased to make report to me. I am, etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Friday, April 2, 1779.
Parole Ilchester. Countersigns Ilmen, India.
William Nelnet, a Corporal now in Captain Mott's80 company of Colonel Lamb's Regiment of Artillery is claimed by the 11th. Pennsylvania Regiment. Two subalterns from each of said regiments, a Captain from the latter to preside, will meet next tuesday 11 o'Clock, at the Orderly Office to inquire into the claim and report to which of right he belongs.
[Note 80: Capt. Gershom Mort, of the Second Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Butler was appointed President to meet tomorrow morning ten oClock.
Colonel Butler having obtained leave of absence Lieutenant Colonel Harmar81 will preside in his room; Major Lee82 to attend as an additional member.
[Note 81: Lieut. Col. Josiah Harmar, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was commissioned lieutenant colonel commandant Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment in August, 1780; transferred to Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; transferred to First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; promoted to colonel in September, 1783; lieutenant colonel commandant U. S. Infantry regiment and also Commander of the Army, August, 1784, to September, 1789; lieutenant colonel commandant First U. S. Infantry Regiment, September, 1789, to January, 1792; Commander of U.S. Army, September, 1789, to March, 1791; resigned in January, 1792.]
[Note 82: Maj. Henry ("Light Horse Harry") Lee.]
The Court Martial appointed to try Colonel Ogden charged with 1st. Neglect of duty in general. 2nd. Repeated frauds against the Public and also the officers and soldiers under his command. 3rd. Cowardice. 4th. Gaming, have declared it their opinion, "That he is not guilty of the 1st. charge, that he is not guilty of the second, and are unanimously of opinion that he is not guilty of the 3rd. charge and have unanimously acquitted him with honor."
"They are unanimously of opinion that he is guilty of the 4th. charge, being a breach of the Commander in Chief's orders dated the 8th. of January 1778, and have sentenced him to be severely reprimanded in general orders."
The General approves the sentence of the Court and it gives him pleasure to find that Colonel Ogden of whom he always entertained a high opinion, has been acquitted of the three first charges exhibited against him; He also would have been happy if there had been no circumstances to justify the fourth and last; but he is under the painful necessity of observing, that there are circumstances, and such too as most fully authorize the sentence of the Court. The General is sorry that a Gentleman at the head of a Regiment who both in practice and precept ought to shew the most pointed attention and adherence to all orders, to influence and determine the conduct of those, acting in subordinate stations to him, should be among the first to break them.
The officer who acts thus, countenances a relaxation of discipline and the introduction of disorder, and cannot prevent, much less punish, offences in others which he himself commits.
All General Orders are in force 'till they are set aside or altered by subsequent ones issuing from proper authority or 'till the occasion ceases which produced them. Colo. Ogdon knows this and he must have known also that the particular order which was the subject of the Court Martial's consideration of the 4th. charge against him, remained unalter'd and the infraction of it is more censurable, if possible, than that of any other, inasmuch as the order was intended to prevent the most pernicious Vice that can obtain in an Army, the vice of gaming!
Head Quarters, April 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am this moment favod. with yours of the 30th. March. My letters of the 27th. Ulto. and 1st. instant, to which I refer you, went fully into the subject of that which I have just recd, and recommended the measures which I still think, all circumstances considered, ought to be pursued.
The Messenger who brought your letter, having mentioned his orders to return to you as expeditiously as possible I have not given him the least detention. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 84: A widow, then living in New Brunswick, N. J. She had property in New York City. Her letter, dated March 24, requesting leave to go into New York and return, is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 2, 1779.
Madam: Were there no resolve of Congress, making it necessary to obtain the governor's concurrence, when an inhabitant of any of the States is desirous to pass into the enemy's lines I should have been happy in complying with your request.
But as there is such a resolution, Governor Livingston's consent becomes a requisite; you will therefore be pleased to procure this, when you shall have my immediate permission to return to New York. I am, etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 2, 1779.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's two Favors of the 24th Ulto., with their Inclosures.
I am much obliged by Your Excellency's attention, in communicating the Act for supplying the Oneidas, and Other friendly Indians with provision. Matters in consequence, I flatter myself, will be so conducted, as not to disorder or injure our other arrangements in this Article.
The Act recommending a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer shall be duly attended to. With respect to the Cloathing department, the compleat arrangement of it is so very interesting and important, that, I persuade myself, the Board of War will not delay their report of the salaries for the Officers a moment longer than what the subject may require; and I should hope, that the respective states, after receiving the proceedings of Congress, will make the earliest appointment of the subcloathiers; and that their choice will be directed to persons well qualified to fill the Office.
I would take the liberty to mention that the state of the Regiments of Cavalry seems to merit attention. At this time there is nothing fixed respecting them. It appears material that it should be determined, whether they are to be recruited, as they are very deficient both in Men and Horses, or whether they are to remain as they are; or whether they are to be incorporated. Whatever regulation may be thought most eligible, the sooner it is adopted the better. The first mode will be attended with great expence, if practicable in the execution, and yet great advantages will be derived from a respectable Cavalry, particularly if the Enemy should act in the Southern States and they can be subsisted.
I am informed by a Letter from General Putnam that he had received accounts, that fourteen Empty transports in their passage from Rhode Island to Sag Harbour were driven on shore on Gardner's Island in the late storm. I transmit your Excellency a York paper of the 29th Ulto. which is the latest I have received from thence. I have the Honor, &c.
P.S. I shall thank Your Excellency for sending the inclosed to Baron Steuben.86
[Note 86: In the writing of James McHenry. The letter was read in Congress on April 5 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 2, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 27th March. Upon consulting General Knox it is our opinion that the contract with Mr. Hughes87 for the thirty Eighteen pounders should be renewed, as the Cannon are absolutely necessary, and it does not appear that they can be procured from any Works so soon as from his, nor I suppose upon cheaper terms. Should a Contract be made between the public and the owners of Salisbury Furnace, it will be a considerable time before any thing can be expected from thence, as the Works are in every respect intirely out of repair. Except the Board have any particular use for the twenty twelve pounders, I think they may be dispensed with, as they are too heavy for the Field, and too light for Garrison Guns.
[Note 87: Messrs. Daniel and Samuel Hughes, of Maryland.]
Be pleased to direct the 18 pounders to be sent down, as they are finished, that some of them may be got up to the Highland posts, where they are exceedingly wanted, as speedily as possible.
Should the arrangements of any of the Regiments of Artillery be made out, be pleased to transmit them, that I may endeavour to have them compleated. The Officers of Colo. Cranes and Colo. Lambs Battalions are particularly anxious for their Commissions, as by some regulations of the Eastern States, such of them as belong to them are to draw supplies in proportion to the Rank they hold. I have the honor etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, April 3, 1779.
Parole Jutland. Countersigns Jersey, Jamestown.
The contracts for shoes (in exchange for hides) made by officers commanding brigades in consequence of Lord Stirling's orders of the 1st. of January and previous to the suspension thereof on the 6th. of February are to be immediately reported to the Adjutant General with the greatest exactness. These reports are to comprehend the names and places of residence of the Persons with whom the Contracts were made; the precise number of shoes contracted for and the terms on which they were to be furnished; The number of shoes received in consequence of the contract and the quantity of hides delivered towards the payment.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 3, 1779.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 10th. Ulto. Perfectly satisfied that no consideration save a desire to reestablish your health, could induce you to leave the service, I cannot therefore with hold my concurrence.
But in giving permission to your retiring from the army, I am not only to regret the loss of a good officer, but the cause which makes his resignation necessary.
When it is convenient to transmit the settlement of your public accounts, it will receive my final acceptance. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 4, 1779.
Gentn.: I have had the Honor to receive your favors of the 30th and 31st Ulto. and two of the 1st Inst. with the several papers to which they refer.
If Lieutenant Colo. Mebane90 was the Oldest Lieutenant Colonel in the North Carolina line when Colo. Hogan91 was promoted to the rank of a Brigadier, he unquestionably, according to the principles of rank recomd. should be appointed Lieutenant Colonel Commandant, and Lt. Colo. Davidson92 should remove to the Regiment in which the former served.
[Note 90: Lieut. Col. Robert Mebane, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was commissioned lieutenant colonel commandant of the Third North Carolina Regiment inJune, 1779, and was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780.]
[Note 91: Brig. Gen. James Hogun.]
[Note 92: Lieut. Col. William Lee Davidson, of the Third North Carolina Regiment. He was transferred to the First North Carolina Regiment in June, 1779; served as brigadier general of North Carolina Militia; killed at Cowan's Ford, N. C., in February, 1781.]
When the arrangements of the several York Regiments come in, the whole shall be transmitted to the Board, which will be better than to return that of Colo. Cortlandts Regiment alone. The arrangement of Colo. Bland's Regiment shall be considered.
It appears to me that Light Blunderbusses on account of the quantity of shot they will carry, will be preferable to Carbines, for Dragoons, as the Carbines only carry a single ball especially in case of close action.
With respect to the Regulations for the Engineering department, I have perused the Copy, which the Board have been pleased to favor me with, and do not find that they are liable to any objection on my part, unless it is in the 7th Article of those which concern the Sappers and Miners. This I think not sufficiently explicit to exclude claims for gratuities in common cases, which I am of opinion should not be allowed, as it would excite jealousy and uneasiness in the rest of the Army, when ever they are employed with them if they are not paid the same. We have not upon any occasion heretofore ever given our fatigue parties any extra allowances, except in the Article of Spirit. I would propose with all due deference to the Board, that the 7th Article should stand thus
"The Sappers and Miners shall in cases of extraordinary fatigue and danger have such gratuities over and above their pay, as the Commanding Engineer, with the concurrence of the Commanding General of the Army shall think they deserve."
As to the travelling charges of the Engineers, if they could be comprehended under some general equitable regulation, I should suppose it better than if a particular one were made for the purpose; for discriminations always produce discontent. It is however necessary that their allowance upon such occasions, should be fixed, either by a special or under a general Resolution. I cannot wish that the matter should remain with me, for the most obvious reasons. The Board having ordered a supply of Horses I shall say nothing on that head. It is to be hoped that the Engineers will not have occasion for more, or at least for but very few. Before I conclude on this subject, I would take the liberty to mention, as General Portail is in Philadelphia, it may be proper to lay the plan before him and obtain his approbation of it, before it is submitted to Congress. If this is not done, and he should disapprove of it, it is probable it will have to undergo some alteration, or at least it will occasion some trouble.
The German Batallion has been considered in the Army, as part of the Maryland Troops, since the 26th of Feby. 1778. It was then included in the Quota of that State, as you will see by the inclosed Resolution. I do not know what part of it was made up from Pensylvania, but I believe the Companies from thence had never been recruited and that they were much reduced. The Batallion at present is at Minisinck. The Assembly of Maryland too has just adopted some proceedings respecting it, and desired that their proportion of that and of the Rifle Battalion should be incorporated and Officered. I am, &c.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 4, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed you have the Arrangements of eight of the Pennsylvania and the two Rhode Island Regiments compleated, except as to the Field Officers of the former; and as some of those concerned in disputes of Rank are absent, I must request that the Commissions of the Captains and Subs may be made out and sent forward, without waiting for those of the Field Officers. The 4th, 8th, and 11th Pennsylvania Regiments being detached, I have not been able to procure their arrangements. The returns now transmitted differ widely from those sent up by the Board, but as they have undergone very minute scrutinies by the parties concerned, and most of those who had claims have had opportunities of preferring them, I imagine the lists as they now stand will give pretty general satisfaction. To shew that the present arrangement of Rhode Island, is agreeable, I forward Genl. Sullivan's and Colo. Greene's letters. I am, &c.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, and is addressed to Peter Scull, secretary of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, April 4, 1779.
Sir: I had not the Honor to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 31st. Ulto., before Yesterday evening. From this circumstance and some others that have occurred, I am sorry to inform you, that the proposed meeting of Commissioners cannot take place, at so early a day as you have mentioned. I am under the necessity of requesting that it may be deferred 'till Monday the 12th. Instant, when Col. Davies and Lt. Col. Harrison will Meet Colo. Hyde95 and Captn. Andrá96 at Amboy in the forenoon. Those Gentlemen, I am persuaded, will enter upon business with the most liberal and generous dispositions; and, from thence I am happy to conceive with you, the most favourable expectations. You will however suffer me to observe, that, should the intended negotiation answer our wishes, yet it will not flow from that partiality which you have been pleased to suppose.97
[Note 95: Col. West Hyde, of the First Foot Guards, British Army.]
[Note 96: Maj. John Lewis Andrá, who was aide to Sir Henry Clinton and adjutant general of the British Army in America.]
[Note 97: "I am happy to find the direction of this Affair is now entirely reposed in Military hands; as I can from thence augur the same liberality of Negociation on the part of Your Commissioners, which I trust you will find on Ours."-- Sir Henry Clinton to Washington, Mar. 31, 1779. Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Our Commissary of Prisoners will attend at Amboy during the Commission, and I shall also order an escort consisting of an Officer and Six Dragoons. I have the Honor etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 4, 1779.
Gentlemen: "Capt. Schott waits upon you with a Return of Arms and Cloathing wanting for the several Corps therein mentioned which are ordered over to Wyoming. The Cloathing could have been furnished from hence, but it will be so much more convenient to send it from Philada. to Esterton upon the Susquehannah and from thence to Wyoming by Water, where it will meet the Troops, that I have directed Capt. Schott to proceed to Philada."
I imagine the Arms and Accoutrements had better be ordered from the Magazine at Carlisle, as the distance from thence to Susquehannah is so much shorter than from Philada. or should there be a sufficiency in the hands of the Armourers at Lancaster it will be more convenient still. Capt. Schott will take the order and see that the Articles are safely conveyed to Susquenhannah. I am, &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 4, 1779.
Sir: I duly received your favor of the 2nd. Instant. You will be pleased to transmit by flag as early as possible, the letter which I herewith send for Sir Henry Clinton; and that to his Commissioners,99 who are to meet ours on the subject of an exchange of prisoners, and who probably it will find on Staten Island.
[Note 99: A copy of this letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
I have nothing more in particular command, and am. Sir Yours, &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 4, 1779.
Sir: The Arms, Cloathing and Camp Equipage for Colo. Spencers and the German Regiment and for Armands and Schotts Corps, of which Capt. Schott brought down a return, will be sent up the Susquehannah to Wyoming, at which place the troops ordered to march thither will meet them.
As Colo. Cortlandts Regt. will not be employed upon the same service, the necessary Cloathing and Camp equipage for it will be provided from another quarter. I have given you this information lest the Corps ordered to Wyoming, might have waited for Capt. Schotts return before they marched, which should they not have done when this reaches you, you will immediately put them in motion. I am, etc.
Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Colo. Cortland.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On April 4 Washington wrote to Capt. John Paul Schott, of Ottendorff's Corps, ordering him to Philadelphia to procure arms, accoutrements and clothing from the Board of War and to "use the utmost diligence in having them transported to Estherton upon Susquehannah and from thence up to Wyoming by Water."
The following day (April 5) James McHenry wrote to Col. Philip Cortlandt that "as you will not act in the same quarter with General Hand, you will therefore, receive elsewhere a proper supply of such of these articles [arms, accoutrements and clothing] as are wanting in your regiment." Both of these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, April 5, 1779.
Sir: I had not the Honor to receive Your Letter of the 22d Ulto. till this morning. By some means or other it had taken a circuitous route by the way of Peeks Kilns, and most probably thro' the inattention of the person to whom it was delivered in the first instance.
With respect to the subject of your Letter, after thanking you and your colleagues for your polite attention in referring the matter to me previous to your acting in it, lest it might contravene some general plan of mine, I beg leave to observe, that if the Three hundred dollars bounty pt. Man voted by the State are to be given, it had better be, as you suggest, in addition to the bounty allowed by Congress, and only to such men as will inlist during the War. To give it for a shorter term of inlistment, will be impolitic in the extreme in my opinion, as the consequences which must evidently flow from it will be exceedingly injurious and will greatly overballance any present relief that the measure can produce. For my part I am most clearly convinced of the impolicy of State bounties in all cases. A more pernicious system never was adopted, and a more pernicious one cannot be persevered in. It has occasioned a thousand evils and infinite discontents. Men who inlisted at early and at intermediate periods for the War for moderate bounties have become dissatisfied at seeing such enormous sums paid for short services, and there are numbers on this account, who were always esteemed Soldiers for the War, that are trying by every possible artifice to prove that their engagements were only temporary. Tho' they should not succeed in this, it is certain there will be great desertions, murmurings, perhaps what will be worse. Upon the whole, I do not know, that an offer of the bounty, even to such as will engage for the War, will be by any means advisable. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 5, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The time not being very remote in which our intended operations must commence it is necessary to put [some of the] troops designed for the expedition, in motion to the several points, from whence they are to operate. In consequence of this, the troops now at Minisinck will be immediately ordered from that post. As this circumstance may create apprehensions in the minds of the people for their safety, and of course check the spirit of agriculture, I would submit to your Excellencys consideration the precaution of keeping up a proper confidence, by means of a small party of Militia stationed in this quarter.
Altho' the country will, in effect, derive greater security and protection in the removal of the troops than by their continuance, yet as it may not be altogether politic to make a whole frontier sensible of this, you will judge of the propriety of the measure for avoiding it.
I have written to Governor Livingston on the subject, submitting to his discretion the calling in a party of Militia on the troops leaving the Minisinck.
I would just beg leave to observe that I have not received your sentiments on my letters of the 15th and 16th Ultimo, and am Dr. Sir Your, etc.
P.S. After the closing the above, I had the pleasure of your two favors of the 18th and 21st of March Ulto.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 5, 1779.
Sir: I wish to know, how many horns have been delivered to your department in consequence of the general orders for that purpose; and that you would take measures to have a sufficient number of them converted into the common powder flasks for the proposed expedition. And that the whole may be under your view.
You will also be pleased to give directions for the necessary compliment of shot pouches. I am, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, April 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I this morning received your Two favors of the 31st. Ultimo and 1st. Inst.
General Clinton and Admiral Gambler, as you will probably have heard before this, have returned from the Eastward, and I believe several of the Troops, which had gone towards the East end of Long Island.
The expedition they had in view in that Quarter, whatever it was, seems to be at an end, or at least for the present. I have had a Letter from the former since his return, and an Intelligent Officer of Ours, from York within a few days, and other advices agree in the expedition being over. I fancy they were apprehensive that from the length and extent of their preparations, the people were alarmed and from that circumstance, that whatever they might attempt to enterprize, would be attended with hazard and risk.
I am much obliged by your attention in having the Cloathing opened, aired, and repacked. It was necessary and essential, and the preservation of it is of great importance.
With respect to the applications which you mention from the Officers of the Hospital, it is not in my power to grant them.6 There is no particular provision that I know of in the proceedings of Congress respecting them in this instance,
[Note 6: Applications of officers for clothing from the store at Fishkill.] and therefore I cannot authorise a preference in their favor. It is, and ever has been my wish to see the most perfect equality and distribution of necessaries among the Officers as well as Men; and to maintain this I refused in the course of the last fall and Winter many similar applications from Officers in the line. My wishes however, have in many instances, been counteracted and defeated by particular interferences which were very unjust and impolitic, as they broke in upon the general system for relief and administering ample supplies to a part, they injured and discontented the Whole.
The Congress have lately adopted some Resolutions, concerning the Cloathing Department, and have the arrangement still under consideration; which when finished, I flatter myself, will remove many difficulties that have hitherto existed and render the supplies of the Officers more comfortable and easy, than they have been for some time past. I wrote you from Philadelphia respecting the issuing of Necessaries to the soldiery. I don't mean by anything I have said here, to contradict what I have mentioned.
The enclosed Letter for Governor Clinton, you will be pleased to transmit him by Express. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 30th. March.
As I shall be very soon under the necessity of removing the troops at present at and in the neighbourhood of the Minisinck settlement, I thought it advisable to give this notice to your Excellency, that you may, if you judge proper, order some Militia to occupy their posts. I have wrote to Governor Clinton upon the same subject. Altho' the move which the troops are about to make, will in fact give as much security to the frontier as by remaining where they are, yet perhaps the inhabitants cannot be made sensible of it, and as the re-settlement and cultivation of that fine Country ought by all means to be encouraged, I submit it to your Excellency's judgment to determine whether any measure will so effectually answer those desirable ends as ordering a few Militia to give the inhabitants protection. I am, &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favr. of the 29th. March reached me a day or two ago. I cannot conceive from whence can arise the antipathy of Colo. Proctor and His Officers to the Uniform adopted by all the other Regiments of Artillery. In every service it is customary to distinguish Corps by particular Uniforms, and as Black and Red has been pitched upon for that of the American Continental Artillery, it is unreasonable in him to make any objections. As Blue and Red has hitherto been the Uniform of his Regt. I imagine the Officers are in general provided with Cloathing of that kind for this year; and it would therefore be convenient to make a change at present. But I would wish you to inform Colo. Proctor, that it is expected he will conform next year. It is good policy to diversify our Uniform as much as possible, as thereby the demand for any particular colour and of course the price is decreased. Blue Cloth is now higher priced than any other (except scarlet and Buff) because such numbers prefer it. By one of the regulations for the establishment of the Corps of Engineers, they are strictly enjoined not to communicate their plans or surveys to any other than such public Bodies as are proper to be intrusted with them, the Commander in chief or commanding General under whom they may be acting. This I imagine will be a sufficient obligation upon General Du Portail without my giving him the hint you mention. Mr. Tilghman will give you such information respecting Mr. Shewell9 as he recollects. I am, etc.10
[Note 9: Robert Shewell, from Philadelphia, whom Reed said was ordered out of camp by Washington in the spring of 1778 as a dangerous or disaffected character.
On April 5 Tilghman wrote to President Reed that Shewell, to the best of his recollection, had come to the camp at Valley Forge and given intelligence of the British preparations to leave Philadelphia and that he was present at a parade of the daily guards or at a brigade drill, which was considered improper by some officers who knew him, or knew his character, "which gave him an opportunity of making observations, and I am informed that he was ordered immediately off the Ground, and I believe out of the Camp." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, April 5, 1779.
Parole Lithunia. Countersigns Lisbon, Lynn.
All officers who have drawn money for the reinlisting service are desired to prepare their accounts for a settlement with the Auditors.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, April 6, 1779.
Parole Mittenbergh. Countersigns Modon, Mexico.
At a General Court Martial of the line April 3rd. 1779, Lieut. Colonel Harmar, President; Captain Handy11 of the fifth Maryland regiment was tried for, "Refusing his tour of duty in not taking command of the Bound Brook Picket."
[Note 11: Capt. Levin Handy, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He resigned in May, 1780.
On April 6 Robert Hanson Harrison answered a letter from Capt. Nathan Strong, of the Fourth New York Regiment, that Strong was rated as a supernumerary in the arrangement of the New York line. "This circumstance dispenses with your future services in the Army and renders a resignation unnecessary; and it is preferable to one, as you will be entitled the emoluments allowed to Supernumeraries, which, from the Memorandum on the arrangemt. you seem well to deserve." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Court having considered the evidence and the reasons offered by Captain Handy for his refusal to do the tour of duty he is charged with, are of opinion that his reasons are not sufficient to justify his refusal to do the duty he was ordered and that he is guilty of a breach of that part of the 5th. Article, Section 2nd of the Articles of War which respect a disobedience of orders; But as it appears to have proceeded from a dispute of rank existing in the regiment he belongs to, they consider his being arrested and tried by a General Court Martial to be a sufficient punishment for the charge exhibited against him.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence. Captain Handy is released from his Arrest.
[Note 12: The Committee of Conference consisted on this date of James Duane, Jesse Root, Meriwether Smith, Gouverneur Morris, and Henry Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have taken the liberty, thro' the Channel of the Committee appointed to confer with me, to lay before Congress the inclosed extract of a letter from General Knox,13 and the Return to which it refers. As the completion of the Corps of Artillery is a matter of great importance, I hope the earliest attention will be paid to that Business.
[Note 13: This extract of Knox's letter of April 6 is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
There are but two ways of keeping up the Regiments of Artillery. One by original inlistments expressly for that service, the other by drafts from the line of Infantry. The latter is attended with great inconveniences. It is a most discouraging thing to the Officers of Infantry, after they have exerted themselves to make their Battalions respectable in numbers, to have their Men drawn from them for the Artillery, in addition to the variety of other calls for Artificers, Waggoners &ca: and if they are obliged to give them up, instead of parting with the most healthy and robust, which the Artillery service requires, they contrive, as is very natural, to divest themselves of the very worst Men under their command. The Artillery is, moreover by these means strengthened at the Expence of the Infantry, which would not be the case, were measures taken in time to recruit both corps. There is so little time between the present, and that which we may expect to be called into the Field, that I am convinced I need make no apology for requesting the Committee to urge the Congress to a speedy determination upon the Business of which the foregoing is the subject. In a letter to Congress of the 24th March, I laid before them General Greenes remarks upon the Resolve for inlisting waggoners, in which he points out the insufficiency of the terms held forth, either to engage new or to reinlist the old Drivers. The times of many of the old are near expiring, and it will be too late to set about inlisting new except some effectual measure is speedily adopted. I shall therefore esteem it as a favor if the Committee will inquire what Steps have been or are likely to be taken in the matter. I have the honor, &c.14
[Note 14: ln the writing of Tench Tilghman and addressed to James Duane, as chairman of the committee.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 7, 1779.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of yesterday and its inclosures. You will be pleased to have the circumstances of the loss of the water-guard,15 as well ascertained as possible. Should the officer have exceeded his orders imprudently in leaving his post, although we cannot punish him at present, yet it is necessary that the matter should be known. Could any thing make an impression on some of our officers, this might serve as an example for guards of the same nature to confine themselves strictly, and invariably to the objects of their orders. I am &c.16
[Note 15: Maxwell's letter of April 6, in the Washington Papers, cites that Lieut. [James] Paul, of the Second New Jersey Regiment, had command of the water guard at Newark and with 12 men "very imprudently landed on the Bergan shore, where, the enemy had laid in wait for them, and made them all prisoners." Paul was not exchanged until June, 1780. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, April 7, 1779.
Sir: It has been represented to His Excellency, the Commander in Chief, that Mr. Smith17 the Post Master on the Evening of the 5th. was guilty of great impropriety of conduct in the Brigade, at present under your command.18 There seems to be some doubt, as to the manner in which Mr. Smith should be proceeded against. This circumstance has induced the General to direct me to request you in his name to appoint Two or three discreet, intelligent Officers to inquire into the matter and to report to him the result. It will be necessary that Smith should be apprised of the measure and of the time and place of the inquiry, that he may attend it, as it may ultimately affect him. I am, etc.19
[Note 17: Hugh Smyth (Smith), postmaster at Army headquarters.]
[Note 18: Lieut. Col. Samuel Hawes, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment, was then commanding Scott's brigade. He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 19: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "Robt. H. Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 7, 1779.
Sir: I received your favor of the 3rd. instant. It will not possibly be in my power, to make any augmentation of the garrison from this Army. Should the daily guards, as you have stated them be indispensably necessary at Philadelphia, you must apply to the board of war, and represent the matter, that the militia may be called on for this purpose.20
[Note 20: General Hogun was stationed at Philadelphia at this time.]
As the draughts returning home, will leave a number of the officers unemployed; you may, as you have suggested, send some of these, to take charge of the men to their State; to keep them together and prevent abuses on the march.
The company stationed at Trenton, cannot be relieved at this time. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, April 8, 1779.
Parole Oleron. Countersigns Olinda, Ormus.
A board of General Officers to be composed of Majrs. Genl. Greene (if present), Lord Stirling, St. Clair, and De Kalb, and of Brigadiers General Knox, Woodford and Muhlenberg is to sit tomorrow morning ten o'Clock at the Orderly Office to take into consideration the rank and an arrangement of the officers in the Maryland line and to state the same: The Commander in Chief will lay before the board all the papers he has concerning the subject and he hopes they will fix in the arrangement and report which they make, the rank and station of every officer and the dates their commissions should bear.
The Surgeons of the Army are requested to make a return of their Mates, Medicines and Instruments to the Director General at Doctor Draper's22 quarters at Bound Brook.
[Note 22: Dr. George Draper. He was Hospital Surgeon and Physician of the Continental Army from October, 1780, to the close of the war.]
The commanding officers of such regiments as have no Surgeons will make report thereof to the Director at the same time and place.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 8, 1779.
Gentlemen: The Board of General Officers to whom were referred the dispute of Rank between Majors Mentges, Murray and Nicholls having made the inclosed Report, I must request the Board to give them the information (thro' me) which they call for respecting the appointment of Major Nicholls to the rank of Lieut. Colonel.
In mine of the 26th March I desired to be informed of the number of Hunting shirts upon hand and where they are deposited. I shall be glad of an answer on that head, as it is time to have them collected to the quarters where they will be wanted. Be pleased to inform me also whether you have heard from Governor Johnson on the subject of sending a guard of Militia to relieve Colo. Rawling's at Fort Frederick. I have the honor, &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 8, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 26th March inclosing a Resolve of the House of Delegates for the incorporation of parts of the German Battalion and Rifle Corps into a Regiment, and another, for forwarding the recruiting Service. I also at the same time received from the president of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Delegates two Resolves; one empowering me fully to settle the Rank of the Officers of the Maryland line, the other allowing half pay for life to such Officers as shall remain in service during the War.
By an allotment of the quota of troops to be raised by each State, made by Congress the 26th Feby. 1778, the German Battalion was wholly attached to the State of Maryland and considered as her 8th. Regt. since which it hath done duty in that line.
Had not this been the case, the incorporation of such parts of that Regiment and Rifle Corps as are deemed properly to belong to Maryland would still be attended with the greatest inconveniences, particularly in regard to reconciling the Ranks of the Officers. Colo. Rawlins and most of his being elder than Colo. Weltner, and those of the German, would supersede them upon incorporation. Indeed Colo. Weltner would not only be superseded but he must be supernumerary.
In short, the difficulties attending the measure recommended are more than can be conceived, and I am convinced by experience that it cannot be carried into execution without totally deranging the German Regiment.
In January last, Congress, to make some provision for Colo. Rawlins and his Officers, resolved that he should increase his remaining Men (who are not more than 70 or 80) to three Companies to be commanded by him as a separate Corps. The times of most of the old Men are near expiring and whether they will reinlist I cannot say.
I entertain a very high opinion of the merits of Colo. Rawlins and his Officers, and have interested myself much in their behalf. It is to be regretted that they were not provided for in the States to which they belong, when the Army was new modelled in 1776; but as they were not, after a variety of plans had been thought of, that above mentioned was esteemed the most eligible, and indeed the only one that could be adopted, as the introduction of those Gentlemen into the line would have been impracticable.
I have, agreeable to the powers vested in me, appointed a Board of General Officers to take into consideration and report to me the rank of the Maryland line. I do not imagine that it will be possible to give general satisfaction, but I am convinced, that the Gentlemen, who have the Business in hand, will pay the strictest attention to the claims of all parties, and give the most disinterested decision. Whatever that decision may be, I hope it may be considered by the State as difinitive, and that they will not in future pay any regard to the importunities of those who may be discontented with the arrangement which is about to be made.
I have sent off as many Officers, as can be possibly be spared, with recruiting Serjeants Drums and Fifes. They are directed to wait upon your Excellency for instructions and Money. I have but one matter to recommend, which is, that the Officers be ordered in the most express manner not to enlist any British Deserter under the penalty of being obliged to refund the Bounty, as the recruit, upon being discovered to be a Deserter, will be dismissed the service. Those people not only debauch our other troops, but are sure to desert again to the enemy upon the appearance of an offer of pardon, or any the least encouragement, [and more than probable carry others with them.] I have the honor, &c.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The phrase in brackets was added to the draft by Washington.]
[M.H.S.]
Head Quarters, April 8, 1779.
Gentlemen: You will receive here with all the papers that I am possessed of, which respect the Officers of the Maryland line, whose arrangement is to be the subject of your consideration, agreeable to yesterdays Orders....25
[Note 25: The omission is a list of 15 papers, or collections of papers, transmitted, copies of which are not found.]
The order in which I have placed the papers, appears to me to be that in which they most properly succeed each other, and may in some measure facilitate the business in its progress.
The Board, I am convinced, will investigate the several claims with all the attention they can, and I am to request that they will state their Sentiments and Opinions respecting them in the most explicit manner, and such general arrangement as they think should take place, assigning to each Officer his rank and Station in the line, and the dates that their Commissions should bear, all which they will be pleased to report.
The Officers who are Prisoners, and who have been continued in service by the State, will have the Board's consideration and be fixed in their proper places. If the Board apprehend it necessary to call for the information of any Officers in the line of the state, to facilitate and promote their enquiries, they will be pleased to do it. I have the Honor, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 6th. with a return of such officers as you thought might be preferably employed on the recruiting service in Maryland; I find however that you have in some instances mentioned several as equally qualified; you will be pleased to make the discrimination, and give them orders to proceed to Governor Johnston at Annapolis, to receive his instructions. As I shall have letters for the Governor, one of the Gentlemen will call for them.
I have but one thing to recommend to their particular attention, that is, to avoid the inlisting of british or foreign deserters. These cannot disguise themselves so fully, as to deceive a common observer. Something will appear characteristic in their air, their walk, or in their manner of using a firelock, if one is put into their hands.
In short the officer is to take every method to avoid being imposed upon by men of this description. I am, &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Middle brook, April 8[--9], 1779.
Dr. Sir: Your favor (without a date) acknowledging the receipt of my letters of the 28 and 9th Ulto. came to hand a day or two ago.
Colo. Patterson (as he is called) was a stranger even in name to me till he came here introduced by Colo. Cox as a person capable of giving the best information of the Indian Country between the Susquehannah and Niagara of any man that cou'd be met with; and as one, who had it more in his power than any other to obtain such intelligence of the situation, No. and temper of the Indians in those regions as I wanted to enable me to form the Expedition against them. in this light, and as the Brother in law of Genl. Potter who is known to be a zealous friend to America I viewed and employed Patterson for the above purpos. concealing as much as the nature of the case would admit my real design. If I have been deceived in the Man, Colo. Cox is the author of the deception and is highly culpable, because he represented him to me as a person he was well acquainted with.28
[Note 28: "I beg Leave to mention a Matter which has given some Concern to the Council as well as several Members of the Assembly and in which it is supposed some Persons have not dealt candidly with you. I mean the Appointment of a Capt. Patterson of the back Country to some important Command. Col. Smith of the Council authorizes me to say that his Character is not even doubtful; but well known to be unfriendly to the true Interests of America, and that he is universally regarded in this Light by all the well affected of the back Country. He lays under very strong Suspicions of holding an Intercourse with the Enemy last winter and his present Appointment will have a very discouraging Effect upon the People of the back Country."-- Reed to Washington, undated but assigned to March, 1779. Reed's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Troops from Minisink were to begin their March for Wioming last Monday. The bad Weather all March, and an accident to one of my Letters to Genl. Hand occasioned a delay of some days. Orders also went (before the receipt of your letter) to Genl. McDougall to put the remains of Pattons and Malcolms Regimt. in motion for the same quarter, and the board of War sometime since has been applied to for a relief to Rawlings's Corp that it might re-inforce Brodhead for the purpose mentioned to you when at Camp; but what they have done in the matter is unknown to me. I shall be very glad to know from time to time what progress is made in compleating the 5 Companies of Independents; and let me beseech you my dear Sir while I am upon the subject of Recruits to give the most pointed Orders to those who recruit for your Battns. to take no deserters. They weaken instead of strengthen the Regimts. and not only rob the Public of the bounty Money, Arms, Accoutrements and Cloathes wch. they receive but poison the Minds of other Soldiers and carry many away with them to the Enemy. In Genl. Potters Letter (now returnd) the propriety of offering land, as an encouragement to men to enlist in the above Comps. is suggested for your consideration. I have long been of opinion founded in observation, that if the State bounties are continually encreased for every short and temporary Service and enlistment, that the prices of Men in another year will be far above our purchase, and a final end will be put to recruiting. The consequences of which, under present appearances, are well worthy of consideration.
To hear that all party disputes had subsided, and that harmony (not only between Congress and the State, but between the discordant parts of the State) was restored, would give me very singular pleasure. If party matters were at an end, and some happy expedient hit upon to check the further depreciation of our Money, we should be soon left to the enjoyment of that Peace and happiness which every good man must wish for, and none but the viciated and abandoned tribe of Speculators &c. would be injured by.29
[Note 29: At this point in the draft the following is struck out: "I am clearly in Sentiment with you, that Congress ought to be left totally unembarrassed by the interference of particular States even if negotiation is actively begun, or proposed on the part of great Britain. but if it should not the resolutions you speak of are not only unseasonable, but pernicious in the extreme." The Pennsylvania Assembly adjourned April 5 and the harmony resolves are printed in its journal of that day.]
If propositions have not been made to Congress by the Court of Gt. Britain for negotiating a Peace on the terms wch. have been held out to the Corers. on what ground is the resolutions you speak of founded? they surely do not mean to be the movers of a negotiation before they know the terms that will be offered, or which can certainly be obtained? In a word the whole matter (to me) is a mistery.30 I am etc.
[Note 30: Reed had written: "A Transaction this Morning seems to confirm Suspicions taken up formerly. Mr. Clymer who is full in Opposition here and of the Party with the commercial Gentlemen of Congress introduced a Sett of Resolves to some Gentlemen of the Assembly expressing the Sense of the States that the Delegates should agree to any Terms of Peace securing Independence and consistent with Treaties with foreign Powers, by no Means insisting upon Acquisitions of Territory or any splendid Advantages. It appeared to me that our Enemies would take so much Encouragement from Overtures of this Kind as tending to shew the Sense of one State and our Weariness of the Hour as might have fatal Effects. I have therefore used my Influence against it. My opinion clearly is that Congress ought to have the sole Power of settling this Business and that it will be dangerous for any State to interpose its particular Decision. But alas, a thirst after Trade and Luxury; and many wish to see their banished Friends return in Triumph." Reed's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
PS Apl. 9th. Since writing the foregoing Letter. I have seen and spoke to Genl. Green abt. Patterson; he says that Cox is not, nor was not unacquainted with the Suspicions harboured of him. that in the early part of the War he got disgusted by some disappointment, withdrew from public Service, and has conducted himself in such a manner as to be suspected of favouring the back Settlers who have joined the Enemy. But nevertheless he will answr. for his fidelity and the due performance of what he has undertaken if impedimts. are not thrown in his way. I have Accts. of the marchg. of Pattons and Malcolms Regts., and that the Troops from Minisink will be at Wioming this Night if no accident happens to them. Yrs. etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 9, 1779.
After having spent the necessary time with your family at Lancaster, you are to proceed from thence to Wyoming and take the command of the troops there and in that neighbourhood. By a late Arrangement, Colo. Malcoms Regiment is to be incorporated with Colo. Spencers, and the late Pattons with Colo. Hartleys; as soon therefore as those Corps arrive at Wyoming you will order them to join the Regiments to which they are attached. After having made a proper disposition of the troops at Wyoming, you will endeavour to find out whether it will answer any good purpose to advance a post towards Tioga. If it will, and it can be done with safety [(for nothing is to be hazarded)] you will have one established at [Wyalusing or] such place as shall be deemed most convenient.
You will make yourself, as well acquainted as possible with the Route from Wyoming towards Chemung, to gain intelligence whether the Enemy are making any offensive preparations or whether they expect an attack from us, and in short to keep me regularly advised of any occurrences that you may think material.
I shall from time to time give you the necessary instructions for your Government.
You are to call upon the Quarter Masters and Commissaries and direct them to use their utmost exertions in collecting the Stores in their respective departments, (necessary for the intended expedition into the Indian Country) at Wyoming. As that will be a post of importance, I would have you immediately set about throwg. up some new Works, or strengthening the old if they are judiciously disposed to secure the Magazines which will be formed there, and which may also serve to cover the Garrison, which must be left at that place for the protection of the Stores which will be deposited there, to be forwarded to the Army after they march.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 9, 1779.
Sir: A body of troops is ordered to rendezvous at Wyoming, on the Susquehanna. There will some works to be carried on in that quarter, which will require an Engineer. You will readily conceive the nature of frontier fortification and will be pleased to send a Gentleman in your department whom you judge proper for the purpose. He had best proceed in the first instance towards Sunbury where he will receive further information and will proceed thence to join General Hand where ever he may be, who will command the troops for the present. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 9, 1779.
D. Sir: In the close of my letter of the 5th Instant, I had the pleasure to acknowledge your favors of the 18th and 21st Ultimo.
Besides the 80 battalions of Infantry, it is the intention of Congress to preserve as many of the 16 additional and other corps as can be kept up by means of incorporation, or continued in their present condition, considering at the same time such of the men composing these extra Regiments or corps as a part of the quota of the troops of the State in which they may have been respectively raised.
Agreeable to the direction of Congress I have incorporated Colonel Malcom and Spencers Regiments; But Col. Warner's having been raised for a particular purpose I imagine it will remain as it is for the present.
Such precautions as you have hinted, will be taken for the better security of the frontiers and protection of our magazines. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On April 9 Washington wrote to Maj. Joseph Prowell, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment, that Patron's regiment was to march immediately to Wyoming, there to be incorporated with the regiment that was late Hartley's and that Malcom's was to join and incorporate with Spencer's. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Also on this same day (April 9) Washington wrote briefly to Capt. John Gregory, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment, that his resignation would be accepted when his public accounts were settled. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, April 9, 1779.
Sir: Col. Malcom's regiment has been ordered to join yours at Minisink and is now on its march for that purpose. When it arrives, agreeable to the intention of Congress the two regiments are to be incorporated into one. Inclosed is the arrangement of the Captains and subalterns who are to compose it. After these have been selected, the remainder are to be considered as supernumeraries.34
[Note 34: At this point the following is struck out in the draft: "If any disputes should arise upon the arrangement, you will endeavour to accommodate them in the bestmanner you can for the present, to be settled at a more convenient time."]
The Field Officers are still undecided. I have lately pressed for a decision; but have not received an answer. So soon as' it comes to me, it shall be communicated to the Gentlemen concerned. I am, etc.
P: S: You will hold the regiment in readiness to march at the shortest notice. The Clothes you sent for have been directed to meet you at Wyoming.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 9, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed I return you the proceedings of a Court Martial36 held in March by Order of General Hand on two Spies, Land37 and Hicks.38 Hicks it seems has made his escape and Land only remains. But as this man is an inhabitant of one of the States by the article of war for trying spies he is not subject to Military jurisdiction. You will therefore have him delivered up to the civil authority of the State to which he
[Note 36: The court-martial proceedings, under date of March 17--19, are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 37: Robert Land.]
[Note 38: Edward Hicks.] belongs furnishing such documents of his crimes as may be in your possession, to enable the law to operate upon. He can be sent to Easton and there consigned over to the civil Magistrate. Care should be taken that he does not escape. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, April 10, 1779.
Parole Roscommon. Countersigns Roldue, Ree.
The Commissions for the Virginia line having come to hand the commanding officers of regiments in that line are desired to apply for them at Head Quarters.
At a General Court Martial of the line, April 5th. 1779, Lieutenant Philip Malleroy,40 of the 11th Virginia regiment, was tried for, "disobedience of General Woodford's orders in not joining his regiment with all possible expedition after the publication thereof," and acquitted.
[Note 40: Lieut. Philip Mallory, He was promoted to captain in May, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; transferred to the Fourth Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence, Lieutt. Malleroy is released from his Arrest.
At a Division General Court Martial held in the Pennsylvania line the 6th. instant, Major Boyles,41 President, Richard Hollowell a soldier in the 9th Pennsylvania Regimt. tried for, "Deserting with his Arms and Accoutrements, forging a pass, stealing and attempting to go to the enemy." The Court are unanimously of opinion he is guilty of all the charges exhibited against him and by section 6th., article 1st. and section 14th., article 5th. sentence him to suffer death, more than two thirds of the members concuring therein.
[Note 41: Maj. Thomas Langhorne Byles, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at Paramus, N. J., Apr. 16, 1780, and died the following day.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 22nd. March, I hope the difficulty respecting the Cloathing which is to be furnished to the Recruits before they leave the State will be got over,42 as I understand that a quantity has been sent from Philada. for that purpose. I make not the least doubt but that you will exert yourself in having the men collected and marched off for the Army with as much expedition as possible. I have nothing more to recommend particularly to you. I am, etc.43
[Note 42: Scott's letter stated: "I cannot but Observe to You That I am fearfull it will not be in my power to git them to Camp So Soon as Your Excy. Expects, Owing to the inattention respecting the Clothing without which (by an Act of Assembly) they are not to march out of the State." Scott's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 10, 1779.
Whereas in pursuance of full powers to me given by the Honorable the Congress of the United States, a proposition was made by me on the 14th. of March last to His Excellency Sir Henry Clinton for the settlement of a general Cartel and for appointing Commissioners to confer thereupon, which was acceded to by him on the 31st. of the same month and by a subsequent communication on the 4th. Instant.
In order to carry the said proposition into effect, and to make the most liberal permanent and extensive provision for the exchange, and accomodation of Prisoners of War: You Colonel William Davies and Lieut. Colonel Robert Hanson Harrison are hereby appointed, to meet such Commissioners of suitable rank, as shall come duly authorised on the part of Sir Henry Clinton, on Monday the 12th. instant at Amboy, and at any place afterwards to which it may be thought proper to adjourn.
With them to treat and confer upon a Cartel for the exchange of Prisoners and for all matters whatsoever, which may be properly contained therein on principles of justice humanity and mutual advantage; and agreeable to the customs and practice of War among civilized nations: For all which this shall be your sufficient Warrant; and your engagements being interchanged, shall be ratified and confirmed by me.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 45: President of the Senate and Speaker of the Assembly of Maryland, respectively.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 10, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your letter of the 26th Ulto. and its inclosures.
The length of time in which the rank has been fluctuating and undecided, by producing in some measure a number of claims, gives apprehension of complaint from whatever mode may be now adopted for determining the several disputes.
However, to afford the utmost latitude for their consideration, I have ordered a board of general officers to sit, to hear and report on respective claims, precedencies, and the rank of the whole line, which I hope will enable me to complete a final arrangement as much as possible to the general satisfaction.
The officers cannot but be pleased in the provision which you have made them; not only for the prospect of ease which it promises, but that honorable distinction of part service, when they shall resume the happy character of citizen. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, April 10, 1779.
The aforegoing Writing47 contains the proceedings of Congress on the 5th. Ulto. on the subject of your meeting at Amboy on Monday next. You will make these the rule of your conduct; And if you cannot establish a general Cartel with the British Commissioners comprehending the ConventionTroops agreeable to the Resolution, and to which end the Power you have received from me to day is only adapted, You will then take up the business on a more limited Scale according to the alternative mentioned by Congress; and make a more partial agreement for any particular or definite number of prisoners, fixing and concluding upon the terms and conditions of such exchange; and ascertaining and allowing an Equivalent of inferior for superior Officers, and an equivalent of Privates for Officers, according to such proportion as has been customary or shall appear just; Not exceeding however in any equivalent that may be given in private Men the number of One thousand, on the exchange of three hundred and thirty one of our officers or a greater number.48
[Note 47: This was a copy of the proceedings of Congress, Mar. 5, 1779 (see Journals of the Continental Congress), on the memorial of Brigadier General Thompson and other officers, then prisoners of war with the British on Long Island. The sense of the resolve passed m consequence thereof is incorporated in this instruction.]
[Note 48: This is the original, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, anti signed by Washington, which was returned to headquarters files by Harrison after the negotiation.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 10, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been duly honored with your favour of the 31st of March, which, through hurry of business has been hitherto unanswered. From the relation in several respects between the duties of the office of Adjutant General and those of the Inspectorship; I perceive advantages that would result from uniting them in a certain degree; but I am induced notwithstanding to recommend, that nothing final may be done 'till the Baron49 arrives in Camp. I will then speak to him upon the subject and after a conferrence between him and the Adjutant General, I will take the liberty to give the Board my opinion more explicitly, whether the two Offices ought to be united, and in what particular manner. With very great respect I have the honor etc.50
[Note 49: Baron von Steuben.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 10, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 7th, with the Commissions for the Virginia Line. There is an omission in the Commissions of those officers who do the duty of Ensigns but are entitled to the Rank of Lieutenants. They are called Ensigns only. I shall when they are pointed out send back such for Amendment. In making out the Commissions for the other lines I shall be obliged to you for attending to the above matter. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to Peter Scull, secretary of the Board of War.]
Middlebrook, April 10, 1779.
Bishop: I received your letter by Colo. Harrison. In answer to it, I shall briefly inform you, that as you have been so long a Member of my family it is not my intention to let you want while we both live; but with respect to the increase of your wages, it is a circumstance that must depend upon the Services you render in return. I am very sensible that the high prices of every necessary of life are such as not to let you, or any other Man live for the same nominal Sum you formerly did, and therefore I leave it to Mr. Washington52 to furnish you, gratis, with such a reasonable quantity of Wool and flax as he shall judge sufficient for the clothing of yourself, wife, and daughter; to be worked up by yourselves. and, besides this, if he thinks your Services entitled to an increase of Wages, I have no objection to his doing it; but I can neither direct the measure, nor the sum because of my ignorance of the benefit he derives from your Services. This letter goes open under his cover, that he may be apprised of the contents; I thank you for your good wishes, and offer mine in return for yourself, wife and child. Yours &ca.
[Note 52: Lund Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 10, 1779.
The Commander in Chief states to the Council, that since the last meeting of Commissioners on the subject of an exchange of Prisoners, the result of which is contained in a report of their proceedings of the 15th. of December last, hereunto annexed, a deputation has been sent to Congress by our officers prisoners with the enemy, with a memorial representing their situation and requesting that some effectual measures might if possible be adopted for their liberation from captivity: And that the Honorable the Congress, in consequence, came to a resolution of the 5th. ultimo, which is also hereunto annexed; authorising the Commander in Chief, "at his discretion, to negotiate and establish with the Commander in Chief of his Britannic Majesty's forces, a Cartel, or Agreement, for a general exchange of prisoners, comprehending the Convention troops; or a more partial Agreement for any particular or definite number of prisoners; and to fix and conclude upon the terms and conditions of the said exchange, ascertaining and allowing an equivalent of inferior for superior officers and an equivalent of privates for officers, according to such proportion as has been customary, or shall appear to him to be just and equitable; and to appoint commissioners for these purposes".
That in obedience to the foregoing resolve: He made a proposal to Sir Henry Clinton in a letter of the 14th. of March, for a meeting of commissioners to settle a general cartel; which was acceded to by him in his answer of the 31st; and by subsequent arrangements the proposed meeting is to take place on Monday the 12th. instant.57
[Note 57: These proceedings are headed "Council of War." They are in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Robert Hanson Harrison and are signed by Maj. Genls, John Sullivan, Nathanael Greene, Lord Stirling, Arthur St. Clair, and Baron de Kalb; Brig. Genls. William Smallwood, Henry Knox, and William Woodford. The council decided that a thousand British private soldiers could be given in exchange for the American officers, prisoners with the enemy "but not a greater number."]
That as the enemy have few or no private men of ours in their hands the exchange at present must turn, on their principles from which we have every reason to believe they will not depart, upon our giving a considerable proportion of privates in exchange for our officers in their possession; an estimate of the amount on the several propositions and ratios which have been suggested is herewith submitted. The General therefore requests the advice of the Council what number of private men consistent with justice to the officers in captivity and to the public in general, ought to be determined as the ultimate proportion, which should govern an exchange at this time and which the Commissioners on our part should be instructed not to exceed.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, April 11, 1779.
Parole Shrewsbury. Countersigns Schoharry, Schuylkill. Captain Peter Voorhees58 and Lieutenants Jacob Piatt59 and Peter Lott60 of the 1st. Jersey regiment are appointed the 1st Pay Master the 2nd. Adjutant and the 3rd. Quarter Master to the same.
[Note 58: Capt. Peter Van Voorhees, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was taken prisoner and murdered by Tories near New Brunswick, N.J., in October, 1779.]
[Note 59: Captain-lieutenant of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was made captain in October, 1779, and resigned in March, 1780.]
[Note 60: Lieutenant in the First New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in March, 1780.]
The Commander in Chief as the hot season approaches expects that more than common pains will be taken to cleanse and purify the hurts and camp, giving more air to the former and ridding the latter of every kind of filth; all carrion and putrid flesh and bones in and about camp to be carefully buried. The parade of each brigade to be made as spacious and kept as neat as possible; Vaults to be properly dug and concealed and fresh earth to be thrown in every morning and Sentries placed to see that the men make use of them only: The greatest care should also be taken that the men preserve cleanliness in their persons and neatness in their dress, which they now happily have more in their power than heretofore: Equal attention should be paid to their manner of cooking their provisions which it need not be said is of the utmost importance to their health.
These matters however minutious, are obviously essential, and demand the attention as well of officers commanding divisions as of all others. Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades will be immediately responsible for the execution of this order.
The reinlisting accounts directed to be prepared in the order of the 5th. are forthwith to be delivered in to the Auditors who are to settle them agreeable to the rules prescribed in former orders of the 7th. and 12th. of February.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 11, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 3rd. Inst. considering the great difficulties attending the immediate prosecution of discoveries, I would therefore wish for the present to postpone the employing the person you hint at, 'till you have an opportunity of consulting with General Hand on the subject, (who will soon be in your quarter) and taking his opinion or till my further advice upon this business.
If in every instance the expence is to be as large as in Hicks's case, I am really at a loss what to think on the subject. It looks, as if we should either be obliged to suspend the matter, or that the result will not counterbalance the expence. I am, etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, April 12, 1779.
Parole Tecklenburgh. Countersigns Ternrock, Trim.
All the Brigade Inspectors and Adjutants of Regiments to attend at the Orderly Office tomorrow morning ten o'clock to copy the 5th. and 6th. chapters of the Baron Steuben's instructions which are to be strictly adhered to and immediately put in practice: The hours of exercise to be from 6 to 8 o'clock in the morning and from 4 to 6 in the afternoon.
The Honorable the Congress having recommended it to the United States to set apart Thursday the 6th. day of May next to be observed as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, to acknowledge the gracious interpositions of Providence; to deprecate deserved punishment for our Sins and Ingratitude, to unitedly implore the Protection of Heaven; Success to our Arms and the Arms of our Ally: The Commander in Chief enjoins a religious observance of said day and directs the Chaplains to prepare discourses proper for the occasion; strictly forbiding all recreations and unnecessary labor.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 12, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 4th and 7th instants.
Inclosed you have the proceedings of the Court Martial held, by order of Congress, upon the Officers of the Elaboratory and Deputy Qr. Mr. at Springfield, upon a representation from the Council of Massachusetts. I also inclose a letter which I received two days ago from Majr. Harnage62 in behalf of himself and Capt. Hawker63 both of the 62d Regt. British. Should not an exchange take place in which these Gentlemen may be included, it will be an act of humanity to indulge them, under their peculiarity of circumstances, with a liberty of joining the Corps to which they belong, by making use of a Water Conveyance as far as possible. But as I did not think it proper to comply with the request without the concurrence of Congress, I must beg the favr. of you to lay the Major's letter before them for their determination.64 I transmit you the York papers of the 7th and 8th and have the honor, etc.65
[Note 62: Maj. Henry Harnage.]
[Note 63: Capt. Earle Hawker.]
[Note 64: On this same day (April 12) Washington wrote to Gates, at Boston, that he had transmitted Major Harnage's request to Congress and "shall be happy to have it in my power, without delay, to send him such an answer as he wishes." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 65: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, April 12, 1779.
Dr. Sir: A writ having been served upon an Officer of the Maryland line by one Dickinson for impressing a small quantity of Forage by order of Lieut. Colo. Adams,66 he drew up the inclosed state, to shew me the necessity which he was under of having recourse to that method of procuring the Forage, and the offers which he afterwards made to satisfy the owner. I confess it is extremely difficult to draw a line and leave anything to the discretion of an Officer where a possitive law exists; but there are cases, in which it is almost impossible for an Officer to go thro' all the forms required; and if Colo. Adams's
[Note 66: Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment. He was commissioned lieutenant colonel commandant of the First Maryland Regiment in August, 1779; transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to April, 1783.] representation is to be relied on, his situation was of that kind. The Officers complain that there is too general a disposition, to refuse Forage, prevailing among the Inhabitants, and they think it extremely hard to be subjected to the expence and trouble of civil suits when the exigencies of the service absolutely oblige them to impress by their own authority. I make no doubt but they may sometimes exert their power in an unjustifiable manner, but it may also be presumed that the inhabitants may be in their turn to blame, by obstinately refusing to part with what they can spare unless regularly compelled.
I am determined upon my part ever to discountenance and check any thing that looks like a wanton and unnecessary violation of the law by the Military, and it is to be wished that the Gentlemen in the Civil departments would, upon applications being made to them for redress, endeavour to investigate the causes of complaint, and if the Officers appear to have really acted upon the necessity of the case, advise an amicable compromise, rather than a suit. I have the honor, &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 68: A magistrate of Litchfield County, Conn. His letter of April 5, complaining of Col. Moses Hazen's conduct in a matter of the impress of teams, is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 12, 1779.
Sir: I herewith send you the papers which you transmitted by your letter of the 5th instant for my information in Colonel Hazen's case.
Although it has always been my endeavor to prevent incroachments on the rights of the citizen, I have to regret that any dispute should happen with an officer of the army. But as your complaint will come more naturally before the officer commanding the troops in your State, you will be pleased therefore, to refer the particulars to him. He has full powers to take cognizance of the misconduct of the officers under his command. Moreover, his nearness to the transaction gives him a better opportunity of knowing all its circumstances, and hearing both parties, while my remoteness must render me less competent to this purpose. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, April 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have the last General Return of Ordnance and Military Stores70 which I have recd. from the Board of War; of which you will take a Copy. There appears to me a very great deficiency of many Articles, particularly of small Arms, powder and Lead. But you will be pleased to examine it critically and report to me what are in your opinion wanting that I may lay the estimate, without loss of time, before the Board of War. As you must be sensible of the necessity of keeping a Return of so disagreeable a complexion as much a secret as possible, be pleased to give a hint of this kind to the person who copies it. I am, &c.71
[Note 70: This was probably the "General Return of Ordnance and Military Stores Deposited in different parts of the Continent as pr Returns made to the Board of War and Ordnance the 28th February 1779" the original of which, much mutilated, should be in the Adjutant General's Office, War Department, Washington, D.C. A copy is in the Force Transcripts of Continental Army Returns, Washington Papers, no. 7, vol. 2, fol. 28.]
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 12, 1779.
Sir: Your favors of the 8th. and 11th. instant with the several news papers came duly to hand. I have no objection to Mr. Wolfen72 continuing in his present duty. However, it may be necessary to have the men relieved by a fresh party, that the fatigue may be equally borne by the whole corps, that is in case of its being severe.
[Note 72: Lieut. Baron de Wolfen, of the Marechaussée Corps.]
I have the same idea of the impropriety of such inlistments as you have detected.73 In the present instance you may repay the bounty money (should it come within what has been allowed) to the person who enlisted the soldier, and detain him in the Jersey troops if it can be made agreeable. I shall take such measures as may appear expedient to stop this practice. I am, etc.74
[Note 73: The practice of old soldiers enlisting recruits, expecting to obtain their discharges thereby.]
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 13, 1779.
Gentlemen: I yesterday recd. the inclosed from Capt. Van Heer. As I do not know how he has been supplied heretofore with the Articles he now calls for, I cannot determine upon the propriety of the present application. I can only say, if it appears that they are necessary, he ought to be furnished with them. If the Quarter Master supplied him in the first instance with Horses he can I suppose remember, whether he was, as he asserts, obliged to take such as were not proper for the Dragoon service. If the purchase was left to himself and he bought up such as were not fit he ought to be answerable. At any rate, it is perhaps better that he should make a shift with those he already has, than to give the enormous price at present asked for but indifferent Horses. Should the Quarter Master have any on hand of a lighter kind than those Capt. Van Heer complains of and they can make an exchange, there can be no objection to a thing of that kind.75 I am etc.76
[Note 75: Washington wrote, this same day (April 13), to von Heer, inclosing this letter to the Board of War and asking the captain to deliver it. "If your health will not permit you to return to Camp so soon as you expected, you have agreeable to your request, my permission to remain ten or twelve days beyond the limitation of your furlough." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: In October last, his Excellency Governor Clinton informed me, that a Colonel Cantine, who I believe lives somewhere in the neighbourhood of Rochester, was remarkably well acquainted with the Country between the North River and the Susquehanna, and of the most practicable Routes from the one to the other. If he is within your reach, be pleased to make the following enquiries.
What is the nearest distance from the North River to Anaquaga and to Tioga upon the Susquehanna; Whether there are any Roads already made, and of what kinds they are, if none, Whether the Face of the Country is such, that Roads can easily be made?
Whether in the nearest Route from the North River to Tioga, you do not go thro' or very near Anaquaga, or if that should be somewhat out of the way, how far?
Whether the face of the Country, upon the shortest Route from the North River to the above places is the best adapted to make good Roads. Because a Route, tho' somewhat more distant, if the Roads were better, would be preferable to the nearest thro' difficult ways.
In short, I would have you enquire what Route, taking distances, Roads, Waters and other circumstances into consideration, would be most advisable from the North River to Susquehanna, so as to strike the latter at a convenient place to reach Anaquaga and Tioga, particularly the last. If you can meet with any other persons besides Colo. Cantine, acquainted with the Country before mentioned, you may collect their Accounts likewise, as by a comparison I can form a better judgment. Be pleased to transmit me the intelligence by Express as soon as you have obtained it. I am, etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, April 13, 1779.
Parole Underwald. Countersigns Urgel, Uma.
Lieutenant Colonel Dabney78 is appointed to superintend the hospitals in Jersey.
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. Charles Dabney, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He retired in September, 1779, and served as colonel of a Virginia State regiment to 1781.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, April 14, 1779.
Parole Venice. Countersigns Vincent, Verden.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held at Elizabeth Town the 10th. instant, Lieutenant Colonel Brearly President.
Lieutenant Snowden79 of the Jersey Brigade was tried for "Disobedience of orders and neglect of duty on the 4th. instant."
[Note 79: Lieut. Jonathan Snowden, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was transferred to Lee's Legion in 1780; wounded at Guilford Court House, S. C., in March, 1781; aide to General Hand in May, 1781, to close of the war.]
The Court after mature consideration are of opinion that from the General's expressions mentioned in Captn. Van Voorhees80 testimony Lieutenant Snowden had reason to cow sider himself exempted from duty 'till his claim of rank was settled and therefore do find him not guilty of the charges exhibited against him.
[Note 80: Capt. Peter Van Voorhees, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was taken prisoner and murdered by Tories near New Brunswick in October, 1779.]
The General is sorry he cannot agree with the Court in opinion: General Maxwell's reply related by Captain Voorhees is susceptible of different interpretations and it appears by Ensign Bishop's81 evidence that Lieutenant Snowden did not found his refusal to do duty upon General Maxwell's exemption, but declared that " He intended to exempt himself"; Lieutent. Snowden's conceiving himself agrieved in rank was no justification for disobeying a regular order and refusing his tour of duty: He should have represented his case and applied for redress to the Commander in Chief and in the mean time continued to perform the duties of his station.
[Note 81: Ensign John Bishop, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Lieutenant Snowden is released from arrest.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held at Middle Brook the 7th. of January last, Lieutenant Colonel Adams,82 President: John Williams of Captain Winder's83 Company, William Parsons of Captain Ewing'84 Company, John Williams of Lieutenant Piatt's85 Company, of the 1st. Maryland Regiment, were tried, the two first for, "Desertion with an intention of going to the enemy" and the latter for the same Crime and
[Note 82: Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment.]
[Note 83: Capt. Levin Winder, of the First Maryland Regiment. He was promoted to major, to rank from April, 1777; taken prisoner at Camden, S. C., in August, 1780; exchanged and transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; was made lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Maryland Regiment in April, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 84: Capt. Nathaniel Ewing, of the First Maryland Regiment. He had, however, resigned in March, 1779.]
[Note 85: No lieutenant by the name of Platt appears on the available muster rolls of the First Maryland Regiment. There was a Lieut, Jacob Platt, of the First New Jersey Regiment, at this time.] "Persuading others to go along with him"; found guilty of the charges exhibited against them and sentenced (two thirds of the court agreeing) to suffer death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentences, but John William's of Winder's and William Parsons of Ewings Company being recommended by their officers as soldiers of general good character who were probably seduced into their present crime are pardoned and to be released from confinement.
At the General Court Martial of the line whereof Lieutts. Colonel Harmar is President, Joseph Hall, Filer in the 7th. Maryland regiment and Adam Stevens of the 3rd. Virginia Regimt. were tried on the 7th. instant for, "Attempting to desert to the enemy from the Bonamtown guard"; found guilty of intending it and sentenced each to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The General approves the sentences and orders them to be put in execution tomorrow at the heads of their respective regiments.
At the same Court, Lieutenant Dougherty86 of the 6th. Maryland Regiment was tried: 1st." For sending Captain William Dent Beal87 a challenge to fight a Duel". 2nd. "Unofficer, and ungentlemanlike conduct in associating and playing ball with Serjeants on the 6th. instant".
[Note 86: Lieut. Michael Dougherty.]
[Note 87: Capt. William Dent Beall, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment.]
The Court having considered the charges against Lieutent. Dougherty, the evidence and his defence are of opinion that he is guilty of them; the 1st. charge being a breach of the 2nd. article, 7th. section, and the 2nd. charge being a breach of the 21st. Article 14th. section of the rules and articles of War and do sentence him to be cashiered.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders it immediately to take place.
[Head Quarters, Middle brook, April 14, 1779.]
Dear Sir: I have received your several favours of the 2d., 3rd. and 28th. of March and 6th. of April. I thank you for them all, but especially for the last, which I consider as a distinguishing mark of your confidence and friendship.88
[Note 88: "Philadelphia, April 6th.--Mr. Jay presents his Compliments to General Washington, and encloses an Extract from a Letter in a certain Degree interesting: 'The enclosed Copy of my Letter to General Washington of the 4th Instant in answer to his of the 14th Ulto. from Middlebrook, will give Congress a true Idea of my Opinion, respecting our entering Canada, and the only Route which we can take with reasonable Hopes of Success Individuals and not the public will be benefited by an Expedition into Canada, by either of the Routes from Albany. That of Co-os alone is practicable; but not without the Co-operation of the allied Fleet. ... General Washingtons letter of the 14th Feby. is enclosed. It being the only Letter I have received from his Excellency since December, Congress will immediately judge of the Extent or Limitation which it is proper to observe in their Instructions to me.' "-- General Gates to the President of Congress, Mar. 15, 1779. Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Conscious that it is the aim of my actions to promote the public good, and that no part of my conduct is influenced by personal enmity to individuals, I cannot be insensible to the artifices employed by some men to prejudice me in the public esteem. The circumstance of which you have obliged me with the communication is among a number of other instances of the unfriendly views which have governed a certain Gentleman from a very early period. Some of these have been too notorious, not to have come to your knowledge; others from the manner in which, they have been conveyed to me, will probably never be known except to a very few. But you have perhaps heard enough and observed enough yourself to make any further explanation from me unnecessary.
The desire, however which it is natural I should feel to preserve the good opinion of men of sense and virtue, conspiring with my wish to cultivate your friendship in particular, induces me to trouble you with a state of some facts which will serve to place the present attack in its proper light. In doing this, I shall recapitulate and bring into one view a series of transactions, many of which have been known to you, but some of which may possibly have escaped your memory.
An opinion prevailing, that the enemy were like shortly to evacuate these states, I was naturally led to turn my thoughts to a plan of operations against Canada in case that event should take place. A winter campaign before the enemy could have an opportunity of reinforcing and putting themselves in a more perfect state of defence, appeared to promise the most certain and speedy success and the route by Co'os offered itself as most direct and practicable. In this I fully agreed with General Gates and some other Gentlemen, whom I consulted on the occasion, and on [the 12th. of Septr.] last I wrote to Congress accordingly; submitting it to them whether it would be advisable to be laying up magazines opening a road and making other preparations for the undertaking. They approved the project and authorized me to carry it into execution. I the more readily entered into it, from a consideration, that if circumstances should not permit us to carry on the enterprise, the preparations towards it could easily be converted into another channel, and made serviceable to our Operations elsewhere, without any material addition of expense to the Continent. [because provisions, which would compose the principal part of the expence were at all events to be purchased on Connecticut River the only doubt being whether it should be used in an Expedition against Canada or transported to Boston; circumstances to determine this; with truth it may be added, that excepting the articles of provisions and forage which, as before observed, would have been bot. if no Expedn. by way of Co'os had been in contemplation, the " incredible" expence mentioned by Genl. Gates in his letter of Mar. 4th. amounted to the purchase of a few pairs of Snow Shoes, and some leather for Mocosons only. If any other expence has been incurred it is unknown to me; must have been by his order, and he alone answerable for it.]
In [October] following, Congress entered into arrangements with the Marquis De la Fayette for co-operating with the Court of France, in an expedition against [that Country.] In this scheme, one body of troops was to proceed from Co'os and penetrate by way of the River St. Francis; others, forming a junction at Niagara were to enter Canada by that Route; and while these were operating in this manner, a French fleet and a body of french troops were to go up the River St. Laurence and take possession of Quebec. You are well acquainted with the opposition I gave this plan and my reasons at large for it. From what has since happened, they seem to have met the full approbation of Congress. The ideas I held up were principally these; that we ought not to enter in any contract with a foreign power, unless we were sure we should be able to fulfil our engagements; that it was uncertain whether the enemy would quit the states or not, and, in case they did not, it would be impracticable to furnish the aids which we had stipulated; that, even if they should leave us, it was very doubtful whether our resources would be equal to the supplies required; that therefore it would be impolitic to hazard a contract of the kind and better to remain at liberty to act as future conjunctures should point out. I recommended nevertheless, as there were powerful reasons to hope the enemy might go away, that eventual preparations should be made to take advantage of it, to possess ourselves of Niagara and other posts in that quarter for the security of our frontiers and to carry our views still further, with respect to a conquest of Canada, if we should find ourselves able to prosecute such an enterprise. This, Congress in a subsequent resolve, approved and directed to be done. It was not the least motive with me for recommending it, that operations of this nature seemed to be a very favourite object with that honourable body. The preparations on Hudson's river were undertaken in consequence.
Upon a nearer view of our finances and resources, and when it came to be decided, that the enemy would continue for some time longer to hold the posts, they were in possession of; in the course of the conferences with which I was honored by the Committee of Congress in Philadelphia, I suggested my doubts of the propriety of continuing our Northern preparations upon so extensive a plan as was at first determined. The Committee were of opinion with me that the state of our currency and supplies in general would oblige us to act on the defensive next campaign, except so far as related to an expedition into the Indian country for chastizing the savages and preventing their depredations on our back settlements, and that though it would be extremely desirable to be prepared for pushing our operations further, yet our necessities, exacting a system of oeconomy, forbade our launching into much extra expence for objects which were remote and contingent. This determination having taken place, all the Northern preparations were discontinued except such as were necessary towards the intended Indian expedition.
Things were in this situation, when I received a Letter from General Bayley [(living at Co'os)] expressing some fears for the safety of the Magazine at Co'os, in consequence of which I directed the stores to be removed lower down the Country. This I did to prevent a possibility of accident, though I did not apprehend they were in much danger. Some time afterwards, I received the letter, No. 1, from General Gates89 expressing
[Note 89: Gates's letter to Washington of Jan. 26, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.] similar fears; to which I returned him the answer of the 14th. of february transmitted by him to Congress, [No. 2]. Knowing that preparations had been making at Albany, and unacquainted with their true design he very precipitately concluded from a vague expression in that letter,90 that the intention of attacking Canada was still adhered to, but that I had changed the plan and was going by way of Lake Champlain, or Ontario. Either of these routes he pronounces impracticable and represents that by Co'os, as the only practicable one. He goes still further and declares, that "in the present state of our army and the actual situation of our magazines to attempt a serious invasion of Canada by whatever route would prove unsuccessful unless the fleet of our allies, should at the same time co-operate with us by sailing up the River St. Laurence." Though I differ with him as to the impracticability of both the other routes, I venture to go a step beyond him respecting our ability to invade Canada and am convinced that in our present circumstances, and with the enemy in front, we cannot undertake a serious invasion of [that Country] at all, even with the aid of an allied fleet. You will perceive Sir, that I have uniformly made the departure of the enemy from these states an essential condition to the invasion of Canada; and that General Gates has intirely mistaken my intentions. Hoping that I had embarked in a scheme, which our situation would not justify, he eagerly seizes the opportunity of exposing my supposed errors to Congress; and in the excess of his intemperate zeal to injure me, exhibits himself in a point of view, from which I imagine he will derive little credit. The decency of the terms in which he undertakes to arraign my conduct both to myself and to
[Note 90: Washington's letter to Gates, dated Feb. 14, 1779, q. v., contained this "vague expression ": "as soon as I found that there was no probability of an expedition being carried into Canada by that Route, I desired the Commy. General to send orders to have the Stores removed down the Country."] Congress and the propriety of the hasty appeal he has made will I believe appear at least questionable to every man of sense and delicacy.
The last paragraph of the extract, with which you favour me is a pretty remarkable one. I shall make no comments, further than as it implies a charge of neglect on my part, in not writing to him but once since december. From the beginning of last Campaign to the middle of December, about 7 Months; I have copies of near fifty letters to him and about forty originals from him. I think it will be acknowledged the correspondence was frequent enough during that period; and, if it has not continued in the same proportion since, the only reason was that the season of the year, the troops being in Winter quarters and Genl. Gs. situation at Boston unfruitful of events and unproductive of any military arrangements between us, afforded very little matter for epistolary intercourse; and I flatter myself it will be readily believed, that I am sufficiently occupied with the necessary business of my station, and have no need of increasing it, by multiplying letters without an object. If you were to peruse, my Dear Sir, the letters which have passed between General Gates and myself for a long time back, you would be sensible that I have no great temptation to court his correspondence when the transacting of public business does not require it. An air of design, a want of candor in many instances and even of politeness give no very inviting complexion to the correspondence on his part. As a specimen of this, I send you a few letters and extracts, which, at your leisure, I shall be glad you will cast your eye upon.
Last fall it was for some time strongly suspected that the enemy would transport the whole or the greatest part of their force Eastward and combine one great land and sea operation against the french fleet in Boston harbour. On this supposition, as I should go in person to Boston, the command next in importance was the posts on the North River. This properly would devolve on General Gates; but, from motives of peculiar scrupulousness as there had been a difference between us, I thought it best to know whether it was agreeable to him; before I directed his continuance. By way of compliment, I wrote him a letter containing the extract, No. 3,91 expecting a cordial answer and chearful acceptance. I received the evasive and unsatisfactory reply No. 4.92 A few days after this, upon another occasion I wrote him the letter No.5,93 to which I received the extraordinary answer, No. 6,94 which was passed over in silence.
[Note 91: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Sept. 30, 1778, ante.]
[Note 92: Gates's letter to Washington, Sept. 27, 1778, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 93: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Sept. 30, 1778, ante.]
[Note 94: Gates's letter to Washington, Sept. 30, 1778, is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Sparks's Correspondence of the American Revolution, vol. 2, p. 215.]
The plan of operations for the campaign being determined, a commanding officer was to be appointed for the Indian expedition. This command according to all present appearances will [probably be] of the second, if not of the first, importance for the campaign. The officer conducting it, has a flattering prospect of acquiring more credit than can be expected by any other this year and he has the best reason to hope for success. General Lee from his situation, was out of the question: General Schuyler, who, by the way, would have been most agreeable to me, was so uncertain of continuing in the army that I could not appoint him: General Putnam, I need not mention. I therefore made the offer of it, [for the appointmt. could no longer be delayed] to General Gates who was next in seniority, though perhaps I might have avoided it, if I had been so disposed, from his being in a command by the special appointment of Congress. My letter to him on the occasion you will find in No. 7.95 I believe you will think it was conceived in very
[Note 95: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Mar. 6, 1779, ante.] candid and polite terms and merited a different answer from the one given to it in No. 8.96
[Note 96: Gates's letter to Washington, Mar. 15, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.]
I discovered very early in the war symptoms of coldness and constraint in General Gates behavior to me. These increased as he rose into greater consequence; but we did not come to a direct breach, 'till the beginning of last year. This was occasioned, by a correspondence, which I thought rather made free with me between General Gates and Conway, which accidentally came to my knowledge. The particulars of this affair you will find delineated in the packet herewith indorsed "papers respecting General Conway."97 Besides the evidence contained in them of the genuineness of the offensive correspondence, I have other proofs still more convincing, which, having been given me in a confidential way, I am not at liberty to impart.
[Note 97: Copies of the papers contained in this packet are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
After this affair subsided, I made a point of treating Genl. Gates with all the attention and cordiality in my power, as well from a sincere desire of harmony, as from an unwillingness to give any cause of triumph to our enemies from an appearance of dissension among ourselves. I can appeal to the world and to the whole Army whether I have not cautiously avoided every word or hint that could tend to disparage General Gates in any way. I am sorry his conduct to me has not been equally generous and that he is continually giving me fresh proofs of malevolence and opposition. It will not be doing him injustice to say, that, besides the little underhand intrigues, which he is frequently practising, there has hardly been any great military question, in which his advice has been asked, that it has not been given in an equivocal and designing manner, apparently calculated to afford him an opportunity of censuring me on the failure of whatever measure might be adopted.
When I find that this Gentleman does not scruple to take the most unfair advantages of me; I am under a necessity of explaining his conduct to justify my own. This and the perfect confidence I have in you have occasioned me to trouble you with so free a communication of the state of things between us. I shall still be as passive as a regard to my own character will permit. I am however uneasy as General--has endeavoured to impress Congress with an unfavourable idea of me, and as I only know this in a private confidential way, that I cannot take any step to remove the impression, if it should be made.
I am aware Sir, of the delicacy of your situation; and I mean this letter only for your own private information; You will therefore not allow yourself to be embarrassed by its contents, but with respect to me pass it over in silence.98
[Note 98: In regard to Gates's letter of March 15 to Congress, Jay wrote (April 21): "The impression attempted to be made, has not taken. It passed without a single Remark. Your Friends thought it merited nothing but Silence and Neglect. The same reason induced me 10 take no Notice of it in my Answer. I have perused the several Papers with which you favored me. The Delicacy, Candor, and Temper diffused thro' your Letters, form a strong Contrast to the Evasions and Design observable in some others. Gratitude ought to have attached a certain Gentleman to the Friend who raised him. a spurious Ambition however, has it seems made him your Enemy." Jay's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
With the truest Esteem and personal Regard, I am, etc.
P.S. General Gates in his Letter of the [30th. of Septr.] disapproves the divided state of our army, what he says being in general terms might seem plausible enough, but [by no means applies to the case in hand.] The Army was then in four divisions. Three brigades of the right wing and one from the second line under General Putnam had been stationed in the Highlands in conjunction with the garrison of West Point for the immediate defence of the passes there. The remaining two brigades of that wing, under Baron De Kalb were encamped on Fishkill plains 7 or 8 Miles from the town within less than a days march of the fort. At Fredericksburgh were three brigades of the second line under Lord Stirling, about two days march from the Fort. General Gates with the [left] wing of five brigades was at Danbury [abt. 14] miles from Fredericksburgh. The manoeuvring on our flanks, of which General Gates speaks by way of the North River or the sound, must have had for object either the Highland passes or the army itself. Had they attempted those passes the force immediately on the spot and close in its vicinity, was sufficient from the nature of the ground to withstand their whole force; and the rest of the Army from the time necessarily exhausted in military operations, would in all probability have been up in time to succour that part. Without gaining those passes they could not get at the army at all on the right; and in doing it, if they could have effected it, the army would have had abundant time to collect and defend itself. To advance by land in our front would have been chimerical: they would have had a much greater distance to approach us, than the whole distance from one extremity of our force to the other; and we should have had all the leisure we could desire to assemble at any point we thought proper. Had they attempted our left flank at Danbury by way of the sound, we might either, if we had judged it expedient, have brought up the other corps to support the one there, or, if it found itself pressed for want of time, it had only to fall back upon Fredericksburgh and there our whole force would have concentred with ease to oppose the enemy to the greatest advantage. The truth was, there was not at that time, the least probability they should attempt [an] Army [which had been the whole Summer inviting them out of their strong hold] nor did I think there was much, they would molest the forts; yet it would certainly have been imprudent to have risked the security of either. When the enemy was in the Jerseys the change then made in the disposition gave still greater security to the different objects for which we had to provide, by drawing a greater force to the point threatened. The intention of the disposition I have described was to push a part of our force as far Eastward as possible for the aid and protection of the French fleet, in case the enemy had directed their force against that; at the same time, I did not choose to lose sight of the North river and therefore kept a sufficient force near enough to secure it. The conciliating these two objects, produced that division of our army, of which General Gates complains. No man however was more vehement in supposing the French fleet would be the object of the enemy's operations than himself; and this he so emphatically inculcated in several of his letters, that I thought it necessary in answer to one of the 6th. of October,99 to write him as contained in mine of the 7th;1 both of which are also herewith No. 9 and 10. [I am, &c.]2
[Note 99: Gates's letter to Washington, Oct. 6, 1778, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 1: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gert. Horatio Gates Oct. 7, 1778, ante.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Washington's alterations are shown within brackets.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 14, 1779.
Sir: I received your favor of the 12th. instant with its several inclosures. I herewith transmit a copy of a representation3 from Lieutenants Snowden,4 Burrows5 &c. complaining of being injured in their rank by the appointment of Mr. Aaron Ogden6 and Mr. Martin7 I wish this to be laid before the
[Note 3: The representation, dated Apr. 6, 1779, is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 4: Lieut. Jonathan Snowden, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 5: Lieut. Eden Burrowes, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
[Note 6: He appears, on an arrangement of the First New Jersey Regiment made after February, 1779 (Force Transcripts, Continental Army Returns, 100, fol. 74), as appointed captain-lieutenant in January, 1779.]
[Note 7: Absalom Martin. He was appointed a lieutenant on Nov. 2, 1777.] gentlemen who were ordered to settle respective ranks, and to know the reasons which induced them to the arrangement which is now become the subject of complaint. It will be necessary for me to know these reasons before I can take any measures in this affair.
You have also inclosed an extract from Genl. orders disapproving the sentence of the court martial on Lt. Snowden.8 I am, etc.9
[Note 8: On this same date (April 14) Washington wrote to Snowden, Burrowes, and others that when he was possessed of the facts in the matter "I shall not fail to take such measures as the nature of the case will admit agreeable to justice and the honor of the parties." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, April 15, 1779.
Parole Wolfenbuttle. Countersigns Wales, Wales.
The Honorable the Congress having appointed Henry Rutgers junr. and Azariah Horton Esquires, Deputy Commissaries General of Musters they are to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 15, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your favours of the 7th and 9th.
It is infinitely to be lamented that the Clothier's department still remains on so undecided and precarious a footing. The Board's observations on the present expedient is evidently just. Our prospects for the future supply of cloathing from every thing that has come to my knowledge are truly deplorable.
I am happy in the measures pursuing to provide cannon. This isa point which cannot be pushed with too much vigour. We want them much every where. The having a sufficiency for the posts on the North River is of the greatest importance. The imperfect state of defence in which they have hitherto been has been an inconceivable clogg and incumbrance to our general operations and must continue to be so if not effectually remedied. An estimate of the quantity of ordnance necessary for them, made by General Du Portail was some time since delivered to Congress. I have not a copy; but if the original cannot be obtained, General du Portail will furnish a duplicate at the requisition of the Board.
From the consideration suggested by the Board we had better at present content ourselves with carbines for the cavalry.
With respect to the proposition for a division of the German batalion; The Board will find my sentiments contained in the inclosed extract of a letter of the 8th to Governor Johnson. The inconveniences, as to an interference of rank, pointed out there relatively to the Maryland line, would in part apply to the Pensylvania. The dissolving of some corps and incorporating them with others cannot at this time be safely carried further than it has been. The officers begin to be a little sore upon the subject, and to think that they hold their commissions on too cheap and uncertain a tenure. We must be cautious therefore how we extend the experiment too far; our constitution wants vigor, and in many cases palliatives rather than disagreeable remedies are to be used.
The same objection stands against the reduction of the cavalry. But as it is a very doubtful question whether the next campaign will, on the side of the enemy, be productive of very vigorous offensive operations; it may perhaps be adviseable to let the corps remain as they are, without going to the excessive expence of an augmentation. They would be extremely useful, if we could have them; but the saving expence in our circumstances is a capital object.
I coincide in opinion with the Board as to the impropriety of a partial supply of shoes and boots to a particular set of officers. Anything which may heretofore have been done in this way has been without my concurrence.
But I find in several instances by different means, that particular corps have been furnished out of the public stock. This gives a plea to others to expect the same, and being denied, it becomes a source of discontent. The perplexities to which I am exposed for want of a system in the Clothiers department and more ample and determinate provision for the officers are endless. While I am scrupulous of administring to their necessities without proper authority and am waking for some general rule to be established; liberties are taken by others of a partial operation, that serve to embarrass me, and give an air of too rigid exactness to my conduct. In this dilemma, I feel myself too delicately situated either to blame or imitate what is done, and can only lament that the remedy is delayed. I wish it were possible that something final and satisfactory could be adopted.
I have by a late regulation, divested the Brigadiers of the right of making contracts by exchanging hides for shoes and confined it wholly to the Commissary of hides. If some general arrangement for providing the officers cannot at once take place, I wish even a partial and temporary one could be made for supplying them with shoes and boots and putting the whole upon an equal footing. This I submit to the Board.
I think with the Board it will be best that the soldiers from the Maryland line employed in the factory at Newark, should return to their corps. This factory was instituted when we were in peculiar distress for want of the article of shoes. I am sorry however, that the present state of our numbers, or our prospects of future reinforcements, do not in my judgment, authorize a diminution of our force for establishing the factories proposed in Pensylvania and Connecticut. I should hope there is not an absolute necessity for it, and that the army may be supplied otherwise, especially by contracts in the way of barter, giving raw hides for shoes. The numerous demands upon the line for purposes that cannot be dispensed with make it altogether inexpedient to increase them by any other, that can possibly be avoided. I have the honor, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 15, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed you have the Commission of Major Howell11 of the 2d. New Jersey Regt. who resigned the 7th instant. Be pleased to fill up the vacancy with the eldest Captain in the line and send forward the Commission. The Captain Lieutenat of the Regiment from which the Captain is taken to succeed Major Howell will be entitled to a Company, be pleased also to make out and send a Commission for him, one for the Officer succeeding to the Capt. Lieutenancy and one for the Ensign to be promoted to a Lieutenancy, in consequence of the above.
[Note 11: Maj. Richard Howell. Washington wrote him this same day (April 15): "When an officer determines on leaving the service, it is to be supposed that it is done on substantial motives; and that no others could possibly induce him to lay down his commission...." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Lieut. Colo. Grosvenor's12 (of Connecticut) Commission is to be dated 13th March 1778 and Lieut. Colo. Johnsons13 the 15th April 1778.
[Note 12: Lieut. Col. Thomas Grosvenor, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; was made lieutenant colonel commandant in May, 1782; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. Jonathan Johnson, of the First Connecticut Regiment. (Heitman gives his lieutenant colonelcy rank as from May 25, 1778.) He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
The arrangement of the 2d Connecticut Regiment is not yet compleated. I am, &c
P.S. I return you the Commissions of six Ensigns of the 11th Virginia Regt. to be amended, they all having the Rank of 2d Lieuts. Instead of the word such after the words to take rank as, insert Second Lieutenant and the Comms. will be sufficient. I also inclose the Commn. of Ensign John Eppes Scott,14 resigned 13th Decemr. 1778.15
[Note 14: Of the Eleventh Regiment.]
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and is addressed to Peter Scull, secretary to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 15, 1779.
Sir: I herewith transmit you a copy of the arrangement of the field officers and captains, in the Maryland line, as settled by the board of General officers, ordered the 8th. instant for that purpose. You will also receive their report containing the reasons on which it is founded. The inconveniences and confusion we have felt, from the undecided state of rank makes it necessary to conclude on something final. As the power of doing this has been lodged with me; and as I can foresee no good from keeping the disputes longer open, and confiding in the equity of the determination of the board of officers, I am led fully to concur with and approve of their arrangement. You will therefore communicate the arrangement and report to the line with my approbation of both. And in order that the relative rank and promotions of the subalterns may be also completed you will be pleased to appoint a committee of field officers to settle the same agreeable to the last paragraph of the report.
If any of the papers in my hands can afford assistance, you will call for them for the committee.
I would just remark, that should any officer still suppose himself aggrieved, in the present disposition of rank, I can only regret (after having taken every possible measure, to reconcile and adjust differing claims) that there are no general principles whatsoever capable of giving universal satisfaction. But those Gentlemen who may be disappointed, will, I flatter myself, on further considering the subject, the resolves of the assembly and the sentiments by which we have been guided on this occasion, rest satisfied that every thing has been done and every claim decided in the manner most agreeable to justice. I am, etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On April 15 Washington wrote a brief note to the President of Congress, inclosing New York newspapers "of the 10th, 12th and 13th instant. In that of the 10th you will find a political piece of very singular complexion." Rivington's Royal Gazette of April 10 contains two "political" pieces that could be considered of "very singular complexion." One on "The Character and Conduct of Lord North and the Minority fairly Contrasted "; and one taken from the Connecticut Journal of March 17 in the shape of a communication from "A Friend to his Country, to Equity and Justice," which is a criticism of the efforts of Congress to establish the metallic value of the Continental dollar, and describes an experience in endeavoring to collect a debt.
Also on this same day (April 15) Washington wrote to Capt. John Francis Mercer, then aide to Gen. Charles Lee: "Your letter was handed me yesterday, requesting my concurrence m your resignation. I am sorry to find that you are determined upon leaving the service...." (This letter is in the Washington Papers.) The resignation appears to have been accepted about the end of May. Mercer afterward served as lieutenant colonel of Virginia Militia from October, 1780, to November, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 7th. instant, inclosing three different Arrangements of the 2nd. Connecticut Regt., which vary so materially from each other and from that sent forward by the Committee of arrangement, that I cannot think either of them sufficiently settled, to transmit to the Board of War, that Commissions may be issued. The whole difficulty seems to arise upon the appointment of Lieut. Walcot17 to his proper Rank as Captain, in consequence of which the former youngest Captain is to be reduced to Captain Lieut. and here the dispute lays between Capt. Ten Eyck18 and Capt. Alden.19 In the arrangement made by the Committee Capt. Ten Eycks Commission bears date the 13th. of May 1778 and Capt. Aldens the 1st. June 1778. In arrangement No. 1 made by the Field Officers the dates are reversed; in No. 2 they again agree with the Committee. In No. 3 Capt. Alden is left entirely out.
[Note 17: Lieut. Erastus Wolcott. He had been taken prisoner in July, 1777, and recently exchanged. His rank as captain was settled as dating from May, 1777; was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783]
[Note 18: Capt. Henry Ten Eyck. He was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 19: Capt. Roger Alden. He was given rank from September, 1779.]
The Rank of Lieut. Taylor20 is also differently settled in each of the three Arrangements made by the Field Officers. He is not included by the Committee of Arrangement, and I should be glad to be informed how he comes to be introduced into the Regt. now.
[Note 20: Lieut. Timothy Taylor. He was ranked from September, 1777; transferred to the Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; captain in the Third Connecticut Regiment in December, 1781; transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January 1783; served to November, 1783.]
The best method that I can devise for doing strict justice to all parties, is for General Parsons, you, and some of the Field Officers, not connected with the Regiment, to take the matter up, and report such an arrangement to me as shall be agreeable to the principles established for the settlement of Rank, and where you deviate from the arrangement made by the Committee, mention the Reasons. I am of opinion Col. Butler's21
[Note 21: Col. Zebulon Butler. He was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.] promotion must take place from the time of Colo. Mead's22 resignation.
[Note 22: Lieut. Col. Matthew Mead, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He had resigned in May, 1778.]
As you have been under a necessity of reducing the Ration of Flour I would have you increase the Ration of Meat and other Articles in proportion rather than pay the difference in Money. This is conformable to a late Resolve of Congress, and will be more really advantageous to the Soldier than money, as he can more readily exchange his overplus in meat for Vegetables and other produce, than purchase them. I return the Arrangements transmitted by you. I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 16, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed you have the Confessions of William Cole and William Welcher lately executed in Bergen County. I have transmitted them to you, that you may be upon your guard against the persons therein named. If any of them should be found lurking about your Quarters, apprehend them and deliver them immediately to the Civil authority; or if you should be called upon by either of the Governors or the Magistrates of New York or New Jersey to assist them in securing any of the people mentioned by Cole and Welcher, be pleased to furnish the aid required. I would not have you move in the matter without you are called upon by the Civil authority, because you may interfere with some plan that may be laid for the general apprehension of this knot of Villains. You will pay particular attention to the information of the communication carried on between the Country and New York by way of Garlick's House24 near Fort Lee.
[Note 24: John(?) Garlick, who was imprisoned at one time in Tappan jail.]
I would recommend to you to be more than commonly vigilant, as I have lately received advice that the enemy have lately been endeavouring to make themselves acquainted with the situation of our detached posts, undoubtedly with an intent to attempt surprises upon them.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 17, 1779.
Sir: Immediately upon receipt of this letter, you will set about puting your division in the most perfect readiness to march by the 10th. of May ensuing. The officers will disencumber themselves of all heavy baggage, retaining only such as may be indispensibly necessary. In the intermediate time all such stores as are of consequence or that cannot remain at Danbury without a guard, you will have removed to Fishkill. You will make me an exact return of the arms and accoutrements wanting in the division, that I may order an immediate supply to be drawn at Springfield. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: It is determined, that the force, which is to move by way of the Mohawk River, upon the intended Expedition, shall rendezvous at Conojoharie by the 10th of May. This will oblige me to call off the detachments from General Clintons Brigade which are now at Saratogha, Lake George and some other places upon your northern Frontier. Warners Regiment will remain, but by a Letter which I received from General Schuyler dated the 3d instant he seems apprehensive that the northern frontier will be very much exposed, while we are acting to the Westward, except a greater force is kept up in that quarter. From our situation in respect to numbers, no regular force except Warner's can be spared for that Service, and I must therefore request that you will order such a disposition of Militia to be made, as will afford the necessary security. Genl. Schuyler can better inform you than I can of the numbers requisite for this purpose and of the places at which they should be stationed.
You will oblige me by issuing orders for the Militia to relieve the Northern posts as speedily as possible, as I would wish the troops, in garrison at them, to be at Conojohara punctually by the 10th of May. I have the honor, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 17, 1779.
Sir: I shall be under the necessity of drawing away a part of the troops now under your command to be employed elsewhere. You will therefore be pleased to direct General Glover's Brigade to hold itself in readiness to march at the shortest notice. I hope the powerful aids of Militia, which you may call in on any emergency, in conjunction with the force still remaining and the 1500 troops to be raised by a late act of the State of Rhode Island, will secure you from experiencing any ill effects from this diminution, and enable you to cover the principal points which require attention.28 I am, etc.29
[Note 28: The draft, which is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, reads: "As you are also apprised of it in time, you can apply for such succour from the neighbouring States as you deem essential; in doing which I have no doubt you will pay proper attention to the scantiness of our supplies and the dictates of oeconomy."]
[Note 29: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, April 17, 1779.
Sir: In Septr. 1776 amidst the distresses we experienced in removing the Army from the City of New York (for want of Teams to transport the Stores &c.) Majr. Gibbs put a valuable riding horse of his to one of my Baggage Waggons in which Service he received a hurt of which I am told he died within the space of a few days; this being the case he has a just claim on the public for another, and I have to request that you will furnish him accordingly. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 17, 1779.
Sir: I am favoured with yours of the 6th. I am glad that the Council have come to a resolution, which will enable you to proceed; and I hope you may receive every aid necessary to execute the business with satisfaction and dispatch.30
[Note 30: Then in Philadelphia engaged upon the defense fortifications of that city.]
It is agreeable to me that you retain such of the Gentlemen, as you think proper to assist you in your operations. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, April 17, 1779.
Parole Killevan. Countersigns Kerry, Kells.
The officers are requested to lose no time in preparing for the field, that they may be ready to leave their present quarters at the shortest notice. The Quarter Master General as far as it is in his Power will supply those with Portmanteaus who have not been furnished heretofore; and those who are or shall be provided are on no account to carry chests or boxes into the field. The Portmanteaus are given by the public to supersede the use of such cumbersome articles, in order to contract the baggage of the Army and lessen the number of Waggons which, besides the saving of expence, is attended with many obvious and most important military advantages.
The General also thinks it necessary to give explicit notice in time, that with a view to having the Army as little incumbered as possible in all its movements, and to prevent burthening the public and the farmer more than cannot be avoided on the score of forage, No officers whose duty does not really require them to be on horseback will be permitted to keep horses with the Army. Sensible of the force of good examples on the minds of the soldiery, it ought to be the pride of an officer to share the fatigue as well as danger to which his men are exposed. On foot marching by their sides, by sharing he will lessen every inconvenience and excite in them a spirit of patience and perseverence. Inability alone can justify a deviation from this necessary practice.
The General strongly recommends it to the officers to divest themselves as much as possible of every thing superfluous, taking to the field only what is essential for decency and comfort. Such as have not particular friends within reach, to whose care they would choose to confide their spare baggage will apply to the Quarter Master General who will appoint a place for its reception, and furnish the means of transportation. The commanding officers of divisions, brigades, and regiments will pay particular attention to the strict observance of these orders.
The regimental Clothiers are to apply to the Clothier General or his Assistant in camp for thread, and the commanding WASHINGTON'S MEMORANDUM OF THE STRENGTH OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY IN THE SPRING OF 1779 officers of regiments will see that their mens clothes are repaired without loss of time. They will also have their men's arms thoroughly examined and put into the best order.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 17[--18], 1779.
Sir: Captn. Kearsly32 handed me your favor of the 15th. I am sorry to find. that the arrangement does not fully correspond with your opinion of the officers, who should have been retained in your regiment.
[Note 32: Capt. Samuel Kearsley, of Malcom's Regiment. He was omitted, and resigned in April, 1779.]
Col. Spencer intimates the same respecting his. But as changing the arrangements which have been made, in compliance with after representations, would open a door to a great deal of confusion, it is intended, that so far as they go they should be final. I shall however think myself justified, if any officers who are arranged in should choose to resign, and other good ones who are left out [not at their own request] should wish to continue, that these may be introduced in place of the former; and retained in service similar instances exist in Colonel Spencers Regiment. You will therefore, in conjunction with him, adopt from both corps into the new one, such officers, as answer the description here given, and on the condition here prescribed, to which a strict adherence is to be paid. When the arrangement of the new corps is completed on this principle, it is to be transmitted to me, under the joint certificate and signature of Col. Spencer and yourself to prevent all future disputes. This will be transmitted to the board of war and commissions issued accordingly.
The gentlemen who choose to resign are to be recommended with customary certificates of a settlement of accounts.
The resolve33 of Congress being express relative to the companies to join the 11th. Pennsylvania Regiment I cannot possibly continue Captn Kearsly with your corps. You will therefore give the necessary instructions for him to proceed to the regiment, when the Troops move to that quarter as it might not be altogether safe to move alone. Col. Spencer has signified, to me from the embarrassed state of his domestic concerns, a desire to discontinue his command, provided it can be done without any injury to the service; at the same time hinting, that you seem undecided with respect to your stay. As Colonel Spencers determination throws the matter entirely upon you I wish to know as soon and as explicitly as possible, your intention. Because if it is to retire however distressing it may be to his private affairs he will remain with the regiment.
[Note 33: Resolve of Dec. 16, 1778.]
The footing on which this is now placed will serve to relieve Congress from any difficulties, they might otherwise have experienced on the occasion. Major Prowel's34 letter35 you will be pleased to forward by express. I am, etc.
[Note 34: Maj. Joseph Prowell, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in June, 1779.]
[Note 35: Probably Washington's letter to Prowell, dated Apr. 9, 1779 (see note, p. 356).]
P: S: You will be pleased to execute the enclosed order to Col. Spencer.
April 18th. 1779. In addition to the above, I have to desire you on receipt of this letter, to move down your corps with Capt. Kearsleys company to Eastown. On your arrival there you will apply to the quarter master for such tools as may be necessary for the making or repairing roads. And proceed immediately to mending that which leads thro' the great swamp to Wyoming, putting it in the best possible condition for the transportation of artillery &ca. &ca. As we have no time to loose, I will depend on your utmost industry, and activity in completing the repairs and deficiencies in the road with as much expedition as the nature of the business will admit.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 18, 1779.
Sir: I was duly favored with your letter of yesterday. The six soldiers,37 who were of the party that have deserted, and which you have secured, should be immediately tried by a court martial. The circumstance of a plan to carry off the guard, besides the attempt to desert, is of itself sufficient to direct the most examplary punishment, to prevent offences of a like nature from gaining ground.
[Note 37: Names not given in Maxwell's letter, but they were stated to be of the Second New Jersey Regiment.]
The sooner too it is inflicted, the more forcible and permanent will be the effect, by connecting the punishment with the crime, while the latter is recent in the minds of the soldiers.
This spirit of desertion which of late has made its appearance in some extraordinary instances, seems to have its source in corruptions artfully introduced by the enemy. The officer therefore cannot be too watchful of the company with whom the soldier spends his time and the character of the houses, where he associates. It is to be presumed that from these he receives the promises or the gold which tempts him to desert.
An evil so alarming cannot be too seriously attended to. Strict discipline, frequent roll calls, an eye over those who may have been in foreign service, and now in ours, and to all strangers who under any pretence whatsoever mix with the soldiery. In short more than common care, or common precautions should be pratised on the present occasion to discover the encouragers and prevent its further operation. As soon as the court martial have given in their sentence, you will transmit it, that immediate and necessary measures may be taken, should there be capital convictions.
Inclosed you have the general orders of yesterday which you will see properly executed. You will upon receipt of this put your brigade in the most perfect condition to move at the shortest notice.
Gen: Thompson has obtained my permission to take into New York, six or eight barrels of flour; you will direct these from your commissary, and that it be regularly charged by the commissary of prisoners.
A Mrs. Mercer, in New York, whose husband is in our service, is desirous of seeing him, and has through General Thompson solicited my leave for this purpose. You will therefore, should she be permitted to come out, suffer her to proceed on her journey to the southward where her husband is. I am, etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 39: Of the Massachusetts Council.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 19, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of your letter of the 31st. Ultimo. Since the last general muster has been collected, a number of the soldier's times of inlistment have expired; were therefore, the digest to be made from this, it would exhibit an erroneous state of the men now in service. In order to obviate this, and the delay which would arise from waiting for another general return I have directed Major General Gates, Genl McDougal and Brig: Gen: Clinton (under whom all the Massachusetts troops now are) forthwith to transmit the Council an exact return, from the deputy muster masters attached to their respective commands.
I think it necessary to observe, to the Council that the detachments, which early in the campaign, must be drawn from the main army; added to its present reduced condition, will require the utmost exertions of the States to keep our force in any degree respectable. This I am persuaded will point out the propriety of hastening your troops into the field, by such measures, as shall appear best calculated, to obtain this purpose in the shortest time. And from the zeal and uniform endeavours you have heretofore shewn, I have every reason to hope a continuance of the same on the present occasion. I have the honor, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 19, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 14th. inst. I shall not fail to recommend to the Officer, who will command upon the Susquehannah, the cultivation of a good understanding between the settlers at Wyoming and the inhabitants of Northumberland County. Upon estimating the force necessary to be employed in the intended expedition, so as to give the most probable assurance of success, I find, that it will require more troops than can possibly be spared from the Continental Army, without weakening our main Body to that degree, that it will be ever liable to be insulted, if not materially injured by the Enemy, should they move out. I am therefore under the necessity of making application to the State of Pennsylvania for the aid of six hundred Militia, including the Companies of Rangers, to continue in service, three Month's from the 1st June if the laws or any power vested in the executive Council will authorize the calling them out for so long a time. They must come provided with Arms, as, from the exhausted State of the Continental Magazines, they cannot be supplied from thence. You will oblige me by letting me know as early as possible whether this demand can be complied with, fully in point of term of service, and if not, for the longest time that the Men may be depended upon. They are to rendezvous at Sunbury by the 10th of May.
I imagine the Western Militia will be called out upon this service. They are infinitely to be preferred on many accounts, but particularly from their being used to the Indian mode of War, which is apt to make very fatal impressions upon Men not acquainted with that kind of Enemy.
I would not presume to nominate the Officer who should take the command of this Body of Men, but I hope I shall stand excused when I mention Brig: Genl: Potter. From my knowledge of his Abilities, and his acquaintance with the kind of Service upon which these Men are to be employed, I should be very happy should the State think proper to confer the command upon him.
Upon the several hints given to me of the suspicions of Pattersons character I have taken measures to prevent him from being mischievous should he be so inclined, and I have desired that Colo. Cox may give him a caution against making a needless parade of the employ which he is in. He has nothing to do in the Quarter Master's department.
If I may be allowed to form any judgment, from the actual Returns and Reports of the Commissaries, of the quantity of Flour in the Middle department, I should suppose that the Army must be much distressed for the Article of Bread should such an exportation, as I imagine the State of Massachusetts will require, be allowed. If the quantity wanted to the Eastward is ascertained, the Commissary General can better determine whether any or what part of it can be spared without injury to the Service.
By a letter which I have received from Genl. McIntosh dated at Fort Pitt the 3d instant, I have the pleasure to find that he had returned to that place after having relieved Fort Laurens and thrown a proper supply of provision into it. He adds that he had found some of the Indian tribes more friendly than he expected. A cooperation by the troops at Fort Pitt and in that quarter not being deemed either very practicable or of much use, the Force at present there, will remain. This I hope, with the assistance of the Militia, should there be occasion, will cover your Western Frontier and that of Virginia. I have the Honor &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 19, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am to thank you for your two favours of the 3rd and 8th. with their inclosures. I am happy to find, that you agree with me in preferring the route by Susquehannah. In prosecuting the consideration of the Indian expedition and upon a still nearer view of our force and supplies, a doubt arises respecting the best manner of employing the troops now on the Northern frontier; whether to let them penetrate on the left flank of the enemy by way of the Mohock River or to make them form a junction by way of Otsege lake42 with the Main Body at Tioga, Oswegy or some other convenient place on the upper part of the Susquehannah.
[Note 42: The draft shows that "Cherry Valley" was first written and, later, changed to Otsego Lake.]
The arguments for operating on the first plan, are these: The troops going different ways will distract and perplex the enemy and keep awake different jealousies, and the body by the Mohock River will create an advantageous diversion in favour of the main body. It will also give cover and protection to the Northwestern frontier, against which, if the enemy find they are not able to oppose the advances of our main body, they may think it advisable to direct their force to retaliate the damage we are doing to their settlements. By advancing too, in different directions, into the Indian country, the business of destroying their settlements can be carried on with more expedition and efficacy.
On the other hand, it may be said, that by dividing our force we diminish the confidence with which our operations might otherwise be carried on, and expose either party to the greater danger of a defeat from the collective force of the enemy; that the body moving by the Mohock River must either move with so much caution as to afford less effectual aid to the main body, or by operating with greater boldness and celerity, must expose itself imminently to the hazard of being cut off, and that the distance the two bodies will be from each other and the obstacles to a free communication of intelligence, will make it infinitely difficult so to regulate their movements, as to produce a proper cooperation, which is essential to make the one useful to the other. The scarcity of provisions in the Northern district is an additional reason for carrying the expedition wholly by way of Susquehanna, where the necessary supplies can be most easily furnished, and the general expence of acting in one body will be less than that of acting in two different quarters. A further reason also may be this. I shall not be able, without risking the main army in a manner that could not be justified, to spare hence a sufficient number of Continental troops to compose the main body entirely; I have therefore called upon the State of Pennsylvania for an aid of 600 militia to be employed on the expedition. If she should not be able to furnish them, either the main body must be weaker than could be wished, or it must be strengthened by the addition of the troops from the Northward.
By the inclosed letter to General Clinton left open for your perusal, you will perceive that I have directed him to have the several corps mentioned therein held in readiness to assemble by the 12th. of May at Conajoharie, with a sufficient number of batteaus and carriages for their transportation; also to have a large supply of provisions, laid up at Fort Schuyler, either for the use of these troops, should they move by the Mohock River or should they go the other way, for the more effectual support of the garrison of Fort Schuyler. You will see what further directions, I have given him, and that I have referred him to you for advice and assistance. The rendezvous at Conajoharrie will point both ways.
I shall be much obliged to you for your opinion on the two plans I have suggested. I really find myself in a good deal of hesitation which to prefer.
You will observe that agreeable to your ideas for the security of the Northern frontier I have applied to Governor Clinton for a body of militia, to relieve the detachments on Hudsons River.
I have no map of the kind you mention, and shall thank you for the one you so obligingly offer. Permit me to assure you, My Dear Sir, that I extremely regret that your continuance in the army still remains undecided. It will afford me the truest pleasure if your affair should ultimately take such a turn as will enable me to avail myself of your assistance and the public to derive the benefit of your future services in the field. With the greatest esteem etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
Haldimand wrote to Sir Henry Clinton (May 26, 1779): "I have received various Intelligence from Still-Water and Albany, about the progress made by the Rebels in building Vessels and Bateaux.... The Regular British Troops who scarce exceed sixteen hundred (from Lake Ontario downward) fit for duty, I am obliged to divide, and subdivide m my advance Posts, so that, on the greatest emergency, I could not assemble more than one thousand effective Men.... Sir John Johnson's Regiment, tho' a useful Corps with the Ax, are not altogether to be depended on with the Firelock. The German Troops who are most numerous are only the Refuse of those who accompanied Genl. Burgoyne except the Regiment of Anhalt Zerbst, and a part of the Nassau Chassuers, and even these, as well as the others are both by Nature and Education totally unfit for an American War.... and have in some degree imbibed the Principles of the Inhabitants, which has of late been conspicuous, in repeated desertions from the most secure Cantonments in the Province."-- British Additional Manuscripts, 21807, fol. 41, British Museum, London.]
[Note 44: In Connecticut.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 19, 1779.
Sir: On examining the return from Peekskill of General Poors brigade, which was some time since directed to that place, I was surprised to find that only 457 rank and file had arrived. You will immediately on receipt of this letter, give express and positive orders for all such as remain, however employed, to join their respective regiments without further delay. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 19, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of this day containing a representation on the subject of Waggoners. It will be impossible, in the reduced state of the army, that the number required can be furnished by drafts from the line. No alternative therefore remains but to engage them otherwise in the best manner and on the best terms you can; and as the time presses, on account of the early movement of the army which is intended, not a moment is to be lost in setting about it. As you are going to Philadelphia, when you arrive there, you can report to Congress or the Board of war, the measures you are taking and the necessity that dictated them and receive their further directions. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 19, 1779.
Sir: I have just received a letter of which the inclosed is a copy from the honorable the president of the State of Massachusets, requiring authenticated musters of their fifteen batallions, to be laid before the assembly at the next session, to enable them to know and supply the deficiency. You will be pleased therefore forthwith to have such musters made of that part of the Massachusetts troops, which is under your command, and transmitted to the president. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[N. Y. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 19, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received the favour of your two letters of the 6th. and 15th. with the papers inclosed. I am glad to find it is your opinion that from the present state of the works at the fort the enemy will not make his attack on the West side. I wish it were more in our power to provide against the danger you mention from the opposite point than it is; our prospect of heavy cannon is very unpromising, though my great desire, to disembarrass our future general operations, by putting the North river defences in a respectable state, has kept my attention awake to this article, and has produced repeated and urgent applications on my part, towards procuring a supply. I do not recollect any intimation of yours respecting cannon at Boston subject to my disposal, except that which was taken in the Somerset and to this I gave you an answer in my letter of the 9th. of february, informing you that it had been applied for, and refused by the state of Massachusets. The general returns of ordnance I have received from the Board of War make no mention of any cannon at Boston; but upon the strength of your present hint, I have written to General Knox, to enquire particularly if he has any knowledge of such cannon. The Board of war have lately contracted with a Mr Hughes of Frederick County in Maryland, for a considerable number, part of which are intended for the Highlands; but this will be a long time producing the necessary supply. A few are already made and are to be brought on as quick a possible to those posts.
The military chest at this place is entirely empty, we momently expect a reinforcement; when it arrives I shall endeavor to forward a part to you.
The late resolution of Congress calling upon the several states to complete their batalions precludes the measure recommended by Col. Putnam, unless the mode should be adopted by the State. I enclose you the copy of a letter I have just received from the President of the council of Massachusetts, requiring "authenticated returns of the respective numbers of the 15 batalions raised in that state." You will be pleased to direct your commissary of musters forthwith to provide returns of that part which is under your command as particular and complete as possible, which you will transmit, without delay to the President.
The favourable report you make of Col. Gouvion gives me pleasure. He is gone on to Philadelphia, and will rejoin you, as soon as he has answered the purpose of his journey.
I inclose a letter for General Putnam, which I request you to forward. It directs that every man of Poor's brigade however employed may be immediateately sent to join it. It is my wish to have the whole Brigade collected, every absent officer and man drawn in and held in readiness to march at the shortest notice. When the season is a little more advanced perhaps by the 10th. of next month, I mean to detach it on a particular service; but before it marches I expect to furnish you with other succours in its place. You will be pleased to take measures agreeable to this intention. With great esteem etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 19, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letters of the 8th. and 16th. instant.
In cases of resignation the officer is to transmit me a proper certificate of his having settled all regimental or public accounts; accompanied with his commission; which latter will be returned him (if an old commission), with his resignation indorsed. I would observe on that of the 8th. that the security of our army and that of the North river are two objects of which we ought not to lose sight; as an accident to either might prove of the highest injury. The general state of our force at present, makes the greatest caution necessary how we divide it still more or detach any part of it out of supporting distance of the rest. I am ardently desirous to give protection to every part of the country, but this cannot be done at the risque of more essential objects; and we must often lament the inconveniences we cannot prevent. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 19, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 8th. instant. I have furnished Genl. Knox with the Return of deficiences of Military Stores to the Northward and he will send up a supply.
In examining the regimental arrangements which you have transmitted to me, I observe that the dates of some Officers Commissions differ very much from those in the arrangement made by the Committee at White plains, and some Officers are introduced whose names were not in that arrangement. I have particularized them in the inclosed called "remarks upon the arrangements" and must desire you to inform me, before I transmit the Rolls to the Board to have Commissions issued, the reasons of such Alterations. The State arrangement of Colo. Dubois's Regiment differs almost totally from that made by the Committee. But if the former has been acted under, since the Regiment was first commissioned, it ought to be preferred, more especially as the State had a right upon raising the Regiment, to arrange the Officers as they pleased. Those who were discontented should not have accepted at the time. I have returned the arrangement of that Regt. to you, that you may make the necessary enquiry and report to me upon it. Altho' Lt. Colo. Regnier was, in the arrangement transmitted to you, called Lt. Colo. Commandant of the Regt. late Livingstons it was a mistake. Lieut. Colo. Weissenfelds, who appears to be the eldest of that Rank, will be appointed, and Lt. Colo. Regnier will take his place in Cortland. This cannot possibly give any disgust to Colo. Regnier whose rank in the line of the State was fully settled at Valley Forge.
It is determined that Gansevoorts, late Livingstons Dubois's, Aldens and Butlers Regiments shall be held in every respect ready to assemble at Conojohare by the 12th. of May. I have requested Governor Clinton to furnish immediately a sufficient number of Militia to relieve any detachments from those Corps, who may be upon the North River, and the moment they are relieved they are to join their respective Regiments. All Officers and men upon furlough are to be called in. You some time ago mentioned, that you had sent to 100 Men over to Haverhill50 at the request of General Bayley. If they have not been already recalled it may be done, as Hazens Regiment has been sent up to Coos.
[Note 50: Grafton County, N. H.]
That you may the more fully comprehend me, I shall inform you of the reasons of the rendezvous at Conojohare, but I must depend on your keeping it a most profound secret.
It has not been yet determined whether the Regiments before mentioned (Van Schaick's at all events will garrison Fort Schuyler) are to proceed up the Mohawk River and enter the Indian Country by that Route, or whether they shall cross suddenly over to the Waters of Susquehanna and falling down that River, form a junction with our main Body at Tioga, Owegy, or whatever place shall be deemed most advisable. To be prepared to carry this into execution, a number of Batteaus, sufficient to transport the above mentioned Regiments, [and of the lightest kind] are to be, without loss of time, collected at Conojohare, and the Quarter Master General directed to take measures to have carriages ready for the conveyance of them to the head of Susquehannah should there be occasion. You are to order the Quarter Master and Commissary immediately to lay in as large a supply of provision as they possibly can at Fort Schuyler. This will be necessary, should it be finally determined to remove the troops up the River in preference to Susquehannah, or it will at any rate form an ample Magazine for the support of the Garrison. The collection of provision at that post will also hold up the appearance of operating from that quarter, altho' we may really have no such intent.
The Batteaus may immediately be drawn together at Conojohare and a suitable Magazine formed there; The troops which I have mentioned may all I should suppose reach Conojohare from their present cantonements in a few days. They need not therefore move untill you hear further from me. But as I have before directed, they are to be ready to march at a moment's warning.
If you can contract for any number of Shoes to be delivered before you, march, be pleased to do it, and carry them with you, as I fear we shall fall short in this Article.
The Council of Massachusetts have called for authenticated Musters of their 15 Battalions, that they may ascertain the deficiency of their Quota. You will therefore be pleased to direct the Deputy Commissary of Musters to transmit a certified Muster Roll of Aldens Regiment to the President of the Council at Boston.
I have requested General Schuyler to favor you with his advice and assistance in carrying, the matters recommended, into execution, which I am persuaded he will do with the greatest cheerfulness.
Make me a Return of the light Cloathing that will be wanting for the troops that I may endeavour to have it sent up for them. I am, etc.
P.S. I have directed Lt. Colo. Weissenfelds to take the command of Livingstons Regt. as Lt. Colonel Commandant, be pleased to order Lt. Col. Regnier to join Cortlands.51
[Note 51: The draft is m the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 19, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have directed Colo. Malcom to move down to Easton with his Regt. and open and repair the Road from thence across to Wyoming, but as his force is too weak to make the necessary progress, I must desire you to move immediately down with your Regiment also, and assist him in the execution of the Work. I have lately in a general Order directed the Officers to divest themselves of all superfluous Baggage, and as your Regiment will probably go upon Service very soon, I would recommend it to you to leave whatever will not be absolutely necessary for the Campaign at the place of your present cantonment, with directions to be removed from thence to such places as the owners may choose. I am, etc.
P.S. Your Regiment will not return again from Wyoming but will proceed upon the operations of the Campaign from thence. Lieut. Colo. Weissenfelds will succeed to the Regt. late Livingstons with the Rank of Lt. Colonel Commandant and Lt. Colo. Regnier will join yours. Be pleased therefore to direct Colo. Weissenfelds to join the other and I will order Lt. Colo. Regnier down to you.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 53: Deputy Commissary General of Issues at Albany.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 19, 1779.
Sir: In your letter of the 24th. ultimo, you desire my opinion on the expediency of altering the present form of your returns. I would observe on this subject, that, provided it is the form directed by your instructions, it can only with propriety, be set aside, and another substituted in its room, by that power which prescribed it.54 I am, etc.55
[Note 54: Congress had established the commissary regulations on June 10. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 10, 1777.)]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of--.56 I have, in obedience to the Resolve of Congress, ordered a Court Martial to sit at this place on the 1st. May, to try you on the 1st. 2nd. 3rd. and 5th. Charges exhibited against you by the Council of the State of Pennsylvania.
[Note 56: Arnold's letter, in the Washington Papers, is merely dated April. It has been assigned to April 18 in those papers, and contains, as an inclosure, the report of the committee of Congress on Arnold's case. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Mar. 17, 1779).]
It would have given me great pleasure to have indulged you with a Court at Philada. but such is the weak state of the line in respect to General and Field Officers, that it would have been impossible without intirely divesting the Army of Officers of that Rank. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 58: Commissary General of Purchases of the Continental Army, stationed at Hartford, Conn.]
[Note 59: Assistant Commissary General of Purchases, stationed at Raritan, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 20, 1779.
Sir: Since my orders of the 2nd. March, directing the establishment of Magazines of provisions upon the Susquehannah for three thousand Men, I find there is a probability that the number may be encreased to four thousand five hundred. I therefore desire that you may take the most speedy measures to inform Colo. Blaine, or whoever may have the superintendance of the formation of those magazines, of this increase.
This additional quantity to be, if possible, procured by the time that the first was ordered to be ready. I am exceedingly anxious to know what forwardness the Susquehannah Magazines are in, and if you have not lately recd. Returns from thence, I must desire you to send an Express immediately, who may carry this additional order, and bring back the Return of what is actually deposited upon the River, and what will certainly be there by the stipulated time. I again request you to make me as accurate a monthly Return or Report as you possibly can of the Quantities of provision in the hands of your respective deputies, specifying the places of deposit. You may also by way of remark, furnish me with an account of what their different prospects may be, in their several districts. I am, etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 61: The draft is indorsed "in his absence from Boston to Otis & Henley."]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 20, 1779.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 30th. March. What I have principally in command at present is to desire you to forward on to Fishkill with the greatest expedition all the Shirts, Overalls, Hunting Shirts, Shoes and Stockings that are either at Boston, Springfield or any other place to the Eastward. The above Articles are much wanted just now and as they are the only kind that will be in demand, between this and the fall, I must request, that the transportation of every other kind may be postponed untill they are forwarded. Be pleased to give your deputy at Fishkill orders to inform me when any quantities of the above Articles arrive there, that I may know how to order a proper disposition of them. I have directed this to Messrs. Otis and Henly in case you should have left Boston and desire that they will follow the above directions should that have happened. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 20, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have, in obedience to a Resolve of Congress of the 3d instant, directed a Court Martial to be held at this Camp on the 1st. May next for the trial of Major General Arnold on the 1st. 2d. 3d & 5th Charges exhibited against him by the supreme executive Council of the State of Pennsylvania.
You will therefore be pleased to furnish the Court at the above time with the proper evidences in support of the Charges. I have the honor, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 20, 1779.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 12th Instant with the several Resolves of Congress referred to, inclosed, to which I shall pay due attention and obedience. I have appointed the 1st May for the Court Martial to sit for the trial of Major General Arnold, of which I have given notice to the President and Council of the State of Pennsylvania and to the General. I have the honor, etc.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: Since my last letter, and upon a further consideration of the subject, I have relinquished the idea of attempting a cooperation between the troops at Fort Pitt and the bodies moving from other quarters against the six nations. The difficulty of providing supplies in time, a want of satisfactory information of the routes and nature of the country up the Alleghany [and between that and the Indian Settlemts.] and consequently the uncertainty of being able to cooperate to advantage and the hazard which the smaller party might run, for want of a cooperation are principal motives for declining of it. The danger to which the frontier would be exposed, by drawing off the troops from their present position, from the incursions of the more western tribes, is an additional though a less powerful reason. The post at Tuscarowas is therefore to be preserved. [If under a full consideration of circumstances it is judged a post of importance and can be maintained without tuning too great]65 risk and the troops in general under your command, disposed in the manner best calculated to cover and protect the country on a defensive plan.
[Note 65: Washington wrote "a hazard," but Hamilton altered this to "risk."]
As it is my wish however, as soon as it may be in our power to chastize the Western savages by an expedition into their country; you will employ yourself in the mean time in making preparation and forming magazines [of Provisions] for the purpose. If the expedition against the six nations is successfully fully ended,66 a part of the troops employed in this, will probably be sent, in conjunction with those under you to carry on another that way. You will endeavour to obtain in the mean
[Note 66: The draft has "and in season" stricken out.] time, and transmit to me every kind of intelligence which will be necessary to direct our operations, as precise, full and authentic as possible. Among other points, you will try to ascertain67 [the most favourable Season for an enterprize against Detroit. The Frozen season68 in the opinion of most is the only one,69 in which any capital stroke can be given, as the enemy70 can derive no benefit from their Shipping which must either be destroyed or fall into our hands.] I am, etc.71
[Note 67: At this point the following, in the writing of Washington, has been stricken out: "from the best information you can obtain."]
[Note 68: Washington had written "Frozen weather," which Hamilton changed as above.]
[Note 69: Hamilton altered this from "being the only season."]
[Note 70: Hamilton here changed Washington's diction from "they" to "the enemy."]
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 21, 1779.
Sir: In order that I may be regularly ascertained of the State and quantity of provision and stores in your department, you will make me monthly returns of all under this description; comprehending, where deposited, the specific kind, and quantity of each. You will also furnish monthly returns of all the issues as usual. I have further to desire that you will give orders to the issuing commissary to the troops in camp, to send me weekly returns, similar to the former, of the several articles of provision and stores in his hands.
I shall expect these returns, uniformly, and as complete as the nature of the thing will admit; for which purpose you will take such measures as may appear necessary.
[As the daily issues of Provisions exceed, considerably, the total number of the Troops in this Camp, I wish to know on what days, in what manner, and by whose Orders the Provisions are drawn, especially for the use of the Artificers, Wagoners, and various staff.] You will be pleased to add the number of rations issued to the women in camp. I am, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, April 21, 1779.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Norden, Nyburg.
At a General Court Martial of the line held at Fort Pitt the 1st. of January, 1779, by order of Brigadier General McIntosh, Mr. Archibald Steel, Deputy Quarter Master General, was tried.
1st, "For neglect of duty; 2ndly, Incapacity for his office; 3rdly, The delaying the transporting provisions and other stores for the expedition until it was too late;73 4thly, Spending the time which should be employed for the public upon his private concerns; 5thly, Embezzling and suffering others to embezzle the public property; 6th, Repeated disobedience and contempt of orders; 7th, Insulting the commanding officers."
[Note 73: A projected expedition against Detroit.]
The Court do unanimously acquit Colonel Steel of each and every of the charges made against him by General McIntosh; and although it is fully proven and Colonel Steel acknowledges that he did not, nor could not, transport the flour &c. over the mountain, which was purchased by Colonel Morgan, yet the court are satisfied on the most mature consideration that the general distresses of our country, Colonel Steel's want of money and other causes mentioned by different evidences have been the occasion thereof.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Colonel Steel is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, April 22, 1779.
Parole Granicus. Countersigns Gray, Gor.
At the General Court Martial whereof Lieutt. Colo. Harmar is President, David Essex of the 6th. Virginia Regiment was on the 14th. instant tried for, "Letting four prisoners escape out of the Guard House" and acquitted. The General approves the sentence of Acquittal and orders said Essex reliev'd from confinement.
At the same Court, Daniel Daily of the 4th. Regimt. of Light Dragoons was tried for, "Desertion," found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, but on account of circumstances the Court are induced to unanimously recommend him to His Excellency, the Commander in Chief's clemency. The General approves the sentence but in compliance with the above recommendation is pleased to pardon said Daily and order him released from confinement.
William Zimmerman, Serjeant; Linch Gray, Private; Thomas Barney, Private; Joseph Garthon, Private; Richard Fisher, Farrier; Philip Lankford, Private; and John Garner, Private, all belonging to the 4th. Regiment of Light Dragoons, were tried at the same Court for "Commiting sundry robberies on the good people of the United States." The court having considered the whole matter are of opinion that Serjeant Zimmerman is guilty of robbing a house in the State of New Jersey, of money, in company with others and sentence him to be reduced to the ranks and to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back. They find Linch Gray guilty of a like crime and sentence him to receive the same punishment. They are of opinion that Joseph Garthon is guilty of robbing two houses one in the State of New York and the other in the State of Pennsylvania in company with others of money, and sentence him to receive two hundred lashes on his bare back, one hundred for each crime. They find Richard Fisher guilty of robbing a house in the State of New Jersey, of money, in company with other persons and sentence him to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The Court are of opinion that Philip Lankford is guilty of robbing two houses in the State of New Jersey, of money and other articles, in company with others and sentence him to receive two hundred lashes on his bare back; one hundred for each crime. They also find John Garner guilty of the like crime and sentence him to receive the same punishment as Lankford; the aforesaid crimes being breaches of the 21st. Article 13th. section of the Articles of War.
The Commander in Chief confirms the forementioned sentences as far as one hundred lashes and orders them put in execution tomorrow morning 11 oClock.
At the same court Commissary Lewes was tried for "embezzling and selling public stores (without a proper order").
The Court are of opinion that the charge against Commissary Lewes is not supported and they do acquit him of it.
The General joins in opinion with the court, that the charge of embezzling and selling public stores without a proper order, is unsupported, but it appears clearly both from the testimony, and Mr. Lewes's own acknowledgment that he has purchased the rations of rum from the Artificers and sold them again for his own emolument and therefore in order to discourage this scandalous and pernicious kind of traffic, recommends that Mr. Lewes may be dismissed from his office.
At a division General Court Martial held in the Maryland line by order of Major General Baron DeKalb, Lieutenant Colonel Adams, President: Thomas Hall, of the 7th. Maryland Regiment, and James Tarrel74 of the 4th. were tried on the 15th. instant, "On suspicion of intended desertion" found guilty and sentenced to suffer Death. At the same Court, Henry McManus of the 6th. Maryland regiment was tried for, "Deserting to the enemy and attempting to carry off several soldiers with him." He claimed the benefit of the Commander in Chiefs Proclamation. The Court are unanimously of opinion that he is guilty of a breach of the 1st. Article 6th. section of the Articles of war and do sentence him to suffer Death.
[Note 74: The muster roll of Capt. Samuel Goodman's company (Fourth Maryland Regiment) gives this name as James Ferrel.]
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentences of death. Hall and Tarrel to the atrocious crime of attempted desertion added that of mutiny and McManus not only deserted himself but became a Pilot and Leader to others in the same crime, and was on a design of robbery when taken, therefore not intitled to the benefit of the Commander in Chiefs late proclamation: These men are to be hanged tomorrow morning 11 O'clock in the field near the new Provost at which time and place John Williams of the 1st. Maryland Regiment and Richard Hollowell of the 9th. Pennsylvania Regiment now under sentence of death are to be executed.
Grayson's, Gist's and Thruston's additional regiments are to be incorporated and for the present to be under the command of Colonel Gist.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 22, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The inclosed is a letter75 to you in your official character; this you will be pleased to receive as private and
[Note 75: See Washington's letter to Gov. William Livingston, Apr. 23, 1779, post.] confidential, to explain, for your own satisfaction the reasons which will oblige me to draw off Maxwells brigade from its present position and will prevent my replacing them by other troops.
I have for a long time past been preparing for a decisive expedition against the six nations, which is now approaching fast to the period fixed for its execution. The short term of service for which the militia can be drawn out by the laws of the different states concurring with other obvious reasons has determined me to employ on this service, almost wholly Continental troops. The force of the savages, with the aid they may derive from the British garrisons on the lakes, makes it necessary to give a sufficient probability of success to the undertaking, to detach so considerable a force from this quarter as will leave the main army rather in a delicate situation. To provide for its security as far as possible, I shall be under a necessity of keeping it in a collected state; and this will of course oblige me to afford less cover to the country, than has been done for some time past, 'till our numbers can be rendered more respectable, by the accession of the levies, which I hope will be raised in the different states towards completing their batalions. It is very disagreeable to me to throw any burthen upon the militia at this season of the year, but you will readily perceive my dear Sir, that it is not in my power to avoid it.
You will also perceivc that I mean to withdraw the Monmouth detachment. An additional motive for it is that the enemy appear to have a number of active emissaries in that part of the country who have been very successful in corrupting our men. An alarming spirit of mutiny and desertion has shown itself upon several occasions, and there is no saying how extensively the infection might spread.
Sensible as you will be of the importance of keeping our true situation a profound secret to the enemy, I am persuaded you will make a cautious use of what I now communicate. With very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favor duly handed me of the 25th. ultimo. Perfectly satisfied in your recommendation of Major Lyman77 I should not hesitate on the Propriety of serving him. But on considering the situation of those corps, attached to no one State; with the inexpediency of augmenting the number of their officers in the present circumstances of the army, and at a juncture when we have been obliged to enter on reductions in regiments which are provided for by the States to which they belong, I would therefore rather decline giving my opinion for any appointment of Lieutenant Colonel to Col. Armand's corps, at least at this moment of time.
[Note 77: Maj. Daniel Lyman, aide to Maj. Gen. William Heath.]
I would observe however, that the success of the corps may have in recruiting will in some measure determine the necessity of such an appointment. I am, etc.
P.S. If you have a copy of the officers names, and rank of the Convention troops, as delivered in on their arrival at Cambridge I will be obliged to you to have it transmitted.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. Heath forwarded the names, etc., of the Convention officers in his letter of May 8, but such list is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 22, 1779.
Sir: I received yesterday evening your letter of the 21st.
At this time I could have wished there had been no obstructions in the way of completing our Indian preparations. I would imagine however, that your personal representation to a committee of Congress, on the subject of your letter, will procure an immediate and necessary supply of money; which you think is the only thing wanted on the present occasion.
But should this application fail, and in order to prevent further delay, I enclose you a letter to Congress, with a blank date, pressing the supply. But I would not have this communicated unless your own application should not operate agreeable to the intention. I am, etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 22, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letters of the 20th., and that of today with the several papers to which they refer.
The information of the last is of a very interesting Nature. To have the knowledge of the embarkation of the troops and their destination early ascertained, as it is of so much consequence, will engage your strictest attention.80 You will transmit what further intelligence you gain on this subject.
[Note 80: Embarkation of British regiments at New York.]
I shall expect your Brigade in a state of the utmost preparations and in perfect readiness to march by or before the 10th. of next Month. I am, &c.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 22, 1779.
Whereas by my proclamation dated the 10th. day of last month, a Pardon was offered to all deserters from the army dispersed in the different parts of these States, who should join their respective corps by the first of May next; and Whereas from the shortness of the term limited for its operation, the offer of grace therein contained, has not had sufficient time to circulate as extensively as was necessary to answer fully the benevolent purpose for which it was designed, it is therefore thought proper to extend it to a further period; and I do hereby extend it accordingly to the first Day of July next.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 22, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favr. of the 13th. instant and those of Mr. Scull of the 13th, 15th and 19th. The number of Hunting shirts ordered to be made up by Otis and Henly will be fully sufficient, if they can be provided in time. I yesterday wrote to Boston and desired that they might be sent forward as fast as finished. Be pleased to direct Mr. Mease to send on to the Camp the ten thousand Overalls which he some little time ago mentioned as being ready, as also what Shirts and Blankets he may have upon hand. The troops destined for the Indian Expedition must be completed in the latter Article, as they will carry but few tents. It will be absolutely necessary that at least two spare pairs of Shoes pt. Man should be carried upon this expedition, and from the Returns of which I am possessed, the quantities in this Store and that at Fishkill are not more than sufficient, with the addition of occasional supplies to keep, the troops that will remain, shod. I must therefore request, that the Board will if possible have eight or ten thousand pair collected at Lancaster by the 10th of next Month. From thence they can be carried to Susque. hannah and transported up the River with the other Stores. If the above quantity cannot be certainly procured for that time, be pleased to say how many can be depended upon, and I will endeavour to procure the others from the Eastward.
I shall agreeable to your recommendation extend the term of the pardon to Deserters to a further day. I will transmit a Copy to the Board and shall be obliged by their circulating hand Bills besides publishing in the News papers.
Inclosed you have the Commissions of four Ensigns of the 1st No. Carolina Regt. who have the rank of 2d. Lieutnts. Be pleased to desire the Secretary to amend them. You have also the Commn. of Ensign Thellable83 of the 11th Virginia Regt. resigned 9th Novemr. 1778.
[Note 83: Ensign Robert Thellable (Thelable).]
There are upwards of one hundred Drums wanting in this part of the Army and I imagine a proportion in the remainder. I shall be obliged by having means taken to procure them if it is not already done, and forwarded as fast as finished. I have the honor etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp at Middle brook, April 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have just received your favor of the 30th. Ulto., which is the only letter I recollect to have had from you these many Months.
Thinking that Jack Custis and his Manager Posey, would have more leizure on their hands than might fall to your lot, I desired the former sometime ago to ease you of as much trouble as he could, on my Acct; but to advice with, and consult you in whatever he did relative to my business. As he has left that part of the Country I must request the favor of you to give Mr. Posey such directions as you think best for the completion of my affairs on York River. The inclosed letter to him (left open for your perusal) is to this effect. Davenports reason for not carrying the Tob. to the Warehouse is truly excellent; and yet if one had a mind to be illnatured it might be asked why he would prize Tobacco that he thought unfit for Market? He and Hill has, I believe divided the profits of my Estate on York River tolerably well betwn. them; for the devil of any thing do I get; but why need I dwell upon or trouble myself much about trifles, when to speak within bounds, ten thousand pounds will not compensate the losses I might have avoided by being at home, and attending a little to my own concerns. I am now receiving a Shilling in the pound in discharge of Bonds which ought to have been paid me, and would have been realized before I left Virginia, but for my indulgence to the debtors.
We have nothing new or important in this quarter except the imbarkation of Nine Regiments at New York; but for what service they are destined is uncertain, though generally believed to be for Georgia.
It is most devoutly to be wished that the several States would adopt some vigorous measures for the purpose of giving credit to the paper currency and punishment of speculators, forestallers and others who are preying upon the vitals of this great Country and putting every thing to the utmost hazard. Alas! what is virtue come to; what a miserable change has four years produced in the temper and dispositions of the Sons of America! It really shocks me to think of it!
My best respects and good wishes are offered to all our friends and with sincere truth I am, etc.85
[Note 85: An extract of what purports to be a letter from Washington to Rev. William Gordon (Apr. 22, 1779) is printed in the Magazine of American History, vol. 13, p. 489, as follows:
"To speak within bounds, ten thousand pounds will not compensate the loss I might have avoided by being at home, and attending a little to my own concerns, I am now receiving a shilling in the Found in discharge of bonds, which ought to have been paid me, and would have been realized before I left Virginia, but for my indulgence to the debtors. Alas! what is virtue come to, what a miserable change has four years produced in the tempers and dispositions of the sons of America! It really shocks me to think of it." A copy or draft of this letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
April 23, 1779.
Sir: You will oblige me by lending your aid to bring my business under the care of Mr. Hill and Davenport to a close. in doing this I wish you to be governed entirely by the advice and direction of Colo. Bassett.
I would have every thing belonging to me (and not taken by Mr. Custis) disposed of and the money remitted to Mr. Lund Washington for my use. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Middle brook, April 23, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed you have an extract of a letter this instant received from Genl. Maxwell at Elizabeth town; to what end the commotion he speaks of tends, is uncertain; but as the Army and our posts on the North River (for security of the communication between the Eastern and Southern States) are the only objects we can attend to without hazarding more than Military prudence will warrant. I cannot avoid calling your attention in pointed terms to my orders of the 17th. and 19th. Instr. In addition to which you are to cause one of the Brigades under your command to march immediately for the support of the Posts in the highlands if you shall receive information of the enemys imbarking Troops, or shall be called upon by Genl. McDougall in case the knowledge of this circumstance comes first to him.
Your holding the Troops under your command in the most perfect readiness to move by or before the 10th. of May, is a matter of so much importance that I cannot help again impressing the necessity of it strongly upon you. other movements depend upon it and a failure on your part disconcerts the whole. [Inclosed you have the Commissions of Lieut. Colonels Grosvenor and Johnson.]86 I am, &c.
[Note 86: The sentence in brackets is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: After reading the inclosed be pleased to seal and send it forward to Redding by Express. I have recd. another letter from General Maxwell of a later date than that inclosed to General Putnam, in which he says that seven of the nine Regts. were embarked with all their Baggage and the other two expected to embark immediately. The transports lye in the North River. I do not think, from the embarkation of Baggage and Stores and some other circumstances, that they have any intent of operating up the River; but I think it prudent to make you acquainted with all movements and appearances below. I am, &c.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 23, 1779.
Sir: Some operations of the army which are in contemplation, will oblige me before the 10th of next month to withdraw Gen: Maxwells brigade from its present position; and it will not be in my power to replace it by other troops. I shall also be obliged to recall the detachment from Monmouth.
I have thought it necessary to give your Excellency this early notice, that you may take such measures in consequence as you shall judge expedient to give security to those parts of the country which these troops are now posted to cover. With the greatest respect and esteem.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. (See Washington's letter to Gov. William Livingston, Apr. 22, 1779, ante.)]
Middle brook, April 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: In one of your former letters, you intimated, that a free communication of sentiments will not be displeasing to you. If under this sanction, I should step beyond the line you would wish to draw, and suggest ideas, or ask questions which are improper to be answered, you have only to pass them by, in silence. I wish you to be convinced, that I do not desire to pry into measures the knowledge of which is not necessary for my government as an executive officer, or the premature discovery of which, might be prejudicial to the plans in contemplation.
After premising this, I beg leave to ask, what are the reasons for keeping the Continental frigates in port? If it is because hands cannot be obtained to man them, on the present encouragement, some other plan ought to be adopted to make them useful. Had not Congress better lend them to Commanders of known bravery and capacity for a limited term, at the expiration of which, the vessels, if not taken or lost to revert to the States. They and their crews in the mean time enjoying the exclusive benefit of all captures they make, but acting either singly or conjointly under the direction of Congress? If this or a similar plan could be fallen upon, comprehending the whole number under some common head; a man of ability and authority, commissioned to act as Commodore or Admiral, I think great advantages would result from it. I am not sure but at this moment by such a collection of the naval force we have all the British armed vessels and transports at Georgia might be taken or destroyed and their troops ruined. Upon the present system, our ships are not only very expensive and totally useless in port; but some times require a Land force to protect them, as happened lately at New London.89
[Note 89: Jay answered (April 26): "While the maritime Affairs of the Continent continue under the Direction o~ a Committee they will be exposed to all the Consequences of Want of System Attention and Knowledge. The marine Committee consists of a Delegate from each State. It fluctuates; new Members constantly coming in and old ones going out. Three or four indeed have remained in it from the Beginning and have a proportionabl Influence, or more properly Interest in it. Very few of the Members understand even the State of our naval Affairs or have Time or Inclination to attend to them. But why is not this System changed? It is in my opinion convenient to the Family Compact. The commercial Committee is equally useless. A Proposition was made to appoint a commercial Agent for the States under certain Regulations. Opposition was made. The ostensible Reasons were various. The true Reason was its interference with a certain commercial Agent in Europe, and his Connections." Jay's letter is in the Washington Papers.
The "Family Compact" thus alluded to by Jay was the Lee coterie in the Continental Congress, whose influence would have been weakened by any interference with the European activities of William and Arthur Lee.]
The rumour of the camp is that Monsieur Gerard is about to return to France90 Some speak confidently of its taking place. If this be a fact, the motives doubtless are powerful, as it will open a wide field for speculation, and give our enemies, whether with or without real cause, at least, a handle for misrepresentation and triumph.
[Note 90: Jay did not answer this question. Instead, he wrote: "You will if I mistake not find Mr. Gerard disposed to be open and communicative. He has acquired an extensive Knowledge of our Affairs. I have no Reason to believe he will use it to our Prejudice. There is as much Intrigue in this State House as in the Vatican, but as little Secrecy as in a boarding School."]
Will Congress suffer the Bermudian vessels, which are said to have arrived in Delaware and Chesapeak Bay to exchange their salt for flour, as is reported to be their intention? Will they not rather order them to depart immediately? Indulging them with a supply of provisions at this time will be injurious to us in two respects; it will deprive us of what we really stand in need of, for ourselves and will contribute to the support of that swarm of privateers which resort to Bermudas, whence they infest our coast and in a manner annihilate our trade. Besides these considerations, by withholding a supply, we throw many additional mouths upon the enemy's magazines, and increase proportionably their distress. They will not and cannot let their people starve.
In the last place, though first in importance I shall ask, is there any thing doing, or that can be done to restore the credit of our currency? The depreciation of it is got to so alarming a point, that a waggon load of money will scarcely purchase a waggon load of provision.
I repeat what I before observed, that I do not wish for your reply to more of these matters than you can touch with strict propriety. Very truly I am, &c.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 23, 1779.
Sir: I was, yesterday Afternoon, informed by General Maxwell, that he had received intelligence of a considerable movement of the Enemy upon New York and Staten Islands, and that it was reported, General Leslie was to embark with nine Regiments and to sail in a few days either for the West Indies or Georgia. The actual embarkation of Nine Regiments, with their Stores and Baggage, was confirmed late last evening by Major Lennox,92 formerly of the Pennsylvania Line, just returned from Long Island, whither he had been allowed to go
[Note 92: Maj. David Lennox, formerly a captain in the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Fort Washington in 1776; had been exchanged; resigned on not being given the rank to which he was entitled. He was aide to General Wayne in 1778--79.] upon private Business. The transports were thought to be upon the point of sailing, but their real destination was unknown to the Major. He understood that the troops were provided with thin Cloathing, which points equally to the West Indies and to Georgia. General Maxwell also adds, it was reported that transports had gone to bring off the Garrison of Rhode Island, but he does not seem to place much confidence in the Channel thro' which this report came. I expect further intelligence before the sailing of the Fleet, the contents of which shall be immediately communicated. I have the honor, etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April [23], 1779.
Sir: The Qr. Mr. General has represented to me that unless he can receive an immediate and ample supply of money the preparations for the Indian expedition in particular and for other operations with which we must open the campaign, will not be completed in the time appointed in my orders to him, and required by the exigency of our affairs. The article of horses, for which he will be obliged to pay the money in hand is that on which he lays the principal stress. Unless those can be provided by the middle of next month at furthest, our whole plan will be defeated. A sufficient number will be wanted not only to carry on the Indian expedition but to move the whole army at the same time; which for very urgent and important reasons is determined.94 From this state of facts, I am persuaded Congress will not hesitate to grant the necessary supply. With perfect esteem and respect, etc.95
[Note 94: At this point the draft first read: "When the detachment to be employed on this service is made, we shall be under a necessity for the security of the army to change our present general disposition and draw the different parts of it nearer to a point."]
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 96: Of Hartley's Additional Continental regiment. He was made lieutenant-colonel commandant of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment m April, 1779; granted leave of absence in December, 1779; lost at sea in January, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 15th. instant stating your claim of superior Rank to Lieut. Colo. Hubley.97 Should you have any thing further to urge be pleased to let me have it as soon as possible, if not, I shall look upon your letter of the above date sufficient to lay before a Board of Officers in support of your claim.
[Note 97: Lieut. Col. Adam Hubley, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
It will give me great pleasure to hear that you have a prospect of the re-establishment of your health after your long illness, being Dear Sir Your, &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Middle brook, April 24, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 22d. came to my hands about 9 O'clock this day. I thank you for the information contained. After the Minister99 has actually set out, I shall be glad to be advised of it by express and (if the knowledge can be obtained readily) to be informd of his stages, and the hour he may be expected at Camp.
[Note 99: Conrad Alexander Gérard, minister from France to the United States.]
I am sorry for the difficulties you have to encounter in the department of Qr. Mr. especially as I was, in some degree, instrumental in bringing you into it; under these circumstances, I cannot undertake to give advice, or even hazard an opinion on the measures best for you to adopt. Your own judgment must direct; if it points to a resignation of your present office, and your inclination leads to the Southward; my wishes shall accompany it, and if the appointment of a successor to Genl. Lincoln is left to me I shall not hesitate in making choice of you for this command, but I have little expectation of being consulted on the occasion.1 With truth and sincerity, I am, etc.
[Note 1: Greene did not resign as Quartermaster General of the Continental Army until September, 1780. In his letter of Apr. 24, 1779, to Washington, he had written: "I am happy to find you have wrote so fully to Congress upon the disagreeable consequence that may follow from starving the quarter Masters Department at this critical season. I wish it may have the desired effect and rouse their attention; but I must confess I am afraid the stupor is so great that nothing can alarm their fears or promote a spirit of industry.... I have desired Congress to give me leave to resign as I apprehended a loss of Reputation if I continued in the business. They are not disposed to grant my request at all. But unless they change the system or publish their approbation upon the present I shall not remain long in the business. I will not sacrifice my Reputation for any consideration whatever. I am wiling to serve the public; but I think I have a right to choose that way of performing the service which will be most honorable to myself." Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 24, 1779.
Sir: I have received your Excellency's favors of the 14th, 18th and 20th. instants with the Resolves inclosed to which they refer. I shall acquaint Major Hamage and Capt. Hawker with the determination of Congress, and shall pay the proper attention to the other Resolves.
I take the liberty to inclose the Copy of a representation of the Captain Lieutenants of Artillery on account of the reduction of their pay2 This was laid before the Committee of Arrangement at the White plains in August last, but nothing having been done in the matter, the Gentlemen have lately renewed their application through me. I do not recollect the circumstances that led to this reduction, but the observations
[Note 2: A copy of the representation of the captain-lieutenants is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.] made by the Gentlemen appear to have weight, and to be founded upon the usual establishment of the Corps of Artillery in other Services. I have the honor, etc.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on May 1, 1779, and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, April 24, 1779.
Parole Fairford. Countersigns Florida, Flix.
The General Court Martial whereof Lieut. Colonel Harmar is President is dissolved.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolutions.
In Congress, April 14th, 1779.
Whereas Congress, on the twenty first day of August last, did resolve, that when any persons are desirous of going within the enemy's lines, they shall apply to the executive powers of the State to which they belong, and if the said executive powers approve the motives and characters of the persons applying, and shall be of opinion, especially at so critical conjunctures as the present, that no danger will ensue by granting such permission, that they recommend them to the officer commanding the troops next the enemy, who, upon such recommendation, may, at his discretion, permit the persons to go in. For the better execution, of the said resolution,
Resolved, That any officer who shall permit a person to go within the enemy's lines, without such recommendation, or the orders of the Commander in Chief, or the commander of a separate department, and shall thereof be duly convicted before a court martial, shall thereby forfeit his commission.
In Congress, 19th of April, 1779.
Resolved, That whensoever a colonel in the army of the United States, shall command a brigade of the troops of these States in the absence of a brigadier, he shall be permitted to draw six rations in addition to the one he draws as colonel, in consideration of the extra expence he is subjected to by such command.
Headquarters, Middlebrook, April 26, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your letters of the 24th4 and 25th; to which I beg leave to defer a particular answer till another opportunity, which shall not be delayed.
[Note 4: The letter of April 24, from the President and Council (in the Washington Papers), stated that the only charge they exhibited against Arnold to Congress was "that of appropriating the publick waggons of the state to private uses." They claimed also that their witnesses were at a distance, that two officers whom they requested Congress to hold in Philadelphia were permitted to go to Carolina, and that Colonel Fitzgerald, another witness, was in Virginia.]
The present is barely to inform you, that the period appointed for the trial of Major General Arnold agreeable to the wish of Council is postponed to a later day, which will be notified in my next. I have the honor, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 26, 1779.
Sir: Your favor of the 24th instant with the inclosures was duly handed me.
I have taken such measures respecting the salted provisions as I hope will prevent the like complaint in future.6
[Note 6: Maxwell had complained that file troops had received some very bad salted beef and suggested an examination and the addition of new pickle to such as could be saved. Robert Hanson Harrison wrote, by Washington's direction, to Commissary Royal Flint on April 25: "That the most immediate and effectual measures might be taken to prevent the like in future." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The paper on the disputed subject of the arrangement7 I shall consider the first moment I am at leisure. I am, etc.8
[Note 7: A dispute in the Second New Jersey Regiment. The paper is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 26, 1779.
Dear Sir: I find myself under a necessity of postponing your trial to a later period, than that for which I notified your attendance. I send you this information in a hurry lest you should set out before it might arrive, if delayed to an hour of more leisure. In a future Letter I shall communicate my Reasons and inform you of the time which shall be finally appointed. I am, etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, April 26, 1779.
Parole Queen of France. Countersigns Ranger, Warren.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to inform the Army that the Continental Frigates Queen of France, Warren and Ranger have captured the british ship Jason, of 20 Guns, the Ship Maria of 16 Guns, the Brigantines Patriot, Frederick, Bachelor, and John and the Schooners Hibernia and Chance, bound from New York to Georgia with large quantities of goods, stores, provisions &c. with four field and twenty commissioned officers.10
[Note 10: The prizes were taken into Portsmouth and Boston. On April 26 a British foraging party landed at Red Bank, about a mile from Shrewsbury, N.J. They were opposed by Lieut. Col. Benjamin Ford with a party of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. Ford was forced to retreat, being outnumbered three to one. The British were later reenforced by about 1,000 men; but Ford's call for militia was tardily responded to. The enemy burned two or three houses anti destroyed everything they could before retreating with such livestock as could be collected. The Americans succeeded in retaking part of the stock. Richard Kidder Meade wrote Ford (April 27) acknowledging for Washington, his report of the affair. Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, April 27, 1779.
Parole Gambia. Countersigns Goslar, Gran.
A General Court Martial of the line to sit tomorrow morning 10 o'clock at the usual place to try all such persons as shall come before them. Colonel Gunby to preside.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolution.
In Congress, February 18, 1779.
Plan for the Department of Inspector General: Resolved, That there be an inspector general to the armies of the United States, with the rank of major general, who, in all future appointments shall be taken from the line of major generals:
That the duty of the inspector general shall principally consist in forming a system of regulations, for the exercise of the troops, in the manual evolutions and manoevres, for the service of guards and detachments, and for camp and garrison duty:
That the inspector general, and his assistants, shall review the troops at such times and places, and receive such returns for that purpose, as the Commander in Chief, or commanding officer in a detachment, shall direct; at which reviews, he or they shall inspect the number and condition of the men, their discipline and exercise, and the state of their arms, accoutrements and cloathes; observing what of these articles have been lost or spoiled since the last review, and, as nearly as possible by what means; reporting the same, with the deficiencies and neglects, to the Commander in Chief, or the commanding officer of a detachment, and to the Board of War.
That all new manoeuvres shall be introduced by the inspector general, and all old ones performed according to the established principles, under his superintendency: but he shall not introduce or practice any regulations11 relative to the objects of his department, save such as are made and established in manner following:
[Note 11: The General Orders at this point inserts the word "whatsoever," which is not in the resolves of Congress.]
All regulations whatsoever to be finally approv'd and established by Congress. But the exigence of the service requiring it, temporary ones may from time to time, be introduced by the inspector general with the approbation of the Commander in Chief. These regulations to be communicated to the army through the adjutant general, and to be transmitted to the Board of War with all convenient dispatch, that, being examined and reported by them to Congress, they may be rejected, altered, amended or confirmed, as Congress shall deem proper.
That there be as many sub-inspectors as the Commander in Chief, or commanding officer in a detachment, shall, on consideration of the strength and situation of the army, from time to time, deem necessary, to be taken from the line of lieutenant colonels, and to receive their instructions relative to the department from the inspector general:
That there be a brigade inspector to each brigade, who shall be one of the majors in the brigade; and that the office of brigade inspector shall in future be annexed to that of major of brigade. He shall accordingly keep a roster of the battalions of his brigade, regulate the details and take care of the formation and march of all guards, detachments &c., from the brigade. He is to receive the general orders, and communicate them to the commanding officers of the brigade and regiments, and through the adjutants, to all the officers of the brigade.
He is so far as concerns his brigade, to inspect the police of the camp, the discipline and order of the service. In time of action he is to assist in executing the necessary manoeuvres of the brigade according to the orders executing the necessary manoeuvres of the brigade according to the orders of the brigadier or officer commanding. He is to do no duty in the line:
That all the officers of the inspectorship having appointments in the line, shall retain their rights of command, succession and promotion, in the same manner as if they had not assumed the office. But as the duties of this department are sufficient to employ their whole time, they are to suspend the exercise of their respective commands, except on particular occasions, when the Commander in Chief, or commanding officer in a detachment, may deem it necessary to invest them with command. They are to be exempted from all common camp and garrison duty, that they may attend the more carefully to those of the inspection; and in time of action they are to be employed in assisting in the execution of the field manoeuvres.
That the inspector general, so far as relates to the inspection of the army, be subject to the orders of Congress, the Board of War, and the Commander in Chief only: but the sub-inspectors shall also be subject to the officers commanding the divisions and brigades to which they are attached, on the principles herein established.12
[Note 12: The resolves of Congress of February 18 contained several additional paragraphs of regulations for the Inspector General's Department, not quoted in these General Orders.]
Each commanding Officer of a Brigade is desired to nominate one of the Majors in the Brigade who is willing to undertake the office of Brigade Inspector and Brigade Major and report his name to the Adjutant General without delay.
As our circumstances last year did not permit the giving the necessary instructions to the soldiers it is to be wished that the commanding officers of regiments and companies would seriously employ themselves with the exercise in detail, especially the marching and wheeling, even if the manual exercise is not so much attended to; and the commanding officers of regiments must pay particular attention that no soldiers are exempted from this exercise.
For the future all issues of Arms and military Stores in camp will be made by the immediate order of Brigadier General Knox to whom all returns for that purpose are to be made.
He will cause the Commissary of Military Stores to keep exact accounts with the regiments for what he delivers. Returns of the deficiencies now existing to be made without delay, that a supply may be obtained.
Camp at Middle brook, April 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 15th. by Doctr. Cochran came to my hands yesterday. The intelligence contained in it is of importance, if true, and I shall be much obliged to you for sending persons into Canada (if you have them not already there) for the purpose of ascertaining the truth of the report. The certainty of which must affect, materially, the intended Indian Expedition. I will thankfully pay any expence which may be incurred to procure authentic intelligence of this matter.13
[Note 13: The principal intelligence in Schuyler's letter of April 15 was that 1,500 regular British troops and two regiments of Canadians were to go to the westward; a part of this force was to act against the frontiers in connection with the Six Nations; and the rest of it to reenforce Detroit. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have done with the Papers you were so obliging as to lend me and only wait for a safe conveyance to return them. In the journal of Colo. Bradstreets Expedition to Fort Frontenac the author when he gets to the head of the Oneida lake makes this observation "about half a mile from the lake a creek called the fish-kill empties itself into Wood creek; It is by the rout of this Creek the Indians from Oswegatchie come to Oneida and from thence make incursions and commit ravages on the Inhabitants of the Mohawk's Country; according to the best information I could obtain, their journey to the Mouth of this Creek is usually performed in three days, and its distance from Oswegatchie about 100 Miles." I wish I had been master of this observation the 20th. of Novr. when I requested the favor of you to enquire if there was not a practicable out from Johnson Hall or the Mohawk River to Oswegatchie. It may yet be of importance to investigate this matter thoroughly for if the distance is no greater than is mentioned above and a way can be had fit for the transportation of Artillery and Stores it presents itself to me as the most certain plan for reducing the upper Posts of the Enemy, and their force on the lakes, as their communication with Canada may be cut off. In this point of light it becomes an object of much consideration, and I shall esteem it as a particular favor to have this Country and rout well explored. The Oneidas must certainly be acquainted with it, if it has been used as a War path and Mr. Kirkland or Mr. Dean can I should think easily obtain Indians for this discovery; but these should be accompanied by some one or more persons of observation, and capable of rendering an accurate and faithful report.
Doctr. Cochran has obtained my permission to return to the Manor of Livingston whenever he pleases. I am with much truth and sincerity Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 27, 1779.
Sir: In a line of yesterday, as I did not think it proper to detain the express and delay the notice then given 'till I could prepare a more explicit answer. I only briefly acknowledged the receipt of your two letters in council of the 24th and 25th instant, to which I should have added that of the 26th. I am now to enter into a consideration of their contents, and to offer such particular explanations as may seem necessary to satisfy any doubts which the honorable the Council may entertain on the subjects they respectively discuss.
The first relates wholly to the trial of Major General Arnold. It is with concern I observe that the Council appear to have misconceived the intention of the notification contained in my letter of the 20th, and to imagine that I had taken up the matter in a different point of view from that in which it is considered by Congress and by themselves; placing them in the light of a party in the prosecution. I flatter myself on a revisal of my letter and of the resolve of Congress on which it is founded, this opinion will be readily retracted. The resolve of which the inclosed is a copy directs me to appoint "a Court Martial for the trial of General Arnold on the first, second, third and fifth articles contained in the resolves of the executive council of Pensylvania and to notify them of it with a request that they would furnish the evidence to the Court." My letter was intended as a simple compliance with this order, and accordingly informs, that I had directed a court to be held at this camp on the first of may next for the trial of Major General Arnold, on 1.2.3 and 5th charges exhibited against him by the council, requesting that they would be pleased to furnish the Court at the appointed time with the proper evidence in support of the charges. The terms of this letter were such as, in common speaking, naturally presented themselves to express what was intended; because the charges there said to be exhibited by the Council, though in their present form, they are instituted by the authority of Congress, originated in the Resolves of council, of which they compose a part. But if they contain any ambiguity, or seem to imply more than those of the resolve, it is intirely to be ascribed to inadvertancy and to a want of precision. It will easily be seen that they could not be meant to convey the idea supposed, when it is recollected, to be a fundamental maxim, in our military trials, that the Judge advocate prosecutes in the name and in behalf of the United States. But, as it is customary and reasonable, for those who exhibit informations on which charges are founded to produce or point out the Witnesses necessary to support them, and enable public justice to operate; on this principle, I presume, Congress directed the notification which has been made; and in the same spirit, it was my intention to convey it. Further than this, I had no idea of considering the council as a party.
My motives for appointing the trial to take place at so short a period were these. The season is fast advancing when we shall be under a necessity of taking the field; and as it is at most times very inconvenient (in the present state of the army impracticable) to spare a sufficient number of officers of high rank to compose a court at a distance from camp, and almost equally so to be carrying on a long and perhaps complicated trial in the midst of the operations of a campaign, it was my wish to bring it on at once in hopes it might be concluded before they began. This was one reason and to me a weighty one; another was, that General Arnold had written to me in a very pressing manner, requesting the trial might commence as soon as possible. Uninformed of the particular circumstances which might require delay and considering it as my duty to accelerate the execution of justice as well to the public, in case of real guilt as to the individual if innocent; I could have no objection to complying with his request. As the affair had been a considerable time in agitation, I took it for granted the Council were acquainted with the order of Congress for appointing a court. I concluded the witnesses would be prepared, and that little time was necessary to collect them. The remoteness of the persons alluded to, I could not foresee. The affair of the two officers is entirely new to me, nor did it ever occur to my mind as probable, that the Gentlemen, whom I conjecture to be hinted at, were intended to be summoned as witnesses on the side of the prosecution.14
[Note 14: Majs, Matthew Clarkson and David S. Franks, who had been Arnold's aides.]
I can assure the Council with the greatest truth, that "substantial justice not a mere formality will undoubtedly be my object on this occasion." I shall endeavor to act and I wish to be considered, merely as a public executive officer alike unbiased by personal favour or resentment, and having no other end in view than a faithful, ingeneious discharge of his duty. To obviate the remotest appearance of a different disposition as well as to give the freest operation to truth, I have determined to defer the trial 'till the 1st of June15 if it is thought the most material Witnesses can be produced by that time, or 'till the 1st of July, if it is deemed necessary to wait the arrival of the two officers from Carolina.
[Note 15: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "though it were much to be wished it could come to a speedier decision, as this delay will not only be thought a hardship by general Arnold, but may be productive of several military inconveniences."]
I am therefore to request of the Council information on this head, and that they will be pleased to point out without delay the persons who are to be called as Witnesses in the affair. Where my authority will produce their attendance, it is my duty to exercise it; where I have no right to order I can only request; but where any citizens of the State of Pensylvania are concerned, I doubt not the council will employ its influence and authority to induce their appearance.
As to the officers who may compose the Court Martial, I trust the respectability of their characters will put their honor and impartiality out of the reach of suspicion.
The expence of Witnesses, as the prosecution is in behalf of the United States, I take it for granted will be borne by them. Whether it will be possible for the Court to sit at or near Philadelphia depends upon circumstances which cannot now be foreseen; at this time it could not by any means be done, if it can be done, hereafter without prejudice to the service it will be very agreeable to me. The mode of conducting the trial will be strictly conformable to the orders of Congress, and to the sentiments I have now expressed; and I hope I will not be thought in any degree to deviate from the respect due to the Council.
It gives me much pain to find by your letter of the 26th,16 that there is not a better prospect of aid from the Militia of
[Note 16: Not found in the Washington Papers. It is printed, however, in the Pennsylvania Archives (Philadelphia, 1853), vol. 7, p. 341, as undated but assigned to April 24. In it Reed states he has called. out 250 militia from the inner counties for the protection of Bedford and Westmoreland; but that these can hardly be ready before May 10 and the full number not then, owing to the forms to be complied with under Pennsylvania's militia law. He feared great disgust would be aroused in these two counties if these militia now were sent elsewhere and dwelt at some length on the legal difficulties encountered, the deficiency of arms caused by the conduct of the militia in 1776 and 1777, and displayed a jealousy of the troop protection given the New York frontier.] your State in the intended Indian expedition. The drawing out the militia into service will no doubt interfere with the culture of the lands, and it were to be wished it could be avoided. But the reduced state of our regiments and the little apparent probability of augmenting them will not allow me to prosecute a vigorous offensive operation to the Westward, wholly with Continental troops, without weakening the main army so much as to put every thing to the hazard this way. Influenced by considerations of this nature I applied to your State for 600 men, to New York for an indeterminate number, which has voted 1000 to be employed on the frontier also, and to Jersey, to replace, as far as was thought proper, the Continental troops now stationed on the Coast which will of necessity be withdrawn. If these applications have not the desired effect, bad as the consequences may be, I can only wish what I am unable to accomplish and regret what it is not in my power to prevent.
Notwithstanding the cautious terms in which the idea is conveyed, I beg leave to express my sensibility to the suggestion contained not only in your letter of the 25th but in a former one of the ... , that the frontier of Pensylvania is left unguarded and exposed, while that of some other States is covered and protected. Nor can I be less affected by the manner of the application for stationary troops, in case the proposed expedition should be laid aside; an event which I could hardly have thought supportable. I am not conscious of the least partiality to one state, or neglect of another. If any one have cause to complain of the latter it is Virginia, whose wide extended frontier has had no cover but from troops more immediately beneficial to the South-Western part of Pensylvania, which besides this has had its northern frontier covered by Spencers, Pulaski's and Armands corps; its middle, by Hartley's and some independent companies. That these troops were unequal to the task is not to be denied, nor that a greater number was sent at the close of last campaign to the Western frontier of New York. But for the first the scantiness of our means is a sufficient reason. If the abilities and resources of the states cannot furnish a more competent force, assailable as we are on all sides, they will surely be more just than to expect, from the army, protection at every point. As to the last, those troops were not sent to be stationary. The repeated accounts transmitted by Congress and received from other quarters of the ravages actually committed, and the still greater threatened upon the Western frontier of that state, occasioned so considerable a detachment, with a view to some offensive operations in the Winter. But these, through unforeseen impediments we were obliged to lay aside. All these troops except the garrison of fort Schuyler are now destined for the Indian expedition and are preparing for it. I have been thus particular from a scrupulous desire to show, that no part of my conduct indicates a predelection to one state, more than to another; but that as far as the means in my hands will extend, I aim equally at the security and welfare of all. This is only to be obtained by vigorous exertions and in the present case, these must depend on the aid which the States most interested will give.
I am sorry for the difficulty, that occurs on the score of arms for the Militia. Unfortunately the Continental Arsenals, from the returns I have seen are so empty, that if a part were to be spared from them, there would not remain a sufficiency even for the few recruits we may expect to receive.
The hurry in which I am often obliged to write letters will sometimes not allow them to be as full and explicit as might be wished. But besides the reasons assigned in my last for relinquishing the idea of a co-operation from Fort Pitt according to the original plan, the uncertainty of timing it will and a want of sufficient information of the country, through which they would have to pass. I might have added another, which had no small influence in the determination. I found, by my accounts from that quarter, that the removal of these troops, would not only uncover the part of the country where they now are; but add confidence to the Western Indians, already too much inclined to hostility, and expose our affairs there to the most disagreeable consequences.
General Hand is only gone forward as an advanced corps to establish posts form magazines and prepare the way for troops that will follow. This explains his letter.
If the militia cannot be had for a longer term than two months, they must be posted on the communication between Sunbury and the operating troops, and be releived by others, at the expiration of their term of service. Upon the whole, it will make a most essential difference in our measures whether the aid of militia which I have requested, be furnished or not; and I cannot forbear expressing, in the most urgent manner, my wish, that the State may find it practicable to comply.
The Council are pleased to intimate an application from Bermudas for a supply of flour; I am glad to find they do not seem disposed to comply with it. In my opinion it cannot be done without serious injury to the service. Not only we appear to want all of that article which the Country can spare for our own use; but by with holding it from the enemy, we shall distress their privateers, which are the bane of our commerce, not a little. This I have reason to believe from the best authority has already happened from the embargos which have been laid upon that article; and it would seem hardly politick to remove the difficulty. No doubt a great part of what might be furnished would be applied in this way. [Besides these considerations, by withholding a supply we throw many additional mouths upon the enemys magazines, and increase proportionably their distress; they will not, they cannot let their People starve. With great esteem and respect I am, etc.]17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 28, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency extracts of three letters I have just received; one from a confidential correspondent at New York of the 25th another from General Maxwell, inclosing that of the 27th and another from Lt. Colo. Ford stationed in Monmouth County of the 26th. From the correspondence of time and circumstances, it appears that the troops mentioned in these different letters are the same. Their objects probably were to cut off Colonel Fords detachment obtain supplies and plunder the inhabitants. They may however possibly have it in view to establish a post in that quarter for the purposes of encouraging the disaffected, drawing provisions and forage from the adjacent country and engaging recruits to their corps of levies.
I thought it necessary to apprize your Excellency of the movement whatever may be its design. I have the honor, &c.21
[Note 21: On April 29 Washington wrote again to Gov. William Livingston, informing him that the enemy had retreated from Monmouth County. This letter is in the Washington Papers. The letter to the President of Congress on April 29, q. v., is practically the same as the one sent to Livingston.]
P.S. Your favour of the 24th is received.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: By intelligence received from different quarters, there is great reason to suspect the enemy have some important movement in contemplation. In this aspect of things, it becomes the part of prudence to provide as effectually as we can for the security of those points, at which we are most vulnerable. I am therefore to desire you will, without delay, detach General Parsons's Brigade to reinforce General McDougall, and to continue with him 'till further orders. They must take their artillery and baggage with them. You will as directed in former letters hold the other brigade in perfect readiness to march at the shortest warning; and conform strictly to your original instructions, if you receive advice from General McDougall of any serious appearances of a movement against him. I have just received notice that a detachment of the enemy have made an incursion into Monmouth County. Their object probably were to surprize and cut off a party of our troops stationed there and to procure supplies. In the former they have been disappointed. I am, etc.
P.S. By advice from New York it appears that the 42d, 33d and 2 batalions of guards had embarked in flat bottomed boats on the morning of the 25th. That these were to be joined by Barton's and Buskirks batalions and that three regiments of Hessians were the day after to draw provisions for six days. It is also said a number of heavy Cannon have been embarked on board transports.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I informed you in a short line of the 26th. that your trial was postponed, with a promise to explain the reason at another opportunity. I had received a letter from the Council, representing that the period appointed for the purpose, and the previous notice given, were too short to admit of the necessary witnesses being produced in time. One of the most material they inform me is in Virginia and two others in Carolina. The necessity of a free and full investigation both for the sake of public justice, and for your own honor made it my duty to attend to this representation, and defer the trial to a future day. I have therefore postponed it, with this alternative, that it shall come on by the first of June, if the Council think the most essential witnesses can be procured in that time, or the first of July, if it be thought necessary to wait the arrival of the two Gentleman said to be in Carolina. Though the delay in your situation must be irksome, I am persuaded you will be of opinion with me that it is best on every principle to submit to it, rather than there should be the least appearance of precipitancy in the affair. I am, etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have duly received within these few days past your several favors of the 15th. 17th. and 24th. instant.
In a letter of this date I have requested the interposition of Congress, that the cannon in the State of Massachusetts, the property of the Continent, may be procured for the Posts on the North river.
I would imagine that my last orders to the officer commanding at Reading,25 which were peremptory, will bring forward all the Men of Genl. Poors Brigade, left at or near that Post.
[Note 25: Redding, Conn. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, Apr. 28, 1779, ante.)]
I leave the inclosed to Genl. Putnam, open, for your perusal. It directs a junction of Genl. Parsons Brigade with your force as soon as possible; to continue till further orders, and that the other Brigade should be in perfect readiness to move on the shortest notice to your assistance. You will be pleased to forward it by express after sealing.
The artillery, baggage and Tents of Poor's Brigade is to be retained. As to the quantity of ammunition forty rounds of Cartridges will be sufficient for each man to carry.
Your conjecture concerning the Enemy at New York is confirmed by my intelligence from different quarters. This generally agrees in nine regiments being under imbarking orders.
advice is just received of a detachment of the Enemy said to be about 16 or 1700 strong, having made a landing in two divisions at Red bank and Middletown in monmouth county. That which landed at Red bank attempted by a rapid march to get in the rear of a party of ours stationed in that part of the country but were disappointed. This body afterwards formed a junction with the other at Middletown, where they were when my advice came away.
The objects of this incursion might have been the cutting off our detachment, forage, and plunder; It is probable however that it may be intended to establish a post in that part of the State for the purpose of drawing supplies from the neighbouring country; encouraging the disaffected, and obtaining recruits. Governor Franklin26 I am informed, is appointed Major General and commandant of all the new Levies.27 And it is said that he has nominated a number of civil officers for New Jersey. It is also given out that the Enemy mean to take a post at Amboy. One of my accounts speaks of a number of heavy Cannon lately embarked. I have given you my intelligence, as I had it, and must leave you to make your own commands.
[Note 26: Gov. William Franklin, royal governor of New Jersey.]
[Note 27: The new levies were the loyalist provincial troops.]
But while the Enemy seem to be meditating something, we ought to be upon our guard, where we are most vulnerable; on this principle I have given you this information, and written the inclosed letter to Genl. Putnam. I am, etc.
Ps. You will be pleased to dispatch the inclosed to Col. Hay with directions to have it sent forward by express to Albany.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The editor is indebted to Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City, for a photostat of the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 28, 1779.
Sir: Your letters of the 25th. and 26th. came duly to hand with their inclosures.
I have considered the Court Martial held at New Ark of which Major Piatt29 was president; and as John Malcom appears from the face of the evidence to have been most active and criminal in the transaction, I have therefore confirmed his sentence of death, and inclosed a warrant for his execution. McDonald appearing less guilty, I have thought proper to remit his punishment, And in compliance with the recommendation in favor of Curry, I have also remitted his sentence.
[Note 29: Maj. Daniel Platt, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was killed at Paramus, N.J., in April, 1780.]
Malcom's execution should be as soon as possible, on the principle I mentioned in my former letter. I am, etc.
P.S. Mr. Hopkins an Inhabitant of the State of Maryland having received the Council's Sanction to an interview on our lines, with a person with the enemy; you will therefore send in such letter, as he may write for obtaining this purpose; informing Mr. Hopkins of the place, which you may judge most proper for the interview on our lines. An officer will attend on the occasion.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 28, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Excellency's favor of the 25th, and its inclosures.
You will perceive by the within resolution of the assembly of the State of Massachusetts, that there are several pieces of cannon (18 pounders) the property of the Continent, now in that state. General McDougall informs me that only two pieces out of the seven have been received.
The defenceless situation of our posts on the North River, considered with respect to their consequence; and the importance of the communication which depends on their security, makes me anxious to encrease this, by every means in our power. I have therefore to request the directions of Congress for their application to this purpose. I cannot suppose them so essentially necessary to the State of Massachusetts, as to our defences; and more especially since its accession of Cannon derived from the Somerset.
Congress will also observe by the estimate which I had the honor to lay before them, that even with this addition, we still fall far short of the number supposed absolutely requisite at these posts.31
[Note 31: When this letter was read in Congress (May 1) Samuel Adams moved that it be referred to the Board of War; but Congress voted this down and resolved "That the Commander in Chief be authorised to call upon the State of Massachusetts bay for such and so many of the continental cannon lent to the said State, as he may judge necessary for the defence of the post on Hudson's river."]
Yesterday I had advice from Lieutenant Colonel Ford, who commands a party in Monmouth County, that a detachment of the enemy supposed to be about 16 or 1700 strong, effected a landing on the 26th instant, in two divisions; the one at Redbank, the other at Middletown. The former attempted by a rapid march to get in Colonel Fords rear, but were disappointed by his gaining Tenton falls. As his flanks were insecure, and the enemy greatly his superior in numbers, after a short opposition he retired further into the country till he could be reinforced by the militia. This body afterwards formed a junction with that at Middletown, where the whole were when my advice came away. The Militia which had collected were hanging on their flanks, with some Continentals.
The cutting off our detachment, forage, and plunder, appear to have been the objects of this incursion. It may however have in view something more permanent; the establishment of a post in some part of that country, for the purpose of drawing greater supplies from this quarter; encouraging the disaffected; and obtaining recruits.
In a late letter of the 23d, I mentioned my information of nine regiments being under embarking orders; and Major Lennox's notice of these having actually embarked. As I have received no further accounts, confirmative of this matter, I am inclined to doubt whether the nine regiments, and the detachment to Monmouth are not one and the same. However, I expect more decided accounts, which I shall immediately transmit. I have the honor, etc.32
[Note 32: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I shall be so much engaged with the Minister33 and Don Juan34 during their stay and other indispensible business, that it will be next to impossible to attend steadily to the objects of the expedition which you are to command. But that
[Note 33: The French Minister, Gérard.]
[Note 34: Don Juan de Miralles, the Spanish Agent.] no obstructions may be thrown in the way on this account, or the least suspension occasioned in our arrangements, you will inform me in the mean time should any new measures appear necessary to be taken in the quarter Master's or commissary department, or any fresh orders for the facilitating the expedition.
It might also be expedient to make such enquiries in both departments as may give you the fullest knowledge of what is already excused. I am, etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 29, 1779.
Sir: I have received your two favours of the 24th. and 25th. and can only regret, that circumstances should have been such as to induce you to decline the command of the new corps. I am also sorry for the dissatisfactions that appear among the officers and men; the request of the latter cannot be complied with.36 I have no power for it; it would lead to extensive consequences, and indeed I dislike the nature of the application; but I trust the exertions of the officers will suppress the progress of a spirit, of which even the first workings are disagreeable and dangerous.
[Note 36: Malcom's Additional Continental regiment was consolidated with Spencer's on Apr. 22, 1779. The men had petitioned to be drafted into the various State lines rather than be joined with Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.]
I approve the measure of leaving a guard upon the stores; it was certainly necessary.
As Colonel Spencer has taken the command I shall not enlarge on the affairs of the corps.
Now you are retiring from the field,37 it is with pleasure I do you the justice of acknowledging your merits as an officer.
[Note 37: Malcom was retired May 9, 1779, but he served subsequently as colonel of New York levies.] You have acquited yourself of the several trusts reposed in you in a manner that has merited my fullest approbation; and induces me to subscribe myself with esteem. Sir Your, etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 29, 1779.
Six: I am informed by Colonel Malcom, in a letter of the 25th. instant of your arrival and that you were to take the command of tile new corps. He has declined the service. It appears from his letter that the officers and men are dissatisfied in their present situation. The latter in particular have expressed a desire to be distributed among the regiments belonging to the States where they have been respectively raised. This would be attended with the most extensive consequences, it cannot be complied with.39 And I trust in the exertions of the officers to suppressing the progress of a spirit, of which the first workings are disagreeable and dangerous. I will not doubt there endeavours on this occasion, A moments consideration will discover its propriety. Col. Malcom has very properly left a guard upon the stores when the corps marched for Easton. but as these men will be necessary elsewhere, cannot the stores be removed to Easton, by water or otherwise ? I wish you to take measures for this purpose. You will be pleased to send in the arrangement of the officers of the corps, with your remarks that it may be finally completed.
[Note 39: Washington wrote this day (April 29) to Capt. Samuel Kearsley, of Malcom's regiment, that his resignation would be accepted as soon as he furnished a certificate that his public accounts were settled.]
Cortland's Regiment has been ordered to join you in the execution of repairs to be made on the road.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 29, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inform your Excellency, that by a letter from Capt. Burrows41 dated the 26th at Middle Town, it appears, that the body of the Enemy mentioned in my last, as having made an incursion into Monmouth County reimbarked the afternoon of the same day and returned to New York. A small party of fifteen Continental Troops under Capt. Burrows had kept up a desultory fire upon them for a considerable time, both before and during the retreat; this party was afterwards reinforced by Col. Holmes42 with sixty Militia which is said to have accelerated their retreat. The Enemy are supposed to have been about 800 strong commanded by Col. Hyde43 of the Guard, they left one dead behind them, and an inhabitant reports to have seen three more dead and fourteen or fifteen wounded put on board their boats. On our side, we had one man slightly wounded; they carried off a few of the inhabitants.
[Note 41: Capt. John Burrowes, of Forman's Additional Continental regiment. He was transferred to Spencer's regiment on Apr. 22, 1779; made major in July, 1779; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 42: Col. Asher Holmes, of the Monmouth County (N.J.) militia.]
[Note 43: Col. West Hyde, of the First Foot Guards, British Army.]
I cannot suppose the Capt. mistaken as to their going off, tho' I have not received any advice from Col: Ford since his letter (the substance of which I communicated) which is of the same date with Burrows. With great respect I am, etc.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 30, 1779.
Sir: Your several favors of the 16th. from Lancaster and the 23rd. and 26th. Instant from Esthertown were duly handed me.
Proper measures have been taken with the commissary of ordnance and military stores to have the necessary supply of such articles as are the subject of yours of the 16th. forwarded. As to the axes and pack saddles; on enquiry I find that the latter of which you complain, were not designed for the expedition and that the Quarter Master will make every alteration on the occasion which may be necessary.
In future all arrangements coming from Major General Sullivan, is to be obeyed and executed, he being appointed to the command of the Indian Expedition. He will also receive such applications as you may judge expedient for the better prosecution of our operations.
From the circumstances you mention with respect to the little appearance there is of our being able to gain any substantial information from the emisaries employed by Col. Patterson, I agree with you in the propriety of suspending his proceedings. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 30, 1779.
Sir: Your letter of the 25th. April has been duly received with its several inclosures.
I am pleased to find every thing wear so much the appearance of preparation for motion.
I shall take immediate measures with Gen Knox to have the deficiencies in the arms and accoutrements furnished the Troops in your quarter.46 At the same time I cannot help regreting that so great deficiencies should occur, especially in the
[Note 46: He was then stationed at Redding, Conn.] latter. we cannot be too oeconomical of arms and accoutrements in the delivery, nor too attentive to prevent these articles from being lost thro' the carelessness of the soldier.
According to the present arrangement, and my view of things, there will be a necessity of continuing Col. Webbs regiment, at Rhode Island [at least for some time.]
I return you Capt. Mattocks47 commission, with my certificate of his resignation indorsed.
[Note 47: Capt. Samuel Mattocks, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He resigned on Apr. 20, 1779.]
In consequence of the determination of the Court Col. Holdridge48 is to be released from his arrest. Although Seargeant Gray's49 case is of that kind as to merit serious punishment, yet as it appears by testimony to the Court that there might have been a temporary insanity which led to the commission of the crime, and for the other considerations alleged, I have thought proper to remit the sentence of death.
[Note 48: Lieut. Col. Hezekiah Holdridge, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 49: Of Sergeant Gray, Parsons had written (April 25): "in the Case of Gray I can only say that Two Sons of the Family have died in our Service and there appears some Reason to suppose he was coming in upon your Excellency's Proclamation of Pardon." Parsons's letter is the Washington Papers.]
You will give the necessary orders for the payment of the horse &c. I am, etc.
P.S. I have just now recd. your letter of the 23 Inst. with the inclosed intelligence.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 30, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly favoured with your letter of the 21st. instant and its inclosures. The plan for opening the communication by way of Staten Island may be delayed till C51 hears
[Note 51: Samuel Culper.] further from me on the subject. However, I would have him to keep his eye upon such persons as he may think worthy of confidence.
Should Brown be released from the Provost, and return to Burgen; and appear fully adequate to such a conveyance, as has been proposed. C. may make the experiment by way of Bergen, as this will be nearer to Head Quarters than the route at present made use of; [at any rate let him be regular and frequent in his corrispondance by the old conveyance.
It is the difficulty of furnishing specie, not the mere matter of expense which I had in view when I recommended oeconomy.]
I have not any of the Ink,52 but I will endeavour to provide some of it as soon as possible. I am, etc.53
[Note 52: This ink was a chemical formula that was furnished to Washington by Sir James Jay, brother of John Jay. It became invisible after use and could only be brought into view by a "counterpart," which Jay also furnished. Much of the spy correspondence with headquarters was in this ink, and many of the spy letters, stained with the "counterpart," are in the Washington Papers. The ink only was furnished to the spies; they were never intrusted with the "counterpart."]
[Note 53: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The part in brackets in the draft (which is in the writing of McHenry) is in the writing of Washington, and his spelling is followed in the above text.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 30, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose you an extract of a letter from Major General Gates relative to the complaints among the Troops in the Eastern department for want of their pay.54 It will naturally claim the notice of Congress should not the necessary supply of money have been ordered before this time. I have the honor, etc.55
[Note 54: The Gates letter, an extract of which was inclosed, was that of April 22, the original of which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The letter was read in Congress on May 4 and referred to the Board of Treasury.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 30, 1779.
Sir: I was duly honored with your letter of the 28th in behalf of the Committee for Southern affairs, with the enclosed copy of one from the Lt. Governor of S. Carolina. The situation of affairs in that quarter has an aspect truly alarming and though our force here after the troops intended for the Indian expedition are detached will be reduced so low as to afford cause of uneasiness; yet as the interior strength of these states is capable of great exertions on an emergency I cannot but concur with the views of the Committee respecting the Virginia levies. I wish they were in greater forwardness than they appear to be by a letter of the 24th. instant from General Scot, a copy of which I transmit, I believe it is one of the terms on which these men are engaged, that they shall be furnished with cloathing, before they march out of the State. This will be a difficulty which no pains should be spared to accommodate. If the cloathing really is not ready, the state should employ its influence to induce the men to proceed with satisfactory assurances that it shall follow as speedily as possible. I doubt not The Committee will take any measures they may think conducive to this end. I shall without delay, send a proportion of officers to take the command.
I think also it will be adviseable to send both Bland's and Baylors Regiments to the Southward. They should be enabled to engage as many men as they have horses and accoutrements to equip.
We have only two regiments of the Quota of North Carolina in the field. I have already recommended that she should be called upon to complete the rest for the Southern service, in the most expeditious mode; which is certainly that of drafting. I know not what may have been done; but it seems essential this measure should be persued.
I am at a loss what additional measure to advise, troops from this army cannot possibly be sent for the reasons repeatedly assigned. It seems however necessary, that troops of a better consistence than militia, whose time of service expires almost as soon as they arrive at their destination should be provided. This can only be done by laws in the neighbouring states, for drawing out a body for a longer term. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. It will be necessary that arms be sent for the levies from this quarter. The Board of War will take the charge of this matter.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[H.L.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, May 1, 1779.
Sir: As you have been pleas'd to honor me with a communication of His Excellency Count D'Estaing's intention of returning to this Continent with the Squadron under his command, and have desired to know my sentiments of the manner in which this event may be best improved for the interest of the common cause, and what can be done on the part of these States towards that end, I beg leave to offer the following as the definitive result, of my reflections on this subject; without recapitulating the57 reasons on which it is founded, and which has been58 detailed in our several conferences.
[Note 57: The draft has "particular."]
[Note 58: The draft has "have been already."]
I consider it, as an essential basis to any extensive combined operations between the Squadron of His most Christian Majesty and the Troops of these States, that the former shall possess and have a good prospect of preserving a clear superiority over the British naval force in America.
In this case, if explicit assurances can immediately be given, that his Excellency Count D'Estaing will proceed with all dispatch directly from Martinique to New York, so as to arrive there in all probability before the British Fleet under Admiral Byron; with permission and approbation of Congress, I will engage to relinquish all the present projects of the Campaign and collect our whole force in this quarter, with all the aid which can be drawn from the Militia of the neighbouring States, to co-operate with the Squadron of His Most christian Majesty for the reduction of the enemy's Fleet and Army at New York, Rhode Island and the dependencies.
I make this offer from a perwasion that we should be able to collect a sufficient force to give a reasonable prospect of success to an enterprise decisive in its nature; and Request explicit assurances of a cooperation in the manner proposed, because without them I could not be justified in abandoning measures and engagements in which the security of these States is so deeply concerned, and because a failure would be attended with the most serious mischiefs.
If these assurances cannot be given, the plan which then appears to me most eligable is this.
That his Excellency Count D'Estaing proceed with his Squadron immediately to Georgia, where in conjunction with the American troops, there is every reason to believe he would with great facility capture and destroy the enemy's fleet and Army; which they could only elude in part, and that not without great difficulty by a precipitate retreat to St. Augustine; and even in this case, their Vessels and Stores would inevitably fall.
That he next proceed directly from Georgia to New York, where if he arrives before Admiral Byron, by entering the harbour expeditiously he will be sure of taking or destroying all their fleet in that Port. The troops on Staten Island might also, I conceive, be intercepted and taken; the French troops in the Fleet landing on one part and a detachment from our Army at another. Successes of this kind might open a new field of action, and lead to other important events. On the arrival59 at the hook, if a few Frigates could be spared to be dispatched to Rhode Island to capture and destroy their Vessels and obstruct their retreat it would answer a very important end.60
[Note 59: The draft has "of the fleet."]
[Note 60: After conferring with Washington and conversing with him for hours at a time, Gérard returned to Philadelphia and submitted a memorial to Congress. In the forwarding letter the French Minister paid his respects to Congress as follows: "I proposed the means of proceeding to the execution of that plan but the Congress preserved the most absolute silence and would not deign to inform me of their Resolution. t I learnt only from the public voice that they had abandoned their design but my zeal having led me to write to Count D'Estaing and the answer of that Vice Admiral having reached me I do not think Sir that the interest of the Alliance and of these States will permit me to conduct myself according to the presumed negative Resolution of Congress anti in consequence I beseech you to lay before them the annexed Memoir." Girard's letter is dated May 9, 1779.
The memoir recited that D'Estaing would operate on the Georgia coast and assist South Carolina, "From thence his Majesty's Squadron will repair to the mouth of the Delaware and their ulterior operations will depend upon the concert which shall be taken between the Congress and the commander of his Majesty's forces and shall be calculated for the greatest advantage of the United States. ... Facts so evident will serve on the other hand to confound those evil minded persons who by absurd and clandestine insinuations void not only of all proof but of all probability only directed by private views anti clearly opposed to the honor and interest of the confederated republic endeavor to sow doubts and jealousies of which the common enemy alone will reap the fruits." The translations are in the office of the Secretary of Congress. This memoir is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 94, fol. 198.]
Either of these plans being pursued if attended with important successes, so as to disembarrass these States of the whole, or the principal part of the enemy's force now within them, would put it in their power to co-operate with the forces of his most Christian Majesty, in prosecuting such offensive enterprises against the enemy elsewhere as shall be deemed advancive of the honor and Interest of the allied powers, which cannot be expected while the immediate internal safety of the States is endangered by formidable fleets and Armies; requiring the exertion of all their strength and resources in their own defence.
Having done myself the honr. to submit to your Excellency my ideas of the joint operations which may be adopted with the greatest prospect of mutual advantage in the event you have been pleased to suggest, I doubt not if either of the plans be approved wholly or in part your answer will enable me to determine with precision the line of conduct which ought to govern my operations relatively to the objects they comprehend,61 I have the honor, etc.62
[Note 61: In a note which Girard wrote to Washington, after his return to Philadelphia, a translation of which, by Hamilton, under date of May 5, 1779, is in the Washington Papers, he said: "I stop absolutely at the idea that you have had the goodness to suggest to me and I act in consequence." There is no clue to this "idea," but it was, possibly, Washington's opposition to the suggestion of Vergennes that peace could be negotiated on the basis of a truce, or cessation of hostilities, leaving the United States under the protectorate of France and Spain. (See Gérard's letter to Vergennes, of May 7, 1779, Despatch no. 81, Arch. Affs, Etrgr. E. U., vol. 8, no. 39: 93.) The transcript is in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 62: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Polit., E. U. Supt., vol. 1, pp. 278--9. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On May 1 Washington wrote a brief note to General Gates at Providence in answer to his letter of Apr, 12, 1779, that he had transmitted the pay complaint to Congress and inclosed the resolve of Congress of Apr. 14, 1779, refusing the request of Major Harnage and Captain Hawker. The original is in the New York Historical Society and a draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, May 2, 1779.
Parole Ratisbon. Countersigns Root, Rye.
At a division General Court Martial held at Reading, April,1779, by order of Major General Putnam, Colonel Bradley, President, Lieutenant Colonel Holdridge was tried for "Taking the Schooner (called General Howe) from Captn. Caleb Lawrence left in his care by Thomas Miner and Benjamin Pearce who brought her from the enemy laden with sundry articles, and holding the above said Miner and Pearce under guard 'till they would consent to sell their shares of the above Schooner at the price offered, and in consequence thereof converting some part of the above said Schooner and goods to his own profit."
The court having considered the evidence are of opinion that the taking and removing the Schooner from Byrum river was an act of prudence and good conduct in Lieutenant Colonel Holdridge, whoever the claims or right owners were. The other matters alledged the court are of opinion they are not proved and supported, and thereupon give judgment that Lieut. Colo. Holdridge is not guilty and that he be acquitted from the charge.
Lieutenant Colonel Holdridge is released from his arrest. At the same Court Serjeant Gray of Colonel Bradley's regiment was tried for, "Deserting to the enemy and inlisting with them, stealing a dragoon horse and carrying him to the enemy." The Court taking into consideration the crime of which Gray, the Prisoner is guilty do sentence him to be shot to death; but at the same time considering his excuse of being destitute of the use of his reason at the time he committed the crime, and that he took the first opportunity to return, and from the information of some respectable inhabitants of his acquaintance that the prisoner has been subject to turns of delirium, or insanity of mind, and also the offer of his brother to indemnify the public for the loss of the Light Dragoon horse; The Court do unanimously recommend the Prisoner Gray to the General for his Mercy and Pardon as being more particularly at this time consonant with the pardon offered by His Excellency General Washington to deserters.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief is pleased to remit the sentence of death against Gray and order his release from confinement.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, May 3, 1779.
Parole Flensburgh. Countersigns Fleury, Franker.
The Commander in Chief is happy to inform the Army at the request of His Excellency the Minister Plenipotentiary of His Most Christian Majesty that the Military Exhibitions to which he was witness as well as the cordial testimonies of respect paid him, have afforded him the highest satisfaction and acquired his warmest approbation. The General cannot but add his Congratulations upon this occasion. So honorable a mark of Applause is highly flattering and will, no doubt, prove a new incitement to a spirit of emulation: He observed with peculiar Pleasure the zeal which appeared in the officers to testify their respect to the Minister of a Prince who has given so decisive and magnanimous proofs of his friendship to these States and to a Gentleman who in the execution of the trust reposed in him has signalized his good offices to promote their interest.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to accept of and approve the following report of the Board of General Officers upon certain disputes of rank between several field officers in the Pennsylvania line (viz.); "That they are fully convinced that the arrangement made at White Plains by the Committee of Congress assisted by Brigadier General Wayne was just and that they can see no reason why it should be altered; and they are of opinion that the arrangement ought to stand as then made (viz), Majors Mentzges Murray and Nichols. They are also of opinion that Colo. Stewart ought to be senior to Colonel Craige."
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am honored with your favor of the 25th of last month. The readiness with which you comply with all my requests, in prosecution of the Public service has a claim to my warmest acknowledgements. I am glad to hear of the measures the state has taken for raising a thousand men, and of your expectation that the number would be soon completed. I hope the intelligence from Col. Cantine will not materially retard the progress of a business on which the general security of the frontier so much depends.
In confidence to your Excellency I shall not scruple to communicate, that the rendezvous for the Indian expedition will be at Wyoming and Conojoharie. The main body will be at the former; but the precise plan of co-operation is not yet finally fixed. It will depend on the number of troops, which we shall have it in our power to provide for the purpose. Unhappily, the state of the army is such, that we cannot spare a sufficient detachment of Continental troops to carry on the expedition without the aid of some Militia. I have called upon the State of Pennsylvania for a supply to compose a part of the main body. If this succeeds to my wish, so that the main body may be strong enough to operate by itself with sufficient energy and security, the party at Conojoharie will proceed along the Mohawk river and penetrate the Indian settlements on the left. But if this should not be the case, while the main body moves on to Tioga, the other will proceed to form a junction with it there, by way of Lake Otsego [and the Susquehh]; and the whole will then move forward into the heart of the Indian Country. You will be able to judge from this view of our plan, what disposition had best be made of the Militia destined for the frontier. I am in hopes when the troops begin to operate, they will furnish too much employment to the Indians in their own Country to allow them to indulge their ravages in ours. The interval is most to be dreaded.
In a letter I have lately received from the honrable Mr. Duane, in behalf of the Delegates of New York, he transmits a packet received from you on the subject of frontier prisoners under an idea, that the general direction of prisoners was in my hands. There is a misconception in this, for I have never had to do with any but military prisoners. The exchange of inhabitants, has generally rested with the states to which they belonged. So far as these are concerned, therefore, I consider them as out of my province. With respect to military prisoners (under which description, I comprehend all the officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army and of the Militia, taken in actual service); I shall be ready to concur with your Excellency in exchanging any such as may be in possession of the parties. In this, as to the officers, I must for the present confine myelf to those taken on both sides on the frontier, on the principle of equality of rank. When this is done, if any officers of ours remain in their hands, they must wait till in the rotation of exchanges, and in the order of capture, it shall come to their turn, to be exchanged. I observe by the list there are very few on either side. It will be agreeable to me that such as cannot be exchanged on this plan shall be mutually released on parole. The enemy appear to have no privates of ours in their hands, so that no exchange can take place with regard to them. If they had any, we would very readily exchange, but I have made it a maxim for obvious reasons, not to confound military prisoners and inhabitants, and consequently not to exchange them for each other.
I shall refer the papers back to Mr. Duane, that the proper steps may be taken with respect to inhabitants. As the business will turn chiefly on them, and the question of military prisoners will be only secondary, I request your Excellency to take the trouble to include them in your arrangements on the terms I have mentioned. I have the honor, etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, May 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: The many and important matters which pressed upon me while you were in Camp, prevented my consulting you on an affair which I have a good deal at heart, and which I wished to make the Subject of a personal, rather than an epistolary conversation --To come to the point. --It is a matter of great importance to have early and good intelligence of the enemys strength and motions, and as far as possible, designs. and to obtain them through different channels. Do you think it practicable to come at these by means of --? I shall not press it upon him; but you must be sensible that to obtain intelligence from a man of observation near the head Quarters of an Army from whence all orders flow and every thing originates must be a most desirable thing.
The person rendering such Service will entitle himself not only to thanks but reward, at a proper season.
If--is inclined to engage in a business of this kind, I shall leave it to you and him to fix upon such a mode of corrisponding as will convey intelligence in the most speedy, safe, and effectual manner. To guard against possible evils, your corrispondence might be under fictitious names, by numbers (to represent men and things), in characters, or other ways, as you shall agree. It is in my power, I believe, to procure a liquid which nothing but a counter liquor (rubbed over the paper afterwards) can make legible. Fire which will bring lime juice, Milk and other things of this kind to light, has no effect on it. A letter upon trivial matters of business, written in common Ink, may be fitted with important intelligence which cannot be discovered without the counter part, or liquid here mention'd.
I shall add no more on this subject; enough has been said for you to found a negotiation on, at least to hint the matter to the person mentioned, for tryal of his willingness to engage in a corrispondence of this kind. No person but you, he, and I, and such as he shall make choice of to convey the intelligence to you, will be privy to this matter. Your letters to me inclosing his Accts. may be under an outer cover with the usual address, the inner cover may be directed on private Service, which will prevent any of my own family from opening it. and even under these circumstances and caution, the name of -- may be avoided.
I am very sincerely and respectfully Yrs. etc.64
[Note 64: The draft, in the Washington Papers, is also in the writing of Washington. It, however, gives the blank name as "P--d," which was Lewis Pintard.]
[H.L.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 3, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 1st. instant. I very much lament the dangerous spirit which appears among the men of your late corps; but as it cannot be considered in any other light than that of mutiny, pregnant with the most pernicious consequences, I am clearly of opinion their request cannot be indulged, and have written Col. Spencer to this effect directing him to employ the most effectual measures to compel the obedience of the refractory and punish the instigators. And though it will be disagreeable to drive a matter of this kind to extremity, I am determined rather than establish a precedent of the most dangerous nature, even to send a detachment from this army to enforce submission. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 3rd. Ulto., with its several Inclosures. I wrote you on the 21st. of April, some days before the receipt of it, that I had relinquished the idea of attempting a co-operation between the Troops at Fort Pitt and the bodies moving from other Quarters against the Six Nations, and assigned the reasons. Lest this Letter should have miscarried by any accident I now enclose you a Copy, and you will consider it as a Letter of Instructions, as far as it extends.
I have written to the Board of War on the subject of Cloathing and Money for the Troops under your command; and I am persuaded they will use their endeavours to furnish such supplies, as may be in their power.
It has been the misfortune of Many Officers in captivity to have been overlooked by their States, who had the power of all regimental appointments, which seems to have been the Case with respect to Mr Broadhead.66 Had he been appointed in the
[Note 66: Capt. Daniel Brodhead, jr., of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.] line, after so long an absence from you, I should not have refused him the opportunity of paying you a visit; but as he has not, there cannot be a possibility of objection on my part.
With respect to Fort Laurens, both this and Fort McIntosh appear to be material posts; and I could wish them to be sufficiently garrisoned and the former well supplied with provision that it may not be liable to fall through want in case of an attack before it can be relieved. These as I have said, I wish to be sufficiently garrisoned; but I do not mean that the Troops should be exposed to loss, as such an event would involve the most disagreeable consequences; and to prevent it, the most pointed and vigilant attention should be paid to the movements and preparations on the part of the Enemy; as an investiture with Artillery would most probably, if not certainly end in their destruction; [if a sufficient force could not be assembled timously to prevent the Investure.] And besides these two Posts, I think it will be material for you, if circumstances will permit to establish one as soon as possible at Kittaning, and another at Venango. These would [not only afford protection to Westmoreld. County but] hold forth appearances of an expedition up the Alligany, and drawing the attention of the Senecas in some measure that way, would make them more vulnerable in other Quarters and of course countenance the progress of our Troops in the points of real attack. If the state of things will not authorise the establishing of both, yet it may that at Kittaning. But your conduct upon this as well as many other occasions must be governed by circumstances.
It is of importance most certainly to preserve the friendship of the Indians who have not taken up the Hatchet; and I am persuaded no address or means in your power will be wanting to this end. Unhappily our circumstances will not admit of our making them such presents as I could wish, and which possibly might effectually secure their friendship, or at least their neutrality.
With respect to a Deputy Adjt. General and an Inspector, it does not appear to me; that such Officers are essential in the Western department at this time. The force there is too small to require the former and the mode of War, being of the partizan and desultory kind, does not render the latter very material; [nor would the duties of the office be practicable dispersed as the Troops will be.] These considerations added to the necessity of the strictest public oeconomy, at this crisis in all our affairs, are opposed to such appointments. As to a Deputy Paymaster and Muster Master the appointments are not with me. I will mention them to the Board of War, who will pursue measures I doubt not for filling the vacancies.
I have no Commissions they all issue now from the Board of War, on arrangements and Lists previously returned to them. I have nothing interesting to inform you of. The Armaments in the West Indies are considerable on both sides; but as yet nothing has happened, or at least nothing has reached us. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
P.S. I must request your particular care and attention to the Batteaux and Boats that may be provided, so that they may not be injured, lost or seperated by a common use of them. For altho' we do not know the precise time when they may be wanted, the occasion may be sudden, and it would not answer to have them to collect.
I have just now received a report that Colo. Vanschaick who commands at Fort Schuyler formerly Fort Stanwix had made a sudden and successful irruption into the Onandaga Country; had burnt one of their Towns, killed 15 Men on the Spot and brought off 30 prisoners. I have not yet received the particulars thro an Official channel; but it is certain he has made a successful expedition and taken prisoners.
A Letter from Genl. Clinton of the State of New York announces this, and adds that as General Schuyler had promised to transmit me the particulars he would not do it. General Schuyler's Letter has not reached me. This tribe has been very hostile and has met with the chastisment they deserved.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 3, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 30th. April. The mutinuous spirit which appears in the regiment late Col. Malcoms is very alarming and dangerous; and however disagreeable it may be to drive matters of this kind to extremity, obedience must at all events be inforced, or there is no knowing how extensively pernicious the example may prove. I must therefore desire, you will take the most effectual measures to quell the mutiny, and oblige the whole corps now under your command to proceed on the service for which it is destined. Though the task cannot be pleasing to you, the necessity, I am convinced will make you chearfully execute it. I have the fullest confidence in your exertions; and I doubt not they will be seconded by the officers in general. You will be pleased to communicate my determination to them and let it be impressed on the minds of the parties concerned, that if a sense of duty and fair means will not succeed, I will, if necessary even send a force from this army to compel the obedience of the refractory and punish the instigators.
If the remaining officers of the corps in question are desirous of resigning, it will be considered hereafter; whether it may not be for the good of the service to dissolve the corps and make the distribution which seems to be wished. But at present no intimations of the kind are to be given. The first object is to teach the disobedient submission. With great regard I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 3, 1779.
Sir: I was duly honored with your Excellency's letter of the 28th of last month, with its inclosures, to which proper attention shall be paid.
I inclose you extracts69 from some letters lately received from General Schuyler, which are interesting in their nature, and require immediate direction. They are rather of a remote date, having been long in coming to hand. Congress will perceive, that some of the hostile tribes of Indians, the Cayugas in particular are desirous of making peace with us, and that it will be necessary to give our Commissioners instructions on this subject. I am inclined to think in our present situation, it may be politic enough to make a partial peace with some of the tribes, though I should not wish to see it extended to the whole, even if their inclination prompted by their fears should lead them to solicit it; of which however there is no present appearance. A disposition to peace in these people can only be ascribed to an apprehension of danger and would last no longer than till it was over and an opportunity offered to resume their hostility with safety and success. This makes it necessary that we should endeavour to punish them severely for what has past; and by an example of rigor intimidate them
[Note 69: These extracts are missing from Washington's letter as filed in the Papers of the Continental Congress. They were, probably, taken from Schuyler's letters to Washington, dated Apr. 27 and Apr. 29, 1779, which are in the Washington Papers.] in future. But by confining this to those nations who are most formidable and mischievous the end will be answered, and by detaching apart from the confederacy, we lessen the force we have to combat, add perhaps to our own and make the stroke intended more easy and certain. This policy seems the more eligible from the account given of the detachment which is designed to be sent from Canada to the Westward. This is a measure, I have all along dreaded, and to prevent it, if possible, have employed every artifice I could think of to excite jealousies of an invasion of Canada, and induce the Enemy there to keep their force at home. I have directed that effectual measures may be taken to ascertain the intelligence of the Western reinforcement. I have the honor, etc.70
[Note 70: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am honored with your favour of the 27th. of April, in behalf of the delegates of New York, which hurry of business prevented my answering sooner. So far as the matter respects military prisoners, it is in my province, and I have written to His Excellency Governor Clinton accordingly. The exchange of inhabitants has always been transacted by the States to which they belonged; and I have cautiously avoided confounding civil and military prisoners together or exchange them for each other, for reasons which will not need explanation. I therefore beg leave to return the papers on the subject. It appears to me, that the business belongs wholly to the States concerned; the inhabitants in possession of the enemy are of different states; it is not specified in the list, where those required in return reside. If they are of the State of New York, as I conjecture to be the case, the question then is, whether this state will choose to relieve the subjects of other states by giving its own in exchange. If it will not, it must then only provide for its own and leave it to the other states to take care of theirs. If the persons required in return belong to different states, Congress will best judge whether they would choose to interfere and authorise the Governor to negotiate an exchange for the whole, according to the number in captivity from each state with the enemy and residing in each state of those required by them. But as I said before, according to practice hitherto the whole seems most properly to be a State business. With very great esteem and regard I am, etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 166, fol. 407.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 3, 1779.
Gentlemen: I had the honor of your favor of the 25th ultimo thro' Col. Pickering.
The extract of a letter from Mr. Measam D.C. G.72 and the several objects to which it refers, will naturally claim the earliest notice. In particular the linen and blankets are greatly wanted for the troops; and the necessity of encreasing our supply of both so evident as to stand in need of no arguments to induce the board to take such measures as the present occasion may require, to provide the one and increase the other. I am, etc.
[Note 72: George Measam's letter of May 1, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. Since Baron Steuben's arrival in camp I have confered with him on the subject of the Adjt. General as assistant to the inspectorate General, and upon the whole, I would think it advisable that the two offices should be connected by such an appointment.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I duly received your favors of the 28th. and 30th. Ultimo. Under the circumstances you mention I think it will be best to retain the masons, 'till you have completed the work, at which you mean to employ them, when they may be returned to their corps.
The moment Gen. Parsons' Brigade arrives, or any part of it comprehending a regiment, you will immediately detach a regiment from Gen: Poors, to Eastown, by the shortest route, and with the usual baggage &c. as before directed. It will receive orders at Eastown.
Since my last of the 28th. Ultimo my advices from New York add nothing decisive on the subject of the embarkation of the nine regiments. I am at a loss how to consider the intelligence, as it seems blended both as to time and description with the enemy's incursion to Monmouth County. Your information however agreeing with mine as to the embarkation, would direct our belief that way. But as it is a matter of consequence to be well ascertained of the fact, to know how many regiments are designed for embarkation, whether actually on board, when to sail, or if they have already sailed. I would therefore beg your earliest attention to this subject and the speediest communication of the result of your enquiries. With great regard I am, etc.
May 4th.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have received the following intelligence from Gen: Maxwell dated Elizabeth Town the 3rd. Inst. "I have information that I think may be depended on, that four regts. were embarked on board vessels about three days ago, and it was thought very probable more would embark in a day or two, but no certainty of it. A Fleet yesterday" he adds "fell down to the hook. I neither know their number nor destination."
I have this moment been handed your letter of the 1st. of May.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On May 3 Washington wrote to Peter Scull, secretary to the Board of War, transmitting the commissions of some Virginia officers, which needed to be changed, and sending also some resignations. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, May 4, 1779.
Parole Saguntum. Countersigns Surrey, Sark.
The first part of the regulations for the exercise and discipline of the troops being already communicated to the different brigades, each officer must immediately furnish himself with a copy of the chapter on the instructions of recruits and the commanding officers of regiments must begin tomorrow to carry the same into execution in their respective Regiments.
The General hopes that the commanding officers of corps, being convinced of the necessity of this exercise, which our circumstances have hitherto obliged us to neglect, will now redouble their Zeal in carrying it into execution; and as a single man's being ignorant of the principles will often cause disorder in a platoon and sometimes in a battalion, no waiter or other soldier is to be exempted from this exercise.
As some Companies may not have a sufficiency of officers to instruct their men the commanding officers of regiments will divide those of their regiments as equally as possible among the different companies according to their strength.
The exercise to begin at 7 o'clock and continue 'till nine in the morning: At five in the afternoon the commanding officers of regiments must assemble their officers and instruct them in the different steps, how to dress, wheel and keep their distance with precision; The Major or eldest Captain will at the same time instruct the non commissioned officers; this exercise to continue 'till six o'clock when the regiment is to turn out and exercise as in the morning.
The above exercise without Arms to continue in practice 'till further orders.
The Inspector General and officers in his department will visit the different Brigades in turn and must be answerable they do not deviate in the smallest point from the principles laid down and established in the regulations.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 4, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received the honor of your two letters both of the 1st instant.75
[Note 75: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "Though for the considerations. Your Excellency suggest I should be very willing to permit the men you mention of Pulaski's Corps to serve in the manner they desire; yet as they are deserters and make this a condition of their return it would be a bad example to accept their offered surrender. They may be entitled to the benefit of my late proclamation if they please; but I have informed Major Barguat that they must avail themselves of it unconditionally or abide the consequences. I have at the same time directed him to take the most effectual measures he can, to force them to return, if they do not do it of their own accord. I doubt not your Excellency will see the propriety of this measure."]
I have generally been so happy as to agree with your Excellency in sentiment on public measures; but an instance now occurs, in which there happens to be a difference of opinion. I am extremely apprehensive that very disagreeable consequences may result from an increase of the standing pay of the militia. It would create an additional cause of discontent to the Soldiery, who would naturally draw a comparison between their situation and that of the Militia and would think it very hard and unjust that these should receive for temporary services a greater reward than they for permanent ones. This would occasion disgust and desertion, if not mutiny, among those already in the army; and would be a new discouragement to others from entering into it. The only remedy would be to augment the pay of the Soldiery to an equal sum, and the like must be done in the other States to their militia. The addition of Public expence would then be excessive and the decay of our credit and currency proportional.
Your Excellency will agree with me, that every step should be carefully avoided, which has a tendency to dissatisfy the army, already too little pleased with its condition, and to weaken our military establishment already too feeble, and requiring every prop our circumstances will afford; to keep it from falling into ruin!
I should imagine the militia of the Country is to be drawn out by the authority of the Government rather than by the pecuniary reward attached to their service. If the former is not sufficient, the latter I apprehend will be found ineffectual. To make the compensation given to the Militia an inducement of material weight it must be raised so high as to bear a proportion to what they might obtain by their labour in their civil occupations; and in our case to do this, it must be raised so high as I fear, to exceed the utmost stretch of our finances.
But if it is thought indispensable to increase the emoluments of service, in order to bring out the Militia, it will be best to do it by a bounty rather than a fixed monthly pay. This would not be quite so palpable, nor strike the minds of the army with the same degree of force. But even this is a very delicate point, and I have uniformly thought the large bounties which have been given in state enlistments and to the Militia have been a very fertile source of evils and an almost irreparable injury to the service.
I have taken the liberty to communicate my sentiments on this subject with great freedom to your Excellency and it appears to me a matter of extreme importance; and as I have the most intire confidence in your candour and friendship. If my objections do not appear valid, you will at least ascribe them to their proper motives. I shall agreeable to your Excellency's wish continue the troops or the principle part of them at their present stations as long as it can be done without interfering with the main object. I believe it will be a few days beyond the period limited in my former letter.
Though I should have been unwilling to have accepted the surrender of the deserters on conditions; yet as I understand from Captn. Benquet76 they have already delivered themselves up this difficulty is removed. I agree with your Excellency that it would be ineligible to send them to South Carolina, and I have therefore ordered them to Easton. They will be employed on the Western service. A small party of horse will be necessary and these fortunately will answer the purpose. I was before somewhat at a loss.
[Note 76: This name is spelled "Barguat" by Richard Kidder Meade.]
From the general complexion of the intelligence from England and from that of the Minister's speech of which I have seen some extracts in a New York paper of the first instant, there is in my opinion, the greatest reason to believe that a vigorous prosecution of the war is determined on. Considerable reinforcements have been frequently mentioned as coming over to Sir Henry Clinton. This by many is discredited; but to me it appears so probable as to demand our most serious attention. While England can procure money, she will be able to procure men; and while she can maintain a ballance of naval power she may spare a considerable part of those men to carry on the war here. The measures adopted by Parliament some time since for recruiting the Army were well calculated to succeed; and the information we have received justifies a belief that it has been attended with no small success. Under these circumstances prudence exacts that we should make proportionable exertions on our part; and I assure Your Excellency the situation of our army demands them. I am sorry to find our prospects of a reinforcement are extremely slender. The Virginia levies intended for this quarter are now of necessity ordered to the Southward; few of the States have as yet done any thing that has come to my knowledge towards augmenting their batalions. This discouraging aspect of things justifies no small degree of anxiety and alarm. I confess my feelings upon the subject are painful. I am persuaded Sir you will be ready to promote every measure which may be found practicable for completing the batalions of this State and I beg leave to recommend the matter to the most particular attention. With every sentiment of regard I am, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I am favoured with yours of the 4th. Directions shall be given to the Commissary accordingly.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 4, 1779.
Sir: Having appointed you to take the command of an expedition, which is to be carried on to the Westward, against the Indians of the Six nations; You will be pleased forthwith to repair to Easton, in order to superintend and forward the preparations for that purpose.
You will previously make every necessary arrangement with the Quarter Master and Commissary General relative to your supplies of Stores and provision, which ought to be hastened to the places of their destination, with all possible dispatch: The time, manner and route for conveying the cattle for the expedition ought to be particularly ascertained.
I have ordered a regiment from Poor's brigade to cross to Easton; another from Maxwell's will proceed there in a few days. But the troops should not be drawn together 'till the preparations are complete or nearly so to avoid consumption of the provisions and stores, destined for the support of the expedition.
It is essential that the road from Easton to Wyoming be opened without delay that the troops and supplies passing that way may meet with no obstruction. You will open a correspondence with General Hand at Wyoming and instruct him to give all the aid he can with the troops under his command to accelerate the transportation of provisions and stores up the River. You will also direct him to put every engine in motion to obtain the most precise intelligence of the enemy's situation and views. And in short you will make every exertion, and employ every expedient to complete the preparations for penetrating into the Indian Country by way of Tioga, on the Susquehannah on the plan which has been already explained, and may be finally adopted. You will be pleased to consider these as preparatory instructions. When our plan of operations is ultimately fixed and ready for execution, you will receive others more full and definite.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 4, 1779.
Sir: Having already fully explained to you the plan of the Western expedition against the Indians of the six nations, and the preparations necessary in your department; I am now to inform you that Major General Sullivan is appointed to the command of this expedition, and to desire that you will comply with his immediate requisitions for every thing which falls under the providence of your department so far as is consistent with the general directions, you receive from me, relative to the operations of the army at large.
I must request you will immediately inform me, with as much precision and certainty as possible, when you will have ready the number of waggons and all other matters in your department requisite to enable me to make a general movement of the army, and take the field agreeable to former directions. You are so well acquainted with the urgent motives to a speedy movement, that I am persuaded, I need not press you to make every exertion in your power for that purpose.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On this same date (May 4) practically this same letter, except the last paragraph, was addressed to Corn. Gen. James Wadsworth. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 4, 1779.
Sir: I duly recd. your two favors of the 1st. and 3rd. inst. I wish you to be as diligent as possible in gaining further intelligence respecting the imbarkation of troops; how many and what regiments; what quantity of provisions they have on board; whether for a long or short voyage, and if the soldiers have received any additional light cloathing adapted to a warm climate.
You will give immediate orders to one of the three regiments under your command to be in the most perfect readiness to march in two or three days from this date. I will however send you further notice on this subject. The remaining two regiments will also put themselves in the same state of preparations to move on the shortest notice.
My former orders with respect to disencumbering themselves of all unnecessary baggage or camp furniture; reserving only such as is of light portage, and that cannot be dispensed with during the operations of the campaign. I make no doubt has been properly attended to. I am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 4, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I inclose you a return which I received a few days ago from General Parsons, of arms and accoutrements wanted for the troops at Reading. I wish you to take the most immediate measures on this occasion in your department, to have these and all the deficiences, in the troops stationed on the other side of the North River supplied from Springfield; having respect at the same time to the supplies which may be necessary for the other parts of the army, and proportioning the distribution accordingly. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: In the writing of James McHenry. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 4, 1779.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your two favors of the 2nd. and 26th. ultimo. When I directed your brigade to hold itself in readiness to march it was with an intention to employ it elsewhere for the common interest. How far this will permit me to dispense with the former order I cannot at this instant decidedly say. In a few days I may possibly determine whether two or three regiments of the other Brigade may not answer my views of which you will be further informed. My wish is to give content, and to cover every State as far as the means in my hands will permit. But it will occur to you that the most vulnerable parts and those on which our common safety depends should claim a principal share of our attention. This will often make changes in the disposition of troops necessary, And put it out of my power to reconcile it to every interest.
With respect to your commission, the application shall be made to Congress, or the board of War.82 I am, etc.83
[Note 82: On May 5 Washington wrote to Peter Scull, secretary to the Board of War, to forward Glover's commission of brigadier general to that officer. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On May 4 Washington also wrote briefly to Maj. Jean Bernard de Murnand, ordering him to Wyoming, under the command of Brig. Gen. Edward Hand. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
In the Historical Society of Pennsylvania is an undated note, in the writing of an aide, which probably should bear the date of May 4, 1779. It reads:
"General Washington's compliments to General Irvine; begs the favor of his company to dinner to-day. The Sieur Girard is to be one of the company.
"Tuesday morning."]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I had closed the within letter, but had retained it for a conveyance when I received yours of the 24th. Ultimo.
The disposition of the Cayugas to peace at this juncture is rather embarrassing, and would appear to proceed more from fear, than a desire of permanent friendship. They dread operations of which they must have heard, and wish to escape their effects. On the whole, however it may be good policy to lessen the force of the confederacy, by a peace with some of the hostile tribes; but it would be a dangerous experiment, were the whole inclined the same way to give into a general reconciliation. It seems necessary that we should punish some severely for what is past, and by this means intimidate them in future. But by confining this to such nations as are most formidable and mischievous the end will be answered while by withdrawing a part from the confederacy we diminish the force we have to combat, add perhaps to our own, and make the stroke intended, more easy and certain.
In these sentiments I have written to Congress and requested their immediate directions. But lest the application should be made to the commissioners,84 before Congress decides on a line of conduct for the occasion, I think you had better give them my ideas on the subject; adding that should the Cayugas seem really disposed to peace, or any of the inferior tribes (for I would exclude the Senecas) they will keep the negociation in suspence; but at the same time rather encourage hopes of a reconciliation and amity for the reasons above mentioned.
[Note 84: Indian Commissioners for the Northern Department, of whom Schuyler was president.]
I am this moment favored with yours of the 29th. but have not leisure to enter particularly into its contents; I would observe however that It was not my intention to move the Troops from Conojoharie, 'till every thing should be ripe on the Susquehannah for commencing our operations.
The Continental guard at Saratoga may remain, till we can relieve them by an equal number of Militia; or in case these cannot be spared for this purpose, till my further orders.
I have received a letter from Gen. Clinton of the same date with yours of the 29, which mentions that you had transmitted me the particulars of Col. V. Schaick's expedition against Onondaga.85 He speaks of it only in general terms of success; your letter to which he alludes, has not come to hand, so that I am left almost wholly in the dark. I am, etc.86
[Note 85: Schuyler's letter of Apr. 27, 1779, inclosing Col. Goose Van Schaick's letter to him and his account of the Onondaga success (both dated April 24), was answered by Washington on May 10. (See Washington's letter to Philip Schuyler, May 10, 1779.) All the letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 24th. Ulto. and was sorry to receive such unfavourable accounts respecting the Levies. The exigency of the service requires they should be in the field as soon as possible.
I am now to inform you that the original intention of bringing those levies to reinforce the Army here is changed and that they are destined, as a reinforcement to the Southern army. Our affairs in Georgia grow dayly more alarming, and unless a force of more permanent troops than militia can be collected sufficient to stop the progress of the enemy in that quarter we shall have a great deal to apprehend. South Carolina considers herself in imminent danger87 and fears she will share the fate of her neighbour, if some effectual succour is not afforded. This has dictated the necessity of sending the Virginia levies, however ill we can dispense with their service here.
[Note 87: At this point the following (in Hamilton's writing) is crossed off: "and has made a very affecting representation to Congress of its situation. This has been transmitted to me by a Committee, accompanied with an application for the Virginia levies. Though we can ill dispense with their services here; yet the necessity calls so loud to the Southward, that I could not but concur with the wish of the"]
I am therefore to desire, considering the pressing importance of the occasion, you will exert yourself to collect them, with the utmost expedition at such places as you judge most convenient and to have them equipped and marched to join the Southern army, as soon as circumstances will possibly permit. There is not a moment's time to be lost, and I am convinced you will not lose any that it is in your power to improve.
By the levies I mean such of the 2000 men voted by the late act of Assembly as have been raised in Virginia. The men who reinlisted with their regiments here and were furloughed, are not comprehended; but are to come on to join their corps. The levies are to be thrown into three regiments, as I do not imagine you will have more than will complete this number. I shall immediately send you a detachment of officers from the Virginia line, as mentioned in the inclosed list who will be sufficient to officer the three batalions; Part of these are already in Virginia to whom you will give notice. I have written to The Committee of Congress on Southern affairs, on the subject of arms. They I doubt not will take measures to have you supplied as speedily as possible. You will be pleased to march with these troops.
I would recommend for the facility of the march that the batalions move one after another. This will render subsistence easier and conduce to expedition. You will make previous arrangements, with the Quarter Master and Commissary, that you may suffer no delay or difficulty in your route for want of anything in either of their departments.
You will observe in the list that one of the batalions is without Ensigns. I shall endeavour to supply the deficiency, or give some further directions about it. I shall wish to hear of the progress you make in assembling and equipping the men; of the time you march &c. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 5, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed I have the honor to transmit your Excellency three New York papers of the 28th and 29th April and 1st of May, which I think are interesting.
The last contains extracts from Lord Norths speech at opening the budget which seems to breathe a vigorous prosecution of the war: I have thought appearances for some time past wore this complexion. The English papers have frequently announced considerable reinforcements to the army in America and have even specified the particular Corps intended to be sent over. Nor can I see any sufficient reason to believe this will not be done. While the Government can procure money, men will not be wanting; and while the Nation is unengaged in a Continental war in Europe and can maintain a ballance of naval power, I do not perceive why it should not be able to spare men to continue the war in this country. At least, the probability that they will be able to do it is great enough to demand very vigorous efforts on our part to put the Army upon a much more respectable footing than it now is. It does not really appear to me that adequate exertions are making in the several States to complete their Battalions. I hope this may not proceed in part from the expectation of peace having taken too deep root of late in this country.
I beg leave to submit it to Congress whether a private pointed address on this subject from them to the respective Legislatures may not be productive of a good purpose.
I imagine it is unnecessary for me to particularize the situation of the army in the present reduced state of the regiments, after we shall have made the large detachment which will be indispensible for the Western expedition and considering that all the Virginia Levies are of necessity, to be sent to the Southward. I doubt not they are convinced it is such as to demand the most serious exertions to make it better.
With the greatest respect and esteem, I have the honor, etc.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on May 8 and referred to the committee appointed to prepare an address to the several States, to which were added Samuel Adams and Thomas Burke. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, May 26, 1779, for the address agreed upon. It was printed in broadside form and also published in the Pennsylvania Packet of May 29, 1779.)]
[Note 90: The committee on southern affairs.]
Head Quarters, May 5, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit to your care an Open Letter for Brigr. General Scott, by which you will perceive that I have directed the Levies in Virginia to be formed into three Batalions, and to be officered and marched under his command to reinforce the Southern Army, as soon as circumstances will possibly permit. I give you this trouble; lest these directions should interfere with any arrangements you may have made, and that they may be added to or altered if you should think it expedient in any point. The sooner the Letter can reach General Scott the better. He will be it is probable, either at Alexandria or Fredericksburg; but the Express who carries it, should be directed to proceed with it, till he finds him. I beg leave to mention the subject of Arms again and persuade myself the Committee will cause every proper measure to be pursued for supplying these Levies with all possible expedition. Such of the Officers as are mentioned in the list contained in Genl. Scotts Letter, who are in Camp, will proceed to Virginia without delay. I make no doubt the Committee have given orders respecting Blands and Baylor's Regiments, if they choose that they should go. I have the Honor, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Headquarters, Middlebrook, May 5, 1779.
Gentlemen: In a letter from Colonel Brodhead, dated Fort McIntosh the 3d Ultimo, he has the following paragraph, "There is a prodigious deficiency in Clothing and money in this department; some cloth has indeed been purchased in the State of Virginia, but the means of making it up are not provided; shoes and linen cannot be had at any rate unless they are sent up by the clothier general." He adds in another place, "A deputy adjutant general, Deputy pay master Genl. Muster master and Inspector will be necessary in this department.
As the troops under Colonel Brodhead must suffer the greatest inconveniences if a supply is not furnished them, I thought it best to lay his representation as early as possible before the board, that it might have an opportunity to make a proper provision on the occasion.
With respect to an appointment of a Deputy Adjutant General and Inspector, I would beg leave to observe that such officers do not appear to me essential in the Western department. The force is too small to require the one and the mode of war being of the desultory kind does not render the latter very material. Nor is the duties of the office practicable as the troops will be situated.
As to the Deputy pay Master, and Muster Master, they are proper enough, and I would therefore recommend them to consideration. Colonel Brodhead in his letter expresses a desire to have his son appointed to one of these offices. This gentleman was early in the war, made prisoner, and is now in Philadelphia. But the Board will be able to inform itself better of his merit than I can, as his captivity has put this so much out of my power. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 5, 1779.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 26th. ultimo. The moment you receive your intelligence from the persons which you have employed at Quebec and other places in Canada, you will make me a transmission. I hope their character is such as to give the strongest credit to their reports. I am so much engaged at present that I must defer any other matters which may arise on your letter to another opportunity. I have written however, fully to Col. Hazen. I am, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 5, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 26th. ultimo. It was handed me by Col. Hunt's son who will take charge of this.
While I wish to have every thing in the utmost readiness, to act according to our circumstances yet till my further directions you will confine yourself strictly to the objects of my instructions.
Increasing the number of boats may be deferrd, but you will ascertain how many are on the river, that can be called into service when wanted. Oeconomy in the state of our affairs is a principal consideration. To hide a real intention from the enemy another; or should this be discovered, to perplex as to the moment, as well as the points of operation, by assuming some steps of an ambiguous appearance, and neglecting others that should seem necessary.
While the force is restricted to your regiment, I do not imagine you will have any occasion for an Assistant quarter master general.
In your account of the provision you mention about 16 or 17 hundred bushels of wheat, that has been expended; I would know to what purposes this has been applied as it does not appear to me, that the small party employed in clearing the roads could have consumed it. You will, in the mean time take such measures with the commissaries in your quarter as may keep up a proper and adequate supply of provision for the troops under your command. The instant I find alterations in my instructions expedient, I will give you the earliest advice for your government. At present you will push your enquiries into Canada, and collect such information as may be useful and necessary. I need not remind you of carrying on the clearing of the roads, as it will naturally engage a share of your attention. I am, etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, May 5, 1779.
Parole Euphrates. Countersigns Ebro, Edom.
The General reminds the Army that tomorrow is the General Fast; He expects it will be observed according to the order of the 12th. of April last. No exercising or fatigue to be permitted thereon.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 15
May 6, 1779--July 28, 1779
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
Copy 6
E312
7
1931
copy 6
PRINTED
OCTOBER, 1936
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
APR 28 1937
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 6, 1779.
Sir: I inclose you a representation in favour of Capt Lunt,1 which is expressed in such strong terms, and sanctioned by the names of so many respectable officers, as to deserve particular attention. His case seems to be singularly hard; but at this distance without an opportunity of inquiring circumstantially into the affair, I cannot undertake to make a different arrangement from that which has already been made. This induces me to refer the matter to you, as you are on the spot and to request your assistance. You will be pleased to inquire particularly into the reasons that occasioned his being left out; and if there has been any mistake, or any thing which distinguishes his case from that of many other good officers, who have necessarily become supernumerary, and he can be readmitted into the corps, with the rank he was entitled to, without giving discontent to the other officers, or occasioning a greater inconvenience on one hand than is avoided on the other, I shall be very glad to have it in my power to do him justice. As it is inconvenient and injurious to the service to leave a corps in a state of uncertainty as to its own situation; I wish this affair to be put upon some explicit and decided footing before it returns to me, that I may be enabled to have the arrangement finally
[Note 1: Capt. Ezra Lunt, of Henley's Additional Continental regiment, He had become a supernumerary on Apr. 23, 1779.] determined, in a satisfactory manner. If Capt Lunt is reintroduced I shall be obliged to you to forward me a new and accurate arrangement of the corps as it will then stand. I mean the corps commanded by Col. Jackson. I am, etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 6, 1779.
Sir: The first Jersey Regt. is under marching orders, and it is probable will move on this route the day after tomorrow. General Maxwell writes me "We have not got our portmanteaus, nor waggons, our tents are not taken out of the store at Morristown for want of Waggons." This respects the Whole.
I have thought it best to give you this notice, that there may be no delay on the above account, as the whole brigade is under marching orders. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: Upon receipt of this, you will be pleased to give directions, that the regiment of General Poors brigade which was ordered to march to Eastown in my letter of the 3rd. instant be paid up to the first of April previous to its departure.
But in case there should be no money in the chest, I would not have the regiment delayed any time in waiting for it. A supply will set out from this place to-morrow. It will be necessary however to furnish the regimt. with two pair of overalls per man, and if there should be any deficiencies in their shoes and shirts to have them completed. You will take immediate measures for this purpose.
That I may know the quantity remaining in store after this deduction, you will send me a return of what the regiment draws. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 6, 1779.
Sir: I was duly handed your favor of the 5th. Inst. this morning. When the pay masters come up here, they will be ordered to be paid up to the 1st. of April.5 I have taken measures with the quarter master general to prevent any delay in the execution of my orders of march.
[Note 5: That is, to draw the pay for the First New Jersey Regiment.]
I enclose you answers to the questions, which you will put into the hands of your spy. He may be instructed to say, that he sent the questions to a friend of his near this camp, and received from him the answers. This occurs to me as the most eligible plan. However you will judge yourself on the occasion. I think you had better have them copied in an indifferent hand, preserving the bad spelling at the same time.6 I am etc.
[Note 6: The original questions of Maxwell's spy in New York are filed with this letter of Washington's, and, with the supplied answers in the writing of McHenry, are as follows:
"1. Where is Mr. Washington and what number of men has he with him?--Cant tell the number exactly. Some says eight thosand and very knowing hans ten thosand. I dont think he has 8000 with himself, besides the Jersey brigade, and another brigade at which I hear is at Paramus. Gen: Washington keeps head quarters at Mrs. Wallis's house four miles from Bandbrook.
"2. What number of cannon has Mr. Washington with him and what general officers.--There is about sixty cannon in the parke at Plukemin, and not more than 8 or 10 with his troops at Bandbrook camp. The general officers is General Starling and Gen: Greene (Gert: Howe is at Philadelphia I am told and coming on to camp) Genl. de Kalble, and Genl. Stubun French generals--Gen: Sullivan (General Gates I hear is ordered here) Genl. Woodford, Gen. Mulimburg, Smallwood, Gist and one Genl. McIntosh.
"3. Whether there is to be a draft of the militia to join Mr. Washington & how the inhabitants like it.--The militia all ready to come out when signals is fired, which is placed up in all places in Jersey. They seem very angry with the British and curse them for keeping on the war. Many of them brag that the wold take revenge if they could get but a good opportunity, and General Washington to back them.
"4. Whether there is any discontent among the soldiers.--I cant say theres much discontent among the sodgers, tho' their Money is so bad. They get plenty of provisions, and have got better cloes now than ever they had. They are very well off only for hatts. They give them a good deal of rum and whiskey, and this I suppose helps with the lies their officers are always telling them to keep up their spirits.
"5. Whether the inhabitants would resort to the king's standard provided a post was taken in Jersey and civil government establish'd. The people talk much as they used to do--Some seem to get tired of the war--But the rebels seem to have a great spite against our friends and want to get their estates.--I have heard some of these say--they would be glad to see the English again in Jersey; but I have heard some again say, that the Inglish come into the country a little while, and then leave it and get their friends into trouble and then they loose their estates. I dont know whether many would join.
"6. Your Account of the situation of the army with ev'ry other matter you can collect,--Mr. Washingtons army is in three parts, two of them General Starling and Gen. Kables are upon the mountain over Bondbrook and General Sinxclairs men on this side of Vanwikters bridge on high ground. They all seem to be all getting ready for something. The waggons at the artifishers are getting ready, and they are bringing in all the horses from the country--No body knows certain what they are going to do. A friend who keeps always with them, tells me that he cant tell (I must not tell you his name just now) he thinks something very grand if it could be known he thinks for he heard a servant of Lord Starlings say, that he heard Lord Starling tell another officer that he hoped they would have New-York before long and said the New England militia Were all coming to help them.
"I would write you more but you have not given me time remember me to our friends in York--and dont forget to bring what I wrote for when you were last out.
P.L.
"P. S. dont send your next letter by the same hand, for I have reason to be suspitious. I would not send this by him. When he left me he went strait to Washingtons head quarters."]
P.S. I congratulate you on the success of an enterprize against Onandaga commanded by Col. V. Schaik. He has by a rapid and well conducted march from fort Schuyler surprized that settlement; taken 33 pris: and killed 12 chiefly warriors; burnt all their provisions, destroyed their cattle, and carried off a great quantity of arms &c. The whole was performed in five days (180 miles) and without the loss of a single man on our part. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, May 6, 1779.
Parole Tallard. Countersigns Tervel, Troy.
The Virginia officers ordered on detachment are to be paid up to the first of May by their regimental Pay Master.
Head Quarters, Middle brook, May 5--7, 1779.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th. of Feby. arrivd safe by Colo. Mead, abt. the 10th. of Apl. It conveyed to me a two fold pleasure; 1st. to hear that you were ready to obey the call of your Country in a representatn of it and 2dly, that you cd. do it with more ease and convenience to your affairs than formerly.
If my time would permit, and it was proper and safe by the Post to go into a free discussion of the political state of our affairs I could, and would, write you a very long letter on this subject; but this kind of conveyance is too uncertain (while the enemy are pursuing with avidity every means in their power to come at the sentiments of men in office) to hazard such opinions as I could wish to convey; I shall only remark therefore, that no day passes without some proofs of the justness of the observations contained in my letter to you by Colo. Mead,8 and the necessity of the measure there recommended; if it is much longer neglected I shall not scruple to add, that our affairs are irretrievably lost! I see no cause to retract a single sentiment contained in that long letter, but many very many, alarming proofs in confirmation of the truth of them; if the letter therefore is in being you are possessed as fully of my ideas on the several matters there touched as I have words to express them, and may allow them such weight as you think they deserve. An instance in proof of one of my positions I may give, because it is a fact of such notariety that to the enemy, and to ourselves, it is equally well known; it is, that Beef in the Market of Phila. is from ten to 15/. a pound, and other things in proportion. Country produce and imported Goods are equally dear; under these circumstances, and no
[Note 8: See Washington's letter to Benjamin Harrison, Dec. 18--30, 1775, ante.] appearances that I can see of a radical cure, it is not difficult to predict the fate of our Paper Money, and with it, a general Crash of all things.
The measures of Ministry are taken; and the whole strength and resources of the Kingdom will be exerted against us this Campaign; while we have been either slumbering and sleeping or disputing upon trifles, contenting ourselves with laughing at the impotence of G: Britain which we supposed to be on her knees, begging mercy of us, and foregiveness for past offences, instead of devising ways and means to recruit our Battalions, provide supplies, and improving our finances, thereby providing against the worst and a very possible contingency.
Accts. from London. to the 9th. of March have fixed me in the opinion that G. Britain will strain every nerve to distress us this Campaign; but where, or in what manner her principal force will be employed I cannot determine; that a pretty considerable number of Troops will be sent from G Britain does not, I think, admit of a doubt; but whether for the West Indies, Georgia, or New York, or partly to all three, time must unfold; my own opinion of the matter is, that they will keep a respectable force at the last mentioned place and push their operations vigorously to the Southward where we are most vulnerable and least able to afford succour.
By extracts from English Papers of the 4th. of March it appears pretty evident that Seven Regiments, besides two of the New raised Scotch Corps, Recruits for the Guards, and other Regits. now in America, were upon the point of embarking; the whole it is said would amount to 12 or 13,000 Men. A Bill has passed both Houses of Parliament obliging each parish in the Kingdom to furnish two Men by which it is said 27,000 will be raised. With this augmn. and her fleets, which are more than a match for the Naval strength of France alone, she may, circumstanced as we are, give a very unfavourable turn to that pleasing Slumber we have been in for the last eight Months and which has produced nothing but dreams of Peace and Independance, if Spain can be kept quiet; to effect which there is no doubt but that all the Art and address of the Ministry will be displayed and with too much success it is to be feared, as it will be difficult upon any political ground (I am capable of investigating) to acct. for the backwardness of that Court if it means to take an active part; as the Fleets of France and Independance of America are hazarded by the delay.
From present appearances, I have not the smallest doubt but that we shall be hard pushed in every quarter. This campaign will be the grand, and if unsuccessful, more than probably the laststruggle of G. Britain; how much then does it behoove us to be prepar'd at all points to avert their intended blows. They are raising all the Indians from North to South that their arts and their Money can procure, and a powerful diversion they will make in this quarter, with the aid expected from Canada. They have already begun their depredations. Under this view of things, which I believe is not exagerated, and the probability of the enemy's operating to the Southward out of supporting diste. of this Army; would it not be good policy in the State of Virginia to extend their views to the necessary and effectual support of their Southern neighbours. The slow, ineffectual, and expensive modes ordinarily used to draw out the Militia is ruinous in the extreme on acct. of the enormous expence which is incurred in the consumption of Provisions and stores, to say nothing of the useless time which they are paid for in coming, going, and waiting for each other at any given point or place of rendezvous or the injuries wch. agriculture and Manufactures sustain. I know too little of the policy, energy, and situation of your government to hazard a clear opinion on the propriety, or practicability of any measure adequate to this end; nor do I know upon what footing your minute Men which existed at the commencement of this dispute were put (as the establishment of them happened after I left Virginia) but it appears to me, that if a certain proportion of the Militia of each County were enrolled under this description; properly Officered by Men who had seen Service and know how to train them, and were inform'd that they were to be first called to Service it might prove a very happy resource. If the proportion which shall be agreed on cannot be obtained voluntarily from the Militia, let the privates perform the duty by rotation. These are but crude ideas, and will in case they shd. merit notice at all require time and consideration to digest them to system and order. My forebodings may lead me too far; but apprehensive as I am on acct. of the situation of the Southern states, I shall hope to stand excused for this freedom of thought, especially as I am convinced that Militia wch. can only be drawn out for short limited periods, and can afford no effectual aid while they ruin us in expence.
Little did I expect when I begun this letter that I should have spun it out to this length or that I should have run into such freedom of sentiment; but I have been led on insensibly and therefore shall not boggle at the mention of one thing more which I am desirous to touch upon, it is with respect to the treatment of the Convention troops, now in Virginia. No man in the early part of this War wished more than I did to soften the hardships of captivity by seeing the enemy's Officers, prisoners with us, treated with every mark of humanity, civility, and respect; but such invariable proofs of ungrateful returns from an opinion that all your civilities are the result of fear9 such incessant endeavours, maugre all their paroles, to
[Note 9: Lord George Germain, in writing to Sir Henry Clinton over a year later (Nov. 9, 1780), expresses the British idea thus: "The Rebels have hitherto made the most ungrateful Return for that Lenity, which, from Principles of Humanity has been too indiscriminately shewn to them, and, instead of being grateful for Indulgence, they have always imputed Lenity to Fear, and the Remission of Punishment to the Dread of Retaliation. The wretched Pretence I understand the Congress now make use of to avoid exchanging the Convention Troops for the Garrison at Charleston, that their Troops are only engaged for a limited time, and therefore not to be set against Ours, whose Time of Service has no Period, is a full Proof, if any had been still wanting, that no good Faith or Justice is to be expected from them, and we ought, in all our Transactions with them, to act upon that Supposition ... as Major Ross seems to be of Opinion that many of the Prisoners might be induced to serve on board the King's Ships, or in Privateers, or inlist in the Regiments serving in the West Indies, or go as Volunteers upon Expeditions in that Quarter, I have recommended to Lord Cornwalls to get rid of all he can in those several ways, or in any other his Lordship shall think fit to be adopted." Germain's letter is in the Public Record Office, London: C. O. 5, 100, fol. 333.] poison the minds of those around them; such arts and address to accomplish this, by magnifying the power of G. Britain to some, her favourable disposition to others and combining the two arguments to a third set, that I cannot help looking upon them as dangerous guests in the bowels of our Country and apprehending a good deal from the hospitality and unsuspicious temper of my Countrymen. the more indulged they are, the more indulgencies they will require, and more pernicious they grow under them and I am much mistaken, if those who pay most attention to them, do not find the greatest cause for repentance. I view General Philips in the light of a dangerous Man. In his March to Charlotteville he was guilty of a very great breach of Military propriety, nay of a procedure highly criminal; for, instead of pursuing the rout pointed out to him, namely the one by which the Troops of Convention marched through Leesburg, Orange, &ca. he struck down to George Town in Maryland, from thence went by Water to Alexandria taking as I am told the soundings of the River as he went, and from thence to Fredericksburg. true it is, that the Officer who conducted him was more culpable than he, but upon inquiry it is found that this Officer is a person over whom I have no controul as he is a prisoner of theirs. I only mention these things in proof of the necessity of keeping a watchful eye upon these Officers. and let me add if you think you gain by the apparent desertion of the men, I can assure you you are deceived; we are every day apprehending these People in their attempts to get into New York. In a word, I had such good ground to suspect that under pretence of desertion numbers of them intended to get into New York, that I was induced to March parallel with them as they pass'd thro N: Yk. and Jersey, and post guards at proper places to intercept them; notwithstanding which numbers aided by the Tories who kept them concealed in the Mountains and obscure places effected a junction with the enemy in the city. Above all things, suffer them not to engage in your service as Soldiers, for so sure as they do, so sure do they rob you of your bounty and arms, and more than probably carry a man or two along with them to the enemy.
I have already informed you that the Indians have begun their depredations on the Frontiers, and I have the pleasure to add, that we are endeavouring to pay them in their own Coin; about a fortnight ago I sent 500 Men against the Onondago settlement which they destroyed with their provisns. and amn., killed 12 of them (and their Horses and Cattle, took 34 prisoners, 100 stand of Arms and did them other damage witht. the loss of a Man; this with what may follow, will, it is to be hoped, be attended with salutary effects.
The enemy have been busily employed some days in preparing Nine Regiments for Imbarkation but for what Service they are intended is uncertain; most likely Georgia. No measures are taking by any of the States to compleat their Battalions; none at least that promises success, except in Virginia where the measure was set about in time. I leave you under this relation and these circumstances to draw your own conclusions, and am with every sentiment of regard etc.
P.S. May 7th. This letter will go by Colo. Spotswood to Fredg. instead of the Post. I have this instant received advice of the Sailing of the Troops mentioned above (as preparing to imbark) their number said to be 4000. I have ordered all the Virginia levies to be formd into 3 Regiments and Marched under the Comd. of Genl. Scott immediately for Georgia. Officers are going from Camp to take charge of them. Blands and Baylors Regimts. will, I believe, also be sent thither, but if the Troops here mentioned are destined for the Southward more aid must be sent to our army, or South Carolina will soon be added to Georgia.10
[Note 10: That is, will pass into the possession of the British.]
Head Quarters, May 7, 1779.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting to Your Excellency the following Extract of a Letter from General Maxwell of the 5th Inst. which I received last night.
My intelligence from the Enemy is, that 4000 Troops chiefly British are embarked for the West Indies or Georgia, though the latter is the most suspected. Generals Vaughan and Leslie are supposed to take the command. They were to embark this day, and the Fleet to sail on their voyage immediately.11
[Note 11: Maxwell's original letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I also transmit an Extract of a Letter of the same date from Lt. Colo. Ford on command at Shrewsbury.
Twenty seven square rigged Vessels of the Enemy's fleet and twelve or fourteen Sloops and Schooners put to sea this Evening; they steered a South East course till they got out of sight. By a person from New York who was a prisoner I am informed that the report there was, that between 6 and 7000 Troops were embarked, he sailed in company with them from New York to the Watering place, saw a vast number of Light Horse on board and that the fleet was very full of Men; that their destination was a secret the Officers appeared anxious to know; that their conjectures were various about it some talked of Georgia, some of Maryland, and Others at Rhode Island.12
[Note 12: The photostat of Ford's original letter is in the Washington Papers.]
From these several accounts and the particularity with which they are related, there can be no doubt but that a body of Troops have embarked and sailed. What their number is cannot be ascertained, but even according to the lowest estimate, which from a consideration of the Fleet and many other circumstances, I should suppose to be as high as it possibly can be, and to exceed their real amount, it is formidable. I wish the West Indies may be their Object; but from their having Horse and other considerations, it is to be feared their operations will be on our Southern Continent.
Your Excellency will be pleased to receive a Copy of the Report by the Gentlemen appointed on our part to negotiate a Cartel for the general exchange of prisoners or an Agreement for a more partial relief. I have the Honor, &c
P.S. I have this minute received a Letter from General Schuyler, transmitting Minutes and proceedings in the Enterprize against Onondaga, commanded by Colo. Van Scaick. An Extract13 from the former and a Copy of the latter, your Excellency will find inclosed.
[Note 13: The extract of Schuyler's letter of Apr. 27, 1779, filed with the letter of Washington, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It is indorsed by Charles Thomson as "Referred to the comee. of intelligence."]
Colo. Ford's account of a Fleet's sailing out of the Hook is confirmed by others just come to hand. The latter makes the Fleet something larger, and one says, owing to a 64 Gun ship which had a flag at the Foretopmast head, not getting out, they came to an Anchor in the Evening on the Sea side, and were there yesterday morning at 9 O'Clock. They also add that Genl. Clinton was on board himself, a circumstance mentioned by the person Colo. Ford saw; this however seems very improbable.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that the time of your trial is now finally fixed on the first day of June. If something very extraordinary does not intervene to prevent it, it will certainly come on then; as I am truly desirous that it may have as speedy a decision, as a regard to propriety will permit. I am, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 7, 1779.
Sir: I have received your two favors of yesterdays date; one of them with infinite concern. There is nothing, which has happened in the course of the war that has given me so much pain as the remonstrance16 you mention from the officers of the 1st. Jersey Regiment. I cannot but consider it as a hasty and imprudent step, which on more cool consideration they will themselves condemn. I am very sensible of the inconveniences under which the officers of the army labor and I hope they do me the justice to believe, that my endeavours to procure them relief are incessant. There is however more difficulty in satisfying their wishes than perhaps they are aware; our resources have been hitherto very limited; the situation of our money is no small embarrassment, for which, though there are remedies, they cannot be the work of a moment. Government is not insensible of the merits and sacrifices of the officers, nor,
[Note 16: A copy of the remonstrance of the officers to the New Jersey Legislature, dated Apr. 17, 1779, was inclosed by Washington in his letter to Congress (May 11), and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 7, fol. 325.] I am persuaded, unwilling to make a compensation; but it is a truth, of which a little observation must convince us, that it is very much straitened in the means. Great allowances ought to be made on this account for any delay and seeming backwardness which may appear. Some of the states indeed have done as generously as it is at this juncture in their power, and if others have been less expeditious it ought to be ascribed to some peculiar cause, which a little time aided by example will remove. The patience and perseverance of the army have been under every disadvantage such as to do them the highest honor both at home and abroad; and have inspired me with an unlimited confidence in their virtue, which has consoled me amidst every perplexity and reverse of fortune, to which our affairs in a struggle of this nature were necessarily exposed. Now that we have made so great a progress to the attainment of the end we have in view, so that we cannot fail without a most shameful desertion of our own interests, any thing like a change of conduct would imply a very unhappy change of principles and a forgetfulness as well of what we owe to ourselves as to our country. Did I suppose it possible this could be the case even in a single regiment of the army, I should be mortified and chagrined beyond expression. I should feel it as a wound given to my own honor, which I consider as embarked with that of the army at large. But this I believe to be impossible. Any corps that was about to set an example of the kind would weigh well the consequences and no officer of common discernment and sensibility would hazard them. If they should stand alone in it, independent of other consequences, what would be their feelings on reflecting that they had held themselves out to the world in a point of light inferior to the rest of the army? Or if their example should be followed and become general how would they console themselves for having been the foremost in bringing ruin and disgrace upon their country? They would remember that the army would share a double portion of the general infamy and distress; and that the character of an american officer would become as despicable as it is now glorious.
I confess the appearances in the present instance are disagreeable; but I am convinced they seem to mean more than they really do. The Jersey officers have not been outdone by any others in the qualities either of citizens or soldiers; and I am confident no part of them would seriously intend anything that would be a stain to their former reputation. The gentlemen cannot be in earnest, they have only reasoned wrong about the means of obtaining a good end, and on Consideration I hope and flatter myself they will renounce what must appear improper. At the opening of a campaign, when under marching orders, for an important service, their own honor, duty to the public and to themselves, a regard to military propriety will not suffer them to persist in a measure which would be a violation of them all. It will even wound their delicacy cooly to reflect that they have hazarded a step which has an air of dictating terms to their country, by taking advantage of the necessity of the moment.
The declaration they have made to the state at so critical a time, that unless they obtain relief in the short period of three days, they must be considered out of the service has very much the aspect; and the seeming relaxation of continuing till the state can have a reasonable time to provide other officers will be thought only a superficial veil. I am now to request that you will convey my sentiments to the Gentlemen concerned and endeavour to make them sensible that they are in an error. The service for which the Regiment was intended will not admit of delay; it must at all events march [on Monday] morning in the first place to this camp and further directions will be given when it arrives. I am sure I shall not be mistaken in expecting a prompt and chearful obedience. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 7, 1779.
Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 30th. Ultimo, and also that of the 3rd. instant, yesterday. I am sorry your situation has so long prevented your entering on the repairs of the road. However, you will now set about it, with such tools as can be procured. My instructions on this subject were given to Col. Malcom in general terms; to open the road leading thro' the great Swamp to Wyoming and to make it fit for the passage of carriages &c. &c. That which was most direct and easiest repaired I thought would naturally occur on the occasion, and could be best learned from the inhabitants, and this seemed to render a particular description unnecessary.
The road which is in some degree opened, and appears to me the most eligible, leads from Easton thro' the Wind gap in Pequille Mountain, passes Levers's house, and Fort Penn to where one Jno. Lardner lives at the foot of Packano hill. It is then to be continued as near as the ground will admit on the road formerly in part opened by the New England people to Wyoming on Susquehanna.
You will compare these outlines with the accounts of such of the inhabitants as are well informed in this matter and should any deviations be expedient you will adopt them. If Lt. Hallet18 will forward through you his commission and the
[Note 18: Lieut. Jonah Hallett, of Malcom's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in April, 1779, and served subsequently as lieutenant in the Fourth Continental Dragoons until November, 1782.] proper testimonials of his having settled his accounts with the regiment or the public, his resignation will be received.
The adjutant to your Regiment shall be appointed by a general order and as soon as I am favored with a certificate from the officers who made the nomination of the pay-master the like shall also be done.
This is the customary procedure and is the foundation of such appointments. [In future you will receive your orders from Majr. Genl. Sullivan and to him make your reports as he will have the general direction of matters in that quarter.] I am, etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington. To the above letter was added a P.S. identical with the P.S. of Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. William Maxwell of May 6, 1779, q. v.]
Head Quarters at Middle Brook, May 7, 1779.
Sir: You will proceed immediately with the Officers mentioned in the List herewith delivered to Philadelphia. As soon as you arrive there, you will wait upon the Honble Richard Henry Lee, Henry Laurens and Thomas Burke Esquires Members of Congress and inform them, that you are going with sundry Other Officers to take charge of the Virginia Levies, and enquire whether they have any particular commands for you. After you have done this, if you do not receive contrary orders from them, you will proceed with the officers, by the most expeditious route to Alexandria or to Fredericksburg as circumstances may require, at one of which places it is expected, you will meet Brigadier General Scott, under whose command you will put yourselves and receive his Instruction for your future conduct. If General Scott should not be at either of these places, of which you will probably hear when you reach the first, you will advise him of your arrival in Virginia by Express, and request his directions.
As there are Other Officers to be employed in the service on which you are going, besides those who proceed immediately with you from hence, as you will perceive by the List; It will be expedient for you to send One or two Officers from Philadelphia by the way of Lancaster, York, Frederick Town and Winchester, that they may fall in with them in case they should be returning on this route to Camp, and notify them of the command to which they are appointed and the place at which they are to assemble.
The baggage of All the Officers mentioned in the List, ought to be carried, and for this purpose, Waggons must be provided; but if these cannot be immediately ready, You will not wait, but will proceed, leaving One or Two Officers to follow with them, with such directions as you may deem necessary.
The necessary expences of the party to the place or places of Rendezvous for the Levies, will be allowed and paid by the Public, and to this end exact and regular accounts of the same should be kept. The prudence and discretion of the Officers will naturally suggest the propriety and necessity of the strictest oeconomy and therefore I need not add on this head.
As the service requires that the Levies should be organized, and officered as soon as possible; I am convinced that this consideration will prompt the whole to the greater dispatch. My best wishes attend you all.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp at Middle brook, New Jersey, May 7, 1779.
Sir: Colonel Parker who will have the honr. of presenting this Letter to Your Excellency is a volunteer in the Service of the Southern States, and goes with many others from this Camp to take charge of and march the recruits lately raised in the State of Virginia (for its Regiments now here) to Georgia. In Colo. Parker and several others who voluntarily offer themselves for this Service your Excellency will, I trust, experience good officers. Such as come under this description will, I am perswaded, attract your notice and protection.
The Brigade (for I presume there will be Men enough to form three compleat Regiments) will be commanded I expect by Brigr. Genl. Scott who is now in Virginia and who I can venture to recommend as a good man, and a brave and intelligent Officer. I hope his health will permit him to join you. I am etc.21
[Note 21: A note by Washington, at the bottom of sheet, read: "A copy was also sent to the commanding officer of the Troops there." This was Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have ordered a regiment from General Poor's brigade to Easton which I expect will march from Peekskill in two or three days. It is directed to proceed by way of New Windsor, and from thence by the way of Mohocamac. I advise you of this, that you may meet it with such instructions at Mohoccamac or on the Road as relate to its route from that place, or whatsoever else you may judge proper on the occasion. By Colonel Stewart who carries this letter I sent you the best maps I have of the country; and I have to request your usual exertions in carrying it into execution, and completing with all possible dispatch, those things on which our operations depend. I need not say how anxious I am to see it commenced; how precious every moment is at this period, or how necessary to push matters with all industry in our power.
Col. Stewart is well informed in several particulars which may be of use, such as roads, distances, places for Magazines and the like, you may therefore consult him on such points. I am etc.
P.S. I enclose you a Poughkeepsie paper, by which you will observe some of your work has been anticipated by Col. V. Schaik.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, May 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured, with your Letters of the 1st Instant. I am intirely of opinion with you, that the disposition which quartered so large a part of the Army on this side Hudsons river was right, and I shall take occasion to add, that I am perfectly persuaded your Conduct throughout your Command, has been invariably directed and well concerted to promote the public interest.
With respect to the application of Officers to resign,23 I will write you in a few days how the Business is to be conducted: It is apprehended at present, that there are some late regulations upon the subject which are not at Head Quarters.
[Note 23: The draft, as first written, continued from this point: "where you cannot prevail upon them to continue in service, you will be pleased to transmit their Commissions" Then follows the usual directions about obtaining certificates that the officers are not indebted to the public, nor to their regiments and companies.]
The Regiment ordered from General Poor's Brigade will march by New Windsor, if it has not already moved by another route, and proceed from thence to Easton, by the way of Mohocamac, where or at some other place on the road it will meet Orders from Genl. Sullivan.
By the intelligence I have received a fleet consisting of Twenty large Ships and Several Sloops and Schooners went out of the Hook on Saturday evening, with some Ships of War. The accounts say that they had 4000 Troops on board (some more, 6 or 7000) and sundry Light Horse; that conjectures were various as to their destination; but more generally that it is to Georgia; I really fear that whatever their number is they are going to operate in our most southern States. It is reported that Genl. Clinton himself is on board; this however seems very improbable. If you can, you will obtain early information both of the amount of the Detachment and of the Commander. I am, etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, May 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 16th. Ulto. some days ago, and should have acknowledged it before, if I had not been prevented by a multiplicity of business.
From my desire to promote matters of your recommendation, and from the very favourable sentiments, which I entertain of Mr. Mcpherson and Mr. Archer, I should be happy it were in my power to return you such an Answer as you wish. But the States having been obliged to reduce a number of Corps of late, and many valuable and deserving Officers, of long service and good reputation, I cannot with propriety advise the raising of a new One. Besides this consideration, as each State has a particular Quota of Men apportioned on it, if the Two Companies were to be formed they would, according to the Spirit of a Resolution of Congress lately passed, be a deduction from the Batallions exacted from the State or States to which the Men belonged. This might be a cause of uneasiness and discontent. And it has been found, tho' the case possibly may be otherwise now, that these separate, independent kind of Corps, have not been permitted to share in the State supplies of Cloathing and have experienced more distress and greater wants than any other Troops. As I have observed, it may possibly be otherwise in future, as Congress have recommended it to the states to consider the Men composing them, as part of the Quota's exacted from them, and that they should stand upon the same footing with respect to Cloathing as those in their several Batallions.
These Several reasons are opposed to my recommending the measure; However, if Congress choose to adopt it, It cannot be disagreeable to me. I am, etc.25
[Note 25: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have delayed acknowledging the receipt of your favour of the 1st., in expectation that it would soon be followed by an official one which would enable me to take final measures on the subject of the trial.
The explanation with which you have obliged me gives me pleasure in the same proportion as the disagreeable inferences I had drawn gave me pain. It wounds me sensibly to see appearances of any distrust of my equal attention to the security and welfare of the different states, and my ardent desire to cultivate mutual confidence and harmony with every one will always make me glad to find any apprehensions I may entertain on this delicate subject, illfounded.
I am also happy to find it is your opinion that the footing on which General Arnols trial is now put, will be agreeable. If the Council think the needful testimony can be ready by the first of June it will come on then. As I do not hear from them and time is slipping away fast I inclose a letter to General Arnold fixing the trial at that day; which you will be pleased [to cause to be] delivered to him in case it corresponds with the sense of the Council; otherwise it is to be returned to me. But at all events I beg you will press a decision as General Arnold has again signified his anxious desire to me that the trial might be brought on, and as the sooner it is, the more convenient it will be to our Military arrangements.
Speaking of Witnesses, you say "Congress have declined exercising any compulsory power over their officers on the occasion." Where any person in the military line is summoned, as I mentioned in my letter to the Council, it is my duty to order their attendance, which I shall of course do. With respect to these therefore the interposition of Congress would be unnecessary. With very great regards etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Hd. Qrs. Middle Brook, May 8, 1779.27
[Note 27: The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Monsieur Gerard did me the honor to deliver me your favour of the 26th. I shall always be obliged to you, my dear Sir, for a free communication of your sentiments on whatsoever subject may occur.
The objects of your letter were important. Mr. Gerard I dare say has made it unnecessary for me to recapitulate what passed between him and myself and has informed you of the alternative I proposed for improving the important event announced by him. From what he told me it appears that sufficient assurances cannot be given of points which are essential to justify the great undertaking you had in view28 at the expense of other operations very interesting. And indeed though I was desirous to convince the Minister that we are willing to make every effort in our power for striking a decisive blow; yet my judgment rather inclined to the second plan as promising more certain success, without putting so much to the hazard. The relief of the S[outhern] S[tates]29 appears to me an object of the greatest magnitude and what may lead to still more important advantages. I feel infinite anxiety on their account; their internal weakness, disaffection, the want of energy, the general languor that has seized the people at large makes me apprehend the most serious consequences; it would seem too, as if the enemy meant to transfer the principal weight of the war that way. If it be true that a large detachment has lately sailed from New York and that Sir Henry Clinton is gone with it, in which several accounts I have received agree (though I do not credit the latter) and these should be destined for the Southward as is most probable, there can be little doubt that this is the present plan. Charles town it is likely will feel the next stroke. This if it succeeds will leave the enemy [in] full possession of Georgia by obliging us to collect our forces for the defence of South Carolina and, will consequently open new sources for Men and supplies and prepare the way for a further career. The climate, I am aware is an obstacle but perhaps not so great as is imagined and, when we consider the difference in our respective means of preserving health it may possibly be found more
[Note 28: Morris's letter of April 26, in the Washington Papers, sketches a method of an attack on New York City.]
[Note 29: Morris wrote (April 26): "When the Enemy went to the Southern States I considered it as a Kind of Madness and I think they will feel the Consequences but certainly it cannot be worth while to loose a Moment unnecessarily in that Quarter for the Climate will fight for us during the Summer and what shall remain may be compleated in the Autumn of the other Objects succeed." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.] adverse to our troops than to theirs. In this critical situation, I hardly know any resource we have unless it be in the event expected;30 and the supposed reinforcement now on its way, for want of a competent land force on our part, may make even this dependence precarious. If it should fail, our affairs which have a very sickly aspect in many respects will receive a stroke they are little able to bear.
[Note 30: The arrival of a French fleet, under D'Estaing, with French troops on board.]
As a variety of accidents may disappoint our hopes here it is indispensable we should make every exertion on our part to check the enemy's progress. This cannot be done to effect, if our reliance is solely or principally on militia, for a force continually fluctuating is incapable of any material effort. The states concerned ought by all means to endeavour to draw out men for a length of time; a smaller number, on this plan would answer their purpose better; a great deal of expence would be avoided and agriculture would be much less impeded. It is to be lamented that the remoteness and weakness of this army, would make it folly to attempt to send any succour from this quarter. Perhaps for want of knowing the true state of our Foreign expectations and prospects of finance, I may be led to contemplate the glomy side of things. But I confess they appear to me to be in a very disagreeable train. The rapid decay of our currency, the extinction of public spirit, the increasing rapacity of the times, the want of harmony in our councils, the declining zeal of the people, the discontents and distresses of the officers of the army; and I may add, the prevailing security and insensibility to danger, are symptoms, in my eye of a most alarming nature. If the enemy have it in their power to press us hard this campaign I know not what may be the consequence. Our army as it now stands is but little more than the skeleton of an army and I hear of no steps that are taking to give it strength and substance. I hope there may not be great mistakes on this head, and that our abilities in general are not overrated. The applications for succour, are numerous; but no pains are taken to put it in my power to afford them. When I endeavour to draw together the Continental troops for the most essential purposes I am embarrassed with complaints of the exhausted defenceless situation of particular states and find myself obliged either to resist solicitations, made in such a manner and with such a degree of emphasis, as scarcely to leave me a choice; or to sacrifice the most obvious principles of military propriety and risk the general safety.
I shall conclude by observing, that it is well worthy the ambition of a patriot Statesman at this juncture, to endeavour to pacify party differences, to give fresh vigor to the springs of government, to inspire the people with confidence, and above all to restore the credit of our currency. With very great regard I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The word in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, May 8, 1779.
Parole Uzbeck. Countersigns Ushant, Ulmer.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to inform the Army that a detachment of troops under the command of Colonel Van-Schaick marched from Fort Schuyler the 19th. of last month towards Onondaga, a considerable indian settlement on the waters of Lake Ontario, which was intirely destroyed with a large quantity of Grain, Cattle, Horses, Arms and Ammunition except such part as could be conveniently brought off; Twelve of the Savages, mostly Warriors were killed and four and thirty made Prisoners; the rest saved themselves by a precipitate flight into the woods. This expedition was performed in about five days and an half, the distance going and returning one hundred and eighty miles and without the loss of a single man.32
[Note 32: Washington wrote to Van Schaick (May 14): "I have the pleasure to inclose you the thanks of Congress in a resolve of the 10th instant for the late expedition against the Onondagas." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The good conduct, spirit, secrecy and dispatch with which the enterprise was executed do the highest honor to Colonel Van Schaick and the officers and men under his command and merit the thanks of the Commander in Chief.
At a division General Court Martial in Lord Stirlings division, Colonel Green,33President April 30th, 1779:
[Note 33: Col. John Green, of Virginia.]
Captains Jones34 and Mitchel35 of Colonel Gist's regiment were tried for "Beating a Sentry on his Post and a Corporal while on guard." The Court having considered the charge and the evidence against Captain Jones are of opinion that his justification is sufficient and do acquit him.
[Note 34: Capt. Strother Jones. He was retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 35: Capt. Nathaniel Mitchell. His majority dates from December, 1777, and he, also, was retired in January, 1781.]
The Court having considered the charge and the evidence against Captain Mitchel are of opinion that he is not guilty of the first part of the charge exhibited against him; They are likewise of opinion that Captain Mitchel's justification to the second part of the charge is sufficient and do acquit him.
The General is sorry to differ in opinion from the court and to find himself obliged to disapprove the sentences.
It was clearly proved that Captain Jones beat a Sentinel on his post and a corporal on his guard and that Capt. Mitchel beat a corporal on his guard; tho it also appeared that those men were insolent and merited punishment; yet it ought not to have been of an arbitrary kind: They ought to have been confined and punished in a regular way, the sentinel being previously relieved.
The privileges of guards and especially of sentries are very extensive in every Army, and it is necessary for the sake of order and security that they should be held inviolable, while at the same time any disorders they commit are doubly culpable and ought to be more severely punished in a legal course. The Idea of inflicting personal punishment for personal insult was, in this instance, carried too far, and if the principle was established would be subversive of all military discipline.
Captains Jones and Mitchel are released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 9, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency the examinations of two of the inhabitants of this state, David Urmston and Bn. Pound taken before Brigadier General Knox. The practice of seducing the soldiery and aiding them in deserting to the enemy has arisen to such an alarming height, that unless some severe examples can be made it must be attended with the most pernicious consequences. How far the laws have made provision for punishing a crime of this nature, I am not able to judge; but as far as they will extend, I am persuaded Your Excellency will see the necessity of doing every thing to suppress a practice so dangerous to the public service. The men will be delivered up to the civil authority in such manner as you shall be pleased to direct; and I have desired General Knox to furnish whatever evidence he may have relative to their conduct. I have the honor, etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, May 9, 1779.
Parole Cockermouth. Countersigns Corinth, Cuba.
The Commander in Chief requires that the most pointed observance be had to all former orders prohibiting the use of the Waggon horses of the Army and forbids in the most positive terms their being rode on any pretence. When horses are wanted by officers for extra services, the Quarter Master General will furnish them on application.
The soldiers are not to be suffered to cut down any more trees for firing until they have used the whole of those already felled and all the brush in the neighborhood of camp.
Justice to the Inhabitants and a regard to public oeconomy demand the strictest attention to this order.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with Your Letter of the 29th. Ulto.
The Rifle Company is to march with the Troops. I did not mention it particularly as I considered it attached to Col. Butler's Regiment, and that the order for their march would comprehend it. With respect to Artillery: the propriety of taking any or how much with you will depend and must be decided by yourself on a consideration of circumstances. If you form a junction with General Sullivan at Tioga, He will have as much Artillery with him as he shall Judge necessary, which may supercede the necessity of your carrying any. If it should be finally determined that you are not, and you should be appointed to operate up the Mohawk river, it may be more material to have some with you. In either case you will consider the practicability or rather facility and the ease of carrying them and the smaller the number and the Lighter the pieces, I should suppose the better.
The Enterprize commanded by Col. Vanschaick merits my approbation and thanks, and does great honor to him, and All the Officers and men engaged in it.37 The issue is very interesting. I have written him a line upon the occasion. With respect to the prisoners, I have requested General Schuyler to have such measures pursued for their effectual security, as he may deem necessary. Their capture may prove an important event and produce very salutary consequences, if they are securely kept. Congress have been made acquainted with the whole of the Enterprize and its success. I am etc.38
[Note 37: Washington wrote, briefly, to Van Schaick this same date (May 9); "You will find my sentiments respecting the enterprize and the conduct of the whole party engaged in it, expressed in the inclosed Copy of the order issued when I received General Schuyler's Letter." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: In my letter of the 5th. instant I had the pleasure of acknowledging some paragraphs in yours of the 29th. ultimo. In this I would express my obligations to you for your Sentiments on the several objects of our proposed expedition, with which I have so frequently troubled you. But I find myself if possible, still more indebted for your further offer of services, and cannot but feel an increase of regard on the occasion. It was not till yesterday I received your letter of the 27th., which some accident or other had detained. The enterprize against Onandaga appears to have been executed with great celerity and address. I transmitted the account immediately to Congress, with your observations on Col. V. Schaick and the officers. This success may prove interesting in its consequences. The prisoners are an acquisition which we should carefully secure to answer either the purposes of exchange, or others as important. It is proposed by Gen: Clinton, to have them moved down to Poughkeepsie. This will place them further from their country, and of course render their escape more difficult. However I would think it best to continue them in Albany, provided they can be effectually confined. But should any circumstances incline you to think otherwise you will take the measure proposed by Gen: Clinton. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, May 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: Colo. Butlar affords me so safe a conveyance of your Papers, that I gladly embrace it. I thank you much for the loan of them, having taken such extracts as I conceived might be useful. The more I revolve on that part of Colonel Bradstreets Journal, pointing out the rout and distance from Wood Ck. to Oswegatchie the more anxious I am to have it thoroughly explored by intelligent persons; that the distance from place to place, Mountains, Swamps, Waters and defiles may be accurately pointed out. Also where, and in what manner, the River St. Lawrence is approached; how far above or below Oswegatchie it happens, what situations there are that command the navigation of the River; so as to prevent all intercourse by water between Oswegatchie and the Enemy's posts above. In a word, that will give me some precise and accurate ideas of the general face of the Country and practicability of Marching a body of Troops that way with Artillery &ca. and supporting a Post on the River and the communication with it in case circumstances should hereafter warrant a measure of the kind for the purpose of reducing the enemys force on the Lakes &ca. I will rely upon you alone my dear Sir, to ascertain these requisites; do not hesitate on acct. of the expence, for I will thankfully comply with your engagements; all I request is, that the matter may be conducted with as much secrecy as possible, that the enemy may not suspect (even if circumstances should permit) that such an enterprize is thought of by us.
By all the Maps I am possessed of (Evans's, Holland's &ca.) the distance from Fort Schuyler (nay Fort Edward by Hollands40 Map) to Oswegatchie is not greater than it is from the head of the Oneida lake to that place. If the fact is so, and the Country not more impassible than by the other Rout mentioned in Bradstreets journal, it is much to be preferred as it will save one post at least and render the communication more secure in proportion as it is removed from the lakes and the enemy's march and difficulties in getting to it increased; this matter therefore is also worthy of strict and close investigation. With very sincere affectn. I am, etc.
[Note 40: Samuel Holland, Surveyor General of Canada.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 10, 1779.
Sir: The short stay you made at Head Quarters and my attentionbeing otherwise engrossed, prevented my entering upon the subject of the letter from the officers of the first Jersey Regiment transmitted in yours of ... 41 instant. I am sorry to find the Gentlemen persist in the principles which dictated the step they have taken, as the more the affair unfolds itself, the
[Note 41: The draft has the 9th.] more reason I see to disapprove. But in the present view they have of the matter and with their present feelings, it is not probable any new arguments that could be offered would have more influence than the former. While therefore the Gentlemen continue in the execution of their duty as they declare themselves heartily disposed to do; I shall only regret that they have taken a step of which they must hereafter see the impropriety.
There is one thing to which I cannot forbear calling your particular attention. I observe on the memorial of which the officers transmit me a copy, that the Gentlemen dwell among other things upon the insufficiency of the soldiers pay. This is a doctrine full of dangerous consequences, and which ought not to be countenanced in any way whatever. Neither is it well founded. All that the common soldiery of any country can expect is food and cloathing. The pay given in other armies is little more than nominal, very low in the first instance and subject to a variety of deductions that reduce it to nothing. This is the case with the British troops though I believe they receive more than those of any of the European armies. The idea of maintaining the families at home, at public expence, is peculiar to us; and is incompatible with the finances of any government. Our troops have been uniformly better fed than any others; they are at this time very well clad, and I hope will continue to be so. While this is the case they will have no just cause of complaint. It is important that any misconception on this point should be rectified. I suppose every officer incapable of encouraging improper expectations in his men; but I must also hope, that every exertion will be made, to suppress them. I am, &c.42
[Note 42: A copy by Alexander Hamilton is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 7, fol. 329. The draft, by Alexander Hamilton and Richard Kidder Meade, in the Washington Papers, varies from the above in minor verbal particulars.]
[Note 43: Of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; was made brigadier general in May, 1782; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 44: Of the Seventh Maryland Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel commandant of the First Maryland Regiment in August, 1779; transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 45: Of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel commandant of the Fifth Maryland Regiment in October, 1779; taken prisoner at Camden in August, 1780; exchanged in December of that year; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 46: Of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was voted the approbation of Congress and a silver medal for bravery at Stony Point; was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the First Maryland Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 47: Of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Maryland Regiment to date from March, 1778; voted a silver medal by Congress for conduct at Cowpens; wounded at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781; served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been favoured with your Arrangement of the Maryland line from the Captains to the Ensigns inclusive, and with your Letter of the 4th. Inst. to General Smallwood upon the subject.
I find by comparing it with the Arrangement made by the Board of General Officers, that there is a difference as you express. In the Latter, Captns. Oldham and Gishline here arranged as the 26 and 27 Captains; Whereas in yours the first is numbered the 30th. and the last the 33d., Sundry Captains not named by the Board of General Officers being placed respectively before them.
As those Two Officers (Oldham48 and Gishline49) were commissioned by the State and stand in the Arrangement made by the Board of General Officers No. 26 and 27 in the list
[Note 48: Capt. Edward Oldham, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 49: Capt. John Ghislin, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. He resigned in June, 1779.] of Captains; You will be pleased to report the causes which induced you to think, that they ought to be postponed respectively to Captns. Morris,50 Williams,51 Gaither,52 Grace,53 Prawl,54 and Walker55; and which prevented the Latter from receiving Commissions and being arranged before them till this period. You have only observed in general terms, that you were of Opinion that several of the first Lieutenants (under which description these Gentlemen were) were entitled to Companies before some Captains mentioned in the Arrangement of the Board of General Officers, and therefore had arranged them accordingly. I must request your earliest attention to this business, it being my earnest wish to complete the arrangement as soon as it can be done, upon the best plan that circumstances will admit of. You will be pleased to return me All the papers I transmit. I am, etc.56
[Note 50: Capt. Jonathan Morris, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment. He was wounded at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to April, 1783.]
[Note 51: Capt. Lilburn Williams, of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 52: Capt. Henry Gaither, of the First Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; retransferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1783; served to April of that year.]
[Note 53: Capt. Richard Grace, of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Staten Island in August, 1777, and did not rejoin the regiment.]
[Note 54: Capt. Edward Praul (Prawl), of the First Maryland Regiment. He was retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 55: This was intended for Capt. Walker Muse, of the First Maryland Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On May 10, 1779, Washington wrote, also, a brief note to Peter Scull, secretary to the Board of War, sending in the arrangement of the Ninth Virginia Regiment and several resignations of officers, names not mentioned.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 10, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 17th ultimo came duly to hand.
I think it not unlikely, that the resolve of Maryland, may stop the march of Rawlings broken Regiment. In making your arrangements therefore, you will not place much dependance on this reinforcement.
You will be enabled by refering to my last letters of the 21st April, and 3d instant, to judge of my sentiments respecting the garrison at Fort Laurens. The continuance of which I have said, must depend upon the support you can give it, and the resistance it is capable of making against field artillery, [if there is any probability of these being employ'd agt. it.] But If it is concluded on to hold this post no time should be lost, to render it cannon proof. In the mean time all useless stores, or such as are not necessary to complete its defence should be withdrawn. But whether this is to be accomplished by horses, or craft, sent him for that purpose, can only with propriety be determined by those on the spot. From a general consideration of circumstances and situation, I am induced to give Fort McIntosh the preference, as to covering the country. It appears to me also, as the most advantageous post in case of offensive operations, because of its being so far advanced on the frontier. As to its serving to keep up an idea of hostility, the argument is not to be admitted unless Fort Laurens should be also deserted.
You speak uncertainly with regard to evacuating Canhawa.57 Not sufficiently informed in the principles on which it has been established; nor of its [real] importance, relative [to the cover it affords the Inhabitants,] I am at a loss what to advise. I can only propose a close comparison, of [the alarm an evacuation would] occasion, with the advantages which may be derived from the garrison, in case it should be withdrawn. This reasoning will apply to the smaller posts in general; the utility of which you seem to suggest; as less profitable than the purposes to which their troops could be employed. In the gross, I agree with you, in prefering patroling parties to a number of
[Note 57: Brodhead stated that Canhawa was 150 miles from the inhabitants.] small garrisons, and to employing these, in irruptions, when ever [it can be attempted with a moral certainty of success.] I shall endeavour to find some French officer answering your description,58 and mention to the board of war you request for a few swivils. At this juncture you will not suffer much by a want of engineers.
[Note 58: "I beg your Excellency will send some discreet French Gentlemen to this place some if possible that are acquainted with the Customs of Indians and one or two good Engineers likewise and adequate Number of good Artillerists to the pieces you are pleased to assign me."-- Brodhead to Washington, Apr. 17, 1779. Brodhead's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
If the companies raising in Westmoreland and Monongohala counties, are not inforwardness; or if they should not appear to be essentially useful, I would have them dismissed. We are not overburthened with provisions, nor should we venture to encrease our public expences, except in cases unavoidable. For similar reasons Captain Heths59 company must be kept strictly to its duty, or be immediately dismissed. I cannot see the public imposed on, or the purposes for which men were raised perverted. I am much obliged to you, for your attention to these matters.
[Note 59: Capt. Henry Herb, of the First Virginia State Regiment.]
Capn. Sample60 has received a warrant for 20,000 dollars for the recruiting service. The officers on this business, will observe, that the men of one State, are not to be inlisted into the regiment of another. This supply I hope will not come in a bad time, and will assist in filling up your regiment. I imagine you have been misinformed relative to Virginia giving by a law of the State 14, or 1500 dollars bounty for an 18 months inlistment. However if the men should not inlist freely the money must be employed to other occasions (such for instance as pay for the regiment) as it is difficult to obtain the requisite supplies. You seem to be so well acquainted with the policy of cultivating, and preserving a good understanding with the
[Note 60: Capt. Samuel Sample, of the Eighth(?) Pennsylvama Regiment.] Delawares, and other well disposed Indians, as to render any thing in addition to what I have said in my last letter, unnecessary. I wish we had in our hands a sufficiency of such articles as have weight with these people; either in directing their arms, or conciliating their friendship. But when these are not to be procured we must use the best means in our power to effect these purposes.
[I cannot conclude without recommending the strictest oeconomy in all your conduct and operations; you may be assured it is become indispensably necessary, and that you cannot pursue more effectual means of recommending yourself to public favor and thanks than by an attention to its interests,] at this period of its affairs. [I earnestly recommend that the Batteaux and other vessels, which are built for public use be held in a manner sacred otherwise they will get squandered and when the period arrives that they will be wanted none will be found.]61 I am, etc.62
[Note 61: The text in these last two brackets follows the writing of Washington in the draft.]
[Note 62: In the writing of James McHenry. The parts in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington. The letter sent is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
[Hd. Qrs. Middle brook, May 10, 1779.]
I seize a moment of leisure to thank you, my dear Sir, for your obliging favours of the 21st. and 26th. of April. My friendship for you will always make me take pleasure in cultivating the esteem and confidence of which you so politely assure me.
You give an affecting summary of the causes of the national evils we feel,63 and the still greater we have reason to apprehend.
[Note 63: Jay had written (April 21):"New modes of Government not generally understood, nor in certain instances approved. Want of Moderation and Information in the People; want of Abilities and Rectitude in some of their Rulers; a wide Field open for the operations of ambitious men; men raised from low Degrees to high Stations, and rendered giddy by Elevation, and the Extent of their Views; Laws dictated by the Spirit of the Times, not the Spirit of Justice and liberal Policy; Latitude in Principles as well as Commerce; Fluctuation in manners, and public Counsels. Suspension of Education; Indifference to Religion and moral Obligations &c. &c., are Circumstances that portend Evils which much Prudence vigor and Circumspection are necessary to prevent or controul." Jay's letter is in the Washington Papers.] To me it appears, that our affairs are in a very delicate situation; and, what is not the least to be lamented, is that many people think they are in a very flourishing way; and seem in a great measure insensible to the danger with which we are threatened. If Britain should be able to make a vigorous campaign in America, this summer, in the present depreciation of our money, scantiness of supplies, want of virtue and want of exertion, 'tis hard to say what may be the consequence.
It is a melancholy consideration that any concerned in the conduct of public affairs should discover an indifference to the State of our currency. Nothing in my opinion can be more manifest, than that if something [effectual] be not done to restore its credit, it will in a short time, either cease to circulate altogether, or circulate so feebly as to be utterly incapable of drawing out the resources of the country; [this is nearly thecase now.]
With every sentiment of Esteem etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 65: A Convention prisoner of the Seventy-fourth Foot, British Army.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 10, 1779.
Sir: Mr. Conway66 has got too far beyond my reach to recover you the articles he seized. I have therefore sent you by Mr. Beatty commissary general of Prisoners their amount
[Note 66: Capt. Henry(?) Conway, of the Dutchess County (N. Y.) militia.] in specie, agreeable to the account you transmitted in your letter of the 6th. Ultimo.
I thank you for putting it in my power to render you this justice; and am, etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Account £4.19/. Sterling.
[Head Quarters,] May 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have scarce a moment to Acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 8th. The person who bears this to you being in great haste.
The orders given to Colo. Spencer respecting the incorporation of the regiments must be attended to. I had no doubt but that Cortlandt's Regiment had joined you; he wrote me some days ago that he had begun or was to begin his march that day; let your orders meet him on the road from Rochester. Another Regiment of Jersey is, I expect on its march to join you, as also one from Poor's Brigade. More Troops can be forwarded as you want them, faster will consume your provisions and distress you.
I shall rely My dear Sir on your usual activity to push matters forward. I am extremely anxious on many accounts to have our western operations commerce; in a few days you shall hear from me in the mean time I am, etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 11, 1779.
Sir: Brigadier General Mcintosh will have the honor to deliver you this. The war in Georgia, being in the State, to which he belongs, makes him desirous of serving in the Southern army. I know not whether the arrangements Congress have in contemplation may make it convenient to employ him there; but I take the liberty to recommend him as a Gentleman, whose knowledge of service and of the country promise to render him useful. I beg leave to add, that General Mclntosh's conduct, while he acted immediately under my observation was such as to acquire my esteem and confidence; I have had no reason since to alter my good opinion. I have the honor etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter was read in Congress on May 18, when Congress resolved that Mcintosh be permitted to repair to the Southern army. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is dated May 12, 1779.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 11, 1779.
Sir: Your two favors of the 2nd. and 3rd. instant with their inclosures, have been duly received.
It was my intention that your brigade should have reinforced the highland posts in the first instance; however as it was under circumstances on the receipt of the order, which made it expedient for Gen: Huntington's to march, his need not be recalled; and yours will remain on its present ground till my further orders. The embarkation from New York, about which we were uncertain, sailed the [5th. Instant] and it is said amounts to near 4000 troops. Its destination a secret.
I would observe in this place that altho' I wish you to keep yourself in the utmost state of readiness to move at the shortest notice, yet I do not [now] mean by this, that you should neglect such [guards and Patroles towards the Enemy's lines,] as are necessary for your own security [and the checking their excursions into the Country]. The horses of the brigade need not be brought into camp, but kept in its vicinity, where they can be better foraged, at a less expence, and easily drawn together when wanted.
I mentioned in one of my last letters, that arms and accoutrements should be furnished to supply the deficiences. I have since given General Knox directions on this subject, that they may be procured at Springfield. With respect to tents, Camp utensils, and the portmanteaus for the officers, these you will draw from the quartermaster's store [when absolutely necesy]. I cannot say how the Quartermaster General stands supplied with the latter. I shall speak to him however; and in case a sufficient number should not be provided in time for opening the campaign, the officers will nevertheless attend to the general order as far as practicable. Inclosed you have my acceptance of the resignations of the commissions which you forwarded.70 The commissions shall be transferred to the board of war, that the officers next in rank may have new ones made out agreeable to their succession. I am, etc.71
[Note 70: The only officer mentioned by name by Parsons was a Lieutenant Jones (Lieut. Israel Jones, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment), who resigned on May 2, 1779.]
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 11, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose Your Excellency copies of letters and papers,72 which have passed on the subject of a late
[Note 72: Copies of Maxwell s letter to Washington, May 6, 1779; of Washington's letter to Maxwell, May 7; of the letter of officers of the First New Jersey Regiment to Washington, May 13; of the address of the officers of the New Jersey brigade to the legislature of New Jersey, April 11; and of Washington's letter to Maxwell, May 10, are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] remonstrance from the officers of the 1st Jersey Regiment, to the Assembly of their state. This is an affair which Congress will no doubt view in a very serious light. To me it appears truly alarming. It shows what is to be apprehended, if some adequate provision is not generally made for the officers. I have frequently taken the liberty to suggest my sentiments of what ought to be done. The subject was particularly discussed in my late interviews with the Committee of conference. A repetition would be needless. I shall observe that the distresses in some corps are so great, either where they were not till lately attached to particular states, or where the states have been less provident, that officers have solicited even to be supplied with the cloathing destined for the common soldiery coarse and unsuitable as they were. I had not power to comply with the request.
The patience of men, animated by a sense of duty and honour will support them to a certain point, beyond which it will not go. I doubt not Congress will be sensible of the danger of an extreme in this respect, and will pardon my anxiety to obviate it.73
[Note 73: The draft was first written: "I hope the patience of our officers may not be tried too far. Congress will pardon me if I seem importunate."]
I view the conduct of the officers concerned in the present instance as highly blameable; and I have signified my disapprobation. I trust the mode will not be thought too mild, when our situation is considered.74 The causes of discontent are too great and too general and the ties that bind the officers to the service too feeble to admit of rigor.
[Note 74: At this point the draft has the following stricken out: "I hope the officers in general may be found more prudent; indeed a considerable part of them from recent arrangements of some of the states have less reason to complain. But there is much cause for what has been done; how much reason they had for acting as they did, and how natural."]
Their letter to me in which they undertake to justify their conduct was embarrassing.75 I thought it best to take no direct
[Note 75: The draft has "peculiarly embarrassing."] notice of it; because I must either have done too much for our circumstances, or too little for the nature of the proceeding. I contented myself with writing the letter to General Maxwell of the 10th.
I have this moment received information, that the Assembly have made some provision for their troops. It seems there was a compromise upon the occasion. The officers withdrew their remonstrance, and the Assembly went into the business. It is lamentable, that the measure should have been delayed, 'till it became in a manner extorted. Notwithstanding the expedient adopted for a saving appearances, this cannot fail to operate as a bad precedent.
Mr. Flint76 has delivered me extracts of some letters, he has lately received, by which it appears that the Commissary's department is exceedingly distressed for the want of money. The disappointment in the article of cattle mentioned by Mr. Champion77 will sensibly affect our Western expedition, which depended on a supply from the Eastward. If we should be able to feed this army by the help of salt provisions, this is a resource which will not answer for that expedition.
[Note 76: Royal Flint, Assistant Commissary General of Purchases.]
[Note 77: Henry Champion, Deputy Commissary General of Purchases.]
I was duly honored with your favour of the 4th. Congress will be pleased to accept my thanks for the assistance offered in the article of specie for secret services, which I shall draw for as occasion may require.78 With the help of this necessary ingredient, good intelligence might be obtained were not the channel obstructed by a too cautious policy in the states. To enable our correspondents among the enemy to convey their
[Note 78: "I am directed to inform you that if you want Specie for secret Service, you may draw for any Sum, or Sums to the amount of two thousand Guineas upon the treasurer who will pay the same."-- President of Congress to Washington, May 4, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] intelligence, we are often obliged to make use of ambiguous characters as the vehicles; and to permit them to carry on some traffic both as an encouragement and cover to their mission. There have been instances of prosecutions in the civil courts against these people; and in order to screen them from punishment, we have been under a necessity of discovering their occupation. This has served to deter others from acting in the same capacity, and to increase the dread of detection in our confidential friends.
I have made an application for the cannon at Boston. With perfect respect and esteem etc.
P.S. Since writing the above your favour of the 5th, is received.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The P.S. is in the letter sent, but does not appear in the draft.]
[Note 80: Of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 11, 1779.
Sir: As the exigences of the service require, that the Two Rifle companies should continue detached from the Main Army for some short time, I request that you will remain with them, till you are farther advised by me. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, May 11, 1779.
Parole Belgrade. Countersigns Bern, Berg.
The Virginia Field officers in the continental line now in camp will take into consideration the claims of John Allison82
[Note 82: He ranked as lieutenant colonel from February, 1778, and served until February, 1781.] and John Lee, Esquires,83 to a Lieutenant Colonelcy in one of the Virginia State Regiments and report the same with their opinions of their rights, to the Commander in Chief.
[Note 83: He ranked as major in the Second Virginia State Regiment from February, 1778, to October, 1781.
On May 11 Washington wrote briefly to Col. Walter Stewart, that "The power of appointing Regimental Officers is with the respective States. If it were in me, from your character of the Gentleman, I should not refuse him the Ensigncy which you request." The gentleman was from Dominica and his name was William Murran. He was appointed ensign in the Second Pennsylvania Regiment on May 19, 1779, by the State; was made regimental quartermaster in August, 1779; retired in January, 1780.
On this same day (May 11) Harrison wrote, by Washington's direction, to Brigadier General Muhlenberg, that "Mr. Roland Chambers has complained to His Excellency that Mr. John Marston, a Lieutenant in the 1st Virginia State Regiment, who had been arrested for a violent assault upon his person, has rescued himself from the Hand of the Cavil Officer, by the Assistance of a guard he commanded. His Excellency disapproves his conduct; and desires that you will let him know if he is in the Brigade or in Camp, that he is to submit to the process which the Officer with Mr. Chambers, has against him." These two letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, May 12, 1779.
Parole Zemlin. Countersigns Zembla, Zara.
The following Virginia Regiments are for the present to be united the 3rd. with the 4th., the 5th. with the 11th. These regiments so united and the 2nd, 7th, and 8th. are to compose Genl. Woodford's Brigade. The 1st. is in like manner to be united with the 10th. and together with the 6th. Regiment, the one commanded by Colonel Gist and the 1st. and 2nd. State Regiments are to compose General Muhlenberg's.
The Delaware Regiment is to join the 2nd. Maryland Brigade.
The Honorable the Congress having been pleased by a resolve of the 29th. of March last to establish a system of regulations for the order and discipline of the troops of The United States, The Commander in Chief flatters himself that all officers impressed with the importance of a regular system of Manoeuvres and discipline will zealously employ themselves to become thoroughly acquainted with these regulations and with all possible punctuality and dispatch to put them in practice within the limits of their respective commands.
To forward this desirable purpose, the Inspector General will immediately enter upon the exercise of his office as established by Congress, and the General relying upon his Zeal and Intelligence, of which he has already given proofs, and the laudable spirit of emulation which prevails throughout the Army doubts not that we shall meet with success equal to our warmest wishes.
The Inspector General will take care that copies of the regulations are distributed to all the regiments, one for each officer who is to be answerable for the copy he receives, and in case of his quitting the regiment is to deliver it up to the commanding officer.
He will also give the necessary instructions to the SubInspectors and Majors of Brigade relative to the duties they are to perform. He will see that an uniform formation takes place forthwith in the several regiments and whenever he perceives a regiment so reduced as not to be able to turn out under arms the number prescribed for forming a Battalion, he is to report the same to the Commander in Chief that the necessary arrangements may be made accordingly.
For the present the Battalions are to be divided into eight companies from which the company of Light Infantry will hereafter be drawn.
He will visit by turns the different regiments at the hours of exercise and see that every thing is conducted in strict conformity to the regulations. He will at all times pay particular attention that the service of the guards be performed with the greatest exactness.
He must as speedily as possible review the several regiments on the ground, in which review, he will cause the following returns to be made to him (viz)
1st. The number of officers non commissioned officers and men present and those that are absent, with the places where, and on what account they are absent, together with the number of officers and men wanting to complete the arrangement of March 1778.
2nd. The number and condition of the Arms, Ammunition and Accoutrements.
3rd. The State of the men's cloathing and necessaries; the qualifications of the non commissioned officers, particularly the one who is proposed for the first serjeant of the company, are also to be examined.
The 1st. Pennsylvania Brigade will be reviewed on friday next by the Inspector General; for which purpose the 2nd. Brigade is to furnish the details from that line on that and the preceding day.
At 7 o'Clock on friday morning the 1st. regiment will parade with their Arms, Accoutrements, Blankets and Knapsacks containing their spare cloathing and necessaries;
At nine o'Clock the 7th. regiment; At 11 o'Clock the roth, and at 4 o'Clock P.M. the 2nd. will parade in the same manner.
Each regiment is to be provided with the following returns signed by the Colonel.
1st. Regimental Return.
2nd. Return of Arms, Ammunition, and Accoutrements. 3rd. Return of Clothing and Necessaries.
In these returns each company is to be distinguished the same as in the regimental weekly returns.
On Sunday the 1st. Brigade will relieve the guards of the 2nd, that they may be reviewed in the same order on Monday, and the different regiments of the 2nd. brigade begining on the right will parade, on that day, at the same hours as ordered for the 1st. brigade.
At a brigade General Court Martial held at the Park of Artillery, by order of Brigadier General Knox, May 5th. 1779, Major Holmes,84 President, Peter Robinson, George Baker85 and James Ford of Colonel Harrison's regiment of Artillery were tried for "Desertion and attempting to go to the enemy."
[Note 84: Maj. Christian Holmer, of the First Continental Artillery. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 85: Knox had written (May 9) to Washington that Baker was a great villain, who had deserted from the British, gone back to them, "And were the War to continue ten Years longer he would be for changing sides once or twice a year....But I am clearly of opinion That a full Confession [such as Baker made] in most instances ought from principles of policy to entitle the Criminal to pardon." Knox's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
After mature deliberation the Court do unanimously sentence, Peter Robinson to suffer death, and two thirds of the court agreeing thereto do sentence George Baker and James Ford also to suffer death, all being guilty of a breach of the 1st. Article, 6th. section of the Articles of War.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentences and orders said Robinson, Baker and Ford to be hung tomorrow morning 11 oClock at Pluckemin.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th. instant was handed me, yesterday evening. Should any of the New York levies arrive at your post, you will be pleased to order them immediately up to Gen. Clinton at Albany.86 The two remaining regiments of
[Note 86: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "He will apportion them among the New York Regiments as appears most agreeable to their respective deficiencies of men; provided at the same time that the State has pointed out no particular mode for their application."] Poors brigade are to be put in readiness to march at a moment's notice.
I have omitted giving any directions relative to resignations, 'till I could ascertain fully all the regulations which have passed on this subject, when I obtain these I shall make you the proper communication. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Middle brook, May 12, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The Inclosed letters respecting the rank of Officers in Proctors Regiment, and Colo. Flowers's pretensions, are this moment come to hand. I wish you to consider them attentively, and give me your Sentiments in writing, fully, upon every matter and thing contained in them. The amusements of Phila. have such preferable charms to the dangers and hardships of the field, that I shall not be surprized at finding a thousand difficulties enumerated by the above Corps to prevent their Marching. I wish therefore as far as is consistent with the rights of others, that every obstacle may be removed, and complaints done away.
The letter to the Council of the Massachuset's bay is under a flying Seal for your perusal. Please to take the necessary, and most speedy measures to bring on the Cannon therein required to the Posts in the Highlands.88 I am, etc.89
[Note 88: Knox's answer (May 13) states, among other things: "With respect to the Standards of the regiments, mentioned in Mr. Peters's letter, I think two would be sufficient; a continental, and a regimental or State. As I understand the ground of the Uniform of each State will be the same, the Standards of the State ought to be one ground; the standards of each regiment to be distinguished by its number, and such other emblems as shall be pointed out. These might be agreed on immediately, but I should suppose the execution ought to be deleted until the Troops were uniformed." Knox's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 89: The draft, in the Washington Papers, is also in the writing of Washington.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 12, 1779.
Sir: You will find by my last letter of the 11th. instant, that I considered the circumstances of your brigade on the receipt of my orders for its march, as a sufficient reason for the measure you took on the occasion. I mention this in answer to your favor of the 6th. instant.
In case the brigade is at it's old post, you will continue it there, agreeable to my instructions on this subject; but should you have marched to the highlands, it will remain there till further orders. Inclosed is the resignation which was omitted in a former letter. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: Captain Spyker91 has this morning sent in his resignation, accompanied with your certificate of his merits. I am sorry to find by this, that there are a number of officers in your brigade whose situation you suppose may lead to a similar conduct. I had conceived hopes, that an evil so destructive to the service, would have been stopped by the half pay establishment which Maryland has given and in her disposition to lessen the expences of her officers. I flattered myself also, that those sentiments which have hitherto kept them in the army would make them desirous of finishing the war with their companions.
[Note 91: Capt. Benjamin Spyker, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment.]
At a moment when so much is at stake; in the event of which no one is less concerned than his neighbour, I would trust in a continuance of that virtue by which the army has been so uniformly held distinguished. The public has already given proofs that it will not be neglected, and my endeavours shall not be wanting to promote it's further good intentions in it's favor.
I need not request your offices where it is a duty or when you are applied to on the subject of resigning, to remind the officers that the commencement of a campaign is an awkward time to leave the service, and their associates, who must struggle for those advantages, which we all expect to enjoy in common. mon. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 12, 1779.
Sir: I received your favor of the 28th. Ulto. I am sorry that it was not in your power to give timely notice to the Officers who were designed to aid you in the collection of the Troops, and well pleased with your detention of such others as you met with in the state, tho' not destined for the particular service in which you are engaged.
The event was sudden and therefore the inconveniences which have occurred, unavoidable.
Col John Gibson whose regiment is at fort Pitt, and who is at present in camp informs me, that the Levies from Hampshire and two other adjacent Counties, who agreeable to a promise of the state had made choice of his regiment, have, the whole of them as he expects by this time got to that place. Should this be the case or should they be on their march there I would not have you recall them; but if you have taken such steps with respect to those as may lead you to believe that they are preparing to join you, or have already done so, I would have them continue with you. All the old men, meaning the reenlisted ones that you may meet with, who went on furlough I would have you by all means retain as they may prove very serviceable, by being intermixt with those who have not seen service.
I do not expect at the time when this reaches you, that there will be many such left in the state; but whatever the number may be, I must desire you will transmit to Genl. Woodford a return of them specifying their names, Regts. and Companies to which they belong, that their Officers may be able to account for them [and distinguish deserters.] I am, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, May 12, 1779.
Gentn: I do myself the Honor of transmitting you a Copy of an Act of Congress of the 1st Instant. The defenceless condition of the very important and interesting posts on Hudson river for the want of Cannon, and the impracticability of procuring them elsewhere, were the motives to its adoption. And I have directed General Heath to have the few Heavy pieces belonging to the United States, which are now in the Massachusets, brought forward with all possible expedition to those posts. Their security for want of proper Artillery has been long hazarded, and even after this accession, they will be extremely deficient in the number essential to their certain support. I should hope that your State cannot experience the smallest possible inconvenience by this procedure, and more especially as it has received a considerable augmentation of large Cannon from the Sommerset Man of War. I have the Honor, etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 12, 1779.
Sir: There either is no particular resolution of Congress; we have received none, or we have lost it, that directs us whether the commissions of the officers who resign are to be lodged with the board of war; or whether the officers will be permitted ted to retain them, with an indorsement signifying the date of their resignation. His Excellency requests to be informed on this subject. I am, etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of and is signed by James McHenry and addressed to Peter Scull, secretary of the Board of War.]
[Head Quarters, May 13, 1779.]
Dear Sir: I have just recd. your favor of yesterdays date. I shall give the necessary orders for the troops to march; but in the mean time I would wish you to be perfectly satisfied that every thing in the quarter Masters and commissary's department is in such preparation, as to keep equal pace with the troops. If you find that this is not the case, you will give me the earliest notice. For if the troops arrive too soon, pro visions which should be employed in the expedition will be wasted to no purpose. I shall take such measures with respect to the clothing as the circumstances of our supplies will admit. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I received Your favor of the 3rd. Instant. It has ever been my wish and it still is, that All the Officers of the Army should be upon the same footing, and as far as matters have depended upon me, there has been no discrimination in benefits of any kind. I should have been happy if the public Stores had been in circumstances to supply the wants of all the Officers upon the most moderate terms; and as far as my endeavours could promote it, they have not been wanting; but they are not that I know of, and I have not given a single order similar to the One you request. I have heard, it is true, that some Officers have been furnished with cloathing both from public and private Stores on the terms you mention; but this preference did not arise from me in either case.
In the instance of the public stores, it was my desire that all Articles of supply in the hands of the several Agents should have been collected to a point, and undergone a general and equal distribution; but this scheme has been deranged. And, with respect to private Ones I never supposed that I could authorise the obtaining supplies from them. It has been my hope and it still is, that some regular channel will be established, either by the States unitedly or Individually to furnish the Officers with necessaries at reasonable prices, to which end my exertions have been employed; but I cannot direct relief in any case, not founded on a plan of general equality.
I received a Letter from Lt. Gibeon Hooker1 of the 4th. Massachusets, dated Boston the 1st. of April, by which he solicits a resignation on account of ill health. I shall not refuse it, when he sends his Commission and proper Certificates from the Commanding Officer of his Regiment that he is not indebted to the public. You will be pleased to write to him upon the occasion. I am, etc.2
[Note 1: Lieut. Gibeon (or Zibeon) Hooker. He apparently served until June, 1783.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: I inclose you a petition from Robinson3 who is under sentence of death for your consideration.4 If you conceive
[Note 3: Peter Robinson.]
[Note 4: See General Orders, May 12, 1779, and Washington's letter to Knox, May 12, 1779, ante.] from his present disposition, or past conduct any hopes of his becoming a useful soldier, You have my permission to suspend his punishment. But if you imagine it indispensibly necessary to make an example you will have his sentence put into execution. I am, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 6: Virginia Delegates to the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, May 13, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with Your favor of the 6th Inst., inclosing a Letter of the 29th Ulto. and a Copy of a Memorial from Colo. Spotswood to Congress, and requesting my advice upon the subject of introducing him into the Army again and appointing him a Brigadier.
As you have been pleased to ask my Opinion upon the occasion, I shall give it with freedom and candor. I cannot advise the measure. I am certain it would be considered as an Act of injustice by the Army at large and particularly so by the Virginia line. The least injurious effects that I can possibly conceive would follow, would be the Resignations of sundry Officers in the latter; but there is every reason to believe, tho' these of themselves would be very distressing, that the mischiefs would be infinitely more extensive. The Officers in general suppose that they have been but too often affected by irregular appointments, and they are not in a temper now to acquiesce in what they would view as an injury to their essential rights. Colo. Spotswood a day or two after the Action of German Town made an actual surrender of his Commission to me, according to the then prevailing mode of resignation. This was accepted and sundry arrangements and promotions took place in consequence. No reasoning after this would satisfy the Officers, if he were to be reintroduced, and therefore a minute examination of the grounds which led to his resignation is unnecessary. However I cannot but observe, that the case to which he alludes as having been decided against him, was determined by a board of General Officers upon a full hearing, and as far as I could judge, agreeable to equity and the principle which had generally if not universally governed in similar cases. Nor can the expedient of employing him as a Brigadier with the Virginia Levies, destined for southern service, better the case. The injury to the Officers would originate in his appointment, and would not depend, or be redressed either by a temporary or local command. But if it were possible that either of these circumstances could palliate the injury to the Officers here, and quiet them for a moment; yet his going to the Southward would not be easily submitted to if submitted to at all, by the Officers detached on that service, or by the Officers of the Southern Army, because the injury to them would be immediate. We have been distracted and almost torn to pieces by irregular promotions and disputes about rank from time to time, and I trust there will be no fresh causes of disgust added. The com plaints on these heads which yet remain are but too many for the public interest. Besides these several reasons, it might be added that the state of the Virginia Troops, supposing the full number of Levies to be made up, an event however by no means to be expected, would not require a Brigadier in addition to their present number, and the proposed command would leave the other Virginia Brigadiers but little more than mere Cyphers. These matters I have thought it my duty to mention from a regard to the rights of the Officers in general, to the tranquillity of the Army, and the consequent promotion of the public service. And, abstracted from these considerations, from the friendship I have for Colo. Spotswood and the opinion I entertain of him as a Soldier, I should be happy to see him again in the Military line. I have the Honor &c.
P.S. I return the papers you were pleased to send me.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, May 13, 1779.
Parole Acapulco. Countersigns Abo, Avon.
Accurate returns of Arms, Ammunition and Accoutrements, good, bad and wanting to be sent in to the Orderly Office tomorrow morning 11 o'clock both by regiments and brigades; the former signed by the commanding officers of regiments and the latter by the officers commanding brigades: The causes of any deficiencies which have happened since the men were last completed up to forty rounds each, are carefully to be noted in the regimental returns.
The number of cartridge boxes of the new construction now on hand, in the several regiments, are likewise to be certified.
Major Cabbel8 is appointed Brigade Major and Inspector to General Muhlenberg's brigade and Major Croghan9 to General Woodford's; They are to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 8: Maj. Samuel Jordan Cabell, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. His later promotion gave him the rank of lieutenant colonel from Dec. 15, 1778; was transferred to the Fourth Virginia Regiment in July, 1779, and to the Seventh Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
[Note 9: Maj. William Croghan, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston and was a prisoner on parole to the end of the war.]
At the General Court Martial of the line, whereof Colonel Gunby is President May 5th. 1779, John Reily of the 7th. Mary land regiment was tried for "Desertion changing his clothes and selling his Arms and Accoutrements," found guilty of desertion and changing his clothes in violation of the 1st. Article 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes.
Likewise Charles Miller, Charles Harcourt and Jacob Baker of the 2nd. Pennsylvania regiment were tried for "Desertion and attempting to go to the enemy" found guilty of a breach of the Article aforesaid and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each.
At the same Court on the 8th. instant the following soldiers were tried for "Desertion" (viz), John Munroe, Lawrence Murray, Richard Matthews Michael McDonald, Thomas Do?mans William English and John Minn of the Maryland line found guilty of a breach of the aforesaid Article and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each.
The Commander in Chief confirms the forementioned sentences and orders them to be put in execution at the heads o? their respective regiments.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Friday, May 14, 1779.
Parole Van Schaick. Countersigns Willet, Van Dyck.
At a General Court Martial held at Reading, March 26th 1779, Brigadier General Huntington, President, Lieutenan? Colonel Mason,10 Director of the Laboratory &c. at Springfiel? was tried (in consequence of a report of a Committee of th? Council of Massachusett's Bay) for "Taking in a variety of instances continental stores and property and converting them t?
[Note 10: Col. David Mason. He was Deputy Commissary of Military Stores at Springfiel? Mass., to July, 1780. Congress ordered the court-martial by a resolve of Feb. 11, 177?] his own use, and for frequently giving orders to his officers to receive from the public works and stores utensils of various sorts for their private family use, and also for making use of continental fire-wood for three fires in unlimited quantity."
The Court fully examined the affidavits upon which the re port of the Committee of Council of Massachusett's Bay was grounded and heard such other evidence as Esquire Ely and Mr. Williston produced in behalf of the Complainants and also heard and examined Colo. Mason's evidence and defence, find that some facts alledged in the several charges against Lieutenant Colo. Mason are proved by the evidence produced, and are literally true; but are of opinion they do not amount to any criminality or embezzlement of public property; the articles being of no great value and having been received in such manner, and from such persons as will render him responsible upon the settlement of their accounts.
At the same Court Martial, March 29th. 1779, Lieutenant Colonel Smith,11 Deputy Quarter Master General for the district of Springfield, arrested on report of the Committee of Council of Massachusett's Bay was tried upon the following charges.
[Note 11: William Smith.]
"That he supplies Captain Pyncheon's12 house and family with their necessary firewood amounting sometimes to three fires, in unlimited quantity, from the public stores, and has laid out large sums of public money to build boats, and without order has established a continental ferry across Connecticut River where the country ferry has been for ages established, and inlisted a number of men for the term of one year with Continental Pay and rations, at great expence, while the country
[Note 12: Capt. Walter Pyncheon (Pincheon), assistant quartermaster general at Great Barrington, Mass.] ferry-man offered to supply the Continental Ferry to acceptance and dispatch for the sum of two hundred pounds pr. year.
Upon hearing and examining the affidavits, evidence and defence, the Court find, That Colonel Smith built three scows and a batteau at Springfield by order of General Greene, Quarter Master General and that he man'd the same according to his own discretion, and that his proceedings therein were approved by General Greene.
The Court are of opinion that as Colonel Smith boarded and did part of his public business in Captn. Pyncheon's house it might be necessary for him to supply three fires therein; Therefore the Court do acquit Lieutenant Colonel Smith of the charges exhibited against him.
Lieut. Colo. Mason and Lieut Colo. Smith are released from arrest.
At a General Court-Martial of the line whereof Colo. Gunby is President, Lieutenant Triplett13 of the 2nd. Virginia State regiment was tried for, "Ungentlemanlike behaviour in drinking and carousing with the common soldiers."
[Note 13: Lieut. Roger Triplett. He was cashiered in August, 1779.]
The Court after maturely considering the evidence for and against Lieutenant Triplett and his defence are of opinion he is not guilty of ungentlemanlike behaviour and carousing with the common soldiers, but are of opinion he is guilty of drinking with them, being a breach of the 5th. Article of the 18th. Section of the Articles of War and on consideration of a series of circumstances do only sentence him to be reprimanded by the commanding officer of his regiment in presence of the officers of the same.
Lieutenant Triplett's conduct was highly unbecoming and would have justified a severer sentence.
At the same court, May 4th. 1779, Lieutenant Nicholson14 of the 1st. North Carolina regiment was tried for "Making out and repeatedly signing false returns in violation of Article 1st., Section the 5th. of the Articles of War."
[Note 14: Lieut. Robert Nicholson. He resigned in June, 1779.]
The Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Nicholson is guilty of signing false returns but are further of opinion that he is not guilty of willfully signing false returns and that he does not come under the 1st. Article of the 5th. Section of the Articles of War: In consequence of Lieutenant Nicholson's neglect and inattention do sentence him to be reprimanded by the commanding officer of the regiment in presence of the officers of the same.
The General confirms the sentence.
At the same Court, May 5th. 1779, Samuel Fleming, Forage Master was tried for "Neglect of duty in not furnishing the public horses with forage sufficient and disobedience of orders in positively refusing to look out for any more forage, by which neglect and disobedience the horses are rendered unfit for service."
The Court are of opinion Samuel Fleming, Forage Master is not guilty of the whole charge but that he is guilty of disobeying Colonel Clark's orders of the 15th. of April last, being a breach of the latter part of the 5th. Article of the 2nd. Section of the Articles of War and sentence him to be dismissed from the service.
The General approves the sentence and directs it to be executed.
At the same Court, May 8th, 1779, John Hubert, a soldier in the 2nd. Virginia regiment was tried for "Desertion" found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes and to make up the time he has lost agreeable to a resolve of Congress and an Act of the Legislative Authority of the State of Virginia.
Also Daniel Buckley, a soldier in the 2nd. Maryland regiment and Patrick Ivory, a soldier in the 1st. Maryland regiment were tried, the former for "Desertion" and the latter for, "Deserting from the Monmouth command;" found guilty of breaches of the 1st. Article of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War respectively and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each.
Likewise Patrick Loury, a soldier in the 6th. Pennsylvania regiment, was tried for "Disobedience of orders and Mutiny." The Court are of opinion the Prisoner is not guilty of Mu tiny but are of opinion he is guilty of disobedience of orders, being a breach of the latter part of the 5th. Article of the end. Section of the Articles of War and in consequence of his receiving prompt punishment from Captn. Valentine15 do sentence him only to receive fifty lashes and from the above circumstance of Captain Valentine's punishing the Prisoner on the spot the Court recommend him to His Excellency's Clemency.
[Note 15: There is no Captain Valentine listed on the rolls of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. A Henry Valentine was ensign in the Pennsylvania Musket Battalion in 1776. He resigned that same year.]
At the same court May 10th., Robert Perry, a soldier in the 2nd. Virginia State regiment was tried for "Attempting to desert to the Enemy and persuading a number more to go with him."
The Court after mature deliberation are of opinion that the Prisoner is guilty of both parts of the charge being breaches of the 1st. & 4th. Articles of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentence him to suffer death, (two thirds of the Court concurring therein).
Also John Chambers, a soldier in the 3rd. Maryland regiment was tried for "Desertion," found guilty by his own confession and sentenced to receive fifty lashes; but from several alleviating circumstances the Court recommend him to His Excellency's Clemency.
Likewise Neil Megonigle soldier in the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for "deserting from his post."
The Court are of opinion the Prisoner is not guilty of deserting from his post but are of opinion he is guilty of absenting himself without leave, being a breach of the 2nd Article of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentence him to receive one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing sentences but in compliance with the recommendation of the court remits the punishment ordered on Loury and Chambers.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 14, 1779.
D. Sir: I received your favor of the 7th. instant in due time. I wish the most effectual measures to be taken for filling up the regiments, but am sorry to find it your opinion that the Connecticut levies will be raised very slowly. I am now writing the governor, and shall take notice of the necessity of forwarding this business. The assembly were right in their construction of the resolution of Congress of the 15th. of March, if by artificers is meant, the corps of artillery artificers, all others being out of the description. There have been no steps taken during your absence, that should have excited apprehension for your future command. What has been done, arose naturally out of our intelligence; and to which the policy of securing a principal object evidently pointed.
You may rest satisfied, that in the arrangement for the campaign you will be properly attended to in your command, however it may have sustained a temporary reduction to answer the above purposes.
The misfortunes which have happened along the coast, since with drawing the guards are such as in our present circumstances we cannot prevent; if it is to be done by parties from the army. To cover a sea coast of 1500 miles from the enemys vessels; and our western frontiers of the same extent from Indian incursions, is impracticable; and yet I am called upon every hour to do it.
The levies designed to fill up the quotas of the respective States, are raising but slowly if at all. Some of them are ordered on remote service, while at the same time large detachments are making from the main army to different parts; these things render it impossible to give that attention to the coast which we could wish, and at the same moment secure the main force from defeat or insult, and protect those posts which are of the last importance to the common safety and communication. Measures must therefore be taken by the several states, for their defence, or the prevention of petty inroads of the enemy by proper guards from the Militia 'till our situation will permit us to give them assistance from the army. I am, etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 14, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have had the Honor of Your Excellency's Two favors of the 8th and 10th Instant and beg leave to return you my warmest thanks for the very polite and friendly manner, in which you received my observations upon the subject of raising the pay of the Militia.
I am now to inform Your Excellency that the public service has obliged me to march Colo. Ogdon's Regiment from Elizabeth Town. On Monday another will follow, and in a day or two after, the third and last of the Brigade. I flatter myself the Militia will be assembled in time, to prevent any inconveniences from their departure. I have the Honor, etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May [14], 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 25 of April. I am extremely sorry to find that your prospects of reinforcements from the neighbouring states were so unpromising; indeed it is to be lamented that our general force is very unequal to the extensive demands upon it, and that there seem to be no adequate exertions making by the different States to remedy the deficiency. You Sir, who are well acquainted with what the situation of the army has always been and can no doubt form a just judgment of what it now is, will not think it extraordinary when I tell you, that at the time the order was given for holding Glover's Brigade in readiness, there was an absolute necessity for drawing it away. The plans in contemplation formed in persuance of the directions of Congress and very important to the general interests required so considerable a detachment of force, that had the Enemy's numbers in this quarter remained as they were, it could not have been afforded at the expence of this Army without endangering the most unhappy consequences. You are too sensible of the importance of not exposing the main army and the Posts on the North River to any misfortune in our present circumstances, and how much better it will be to risk partial inconveniences elsewhere, to make any thing necessary on that subject. We have however lately received intelligence from New York of the sailing of troops from that Post, which enables me to suspend the order for marching Glovers Brigade. I hope every exertion will be made in the mean time by the neighbouring States to put it in your power to spare a part of your continental force without risk, as it is very doubtful in the progress of our operations how long it will be practicable to continue the whole with you. The inclosed copy of a Resolve of the 7th. will inform you that Congress have earnestly recommended it to the States of New Hampshire Massachusets and Connecticut to furnish and keep up their quotas of the conventional Troops of July 77 for the defence of Rhode Island. I hope the recommendation may be attended with success.18
[Note 18: At this point in the draft the following is struck out: "I am much obliged to you for your observations on Western affairs as I shall always be for a candid communication of your sentiments on any subject that may occur."]
The unfortunate extremity to which affairs to the South ward have been lately tending have obliged me to send all the Virginia new Levies and reinlisted men of the Regiments here, who were on furlough to that quarter. This is no small deduction from our force here and will proportionably embarrass our measures. I am, etc.
Ps. With this you will receive the Commissions for the 1st. and 2d. Rhode Island Regiment.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft, also by Hamilton, does not contain the P. S.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: Upon receipt of this you will be pleased to give orders for the two remaining regiments of Poor's brigade to march [immediately] to Easton, with the same quantity of ammunition &c allowed to others. Previous however to their march they are to be paid up to the 1st. of April, and to draw two pair of overalls per man exclusive of the deficiencies in their clothing. As Colo. Cortland's Regiment and Col. Spencers will both want several articles which we have not in this place nor in Philadelphia, you will also give an order on the store, for 1160 pair of overalls, 400 Shirts, and take measures for their transportation to Easton with the baggage of the regiments which are now to march. These things may be lodged with the Quarter Master [or assistant Cloathier] at Easton, where there will be directions sent for their delivery. The troops will take the route of New-windsor and Mohocamac, and lose no time either in the commencing or prosecution of their march; [they will receive their further] Instructions [from Majr. Genl. Sullivan.] I am, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, May 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received your note by Col. Gibson and communicated the contents to his Excellency. Though from the serious nature of the charges you have exhibited against Colonel Morgan, there seems to be almost a necessity for bringing the matter to a thorough investigation; yet at this juncture it would be attended with so many difficulties as to make it utterly inconvenient. The affair involves such extensive consequences that it could hardly be terminated in the course of the campaign. So many principal as well as inferior officers must be called from the Western department as Witnesses, that their attendance would entirely disconcert the department; nor indeed would it be practicable, but in succession, which would increase the delay, expence and trouble.
We have already two very important trials on hand, and nothing can be more irksome in the midst of a campaign than long and intricate prosecutions, where the chief officers of the army must compose the courts. You must be detained in a state of military inaction here, while you might be usefully serving the public at the Southward. These obstacles, in our present circumstances at the opening of a campaign appear to the General to be almost insurmountable, and incline him to defer the inquiry. There are properly no charges against you; therefore a particular examination of your conduct unless by your desire seems to be unnecessary: The General for the reasons here assigned thinks it best the matter should rest where it is, unless upon the whole you give the preference to an inquiry. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: The letter is in the writing of and is signed " Alexander Hamilton, Aide de Camp." A copy of this draft, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is filed in the Papers of the Continental Congress, with Washington' s letter of May 16, 1779, to the President of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of the 12th. Instant. The third Regiment will march on Monday for this Camp, where the Commanding Officer will receive further Orders. The other Regiment of the Brigade will be held in readiness to move on the earliest notice. With respect to the Artillery, they will move either with the Regiment on Monday, or with the Other, as you may determine; but they are to join the Park at Pluckimin. Foreman' s Corps is to proceed with the Brigade, and will march with the 3rd. Regiment or the One that will follow as you like best. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 14, 1779.
Sir: I have received the honor of your Excellency' s favor of the 10th with its several inclosures.
When the order was given for General Glover' s Brigade to be held in readiness to march, the comparitive state of the Enemy' s force and ours, allowing for the troops to be detached on the Western expedition made it indispensible, without risking more important misfortunes in this quarter than could posibly have been hazarded by drawing that Brigade away. But the late detachment sent from New York materially alters the case and has enabled me to suspend the measure, which I have accordingly done. It is however uncertain in the progress of our operations how long it may be in my power to continue those troops where they now are. This I have signified to the State and have taken occasion to urge the necesity of endeavouring to provide other means of defence. The necessity I am under of being guarded at some essential points often obliges me to weaken others where we are less vulnerable; and have only to apprehend partial evils. Till the general state of our force can be made more adequate to our necessities this will be unavoidable.
The deputies from the Delaware Nation arrived at Head Quarters two days ago. They presented me with a long memorial on various points, which they intend to present also to Congress. I was a little at a loss what answer to give and could have wished they had made their first application there. But as an answer could not be avoided, I thought it safest to couch it in general but friendly terms and refer them to Congress for a more particular one. Though there is reason to believe, they have not adhered very scrupulously to their pretended friendship, it appeared to me to be our present policy at least to conciliate; and in this spirit my answer was conceived. I hope I may not have deviated from the views of Congress. I send a copy of my answer. I have the honor, etc.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on May 17 and referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 14, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with your Letters of the 7th and 10th. instant.
With respect to the matters submitted by the first The Commissary General of Military Stores has certainly a right to direct in everything relative to the execution of the public works, under his care, and every Officer stationed at the Laboratories is bound so far, to follow his directions. The rank of Lieut. Colo. which he now holds, intitles him to command in all respects over every Inferior Officer acting with him. Where there happens to be a Superior Officer, this cannot be the case; neither do I see the necessity for him to regulate the duties merely Military. Such Officer will always be responsible for preserving order and any breach he may commit or tolerate can be reported. I also think that the Officers of Artillery and Artillery Artificers should sit together on Courts Martial, for the reasons you have mentioned, and that the oldest Officer in either Corps, should take the command in all Regimental duties. It does not appear to me in the least essential, that Colo. Flowers24 should have any Other rank than he now has. His Commission as Commissary of Military Stores with the rank of Lieutenant Colo. is fully competent to every purpose. And, convulsed and torn to pieces as we have been, and as we
[Note 24: Lieut. Col. Benjamin Flower.] yet are by disputes, founded on particular promotions and appointments, and a Thousand consequent resignations, I cannot advise that he should have any other than the Commission he now possesses. I am satisfied it would not be submitted to, and that we should in consequence, have to establish almost a New Corps of Artillery Officers. I have a very favourable opinion of Colo. Flower; but his present commission is a very honourable one, and in the extremely critical situation of the Army, the most delicate regard must be had to the rights of the Officers. Indeed this should always be the case, but at this juncture from the prevailing dissatisfaction, it is peculiarly necessary. Nor does it appear to me from the fullest inquiry and consideration I am capable of, that his claim to rank in the Artillery line, is well founded, supposing consequences of a political nature entirely out of the question. I shall write him upon the subject, as soon as I have an opportunity.
As the situation of affairs and the exigency of the service will not admit of the least delay, I transmit the Board a Return of the Officers in Colo. Proctors25 Regiment, by which they will be pleased to issue them Commissions. Their relative rank as to themselves, I believe, stands right, and I do not know that the arrangement is wrong with respect to Others. If it should be found so, it must be reformed when circumstances will permit. I would wish the Board to mention this to Colo. Proctor, that it may be clearly understood. By the death of Lieut. Colo. Strobogh26 on the 2d of Decr. a 2d vacant Lieut. Colonelcy has happened in the Artillery line. Major Forrest27 is to be appointed in his place, not however from a principle of
[Note 25: Col. Thomas Procter, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He resigned in April, 1781.]
[Note 26: Lieut. Col. John Martin Strobagh, of the Fourth Continental Artillery.]
[Note 27: Maj. Thomas Forrest, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. His promotion to lieutenant colonel gave him rank from Dec. 2, 1778. He resigned in October, 1781.] regimental succession, but on that of lineal succession, by which all appointments of field Officers are to be made, according to the rules of promotion now established in the Army; the practice in Corps similarly circumstanced, and the ideas which have prevailed for some time past in the Artillery. The promotion motion to Majorities is not of the oldest Captain in the Regiment where the vacancy happens, but of the oldest in the particular line under consideration. In the case of Capt. Lieut. Emes28 there appears to be an inconsistency, which I can' t reconcile. He is arranged the 8th and yet his appointment is dated 7 or 8 months before the rest. The Board will be pleased to advert to the circumstance and obtain a satisfactory explanation. I also inclose certificates in favor of Mr. McGuire.29 Persons in his predicament, may be appointed to Subaltern ranks by the Field Officers of the Regiments to which they belong, or at least on their recommendation; but this power should be exercised with great caution and it would be well if in general cases the exercise of it were not to supersede Other Subalterns. I have experienced an infinite deal of trouble by like promotions, and in the present case, the Board probably will do well to prevent it if they can, or at least the placing Mr. McGuire at the point recommended. If it should not be agreeable to the Officers it is likely all affected by it will leave the service. If he is introduced into the line, his Commission cannot not bear date prior to the Certificates in his favor, nor can he be continued as paymaster afterwards without being elected by the Officers of the Regiment. The Certificates of the Two Field Officers will not do.
[Note 28: Capt.-Lieut. Worsley Emes, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was made captain in September, 1780, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 29: Lieut, and Paymaster Matthew McGuire, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was promoted to captain-lieutenant in September, 1780; wounded and taken prisoner at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781; prisoner on parole until retired in January, 1783.]
I will issue the order you request to prevent applications for supplies at Philadelphia. The arrangement respecting colours is not yet made. I have the Honor, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Middle Brook, May 15, 1779.
Sir: I have not yet been favoured with an answer to the letter which I did myself the honor to write you on the 27th Ulto. Whatever may be the determination of the Council respecting the alternative proposed of the first of June or July for General Arnolds trial, I am anxious to be informed of it, that no time may be lost more than cannot be avoided. If the Witnesses are to be called from Carolina, the summon ought to go to them without delay. I have received another letter from General Arnold pressing for a speedy trial. That Gentleman' s situation is very interesting to his character and feelings and gives him a right to expect from me as a piece of Justice, that his fate may be decided as soon as it can be done consistent with a full and free investigation. If he should be found innocent, the sooner he is acquitted the better; if guilty, justice cannot take place too soon. At the same time that I wish the Council to be assured I am as unwilling to precipitate as to retard the trial; I am persuaded they will cheerfully enable me to act such a part as will avoid the imputation of unnecessary delay; and will be pleased to afford me the aid requested in my last.
The preparations for the Western expedition are in such forwardness, that I am putting all the troops to be employed in it, in motion. I request the Council to hasten up those which the state is to furnish towards this important undertaking. I have the honor, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 15, 1779.
Sir: I was duly honored by Your Excellency' s favour of the 26th of April in behalf of the Council of war on the subject of the removal of General Glover' s brigade. Since the receipt of it Congress have been pleased to transmit me a copy of your letter on the same subject to that honorable body accompanied by a resolve of the 7th instant directing me " to take such order thereon as the necessities of the state of Rhode Island may require and the good of the service admit."
When my order for holding the Brigade in readiness was given, the situation of affairs in this quarter and some important operations of the Campaign in pursuance of the directions of Congress made it indispensible, and had things remained in the same state, it would have been totally out of my power, to have avoided carrying the order into immediate execution. But having lately received intelligence from New York, that the Enemy have made a considerable detachment from that post, this makes some difference in the arrangements which would have been otherwise necessary, and enables me for the present to suspend the measure. How long it may be in my power to continue the Brigade, where it is, is entirely uncertain. The peculiar situation of your state and the distress to which it is exposed makes me sincerely desirous to afford all the aid I can; but I am persuaded your Excellency would not wish me to do it at the risk of the general safety or at the expence of plans in which the united interests of these states may be essentially concerned. Nor am I less confident, that the justice of the state will not expect more from me than the means put into my hands will permit. It is a melancholy truth that our collective force is very incompetent to the numerous and extensive demands upon it. This points out the absolute necessity of vigorous exertions in the several states to make it more adequate; and I doubt not the State of Rhode Island will continue to make efforts proportioned to its circumstances, the danger with which it is threatened and the exigencies of the public service at large. With every sentiment of respect, I have the honor, etc.
P.S. The successes of the enemy to the Southward have put me under the necessity of sending all the Virginia new levies and reinlisted men on furlough that way. This will lessen our expected force here and add to our difficulties.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 33: Of Baum' s Brunswick Dragoons, German allied troops.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 15, 1779.
Sir: I am sorry that I cannot at this moment grant your request for an officer to go into New York. But I shall pay a particular attention to any letter which you may write relative to the obtaining a present supply of money; and order the commissary of Prisoners, Mr. Beatty, to transfer whatever return may be made to your application. I am, &ca.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 15, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I enclose you a letter to the honorable the council of Massachusets, by which you will observe I am directed by Congress to appropriate the cannon lent this State, to the defence of the posts on Hudsons river. I have to request you to seal the letter, and deliver it to the council. And further, upon receiving the councils permission, that you will take the most effectual and immediate measures to have the cannon sent forward to the posts on the highlands on the North river.35 For this purpose, you will be pleased to order the quarter master at Boston to procure proper teams to transport them; have receipts taken for them by the commissary of military stores, and appoint a careful and active person to superintend their conveyance; with such other steps as may appear necessary to forward their transportation.36 I am, etc.37
[Note 35: The draft at this point has "with all possible expedition."]
[Note 36: See Washington' s letter to the President and Council of Massachusetts, May 12, 1779 ante.]
[Note 37: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 15, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Under the circumstances which you have mentioned, and from the usefulness that Colonel Butler conceives Dr. Jones38 may be of, I have consented to his joining Col. Butler, and directed him to you in case you should have any commands. I am, etc.39
[Note 38: Rev. Dr. David Jones, brigade chaplain, Pennsylvania brigade. lie was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 5th. instant and read it with no small concern. I feel my situation truly delicate and embarrassing, on one side your anxiety, very natural in such circumstances, and the convenience of the army strongly urge me to bring the affair to a speedy conclusion; on the are known will convince the world and yourself of my strict impartiality. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On May 16 Washington wrote to Judge Advocate General John Laurance: "As the tryal of General Arnold is to come on by the 1st of June, you will take measures to be at the head quarters of the army fully in time to make all the necessary arrangements on this occasion." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, May 15, 1779.
Parole Hopkins. Countersigns Olney, Simpson.
The General Court Martial of the line whereof Colo. Gunby is President is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, May 16, 1779.
Parole South Carolina. Countersigns Howe, Rutledge.
The Bonamtown Picket to be relieved tomorrow from the Pennsylvania line. The Morristown with an addition of a serjeant, Corporal and twelve men from the Maryland line, furnished with Ammunition and Provision as usual.
A General Court Martial of the line to sit tomorrow half past 9 o' clock A.M. to try all such Persons as shall come before them. Colonel Greene,41 President.
[Note 41: Col. John Green.]
[Head Quarters, May 16, 1779.]
Dr Sir: It appears by the certificates in possession of Thomas Done the bearer of this letter, that he was a soldier in a company of Artillery commanded by Capt. Lamb, and that he lost his sight in the service. He has applied to me to direct him how to obtain the public provision made for persons in his situation. As the company to which he belonged was raised in the state of New York; he seems properly to come under the notice of that state. I therefore refer him to your Excellency with this line, and I doubt not his case will meet with the attention and tenderness to which it is entitled.42 I have the honor, etc.43
[Note 42: The draft at this point has crossed out the following: " There is a resolve of Congress directing that officers and soldiers disabled in the service should receive half pay during lite to he paid by their respective states. He seems properly to come under the"]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 16, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Excellencys favor of the 10th. instant, and the two resolutions of Congress which shall be properly attended to.
I herewith take the liberty to transmit several papers of a serious nature, which have passed between General Mcintosh and myself.44 I thought it my duty to submit them to the consideration of Congress, that it might decide whether the reasons sons given in my letter from Col. Hamilton, are sufficiently cogent to postpone an inquiry for the present; or till the affairs, or situation of the army, will admit of entering fully into a subject that involves so many and remote evidences.
[Note 44: Copies of McIntosh' s letter to Washington, May 14; charges against Col. George Morgan, Deputy Commissary of Purchases, Western Department, May 14 (?); charges against Indian Interpreter Daniel Sullivan, April 17; Alexander Hamilton' s letter to McIntosh, May 14; McIntosh' s letter to Hamilton, May 14; and Lieut. Col. Benjamin Ford' s letter to Washington, May 13, are filed with Washington' s letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
The inclosed extract of a letter from Lt. Colonel Ford may perhaps contain more recent intelligence from the Southward than what Congress could have received by land. I also send a Charlestown gazette of the 21 of April, three late New York papers, and an English one of the 26th February Ultimo. I have the honor, etc.45
[Note 45: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 16, 1779.
Sir: I have received your two favours of the 16th. of March and 10th. instant.
My letter to you at Valley forge expressed the opinion which was at that time received in the Artillery, though I believe it had not been practised upon. For some time past, a contrary idea has prevail' d in that corps conformable to the general principles of promotion in the army, and to the practice in the cavalry, which is on a similar establishment. This is, that all officers rise regimentally to the rank of Captain inclusively and from that in the line of Artillery. But on this principle you are entitled to fill the vacancy which happened by the death of Lt. Col. Strobogh and I have written to the Board of war accordingly. If your pretensions extend farther, they will have their due weight in a general settlement of relative rank. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Middle brook, May 17, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of 4 Oclock yesterday afternoon came to my hands this morning. The suggestions contained in it, I had before heard from New York; but thank you nevertheless for your attention, and communication of them.
I have no idea of the Convention Troops being rescued by the detachment from N. Yk. but if it shd. take Post at the nearest navigation to their cantonmt. it would countenance desertion, and be a means of obtaining many of them in that way. I shall endeavour as much as possible to prevent this.
If the Gentn. whose name I mentioned to you in my last, is inclined to undertake that business, and should be in want of a little specie for the purposes there expressed, I will spare part of my small stock. To know the real strength and situation of the enemy, their detachments, reinforcements, designs, expectations, &ca., is essential. Equally important may it be, to know frequently, what Ships of War and other Armed Vessels are in the harbour of New York.
The inclosed was brought to me by Genl. Thompson. If Mr. Pintard will enquire into the truth of the representation, and give or destroy the pass as facts may appear I shall be obliged to him. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 17, 1779.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your favour of the 15th. with the inclosed papers.
The fleet mentioned in Governor Johnson' s letter may contain the detachment which lately sailed from New York, and the object may be, if not to rescue, at least to facilitate the desertion of The Convention troops. This is the prevailing opinion in New York, countenanced among other circumstances by the Goodrich' s and other natives of Virginia being of the party. A rescue, with common prudence on our side would be difficult, I hope this will not be wanting, But it may be no easy matter to prevent very considerable desertion. The enemy may possibly take some convenient and secure post, to afford opportunities. Our obvious policy on an emergency will be to remove the troops, perhaps to divide them.
But the present appearance may be only a diversion, to delay lay the reinforcements going from Virginia to the Southward, while the detachment may in reality have proceeded on its voyage to prosecute the intended operations in that quarter. In this case, the vessels that have been seen may have a few troops on board the better to cover the artifice, and it may be will call at particular places which have been preconcerted to receive deserters, instructed to meet them there. We should be upon our guard against a deception of this kind, which may unnecessarily detain the levies to the injury of our Southern affairs.
In the present uncertainty, and at this distance it is hard to form any precise opinion of what ought to be done; I would only beg leave to observe that the arms destined for the levies should be hastened on to them, that they may be enabled to act according to circumstances, and that if appearances continue without producing any thing decisive, the Convention troops ought to be effectually taken care of, and every provision made, that the levies may not be improperly detained.
The detachment which sailed from New York, according to the best information I have received consists of one batalion of guards, Lord Rawdon's47 Corps, the 42d Highlanders, a German regiment and fifty bucks county dragoons,48 estimated at about 2000 men. They were convoyed by the Raisonable of 64, the rainbow of 44 and a small frigate.
[Note 47: Lieut. Col. Francis (Lord) Rawdon, of the Sixty-third Foot, British Army.]
[Note 48: Pennsylvania loyalists.]
There remain now at New York, two frigates of 20, two sloops of war, and a few privateers which is all the protection there is to a large number of transports. If our frigates to the Eastward could be speedily collected, I should hope a very important blow might be struck there without much risk. It seems to be well worth the experiment. If Congress view the matter in the same light, they will no doubt give the necessary directions with all possible secrecy and dispatch. I have the honor, etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter sent is not found among the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, May 17, 1779.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing Your Excellency this morning, I received a Letter from General Gates, a Copy of which with the packet he mentions I transmit by this express. From Genl. Gates's account it appears indispensably necessary that a supply of Money should be sent as soon as possible, if it has not been already done to pay the Troops. I have the Honor, etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent is not found among the Papers of the Continental Congress, but it was read in Congress on May 19 and referred to the Board of Treasury.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 17,51 1779.
[Note 51: The draft is dated May 17, but the indorsement gives it as May 18.]
Sir: I had not an opportunity to attend to your letter of the 7th till this time. I am invested with no authority whatsoever, by which it is in my power to attach your corps to any particular State. An adoption of this kind can only be made thro' a recommendation of Congress, or by a voluntary act of the State itself.
I shall write to the board of war on the subject of Commissioning your officers and to know their sentiment on Baron Wolfen.
With respect to furnishing the articles mentioned in your return, it cannot be done at this moment. There are neither stockings, nor shirts in Store, and what shoes we have on hand are for a particular occasion. However a supply of these articles are expected in a short time when a proper regard will be paid to the wants of your corps. I do not know of any use overalls can be to horsemen. I return the papers you inclosed. I am, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 53: Deputy clothier general and assistant clothier general, respectively, of the Northern Department.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 18, 1779.
Sir: I request that you will send 5000 Shirts and five thousand pair of shoes, as soon as possible to this camp.
The public service demands them, and that they should be here without a moments loss of time. You will apply to the Quarter Master Colo. Hay, for as many Waggons as may be necessary. If it should happen that you have not the number of Shirts required, you will send what there are; and if you have not a sufficiency of Shoes to answer the demand, you will apply to Mr. George Starr at Middletown and obtain them from him. The Waggons should come under a proper guard, and for greater security, the route thro Morris Town. I must repeat my request that the utmost diligence be used upon this occasion. I am, etc.
P.S. The line to Colo. Hay is to supply you with Waggons.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On May 18 Washington Wrote to Col. Udny Hay, deputy quartermaster general at Fishkill, N. Y., that "If Mr. Measom or Mr. Geary his deputy, applies for Waggons to bring a quantity of Cloathing to this Camp, I am to request that you will furnish them as soon as possible. The public service requires the earliest arrival of the Cloathing." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 18, 1779.
Sir: His Excellency received last night a letter from Lt. Col. Davidson,55 written by your direction, informing him of the enemy's being at the New Bridge. He requests you will advise him punctually of their movements and endeavour to ascertain their force and designs.56 You will be pleased to do the same to General McDougall.
[Note 55: Lieut. Col. William Lee Davidson, of the Third North Carolina Regiment. He was transferred to the First North Carolina Regiment in June, 1779; served also as brigadier general in the North Carolina Militia; killed at Cowan's Ford, N. C., in February, 1781.]
[Note 56: Colonel Clark was then at Paramus, N. J.]
The Quarter Master General is directed to furnish you with some express riders fyor the purpose. I have the honor, etc.57
[Note 57: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "Alexander Hamilton, A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 18, 1779.
Sir: The obligation I felt for the visit which Your Excellency did me the honor to make me could only be increased by the manner in which you are pleased to mention the reception you met with. If there was any thing that deserved to give you pleasure, it was the sentiments which accompanied the marks of respect we were happy to have an opportunity of shewing you. As the Minister of a Prince we revere, you had a title to every thing we could do; but you have another title, not less precious to your sensibility; all the true friends of America esteem it an honor to rank you among their number, and acknowledge the distinguished instances you have given of your zealous concern for its interests. The assurances of your esteem for me are too flattering to permit any other return than that of actions; and I shall ardently wish for occasions of giving you proofs of mine as convincing as they will be sincere.
Truly sensible of your politeness Mrs. Washington entreats you to accept her most respectful thanks and compliments. I have the honor etc.
P. S. I have made inquiries on the subject of the memoir.58 as yet without success. I shall continue them and communicate the result.59
[Note 58: On May 10 a memorial from Gérard to Congress was read and referred to the committee appointed to superintend the departments of the commissary and quartermaster general. It was also ordered that a copy of the memorial be transmitted to the Commander in Chief and "that he consider himself at liberty so to direct the military operations of these states as shall appear to him most expedient." Gérard's memorial, or letter, advised Congress of the intended return of Comte D'Estaing to the American coast.]
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 18, 1779.
Gentlemen: Since I had the honor of writing to you on the 14th instant. I have discovered a mistake relative to the succession of Major Forrest to the vacancy occasioned by the death of Lieut. Col. Strobock.60 I then had in eye another vacancy which happened by the resignation of Lt. Col. Oswald;61 and did not recollect that it had been filled by Lt. Col. Stevens. A multiplicity of business caused me to forget this circumstance. It is necessary the mistake should be rectified. Major Forrest cannot succeed, on the principle of Regimental promotion; because though the rule of promotion in the Artillery has not been formerly determined, yet that of lineal succession mentioned in my last is now so generally preferred, that it would convulse the corps to adopt a different one and as Major Holmer62 of Harrison's Regiment, is elder in commission he
[Note 60: Lieut. Col. John Martin Strobagh.]
[Note 61: Lieut. Col. Eleazer Oswald, of the Second Continental Artillery. He had resigned in June, 1778.]
[Note 62: Maj. Christian Holmer, of the First Continental Artillery. He retired in January, 1781.] must take precedence of Major Forrest on this principle, unless it should be thought best to supersede him on the ground of incapacity.
The Board will judge how far this is adviseable from the following extract of a letter of the 13th, which I had received from General Knox previous to my last. "Major Holmer" says he," is clearly the oldest Major; I wish I could add that his knowledge of his profession and his activity were such, as that I could, consistent with the duty which I owe my country and my conscience recommend him to fill the vacancy but I am sorry this is not the case. Major Forrest is next in rank, Your Excellency knows his zeal and activity. I think he is a proper subject for promotion. But should he be promoted care must be taken to distinguish the principle which influenced it." It gives me pain to be under the necessity of declaring that the idea here given of Major Holmer is conformable to his universal character, which places his qualifications as an officer far below mediocrity. If Major Forrest is promoted on this principle, it is necessary that it should receive the sanction of Congress.
I transmit an extract from the proceedings of a Board of General Officers in the case of Major Mentges, Murray and Nichols and Cols. Stewart and Craig which has been confirmed in General orders. I have the honor, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 64: Delegate to Congress from Pennsylvania.]
Head Qrs., Middle brook, May 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 10th Instt.65 and thank you for it. Never was there an observation founded in
[Note 65: As printed in the Virginia Historical Register, vol. 5, p. 210. The letter has at this point "by Col. Blane."] more truth than yours of my having a choice of difficulties. I cannot say that the resolve of Congress which you allude to has increased them; but with propriety I may observe it has added to my embarrassment in fixing on them inasmuch as It gives me powers without the means of execution when these ought to be co-equal at least. The cries of the distressed, of the fatherless and the Widows, come to me from all quarters. The States are not behind hand in making application for assistance notwithstanding scarce any one of them, that I can find, is taking effectual measures to compleat its qouta of Continental Troops, or have even power or energy enough to draw forth their Militia; each complains of neglect because it gets not what it asks; and conceives that no other suffers like itself because they are ignorant of what others experience, receiving the complaints of their own people only. I have a hard time of it and a disagreeable task. To please every body is impossible; were I to undertake it I should probably please no body. If I know myself I have no partialities. I have from the beginning, and I will to the end pursue to the best of my judgment and abilities one steady line of conduct for the good of the great whole. This will, under all circumstances administer consolation to myself however short I may fall of the expectations of others. But to leave smaller matters, I am much mistaken if the resolve of Congress hath not an eye to something far beyond our abilities; they are not, I conceive, sufficiently acquainted with the state and strength of the Army, of our resources, and how they are to be drawn out. The powers given may be beneficial, but do not let Congress deceive themselves by false expectations founded on a superficial view of the situation and circumstances of things in general and their own Troops in particular; for in a word, I give it to you as my opinion, that if the reinforcement expected by the enemy should arrive, and no effectual measures be taken to compleat our Battalions, and stop the further depreciation of our Money I do not see upon what ground we are able, or mean to continue the contest. We now stand upon the brink of a precipice from whence the smallest help plunges us headlong. At this moment, our Money does but pass; at what rate I need not add because unsatisfied demands upon the treasury afford too many unequivocal and alarming proofs to stand in need of illustration. Even at this hour every thing is in a manner, at a stand for want of this money (such as it is) and because many of the States instead of passing laws to aid the several departments of the Army have done the reverse, and hampered the transportation in such a way as to stop the Supplies wch. are indispensably necessary and for want of wch. we are embarrassd exceedingly. This is a summary of our affairs in Genl. to which I am to add that the Officers unable any longer to support themselves in the Army are resigning continually, or doing what is even worse, spreading discontent and possibly the seeds of Sedition.
You will readily perceive my good Sir that this is a confidential letter and that however willing I may be to disclose such matters and such sentiments to particular friends who are entrusted with the government of our great national concerns, I shall be extremely unwilling to have them communicated to any others, as I should feel much compunction if a single word or thought of mine was to create the smallest despair in our own people or feed the hope of the enemy who I know pursue with avidity every track which leads to a discovery of the Sentiments of Men in Office. Such (Men in Office I mean) I wish to be impressed, deeply impressed with the importance of close attention and a vigorous exertion of the means for extricating our finances from the deplorable Situation in which they now are. I never was, much less reason have I now, to be affraid of the enemys Arms; but I have no scruple in declaring to you, that I have never yet seen the time in which our affars in my opinion were at so low an ebb as the present and witht. a speedy and capital change we shall not be able in a very short time to call out the strength and resources of the Country. The hour therefore is certainly come when party differences and disputes should subside; when every Man (especially those in Office) should with one hand and one heart pull the same way and with their whole strength. Providence has done, and I am perswaded is disposed to do, a great deal for us, but we are not to forget the fable of Jupiter and the Countryman. I am, etc.
P.S. I am not insensible of the propriety of the observn. contained in the P.S. to your Letter and can assure you that the Person66 you allude to was not appointed from motives of partiality or in a hasty manner; after long and cool deliberation, a due consideration of characters and circumstances; and some regard to military rules and propriety I could do no better. I must work with such means as I have. You know I presume that the comd. was offered Genl. Gtes who declined the acceptance of it.
[Note 66: Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, commanding the Indian expedition. Armstrong suggested the propriety of detaching Colonel Brodhead from Fort Pitt for this service.]
Hd. Qrs., Middle brook, May 18, 1779.67
[Note 67: This date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Sir: I take the liberty to trouble you with duplicate and triplicate, of a letter which I did myself the honor to write to His Excellency The Governor of Havannah68 some time since, the original of which I am apprehensive may miscarry, and I entreat your care in forwarding them by the earliest and
[Note 68: See Washington's letter to Diego José de Navarro, Mar. 4, 1779, ante.] safest opportunities. I am anxious that this letter should get to His Excellency, as it conveys to him my thanks for the pleasure I have received in his friend's acquaintance and a testimony of my respect for himself.
I am happy in the opportunity this gives me of assuring you of the sincere respect and esteem, with which I have the honor, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, May 18, 1779.
Parole Hackinsack. Countersigns Sullivan, Hammond.
The officers are on no pretence to suffer the men to straggle from camp but are to keep them ready to march on the earliest notice.
Major Stevenson70 is appointed to relieve Colo. Dabney71 in the superintendency of the hospitals in New Jersey.
[Note 70: Maj. David Stephenson, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; transferred to the Sixth Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 71: Col. Charles Dabney, of the Second Virginia Regiment.]
At a General Court Martial of the line whereof Colonel Gunby was President April 30th. 1779, Thomas Carson, George Garnick and Thomas Cane of the 6th. Virginia regiment; also James Johnston and William Hitchcock of Colo. Gist's regiment, were tried for" Breaking into and robbing the house of Mr. Van Noorstrand an inhabitant, of a number of valuable articles on the night of the 29th. of March last" and found guilty of the charge exhibited against them being a breach of the 16th. Article of the 13th. Section of the Articles of War and also of General orders. Thomas Cane, James Johnston and William Hitchcock sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each, and on consideration of Thomas Carson and George Garnick being more atrociously guilty than the others, the Court do sentence them to suffer death (two thirds concuring in opinion).
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentences and orders Thomas Carson and George Garnick to be hung tomorrow morning eleven o'clock. Also Robert Perry, now under sentence of death. The others to receive their stripes at the same time.
Joseph Brookfield having become a Witness on behalf of The United States is ordered to be released from confinement.
Fifty men from each brigade, properly officered, to attend the above executions.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, May 19, 1779.
Parole Charlestown. Countersigns Cohas, Chamblee.
Captain Nathaniel Burril of Colonel Harrison's regiment of Artillery is appointed Aide De Camp to Major General Howe he is to be respected accordingly.
The executions and punishments which were to have been this day are postponed 'till the first fair day 11 oClock A.M. The Parties from the several brigades will attend accordingly.
A conductor of military stores is to be appointed to each brigade. He is to have a traveling forge with suitable tools, an ammunition Waggon and a Waggon with an Arm Chest for each regiment as specified in the regulations of the Army as soon as they can be provided, and the Brigadier or officer commanding the brigade is to furnish him with five or six Armourers, or more if there be occasion who are under the direction of the said conductor to repair and keep in good order the Arms of the Brigade.
At this forge no other work except the repair of Arms is to be done under any pretence whatever. He will likewise be furnished with a quantity of spare ammunition &c. for extra occasions which he is not to deliver out unless by a special order from the Brigadier or officer commanding the brigade. These stores to be receipted for in the manner hereafter mentioned.
All Arms &c. belonging to the sick, absent, deserters and men who do no regimental duty are to be delivered into the care of the conductor who may redeliver them when called for on the order of the commanding officer of the regiment to which they respectively belong.
In future when supplies are wanted the Brigadiers or officers commanding brigades are to cause returns of all Arms, Ammunition, Accoutrements &c. good, bad and wanting to complete the regiments in their respective brigades, to be made and signed by the commanding officers thereof, in which all deficiencies occasioning the demand are to be particularly accounted for; they are then to be digested regimentally into Brigade returns agreeable to a printed form for that purpose and sign'd by the Brigadiers or officers commanding the Brigades. These returns are to be delivered to the aforesaid Conductors of military stores to be by them presented to the commanding officer of Artillery who will give orders for the Articles to be issued or a proportion of them according to circumstances or state of the stores and the wants of the Army at large.
The commanding officers of regiments are to receipt to the conductor for the Articles they receive for their respective regiments, taking receipts from the officers commanding companies for what are delivered them. For all deficiencies unaccounted for stoppages to be made according to the regulations, which are to be strictly observed in all other respects with the addition here directed.
The Commander in Chief orders that the Arms, Accoutrements, Ammunition &c., of the respective regiments be carefully inspected every morning at roll call; the Captains to be answerable for their companies and the commanding officers for their regiments.
The Waggons of the several brigades are to be sent very early tomorrow morning to Pluckemin for Arms &c. to make up the present deficiencies. All the Cartridge Boxes on the old construction are to be sent and exchanged for new ones.
The following Gentlemen: Bebee, McMurray, Little, DuVal,72 Gilloland, Glenny, Lawrence, Mount, Mix, Welch and Burnside, mentioned in the order of the 13th. of March last, candidates for commissions in the companies of Sappers and Miners are requested forthwith to repair to Head Quarters and present themselves to Brigadier General Du Portail, as it is indispensable that the companies should be immediately formed.
[Note 72: Peter Duville(?), captain in Sappers and Miners and formerly a lieutenant in the Continental Navy.]
Major Generals Greene and De Kalb and Brigadier Generals Knox and Woodford will sit tomorrow morning ten o'clock at the Orderly Room to consider of some further matters respecting the rank and arrangement of the officers in the Maryland line which will be laid before them. The General will furnish them with such papers as will be necessary upon the occasion and he hopes the affair will be easily brought to a final conclusion.
General Woodford's brigade to be reviewed next Friday provided the weather is fair, otherwise the next fair day, Sunday excepted. The review to begin on the right at seven o'clock in the morning, to have ready the same returns as ordered for the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade the 12th. instant. The guards from said brigade to be relieved the preceding day from General Muhlenberg's.
At a General Court Martial of the line whereof Colonel Gunby was President, May 4th. 1779, Lieutenant Craven73 of the 1st. North Carolina regiment was tried for "Behaving in a scandalous, infamous manner unbecoming the Character of an officer and Gentleman."
[Note 73: Lieut. James Craven, of the First North Carolina Regiment. (See General Orders, Nov. 20, 1779, post.)]
1st. "In positively (and with abusive language) refusing to deliver to the Inhabitants their horses that were stolen from them by persons unknown (and taken up by a Patrole from his Picket on the night of the 14th of April) and threatning their lives."
2ndly. "For abusing and ill-treating Hendrick Hopper his Landlord."
3rdly. "For expressing himself disrespectfully and contemptuously of his commanding officer when directed by him to give up said horses."
4thly. "For exacting an exorbitant sum of money from the said inhabitants upon delivering them their horses."
The court after mature deliberation are of opinion that the charges against Lieutenant Craven are not supported and do acquit him with honor.
The General is sorry to declare that he cannot but view Lieutenant Craven's conduct as very blamable.
He founds his right to the horses which fell into his hands on a Law of this State, vesting the property of any thing taken going to, or coming from, the enemy, in the captors, and upon this principle justifies his disobedience of Colo. Clark's orders, and refusal to restore the horses to the owners unless they could prove themselves friends to their country.
It cannot be supposed that the spirit of the law which was probably intended to prevent an improper intercourse with the enemy could comprehend a case of this nature, where the property of the subjects of the State had been stolen away by the enemy or their adherents and accidentally recovered by one of our parties; Neither did a discrimination of civil characters in this instance belong to Lieutenant Craven; It ought to have been sufficient that the claimants, subjects of the State, could prove they were the right owners and nothing more should have been demanded from them than the reward they had publickly offered for the recovery of their horses.
Lieutenant Craven is released from arrest.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held at the Park of Artillery, May 15th. 1779, Major Holmes, President, Mace Neville of Colonel Harrison's regiment of Artillery was tried for "Desertion and attempting to go to the enemy" found guilty, being a breach of the 1st. Article of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to suffer death. His circumstances being similar to Baker's and Ford's of said corps already pardoned, The Commander in Chief is pleased to remit the sentence and order his release.
[Note 74: Wife of Maj. Gen. Augustine Prevost, of the British Army.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 19, 1779.
Madam: It is much to be regreted, that the pleasure of obeying the first motions in favor of misfortune, is not always in our power. I should be happy, could I consider myself at liberty to comply with your request, in the case of your brother, Mr. Peter De Visme. But, as I have heretofore taken no direction in the disposal of marine prisoners, I cannot with propriety, interfere on the present occasion; however great the satisfaction I should feel in obliging, where you are interested. Your good sense will perceive this, and find a sufficient excuse in the delicacy of my situation. I have the honor, etc.75
[Note 75: From a photostat of the original, in the writing of James McHenry, in the American Antiquarian Society.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 19, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 18th. instant came to hand today. I have made such communication of its contents, to the Quarter Master General as appeared necessary to relieve our operations from their present embarrassments, and have recd. this moment the answer which I inclose.
In the return of the New Hampshire regiment I observe overalls and shirts. These were ordered to be drawn at Peekskill, and in particular two pair of overalls for every soldier. Perhaps there has been some mistake committed, in this part of the return as there were a sufficiency of both articles in the Store at Peekskill.
I have directed from the Store at Peekskill 1160 pair of overalls and 400 shirts as a supply for Col. Cortlands regiment and Col. Spencers. These were to proceed with the baggage of the two regiments which I suppose have joined you by this time, and were to be lodged at Easton, subject to your order. If arrived you will direct their delivery. I would think it necessary in future and before the distribution of the clothing &c. which may be sent forward, that you should be furnished, with a certified return, of what they may have drawn previous to marching by which means you will have it more effectually in your power to regulate any orders for fresh supplies, and to preserve that oeconomy which is become so indispensible in our disbursements of all kinds. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 19, 1779.
Sir: I inclose you a Letter from General Sullivan of the 18th. instant with the several papers to which he refers. The difficulties that have arisen thro' a deficiency of waggons, and the want of tents and other articles in your department will claim the earliest notice. The papers will point out the embarrassment which our operations must experience should they not be removed.
I have therefore to require your attention on the occasion.
You will be pleased to send me General Sullivans letter and the return from the New Hampshire regiment. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 77: Of the Third Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 78: Of the Tenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 79: Of the Sixth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 80: Of the First Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 81: Of the Third Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 82: Of the Eighth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 83: Of the Seventh Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 84: Of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment.]
Head Quarters, May 19, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have received Your report on the claims of John Allison and John Lee Esquires to the Lieutenant Colonelcy in the first Virginia State Regiment, and am exceedingly sorry the Board have been so concise in their proceedings. I must request that they will not only state their Opinion of the partie's rights, which they have done; but that they will give a summary of the grounds on which they founded their claims. I mean to transmit the proceedings to the Governor and Council,85 who must ultimately decide on the case and therefore, wish them to be more full than they are, and also that all the Members of the Court sign them; and that they may be returned as soon as possible, as I would willingly forward them by next Post, if no Opportunity offers before. I am, etc.86
[Note 85: Of Virginia.]
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 87: Of the Massachusetts Council.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 20, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose Your Excellency an extract from the proceedings of the Court Martial upon Lt. Colonels Mason and Smith held by order of Congress in consequence of a report of The Committee of the Honorable the Council appointed to inquire into the conduct of the officers employed in the public works at Springfield. These proceedings were transmitted to Congress and by them referred to me.
Major Ayres88 did not attend for trial having previously sent in his resignation. But I have directed General Putnam to appoint another Court and take effctual measures to procure his attendance. I have the honor, etc.89
[Note 88: Maj. Joseph Eayre, of Flower's Artillery Artificers. No record of his resignation is found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 20, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I return you the papers, relating to the officers at Springfield. I find by them that Major Ayres has avoided a trial by a resignation. This is a matter which it would be inconsistent with my duty to permit as the charge against Major Ayres is of a very serious nature and founded on the report of a public body. It is contrary to practice, that the resignation of an officer while under arrest should supercede a trial and it is expressly precluded by a resolve of Congress of the 21st. of June 76. I mean not to suppose any thing unfavourable to Major Ayres; but I am under a necessity of desiring that you will immediately take effectual measures to prosecute the intended trial and produce his appearance. You will therefore without delay appoint a Court Martial for the purpose. It will facilitate the business if the Court can be composed, wholly or principally of the same members who decided in the case of Lt. Col. Mason and Smith. I have therefore written to General McDougall that at your call General Huntington or any other officers of his brigade, who were on the former trial may attend. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 20, 1779.
Gentlemen: A few days since I was honored with your favour of the 8th instant.
It is my constant endeavour to cultivate the confidence of the governments of the several states, by an equal and uniform attention to their respective interests, so far as falls within the line of my duty and the compass of the means with which I am intrusted. While I have a consciousness of this, it is natural my sensibility should be affected even by the appearance of distrust. The assurances of the Council that I have misconceived their former letters afford me pleasure proportioned to the pain which that misconception occasioned. I shall not at present trouble them with any remarks on the subject discussed cussed in their last respecting the degree of protection which each state has a right to expect. I shall only beg leave to assure them, that I do full justice to the exertions of the State of Pensylvania, and to express my hope, that if circumstances will permit the execution of the immediate and ultimate projects of the campaign, effectual relief will be given to our frontier in general. This is a favourite object with me, and nothing but necessity or more decisive prospects elsewhere will divert me from it.
If the independent companies raising amount to the Number the council mention, they will answer my expectation of succour from the state; and will make it unnecessary to call out immediately a body of militia. I shall only intreat that measures may be taken to have them as speedily as possible at the place of rendezvous Sunbury or Wyoming, where they will receive orders from General Sullivan who commands the expedition.
I am happy to find that General Arnold's trial is now put upon a satisfactory footing; and I regret that any misapprehension has happened. I shall endeavour to have the affair conducted in its future progress with unexceptionable propriety. The period now fixed for entering upon it relieves me from much embarrassment.
I beg the Council to accept my warmest thanks for the favourable sentiments of my conduct which they do me the honor in this new instance to express; and I intreat them to be assured of the perfect respect and esteem with which I am etc.
P.S. To prevent mistakes, I beg leave to repeat that if there are any persons to be summoned as Witnesses that fall within my province, I shall be obliged to the Council for a communication of their names.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: General Huntington and some officers of his brigade were some time since on a Court Martial at Springfield. I have directed General Putnam to appoint another Court at that place consisting wholly or principally of the same members to try one of the persons concerned in the same transactions who did not attend as he ought to have done and apparently endeavoured to elude his trial by a resignation. He will notify you of the time and you will be pleased to direct General Huntington, and the other Gentlemen, who are now under your command to comply with his call. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, May 20, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have the Honor to transmit you such papers respecting the rank and Arrangement of the Maryland Officers, as concern the points meant to be referred by Yesterday's Orders to your consideration.
After your report and Arrangement on the 13th. of April (No. 6 and 7), the matters unfinished by you were submitted to a Committee of Field Officers in that line. The papers No. 1 and 2. contain their Report and arrangement and No. 4 their reasons more at large in Answer to my Letter No. 3 for some few alterations in the line of Captains as arranged by you.
You will perceive that the Committee have added to their list the only one that requires your attention, and given those so added, precedence of some arranged by you. The Instances in which they have done it are, No. 24 John Smith93 over John Hawkins.94 This they found, on the Nonacceptance of a Commission by a Capt. Chew.95
[Note 93: Captain in the Third Maryland Regiment. He was wounded at Savannah, Ga., in October, 1779; wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; prisoner on parole to close of the war.]
[Note 94: Captain of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He retired in June, 1781.]
[Note 95: Capt. Samuel Lloyd Chew, of the Third Maryland Regiment. He was offered a commission in December, 1776, which he did not accept.]
[Note 96: Capt. Jonathan Morris, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to April, 1783.]
[Note 97: Capt. Lilburn Williams, of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; wounded at Camden, S.C., in May, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 3: Capt. Edward Oldham, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 98: Capt. (brevet major) Henry Gaither, of the First Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 17817, and to the First Maryland Regiment in 1783; served to April, 1783.]
[Note 99: Capt. Richard Grace of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Staten Island in August, 1777, and did not rejoin the regiment.]
[Note 1: Capt. Edward Prawl (Praul), of the First Maryland Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 4: Capt. John Ghiselin, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. He resigned in July, 1779.]
[Note 2: Capt. Walker Muse, of the First Maryland Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
The Promotions of the above Gentn. over Oldham and Ghisenlin respectively the Committee found on vacancies that happened between their appointments as Lieutenants and those of Oldham and Ghiselin, as Captains which did not take place on a general arrangemt. not till some time after. The two Latter do not appear by the Genl. Roster of rank No. 5, dated the 1st. of April 1777, to have been appointed Captains, and it would seem from the dates affixed to their Commissions in both arrangements (the same in this respect), that they obtained Captaincies by special appointments, after the vacancies to which the Others are reported to have had a right and after the General arrangement. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to return all the papers with your report as soon as you have finished.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 6: Agent for Indian Affairs, Middle Department.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrooks, May 21, 1779.
Sir: I thought it necessary to transmit you the inclosed extract of a letter from Col. Brodhead, that you may be on your guard with respect to the design formed against the Indians under your care.7 I have directed Colonel Brodhead in a letter of this date, to meet them with an escort on their return for their better protection. It may be proper in this case, to communicate to him, the route you mean they should take. I am, etc.8
[Note 7: "Several parties have been assembled to Murder the Delaware Chiefs now on their way to Philadelphia. Should they effect their Malicious purpose there will be an end to negotiation and a general War with the Savages will be the inevitable Consequence of their Barbarity."-- Brodhead to Washington, May 3, 1779. Brodhead's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: The original letter sent is in the writing of James McHenry and is in the Washington Papers. It is indorsed, on the cover, by McHenry: "The General requests Mr. Mitchell to have this letter sent to Mr. Morgan as soon as it comes to hand, 21 May 1779," and in Morgan's writing "recd.: 23d: May."]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, May 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: The duplicate of your favor of the 27th. Ulto. (the original is also come safe) and of the 10th. and 12th. Instt. reached my hands with their inclosures this day, and I thank you for the several articles of intelligence therein contained. Lieutt. McClelans9 acct. of his Scout from Fort Schuyler to Oswegatchie is plain, distinct, and pointed, so far as he undertakes to relate; but I can find no such water on the Maps as he denominates the River Scull; nor can I reconcile its course, as described by him, to my ideas of any River in that Country. It appears by his journal that after travelling 46 Miles from Fort Schuyler and crossing the Mohawk River twice, he came to the River Scull where it was (40 Yards wide). That he passed down this River 70 Miles when it became near half a mile wide. That from thence he steered a No. Et. course, and at the distance of 18 Miles came to the head of the River Oswegatchie, down which he proceeded 70 Miles more and then passed through a level Country to the Fort of that name, distant 12 Miles.
[Note 9: Lieut. Thomas McClelan, of the Third New York Regiment.]
This River (Scull)10 must certainly empty, either in the St. Lawrence, or Ontario above, but I cannot reconcile with it, the idea of Oswegatchie's heading within 18 Miles of so broad a part of it as is described; according to my usual custom therefore I am induced my dear Sir to request the favor of you, through the means of Colo. Vansaick, to obtain as particular answer's to the following questions as you can.
[Note 10: Schuyler supposed the river Scull to be the river La Famine.]
First ... What course did he steer from Fort Schuyler to the River Scull? how does the Oneida lake bear from it? Whether is the way interrupted by Waters, or Swamps, difficult to pass? and whether in a word a good road can be easily made over the Hills he speaks of fit for the transportation of Waggons &ca.
Second ... What kind of Navigation does the River Scull afford between the Carrying places; is the water rapid or still, shallow or deep? What sized vessels will it admit? Is the Course of the River much interrupted by fallen Trees? Are the carrying places very bad, or can the passage of them by land be made easy with a little labour? What appearance has the genl. face of the Country from the place he first embarked on the River, till he debarked? Is it hilly, Mountainous and inhospitable? or has it the appearance of fertility? In a word, will it admit of a road for Horses, and feed for Cattle, in case an expedition should go that way?
Third ... What kind of a Road can be had from the River Scull to the head of Oswegatchie, over the Pine ridge he speaks of? and what kind of a Country is it in Genl?
Fourth ... The same questions in all respects relative to the Navigation of the River Oswegatchie, the carrying places, kind of Country &c., as in the secd. question, respecting the River Scull?
Fifth ... The appearance of the Country about Oswegatchie Fort. The width of the River St. Lawrence at that place &ca.
Sixth ... Whether the Rout of McClelan, and that mentioned in Colo. Bradstreet's journal by the way of Fishkill (at the So. Et. end of the Oneida lake) is not for the most part the same?
I would send for McClelan in ordr. that I might satisfie myself more fully of these several points but it would immediately set the imagination of People a roaming and an expedition would soon be set on foot by this rout, whether one was intended or not. I prefer obtaining the knowledge therefore of these matters as the result (apparently) of your own curiosity. If upon examination of McClelan, it shall be thought an Expedition this way is practicable, it will be well for Colo. Vanscaich to send a party with one or more judicious Officers for the purpose of making observations with military exactness.
I am quite in Sentiment with you respecting your declarations to the Oneida and Tuscarora Indians on all the points mentioned in your letter of the 12th. Instt. Unless circumstances, which I am unacquainted with at present, should appear I shall never consent to release the captive Indians unless we receive an equivalent for them. I shall expect very clear and satisfactory accts. from my old friend Lewis11 who I know is sensible, and believe to be honest. I am, etc.
[Note 11: Colonel Lewis, a friendly Indian chief]
[Note 12: The Maryland field officers then in camp were: Col. Otho Holland Williams, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment; Lieut. Cols Peter Adams, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment, and Thomas Woolford, of the Second Maryland Regiment; Majs John Stewart, of the Second Maryland Regiment, and John Eager Howard, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment.]
Head Quarters, May 21, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have the Honor of transmitting you a Copy of the Arrangement of the Field Officers in your line by the Board of General Officers, and of the Captains Lieutenants &c. &c. by the Committee appointed for the purpose, both of which are confirm'd; and I have to request that you will digest the whole regimetally as soon as possible and return the arrangement to me that it may be sent to the Board of War, to issue Commissions upon it. You will make the arrangement as complete as you can, by filling up the Vacancies which have happened, with the Officers entitled to succeed to them and the dates the Commissions should bear. I have sent you Copies of some former Regimental arrangements, which may assist you in the business.
It will be well to number the Officers, as it was done in the two arrangements sent, which will always determine their precedence. You will be pleased to return me all the papers again. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 21, 1779.
Sir: I am duly favored with your letter of the 7th. Immediately on the receipt of it, I forwarded the inclosed packet to Congress and seconded your application. I have since learnt though not from authority that a supply of money must have reached you ere this. I am equally concerned and alarmed at the dangerous spirit which has appeared in the troops under your command from the unfortunate causes you mention; but I have no doubt of your utmost exertions, so far as depends on you to pacify and prevent a return. Discontents are too prevailing throughout the army and unhappily the remedies are hard to be found. When I received your letter of the 12th. of April, 1 lost no time in communicating the contents to Congress and urging a supply. I am sorry it did not procure more speedy relief. But our finances are so miserably embarrassed, that the complaints and distresses for want of money are universal. I know not where they will end.
I was induced to believe as well from your two letters of the forementioned date14 from the reports of the Commissary, that though your magazines were low, you would not be driven to the extremity which you have lately experienced. I am again encouraged to hope, that your distress was owing to a temporary cause which being removed will restore things, in this respect into a proper channel. I send you an extract of a letter of the 10th. instant to this effect from Mr. Flint who is the Commissary's principal assistant here. I have written to Mr. Wadsworth on the subject.
[Note 14: The letter sent has "as" here crossed off.]
The order of General Sullivan respecting deficiencies of rations and the consequent practice of paying for them where the substituted articles have not been supplied are very unlucky circumstances. We cannot too cautiously avoid increasing the expenditures of Public money. The General seems to have mistaken the spirit of the resolve on which he founds his order, which appears to me to have been only meant to authorise the commanding officer to change from time to time the component parts of a ration, substituting plentiful articles for those which were scarce, and rather intended to exclude than allow pecuniary compensation. At this distance and in the present temper of your troops, I could not venture to prescribe a precise and positive line of conduct in this case, and must content myself with recommending it to you to bring the matter back as speedily as possible to its proper footing of which you now have my sentiments.
The mode I leave wholly to your discretion, as it may require address and management. Perhaps it will be best to pay the certificates already given and to put a stop to them in future. I inclose you a copy of the resolve in question. I am, etc.
P.S. I send you an extract of a letter from Mr. Mason of 17th. respecting a descent of the Enemy at Portsmouth in Virginia. I had some account of it before, which added that they were marching towards Suffolk. I have received advice of the capture of a Vessel laden with rice from South Carolina to Boston. This is an unlucky event.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 21, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your favor of yesterdays date. The inclosed letter to Mr Daniel De Hart contains a permission for Mrs Chamier16 and her daughter, a chariot two horses, a
[Note 16: Mrs. Achsah Chamier.] servant and baggage to pass to Maryland. You will therefore suffer her on her coming from New York to proceed on her journey. I shall write to the board of war for the alteration in the dates of Appleton17 and Pecks18 commissions. I am, etc.19
[Note 17: Lieut. Abraham Appleton, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served until November, 1783.]
[Note 18: Lieut. John Peck, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was made regimental paymaster to April, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 3rd. and 6 instant came to hand the 18th. with the papers to which they refer. The irregularity among the troops occasioned by the inhabitants selling them liquor should be stopped by such means as we have in our power. The establishment of military law where the civil prevails, is a measure of extreme necessity, and which I have no authority to recommend. On the present occasion the attention of the officers, strict discipline and exemplary punishment, must be exercised on the soldier; while on the part of the seller, we can only put in practice such seizures as are not legalized by the inclosed general orders of the20
[Note 20: Left blank in the draft.]
The murder of the Deleware young man by the soldier of the A Virginia Regt. is an unfortunate affair particularly at this juncture.21 The case appears a little embarrassing as the articles of war are not sufficiently explicit.22 Exemplary punishment
[Note 21: "One of the privates of the 13th V. Regt. has maliciously killed one of the best young Men of the Delaware Nation and I fear the Consequences will be bad to the innocent Inhabitants. I have the fellow confined but cannot try him for want of a Field Officer and if I could it might perhaps not be so proper as to deliver him over to the Civil Law where he may linger in Goal many Months and in the present temper of the Inhabitants, I predict, he will with the most pointed Evidence against him escape Punishment."-- Brodhead to Washington, May 3, 1779--Brodhead's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 22: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "in such cases; and what makes the matter still more embarrassing is the disposition which you suppose in the people to prevent the operation of the civil."] however, I conceive absolutely necessary to keep the Indians from revenge and preserve the peace of the country; but under your representation this can only be effected by a military process. I am induced therefore to order a court martial on Col. Gibsons return or should a field officer be present when this reaches you. I would imagine the court will find no difficulty in giving a proper decision; as their oath directs them, where doubts shall arise, which are not explained by the articles, to act according to their conscience; the best of their understanding; and the custom of war in like cases.
That the punishment may be as extensively known to the Delewares as possible, it should be executed in the presence of some of their principal men. With respect to the design formed to way-lay and masacre the Indians of this nation now on a visit of negotiation to congress, you will take the most effectual and immediate steps for their safe return [by affording an escort &ca.]
It is to be lamented that the inhabitants shew such a disposition to emigrate, but we have no military remedy for it's prevention.
Should you have received an authentic account of the seizure of the provisions in Monongahela county, you will transmit me the particulars of the transaction, and in the mean while, pursue such measures for obtaining justice to the public, as shall appear proper and warrantable.
You ask me as to the extent of your district or department. I need not tell you that your command is comprehended in the troops under your direction. As to the question you will perceive by the resolve of Congress which I transmitted, that the idea of seperate departments is done away.
In my letters of the 3rd and 10th. instant I have given my opinion, on some of the objects now before me, and to which I refer. I have there spoken as decidedly as the nature of my information allowed, on those circumstances which should incline us to hold, or to evacuate fort Laurens. Should the latter have taken place before my letters reached you; or should you still hold it; but imagine an evacuation most expedient; you will apply its garrison elswhere and in such a manner as may appear most advantageous. The carrying our operations westward on a large scale, will greatly depend on the termination of those now on hand. In the mean time you will direct your enquiries to useful and authentic information of the Country and proceed in the execution of my former instructions.
I shall communicate your want of shoes to the board of war, that you may be furnished with a necessary supply.
Your several observations appear to be well founded and cannot but claim my attention. I am Dr. Sir etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 24: Of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was wounded at Cowpens, S.C., in January, 1781, and voted a silver medal by Congress for his conduct on that occasion; wounded and taken prisoner at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781; prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 21, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed is an order of Congress of the 7th. instant,25 for the equipped and as many of the dismounted men of your corps, as Colonel Bland26 may be able to furnish with spare
[Note 25: The resolve of May 7, 1779, directed "That Bland's and Baylor's regiments of light Dragoons be ordered on the same service [reenforcement of the Southern Army] and that the colonels of those regiments be authorized and enabled to engage, as many men as they have horses and accoutrements to equip. That Colonel Bland's regiment of light dragoons be ordered to join the southern army as expeditiously as possible."]
[Note 26: Washington wrote a brief note this same day (May 21) to Col. Theodorick Bland, directing the execution of the above measure, but adding: "I would suppose it is not intended by the resolve that you should leave the command at Charlotte Ville," This letter is in the Washington Papers.] horses, to join his regiment under proper officers and proceed therewith to the Southern army.
You will attend to its execution immediately; at the same time reserving the necessary proportion of officers to the care of that part of the regiment which will remain behind. I am, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 28: Sent to the Governors or Presidents of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 22, 1779.
Sir: The situation of our affairs at this period appears to me peculiarly critical, and this I flatter myself will apologise for that anxiety which impels me to take the liberty of addressing you on the present occasion. The state of the army in particular is alarming on several accounts, that of its numbers is not among the least. Our battalions are exceedingly reduced, not only from the natural decay incident to the best composed armies; but from the expiration of the term of service for which a large proportion of the men were engaged. The measures hitherto taken to replace them, so far as has come to my knowledge have been attended with very partial success; and I am ignorant of any others in contemplation that afford a better prospect. A reinforcement expected from Virginia, consisting of new levies and reinlisted men is necessarily ordered to the Southward. Not far short of one third of our whole force must be detached on a service undertaken by the direction of Congress and essential in itself.29 I shall only say of what remains, that when it is compared with the force of the enemy now actually at New York and Rhode Island, with the addition of the succours, they will in all probability receive from
[Note 29: The draft has "to the interests of these States."] England, at the lowest computation, it will be found to justify very serious apprehensions and to demand the zealous attention of the different legislatures.
When we consider the rapid decline of our currency, the general temper of the times the disaffection of a great part of the people, the lethargy that overspreads30 the rest, the increasing danger to the Southern States, we cannot but dread the consequences of any misfortune in this quarter; and must feel the impolicy of trusting our security, to a want of activity and enterprise in the Enemy.31
[Note 30: The draft has "benumbs."]
[Note 31: The draft has "the precarious hope of a want," etc.]
An expectation of peace and an opinion of the Enemys inability to send more troops to this country, I fear, have had too powerful an influence in our affairs. I have never heard of any thing conclusive to authorise the former, and present appearances are in my opinion against it. The accounts we receive from Europe uniformly announce vigorous preparations to continue the war, at least another campaign. The debates and proceedings in Parliament wear this complexion. The public papers speak confidently of large reinforcements destined for America. The minister in his speech asserts positively that reinforcements will be sent over to Sir Henry Clinton; though he acknowledges the future plan of the war will be less extensive32 than the past. Let it be supposed, that the intended succours will not exceed five thousand men. This will give the Enemy a superiority very dangerous to our safety, if their strength be properly exerted, and our situation not materially altered for the better.
[Note 32: The draft has "more contracted."]
These considerations and many more that might be suggested to point to the necessity of immediate and decisive exertions to complete our battalions and to make our military force more respectable. I thought it my duty to give an idea of its true state and to urge the attention of the States to a matter in which their safety and happiness are so interested. I hope a concern for the public good will be admitted as the motive and excuse of my importunity.
There is one point which I beg leave to mention also. The want of system, which has prevailed in the clothiers department has been a source of innumerable evils; defective supplies, irregular and unequal issues, great waste loss and expence to the public, general dissatisfaction in the army, much confusion and perplexity, an additional load of business to the officers commanding make but a part of them. I have for a long time past most ardently desired to see a reformation. Congress by a resolve of the 23d of March has established an ordinance for regulating this department. According to this, there is a sub or state clothier to be appointed by each state. I know not what instructions may have been given relative to these appointments; but, if the matter now rests with the particular States, I take the liberty to press their execution without loss of time. The service suffers amazingly from the disorder in this department, and the regulations for it cannot possibly be too soon carried into effect. I have the honor, etc.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[M.D.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 22, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with your favor of the 17th Inst.
Besides the absence of General Hand and the want of a State of his claim, the Resolution of the 4th of February only authorises me to settle the rank of Officers under the degree of a Brigadier, and therefore at any rate, the case between him and General Irvine could not be taken up without special authority for the purpose; which has been customary where General Officers had disputes, who derive their appointments as well as their Commissions, not from any particular State, but immediately from Congress themselves. But these are not the only difficulties, and it appears to me if General Irvine's claim is to be taken up, that Congress should determine it themselves. It is not a mere personal dispute between him and General Hand, but from its nature and his Letter it is to involve many embarrassing and important consequences and at least is to supersede sundry other Brigadiers, by obtaining a Commission anterior to General Hand's in point of date. This would affect the interests of so many Officers immediately and ultimately that it would not be easy to form a Court to decide it. I cannot tell, nor do I mean to enter upon a consideration of the merits of the question between the Two Gentlemen, or to intimate which of them ought to have been promoted first; but to establish the claim General Irvine makes, would be to violate and exclude the principle which has been adopted by Congress and which has generally prevailed, that of appointing Brigadiers from the Officers of the line of each state in proportion to their Quota's of Troops, without regard to their seniority in the line of the army; and which has made the dates of their appointments the only and absolute criterion to fix their precedence. The idea of relative rank in such cases never existed in our service, and were it to obtain, it might nearly unhinge the whole System of the Army. Priority of appointment, where a single person has been promoted, and in the order of appointment, where several have been elected together,have constantly decided their precedence unless their were special directions to the contrary; and to introduce a different principle,34 would be to set a float Ten Thousand difficulties, and perhaps to dissolve the Army. If it were, as I have observed a mere question between General Hand and General Irvine on an appointment made at the same time, or if there were no intermediate promotions between theirs as they were both in the same line, the case might admit an investigation and decision without involving such great difficulties, but as matters are otherwise, it is hardly within the compass of human foresight to prescribe boundaries to the mischiefs chiefs to which the claim leads in all its extent.
[Note 34: The word "now" is crossed out.]
Colo. Shreve has informed me that there was a mistake in the Commissions issued to Mr. Peck and Mr. Appleton of his Regiment and that he had represented the matter to the Board and requested them to rectify it. They will be pleased to do it, and transmit the Commissions to Head Quarters.
The inclosed is the Copy of a Letter from Mr. Boudinot.35 If the facts are true which it contains, the Chaplain on board the Confederacy appears to be a very improper person for such a Trust and to merit a different kind of notice.
[Note 35: Boudinot inclosed in his letter to Washington, May 18, 1779 ( Washington Papers), examinations he had taken of Ichabod B. Barnet, of Elizabethtown, N.J., and Lieut. John Brown, of the Second Continental Dragoons, regarding a Major Hollet, then chaplain on the Continental frigate Confederacy, who was said to be in the British service.]
Colo. Broadhead by a Letter of the 3d Inst. mentions that he is in great want of Shoes. The Board will be pleased to give their attention to the matter and direct a supply to be forwarded.
I inclose the Board a List of the remaining Officers of Gist's, Grayson's and Thrustons regiments which are incorporated. They will be pleased to issue them Commissions. As I do not yet know with certainty, who will command the Regiment, the Commissions may appoint them generally to one of the 16 Additional Batallions, without mentioning the Colonel.
I would wish to know in what light the Baron Woolfen as he calls himself, is to be considered, whether as an Officer in Van Heer's Marechaussie Corps or not. He insists himself that he is, while Van heer says that the Board told him he was not, and that they had given him Two hundred Dollars to assist him and that under this persuasion he had omitted to include him in his muster and Pay Rolls. The Baron has preferred an amazing long petition upon the occasion. The Officers of the Corps are desirous to receive their Commissions which the Board will be so obliging as to make out by the arrangement Captain36 Van Heer delivered and if Woolfen is still considered as an Officer. I suppose he will receive one among the rest. I have the honour, etc.37
[Note 36: From this point the draft is missing. The remaining text is supplied from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 22, 1779.
Gentlemen: I herewith transmit the board two letters, one to Colonel Bland, the other to Lt. Col. Washington with the resolve of Congress of the 7th, ordering them to proceed to join the Southern Army.
The inclosed copy of a letter38 from Lt. Col. Washington has induced me to imagine that the resolve has not yet reached him. I therefore send the letters open through the board, lest in their transmission I should contravene any recent orders on this subject, either from Congress, the board, or the committee of Congress appointed for Southern affairs. I am, etc.39
[Note 38: This letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 22, 1779.
Sir: On the 18th. instant I wrote you, requesting that you would send 5000 Shirts, and five Thousand pair of Shoes as soon as possible to this Camp and I have to day directed Several Orders to be drawn upon you for sundry Articles for the Troops under the command of Genl. J. Clinton. If you should not have Shirts and Shoes sufficient to comply with that Order and those of to day; the latter in favor of the Troops under Genl. Clinton must be first answered. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 13th. Inst. by Colo. Du Bois with the several inclosures.
I have given Colo. Du Bois Orders on the Cloathing department for such Articles as the state of our Supplies will admit, for the Corps, which have not been already furnished, and I hope they will reach them, ere it is long.
I am sorry to find you have met with some disappointments, in respect to Ammunition; I trust however you have or will obtain a suitable supply. I have written to General Knox upon the subject of your disappointment.
With respect to drafts or Others who will enlist during the War, they will be entitled to a pecuniary bounty of Two Hundred Dollars and the Other usual bounties. If any can be enlisted, the bounty money shall be transmitted by the first safe conveyance after notice and your certificate of their names.
The affair between Colo. Cortlandt and Gansevoort and Du Bois, has been sent by Congress to me. It is probable they will send a copy of Colo. Du Bois's Memorial, when the point will be considered. In mean time I flatter myself the Gentlemen from a spirit of accomodation and their zeal for the service, will not suffer it to be impeded in any instance by their claims.
I am sorry to hear Major Fish41 may possibly be obliged to leave the Army on the score of indisposition. He is an Officer of merit and his services would be of advantage to his Country, and honourable to himself. I do not know that our Military System will permit me to comply with your request, respecting the Gentleman who lives with you, and it is not probable that you will be so much engaged in writing for some time to come as you have been during the course of the Winter.
[Note 41: Maj. Nicholas Fish, of the Second New York Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
General Schuyler transmitted me the particulars of the Excursion to Oswegatchie. I wrote him some time ago on the subject of the prisoners. If it should be necessary to remove them for their security, you will advise with him upon the occasion, and have such measures pursued as may be proper. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Camp Middle Brook, Saturday, May 22, 1779.
Parole Tyrannicide. Countersigns Hallet, Allen.
THE DUTY OF SUB-INSPECTOR.
The Sub-Inspectors are to consider themselves at all times subject to the orders of the commanding officers of the divisions to which they are respectively attached.
They are to receive their instructions relative to the department from the Inspector General and are to see that the new regulations are carried strictly into execution.
They will take the general orders daily from the Adjutant General and communicate them to the Major Generals or officers commanding the divisions.
They are also to receive all division orders and communicate them to the Majors of Brigade.
When the divisions to which they belong are detached they are to perform the duties of Adjutant General, regulating the details &c.
On a march they remain with the General commanding the division and assist in the execution of the Manoeuvres he may direct.
In camp or garrison they are to see that the established duties thereof are regularly performed and are particularly to attend to the formation, and above all the service of the guards.
The communication of orders being of the greatest importance in an army, the Sub-Inspectors are to take care that all orders are communicated with the greatest precision and dispatch and must therefore see that the Majors of Brigade themselves take the orders regularly of the Adjutant General; and in case a brigade Major by sickness or any other cause is hindered from taking the orders, that duty must be performed by some other Major in the Brigade, or eldest Captain.
The Sub-Inspectors are also to see that the Majors of Brigade keep their rosters and details in exact order that no regiment may furnish more than its proportion for the service.
In camp the Sub-Inspectors will have daily two orderly serjeants from their divisions to carry orders; and when on detachment, if the officer on detachment has Cavalry with him, he will assign as many horsemen as he thinks necessary for the same duty.
At a Brigade General Court Martial in Maxwells brigade May 15th. 1779. Major Ross,43 President, Edward Hawkins soldier in the 2nd. Jersey regiment was tried for, "Desertion and exciting others to desert to the enemy."
[Note 43: Maj. John Ross, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was brigade inspector from October, 1779, to November, 1780; retired in January, 1781; was made lieutenant colonel of the New Jersey Militia in 1782.]
2ndly. "Being drunk, absent from his quarters after taptoo, abusing and attempting to fire on an inhabitant in the night."
The court find him guilty of the different charges exhibited against him, particularly of breaches of the 1st. and 4th. Articles of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentence him to suffer death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, May 23, 1779.
Parole Acomac. Countersigns Amber, Africa.
The executions &c. mentioned in orders the 18th instant to take place tomorrow morning eleven o'clock.
Head Quarters, May 23, 1779.
Gentlemen: In my letter of the 22d of April I mentioned the necessity of having 10,000 pr. shoes for the supply of the troops on the Western expedition. The Board in their answer to mine of the 25th gave me to hope that 4500 pr. would be ready in season at Lancaster for the purpose. I am now to request that these may be without delay forwarded up the River towards Sunbury; and that the Board will immediately inform me what the number really amounts to that I may know how to regulate the supplies from other quarters. If any more have been since provided, I wish them to be forwarded also; as I fear we shall find it extremely difficult if not impracticable to furnish the necessary number. In mine of yesterday's date, I mentioned a supply of this article for the troops at Pitsburgh. This is not to interfere with the present demand which is indispensable.
I know not whether the 10,000 overalls have been all sent on to Camp. If they have not, The Board will be pleased to have 2000 immediately dispatched to Easton; but of this also I request speedy information that I may take measures accordingly.
Some person in the Clothier's line will be wanted to receive and issue them. I shall be obliged to The Board to have him directly appointed and sent to Easton to take General Sullivan's orders.
The expedition is in some measure suspended on these supplies; and I doubt not the Board will use all possible dispatch.
I have the honor, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your several favours of the 13th 14th and 18th with their inclosures. I shall pay due attention to the contents, and acquaint you with the result as speedily as possible. For the present I shall only say that I would not wish you to distress the posts under your command, in order to cover that part of the country45 you mention in your letter of the 18th.
[Note 45: Closter, N. Y., near Tappan.]
I request you to furnish me without delay with a return of the articles delivered to General Poors brigade and sent on for the other troops as directed in mine of the 14th. instant that I may know the better what additional supplies may be necessary. General Sullivan mentions a deficiency of overalls in Cillys46 regiment which is an additional reason, for requesting this return, that I may discover whether the men may not have misapplied those they received. He also says the Regiment had left its baggage behind. My direction on this head meant only to comprehend the superfluous or spare baggage described in a late General order. If any other has been left, you will be pleased to have it sent after the troops.
[Note 46: Col. Joseph Cilley, of the First New Hampshire Regiment, He retired in January, 1781.]
I am informed by Mr. Measom of a quantity of hunting shirts and shoes on the way from the Eastward. We have none of the former article in this quarter, and all that we can spare of the latter are unequal to the demand for the Western expedition. If the hunting shirts are arrived at Fish Kill or as soon as they do arrive, you will be pleased to have 3500 instantly forwarded to Easton. If it can be done so as to leave a sufficiency for the occasional demands of the troops with you; you will also send on a couple thousand pair of shoes to the same place. I doubt whether it will be in your power to comply with this, and though it is very essential the troops on the Western service should have an ample stock of shoes, yet it can not be done at the expence of the rest of the army. You will judge what you can spare. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 23, 1779.
Sir: I have given orders on the Store at Peeks-kill, for 3,400 Hunting shirts, 2,000 pair of Shoes to be sent to Easton, with all possible dispatch. I am fearful lest the former demands on this quarter may have totally exhausted the Store, you will therefore, take the most immediate measures to have a supply at least equal to this order brought forward to Peekskill. I shall on this occasion expect your particular attention, as it will be a great disappointment should any thing detain these articles. I am, etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of yesterday has just come to hand. Fusees for the Officers would be proper; but unfortunately there are none here. You will write to the Board of War upon the subject, and mention the number that will be necessary. I have written them a line also upon the occasion; but I am not certain that they will be able to furnish either Fusees or Light Musquets, or Carbines which I have mentioned. The state of our magazines in this instance, is by no means such as I could wish.
If the Board should be able to supply any, it will be necessary for the Officers receiving them, when they are delivered to give receipts for them, that they may be accounted for in future. The great Loss and expenditure of arms make every precaution necessary for their preservation.
24th. May.
I have received a letter from Governor Clinton of the 18th. containing the following Extract "From the best information I have been able to obtain there is a collection of Indians (consisting of those who are called the Eusopus Indians and other Straglers) and Tories, at Shohawken and Kalbitye on the Deleware, at one of which places it is said, they have erected a Block House, or some other small Works of defence. Our accounts were that they consisted of upwards of one hundred and we have the best Evidence of their having been lately joined by a very considerable additional number of Tories and Deserters. It is the Banditti that have committed the most of the Mischiefs which have been done in the Counties of Ulster and Orange and have occasioned all the late distressing alarms, They are supplied with provisions from the different Settlements on the Daleware by the disaffected Inhabitants who live on the frontiers. They are perfectly acquainted with the back Country and I am apprehensive will be very troublesome by rendering the supplies to our Western Army precarious and by keeping the back settlements in perfect apprehensions of danger. The amazing Tract of Uninhabited and Mountainous Country which lies between the intended Route of our Army and the Western settlements will afford them a secure Asylum as long as they can procure Provisions. I would therefore submit to your Excellency the propriety of marching a body of Men into those parts sufficiently large to scour that Country and rout the Enemy there and destroy the settlements which feed and harbour them. As these settlements are scattered and remote from each other and as the Enemy may be succoured from the contiguous Indian settlements on the Susquehanna, not less than 500 Men will be competent to perform this Business effectually. If the measure is approved by your Excellency I will most readily furnish that number from the Militia for this Short service and undertake to conduct the Business myself; nothing will be wanted but the means of transporting about 10 days or Two Weeks provision and some other little matters from the Quarter Master's department, which cannot be obtained other ways and which I presume may be spared from thence without inconveniency, for so short a period. It may be thought most advisable to delay this matter until the army intended for the Western service begin to move, in which case this may serve as a favourable diversion. The intermediate time may be only sufficient to get out the Men and make the necessary preparations."
I approve much of the Expedition proposed by the Governor and will give him every assistance in my power to aid him in the execution. And as a co-operation between you may answer very salutary ends, I would wish you to correspond with the Governor upon the occasion. I have also given Orders for the necessary Supplies of Cloathing to be furnished from Fish Kills for the Troops under Genl. James Clinton, and hope they will be forwarded from thence in the course of a few days, as Colo. Dubois went from hence yesterday morning with the Orders. I have mentioned this matter that you may be the better able to govern your views with respect to their movements and co-operations with you, which are to be directed by your Orders. When you write Genl. Clinton respecting the line of conduct he is to pursue, you will transmit him the inclosed Letter, which you will seal. I am, etc.
P.S. As it seems to be your opinion and the sentiment of some Others, that the Enemy will collect their force and attack you on your march from Wyoming to Tioga; Might it not be adviseable on this principle, for the Expedition under Govr. Clinton to take place a few days before you march from Wyoming to produce a diversion.
I only mean this as a hint, and leave you to improve it or not as you shall think best.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, May 24, 1779.
Parole Bellisle. Countersigns Baltic, Bilboa.
Captain Nicholas Gilman50 of the 3rd. New Hampshire regiment from the 15th. of January 1778, and Captain John Singer Dexter51 of the 1st. Rhode Island Regiment from the 1st. of May following are appointed Assistants to the Adjutant General and are to be obeyed and respected accordingly. The Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades will see that there is a sufficiency of Ammunition with their brigades to issue at a moments warning and that their men's Arms and Accoutrements are in the best possible order.
[Note 50: He was transferred to the First New Hampshire Regiment on Jan. 1, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 51: He was promoted to major in August, 1781, and served to November, 1783.]
Middle brook, May 24, 1779.
Dr. Sir: By recent intelligence, thro' different Channels, I have the best reason to believe that, General Clinton has drawn his whole force to a point at New York and its vicinity. That he has collected (and some accts. add, removed, to Kings bridge), a number of flat-bottomed Boats with Muffled Oars, and that, every appearance indicates an expedition at hand. There are but two important objects he can have in view, towit, this Army, and the Posts in the Highlands; Should either be attempted therefore, or a movement made, which has a tendency to either, you will cause General Parsons's Brigade to march without a moments loss of time for the Highlands, and put themselves under the Orders of Majr. Genl. McDougall. Every preparation is to be made in the meanwhile for this event, that no delay may happen after a call from General McDougall, or your knowledge of the matter previously obtained through any other channel. The Brigade may move by the way of Mahopack-Pond, to be equally in the way to Peeks kill or Fish kill subject nevertheless to any other rout which circumstances may induce General McDougall to give. Baggage is to be no impediment to the March, for as the occasion more than probably will be urgent, the March, and junction with the Troops on the North River must be rapid. As I mean to give you the command of one of the Wings of the Main Army (to which many of the Troops now detached will be drawn) I wish you to repair to it immediately with your Baggage, leaving these orders in full, clear and precise terms with the Officer next in command, that no mistakes may happen, or bad consequences follow. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 24, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I was yesterday honored with your favour of the 18th. I most heartily approve the expedition you propose and thank your Excellency for suggesting it and offering to furnish the men and conduct the business yourself. I have consulted the Qr. Master General, who thinks he can furnish the requisite means in his department and writes to you by this opportunity to put the matter in train.
I have communicated the plan to General Sullivan who commands the Western expedition and directed him to open a correspondence with your Excellency, that you may concert between you the time for carrying it into execution which will be most favourable to his operations. I have the honor, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: On receipt of your letter of the 21st. I wrote to the Board of War urging them immediately to send forward the shoes, which they had promised to collect for the supply of your troops amounting to about 4500 and 2000 prs. of Overalls. The former was to have been collected at Lancaster and is directed to be forwarded to Sunbury; the latter will go to Easton. I have requested them to send as many more shoes as they can procure; but the above number is all that can be depended on. In addition to these, I have directed the Clothier here, to dispatch 2000 prs. of overalls and 2,000 prs. shoes to Easton. I have also written to General McDougall to forward to the same place 3400 Hunting shirts and 2000 pr. of shoes; if the former should be arrived at Fish Kill and the latter can be spared so as to leave a sufficiency for the occasional demands of the troops with him, of which however I am in great doubt. Supplies of these articles were on their way from the Eastward; but I am uncertain what progress they may have made. These orders comprehend a full supply of Overalls and hunting shirts with what have been already delivered. It was my intention to furnish you with a couple of spare pair of Shoes for each man. Our supplies are so defective that I am apprehensive it will hardly be possible to accomplish it, I shall endeavour to do it. I do not think you need be delayed on account of the articles you want. The shoes and overalls will speedily get to you, which are the essential ones. When other matters are ready you may be advancing on; you will necessarily make some delays in your route, which will give time for such of these as do not arrive before hand to overtake you. In a Letter of the 10th. from General Schuyler he mentions the examination of some prisoners taken at Oswegatchie. Their account is that no Troops have passed that place this spring and that they have heard of none coming from Canada. An inhabitant of Albany County made his escape from Montreal on the 22nd. of April where he was a prisoner, and informs that no troops had been sent from Canada. With great regard, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: In mine which was dispatched a few hours ago I acknowledged the receipt of your favour of yesterday. I think with you it will be expedient to send two or three hundred more troops to Wyoming.
It will be lamentable if there should be any material delay on the store waggons; General Greene has positively assured me there would not. I shall immediately speak to him again on the subject, and you may depend that every thing in my power shall be done to expedite a supply.
But the difficulty of procuring waggons and the enormous expence of transportation join themselves to other still more important reasons to make it adviseable to contract your stores and baggage as much as the nature and duration of the service you are going on will permit. The success and efficacy of the expedition depend absolutely on the celerity of your movements and may be defeated if you do not, proceed as light as possible. I am led to this observation by the large [demand on the Ordinance] department especially in the article of rifle powder. The quantity required is in my opinion more than can on any calculation be necessary. I know it proceeded from your anxiety to prevent a scarcity; but you will excuse the freedom of cautioning you against another extreme, that of accumulating a superfluity. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have just received a letter from Col. Shreve stationed at Elizabeth Town of which the enclosed is an extract. This corresponds with other accounts through different channels. It would seem as if the enemy really had some expedition in view, possibly against the posts under your command possibly against this army. The circumstance of muffled oars indicates silence and secrecy. It appears to me far from improbable that an attempt to surprise the forts may be in contemplation. As the tide favours, one night will convey them up the river. The appearances are sufficiently serious to justify precaution; and I doubt not you will be effectually guarded. Whatever may be the object, it will be adviseable to draw in your out posts and so far collect your force, that the whole can with certainty be brought to act on an emergency. The inclosed is to advertise General Putnam, that the troops with him may be ready to reinforce the Highlands. In case the enemy should move against this army, so soon as you have sufficient reason to believe it, you will immediately detach this way two of the Massachusets brigades, Patterson's and Nixons, to cooperate with us as circumstances and the directions they may receive from me shall point out. In this event also, Parsons' brigade will join you. When this brigade moves to the Highlands, General Putnam is to come to this army. I am, etc.
P. S. In the general disposition of the army which will soon take place, the two Massachusettes above mentioned brigades will compose a part of the main body. You will therefore be pleased at all events to have them collected and stationed on this side the river in readiness to march at the shortest notice. They will then be on the spot to defend the forts and in a situation the more easily to join or cooperate with this army. I send General Putnams letter open. When you have read, you will seal and forward it.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat of the original kindly supplied by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 24, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased to consider yourself under the command of Major General Sullivan and to follow such Orders as you may receive from him, respecting the conduct and operations of the Troops under your command. I have the Honor, etc.
P. S. The Corps which you are consider as under your command when ordered to march by General Sullivan are, Gansevoort's, Dubois's, late Livingstons, Aldens, Butlers and the Rifle Corps.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. A note thereon is to the effect that the original was transmitted to General Sullivan unsealed, May 24, 1779; also a copy to General Clinton himself.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 24, 1779.
Sir: I am to acknowledge your favor of yesterday with the New York papers.57 The smallness of the force at Elizabeth Town makes it necessary to exert the utmost vigilance, and to pay more than common attention to your security. During
[Note 57: This same day (May 24) Washington wrote, briefly, to the President of Congress, forwarding these newspapers.] your continuance I make no doubt but you will effectually guard against surprize.
It may be prudent to remind the militia officers, to give the country the earliest alarm, by firing the beacons, should the enemy attempt a landing in force.
And that you may be no sufferer in tents and should any thing of this kind take place, you will have them immediately sent forward to this place. The quarter Master General has sent you orders for Waggons for this purpose.
As your intelligence is interesting, you will do every thing in your power to have the further motions of the enemy watched, and such objects as may lead to a knowledge of their intentions. I need not say how important it is to know this expeditiously, and to have it communicated as soon as possible. I would just remind you of the order to be in readiness to march at the shortest notice, that there may be no cause of delay when the order is to be executed, should that be to-morrow. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 25, 1779.
Sir: I am honored by Your Excellencys favours, one of the 12th two of the 19th and one of the 22d with their inclosures, to all which due attention shall be paid. The predatory war which the enemy now seem resolved to carry on will be very distressing, little aid can be afforded from the army in its present situation and the militia appear to be too ill provided with arms to defend themselves. How this can be remedied and the army supplied, I know not. But it ought to be an essential object of policy with the particular states to put their militia on a respectable footing and under such regulations as will enable them to assemble with rapidity on sudden emergencies.
I inclose a copy of my instructions to General Scot, on the present occasion, that Congress may know what they are and judge of their propriety. It appears to me that a reinforcement to the Southern army is an indispensable object; at the same time I thought it ineligible to make my directions at this time59 more positive, as it is impossible to determine absolutely what the exigency of affairs in Virginia may require.
[Note 59: The draft reads: "on this head more positive, than they are."]
By intelligence through different channels from New York, it would seem as if the enemy there have some important enterprise in contemplation. They have been drawing all their force to a point and have collected a number of boats at Kingsbridge, which are so prepared as to indicate an attempt that requires secrecy and silence. The appearances are strong and make it necessary we should be upon our guard; though they may only be calculated for demonstration, perhaps to divert and detain a part of the force we are sending on the Western service. We are somewhat embarrassed on the score of waggons. The preparations for the Indian expedition have retarded those for moving this army. I hope we shall shortly be relieved. With perfect respect etc.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 61: Of the Continental Congress.]
[Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 25, 1779.]
Gentlemen: In a letter which I had the honor to write to Congress the 17th instant I mentioned to them that the present naval strength in the harbour of New York consisted only of two frigates of twenty guns, two sloops of war and a few privateers, which constituted the whole protection to a large number of transports. I intimated at the same time that an important blow might be struck by collecting our frigates to the Eastward and directing their force to this point. The more I have considered the matter the more it appears to me a desirable attempt, which promises success witht. eminent62 hazard, and which besides the immediate injury to the enemy's fleet may possibly lead to further consequences of an interesting nature. I should be loth materially to risk our little fleet; but the object here is so inviting, as to induce me to renew the subject and press it upon the serious consideration of the Committee. I need not say that the success of such an enterprise would essentially depend on the secrecy boldness and dispatch with which it was executed. If it should be undertaken, the frigates and armed vessels in Delaware may be joined in it.
[Note 62: The word may also be "imminent."]
If the Committee approve the scheme I take the liberty to request they will advise me of the directions they give, that I may judge when the event will probably take place and know how to make some correspondent arrangement. But lest there should be any misconception in the matter, I wish it to be understood, that the destruction of the enemy's fleet is the point on which the merit of the question must turn; any additional advantages are to be considered only as contingent and possible.63 I have the honor, etc.64
[Note 63: The Committee answered (May 26) that the project was impossible on account of the scattered situation of the frigates. The committee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 25, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your favors of the 10th and 19th with their several transmissions.
Inclosed is a report of a board of officers on the relative rank of Captains Finney65 and McClelan66 with their commissions. You will be pleased to alter their respective dates agreeable to the report.
[Note 65: Capt. Walter Finney, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment, He was wounded at Green Springs, Va., in July, 1781; transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and to the First Pennsylvania Regiment, in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 66: Capt. Joseph McClellan, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment to rank from July, 1776. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, in January, 1781, and resigned in June, 1781.]
A number of resignations accompany this; you will return commissions for the officers that rise in succession. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of lames McHenry and is addressed to Peter Scull, secretary of the Board of War.]
[Note 68: Maryland Delegates to the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 25, 1779.
Gentlemen: I had the honor last night to receive your favor of the 23d. Inst.
In compliance with the wishes of His Excellency the Governor, which you have been pleased to communicate, I have requested General Gist to repair to Maryland as soon as he can, tho his service with the army is now material, and from the train of intelligence I have received from New York for some days past, it may become still more essential. I am sorry that I cannot spare any Officers besides him. And as to a detachment of troops, I have to lament with you, that the circumstances of the army will not admit of any; and what is yet more painful, they would not, even if events of a more pressing nature than any that have arisen, were to take place, if the enemy should continue their present force at New York and its dependencies. We have now a very large detachment, compared with our whole strength, employed in the expedition under General Sullivan, and besides this the operations of the enemy in Georgia and South Carolina have prevented us from receiving any aid here from the Virginia Levies and recruits. It is my first wish, and it shall be my first care to render the States collectively and individually every service in my power; but unfortunately, the present means in our hands are far, very far from being proportioned to the exigency of the times. We are now almost arrived at the end of May, and as yet the army, although it has suffered a severe diminution in the course of the last fall, winter and spring, by the expiration of the inlistments and time of service of many of the Troops and, drafts, has received no accession of force, except the Virginia levies and some from New York. The state of it before was not over respectable, and would justify but little more in general cases, than defensive measures; but at present the most we can hope for after the detachments already made is to preserve the remainder, by keeping it tolerably well united at one or two important points. To divide it more, would be to expose it to eminent risk. I have the honor, etc.
P. S. It will conduce much to dispatch, in assembling the militia if proper signals could be placed throughout the State to convey an alarm with rapidity on any emergency.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MD. H. S.]
[Note 70: Virginia Delegates to the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 25, 1779.
Gentlemen: I was last night honoured with your favor of the 21st Instant. From the present condition and arrangement of the Cavalry, I cannot think that Major Lee's Corps can be sent to Virginia, consistently with the general service; nor would I willingly indulge the idea, that their aid can be materially wanted, from any number of Horse the Enemy carried with them. It is but small, and I should hope that there would be more than a sufficiency of Militia or Volunteer Corps of this kind, to restrain their excursions. Major Lee's corps of Horse, from the broken and shattered condition of Moylan's and Sheldon's and the march of Bland's and Baylor's to the Southward, is what I have principally to depend on in this line, and without it we might experience at least, great inconveniences.
With respect to the Virginia Recruits and Levies, I find by a Letter from General Scott of the 12th, at which time it appears he had not received the orders for marching them to the Southward, that not being able to march them this way for want of Cloathing, he had determined, in consequence of the invasion, and a request by the Assembly, to move such of them as were collected, towards Williamsburg. Before this, he will have received Orders as to their Southern destination, which seems to me a point so very essential, that the Levies should not be stopt but in a case of very urgent necessity. I have written to Genl. Scott upon this subject. Any temporary aid he can afford, to the state, which will not materially interfere with his progress would give me pleasure, but while affairs are in so delicate a situation in Georgia and South Carolina, I cannot think it would be advisable to delay their succour, to give protection against the precarious and desultory attacks of the Enemy who have entered Chesepeak Bay. And I should hope that the State will be able in a little time to make such dispositions of the Militia as will render the detention of the Levies intirely unnecessary. Unable however, to foresee what may take place and confiding in General Scott's judgment and impartial zeal for the true interest of the service, I have left it to him to act according to the exigency of circumstances, at the same time that I have recommended the necessity of proceeding to the Southward to his serious attention. The injury we may suffer in Virginia tho' distressing, most probably would be inconsiderable to that which may befall us in Georgia and Carolina. One principal motive of the Enemy's present movements may be to create a diversion in favour of their operations in those States. From the best accounts I have been able to collect the detachment amounts to about 2000 Men. The want of Arms is a melancholy circumstance, and it is the more distressing after so long a War, and after the most conclusive proofs, that nothing would be left untried on the part of the Enemy to carry their points against us. It would conduce much to dispatch, in assembling Militia if proper Signals could be placed throughout the State, or at least in the Counties lying on Navigable Waters and those next adjoining and if places for their rendezvous were assigned. By this means an alarm would be conveyed with great rapidity, and the Militia would be sooner collected into a compact body. I have found great benefits from the measure, and I could wish it were generally adopted. I have the Honor, etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Hd. Quarters, May 25, 1779.
Sir: Correspondant accts. from New York point so strongly to a movement of the Troops there, that I have scarce a doubt of its happening soon perhaps within a few days; the object is not quite so clear, but in any event it is indispensably necessary for us to be in a condition to March and transport our Stores. I therefore desire you will exert your utmost diligence in preparing accordingly.
Let your Tents be in readiness to deliver at an hours warning, and in just proportion to the Troops.
The detachment of the enemy now in Virginia seems to be upon a predatory plan, and the destruction of our Provisions and Stores their principal object; I have therefore to desire, that you will not suffer any in your department to remain long, or in quantities, at any place or places accessible by their shipping, and that you will afford every aid in your power to remove those of other departments of the Army when called upon. I mean this as a general and standing direction. [I send you a letter with some inclosures which I have received from General Sullivan. You will there see his apprehensions on the score of waggons. After reading you will be pleased to return them. I am, etc.
P. S. Have you made the inquiry] proposed on Sunday morng. of Mr. P72 [respecting boats?]73
[Note 72: Charles Pettit. He was colonel and Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 73: The words in brackets are in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 25, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 12th. informing me of the enemy's incursion into Virginia and the measures you were about to take in consequence at the request of the Governor, which I entirely approve. Before this, you will have been informed that your destination with the new levies and reinlisted men is to reinforce the Southern army. This appears to me a point so essential that I would not wish you to be diverted from it but in a case of very urgent necessity. Any temporary aid that you can afford to the States, not materially to interfere with your progress to the Southward will give me pleasure. But while affairs are in so delicate a situation there, I cannot think it advisable to delay the succour intended for that quarter to give protection against the precarious and desultory attacks of the enemy in Chesapeak Bay. I should hope the State will be able in a little time to make such dispositions of its militia as will render your detention unnecessary. Unable to forsee what may take place and confiding in your judgment and impartial zeal for the true interests of the service, I must leave it to your discretion to act according to the exigency of circumstances; at the same time that I recommend the necessity of proceeding to the Southward to your serious attention. The injury we can suffer in Virginia appears inconsiderable compared to that which may befall us in Georgia and Carolina. One principal motive of the enemys present movements in Virginia, may be to create a diversion in favour of their operations in those states. If aided by the Militia you find a good opportunity to attempt a stroke upon the enemy, you have my consent for doing it. From the best accounts I have collected of the force of the detachment it does not amount to more than 2,000 men. But in order to make an attempt of this kind, the situation of the enemy and your comparative strength ought to be such as to give a high probability of success and to permit its execution without much preparation and delay. Perhaps you may be able to effect something before you are ready to move out of the State. I cannot forbear repeating that I would not wish you to undertake any thing that will materially retard your march to the Southward. I am, etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Head Quarters, May 25, 1779.]
Sir: It is very probable the enemy may have it in view to hover along the Southern coast and endeavour by sudden incursions to destroy our stores dispersed about in that quarter. I am therefore to request, as they may otherwise have it in their power to do us a great deal of mischief, that your attention may be fully turned to this matter and that all the stores in your department at places accessible to the enemy may be immediately removed to other places of greater security. The Head of Elk appears to be an unsafe deposit for any considerable quantity and should be attended to without delay. The injury we have just sustained75 should be a caution to us carefully to avoid accumulating stores on the sea coast and on the borders of navigable rivers, where the enemy's shipping and troops can easily penetrate. There are strong reasons to believe the plan of this campaign will be to distress the Country and destroy our supplies by desultory operations along our coast. I am, etc.76
[Note 75: Burning of Norfolk, Va., by the British.]
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qrs., Middlebrook, May 25, 1779.
My Lord: Your letter of yesterday inclosing a plan of operations for the ensuing campaign came to my hands this Morning. Communications of this kind are always pleasing to me, because it is my earnest wish to avail myself of every useful hint, and to have my own opinion strengthened by the concurrence of others; but where circumstances are either not well known, or not duly balanced, a plan may appear very well in theory which would fail in practice. The plan your Lordship has sketched out contains many valuable thoughts, not new to me, but subject to a variety of embarrassing considerations, among which the relative strength of the two Armies, the call upon me for Men (or rather impossibility of concentring what we have), and difficulty in drawing out Militia, are not the smallest. Besides these, the combining a naval force dispersed, we know not whether, subject to no one head, and to be obtained (if to be had at all) by application to a variety of powers, with a weak land force whose success must depend upon secrecy and dispatch, does not promise much; however, as you very justly observe, circumstances will at one time warrant an enterprize which prudence would reprobate most severely at another; every project therefore not fundamentally wrong, is worthy attention. For your thoughts upon this occasion you have my sincere thanks, and I wish you to offer them with the same freedom and candour upon every other.
From corrispondant accts. I am left without a doubt of the enemy's having concentered their force (that at Rhode Island excepted) at New York, and its vicinity; that they have collected their Boats, and that every thing indicates a capitol movement very shortly. With very great esteem etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, May 25, 1779.
Parole Charleroy. Countersigns Coos, Cambray.
The 2nd. Virginia brigade to be reviewed tomorrow morning; the review to begin on the right at seven o'clock.
The 1st. Maryland Brigade to be reviewed on Friday, andthe 2nd. on Saturday next.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, May 26, 1779.
Parole Dominion. Countersigns Dunbar, Dee.
Accurate brigade returns regimentally digested of the deficiencies of clothing and necessaries to be forthwith made to the Adjutant General.
Lieutenant Colonel Regnier77 is appointed a Sub Inspector and to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Pierre Regnier de Roussj (generally known as Regnier), of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
Lieutenant Mitchel78 of the 1st. Maryland regiment is appointed Adjutant of the same from the 1st instant.
[Note 78: Lieut. John Mitchell, of the First Maryland Regiment. He was promoted to captain in July, 1779; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to April, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 26, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 8th. inst with its inclosures. I have reason to hope that the extremity of distress to which the troops at the Eastward have been exposed for want of bread will be relieved and that the Commissary will have it in his power to prevent its happening again.
The state of our money involves a variety of distracting difficulties which are rather to be lamented than remedied. If I am rightly informed a present supply has lately been sent on to the Quarter Master at Springfield, which I hope will enable him to forward the stores from that place. The army must suffer greatly if they meet with any extraordinary delay. I am satisfied of your exertions to do every thing circumstances will permit. As the army will now shortly take the field and a general disposition must be made for the campaign I am to request you will forthwith repair to Head Quarters. I am, etc.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.
Washington inclosed this letter in a brief note to Gates, requesting that it be forwarded to Heath. He inclosed also a letter from Brigadier General du Portail to Lieut. Peter de Castaing, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment, offering Castaing the position of aide, "an appointment in his family for which he has my consent." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, May 26, 1779.
Dr. Sir: My intelligence from New York renders it indispensably necessary for me to look towards the Posts in the highlands. As your division has been Inspected, I wish you to hold it in the most perfect readiness for Marching and incamping at an hours warning; for these purposes you will settle matters with the Qt. Mr. General. As it is much my wish to have a light active Army this Campaign, I shall rely fully upon you (principally), and the Officers commanding Brigades and Regiments (in general), in your division to see that the orders of the 17th. of April are strictly complied with so far as they relate to their respective commands. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, May 26, 1779.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 24th. instant which came to hand this morning. Should the goods which have been seized, be condemned as legal prize, by the laws of the State, in my opinion it will be most equitable to have the proceeds equally divided among the whole of the detachment. I am much obliged to you for your offer, but I do not want any of the articles. As you will have reed. orders by this time from the Adjutant Genl. to return, it is unnecessary for me to give any instructions on the subject of spies. I am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 26, 1779.
Sir: Mr. Wadsworth who is just now returned from the Eastward, informs me, that a vessel had arrived there, from Charlestown, S. Carolina, the Captain of which told him, that he slipped out of the harbour, the night of the 5th instant (a fresh embargo being laid that evening on all the shipping, and the sailors ordered on shore for the defence of the Town). The report was that the enemy were on this side of Purisburgh and superior in number to our army.
As this intelligence may not have reached Congress, and as Mr. Wadsworth tells me the Captain is a person of veracity, I thought it necessary to make the communication. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 26, 1779.
Sir: This letter will be handed the board by Capt. Call of Colonel Blands Light dragoons. As the oldest Captn. in the line of Cavalry he is intitled to one of the Majority's vacant by the death of Major Clough82 and the promotion of Major Washington.
[Note 82: Clough was killed on Sept. 28, 1778, at Tappan, N. Y.]
The board will be pleased to make out a Majors commission for Col. Baylor's Rgt. bearing date from the death of Major Clough which happened about the 1st of Octbr. 1778.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry and is addressed to Peter Scull, secretary of the Board of War.]
[Note 84: New York Delegate to the Continental Congress.]
[Head Quarters, May 26, 1779.]
Dear Sir: Hurry of business has prevented my having the pleasure of acknowledging sooner the receipt of your two layouts of the 15th and 17th instant.
Application was made to me for dissolving the corps85 you mention and incorporating that part which belonged to Col. Malcoms regiment with the troops of the State of New York. But I did not concur with it for several reasons. The principal one was that a spirit of mutiny had appeared among the men which I thought it absolutely necessary to suppress rather than encourage. Another was, that it must have produced the dismission of all the officers of the Corps as the remainder of the men on the same principle must have been delivered over to the Jersey Regiments; and the officers could not be introduced into the line of either state without renewing the confusion from which we have been endeavouring to extricate ourselves. I did not like the dismission because the officers are rather dissatisfied with what we have already been obliged to do in this way, and think their rights are placed upon too precarious a footing. It is a delicate subject and requires caution. I could indeed only have recommended the measure if I had thought it eligible as I do not conceive it to have been within the spirit of my powers to have determined it myself. But as I thought it unadvisable I took no step in the affair.
[Note 85: "I find myself under the necessity of expressing my wishes that it may be agreeable to your Excellency to transfer the non commissioned officers and Privates, Citizens of New York, late of Col. Malcolm's Regiment, to one of the Battallions of that State."-- Duane to Washington, May 15, 1779. Duane's letter is in the Washington Papers. Malcom's Additional Continental regiment had been consolidated with Oliver Spencer's in April.]
These reasons still incline me, at least for the present, to wish the continuance of the corps. With the truest regard and esteem etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 27, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I herewith transmit you an extract of a letter from the board of war of the 24th. instant, by which you will perceive that the factory at Philadelphia turns out 60 or 70 cartridge boxes pr. day; and that the armory is in a situation to enter upon the repairs of arms. You will be pleased to have all the old cartridge boxes now in store, or returned on the distribution of new ones, sent forward to Philadelphia for the purpose which the board mentions, and such arms as want repairs to the armory agreeably to the recommendation of the board.
Brigadier Gen. Clinton writes me the 13th. that "the ammunition I applied for at Fish kill by virtue of General Knox's order could not be all procured; the small quantity which could be spared is on the way up. I am informed by letters from Colonel Chevers87 that it is not to be had at Springfield, but that he had sent to Boston for it; I have sent an express to hasten it up tho' I am afraid it will not arrive in time." I have given you this extract that you may take the proper steps to have a supply at Fish kill or in its vicinity to answer any exigencies that may arise in this quarter. I am, etc.
[Note 87: Col. Ezekiel Cheever. He was Commissary of Military Stores of the Continental Army.]
P.S. It is not my intention that you should send all the arms out of repair, but retain what you think our camp armorers may be able to repair; nor all the cartridge boxes. I wish to have a proportion of both for any occasional demand. In executing the order, you will have reference to this restriction.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 27, 1779.
Sir: The State of Maryland apprehending an attack from the enemy now in Chesapeak bay have requested that you might be sent there to take the command. You will therefore, proceed forthwith to Baltimore, apply to the Governor and concert with him the measures necessary to be taken on the occasion.
Your present command is only temporary. So soon as the enemy have left Chesapeak bay and the danger which now threatens is over, you are immediately to rejoin the army and resume your command in the line.
You will be pleased to advise me of any interesting circumstances that may occur.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters Middle Brook, May 27, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have had the Honor to receive Your several favors of the 23d, 24th, 25th and 25th Inst.90
[Note 90: The letters are in the Washington Papers. There were two dated May 25, 1779.]
I have spoken to the Quarter Master General upon the subject of Waggons and he has written, I believe, both to Mr. Pettit and Mr. Mitchell91 to use every possible exertion to obtain a supply.
[Note 91: Col. John Mitchell, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
I am exceedingly pained, that we are so deficient in point of Arms. As to the demands you mention to have been made by General Sullivan, I should think, if the troops composing his command, marched properly equipped in the first instance and which I presume was the case, that the Two hundred Muskets ordered from Carlisle, would be sufficient for any contingencies we may reasonably suppose can happen. I have however, to mention an application from him for Fusees for the Officers employed in the expedition. These appear to me to be necessary and if you can furnish them or Carbines, the next best substitute, I would wish it to be done. I desired him to write to you upon the occasion and to transmit a return of the number wanted, and also that the Officers should give receipts for them when they are delivered. There are no Fusees or Carbines here. I have written to Genl. Knox, to send the Old Cartridge Boxes to Philadelphia as you request (reserving however a few for occasional demands), and also such Arms as are in very bad order and which cannot be conveniently repaired in the Army.
Before the receipt of your favor containing an extract92 from Governor Johnston's Letter, I had requested Genl. Gist to proceed to Maryland in consequence of a Letter from her Delegates.
[Note 92: The extract from Gov. Thomas Johnson's letter was quoted in the letter of May 24 from the Board of War.]
Captn. Topham93 I should suppose might issue the shoes and overalls as you mention, and I am satisfied your Orders upon the occasion will be perfectly right.
[Note 93: Capt. Daniel Topham, of Miles's Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Long Island in August, 1776; exchanged in April, 1778; Commissary of Military Stores of the Continental Army in May, 1779.]
I approve the Estimate of Cloathing which the Board have been pleased to transmit me, and have only to wish that the plan may be attended with a happy and speedy execution.94 I doubt not Hats &c will be included or some arrangement for them provided. The Estimate for the Officers cloathing, cannot be too soon completed, or measures pursued to give it effect. Their condition, or at least the condition of a great part of them is really distressing, and if effectual means are not adopted to relieve them, necessity must oblige them to quit the service. I hope besides the plan under consideration, as its operation must be remote, that some expedient will be devised for intermediate relief. Without this is also done, I fear many will be compelled to return to their Homes. I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 94: The estimate of clothing is filed with the Board's letter of May 25 in the Washington Papers. It was based on 98,048 suits for the Army and 6,000 additional for wagoners. The ground of the uniform was to be "a strong deep blue, except for the waggoners," with different colored facing for the different State lines.
On May 27 Washington wrote a brief note to the President of Congress, forwarding two New York newspapers. This note is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. I transmit you the inclosed arrangement of the 2d Connecticut Regt. for Commissions.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 96: Wife of James de Lancey and daughter of the royal justice, William Allen, of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, Middle brook, May 27, 1779.
Madam: Your letter97 accompanied by three others was delivered me this morning. I am extremely sorry that my inclination to oblige you is unavoidably restricted to a partial compliance with your request. With respect to your cloathes, I am happy to have it in my power to grant the permission you desire, but I could not extend it to the other articles without infringing rules with which I am not at liberty to dispense. The mention of these and an assurance, that I have in no instance departed from them, will I am persuaded make any
[Note 97: This letter of May 24 is in the Washington Papers.] further apology superfluous. I return you the Letters to Mrs. Elliot98 and Miss Walton99 that you may give them a form corresponding with what I now express, and I shall then forward them with pleasure and furnish the necessary passports.
[Note 98: Wife of Andrew(?) Elliot, of New York City.]
[Note 99: Daughter of Abraham(?) Walton, of Queens County, N.Y.]
Mrs. Washington begs to return her compliments. I am etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The date line and superscription are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Thursday, May 27, 1779.
Parole Eslinger. Countersigns Elburg, Elna.
Major Generals Greene and De Kalb and Brigadier Generals Smallwood, Knox, Woodford and Muhlenberg are desired to meet tomorrow morning 11 o'clock at the Court Martial room, to take into consideration a dispute of rank between Lieut. Colonels Hubley2 and Connor3 and also between Major Prowel4 and the Captains in the Pennsylvania line and report thereon to the Commander in Chief.
[Note 2: Lieut, Col. Commandant Adam Hubley, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 3: Lieut. Col. Commandant Morgan Connor, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was lost at sea in January, 1780.]
[Note 4: Maj. Joseph Prowell, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in June, 1779.]
The troops are to apply to the Quarter Master General without delay for tents in the following proportion for each regiment.
One Markee and one Horseman's tent for the Field Officers.
One horseman's tent for the officers of each company.
One Wall'd tent for the Adjutant.
One ditto for the Quarter Master.
One ditto for the Surgeon and Mate.
One ditto for the Pay-Master.
One common tent for Serjeant Majr. and Qt. Mastr. Serjeant.
One ditto for the Fife and Drum Major.
One ditto for the non commissioned officers of each company and one for every six privates including Drums and Fifes.
No regiment to have a greater proportion of tents either for officers or privates than the above; not even if the officers would furnish themselves at their own expence, as it will increase the baggage of the Army and render its operations more slow and tardy.
At a General Court Martial of the line whereof Colonel Greene is President May 17th. 1779, Roger Finney and William Martin, soldiers in the 6th. Pennsylvania regiment were tried for "House-breaking and robbery" acquitted of house breaking, but found guilty of robbery and sentenced each, one hundred lashes.
Likewise Patrick English soldier in the Delaware regiment was tried for "Changing his clothes and name and reinlisting in one of the Jersey regiments" found guilty of deserting, changing his name and reinlisting in one of the Jersey regiments being a violation of the 1st. part of the 3rd. Article of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences and orders them put in execution tomorrow at the heads of the regiments to which the delinquents respectively belong.
At the same Court May 24th. 1779, Lieutenant Armstrong5 of the 3rd. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for "Disobedience of orders in not sending a Prisoner to the Court Martial."
[Note 5: Lieut. John Armstrong, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
The Court, after considering the charge and testimony against Lieutenant Armstrong, the Note signed by Mr. Michael and the defence, are of opinion, Lieutt. Armstrong is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him; That he never received a legal order to send the Prisoners to the Court; That he acted as every good officer would or ought to have acted, and do acquit him with honor.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders Lieutenant Armstrong to be released from Arrest.
[Note 6: Maj. Gens. Nathanael Greene, Baron de Kalb, Arthur St. Clair, Robert Howe, and Baron Steuben; Brig. Gens. William Smallwood, William Woodford, Henry Knox, William Irvine, Du Portail, and Peter Muhlenberg.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 28, 1779.
Sir: The knowledge you have of the general situation of the enemy makes it unnecessary I should enter into any further detail than barely to inform you:
That their number at New York Staten and Long Island, supposing the detachment which went to Virginia to consist of 2000 men, agreeable to the accounts I have received, amounts according to the best estimate I have been able to form to about 9000 men. At Rhode Island their strength is about 5 or 6000. Their remaining force in these States is in Georgia and Virginia. In addition to these, their whole influence is exerted to stimulate the Indians from one end of the Western frontier to the other against us, and reinforcements are expected from Europe. But what may be their precise destination or amount is uncertain. The current of intelligence points to New York and to at least 5000 men.
Our own force and present disposition are pretty well known to you; but to give a more exact idea, I shall observe, that besides the Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia troops now in the Camp and the North Carolina troops at Paramus, there are three Brigades of Massachusetts troops and one of Connecticut on the North River, one of the latter at Danbury and about 2500 Continental troops at Rhode Island. You will be able to form a sufficiently accurate judgment of the collective strength of these Corps; but if you should wish for more precise information, you can obtain it by applying to me. The rest of our force except about 6 or 700 on the Ohio will be employed to the Westward against the Indians.
I can say scarcely any thing of the reinforcements we have reason to expect. The measures persuing by the several States to augment their battalions and the success with which they are attended have as yet come but partially to my knowledge. I fear our prospects are very inconsiderable.
Under this concise account of matters and taking a comprehensive view of our affairs in general, particularly the State of our supplies and the depreciation of our currency. I am to request you will favor me with your opinion of the plan of conduct which it will be proper for us to persue at this juncture for the advancement of the common cause and for the honor and interest of the American arms; in doing which, I shall be obliged by a very free and full communication of your sentiments. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The text is from a photostat of the original sent to Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair, kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, and in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania is the copy sent to Brig. Gen. William Irvine.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 28, 1779.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform Your Excellency, that after a variety of attempts, and much time and labour spent by Several Boards of Officers, the Arrangement of the Maryland line has been at length fixed, and Commissions have been issued for the Officers agreeable to it, by the Board of War, except in the instances mentioned in the inclosed List. The Gentlemen named in this, belong to the State, have served with the Troops a considerable time and have been recommended and arranged to the ranks against their respective names; but as they have never received any appointments from the State, I have thought it necessary to obtain Your Excellency's sanction to the measure, previous to my application to the Board for Commissions for them. They are all reported to be Gentlemen of merit, and well intitled from every consideration to these promotions. The Two first and the last, from a deficiency of Officers have long acted as Officers in the line, and Mr. Stoddart for near Two Years as a Brigade Major to General Smallwood. Indeed it would be a fortunate circumstance on account of the great want of Officers occasioned by resignations and other causes, if there were Several Other Gentlemen, who could be recommended and receive appointments. I shall be obliged by Your Answer, by the earliest opportunity.
I have the Honor, etc.
[MD.H.S.]
The Cases alluded to: 46 Benjn. Garnett,8 1 Lieut. 5 Regimt. 13 Octob 78; 47 Parker Hall Lee, do 4do. 16th do; 53 Wm Trueman Stoddart,9 do 5 do 31st. May 79; 10 Wm. Adams,10 2 Lt. 7do 14 Apl. 1778.11
[Note 8: Garnett was regimental adjutant in September, 1779. He was transferred to the Third Continental Dragoons that same month and served to November, 1782. Lee resigned in February, 1780.]
[Note 9: Stoddard (Stoddart) was transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 10: Adams was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and served to April, 1783.]
[Note 11: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The list of names is, with the draft, in the Washington Papers, but not with the letter in the Maryland Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 28, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I last evening received your favor of the 25th. instant; that of the 23d came to hand a few days since with its inclosures.
For the present, and till the enemy's intentions can be further developed, I approve of the positions you have assigned to Pattersons and Nixon's brigades, [if you think them most conducive to the defence of West-point in case the enemy should have in view a coup de main and for facilitating a junction with this army should they bend their operations this way.] I herewith transmit a letter to General Parsons, directing him to take his orders12 from you. You will therefore make such a disposition of his force as may afford the most substantial cover to the country, and be consistent with its own security, and your succours.
[Note 12: The draft has "in future."]
The Artillery of Patterson's and Nixon's brigades, must move with the troops, when they join the main army; the horses should therefore be as near as circumstances will admit.
My latest intelligence from New York says, that for three or four days past, the enemy have been putting on board of transports a great number of shells and other military stores.
It is impossible to say what an enemy will attempt, who, as you observe has scarcely, in one instance, acted as an enemy would do in his circumstances.
The completion of the works at West-point has prudently made a principal part in our system; and I am persuaded every thing has been done by you for this purpose.
In one of your former letters you intimate your fears of a spot of ground opposite the Fort, should it be possessed by the enemy. Can it be possessed by us to advantage? I am, etc.
P.S. Bedford may be a proper situation for Parsons' brigade. With light baggage and no incumbrances, it will always be in a condition to move at the shortest intimation.13
[Note 13: In the writing of James McHenry. The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 14: Philip Schuyler and Volkert Pieterse Douw. They were Commissioners of Indian Affairs of the Northern Department, residing at Albany, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 28, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have the honor to inclose you copies of two resolutions of Congress one of the 17th relating to a peace with the indians and another of the 22d relating to an exchange of prisoners.
The former took its rise from information received some time since from General Schuyler of a disposition in the Cayugas and Onondagas to enter into a peace with us. My opinion is, which I communicated to Congress, that it would be good policy the better to ensure the success of our Western operations to detach some of the inferior tribes of the hostile confederacy, while we are vigorously pursuing the destruction of the more powerful and implacable. These indeed have not discovered any desire of pacification; but if they had, considering the temper which has actuated them from the beginning of the war, the mischief they have done, the maxims that govern their conduct and the little dependance that is to be placed on their engagements, I should esteem it very impolitic to let the great expence incurred in our preparations for chastising them be rendered fruitless, by listening to overtures of peace, which their apprehensions at this juncture might dictate; and which they would certainly violate the first fair opportunity. But as a partial peace with the smaller tribes will serve to distract and intimidate the rest, to weaken their collective opposition and facilitate our main design, it is to be wished the event may take place. I would not however recommend that it should be courted by us; but that the advances on their side should meet with a favourable reception and be turned to the best account. We may possibly engage them in enterprises which will be of advantage as preliminary proofs of their sincerity.
By the latest intelligence it appears that the Cayugas intend to persist in their hostilities and to retire to the Seneca castles; but that the Onondagas retain their inclination for peace and have even offered to do something in evidence of its reality. If they could find means by stratagem or force to bring of Brandt15 or Butler16 or both, it would be doing us a most important service. I have hinted this to General Clinton through whom I have the intelligence of their offer. It was made under an injunction of secrecy.17 I think it will be adviseable to conclude a treaty with them on the best terms we can and to endeavour to employ them against their neighbours. If the Cayugas give new indications of a peaceful disposition I would encourage it in them also.
[Note 15: Chief Joseph Brant.]
[Note 16: Walter Butler.]
[Note 17: At this point the draft has crossed off the following: "and I should be glad if the Commissioners think it practicable, they would take the matter under their direction."]
With respect to the exchange of prisoners, it will be perfectly agreeable to me that any good citizens of ours in their possession should be exchanged for any disaffected inhabitants that the States to which they belong may judge it proper to give in return; and as it is a business interesting to humanity, I make no doubt the Commissioners will pay the most zealous attention to it, and obtain the sense of the States concerned as speedily as possible for the purpose of carrying on the negotiation. I would wish carefully to avoid confounding civil and military prisoners together or giving soldiers for inhabitants, as it leads to pernicious consequences. But I should be glad to have the exchange to comprehend the military as well as the civil, officer for officer of equal rank and private for private; so far as the number of prisoners captured on the frontier in our respective possessions will apply. I request a list of what remains may be transmitted to the Commissary General of Prisoners. With great respect and esteem etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 19: On the settlement of artillery rank.]
Headquarters, Middlebrook, May 28, 1779.
Gentlemen: When you have adjusted the Arrangements and points of rank, in the cases more particularly mentioned in the Orders of yesterday; You will be pleased to take into consideration the relative rank of the Colonels of Artillery, except in the instance between Colos. Lamb and Harrison, which has been already determined. You will also settle the rank of the four Artillery Regiments. This last was reported by a Board of Officers at the White Plains; but the Arrangement having been generally remonstrated against from a belief that it was founded on an entire misconception or mistake of facts, it is necessary to have the matter taken up again and the order of their Arrangement fixed. You will find the Claims of the Colonels inclosed and their Observations respecting the precedence of their Regiments. I have also transmitted the Journals of Congress for 1776, the only Volume I have, which may possibly be material in the course of your deliberations. Genl. Knox expressed a disinclination to sit on this Board from the particular nature of the business he is excused.
You will be pleased to return me the papers with the Report. I have the Honor, etc.20
[Note 20: The signed letter is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, by Harrison, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received last night your favour of the 26th and am happy to hear that your main difficulty on the score of waggons is in the way of being removed. Besides the reason assigned for caution contained in mine of the 24th., another not less powerful is that our supplies are very unequal to the general wants of the army and that without the greatest oeconomy in proportioning our distribution, while one part may be fully supplied, others may suffer. So empty are our Arsenals that the Board of war had it not in their power to comply with your requisition for the thousand arms in addition to the two hundred already furnished; but as the Troops under your command have lately been completely provided, these two hundred I hope will be sufficient for contingent demands. If it were not for the scantiness of our supplies, I should think it expedient to have a considerable overplus of stores on the communication; but the low state of our Arsenals and Magazines obliges us to limit ourselves to what appears absolutely necessary. I am persuaded, now you are informed of their deficiency you will accommodate your arrangements to it; at the same time that you will take care to make a competent provision for the expedition.
I enclose you extracts of two letters from Mr. Deane, of the 11th. and 16th., containing very interesting intelligence,21 which will require your particular attention. It may be prudent in consequence to strengthen Wyoming pretty considerably and the escorts upon the River from Sunbury upward.
[Note 21: The letter of May 11 from James Deane, agent and interpreter for the Commissioners of Indian Affairs, Northern Department, is not found in the Washington Papers. The letter dated May 16 was to Colonel Van Schaick, informing him that the British had learned of Sullivan's expedition.]
Shreve's Regiment will march to morrow [from E: Town]22 and will proceed without delay to Easton and may escort any thing remaining at that place.
[Note 22: Elizabethtown, N. J. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
The independent companies raising in the State of Pensylvania are estimated by the Council at more than 700. In a letter to them of the 20th. I pressed their being immediately directed to rendezvous at Sunbury, where they were to receive further directions from you. Capt Topham is appointed by the Board of war commissary of Military stores and clothier to the expedition. He is to repair to Easton and take your commands.
Lt. Colonel Barber, being the oldest sub inspector on the expedition, will by the institution of the Inspectorship, officiate as Adjutant General. Lt. Col. Regnier is also appointed sub inspector; but though I believe he is of senior rank as Lt. Col. yet as he is junior inspector, this will not alter the matter. If Clinton's brigade forms a junction with the main body, you will attach Regnier to one of your divisions, in the mean time he acts with the Brigade.
I have determined, for particular reasons to appoint General Howe President to The Court Martial on General Arnold; It is therefore uncertain whether he will accompany you on the expedition. I have entire confidence in your exertions and flatter myself they will be attended with success.
With great esteem etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 28, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your favours of the 17th 18th and 20th, with their inclosures. The intelligence communicated by Mr. Deane is important, I have transmited it to General Sullivan.
Lieutenant Colonel Regnier will inform you that he is appointed a sub inspector agreeable to your recommendation. I wish however your influence to be exerted to have a brigade inspector appointed, as Lt Col Regnier cannot answer the purpose longer than while your Brigade remains detached. I shall be happy if Major Fish will accept, as he acquired himself with great credit in the office last campaign; and there is now a still more ample field for the exercise of military talents.
In Mr. Deanes letter of the 9th, he mentions the determination of the Onandagas to give some decisive proof of their desire to conciliate our friendship. If they can be engaged, by stratagem, or force, to bring off Butler, or Brandt, or both, it will be a most essential piece of service which will meet with suitable encouragement. I recommend this to your particular attention.
I am informed by Mr. Mitchel and Colonel Hay, that the packet you are apprehensive of having miscarried was sent to General Schuyler, which is the cause of the delay. I hope 'ere this, it has reached you.
As our preparations in this quarter are now nearly ready to enter upon the intended operations to the Westward, I hope you have got every thing in readiness at Conojoharrie, as mentioned in your former instructions, to execute, without delay, the orders you shall receive from General Sullivan.24 If any thing remains to be done, it ought to be completed with all expedition. I am, etc.25
[Note 24: The draft at this point has crossed off: "for the movement of the troops under your command."]
[Note 25: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 28, 1779.
Sir: Your favoars of the 11th. and 15th. instant, came duly to hand with Lieutenant Jackson's26 and Ensign Tuttle's27 resignations.
[Note 26: Lieut. Nathan Peet Jackson, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment, He resigned on May 16.]
[Note 27: Ensign Timothy Tuttle, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He resigned on May 11.]
I have on several occasions expressed my sentiments on the policy of preventing, as much as possible all plundering parties. I would only observe on the present that the Officers are to pursue my former instructions on this head, which I believe extends to all cases where the Inhabitants act without the civil authority or a Commission from the State.
As General Putnam joins the main Army, you will receive the Orders of General McDougal, or any other Officer commanding on the North River if of superior rank to yourself, and make such disposition of your force, as he shall direct.
Inclosed is my certificate of Ensign Tuttle's resignation. I have deferred sending one for Lt. Jackson as you inform me he will call here himself with his Commission. I am, etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[Note 29: A French volunteer. He had been aide to Du Coudray and, later, to De Kalb; brevet lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army; and at this date retired and living in Baltimore.]
Head Qrs. Middle brook, May 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I was hond. with your polite and obliging favor of the 6th. Instt. accompanied by a Miniature picture of Mrs. Washington.30 I wish it was in my power to express as forcably as I feel, the lively sense I have of the repeated instances of your polite attention to her and myself. Such tribute as unfeigned thanks afford, is presented to you with much sincerity; and, if I knew how to make a more acceptable offering it should not be wanting.
[Note 30: The miniature was of a size to fit a ring and, according to Roger's letter of Apr. 6, 1779, in the Washington Papers, showed Mrs. Washington in an Elizabethan ruff and hood.]
Difficult as it is to strike a likeness on so small a scale, it is the opinion of many that you have not failed in the present attempt. The dress is not less pleasing for being a copy of antiquity, it would be happy for us, if in these days of depravity the imitation of our ancesters were extensively adopted; their virtues wd. not hurt us.
Mrs. Washington joins me in a tender of best wishes for you and with much esteem etc.
Head Qrs, Middle brook, May 28, 1779.
Sir: Your letter31 of the 26th. of last Month, accompanied by a piece of Cloth made of Buffaloes hair, and manufactured in your own family, came safe to my hands. For the flattering Sentimts. contained in the letter, and for the novelty of the
[Note 31: Bower's letter was dated from New Germantown, Baltimore County, Md. It is not now found in the Washington Papers.] Cloth which you have been so obliging as to present me with the first fruits of, I thank you. I am highly sensible of these proofs of your approbation of my conduct, and thank you kindly for your good wishes. I am (though unknown) Yr. most Obedt. Servt.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 29, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased to march immediately with the division under your command by way of Quibble Town and Scotch plains and take post on the Heights between Springfield and Chatham 'till further orders or 'till some enterprize of the enemy shall make a sudden movement necessary.
If you should receive authentic advice of the enemy's operating up the North River against our posts there, you are instantly to advance to their support without waiting orders from me, only giving me notice of your movement. You will pursue the route by Pompton, keeping up a correspondence with General McDougall, or officer comanding in the Highlands and regulating your march according to circumstances and the information you receive; advising me from time to time of your progress and views.
You will preserve the strictest discipline, and endeavour to prevent every kind of injury to the persons and property of the inhabitants. You will also take uncommon care to lay open no inclosures of grass or grain, more than are absolutely necessary for the purposes of forage.
I must recommend it to your particular attention, without delay to have officers of talents attention and industry nominated to officiate as sub and brigade inspectors, and to improve every interval of leisure to have the new regulations for the order and discipline of the troops carried into execution as speedily as possible. You are sensible of the importance and necessity of a system.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, May 29, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received, a few days ago the inclosed arrangements of the four Regiments in Your Brigade33 in a Letter from General McDougal. I was sorry to find upon examination that few or None of the Officers had the dates affixed against their names, which their Commissions should bear; this circumstance makes the Arrangement defective, and I transmit it by Colo. Bigelow that the dates which every Commission should bear, may be inserted. When this is done and the Arrangemt. returned I shall be happy in taking the earliest opportunity to obtain the Commissions from the Board of War. To prevent any disputes in future, I think it will be advisable for all the Arrangements of the 4 Regiments to be attached together, One after another and all their Field Officers to certify their approbation of the same, under their several and respective Hands. I am etc.34
[Note 33: General Glover's brigade was then at Providence, R. I.]
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your favour of the 15th. Inst. dated at Williamsburg. In my Letter of the 25th. I have given you my sentiments or that line of Conduct which I thought most expedient in the present aspect of our Southern affairs. I have nothing more particular at present, and would refer you to that Letter. I am, etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.
On May 29 Washington also wrote, briefly, to Col. Elisha Sheldon to hold his "Regiment in readiness to take the field upon the shortest notice." Alexander Hamilton had already written (May 28), by Washington's direction, to Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair to get his division in readiness to march as soon as possible. Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 29, 1779.
Sir: I have received a Copy of Your Letter of the 27th. Inst. to Major General Greene, Quarter Master General upon the subject of Forage. Your representation upon this head, is very distressing and I scarcely know how to direct you upon the occasion. It is my wish that every possible respect should be paid in all cases to the Laws of this and every other State and a sacred regard to the property of each Individual Member as far as it can be done; but if necessity will not admit of their strict observance it must justify a deviation and such infringements as she compells. However, to prevent as much as possible any just ground of complaint and the charge of a wanton exercise of power, you should use every practicable exertion to obtain forage in the Ordinary way and where this cannot be effected, wherever circumstances will permit, you should make written requisitions to the Magistrates for pasturage and Meadows and obtain them by their allotment. If they will not permit or the Mgistrates refuse to designate them, or to make a competent provision, the exigency of the Public service must decide the conduct you are to pursue. I have mentioned the precautions because (tho' all regulations must yield to necessity) the principle should be introduced with caution, and practised upon with still more delicacy.
What I have said above will apply to every situation of the Army, whether it is in a collected body or in detachment, in Camp or on a March. I am, etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 29, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I can only lament that necessity, which has produced your letter of the 10th. and obliges you to offer your resignation37 at the opening of a campaign; at a crisis in which good officers might render the most essential services, by their example and continuance in the army.
[Note 37: Smith's resignation is dated May 22, 1779.]
The proofs you have heretofore given of your abilities as a good and brave officer I am happy in acknowledging, and could wish that the circumstances of your affairs were such as to afford you the opportunity of closing the war with your military companions.
If you will transmit your commission, which you are desirous of retaining, I shall indorse upon it my concurrence in your resignation and have it returned.
It is customary on officers leaving the service to bring in a certificate of having settled their public accounts.
You will be pleased to have such a one forwarded with the commission or as soon as possible. I am, etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 39: Of the New York Militia.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 29, 1779.
Sir: I am sorry, and ask your pardon for keeping the inclosed so long. I recollect your giving it to me at Fish Kill landing some time last fall; in a hurry, or by accident, it got intermixed with other papers and lay unthought of till a late assortment of Papers brought it to light within these few days.
I do not recollect how the matter stands with respect to Lt. Col. Livingston.40 No resignation of his has ever come to my knowledge, and if it had, their might be a good deal of difficulty in introducing a gentleman not of the line, into it, at this time, in the rank of Lieutt. Colonel; therefore, and inasmuch as it may be satisfactory to you to repossess the Inclosed petition I now return it and am Sir, Yr. etc.
[Note 40: Lieut. Col. Henry Brockholst(?) Livingston. He was aide to Major General St. Clair.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Saturday, May 29, 1779.
Parole Gascony. Countersigns Grondo, Goa.
A General Court Martial of the line is to be held on Tuesday next the 1st. of June at the usual place for the trial of Major General Arnold as directed by a resolution of the Honorable the Congress passed the 3rd. of April 1779.
Major General Howe President.
Brigadier Generals Smallwood, Knox, Woodford and Irvine, Colonels, Wood, Harrison, Hall, Gunby, Moylan and Butler,45 Lieutenant Colonels, Popkins,46 Simms47 and Harmar, Members.
[Note 45: Col. Richard Butler, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 46: Lieut. Col. John Popkin, of the Third Continental Artillery.]
[Note 47: Lieut. Col. Charles Simms, of the Second Virginia Regiment. He resigned in December, 1779.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Sunday, May 30, 1779.
Parole Harfleur. Countersigns Harwich, Hinden.
The board of General Officers that sat on the 28th. instant in consequence of the order of the day before have reported the claim of Lieutenant Colonel Hubley in the dispute of rank be tween him and Lieutenant Colonel Conner to be well founded, which the Commander in Chief approves.
In all future draughts of clothing the regimental Clothier is to be furnished by the officers commanding companies with returns specifying the men's names and the particular wants of each; these he is to digest into a regimental return, which being examined and signed by the officer commanding the regiment and countersigned by himself, with a receipt upon it for the supplies delivered to the regiment, is to be lodged with the Clothier who issues, as a voucher for the delivery.
A pair of Over-alls pr. man is to be forthwith drawn for every non commissioned officer and private who has not been before supplied this spring.
At the General Court Martial of the line, whereof Colonel Greene is President, May 27th. John Ward a soldier in the 1st. Pennsylvania regiment, was tried for "Desertion," found guilty of absenting himself without leave and sentenced one hundred lashes.
At the same Court, William Mackarun soldier in the 3rd. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for "Stealing horseshoes the property of the public;" found guilty and sentenced one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentences and orders the punishment to be inflicted as soon as the delinquents arrive at their respective regiments.
Head Quarters, May 30, 1779.
Sir: From the last returns made by the inspector Genl., I find there is a necessity for appointing some new officers to many of the Regts. in your division, the precise number to each you will observe by the inclosed return. As such appointments are immediately necessary, I would wish you to give the Govr. notice, previous to which I should think it proper that you consult the Commanding Officers, who will probably be desirous of recommending persons agreeable to themselves, and who will be deserving of the appointments. The sooner this matter is taken up the better, and with the proper attention to the dates their commissions ought to bear.
Since you spoke with me yesterday on the subject of Col. Hubley's command I find the absolute necessity of ordering him to the 11th. Regt. It is left destitute of field Officers and too respectable to be neglected; other motives makes the step unavoidable. Col. Conner48 is in a state of health that will not
[Note 48: Lieut. Col. Morgan Connor, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been lieutenant colonel commandant of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment since May 12, 1779.] permit him to take the command and of course cannot with propriety be ordered to it; this however may be temporary only, for on the restoration of Col. Conner's health if he and Col. Hubley can agree to it I shall not object to an exchange. Besides the aforementioned reasons a Board of Genl. Officers have reported that the promotion of Capt. Prowel49 to the Majority, was entirely irregular, from whence it is presumable Congress will vacate his Commission, to whom the report must be referred.
[Note 49: Capt. Joseph Prowell. He had been promoted to major in January, 1778; transferred to the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1779; retired in June, 1779.]
I am from these considerations to request you will order Col. Hubley to proceed and take the command of the Regiment. He will call at Head Quarters on his way.
Inclosed you will receive a Copy of a general order for your government on the occasion. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: The copy, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, bears the following notation: "N. B. The Order respecting cloathing returns issued 30 May 79."]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 30, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have the Honor to transmit you an Arrangement of the Officers in the Maryland line and have to request, that you will take the earliest Occasion that may offer to make out and forward Commissions agreeable to it, except in the cases of.
[Note 51: See Washington's letter to Gov. Thomas Johnson, May 28, 1779, ante.]
whose appointments must be previously confirmed by the State, upon which subject I have written to His Excellency the Governor.
A Board of General Officers have Unanimously determined Lieut. Colo. Hubley's claim to the 11th Pensylvania Regiment to be superior to Lt. Colo. Connor's. You will be pleased to make out a Commission for him and transmit it to Head Qrs. It must be dated when the Regiment was annexed by Congress to the Pensylvania line, unless Colo. Hartley's resignation was subsequent. In such case it must be dated when that took place. The same Board have also unanimously reported that Captain Prowel's promotion to the Majority was irregular. I shall transmit a Copy of their Report to Congress and of the remonstrance of the Pensylvania Captains against the appointment52 that they may vacate and recall the Commission he has received, if they confirm the report.53
[Note 52: The Varick transcript in the Library of Congress here inserts "and his promotion."]
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 30, 1779.
Dear Sir: Mr. Lawrence54 delivered me last evening the message with which you charged him. The representation he makes of the state of your provisions alarms me beyond measure. Satisfied that the enemy could not carry the fort by assault without incurring greater loss than they would probably choose to hazard, I depended on being able to collect the army, time enough to relieve from any investiture. But if this should happen in your present situation, it would be out of my power to arrive in time to your succour. I hoped that my pointed instructions to the Commissiary would have obviated the probability of an extremity of this kind.
[Note 54: Jonathan Lawrence, New York Commissioner for the Highland forts and agent to receive drafts.]
As I understood the present deficiency is chiefly owing to the want of waggons I entreat you will make every effort to pro cure them; and if your attempts to have it done in the more regular mode have not succeeded, the necessity of the case demands, and will justify, your having recourse to the extraordinary expedient of impressing. Nothing practicable should be omitted instantly to provide a supply for the garrison of at least fourteen days, more if it can be done.
My anxiety on the present occasion would be extreme were it not for the perfect confidence I have in your care and exertion. I am, etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 56: Of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel com mandant of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment in October, 1779; transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 30, 1779.
Sir: Your favor of the 21st. came duly to hand. It is not within my powers to give any orders on the subject of your letter as the business of raising and collecting the levies is lodged with the particular States by a resolve of Congress of the 9th. of March. I hope the State will take measures for an equal distribution of her levies to the different Regiments, and obviate what you are apprehensive may happen. This however will not arise from situation, as Gen. Parsons's brigade will be nearer New York than your regiment. Perhaps a return of your regiment and that of the others belonging to the State would enable the Assembly to ascertain the proper proportion, from a view of their comparative strength. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On May 30 Washington wrote, also, a word of thanks to John Bradford, Continental naval agent at Boston, for his gift of one-fourth of a cask of Malaga wine and a keg of lemon juice, both of which had been intended for Sir Henry Clinton. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 30, 1779.
Sir: The situation of our affairs, and the general prospects of the campaign require that the army should divest itself of every article that can be spared, and take the field as light as possible. I am therefore of opinion, that not more than two light field pieces ought to be attached to each brigade; and that the park should be composed of a few pieces of the same sort. You will be pleased after reserving a sufficient number for these purposes to send all the overplus to some convenient place from which they may without difficulty be drawn, if a particular occasion should call for them. Easton perhaps may answer the end.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Monday, May 31, 1779.
Parole Janeiro. Countersigns Johnstown, Jekyl.
If shoes or other small mountings are wanted they may be drawn agreeable to the order of yesterday.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 31, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I transmit you a letter of the 8th. extracts of the 12th., and one of the 24th. instant from Brigadier General Hand, which he forwarded to me, not knowing where to find you. I have mentioned in my letter to Gen: Hand my forwarding them to you.
I shall write the board of war to send the supplies of clothing for the 11th. Pennsylvania regiment. I shall also request them to forward a set of shoemaker's tools &c. for each brigade or regiment. These will serve in some measure to lessen our demands on the article of shoes and of course lessen our portage. As to the propriety of dismounting the men under Capn. Carbury59 as mentioned by Major Prowel I leave it entirely to your direction.
[Note 59: Capt. Henry Carberry (Carbery), of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded in August, 1779; retired in January, 1781. He seems to have been in service in 1783, as he was then designated as a captain-lieutenant and was one of the leaders of the soldiers who threatened Congress.]
It looks as if both men and horse might be better employed than in the condition in which they now act. The one by joining the regiment, the other as pack horses or the like.
That part of late Malcom's regiment, which belongs to the 11th. Pennsylvania and now doing duty with Col. Spencer's is to join its own regiment on its arrival at the Susquehannah.
Col. Shreves regiment is now on its march to Easton. It passed this place yesterday. The remains of Forman's which accompanied it, you will be pleased to order to join Col. Spencers. I hope the incorporation of the officers and men of the corps with the regiment will render it pretty complete [and subject to no further changes].
Inclosed you have my instructions for your government. The more I consider the object of baggage, the more forcibly does the necessity of disencumbering both of officers and men press upon my mind.
In addition to what I have said in the instructions suffer me to request your particular attention to see your army in such a situation with respect to lightness as will give it that rapidity of motion upon which so much of our success will depend. All superfluous baggage, every thing not absolutely indispensible to both officer and soldier should be deposited at Easton. The officers I am persuaded will see the propriety of the measure and adopt it without hesitation. I also transmit you extracts from a letter to General Schuyler of the 21st. instant.60 The letter to which he alludes has been sent you.61 I am, etc.62
[Note 60: Schuyler's letter of May 21 is in the Washington Papers. It informed of the exploration of the country from Wood Creek to Oswegatchie, of the British post at the latter place, and of Lieut. Col. John Butler's movement with the Indians.]
[Note 61: The letter alluded to was that of James Deane to Colonel Van Schaick, May 16, 1779. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, May 28, 1779, ante.)]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 31, 1779.
Sir: The expedition you are appointed to command is to be directed against the hostile tribes of the six nations of Indians, with their associates and adherents. The immediate objects are the total distruction and devastation of their settlements and the capture of as many prisoners of every age and sex as possible.63 The troops to be employed under your command are: Clinton's, Maxwell's, Poor's and Hand's brigades and independent companies raised in the State of Pensylvania. In Hand's brigade, I comprehend all the detached corps of Continental troops now on the Susquehanna and Spencer's regiment. Cortlandts I consider as belonging to Clinton's brigade; [Aldens may go to Poor's, and Butlers and rifle Corps to Max wells or Hands accordg. to Circums.] Clintons brigade you are informed has been ordered to rendezvous at Conojoharie, subject to your orders either to form a junction with the main body on the Susquehanna by way of Otsego, or to proceed up
[Note 63: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "It will be essential to ruin their crops now in the ground and prevent their planting more."] the Mohock River and cooperate in the best manner circumstances will permit, as you judge most adviseable. So soon as your preparations are in sufficient forwardness, you will assemble your main body at Wyoming and proceed thence to Tioga, taking from that place the most direct and practicable route into the heart of the Indian settlements. You will establish such intermediate posts as you think necessary for the security of your communication and convoys, nor need I caution, you, while you leave a sufficiency of men for their defence, to take care to diminish your operating force as little as possible. A post at Tioga will be particularly necessary, either a stockade fort or an intrenched camp; if the latter, a block-house should be erected in the interior.
I would recommd. that some post in the center of the Indian Country should be occupied with all expedition, with a sufficient quantity of provision; whence parties should be detached to lay waste all the settlements around, with instructions to do it in the most effectual manner; that the country may not be merely overrun but destroyed. I need not urge the necessity of using every method in your power to gain intelligence of the enemy's strength motions and designs; nor need I suggest the extraordinary degree of vigilance and caution which will be necessary to guard against surprises, from an adversary so secret desultory and rapid as the Indians.
If a detachment operates on the Mohock River, the Commanding officer should be instructed to be very watchful that no troops come from Oswegatchie and Niagara to Oswego without his knowledge; and for this purpose he should keep trusty spies at those three places, to advertise him instantly of the movement of any party and its force. This detachment should also endeavour to keep up a constant intercourse with the main body. I beg leave to suggest as general rules that ought to govern your operations, to make rather than receive attacks attended with as much impetuosity, shouting and noise as possible, and to make the troops act in as loose and dispersed a way as is consistent with a proper degree of government concert and mutual support. It should be previously impressed upon the minds of the men when ever they have an opportunity, to rush on with the warhoop and fixed bayonet. Nothing will disconcert and terrify the indians more than this.
More than common care will be necessary of your arms and ammunition from the nature of rise service. They should be particularly inspected after a rain or the passage of any deep water.
After you have very thoroughly completed the destruction of their settlements; if the Indians should shew a disposition for peace, I would have you to encourage it, on condition that they will give some decisive evidence of their sincerity by de livering up some of the principal instigators of their past hostility into our hands. Butler, Brandt, the most mischievous of the tories that have joined them, or any other they may have in their power that we are interested to get into ours. They may possibly be engaged, by address, secrecy and stratagem, to surprise the garrison of Niagara and the shipping on the lakes and put them into our possession. This may be demanded as a condition of our friendship and would be a most important point gained. If they can render a service of this kind you may stipulate to assist them in their distress with supplies of pro visions and other articles of which they will stand in need, having regard to the expectations you give them to our real abilities to perform. I have no power, at present, to authorise you to conclude a treaty of peace with them but you may agree upon the terms of one, letting them know that it must be finally ratified by Congress and giving them every proper assurance that it will.
I shall write to Congress on the subject and endeavour to obtain more ample and definitive authority. But you will not by any means, listen to any overture of peace before the total ruin of their settlements is effected. It is likely enough their fears if they are unable to oppose us, will compel them to offers of peace, or policy may lead them to endeavour to amuse us in this way to gain time and succour for more effectual opposition. Our future security will be in their inability to injure us; [the distance to wch. they are driven] and in the terror with which the severity of the chastizement they receive will inspire them. Peace without this would be fallacious and temporary. New presents and an addition of force from the enemy, would engage them to break it the first fair opportunity, and all the expence of our extensive preparations, would be lost.
When we have effectually chastized them we may then listen to peace and endeavour to draw further advantages from their fears. But even in this case great caution will be necessary to guard against the snares which their treachery may hold out. They must be explicit in their promises give substantial pledges for their performance and execute their engagements with decision and dispatch. Hostages are the only kind of security to be depended on. Should Niagara fall into your hands in the manner I have mentioned, you will do every thing in your power for preserving and maintaining it, by establishing a chain of posts in such a manner as shall appear to you most safe and effectual and tending as little to reduce our general force as possible. This however we shall be better able to decide as the future events of the campaign unfold themselves. I shall be more explicit on the subject hereafter.
When you have completed the objects of your expedition, unless otherwise directed in the mean time, you will return to form a junction with the main army by the most convenient expeditious and secure route according to circumstances. The Mohack River, if it can be done without too great risk, will perhaps be most elegible, on several accounts. Much should depend on the relative position of the main army at the time.
As it is impossible to foresee what may be the exigences of the service in this quarter, this united with other important reasons makes it essential that your operations should be as rapid and that the expedition should be performed in as little time as will be consistent with its success and efficacy. And here I cannot forbear repeating my former caution, that your troops may move as light and as little incumbered as possible even from their first outset. The state of our magazines demands it as well as other considerations; if much time should be lost in transporting the troops and stores up the River; the provisions for the expedition will be consumed and the general scantiness of our supplies will not permit their being replaced; consequently the whole enterprise may be defeated. I would recommend it to you for this purpose, that the General Officers should make an actual inspection of the baggage of their several brigades and absolutely reject to be left behind at proper places, every article that can be dispensed with on the expedition. This is an extraordinary case and requires extraordinary attention.
Relying perfectly upon your judgment prudence and activity, I have the highest expectation of success equal to our wishes; and I beg leave to assure you, that I anticipate with great pleasure, the honor which will redound to yourself and the advantage to the common cause, form a happy Termination of this important enterprise.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, May 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor and am happy to find your prospects of moving the Army are so good.
If possible, I would wish things to be in train for our getting in motion by Wednesday. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 31, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received information, that the enemy were at White Plains on the 29th. You will therefore be pleased to proceed immediately with your division towards Pompton, acting afterwards agreeable to the instructions you have already received. It is probable you will be joined there by Col. Clarke with the Carolina troops. I have sent him orders to meet you at that place, subject to this condition, that they are not to contravene any directions he may have received or shall receive from General McDougall [to whose orders he has all along] been subject. I shall put the Virginia division in motion to follow you as soon as possible. I am, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I have received a line from G1. McDougall, informing me that he had ordered Clarke to the Forts.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The words "been subject," after the brackets, are not in the draft, but were added in the Varick transcript in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, May 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have just received your two favours of the 29th. and 30th. I this morning received similar intelligence of the enemy's movement towards the White Plains from E Town.67 The day before yesterday General St. Clair moved with the Pensylvania division from this camp towards Springfield. I have now directed him to continue his route to Pompton and govern himself by circumstances and the intelligence he shall receive from you. You will be pleased to open a correspondence with him. The rest of the army would have been in motion 'ere this, but for the want of waggons. I have ordered another division to be in instant readiness to follow.
[Note 67: Elizabethtown, N. J.]
If it should be the enemy's intention to operate on your left flank, the stores at Fish Kill and the vicinity may be in danger. You will no doubt take timely precaution for their security. Is it not adviseable to remove them to this side the River, or to put them in vessels ready to be transported away on a moments warning? The inclosed letter to Col. Sheldon puts him under your orders. I am, etc.
P. S. That you may be able to compare intelligence, I send you an extract from the Letter of the Officer commanding at E Town. I have just received a return of the British light infantry dated the 25th. of April, which has the appearance of authenticity. It consisted of 15 Companies 7th. 17th. 22d. 23d. 26th. 33d. 37th. 38th. 42d. 43d. 44th. 54th. 57th. 63d. 64th. The Present doing duty is 521. Non Cored. Officers and privates; on duty at Jamaica 30; on command 85. Total effectives 850.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, May 31, 1779.
Sir: I request you will exert yourself to get the division under your command in instant readiness to march at an hours warning. It will point towards the North River. I have received some recent intelligence which makes it necessary we should be in motion. If you cannot procure waggons for the transportation of your heavy baggage, you will prepare to move without it, leaving a proper guard, of your most indifferent men with some careful officers to take charge of it and follow as soon as possible. You will have two or three days provision cooked. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 31, 1779.
Sir: I have before me your several favors of the 8th. 12th. and 24th. instant with the inclosures.
I shall transmit them to General Sullivan, who is now at Easton, and mention to the board of war the clothing wanted for the 11th. Pennsylvania regiment. Our stores I am afraid, are by no means equal to our several demands. What they can furnish, will require to be managed with the strictest frugality.
I think with you that a set of Shoe-makers tools, and some spare leather in each regiment or brigade, would be very proper. I shall endeavour to have them sent forward, if to be procured by the board of war.
That part of late Malcoms regimint belonging to Pennsylvania, now doing duty with Col. Spencers, has orders to join the 11th. Pennsylvania, when it reaches Susquehannah. I shall however repeat the order to Gen: Sullivan to this purpose.
When Captn. Schot was at this camp I expressed my sentiments to him pretty freely to which I would refer. The difficulties attending the introduction of officers of one corps into those of another, are such as to forbid almost any further experimints of this kind. If Captn. Schot and his officers should not be willing to submit to the inconveniences of the service I can only lament their loss.
Gen. Sullivan will give directions on the propriety of the measure recommended by Majr. Prowel. He will also receive your communications while on the present command.
With respect to your relative rank, in the line of Brigadiers. It is a subject on which I have never given any opinion. Should it be found to interfere with that of others, when you join this army that mode will be adopted for its determination which may appear free-est from exception. To do justice and preserve harmony is my principal care. Be assured therefore no advantage whatsoever shall be taken from remoteness of situation, so far as I am concerned. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Qrs. Middle brook May 31, 1779.
Sir: Having received intelligence that the enemy are advancing to the White plains, and other appearances indicating a capital manoeuvre in that Quarter you will put such part of your Regiment as are mounted immediately in motion for the Posts on the North River and obey Such orders as you shall receive from Majr. General McDougal or the Officer commanding there, (Majr. Genl. Putnam being designed for a Cored. in this part of the Army.) I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, May 31, 1779.
Sir: I this morning was favored with your letter of the 30th. with the New York Papers. That you may be enabled to keep up your correspondence in this way I inclose you some of our latest in return.
I am obliged to you for the intelligence, and am persuaded You will be assiduous in procuring the earliest information from the enemy, and in doing every thing in your power to promote the objects of your command. At this moment it is of great importance to learn their motions, and whatever may lead us to a judgment of their intentions. I am, etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to ascertain as soon as possible the number of boats at Elizabeth Town and in its vicinity, which could be drawn together at a short notice, with the number of men they can carry. You will do this in such a manner as to prevent any suspicion in the tories or the enemy and make me the communication as soon as you are satisfied on this subject.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
May, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I very sincerely lament that the situation of our service will not permit us to do justice to the merits of Major Monroe,72 who will deliver you this, by placing him in the army upon some satisfactory footing. But as he is on the point of leaving us and expresses an intention of going to the South-ward where a new scene has opened, it is with pleasure I take occasion to express to you the high opinion I have of his worth. The zeal he discovered by entering the service at an early period, the character he supported in his regiment, and the manner in which he distinguished himself at Trenton, where he received a wound, induced me to appoint him to a captaincy in one of the additional regiments. This regiment
[Note 72: Maj. James Munroe. He resigned in December, 1778. He became the fifth President of the United States.] failing from the difficulty of recruiting, he entered into Lord Stirlings family and has served two campaigns as a volunteer aid to his lordship. He has in every instance maintained the reputation of a brave active and sensible officer. As we cannot introduce him into the Continental line, it were to be wished the State could do something for him, to enable him to follow the bent of his military inclination and render service to his country. If an event of this kind could take place it would give me particular pleasure, as the esteem I have for him, and a regard to merit conspire to make me earnestly wish to see him provided for in some handsome way. I am, &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qr., Middle brook, June 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I intended to send the inclosed by you, but hurry of business prevented it. The letter for Colo. Rogers74 you will be so good as to deliver, or cause to be delivered, safely. The other for a Mr. Bowers,75 with his letter to me (also inclosed) I am embarrassed about. However well meant these things are, they rather distress than please; especially when they proceed from Men of whom we have no knowledge, either of their political or moral characters. In this predicament I stand with respect to Mr. Bowers, and therefore take the liberty of making you an Agent in the business.
[Note 74: Lieut. Col. Nicholas Rogers. (See Washington's letter to Lieut. Col. Nicholas Rogers, May 28, 1779, ante.)]
[Note 75: Daniel Bowers. (See Washington's letter to Daniel Bowers, May 28, 1779, ante.)]
If Mr. Bowers is a Man in such circumstances, and of such character, as not to render the acceptance of his cloth improper, I request the favor of you to forward my letter to him; but even in this case if I could offer him something as an equivalent, I should be better pleased provided he would not think himself hurt at the idea of pay. On the other hand, if upon enquiry, or your own knowledge of Mr. Bowers, you should judge it not right in me to receive any thing from him as a present, I beg the favor of you to withhold the letter, and advise me of it, that I may return the Cloth. I unwillingly give you this trouble, but I know you will excuse it in Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 1, 1779.
Gentlemen: I transmit you the arrangement of the three New Hampshire Regiments which I have just received, and request you will make out and forward me the commissions as soon as it can be done. The Board will perceive the several promotions that are to be made, and the dates which the commissions are to bear.
General Hand writes me of an application for clothing wanted in the 11th Pennsylvania Regiment. Should the board have taken no order on the occasion I am to beg their compliance with it as far as our stores will admit.
He also mentions in the same letter the great consumption of Shoes arising from the troops being in almost constant motion. The shoes he remarks, which are thrown away after a weeks wear as useless, would by a little repair be rendered very serviceable. To answer this purpose he recommends a set of shoe-makers tools and spare pieces of leather for soles &c to be sent to each regiment. The proposition appears to me very good. I would therefore recommend it to the notice of the board. A proportion of sets of tools, and spare bits of leather &c. should be forwarded as soon as possible, part to Gen: Hand and the rest to Easton; of which the board will be pleased to advise General Sullivan, in case it is thought worth the trial.
Inclosed is two commissions with the dates of the resignations endorsed. The Board will be pleased to return Commissions for the Officers next in succession. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 1, 1779.
Gentlemen: This will be delivered you by Major Blodget77 who has served with reputation in the Army since the commencement of the war in the capacities of Brigade Major and Aide de Camp to General Greene. The late arrangement of the army, unavoidably places the Gentlemen in this line, of former appointment on a footing comparatively so disadvantageous as in addition to other motives to have determined Major Blodget to leave the army. He is still anxious to be useful in the military line, if he can be more agreeably situated and has signified to me that there is a vacancy for a captain of marines on board the Dean frigate,78 which he would be glad to fill. In justice to this Gentleman's early zeal and meritorious conduct in the service I take the liberty to recommend him to the Committee, as one who deserves encouragement and who, I have every reason to believe will justify the trust, if circumstances permit its being reposed him. I have the honor, etc.79
[Note 77: Maj. William Blodget.]
[Note 78: The Deane, a 34-gun frigate, was built at Nantes, France. In 1782 her name was changed to Hague.]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Middle Brook, June 1, 1779.
My Lord: For some time past my intelligence from the enemy pointed to a considerable movement. By my last accounts from General McDougall of the 30th. May, the Enemy had advanced from Kingsbridge in force and was then near the White plains. It is not easy to fix a just opinion of his object. We however know what points we should secure. On last Saturday the Pennsylvania troops marched on the route to Pompton; your division will move tomorrow in case every thing is ready in the quarter masters line, and the Maryland troops, the day after, to ground more relative to our posts on the Highland and the present situation of the enemy.
As his manoeuvres may throw us frequently into motion while the court martial on the trial of Genl. Arnold will employ a number of our officers, I shall be happy if you have completed your business so far as to be able without inconvenience to rejoin the army. I am, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I enclose you copies of my two letters of the 30th. and 31st, lest any accident should have happened to the originals.
Col. Clarke has informed me, that he had received intelligence of the Enemy being at Tallers point81 with 42 sail and a number of flat bottomed boats; that they had landed a party of men on the other side the North River and a party at the Slote.82 That he had called in his out parties, and was prepared to move, at the shortest notice to West Point, should they move further up the river. If you judge it necessary you will of course make application to the States of New York and Connecticut for aids of militia, so far as the means of supporting them will permit.
[Note 81: Teller's Point, Hudson River, just above Dobbs Ferry.]
[Note 82: The Slote (Tappan Landing, N.Y.).]
I doubt not you will keep your force collected and your attention fixed on the forts, notwithstanding all the demonstrations the enemy may make, which will naturally wear a variety of faces. I am, etc83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 31st. came to hand this morning. By my instructions which were transmitted yesterday you will observe that it is my wish for you to commence your operations the moment you have got yourself in readiness.84 We have no time to lose, and I am happy to find every thing in so perfect a train. I am, etc.85
[Note 84: Sullivan did not march from Wyoming until the end of July.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, June 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of Yesterday transmitting the Arrangement of the three New Hampshire Batallions. I will take the earliest opportunity to forward it to the Board of War, with a request to make out the Commissions and send them to me as soon as it can be done. You shall receive them by the first conveyance after they came to my hands. I am, etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, June 1, 1779.
Sir: I received several days ago Your favor of the 20th. Ulto. and have been prevented from answering it before, by a variety of pressing business. I assure you Sir, nothing would give me greater pleasure than a perfect arrangement of the Army and I sincerely wish that every Officer was placed at the point to which he is entitled. With respect to the case under consideration, your claim to rank above Colo. Chambers, it is impossible for me to interfere in the matter. In August 1777 a Board of Genl. Officers sat from the 15 to the 19 for the express purpose of adjusting the disputes between the Field Officers in the Pensylvania line, and fixing their relative rank when it was determined that Colo. Chambers ought to have precedence of you. This arrangement was transmitted to Congress, who on the 12th. of November following confirmed the principles and proceedings of the Board, voted a recall of Officers former Commissions and issued New Ones, which were delivered and have been acted under ever since. After this proceeding, the result of much care and pains in the first instance and in the last sanctioned and directed by Congress, I cannot authorise a revival of your claim, which would also be directly contrary both to the Letter and Spirit of the Resolution of the 24th. of Novr. last. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 1, 1779.
The General states to the Council that in the Court Martial appointed for the trial of Major General Arnold, Brigadier General Irvin, Colo. Butler and Lt. Colo. Harmar of the Pensylvania line were nominated Members. That Major General Arnold this day, at the meeting of the Court objected to these three Gentlemen, by a peremptory challenge and that his objection was admitted by the Court, and signified in a Letter from the Judge Advocate hereunto annexed; requesting the appointment of two other Members to replace them, there having been a mistake in the first nomination of Fourteen instead of thirteen Members.
As the Articles of War are intirely silent on the right of the prisoner to challenge the Members of a Court either peremptorily or otherwise, and consequently on the extent of that right, with respect to the proportion of Members subject to be challenged. The Commander in Chief requests the opinion of the Council upon this subject, that some general principle may be adopted to regulate the present and all future trials.88
[Note 88: The proceedings are signed by Nath Greene, Stirling, Baron de Kalb, Steuben, Du Portail, Wm. Irvine, W. Smallwood, H. Knox, Win. Woodford, and P. Muhlenberg. (See Washington's letter to Timothy Matlack, June 2, 1779, post.)]
The General further states to the Council, that in the formation of the Court appointed, regard was had as is customary to a proportion between the Officers of the different corps, composing the Army in this Camp, which will appear from the List of Officers herewith. He therefore requests the opinion of the Council from what line it will be most advisable to take the Officers to replace the Two Members now deficient. This he doubts not will be governed by a due regard to Military propriety and the convenience of the Army as well as by other considerations.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Tuesday, June 1, 1779.
Parole Kildare. Countersigns Kenys, Kent.
The troops to hold themselves in the most perfect readiness to march at the shortest notice.
The General Court Martial whereof General Howe is President is desired to assemble at eleven o'clock this day at the President's quarters, he being indisposed and unable to attend at the Court Martial room.
At the General Court Martial of the line whereof Colonel Greene is President, May 25th, Captain Thomas Ewell90 of the 1st. Virginia State regiment was tried for "Behaving in a scandalous infamous manner unbecoming an officer and Gentleman in two instances."
[Note 90: Thomas W. Ewell, of the First Virginia State Regiment. He served until January, 1781.
On June 1, by Washington's direction, Richard Kidder Meade wrote to Maj. Henry Lee, ordering his corps to march immediately to camp and "if the Genl. should have left this Ground, you will apply at Genl. Greenes quarters near Vanvarters Bridge where instructions will be lodged for you." Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers. (Vanvarter's Bridge was Van Veghten's Bridge, above the village of Bound Brook.)
Meade wrote, also by Washington's direction (June 1), to Capt. Bartholomew von Heer that the Board of War looked upon Baron de Wolfen as out of the service; that on receiving a certificate that his accounts were settled headquarters will grant his discharge "and an order for his pay until this day." This letter is also in the Washington Papers.]
1st. "By maliciously basely and falsely traducing officers of the regiment and afterwards acknowledging before several Officers that what he had said were palpable Lies, without foundation." 2ndly. "In endeavouring to bribe an officer to conceal and suppress the calumny by offering to procure a loan of money for the said officer."
The Court after maturely considering the testimony and defence are of opinion Captain Ewell is not guilty of the 1st. charge, but that he was exceedingly indiscreet in passing a joke in the manner he did and do sentence him to be reprimanded in General Orders. They are further of opinion that the second charge is unsupported and do acquit him of it.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence, observing that it is at all times very indiscreet of an officer to hazard things, even in jest, which may raise ill-founded prejudices against another, particularly his commanding officer; and if he be in earnest, for sufficient reasons he should adhere to his declaration.
Captain Ewell is to be released from Arrest.
At the same Court, May 28th, William Scully, soldier in the 1st. Virginia regiment was tried for "Entering forcibly into the house of Robert Dennis and robbing him of sundry goods, also stabbing William Cox with a Bayonet," found guilty and sentenced one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it put in execution tomorrow at the head of the regiment to which the offender belongs.
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 2, 1779.
Sir: In mine to you of the 24th. instant, I requested you to join the main army immediately to take the command of one of the wings. As things now are at a crisis and every officer ought to be at his station I am to repeat my earnest desire, wherever this finds you, that you will instantly repair to my Head Quarters. I expect to set out tomorrow towards the Clove91 by way of Morris Town. I am etc.92
[Note 91: Smith's Clove in the Highlands, behind West Point.]
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, Wednesday, June 2, 1779.
Parole Lawemburg. Countersigns Leeds, Leek.
The meeting of the Court for the trial of Major General Arnold is defered 'till further orders; the exigency of the public service not permitting it to sit at this time.
The General Court Martial of which Colonel Green93 is President is dissolved.
[Note 93: Col. John Green, of Virginia.]
Lieutenant Colonel Simms is appointed to superintend the hospitals in Pennsylvania.
The Maryland line, in case they are not in actual preparation to move, will apply to the Quarter Master General to equip them as they are to march tomorrow morning.
[Note 94: Secretary to the Pennsylvania Council.]
Head Quarters, June 2, 1779.
Sir: I am sorry to inform you, that the situation of Affairs will not permit a Court Martial to proceed on the trial of General Arnold at this Camp. The movements of the Enemy make it indispensibly necessary, that the Army should at least advance towards the North river, with all practicable expedition, and require that the Officers appointed to compose the Court, should be with their several commands. The following is a Copy of the opinion of the General Officers upon the occasion, who were convened yesterday evening to consider of some points, which I judged it material to submit to them respecting the trial, in consequence of a Letter from the Judge Advocate.
"His Excellency the Commander in Chief having received intelligence, that the Enemy had moved out in full force from New York to Kings bridge and towards the White plains, and, during our deliberations on the points submitted by the foregoing state, a Letter from Colo. Thomas Clark dated at Paramus the 31st Ulto at 7 OClock P M, advising that the Enemy were at Tallars point with Forty two sail, Six of which were very large, and a number of flat bottomed Boats, and that they had landed a party of men on the other side of the North River and a party on this at the Slote.
We are situation of Affairs renders it necessary to postpone the consideration of the matters so submitted to us, and that the meeting of the Members nominated to compose the Court Martial be deferred till the Commander in Chief shall judge the circumstances of the service will better admit of it."95
[Note 95: The quotation is taken verbatim from the proceedings of the Council of General Officers, June 1, 1779, q. v.]
The Witnesses from this relation of facts will perceive on what grounds the trial is postponed, and it is a matter of great concern to me, that I cannot fix the time when the Court will sit, as it must depend on the Enemy's operations. Whenever these will permit, the Trial will be proceeded on and notice of the day communicated that file Evidences may attend. I am etc.
P.S. As the movements of the Enemy may possibly admit of the Court Martial's sitting in the course of Two or three or a few days, I am just informed that General Arnold intends to go to Morris Town and to wait events. If the Witnesses should also choose to remain in the vicinity of the Army it may conduce to dispatch.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, June 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am sorry to inform You that the Situation of Affairs will not permit a Court Martial to proceed on your Trial at this Time. The Movement of the Enemy....97
[Note 97: The omitted portion is a verbatim repetition through the quotation of Washington letter to Timothy Matlack, June 2, 1779, q. v.]
It is still a Matter of greater Concern, that it is impossible for me, to fix the Time when the Court will sit, as it must depend on the Enemy's Operations. Whenever these will permit, You shall be informed and of the Day; And You may rest assured, there shall be no Delay, but such as proceeds from Necessity and the exigency of the public service I am, etc.98
[Note 98: From a copy in file writing of Richard Varick.]
[Middle brook Camp, June 2, 1779.]99
[Note 99: The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Gentlemen: To meet the approbation of good men cannot but be agreeable. Your affectionate expressions make it still more so.
In quartering an army, and in supplying its wants, distress and inconvenience will often occur to the citizen. I feel myself happy in a consciousness that these have been strictly limited by necessity, and in your opinion of my attention to the rights of my fellow citizens.
I thank you gentlemen sincerely for the sense you entertain of the conduct of the army; and for the interest you take in my welfare. I trust the goodness of the cause and the exertions of the people under divine protection will give us that honourable peace for which we are contending. Suffer me Gentlemen to wish the reformed church at Raritan a long continuance of its present Minister and consistory and all the blessings which flow from piety and religion. I am, c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 2, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased to march immediately with the division under your command towards Pompton by way of Morris Town endeavouring to regulate your march so as to arrive at the latter place tomorrow Evening. You will open a correspondence with General St Clair, who is on his route from Springfield to Pompton, and has my direction to act afterwards according to circumstances and the information he receives of the movements of the enemy on the North River, and you will govern your conduct by the same principles, keeping in view the support of the Forts on the River as an essential object, at the same time, that you do not lose sight of the general security of the troops on this side the river, and the facility of forming a junction in case of necessity. You will give me information from day to day of your progress and views.
You will preserve the strictest discipline and endeavour to prevent every kind of injury to the persons and property of the inhabitants. You will also take uncommon care to lay open no more inclosures of grass or grain, than are absolutely necessary for the purposes of forage.
I recommend it to your particular attention to observe an exact conformity to the new Regulations for the order and discipline of the army, and to have them carried into execution as speedily as possible.
P.S. I shall take the route from hence by way of Pluckamin and Morris Town to Pompton.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who has noted thereon: "The same instructions substantially to Baron De Kalb directing him to advance and forma junction with the other troops, with all diligence. Dated the 3d."]
Head Quarters, June 2, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I duly received your two letters of yesterday.3 I approve your reasons for taking the upper route.4
[Note 3: St. Clair's letters were dated May 31, 1779.]
[Note 4: The route above Newark Mountain, on his march from Springfield, N. J., to Pompton.]
By the present institution of the Inspectorship neither Major Ryan5 nor Mr. McCormick6 can in my opinion be appointed Inspectors. It is to be feared however we may be reduced to the necessity of altering it, from the reluctance with which the Majors undertake the office. But I could wish it might succeed as it now stands. If an alteration should take place, that will permit Major Ryan to act in this line hereafter, the opinion I have of his qualifications will make it intirely agreeable to me. It is hardly probable any change so extensive should take place as will admit Mr. McCormick; but If I recollect right there is a resolve of Congress providing that Brigade Majors shall act as Aide De Camps to the Brigadiers with the same rank and pay. I do not find this resolve among my papers, but am making inquiry for it.
[Note 5: Maj. Michael Ryan, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was brigade-major to Gen. Anthony Wayne until June, 1779.]
[Note 6: Brig.-Maj. Henry McCormick, of Hand's brigade. He served until May, 1780.]
I wish Col. Harmar may be induced to accept the Sub-Inspectorship; I think he will answer the purpose well. It is unlucky there is not found greater alacrity among the officers to enter into the Inspection. It is certainly a line which affords a handsome opportunity for the display of talents and the acquisition of military knowledge and practice.
You observe that the enemy amongst other objects may have it in view to prevent a junction of our force. This is an important idea and ought to have due influence in our movements.
I have ordered a Non Commissioned officer and eight Dragoons from the Marechaussie corps to join you immediately at ... I send you a little sketch that will serve to give you an idea of the country you are in, I am,
[P.S.] I have also directed The Qr. Mr. General to send two or three express riders to you.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter sent is in the writing of George Lewis and contains the P.S., which is not in the draft. The editor is indebted to F. G. Sweet, of Battle Creek, Mich., for a sight of it.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 2, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of this day ½ past eight. The Virginia division marched this day with orders to endeavour to reach Morris Town tomorrow and to communicate with you and proceed according to intelligence and circumstances. You will be pleased to open a correspondence with the Commanding Officer for this purpose.
Tomorrow if possible, the Maryland division will march also and by the same route. I send you a small addition of cavalry.
I rely intirely on your prudence and judgment for taking such measures as the exigency of the case shall require. So soon as the last troops move, I shall come immediately forward to join you. I am, etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 2, 1779.
Sir: I have just received information from Col. Clarke that the enemy have landed at Kings ferry in considerable force. This day the Virginia division marched towards Pompton where General St Clair expected to arrive this evening. Tomorrow if possible, the Maryland division will move and we shall press forward with all expedition. This will be delivered you by Brigadier General Du Portail, Chief Engineer whose knowledge of his profession and military qualifications in general, will render him very useful to you if he arrives in time. I recommend him to you as a Gentleman well worthy your confidence. He will chearfully afford his advice and assistance in the line of his profession; but it is also my desire that he may be vested with a command in the garrison according to his rank. To this the regulations of Congress for the Engineering department intitle him.
It gives me pleasure that the forts at this critical moment are in hands where they may be safely trusted. I doubt not your principal attention will be directed to them as the object first in magnitude and importance and in all probability the real one of the enemy's designs. I am, etc.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 2, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 23d. May. The taking of the two light three pounders in place of the artillery of the brigade, as you propose will depend entirely on the place of your junction with General Sullivan. If on the Susquehannah there will be no necessity to carry any artillery whatsoever, as General Sullivan has made adequate provision. If the other route is determined on, I have no objection to your moving with these two pieces.
I do not conceive much danger from letting the Mortar remain in Albany. Should I find that it can be employed I shall give orders on the subject. If Major Wright and the officers you mention have behaved up to the spirit of their parole; and there are no reasons to suspect them; it might be as well to continue their indulgence. But should it be otherwise you will have them properly restricted. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On June 2 Alexander Hamilton by Washington's direction wrote to General Knox that the last division (Baron de Kalb's) would march the next morning, "The General however wishes the Park to be also ready to move tomorrow. The route will be by Morris Town and the Maryland division will serve as a cover." The troops, on leaving, were "to do no damage to the hutts. They are destined for the reception of the sick left behind." Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[M.L.]
[Note 11: Of the New Jersey Militia and dequty quartermaster general of New Jersey.]
[Head Quarters, June 2, 1779.]
Sir: I wish very much, to have the information I wrote for yesterday sent me. How many boats can be drawn together what kind and the number of men each boat can contain? These were the principal questions. If you have obtained the answer I request it immediately. I also am desirous of knowing with all the precision, of which the inquiry is capable the number of men on Staten Island, where they are stationed, whether collected, or at different places, if works are thrown up at each post, and their respective force in men. These things I want ascertained without delay. If you have any knowledge of the subject you will communicate it in the mean time; and use every possible means to obtain the most accurate information. I wish you to use diligence, dispatch, and secrecy; and to employ only such persons as you have reason to believe fit for the purpose. The moment you derive your intelligence you will be pleased to forward it by an express.
I am told, the Fleet which carried out the troops to Virginia have returned to New York. I wish to have this ascertained, and if the troops have also returned. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
This same day (June 2) Washington also wrote to Col. Thomas Clark, that he was to consider himself subject to General McDougall's orders "and to march to his assistance agreeable to his directions." This letter is in the Washington Papers.
He also wrote to Capt. James Peale, of the First Maryland Regiment, concerning his rank: "I have not therefore confirmed your resignation, that you might reconsider the matter, and the propriety of leaving the service at a juncture, when perhaps we shall want the abilities of every good and brave officer." This letter is in the Washington Papers. Peale's resignation is dated June 3, 1779.
Also Richard Kidder Meade and James McHenry wrote separately (June 2) to Capt. Bartholomew von Heer, by direction of Washington, the first to send a noncommissioned officer and four dragoons to the Virginia troops and the second to dispatch one-half of the Marechaussée corps to join the detachment from General St. Clair's brigade. Meade's and McHenry's letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 13: At one time a captain of New Jersey Militia.]
Camp at Middle Brook, June 2, 1779.
Sir: If you could fall upon some method to obtain knowledge of the strength and situation of the enemy on Staten Island and this in as short a time as possible, I shall thank you. After putting this business in a proper train for execution, I should be glad to see you at this place, if it could be tomorrow morning it would suit me best.
I will pay the persons you employ, but wish the undertaking to appear as proceeding wholly from your own curiosity; for a surmise of its coming from me may defeat all I have in view. The particular Regiments that are on the Island, their exact quarters, whether at their forts, and if not at what distance from them, are matters I wish to be solved in; also whether any troops have been sent off or brought on the Island lately. Whether any Vessels lies in or just out of the narrows, and whether any fleet has arrived lately? where from and the contents of it. I am, &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, June 2, 1779.
Dr. Sir: General Greene has informed me, that he addressed Your Excellency some time since upon the subject of Waggons and suggested that it would be necessary, owing to the difficulties of procuring them in the ordinary way, for the Legislature to authorise Col M Foreman15 to impress them in cases of exigency. I would take the liberty to add, that it appears to me indispensibly necessary for the several Legislatures to give
[Note 15: Intended for Col. David Forman.] their earliest attention to this subject and to adopt measures, from which supplies of Waggons may be derived in times of emergency; and if this is not done, there is every reason to apprehend that the movements of the Army will be frequently impeded and sometimes found impracticable. We have already experienced great inconveniences on this head, and from the unhappy depreciation of our Money, they will most probably increase.
I most heartily recommend the subject to Your Excellency's consideration and as you will readily perceive that the success and even security of an Army in a variety of cases, may depend upon the rapidity with which it may be able to move, I am persuaded it will have every proper countenance and support on your part. The desultory kind of War, which the Enemy seem determined to pursue is a further cogent reason for the Legislatures interposing with their authority in the case. I have the Honor, etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 3, 1779.
Sir: I wish you to dispatch a messenger to Philadelphia with orders to bring up to Trenton fifteen or twenty boats, with as much expedition as the nature of the business will admit. At Trenton you will have them put in a state of the greatest readiness to be transported by Land at the shortest notice.
Head Quarters will move to day [if possible].18 I am, etc.19
[Note 18: "Raritan 4th. June 1779 Received of Major Gibbs one thousand dollars for the use of my house Furniture &c. &c. which His Excellency General Washington had for his Head Quarters. John Wallace." This receipt is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
In the Washington Papers, under this date (June 3), the following draft, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, bears this notation: "Intended to have been written." It is addressed to General Greene: "I have received your letter of the 30th Ulto, On a closer inspection of the law of the state and a fuller consideration of the representations made by the Commissary of forage and yourself, I am the more convinced that the mode pointed out by the law for procuring forage for the use of the army, will in most cases under our present circumstances prove insufficient, and that it will be necessary to have recourse to a military impress wherever the army at large, or any considerable detachments of it, are, whether in camp or on a march. Compelled by the necessity of the public service, I now authorise The Commissary of forage, personally or by warrants under his hand, to make the impress accordingly. But this is not to extend in common cases to small detachments or to the supply of teams travelling to or from the army. The legal mode is to be persued in respect to these, except on extraordinary emergencies.
"You will be pleased to give the most positive and particular instructions to prevent the abuse of this power, and to take effectual measures to bring every delinquent to the severest punishment The necessity that occasions the exercise of it is painful and that exercise ought to be made as little distressing to the inhabitants as possible."]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 3, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favour of yesterday at 10 OClock last night and have written to Genl. Knox to supply the Ammunition which you want. As the Enemy nothwithstanding their demonstrations of an Attack upon the Highland posts, may have it in contemplation to strike this Army (comprehending your division) in its divided and separated state. It will be expedient for you to act with the greatest caution, and perhaps not to advance beyond Pumpton till the Other divisions get up. I do not mean however to restrict your movements, but leave them to be governed by your own discretion and as circumstances may require. I am, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who wrote again, by Washington's direction, to St. Clair, at 1:30 p.m. on June 3, on receipt of St. Clair's letter of 6:30 a.m., repeating the above letter, for fear it may have miscarried. Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 3, 1779.
Dr Sir: I last night received your three favours one of May 31st and two of June 1st. I am happy to find your affairs seem to be in good train. You mention the return of the detachment from Virginia. This may have happened; but it has not been announced by my intelligence. Perhaps it is designedly given out by the enemy.
Their design is now apparently against the forts and these certainly ought to engage our principal attention; but we should also attend to the possibility of an attempt on this army, by endeavouring to prevent a junction of our force and turning upon this part of it with their whole strength. Should this happen you will endeavour to give us all the aid in your power, consistent with your situation. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 3, 1779.
Sir: This morning I received your favor of yesterdays date. The two large boats which you mention as wanting repairs I would wish have put in order, and to keep your eye upon the whole, so as to be able to collect them on the shortest notice.
You will be pleased to continue your enquiries on Staten Island, to ascertain the works and number of men at Richmond town and the other places. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, June 3, 1779.
Sir: I am to desire, that you will make no delay at this place, but continue your march to Pompton by the way of Morris Town, with as much dispatch as you can without injuring your horse. I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.
This same day (June 3) Washington wrote to Capt. Henry Bedkin, of Pulaski's Legion, ordering him to march his dragoons to the Army via Morristown. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 3, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased to direct the removal of the sick from the hospitals at Sommerset to the huts of the artillerists at Pluckimin. This is not intended to be executed immediately, as it would draw off from the Army the waggons which may be now employed; but as soon as proper assistance can be procured from the Quarter Master General for this purpose.
Such sick of the Army as remain on the Ground may be attended to in the huts and removed to Pluckimin with those from the hospitals.
When the Park moves, you will send a careful person to Pluckimin to make the necessary arrangements for the reception of the hospital stores and sick, instructing him to avoid interference. Should General Knox have occupied any of the huts &c. with the Stores of the Park.24
[Note 24: The copy is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.
Also, a brief note was written to the Director of the Flying Hospital, ordering such gentlemen of that organization "as have no duties to detain them on this ground to proceed with the Army, which is now on its March." This order is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 25: John Clark, jr., and Matthew Clarkson.]
Head Quarters, Middlebrook, June 3, 1779.
Gentlemen: You will be pleased upon receipt of this to remove with the papers of your office to Germantown about eight or ten miles from Pluckimin. You are at all times to hold yourselves in readiness for a further removal to a place of safety, should the enemy make any attempt to penetrate that part of the country.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
The same letter was sent to John Pierce, jr., Deputy Paymaster General, with the addition of the word "money," making the phrase "remove with the money and papers." McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.
A similar letter was sent to Assistant Clothier General David Brooks.]
Head Quarters, June 3, 1779.
[See Washington's letter to Lord Stirling, June 2, 1779.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 3, 1779.
Sir: I do myself the Honor of transmitting to Your Excellency a Copy of a Report of a Board of General Officers in a dispute between the Captains in the Pensylvania line and Captain Prowell, who has been appointed to the majority in the 11th Regiment. If Congress approve the Report, they will be pleased to revoke Captain Prowells Commission. They will see a Copy of the Memorial against his appointment,27 which with his claim was before the Board.
[Note 27: Contemporary copies of this memorial, which is dated May 8, 1779, are in the Washington Papers and the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I would also take the liberty to return the Memorials of Colonels Cortland and Gansevoort and that of Colo Dubois, which were respectively transmitted in your Excellency's favors of the 22d of April and 25 Ulto. It appears to me that Congress can best decide on the points they contain. The Commission from which Colo. Dubois claims rank, was obtained immediately from them in 1776. A Board of Officers could only report a state of facts already ascertained, by which it appears that Col. Dubois was in the first instance promoted over Officers of superior rank and equal merit. The confirming or revoking his appointment would ultimately rest with Congress. it is essential that the matter should receive the earliest decision, as the Regiments these Gentlemen command, compose a part of the forces detached against the Indians, and I fear from the information I have received, their disputes may be very injurious to the service. I have the Honor, etc.28
[Note 28: ln the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
The letter was read in Congress on June 5, and it was resolved: "That Colonel Dubois rank...after Colonel Van Cortlandt and Colonel Gansevoort" and "That the commission of major, granted to Captain Prowell...be vacated...."]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 3, 1779.
Sir: In the letter which I did myself the honor to write to Your Excellency the 25th of May, I mentioned the appearances which indicated that the enemy had some important enterprise in contemplation. These appearances have since increased 'till they seem to have arrived at a very interesting crisis. The inclosed extracts from the intelligence I have successively received will shew their progress and the point at which they last stood.29
[Note 29: Hamilton notes, on the draft, that these extracts "were from Hatfield's letter of the 29th May to Genl. McDougall From Col Clarks letters of 31st of May and June 1st General St Clairs of the 2d General McDougals two letters of the 1st of June." Originals or contemporary copies of Hatfield's, Clark's of May 31, and an extract of St. Clairs of June 2 are in the Washington Papers and copies of all of them are in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Congress will observe by General St. Clairs letter that he expected to reach Pompton last night. The Virginia division commanded by Lord Stirling marched yesterday for the same place. Baron De Kalb with the Maryland troops follow this morning. We shall press forward with all diligence and do every thing in our power to disappoint the enemy. I expect to set out this day towards the Highlands, by way of Morris Town. I mention the route that any dispatches coming from Congress may the more readily find me.
There are five brigades of Continental troops besides the two Carolina regiments under the Command of General McDougall.
At the first appearance of a movement among the enemy, I redoubled my efforts to put the army here in a state of readiness for taking the field. These have been seconded by the utmost exertions of the Quarter Master General; but the very great difficulty of procuring horses and waggons and the scarcity of forage have unavoidably retarded our preparations.
I beg leave to inclose an extract of a letter I have just received from General Gates of the 25 of May, on the very important subject of money. I entreat that Congress will be pleased to order him an immediate and adequate supply, as the necessity is urgent and it would be dangerous to risk a revival of the discontent which lately appeared among the troops at Providence for want of pay. It is also much to be desired, that he may be enabled to reinlist the men he mentions during the war. I have the honor, etc.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
Washington wrote again (at 9 p. m., June 3) to file President of Congress, inclosing newspapers stating that the British "Troops and fleet lately employed in Chesapeak bay have returned to New York." This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 3, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The enemy have been some time since in motion apparently with some capital design, and by my last intelligence had proceeded up the North River in force and had landed a considerable body in the vicinity of Kings ferry. These movements seem to look more immediately towards the Forts on the River; but the real object may very probably be to prevent the junction of our force and bend their whole strength against the part in this state. Should this happen we shall absolutely stand in need of a large reinforcement of militia and the most animated measures to bring them out will be essential. I am unwilling to call them from their occupations 'till the moment that their aid can be no longer dispensed with; but if any previous measures can be taken to engage their attention and facilitate their coming out on an emergency it will be infinitely desirable. I wish General Dickenson was in the state at this juncture. With great respect etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Middle Brook, June 3, 1779.
Sir: I beg leave to trouble you with a Theodolite which is a little out of repair and to request that you will be good enough to have it put in order. As I am not in a hurry about it, I wish you only to have what is necessary done at some moment of leisure. The Quarter Master at Philadelphia will receive and forward it to me. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 33: (Name also spelled Chrystie.) Of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Head Quarters, June 4, P.M. 1779.]
Instructions: To proceed immediately to West-Point. To inform the Garrison where we are; two divisions at Pompton, one near Mr. Lots34 about ten miles in the rear of the others; the whole to move this night at moon rising by way of Ringwood, and to press forward with all possible diligence.
[Note 34: Abraham Lott.]
To assure them that I am determined at the utmost hazard to support the fort and that I expect it will hold out to the last extremity. To ascertain the precise strength of the Garrison the quantity of cannon, stores and provisions and the state of the works, the degree of defence of which the garrison is susceptible.
To give it as my opinion that no part of the garrison ought to be militia, but that the number necessary for its defence ought, if possible to be furnished in Continental troops. More than a sufficiency should by all means be avoided.
To understand precisely from General McDougall what is his strength situation and views, and what mode he would think most advisable for cooperating with us in an attack upon the enemy.
What prospects he has of provisions what militia he has applied for and whether his prospects of supplies would admit of calling for more. To recommend it to him to apply in the most earnest manner for the aid of the Governments of Connecticut and New York for assisting in collecting, and transporting supplies. To know what number of boats there are upon the River, and where the troops under General McDougall could most conveniently cross over to this side to cooperate in an attack upon the enemy; what precautions had best be taken and what previous demonstrations made.
To enquire what has been done with the stores at Fish Kill.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morristown, June 4, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favour of the 2nd. with its inclosure last night. I am glad to find that your affairs seem now to be in a good train.
In answer to the question you make on the paragraph you recite from my instructions, I shall observe that it is not to be supposed the events you suggest, can take place without a good deal of previous negotiation and delay and after all would be precarious as to the capital point. If they think themselves unable to oppose you they will naturally endeavour to gain time by holding out illusory offers. To listen to them and defer the execution of your main project would be dangerous and might be attended with the worst consequences. I would not have you to lose time in expectation of contingencies. I shall be happy to resolve any other doubts you may have on the import of your instructions. I am, etc.
P.S. The enemy for many days past have seemed to be aiming a stroke against the Highlands. Appearances grow more and more serious. They have reduced a small detached post on Verplank's point and are throwing up works on the opposite point at King's ferry. They have their whole force on the two sides of the River.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morristown, June 4, 1779.
Dr. Sir: On the 2d. instant a part of the enemy possessed themselves of the fort on Ver-planks point, by capitulation; they are now throwing up some works on the point on this side. It would appear from a number of circumstances that they mean to press their operations against the posts on the highlands.
The militia are calling out for ammunition, and the supply for the army, as you know, is far from being sufficient. I would therefore wish you to send on careful and active conductors to hasten forward to the army, a competent supply, from the nearest magazines. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: In the writing of James McHenry. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 4, 1779.
Sir: By a letter this moment arrived from General McDougall dated two OClock yesterday, the enemy were advancing in force towards The Continental Village.38 The other part of their army on the West side were to move the same day to invest the Fort.39 On a reconsideration, as some heavy cannon in our future operations may become essential, if you can possibly procure a sufficiency of horses to carry those at the Park with
[Note 38: Near Peekskill, N.Y.]
[Note 39: The draft has "West Point."] convenience and dispatch, I wish them to join the army without delay. A careful Officer will no doubt accompany them to avoid accidents on the route. I am, etc.
The moment you can be spared I wish to see you in front of West Point.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Morristown, June 4, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your two favors of yesterday's date; and am obliged to you for the intelligence they contain.
The fort which Armstruther Alluded to, was a small detached work on the East side of Kings ferry, with about 5041 men. It surrendered on the 2d instant.
[Note 41: The draft has "forty" crossed off and "50" written instead.]
It is not yet perfectly evident, what are the enemy's real intention in this movement. We however are in motion, towards the North River, to take such measures as may seem best calculated to counteract their designs.
You will have the beacons and every thing else in your power, that can give facility to the collecting the militia, in the utmost state of readiness, should it be necessary to call them out. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: In the writing of James McHenry. From a photostat of the original in the Biblioteque Municipale, Nantes, France.]
[Note 43: Of the New York Militia. He was Deputy Commissary General.]
Morris Town, June 4, 1779.
Sir: Your favor of the 2d met me at this place this Morning. Your exertions and those of the Militia in opposing the Enemy claim my thanks, and I am persuaded that they will be continued, as long as it shall be practicable. This Army is moving towards the North river as fast as possible, and I shall give you every support in my power that circumstances will admit of.
The operations of the Enemy must in a great measure influence our conduct. I am, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, June 4, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I inclose you the copy of a letter which I have this moment written to Mr. Champion, that you may know what is done and make correspondent arrangements. Necessity seems to demand this measure. If your presence at this time is not essential at Philadelphia it will be infinitely useful with the Army. We have much to apprehend on the score of supplies. The crisis requires your utmost influence and exertion. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 4, 1779.
Sir: Our affairs are now at a most interesting crisis. The enemy appear to be bending their whole force in a vigorous operation against the Highland posts. We must take such positions, as will render it impracticable to subsist the army, unless the most strenuous exertions are at once used to throw a very considerable quantity of Cattle on this side the river. You will instantly take every possible step to collect and forward at least five hundred head of Cattle across the North River into Orange County. Let them be the best you can get, nor must we on an emergency like this, be very scrupulous. And after you have sent on this number, you will continue your best endeavours to keep up a constant and full supply for the army. Our whole dependance will be on this. We can expect no supplies of Salt provision as our whole transportation must go to the article of flour. If the means in your own power should not be sufficient to answer the exigency, you will communicate this letter to His Excellency the Governor and solicit the aid of the State. This is an extraordinary occasion, and may demand extraordinary expedients. There is not a moment to be lost, and I rely upon your known zeal that it will correspond with the necessity of the times, and am with regard etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morristown, June 4, 1779.
Sir: The enemy seem more and more to be in earnest in their operations in the Highlands. This will oblige us to take such positions with the army as will make its subsistence infinitely difficult, without the greatest possible care and exertion. I am to press your particular attention to the forwarding the supplies in your department as fast as may be necessary. If the ordinary means in your power do not suffice; you will communicate this letter and solicit the interposition and aid of the civil authority. No measure is to be omitted that the exigency of the service may require. The juncture is pressing and truly important. I am, &c.46
[Note 47: The draft is addressed to the "Issuing Commissary, Philadelphia," but is indorsed by Harrison "To Colo Stewart, Comy."]
Pompton, June 4, 1779.
Sir: The army is on its march to take a position on the communication from Easton to New Windsor.48 You will therefore send a part of the supplies coming from Philadelphia to Easton and another part by way of Trenton Morristown &c.
[Note 48: New Windsor, N.Y.] By making use of these two communications you will make the transportation and consequently the subsistence of the army the easier. The exigency of the occasion demands that every possible exertion should be made to keep up an ample and uniform supply otherwise we may experience the most distressing extremities. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Ringwood, June 5, 1779. 80Clock P.M.
Sir: I thank you for your intelligence by Major Hughes.50 I think with you the passes leading to the fort of consequence. The infantry corps51 not being yet drawn out of the regiments, I have not made a detachment of this kind. But would refer you to Major Hughs for the measures which are taken to give you immediate succour and to obviate an investiture of the Fort. The enemy seem to be hesitating; since your letter I have received advice of their taking some of their boats on board. This however may be to amuse; I shall therefore 'till their designs are further developed, pursue my original intention.
[Note 50: Maj. James M. Hughes, of the New York levies.]
[Note 51: Light infantry.]
I have the most perfect reliance on your assistance should the enemy make his approach; you may depend on mine. I shall be obliged to you for the earliest communication of such intelligence as you may think of importance and am Sir &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 53: Of the Somerset (N. J.) militia.]
Pumpton, June 5, 1779.
Sir: I have been informed that you are out with a party of Militia. I request that you will let me know where they are stationed, what their number is, and whether they would join the Continental troops in case their aid should be found material, to act against the Enemy who appear to be meditating an attack with their whole force upon the Highland posts. Besides the Militia, which are now with you, it is to be hoped that more of your Regiment would turn out on an emergency. You will therefore ascertain as nearly as you can the whole number that you think might be expected. I shall write to Colo. Dey upon the same subject with respect to the Militia that are with him. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. This same letter was also sent to Col. Theunis Dey, of the Bergen County (N.J.) militia, and Col. Ann Hawks Hay, of the Orange County (N.Y.) Militia.]
[Note 55: Colonel of the New Jersey Militia and assistant commissary of purchases in New Jersey.]
Head Quarters, June 5, 1779.
Sir: The situation of Affairs at this juncture requires that everything in our power should be done to make our supplies as extensive as possible. You will therefore exert yourself to purchase, throughout this state as many cattle as can be procured. If they are but fit for use, though not quite so fat as might be wished, they must not be rejected on this account. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Ringwood, June 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of yesterday. You will proceed with your corps with as much expedition as you can without injuring your horses to the vicinity of Suffrans.57
[Note 57: Sufferns Tavern (spelled also Suffran), in Orange County, N. Y., near the mouth of Smith's Clove, and kept by John Suffern.] Baron De Kalb is directed to have two companies of light infantry formed to join you there and act with your corps. He is to endeavour to have a junior officer [sent] to you to command it, that the whole may be under your direction. The intention of your command will be to countenance the militia, plague the enemy and cover the country from the depredations of their light parties, as much as possible. The enemy have now a body at Kings ferry and appear to be establishing a post at Stoney point to which quarter your attention is principally to be directed.
I leave you at perfect liberty to dispose of yourself as you think most proper for answering the purposes I have mentioned consistent with the security of your corps. Your utmost vigilance and attention will be necessary, as you will be entirely detached and unsupported, and will act in a very disaffected country, the inhabitants [of which] will give the enemy every kind of intelligence, to enable them to take advantage of your situation. You will take every measure in your power to acquire information of their situations, movement and designs and give me the earliest advice of every occurrence. I am, etc.
P.S. I wish you to exert yourself to keep up the spirits of the militia. The instructions, which you were told should be lodged for you at Genl Greenes quarters were sent there.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets, which are omitted and missing from mutilation, are supplied as the probable readings. The P.S. is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Ringwood Iron Works, June 6, 1779.
Sir: On the 3d I had the Honor to address Your Excellency from Middle Brook and Morris Town, and to transmit you all the intelligence I had then received, respecting the movements of the Enemy on the North River; and of the measures I had taken and was about to pursue in consequence. I am now to inform you, according to the advices I have obtained since, that on the 2d in the morning the Enemy opened a Battery on Stony point, which lies on the West side of the Hudson at the landing at Kings ferry, against a small detached works,59 which had been erected on Verplank's point on the East side, and kept up a constant fire upon it in conjunction with their Ships, till four OClock in the afternoon, when the party stationed in it, finding that it was also invested on the land side in force, surrendered by capitulation.60 The next day that part of the Enemy, which was landed on the East-side of the River, computed at Five thousand, advanced to the Bald Hill below the Continental village, when it was expected that they meant to attack our Troops in that quarter, and to gain if possible, Nelson's point opposite Fort Arnold,61 while Sir Henry Clinton with the remainder of the Army should proceed from Haverstraw bay against the Fort, by the routes on the West side. This however was not attempted, and the body of the Enemy that appeared before the village, returned without making any Attack to the ground from which they had moved. The Enemy have remained since in two divisions on the opposite sides of the River. Their Vessels have generally fallen down below
[Note 59: Ringwood Iron Works, the same as Ringwood, is in Passaic County, N. J., 30 miles northeast of Morristown and close to the New York line.]
[Note 60: The British landed on both sides of the Hudson. Knyphausen was reported to command the troops on the west side, who moved against the small work on Stony Point. The fort on Verplanck's Point was called Fort Lafayette. This was garrisoned by a company of 70 men, commanded by Capt. Thomas Armstrong, of the Fifth North Carolina Regiment, who was compelled to surrender when cannonaded from Stony Point, by the British vessels in the river and also attacked on the land side by Sir Henry Clinton. A copy of the capitulation terms is in the Washington Papers, and reads: "On the Glacis of Fort La Fayette, June 1st, 1779. His Excellency Genl. Sir Henry Clinton, and Commodore Sir Geo. Collier grant to the garrison of Fort La Fayette Terms of Safety to the Persons and Property (contained in the Fort) of the Garrison. they surrendering themselves Prisoners of war. The Officers shall be permitted to wear their Side Arms. John Andre, Aid de Camp."]
[Note 61: At West Point.] King's ferry, and twelve square rigged with Eight of smaller size and Fifteen flat-bottomed boats with Troops on board, stood down the River yesterday, and were seen till they turned the point which forms the upper part of Tapan bay. The rest of the fleet (the whole of which is reported to have consisted of about Seventy sail and a Hundred and fifty flat bottomed Boats great and small) keep their station, and the division of Troops on this side from the latest advices, were very industriously employed yesterday in fortifying Stony point; which from its peninsula and commanding form is naturally strong; and which from the narrowness of the neck which connects it to the Main, may be insulated and maintained without any very great difficulty. This Sir is a summary of the intelligence and of the situation of the Enemy.62
[Note 62: This movement of Sir Henry Clinton was in justification of what he wrote in a letter to Lord Germain on May 22: "Is it to be supposed that I am not on the Watch to profit by every favorable disposition in any quarter of this Continent, or to improve any Accidental advantage, of Circumstances. I am on the Spot, the Earliest and most exact intelligence on every point ought Naturally from my station to reach me, it is my interest as well as my duty more than any other person's living to inform myself minutely, and justly, of the particular Views, Connections, state, and temper of Every province; Nay of Every set of Men within the limits of my Command, and it is my business to mark every possible Change in their situation. Why then, My Lord without Consulting me, will you admit the ill digested or interested suggestions of people who cannot be Competent judges of the subject; and puzzle me by hinting wishes, with which I cannot agree, yet am loath to disregard. For God's sake, my Lord if you wish that I should do any thing leave me to myself, and let me adapt my efforts to the hourly change of Circumstances: If not rye me down to a Certain point, and take the risk of my Want of success....I do not wish to be Captious, My Lord; but I Certainly have not had that attention paid to my wishes, and Satisfaction, which the weight of my Situation and the hopes which you held forth from me, gave me reason to Expect." Previously, in this same letter, Clinton had written: "After I had assumed the Command difficulty arose upon difficulty, I, Notwithstanding struggle thro' them, with a Zeal, and activity, which I think your Lordship Cannot arraign. This surely my Lord ought to have increased the Confidence which I was taught to believe was reposed in me: how mortified then must I be my Lord at finding Movements recommended for my debilitated Army which your Lordship never thought of suggesting to S.W. Howe when he was in his greatest force....It is true your Lordship does not bind me down to the plan which you have sketched for the ensuing Campaign, your Lordship only recommends; but by that recommendation you secure the right of blaming me if I should adopt other Measures, and fail; and should I follow that System with success I appear to have no meritt but the bare Execution." Clinton's letter is in the British Transcripts in the Library of Congress, C. O. 5, 97, fol. 679]
Their movements and conduct are very perplexing, and leave it difficult to determine what are their real Objects. However, as the posts in the Highlands are of infinite consequence and the points, in which we can be most essentialy injured, I shall take every measure in my power to provide for their security, and accordingly shall make such a disposition of the Army, as shall best promise to answer the end. If they should not operate against those posts, it would seem that one part of their expedition and a principal one, is to cut off the communication by the way of King's ferry, by establishing Garrisons. I have the Honor, etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Ringwood, June 6, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am this moment honored with your favour of the 2d instant. The arrangement of Proctor's corps cannot be confirmed as it now stands. The principles held up in my former letters on this subject are such as must be adhered to, and upon this plan only can I request the Board to issue Commissions. If Congress think proper, on account of incapacity in Major Holmer to promote Major Forrest it will be agreeable to me and I hope no disadvantage to the service. But Capt. Craig64 cannot in my opinion succeed him in the Majority of the regiment. The vacancy must be filled by the oldest captain in the corps of Artillery not in the particular regiment. On these conditions I shall be glad the Board will issue Commissions to the regiment; but it must be understood, that the relative rank of the Captains in the line of the Artillery is liable to a future discussion, agreeable to the rules that have hitherto
[Note 64: Capt. Isaac Craig, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was made major in May, 1781, and served to June, 1783.] governed, in the regiment it will be final. As it will be a loss of time and very inconvenient in the present state of things to make a further reference to me, I shall be obliged to the Board to have the arrangement fixed under the limitations here suggested. I have the honor, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Slott's,71 Sunday, June 6, 1779.
[Note 71: Stephen SloWs (Slot). He was a captain in the Orange County militia. His place was about 6 miles south of Galloway's on the fork of the Clove road which led to Suffern's.]
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Peeks Kill, Poland.
The Pennsylvania division is to take post at June's or in the Vicinity according to the situation of ground &c. and send a light party of three or four hundred men into the passage of the mountain, at the cross roads,72 where Colo. Malcom is, there to remain 'till further orders.
[Note 72: The Haverstraw road entered the Clove from the east and joined the Clove road at June's.]
The Virginia division to move to Smith's tavern.73 Baron De Kalb's division (except the two companies of Light Infantry ordered therefrom, which are to remain at Suffren's) to move on by way of Slott's and Galloway's and join the other troops. The whole to move at the rising of the moon.
[Note 73: Smith's Tavern, in Smith's Clove, named from the "Horseblock" Smiths, notorious Tories, of whom Austin Smith, Claudius Smith, and Richard, son of Claudius, were the principal ones at this period.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Monday, June 7, 1779.
Parole Syracuse. Countersigns Scipio, Cyrus.
The Army is to encamp 'till further orders in the following manner as nearly as the situation of ground will permit.
The Virginia division near the road leading from June's to the Forest of Deane.74 The Maryland division near the road leading from Earl's75 and the Pennsylvania division near the road leading from the Widow Van Ambra's,76 both, to the same place. Each division will furnish such pickets and patroles on the avenues leading from the enemy as will be necessary for its own security.
[Note 74: There is no road shown on available contemporary maps leading from June's to the Forest of Dean, except the main road, leading north through the Clove, from which the Forest of Dean road branches off to the east at the home of the widow Van Ambras (Van Amburgh), about 3 miles north of Smith's Tavern. A footpath, or trail, probably led through the gap, east of June's to Slaughter's Pond and thence northwardly along the creek that came from the Forest of Dean. The Forest of Dean was in the pass north of Long and Summers Hills and the road led eastward to Fort Montgomery, on the Hudson, with a branch to the northward at the Furnace, which led to West Point.]
[Note 75: There were several Earls (Earles, Earlls) in Smith's Clove, to wit, Eseri, John,Clement, Jonathan, Peter, and Samuel.]
[Note 76: Van Amburgh(?).]
A careful inspection to be immediately made into the state of the men's Arms and Ammunition.
The troops to have two days provision constantly in advance, if salt meat is to be had, if not, they will only have two days bread in advance and as much beef as will keep.
The officers in general will inform themselves as exactly as possible of the roads and by-paths leading from their respective encampments towards the enemy, the Forest of Deane and West Point.
The General was sorry to see thro'out the march a much greater proportion of men with the baggage than could possibly be necessary and that a number of them were without arms having probably deposited them in the Waggons; the former tends to lessen the operating strength of the Army in a degree which every thinking officer must wish to avoid, and the latter occasions such a destruction of Arms as must add greatly to the difficulty of supplying the troops: It was too observant also that the heavy baggage of the Army has been very little, if anything diminished, and that the pernicious practice of suffering the women to incumber the Waggons still continues notwithstanding every former prohibition. The General recommends these matters to the particular attention of the officers commanding brigades and that they will take the most vigorous and effectual measures to prevent the like abuses hereafter.
Two Cannon fired from Baron De Kalb's encampment will be the signal of Alarm, upon which the troops will get under arms as expeditiously and as light as possible. The Quarter Master General will furnish guides to attend the several divisions.
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Tuesday, June 8, 1779.
Parole Middlesex. Countersigns Milan, Milford.
Returns of shoes actually wanted by the troops on this ground to be made forthwith to Head Quarters.
The officers will see that their men clean and refresh themselves this day.
When multiplicity of business prevents the Sub-Inspectors from attending for general orders, the Brigade Majors of the division will alternately carry them to the officers commanding divisions. All the Axxes in the several Brigades to be ground and put in the best order immediately.
June 9, 1779.
Sir: I recd your favor of yesterday's date and am happy to find you are in the neighbourhood of the enemy and make no doubt but you will fully answer the purposes of your being placed there. The Stores you mention to have been at Kekiat78 were there without my knowledge, and I much approve the removal of them. As to the live stock being driven off as you mention, within a certain distance, tho' a desirable circumstance, Yet I would not have you to undertake it without the approbation of the Officers commanding the Militia, and the well affected inhabitants; when if you gain their approbation I should wish the measure to be put into execution immediately.
[Note 78: Kakiat (Kakeate) was 5 or 6 miles east of Suffern's on the road leading to Haverstraw, and a mile or so less than that below Haverstraw.]
Capt McLane I fully intended to have joined you before this and thought he had received orders for that purpose, but owing to some mistake I find it was not done; he is however now ordered to march and place himself under your command with his company. Your Letter of this date is just come to hand. I am, &c.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Smiths Tavern in the Clove, June 9, 1779.
Sir: On the receipt of this I request that you will proceed with your company by the nearest route towards Suffrans near the entrance of Smiths Clove, where, or in the Neighbourhood you will meet with Major Lee, and place yourself under his command. I am, &c.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Smiths Tavern in the Clove, June 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have only time to thank you for your several favours of the 16th 21st. 30th. of May first and 5th. of June, the last in behalf of the Board of Commissioners, and for the pains you have taken to acquire information of the Country between Fort Shuyler and Oswegatchie. Lt. Harbenbergh81 has fully communicated to me his plan and the observations he has made. I have requested him to make a second excursion to explore the country more fully and minutely, and have given him a letter to Col. Van Schaick to furnish him with a party of men and any other assistance he may require. You will
[Note 81: Lieut. John L. Hardenbergh, of the Second New York Regiment. He was made regimental adjutant in January, 1780; retired in January, 1781; served subsequently as captain of the New York Militia.] have been informed before this reaches you that the enemy have made a movement in force up the River. They are in two divisions on the opposite sides one at Verplank's point and the other at Stoney point and are fortifying. They invested a small redoubt on the former containing a party of between forty and fifty men which they took by capitulation. A part of their force has since returned to New York. Their design appeared first to be a serious attack upon the forts; which they perhaps relinquished on finding our affairs in a posture that might make the attempt dangerous. But they may possibly have had nothing else in view, than to possess themselves of the posts they have actually taken. This will interrupt our easiest communication between the Eastern and Southern states, open a new source of supplies to them, and a new door to distress and disaffect the country.
We have the mortification to be spectators of this and from the situation of the ground and other circumstances to see it out of our power to counteract a measure, from which we must experience many inconveniences. That part of our army which lay at Middle Brook is now in this clove, in order to give effectual succour to the Fort in case the enemy's further operations should be directed that way. I am, etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Smiths in the Clove, June 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: Having considered our own force, the situation and circumstances of the enemy, and the inconveniences which must result to the militia from detaining them longer in the field, from the sudden and unexpected manner in which they came out. I beg leave to inform your Excellency, that, I should hope they may be dismissed and permitted to return to their homes for the present, without any great injury. At the same time I request the favor of your Excellency to make them a tender of my sincerest thanks for their readiness in turning out; a circumstance not less interesting to the States than honorable to themselves, and which leaves me intirely convinced that their earliest support will not be wanting in any future case of emergency. I have the honor, etc.83
[Note 83: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Smiths in the Clove, June 9, 1779.
Sir: Among the various difficulties that have occurred in the Army, there have been few more distressing or more injurious to the service than the disputes about rank, and those which have arisen from irregular promotions. A case has lately happened of this nature between John Allison and John Lee Esquires respecting the Lieutenant Colonelcy in the 1st. Virginia State Regiment. The inclosed paper contains a Copy of the claims of the parties and of the Opinion of a Board of Field Officers as to their rights, which is submitted to Your Excellency to approve or disapprove, as it leads to a revocation of Commissions, which I do not consider myself authorized to direct in any instance. If the Board's opinion is confirmed which is in favor of Mr. Allison, and who was clearly a superior Officer to Mr. Lee, it will be necessary to revoke the Commission of Lt. Colo. granted the latter and that of Major granted to Captain Quarles.84 It will also be necessary in conformity to the Opinion of the Court, which is founded, in justice to the line of the Army in general, that the Commissions
[Note 84: Capt. James Quarles, of the Second Virginia State Regiment. He served after January, 1780, as major of the Virginia Militia.] of Lieut. Colonel and of Major, given by Colo. Gibson to Mr Allison and Meriwether85 respectively, as mentioned in the proceedings, should be vacated, and new ones issued bearing date at the time Lieutenant Colonel Brent86 was promoted to the command of the 2d State Regiment in consequence of Colo: Smith's87 Resignation. I am sorry to observe upon this occasion, that there does not appear to have been that degree of candor and delicate conduct used, either in granting Commissions of Lt. Colonel and Major to Mr Allison and Mr. Meriwether in the first instance, or in obtaining those in the last for Mr. Lee and Mr. Quarles, which I could always wish to characterise Officers. The sooner Your Excellency determines the point and transmits the result the better, as 'till then matters will remain in suspence and confusion to the detriment of the service. I have the Honor, etc.88
[Note 85: Maj. Thomas Meriwether, of the First Virginia State Regiment. He served to February, 1781.]
[Note 86: Lieut. Col. William Brent, of the Second Virginia State Regiment.]
[Note 87: Col. Gregory Smith, of the Second Virginia State Regiment. He resigned in May, 1779.]
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Smiths Tavern in the Clove, June 9, 1779.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Lieut Harbenbergh who has promised me to make another excursion with a view to explore the grounds well between the Mohawk and grand river. I have therefore to request, you will furnish him with a party of men for that purpose, and afford him such other aid as may be necessary to carry him thro with it. He will make his report to you and I beg it may be transmitted without delay and unknown to others. He may go out under the idea of a scout. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: The copy is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Smiths Tavern, Clove, June 9, 1779.
Sir: Desirous to avoid as much as possible keeping the militia in the field, especially at a season which requires they should be at home; I am to request you will dismiss those under your command with my warmest thanks, for the zeal and alacrity with which they have turned out upon the present interesting occasion. This does them the highest honor and affords an earnest of what they will do on any future emergency. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter signed is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 7, fol. 435. It is addressed to Colonel Malcom or theofficer commanding the militia in the vicinity of the Furnace of Dean.]
Head Quarters, Clove, June 9, 1779.
Sir: The detachment you command is intended to relieve Colo. Stewart, and will be relieved in turn three days hence. You will proceed with it to the Furnace of Dean,91 where you will make your head Quarters, and from thence you are to send Picquets on the roads leading to Fort Montgomery, Kings Ferry &ca. and to use every precaution which your force wild enable, and the utmost vigilance requires, to prevent surprizes, and oppose any Troops which may be moving against this Army or our Posts at West point.
[Note 91: In the Forest of Dean.]
To obtain a knowledge of the proper places for fixing your Picquets you will be pleased to Consult Colo. Stewart; but in a more especial manner Colo. Malcom, if with him (on acct. of his having greater knowledge of the grounds and passes) remembering,92 that from the Forest or Furnace of Dean there
[Note 92: The letter sent reads at this point: "You will keep in view that from the Forestor furnace," etc.] is a road which leads to your right from the Enemy at Kings ferry (distant not more than ten miles), by which, if not attended to, the enemy may turn your Right Flank.
You will lose no time in givg. me an acct. of every occurrance of moment and in case, as is before directed, the enemy should move either against this Army or the Posts at West Point in Front, flank or Rear93 to the utmost of your power, dispute every inch of ground and every advantage[ous] pass in the best manner you are capable.
[Note 93: The letter sent reads: "You will to the utmost of your power," etc.]
[The Virginia division is directed to send a party on the road leading from June's to Kings ferry; it may be useful for your advanced parties to have a communication with this.
You will give a certified copy of these orders to the officer who shall relieve you with any information you may have acquired.]94
[Note 94: The original letter sent is in the Maryland Historical Society and in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The above draft by Washington has the modifications noted in the writing of Hamilton. The portion in brackets, also, is in the writing of Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Smiths Clove, June 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed I send you extracts of two letters one from Colonel Van Schaick of the 22nd., and another from General Clinton of the 28th. of May.95 I rely intirely upon you for giving General Clinton the directions necessary for his co-operation, as I could not undertake to do it, without hazarding an interference with your views. I am, &c.
[Note 95: The original of Clinton's letter and a contemporary copy of Van Schaick's are in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. The enemy remain much as last advised, on Verplanck's and Stoney points. They are industriously fortifying and seem determined to keep those posts to intercept the communication by Kings ferry. A part of their troops have returned to New York. The main army is for the present, in this Clove.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Smith's in the Clove, June 9, 1779.
Gentlemen: The hurried and moving state of the Army would not permit me the Honor before, of acknowledging your several favors of the 21st, 25th, 27th and 27th and 29th Ulto. which were duly received. Your favors also of the 3, 4 and 5 Instant have come safe to hand.
I will obtain as soon as I can, the dates of the appointments of the Field Officers in the Pensylvania line, which have not been already ascertained, and the names of the Officers intitled to be promoted to the Lieutenant Colonelcies of the 5th and 20th. Regiments and Majority in the 7th and transmit the whole to the Board by file first opportunity.
The demand of Military Stores by General Clinton and Mr. Rensselaer97 was certainly exorbitant in the extreme and such as merited the animadversions the Board have made. I believe it originated with themselves and probably the local distance the General was from Head Quarters, led him to make a direct application to the Commissary of Stores, without the interposition of other authority. The Board's order to the Commissary and the arrangement of the Ordnance department, which they were pleased to send him, I hope will make him husband the stores with every degree of proper oeconomy. A circumstance at all times necessary and in our situation indispensably requisite. I am really pained that our supplies of ammunition should be so miserably low, and trust that proper measures have been taken to place them on a more respectable footing.
[Note 97: Peter van Rensselaer. He was Commissary of Military Stores of the Continental Army at Albany, N.Y.]
The interpretation which the Board have given of the Resolution of the 15th of March,98 in their answer to Governor Livingston and the Honourable Mr. Camp,99 appears to be founded in great expediency and I should be happy if it were to obtain generally: but it seems to me that the letter of the Resolution at least, will easily countenance a different one, and I have not the smallest doubt, but that it will be readily adopted. I am informed that the State of Connecticut, in their consideration of the Resolve gave it this construction and accordingly, computing the difference between the aggregate amount of their Battalion quotas and that of the Men in the field, including Artificers &c &c, have placed the deficiency for which they are to provide at little more than 600, altho' their Regiments want fourteen hundred to complete them. This too I should suppose was the sense of the Jersey Assembly at the time of their application, and I am inclined to think it will be the sense of the Assemblies in general.
[Note 98: This resolve provided that all officers, noncommissioned officers, and privates who entered the service after Sept. 16, 1776, for three years or during the war, not being a part of the 88 battalions, originally apportioned on the States, should be considered a part of the quota of the several States "to which they did or shall respectively belong when so commissioned or enlisted."]
[Note 99: Caleb Camp, of Morristown, N.J. He was a member of the New Jersey Legislature from Essex County.]
The Infantry Battalions are the only troops that have been explictly required and apportioned on the States, and hence they do not consider themselves obliged to make provision for any other Corps, and under the Act of the 15th. of March, they apply all the Men engaged in them to the credit of their Batallion Complements. As this construction would have a very injurious operation, by greatly reducing the Regiments, it will be advisable for Congress to make an explanatory Resolve to prevent the mischief. In the instance of Jersey, this latter construction would take from her three Battalions, between three and four hundred Men, and in like manner a considerable number from the Battalions of the other States so that they would become a mere handful. If the men engaged in the Army for the War or three Years, not belonging to the Battalions assessed on the States, (no matter under what description) could be placed on such a footing as to receive a proportion of the Supplies furnished by the States from which they came, it would remove the grounds of complaint, that have hitherto prevailed and which were the foundation of the Resolve.
I entertain a very favourable opinion of Captain Ryan, as an active, intelligent Officer and think with the Board, that he is capable of rendering good services and that there is something of singularity in his case. Yet as there are a thousand or at least a variety of instances in the Army where the plea of hardship might be urged, and as his arrangement in the line was conformable to the general system and his promotion to a Majority before had given great uneasiness and been decided irregular, I cannot advise that he should obtain the Brevet which he solicits. It is true he solicits a Brevet to have a future operation, but this is unprecedented, or at least contrary to any thing I am acquainted with; and supposing for a moment that it is not, and that the granting it would not immediately affect the rights of Others, it would open a door for many applications of the same nature. If we were to examine all the hard cases in the Army, we should find that Captain Ryan's is far from standing alone and probably not among the first.
In a word, we are now struggling to reduce matters to some order and to get the better if possible, of the confusion which has unhappily prevailed; and it will be with the utmost caution, that I give my concurrence to any measure that may involve the smallest new inconveniences. Those that exist at present, are almost insupportable. The Board's information with respect to the Majors in the line not accepting the Offices of Brigade Inspector and Brigade Major is but too well founded. As yet they have not done it except in a few instances. However as it is of great importance that they should undertake them, I would wish the plan to remain unaltered for some time, that we may make a farther experiment. At the same time I would observe that it may be necessary for Congress to augment their pay forty four Dollars in addition to what they draw in their Regiments. This may be some inducement for them to accept and will not more than compensate for the extensive and fatiguing duties they must undergo; and it seems the more reasonable as the Two Offices are united and the augmentation proposed will not exceed the extra pay allowed when they were discharged by Two persons.
With respect to Baylor's Regiment, I am at a loss to know what to say. If the Dragoons were remounted their services might be very essential; but as this is not the case, nor can it be effected at any rate, till the Campaign is far advanced and then only on terms of such exorbitancy, I cannot tell how to advise the measure. The Board will be pleased to consider of it, and to decide upon it, in such way as they may think will best promote the public interest.
The limited inlistments of the Troops, or at least of a part of them, and the approach of them towards their end, are certainly matters of very interesting concern, and such as should be provided for in time if it be possible. From the detached and divided situation of the Army at this time, a general state of the inlistments cannot be obtained; but this I should hope cannot operate any great inconvenience, as the Board will be able to derive information on the subject from the Muster Rolls, and to take their measures accordingly. However as the Pensylvania Troops are in Camp and also those from Maryland, among which it is said there are many inlistments " for three years or during the War," I will direct the Commanding Officers to have returns made lest the manner of the inlistments should not have been explicitly stated in the Muster Rolls. But this must not be considered as an admission of the construction put upon them by the Soldiers, as that of the Officers must be supported. It is but very lately that I heard there was any uneasiness in the Pensylvania line upon this head, and took it for granted from the constant report of the Officers, that the only mode of inlistment was during the War. In the month of July August or Sepbr. last, I cannot tell which, (not having any of my papers or baggage with me) I called for a general state of the Inlistments of the Army, that I might inform Congress at what periods the troops would end their service, or at least those whose inlistments would expire by the opening of the present campaign; when the Pensylvanians were returned inlisted during the War, except in a very few, perhaps not more than four or five instances. The enormous bounties given by the States, Towns and by Individuals to Men for very short temporary services, are the source of the present discontents and of a thousand evils among the soldiery and as long as they continue to be given, so long will they excite dissatisfaction. They induce the soldier who has undergone a long service and who engaged for the War in the first instance on a very moderate bounty to reason upon his situation, and to draw a comparison between what he does not receive and the great emoluments Others get, and put him upon inventing means from which he will be able to derive the same advantages. And from this comparison and these considerations it is I am convinced, that most of our desertions proceed, especially where the Men do not go to the Enemy. It would have been happy for us if State, Town and Substitute bounties, particularly the Two first had never been thought of, and it would be still fortunate, if they were to be entirely abolished.1 In consideration of the services of the Soldiers who engaged at an early period, to serve during the War, and the great disproportion between the bounties they received, and those given to Others for the service of a few Months, or perhaps not more than a Year at most, I have sometimes thought it might not be improper to give them, by way of gratuity and as an acknowledgement 100 Dollars, which, besides operating as a reward, might have a good effect and quiet their discontents. And perhaps some such expedient, attended with an explicit declaration that the money given was intirely as a gratuity, and to place them upon a more equal footing with respect to Other parts of the Army who had received greater bounties for shorter service they who stand engaged during the War, might compose the Soldiery in the Pensylva. line and those from Maryland, under the predicament the Board have mentioned. The measure if adopted, must be general as to all the Old soldiers inlisted for the War. There is however a powerful consideration opposed to it, the state of our Money, and the quantity the gratuities would require.2 The Board as I have observed, will by recurring to the Muster Rolls derive satisfactory information respecting the inlistments and from them they will be enabled to determine with tolerable accuracy what part of the present Army we shall have to depend on another Campaign and of course will consider of the steps necessary to be pursued for levying a New one.
[Note 1: New Jersey granted a bounty of $250 to her recruits, which was in addition to the Continental bounty. Georgia gave a bounty of $300 for enlistments for the period of the war. Virginia offered $750, a suit of clothes yearly, and 100 acres of land, though the Continental bounty and clothing were deducted from this.]
[Note 2: Congress voted, on June 22, a gratuity of $100 to those soldiers who had enlisted before Jan. 23, 1779.]
I transmit again the arrangement of the New Hampshire line, and request that the Board will make out the Commissions as soon as they can agreable to it as the Officers are very importunate for them. There possibly may be some mistakes in it; if there are, they must be subject to future amendment and alteration. I also transmit an Arrangement of the Captains, Lieutenants and Ensigns in Spencers Regiment, and request Commissions for them. The Arrangement of the German Battallion is forwarded for the same purpose and the Board will return Commissions, as far as it can be done. I have the Honor, &c.
P.S. I request the Board will forward to the Inspector General, as speedily as possible a sufficient number of copies of the new regulations to supply the officers in general. We cannot put the business effectually in train till every officer has the regulations by which he is to be governed in his hand.
I also request the Board will be pleased to forward two or three complete sets of the Printed Journals of Congress as far as they have gone. These will be very useful to me.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The P.S. is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Smiths in the Clove, June 9, 1779.
Sir: I had several days ago the Honor to receive the Board's Letter of the 18th Ulto. which I should have acknowledged long since, if I had not been prevented by the hurried and moving state of the Army. I am persuaded, Mr. Auditor Johnston's4 report has but too much foundation and that many Officers have left the service without having previously settled their accounts. This however, has not been with my permission, and I have endeavoured to prevent it as far as it was in my power. I shall continue to do the same, and in all cases where I am applied to on the subject of resigning, proper
[Note 4: James Johnston, Auditor of Accounts for the Continental Army.] certificates or information that the parties are not in debt, will be as they have been, insisted on as prerequisites to the measure. I will also issue orders upon the occasion. I have the honor, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft, which is addressed to James Duane, chairman of the Board of Treasury, is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Wednesday, June 9, 1779.
Parole Bilboa. Countersigns Baltimore, Bender.
A detachment of five hundred men from the Virginia and Maryland divisions, with three days provision and their blankets unincumbered with any other baggage, to march tomorrow morning at four o'clock to relieve the detachment under Colonel Stewart; Colonel Williams6 to take the command and call this afternoon at Head Quarters for instructions.
[Note 6: Col. Otho Holland Williams, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment.]
Major Webb7 to be joined to this detachment.
[Note 7: Maj. John Webb, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July, 1779, and retired in February, 1781.]
The Virginia division will furnish a Picket of fifty men on the clove road four miles advanced on the right of their encampment and the Maryland division will do the same on the road or path leading from June's tavern towards Haverstraw. Patroles to be constantly going from these Pickets as far down as may be safe.
Lord Stirling will please to order a party of thirty men to open the road from June's and General St. Clair a like party to open that from the Widow Van Ambras's to the Furnace so as if possible to admit a march in sections.
The Chief Engineer will furnish the General with a draft of West Point and its environs, including the communications with this Camp. The roads leading from June's and the Widow VanAmbra's to the Furnace of Deane are in the first instance to be ascertained. The Geographers will assist in this business.8
[Note 8: A resultant map is, probably, the one now (1931) in the possession of Erskine Hewitt, of New York City, which is inscribed "Copied from Surveys laid down by R. Erskine F. R. S. 1778 & 1779"]
Captain Lt. Pryor of Colonel Harrison's regiment of Artillery is appointed Aide De Camp to Major General Lord Stirling and is to be accordingly respected.
Head Quarters, Smith's Clove, June 10, 1779.
Sir: I have received your two favours of the 28th. of May and 6th of June. I hope before this you will have received instructions from General Sullivan, respecting the precise line of conduct you are to observe. Whether your destination shall be up the Mohock River or to form a junction in the first instance with the main body at the Head of Susquehannah, is a point I have left to him to decide and to give you directions accordingly. But as the preparations on the Susquehannah are completed and the main body all in motion towards Wyoming, it is essential you should be ready to move either way at the shortest notice. Should there be any delay on your part, when you are required to commence your operations, the consequences may be very disagreeable. I therefore leave it with you to make whatever further preparations you think necessary to enable you to comply with a sudden call. The Quarter Master is directed to consult you and execute your orders. The providing teams or pack horses beforehand depends on the ease or difficulty of procuring them in a hurry. I leave it with you to do as you think proper; and I expect that you will be at all points prepared, instantly to comply with the orders you may receive from General Sullivan, for the purpose of a perfect cooperation either way.
In respect to what Col Van Schaik mentions of his being deficient in the means of rewarding the Indians for their services, if he should mean only a want of money, you will give him a warrant on the Pay Master for the necessary sum. If he means articles of Cloathing &c. you will be pleased to make an application to the Commissioners for Indian-affairs who I dare say will do every thing in their power to supply him.
It is entirely agreeable to me that Capt Graham should succeed to the vacancy to which he is intitled. You will be pleased to send me a certificate specifying the time and manner of the vacancy and that Capt. Graham10 is the oldest Captain in the New York line. This I will transmit to the Board of War, that his commission may be made out accordingly. In the mean time his appointment may take place by a brigade order.
[Note 10: Capt. John Graham, of the First New York Regiment. His rank as major was dated from March, 1779, and he served to close of the war.]
Major Popham,11 who I presume was your former Brigade Major may continue with you as Aid De Camp with the same rank and pay. I wish Major Fish's health may permit him to accept the Brigade Inspectorship. I am, etc.12
[Note 11: Maj. William Popham. He was aide to Gen. James Clinton in 1779, and aide to Steuben to close of the war.]
[Note 12: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft, also by Hamilton, varies in an inconsequential verbal way from this letter sent.
On June 11, 1779, Washington wrote a brief note to Maj. Gert. John Sullivan, sending an extract of his above directions to Clinton. "I, of course, depend on you for giving him more particular ones." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Thursday, June 10, 1779.
Parole Needham. Countersigns Newton, Natick.
The rum and whisky in the Magazine to be divided among the brigade commissaries and a gill pr. man issued to the whole Army this day.
Four days flour to be issued to the troops so that the whole army may be served with flour up to Sunday next inclusive. Two days fresh beef to be issued to day, and cattle equal to two days supply to be with each brigade commissary, ready to be slaughtered when wanted.
All deficiencies of meat on the march are to be made good to the troops.
The General directs that returns for the present deficiencies of shoes, in the several regiments be immediately made out (so as to be ready to draw them as soon as they arrive) agreeable to the mode pointed out in the order of the 30th. of May last, which is to be strictly and inviolably observed in drawing every future supply of clothing and necessaries.
The Quarter Master General is desired to have the roads leading from the several division to Chester13 examined and apply for the necessary parties to repair them.
[Note 13: Chester, Orange County, N.Y., about 8 miles in an air line almost due west from Smith's Tavern. It was on the road leading from Ringwood to New Windsor, west of the mountains that formed Smith's Clove.]
Head Quarters, Smiths Clove, June 11, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your two letters of the 25th. and 30th. of May, which the situation of affairs in this quarter prevented my acknowledging sooner. I can only lament that your prospects of reinforcements are so unfavorable. The appearances are not better for the main army. It would almost seem as if the States were determined to let our security depend entirely on a want of enterprise in the enemy.
With respect to my plans the only offensive ones14 I could have in contemplation independent on contingencies has been announced to you. I mean the Western expedition. Our defensive ones must depend on the movements of the enemy. I imagined you had too just an idea of the comparitive state of their strength and ours to make a particular explanation on this head necessary. But the opinion you express in your last of the glorious opportunity of making an attack upon New York, shows that you must either greatly overrate our force or undervalue that of the enemy.15 Indeed you are intirely mistaken in your estimate of the detachments which
[Note 14: The draft is singular.]
[Note 15: Gates had written from Providence (May 30): "As it will now be too late for any of the Army with your Excellency, to Disappoint the Enemy's immediate Views in Virginia, a Glorious Opportunity at This Instant present itself for attacking New York with the Fairest prospect of Advantage. Sixteen Thousand of The Enemy's Troop, having most undoubtedly been Detached from that City since October last. Gates's letter is in the Washington Papers.] have gone from New York since the first of October last, Including that to Virginia which has lately returned; they did not amount to much more than one half the number you mention; at the highest calculation they could not exceed 9500. The force then remaining at New York and its dependencies by the lowest computation was not less than 9000 serviceable men, it is now 11,000. You will judge from this state of facts whether the opportunity for attacking New York was a very glorious one or not.
I am almost intirely in the dark as to our foreign prospects and can therefore give you no light on that head. I have little more for my own government than news paper intelligence, common report and conjecture.
Instantly on the receipt of yours of the 25th. of May I dispatched an extract from it to Congress, and urged an immediate and competent supply of money.
I agree with you that a precedent of payment for deficiency of rations would be dangerous and very hard to get over.
You will have heard that the enemy have made a movement up the North River and taken possession of Verplank's and stoney points opposite each other. They are fortifying and seem determined to keep possession. It is judicious on their part and will be productive of advantages to them and inconveniences to us which will be too obvious to you to need enumeration. They have about 6000 Men in the two divisions. A part of those which came up at first have since returned to New York. An attempt to dislodge them, from the natural strength of the positions, would require a greater force and apparatus than we are masters of. All we can do is to lament what we cannot remedy and to endeavour to prevent a further progress on the river, and to make the advantages of what they have now gained as limited as possible. I am, etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
June 11, I779.
Sir: Notwithstanding I sent you some Dragoons for the purpose of transmitting intelligence, I could wish you from the roughness of the Country to select 2 or 3, active footmen for the same purpose; these you will exempt from all other duty and keep in the utmost readiness for this business. If any thing extraordinary should happen, during your command at the forest,17 it may be well to communicate it both by a horse and footman, when the most expeditious way will be discovered and may be used on similar occasions. I am, etc.18
[Note 17: Forest of Dean.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Smiths Clove, June 11, 1779.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's favours of the 4th and 5th, to which due attention shall be paid.
The enemy's situation remains much the same as mentioned in mine of the 6th. One body of about 5000 men is on Verplanks point and another of about 1000 on stony point. They continue fortifying and no doubt mean to keep possession of those posts. The natural strength of the ground with very little help of art will make them inaccessible to us in our present circumstances. The advantages of holding them will be important to the enemy, the inconveniences to us great. It is a step to further operations against the forts. Our communication by Kings ferry, far the easiest, is at an end. The extent and difficulty of land transportation considerably increased, a new resort and sanctuary afforded to the disaffected in these parts of the country, and a new door opened to draw supplies distress and corrupt the inhabitants. Reasons which need not be explained put it out of my19 power to prevent it before hand or to remedy it now it has happened.
[Note 19: The draft, in the writing of Hamilton, has "our."]
We have taken post for the present with the main body of the army in this Clove where we are as well situated as we could be any where else to succour the forts in case the future operations of the enemy should be directed against them.
The troops mentioned to have returned down the river on the 5th. are said to be principally the detachment that went to Virginia, which immediately on its arrival at New York had been hurried up the river and is now gone back to repose.
I devoutly wish a confirmation of the Southern news though I cannot but say my fears predominate so much time having elapsed.20
[Note 20: See Washington's letter to the President of the Continental Congress, May 16, 1779, ante.]
I have the honor, etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on June 16 and referred to Elbridge Gerry, John Armstrong, and Henry Laurens.]
Smiths Clove, June 11, 1779.
Sir: I have just received your favor of this date, and for the reasons you offer for continuing the detachment a longer time than was intended, I shall readily consent to it; but instead of its drawing provisions from the Fort, I shall direct the Commissary here to afford the necessary supply, and you may depend on having it with you in proper time. I inclose you a letter written yesterday, which you will communicate as well as your instructions, to the officer who may relieve you. I am &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 23: Treasurer of the United States.]
Smiths in the Clove, June 11, 1779.
Sir: Some time since His Excellency the President of Congress did me the Honor to inform me that Congress had passed an Act authorizing the public Treasurer to pay to my order any sum of hard money not exceeding 2000 Guineas for the purposes of secret services. This I think was the substance of his letter as well as I can recollect it, for I have not my papers with me. As I have now occasion for part, and a favourable opportunity offers, I request that you will be pleased to deliver to Major Des Espiniers24 Five hundred Guineas who will convey them to me, and whose receipt will be good for the same. I have the Honor, etc.25
[Note 24: Maj. Augustin Francois des Epiniers. He was aide to Baron Steuben; nephew to Baron de Beaumarchais; granted leave of absence for six months; returned to France in October, 1779.
On June 19 Hillegas delivered to Major Epiniers in Philadelphia 500 guineas, in specie. His letter of that date is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, June 11, 1779.
Sir: Want of leisure prevented my acknowledging sooner the receipt of your letter of the 28th of May. I shall be always happy to show you every attention, which circumstances will permit, during your residence among us; and I sincerely wish you the speediest relief from your present difficulties.
You may depend on having the earliest notice of your exchange, when it takes place; but I am sorry to inform you, no return has yet been made for any of the invalids of the convention troops which have been sent into New York.
I beg the favor of you to present my respects to Mrs. Harnage and assure her of my best wishes for the restoration of her health. I am, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On June 11 Washington wrote a pass for "Mrs. Hay and Phineas Herd to pass all Continental and other Guards on her way to Kakeat. The Horsemen who Escort Mrs. Hay is to return unmolested." A facsimile of this letter was kindly furnished by Emanuel Hertz, of New York City. Heard (Herd) was a captain of the Cornwall Militia Light Horse.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Friday, June 11, 1779.
Parole California. Countersigns Cuba, Chester.
The Quarter Master General will order four good guides to each division, who are to remain at or near the quarters of the Major Generals or officers commanding divisions, that they may be ready for any sudden call. These men must have a competent knowledge of all the roads, paths and cloves laying between this encampment and the river, about the Forest of Deane and towards Haverstraw &c.
The detachment under the command of Colonel Williams is to have three days provision sent them tomorrow.
A critical inspection to be made immediately into the state of the mens arms and ammunition on this ground. Colonel Davies will inspect the Virginia division, Lieutenant Colonel Fleury the Maryland division and as there is no Sub-Inspector appointed to the Pennsylvania division, the Inspector General is requested to examine them himself. In this inspection inquiry is to be made into the supplies of arms and ammunition received since the last, the deficiencies that have happened, and the causes of them.
AFTER ORDERS
The regimental Clothiers will apply tomorrow morning at the barn near General Putnam's quarters for their deficiencies of shoes agreeable to their last returns.
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Saturday, June 12, 1779.
Parole Betwick. Countersigns Brest, Deane.
The following formation of the three divisions of the Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania troops is immediately to take place for the present campaign:
The companies of Light Infantry are to be immediately drawn out agreeable to this proportion. The officers commanding regiments will be particularly careful in the choice of the men, which is a duty, the good of the service and the credit of their respective regiments equally demand; When it is considered that in every army the honor of a regiment and that of its Light Company are intimately connected, the officer commanding it cannot but be solicitous to furnish men that will support the reputation of his regiment.
The companies from the several brigades will parade tomorrow morning 11 o'clock near the Maryland division, where the Adjutant General is desired to pass the men, their clothes, arms and accoutrements under a critical inspection, and return all who on any account shall appear unfit for this kind of service to their regiments to be replaced by others whom he shall approve.
A Captain, Subaltern and three Serjeants are to be appointed to each company.
Lieutenant Colonel Harmar is appointed Sub-Inspector to the Pennsylvania division.
Captain Alexander,27 intitled to a Majority is appointed Brigade Major to the 1st., and Captain Moore28 also intitled to a Majority is appointed Brigade Major to the 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigades. They are to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 27: Capt. William Alexander, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was made major in April, 1780, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 28: Capt. Thomas Lloyd Moore, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. His majority in the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment, granted later, was dated from May, 1779; transferred to the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
Lieutenant Colonel Lewis Morris29is appointed a Volunteer Aide-De-Camp to Major General Greene and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. Lewis Morris, jr. He was aide to Maj. Gert. Nathanael Greene to the close of the war.]
A corporal and eight men from each division are to be employed in making coal for the use of their respective divisions, Colo. Baldwin30 will give the necessary directions.
[Note 30: Col. Jeduthan Baldwin. He commanded the Artillery Artificer regiment to March, 1781.]
A Sub-Serjeant and twenty rank and file to be daily employed in cutting grass under the direction of the Commisssary General of Forage.
Each brigade will constantly furnish sufficient fatigue parties to cut grass for their own horses under the direction of their brigade Forage-Masters.
The afore mentioned fatigue parties to join their regiments immediately on an alarm.
Smith's in the Clove, June 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received last night your favour of the 8th. Instant. I hope General Clinton is now moving by the Routes and according to the Orders he has received from General Sullivan, under whose command he has been entirely placed for some time past, and of which I advised him by Two different conveyances, besides writing to him thro' the hands of General Sullivan. As it was conceived best, that the Troops composing his command should not collect at Conajoharie till the main body of the detachment with General Sullivan was nearly ready to move towards Wyoming, he was only directed to have things in such a train as to be able to assemble there upon the shortest notice, as the point of rendezvous in the first instance and to proceed from thence either to form a junction on the Susquehannah at Tioga, or to move up the Mohawk River as he might be ordered. He is entirely, as I have observed under General Sullivan's direction.
With respect to the Company of Gansevoort's Regiment, remaining to guard the Stores, as General Sullivan has been promised these Troops and I would not willingly afford the most distant ground for complaint; I would wish it to rejoin the Regiment if the Troops have not proceeded so far as to render it if other circumstances will permit it to be done hazardous or impracticable. This is my wish, however, if a tolerable number of the late drafts have joined the Regiments with General Clinton, I shall have no great objection to the Companys remaining, tho' the Troops should not be out of reach, if an equal number of Militia cannot be easily procured to answer the purposes for which it was left. I will leave the matter with you, being perfectly convinced that you will do in it as circumstances shall require, and request that you will inform the Officer commanding the Company of the line of conduct he is to pursue.31
[Note 31: The letter to the officer commanding the company of Gansevoort's regiment, under date of June 28, 1779, is in the Washington Papers. It reads: "I am informed by a Letter of the 8th Instant, from Genl. Schuyler, that General Clinton would leave a Company of Gansevoorts Regiment at Albany, when he marched, to guard the stores till further orders. I have written to General Schuyler upon the occasion, and request that you will take directions from him as to your future destination."]
The situation of the Enemy on the North River is much the same as it was when I wrote you on the 9.
We have had for some days past very flattering reports thro' various channels of the success of our Arms at the Southward, and I am very anxious for their confirmation. Mr. Jay in a Letter of the 7th. transmitted me the following, which he said was all the intelligence Congress had received from South Carolina, except what you will have seen before in the News papers.32
[Note 32: At this point, the draft reads: "A person &c insert it." The manuscript under date of May, 1779, is in the Washington Papers. It contains an account of a British repulse at Charleston, S.C.]
If this account should prove true it will be most interesting, and if it should not, or something like it, there has been a strange concurrence of lies. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to have the inclosed delivered to the Officer commanding the Company belonging to Gansevoort's Regiment I have informed him, that he will receive Orders from you as to his joining his Regiment or remaining at Albany.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Clove, June 13, 1779.
Sir: I yesterday received your letter of the 8th. Mine to you of the 11th. will accompany this to which I refer you. No opportunity having offered, it has been delayed.
I have directed General Knox to send you a reinforcement of Artillery men. One company he informs me is all that the general exigencies of the service will permit him to spare.
By the establishment of the ordnance department, when you stand in need of supplies in ordinary cases, The Commanding officer of Artillery under you, with your direction and concurrence is to apply to The Board of War, with an estimate of your wants and they will give orders accordingly. In extraordinary emergencies, a demand may be made immediately on the nearest magazines.
You will find that as soon as I received your former letter, I made an instant application to Congress for a supply of money to you. The President in a letter of the 7th. instant says" The extract of a letter from Major General Gates to your Excellency is referred to the treasury, who will take order thereon." I shall repeat the application.
You will be pleased to address yourself to The Board of War and to The Clothier in Boston for the articles necessary from time to time, to supply the wants of the troops under your command.
A report has prevailed for several days past of very important successes to the Southward. There are so many concurring circumstances, that but for the want of regular information, the fact could hardly be doubted. I send you the copy of a piece of intelligence transmitted me by the President of Congress on the 7th and the extract of a letter I have just received from Col. Mitchell.35 If true, it is one of the most glorious events that could have happened and will reflect the highest honor on our arms. I am, etc.36
[Note 35: Colonel Mitchell's letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 36: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The draft is also in the writing of Hamilton and contains the following P. S. which was omitted from the letter sent: "The enemy remain as mentioned in my last."]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Smith's in the Clove, June 13, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The Honourable The Congress have decided the affair of rank between Colos. Van Courtlandt, Gansevoort and Dubois upon their Memorials, against Col. Dubois, as you will perceive by the inclosed Extract from General Orders, which contains their resolution upon the occasion. You will be pleased to publish the Extract in your Brigade Orders or communicate it to the parties in any way you may think most eligible. ... I am, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The omitted portion is identical with the last paragraph of Washington's letter to Philip Schuyler, June 13, 1779, q. v.]
Head Quarters Smiths Clove, June 13, 1779.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 11th., and to return you my thanks for the news Papers which it inclosed.38
[Note 38: Colonel Neilson was then at Elizabeth Town, N.J.]
I am sorry you have not had it in your power to make any diversion in that quarter, so as to alarm or attract the attention of the enemy, nor indeed do I know the means that can be used at present to produce such an effect, unless the preparation of the flat bottomed boats, which are ordered on from Philadelphia on carriages, will answer the end. The enemy will certainly hear of their arrival, which will probably raise their suspicions. They will also serve another purpose, should our situation enable us to attempt any thing serious on the Island. I am, etc.
PS. You will be pleased to forward the inclosed. Mrs. Delancy by whom it is written expects a trunk from New York, when it arrives I am to request your particular Care of it.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Smiths Tavern in the Clove, June 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your letter of yesterday with the inclosures from C--r came duly to hand. Should suspicions of him rise so high as to render it unsafe to continue in N-- Y-- I would by all means wish him to employ some person of whose attachment and abilities he entertains the best opinion, to act in his place, with a request to be critical in his observations rather than a mere retailer of Vulgar reports. To combine the best information he can get with attentive observation will prove the more likely means to obtain useful knowledge. A mode of conveying it quickly is of the utmost importance and claims much attention.
When I can procure more of the liquid C--r writes for, it shall be sent, at present I cannot say when this may happen. I thank you for the information respecting long Island. The letter to Mr. Deane shall be sent. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: This letter was intercepted by the British, and is now in the Clinton Papers. The copy by Richard Kidder Meade, in the Washington Papers, has "The Letters to Mr. Deane" and so forth.]
[C.L.]
Head Quarters, Smiths Clove, June 13, 1779.
Sir: Your favour of the 9th. instant came to hand yesterday. Those of the 6th. 11th. of May and 2nd. of June have been also received and through hurry of business lain by. The shoes, overalls and shirts which were coming on to Fishkill and stopped in consequence of the enemy's approach, I have directed Col. Hay to have forwarded to the army.
I am sorry to discover among a quantity of shoes delivered out yesterday a large proportion unfit for use. Some regiments had an inspection condemned and returned all they had received. I wish the most effectual measures to be taken to prevent the like in future. I need not enlarge on the loss to the public and injury to the service which attend instances of this kind. The shoes rejected were in some of the hhds marked and numbered RL 14. 15. 18. 63. 65. 71. 75. 61. 72. 73. 69. and 60.
The blankets mentioned in yours of the 2nd. of June are to remain where they are 'till further orders.
I am much obliged to you for the Register. It will be very useful to me. I am, etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Smiths Clove, June 13, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been duly honored with your Excellency's favor of the 7th. The high respect I bear to the State would make me silent upon a subject of such delicacy as that you have been pleased to communicate, did I not view the event which you suppose probable as pregnant with very unhappy consequences. I should regard it as one of the most unfortunate that could happen in our present circumstances.42 I beg leave to assure your Excellency as the result of the fullest examination of our resources and expectations, that no part of our force or supplies, can be diverted from the common defence without essentially injuring the common cause. The support of the army after every measure that can be adopted by our united efforts will be barely practicable. This I do not assert upon general and vague grounds but from a minute inspection of the actual state and future prospects of our magazines. Much is to be apprehended, if this State on whose wisdom and energy I have always had the strongest reliance, should turn its
[Note 42: Clinton's letter of June 7, from the Highlands, is not found in the Washington Papers, but as printed in the Clinton Papers (Albany, 1911), vol. 5, P. 59, it informed Washington that the governor expected to be forced to quit the field in order to convene the legislature, because of outrages committed in Cumberland County, N.Y., by Ethan Allen and his followers, who had seized and imprisoned the principal civil and military officers. Clinton requested the return of the six brass six-pounders lent to the Continent in 1776. The magazines of flour ordered collected by the New York Legislature would be wanted for the expected operations against the Vermonters and the State would not be able to fill its Continental battalions for the same reason and would not be able to assist the western expedition under General Sullivan.] resources into a different channel. An anxious concern for the public good will I flatter myself be admitted by your Excellency as the only motive and a sufficient excuse, for so free a communication of my sentiments on the present interesting occasion.
I shall give immediate directions for returning within the state the six Brass six pounders lent the Continent or others equally good. I have the honor to be, etc.43
[Note 43: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Sunday, June 13, 1779.
Parole Westbury. Countersigns Warwick, Wells.
The officers commanding divisions will take the most effectual means to call in all the absent officers of their respective divisions not on essential public business to join their Corps immediately. This order must not be dispensed with or delayed on any account though the execution should be attended with expence. The good of the service and the honor of the officers where they are not absent by order, demand their immediate attendance and no excuse can or will be admitted.
The 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade is to march tomorrow morning at 5 o'clock to relieve the detachment under Colonel Williams at the Forest of Deane. It must go light and furnished with provisions to serve 'till thursday inclusively.
Colonel Williams will communicate his instructions to Colonel Johnson44 and make him acquainted with the Grounds, Roads &c., which require his attention.
[Note 44: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment, then commanding the Second Pennsylvania Brigade. He retired in January, 1781.]
The Inspection of the Light Infantry is postponed 'till tomorrow afternoon, five o'clock.
The Light Infantry of the 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade agreeable to it's formation in yesterday's orders are to remain on the ground until they have passed inspection.
AFTER ORDERS
The Honorable, The Congress have been pleased to pass the following Acts:
In Congress, June 5th., 1779.
Resolved That Colonel Dubois rank in the line of the army of the United States of America, after Colonel Van Cortlandt and Colonel Gansevoort.
Resolved, That the commission of major, granted to Captain Prowell in the 11th. Pennsylvania regiment, be vacated, and that the rank of the officers continue the same as they were at the time of passing the resolution for incorporating Patton's and Hartley's regiments and the independent companies, and rise according to the principle or rule established in the army.
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Monday, June 14, 1779.
Parole North Carolina. Countersigns Norwales, Naples. As the Commander in Chief sets out this day for West Point45 and may be absent for two or three days, Major General Putnam will take the command of the troops in this camp 'till his return.
[Note 45: Washington reached West Point the next day (June 15).]
Major General Putnam will assemble the General Officers and have the suspected persons lately taken up in the vicinity of this camp, brought before them and will examine into the circumstances of their case, and report to the Commander in Chief a state of facts with their opinion of measures proper to be pursued. The Adjutant General will take care to have the necessary Witnesses produced.
Head Quarters, Smith's June 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: As I am just setting out for West Point where I may remain for two or three days, you will take the command of the Troops in this Camp till my return. I have published this in orders, and you will receive from the Adjutant General the disposition I have made for opposing the Enemy in case they should move against the post at West-point. All I have to request at present is, that you will have a meeting with the General Officers as is therein mentioned as soon as possible and fix upon the Signals necessary for our Government in case of Action. The matter must not be delayed. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[June 14, 1779.]
Sir: His Excellency the Commander in Chief desires that you will remove all the Shirts, Shoes and Overalls and any Other Light Cloathing there may be at New German Town, which the Troops may probably want, to the Neighbourhood of this Camp. Chester the General thinks, will be a proper place. You will also have Two hundred suits of complete Uniform, that is to say, a Hundred of Brown and a Hundred of blue; and a small number of Blankets brought with the above Articles to supply contingent demands. All the rest of the Cloathing in your Hands at German Town, is to be carried to Easton and there to be safely stored till further Orders.
That there never may be a deficiency of Supplies to answer occasional purposes. The General directs, that you take especial care after every issue of Light Cloathing vizt. of Shirts, Shoes, Overalls and Hunting Shirts, to have a small proportion of each brought to the Store near the Army. This to be a constant rule. And it having been found that a great part of the shoes lately brought to Camp were entirely unfit for service; His Excellency also directs, that whenever any future supplies of this Article arrive, you will have the Shoes inspected, and report any defects that there may be; particularly specifying where and from whom they were procured, in order that they may be returned and the public saved a heavy expence.
After you have made a disposition for moving the Cloathing, you will return to the Army, sending a proper person with those going to Easton to have them securely and properly stored. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison Secy." Harrison did not accompany Washington to West Point.]
Smiths in the Clove, June 14, 1779.
Sir: On Saturday Evening I was honoured with Your Excellency's favor of the 7th Instant and with the papers to which it refers.
The intelligence from Carolina is very interesting as related, and I should hope from its coming through so many channels and from its being told so circumstantially, that it is not destitute of foundation.
I have nothing to communicate to your Excellency respecting the Enemy. They have made no movements since my Letter of the 11th and I believe their situation is the same that it was then. I have the Honour, etc. P.S. Your Excellency will be pleased to receive three New York papers. If we should be so happy as to receive a confirmation of the South Carolina News, when it is published I think it would be well for the Printer to subjoin the piece, inclosed in black lines in Rivingston's paper of the 9th.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Smiths Clove, June 14, 1779.
Gentlemen: I was duly honored with your favour of the 29th of May, which the moving state of the army and other circumstances have prevented my acknowledging sooner.
Inclosed you will be pleased to receive a state of the Battalions of Pensylvania formed agreeable to the last returns. It is some time since any have been received from the three regiments that are detached; but the present state will be sufficiently accurate to answer the purpose for which you intend it.
I am happy to hear we begin to be awakened to a sense of our situation. I hope we shall be thoroughly roused and that our exertions to extricate ourselves may be attended with correspondent success.
The movements of the enemy obliged us to defer General Arnolds trial. So soon as our affairs are in a train to admit of it, no time shall be lost in resuming it.
You will no doubt have been informed of the operations of the enemy on the North River. They have taken post in two divisions on the opposite sides of the River at Verplanks and stoney points where the nature of the ground renders them inaccessible. This puts a stop to our lower communication and will greatly add to the difficulty of transportation between the States; while it will enable them to draw additional supplies from the country and to increase the distress and disaffection of the inhabitants residing along the River. It is hard to say what may be their future progress; but under the present appearances, we have thought it advisable to provide for the security of the forts, by taking post with the main army in their vicinity. With great respect, etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H.S.P.]
Smiths in the Clove, June 14, 1779.
Sir: I have been honoured with your favor of the 7th. Instant, inclosing a Letter for Mr. Pintard, which I shall take pleasure in transmitting to him by an early and I hope a safe opportunity.
It has been rumoured here that His Excelly Count D'Estaing and Admiral Byron both, had put to Sea; but the report probably exists more in imagination, than in any well grounded authority, as you do not mention it in your Letter, and on the contrary say you had heard nothing further from the W. Indies.
I have nothing of importance to communicate and have only to add, that, I have the Honor, etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Smith's in the Clove, June 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been desired by His Excellency to request that you will use your best endeavours to obtain satisfactory accounts from time to time of the situation, movements and designs of the Enemy; and in a particular manner, to ascertain what Corps they have at Stoney point, and their strength, the number of Cannon and Mortars the Size, and What Ships, and the sort are laying near it, and transmit him the result. The General supposes you may avail yourself of some of the half Tory Women and through their Means, procure information that will be tolerably accurate. If you should apprehend that a little hard money will be of service, and promote your enquiries, he will be able to furnish you with a small matter. We have not yet received any official account of the Charles Town affair. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "R. H. Harrison."]
[Note 52: Deputy Quartermaster General.]
West point, Tuesday eveg., June 15, 1779.
Sir: I am very desirous to know, as soon as possible what quantity of stores there is on the East side of the River at Fish Kill and in the vicinity.53 You will be pleased to furnish me with an estimate of those in your department, the several deposits, and the quantity at each. You will also procure for me in virtue of this letter a like return of those in the Clothier's and Commissary of Military store's departments. I do not want a detail of particulars but a gross estimate of the most essential articles; and it is necessary I should have them by tomorrow night. Your letter will find me then at West Point. I beg you will not fail. I shall be glad also to be informed whether the ordnance has been removed, if it has, to what place; if it has not I would have the twelve pounders detained. I am, etc.
[Note 53: Colonel Hay was then at Fishkill, N. Y.]
P.S. Besides furnishing the estimates, I wish you to inform me as nearly as you can the number of Waggons, that would be necessary, to remove the whole.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The P.S. is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 55: To keep the record complete, as before mentioned in a like instance, these General Orders are given herewith, though the Commander in Chief was not with the Army on this date.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Tuesday, June 15, 1779.
Parole Canada. Countersigns Clarke, Condé.
The sixteen companies of Light Infantry drafted from the three divisions on this ground are to be divided into four battalions and commanded by the following officers;
4. companies from the Virginia line by Major Posey.
4. ditto from the Pennsylvania line by Lt. Colo. Hay.
4. ditto two from each of the aforesaid lines by Lieutenant Colonel Fleury.
4. companies from the Maryland line by Majr. J. Steward, Lieutenant Colonel Hay's and Major Steward's battalions to be commanded by Colonel Butler and Lieutenant Colonel Fleury's and Major Posey's by Colonel Febiger.
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Wednesday, June 16, 1779.
Parole East Greenwich. Countersigns Eastham, Enfield. Major Archibald Anderson is appointed Brigade Major to the 1st. Maryland Brigade and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
The Light Companies as they are to be ready to embody on the shortest notice, are to be excused from all duties except camp and quarter guards.
The General officers are desired to meet at Genl. Putnam's quarters tomorrow morning nine o'clock.
AFTER ORDERS
General Woodford's brigade to march tomorrow morning 8 o'Clock furnished with four days provision to relieve the 2nd. Pennsylvania brigade at the Forest of Deane.
One of the largest battalions on the new formation from each division to march tomorrow morning seven o'clock to West Point furnished with two days provision. They take their Arms and Packs, only, with them.
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Friday, June 18, 1779.
Parole Persia. Countersigns Pegu, Pitts Town.
The Light Infantry to parade tomorrow morning 7 o'clock near the Maryland camp with four days provision, their packs and blankets.
A General Court Martial of the line to assemble tomorrow morning nine o'clock at Lieutenant Colonel Ford's Markee for the trial of Lieutenant Colonel Pope56 and such others as may be brought before them. Colonel Morgan57 is appointed President.
[Note 56: Lieut. Col. Charles Pope, of the Delaware regiment. He resigned in December, 1779.]
[Note 57: Col. Daniel Morgan, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment.]
West point, June 19, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I am just setting out for Head Quarters;61 but expect to return on monday, and to remain at or near this post for a few days. I have not determined what troops shall be stationary in the garrison for the present campaign; it will depend partly on future contingencies; at this juncture a change would be inconvenient as it would be attended with a loss of time and delay the progress of the works.
[Note 61: A receipt from Richard Kidder Meade for reimbursement "of the Genl. and family's Expences from Middle Brook" from June 5 to June 19 (in the Washington Papers) shows that he lodged at Pompton, N. J., on June 4, and breakfasted there June 5. He was at Robert Erskine's on June 6; at Slotes "for Lodging and Milk," June 7; paid "Thurot, Pilot in the Mountains," June 16, $7; and gave to "servants at Wt. Point" $14 on June 19.]
My intention with respect to yourself in the general arrangement of the Army is that you shall take the immediate command of the forts. The sooner you are on the spot the better and you will therefore be pleased without delay to remove your quarters to West Point. The troops on the East side are for the present to be disposed of as follows: Nixon's Brigade to take post on the Island62 to carry on the works there. Parsons Brigade to take post opposite the point, to send fatigue parties daily across the river to assist in the prosecution of the works. The spot has been pointed out to General Parsons. Huntington's to remain where it is to guard the main Fish Kill road and those leading into it. There are three pieces of heavy cannon 18 pounders just arrived here from Maryland. There is a carriage for one of them, two are without. You will give direction to Col Lamb to have carriages provided for these and mount them as quick as possible.
[Note 62: Constitution Island.]
You will have a return prepared of all the arms and accoutrements wanting among the troops on the East side of the River. For dispatch I have directed General Parsons to do the same with respect to those at the Garrison. I shall give an order to have them supplied. Lest the Adjutant General should have omitted sending you a copy of the order, I inclose you the substance, appointing the mode of all future drafts of Cloathing. You will be pleased to have all the troops immediately supplied in this manner, with such Articles as they really stand in need of to fit them for duty. I am, etc.
P.S. Be pleased to send about an hundred light infantry to join Col. Sheldon.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 64: Of the Massachusetts Militia.]
West Point, June 19, 1779.
Sir: You are hereby authorized and required to engage as many of the Stockbridge and Scatacoke tribes of Indians as you can; and with a few good woodsmen if to be had, join the Army under the command of Majr General Sullivan.
These men are not to have, more than private Soldiers pay, unless you should find it necessary to distinguish the chief of each tribe by some little pecuniary, or other encouragement. You will be allowed Captain's pay and Rations, and may, if you shd. obtain and march forty Men, or upwds. appoint a lieutenant (who will be allowed pay and Rations as such) to aid and assist you in this command.
These instructions will authorise you to draw public provisions where they are to be had, and to pass receipts65 where there are no Commissary's stores for such as you obtain from the Inhabitants.
[Note 65: Hamilton has changed this word to "certificates."]
I cannot give you a precise rout because I do not know the time you will be ready to move with this party from Stockbridge nor the Situation Genl. Sullivan may be in when you commence your March but at Esopus you will be able to learn where the Army is and can shape your course accordingly.
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Saturday, June 19, 1779.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Danube, Dover.
Colonel Morgan being unable to attend the trial of Lieutenant Colonel Pope, Lieutenant Colo. Ford will preside in his room. Majr. Deane66 is appointed an additional member.
[Note 66: Maj. John Dean, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and died in November, 1781.
On June 19 Washington wrote briefly from West Point to James Geary, Assistant Clothier, at Fishkill, inclosing the substance of the General Order of May 30, for regulating future issues of clothing. "You are to furnish the troops on the East side of the River and at this post with such articles as they may stand in need of, agreeable thereto." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Sunday, June 20, 1779.
Parole Leonidas. Countersigns Medford, Nelson.
DUTY OF BRIGADE MAJORS
The great importance of the duties of Majors of brigades rendering it necessary that those Posts should at all times be filled with old and experienced officers. The Honorable the Continental Congress did on the 18th. of February last, resolve,
That the Majors of brigade should be chosen by the Commander in Chief from among the Majors in the line and that the duties of Brigade Inspector should also be annexed to that office.
They are to consider themselves at all times subject to the orders of the officers commanding the brigades to which they are respectively attached, and are to receive their instructions relative to the department from the Inspector General.
They are to remain on all occasions with their brigades whether on a march in camp or quarters and not with their Brigadiers as was formerly practised.
They are to keep the details of their respective brigades and see that every thing prescribed in the new regulations is carried into execution with the greatest exactness.
They are to be present at the formation of all guards and detachments sent from their brigades, to see they are formed agreeable to the rules established.
They are to receive the general orders from the Adjutant General and those of their division from the Sub Inspector, both which they are to communicate to their Brigadier Generals, and having added those he may issue to the brigade communicate the whole thro' the Adjutants to the several regiments in their respective brigades.
They must pay particular attention that all orders are distributed with the greatest exactness and dispatch, and if from sickness or any other cause a Major of Brigade is prevented from attending for orders, he must cause the Brigadier General to be informed thereof that another Major or the oldest Captain may be ordered to perform that duty.
In camp the Majors of Brigade will have an orderly Serjeant from their brigades to communicate their orders.
If any extraordinary order should issue the Adjutant General will send a copy to the nearest Brigade Major noting on the order the hour he sent it and the course it is to take. The Major of Brigade who receives it, having taken a copy, will immediately dispatch it to the next brigade, first noting the hour he received it and sent it forward and signing his name; and so thro'out the different brigades as noted on the order, the last Brigade Major returning it immediately to the Adjutant General.
These orders are to be immediately communicated to the commanding officers of brigades and regiments in the same manner as the daily orders and by one of the Brigade Majors in turn to the Sub Inspector who will immediately communicate it to the General commanding the division.
Whenever a Major of Brigade leaves his brigade either to go for orders or for any other purpose he must leave an Adjutant of the Brigade to perform his duty in case any orders should come to the brigade during his absence.
The Majors of Brigade must every day regulate their Watches by that of the Adjutant General that the different beats may begin and the guards be turned out at the same minute.
The Brigade Major of the day will attend the formation of all guards and detachments in camp.
In Action the Majors of Brigade will assist the commanding officer of the brigade in the Formation, Manoeoeuvres &c. of the brigade.67
[Note 67: The resolves of Congress of Feb. 18, 1779, relating to the Inspector General's Department, do not cover these duties of brigade majors. The details recorded above arenot found in the Journals of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 68: Agent for the State of Virginia.]
Smiths in the Clove, June 20, 1779.
Sir: In the course of the Winter sundry sums of money were advanced by Warrants on the Pay Master General to Virginia Officers for paying bounties granted by the State to such Men as should reinlist. I do not know the amount of the Warrants; but you will call on the Deputy Pay Master, Mr Pierce, now at New German Town and settle the matter with him, and replace the Money in the Military Chest, out of the Money you have in your hands belonging to the State. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 70: Deputy Paymaster General. He was Paymaster General of the Continental Army in January, 1781.]
Smiths in the Clove, June 20, 1779.
Sir: In the course of the Winter sundry Warrants were granted to Virginia Officers in order to obtain Money for paying bounties given by the State to such of their Men as should reinlist.
I do not know the amount. Captain Moss the Bearer of this has come to Camp to replace the advances on the part of the State. You will be pleased to make out an account of them and settle it with him. If the money Captain Moss has with him should not be sufficient to pay the whole, yet you will receive it as far as it will go. After you have settled with Captain Moss which you will accomplish as soon as you can, you will proceed to Chester in the State of New York, with the Money Chest and if you should find when you arrive there that you can be tolerably well accommodated for doing business where part of the Army lies in Smith's Clove you will move there. You will advise me by the earliest opportunity of your arrival. I am, etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On this same day (June 20) Washington wrote to the auditors of the Army (John Clark, jr., and Matthew Clarkson), that Pierce and the Military Chest had been ordered to Chester, "As your Office is connected with the Paymaster's, you will move with Mr. Pierce." This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Pierce requested to be allowed to go to Philadelphia, and on June 23 Harrison wrote him, by Washington's direction, that the Military Chest was still to be moved, according to Washington's order: "As to your going to Philadelphia he has no objection if there is a Gentleman left with the Military Chest to do the duties of the Office in your absence. At the same time He hopes that you will return as soon as you can." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Smith's Tavern, Monday, June 21, 1779.
Parole Framingham. Countersigns Freehold, Fairfax.
As the Commander in Chief will be absent several days from this camp, General Putnam will take command here 'till his return.
Colonel Davies as eldest Sub Inspector will do the duty of Adjutant General during said time.
Six Drums and Fifes from the Virginia, four from the Maryland and six from the Pennsylvania lines to be sent to join the Light Infantry immediately.
At the General Court Martial of the line whereof Lieutenant Colonel Ford is President, Smith's-Clove June 19th.
Lieutenant Colonel Pope was tried for, "Defrauding the Public of the services of one Joseph Hibbard, a private soldier in the Delaware regiment, by employing him in his domestic business in the spring and summer of the year 1778."
The Court are of opinion the charge against Lieutt. Colonel Pope is groundless and they do acquit him of it with honor. The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders Lieutt. Colonel Pope to be immediately released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, Smiths Clove, June 21, 1779.
Sir: As I am removing Head Quarters for the present from this place to New Windsor you will have the immediate command of the troops in this camp. Should any letters arrive for me immediately from the forts, or out posts, you will open them for your own information and then forward them to me. All others, you will forward directly on unopened.
I wish you without delay to have the inquiry which was directed in the case of the suspected persons in confinement, brought to a conclusion, that they may be either punished, released or transferred to the civil law. For this purpose you will have the necessary witnesses called in, wherever they may be. If guilty, the sooner they are made an example of, the better; if innocent, 'tis a pity they should suffer a tedious confinement. I am, etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Smiths Clove, June 21, 1779.
Dr. Sir: On the 19 Your favor of the 12th. came to hand. I am sorry that you are like to be disappointed in the independent Companies expected from Pensylvania, and that you have encountered greater difficulties than were looked for. I am satisfied that every exertion in your power will be made, and I hope your eventual operations will be attended with fewer Obstacles.
I have had a conversation lately with his Excellency Governor Clinton. He informs me that notwithstanding the interruption given by the movements of the Enemy up the River, a body of troops under the command of Lt. Col. Pawling75 will still be ready for the proposed cooperation. Two hundred of these being engaged for a more permanent service, after effecting the first Object will meet General Clinton at Ononquaga and proceed with him to join you. It was the Governor's intention to conduct this business in person; but as the end may very well be answered by another, and as his presence here to influence the Militia on any emergency may be essential, I have advised him to decline the command of the party. Lt. Colo Pauling is a very good Officer. I have seen a Letter from General Clinton to the Governor, in which he acknowledges having received one hundred and fifty of the 1000 new levies voted by the State for the service [of the Frontiers. The Governor tells me some more were on their way. You have parts of Col. Armands corps and Captain McLean's company with you. As it is disagreeable to divide corps and as the number of these is very inconsiderable, if you can with any convenience spare them I should be glad] they could be sent back to join the remainder of the Corps with this Army. They may be employed as an Escort to any thing you may have occasion to send back to Easton. If my calculation be right, except the Independent Companies, your force in other respects will exceed some hundreds of the original Estimate. The Enemy in this quarter remain much as last advised. I am, etc.76
[N.H.H.S.]
[Note 75: Lieut. Col. Albert Pawling, of the New York levies.]
[Note 76: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The portion in brackets is missing, through mutilation, from the letter sent. It is supplied from the draft (in the writing of Alexander Hamilton) in the Washington Papers.]
June 21, 1779.
My Lord: I inclose you a Memorial from Mr. Drew77 and request that you will direct a Board of Field Officers in the Virginia line to sit tomorrow and enquire into the facts stated by him and to report their Opinions of the Arrangement that should be made of the Captains and Other inferior Officers in the three incorporated Regiments of Gist, Grayson and Thruston. I would wish it to be a full Board. Your Lordship will perceive that it will not be proper for Colo Gist to be a Member. I am, &c.78
[Note 77: Lieut. Thomas Haynes Drew, of Gist's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in July, 1779.]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 79: Wayne was addressed at Philadelphia, and the address sheet bears the notation, in an unknown hand, "gone to Camp."]
Smiths in the Clove, June 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: I request that you will join the Army as soon as you can. I wrote you upon this subject before we marched from Middle Brook, but as you have not arrived, It is probable my Letter has miscarried or that it did not come to hand till very lately. I am, etc.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[H.S.P.]
Smith's in the Clove, June 21, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 17th. You will be pleased to comply with the requisition of the state for three or more officers according to the number of officers your regiment can spare in its present state without injury to the service.
Captain McLean and his Company is now attached to Major Lee's corps and will not interfere with the officers of your regiment.
So soon as the stores at Middle Brook and in the vicinity are so far removed as that the remainder is not an object with the enemy, you will proceed with your regiment to join the army. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 82: Of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was then assigned to the Light Infantry Corps.]
[June 21, 1779.]
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday. I imagine the complement of infantry has been completed since you left this, and have directed a proportion of drums and fifes to be sent you.
On a more particular examination of the fort and its dependencies, I find that the forest of Deane is not an eligible post for your main body; but that it will be better stationed somewhere at A in the inclosed map as the convenience of incampment may admit. You will be better situated here to oppose a movement of the enemy against the forts, as it is most probable they would land at Fort Montgomery and at B; to march by the River road with a strong flanking party on the heights that overlook it for the security of the main column in its march. This situation will enable you to possess every advantageous piece of ground before them and fall upon their front or left flank as circumstances may point out, preserving constantly a communication with the forts. But in order to prevent your right flank being turned, it will be proper to have a pretty strong picket at the Forrest, a smaller one at Rowe's83 house and another at Fort Montgomery one at the landing B will also be
[Note 83: Rowe's was on the road leading from the Forest of Dean to Fort Montgomery.] essential. From these, patroles should be continually going on the different roads leading to the enemy, to gain timely notice of any movement from below. The inclosed map is from actual survey and is intended for the use of the Commanding officer at the post. No copies of it are by any means to be taken, lest by any accident, one of them should fall into the enemy's hands to whom it would be of the greatest utility. Just that part of it which will probably be your immediate scene of action may be communicated to the principal officers with you, with a caution to take the most particular care of it. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who has entered thereon: "There was a postcript informing him that Head Quarters were to be removed to New Windsor and desiring him to give intelligence of the enemys movements to General Putnam and the Commanding Officer at West Point."]
Smiths Clove, June 21, 1779.
Sir: Your favr. of yesterdays date I have received and must refer you, for the issuing the several articles in yr. possession to a general order which I transmitted to you from West point, two or three days past. It may be well to remind you, that more than one pr. of overalls must not be issued to a Soldier, untill each has recd. that quantity. I am, etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Smiths Clove, June 21, 1779.
Dr Sir: While I was at West point I recd your favors of the 15th. and 17th. This will be delivered you by Corpl. Harrison, who carries the party of horse that have been with me. I do not wish them to be relieved from your corps. As matters now stand, I rather approve your present position, than one on the other side of the river; you have fully answered the purpose of your command where you are, and a removal as things are now situated, would defeat the design of placing you there. it may however be necessary hereafter to make a change, and I shall be happy at all times of affording you the opportunity, of rendering service to your country, and acquiring honor to the Corps.
The absent party of McLane's company mentioned in your letter of the 15th, I will write to Genl. Sullivan to order down, that they may join the Capt.
I must request an explanation, of that part of your letter respecting the dismounting some of your men, in order to form a company of Infantry; whether you mean to reduce your number of Dragoons or to supply their place with others, and whether the men who have been inlisted into the horse service will reconcile the measure. I am, etc.
I would not have you to be too sanguine as to the coming of McLane's men for they may be so situated as to make their return improper.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Smiths in the Clove, June 21, 1779.
Gentn: Your favor of the 14th arrived at Hd. Qrs. about 10 O'Clock on the night of the 18th. but owing to my being absent at West point I did not receive it till yesterday. The Gentn. of the light horse of Philadelphia and Lieut. Col. White will have made report upon the subject of it. If any circumstances should occur indicating a design on the part of the enemy against Philadelphia, I shall communicate the earliest notice after they come to my knowledge. At present there is nothing that seems to point at such an enterprise. The Enemy remain nearly in the situation they were at Verplanks and Stoney Point.
I inclose the Board an Invoice of some cloathes in the hands of Mr. Hunter at Fredericksburg, which Genl. Woodford gave me yesterday, that they may direct them to be purchased; if they should think it necessary. I am, &c.
P.S. I return the Commission of Capt. Finney,87 it must be renewed and dated the 10th of Augt. 1776, which it seems is the time he succeeded to a company. I also return the memorial of Captain Keene,88 he is to be arranged in the 11th Pennsylvania, and his commission dated the 13th Jany. 1777. If he is in Philadelphia he should be directed to join the Regiment.89
[Note 87: Capt. Walter Finney, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at Green Springs, Va., in July, 1781; transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 88: Capt. Lawrence Keene, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781: and to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, served to June, 1783.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 90: Of the Second Continental Dragoons. He resigned in August, 1779.]
June 22, 1779.
Sir: I received your letter of the 4th. an hour ago on the road. The contents of it are serious and require serious attention. So soon as I am in a situation that will permit it, I shall inform you of the measures which appear to me proper to be pursued. In the mean time I must decline accepting your resignation. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 92: Of the Lancaster County (Pa.) militia.]
Head Quarters, June 22, 1779.
Sir: I duly received your letter of the 29th of May, which hurry of business has prevented me acknowledging sooner. The present situation of affairs will only allow me time to request you will deliver the money you mention as remaining in your hands to the Pay Master General or his nearest deputy.
I am much obliged to you for the intelligence you communicate and am Sir Yours, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 23, 1779, ½ past 10 P.M.
Sir: His Excellency has just received information from Col. Butler, who is stationed at the landing called Stoney beach, that a party of the Enemy of about 400 Men were on the opposite side of the River apparently with a design to reconnoitre the landing.
In consequence of this intelligence, he desires you will as soon as possible to morrow morning advance Genl. Smallwood with his Brigade to the Forrest of Deane, to remain 'till further orders. You will be pleased to direct proper measures to be taken that they may have a sufficient supply of provisions while there. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. The General requests you to hold the other troops in readiness to march if requisite.94
[Note 94: The copy is in the writing of Riuhard Kidder Meade. The original is signed by Alexander Hamilton, A. D. C.]
Head Quarters, June 23, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Half an hour ago, I received your Note at eight P.M. In consequence of the intelligence Col. Butler communicates I have directed General Putnam to advance a Brigade early in the morning to the Forrest of Deane.
If you receive any further advice you will be pleased instantly to give me notice of it and at the same time send a messenger to General Putnam, that he may be the more certain of receiving the speediest information. I am, etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your several favours of the 14th. 22nd. and 29th. of May and 5th. of June with their inclosures. The situation of affairs in this quarter prevented my acknowledging some of them sooner.
With respect to the men raised in Monongahala and Ohio Counties, such of them as were raised without proper authority or contrary to the terms prescribed are certainly not entitled to pay from the public; but whether it may be expedient or not to pay them, I must leave to you who are on the spot and can best judge of circumstances. On one hand all unnecessary expence is to be avoided and irregular levies of men discouraged; on the other it is to be considered what effect a refusal of payment may have upon the minds of the militia and what influence upon their future services. With respect to the proposed incorporation of Heath's96 and Morehead's97 companies with the regiments, as I am unacquainted with the establishment or terms on which they were raised I cannot determine its propriety. But if it could be effected consistent with their establishment it would be desirable, taking care to annex them to the troops of the state to which they belong. I would recommend however at all events the reinlistment of all the men of the independent companies engaged for a limited term, who are willing to enter into the established corps during the war. The bounty to be given must be governed by what is allowed by the state, in whose troops they engage.
[Note 96: Capt. Henry Heth, He was detailed to the Independent Virginia Company for service at Fort Pitt.]
[Note 97: Capt. Samuel Morehead. He was also detailed to the Independent Pennsylvania Company for guard of stores at Kittanning.]
I am very happy to see the favourable accounts you communicate of the friendly dispositions of some of those tribes who have been heretofore inimical. I hope they may be sincere and I doubt not you will do every thing in your power to confirm them. I approve your idea of inflaming the rivalship which is said to subsist between the Wyondots and Mingoes, and I shall be glad it may be in your power to induce the former to aid you in some decisive stroke against the latter. If it can be done with a good prospect of success, the attempt ought to be made. Besides the happy influence it would have on the Indians you have more immediately to do with, by encouraging your friends and intimidating your enemies; it would operate as an useful diversion in favour of the expedition under General Sullivan.
The authority for drawing out the neighbouring militia on an emergency must come from the States to which they belong. I would wish you to make application to them to know from what counties and in what manner it is to be done. In the mean time you will act as necessity and the good of the service may require.
About three weeks since the enemy made a movement up the North River and took post at Kings ferry on the opposite sides of the river, at Verplank's and Stoney points. They have strongly fortified the latter and appear to intend keeping possession. 'Tis probable their ultimate design may be against the forts that protect the communication of the River. To counteract them if this should be their view, I have moved the main body of the army for the present into the Clove.
For some time past a variety of flattering accounts have been circulating of a capital defeat of the enemy to the Southward near Charlestown; an official account has been long expected; but has not arrived. A late paper from New York seems to invalidate the report and lessen our expectations. I am, etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 23, 1779.
Sir: Two days since I removed my quarters to this place99 where I am more contiguous to the forts and best situated to attend to the different parts of the army. By my last advices the enemy at Kings ferry were embarking their baggage and some heavy cannon and preparing for a movement either up or down the river.
[Note 99: Thomas Ellison's house; not now standing. In Ruttenber's History of New Windsor (Newburgh: 1911) is a picture of this headquarters, and on page 72 is printed a note from Maj. Caleb Gibbs to Ellison on taking over the house for headquarters.]
Your Excellency will find in the inclosed New York Gazette of the 19th two or three pieces of intelligence of a very disagreeable nature and with too much appearance of authenticity. There is a pretty wide difference between their representation of Southern affairs and ours. With very great respect etc.
P.S. Your favour of the 15th reached me yesterday. Lt. Smith1 must comply with his summons.2
[Note 1: Lieut. James Smith, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was promoted to captain Lieutenant June 3, 1779, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 2: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 23, 1779.
Sir: Since acknowleging the receipt of your letter3 of the 4th. instant; I have particularly considered the contents. The general suggestions you make against Col. Sheldon are of so serious a nature that they lay me under a necessity of requiring you will send me explicit and specific charges to be the foundation of an inquiry into his conduct. If the representation contained in your Letter be well founded Col. Sheldon ought to suffer the consequences, if not he ought to have an opportunity of vindicating himself from suspicion. The sooner this is done, the better. I am etc.4
[Note 3: Blackden's letter of June 4, 1779, accusing Sheldon of misconduct, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, June 23, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with Your favours of the 11th and 12th Instant. The point with respect to Monsr. Garanger shall be determined as soon as opportunity will permit.
I transmit the Board a general arrangement of the Officers in the York line to the Captains inclusive, and a particular arrangement of each Regiment; also an Arrangement of the Field Officers in the Pensylvania line and of the 4th P. Regiment, upon which 'they will be pleased to issue Commissions. The promotion of Lt. Colo. Commandant Weissenfels took place on the resignation of Colo. Livingston;5 that of Lt. Colo. Commandant Win. Butler on that of Colo. Cadwallader and their Commissions must be dated accordingly. The Board will be able to inform themselves of the time in both cases, by recurring to the Journals of Congress. The date of Captain Tudor's6 Commission depends on the appointment of Colo. Stewart7 in 1776. as Aid de Camp to Genl Gates, which it seems cannot be now ascertained.
[Note 5: Col. Henry Beekman Livingston. He resigned in January, 1779.]
[Note 6: Capt. George Tudor, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was made major of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 7: Col. Walter Stewart, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He was sub-inspector of the Continental Army in 1783, and served to end of the war.]
If Major Edwards8 is in Philadelphia he should be directed to join his Regiment. I have the honour, etc.9
[Note 8: Maj. Evans Edwards, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, June 23, 1779.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
While the Army remains in its present situation, General Heath will take command of the three brigades on the east side of the river, Parsons's, Nixon's and Huntington's.
Head Quarters, June 24, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Colo. Hamilton told me just now when setting out for West point, that His Excellency had desired him to write to you, to know in what State of preparation as to Waggons the Troops in the Highlands, particularly those on the East side of the River, are in for moving, and to inform you that he would have them put as soon as possible, if they are not already, in such a condition in this respect as to be able to move on the shortest notice in case of exigency. The Colo concluded that your attention is to be directed to the State of the Army in general in this instance; but upon the present occasion more particularly to the Troops on the East side of the River, who, from their having been chiefly stationary of late, may be unprepared more than the rest. He also desired me to inform you, that the General wished All the Boats not necessarily employed in the river, to be collected at such point or points as will be most convenient for passing the Troops upon any emergency, and that such as want repair to be refitted.
He further requested me to acquaint you, that one or two Boats or a necessary number, are to be sent down to the landing at or near Colo Butler's Camp, for the purpose of bringing away the Tents he has or with which he is to be provided.
You will be pleased to address your Answer to Colo. Hamilton I am, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob. H. Harrison."
According to an incidental note from Harrison to General St. Clair on June 24, in the Washington Papers, Washington visited West Point on June 23.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, June 24, 1779.
Captain Henry Hardman11 of the 7th. Maryland regiment, intitled to a Majority, is appointed Brigade Major to the 2nd. Maryland Brigade, and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 11: He was promoted to major of the Sixth Maryland Regiment to date from May. 1779; transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; retired in April, 1783.]
The officers commanding Brigades will cause immediate application to be made agreeable to the general order of the 19th. of May last for all deficiencies of Arms in their respective brigades.
Colonel Williams12 of the Maryland line is appointed Sub Inspector and is to be accordingly obeyed and respected.
[Note 12: Col. Otho Holland Williams.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1779.
Sir: I have received your two favours of the 22nd and 23rd. I am obliged to you for your observations on the country and on the movements you conceive it possible for the enemy to make.13
[Note 13: These letters are not found in the Washington Papers.]
My letter of the 21st., contained general directions for your conduct in case of a movement against the forts, which is the main object of your present disposition. Your own judgment must point out to you the particular measures it will be proper to take in the variety of operations with which the enemy may attempt their reduction. With respect to any enterprise against them, if you find a good opportunity to strike some little stroke you have my permission to improve it. I would wish you to be cautious to prevent desertion, by employing as much as possible your most trusty men in the parties advanced nearest the enemy. I know it is difficult to discriminate but it may be done in some degree without appearing to do it. I approve the proposal for creating a beacon; you will give notice to General Putnam and General McDougall. You may have as many tents brought down as you think absolutely necessary; but as they will be an incumbrance and somewhat in danger in case of action, you will have as few as possible. I shall direct a boat to be sent you. I shall endeavour to have you as well supplied with rum, as our Stock will permit. Doctor Cochran shall be directed to furnish surgeons.
I think I desired you in my last to give instant intelligence to General Putnam in the Clove and General McDougall at West Point of the movements of the Enemy.
General Smallwood with his Brigade was to march this morning to the Forest of Deane. You will communicate and cooperate with him, and agree upon the piquets to be furnished to prevent an unnecessary number of Men being sent on duty. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The last dozen or so words are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 15: Charles, Baron de Frey. He was promoted to captain in Pulaski's Legion, and resigned in November, 1781.]
New Windsor, June 24, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 21st. with the inclosed papers. It appears from the representation you make that you have been injured by the introduction of Captain Celerone16 over you. But all I have it in my power to do at this distance is to give you a letter to General Lincoln requesting him to have your affair regularly inquired into and arranged on military principles. This if you think proper I shall be ready to send you. I am, etc.17
[Note 16: Capt. Louis Celeron, of Pulaski's Legion. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and resigned in July, 1782.]
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1779.
Sir: Your Letter of the 16th. Instant came to hand yesterday. I have not received from Congress any charges or directions respecting Doctor Shippen, and therefore can do nothing on the subject of your Letter. When they are pleased to direct a trial of him, the business will be entered upon, as soon as the situation of Affairs will admit; and the usual mode of giving notice and for obtaining Witnesses be pursued. If I had received directions for his trial, it could not be proceeded on at this time. The movements of the Enemy obliged General Arnold's to be deferred, and matters are not yet in such a state as to admit of its being resumed; neither is it possible for me to determine, when they will. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1779.
Dr. Sir: That I might be more convenient to the Works at West point, I removed my Quarters to this place on Monday last. I have only to add upon this subject, that I shall be happy to see your Excellency here, as often as your leisure will permit.
There has been no Official account received from Charles Town as yet that I know of; but I have no doubt but that there has been an Action there, and that the issue has been in our favour. The inclosed is a Copy of a Letter I just received from General Greene, in which the Affair is so particularly related, that it is hardly possible it can be destitute of foundation. I trust we shall have in a few days, the fullest confirmation. I have the Honor, etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[M.L]
New Windsor, June 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your two favors this morning. I have only to request you will take the best measures in your power to ascertain the enemy's movements and designs, and have your troops in readiness to act as occasion may require but without interrupting the works. You will continue to advise me. I am, etc.
P.S. I think it will be adviseable to detach a couple hundred men towards Robinsons stores at Mahopack pond; to march light and with caution, endeavouring to magnify their number to the inhabitants. This may serve to check the enemy and help to discover their design.25
[Note 25: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S]
[Note 29: Of the Second Virginia Regiment.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 11th. Instant, and I am extremely sorry to hear, that you have been so much afflicted with the Rheumatism. Your situation will not permit me to refuse your request to retire from the service; and I have only to regret the circumstance, which deprives the State's of an Officer of your merit.
You will be pleased to accept my wishes for your recovery. I am, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Windsor, June 25, 1779.
Sir: Agreeable to the inclosed resolution of Congress of the 3rd. instant, you are hereby authorised to make as many parole exchanges as you can on the following principles:
1st. to Pay a strict regard on our side to priority of capture.
2dly. To give a preference as far as circumstances will permit to equality of rank.
3d. Where equality of rank cannot govern to make use of composition on one or other of the following Tariffs, giving a preference to each according to the order in which it here stands:
4th. In exchanges by Composition the ranks next after are as far as possible to be preferred.
5thly. The prisoners thus exchanged on parole are to be recalled at the pleasure of either party.
I have directed a Board of Officers to set tomorrow at Smith's Clove to determine who of those persons alleged by the enemy to have broken their paroles are really to be considered as breakers of parole and who of these were military prisoners of war; who not. You will attend the board and give them all the information and evidence you possess on the subject. When I have received their report I shall give you further instructions. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: In Answer to Your Letter of the 19th., I request that you will send me All the proceedings of Courts Martial in your hands in Capital cases where the sentences have not been executed. If there are any Sentences which have been approved by you but yet remain unexecuted you will be pleased to particularize them. I fully agree in sentiment with you, as to the impolicy of too frequent punishments. I shall be obliged by your sending me the Arrangement of the Massachusets line, made by the Committee of Officers. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received Your Letter to Mr Harrison.33 As nothing can be more disagreeable, or more injurious to the public
[Note 33: Robert Hanson Harrison.] service than disputes and differences between the Army and the people, I would wish to avoid them in every possible case. In the present instance, as the Inhabitants do or soon will want their Barns, and have applyed to the Governor and Council to have the sick removed, I wish that they may be carried to Pluckimin, where I should hope, the Barracks may be made to afford them tolerable accomodations, and the more so, as it was thought at first on inquiry into the matter, that they would answer. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Windsor, June 25, 1779.35
[Note 35: The date line and name "Majr. Genl. Howe" and signature are in the writing of Washington.]
I received, my Dear Sir, your favour of the 19th. yesterday.
I regret that your hurt proved more serious than you apprehended; but I am happy to hear the good effects produced by the application of the lancet, and I hope it may so much accelerate the progress of your cure as to enable you in a short time to give us the pleasure of your company. I beg you however not to precipitate this event at the expense of your health and convenience.
At present there is not an immediate prospect of action. The movements of the enemy seem to be in suspense; and their situation does not offer us any opportunity to act offensively. You may depend that you shall have the earliest notice when there is a probability of something to do.
You have heard no doubt of the posts they have taken on the two sides of the River at Verplanks and Stoney points, positions naturally difficult of access and made more so by fortification. That part of the army which was with me at Middle Brook is incamped in Smith's Clove about twelve Miles from West Point. If the enemy expect any considerable reinforcement, it is not improbable they are waiting its arrival, and will then prosecute their operations on the River, and against the forts that protect its communication.
We are anxiously hoping for a confirmation of the Southern news. The enemy's accounts differ pretty widely from ours, though they really have an air of concealment and reserve. They assert that Charlestown had offered to capitulate; but this is against all probability, even from their own relation of circumstances. 'Tis astonishing we do not receive some official intelligence.
I have communicated your request to Col Meade who writes by this conveyance. With great esteem etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1779.
Gentlemen: I was last night honoured with Your favors of the 18 and 19 Instant.
I have directed the Commissary of Prisoners to permit Capt. Fetherston37 (I believe he was only a Lieutenant when taken) to go to New York on parole, subject to be recalled when ever we think proper, unless his absolute exchange is effected, which I would prefer.
[Note 37: Capt. William Featherstone, of the 21st Foot, British Army.]
I have examined and considered the petition of Captain Judd,38 and it appears to me, that his claim has no foundation. He has no right to precedence of the Officers arranged before
[Note 38: Capt. William Judd, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] him by the State, from the Majority he held in the Militia. The appointment of Officers was with the State, and they had an unquestionable right to promote any before him, who was only then introduced into the Army. Besides the Resolution of Congress of the 16 September 1776 which authorized this, those of the 24th. of November last are explicitly against his pretensions in every point of view. He must stand at the point of rank in which he was placed.
I return the Arrangement of Colo. Brodheads Regiment, which I suppose is generally right; However, as there are Two Lieutenants and the whole of the Ensigns of new appointments, it will be proper for the Board to have it approved in these instances by the State, previous to their issuing Commissions. Archibald Reed39 must be arranged before Alexander Graham,40 if these Commissions are dated, when the Vacancies to which they are appointed happened; there is an inconsistency as they now stand. Colo. Brodhead mentions that Captn. Swearingen41 and Lieut. Hardin42 intend to resign. I shall be very sorry if they do, as they are both exceeding good Officers, and particularly calculated as he observes, for a Frontier, desultory service; yet I do not know that any thing can be done for them, or that they have been injured in their promotion, indeed this is not suggested. The Board will see the appointments of Colo. Brodhead and his two field Officers in the arrangement of the Field Officers transmitted in my letter of the 23d.
[Note 39: A lieutenant of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. His resignation is dated Mar. 1, 1779.]
[Note 40: Lieut. Alexander Graham, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. His resignation is dated Mar. 1, 1779.]
[Note 41: Captain Van Swearingen, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded and taken prisoner at Stillwater, N. Y, in September, 1777; his resignation is dated August, 1779; was promoted to captain in the Kentucky Militia; killed at St. Clair's defeat in November, 1791.]
[Note 42: Lieut. John Hardin, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. He served subsequently as brigadier general of Kentucky Militia, and was killed by Indians near Sandusky, Ohio, in 1791.]
I am just now favoured with Your Letter of the 21st inclosing one from Mr. Pettingell43 of the Massachusetts line. The arrangement of this will be entered upon as soon as possible, when his case will be considered. The promotion he received from the State is remonstrated against by a number of their Officers, among whom there are Sixteen Field Officers. I believe I shall never have done with disputes of this sort, scarcely a day passes without applications on the subject. If in the course of events it should become necessary to levy New Troops on account of the expiration of the inlistments of the Old, I trust that some mode will be adopted, by which the Arrangements made and making, will be held inviolate. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 43: Capt. Joseph Pettingill, of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He was made major in July, 1779; transferred to the First Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1779; served to November, 1783.]
P.S. Captn. Judd's petition is dated 21st May 1779. It is probable that he is with the Army; but as he addressed the Board, he may expect an Answer from them. If Major Massie is in Philadelphia, The Board will be pleased to have the inclosed delivered to him; if not, they will return it.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, June 25, 1779.
Parole Perseverance. Countersigns Virtue, Peace.
A board of General Officers whereof Major General Greene is to be President to sit tomorrow morning ten o'clock at Smith's Clove on matters which will then be submitted to their consideration. The board to meet at the President's quarters.45
[Note 45: This order was sent (June 25) in a brief note to General Putnam for him to announce. "The letter to the Board transmitted to General Greene will inform you of the subject of their meeting. After reading, you will forward it to General Greene." This letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Instructions to a Board of General Officers, June 25, 1779, ante.)]
The Commissary will take care to lay in a considerable stock of hard bread at West Point for the use of the Garrison on any extraordinary occasion.
The troops in general to have constantly two days bread before hand and the brigade commissaries to have two days salt provisions in reserve, to be issued on an emergency.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, June 26, 1779.
Parole Waterford. Countersigns Wales, Zeland.
Accurate returns of the Names of the Field Officers &c. in the several brigades agreeable to the annexed form to be sent to the Orderly Office forthwith.
[Note 46: Hospital storekeepers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 26, 1779.
Gentlemen: The distress of the Army for Rum and the impracticability, or at least the difficulty of procuring a Supply in any reasonable time, has induced me to consent that a quantity shall be drawn from the Hospital Stores, where I have been informed there is much more than can be wanted for the sick. I have therefore to desire that you will deliver to Colo. Wadsworth Commissary General, or to his order All the Rum you have in the public Stores under your care, except thirty Hogsheads, which I should hope would be more than fully sufficient to answer every Hospital purpose. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On June 25 Hamilton, by Washington's direction, wrote to General Knox that a party of British horse with about 1,000 foot were at Pine's Bridge, and requested Knox to aid in removing the stores at New Milford, which was in Bergen County, N.J.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 26, 1779.
Dr: Sir: I have received Your favor, and am much concerned to hear of the uneasiness among the Captains and Subalterns of your Brigade. From the confidence I have in their zeal and attachment to the Interests of their Country, I am persuaded they will not indulge it, or permit it to rise to an injurious height. They will reflect that there are a Thousand things which we all wish, but which from the peculiar nature of our circumstances, cannot be obtained. I have no authority to reduce and incorporate the Regiments; neither could the Officers, who would be supernumerary, on such an event, receive the pay you mention, under any regulations now existing. I should be happy as well as they, if their commands were more respectable, but they will consider the difficulties which attend the recruiting of Men, and that theirs in point of respectability are equal to any in the Army. There is not a command in the whole line by any means complete, when compared with the establishment, and if this was to operate as a reason, there would be no Officers left.
You will I am assured, use your influence to compose matters. I am, etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Windsor, June 26, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have received your petition, upon the subject of Nathaniel Brackitts remaining where he is, to discipline a party of Horse. I should be very happy to promote a measure of the sort whenever in my power; but Serjeant Brackitt cannot be employed in the business at this time, nor can he be capable, if circumstances would admit, of rendering any material service. I am, etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 27, 1779.
Sir: Two days since I received your favour of the 21st. Two General Orders of the 7th. and 12th. of Feby. founded on a resolve of Congress therein mentioned designate the rules which are to govern the reenlistments during the war. This Order was transmitted at the time by the Adjutant General to his Assistant at Providence and he tells me he had heard of its being received; Indeed it is a standing direction to him which I do not know that he has deviated from to transmit copies of all Orders, which establish regulations that are to have a general operation to every part of the Army; and I make it a Constant practice to announce substantially all the resolves of Congress which are necessary for its information and government. Where a prescribed rule is wanting I shall certainly be always happy to give the most favourable construction to the Conduct of Officers who act with honor and integrity according to the Best of their judgment. Inclosed is a second copy of the above mentioned Orders.
We have still further accounts of the success to the Southward; but no official confirmation. The enemy have others of a different Complection, which you will probably see by way of Newport. These wear to me an appearance that renders them suspicious. I am strongly inclined to believe that they have met with a defeat. I am, etc.
P.S. I have intelligence through different Channells that the enemy intend drawing a part or the whole of their force from Rhode Island. The former is certainly not improbable. If it should happen, you will immediately detach a proportionable part of your force to this Army. If the whole should be withdrawn, you will be pleased to march yourself with all the force you can. I assure you the comparative strength of the two Armies in this quarter will make it very dangerous. If the enemy should receive a reinforcement and we do not get an equal one, and If they materially diminish their present force at Rhode Island an offensive operation on their part will be then an event hardly to be supposed.50
[Note 50: The text is from the signed letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 154, 2, fol. 144, which Gates had forwarded to Congress. It differs from the signed letter in the New York Historical Society in spelling and capitalization only. Both letters are in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 27, 1779.
Sir: I yesterday received your letter of the 19th. and the day before a copy of yours of the 22nd. to His Excellency the Governor. I find by the great quantity of stores and provisions you are transporting to the lake, that there has been a misapprehension with respect to that matter which I fear may be attended with bad consequences. The large Magazines directed to be formed at Fort Schuyler were principally with reference to an operation up the Mohock; it was my intention if you should proceed by Otsego that you should move with the greatest secrecy and dispatch unincumbered with more stores or provision than were necessary for your subsistence and security on the march to the place of rendezvous. Ample magazines have been formed on the Susquehanna for the support of the whole expedition. General Sullivan was fully apprized of my ideas, and I supposed would have given you directions accordingly, indeed my letter of the 19th. of April, will be found to convey a similar meaning, though not expressed in precise terms. By the transportation of so large a quantity of stores to the lake, you clearly announce your route; and it is to be apprehended that the enemy may collect their force and fall upon you. Unless you move with great circumspection, this may prove the ruin of your detachment [and consequently the Expedition]. If you have not finished your transportation by the time this reaches you, I would wish it to stop, that you may not add any further to your incumbrance. As it may be attended with delay and risk to bring back any part of those stores which are already gone on, I shall not direct it to be done, though it is very important that your movements should be as light and rapid as possible. But I do not mean by what I have said here to contravene the orders you may have received from General Sullivan; which it is my desire you should observe. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
New Windsor, June 27, 1779.
Sir: Your letter of yesterday came safe to my hands, and by the Dragoon, who was the bearer of it I send you Ten Guineas for C--r. His successor52 (whose name I have no desire to be informed of provided his intelligence is good, and seasonably transmitted) should endeavour to hit upon some certain mode of conveying his information quickly; for it is of little avail to be told of things after they have become matters of public
[Note 52: Culper did not have a successor. He engaged an assistant, who sent information from New York City over the signature of Samuel Culper, jr. His real name was Robert Townsend, and he was a prominent merchant.] notoriety, and known to every body. This New Agent should communicate his signature and the private marks by which genuine papers are to be distinguished from counterfeits. There is a man on York Island, living on or near the North River, of the name of George Higday who I am told hath given signal proofs of his attachment to us, and at the sametime stands well with the enemy. If upon enquiry this is found to be the case (and much caution should be used in investigating the matter, as well on his own acct. as on that of Higday) he will be a fit instrument to convey intelligence to me while I am on the West side the North River, as he is enterprizing and connected with people in Bergen County who will assist in forming a chain to me in any manner they shall agree on.
I do not know who H--53 employs; but from H--I obtain intelligence and his name and business should be kept profoundly secret, otherwise we not only lose the benefits derived from it, but may subject him to some unhappy fate. I observe what you say respecting your position at Bedford, and the fatigue of the Horse; with regard to the first, when Bedford was pointed out, it was descriptive only of a central place between the two Rivers, and as near the enemy as you could with military prudence take post for the purpose of covering the Inhabitants, and preventing the ravages of small parties. The judgment of the Officer commanding, is, under the idea just expressed, to direct the particular spot and choice of ground which ought to be varied continually, while you are near enough the enemy to give assistance to the People. With respect to the Second matter, I have only to add that I do not wish to have the Horse unnecessarily exposed, or fatigued, but if in the discharge of accustomed duties, they should get worn down there is no help for it. Colo. Moylans Regiment is on its
[Note 53: John Hendricks(?).] March to join you, which will render the duty easier and the Troops there more respectable. I wish you to use every method in your power through H--and others, to obtain information of the enemys situation, and as far as it is to be come at, designs. C--r speaks of the Enemys force up the River as not exceeding 8000 Men, but as I know he is mistaken if he comprehends their whole force, I should be glad if his successor was cautioned against giving positive numbers by guess. this is deceptious; let him ascertain the particular Corps which can be no difficult matter to do, and he will soon by taking a little pains indirectly, come at the strength of them and where they lye. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, June 27, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your two favours of the 24th and 25th. I am sorry for the accident, that has befallen the Militia.
Some days since I directed Genl. McDougall to send an hundred infantry to join Sheldons regiment of dragoons and Col Moylan has also been directed to join him with his regiment of cavalry. This corps I hope will be able to answer the purpose of countenancing the militia and assisting them to cover the Country.
I am happy in the promise of a visit with which Your Excellency obliges me. With the truest regard etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 27, 1779.
Sir: It gives me infinite pain, that the circumstances of the service oblige me to trouble Congress with a frequent repetition of the same subjects. But every hour distracts my attention with fresh instances of the inconveniences, that result from the want of system in a department which I have frequently mentioned. These compel me again to entreat that Congress will be pleased to take decisive measures to extricate it from the confusion in which it is involved.
I am at a loss to know to whom I am to address myself, as head of the Clothier's department. Every deputy seems to act by a separate and independent authority. There seems to be no person to take a general superintendency, to apportion the stock in hand to the different parts of the Army, their numbers and wants; and to preserve a common rule in the mode of delivery. For want of this, while the troops at one post are amply supplied, those at another are suffering the greatest distress. The pleasure of the commanding Officer is the only standard by which the supplies are regulated; and it has sometimes happened that particular officers either more attentive to the accommodation of the troops under their immediate command, than to the general convenience of the service, or unacquainted with the state of our resources, have taken steps of a very exceptionable nature for supplying their particular commands at the expence of the Army at large. Even the officers at some posts have been liberally furnished either from the public stores or from private ones by orders on public agents to pay for them, while those at others have seen their most pressing applications rejected. For my own part, as there was no regular provision made, adequate to the wants of the officers in general, I have been deaf to their importunities, even when there have been a few articles in store. Congress will easily perceive how a discrimination of this kind must operate, and will feel the necessity of adopting some plan that will make the distributions more equal and uniform. This can only be done by having a proper head and a regular subordination throughout the members with general regulations for the management of the department. I request to be informed if Mr. Mease is continued Clothier General.
The situation of the Sixteen additional regiments has been all along the most disagreeable that can be immagined. They have been destitute of every advantage the other troops have enjoyed. The resignations from the extreme necessities of the Officers have been numerous and the spirit of resigning is now become almost universal. Every expedient that could operate upon their hopes their patriotism or their honor has been exhausted. The Regiments for want of a sufficient number of officers and for want of zeal in the few that remain are dwindling to nothing. Several of those, Gentlemen of sentiment and much attached to the service, lately waited upon me to represent their case. They stated their sufferings in terms the most affecting and supported by facts that could not be questioned. Their expressions of regret at finding themselves obliged to quit the Army had every appearance of genuineness. I prevailed upon them with great difficulty to suspend their determination a little longer to see whether some measures would not be adopted in their favour.
The resolve of the 15th. March has hitherto had no operation nor will it in all probability answer the purpose for which it was intended. If the States should even interest themselves in behalf of these Regiments, the mixture of different men from different States in the same Corps will make the supply very troublesome and precarious. I see no alternative but this, either Congress must make a special provision for them or they must in a little time gradually dissolve. The Cavalry and part of the artillery are upon a similar establishment.
I am informed that some cloathing has been lately provided on Continental account for the Officers and are coming on to the Army, though I have had no regular information on the subject. If this should be true, it is requisite some particular direction should be given for their distribution; I shall be glad to receive the commands of Congress on the subject.
I have frequent applications from the officers for allowances of spirits, supported by a plea that it is done elsewhere. I am informed that the officers at Providence are supplied with rum at the rate of [Nine Shilgs.] pt. gallon. I think it highly reasonable and necessary, that they should be supplied at a moderate rate proportioned to their pay; but as there is no proper authority for doing it, I do not think myself at liberty to adopt the measure; at the same time I should be happy to see so reasonable a request gratified, and the whole put upon an equal footing by some general regulation. They cannot possibly furnish themselves otherwise. If Congress should think proper to direct any allowance of this kind, it will perhaps be expedient to make it conditional, to be given when the stock in store will permit and liable to be suspended by the commanding Officer. My situation as the affair now stands is delicate and disagreeable. The Officers of this Army will not be satisfied with less indulgence than is enjoyed by those of the other troops. They may view the refusal on my part as too punctilious and rigid. This concurs with other reasons to make me anxious, a speedy determination should take place either to make the allowance general or prevent it every where.
I was duly honored with your Excellency's favour of the 2oth. Previous to the receipt of it, in consequence of a Letter from the Board of War, I had directed The Commissary of Prisoners to send Capt. Featherstone into New York on parole till recalled or exchanged. He is to be considered as Lieutenant as it has all along been an admitted principle that the rank at the time of capture should govern. With the greatest respect etc.
P.S. At or near the time the resolve of Congress was past for the establishment of the Inspectorship, another resolve was past, to the best of my recollection, providing for the former Brigade Majors, as Aide de Camps to the Brigadiers, and allowing the Brigadiers where they were not supplied in this manner to take Aide de Camps from the line. As I do not find these regulations among my papers, I am obliged to trouble Your Excellency with a request to forward me a copy.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. This letter was read in Congress on July 6 and referred to the Committee of Conference.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, June 27, 1779.
Parole Halifax. Countersigns Jutland, Kingston.
In Congress, March 23, 1779.
Ordinance for regulating the Clothing Department for the Armies of the United States.
There shall be a clothier general, a sub or State-clothier for each State, and a regimental clothier.
The clothier general is to be subject to the orders of the Board of War and Commander in Chief. He is to furnish estimates of the supplies wanted for the army; to apply to the Commander in Chief and Board of War for assistance therein; to make returns of such estimates to them respectively; to receive all supplies imported from abroad, and purchased in the country by continental agents; to superintend the distribution thereof to the state-cloathiers; to settle accounts with them at least every six months; to keep regular accounts of all the cloathing he shall receive, as well as of the distribution thereof among the state cloathiers; and to transmit his accounts twice in every year to the Board of Treasury, and settle them in the chamber of accounts when required; and generally to take care, on the one hand, that justice is done to the public, and on the other, that the army receive whatever shall be allowed to them in a regular, direct, and seasonable manner; and at the same time, so to act between the Continent and each particular State, that equal and impartial justice may be done on all sides.
THE SUB OR STATE CLOATHIER
A sub or state cloathier is to be appointed by each State respectively, to reside with or near the army, or such detachment thereof in which the troops of the said State may be, as the Commander in Chief shall direct, the better to know and supply their wants. The State appointing him is to be answerable for his conduct. In case of neglect or misbehaviour, he is to be displaced by the Commander in Chief, and his successor to be appointed by the State to which he belonged. He is to receive from the cloathier general the proportion of cloathing assigned for the troops of his State, out of the public cloathing imported or purchased by continental agents; and from the State for which he is appointed, all the cloathing which may, at continental expence, be purchased in such State; of the latter, their quality and price, he shall transmit exact accounts to the cloathier general, and, when required, submit the several articles to the inspection of the cloathier general, or any person for that purpose deputed by him; he is to issue all cloathing supplied as aforesaid to the regimental cloathiers on returns signed by the commanding officers of regiments.
He is to keep exact returns with each regiment, inspect those of the regimental cloathiers, see that the articles delivered them are duly issued to the troops; and that all the cloathing procured at continental expence, above the allowance made by Congress, drawn by non-commissioned officers and privates, is charged to them, and credited to the pay roll; and that the commissioned officers receive what is credited to them and no more. He is to keep exact accounts with the cloathier general in behalf of the public, charging the United States only with what is allowed to the officers and men.
Whenever the troops of any State shall have received their proportion of cloathing from the continental stores, the supplies purchased at continental expence by the State to which they belong, or from both, and there shall remain a surplus which may be wanted for other troops not fully supplied, the sub-cloathier possessed thereof is to deliver over the surplus to such other State cloathier as the cloathier general shall direct, taking duplicate invoices and receipts from the State cloathier to whom they shall be transferred, one set of which he is to deposite with the cloathier general, and the other to retain as his own voucher: the cloathier general on his part making proper entries in his accounts, to do justice to all concerned.
When from a deficiency in the public stores, the troops of any State shall not have received their allowance of cloathing, the State cloathier is without delay to represent their wants, particularly enumerated in a return for that purpose to the executive authority of the State to which he belongs, requesting a speedy and adequate supply.
And in case a State, at its own expence, shall give and deposit with him any cloathing for the more comfortable subsistence of it's quota of troops, in addition to the allowance made by Congress, he is strictly to pursue the directions of such State, as well with respect to the distribution, as the vouchers for the delivery, and the manner and time of settling his accounts: transmitting once in every six months a copy of such accounts to the cloathier general, and as often, and whenever required, to the State to which he belongs.
THE REGIMENTAL CLOATHIER
The office of regimental cloathier shall always be executed by the regimental pay master.
He is to be furnished by captains or officers commanding companies with returns, specifying the men's names and the particular wants of each; these he is to digest into a regimental return which being signed by the officer commanding the regiment, and countersigned by himself with a receipt upon it of the supplies delivered to the regiment, is to be lodged with the State cloathier, and become to him a voucher for the delivery in his settlement with the cloathier general.
He is to keep an account with each officer and soldier for every article delivered, taking a receipt from them, as his voucher for the delivery: He is to credit them for the continental allowance, and to charge them for everything they receive, making stoppages in the monthly pay rolls for whatever they may fall in debt to the public beyond the allowance.
And to prevent in future unequal distribution of cloathing, either to the officers or soldiers, and the confusion and complaints which have been heretofore occasioned by irregular applications from commanding officers of regiments to public agents in different posts, it is hereby strictly enjoined on those agents, the cloathier general and the sub or State cloathiers to issue no cloathing on any pretence whatsoever, but in the manner before prescribed: nor shall any article be credited to either of them on settlement of their accounts, which is not so issued and vouched.
And whereas discretionary changes of the uniforms of regiments have proved inconvenient and expensive: the Commander in Chief is therefore fore hereby authorized and directed, according to the circumstances of supplies of cloathing to fix and prescribe the uniform, as well with regard to the color and facings, as the cut or fashions of the cloathes to be worn by the troops of the respective States and regiments, which shall, as far as possible be complied with by all purchasing agents employed by the Congress, as well as particular States, by the cloathier general, sub or state cloathiers and regimental cloathiers, and all officers and soldiers in the armies of the United States.
And when materials can be purchased instead of ready made cloathes, it shall always be prefered, in order that they may be made up by the taylors of the several regiments, to save expence and prevent the disadvantages which the soldiers frequently suffer from their unfitness; and instead of breeches, woolen overalls for the winter and linen for the summer, are to be substituted.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 28, 1779.
Dr. Sir: In answer to your favour of this day I inclose you a copy of a General order of the 23rd of March, regulating the component parts of a ration agreeable to which our present issues are made at the main army. The necessity of the strictest oeconomy in the article of flour makes me unwilling to increase the quantity, especially as I should apprehend, it might raise the expectation of the troops in general. I hope it will be the less requisite as I have written to the Commissary urging him if possible to have a pretty good stock of rum at the forts to supply more constantly the fatigue parties with this article. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 28, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have duly received your several favours of the 18th. and 27th. of May one without date and one of the 10th. instant. At the same time that I am satisfied your best exertions have not been wanting I cannot but lament the difficulties you have met with. The services of the men at this critical period are so essential, that every moment is precious and every possible step ought to have been taken to get them in march as early as was practicable. But every hour brings fresh proofs that the most dangerous delays are entailed upon all our measures.
As Blands and Baylors regiments are also destined to the Southward, if they have not marched before this arrives, I wish you to take them also under your direction and give them such instructions as you think proper for their future government. The sooner they can arrive at the place of their destination the better. Lt. Col Temple has the following paragraph in a letter of his of the 6th instant: "I am afraid we shall not be able to join the Southern army unless some one is furnished with cash to pay the expences. Certificates will not do here, and we are all without cash." You will be pleased to make the proper arrangements with the Quarter Master and Commissary, for the subsistence of the cavalry on its march, that it may suffer no difficulty for the want of money. I am sorry you are like to suffer from a scarcity of officers. The regiments here are so thinly provided, that I find I cannot spare any more without injury to the service. This prevents my sending you Lieutenant Kelly.57 If you can meet with any young fellows, willing to enter into the service whom you judge proper as Ensigns, I shall be glad you would endeavour to get them appointed by the states and transmit me a list of their names. They can be hereafter distributed to the different regiments and the service in general wants officers. I am, etc.58
[Note 57: Lieut. William Dennis Kelly, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He retired in September, 1779(?).]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On June 28 Washington also wrote a brief note to Lieut. Col. William Washington to apply to General Scott for future directions respecting the march of his troop. This note is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, June 28, 1779.
Sir: You will without delay march your corps towards Bedford, to join the troops at or near that place under the command of Colonel Moylan. You are not for the present to go with the corps yourself, but to send it with the officer next in command, as there is a complaint of a serious nature against you made by Mr. Vandeburgh59 a very respectable inhabitant of this state, which will oblige me to have an inquiry into the affair. I am extremely sorry any thing of this kind should have happened; but it is not in my power to be inattentive to the representations of the inhabitants when they complain of violences committed by the officers of the army. So soon as I receive the specific charges, they shall be communicated to you. Till then you will remain in this vicinity. I am, etc.60
[Note 59: Col. James Vandenburgh (Vandeburgh), of the Dutchess County (N.Y.) militia. His son and Jonas Adams joined in the complaint, which a military court on inquiry found should be referred to the civil law.]
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, June 28, 1779.
Sir: When you have crossed the North River, with your Regiment, you will proceed to the neighbourhood of Bedford where Col. Sheldons Horse and a few Light Infantry are stationed; these you will take under your command. The purposes of this command are to protect the Country and inhabitants give countenance to the Militia, and as far as it lies in your power, gain intelligence of the enemy's force, movements and designs, of which you will give me the most punctual information.
I leave it to your own judgment from an examination of the Country and according to circumstances to take a position that will best answer these purposes, consistent with the security and accomodation of your troops.
Col. Armand's corps I intend to order down, who will also be under your command.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The instructions sent were (1933) in the possession of Miss Lilias Page, of Cambridge, Mass.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 28, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 6th. Before this I suppose you have received marching orders from Col. Bland to whom they were transmitted. It is my wish the dragoons should get on to the place of their destination, as soon as possible.
You will be pleased to address yourself to General Scot for his directions for your future government.
With respect to the expences of the regiment on the march, I have directed general Scot to make the necessary arrangements with the Commissary and Forage master.
The particular exigency justified the step you took with respect to Cloathing. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, June 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your two favours of April the 23rd and the 31st of May. I was happy to learn that the affairs of the Convention troops were in a better situation than we at first imagined. General Philips in a letter to me bears ample testimony to the politeness of the treatment they have received. Your arrangements for their security on the late incursion of the enemy were judicious and proper; and the representation you give of the state of things would make me less apprehensive on any future occasion.
With respect to the Baron De Geismer's application, I should be very happy to have his exchange effected; both because it has been uniformly my wish to encourage exchanges, and because it would give me pleasure to accommodate the Baron in his peculiar circumstances; but I am not at liberty to indulge him with his parole to return to Germany, which is one part of his request. I shall direct our Commissary of Prisoners to make a proposal for his exchange. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 28, 1779.
Sir: I have rec'd your letter dated yesterday and thank you for the information it contained. I have now to request that you will endeavour to employ some person, in whom you can confide, and at the same time that is intelligent, to go into the works at stony-point, or if admittance is not to be gained, otherwise to obtain the best knowledge of them he can, so as to describe the particular kind of works, the precise spots on which they stand and the strength of the garrison. If you should succeed in this point, I must beg you will transmit me without delay a sketch of the works that I may be able to form an accurate idea of them.
You will yourself take the best view you can, that you may the better know whether the report you get from the person sent in is to be relied on. I am, etc.
P.S. describe the number of Armed Vessels and their situation and keep the contents of this letter to yourself.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 65: Deputy Commissary of Purchases, at Fishkill, N.Y. The draft calls him "Issuing Comy."]
Windsor, June 28, 1779.
Sir: I have it in charge from his Excellency the Commander in Chief to request, that you will exert yourself to send a tolerable good Supply of Rum as soon as possible to the Stores at West Point. The great fatigue the Troops there undergo every day, requires that they should be amply supplied. If they are not, the Works which are so very important, will be retarded. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: Harrison."]
Head Quarters, June 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I just now received your favor of to day.67 The Enemy are now indebted to us on the Score of privates and have been for a considerable time, or at least ever since last fall. This circumstance put's it out of my power to send in any new prisoners, but I shall cheerfully consent to apply the Militia taken the other day, to the credit of their Account if they will release them, and I will direct the Commissary to attempt to negotiate their exchange as soon as he can. This is all I can do at present. If they cannot be liberated in this way I shall not have the smallest objections to their friends sending them Cloathing and other Necessaries, and will furnish such permits as may be proper. Perhaps they had better send them a few necessary Cloathes immediately. I am, etc.
[Note 67: Clinton's letter of June 28 is not found in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. I request that you will direct a list of the prisoners to be sent me, that the Commissary may be the better enabled to negotiate the business. The Exchange can only operate as to those who were in Arms.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 28, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have the honor to inclose you an extract from my letter of the 21st to Genl. Sullivan by which you will perceive I have informed him that Lieut. Col. Pauling with a part of his command will join Genl. Clinton at Ononquaga and proceed on the ulterior operations of the expedition. As you left the matter to my determination whether the party should return or proceed on the western service after effecting the primary object, I have preferred the latter as the safest. By some intelligence from Canada received through Col. Hazen concurring with what Col. Van Schaick communicated some time since, it is said that 1500 Men were sent early in the spring to the posts on the Lakes. Though I do not give intire credit to this account, yet as it may be true, I am willing to strengthen the expedition as much as possible, to avoid an accident. I am to request your Excellency will give directions to Lt. Col. Pauling accordingly. I have the honor, etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, June 30, 1779.
Parole Copenhagen. Countersigns Cæsar, Plato.
All those soldiers who are Masons by trade in the line are immediately to be drawn out and sent to the Fort for a special and temporary service. They are to take their orders from Colonel Kosciuszko.70
[Note 70: Col, Thaddeus Kosciuszko. He served to the close of the war; was brigadier general of the Continental Army in September, 1783, and in October Congress resolved that it entertained "a high sense of his long, faithful and meritorious services."]
The Drummers to practise from nine to eleven in the morning and from three to five in the afternoon.
The New Regulations for the order and discipline of the Army being now arrived and distributed; The General hopes and expects that every officer will pay the strictest conformity to them and exert himself within the limits of his command to have them carried into immediate execution.
The Inspector General will as speedily as possible have an inspection into the two divisions under the command of Major Generals Heath and McDougall and will introduce the new formation on the same principles which have been observed in the other divisions.
He will please to begin with the brigades on the east side the river.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 30, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I wrote you this morning by General Woodford. I am glad to find the ideas of your letter73 correspond with mine. You will act accordingly. It is the more necessary to proceed with caution as I have just received advice from General Gates, that a considerable detachment sailed from Rhode-Island the 25th instant, steering a Western course. This seems to indicate some serious design this way. I am, etc.74
[Note 73: This letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 74: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 30, 1779.
12 OClock noon.
Sir: Yours of the 25th. was delivered me an hour ago. Inclosed you will receive a duplicate of mine of the 27th. least there should be a miscarriage. If you have not detached any troops from your command before this reaches you, you will be pleased instantly to dispatch Glover's Brigade to join this Army, with direction to make as much expedition as they can, without injuring the troops. This order is on the supposition that the detachment you mentioned to have sailed from Rhode Island will not have returned, and are not acting in your vicinity. If they are destined for New York, which I believe to be most likely, the enemy have in all probability, some serious attempt in contemplation this way; and after so considerable a diminution of their force at Rhode-Island, 'tis hardly to be expected, they will do more than remain on the defensive; nor do I see any prospect that you would be able to act offensively against their remaining force, if no part of yours were withdrawn.
I wish you to inform me by express, when your detachment marches and the route they take and to instruct the Commanding Officer to advise me every two or three days of his progress and proposed stages.
The lighter the troops move the better. Their heavy baggage can follow. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: In the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 154, in the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The draft is in the Washington Papers, and is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 30, 1779.
Dr. Sir: In consideration of the scarcity of forage, where you now are, and the plenty, which you mention to be at the Continental village, I think it will be best for one or both the Brigades, Parsons and Huntington's to move to that place. Nixon's will remain where it is.
In this position it will be necessary to be very vigilant against a surprise, particularly from a sudden movement of the enemy by water. I doubt not you will use every proper precaution. I am, etc.
P S. As I wish to have the works at West Point prosecuted vigorously as a primary object, perhaps if it can be done with safety it will be best to let Huntington's brigade go to the village and Parson's remain where it is to assist in forwarding the works. I leave this however to your discretion.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
New Windsor, June 30, 1779.
Sir: Yr. favor dated the 27th. inst was handed to day by Capt McLane, inclosing your proposals for the incorporation of his company with your Corps. The measure is desirable, and I should be happy were it in my power at once to authorise you to proceed on the business, but not being vested with sufficient powers to [change the establishment of a Corps] the plan must be referred to Congress. In doing this no time shall be lost and I sincerely wish it may meet their approbation. When I ordered Captain McLane to join you I had not an idea of the present plan, and only meant to afford you his aid with the few men of his company; sensible of the advantage to be derived from Horse and foot acting together.
Should the corps be established as you wish you cannot entertain a thought of making new Officers (the reasons are obvious) but must furnish them from your own Corps, or from the supernumerary officers of the line now unimployed; they are numerous and no doubt many fit ones may be found.
The dismounting Dragoons inlisted for that particular service is a delicate matter and I hope you have considered it well before hand and that you do not think of taking any, but such, whose inclinations may lead them to prefer the foot service. I am, etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
New Windsor, June 30, 1779.
Sir: As it is represented to me by Doctr. Craik, that unavoidble necessity of some times placing the Hospitals where they cannot be supplied with provisions by the Issuing Commys. agreeable to a resolve of Congress; I am induced to desire you will take the proper steps to supply them whenever they may be so situated as to put it out of the power of the Issuing Commy. to do it. I am, etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
New Windsor, July 1, 1779.
Sir: I had the Honor yesterday to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 24th Ulto. I have ever taken all the pains in my power to prevent plundering, and the practice has been constantly reprobated and prohibited by my Orders. I will continue to use my best endeavours to suppress it.
I transmit a Copy of a Letter of the 25th and of Two Reports which I received yesterday from General Gates, advising that a number of Vessels with Troops, had left Newport and directed their course up the Sound. It is difficult to tell what are the Objects Sir Henry Clinton has in view; possibly he means to concentre his force in the first instance, or to send a Reinforcement to the Southward. The Troops have fallen down from Verplank's and Stoney points to Philips's, except such Garrisons as are necessary to occupy the Works at those places, I am pursuing every means in my power to forward the defences at West point.
As several very respectable Officers have undertaken the important and extensive duties of Sub and Brigade Inspectors, it is thought both just and politick in order to induce them to continue, as well as to engage Others of weight and character in the business, that the Sub Inspectors should be allowed three rations per day and forage for three Horses, and those of Brigade Two Rations per day and forage for the same number of Horses, in lieu of all former rations and forage, both as Officers in the line and as Inspectors. They have applied for this. Their allowance of subsistence as Officers in the line to remain the 2same. There were some Other privileges which they requested, and which, being reasonable and within my authority, I have granted. The allowances of Rations and Forage must be decided by Congress. As I have observed they appear necessary, and in the latter case indispensible. I have the Honor etc.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on July 5 and referred to the Board of War The draft, also in Harrison's writing, shows that, as first written, this letter ended at the word "West point." The draft also has a P.S., not in the letter sent, as follows: "We are very anxious to hear some official Accounts, or such as are deemed authentic respecting our Affairs in South Carolina."]
[Note 80: Italian physician and republican.]
New Windsor, July 1, 1779.
Sir: Two or three Months ago I had the honor to receive your favor of the 27th of Jany. about the same time I was informed that you either had Imbarked, or was upon the point of imbarking, for Europe; this induced me to suspend my acknowledgment of your polite Lettr. till a more favourable juncture; but being lately told that you were in Virginia I address you accordingly.
I thank you for your obliging acct. of the culture of the Vine, and am happy to hear that your plantation of them is in so prosperous a way. I have long been of opinion from the spontaneous growth of the vine, that the climate and soil in many parts of Virginia were well fitted for Vineyards and that Wine, sooner or later would become a valuable article of produce. The relation of your experiments convince me I was right. With respect to the Olive, I have been much more doubtful; and with regard to the Lemon we know it is an exotic and requires a security against frost which must render the culture of them expensive precarious and unprofitable except for mere gratification and amusement.
I am much obliged by the communication of your design of going to Europe and asking my dispatches for France or Italy. I have nothing to give you the trouble of, but wish you an agreeable and prosperous voyage and a safe return to your adopted Country in which and rural life I should be happy to meet you.
I thank you for the flattering sentiments contained in your Letter and with esteem and respect have the honor, etc.81
[Note 81: Washington sent this letter to Virginia, addressed to the care of John Blair.]
New Windsor, July 1, 1779.
Sir: I have confirmed the different sentences of the Court Martial which you handed to me; but as I understood you that the Officers who were insulted by the Dragoons had interceded in their favor. If I should not be mistaken in this you are at liberty to remit their punishment. Yours, &c.
P: S: You will be pleased to order them to join their Regt.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
New Windsor, July 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have just received a letter from Genl. Clinton (at Connajoharie) which has filled me with inexpressable concern, as I apprehend the worst consequences to the Expedition under your command from the measures which have been pursued there.
My intention, and which I thought had been sufficiently explained and known to you, was, that the Troops under the command of Genl. Clinton should be at Connajoharie and the vicinity with Boats ready to proceed up the Mohawk River or across to Otsego as you should, under a full consideration of all circumstances and information, resolve on; and that, if the latter should be the choice he was to move rapidly over quite light, and with a sufficient Stock of Provisions and Stores only, to serve him till he could form his junction with you at Teoga, where every thing was to be provided.
Instead of this he had transported, and by the last accts. was transporting, Provisions and Stores for his whole Brigade, three Months, and 220 or 30 Batteaux to receive them, by which means, instead of having his design concealed till the moment of execution, and forming his junction with you in a manner by surprize the design is announced: the enemy watching him, and in place of moving light and rapidly, and as it were undiscovered, he goes incumbered with a useless supplies, has his defence weakened by the attention he must pay to his convoy, and the length of his line at a time when more than probably the whole force of the enemy will be employed to oppose him.
I did not expressly require that Genl. Clinton, in case of his forming the junction with you at Tioga, should come without provisions and stores but from the whole scope and tenor of our several conversations on this subject, the difficulties and dangers cthat were apprehended in the rout; the preparations that were making for the whole force on the Susquehannah and other circumstances I had, not a doubt of its being fully understood, and took it for granted when he was placed under your orders that he would have been instructed accordingly. [I inclose you a Copy of a Letter I wrote you on the 21st Ulto., lest the original should not have come to hand. Since writing the above I have received Your Two Letters of the 25th. and 27th Ulto.83 I am sorry for the new difficulties that have occurred. Altho there may be a deficiency in some of the Corps which compose a part of your command and a disappointment as to the Independent Companies expected from Pensylvania, yet I should hope your numbers upon the whole from the Men that have joined and that will join, will be equal, or at least, but very little short of what were originally counted upon. With respect to Cloathing, I was in hopes that the Supplies which had been sent would have answered tolerably well. They were great in proportion to our general stock, and the demands of the rest of the Army. At this time unhappily, there are no Shirts in the Cloathiers Store, or I would direct a few to be forwarded according to your request. Colo Blain,84 I am persuaded, will use every possible exertion to keep you furnished with provision. I have spoken to Colo Wadsworth upon this subject who told me that he had written to Colo Blain and that he had upon the first information of the damage of the provision sent a Hundred Cattle for Wyoming. The provision with General Clinton, if he should be so fortunate as ever to form a junction with you incumbered as he is, will more than replace what is damaged at Wyoming.
[Note 83: Sullivan's letters of June 25 and 27 are in the Washington Papers, and show the difficulties to have been a of provision supplies.]
[Note 84: Col. Ephraim Blaine.]
Your dependance cannot be upon Salt provision or Hard bread, I never had an idea that it would; because the transportation, if at any rate practicable, would so embarrass you as to retard your progress, and expose you to imminent risk from the length of your line of march. Besides, Salt provisions which undergo a long land transportation through a rough Country, will always be spoilt, and so will hard bread unless it is in tight covered Waggons or the casks are water proof. A quantity of both, to answer exigencies, or particular occasional purposes is certainly proper and necessary; but an expedition of the nature of the one you are engaged in cannot have a fair prospect of success where these are made the chief dependence.
The Enemy have fallen down from Verplank's and Stoney points to Philips's, except strong Garrisons to occupy the Works. a Detachment left Rhode Island the 25th. Ulto. for New York.
I yesterday received a Letter from Mr. Chase85 at Boston in which is the following paragraph, "A Vessel has this moment arrived from France, which parted with Ten sail French Men of War off the Western Islands, bound to reinforce Count D Estaing; likewise a Brigg, which ran away from the Cork fleet bound to New York, has arrived here." I am, etc.]86
[Note 85: Thomas Chase, Assistant Quartermaster General.]
[Note 86: The portion in brackets is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Windsor, July 1, 1779.
Sir: His Excellency desires me to say by way of explanation this his views in making the inquiry about Pack Saddles and bags this morning, were in case the enemy should make the Forts their object, when we of course must take post in the highlands and no mode for the transportation of provision to be used, but that of pack horses. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: This letter is in the writing, of Richard Kidder Meade and is signed "R. K. M. A. D. C."]
P.S. If any express should be going towards Easton or Wyoming, be pleased to give information of it.88
[Note 88: In another letter this same day (July 1) to Greene, Meade also requested that a boat be furnished General Wayne. Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
New Windsor, July 1, 1779.
Sir: I have been favoured with four letters from you three of the 22nd. and one of the 27th.
One of them incloses a representation from the Gentlemen in your department, requesting some additional privileges, in consideration of the additional trouble incident to the extensive duties of their offices. Their request appears to me so reasonable that I shall immediately take measures to have them allowed.
For each Sub and Brigade Inspector: a horseman's tent to transact their business in. a small waggon or a pack horse to carry their baggage. Books and necessary papers. Blank books, paper and candles adequate to the necessary purposes of the office. The liberty of taking from the line two or three intelligent serjeants to act as Clerks, to do duty with their regiments as usual in time of action. The privilege of drawing on extraordinary occasions only and for temporary purposes, a horse from the public stables.
For each Sub Inspector: Three rations per day and forage for three horses.
For each Brigade Inspector: Two Rations pr day and forage for three horses.
The matter of rations and forage will demand the sanction of Congress to whom I will write on the subject.
With respect to the exercise of the commands to which they are respectively intitled; whenever they conceive occasion may require it; it appears to me that this is placed upon its proper footing in the institution of the department and I cannot think it for the good of the service to recommend an alteration. If it should be left to the discretion of the inspectors they may prefer a command in their regiments, when it may interfere with the duties of their office; which require that in time of action they should assist their Generals in the execution of the field manoeuvres. I do not mean to suppose that this would happen; but every institution ought to be consistent with itself and not to authorise even a possibility, of one part clashing with another. It is my intention to preclude the Gentlemen from opportunities of command; but I am of opinion the occasions of exercising it, ought to be determined by the officer commanding the army the division or the brigade to which they are attached.
The proposals towards a monthly inspection contained in their representation and your letter of the 29th.89 appear in general to be very elegible and shall be substantially adopted. A general order will be immediately framed for this purpose. It will comprehend the other regulations you recommend.
[Note 89: Steuben's letter of June 29 is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I agree with you as to the impropriety of such numerous guards and the necessity of ordering them to join their regiments in time of alarm; and I disapprove of Commissioned officers exercising the civil functions you mention.
I shall take measures to remedy these abuses. The other matters you suggest shall be duly attended to.
Your recommendation of Mr Galvan confirms the opinion I entertained of his talents. If Mr. Ternant has resigned and no other person has been employed in his place, I should have only one objection to Mr. Galvan succeeding him, which is, that according to the establishment of your department, the appointment would naturally devolve on an officer already in the line. I shall however give the matter further consideration and in the mean time shall be obliged to you to endeavour to ascertain Mr. Ternant's resignation.
I shall be obliged to you for a sight of his work concerning regulations for the cavalry. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 1, 1779.
Sir: Having appointed you to the command of the light infantry of the line you will immediately repair to that part of it (consisting of four batalions now commanded by Col. Butler) which is in the vicinity of Fort Montgomery, and take the command. The infantry of the other divisions is not yet organized; but it will be done as soon as possible and the whole drawn together as far as the circumstances of the service will permit. The principal object of your present station is to oppose any movement of the enemy against the forts; for which purpose you will exert yourself to gain an accurate knowledge of the scene of action, all the possible landing places and approaches to the forts and to your corps; with every advantageous spot for giving the most effectual opposition. You will make such disposition, as appears best calculated to answer these purposes, and to gain the earliest information of the movements and designs of the enemy. To this end you will endeavour to engage trusty persons to go within the enemies lines as spies; and I will enable you to reward them for the risk and trouble; but in doing this I need not remind you of the necessity of oeconomy and the greatest caution to prevent imposition.
If at any time, you see a favourable opportunity for striking an advantageous stroke, you have my permission for improving it; as I rely upon your prudence, that you will undertake nothing without a sufficient prospect of success, and unless the advantages to be obtained will compensate the risk to be run. When you have any project of consequence and circumstances will permit, you will be pleased to communicate it to me previous to the execution.
You will find in the hands of Col. Butler a map of this country taken from actual survey which is for the use of the commanding officer of the infantry. Col. Butler will also communicate to you the instructions he has received, which contain my ideas more in detail of the measures proper to be persued by the infantry, in its present position.
You will be pleased to advise me punctually of every material occurrence.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, July 1, 1779.
Parole Harkimer. Countersigns Clinton, Jay.
The whole Army is for the future to undergo a monthly inspection, in which the State of the men's arms accoutrements, ammunition, clothing and camp equipage is to be carefully examined. At these inspections the following returns are to be made to the Inspector.
1st A return of the strength of each company regimentally digested, accounting for all absentees, together with the alterations since the last inspection.
2ndly A return of the different articles of clothing in possession of each company, with an account of the quantity received, lost, worn out, or otherwise deficient since the last inspection.
3rdly A return of Arms, Ammunition and Accoutrements of each company, accounting for the alterations and distinguishing such as are in the hands of the men absent on command &c. from those present.
4thly A return of the camp equipage delivered each company, the quantity on hand and the deficiencies since the preceding examination.
5thly A return from the regimental Quarter Master of all the articles he has drawn since the last inspection both from the brigade Quarter Master and brigade Conductor, the issues he has made to each company, the stock in hand, and the deficiencies which have happened.
6thly A similar return from the regimental Clothier of all the articles of clothing by him received, delivered and in hand.
7thly A return from the brigade Quarter Master of the articles in his department, issued to the several regiments and returned to him by them.
8thly A similar return from the brigade Conductor.
The result of these inspections are to be communicated to the officers commanding divisions and brigades so far as respects their commands, as well as to the Commander in Chief and commanding officer in the department.
The Major Generals or officers commanding divisions are to communicate their division orders through the Sub Inspectors; But as the duties of their office will be too numerous and entensive in many cases to permit their attendance for the general orders, they are to be hereafter exempted from this part of the duty assigned them which is to be performed by the Aide De Camps to the Major Generals; But as the Adjutant General will often have matters to communicate which may not be the proper subjects of written orders, The Sub Inspectors will attend at the Orderly Office as frequently as their Occupations will permit.
The Sub Inspectors are to receive brigade returns from the Brigade Inspectors which they are to digest into division returns for the Major Generals.
The Commander in Chief having been informed that some commissioned officers hold appointments in the Commissary and Forage department, thinks it necessary to direct that the practice be discontinued in future.
The demands upon the line for the Staff officers authorized by Congress are so numerous that it would be injurious to the service to permit any others than they have pointed out. The officers commanding divisions will see this order carefully executed allowing only sufficient time to supply their places by other appointments, which it is expected will be immediately done.
Henry McCormic, Esquire,94 late Brigade Major to the 1st Pennsylvania Brigade is appointed to do the duties of Brigade Major and Brigade Inspector to the Light Corps under Brigadier General Wayne.
[Note 94: Adj. Henry McCormick, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He served as brigade major and inspector to the Light Infantry to May, 1780, when he resigned.]
The Honorable Congress have been pleased to pass the following Act
In Congress, June 22nd., 1779.
Resolved. That it be recommended to the legislative and executive powers in the several states, more especially those that are adjacent to Long Island and other places in possession of the enemy, to take the most effectual measures to prevent plundering the inhabitants of such places, and all officers of the army are directed to use their utmost exertions to prevent such practices.
As nothing can be more unwarrantable than plundering the Inhabitants, the General persuades himself that every officer of the Army will exert himself to prevent it in all cases whatever.
At a General Court Martial of the line whereof Lieutenant Colonel Ford is President, June 23rd.,
Lieutenant Moody95 of the 2nd. Virginia State Regiment was tried for, "Scandalous, infamous behaviour, unbecoming the Character of a Gentleman and Officer, also with breaking a former Arrest in being out of camp when notified to appear for trial altho' he knew a Court was sitting."
[Note 95: Lieut. James Moody, of the Second Virginia State Regiment. He was promoted to captain, to rank from April, I779, and served to January, 1781.]
The Court acquit Lieutenant Moody of the charge of scandalous, infamous behaviour in the instances exhibited against him; but they are of opinion that Lieut. Moody is reprehensible for the language made use of by him to Lieutenant Edmonston96 at Middle Brook, in May last, which they consider as a breach of Article 1st. Section 7th. of the Articles of War, which directs as a punishment, an Arrest, and as Lieutenant Moody has been arrested and tried they are of opinion he should be discharged of his Arrest.
[Note 96: Lieut. Benjamin Edmondson, of the Second Virginia State Regiment. He served to January, 1781.]
They are also of opinion Lieutenant Moody was not properly arrested on the 2nd. charge.
The General confirms the sentence, at the same time he feels real Pain at the indecency of the behaviour and language which passed between the Gentlemen concerned; utterly inconsistent with that delicacy of character, which an officer ought under every circumstance to preserve:
The familiarity made use of by Lieutenant Moody to reinlist the soldier mentioned in Lieutenant Rudder's97 deposition was intirely improper.
[Note 97: Lieut. Epaphroditus Rudder, of the First Virginia State Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant of the First Continental Dragoons in 1780, and retired in November, 1782.]
Also Corporal Swan of the 2nd. Regiment of Light-Dragoons was tried. 1st. For insolent language. 2ndly. Delivering his sword to one of the Inhabitants for the "purpose of insulting officers," found guilty of using insolent language to some officers in the Maryland line being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be reduced to a private and to ask pardon of the officers he was insolent to. The Court do acquit him of the other charges.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders the execution of it as soon as may be.
Likewise Elihu Bellows and Philip Goldwait of the 2nd. regiment of Light Dragoons were tried, 1st. For insolent language.
2ndly. "Delivering up their clothing, arms and accoutrements to the inhabitants for the purpose of insulting officers."
3rdly" Coming into company in the disguise of countrymen themselves ", acquitted of the charge of insolent language but severally found guilty of the other charges, being breaches of Article 5th, Section 18th. of the Articles of War and sentenced each to receive one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentences and orders them executed at such time and place as Major General Putnam shall direct.
The 1st. Pennsylvania brigade to relieve the 1st. Maryland at the Forest of Deane tomorrow.
New Windsor, July 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have duly received Your favors of the 1st. 2d. and the present date. I do not yet know in what light Captain Cole98 will be considered, whether as a prisoner of War, or a
[Note 98: Capt. Albert Cole (Coles), a Tory, who was captured on Long Island by a party of Whigs and taken to Connecticut.] Citizen. I have written to Major Talmadge to inform me of the circumstances of his capture. The Desetrers99 to Bedford, I think, had better go to Connecticut. Directions will be given for purchasing their Arms, and as to the sum to be paid for them.
[Note 99: British deserters.]
You will represent to Doctor Foster1 the purveyor, and Doctor Turner2 the surgeon General, the deficiency of Instruments, Bandages &c. and urge them to supply them as soon as possible.
[Note 1: Isaac Foster, hospital purveyor and deputy director general, Eastern Department. He retired in October, 1780.]
[Note 2: Philip Turner, surgeon general, Eastern Department. He was made hospital physician and surgeon in October, 1780, and retired in June, 1781.]
Inclosed you will receive the report of a Committee of Officers of the right Wing; in which they enter into a voluntary engagement, not to purchase certain Articles but at a limited price. This has originated with themselves, and though I do not expect much from it; yet as they have entered into the measure, and as its utility and success depend on its being general, I send it to you to take the sense of the Officers under your command. The experiment can do no harm and it may do good. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
New Windsor, July 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I intend in the orders of tomorrow to publish and approve the sentences of De Peu, King, and Bettis; but as we have had frequent examples latterly in the main army, I feel a reluctance at present to add to the number. I therefore propose as it is the anniversary of our independence to proclaim a general pardon to all the prisoners now under sentence of death in the army. I shall pass over the case of Heustis4 as he is a soldier in the enemy's service; and the punishment of him might involve questions of delicacy which it will perhaps be more prudent to avoid. I shall be obliged to you to inform me, under what circumstances he was taken that I may be the better able to judge in what light he ought to be considered. I am, etc.5
[Note 4: Philip Heustis, a loyalist.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. A P.S. was added to this letter identical with the last paragraph of Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath of this same date, q. v.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, July 3,1779. Parole Cumberland. Countersigns Coventry, Bengal.
In order to prevent the inconveniencies and abuses which have prevailed both with respect to the number and management of guards appropriated to the stores of the Army, the General directs the following mode to be pursued in future:
The brigade Quarter Masters are to choose a convenient place in the rear of each brigade as near the encampment as possible for the deposit of all the store Waggons of the brigade which are to be parked in the following order:
1st. The Conductor's Forge and Ammunition Waggons. 2nd. The Quarter Masters. 3rd. The Commissary's. 4th. The Waggon Masters. 5th. The Forage Masters and all other Waggons and stores which require to be guarded.
Each brigade is to furnish a Serjeant and twelve as a guard to this park under the denomination of Store-Guards which is to give four sentries, to be posted at the four corners of the park. This guard to be reliev'd daily.
It being essential that in time of action the strength of the line should be as little diminished as possible, it has been directed in the regulations that at the beating of the General for the march of the Army "all General and Staff Officers' guards and those of the Commissaries are to return to their respective regiments." The Commander in Chief enjoins the strictest observance of this regulation and as the reason is the same extends it to times of Alarm; in which cases the guards above mentioned are instantly to rejoin their several corps.
A sufficient guard, according to circumstances, will be provided for the baggage and stores of the whole line.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, July 4, 1779.
Parole St. Domingo. Countersigns Hadley, Haddam.
At a General Court Martial held by order of Major General McDougall in the Highlands the 19th of June last, Colonel Greaton President, Lieutenant Torey Holland of Colonel Putnam's nam's regiment was tried for "Encouraging a Prisoner at Terry town to make his escape on the 22nd. of March last, it being unbecoming the character of an officer and gentleman," found not guilty and acquitted with honor.
The General confirms the sentence and orders Lieutenant Holland released from Arrest.
At another General Court Martial whereof Colonel Nixon was President, the 6th. day of April last, a certain Isaac Depue was tried for "Assisting to seize and secretly convey to places within the possession of the british forces, Major Blauvelt and Hermanus Talman,6 loyal Citizens of the State of New York" unanimously adjudged guilty of the charge exhibited against him and in pursuance of a resolution of Congress
[Note 6: Maj. Johannes Joseph Blauvelt, of the militia, and Hermanus Talman (Taulman), both of Orangetown, N. Y.] of the 27th. of February 1778, unanimously sentenced to suffer death by being hung by the Neck until he shall be dead.
At the same Court John King was tried for, "Assisting to seize and secretly convey to places within the possession of the british forces said Blauvelt and Talman and also for aiding in the taking of William Sitcher an officer in the service of the United States, also a private Soldier in the aforesaid service, and conveying them to the City of New-York," found guilty of that part of the charge which relates to the taking of Blauvelt and Talman and unanimously sentenced to suffer death by being hung by the Neck until he the said John King shall be dead.
Likewise Joseph Bettys was tried for "Having been a Spy for General Burgoyne (in the service of the enemy) by coming within the American lines in the State of New York in a secret manner and returning again to the enemies of the United States, and for having forged a certificate to facilitate the execution thereof," found guilty and unanimously sentenced to suffer death, by being hung by the Neck 'till he shall be dead. The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing sentences.
A certain Stephen Smith was also tried by a General Court Martial whereof Lieutenant Colonel Loring was President the 6th. of January last for "Being a Spy, by coming frequently within the American lines in the States of New York and Connecticutt in a secret manner and returning to the enemies of the United States," found guilty and unanimously sentenced to suffer death. Which sentence was afterwards approved by Major General McDougall. This day, being the Anniversary of our glorious Independence will be commemorated by the firing of Thirteen Cannon from West Point at one o'clock P.M.
The Commander in Chief thinks proper to grant a general pardon to all Prisoners in this Army under sentence of death. They are to be released from confinement accordingly.
At a Brigade General Court Martial, June 24th. 79. Lieutenant Colonel Davidson,7 President, William Shields Waggon Master to the North Carolina Brigade was tried 1st. "For exchanging a public horse as one of his own property." 2nd. "For stealing the Waggoner's forage." 3rdly. "For having offered for sale (or to exchange) a public Mare (as his own property) which he drew out of the continental yard for the use of the brigade." 4thly. "For having sold (to the driver of Major Murphy's8 private team) two collars which he drew for the use of the brigade, and 5thly." For selling to a soldier (at near double price) cloathing" he drew out of the public Store and paid for."
[Note 7: Lieut. Col. William Lee Davidson, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He served later as brigadier general of North Carolina Militia, and was killed at Cowan's Ford, N. C., in February, 1781.]
[Note 8: Maj. Hardy Murfree(?), of the Second North Carolina Regiment.]
The Court do acquit him of the 1st. charge but find him guilty of the last four and sentence him to be dismissed the service.
The General is sorry to differ in opinion, in part, from the Court. It appears to him that the first charge was better supported than the second.
Shields had no right to take the horse in the first instance, but when he was taken and put into the public service, which appears to have been the case, he became a public horse and the public was responsible for him to the original owner, therefore as he afterwards took this horse and exchanged him as his own, the first charge appears well founded.
His being Waggon Master and taking forage from the Waggoners under him for the use of his own horses even tho' it may have been done irregularly or wantonly can hardly be considered as a theft which the charge declares.
These reasons do not permit the General to confirm the sentence but as Mr. Shields appears to have been very culpable upon the whole, the General recommends it to the Quarter Master General immediately to dismiss him from the service.
The General requests the commanding officers of those regiments who have furnished men for his guard to send without delay to the Adjutant General, certificates of the time of service for which they are respectively engaged.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 4, 1779.
My Lord: I received yesterday your Letter of the 2nd with an Extract from your Orders and the proceedings of a Committee of Officers for fixing the prices of provision. It is certainly much to be wished that expedients could be devised for appreciating the Money and any reasonable measures that will contribute to this will meet with my approbation. It is however evident that this can only be the effect of a general agreement, and that nothing less can be lasting. I have transmitted Copies of the proceedings of the Committee of Officers to General Heath and Genl McDougal, that they may be submitted to the consideration of the Officers of the Corps under their immediate command. If they agree to them, I shall direct the prices affixed to the several enumerated Articles to be published in General Orders. I am, etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Windsor, July 4, 1779.
Dear Sir: Today being the anniversary of independence you will be pleased to have it taken notice of by discharging thirteen pieces of cannon at one oClock. I wish we had it in our power to distribute a portion of rum to the soldiers, to exhilerate their spirits upon the occasion, but unfortunately our stock is too scanty to permit. I am, etc.
P:S: Major Beauman told me yesterday he had some damaged powder. This had best be made use of.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 4, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I this morning received your letter of yesterday and am obliged to you for your observations and the sketch you send me.
The arrival of the Southern post expected tomorrow, will detain me here; but the next day I shall have the pleasure of being with you very early in the morning, for the purpose you mention. You may make such a disposition of your corps as you think proper. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[H.S.V.]
[Note 12: Of the Massachusetts Militia.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 4, 1779.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 30th. Ulto. I could not give the party, which was intended to be raised and to march under your command, greater pay or any other terms than what I mentioned. As the matter has been deferred so long, I don't know, even if the party could be engaged on those terms, that it would answer all the valuable purposes which were at first in view. With respect to the Men raising for Nine months, they cannot be employed in the manner they request; but must recruit the Regiments according to the intentions of the State.
Solomon Hendricks13 has shewn me a List of thirty two Stockbridge Indians, who he says are still desirous of going on
[Note 13: Stockbridge Indian chief.] the Western expedition and have chosen him for their Captain. If this is the case, on the terms and conditions I mentioned I shall have no objection to the measure and to their joining General Sullivan as early as they can by the way of Wyoming,14 or to their falling in with Genl. Clinton, if they can overtake him. I have told him this, and given him a writing in the nature of a Commission while he is on this service.15 I am, etc.16
[Note 14: In Pennsylvania.]
[Note 15: For the "writing" given to Hendricks see the following document.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 4, 1779.
You having represented to me that you and thirty two Others, of the said tribe, whose names you have furnished me with, are desirous of going on the expedition with General Sullivan and are willing to do it for the same pay and allowances of the Troops belonging to the Continental Army, and that the said party have chosen you their Captain. This is to declare that from the good opinion I have of your bravery and attachment to the United States of America, I approve of the same; and also that you shall have and receive the pay of a Captain, while you are actually employed with your Company in the said expedition. And in like manner I declare that every private man in your company, while they are in the said service shall have and receive the same pay and allowance of provisions as the Soldiers employed in the Army. And Lastly, when the Expedition is ended, If Genl Sullivan or the Commanding Officer shall certify that you and your Company behaved well and distinguished yourselves, you shall, over and above your common-pay, receive a sum of Money as a Testimonial for your good conduct and services.16
New Windsor, July 4, 1779.
My dear Marqs: Since my last which was written (to the best of my recollection for not having my Papers with me I can not have recourse to dates) in March, both Armies continued quiet in their Winter cantonments till about the first of May when a detachmt. of abt. 2000 of the Enemy under the command of General Matthews conveyed by Sir George Collier made a sudden invasion of a Neck of land comprehending Portsmouth and Suffolk in Virginia, and after plundering and destroying the property (chiefly private) in those places and stealing a number of Negroes returned to New York the moment they found the Country rising in Arms to oppose them.
This exploit was immediately followed by a movement of Sir Henry Clinton up the North River the beginning of June. what the real object of this expedition was, I cannot with certainty inform you. Our Posts in the highlands were supposed to be his aim because they were of importance to us, and consonant to his former plan for prosecuting the War; but whether upon a nearer approach he found them better provided and more difficult of access than he expected, or whether his only view was to cut off the communication between the East and West side of the River below the highlands I shall not undertake to decide; certain it is however that he came up in full force, disembarked at Kings ferry and there began to fortify the points on each side which to all intents and purposes are Islands and by nature exceedingly strong.
This movement of the enemy and my solicitude for the security of our defences on the River, induced me to March the Troops which were cantoned at Middle brook, immediately to their support and for the further purpose of strengthening the defences by additional Works. in this business I have been employed near three weeks, while the enemy have not been idle in establishing themselves as above. They have reinforced their main army with part of the garrison at Rhode Island.
General Sullivan commands an Expedition against the Six Nation's which aided by Butlar and Brandt, with their Tory Friends, and some force from Canada have greatly infested our Frontrs. He has already Marched to the Susquehanna with about 4000 Men, all Continental Soldiers and I trust will destroy their Settlements and extirpate them from the Country which more than probably will be effected by their flight as it is not a difficult matter for them to take up their Beds and Walk.
We have received very favourable Accts. from South Carolina, by wch. it appears that the British Troops before Charles town have met with a defeat and are in a very perilous situation. We have this matter from such a variety of hands that it scarcely admits of a doubt and yet no official information is received of it.
When my dear Marquis shall I embrace you again? Shall I ever do it? or have the charms of the amiable and lovely Marchioness, or the smiles and favors of your Prince withdrawn you from us entirely? At all times, and under all circumstances, I have the honor to be with the greatest regard, personal attachment and affection, Yr., etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 5, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Since mine to you of the 3d, I have received yours of the 29th. of June. I am glad to find that your second arrival of stores and provisions was in better condition than the first. I hope what you still expect may prove equally good.
I have received a letter from General Clinton of the 30th. of June by which I find that his taking so large a quantity of provisions and stores with him was in obedience to your orders. I cannot but be extremely apprehensive that this party will be exposed to the most imminent hazard from so great an incumbrance of stores, especially under the intelligence you communicate of the enemy's assembling at Chonowaitatine. We may expect their whole force will be bent against General Clinton. Notwithstanding my apprehensions I would not undertake to interfere with your arrangements but shall leave him to act as you direct; at the same time, I must entreat you to consider whether he may not still disembarrass himself of a part of his stores. This will depend materially on your immediate prospects of supply; if they appear sufficient, I am of opinion it will be adviseable for General Clinton to send back to Conojoharie all his provisions and stores more than are necessary for his subsistence and security till he joins you. In this case I would endeavour to prevail upon the Governor to have some Militia from that part of the Country ordered out to take charge of the stores at Conojoharie and convey them to a place of safety. If you from a full consideration of circumstances are of the same opinion you will give directions accordingly and inform me of them.
This measure besides the good effect of disencumbering the detachment will serve to puzzle the enemy and render our real designs equivocal.
I approve of your intention of reaching Tiogo before General Clinton moves from Otsego. Would it be prudent to carry the idea still further by moving on to meet him towards Owege or Chenango as far as it can be done with safety? This would certainly tend to distract and awe the Indians and facilitate your junction. But it is a matter I only mean to suggest for your consideration. I observe your force by a late return including Clinton's amounted to 3,500 men fit for duty, Clinton's at the time his return was made to you (though his numbers have augmented since) were probably 1000. This leaves you 2500.
You say you shall only be able to march fifteen hundred men from Wyoming, a thousand therefore must be employed as Garrisons escorts &c. This number is far more considerable than I can conceive necessary. Your posts of communication need not be numerous nor large; it appears to me that less than one third of the number would suffice for them and for contingent services. It is essential that your operating force should be as great as possible. In order that it may be the less requisite to leave a large part of your troops to guard your communication, I have again written to tile Council of Pensylvania urging the necessity of sending you a reinforcement of five or six hundred men of some sort or other to be employed in this way and enable you to keep your Continental force in a body.
These may serve to strengthen the garrisons you leave behind and protect your convoys. I hope the application may succeed, it shall be pressing and pointed.17
[Note 17: See letter to President Reed (July 5).]
I send you some intelligence lately received from Canada. It is from a friend there who covers himself by assuming the stile of a Tory. From this account it appears that 700 men have been sent from Canada to reinforce the savages. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. A signed letter, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 5, 1779.
Dr. Sr: I have received your letter of this day and have issued a General order for regulating the manner in which Cloathing is to be drawn for the Infantry. I have also directed a Brigade Qr. Master Forage Master and Conductor to be appointed, though I have not assigned the duty of Clothier to the first. If it should be found necessary it may be done hereafter. I have appointed the regimental Qr. Masters to do the duty of Regimental Clothiers and to observe the same rules and forms which these are bound to observe. I agree perfectly with you as to the importance of dress and it is my intention that the Infantry shall have a pretty full supply. But after all our circumstances must govern and it might have an ill effect to make too great a difference between the infantry and the troops of the line at large.
I shall direct the Clothier to endeavour to complete you to a hat or cap, one Blanket, two shirts, one pr. of overalls and one pr. of Shoes pr man and a small quantity of thread and needles. More than this cannot be afforded. I have not given an order on the returns you inclose, because the matter may be at once taken up in the established mode which is analogous to the practice in the line.
I shall remind the Quarter Master Genl. about sending you a Boat and direct the Commissary to keep you as well supplied as he can with rum. But the misfortune is our stock of this article is very scanty.
I shall speak to Baron Steuben about the regulations. I believe he has not enough ready to give a full supply; but he may perhaps spare a few more than he has done, one to each field Officer and one to each Captain. I expect to have the pleasure of seeing you in the morning and am, etc.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 5, 1779.
Sir: The complaints of your corps daily increased. You will immediately on receipt of this send it off under the Officer next in command, to join Col. Moylan, at or near Bedford. Yourself will remain with the Witness you have to attend a Court Martial which will sit tomorrow morning at 10 oClock at New Windsor. I am, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, July 5, 1779.
Sir: I have just received your letter of the 3d; the loss of your papers was certainly a most unlucky accident and shews how dangerous it is to keep papers of any consequence at an advanced post. I beg you will take care to guard against the like in future. If you will send me a trusty person I will replace the guineas. I observe yourself and other officers have lost some cloathing. Though I have not given an order of the kind before, yet in this particular exigence, I am ready to give one on the Clothier to those officers who have been the sufferers for such articles as are absolutely necessary. You will be pleased to communicate this to Col Sheldon and request him to send the Pay Master with a proper return to Head Quarters.
The Person who is most endangered by the acquisition of your letter is one Higday who lives not far from the Bowery on the Island of New York. I wish you would endeavour to give him the speediest notice of what has happened. My anxiety on his account is great, if he is really the man he has been represented to be, he will in all probability fall a sacrafice. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your letter of yesterday I recd. this day and have only to thank you for it and its inclosure; except that I wish you to pay the strictest attention to the movements of the enemy below, lest they may undertake an excursion into the Jersey, by the way of Tappan or elsewhere; of this should it take place, I must request the earliest information; it may be well in order to accomplish this knowledge to employ country people for the purpose. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
New Windsor, July 5, 177923 Sir: A report prevails here that Your Excellency intends shortly to take your departure for France. On a presumption of its truth, I take the liberty to request you will do me the honour to take charge of the inclosed letter for the Marquis De la Fayette.
[Note 23: The date line and superscription is in the writing of Washington.]
I cannot but avail myself of this opportunity, of assuring your Excellency of the high sense I entertain of your services to this country, and how much I should regret your absence, if I were not convinced that it will be employed to promote the mutual interest of France and America. With this consolation, I entreat you will accept the homage of my sincerest wishes for your health and happiness; and that you may have a safe and agreeable passage and a happy sight of your friends, I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 25: Of Alexandria, Va., and coexecutor with Washington of Col. Thomas Covill's estate.]
New Windsor, July 5, 1779.
Sir: Your letter of the 10th. Ulto. by the Post did not reach my hands till yesterday. Although I have received money on my own account in discharge of Bonds, Mortgages &ca., at the present depreciated price of it (by which, in some instances, I have not, in reality, got a Shilling in the pound, though nominally the whole Sum) I can never consent to receive it as an Executor for others without a proper allowance unless the Laws of the State should compel it; of which you have the means of information more in your power than I have, and will act accordingly.
I do not recollect enough of Colo. Thos. Colvills Will to remember who were the residuary Legatees; I thought his relations in England had been so; but be this as it may, the case is not altered by it; and I think Mr. Moody, before a conveyance is made him, should pay the real, not nominal value of the purchase; without this I shall never (unless matters appear to me in a different point of light than they do at present) agree to make Deeds untill compelled by a suit in chancery.
Before I conclude let me entreat you to have the Accts. of that Estate put in the best Order imaginable, and every Voucher, Paper, and memorandum which tends to explain, or can anyways illucidate matters, carefully selected; as I am very anxious, or shall be so the moment it is in my power, to have a final settlement of my Executorship of that Estate in order to obtain a discharge from the trust. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 5, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am extremely concerned to find by several late Letters from General Sullivan that he is like to be disappointed in the independt. companies which were to reinforce him from the State of Pensylvania. The consequences of this disappointment will certainly be very injurious, they may be more than injurious. For want of these he will be obliged to reduce his operating force to establish the necessary posts of communication too low perhaps to act with safety and effect, or he must leave his communication and convoys in the most precarious state. I have advised him rather to hazard something in the last respect than in the first, with an assurance that I would again solicit the aid of the state to strengthen the posts in his rear and assist in protecting his convoys. I must entreat in the most pressing terms that the Council will be pleased without delay to take effectual measures to have the number of men originally requested, sent forward.26 If the independent companies are not ready, I beg their place may be supplied by militia to be relieved periodically. The Council are fully sensible of the importance of success in the present expedition and of the fatal mischiefs which would attend a defeat. We should perhaps lose an army and our frontiers would be desolated and deluged in blood. A large reinforcement has been sent from Canada to join the savages. They are collecting their force for a vigorous opposition; and if they are successful, their devastations will exceed any thing we have yet experienced. Their means will be increased and their cruelty will be emboldened by success and Sharpened by revenge.
[Note 26: Reed answered (July 11) that peremptory orders had been given to the ranging companies and militia of the adjacent counties to join Sullivan.]
It was not in my power to send a greater Continental force. I stretched this string as hard as it would possibly bear, and relied on the further aid of the states more immediately concerned. I hope I shall not be eventually disappointed. I flatter myself the Council will think my anxiety on this occasion natural and will excuse my importunity. With very great respect etc.
P.S. I shall be much obliged to the Council to communicate what they will have it in their power to do, to General Sullivan that he may take his measures accordingly.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, July 5, 1779.
Parole Hispaniola. Countersigns Berlin, China.
A Court of Inquiry to be held the day after tomorrow 9 o'clock at this place at the Tavern nearest Head Quarters to inquire into some complaints exhibited against Col. Armand by Colo. James Vandeburgh of the Militia and Jonas Adams both Inhabitants of this State.
The Court will report a State of facts to the Commander in Chief and their opinion of the merits of the complaints. The Court will consist of Colonel Clark,28 Lieut. Colo. Brooks,29 Lieut Col. Fleury,30 Lieut Colo. North,31 Majr. Des Epinier.32
[Note 28: Col. Thomas Clark, of the First North Carolina Regiment.]
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. John Brooks, commandant of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 30: Lieut. Col. François Louis Teisseydre, Marquis de Fleury, of the Engineers.]
[Note 31: Lieut. Col. William North, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 32: Maj. Augustin François Des Epiniers. He was aide to Steuben, and returned to France in October, 1779.]
AFTER ORDERS
A brigade Quarter Master, Forage Master and Conductor to be forthwith appointed to the corps of Light Infantry.
The regimental Quarter Masters to the Infantry are to perform the duty of regimental Clothiers and are to draw and issue clothing in the same manner as is practised throughout the line. They are to transmit every month the company returns lodged with them, to the regimental Pay Masters with an account of their deliveries and are to take their receipts as vouchers for their justification.
The regimental Pay Masters will carry the clothing delivered to the Infantry of their regiments into the general regimental account and settle with the Cloathier accordingly.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 7, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I beg leave to inform your Excellency that I have received intelligence of an embarkation of the enemy the 4th instant at Frogs Neck which proceeded up the Sound and probably have in view a sudden incursion into your State; perhaps New London may be the object. I should have communicated the intelligence sooner, but it arrived during my absence from Head Quarters, from which place I have been for two days past on a visit to our own posts below and those the enemy have lately established. The embarkation in question is said to consist of the Grenadiers light infantry and some Hessians amounting to about 1800 men. It seems the enemy have lately collected a number of their shipping in the East River. Their whole force except this detachment is assembling about Kings Bridge and Philip's farm. The present movement up the sound may have two objects in view, the destruction of some town or magazine near the coast and the drawing off the farmers from their harvest, and the diversion of a part of our force that way to enable them to act more seriously on this River.
On hearing that the enemy intended to bring a part of the garrison of Rhode Island to New York I directed General Gates in that event to send a proportionable part of his force this way;, and on receiving information that they had actually done it, in a subsequent letter I directed him to march Glover's Brigade. The inclosed to the Commanding Officer instructs him in case of any operation of the enemy in Connecticut to give all the aid in his power to the militia to repel them. If it should not be too late, Your Excellency will be pleased to forward the letter to him with such information and advice as circumstances may dictate. I have the honor, &c.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, July 8, 1779.
Parole Massachusetts. Countersigns Northfield, Poland.
General Muhlenberg's brigade to relieve the 1st. Pennsylvania at the Forest of Deane tomorrow morning.
Major Oliver34 of the Massachusetts line is appointed Major of Brigade to General Nixon's brigade and is to be accordingly respected and obeyed.
[Note 34: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
For all deficiencies in the corps of Light Infantry occasioned by sickness, deaths, desertions &c., the officers commanding battalions are to make out returns of the non-commissioned officers and privates wanting to complete, have them indorsed by the commanding officer of the Light Infantry, and send them to the commanding officers of the brigades from which the deficiencies are to be made up, who upon the receipt of such returns will cause the numbers wanting, to be immediately sent on to join said corps.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to come to the following resolutions.
In Congress, June 22, 1779.
Resolved, That in consideration of their extra duty as Brigade Inspectors the Majors of Brigade receive forty four dollars pr month in addition to their regimental Pay.
Resolved, That Congress entertain a grateful sense of the virtues and services of those faithful and zealous soldiers who, at an early period engaged in the armies of these states during the war; and to encourage a continuance of their exertions, and as far as circumstances admit, to put them on a footing in pecuniary matters with other soldiers, General Washington be impowered to order a gratuity of one hundred dollars each, to be paid only to such soldiers as inlisted before the 23 day of January, 1779.
Resolved, That the adjutant general for the time being, be also assistant inspector general.
In order to determine what soldiers are intitled to the above gratuity, the Commander in Chief directs the Commissary General of Musters to make a return from the Muster Rolls as speedily as possible at Head Quarters, of all the men now in the Army who were inlisted during the war previous to the said 23rd. day of January 1779. This return to be regimentally digested and to specify the men's names.
At a Brigade General Court Martial in the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade July 5th., Colonel Humpton President, Neil Megonigle soldier in the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for, "Desertion from his guard at an advanced post proceeding towards the enemy and opposing the party who took him."
The Court are of opinion the prisoner is guilty of the several charges exhibited against him and in consequence of his former bad character and his late conduct do unanimously sentence him to suffer death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders said Megonigle to be hung next Saturday, 10 o'clock in the forenoon at such place as Genl. Putnam shall direct.
A board of General Officers of the right wing to sit tomorrow morning ten o'clock at Smith's Clove to resume the consideration began at Middle Brook of the relative rank of the Field Officers of the Artillery not before decided and of the rank of the respective battalions.
New Windsor, July 8, 1779.
Dr. Sr: I just now received your Lordships letter requesting absence for one week; to this I shall not object, but beg leave to remind you that the present situation of affairs renders the presence of every Officer necessary, and that I wish you if possible to be back by the time mentioned. I wish you a pleasant journey, and am etc.
P. S: Yr. letter of the 3d. mentions the nomination of some Gentlemen to fill ensigncys in the Virginia line, no doubt they are deserving and I will appoint them to do duty until the pleasure of the state is known, in whom the right of appointment is; should it be confirmed by the State, Commissions will be granted. The Brigrs. will transmit lists of the Gentn's names to the Govt. of Virgna.
With respect to the men whose times of service are daily expiring, I can only lament the circumstance as a very great misfortune, and say that if after every exertion has been used to reinlist them they are determined to go and produce the necessary certificates they must be discharged.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
New Windsor, July 8, 1779.
Dr. Sir: A day or two ago, you expressed a desire to go towards the Sound on some private business. At present you may unite this object with the public service. It is probable from different accounts the enemy have made an incursion into Connecticut; if so you may be useful by taking the direction of the militia which may be assembling to oppose them, if you can arrive in, time. You have therefore my consent to proceed to Connecticut for a short time, for these purposes.
General Gates has been directed to march Glovers brigade this way in consequence of the detachment brought from Rhode Island. I have informed Governor Trumbull of this and written to The Commanding Officer to give all the aid in his power to the Militia on the present occasion, if he should be within reach. Should circumstances require it you will make use of this Brigade accordingly and order it to such place as you shall think proper. I beg you to advise me of any thing material that passes. The sooner you set out the better informing General Heath of the substance of this letter. I am, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I have yours of this day. I do not at present think of sending any troops from hence; but if any should go, tis probable your Brigade will be pitched upon, under the circumstances you mention.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 8, 1779.
Sir: I have received intelligence that a body of the Enemy embarked on the 4th. Inst. at Frog's neck and have proceeded Eastward up the Sound. It is uncertain what their object is; but as they may intend to make a sudden incursion into the state of Connecticut, or to commit some ravages on their Coast, it is my wish that you direct your march by some rout not far from the Sound that you may with the greater facility form a junction with the Militia in case they make a descent, and take measures with them for counteracting their designs and repelling their attempts. The sooner you direct your march near the Sound, the greater protection you will afford. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 8, 1779.
Sir: Mr. Galvan has delivered me your favour of this day. I am sorry that Captain Hardman has declined acting for the present as I would wish to have it in my power to conform to the institution. I must beg you to find out whether the Gentlemen you mention will be willing to officiate protempore. This is the only footing upon which the appointment can take place. I have the honor, etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 8, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter of the 20th. of June. I can only repeat my chagrin, that so much delay attends the preparations for the troops under your command. Such a reinforcement to the Southern army at this instant might give a decisive turn to the fate of affairs in that quarter. The want of it perhaps may involve very affecting consequences. I rely upon your utmost activity to get the troops on as fast as possible. I do not recollect precisely what has been done with respect to Surgeons. I believe one or more has been detached from the troops here; but I shall immediately speak to the Surgeon General and direct him to have you supplied. I have also written to the Pay Master General requesting him to take proper measures to have you supplied with money.
Nothing of consequence has lately taken place in this quarter. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The autographed signed letter sent is in the possession (1933) of Thomas Jewett Hallowell, of Nantucket, Mass.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 8, 1779.
Dr. Sir: On Saturday I received your Letter of the 30th of June. I am much concerned to find that your Regiment was in so low a condition as not to admit a larger Detachment's, going to the Southward. As the remainder of the Horses with you and those you are to procure from Mr. Mitchell are unfit to take the field yet, You may as well remain at Wilmington as any where else for the purpose of recruiting and training them. At the same time I must request your greatest attention to these points, and that you will inform the Board of War of your progress and transmit them returns of your strength, that they may know how to direct your future conduct.
The enormous expence attending the Horse and your own disposition will, I am persuaded, lead you to every exertion to fit yours for service as soon as possible.
I received the Stockings, which Mrs. Logan has been so polite as to send me. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: Tile draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 8, 1779.
Sir: In a letter I have lately received from General Scot he complains of a want of money for the troops under his command, a part of whom are old men belonging to the Regiments here who were reinlisted and furloughed and have been a considerable time without pay. I am to request you will take such measures as appear to you proper to have these troops immediately paid. It is of consequence that there should be no delay in this matter as it may detain a reinforcement which may be very essential to our Southern affairs. I am, etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
July 9, 1779.
[See Washington's letter to Philip Schuyler, July 9--11.]
New Windsor, July 9, 1779.
Dr Sir: While the enemy are making excursions to distress the country it has a very disagreeable aspect to remain in a state of inactivity on our part. The reputation of the army and the good of the service seem to exact some attempt from it. The importance of Stoney Point to the enemy makes it infinitely desireable that could be the object. The works are formidable; but perhaps on a fuller examination they may be found accessible. A deserter yesterday informed me there was a sandy beach on the South side running along the flank of the works and only obstructed by a slight abbatis which might afford an easy and safe approach to a body of troops.
I wish you to take every step in your power to ascertain this and to gain a more accurate knowledge of the position in general, particularly, on the flanks and in the rear. Would it answer to send in a trusty intelligent fellow from you in character of a deserter, on some plan that might enable him to return with expedition?
I beg you to inform yourself all you can, and to give me your opinion of the practicability of an attempt upon this post.
If it is undertaken, I should conceive it ought to be done by way of surprize in the night. I am, etc.41
[Note 42: The Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 9, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 23rd. I am sorry for the uneasiness which happened in the regiment on Capt. Kearsly account, but as he really did resign he cannot be reintroduced contrary to the general sense of the other officers. At the same time I should have been happy his resignation had not taken place, as he is certainly a valuable officer and his quitting the army will be a real loss to the service. I have written the inclosed to him on the subject, which I request you to deliver. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 9, 1779.
Sir: I have successively received your two favors of the 4th.44 and 30th. of June the former not 'till the 5th instant.
[Note 44: Kearsley's (Kearsly) letter of June 4, in the Washington Papers, is indorsed that he belonged to Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in April, 1779.]
I am sorry to inform you that though I most sincerely wish your resignation had not taken place it will now be impossible to reintroduce you into the Regiment.
I have received a letter from Col. Hubley in which he represents, that in consequence of your letter to Major Prowell of the 10th. of May, an arrangement had been made in the Regimint on the principle of your having left it, and that a general uneasiness prevails among the officers at the apprehension of your readmission. Immediately on the receipt of your letter to me of the 8th, your resignation was entered as is customary and you were considered as out of the service. Nor is it in my power at present to alter the case, notwithstanding the favorable opinion I entertain of you and the regret which your determination to leave the service occasioned me. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday and thank you for the intelligence you communicated. I would caution you not to place too much confidence in Mr. Smith. I suppose he is the son of Mr. Thomas Smith, whose attachment to us is very generally and I believe justly suspected. The presumption is that the son holds similar sentiments to his father though the contrary is possible enough. The appearances he puts on may only be to gain opportunities of communicating with the Enemy and serving them in reality while he is only serving us in pretence.
The measure you propose of puting deserters from our Army to immediate death would probably tend to discourage the practice. But it ought to be executed with caution and only when the fact is very clear and unequivocal. I think that that part of your proposal which respects cutting off their heads and sending them to the Light Troops had better be omitted Examples however severe ought not to be attended with an appearance pearance of inhumanity otherwise they give disgust, and may excite resentment rather than terror. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 9, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I am just honored with Your Excellency's letter of the 7th. I had the pleasure of writing to you the same day inclosing a letter for General Glover, or officer commanding his brigade, in which I was so happy as to have anticipated your wishes. In addition to that, General Parsons set out yesterday for Connecticut at my request. I was induced to this from a supposition that this knowledge of The Country and the inhabitants would render him useful. It is most probable the enemy's incursion will be temporary; but as it may be repeated in some other part and as the present season is particularly interesting, it will be agreeable to me that Glovers brigade should halt for a little time in your state at such place as may be thought best calculated to give cover to the part of the country most exposed. I inclose a letter to General Glover for that purpose. With the greatest respect etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, July 9, 1779.
Sir: Doctor Hodges48 will have the Honor of presenting this to Your Excellency. The Inclosed, a Copy of a Letter from Governor Trumbull, will inform you of the business he is upon. It is important and interesting and I am persuaded the Doctor will meet with every assistance that you can give him in the prosecution of it. I have the Honor, &c.49
[Note 48: Dr. Silas Hodges, of Hartford, Conn., whose mission was to remove "certain jealousies then existing."]
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Windsor, July 9, 1779.
Sir: On the 1st Instant I transmitted Your Excellency a Copy of a Letter I had received from General Gates, advising that a number of Vessels with Troops, had left Newport and directed their course up the Sound. I had previously on the 27th, from the intelligence obtained through different Channels that the Enemy intended to draw a part or the whole of their Troops from Rhode Island, requested him in case of the former event, to detach a proportionable part of his force to this Army, and of the latter to march himself with the whole of it. Upon receiving General Gates's Letter of the 25th, which ascertained the sailing of part of the Enemy's force from Newport I wrote him, if he had not detached any troops from his command in consequence of my requisition of the 27th, and if the detachment of the Enemy which he had mentioned to have sailed, had not returned or were not acting in his vicinity, to dispatch Glovers Brigade. I was induced to these measures from a view of the comparative strength of the two Armies in this Quarter, from the precarious if not dangerous situation Our's would be in, if the Enemy's should be reinforced, without an equal augmentation on our part; from a strong probability that they had some serious attempt in contemplation this way; and from the little prospect after such a diminution of their force there, of their acting otherwise than defensively in that Quarter, or of General Gates's being able to act offensively against them, if no part of his command were withdrawn. The detachment from Newport disembarked at White Stone and according to some accounts came as far as Hell gate.
On the 4th, the Enemy embarked a body of Troops at Frog's neck on the sound, consisting from the best information, of Grenadiers, Light Infantry and a few Hessians amounting to about Eighteen Hundred, tho some accounts make them more, and proceeded Eastward. I did not receive intelligence of this, till the afternoon of the 7th, having been absent from Head Quarters from the morning of the preceding day on a visit to our out posts below, and those lately established by the Enemy, when, from an apprehension that they might intend a sudden incursion into the State of Connecticut, I dispatched an Express to His Excellency Governor Trumbull, and to the Commanding Officer of Glover's Brigade, advising them of the movement, and directing the latter to proceed by some rout not far from the Sound, that he might with greater facility form a junction with the Militia, and co-operate with them in case the Enemy should make a descent. I have not yet heard what is the Object of this party; but we have it by report, that they have landed at New Haven, and most probably for the purposes of plundering and perhaps burning, as these appear to form a considerable part of their present system of War. Besides plundering and burning, another object may be to distress and injure the harvest, by alarming the Militia and calling them out for the protection of the Coast.
Inclosed Your Excellency will receive a Copy of a Letter50 from Colo. Sheldon to General Heath, containing an account of a skirmish between a detachment of his Regiment, and a body of the Enemy's Horse on the morning of the 2d near Bedford; and of their destroying a meeting and two or three dwelling Houses.51
[Note 50: A copy of Sheldon's letter to Gen. William Heath (July 3), from Salem, is filed with the letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 51: British dragoons, numbering between 200 and 300, attacked Sheldon's detachment of 90 at Pound Ridge Meeting House and forced them to retreat. Reenforced by militia, Sheldon, in turn, pursued the enemy to North Castle Church. Tarleton, who commanded the British, reported his loss at one killed and one wounded; Sheldon reported the British loss at one killed, four prisoners, four horses taken, and one wounded. His own loss was eight wounded and four horses and men missing. Benjamin Hays's house at Bedford and the house belonging to Maj. James Lockwood were burned by the British.]
The main body of the Enemy at present is at and in the vicinity of Philipsburg. At Verplanks and Stoney points, they have sufficient Garrisons to occupy the Works, which appear from a near view, to be very strong, particularly those on the latter. I am exceedingly mortified that the circumstances of the Army in respect to numbers, oblige me to a mere defensive plan, and will not suffer me to pursue such measures as the public good may seem to require, and the public expectation to demand. I hope it will be remembered that the Army has been diminished by the expiration of the term of service of a number of the Troops; that it is daily lessening from the same cause; that a considerable part of our remaining force is detached upon the Western expedition, and that scarcely a single man has taken the field from any of the States, except from New York and Virginia, and that these are employed in Other Quarters.
I have been honoured with your Excellency's Letter of the 30th Ulto. and with the several papers to which it refers.
The situation of Affairs will not permit Doctor Shippens trial to be entered upon for some time. General Arnolds will of course precede it, which has hither to been and is yet necessarily suspended.
From the small exertions that have been made, I have but little hopes, that the Batallions will be filled or even made respectable, tho it is a matter infinitely interesting. The business unhappily has been taken up so late by the particular States, that the Levies, or Recruits which may be raised, will not be of half the service they ought. Instead of being in the field at the opening of the Campaign, they will not join till towards the close, or at least before the middle of it, and the greater part of their time will be in Winter Quarters. I have the Honor, &c.
P.S. Since writing the above I have received a Letter from Govr. Trumbull respecting the Detachment of the Enemy which went up the Sound, of which I inclose your Excellency a Copy.52 I have also heard that the Enemy reimbarked at New
[Note 52: A copy of Trumbull's letter, dated July 10, 1779, is filed with the letter of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It recounts the forays of the British. the burning of Fairfield, and the attempt on New Haven. One of the printed broadsides of Collier's and Tryon's address also accompanies this Washington letter. As Trumbull's letter is dated July 10, Washington's could not have been despatched to Congress until after that date.] Haven, and have relanded at Fairfield. I have directed Glover's Brigade to halt in Connecticut at this interesting Crisis till farther Orders.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on July 13, and referred to Henry Marchant, Samuel Huntington, and John Armstrong.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 9, 1779.
Sir: As it is probable the enemy will endeavour to distress the Country by interrupting the operations of husbandry at this interesting season, you will be pleased to halt 'till further orders, at such place in the state of Connecticut as shall be judged best calculated to cover the part of the Country most exposed to the incursions of the enemy. For this purpose I recommend to you to consult his Excellency the Governor. I am, etc.
P.S. July 10th. I should be glad the position you take may be as far advanced this way as will answer the object proposed; because you will be then so much the nearer a junction with this army.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The P.S. was added to a duplicate sent on the later date.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, [July]55 10, 1779.
[Note 55: Dated, by inadvertence, June. The draft, in the writing of Hamilton, is dated July.]
Sir: Three hours ago I received your favour of the 7th. I cannot conceive how my letter of the 27th. was so long detained; I immediately on closing it, it was sent to Colo. Hay to forward it.
Your information respecting the movements in this quarter was erroneous. Previous to my last the enemy after strongly fortifying the two posts of Stoney Point and Verplank's, and leaving sufficient garrisons for their defence, had fallen down the River to Phillips's where and in the vicinity their principal force still lies. Our Army preserves nearly its former position. On hearing that the enemy had made a detachment up the sound probably with a design to make incursions into Connecticut, I wrote to the Governor informing him of the directions given for the march of Glovers Brigade that he might call for its assistance if necessary.
I have since directed the Brigade to halt a while in that State, to give some cover to the coast, and prevent, as much as possible, the interruption of the inhabitants at the present interesting season. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 10, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received repeated intelligence this morning that besides the detachment which went from new Haven, the enemy in considerable force was moving by land towards horse neck, with a good many pieces of Artillery and a large number of Waggons. My accounts are that the first mentioned detachment had left New Haven, gone to Fairfield burnt the Town reimbarked and were off Norwalk, where 'tis imagined they will land, destroy that place and the two bodies join to ravage and distress the Country. The Militia are said to be assembling with great spirit; but in order to keep up that spirit and give efficacy to their exertions, I have determined to send the two Connecticut Brigades that way, under your command. You will therefore be pleased to march to morrow morning as early as possible, in the first instance towards crompond, thence by way of Bedford or Ridge field as circumstances may point out, regulating your movements by those of the enemy giveing all the aid and countenance you can consistent with prudence, to the Militia to repress their depredations; and keeping in view your communication with the Forts, should the enemy return to make a movement against them. The present may only be a diversion of our force the better to facilitate an enterPRISE on this river. To guard against the success of such a plan you will take every measure in your power to watch the enemy's motions, and will so far make yours correspond as to be in measure with them in this quarter; So far as it may be practicable.
You will direct Col. Moylan with the Cavalry and infantry under his command to join you at such place as you may think proper.
You will open a correspondence with Genl. Parsons whose information of the Militia will enable you the better to regulate yours; and you will be pleased to advise me dayly of your progress the progress of the enemy and of every material occurrence. General Glover marched the 7th. Inst. from Providence to join this army. The inclosed will show you the last orders given him. This is on the supposition the enemy would have returned from their excursion. But if their ravages should continue, you will give such orders to him, to join you, or otherwise, as circumstances may require. I am, etc.
P.S. Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Genl. Parsons.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The P.S. is not in the draft, which is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
"In mine of this day, I omitted mentioning to you, that it is my wish the light companies of the two brigades should be left behind for a few days and 'till further orders. This you will be pleased to have done [that they may be properly arranged.]"-- Washington to Maj. Gen. William Heath, July 10, 1779. The letter sent (in the Massachusetts Historical Society) is in the writing of Hamilton, except the phrase in brackets, which is in the writing of Washington.]
[MS.H.S]
Head Quarters, July 10, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favors of the 9th. from Luddington's and Redding. It gives me great concern to hear of the ravages of the Enemy. The conduct of the Militia at New Haven does them the highest honor I had heard of it before through several channels. I have written to Genl. Heath to move with the Two Connecticut Brigades towards the Enemy, by the way of Crompond in the first instance and from thence to Ridge, field and Bedford, which I hope will animate the Militia and in some measure prevent the Enemy's incursions. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Windsor, July 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: I immediately upon receipt of your letter of this date I ordered the Q. M. Genl. to furnish the Espontoons you wrote for, and presume you will get them in a day or two.
My ideas of the enterprize in contemplation are these. That it should be attempted by the light Infantry only, which should march under cover of Night and with the utmost secrecy to the enemys lines, securing every person they find to prevent discovery. Between one and two hundred chosen men and Officers I conceive fully sufficient for the surprize, and apprehend the approach should be along the Water on the South side crossing the Beach and entering at the abbatis. This party is to be preceded by a van-guard of prudent and determined men, well commanded who are to remove obstructions, secure the Sentries, and drive in the Guards. They are to advance (the whole of them) with fixed Bayonets and Muskets unloaded. The Officers commanding them are to know precisely what Batteries or particular parts of the line they are respectively to possess that confusion and the consequences of indecision may be avoided.
These parties should be followed by the main body at a small distance for the purpose of support and making good the advantages which may be gained, or to bring them off in case of repulse and disappointment; other parties may advance to the Works (but not so as to be discovered, till the conflict is begun) by the way of the causey and River on the North if practicable as well for the purpose of distracting the enemy in their defence as to cut of their retreat. These Parties may be small unless the access and approaches should be very easy and safe.
The three approaches here mentioned should be well reconnoitered59 before hand and by persons of observation. Single men in the night will be more likely to ascertain facts than the best glasses in the day. A white feather or Cockade, or some other visible badge of distinction for the night should be worn by our Troops and a watch word agreed on to distinguish friends from foes.
[Note 59: Washington had inadvertently written "recommended," which Hamilton corrected to "reconnoitred."]
If success should attend the enterprize, measures should be instantly taken to prevent if practicable the retreat of the garrison by Water or to annoy them as much as possible if they attempt it, and the Guns should be immediately turned against the Shipping and Verplanks point and covered if possible from the enemys fire.
Secrecy is so much more essential to these kind of enterprizes than numbers, that I should not think it advisable to employ any other than the light Troops. If a surprize takes place, they are fully competent to the business, if it does not, numbers will avail little.
As it is in the power of a single deserter to betray the design, defeat the project, and involve the partys in difficulties and danger, too much caution cannot be used to conceal the intended enterprize to the latest hour from all but the principal Officers of your Corps and from the Men till the moment of Execution. Knowledge of your intention, ten minutes previously obtained, blasts all your hopes; for which reason a small detachment composed of Men whose fidelity you can rely on under the care of a judicious Officer should guard every avenue through the Marsh to the enemy's Works by wch. our deserters or their Spies can pass, and prevent all intercourse.
The usual time for exploits of this kind is a little before day for which reason a vigilant Officer is then more on the watch I therefore recommend a midnight hour.
I had in view to attempt Verplanks point at the same instant that your operations should commence at Stoney point, but, the uncertainty of co-operating in point of time, and the hazard thereby run of defeating the attempt on Stoney point, which is infinitely most important, the other being dependant, has induced me to suspend that operation.
These are my general ideas of the plan for a surprize, but you are at liberty to depart from them in every instance where you think they may be improved or changed for the better. A Dark Night and even a Rainy one if you can find the way, will contribute to your success. The Officers in these night marches should be extremely attentive to keep their Men together as well for the purpose of guarding against desertion to the enemy as to prevent skulking.
[As it is a part of the plan, if the surprise should succeed to make use of the enemy's cannon against their shipping and their post on the other side, it will be well to have a small detachment of Artillery60 with you to serve them. I'have sent an
[Note 60: Hamilton inadvertently omitted the word "men."] order to the park for this purpose, and to cover the design, have ordered down a couple of light field pieces, When you march you can leave the pieces behind.
So soon as you have fixed your plan, and the time of execution I shall be obliged to you to give me notice. I shall immediately order you a reinforcement of light infantry] and more Espontoons. I am, etc.61
[Note 61: The portion within brackets is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The signed letter, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. In this, as in the draft, the last three words are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 10, 1779.
Sir: I have this moment received your letter of the 9th.62 I wish mine of the same date had gotten to hand before the transaction you mention had taken place. I fear it will have a bad effect both in the army and in the country.
[Note 62: Lee's letter of July 9 is not found in the Washington Papers.]
I would by no means have you to carry into execution your plan of diversifying the punishment, or in any way to exceed the spirit of my instruction yesterday. And even the measure I have authorized ought to be practiced with great caution. I am, etc.
P: S: You will send and have the body buried lest it fall into the enemy's hands.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 10, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your two letters of the 5th. and 8th, the last an hour ago.
The person you mention in the former is employed by me. I place a good degree of confidence in him, [though he is obliged in order to answer our purposes to appear friendly to the enemy.] I thank you for the intelligence you communicate. The ravages of the enemy, particularly at this Season, are distressing; but our situation makes it impossible to prevent them. Armands corps has been directed to join you. I am,&c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The portion within brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
New Windsor, July 10, 1779.
Sir: A succession of military events has prevented my having the honor of making my acknowledgments sooner for your two letters of the 22d. and 25th. of May, accompanied by your agreeable present to Mrs. Washington and myself.65 Such of the articles as we have made trial of are very fine. The glass vessels are peculiarly elegant and the whole are rendered still more agreeable by the cordial and affectionate sentiments of the giver.
[Note 65: Wine, chocolate, sugar, guava jelly, and sweetmeats, etc.; also crystal flasks.]
The terms in which you mention the testimonies of my esteem, which your short stay in camp gave me an opportunity of shewing, renews the pleasure I felt in manifesting the sense I entertained of the favour of your company. I only desire occasions of giving you other proofs more decisive.
Mrs. Washington left me on her return to Virginia about the time the army began its march this way. She charged me to present you her most respectful compliments and warmest thanks for this new instance of your politeness. In this she was joined by Mrs. Greene.
With my best wishes for your happiness and with the greatest esteem etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 10, 1779.
Sir: On the 4th Instant I had the Honor to receive your Letter of the 19th of June. Your Excellency will permit me to offer you my sincere congratulations upon your appointment to the Government of Virginia.
I thank you much for the accounts Your Excellency has been pleased to transmit me of the successes of Cols. Clarke67, and Shelby.68 They are important and interesting, and do great honor to the Officers and Men engaged in the Enterprises.69 I hope these successes will be followed by very happy consequences. If Colo Clarke could by any means gain possession of Detroit, it would in all probability effectually secure the friendship or at least the neutrality of most of the Western Indians.
[Note 67: Col. George Rogers Clark, of the Virginia Militia. He was made brigadier general in the Virginia Militia in 1780--83.]
[Note 68: Col. Isaac Shelby, of the Virginia Militia.]
[Note 69: Clark's expedition against Vincennes and Shelby's against the Indians and stores at Chickamauga.]
I have no doubt of the propriety of the proceedings against Governor Hamilton,70 Dejean71 and Lamothe.72 Their cruelties to our unhappy people who have fallen into their hands and the measures they have pursued to excite the savages to acts of the most wanton barbarity, discriminate them from common prisoners, and most fully authorize the treatment decreed in their case.
[Note 70: Henry Hamilton, lieutenant governor of Detroit, Mich.]
[Note 71: Grand judge of Detroit.]
[Note 72: Captain La Mothe.]
Your Excellency will have heard of the Enemy's movements up Hudson's river. It was generally supposed from the force in which they came, and from a variety of Other circumstances that our posts in the Highlands were their Object; however they did not attempt them. They took post themselves on Verplanks and Stoney points on the opposite sides of the River, where they have established very strong Garrisons, and from their peninsular and indeed almost insular forms, it will be very difficult if practicable to dislodge them. The taking of these positions was, among other considerations, to distress and cut off our best communication between the States East and West of the River. Since they have done this, Genl. Clinton with the main body of his Army has fallen down the River to Philipsbourg and the Country above Kings bridge. They seem determined to prosecute the system of War, threatened by the Commissioners73 and afterwards sanctioned by Parliament on a discussion of the point. And a Detachment sent up the Sound last week disembarked, plundered New Haven, burnt some Houses there and at East Haven, reimbarked and on the 7th relanded and burnt almost74 the Town of Fairfield, except a few Houses. The Militia upon these occasions considering their number and the sudden manner in which they assembled, behaved with great spirit. Genl. Tryon it is said commands these disgraceful expeditions. I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 73: British Peace Commissioners.]
[Note 74: The draft has "the whole of" scratched out at this point.]
P.S. The Enemy have burnt Norwalk, another Town on the sound.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 11, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am this morning honored with your letters of the 3d and 8th. I am happy to hear a reinforcement of cannon is coming on which is very important and was much wanted. The unmounted cannon had best be sent on slung upon waggon wheels; then carriages to follow as fast as they are ready. I recommend this because the transportation of the cannon will be adviseable for the Board to continue their exertions to follow with greater expedition and time will be saved upon the whole. Besides this, orders have been given in this quarter to construct a number of carriages for the use of the fort and perhaps we may have some towards mounting these. But it will be adviseable for the Board to continue their exertions to have the others provided as speedily as possible, as there is no probability of our having more than are sufficient. Garrison carriages which I presume are the same with Ship carriages will be preferable to the travelling field carriages, which are more easily dismounted and are therefore seldom used in works. Will it not be adviseable to take the eight pieces off the travelling carriages and send them slung as before mentioned? Their carriages would otherwise be much injured by transporting them so great a distance and through this rough country.
I think it will be proper to detain the two 24s for the defence of the Delaware. I shall have the return required prepared and forwarded to the Board without delay. The three eighteens from Maryland are arrived. With the greatest respect etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, July 10, 1779.
Parole Petersburgh. Countersigns Persia, Paris.
A General Court Martial to sit next Monday ten o'clock in the forenoon at West Point for the trial of Lieutenant Colonel Loring and such others as may come before them, Colonel Michael Jackson will preside.
At a brigade General Court Martial held by order of General Woodford, July 2nd, Major Clarke,78 President, John Develin of the 8th. Virginia regiment was tried for, "Desertion and attempting to go to the enemy," found guilty and sentenced to suffer death, two thirds of the Court concuring therein.
[Note 78: Maj. Jonathan Clark, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel, to date from May, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence but as it was previous to the Pardon of the 4th. instant, the Prisoner is comprehended in the benefit of it.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sabbath, July 11, 1779.
Parole Cambray. Countersigns Columbus, Colbert.
Lieutenant Colonel Grosvenor80 of the Connecticut line is appointed Sub Inspector and is to be accordingly obeyed and respected.
[Note 80: Lieut. Col. Thomas Grosvenor, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; was made lieutenant colonel commandant in May, 1782; retired in January, 1783.]
The following formation of the Connecticut line for the present Campaign is to take place immediately:
Major General Heath with the two Connecticutt brigades being under marching orders, Nixon's brigade will for the present be under the command of Majr. General McDougall.
The Members for the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Jackson was appointed President to be taken from General McDougall's division and convene at the time mentioned in yesterday's orders.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held the 7th. of July 1779, in the 1st. Maryland Brigade, Lieutenant Col. Howard, President, a certain John Springer was tried for," Being a Spy and seducing soldiers to inlist in the british Army ", acquitted of the 1st. charge, found guilty of the 2nd, being a breach of the 4th. Article of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes and be kept in confinement until he can be employ'd in some department of the Army or Navy where he could not have an opportunity of deserting.
The General thinks the offence would have justified a much severer sentence, but that so atrocious an offender may not escape with impunity, he directs it may take place, and that the Prisoner after receiving his stripes be returned to the Provost there to be kept well secured, 'till further orders.
Head Quarters, July 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have just received yours of yesterday. I am happy to hear of the spirited behaviour of the Militia. They have certainly done themselves great honor; if the opposition they give is not absolutely effectual, it serves to discourage the enemy and make them sick of such excursions. I shall be glad to learn they have met with a proper reception at Norwalk. Before this reaches you, you will have received my letter informing you that General Heath was under marching orders. The weather I imagine has prevented his moving this morning as was intended. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 11, 1779.
Sir: I received your favor of yesterday's date. Capt. Selman82 shall be appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major; and as his continuance in that office will be only temporary; I enclose you an order on the Qr. Mr. Genl. to furnish him with a horse. I am, etc.83
[Note 82: Capt. Jonathan Sellman, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was trans',erred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; promoted to major in May, 1782; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, July 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: It is probable that the public may have occasion or at least wish to know at some period, the extent of the Enemy's depredations and cruelties; indeed it is right that the world should know them.
I therefore request that you will endeavour as far as opportunity will permit to ascertain as precisely as you can, what number of Houses they have destroyed in their expedition up the sound, distinguishing the Towns in which they were; and every other outrage that they have committed. I should be glad to receive a printed Copy of General Tryon's proclamation which he has published. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
Richard Kidder Meade wrote again to Parsons this same day (July II): "As Genl. Heaths movements will depend of those of the enemy, The Genl. begs of you, to give him the earliest and most precise information of any material change in their situation." Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 85: Deputy Quartermaster General.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 11, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of this day. General Heath is to march the route you propose for sending provisions, and therefore your first convoy may go that way; but it will not be safe for your future supplies.
These must go by the way of Mahopack Pond (or Robinsons Mills) through Salem, Ridge field &c. But as it will depend on the relative position of the troops you will be pleased to write to General Heath and receive his instructions from time to time. He will have the two Connecticut brigades with him. The route by Fredericksburgh and Danbury is so circuituous that we must not make use of it, if we can help it. I am, etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 87: Thaddeus Betts, justice of the peace, and Lieut. Col. Stephen St, John headed the signers of the letter of July 9, which is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 11, 1779.
Gentlemen: I had last night the Honor to receive your Letter of the 9th Instant. The depredations and ravages of the Enemy upon your coast, give me great concern and I sincerely regret that the means of protection in my power, are not equal to my wishes. You may be assured that whatever I can do to afford relief shall be done and to this end I ordered a body of Troops to march yesterday, which perhaps was doing more than a regard to the general interest and circumstances of the Army would justify. I have the Honor, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 12, 1779.
Sir: His Excellency, has just received a Letter from John Ely Esqr89 advising him that the Recruits raised and raising in the Massachusetts State are to rendezvous at Springfield and to be delivered by him to Continental Officers to be appointed to receive them.
[Note 89: Justin Ely.]
He adds that a few Men are already assembled and that many would probably be there, in the course of the last and the present Week. His Excellency requests that three or four Officers may be sent as soon as may be from each of the Massachusetts Brigades upon the business, and that a field Officer of that line may also go to superintend it generally.
The Recruits are to be marched to Fish Kill in the first instances in Parties of mo. Men or more at a time, with as much expedition as will be consistent with their health. His Excellency supposes upon this occasion, that one Officer will be fully sufficient, for a Hundred Men. Such Officers as have not Horses are to apply to Colo Hay the Qr Master who is desired to furnish them.90 Their reasonable expences in going to Springfield will be paid, of which they will keep an Account. On their return they will be on the footing of Other Officers marching with detachments. I have the Honor, etc.91
[Note 90: Harrison requested Colonel Hay to furnish the horses, etc., this same day (July 12): "The Horses, Saddles &c are to be redelivered upon their return." And Washington wrote (July 12) to Justin Ely, at Springfield, that he was sending officers for the recruits. "In the mean time you will be pleased to do the best you can with them." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Robt. H. Harrison, Secrey."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: I perceive by the last returns that there is still a number of men wanting arms. In addition to this, I am informed we may shortly expect some new levies from Massachusets and Connecticut particularly the latter. These men without arms will be rather an incumbrance than a benefit. I request you will take every measure in your power to have a supply ready. For this purpose, you will hasten to the army all such as are any where under your direction; and will write in urgent terms to the Board of War for a further supply if to be had.
I wish you to make this an object of particular attention. I shall be glad to hear how Mrs. Knox is, to whom I beg my respectful compliments and best wishes for her health. I am, etc.
Since writing the above I have received information that the Massachusetts levies are assembling at Springfield and may soon be expected on.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: In mine to you of the 5th, I requested you to attend to the movements of the enemy on the river below and for this purpose to engage the country people as look outs along the River. I would wish you to have such persons on whose fidelity and vigilance you can rely stationed at different places as low as fort Lee, that we may have the earliest intelligence of any collection of vessels or boats, or embarkation of troops on the opposite side. The enemy are now manoeuvring to the Eastward; it may be to divert a part of our force that way; then to make a rapid movement back embark and proceed up to the forts. We must give a certain degree of protection and cover to the country, which will occasion a detachment of our force; and this makes it the more essential that we should be upon our watch this way. Your activity and care I rely upon. I am, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 12, 1779.
Sir: A copy of the proceedings of a Board of General officers on the subject of parole prisoners accompanies this. You will find they have determined the following persons to be breakers of parole
[Note 94: 0f the Chester County (Pa.) militia.]
[Note 95: Lieut. Robert Campbell, of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 96: Col. Michael Swoop, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 97: Of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 98: Lieut. Col. Nicholas Lutz, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 99: Lieut. William Cahoon, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 1: Lieut. Henry Jeans, of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 2: Of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 3: Ensign John Sphoor, of the New York Militia.]
[Note 4: Lieut. William Brentnall or Brintnal.]
The two first made their escape from the enemy. The nine last were permitted to come out on Parole, and have not obeyed the summons to return, nor have given any satisfactory reasons for their delay. You are to inform the enemy that we consider these persons with such others who are clearly military prisoners and breakers of parole whose cases were not submitted to the Board, as violators of their parole and are willing to account for such of them as we cannot oblige immediately to return on the following terms.
By an exchange in the common order of capture, in the same manner as if they had not violated their paroles; and in the mean time by releasing an equal number of their officers of equal rank to be held on parole 'till the time of exchange comes about on the forementioned principles. You will immediately publish a summons in positive but general terms to all who have either deserted their paroles in the first instance, or delayed complying with the summons to return without assigning sufficient reasons for the delay enjoining them instantly to return, and informing them, that in case of refusal effectual measures will be taken to inforce a compliance and if they are not to be found their names will be published in all the papers as men who are insensible to the obligations of honor or the sufferings of their associates in captivity which their misconduct tends to increase.
Such as may be within your reach, you will oblige at once to return. The following Gentlemen on parole are reported as not having complied with their summons, but as having assigned satisfactory reasons for their delay. These you will explain to the British commissary. Till their situation will permit their return, you will indulge a like number of their officers to go within their lines on parole.
Major William Ellis,5 Captain John Spotswood,6 Solomon Bush7 D. A. G. of Militia, Daniel Kanady,8 Adjutant.
[Note 5: Of the Gloucester County (N. J.) militia.]
[Note 6: Of the Tenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 7: Deputy Adjutant General of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
[Note 8: Daniel Kennedy. He was adjutant of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
You will make the necessary inquiry, without delay, into the case of Mr. Bowne9 to ascertain whether he was an officer or not. You will endeavour also to gain information respecting Mr Brown10 surgeon, and respecting Mr. Hitchcock.11 that we may know what to determine in their cases. Endeavour to find out, indirectly, what are the ideas of the Enemy in the case of Lt. Forrest. You will make a representation of the cases of John McClure, James Fletcher, Jonathan Rogers, and Holderly Lankford,12 to the Marine Committee and obtain their instructions. It having been determined that Col. Thomas's13 a escape was unjustifiable it remains to be ascertained whether he is to be considered as a military prisoner. I shall make inquiry on the subject and I wish you to do the same.
[Note 9: Bowne was supposed to have belonged to Colonel Bond's Massachusetts State regiment.]
[Note 10: John Brown. He was surgeon's mate, General Hospital.]
[Note 11: Benjamin Hitchcock. Supposed to be a lieutenant.]
[Note 12: These were naval prisoners. Their rank is unknown.]
[Note 13: Col. Thomas Thomas, of the Westchester County (N.Y.) militia.]
You will inform the enemy that there may be several other persons who have violated their paroles, that were either not officers at all, or did not belong to the army or to the militia in actual service, who are therefore considered by us as mere citizens and not to be accounted for in military exchanges.
As to such others who were officers of the army, or of the militia in actual service at the time of capture who are alleged by the enemy to have broken their paroles, and are judged by us to have made their escape in a justifiable manner; you will inform the British Commissary of their names, the light in which we consider them, and the reasons for which we do it; at the same time assuring them that we are ready to hear and consider any facts they may have to produce in support of a different interpretation.
Inclosed you will receive a list of Militia Prisoners, taken at Crompond 24th. June 1779. You will endeavour to get the privates of these exchanged for an equal number of those privates which the enemy are in arrears to us and have not yet accounted for. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 12, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I do myself the honour to inform your Excellency that on hearing the enemy were moving through Marryneck15 in considerable force, I put General Heath and the two Connecticut brigades under marching orders towards the Sound. They I believe began their march yesterday morning; but the weather probably prevented their going far. I have the honor, &c.16
[Note 15: Mamaroneck, N.Y.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 12, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I am just honored with your letter of the 10th. Mine of this morning which will probably reach you before this, will inform you, that on hearing of the enemy's movement from below, I had detached a body of troops under Major General Heath to counteract them. It gives me pain that I have it not in my power to afford more effectual succour to the country; but the smallness of our force obliges me to confine my attention so intirely to one essential point, that I can do little more than lament the depredations of the enemy at a distance. I am persuaded your Excellency will make every allowance for the incompetency of the means put into my hands. The security of the communication of this River is of so great importance, and the enemy have such a facility, by the assistance of water transportation of moving from one place to another, that we dare not draw any considerable part of our force from this post; but with an embarrassing degree of caution. It is very probable in the present case, that one principal object of the operations on your coast may be to draw us off from the River, to facilitate an attack upon it. The movement towards Horseneck has more particularly this aspect. It is however very likely that the detachment under Tryon may go on with its ravages on your coast to disturb the inhabitants in the occupations of harvest by which they no doubt do us very serious injury. I believe the accounts you have received rather overrate his force. From my best information it consists of Six Regiments the four that came from Rhode Island and two others, one Regiment of Anspach, Fannings,17 7th. 22d. 23d and 54th British. These cannot exceed hardly equal, two thousand.
[Note 17: Col. Edmund Fanning's loyalist corps, known as the "King's American Regiment."]
I thank your Excellency for the proclamation and answer.18 The first is truly ridiculous and must tend to incense rather than intimidate; the last is laconic but to the purpose. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 18: Col. Samuel Whiting, commanding the Connecticut Militia, returned the following answer to the Collier and Tryon address: "Connecticut having nobly dared to take up Arms against the cruel Despotism of Britain; And the flames having preceded their Answer to Your flag--They will persist to oppose to their utmost the power exerted against injured innocence." The copy is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 7, fol. 493. (See also Washington's letter to the President of Congress, July 9, 1779.)]
Head Quarters, July 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 11th. last night, and I beg you will present my particular thanks to Capt Betts and such other of the officers and men as well of the militia as of the Continental troops who distinguish'd themselves upon the present occasion. I shall be obliged to you to take the speediest measures to procure me an exact detail of the mischief done by the enemy at the different places, as well upon the persons as the property of the inhabitants, that I may be able to give Congress the fullest information. I wish you to inform me of the movements of that body of the enemy which had advanced through Marryneck. I am, etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 7th. Instant. From the character of Major Nichols as a good Officer, I should have been happy if he had remained in service, but he could not be reintroduced now even with his former rank as the vacancy occasioned by his resignation has been filled and sundry consequent arrangements made, much less with the rank he requires. I have no power to appoint Officers, either by giving an actual command or by conferring Brevets. And if I had, I should not think myself at liberty, after the decision of so respectable and disinterested a Board as the One which determined in his case to comply with his wishes. I am persuaded it would occasion great uneasiness and such as policy, to say nothing of the justice or injustice of the measure, for bids us to excite. Brevets, altho they do not give actual and immediate command, yet they give rank, which must dissatisfy those, whose interests are affected by them. I am sorry to add that Captain Kearsley's readmission is also impracticable.
I had written him to this effect, previous to the receipt of your Letter, having found that his appearance at Wyoming and the apprehension of his resuming his command, after his resignation and the arrangements in consequence, had thrown the Officers into the greatest confusion. It is a matter of concern that good Officers should adopt hasty resolutions to put themselves out of the service.
I have seen the Charles Town papers of the 29th. of May and 4th. of June containing accounts of the operations in in that quarter.
My Official Letter to Congress will give you all the public intelligence I have, and will inform you of the wanton and unprecedented devastations of the Enemy, at least since the times of modern, civilized War. I am, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 25th of June was delivered me yesterday. I inclose you a duplicate of mine of the 23d. which gave my consent to an expedition against the Mingoes. I am glad to hear you had received a supply of provisions and only waited my concurrence to make an expedition against the Senecas. I hope by this time you are carrying it into execution.
I have more than once applied to the Board of War to supply you with some articles to reward the Indians. I shall renew my solicitations. I approve the sentence against Straffain. He appears justly to merit the punishment. But I leave its execution or remission to your discretion. If the circumstances of the Garrison appear to require an example, let it be made. You will be pleased to determine yourself in the other cases; and for the future it will be unnecessary to send me any proceedings; but where the sentences affect the life of the prisoner or the dismission of an officer. All others you will decide upon yourself. I am, etc.
P.S. It may be well for you to endeavour to open Correspondence with General Sullivan that your movements, if possible, may be serviceable to each other.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, July 13, 1779.
Sir: In my Letter of the 9th, which I had the honor of addressing to Your Excellency, I informed you of the proceedings and ravages of the Enemy on the Sound till that time, as far as I had been advised. I now take the liberty to transmit an Extract of a Letter of the 10th (No. 1.) from Governor Trumbull, and of the same date (No. 2) from General Parsons,22 by which Your Excellency will find that they have burnt Fairfield. I also transmit Sir George Collier and Major General Tryon's address to the Inhabitants of Connecticut23 delivered at the time and a Copy of Colo Whiting's Answer. The Enemy's devastations do not stop here; as you will perceive by the Inclosure No. 3 (an Extract of a Letter from Genl Parsons of the 11th) announcing the destruction of Norwalk.24 In the several descents made by the Enemy, the Militia from the Accounts I have received considering their number and the sudden manner in which they assembled, acquitted themselves with great spirit. Besides the measures taken with respect to Glover's Brigade, of which I advised Your Excellency; on the 10th as soon as I heard that a body of the Enemy were moving towards Horseneck, I sent orders to Major General Heath,
[Note 22: Copies of Trumbull's and Parsons's letters of Juls' 10 are filed with this letter of Washington's in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 23: A broadside of this address is filed with Washington's letter.]
[Note 24: This extract it also filed as above.] who lay in the Highlands on the East side of the River, to march that way, as early as possible the next morning with the Two Connecticut Brigades, on the route by Crompond, Bedford or Ridgefield as circumstances might point out; and to give every aid and countenance, consistent with prudence, to the Militia to repress their depredations. I have requested General Parsons to fix their extent with as much precision as he can. If it is practicable, it seems to me, high time to retaliate by destroying some of their Towns.
I must take the liberty to request that an early supply of money may be sent to the Deputy Pay Master General, for paying the gratuity of 100 Dollars to the Soldiers. From the great uneasiness prevailing among many of the Pensylvania Troops and frequent desertions, occasioned in great measure by the exorbitant bounties given by some of the States for short and temporary services, and which must encrease with the practice, I have been obliged to draw on the Military Chest for a very large sum to pay the gratuity, in hopes that it might have a favourable influence. This may occasion some deficiency of money even for discharging the Regimental demands to the last of May, the latest period to which any Warrants have been drawn; and possibly delaying the gratuity from other parts of the Army, entitled to it, may excite some degree of uneasiness. I cannot tell at this time, for what number of Men to estimate the supply that will be necessary; but no inconvenience will result from a more than ample provision, as the balance in such case will answer other purposes. It may be pretty well ascertained from the Muster Rolls, which, I believe, are deposited with the Treasury Board.
½ past 9 OClock P M
I this minute returned from the Fort and the posts below when I had the Honor to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 9th. with the papers to which it refers. I have also to inform you that by a Letter from General Heath of the 12th just come to hand, the Enemy have burnt Bedford. I have the Honor, etc.25
[Note 25: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on July 19 and referred to Gouverneur Morris, William Carmichael, and William Whipple.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, July 13, 1779.
Parole Tartary. Countersigns Ostend, Siam.
Captain Selman of the 4th. Maryland regiment is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in the 2nd. Maryland brigade 'till further orders vice, Captain Hardman who declines that duty at present.
The General is surprised to be informed that the order of the 30th. of June respecting Masons has been very partially complied with. As it is of great importance to the public service that a sufficient number should be furnished without delay, the commanding officers of brigades are requested to pay immediate and particular attention to the execution of the forementioned order.
AFTER ORDERS
The Light troops commanded by Colonel Meigs26 and Majors Hill27 and Murphy28 are to join those under the immediate command of General Wayne and the whole to be form'd and exercised under the direction of that officer.
[Note 26: Col. Return Jonathan Meigs, of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 27: Maj. William Hull, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel of the Third Massachusetts Regiment; transferred to Jackson's Additional Continental regiment in November, 1783; served to June, 1784.]
[Note 28: Maj. Hardy Murfree, of the Second North Carolina Regiment.]
General Nixon will move his brigade tomorrow to the Gorge of the Mountain near the Continental Village and supply the place of the Light Troops and others which have been withdrawn from that post.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, July 14, 1779.
Parole Piedmont. Countersigns Perth, Pool.
Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolve.
In Congress, July 6, 1779.
Resolved, That in consideration of their extra duties and service, the officers in the army of these states, serving as sub and brigade inspectors, be allowed, the former three rations a day and forage for three horses, and the latter two rations a day and forage for two horses, in lieu of all former rations and forage, both as officers in the line and as inspectors; their subsistence money as officers in the line to remain as heretofore.
The General is surprised to find by the Weekly returns that a number of men are continually reported unfit for duty for want of Clothes, when there is clothing in the public Stores and a mode pointed out by which they are to be drawn. He trusts this business will not be delayed any longer and that the commanding officers of corps will see that the deficient Arms are immediately supplied in a manner heretofore directed.
The small Parties which have been sent from the brigades at West Point for the purpose of apprehending robbers and other disorderly people in and near Smith's Clove are to join their respective regiments.
New Windsor, July 14, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have received your favor of the 12th. dated at Amewalk and on account of the pressing situation of affairs, have written to Col. Lamb at Fishkill, to send to your care 25,000 Cartridges, which you will distribute among the Militia if there is really a necessity for it. I cannot send more. The respective States in general, as I have been informed have good supplies of Military stores of their own, and the militia must be furnished by them. If large or frequent drafts are made upon our stock, we shall want ourselves.
I inclosed you a letter from his Excellency the President of Congress, which came to hand last night. I am, etc.
P.S. I am much at a loss to know where Genl. Clinton and the main body of his forces are. It is a matter of importance that I should be advised of their situation and movements. You will endeavour to have a good watch kept, and will acquaint me with them in your correspondencies. The Militia should be cautioned to make good use of their amunition. Firing at a great distance answers no purpose, which it is said by some accounts was too much the case at Norwalk.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 14, 1779.
Sir: The arrangement you have made, with respect to the detachment from Nixon's brigade is very agreeable to me; but I would have the light infantry to join General Wayne at all events, this evening or tomorrow morning early.
Orders have been given for the execution of the enterprise tomorrow night and I have several reasons that make me averse to delay; though the want of tents is an objection to those with you going down. An idea may be thrown out that I am anxious to have the infantry organized and that the tents will follow in a day' or two. I should hope this circumstance if it is passed lightly over would have no ill effect. I am, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 14, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have reflected on the advantages and disadvantages of delaying the proposed attempt, and I do not know but the latter preponderate. You will therefore carry it into execution tomorrow night, as you desired, unless some new motive or better information should induce you to think it best to defer it.
You are at liberty to choose between the different plans on which we have conversed. But as it is important to have every information we can procure, if you could manage, in the mean time to see Major Lee, it might be useful. He has been so long near the spot and has taken so much pains to inform himself critically concerning the post, that I imagine he may be able to make you acquainted with some further details. Your interview must be managed with caution or it may possibly raise suspicion. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 14, 1779.
Sir: It will be necessary that the recruits coming from the Massachusetts State should be completely armed and accoutered at Springfield, or at least as far as the supplies there will admit. For this purpose I enclose you a Letter for the Commissary of Military Stores.32 I also inclose you a Copy, by which you will see he is directed to deliver such supplies of
[Note 32: Ezekiel Cheerer, commissary of military stores at Springfield, Mass. Washington wrote him (July 14) to deliver to Colonel Nixon, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, the arms and accoutrements complete, that he may require. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] Arms and Accoutrements as you may find necessary according to the number of men. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who, this same day (July 14), wrote to his friend, Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb, that Congress had resolved on July 3 that Washington be authorized to make parole exchanges. "He has directed the Commissary to go as extensively into the relief of our Officers as he can, and if the Enemy are not highly unreasonable and will go as largely into the business as Mr. Beatty is authorized to do, the greater part or at least proportion of our Friends will be released. ... If your release is effected, you shall know of it by the first opportunity." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
July 14, 1779.
Sir: General Heath has informed me by a Letter of the 12th. dated at Amewalk, that the Militia with General Parsons have but very little ammunition. As this is a time of emergency, it may be necessary to furnish them with some or they may be entirely destitute before they can obtain a supply from the State. I therefore request, that you will send 25,000 Cartridges to General Heath by an early conveyance, to whom I have written with respect to the distribution.34 I am, &c.
[Note 34: Colonel Lamb was then at Fishkill, N. Y.]
P.S. He will be found below Bedford or Ridgefield towards Norwalk.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
New Windsor, July 14, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I yesterday evening received Your favor of the 13th, and thank you for transmitting me a copy of your Brother's Letter. I am happy to find that the Troops are in such health and Spirits.
Major Gibbs inclosed you Yesterday the Charles Town papers of the 29th of May and 4th of June, which would shew Your Excellency all the operations in that quarter to those dates; and that matters are far short of the successes, of which we had heard.
In consequence of the movements of the Enemy up the Sound and a body of them towards Horseneck, I detached General Heath with the Brigades of Connecticut on the route by Crompond, and Bedford or Ridgefield as circumstances might require in order to aid and countenance the Militia. The Enemy seem determined to prosecute the system of War threatened by the Commissioners in their Manifesto.36 They have burnt Fairfield, Norwalk and Bedford, and some Houses in New Haven and East Haven, and all the parish of Greens farm. It is high time to retaliate, by burning their Towns if it is practicable. I have the Honor, etc.37
[Note 36: The proclamation of the British Peace Commissioners, Oct. 3, 1778.]
[Note 37: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Fort Montgomery, July 15, 1779.
Sir: This day General Wayne marched down towards Stoney point to take a view of the enemy and if an opportunity offered to attempt something serious. I therefore wish you to put your Brigade in motion about midnight and march that way in order to act as his situation may make it necessary.38 You will make your movements as secret as possible and march perfectly light, taking such of your guards as may be in your route with you. One days provision will be necessary for the men to have with them, and the rest that may be at the post, you will have in readiness to follow should circumstances require it.
[Note 38: General Muhlenberg was then at the Forest of Dean.]
You shall hear from me when you are to return unless the enterprize should prove unsuccessful, in which case you will return to your present post. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of the 14th. with its inclosures. I would not wish you to advance further eastward, unless the movements of the enemys main body in that direction should make it necessary.40 It is my intention that your division should as far as possible preserve a relative position to, and ensure a timely communication with the Highlands posts. This may not be practicable if the enemy remain where they are and you advance far eastward. At present there is an additional reason for your being near us. I have the pleasure to inform you that last night Brigadier Genl. Wayne with the light infantry, surprized and took stoney point, with the whole garrison, cannon, and Stores, with the loss of a very few killd. and wounded. No officer lost. General Wayne Received a slight scratch with a muskettball in his head.41
[Note 40: General Heath was then at Canaan, Conn.]
[Note 41: Wayne announced his success to Washington in a hurriedly written pencil note, dated 2 o'clock a.m., July 16, from Stony Point: "Dear Genl., The fort & Garrison with Colo. Johnston are ours. Our Officers & men behaved like men who are determined to be free. Yours most Sincerely, Anty Wayne." A return of the killed and wounded showed 7 officers and 57 noncorns. and rank and file wounded, and a noncorns. and 11 privates killed. Wayne's note is in the Washington Papers.]
This may produce some consequent movements which will require the aid of your division. You will therefore hold yourself in complete readiness. And send off with all dispatch to hasten on Glovers Brigade to join you. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 16, 1779.
Dr. Sir: You will be pleased to march to morrow morning early towards Peeks Kill, in the vicinity of which you will find Major General Howe with a couple of Brigades. The command of the whole will, of course, devolve upon you. He will communicate the instructions he has received by which you will govern yourself. Send to hasten on Glovers brigade to join you at the same place. I am, etc.
You may move with expedition but not so as to fatigue your troops, unless the movements of the enemy should require it.43
[Note 43: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 16, 1779.
Sir: Two Brigades commanded by Brigadiers General Nixon and Patterson have been ordered to march towards the Continental Village. You will proceed towards that place and take the command of them. You are to continue your route to the vicinity of Peeks Kill and take some convenient position there, till further orders, or 'till there should be a necessity to relinquish it to a superior force. You will instantly take measures to reconnoitre the Enemy's post at Ver Plank's point, its environs and approaches, to ascertain where batteries may be erected against it to advantage and the practicability and best mode of an assault. You will endeavour to alarm the enemy at your approach in hopes that the first impressions which the loss of Stoney point and the appearance of an attack upon themselves will make may induce them to abandon the post. If you find batteries can with facility and safety be begun with your present force you will set about it and give me the speedlest information of your operations. You will take measures to gain the earliest intelligence of any movement of the enemy from below upon the water or towards your left flank. Open a communication of mutual intelligence with General Heath.
Generals Nixon and Patterson will be able to give you good information of the country which is the scene of your movements. Col. Putnam, a very judicious officer has been lately employed with an eye to the Present event, to reconnoitre Vet Planks point. You may place great dependance on his information. I inclose you a report which he lately made me. I am, etc.
P: S: You will take with you, the field pieces belonging to the Brigades and two 12 pounders ordered to Nelsons point.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 16, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that Major Fishbourn has just arrived from Genl. Wayne, with the agreeable account of our having possessed ourselves of Stoney point and the whole Garrison with very little loss. You will throw the troops across the River, which I mentioned yesterday, with all possible expedition. I am, etc.
P.S. You will order Nixon's Brigade to move immediately towards the Continl. Village.45
[Note 45: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
July 16, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased immediately to send to this place the two 12 pounders, and the 24 now with the park properly officered and manned. They will receive their orders here. I have to observe that the heavy pieces which came down some time ago, have but one officer with them, the matter I wish to be attended to. The remaining Officers and men I desire you will hold in readiness to move at a moments warning. I sincerely congratulate you on our success against Stoney point; it was carried this morning by the light Infantry under the command of Genl. Wayne. The garrison are all prisoners. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 16, ½ after 9 o'C A.M. 1779.
Sir: I have the pleasure to transmit Your Excy the inclosed Copy of a Letter from Brigadier Genl. Wayne,49 which this moment came to hand. I congratulate Congress upon our success, and what makes it still more agreable from the report of Captn Fishbourn50 who brought me Genl. Wayne's Letter, the post was gained with but very inconsiderable loss on our part. As soon as I receive a particular account of the affair, I shall transmit it. I have the Honor, etc.51
[Note 49: The original of this letter from Wayne is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 50: Capt. Benjamin Fishbourne, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was aide to Wayne and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original is not found in the Papers of the Continental Congress. In Hazard's Register of Penna., vol. 4, P. 54, this letter is printed with a P.S.: "Gen, Wayne received a slight wound in the head with a musket ball, but it did not prevent him from going on with the troops."]
Head Quarters, July 16, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have the pleasure to transmit Your Excellency the inclosed Copy of a Letter from Brigadr. Genl. Wayne, which this moment came to hand. I congratulate you. ... I have not yet obtained the particulars of the Affair. I have the Honor, &c.
P.S. General Wayne received a slight wound with a Musket Ball in his Head; but it did not prevent him from going on with the Troops.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The omitted portion is identical with the last half of Washington's letter to Congress, July 16, 1779, q. v.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, July 16, 1779.
Parole Wayne. Countersigns Light, Infantry.
The Commander in Chief is happy to congratulate the Army on the success of our Arms under Brigadier General Wayne, who last night with the corps of Light Infantry surprised and took the enemy's post at Stony Point with the whole Garrison, Cannon and Stores with very inconsiderable loss on our side. The General has not yet received the particulars of the affair, but he has the satisfaction to learn that the officers and men in general gloriously distinguished themselves in the attack.
He requests the Brigadier and his whole corps to accept his warmest thanks for the good conduct and signal bravery manifested upon the occasion.
All the Clothiers in and near the Army will make immediate returns of every article of clothing on hand.
Head Quarters, Stony Point, Saturday, July 17, 1779.
Parole Fortune. Countersigns Favors, Bravery.
A Major, two Captains, four Subalterns six serjeants and one hundred rank and file from General Woodford's Brigade to march immediately with their Packs, Arms and Provision to relieve the detachment with the british Prisoners whom they are to escort to such place as ordered by the Commissary of Prisoners. The Major will receive directions from the commanding officer of the party he relieves. A few prisoners now in custody at Stony Point are to be carried on to join the other Prisoners.
Stoney point, July 17, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been favoured with Your Two Letters of the 15th. I wrote you Yesterday upon the subject of your conduct, and now inclose you a Copy, Lest my Letter should have miscarried. I have written to General Glover and commit the Letter to your care, which you will forward to him, if you have not already given him orders to join you with his Brigade, in consequence of my Letter of yesterday. General Howe has directions to open a Battery as soon as possible against the Enemy's Works on Verplanks point and to carry on matters as vigorously as he can for the reduction of the Garrison. When you arrive, as the command will devolve upon You, you must make the Instructions to him the rule of your Action. I am, etc.
P.S. if there should be occasion to send Genl. Glover's Letter, seal k. I will speak to the Commissary about the Wheat you mention.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Stony point, July 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: It is thought from a view of the fortifications on Verblanks point, that there is a good prospect of possessing our selves of the Garrison. You will therefore march down your troops and open a battery against their Block House as soon as possible. After beating the block House about their Ears if you can find any apprehensions in the Garrison for their safety, you will make a disposition of your Troops and a shew of storming the place, and then send in a flag and demand a surrender of the Garrison; but as the works are enclosed, it will not be proper to attempt a storm in the day time. These operations are to commence and be carried on, subject to the following restrictions. If the Enemy are marching up in force on the other side, after they pass Croten River your situation will become ineligible. Therefore in such case you must fall back to Bald hill or the Conl. village. There are two places where the Enemy can pass Croten River. One on the old Post Road from York to Albany. The other by the way of New Castle and Crumpond. These two roads must be carefully watched with parties of Horse and foot. Should you be deficient in Horse you will send to General Heath for a party. Your Battery and Cannonade should be pushed with the greatest vigor. It will be prudent to place double Guards on the Two roads I have mentioned, at about a mile's distance from each other, for your greater security. I am, etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Nathanael Greene and Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Stoney Point, July 17, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I just now received your Two favors of to day. I am sorry for the difficulties you seem to be under. I had no doubt but that the Cannon and Ammunition would proceed together, as One with out the other could be of no service; I hope before this reaches you, you will have received both. I have sent you a number of intrenching Tools, and expected they had gone before from West point. There is not any provision here. You will send to Genl. McDougal and obtain a Supply from the Fort; and lest there should be a difficulty in getting these, it will also be adviseable for you to write to Colo. Hay at Fish Kills and request his assistance.
As it is essential for you to have Horse to give intelligence of the Enemy's movement in case they should proceed by Land, and none can be furnished from the Continental Corps as I am just now informed by Genl. Heath; You will endeavour to get Captain Delavan56 to join you. With respect to your position, I am not attached to any particular. I only wish that you may be secure, if the Enemy advances. Colo. Putnam is most intimately
[Note 56: Capt. Samuel Delayan, of the Westchester County (N. Y.) militia horse.] acquainted with the Country, and you may confide much in his Judgment. I would suggest that there is a greater necessity for caution, as I have heard this Evening that a Detachment of the enemy were moving yesterday towards White plains. In general you will apply for provisions at the Fort and for other supplies. If the Artillery Horses fail, you will request Colo. Hay the Quartermaster to furnish Others. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Stoney Point, July 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of yesterday.
From the information I have had, it is probable you will have joined General Howe before this reaches you. I have given him instructions which he was directed to communicate to you. But for fear of a miscarriage I shall repeat them. It was directed that one of the four brigades, which compose your two commands, should be stationed in the Gorge of the mountains and that the other three should proceed to possess the Highlands opposite to West Point on the East side, and this without delay. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS. H. S.]
July 18, 1779.
Dr. Sir: It is his Excellency's earnest request that you send off as soon as possible after receipt of this, fifty good Artillery Horses completely harnassed for moving seven pieces of Heavy Artillery on Garrison Carriages, from 12 to 24 Pounders. You are also to send the necessary Drivers and Two Active Officers. They will come by the directest rout to Sufferan's tavern, and from thence to Kings ferry. His Excellency repeats his request that all possible dispatch be used in sending the Horses and Harness off, and that the Officers coming with them be also requested to be as expeditious as they can. I am, &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H:' Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, Stony Point, Sunday, July 18, 1779.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
At a General Court Martial held at Stony Point in the Light Infantry the 17th. instant by order of Brigadier General Wayne, whereof Colonel Meigs was President, William Fitzgerald of the 9th. Pennsylvania regiment, Isaac Wilson of Colonel Bradford's regiment, John Williams of the 4th. Maryland regiment, Joseph Case of the 1st. Connecticutt regiment and John Blackman of Colo. Bradley's regiment were tried for "Deserting to the enemy" found guilty and sentenced (two thirds of the court agreeing thereto) to suffer death.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentences and orders the abovementioned Criminals to be hung this afternoon at 5 o'clock in the Flag Bastion.
Head Quarters, Monday, July 19, 1779.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The following disposition of the Army is to take place for the present:
The Right Wing to be composed of the Virginia Maryland and Pennsylvania divisions, under the command of Major General Putnam.
The Left Wing to be composed of the two Connecticutt brigades, and of Nixons and Glovers, forming two divisions under the command of Major General Heath; Moylan's and Sheldon's regiments of Cavalry and Colonel Armand's Independent corps to be attached to this wing 'till further orders.
Major General Howe will take the immediate command of Nixon's and Glover's, the Cavalry and the Independent Corps.
The Garrison of West Point comprehending the Island60 will for the present consist of, Paterson's, Late Larned's and the Carolina brigade under Majr. General McDougall, Commandant of the Garrison. The Carolina brigade to be stationed on the Island.
[Note 60: Constitution Island.]
Major General McDougall will immediately make a distribution of the troops under his command to the defence of the several works that every officer and man may be acquainted with his post in time of action and know where to repair, without confusion or delay, in case of a sudden alarm.
The Artillery is also to be distributed and every minute arrangement made at once, that every thing may be in the most perfect readiness at the shortest notice. A full supply of water to be immediately provided.
The Light Infantry to take post at any convenient place near Fort Montgomery. That part of it which has not been already organized to return to the respective brigades to be immediately modeled agreeable to the new formation. The Guard Boats are to be under the direction of the officer commanding the Light Infantry from which corps they are to be maned.
All the advanced Pickets and Patroles on the West side of the river to be furnished by the Virginia division and the corps of Light Infantry. The commanding officers to agree upon such as are to be respectively furnished and the places and roads they are to occupy. The rest of the troops to be employed in carrying on the works with all possible vigor and dispatch. The Engineers will report to the Adjutant General the number of men requisite for this purpose that he may have them furnished and regulate the details accordingly.
West point, July 19, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received Your favor of the 18th and two of to day. The disposition you mention to have made of the Troops will stand till further Orders. You will write to General Glover and direct him to halt with his Brigade at Ridgefield, where he will remain till he is further instructed. I am much fatigued, and as I shall see you in the course of a day or two, I shall not add anything more upon the present occasion. I am, etc.
P.S. Your third favor of this date has just come to hand. You will send the Two Twelve pounders to New Windsor. The Officer who came with them from the park will return with them, and also their Ammunition Waggons &c. The Intrenching Tools sent to Genl. Howe should be kept collected and no loss of them suffered.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
West Point, July 19, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I this morning received Your favor of the 18th when returning from Stoney point. Being very much fatigued and not having obtained a detail account of the Action yet, I cannot comply with your Excellency's request. However for your private information, I believe the Garrison amounted to about 500 rank and file, of which between 20 and thirty might have been killed about Forty wounded and the rest taken. There were 15 pieces of Ordnance altogether and a suitable supply of Ammunition; provisions none. A small reinforcement of the Enemy arrived yesterday at Verplanks and from intelligence, the main body of their Army was moving up by Land and Water; that the advance of the Troops moving by Land was at the New bridge on Croton; part of those on board Ship were arrived just below Colo Hays House, and many other Vessels were heaving in sight. This movement obliged Major Genl Howe to retire from before the Enemy's lines on Verplank's point.63 We have dismantled the Works at Stoney point and destroyed them as far as circumstances would permit. We could not hold them. I am in haste, &c.
[Note 63: A hurried note from Robert Howe to Washington, undated, but probably July 18, is in the Washington Papers. It expresses that general's disappointment at being obliged to fall back: "Oh: My Dear General What a Soul Piercing Wound has the unexpected inevitable delay of Yesterday given to Dear Sir your very Respectful and truly affectionate. R. Howe."]
P.S. The state of the Enemy's force on Verplanks before this reinforcement, was about the same of that on Stoney point.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter sent was in the possession (1931) of Thomas F. Madigan, of New York City.]
West Point, July 19, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed I send you a copy of a General order for the disposition of the army. The particular one of the Right Wing is to be as follows Woodfords Brigade to take post at or near Junes; Muhlenberghs at the forrest of Deane. The other two divisions to preserve their present encampments. You will send orders for this purpose to the two Virginia Brigades without delay that they may be at their intended posts as quick as possible. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 20, 1779.
Dr. Sir: As we do not know what may be the next object of the enemy, and it is our duty to be well prepared at the most important point, I am to request you will immediately consult the principal officers with you, in conjunction with the commanding Officer of the light infantry, and form a disposition for opposing the enemy in concert, as well in the first instance at landing, as during their progress towards the works. The part, which the Virginia division is to act, is also to be taken into consideration. With respect to this if the enemy should make a debarkation with their whole force at Fort Montgomery and the landing on this side, Mughlenbergs brigade may be ordered to join you in the first instance and Woodfords to move towards the forest67 to act on the left flank and rear of the enemy; but if a column should move from King's ferry towards the forest, Mughlenbergh will then be on the spot to oppose them and Woodfords will cooperate as circumstances may dictate. These are only intended as general hints. The movements of the enemy, and the exigences of the moment must decide your operations. But every probable case should be supposed before hand and a line of conduct preconcerted for each.
[Note 67: Forest of Dean.]
Let your officers be particularly industrious to inform themselves of the ground on which they are to act, its different approaches and communications with the fort and every defile and spot most advantageous for opposing the enemy's advance. I am, etc.
P: S: I have written a line to General St Clair directing him to make himself well acquainted with the Hill that overlooks Fort Putnam in front, at the extremity of which it is proposed to erect some works; and to consider this point as his alarm post from thence to reinforce the troops in front as may be necessary.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West point, July 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of the 13th. Instant. The situation of affairs would not permit a Court Martial to sit since you were at Middle Brook. You may be assured it is not my wish to delay your trial a single moment; at the same time you must be sensible, that I cannot fix with precision on any day, during the more active part of the Campaign for it to come on. The movements of the Enemy will govern Ours, and if a day were proposed, a disappointment might take place as it did before. If however there should be a time when appearances promise that the Enemy will remain inactive, I will appoint a day of which you shall be notified. At present there is no such prospect. I am happy to hear that your wounds are so far recovered and I hope they will continue to mend 'till you are perfectly well.
You will have heard of the success of our Arms on the night of the 15th, against the Garrison at Stoney point; and as it is probable that you will see the particulars soon after this comes to hand, and I am extremely busy, I shall not trouble you with a detail of the Affair. The event is very interesting, and the conduct of the Officers and Men engaged in the enterprize does them the highest honor. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 20, 1779.
Dr. Sir: You will be pleased to examine critically the long Hill in front of Fort Putnam, at the extremities of which the Engineer is commencing some works. Colonel Gouvion or Mr. Rochefontaine will be able more particularly to designate the Hill I mean. The possession of this Hill appears to me essential to the preservation of the whole post and our main effort ought to be directed to keeping the enemy off of it. You will make k the alarm post for your division in the first instance, from which if requisite you can reinforce the troops in front. You will consider this Hill in all its relations and make yourself completely master of its defence. It will be useful that this knowledge should extend to your principal officers; and that your officers in general should be acquainted with the ground on which they are to act. I shall be glad also you will have an eye to the works to be erected to hasten their completion as fast as possible. I am, etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 20, 1779.
Sir: Our advices agree that the enemy have their whole force up the river, and by a letter dated last evening from Col, Butler I am informed they had made a debarkation at stoney point. Sir Harry may wish to retaliate for the loss of that post. I am therefore extremely anxious that we should be prepared to receive them, and of course that the arrangements pointed out in Yesterdays orders should be immediately carried into execution. I am, etc.
P.S. Colo. Butler an intelligent Officer who brought of the rear of the Troops from Stoney point yesterday, and was there at the time the enemy took possession is clear in opinion (from the number and kind of empty boats, which he saw with the fleet) that they will soon operate against West point.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The P.S. is in the writing of Washington. The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
July 20, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I observe in your Letter of the 16th. of July by Mr. Archer72 that you make particular mention of his intrepedity and firmness in the Assault on Stony point. Is it your wish that
[Note 72: John Archer. He was volunteer aide to Wayne, and was brevetted captain in the Continental Army by Congress July 26, 1779, for conduct in the assault on Stony Point. He bore Washington's despatch to Congress, announcing the victory.] he should be the Bearer of my dispatches to Congress? His circumstances are peculiar, he has no appointment in the Army. It will be impossible to provide for him in any particular line; but perhaps he might obtain a Brevet Commission without giving any uneasiness. I shall be glad to know your sentiments upon the occasion and of the operation such an appointment and the sending him with the dispatches might have.
You do not mention the names of the Two Officers who led the advanced parties to the Two Columns. You will be pleased to do it with all the circumstances of conduct, and loss which they sustained. I must request you will transmit me the report which I asked in my Letter of yesterday and the matters now requested as soon as possible. I am, etc.73
[Note 73: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[H. S. P.]
New Windsor, July 20, 1779.
Sir: Col. Butlers favor of last evening I have received. The opinion he has of the enemy's design, renders it necessary for me to caution you on the score of keeping out the necessary Guards and patroles. The look out boats, I have desired Genl. McDougal to order down to be under your command that you may officer and man them, with such persons as you can fully confide in; this will enable you to obtain the earliest notice of the enemys movements, and should any take place, or any thing important occur, you will take care to have it communicated, as well to the different commanding officers in the vicinity of West point as to Genl. McDougal. I propose either this evening or tomorrow to pitch my Tent some where near West point. I am, etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 20, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your favors of the 10th. Ult and 10th. Inst.
I am obliged to you for the Intelligence from Canada and should be happy if circumstances would authorize an implicit credit to be given to the whole of it. The persons who gave it to Major Whitcomb75 and Captain Paulant,76 I fear, have taken it up in several parts upon slender grounds.
[Note 75: Maj. Benjamin Whetcomb, of the New Hampshire Rangers. He was retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 76: Capt. Antoine Paulint (Paulant), of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was retired in July, 1782.]
The pressing situation of Affairs will not permit me to go into a minute consideration of your Letters; but I am to desire in the most explicit terms that you will not put the public to any expence in those points. I have no objection to your building Block Houses and Stores, if it can be done entirely by your own people. Your command was to answer a particular Object, intimately connected with or at least intended to promote and facilitate the execution of a plan which I had in view. There cannot be a full communication of the real objects of every command to the Officer detached, and he should always in such cases make his instructions as nearly as possible the rule of his Action. In the present instance, I wish you may not greatly have exceeded my intentions in many things and incurred an expence that will greatly disatisfy the public. Your Return shall be transmitted to the Board of War. I have granted Warrants to Captain White77 for the pay of Your Regiment for A and M78 and he has received the Money. Capn. White will inform you of our success against Stoney point. I am, etc.79
[Note 77: Capt. Moses White, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was aide to Gen. Moses Hazen in September, 1781, to the close of the war.]
[Note 78: For the months of April and May.]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, July 20, 1779.
Parole Smyrna. Countersigns Susa, Surat.
If the troops wanting Arms have not been supplied they are to be furnished out of those brought from Stony Point and not a moment's time is to be lost in doing of it.
If the state of the Magazines will afford it the brigade Commissaries are always to keep by them (ready to issue at a moment's warning) two days salt provisions and a larger quantity of bread or flour.
The troops are always to have two days cooked provision in hand that they may be ready to move at a moments warning. This want will not be admired as an excuse and the officers commanding Corps are to consider themselves as responsible to the Commander in Chief for strict obedience to this order.
General Du Portail will be pleased to appoint Engineers to superintend and direct the new works on the heights east and west of the river and have them forwarded with all possible dispatch agreeable to former orders.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 20, 1779.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 13th, with the copies of the letters to which it refers. The British Cabinet may have planned the expedition which Messrs. Lee80 and Johnson81 mention, but I cannot think that it will ever be executed. Perhaps the orders upon the occasion,
[Note 80: Arthur Lee.]
[Note 81: Joshua Johnson.] were not so pointed as not to be dispensed with; and that the late expedition up the Sound was adopted as more eligible. If the plan however is pursued, Congress may rely, that I shall use my best endeavours to defeat it, or to avail myself of any opportunities it may give of distressing the enemy. I have the honor, etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, July 21, 1779.83
[Note 83: The draft is dated July 20, 1779.]
Sir: On the 16th instant, I had the honor to inform Congress of a successful attack upon the enemy's post at Stoney Point, on the preceding night, by Brigadier General Wayne and the corps of light infantry under his command. The ulterior operations in which we have been engaged, have hitherto put it out of my power to transmit the particulars of this interesting event. They will now be found in the inclosed report, which I have received from General Wayne.84 To the encomiums he has deservedly bestowed on the officers and men under his command, it gives me pleasure to add that his own conduct, throughout the whole of this arduous enterprise, merits the warmest approbation of Congress. He improved upon the plan recommended by me and executed it in a manner that does signal honor to his judgment and to his bravery. In a critical moment of the assault he received a flesh wound in the head with a musket-ball; but continued leading on his men with unshaken firmness.
[Note 84: The original of this, dated July 17, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.]
I now beg leave for the private satisfaction of Congress, to explain the motives which induced me to direct the attempt. In my former letters I pointed out the advantages which the enemy derived from the possession of this post and the one on the opposite side, and the inconveniences resulting from it to us. To deprive them of the former and remove the latter were sufficient inducements to endeavour to dispossess them. The necessity of doing something to satisfy the expectations of the people and reconcile them to the defensive plan we are obliged to pursue, and to the apparent inactivity, which our situation imposes upon us. The value of the acquisition in itself, with respect to the men, artillery and stores which composed the garrison; the effect it would have upon the successive operations of the campaign and the check it would give to the depredations of the enemy at the present season: All these motives concurred to determine me to the undertaking. The certain advantages of success, even if not so extensive as might be wished, would at all events be very important; the probable disadvantages of a failure were comparitively inconsiderable, and on the plan that was adopted could amount to little more, than the loss of a small number of men.
After reconnoitring the post myself and collecting all the information I could get of its strength and situation, I found, that without hazarding a greater loss than we were able to afford and with less likelihood of success, the attempt to carry it could only be by way of surprise. I therefore resolved upon this mode and gave my instructions accordingly, as contained in No. 2..85 In hopes that Verplanks point, might fall in consequence of the reduction of the other, dispositions were made for the purpose, which unluckily did not succeed. The evening appointed for the attack, I directed Major General McDougall to put two Brigades under marching orders to be moved down towards Vet Planks as soon as he should receive intelligence
[Note 85: A copy of Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, July 10, 1779, q. v., is filed with this letter to Congress in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] of the success of the attempt on this side, and requested General Wayne to let his despatches to me pass through General McDougall, that he might have the earliest advice of the event. But, through some misconception, they came directly on to Head Quarters, which occasioned a loss of several hours. The next morning Major General Howe was sent to take the command of those troops, with orders to advance to the vicinity of the enemys works and open batteries against them. It was hoped, that this might either awe them into a surrender under the impressions of what had happened on the other side or prepare the way for an assault. But some accidental delays in bringing on the heavy cannon and intrenching tools necessary for an operation of this kind, unavoidably retarded its execution, till the approach of the enemy's main body had made it too late. General Howe to avoid being intercepted found himself under a necessity of relinquishing his project and retiring to a place of security. I did not unite the two attacks at the same time and in the same manner, because this would have rendered the enterprise more complex, more liable to suspicion and less likely success, for want of an exact cooperation, which could hardly have been expected.
When I came to examine the post at Stoney point, I found it would require more men to maintain it than we could afford, without incapacitating the army for other operations. In the opinion of the Engineer, corresponding with my own and that of all the general officers present, not less than 1500 men would be requisite for its complete defence. And from the nature of the works, which were open towards the River, a great deal of labour and expence must have been incurred and much time employed to make them defensible by us. The enemy, depending on their shipping to protect the rear had constructed the works solely against an attack by land. We should have had to apprehend equally an attack by water and must have inclosed the post. While we were doing this, the whole army must have been in the vicinity exposed to the risk of a general action, on terms which it would not be our interest to court, and out of reach to assist in carrying on the fortifications at West Point, or to support them in case of necessity. These considerations made it an unanimous sentiment to evacuate the post, remove the cannon and stores and destroy the works; which was accomplished on the night of the 18th., one piece of heavy cannon only excepted. For want of proper tackling within reach to transport the cannon by land, we were obliged to send them to the fort by water. The movements of the enemys vessels created some uneasiness on their account and induced me to keep one of the pieces, for their protection, which finally could not be brought off, without risking more for its preservation, than it was worth. We also lost a Galley which was ordered down to cover the boats. She got under way, on her return, the afternoon of the 18th. The enemy began a severe and continued cannonade upon her, from which having received some injury, which disabled her for proceeding, she was run a shore. Not being able to get her afloat, 'till late in the flood tide and one or two of the enemy's vessels, under favour of the night having passed above her, she was set on fire and blown up.
Disappointed in our attempt on the other side, we may lose some of the principal advantages hoped for, from the undertaking. The enemy may reestablish the post at Stoney point and still continue to interrupt that communication. Had both places been carried, though we should not have been able to occupy them ourselves, there is great reason to believe, the enemy would hardly have mutilated their main body a second time and gone through the same trouble to regain possession of posts where they had been so unfortunate. But though we may not reap all the benefits which might have followed, those we do reap are very important. The diminution of their force by the loss of so many men will be felt in their present circumstances. The artillery and stores will be a valuable acquisition to us, especially in our scarcity of heavy cannon for the forts. The event will have a good effect upon the minds of the people, give our troops greater confidence in themselves and depress the spirits of the enemy proportionably. If they resolve to reestablish the post, they must keep their force collected for the purpose. This will serve to confine their ravages within a narrower compass and to a part of the country already exhausted. They must lose part of the remainder of the campaign in rebuilding the works, and when they have left a garrison for its defence, their main body by being lessened must act with so much the less energy and so much the greater caution.
They have now brought their whole force up the River and yesterday landed a body at Stoney point. It is supposed not impossible that General Clinton may endeavour to retaliate by a stroke upon West Point and his having stript New York as bare as possible and brought up a number of small boats are circumstances that give a color to the surmise. Though all this may very well be resolved into different motives, prudence requires that our dispositions should have immediate reference to the security of this post; and I have therefore drawn our force together, so as that the whole could act in its defence, on an emergency. Tomorrow, I remove my own Quarters to the Fort.
It is probable Congress will be pleased to bestow some marks of consideration upon those officers who distinguished themselves upon this occasion. Every officer and man of the corps deserves great credit; but there were particular ones whose situation placed them foremost in danger and made their conduct most conspicuous. Lt. Col. Fleury and Major Steward86 commanded the two attacks. Lieutenants Gibbons87 and Knox88 commanded the advanced parties or forlorn hopes;89 and all acquitted themselves as well as it was possible. These officers have a claim to be more particularly noticed. In any other service, promotion would be the proper reward, but in ours it would be injurious. I take the liberty to recommend in preference some honorary present, especially to the field officers. A brevet captaincy to the other two (as it will have no operation in regimental rank) may not be amiss.
[Note 86: Maj. John Stewart (Steward), of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was presented with a silver medal by Congress.]
[Note 87: Lieut. James Gibbons, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was aide to General Irvine in 1779; brevetted captain by Congress, July 26, 1779, for bravery at Stony Point; resigned in May, 1781.]
[Note 88: Lieut. George Knox, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was brevetted captain by Congress on July 26, 1779, for bravery at Stony Point, and resigned in April, 1780.]
[Note 89: So called from being the advance party, the first to attack, and therefore having only a forlorn hope of coming through alive.]
Congress will perceive that some pecuniary rewards were promised by General Wayne to his corps. This was done with my concurrence; and in addition to them, as a greater incitement to their exertion, they were also promised the benefit of whatever was taken in the fort. The artillery and stores are converted to the use of the public; but in compliance with my engagements, it will be necessary to have them appraised and the amount paid to the captors, in money. I hope my conduct in this instance will not be disapproved. Mr. Archer who will have the honor of delivering these despatches is a volunteer Aide to General Wayne and a Gentleman of merit. His zeal, activity and spirit are conspicuous upon every occasion. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. Congress may possibly be at a loss what to do with Mr. Archer. A captain's brevet or commission in the army at large, will be equal to his wishes; and he deserves encouragement on every account. Lest there should be any misapprehension as to what is mentioned about the manner of sending dispatches through General McDougall, I beg leave to be more explicit. I directed General Wayne [when he marched of his ground] to send his dispatches in the first instance to the officer of his baggage guard left at the incampment from which he marched who was to inform his messenger where I was to be found. I left word with this officer to forward the Messenger to General McDougall and I desired General McDougall to open the dispatches. The Messenger who was Capt. Fishburn, came directly on, either through misconception in General Wayne, in the officer of the guard, or in himself.
I forgot to mention that two flags and two standards were taken the former belonging to the Garrison and the latter to the 17th Regiment. These shall be sent to Congress by the first convenient opportunity.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The phrase in brackets was interpolated by Washington.]
New Windsor, July 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: From intelligence just received it would seem that the Enemy mean to evacuate their posts at Stony and Verplanks points. If you have not removed the baggage of the Two Brigades from Sufferans, You will let it remain till further orders. The body of the Enemy, that was moving up has fallen down again. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, near West point,92 July 21, 1779.
[Note 92: Washington established his headquarters on July 21 at Moore's house, about a mile north of West Point. The house was built by John Moore in colonial times, and the property on which it stood, including the house and the West Point area, was sold to the United States in 1790 by Stephen Moore, a son of John.]
Sir: I yesterday received Your Letter of the 18 Instant, with the Inclosure to which it refers.
I have now to request that you will inform me, whether it is still your wish to retire from the Army, and that you will decide on the point. If you determine to resign, you will communicate it to me by the earliest opportunity; if to remain in service, you will be pleased to join your Regiment without loss of time.
I would take the liberty to suggest, that in case you resign it will be necessary, if you have any accounts with the public, to adjust them with the Auditors of the Army as is customary. I am, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
July 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have this morning received your letter dated yesterday. Col Nevil's94 regiment will be ordered up to join you; no relief will be required.
[Note 94: Col. John Neville, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He served to the end of the war.]
The inclosed letter I must beg the favor of you to have forwarded to Mr. Skinner.95 I am, etc.
[Note 95: Abraham Skinner, Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners. He was then at Goshen. A number of the men of the Seventeenth Foot (British) taken prisoners at Stony Point tried to escape from the guard on the night of the assault, and nine of them were wounded in the attempt.]
P.S. Major Lee will shortly send a small number of Prisoners lately taken, to June's. His Lordship96 will be pleased to relieve the escort that conveys these there and forward them by another to the Commissary of Prisoners at Goshen. Should the Prisoners now there be gone off, those to be forwarded, must follow.97
[Note 96: Lord Stirling.]
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West point, July 22, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your favors of the 9th and 15th the latter inclosing Lieutenant Hardenburg's Map.98 I am exceedingly obliged to him for it, and I request that you will return him my thanks.
[Note 98: Lieut. John L. Hardenbergh, of the Second New York Regiment. His map, which is not now found in the Washington Papers, was of the Oneida Lake region and route from Fort Schuyler to Oswego.]
You will herewith receive Commissions for the Officers in the 1st York Regiment, except for Capn Copp99 who resigned the 14th of this Month. Commissions for the Officers in the other Regiments have also come to hand; but as they are employed in a different quarter, they must be sent by another conveyance.
[Note 99: Capt. John Copp, of the First New York Regiment. His resignation is dated July 144, 1779.]
You will have heard probably of our success against the Enemy on Stony Point. It was carried by Storm on the night of the 15th by the Corps of Light Infantry under General Wayne. The Enemy's loss was Sixty three killed; 543 prisoners, of which 56 were wounded; and 15 pieces of Artillery and Stores. Ours, 13 killed and 64 Wounded, among the latter General Wayne himself slightly in the head by a Musket Ball. The conduct of our Troops upon this occasion; Officers and Men, does them the highest honor, as the enterprise was executed with the greatest order and determined firmness. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West point, July 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: This morning I received your favor of yesterday's date. I did not think it necessary to change your position or, the kind of duty I had alloted to you, therefore only repeated to you, that it was my wish you should keep a good watch down the river. This I have now to request you will do in the most effectual manner. I am happy to hear of the fate of the Marauding party your letter mentions. The 24 pounder said to be taken off by the enemy, if gone is only the loss of an Iron piece. The 7 Prisoners taken at the Slote you will order by the nearest route to Junes where your escort will be relieved by Lord Stirling and another sent on with them to Goshen. I am, etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, July 22, 1779.
Sir: General Wayne has transmitted His Excellency the Commander in Chief, a Letter from Colo Johnson3 of the 17th. British Regiment, requesting permission for an Officer of each Corps to go to New York for the purpose of obtaining necessaries for the prisoners captured at Stony point, and also for the return of two Women. I am to inform you that his Excellency consents to a Subaltern Officers going from each Corps, and to the Return of the Women. You are to take the Officers paroles
[Note 3: Lieut. Col. Henry Johnson, of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army.] in the usual way, and for their return in 30 days. They must proceed to Stony point and on the same route by which they went to Goshen. You will apply to the Commanding Officer of Artillery at Chester, for an Officer to attend them with a Flag. If any more Women desire to go to New York, they are to be permitted without restriction as to number, on condition of their not returning.
You must continue without question to direct provision for the Women, at least 'till they arrive at the place of the prisoners destination, when perhaps their own industry and the opportunity they will have of acquiring it themselves, will make further supplies by the public unnecessary.
His Excellency desires that you will forward the prisoners without delay to the places intended for their reception, and that the Officers and Men may be seperated as soon as possible agreeable to former directions. I am, etc.
P.S. 7 British were taken at the Slote yesterday or the day before. They are ordered to follow and join those now with you.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Robert H. Harrison."]
[Note 5: Paymaster General of the Continental Army.]
West point, July 22, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received Your favor of the 13th Inst. I am fully perswaded it will be a difficult task to collect and properly arrange all the Accounts of the Army at this late period; yet I have no doubt but that your industry and care will nearly surmount every Obstacle, and place the business on the footing Congress wish. It is an important and necessary work.
I am exceedingly obliged by your tender of services, and as I am convinced it was dictated by sincerity, I shall not hesitate to call upon you, when I have occasion to transact any little matters, in which you can assist me without inconvenience. I am, etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 7: Deputy clothier general, Northern Department.]
July 22, 1779.
Sir: A general order will issue this day directing all the officers of the cavalry such part of the Artillery as have not received the benefit of State provision, the officers of the 16 additional Regiments and of the military staff which do not belong to the line of particular states to apply to you for their respective proportions of the cloathing in your hands which you are to issue on the following principles. You are to estimate the number of Officers to be supplied at 200. You are to proportion the articles in your hands to this number. Of such articles as will not give each a part, the officers are to have some of one kind which they most stand in need of, and to be refused others, so that what is supplied to every one may amount to nearly the same value. In order to this, you will divide the Stg. amount of your whole invoice by 200 and let every officer have a proportion of cloathing equal to the two hundredth part of the whole. But no officer must be allowed more than three shirts, two pr. of stockings, and one pr. of shoes, or boots, with a proportion of the other articles. The boots must be appropriated to such officers as serve on horse back, and no officer that receives boots is to be intitled to shoes. The articles delivered are to be paid for on delivery at 300 pr. cent on the Sterling cost that is four pounds currency (dollars at 7/6) for one pound Sterling.
The Military Staff comprehends All General Officers and their Aide De Camps. All the officers of the Inspectorship. The Adjutant General and his Assistants. The Engineers. The Brigade Qr. Masters. Regimental Qt. Masters. Pay Masters. Adjutants.
Many of these Officers belong to the line of particular states and receive in common the benefit of State provision; therefore are not to be included in the present. Such of them only as do not belong to the line of particular states, are to be supplied I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West point, July 22, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have now to acknowledge the Honor of your Several Letters of the 28th Ulto. and of the 10th. 11th. 14th and 15th Instant with the several papers and Commissions to which they refer.
With respect to the Baron De Geismar's application, I should be very happy to have his Exchange effected; both because it has been uniformly my wish to promote exchanges, and because it would give me pleasure to accommodate the Baron in his peculiar circumstances; but I do not hold myself authorized to indulge him with his parole to return to Germany, which is one part of his request. I wrote to Colo Bland to this effect on the 28th Ulto. and that I would direct our Commissary of prisoners to make a proposal for his exchange, which I have done. What will be the result I cannot tell. If his exchange cannot take place, Congress alone can grant his request to return to Germany, if they should deem the measure eligible. I inclose the papers containing his application.
With respect to the promotion of Field Officers in the line of the 16 Additional Regiments, I am at some loss to determine how it should be made. Before their reduction and incorporation, and at a time when there was some prospect that the whole would continue, A Board of Genl Officers were of opinion upon the question being put, that it would be best to consider them as forming a particular line and for the Officers to be promoted accordingly. I do not however recollect that any promotions took place, while they remained in this situation, and perhaps it may be best as the line is reduced and several Regiments are incorporated into one, that they should be Regimental. There is an instance in which it has been so. If the Board please they may appoint Capn. Burrows9 to the Majority in Spencers.
[Note 9: Capt. John Burrowes, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He was made major in July, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.]
I will ascertain the number of Men of which Captn McLane's Troop is to consist, and appoint such Officers as may be necessary agreeable to the Resolution transmitted.
By a Letter of the 9th Inst. from His Excellency Governor Johnson of Maryland, I find the Council has confirmed the appointments of the Four Officers, mentioned in my Letter to the Board of the 30th of May. A Copy of the Council's proceedings is inclosed, and I have to request, that Commissions may be made out accordingly.
The Board in their Letter of the 19th of June mention, that among the Other printed resolves of Congress transmitted me, they had sent Three setts of Vol 3d. These never came to hand; and as I could not find them on immediate inquiry after the Others arrived, I conclude they were omitted to be put up thro' some accident. They will be pleased to forward them to me by the first Opportunity.
I transmit the Board Returns of part of the 16 Additional Batallions and Corps not attached to the lines of particular States, agreable to the Resolution of the 15th of March. I have, &c.
P.S. I thank the Board for the Carolina Intelligence. Return alluded to: Hazens, Spalding's Indept. Co., Warners, Sherburns, Colo James Livingstons, Whitcombs, Jacksons.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Thursday, July 22,1779.
Parole Philipsburgh. Countersigns Perth, Namur.
The following is the formation of Nixon's, Paterson's,Larned's and the North Carolina Brigades which is to take place immediately for the present Campaign.
[Note 11: Meaning corporals, sergeants, subalterns, drums, and fifes.]
The following Gentlemen are to do the duties of Ensigns till the pleasure of their State is known and in the regiments set against their names:
[Note 12: These officers were, as given: Ensign Jacob R. Brown; he was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; was made lieutenant in June, 1781 served to close of the war. Ensign Philip Courtney; he resigned in February, 1781 Ensign John Coleman; he served until December, 1779. Ensign Peyton Powell; he was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; transferred to the Third Virginia Regiment in February 1780; was promoted to lieutenant in February, 1781; served to close of the war. Ensign George Blackmore; he was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; was made lieutenant in February, 1781; exchanged in July, 1781; resigned in April, 1785. Ensign Philip Clayton; he was promoted to lieutenant in May, 1780; transferred to the Seventh Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; retired in January, 1783. Ensign James Delaplaine; he was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; was made lieutenant in August, 1780; transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war. Ensign William Scott; he was retired in January, 1780. Ensign Javan Miller; he was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C.; exchanged in April, 1781; was made lieutenant in May, 1781; served to close of the war. Robert Kayes (Keyes); he was promoted to lieutenant in February, 1781 Ensign Robert Renkins (Rankins); he was made lieutenant in January, 1780; taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780. Ensign Samuel Phillips; he was killed at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780. Ensign Spencer Morgan; he served until some time in 1781. Ensign John Lee (Leigh). Ensign Joseph (Jacob?) Vanmatre. Ensign Edward Williams; he resigned in December, 1779. Ensign Simpson Foster; he was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., and died in captivity. Ensign Elisha King; he was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; was made lieutenant in February, 1781; served to November, 1782.]
[Note 13: Ensign David Luckett. He was made lieutenant in April, 1780; transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; served to end of the war.]
[Note 14: Ensign John Nelson. He was promoted to lieutenant in Gist's Additional Continental regiment on July 4, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.]
The Quarter Master General will have a reasonable estimate made of the value of the Stores taken at Stony Point and received by him for the use of the Army and will pay the amount thereof to General Wayne or some person of his appointment for the benefit of the troops employed in the assault of that Post.
General Knox will cause the same to be done with respect to the Ordnance, Arms, and Military Stores that a Warrant may be drawn on the Pay Master for the amount which is to be applied in like manner agreeable to the Assurances given by the Commander in Chief before the attack.
Every soldier who has been guilty of plundering at Stony Point and applying to his own use any part of what was intended for the common benefit of the Assailants is to be excluded from a share of the above estimate and moreover on conviction of the crime to receive such corporal punishment as a Court Martial shall think proper to sentence. And whereas some officers have purchased articles from the soldiers under a mistaken Idea that they had a right to sell, without considering the pernicious consequences to which such a practice leads and that it tends to encourage a spirit of plundering in the most critical moments by which the best concerted plans are often defeated, the General desires that all such Purchases may be given up (the money being refunded to them) and that practices of this kind be discountenanced in future by officers of every denomination.
There being a few Articles of clothing for officers in the hands of the clothier at New Burgh incompetent to a general distribution to the Army at large, the General is under the necessity of confining them to those officers only who have not had the benefit of State Provisions and therefore directs the Clothier to issue them to such of the officers of Cavalry, Artillery of the sixteen additional regiments and of the military staff as do not belong to the line of particular States and are in the predicament on which this discrimination is founded.
For his government the officers are to bring certificates; those of the Cavalry from the officers commanding their respective regiments; Those of the Artillery from Brigadier General Knox; Those of the sixteen regiments from the officers commanding the brigades to which they belong and those of the Military Staff from the General Officers or Principals to whom they are attached, unless they are the principals themselves in which case their own orders will suffice. The Clothier has directions respecting the proportion and terms by which his issues are to be regulated.
One Artificer from each battalion on the new formation to be sent to the Orderly Office as soon as possible. A Serjeant from each brigade or division to conduct them.
The following number of men from the several brigades properly officered are to be daily employed on the works according to the distribution hereafter mentioned 'till further orders.
Fatigue hours from gun firing, 'till nine in the morning and from three in the afternoon 'till retreat.
West point, July 22, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your favor of the 12th Instant. I was exceedingly sorry for Major Taylor's15 resignation, and used my interest to dissuade him from it, as I deemed him a valuable Officer, capable of rendering his Country good service. But the Major having resigned, I do not see how he can be reintroduced, more especially after so long an absence. Attempts of this sort when they have succeeded, tho the instances are few in which they have never failed to excite great uneasiness and to produce some Resignations. Indeed it is natural enough that this should be the case, as the moment an Officer resigns his Commission, there is a sort of successional right vested in some Other, and to make it give way for the readmission of
[Note 15: Maj. John Taylor, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He had resigned in February, 1779.] the party who resigned, when ever it suits him to return, is certainly an injury and a bad encouragement to perseverance. If the vacancy is filled by a Commission it is absolutely impracticable. I have the Honor etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 17: In the Pennsylvania State prison, Philadelphia.]
West point, July 22, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Letters of the 10th and 12th. Instant, both of the same tenor, with a Certificate and the Copies of Two more. I know nothing myself of your merits or demerits; but if reports are true, your conduct has been very unwarrantable to say no worse. You should make your appeal to the Honorable the Marine Committee, or the Honbl the Board of War for a hearing, before whom or persons properly authorised for the purpose your case will be examined, and when you will have every opportunity in your power to make your defence and evince your innocence in case you are not guilty of the matter's objected against you.
I return you the Certificates which you transmitted, that you may derive every advantage from them that they can give you. I am, etc.16
Head Quarters, Moores House, Friday, July 23, 1779.
Parole Minorca. Countersigns Malo, Lisbon.
A board of General Officers to be composed of Major Generals Heath and St. Clair and Brigadier Generals Nixon, Parsons, Smallwood, Knox and Paterson, are to sit tomorrow morning ten o'clock at General Heath's quarters to make a complete and final arrangement of the officers in the Massachusetts line.
The board will be pleased to fix the precise rank and station of every Field officer and also the precedence of the Captains. The Commander in Chief will lay before them all the papers in his hands upon the subject.
The Commissary General of Issues in his arrangements for supplying the respective brigades with provisions will take care that the allowance for the Garrison of West Point is not broken in upon nor reduced, but that thirty days provisions (at least) is always in store for it.
It was omitted to be mentioned in the order of yesterday that the Light Infantry from Nixon's and Larned's brigades are to form one battalion. That from Patersons and the North Carolina to form another: Major Hull to command the former and Major Murphy the latter: Colonel Putnam will have the command of both.
The Light Infantry from these brigades to parade at nine o'clock tomorrow morning at West Point to be inspected and formed into battalions.
The recruits coming on from the State of Massachusetts immediately on their arrival in camp are to be reported to the Adjutant General who is to direct their distribution to the several regiments of that State in proportion to the strength of each, to bring the whole, as near as may be to an equality:
The officers commanding regiments will have a similar distribution made to the several companies that these also may be nearly of the same standard.
The present encampment of the Army being rather confined and not admitting a change of ground, an extraordinary degree of attention will be necessary to preserve cleanliness. The regulations for this purpose are punctually to be carried into execution.
At a brigade General Court-Martial held at Smith's Clove, by order of Brigadier General Smallwood, the 5th. inst. Lieutenant Colonel Howard President, John Club, John Whitmore, Roger Leonard and Charles Knox of the 3rd. Maryland regiment were tried for, "desertion and attempting to go to the enemy," found guilty of a breach of the 1st. Article of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced (two thirds of the court agreeing thereto) to suffer death. His Excellency, the Commander in Chief, confirms the sentences.
West point, July 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 7th some days ago and was extremely happy to hear that our friend Colo. Lewis19 had returned. I really feared that some accident had befallen him
[Note 19: Colonel Lewis (Louis), Indian chief.] and that he might have been sacraficed for his attachment to our cause.
His intelligence if well founded, is interesting; as we shall have little to apprehend from any force below, and I think not a great deal from the Ottawas and Chippeways, notwithstanding Brandts declaration. If they mean to take Arms, it seems more probable that their operations will be more to the Westward.
If it is agreeable to His Excellency Governor Clinton, Yourself and the other Commissioners to make the exchanges proposed by Butler,20 it will be perfectly so to me. You will know better than me the consequence of the Indian personages in question, and the probable political advantages or disadvantages that they will produce. I had seen Governor Haldimand's21 Speech before. It does not appear to be a very brilliant one; however I have heard that it has had some influence upon our Oneida Friends. I return you Butler's Letter.
[Note 20: Lieut. Col. Commandant John Butler, of Butler's Rangers, British Provincial Troops.]
[Note 21: Lieut. Gen. Frederick Haldiman. He was British commander in chief in Canada.]
My Letter of the 9th and 11th advised you of the ravages of the Enemy to those periods, and since they destroyed Norwalk and Bedford.
I have the pleasure to inform you, that in the night of the 15th we made a successful attack upon the Enemy's post at Stoney point. It was carried by Storm, by our Light Troops under Genl. Wayne. The Enemy's loss was 63 killed, 543 prisoners, of which 56 were wounded, and 15 pieces of Artillery; Small Arms and Other Stores; Ours 13 killed and 64 wounded; among the latter General Wayne himself slightly in the head by a Musket Ball. You will see a particular account of the Enterprise in two or three days in the papers, and therefore I will not trouble you with a detail. I cannot however conclude without assuring you, that the conduct of our Troops upon the occasion, does them the highest honor, as they behaved with the greatest order, and the most determined resolution.
We had some hopes, that the reduction of Verplank's point would have followed; but before we could bring our operations to bear, the Detachment intended to effect it, was obliged to retire by the arrival of a number of the Enemy's Ships with Troops, and of General Clinton with the remainder of the Army in the Neighbourhood. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West point, July 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: Permit me to thank you for your obliging Letter of the 15th, and to acknowledge with pleasure and gratitude, Mrs. Schuylers intended favor to Mrs. Washington; who, I am sure, would have been exceedingly happy in seeing her at head Qrs. if it had been convenient to her to have stayed. My Letter of yesterday's date will convey to you the acct. of the taking of Stoney point. I was tolerably sanguine in my expectations of reducing Vetplanks, but some untoward accidents defeated my plan; of course my hopes.
I am with the most sincere esteem and affection, and with best respects to Mrs. St. etc.
Head Quarters, West Point, July 24, 1779.
Sir: Since the letter which I had the honor of writing you the 20th instant, I have received your Excellency's of the 15th and shall pay due attention to the contents.
After two or three landings and reimbarkations, the enemy on the morning of the 21st seem to have repossessed Stony Point in earnest and have been since fortifying with great industry. We have received intelligence of a very considerable embarkation near Tarry-town. General Clinton is said to command in person, the troops, and Sr George Collier, the fleet. The shipping fell down the River on the afternoon of the 22d. We have no other intimation of the design than the mere report of some deserters, who say that Baltimore was rumoured among themselves to be the place of destination. General Glover stationed at Ridgefield writes me that on the evening of the 21st, forty sail of vessels, four of which appeared to be large ships, passed by Norwalk, steering an Eastern course. Time alone must develope the objects of these different movements. I have the honor, &c.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of this morning inclosing a letter from Captain Hopkins24 I have just received. The present situation of the enemy and our ignorance of their designs induces me again to express my anxiety that you should use your utmost exertions to obtain a knowledge of their plan. I know of no means so effectual as that of employing a faithful inhabitant; if you can meet with such a one; by giving the necessary instructions in this way good intelligence may be had.
[Note 24: Capt. David Hopkins, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He was promoted to major of the First Continental Dragoons in 1780 and served to close of the war.]
You will be pleased to order Col. Moylan to collect his horse and join Genl. Glover under whose command he will be for the present. I am, &c.25
[Note 25: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 26: On the arrangement of the Massachusetts line.]
Head Quarters, West point, July 24, 1779.
Gentlemen: Col. Harrison27 will have the honor of delivering the Board, the papers relating to the arrangement of the Massachusetts line. As these have passed through his hands and he has had occasion to inquire into the circumstances, on which the determinations of the Board will turn he may be able to give information which will facilitate the business. I have the honor, etc.28
[Note 27: Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison. He was military secretary to Washington from May, 1776, to March, 1781.]
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On July 24 Washington wrote to Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair to appoint a board of field officers to settle the claims of rank of Capt. William Henderson, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, and Lieut. Daniel Brodhead, jr., of the same regiment. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
West point, July 24, 1779.
My Lord: Having received intelligence (though not in so precise a manner as I could wish) of a pretty considerable imbarkation at Dobbs's ferry, and that the Transports which received the Troops had fallen down the River, I think it advisable that your division should remove to Suffrans.
By the time you reach that place some further information of the Enemys movements and designs may point to the expediency of your remaining there, or advancing to Pompton &c. The latter is to take place upon well grounded information, or strong appearances of the enemys operating in the Jerseys, in which case, or rather actual invasion, the force of the Country is to be called out, agreeably to the plan already fixed with the Governor and the Militia Officers of that State.
I have ordered Captn. Bedkin with his Troop of Horse to join your division being perswaded that your Lordship will not suffer them to be used improperly. A contrary practice has worn down our horse and dismounted more than half the Dragoons.
I need not recommend vigilence, because I am sure your Lordships caution and prudence will see the necessity of it, and will use the means to guard against surprizes. I am, etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
[Note 29: On the Connecticut Militia.]
Head Quarters, July 24, 1779.
Sr: I was favord with your letter of the 17th. Inst a little time past; and prevented from giving it an earlier answer, from the hurry of unavoidable business. Be assured Sir that I have felt much pain at the destruction of your towns, and been unhappy that I could not, consistent with the general good, afford such an aid of continental Troops, as might have prevented it; I hope however, that the late fortunate attack on stoney point will tend to give a check to the continuance of the ravages in your State. Genl. Glover has been directed to halt his Brigade at Ridgefield, a situation that will enable him to afford you some assistance, should the enemy return to the object they began with in the sound. I am, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, July 24, 1779.
Sir: Your favor of the 21st. came to hand yesterday. You have my thanks for the intelligence it contained.
You will receive orders from Genl. Heath to join Genl Glover at Ridgefield under whose command you will be for the present. I have only to request your utmost exertions to render the Cavalry as serviceable as possible. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 32: Of Muhlenberg's brigade. To wit: Col. Nathaniel Gist, of the Additional Continental Regiment; Lieut. Col. Burges Ball, of the First Virginia Regiment; Maj. Samuel Jordan Cabell, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment; Maj. John Lee, of the Second Virginia State Regiment; Maj. Thomas Merriwether, of the First Virginia State Regiment.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 24, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have received your letter of yesterday and am sorry for the uneasiness which has taken place on so disagreeable a subject. I assure you I have not heard any charges against your Brigade in particular relative to the transaction of the night of the 15th. I have only heard it said in general terms that some of the common soldiers had embezzled part of the Articles taken upon that occasion and that some officers had made purchases of them, without involving any particular corps in the censure; and as it is improbable any persons will appear as accusers, I do not see upon what grounds an inquiry could be conducted. But if you continue to think one necessary to vindicate the reputation of the Brigade, I shall chearfully order a Court to be held so soon as the circumstances of the Army will permit. The question how far a Corps de reserve may be intitled to a share of the booty taken upon any occasion, does not admit of a general determination. Every case must stand on its own merits. In the present, the promises made before hand, were confined to the Corps of Light Infantry who of course have the sole claim to the benefit of what was taken.
Your Brigade was intended as a covering party in Case of Accident and to give countenance to the Assailants rather than as a body of support, to give serious aid in the attack. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Saturday, July 24, 1779.
Parole Havannah. Countersigns Dresden, Brinn.
General Heath will please to give names to the redoubts he is establishing on the heights east of the river, and General McDougall to those on the West Side and on the Island that the whole may be readily distinguished and known.
Any soldier who presumes to fire his musket without leave from the commanding officer of his regiment (who is not to give it but in cases of necessity and then to acquaint the guards of it) is to receive fifteen lashes on the spot and pay one sixth of a dollar for the cartridge to the Quarter Master of the regiment, who will lay out all money arising in this way for the use of the sick.
The guard nearest to the spot where the gun is fired is to send a file of men to apprehend the offender.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Sunday, July 25, 1779.
Parole Fontenoy. Countersigns Freehold, Bergen.
Lieutenant Colonel Brooks,34 a Sub-Inspector in the Army is to be considered as Deputy Adjutant General in the Garrison
[Note 34: Lieut. Col. Commandant John Brooks, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.] at West Point and its dependencies and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
Major Platt35 who has done that duty at said post is desired to accept the Commander in Chief's thanks for his faithful services.
[Note 35: Maj. Richard Platt. He was aide to General McDougall to the close of the war.]
Major Andrew Peters36 of Colonel Bailey's regiment is appointed Brigade Major &c., in the 4th. Massachusett's (commonly called late Larned's) brigade and is to be accordingly respected and obeyed.
[Note 36: Of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment, to rank from July 1, 1779, and resigned in November, 1779.]
The Ammunition canisters are to be delivered to the Light Infantry agreeable to the returns of the officers commanding the respective regiments, who will be particularly attentive to prevent them from being lost or mis-applied.
Returns of the sick to be made every monday morning as usual to the Surgeon General at the Flying Hospital; at the same time stores will be issued for the use of the sick.
The Surgeon General is at present at West Point.
Head Quarters, West Point, July 25, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your favour of the 18th. With respect to the ration for the Artificers at Springfield it ought to be regulated by the contract which has been made with them as far as the state of supplies will permit. As you can best judge of this being on the spot, I shall be obliged to you to give direction to the Commissary accordingly. I do not know by what authority the usual ration has been retrenched, General Knox can give me no information on the subject. The Officers and guards stationed there ought to receive the same ration, which is given to the troops with you.
The want of regularity you mention in the care and distribution of the Ordnance stores, requires to be remedied. I shall direct General Knox to take proper measures for this purpose as far as the present establishment of the department will permit; though the oeeconomy and management of the stationary magazines and Arsenals do not depend on military authority; but rest intirely with the Board of War. Tis to them also, that the disposal of the salt peter and sulphur you mention belongs. I shall immediately write to them upon the several subjects, of your letter, that require their attention.
Were it necessary, I should with pleasure confirm your order for the 50 barrells of powder; but you have in this respect the same power in conjunction with your commanding Officer of Artillery, which I have.
You will have heard before this reaches you of a successful attack made upon Stoney Point on the night of the 15th. by Brigadier General Wayne and the Corps of Light Infantry under his Command. The number of prisoners taken including the wounded amounts to 1 Lt. Colo. 4 Captains, 19 Subalterns 3 staff Officers and 516 non Commission'd Officers and privates, The killed is estimated at about 50; there were 15 pieces of fine Artillery in the garrison of different sizes with a proportion of Stores; on our part we had fifteen killed and eighty four wounded among the latter were seven Officers none mortally. General Wayne himself received a flesh wound in the head. The subsequent reduction of VerPlanks point made a part of the plan; but in this we were disappointed by some accidental and unavoidable delay; which gave the enemy time to march to its relief; When we came to examine Stoney Point we found that it would require more men to maintain it than we could spare and a great deal of time to put it in a State of defence against a water attack. The enemy had constructed their works wholly with a view to a land attack. Had we attempted to keep it, the Army must have remained in the vicinity 'till the defences were completed, and this would have put it in the power of the enemy to bring us to a general action on their own terms; besides uncovering West Point and exposing that important post [to] imminent hazard. We therefore removed the cannon and Stores and destroyed the works. The enemy have since repossessed the post. General Glover stationed at Ridgefield writes me that on the evening of the 21st, forty one sail of vessels passed by Norwalk steering Eastward. We have advices in this Quarter of a considerable Embarkation near Tarry Town the shipping fell down the river from that place the 22nd. We know nothing of the object of this movement, nor whether it be serious or a mere feint. I am, etc.
P.S. the inclosed Letters you will please to forward.37
[Note 37: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[N. Y. H. S.]
Head Quarters, July 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I am extremely anxious to obtain accurate information of the Garrison and Works on Verplanks point; I therefore request that you will have the post as particularly and critically examined as you can. The Officers sent on the duty will endeavour to ascertain, whether there are new Works constructed or raising, their number and their nature, whether inclosed or otherwise, and in what part. They will also attend to the appearance and number of the Tents, as these may in some measure assist in forming an estimate of the Enemy's force. If there should be any Deserters, or persons met, who have been in the Garrison, and in whom confidence can be placed, the Officers will inquire particularly of them, what Corps compose it, and the strength of each; also what quantity of Artillery there is and the size, and who commands at the post. In case they inquire of the Country people who have been in, they should be well convinced of their attachment, as otherwise the Enemy may be informed of the circumstance and from thence be alarmed and induced to observe a more vigilant conduct than they might have done. I am, etc.
P.S. I send by the Boat Elisha Daniels. His Story is that he lived at Crompond, went to the Enemy since they took post at Verplank's point, and deserted from them a few days ago. You will have him kept under guard till you can inform yourself of his character and the circumstances that attended his going in and his return, when you will be able to determine whether he may be released with propriety.38
[Note 38: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
West point, July 25, 1779.
My lord: My letter of yesterday has, no doubt, reached you before this. To it I refer. I have only to add, that it is my wish, that the division should not be moved beyond Suffrans till further orders except in the cases mentioned in my last.
As the enemy are in respectable force at Stoney point and may wish for an oppertunity to retaliate; your line of March through the clove should be conducted with much caution. I therefore advise a light Regiment or two, to lay upon the Road from Junes's to Haverstraw (pretty well advanced) till your Baggage arrives at Stotts, and then to join by the nearest rout. This will effectually secure your left flank, and be the best guard to your Baggage. I am, etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, July 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I wrote you a line yesterday on the subject of Lt Broadheads claim, since which I received the inclosed Letter, and arrangement of the 11th. Pensylvania Regiment from the Board of War. You will perceive that Captain Keene39 is not included in it and probably for the reasons suggested by the Board.
[Note 39: Capt. Lawrence Keene, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
His original appointment as Capn according to the Memorial he preferred and the Answer I received from you on the occasion was the 13th. of Jany 1777; the same date of Capn. Bush's.40 I wish you to refer the Arrangement to a Board of your Field Officers, who will consider Captain Keene's and Lt. Broadheads cases. It has been already determined that the former should be attached to the 11th. Regiment. If one or both are appointed to join the Regiment, there must be several alterations in the Arrangements, which you will be pleased to have adjusted. As the Officers are very importunate for their Commissions, the business cannot be too soon finished. I am, etc.41
[Note 40: Capt. George Bush, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to close of the war.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I conclude, the rain to day will prevent you from reconnoitering Stony point, as you proposed when I saw you. As I am very desirous of obtaining good information respecting it, I request the favor of you, when you go on the business to be as particular and critical in your examination as you can; ascertaining the several Works the Enemy are carrying on, their number and nature; whether inclosed, or otherwise. You will also be pleased to be attentive to the appearance and number of their Tents, as they may in some measure assist us in forming an estimate of their force. If you should come across any Deserters, or any person who has been in the Garrison in whom you can confide, you will try to find out the Corps that compose it and the strength of each; also the quantity and Size of Artillery and who commands. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 25, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your two letters of the 15th and 16th. I am very happy to learn the Board have adopted the salutary expedient they mention for reparing the men's cloaths and shoes. Something of this kind has been long wanting; and I hope the present plan will answer very valuable purposes, save much expence to the public and conduce greatly to the comfort and decency of the troops. An extra allowance to the men employed in this way is necessary. That which the Board proposes, considering the depreciation of the money is not too much, and I hope it will not be so great as to occasion any discontent among the other soldiery. Perhaps it may not be amiss to confine it to working days.
The provision of buckels will also be very useful. When they arrive I shall give orders for their distribution agreeable to the wish of the Board. I have the honor, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 44: Deputy Commissary General of Military Stores to July, 1780.]
Head Quarters, West point, July 25, 1779.
Sir: Major General Gates has transmitted me sundry letters received by him from yourself Col. Chevers45 and other officers at Springfield principally relating to some discontents which have lately happened there among the Artificers on the subject of provisions. I am uninformed by what authority the ration was reduced to the Standard complained of, or the reasons on which the reduction was founded. Under this want of information I could not undertake to give any precise directions myself about the matter; but have written to General Gates on this principle "That the Artificers ought to receive what they are intitled to by their contract, so far as the state of the public magazines will permit" and as he is on the spot, I have left it with him to judge how far, this can be done and to give orders to the Commissary accordingly.
[Note 45: Col. Ezekiel Cheever. He was Commissary of Military Stores of the Continental Army; also Deputy Commissary General.]
With respect to those who have been refractory upon the present occasion, I would wish no more rigor to be used with them than is dictated by necessity. I have two reasons for this; one is, that they have some plausible foundation for their discontent and the other is, that, as I am informed by General Knox, the time of service for which they are engaged is near expiring, it is to be apprehended, that any severity at this time would discourage their reinlistment. I do not mean however that they should be tolerated in any dangerous extremes, but only that the affair should be as much as possible an affair of management and palliation.
With respect to the officers and guards stationed at the Laboratory, their ration ought to be regulated by what is allowed to the troops in general in the Eastern district. There is no reason, that suggests itself to me, for giving a larger allowance, than is customary.
I understand from General Knox that there is no person at Springfield with power to appoint Courts Martial, which of course must produce a relaxation of discipline. As you are the commanding officer at the place, you will be pleased for the future, to appoint Courts Martial on the same principle and with the same powers as regimental court Martials for the trial of all but capital offenders. These must be sent to the nearest post where a general officer commands, with the proper witnesses, that he may direct the necessary proceedings.
Serjeant Hoey46 may draw a ration pr. day for his wife while she is on the spot. I am, etc.47
[Note 46: Possibly Benjamin Hoey, who was appointed a lieutenant in Flower's Artillery Artificers in August, 1780. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West-point, July 25, 1779.
Sir: All the white Ink I now have (indeed all that there is any prospect of getting soon) is sent in Phial No. 1. by Colo. Webb. the liquid in No. 2 is the Counterpart which renders the other visable by wetting the paper with a fine brush after the first has been used and is dry. You will send these to C--r Junr. as soon as possible and I beg that no mention may ever be made of your having received such liquids from me or any one else. In all cases and at all times this prudence and circumspection is necessary but it is indispensably so now as I am informed that Govr. Tryon has a preparation of the same kind, or something similar to it which may lead to a detection if it is ever known that a matter of this sort has passed from me.
I beg that you will use every possible exertion through C-- and other channels to ascertain with a degree of precision, the enemy's Corps, and how they are disposed of. I wish to know where every Regiment lyes, in order to govern my own movements with more propriety. To learn with certainty what Regiments are on Staten Island, long Island and in what part of it. The City of York, between the city and the bridge, about the bridge, at Philip's, or Mile square &ca., would be extremely useful to me at all times, but more so at this.
I am informed that in the afternoon of the 21st. 40 Sail of Vessels passed Eastward by Norwalk. I have also advice that a number of Troops imbarked at Dobbs's Ferry, and fell down the River on the 22d. In short, that Genl. Clinton and Sir George Collier were with this Fleet. but these things not being handed with certainty rather perplex than inform the judgment.
I have heard nothing further of either of these Fleets; nor do I know whether that in the Sound had Troops on board or not. let me hear from you soon on the subject of this letter. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, West point, July 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your two letters of the 21st and 22nd. The intelligence you communicate is interesting and I am anxious to have the movements it mentions more clearly and certainly unfolded. You will spare no pains nor cost for this purpose. It is of great importance we should ascertain, as early as possible the reality of the supposed embarkation, its extent and the course it takes in the first instance and under whose command.
I must also request you will endeavour to obtain the most precise ideas of the situation of affairs at Stoney Point as well from your own observation as the intelligence of Spies and deserters of whom you will make very critical and minute inquiries. I wish to know upon what plan the enemy are now constructing their works, particularly whether they inclose them or not, what is the strength of the garrison, the corps that compose that strength, the number and sizes of cannon, who commands and the precautions made use of for the security of the post. These points are important and I shall be obliged to you to assist me with the most exact information respecting them all. I am, etc.
P S. I beg also that you will hire some intelligent Person to cross the River, and discover what Corps lye at Phillips and Mile square. What others are at, and abt. Kingsbridge and the Works there. and what others are between that and the City of New York and in the City.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The P.S. is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West point, July 25, 1779.
Sir: By a letter from Col. Hall to Genl. Gist who was left with his regt. to guard the Stores at Middle Brook, I find that magazines of provision are laying up there. As this is both contrary to my wish and orders, I must beg you will let me know, the reasons for establishing a magazine in that part of the Country, or whether such a thing has actually been done, or is intended. I am, etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, who wrote to Brig, Gen. Mordecai Gist (July 27) that Wadsworth knew of no orders to form a magazine at Middlebrook; "Every kind of store being ordered on immediately you will be pleased to desire Col. Hall to come on as soon as the principle part of the sick are discharged from the Hospital in that neighborhood." Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
July 25, 1779.
Sir: Lt Col Fleury having communicated to me his intention to return to France at the present juncture on some matters interesting to himself, I have thought proper to give him this letter to testify to Congress the favourable opinion I entertain of his conduct. The marks of their approbation which he received on a former occasion have been amply justified by all his subsequent behaviour. He has signalized himself in more than one instance since; and in the late assault of Stoney point commanded one of the attacks, was the first that entered the enemys works and struck the British flagg (as reported by General Wayne) with his own hand. It is but justice to him to declare, that in the different stations in which he has been employed, he has rendered services of real utility and has acquitted himself in every respect as an officer of distinguished merit, one whose talents zeal activity and bravery alike intitle him to particular notice.
He has intimated to me his desire to obtain a furlough for a few months. I doubt not Congress will be disposed to grant him every indulgence which can be done with propriety. I have the honor, etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 25, 1779.
Sir: Col Fleury having signified to me his intention of shortly returning to France and requested permission to go to Philadelphia to make some arrangements for this purpose on which his final determination will depend; I take the liberty to give him this letter to Your Excellency as a testimony of the sense I entertain of his conduct and services in this Country, which have been such as to merit my approbation and acquire the esteem of the army. He has been very useful in the different capacities in which he has been employed, has distinguished himself upon several ocasions, and in every instance manifested the talents zeal activity and bravery which constitute a valuable officer. In a recent one he has particularly signalized himself. He commanded one of the advanced parties in the late assault of Stoney point, was the first that entered the enemy's works, and struck the British flag with his own hand.
I beg your Excellency to accept my warmest thanks for your obliging letter of the [16th. Instt]. With the most perfect respect etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West point, July 26, 1779.
Dr. Sr: Your favor by Captain Rudulph52 I received yesterday. He has my directions respecting Cloathing for your Officers.
[Note 52: Lieut. Michael Rudolph, of Lee's Dragoons. He was made brevet captain in September, 1779, by vote of Congress; captain in November, 1791; served to close of the war.]
As you think the two Serjts. named in your list,53 Officers worthy of promotion I approve the appointments, the remove of your Qr Mr into McLane's company I also consent to; but, the appointment of an extra capt. in the Corps and 3 subs under McLane I cannot conceive necessary, the former you observe is allowed by Congress. It may be the case but I do not
[Note 53: Lee's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers. There were, however, two sergeants of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment wounded in the attack on Stony Point--Henry Crone, or Krone, and -- Dunlap, or Donlop, These may be the ones Lee mentioned. Dunlap was the fifth man to enter the British works.] remember to have seen such a resolve. Such men of Capt McLane's Compy as have deserted for the reasons you mention and may with safety be brought back to it, I shall grant pardons to, and wish the Captain to take immediate steps to recover them.
You express a wish that the Corps should be considered as a part of the quota of some particular state. It is a desirable circumstance but the effecting it does not rest with me.
I have granted a Warrant for the 1000 Dolls. promised the Negro pilots, and included the 230 expended by you for secret services. I am, &c.
P.S. I am exceedingly anxious to know with certainty whether an embarkation has taken place or not.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 55: Those present, in addition to the Commander in Chief, were: Major Generals Heath, Greene, St. Clair, Howe, Kalb, McDougall, and Steuben, and Brigadier Generals Nixon, Parsons, Smallwood, Knox, Paterson, Wayne, Huntington, Du Portail, Gist, and Irvine. The council decided that the Mustermaster Department was unnecesary, and Doctor Shippen could not be tried then nor could a precise time be fixed for a trial.]
Head Quarters, July 26, 1779.
The Commander in Chief laid before the Council sundry papers relative to the Muster Masters department transmitted him by a Committee of Congress in a letter of the 5th instant, and requested their advice respecting the matters therein referred to his consideration; but particularly as "to the necessity or expediency of continuing the department" in the present circumstances of the army.
He also submitted a letter from Congress of the 20th. instant, transmitting sundry letters and papers relative to certain complaints, preferred by Doctor Morgan against Doctor Shippen, Director General; and requested the opinion of the Board on the measures which it will be proper for him to pursue in consequence; whether at this time to arrest Doctor Shippen or not, and whether to bring him to an immediate trial, or defer it, to a future and more convenient period.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 57: The same officers composed this council of war as composed the preceding council of general officers (July 26) except Brig. Gen. John Paterson.]
Head Quarters at West Point, July 26, 1779.
The General States to the Council that by his last advices the enemy had repossessed Stoney point with between thirteen and fourteen hundred men under the Command of Brigr Stirling58 and were very busily employed in reconstructing the works. That they had reinforced Verplanks point with four companies of Fannings Corps which now increased the garrison to about 700 Men. That the remainder of their force had been encamped near Dobbss ferry and at Phillipsburgh; but by some advices (not yet well confirmed) a very considerable part is said to have embarked and the Shipping containing them to have fallen down the river on the afternoon of the 22d., their destination unknown. That on the evening of the 22d, forty sail of Vessels passed by Norwalk steering Eastward; no mention made of their having troops on board. That the enemys whole efficient force in this quarter under Genl. Clinton, including the late reinforcement from Rhode Island and the garrisons of New York Long and Staten Island amounts by the best estimate he has been able to form, to about twelve thousand exclusive of Cavalry and Artillery.
[Note 58: Brig. Thomas Sterling', of the British Army, aide-de-camp to the King.]
The Genl. further informs the Council, that our whole force in this quarter, exclusive of Cavalry and Artillery also and including the Garrison of West point amounts to nearly 10,300, That two divisions of the right wing are at this post and in the vicinity amounting with the garrison, to about 5800, one division of 1700 at Suffrans; the left wing on the East side of the river, two Brigades opposite West point one Brigade at the gorge of the mountains in the rear of the Continental Village, and one Brigade at Ridgefield the whole amounting to about 2800.59
[Note 59: A rough memorandum in the writing of Hamilton is filed in the Washington Papers under the tentative date of July 25, 1779. It gives the strength of the Continental Army as 10,300; of the British at 12,000; 1,300 at Stony Point; 700 at Verplancks; and the main body at Philipse's. The questions submitted to the council of war, July 26, are noted, as also the queries propounded to the council of general officers, that same date.]
The Commander in Chief submits the above state of facts to the consideration of the Council and requests they will favour him with their opinion tomorrow at Twelve O'Clock respecting a general disposition for the army, on a comprehensive view of our circumstances and prospects;60 the comparative strength of the two armies and those objects, which from their importance demand our principal attention, including the discussion of this question, whether any and what offensive operations can with propriety be undertaken by us against the enemy, at the present juncture?61
[Note 60: The unanimous decision of the council of war was that West Point must be defended; Stony and Verplanck's Points could not be successfully attacked and were not worth the cost of victory. Seven generals thought that continuous feints against these posts would have value; but only one, Parsons, was in favor of a real attack. The opinions, in writing, are in the Washington Papers, under dates of July 26 and 27.]
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Monday, July 26, 1779.
Parole Valencia. Countersigns Vigo, Van.
All the brigade Majors to attend at the Orderly Office tomorrow 12 o'clock, except the one from General Glover's brigade.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Tuesday, July 27, 1779.
Parole Chesterfield. Countersigns Coventry, Dover.
The troop, 'till further orders, to be beat at seven o'clock in the morning.
Head Quarters, West Point, July 27, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased to make an arrangement of the officers who have presented themselves for appointments in the companies of Sappers and Miners, which I will transmit to the Board of War62 to obtain their commissions. The numerous drafts that have been made from the line for different purposes would make it inconvenient at this time to take out others for the purpose of forming these companies, which must therefore be supplied 'till men can be recruited, or 'till the situation of the army will better admit a draft. A part of the officers may be employed in the mean time in gaining the necessary previous instruction and in aiding you in the operations of your department; the rest may be sent on the recruiting service. For this purpose I inclose you a warrant for ... dollars which you will distribute to them in such proportions and with such instructions respecting the qualifications of the men to be engaged as you shall judge proper. A bounty of two hundred dollars is to be given to each man who shall inlist during the war and twenty dollars to the officer as a gratuity for every man so inlisted. The regulations of Congress for the recruiting service
[Note 62: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Aug. 27, 1779, post.] in general are to be observed in the present case. The Officers will be accountable for the money they receive. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your favour of the 29th. I can only still lament the difficulties and delays you encounter and wish them at an end. The troops with you could they have arrived in time would have been a most valuable reinforcement to the Southern army and the want of them may be attended with very disagreeable consequences. Charles Town seems to be in a most critical situation and its fate suspended on a balance which a small weight in either scale will be sufficient to turn. General Lincoln has but a small force and that chiefly composed of militia whose time of service for the principal part expires early in August. The prospects of their being replaced are rather unpromising; and when the period arrives, it may be a very fatal one to the State of South Carolina. Of your exertions I have no doubt.
The aversion of the men to the Southern service, is a disagreeable circumstance. The examples necessary to check the spirit of desertion ought to be made. You have full power under a resolve of Congress of the 14th of April last to appoint General courts Martial and to have the sentences executed. I inclose you an extract.
Doctor Cockran64 informs me that Doctors Clemens65 and King66 were sent early in June to join your command. They no doubt have arrived long since. I have requested further
[Note 64: Dr. John Cochran, physician and surgeon general, Middle Department.]
[Note 65: Surg. Mace Clements (Clemens), of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He was retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 66: Surgeon's Mate Miles King, of the First Virginia Regiment.] measures to be taken to provide you with one or two more; but you may possibly obtain the number you want, from Doctor Richman67 Deputy director in Virginia whose duty it is to furnish you. You may accept the resignation of such officers as are determined to leave the service; but it were to be wished all the good ones could be induced to continue. You will require the usual certificates and transmit them to Head Quarters, with a list of the resignations. I am, etc.68
[Note 67: Dr. William Richmond, deputy director and chief physician, Hospital Department, in Virginia.]
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West point, July 27, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 10th. by Yesterday's post. I cannot at this time permit any of the Officers of the Convention Army to go to Canada by Land. But, if there is a necessity for it, Two of them may proceed in the first instance to New York and from thence to Quebec, by Water. For this purpose I will furnish a passport upon request for their and the safe conduct of the Vessel, in which they may embark, provided she goes in ballast and for their and her safe return directly to Virginia, with any quantity of Cloathing or other necessaries for the Convention Troops, that may be enumerated; and for her safe return afterwards to New York. If these terms, the only ones that can be granted, are agreeable, You will permit the Officers to set out as soon as circumstances will admit, after taking their paroles for the strict observance of them, and not to communicate any intelligence &c.
With respect to the Deserters from the Convention Army, I must entreat that you will use every possible means to have them recovered, and to prevent any farther desertions. There is not the smallest confidence to be placed in the professions of the Soldiery and let them be as solemn as they will, and even sanctified by an Oath, they will seize the first opportunity to escape to the Enemy. They must be well guarded and pretty much restricted, or the whole of the army by degrees will slip thro' our fingers. The men who deserted should suffer a close confinement, at least for a good while, both to convince them of their error, and as an example to Others. You will see in the public papers an Account of our success against the Garrison at Stoney point. I am, &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 70: Of a New Jersey State regiment.]
Head Quarters, West point, July 27, 1779.
Sir: I have rec'd your letter of the 20th. and am much obliged to you for the intelligence it contains. You cannot promote the service more than by continuing your exertions to get information of whatever passes with the enemy, particularly at New York and in the river. It is of great importance that we should get immediate notice of any embarkation, the sailing of any troops out of the harbour or of the arrival of any in it, or the departure or arrival of any Vessels, whether they have troops on Board or not. Besides sending proper persons into their lines for these purposes, it would be extremely useful to have look outs in Monmouth county and at the town of Amboy to keep an exact of account of all Vessels coming in and going out and make dayly reports to be transmitted to me. I wish also to know from time to time what naval force the enemy have at New York, in ships of the line, frigates and armed Vessels the names and force of the principal ones. Could you employ trusty spies to go into the enemy, I would chearfully enable you to pay the expence and if a little hard money should be necessary it shall not be wanting. But you must be careful in the choice of them, that they may not go merely to serve a private interest or to serve the enemy more than us. We have not heretofore, for want of caution derived all the advantages from our Spies which might have been expected.
We are told that Lord Cornwallis is arrived at New York; some accounts say with troops others without. Tis very interesting to ascertain the truth, and if he has brought a reinforcement, the number and particular corps. I am, etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West point, July 27, 1779.
Sir: Mr. Harrison has shewn me your Letter of the 19th, which only came to his hands by Yesterday's post.
I shall have no objection to your coming to the General Court in October for the reasons you mention, nor to your proceeding afterwards to Head Qrs. to adjust and settle your Accounts, if the situation of affairs and the circumstance of the Regiment, in point of Officers will admit of it.
You have inclosed a Commission, by which you rank from the 31st of March 1777, according to the date of your Old One.
I am concerned that the Officers of the Regiment are reduced to the alternative you mention. They must be permitted to use the public Horses for the present as an Expedient to prevent a greater evil. I am, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 27, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have the honor to inclose you an extract of a letter which I have lately received from Major General Gates, on which the Board will be pleased to direct the necessary measures. I have requested General Knox to send a proper person to inquire into the administration at Springfield; and to have the abuses rectified, so far as it may be done without interfering with the establishment of the department.
General Knox has reported on the subject of Mr. Garanger,73 that he may be usefully employed in the Artillery with the rank of Captain in the army, but without any particular rank or command in the line of Artillery. The officers of Artillery are very tenacious of their privileges and jealous of the introduction of new men into their corps; and not only their services deserve consideration; but it would be inexpedient to excite any discontents among them. Mr. Garanger, from his knowledge of the theory and practice of Artillery may be useful, but he must be employed with caution and management. He may have an appointment to a captaincy in the army of the United States and the Board may direct the commanding Officer of Artillery to employ him in such manner as he shall judge beneficial to the service. I have the honor, etc.74
[Note 73: Capt. Lewis Gatanger, of the Continental Artillery.]
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
To MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT HOWE
Head Quarters, July 28, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased without delay to repair to Ridge field and take your quarters with that part of your command.
This will comprehend Glovers brigade the cavalry Armands independent corps and the militia in service in that part of the country.
The primary object of this command is to cover the country and prevent as far as possible the depredations of the enemy; but this is not to be done at the expence of the security of the troops, which are therefore not to take any stationary post within surprising distance of a superior body of the enemy. As far as circumstances will permit you are to keep constantly in view a communication with the main army. On this account in case of any movement of the enemy on your right flank by land or water, you are to approach this post in proportion and always preserve a relative position. It is suggested in a Letter from General Glover, that Pound Ridge would be good position for your corps. I am not certain where this is; but as far as I recollect, it is an intermedite point between Ridgefield and Bedford which will at once bring the troops nearer to the sound and nearer to this post.
If this should be a just idea, I should recommend this place in preference to Ridgefield because it better answers the two objects of covering the country and communicating with the forts and is at the same time sufficiently secure. When you arrive at Ridge field you will be best able to determine the propriety of the change.
Great vigilance and care will be necessary on your part. The enemy are pretty numerous in horse. By mounting them double, and taking infantry behind the dragoons, and mounting others upon their baggage horses, they may with a good deal of celerity bring a force superior to yours against you, which which makes it essential that you should use every precaution to have timely notice; and it would not be amiss as an additional security to incamp with your infantry on some spot, where the enemys cavalry could not act to advantage.
If the enemy should lay themselves open to any little partisan strokes, you have my consent to improve the opportunities; but it must not be done at the risk of the corps under your command. General Wolcott with a body of Militia, is now stationed at Horseneck. This appears to me to be a very insecure situation, and such as nothing but a want of enterprise in the enemy can reconcile to any degree of safety. He ought, in my opinion immediately to change his position for another, at some proper point between Horseneck and the post you may occupy from which parties can be occasionally detached towards the Sound.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West-point, July 28, 1779.
Sir: By his Excys desire I wrote to you this morning requesting your attendance here on the very subject mentioned in yr letter of this date.76 He still requests you will come on, after making the necessary inquiry's in order that the scheme you propose may be adopted. I am, etc.77
[Note 76: Lee's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R[ichard] K[idder] M[eade]."]
West-point, July 28, 1779.
I Certify that Lieutenant Colonel Fleury has served in the army of the United States, since the beginning of the campaign 77 to the present period and has uniformly acquitted himself as an Officer of distinguished merit, for talents, zeal activity prudence and bravery; that he first obtained a Captain's Commission from Congress and entered as a Volunteer in a Corps of riflemen in which by his activity and bravery he soon recommended himself to notice; that he next served as Brigade Major with the rank of Major first in the Infantry and afterwards in the Cavalry, in which stations he acquired reputation in the army and the approbation of his commanding Officers of which he has the most ample testimonies; that towards the conclusion of the campaign of 77, he was sent to the important post of Mud Island in quality of Engineer, in which he rendered essential services and equally signalized his intelligence and his valour.
That in consequence of his good conduct on this and on former occasions, he was promoted by Congress to the rank of Lt. Colonel; and has been since employed, in the following stations, as a Sub-inspector, as second in command in a Corps of Light Infantry in an expedition against Rhode Island, and lastly as commandant of a Battalion of Light Infantry in the army under my immediate command. That in each of these capacities as well as the former, he justified the confidence reposed in him and acquired more and more the character of a judicious well-informed indefatigable and brave officer. In the assault of Stoney point, a strong fortified post of the enemy, on the North River, he commanded one of the attacks, was the first that entered the main works and struck the British flagg with his own hand.78
[Note 78: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was dated and signed by Washington.]
West-point, July 28, 1779.
My Lord: I have been deceived I believe, in the information of a considerable imbarkation of Troops in the North River. No subsequent intelligence from deserters and others, speak of such an event, but all agree that the present position of the enemy is from Philips's to East Chester. Tryon and his burning Crew stretching up the River towards Dobbs's Ferry. The foundation therefore of the March of your division to Suffrans was bad; but as it has taken place I shall not alter the position immediately, but wish your Lordship to be in the most perfect readiness to move at a moments warning, light, and without waiting further orders that you do immediately advance to the Forest of Deane if you should receive advice of the enemy's movement towards Kings Ferry by land or Water in order that you may be ready to afford us timely assistance. In case of such an event your baggage may retire to Sloots or further on the road to Chester, if necessary. In the meanwhile I beg your lordship to have the Country between Suffran's and Simon Houses at the Beaver pond (which is within a mile of the road from June's to Haverstraw) well explored, as also from Houses to the other Road from the Furnace of Deane to Hayerstraw by Clements's Brushes and Storms. In a word, I wish to know if some middle way cannot be had between the Clove road and that by Hayerstraw forge, by which light Troops could March from Surffans to Storms, Brushe's or Clements's; that in case it should be found necessary to answer particular purposes for your division to take post thereabouts, it could be done without making a circuitous March by the Clove road on the one hand or approaching too near Stoney point by pursuing that one which leads by Hayerstraw forge on the other. Some of the intelligent and well affected Inhabitants, accompanied by an Officer or two (acquainted with the Woods) and a small party, would soon ascertain the practicability of a road by the rout here described, with the advantages and disadvantages of it. I am, etc.
P.S. Captain Jones79 of Guest's Regiment has arrested Mr. Geary Clothier at Newburgh and I have ordered a Court Martial to sit at this place, the day after tomorrow, in the morning, for his trial. Capt Jones with any Witnesses he may have are to attend. Your Lordship will be pleased to give him notice.80
[Note 79: Capt. Strother Jones, of Gist's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 80: The P.S. is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Wednesday, July 28, 1779.
Parole Farmingham. Countersigns Hatfield, Holt.
The extreme importance of having the works and defences at and about West Point on both sides the river completed with all possible dispatch is so obvious that the General conceives it totally unnecessary to use arguments in proof of it. In the present unfinished state of them they are a restraint upon every operation and movement of an Army and must continue to be so until they are put in such a posture of defence as to be safely confided to a proper Garrison.
Strongly impressed with this Idea himself the General most earnestly exhorts the officers of fatigue parties to see that the men employed labor to advantage and that they are not suffered during their tour of duty to be idle. The works now entered upon must be completed, the more hands therefore, and the greater the exertions employed in the execution, the sooner will the troops be exempted from fatigue duty and at liberty to remove from their present position, from which public benefits and private conveniencies will result.
To facilitate these desirable ends, the Engineers who superinted the different works will meet the Adjutant General at five o'clock this afternoon to settle a new detail by which matters are to be so ordered that the work is not to cease from gunfiring 'till twilight in the evening; to effect this the fatigue parties for the day are to be classed into three or four setts as may be tho't best, drawing lots for their tours to work; the first not to quit 'till relieved by the second and so on. Those who have the warm part of the day to have the shortest time to labor.
And as great advantages would result from having fixed superintendents of the work, who being acquainted with the designs of the Engineers and acting immediately under their directions can carry on the business systematically and without loss of time and labor, which is scarce possible to be done by officers in rotation. The General will not only thank but recompense any officer for their extra trouble who will undertake this duty. Such as incline to do it will please to hand in their names to the Adjutant General by tomorrow evening who is to report them at Head Quarters.
These superintendents are not intended to exempt a due proportion of officers to the fatigue parties as these are equally necessary, and it is hoped will see that the men do their duty with a dispatch becoming the exigency of the case.
The Quarter Master General having occasion for the watermen engaged by him for the use of the ferries (and who are now employed at this place) they are to be relieved by an equal number or as many as are absolutely necessary to the duty from Paterson's, Late Larned's and the North Carolina brigades. He will cause an exact return to be rendered as soon as possible of all the boats at this place and in the vicinity of it; will see that such and so many as are indispensably necessary for ordinary purposes be allotted to them, and the rest, such as want repair, being got in order, placed under a proper person with a competent guard, who is not to suffer any of them to be used without his orders while he is at this post, in writing.
A return is also to be given in of all the boats (belonging to the public) at New Windsor, Newburgh, Fish Kill and their vicinities with an estimate of the number of men they are capable of carrying. The boats with respect to size to be classed and the number of each enumerated in the return and how they are provided with Oars.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 16
July 29, 1779--October 20, 1779
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
March, 1937
Head Quarters, West Point, July 29, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 10th, the contents of which are of so serious a nature, with respect to the Quarter Masters and Commissary's departments, that I thought it my duty to communicate them to General Greene and Col. Wadsworth.
If there has been neglect in either department, the delinquents must be responsible to the public and these Gentlemen ought to be acquainted with what has been alleged.
I cannot but repeat my intreaties, that you will hasten your operations with all possible dispatch; and that you will disencumber yourself of every article of baggage and stores which is not necessary to the expedition. Not only its success but its execution at all depends on this. Tis a kind of service in which both officers and men must expect to dispense with conveniences and endure hardships. They must not and I trust will not expect to carry the same apparatus which is customary in other operations. I am persuaded that if you do not lighten yourself to the greatest possible degree, you will not only imminently hazard a defeat, but you will never be able to penetrate any distance into the Indian Country. The greater part of your provisions will be consumed in preparation, and the remainder in the first stages of a tedious and laborious march.
General Clinton in a letter to the Governor of the 6th Instant mentions his arrival at the south end of Otsege Lake where he was waiting your orders.
Inclosed I transmit you extracts of two letters of the 7th. and 27th. instant from Major General Schuyler with interesting intelligence. I am, etc.
[P. S.] This will be accompanied by Commissions for the four New York regiments and the 4th Pennsylvania, in three packages. Col. Broadhead has informed me that he had a prospect of undertaking an expedition against the Mingoes with the aid of some of the friendly Indians; I have encouraged him by all means to do it, if practicable; should it take place, it will be an useful diversion in your favor, as he will approach pretty near to your left flank.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, July 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 24th. Inst upon the subject of the Massachusetts Arrangement. I regret the necessity that obliges good Officers to leave the service. It should be pressing indeed to induce them to such a measure at any time; but particularly at this tage of the Campaign. I have inclosed a discharge for Major Bradish,2 as I had no hopes of prevailing on him to continue from the tenor of his Letter and his repeated applications, and as the Arrangemt. could not be compleated, if the matter remained open and a Subject of farther correspondence. You will be pleased to transmit it. In point of regularity there should have been a certificate from his Colo and the pay Master of the Regiment, that he was not
[Note 2: Maj. David Bradish, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. His resignation is dated July 15, 1779.] indebted, either to the public or to the Regiment. I would wish you to obtain this still and to forward it to me.
I have also been favoured with your Letter of the 27th. Major Genl. Howe will set out to morrow to take the command in your Quarters, and will be instructed on the points contained in your Letter. Colo. Wadsworth has been written to with respect to a supply of Rum, and I have no doubt but he will furnish a quantity if it is in his power. It is a scarce Article and exceedingly difficult to procure. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 4: Of the First Canadian Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 29, 1779.
Sir: I duly received your letter of the 25th. of June which hurry of business has prevented my acknowledging sooner: Your Pay Master will have informed you of the reasons that prevented a settlement of your recruiting accounts.
I am sorry for the uneasiness and desertion which you mention to have taken place in your regiment, on account of the superior advantages possessed by other troops; but as to your proposal to incorporate your Regiment in the New York line, there is one difficulty which could not be easily overcome. The officers could not be introduced into that line without affecting many of those already belonging to it and occasioning material discontent. There are several regiments on Continental establishment in the same situation with yours, for which I have repeatedly solicited Congress to make some provision, which will put them upon an equal footing with others. I have lately renewed my application and I hope it will not be long before something is done. It is not in my power to give you the order you request for cloathing, as I have not done the like in any instance. I doubt not that General Gates will allow you to share in any public provision which may be made for the part of the army under his command. I am, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West Point, July 29, 1779.
Sir: I am to desire you will exert yourself to lay up in the Vicinity of this post (at New Windsor &c.) at least a fortnights supply of provision, before hand for the whole army, to be constantly kept up, exclusive of the quantity in store for the use of the garrison. I hope you will lose no time in making your arrangements to this purpose. I am, etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 29, 1779.
Sir: In mine of the 24th. I had the honor to inform Congress that a considerable embarkation of the enemy had taken place on the 21st. This intelligence I received through Major Lee, a channel in most cases, good; but from all my subsequent inquiries I have reason to believe he was mistaken in this instance. The movement among their Shipping going down the river to New York, and some stir among the troops at the same time which still continues probably occasioned the mistake.
I am informed that there are large Magazines of powder in the States of Massachusets and Connecticut belonging to those States. The Continental magazines are nearly empty, scarcely equal to the ordinary demands of the service; but there are operations, which may hereafter become practicable, and adviseable, that we should not be able to undertake, for want of ammunition; unless we can derive a supply elsewhere. I mention this to Congress that if a loan could be obtained from any of the States and it is thought eligible to have one, measures may be taken accordingly. I have the honor, etc.
P. S. The Act of the 28th of June directing the commanding Officers of Regiments to give notice to their executive authorities of their respective States of the regimental vacancies that happen transmitted in your Excellency's letter of the 30th., refers to a resolution of the 8th of March last.7 I do not recollect either to have received or to have seen the Resolution, and therefore take the liberty to request a copy of it.8
[Note 7: Resolves respecting making out of officers' commissions and recording same.]
[Note 8: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 29, 1779.
Sir: In my Letter of the 9th in answer to Your Excellency's of the 30th Ulto. upon the subject of Doctor Morgan's charge against Doctor Shippen, I informed Congress, that the situation of affairs would not permit his trial to be entered upon for some time, and that General Arnold's would of course precede it, which had been and still was necessarily suspended. Since this I have been honoured with your Excellency's Letter of the 20th, transmitting a Copy of a Letter from Doctor Morgan of the 19th, and of three Other papers; in the first of which he urges, that as the movements of the Enemy had made it impracticable for me to appoint an early Court Martial for the trial, the putting Doctor Shippen under an immediate suspension from Office was absolutely necessary. This Letter being referred to me after what I had written, without any direction as to the line of conduct I was to pursue with respect to Doctor Shippen, placed me under some embarrassment, and induced me to lay the matter and all the papers before a Council of General Officers, called upon another occasion, and to take their sentiments as to the measures to be pursued. The Council were unanimously of opinion that Doctor Shippen could neither be tried now, nor a precise day be fixed with propriety, for the purpose; and also, as the setting of a Court Martial would depend much, if not altogether, upon the movements and operations of the Enemy, and of consequence would be uncertain and precarious, and might be postponed for a considerable time, that it would not be adviseable to arrest him at this time, as the delay might operate not only a great private injury, but also deprive the public of his services at a season, when they might be most material.
I have thought it my duty to inform Congress of these things, that if it is their pleasure that Doctor Shippen should be immediately arrested or suspended, their directions may be signified accordingly.
I inclose Your Excellency an Extract of a Letter from General Gates of the 25th Instant, with some matters of intelligence just now received. It is very probable that he has transmitted the same himself, as the Gentleman who was so obliging as to bring me his Letter, has one for Your Excellency. I am told a New York paper of the 24th announces Lord Cornwallis's arrival, and contains accounts which corroborate or at least countenance the information of Capt Potbery,9 as to the sailing of a fleet with Troops; and a Deserter who left the City on Tuesday informed me to day, that it was reported that a fleet was off the Hook, and that he himself heard a firing just before he came away. I have the Honor, &c.10
[Note 9: Capt. Henry Potbury (Potbery, Potbary), of the merchant brig Sally. His affidavit is filed with this letter of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 10: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft by Hamilton in the Washington Papers is changed from July 29 to July 30.]
[Note 11: Of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Fort Mercer, N. J., in October, 1777, and became a supernumerary officer while prisoner.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 29, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 29th of June which a multiplicity of business has prevented my answering before. There can be no doubt that you are entitled to the year's pay allowed to supernumerary officers. This is expressly provided for by a resolve of Congress of the 22nd day of May 1779; agreeable to which, I have requested General Gates to order you payment on application. I am only sorry that a Gentleman who has your laudable disposition to persevere in the service to the end of the war, should have been unfortunately excluded, and that it is not in my power to make any other provision for you. When an officer is once arranged out of a Regiment, the remaining officers will not see him reintroduced without dissatisfaction; and no other method of providing for you occurs to me as practicable. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West-point, July 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have a pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favor of the 15th. Instt., and in finding by it, that the author of the quoeries "Political and Military"13 has had no great cause to exult in the favourable reception of them by the public.
[Note 13: The author of these "Queries" was Maj. Gen. Charles Lee. They were published in no. 302, vol. 6, of The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, July 6, 1779, then being published by Mary K. Goddard. The publication aroused considerable indignation, and The Maryland Journal later published an apology for printing the "Queries." A copy of no. 302 is in the Washington Papers.]
Without a clue, I should have been at no loss to trace the malevolent writer; but I have seen a history of the transaction, and felt a pleasure mingled with pain, at the narration. To stand well in the estimation of ones Country, is a happiness that no rational creature can be insensible of. To be pursued, first under the mask of friendship, and when disguise would suit no longer, as an open calumniator with gross mis-representation, and self-known falsehoods, carries an alloy which no mind can bear with perfect composure.
The motives which actuate this Gentln. can be better accounted for by himself than me. If he can produce a single instance in which I have mentioned his name after his tryal commenced where it was in my power to avoid it, and when it was not, where I have done it with the smallest degree of acrimony, or disrespect, I will consent that the World shall view my character in as disreputable a light as he wishes to place it; what cause there is then for such a profusion of venom as he is emitting upon all occasions unless by an act of public duty in bringing him to tryal at his own sollicitation I have disappointed him and raised his ire; or conceiving that in proportion as he can darken the shades of my character he illuminates his own. Whether these I say, or motives, still more hidden and dark govern him, I shall not undertake to decide nor have I time to enquire into them at present.
If I had ever assumed the Character of a Military genius and the Officer of experience. If undr. these false colors I had solicited the command I was honoured with, or if after my appointment, I had presumptuously driven on under the sole guidance of my own judgment and self will, and misfortunes the result of obstinacy and misconduct, not of necessity, had followed, I should have thought myself a proper subject for the lash, not only of his, but the pen of every other writer, and a fit object for public resentmt.; but when it is well known that the command was in a manner forced upon me; That I accepted it with the utmost diffidence from a consciousness that it required greater abilities and more experience than I possessed to conduct a great Military machine embarrassed as I knew ours must be by a variety of complex circumstances and as it were but little more than a mere Chaos. and when nothing more was promised on my part than has been most inviobly performed it is rather grating to pass over in silence charges which may impress the uninformed tho' others know that these charges have neither reason nor truth to support them; and that a plain and simple narrative of facts would defeat all his assertions notwithstanding they are made with an effrontery which few Men do, and for the honor of human nature none ought, to possess.
If this Gentleman is envious of my station, and thinks I stand in his way to preferment, I can assure him in most solemn terms that the first wish of my Soul is to return to that peaceful retirement, and domestick ease and happiness from whence I came.
To this end all my labours have been directed; and for this purpose have I been more than four years, a perfect Slave endeavouring under as many embarrassing circumstances as ever fell to one man's lott to encounter; and as pure motives as ever man was influenced by, to promote the cause, and Service I had imbarked in.
You may form a pretty good judgment, of my prospect of a brilliant Campaign, and the figure I shall cut in it, when I inform you, that excepting about 400 Recruits from the State of Massachusetts bay (a portion of which I am told are children, hired at abt. 1500 dollars each for 9 months service) I have had no reinforcement to this Army since last campaign, while our numbers have been, and now are, diminishing daily by the expiring term of mens Services, to say nothing of the natural waste by sickness, death, and desertion.
Discouraging as this is, I feel more from the state of our currency, and the little attention which hitherto, appears to have been paid to our finances than from the smallness of our Army. And yet (Providence having so often taken us up when bereft of every other hope) I trust we shall not fail even in this. The present temper and disposition of the people to facilitate a loan, to discountence Speculation, and to appreciate the money is a happy presage of resulting good; and ought to be cherished by every possible means not repugnant to good order and government.
With you, I conceive that great events are comprized in the next Six months, and wish I had such information as would carry me along with you in opinion, that Spain has declared in our favor; but having no knowledge of facts to ground such a belief on, I am apprehensive that the natural sloth of one Court, and the intrigues and artifices of the other, will keep things in a state of negotiation till the effect of prest. exertions of G. Britain this campaign is known and some new Scene opened to our view.
The public are already possessed of the little military occurrances of this Quarter. I need not repeat them. Some considerable movement of the enemy is in agitation, but of what nature, and where pointed, I have not been able to discover.
Lord Cornwallis is arrived, and a number of Troops (it is said) are hourly expected.
My respectful Complimts. attend Mrs. Reed and the Ladies of your family.
With very great esteem etc.14
[Note 14: The slight verbal variations to be found in the Reprint of the Original Letters from Washington to Joseph Reed, by William B. Reed (Philadelphia, 1852), are of little consequence.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Thursday, July 29, 1779.
Parole Montgomery. Countersigns Orford, Wells.
The following is the detail for fatigue agreeable to yesterdays orders as assigned to the several works to be divided into four relieves. The first to work from gun-firing 'till nine in the morning. The 2nd. from nine to twelve. The 3rd. from twelve to three and the 4th. from three to twilight in the evening.
I Captain, 2 Subs, 3 Serjeants, 2 D. and F. to every 50 R. and F. A corporal and three from the Maryland line to guard the tools at the redoubt near said line to mount at sunset and come off at sunrise.
By the establishment of the Army each regiment is to consist of eight battalion companies and one company of Light Infantry, consequently the returns of the army should be conformable thereto; and altho' the Light Infantry are drafted according to the strength of the regiments, the returns are to be made in the following order. The regiments which have only two field officers companies must be drawn up and returned in the following order:
When a regiment furnishes part of a company of Light Infantry that number is returned fit for duty and as many as are wanting to complete are inserted in the proper columns. For example: If a regiment furnishes two serjeants I D. and F. and 36 R. and F they are to be returned "present fit for duty" and I Serjeant I Drum and Fife and 20 R and F, "wanting to complete" by which means the Light Infantry (which is always to be kept complete) is returned, "fit for duty."
When a regiment furnishes no Light Infantry, all its Light Infantry Officers that remain with the battalion must be placed in those companies which want officers and returned with them, and the full complement of non commissioned and rank and file for a company returned "wanting to complete."
The field, and regimental staff officers should be returned in their respective columns opposite their companies; the other staff officers, as Majors, Aides De Camp, Brigade-Quarter Masters &c., with the regimental staff are to be inserted at the bottom of the returns, "on the Staff" amongst the officer's casualties.
The commanding officers of Cavalry, having of late surprisingly neglected to transmit their returns to the Orderly Office agreeable to the general order of the 11th. of March last, the General insists upon an implicit compliance therewith in future and that the said commanding officers shall be answerable for any neglect.
Many and pointed orders have been issued against that unmeaning and abominable custom of Swearing, not withstanding which, with much regret the General observes that it prevails, if possible, more than ever; His feelings are continually wounded by the Oaths and Imprecations of the soldiers whenever he is in hearing of them.
The Name of That Being, from whose bountiful goodness we are permitted to exist and enjoy the comforts of life is incessantly imprecated and prophaned in a manner as wanton as it is shocking. For the sake therefore of religion, decency and order the General hopes and trusts that officers of every rank will use their influence and authority to check a vice, which is as unprofitable as it is wicked and shameful.
If officers would make it an invariable rule to reprimand, and if that does not do punish soldiers for offences of this kind it could not fail of having the desired effect.
Head Quarters, West Point, July 29, 1779.
Sir: I last night received the favour of your letter of the 27th on the subject of the restoration of the Onondaga prisoners.
It appears to me that the propriety of giving up these prisoners without an equivalent will in a great measure depend on the proportion of the Onondaga nation now on friendly terms with us. If the body of the nation, is with the Oneidas, and they are admitted into our protection, which is already done substantially, it may be proper enough to grant them a favour of this kind as a mark of our generosity and friendship; but if the body of the nation is still inimical to us, it would in my opinion be an indulgence which the remainder have no right to expect, and the relief of our friends in captivity by exchange may have a superior claim to our attention. These are my ideas of the matter; but if the Commissioners, who are better judges of the disposition of the Indians, from motives of policy and a desire of conciliation and to oblige the Oneidas should think it best to deliver up the prisoners, it will be intirely agreeable to me. I therefore leave the matter wholly to their determination. I have the honour, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, July 29 [--30], 1779.
Sir: I inclose you a letter for Capt. Clarke late of Col. Greenes Regiment in answer to one from him, on the subject of the allowance to supernumerary Officers. I have informed him that he is entitled to it and that I should request you on application to order payment. His claim is founded in justice, and authorised by a resolve of Congress of the 22d May 79 of which I now send you a copy. Nothing new in this quarter. I am, etc.
30th. Since writing the above I am favored with your letter of the 25th with the inclosures. The intelligence, you transmit, is of the most interesting nature. The New York papers speak of a large fleet with troops under a convoy of men of war, which lay at Torbay and was to sail, but after the time mentioned in the present deposition. I have little doubt, however, that a fleet, with troops for America sailed about that time: the only question is for what part they are destined. I am in hopes a considerable proportion will be for the West Indies as the french are reinforcing so strongly there. At any rate, we have great reason to wish this may be the case, for there is already an inferiority on our side and there is little prospect that our strength will be augmented in any proportion to the number said to be coming out. The negligence and abuses respecting Prisoners are really shameful; but I have little expectation that the business will be taken out of the hands of the State Commissaries. I have transmitted the accounts to Congress. The embarkation at Tarry town mentioned in mine of the 25th proves to be nothing serious.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
West Point, July 30, 1779.
My Dear Sir: Some days since Major Rice18 delivered me your letter of the 5th of June last. I am sorry to hear that Col Laurens received a wound, so soon after his arrival with you; as it prevented his following the dictates of his zeal and rendering the service for which he is qualified, at a moment very interesting to his country and to his own feelings. But I am happy to hear that it was slight and that it will not be long an obstacle to his wishes. I sincerely sympathize with you, my Dear Sir, in the disagreeable aspect of our affairs to the Southward, and in the embarrassments to which your situation must necessarily expose you. Had it been possible to have afforded you any succours from the army under my command; you may be assured, that public and personal motives would have equally induced me to do it. But you are not unacquainted with the insufficiency of our means every where, and the States in general seem to have been for some time past in a profound sleep. They have been amusing themselves with idle dreams of peace; and have scarcely made any exertions for the war. 'Till within a fortnight this army has scarcely received a single recruit, though a large part of it dissolved in the course of the last winter and spring by the expiration of the term of service for which the men were engaged. We have now a prospect of a thousand or fifteen hundred levies, at enormous bounties, for nine months from the States of Massachusetts and Connecticut which make up our whole expectations of reinforcements. Inferior in strength to the enemy we have been able to do little more, than to take care of ourselves and guard the communication of this River, which is supposed to be the main object of
[Note 18: Maj. Nathan Rice. He was aide to Lincoln to January, 1781, and major of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment to June, 1783.] Sir Harry Clintons operations and is certainly the point in which we are most essentially vulnerable. The other day we were fortunate enough to strike a pretty important stroke against one of the posts they had established at Kings ferry; by which the garrison of six hundred men with fifteen pieces of artillery and a quantity of stores fell into our hands; and, what made it more agreeable, at the expence of less than an hundred men, on our part, killed and wounded; of which not above thirty will be finally lost to the service. You will no doubt have seen the particulars in the public papers before this gets to hand. This event had a good effect upon the army and country and has some what disconcerted the enemy. They withdrew the detachment which had been ravaging, and burning on the coast of Connecticut, and have since remained inactive extending along from East Chester to the North River. They have repossessed Stoney point with about fourteen hundred men and are industriously repairing the works, which were evacuated and destroyed by us from an inability to hold possession. Had it not been for some accidental delays, the opposite post at Verplanks point, would probably also have fallen into our hands; and this I believed would have prevented a reestablishment of the enemy at Kings ferry. But, on accounts of those delays, they had time to march up in force to the relief of the post, and our troops employed there were obliged, in prudence, to retire.
The enemy have as yet received no reinforcemint this Campaign. Lord Cornwallis is lately arrived from England; and it is said a fleet with seven thousand men sailed a few days before him. But for this I know no sufficient authority, and our European advices have been so parsimonious and vague, that I cannot venture to hazard an opinion. Our Army is principally at this post for its immediate security and to prosecute with vigor the works necessary to put it in such a state of defence as will give it security with its own garrison and leave the rest of the army at liberty to operate with confidence elsewhere. I am mortified that the levies from Virginia have met with so many obstructions. Could they have arrived before the period you assign for the dissolution of your present force, they would have been a valuable acquisition. I hope they may not arrive too late. We have accounts of a late attack made by you on the enemy at Stono, which did not end so happily as might have been wished; but we have some subsequent rumours of a more agreeable complexion, which we wish may prove true; but which we are afraid to believe, from the disappointment we experienced on a recent occasion. These accounts are, that a detachment sent by you from Charlestown had taken possession of James Island, the troops upon which had been drawn off to reinforce Provost at the time of your attack, and that you were in a fair way of interrupting by the help of your gallies the communication of the enemy on the main with their shipping. With my best wishes for your health and success etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West point, July 30, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favour of this date came duly to hand. I shall certainly not undertake anything (capitol), without your knowledge. I wish for your opinion as a friend, not as commanding Officer of the light Troops, whether another attempt upon Stoney point, by way of surprize, is eligable, (in any other manner, under present appearances, and information, no good, I am sure, can result from it). Lord Cornwallis is undoubtedly arrived, and I have information that bears all the marks of authenticity, that Adml. Arbuthnot with the grand fleet left Torbay the 26th of May with (as it is said) 7000 Troops; Hessians and British; for America. A deserter who left the City of New York on Tuesday last says, it was reported that a number of Transports had arrived at Sandy hook. Firing he himself heard. I have not heard, nor do I believe, that Lord Cornwallis supercedes Sir Harry. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, West Point, July 30, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 2d Instant, inclosing your Commission. I transmit you one made out on parchment, which was issued in consequence of the arrangement of the Maryland line, and on which a certificate of discharge is indorsed. I am, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison]
[Note 21: Of Bergen County, N. J.]
Head Quarters, July 30, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your favor to His Excellency, Genl Washington.22 The conduct of John Springer Junior after the clemency he experienced from his Excellency, has been at least highly exceptionable. But as he says he has Witnesses to evince his innocence and to prove his attachment, he will be heard and I am satisfied treated, with all the indulgence his case shall deserve. If he goes to the Enemy and should ever be taken he will not have the smallest possible favor to expect from his Country. I am, etc.23
[Note 22: Not found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R[obert] H[anson] H[arrison] Secy."
On July 30 Washington wrote a brief note also to Lieut. Col. Robert Ballard, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment, accepting his resignation. This note is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West point, July 30, 1779.
Sir: A variety of indispensible business has hitherto suspended my answer to your letter of the 7th of May. With respect to the arrangement you propose for your regiment, the matter had been previously determined on the former arrangement and the commissions issued by the board of war. Though I should be happy to do every thing in my power for the relief of a deserving and unfortunate officer; yet I have no authority to comply with the request you make in favour of Captain Arnold.24 There is a provision made for officers disabled in the service; but this does not extend to full pay, unless they enter into the invalid corps. This, I imagine, Captain Arnold may do if he thinks proper; but if he does not, he can only be intitled to the provision made by Congress. I am, &c.25
[Note 24: Capt. Thomas Arnold, of the First Rhode Island Regiment He was wounded at Monmouth, N.J., in June, 1778; transferred to Invalid regiment in November, 1779; served to April, 1783.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Friday, July 30, 1779.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Bedford, Cypress.
The following officers are to superintend the several works herein assigned them:
Lieut. Colonel Howard26 with Lieut. Hugo27 as his Assistant, the redoubts assigned to General Smallwood's brigade.
[Note 26: Lieut. Col. John Eager Howard, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in October, 1779; voted a medal by Congress in March, 1781, for conduct at Cowpens, S.C.; wounded at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781; retired in April, 1783.]
[Note 27: Lieut. Thomas Brogden Hugo, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; promoted to captain in June, 1781; wounded at Eutaw Springs in September, 1781; resigned in October, 1781.]
Lieut Colo. Williams28 with Captain Gosner,29 Fort Putnam and Fort Webb.
[Note 28: Lieut, Col. Otho Holland Williams.]
[Note 29: Capt. Peter Gosner, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Colonel Tupper30 with Capn. Drew31 the works at the Point.
[Note 30: Col. Benjamin Tupper, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 31: Capt. Seth Drew, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was brigade inspector in January, 1781; major of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783;served to June, 1783.]
Captn. Hall32 and Captn. Tatum33 the works on Constitution Island.
[Note 32: Capt. Stephen Hall, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 33: Capt. Howell Tatum, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; resigned in May, 1782.]
Major Throop34 with Captain Holmes35 the redoubts on the east side of the river.
[Note 34: Maj. Benjamin Throop, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 35: Capt. Eliphalet (?) Holmes, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He resigned in August. 1780.]
For the future the Short Troop to beat on the grand parade instead of the General.
In Congress, March 11, 1779.
Resolved, That the engineers in the service of the United States shall be formed into a corps and styled the corps of engineers; and shall take rank and enjoy the same rights, honours, and privileges, with the other troops on continental establishment.
That a commandant of the corps of engineers shall be appointed by Congress, to whom their orders, or those of the Commander in Chief, shall be addressed and such commandant shall render to the Commander in Chief and to the Board of War, an account of every matter relative to his department:
That the engineers shall take rank in their own corps according to the dates of their respective commissions.
War Office March 30, 1779.
1st. The Commandant of the Corps of Engineers or commanding Engineer in an army shall render an account to the commanding General of every thing that concerns the service of the Corps, and shall, in all cases which relate to the department act under the orders and with the concurence of the commanding General.
2ndly. Whenever the army is on a march an Engineer shall attend the Quarter Master General or officer ordered to fix on the place of encamping, to give his advice and opinion thereon, and he shall also as soon as may be take a plan of the camp and report it to the General.
A Pay Master from each brigade on this ground will attend at the Inspector General's quarters tomorrow morning nine o'clock to consult with him on the means of establishing an uniformity in the manner of keeping their accounts. They will bring their books with them.
Lieutenant Colonels Brooks and Harmar will please to attend at the same time and place.
A General Court Martial of the line to assemble at West Point tomorrow morning nine o'clock to try Mr. James Geary, Assistant to George Measum, Esquire Depy. Clothier General of the Northern department and such others as shall come before them. Colo. Durkee to preside.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Saturday, July 31, 1779.
Parole Damascus. Countersigns Edom, Flanders.
John Davidson,36 Esquire, of the 2nd. Maryland regiment and eldest Captain in the 2nd. Maryland brigade is appointed Brigade Major to the same 'till further orders, vice Captain Selman37 whose ill state of health prevents his doing that duty; and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 36: Capt. John Davidson, of the Second Maryland Regiment. He was major of the Fifth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 37: Capt. Jonathan Sellman, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; was made major in May, 1782; retired in January, 1783.]
The Inspector General is requested to review the levies that have already arrived from the State of Massachusett's and those which hereafter arrive, before the distribution takes place and to report to Head Quarters the number and names of those who by youth, age or infirmity are unfit for the service.
An inspection of the whole army is also to be made by the Sub Inspectors between the 1st. and 5th. of August next which is to be confined to the men, their arms and ammunition and to be conducted in such a manner as will least interfere with the prosecution of the works.
The Quarter Master General will give particular directions to have all the horses of the Army shod and the Waggons repairedand held in perfect readiness for a speedy movement. Regulations for the Corps of Engineers continued:
3rdly. The Commandant of the corps of Engineers and the commanding Engineer in a separate Army shall send plans of the more important positions and places occupied by the army in which they shall respectively serve to the board of War. These plans will of course be delivered to the Commander in Chief or General commanding a separate army by the Commandant of the Corps of Engineers or commanding Engineer.
The Subordinate Engineers will also report plans of works intrusted to them by their superior officers, to such superior officers; and no plans are to be communicated by any Engineer to any other person or persons whatever.
4thly. In the attack of Towns, Forts or fortified Camps of an enemy, by regular approaches, the commanding Engineer shall direct the operations under the authority and with the approbation of the commanding General, to whom he shall daily transmit a plan, marking out the progress of the attack and shall likewise from time to time transmit to the Board of War a plan of the said attacks together with a journal of the operations.
July 31, 1779.
General Washington presents his compliments to Colo. White and thanks him for the Bridle, Stirrups and Spurs which he obligingly presented him with. The Workmanship does great credit to the artisan and is a demonstrable proof of the perfection to which this manufactory is brought.
Head Quarters, West point, July 31, 1779.
Sir: I duly received your several letters of the 6th. 7th. and 25th Instant. The Batallion Hats mentioned in the first, may remain at Springfield for the present, as I would not wish any more stores to be with the Army than are absolutely essential, and the number is so small that a distribution of them would rather serve to excite uneasiness. It will be well, if you can, to procure more.
The Commissary of Hides at Albany was appointed, I imagine, by the Board of War or by the State in consequence of some requisition by Congress, and probably received Instructions from the authority by which he was constituted. It was necessary that the Troops under Genl. Clinton should have been supplied by him. I will write to him and know the footing upon which his appointment stands and the conduct which has been prescribed to him, that I may be able to give any farther directions that may be necessary.
You will send on the Rifle Frocks, Shirts and Shoes. The Shirts are most essentially wanted, there being many Soldiers unfit for duty on account of the deficiency.
With respect Mr. Henry Pynchon, I have no objection to his remaining with you as an Assistant, as you must have some, and they are so difficult to procure. It will not oblige the state to furnish a Man more. I do not mean however, that this should infringe or counteract in the smallest degree any Law of the State that may affect Mr. Pynchon or subject him to any fine for any previous conduct or non compliance with them and my permission for his staying is to be considered under those restrictions. I am, &c.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
An undated order, in the writing of Harrison, indorsed "July, 1779", to George Measam, desiring him, by Washington's direction, to "deliver Major Benjamin Whitcomb Thirty One Coats, Jackets, Breeches and Blankets, Sixty two Shirts, Sixty Two pair of Shoes, 31 pair Stockings, Thirty one pair of Overalls and Thirty One Hunting Shirts and Thirty one Hats for the Men under his command. 15 Shirts for himself and Officers, 10 pr Stockings, 10 pr Shoes; paying three Hundred pr Cent on the Stirling Cost". is in the Washington Papers, Three hundred per cent on the sterling cost then equaled the dollar estimated at 7 shillings 6 pence for £ 1 stirling.]
[Note 39: Trustees of the church at New Windsor, N.Y.]
West Point, July 31, 1779.
Gentn: I was favoured with your letter by Esquire Nicoll. It gives me pain at all times, to put the inhabitants of any part of the Country to an inconvenience, nor is it ever done but from necessity and a regard to the Public good. In the present instance I can only say that if you can point out proper places for the accommodation of the sick that may be approved by Genl. Greene and the director Genl. of the Hospital, I shall be happy, to find the Church at New Windsor, appropriated to the use for which it was originally intended; if not, I make no doubt you will readily acquiesce, in a matter so essential to the public good. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West-point, August 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I recd. with pleasure and thank you for your obliging favor of the 24th. Ult. I shall be happy in such communications as your leizure, and other considerations, will permit you to transmit me, for I am as totally unacquainted with the political state of things, and what is going forward in the great National Council, as if I was an alien; when a competent knowledge of the temper and designs of our Allies from time to time, and the frequent changes and complexion of Affairs in Europe might, as they ought to do, have a considerable influence on the operations of our Army, and would in many cases determine the propriety of measures which under a cloud of darkness can only be groped at. I say this upon a presumption, that Congress, either through their own Ministers, or that of France must be acquainted, in some degree, with the Plans of G. Britn. and the designs of France and Spain. If I mistake in this conjecture it is to be lamented that they have not better information, or, if political motives render Disclosures of this kind improper, I am content to remain in ignorance.
From what causes it proceeds I shall not undertake to say, but so the fact is, we are labouring under the effects, of two of the greatest evils that can befall a State at War, viz. a reduced army at the beging. of a Campaign (which, more than probable, is intended for a decisive one), and want of Money, or rather a redundancy of it; by which it is become of no value. Why timely expedients were not hit upon to guard against the first, and what measures have been, or can be, at this late hour adopted, to remove the Second, belongs to your honorable body to point out. for me, to lament the one, and feel the ill effects of the other, is all that remains.
I heard of your arrival at Phila. with pleasure and shall when circumstances will permit you to leave it, be happy in seeing you at Camp. being with very great regard etc.
Head Quarters, August 1, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have just received your favor, with Captain Hopkins's intelligence. You will be pleased to inform him that I have no objection to the horses being purchased for the use of the regiment. I am, etc.
Ps. Be pleased to forward the letter to Genl. Howe.42
[Note 42: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade,]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 1, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Brandt at the head of a party of Whites and Indians said to have amounted to eighty or ninety men has lately made an incursion into the Minisinks and cut off a party of fifty or sixty of our militia. It is reported that Brandt himself was either killed or wounded in the action.
By a fellow belonging to this party, who has fallen into our hands, as he pretends voluntarily (but is suspected to have mistaken his way) I am informed that the party came from Chemung in quest of provisions of which the savages are in great want. He says their deficiency in this respect is so great that they are obliged to keep themselves in a dispersed state; and when they collect will not be able to remain long together. He gives the following account of their strength movements and designs. That the whole force they will be able to assemble will not exceed fifteen hundred fighting men Whites and Indians which they themselves conceive will be equal to double the number of our men in the woods;43 That Butler with a party of both sorts was at Conosadago [in number 3 or 400]. That at Chemung and the adjacent towns were [two or] three hundred warriors. That Chemung was appointed as the place of rendezvous where [or in the neighbourhood] the Indians intended to give you battle, after which if they were unsuccessful they intended to retire towards Niagara harrassing your march as much as possible with small parties and by ambuscades. That some of the towns had sent off their old men and women others more confident and discrediting that there was an army coming against them, had still kept them at home. That no reinforcement had yet come from Canada; but that Brandt who was lately arrived from thence assured the Indians there was one coming after him. The principal strength of the Indians is in the Genesee Towns.
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Hamilton and at this point has Washington's interpolation; "but conceive these equal to double the No. of our men in ye Wds."]
You will give as much credit to this account as you think proper and in proportion to its conformity to your other intelligence. The informant is a deserter from Cortlandts regiment who says he was carried off by force to the Indians and took the present opportunity of leaving them. He appears not to be destitute of shrewdness and as his apprehensions were pretty strong I am inclined to think as far as his knowledge extended he was sincere.
In my last I forgot to inform you that on the 15th. instant at night Brigadier Genl. Wayne with the Light Infantry took stoney point by assault. The whole garrison consisting of above 600 men with Col. Johnson44 commanding officer, fifteen pieces of cannon of different sizes and a quantity of stores fell into our hands. Our loss in killed and wounded was less than an hundred, of which not above thirty will be finally lost to the service. General Wayne received a wound in the head. This affair does great honor to our troops who entered the works at the point of the bayonet, scarcely firing a gun.
[Note 44: Lieut. Col. Henry Johnson, of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army.]
The post you may recollect was extremely formidable by nature and strongly fortified. The enemy, it is said, supposed it capable of defying our whole force. The opposite point had it not been for some unavoidable accidents would probably have also fallen into our hands. The enemy from these had time to come to its relief and have since repossessed stoney point, which we evacuated and destroyed. I am, etc.
Ps. Inclosed is a duplicate of mine of the 29th. with its inclosures, lest there should be a miscarriage.45
[Note 45: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The words in brackets in the draft, which is in the writing of Hamilton, are in the writing of Washington.]
[N.H.H.S.]
West Point, August 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: As there is a charge brought against Col. Hooper46 and a trial must be the result there would be an impropriety in
[Note 46: Col. Robert Lettis Hooper, jr. He was Deputy Quartermaster General to 1782.] giving him a discharge, unless he consents to the process taking its course, as if he were still in the department under this condition you are left to act as you think proper. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The copy is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West-point, August 1, 1779.
Dr Sir: I received Your favor of Yesterday. I have nothing to add upon the subject of your command. It was reported to me yesterday morning, that part of the Enemy had crossed the river, and were moving towards the English Neighbourhood in Jersey; but it was contradicted last night, and the party taken for the Enemy by the Militia, proved to be some of Lee's dismounted dragoons. I am, etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
August 1, 1779.
Dr. Sr: I return you my thanks for the intelligence contained in your letter of this date and shall be obliged to you, to communicate any thing further that may come to your knowledge, especially if it should be of importance.
I have not the least objection to your employing the corporal and six men as you propose.
If Mr. Pomroy49 has accepted the appointment you mention he cannot hold his rank in the line, but must be considered as discharged from the service. He ought first however to pro duce proper certificates of his having settled his Public accounts in the Regt. I am, etc.50
[Note 49: Lieut. Ralph Pomeroy, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was auditor for settling the pay and clothing deficiency, and deputy quartermaster for Connecticut.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Sunday, August 1, 1779.
Parole Glocester. Countersigns Hampstead, Ida.
The Honorable the Congress on the 5th. of April last were pleased to pass the following resolve:
That the regimental cloathier have an allowance of thirty dollars per month in addition to their present appointment.
The board of General Officers appointed by the order of the 23rd. ultimo, have reported that the rank and precedence of the regiments in the Massachusett's line should stand as in the following arrangement, being founded on the seniority of the officers who first commanded them under the appointments made in consequence of the resolution of Congress of September 16th. 1776.
The Commander in Chief approves the arrangement and the regiments henceforth are to rank and to be numbered accordingly.
The General being informed that a number of men have been left at New Windsor and the neighborhood as baggage guards, directs that they be immediately withdrawn to join their regiments and that the baggage be either stored there or bro't to the army; the former will be preferable; in either case, the Quarter Master General will give the necessary assistance.
Fatigue rum at the rate of a gill pr. day pt. man to be constantly issued to the different parties on fatigue and to the Artificers employed in carrying on the works; This to be delivered by the Issuing Commissary or Keeper of the Magazines on re turns signed by the superintendents of the different works who are requested to be careful to prevent imposition.
The Commander in Chief directs that a General Officer of the day be appointed to attend to the police of the camp.
All officers are requested to be attentive to the appearance of any strangers at this post and to send all such as cannot give a good account of themselves and have not proper passes to the General of the day to be by him critically examined, and if not satisfied of their characters and business he is to have them sent instantly away; on pain of punishment if they are afterwards found loitering about; or committed to the Provost if there are any circumstances of suspicion to justify it.
Head Quarters, August 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received Your favor of the 29th Ulto. and thank you for the intelligence it contains.
General Howe has gone to Ridgefield to take the command of Glover's brigade and all the Troops in that Quarter, and will make such dispositions of them as may appear best. I am sorry it is not in my power to send you any hard money. I have but little and it is more particularly intended for persons within the enemy's lines. If you will make out a return of your dismounted men, and the necessary Arms and accoutrements and will send for them I will direct them to be supplied. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 2, 1779.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to transmit Your Excellency an Extract of a Letter of the 29th Ulto. from a confidential correspondent in New York.52 It contains the latest advices I have had from thence.
[Note 52: The original letter of Samuel Culper, jr., dated July 29, 1779, from which the extracts were made, is in the Washington Papers.]
By reports from our Officers advanced on both sides of the River, the Enemy broke up their Camp at Philipsburg53 on the night of the 30th and morning of the 31st Ulto. The ac counts received by the Officers on the East side say, that they had all gone below Kings-bridge, those on the West, that their march pointed towards Fort Independance. This movement seems to countenance and to give a greater air of probability to the intelligence from New York with respect to an embarkation and the Enemy's intentions to repair and erect Fortifications. I inclose Your Excellency some New York papers, the latest of which is of the 29th of July. I have the Honor, etc.54
[Note 53: Philipseburg, N.Y., below White Plains.]
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Monday, August 2, 1779.
Parole--. Countersigns--
The board of General officers on the Massachusetts arrangement are requested to meet again tomorrow ten o'clock fore noon at the same place to determine a further matter which will be submitted.
Each Massachusetts' regiment is to make out a list of the men of the New Levies, or nine month's men who are Carpenters, Blacksmith's, Armourers, House or Wheel-Wrights Sailors &c., or of any other trade and deliver the list to Major General McDougall. Those who have no trade are immediately to relieve the guards at the hospitals and stores at Fish Kill and elsewhere. Likewise the baggage and Commissaries guard &c. and the old guards are to be sent back to their respective regiments.
[Note 55: Capt. James Beebe, of Swifr's Connecticut State Regiment. He was transferred to the Sappers and Miners in September, 1779, and resigned in June, 1781.]
[Note 56: Capt. William McMurray, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment He was transferred to the Sappers and Miners, and seems to have been a prisoner of the British in June.]
[Note 57: Capt Peter Duville. He was formerly a lieutenant in the Continental Navy; trans ferred to the Sappers and Miners; seems to have been a prisoner of the British in June, 1780.]
[Note 58: Capt.-Lieut. James Gilliland, of the Sappers and Miners. He was promoted to captain in June, 1781, and resigned in October, 1782.]
[Note 59: Capt.-Lieut. David Bushnell, of the Sappers and Miners. He was appointed captain in June, I781, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 60: Capt.-Lieut. Eleazer Little, of the Sappers and Miners. He served to March, 1781.]
[Note 61: Lieut. Moses Cleveland (Cleaveland), of the Sappers and Miners. He resigned in June, 1781.]
[Note 62: Lieut. John Welch, of the Sappers and Miners. He resigned in July, 1781.]
who are nominated as officers to the companies of Sappers and Miners are requested forthwith to call upon Brigadier General Du Portail and take his orders.
Capt. John Doughty63 of the corps of Artillery is appointed Brigade Major to the same 'till further orders and is to be accordingly obeyed.
[Note 63: Capt. John Doughty, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was transferred to the corps of artillery in June, 1783; was made major of United States Artillery in August, 1784; major of United States Artillery Battalion in September, 1789; lieu tenant colonel of the Second United States Infantry in March, 1791, which he declined, and retired from the service; lieutenant colonel of the Second Artillerists and Engineers in June, 1798; resigned in May, 1800.]
Regulations for the Corps of Engineers continued:
5thly. In a besieged place the commanding Engineer shall direct the defence of it under the orders of the commanding officer of the Garrison and he shall keep an exact journal of all the operations in order that it may serve for his justification and for that of the garrison in case of a surrender.
Of the Companies of Sappers and Miners:
1st. Until men are inlisted for the purpose, Companies of Sappers and Miners not exceeding three shall be formed as circumstances may require by drafts from the line at the direction of the Commander in Chief and be under the command of the Commandant of the Corps of Engineers until otherwise ordered by Congress.
Each company to consist of a Captain, a Captn. Lieutenant and a 1st. and 2nd. Lieutenant, four serjeants, four Corporals, one Drummer, one Fifer and Sixty privates.
3rdly. The duty of the Companies of Sappers and Miners shall be (under the direction of the Engineers) to construct field-works of every kind and all works necessary for the at tack or defence of places as circumstances may require.
West-point, August 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 22d. Ult. came to my hands by the last Post, and receives, as it deserves, my warmest thanks. I have also to acknowledge myself your debtor for another letter of the 15th. of Decemr. which the number I am obliged to write, and read, with other papers to consider, prevented my answering till it had slipped my memory wholly.
The Assault of Stoney point does much honor to the Troops employed in it as no Men could behave better. They were composed of the light Infantry of every State (now in this part of the Army) commanded by Genl. Wayne a brave gallant and Sensible Officer. Had it not been for some untoward accidents, the stroke would have been quite compleat. The plan was equally laid Ver-plank's point, and would most assuredly have succeeded but for delays, partly occasioned by high Winds, and partly by means which were more avoidable. A combination, however of causes produced such a delay, as gave the enemy time to move in force, and render a further operation dangerous and improper; The situation of the Post and other circumstances which may be easily guessed, induced me to re solve a removal of the Stores, and the destruction of the Works at Stoney-point which was accordingly done the third day after it was taken.64
[Note 64: At this point the following is crossed out: "Within the last Eight days, and up to this date, we have received between five and 600 of the New levies from the State of Massachusetts bay, Virginia has sent or were about to send hers to So. Carolina. No other State that I know of has yet furnished any; none have come to the army under my immediate command and but abt. 150 from New York to that part under Majr. Genl. Sullivan."]
The Enemy have again repossessed the Gd. and are busily employed in repairing the Works with a force fully adequate to the defence of the spot, which in itself is a fortification, surrounded as it is by a deep morass exceedingly difficult of access. The rest of their Army has remainded very quiet ever since ex tending from Philips on the No. River to East Chester on the Sound but, by my last advices from the City of New York Transports were preparing for the reception of Troops, and 4 Regiment talked of as a reinforcement to Genl. Provost.65 Though I think it not very unlikely (if they have sailed, of which I have no advice) that they should have gone towards Penobscot as the Raisonable (a 64 Gun Ship) and others are said to have Sailed for that place.
[Note 65: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "It is to be lamented that a provident care and attention to these matters cannot be given in time when the enemy, evidently, has been exerting every nerve to make this Campaign decisive."]
Mrs. Washington, according to Custom, marched home when the Campaign was about to open. My best respects to Mrs. Gordon. I am, etc.
P.S. I shall (as it is now rather out of season) make but one short remark upon a passage in your Letter of the 15th. of Decr. and that is, so far from the generality of Officers wishing to have the War prolonged, it is my firm belief there will not be enough left to continue it, however urgent the necessity unless they are enabled to live such is the present distress of the genrality of them and the Spirit for resignation. The idle and foolish expressions of an individual does not by any means speak the sense of the body, and so far am I from believing that any number of them have views repugnant to the rights of Citizens, that I firmly believe the contrary; if I am mistaken I can only say that, the most distant lisp of it, never reached my Ears, and would meet with the severest checks if it did.
[Note 66: Of the Orange County (N.Y.) militia. He was Deputy Commissary General.]
West Point, August 2, 1779.
Sir: Sensible of the distresses which you must suffer from the repeated depredations of the enemy on your property, it gives me real pain that I have it not in my power to comply with your request respecting an order for Clothing. I am not at liberty to appropriate any part of the public supplies to a purpose different from that for which it was intended; and those in the article of cloathing are so scanty and the wants and distresses of the officers so great, that if I had the power, I could not exercise it without prejudice to them. These considerations will not permit me to yield to the inclination I feel to oblige a Gentleman who has made such sacrafices, as you have done, to his attachment to the common cause. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: This morning your letter dated at Paramus, came to hand. I thank you for the intelligence it contained. I have received similar accounts from the other side of the river transmitted by different persons.
In the present situation of affairs it is important to discover if possible the views as well as movements of the enemy; for this purpose I should think you might fix on some inhabitant of Hackensack or Bergen whose duplicity of conduct would with proper instructions from you enable him to obtain very satisfactory information by getting into the enemys Camp or perhaps New York. If such an one is to be met with the sooner he is sent on the business the better. Yours, &c.
P.S. It is reported that a number of transports are getting in readiness and some Regiments ordered for embarkation. This should be particularly inquired into, and their probable destination.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 3, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of this morning accompanied by a Deserter. You will be pleased agreeable to a General order Issued a long time since to have the deserters you mention tried by their own Brigade Courts Martial. This mode was adopted to expedite business and the Brigadier empowered except in capital cases, or where Officers are concerned and the sentences extend to Cashierment to approve or disapprove them. I am, &c.73
[Note 73: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 3, 1779.
My Lord: I have received your favour of the 2d. and shall be obliged to you to continue your examination of the roads 'till you have them all well ascertained. Though I can hardly flatter myself with such an event, it appears to me not impossible there may be a French fleet near the Coast; and I have other intelligence of some alarm among the Enemy on this subject. If it is so, it will be a most important circumstance. The fleet seen off the coast from Monmouth, if there really has been one seen, may either be this or a British fleet, which there is great reason to believed sailed from Torbay towards the latter end of May; reported to have 7000 troops on Board. It will be of great importance to have the earliest advice of the arrival of either.
It will be happy if your Southern account proves true; but I am afraid to credit it. The step you are taking with respect to forage is a necessary and prudent one. I could wish it may be as extensive, as it can be made with safety, and without strip ping the inhabitants too bare. An account should be kept of the quantity taken from each that a reasonable compensation may be made.
I have been informed of the large magazines at Pompton and Slotes and am assured that measures are taking to remove them; particularly from the former place, which is certainly an improper deposit for any large stock. I am &c.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1779.
Gentlemen: Having received intelligence some time since that the Romulus, Daphne and Delaware were preparing to leave New York on a cruise (as was reported) for Boston-bay, in conversation with General Heath, I mentioned to him my intention to transmit the intelligence I had received to the council; which I was induced to decline from his having assured me he had already done it. By the inclosed extract of a letter from a confidential correspondent in New York, the Council will perceive those Vessels were prevented from sailing at the time they intended. But I have just received a letter from Lord Stirling stationed in the Jerseys dated yesterday (an extract from which is also inclosed)75 by which it appears the ships of war at New York have all put to sea since. I thought it my duty to communicate this intelligence that the vessels employed in the expedition to Penobscot may be put upon their guard, as it is probable enough these Ships may be destined against them; and if they should be surprised the con sequences would be disagreeable. I have the honor, etc.76
[Note 75: Hamilton has noted at the bottom of the draft that there were "Inclosed extractsfrom Culper Juniors' letter of the 29th of July marked between brakets thus [ ]."]
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 3, 1779.
Sir: I am favoured with your Letter of the 20th of July, transmitting the disagreeable accts. of the capture of Lt. Scudder77 and his party. This shews the necessity of redoubled vigilance
[Note 77: Lieut. William Scudder, of the First New York Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Minisink on July 22, 1779.] where we have to do with an enemy so rapid and desultory in their movements. The intelligence contained in Col. Van Dykes78 letter, is so dissimilar to the general current of our intelligence from Canada that I cannot easily credit it; and am inclined to think the present appearances are rather calculated to operate as a diversion to General Sullivan. We ought not however to despise the information or neglect any precautions to ascertain the reality of the movements, to which it relates, and guard against their success. I would therefore have you to take every measure in your power for these purposes; and if you receive any intelligence that you can depend upon, of the approach of any body of the enemy by Oswego, you will be pleased to give General Sullivan the most direct advice of it. But in doing this great circumspection will be necessary, lest a false alarm, should have an unfavourable influence upon the expedition.
[Note 78: Lieut. Col. Cornelius Van Dyke, of the First New York Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
You will give me the earliest intelligence of every interesting occurrence which comes to your knowledge. In case Fort Schuyler should be threatened with a serious operation, you will as you mention immediately repair to it. I am, etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West point, August 3, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I this minute received a letter from General Sullivan of the 30th Ulto. and a Copy of One of your Brother the General, of both which I inclose you Copies. Your Excellency will be pleased to direct the march of Lt Colo Pauling80 at such time, and in such manner as you shall judge best. You
[Note 80: Lieut. Col. Albert Pawling, of the New York levies. He was, later, colonel of levies to the close of the war.] will also receive a Letter addressed to you, which came with mine.
I have inclosed a line to the General covering a Copy of General Sullivan's orders for his march, which you will be pleased to transmit him, lest any accidents should have prevented him from receiving the Original. A Duplicate of which, according to Genl Sullivan, has been also sent him. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. This letter is in the Washington-Greenwood Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 82: Of Bethlehem, Pa. Van Vleck's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
West point, August 3, 1779.
Sir: I received Your Letter of the 26th of July. The Officers you mention do not belong to the Continental Army, and if they have done you wrong, your application for redress must be to their State. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Tuesday, August 3, 1779.
Parole Gustavus. Countersigns Calmer, Lubeck.
The Honorable the Board of War having been pleased to appoint Ralph Pomeroy, Esquire, Commissioner to settle and pay all arrearages of clothing due to the troops of these States for the year 1777, the General directs that the account and rolls required by the resolve of Congress of the 2nd. of March last and published in orders the 12th. following be immediately made out and presented to the said Commissioner for settlement.
A regimental Quarter Master from each of the brigades on this ground to attend at the Inspector General's quarters tomorrow morning nine o'clock to consult with him on a proper method of keeping their books uniformly throughout the army. They will bring their books with them. Lieutenant Colonels Brooks and Hatmar will please to attend at the same time and place.
Regulations for the Corps of Sappers and Miners continued:
4thly. When a company or part of a company of Sappers and Miners is detached with any body of troops without an Engineer, the officer commanding the company or part of the company shall take his orders directly from the commanding officer of the troops, and whensoever an Engineer having the charge of any works shall be absent, the officer of the Sappers and Miners commanding the detachments employed in constructing them, shall direct the works agreeable to the plans and instructions formed by such Engineer.
5thly. When the Companies of Sappers and Miners shall not be sufficient to perform the duties assigned them, the commanding Engineer shall apply to the commanding General to furnish him with such a number of fatigue men from the line, as the service shall require.
6thly. The officers of the line detached with the command of fatigue parties, for assisting in constructing the works shall not interfere in directing them, but shall be wholly confined to keeping their soldiers employed and maintaining a proper order and discipline.
7thly. The Sappers and Miners shall, in case of extraordinary fatigue and danger, have such gratuities over and above their pay as the commanding Engineer with the concurence of the commanding General of the Army shall think they deserve.
8thly. The officers of Sappers and Miners shall enjoy the same rights honors and privileges with the officers of the like ranks in the other corps of the army.
11thly. From the time the men are drafted and during their continuance in these companies they are to be left out of the Pay-Rolls of their respective regiments.
Head Quarters, West point, August 3, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit you the arrangement of the 11th. Pensylva. Regiment made by a Board of Field Officers of that line, appointed for the purpose, on which the Board will be pleased to issue Commissions. I inclose the old arrangement made out by Colo. Hubley, by which the Board will see what alterations have been made. They will be pleased to forward the Commissions to Colo. Hubley. I have the Honor, etc.
Captain Keene84 of the 11th. is to remain for the present with Genl. St. Clair, as an Aid. The Board will be pleased to send his Commission to Camp.85
[Note 84: Capt. Lawrence Keene. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; 84 served to June, 1783.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Wednesday, August 4, 1779.
Parole Gothland. Countersigns Sweden, Sussex. Regulations for the Corps of Sappers and Miners continued:
14thly. The Sappers and Miners shall be taught the established manual Exercise and Evolutions on days when they are not employed in the particular duties of their department and the same police and discipline shall be practised in their companies as in the other parts of the army.
15thly. The Commandant of the Corps of Engineers shall take the most effectual and expeditious method to have the Sappers and Miners instructed in their duty, and as probably the officers of these companies whose talents and acquirements fit them for the profession, will be appointed Engineers, the Commandant of the Corps of Engineers shall form a plan of instructions for these officers which being approved by the board of War and Commander in Chief shall be carried into execution.
16thly. The Commandant of the Corps of Engineers shall appoint an Engineer or Engineers whom he shall judge but best qualified, to read lectures on fortification proper for towns or the field; on the manner of adapting fortifications to different grounds and positions; to regulate their extent according to the number of men intended to be covered; Upon Attack and Defence; Upon the use of Mines and their construction; Upon the manner of forming plans, reconnoitering a country and choosing, laying out and fortifying a Camp.
17thly. On a march, in the vicinity of an enemy, a detachment of the Companies of Sappers and Miners shall be stationed at the head of the column, directly after the Van Guard for the purpose of opening and mending the roads and removing obstructions.
Head Quarters, West Point, August 4, 1779.
Dear Sir: I send you a duplicate of my last letter of the 1st instant to guard against miscarriage; since which I am favoured with your's of the 29th inclosing the copy of one to General Clinton. I immediately forwarded a triplicate to the Governor requesting him to dispatch it to his brother, which will serve to render the receipt of your letter86 still more certain. I at the same time requested the Governor to direct the march of Major Pauling, in such manner as he should judge most proper, to answer the purpose of this part of the expedition. I sincerely congratulate you on your having surmounted the impediments you had to encounter, and I heartily wish the future progress of the expedition may be attended with fewer embarrassments and terminate in the manner most honorable to yourself and most advantageous to the service. With great regard etc.87
[Note 86: The draft, by Hamilton, has "orders."]
[Note 87: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 4, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received your letter of yesterday about three hours ago. For the reasons you assign, I approve of the alterations you have made in the disposition of the troops which had taken place previous to your arrival.
I am sorry the proposed removal of the Militia from horseneck neck has met with the opposition you mention. In the late position of the enemy they were exposed to the most imminent danger; but their removaI within Kings bridge which my intelligence announces has rendered it less than it was. I still however think the place insecure and should be glad the party could be drawn off some distance from the coast; but if it cannot not be effected without clashing with the sense of the state, or giving material disgust to the inhabitants, they may remain where they are. You will please to consult General Woolcot more particularly and if the removal cannot be put upon a satisfactory footing, you will for the present dispense with it. I am the less anxious about it, as the time of service, for which his men are engaged is so near expiring.
I have as yet seen nothing of the supposed spy, which you say was sent with your guard.
I wish you to ascertain as soon as possible what corps the enemy have left on this side the bridge, and their stations. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West point, August 4, 1779.
Gentlemen: I had the Honor to address you Yesterday, and to transmit you some intelligence from New York. I have since received a Letter to My Lord Stirling from an Officer at Newark, of which a Copy is inclosed. I have the Honor, etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who has added a note that the inclosure was a copy "of Major [Samuel] Haye's Letter to Lord Stirling of the 1st of Augt. transmitted in his of the 3d of Augt." Copies of these are filed with Washington's letter to Congress, Aug. 5, 1779, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 90: Lieutenant colonel and colonel of the First New Jersey State Regiment, which was then at Elizabethtown.]
West point, August 5, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received Your two favors of the 30th of July and 2d Instant with the papers, and thank you for the same and the intelligence transmitted. As I am persuaded your best endeavours will be directed to obtain, all the information you can respecting the Enemy, I shall not trouble you with any particular request upon the present occasion, except with one, which is, that if at any time the Enemy move from York in force or make any considerable detachment you will endeavour to ascertain with all the precision you can the remaining Corps. For want of this information, I have been frequently under some degree of embarrassment. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 92: Of Newton, Sussex County, N. J. He was elected Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New Jersey in 1798, but consecration was refused him in 1799; later he became a Presbyterian. The sermon was "A sermon on practical religion. Inscribed to Christians of every denomination. No. I. (Chatham: Printed by Shepard Kollock)." Copies of nos. II and III are in the Washington Collection in the Boston Athenaeum.]
West-point, August 5, 1779.
Revd. Sir: I have received, and with pleasure read, the Sermon you were so obliging as to send me. I thank you for this proof of your attention. I thank you also for the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express of me. But in a more especial mannr. I thank you for the good wishes and prayers you offer in my behalf. These have a just claim to the gratitude of Revd. Sir, Yr., etc.
Head Quarters, West Point, August 5, 1779.
Sir: My doubts as to the intended operation of the Resolution of the 28th. of June, upon the subject of vacancies and the mode of filling them, whether it was meant to take immediate effect in all cases, or to operate only where arrangements had been made, and my earnest wish not to contravene the views of Congress or the rights of the executive authorities of the States in any instance, have induced me to transmit to your Excellency the inclosed arrangement of the Massachusetts line, which Congress if they think proper, will send to the Board of War that Commissions may be issued upon it. It has been a work of much time, and, even in the last instance from the confusion in which matters were involved, it closely employed seven General Officers seven or eight days. All the Officers or all but a very few, at least I know nothing to the contrary having appointed none myself, obtained appointments, I believe, from the State; or were mentioned in the arrangement begun by the Committee of Congress at White Plains; but many hold different grades from what they did at first, which is the cause of my referring the matter to Congress, being arranged by the Board to vacancies, which have happened by deaths resignations &c. A like conduct with respect to arranging vacancies, has been and was of necessity pursued in the arrangements of the other lines by the Committee and different Boards which have sat on the business, or it must have been left nearly in the disordered, imperfect, dissatisfactory and injurious state, in which it was found. But those arrangements preceded the Resolution in question, whereas the present has been made since. If it should be the pleasure of Congress to carry this into effect, I would take the liberty to suggest, that the sooner the Commissions are made out the better, as the Officers are incessant in their applications upon the subject. The arrangement in some instances, particularly in the case of the 7th. Regiment (late Aldens) which makes a part of the Army under General Sullivan is incompleat, and no industry or inquiries of the Board could make it more perfect.
Before I conclude I think it necessary to mention the case of Mr. Pettingill, who stands arranged a Major to a vacancy, which happened on the 26th Ulto. and to which he was intitled from his seniority in the line of captains. Some time this year he obtained a Commission from the State, dated as he suggests the 25th. of Novemr. 1777 for the Majority in Colo. Wessons Regiment, which superseded several older Captains of equal merit, and, as soon as it was known on account of the uneasiness it excited, occasioned a memorial from the field Officers, of which the inclosed is a copy93. The matter was laid before the Board of General Officers, who heard Mr. Pettingill, and found that he had not the smallest pretensions to promotion before the vacancy to which they have arranged him. I would farther observe that Mr. Pettingill, finding that his promotion gave great dissatisfaction, wrote to the Board of War upon the occasion who referred his case to me by their letter of the 21st of June.
[Note 93: This copy is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I inclose your Excellency an Extract of a Letter received the 26th Ulto. from Doctr. Shippen.
In my letter of the 2d, inclosed your Excellency an extract of a letter of the 29th Ulto. from a confidential correspondent in New York. As I thought the intelligence contained in it, so far as it respected the Enemy's Ships of War and the embarkation of troops, might prove interesting to the naval expedition to Penobscot. I transmitted on the 3d by express, to the Honble. the Council of Massachusetts Bay, and also the information in the inclosure No. 4 by yesterday morning's Post, which I had just received in a letter from Lord Stirling. The Council were very early advised by letter from General Heath, that several of the enemy's ships of war, which were afterwards detained by the taking of stony point, as mentioned in the confidential correspondence from York, were preparing to sail. I hope our fleet will be on their guard. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. I inclose your Excellency a New York paper of the 3ist of July. You will perceive that an action is mentioned to have happened between Count D Estaing and Admiral Byron, and that the Count had lost 5 ships of the line &c. Before this paper came to hand Mr. Story94 in the Staff department, received on Tuesday, a letter from his Father, informing him "that intelligence was brought by a Vessel into Salem, that Count D Estaing had had an engagement with Admiral Byron, in which the Count had taken five Ships of the line and dismasted many others; that the remainder of Admiral Byrons fleet made towards wards Jamaica and the Count was in pursuit." A confirmation of the Counts success is devoutly to be wished.95
[Note 94: Maj. John Story. He was aide to Gen. William Alexander, Lord Stirling.]
[Note 95: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West-point, August 5, 1779.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 27th Ulto. The fresh approbation which Congress have been pleased to express of my conduct, by their act of the 27th Ulto.96 is highly flattering, and such as demands my warmest gratitude. And you will permit me to add Sir, that if any thing could have rendered it more pleasing, it would have been the very polite and obliging terms in which your Excellency conveyed their resolution. I shall publish in orders the proceedings respecting the Officers and Troops, whose conduct and valour atchieved the success against Stony-point, and which, more than any merit I can pretend to upon the occasion, has procured me this grateful testimonial from my Country. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 96: These were the resolves of Congress on the capture of Stony Point. They were passed on July 26, 1779. (See General Orders, Aug. 7, 1779.)]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Thursday, August 5, 1779.
Parole Mecklenburgh. Countersigns Upsal, Otho.
The board of General Officers appointed in the order of the 8th. of July last to settle the relative rank of the Colonels of Artillery, so far as it still remains unsettled and the rank of the regiments of Artillery are requested to meet again tomorrow morning, 10 o'clock, at the President's quarters for the final determination of the points referred to them.
Some additional papers will be submitted and General Knox, at the request of the board will attend to give information on the facts necessary to be ascertained.
Major General Lord Stirling and General Woodford being on detachment, Generals Irvine and Gist will replace them. The board will now consist of Major General Putnam, President, Major Generals Greene, St. Clair, Baron De Kalb and Brigadier Generals Irvine and Gist.
Captain Keene of the 11th. Pennsylvania regiment is appointed Aide-De-Camp, Pro tempore to Major General St. Clair vice -- Giles,97 a Prisoner, and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 97: Maj. Aquila Giles. He was aide to Gen. Arthur St. Clair; taken prisoner at Brandywine in September, 1777, and not exchanged until November, 1780; served to the close of the war.]
The Pay Masters of the Artillery regiments and companies and of the Massachusetts, Connecticutt and North Carolina regiments in camp are to make out rolls for the hundred dollars gratuity due to the soldiers in their respective corps in consequence of the resolution of Congress published in orders of the 8th. of July last and present them to the Deputy Pay Master General that they may be examined and Warrants granted for the sums that shall be due. The business with respect to the other troops is not quite ready.
There is to be no bathing between the hours of 8 and 5, and the custom of remaining long in the water is to be discontinued, as it is too relaxing and injurious to health. It is also expected that the soldiers in this kind of recreation will observe more decency than they usually practise. These orders to be read to and impres'd upon them by their officers.
The Court of Inquiry whereof Colonel Clark was President appointed to inquire into certain complaints exhibited against Colo. Armand by Colonel Vandeburgh and Mr. Jonas Adams of this State, beg leave to report to the Commander in Chief as their opinion: "That the complaints exhibited against Colonel Armand by Colonel Vandeburgh and Mr. Adams are so far supported as to render a trial necessary.
The Commander in Chief directs a General Court Martial to sit at the usual place tomorrow morning ten o'clock for the trial of Colonel Armand. Colonel Stewart to preside. Colonel Gouvion, Lieutenant Colonels Ford, Dubuisson and Littlefield; Majors De La Neuville, Leavensworth and Ville Franche Captain Du Ponceau98 and a Captain from the Maryland Pennyslvania and Connecticutt Lines and the Garrison to attend as Members.
[Note 98: Capt. Peter Stephen Duponceau. He served on General Steuben's staff; became a citizen of the United States in 1781; secretary to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the Continental Congress.]
West point, August 6, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 3d.99 and am persuaded you had made a good disposition of the Troops under your command. I believe there has been no embarkation of the
[Note 99: Moylan's letter of Aug. 3, 1779, is not found in the Washington Papers.] Enemy, except for the Marines, on board the Ships said to be gone in pursuit of our Armed Vessels on the expedition to Penobscot.
I am pleased with the stroke to Emiricks Corps, and the more so from the line of conduct they pursue. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Friday, August 6, 1779.
Parole Livonia. Countersigns Lebanon, Maryland.
The General Court Martial of which Colonel Jackson is President is dissolved; That whereof Colonel Durkee is President dent is ordered to sit tomorrow nine o'clock at the Barracks on the Point:
Colonel Starr,2 vice Col. Durkee on command, will preside.
[Note 2: Col. Josiah Starr, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 6, 1779.
Gentlemen: I beg leave to refer you to my letter of the 20th of May and to the papers therein contained for the subjects of your present deliberation. The Board, at their last meeting, seem to have mistaken the object of it, and to have imagined that it extended to the settlement of the relative rank of all the field officers of Artillery, which was not intended, but only that they should resume the consideration of the points submitted by the above mentioned letter.
Agreeable to the request of the Board, General Knox has been directed to attend to give such information of facts as the Board may find necessary; and I inclose a copy of the proceedings of a Board of General Officers held at White plains, as published in general orders the 15th of September 1778.
Inclosed is also a letter from Lt Col. Popkins, stating the pretensions of Col. Cranes regiment to rank.
I have the honor, etc.3
[Note 3: Both the draft and the letter sent, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, are in the Washington Papers.]
West point, August 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: I yesterday received your favor of the 4th, inclosing a Copy of a Letter from Colo White.4 The Fleet, of which I had received very particular intelligence before, I believe, is gone to the Eastward in pursuit of our Armed Vessels sent to Penobscot scot. Such is my information by a person who left New York the day before they sailed, which was the 1st. and circumstances strongly point to this destination.
[Note 4: Howe's letter of Aug. 4, 1779, is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
From the accidents that have befallen some of our Emissaries, I would request, that when you have occasion to speak of or to communicate any intelligence from the Man you mention in the postscript of your Letter, that you will do it under the description of "the person you mentioned." Although you should only use a single Letter of his name, yet it might have, which could not or ought not to have fixed any thing conclusively upon him yet in case of interception, it might lead to excite discoveries and suspicions against him.
We have it reported, that the Enemy have retreated from Stono ferry and gone part to Savannah and part to Beaufort. I am, &c.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
August 6, 1779.
[See Washington's letter to Jefferson, August 10, 1779.]
West point, August 6, 1779.
Sir: Your Excellency's Letter of the 28th of July, with its several Inclosures, has been duly received. I shall take the liberty, in a few days, to lay before Congress a state of facts with respect to the Expedition under General Sullivan, by which I trust it will appear, that every measure and precaution in my power has been taken to insure its success; and notwithstanding the difficulties he points out, I would fain hope that it will terminate happily. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. I inclose Your Excellency a Letter from Genl. Parsons of the 31st of July, with sundry depositions,6 respecting the conduct of the Enemy at New Haven. Also his Returns of the Houses they burnt at Fairfield and Norwalk.7
[Note 6: The sundry depositions as to British conduct and the returns of the houses burned in Fairfield and Norwalk are in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 7, fols. 547--571.]
[Note 7: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
N. B. Copies of the Returns alluded to are in Genl. Parson's letter of the 20th July 1779.
West Point, August 7, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received a Letter from Congress of the 28th. Ulto. transmitting a Copy of a Letter from Genl. Sullivan of the 21st. and of several papers which accompanied it. I inclose them for your perusal, and you will be pleased to shew them to Col. Wadsworth. I intend to write to Congress upon the Subject of their contents so far as they respect myself. I am, &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. (See Washington's letter to Congress, Aug. 15, 1779, post.)]
[Note 9: Of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 7, 1779.
Sir: There is a quantity of money, of the two emissions called in, lying at Hartford in the hands of a Mr. John Lawrence10 Treasurer at that place. It is to be forwarded to Philadelphia. You will be pleased therefore to give orders to one of the Officers coming on with the levies, to take charge of it, and on his arrival at Fishkill to give me notice. An attentive Officer should be appointed for the purpose. I have directed Genl. Greene to have a Waggon provided at Hartford, for the purpose. I am, etc.11
[Note 10: Teasurer of Connecticut.]
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West-point, August 7, 1779.
Sir: Are the cross roads between the Sussex and Morristown Roads Surveyed? If they are I wish to have them laid down on my pocket Map as soon as possible; if they are not, no time should be lost in the completion of this necessary work.
If you have any Assistant with you, unimployed, he may Survey the Road from Stamford to Hartford by the way of Norwalk Fairfield and New Haven and come back the most direct Public Road from Newhaven to Bedford. I am etc.
West point, August 7, 1779.
Sir: Every information which is in my power to give respecting the several queries contained in your letter of the 13th. Ulto (received Yesterday only) shall be communicated; and I wish a better knowledge and more perfect recollection of circumstances stances would enable me to give you a more satisfactory answer.
In what manner the person who makes you an offer of land, derives his title, I am totally ignorant; but the several conveyances from the original patentee will, and only can speak to the validity of it. If this is part of the land surveyed under a proclamation (issued by the governor and council of Virginia) in the Year 1754 and has been properly transfered to the present proprietor, and the conditions of an act of assembly, requiring certain improvements to be made in a limited period, have been complied with; or in other words, if no person has taken advantage of the non-compliance with this act, and petitioned for the land the title must be good, because the land was offered by the executive powers of Virginia (in whom sufficient authority was vested) as a bounty to encourage an expedition then on foot against the encroachments of the french on the Ohio and patents issued in legal form accordingly, after peace was restored to the frontiers. There can be little doubt therefore of the goodness of the title (under the provisos before mentioned) and how far a non-compliance with the act, for improving and saving lands would have an operation, considering the distracted state in which that country hath been, the hostile temper of the indians and their unwillingness to have these lands settled may be a matter of doubt. Unwilling however ever to place mine upon a precarious footing, I did at great expence and risque send out servants (bought at Baltimore) and Slaves, and saved mine in the manner prescribed by law; so may those also who are now offering to sell, for aught I know to the contrary.
Thus much Sir, respecting the title to these lands; with regard to the quality of them I have only to add, I believe it is good. I was not present at the survey of a single acre, but had a superficial view of the whole of them the year before they were surveyed; gave general directions to the surveyor respecting his conduct, and have reason to believe he included no land that was bad.
By the description of the lands offered to you they must be part of a large tract of between 50 and 60,000 acres lying in the fork of the Ohio, and great Kanhaway, patented (if my memory serves me) in the names of Muse, Stephen, Lewis, Hogg, West and others, and afterwards divided among them according to their respective claims, or agreeable to some kind of compromise entered into by mutual consent; but this is a transaction of which I never had any official knowledge, and have come at by report only; nor do I know (as hath been before observed) in what manner, to whom, or with what accuracy transfers have been made. But the title papers will discover this. Of the validity of the original patent I have not the smallest doubt. With esteem and regard etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Saturday, August 7, 1779.
Parole Stockholm. Countersigns Lunden, Loro.
The Honorable the Congress on the 26th. of July were pleased to pass the following Act:
Resolved, unanimously, That the thanks of Congress be presented to Brigadier General Wayne, for his brave, prudent and soldierly conduct in the spirited and well conducted attack of Stoney Point.
Resolved, unanimously, That Congress entertain a proper sense of the good conduct of the officers and soldiers under the command of Brigadier General Wayne, in the assault of the enemy's works at Stoney Point, and highly commend the coolness, discipline and firm intrepidity exhibited on the occasion.
Resolved, unanimously, That Lieutenant Colonel Fleury, and Major Stewart, who, by their situation in leading the two attacks, had a more immediate opportunity of distinguishing themselves, have, by their personal achievements, exhibited a bright example to their brother soldiers, and merit in a particular manner the approbation and acknowledgement of the United States.
Resolved, unanimously, That Congress warmly approve and applaud the cool, determined spirit with which Lieutenant Gibbons and Lieutenant Knox led on the forlorn hope, braving danger and death in the cause of their country. Resolved, unanimously, That a medal, emblematical of this action, be struck: That one of gold be presented to Brigadier General Wayne, and a silver one to Lieutenant Colonel Fleury and Major Stewart respectively.
Resolved, unanimously, That brevets of captain be given to Lieutenant Gibbons and Lieutenant Knox:
That a brevet of captain be given to Mr. Archer, the bearer of the Generals letter, and volunteer aide to Brigadier General Wayne:
That Congress approve the promises of reward made by Brigadier General Wayne, with the concurence of the Commander in Chief, to the troops under his command:
That the value of the military stores taken at Stoney Point be ascertained and divided among the gallant troops by whom it was reduced, in such manner and proportion as the Commander in Chief shall prescribe.13
[Note 13: An estimate of the value of the British ordnance and stores captured at Stony Point, signed by Brig. Gen. Henry Knox, under date of Aug. 1, 1779, is in the Washington Papers. It estimates the value at 140,928 82/90 dollars and, in addition, an apprisal (dated August 5) of "2 French Horns, 2 Bassoons, 2 Clarinets," with the prices of which Knox was "entirely unacquainted"; but "I have been assured that the Light Infantry have been offered one thousand dollars for them by some individuals, I do therefore appraise them at one thousand dollars."]
It having been found prejudicial to the service to discharge soldiers from the army who are capable of doing duty in the corps of Invalids, the Commander in Chief directs, that no non-commissioned officer or soldier shall be discharged without a certificate from the Director General or a Senior Surgeon of the Flying Hospital or from some of the principal Surgeons of the General Hospital, that he is unfit to serve in the Corps of Invalids as well as in the field, and that all discharges otherwise granted shall be void.
Those who are certified to be unfit for field duty only, the Brigadiers or Commandants of brigades are to give them transferences to the corps of Invalids in the following manner.
A-- B-- of -- regiment being certified by -- unfit for field duty is hereby transfered to the Corps of Invalids.
The men thus transfered are to be sent to the Orderly Office the first Monday of every month that they may be sent under proper officers to those places where the Invalids are stationed. Certificates to be sent with them of what pay and cloathing they have received and what may remain due to them.
Colonel Starr being absent from camp, Colonel Russell is appointed President of the General Court Martial in his room. The Court to sit next Monday ten o'clock A. M. at the usual place.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Sunday, August 8, 1779.
Parole Hamburgh. Countersigns Halifax, Laland.
The brigadier of the day will receive from the other officers of the day in each division all remarkable occurences and report them at Head Quarters after his tour of duty is finish'd. He is during this period to examine into the state, condition and manner of treating the prisoners in the Provost and obtain a return of them. Such as shall to him appear to be confined for crimes triable by regimental Courts Martial are to be sent to the Quarter Guards of their respective regiments for that purpose with a writing specifying their crimes and the names of the Witnesses.
Ensign James Murran14 of the 2nd. Pennsylvania regiment is appointed Quarter Master to the same, vice Lieutt. Norton15 whose indisposition renders him incapable of doing that duty.
[Note 14: Ensign William (not James) Murran. He was appointed a lieutenant in July, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 15: Lieut. Thomas Norton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in September, 1779.]
West point, August 8, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have received a letter from Colo. Spencer dated at Wyoming the 22d Ulto. inclosing a List of the Officers that remain in service of his, Malcoms and Formans Regiments. I determined some time ago to incorporate them, and now transmit an arrangement of the whole, upon which the Board will be pleased to issue Commissions where they have not been issued in consequence of the arrangement of the two first which was formerly transmitted. I have arranged Lieutenant Colonel Smith16 of the Regt. late Lee's, in the Corps, and am exceedingly happy there was an opportunity of providing for an Officer of his merit. The Board will be pleased to forward the Commissions to Genl. Sullivan by the first conveyance that may offer. In my Letter of the 22d. I did not mention from what time Mr. Burrowes17 should rank as Major; they
[Note 16: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith.]
[Note 17: Maj. John Burrowes, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] will fix it at that date, unless they have already sent him a Commission and fixed his rank at an earlier day. I have the Honor, etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 9, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your letter inclosing that from Gen Howe yesterday afternoon; which, agreeable to your desire, I herewith return. Col. White19 and the Infantry appear to have acquitted themselves with much reputation.
[Note 19: Lieut. Col. Anthony Walton White. He commanded a party of dragoons and infantry in a successful raid within the British lines near Lower Salem. He brought off 30 or more prisoners and considerable plunder, sustaining a rear-guard action with spirit.]
From the representation made of Danls. case by Col. Dreck,20 I think he had better be discharged; but as to the ordering him back into the country, it is a measure which I would not assume on the present grounds of complaint. Perhaps it may be advisable to take the Governors opinion. I am, etc.21
[Note 20: Lieut. Col. (by brevet) Jacob Gerhard Derick, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was honorably discharged in May, 1781.]
[Note 21: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 6th instant came to hand yesterday evening. I shall communicate the success of Col. White's enterprise to Congress, and beg that you will present my thanks to him, the other Officers and the Corps concerned on the occasion. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West-point, August 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your (private) letter of the 7th. The present Æra is big of events; the next ten or twelve days will, most assuredly bring forth something of importance, till which (I mean till the designs of the enemy are a little more unfolded) I shall not think it consistent with military prudence to make further detachments from this army, however desirous I may be to beat up the enemy's quarters on this side Kings bridge.
From Europe, from the West Indies, from the East, and from the West, we may I think look for interesting News; the Military movements in the three last (two of them at least) must have brought matters nearly, to a decision; and from the other that is Europe a few days must discover her views and what is to be apprehended from the long talked of re-inforcement.
My ideas of Militia co-incide exactly with your description of their conduct in a recent instance; their numbers magnify the sound, more than it increases the strength of an Army; and in escorts, guards, &c. they are useful because they save other Troops from this duty but they ever did and ever will deceive one in action. After having warned General Walcott of the danger which might be apprehended from an enterprizing enemy, I commit him to his fate, and the orders of his Governor.
I had wrote thus far and was about to finish, when your letter of the 8th with its inclosures came to hand. For sometime past, I have been clear, in one of two things, but not decided in either. First that the enemy are really in expectation of a pritty considerable reinforcement with which they mean to take the field and act vigorously, and are in the meantime putting the Island and defences of New Yk. in such a situation as to be, with their shipping, held by a few men, or expecting no reinforcement and apprehensive of a foreign foe, are preparing for self defence. The Spies employed by -- may in a great measure determine this point (if they can gain admittance to the City) by looking into the number and condition of their Waggon Horses, preparation of Waggons, and such apendages as are necessary for the land transportation of an Army. I shall mention the case of Glovers field pieces to General Knox. I sincerely thank you for your professions of personal attachment and regard and am with sentiments of esteem and affection etc.
West point, August 6[--10], 1779.
Sir: I have been honoured with your Letter of the 17 of July, upon the case of Lt. Governor Hamilton.23 This subject, on more mature consideration, appears to be involved in greater difficulty than I apprehended. When I first received the proceedings of the Council upon it, transmitted in Your Excellency's letter of the 19th of June, I had no doubt of the propriety of the treatment decreed against Mr. Hamilton, as being founded in principles of a just retaliation. But, upon examining the matter more minutely, and consulting with several intelligent General Officers, it seems to be their opinion, that, Mr. Hamilton could not according to the usage of War after his capitulation, even in the manner it was made, be subjected to any uncommon severity under that idea, and that the capitulation placed him upon a different footing from a mere
[Note 23: Henry Hamilton. He was Royal Lieutenant Governor of Detroit.] prisoner at discretion. Whether it may be expedient to continue him in his present confinement from motives of policy and to satisfy our people, it is a question I cannot determine; but if it should, I would take the liberty to suggest, that it may be proper to publish all the Cruelties he has committed or abetted, in a particular manner and the evidence in support of the charges, that the World, holding his conduct in abhorrence, may feel and approve the justice of his fate. Indeed, whatever may be the line of conduct towards him, this may be adviseable. If from the considerations I have mentioned, the rigor of his treatment is mitigated; yet he cannot claim of right upon any ground, the extensive indulgence which General Philips seems to expect for him, and I should not hesitate to withhold from him, a thousand privileges, I might allow to common prisoners. He certainly merits a discrimination and altho' the practice of War may not justify all the measures that have been taken against him, he may unquestionably without any breach of public faith or the least shadow of imputation, be confined to a Room. His safe custody will be an object of great importance. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. Augst 10. I have received Your Excellency's Letter of the 19th of July with the blank Commissions which I shall fill up as the Council requests.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 25: Of the Pennsylvania Militia, and Delegate to the Continental Congress.]
West-point, August 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: Among the number of Letters which I am continually receiving and the multiplicity of papers which are put into my hands to peruse, your favor of the 25th. of June was mixed, and for a time lost; nor did it come to light again till yesterday. this, though a bad excuse, is the truth, and consequently the best apology I can make for delaying so long an answer to the quoere in behalf of your Son.26 I wish it was in my power to accommodate the Doctr. with a piece of Land in Berkeley upon such terms as would be agreeable to him, but several years ago I leased every foot I had in that Country and wish with all my heart he had happened to have been one of the Lessee's, as I let them for Cash on very moderate terms for lives, which under the present depreciated state of the currency, is not worth collecting.
[Note 26: Dr. James Armstrong, hospital surgeon.]
Such a flood of good news is pouring in upon us at this Instant that (not forgetting the late Charlestown accts.) I am induced to suspend my belief of (at least) part of them, till more authentic information arrives. The taking of St. Vincents and the Grenada27 wants no further confirmation; the relation of these matters seem pointed and clear; but the true issue, and the consequences of the engagement between the two fleets are not (to us at this place) well ascertained; nor is the Accot. of the enemys retreat from South Carolina, and the Surrender of the Troops at penobscot and destruction of their fleet at that place direct, nor the latter well related, but a few days more will remove all doubts on these several heads.
[Note 27: St. Vincent and the Grenada, in the Windward Islands, West Indies.]
The enemy, excepting their Garrisons at Stony and Verplank's points, and a few light Troops without Kings bridge and those on Staten Island are removed to York Island. What may be the design, under the present appearances of things, is not easy to decide but a little time will disclose this also. In the mean while I am endeavouring, by the erection of New works, and an alteration of the old, to put this Post in the best posture of defence I can. In sincerity and truth I have the honor, etc.
Head Quarters, West-point, August 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of this day with its inclosure to your address from Gen: Nixon.
The, apprehending of Rissimbarack28 is worth a little trouble. I have therefore sent back, deserter, Nifer; and would recommend the using him as a pilot to the place he has pointed out as Reseinbarrack's residence. You may send with him three or four trusty soldiers, and a serjeant under proper instructions. They should be particularly directed to avoid insulting Reseinbarrack's family, or daring to plunder any thing whatsoever. I am, &c.29
[Note 28: The draft spells it "Resimbarack."]
[Note 29: In the writing of James McHenry. Heath's letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have just now received your two favors of this date, inclosing General Parson's letter on the detention of Leach.
The propriety of the proposed attempt on Lloyds neck, can be best determined by those who are nearer the ground than I am, and whose inquiries may have been more particular, as to the exact situation and strength of the enemy in its vicinity. If you find a favorable report, I have no objection to the undertaking. I cannot however consent to a Brigadier General's taking the command of so small a party as is to be employed; but besides the military impropriety I should not like to hazard his loss for the prospect of taking 25 or 30 men.
Respecting the distribution of the recruits from the State of Connecticut, you will be pleased to give orders for such a proportion of them to be applied to each company or regiment, as to make each of the same strength, or as nearly so as possible.
It appears to me that Leach should be sent into the enemy, as we have some time since received an equivalent, and as the faith of the State has been pledged for his exchange, you may therefore order him to their lines as soon as you think proper. I am, &c.30
[Note 30: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 10, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 6th inst. The plan you have laid for obtaining intelligence appears to be very well calculated for the end at present. I wish you to turn your inquiries as far as possible or practicable to the ascertaining the extent of the preparations which the enemy may be making to procure waggons. Whether the Inhabitants of Long Island, York Island and Staten Island are called on for this purpose? and if the number demanded or collected are great? I beg you may be particular on this head, and make me acquainted with the result, as soon as required. Yours, &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 10, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday with its inclosures. The plan you propose for the attack of Powlus Hook and for making good the retreat of the party is well concerted and such as would be most likely to succeed, if the enterprise were to be carried into execution. But upon the whole in the present position of the enemy's army, I should deem the attempt too hazardous and not warranted by the magnitude of the object. We should lose more in case of failure than we could gain in case of success; and a single deserter or disaffected inhabitant may disclose the design and involve the party in ruin. The idea I had of the matter was that it might not require more than 300 men; it becomes the less eligible from the greater number you think requisite, which are too many to expose to any material danger. These considerations induce me to suspend the attempt 'till a more favourable opportunity, unless it can be made in a manner less hazardous. The manner I have in view is by water by way of Newark bay. Boats may be collected near Elizabeth Town so as to threaten Staten Island.
The party intended for the enterprise may either embark there proceed up the bay, and land within two or three miles of the post or it may meet the boats near Newark embark there and cross directly over. The doubt is whether, notwithstanding the collection of the boats would look immediately towards Staten Island, it may not also give the alarm for Powlus Hook, and put them upon their guard. This I think is some what to be apprehended. I would however wish you to turn your thoughts this way and give me your opinion as to the probability of success. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West point, August 10, 1779.
Gentn.: I yesterday evening received Your Letter of the 3d and have directed the Commissary of Prisoners to permit Captain Edmonstone to go in to New York upon parole, subject to an immediate and final exchange, by Sir Henry Clinton's releasing One of our Captains now in his hands, who has been longest in captivity and whose name will be mentioned in his parole. Mr. Beatty has written to Mr Adams, Deputy Commissary of Prisoners at Elizabeth Town upon the business. The Board will be pleased to write to Captain Edmonstone to proceed thither and to apply to Mr. Adams for farther directions. I have the Honor, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 10, 1779.
Sir: I have had the Honor to receive your Excellency's Favor of the 2d Instant. As circumstances indicated an intention on the part of the Enemy to pursue their ravages, I approve the conduct of Captain Frothingham34 in offering his services while it appeared they might be material. With respect to the Six Field pieces left at Middletown, which your Excellency seems desirous of retaining while there may be a probability of their being wanted in the state, it will be necessary for you to apply to Congress upon the subject, as it is a point in which I have no authority to act. As to Officers and Men to manage the pieces, it is utterly out of my power to supply them. We are deficient in both, very much so in Matrosses, and are obliged upon every occasion where we use Artillery to make large Drafts from the Regiments of Infantry.
[Note 34: Capt. Benjamin Frothingham, of the Third Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
I assure You Sir, it will always give me the most sensible satisfaction to afford protection to All and each of the States against the attacks and depredations of the Enemy, and it is a circumstance of great concern whenever I find myself unable to do it, either in the manner I could wish or in which it is requested. Unfortunately I am in this predicament at present, and I cannot detach General Glover's Brigade either to New London or farther from this post than it now is. Our condition, the condition of the Enemy, their expectation of a reinforcement, and other considerations render it impracticable. I had received a Copy of Mr Lee's and Mr. Johnson's Letter35 before, and I should hope the depredations the Enemy have already committed will satisfy the information. But I confess at the same time I expect nothing either from their justice or their lenity; but from the measures you have pursued for the defence of New London, I should hope it will be secure against their ravages, as an attempt to destroy it, tho it might possibly succeed, would in all probability be attended with the loss of a good many men.
[Note 35: Not found in the Washington Papers.]
With respect to a Field piece for Colo. Mead,36 I would take the liberty to suggest, that Horseneck appears to me, to be a most ineligible place for Artillery, and that any employed there, without a great body of Troops to cover it, would be eminently exposed and its loss almost certain in case of a Surprise or a rapid movement in force by the Enemy. I would not myself send Field pieces there, with any light detachments, I might have occasion to station in that Quarter. I have the Honor, etc.37
[Note 36: Col. Matthew Mead, of the Connecticut Militia.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Tuesday, August 10, 1779.
Parole Martinico. Countersigns May, Narva.
The board of General Officers appointed in the orders of the 5th. instant to settle the relative rank of the Colonels of Artillery so far as it still remains unsettled, and the rank of the regiments, have made the following report:38
[Note 38: The original report is in the Washington Papers, under date of Aug. 8, 1779.]
The board are of opinion the arrangement of the Colonels of Artillery ought to stand as follows:
and the regiments in the following order (viz) Colonel Harrison's 1st. The rank of Colonel Crane's and Colonel Lamb's regiments to be decided by lot, and Colonel Proctor's to be the 4th.
As the precedence of Colonel Crane's and Colonel Lamb's regiment remains to be decided, Lieutenant Colonel Popkins on the part of the former and Colonel Lamb in behalf of the latter will cast lots for it without delay in presence of General Knox who with these two Gentlemen will report the issue to the Commander in Chief that it may be announced in orders.
The Clothing Accounts for 1777 to be lodged with the Commissioner Mr. Pomeroy, who quarters near Robinson's house, for examination.
None of the nine month's men who have lately joined the Massachusett's line are to be made up in the Pay Rolls of July.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Wednesday, August 11, 1779.
Parole Navarrino. Countersigns Newburgh, Nile.
At a division General Court Martial held in the Connecticutt line the 9th. instant, Lieutenant Colo. Halt,39 President, Daniel
[Note 39: Lieut. Col. Joseph Halt, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in October, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.] Johnston of the 8th. Connecticutt regiment was tried for, "Repeated Desertion from the Army, changing his name deserting to the enemy and being a Spy," found guilty of repeated desertion, of changing his name and of deserting to the enemy, but not guilty of being a Spy and sentenced (upwards of two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to suffer death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence.
Lieutt. Colonel Sprout is appointed Sub Inspector in the Army and is to be accordingly obeyed and respected.
West point, August 11, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor some days ago to advise Your Excellency, that the Enemy had broke up their Camp at Philips's and retired below Kingsbridge. Since this I have used every means in my power to gain information of their designs and future operations, but as yet they remain intirely secret. It is certain or at least the intelligence comes thro so many and such direct channels that it seems unquestionable, that they have been and are busily employed in repairing and strengthening all the Works on the Island of New York. It would also appear from the inquiries and declarations of Lord Cornwallis, according to the intelligence from James Yard, transmitted to Congress by His Excellency Govt. Reed, that his Lordship expected Admiral Arbuthnot had arrived at New York with a considerable fleet and a large reinforcement of Troops when Yard left it. And from what I have heard, it was the expectation of the Officers captured at Stony point that there would be a large reinforcement and that Sir Henry Clinton's operations would be offensive and pushed with great vigor. There are sundry other accounts agreeing with these. One of very recent date from New York, and very particular, in which it is said a very large number of Troops is daily looked for and that the Enemy mean to make a vigorous and they hope, a decisive Campaign. As I have already observed, I have not been able to gain a satisfactory knowledge of their intentions; nor can I pretend to fix the extent of the reinforcement the Enemy may receive, or what will be their system of Operation; [their enquiries extend to our Magazines, our mode of supplies, the condition of the roads between New Windsor and Easton &ca &ca]; but I will take the liberty to suggest that it will certainly be right in us, to prepare in the best and earliest manner that circumstances will admit of, for every and any contingency. Unhappily it must be confessed that our Batallions in general are exceedingly deficient in their complement of Men; that many scarcely deserve the name, and I fear there is no good ground to hope that they will be on a more respectable footing, or at least in any reasonable time. [Having as yet out of 2000 Recruits to be furnished by the State of Massachusetts recd. only 875 from Connecticut] not more than 20 [and from other States few or none, except New York wch. have joind that part of the Army undr. M. Gen. Sullivan.] The only succour then that we can expect in case of exigency, must be derived from the Militia. From this view of things, I would humbly submit it to Congress, whether it may not be expedient for them to make an early requisition to the Several States, or at least to such of them, as may not be too remote from the most probable scene of Action, to take immediate measures for arranging their Militia, and putting them in a condition to reinforce the Army for such time and in such numbers as the exigency of Affairs may demand, and to point out the mode of application. This measure appears to me essential, for should the Enemy's present force at York be augmented to any great degree by the arrival of fresh Troops, or should the whole they now have on the Continent, be drawn together, which agreeable to some intelligence is to be done, in either case, without some previous arrangements on our part, the consequences at least might be very disagreeable.
But while I am suggesting the expediency of an Arrangement of the Militia, by which early succour may be given to the Army, Other matters of equal moment and equally deserving attention presented themselves, and on which the proportion of aid from the Militia must in a great degree depend. These are the difficulties with which Supplies of flour are obtained in the first instance, and of getting it afterwards to the Army. From the several Accounts of a reinforcement expected by the Enemy, and other considerations, I have been led in the course of a few days past to speak with the Quarter Master and Commissary General upon these subjects, as they concerned their respective Departments. The latter informed me that from the backwardness and reluctance of the Farmers to part with their Wheat or to have it manufactured into flour, he was much put to it to supply the Troops now in the field, without forming any Magazines; and the former, that he was equally pushed to provide the means of transportation. Hence it seems, that unless some mode can be devised to increase and facilitate the supplies of this Article both in the purchase and transportation, the consequences of calling in or not calling in aid from the Militia, will be almost equally bad. I mention these matters from duty and necessity and I am convinced, Congress will pursue every measure in their power that will remove the difficulties or contribute in the smallest degree to facilitate the supplies. If this cannot be effected, if the Farmers either withhold their Wheat or refuse to part with it, when manufactured into flour, and if some more substantial easy and Systematical mode to aid the transportation of necessaries to the Army, is not adopted more generally by the States than what commonly prevails, it really appears, from the representation of those Two Gentlemen that we shall have much to apprehend and particularly so if the Operations on the part of the Enemy should be pushed with vigor. I have the Honor, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 11, 1779.
Sir: Major General Baron De Steuben, who will deliver you this, sets out tomorrow morning, on his journey to Providence, with intention to make the necessary arrangements relative to his department with the troops under your command. I have no doubt you will afford him every aid in your power to complete them as speedily as possible and to carry the regulations into effect. The importance of the institution at the head of which this Gentleman is placed and the essential benefits which the service has derived from his exertions have procured him the general esteem and confidence of the army; and I am persuaded will insure him every attention in your power and your heartiest co operation. I am, etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
West point, August 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: I transmit You three Letters No 1 2 and 3 from Mr. Bedlow42 at New Windsor, by which you will perceive the conduct of which Mr Geery43 One of the Assistant Clothiers
[Note 42: William Bedlow, auditor of accounts, Eastern Department.]
[Note 43: James Geary, deputy clothier general, Northern Department.] at Newburg, is suspected or said to be guilty. As I am determined to inquire into all such practices and to prevent them, as far as possible, I must request the favor of you as you are at Windsor to send for Aaron Fairchild, who is mentioned in Mr Belknap's44 Letter No 4. as a Waiter to Geery, and examine him as to the Goods and the time of delivery; and I must farther request, that after this, you will desire Mr Hanson in my name who seems to be superior in the Cloathing business to Geery, to shew you his entries of issues about that time, that you may see whether any and what Articles are charged to Geery. If you are satisfied that he has had the bulk of the Articles mentioned in the Letters, you will direct him whether they are charged or not in positive and explicit Terms to return them to the Store. In such case it will have been a high piece of presumption and arrogance in him to say no worse, where the whole line of Officers were in such distress for Necessaries to help himself so lavishly. Mr Belknap seems rather to wish that he may not be called upon in this affair, and you will indulge him if you find you can make the necessary inquiries without him. I am, etc.45
[Note 44: Abel Belknap, justice of the peace, Orange County, N. Y.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The inclosures mentioned are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 11, 1779.
Sir: Colo Meade46 has shewn me your letter concerning Doctor Scot.47 It appears by Doctor Cockran's48 certificate that he was regularly appointed and as by the establishment of
[Note 46: Lieut. Col. Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 47: Dr. Calvin Scott. He was surgeon's mate in the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment and resigned Aug. 28, 1779.]
[Note 48: Dr. John Cochran.] the medical department, the appointment and dismission of the Regimental surgeons belong to the Surgeon General, and the New arrangement was not intended to include these, he could not have been regularly superseded. He is therefore still to be considered as preserving his station in the Regiment till some further measures can be taken in the affair. But as you represent him to be unqualified for his office I shall direct Doctor Cochran to have him examined and retained or dismiss'd as his qualifications may justify. I am, etc.49
[Note 49: The copy is in the writing of Thomas Mifflin.]
West point, August 11, 1779.
Sir: Major General Philips and Major General Baron de Riedesel with his lady,50 and the Gentlemen composing their respective families, have permission to go into New York on parole. You will be pleased therefore to notify them of this and furnish the Generals with a copy of the inclosed route. That it may be strictly observed, and to prevent, as much as possible, the consequences, that might arise from their travelling the country alone, you will direct a sensible and discreet officer to attend them. Should they go separately or set out at different times one with each general will be necessary.
[Note 50: Frederich Adolph, Baron von Riedesel, and Friedericke Charlotte Luise (von Massow), Madame von Riedesel.]
They may be informed that the Commissary of prisoners will take their paroles at Elizabeth Town and procure them a safe passport to New York. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[From Charlottesville, the most direct road to Leesburg, Frederick Town,52 York Town (avoiding Baltimore Town) to Lancaster, Reading, Easton, Middlebrook, Elizabeth Town.
[Note 52: Frederick, Md.]
Col. Bland will be pleased to fill up the blank between Baron Riedesels quarters and Leesburg, and between Frederic and York Town, Pennsylvania. Observing the same in General Philips's route.]53
[Note 53: The bracketed portion is the "copy of the inclosed route," in the writing of McHenry, on a separate sheet.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 12, 1779.
My Lord: I have had in contemplation an attempt to surprise the enemys Post at Powlus Hook and have employed Major Lee to make the necessary previous inquiries. He will inform you of what has passed between us. The number first proposed for the enterprise was 600, but these appeared to me too many to hazard for an object of inferior importance: But by the inclosed letter of the 11th Major Lee proposes to reduce the number to 400, three hundred of which to be employed in the attack. As the success must depend on surprise these appear to me sufficient to effect the purpose and as many as ought to be hazarded in the attempt. If it should be made at all the troops must be principally furnished from your division and I therefore request your Lordship will consult Major Lee fully and if, upon the whole you deem the undertaking eligible you have my consent to carry it into execution; but this is on two conditions, that no more than the number of men above mentioned be employed, and that a retreat by Secocus Island be made practicable. Your Lordship may take any additional measures with your division which may be thought adviseable and safe to give security to the party. But I need not add that the greatest caution will be necessary not to give a suspicion of our design and to keep it a matter of profound secrecy.
The least alarm, would probably occasion disappointment and ruin the party. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, August 12, 1779.
My Lord: I shall be much obliged by your informing me of the date of Colo Smith's resignation of the 2d State Virginia Regmt. Colo. Brent and Lt. Col. Dabney can probably ascertain it.
The promotion of the former was in consequence of it and I wish to know whether he has received a Commission.
I also must request your Lordship to inform me of the Christian name of Major Meriwether.55 The reasons of my troubling your Lordship with these matters is, I have just received a Letter from His Excellency the Govr of Virginia, containing his and the Councils entire approbation of the Report of the Field Officers in the case between John Allison and John Lee Esq. and transmitting Commissions to be filled by myself for the Officers who had a right to promotion by the resignation of Colo Smith. As soon as I am informed of the dates and of the Christian name of Major Meriwether I shall fill the Commissions and publish the Arrangement of the Field Officers in Genl Orders. I am, etc.
[Note 55: Maj. Thomas Merriwether, of the First Virginia State Regiment. He served to February, 1781.]
P.S. I duly received Your favors of the 7th and 8th. I have not the smallest doubt of the Engagement, between Ct Destaing and Admiral Biron; being much in favor of the former. I wish we could get a confirmation of the particulars.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 12, 1779.
Dr Sir: Such cases as you have mentioned in your letter of the 11th. inst must frequently occur, We have however endeavoured to avoid considering the citizens of the States as proper subjects of either military capture or exchange.
The operation of this principle would be wholly in favour of the enemy. However when circumstances make it necessary to enter upon such an exchange it should be made by the government to which the citizen may belong. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West-point, August 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: Mrs. Moylans illness will readily obtain my consent to your being absent from the army a fortnight provided a movement of the enemy should not require your presence sooner. General Howe58 should be made acquainted with your absence. The sum you speak of as having expended for secret Services surprizes me exceedingly, because I do not call to mind ever having empowered you to lay out money for such purposes, nor do I recollect ever to have received any intelligence of an extraordinary nature differing in any respect from that which every Officer at an advanced post, or removed from the main army regularly obtained (by his own observation and industry or from the Inhabitants) and transmitted to head Qrs; and because the sum exceeds the aggregate of the charges of all the other Officers of the line for Services of this kind,
[Note 58: Gen. Robert Howe. He had his quarters at Salem, N. Y., which was in the northeast corner of Westchester County, near the Connecticut line.] although some of them have been appointed for, and have attended particularly to this business. Under these circumstances and as a public Officer, my duty obliges me to call for such an acct. as will justifie my conduct in ordering payment.59 With regard and esteem I am, &c.
[Note 59: Moylan's letter of August 13, from Greenwich, Conn. (he had conducted his secret service activities from Pound Ridge, Conn.), shows that he assumed his orders to be somewhat perpetual, as he asserted that he had Washington's orders "when I parted from you at Middlebrook, to lay out money to gain intelligence ... the Countermarch of the army from the Clove in that year [1779] I realy thought was occasioned by the information I had given your Excellency. if my word is not a Sufficient voucher to the public, I assure your Excellency I will not nor cannot give any other, and if I ever do get what I have laid out I do not think, from the depreciation of the money that I shall be paid half what in justice I am intitled to." Moylan's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
West-point, August 12, 1779.
Sir: Your favor of the 7th.60 came to my hands about an hour ago by Mr. Garrison with whom I have had a good deal of conversation and think his scheme, if it can be brought to bear, is a very good one. He will relate to you the substance of our discourse, which will save me a recital of it. I have only to request the favor of you to give it yr. aid, and that you will be so good as to fix a compensation (reasonable and just) to the service of the Parties who became the instruments of this intelligence. With esteem etc.
[Note 60: This letter is not found in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: You will see by the inclosed letter to Lord Stirling, which you will be pleased to deliver him, the footing upon which the affair61 is placed. If upon conferring with him, the
[Note 61: Attack on Powles Hook.] enterprise is judged eligible, it will be carried into execution. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 63: An American spy, who played the role of a British spy at the same time.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 12, 1779.
Sir: I rec'd your favor of the 8th. inst. with Col Tarletons64 letter inclosed. I now return it to you with my thanks. Inclosed you will find a return65 of the troops fit for duty under my immediate command. For the reasons I mentioned to you the other day I have not the least objection to our real strength being known, and it will be well for you to inform that you came by the knowledge of it from inquiry and your own observations of the troops when under arms upon which you formed an average estimate of the force of each regiment in the different Brigades; to give your account, the greater air of probability you may observe that the Officers are very incautious in speaking of the strength of their regiments. As the amount of the inclosed return exceeds that which I showed you when here, you may be at a loss how to account for it. In that was included only such troops as are on this spot; to the
[Note 64: Lieut. Col. Banastre Tarleton, of the British partisan corps.]
[Note 65: A draft of this inclosed return, in the writing of Washington, accompanies this letter to Hunter, which gives the total strength of the Continental Army as 17,910, present and fit for duty, exclusive of the detachment on Sullivan's expedition. "Genl. Gates to the Eastward, and Colo. Hazen, who is opening a Road from Connecticut River to the River Sorelle, in Canada. Our total numbers are much greater than are here set forth. Besides these, the New Levies (2000 in number) from Massachusetts, those from Connecticut, and other States are daily arriving, and a Plan is settled and fixed on with the Governors and Commanding Officers of Militia in the States of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, by wch. the whole strength of them can be drawn together in a few hours upon any great emergency. Boats sufficient to Transport at least 5000 at a turn are now lying at the Fort, New Windsor and Fishkill Landing and can be assembled in two hours at any time." The weekly return of the Army, for Aug. 14, 1779, shows a total of rank and file and noncommissioned officers of 16,316; but when the absent sick and those on command were subtracted from the rank and file fit for duty, the total shrinks to 9,532. Washington did not think Hunter entirely trustworthy.] present one is added those under the command of Lord Stirling Genl. Howe and the Light Infantry. There are about 3000 Levies coming on from Massachusetts and Connecticut, 500 of which are already arrived.
With respect to our magazines of provision, I have made it an invariable rule as far as it could be effected to disperse them, not only for the accommodation of the army, but that they might not become an object with the enemy. Our principal deposits however are at Albany New Windsor Chester and Pittstown.
The horses generally speaking are in good order, particularly those of the Artillery, having been for many weeks unemployed.
For your information of the Minisink affair I inclose you a news paper which contains an account of it. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Thursday, August 12, 1779.
Parole Picardy. Countersigns Pico, Spain.
It having been reported to the Commander in Chief that Persons not properly licensed are selling liquors in the Garrison and in boats on the river as well to the injury of the health of the soldiery as to the Subversion of good order and discipline, Major General McDougall will immediately take effectual measures to have all liquors seized which shall be found for sale in the hands of any persons as above described who have not proper authority for the purpose either from the former or present Commandant of the Garrison or in the mode prescribed by the General order of the 16th. of April 1778.
These seizures to be deposited with the Commissary for the use of the army.
The officers commanding divisions will do the same within the limits of their respective divisions.
At a General Court Martial of the line whereof Colo. Jackson67 was President, held at West Point July 13th, 1779 and by different adjournments to the 4th. instant, Lieutenant Colonel Loring68 of the 3rd. Massachusetts regiment was tried upon the following charges:
[Note 67: Col. Michael Jackson.]
[Note 68: Lieut. Col. Jotham Loring.]
1st. "For furloughing a number of men belonging to the regiment directly contrary to His Excellency General Washington's orders, by which the public service is greatly injured.
2ndly. For disposing of Articles which he drew out of the public clothing store (for the use of the officers) to private per sons at a very great advance.
3rdly. For detaining the Surgeon's Mate (in the absence of the Surgeon, when on furlough) with twenty effective men at Crom-Pond as a guard to him, when at that time the regiment was ordered on command to Harrison's Purchase; Also detaining one man to bake for General Huntington's brigade (then at Crom-Pond); The profit arising therefrom he converted to himself.
4thly. For defrauding the soldiers of part of their rations in ordering thirty two pounds of flour to be stopped from every hundred, drawn for the use of the regiment and converting two barrels of superfine flour to his own use which was drawn for the regiment, and returning very bad in lieu thereof.
5thly. For refusing an officer or officers any money to recruit men, which he drew for that purpose to the great injury of the recruiting service."
After mature deliberation, the Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Colonel Loring is not guilty of the 1st. charge exhibited against him, as there does not appear to have been any order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief's issued, tho' there appears to have been a greater number of men furloughed than allowed by Major General McDougall's orders; and for the doing of which he justifies himself by Major General McDougall's certificate; Also of the 2nd. and 5th. charges and the latter part of the 3rd (viz) "For detaining one man to bake for General Huntington's brigade then at Crom-Pond, the profits arising therefrom he converted to himself."
But the Court judge Lieutenant Colonel Loring guilty of the 1st. part of the 3rd. charge (viz) "Detaining the Surgeon's Mate (in the absence of the Surgeon when on furlough) with twenty effective men at Crom-Pond as a guard to him, when at that time the regiment was ordered on command to Harrison's Purchase", and of the 4th. charge exhibited against him which are a breach of the 5th. Article of the 18th. Section of the Articles of War and do adjudge him to be dismissed the service of the United States of North America and that he make restitution to Colonel Greaton's regiment for all the flour and bread which he has defrauded them of.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentence of the Court and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Friday, August 13, 1779.
Parole Vandalia. Countersigns Wales, Wyoming.
The officers who have or shall hereafter conduct any of the Massachusett's nine months' men into camp, are to give in re turns, as soon as possible, to the Orderly Office of the Men's names, with the Towns and Counties they come for, specifying the arms and accoutrements they have received from the Public.
Twenty one of the nine months men from the 1st. 3rd. and 4th. Massachusett's brigades to be sent as soon as possible to the Waggon Master General at New Windsor to be employed as Waggoners: 1st. Brigade furnishes 11; 3rd. 6; 4th. 4.
Head Quarters, West point, August 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of today.69 I dine with Gen. Putnam and take occasion in going there or on my return, to call at your quarters and talk over the subject of your letter. I am, &c.70
[Note 69: Heath's letter of August 13 is not found in the Washington Papers, nor is it printed in the Heath Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society Collections.]
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West point, August 13, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favor of yesterday. By the Resolutions of Congress, the Regimental pay Masters are to be chosen by the Officers of the Regiments, the Quarter Master and Adjutant by the Field Officers. This I am persuaded has been the case with respect to the Gentlemen you mention, but in consequence of the Resolution it is necessary, that a Certificate of the choice of the first, under the hands of a majority of the Officers of the Regiment, and of the Two last, with the signatures of Two Field Officers, should be lodged with me, previous to my announcing their appointments in Orders. You will be pleased to send me these Certificates, and I will immediately publish the appointments to operate from the date you request.
I sincerely wish your Letter had been upon no other than the subject above. It pains me much to find an Officer of your rank and merit soliciting a resignation, and I would willingly hope upon farther consideration, that you will decline your application. Your good sense and judgment will not permit me to expostulate with you, or to use any persuasive upon the occasion; but you will remember Sir, that the resignation of every good Officer, especially if he is of high rank, is attended with great injury to the public. They not only experience an injury in the loss of his Individual services, but the example has an unhappy and pernicious influence. And your case too, has been decided by a very respectable Board of Officers, fully possessed of all the circumstances of your and Colo. Crane's services, and who could have nothing in view but substantial justice to either party. I repeat my wishes that you will decline your application; but if you should finally determine to persevere in it, You will be pleased to make it to Congress, as I have not of late accepted the resignation of any Colonel.71 I feel myself very sensibly obliged by the terms in the conclusion of your Letter, which are so personally interesting and am, etc.72
[Note 71: Colonel Lamb served to June, 1783.]
[Note 72: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 14, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of yesterday. In a Letter of Col. Hamilton's a few days ago, to you, I signified that Col. Armand should be put under arrest. In one from Col. Armand to the former it does not appear that this had taken place. Should this be so you will be pleased to have the order executed, as it would be unmilitary to continue him doing duty, while the court are determining on his case. Altho' this may be repugnant to his feelings, yet I dare say he will be reconciled, when he considers the consequences that might ensue from dispensing in a single instance with the established laws and usages of the army. I am, etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, August 14, 1779.
Sir: I am to request that you will in company with Generals Knox and Du Portail make a visit to all the works on both sides the River, and ascertain the number of cannon and the sizes which will be necessary for their defence. You will be pleased to distinguish between a full complement of cannon, which it would be expedient to have and the number which is absolutely necessary. I am, etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 14, 1779.
Sir: Major Talmadge in a letter of the 11th. instant seems of opinion that Men, sufficient to complete your Regiment, may be enlisted to serve during the War, and if I fully understand him upon the terms of serving on foot until it shall be thought proper or convenient to mount them. If Men can be obtained upon the above terms I have no objection to as many being recruited as will complete you to the establishment; the Bounty will be 200 Dollars pr Man. But the Men must be Natives, of good connection and character, and such as will be every way qualified for the Dragoon service, and in the terms of enlistment, it must be clearly and expressly stipulated, that they are to serve on foot until it shall be thought proper to mount them, otherwise they will hereafter complain that they have been deceived. No Man is to be engaged, but for the War. If you think Men can be procured on the foregoing terms, you may have a sum of money to try the experiment. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, August 14, 1779.
Dr Sir: On the 3d Instant I had the honor to write to Your Excellency and to transmit you a Copy of a Letter I had received from General Sullivan of the 30th. of July with a Copy of One to your Brother the General. Also a Letter addressed to Yourself. As I have not had the pleasure to hear from Your Excellency since, I have been somewhat anxious lest my dispatches should have miscarried and which is the cause of my troubling you upon the present occasion. I received a Letter last night from Genl. Sullivan dated the 7 at Wyalusing76 where he had arrived without any opposition, and by a letter from Colo Barber to Major Gibbs, he expected the troops with Genl. Sullivan would reach Tioga77 the 10th. I have the Honor, etc.78
[Note 76: Wyalusing, Bradford County, Pa.]
[Note 77: Tioga, N. Y.]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 11th. By Capt. Edgar79 who has got an order for the Arms necessary for the dismounted Dragoons. I have wrote to Colo. Sheldon by this
[Note 79: Capt. David Edgar, of the Second Continental Dragoons. He served to the close of the war.] opportunity respecting the enlistment of Men to fill up the regiment provided they can be obtained upon the terms of serving on foot, untill there shall be a necessity or conveniency of mounting them. If you can procure a proper person to bring the intelligence from --80 I consent to your engaging him upon the terms you have mentioned. I am, etc.81
[Note 80: Robert Townsend, who sent in intelligence over the name of Samuel Culper, jr.]
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have reed. your favors of the 6th. and 7th. instants. I hope your next will inform me of your arrival at Tioga without interruption, [and of your having form'd a junction with Genl. Clinton of which event I am exceedingly anxious to hear.]82
[Note 82: The phrase in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Washington. The spelling follows this.]
I have furnished the Commissary General of Purchases with such parts of your letters as respect your Magazine of provision, and have directed him to order his Deputy to the Westward to exert himself in forwarding a further supply to a place of safety, from whence you may draw it, should you be able to keep your communication, with the Country below you, open.
We have recd. certain information of the taking of St. Vincents and Grenada by the Count D'Estaing, between whom and Admiral Byron there had been an Engagement on the 6th. July. By the accounts which we have hitherto received it appears that the English Fleet was worsted and had fallen down to St Kitts. The French Fleet appeared off that Island on the 22d. July, so that we may every day expect the most interesting intelligence from that Quarter.
I hope the disorder with which you are troubled will not increase to a degree that will interrupt your personal attention to the service. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
N.H.H.S.
West point, August 15, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have received your favour of the 13th. Instant. If the Enterprise over the Sound is not already undertaken when this comes to hand, I would wish it to be laid aside entirely, unless its success should appear exceedingly clear and indeed certain. The object is too unimportant, too contemptible to justify any risk. I have some private motives for not countenancing the expedition in the first instance, which I may possibly communicate to you upon some future occasion. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West point, August 15, 1779.
D: Sir: I have received your Letter of the 13th. and thank you for the pains you have taken with respect to Mr Geary. If Mr Hanson or he himself has returned I request that you will get a sight of the Books, that you may discover whether the Articles have been charged to him. At any rate, whether they are charged or not, you will be pleased to enumerate the Articles and direct him by order to make an immediate return of the whole of them. I would wish, if the books can be seen, that the point as to their being charged could be ascertained first. If they have not the omission will place his conduct in a much more exceptionable and unjustifiable light. I am, etc.
P.S. I approve the measures you took with respect to Aaron Fairchild, and you will detain him with you as long as you may deem it necessary. I return you his examination, as you may have occasion for it, which you will be pleased to put up, with the rest of the papers.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West point, August 15, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I inclose you a Warrant on the Deputy pay Master General for Fifteen hundred Dollars to pay the rewards promised to the first five Men who should enter the Enemy's Works in the attack upon Stony point: Also for One Hundred and forty thousand Nine hundred and Twenty Eight Dollars and Eighty two Ninetieth of a Dollar, being part of the value of the Stores taken there, the whole value of which the Honourable the Congress with the most generous unanimity, as you will have seen by their Resolution of the 26th Ulto published in General Orders, have directed "to be divided among the Gallant troops by whom the post was reduced." Besides this last sum, there is a ballance of Seventeen Thousand Seven Hundred and Twelve dollars in the hands of the Quarter Master General for the remainder of the Stores that were taken, which he will pay upon your application. These Two Sums, are to be distributed among the Troops within the above description, and in proportion to the pay of the Officers and Men. I am, etc.86
[Note 86: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. On the draft, which is also in Harrison's writing, Auditor John Clark, jr., has entered the following memorandum: "To the first man ... 500. the Second ... 400. the third ... 300. the fourth ... 200. the fifth ... 100. Ordinance and other stores ... 140,928 82/90. In Qr. Masters hands ... 17,712." Total 160,140 82/90.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have extracts of two letters from General Sullivan of the 6th and 7th instants.87 You will perceive by them, the state of his provision Magazine and his apprehensions from a failure of supplies. He seems determined if possible to keep open this communication with the Country below him, which, if he can effect, he will be enabled to draw further supplies, should they be lodged at the proper places. I must therefore desire you will pay a proper attention to this matter, and give your deputy to the Westward directions to exert himself in procuring and forwarding provisions to places where they will be safe, and from whence General Sullivan may draw them, should his necessities require it. I am, etc.88
[Note 87: These Sullivan letters are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 15, 1779.
Whereas the exigency of the public service is such as to make it necessary to call upon the Country for fourty teams; and as the usual way of procuring these would be too slow in its operation to answer the present purpose, you are hereby authorized to impress fourty teams, with a sufficient number of cattle for the same, for which this shall be your warrant.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 15, 1779.
Sir: In the letter which I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency the 6th. instant I promised a state of facts to show that every thing in my power has been done to give success to the Western expedition. I am sorry to find in the appeal which Genl. Sullivan has made to Congress90 that he has mistated several particulars of importance, and that in providing for his own justification in case of misfortune, he has left the matter upon such a footing as to place me in a delicate situation. In justice to myself I beg leave to make a few remarks on the different parts of his letter.
[Note 90: Sullivan's letter to Congress was dated from Wyoming, July 21, 1779. It was read in Congress July 26, 1779, and bears the indorsement: "Copies order'd for Genl. Washington." Sullivan's letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 160, fol. 249.]
He says in the first place, "that the plan for carrying on the expedition was not agreeable to his mind, nor were the number of men destined for it sufficient in his opinion to ensure success."
The plan he proposed was to have two bodies, each superior to the whole force of the enemy to operate both on the Mohawk River and by way of the Susquehannah. This plan might have been desirable if the number of our troops, the state of our finances, and of our supplies had permitted its execution, but it was impracticable on all these accounts. The force actually detached left the army so weak, that I am persuaded every Officer of reflection in it, who knew our true circumstances was uneasy for the consequences; and if a larger force had gone, we should have been absolutely at the discretion of the enemy. This will immediately appear from a recurrence to the returns of the Army at that time. Should we have endeavoured to make up the deficiency from the Militia our experience of the success of the applications which were made will convince us that the attempt would have been fruitless; to say nothing of the injury to agriculture which would have resulted from calling out so large a body of Militia. But if the men could have been procured we should have failed in supplies. This is evident from what has happened. If we have met with so many difficulties disappointments and delays in providing for the present force how would it have been possible to have provided for double the number?
But though, if our resources had permitted, it might have been convenient to have had two bodies each superior to the enemy's whole force to operate in different directions for the sake of dispatch, yet this does not appear to me on military principles to have been necessary to insure success: For as the object was only the destruction of some Indian settlements, all that could be requisite to its execution was to be able to march through them; and this purpose was answered if there was at one capital point a force sufficient to beat their collective force.
General Sullivan seemed to prefer the carrying on the principal operation by the Mohawk River. My reasons for preferring the other route are contained in the letter No 3, to General Schuyler.91 General Schuyler was originally of the same opinion as appears by his letters No 1 and 2;92 but he changed it upon hearing the reasons in favour of the plan which has been adopted, as he acknowledges in his letter No 4;93 where he also suggests an additional motive, the want of provisions. General Sullivan relinquishes the former plan himself on this principle; nor did the deficiency arise from the want of previous dispositions, but from the difficulties in procuring supplies. It was my own idea at first as will be seen by several letters herewith to carry on the principal operation by the Mohawk, and directions
[Note 91: Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, Mar. 21, 1779, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers and a copy in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fol. 477.]
[Note 92: Schuyler's letter to Washington, Feb. 4 and Mar. 1, 1779. An extract of February 4 is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, fol. 467. The original of March 1 is in the Washington Papers, with an extract in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fol. 469.]
[Note 93: Schuyler's letter to Washington, Apr. 3, 1779, the original of which is in the Washington Papers and an extract in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fol. 485.] were given very early to form magazines for this purpose, which it seems could not be executed. But if this obstacle had not existed, the reasons for penetrating by way of Susquehannah were then, and still are in my opinion, conclusive. The information, on which the facts, stated in my letter to General Schuyler, were founded, is principally contained in the summary No. 16 in packet No. 7.94 The experiment hitherto has confirmed its truth.
[Note 94: The original summary is in the Washington Papers. A copy is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 6, fol. 34.]
General Sullivan says, that his letters to me produced no other effect than to change the route of Clintons detachment. There are only four points on which his letters turn. One is the having two bodies of superior force to the whole strength of the enemy to operate different ways. I have assigned reasons to show that a compliance with this was impracticable, and Genl. Sullivans own concession on the score of provisions is an admission of its impracticability.
Another is, the force necessary to compose the main body. This he estimates at three thousand. It will be seen by my letter No. 3, Packet 1st.95 that my opinion long before corresponded with this idea; and the calculations made, at the time, of the Corps intended for the service, including the aid solicited from Pennsylvania, induced me to believe General Sullivans force would have amounted to about this number. The situation of our troops, continually moldering in a variety of ways, the disappointment in the expected reinforcement from Pennsylvania, and the unlooked for demands from a want of hands in the Quarter Masters department have occasioned his force to be considerably less than was intended or could have been foreseen. That he has not been gratified in this respect was not for
[Note 95: Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, Mar. 21, 1779, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers and a copy in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fol. 477.] want of my wishes or endeavours, and is as great a disappointment to me as to him. He acknowledges that more Continental troops could not be spared. The Militia applied for were not furnished.
The next point is, a change in the route of the troops under General Clinton. This he confesses happened as he desired. Yet it would have been much against my judgment, had his main body been as large as it was intended to be. I fear too, as matters have turned out, the most critical part of the expedition will be the junction of these two Corps. But it appears to me now from Genl. Sullivans representation that he could not avoid giving the order to Clinton to march with a full supply of provisions.
The last point is, a change of the Corps originally destined for the expedition. In this also he was indulged. The precise Corps he requested are with him; though I was not satisfied of the validity of his reason for desiring a change, as I believe very few more of the troops now with him have been accustomed to the Indian mode of fighting than of those who were first intended; I had two motives for fixing on the Pennsylvania troops; one was, that I should have been happy an officer of General St Clairs abilities had been second in command, to take the direction in case of accident to the first.
General Sullivan by this change reduced his numbers four hundred men, which could not be replaced without breaking in upon other corps.
On that part of Genl. Sullivans letter which relates to the Quarter Masters and Commissary's department; I shall only observe that there have no doubt been very great delays. Whether these have proceeded in part from a want of exertion or wholly from the unavoidable impediments, which the unhappy state of our currency opposes at every step, I have not sufficient information to determine; but from the approved capacity, attention, and assiduity with which the operations of these departments are conducted, I am inclined to make every allowance, and to impute our disappointments to the embarrassments of the times, and not to neglect. Genl. Sullivan's well known activity will not permit me to think he has not done every thing in his power to forward the preparations. But however the delays may have happened, I flatter myself no part of the blame can fall upon me. The papers contained in the packet No. 2 will show that the necessary orders were given by me, and that I was encouraged to expect their timely accomplishment. Besides what is upon record, my pressing, and repeated entreaties were employed with the Quarter Master and Commissary General in personal conferences. My attention was so much directed to this expedition that I suspended at a very critical period the necessary preparations for the main army, to give the greater vigor and efficacy to those for that object. To this effect were my Instructions to the Quarter Master General96 when we had the strongest inducements to put ourselves in a moving posture.
[Note 96: Washington's letter to Jeremiah Wadsworth, Nov. 19, I778, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers and a copy in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fol. 510.]
General Sullivan in the next place says, "Having been taught by repeated disappointments to be cautious, I early gave orders to Genl. Clinton to supply troops with three months Provisions, and wrote Governor Clinton for his assistance in April last. This has been done, and they are supplied." The idea here held up is really extraordinary. My letter to Genl Schuyler No. 1,97 will show that so early as the beginning of December Magazines were ordered to be formed in that quarter for 10,000 Men with a view to an expedition to Niagara.
[Note 97: Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, Dec. 18, 1778, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers and an extract in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol, 5, fol. 509, misdated December 1.] By the subsequent letters to him No 2 and 3,98 these were partly discontinued, and limited to the plan of an Indian expedition; the extent of which was to be governed by his judgment of the force necessary. This being 3000 men the preparations were of course for that number. Schenectady was afterwards made the depository by Genl. Clinton as appears by his letter No. 5,99 in answer to mine No. 4. From the whole tenor of the correspondence on the subject, Congress will clearly perceive, that the magazines which Genl. Sullivan ascribes to his care and caution were formed in consequence of orders given several months before he was nominated to the command, which did not take place, till the 6th of March, by letter; and that they would have been equal to the supply of 3000 Men, had not the resources of the country fallen short.
[Note 98: Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, Jan. 18 and Jan. 25, 1779, the drafts of which are in the Washington Papers and extracts in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fols. 510--11.]
[Note 99: James Clinton's letter to Washington, May 28, 1779, the original of which is in the Washington Papers and an extract in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fol. 514.]
General Sullivan states his force at 2312 rank and file,1 which by a variety of deductions he afterwards reduces to 938, which he holds up as his combatting force. I should be unwilling to overrate the means of any Officer, or to create a greater responsibility than is just. But at the same time, I think it a duty I owe the public and myself to place a matter of this kind in a true point of light. If almost the whole of the 2300 men are not effectually serviceable in action, it must be Genl. Sullivans own fault. nearly all the men he speaks of as pack horsemen bat horsemen &c &c may be to the full as useful as any others. The number he mentions is only necessary for the sake of dispatch on a march; in time of action the horses and cattle may be committed to the care of a very few, and the rest
[Note 1: This return was made from Wyoming, July 22, 1779, and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 160, fol. 280.] may be at liberty to act as occasion requires. Should he even be attacked on a march those animals may be made a shelter, rather than an incumbrance. If the operations he is to be concerned in were the regular ones of the field, his calculation would be better founded; but in the loose irregular war he is to carry on, it will naturally lead to error and misconception. Genl. Sullivan makes no account of his Drummers and Fifers and other appendages of an army who do not compose the fighting part of it. I have too good an opinion of his judgment not to believe he would find very useful employment for them. These, and the few drivers and pack horsemen, whom he acknowledges to have, will be nearly if not quite sufficient with a small guard, to take care of his horses and cattle in time of action. But as I before observed, his real force will be less than it ought to be, to put him out of the reach of contingencies; but I hope with prudent management it will still suffice. The estimate made by Genl. Schuyler of the enemy's force from every subsequent information was not too low; and it is to be hoped the want of provisions will prevent its being exerted in a vigourous and formidable opposition. My chief solicitude is for Genl. Clinton; if he effects the meditated junction there will in my opinion be nothing to fear afterwards. Notwithstanding what may be said of the expertness of Indians in the woods, I am strongly persuaded our troops will always be an over match for them with equal numbers; except in case of surprise or ambuscade, which it is at our own option to avoid.
General Sullivan also makes the application to the State of Pennsylvania a consequence of his letters. My letter No. 12 to His Excellency the President will show that this was a part of the plan before Genl. Sullivan was nominated to the
[Note 2: Washington's letter to Joseph Reed, Mar. 3, 1779, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers and an extract in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fol. 515.] command; and my subsequent letters3 will show that I pressed a compliance in the strongest and most pointed manner.
[Note 3: Apr. 19, 27, May 8, 20, and July 5, 1779, the drafts of which are in the Washington Papers and extracts in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fols. 517--21.]
He mentions among other things that "one third of his men are without a shirt to their backs." The letters No 1 to 5, Packet 5th4 will make it appear that I took every step in my power to afford a competent supply, and I have the greatest reason to believe that the troops with him had more than a proportion to the general wants and supplies of the army.
[Note 4: Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, May 19; Sullivan's letter to Washington, May 21; Washington's letters to Sullivan, May 24, May 31; Sullivan's letter to Washington, June 27; Washington to the Board of War, May 23, the drafts of which are in the Washington Papers and extracts in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fols. 523--28.]
The packet No. 65 contains my instructions from time to time to Genl. Sullivan. No. 76 the intelligence received from first to last and No. 87 sundry papers relative to the expedition which do not immediately affect the subjects of the present letter; but all which may serve to shew, that I have paid all the attention in my power to this important object, and made use of every precaution for its success. I hope the event may answer our wishes; but if it should not, my anxiety to stand justified in the opinion of Congress has induced me to give them the trouble of this lengthy communication.
[Note 5: The Washington to Sullivan letters in Packet No. 6 were: May 13, 28, 31, June 4, 9, July 5 and 29, the drafts of which are in the Washington Papers and copies or extracts in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 5, fols. 531--43; vol. 6, fol. 10.]
[Note 6: Washington's letters to Maj. Gen. Edward Hand, February 7, March 16, 21, 24. To Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, February 11, August 1; from Sullivan, July 1. To Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, February 26, April 27, July 23; from Schuyler, April 15, May 21, June 30, July 7; from Van Schaick to James Clinton, May 22; from Clinton, June 19. Drafts or originals of these (except Schuyler's letter of June 30, Clinton's of June 19, and Sullivan's of July 1) are in the Washington Papers and copies or extracts are in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 6, fols. 12--55.]
[Note 7: Washington's letter to Gov. George Clinton, March 4. From Sullivan, May 12, 26, 31, June 12; to Sullivan, March 6, August 4; from Ephraim Blaine to Sullivan, May 24; from James Clinton, June 26. Drafts or copies of these are in the Washington Papers; and copies or extracts are in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 169, vol. 6, fols. 55--64.]
I most sincerely thank them for the opportunity they have afforded me of entering into this explanation by the transmission of General Sullivans letter, and I shall be much obliged by a similar indulgence upon every occasion of the same sort.8
[Note 8: At this point in the draft (which is in the writing of Hamilton) the following is crossed off: "Conscious that I endeavour to avoid the mistake of inattention, while I hope I shall always have candor enough to acknowledge the errors of judgment, I shall be happy to know and to have it in my power to vindicate myself from imputations expressed or implied which I may not deserve. Many things for want of information on the one hand and from misrepresentation on the other may appear to proceed from a defect of care and exertion, which result from the necessity of our affairs. Convinced that Congress have embarrassments enough of their own, I have troubled them as little as possible with mine; when it has been in my power I have laboured to surmount them; when I could not effect it I have in most cases silently submitted; consoling myself with their approbation of which I have received so decisive and honorable testimonies."]
I beg leave to conclude with one observation. It may possibly hereafter be said that the expedition ought not to have been undertaken unless the means were fully adequate, or that the consequences of a defeat ought not to have been hazarded when they were found to be otherwise. The motives to the undertaking, besides the real importance of rescuing the frontier from the alarms, ravages, and distresses to which it was exposed; and which in all probability would have redoubled this year, were, the increasing clamours of the country and the repeated applications of the States immediately concerned, supported by frequent references, and indications of the pleasure of Congress. The combined force of these motives appeared to me to leave no alternative.
The means proposed to be employed were fully sufficient; the disappointments we have met with such as could not have been foreseen, as we had no right to expect. So far as the business did not depend on me I had the strongest assurances from those who were concerned, and who were to be supposed the proper judges that my expectations would be fulfilled.
After such extensive preparations have been made, so much expence incurred, the attention and hopes of the public fixed, the apprehensions of the enemy excited, their force augmented, their resentment inflamed, to recede, and leave the frontier a prey to their depredations would be in every view impolitic, when there is still a good prospect of success. To avoid possible misfortunes we must in this case submit to many certain evils of the most serious nature, too obvious to require enumeration. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. I inclose a return9 of Genl. Sullivans whole force, from the last particular returns to the Adjutant General. This is exclusive of the party under Colo Pawling [(amounting to 300 Men) it will appear by this return, that the Battalion Officers are included in the Number of Men present, with arms in their hands; this is done because General Sullivan applied for and obtained an order for this purpose10 but I cannot undertake to say whether he got them or not.]11
[Note 9: Not found in the Washington Papers nor in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 10: Fuses for the officers.]
[Note 11: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The part in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Washington. The letter was read in Congress on Aug. 23, 1779, and referred to Samuel John Atlee, John Armstrong, Joseph Spencer, John Dickinson, and John Mathews.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Sunday, August 15, 1779.
Parole Stony Point. Countersigns Saratoga, Stono.
A Subaltern officer and ten men from each of the brigades on this ground including the Garrison are to parade as soon as possible at Major General Greene's quarters with their arms blankets and two days provision to go into the country to impress Waggons for the public service.
The Quarter Master General or his Deputy will appoint one flat bottom'd boat for the use of each brigade which is to be kept in constant readiness for their use by Mr. Buchanan;12 and
[Note 12: Capt. John Buchanan, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General.] in future the commanding officers of brigades will give their orders for the use of the boat assigned them, and Mr. Buchanan is to deliver a boat to no other persons order in the brigade; and that the whole business of the brigade may be done at the same time they are to be previously notified when and where the boat will go. Such boats as may be wanted for other purposes besides those for brigade and garrison duty (the latter of which Mr. Whiting13 will direct the number and uses they are wanted for) orders are to be obtained from the Quarter Master General's office as directed in former orders.
[Note 13: Timothy Whiting, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General.]
Whoever gives an order for a boat will be held responsible for her return; for this purpose Mr. Buchanan is to file all his orders and give receipts for those that are returned; Such as are not, must be accounted for by the person who gave the order.
At the General Court Martial whereof Colo. Jackson was President the 4th. instant, Ensign Joshua Brimhall14 of Colonel Bradford's regiment was tried for "Continuing at home four months after his furlough expired" found guilty and sentenced to be reprimanded in general orders.
[Note 14: Of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Ensign Brimhall's excuse is not admissible; Nothing but absolute necessity could justify an officer for exceeding his furlough for such a length of time, and that necessity cannot be supposed to have existed; In matters of this kind an officer ought to shew exemplary punctuality to the soldiery.
Ensign Brimhall is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, West point, August 16, 1779.
My Lord: I have to acknowlege the favor of your Lordships two letters of the 13th and 15th inst.
Mr. Erskine will receive his orders today, to mark out the road, which it has been proposed should be opened and to make you the proper communication, when you will be pleased to enter upon the necessary measures to have it completed. I am, &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I inclose you an extract of a letter from Col. Febiger. You will observe that he imagines some of his old serjeants were worthy of a preference in the nomination for commissions and that he proposed two of the 2nd Regiment for appointments. Should these men be deserving of promotion, and they can be with propriety promoted agreeably to his recommendation, I would wish you to take the necessary measures on the occasion. I am, etc.
P.S. I inclose you some papers which I recd. from a member of Congress from Virginia to be distributed among the Officers.15
Head Quarters, August 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: General Gates in a letter of the 10th Inst. complains of want of proper conduct in your department at Rutland, and wishes that Mr. Mercereau16 may be ordered to repair to his district, as a Mr. Pope,17 who was only appointed to act during his absence, seems from the Copy of a letter from him to Genl.
[Note 16: Joshua Mercereau, Deputy Commissary of Prisoners and confidential agent.]
[Note 17: Pope, an Assistant Commissary of Prisoners, was accused of granting passes improperly to British prisoners. The charges were made by John Rice, town major of Boston, and General Gates ordered his arrest (July 25). Rice's letter and Gates's order are in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 154, vol. 2, fols. 176 and 182.] Gates to be much embarrassed. His Excellency therefore desires that if Mr. Mercereau still continues in Office he may be ordered to repair without delay to the Eastward. If he does not, some competent person should be sent immediately. When it suits you to call at Head Quarters, it will be proper that you should see the letters communicated by General Gates. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, August 16, 1779.
Sir: In the report19 which you were desired in my letter of the 14th. Inst. to make of the number, and kind of Artillery necessary for the different works at this post, I desire you will add as your opinion the propriety of retaining Cannon in all the Water Batteries, and which of them may be discontinued without injuring the defence of the Post. I am, etc.20
[Note 19: Generals McDougall, Knox, and Du Portail reported (August 20), and their report is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 21: Of the First Maryland Regiment.]
Head Quarters, August 16, 1779.
Sir: I received your Letter of this date and am exceedingly sorry to find that no arrangement that can be made whatever pains may be taken to effect it, can give general satisfaction. I wish you to consider the nature of your application. An Officer should not leave the service at least at this time without the most powerful and cogent reasons. I do not know the Gentle man of whose promotion you complain, but conceive it a hard case that a Pay Master, altho he should have served never so long, and with rank and reputation (for rank they have had ever since 1776) can not be introduced into the line of the State when there is an establishment for the purpose, without producing disgust. If it is your determination to resign you must send your Commission to Head Quarters with the certificates usual upon all such occasions, from the Commanding Officer of the Regiment and paymaster, when your resignation will be indorsed and the Commission returned.22 I am, etc.23
[Note 22: Lieutenant Burgess resigned Aug, 22, 1779.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 16, 1779.
Sir: Lord Stirling writes me that a very good road might be opened from Ringwood into the clove, about a mile below Galloway's, along the east side of Tuckets pond.24 This will be a shorter route from Morris Town to New Windsor. You will therefore be pleased to mark out the road, and make the proper communication to Lord Stirling that it may be carried into execution. I am, etc.25
[Note 24: Tuxedo Pond.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West point, August 16, 1779.
Sir: I had yesterday afternoon the honor to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 6th. with a Copy of the Act of the 8th of March and the Report referred to. It might have been better on the score of supplies and some other considerations, if Captain Wilkie's company26 had been annexed to the 11th
[Note 26: Capt. John Wilkie, of the Pennsylvania Independent Company, in Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.] Pensilvania Regiment; but as this was not done, and as the arrangement both of Spencer's and Hubley's Regiments has been made and it may be difficult, if not impracticable, to introduce the Officers with the Men into the Pensylvania line, which would certainly be an act of justice, more especially if they were at the trouble of raising them, it may be best perhaps for things to remain in their present situation. Besides, if the arrangement were to be altered, Spencer's Regiment would want a company and the 11th Pennsilvania have one more than the establishment, as it has I believe, it's complement. The point however is submitted to Congress, and they will be pleased to determine it in such way, as they may think best and most advancive of the service. The Report of the Board of War upon the occasion is returned.
I intended in my last for the satisfaction of Congress to have transmitted to your Excellency the inclosed Copies of a Letter from Captain Hopkins of Moylan's Dragoons of the 30th Ulto. and from Major General Howe of the 6th Instant, but was prevented thro hurry. I have the Honor, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 16, 1779.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 6th. inclosing the instructions of the Board to the different Commissaries of Hides. The directions appear to me to be judiciously drawn and fully adequate to the purpose, and I doubt not, if they are strictly at tended to, but that a sufficient quantity of Shoes for the Army and leather for other uses will be procured. Mr. Garanger is exceedingly impatient to know whether he is to be employed. I must therefore beg leave to recall the attention of the Board to my letter of the 27th July in which I pointed out the mode in which this Gentleman may be introduced into the service without giving umbrage to the Officers in the line of the Artillery. I shall be glad to have the determination of the Board upon this point, that I may be enabled to give Mr. Garanger a final answer. I have the honour, etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, and is addressed to Peter Scull, secretary of the Board of War.]
West Point, August 16, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Excellency's obliging Letter of the 23d of July,29 inclosing one from Mr. Battora which shall be forwarded by the earliest flag, and I shall be happy if it pro cures him the indulgence which you wish. I am, etc.30
[Note 29: Jefferson's letter of July 23, 1779, is in the Washington Papers. It makes no mention of Battora or his letter.]
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West Point, August 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I had not the Honor 'till two days ago, to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 5th. Instant. The whole of the Officers belonging to the Three Jersey Regiments are employed on the Western Expedition with General Sullivan, which circumstance puts it intirely out of my power, to comply with Your Excellencys request for Officers for the recruiting service. If this were not the case, I should fear as Your Excellency does, that the business would not be attended with any great success.
I congratulate Your Excellency on the very favourable and interesting successes of Count D'Estaing in the West Indies. They are very important and the more so, as they may possibly be the means of detaining for the security of the Islands, that part of the reinforcement expected by Sir Henry Clinton from thence, which will be a circumstance of great moment to us, especially if the remainder said to be coming from Europe with Adml. Arbuthnot and daily looked for, is as considerable as several advices make it. I hope our next intelligence from the West Indies will announce farther successes on the part of our Allies, and that they will gain a decisive superiority over Adl. Biron. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. I would beg leave to remind Your Excellency of the Beacons. They should be attended to, as possibly some measures I have heard of on the part of the Enemy, may be preparatory to a movement, and may make it necessary eventually for the Militia to assemble suddenly.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West point, August 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I beg you to accept my thanks for your obliging Letter of the 10th. transmitting an extract from Mr. Bingham's.32 The intelligence it gives is infinitely interesting, and I hope will be followed by events of still more decisive importance. The conduct of England in rejecting the mediation of Spain is more strongly tinctured with insanity than any thing she has done in the course of the contest, unless she be sure of very powerful aid from some of the Northern states. This seems to be the only rational solution, that can be given to her obstinacy.
[Note 32: William Bingham. He was United States Commercial Agent at Martinique.]
I inclose you a letter from General Wayne, a part of the contents of which he communicated to me concerning some officers of his corps whom he omitted in his former report. As this omission has given dissatisfaction and as the Gentlemen concerned are very deserving, I shall be happy if Congress should think it proper to publish General Wayne's letter, which I doubt not will effectually remove it. I take the liberty of mentioning this to your Excellency that if you see no impropriety in the publication, you may give it your aid. With the greatest esteem etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The date and superscription is in the writing of Washington.]
West-point, August 16, 1779.
Dr. Doctr: I have asked Mrs. Cockran and Mrs. Livingston to dine with me to morrow; but ought I not to apprize them of their fare? As I hate deception, even where the imagination only is concerned; I will.
It is needless to premise, that my table is large enough to hold the ladies; of this they had occular proof yesterday. To say how it is usually covered is rather more essential, and this, shall be the purport of my Letter. Since our arrival at this happy spot, we have had a Ham (sometimes a shoulder) of Bacon, to grace the head of the table; a piece of roast Beef adorns the foot; and, a small dish of Greens or Beans (almost impercep table) decorates the center.
When the Cook has a mind to cut a figure (and this I presume he will attempt to do to morrow) we have two Beefstake-Pyes, or dishes of Crabs in addition, one on each side the center dish, dividing the space, and reducing the distance be tween dish and dish to about Six feet, which without them, would be near twelve a part. Of late, he has had the surprizing luck34 to discover, that apples will make pyes; and it's a question if, amidst the violence of his efforts, we do not get one of apples instead of having both of Beef.35
[Note 34: The draft, also in the writing of Washington, has the word "luck" crossed out and "segacity" substituted.]
[Note 35: The draft has "Beef-stakes."]
If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and will submit to partake of it on plates, once tin but now Iron; (not become so by the labor of scowering) I shall be happy to see them. I am, etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 17, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 11th. instant. From the progress of General Lovells36 operations at Penobscot, I should have little doubt of his success, were it not for the Reinforcement said to have gone from New York [(Notice of which I transmitted the Counl. of Mass.)]37 which I fear will arrive before General McLean38 can be brought to surrender. It will at least render the Work more precarious.
[Note 36: Brig. Gen. Solomon Lovell, of the Massachusetts Militia.]
[Note 37: The phrase in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Washington, and his spelling and abbreviations are here followed.]
[Note 38: Col. Francis McLean, of the Eighty-second Foot, British Army. He was brigadier general in America.]
Immediately upon the Receipt of yours I gave directions to Mr Beatty Commy. Genl. of prisoners to order Mr. Mercereau to his District.
No official Accounts have been received from Count D'Estaing since his Action with Admiral Byron, but from the letters which have been published, which are from persons of unquestionable Credit, and from the St. Kitts account of the Affair, little doubt can remain, but that the English Fleet suffered considerably.
In addition to what will be found in the public prints, Mr. Holker39 Consul of France has favored me with the inclosed. I am, etc.40
[Note 39: John Holker.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday on the subject of our confidential friend.41
[Note 41: Not now found in the Washington Papers, but indications point to Elijah Hunter as being the "confidential friend."]
It appears to me that the detail he seems to desire will be rather too minute and tend to excite suspicion instead of giving him credit with the enemy. The idea of what was communicated before was to pretend that he had made general observations and inquiries in the army and had formed an average estimate of the several brigades as the result. The particular strength of each regiment would exceed this purpose, and in some measure contradict the principle. But if on his return he finds the present not satisfactory and the enemy press for what he now requires it shall not be refused. Let him in the first place make the experiment with what he has.
I have thought it necessary to endeavour to impose upon this person himself, by making him believe the return sent to the enemy is a true one; if you could assist the deception by indirectly giving him an intimation of your strength conform able to the number expressed in my estimate it may have a good effect. I have stated Glover's brigade at 1160, The cavalry and Armands corp at 600; both fit for duty. I am really at a loss what opinion to form of this man. His former conduct in this dispute, from the accounts I have had of it, are in his favour; his conduct in the execution of his present occupation has not been to his disadvantage; But still there are some little appearances about him that give me distrust, and as the enemy have it more in their power to reward certain services than we have in the way which is most tempting, I always think it necessary to be very guarded with those who are professedly acting as double characters. This has hitherto prevented my doing any thing for the man in question in the way of office, lest it might really put it in his power to do us mischief; but as the pretext upon which he applies is plausible and may be hon est, I shall endeavour to find some place which will answer the purpose and by keeping him mostly remote from the army, leave it the less in his power to turn it to our injury. We must endeavour to make it his interest to be faithful, for as it is apparent he means to get something by the business, and will even receive double wages, we must take care if possible not to let motives of interest on the other side bear down his integrity and inclination to serve us. Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder. I am, etc.
P.S. I have also received your public letter of the 16th. I have never seen the letter you mention, from Col. Armand.
[An acct. of one of the important evts. which in a late letter I told you I thought the next 10 or 12 days would bring forth, is arrived; the paper herewith inclosed contains a narrative of the West India business.]42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 20th and 26th ulto. You will find the several matters contained in the former, sufficiently answered in a letter which I wrote to you upon the 27th. July.
I am pleased to find by your last that you had at length a prospect of getting the remaining Troops equipped, and I hope that the account of the Enemy having left Charles Town will not damp your exertions nor those of the persons concerned in procuring necessaries for the Troops. We know not what may be the real intentions of the Enemy, whether to give over the enterprise or only to withdraw till they receive Reinforcements. We should therefore be prepared for the latter event.
Those Officers who are offered promotions in the new State Regiments must undoubtedly be allowed to accept them, as there is no power, or right to restrain them. Care must be taken that they settle their accounts with their former Corps before they quit them.
I shall acquaint the Director General with your want of Surgeons, until you are supplied you must agree with Doctor Shore43 upon the best terms you can. I cannot possibly affix a price to his services. I am, etc.44
[Note 43: Dr. John Shore. At the time of his death (1811) he was collector of customs at Newport, Va.]
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 45: Capt. Henry Sewall, jr., of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in May, 1782; major and aide to Gen. William Heath from May, 1779, to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, August 17, 1779.
Sir: In consequence of a representation a few days ago from Colo Varrick46 upon the subject of your continuing to act as Muster Master, which, under the terms of a Genl order that had been lately issued was not allowable, I spoke to His
[Note 46: Lieut. Col. Richard Varick.] Excellency the Commander in Chief, who authorised me to inform you, that you might continue to act in that line for the present, and till you received contrary orders, or till some new arrangement might make it unnecessary. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, Westpoint, August 17, 1779.
Sir: I inclose your Excellency a list of Officers proposed after examination by General Du Portail for the Companies of sappers and Miners. If Congress approve the nomination I re quest they will be pleased to direct commissions to be sent as speedily as possible. They ought to be dated the second of August 79.
By the Regulations for the corps of Engineers, the men to form these companies were for the present to be drawn from the line; but the large demands upon it for other purposes in the weak State of our regiments productive of much dissatisfaction to the Officers makes me unwilling to add to the number by drafts for these companies. I have therefore advised General Du Portail to endeavour to recruit in the Country; but in Order to this the Authority of Congress will be requisite; and it should if possible be given in such terms as will induce the States to forego the operation of the laws which have been made in most of them for preventing the recruiting of any other corps than those which properly compose their quotas.
Inclosed is also a memorandum of the money for which I have given warrants to Baron De Steuben in the Course of the present year, it amounts to a considerable sum more than his pay established by Congress. This is a subject which embarrasses me. It is reasonable that a man devoting his time and services to the public and by General Consent a very useful one, should at least have his expences borne. His established pay is certainly altogether inadequate to this; a large nominal sum goes but a little way. But while there is a sum fixed by Congress, I am certainly not at Liberty to exceed it; and though I have hitherto complied, from the delicacy of a refusal, to a foreigner to a man of high rank, to one who is rendering the most indefatigable and beneficial services, yet I shall be under the necessity of discontinuing the practice neither could I recommend that a sufficient allowance should be formally determined; for though there may be less reason to expect foreigners than natives to make pecuniary sacrifices, to this Country and though some of them may have no private resources so remote from home, for their support, yet it would be difficult to reconcile our own Officers to a measure which would make so great and palpable a difference in the Compensation for their respective services. It is true the Baron from the nature of his Office will often have to travel from one part of the Army to another which will occasion extra expence and will justify an extra allowance. It is upon this principle that my last warrant was granted as he was just setting out on a journey to providence. But perhaps the best mode to enable the Baron or others in his situation to defray their necessary expences in the service may be to invest the Board of War with a discretionary power to grant such Sums from time to time as they Judge reasonable and proportioned to the circumstances of the persons and times. I take the liberty to suggest these hints and have only to request that Congress will be pleased to direct some mode in which the difficulties I have pointed out may be remedied, consistent with the good of the service and Justice to individuals.49 I have the honor, etc.50
[Note 49: A memorandum of August 17 from Deputy Paymaster General John Pierce, jr., shows that four warrants were paid to General Steuben in 1779, totaling $2,500.]
[Note 50: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The letter was read in Congress on August 23 and referred to the Board of Treasury.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 17, 1779.
Sir: I feel myself honored in your polite communication of the 10th. instant. The news it brings and that which I promise myself from the arms of the Count D'Estaing gives me the highest pleasure. Whilst in a victorious career of the armies of our ally, in different quarters of the world, we anticipate a reign of happiness and glory to the French nation, and tranquility and peace to America.
When to the exertions, and resources of these States, we add the power and the wealth of the great house of Bourbon, it is difficult to conceive what policy could direct the court of England to a longer continuance of the war. She is already much exhausted in men and money, and resources hence we might suppose that she cannot long resist, alone, the force which is combined against her. She may have Northern assistance in view, which is the only rational solution of her obstinacy. This however may not be the case; nor will she be the first example of a people losing all eminence in the scale of nations by pursuing false measures, and vainly trusting to themselves. With great respect etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
August 17, 1779.
Some time ago (but how long I can not remember) you applied to me to know if you should receive payment of Genl. Mercer's Bonds; and after this, of the bond due from the deceased Mr. Mercers Estate to me; and was, after animadverting a little upon the subject; authorized to do so; of course I presume the money has been received. I have since considered this matter in every point of view my judgment enables me to place it, and am resolved to receive no more old debts; such I mean as were contracted and ought to have been paid before the War at the present nominal value of the money, unless compelled to it, or it is the practice of others to do it. Neither justice, reason, nor policy requires it. The law, undoubtedly, was well designed; it was intended to stamp a value and give a free circulation, to the paper bills of credit; but it never was nor could be intended to make a man take a Shilling or Six pence in the pound for a just debt, wch. he is well able to pay, thereby involving himself in ruin. I am as willing now as I ever was to take paper money for every kind of debt, and at its present depreciated value for those debts which have been contracted since the money became so; but I will not in future receive the nominal sum for such old debts as come under the above description, except as before excepted. The fear of injuring by any example of mine the credit of our paper currency if I attempted to discriminate between the real and nominal value of Paper money, has already sunk me a large Sum if the Bonds beforementd. are paid off; the advantage taken in doing which no Man of honor or common honesty can reconcile to his own feelings and conscience; not as it respects me do I mean but transactions of this kind generally. The thing which induced me to mention the matter to you at present, is the circumstance you have related respecting the Wages of Roberts, which you say (according to his demands) will amount to upwards of £2000, and comes to as much for the Service of a common Miller for one year only, as I shall get for 600 acres of land sold Mercer in the best of times and in the most valuable part of Virginia, that ought to have been pd. for before the money began to depreciate; nay years before the War. This is such a manifest abuse of reason and justice that no Arguments can reconcile it to common sense, or common honesty. Instead of appealing to me who have not the means of informatn. or knowledge of common usage and practice in matters of this kind in the State or the Laws that govern there, I wish you would consult Men of honor, honesty, and firm attachment to the cause, and govern yourself by their advice or by their conduct. If it be customary with others to receive money in this way, that is 6 d. or I / in the pound for old debts; if it is thought to be advansive of the great cause we are imbarked in for individuals to do so thereby ruining themselves while others are reaping the benefit of such distress, if the Law imposes this, and it is thought right to submit, I will not say aught against it, or oppose another word to it. No man has, nor no man will go further to serve the Public than myself, if sacrificing my whole Estate would effect any valuable purpose I would not hesitate one moment in doing it, but my submitting to matters of this kind unless it is done so by others, is no more than a drop in the bucket, in fact it is not serving the public but enriching individuals and countenancing dishonesty for sure I am that no honest Man would attempt to pay 20 /, with one or perhaps half a one In a word I had rather make a present of the Bonds than receive payment of them in so shameful a way.52
[Note 52: This memorandum is headed by Washington: "Extract of a Letter to Mr. Lund Washington."]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Tuesday, August 17, 1779.
Parole Granada. Countersigns Glasgow, Georgia.
It is with Astonishment the General week after week receives returns of men unfit for duty "For want of Arms" when there are many hundred stand now, and for a considerable time, have been, with the army for the purpose of supplies, and the mode of application already pointed out in general orders! Nothing, but a most surprising inattention and neglect can account for these deficiencies.
If after this order any more men are returned, "Unfit for duty for Want of Arms" the Adjutant General is to report to the Commander in Chief the regiment and company in which the deficiency happens.
Notwithstanding the orders against bathing between the hours of eight and five, soldiers are continually in the water and many of them for hours together. The officers commanding brigades will therefore, during the hours above mentioned, post one or more Centinels at the places usually resorted to by their men, for the purpose of prevention.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Wednesday, August 18, 1779.
Parole Palestine. Countersigns Paoli, Paris.
At the General Court Martial of the line whereof Col. Russell is President, William Rhodes of the 4th. Maryland regiment, on the 9th. instant, was tried for "Attempting to desert to the enemy." Also James McCredy of the 1st. Pennsylvania regiment for "Deserting to the enemy", and Mobrey Owens of the 2nd. New-York regiment for "Desertion and taking up Arms against the United States of America." Rhodes and McCredy found guilty and sentenced each to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back. The Court are of opinion that Owens is intitled to the benefit of His Excellency's proclamation.
The sentences against Rhodes and McCredy to be put in execution tomorrow at the head of the regiments to which they respectively belong and the General directs that Owens be released from confinement.
At the Brigade General Court Martial held at the Park the 11th. instant, Lieutenant Colonel Stephens, President, Mr. John Price, Assistant Commissary of Forage was tried for "Taking a Continental horse for his own private property and purchasing another in his place of a mean quality," likewise for "Being given to drunkenness when he ought to be at public business and taking stores belonging to the Continent that he had no right to," acquitted of the 2nd. and 3rd. charge but found guilty of defrauding the public in the sale of the continental horse, being a breach of the 1st. Article of the 12th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced to forfeit all his pay now due him, be dismissed the service and rendered unfit to serve the United States in any public station.
At another brigade General Court Martial the 16th. instant, Lieutenant Colonel Carrington, President, Captain Lieutt. Godman53of the Artillery was tried for "Willfully misapplying and embezzling a tent the property of The United States."
[Note 53: Capt.-Lieut. William Godman, of the First Continental Artillery.]
The Court are of opinion that Captain Lieutenant Godman is guilty of a breach of the 1st. Article of the 12th. Section of the Articles of War which expressly directs, "That any officer offending in the premises, make the damage good, lose the pay due to him and be dismissed the service."
The Court are further of opinion that the article should in this case operate in it's full force.
The Commander in chief confirms the sentences and orders them to take place immediately.
Edward Merriken of the 4th. Maryland regiment was tried the 15th. instant at a brigade General Court Martial whereof Colonel Hall was President for "Desertion."
The Court are of opinion that he make up the lost time by serving the term of three years to commence the 11th. of August 1779, the time he joined his regiment; and also are of opinion that any expence that has occured in apprehending him should be stopped from his pay or bounty (if any shall be due) by the Pay Master of the regiment to which he belongs.
The General confirms the opinion of the Court and orders Merriken to join his regiment.
Head Quarters, August 18, 1779.
D. Sir: I have received Your Letter of this date. The intercourse which you mention to be carrying on by Women, with Verplank's point, may be attended with many bad consequences, or at least great inconveniences and must be suppressed. Those now detained, may be released under strict injunctions never to do the like again, and at the peril of being closely confined and otherwise severely punished, if they are detected. Genl. Nixon will have this idea propagated as generally as he can, and if the Women will persevere in the practice, however disagreeable the measure, they must be sent to Camp and be at least confined in the provost. I am, etc.
54[Note 54: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: As it is probable that the new minister from France, Monsieur De Luzerne,55 is on his way from Boston to Philadelphia, it will be necessary to have him provided with
[Note 55: Anne César, Chevalier de La Luzerne. He was minister plenipo entiary from France.] an escort. You will therefore be so good as to give orders for a captain (a genteel sensible officer) with his proper command of cavalry (not less than 30) to proceed immediately to Fishkill.56The officer will acquaint me with the arrival of his party that I may know where to send him my directions. I am, etc.
[Note 56: On August 22 Tench Tilghman ordered Capt. Ezekiel Porter Belden, of the Second Continental Dragoons, to quarter his men at Fishkill, N.Y., "and there wait the arrival of Monsr. La Luzerne." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[P.S.] I send one stick of wax our own stock is low. We get it from the quarter Master to whom you may apply.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 19, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor to day, to receive Your letter of the 8th by Lt. Colo. Sims58of the 2d Virginia Regiment, with a Copy of a letter from him to your Excellency, and of an order of Congress on the 7th in consequence. The indulgence requested by Col. Sims, however interesting it may be to himself appears to me so incompatible with the public service, and to involve, and to lead to so many disagreeable consequences, that I have thought it my duty to refuse it. Were the point to rest with him, from the circumstances of his regiment in respect to field officers, his request might be granted, without any material injury; but this can not be expected, as there are many other officers in the same line, who have the same pretensions. And indeed it is difficult, if not impossible for me to determine with precision, where such applications would stop, as they might be made upon the same principles, and, with as much propriety by every Officer and Soldier in the Army. Those who have not already surveyed Lands, or done some act to acquire a title of ownership may urge if they incline so to do, that it is time they
[Note 58: Lieut. Col. Charles Simms.] should, and insist that they will not neglect the opportunity longer. I have very fully and explicitly pointed out to Col. Sims the probable or at least the possible consequences which would flow from a compliance with his request; but he says he cannot decline it, and waits on Congress to resign his Commission which I refused to accept. In justice to Lt. Col. Sims, I must observe that he is a brave intelligent and good Officer; and I am sorry that any circumstances should have arisen in his affairs to compel him, either to resign his commission or to make a request so inconsistent with the public interest. I have the honor, etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on September 3 and referred to John Mathews, Henry Marchant, and John Armstrong.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 19, 1779.
Sir: I have considered your report of the 5th instant and the papers accompanying it relative to your transactions with Mr. Loring at your last interview and I shall add a few explanatory remarks to my former instructions.
The principle which I intended to govern your exchanges as well absolute as parole for such officers of ours as had violated their paroles was, that we should only exchange those who could not be returned; all that can be returned are to be exempted from the benefit of exchange 'till further orders. But as it may be a long time before many of them can be sent in and probably several of them never will be found and it would be injustice to the enemy to detain their officers 'till the experiment could be fully tried you will in the mean time send them in on parole, with an express and positive agreement that whenever any of the aforesaid violators of parole are returned the officers exchanged in lieu of them are either to be returned also, or other officers of equal rank whom we shall demand sent out in their place.
This must be clearly determined so as to exclude all dispute or equivocation, for we wish not to make a breach of honor a privilege to the guilty person.
In order the better to enable you to carry into execution my order for calling in these breakers of parole, you will make me a report according to the best of your information of the states to which they belong and the places where they reside that application may be made for the assistance of the States to inforce their return.
I observe there are some persons who have been indulged with their paroles by the enemy not violators of parole for whom they now demand other officers to be sent in. This you will not comply with except so far as it is perfectly consistent with propriety of capture. The enemy have it at their option to recall them if they think proper.
You are not to exchange either Col. Housekker60on our part, or Mr. Conolly61on the part of the enemy. The former was taken in a manner which will not suffer us to consider him in the light of a common prisoner; and the latter has never been considered by us as a military prisoner of war.
[Note 60: Col. Nicholas Haussegger. He sent his resignation and commission to Washington from New York City, Feb. 1, 1781, having previously joined the enemy.]
[Note 61: Dr. John Connolly. He had been arrested early in the war as a Tory.]
You are absolutely to reject every overture for exchanging those persons whom we do not consider as military prisoners of war. We do not hold General Clinton62bound by any act of ours respecting this matter; but we reject their exchange solely on the principle that by the Laws and practice of war, we do not think they were proper subjects of military capture. From this we shall never recede.
[Note 62: Sir Henry Clinton.]
Mr. Loring63mentions his having 150 privates whom he proposes to exchange for those of some particular corps which he mentions. I have no objection to this provided the principle extends to officers. You are to insist on the exchange of these on equality of rank, as far as the number in our hands will permit. Now we have removed every supposeable impediment on our side no reason can be assigned why the exchanges of officers as well as men should not go on upon the former ground. One caution I must give you which is that too much pains cannot be taken to prevent the impositions of the enemy in sending out persons of different denominations who were not proper subjects of military capture. You will give the most pointed orders to your deputies to make the strictest inquiry into the circumstances in which every man was taken who does not belong to The Continental army. You may include the Convention prisoners as well in your absolute as parole exchanges; but in the former only on the principle of equality of rank.
[Note 63: Joshua Loring, British Commissary General of Prisoners.]
Endeavour by all means to have the officers who have recently violated their paroles immediately sent in. I am, etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Thursday, August 19, 1779.
Parole Ramapough. Countersigns Rutland, Romney.
The Pay Masters of the Maryland and of the 2nd. 3rd. and 4th. 5th. and 11th, 7th. and 8th. Virginia regiments and of Armand's and Von-Heer's Marechausie Corps are to apply to the Deputy Pay Master General for warrants to draw the hundred dollars gratuity for the men in their respective corps inlisted for the War previous to the 23rd. of January last. The Muster Rolls for those troops being returned.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Friday, August 20, 1779.
Parole Florence. Countersigns Falmouth, France.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Acts:
In Congress, March 8, 1779.
Resolved, That all military commissions be filled up at the war office, and attested by their secretary, and then presented for signing to the President of Congress, who shall sign the same; after signature by the President, they shall be sent back to the war office, and there registered verbatim in a book to be kept for that purpose: after having been examined by the Board, the seal of the Board of War and Ordnance, which the said Board are hereby authorized and directed to provide, shall be affixed to the certificate or attestations of the entries of all such commissions.
Resolved, That all appointments of officers in the continental service by the respective states, be, in the first instance, by warrant, certified in such a manner as they shall severally direct, to the Board of War, whereupon proper commissions shall be made out in the manner above-mentioned.
In Congress, June 28, 1779. Resolved, That when vacancies of commissioned officers happen in any regiments raised by the respective states for the continental army, notice thereof shall be given to the executive authority of the State to which the regiment belongs, by the commanding officer of such regiment, to the end that proper persons may be appointed to fill such vacancies, agreeable to the resolution of the 8th of March last, having due regard to the rules of promotion recommended by a resolution of Congress of the 24th of November, 1778.
The mode prescribed by the foregoing Acts for announcing regimental vacancies to be pursued in the several state lines that have been arranged, as well with respect to vacancies which have already happened where commissions have not been obtained, as to all which happen in future; and the Commander in Chief requests that the commanding officers of regiments will be very particular in the notice they give of resignations, to set down the precise time when they take place.
The General also thinks proper upon this occasion to republish the Act containing the rules recommended to govern promotions as the tranquility of the Army and good of the service require that they should be fully and generally known.
In Congress, November 24, 1778.
Resolved, That it be recommended to the several states to provide, that in all future promotions officers rise regimentally to the rank of captain, and thence in the line of the state to the rank of colonel, except in cases where a preference may be given on account of distinguished merit.
Lieutenant Hughes65 of the 1st. Pennsylvania regiment, vice, Lieutenant Norcross66 resigned, is appointed Adjutant to the same and Lieutenant Crawford67 of the 1st. Pennsylvania regiment, vice Captain Buchanan,68 is appointed Pay Master to the same.
[Note 65: Lieut. John Hughes. He was appointed captain-lieutenant in October, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 66: Lieut. Aaron Norcross. He resigned in May, 1779. Heitman gives him the rank of captain at the date of his resignation.]
[Note 67: Lieut. Edward Crawford. He was wounded at Bull's Ferry, N. J., in July, 1780; transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 68: Capt. Thomas Buchanan, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He resgned in October, 1779.]
[Note 69: Committee of Congress on the Mustering Department.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 20, 1779.
Gentlemen: I was duly honored with your letter of the 5th of last month, which several circumstances have prevented my answering sooner; an attention to other objects of more immediate urgency and the necessity of making inquiries of some delicacy, preparatory to a determination.
As the question related to the continuing or abolishing a department which has [been]70 heretofore looked upon as a very necessary one, I thought it of importance enough to take the sense of a Council of General Officers upon it. The Council71 upon a full consideration of the matter gave it as their opinion that the department was now become unnecessary and the continuance of it inexpedient. The principles upon which they decided were that part of the duties of the inspectorship were substantially the same with those of the Mustering department; and that the objects of this might be fully obtained in the former with very little additional trouble to the Gentlemen in that line and with a great saving of expence to the public. But after this determination it was requisite to ascertain whether the Inspectors would be willing formally to undertake the office; and it was thought best to sound them with caution, as the functions of their present employment are very extensive and it might seem (though in reallity it was not) to be imposing too heavy a burthen; and because the Muster Master's department has hitherto been regarded rather as a civil than a military one. The greatest number have been now consulted and have Chearfully agreed to undertake the business the remoteness of others has prevented their sense being known. The Baron himself thinks it will be advancive of the service. It is thought as the Officers of the inspectorship are among the best in the line, and as they derive weight from their military rank, they will be better able to answer the
[Note 70: The word "been" was inadvertently omitted. It is in the draft, which is in the writing of Hamilton.]
[Note 71: The proceedings of this council are in the Washington Papers, under date of July 26, 1779.] purpose of the Institution. I took the liberty to throw out a hint that the union of these departments would no doubt be an additional motive to the public to continue and extend their privileges; but no extension need take place at present.
Upon the present plan all the Inspectors yet appointed are attached to Brigades and divisions; there must be one or two appointed not attached to any particular corps to muster occasionally the detachments remote from the Army in garrison &c. These I apprehend from the present establishment of the Inspectorship I have power to appoint.
Congress in establishing the mustering department will have to transfer the duties to the Inspectorship; but it will be proper to provide that no Colonel shall muster his own regiment. Before I conclude I think it a piece of Justice to observe that Colonel Ward72 has always appeared to me attentive industrious and intelligent in the execution of his duty; and the Conduct of the Officers under him has given satisfaction. I have the honor, etc.73
[Note 72: Col. Joseph Ward. He was Commissary General of Musters and Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army from April, 1780, to the close of the war.]
[Note 73: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have both your favs. of Yesterday. I have not the least objection to your foraging as far as you can consistent with safety, and with your present force. My desire to put this post into as perfect a state of security as possible, renders it inconvenient to spare you any more troops. I approve of your determination to leave your Baggage well in your Rear should you go down for the purpose above mentioned.
Your mode of treating ... 74 is judidous and meets my approbation. If he can be convinced that it is more to his interest to serve us than to trust to the precarious issue of the success of the enemy in the present contest he will probably execute his business with fidelity.
[Note 74: The draft has the letter "H" blotted out. Elijah Hunter is meant.]
It is not my intention to send the Escort from Colo. Sheldons Horse farther than is absolutely necessary. I hope to have it in my power to relieve them on this side the River. If circumstances will admit, you may depend upon its being done.
I have the pleasure to acquaint you that Major Lee of the Light Dragoons with a detachment of Foot surprized the enemy's strong post at Paulus Hook opposite N. York the Night before last. I have not the particular Returns of the Enemy's loss or our own. But my Report from Lord Stirling, who had only received a verbal message from Major Lee, says we made about 150 prisoners and that our loss was but three Men. My next will be more particular. I know not whether the last paper I transmitted to you contained the account of the intended descent upon Ireland by 25000 french troops. The present does, and I can venture to assure you that the matter may be depended upon. I am, &c.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Westpoint, August 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: By means of the Spies employed by--76 you may, I conceive, obtain very accurate Intelligence of the Incampments Picquets &ca., of the light Troops without Kingsbridge and the strength of the Corps, and know whether it is practicable to beat up their quarters with a reasonable prospect of
[Note 76: Elijah Hunter.] success. The distance, though disadvantageous in some respects, is favourable in others; for being thought to be out of surprizing distance, the enemy will be less on their guard, and the Stroke become more sure and severe.
Nothing but certain knowledge of proper requisites will warrant undertakings of this kind; nor nothing but great precaution and the utmost secrecy give success to them; for this reason every necessary step must be taken to ascertain the first; and every avenue near the Enemys Camp waylaid to stop intelligence getting to them to ensure the second. The parties employed on this latter duty (except the Officer commanding it, who ought to be a very prudent and vigilant one) should be unacquainted with the design. Nor should their be any movement in your Camp before they are detached lest a deserter should communicate the design, or in other words inform that something is in agitation, and put them upon their guard.
While the prisoners in case of success are moving rapidly from the danger of a rescue, which may be attempted, the covering party should form if there is any appearance or advice of this ambuscades, in advantageous grounds and defiles proper for infantry and disadvantageous for Horse to act in. Having sd. so much just to convey the genl. scope of my ideas I will not enlarge; your own prudence and judgment will supply the rest. The Yaugers I am told lye in a situation easy to be surprized; this has given rise to this Letter, and the paper inclosed contains intelligence of their situation which may compare with other Accts. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, West Point, August 20, 1779.
Sir: I have received the reports from Major General McDougall Brigadier Du Portail and yourself of this date on the subject of the batteries cannon and ammunition necessary for the defence of West Point.
The motive there suggested concurs with others to make me desire there should be a speedy and ample supply of powder at this post and in the vicinity. We cannot now undertake any operations however necessary, which may require a considerable expenditure of this article, from the present absolute scarcity of it. I am informed the arrival of a large quantity is momently expected. You will therefore please to write to the Board, representing our situation and requesting in pressing terms that in case of such arrival, no time may be lost in forwarding what you deem a competent supply, as well for offensive operations against the enemy's posts, should they become adviseable as for the defence of this.
You will at the same time have a sufficient number of cannon ball of the proper sizes prepared for the same purposes that we may be at no loss on this account. I am, etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favr. of the 26th June, which was handed to me by the Board of War, did not reach me till this day. I hope the timely discovery of the intended Mutiny of the Guards,78 the infliction of punishment, tho' light, upon the delinquents, but above all the supply of those necessaries, the want of which seems to have been the principal cause of discontent, will prevent any future disturbances. It is not in my power, circumstanced as I am, to afford any Reinforcement to your Guard, were the occasion ever so pressing. I would therefore advise
[Note 78: Guards over the Saratoga Convention prisoners at Charlottesville, Va.] you, should you find a necessity for a greater number to apply to the State, who may perhaps think it more preferable to order up part of the new state Regiments than to call out Militia. I am, &c.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On August 20 Washington wrote to Col. Thomas Marshall, granting permission to Capt. Samuel King, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment, to go to Boston. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Lieut. Col. Richard Kidder Meade, on this same day (August 20), wrote to Brig. Gert. Jedidiah Huntington, by order of Washington, respecting the court-martial sentences of Ezekiel Case and one Blackman. Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 21, 1779.
Sir: Since the letter which I had the honor of writing to your Excellency the 17th instant; I have received one from the Board of War inclosing among several others the copy of one from General Sullivan to Congress of the 26th of July in which I find he is still more pointed on the subject of Cloathing than in his letter of the 21st. of the same month.
As I was not sufficiently explicit on this head in my letter of the 17th I beg leave to trouble Congress with a more complete view of the measures taken to supply the troops under General Sullivan. The Corps composing his command (exclusive of Clintons Brigade which are not comprehended in the complaint) as they were originally organized, were Poors Brigade Maxwells Brigade, and Hands Brigade consisting of the several detached Corps on the Susquehannah and Delaware. Cortland and Spencers regiments the German battalion Armandts and Shots Corps.
The letters No 3 and 4,80 will show that measures were taken to complete Poors Brigade with a full complement of Cloathing
[Note 80: Washington's letters to Maj. Gen. Alexander McDougall (May 6 and May 14), the drafts of which are in the Washington Papers and copies filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] previous to its march; and with two pair of overalls pr man. Maxwells Brigade having taken their route by Head Quarters at Middle Brook, were there fully supplied to my certain knowledge with every particular (including the same number of overalls). No.181 will show that all Hands Brigade except Cortlandts Regiment, were provided for; and this deficiency will appear to have been made up in No 4.
[Note 81: Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Edward Hand (April 4), the draft of which is in the Washington Papers and a copy filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
No. 282 will shew that I applied to the Board of War for 10,000 pair of Shoes for this expedition. No. 583 requests them to forward the number they had been able to collect with 2000 pair of overalls. No. 6,84 is an order to General McDougal for 3500 hunting Shirts and 2000 pair of Shoes if circumstances would permit. My letter of the 24th of May to Genl. Sullivan already transmitted to Congress will have informed them that I had ordered the Clothier at Camp to forward 2000 pair of overalls and 2000 pair of Shoes to Easton.
[Note 82: Washington's letter to the Board of War (April 22), the draft of which is in the Washington Papers and an extract filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 83: Washington's letter to the Board of War (May 23), the draft of which is in the Washington Papers and a copy filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 84: Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Alexander McDougall (May 23) and also one to George Measam, of the same date, the drafts of which are in the Washington Papers and copies are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I flatter myself Congress will be satisfied from this state of the matter that General Sullivans troops in the article of Cloathing, so far from being neglected have had a large proportion of the general stock which is far from being adequate to the necessities of the army.
It gives me pleasure in justice to the Board of War, who, I find are also involved in the complaint, to declare that I made no other applications to them on this head than are here mentioned; and that I have every reason to believe these were complied with substantially as far as was possibly in their power. They also inform me, that in addition to what had been done by me, upon the requisitions of General Sullivan they had just sent on 1000 pair of overalls 1000 hunting Shirts and 3000 body Shirts all of which except 1000 of the latter probably reached him in time. Had the expedition gone on as early as was expected, the previous supplies would have been abundant. The delay made this additional provision desirable; and upon the whole I think Genl. Sullivan might have spared the remonstrances he has made upon this subject. I have the honor, etc.
I find I have omitted Hartleys regiment which was at Sunbury and under Genl. Hand. This Regiment was supplied by the Board of War.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 21, 1779.
Gentlemen: On the 19th. I received the Honor of Your Letter of the 9th, and knowing how very essential harmony is to promote our affairs and to bring them to a happy conclusion, I was much concerned to find, that there was a cause of difference between You and General Sullivan. I inclose a Copy of a Letter of this date which I have written to Congress in consequences of your Letter upon the subject, in which you will perceive my opinion of your conduct. It is much to be wished, that Mankind in general were more disposed to accomodate difficulties culties than they are. In the circumstances of our present Warfare such a disposition is peculiarly necessary, and according to my ideas the Man who endeavours to do this, whether Civil or Military, consults well the interest of his Country. The obstacles and difficulties which unavoidably occur are more than sufficient of themselves, and should prohibit any measures to encrease them. I have the honor, etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: I will inquire of the Commy. of prisoners whether no person of Mr. Richardsons87 Rank has a prior right of Exchange and if there should not be, to propose him for a Mate taken at Stoney Point. I am, etc.88
[Note 87: Surgeon's Mate Abijah Richardson, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Fort Fayette, N.Y., in June, 1779; exchanged in September, 1779; was made surgeon in the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment in July, 1780; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 88: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[M.S.H.S.]
West point, August 21, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have had the honor of your Letter of the roth inclosing one from Mr. Hughes89 for obtaining Capt Swan's90 exchange. The only Rule by which equal justice can be done to prisoners, is to exchange them according to the priority of their capture. This I have invariably directed to be pursued, where the circumstances of rank would apply, and I can never depart from it, unless cases should arise making a departure most obviously necessary. And this Rule ought to operate as well in parole as final exchanges and so I have ordered it. It is so reasonable and so evidently just that all must feel and assent to its propriety. Any other would do injustice and be the
[Note 89: Samuel Hughes, of Maryland.]
[Note 90: Capt. John Swan, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He had been taken prisoner at Tappan, N.Y., in September, I778; was promoted to major in the First Continental Dragoons in October, 1780; served to the close of the war.] source of a thousand well grounded complaints. If Captain Swan comes within this Rule, he will be exchanged of course; if he does not, his exchange cannot take place. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. I received the Boards letter of the 9th transmitting One from Colo. Bland which I have answered.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Westpoint, August 21, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that in the night of the 18th. Majr. Lee with a detachrot. of 400 Men surprized the enemy's garrison at Powles--hook (which you know is within Cannon shott of the Batteries at N. York), and brought of the Garrison consisting of about ... 92 Men.
[Note 92: In the letter sent this blank is filled with "150."]
Such repeated instances of disgrace to the British arms will, undoubtedly, make them feel sore, and seek opportunities to retaliate upon such parts of our Army as are most accessible; than which none is more exposed than Nixon's and Glovers Brigades. To this effect I have already written to General Howe, and wish you to give and indeed see, that the necessary precautions are used to guard Nixon from a Surprize.
The Spirit of enterprize which is already gone forth, and hitherto crowned with success should not be checked, but confined to proper objects, and such as appear to be fully within our reach. Should it be found therefore, that the enemy advance Picquets beyond their Works at Verplanks point, can not they be taken off? and a snare laid for the pursuers, if any attempt is made to rescue the Prisoners? To me the thing seems easy. and only requires the necessary information, which an enterprizing and judicious Officer who might be entrusted with the execution would soon obtain without betraying the design of his enquiries.
Pray, is Genl. Parsons from Camp still? if he is, and no very good reason assigned for it, I think he should be required to join his Brigade. I am, &c.93
[Note 93: The letter sent is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and varies from Washington draft in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation only. It is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
August 21, 1779.
My Lord: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 19th written at 9 o'clock A.M. and that of the same date of one o'clock. P.M. containing the agreeable information of Major Lees having succeeded against Powles Hook. I join my congratulations with your Lordships on this occasion and thank you for the effectual assistance afforded Major Lee in completing the enterprise. The increase of confidence which the army will derive from this affair and that of Stoney point, I flatter myself tho great will be among the least of the advantages resulting from these events.
As the enemy must feel himself disgraced by these losses, he may endeavour to lessen it by a retaliation in kind. It is natural to expect his attempts on such parts of the army as lye most exposed. This sentiment I make no doubt has occurred to your Lordship, and will of course proportion your vigilance to the nature of your situation, and the danger which may be apprehended. I have this moment received your letter of the 20th. Your Lordship will be pleased to give my thanks to the officers and troops concerned in the capture of the garrison at Powles Hook for their good conduct and gallant behaviour on the occasion. The commissary of prisoners is directed to attend to receive the British prisoners.
Mr. Erskine has left this for the purpose of laying out the road mentioned in one of your Lordship's former letters; I wish to have it completed as soon as possible. I am, &cc94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Westpoint, August 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: In my Letter of yesterday I observe that through the assistance of--95 and his agents, and other Channels, you might obtain accurate knowledge of the position of the enemy without Kings-bridge. I am still of the same opinion; but under the idea I entertain of--95 do not conceive it would be expedient in you to drop the smallest hint by which he could discover the tendency of these inquiries, much more the time and manner of execution, if these should be the result of them. considering him as a double character, it is more than possible he would give some intimation by which the project would be ruined, if otherwise it bid fair for success. Nor would it be in his power to deny to the enemy (who probably would charge him with it) his having any knowledge of the transaction if he really should have had previous intimation of it.
[Note 95:[Note 95: Elijah Hunter.]
I am now led, though persuaded it is unnecessary, to caution you against a surprize yourself; the enemy will feel themselves much hurt at the repeated instances of disgrace, their arms have lately met with; and will most assuredly attempt to bury it in some stroke of retaliation on such parts of the Army as is most accessible, than which none is more so than that under your commd., because every preparation for it can be concealed, and the Troops are on the spot ready to operate at a moments warning, I could not therefore restrain my pen on this head, though I am persuaded you will do every thing that Military prudence can dictate to guard against it. With sincere esteem etc.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Saturday, August 21, 1779.
Parole Ludlow. Countersigns Lynn, Malden.
At a General Court Martial of the line the 11th. instant Colonel Russell, President, Captain Ashmead96 of the 2nd. Pennsylvania regiment, late of the Light Infantry was tried for "Being drunk in the time of the assault on Stony Point, the morning of the 16th. of July last and behaving ridiculously and unbecoming an officer at the head of his company in crossing the Morass."
[Note 96: Capt. Jacob Ashmead. He resigned in May, 1780.]
"2ndly. For disobeying the General's orders by frequently huzzaing during the approach to the enemy's works, to the prejudice of good order and military discipline and tending to promote confusion among the troops at that critical juncture."
The Court do unanimously agree that Captain Ashmead is not guilty of the 1st. charge and do therefore acquit him of it; but are of opinion that he is guilty of the 2nd. charge, being a breach of the latter part of the 5th. Article of the 2nd. Section of the Articles of War.
They are of opinion that the breach of orders which subjects Captain Ashmead to be found guilty, agreeable to the Articles of War, did not proceed from a Willful or Designed Disobedience of Orders but from an involuntary impulse of the Mind, owing to Inadvertency, and do therefore sentence him to be reprimanded by His Excellency in General Orders.
Captain Ashmead's conduct was certainly very reprehensible and of such a nature as has a tendency to defeat the most important and best concerted enterprises.
At the same Court the 14th. instant, Mr. Jonathan Blake97 commanding a company of Artificers was tried.
[Note 97: Capt. Jonathan Blake, of Baldwin's Artillery artificers.]
1st. "For tearing and concealing a letter wrote by Col. Koscuiszko to Colonel Hay, D. Q. M. G. during the alarm, relative to his company's going to the Fort."
2ndly. For "absenting himself frequently from duty without leave."
3rdly. For employing in a clandestine manner several of his men upon his farm while he drew provisions for them from the public store and return'd them "Fit for duty present;" found guilty of the 1st. and 3rd. charges exhibited against him and sentenced to make restitution to the public in money by a stoppage from his pay for the time he employed the men of his company on business of his own and for the provisions that was drawn for them from the public stores while they were so employed and that he be cashiered.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders it to take place.
At the same Court, the 10th. instant, Adjutant English,98 of late Brewer's regiment was tried for "Ordering and warning Lieutenant Pray99 for duty when it was not his tour," found guilty and sentenced to be reprimanded by the officer commanding the regiment in presence of the officers of the regiment.
[Note 98: Lieut. Andrew English. He was appointed adjutant in the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment and resigned in August, 1780.]
[Note 99: Lieut. John Pray, of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. He was promoted to captain, with rank from July, 1779; transferred to the First Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
Adjutant English is released from his Arrest.
Ezekiel Case of the 5th. Connecticutt regiment was tried at a Brigade General Court Martial whereof Majr. Walbridge was President the 19th. instant for "Repeated desertion and the last time to the enemy, where he took up arms against the United States" found guilty being a breach of the 1st. Article, 6th Section of the Articles of War and unanimously sentenced to suffer death.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentence.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, August 22, 1779.
Parole Belgrade. Countersigns Bethlehem, Buda.
The General Court Martial whereof Colo. Stewart is President to sit tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the usual place. The General has the pleasure to inform the army that on the night of the 18th instant, Major Lee at the head of a party composed of his own Corps and detachments from the Virg'nia and Maryland lines, surprized the Garrison of Powles Hook and brought off a considerable number of Prisoners with very little loss on our side. The Enterprise was executed with a distinguished degree of Address, Activity and Bravery and does great honor to Major Lee and to all the officers and men under his command, who are requested to accept the General's warmest thanks.
For this day and during the present spell of wet weather the whole army is to be supplied with full rations of rum.
The officers will be particularly attentive that the men use every precaution for the preservation of their arms and ammunition and will carefully inspect them in the intervals of fair weather.
At a division General Court Martial the 14th instant, Colonel Wood,1 President, Lieutenant Roger Triplet2 of the 2nd. Virginia State regiment was tried for "Appearing on the brigade parade the 5th. instant and taking charge of a Platoon when so drunk as to be incapable of doing his duty."
[Note 1: Col. James Wood, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He served to January, 1783.]
[Note 2: Lieut. Roger Triplett.]
The Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Triplet is guilty of the charge exhibited against him being a breach of the 5th. Article of the 13th. Section of the Articles of War and sentence him to be cashiered.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence; but sincerely laments that any officer should not have more regard for his character and the duties of his station than to suffer himself to be betrayed into a situation, which is so injurious to the one and which incapacitates him so intirely for the other.
Westpoint, August 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: Mr. Tilghman delivered me your favour of the 8th. Instt.3 for which, and the favourable sentiments expressed of me in your publication, addressed to the Printer of the Maryland Journal, you will permit me to offer my grateful acknowledgments.4
[Note 3: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 4: Reed's answer to Gen. Charles Lee's Queries, published in the Maryland Journal, are in Reed's Life of Joseph Reed (Phila: r847), vol. I, p. 262.]
The loss of Fort Washington simply abstracted from the circumstances which attended it was an event that gave me much pain, because it deprivd the Army of the Services of many valuable Men at a critical period and the public of many valuable lives, by the cruelties which were inflicted upon them in their captive state. but this concern received additional poignancy from two considerations which did not appear; one of which never will be known to the world (because I shall never attempt to paliate my own faults by exposing those of another) nor indeed could either of them come before the public unless there had been such a charge as must have rendered an enquiry into the causes of this miscarriage necessary. The one was, a non--compliance in General Greene with an order5 sent him from White plains before I marched for the Western--side of Hudsons River to withdraw the Artillery, stores, &ca. from the Fort, allowing him however some latitude for the exercise of his own judgment as he was upon the spot and could decide better from appearances and circumstances than I the propriety of a total evacuation. The other was a resolve of Congress in the strong and emphatic words following
[Note 5: See Washington's letter to Gen. Nathanael Greene, Nov. 8, 1776, ante.]
Friday, Octr. 11th., 1776.
Resolved, That General Washington be desired, if it be practicable, by every art and whatever expence to obstruct effectually the navigation of the North River, between Fort Washington and Mount constitution, as well to prevent the regress of the enemy's frigates lately gone up, as to hinder them fromreceiving succours.
When I came to Fort Lee and found no measures taken towards an evacuation in consequence of the order aforementioned. When I found General Greene of whose judgment and candor I entertained a good opinion, decidedly opposed to it. when I found other opinion's coincident with his. When the wishes of Congress to obstruct the navigation of the North River and which were delivered in such forcible terms to me recurred. When I knew that the easy communication between the different parts of the Army then seperated by the River depended upon it. and lastly when I considered that our policy led us to waste the Campaign, without coming to a general action on the one hand, or to suffer the enemy to overrun the Country on the other I conceived that every impediment that stood in their way was a mean to answer these purposes, and when thrown into the scale with those opinions which were opposed to an evacuation caused that warfare in my mind and hesitation which ended in the loss of the Garrison; and being repugnant to my own judgment of the advisability of attempting to hold the Post, filled me with the greater regret. The two great causes which led to this misfortune (and which I have before recited) as well perhaps as my reasoning upon it which occasioned the delay were concealed from public view; of course left the field of censure quite open for any and every labourer who inclined to work in it, and afforded a fine theme for the pen of a malignant writer6 who is less regardful of facts than the point he wants to establish where he has the field wholly to himself; and where concealt. of a few circumstances answers his purposes, or where a small transposition of them will give a very different complexion to the same thing.
[Note 6: Maj. Gen. Charles Lee.]
Why I have run into such a lengthy discussion of this point, at this time, I am at a loss myself to tell. I meant but to touch it, en-passent, but one idea succeeded to another till it would seem that I had been preparing my defence for a regular charge.
My ideas of what seems to be the only mode left to keep our Battalions to their establishment, or near it, you are already acquainted with, as they were conveyed at large to the Committee at Valley-forge in--78. I have seen no cause since to change my opinion on this head but abundant reason to confirm it. No man dislikes short and temporary inlistments more than I do. No man ever had greater cause to reprobate and even curse the fatal policy of the measure than I have. nor no man (with decency) ever opposed it more in the early part of this contest and had my advice respecting this matter been pursued in the years Seventy five and Six, our Money would have been upon a very different establishment in point of credit to what it now is as we should have saved millions of pounds in bounty money and the consequent evils of expiring Armies and New Levies, but those hours are passed never to be recalled; such men as compose the bulk of an army are in a difft. train of thinking to what they were in those early stages of the war and nothing is now left but an annual and systematical mode of drafting, which while we retain the stamina of an army (engaged for the War) will be the best, indeed I see no other substitute for voluntary enlistment. In fact, it will come to this, for there are people even (old Soldiers) who will hire as substitutes, and the difference will be, that in lieu of the public's emitting or borrowing money to pay the Bounties which increase rapidly every new enlistment these Bounties will be paid by individuals, will increase the demand for ciculating Cash, and, as with all other commodities in demand raise the value of it by multiplying the means for using it. How far those governments which are rent and weakened by internal divisions have energy enough to carry Statutes of this kind into execution I do not pretend to be a competent judge; but such as are well established and organized I am sure can do it. Those that are not, the propriety of the measure is so necessary and obvious that I should entertain little doubt of their success in the experiment.
The Spunge, which you say some Gentlemen have talked of using, unless there can be a descremination and proper saving clauses provided (and how far this is practicable I know not) would be unjust and impolitic in the extreme. Perhaps I do not understd. what they mean by using the Spunge, if it be to sink the money in the hands of the holders of it, and at their loss it cannot in my opinion stand justified upon any principle of common policy; common sense, or common honesty. But how far a Man for instance who had possessed himself of 20 paper dollars by means of one or the value of one in Specie, has a just claim upon the public for more than one of the latter, in redemption and in that Ratio accordg. to the perds. of depreciation I leave to those who are better acquainted with the nature of the subject and have more leizure than I have to discuss. To me, a meat. of this kd. appears substantial justice to the Public and to individls. but whether it is capable of administration I have never thought enough of to form any opinion.
We have given the enemy another little touch,7 at Powleshook. an Acct. of which is transmitted to Congress by this conveyance and I presume will be published; between 150 and 60 prisoners were taken and brought off with the colours of the Garrison. I am, &c.
[Note 7: In Reed's Life of Joseph Reed this word is printed "stroke."]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 22, 1779.
Dr. Sir: As Congress are yet uninformed of the enterprise against Powles Hook, and I am anxious to have them furnished with the particulars, I have to request your report without delay. I heartily congratulate you and wish you to give my thanks to the officers and troops who were concerned on this occasion. I am, &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 22, 1779.
Sir: I inclose you a letter from Major Genl. Heath, relative to the exchange of a Dr. Richardson,9 Surgeon's mate to Col.
[Note 9: Abijah Richardson. He was surgeon's mate of the Third Massachusetts Regiment; was exchanged in September, 1779; surgeon of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment, in July, 1780; retired in January, 1781.] Graters10Regt. for one of the same rank of the enemy taken at Stoney-point. I have no objection to its execution, if the facts are as stated. I would however observe that I am informed some of the Doctors taken at this place, hold commissions in the line. This should be inquired into and an exchange with such avoided or made only for one of the enemy's mates without rank in the line.
[Note 10: Col. John Greaton, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment.]
I suppose you have given directions to one of your deputies to take order, on the prisoners made at Powles Hook. I am, &c.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On August 22 Washington wrote Lord Stirling requesting that the boats be moved from Newark "to their former stations as I do not apprehend them altogether safe where they now are." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 23, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency Major Lee's report of the surprise and capture of the Garrison of Powles Hook. The Major displayed a remarkable degree of prudence address enterprise and bravery upon this occasion, which does the highest honor to himself and to all the officers and men under his command. The situation of the Post rendered the attempt critical and the success brilliant: It was made in consequence of information that the garrison was in a state of negligent security, which the event has justified.
I am much indebted to Major Genl. Lord Stirling for the judicious measures he took to forward the enterprise, and to secure the retreat of the party.
Lieut. McCalister12 who will have the honor of delivering these dispatches, will present Congress with the standard of
[Note 12: Lieut. Archibald McCallister, of the First Maryland Regiment. He was brevetted captain by Congress on Sept. 24, 1779, for bravery at Powles Hook, and died in January,1781.] the garrison which fell into his possession during the attack. Major Lee speaks of this Gentlemans conduct in the handsomest terms. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. The report not having been received 'till this day prevented a speedier transmission. Major Lee mentions twenty men lost on our side.13 Capt. Rudulph14 informs that since the report was concluded several of the missing had returned which will lessen the supposed loss near one half.15
[Note 13: The original of Lee's report, dated Aug. 22, 1779, is not now found in the Washington Papers, but a copy by Tilghman is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 14: Lieut. Michael Rudolph, of Lee's Dragoons. He was made quartermaster with rank of captain; brevetted captain by Congress on Sept. 24, 1779, for bravery at Powles Hook; full captain in November, 1779; served to the close of the war.]
[Note 15: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on August 27 and referred to William Paca, Samuel John Atlee, and John Dickinson.]
Head Quarters, August 23, 1779.
Sir: I take the liberty of transmitting to your Excellency the inclosed Copy of a Letter I received from Colo Butler16 of the 21st. Inst. From the character of this Gentleman and the opinion I entertain of him as a Man of strict honour and probity, I am perfectly persuaded the representation he has made of his loss, is true in every part; and I am exceedingly sorry such an accident should have happened to an Officer of his merit, and who has rendered great services to his Country. The only relief I conceived myself authorised to grant him, was to give him an order on the Cloathing Department, to furnish him with such
[Note 16: Col. Richard Butler's letter of August 21 is not now found in the Washington Papers, but a copy of it is filed with the letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Butler had had 2,316 dollars of public funds and a quantity of private clothing and effects. On September 15 Congress directed the cancellation of the debt. The same day (August 23) Washington wrote to Butler that he had sent his representation to Congress, "having no powers to order payment myself," and sent Butler "an order on the clothier General for such articles as he may be able to furnish you with, at the usual rates." This letter is in the Washington Papers.] Articles as he has occasion for, if there are any in it, at proper and reasonable rates; and I submit his case to Congress for such further consideration as they may think it deserves. I have the Honor. &c.17
[Note 17: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on August 28 and referred to the Board of Treasury.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 23, 1779.
My Lord: An Officer of the Marichausse Dragoons has charge of a large sum of the Money called out of circulation, which is to be sent forward to Philadelphia. Be pleased therefore to direct a careful Officer of the Virginia line to proceed with it with an Escort of six Men from Captain Belkins18 troop. Your Lordship will be pleased to give this Officer the same instructions as you gave to Captain Stith,19 who took charge of the former parcel of Money. He is to keep an Account of his expenditures. I am, etc.20
[Note 18: Capt. Henry Bedkin, of Pulaski's Legion. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 19: Capt. John Stith, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment, He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 23, 1779.
Sir: I have received your report of the attack of Powles Hook transmitted by Captain Rudolph, which I have forwarded to Congress by Lieutenant McCallester. I shall be sorry if this should be contrary to your wish or Captain Rudolph's expectation, as I have the best opinion of this Gentlemans merit. My motives for sending Mr. McCallester with the dispatches were that he commanded one of the forlorn hopes and got possession of the standard. As custom required the sending this to Congress, I thought the bearer of it ought to be the Person who had the good fortune to gain possession of it, especially as you had forwarded it by him to me; nor would it have been warranted by precedent to have sent one with the dispatches and another with the standard. You will find my sense of your conduct and of that of the officers and men under your command, expressed in the General order of yesterday and in my letter to Congress. I congratulate you on your success. You will send a small escort of dragoons with Lt. McCallester. I am, etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to order Capt. Handy with the detachment under his command to join his Brigade as soon as the Soldiery have recd. their shoes.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, August 23, 1779.
Sir: Be pleased to direct an Officer of your troop and six Men to take charge of a sum of public Money at present in the hands of Lieut. Lilley22 of Massachusetts and proceed with it to Major General Lord Stirling at Ramapough. Lieutenant Lilley will most probably be found at the Qr. Masters at New Burgh. The inclosed for Lord Stirling is to be delivered to him by the Officer commanding the Escorte. I am, etc.23
[Note 22: Lieut. Reuben Lilley, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 24: Delegate to the Continental Congress from Massachusetts.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 24, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 14 and 25th ( sic) instants.25 Immediately forwarded the letter to Mr. Loring inclosed in the former. I am obliged by your communication of European intelligence, which bears a most agreeable aspect. I have the honor, etc.26
[Note 25: Lovell's letters are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 24, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 13th inst.
The situation of the prisoners at Rutland seems to make it necessary, to give one of them the permission which is asked. But to render this of as little advantage as possible to the enemy, you will be pleased to order him to Rhode Island, to proceed from thence, by water to New-York, and return by the same passage to Rutland.
It will be agreeable to you to hear, that on the morning of the 19th instant, Major Lee of the dragoons, completely surprised and carried the enemy's strong post at Powles Hook. He brought off 7 officers and 151 privates. He imagines that about 40 were killed and wounded by the bayonet. Not a musquet was discharged on our side. Our loss the most trifling.
The vicinity of this post to New-York, the danger of his having his retreat cut off, by a body thrown over the North-river, with some other disagreeable circumstances determined him to bring off his prisoners instantly, leaving the artillery and stores of the garrison.
Yesterday I was informed by General Sullivan, of his arrival at Tioga on the 11th inst., without loss or opposition. On the 13th he destroyed Chemung with all its plantations of corn &c. &c.
The enemy had evacuated the place the evening before, and gave but little interruption to his operations. This is the second Town, with their dependencies which he has destroyed, which opens to him the whole Indian country.
In the course of the day, and his pursuit after the Indians, we had seven men killed and fourteen wounded. The enemy's loss could not be ascertained, nor is it supposed to be considerable as their flight was sudden and precipitate.
This is our most material intelligence; that from Europe you will have received through the public papers. I have only to add that Arbuthnots fleet is not yet arrived. By our calculations it must be out 90 days, provided the accounts of its sailing are true.
By some recent advice from the enemy, it appears that some troops have been thrown over from York Island, to Long Island and put in motion Eastward, but with what intention is altogether conjectural. I am, etc.27
[Note 27: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 15th. instant from Tioga, and congratulate you upon your success against Chemung and Scheshequenung. This stroke, I hope, will put your junction with General Clinton out of all hazard, after which, I think you have little to fear.
I have the pleasure to inform you, that on the night of the 18th: instant, Major Lee of the Dragoons, with a detachment from the Virginia and Maryland lines and a troop of dismounted Dragoons, completely surprised and carried the Enemy's strong post at powles Hook. He brought off seven Officers and 151 privates. He imagines about 40 were killed and wounded by the Bayonet, which was alone used, not a Musket having been discharged on our side. Our loss was most trifling. The Vicinity of this post to New York, and danger of having his retreat intercepted by a Body thrown over the North River, determined him to bring off his prisoners instantly, and leave the Artillery and Stores. European politics bear a very pleasing aspect. We have every Reason to believe that spain has by this time taken a decided part. Great Britain having in the most explicit terms refused to accept of her mediation.
The long expected Fleet, under Admiral Arbuthnot, has not yet arrived at New York, altho', if they did actually leave England, they must have been out ninety days. I am, etc.
P.S. In consequence of your letter Governor Clinton immediately put Colo. Pawling upon his March and he was to meet Genl. Clinton at Anaquaga the 15th. Inst.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 24, 1779.
Whereas it is found impracticable, by the ordinary mode of procuring teams to furnish a sufficient number to prosecute the important defences of this post with so much vigor and effect as the exigency of the public service demands, and there is a constant necessity to have recourse to the expedient of impressing them through the Country; You are hereby authorised, from time to time by your self or persons with written authority from you to impress at any place within this state, such number of teams as the good of the service shall require for the purpose abovementioned. For which, with the fullest confidence in your judgment and discretion, and that you will exercise the power intrusted to you in the manner least burthensome and injurious to the Inhabitants. This shall be your warrant.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am this moment favoured with your letters of yesterday, one public one private, and yesterday with thatof the 21st.30
[Note 30: This letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
The conduct of the militia at horseneck is a little extraordinary, but perhaps it is rather an omission than a willful delinquency. It would however be inexpedient to involve any question of authority upon the occasion and better to make it an affair of management. The Militia being drawn out by the mere motion of the State and for a local purpose, it is a nice point to determine, how far they may be subject to the command of Continental officers, unless absolutely acting in conjunction. I send you a line to the commanding officer at Horseneck, which I hope will place things upon a proper footing. Whenever it shall be found necessary to call out the Militia of this state I have no doubt they will be subjected to the direction of any superior Continental officer where they serve; when they act in conjunction it must be so of course.
With respect to the proposed attempt I have full confidence that your undertaking or relinquishing it will be determined by sufficient reasons. At the same time I do not think the forward movement for the ostensible purpose of foraging would be so likely to succeed as another mode which may be adopted. It was practised with success in the enterprise against Paulus Hook; but this would awaken the enemy's suspicions to a repetition of the same stratagem and make the deception less probable. The movements of the enemy on Long Island is an additional objection to it, as your approach toward the Bridge would increase your danger, and I think your jealousies for that quarter are so justifiable, that I would recommend to you to redouble your vigilance; and if you should find it necessary to change your position for one of greater security, you will not delay it to consult me. An inclination of a few miles to your right will not be amiss. I shall caution the militia at Horseneck in the same spirit and advise them to govern their motions by the instructions they may receive from you.
The mode, which, in my opinion would give your project the greatest likelihood of success is to assemble suddenly all your dragoon and waggon horses, to mount the men of your party double; begin your march about dusk and push down, under favour of the night with all the celerity in your power. Your present distance would render the attempt less suspected; your approach, under whatever pretence, would create alarm. Your movement by this method would be more rapid, more unexpected, less discoverable; the surprise more complete. The only doubt is concerning the sufficiency of the horses; of this without knowing the number, I cannot judge. What I here mention is only advice not direction and leave you to act as you please. I am, &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 24, 1779.
Sir: I am informed by Major General Howe that there has been hitherto no communication between you and him. It appears to me necessary for the good of the service and for your mutual security that you should correspond and cooperate and that as far as may be consistent with the instructions you have received from the governor, you should comply with his advice and directions. I would not wish by any means to interfere with the intention of the state or to do any thing which may contravene the local purposes for which your party may have been called out; but only to establish such a concert of views between the Continental troops whose object is the same and the militia under your command, as will most effectually promote the service, cover the country annoy the enemy and afford reciprocal aid and security. This concert is the more necessary at this moment as I have received information, that the enemy have their Grenadiers and light troops on Long Island moving Eastward in the vicinity of the Sound. I know no more likely end they can have in view than to surprise the troops in your quarter to prevent which the greatest vigilance and care will be requisite and a perfect co-operation between the Militia and Continental troops. Guard boats moving about the sound during the night will be of excellent use, if under proper regulations. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West-point, August 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: In answer to your Letter of the 11th. Instt. I candidly acknowledge I am at a loss what advice to give you with precision respecting the Sale of your Estate upon the Eastern shore; but upon the whole in the present uncertain state of things should were I in your place, postpone the measure a while longer. Your own observation must have convinced you of the rapid depreciation of the paper currency in the course of the last 10 Mths.;33 and this it will continue to do till there is a stop put to further emissions, and till some vigorous measures are adopted by the States respectively and collectively to lessen the circulating medium. You must be sensible that it is not £40,000 £400,000 nor any nominal Sum whatever that would give you the value of the Land in Northampton; instance your unfortunate sail of the York Estate to Colo. Braxton for £20,000 which I suppose would now fetch him £100,000 and unless for the purpose of speculating in that or some other article this sum I am persuaded would be refused by that Gentn. The present profit of your Land on the Eastern shore may be trifling; nay I will go farther, and admit that it is, at this time, an incumbrance to you, but still it retains in itself an intrinsic and real value, which rises nominally in proportion to the depreciation, and will always be valuable if (admitting the worst) the money should cease to pass but though the event is not probable, I will suppose that to be the case; or that it should continue to depreciate as it has done for the last 10 Months, where are you then ? why bereft of your Land and in possession of a large sum of money with which you can buy nothing.
[Note 33: According to Washington's own table of depreciation, in his expense account as Commander in Chief, $2,000 was worth but £33 in September, 1779; in November $3,000 was only worth £38:14:0; and in December $3,000 was worth only £34:4:0.]
There are but two motives which ought, and I trust can, induce you to sell; the one is to vest the money in the purchase of something else of equal value immediately, the other to put it in the public funds. If the first is your object I have no hesitation in giving my opinion in favour of the Sale; because lands at so great a distance from you never will be profitable, and your only consideration is, to be careful in your bargains elsewhere making the prices of the thing sold, and things bought, corrispond with respect to times and places. in fact this is but another name for barter or exchange; but when the other is your inducement, the whole matter turns upon the credit and appreciation of the money, and this again upon financing, loans, Taxes, War, Peace, good success, bad success, the arts of designing men, mode of redemption, and other contingent events, which, in my judgment very few men at this time see far enough into, to justify a capital risk; consequently you would be playing a hazardous, and possibly, in the issue, a ruinous game, merely for the chance of havg. sold at the turn of the tide as it were when there is not much fear of foregoing this advantage by any sudden appreciation of our money. In a word by holding your Land a few Months longer you can only loose the Taxes; by selling to place the Money in the funds you may loose considerably. Selling to buy (as I have before observed) I consider as an exchange only but then both bargains should be made at the same time; this was my advice to you before; and I now repeat it; otherwise the purchases you have in view may rise 50 pr. Ct. between your sale and the final accomplishment of them.
I observe what you say also respecting payment of your old Bonds, and have less scruple in giving it to you as my opinion that you are not bound in honor or by any principle of reason or love to your Country to accept payment of Such as are upon demand and were given previous to the contest and to the depreciation of the money, at the present nominal value of it, by which a just debt, and where great endulgences have been shewn the creditor in forbearance, is discharged at the rate of a shilling in the pound. Every man who is a friend to the cause is bound to receive the money in all payments and to give it a circulation as free as the air we breathe in but it is absurd and repugnant to every principle of honour, honesty, and common sense to say that one man shall receive a shilling in the pound of another for a just debt when that other is well able to pay 20/. and the same means which enabled him to pay the one formerly will enable him with as much ease to pay the other now. It is necessary for me to premise, that I am totally unacquainted with your laws on this head, and the consequences of a refusal. I am only arguing therefore in behalf of the reason and justice of my opinion. and on the presumption that all law is founded in equity. The end and design therefore of this (if there is such an one as compels payment under certain penalties or forfeitures) could only be to give credit and circulation to the Bills in payment, not to enrich one man at the ruin of another which is most manifestly the case at present and is such a glaring abuse of common justice that I cannot but wonder at the practice obtaining.
Our Affairs at present put on a very pleasing aspect, especially in Europe and the West Indies and bids us I think hope for the certain and final accomplishment of our Independance. but as Peace depends upon our Allies equally with ourselves and G. B. has refused the mediation of Spain, it will puzzle the best politician to point out with certainty the limitation of the War.
Experience which is the best rule to walk by, has I am told clearly proved the utility of having the ditch for draining of sunken grounds on the inside, and at a considerable distance (for instance two shovels throw) from the Bank; consequently is a better criterian to judge from than the simple opinion of your ditcher who may govern himself by the practice of other Countries that will not apply to the circumstances of this where there may be enemies to our banks unknown perhaps to them.
We have given the enemy another little Stroke in the Surprise of Powles-hook (within Cannon shot of N: York) and bringing off 7 Officers and 151 Non-Commd. Officers and privates. This was a brilliant transaction and performed by a detacht. of Virginians and Marylanders under the Comd. of Majr. Lee34 of the light Horse with the loss of not more than ten or a dozen men. The colours of the Garrison were also brought away: My Affectte. regards to Nelly and the Children; with great truth I am, etc.
[Note 34: Maj. Henry Lee.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Tuesday, August 24, 1779.
Parole Muscovy. Countersigns Modena, Mugford.
The proceedings of the board of Field Officers in the Virginia line on the claims of John Allison and John Lee Esquires to the Lieutenant Colonelcy of the 1st. Virginia State regiment, having been refered to the Executive Authority of that State, His Excellency the Governor and Council have been pleased to approve the report and to transmit blank Commissions to be filled up accordingly.
These Gentlemen are therefore to take rank as follows, John Allison Esquire, Lieutenant Colonel of the 1st. Virginia State regiment from the 1st. of January 1779, vice--Brent35 promoted; John Lee, Esquire, Major of the 2nd. according to his former Commission; in consequence Thomas Meriwether,36 Esquire, is to take rank as Major in the 1st. State regiment from the 1st. of January 1779, vice Allison promoted and the Commission granted Captain Quarles37 for the Majority in the 2nd. State regiment on that day is vacated.
[Note 35: Col. William Brent, of the Second Virginia State Regiment. He served to February, 1781.]
[Note 36: Maj. Thomas Merriwether, of the First Virginia State Regiment. He served to February, 1781.]
[Note 37: Capt. James Quarles, of the Second Virginia State Regiment. He served subsequently as major of Virginia Militia.]
[Note 38: Delegate to the Continental Congress from North Carolina.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 25, 1779.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 14th. I wish it were in my power to fall upon the means of procuring the enlargement of your friend Mr. Granberry; but as I have no Citizen under my controul, who would be a fit subject to propose as an Exchange, either upon parole or finally I have not an opportunity of interesting myself in his behalf. It has been a point determined and invariably persisted in, not to give up a person in the Military line for one in the Civil. Had not this conduct have been pursued, the enemy wd. have been encouraged to have seized many more Citizens than they have done in their several excursions. The most probable mode of obtaining Mr. Granberry's release will be to endeavour to procure some Gentleman, who may be already or may hereafter be captured by a Vessel belonging to the State of which he is an inhabitant. I am, &c.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 25, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose the copy of a letter from Major General Heath accompanied by a report from Captain Haywood,40 (lately sent by him with a flag to your Lines) representing the treatment he met with from Colonel Wurmb, the commanding officer.
[Note 40: Capt. Abner Haywood (Hayward), of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in May, 1781.]
Persuaded that you will reprobate so gross a violation of a flag, I have no doubt that you will take effectual measures to discountenance the indecent irregularity of Colonel Wurmb's behaviour and prevent a similar instance hereafter.41 I have the honor, etc.42
[Note 41: Clinton's answer of September 29 inclosed Lieut. Col. Ludwig J. Adolph von Wurmb's report (September 7), which gave as his reason for arresting the flag and the threats uttered, that the flag consisted of two men, one "in a blue coat and white cuffs, and another very indifferently dress'd. One of them had a white handkerchief tied to a little stick, and there was neither a Trumpeter, nor a Drummer, and still less any military escort with them." Wurmb objected to what he called this irregular manner of sending a flag and considered its purpose, "to ask, whether a certain woman would be allowed to go to New York" too trivial to justify a flag of truce. Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West point, August 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 14th. five days ago, and should have done myself the pleasure of writing to you before, if there had not been a variety of pressing business on hand.
As almost the whole of the advances in the account you were pleased to transmit me and which I return agreeable to your request were made during my absence from Camp, I cannot give you any information respecting them of my own knowledge. I have made inquiry of the General, who cannot particularly designate the sums paid on account of the State. Mr. Tilghman says he thinks that those crossed were as you will see by his Certificate.
With respect to promotions, I must take the liberty to refer you to the General Orders issued Two or three clays since, a Copy of which you will probably see before this comes to hand, in which you will find sundry acts of Congress published prescribing the mode in which appointments and promotions to vacancies are to be made. The General cannot interfere in the business or adopt a different system. I have written by his direction to the Board of War for a Copy of the Virginia arrangement, as he has not got it, and there are some applications now before him, with respect to it, which seem to be attended with difficulty.
If you wish a return of Captn. Porterfield's Commission, you will be pleased to inform me of the date of his resignation when I will indorse a Certificate and transmit it to you.
I have nothing new, unless I tell you that General Sullivan according to his Letter of the 15 has burnt Chemung and Cheneskunck. The Detachment advanced for this purpose met with but little opposition. Two Officers however were wounded (one badly) and 13 privates; 7 privates were also killed.
Chemung was a considerable Town, where there were very large Crops of Corn. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
August 25, 1779.
Dear Webb: I have received your two favors and also have seen your Letter to Genl Greene, and am exceedingly sorry such difficulties have occurred to prevent your exchange.
You will have heard from Mr Beatty the Commissary, and I am persuaded there was nothing settled between him and Mr. Loring with respect to the British Officers, released at Corunna.44 Besides what he has told me, I have seen Mr Loring's list of the Officers who appear to have been the subjects of their conference, and none of those Gentlemen are mentioned in it that I recollect. Mr Loring must have been mistaken in his representation. I have mentioned the affair to his Excellency and the substance of your Letters. The result is, that it is impossible for him in general cases to take up any business respecting prisoners, but upon a general scale and system. However as the prisoners taken by Captn Newman45 were not originally subject to the direction of the Continent,
[Note 44: Spain.]
[Note 45: Capt. Wingate Newman, of the American privateer Vengeance.] as he was not in their employ and the owners have consented that you and Colo. Coates46 might be exchanged for them the General does not think that our Officers can object to the measure and will second your views; but as the owners themselves have not particularly designated any other persons and seem to have left it to him from the Letters you delivered to make exchanges for the residue. If he interferes at all in the business, the residue must be applied to release our Officers according to their ranks and the priority of their captivity. And let me add my friend that this ought to be the case. It is not a liberal or a just policy that makes any distinction about prisoners of War engaged in the same contest; there should be no distinction of this or that State; but every man taken from the Enemy, no matter by whom, ought to be applied to the release of the first Officer of his rank, prisoner with them.
[Note 46: Cok William Coates, of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
My advice to you is to come to this place and without delay. It is very probable there may be a meeting between the Two Commissioners, when your exchange by your personal attendance may be more easily effected. I am Dear Webb Yrs., &c.
P.S. Bring with you All the Original papers from the British Consul at Corunna.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison."]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Wednesday, August 25, 1779.
Parole Poland. Countersigns Peter, Paz.
Daniel Johnston of the 8th. and Ezekiel Case of the 5th. Connecticutt regiments now under sentence of death are to be executed next Saturday at such time and place as Major General Heath shall direct.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Thursday, August 26, 1779.
Parole Sobieski. Countersigns Soliman, Savoy.
Brigade returns to be made immediately to the Orderly Office of the actual deficiencies of clothing.
Agreeable to the order of the 10th. instant it is determined by lot that Colonel Lamb's regiment have the precedency of Colonel Cranes.
[Note 48: Sent to the governors or presidents of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 26, 1779.
Sir: In a Letter which I had the Honor of addressing to Your Excellency49 on the 22d of May, I took the liberty to mention50 the inconveniences which had prevailed for want of System in the Cloathing department, and the necessity there was for an early appointment of State or Sub Cloathiers, agreable to the Ordnance established by Congress, by their Act of the 23d of March, with which I presumed Your Excellency49 had been made acquainted. I am now under the necessity of troubling you with a farther Address, upon the subject of Cloathing itself. From the best information I have been able to obtain, both from returns and particular inquiries, I fear there is but too much reason to apprehend, that unless the Respective States interpose with their exertions, our supplies of this essential Article will be very deficient; and that the troops may again experience on this account a part of those distresses
[Note 49:[Note 49: Some of the circulars sent read "to you."]
[Note 50: Some of the circulars sent read "of mentioning."] which were so severely and injuriously felt in past Stages of the War, and which a regard to the interests of the States, as well as to the duties of humanity should prevent if it be practicable. I do not know exactly how matters will turn out with respect to51 Woolen Cloathing, I should hope tolerably well, but if the attention of the State should even go to this, there will be little probability of our having an over supply: But the Articles to which I would take the liberty to solicit Your Excellency's more particular attention, are Blankets, Shirts, Shoes and Hats (more especially the two first) as our prospect of these is by no means pleasing and such indeed as decides that the supply from the Continental Cloathiers, and Agents will fall far short, or at least stand upon too critical and precarious a footing. The importance and advantages of good supplies of cloathing are evident, and they have been most remarkably and happily demonstrated in the health of the Troops, since they have been pretty comfortably provided for in this instance, a circumstance of all others the most interesting.
[Note 51: Some of the circulars omit ";respect to."]
While I am on the subject of Cloathing, I would also beg leave to add, that the condition of the Officers in this respect, appears to me to require the attention of their States. It is really in many instances painfully distressing. The want of necessaries, and of the means of procuring them at their present exorbitant prices, has compelled a great many Officers of good reputation and merit to resign their Commissions; and if they are not relieved, it must be the case with many Others, as they will have no alternative.
I have the Honor, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
The circular is in the Maryland Historical Society, the New Hampshire Historical Society, and the Connecticut State Library. In addition to the minor changes noted above, the spelling, capitalization, and punctuation vary in each of these.
The circular to Governor Jefferson is preceded by the following paragraph, which is entered by Harrison on the verso of the draft: ";Your Excellency I make no doubt has been made fully acquainted with the Ordinance established by Congress by their Act of the 23d of March for regulating the Cloathing department, and recommending the Respective States to appoint State or Sub Cloathiers. I addressed the Other States on this subject on the 22d of May; but deemed the measure unnecessary with respect to Virginia; as a Gentleman had been already appointed to act as such. I have filled up Two of the Commissions transmitted by Your Excellency for John Allison, Gentn. as Lieut Colo of the 1st State Regmt. to rank as such from 1 Jany 1779 vice Brent promoted and for Thos. Meriwether as Major of the same; to rank from the same date vice Allison promoted."]
[Note 53: Another circular, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in the Maryland Historical Society and is accompanied by a list of Maryland officers who violated their parole, to wit, Capt. Richard Davis, Lieuts. William Piles, James Tool, and Jacob Carsdorph. Of these, Davis, of whose first name there seems to be some question, and Tool (or Toole) were taken prisoners at Fort Washington in November, 1776; Davis retired in January, 1781; Garsdorph (or Cardorff) is recorded a prisoner in 1780; and Piles, who was in Rawling's regiment, had his name dropped from the rolls in September, 1778, with the notation ";Prisoner broke parole.";]
Head Quarters, August 26, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency a list of sundry officers belonging to your state who have been in captivity and are reported by the Commissary of Prisoners as violators of parole. A conduct of this kind so ignominious to the individuals themselves, so dishonorable to their country and to the service in which they have been engaged, and so injurious to those Gentlemen who were associated with them in misfortune, but preserved their honor, demands, that every measure should be taken to deprive them of the benefit of their delinquency and to compel their return. We have pledged ourselves to the enemy to do every thing in our power for this purpose, and in consequence I directed Mr. Beatty, Commissary of Prisoners, to issue the summons, which you will probably have seen in the public papers. But as it is likely to have a very partial operation, I find it necessary in aid of it, to request the interposition of the executive powers of the different states to enforce a compliance. Most of these persons never having been and none of them now being in Continental service, military authority will hardly be sufficient to oblige them to leave their places of residence and return to captivity, against their inclination: Neither will it be difficult for them to elude a military search and keep themselves in concealment. I must therefore entreat that your Excellency will be pleased to take such measures as shall appear to you proper and effectual to produce their immediate return. This will be rendering an essential service to our Officers in general, in captivity, will tend much to remove the difficulties, which now lie in the way of exchanges and to discourage the practice of violating paroles in future. I have the honor, etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The text is from the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
West Point, August 26, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have had the honor to receive Your Letters of the 14th and 17th Inst. With respect to the subject of the first, I beg leave to trouble you with the following state of facts, and to refer you to the inclosures No. 1. 2 and 3.55 to shew how the business of exchanging hides has been conducted and how far and to what end it has been carried on by my permission. When I returned from Philadelphia, in the Winter, I found that Lord Stirling on whom the command of the Army devolved in my absence, had issued the order No. 1 directing the Commissary of hides to issue upon the order of the Commandants of Brigades any number of hides that might be necessary to exchange for Shoes. The necessities of the troops and his Lordships expectations that these might be more speedily relieved in this than any other way, were his only motives to this order; but I immediately discovered that it was contrary to the arrangement which had been established, and that it
[Note 55: The inclosures are not with the draft. Nos. 1 and 2 were the General Orders of Feb. 6, 1779, and Apr. 3, 1779, q. v. No. 3 may possibly have been the order of June 10, 1779.] would neither have an equal or (economical operation, and therefore suspended it by the Order No 2. After I had done this many Officers, among them Colo Humpton, represented that they were placed in a very delicate situation and under great embarrassments, as being deprived of the means of complying with the contracts they had made under Lord Stirling's order. Matters being thus circumstanced, I was obliged to consent to their receiving hides for the purpose, and issued at the same time the order No 3, that the supplies obtained in this way, might be brought into a proper account. I have now given the Board a full state of matters and they will readily perceive that I am intirely in favor of the System that has been established, and that any deviation from it with my consent or permission, has been the effect of necessity; also that the object of the Orders was to procure a supply of Shoes for the Troops. At the same time I will take the liberty to add, that if our stores of Leather will admit of it after a full sufficiency of Shoes are secured which must certainly be first attended to, I should think it not amiss, that a quantity of Boots for Officers should be provided, as they are generally convenient and often highly necessary.
I am exceedingly sorry to find that the Essential business of Cloathing is still in so disagreeable a train, and that our prospects of supplies are so very precarious and uncertain. I had hoped from the evident necessity of the thing, and the frequent representations upon the subject, that the provision, both for Officers and Men would at least be comfortable; but it would seem, that there is little reason to expect this, and particularly with respect to the Officers, who must I fear, as I have repeatedly suggested, be compelled in a variety of instances to quit the service. Indeed without they can be relieved, or their nature changed, they will have no alternative. As it is a matter of so much importance and upon which so much may still depend, I shall most cheerfully do any thing in my power that may have the least possible tendency to promote it and will write to the Several States as you request and entreat their exertions upon the occasion; but I should be happy if the Supplies from them, were considered as secondary, in aid of those to be provided by the Continent, which ought to be our chief dependance. I shall endeavour to have the Small parcell of rinnen which the Board have procured and have directed to be sent to Camp, distributed in the best manner I can; but three hundred Shirts which is said will be the amount of it, will contribute so little to the relief of the Officers, that it will scarcely be known, unless by the difficulties and complaints that will attend the distribution.
The Act of the 16th, which the Board have been pleased to transmit, is certainly founded in equity; for if the Soldiers cannot be supplied with the Articles of Cloathing, which made a part of the terms of their inlistment, they ought to receive the value of the deficiency.
But I will take the liberty to suggest, that it is of the highest importance that they should receive the Specific Articles. A pecuniary compensation will in some measure, and possibly may fully satisfy the Soldiers; but it will by no means put them in a condition to perform the duties essential to the public service. It should only be considered as an expedient to prevent Complaints, after every effort to obtain supplies of Cloathing had been made and failed. The expences to the Continent will be the same in either case, but the advantages arising from an actual supply, and a pecuniary compensation will widely differ.
The Board will be pleased to receive the inclosures No 4 5 and 6,56 which contain Copies of the proceedings of Two
[Note 56: The inclosures are not found in the Washington Papers. The proceedings of the board of general officers (August 8) and published in General Orders of August to appear to be one of them. Col. Charles Harrison's memorial to Congress is in the Papers to the Continental Congress, no. 41, vol. 4, fol. 87.] Boards of General Officers on the subject of the rank of the Artillery Field Officers, and of the Copy of the Orders to which No 4 refers, in answer to their request respecting the Memorial of Colo Harrison, and which will enable them to report to Congress.
There appears to be a difficulty in the exchange proposed, between Captn. Randolph57 and Colo. Billop58 as the Board observes, on account of the uneasiness it may excite among our Officers from the desparity in their rank; and yet the former seems to have a sort of claim to the latter, from having captured him upon a former occasion. I almost wish the question from its delicacy had not been referred to me. In our late negotiations with the Enemy on the subject of prisoners, we have insisted that persons not in Arms, were not subject to Military capture, or Military exchange. Conformably to this doctrine Billop should not have been taken, and since he has been, he can only be considered in the light of a Citizen. In this view perhaps the exchange might be conducted without giving uneasiness, especially if Mr. Billop was given to the State, who had before permitted him to be exchanged for a Continental Officer. If the measure is determined upon, I think it had better be managed by the State and under the description of Mr. Billop for Mr. Randel.59 There are several of our Citizens now with the Enemy taken as Mr. Billop was, whom we deny to have been legal subjects of capture and refuse their exchange as Military men, and therefore we should not be consistent with ourselves, if we were to hold Billop in that light.
[Note 57: Capt. Nathaniel Fitz Randolph, of the New Jersey Mihtia. He had been wounded and taken prisoner at Long Island; exchanged in May, 1780; died in July, 1780, ofwounds received at Springfield, N.J., June 23, 1780.]
[Note 58: Col. Christopher Billopp, of the New York loyalist militia.]
[Note 59: Harrison's draft has "Randel" in this as in the former mention of Randolph; but Tilghman has scratched out the name the first time written and substituted "Randolph."]
I inclose the Board a Return of Captain Lee's60 Artillery Company; under the Resolution of the 15th of March.
[Note 60: Capt. James Lee, of the Second Continental Artillery. He resigned in December, 1779.]
By some means or other some difficulties have occurred in the Virginia line with respect to promotion and some other points. I have not a Copy of the Arrangement transmitted from Middle Brook Camp by which the Officers were commissioned. I shall be much obliged by the Board's transmitting me one, as soon as they conveniently can, that things, if possible, may be kept in a right train.
I have the honor, etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West point, August 26, 1779.
Gentlemen: Mr. Harrison having laid before me two Letters which he had received from Major Cabbel and also a Certificate signed by you and Colo. Davies, respecting the Major's right to promotion to a Lieutenant Colonelcy; I have been led to consider the arrangement of the Virginia line in the best manner I could from such papers as I have in my hands, and I am sorry to find that there seems to be several difficulties in his case and that the principles and practice which have been pursued in similar instances are opposed to the allowance of his claim in the extent it is made. I have written to him fully upon the subject; but there is one point with respect to the Virginia line, which involves many cases, on which I would wish to know your sentiments, and those of the Field Officers pressent, viz. In what light the Officers now prisoners and who were arranged as Supernumerary, but not out of the line in the first instance, are considered. It appears to me, that it will be an act of the highest justice to consider the Officers in this predicament entitled to, and as filling the vacancies as they happened, after the arrangement at White plains. I dont know how far this may be agreable to your ideas or the expectation of the line; but if this mode is pursued, besides preserving the claims of the prisoners and advancing them on a regular scale of promotion, which both justice and humane attention to their misfortunes certainly require, it will simplify the arrangement of the line, remove innumerable difficulties, and put it on the same footing with every other in the Army. And the mode is the more eligible, as it would not work an injury to any Officer, as the whole would be promoted at the precise time or at least would obtain Commissions giving them rank when their Titles accrued, while it would prevent a wrong to the rest of the Army. I have written to the Board of War for a Copy of the Arrangement transmitted from Middle Brook Camp, not having one by me, and shall be very happy if matters can be so conducted as to do substantial and equal justice to all. I shall be glad to receive your Answer, as soon as circumstances will admit. I am, etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to deliver the inclosed Commissions.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 26, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of Yesterday, inclosing a representation by Capt. Heywood of the treatment of his Flag, and a letter from General Huntington on the subject of the deficiency of Rations. I have wrote to Sir Henry Clinton, remonstrating against the indelicacy of such behaviour, and hoping that no such insult will be offered in future. You will be pleased to send the inclosed to Verplanks point. I will have reference to the different regulations that have been made respecting Rations, and will give an answer to the Contents of Genl. Huntingtons letter, as soon as I have satisfied myself on the line of conduct that ought to be pursued. I am, &c.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 64: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. His promotion to lieutenant colonel dates from December, 1778.]
West point, August 26, 1779.
Sir: Mr. Harrison has laid before me Two Letters, which he had received from you and also a Certificate signed by Colo Davies and Generals Muhlenberg and Woodford respecting your right to promotion to a Lieutenant colonelcy. I have considered the matter, and, from the high opinion I have of your merit and services, I am sorry to find there are difficulties in your case; and that the principles and practice which have been adopted and pursued in similar instances, will not authorise an allowance of your claim in the extent it is made. The point to which I allude at present, is the date from which you claim to rank. This cannot be granted, consistently with the system of Arrangement, tho' on a large and liberal scale of justice and generosity, you might be well entitled to it; and your rank when you are promoted, must be governed by some event posterior to the reduction of the Virginia line at the White plains. There is some degree of hardship in the matter; but being the effect of the arrangement, I flatter myself the same zeal which has hitherto marked your conduct and which led you to continue a Major, will induce your chearful acquiescence. I am also concerned that this is not the only difficulty that occurs. It appears to me that it will be an Act of the highest justice to place the Officers who are prisoners and who were arranged in the first instance as Supernumerary, in the vacancies as they happened, and before any new promotions. I don't know how far this may be agreeable to your ideas or expectation and that of the line; but it seems to correspond with your Letter of the 17th to Mr. Harrison. If this system is practiced on which as I have observed appears to be right, besides preserving the claims of the prisoners it will simplify the arrangement of the line, remove innumerable difficulties and put it on the same footing with every other in the Army. Nor would this be attended with any injury to any Officer, as the whole would be promoted at the precise time, or at least would obtain Commissions, giving them rank when their titles accrued; which, besides working no injustice to themselves, would prevent a wrong to the rest of the Army. Under this regulation you will be entitled to the fourth vacant Lieutenant Colonelcy that happens. I have written to Genls. Woodford and Muhlenberg and requested them to inform me of the sentiments of the Field Officers present, respecting this mode and I have also written to the Board of War for a Copy of the Arrangement made at Middle Brook, which is not only necessary upon this but some other occasions. The Lieutenant Cols who have resigned are those mentioned in the list below. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Lt. Colo. Fleming,66 15 Decr. 1778. Richardson,67 10 May 1779. Ballard,68 July Fourth 1779. Cropper69 and Sims70 gone to Philadela., whether they will resign or not uncertain.
[Note 66: Lieut. Col. Charles Fleming, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He resigned Dec. 15, 1778.]
[Note 67: Lieut. Col. Holt Richardson, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He resigned May 10, 1779.]
[Note 68: Lieut. Col. Robert Ballard, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He resigned July 14, 1779.]
[Note 69: Lieut. Col. John Cropper, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He resigned Aug. 16, 1779.]
[Note 70: Lieut. Col. Charles Simms, of the Second Virginia Regiment. He resigned Dec. 7, 1779.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 27, 1779.
Gentlemen: The state of our magazines in the article of powder is truly distressing. We have scarcely a sufficiency for the ordinary demands of the service; and should be utterly unable to undertake any enterprise which might require a more than common expenditure however necessary it might be, or however other circumstances might invite to it. An interesting question was lately agitated respecting an operation of an offensive nature, which in certain contingencies might become advisable; the want of powder was found an insuperable objection. In a late estimate of the quantity requisite for this important post to enable it to maintain itself against a seige, or any operation besides a mere assault, our supply was reported to be totally inadequate. In addition to these considerations the arrival of reinforcements to the enemy, which from the strongest appearances may be momently expected, may put it in their power to enter upon a series of operations which would oblige us to increase our force, by calling in an aid of Militia in which case our stock of ammunition already scanty must prove altogether incompetent. In this situation, I cannot but feel a great degree of anxiety, nor can I forbear to repeat my intreaties that the Board will be pleased to make every possible exertion to relieve our necessities. I am led to hope this will not be found impracticable from the information lately transmitted me, through Mr. Tilghman, by Mr. Searle71 member of the Commercial Committee of the expected arrival of 1000 barrels of powder. Should this quantity luckily arrive, a large proportion of it cannot be too soon forwarded to camp.
[Note 71: James Searle. He was Delegate to the Continental Congress from Pennsylvania.]
But as this is rather a precarious dependence, it is much to be wished that loans could be obtained from those states which have magazines of this article, and I have been informed some of them are pretty well provided. I, some little time ago, desired Genl. Knox to make a representation of the above kind to the Board, but the matter is of so much importance, that I hope they will excuse me for repeating it. I have the honor, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 73: He was, at this time, with the light infantry; appointed lieutenant colonel commandant of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment in October, 1779; transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
West point, August 27, 1779.
Sir: I have received your Letter of this date and am exceedingly sorry to hear, that the condition of your health unfits you for the fatigues and hardships of your present command. As this is the case, I cannot refuse your request to come back to the line of the Army and have only to regret that such a circumstance should exist as to make the return of a good and brave Officer necessary. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 24[--27], 1779.
Sir: Since I wrote to your Excellency yesterday, I have been honored with your letter of the 18th instant with the papers mentioned in it.75
[Note 75: The inclosures were: The resolve of August 18, paying subsistence money to officers, and ten dollars monthly to noncommissioned officers and privates of the Army "in lieu of those articles of food originally intended for them and not furnished," and the resolve of August 16, authorizing payment to the soldiers for articles of clothing which were to be supplied by the terms of enlistment, and were not so supplied. (See Journals of the Continental Congress of these dates.)]
I am much indebted to your Excellency, for the Copy of your circular letter to the States,76 and I sincerely wish it may have the desired effect, or at least, that the Battalions, in consequence, may be made more respectable than they are at present.
[Note 76: This circular to the States was the letter from the President of Congress (August 18) transmitting the resolves of August 17, establishing pensions for the widows and orphans of war casualties, and half pay for the services of those who served to the end of the war.]
The Act of the 16th is certainly founded in equity; for, if the Soldiers cannot be supplied with the Articles of Cloathing, which made a part of the terms of their inlistment, they ought to receive the value of the deficiency. But I will take the liberty to suggest, that it is of the highest importance that they should receive the specific Articles, and I should hope every exertion will be made that circumstances will admit to procure them. A pecuniary compensation will, in some measure, and possibly may fully satisfy the Soldiers; but, it will by no means put them in a condition to perform the duties essential to the public Service. It should be considered as a secondary expedient, only to be practised after every effort to obtain supplies of Cloathing had failed. The expences to the Continent will be the same in either case, but the advantages produced will widely differ. These considerations lead me to trust, that those employed in the Cloathing department will use their greatest exertions to procure supplies, and that they will not too easily give into the Idea of pecuniary compensations.
As the Battalions apportioned on the States are now generally arranged, and all new appointments and the filling of Vacancies are with them, I would submit it to Congress, from the almost infinite perplexities and difficulties which have attended the Business, whether it may not be expedient for Copies of the Arrangement to be transmitted to the respective States, with a Copy of the Act of the 24th Novr. last, so far as it recommends the mode of promotion.
I transmit your Excellency a Copy of a letter from General Sullivan of the 15th.77 which will inform Congress, if they have not received a letter from him, of his movements to that time.
[Note 77: Sullivan's letter of August 15 is not now found in the Washington Papers. A copy of it is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It was dated from Tioga, N.Y., and gave an account of the destruction of the Indian town of Chemung.]
August 27th.
In a letter of the 11th which I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency, I communicated the information I had recd. from Colo. Wadsworth, with respect to the difficulties he met with in obtaining supplies of Flour for the Army. I have received a letter from him of this date,78 of which I inclose a Copy, which places the matter in a very serious point of light. I should hope that some relief may be immediately had from Pennsylvania, and that an application to His Excellency Governor Johnson would be attended with further immediate good consequences, as the Harvest in Maryland is pretty early, and a part of the new Crop, admitting the whole of the old should be exhausted, may be already at the Mills.
[Note 78: Wadsworth's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers nor in the Papers of the Continental Congress, but a copy, by Richard Kidder Meade, is in the Maryland Historical Society, a photostat of which is in the Library of Congress. This copy was inclosed in Washington's circular letter to the States, Aug. 11, 1779, q. v.]
I transmit your Excellency a New York paper of the 24th: from which there is reason to conclude that Admiral Arbuthnot has arrived before this. Besides the foregoing I have this minute received a letter from Major Genl. Howe,79 of which an extract is inclosed, which places his arrival beyond doubt.
[Note 79: Howe's letter to Washington of August 27. An extract is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Before I conclude, I would beg leave to inform Congress that in consequence of their Act of the 3d. June, authorising parole Exchanges, the Commissaries of the two Armies had a meeting at Elizabeth Town on the 20th July, when it was agreed among other exchanges of this nature, that those of Major General Philips and Reidhesel should take place. As Generals Thompson and Waterbury were two of the Officers to be benefitted by the indulgence, and were already released and with their friends, I wrote to Colo. Bland on the 11th instant that General Philips and General Reidhesel and the Gentlemen of their families had permission to go to New York on parole. Since this, Mr. Duane,80 in a visit he did me the honor of making a day or two ago, mentioned the subject so far as General Phillips was concerned, and added that the Treasury Board had sent a Gentleman to adjust with him the accounts of the Convention Troops, which were now very considerable, and seemed to doubt the expediency of permitting Genl Phillips to go in till the same were at least liquidated. These were circumstances of which I was intirely ignorant before, and I have just made a summary state of facts that Congress may direct in the matter as they may think most proper. I have the honor, etc.81
[Note 80: James Duane, Delegate to the Continental Congress from New York, and member of the Committee on the Treasury.]
[Note 81: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on September 2. "So much as relates to provisions Referred to the Comer for superintending the Quartermaster and comy. genl. department. The rest to the board of war."]
West point, August 28, 1779.
Sir: I take the liberty and indeed I am compelled by necessity to transmit to your Excellency the Copy of a Letter, I received yesterday from Colo Wadsworth the Commissary General, which places our supplies of flour in a very serious and alarming point of view. The subject is so very important and interesting, that I am perfectly convinced it will engage your Excellencys immediate attention, and that nothing in your power will be omitted that can contribute to our instant relief, and to promote our future supplies of this Essential Article. I will not detail the consequences of a failure of flour at this time; they will but too sensibly strike your Excellency, but I think they may be fatal. Besides the common demands of the Army it is highly probable we shall be obliged in the course of a few days, to call in aid from the Militia, which will encrease our expenditures, as Admiral Arbuthnot and his Fleet have arrived at New York according to advices, with a considerable reinforcement. It is likely the deficiency may arise in a great measure, from the exhausted state of the old Crop and the New not being yet threshed or carried to the Mills; Your Excellency's attention will go to these points, and as I have already observed, I am satisfied you will adopt and practise every expedient that shall seem to promise relief. I have the Honor etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, and is addressed to the governors of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 28, 1779.
Sir: On the 24th instant a New-York paper announced the arrival of a 74 Ship, (one of Admiral Arbuthnot's) and that the whole fleet were about 30 leagues Eastward. Our advices since confirm their arrival in the Hook [on the 25th]. I have not yet learned what regiments, it has brought, or the general amount of the reinforcement. I have been favored with your account to Col. Hay. I wish for a confirmation of the West-India captures. It serves to lessen in some measure our misfortune at Penobscot. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: In the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 28, 1779.
My Lord: I have successively received your two favours of the 23rd and 26th with their respective inclosures.
The transactions in the Virginia line in consequence of the enterprise against Powles Hook are to me as painful as they were unexpected. I shall make no remarks on those parts of the state of grievances which happened without my participation, as your Lordship has fully answered them and in a manner which I hope will be satisfactory. The only point I shall take notice of is the giving the command to Major Lee. This could be exceptionable but on three principles, his being a horse officer, his being unconnected with the division, from which the greatest part of the detachment was drawn, or the number of men employed, being too large for his rank. The first seems to be that on which the principal stress is laid. An inquiry into the general practice of armies would convince the Gentlemen concerned, that horse and foot acting in conjunction, the officers indifferently command each other with no other title than superiority of grade or seniority of commission. The supposed ignorance of the service of infantry, cannot be an objection to an officer of cavalry, nor that of the service of cavalry to an officer of infantry; because there is an analogy in the principles which govern the manoeuvres of these different corps, and every officer is supposed to have sufficient knowledge of these principles to enable him to make general dispositions with either though not perhaps to enter minutely into the interior arrangement. This indeed is not at all necessary as each corps has officers of its own to manage this part of the business, and to execute the particular movements which are required of them by The Commanding Officer.
If it be said that in this instance the cavalry and foot did not act together, this will be clearly a mistake: for though the greater part of the horse had no share in the attack they still had an essential share in the enterprise by being employed to give security to the attacking party and the dismounted dragoons absolutely composed a part of the attacking force. The nature of Major Lee's corps being of the Legionary and partisan kind and consisting both of horse and infantry gave him an additional right to a command of this sort, and excludes the objection (if it otherwise had any weight) that supposes an officer of horse incapable of commanding infantry from an ignorance of the service.84
[Note 84: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "It is intimated that either of the Brigadiers would have been glad of the command. If Major Lee had not been concerned in the affair. The propriety of giving the command of less than five hundred men to a Brigadier to the exclusion of the Colonels and other field officers, would in my opinion have been much more questionable than what is now complained of."]
The Gentlemen observe that this practice of giving the command of the infantry to horse officers, will tend to discredit the officers of infantry in the eyes of the soldiery; why should this be the case more than giving the command of cavalry to foot officers ? Both are practised frequently and I believe no inconvenience of this kind has ever arisen on either side, nor do I believe it ever would arise, unless an appearance of discontent in the officers should awaken the suspicions (they intimate) in the minds of the men. The second principle can have no weight, when we consider that it is the governing maxim for particular enterprises, out of the common course of service, that no officer has a claim to the command more than another, and that circumstances alone must determine to whom it shall fall, all which in this instance were in favour of Major Lee. The prevailing practice of armies forbids all pretensions founded upon the rules observed in ordinary cases. If it be thought that the circumstance of the greater part being taken from your division intitled an officer of that division to the command; it may as well be said, that whenever detachments are made from different regiments, the regiment which furnishes most men should give the commanding officer; a doctrine which would be new in military history, and peculiar to our service.
As to the number of men, any field officer in any service may with propriety have the command of 500; and on occasions so extraordinary as the present, of a great many more. If the example of the British army may be cited, most of the Gentlemen will recollect, in this war, several instances of the kind; and if they will take the pains to inquire into the usages of other foreign service they will find that nothing is more customary. It is true in the common details a Major's command is estimated much lower; but this is only intended to regulate the routine of guards and other current service and is never supposed to fix a standard for special operations.
The reasons your Lordship has assigned for giving the command to Major Lee as they were the true ones so they are in my opinion conclusive. This officer's situation made it most convenient to employ him to make the necessary previous inquiries. It was the best calculated to answer the purpose without giving suspicion. He executed the trust with great address intelligence and industry and made himself perfectly master of the post with all its approaches and appendages. After having taken so much pains personally, to ascertain facts and having from a series of observations and inquiries arranged in his mind every circumstance on which the undertaking must turn, no officer could be more proper for conducting it; and as the command was not to exceed what an officer of his rank might decently be intrusted with, it would have been a piece of hardship, if not injustice to him to have given the honor of the execution to another. I am told it has been asked whether if a Lieutenant had been employed in the line of his duty to reconnoitre a post, which was to be attempted with a Brigadier's command, The Lieutenant was therefore to have the direction of the enterprise? This question does not suppose a parallel. There are no precedents for giving a Lieutenant so extensive a command; on the contrary it is repugnant to all practice; whereas nothing is more common than to give a Major the command of 500 men. If the question had been whether a Lieutenant, in such circumstances could with propriety execute an enterprise which required the number of men usually constituting the command of a Captain, the answer would have been in the affirmative, because this number of men, consistent with decency and precedent, might be given to a Lieutenant, and policy and justice dictate that a man who has had the principal trouble should have the principal honor, and the one who has acquired most perfect knowledge of the business should be charged with its execution.
I have been thus particular in the discussion of this point, because I am persuaded the exceptions which have been taken can not have proceeded from any other motive than that which has been professed and it is my wish to rectify ideas which in my apprehension are mistaken. I think the Gentlemen who have complained on more cool reflection will be satisfied that they have not been injured in this respect, and that the giving the command to Major Lee was agreeable to the strictest military propriety. In this light it appeared to me at the time and still does appear, or I should not have adopted the measure. Nothing is farther from my inclination, than to wound the feelings of any set of officers, by withholding from them the means of distinguishing themselves, to which they have a just claim, from a predilection to any particular person or persons. I am conscious of no such motive; and I have the best opinion of the merit of the Gentlemen, who conceive themselves to have been neglected. On their part, I am persuaded I shall not be disappointed, in believing that they will cautiously guard against any impressions, which may have the most distant tendency to disturb the harmony and order of the service; and that while they are careful to preserve a becoming sense of their rights, they will be equally careful to avoid that extreme of sensibility which may sometimes lead to a supposition of grievances that do not exist. I am, etc.
P. S. Your Lordship will perceive that this letter is intended to be communicated to the Gentlemen of your division.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 28, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been favoured with your letters of the 26thand 27th inst. public, and that of the 26th marked private.
As the arrival of a 74, one of Arbuthnots fleet is mentioned in a New-York print of the 24, I have no doubt but that the whole are in the Hook by this time. It is now our business to learn the particular Regiments, which compose the reinforcement, or their general force. [this I should suppose --86 will be able to do as also whether there are any appearances of a speedy movement by Land or Water, or both from A collection of Teams, Boats &ca. and as far as may be the destination or object.]
[Note 86: Elijah Hunter.]
We have so little said, or so few principles established, decisive of the propriety or impropriety of flags, or under what circumstances they are detainable that it is no easy matter to give advice on this part of your letter. Should we apply to the practice of war, we shall find this very inconsistent with itself, regulated by a supposed necessity, opinion or caprice. Sometimes it may be expedient to detain a flag sent on the most justifiable occasion. At others the most trifling business must be heard in order to preserve a like indulgence from the enemy and prevent retaliation or recrimination on their part. In general we can only defeat the enemy's intentions in such flags as you have described by our instructions to our officers on out posts, and the prudence and caution of their reception. Should such instances occur, as that to Col. Meads Militia, I think you will be perfectly justifiable in a detention of the flag. There is no objection to your using flags occasionally. The resolution of Congress to which you allude was forbidding officers commanding out posts &c. from suffering inhabitants or others going within the enemy's lines unless on a written pass of the State to which they might belong.
If the enterprise in contemplation is to be undertaken at all, it must be executed immediately; but if it is judged ineligible at this time it must be relinquished. The arrival of the enemy's reinforcement renders it necessary to compact our force more than it is at present. You will take your measures accordingly. Your movement is to the right so far as to put you in a situation to form a junction with this army with dispatch and without being subject to interruption [under almost any circumstances; this may be covered under the appearances of a foraging].
The only actual survey which I have of the Country you now are in, is on a pocket map. Had I a duplicate it should be at your service. I am, &c.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The portion in the last brackets has Washington's composition altered by McHenry to read "under almost any circumstances; this may be effected under the appearances of a forage."]
Head Quarters, August 28, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have received your favour of the 26th with the papers accompanying it. I assure you the manner in which the Virginia division have taken up the affair gives me the most sensible concern. I had no idea that the command given to Major Lee could have been considered by them as a violation of their rights; nor can I after the most deliberate reflection find any reason to alter the opinion I first entertained, which was that Major Lee on principles of justice prudence and the strictest military propriety was intitled to the command. I have discussed the point fully, in a letter to Major General Lord Stirling which I have requested him to communicate to the Gentlemen interested. You will perceive that while these are my sentiments I can give no assurances which will operate against the principle of employing officers in Major Lee's circumstances in a similar manner. So far as a Senior officer fell under his command, the affair was unfortunate, but this was evidently a mistake in the first instance and if the Gentlemen have any apprehension, that this may be drawn into precedent (which I can hardly suppose) I do not scruple to give them the most positive assurances to the contrary; for I deem it an invariable principle that no inferior or junior officer can command a superior or senior. I flatter myself Gentlemen you will dispationately weigh the reasonings I have offered and convinced that they are well founded will use your influence to appease the discontents which have arisen and satisfy the officers in general that no injury has been either intended or done to their privileges. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 28, 1779.
Sir: On receipt of this you will be pleased to put your regiment under marching orders, and proceed without delay by the best and shortest route to rejoin this army.89 I find this measure necessary as the reinforcement which the enemy have been expecting, has I am advised, arrived at New-York. This makes it expedient to draw together as much of our force as possible on the occasion. I am, etc.90
[Note 89: Hazen was then at Coos, N. H.]
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 28, 1779.
Sir: On receipt of this letter you will be pleased to lose no time in marching your regiment to join the Brigade to which it belongs. You will take the route by Morristown, Pompton, Ringwood, Junes in the Clove and by Dean furnace to the encampment of the Maryland division. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 28, 1779.
Sir: The period is now come (in the arrival of the enemy's reinforcement) when intelligence is interesting and important. The first point to be ascertained, as nearly as possible, is the amount of the reinforcement and whether it consists of complete Corps or of Recruits. If of the former, what the particular Regiments are? The next matter, which I would wish you to endeavour to become acquainted with, is whether the enemy in consequence of the reinforcement seem preparing for a move, and if they are whether the preparations indicate it to be by land or by Water, and to what point. These are the principal matters to which I would have you attend; your own Judgment will direct to any others which you may deem necessary. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West Point, August 28, 1779.
Sir: The period is now come (in the arrival of the enemy's reinforcement) when the intelligence of C--r Junr.93 may be interesting and important. To delay his communications till they are matters of public notoriety, is answering no valuable purpose; but to be early precise and well informed in the several accots. transmitted, is essential. To know as nearly as may be the amount of the enemy's reinforcements with Arbuthnot. how many and the names of the complete Corps which compose it; whether there is any bustle in preparing for a movement of troops by land or water, or both, and the destination of it, as far as can be discovered from appearances, information or surmise are much to be wished, and if you can with safety, request these matters of him I shall thank you. I am, etc.94
[Note 93: Samuel Culper, jr., which was the alias of Robert Townsend.]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, August 28[--29], 1779.
My Lord: The arrival of Arbuthnot which comes to me, through different channels, makes it prudent to draw our force more together till we can ascertain the amount of the reinforcement, by which we may form a better judgment what it will be practicable for the enemy to undertake. Your Lordship will therefore be pleased to march towards Junes leaving a regiment at Suffran's to give countenance to the country and cover our convoys and Magazines. Major Lees corps will be ordered to resume its former position in the vicinity of that place and cooperate with the regiment you leave. In your march to Junes you need only consult the convenience of your men and move as leisurely as you please. Lt Col Washington is on his march from Trenton with a part of Baylor's Regiment. I wish him to be halted some where in your quarter, where he may be in security and interfere as little as possible with the forage on the communication. As your Lordship is best acquainted with the Country I shall be obliged to you to determine the spot and write a line by the dragoon to Col Washington who is desired to comply with your directions. I am, etc.
29th. I have the pleasure to inform your Lordship that I have just seen in a Boston paper of the 23d, brought in the Salem Packet thirty days from Bilboa, A Manifesto from His Catholic Majesty delivered at the Court of London by the Marquis D'Almodovar amounting to a declaration of Hostilities and a Message from the British King to the House of commons announcing the declaration. The Spanish Embassador is retired from London and the English Embassador recalled from Madrid. The French and Spanish fleet at sea amounting to 70 sail of the line.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West-point, August 29, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency the Manifesto of His Most Catholic Majesty delivered at the Court of London by his Ambassador the Marquis D'Almadovar and the message of the British King thereupon to the House of Commons, with some other articles of intelligence copied from a (borrowed) Boston paper of the 23d instant.96 As this paper has come on with a good deal of dispatch, this may reach Congress sooner than any other notice of it, which has induced me to transmit the Copy by express. I sincerely congratulate Congress on this further confirmation of an event the most interesting and agreeable.With the highest respect etc.97
[Note 96: The inclosures mentioned are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The Spanish manifesto was dated June 16, 1779; delivered the same day and, by the King, referred to the House of Commons, which after warm debate adjourned, without coming to a conclusion other than the House "assuring his Majesty that his faithful Commons were ready to assist him with their lives and fortunes against his Enemies." On June 17 the King issued "a Proclamation, making reprisals of all Spanish Vessels, property &c. comprehending much the same purpose, as that which took Place some time since against France."]
[Note 97: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
West-point, August 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: That the long expected Fleet is arrived admits of no doubt, though the strength of the re-inforcement is matter of uncertainty. If it is so powerful as to enable the Kings Troops to take the field with a view of meeting this Army, General Clinton will not, it is to be presumed, delay the commencement of his operations a moment; because a knowledge of the event must have produced preparatory arrangements for the consequent movements.
Under this view and expectation, we also, should neglect nothing by which we can derive any advantage, and as nothing is more essential than a thorough knowledge of ground on which operations offensive or defensive are to be performed, I earnestly desire that you will recommend it to all the officers under your command (now in the high lands) to make themselves masters not only of the great and leading Roads from the enemy's lines, but all bye paths, and even the Woods; that defiles may be known and defended to good effect, Ambuscades formed, and the Enemys flanks gained with more ease, and if possible unsuspected.
I would have the Baggage of Nixon's and the Connecticut Brigades held in such readiness as to disencumber yourself of it at the shortest warning, and every thing fit for action; as the enemys movements when they become serious, will, more than probably, be vigorous, and rapid.
I have directed General Howe (if circumstances did no permit the immediate execution of the enterprize he had in contemplation) to incline a little this way; Lord Stirling ha the same orders, that our force under the uncertainty of the enemy's strength, and designs, may be a little more corn pacted. I am, etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 29, 1779.
Sir: As from Major Lees present situation, the command of his Corps will devolve on you, I am to desire you will pa the strictest attention to the movements of the enemy down the river. It is peculiarly necessary at this juncture as I am well informed the arrival of Admiral Arbuthnot has increased Sir Harry Clinton's strength: from this circumstance it will b necessary for us to double our diligence; I shall therefore rel on you, to take every step in your power to make the earliest discovery of any movements of the enemy [and communicate them to me without a moment's loss of time.] I am, etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The phrase in brackets in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 29, 1779.
Dr Sr: I was favored with your letter of the 25th inst. advising me of your movement this way.
The dragoon who carries this, is ordered to call on Lord Stirling, who has my instructions to assign the regiment a proper place for the present. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, August 29, 1779.
Parole Wilmington. Countersigns Rynbeck, Trenton. The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to announce the following resolutions which the Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass for the benefit of the Army.
The disposition manifested in these resolves is a fresh proof to the Army that their Country entertain a high sense of their Merits and Services and are inclined to confer an honorable and adequate compensation. The General flatters himself the several States will second the generous views of Congress and take every proper measure to gratify the reasonable expectations of such officers and soldiers as are determined to share the glory of serving their Country and themselves thro' the War and finishing the task they have so nobly begun. The flourishing aspect of affairs in Europe and in the West Indies as well as in these States gives us every reason to believe that the happy period will speedily arrive.
In Congress, August 16, 1779.
Resolved, That the cloathier general estimate the several articles of soldiers' cloathing, at the prices they were respectively worth, at the end of the year 1778, and forthwith transmit such estimates to the pay masters of the several regiments, who shall be furnished out of the military chest with moneys to pay the soldiers for all deficiencies of cloathing, at the estimated prices of every article, as fixed by the cloathier general, who shall henceforward transmit like estimates before the close of every year during the war, so that the soldiers be paid by the regimental pay master according to such estimates annually, and previous to their discharge when the same happens before the end of the year, for all articles of cloathing allowed them by the resolution of Congress of the 6th. of September, 1777, which they have not received, and which are or shall be due to them after the year last mentioned.
In Congress, August 17, 1779.
Whereas the army of the United States of America have, by their patriotism, valor, and perseverence, in the defence of the rights and liberties of their country, become intitled to the gratitude as well as the approbation of their fellow citizens:
Resolved, That it be and it is hereby, recommended to the several states that have not already adopted measures for that purpose, to make such further provision for the officers, and for the soldiers inlisted for the war to them respectively belonging, who shall continue in service 'till the establishment of peace as shall be an adequate compensation for the many dangers, losses, and hardships they have suffered and been exposed to in the course of the present contest, either by granting to their officers half pay for life, and proper rewards to their soldiers; or in such other manner as may appear most expedient to the legislatures of the several states.
Resolved, That it be, and hereby is, recommended to the several states to make such provision for the widows of such of their officers and such of their soldiers inlisted for the war, as have died or may die in the service, as shall secure to them the sweets of that liberty for the attainment of which their husbands had nobly laid down their lives.
August 18, 1779.
Resolved, That until the further order of Congress, the officers of the army be entitled to receive monthly for their subsistence money, the sums following, to wit, each colonel and brigade chaplain 500 dollars, every lieutenant colonel 400 dollars, every major and regimental surgeon 300 dollars, every captain 200 dollars, every lieutenant, ensign and surgeon's mate 100 dollars.
Resolved, That until the further order of Congress, the sum of ten dollars be paid to every non-commissioned officer and soldier monthly for their subsistence, in lieu of those articles of food originally intended for them and not furnished.
The General Court Martial of which Colonel Russell1 is President is dissolved and another ordered to sit tomorrow morning ten o'clock at the usual place, whereof Colonel Marshall2 is appointed President.
[Note 1: Col. William Russell, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 2: Col. Thomas Marshall, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: On the 15th instant I inclosed you an extract of a letter from General Sullivan requesting that a further supply of provision might be lodged at some secure place in his Rear, from whence it might be drawn occasionally. I have this day recd. a letter from him of the 20th: Extract of which I also inclose you. You will perceive by that, that he wishes a supply may be lodged at Wyoming against his Return, as he expects that all he carries with him will be expended by the time he reaches that place on his return. I shall write to the Govr. of Pennsylvania to give your Deputy every assistance in forwarding the provision and forming the Magazine at Wyoming. Be pleased to say whether my letter of the 15th reached you. I am, &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 30, 1779.
Dear Sir: By a letter from General Sullivan of the 20th. I am informed that he expected to be joined by Genl. Clinton at Tioga the day following, and to move forward the 23d. He expresses his apprehensions, that the stock of provisions, which he then had on hand, would not be more than sufficient, if enough, to carry him thro' the Indian Country; and therefore wishes that a further supply may be deposited at Wyoming, which may be carried forward if necessary, or be ready for the subsistence of the Army upon its return to that place. On the 15th. instant, I directed the Commy. General to be drawing together a supply of provisions at some safe and convenient place in General Sullivan's rear, as I did not then know what opposition he might meet with, in his passage up the River, I did not choose to order it to be advanced to Wyoming; but he having made his way good as far as Tioga, (indeed I may say Chemung which he has destroyed) I yesterday gave the Commissary General orders to establish a magazine at Wyoming, where Colo. Butler is left with a Garrison.
The Commissary General expressed his wishes that Your Excellency might be desired to give his deputy to the Westward your countenance and assistance in procuring and forwarding the supplies to the place of destination. I am so well persuaded that I have only to make the request, to have it granted, that I shall confide in your Excellency's taking proper measures to effect the desired purposes. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Monday, August 30, 1779.
Parole Susquehannah. Countersigns Stonington, Saybrook.
Lieutenant Colonel Adams is appointed to superintend the hospitals in Pennsylvania and Jersey.
The new method of keeping accounts &c. agreeable to the forms already delivered to the Sub-Inspectors is to commence the 1st. of September next. The Inspectors will be very particular in giving the necessary directions to the officers, who are by no means to deviate from the Mode prescribed.
August 30, 1779.
Dear Sir: The following comes before you in consequence of the commands of his Excellency.
An old woman of about 80 years of age, Judah Fitzgerald, a former resident of New York and whose children are in the City, has obtained permission from Governor Clinton to return.
The General requests you to send in a serjeant with a flag to the enemy's lines to know if she will be received. He particularises a serjeant because objections have been made to a commissioned officer coming upon common or trifling occasions.
You will be pleased to send a line to the commanding officer with a State of the case, and let us know if a poor old devil, under her description, will be received.
His Excellency wishes you to add to your vigilance if possible in discovering the daily alterations in the number of shipping in the river. The additions which may be made to them, and every other movement or change which takes place within our observation. Certain and daily reports of this kind on which we can depend may lead us to some knowledge of the enemy's intentions. The general observes that it might be well enough to employ some of the Inhabitants in the vicinity of the river in this business, who should be constant in their communications. I congratulate you on the manifesto of the King of Spain to the Court of London, we received it yesterday in a Boston paper. A vessel has arrived at Baltimore in 60 days from France. The junction of the Spanish and French fleets have taken place and ten ships of the line had sailed from Toulon with troops for the reduction of Port Mahon. This I make no doubt will be effected as there is no british marine of consideration in the Mediterranean. I am, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "James McHenry."]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Tuesday, August 31, 1779.
Parole Ash field. Countersigns Boston, Charlestown.
The General Court Martial of which Colo. Stewart is President is dissolved.
Lieutenant Cleveland6 is appointed Captain Lieutenant in the Corps of Sappers and Miners vice Little,7 resigned.
[Note 6: Lieut. Moses Cleaveland. He resigned in June, I781.]
[Note 7: Lieut. Eleazer(?) Little.]
The whole Army to pass a review of Inspection between the 1st. and 5th. of September next and reports thereof made agreeable to the form lately communicated.
At a General Court Martial of the line whereof Colonel Stewart was President held at West Point the 25th instant, Colonel Armand was tried upon the following charges:
For 1st. During Colonel Armand's stay at Colonel Vandeburgh's house (which was about two hours), he with sundry of his officers in a most atrocious and wanton manner, beat and abused a son of his, without cause of offence.
Secondly. Putting him under a guard of two Centinels, giving orders that Vandeburgh, or any other person should not speak to him, keeping him confined during their stay, and freightening or compelling him to ask Pardon, before he was dismissed.
Thirdly. Putting the whole of his family and some Gentlemen belonging to the Continental Army (during their stay) in bodily fear.
Fourthly. Knocking off sundry respectable People's hats from their heads for no other reason than because they dare to stand in his presence covered, tho' some came in promiscuously on hearing so much noise in the house.
Fifthly. Knocking off Jeremiah Clark's hat and kicking him out of his (Armand's) room, an apartment where he was, for only requesting Colonel Armand to enlarge Colo. Vandeburgh's son.
The Court do acquit Colonel Armand of the 1st. charge, also of the 3rd. and 4th. charges; but are of opinion that he is guilty of the first part of the 2nd. charge, also of the 5th. charge, being a breach of the 1st. Article 9th. Section of the Articles of War. They find him also guilty of the charge exhibited against him by Jonas Adams, being a breach of the aforesaid Article and do sentence him unanimously to be reprimanded in General Orders.
The Confinement of a Citizen by military authority was irregular and blamable, and there appears to have been an improper degree of warmth in Colonel Armand's conduct towards Clarke and Adams.
At a Court of Inquiry the 25th. instant, whereof Captn. Burnham8 was President, into Captain Lieutenant Verner's9 (of the North-Carolina troops) conduct for "Playing Cards in camp contrary to General, Brigade, and Regimental Orders, encouraging the soldiers in the same practice by certain expressions when he was President of a Brigade Court Martial on the trial of prisoners for that crime, and not sending for
[Note 8: Capt. John Burnham, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He was made major in the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 9: Capt.-Lieut. James Verner, of the First North Carolina Regiment.] evidence against the prisoners charged with playing Cards, and for allowing the Court to set them free for want of evidence before Lieutt. Dickinson (who went for evidence and desired the court to wait) could return with the evidence."
The Court are unanimously of opinion that the charges are justly founded and that the matter ought to be taken cognizance of by a Court Martial.
The 1st. charge is refered to the determination of a General Court Martial; as the two last affect Captn. Lieutt. Varner in a judicial capacity, the Commander in Chief thinks his trial upon them would be a precedent for a dangerous inquisition into the official conduct of members of Courts Martial.
Head Quarters, West Point, August 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday honoured with your Excellency's letter of the 27th: previous to the rect. of it, I had granted a repreive to Case, not from any thing that could possibly be urged in extenuation of his guilt, but out of compassion to his connections, who were represented to me as numerous and reputable. I am the more happy that the matter turns out as it has done, as your Excellency interested yourself in the Affair.
The inclosed I received yesterday from Govr. Livingston. I have the honor, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 31, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have the honor to inclose the copy of a letter of yesterday from Major General Heath; which as it relates to a matter of Civil concern, I think it my duty to communicate to Your Excellency.
In a letter of the 20th. from General Sullivan, he sends me the copy of one from General Clinton, by which and by what he mentions himself the junction was to have been formed the next day. Lt. Col. Pauling did not join at Anaquaga, nor had he had heard of. I have the honor, etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, August 31, 1779.
Dr. Sr: Some days past it was requested in General orders, that you would have the Waggons and horses in the most perfect readiness to use at the shortest notice. I am now to request you will let me know the state they are in at present and that the utmost attention may be paid to them hereafter, keeping the horses constantly shod and every thing in perfect order to move, as it is impossible for us to know when they may be called for, and a disappointment in that instance may be attended with very disagreeable consequences. I do not mean by perfect order to move, that the horses are to be drawn from the places they are now at for the benefit of forage. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, August 31, 1779.
Dr. Sr: I received your favor respecting the state of the back road, and in order to effect that business with the least inconvenience to the troops, I have inclosed you a letter to Col. Hall of the Delaware battalion. It is left open for your perusal, and you will find that I have desired him to follow your directions, which you will be pleased to give him; and take such steps about the necessary tools as you think proper.
On the 28th Inst. I wrote to Col. Hall to join his Brigade here he was to take the route by Morristown, Pompton, Ringwood, and the Clove; but I conceive, if you send off immediately, yr letter will probably reach him before he leaves his camp at Middle Brook. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West point, August 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 28th. inclosing a list of those Serjeants approved by the Executive of Virginia, a further recommendation of Eleven more and a letter from the Board of War of Virginia to you. I shall transmit the first to the Board of War and obtain Commissions upon them.
I am much averse to the promotion of non commissioned to regimental Officers but upon particular merit or extreme necessity, and nothing would make me consent to a further nomination, but a desire to give all the Colonels an equal chance of providing for a few of the most meritorious of their Serjeants. For this reason I would wish you to confine this second appointment to Harrison,14 Broadus,15 Spencer,16 who signalized himself at Stoney point and two from Colo. Russel's Regt. Colonels Wood and Neville seem to have had an opportunity of promoting some of theirs in the first nomination. If a list agreeable to the foregoing is made out and transmitted to the State and approved by them, I will procure the Commissions.
[Note 14: Love Harrison. He was appointed ensign in the Eighth Virginia Regiment in September, 1779.]
[Note 15: James Broadus. He was made sergeant in the Second Virginia Regiment; ensign in September, 1779; retired in December, 1780.]
[Note 16: William Spencer. He was appointed ensign in the Eighth Virginia Regiment in September, 1779; lieutenant in September, 1780; captain in 1781.] Should any of those in the second nomination have been older Serjeants than those in the first, it will be unlucky, but those who have been appointed and acting for some time as Officers, will expect and must take Rank of those appointed hereafter.
I have received a letter of the 26 July from Colonel Heth in which he says "I beg for permission either to return to my Regt. or go on and join Genl. Lincoln. I have wrote a confidential letter to Genl. Woodford who will give my Reasons for such an extraordinary application." Col Heth, I suppose, imagined that you were with the Army immediately under my command. That not being the case, be pleased to communicate, what is necessary for my information, to me.
I am pleased to find, that the Board of War of Virginia have powers to make provision for the line of the State, and I sincerely wish that you may feel the good effects of the exertions which the Gentlemen of the Board seem determined to make. I wrote a few days ago to the Governor, pointed out to him the small dependance which was to be put upon the Continental Cloathiers only, and pressed him to make as much provision as possible by means of State Agents. perhaps the powers given to the Board may be adequate to the purpose. I am, etc.
P.S. Be pleased to inquire of Genl. Muhlenberg whether the State have approved of his nomination of Serjeants, and if they have to transmit the list, that Commissions may be obtained for them also.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 31, 1779.
Sir: This will be transmitted you by Genl. Greene, who has my directions to give you his respecting the repair of the back road from Sussex to New Windsor. As it is much out of repair, and the route by which we get our supplies I must request your particular attention to it, and that you will not suffer the work to be slighted, but have it done in the most effectual manner. When this business is accomplished you will join your Brigade as directed in my letter of the 28th. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West-Point, August 31, 1779.
Sir: Congress were pleased to come to a resolution of the 21st. instant of which the inclosed is a Copy. You will perceive it is their sense that Major General Phillips should not be indulged with permission to send two officers into Canada as he has requested. In obedience to this signify to him that I countermand the directions contained in my letter to you of the 27 of July. You will give notice to General Phillips that I took that step uninformed that the application was before Congress, and I am sorry to find it does not correspond with their wishes. I am, etc.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.
On September 1 Washington wrote again to Bland: "I wish in future, that all applications from the Convention troops may be communicated to Congress. So many different powers taking order in their affairs, may lead to some confusion." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, West Point, August 31, 1779.
Sir: I have it in command from His Excellency to desire you to send down to General Wayne four more Dragoons. As they are to do duty at an advanced post, you will be pleased to pick out Men in whom you can confide and who understand [and] speak English well. I am, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
West point, August 31 [--September 1], 1779.
Sir: I have been duly honoured with Your Excellency's letters of the 20th and 24th with the papers to which they refer.
The Acts of the 16th, 17th and 18th21 have been communicated to the Army, in a manner calculated to inspire a proper sense of them. I hope they will have a good effect. As far as my information extends, they have given great satisfaction. It is only to be lamented, that the state of our money should make such large grants necessary and still more so, that they may contribute to encrease the evil which produced them. I am happy to hear, that there are farther Resolutions on the same subject under consideration, as it will be essential to place the whole Army on the footing of equality, in proportion to their respective situations and advantages.
[Note 21: See General Orders, Aug. 29, 1779, ante.]
Without knowing that an application had been made to Congress on the subject of Officers going to Canada, I had given such directions to Colo. Bland, as in my judgment appeared proper. I am sorry to find they differed from the views of Congress: But in compliance with their sense, I now inclose a Letter to Colo. Bland22 countermanding my former Orders, which if Congress think proper, I request the favour of Your Excellency to transmit. I also send an Extract from my former Letter to Colo. Bland23 respecting this affair, by which Congress will perceive, that General Philips's request was not consented to, in the form in which it was made for the Officers to go by land. I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 22: See Washington's letter to Col. Theodorick Bland, Aug. 31, 1779, ante.]
[Note 23: See Washington's letter to Col. Theodorick Bland, July 27, 1779, ante.]
P.S. Septr. 1st: I transmit Your Excellency a York paper of the 28th., and also an Extract from a Letter received from Lt Colo. Taylor at Elizabeth Town of the 30th. They contain more particular information with respect to Admiral Arbuthnot's arrival and his Fleet, than any I have obtained before.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 1, 1779.
Sir: I am directed to inform you that on hearing Col Halls regt was near Slotes, His Excellency wrote to Lord Stirling desiring siring him to furnish immediately two parties of 50 men each, the one to begin the repair of the road from Sussex Court House to Easton the other from New Windsor to the former place. This step was taken from an apprehension that your letter might escape Col Hall, and from the importance of entering upon the business without delay. particular orders were given to do the business effectually. If on the present plan your directions respecting tools should be necessary you will be pleased to give them. In the letter to his Lordship it was mentioned, that in case Col Hall should have proceeded on this duty it would be unnecessary for him to send the two parties. I am, etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade, A D C."]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 1, 1779.
My Lord: I was last Night favd. with yours of the 30th Ulto. with Colo. Taylors intelligence, and Rivingtons paper inclosed. I am in hopes that we shall in a day or two receive more accurate accounts of the real strength of the Reinforcements. I shall desire Doctr Cochran to give order respecting the sick of your division: and will have Lieut. Drummond's26 conduct inquired into; such proceedings must not be tolerated.
[Note 26: Lieut, Peter Drummond, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Colo. Washington may as well remain where your Lordship posted him, for a few days, perhaps in that time the Enemy may begin to shew their intentions if they have any, of operating.
I am afraid the Ordnance ship, said to be carried into Phila. will turn out to be a Vessel laden with flour for New Yk. such an one is carried in.
I inclose your Lordship Colo. Hamilton's tranlation of Count de la Crois's27 letter. I wish your Lordship may find better health from a few days retirement. As I am with great Regard etc.28
[Note 27: Louis, Comte de La Croix. He was a captain in the French Navy and had been wounded at the battle off Ushant.]
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 1, 1779.
Sir: Genl. Greene has represented to me the bad state of the road leading from New Windsor to Easton and the delays occasioned inconsequence of it to the transportation of provisions. The number of men necessary to be employed immediately in this service is 100; one half to begin at Sussex Court house and repair to Easton; the other from New Windsor to the former place. As we obtain our supplies by this upper route, and a delay in their coming on, may be attended with disagreeable consequences, I am to request, you will impress the commanding Officer of each party with the absolute necessity of doing the business in the most effectual manner. I am, etc.
P.S. On a supposition that the Delaware battalion was still at Middle Brook I had given orders to Col Hall who commands it to go on this duty, but as I find he had left that place, I thought proper to give the above orders. Yet should Col Hall have gone on the business he may proceed, and it will be unnecessary necessary for you to send the party.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, September 1, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of this date "requesting me to give you in writing the instructions which you verbally received from me on the subject of Powles Hook, when you were last at Head Quarters, and particularly concerning the immediate evacuation of the post after the reduction and concerning the retreat."
When you were last at Head Quarters, the enterprise against Powles Hook was in contemplation, but not finally determined; mined; as there were some points of information still to be more fully obtained. I gave you then in general my ideas of the manner in which it should be conducted, whenever attempted, and desired you to use your best endeavours to procure information in such matters as appeared not to be sufficiently well understood; and mentioned the precautions, that should be taken to cover the design, and secure the party which might be employed in the Enterpise in its approach. But with respect to the point to which your request more particularly extends, to wit, "the evacuation of the post and concerning the retreat" My principal fear, from the moment I conceived a design against the post, was on account of the difficulty of the retreat, founded on the relative situation of the post to that of the Enemy on York Island. This circumstance induced me to add, that in case the enterprise should be found eligible on farther inquiries, and determined on, that no time should be lost in case it succeeded, in attempting to bring off Cannon, Stores or any other article, as a few minutes delay might expose the party, at least to imminent risk. I further recollect that I likewise said that no time should be spent in such case in collecting Straglers of the Garrison, who might skulk and hide themselves, lest it should prove fatal; also, that if the post could not be carried in an instant by surprise, the attempt must be relinquished. My objects were to surprize it, to bring off the Garrison immediately, and to effect a secure retreat. I am, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Wednesday, September 1, 1779.
Parole Colerain. Countersigns Beverly, Acton.
A Court of Inquiry consisting of the following officers, Brigadier General Huntington, President, Colonels Bradley and C. Hall, Lieutenant Colonel Murray31 and Majr. Furnald,32 Members, to sit at the President's quarters on friday next at 10 o'clock A.M. at the request of Colonel Udney Hay, D. Q. M. G. in consequence of a letter from a Committee of Congress to the Quarter Master General to examine into the reasons, and circumstances of the dismission of Mr. John Banker from the offices of Superintendent of Artificers and Deputy Barrack Master of a certain District in the State of New York. The parties are desired to attend at the above time and place.
[Note 31: Lieut. Col. John Murray, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 32: Maj. Tobias Fernald, of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment, to rank from Mar. 6, 1779; transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
As a sufficient number of company books have not yet arrived, the officers already furnished with them are to postpone opening their accounts according to the forms prescribed, 'till further orders.
At the General Court Martial, 31st. ultimo, whereof Colonel Marshall is President, Lieutenant Donoran33 of the 6th.
[Note 33: Lieut. Richard Donoran. He was killed in August, 1780, at Camden, S.C.] Maryland regiment was tried for "Warning and insisting upon Lieutenant Buffs34 doing duty out of his tour."
[Note 34: Lieut. James Bruff, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; promoted to captain-lieutenant in February, 1781; captain in September, 1781; wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S. C., in April, 1781; exchanged and served to April, 1783.]
The Court do unanimously adjudge that the said Lieutt. Donovan is not guilty of the charge exhibited; but are of opinion ion that the charge was exhibited through a misunderstanding of the Parties.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Lieutenant Donovan is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, September 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of yesterday.36 You may be assured that the several matters mentioned in it shall be duly attended to, and my determination communicated, as soon as I have properly considered the different points referred to me. I am etc.
[Note 36: Butler's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers and no letter to Butler of a subsequent date is found explanatory of Washington's determination. It is probable, however, that the matter was in connection with Captain Ashmead's courtmartial. See General Orders, September 5 and September 21, post.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 3, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I am just now favored with your letter of to-day with its inclosures which I return.
I do not see that any further measures can be taken on your part, to apprehend those prisoners who have escaped, or to prevent vent their gaining the enemy's lines.
It will be necessary on this occasion to order the person who had the principal charge of the provost, provided he is an officer under arrest; if a serjeant he must be confined and tryed, for suffering the escape. You will be pleased therefore, to give the proper orders for this purpose. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 3, 1779.
Sir: I was honoured yesterday with your Excellency's letter of the 30th ulto. and am much obliged for the information transmitted, altho' I had received it several days before from Colo Meade. I am happy to inform your Excellency, that I believe the intelligence obtained by Major General Wolcot with respect to the Enemy's reinforcements is highly exaggerated. None of my late accounts place the Troops that arrived with Admiral Arbuthnot at more than Four Thousand, and some their number at a good deal less. In the debates in parliament, they were not estimated higher than the first. And, with respect to those mentioned to be gone to the Southward and Hallifax, I flatter myself there is no foundation for the report.
Whatever the real designs of the Enemy may be, I cannot think that their position by any means decides, that they are to be directed against Connecticut. I cannot mark with precision the degree of aid, I may be able to give Your Excellency in case of emergency; but you may rest assured that I shall upon all occasions, afford such as our circumstances will permit; and should the main body of the Enemy operate in Connecticut, I shall most certainly march to oppose them, with all the force I can consistently employ for the purpose. The defences of the North River are by no means complete, or so far advanced as your Excellency seems to apprehend, however I hope by perseverance and a close attention to them, they will in a few weeks, be on a pretty respectable footing; and such as will justify their being intrusted to a much smaller part of the Army than is now necessarily employed to carry them on.
I beg leave to congratulate your Excellency on the Manifesto delivered by his Catholic Majesty to the Court of London, as published in the Papers. It is a very interesting event and cannot fail I think, to produce the most happy consequences. I have the Honor, etc.
P. S. Genl Glovers Brigade already holds a position East of the Army, and will move in case of exigency to succour the Militia.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Friday, September 3, 1779.
Parole Farnham. Countersigns Enfield, Danvers.
The regimental Pay Masters are requested to settle their Accounts immediately with the Auditors of the Main-Army. They will have a list of the dead, deserted, prisoners and absentees made out and the money due each for the different months, previous to their settlement.
Colonel Swift is appointed Member of the Court of Inquiry whereof Genl. Huntington is President, vice, Colo. Bradley who is absent.
Head Quarters, West Point, September 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was made very happy to find, by yours of the 20th ulto. that your junction with General Clinton would take place on the next day, and that no opposition had been given to him on the passage down the River. Colonel Pawling, not having been able to reach Anaquaga at the appointed time, and upon his arrival there, finding that General Clinton had passed by, has returned to the Settlements with the men under his command, who were about 200. But as your junction has been effected with scarce any loss, I hope this small diminution of force will not be felt in your operations.
I yesterday recd. a letter of the 31st. July from Colo. Brodhead at Fort Pitt, from which the inclosed is an extract. By this you will perceive, that he intended to begin his march towards the Seneca Country on the 7th. or 8th. of last Month; and will also see his reasons for setting out so early.
On the receipt of your letter of the 15th. ulto., I immediately desired the Commissary General to form a Magazine for your future supply at some safe and convenient place in your Rear, and on receiving that of the 20th., I repeated the order, and directed him to make Wyoming the place of deposit. By the inclosed extracts from Colo. Wadsworth and Mr Blaine you will find that matters are in forwardness for that purpose.
I have the pleasure to inform you that Spain has at length taken a decisive part. In the inclosed paper, you will find her Manifesto delivered to the Court of Great Britain on the 16th. June last, with the message of the King to Parliament thereupon. It is to be hoped that this formidable junction of the House of Bourbon will not fail of establishing the Independance of America in a short time. I am, &c.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
West-point, September 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 29th. accompanied by those from the General Officers, and have carefully considered their respective contents. The subject is of such a nature, that I should have thought it advisable not to have brought it to a formal investigation; but since it has been done, I shall give you my opinion with candour and explicitness.
When you accepted the Quarter Master Generals department and made a reservation of your rank, I considered it as intended to prevent the operation of a certain resolve of Congress, declaring that no Continental Officer should not [ sic] hold more than one commission at a time, and to obviate any future doubt of your right to resume your proper station in the line on the resignation of this Office. It was not in my opinion understood, that you were to retain an actual permanent command, a proof of which is, that you immediately relinquished your division, and have continued out of command ever since, except upon two occasions of an extraordinary nature, and by special appointment. My idea was, that you were to stand precisely upon the same footing, in proportion to your rank, with Quarter Master Generals in other Services, who from the best information I have been able to obtain, do not usually exercise a regular lineal command; but are eligible by the Officer at the head of the Army to occasional commands either on detachment or in the line, when in his opinion, it is for the good of the Service to employ them in this manner, and it does not interfere with the duties of the department, or with the particular and proper command of other Officers. Upon this principle you were appointed to the right wing in the affair of Mon. mouth, and were sent to take a command under General Sulli. van, and both, as far as I have ever heard, were agreeable to the general Sense of the Army. To attempt a more precise definition of the cases in which you may be invested with actual command might only lead to misapprehension, discontent on one side or another, embarrassing discussions, and perhaps confusion.
The military reason which prevents a Quarter Master General from exercising command in ordinary cases, I take to be this: that whatever may be the fact, the presumption is, that both in action and out of action, he has, generally speaking, sufficient employment in the duties of his Office, and circumstances stances alone can decide when these are compatible with actual command.
The good opinion I have of your abilities and qualifications will make me take pleasure to give you oppertunities of rendering Service and acquiring military honor in the field as often as it can be done consistent with propriety, the good of the Service and the reasonable pretensions of other Officers. The experience you have already had may satisfy you of my disposition. You have participated in the only two transactions of importance which have happened, since your appointment in which the whole, or a considerable portion of the Army has been concerned. But I could not undertake to draw any line, which should determine the particular instances.
You ask several questions respecting your conduct in your present department. Your manner of entering it, and the services you have rendered.
I remember that the proposal for your appointment originated with the Committee of arrangement, and was first suggested to me by them. That in the conversations I had with you upon the subject, you appeared reluctantly to undertake the Office, and in one of them, offered to discharge the military duties of it, without compensation for the space of a year, and I verily believe that a regard to the Service, not pecuniary emolument, was the prevailing motive to your acceptance. In my opinion you have executed the trust with ability and fidelity.
The services you have rendered to the Army have been important, such as have gained my entire approbation, which I have not failed to express, on more than one occasion, to Congress in strong and explicit terms. The sense of the Army on this head I believe concurs with mine. I think it not more than justice to you to say, that I am persuaded, you have uniformly exerted yourself to second my measures and our operations in general, in the most effectual manner which the public resources and the circumstances of the times would permit.
But with the fullest allowance for your Services on the most liberal scale of compensation, I cannot but think the construction I have given to your pretension's to command is just and ample. Your own feelings must determine whether it is satisfactory. It corrisponds with my sentiments of military propriety, and is, I believe, analogous to the customary practice of Armies, which is the best standard in all cases of this kind, so far as it does not contravene any positive constitution. I think too, it is most agreeable to the sense of a majority of the General Officers whom you have consulted. If it differs from your own I shall regret what it is not in my power to avoid. I am etc.40
[Note 40: From the Greene Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: In answer to your letter of this date which I have this minute received. As you request my concurrence to the step you propose, I do not find myself at liberty to give it, because it appears to me to be premature and unnecessary. From the time your report was dispatched to Congress, there is no reason to suppose delay. I am firmly persuaded the event will shew you they cannot possibly intend you injustice. I should be sorry you would suffer your sensibility to betray you into an error which onreflexion you would condemn. I am, etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 4, 1779
Madam: I sincerely wish it was in my power to give you that satisfaction which you have desired relative to Mr. Duggan42 your husband. My inquiries have been able only to ascertain his going to St. Eustatius, but under what circumstances I am altogether uninformed.
[Note 42: Lieut. Col. Jeremiah Duggan, of the Rangers. He had furnished supplies to Arnold's Canadian expedition.]
In looking over the Resolves of Congress I find several sums voted Mr. Duggan under the description of supplies and services all in the year 1776, amounting in the whole to 1584 Dollars. But I cannot say whether he is entitled to more, or if he has completed his demands on the States.
Wishing you such accounts from him as may be perfectly satisfactory. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 44: Captain and formerly aide to General Conway. His majority was brevet only.]
Head Quarters, September 4, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of this day with the two resolves of Congress. I believe your apprehension of the operation of the last is ill founded. 'Twas intended to supply the defect of your brevet, which only gives you rank without pay and subsistence and not to affect your rank or confine you to any particular capacity. Your brevet entitles you to be designated to command, if circumstances will permit and your rights in this respect still remain the same, with the addition of the usual appointments to your rank.
The resolution of the first of April last was confined to a local and particular purpose, and ceased to have effect when you relinquished your design of going to the Southern army. The present resolution was necessary to entitle you to the same provision made by the former, and as I said before, does not affect your military rights. It will give me pleasure, if this interpretation is satisfactory as I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, September 4, 1779.
Sir: I inclose you a Copy of a Certificate by H. Hatencamp Esqr, His Britannic Majesty's Consul at Corunna (the Original of which has been transmitted to me) respecting the capture and release of Sundry British Officers by Captain Newman of an American privateer, belonging to Newberry in Massachusetts Bay; and stipulating for the release and liberation of a like number of our Officers, prisoners with the Enemy.
The public, according to the regulations which have hitherto prevailed and which still exist, not having a right in the first instance, to nominate the persons who should be received in exchange for those of the British released. The Captain and Owners of the privateer have mentioned Colo Coates and Colo Webb as those to be first benefited by their release, and are willing that the release of the remainder should operate generally for the benefit and liberation of Our Officers, prisoners with the Enemy. This being the case, as soon as the release of Colo Coates and Colo Webb is effected, to whom the Owners have given a preference, and which you will without delay endeavour to accomplish, You will inform the British Commissary of Prisoners, of the Officers to be released in exchange for the ballance. These are to be taken in regular course, according to the order of their captivity and as their rank applies except in the Case of Violators of parole, as no other discrimination can be allowed as far as the matter rests with me. These exchanges are to be final, it being obviously the import of the agreement entered into at Corunna with the Consul, and in consequence of which the British Officers mentioned in it, have been and are entirely free.
As there are no full Colonels among the prisoners released at Corunna. The exchange of Colo Coates and Colo Webb must be effected on a principle of composition for which purpose you will have recourse to the table of ratios given to you for the regulation of parole exchanges, preferring them in the same order as was then directed. In case the enemy will not agree to the first and you are obliged to make use of the Others, you will have it jointly expressed in writing with Mr Loring, that this is done on the ground of convenience in this particular case, and is not to operate as a precedent hereafter.
Should the Enemy finally object to all your ratios, you will have a definitive proposal from them and report it to me for further directions. I am etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favor of this Morning, inclosing a letter from General Parsons on the subject of Cloathing. To enable me to give an answer, it will be necessary for me to see General Parsons, which I shall be glad to do in the morning or when it is convenient to him. I am, etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
West point, September 5, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received Your Letter and presented it to his Excellency. From your character of Mr. Swearingen50 as an Officer, the General is unwilling to lose him and from this consideration and the peculiar circumstances of his case, he consents to his absence till December, when he expects he will join this Army without fail. His Excellency requests you will inform him of this and that he must not after such an indulgence entertain an idea either of resigning or remaining a day longer from the duties of [this] station. I am, etc.51
[Note 50: Capt.-Lieut. Joseph Swearingen, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; appointed captain in February, 1781; prisoner to close of the war.]
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. H. H[arrison]."]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 5, 1779.
Sir: I am commanded by his Excellency to inform you that the Officer commanding Major Lees Corps has directions to have a party of thirty picked horse and men properly Officered at New Windsor on Saturday next, in order to escort Count de la Luzerne Minister of France on his way to Philadelphia and to request that you will have a like number in readiness on monday following some where on the road near Pompton Church to relieve this party, and proceed to Philadelphia. When you have determined on the precise spot where your party will be, you will be pleased to let the commanding Officer of Major Lees Corps know it. I am, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade, A. D. C."
Meade also wrote the same letter with the necessary changes to the officer commanding Lee's corps, who was to "give notice at Head Quarters of his arrival at New Windsor." Meade's letter is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have this morning been favd. with your private and public letters of yesterday. The Reinforcement of the enemy, their vigilance at their advanced posts and seeming desire to draw you down towards them, all conspire to forbid your making any attempt upon them, and to cause a more than common attention on your part.
Finding by the date of yours of yesterday that you was still at lower Salem, I am under some apprehensions that you have not received mine of the 28th Augt. in which you are directed to move further this way, that you may be in readiness to form a junction should there be occasion. I inclose an extract of that letter, lest the original should have miscarried, by which you will be guided.
I by no means think it eligible for you to move down for the purpose of making a forage, more especially as by the intelligence of --53 the Enemy will be prepared to receive you. I have no news from any quarter since my last. I am, etc.
[Note 53: Elijah Hunter.]
P.S. As soon as you have moved your present post inform me of it. I have given the necessary orders to Capt. Belden to proceed and meet the Minister.54 He will be relieved at New Windsor.55
[Note 54: Minister of France.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 56: The served subsequently as major of Virginia Militia.]
Head Quarters, West-Point, September 5, 1779.
Sir: I am always sorry to lose a good Officer or when the circumstances of his affairs render his resignation necessary. I feel myself however in this instance pleased that we are not to be deprived of your services, but that we are still to enjoy their usefulness in another line of the Army. Under this idea I the more willingly, at this time acquiesce in your resignation.
It is usual to furnish a certificate that all public or regimental accounts have been settled, you will be pleased to procure such a certified settlement in order that your resignation may be completed. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 5, 1779.
Sir: Your Excellency's several letters of the 26th, 29th, and 30th have been duly received.
The Commissary of Prisoners being absent from Camp, on business respecting his department; I cannot give Congress the satisfaction I wish on the subject of Major General Phillips's Letter. As soon as he returns the matter shall be taken up; however, I am inclined to doubt whether there is any ground for complaint on the part of Genl. Phillips, and think it highly probable that the Prisoners he mentions to have been sent from Canada, have been duly accounted for, tho not in the way, which might have been the most agreeable to him. With respect to Lt. Col. Bellinger,58 he is among the Officers, summoned by the British Commissary to return to New York. Capt. Martin59 it is likely, is under the same circumstances. I have been always willing to exchange Major Harnage and Capt Hawker absolutely, and the matter has remained intirely with Sir Henry Clinton. They are now among others, the subjects of Parole exchanges, and when these are settled they will be allowed to go to Rhode Island or New York, and if they are not exchanged to Virginia by Water, in the manner requested, if they wish it.
[Note 58: Lieut. Col. Frederick Bellinger (Ballinger), of the New York Militia. He had been captured at Oriskany, N.Y., in August, 1777.]
[Note 59: Capt. Daniel(?) Martin, of the New York Militia.]
The fresh mark of the approbation of Congress of my con duct, contained in their resolve of the 27th. Ulto,60 is a new source of satisfaction to myself, and has a new claim to my gratitude and thanks.
[Note 60: The resolve approving the plan and measures taken for the Western Expedition against the Indians.]
I hope the account of the Enemys reinforcement, mentioned in the Extract your Excellency has been pleased to transmit me from Mr. Lee's61 Letter of the 26th. of April, will be found to exceed its real number. No advices that I have received of late, place the Troops which arrived with Admiral Arbuthnot
[Note 61: Arthur Lee.] at more than one half of it; and some make the amount less.
I inclose your Excellency an Extract of a letter from Genl. Sullivan of the 20th Ulto. which contains the last intelligence I have received from him. I have the honor, etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 5, 1779.
Sir: I have advice of the ministers setting out from Boston for Philadelphia. You will therefore, on receipt of this, proceed without delay to Ridgefield, from thence to Fairfield, to New-Haven and to Harford, halting at this last place for his coming should you not meet him at some of the intermediate stages.
Immediately upon joining him you are to acquaint me by express mentioning the stages and route which he proposes, that I may know how to regulate matters for his reception. Should any accident occur to detain him, I am also to be in formed by express.
It is probable that Major Genl. Baron Steuben will accompany the minister, in this case you will put yourself wholly under his orders, leaving the management of the above in tirely to the Baron. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The letter sent is in the Congregational Library, Farrington Street, London, E. C.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, September 5, 1779.
Parole Islington. Countersigns Harlow, Grafton.
A Captain from General Paterson's brigade and a Sub-altern from each of the other Massachusetts brigades are to repair forthwith to Springfield to receive the New Levies from said State; They will call at Head Quarters for their orders except the one from General Glover's brigade who will receive his from the Captain.
At the General Court Martial whereof Colo. Marshall is President the 1st. instant, Captain Ashmead64 of the 2nd., Pennsylvania regiment was tried for, "Disorderly behaviour in the Light Infantry Camp and refusing to depart from Colonel Butler's regiment when ordered."
[Note 64: Capt. Jacob Ashmead. He resigned in May, 1780.]
The Court are unanimously of opinion that Captain Ash mead is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him and do acquit him with honor.
It is with real regret the General finds it out of his power to approve the sentence of the court without contradicting his own judgment; Whatever may have been the Propriety or Impropriety of Colonel Butler's conduct in refusing Captain Ashmead the command of the Light Infantry Company and puting him in Arrest with the attendant circumstances on which the General wishes not at present to pass an opinion, Captain Ashmead's conduct in disobeying the Arrest, coming upon the parade and in defiance of Colonel Butler's orders to the company, declaring that if any non commissioned officers and privates should disobey him he would confine them for it, and swearing he would have the command, was certainly irregular and disorderly.
Captain Ashmead appears to have carried the principle of a written Arrest too far; for necessity often requires that verbal ones, should be, for the present obligatory and the common practice of Armies justifies them.
If Captain Ashmead conceived himself injured and irregularly deprived of his proper command, the true line of conduct would have been to have demanded justice and reparation, by complaining first to General Wayne and if he did not pay proper attention to it, afterwards to the Commander in Chief.
Open defiance and opposition from an inferior to his superior officer upon a parade must in every well regulated army be deemed a breach of order and discipline.
Captain Ashmead is released from Arrest and to wait further orders for his destination.
Head Quarters, West Point, September 6, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am honoured with your letter of the 28th of August with its inclosures. I am very happy the testimony given to Congress of the conduct of the Board is satisfactory to them, as it will always give me pleasure to do justice to their exertions.
I have attentively considered the regulations proposed for the department of Prisoners. They appear to me to be judicious and proper, such as I have for a long time wished to see take place. My only fear is about the concurrence of the particular states; but the experiment can be tried. I return you the regulations with one or two remarks annexed. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. Inclosed you will find the Returns of the following Corps agreeable to Resolution of 15th. March last. Colo. Harrison's Regt. of Artillery; Capt. Jno. Kingsbury's65 Compy.
[Note 65: Capt. John Kingsbury, of the Independent North Carolina Artillery Company. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780.] No. Carolina Artillery; Capt. Noah Nicols66 Compy. Artillery Artificers.67
[Note 66: Capt. Noah Nichols. He resigned in April, 1780.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
Remarks on Regulations68 of the Prisoner's department. No. 1. It appears to be the intention of the Board to make a distinction between Prisoners and Prisoners of War; which is no doubt a proper and necessary one; but it is to be apprehended, the distinction may not be clearly understood by the different States. If any clause could be introduced to make it more explicit it would be desirable; But there will be a difficulty in this without making use of language not agreeable to the principles commonly received; for properly there can be no prisoners but Prisoners of War. The distinction is peculiar to the nature of our contest and will require caution in expressing it. General terms will be best: suppose after the word Prisoners marked * the words not included in the 1st Article of this resolve be added, If it is thought however the distinction will be understood without it it may be best to leave it as it is.
[Note 68: The text of the proposed Regulation has not been found.]
2. The expediences of this is rather questionable. If the Captns. of such Ships and Vessels comply with the injunction, it may often occasion delay, injurious to them, and of course in proportion to the sea service; and as the prisoners are appropriated to the benefit of the United States, they will deem it a hardship to be put to this expence in addition to the risk and trouble of capturing them. They may be tempted by it to throw their Prisoners ashore at the first place where they think they can do it without discovery and leave them to shift for themselves, by which the Public may lose the Prisoners; perhaps it may be better to let the delivery of these Prisoners, be upon the same footing as with respect to those captured by Vessels in the service of the States?69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Monday, September 6, 1779.
Parole Japan. Countersigns Kingston, Lyme.
Brigade returns, regimentally digested to be made by the 10th. instant at the Orderly Office of the blankets which have been received by the troops since the 1st. day of October last: Of the number now in possession of the men, distinguishing the good from the bad and of the deficiencies to complete each man with one, in such manner that the good, bad and wanting will amount exactly to the number of non-commissioned officers and privates.
Mr. Measum and Mr. Kemper or their Assistants will also make an immediate return of the blankets issued to the different regiments during the period above mentioned.
Head Quarters, West Point, September 6, 1779.
Sir: I am of opinion that you may, under the Resolve of Congress of the 23d. March last, continue to issue to the troops of the State of Connecticut (untill you are otherwise ordered by the Clothier General) such number of shirts, shoes and other Articles, as they may actually want, charging them as directed by said Resolve. I am, etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your Excellency's favr. of the 1st. Inst. by Lt. Colo. Pawling. Before the Rect. of your letter I had heard of his return, but never entertained a doubt of his having exerted himself to reach Anaquaga at the appointed time. I hope as the junction between Generals Sullivan and Clinton has taken place, without any difficulty or loss, that this small diminution of force will have no effect upon their operations. I shall leave the disposition of Colo. Pawling for the present, entirely to your Excellency, only wishing that his position may be such, if circumstances will admit, that he may join the main Army, on short notice should the movements of the enemy make it necessary to collect our whole force. I am to return your Excellency my sincere thanks for your ready attention to my requisitions on the subject of provision and Cloathing. I am, etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 7, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I herewith transmit to your Excellency several papers, with a letter from Elias Boudinot Esqr. relative to the case of a certain Hallet75 who is said to be an inhabitant of Long Island. As I do not consider him cognizable by the military Maws, but more properly falling under the jurisdiction of the State to which he belongs, I have therefore sent him under guard to your Excellency.
[Note 75: Samuel(?) Hallett, of Queens County, N. Y.]
I also inclose a letter from himself to me, which may give some further particulars of the man. I would only observe that Hallet was appointed a Captain by warrant (in 1776) and ordered to raise a company; he did not succeed in this attempt and was some time after discharged from the army. I have the honor, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 7, 1779
Sir: The current of intelligence from New York makes the late reinforcement under Arburthnot amount to about 3000 troops principally recruits and rather in an unhealthy situation. It also speaks of preparations for an expedition and some recent rumours point to the Southern States, though the enemy have thrown out menaces against this post. If the reinforcement does not exceed this estimate they may not think them selves able to operate effectually this way, in which case, the unpromising situation of their affairs may tempt them to make an effort to get hold of some of the southern States, to counterballance their losses in the West Indies and favor negotiations in the Winter. They have been for some time past fortifying across New York Island; and it is said are going to erect a strong work at Brookline on Long Island: all this may be to have it in their power to secure their present posts with a small force and make large detachments with the greater confidence. A part may go to the West Indies and a considerable number still be spared for the purpose I am supposing; the more so, if Rhode Island, which [is] now become to them a very inferior object should be evacuated.
An apprehension of the Spaniards may be an objection to this plan; but they may not be deterred by this danger, from the probability that the Spaniards will rather direct their attention to Jamaica than to this Continent; besides which if they have a large force operating in the southern States, it may easily enough be turned to the defence of their own possessions that way, or if these should be lost, they will be amply compensated by the full acquisition of Georgia and South Carolina, both of which are so weak as to be in no small danger.77
[Note 77: Clinton's letter (August 21) to Germain shows the accuracy of Washington's surmise: "I now find myself obliged by many cogent reasons," he wrote "to abandon every view of making an effort in this Quarter. The precautions, which Mr. Washington has had leisure to take, make me hopeless of bringing him to a general Action; and the Season dissuades me strongly from losing time in the attempt. The weather will admit of our acting in Carolina, in the beginning of October; ... if we do not conquer South Carolina; every thing is to be apprehended for Georgia. We have flattering hopes of assistance from the Inhabitants held forth to us by Mr. Simpson. ... In order to give the effort a fair trial it is necessary that the Corps destined for that Service should get there before Mr. Washington can throw any considerable reinforcement to the Southward: Before also, before any part of the French fleet. ... shall have come upon the Coast. I am therefore employing the Army to perfect the defences of this post, which at all events must be left out of reach of any probable insult. I shall then give the Enemy every jealousy at the Eastward, and without losing a Moment the expedition will proceed to South Carolina. ... Having seized on the stations of Verplanks and Stoney Point. ... with a view to offensive operations in this Country, their principal importance must cease when that design is discarded: And as without great reinforcements which we cannot expect, nothing of consequence can be carried on again in this quarter. I shall probably abandon those posts; not having Troops sufficient without hazard and difficulty to maintain them thro' the Winter."]
I take the liberty to suggest these hints, as it seems to me to be the part of prudence to be upon our guard against a plan of this nature and to take every precaution in our power to disappoint its success. By a letter I have received from General Lincoln his force is insignificant and his prospects of an addition feeble. No exertions should be omitted to make them better.
Though our force here is far from making a diminution desirable; yet as I think we have more to apprehend to the south ward than in this quarter, if Congress should be of opinion for sending the two North Carolina regiments that way, I should hope they might now be spared without material injury. The distance is a very discouraging circumstance; but the troops shall be in readiness to move the moment the pleasure of Congress is known.
I have the honor to inclose the copy of a letter which I have just received from General Sullivan and to congratulate Congress on the agreeable and important success it announces.78 I have the honor, etc.79
[Note 78: A copy of Sullivan's letter to Washington (Aug. 30, 1779), giving an account of the victory at Newtown (Chemung or Elmira, as it is variously called), is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 79: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on September 13, when it was agreed that the North Carolina troops should be sent to South Carolina, and that the Continental frigates, Providence, Queen of France, and Ranger, should proceed thither; the troops to go in them, and a transport if necessary.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I yesterday reed. your favr. of the 3d Inst. I thank your Excellency for your attention to mine on the subject of Officers who have violated their paroles, and on the prospect of a scarcity of Flour. I have little doubt but that the farmers will thresh out part of their Grain earlier than usual, when influenced by a few virtuous individuals in each district.
It hath been our constant practice hitherto to exchange Officer for Officer of equal Rank giving a preference to those who have been longest in captivity. We have several times endeavoured to settle a Tariff for enlarging the scale of Exchanges by composition where circumstances of equality of Rank would not apply, but we have not been able to agree upon one. I have the honor, etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Westspoint, September 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your two favors of the 5th inst one public the other marked private.81
[Note 81: Not found in the Washington Papers.]
The current of my intelligence by different hands and from different quarters bring the enemy's reinforcement to about 3,000. This corresponds with your accounts and perhaps is pretty near the truth. The ignorance of the agents of --82 or the want of a proper genius for enquiry or observation may have led them to over rate their numbers, Caution however as you observe is necessary on our part. We will seem pleased with their every accounts, but believe only such of them as appears to be supported by the greatest variety of evidence. As Mr. -- has been written for he may set out for Philada. when he thinks proper, while I am writing I have received your favor of the 6th.
[Note 82: Elijah Hunter.]
Your precautions appear to me to have been well taken for the security of your post, and I am sensible of the extent of protection which it gives to a country that would otherwise be exposed to the inroads of the enemy. The move more to the right was thought of [under the uncerty. of the Eys. strength and] on the supposition of their reinforcement being considerable, and the propriety of having the whole army in a condition to operate at the shortest notice and to the greatest advantage. But as their reinforcement seems to be below what was apprehended, the proposed change of your position does not therefore appear necessary at present. I am, etc.
P. S. I have just recd. a letter from Genl. Sullivan of the 30th Augt. he informs me that the collected Force of Indians and Tories under the command of the two Butlers,83 Brant84 and McDonald85 met him at a place called the New town upon the Cayuga River. They were very advantageously posted and intrenched. Genl. Sullivan forced their works, from which they fled with precipitation, leaving II Warriors dead and evident marks of a much greater loss; they also left behind a number of Arms, their packs, Blankets, Camp Kettles and such Baggage
[Note 83: Lieut. Cols. John and Walter Butler.]
[Note 84: Chief Joseph Brant.]
[Note 85: Donald (Daniel) McDonald, of Jamestown, N.Y.] as such an Army might be supposed to have. our loss 3 Killed.39 Wounded. He destroyed their Crops at this place, which were very extensive. Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Majr. Talmadge immediately.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry; the P. S. is in that of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets have been interpolated by Washington.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been informed, tho' not officially, that Monsr. Gerrard was to leave Philada. some time this week in his way towards Camp. As I would wish to have every mark of respect shewn to him, I must desire you to hold a Captain's Command of Horse ready at Pompton, that should he come on they may fall in with him at that place, and escort him to New Windsor. The Officer will present my Compliments to Monsr. Gerrard upon the occasion. That there may be no misunderstanding. This party is intended to be different from that which is ordered to receive Chevalier La Luzerne the new Minister of France on his way from Boston. Be pleased to acknowledge the Rect. of this by return of Express. I am, &c.
P.S. Should Monsr. Gerrard come on, dispatch a Dragoon to inform me of it with the time that he will reach New Windsor.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 7, 1779.
Sir: The Adjutant General will furnish you with the Brigade returns lately called for, by which you will see the wants of the army in the articles therein mentioned. You are to proportion the stock of those articles in your hands to the respective wants of the different regiments on returns made out according to the mode which has been directed in general orders for regulating the manner in which all cloathing was to be issued. You will however have regard to those corps which have not had a share of the latest supplies and to the best of your judgment let them have such a proportion of the present, as will put them upon an equal footing with the other troops. In this you will by all means observe the strictest impartiality.
The Carolina troops on account of their remoteness from home and such other corps as have not had the benefit of state supplies are to be more particularly considered. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have reed. yours of the 4th inclosing C-- letter No 22 and also that of the 5th.89 You may detain Brown in his present employ, and I will inform Genl. Parsons that it is by my order. I have not heard that the enemy have any parties upon Long Island cutting Wood for the Garrisons of New York and Rhode Island. I think they were busy at that work, at this time last Year. Be pleased to direct your emissaries to make inquiry into this matter and whether they are collecting any considerable quantity of Forage for a Winter Stock. I am, etc.
[Note 89: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
P. S. Much may be deduced from the preparations which the Enemy are making in the Article of Cloathing. If light it designates a southern or West India expedition; if on the contrary warm and heavy it indicates a Winter Campaign or that they mean to remain in their Quarters. Desire C-- if you have an opportunity, to pay particular attention to these matters and give information.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, September 7, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have received Your obliging Favors of the 25th. and 31st. of last month and thank you for them.
It really appears impossible to reconcile the conduct Britain is pursuing, to any system of prudence or policy. For the reasons you assign, appearances are against her deriving aid from other powers; and if it is truly the case, that she has rejected the mediation of Spain, without having made allies, it will exceed all past instances of her infatuation.91 Notwithstanding appearances, I can hardly bring myself fully to believe that it is the case; or that there is so general a combination against the interests of Britain among the European powers, as will permit them to endanger the political ballance. I think it probable enough, that the conduct of France in the affairs of the Porte and Russia will make an impression on the Empress; but I doubt whether it will be sufficient to counterballance the powerful motives she has to support England; and the Porte has been perhaps too much weakened in the last war with Russia to be overfond of renewing it. The Emperor is also the natural
[Note 91: Jay had written (August 25) as follows: "Britain refused the mediation of Spain at a Time when their Spirits were elated by their Successes in the West Indies, and the southern States; and by the accounts they received of Discord in Congress, Discontent among the People, and a Prospect of the Evils with which we were threatened by the Depreciation of our Currency. Deceived by these illusory Gleams of Hope, they permitted their Counsels to be guided by their Pride. What Reason they may have to expect Succor from other Powers, is as yet a Secret. Mr. Gerard is decided in his opinion, that they will obtain none. The Conduct of France in establishing Peace between Russia and the Porte has won the Heart of the Empress; and the Influence of Versailles at Constantinople, will probably give Duration to her Gratitude. The Emperor and Prussia are under similar obligations. The latter wishes us well, and the Finances of the former are too much exhausted to support the Expences of War without Subsidies from Britain, who at present cannot afford them. There is no Reason to suspect that the Peace of Germany will soon be interrupted. Britain may hire some Troops there, but it is not probable she will be able to do more. Portugal and the Dutch, while directed by their Interest, will not rashly raise their Hands to support a Nation, which like a Tower in an Earthquake, sliding from its Base, will crush every slender Prop that may be raised to prevent its Fall." Jay's letter is in the Washington Papers.] ally of England notwithstanding the connexions of Blood between his family and that of France; and he may prefer reasons of National policy to those of private attachment. Tis true his finances may not be in the best state, though one campaign could hardly have exhausted them, but as Holland looks up to him for her chief protection, if he should be inclined to favor England, it may give her Councils a decided biass the same way. She can easily supply what is wanting in the Article of money; and by this aid, give sinews to that confederacy. Denmark is also the natural ally of England; and though there has lately been a family bickering, her political interest may outweigh private animosity. Her marine assistance would be considerable. Portugal too, though timid and cautious at present, if she was to see connexions formed by England able to give her countenance and security, would probably declare for her interests. Russia, Denmark. The Emperor, Holland, Portugal and England would form a respectable counterpoise to the opposite scale. Though all the maritime powers of Europe were interested in the independence of this Country, as it tended to diminish the overgrown power of Britain, yet they may be unwilling to see too great a preponderacy on the side of her rivals; and when the question changes itself from the separation of America to the ruin of England as a Naval power, I should not be surprised at a proportionable change in the sentiments of some of those States which have been heretofore unconcerned Spectators or inclining to our side. I suggest these things rather as possible than probable; it is even to be expected that the decisive blow will be struck, before the interposition of the Allies England may acquire can have effect. But still as possible events, they ought to have their influence and prevent our relaxing in any measures necessary for our safety, on the supposition of a speedy peace or removal of the War from the present Theatre in America.
The account which Mr. Wharton92 received, of the reinforcement that came with Adml. Arbuthnot, corresponds pretty well, with respect to number, with the best information I have been able to obtain upon the subject. Some recent advices make it about Three thousand, and say that these Troops are rather in a sickly condition. It is generally said, that they are Recruits; but whether there is so great a proportion of them Scotch as his intelligence mentions, is not ascertained by any accounts I have received.
[Note 92: John Wharton. He was commissioner of the Continental Navy Board, Middle District.]
With respect to the person you recommended last Winter, he was employed in consequence; and I have not the smallest doubt of his attachment and integrity. But he has not had it in his power, and indeed it is next to impossible that any one should circumstanced as he is, to render much essential service in the way it was intended to employ him.93 You will readily conceive the difficulties in such a case. The business was of too delicate a nature for him to transact it frequently himself, and the Characters, he has been obliged occasionally to confide it to, have not been able to gain any thing satisfactory or material. Indeed, I believe it will seldom happen, that a person acting in this way, can render any essential advantages more than once or twice at any rate; and that what he will be compelled to do to preserve the pretended confidence of the other party, will generally counterbalance any thing he may effect. The greatest benefits are to be derived from persons who live with the
[Note 93: Elijah Hunter.] other side; whose local circumstances, without subjecting them to suspicions, give them an opportunity of making observations and comparing and combining things and Sentiments. It is with such I have endeavoured to establish a correspondence, and on whose reports I shall most rely. From these several considerations, I am doubtful whether it will be of any advantage for the person to continue longer in the way he has acted. The points to which he must have alluded in his Letter, were the movements up the North River and against Charles Town and the expedition to Virginia. I believe the first certain information of the first of these events came from him. He has never received any thing from me. The Gentleman who employed him first, had some Money deposited with him for confidential purposes; but I cannot tell how much he may have paid him.
With every sentiment of esteem etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Tuesday, September 7, 1779.
Parole Laneborough. Countersigns Killingly, Johnston.
The State Clothiers are to make returns immediately to the Orderly Office of the articles of clothing on hand for the troops of their respective States.
West Point, September 8, 1779.
Sir: I have to thank you for your favor of the 10th of August, and your Eulogium.95
[Note 95: The eulogium was "An Eulogium of the brave men who have fallen in the contest with Great Britain," delivered July 5, 1779, in the German Calvinist Church in Philadelphia. A copy is in the Library of Congress.]
You add motives to patriotism, and have made the army your debtor in the handsome tribute which is paid to the memory of those who have fallen in fighting for their country. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Wednesday, September 8, 1779.
Parole Medfield. Countersigns Newbury, Old-York.
The commanding officers of regiments will send to the Clothier at New Burgh for their proportions of clothing upon returns made according to the mode established.
Lieutenant Robert Peebles97 of the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment is appointed Quarter Master to the same from the 1st. of June last, vice Ensign Hughes,98 promoted.
[Note 97: He was transferred to the Four the Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 98: Ensign John Hughes, jr., of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. His promotion to lieutenant carried rank from April, 1779; transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; served to close of the war.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you, that the junction between Generals Sullivan and Clinton having been formed at Tioga, the whole Army moved the 26th Augt. On the 29th the advanced party of Riflemen announced the Enemy at a place called the Newtown, and that they were advantageously posted and intrenched. General Sullivan, having reconnoitred them, made his dispositions, and attacked them in front and flank at the same time. Their lines (which he says were more judiciously constructed than could have been expected) were quickly carried, and the enemy fled with the greatest precipitation, leaving eleven Warriors dead upon the field, a number of Arms, packs, Blankets and all their Baggage. A Negro and a White were taken prisoners, from them, General Sullivan learned, that the force of the Enemy had consisted of five Companies of Whites and the Warriors from seven Indian Nations, under the command of the two Butlers, Brant and McDonald, and that they had been eight days waiting at that place. The fields of Corn, Beans and Vegetables were very extensive, and were all destroyed. Our loss was 3 Killed and 39 Wounded, among the latter, Major Titcomb99 Capt. Clause1 and Mr. McAulay2 of General Poors Brigade. Mr McAulay since dead. I imagine the inclosed, which came with my dispatches, will give your Excellency an Account of the above Affair.
[Note 99: Maj. Benjamin Titcomb, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He had been wounded also at Hubbardton, Vt., in July, 1777; promoted to lieutenant colonel in March, 1780; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 1: Capt. Elijah Clayes (Clause), of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He died in November, 1779, of his wounds.]
[Note 2: Lieut. Nathaniel McCauley, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He died on August 30 of the wounds he received.]
I expect the Count la Luzerne, the new Minister of France, will be here in a few days, on his way to Philada. Should your Excellency chuse to pay him a Visit, I will inform you of his arrival by Express. I have the honor, &c.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, September 8, 1779.
Dr. Sr.: I have just now received yours of this date accompanied by the letter from Genls. Parsons and Huntington to you, setting forth the unwillingness of the field officers of the Connecticut line to decide on the claims of Capts. Cleft and Watson4; as this unwillingness exists, the Board you have ordered may be suspended until something further can be done in the matter. I am, etc.5
[Note 4: The rank dispute between Clift and Watson gave rise to a complaint from Capt. Theophilus Munson, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment, who was informed by Tench Tilghman (September 13), by direction of Washington, that: "By a Resolve of Congress a resignation bars all claim to former Rank, and your leaving Glovers and Lees Regiments and not accepting your first appointment in Connecticut must be looked upon in the light of resignation." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers. Munson was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 5: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, September 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your letter of yesterday reached me last night. I am obliged to you for the particular account you give me of Stoney Point. Col Butler will be tried by a Court Martial of the line. Its decision whatever it may be will be less liable to exception than that of a Court composed wholly of the Officers of the Corps to which he belongs. His objection to being tried by the same Court which acquitted Capt Ashmead shall be admitted and another ordered, to take up his affair. I received a letter from General Sullivan yesterday informing me of a victory over the Savages at a place called new town beyond Chemung. They had collected their whole force under the two Butlers Brandt and one McDonald, consisting of the warriors of seven nations and five company's of whites and had entrenched themselves with masked batteries in a very artful and advantageous manner. The Genl. avoided their works turned their left flank dispossessed them of an eminence which commanded the rest of their encampment and put them to the route with every symptom of terror and precipitation. They left eleven warriors and one female dead; and it is reported by two prisoners taken, had sent off a number of wounded in Canoes and on horseback during the action. They also left a number of Packs, blankets arms camp equipage and trinkets of different kinds. The prisoners add that this was intended as their principal stand; and for this purpose they had waited eight days. The settlement of New Town is one of the most considerable in the Indian Country abounding in rich and extensive fields of every sort. This made the fourteenth which had been destroyed since the commencement of the expedition. We had three men killed and thirty nine wounded. The intelligence is agreeable and important. I am etc.6
[Note 6: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H. S. P.]
West point, September 8, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have received Your Letter of Yesterday with the Report of the Field Officers of the Virginia line. The Agreement and plan entered into at White plains and sanctified by the committee of Arrangement as stated by the Board, will warrant the Opinion which they have given, and place the point with respect to filling vacancies in the Virginia line, in a much clearer light than I had conceived of it before. I would however observe, to prevent misconception in future, that the capture of an Officer after the Resolution of the 24th November, will not authorise a promotion. This Resolution so far as it regards prisoners, was meant to apply to some peculiar cases which then existed, and that so far from intending to authorize the filling of vacancies, on any new captures, one of its main objects was, to grant relief to Officers who had been and were prisoners, against the Injuries, which they had sustained from the very practice and from their having been neglected and omitted by their States, or through some other means in former Arrangements. A practice which had obtained in a variety of instances, and which could not be reconciled on principles either of justice, generosity or of policy. I return you the Resolution having a Copy of it by me. I have not yet received a Copy of the arrangement from the Board of War, as soon as I get it, I will forward it to you and General Muhlenberg, with the dates of such resignations as have come to my knowledge, that matters may be put in a proper train for promotions. I am, &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 8, 1779.
Sir: I have this morning recd. yours of the 5th with the News papers and the counterfeit Bill inclosed.
I thank you for the very material intelligence which your letter contains, and shall be further obliged by your communicating the true destination of the intended embarkation, if you can come to a knowledge of it.
Whenever the person you mention, chuses to return he may be assured of my protection should he meet with any difficulties on this side.
If you can confide in the Express who you may send the next time to Lord Stirlings Quarters, I will forward the hard money you have advanced and desire my Lord to send it to you. Should you find a further sum necessary to procure intelligence, I will supply you.
I yesterday recd. the following intelligence from General Sullivan which I would wish you to send into New York: ...8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The omitted portion is practically the same as the last paragraph in Washington's letter to Gen. Anthony Wayne, Sept. 8, 1779, q. v.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 8, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor to address your Excellency yesterday, since which I have received the within intelligence9 It comes from a person who in general has been exact and authentic in his accounts, and in whose information I place a principal confidence. The counterfeit sixty dollar bill which he mentions is also inclosed. I have the honor, etc.10
[Note 9: A copy of the intelligence accompanies this letter from Washington and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It informs of British preparations to send troops to the West Indies and "of a new emission of the bills of sixty dollar lately done in New York. The person from whom I received it informed me that a great quantityof this kind is put into the country by way of Kingsbridge and Bergen."]
[Note 10: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, September 9, 1779.
Sir: In consequence of yours of this morning I have ordered the Commy Genl. to procure a supply of Rum if possible for the Men upon fatigue. I shall be glad to know whether there has been any special agreement to give the Artificers draughted from the line any thing extraordinary for their Work. If there has, they must be paid in Rum (if that was the agreement) or an equivalent in Money when they do not get Rum. They must not at any Rate think of returning to their Regiments while their services are waiting. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 9, 1779.
Sr. I rec'd your favor of yesterdays date in answer to mine of the 7th. and the particular subject of Rum. As you have said nothing on that head and Mr. Fitch gave no information about it, His Excy. desires me again to request that you will transmit a return of all the rum in the vicinity of the North River, and that you will exert yourself to afford an immediate supply for the troops here, or the consequence will be, great impediment to the execution of the works.
Inclosed is a letter of instruction from the Genl. to Colo. Wadsworth. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. M., A.D. C."]
Head Quarters, September 9, 1779.
Sir: As it is the season for forming the magazines necessary for our future operations, the following are my ideas of the places which ought to be chosen according to the present prospects of the war.
Albany ought to be the place of the principal deposit. This admits of a sufficient security from the remoteness of its situation; of an easy transportation by water while the army acts on this River or in the vicinity; is an intermediate point from which to convey our supplies Eastward or Westward, as circumstances may require and is favourable to an expedition into Canada, if it shall become expedient to undertake it.
The next most considerable deposit ought to be at Sussex Court House, Pits Town, Easton, Reading and Estherton, on the Susquehannah; the largest of these at Sussex Easton and Reading. Magazines at different places on Connecticut River from Co'os downward as far as Hartford, will be proper and necessary consisting of the supplies which those parts of the country afford and having regard to the convenience of transportation and the avoiding expence as much as possible. One object I have in view in these magazines is an expedition into Canada by way of Coos; but as this is a precarious event, I am unwilling to let it have more influence than will be perfectly consistent with public oeconomy, and would not wish you to incur much extraordinary expence. So far as you can attend to this object under these restrictions, it will correspond with my desire and may be advancive of the public service. The intimation I have given you of an expedition into Canada is for your private information. I wish it to be a secret to others.
The Ideas I have here suggested are those which ought to govern the formation of our principal stationary magazines. Such smaller ones as are necessary for the occasional supply of the several parts of the army are left intirely to your discretion and the requisitions you received from the officers commanding at separate posts under the general cautions which have been heretofore given.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Thursday, September 9, 1779.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The President of the Court of Inquiry on Colonel Hay has informed the Commander in Chief by the unanimous voice of the Court, "That Colonel Hay's conduct in the matters of Inquiry was found not only unexceptionable but commendable as a faithful servant of the public; And as Mr. Banker might be thought of for further employment the Court think themselves bound in duty to say that however he might have heretofore suffered in his private affairs and might be in needy circumstances and withal a well-meaning man he appeared to the Court to want that knowledge, activity and address necessary to discharge the offices he held or any other where the execution is attended with difficulties and embarrassments."
AFTER ORDERS
The Commander in Chief having observed great irregularity in the different beats of the drum, requests a stricter attention to the regulations on this head, that all the drums of the line may begin and end as nearly as possible at the same time; But as in the present position of the army the rule of beginning on the right cannot be so conveniently observed; while at this post the signals are to be given from the Ramparts of Fort Arnold, taken up by the nearest troops and conveyed to the right and left through the line.
Gun firing in the morning will be as usual the signal for the reveille, and till further orders a gun will be fired at sunset in the evening as the signal for the retreat: The troop will beat as heretofore and the tatoo at nine o'clock.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Friday, September 10, 1779.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A board14 of Field Officers composed of the following Gentlemen: Colonels, Bailey, Johnston, Gunby15; Lt. Cols. Littlefield16 and Davidson, to sit at Robinson's house tomorrow
[Note 14: The report of this board is in the Washington Papers, Sept. 11--13, 1779.]
[Note 15: Col. John Gunby, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1783; served to December, 1783.]
[Note 16: Lieut. Col. Noah M. Littlefield, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] morning 10 o'clock to ascertain the relative rank of Captains Cleft and Titus Watson of the Connecticut line, previous to the promotion of the former to a Majority and to inquire into the principles upon which the promotion was made. The parties and all persons concerned to attend. The papers in possession of the Commander in Chief will be laid before the board.
The relative rank of the Captains in Harrison's, Lamb's and Crane's battalions of Artillery to be settled by a board of Field officers of Artillery at West Point next Tuesday.
Colonel Lamb, Lieutenant Colonel Carrington17 and Lieutenant Colonel Popkins18 are appointed for the board.
[Note 17: Lieut. Col. Edward Carrington, of the First Continental Artillery. He retired in January, 1783, and was deputy quartermaster general, Southern Department, to close of the war.]
[Note 18: Lieut. Col. John Popkin, of the Third Continental Artillery.]
All Captains concerned are desired to send their pretensions in writing to General Knox by that time.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to inform the Army that Major General Sullivan with the troops under his command has lately gained an important Victory over the savages and their associates at a place called New-Town a capital indian settlement on the Cayuga branch of the Susquehannah, where they had assembled their whole force of Indians and whites under the two Butlers, Brandt and McDonald, and had intrenched themselves in a very artful and advantageous manner. They were put to the route with great terror and precipitation, leaving eleven Warriors dead on the spot (a very unusual thing among them) with a number of Arms, Packs, Blankets, Camp Utensils and Trinkets.
Two Prisoners taken reported that this was the place where they intended to make their principal stand and that they had sent off a great many dead and wounded in Canoes and on horseback during the action: On our side we had only three men killed and thirty nine wounded, the chief part very slightly. This makes the fourteenth indian settlement destroyed since the commencement of this expedition.
Headquarters, West point, September 11, 1779.
Gentn: I do myself the Honor to transmit you the Copy of a Letter of the 16th Ulto.19 which I received from Win. Gardner Esqr, Agent Cloathier at Portsmouth, and of the foot of the Invoice to which he refers. I don't know the terms on which the Cloathing Agents act; but there appears to me to be something obviously wrong in the present instance, and which has induced me to trouble the Board with this Letter. It is said by Mr. Gardner, that the Articles contained in the Invoice are part of the Continental moiety of the prizes taken by the Warren, Queen of France and Ranger. If so, and the Continent was entitled to a moiety of the Goods, I cannot perceive any necessity there was for Mr Langdon's20 turning the Sterling ling amount into currency, or at any rate for doing it at an advance of 3900 per Cent. On this and 33:6:0 £ paid for Casks and packing the Goods, Mr. Gardner charges a Commission of £ 341:9:5 lawful money, so that he is to receive within a mere trifle, 20/ lawful for every 20/ Sterling Cost in
[Note 19: Gardner's letter is in the Washington Papers, and is indorsed by Tilghman: "A concise mode of making Money by chargg. exhorbitant Commissions." An extract from the Board of War to Gardner (September 13), in the Washington Papers, reads: "You in part mistake our meaning as to your commissions. Such materials as you received from the Contl. Agent and make into Cloathing, are to be considered in the same light as if purchased, and your Commission of 2½ pr. Cent charged on their value; such articles as you receive and send on in the same state in which you receive them, you have no further trouble with them than that attending the mere transmission, unless you have them to pack, or repack in which case Commissions will be allowed on the monies laid out for packages, labour, cooperage, transportation &ca; this we conceive to be a proper distinction, and is the footing we are with others."]
[Note 20: John Langdon. He was Continental Agent for Prizes at Portsmouth, N. H., and New Hampshire Delegate to the Continental Congress.] the Invoice, barely for his trouble, in sending the Goods off for Camp. And even unwarrantable as this appears to me, it is possible that it may not be the only Commission, with which the public may be burthened on account of these Goods; for Mr Gardner, according to his Letter, is the second Agent thro whose hands they passed. If Mr Langdon, who he says is the Agent for prizes and made the advance of 3900 per Cent and delivered the goods to him, receives a like commission, the States will pay about 679 or 80 £ lawful, for the mere charges of commission on 340:12:9 Sterling Cost of Goods taken by their own Ships, exclusive of the future charges of transportation, Storage and delivery. I am the more at a loss to account for the necessity which led to this advance and discount into Currency, as it could never be supposed that the Army, after Congress had so decidedly and so justly declared that Officers and Soldiers should have Cloathing on reasonable terms proportioned to their wages, that they were to pay such exorbitant prices. But whatever were the reasons with Mr. Langdon, profits to Mr. Gardner strike me as insufferable. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. If the Massachusetts arrangement has been committed to the Board, they will be pleased to forward the Commissions as soon as they can, as the Officers are frequently applying for them.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am pleased to hear, by yours of the 9th., of the success of Major Tallmadges excursion.22 The stroke, though small, may serve to check an insignificant yet troublesome
[Note 22: Raid on Lloyd's Neck, Long Island, on September 5.] kind of enemy. Your movement must be directed in a great measure, by your own judgment, and by circumstances. I have only one general caution to give you, which is, to let your position, (if you find it advisable to take another) be at such a distance from the Enemy as to put it out of their power to reach you in the course of a night, even by mounting foot behind Dragoons. I would also observe to you, that the nearer the Enemy, the less should you be encumbered with Baggage. Nor would I wish you, for the sake of a little forage, to put your covering party to the least danger. I am, &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Saturday, September 11, 1779.
Parole Richmond. Countersigns Roxbury, Paxton.
Lieutenant Joseph Ashton24 and Lieutt. Chilion Ford25 of Colo. Lamb's regiment of Artillery, are appointed, the former Adjutant from the 1st. of July last, the latter Quarter Master from the 1st. of August following. Also Lieutt. Guion26 is appointed Pay Master to said regiment from the 1st. instant.
[Note 24: Of the Second Continental Artillery. He was promoted to captain-lieutenant in April, 1781; transferred to the Corps of Artillery in June, 1783; served to June, 1784.]
[Note 25: Lieut. Chilion (Chilton?) Ford, of the Second Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 26: Lieut. Isaac Guion, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was made captain-lieutenant in August, 1780, and retired in June, 1783.]
At a General Court Martial of the line the 2nd. instant whereof Colo. Marshall is President, Major Henry Lee of the Light Dragoons was tried upon the following charges: 1st. "For withholding a letter sent by him from Lord Stirling to Colonel Gist of the 16th. Virginia regiment on the morning of the 18th. of August, by that means keeping him ignorant of a matter which required his immediate information.
2nd. After having obtained three hundred men from Colo. Gist's detachment with which Major Clark27 was ordered, to inform him that his commission was dated in 1777, thereby assuming the command of him when in fact it was dated in 1778, and of a junior date to Major Clark's which he could not be ignorant of.
[Note 27: Maj. Jonathan Clark, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. His promotion to lieutenant colonel ranked him from May, 1779.]
3rdly. For conducting the detachment under his (Major Lee's) command on the March to Powle's Hook with so much disorder and confusion as to cause almost the whole of the 1st. battalion under his immediate command to be lost.
4th. For ordering Captain Smith28 of Colonel Gist's regiment who was leading one of the divisions under the command of Captain Forsythe29 of his own Corps of horse who was a junior officer.
[Note 28: Capt. Joseph Smith, of Gist's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 29: Capt. Robert Forsyth, of Lee's Legion. He resigned in September, 1779, and served subsequently as major of Virginia Militia.
On September 11 Washington wrote, very briefly, to the President of Congress that "The Count la Luzerne reached Springfield the evening of the 7th. and may be every hour expected here."]
5th. For giving the command of the Forlorn Hope to Lieutenant McCallaster for some time past annexed to his corps when the rest of the subaterns solicited that it should be balloted for.
6th. For ordering a retreat from the Fort before a party of the enemy in a redoubt had been made prisoners, which might easily have been effected and was solicited by many of the officers and not only leaving that undone but suffering the Stores, Block Houses and Works to remain entire when they might so easily have been destroyed.
7th. For bringing off the party in such a confused, irregular and unmilitary manner that they might have fallen an easy prey to a very inconsiderable number of the enemy, had they attempted to have intercepted them.
8thly. and lastly. For behaving in a manner unbecoming an officer and a Gentleman.
The Court having considered the 1st. charge are of opinion it is unsupported by evidence and is groundless and do acquit him with honor.
The Court having considered the 2nd. charge are of opinion that Major Lee did thro' inattention give Major Clark a wrong date of his commission, but by no means intended to impose on Major Clark by assuming the command of him, having express orders from His Excellency, the Commander in Chief for that special command and do acquit him with honor.
The Court having considered the 3rd. charge are of opinion that there were some disorders in the line of march to Powles Hook and that the greater part of the 1st. battalion was seperated from the column in the darkness of the night and marching thro' the woods; They are further of opinion that the disorders and seperation did not proceed from any neglect or want of attention in Major Lee and do acquit him with honor.
The Court having considered the 4th. charge are of opinion that Major Lee ordered Captain Forsythe to take the command of the column which had before been commanded by Captain Smith which order was in consequence of Captain Forsythe's being well acquainted with the situation of the enemy. That it was impossible for Major Lee to know the dates of the officers commissions and do acquit him with honor.
The Court having considered the 5th. charge are of opinion that Major Lee gave the command of the Forlorn Hope to Lieutt. McCallaster which was occasioned by his being under the necessity of altering his mode of attack in consequence of the seperation of the troops and do acquit him with honor.
The Court having considered the 6th. charge are of opinion that Major Lee in evacuating the Fort immediately after it was taken acted in perfect conformity to the orders of His Excellency the Commander in Chief. The time the assault was made, and the apprehensions of being intercepted in his retreat fully justifies his conduct and the court do acquit him with honor.
The Court having considered the 7th. charge are of opinion that perfect military order was preserved in the retreat of the troops in the rear where Major Lee commanded in person. That the enemy made an attempt to intercept his retreat which he subverted by his activity and judgment, and do acquit him with honor.
The Court having considered the 8th. and last charge are of opinion that Major Lee's conduct was uniform and regular, supporting his military character with magnanimity and judgment and that he by no means acted derogatory to the Gentleman and the Soldier which characters he fills with honor to his country and the Army.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Major Lee is released from his arrest.
Head Quarters, West Point, September 12, 1779.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you yesterday I have received the inclosed pieces of intelligence, thro Genl. Gates and Genl. Huntingdon. Genl. Gates's letter inclosing Mr. Prouds30 was dated at Providence the 6th. instant whence we may conclude that Sunday the date of Mr Prouds was the 5th.
[Note 30: An extract of John Proud's letter is filed with the letter from Washington and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Tho' these accounts differ as to the number of Ships of War, they seem clearly to indicate a french fleet of some kind standing towards our Coast. It is more than probable that the intelligence above referred to may appear in the Eastern prints, but as advantages may accrue by keeping it from the enemy in New-York as long as possible, I have not communicated it publicly. Congress will judge of the expediency of doing the same.
I do myself the honor of inclosing your Excellency four English prints tho' not of a very late date, they contain parliamentary debates somewhat more at large than we have seen them. I have the honor, &c.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West-point, September 12, 1779.
Sir: The Baron de Kalb did me the honor some days ago to communicate a letter he had received from your Excellency which flattered us with the hopes of seeing you at the Army before your departure for France. I am since told by the Baron that you have changed your intention of coming this way. In this I feel myself deprived of a great pleasure. I cannot however permit you to leave these States without giving you a fresh testimony of my cordial attachment and esteem, at the same time that I offer my sincere congratulations on the glorious and important successes of his most Christian Majesty's Arms under the direction of Count D Estaing, and my most fervent wishes for the continuance of them.
America is indebted to your early and zealous offices in her favour. To that generous and uniform attention to the interests of both Countries by which your administration is distinguished. You carry with you the affections of a whole People, and leave behind you a reputation which will have the peculiar fortune to be every where admired by good men.
Permit me now to wish you a Safe and agreeable passage and a happy meeting with your Lady and friends; and I pray you to do me the justice to believe that no Man is more deeply impressed with these Sentiments than I am, nor none who entertains a higher esteem, respect, and regard for Your Excellency than Sir, Yr., etc.
West-point, September 12, 1779.
My Dear Marquis: Often, since you left this Country I have written to you, but have not been favoured with a single line from you since you lay in Boston harbour. This I shall ascribe to any cause rather than a decline of friendship. I feel my own regard for you so sensibly, that I shall never suspect a want of it in your breast.
I intended to have wrote you a very long letter by Monsr. Gerard whom I have been expecting at this place on his way to Boston for two days past but am this instant informed that he either has imbarked or is upon the very point of Imbarking at Philadelphia, not choosing that he should go without carrying some testimony of my constant remembrance of you I do in much haste scribble these lines.
Most sincerely my dear Marquis do I congratulate you on the great and glorious exploits of Count D'Estaing in the West Indies; the bright prospect of European affairs, and our little successes in America, the last of which though small on the great scale will nevertheless weigh in the ballance by our little successes I mean the storming of Stony point and surprize of Poules hook (within Cannon shott of the City of New York) and capture of the Garrisons; the first amounting to Six hundred men, the other to two hundred. Driving the enemy out of South Carolina and defeat of the Indians which last event I have within these few days received an acct. of from General Sullivan who is now in the heart of their Country with 4000 Men, and informs me that on the 29th. Ulto. he advanced to their Intrenchments at a place called Newtown, where the Warriors of Seven Nation's some regulars, and Tories commanded by the two Butlers, Brandt, and a Captn. McDonald had been assembled eight days to oppose him, the position was well chosen and their disposition well made but on finding themselves hard pushed in front and their left flank in danger of being turned they fled in great confusion and disorder, and with much precipitation leaving their packs, Camp kettles, Trinkets, and many Arms on the ground and eleven Warriors which they could not get off dead. The prisoners of which a few were taken, say that their slain and wounded were carried off during the action on horses and in Canoes. Our loss was trifling; in the whole to the date of his Letter under a hundred killed and wounded although he had advanced to and destroyed 14 Towns large and most flourishing Crops of Corn pulse &ca. He was proceeding in his plan of chastisement and will convince them it is to be hopd of two things, first, that their cruelties are not to pass with impunity; and secondly that they have been instigated to arms, and acts of Barbarizm by a Nation which is unable to protect them and of consequence has left them to that correction which is due to their villainy.
The Bostonians have made an unfortunate Expedition to a place called Penobscot, where a body of about 800 Men from Hallifax under the command of Brigr. Genl. McLean had made a lodgment as is supposed for the purpose of getting Masts and Spars for their Shipping, this Armament from the Massachusetts bay (consistg. altogether of Militia) went there to disposses them but were so dilatory in their operations that Sir George Collier with a superior naval force to theirs appearing occasioned the destruction (by themselves) of all their Shipping and the Troops to get off as well as they could by land. This and the conflagration of Fairfield, Norwalk, and New haven by the intrepid and magnanimous Tryon who in defiance of all the opposition that could be given by the Women and Children Inhabitants of these Towns performed this notable exploit with 2000 brave and generous Britons adding thereby fresh lustre to their Arms and dignity to their King.
Admiral Arbuthnot with about 3 or 4000 Troops are arrived at New York, and will, it is to be presumed, afford Sir Henry Clinton an oppertunity of displaying his intentions, or Orders.
I every moment look for the Chevalier de la Luzern on his way from Boston to Congress. by him I please myself with the hope of receiving a letter from you, if I am disappointed in this I shall assuredly hear of you.
I have spun my letter to a much greater length than I expected and as Monsr. le Colombe32 is waiting I will only detain him while I can add that with every sentiment of esteem regard and affectn. I am, etc.
[Note 32: Capt. Louis St. Ange, Chevalier de la Colombe. He was aide to Lafayette.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, September 12, 1779.
Parole Sullivan. Countersigns New Town, Titcomb.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Marshal is President is dissolved, and another General Court Martial of the line ordered to sit tomorrow morning, nine o'clock at the usual place, for the trial of all such persons as shall come before them whereof Colonel Putnam is appointed President.
Head Quarters, September 12, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your letter of yesterday last night. The intelligence from New London is interesting; I wish it had been more particular and distinct. I am to request you will immediately endeavour to procure a discreet sensible officer to go to that place with all dispatch, and by inquiries of the Captains themselves endeavour to ascertain the following particulars: The number and sizes of the Vessels of war; the number of the others and their contents whether they have troops on Board or not, from what port in the West Indies they came and to what port on this coast they were bound; who commands &c.
I wish the greatest expedition to be used in going and coming and the greatest prudence in avoiding suspicion, that no alarm may be given; in case it should be the approach of a fleet to cooperate with us. I am, etc.
P. S. The officer will keep a particular account of his expenses which shall be paid.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Monday, September 13, 1779.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to appoint James Wilkinson Esqr,35 Clothier General who is to be considered and respected accordingly.
[Note 35: Brevt. Brig. Gen. James Wilkinson. He resigned as Clothier General of the Continental Army in March, 1781; appointed brigadier general of the Pennsylvania Militia in 1782; lieutenant colonel commandant of the Second United States Infantry in October, 1791; brigadier general of the United States Army in March, 1792; major general in March, 1813; honorably discharged in June, 1815.]
The Sub or State and regimental Clothiers will pay a strict and pointed attention to the ordinance of the 23rd. of March for regulating the clothing department published in the General Orders of the 27th. of June last.
Lieutenant Daniel Shaw36 and Lieutt. Thomas Pasteur37 of the 1st. North-Carolina regiment are appointed the 1st. Quarter Master from the 1st. of June 78, and the 2nd, Adjutant from the 26th. of June 1779. Also Lieutenant Thomas Evans38 and Ensign Stephen Slade39 of the 2nd. North-Carolina regiment are appointed the 1st., Adjutant from the 22nd. of July 1778, and the 2nd., Quarter Master from the 1st. of January 1778.
[Note 36: He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 37: He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; exchanged in December, 1780; served to close of the war.]
[Note 38: He served in the First North Carolina Regiment in January, 1781; promoted to captain in June, 1781; transferred to the Fourth North Carolina Regiment in February, 1782; served to close of the war.]
[Note 39: He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; served to close of the war.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 13, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency the Copy of a Letter from Mr. Loring British Commissary of Prisoners to our Commissary of prisoners respecting the measures which have been taken in the case of Lieutenant Governor Hamilton and the enemy's intentions of retaliation in Consequence. By this your Excellency will be able to Judge, how far it may be expedient to relax in the present treatment of Mr. Hamilton. Colo. Mathews40 who will have the honor of delivering this, comes out at the request of the Virginia Officers in Captivity to solicit such indulgence for him and his companions, as will induce the enemy to relinquish the Execution of their threats. I have the honor, etc.41
[Note 40: Col. George Mathews, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Germantown in October, 1777; exchanged in December, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 41: The contemporary copy is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 13, 1779.
Sir: Having received intelligence which made it probable that a Squadron of his Most Christian Majesty was approaching our coast, I thought it my duty to meet you with the earliest advice of the situation of the enemy in this quarter. Admiral Arbuthnot arrived at New York the 25th of last month with a reinforcement under his convoy, consisting from the best accounts I have been able to obtain of about three thousand men mostly recruits and in bad health. This makes the land force of the enemy at New York and its dependencies near fifteen thousand men, distributed in the following manner: on the Island of New York [abt. 700]; on Long Island about [5000]; on Staten Island [abt. 1000]; at Kingsferry up the North River [45] miles from New York [abt. 2000] and a small garrison at Powles Hook a fortified peninsular on the Jersey shore opposite the city. This distribution is agreeable to the last advices; but the enemy's disposition undergoes very frequent changes and may have since altered. They have been for some time past drawing a line of works across New York Island and have lately fortified Governors Island near the City. They have also works on Staten Island and are said to have begun a strong fort at Brooklyn on Long Island.
The best information of the naval force in the harbour of New York makes it one seventy four one sixty four two fifty, and two or three frigates with a few small armed vessels.
The land force at Rhode Island is estimated between three and four thousand. There may be one or two frigates there.
Sir George Collier sailed some time since on an expedition to the eastward of Boston. The force with him was composed of one vessel of the line, one forty four gun ship and several smaller frigates and armed vessels. He has compleated his object, but I have not heard of his return.
If it is Your Excellency's intention to operate against the enemy at New York; it will be infinitely interesting that you should immediately enter the harbour and make such dispositions as will be best calculated to prevent a reunion of their force at a single point which would make their reduction a matter of no small difficulty. If your Excellency has a land force you will be able to judge in what manner it may be most usefully employed to intercept the detachments on Long and Staten Islands. From the situation of the former relatively to New York it will not be easy to intercept the troops there because the enemy can throw their troops from one to the other at pleasure; and your ships could not conveniently lie in the East River to cut off the communication. It is not improbable the enemy's fleet will endeavour to take shelter in this River. It will also be of importance to run two or three frigates up the North River [into Haverstraw bay] to obstruct the retreat of the garrison at Kings ferry by water; and I should be happy these frigates may announce themselves by firing a number of guns in quick succession which will put it in my power to push down a body of troops below the garrisons on the East side to intercept a retreat by land to Kings bridge. This will also answer the purpose of giving me earlier advice of your arrival than I could obtain in any other way. But some caution will be necessary in the passage of these Frigates up the River, as there have been some chevaux de frises sunk opposite Fort Washington which has given a partial obstruction to the channel. Your Excellency will probably be able to capture some seamen who will be acquainted with the navigation of the River in its present state.
To prevent the retreat of any part of the enemy through the Sound it will be useful to detach a few ships round to take a convenient station there. These may answer another object to hinder the evacuation of Rhode Island; either to form a junction with the main body, or withdraw to a place of security and avoid falling into your hands. The detachment for this purpose need not be greater than to be a full match for Sir George Collier.
I have taken the liberty to throw out these hints for your Excellency's information and permit me to entreat that you will favour me as soon as possible with an account of your Excellency's intention, and the land force under your command, which will help me to judge what additional succour it may be expedient to draw from the country and what other measures ought to be taken for a perfect cooperation. I also entreat your Excellency's sentiments on the manner of this cooperation and you may depend upon every exertion in my power to promote the success of an enterprise from which such decisive advantages may be expected to the common cause.
I sincerely congratulate you on your glorious victories in the West Indies, in which no one takes greater interest than myself as well from motives of personal attachment as a concern for the common cause.
I have the honor, etc.
P.S. Major Lee who will have the honor of delivering these dispatches is an officer of intelligence and judgment, in whose information your Excellency may place great confidence. He will be happy to execute any orders with which you may be pleased to honor him.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 13, 1779.
Madam: I have been honored with your letter of the 25th. of August.
You will believe me, that my wishes and endeavours have been uniformly directed, to remove those obstacles, which stood in the way of a general exchange of prisoners. I have only to regret their having heretofore proved unsuccessful. There is now a meeting of the respective commissaries of prisoners at Elizabeth Town, which I flatter myself will be attended with better fortune. But in case a general exchange cannot be effected my commissary has been particularly instructed to propose Major Harnage and Capn Hawker for a parole exchange.
I shall inclose your letter to his Excellency Sir Henry Clinton by the first flag to his lines, which I suppose will be to-morrow. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 44: Committee of the Continental Congress on the Mustering Department.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 13, 1779.
Gentn: I have had the Honor to receive Your polite and obliging Letter of the 3d Inst. and inclose by this conveyance, the papers which you request. They ought to have been transmitted before, but it is likely the circumstance of their being Original, was not attended to at the time I wrote, and produced the omission. I have the Honor, etc.45
[Note 45: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 13, 1779.
Dr Sir: You will be pleased to put General Nixons brigade under marching orders that it may be ready to move at the shortest notice: You will receive further directions for its destination.
You will also send off in the morning early to Fish Kill a subaltern's guard of chosen men to take charge of the French Ministers baggage, when it arrives there and escort it to Philadelphia. Let the officer be of address and the men of good appearance. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 13, 1779.
Dr. Sir: We have accounts by vessels arrived at different places which make it probable a French fleet is approaching our coast. If this should be the case, it will be of importance to prevent the retreat of the troops at Kings ferry to their main body. The French Commandant will probably do his part to obstruct it by water and our business is to make such dispositions as are calculated to obstruct it by land. For this purpose you will be pleased to march with the troops under your command towards Pine's Bridge, where you will take such a position as is best adapted to your security. This appears to me from the recollection I have of the ground, to be on the south side of the bridge but I leave the choice to yourself. You will be joined in your new position by General Nixons brigade. Great vigilance and caution, to prevent a surprise will be necessary as the enemy can conveniently manoeuvre on your flank and towards your rear; but with the help of your cavalry, you may avoid the danger.
You will keep patroles and lookouts constantly along the river to advise you punctually of every movement in it that you may have the ealiest notice of the appearance of our friends; of which the moment you have good intelligence you will without waiting orders from me move with all dispatch towards the River (informing me of your movement) and endeavour if you can to gain the new bridge at the mouth of Croton before the enemy passes it. This will enable you to interrupt their passage and they will of course fall into our hands.
The reason of your movement to Pines Bridge, must remain a profound secret, because it would give an alarm to the enemy, which may defeat our purpose if the French fleet does appear and would expose us to ridicule if they do not.
I have received your letter of the 12th. and inclose you the only edition of the articles of war in our possession and the resolve of Congress which affects the case of your prisoner. You will send the proceedings of the Court Martial to Hd. Qrs. for confirmation. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West point, September 13, 1779.
Dr: Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 1st. of August, but it did not come to hand till yesterday. Your situation will not permit me to refuse your request and I have only to regret that any circumstance should exist to deprive the States of the service of so good an Officer. I inclose you your Commission with a certificate of your resignation indorsed which bears the date of your Letter. Wishing you every happiness and a more perfect recovery of your wound, I am, etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 13, 1779.
Dr: Sir: You will be pleased immediately on receipt of this to call in the party which was intended to escort Mr. Gerard, who I am informed has altered his intention of coming this way, leaving that one designed for Mr. La Luzerne where it was stationed, and obey such orders as you may receive from Major General Lord Stirling. I am, etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: From several circumstances there is reason to believe that a French Squadron may be expected upon this coast. As it is of the utmost consequence that Count D'Estaing or the Officer commanding this Squadron (should such an one arrive) should as soon as possible receive some necessary information from me, I desire that you will immediately move with the remainder of your Corps to the County of Monmouth and take a position as near the coast as you can, without making yourself liable to a surprise.50 You are to keep up a constant communication with the shore, and should the squadron have arrived, or should it hereafter arrive, you are immediately, after being assured that it is a french fleet, to proceed yourself with the inclosed letter and deliver it to the Admiral Count D'Estaing or the commanding Officer. You will endeavour to inform yourself as well as possible of the Enemy's naval strength in the Harbour of New York and what defences they have made at the entrance of it; whether any ships arrive, and what number and of what force go out. These particulars you will communicate verbally to the Admiral or commanding Officer, with any others that may come under your observation. You are to keep this a profound secret even from your own Officers, making your move under the colour of going to a better forage Country, and your look Outs upon the Coast may be said to be for your security from a surprise. I would advise you to keep up a communication, across south River, with Lt. Colo. Taylor at Elizabeth town, forwarding your dispatches to him and desiring him to send them by Express to me. Desire him also to give you any information which he may obtain from Staten Island. The detachment from your Corps under Capt. Eggleston51 will have orders to join you when they have performed the duty upon which they at present are.
[Note 50: On this same day (September 13) Washington wrote to Lord Stirling: "Some circumstances having made it necessary to station Major Lee's corps at Monmouth, your Lordship will have his post at Paramus occupied by Lieut. Colo. Washington; inclosed is a letter directing him to take your orders on this occasion." This letter is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 51: Capt. Joseph Eggleston, of Lee's Legion. He was taken prisoner at Elizabethtown in January, 1780, exchanged and served to the close of the war.]
You will give me the most instantanious information of the fleet should it arrive after or be arrived when you get down to Monmouth. I am, &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West Point, September 13, 1779
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 12th. with a transcript of the Resolution of the 24th. of July appointing you to the office of Cloathier General, which had been previously announced to me, by His Excellency the president of Congress.
As the duties of the department are generally delineated in the Ordinance of 23rd. of March last, established by Congress, with whom and the Honorable the Board of War, you have had communications upon the subject since your appointment; there remains but little for me to give you in direction at this time. However, I think it proper for me to inform you of the following points.
That Springfield and Philadelphia appear to me, in our present circumstances, to be well calculated as proper places of Deposit in the first instance, for All articles of cloathing to be procured or already provided for the Army. Springfield for all the supplies imported or purchased by the Agents at the Eastward; Philadelphia for all imported or purchased there or in the Neighbouring States. From those two places the supplies can be occasionally ordered and drawn.
From the approaching season of the Year, the Uniform and Other Winter Cloathing ought to be prepared and transported as fast as possible to the Town of Newburg on account of its contiguity to the Army and the probable places of operation for the present campaign, that it may be ready to deliver to the Troops entitled to receive it, in the course of next month if it be practicable.
But the most particular and instant attention should be paid to the state of Blankets, Shirts and Shoes and not a moment lost in having supplies brought to the last place.
The condition of the troops in a variety of instances for want of the first is already distressing, and if they are not very speedily relieved, it must of necessity, become far more disagreeable, and indeed miserable. In like manner, if there are not proper supplies of the two last immediately obtained and constantly kept with the Army, and of which there is now a great deficiency, especially in the Article of Shirts, the Soldiers will be rendered unfit for duty and it will be impossible for them to perform even the most common services.
My uneasiness for the distresses of the Troops with respect to Blankets induces me to advise that you send Expresses to the several Agents and urge them to forward, without the least possible delay, all that they have or can procure. They cannot get too many as a large proportion of the Army is destitute.
I also think it proper to mention that if there is any Cloathing in the hands of public purchasers or Agents fit for Officers, it should also be brought on. The condition of many of them in this respect is at least disagreeable.
Your attention will naturally go to all the Troops, and will lead to a proportionate distribution of Articles for those at Providence. My motive for mentioning this is, that it may possibly happen, that their proportion may be more conveniently carried in the first instance to that place.
The Quarter Master's department will of course forward the transportation of cloathing; however, as it is a point very interesting, it may not be amiss for you to mention the subject to Genl. Greene, who, I am persuaded, will do all in his power, to facilitate the transportation, by instructions to his Deputies.
I have now mentioned such points as have occurred to me as most material to give you in charge at this time, and after adding One thing more I shall have done.
The inconvenience and load of business which has been heretofore thrown on me, for want of system and arrangement in this department, and from the Cloathier's having been very seldom with the Army, induces me to hope, and I persuade myself that it will be the case, that you will use your best exertions to put matters in a proper train, and after you have done it, that you will employ as much of your time with the Army as will be consistent with the great Objects of your appointment.
Your conduct in the measures you have taken appears to be perfectly right and the Objects you have in view do you great credit. I hope the duties of your Office will be discharged in a manner that will be satisfactory to yourself, to the Army and to the Public. Any assistance that I can afford, which will be advancive of this, you may rely shall not be withheld. I am, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Tuesday, September 14, 1779.
Parole Savoy. Countersigns Mago, Munster.
The North Carolina brigade to be held in readiness to march on the shortest notice; The routine of fatigue, guards &c. to be continued as usual 'till further orders.
At a Brigade General Court Martial the 4th. instant Lieutenant Colonel Davidson President, Jeremiah Beaman of the 2nd. North Carolina regiment was tried 1st. "For repeated desertion" and secondly, "For speaking words tending to sedition prejudicial to good order and military discipline" found guilty of a breach of the 1st. Article, 6th. Section, and 3rd. Article of the 2nd. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced (two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to suffer death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence of the Court.
Head Quarters, West point, September 14, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency a copy of a Letter from Lt Colo Taylor stationed at Elizabeth Town to Mr Beatty, respecting the sailing of three Regiments from New York.54 After writing this, he sent me a verbal message that he had receive positive intelligence of their being destined for the West Indies. I believe there must be a mistake in the name of the Ship, as the Ardent was not to my knowledge, upon this coast. Tis said the embarkation continues. I think our friends to the Southward ought to have notice of these movements. I have the Honor, etc.55
[Note 54: A copy of Taylor's intelligence dated the 12th [of September] is filed with thisletter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 55: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 14, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with yours of the 31st Augst and 3d instants.56 Hallet was safely delivered to me by
[Note 56: The Board had written (September 3): "The enclosed Drafts of a Standard for the Army are sent for your Approbation, Rejection or Alteration. The Officers will be by and by pressing for Colours and if Materials can be procured they shall be made when you send us your Ideas of the Plan of the Standard. The one with the Union and Emblems in the Middle is preferred by us as being variant from the Marine Flag." The Board's letter is in the Washington Papers.] Lt. Colo. Washington and I sent him up to Govr. Clinton, with an account of his conduct, similar to that which you have transmitted to me.
I agree with you in opinion, that the Standard, with the Union and Emblems in the Centre, is to be preferred; with this addition the number of the Regt. and the State to which it belongs inserted within the curve of the serpent, in such place, as the painter or designer shall judge most proper.
Lt. McCallister, who brought me your favr. of the 3d, informs me that you desired him to tell me, that you had recd. an Acct. after sealing, that the Vessel with powder had arrived in the Delaware. This is a most agreeable piece of intelligence, and General Knox will inform the Board what quantity of the powder it will be necessary to have sent forward immediately to the Army.
Inclosed you have the Return of Major Gibbs Corps of Guards57 agreeable to the Resolve of 15th March last. I have the honor, etc.58
[Note 57: The Commander in Chief's Guard.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 14, 1779.
To all whom it may concern. The brigantine Patsey,59 about 180 tons burden, Thomas Harding Master laden with 10,000 Sterling in specie and a quantity of wine and other necessaries for the use of the troops of the Convention of Saratoga, now at Charlotteville in Virginia, is hereby granted a passport to Hampton road in Chesepeak bay Virginia, and after being allowed a reasonable time to discharge her Cargo the said Vessel is to return under the protection before recited to the
[Note 59: The Varick transcript in the Library of Congress records this vessel as Betsey.] port of New York in ballast. Given under my hand and Seal etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 14, 1779.
Sir: You will herewith find a passport for the safe conveyance of the money and necessaries for the use of the Troops of Convention, which your Excellency requested in your letter of the 8th instant.
I inclose the within letter at the desire of Mrs. Harnage. I have the honor, etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 14, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 5th. and 6th. instants. I sincerely hope, that the intelligence communicated in the latter may prove true. It is corroborated by two other arrivals at New London; and four sailors, who deserted a few nights ago from a Sloop of War in the North River, declare that advice had been received of the arrival of a French Fleet at the Hook; but having heard nothing of it from below, I conclude they are mistaken. I have no official account of any such intended movement in the French Fleet; but I think we ought, at all events, to be prepared for a cooperation with them, should they arrive, especially, when it can be done, without deranging our general plan. I would therefore wish you to hold the Continental Troops, under your command, ready to act as circumstances may require.
Since I wrote to you last, I have received a letter from General Sullivan of 30th. Augt. He had been met the day before, by the collected force of Indians and Tories under the command of the two Butlers, Brant and Mcdonald, at a place called the Newtown, upon the Cayuga River. The enemy were very advantagiously posted and intrenched behind a masked line, but this being discovered in time, by the Rifle Men in advance, Genl. Sullivan made his dispositions, and attacked them in front and flank nearly at the same time....
I hope this stroke may be decisive in its consequences, and give General Sullivan an almost uninterrupted progress thro' the Indian Country. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The omitted portion is practically the same as that in Washington's letter to Governor Clinton, Sept. 8, 1779, describing Sullivan's victory and the General Orders, Sept. 10, 1779, q. v.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 14, 1779.
Dr Sir: It is my intention that General Nixon shall form a junction with General Howe at Pines' bridge Croton River. This you will communicate to him, and send to Genl. Howe to know, when he expects to be there; and let General Nixon begin his march so as to arrive there nearly at the same time with him.63
[Note 63: On September 16 Washington wrote again to Heath informing him that General Howe would begin his march to Pine Bridge that morning and Heath would "regulate Gen: Nixon's march accordingly." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
You will give General Nixon your instructions accordingly, and advise him to be cautious in his march lest the enemy at Kingsferry should attempt any stroke upon him which however is not very probable. I am, etc.
P.S. I have written to General Howe on this subject yesterday. When Gen: Nixon moves you will provide for the security of your own camp by proper pickets &c.64
[Note 64: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 14, 1779.
My Lord: Your removal from Ramapaugh to your present position 'was on account of the Arrival of the enemy's reinforcement; but that having been found from its numbers, and their situation in respect to health, inadequate to an attempt upon these posts, I think you may with safety return to your old ground near Sufferans. This you will do immediately after the Receipt of this. I have another reason for this move, which is, that a report by several channels, has announced a french fleet of Men of War and transports standing for this Coast. I have it not officially, but we ought to be prepared for a co-operation, especially when we can make the necessary dispositions, without deranging our general plan.
I would wish your Lordship therefore to hold your division in the most perfect readiness, and upon receiving certain intelligence that a french fleet has arrived, without waiting further orders from me, move down and take such position, as will enable you to intercept the Garrison of Stoney point, should circumstances render it necessary for them to make their retreat by land upon this side the River. Should you move on this account, you are to inform me of it.
I must request your Lordship to keep this matter a profound secret. Should the report of the fleet turn out to be true, the less the enemy are apprised, the more will be their confusion and derangement upon its arrival. If there should be nothing in it, we should appear ridiculous to have preparations without reason.
Be pleased to direct a Field Officer and two good Captains to repair to Morris town to hold a Court of Inquiry upon some matter respecting the conduct of Colo. Abeel65 D. Q. M. G. General Greene will furnish your Lordship with the subject of the Inquiry and the necessary papers. The reason of holding the Court at Morristown is that most of the Witnesses are at that place, and in the Neighbourhood and cannot be conveniently collected elsewhere. I am, &c.66
[Note 65: Col. James Abeel.]
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 14, 1779.
My dear Sir: Your letter of this day is this moment received. I shall take pleasure in paying every attention to the comfort and convenience of the Light Infantry, which the nature of the service they perform may require and the establishment of the army permit, so far as may be consistent with propriety and the general good of the troops. But I do not think a compliance with Mr. Measoms proposal would be adviseable on more accounts than one. The Light Infantry being only considered as detachments from the line ought to bear the uniform of the Regiments from which they are taken. Though this from the diversity of our uniforms will not be so favourable to their appearance as might be wished, the contrary would be a deviation from common practice and would not fail to create uneasinesses, Besides whenever it should be found expedient to return them to their Regiments it would then produce a more disagreeable diversity in the Regiments to which they belong. So soon as the Cloathing for the Army can be brought on to camp a general distribution of uniforms will take place; to furnish a part sooner would excite jealousy and discontent.
As there are rumours of a french fleet approaching our coast, though I have no expectation of such an event, I shall be obliged to you to be particularly attentive to any firing towards New York, or in this River; and if there should be any more than ordinary, I shall be glad of immediate information. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H. S. P.]
[Note 73: He was then at Fredericksburg, Va.]
West-point, September 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: I shall be obliged by your informing me whether it has yet been in your power to provide another horse or Mare for me. Bleu-skin has been threatened with a fistula more than three Months, so that I have had no use of him. The Sorrel has, in no great degree altered in flesh or appearance since you saw him at Middle brooke, and the Mare is with foal, out of the three therefore I have scarce one for use.
If you have not already purchased the fourth horse or Mare for me I shall be obliged to you for letting him or her (for it is indifferent to me which it is) be stouter than the other three; neither of which is compleatly master of my weight, and I shall be still more obliged to you for confining the colour to a good bay.
Be pleased to present my love to Mrs. Spotswood, and Compliments to Mrs. Campbell, and be assured that I am, etc.
West-point, September 15, 1779.
Sir: Your favor of the 25th. Ulto. from Philadelphia74 came safe to my hands a few days ago, as did the letters you were so obliging as to bring from my old acquaintance and friend Colo. Mercer. A Gentln. for whom I always had a sincere regard.
[Note 74: Mr. Wharton was located at Philadelphia.]
What walk of life he has been in the last four or five years, and what line of conduct he has observed in this great contest I am totally uninformed of, but from the opinion I entertain of his honor, his justice, and his love to this Country I would feign hope that it has been altogether unexceptionable.
I recollect with pleasure the civilities you did me the honor to confer on me in Philadelphia at the period you mention and shall be happy in an occasion to testify the sense I entertain of them being Sir, &c.
West-point, September 15, 1779.
Sir: One of the two Gazettes which you usually send to head Qrs. for my use, be pleased to direct to "Mrs. Washington, or to Mr. Lund Washington at Mr. Vernon near Alexandria in Virginia". and you will very much oblige Sir, Yr., etc.
Head Quarters, West-point, September 15, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 30th. of August, and congratulate you sincerely on the success of the engagement at Newtown. I immediately transmitted your account to Congress.
The advantages we have already gained over the Indians in the distruction of so many of their settlements is very flattering to the expedition. But to make it as conclusive as the state of your provisions and the safety of your army will countenance, I would mention two points which I may not have sufficiently expressed in my general instructions, or if I have, which I wish to repeat. The one is, the necessity of pushing the Indians to the greatest practicable distance, from their own settlements, and our frontiers; to the throwing them wholly on the British enemy. The other is, the making the destruction of their settlements so final and complete, as to put it out of their power to derive the smallest succour from them, in case they should even attempt to return this season. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House,
Thursday, September 16, 1779.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The same number from the several brigades as settled in the last fatigue detail to go on at gun-firing in the morning, to be relieved at nine o'clock, which relief is to remain on duty 'till two in the afternoon; the third relief to work 'till twilight in the evening.
Head Quarters, West Point, September 16, 1779.
The Minister opened the conference by observing, that The Council of Massachusetts had represented to him the disadvantages, which their commerce was likely to suffer from the late misfortune in Penobscot and the advantages which would result if His Excellency Count D'Estaing could detach a few ships of the line and frigates to be stationed upon their coast, for protecting their commerce and countenancing the operations of their cruisers against that of the enemy. But before he should propose such a measure to Count D'Estaing, he wished to know from The General what purposes the detachment would answer to his military operations, and whether it would enable him to prosecute any offensive enterprise against the enemy.76 That if he could accompany the request of the Council with assurances of this kind, a motive of such importance would have the greatest influence in determining the concurrence of Count D'Estaing, and might the better justify him in deranging or contracting his plans in the West Indies by making a detachment of his force.
[Note 76: The rough, first draft by Hamilton has: "as this would give additional weight to the application and hold out a more important inducement to compliance."]
The General answered: That if Count D'Estaing could spare a detachment superior to the enemy's naval force upon this Continent retaining such a force in the West Indies as would put it out of the enemy's power to detach an equal force to this Continent without leaving themselves inferior in the Islands, the measure would have a high probability of many important and perhaps decisive advantages. But these would depend upon several contingencies; the time in which the detachment can arrive, and the position and force of the enemy when it arrives. That the season proper for military operations was now pretty far advanced, and to make a Winter campaign would require a disposition of our magazines peculiar to it, which could not be made without a large increase of expence; a circumstance not to be desired in the present posture of our affairs, unless the arrival of a naval succour was an event of some certainty. That with respect to the position and force of the enemy, they had now about fourteen thousand men at New York, and its dependencies and between three and four thou sand at Rhode Island; that to reduce the former, if it should be concentred on the Island would require extensive preparations beforehand, both as to magazines and aids of men, which could not with propriety be undertaken on a precarious expectation of assistance. But that if the garrison of Rhode Island should continue there, we should have every reason to expect its reduction in a combined operation; it might however be withdrawn. He added: That the enemy appear to be making large detachments from New York which the present situation of their affairs seems to exact. That there is a high probability of their being left so weak as to give us an opportunity, during the Winter of acting effectually against New York, in case of the arrival of a fleet to cooperate with us; even with the force we now have and could suddenly assemble on an emergency. That at all events the French Squadron would be able to strike an important stroke, in the capture and destruction of the enemys vessels of war, with a large number of transports and perhaps seamen.
He concluded with observing, That though in the great un certainty of the arrival of a Squadron, he could not undertake to make expensive preparations for cooperating, nor pledge himself for doing it effectually; yet there was the greatest prospect of utility from the arrival of such a Squadron, and he would engage to do every thing in his power for improving its aid, if it should appear upon our coast: That if the present or future circumstances should permit His Excellency Count D'Estaing to concert a combined operation with the troops of these states against the enemy's fleets and armies within these States, he would be ready to promote the measure to the utmost of our resources and should have the highest hopes of its success; it would however, be necessary to prevent delay and give efficacy to the project that he should have some previous notice.
The Minister replied: That The Generals delicacy upon the occasion was very proper; but as he seemed unwilling to give assurances of effectual cooperation, in conveying the application to the Admiral he would only make use of the name of the Council which would no doubt have all the weight due to the application of so respectable a body.
The General assented, observing that occasional mention might be made of the military advantages to be expected from the measure.77
[Note 77: The draft has: "The General assented, observing that the military advantages to be expected might be mentioned as a secondary motive."]
The Minister in the next place informed The General that there had been some negotiations between Congress and Monsieur Gerard, on the subject of the Floridas and the limits of the Spanish dominions in that quarter, concerning which certain resolutions had been taken by Congress, which he sup posed were known to The General. He added, that the Spaniards had in contemplation an expedition against the Floridas, which was either already begun or very soon would be begun, and he wished to know the Generals opinion of a co operation on our part. That it was probable this expedition would immediately divert the enemy's force from South Carolina and Georgia, and the question then would be whether General Lincolns army would be necessary elsewhere, or might be employed in a cooperation with the Spanish forces. That the motive with the French court for wishing such a co operation was that it would be a meritorious act on the side of the United States towards Spain, who though she had all along been well disposed to the revolution had entered reluctantly into the war and had not yet acknowledged our independence; that a step of this kind would serve to confirm her good dispositions and to induce her not only to enter into a Treaty with us, but perhaps to assist with a loan of money.78 That the forces of Spain in the Islands were so considerable as would in all appearance make our aid unnecessary; on which account the utility of it only contingent and possible, was but a secondary consideration with the Court of France; the desire to engage Spain more firmly in our interests by a mark of our good will to her was the leading and principal one.79
[Note 78: The draft has: "that the French Court was extremely desirous the United States should do some act which would be expressive of attachment to Spain and tend to conciliate and confirm her friendship and induce her to acknowledge our independence, and perhaps to give us those aids of money of which we stood in need."]
[Note 79: The draft has: "The forces of Spare in the West Indies were so considerable that there was every reason to believe she could make a detachment fully equal to the reduction of the Floridas without our assistance, on which account the principal inducement with the Court of France for desiring it would be to give us a claim of merit with Spain which would be favourable to our interests with her. The utility of such an aid, though it might be necessary, was but a secondary motive."]
The General assured the Minister, That he had the deepest sense of the friendship of France but replied to the matter in question, that he was altogether a stranger to the measures adopted by Congress relative to the Floridas and could give no opinion of the propriety of the cooperation proposed in a civil or political light; but considering it merely as a military question, he saw no objection to the measure on the supposition that the enemy's force in Georgia and South Carolina be with drawn, without which it would of course be impossible.
The Minister then asked, in case the operation by the Spaniards against the Floridas should not induce the English to abandon the Southern States, whether it would be agreeable that the forces, either French or Spanish employed there should cooperate with our troops against those of the enemy in Georgia and South Carolina.
The General replied that he imagined such a cooperation would be desirable.
The Minister inquired in the next place, whether in case The Court of France should find it convenient to send directly from France a Squadron and a few Regiments attached to it, to act in conjunction with us in this quarter, it would be agreeable to The United States.
The General thought it would be very advancive of the common Cause.
The Minister informed, That Doctor Franklin had purchased a fifty gun ship which the King of France intended to equip, for the benefit of The United States to be sent with two or three frigates to Newfoundland to act against the enemys vessels employed in the Fishery, and afterwards to proceed to Boston to cruise from that port.
He concluded the conference with stating, that in Boston several Gentlemen of influence, some of them members of Congress had conversed with him on the subject of an expedition against Canada and Nova Scotia. That his Christian Majesty had a sincere and disinterested desire to see those two provinces annexed to the American Confederacy and would be disposed to promote a plan for this purpose; but that he would undertake nothing of the kind unless the plan was previously approved and digested by The General. He added that a letter from The General to Congress80 some time since on the subject of an expedition to Canada had appeared in France and had been submitted to the best military judges who approved, the reasoning and thought the objections to the plan which had been proposed very plausible and powerful. That when ever the General should think the circumstances of this country favourable to such an undertaking, he should be very glad to recommend the Plan he should propose, and he was assured that the French Court would give it all the aid in their power.
[Note 80: See Washington's letter to Congress, Nov. 11, 1778, q. v.]
The General again expressed his Sense of the good dispositions of his Christian Majesty; but observed, that while the enemy remain in force in these states, the difficulties stated in his letter alluded to by the Minister would still subsist; but that whenever that force should be removed, he doubted not it would be a leading object with the government to wrest the two forementioned provinces from the power of Britain; that in this case he should esteem himself honored in being consulted on the plan; and was of opinion, that though we should have land force enough for the undertaking, without in this respect intruding upon the generosity of our allies, a naval co operation would certainly be very useful and necessary.
The rest of the Conference consisted in mutual assurances of friendship of the two countries &c. interspersed on the General's side with occasional remarks on the importance of removing the war from these states as it would enable us to afford ample supplies to the operations in the West Indies and to act with efficacy in annoying the commerce of the enemy and dispossessing them of their dominions on this continent.81
[Note 81: Both draft and record copy are in the writing of Hamilton. "Head Quarters, September 18, 1779. The foregoing is to the best of my recollection the substance of a conference at which I was present at the time mentioned and interpreted between the Minister and The General. Alex Hamilton."]
Head Quarters, West point, September 16, 1779.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 15th. inclosing Copies of the correspondence between you and Mr. Measom on the Two preceding days. I am much surprised to find, that Mr. Measom, after the late arrangement of the Cloathing department and your appointment by Congress, to the Office of Cloathier General should so far refuse obedience to their authority, as to suppose the direction and superintendance of the Store at Springfield not in you. The inclosed Letter to him is on the subject, and he will not hesitate to comply with the views of Congress, by supposing the direction of the Cloathing department still in him, when from the very nature of the Ordinance of the 23d. of March and your appointment on the 24th of July as the Head of it, the contrary is of necessity implied and declared. My Letter of the 13th. is full upon the necessity there is, for your having the Blankets and Other Cloathing brought on to Newburg with all possible expedition, and I trust every exertion will be made to effect it.
You had better obtain from the Adjutant General a Copy of the General Order announcing your appointment by Congress as Cloathier General. I am, etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 16, 1779.
Sir: Mr. Wilkinson has transmitted me the Copy of a Letter from him to you of the 13th. and of your Answer the next day. The only part of your correspondence which it concerns me to notice, is that which supposes, that Mr. Wilkinson has not the direction and superintendance of the Cloathing at Springfield. I confess I am surprised, after the Ordinance of the 23d of March, and his appointment, by Congress as Cloathier General and the announciation of it in General Orders that you should have entertained an Idea that he had not the general direction and ordering of All Cloathing for the Army when from the very nature of the Ordinance and his subsequent appointment, and the necessity of the thing, it is implied and declared in the most explicit and unequivocal terms. Such an Idea is totally inadmissible and your making it necessary for him to have his commands with respect to the Cloathing at Springfield pass thro you and sanctified by your instructions cannot be considered in any Other light than as a disobedience of the Acts of Congress.
They have been pleased to appoint him Head of the Department and as such he must be regarded and respected accordingly, whatever claims expectations or wishes You or Any other Gentlemen might have had of being elected to the Office. Mr. Wilkinson's taking charge of the Goods at Springfield, cannot possibly retard the Settlement of your accounts, as his receipts, in adjusting the same, will operate as substantially, as a Voucher for the Articles delivered, as if they had been issued to the Army, and must exonorate you from every public claim for every article comprehended in them.
I trust Sir, there will be no farther difficulties in this business, and that you, so far from throwing impediments in the way, will do any thing that rests with you, to promote the Objects of his appointment. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of your Excellencys favr. of the 14th: and am obliged by the communication of Colo. Van Dyck's84 letter, which affords a pleasing prospect of Indian Affairs.
[Note 84: Lieut. Col. Cornelius Van Dyke, of the First New York Regiment. He was appointed colonel in September, 1783.]
The Chevalier de La Luzerne sets out this morning for Philada.
I have no regular Maps of the Western Country except Evans's, Hollands and such as are in print. I have some detached Sketches to copies of which your Excellency shall be welcome if you deem them material. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 17, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your favor dated the 5th. Instant.
My last letter contains my order for your return to this army to which I refer. I have only further to observe on this Subject that you would move slowly this way nor precipitate your march.
The prisoners which you speak of you will bring with you. Should you be apprehensive that the magazine at Coos will be rather insecure after your departure, I wish you to take such measures for its removal to a place of greater safety on the Connecticut river as may appear expedient on this occasion. But if you suppose it safe where it is, there will be an advantage in letting it remain.
You will be pleased to collect the necessary information in support of the several charges which relate to the mismanagement of the provisions at Co'os.
I would just observe on what you have said respecting clothing for the regiment, that when you rejoin us, it will receive the same supplies as we have for the rest of the army. I am, etc.
P.S. I see by your last pay Abstracts, for the Month's of June and July that Major Taylor86 was continued in them. I must inform you that he resigned upon the 10th. Feby. 1779 of which be pleased to notfiy your pay Master and desire him to give credit in the next Abstract for the pay drawn for him since that time.87
[Note 86: Maj. John Taylor, of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry and Tench Tilghman.]
West point, September 18, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Your Excellency, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne, who was so obliging as to honour me with a visit in his way from Boston, set out yesterday morning for Philadelphia. He will cross the Delaware at Trentown,, and if nothing occurs to impede his journey, he will probably arrive at Philadelphia on Thursday or Friday.
I inclose Your Excellency a Copy of a Letter88 from Lt Colo Van Dyck to Colo Vanschaick, with which I have been favoured by Governor Clinton. I have had no intelligence on the subject of it from General Sullivan himself, or any advices from him since those transmitted in my Letter of the 7th, so that the accounts it contains must rest upon their own credibility. There are however circumstances that make part of the
[Note 88: A copy of this letter, dated from Fort Schuyler, Sept. 7, 1779, is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] intelligence at least, highly probable, as Colo Brodhead was to march from Fort Pitt on the 7th or 8th Ulto. for the Senecca Country. I inclose your Excellency Two New York papers of the 7th and 11th Inst. I have the Honor, etc.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 18, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with yours of the 9th: inclosing an abstract of the powder brought in by Capt. Ashmead.90 It is to be regretted that the quantity falls so far short of the estimate, but I am in hopes that the above, with the three hundred Barrels forwarded before, will answer our present purposes. I would however wish that the Marine Committee may be requested not to lose sight of the object, but take the earliest opportunity not only of making up their disappointment by Ashmead, but for procuring a stock adequate to any future contingencies. I have the honor, &c.91
[Note 90: Capt. John Ashmead, of the Pennsylvania privateer Eagle, which had been sent to the West Indies for powder by the Marine Committee.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 18, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have your favs. of the 14th. and 17th. Genl. Knox is just now absent, but when he returns, I will inquire into the necessity of keeping the guard, you mention at Litchfield.
North Castle Church would certainly be a very ineligible situation for Genl. Howe. From his letter to me, he had not taken post there, but was rather reconnoitering a proper position. I had a particular object in view when I ordered the troops to move to pines bridge, but now seeing little or no probability of the matters taking place which induced me to send them down; I have therefore directed Genl. Howe to march again with Glovers and Nixons Brigades to the neighbourhood of lower Salem. I am, &c.
Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Genl Howe immediately. I have since writing the above met with a conveyance for it.92
[Note 92: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 16th. Was there occasion for you to remain near Croton, I should think any position, advanced beyond that River, ineligible; But as I am now induced to believe that, the Report of a french Fleet's being bound for this Coast, is without foundation, I think you may as well march immediately back with Glovers and Nixon's Brigades to Lower Salem, or to the position a few Miles below, which you proposed to take for the convenience of foraging to more advantage.
Be pleased to inform me of your arrival at your new post. I am, etc.
I recd. yours of the 12th. 14th. and 15th.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, September 18, 1779.
Gentn: I have just received the Arrangement of the Virginia line from the Board of War, as settled at Middle Brook in March, which I inclose with a Copy of the Board's Letter of the 10th. Instant. By this Arrangement you will find, that the vacancies which had happened in the line of Captains and more Inferior Officers, previous to the making of it and subsequent to that at the White plains in September, were left open in the respective Regiments for their Officers in captivity; and as this principle was pursued with respect to the Captains and Subalterns, and the Memorandum on the 3d. leaf of the Arrangement is in general terms,"that all vacancies for prisoners subsequent to the Arrangement at White plains were left open for them," I cannot account for the same not being done in the case of the Field Officers as far as it was practicable, the reason being the same, unless the resignation of Colo. Fleming,94 which was the only one in the line of Field Officers that had taken place at the time, was unknown. These are not the only contrarieties that occur. For you will perceive notwithstanding this Arrangement by which the Commissions are said by the Board of War, in their Letter to have been issued, and the Memorandum referred to above, that they supposed Major Cabell and Captn. Waggoner95 entitled to promotion on the resignation of Lt. Colo. Richeson.96 There has certainly been some great misconception in this business. You and the Field Officers will examine the matter, and place it on the right footing, transmitting me the Arrangement under your signature and those of the Officers concerned in making it, after which, I will procure such new Commissions as may be wanted.
If the plan adopted at White plains is still to prevail, Major Cabell will rank as Lieutenant Colonel from the resignation
[Note 94: Lieut. Col. Charles Fleming, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He had resigned in December, 1778.]
[Note 95: Capt. Andrew Waggoner, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. His majority dated from December, 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston in May, 1780; exchanged in November, 1780; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 96: Lieut. Col. Holt Richardson (Richeson).] of Lt Colo Flemming on the 15th. of Decr. and Captain Waggoner as Major, from the same time.
That matters may be facilitated I also inclose a List of all the Resignations that have come to my knowledge since September. I also forward sundry Commissions, which if right, I request you to deliver: There came two for Major Cabell and Captn Waggoner; but as they are wrong in their date, if the Arrangement is to be conducted on the principle adopted at the White plains, as I have already observed, and are premature if it is conducted on that pursued at Middle Brook, I do not send them. The sooner the Arrangement can be properly and explicitly adjusted the better. Where there are to be promotions, and which are the only cases where New Commissions will be wanted, they will be particularly noted, that as little unnecessary trouble as possible may be occasioned. I am, etc.N. B. You will return me the Arrangement which Iinclose.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On September 18 Washington wrote briefly to General Woodford, approving the latter sending Maj. John Webb, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment, to Philadelphia. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Saturday, September 18, 1779.
Parole Corunna. Countersigns Dover, Cuba.
The Commander in Chief in consideration of the penitence of the Criminal and the special intercession of his officers is induced to grant a pardon to Jeremiah Beaman of the 2nd. North Carolina regiment whose sentence was published in orders the 14th. instant.
The little attention paid to the resolve of Congress of the 4th. of September last, published in general orders of the 25th. and the number of accounts exhibited on certificates repugnant to that resolve and the order accompanying it oblige the Commander in Chief to declare, that henceforth no Warrants shall be given for payment of any Accounts produced in consequence of that resolve, unless the officers applying have been detached by a special order from himself or commanding officer of a department; The mode of obtaining such order will be by a certificate from the Major General or Brigadier from whose division or brigade the officer is to be sent specifying the nature and necessity of the service to be perform'd.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, September 19, 1779.
Parole Delaware. Countersigns Elk, Fez.
The regimental Pay Masters are to bring in their Pay Rolls for the month of August to the Deputy Pay Master General for examination: The nine months men in the Massachusetts line who were mustered in August are to be entered from the time they were respectively received by the continental officer at Springfield and to draw pay accordingly.
Head Quarters, West point, September 19, 1779.
My Lord: I have been favored with your Lordship's letter of the 18th. and that of Colonel Taylors.
Very particular applications have been made to me of late, similar to that from your Lordship, which I have uniformly referred to the civil authority. Your Lordship will readily perceive the necessity for preserving the same conduct in all cases. In the present instance, however, I shall find myself peculiarly unhappy in refusing the permission you have asked for Lady Mary,98 to visit her Mother and sister, was I not assured that in referring it to the Governor the indulgence will be readily obtained.
You will be pleased to forward Colonel Taylors letter which incloses the money he has mentioned. I am, etc.99
[Note 98: Stirling's daughter.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West point, September 19, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been [just] favoured with yours Letter of the 23d. of August. Although I have a high sense of your merit as an Officer and ever regretted your leaving the service, as I have frequently expressed [and did all in my power to prevent] yet I cannot concur with you in the measure you have been pleased to refer to me; and I am the more concerned, as it is one in which your wishes appear to be so much interested. The plan cannot be approved or seconded by me, because it is in a variety of respects and indeed throughout the whole, contrary both to the letter and spirit of the present establishment of the Army, and the measures which have been generally pursued. It proposes a Corps almost equal to two Regiments; to have Three field Officers, when under the establishment, there can only be two in any Regimet. after certain periods, and the first of those only a Lt Colo; and second Lieutenants, when that admits of none. Those discriminations of themselves would certainly create jealousies and uneasiness. The plan however is farther exceptionable, as it proposes, that the Corps shall be wholly unconnected with the line and not be annexed to any division or brigade. This is another discrimination, if it were admissible, that would not fail to excite disgust. But these, great as they are, are not the only objections to the measure.
It has been found necessary of late for a variety of cogent reasons, to reduce and incorporate many Corps in the Army, and more especially those of an Independent nature, or which were not attached to the line of particular States; and in doing it, to put out of the service Many Officers of fair characters, long and constant standing, of good reputation; and the like has been the case in a variety of instances, in the regular batallions [instance Virga. reducg. 15 to 11]. For me immediately after this to advise and second the raising of New Ones upon a plan more liable to objections than that on which those stood; subject to the same inconveniences that made their reduction and incorporation necessary, giving more priviledges and a more extensive command to the Officers of it, than the rest of the Army have, or than are authorized by our general military system, would expose me at least to the charge of inconsistency. Besides the general murmur the measure would produce, the Officers in the Virginia line would be peculiarly disgusted and affected, as the raising of such a corps, would certainly operate to diminish their commands, by taking off a part of the Men, which they probably might have got; as it would lessen the abilities of the State to provide for their batallions to which it is bound by the general system of apportionment in the great scale of the Continent. These several reasons all prevail to prevent me from concurring in your plan and to dissuade you entirely from it. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The portions in brackets are inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 19, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favr. of the 17th. and am exceedingly obliged to you for the intelligence it contains. I send inclosed two half Johannes.2 Should expend any more for the same purposes,3 I will immediately remit it to you.
Be pleased to endeavour to learn whether the Vessels, preparing to take the Cavalry on board, are square rigged, or sloops and schooners; we may judge of the Voyage by being acquainted with these particulars. I shall also be glad to know at what distance in the rear of the City they are throwing up lines across the Island. I have stationed Major Lee in Monmouth County for a particular purpose, and have desired him to apply to you from time to time for any intelligence which you may receive from Staten Island. You will oblige me by communicating to him the information you receive whenever he requests it. I am, etc.
P.S. Several accounts by Vessels from the West Indies mention a french fleet having been left at sea steering towards this Coast. I have no official intelligence of any such thing. But should such a fleet appear off the Hook, you will be pleased to give me the most instantaneous information by Express.4
[Note 2: A Johannes was a gold coin of Portugal, so called from having been minted in the reign of King John. It was worth about $9.]
[Note 3: Secret services.]
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 19 [--20], 1779.
Sir: On the 12th. instant I had the honor of communicating two pieces of intelligence respecting the fleet under the command of Admiral Count D'Estaing. Hearing that one of the Captains arrived at New London was a Man of intelligence and veracity, I dispatched Lt. Lee5 of the 1st Connecticut Regt.
[Note 5: Lieut. Ezra Lee. He was transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and was paymaster of same until retired in June, 1782.] to gain a circumstantial account of the matter. The inclosed is a Copy of Capt. Leisters6 relation, which seems too particular to admit of a doubt. Mr Lee adds, that Capt. Leister informed him further, that Watlins Island was the point at which the 50 sail of Merchantmen and 5 sail of the line parted with the grand fleet, to proceed to France. He also says that before the fleet sailed from Cape Francois, a Captain belonging to Charles town South Carolina was often sent for on Board the Counts Ship, but his business with him was kept secret.
[Note 6: A merchant captain. A copy of his intelligence accompanies this letter from Washington and is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
From the course which the Count was standing, when Capt Leister left him, he is of opinion that he was bound for the southward. Should that be his destination, a very little time must inform us of his arrival there. I have the honor, etc.
20th: Since writing the foregoing I have recd. the following intelligence from a person in whose information I place considerable dependance. "The enemy are still engaged in strengthening the City on all parts, they have raised three lines all picketted in the rear of the City across the Island; are still employed at their fort at Brooklyn. The Light Horse are assembled in force at Brooklyn ferry where Vessels are lying at Anchor to take them on Board, a large quantity of Hay packed and put on board for their use. 55 transports have watered and anchored in the East River and Bay, more taking in Water. From the best accounts near eight thousand Men are preparing to embark, their destination unknown, but generally believed for the West Indies or Carolina. Three frigates cruising out to discover the first approaches of a French fleet. By accounts recd. last Thursday from Jamaica, the inhabitants had removed their stores and Women and Children to the Mountains being fearful of the approach of the french. A deserter from Sandy Hook reports that part of the fleet that saild last Monday with the 44th. and two Hessian Regiments had put back in a storm, they say they were bound for Hallifax." This intelligence dated the 17th Inst.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of this morning respecting Capt. Lyman.8 I am entirely a stranger to his character neither do I know upon what terms he was permitted to return to New York. When Mr. Beatty the Commy of prisoners comes to Camp, I will enquire. I have understood that he had, previous to his capture at Powles Hook, sold his Commission, and that he went in, to receive or get security for the purchase Money: after which he intended to come out and settle in the Country. But I only have this by report. Should he return, he ought at least to have a watchful Eye kept upon him. I am &c.9
[Note 8: Capt. Gamaliel Dwight Lyman, of the Sixty-fourth Foot. He is given as a lieutenant in the British Army List of 1779. He left the service and, in 1781, wrote to Washington from Fairfield, Conn., offering his services.]
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have this moment received your favs. of the 19th. and 20th. My Accounts from New York by way of Staten Island agree in the main with yours, and General Wayne just now informs me that he is of opinion that the evacuation of both Verplanks and Stoney points is in agitation. You must exercise your own judgment in pitching upon a position, I have only one general Rule to lay down for you, which is, to keep at such a distance with your main body as to avoid a possibility of a surprise, and to be very vigilant. I am &c.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: The inclosed complaint from the Non commissioned officers and soldiers of the third Massachusetts regiment was delivered me by Col. Scammell. As the form in which it appears is improper, and if attended to, might operate as a precedent for sedition, I have directed Col Scammell to express my disapprobation of the manner of the complaint and point out the proper channel through which redress ought to be sought. But as I would not wish to neglect a case of this nature, where charges of fraud are made against any officer, I transmit the paper to you; and I am to desire if the matter comes before you in a proper shape, that you will have a strict inquiry made into it.
The opinion I have of Col Graytons11 honor induces me to believe the charges must be ill founded; but I make it a rule to have every thing of this kind carefully scrutinized. I am, etc.12
[Note 11: Col. John Greaton, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 20, 1779, ½past 4 O'clock P.M.
Dr. Sir: I am this moment favored with your letter. Accounts received by deserters from Verplanks point and the report of a patrole this morning give me reason to believe the enemy are at least about evacuating this post.
You will not fail to give me the earliest information of what further movements you may discover. I am, &c.13
[Note 13: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 14: Of Col. Nathaniel Gist's Additional Continental regiment. Both Brownlee and Kirk retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 20, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have recd. yours of 11th. Inst. Before the arrangement of Colo. Gists present regiment was sent to the Board of War, in order that Commissions might be issued, time was given to the officers to state their respective claims, and that no objections might be afterwards made they signed the arrangement, signifying their approbation thereof. Several applications similar to yours have been made by Officers of other Corps but I have been under the necessity of rejecting them, as it would produce a revival of all old claims, and entirely derange the Rank of the whole line of the Army, which is now generally settled to satisfaction. I am, &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West Point, September 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received the inclosed representation of some violences said to be committed in your corps against Young Gecock16 an inhabitant and a child of the Widow Garrison. By a verbal state of the affair more intelligible than the written
[Note 16: Jecock (?), Jaycock (?).] one, I understand that some men of the light Infantry had made a practice of plundering the farms of the complainants, that a party of these marauders was discovered in this business on the night of the 9th. instant and fired upon by Gecock, which having occasioned an alarm, he was seized and carried down to the light infantry underwent a summary trial and received fifty lashes; that Majr. McCormick17 went the same night to the house [of] the Widow Garrison ill treated the whole family and wounded one of her Children in the thigh with his sword. This if true would be an irregularity of so serious a nature and the people are so clear and positive in their story that I think it my duty to bring the Major to trial and have directed the Adjutant Genl. to arrest him for the purpose.
[Note 17: Brigade Major Henry(?) McCormick in Gen. Edward Hand's brigade.]
I shall be obliged to you to let me know fully the circumstances of the treatment of Young Gecocks so far as they have fallen within your knowledge.
I have it so much at heart to prevent every species of Outrages to the inhabitants, that I feel sensibly chagrined whenever any thing of that complexion comes before me. With great regard I am, etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.
On September 21 Washington acknowledged in a brief note to Gen. Anthony Wayne an inclosure from Lord Stirling which Wayne had forwarded and which Washington returned. "I have nothing in particular recommend." This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Tuesday, September 21, 1779.
Parole Farmington. Countersigns Gosport, Hanover.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Putnam is President is dissolv'd and another ordered to sit tomorrow morning nine o'clock for the trial of all persons who shall come before them. Colonel Bradford to preside.
It being represented to the Commander in Chief that the time when the Massachusetts levies were received by Continental officers at Springfield cannot be yet ascertained; they are not to be included in the Muster or Pay Rolls for August.
At the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Putnam was President, Colonel Richard Butler was tried upon the following charges:
1st. For endeavoring to excite the soldiers of Captn. Ashmead's company to mutiny, by ordering the non commissioned officers not to obey any orders of his (Captain Ashmead's).
2ndly. For treating Captain Ashmead in an unprecedented and unofficer-like manner, by refusing him liberty to wait on Genl. Wayne to complain of ill-treatment and seek redress and sending him under guard from the Light Infantry Camp to West Point after having received Colonel Stewart's orders to go to the Infantry and take the command of his (Captain Ashmead's) company.
The Court are of opinion that Colonel Butler is not guilty of the 1st. charge. They do acquit him of refusing Captn. Ashmead liberty to wait on General Wayne to complain of illtreatment and seek redress.
They are of opinion that Colonel Butler was not justifiable in sending Captain Ashmead under guard from the Light-Infantry to West Point, being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be reprimanded by the commanding officer of the Corps of Light Infantry.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and directs it to be carried into execution; At the same time he thinks Colonel Butler's conduct blamable in not permitting Captain Ashmead to see General Wayne unless he would engage to comply with a condition which Colonel Butler had no right to annex; nor was there any need of such a condition as there were always proper means of inforcing discipline, if Captain Ashmead after applying to General Wayne had persisted in a refractory behaviour.
To prevent any misunderstanding, in future, the General directs that the nomination of all Captains and Subalterns to relieve others, if necessary, or fill vacancies in the Light Corps while it remains together, be reported to the Adjutant General and receive the approbation of the General before they be sent to take command: For this purpose the officers commanding regiments of Light Infantry will report to the Adjutant General the vacancies that happen, who will give notice that officers may be appointed from the line to fill them, to be nominated by the officers commanding the regiments from which they are taken.
Head Quarters, West Point, September 22, 1779.
Gentlemen: I was yesterday honored with yours of the 16th; the general Return of Military Stores accompanying it was delivered safely to me.19
[Note 19: The Board of War's letter of Sept. 16, 1779, and the return of stores are not found in the Washington Papers.]
I have directed the few things forwarded by Mr Gardner, to be delivered out to those Officers of the Staff and line, who are not supplied by the States, at moderate prices, agreeable to the direction of the Board. I have the honor, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of yesterday with its inclosures. Capt. Willings confinement is by way of retaliation for that of Governor Hamilton's in Virginia. A representation on the subject has gone to the state of Virginia and I hope a mutual release from the present rigorous treatment of both Gentlemen will be the consequence.
By our observations from this side the River it appears that the enemy have only contracted their Works on Verplanks but have not evacuated the point.
If the fleet which we have been expecting has touched any part of our Coast we must hear of it soon.
Be pleased to forward Major Talmadge's letter immediately to him. I am, &c.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 22, 1779.
Sir: I am to request you will give instruction to your assistants attached to the different works, to turn their attention to the barracks necessary at each to cover the men required to be constantly stationed for the immediate security of the respective posts, and the places at which it will be most proper to erect them. Were it not for the difficulty of transporting materials to those high mountains to build barracks at each sufficient to cover the whole number of men required for its complete defence, I should give a preference to this; but the difficulty of transportation inclines me to desire only strong guards during the Winter at each post to put them out of the reach of a surprise and coup de main by a small detachment, and consequently barracks proportioned to these. I leave it to your judgment what guards will be sufficient to answer the purpose and to regulate the arrangements for barracks accordingly; and I shall be obliged to you to make a report as speedily as possible. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. These barracks ought to be in the works where they will admit them, and where they will not so near as to be always sure of a communication on any sudden emergency and effectually protected by the fire from the works. How far can the bomb-proofs be made to answer the purpose?22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Wednesday, September 22, 1779.
Parole Germany. Countersigns Hopewell, India.
It having been represented by the Commissary General of Issues that the Artificers at the several Posts of the army are served with different rations; The following (upon the recommendation of the Quarter Master General) is to be henceforth issued to all Artificers. One pound and an half of bread or flour a pound and an half of beef or other provision of equal substance, one gill of rum.
West point, September 22, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have been expecting for some time past a communication from C--. The period which he had fixed was the 11th. instant. If you know the cause of his silence, or have had any intimations from him, I wish to be informed of them. Very interesting events have taken place which must and have produced circumstances in New York, deserving of his notice: That he has gone so far beyond his promise makes me rather uneasy on his account and desirous to learn what you may think on the subject.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 22, 1779.
Sir: You are to issue the Cloathing now in your hands for officers, and contained in the inventory which you have furnished, in the following manner. To the Officers of the North Carolina Regiments; to those of the Mustering, Auditor's and Pay Master General's departments; to the Hospital Surgeons; to the Field Commissary of Military Stores and his deputies; to the Judge Advocate, and such of his assistants as do not belong to the line. Every person applying must produce a certificate, from his commanding officer or principal, specifying the corps or department to which he belongs.
You will divide the Sterling amount of your whole invoice by 150, and distribute to each person such articles as he may stand in need of equivalent to the one hundred and fiftieth part of this sum. The articles delivered are to be paid for on delivery at the rate of four pounds currency dollars at 7/6, for every pound Sterling.
The Tea is not included in the foregoing instruction, but is to be distributed as follows reserving fifty pounds of the best quality for future disposal: one pound of the best kind to each General Officer; half a pound of the same to each field officer and head of a staff department and a quarter of a pound pr. man of the remainder to any other officer of the army who shall apply. The Pepper is to be distributed in the same manner and proportion. These things to be paid for at the same rate as above directed.
In the distribution of all the articles to which these instructions relate, the officers of The Carolina troops are without fail to have their full proportion as their remoteness from home deprives them of the advantages which other officers enjoy as well public as private.
No other officers than those here mentioned are to be included in the benefit of the Cloathing unless they have orders from Head Quarters. I am, etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West point, September 22, 1779.
Sir: It is my wish to lay before Congress as soon as possible a state of the army, that they may be enabled to regulate their views, and make their requisitions in due time, to the Several States for Men. I therefore request that you will furnish me as soon as you can, with an Abstract return, containing the amount of the Troops of each State m service, digested in 4 Columns. The 1st. to contain the number engaged for the War. The 2d those whose enlistments. will expire by the last of December. The 3d those whose will expire by the last of March, and the 4th such as will end their service by the last of June. And if the service of any of the Levies will expire in Two or three months after the last period; you will mention it. You will also particularly note, what number of the Men are now levies their State and fix upon a sort of average time when they joined the Army. You will observe that it is only an Abstracts amount of the troops of each State which I want, and not of the Regiments or Men's names, as this will equally answer my purpose and save a good deal of Trouble. I am, etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 26: Continental commissioners of accounts for the Northern Department.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 22, 1779.
Gentlemen: Your favr. of the 1st. Inst. came to my hands yesterday. I am exceedingly obliged to you for the information you give me, respecting the mode that is adopted for the settlement of claims for waste &c. committed by the Army. I have been much embarrassed by applications of this nature and where I have given orders in the matter, it has been solely with a view of relieving individuals whose claims have been apparently well supported with vouchers from people of reputation and attachment. I remember that of Mrs. McNeal was particularly so. Mr. Smith made application to me a few weeks ago, but I gave him no satisfaction, and should he or any others apply again, I shall refer them to the Board of treasury as you direct. I am, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West-point, September 23, 1779.
Sir: Colo. Fleury this moment presented to me the letter Your Excellency did me the honor to write from Trenton, and by his communication of your arrival at that place without accident and meeting with Monsr. Gerard m good health made me perfectly happy.
Monsr. Fleury has obtained my consent to be absent from this Army. He carries with him a certificate expressive of his great merit as an Officer, and a letter to Congress containing the sentiments I entertain of his worth and Services. I have the honor, etc.28
[Note 28: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 23, 1779.
Sir: I have received your report dated the 22d. of your transactions with Mr. Loring on the subject of exchanges.
Mr. Loring's answer to your first proposition revives the old question of a composition of privates for officers, which has been so repeatedly and so fruitlessly agitated and which can now only tend to embarrass the relief of the prisoners on both sides. It seems that the more we do to remove the obstacles in the way of exchanges, the more solicitous the enemy are to contrive new ones and revive the old, as if they expected at length to fatigue us into compliance with their unreasonable demands. I know not with what face of justice or decency they can depart whenever it suits a particular interest from all those principles which have been agreed upon between us, and have uniformly governed our exchanges. The only established rule of exchange hitherto has been officer for officer of equal rank and soldier for soldier. The settled disinclination of the enemy to fixing general and permanent rules adequate to all the cases of captivity have obliged us to content ourselves with partial and particular exchanges; and from every thing that has appeared, their ideas are so remote from ours, that there is little reason to expect any future negotiation would be attended with more success than the past, or that we should ever be able to unite a Tariff, which would have no other object than the relief of prisoners on terms of equal advantage. While this continues a secondary motive with the enemy, and the augmentation of their force by a large accession of privates the ruling one, nothing of that kind can be expected. If we therefore renounce particular exchanges, on the former plan, the prisoners will have no other prospect before them than that of hopeless captivity. I would wish you m your answer to Mr. Loring to represent these things to him in a decent but pointed manner, to make him sensible of the inconsistency of his conduct and the ill-consequences it must produce; informing him, at the same time, that we will not hereafter make any exchanges whatsoever, unless they extend to officers and privates indiscriminately on the footing which has heretofore obtained. The instructions I have already given you, on the subject of composition are not to be exceeded; and I would wish the question of privates for officers to be avoided as I am certain, from the unreasonableness of the enemy on this head it can answer no other purpose than to perplex, and impede the business. If in treating of a Tariff, Mr. Loring persists in pressing Conways29 cartel as a model. he can be very justly told that the circumstances of the parties in the present war differ much from those of France and England at the time of that treaty, and that these are the only proper standards by which to regulate our agreements.
[Note 29: Lieut. Gen. Henry Seymour Conway, of the British Army.]
You will insist on your second proposition; informing the enemy that this mode is not with reference to their wishes; but to discourage the practice of breaking paroles, and establish distraction between the violators and scrupulous observers. That their interest can be no way affected by it and consequently can have no reasonable objection.
To the third answer, you will explicitly inform them that I have nothing to do with those persons not military prisoners who have broken their paroles, either to exchange or return them. That I do not consider them as proper subjects of military capture m the first instance nor hold myself bound to restore them to a state of captivity an which they were first placed contrary to the usages of nations.
Colonel Webbs exchange by composition we cannot claim as a matter of right; but I wish every method m our power to be taken to induce the enemy to consent to it. The pretext of not being willing to continue partial exchanges is forced, the more as there are such recent instances in the cases of Edmonson and Featherstone, and ridiculous; You must plead the constant practice heretofore; the generous treatment shewn to the prisoners taken in the Eagle; the obligation an point of honor and justice upon the enemy to return an equivalent; the proposals they themselves made at different times for particular exchanges by composition: You will observe to them that the Gentlemen taken in the Eagle are not under a parole but absolutely released, and at liberty to act; That by an authentic act of their consul at Corunna they have incurred a debt which they cannot without a flagrant breach of faith refuse to pay. That the exchange so far as it depends on us is already made and that they have no choice but to make a return. You will demand an explanation of what they mean by "the former principle"; whether it is that they are ready to return an equal number of equal ranks, on the former principle of equality of rank or whether they refuse to make a return for these unless the terms of their first proposition are complied with.
After you have prepared your answer m the spirit of these instructions you will let me have a view of it. I am, &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have both your favs. of the 23d. By a deserter this day from Verplanks point I have recd. pretty good information of the late movements upon that and Stoney point. He says they have sent down three Regiments and have upon that account contracted their Works.
I have nothing to do with the Regulations in the Commissanes department; the deputy attending your division must represent the particular situation of Colo. Armands Corps to His principal and take his order in the matter. I am, &c.
Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Colo. Moylan and Major Tallmadge.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 24, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Major Fontaine33 the Engineer who conducts the works on the other side the river when I was over yesterday complained that Genl. Parsons Brigade was repeatedly deficient in furnishing its proportion of fatigue men. He seemed well satisfied that you had given the necessary orders, but as they had not had the intended effect, I am to solicit you most earnestly to arrange matters m such way that the works may meet with no delay on this account. I am, &c.34
[Note 33: Capt. Béchet Rochefontaine, of the Continental Engineers. He was made major by brevet and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 34: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, September 24, 1779.
My Dear Sir: I am very sorry that the painfulness of your leg prevented my having the pleasure of seeing you this morning; and I hope it will soon be so far abated as to put it in your power to favour me with the visit you intended.
I should not think myself justified m countermanding the trial of Major McCormick, as in the execution of orders ever so proper, there could be no necessity for violence to a child, and if it really happened, otherwise than by pure accident, I am indispensibly bound to let justice take its course. A simple narrative of facts will be the best criterion of his conduct, and a candid rather than an ingenious defence will best answer his purpose if innocent. I am, etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[H. S. P.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 22d. The Return of Cloathing necessary for your Regiment should be made, by you without delay, to the Board of War, who will give you information where or to whom you are to apply.
If any of your present Men, whose time of service will shortly expire, will reinlist for the War, they will be entitled to a Bounty of 200 dollars and ten dollars to the Officer reinlisting them. If you find any, in the above predicament, willing to reinlist, you can send over for a sum of Money for that purpose. Colo. Sheldon had liberty to endeavour to inlist as many new Recruits as would compleat his Regiment to the Establishment, provided they could be obtained upon the terms of serving with the Regt. as dismounted Dragoons, untill there should be a necessity or conveniency of mounting them. This to be clearly expressed m the inlistment, that the Men may have no pretext for complaint on being made to serve on foot. They were also to be inlisted for the War, and no temporary engagements entered into, on any accounted whatever. The Bounty to new Recruits to be 200 dollars and 20 dollars to the recruiting Officer. These Men must be natives, of good Character and every way suitable for Dragoons. If you are of opinion that you can obtain Men upon the foregoing terms, you may draw Money and try the experiment.
The quantity of Cloathing issued in July, under the General order, was so very trifling, that it would not have extended to any thing like the supply of the Officers of the whole Army. They therefore who first applied were first served, by which means a vast number on the spot, were put m the same situation with the officers of your Regt. There is at this time a small dividend of Tea and pepper to be made, of which Genl. Howe has been advised, and of which the Officers under his command will I presume take the advantage.
Captn. Lewis36 has quitted the service some time past, and I do not know the Captain intitled, by seniority, to the Majority of your Regiment.
[Note 36: Capt. George Lewis, of the Third Continental Dragoons.]
Be pleased to make my Compliments to Mrs. Moylan and inform her that Mrs. Washington was well when I last heard from her. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 24, 1779.
Sir: I this morning received your letter of the 22d with its several inclosures.
It is not my opinion that Culper junr.38 should be advised to give up his present employment. I would imagine that with a little industry, he will be able to carry on his intelligence with
[Note 38: Samuel Culper, jr., the alms assumed by Robert Townsend, a New York merchant, who sent in his secret intelligence through Aaron Woodhull, whose alias was Samuel Culper, sr. Major Tallmadge, who was the channel of communication with Washington, acted under the alias of John Bolton.] greater security to himself and greater advantages to us, under cover of his usual business, than if he were to dedicate himself wholly to the giving of information. It may afford him opportunities of collecting intelligence, that he could not derive so well in any other manner. It prevents also those suspicions which would become natural should he throw himself out of the line of his present employment. He may rest assured of every proper attention being paid to his services. One thing appears to me deserving of his particular consideration, as it will not only render his communication less exposed to detection but relieve the fears of such persons as may be entrusted with its conveyance to the second link in the chain, and of course very much facilitate the object we have in view. I mean that he should occasionally write his information on the blank leaves of a pamphlet; on the first second &c. pages of a common pocket book; on the blank leaves at such end of registers almanacks or any new publication or book of small value. He should be determined m the choice of these books principally by the goodness of the blank paper, as the ink is not easily legible, unless it is on paper of a good quality. Having settled a plan of this kind with his friend, he may forward them without risque of search or the scrutiny of the enemy as this is chiefly directed against paper made up in the form of letters.
I would add a further hint on this subject. Even letters may be made more subservient to this communication than has been yet practised. He may write a familiar letter, on domestic affairs, or on some little matters of business to his friend at Satuket or elsewhere, interlining with the stain, his secret intelligence or writing it on the opposite blank side of the letter. But that his friend may know how to distinguish these from letters addressed solely to himself, he may always leave such as contain secret information without date or place; (dating it with the stain) or fold them up in a particular manner, which may be concerted between the parties. This last appears to be the best mark of the two, and may be the signal of their being designed for me. The first mentioned mode, however, or that of the books, appears to me the one least liable to detection. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 25, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 15th. covering a Resolve confirming the arrangement of the Massachusetts line, and a printed Copy of a circular letter from Congress to their constituents. I sincerely hope, that the measures pointed out may be pursued, and that every good effect, to be wished for, may be the result.
Since mine of the 19th. I have recd. several pieces of intelligence from my confidential Correspondents in New York and upon Long Island, and from persons in other quarters: The following are substantially the contents of their different letters, from which you will perceive, they all agree that a very considerable embarkation is in agitation, tho' there are a variety of opinions respecting the numbers and destination.
New York 11 Septr. "It is generally believed that the 44th. and 3 Hessian Regiments which embarked and sailed a few days ago, went to Quebec.40 Sir James Wallace in the Experiment of 50 Guns sailed at the same time for Georgia, having under his convoy a Store ship and two or three other Vessels, but no troops. The Europa 64. Russel 74. Renown 50. and four or five Frigates in the harbour of New York. It is thought the large ships will be sent to the West Indies to reinforce
[Note 40: The draft has "Halifax or Quebec."] Admiral Byron. The general opinion that nothing further could be done in Georgia without a reinforcement, which it was thought will be sent about the beginning of October.
From the same Septr. 18th. "The 54th: 77th: Rawdons or Irish Volunteers, Queens Rangers, Cathcarts Legion, all the Grenandiers and Light Infantry and the greater part of the Horse under orders for embarkation. It is generally believed they are bound to the southward, and that Charles town will be the great object this Campaign. Every 6th Man from King and Queen County at work upon the Fort at Brooklyn. The inhabitants of Suffolk County having refused to turn out for the same purpose, were threatened with military execution in case of further non compliance. The gorge or pass at Fort Washington strongly fortified, and the Works upon Bayards Hill, in the Rear of the City, were repairing. The grand Battery repairing, and to be mounted with 40 twenty four pounders.
Long Island Septr. 10th. "An account is just recd. from General Prescott at Rhode Island, that a Vessel had arrived there which left a French Fleet in latitude 25 or 35 (not certain which) steering N. W. this had occasioned great confusion, and the immediate call of a general Council of War.
Monmouth County Septr. 21st. "A fleet of 30 sail went into the Hook this day, from whence, or whether any troops on board not known. When they hove in sight, they appeared to come from the Eastward. A deserter from the fleet at New York mentions that the press had been exceedingly hot, and that Admiral Arbuthnot was to sail in a few days with three sixty four Gun ships with a fleet under Convoy.
Elizabeth Town 22d Septr. "On the 20th a Mr Edward Fox of Philada. an exchanged prisoner, came out of New York. He says the embarkation was by accounts to consist of seven thousand Men, and that a number of Hessian and English Regiments had embarked before he came away, their destination said to be Virginia."
From the foregoing, Congress will readily perceive, that the destination of the embarkation referred to, must be merely conjectural; this however seems to be certain, that the Enemy, from their preparations for defence upon New York Island, and upon the heights at Brooklyn upon Long Island, mean to put themselves in a situation to hold the City and its environs with their remaining force.
From the movements of the enemy upon Stoney and Verplanks points for a few days past, an evacuation of the latter seemed probable, but an intelligent Deserter yesterday informs, that one Regiment from Verplanks and two from Stoney point had gone down to New York, which was the occasion of their demolishing some of the old Works, and contracting themselves within new. I have the honor, etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I wrote to you a few days since on the subject of a complaint against Col Grayton. He has heard of the affair and applied for a court of inquiry. I have told him that you will be directed to grant him one. You will therefore be pleased to appoint a court, in your division composed of members suited to the delicacy and interesting nature of the business. You will make the Cols. request the motive of the inquiry and institute the articles to be examined into from the complaint sent you in my former letter but without bringing the complainants into view as prosecutors, as I would carefully avoid an appearance of gratifying them in an application the manner of which is so exceptionable. They must merely be produced as witnesses. You will immediately transmit the report. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 25, 1779.
My Lord: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 23d. inclosing Major Lees and Major Hays43 letters and a few days ago with that of the 20th. By information of a deserter, the Enemy have sent three regiments from Stoney and Verplanks points and have therefore contracted their works. All accounts from New York agree that a very considerable embarkation is in agitation, but they differ much as to numbers and destination.
[Note 43: Maj. Samuel Hayes (Hay), of the New Jersey Militia.]
Be pleased to send forward the inclosed to Colo. Washington44 and Major Lee. I am, etc.45
[Note 44: Lieut. Col. William Augustine Washington, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was wounded at Cowpens, S.C., in January, I781; presented with a silver medal by Congress on Mar. 9, 1781; wounded and taken prisoner at Eutaw Springs, S. C.; prisoner on parole to end of the war.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, September 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I inclose you a Commission for Lt. Colo. Huntington and the rest of your Officers. They are the only sort circumstances will admit of being sent at this time. You know the reasons, and they will answer all the purposes of any other kind. The case of your Officers is far from being peculiar, there are many Others without Commissions. For a particular cause no Commission is made out for yourself; it will not operate any injury to You.
Mr. Beatty has received the General's instructions upon the subject of Mr. Lorings Answer, in which your release is attended to and urged. I sincerely wish it may be effected; but from the mulish obstinacy of the Enemy and the idea they have or affect to hold, that we shall derive far more benefits from your exchange than from that of any Other Officer, and that we don't mean to prosecute the business of exchanges farther, I cannot say the prospect is so flattering as to promise a certainty of success. They will be compelled, however, at any rate to explain the meaning of their Answer on the subject of the prisoners taken in the Eagle packet, and to say explicitly whether their accounting for them is to be connected and involved with other exchanges or any conditions. Nothing can be equal to their prevarication and disingenuity. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob; H: Harrison."]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 21st. which came to me open under cover with other dispatches from Lord Stirling. I would wish you in future, to send your dispatches to me sealed, and communicate any thing, necessary for my Lord to know, to him separately.
When an enterprise of any kind is in agitation the fewer to whom it is intrusted the better, and as to the particular business, upon which you are sent, I would wish it to remain a secret. I would not have you infer from the foregoing, that I would not intrust my Lord with or take his advice upon any military subject; on the contrary, I have the greatest confidence in him; But secrecy 'till the moment of execution is the life of enterprise.
If, upon full enquiry and information, you find the attempt which you propose to make with your dismounted troops, practicable, I have no objection. And should the enemy take refuge in the strong hold you mention any means to dislodge them will be justifiable. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 48: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He had been wounded (lost an arm) and taken prisoner at Staten Island in August, I777; escaped in August, 1778; transferred to the Invalid Regiment in September, 1778; killed in October, 1779.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 25, 1779.
Sir: I have fully considered the circumstances and facts as stated in the several papers which you have laid before me; and cannot but be of opinion that although no express parole was given to or demanded by the enemy, yet the situation in which you were placed by them amounted to an implied parole. I acquit you however of having intentionally violated your honor by making your escape under the indulgence given you by the enemy, not only from the representation I have had of your character, but on the certificates presented me from officers who were your fellow prisoners at that time.
I am further induced from the peculiarity of your case, to consent to your remaining with your friends on parole and shall instruct the Commissary of prisoners to send in a British officer of your rank to the enemy. As you are on parole you will refrain from all military duties 'till regularly exchanged. I am, &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, September 25, 1779.
Sir: I have received your Letter of Yesterday. As it is very interesting that I should have the Abstract requested by my Letter of the 22d as soon as possible, I would not have you wait for the Muster Rolls of the Georgia, South Carolina or any of the North Carolina, or even Virginia Troops, except those with this Army, which possibly you might have thought it necessary to obtain. The Abstract will contain the amount of the Artillery, Cavalry, and Corps not attached to particular States, as well as the Batallions exacted from them, and digested in the same manner, as in their case. And if there are any Recruits for the War which have lately joined, their number and the average time of Joining will be noted. As I have observed, it is very interesting that I should have the Abstract as soon as possible, and therefore I would not have you to delay it any time, for want of the return of One two or three Corps, as their amount may be guessed at or possibly otherwise ascertained. I want if practicable, early and regular requisitions; to have the Recruiting and drafting business placed upon a more certain plan, so that the Levies may join at a certain period and serve for a certain term, by which the Continent may derive some benefit from their service. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 25, 1779.
Sir: I have just recd. the inclosed from Colo. Hazen. I would recommend it to you to secure as much as possible of the produce of the upper parts of Connecticut River. It will be in a very convenient situation for any operation or for the use of the troops that will quarter this Winter upon the East side of Hudsons River. As Colo. Hazens Regt. is ordered away, your Magazines must be formed so low down the River that they will not be in the least danger from the incursion of an Enemy. I am, &.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Saturday, September 25, 1779.
Parole Lebanon. Countersigns Minisink, Naples.
A return of the number of men now in the several brigades who have been inlisted and joined since the 1st. of January last to be made at Orderly-time tomorrow.
The number of those who have engaged for the War and the New-Levies to be inserted in different columns.
Head Quarters, West Point, September 26, 1779.
Dear Sir: Accounts, tho' not official, still continue to announce Count D'Estaings fleet being near this Coast. Should he arrive in this quarter; I would wish, if possible, to have every thing in readiness to cooperate with him. If the Boats directed to be got ready and brought down from Albany are not yet come, be pleased to have it immediately done, and give directions to have the public Boats in the sound collected at some convenient place or places (perhaps different places will be best for security and to prevent suspicion) and put into proper order for service. I think it will be well to have the flat Boats at Pluckemin overhaul'd and repaired if necessary. We may want them, should the situation of Matters upon Staten Island afford an opportunity of acting in that quarter.
Be pleased to let me know whether the affairs of your department will admit of the whole Army's moving upon the shortest Notice, and whatever is wanting, I shall be glad to have pre pared as far and as soon as circumstances will permit. Our move, if we make one in consequence of the Counts arrival, will most probably be downwards with the greatest part of the Army, and the distance of course will not be very long. Should he incline to operate again to the Eastward, the detachment will not be large and they must go very light. The move of the whole Army therefore is what I would wish you to have in contemplation. I am, &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 26, 1779.
Dr. Sir: General Knox and Genl. du Portail are to go down to night, or early tomorrow to reconnoitre the enemy's post at Stoney point. I have directed them to call upon you.55 You will be pleased to take proper measures by such a pasty as you may think necessary to cover them during the execution of their object. The less there is said about this matter the better. I am, etc.56
[Note 55: On this same day (September 26) Meade wrote to Gen. Henry Knox, by Washing ton's order, asking him to accompany Du Portail. Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, September 26, 1779.
Sir: Although I have no official information of Count D'Estaing's leaving the West Indies or of his intentions to come to this Continent; Yet there are so many reports that the first has taken place that I think it is not to be doubted; and some circumstances attending the Reports seem to indicate that the Continent is his destination. If the Count should arrive the period when he will appear in all probability, is not far distant, and it will be with an intention to carry on with us a combined operation against the Enemy. And as it will be necessary for us in such case to make every practicable effort on our part, and we may have occasion to call in the aid of a considerable body of Militia, It is my wish that you immediately pursue every measure in your power for providing supplies and Stores of provision for such a contingency and at places from which it can be with ease and convenience forwarded to the Army as it may be wanted. If the Count is coming, I should suppose our Operations will be directed against New York. I mention this circumstance that you may the better govern yourself with respect to the places of deposit. The Quarter Master General will of course, give you every assistance in the Article of transportation. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 58: He was at Middletown, Conn.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 26, 1779.
Sir: The probability of having occasion for a number of Boats, of a particular construction, induces me to request you immediately to raise the sides of as many River Scows as Maj. Genl. Greene Qr. Mr. G. shall direct. He will write you particularly on the subject. The Business requires the utmost dispatch, and is of so much public importance that it authorizes me to give the order and will justify you in quitting the Business in which you are at present engaged. I am, &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 27, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Several concurring reports lead so strongly to a supposition that a French Squadron may be approaching our coast, that I think we cannot with propriety altogether neglect them. If this event should take place, it will be incumbent upon us to exert our utmost resources in a cooperation; and I shall be under a necessity of applying to the adjacent states for very considerable aid of men and supplies, particularly in the article of flour of which our prospects are extremely limited and unpromising. In the present uncertainty, without any official advice of the measure, I do not think we should be justified in adding to our embarrassments, by calling out a body of Militia beforehand; but I think it my duty to give Your Excellency the present intimation, that you may have the goodness to preconcert such arrangements as will be best adapted to a prompt and effectual compliance with the applications I may have occasion to make. These as I observed will reach to a speedy and ample supply of men, of provisions, and I may add the means of transportation, which will also require particular attention in an emergency of this kind. It will be essential that the men should come out properly equipped and organized, that there may be no delay or trouble on this head; and that they should be obliged to serve two or three months after they join the army.
Your Excellency will be sensible how much the honor and interest of these States must be concerned in a vigorous cooperation, should the event I have supposed happen; and I shall place the fullest confidence in that wisdom and energy of which Your Excellency's conduct has afforded such frequent and decisive proofs. With the most perfect respect etc.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[H.L.]
West-point, September 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have this instant received your private letter of yesterdays date; fully persuaded that so respectable a body as the General Officers of this Army can hold no improper meetings, and that no representation will be made by them to Congress that is not conveyed in respectful terms, and founded in the strictest rules of propriety and justice I by no means disapprove the one you speak of for the purpose of laying before that honourable body any disadvantages which may be peculiar to their Rank in the line of the Army. At your request I have in haste signified this for your own private satisfaction and shall only add that with sincere esteem and regard I am, etc.62
[Note 62: The memorial is, probably, the one from the general officers, regarding allowances made to officers of different departments of the Army, to whom the provisions of the resolve of Aug. 18, 1779, do not extend. The memorial, undated, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 41, vol. 7, fol. 259. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 18 and Nov. 18, 1779.)]
Head Quarters, West point, September 27, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 12th inclosing Copy of your speech to the Oneidas and Tuscaroras. I think you were perfectly right in ordering back and detaining the three Onondagas to whom you had granted their liberty upon parole, untill they should send back the seven who had made their escape. I congratulate you and the other Commissioners upon the happy prospect of the success of Genl. Sullivan's expedition, which I hope will make a lasting impression upon the minds of the Savages. I have the honor, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 27, 1779.
Dr. Sir: You will be pleased to hasten the departure of the officer who was to have gone to the Eastward by yesterdays instructions, with this alteration, that he is to call on Governor Trumbull in the first instance, and if his information should be satisfactory to return immediately to Head Quarters. If not he is to proceed to Dartmouth and gain the proper information from the master of the vessel out of which the Count is said to have taken Captn. Gardiner.64 He may call at General Gates in his way to Dartmouth. You will recommend to him the greater expedition. I am, &c.65
[Note 64: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, Sept. 26, 1779, where the name is given as Johnson.]
[Note 65: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 66: Debois was brevetted a major by Congress in October, 1776. He resigned in April, 1779. The draft was addressed to him as at "Mr. Ozley's Water Street between Walnut and Chestnut Streets Philadelphia."]
West point, September 27, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 5th. Instant. I am sorry for your situation, as you represent it; but it is not in my power to give you any relief. When you expressed a desire in the Spring to return to Europe, Congress granted you an advance of a Twelve months pay, as Major, to defray your expences and on the express condition of your being no longer considered as an officer in their service. After this indulgence and instance of liberality I cannot think that you can reasonably expect, either a farther advance of money, or to receive a new Commission in the Army. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West-point, September 28, 1779.
Dear. Sir: I shall consider myself hapyy to see you again in that character in which you are pleased to subscribe yourself whenever the object that drew you to Carolina may cease to be a motive for your continuing there, or will permit you to rejoin your old associates here. In this let me entreat you to believe me most sincere.
Some late movements of the Enemy have given rise to a variety of suggestions. Four Regiments have already sailed from New York; and a still more considerable embarkation is on foot, in which is included a body of their Cavalry. All reasoning on the destination of these Troops will be no better than conjecture. If we should suppose a plan formed by the British cabinet for this years Campaign, the events which have taken place in Europe, In the West Indies, and on this Continent, may have rendered its full execution impracticable, and made it expedient for their Commander here, either to suspend its operation, or to act according to the exigencies of the moment, if he is not under absolute orders.
Perhaps it is fortunate for the interests of your state and the Continent at large, that the success of all Plans depends on matters beyond the controul of their projectors. Since the reports of the Count D'Estaing's fleet having been seen near our Coast the enemy appear rather embarrassed; should this report prove true, I leave the effects it may produce in our favor to your own conjectures.
By this time I expect Genl. Sullivan will have compleated the entire destruction of the whole Settlements of the Six Nations, excepting those of the Oneidas and such other friendly Towns as have merited a different treatment. By my last advices of the 9th. Instt. he had penetrated beyond their middle settlements, had burnt between 15 and 20 Towns, destroyed all their Crops, and was advancing to their exterior villages. The Indians, Men, women and children, flying before him to Niagara (distant more than 100 miles) in the utmost consternation, distress, and confusion with the Butlars, Brandt &ca. at their head.
Wishing you the most satisfactory issue of your endeavours, and much health to enjoy the good name you have acquiredI am, etc.
PS. I shall thank you for presenting my best respects to Mr. Presidt. Rutlidge, Mr. Edwd. Rutlidge, Mr. Middleton [mutilated].68
[Note 68: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 28, 1779.
Sir: I received by yesterdays Post your letter of the 30th. of August69 and am much obliged by your polite offer of service. It is however not in my power to avail myself of it. The appointment of Officers is not with me, and therefore I cannot give you any assurance of your being employed. And besides this consideration, the State of the Army with respect to Officers does not require any new appointments to be made. Under these circumstances I cannot think myself at liberty to encourage you to hope, that one in your favor would take place; and to induce you in consequence, to make a long, fatiguing and expensive journey. I am, &c.70
[Note 69: Mountflorence wrote from Newbern, N. C., and in a letter to Congress he signed himself a captain of foot.]
[Note 70: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 28, 1779.
My Lord: I have your favr. of the 27th. Supposing the Continental Cloathing delivered to the Virginia line last Fall to be of equal quality with that delivered to the other part of the Army, they ought now to be in better condition than any other troops, as they had [at the sametime contrary to my judgment and express desire] a very considerable quantity of state Cloathing in addition to the Continental [which I was sure coming altogether would be misapplied and avail them little].
I have directed Mr. Wilkinson the new Cloathier General who is gone to the Eastward to send immediately forward all the woolen Cloathing of every kind. The moment it arrives it shall be delivered to those most in want. I hope we shall have a sufficiency of Body Cloathing, but in Blankets [and Hats], notwithstanding my repeated remonstrances, I fear we shall fall short. I do not know what stock of shoes are on hand, but I imagine not great. I will write to the Cloathier and know, and will order a due proportion to your division. I hope the new arrangement of the Cloathing department will put it upon a better footing than it has heretofore been. It has occasioned more trouble to me, and has given more disgust to the Officers than any one thing besides in the service.
Upon the representation of the Commy. General a few weeks ago upon his apprehensions of a scarcity of Flour, I wrote to all the States which furnish that Article, I have answers from the Governors all promising to exert themselves, and I hope we shall soon feel the good effects of it. I am, &c.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
West Point, September 28, 1779.
My Dear Sir: I received your letter of the 8th. of July with that pleasure which we always experience in hearg. from those for whom we have a real esteem. The details you give me of your attack upon Stono ferry, are obliging and satisfactiory; and "though all was not done which you wished" I have no doubt that the attempt had a good effect and at least, accelerated the retreat of the enemy. It did no discredit to our arms even by their accounts.
I am chagrined at the delays which the intended succours from Virginia have met with, the more, as by my last accounts, they continued; I hope however they may still arrive in time to be useful, and that you may not be disappointed in your other expectations. Notwithstanding the embarrassed situation of the enemy I am far from being satisfied they will not make another and more vigorous effort to the Southward this campaign. They have very powerful motives to it. The full possession of Georgia and the acquisition of South Carolina would be a good counterpoise to their losses in the Islands: It would give credit to their cause in Europe, favour negotiations in the winter or help to gain friends for a further prosecution of the war: It would also open new sources of supplies, of which they now stand in need both on the Continent and in the West Indies, from the superiority in the English channel, which the junction of Spain must have produced and the restraint it will impose upon the exportations from England and Ireland.
I see no better purpose to which they can apply their army in America. Inferior in naval force in the Islands, they cannot think of recovering those they have lost, or acquiring others; to garrison and preserve the remainder seems to be all they can reasonably have in view: If they make a detachment of four or five thousand men in addition to the troops already there it will in my opinion be sufficient for this purpose. Then by evacuating Rhode Island they may spare three or four thousand more for operations in your quarter, and keep a garrison of nine or ten thousand men for the defence of New York and its dependencies, which from particular shape and insular situation and the works they have raised and are raising, would be pretty well out of the reach of any enterprise on our part without the co-operation of a fleet.
The possibility of an aid of this kind will indeed be an objection to the measure I am supposing, and the ideas of the enemy under their present discouragements may perhaps more naturally embrace plans of more security than conquest. But upon the whole the probability of the latter is sufficiently great to require every precaution on our side. Southern operations appear to have been for some-time past a favourite object in the British cabinet. The weakness of the Southern states affords a strong temptation; the advantages are important and inviting, and even the desperate aspect of their affairs itself may inspire a spirit of enterprise and teach the necessity of some bold stroke to counterbalance their misfortunes and disgraces and to restore their reputation and influence.72
[Note 72: Washington was right as to the southern intentions of the British. He did not know, however, of the enemy's fears for the security of Jamaica, nor that the expedition sailing from New York was for the protection of that island from an expected French or Spanish attack. This expedition rendered it impracticable for the British to send troops to South Carolina. (See Clinton's letter to Lord George Germain, Sept. 26, 1779 (L. C. Trans., C. O. 5, 98, 537).)]
The inclosed extracts contain substantially the most authentic intelligence I have received of the enemy's motions and designs. You will perceive they are making large detachments and that the Southern states are spoken of as a principal object. The particular corps too which are mentioned point that way: They would not separate their grenadiers and light infantry but for some important coup de main; and this I imagine is the manner in which they would proceed against Charlestown: Nor do I see where except with you they can intend to employ their cavalry. But there may be a mistake in this part of the intelligence, from the difficulty of ascertaining corps with precision, and some movements among those which are specified may have occasioned a deception.73 A variety of correspondent
[Note 73: The Jamaica expedition was to operate, also, according to contingencies, against New Orleans; to protect Pensacola; and finally, to join the British force at Savannah.] accounts of late has led us to a belief that Count D'Estaing sailed from the Cape early in August, bound to some part of this Continent. From the direction he took when an American vessel parted with him on the 23d. Augt. Georgia or St. Augustine or both were supposed to be his destination. If this were the case, you must have had knowledge of his operations long since; but a vessel, just arrived at the Eastward amuses us with a story of her having seen him in the latitude of Bermudas, where it is said he took the Captain of this vessel on board as a pilot. The period of time to which this event is referred is the 10th. Inst.; but the Count has not yet made his appearance on the coast. Perhaps the winds which have been contrary have retarded him. Perhaps Halifax is the point to which his attention is directed. Or perhaps the whole tale is a contrivance, though it comes to me with strong circumstances of probability.
I have no doubt that you will make every exertion in your power to be prepared for the worst; and I hope you will be effectually seconded by the states immediately interested, and who alone are near enough to give you the necessary succour. It is to be lamented that the distance and other circumstances are insurmountable barriers to the support of any part of the troops here. With the truest esteem, etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, September 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I do not at present see any objection to your taking the position you mention in yours of this morning, but I cannot undertake to determine fully, untill I have received a Report from Generals Knox and Du portail of their reconnoitering yesterday.
If you are not engaged tomorrow I shall expect the pleasure of your Company at dinner when we will settle the above. I am, &c.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
West point, September 28, 1779.
Gentlemen: I request that you will inform me by the first opportunity, upon what terms the Officers went, who took charge of the Reinlisted Men to Virginia in the Winter. There have been several Accounts presented in consequence, for three Dollars a day for the whole time the Officers were absent. My idea was that only such Officers as were desirous of going to see their Friends, were appointed; that the measure was rather considered in the light of an indulgence, than a command, and that the public at any rate would not pay for any more than the days they were going and returning. Lts. Crittenden76 and Fox77 from the Light Infantry were here yesterday, with their Accounts for the whole time they were absent, and I have understood there are several Others with similar claims. I am, etc.
[Note 76: Lieut. John Crittenden, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain-lieutenant in 1780, and retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 77: Lieut. Thomas Fox, of The Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; wounded at Quinby's Bridge, S.C., in July, 1781; served to the close of the war.]
P.S. I have just received the Arrangement of the Virginia line on the 23d. Instant, which I shall transmit to the Board of War, and request Commissions where they are wanted. From the Representation of the Board, it was only an act of justice to derange Captn. Israel78 of the 4th. regiment. I have done it
[Note 78: Capt. Isaac Israel, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Brandywine in September, 1777. Against his name on the rolls are the words, "never joined."] accordingly, and Captn. Lieut. Curry79 will be appointed to his Company, to rank from the 23d. Inst. and Lieut. Lovely80 will be promoted in his place, as Captn. Lieut. I wish you to call upon the absent Officers, not employed with Genl. Scott, in the most pointed and peremptory terms to rejoin their Corps immediately, their conduct is insufferable.81
[Note 79: Capt. James Curry, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to the end of the war.]
[Note 80: Capt.-Lieut. William Lewis Lovely (Loveley), of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain in February, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West-point, September 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: You will permit me to beg your protection to the inclosed Carolina letters. Should you know of any conveyance shorter than the established post, I shall be obliged by your sending them in that line.
We have little from this quarter to engage your attention unless we should give you report and conjecture. By a vessel in 52 days from Amsterdam to Boston we are told that before the Captn. left that place, a packet had arrived from England, which brought the King's proclamation ordering the inhabitants along the sea coast to drive off all their stock to a certain distance. The Captn. says further that 50,000 french troops had landed in England and that the combined fleets of the house of Bourbon had blocked up the English fleet in Torbay.
The different advices we have had of Count D'Estaing's having been seen in approaching our coast, leaves us little room to doubt of its truth. By a vessel arrived at Dartmouth he was spoke with to the Northward of Bermuda. But so much time has elapsed since that one would suppose he has passed us for Halifax.
[Imbarkation, and fortification keep equal pace at New York, and go forward briskly.]
I have the honor etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The part in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, September 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: General Du portail proposes to reconnoitre the Enemy's situation upon Verplanks point tomorrow Morning. He will apply to you for a proper covering party83 and will fix the time of their being at Peekskill in the Morning. Be pleased to give orders for the party. I am, etc.84
[Note 83: The covering party was 300 strong. The British were alarmed, opened upon the party with their artillery, and sent a reenforcement to the Verplancks works from Stony Point.]
[Note 84: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, September 29, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 9th. and 17th. instants. The former, enclosing Copy of a letter from Lt. Edwards85 respecting the Commissary of prisoners department. A representation from Colo. Webbs Officers on the subject of their Commissions, and extract of a letter from Colo. Chase86 D. Q. M. G. at Boston. The latter, containing Copy of a letter from the Officers captured in the Sandwich packet.
[Note 85: Lieut. Thomas Edwards, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment. He was made Deputy Judge Advocate General in April, 1780; Judge Advocate General of the Continental Army in October, 1782; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 86: Col. Thomas Chase, deputy quartermaster general, Eastern Department.]
Mr. Beatty, Commy. General of prisoners, goes in a few days to the Eastward, when he tells me he will thoroughly inspect and rectify any irregularities in his department in that quarter. I have sent Colo. Webb, who is at present at Weathersfield, the Commissions for his Regiment.87 There have been many circumstances to retard issuing Commissions for that Regiment and other Corps. Their case is not peculiar, as many Officers in the line, from the difficulty of compleating the arrangements, have been the whole time of their service without Commissions. It is impossible for me to give any opinion upon the propriety of apprehending Myers. He must stand or fall upon the general tenor of his conduct, since his residence in Boston, which, you say, appears, by a representation of many respectable people, in a favorable light.
[Note 87: The draft, at this point, reads: "which he will forward."]
I see no objection to granting the general request of the Officers captured in the packet, to remain at Cambridge till exchanged; if there is, in your opinion, no impropriety in it. But so much reluctance hath lately been shewn, by Sir Henry Clinton, to make either partial parole, or final Exchanges, and so many embarrassments thrown in the way of all our late endeavours to establish a Cartel upon liberal principles, that I cannot consent to Major Gardener's88 going into New York, except, he can previously obtain a promise, from the British Commander in Chief, to send out such Officer of equal Rank upon parole, if he cannot effect a final Exchange, as we shall call for. I am, &c.89
[Note 88: Maj. Valentine Gardiner, of the Sixteenth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 89: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, September 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of this date inclosing a representation of the Subs. of the 3d. Connecticut Regt. against Mr. Pomeroys holding his Commission subsequent to his appointment of Auditor for settling the deficiencies of Cloathing for 1777. General Parsons represented the same matter to me the 1st. Augt. last to which I gave the following answer "If Mr. Pomeroy has accepted the appointment you mention he cannot hold his Rank in the Line, but must be considered as discharged from the service. He ought first however to produce the proper Certificates of his having settled his accounts in the Regt." My sentiments are still the same and I think his successor ought immediately to apply to the State for promotion in the manner lately pointed out in General Orders. I am, &c.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 29, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 23d Inst. The clothing which is packed up and ready for transportation you will be pleased to ordered on to New-Windsor by way of Morristown, Pompton and Ringwood. I expect the clothier General will be at New Windsor before it arrives.
We suffer so much at present for the article of shoes that should any be within the order of the board, I wish them to be sent forward as soon as possible.
The blankets we have on hand are greatly inadequate to our wants. If any supply of these can be had it will be a very desirable attainment. I am &c.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
September 29, 1779.
My Lord: General Wayne the better to cover the country in the vicinity of Stoney point and to confine the enemy within their works, has my permission to take a post in that vicinity. Haverstraw Forge has been more particularly mentioned. As I think this position is not intirely without danger, I wish your Lordship to advance a corps of troops to some intermediate point between Suffrans and the forge which shall be judged best calculated to cover the right of the infantry and support it in case of necessity. The cavalry under Colonel Washington may be usefully employed in whole or in part for your mutual security and you will be pleased to make a disposition of it accordingly, as the state of forage may permit. I have directed General Wayne to see your lordship and concert a plan for mutual support. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 29, 1779.
Dr. Sir: It is agreeable to me that you should move with the light corps to the vicinity of Stoney-point on the principles proposed in your letter of yesterday. But as I should not be entirely without apprehensions for your security, the enemy having it in their power secretly to reinforce their garrison, and make an attempt upon you, I shall write to Lord Stirling, directing him in some measure to co-operate with you, by advancing some troops towards your right flank; and as there is a regiment of cavalry about Paramus, it may be employed wholly, or in part, with you (if forage can be procured) as may be agreed between his Lordship and yourself.
You will apply to the quarter master General to furnish you with the number of waggons you stand in need of.
In your new situation you cannot possibly be too vigilant, as you will be somewhat exposed, and the enemy will no doubt have every disposition to retaliate the affront you gave them at Stoney-point.
You will always be ready to move at the shortest notice, whatever way the exigency of the service may require.
You will see Lord Stirling and concert with him a plan for mutual support. I am, etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, September 29, 1779.
Sir: Congress have directed that the two Carolina regiments should march to the Southward. You will therefore immediately put yourself in readiness to move. The Qt. Master will have directions to supply you with waggons and The Commissary to make arrangement of provisions on the route. When you are ready, you will receive further directions for your march. The sooner this is the case the better and you will give notice at Head Qrs. I am, etc.
You will be pleased to conceal the object of your destination.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 95: Of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; brigade inspector in July, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, September 29, 1779.
Sir: I inclose you the account of your expenses in apprehending four deserters left with me the other day, and am sorry to inform you that you can only receive the allowance of Congress, vizt. 8 Dollars for each man apprehended, and one shilling pr. mile to the place where they are delivered. There have been of late from the depreciation of our money, instances of officers on command receiving the full amount of their expenses; but this has only been done where a special promise of the kind was made. By drawing your account as above, and producing the receipts to the Auditors they will settle with you without further trouble. I am, &c.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade, A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 29, 1779.
Sir: From the particular circumstances of Capn. Campbell's case I have been induced to permit his remaining on parole with his friends. You will therefore, in your first intercourse with the British Commissary of prisoners, send in an officer of theirs of the same rank which Mr. Campbell held when taken by them, adjusting the transaction in the usual manner.
Mr. Hogland97 being a violator of parole, is to be sent in by the first opportunity. I am, &c.98
[Note 97: Capt. Jeronimus Hoogland, of the Second Continental Dragoons.]
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On September 29 Washington wrote briefly to the President of Congress, forwarding a letter from Baron Charles de Frey, of Pulaski's legion, asking for leave to go to France, which Congress granted. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 30, 1779.
Sir:99 The irregularities and injuries which have been committed against the Inhabitants of Long Island and of other places in the possession of the Enemy, by persons who professed to have no other views than these Men profess, as Your Excellency observes, have been exceedingly great, and I do not
[Note 99: The draft begins: "I had yesterday afternoon the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 24th inclosing the memorial of Peter Griffing and Jonathan Veal. Whenever it is in my power I shall be happy to comply with your Excellency's wishes and recommendation, but in the present instance it is not." This has been crossed off.] believe it will be possible to prevent a repetition of them, but by wholly discountenancing and prohibiting the business in the manner your Excellency has already done, or that any line of discrimination can be established. But however this might be, I have no alternative in the case, Congress having by their Act of the 22d of June enjoined it in a particular manner on all the Officers of the Army to use their exertions to prevent the parties from going to Long Island or Other places in the possession of the Enemy under the idea of seizing or destroying Tory property. The distinction between Whig and Tory, Friend and Foe is so easy to set up, especially where it is the interest of such parties to do it, that even many of our best and fast friends under the pretext of their being of the latter sort, have had their property wrested from them in the most unjustifiable, cruel and impolitic manner. This as I have observed has been the case, but I would not by any means have it understood that I suspect Mr. Griffing and Veal to have committed or abetted in the smallest degree any thing of the kind. If they had and Your Excellency had had the most distant idea of it, I am certain they would have met at least with the severest reproof, and that you would have been among the last to interest yourself in their present solicitations.
By reports from New York, the British Grenadiers and Light Infantry and the 7th Regiment are said to have sailed from the Hook on the 25th in the afternoon under the command of Lord Cornwallis,1 and the reports add that a second division rather larger was embarking and to follow. Their destination not known, but supposed to be Southward. A number of provision and Store Ships lately arrived2 are also said to have fallen down without breaking bulk, to sail with the Troops.
[Note 1: This was the expedition bound for Jamaica.]
[Note 2: The draft has, at this point, the words "from Cork" crossed off.]
I received last night a South Carolina paper of the 8th instant, by which it appears that an Officer of Count D'Estaing's had arrived at Charles Town with dispatches, announcing that the Count and his fleet were near that Coast. I flatter myself our next advices from thence will inform us that his Excellency has struck some important and interesting Stroke against the Enemy in the Southern Quarter. I have the honor &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 30, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 22d and 23d instants, with the Resolves to which they refer. In obedience to the latter, I have put the North Carolina Regiments under march by the shortest Route to South Carolina.
I yesterday received the inclosed intelligence,4 it is said "to be obtained from a public Office which has the best opportunity of determining the numbers, the Commander in Chief has kept the destination unknown even from his own Aids." I cannot undertake to engage for the authenticity of this intelligence in its full extent, the numbers I am certain must be exaggerated. I should suppose, the Corps mentioned may amount to between 5000 and 6,000 Men.5
[Note 4: This intelligence is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 5: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "The first division said to be under the Command of Lord Cornwallis, seems from the number and the quality of the troops, to be destined for some particular enterprize, and may be thought to point to the southward. But the heavy Convoy of stores and provisions which the information tell us is to accompany or follow the Fleet looks as if they had a more distant and lengthy expedition in View."]
I hope I shall, in a few days, receive a more particular account of the above, from a quarter in which I place great confidence, and which shall be communicated to your Excellcy. the moment I obtain it.
I have just recd. a South Carolina paper of the 8th instant, by which it appears, that the Count D'Estaing had arrived near that Coast. I learn by a private letter from Philada. that Monsieur Gerrard had received dispatches from the Count informing him of his intended operations. Perhaps, upon this change of affairs to the Southward, Congress may think it unnecessary to continue the march of the North Carolina Brigade. I shall however order it to proceed slowly towards Trenton, and should Congress be of opinion, from the advices which I presume will be communicated to them, that the service of these troops may be dispensed with, I shall be obliged to your Excellency for directing an Express to meet Colo. Clarke with countermanding orders. There are possible operations in this quarter, which may render the presence of that Brigade very useful. Congress will judge how far the probability of their being necessary to the southward may overballance this consideration. I have the honor, etc.6
[Note 6: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 30, 1779.
Sir: I was honoured with your letter of the 21st. yesterday. I am sorry that the business to which it principally relates is likely to be retarded by some obstacles, that have been unnecessarily thrown in the way. Mr. Skinner Deputy Comy of Prisoners who is charged with this letter will inform you what these are. There is nothing I more sincerely desire than to see them removed, and every other impediment to an easy and regular exchange of prisoners. But this cannot be the case, until the relief of captivity becomes on both sides the primary and prevailing motive of all transactions in this line. I have the honor, etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West-point, September 30, 1779.
My Lord: I have received your lordships favour of the 28th. with the enclosed letter from Governor Livingston on the subject Lady Mary's visit to her friends. The reference of this letter to me, I can consider in no other light than a renewal of the first application; and I beg leave to assure your lordship that the necessity in which I feel myself of not complying with your wishes, is to me as painful as a disappointment in an affair of such interesting delicacy can be to you.
But a part of the motives which influences the Governors denial imposes a similar restraint upon me. I have uniformly declined giving permissions of the kind for three reasons: the difficulty of discriminating the cases which will justify them from those which will not and of course the danger of giving disgust where I should not wish to do it and incurring a charge of partiality; the popular clamour and jealousy, which attend all intercourse of this kind, even on the most innocent and unexceptionable principles; and lastly an opinion that such permissions from me, would be inconsistent with the spirit, though not the letter of the resolutions of Congress. The reservation of authority, to me, in those cases was necessary for military purposes and no doubt meant to be confined to them. When the motives for the intercourse are purely private or domestic, it appears to me to have been evidently the intention of Congress, to refer the determination to the civil authority.
These considerations have all along governed my conduct, and among other [numerous] instances induced me to deny a request from Miss Livingston last fall, for Miss Brown and some other ladies in New York to be permitted to make a visit to their relations in Jersey. I need not urge to your Lordship the obligations to consistency nor express how distressing to my feelings it is to make them bend to the rigid policy which the temper of the times exacts. To press the apology further would imply a distrust of your lordship's confidence in my friendship, which I am persuaded would be doing you an injustice. I am, etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The word in brackets was inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, September 30, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have just received your letter requesting the addition of two more light field pieces. I have not the least objection to it, and will give Genl. Knox directions to have them sent to you.
The guard boats that are under your direction you will be pleased to mention to Genl. Putnam, who will keep them employed in the same service.9 The Whale Boats and others, you will have delivered to the Quartr. Mastr. Genl. I am, etc.10
[Note 9: On this same day (September 30) Washington wrote briefly to General Putnam: "As Gent. Wayne is about to move his Camp, I have desired him to mention to you the affair of the guard Boats. You will be pleased to take the direction of them and employ them in the same service, as they have been heretofore." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 10: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H.S.P.]
September 30, 1779.
Dr: Sir: I herewith inclose you an extract of my latest intelligence from New-York so far as it respects the particular business on which you are engaged. I am of opinion that the numbers are overrated. But the Count D'Estaing, should he come this way will determine for himself.
We have advice, by a private letter from Philadelphia that on the 9 Inst. the Count was to have attacked the british force in Savanna (Georgia). One of his officers had arrived at Charlestown with the intelligence of his approach.
The commanding officer at Elizabeth Town, has orders to communicate such information of the enemy's embarkations as may have taken place since the inclosed which was dated the 27th. Inst. I am, etc.
P.S. The 33. 63. 64 Regiments have been withdrawn from Stoney and Verplanks points. They have not been replaced.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, September 30, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was last evening favoured with yours of the 26th.12 I am much obliged by the very agreeable intelligence which it contains. I am not without hopes that your next will afford you an opportunity of transmitting an account of the demolition of the British force to the Southward. I am, etc.13
[Note 12: Mitchell's letter of September 26 is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 14: The indorsement of the draft states: "or officer commanding at Elizabeth Town."]
Head Quarters, West-point, September 30, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly handed your favor of the 27th. with the intelligence which it covered.
Major Lee of the Light dragoons is placed at English Town in Monmouth County to answer a particular purpose which I have in view at present. It is necessary that he should, till my further orders be furnished as soon as possible with a copy of the information as you may obtain of the enemy's embarkations or movements. You will therefore at the same time you make a communication of such matters to me, dispatch a messenger to Major Lee with a duplicate. I am, etc.
P.S. Please to forward the enclosed letter to Major Lee.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West-point, September 30, 1779.
My dear Marqs: A few days ago I wrote you a letter in much haste. the cause a sudden notification of Monsr. Gerards having changed the place of his embarkation from Boston (as was expected) to Philadelphia, and the hurry Monsir. de la Colombe was in to reach the latter before the Minister should have left it. Since that, I have been honourd with the company of the Chevr. de la Luzerne, and by him was favourd with your obliging letter of the 12th. of June which filled me with equal pleasure and surprise; the latter at hearing that you had not received one of the many letters I had written to you, since you left the American Shore. I cannot at this time charge my memory with the precise dates of these letters but the first, which ought and I expected would have reached you at Boston and I much wished it to do so because it contained a Letter from me to Doctr Franklin expressive of the Sentiments I entertained of your Services and merit was put into the hands of a Captn. McQueen of Charles Town, who was to Sail from Phila. soon after. In March I wrote you once or twice, and in June or the first of July following, (when it was reported that Monsr. Gerard was about to leave us I took the liberty of committing to his care another of my lettrs. to you,) which sevl. efforts though they may have been unsuccessful will exhibit no bad specimen of my having kept you constantly in remembrance and a desire of giving you proofs of it.
It gave me infinite pleasure to hear from yourself of the favourable reception you met with from your Sovereign, and of the joy which your safe arrival in France had diffused among your friends. I had no doubt but that this wou'd be the case; to hear it from yourself adds pleasure to the acct. and here My dear friend let me congratulate you on your new, honourable and pleasing appointment in the Army commanded by the Count de Vaux which I shall accompy. with an assurance that none can do it with more warmth of Affection, or sincere joy than myself.16 Your forward zeal in the cause of liberty; Your singular attachment to this infant World; Your ardent and persevering efforts, not only in America but since your return to France to serve the United States; Your polite attention to Americans, and your strict and uniform friendship for me, has ripened the first impressions of esteem and attachment which I imbibed for you into such perfect love and gratitude that neither time nor absence can impair which will warrant my assuring you, that whether in the character of an Officer at the head of a Corps of gallant French (if circumstances should require this)17 whether as a Major Genl. commanding a division of the American Army; Or whether, after our Swords and Spears have given place to the plough share and
[Note 16: A joint French and Spanish expedition under the command of Lieutenant General Comte de Vaux was to land in England, but the delay in the junction of the French and Spanish fleets enabled the British to concentrate their naval force at Portsmouth, A surprise landing being impossible, the attempt was abandoned. Lafayette had been appointed an aide-maréechale-général des logis, on this expedition, "a very important and agreeable place." (See Charlemagne Tower's Lafayette in the American Revolution.)]
[Note 17: In his letter of June 12, which is missing from tile Washington Papers, but which Sparks prints in his appendix to vol. VI, Writings of Washington, without the postscript of June 13, Lafayette expressed a desire "to join again the American colors or to put under your orders a division of four or five thousand of my countrymen." The Sparks text of this letter varies from the extract printed in the footnote on page 68, vol. 8, of Ford's Writings of Washington.] pruning hook, I see you as a private Gentleman, a friend and Companion, I shall welcome you in all the warmth of friendship to Columbia's shore; and in the latter case, to my rural Cottage, where homely fare and a cordial reception shall be substituted for delicacies and costly living. this from past experience I know you can submit to; and if the lovely partner of your happiness will consent to participate with us in such rural entertainment and amusemts. I can undertake in behalf of Mrs. Washington that she will do every thing in her power to make Virginia agreeable to the Marchioness. My inclination and endeavours to do this cannot be doubted when I assure you that I love everybody that is dear to you. consequently participate in the pleasure you feel in the prospt. of again becoming a parent and do most Sincerely congratulate you and your Lady on this fresh pledge she is about to give you of her love.
I thank you for the trouble you have taken, and your polite attention in favouring me with a Copy of your letter to Congress;18 and feel as I am perswaded they must do, the force of such ardent zeal as you there express for the interest of this Country. The propriety of the hint you have given them must carry conviction and I trust will have a salutary effect;19 tho'
[Note 18: Of June 12, 1779. The original is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 156, fol. 89. It was read in Congress on September 13, and is printed in slightly garbled form in the appendix to Sparks's vol. VI, also without Lafayette's postscript of June 13.]
[Note 19: "I shall frankly tell you, sir, that Nothing may more effectually hurt our interests, consequence and Reputation in Europe, than to hear Some thing like dispute or divisions between Whigs. Nothing could urge my touching this delicate matter, but the unhappy experience I every day make on this head, since I may hear myself what is said on this side of the Atlantic, and the arguments I am to fight against."-- Lafayette to the President of Congress, June 12, 1779.
"There is another point upon which you should employ all your influence and popularity. For God's sake prevent the Congress from disputing loudly together. Nothing so much hurts the interests and reputation of America, as these intestine quarrels. On the other hand, there are two parties in France; Mr. Adams and Mr. Lee on one part; Dr. Franklin and his friends on the other. So great is the concern. which these divisions give me, that I cannot wait on these gentlemen as much as I could wish, for fear of mentioning disputes, and bringing them to a greater height.--" Lafayette to Washington, June 12, 1779. (Sparks's Writings of Washington, vol. VI, pp. 551--552.)] there is not, I believe, the same occasion for the admonition now, there was some months ago; many late changes have taken place in that honourable body which has removed in a very great degree, if not wholly, the discordant spirit which it is said20 prevailed in the Winter, and I hope measures will also be taken to remove those unhappy and improper differences which have extended themselves elsewhere to the prejudice of our affairs in Europe.
[Note 20: Washington first wrote "formerly," and later substituted "it is said."]
You enquire after Monsr. de la Colombe, and Colo. Neville;21 the first (who has been with Baron de Kalb) left this a few days ago, as I have already observed, for Phila., in expectation of a passage with Monsr. Gerard. Colo. Neville called upon me about a Month since and was to have dined with us the next day but did not come, since which I have not seen him, nor do I know at this time where he is; he had then but just returned from his own home; and it was the first time I had seen him since he parted with you at Boston. It is probable he may be with the Virginia Troops which lye at the mouth of Smiths clove abt. 30 Miles from hence.
[Note 21: Brevet Lieut. Col. Presley Neville, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He had been aide to Lafayette in 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in May, 1781.]
I have had great pleasure in the visit which the Chevalier de la Luzerne and Monsr. Marbois22 did me the honor to make at this Camp; for both of whom I have imbibed the most favourable impressions, and thank you for the honourable mention you made of me to them. The Chevr. till he had announced himself at Congress, did not choose to be received in his public character. If he had, except paying him Military honors, It was not my intention to depart from that plain and
[Note 22: François Marquis de Barbé-Marbois. He was secretary to La Luzerne.] simple manner of living which accords with the real Interest and policy of Men struggling under every difficulty for the attainment of the most inestimable blessing of life, Liberty; the Chevalier was polite enough to approve my principle, and condescended to appear pleased with our Spartan living. In a word he made us all exceeding happy by his affability and good humour, while he remained in Camp.
You are pleased my dear Marquis to express an earnest desire of seeing me in France (after the establishment of our Independancy) and do me the honour to add, that you are not singular in your request. let me entreat you to be perswaded, that to meet you anywhere after the final accomplishment of so glorious an event would contribute to my happiness; and that, to visit a country to whose generous aid we stand so much indebted, would be an additional pleasure; but remember my good friend, that I am unacquainted with your language. that I am too far advanced in years to acquire a knowledge of it. and that to converse through the medium of an interpreter upon common occasions, especially with the Ladies must appr. so extremely aukward, insipid, and uncouth, that I can scarce bear it in idea. I will therefore hold myself disengaged for the present and when I see you in Virginia, we will talk of this matter and fix our plans.
The declaration of Spain in favour of France has given universal joy to every Whig, while the poor Tory droops like a withering flower under a declining Sun.
We are anxiously expecting to hear of great and important events on your side the Atlantic. At prest. the immagination is left in the wide field of conjecture. Our eyes one moment are turned to an Invasion of England. then of Ireland. Minorca, Gibralter, &ca. In a word we hope every thing, but know not what to expect or where to fix.
The glorious successes of Count DEstaing in the West Indies at the sametime that it adds dominion to France and fresh lustre to her Arms is a source of new and unexpected misfortune to our tender and generous parent and must serve to convince her of the folly of quitting the substance in pursuit of a shadow; and as there is no experience equal to that which is bought I trust she will have a superabundance of this kind of knowledge and be convinced as I hope all the World, and every tyrant in it will that the best and only safe road to honour, glory, and true dignity, is justice.
We have such repeated advices of Count D'Estaings being in these Seas that (though I have no official information of the event) I cannot help giving entire credit to the report and looking for his arrival every moment and am preparing accordingly. The enemy at New York also expect it, and to guard agt. the consequences as much as it is in their power to do, are repairing and strengthening all the old fortifications and adding New ones in the vicinity of the City; their fear however does not retard an embarkation which was making (and generally believed) to be for the West Indies or Charles Town. It still goes forward, and by my intelligence will consist of a pretty large detachment. About 14 days ago one british Regiment (the 44th. compleated) and 3 Hessian Regiments were embarked and are gone, as is supposed, to Hallifax. Under convoy of Admiral Arbuthnot about the 20th. of last month the Enemy recd. a reinforcement consisting of two new raised Scotch Regts. some drafts and a few Recruits amounting altogether to about 3000 Men and a few days ago Sir Andw. Hammond arrived with (as it is said) abt. 2000 more; many of these new Troops died on their passage and since landing, the rest are very sickly as indeed their whole Army is while ours keeps remarkably ably healthy.
The Operations of the enemy this campaign have been confined to the establishment of works of defence. taking a post at Kings ferry, and burning the defenceless towns of New haven, Fairfield, Norwalk, &ca. on the sound within reach of their Shipping where little else was, or could be opposed to them than the cries of distressed Women and helpless children; but these were offered in vain; since these notable exploits they have never stepped out of their Works or beyond their lines. How a conduct of this kind is to effect the conquest of America the wisdom of a North, a Germaine, or Sandwich best can tell. it is too deep and refined for the comprehension of common understandings and general run of politicians.
Colo. Fleury who I expect will have the honour of presenting this letter to you, and who acted an important and honourable part in the event, will give you the particulars of the assault and reduction of Stony point the capture of the G. consg. of 600 men with their Colours, Arms, Baggage, Stores, 15 pieces of valuable ordnance, &ca. He led one of the columns; struck the colours of the garrison with his own hands; and in all respects behaved with that intrepidity and intelligence which marks his conduct upon all occasions.
Since that event we surprized and took Paulus hook a very strong fortified post of the enemys, opposite to the city of New York and within reach of the batteries of that place. The garrison consisting of about 160 Men with the colors were brought off, but none of the stores could be removed on acct. of its insular situation and the difficulty of removing them; the first of these enterprizes was made under the command of General Wayne; the other was conducted by Majr. Lee of the light Horse both of whom have acquired much honor by their gallant behaviour in the respective attacks.
By my last advices from Genl. Sullivan of the 9th. Instt. I am led to conclude that ere this he has completed the entire destruction of the whole Country of the Six nations, excepting so much of it as is inhabited by the Oneidas who have always lived in amity with us; and a few towns belonging to the Cayugas and Onondago's who were disposed to be friendly. At the time these advices came away he had penetrated to the heart of their settlements after having defeated in a general engagement the united force of Indians, Tories, and regulars from Niagara. Burnt between 15 and 20 Towns, destroyed their Crops and every thing that was to be found. He was then advancing to the exterior Towns with a view to complete the desolation of the whole Country, and Remove the cruel inhabitants of it to a greater distance, who were then fleeing in the utmost confusion, consternation and distress towards Niagara, distant 100 Miles through an uninhabited wilderness; experiencing a little of that distress, but nothing of those cruelties which they have exercised on our unhappy frontier Settlers, who (Men, Women and Children) have been deliberately murdered, in a manner shocking to humanity.
But to conclude, you requested from me a long letter, I have given you one; but methinks my dear Marquis, I hear you say, there is reason in all things; that this is too long. I am clearly in sentiment with you, and will have mercy on you in my next. But at present must pray your patience a while longer, till I can make a tender of my most respectful compliments to the Marchioness. Tell her (if you have not made a mistake, and offered your own love instead of hers to me) that I have a heart susceptable of the tenderest passion, and that it is already so strongly impressed with the most favourable ideas of her, that she must be cautious of putting loves torch to it; as you must be in fanning the flame. But here again methinks I hear you say, I am not apprehensive of danger. My wife is young, you are growing old and the atlantic is between you. All this is true, but know my good friend that no distance can keep anxious lovers long asunder, and that the Wonders of former ages may be revived in this. But alas! will you not remark that amidst all the wonders recorded in holy writ no instance can be produced where a young Woman from real inclination has prefered an old man. This is so much against me that I shall not be able I fear to contest the prize with you, yet, under the encouragement you have given me I shall enter the list for so inestimable a Jewell.
I will now reverse the scene, and inform you, that Mrs. Washington (who set out for Virginia when we took the field in June) often has in, her letters to me, enquired if I had heard from you, and will be much pleased at hearing that you are well, and happy. In her name (as she is not here) I thank you for your polite attention to her; and shall speak her sense of the honor confered on her by the Marchioness.
When I look back to the length of this letter I am so much astonished and frightened at it myself, that I have not the courage to give it a careful reading for the purpose of correction. You must therefore receive it with all its imperfections, accompanied with this assurance that though there may be many incorrections in the letter, there is not a single defect in the friendship of my dear Marquis Yr., etc.
[Note 23: Of Philadelphia.]
West-point, September 30, 1779.
Sir: Your obliging favor of the 22d. Instt. accompanying the present of a pair of very elegant Pistols came to my hands yesterday. Accept Sir my thanks for this testimony of your polite attention, and be assured that I am, etc.
Head Quarters, October 1, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have received your two favours of the 25th and 29th. I am obliged to your Excellency for the assurance of all the assistance in the power of this State in case of a cooperation with our allies. The degree of aid which will be necessary for this state cannot well be determined beforehand, it will depend on the force of the enemy and the state of our magazines at the moment. In the former we may every day expect material changes, as the enemy seem to be employed in making extensive detachments. I can only in general observe, that the operation will in all probability be as prompt as possible and will require the calling out all the resources of the neighbouring states in a speedy and decisive effort. It therefore remains with Your Excellency to determine what force the State can afford as we may expect the whole will be wanted.
I have the pleasure to inform you that I have received advices of the arrival of Count D'Estaing on the Coast of Georgia. A Charles Town paper of the 8th of September mentions the arrival of the Viscount De Fontanges24 at that place, sent express by Count D Estaing to announce his approach. Mr Mitchel the D. Q. M. G. at Philadelphia who transmits the paper adds that Mr Gerard had received dispatches from the Count himself, informing him of his intention to attack the enemy on the 9th25 and that in consequence of this intelligence The Minister had deferred his departure a few days in expectation of the event. This agreeable news gives us hope the effectual deliverance of the Southern States and perhaps lessens the
[Note 24: Lieut.-Col. Vicomte de Fontages. He was wounded at the siege of Savannah.]
[Note 25: The siege of Savannah began September 23 and the final assault was made Oct. 19, 1779.] probability of the Counts coming this way; but it does not intirely destroy it. We should still be preparing. With the truest respect etc.
The letters contained in yr Excellency's of the 25th have been forwarded.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton The letter sent is in the collection of Frederick S. Peck, of Providence, R. I. (1934).]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 1, 1779.
Sir: Major Noirmont De la Neuville, who will have the honor of delivering this, has signified to me the necessity he is under from his private affairs of returning to France this Winter; and his desire to obtain from Congress a furlough for that purpose. The whole tenor of this Gentlemans conduct in the different capacities in which he has acted has been so meritorious as to give him a just title to the attention and favour of Congress. The certificates in his possession from the different Officers with whom he has immediately served are ample testimonies of his zeal intelligence and bravery. He has sought every occasion of distinguishing himself which circumstances would permit; and that part of his conduct and character, which has come within my knowledge and observation has given me so favourable an impression of him, that I cannot but wish the situation of the service had afforded him more frequent opportunities of exercising those qualities of which he has given such handsome specemins. If Congress are pleased to comply with his request, and he should return to this Country, his merit as modest as it is genuine will always secure him a cordial reception from me. I have the honor, etc.27
[Note 27: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 1, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have the Honor to transmit you the Arrangement of the Virginia line as corrected and newly formed on the 23d Instant, in consequence of which sundry Commissions are wanted; occasioned by former omissions, deaths, resignations and promotions into the State Regiments. The instances in which Commissions are required are, as I understand by the Memorandum at the end of the Arrangement, where the word promoted, the dos. following, and asterisms are set against the Officers Names. In other cases they have been issued. By some means or other, the Arrangement at Middle Brook was conducted upon principles different from those the Officers of the Virginia line with the approbation of the Committee of Congress had established at White plains, which produced some confusion. I have struck Captn. Israel28 out of the 4th Regiment and made the consequent promotions, upon the Report of the Officers of his long absence. I have also charged Generals Woodford and Muhlenburg to call upon all Absent Officers, not employed with Genl. Scott, in the most pointed and preemptory terms, as I had often done before, to rejoin their Corps. The irregularities mentioned to have taken place with respect to the Commissions of the Officers of the 9th. Regiment cannot be rectified at present. I return Lt. Colo. Cabell's and Major Waggoner's Commissions, as they require to be renewed or altered in their dates. I wish it were in my power to be more particular in the causes of vacancies; but they happen frequently in such a way that I cannot ascertain them or their
[Note 28: Capt. Isaac Israel. He had been taken prisoner Sept, 11, 1777, at Brandywine, and was dropped from the rolls Sept. 29, 1779, with the remark "never joined."] dates. Of such however in the different lines, as have been regularly made since the transmission of the Arrangements, I now inclose a list. I have allowed the Officers who have resigned latterly to retain their Commissions, as I found it a matter generally wished and deemed right, and have indorsed their Resignations.
As all promotions from Captains and their Superior Officers are lineal, and their Original appointments having frequently happened on the same day, it is necessary to number their Commissions, to determine in such case their precedence, and as by the changes which must inevitably take place by reason of resignations &c. some confusion may arise without a regular and Uniform principle is established in the case; I would submit it to the Board, whether in the instance of Captains and of Superior Officers, their Commissions had not better be numbered as new promotions arise in regular succession. For example if a State has 30 Captains, Numbered 1. 2 &c to 30, one dies, resigns &c and a New One is appointed, his Commission might be numbered 31 &c. and so in the instance of Field Officers. It is true, there will appear some inconsistency in Commissions bearing higher Numbers, than the real number of Officers in the line; but it will not be attended with any injury, and it is the best mode that has occurred to me, to prevent confusion, so long as the circumstance of date itself, will not be sufficient to decide the precedence, which must be the case, while there remain Two or more Officers of the same rank and same appointment. And with respect to Subalterns, as they do not rise lineally, but Regimentally, their Commissions may not be Numbered, but their Regimental precedence, which with Officers of their class is most material to be adjusted, may be designated in the body of the Commission by calling them the 1. 2 &c (no matter how high the numbers proceed) Lieut. or Ensign of the ... Regiment of ... . If a question of precedence between Officers of this Class, of different Regiments, or of the line at large should arise, the dates of their Commissions where dissimilar will determine it, and if not, some other mode must be recurred to. If the Board have not adopted some better principles and approve these, they can apply them to the Commissions to be issued in consequence of the Arrangement now transmitted; having regard to the numbers of those made out under the former arrangement, in the case of the Captains and Superior Officers. I have the honor, etc.
P. S. I forward by this conveyance a Return of Colo. Lamb's Regiment, agreeable to the Resolution of the 15th of March.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: You wrote to me a few days ago respecting a small guard that is kept at Litchfield upon the military Stores there. I could not give you an answer then, as I had not seen Genl. Knox. He now tells me, that there is a necessity for their remaining, more especially as he is obliged to withdraw a small detachment of Artillery who are there. Be pleased to direct the non Commissioned Officer who commands the Guard to take his orders from Mr. Richards30 deputy Commy. of Stores at Litchfield. I am, etc.
[Note 30: William Richards.]
P. S. Will it not be better to relieve the non Commd. Officer and send an Ensign with a small subalterns Command. A non Commd. Officer is scarcely competent to the task.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 1, 1779.
The Honble. the Congress having, by a Resolve of the 23d. Septemr. directed the two Regiments of North Carolina at present under the command of Colo. Clarke to proceed to South Carolina; I have put them under march, and have ordered Colo. Clarke, upon his arrival in Philada. to put himself under your command and deliver to you the Route which has been given to him by the Quarter Master General.
You are to proceed as soon as possible with the troops from Philada. by the above mentioned Route, to Charles town South Carolina, and upon your arrival there put yourself under the command of Major Genl. Lincoln or commanding Officer in the southern Department.
You are to apply to the Board of War in Philada. for the quantity of shoes necessary upon the march and for the Continental Bounty Cloathing for the two Regiments for the ensuing Year; the different extra Species of small Cloathing will I imagine be supplied to the southward.
I particularly recommend to you to endeavour to prevent desertion in your passage through the State of North Carolina, and have not the least doubt but you will make as much expedition as shall be consistent with the Health of your troops.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have given Mr. Bennet33 a Warrant for 5000 dollars for recruiting, which Sum he will deliver to you. The
[Note 33: Patrick Bennett. He was quartermaster of the Fourth Continental Dragoons.] State of the military Chest will not allow of a larger sum at this time, but you may have more when this is expended. You will strictly observe the directions given in mine of the 24th. Septr. I am, &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West Point, October 1, 1779.
I certify that Major Noirmont De la Neuville has served with distinction in the army of The United States, since the begining of 1778 to the present time in different stations. That in each of these he has given satisfaction and merited the esteem and commendations of the officers with whom he served, as the honourable certificates in his possession will testify. That he has upon all occasions, manifested his zeal activity bravery and good conduct, and particularly signalized himself in the assault of Stoney point. I therefore recommend him as an officer of real merit and one who deserves the encouragement of his country.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 1, 1779.
In consequence of a Resolve of Congress of the 23rd. Septemr. directing the two Regiments of North Carolina at present under your command to proceed to South Carolina, you are to march immediately by the route which shall be pointed out to you by the Quarter Master General, and upon your arrival at Philadelphia, put yourself under the command of Brigadier General Hogan, to whom you will deliver the inclosed directions for his conduct and the route which shall have been given to you by the Quarter Master General.36
[Note 36: On October 3 Washington wrote to Clark: "I have received intelligence which makes it unnecessary for you to proceed further on your route to Carolina; you will therefore on receipt of this letter, rejoin the main army by easy marches." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
It is possible that the Honble. the Congress may, should they receive advice of a change of circumstances to the southward in consequence of the operations of His Excellency the Count D'Estaing, think proper to countermand the march of these Troops. Should you therefore receive such countermanding orders, between this post and Philadelphia from His Excellency the President of Congress or the Board of War, you are immediately to march back and join the main Army.
You will I am persuaded upon your march, preserve the strictest discipline; endeavour by all means to prevent desertion; and make as much expedition as may be consistent with the health and welfare of your troops.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Friday, October 1, 1779.
Parole Frederick'sburgh. Countersigns Groton, Haddam.
A regiment from each of the Pennsylvania brigades is immediately to replace the North Carolina brigade on Constitution Island to be employed in carrying on the works 'till further orders.
General Putnam will take the direction of the Look out boats down the river to be employed as heretofore for the security of this post and the different encampments.
The officers commanding regiments will be particularly attentive to the Chimnies in their respective regiments and will see that the funnels are raised so high as to secure the Markees and Tents from damage either from fire or smoke.
At the General Court Martial whereof Colo. Bradford is President, 21st. ultimo, Captain Von Heer was tried.
1st. "For unofficer and ungentlemanlike conduct in abusing David Parks, an Inhabitant of Pennsylvania and ordering said Parks's waggoner to be whipped.
2ndly. For defrauding the United States in converting two public horses to his own private property without proper authority" and acquitted of the charge of unofficer and ungentlemanlike conduct in abusing David Parks an inhabitant of Pennsylvania.
The Court are of opinion that Captain Von Heer is guilty of ordering David Parks's Waggoner to be whipp'd, which conduct was unofficerlike and unjustifiable being a breach of Article 5th, Section 18th. of the rules and articles of war; They acquit him of the 2nd. charge and sentence him to be reprimanded in General orders.
The General approves the sentence. There does not appear to have been sufficient provocation for the treatment of said Parks, but he principally blames a want of circumspection in Captain Von Heer: An officer impressed with the delicacy of his own character should avoid putting himself in a situation that exposes him to intrusion and insults; which often proceed from an ignorance of the rules of decorum and which lead to such disagreeable disputes and violences.
At the same Court, Benjamin Ballard, late Assistant Commissary of Issues to General Paterson's Brigade was tried for "Selling rum, flour, pork, hides, tallow and other Stores the property of the public without any orders or authority for so doing and contrary to the tenor of his bond and oath of office."
The Court are of opinion that he is guilty of the charges exhibited against him being breaches of Article 1st. Section 12th. of the Articles of War and do sentence him to pay for (at the price they can now be purchased, to be fixed by the Commissary General of purchases and be paid to Mr. Fitch D. C. G. of Issues) 3 bbls. of flour, 8½ gallns. of rum 5½ Cwts. flour, 4 hides wt. 216 lbs., 45 lbs. tallow and 10 empty hhds. They are further of opinion that he pay to Mr. Fitch Depy. Comy. Genl. of Issues the several sums annexed to the following articles.
For 6 bbls flour 56 dollars; I Tierce and 3 bbls do. 122½ do.; Onions &c. 4 do.; 1 hhd. and 25 bbls flour 268 do.; 4 bbls pork 72. do.; ½ hhd. bread 4 do.; 1 Tierce rice ¼ do.; amounting to five hundred twenty six and ¾ dollars and to make good to the Public the damage they have sustained by his selling the articles he is found guilty of, as before specified, that he forfeit all his pay, be dismissed from the service as Commissary; that he be taken into custody and detained 'till the damage is made good in the manner directed by the Court.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders it to be carried into execution.
Mr. Paterson Assistant Commissary of Hides was tried at the same Court for "Giving a Pass to a soldier in the Maryland line without authority."
The Court are of opinion that he had no right to give the soldier a Pass, but from his candid confession of the fact and his promissing not to be guilty of the like in future; the Court are of opinion that he should be released from his Arrest.
The General confirms the opinion of the Court.
Captain Lieutenant Varnerx38 of the 1st. North Carolina regiment was also tried at the same Court.
[Note 38: Capt.-Lieut. James Verner.]
1st. "For playing Cards repeatedly in camp contrary to general and brigade orders.
2ndly. For conniving at and encouraging the same practice among the soldiers to the great prejudice of good order and military discipline.
3rdly. For playing Cards in camp since his Arrest in contempt of orders and
4thly. For breaking his Arrest."
The Court are of opinion that he is guilty of the charges exhibited against him except that part of the 1st. charge which mentions his playing Cards 'contrary to brigade orders.'
The 1st. and 3rd. charges being breaches of His Excellency the Commander in Chief's orders issued the 8th. of January 1778, the 2nd. a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. and the 4th. a breach of Article 20th, Section 14th. of the Articles of War and they do sentence him to be cashiered.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentence of the Court and orders it to take place immediately.
The troops in future to be inspected between the 1st. and 5th of each month.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Saturday, October 2, 1779.
Parole Grantham. Countersigns Harlem, Italy.
The following are the Uniforms that have been determined for the troops of these States respectively as soon as the state of the public supplies will permit their being furnished accordingly, and in the mean time it is recommended to the Officers to endeavor to accommodate their Uniforms to this Standard, that when the men come to be supplied there may bea proper uniformity.
West Point, October 2, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit Your Excelly. an Extract from a Letter of the 24th of last month, which I have received from Major General Gates.39 In Answer to his question, so far as it respects the time from which the Resolve, the subject of his Letter, is to operate; I have written him, that it operated
[Note 39: This letter is not found in the Washington Papers. The extract, however, is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] from the time it passed: but I have not given him any opinion, with respect to the claims of the Militia, which he mentions. Congress will be pleased to determine whither they are or are not, to receive the subsistence granted by the Act,40 and to honor me with their decision, as it will be the rule to govern my Answer in this and in similar cases. I have the Honor, etc.41
[Note 40: The militia officers who turned out for the month of August demanded this subsistence increase. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Sept. 18, 1779.)]
[Note 41: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 2, 1779.
Gentlemen: In mine of the 29th ulto. I barely expressed our want of shoes. I did not then know the extent of our wants, or that there was not a single pair in the hands of the Cloathier at Camp to supply them. A considerable part of the Army is now returned unfit, even for fatigue duty in these stony Grounds, and should circumstances require a move we must inevitably be deprived of the services of a number of Men fit for duty in every other respect but that of want of shoes. I have undertaken to write to Messrs. Mehelm,42 Hatfield43 and Starr44 the three Commissaries of Hydes nearest to the Army, and have pressed them to send in every pair they have upon hand and to call upon those with whom they have made Contracts to compleat the quantities for which they have agreed with the utmost expedition. I must entreat the Board to urge Mr. Henry45 or any others more immediately under their Eye who may be engaged in this Business to exert themselves in making up and forwarding a supply to Camp.
[Note 42: John Mehelm. He was commissary of hides in New Jersey.]
[Note 43: Moses Hatfield, at New Windsor, N. Y.]
[Note 44: George Starr, at Danbury, Conn.]
[Note 45: William Henry, of Lancaster, Pa.]
I cannot help thinking that there must be some mismanagement in conducting the Business, by those at present engaged in the Hide department. While the Brigadiers, thro' the necessity of the Case, undertook to make contracts of Hides for shoes, the Brigades were not only well shod, but generally had a stock on hand. Why matters should have taken a contrary turn the moment they were put into the hands of persons who have nothing else to attend to, deserve some investigation.
I have this moment received yours of the 28th inclosing a Resolve of the same date directing the detention of Majors General Phillips and Reidhesel and their families untill the further order of Congress. I immediately dispatched an Express to Mr. Skinner deputy Commissary of prisoners at Elizabeth town, desiring him to conduct those Gentlemen to Bethlehem, should they not have gone into New York previous to the orders which you inform me you had forwarded to Elizabeth town. I cannot but feel great regret that this measure was not sooner determined. I have the honor, &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 2, 1779.
Sir: I have duly received your two favors of the 24th and 25th Ultimo.
The proceedings of the Court Martial on Milligan are herewith returned. I do not conceive it necessary for me to take any order in a case which you are fully authorized to determine; and to which, from your situation and knowledge of circumstances you must be more competent.
In my letter of the 29th., you will find an answer to what relates to the request of the officers taken in the Sandwich packet; I do not think it would be proper to make any alteration on this head at present.
You will judge how far the complaint of the Canadian Soldiers in Livingstons Regiment, is founded in Justice, by a particular inquiry into their original inlistments; and should it appear that their engagements were only for three years, they must be discharged when this period of service is completed; provided they cannot be re-inlisted for the war, by the means that congress have put into our power for this purpose.
With regard to the resolve of Congress on which you desire my opinion, I have no doubt but the allowance to the officers who are particularly specified, but to no others, was designed to operate from the date of the resolution. I have requested the sense of Congress on that part of your question which respects the militia, and when their answer is received, it shall be immediately forwarded you.
I have understood that Congress have other measures before them, to do equal justice to all parts of the army.
I am much obliged to your attention for the stationary ware. It is not yet come to hand, but I make no doubt, it will prove very acceptable. I am, &c.47
[Note 47: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N. Y. H. S.]
Head Quarters, October 2, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favour of the 29th. of Sepr. containing a plan for recruiting the army for the next campaign,48 which I have attentively considered. Many parts of it correspond exactly with my ideas and with the proposals I have made and am making to Congress. Such parts of it as are new
[Note 48: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] and appear to me calculated to promote the service shall be added. I have the honour, etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: There is one observation which I must make to you that I omitted in my last; it is, that the position of your corps and the disposition of your guards and patroles ought as much as possible to have reference to the security of the camp: otherwise we shall be oblig'd greatly to multiply our guards below and diminish the number of men for carrying on the works proportionably; an inconvenience I am particularly anxious to avoid. In the choice therefore of your positions, you will not extend too far to the right, that you may with the more facility dispose the guards on your left, so as to give a good degree of cover to this post. To this I must beg your particular attention. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of George Augustine Washington, then serving at Headquarters. He was officially detailed to the Guard in April, 1780; rejoined the Second Virginia Regiment at the end of that month; aide to Lafayette in the Yorktown campaign; served to close of the war.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 30th. Sept. by Mr. Helmerharsen51 to whom I have granted a Warrant for 5000 dollars to be accounted for by Colo. Sheldon. The State of the military Chest will not allow of a further sum at this time. When this is expended, be pleased to make a Return of the Names of the Men inlisted, and you may draw a further Sum.
[Note 51: Henry Frederick Helmerharsen. Also spelled Helmerchausen.]
I am anxious to hear what effect the Count D'Estaings arrival to the southward will have upon the politics of New York, be pleased therefore to forward C--letters or any other intelligence the momt. you obtain them. I am, etc.52
[Note 52: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by D. W. Richards, of New York City.]
[Note 53: Of the First Connecticut Regiment. He had been detailed to the Commander in Chief's Guard in March, 1778; transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; captain in April, 1783; retained in Swift's Connecticut Regiment; served to November, 1783.]
October 2, 1779.
Sir: What Major Gibbs's plan is, and what his present line of conduct tends to, I shall not take upon me to decide; nor shall I at this moment enquire into them. I mean to act coolly and deliberately myself, and will therefore give him an opportunity of recollecting himself. He has been guilty of a piece of disrespect; to give it no worse term; such an one, as I much question if there is another officer in the line of the army would have practiced: and because I wou'd not suffer my orders to be trampled upon; a supercilious, and self-important conduct on his part is the consequence.
But this by the bye. Whether you have embarked voluntarily in Majr. Gibbs's present plan of separation, which I think incumbent on me to say, is an act entirely of his own seeking; or whether you have been lead into it from an opinion that having given offence, your company might not be altogether pleasing at my Table, I cannot undertake to say. But to remove all doubt, I am lead from a regard to my own character, and by principles of justice to yours, to inform you, that I consider you as the instrument, not the cause of disobedience to my orders, respecting the Tent. That I had not the smallest intention, nor has there been anything said or done by me, which could be construed into a meaning, that I wished to remove you from my Table.
When there were four Officers belonging to the guard, the number was too great to have them all there; when they were reduced to two, I refused to encrease them, because those two might always be there, and this ever since has been my design and expectation, which is now repeated to you, lest misconception, or misinformation shou'd be the cause of your present separation. After having made this explanation, I shall add, that if it is your choice to follow the Majors example, it rests altogether with yourself to do so. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: "Letter Book" copy.]
October 2, 1779, 5 OC PM.
Sir: I have this minute received a Letter from the Board of War,55 accompanied by a Transcript of an Act of Congress of the 28th. Ulto. of which the inclosed are Copies. You will observe by these, that Generals Phillips and Riedsel and the officers with them are prevented for the present, from going into New York; and that Easton, Bethlem or Reading are mentioned by the Board as the most proper places for their Residence, till the further Orders of Congress are known. Bethlem appears to me to be the best, and most convenient of the three. I request that you will accompany the Gentlemen there, and do all in your power for their accomodation. As soon as you have assisted in arranging matters you will return to Camp. I am, etc.56
[Note 55: This letter from the Board of War was dated Sept. 28, 1779. It is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West point, October 3, 1779.
Sir: I transmit you by Express, an Extract of a Letter of the 26th. Ulto. which I have just received from His Excellency, the president of Congress,58 accompanied by an Act of the same date, of which the inclosed is a Copy.59 The transcripts of the
[Note 58: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Sept. 26, 1779.]
[Note 59: The President's letter of this date is not now found in the Washington Papers and was not recorded in the President's "Letter Book," Papers of the Continental Congress.] Letters to Monsr. Gerard, mentioned in the Act, by some means have been omitted to be sent.
I have no other information with respect to Count D'Estaing's intentions to operate in these States, than what is contained in those Inclosures, and of consequence, I do not know what his plans are. However, as I observed in my Letter of the 14th. of September, we ought to be prepared in the best manner in our power, to co-operate with him, in case the Enemy in this Quarter are his Object. If they are, and which Congress by the tenor of their Act and Letter seem to think will be the case, we may reasonably suppose, that he will arrive in a few days. These considerations induce me to repeat my request, that you will hold yourself and all the Continental Troops under your command in the most perfect readiness, to join this Army on the shortest notice; and that you will concert measures for their proceeding, either by Land or Water as events may warrant. I lodged several days ago, in consequence of the first Reports of the Count's leaving the Islands, dispatches for him on the Coast of Monmouth, with my ideas of the plan of co-operation to be pursued. A part of it is, if consistent with his own sentiments and security, for him to detach some Ships of War on his earliest arrival round Long Island into the Sound; to cut off the communication between New York and Rhode Island and to prevent the Enemy from retreating to, or receiving succour from Long Island. In case of this event, the Troops with you might proceed I should suppose up the Sound, under the convoy of some of the French Ships of War, with great security, and debark, even as high up, if circumstances will admit, which must govern, as Morrissania; and therefore it is, that I mention their proceeding either by Land or Water and that preparations should be accordingly made.
I have only mentioned the Continental troops in my request; but it will be very desirable, if you can prevail on the State of Rhode Island to spare those belonging to them, as our success in case Count D'Estaing arrives, in whatever we attempt, will depend on our having a respectable force. The State I should hope, will have nothing to fear from their absence, from the force on Rhode Island, as the French Ships of War, which I expect will be sent into the Sound, and the Enemy's fears and situation will most probably and indeed certainly in my opinion, prevent them from attempting any operations on the Continent. However to obviate any difficulties on this head, you might call in as many Militia on Continental account, if it should be required by the State, as would replace the State Troops, in addition to which the State might order in a farther number if they should think it necessary. Our operations in case of the Count's arrival, will be very important and interesting, and I am entirely persuaded the State will give their most chearful concurrence and aid in any and in every measure that can contribute to promote the general good.
What I have said above points only to operations against New York; but perhaps it may be practicable, while matters are preparing for this, to reduce Rhode-Island. I would therefore wish you to inform me, what is the amount of the Enemy's force there from your best inquiries: of the extent, nature and strength of their works; the number of their Ships of War and Armed Vessels, and how many Men would be necessary to be employed in conjunction with a fleet upon the occasion; and the time it would probably take to complete the reduction of the Enemy. These are very important points, and with respect to which your Answer cannot be too exact and precise; and I will add from the circumstances of the season, it cannot be to speedily given. Your experience and judgment will not permit me to suggest to you the necessity of secrecy as to our views and plans of operation, as their success will much depend upon it.
In order to facilitate our communications of intelligence, I have requested the Quarter Master General to establish Expresses on the Route to providence; as every moment in case any thing is undertaken, either against New York or Rhode Island, will be precious and should be improved to the greatest possible advantage. I am, etc.
P.S. The Copy of the Act of Congress and the Transcript from their Letter, which I have inclosed, are principally intended for your private satisfaction and information; and I think no more should be said about them, than you find really necessary.
If Colo. Jackson has not rejoined you with his Regiment, you will direct him to do it with all expedition. The Route the Quarter Master General has established for the Expresses, is thro Lebanon and Hartford.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 3, 1779.
Dr. Sir: From an account I have just received I hope this will meet you on your route from Tioga. It is intended to quicken your march, that you may with all possible dispatch form a junction with this army. You will feel the importance of this when I tell you that it is probable we shall shortly have a cooperation with his Excellency Count D'Estaing, which from the enemy's numbers in New York will absolutely, require all the force we have to give it success. The Count arrived about the 2d. of September on the coast of Georgia and by the advices just received from Congress after effecting the reduction of the enemys force there we may expect him in this quarter. The honor and interest of these states will exact from us in this case, every exertion within the compass of our abilities to render the assistance of this fleet decisive; that a period may be put to the hostilities of the enemy in these states. When an object of this magnitude is in prospect, I am confident your activity will effect every thing that is practicable and that I shall have the pleasure of seeing you in as little time as circumstances will by any means admit. The troops I dare say will be much fatigued and in want of many necessaries but these ought not to be impediments to their alacrity, at a moment so critical and so infinitely interesting. On their arrival with the army they may depend on every attention to their wants which their services merit and our resources will permit. I have directed the Quarter Master and Commissary to make the proper arrangements on the route to facilitate your march.
I repeat it, my Dr. Sir, the occasion may be the most important that America has seen during this war; and I entreat that your exertions to join us on which much depends may be proportionable. I am, etc.
If a Garrison should be essential at Wyoming, you may leave one or two of the small broken corps; but come with all the force you can.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, October 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: General Du Portail proposes to morrow to reconnoitre a second time the post of Stony point and to ascertain the distances from the Enemys works to the places proper for establishing batteries. He will arrive there precisely by eleven oClock. You will therefore please to have a reconnoitring party consisting of a Regiment ready at the second place to which you went the other day, not the high hill on which you first took your stand. This is the spot General Du Portail points out; and he will be on the place punctually at the time appointed. The Officer commanding the party will take his orders from him; You will also send an escort to meet him at the house where you stopped the last time to take refreshment on your return to Camp, as he might otherwise mistake his route. I am, etc.
P.S. Two companies of light infantry from Glovers Brigade are ordered to join you to replace those of the Carolina troops. You will send a proper person here to conduct them to you. I am to request you will take pains to ascertain whether the enemy have bomb proofs in Stony point, what number, extent and thickness. This is an essential point to know towards any opperations against that post.62
[Note 62: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, October 3, 1779.
Parole Havannah. Countersigns Jamestown, Kingston.
At a division Court Martial held at Ramapough Septr. 24th. 1779, Mr. Thornton Taylor, Conductor of Military Stores to General Woodford's brigade was tried. 1st. "For striking a soldier, and, 2ndly. For asserting and swearing to a Falsehood."
The Court having considered the charges the evidence and defence are of opinion that Mr. Taylor is guilty of the 1st. charge, being a breach of the 5th. Article of the 18th. Section of the Articles of War. They are further of opinion he is guilty of the 2nd. charge, being a breach of the 21st. Article of the 14th. Section of the Articles of War and sentence him to be discharged from the service.
The Commander in Chief utterly disapproves the sentence. The testimony brought to contradict the facts said to have been sworn to by Mr. Taylor before the Regimental Court Martial is negative and inconclusive, and his own deposition before the court ought to have been produced to ascertain what he really did swear; instead of which, testimony depending on the memory of Witnesses, and in which too they are not precise or uniform, is admitted. This is contrary to that rule of reason and justice which dictates that recourse shall always be had to the highest evidence of which the nature of any case is capable and more especially in charges of so serious and heinous a kind; to say nothing of the dangerous consequences which may arise from a practice of bringing Witnesses to trial for Perjury on slight and frivolous Grounds.
Mr. Taylor is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, West Point, October 3, 1779.
Sir: I have to request that you will immediately upon the Receipt hereof march as expeditiously as possible with your Regiment, by the way of Litchfield, and join the division under the command of Major General Howe. He is at present at Bedford and will be found there or in that neighbourhood. You had better send an officer forward when you come near that place, who may inquire and inform you with certainty, where the division lies. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 3 Washington sent the above letter to Nehemiah Hubbard, deputy quartermaster general at Hartford, Conn., as Hazen was supposed to be at or near Hartford. "You will be pleased to forward this to him wherever he may be. As it is of consequence I am to request that you will lose no time in giving it a conveyance to Colo. Hazen." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 4, 1779.
Sir: It is essential that some good pilots should be ready to go on Board the French fleet the moment it appears perfectly acquainted with the entrance into New York harbour. Wm. Van Drill who resides in your State I am informed is one of the best that can be had. I shall be much obliged to your Excellency immediately to engage Mr Van Drill to go down to Monmouth and join Major Lee at English Town who is instructed on the subject. If there are any others on whose skill and fidelity we can depend within your Excellency's reach, I request they may be also sent. It will be a point on which the successive operations will much depend that the Count should have it in his power to enter on his first arrival; I therefore entreat your Excellency's immediate and particular attention to the procuring of pilots. I have the honor, etc.
Samuel Ashleton at Brunswick
Isaac Symonson Elizabeth Town
... are recommended as good
hook pilots.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 4, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency the Copy of a Resolution of Congress of the 26th of September, by which you will perceive they expect the arrival of66 his Excellency Count D'Estaing; and that I am directed to pursue measures for co-operating with him, and to call upon the several States for such aid as shall appear to me necessary for this important purpose. In compliance with these directions, I have made an estimate of the force of Militia which will be indispensible, in conjunction with the Continental Troops; and have apportioned this force to the neighbouring States according to the best judgment I am able to form of their respective circumstances and abilities. The number I have to request of the state of New York is two thousand five hundred. § In forming this estimate, I assure your Excellency I have fixed upon the smallest number which appeared to me adequate to the exigency, [on account of the scantiness of our supplies], and I think it my duty explicitly to declare that the cooperation will altogether depend on a full compliance with these requisitions. If I am so happy as to obtain the whole number demanded a decisive stroke may be attempted against New York with a reasonable prospect of success. If the supply falls short the disappointment will inevitably produce a failure in the undertaking. In this case, Congress and my Country must excuse
[Note 66: The draft has "an armament under."] a want of enterprize and success of which the want of means will have been the unfortunate cause. If the honor and interest of the States suffer from thence, the blame must not be imputed to me.
I have taken the liberty to dwell on these points to induce a persuasion that I have not in any degree exaggerated the number of Men really necessary, lest a supposition of this kind and a regard to the ease of the people should relax the exertions of the State and occasion a deficiency which would certainly be fatal to the views of Congress and to the expected co-operation.
I am now to add to this request another equally essential which is that the most effectual and expeditious means be immediately adopted to have the Men drawn out properly equipped67 to serve for the term of three Months from the time they join the Army unless the particular service for which they are drawn out should be sooner performed. I beg leave to recommend Fishkill as a proper place of rendezvous. If the laws of the State now in existence or the powers vested in your Excellency are not competent to these objects, permit me to intreat that the legislature may be called together without loss of time, and that you will be pleased to employ your influence to procure laws for the purpose, framed on such principles as will secure an instant and certain execution.
[Note 67: The draft has "and embodied."]
[There are other objects which I beg leave at the same time to recommend to the most zealous and serious attention of the State. These are, the making every exertion to promote the supplies of the Army in provisions, particularly in the Article of Flour, and to facilitate the transportation in general of necessaries for the use of the Army. Our prospects with respect to Flour are to the last degree embarrassing; we are already distressed; but when we come to increase the demand by so large an addition of numbers, we may expect to be obliged to disband the troops for want of subsistence unless the utmost care and energy of the different legislatures are exerted. The difficulties we daily experience on the score of transportation justify equal apprehensions on that account without a similar attention to this part of the public service.
These difficulties were sufficient to deter me from the plan I mean to pursue, were I not convinced that the magnitude of the object will call forth all the Vigor of the States and inspire the people with a disposition to second the plans of their Governors, and give efficacy to the measures they adopt.] I doubt not our resources will be found fully adequate to the undertaking if they are properly exerted, and when I consider the delicacy of the Crisis, and the importance of the object to be attained, I cannot doubt that this will be the case. On one side, the reputation of our Councils and our Arms and an immediate removal of the War present themselves, on the other, disgrace and disappointment, an accumulation of expence, loss of Credit with our Allies and the World, loss of confidence in ourselves, the exhausting our Magazines and Resources, the precipitated decay of our Currency and the continuance of the War. Nor will these evils be confined to ourselves. Our Allies must share in them, and suffer the mortification of having accomplished nothing to compensate for withdrawing their operations from a quarter where they had a right to expect success, and for exposing their own possessions to hazard in a fruitless attempt to rescue ours.
From the accounts received we are hourly to look for the appearance of the French Squadron on this Coast; the emergency is pressing, and all our measures ought to be attended with suitable expedition. Every moment is of infinite value.
With the most perfect reliance on your Excellency's exertions and on those of the State, and with the greatest Respect and Esteem I have the honor, etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words within the brackets were inserted by Washington in the draft, which is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Robert Hanson Harrison.
The same letter was sent to Governors Trumbull and Livingston, President Reed, of Pennsylvania, and Jeremiah Powell, of Massachusetts. In the letter to President Reed, the following was inserted at the point marked §: "I have rated its proportion thus low from a consideration of the extensive calls upon it for transportation and other aids on which our operations must essentially depend and in which all the energy of the State will be requisite." In the letter to Jeremiah Powell the following was inserted at the point marked §: "which I should hope may be easily furnished from its Western Counties. I have rated it's proportion thus low from a consideration that it may possibly be necessary for it to send a farther number to Rhode Island, when the Troops are drawn from thence, to prevent the Enemy in that Quarter from attempting anything on the Continent, which however I think is not to be expected." The portion within the brackets was omitted entirely in the letter to Powell.
With the draft is filed a memo, by Harrison: "Account of requisitions and the places of Rendezvous for the Levies in first instance. From Massachusetts 2,000 Men; Rendezvous: Claverack. Connecticut 4,000: Stratford and Seabrook. New York, 2,500: Fishkill. Jersey, 2,000: Pumpton, Pensylvania, 1,500: Trenton. [Total] 12,000."]
[M. L.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 4, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter of the 26th and 27th ultimo at half after twelve O'Clock yesterday. I immediately upon the Receipt of it, I set about concerting the measures necessary for cooperation with His Excellency the Count D'Estaing, agreeable to the powers vested in me by the Resolve of Congress of the 26th ulto. I have called upon the State of Massachusetts for 2000 Militia, Connecticut for 4000, New York for 2500, New Jersey for 2000 and Pennsylvania for 1500; the last is below the quota that she ought to furnish in proportion to her strength, but I was induced to make a requisition of that number only, upon a consideration, that we shall be obliged to call largely upon that State for the means of transportation of provision and supplies of all kinds. I have also taken the liberty, to press the States abovementioned, to use the most vigorous exertions in procuring supplies of provision, especially of Flour, for the want of which, I fear we shall be much embarrassed, should we draw such a head of Men together as will be necessary to give our operations a tolerable prospect of success. I have not heard from General Sullivan, but by report, since the 30th August. I have however dispatched an Express to him (upon a supposition that he has compleated the object of his expedition and is upon his return) desiring him to hasten his march, and directing him to leave as few Men as he possily can in the frontier Garrisons. I have also wrote to Genl. Gates, desiring him to hold all the Continental troops under his command ready to March this way, should the Count D'Estaing, upon settling a plan of operations, determine upon an attempt against New York: But as there is a possibility that he may, upon being made acquainted with the numbers and situation of the enemy, prefer an attack upon Rhode Island, I have desired General Gates to be looking towards and preparing for such an event. I had, upon the first report of the Counts standing towards this Coast, stationed Major Lee in Monmouth with a letter for him69 to be carried on board upon his first appearance, in which, I informed him of the enemy's force by Sea and land, their position at that time, and pointed out to him70 the measures which I thought it would be advantageous for him to pursue upon his arrival. I am preparing fresh letters for him, in which, I shall
[Note 69: See Washington's letter to Comte D'Estaing, Sept. 13, 1779.]
[Note 70: At this point the draft, which is in the writing of Tilghman, has the following crossed off: "advantages that would result from his being able to enter the harbor of New York suddenly and if possible passing some of his lighter Vessels up the north River, which would effectually prevent the evacuation of Verplank and Stoney points by water. Could this be done, troops will be in readiness to intercept them in a march upon either side of the River. I also recommended to the Count to throw a few ships into the sound, which would not only prevent either an evacuation of or a reenforcement being sent to Rhode Island, but would prevent the escape of such of the enemy's vessels as could be carried thro' the passage of Hell Gate."] inform him fully of all posterior Events,71 and the measures I am taking for a cooperation. I am also engaging and sending down proper pilots to him.
[Note 71: At this point the draft has crossed off: "and shall after giving a general view of the enemy's strength at New York and Rhode Island, and the force that we shall probably be able to draw together to cooperate with him, leave it with him to determine which of the two enterprizes it wall be most convenient to him, all circumstances considered, to undertake."]
I have taken the liberty to countermand the march of Colo. Clarke with the two Regiments of North Carolina, upon a presumption, that, from the favorable aspect of affairs to the Southward, I shall stand justifiable for such a measure.
I observe by a Resolve of Congress lately transmitted to me, that three of the Continental Frigates were ordered to South Carolina. I do not know the views of Congress in making this disposition, but should they have no particular object in contemplation, I would venture to recommend their being ordered to join the Counts Fleet, which in my opinion would be much benefitted by an additional number of Frigates, especially for the Navigation of the North River and the sound. I think it would be also well, should the Marine Committee be directed to turn their attention to the transportation of Flour from the Delaware and Chesapeak by Water. Should we obtain the command of the Sea, Vessels may, without the least danger, be introduced into the Hook, thence to Amboy, from whence their Cargoes might be easily conveyed in Boats up Newark Bay. Or should some of them run round into the Sound it would be equally, nay, more convenient. Should we operate to the Eastward, measures of this kind will be indespensibly necessary, as the length and difficulty of land Carriage will render the support of any considerable Body of Men almost impossible. The Wheat of Maryland being in more forwardness for grinding than any other, I could wish that Governor Johnson may be requested to push the purchases within that State. The Commissary General gives the fullest encouragement on the score of Beef, but of Flour he continues to express his fears. I have the honor, etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Endorsed: "recvd 8 at half past 9: A. M." Read October 8. Referred to the delegates of Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina "to take order thereon."]
West Point, October 4, 1779.
Sir: On receiving advice, that your Excellency had been seen in a latitude, which indicated your approach to our Coasts, and supposing it possible you might direct your course this way, I did myself the honor to write you a letter on the 13th. September, and stationed an Officer in Monmouth County, to meet you with it on your arrival at the Hook. In that letter I explained the situation and force of the enemy, and took the liberty to propose some preliminary movements, on which the successive operations would materially depend. In the uncertainty of your coming, and having little more than conjecture on which to found an expectation of it, these were all the measures I was then authorized to take. But, I have just received dispatches from Congress, acquainting me with your arrival at Georgia, and your intention, after accomplishing your object, to proceed this way. I have, in consequence; called upon the neighbouring States for a reinforcement of Militia, and am taking every other measure in my power, to prepare for a cooperation, with all the dispatch and Vigor our circumstances will permit.
I beg leave to inclose a Copy of the above mentioned letter,73 and the substance of the intelligence since received.74 Your
[Note 73: Washington's letter to Comte D'Estaing, Sept. 13, 1779, q. v.]
[Note 74: Two copies of the "substance of the intelligence," one in the writing of Meade and one in that of McHenry, are with the letter signed of October 4 in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.] Excellency will observe that only two detachments of troops have sailed from New York; one consisting of three German and one British Regiment for Hallifax or Quebec, and the other composed of Grenadiers, Light Infantry and one British Regiment, supposed to be destined to the southern States. I have not received any account of the debarkation of the Hallifax detachment and I believe it has prosecuted its Voyage. One of the transports has been taken and carried into Philadelphia with 160 Men on board. She reports Hallifax to have been her destination. I have reason to believe, from some information recently obtained, that the latter detachment has returned; these however are not altogether authentic, but I am the more inclined to give them credit, as I think it probable they were bound to South Carolina, and in their way may have heard of your Excellency's arrival in that quarter, which would naturally occasion their return to New York.
The Enemy's force in New York and its dependencies, supposing the return of the above detachment, I now estimate at fourteen thousand. Their fleet consists of the Russel of 74. The Europe of 64, the Renown of 50, the Roebuck 44 and a few smaller Frigates. Your Excellency will perceive that their affairs are in a fluctuating state, and therefore many changes may have taken place since my last advices.
From the advanced Season of the Year, every instant of time is infinitely precious, and must be even more so to your Excellency than to us. This makes it to be lamented, that it had not been possible to preconcert a plan before your arrival. The force under your command, and the time you can devote to this business, are essential points in determining what can with propriety be undertaken, and the first steps will be of great consequence to all the succeeding ones. To enable you the better to regulate your own movements, I shall expose to you our prospects, and the different plans which present themselves to me, with the obstacles attending each.
New York is the first and capital object, upon which every other is dependant. The loss of the Army and Fleet there, would be one of the severest Blows the English Nation could experience. Rhode Island would fall of course. But your Excellency will be sensible, that the reduction of fourteen thousand Men concentred upon a small Island, with the assistance of fortifications, is an enterprise of no inconsiderable difficulty; and requires a vigorous exertion of our resources, in conjunction with your force, to give it a sufficient probability of success. Not less than 30,000 Men will, in my opinion, be adequate to the operation, and we cannot collect the numbers necessary on our part, in addition to what we already have in the field, in less than three Weeks from this time. The interval, between your arrival and that period, must for the most part be spent in a state of inactivity on our side, unless you judge it proper to direct your attention to an attempt upon Rhode Island.
The knowledge you have of this place, will enable you, better than me, to decide on the eligibility of this project. The Garrison there is respectable, and as I am informed, secured by a Chain of Redoubts and Retrenchments from one flank of the Island to the other, which would be exceedingly formidable to an Assault. The town however may be burnt, and with it, the Enemy's magazines, which it is probable would speedily reduce them to a surrender. Your Excellency is a better judge than I am of the time which would be exhausted in the enterprise, but I should imagine it might require at least four Weeks for its accomplishment. If you should think proper to pursue this plan, we have a Body of two thousand troops now ready at Rhode Island, and can march thither any additional number you deem necessary for a cooperation. But in order to this, I must request you will give me previous notice of your intention.
Success, in this attempt, would be favourable to our ulterior operations against New York, but a failure would be attended with the reverse, as it would damp the spirits of the Country and diminish its exertions. Another inconvenience would attend it, which is, that without a division of your force to continue the Blockade of New York, the Fleet now there would make its escape. Indeed, in any plan, a division of your force will be indispensable; Rhode Island and the Sound must be blockaded, otherwise the Garrison there will form a junction with the main Body at New York, which would be so great an accession of force, as would render the success of our operations improbable, and the Frigates and smaller Vessels may find a passage through the Sound, and elude your Excellency in that way: But the difference is this: In the latter case, two or three fifty Gun Ships and as many Frigates will answer the purpose: in the former, some of your Ships of the line must be left at New York, to have a superiority to the two that are there aided by the Frigates.
In case of the attempt upon Rhode Island, the only expedient, to avoid a division of your ships of the line, will be, to remain with the whole at New York, and send your troops round under the protection of your Frigates. Your Excellency is the best judge with what propriety a movement of this kind can be hazarded.
In either event, it appears to me advisable, that you should first enter the Bay of New York with a part at least of your Fleet, and as suddenly as possible to intercept the troops on Staten Island and the Garrisons up the River, as the capture of these will materially facilitate the reduction of the remaining force; and I take the liberty strongly to recommend, that a proper detachment may without loss of time block up the sound and the port of Rhode Island. I have taken measures for furnishing you with pilots, one of them accompanies this letter but I have directed three or four to be stationed with Major Lee at Monmouth to put off to your Excellency on your first appearance. Among these is one -- who is acquainted with the navigation of the North River in its present state, and will be able to take up the Frigates which I had the honour to request might proceed into Haverstraw Bay.
I have written to Congress, to recommend the assembling all our Frigates and armed Vessels to act in conjunction with the fleet under your command.
With candour and freedom have I exposed to your Excellency my sentiments and expectations: and I entreat you will honor me with a similar communication of your views and intentions. Nothing will give me greater pleasure, than to concur with these, to the utmost of our Ability.
I have not concealed the difficulties in the way of a cooperation, because I thought it my duty fully to apprise you of them. I am persuaded you will ascribe what I have said, to the proper motive, and to that caution which ought always to influence enterprizes pregnant with such interesting consequences. You will not impute them to an unwillingness to exert the resources of the Country, or to a distrust of the event; for I assure your Excellency, I feel the importance of this generous and seasonable succour, and have the highest hopes of its utility to the common cause, and a termination glorious to the allied Arms. I rejoice in the opportunity it affords, nor is the prospect of acting, in immediate conjunction with your Excellency, one of the least flattering circumstances. I shall with the greatest alacrity concur in the execution of any plan which shall be thought advancive of the Interest and Glory of the two Nations, and may add to the Laurels you have already reaped in so distinguished a manner.
I hope soon to have the pleasure of assuring you personally of those sentiments of respectful attachment with which, I have the Honor, etc.
P. S. Mr. Holker, soon after your Excellency left Boston, communicated to me your desire to have the navigation of Hell Gate ascertained. I have taken the greatest pains to answer your views, and the result of my inquiries is, that never more than a fifty Gun Ship has gone thro' that passage, and this with difficulty and hazard. A large ship it is believed could not pass. The reasons are not a want of depth of Water, but the extreme narrowness of the Channel, the rapidity of the current, Whirlpools and Rocks. The least mis-steerage will precipitate the Vessels on the Banks and Shoals on either side, and the power which the Current and Whirlpools have upon larger Vessels, would make it almost impossible to keep them in their proper course. The only time when this passage is practicable for ships of any burthen, is at the height of flood tide.
I have since writing the foregoing learned that the Renown of 50 Guns and not the Raisonable of 64 conveyed the detachment to Hallifax. We may therefore suppose that the Raisonable is in the Harbour of New York.75
[Note 75: This letter signed is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. Another letter signed, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
West-point, October 4, 1779.
My Lord: By advices which I have just received from Congress, I have no doubt of the French fleet (under Count D'Estaing) coming this way, and that it will appear in these Seas immediately. The prospect of preventing the retreat of the garrisons at Stony, and Verplanks point (so far as it is to be effected by a Land operation) again revives upon probable ground, and I am to request, that your Lordship will concert with General Wayne the proper means; having regard to a relative position to this Post; and the certainty of forming a junction with the Troops at it, in case the enemy (contrary to expectation) should move in force from below. With great regard etc.
PS. Your Lordship will readily see the propriety of keeping this design as much as possible from public view.
[N.Y.H.S.]
West-point, October 4, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received such advices from Congress respecting the French fleet under the command of Count D'Estaing, that I have not a doubt of his coming to this part of the Coast for the purposes of co-operation, nor of his being upon it immediately. I therefore request you to resume your position on Croton, near pines bridge to effect, if possible, the end mentioned in my letter of the 13th. Ulto. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: On October 4 Washington also wrote to Gen. William Heath: "You will please to read, Seal, and forward the inclosed immediately to General Howe." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 4, 1779.
Sir: By advices I have received, it is highly probable His Excellency Count D'Estaing will very speedily appear on this coast to cooperate with us; it will be of great importance that he should be met with intelligence of the enemy's situation, and with good pilots to conduct him into the harbour. For this purpose I am to request you will without loss of time take effectual measures to engage at least half a dozen fast sailing boats, to be kept constantly out from the Jersey shore, to endeavour if possible to fall in with the Count. I am preparing dispatches to be sent by them, which shall be forwarded to you the moment they are finished and I hope by the time you receive them the vessels will be ready. You will see the vast importance of dispatch and will take your measures accordingly. If the Count comes at all, he may be hourly expected and a very few days can at any rate elapse before he will appear. I am, etc.
The Commanders of these boats ought to be men on whose fidelity we can absolutely rely, as the miscarriage of the dispatches would be a very serious misfortune.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Monday, October 4, 1779.
Parole Jucatan. Countersigns Kildare, Lake George.
Lieutenant Jonathan Gibson78 of the 5th. Maryland regiment is appointed Pay Master to the same from the 25th. of February last, and Lieutenants Benjamin Garnet79 and James Gould80 are appointed, the 1st, Adjutant from the 23rd, and the 2nd. Quarter Master from the 20th. of September last to said regiment.
[Note 78: He was made captain in May, 1780; wounded at Camden, S. C., in August, 1780; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; wounded at Eutaw Springs, S. C., in September, 1781, and died of wounds in 1782.]
[Note 79: Lieut. Benjamin Garnett, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Continental Dragoons and served to November, 1782.]
[Note 80: Of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and was killed at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781.]
West-point, October 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: The 3d. Instt. I wrote to you, and for fear of accidents inclose a copy of the letter as your forming a junction with this Army as speedily as possible may be of the utmost importance.81
[Note 81: Washington wrote also this same day (October 5) to General Greene: "That the junction of General Sullivans troops with this army may be completed as soon as possible, I have to request that you will take every measure in your line and without losing time, to facilitate this purpose."
Also he wrote to Commissary General Wadsworth that Sullivan was on his march to join the main army and "I am to request that you will take all proper measures for the sustenance of his troops during their march" These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
I have not received a line from you since the 30th. Augt. which I can no otherwise acct. for than by a miscarriage of letters. I am altogether unacquainted with your movements since the battle at Newtown and have only common report for your having advanced to Conosadaga, and returning to Teoga.
The French fleet have not yet appeared upon this coast but I expect every moment to hear of it off Sandy hook. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, West Point, October 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you yesterday requesting you to prepare a certain number of Boats, upon the Coast of Jersey, to be ready to carry off dispatches for His Excellency Count D'Estaing. From some later advices I find that my letters will reach him sooner by another Channel. You will therefore; be pleased to countermand any orders that may have been given respecting the Boats. I have directed as many Hook pilots as can be collected to rendezvous at Trenton, and upon their arrival report themselves to you. You will be pleased to have them accommodated and held ready to repair to whatever quarter they may be ordered. I am, etc.
P. S. As the pilots are sent in to you be pleased to send them immediately forward to the Marine Committee in Philada. with a line certifying them being proper Men.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 5, 1779.
Sir: I request that you will use every practicable exertion to have All the Coats, Waistcoats, Breeches, Blankets, Woollen Overalls, Shirts, Shoes, Stockings, Hats, Caps, Watchcoats and Woollen Mitts, belonging to the Continent, brought on to Newburg without a moment's delay. The exigency of our Affairs demands it. I am, etc.
P.S. You may leave Cloathing at the Eastward for about Twelve Hundred Troops at Rhode Island.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 84: A pilot, of Quaker Hill, Dutchess County, New York.
On October 7 Washington wrote to the Marine Committee of Congress, introducing Captain Hunt: "He is intimately acquainted with the passage of Hell Gate, and I flatter myself may be of essential service to the Count." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 5, 1779.
Sir: There is a probability that some pilots well acquainted with the entrance into New York Harbour and the two Rivers North and East,85 will be wanted for a service of the most
[Note 85: In the Washington Papers, at the end of the year 1780, is a series of questions in the writing of Tench Tilghman, proposed to Mr. Hunt and his answers thereto, respecting the depth of the water and the navigation of Hell Gate; suitable places, east of Hell Gate, for communicating with Long Island, together with information about pilots and distances.] important nature. I am persuaded you will be glad to have an opportunity of serving your Country upon this occasion; and I shall be obliged to you to engage any others in whose skill and fidelity you can rely. There is not a moments time to be lost, for which reason I hope to see you at Head Quarters to morrow, together with those you may be able to engage. Their expenses will be paid and a handsome compensation made for their services. I am, etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Tuesday, October 5, 1779.
Parole Louis XVI. Countersigns Gerard, D'Estaing.
The Commander in Chief requests that the commanding officers of corps will immediately call upon their respective officers who are absent from camp and not employed on special commands or who have not obtained recent furloughs in the most pointed and peremptory terms to join their Corps without a moments delay. A period may arrive in this campaign, and perhaps it is very near at hand, when the absence of an officer, unless there are powerful reasons for it, may fix an indelible stigma upon him. This consideration, if motives of public duty are not sufficient of themselves ought to bring every one under the above description to their respective commands.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Bradford is President is dissolved and another ordered to sit tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the usual place whereof Colo. Starr is appointed President, for the trial of such persons as shall come before them.
[Note 87: A pilot, of Fishkill, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, October 5, 1779.
Sir: An event may very soon take place which will render your services of the greatest importance to the public. I shall therefore be glad to see you without delay at Head Quarters, when I will explain to you in what manner your services will be necessary. You will come prepared for a journey of some length. Your expenses shall be borne and your trouble amply rewarded; of this I shall myself take care. All possible dispatch ought to be made and the greatest secrecy observed. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The same letter was sent to the following pilots: James Hallet and Martin Johnson, of Stamford, Conn., and Abraham Martlings, of Peekskill, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you yesterday requesting the favr. of you to procure certain pilots at present in Jersey, and send them down to Major Lee at English Town, Monmouth County. I must now desire your Excellency to direct the Pilots to rendezvous at Trenton instead of English town, and upon their arrival at the former place, report themselves to Colo. Jno. Cox Asst. Qr. Mr. Genl. and take their further orders from him. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 90: Of the Continental Congress.]
West point, October 6, 1779.
Gentn: I had the honor yesterday to receive your favor of the 28th of September, accompanied by a Copy of your Letter of the same date to the Commissioners of the Navy Board at Boston; and am happy in the correspondence of your ideas, with mine upon the subject of it. I wrote Congress on the 4th. Instant, and suggested to them the eligibility of the plan which you had already adopted.
I take the liberty to transmit the inclosed Letter91 for his Excellency Count D'Estaing to your care, and request that it may meet him, on his earliest arrival off the Capes of Delaware. The contents of it are very important and interesting; which considerations will induce the Honourable Committee not to confide it to the care of any person, who is not a trusty and good friend. It cannot reach His Excellency the Count too expeditiously.
[Note 91: Oct. 4, 1779.]
Two pilots Capn. Dobbs and a Mr Redfield set out a few hours ago for Philadelphia, and I should hope from the measures I have taken, that there will be Others immediately with you, or on the Coast of Monmouth, ready to embark on board the Count's Squadron. I have the honor, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
Alexander Hamilton also wrote the Marine Committee, by Washington's direction, this same day (October 6), that Pilots Dobbs and Redfield were engaged to go on board the French Fleet, which was expected to call in the Delaware River. Dobbs knew the Sandy Hook Channel and Redfield the navigation of the North River. Washington "was just setting out with Mr. Gerard on a visit to the works when these persons arrived at Head Quarters; and to avoid detaining them, left orders with me to despatch them with a letter to you." Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday last Evening. It was intirely owing to the idleness of the Express that the letter informing you of the intended reconnoitering party did not reach you in time. I send you by the Dragoon the Theodolite taken at Stoney point. There is no Chain belonging to it. You must supply that deficiency with a Rope.
Paramus was not in my opinion the proper position for the whole of Lord Stirlings force, nor indeed of any part of it, to answer the purpose of covering your Right flank. I have since wrote to his Lordship to take a position that will, in conjunction with the light Infantry, prevent the retreat of the enemy from Stoney point by land. This I have done upon a possibility that the Count D'Estaing will be able, should he arrive, to run some light ships up the River and prevent the evacuation by Water.
His Lordship will I presume, by the time this reaches you, have so concerted measures with you as to answer the desired purpose, and tend to your mutual security. Be pleased to keep the matter of endeavouring to intercept the Garrison, a secret. I am, &c.93
[Note 93: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Washington wrote also to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe, this same day (October 6), that there was nothing of information to forward: "You will be pleased to thank the party of horse in my name for the great gallantry with which they behaved." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 6, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received last evening your letter of the 3d. with its inclosure.
In your first communication with C-- and you will make it as soon as possible, I shall want to be as perfectly ascertained as the nature of the inquiry will admit viz. The quantity and quality of the provisions in New-York, comprehending their whole stock whether in magazines or on ship-board. He will be particular as to the kind and size of the works that are lately formed, or that may be erected. And at all times keep his attention on changes of situation, or the new positions which may be taken by the enemy. He will inform me what new works are erected on Long Island besides those at Brooklyn, and where, and of what nature. I wish also to know where their shipping lyes, and if they appear to be taking measures and what measures for their security in case of a french fleet's entering the harbour. I am, etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters at West Point, October 6, 1779.
Sir: Congress having received intelligence that Count D'Estaing, with a considerable Fleet and Army, has arrived upon this Coast, and that it is the intention of our Ally to operate against the enemy in these States; they have been pleased to direct me to concert and execute such plans of cooperation, with the Minister plenipotentiary of France, or the Count, as I may think proper, and to make the preparations necessary for such an event.
You will therefore, immediately take measures to provide upon the North River; [Connecticut River, and in] the Sound as many Boats and other Craft as may be deemed necessary for an enterprise against the enemy in New York, should an attempt upon that place and its dependencies be determined upon. You will also endeavour to provide Tents sufficient for the covering of ten thousand Militia, which number we shall be under the necessity of calling into the Field in case we commence the before mentioned operation. You will take into consideration the number of Teams which may be thought necessary to support such an operation, and to bring forward the military and other stores essential to the expedition.
I approve of your plan of calling upon Major Eyres in Philada. to employ as many ship Carpenters as can be found willing to engage in the expedition. They will hasten the previous preparations of the Boats, as well as aid some other operations in the course of the Business. You will generally make such preparations in your department, as such an operation as the before mentioned may seem to require, having constantly in view the necessity of being in readiness as soon as possible.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Wednesday, October 6, 1779.
Parole Vergennes. Countersigns Luzerne, Sartine.
All the non commissioned officers and privates in the brigades at and near this post who are Ship-Carpenters or acquainted with making tents, not already employed in the Q. M. Genl's. Department, are to be drafted and sent to the Q. M. Genl's. Markee tomorrow morning 8 o'clock where they will receive their orders.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Thursday, October 7, 1779.
Parole Mecklenburgh. Countersigns Nile, Oder.
ADVERTISEMENT
A few tickets of the 3rd. Class of the United States Lottery96 at the Pay-Office. Those who apply soon may be supplied.
[Note 96: Of 1777.]
West-point, October 7, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Permit me, amongst the number of your friends to congratulate you and my Country on your late honourable, and important appointment.97 be assured Sir that my pleasure on this occasion though it may be equalled cannt. be exceeded by that of any other.
[Note 97: Jay had been elected on Sept. 27, 1779, minister plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with Spain.]
I do most sincerely wish you a pleasant and an agreeable passage. The most perfect and honourable accomplishment of your ministry, and a safe return to the bosom of a grateful Country. with the greatest regard and sincerest personal attachment I have the honour etc.98
[Note 98: The letter sent, as printed in the Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay (H. P. Johnston, ed., N. Y., 1890), vol. i, p. 246, varies slightly from this autograph draft in word arrangement.]
[Note 99: Who, before her marriage, had been Sarah Van Brugh Livingston, daughter of Gov. William Livingston, of New Jersey.]
West-point, October 7, 1779.
General Washington presents his most respectful compliments to Mrs. Jay. Honoured in her request by Genl. St. Clair, he takes pleasure in presenting the inclosed with thanks for so polite a testimony of her approbation and esteem. He wishes most fervently, that prosperous gales, an unruffled Sea, and every thing pleasing and desirable, may smooth the path she is about to walk in.1
[Note 1: The United States frigate Confederacy, on which the Jays sailed, ran into a gale, was dismasted, and forced to put into Martinique. From there Jay proceeded to Spain in a French ship and did not reach Cadiz until near the end of January, 1780. He was not fairly established in Madrid until April.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 7, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of addressing you on the 4th Inst. upon the subject of an expected co-operation with His Excellency Count D'Estaing against the common enemy. Upon consulting Major Genl. Greene Qr. Mr. Genl. and Brigr. Genl Knox commanding the Artillery I am apprehensive that we shall fall short in two most essential Articles, Gun powder and Tents. Of the former, we have lately been much disappointed, by the failure of the arrival of a supply from the West Indies. You and the Gentlemen of the Council must be so fully sensible of the consequences which would follow the interruption of our operations for want of powder, even for one day, that I shall make no apology for requesting a loan from the State of Massachusetts of as much of that Article, from their private Magazines, as can possibly be spared, should an operation of any consequence be undertaken in conjunction with the french fleet and Army. General Greene calculates the probable deficiency of Tents at 1500. Should it be possible for the State to furnish the Continent with that number, it will render a most essential public service, and I will engage that they shall be re placed or paid for as may be most agreeable.2
[Note 2: At this point there is crossed off the following: "I shall be glad of an answer to the foregoing request as soon as possible, and if granted, whether the whole or what part may be relied on."]
Should a joint operation against New York be determined upon, the service of a number of Men, well acquainted with the management of Boats, will be most material, indeed, I know not how we should be able to make a descent without them. It is the opinion of some Gentlemen, with whom I have conversed that it would be possible to engage a number of sailors at Boston and other Coast Towns in the State for this purpose. Should the measure be found practicable, I should esteem it as a favor if the Council would undertake the raising of a number, not exceeding one thousand, with a proper pro portion of Officers. The Men to be engaged to the last of December unless the service should admit of their discharge sooner, and both Officers and Men to draw the pay of the Navy. Should we, as I hope we shall if we operate, command the navigation of the sound, the Men may be brought from Bed ford or some part of Rhode Island by Water. Your answer to the several points contained in this letter, as early as possible, will oblige me much. I have the honor, etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 7, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of addressing your Excellency on the 4th instant upon the subject of an expected co-operation with the Count D'Estaing against the common Enemy. I find upon a consultation with Brigadier General Knox, that the probable expenditure of ammunition, should such an event take place, will be more than our Continental Magazines are likely to afford. You must be so fully sensible of the consequences which would follow the interruption of our operations for want of powder, even for one day, that I shall make no apology for requesting a loan from the State of Connecticut, of as much of that article, from their private Magazines, as they can possibly spare, should any enterprise of consequence, in conjunction with the fleet and army of His Most Christian Majesty be undertaken. I have upon every occasion, so fully experienced your Excellency's zeal, and attention to the concerns of the general interest, that I am convinced of your using all your influence with the State in obtaining the grant of this my re quest. I shall be glad to know what reliance I may have upon you and what quantity I may expect. I have the honor, etc.
Ps. I have this moment been honored with yours of the 2d, the contents of which afford me great pleasure. Your Excellency may depend on the earliest intelligence of the Count's approach. I beg leave to refer you to mine of the 4th. for the particulars required in yours of the 2d.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 7, 1779.
Sir: Since my letter to your Excellency on the 4th. Instant, I have had the honor of a visit from His Excellency Monsieur Gerard. In the conversation we had relative to a cooperation with the fleet and troops under your command, he expressed his doubts of its being possible for you to continue such a length of time as may be essential to the success of the under taking, and which alone could justify me in going into those extensive preparations absolutely necessary on our part. I have therefore appointed Brigadier General Du Portail and Col Hamilton to wait upon Your Excellency as speedily as possible and explain to you fully my ideas of the proposed cooperation; the means we shall be able to employ; the obstacles we shall have to encounter on our side; the plans which it may be proper to pursue and the measures which are taking and may be taken by the enemy to counteract them. This will enable your Excellency to determine what you can with propriety undertake. I shall only add that if your Excellency will engage to cooperate with your whole naval and land force against the enemy's fleet and army at New York 'till the winter is so far advanced that the ice will make it impracticable to remain with yr. fleet any longer in the port, I will bring Twenty five thousand effective men into the field and will exert all the re sources of the country in a vigorous and decided cooperation. Without this assurance on the part of Your Excellency, it would be inconsistent with my duty to the public and to the common cause to incur the expense and hazard which would be inseperable from the enterprise; and the more disagreeable consequences which would attend a failure. I flatter myself your Excellency will be fully sensible of the weight of the reasons on which this declaration is founded and will approve the frankness with which it is made, and with which I have instructed General Du Portail and Col Hamilton to disclose to you every circumstance and every consideration with which it is necessary you should be acquainted. If your determination should be in favour of the enterprise I request you will honour me with a line in answer to this letter, expressive of your ultimate intentions and that you will communicate to the Gentlemen who now wait upon you the previous measures you propose to pursue; and your sentiments of the most eligible plan of cooperation. I shall act in consequence, 'till the period arrives for concerting a final and more determinate plan.
I would now observe to Your Excy, that you may repose the most implicit confidence in Genl. Du Portail and Colo. Hamilton, and accordingly I recommend them to your kind civilities and attention. And having done this, I have only to renew the assurances of that sincere attachment and perfect respect with which I have the honor, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter signed is in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. It varies from the draft in abbreviations and capitalization.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 7, 1779.
My Lord: I have been duly honored with your Lordships letter of the 5th., and the observations that were inclosed. I shall not fail should we be fortunate enough to have it in our power to enter upon such an undertaking as your Lordship has supposed,6 to pay them a proper attention and I have to request such further suggestions as may occur to your Lordship on this subject. We have however no certainty off the Counts designs, or how far he may mean to extend his operations this way.
[Note 6: Stirling's plan of attack on Staten Island, Oct. 5, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.]
I am this moment favored with yours off the 4th. It does not appear to me that Paramus is a situation calculated to answer the purposes which we have more immediately in view, particularly the support of the Light Infantry and your relation to the succour of this post. We are not justified in overlooking these objects. Your Lordship will therefore be pleased to take such measures as may most effectually answer these purposes, attending at the same time, as much as possible to the object mentioned in a former letter.
I wish your Lordship a better state of health; and have no objection to your journey to Baskinridge. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 7, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 3d. inst. came to hand yesterday.
I shall comply with your present engagements to the spies, which you have promised to pay in specie; but as we have so little of this to spare for even the most pressing and important purposes within the enemy's lines, you will be careful to effect as much as possible with such other means as we have in our power; and as oeconomical in all other expeditions as our circumstances are limited.
It is an object at present particularly interesting to be well informed as to the enemy's naval force. You will therefore be attentive to this as well as to such other intelligence as may be of use.
I have given a warrant to Capn. Rudulph for the sum granted by Congress to the non-commissioned officers and privates concerned in the attack of Powles Hook.8 You will be pleased to distribute this money in proportion to the pay of the non-commissioned officers and privates, which was the manner observed in the case of Stony-point. I am, etc.
[Note 8: "To Capt John Rudulph [Rudolph], for Majr. Lee to be distributed among the Officers and soldiers under his commd. at the Attack of Paulus Hook by Resolve of Congress 27 Sept. 15000 [Dollrs]."--Oct. 6, 1779, "Warrant Book," in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. You may in future or while on your present command mark your letters private.
I presume that you constantly keep an intelligent officer to observe the arrival or sailing of the enemy's vessels. I wish to have his diary transmitted from time to time, say once a week, and more especially when any move extraordinary occurs in this line.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Friday, October 8, 1779.
Parole Norlingen. Countersigns Oleron, Padron.
The fatigue parties which go on in the morning to take their breakfast with them; At twelve they are to be relieved by an equal number who are to remain on duty 'till twilight.
The North Carolina troops will resume their former position on the Island and the regiments of Pennsylvania rejoin their respective brigade.
Tomorrow the troops will begin to exercise in the following manner.
Two regiments by brigade will exercise daily from 9 to 11 o'clock in the morning, and from three to half past four in the afternoon. For this purpose the duty is to be done regimen tally as far as possible.
Each regiment will form a battalion as complete as possible and absolutely not under the number of men fixed in the Ordinance.
Each Colonel will himself command his battalion and will perform the following exercise: 1st. The Manual Exercise. 2ndly. To wheel by Platoons from the right or left; to march the regiment in the ordinary step; to form it again on the same place which it has quitted. 3rdly. To advance in battalion in the ordinary step. 4thly. To retire in battalion in the same step. 5thly. To fire by Platoons, Division and Battalion standing. The Inspectors will assist in the Exercise and will see that nothing is done contrary to the principles established in the regulations.
The Honorable the Congress on the 25th. of September12 were pleased to pass the following resolves, and His Excellency the President adds that, "The important business in which Congress have been engaged, has prevented an earlier attention to the brilliant action at Powles Hook."
[Note 12: Should be the 24th of September.]
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to Major General Lord Stirling, for the judicious measures taken by him to forward the enterprize and to secure the retreat of the party.
Resolved. That the thanks of Congress be given to Major Lee, for the remarkable prudence, address and bravery displayed by him on the occasion; and that they approve the humanity shewn in circumstances prompting to severity, as honourable to the arms of the United States, and correspondent to the noble principles on which they were assumed.
Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the discipline, fortitude and spirit manifested by the officers and soldiers under the command of Major Lee, in the march, action and retreat; and while with singular satisfaction they acknowledge the merit of these gallant men, they feel an additional pleasure by considering them as part of an army, in which very many brave officers and soldiers have proved by their cheerful performance of every duty under every difficulty, that they ardently wish to give the truly glorious examples they now receive.
Resolved, That Congress justly esteem the military caution so happily combined with daring activity by Lieutenants McCallister and Rudolph in leading on the forlorn hope.
Resolved, That a medal of gold emblematical of this affair, be struck under the direction of the Board of Treasury, and presented to Major Lee.
Resolved, That the brevet and the pay and subsistence of captain, be given to Lieutenant M'Callister and Lieutenant Rudolph respectively.
Resolved, That the sum of fifteen thousand dollars be put into the hands of Major Lee, to be by him distributed among the non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the detachment he commanded at the attack and surprise of Powles Hook in such manner as the Commander in Chief shall direct.
Resolved, That the pay and subsistence of captains be allowed to Lieutenants Gibbons and Knox, the officers who led on the forlorn hope in the late attack on Stoney Point, and also to Mr. Archer, the bearer of the general's letter and volunteer aide,to commence from the date of their respective commissions of brevets voted by Congress the 26 day of July last.
Head Quarters, October 8, 1779.
Madam: In all applications such as you have made, I have uniformly referred the persons to the State of which they were subjects. When you have obtained the permission of the governor to go into New York, and to return with such property as he may permit, I shall give you my pass-port, and what other protection may be necessary on the occasion. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 8, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with yours of the 30th ulto. on the subject of Major Francis Murray's14 exchange for the Hessian Major Stein,15 lately captured. Had Major Stein been taken by a continental Vessel, a preference in favr. of Major Murray would have been totally inadmissible; but all circum stances considered, I do not think our Officers who are prisoners, should look upon themselves injured, when they are acquainted with the claim which Mr. John Murray, one of the owners of the Mars, seems to have, of demanding his Brother
[Note 14: Of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was exchanged in December, 1780, and did not rejoin the service.]
[Note 15: Maj. Johann Fredrich von Stein, Regiment Knyphausen, German allied troops.] for Major Stein, more especially as the remainder of the prisoners taken by that Vessel have, as you report, been generously given up for the Benefit of the Continent. This being in the nature of a private Exchange, Major Stein must undertake to negotiate it himself, by making the proposition either to Genl. Clinton or his own commander in Chief as he may judge most proper; and I could wish, that he may, in his application, set forth that Major Murray is Brother to the owner of the private Vessel of War that captured him, and that the exchange is effected upon the particular interposition of Mr. Jno. Murray.16
[Note 16: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "This will serve to convince Officers that nothing irregular has been done by me, or any undue preference given."]
The inclosed Return of Men, detained in Philadelphia as Artificers of various kinds, has been made to me by Brigr. Genl. Irvine, with a request that they may be ordered to join their respective Regiments if not very materially employed. You will observe that the 10th Regt. returns no less than 18, a number very severely felt in the weak state which most of our Regiments are in. Besides this, the Men, by being long absent, become debauched and intirely forget all their military duties. Under the present prospect of Affairs we may shortly have occasion for every continental Soldier that can be collected; I shall therefore be glad that the above mentioned per sons may be delivered to Captn. Ziegler of the Penna. line, unless they are employed in a manner that renders their serv ices more essential in Philada. than with their Regts.
Mr Wilkinson is now here endeavouring to organize and reduce to a regular System the Cloathing department. He seems to think, and I agree with him, that one of the first things to be done, is to stop all partial Issues, by purchasing Agents or any other Authority without his privity, other wise he never can determine, at a view, with what the troops of any particular State, or those who do not come under that denomination, have been furnished, and consequently, he will be much at a loss in apportioning equally the general Stock. I have made him acquainted with the necessity which there has heretofore been of deviating from this rule, merely for want of some person at the Head of the department with competent powers to transact the whole of the business, but I now think it will be proper that Mr. Wilkinson should be acquainted with all the orders that have been given in the course of this year, for Cloathing for the next, that he may have a check upon the future applications of those who have been furnished. I have the honor, &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 18: Of the Invalid Regiment.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 8, 1779.
Sir: I received your favour of the 18th. Ulto. in due time, but I have lately been so exceedingly engaged, that I had not leisure to take up the Business it refers to sooner. It appears to me, that all the men who Joined the invalid Corps, previous to the 23d. of January, may be paid the gratuity of 100 dollars with out any further proof than their own words. If any have Joined since, let their names be returned to the Adjutant General with the regiment to which they belonged, and inquiry may be made, of the Commanding Officers, whether they may have not inlisted in Camp, for the War, and received large Bounties. Take receipts from those, to whom you pay the Gratuity, specifying that they are engaged for the War, and have them borne as such upon the next muster Rolls; producing this letter to the Board of War, will I imagine procure you the necessary sum of Gratuity money. I am, etc.19
[Note 19: Contemporary copy is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
West Point, October 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: Since mine of the 5th. (of which I inclose a duplicate) I have had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 28th. ulto. from Chemung and 30th. from Tioga. I congratulate you upon your return in safety to that place and upon the success which has attended the Expedition intrusted to your care.
I am transmitting the particulars to Congress. I have yet heard nothing further of the French fleet, but they may be every day expected, the reasons therefore of your joining with the troops under your command as speedily as possible still subsist. I am, &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1779.
Dr. Sir: It is very interesting at this moment to be well informed of the movements of the enemy's shipping, which may take place in the Sound. I wish you therefore to station an intelligent officer in such a situation, as may be perfectly adapted for this purpose. He is to be careful in observing the size and number of all vessels and whether there may be troops on board, either in coming to or going from New-York, and in transmitting you every two or three days a diary of his observations. But when any extraordinary appearance of vessels takes place, he is to make his communication to you without waiting these periods which you will transmit to me as soon as possible. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 5th. and should have answered it before, if a variety of important and pressing business had not occurred to prevent it.
With respect to the subordinate appointments, which you mention to have made and still propose, I have no authority to direct them, nor have I to confirm them. From your Letter of the 12th. of last month, the business appears to have been confided by Congress, on your representation, to the Board of War, who I am persuaded will weigh the matter properly on your report, and allow or promote every appointment, essential for carrying on the duties of your department. At the same time I think, that a Deputy, both at Philadelphia and Springfield, and a Clerk with each are necessary; also an Assistant at Camp and One or two Clerks; and a sub Cloathier for the Artillery, Cavalry and the Corps not attached to the State lines. These appointments it appears to me, will be proper but no more.
With respect to partial issues of Cloathing, I am fully in sentiment with you, that they are attended with many inconveniencies, and a regard to my own ease, and every other consideration make me very much wish, that they could be avoided. But this cannot be done, while our supplies are so scanty and so irregular, as not to admit of a full distribution, competent to the demands of the Troops. When ever they are directed, it will be from necessity and not choice. I also think, that no issues ought to be made by the purchasing agents to any part of the Army, or at least without your privity, and after a comparative view of the Stock of Cloathing and the wants of the whole Troops, as they may lead to the consequences you mention, and excite jealousies and uneasiness. I shall take the liberty to suggest this matter to the Board of War, in the first Letter I write them, who I am convinced will do all in their power to facilitate and simplify the business of your department. Hitherto there has been no system, or but a very imperfect one, and therefore there could not but be some irregularities.
The Men employed in the Quarter Master General's Department, have been usually supplied by him with Cloathing and it will be best for many reasons that he should continue to do it. This will in a great measure obviate the inconveniencies you seem to apprehend from individual applications in the Staff department. Most Others of the Staff, intitled to Cloathing will draw under some other arrangement.
I have directed the Adjutant General to make out an Abstract Return of all the Non Commissioned Officers and privates of the Troops of the States Northward of South Carolina; and of all other Corps, which when completed I will inclose You. It will be necessary for you to obtain as early as possible, the most precise and exact Returns from the Sub or State Cloathiers, of the Supplies in their hands on Continental account, for their Troops. These will be essential to govern your Estimates and your distribution and will place the Troops more on a footing of equality, and may prevent improper charges which may possibly be made against the public, for Cloathing held and delivered in the first instance under the idea of its being a new State supply, not to be considered in the great Estimate of Common Stock.
Your plan of assorting and arranging the Cloathing at the Magazines intended for its reception in the first instance, previous to its coming to the Army for the purpose of a general distribution, after the present wants of the Army are supplied appears to me to be very proper. However, I would observe, that it will always be necessary for You, to keep a quantity of Cloathing in store with or near the Army, to supply contingent demands, of which there are and must be many in all Armies. Of shoes there can seldom be too many, as the expenditure is great and the soldiery must be furnished with them when they want, whatever supplies they may have received. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On October 8 Richard Kidder Meade wrote to Brigadier General Huntington that a supply of clothing had been ordered on to camp; that it was hoped it would be adequate; "and that the distribution will be made consistent with the strictest impartiality and according to circumstances." Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 23: On October 7 Washington wrote to Charles Thomson, Secretary of Congress: "I have been honored with yours of the 28th Ulto., informing me of the election of the Honble. Samuel Huntington Esq to the presidency of Congress on that day." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 9, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor inclosing two acts of Congress of the 24th and 25th Ulto.
While I express my sense of the approbation with which Congress have honored me, and my pleasure from the manner in which it has been communicated, permit me to congratulate you on the presidency with which you are vested.
The army must feel the motives to a discharge of their duty encreased, by the flattering marks of honor and attention, with which their endeavours have been received.
Since my last intelligence which I communicated to Congress, I have been advised from New-York, of the sudden return of the division of troops under Lord Cornwallis. A number of Transports on his Lordships return to the Hook, were immediately ordered for Rhode Island; part of which sailed on the 27th, and the rest on the 29th Ulto. My correspondent supposes to withdraw the garrison. The advice says further that the troops under Lord Cornwallis were still on shipboard; and that the reinforcement, in the fleet under convoy of Sir Andrew Hammond,24 which arrived the 22d of last month, does not exceed, six hundred men, and these chiefly Hessian recruits. Other accounts speak of them much higher.
[Note 24: Sir Andrew Snape Hammond. He was a captain in the British Navy.]
In order to give the Count d'Estaing a more comprehensive detail of my intentions in case a co-operation can be undertaken against New-York; and to obtain the necessary information of his views, I have dispatched General du Portail, and one of my aides (Lt. Col. Hamilton) to meet him off Lewis town,25 for this purpose.
[Note 25: Lewes, Del.]
I have to regret that circumstances would not admit of some definite, or preconcerted plan, that might have enabled us to proceed with certainty in our measures. In the mean time, however, I am taking every necessary step for a co-operation, as far as our conjectures of his designs, and our situation will authorise.
The inclosed letter from Major General Sullivan,26 and the other papers herewith transmitted, came to hand on the 6th instant. I have taken the first moment of leisure since their receipt to send them forward. I congratulate Congress on his having completed, so effectually, the destruction of the whole of the Towns and settlements, of the hostile Indians, in so short a time, and with so inconsiderable a loss in men. I have the honor, etc.27
[Note 26: Sullivan's letter, dated from Chemung, N.Y., Sept. 28, 1779, is not now found in the Washington Papers. A copy of it is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The account of the Indian expedition therein varies somewhat from that in Sullivan's letter to Congress, Sept. 30, 1779.]
[Note 27: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 9, 1779.
Gentn: By the inclosed Extracts from Genl Orders, which I have the honor to transmit, you will perceive that a certain John Springer has been tried for seducing Soldiers to inlist in the British Army, and sentenced in part, to be employed in some department of the Army or Navy, where he would not have an opportunity of deserting. Being fully persuaded that he cannot be employed in the former, without affording him such an opportunity and putting it in his power to seduce others to go with him, I have sent him to Philadelphia under guard, to be subject to your Orders, and I should hope he may be made to make the States some reparation, by His services on board one of their Ships of War, for the injuries he has done them. In the Spring 1777 he inlisted in one of the Continental Regimts, presently deserted and engaged with the Enemy. About the Month of June last he returned and as he said, to claim the benefit of a proclamation I had issued. I accordingly pardoned him, and affecting great contrition for his delinquency and apprehension lest he might fall into the Enemys hands, if placed in a situation exposed to the common accidents of captivity, he was put in the Waggon Masters department, and in the course of one or two nights began to inlist our Soldiers for the Enemy's service; and there was every reason to believe he occasioned several desertions which happened in the Corps with which he was tampering. From this trait of his character, the Honble. Committee will readily think that he is not intitled to farther indulgence, and that he cannot with any prospect of advantage be retained here. I have the honor, etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 9, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your favor of to-day with its inclosure. I shall take the first opportunity to transmit to Governor Clinton the paper respecting persons from these States going within the enemy's lines. You may if you please communicate its substance to Lieut. Col. Hyat,29 and the step we have taken on the occasion. I am, etc.30
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. Joseph Halt (Hyat), of the Second Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 30: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 9, 1779.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 5th Instant and am much obliged to the Court31 for their attention in the case of John Springer Junior, and for committing him to the custody of the Sheriff. In a few days I shall give such orders about him as will be consistent with justice and my duty to the public. In the mean time he will remain in custody of the Sheriff. His conduct in deserting to the Enemy and bearing Arms for a long time against his Country would have well justified the severest punishment to have been inflicted upon him; but it was still more criminal, after obtaining a pardon for his past delinquency and the indulgence to act as Waggon Driver at his own particular request and solicitation, that he might not be liable to fall into the Enemy's hands, a circumstance of which he affected to be much afraid, to attempt in the course of Two or three days to enlist Men for the Enemy's service and actually prevailed on several to desert. From this trait of his character I fear there is little ground to expect a reformation in
[Note 31: Of Bergen County, N.J.] him. There is no sentence against him at this time, which will effect his life or even subject him to corporal punishment and whether there ever will be one will depend intirely upon himself. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On this same day (October 9) Washington wrote to Thomas Boyd, sheriff of Bergen County, requesting him to deliver Springer to Lieutenant Colonel Washington. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of yesterday. Since I explained to you my motives for directing a change of your position, it has been my wish that you should take such an one, as would enable at the shortest notice, to prevent the escape of the enemy33by land should they attempt it but at the same time to have a regard to your own safety. The particular spot I leave to your own discretion and judgment, after having fully reconnoitred the Country. Your objection to taking a position too near the probable point of interception, lest it might create a jealousy of your design, is well founded, and I should therefore think that which would serve the double purpose of security and annoyance if necessary, the most eligible.
[Note 33: From Verplanck's Point.]
General Heath this day transmitted to me the determination of Sir Henry Clinton respecting the rule to be observed in future for admission of persons wanting to go from the Country to the City of New York. This, as it regards the Inhabitants of the State, I shall transmit to His Excellency Governor Clinton. But as a complaint is made, on the part of the enemy of the too great frequency of Flags, I think it would be proper in you to give orders to the Officers upon your advanced posts to suffer none to pass conducted by Officers of Militia except they have the sanction of the Governor of the state. I am, &c.
P.S. Be pleased to forward the inclosed immediately to Major Tallmadge.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, October 9, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been informed by a letter from Abraham Ackerman Esquire, at Pumpton, that the Sheriff of Bergen has in his custody a certain John Springer Junior. This man inlisted in Colo Hazens Regiment in the Spring 1777; presently deserted and engaged with the Enemy. About the last of June or begining of July he came to me at N Windsor and said he had come to claim the benefit of a proclamation which I had issued. I accordingly pardonned him and as he affected great contrition and to be much afraid of falling into the Enemy's hands, I consented to his being employed in the Waggon Master's departmt, and about Two nights after he began to enlist men out of the Maryland line for the Enemy's service; and there was every reason to believe occasioned several desertions. He was tried and sentenced in part, to be employed in some department in the Army or Navy where he would not have an Opportunity of deserting again. I am now to request, that you will receive him from the Sheriff of Bergen in consequance of the inclosed order, and that you will forward him to the Honble. the Marine Committee at Philadelphia with the letter herewith transmitted, under the care of a trusty Non-Commissd Officer and a Dragoon or Two. If he is not well secured and watched with great vigilance he will escape. He is capable of great dissimulation and will affect a great deal in order to deceive the men. I mention these circumstances, that you may put them the more on their Guard. I am, etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 8th. inclosing a letter for Major Jameson36 who is in South Carolina. It shall be forwarded by the first opportunity.
[Note 36: Maj. John Jameson, of the Second Continental Dragoons. His later promotion to lieutenant colonel ranked him from August, 1779; served to close of the war.]
Should a certain operation take place, it will be necessary to establish a very regular communication with long Island. These things are better settled personally than by letter, I shall therefore be glad to see you at Head Quarters. After leaving some person who can be intrusted with the rect. of C-- letters, and who can forward them and any observations upon the sound, be pleased to ride over. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 9, 1779.
Sir: Should a co-operation with the French fleet take place, it will be indispensible to our measures to have in stock a considerable quantity of good-ship bread, and a much larger quantity of rum than usual. You will however, and at all events turn your immediate attention to these two objects; so as to have, in readiness, and as soon as possible, such quantities of these articles, as from your knowledge of our present consumption, and the additional numbers which must be employed in a co-operation, you may judge fully sufficient. You will also have regard to the season in which we are to operate, in your purchases of rum. These articles are to be stored, relative to this army and a water transportation; or in places from whence they can be easily brought forward. I am, etc.38
[Note 38: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the possession of Hon. James W. Wadsworth, of Geneseo, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Saturday, October 9, 1779.
Parole Ommenburg. Countersigns Pemberton, Quebec.
The General flatters himself that every officer from a consciousness of it's being his duty and a laudable desire of becoming well acquainted with the new system of regulations, has paid all that care and attention to the study of them which the importance of the case requires, but lest there should be any who (by absence or other causes) have not had opportunity of perfecting themselves therein, he earnestly recommends to them the closest application. They will not only consider the aukwardness of a situation which betrays ignorance of essential duty, but the fatal consequences which may result from it in a critical moment.
The Inspector General and his Assistants will have it in charge shortly to go into a full examination and inquiry into these matters.
The board of Field Officers appointed by the orders of the 10th. of September to ascertain the relative rank of Captains Cleft39 and Titus Watson of the Connecticut line previous to the promotion of the former to a Majority and to inquire
[Note 39: Capt. Wills Clift. He ranked as major from May, 1778.] into the principles upon which the promotion was made, have made the following report.
"The Board having considered the respective claims of Major Cleft and Captain Watson, previous to his (Major Clefts promotion to a Majority) and having also considered their evidences and papers are unanimously of opinion that Major Cleft was intitled to take rank and command of Captn. Watson previous to his (Major Cleft's) promotion and that the only principle which induced his promotion was that of his being an elder Captain than Captain Watson."
Head Quarters, West Point, October 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of yesterday inclosing a sketch of the bearings and distances of the Grounds contiguous to Stoney point. It is not to our Interest to disturb the enemy at that or any other detached post just now. Under present circumstances we should endeavour to keep them as much separated as possible, for if part of my plan, recommended to the Count, can be carried into execution, we shall put it out of the power of the detachments to join the main Body. I would therefore wish that [they] may be lulled into security rather than alarmed. A small time will determine whether those posts or a greater object shall engage our attention.
Be pleased to let some Gentlemen who are proper judges, view the Ground between Springsteels and the point of the Dunderberg opposite Peeks Kill, and determine whether it will admit of a Road for Carriages out of reach of the fire from shipping. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is dated Oct. 10, 1779.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, October 10, 1779.
Parole Raritan. Countersigns Salem, Torbay.
It was with surprise and concern that the General during the hours of exercise yesterday saw a number of men in their respective encampments. It was his expectation that all men off duty should be manoeuvred at the hours appointed. The want of shoes or other articles of clothing cannot be urged in excuse for their not being under arms because they were employed at games of exercise much more violent; He earnestly exhorts officers to attend closely to their duty and by their diligence and example prevent the nonattendance of their men.
At a division General Court Martial the 23rd. of August last held by order of Major General St. Clair, Colo. Craige,41 President, Lieutenant Philip Gibbons of the 6th Pennsylvania regiment was tried for, "Repeated disobedience of orders, absenting himself eleven months from the regiment without leave and embezzling public money."
[Note 41: Col. Thomas Craig, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The Court are of opinion he is guilty of the two first charges exhibited against him, being breaches of Article 5th. Section 2nd. and Article 2nd. Section 13th. of the Articles of War.
The Court are further of opinion that Lieutt. Gibbons (having drawn four thousand, nine hundred five dollars and one third for the recruiting service and producing vouchers for no more than twenty four hundred and eighty dollars expended for that purpose) is guilty of the third and last charge being a breach of Article 4th. Section 12th. of the Articles of War.
They therefore sentence him to be cashiered and sent under guard to the Executive Council of the State of Pennsylvania.
At the General Court Martial of the line whereof Col. Bradford was President, Ensign Patrick Donolly42 of the 7th. Maryland regiment was tried for "Unofficerlike behaviour in ordering returns to be made in the regiment of the men's names whose times expire previous to the 1st. of May next without the authority of any of his commanding officers," found guilty of unofficerlike behaviour in ordering returns to be made, being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be reprimanded by the commanding officer of the brigade to which he belongs.
[Note 42: Retired in January, 1781.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the foregoing sentences and orders them to be carried into execution.
At the same Court, Doctor O'Neil43 of the 10th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried upon the following charges: 1st. "Neglect of duty and cruel treatment to the sick of the regiment insomuch that they were afraid to apply to him when really sick. 2nd. Embezzling the hospital Stores and appropriating them to his own private use. 3rd. Giving in an unjust forage account and drawing money for the same. 4th. Refusing to discharge the expences of his horse at Millstone when at quarters and for ungentlemanlike behavior to his Mate by making him pay an equal expence for the state stores and afterward carrying and selling the greatest part of the said stores in the country and at the same time locking up the remainder and depriving him of the use of them during his absence for the space of a week and upwards."
[Note 43: Francis O'Neal (O'Neil). He was surgeon in the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The Court are of opinion that he is guilty of neglect of duty in several instances.
They are also of opinion that he has cruelly treated many of the sick of the regiment in such a manner that there were grounds for many being afraid to apply to him when sick being breaches of Article 5th. Section 18th of the Articles of War.
They are of opinion that he is guilty of the 2nd. charge, being a breach of the aforesaid Article. They are of opinion that the 3rd. charge is unsupported and do acquit him of it. They are of opinion that part of the 4th. charge, "refusing to discharge the expences of his horse at Millstone when at quarters" is not properly supported, and if it was they consider it not criminal in a military light.
They are of opinion that he is guilty of ungentlemanlike behaviour in selling in the Country some Coffee and Tea drawn from the State Store, for which his Mate paid an equal expence and also guilty of locking up the remainder of the State Stores and depriving his Mate of the use of them during his absence which was upwards of a week, being a breach of the aforesaid Article, and they do sentence him to be dismissed from the service.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, West Point, October 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: I find, upon recurring to my letter of the 7th. to your Excellency, that I was not sufficiently explicit in answering that part of yours of the 2d instant, in which you desire to know, whether, in my opinion, the Militia at present on duty on the Coast may be safely withdrawn from thence in case of the expected operations, and be considered as part of the 4000 demanded of the State. They undoubtedly may under such circumstances, because the enemy must, during the course of the operations, be confined to the defensive only, and that, upon a very contracted plan. The troops that are already drawn out and upon the Coast, may remain at their present stations till more particularly called for. I only wish that they may be formed into proper sized Regiments, compleatly officered, and in every respect ready to march at a moments warning, and that a return may be made to me specifying the Corps, their Stations, and the Officers upon whom I may call to march and join the Army when necessary. Those wanting to com pleat the number of 4000 may rendezvous at Seabrook and Stratford as requested in mine of the 4th Instt. [or join those now on the Coast as you shall judge best]. I must beg your attention to that part of mine of the 4th which respects the time of service of the Militia now required, perhaps that, of those of whom we have been speaking, (except Colo. Meads and Colo. Wells's44 Regiments) may expire before the stipulated time. If so, they must either be engaged anew, or others must be prepared to relieve them upon the Ground, as the deficiency of so large a number, at a critical Moment, might be fatal to the whole plan of operations. I have the honor, etc.45
[Note 44: Cols. Matthew Mead and Levi Wells, of the Connecticut State regiments.]
[Note 45: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The text is from the original in the Connecticut State Library. The phrase in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have with great pleasure reed. your Excellency's favour of the 7th. Your plan of ordering the Militia to bring out 40 days flour of their own, will be a great relief to the Commissary General who is only under apprehensions on account of that Article. Of meat he gives me assurances of any quantity that may be required. The Quarter Master Genl. is making every possible preparation for Camp equipage. We shall probably be deficient in tents, tho' if I succeed in an application to the State of Massachusetts for 1500, I hope we shall have nearly sufficient. I believe there will be no want of Camp Kettles.
I have not heard any thing further from the Southward or of Count D'Estaing since I wrote to you last, but I expect every moment some material information.
The inclosed papers were sent out a few days ago by a flag. As they contain regulations for the future admission of persons wanting to go into the City of New York, I thought it proper to transmit them to your Excellency. I am, etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, October 10, 1779.
Gentn: I must take the liberty to request, that the Letter I have the honor to transmit inclosed,47 may be forwarded by a safe and early conveyance to Brigadr Genl Duportail and Lt. Colo Hamilton, who it is probable will have left Philadelphia when it arrives in order to meet Count D'Estaing. I have the Honour, etc.48
[Note 47: For inclosure see the following letter.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
Washington also wrote again to the Marine Committee this same day (October 10) that Abraham Martlings, pilot for the North River, was sent to Major Lee to wait Comte D'Estaing's appearance off Sandy Hook. "Of this you will be pleased to give information to the Count should he be at the Capes of Delaware." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 10, 1779.
Gentn: The only material intelligence which I have obtained from New York or respecting the Enemy since your departure, is contained in the inclosed account, which received yesterday from Captain Monroe.49 This in your communications with His Excellency Count D'Estaing, you will be pleased to show him.
[Note 49: This intelligence from Capt. James Monroe, of the armed brig Saratoga, who escaped from a British prison ship in New York Harbor on October 6, is in the writingof Robert Hanson Harrison, and is in the Washington Papers, under the date of Oct. 9, 1779. It is indorsed "Copy transmd. Genl. Duportail and H. 10 Octr. 1779."]
As we shall have occasion for a great many boats, in case a cooperation, between the Count and us takes place, I request that you will inform yourselves of the number, which His Excellency has fit for transporting Troops.
In order to cut off the Enemy's force on Staten Island, I would suggest that it will be necessary for the Count, as soon as possible after his entry at the Hook, to have measures taken for destroying all their boats on the Staten Island shore. And besides, it will be material that a part of his Ships should be stationed along the Island, to prevent Boats from being sent from New York to withdraw them; and their being stationed in this manner appears to me, the more essential, as the Enemy would annoy them from Land batteries, if they were to continue in the narrows. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. This letter is in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, October 10, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Letters of the 30th. of September and 6th. Instant. I have not been honored with any particular communication of the reasons which induced Congress to pass the Act, for suspending your and General Riedsel's going into New York at this time; but I make no doubt they were such as Congress deemed sufficient, and that they will appear so, whenever they are pleased to make them known.
It gives me great pleasure to find that Mr. Skinner's conduct has been such as to merit your approbation, and I trust while it may be necessary for him to remain with you, that he will do every thing in his power for your accommodation. I am how ever concerned that there is one point, in which it appears by your Letter as well as his own, he has proceeded contrary to his Instructions. Bethlem was the place I pointed out for your residence, and it appearing still to me, the most eligible situation, I have directed him to procure you and General Riedsel Quarters there for Yourselves and families. I have the Honor, etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 10, 1779.
Sir: It is yet a matter of uncertainty whether His Excellency the Count D'Estaing will come to the Northward with intent to operate, or return to the West Indies. Should he determine upon the former, and New York should be the object, the pos session of Staten Island will be absolutely necessary, to accomplish which, we should be previously well informed of the strength of the Enemy upon it; what works they have erected; where they are situated; how constructed, and particularly whether they have any bomb proofs in them. The numbers of the Enemy upon the Island will probably vary almost daily, and new Works be often raised or old ones demolished. I would therefore wish you to endeavour to lay a train for ex tendg. your correspondence with the Island so as to receive, every day or two, an account from one or the other, of all occurrences that may have happened. Be pleased to direct them to inquire particularly where the Boats for the use of the troops are kept, and what number they generally have there. The time when a thorough knowledge of the above points will be materially necessary, will be at the moment of the Counts arrival. Could you obtain with precision then and send off one Copy to Count D'Estaing informing him of your Rank and that it is done at my request, it may be of the greatest service to him. A Copy of the same you will be pleased to transmit to me. Such intelligence as you can collect in the mean time, be pleased to forward as usual. The less that is said of the expectation of Count D'Estaing the better. I shall be glad to be in formed of the Strength of your Regiment. I am, &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, and is addressed to Colonel Taylor or Major [Samuel] Hayes.]
[Note 53: Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General, then at Easton, Pa.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 10, 1779.
Sir: I leave the inclosed letter to Mr. Skinner commissary of Prisoners, open, lest he should be gone from Easton before this arrives. Should this be the case, I have to request, that you will take immediate steps for the removal of Major Genl. Philips, and the other Convention officers, to Bethlehem as directed in Mr. Skinner's letter. It is necessary their departure should take place as soon as possible. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: I yesterday received the enclosed intelligence which I have transmitted to Lewis town at the Capes of Delaware, in hopes it may meet Count D'Estaing there. But should he have left Delaware before my dispatches reach him, you will, upon his arrival of the Hook, communicate the inclosed, with such other occurrences as may have come to your knowledge. I am, etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 10, 1779.
Dr. Sir: You will observe by the certificate in possession of the bearer Mr. Martlin,56 that he is acquainted with the navigation of the North river. I have directed him to you instead of sending him on to Philadelphia lest the Count may have been at the Capes of Delaware and gone on to the Hook. I have to request that this Gentlemen may join the Count on the first appearance of the fleet, as his services will probably be very essential at the commencement of operations. I am, &c.57
[Note 56: Pilot Abraham Martlings.]
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 10, 1779.
Sir: I am sorry to find by your letter, that you have departed from my instructions of the 2d. instant; in which I very particularly gave the preference to Bethlehem. It is my wish, that you immediately accompany Major General Philips, Baron de Riedisel and the other officers of Convention, to Bethlehem, and that you do every thing in your power for their accommodation and convenience. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Monday, October 11, 1779.
Parole Saratoga. Countersigns Tadmor, Ulster.
John McDonald of Colonel James Livingston's regiment59 was tried on the 9th. instant at the General Court Martial
[Note 59: The First Canadian Regiment.] whereof Colonel Starr is President, for "Desertion" found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes well laid on upon his bare back."
The General confirms the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow morning at guard mounting.
AFTER ORDERS
At the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Starr is President, Major McCormic was tried on the 7th. instant, for "Wantonly illtreating and abusing sundry inhabitants in their own houses on the night of the 19th. of September and wounding a child of the Widow Garrison's with a sword."
The Court having considered the nature of the charge exhibited against Major McCormic with the evidence offered in sup port thereof and his defence with the evidence offered in his behalf, do judge that he is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him and do think that he acted as a judicious and good officer.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Major McCormic is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Tuesday, October 12, 1779.
Parole Tartary. Countersigns Uxbridge, Woodbridge.
Such officers of the line whose duty it is to act on foot in time of an engagement and who are not already provided with Espontoons are to use their utmost exertions to get them, and it is expected from commanding officers of Corps that they will use every means in their power to complete them with bayonets; In a word, they will take care that their corps are in the most perfect order for actual service.
Head Quarters, West Point, October 12, 1779.
Gentlemen: On the 2d instant I addressed you particularly on the subject of the want of shoes, and informed you that I had made application to Messrs. Mehelm, Hatfield and Starr the three nearest Commissaries of Hides, and desired to know what quantity of shoes I might depend upon immediately, and what were their future prospects. I have only recd. answers from Mr. Mehelm and Capt. Starr. Copies of whose letters you have inclosed. By these you will perceive, that the quantities, which they can engage to furnish between this and the latter end of November, are most trifling, in comparison with what we may reasonably suppose will be the wants of the Army. Should Mr. Hatfield and Mr. Henry of Lancaster return ac counts, not more promising, the Army must be again reduced to a miserable situation for want of Shoes. Indeed should we be called upon to move to morrow, I believe I may say without exaggeration that we should lose the service of one third of the Men who could not march from this Ground, unless bare looted, and we may expect that the troops under General Sullivan will be in a similar condition. This is a matter of so important a nature, that I hope the Board will excuse me for60 mentioning it again; and more especially when I add that I am perfectly convinced they have taken every measure in their power to procure supplies, and that they will leave nothing untried to effect it. It is however to be regretted that the
[Note 60: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "repeating it so often. I do not mean to throw the least imputation upon or charge the least neglect to them. But it is my wish to endeavour, in conjunction with them, to find out some mode of extricating ourselves from the difficulties in which I perceive we shall shortly be involved, unless a supply of shoes should come in from an unexpected quarter with which I am not at present acquainted."] moment we attempt to introduce System in this business, that our supplies become scanty and uncertain.
Inclosed you have the Return of Captain posts61 Company of Artillery Artificers agreeable to Resolve of Congress of 15th March last.62
[Note 61: Capt. Anthony Post, of the Second Continental Artillery, Artillery Artificers. He was retired in June, 1781.]
[Note 62: For crediting troop quotas to the several States.]
Upon the repeated applications of the Officers of the Massachusetts line for their Commissions, I must request the Board will transmit them as speedily as possible. I have the honor, &c.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, October 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: Yesterday Evening I received your favor of the 5th and am exceedingly obliged for the Extracts it inclosed.64 The intelligence they contain is both interesting and pleasing. It fixes some points with much greater precision with respect to the Enemy than was before known, and also shows that there is not the most perfect harmony prevailing among them. I am Dr Sir etc.65
[Note 64: Timothy Pickering's letter, as president of the Board of War, is in the Washington Papers. The extracts were from letters taken in the British armed cutter, Royal George, 14 guns, from New York to St. Christopher.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is addressed to Colonel Pickering.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 6th.66 which reached me yesterday, gives me hopes of the pleasure of seeing you in a day or two. General Sullivan must from his situation, have been totally un acquainted with the circumstances of the Mohawks families at the lower Castle, his motive undoubtedly was to remove a set
[Note 66: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] of people who, he had reason to believe, were unfriendly and dangerous. But as the public faith has been pledged for their remaining there unmolested, and you say good consequences have resulted to the neighbourhood from the measure hitherto, I see no objection to their being suffered to return home again. I will inform Genl. Sullivan, upon his return, of the reasons which induced the superseding his orders to Colo. Gansevoort. As to the other point, the treaty with the Cayugas, I can only give my private opinion, which coincides with yours, so far as it respects the policy of making a general peace with them and the other Indians of the Six Nations. But as to particular terms, I think it will be proper for you and the Gentlemen in the Commission to take the directions of Congress, should they incline to an accommodation. When I have the pleasure of seeing you we can talk over this matter more at large. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 11th. It appears to me that your present position is such as to afford a proper support to the infantry, and preserve at the same time some relation to the succour of this post. These were the two principal objects we had in view. A more remote one was the prevention of the enemy's retreat by land, from Stoney point, should any circumstances compel them to this measure. You will however have advice from General Wayne or in some other manner when this should become the chief object of your attention. At present you will take no notice of the matter. Tho' the event is wholly uncertain it should nevertheless be kept secret. I am, etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West point, October 12, 1779.
D. Sir: I have received your Letter of the 6th. Instant. As some late Regulations have taken place with respect to the Hide department and for furnishing the Army in general with Shoes on a systematic plan, I cannot authorise a deviation from them, and the Shoe makers you mention must be recalled, when the time expires for which they were engaged with Mr. Taylor. I am pressing by repeated Letters, every person concerned in the Shoe business to forward supplies. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 12, 1779.
Sir: Our operations may be such in the course of a few Weeks, as to render a quantity of fascines and gabions necessary. I am therefore to request that you will have a number of them made, in such places as will not expose them to the destruction of the enemy, and at the same time be convenient to Water carriage. I could wish you to prosecute this business with spirit, as it will prove very important to our measures. I cannot determine on any fixed number that may be necessary. You will be pleased however when you have a large quantity, to give me notice, still prosecuting the work. The fascines should be about 9 feet long, of a convenient bulk and exceedingly well bound. As there are other militia Corps in service, on the Sound you will oblige me by communicating this request to the Commanding Officers. I am, etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.
On October 13 Washington wrote again to Mead: "In mine of the 12th ...I have since thought that the work might be facilitated, under the direction of an Officer acquainted with that kind of Business, and have therefore sent Monsr. Murnand, in the Corps of Engineers, to give the necessary instructions for the formation and lengths of the Fascines, Gabions, etc." This letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed in the Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, fifth series, vol. 10, p. 142, as written to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull.]
[Note 71: Deputy commissary of military stores, Albany, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 12, 1779.
Sir: I have inclosed you the return of last month, which I received by your letter of the 1st. instant.
You will observe the several columns which I have marked. There appear to be some mistakes which you will be pleased to correct and transmit me a fair copy with your next months return. I am, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 13, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letters of the 22d. and 23 of last month, a few days since, with the several inclosures.
The means you have used to prevent the desertions of the Convention troops, and to recover such as had made their escape are perfectly agreeable. And I am glad your attention has checked a practice attended with so very few advantages. In your late transaction with Major General Philips I cannot but approve the spirit of your conduct.
It is to be hoped from the system which you have established at Charlottes ville that in future less application will be necessary for the discharge of its several duties and that you will have more leisure to attend to the reestablishment of your health. Should you be of opinion that the command can properly be executed by any officer now present I shall have no objection to your retiring for some time, for the purpose of health and relaxation. In this case I wish you to give such instructions as may obviate any inconveniencies that may be likely to arise in your absence. If you could visit it in the intermediate time it would be still more likely to continue things in the good order which you have established.
With respect to your resignation, if you are determined on the step, I must refer you to Congress. Were I to speak my wishes on this occasion they would be for your remaining in the service.
I have considered the application from the German Pastor, but do not think it expedient at this time to indulge him in his request. If he prefers America, with a little patience he may have it in his power to settle to advantage. I am, etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 14, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 11th. instant yesterday evening.
We have not yet been able to ascertain how far the Count means to extend his co-operations; nor have we learned the event of his visit to the Southward. We expect however very interesting news every day, from this quarter. Till we can know something more definitive respecting his designs, it will be un necessary to harrass your troops by over fatiguing marches. Their want of several articles of clothing, and particularly of shoes, must make some little respite very agreeable. I would wish you therefore to hault them at Easton, at least till you can bring up the rear and the baggage; when you will be pleased to proceed by easy marches to the main army, unless we should find it expedient to precipitate the junction; of which I shall give you the earliest advice. I am,74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received your favor, of this date with the two prisoners of War. I shall put them into the hands of the Commy. of prisoners who makes frequent exchanges of the few privates of ours now of days in the possession of the enemy, by which means Colo. Sheldon's men will probably soon regain their liberty in the regular way.
You will be pleased to furnish Captn. Lequaer's75 Company with provision and Ammunition while in service. I am, etc.76
[Note 75: Captain Lequaer (Lequaw, Lequiere), of the New York Militia(?).]
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 13th. by Colo. Wood. As the Road which Colonels Butler and Putnam have traced, will be so easily opened, there will be no need of working upon it untill we know certainly whether we shall want to use it. A deserter from the Vulture sloop the day before yesterday informs that Sir Henry Clinton, Colo. Robinson78 and several other Officers came up the River the day he came away, seemingly with intent to view the posts. There were no troops to be discovered on Board the Vessels that came up with him. I am, &c.79
[Note 78: Col. Beverley Robinson(?), of the Guides and Pioneers, British Provincial Troops.]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Thursday, October 14, 1779.
Parole Wabash. Countersigns Yarmouth, Yell.
As many soldiers who have lately joined the Army have not been sufficiently taught the first principles of the exercise; The troops will every afternoon exercise in detail and the officers must take particular care in instructing their men; The exercise by battalions to continue every morning as before.
Such officers as are not furnished with Espontoons are to apply immediately through the Brigade Quarter Masters to the Quarter Master General for a supply.
West-point, October 15, 1779.
Sir: My Sister informs me that she has received the Miniature picture you drew for her.80 I thank you for doing it and shall be glad to know the cost that I may pay it to you or your order. With esteem and regard I am, etc.
[Note 80: Difficult to identify. It may possibly be the miniature now in the Corcoran Gallery o[ Art Washington, D. C. Cf. Gustav A. Eisen's volumes on Washington Portraits.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 15, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have been duly favored with your Excellency's letter of yesterdays date, and thank you, for your ready attention to my requisitions.
The moment I receive the intelligence from the Count which is to determine our operations; or how far the assistance of the Country will be necessary to carry them into execution, I shall do myself the honor to give you the earliest advice. I wait anxiously for this communication, for as your Excellency observes the season is coming upon us very fast.
I congratulate you on the success of our Western expedition. Every thing is completely destroyed in the Country of the hostile Indians, and the whole undertaking finished with the most inconsiderable loss. The army under General Sullivan I expect is, by this time at Easton on its march to this place. I have the honor, etc.81
[Note 81: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
West point, October 15, 1779.
Dr. Sir: In a Letter His Excy. received yesterday from General Wayne he says; "A few Artificers, i, e, Wheelwrights and Armourers with their Tools are absolutely necessary to this Corps; also a Conductor and an Ammunition Waggon for his Stores." His Excelly requests that you will supply Genl Wayne with these as far as they respect your department, and such as are to be furnished by any other, you will be pleased to note, that He may order them.82 I am etc.83
[Note 82: Tench Tilghman wrote to Quartermaster General Greene on October 16 regarding this: "Genl. Knox will appoint a conductor and has furnished an Ammunition Waggon and travelling Forge with proper tools, the Corps is to provide its own Armorers. If it is customary for you to appoint Artificers to attend the several Corps, His Excellency desires you will detach the usual number of the kind which General Wayne mentions to attend the Infantry." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: H: Secy."]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 1, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received last night your favor of the 14th. and am glad to find you have got so good and secure a position.
The Carolina Troops have returned and Major Murfree will resume his command in the Infantry. This circumstance makes it unnecessary for Lt. Colo. Vose or any other Field Officer to be sent down.
I will give orders for the Artificers and Tools you mention, and for a conductor and Ammunition Waggon. I have received no farther advices as yet of Count D'Estaing or with respect to his Southern operations, and am anxiously waiting for them. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 85: Spanish agent in the United States.]
[West-point, October 16, 1779.]
Sir: I was honored with your friendly letter of the 2d. of last month.86
[Note 86: The letter was dated Oct. 2, 1779, and is in the Washington Papers.]
Nothing could be more acceptable than your present,87 but the manner in which it was bestowed. This enhanced its value, because it encreased our esteem. I can only send you from this quarter, in return, what you have long had, my very sincere friendship.
[Note 87: Miralles sent Washington a sea tortoise weighing 100 pounds and a box of lemons. He informed the General that war had been declared by Spain against England.]
The intelligence, you have been pleased to intrust me with, is very agreeable, [except that part which relates the loss of yr. despatches; for this I am concerned]. I promise myself the most happy events from the known spirit of your nation. United with the arms of France, we have every thing to hope over the arms of our common enemy, the English. [I shall not fail to inform Mrs. Washington of the obligation she is under for your polite attention to and remembrance of her. I am sure she will receive your complimts. (which I shall make a tender of in my next letter) with gratitude and pleasure as you stand high in her estimation.] I have the honor to be, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 16, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly honored with yours of the 8th. 11th. and 13th. instants, which I deferred answering immediately, as I have been in hourly expectation of receiving accounts from the southward which would inform me with certainty of the event of Count D'Estaings operations in that quarter, and whether, and when he might be reasonably expected in this: But I have not received a Syllable since mine of the 3d.
It gives me pleasure to hear of the forwardness of your preparations either for a co-operation with this Army, or an attempt upon Rhode Island. In either case, I shall most assuredly, in concerting measures, consult the honor and interest of the public, and of consequence that of the Officers employed in the enterprise.
My late accounts from New York speak of the probability of the evacuation of Rhode Island, although my latest and best informant does not mention it as a thing fully determined upon. But I think the arrival of the number of Vessels, in Ballast only, mentioned in yours of the 13th. indicates at least an intention of holding themselves ready to effect it if necessary. I have the pleasure to inform you that the Army under the command of General Sullivan arrived safe and in perfect hearth at Wyoming on the 7th. after having fully compleated the destruction of the whole Country of the six Nations; the Indians of which must be thrown this Winter upon the Magazines of Canada for subsistence, which I imagine will not be a little distressing, as they were unprepared and probably unprovided for such an event. The Army was to leave Wyoming the 10th. and I suppose are before this at Easton, being in full march to form a junction with the troops under my immediate command.
I have just recd. a letter from Colonel Broadhead dated the 16th. day of Sepr. at Fort Pitt. He had returned from an expedition against the hostile Indian tribes on the Alleghany River, up which he proceeded about 180 Miles, and destroyed nearly all the settlements in that quarter without the loss of a Man. This in a great measure compleats the destruction not only of the Country of the Six Nations but of their Allies on the heads of the Allegheny River. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
[Note 90: Deputy Quartermaster General.]
West-point, October 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: As I do not at this time know where my Winter Quarters will be, or when I shall get into them. As I have little prospect of seeing my own home this Winter and Mrs. Washington desirous of coming to me before the Roads get bad and weather severe, I shall be obliged to you for enquiring and informing me, if she can hire lodgings in some genteel (but not a common boarding) house in Phila. till I know where I shall be fixed for theWinter.91
[Note 91: "I have this day taken lodgings for Mrs. Washington at Mrs. Roche's who has Rented the late Mr. Israel Pemberton's house and Garden. Mrs. Washington is to have a handsome front Parlour, a good Bed Chamber, Kitchen, and Rooms for Servants, I shall order wood to be laid in, and get some of the best Tea, Sugar, Coffee &ca. for her before she arrives in this City, I hope this will be agreable to your Excellency and Your Lady, nothing shall be wanting in my power to make every thing as agreable and Convenient as possible, and will meet Mrs. Washington on the road as far as in my power. Mrs. Mitchell will do every thing to render her Accomodations convenient and agreable, and as it is near me it will be more Easy and Convenient." -- Mitchell to Washington, Oct. 30, 1779. Mitchell's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Your answer to this letter, so soon as you can have made the necessary enquiry will be thankfully received. My Complimts. attend Mrs. Mitchell. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, West point, October 17, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 5th. 8th. and 9th. instants. Neither of the former reached me till yesterday, and the latter this day. I am happy that my countermanding the march of the two North Carolina Battalions met the approbation of Congress. I am waiting with the utmost anxiety for further accounts from the Southward.95 By a letter from General Gates, of the 13th Inst., I am informed
[Note 95: The draft at this point has the following crossed off: "Every preparation that could possibly be made, under our present state of uncertainty, has been made, and I hope should His Excellency Count D'Etaing incline to undertake a joint operation, that we shall be in tolerable forwardness to second his efforts."] that 56 sail of transports, in Ballast, had arrived on that day at Newport. This circumstance, corroborated by accounts from New York, look as if an evacuation of Rhode Island was intended, or at least, that they mean to hold themselves in readiness to effect it, if necessary.
A letter from a confidential Correspondent at New York, dated the 9th. inst., mentions, "that the first division of troops are to reimbark immediately, and its generally believed that they are destined for Georgia." My other advices all tend to shew, that the enemy are making every preparation for the defense of the harbour of New York. I have the honor, etc.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 97: He was later a clerk in the Office of Foreign Affairs, Continental Congress, and also in the office of the Secretary of Congress.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 17, 1779.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 10th inst. with its inclosure from Governor Livingston.98
[Note 98: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
It would give me a great deal of pleasure to comply with your application, could it be done without breaking in upon that line of conduct, which I have uniformly observed in like cases. For a variety of reasons I have referred all requests of this kind made to me, to the Government of which the applicants were subjects. You will readily see the propriety of persevering the same line of conduct.
I should hope that a letter to some of your former connections in the City and the precautions of your mother may be able to accomplish what you have so greatly at heart. I shall very cheerfully give every assistance in this case which may be necessary.
I am much obliged to you for the intelligence contained in the Governors letter. It is of a very interesting nature at this crisis. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: His Excellency has just recd. advice that three British regiments left New York the 13th. said to be to relieve the Garrisons of Stoney and Verplanks points. But until it can be ascertained whether this is really a relief or a reinforcement His Excellency desires you to recommend vigilance to your Guard Boats and pickets.
The inclosed1 is from a Mate who was taken yesterday with 12 seamen near the mouth of Croton. Be pleased to direct the master of one of your Boats to deliver it to the enemy's most advanced Boat and inform them, that if the things which the Mate writes for are sent up, they will be received and for warded. I am, etc.2
[Note 1: "The inclosed which you will be pleased to forward is left open for your perusa that you may take such steps as the information requires."-- Washington to Maj. General William Heath, Oct. 17, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was favd. last evening with your two letters of yesterday. I cannot learn from the Deserters who have come out the two past days that any troops came up the River at the time you mention, but as movements might have taken place below of which they were ignorant, I very much approve of your making use of every precaution against a surprise. The enemy, upon the last settlement of accounts, fell much in our debt, on the score of marine prisoners. Those taken by Captn. Hollet3cannot therefore be sent in just now. Our Commy. General of prisoners will, in his next return to the British Commy. make report of these people and can then forward a letter from the Mate to his Captain, in which he may request what is wanting for himself and Men.
[Note 3: Capt. Jonathan Hallet, of the Second New York Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
The Commissary of Hides is directed by the Regulations of his department to exchange Hides for shoes whenever he can find an opportunity, but the shoes so obtained are to be returned to the Cloathier General, to be by him regularly distributed to the whole army in proportion to their wants. I doubt not but your division are distressed for Shoes, but I assure you the Men who have been upon constant fatigue at this post are in as miserable a condition as you can imagine. I am however endeavouring to draw together a stock from every quarter, which when collected shall be impartially distributed. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 17, 1779.
Dr Sir: By intelligence I have just received from Elizabeth Town Colonel Webster5 left New York on the 13th. with three Regiments and came up the River. The ostensible reason is to relieve the Troops at Stony and Verplanks points; but as they may have it possibly in view to attempt something, I have thought it necessary to communicate the intelligence to you by
[Note 5: Lieut. Col. James Webster. of the Thirty-third Foot, British Army.] a Return Express, that you may be on your guard, in case you should be their Object. No farther accounts yet from the southward.6 I am, etc.7
[Note 6: On October 17 Washington sent this same intelligence to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe and approved the precautionary measures Howe had taken. "I give you this intelligence that you may continue them." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 17, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Colonel Brodhead writes me from Pittsburg the 16th. September last, that "the troops here have at least nine months pay due to them and that there is neither money nor pay master to discharge the arrearages" I wish you as soon as possible to take such order in this case as it may require. There are of Continental troops under his command the 9th Virginia and the 8th. P[ennsylvania] Regiments, Rollin's8 corps and a few company's of rangers. I do not know what number of Militia may have been employed. But you will no doubt provide for such contingencies. I am, etc.9
[Note 8: Col. Moses Rawlings, of the Additional Continental regiment. Rawlings had, however, resigned in June, 1779, and the regiment appears to have existed through the greater part of the year 1780.]
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 17, 1779.
Sir: I wrote to you on the 2d. instant requesting to know what quantity of Shoes you had upon hand and what you were likely to supply. Having recd. no answer, I am apprehensive that the letter never reached you. I have since recd. a letter from the Board of War, desiring me to see you upon several matters relating to your department. You will therefore be pleased immediately upon the rect. of this to come down to Head Quarters. The Business is pressing and important and for that reason I beg you will not delay. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, who wrote also to Uriah Mitchell, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General, at Newburgh, inclosing this letter to Hatfield, to be forwarded by express. "Hatfield," Tilghman wrote, "may perhaps have a deputy at New Windsor or Newburg, but it must not be delivered to him, it must be put into Mr. Hatfield's own hand." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, October 17, 1779.
Parole Francis. Countersigns Colburn, Adams.
The Commander in Chief has now the pleasure to congratulate the Army on the complete and full success of Major General Sullivan and the troops under his command against the Senecas and other tribes of the six Nations: As a just and necessary punishment for their wanton depredations, their unparallel'd and innumerable Cruelties, their deafness to all remonstrance and intreaty, and their perseverance in the most horrid acts of barbarism, forty of their towns have been reduced to ashes, some of them large and commodious, that of the Chenissee alone containing 128 houses. Their crops of corn have been intirely destroyed which by estimation it is said would have produced 160,000 bushels, besides large quantities of vegetables of various kinds. Their whole Country has been over-run and laid waste and they themselves compelled to place their own security in a precipitate flight to the british fortress at Niagara; and the whole of this has been done with a loss of less than 40 men on our part, including the killed, wounded and captured and those that died natural deaths.
The troops employed in this expedition, both officers and men, throughout the whole of it and in the actions they had with the enemy manifested a patience perseverance and valor that do them the highest honor. In the course of it, when there still remained a large extent of the enemies country to be penetrated, it became necessary to lessen the issues of provision to half the usual allowance; in this the troops acquiesced with the most general and cheerful concurrence, being fully determined to surmount every obstacle and to prosecute the enterprise to a complete and successful issue.
Major General Sullivan for his great perseverance and activity, for his order of march and attack and the whole of his dispositions, the Brigadiers and Officers of all ranks, and the whole of the soldiery engaged in the expedition, merit and have the Commander in Chief's warmest acknowledgments for their important services upon this occasion.
At the General Court Martial whereof Colo. Starr is President the 12th. instant, Joseph Mack of the New-Hampshire troops was tried for bayoneting two soldiers belonging to the North Carolina troops and acquitted of the charge, as the Court is of opinion that he did his duty as a soldier.
At the same Court Job Scribner a Conductor of Waggons was tried for "Neglect of duty and disobedience of orders by which the public have suffered very considerable", found guilty of the charge exhibited against him and sentenced to be dismissed the service of the United States, and to pay 250 dollars to Col. Udney Hay, D. Q. M General, being the half of the damages appraised to be done to Cornelius Seabring, to be applied towards discharging said damages.
The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing acquittal and sentences.
Head Quarters, Moores House, Monday, October 18, 1779.
Parole Sullivan. Countersigns Success, Seneca.
The Commander in Chief is happy in the opportunity of congratulating the Army on our further successes.
By advices just received, Colonel Brodhead with the Continental troops under his command and a body of Militia and Volunteers has penetrated about one hundred and eighty miles into the Indian Country lying on the Allegany River, burnt 10 of the Muncy and Seneca towns in that quarter containing 165 houses, destroyed all their fields of corn, computed to comprehend 500 acres besides large quantities of vegetables, obliging the savages to flee before him with the greatest precipitation and to leave behind them many skins and other Articles of value. The only opposition the savages ventured to give our troops on this occasion was near Cuscushing. About 40 of their Warriors on their way to commit barbarities on our frontier settlers were met here by Lieutt. Hardin of the 8th. Pennsylvania regiment at the head of one of our advanced parties composed of 23 men, of which 8 were of our friends of the Delaware Nation, who immediately attacked the savages and put them to the route with the loss of five killed on the spot, and of all their Canoes, blankets, shirts and provisions of which as is usual for them when going into action, they had divested themselves, and also of several arms. Two of our men and one of our Delaware friends were very slightly wounded in the action which was the only damage we sustained in the whole enterprise.
The Activity, Perseverance and Firmness which marked the conduct of Colonel Brodhead and that of all the officers and men of every description in the expedition do them great honor, and their services fully intitle them to the thanks and to this testimonial of the General's acknowledgments.
SPECIAL ORDERS
Captain Seldon11 of the Light Infantry being recovered of the wound he received in the assault of Stony Point and having expressed his wishes to join the Light Infantry again; it is the Commander in Chief's pleasure that he resume his command in that corps and Captain Perkins12 who was appointed to act on account of Captain Seldon's indisposition will rejoin his own regiment.
[Note 11: Capt. Ezra Selden, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; transferred to the Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 12: Capt. Ebenezer Perkins, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He resigned in July, 1780.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 18, 1779.
Gentlemen: In consequence of yours of the 9th instant I have wrote to Mr. Hatfield to come to Head Quarters. I have not yet received an answer from him to mine of the 2d instant, and am therefore still at a loss to know what shoes may be expected from him.
It is possible that a requisition of Cloathing for the troops to the Westward may have been already made to you by Colo. Brodhead and that measures may have been taken to supply them. If not, be pleased to put the inclosed into the hands of the Cloathier General, who I doubt not, will immediately do what is needful upon the occasion.
I have recd. the Commissions for the Maryland Company of Artillery and for Ensign Harris13 of the 5th Maryland. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 13: Ensign Arthur Harris, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and served to April, 1783.]
P.S. It is possible that Colo. Brodhead may be enabled to undertake something against Detroit in the course of the Winter. Should he therefore make a requisition of any Stores necessary upon such an occasion the Board will be pleased to comply with his demands without waiting for my concurrence, by which so much delay might be occasioned, as to defeat the enterprise. I have mentioned this to Colo. Brodhead. Be pleased to let no hint of this intention escape you.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: Should we undertake an operation of consequence in conjunction with the Count D'Estaing we shall stand in need of a considerable quantity of Facines, Gabions and pickets. You will therefore be pleased to set the Troops under your command at that work. The following in [ sic]15 the dimensions which the Engineers have given for each.
[Note 15: The draft has "are."]
Gabions 4 feet high--3½ feet wide
Facines as long as possible Ten Inches thick well bound cut square at both ends.
Pickets of split Wood 4 feet long 3 Inches square.
You may order as many as possible of the above to be made, and that the quantity may not be ascertained by any inquisitive persons, you may direct them not to be drawn together, should you want Bill Hooks or other tools, your Quarter Masters must apply to the Quarter Mastr. Genl. I am, etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The draft, by Tilghman, is addressed to "Genl. Howe, Genl. Wayne and Ld. Stirling or commd. Officer Virginia Division."]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 18, 1779.
Gentn: I have been favored with Colo. Hamilton's letter, mentioning your arrival early on the 11th at Philada. and your being about to set off for Lewis town17 the morning on which it was written.
[Note 17: Lewes, Del.]
I have attentively considered the object to which you more particularly refer, and am now to authorise you (provided the Count will not determine on a co-operation to the full extent of my instructions) to engage the whole force described in my letters to him, comprehending the continental troops and militia, in such an enterprise against the enemy's shipping as the Count and you may agree to undertake. In a word I will aid him in any plan of operations against the enemy at New York or Rhode Island in the most effectual manner, that our strength and resources will admit. He has nothing more to do therefore, than to propose his own plan if time will not permit him to accede to ours; weighing thoroughly the consequences of expence and disappointment.
Inclosed is some intelligence received from Elizabeth Town since your departure. You will observe the preparations of the enemy for throwing every possible obstruction in the Count's passage.
A chain of alarm ships are stationed in the Sound, to communicate the first approach of the Count's fleet to the Garrison at Rhode Island. This they can propagate in a few minutes by signal guns. In a letter from Gen. Gates of the 13th. inst. he advises me of the arrival of the fleet which some time ago sailed from New-York. It amounts to 56 sail, and appeared to be only in a set of ballast. This was confirmed by one of the vessels which fell into our hands for a few hours. The opinion is that it is designed to take off the garrison.
Genl. Gates makes the marine force at New-Port, one fifty and a thirty two gun frigate. The refugee fleet and wood fleet about thirty seven sail, mostly armed, at the head of which is the Restoration, late the Oliver Cromwell of 22 guns. One frigate is also taken notice of in the fleet from New-York.
Should the operations against New-York, in either case, be undertaken, it will be of the utmost consequence to block up the garrison at Rhode Island. You will consider the propriety of suggesting to the Count, the detaching of a superior sea-force for this purpose previous to his approaching the Hook. For should the measure be deferred 'till his arrival there, it may not then be possible to prevent their junction with the army at New-York, as the notice can be so very suddenly transmitted by means of the signals which they have established.
Every proper attention has been given to preparing the necessary number of fascines and such other materials as may be requisite in this quarter.
Fascines, Gabions &c. are also held in readiness at Providence, in case of an operation against New-port. I had thought of the fire ships, and have taken order in this matter. I do not however choose to go to the great expense they must run us into 'till something is decided with his Excellency Count D'Estaing, but every thing relative shall be provided, so as to occasion no delay when such matters become necessary. I am, &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
Washington inclosed this letter to Deputy Quartermaster General John Mitchell, at Philadelphia, with a brief note dated October 18: "It is of the utmost consequence that the enclosed should reach Genl. Duportail and Colo. Hamilton as expeditiously as possible. Should they not have returned from the Capes of Delaware when it arrives at Philada., you will be pleased to forward it to them by a person on whose care and despatch you can fully depend." This note is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 18, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I had on the 15th the pleasure by Captn. McIntire to receive your Letter of the 16th. Ulto. continued to the 24th. I am accordingly happy in your success in the expedition up the Alleghany against the Seneca and Muncy Nations, and transmit you the inclosed Extract from General Orders, which will convey to you the sentiments I entertain of your conduct, and of that of the Officers and men employed in the expedition. This you will be pleased to communicate to the Troops thro' the Channel of Your Orders. I trust from this stroke and the operations of Genl Sullivan, who I am happy to inform you is now on his return to join the Army, after having laid waste the whole of the Seneca Towns their Crops and their Country, except in the Quarter where you were, and a Town or two higher up on the Alleghany and compelling the whole of the Nation to flee to Niagara for refuge; the eyes of the savages will be opened, and that they will be convinced, that it will be their true interest and policy, at least, to hold themselves in a State of neutrality. I approve the Sale you have directed of the plunder and of the distribution of the profits among the troops.
I have transmitted that part of Your Letter which relates to the want of Cloathing, to James Wilkinson Esquire Cloathier General at Philadelphia, and directed him to take measures for supplying it. I wish however that you had ascertained the number of Men to be supplied and their Regiments and Corps, as this is essential to govern the Cloathier in his conduct.
I have also written to Colo Palfrey Paymaster General, who is also at Philadelphia and inclosed the paragraph which respects the pay of the Troops, and requested him to pursue measures for having them paid.
With respect to an Expedition against Detroit; I cannot [at this time] direct it to be made, as the state of the force at present with You, is not sufficient to authorise the clearest hopes of success and indeed to insure it, [and because it is not in my power circumstanced as things are at this critical moment to say how far it may be practicable to afford sufficient aid]19 from hence. In any other view than that of a certainty of success I would not undertake the reduction of the post, as a miscarriage would be attended with many disagreeable consequences. However, as it is of great importance to reduce it, and I shall willingly attempt it, whenever circumstances will justify it, you will turn your [closest] attention to the subject, and make such preparations [and obtain such necessary information] as may be in your power without exciting [much] alarm. as may facilitate the work whenever it is undertaken, [either this Winter when the lake is frozen which appears to me to be the only season] when [an effectual blow can be struck or next Campaign. In the meanwhile the nature and strength of the works should be ascertained, whether any and what kind of Bomb proofs; What aid can be drawn from the Country of men, provisions] Horses &c.; [what opposition, or assistance is to be] expected [from the Indians &ca. &ca. &ca., and prospect of Supplies.]
[Note 19: Washington first wrote and afterwards crossed off: "to an expedition of this kind".]
I shall have no objection to your making occasional excursions against any of the Indian Nations that may prove inimical and hostile, when circumstances will permit you to do it with safety.
The powers of making peace or War are in general cases, which affect the common interest, entirely with Congress as they ought of right to be. And therefore, if overtures of peace are made by the Seneccas and Muncies, you will communicate the same to them, who will act in consequence, either by appointing Commissioners or otherwise, as to them shall seem most proper.
Colonel Clark20 is not an Officer in the Continental line, nor does he act under my instructions. He is in the service of the State of Virginia. I make no doubt however that the Instructions he has received, are calculated to promote the general good, and from the character he seems justly to have acquired, I should suppose he will act with caution and prudence, and do nothing that will not be promotive of it.
[Note 20: Col. George Rogers Clark.]
With respect to supplies and trinkets for the Indians, you must try to keep them in the best humour you can, and I dare say, on your application to the Honble the Board of War, they will direct such to be furnished as may be in their power to procure.
We are anxiously waiting for advices from the Southward. His Excellency Count D'Estaing arrived at Savannah in Septr. with His fleet and a considerable Land force with a design of striking a blow against the Enemy in that quarter, which from his vast superiority he was able easily to do, if they have not found means of escaping. His arrival there of itself was very interesting and if it has been attended with all the expected success, He will have crushed the enemy and relieved Georgia and South Carolina from the dangers which had already, in great part overwhelmed the One, and from which the Other was not entirely free. I am, &c.
P.S. I duly recd. Your Letter of 31 July.
You will let me know by the first opportunity, what Military Stores and Artillery will be necessary, in case an expedition should be undertaken against Detroit, and whether they could be supplied at Fort pitt or what part of them. If from the information you gain in the points I have mentioned above, as necessary to be inquired into, and your accounts of our Affairs in this quarter, you should have reason to conclude the expedition will be undertaken; and the Military Stores essential for it cannot be furnished at Pittsburg, You will apply to the Board of War in the first instance to prevent delay, to whom I have written and requested that they may be supplied. You will however take the earliest Opportunity to furnish me with an Estimate as above required, both of the Cannon &c. and Stores, and of any deficiency; And indeed I wish to have a Return of the Military Stores of the Garrison and Cannon, particularly distinguishing whether any of the latter and of what size are on travelling Carriages.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 18, 1779.
Sir: By a letter from Colo. Brodhead of the 16th. Sept. I find that the troops at Fort Pitt were then much distressed for Cloathing and before a supply can possibly reach them, they must be much more so. To relieve them as soon as possible, be pleased to send up a quantity agreeable to the inclosed Return which is the last I have received from the Westward. It is possible that Colonel Brodhead may have made the foregoing requisition thro the Board of War and that measures may have been already taken to forward the supplies, if not, you will be pleased to lose no time in the execution of the Business. I am, &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Washington forwarded this letter to Brodhead, through Deputy Quartermaster General John Mitchell, to whom he wrote a brief request (October 19). This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 19, 1779.
Sir: General Scott writes me by the last post that he is in the utmost distress for Regimental Surgeons. There is an absolute and immediate necessity for appointments to the regiments which march to the Southward. King23 he has heard nothing of. You will be pleased to order two surgeons and their mates to join him with all expedition at Petersburg in Virginia, where they will receive his instructions. Should there be any subject to your orders in Virginia, or to be obtained by your assistants, it will be nearer Genl. Scott, and serve the purpose as well as if they were to go from Philadelphia.
[Note 23: Miles King. He was surgeon's mate in the First Virginia Regiment.]
I have received your letter of the 7th. instant, inclosing the General Hospital return.24 I am &c.25
[Note 24: A copy of the hospital return, dated Oct. 6, 1779, is in the Continental Army Returns, Force Transcripts, no. 1, 52, in the Library of Congress. The original should be in the Adjutant General's Office, War Department, Washington, D.C.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 19, 1779.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 13th. respecting the applications of a number of the Wives of the Officers and Soldiers, whose Husbands were upon the Western expedition, for Rations. This is a thing which I have never known to be allowed, and which, if admitted in one instance, might be claimed by the families of the whole Army. The New York troops will be at this post in a few days, when the Wives of as many of the Soldiers, as are generally allowed to follow the Army, may join and be subsisted as usual. If any remain, I cannot undertake to give an order for them to draw provisions. I am, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 19, 1779.
Dear Sir: It gave me pleasure to hear by yours of the 28th. Ulto. that 400 Men more were equipped and nearly ready to march to the Southward. I hope as the sickly season is now declining that many of the remainder will be 'ere long fit for duty. You will be pleased to send them on as they recover: for although we have the greatest reason to flatter ourselves that the enemy will be crushed for the present in Georgia and Carolina, yet it is not improbable but that they may renew their attack upon that, which is our weak quarter, as soon as the French fleet returns to the West Indies, unless they find us sufficiently guarded.
I have wrote to Docr. Shippen the Director General and have pressed him to endeavour to send Surgeons from Philada. or procure them for you to the southward. We have them not here. I hope the approaching Season will also help to repair your Health.
We are waiting most anxiously for news from the southward having recd. nothing official since the arrival of the french fleet upon the Coast. By accounts from Rhode Island the enemy are about evacuating that place; meaning, I imagine, to concentre their force at New York. I am, &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, which is in the possession of Thomas Jewett Hallowell, of Nantucket, Mass., varies from the draft in minor verbal details.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 19, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 11th. instant. My letter of the 8th. pointed out the mode of procuring the Bounty for those Men of your Regt. at Philada. enlisted previous to the 23rd. January. The list of the Men of your Corps intitled to the above Bounty, who are at Boston, and which was found among Capt. Cambles28 papers, is regularly and sufficiently authenticated by the Commy. General of Musters, to obtain payment, which must be procured for them, in the usual mode of drawing the pay of your Corps. I therefore return you the List for that purpose. I am, etc.29
[Note 28: Capt. Robert Campbell, of the Invalid regiment. He was killed in October, 1779.]
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 19 Robert Hanson Harrison wrote to Capt. Thomas McIntire, of the Western Pennsylvania Independent Company, granting him permission to serve in the Army, if agreeable to the Board of War, by whose order McIntire served at Fort Pitt. "His Excellency however, would not have his consent in this instance to be considered, as authorizing a permission that might interfere with any commands you may have received from Colo. Brodhead or clash with any essential duties he may expect from you. To these of course you will attend." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
West-point, October 20, 1779.
My dear Marqs: On the 30th., of last Month I wrote you a letter which in point of length, would almost extend from hence to Paris. It was to have been borne to you by Colo. Fleury, to whom the relation of some particulars was referred; but the advice of Count D'Estaings arrival at Georgia, and the hope given us by Congress of seeing him at New York has induced this Officer to suspend his voyage to go in pursuit of fresh laurels: of course my letter to you remained on hand, and gave me an oppertunity (at leizure hours) to take a copy of it; which is now sent by Monsr. de la Colombe. The Original I put into the hands of Monsr. Gerard a few days ago, who gave me the honor of a visit before his departure for his native Country.
We have been in hourly expectation for the last 15 days of seeing Count D'Estaing off Sandy-hook. We have not heard a Syllable from Charles-town (in So. Carolina) since the 8th. of Septr.; those Accts. mentioned, that the Count intended to make his attack the next day. Under such circumstances you may easily form an idea of our impatience and anxiety. We are making every preparation in our power for an extensive and perfect co-operation with the fleet (if it comes) while the enemy, whose expectation of it keeps pace with ours, are equally vigorous in preparing for defence. They are throwing up strong works at the narrows (both on long Island and Staten Island); they are fortifying the point at Sandy-hook (on which the light Ho. stands) and every other spot which can contribute to the defence either of the harbour or the City; besides which, they have already sunk eight, and have 12 more large Ships to sink in the Channel within the light House; and Transports are gone to Rhode Island with a view, it is said, to take off the Garrison. in a word, if they are not horribly frightened, they certainly are in horrid confusion; they work incessantly; and will, it is to be feared, render the entrance into the harbour extremely difficult, if not impracticable, if the operations to the Southward should delay the Count much, if any longer.
General Sullivan has compleated the entire destruction of the Country of the Six Nations; driven all the Inhabitants, Men Women and Children out of it; and is at Easton on his return to join this Army, with the Troops under his command. He has performed this Service without loosing 40 Men either by the enemy or by sickness, while the Six Nations were under this rod of correction, the Mingo and Muncy Tribes living up the Alligany, French Creek, and other Waters of the Ohio above Fort Pitt, met with similar chastisemt. from Colo. Brodhead, who with 600 Men advanced upon them at the same Instt. and laid waste their Country. These unexpected and severe strokes, has disconcerted, humbled, and distressed the Indians exceedingly, and will, I am perswaded, be productive of great good; as they are undeniable proofs to them that Great Britain cannot protect them, and that it is in our power to chastise them whenever their hostile conduct deserves it.
The embarkation mentioned in my letter of the 30th. of Septr. did actually take place, and consisted of near 6000 Men (the flower of the British Army) under the command of Lord Cornwallis who with these Troops Sailed the 25th. of that Month; and two days afterwards returned, having received some Intelligence of Count D'Estaings being on the Coast of Georgia whither it is said this armament was destined. they are relanded and now at N York. The first detachment from that place supposed to have Sailed for Hallifax, but in reality designed for Canada (consisting as I mentioned to you in my last of the 44th compleated British and two Hessian Regiments) met with a storm at Sea which dispersed the transports, two of which containing near 400 Hessians fell into our hands and are now in Phila.; two others returned to New York dismasted; of the others no acct. is yet obtained.
Before this letter reaches you, you will no doubt have heard, that Mr. Jay (late Presidt. of Congress) goes Minister Plenipo: to the Court of Madrid and Mr. Carmichael as his Secretary. That Mr. John Adams returns to your Court for special purposes and Mr. Dana goes as his Secretary; and that Mr. John Laurens (my Aid)30 who flew to So. Carolina when his Country was in danger is appointed Secretary to Doctr. Franklin but whether he will accept or not I cannot say as I have not seen him since the Month of March last.
[Note 30: Laurens was appointed by Congress on Sept. 29, 1779. He declined in a letter dated December 6, which was read in Congress on December 10.]
I hope, ere this, my letter of the 29th. of Decr. or the duplicate of it, inclosing one to Doctr. Franklin expressive of the Sentiments I entertained in your favour has got to your hands but lest they should not, I forward, though late, triplicates; more from a desire of proving to you my inclination to do justice to your merit, than from an opinion it will be of any service to you to possess these testimonials.
It only remains for me now, to beg the favour of you to present my respectful compliments to your (but have I not a right, as you say she has made a tender of her love to me, to call her my) amiable and lovely Marchioness, and to assure you that with every sentiment of the most perfect regard, and personal attachmt. I have the honr, etc.
West point, October 20, 1779.
Sir: I have been honoured with the Board's Letter of the 18th Ulto. and am exceedingly sorry to find that they had to encounter such difficulties with respect to supplies of Cloathing for the Troops of their State. I hope however from the disposition they shew and the exertions they had determined to make, that the Troops, both Officers and Men, will not experience even for the present, the distresses they have heretofore suffered from a scantiness of Supplies in this instance, and in future from the providence of the Board as well as their inclination that these will be still lessened. As to the means or mode of doing it, the Board from their own experience and a superior knowledge of their own resources and of a variety of local circumstances will be better able to determine than I possibly can; however I should think, the State itself importing the Cloathing or at least all the Articles for it in the first instance, would be the most eligible plan from every consideration. I inclose a description of the Uniform agreed on for the Virginia line, in a general arrangement that has been adopted.
The putting of the Militia on a respectable Military footing, is certainly a desirable object and whatever can ought to be done to effect it. In a Country however like ours, where the Inhabitants are thinly settled, and where the laws which have generally prevailed, have not in their foundation been much calculated to introduce discipline and less attended to in their execution, it is a Work at least of great difficulty. All reforms must be the result of Legislative establishments, and the nearer these can be brought to the System which governs regular Armies, the better; the genius however and the prejudices of the people must be regarded. The first and most essential point is to arm them, this done, the bare report will have an influence to prevent invasions and descents.
I will communicate such parts of the Board's Letter as relate to Captain Travis, to Mr Beatty, Commissary of prisoners who will take occasion to transmit the account to Mr. Loring, although I do not think it very essential.
I have now only to request that the Board will accept my warm acknowledgements for the very polite terms of their Letter, and assurances that I have the honor, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 20, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Three Letters of the 10th. Instant and also One of the 12th. With respect to those which regard your and Major General Reidesel's detention and that of the Officers with You,32 must take the liberty to refer you to my
[Note 32: By a resolve of Congress of June 3, 1779, Washington was permitted "as he shall, from time to time, judge beneficial or expedient" to grant parole-exchanges. Under this arrangement Major General Phillips, on the ground of health, and Baron and Baroness Riedesel, their three children and domestics, were permitted to go into New York, in August of 1779. As a result of the dispute over payment by the British for the subsistence of the Convention troops, Congress, on September 28, resolved that the Board of War detain the party. They were therefore stopped at Elizabethtown, N.J., and compelled to return to Bethlehem, Pa., where they stayed until Congress, on November 13, resolved that they be allowed to go in to New York.] Letter of the 10th, as an Answer. And as to the several matters of request contained in them, they are such as I neither think myself at liberty to act upon, nor in which I would wish to interfere. The power of granting, or refusing them, is in Congress, who, upon your application, I persuade myself, would give the requests due consideration.
I am sorry to be under the necessity of observing to General Phillips, that no expressions of personal politeness to myself, however flattering, in the Correspondence he may think proper to honor me with, can be acceptable, while they are accompanied with insinuations against my superiors. I have the Honor, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am always willing to encourage a spirit of enterprise when any thing can be effected without a probabiIity of much loss or danger. If any Officer is willing to undertake the matter you mention, I have no objection. Much will depend upon the fidelity of the party, for if one deserts he endangers and perhaps defeats the whole. The intelligence given by the Horseman comports with that of the Deserter who came in this day. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: Yours of the 15th. inclosing two letters from General Parsons on the subject of the claims of Rank of several Officers in the Connecticut line, came to my hands a few clays ago. To admit a revival of Claims, after the line has been arranged and Commissions issued in consequence, would set the whole afloat again, and would inevitably produce that general discontent and disorder by which we had been so long perplexed. I have for that Reason been obliged to refuse all applications of a similar nature.
The case of Major Cleft,35 and Capt. Watson, which, very probably, as you observe has given rise to the applications above referred to, was peculiarly circumstanced. They were excepted when the other parts of the arrangement were compleated, as some proofs necessary to support their respective claims could not then be obtained. Their dispute affected each other only, and did not interfere with the Rank of any other Officers. I am, &c.36
[Note 35: Maj. Wills Clift.]
[Note 36: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 20, 1779.
Dr Sr: The crowded situation of the troops in this quarter and the difficulty in procuring forage and other matters induces me to desire you will halt those under your command in the neighbourhood of Chester where they will be best accommodated. Any distance from 4 to 12 miles above that place towards Sussex Court House will be a convenient position, and answers every purpose in case a co-operation with the Count should happen. I have mentioned the matter to Genl. Greene, who will probably have fixed on the ground for your encampment and will give you timely notice. When you are fixed in your Camp you will be pleased to take every opportunity of maneuvreing the troops. The necessity of doing it, I need not urge to you. The hours fixed on here for that purpose are from9 to 11 in the forenoon and from 3 to 5 in the afternoon. We have no certain accounts of the french fleet, or what success it has had to the Southward. The report however is, that both the British Army and Navy there are captured. A short time must determine the truth of this report. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Wednesday, October 20, 1779.
Parole Mercer. Countersigns Nash, Boyd.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to accept the following report of a Court of enquiry whereof Brigr. Genel. Glover was President appointed to examine into sundry charges exhibited against Colonel Greaton by the non commissioned officers and soldiers of his regiment, who were unanimously of opinion that the charges exhibited against Colonel Greaton are groundless and malicious and not supported in any point, and that he has conducted the affairs of his regiment with honor and strict justice to his men.38
[Note 38: Washington wrote to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe (October 22): "The approbation of the Court of enquiry on Col: Greaton has been in General orders, and transmitted by the Adjutant general to Genl Heath." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
James King (alias James McMullen) of the 3rd. Maryland regiment, was tried the 15th. instant at the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Starr is President, for "Repeated desertions," found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes well laid on his naked back, and that one hundred and twenty dollars be stoped out of his wages and refunded to the 9th. Pennsylvania regiment being the bounty he received from the same at the time of his inlisting.
The General confirms the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow so far as it regards the stripes, at the head of the regiment to which he belongs, and that the stopages be made agreeable to the sentence.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 17
October 21, 1779--February 9, 1780
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
May, 1937
Head Quarters, West-point, October 21, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 14th inclosing an act of Congress of the same date, expressive of their sense of the plan and execution of the expedition under the command of Major General Sullivan. I feel it a principal satisfaction, that the discharge of my duty, and the conduct of the troops, should meet with the approbation of Congress.
Herewith your Excellency will receive an extract of a letter from Colonel Brodhead, relative to his expedition against the [Mingo and] Muncy Indians, and that part of the Senecas, on the Alleghany river.1 I congratulate you on his success.
[Note 1: This extract of Brodhead's letter of September 16 to Washington is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
By very recent accounts from the posts at Kings ferry, it would appear that every thing is in the utmost readiness for an immediate evacuation of Verplank's and Stoney-points. It is however by no means evident, whether the evacuation is to be immediate (tho' this would rather seem the intention) or only to be executed, in case of the Counts appearing against New York.
The enemy at New-York continue their preparations, to provide against a combined attack, and for a concentration of their whole force. They are taking measures also, to render the passage to them, by water, as difficult as possible. A letter from Elizabeth Town, mentions that "eight ships2 (one of which is the Strumbulo an Indiaman) are sunk on the buoy, on the point of the East-bank, an exact S. West course. Ten others are lying ready to sink from the point of the West bank in a line to where the others terminate, leaving a space only for one ship to pass at a time."
[Note 2: The draft has "large ships."]
In a letter from General Gates of the 15th instant, he writes me that, "my intelligence from all quarters, and reports from all stations, announces the enemy are preparing to evacuate Newport; monday or tuesday it is imagined they will take their departure. A deserter from the 22d Regt. mortally wounded, but rescued by a party of our soldiers, declares, the whole of the troops, now on Rhode Island, are bound to the West Indies; this may be; but I believe they will first visit New-York."3
[Note 3: Rhode Island was evacuated October 25, and the British troops reached New York October 27.]
This is the substance of my intelligence since my last communication with Congress. I have the honor, etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: In consequence of yours of the 19th. I gave your Qr. Mr. an order for 500 pair of shoes which, considering the stock on hand, is a full proportion for your Corps. I have directed all the Commissaries of Hides to collect and send in all the shoes they possibly can procure, and I am not without hopes that we shall in a little time have a sufficiency.
It is not in my power to grant the request of the Officers of Colo. Febigers Regt. in regard to exchanging Hides for Boots and Shoes. It is true, things of a similar nature have heretofore been done, but the whole Business of the Hide department has lately been put into the Hands of Commissaries under the direction of the Board of War, who have, in the most pointed manner, desired me to admit of no further exchanges by any but the Commissaries, who are to deliver the shoes to the Cloathier General.
Necessity obliges me to desire you to dispense for the present with one part of military duty, that of firing a morning and evening Gun. You cannot conceive how much value we ought to set upon every Cartridge. You will, I dare say understand me, and will no doubt see the propriety of my saying no more upon a subject that ought to be concealed as much as possible. We have a favorable account from the southward, tho' not official. Doctor Johnson5 who does me the favor to carry this, has the particulars. I am, &c.
[Note 5: The draft spells this Johnston, and it is probably Robert Johnson, surgeon of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, October 21, 1779.6
[Note 6: The draft has "2 O'Clock P.M."]
Dr. Sir: Since writing to you this morning I have received accounts from deserters which seem strongly to indicate a speedy evacuation of Verplanks and Stoney Points. There is some reason to think that Verplanks was left last night. The deserters add that the Grenadiers were embarked and laying off against Fort Washington and that two other regiments were under order to Embark at a moments warning. If this be true, we should suppose that they have some meaning by the maneuvre; perhaps an attempt to strike you and the Troops in your neighbourhood, or Genl. Howe with those under him upon the East side, after having joined the force of the Garrisons to those before mentioned. This is mere matter of opinion, founded upon what may turn out false information, but I have thought it proper to put you upon your guard. And you will be pleased to communicate this to Lord Stirling, if he has joined his division or the Commanding Officer, if he has not. I am, &c.
Ps. Should the Enemy evacuate Stoney Point you will take possession of it, with the necessary caution.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H.S.P.]
West Point, October 21, 1779.
Gentn: In my Letters of the 10th and 18th I transmitted All the intelligence I had obtained, respecting the Enemy from the time of your departure to those two periods; and by the present conveyance I inclose you an Extract of a Letter from Major General Gates of the 15th. By this you will perceive he was fully persuaded, that the Enemy were preparing to evacuate Rhode Island and expected from his advices, they would do it on Monday or Tuesday last. Whether the event has taken place or not as yet, is a matter I cannot determine, having received no information since upon the subject; but supposing it has not, there is no room to doubt, that they have All things in a condition to do it, on the shortest notice whenever they shall think the exigency of their affairs require it. It is also equally certain, that they continue to carry on their Fortifications for the defence of New York, with the utmost industry and perseverance, and appear to be providing for the most obstinate resistance. Indeed as their reduction would be attended with the most alarming and fatal consequences to their Nation, nothing else can be reasonably expected. The moment I hear that the Troops have left Rhode Island, I will advise you.
The Garrisons of Verplanks and Stoney points still remain; but from the concurring accounts of Deserters, the Heavy baggage and Stores, except about Eighteen or Twenty Rounds for each Cannon, are embarked, and all matters are putting in train for an Evacuation, in case events make it necessary. The Deserters add, as a circumstance in confirmation, that Sir Henry Clinton was up at the Posts about Eight days ago and that from that time they have totally declined carrying on any works.
Having given you the substance of the Intelligence received since my last letter I am led, from the vast magnitude of the Object which carried you from Head Quarters and the very interesting consequences it may involve, all of which, I am persuaded, will occur to your consideration, to remark, that the Count's entering New York Bay, with his fleet, must be the basis and Ground work of any co-operation that can be undertaken by us, either for the reduction of the Enemy's whole force, or for the destruction of their Shipping only. Every thing will absolutely depend upon it in either case; as without it and a free and open communication up and down the Rivers and in the sound, which cannot be effected and maintained in any other way; we could not possibly undertake any operations on Long Island, as our Supplies of provisions and Stores could only be obtained by water. This point I am certain would have your due consideration, but it appearing to me, the Hinge, the One thing, upon which all Others must rest, I could not forbear mentioning it. The circumstance of the Season now; expenditure of Wood; the necessity and difficulty of supplying &c. will of course be fully attended to according to their importance, and I have only to add, from a desire of preventing a misconception by either side, if any Cooperation is agreed on, that the terms and conditions may be explicitly understood. And whether it shall extend to an attempt to reduce the Enemy's whole force, or only to the destruction of their Shipping, your engagements will provide for the continuance8 of the Count's fleet to secure our retreat and the removal of our Stores from Long and York Island, if unhappily it should be found on experiment, that neither is practicable and we should be obliged to abandon the Enterprise. I am, etc.
[Note 8: The word "continuance" was added by Washington in the draft.]
P.S. ¼ after 3 P M Three deserters have just come in, who left Verplank's point last night. They all corroborate the accounts, by a detail of circumstances, of the preparations to evacuate both that and Stony point. I have no doubt that things will, at least be held in readiness.9
[Note 9: The draft has at this point: "The Origl. transmitted in a Letter to Colo. Mitchell." The draft of this letter to Mitchell, dated October 21, reads: "The Contents of the inclosed Letter are important and I request that You will take measures for forwarding it, without delay, to Genl. Duportail and Colo. Hamilton by a faithful and trusty Conveyance." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
After dispatching the above, I received a Letter from Major General Heath of which the following is a Copy; "I now have the pleasure to acquaint your Excellency that the Enemy have left both points, having burnt and destroyed their Works." Mandeville's10 Octr. 21st. 1779 4 OClock P M11
[Note 10: Near Beverley Robinson's, on the east side of the Hudson.]
[Note 11: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. This letter is in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 12: Of the Dutchess County (N. Y.) militia.]
October 21, 1779.
Sir: Colo Hay has mentioned to me the necessity there is for the Roads being repaired before the Autumn and Winter Rains begin to fall and that he had proposed to you that parties of the Militia, about to assemble at Fish Kill should be left in each district under the direction of proper Officers for the purpose. The plan is perfectly agreable to me, and as it is very interesting that the Roads should be put in order you will be pleased to employ parties in the way Colo. Hay has proposed. They can be drawn together the instant their services are more materially wanted else where. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 21, 1779, ½ past 5 O'clock P.M.
Sir: Since dispatching the inclosed, which I recalled, I have received information, that the enemy have left both points,14 having burnt and destroyed their works. I have the honor, etc.15
[Note 14: Stony and Verplanck's.]
[Note 15: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Thursday, October 21, 1779.
Parole Thomas. Countersigns Worster, Warren.
The Honorable the Congress on the 14th. instant have been pleased to pass an act, of which the following is an extract
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given16 to Major General Sullivan, and the brave officers and soldiers under his command, for effectually executing an important expedition against such of the Indian nations as, encouraged by the councils and conducted by the officers of his Britannic majesty, had perfidiously waged an unprovoked and cruel war against these United States, laid waste many of their defenceless towns, and with savage barbarity slaughtered the inhabitants thereof.
[Note 16: The General Orders omitted, at this point, the following "to his Excellency General Washington, for directing and."]
West-point, October 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: Three days ago I received your obliging favour of the 14th.17 and was sorry to find you had been so much indisposed. Before this I hope you have perfectly recovered.
[Note 17: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Your early attention and that of the Assembly to my requisitions, have my warmest thanks; and the more so, from the situation in which they found you. I could wish however, that the three Months Service of the Militia had been made to commence, only from the time of their joining the Army. I need not enter into a detail of reasons for this with you, as your own judgment and experience will, I am perswaded, have already anticipated them. Your intention of leading your Militia, in case they are brought to the field, is a circumstance honourable to yourself and flattering to me. The example alone would have its weight, but, seconded by your knowledge of discipline, abilities, activity and bravery, it could not fail of happy effects. Men are influenced greatly by the conduct of their superiors, and particularly so, where they have both their confidence and affection.
With respect to the point to which you call my recollection I confess when you intimated your desire of Continental rank to me, as it passed cursorily through my mind, it struck me as a matter of indifference; or at least as one against which no important objections then occurred inasmuch as it was to have no operation in the line; however I must now candidly acknowledge and shall do it without hesitation, from motives of general duty; from a confidence in your friendship as well as in your zeal for the public service, and from the express authority of your letter, that having maturely weighed the subject, and examined the consequences to which it might lead. I think it cannot be obtained, either with a view to the purposes you mentioned, when you first broached the point to me, or with respect to the present occasion for which the Militia are called out.
The discontents, the jealousies, the uneasinesses that have prevailed in the Army; the complaints which have been added on acct. of rank being conferred out of the common course, are all opposed to the measure. These uneasinesses my dear Sir tho' not quite so prevalent among the different ranks of officers as they were, are far, very far, from being done away, and would I fear, proceed to more than their former height upon any supposed injury, whether real or imaginary, to what they esteem their rights. Among the General Officers and those next in Rank, there would be much reason to apprehend this, as they (particularly the former) have loudly complained on the subject of Rank being given, even where motives of National policy, and indeed necessity, were urged to justify it, and reluctantly yielded to it, merely from that consideration. From hence, and as in your case this consideration could not be urged, I should fear, that it would be attended with greater disgust, not from any personal, individual objection, but from an idea that the appointment itself materially affected their rights and those of the Officers in General. Hence it is that I have uniformly with-held my aid to all applications for brevet Commissions to foreigners and others, who had, or were about to quit the Service, professedly, never to interfere with the line of our Army.
The situation of our Officers is delicate, and perhaps requires a greater degree of attention, than that of any others deriving no emoluments from the Service, but rather losing at the best, Patriotism and a love of honor are the motives to their continuing in it. These must be the considerations which influence the conduct of by far the greater part; and tho' by these motives the Officers are placed in a much more respectable point of view than if they were governed by interest, yet the ties are not strong to induce their submission, or at least without great difficulty, to any measures they esteem injurious.
For these several reasons I cannot in policy advise to any measures that might have a tendency to obtain it for you. Nor do I think, after mature reflexion, that the rank being given by Brevet, which is contrary to the present views of Congress and their own resolves (24th Novr. 1778. and 20th. Feby. 1779 founded on the discontents which a contrary practice had created); or circumscribed in its extent by any qualifications which could be thought of, would alter the matter, or produce the least change in the Sentiments of the Officers. In any case the ideas of rank and precedence would occur; and I have too much reason to believe would give great uneasiness. The temper of the General Officers is at this moment a good deal soured, their distresses proceeding from the amazing depreciation of money, on the one hand, and a discrimination of Congress in the allowance of subsistance on the other needs no fresh leven to sett their discontents a working. Rank then being the greatest, if not the only benefit they are likely to derive for their perseverance in service, and injured fortunes, they become more and more tenacious of its value and attd. the distribution of it with a watchfl. eye.
I have been rather prolix on this subject but thought it incumbent on me to assign the reasons which govern my opinion, because I wish you to be convinced, that I do not want inclination to comply with your wishes in any instance that is within the reach of my power (consistently) to aid them. With very great regard and esteem I am, etc.18
[Note 18: Although the draft is addressed by Washington: "His Excelly Josh. Reed, Prest. Pensa." this letter is, evidently, a purely personal one. This draft varies slightly from the text as printed by Win. B. Reed, in Reprint of the Original Letters from Washington to Joseph Reed (Philadelphia: 1852).]
Head Quarters, West point, October 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have yet recd. no Official Accounts from the southward. The inclosed was brought the day before yesterday from Philada. The Gentleman who transmits the account from thence and Colo. Patton who brought the intelligence from North Carolina, are both so worthy of credibility that I flatter myself it will prove substantially true; although it is difficult to account for its not having arrived officially to Philada, as so much time had elapsed since the action is said to have happened.
The Enemy yesterday set fire to and abandoned their Works upon Stoney and Verplanks points and have fallen down the River. I have the honor, etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 22, 1779.
Sir: I was, in due time, favd. with yours of the 15th: I very much approve of your intention of marching immediately to Harford,20 with the Continental and State troops under your command, should the evacuation of Rhode Island take place. I will not undertake to decide upon the propriety of throwing a Garrison of Militia into Newport, because, it in a great measure depends upon the pleasure of the State, but, in my private opinion, there is a considerable risque attending it. The enemy are undoubtedly concentering their force, upon a presumption, that there is imminent danger of an attack by the united Arms
[Note 20: Hartford, Conn.] of France and America. Now, should the lateness of the Season, engagements of another nature in the West Indies, or any unforeseen accident call off the Count D'Estaing, after operating to the Southward, the Enemy, relieved from their fears, would very probably think of repossessing Rhode Island, which they have undoubtedly found of great use and convenience to them for Quarters, and as a safe port. How easily they could effect this, with a superiority by Sea, your own judgment and experience will readily convince You. I should think, if the State has no objection, that all the Works, except a few upon the water side to prevent the insults of privateers or small ships of War, should instantly, upon an evacuation, be demolished, and that no more men or stores should be kept upon the Island, than would be necessary for the purpose just mentioned, and who, from the smallness of their numbers, might be withdrawn at any time, on the shortest notice.
Inclosed you will find a Resolve of Congress of the 9th. explanatory of their Act of the 18th. Augt. respecting subsistence.
I am sorry that it is not in my power to do more than I have done for the relief of Major Harnage and Capt. Hawker. It lays with Sir Henry Clinton to accept of either a parole or final exchange for them. Neither can I permit Major Gardiner to go into New York to sollicit his exchange.
I have not yet recd. any official accounts from the southward, which is most amazing. The inclosed came the day before yesterday from Philadelphia. The Gentleman who transmits it, and Colo. Patton, who brought it from North Carolina, are both so worthy of credibility, that we may, at least, flatter ourselves, it will prove substantially true.
The enemy yesterday set fire to and abandoned their Worksupon Stoney and Verplanks point. I am, &c.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday inclosing the approbation of the Executive of Virginia to the promotion of sundry Sergeants in your own and General Muhlenbergs Brigades. Before Commissions can be obtained, you must designate the Regiments to which they are to be appointed and their relative Ranks. I imagine their Commissions are to bear date from the time they were approved by the Council. I return you the lists that you may make the necessary amendments. I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 23, 1779.
Sir: I have had the honor of your letter of the 12th. by Mr. Randolph.
It gives me pleasure to learn that this young gentleman's attentions during the course of your journey, have been such as to deserve your approbation.
I beg leave to refer you to my letter to Major Genl. Philips, for my answer to his request in your favor. I sympathize in the bad state of your health; and very sincerely wish an alteration for the better, and which I would hope from your change of situation. I have the honor, etc.24
[Note 24: In the writing of James McHenry. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Moores House, Sunday, October 24, 1779.
Parole Bermuda. Countersigns Bergen, Berne. Lieutenant Colonel Williams25 is appointed to superintend the hospital in Albany. He will apply at the Orderly Office for instructions.
[Note 25: Lieut. Col. William Williams, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 26: Of the Eastern Continental Navy Board, at Boston, Mass.]
West Point, October 24, 1779.
Gentn: I have been honoured with Your Letter of the 13th and should be exceedingly happy if it were in my power to comply with your requisition, but so far from this being the case, on account of the scantiness of our supplies of Powder, I have been obliged to apply both to your State and Connecticut to obtain a loan. Of this application you will probably have heard before this. On recurring to our last General Return in July, the whole quantity in all the public Stores lying East of Hudson's river, but very little exceeded the amount of your requisition, which must have been greatly diminished since, and the remainder not unlikely collected at the Laboratory at Springfield and made up for the use of the Army. These considerations are very disagreeable and the detention of the Ship for want of a proper supply of this Article will be a mortifying circumstance. You will now permit me to make you a return of my warmest acknowledgments for the very polite terms of your Letter and your kind wishes for my success, and to assure you that I have the honor, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: For the Reasons assigned in yours of this date and to protect the communication by King's ferry, I think the Connecticut Division may as well move down as low as the neighbourhood of Peeks Kill, leaving a sufficient party to continue the work at the two Redoubts. I shall direct Colo. Gouvion to lay out two small Works at Verplanks and Stoney points. You will be pleased to order the [one on Verplanks] to be executed by the Men of your division. The troops may move as soon as you have fixed on a proper place of encampment [near Verplanks]. I am, etc.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
West Point, October 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of Yesterday, and can assure you, that no measures have been wanting on my part, to obtain Commissions for the Massachusetts line in consequence of the late arrangement. As soon as it was finished it was transmitted to Congress, with an earnest request, that it might be committed to the Board of War, if it was approved, that the Commissions might be issued. Since Congress approved it, I have more than once requested the Board to lose no time in forwarding the Commissions, and so late as the 12th. Instant, I wrote them in pressing terms upon the subject. From these considerations and the Board's attention to expediting business, I cannot but persuade myself, that they will arrive in the course of a few days; or at least as soon as circumstances will permit. It is possible, besides the time which it necessarily takes to fill up between 4 and 500 Commissions and to record and enter 'em in a Book, that a want of blanks may have occurred; also the late change of Presidents29 may have occasioned some difficulties. I know there are many instances as you observe, where promotions have been made in Orders;30 but these in most cases where directed by me, were either founded in pressing necessity or where I conceived I had authority to do it. From some regulations which have lately taken place on the subject of Commissions, promotions and vacancies; and which induced me to transmit the Massachusetts Arrangement in the first instance to Congress. It is my wish to interfere with them as little as possible. As I have already mentioned, I cannot but hope that a few days will put every Officer in possession of his Commission.
[Note 29: Of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 30: General Orders.]
I am happy to hear that the reinlisting of the Troops is attended with success, and I persuade myself the Officers will use their best endeavours to promote it. The Continental bounty is two hundred Dollars and all the Inlistments must be during the War.31 No other mode of inlistment is admissible. I am, etc.32
[Note 31: In the draft the words "during the War" are underlined.]
[Note 32: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: Both your favors of yesterday came to hand last Evening as did that of the 22d. I have, for some days past, had the destruction of the Enemy's wood on Lloyd's neck in contemplation. Major Tallmadge having been lately over on an excursion is probably better acquainted with the practicability of such a matter than any other person. From some hints which he dropped, when last at Head Quarters, he did not seem to think the enterprise a difficult one. Be pleased to consult the Major upon the foregoing, and desire him to gain intelligence of the quantity of Wood cut; the Guard upon it; and whether he thinks the business may be effected without running a greater Risque than the object, tho' a very considerable one, is worth. Should you upon a full investigation be of opinion that it may be undertaken with a tolerable prospect of success, I would wish you to have it carried into execution by a party from your Division, and if Major Tallmadge would undertake the command of it, I do not know a preferable officer for the purpose, as he is perfectly acquainted with the Ground, and with the preparations necessary for passing the sound.
I have not the least objection to your ordering Fascines to be cut somewhat lower down, provided it be not so far, that a party of the enemy might venture up to destroy them. I cannot decide upon the propriety of your moving from your present position, till I have determined upon the Works necessary for securing the communication of Kings ferry. I have for this purpose wrote to Colo. Gouvion and desired him to come immediately up.
You may be assured, my dear Sir, that nothing gives me greater pleasure than to receive the Sentiments of my Officers upon any matters which may occur to them. The variety of Business in which I am necessarily engaged must of course take off my attention from many things which may materially concern the good of the Service, and I am never more obliged than when an Officer communicates to me whatever strikes him as being essential to the general good. I very sensibly feel your expressions of personal Regard, which I assure you is mutual, and I shall be happy in every opportunity of cultivating a continuance of your friendship. If -- can find any tolerable pretext for going down with a Flag, I have no objection. I do not imagine there is any reason for my writing Govr. Clinton on the subject.
There is part of Capt. Burbecks33 Company of Artillery under the command of Lieutt. Crowley34 with Colo. Hazen's Regt. Be pleased to direct him with his party and piece of Artillery to join his Company at West point. We have not yet recd. any official accounts from the southward, which is most amazing. I am, etc.35
[Note 33: Capt. Henry Burbeck, of the Third Continental Artillery. He served to November, 1783; captain in the United States Artillery in 1786; major in November, 1791; lieutenant colonel, United States Artillerist and Engineers, in 1798.]
[Note 34: Lieut. Florence Crowley, of the Third Continental Artillery. He had been wounded at Brandywine and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 24, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your favor of Yesterday and thank you much for the Suggestions contained in it. I request that you will take the trouble of having One or Two pikes made according to your own mind, which you will be pleased to send me for considerations.
Some Badges of distinction may be proper for Officers and the Gentlemen of their Families in time of Action. The Ribband was intended in part for this. If there is any thing that occurs to You, which will better designate their different ranks and answer the end, You will be so obliging as to mention it.
The orders of the 5th. of July were intended to produce the Returns you mention; but perhaps they have received a confined construction, and been supposed to extend only, to the Cloathing drawn from the Continental Stores by the Qr. Masters of the Infantry themselves in the first instance. I will have the point so explained, that any supplies obtained from or thro the Regiments on public account shall be included. I am, etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 24, 1779.
Dear Sir: As some small works will be necessary to secure the communication of Kings ferry, I shall be glad to have your opinion upon the subject. Be pleased therefore to return to Head Quarters after you have left the proper instructions for making Fascines with General Howes division. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 38: Of a New Jersey State regiment.]
West point, October 24, 1779.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 20th. and thank you much for the intelligence you were so obliging as to communicate, and for the Return and disposition of your Regiment. You will be pleased to continue your endeavours to obtain information, with respect to the Enemy, and to transmit me from time to time such as you may deem material; and, in a particular manner, you will extend your inquiries to their movements, embarkations and to any changes that may take place in their Shipping, either by fresh arrivals or their sailing. I am, etc.
P.S. I am exceedingly sorry to find Your Regiment so sickly.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West-point, October 25, 1779.
My dear Sir: Letters of a private nature and for the mere purposes of friendly intercourse are, with me, the production of too much haste to allow time (generally speaking) to take, or make fair copies of them; and my memory (unfortunately for me) is of too defective a frame to furnish the periods at which they were written. But I am much mistaken if I have not, since I came to the prest. Incampmt. wrote you a full acct. of the situation of things in this quarter. Your last letter to me was in May.
The Pensylvania Gazettes, which I presume you regularly receive, will have conveyed official accts. to the public of all occurrances of any importance. A repetition would be unnecessary and tedious. But it may not be amiss to observe, that excepting the plundering expedition to Virginia, and the burning one in Connecticut the enemy have wasted another Campaign (till this stage of it at least) in their ship-bound Islands, and strong-holds, without doing a single thing advancive of the end in view, unless by delays and placing their whole dependance in the depreciation of our money, and the wretched management of our finances, they expect to accomplish it.
In the meanwhile they have suffered, I do not know what other term to give it, a third part of the Continental Troops wch. altogether was inferior to theirs, to be employed in the total destruction of all the Country inhabited by the hostile tribes of the Six Nations, their good and faithful Allies! While the other two thirds without calling upon the Militia for the aid of a single man excepting upon the Inhabitants in the vicinity of this Post (and that for a few days only) at the time Genl. Clinton moved up the River in the Spring and before we could reach it restrained their foraging parties, confined them within very circumscribed bounds at the same time bestowing an immensity of labour on this Post, more important to us, considered in all its consequences, than any other in America.
There is something so truly unaccountable in all this that I do not know how to reconcile it with their own views, or to any principle of common sense; but the fact is nevertheless true. The latter end of May as I have hinted already Genl. Clinton moved up to Kings-ferry in force, and possessed himself of Stony and Verplanks points; alarmed at this (for I conceived these works, and the command of the river in conseque. was really the object, and the other only an advance to it) I hastened to its succour; but the return of the enemy towards the last of June, after having fortified and garrisoned the points, convinced me that that was not their design, or that they had relinquished it, till their reinforcemts. shd. have arriv'd since which these Posts have changed Masters frequently and after employing the enemy a whole campaign, costing them near a thousand men in Prisoners by desertion, and otherways, and infinite labour is at length in Statu-quo that is, simply, a continental Ferry again.
The reinforcements from G: Britain under Convoy of Adml. Arbuthnot and Sir Andw. Hammend from the best Acct. we have received amounted to about 4000 Men, mostly new recruits, and sickly; many having died on their passage and since their arrival.
We are now in appearances, launching into a wide and boundless field, puzzled with mazes and o'er spread with difficulties; a glorious object is in view, and God send we may attain it. Some time ago it was much within the reach of probability; but the Season, and the incessant labour of the enemy to secure the City and harbour of New York are much opposed to us, and serve to lessen my hopes in proportion as time rolls on. It is now 30 days since Congress gave me official notice of Count D'Estaing's intended co-operation, and no authentic acct. of him is since come to hand. The probability therefore is, that we shall have hot work in a cold season.
I have called upon Massachusetts bay, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pensa. for Militia, and every thing being in a proper train for a capitol enterprize, to the Gods and our best endeavours the event is committed.
Verplanks and Stony points as I have before observed are already evacuated and from every acct. and appeares the like will happen at Rhode Isld., things being in a train for it. Their whole force then will be concentred at New York, and in regular Troops only, will amount to at least 18,000, besides Seamen from near 1000 Sail of Vessels of different kinds. Refugees, and the Militia of those Islands wch. are actually in their power, and which they have had employed on their works of defence ever since the first rumour of the french fleets being in these Seas.
I have no doubt but that the Assembly of Virginia, at its last session, had cogent reasons for opening the Land Office; but so far as it respects the Army, the measure is to be lamented; for I believe, from what I have heard, that it will be a means of breaking up the Virginia line.40
[Note 40: At this point the following is crossed off: "The Officers who have already foregone every advantage which is to be derived from civil employment, and are wasting their substance in the dangerous and difficult service of the field seem determined from what I have understood not to pass by this last chance of making some provision for themselves and families the consequence of which must be that the Troops of that State will be left without Officers and the consequence of this again, too obvious to need animadversion."]
I have never read the Act with any degree of attention, and at this time, have but an imperfect recollection of the purport of it. But in general conversation I learn from the Officers, that by some clause in this or an antecedant Act those who have already taken pains, and have been at expence to secure Lands in that Country, will receive little benefit from either the one or the other unless some requisites before Commissioners are complied with; and this they add is not to be done (if I understand them properly) otherwise than by personal attendance. While this operates powerfully upon the minds of all those who have already taken measures to secure an Interest in that new world a desire prevails universally amongst the whole of them to become adventurers before the Cream is skimmed.
I am informed that the New York Assembly which is now sitting, mean to make an offer of Land to the Officers and Soldiers of other States, equally with their own, who may incline to take the Continental bounty in it; the policy of this measure may not be unworthy of consideration by the Assembly of Virginia. If it is conceived, that this great Country will long continue to be part of the present government of that commonwealth, no measure that can be adopted will, in my opinion, give it a more vigorous growth than the opening of this door and add more to its population which ever has been considered the riches of a Country.
To any enquiring friends you will please to make a tender of my compliments and do me the justice to believe that in truth and sincerity I am, etc.
Head Quarters, October 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: The Board of War having directed two thousand dried Hydes to be sent to Philada. by the returning Waggons, you will be pleased to give directions to the Deputy Qr. Mr. and Waggon Master at Newburg and Windsor to furnish Mr. Hatfield the Commy. of Hides, with return Waggons for the above quantity. Mr. Hatfield represents that he could often send Hides and leather to different places by return Waggons, by which much expense would be saved, if he had a general order upon the Quarter Mr. and Waggon Master at Newberg or New Windsor to supply him with such upon demand, when they are not otherwise engaged. You will be pleased to give the order and put it in the inclosed, which be kind enough to seal and forward immediately. I am, &c.
I have thought it best to order Genl. Sullivan to Sufferan's instead of Warwick and have directed him to take the Route of Hackers town, Mount pleasant, Mount Hope and pompton. You will therefore give orders if any necessary in your department. Be pleased to send an Express immediately here to go on and meet Genl. Sullivan.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 25, 1779.
Gentlemen: Mr. Hatfield yesterday sent a person to communicate the several matters respecting his department to me. He himself being very unwell. Finding that he has near ten thousand Hides upon hand, I have directed him to send 2000, the number mentioned in yours of the 9th, immediately to Philada. He has delivered 1400 pair of shoes to the Cloathier General within thirty days past, and expects to turn in above 1500 pair more in November, he says perhaps near 3000. By the instructions to the Commy. of Hides they are "to confine themselves in the purchase of leather or shoes to their own districts as many inconveniences will arise from extending their business beyond the limits thereof." This regulation is very proper for the Reasons assigned therein, but would it not answer a good purpose, if the Commy. of the State or district, in which the main Army may happen to lie, and in which of course there is the principal slaughter of Cattle, was directed to correspond constantly with the Commissaries in the States or districts nearest to him, and to supply them with Hides when he has more than he can dispose of by way of exchange or otherwise, that they may endeavour to barter them within their limits. Mr Mehelm mentioned that few Cattle having been lately slaughtered in his district, he had been fearful of extending his contracts lest he should not have the means of complying with them. This shews the good effects which would result from some such measure as I have recommended above. The Board will undoubtedly order down a further parcel of Hides from this post if they see an opportunity of disposing of them, or direct Mr. Mehelm and the others to draw from this stock if they can find an opportunity of exchanging them. I have the honor, &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 22d.
The enemy having evacuated both their posts at Kings ferry you will on receipt of this proceed with your troops to Sufferans at the entrance of the Clove. Should you not have advanced far on your march to Warwick, Hacketstown, Mount pleasant, Mount-Hope and Pompton would appear the most eligible route to this place. But that I may know this exactly you will be pleased to inform me of the Stages, that I may not be at a loss where to meet you should it be necessary to urge your march. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West Point, October 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: ***44
[Note 44: The omitted portion is identical, except the last paragraph, with that in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, Oct. 24, 1779, q. v.]
The moment they45 arrive they shall be transmitted, and if they should not come by the Evening of the 2d. of Novr. I will forward to you and Genl. Glover a List of the Field Officers and Captains, taken from the arrangement sent to Congress, which may answer the views of the Committee of the Honourable the General Court, with respect to the subject you mention, as far as it extends. A List of Subaltern Officers was not taken by me from the Arrangement; but I have great hopes the Commissions for all will be here in time; and if they are not, the justice and generosity of the Court will not, I am persuaded, suffer the circumstance to operate an injury to them, as to any benefits they may have intended. As the subject of this Letter is interesting to the whole of the Massachusetts line, You will be pleased to shew it to Genl. Glover and to such of the Officers as you may think necessary. I am, etc.46
[Note 45: The commissions.]
[Note 46: The draft, which is entered on the letter to Heath of October 24, is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: General Schuyler has shewn me a letter from Mr. Douw of Albany by which I perceive that you did not think my letter of the 12th. to General Schuyler or in his absence to Mr. Douw desiring the release of the Mohawks, a sufficient authority to you to give them up, as the order was not in positive terms, nor directed to you. Upon referring to the letter, I find it was not a full order, tho' I meant it as such. You will therefore be pleased on the receipt hereof to deliver the Indians to Mr. Douw, who will lay them under such obligations for their future good behavior as he shall think necessary. I am, &c.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Tench Tilghman]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 21st. No occurrence has happened since I wrote to you last, except the evacuation of Stoney and Verplanks Points, which took place on the 22d. I have not heard from Rhode Island since the 15th. when General Gates wrote me that the enemy were seemingly making every preparation for evacuating that place also. Should Count D'Estaing reach the Hook without touching at the Delaware, you will be pleased to communicate the foregoing with the other intelligences in your possession. Be kind enough to forward the inclosed to Genl. Du Portail and Colo. Hamilton at Egg Harbour. I am, etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 25, 1779.
Sir: The Board of War, in a letter of the 9th. instant inform me that if two thousand dried Hides could be procured they might be immediately exchanged for Shoes at Philada. and they direct, if that quantity is on hand with the Commissary near the Army, that they may be immediately sent forward to Philada. The person sent yesterday to communicate the several matters respecting your department to me, informs, that you now have near ten thousand Hides on hand. You are therefore immediately to send two thousand to Philada. to be delivered to the Board of War. That you may take advantage of returning Waggons, you will find inclosed an order from the Qr. Mr. General to his deputy at Newberg and New Windsor to furnish you with the returning Waggons now, and also to permit you at all times to make use of them when going to places to which you have occasion to send Hides or Leather, if they are not previously engaged in other services. I shall depend upon your forwarding the quantity before mentioned without the least delay. I am, &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 25, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have just now received a letter from Col. Hamilton, mentioning your having changed your position at Lewistown for that of little Egg harbour, and that you would write me more fully on your arrival at the furnace.
In my last I informed you that the enemy had evacuated both their posts at Kings-ferry, since which no alteration has taken place, that has come to my knowledge. Things at Rhode Island remain in the same situation, at least, I have received no accounts either confirming or contradicting my former intelligence. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of James McHenry. This letter is in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, October 26, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your favor of this date, and approve the disposition you have made. I do not recollect the ground in particular which you intend for your Encampment; no doubt it is proper, and my desire is that it should be for the accommodation of the Troops, and at the same time be as convenient to Verplanks point as could be, [on acct. of the Work.]
You will pleased to forward the inclosed letter for Genl. Glover by the first opportunity. I am, &c.51
[Note 51: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The words in brackets were added by Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 26, 1779.
My Lord: I have been favored with your letter of the 22d. and am much obliged to you for the intelligence it contains. The chief part of it I have had confirmed from different quarters.
Your Lordships offer to go down to the Count should he favor us with a visit is very interesting; but it has been anticipated by my sending Gen. du Portail and Lt. Col. Hamilton, who some time since, set out on this business [fully possessed of my Ideas and of every informn. I cd. give.] They are now waiting at little Egg harbour in expectation of seeing him. As the matter stands, and as you suppose you will in a few days be in a condition to act on horseback, I hope we shall be able to employ your Lordship to as much advantage with ourselves.
We hear not a single word of the Southern operations. I have the honor, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 26, 1779.
My dear Sir: Lieutenant Colo. Ternant who will have the honor of delivering you this, returns to the Southward to execute the duties of his Office of Inspector to the troops in South Carolina and Georgia. He is furnished with the "Regulations for the order and discipline of the troops of the United States" approved by Congress on the 29th. March and by them directed to be generally observed. He is also furnished with the extracts from General Orders, with the forms of the returns required, and all other matters relating to the Inspectorship.
I am well persuaded that it is needless for me to express a desire that you should give this Gentleman your countenance and assistance in forming the troops under your command upon the plan laid down in the Regulations. I shall only tell you, that we have already experienced a very pleasing change in the face of our military affairs by a steady adherence to the system.
I flatter myself that by the time Colonel Ternant reaches the southern Army, matters will be in such a situation as to admit of a regular application to the maneuvres and discipline recommended in the establishment.
We are most anxiously waiting for accounts from the southward, having recd. no official intelligence from thence since the 7th. of September which barely announced Count D'Estaings arrival upon the Coast. I should be very happy in frequent communications with you, more especially when great events are depending upon the operations in your quarter. The enemy, by their late movements, seem apprehensive of a visit from the Count. On the 21St. Inst. they evacuated their posts at Kings Ferry and have fallen down to New York. I have not heard from Rhode Island since the 25th. they were then, to every appearance, preparing for an evacuation of that post also.
General Sullivan has returned from the expedition against the Western Indians. He has been completely successful, having totally destroyed the Country of the six Nations with a very trifling loss on our side. Colonel Brodhead has also returned to Fort Pitt from an expedition agt. the hostile tribes upon the heads of the Alleghany River; He has also destroyed their Country. I am in hopes that these severe Blows will effectually intimidate the Indians, and secure the future peace of our frontier.
Nothing will give me greater pleasure, than to receive a confirmation of your success to the southward. Whatever contributes to your honor will afford the highest satisfaction to me, as I am, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 26, 1779.
Dear Sir: There will be a necessity of throwing up a small Work at Stoney point to protect the communication by Kings ferry. Colo. Gouvion will go clown tomorrow to lay it out. When that is done, you will be pleased to furnish a party from the Infantry to assist in executing it. I have wrote to General Woodford to furnish a party from the Virginia line also. You had best see him and detail agreeable to your respective Strength. As the Work will be trifling, I would wish that the parties may be such as will finish it out of hand. I am &c.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Precisely the same letter was sent to General Woodford this same day (October 26) with the following P.S.: "Should not Lord Stirling be returned to Camp, be pleased to forward the inclosed by first opportunity, and that also to Colo. Seely at Eliza: Town." This letter is in the Washington Papers. The letter to Colonel Seely was that of Oct. 24, 1779, q. v.
On October 26 Washington wrote to General Glover: "Your favor of the 18th Instant never came to hand till to day. In answer to it, I wish to refer You to a Letter I wrote Yesterday to Genl. Nixon in consequence of one I received from him on the same subject, and which I requested him to shew to You." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am just now informed that the Enemy landed yesterday Morning at Amboy (said to be 5000) and were advancing towards Brunswick. Their design is not yet known, but a forage or an attempt to interrupt the communication from the southward, is most probable. The Virginia division and the Light Infantry have in consequence, moved from the Neighbourhood of Kackeat, lower down. Till we are assured of the Enemy's views, I think it most advisable to draw our force in this quarter, together, and I have therefore requested General Howe by the inclosed (which be pleased to seal and forward) to move up and join You near Peek's Kill.55
[Note 55: "Just as this paper was going to press we were informed that a party of the enemy's dragoons consisting of about 100, landed on Tuesday night last at Sandy Point above Amboy, and proceeded on to Bound Brook where they burnt some stores; from thence they went up to Van Veghter's bridge and burnt 18 boats; and from thence to Somerset courthouse, which they likewise burnt; and then returned by the way of Brunswick to South-Amboy. The militia turned out and annoyed them very considerably. They killed the horse of the commanding officer, a colonel, and made him prisoner, and also one private, beside two or three horses. T'is thought several of the enemy were wounded."-- Archives, State of New Jersey, second series, vol. 3, p. 715. The extract was from Collins's New Jersey Gazette of Oct. 27, 1779. In this affair the British, according to the account published by Collins, November 3, massacred Capt. Peter Voorhees, of the First New Jersey Regiment, and took a Doctor Ryker and John Polhemus, prisoners. The British account is in Rivington's Royal Gazette, NOV. 3, 1779.]
I had determined that the Work upon Stony point should be executed by the Virginia Troops and the Light Infantry; but as they have left that Neighbourhood, I must request You to send a party over to carry on the Work, at least till the Virginians shall have resumed their Station, or some Other Troops shall have taken up their ground. Be pleased to direct your Quarter Master to provide Tools necessary for the purpose, if he has not already got them. I am, &c.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 27, 1779.
8 OClock A.M.
Dr. Sir: I have this moment received advice that the enemy (said to be 5000) landed yesterday at Amboy, and were advancing towards Brunswick. Their intent yet unknown, but I think a forage, or the interruption of our stores from the Southward is most probable. The Virginia division and the light infantry who were near Kakeyate marched this morning at Sun rise to Paramus, from whence they will proceed as circumstances may require. From the situation of matters I think it will be advisable for you to direct your march towards morris town instead of the route which I pointed out in mine of yesterday. By sending some gentlemen of the Jersey Brigade forward, you will be able to learn from Lord Stirling,57 or if he is not well enough to join, from the commanding officer, the real situation of affairs, and should you find that there is occasion to fall even lower down than Morris town, you can do it.
[Note 57: On October 29 Washington wrote to Stirling: "As your Lordship was not with the division I have given my instructions to Brigadier Genl. Woodford to return and take post between Sufferans and Stoney-pont, provided the enemy have gone back." This letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. William Woodford, Oct. 29, 1779, post.)]
Should you hear that the enemy have retired, you may again turn your course to Sufferans. I am, &c.58
[Note 58: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have this moment recd. advice that the enemy landed yesterday in considerable force at Amboy, this has occasioned the Virginia Division and Light Infantry to move from Kakeate lower down the Country. Under present circumstances, I therefore think it advisable for you to move up and join the Connecticut Division under the command of Major Genl. Heath, who will march from hence this morning and encamp in the neighbourhood of Peekskill. You will leave light parties advanced at a proper distance in your front. I am, etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: Yours dated I, OClock this morning reached me at 7. You will probably be soon informed more certainly of the real strength of the Enemy and what seems to be their intention. Should you find it more than a hasty forage, you will endeavour to collect the militia lately ordered out, some of whom I suppose are by this time at their rendezvous at Pompton, and many more undoubtedly at their place of Battalion rendezvous. I have sent an Express to Genl. Sullivan and have directed him to bend his march towards Morris Town, and to send forward some officers to you, to know your situation and that of the Enemy, that he may, should there be occasion fall lower down than Morris Town. There is a considerable quantity of forage along the mountain and probably a good many Cattle, the destruction of the former, and capture of the latter, may perhaps be the intention of the Enemy. We have likewise a number of flat Boats at Middle Brook. You will attend to these several matters, as being in my opinion most material; and be pleased to keep me constantly advised of all occurrences. I am, etc.
Ps. You will make use of Baylors Dragoons if you have not already taken them with you.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 27, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The letter of which the inclosed is a copy was put into my hands a few days since. Mrs. Robinson is a perfect stranger to me and I would hope has been led into some misconceptions. I have however, as not only your own honor but that of the service is concerned thought it essential to send the whole representation.
Should you have been induced from any circumstances attending her capture, or the Slaves own account, to suppose her lawful plunder at the time of taking, I have no doubt, should this have been the case, but that on a more full consideration you will readily make a restitution. I am, etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Wednesday, October 27, 1779.
Parole Perkioming. Countersigns Otsago, Norwalk.
The General Court Martial whereof Col. Starr is President is dissolved, and another ordered to sit tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the same place to try such persons as shall come before them. Colonel Chambers62 will preside. The Maryland and Pennsylvania lines and the Garrison each give a Lieutenant Colonel or Major and three Captains for members.
[Note 62: Col. James Chambers, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 27, 1779.
Madam: I have received your letter of the 18th of last month relative to the Slave which Col. Morgan had secured.
The Col. is now in Virginia, I have however written to him on the subject, and hope it will be attended with her restitution I am, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
October 28, 1779.
Sir: His Excellency has received Your favor of this date and thanks You for the intelligence. Whether the fleet seen in the Sound standing to the Westward, has the Rhode Island Garrison on board or not, remains to be determined; The General as yet has received no other information on the subject.
His Excellency requests you will push on the Works at Verplanks and Stony points. In a few days, from what Governor Clinton has told him, he has hopes that Lt. Colo. Pawling with three Hundred Troops of the State, will be at the latter.
With respect to the movements of the Enemy in Jersey, our accounts are far from being accurate. The best, however, is from Colonel Seely of the Jersey State Regiment dated at 5 OClock P M Yesterday. By this it is said, the Enemy the day before, landed a party at South Amboy, and at the same time about a 100 Horse at Perth Amboy, the latter of which proceeded rapidly to Middle Brook, burnt Rariton Meeting House and Sommerset Court House, and returned through Spotswood to South Amboy. Colo Seely adds, that they were met in their Retreat by 13 Militia, who fired on them, killed some of their Horse, took their Commander (a Lieutenant Colonl) and three more prisoners. If these things are true, and only these, a pretty expedition on the part of Sir Harry this. I have the Honor, &c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. H. Hsn Secy."]
Head Quarters, West Point, October 28, 1779.
Dr Sr: Since my letter of yesterday, I have received an Account (though it does not come well authenticated), that the enemy had destroyed the Forage at Middlebrook and were still in that quarter.
I wish you to move towards them as light and with as much expedition as possible. The Virginia division under Lord Stirling and the Light Infantry under Genl. Wayne with your own troops and the militia will give you a considerable body. I leave it intirely to yourself to act either on the defensive or offensively according to circumstances. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am just honored with yours of last evening, and am sorry to find inclosures of so disagreeable a nature. I have, by the inclosed, directed the commanding Officer of the Massachusetts Militia to repair to Albany, and have desired him to leave word for the remainder to repair thither as they come in. Should any part of your Militia, that were intended for the expected cooperation be still above, I leave it with your Excellency to order them to Albany for the present, should you be of opinion that it will answer a good purpose.
I this morning recd. a Return from Colo. Swartwout of the Arms and Accoutrements wanting by the Militia.66 Our Stock of these Articles is so very scanty, that I am loth to deliver them out, in that way, but upon the greatest emergency. Should we commence operations against New York, we shall have occasion for a very considerable quantity of Wood, from above, I would therefore suggest to your Excellency the propriety of employing those Men who want Arms in cutting Wood between this and Verplanks point. I would wish you to give me your opinion upon this matter, because I would not impose a duty upon the Militia that should be disagreeable or disgusting to them. Should there be a necessity of arming them, I would wish it might be put off 'till we have a certainty of operating.
[Note 66: On October 29 Washington wrote to Col. Jacobus Swartwout: "I have written to Governor Clinton on the subject of deficiencies in the arms and accoutrements." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have heard that the party which made an incursion into Jersey have returned. Their numbers were greatly exaggerated. They consisted of about one hundred Horse who penetrated as far as Sommerset Court House, what particular damage they did I do not exactly know, but they were met by a small party of Militia at Middle Brook who fired upon them, and took Lt. Colo. Simcoe their Commandant and three privates prisoners. They returned with precipitation by South Amboy, where a Body of Infantry were prepared to cover them in their embarkation I am, &c.
P.S. I have this moment recd. a letter from Mr. Laurens,67 who favs. me with news from the Southward to the 2d inst. the following is the substance.
[Note 67: Henry Laurens. His letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
"Colo. Maitland with such of his Men as were able to march had made their escape from Beaufort and joined General Prevost at Savannah, leaving his Hospital, Artillery, Baggage and Stores.
The Enemy strongly fortified at Savannah. Their numbers about 3000 exclusive of Negroes &c.
Count D'Estaing had landed 5000 Men and formed a junction with Genl. Lincoln who had abt. 4000 under his command. The Allies were determined to make regular approaches. The Chief Engineer Colo. Laumoy announced that his Batteries of 38 heavy Cannon and 8 Mortars would open the 2d or 3d inst. two sorties had been made by the besieged, who were beat back and suffered greatly in killed and wounded.
The Sagittaire had taken the Experiment, Sir James Wallace on board of whom was General Vaughan and 20 other Officers and Cash to pay the troops in Georgia; it appears that 4000 Men had been intended for South Carolina.
The Ariel 26 Guns, Fowey 24, and a Sloop of 18, a large ship with 2200 Barrels of Flour and a quantity of Beef and pork, 4000 suits of Cloaths &c &c all the Enemies Store and Transport Ships had fallen into the French Admirals hands.
A part of the Cherokee Nation had been induced by Cameron68 the superintendent to break faith with us. They had in consequence been severely chastised by Genl. Williamson69 who had returned and would join Genl. Lincoln with 1000 Men the 29th or 30th Septemr. perfect Unanimity between the Allies. It was expected the whole of the Enemy would be in our hands in a Week."
[Note 68: Alan Cameron.]
[Note 69: Brig. Genl, Andrew Williamson, of the Georgia Militia. He joined the British in 1780.]
The above is from a private letter from Mr. Laurens and I would not wish to have it published in the papers.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 29, 1779.
Dear Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 27th. in due time. Before this reaches you, you will undoubtedly have heard that the enemy have returned to Staten Island. I think you may as well take post with the Infantry, for the present, in the neighbourhood of Paramus [incling towds. Kakeat], and draw your forage age as much as possible from the lower part of Bergen. You will be in a good situation to gain intelligence from New York. Should any thing of consequence come to your knowledge, I shall be obliged to you for communicating it. I am, etc.
[P.S. Hold yourself in readiness to move on towards Stony point, or this] post if necessary. [some information just received may make it so.]71
[Note 71: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington and his spelling is followed.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 29, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 27th. and thank you for the intelligence it contains.
You will be pleased to send the packet addressed to Sir Henry Clinton by flag.72 I am, &c.73
[Note 72: The packet to be sent in by flag was the one from Maj. Genl. William Phillips, forwarded by the Continental Board of Treasury.]
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 29, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 27th. to O'Clock and that of the 28 of 4 O'Clock in the morning, with its inclosure from Col. Seely.
Provided the enemy have returned you will move back, and take a position between Sufferans and Stoney-point. You will be pleased to give me proper notice of the place you may choose for your incampment. I am, etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 29, 1779.
Sir: In consequence of your alarming Letter of the 27th. I had determined to dispatch an Express this Morning to Congress, with your representation of the State of our flour, but have delayed doing it on the report of Mr. Harrison75 of a conversation which passed between you and him last night, with respect to our supplies of this article. He has informed me that you expressed a wish that no measures might be taken in consequence of your letter, either for dismissing any of the Militia that have been required to augment the army, or any representation made that might tend to produce it; and that he understood you thought, from a more minute and accurate inquiry into matters, you could count upon supplying the whole army and militia for eleven or twelve days supposing them to be collected. It is very interesting to me and to the Public from a variety of considerations, which will readily occur to you, that I should know with certainty, the state of our Magazines and how far they will really extend. I therefore request that you will inform me to day, for what length of time you could with certainty furnish supplies, supposing our whole force including the Militia was to be drawn to a point, and what are your expectations of future supplies and of the contingencies on which they would depend and also of the causes which have produced those unexpected difficulties. There is a necessity for our
[Note 75: Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison.] knowing our difficulties ourselves; but they should be known to none else, except to the proper Public bodies.
I have been induced to change the position of the Massachusetts Militia assembled and assembling at Claverack, to Albany to which place I have requested them to move. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the possession of Hon. James W. Wadsworth, of Geneseo, N. Y.]
[Note 77: At Claverack, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 29, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased on receipt of this letter, to move with the militia which may be collected at Claverack, to Albany, where they can be much better accommodated. You will leave such orders when you march that such as have not yet joined you may follow to Albany. And hold yourself in readiness to move on the shortest notice. I am, &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Friday, October 29, 1779.
Parole Cocknawaga. Countersigns Croten, Darby.
General Heath is to take the direction of the Guard Boats; they are to be maned from the Left Wing; General Putnam is desired to order them down to Peek's Kill.
Head Quarters, West point, October 30, 1779.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting to Congress the Copy of a letter which I recd. yesterday from Governor Clinton.79 I have agreeable to his request directed the Massachusetts Militia to rendezvous at Albany instead of Claverack, not for the purpose of making use of them against the Indians should the incursion prove serious, but to give the appearance of an immediate collection of force in that quarter. Should the expected cooperation take place, the can, with great ease, be brought down again to join the Army.
[Note 79: Clinton's letter to Washington, Oct. 28, 1779. A copy is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Genl. Greene has this moment recd. a letter (of which the inclosed is a Copy) from Mr. Bowen,80 announcing the evacuation of Rhode Island. The authenticity of the report is not to be doubted. I have not yet recd. an express from General Gates on the occasion. I have the honor, &c.81
[Note 80: Ephraim Bowen, deputy quartermaster general to Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene, Oct. 26, 1779. A copy is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 81: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, October 30, 1779.
Gentn: I inclose you an Extract of a Letter of the 26th. which General Greene has just received from Mr. Bowen D. Q. M. Genl, dated in New port, announcing the evacuation of Rhode Island by the Enemy on Monday night last. The intelligence is not to be doubted, altho by some means or another it has happened, that I have not received any advices from Genl Gates upon the subject, or a Letter from him since One of the 15th. of which I transmitted you a Copy on the 21st.
By a private Letter which Mr. Laurens the late President was so obliging as to write me on the 24th, he gave me the intelligence you will find in the Inclosure No. 2, which is meant principally for your own satisfaction. I have the Honor, etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. This letter is in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 28th. I send you by your dragoon a small quantity of the counterpart, of which we must be as saving as possible. I have heard nothing from Rhode Island, at which I am much surprised, especially if the Vessels bound to the Westward had troops on board. General Howe does not seem to think that, that matter was perfectly clear. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 84: Callender is addressed in the draft as paymaster, First North Carolina Regiment. Heitman's Register gives him the rank of lieutenant; as captain-lieutenant in March, 1780; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; captain in May, 1780; retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1779.
Sir: His Excellency has seen your Certificate of the Articles of bounty Cloathing which have not been received by Randolph Bryant, late a Soldier in the 1st. Battalion85 of the North Carolina forces, whose time of service is expired, accompanied also by Captain Dixon's86 and Colonel Clarke's Certificates. This deficiency, according to the Resolution of Congress of the 16th. of August, is to be paid for by the Regimental Pay Master agreeable to the estimated value, by the Cloathier General, out of Monies to be furnished from the Military Chest.
[Note 85: In the Continental Army the terms "battalion" and "regiment were interchangeable.]
[Note 86: Capt. Tilghman Dixon, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
I should suppose from the terms of the Resolution, that the Regimental Pay Mrs. are to have Money lodged in their hands to pay these demands; however as a general arrangement has not taken place yet upon the subject, if you can advance the Money due to Bryant for the Articles contained in your Certificate according to the prices fixed by the Cloathier General in his Estimate of the 6th. Ulto; it will be allowed in settling your Pay Masters account with the Auditors and Deputy Pay Master General. I am, &c.
P.S. You will see the Resolution of Congress of the 16 August in the General Orders of the 29th. of the same Month.
Deficiency: 2 Hatts 1 Coat 1 Vest 1 pr Breeches 3 pr Stockings 1 Shirt 1 Blanket 1 pr Shoes87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 30, 1779.
Dr. Sir: By a letter, which Genl. Greene received from Mr. Bowen a D. Q. M. G dated New-port the 26th instant, it appears that on monday night last the enemy evacuated Rhode Island and that Genl. Gates took possession of the place on Tuesday morning. I have no doubt as to the truth of the event, altho' by some accident or other I have not received the advice from Gen. Gates. I am, &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 26th. with the Inclosures to which it refers.
The measures you have taken with respect to the prisoners at the Eastward, appear to me right and proper. From the great latitude and indulgence which have been hitherto allowed, as well to those in that Quarter as in every Other, I am well persuaded we have lost Many and that it is our true interest in every point of view, to keep the prisoners well collected and under proper guards. This should be generally done, and your Deputies instructed to make exact and regular Monthly Returns of them. As to the removing the prisoners from Rutland, as there has been a considerable expense incurred in building Barracks there, and it has been deemed a suitable place, I think they ought not to be removed, unless the difficulty of supplying them make it necessary. In this case, I should have no objection, provided you were previously to consult with the Commissary General upon the occasion, and he should judge it adviseable, from a probability of their being supplied with more facility and less expensively in Pensylvania or Maryland. With respect to the distinction between State and Continental prisoners and the interference of Individual States in making exchanges, the inconveniences flowing from them as you mention, are exceedingly great and have been much felt. The Honourable the Board of War being sensible of this, transmitted me a plan of some regulations on the 28th. of August, which they proposed laying before Congress to produce a Remedy, or at least for preventing similar mischiefs, which appeared to me well calculated for the purpose and which I returned. The matter has not been decided on that I know of, and therefore I think it will be very proper for you to make a report to the Board on the subject, similar to the one you have made me. This might be accompanied by the proceedings in the case, both of Captain Goodale89 and of Doctor Goldson.90 These may impress the Board with a stronger Idea of the
[Note 89: Capt. Nathan Goodale, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 90: William Goldson. He was a surgeon in the British Navy.] necessity of the Regulations they proposed and may serve to give them support.
I cannot but express my surprise and disapprobation of Captain Goodale's conduct, and if I had obtained notice in time, I would most unquestionably have prevented his exchange. Your Letter gave me the first and the only information I have had on the subject.
As to the Enemy's demand of the immediate return of All Officers or persons admitted by them to parole, they had a right to make it, if they thought proper, and k only remains for you to publish it. And with respect to such Violators of their parole, as we deem Ourselves accountable for, it is my earnest request that you pursue every measure in your power to have them returned to captivity without delay. As to those who have not been considered as proper subjects of Military capture, You have nothing to do with them, as the Enemy have already been explicitly informed.
[From the just claim the Enemy have against us, on account of our Officers who have violated their paroles, we cannot but consent that the 14 Officers of Convention mentioned in the list referred to in Mr. Loring's Letter, should be considered as free from every Obligation of parole and to Act, but the Equivalent to be received for them must be governed by the terms of your 1 and 2 propositions to the British Commissary, of which you transmitted me a Copy in your Letter of the 22d. September. The terms of these so far as they concern Violators of parole, will never be departed from, as they are perfectly just, and as the Enemy have no right to determine what prisoners we shall receive on Exchanges. And, that they may not have the least possible ground for Objection, you may add to those propositions, that while ever there remain with us any Officers, whom we consider Violators of their parole and ourselves accountable for, of the rank of these Convention Officers, we will not insist upon the release of any of our Officers in exchange for them. As to the Officers taken in the Eagle packet, you know how matters stand with respect to them and therefore an Answer should be avoided for the present, or One given which will decide nothing.]
I do not see that there can be any objection to the Enemy's having an Agent in Philadelphia, on the footing Mr. Pintard resides in New York, provided he is a Citizen. But as the point in any view must be determined by Congress, you will report the Enemy's demand to them. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The instruction within the brackets was later changed. (See Washington's letter to Maj. John Beatty, Nov. 10, 1779, post.)]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1779.
Sir: Be pleased to furnish me with an Abstract of the quantity of Cloathing at present in store, and let me know whether you have information of any considerable quantity being on the way from Springfield or Philada. I am, &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, October 31, 1779.
Parole Vandalia. Countersigns Ticonderoga, Susquehannah.
Every regiment that has more Marquees, Horseman's or soldier's tents than the proportion directed in the General order of the 27th. of May last must immediately deliver them over to the Brigade Quarter Masters who are to forward them to Colo. Hay at Fish Kill Landing.
Head Quarters, October 31, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I intended to inform you, but I am not sure that I did do it, that a party of Militia would be put by Gov. Clinton (for the purpose of cutting wood for the expedition below) between this and King's ferry. You will be pleased, while at Fish-kill to make your arrangements with the Govr. or Col. Malcom accordingly; furnish tools and give the necessary direction to the officer commanding. I am, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, October 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 28th. You will, previous to the receipt of this, have received intelligence that the enemy have returned to Staten Island. We have a very large and valuable collection of Forage under Newark Mountain, which is much exposed, and which, from the late specimen, may be easily destroyed by a light party. To cover this, you will be pleased to detach General Maxwell with his Brigade, with orders to take a position in the neighbourhood of West field, and to make the security of the Forage the particular object of his attention.94 As the Brigade may, from circumstances, have occasion to move again from thence at a moments warning, be pleased to desire Genl. Maxwell to keep the Officers and Men together and have all things in constant readiness for that purpose. I am, etc.
[Note 94: "In consequence of your representation of the exposed state of the forage along the mountain I have given orders to General Maxwells Brigade to take a position for the present in the neighbourhood of Westfield."-- Washington to Rev. James Caldwell, Oct. 31, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The troops while at Westfield will give every aid to the Forage Master.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 31, 1779.
Sir: Agreeable to your request I have communicated to His Excy. the naked situation of the recruits in your Brigade. Baron De Kalb was here yesterday on the same business and was informed that all cloathing hereafter was to be drawn by the State Clothr. from the Clothr Genls. Store, who would issue to the regimental Clothiers, and that shd no such Officer be yet appointed by your State one from the division might do the duty for the present, and draw on acct. This method may now be adopted, but I have to add, that the Genl wishes if possible that the matter could be deferred, until the General issue of Cloathing takes place. It however rests with you to do so or not. I am, &c.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. M., A. D. C."]
[Note 97: Of the New York State levies.]
Head Quarters, West-point, October 31, 1779.
Sir: Major Benscotan98 waited upon me this morning to inform me of your party being near Peeks-kill. I have to request you to cross the river at Kings-ferry to Stoney point and to render every assistance in your power towards completing the works under the direction of Col. Gouvion the engineer. I am, &c.
[Note 98: Maj. Elias van Benschoten (Bunchoten), jr,, of the New York levies.]
P.S. You will communicate the contents of this to Genl. Heath.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West-point, November 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: Recollecting that I am your debtor for an obliging letter written some time last Winter, I will, while my eyes are turned Southwardly (impatiently looking for, or expecting to hear something decisively1 of Count D'Estaing) make my acknowledgements for it, as a proof that I am not unmindful of the favor, though I have been dilatory in thanking you for it.
[Note 1: Washington first wrote "decisive accts." and then changed it to "decisively."]
I shall not at this late period recount to you the occurrances of the past Campaign. I take it for granted that the published accts. which have been officially handed to the public have regularly reached you and are as ample as I could give.
A New scene, though rather long delayed, is opening to our view and of sufficient importance to interest the hopes and fears of every well wisher to his Country and will engage the attention of all America. This I say on a supposition that the delays to the Southward and advanced season does not prevent a full and perfect co-operation with the French fleet in this quarter. Be this as it may; every thing in the preparatory way that depends upon me is done, and doing. To Count D'Estaing then, and that good Providence wch. has so remarkably aided us in all our difficulties, the rest is committed.
Stony point which has been a bone of contention the whole Campaign, and the principal business of it on the part of the enemy, is totally evacuated by them. Rhode Island is also abandoned, and the enemys whole force is drawn to a point at New York; where neither pains nor labour have been spar'd to secure the City and harbour; but in their attempts to effect the latter some unexpected disappointments have occurred (in sinking their hulks). This makes them more intent on their land batteries, wch. are so disposed as to cover the Town and the shipping equally.
All lesser matters, on both sides, are suspended while we are looking to the more important object. The consequences of all these movements are not easy to be foretold; but, another Campaign having been wasted; having had their Arms disgraced, and all their projects blasted, it may be conceiv'd that the enemy like an enraged Monster summoning his whole strength, will make some violent effort, if they should be relieved from their present apprehensions of the French fleet. If they do not detach largely for the West Indies (and I do not see how this is practicable while they remain inferior at Sea) they must from the disagreeableness of their situation feel themselves under a kind of necessity of attempting some bold, enterprizing stroke, to give, in some degree, eclat to their Arms, spirits to the Tories, and hope to the Ministry, but I am under no apprehension of a capital injury from any other source than that of the continual depreciation of our Money. This indeed is truly alarming, and of so serious a nature that every other effort is in vain unless something can be done to restore its credit. Congress, the States individually, and individuals of each state, should exert themselves to effect this great end. It is the only hope; the last resource of the enemy; and nothing but our want of public virtue can induce a continuance of the War. Let them once see, that as it is in our power, so it is our inclination and intention to overcome this difficulty, and the idea of conquest, or hope of bringing us back to a state of dependance, will vanish like the morning dew; they can no more encounter this kind of opposition than the hoar frost can withstand the rays of an all chearing Sun. The liberties and safety of this Country depend upon it. the way is plain, the means are in our power, but it is virtue alone that can effect it, for without this, heavy taxes, frequently collected, (the only radical cure) and loans, are not to be obtained. Where this has been the policy (in Connecticut for instance) the prices of every article have fallen and the money consequently is in demand; but in the other States you can scarce get a single thing for it, and yet it is with-held from the public by speculators, while every thing that can be useful to the public is engrossed by this tribe of black gentry, who work more effectually against us than the enemys Arms; and are a hundd. times more dangerous to our liberties and the great cause we are engaged in.
My best respects attend Mrs. Pendleton, and with much truth and regard I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Monday, November 1, 1779.
Parole Ridge field. Countersigns Potomack, Oswego.
For the future when men are sent from the Light Infantry to the regiments to which they belong, on account of sickness, or other causes, they are to carry their arms and accoutrements with them.
Head Quarters, West-point, November 1, 1779.
Sir: Major General Greene communicated to me on friday last a letter from Mr. Bowen D. Q. M. G, giving an account of the total evacuation of Rhode Island, on the night of the 25th. Ultimo. Not hearing from you on this event, I have concluded that your express must have met with some accident.2
[Note 2: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Nov. 2, 1779, post.] and under this idea I communicated Mr. Bowen's advice for the satisfaction of Congress.
I am anxious to learn the troops you are bringing on with you; or whether you have marched the State as well as Continental. You will be pleased when this meets you to dispatch a messenger for this purpose, that I may know what measures to take on the occasion.
I observe by Mr. Bowens letter that the enemy have left a quantity of hay and some other articles of lesser value. As the hay in particular is of much importance, I make no doubt but that you have given the proper directions for its security.
We have very agreeable news of our Southern affairs. In the Philadelphia paper of the 26th it appears that Col. Maitland3 had precipitately evacuated Beaufort leaving behind him, his hospital, artillery, stores and baggage, and had formed a junction with Genl. Provoost at Georgia. The English shipping had fallen into the Counts hand, one of which is the experiment, Sir James Wallace.
[Note 3: Col. Alexander Maitland, of the Forty-ninth Foot, British Army.]
General Provost force was about 3000 and the allied troops amounted to above 9000. Our batteries of 38 heavy pieces of cannon, and 8 mortars would be in readiness to open on the 2d or 3d of Octbr. and there was every appearance of reducing the place in the course of five or six days. I congratulate you on this pleasing and promising prospect, and am, etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of yesterday. I am sorry to hear of Colo. Russells5 death of whose indisposition I had not
[Note 5: Col. Giles Russell, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He died Oct. 28, 1779.] known. Lt. Colo. Shearmans6 right to promotion to the Rank of Lt. Colo. Commandant in consequence, must be reported to the State of Connecticut by the Brigadiers of that line agreeable to the terms of the late general order, as must also the names of the subalterns of the 8th. Regt. entitled to promotion in consequence of Colo. Russells death. The State will signify their approbation to the Board of War, who will issue Commissions accordingly. Then, and not before, Colo. Shearman will assume his new command. I have this day issued a general order which will in future prevent sending Men from the Infantry7 and retaining their Arms.
[Note 6: Lieut. Col. Commandant Isaac Sherman, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 7: Light Infantry.]
I have Capt. Cartwrights8 affair under consideration and will give you my opinion on the subject the moment I come to a determination. I am, &c.
[Note 8: Capt. Thomas Cartwright. He had been aide to Brig. Gen. William Heath up to March, 1779.]
P. S. When Men of the same State, not inlisted for the War, chuse to engage for that term on condition of changing their Regiments, it has been invariably allowed.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[M. S. H. S.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 1, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have this day been favd. with yours of the 26th. ulto. informing me of your removal to Great Egg Harbour. My letter of the 18th., which had not reached you, went, as you supposed, by way of Philada., and lest any accident may have happened to it, I inclose you a duplicate. Mine of the 30th. ulto., which went thro' Major Lee, informed you of the evacuation of Rhode Island: I have since recd. a letter of the 21st. last from my confidential correspondent in New York; he informs me that Rawdon's Corps, the 57th. and some of the Artillery, were then embarked, and it was said, and generally believed, that they were bound to Hallifax. That the Robust of 74 Guns had arrived the 20th. from Hallifax, and that a number of transports were taking in Water and Ballast. He gave me nothing further worth communicating. You will find by the letter of the 18th, that a provision of Fascines and Gabions was making and I shall give directions to the Qr. Mr. Genl. to provide a quantity of Sand Bags.
I am sorry to inform you of the death of Colo. La Radiere who died on Saturday last.10 He is to be buried this day with the honors due to his Rank. I am, etc.
[Note 10: Oct. 30, 1779.]
P.S. Upon a presumption that Colo. Laurens will be on Board the fleet the inclosed are sent to you.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original letter is in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. The inclosure mentioned in the P.S., in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, was the latest intelligence from South Carolina. This is filed with Washington's letter in the Alexander Hamilton Papers.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 1, 1779.
Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 30th. by Captain Wool12 acquainting me with your being upon the upper Road, which is rather unlucky [as it has disconcerted me in many respects]. I yesterday wrote to General Sullivan to detach your Brigade to Westfield to cover the forage in that quarter. Should the troops not have marched from Warwick towards Sufferans when this reaches you, you will be pleased to observe
[Note 12: Capt. Isaiah Wool, of the Second Continental Artillery. He resigned in August, 1780.] the following directions. March with your own Brigade to Westfield, order the Regiment late Aldens, and the Rifle Corps under the command of Major Parr to [this place by the rout of] New Windsor, and halt all the remainder of the troops at Warwick, [till further orders.] But should you have passed Warwick, you are to continue the march to Sufferans, filing off with your own Brigade to Westfield at the most convenient place.
The cover of the forage under the Mountain is to be the principal object of your attention, for which purpose, and as circumstances may require your moving again from thence at a moments warning, you will keep your Officers and Men together, and all things in the most perfect readiness. [If the Scotch plains, or any position thereabouts will afford a better, and more general cover to the forage than West-field, you may make choice of it; the forage Master in that part of the County will be able to give you the necessary information of the places where it principally lays; the State Regiment will (I presume) continue at their present posts; I would not therefore have any part of your Brigade moved down to Elizabeth Town or those places but Posted in such a manner as best to answer the purposes above mentioned.] Wherever this may meet you I would wish you to halt the Troops, and inform me immediately of it, provided they can be tolerably well supplied with forage. Your own Brigade, Alden's Regt. and the rifle corps will proceed as before directed.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Richard Kidder Meade. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 1, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of yesterday inclosing Culpers Sens. and Junior's. I send you a part, of the very small quantity of the stain which I have left, to be forwarded to C -- junr. as he says he is in want of it. He should be directed to use it with the utmost frugality. I am, &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On November 1 Washington inclosed a duplicate of his letter to Du Portail and Hamilton, of October 18, to Deputy Q. M. Gen. John Mitchell, requesting him "to give it the utmost dispatch." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Hd. Qrs. West point, November 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: Colo. Fairfax before he left Virginia last, vested me with powers to superintend his interest in that Country; and till I accepted the command of the American Army, I attended to it accordingly.
So soon as I found that private attentions would no longer comport with public duty, and that it was not in my power to do justice to the trust which he had been pleased to repose in me, I acquainted him of it, and, in repeated Letters, requested that he would appoint some other for his Attorney.
A few days since, letters from him 3d. of Augt. 177815 and 23d May 1779. of which I take the liberty to inclose you copies, were presented to me by Mr. Willm. Lee.16 The original of the first I have not yet seen.
[Note 15: In the Washington Papers. The copy is in the writing of George William Fairfax.]
[Note 16: Usually known as "Mr Alderman Lee."]
These letters are so expressive of the desires of our mutual friend, that I can say nothing in addition to them, unless you will permit me to observe, that the declining state of Colo. Lewis's17 health (from the accts. I have of it) afford little prospect of an acceptance on his part in case of your refusal; and that I shall be at a loss in making my next application.18
[Note 17: Col. Fielding Lewis.]
[Note 18: On Mar. 10, 1780, Washington wrote again to Nicholas: "Having received no answr. to the letter annexed, [the above of Nov. 2] I am apprehensive it has miscarried, and I therefore give you the trouble of a duplicate. ..." This letter is in the Washington Papers. No answer is found in the Washington Papers. Nicholas died Sept. 8, 1780.]
My best respects attend Mrs. Nicholas and the rest of yr. family. With much esteem and regard I am etc.
Head Quarters, West Point, November 2, 1779.
Sir: After my letter of yesterday was dispatched, I received your favor of the 27th. Ulto. from Major Armstrong19 by Express, from Peekskill. The Major said he had been detained by a want of horses and bad roads, and being charged with dispatches more immediately for Congress, he was prevented from calling on me as he wished. I regret the disappointment, as it possibly may have deprived me of information of some particulars not mentioned in your letter.
[Note 19: Maj. John Armstrong. He was aide-de-camp to General Gates.]
Altho your letter is silent upon the subject, I cannot doubt but you are on your march before this for Hartford with the Continental Troops at least, agreeable to the determination expressed in your letter of the 15th. Ulto. and to mine of the 22d in answer. Indeed I hoped the instant the Enemy had Embarked that you would have pushed the Troops on, and did not expect that they would have gone to the Island at all. Possibly you might have thought their going there for a day or two necessary for collecting and removing the Stores. If however by any means you should have deferred your march I am to request that you will begin it according to the plan settled between us in the course of our correspondence without a moments delay.
I gave you before, in consequence of what you said about Garrisoning the Island with Militia, my private opinion of the most, I thought, the State should do upon the occasion. I am still of the same opinion for the reasons I then suggested and as I view the post in the light of a Trap. I am, etc.
Ps. If by any possibility the Troops should not have left the Island when this comes to hand, perhaps the route thro Norwich will be more convenient for 'em to pursue and from thence along the Sound than that through Hartford. This however must be with you to determine from circumstances. Which ever way you proceed you will be pleased to inform me by the earliest opportunity, that I may meet you with farther directions.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, November 2, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have your favor of this date before me. If the Waggon which Col. Armands party has taken was in the employ of the enemy with the consent of the owner it should be sold for the benefit of the captors. But if it was forced into service by the enemy it will be no more than a common act of justice to restore it to the proprietor. I thank you for the newspaper, and am, etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to take the first opportunity to send up the officer's horse who made his escape from New-York; I promised to have this done.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, [November 2, 1779.]
Dr. Sir: I have been favored this morning with your letters of the 29th. Ulto. and the 1st instant.
Should you be able to find a proper position nearer Stoney-point, you may adopt it in preference to the ground you now occupy.
General Heath who has moved down to the neighbourhood of Verplanks-point received my instructions, [in your absence], relative to the works proposed to be erected on Stoney-point; and Lt. Col. Pawling of the New-York State troops, with a party of about 250 has been [sent to aid in] this business. As soon as you take your new position you will be pleased to send to Stoney-point, parties to facilitate the works, which I wish to be completed as soon as possible. You will continue at the fascines as usual, or till further orders. I am, etc.22
[Note 22: In the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets were inserted in the draft in pencil by Washington and afterwards inked over by McHenry.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 2, 1779.
Gentlemen: Since mine of yesterday I have received another letter from my confidential correspondent in New York dated the 29th. ulto. He informs me, that the 57th. Regt. Rawdons Corps and the Artillery mentioned in his last, were to sail on that day for Hallifax, and with them all the heavy ships of War except the Europa. The Daphne Frigate, with Sir George Collier23 and Colonel Stewart24 on board, was to sail for England the same day. He says the pilots reported that it was now difficult to bring a Vessel into the Hook on account of the Hulks sunk there (By this it would seem that some of them still remain upon the Shoals). He says that the transports
[Note 23: Captain in the British Navy.]
[Note 24: Lieut. Col. James(?) Stewart, of the First Foot Guards, British Army.] mentioned in his last, as taking in Water and Ballast, only carried it down to the Ships at the Hook. The Rainbow of 40 Guns had arrived from Hallifax. He informs me of no other circumstances that materially relate to affairs at New York. He says that a packet arrived from England on the 23d. October. The accounts brought by her seemed to alarm the tories very much. It was reported that the Ardent of 64 Guns had been taken and the English fleet chased into Portsmouth by the combined Fleet, which remained off that place several days. He mentions these matters as current report and adds that a fleet of Victuallers were to sail from Cork the latter end of Septemr. and another of Store Ships and Merchantment25 from Spithead about the same time. I am, &c. The capture of the Ardent is confirmed by a New York paper of the 28th. ulto.26
[Note 25: The draft has "Victuallers."]
[Note 26: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter is in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.
Washington inclosed this letter (November 2) to Deputy Quartermaster General Mitchell, asking him to give it "the speediest conveyance." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 2, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 1st. instant, with its inclosures.27 The piracies upon the inhabitants of Long-Island of which you complain, are in their very nature injurious to our cause, and altogether unjustifiable. For these and other reasons I wish to see them effectually restrained; and shall, to this end communicate the recent instance you have mentioned to Governor Clinton and Governor Trumbull. I make no doubt but the former will take the proper measures on this occasion
[Note 27: Tallmadge's letter of November 1, in the Washington Papers, reported the plundering of Setauket by a party of privateersmen. The boat which carried Culper's intelligence across the Sound was chased by them. Tallmadge offered to capture the brigands and turn them over to the New York State authorities.] to punish the offenders, and prevent his subjects as far as in his power, from the like practices in future. I am, &c.28
[Note 28: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 2, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have an account from New York that a fleet with two Regiments and a detachment of Artillery was to sail on the 29th. ulto. for Hallifax accompanied by all the heavy ships of War, except the Europa. The Daphne Frigate for England was to sail at the same time. I mention these matters to you, that you may compare them with your accounts from the shore. I have reason to believe, that part of the Hulks yet remain sunk, it would be well to endeavour to be informed of this with a degree of certainty, lest the Count, should he arrive, might be led into danger by supposing the channel clear. I am, &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 2, 1779.
Gentlemen: Since mine of the 12th ulto. in which I took the liberty of mentioning the want of Commissions for the Massachusetts line, I have received frequent and pressing applications on the same subject from the Officers of that Line. There is something peculiar in their situation. A Board of Commissioners are appointed by the State to make a compensation to their officers for the depreciation of money in proportion to their respective Ranks. Many of the Officers are at present doing duty in a Rank inferior to that to which they will be entitled when they receive their Commissions, and from that source their uneasiness arises, as they are apprehensive that they will be considered by the Commissioners who meet the 12th Inst. at Boston in the Ranks which they at present hold in their Regts. and not those to which they are really intitled. This I hope will apologise for my urging this matter again, and should there be any particular reasons for the delay I shall be glad to be informed of them, that I may give them to the Gentlemen concerned, who are anxious to a degree beyond what you can conceive. If the Commissions cannot be obtained immediately, I shall be glad of a certified Copy of the arrangement (having no Copy with me) which may perhaps answer the end of establishing the Rank, to the satisfaction of the Commissioners. I am, &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 2, 1779.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing your Excellency last, I have received a letter from a confidential Correspondent in New York who informs me that the 57th- Regt. Rawdons Corps and a detachment of Artillery were to sail for Hallifax on the 29th. Ulto. and that they were to be accompanied by all the heavy ships of War except the Europa. The Dahpne Frigate was to sail for England at the same time. This intelligence being of importance to His Excellency Count D'Estaing, I have communicated it to General du Portail and Colo. Hamilton who will have an interview with him very soon after he reaches either the Capes of Delaware or the Hook.
My Correspondent further informs me that a packet had arrived the 23d. ulto. The accounts brought by her seemed very alarming to the friends of Government. It was currently reported that the Ardent of 64 Guns had been taken and the British fleet chased into Portsmouth by the combined fleet of France and Spain, which remained off that port several days. Your Excellency will be pleased to observe that the European intelligence is not given as authentic. My informant has only picked it up in New York. I have the honor, &c.
The capture of the Ardent is confirmed by a New York paper of the 28th. ulto.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 2, 1779.
Sir: I am informed that very little of the uniform clothing has as yet got to the place of distribution. The advanced season of the year makes it absolutely necessary to employ such further measures as you may judge effectual to facilitate its arrival.
There are at present a number of matters which claim your personal attention at camp. Besides the general distribution which should take place as soon as possible the pressing wants of the army call for an equal division of such blankets, shoes &c. as are now in store. These and other objects of your department which will occur to yourself render your immediate presence here indispensible. I shall expect you after receipt of this letter, and am, &c.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Wednesday, November 3, 1779.
Parole Frybourg. Countersigns Savoy, Tunbridge.
At the General Court Martial whereof Colo. Starr was President, Moses Carson formerly a Captain in the Continental Army was tried for "Deserting to the enemy and carrying off a number of men with him in the year 1777." found guilty of the 1st. part of the charge and sentenced to be drumed thro' the army, in the vicinity of West-Point, with a halter round his neck and a label pinned on his breast and back setting forth as follows:
"Moses Carson33 late a Captain in the American Army this I suffer for deserting to the enemy of the United States of North America" and that he be confined during the present war between Great Britain and America. The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders it to be carried into execution. He is to be drumed thro' camp tomorrow morning at guard mounting.
[Note 33: Carson was a captain in the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 3, 1779.
Gentn: I have been honored with your favs. of the 12th and 16th ulto. in answer to mine of the 4th.34 and 7th. You have my warmest thanks for your ready attention to the several requisitions contained in them. I am particularly obliged by the loan of 100 Barrels of Gunpowder which I would not wish to be removed from Boston, until we are under a certainty of operating. I have heard nothing from the southward since the 2d ulto. to which time the prints will inform you of the operations of the allies. I flatter myself that, from the favorable prospects then, we shall soon receive intelligence of compleate success. I have the honor, etc.35
[Note 34: Washington's letter of October 4 was sent to Governors Clinton, Livingston, and others, in addition to Powell.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been informed of two most flagrant Acts of marauding lately committed by persons from the Continent, upon Mr. Seaton formerly of New York, and Colo. Floyd,36 of Long Island. These Gentlemen and their characters are undoubtedly known to your Excellency. The persons who committed the Robbery, are said to be Joseph Halce37 and Fade Donaldson who are also said to belong to the State of New York. Whether the Boats to which they belong are commissioned to cruise upon the sound, I will not undertake to say, but I am told a proclamation of your Excellency's strictly prohibits any of these Cruisers from landing on the Island and directs all property taken to be legally condemned before sale. The Robbery of Mr Seaton I am informed extends to his furniture, plate, Cloathing, papers and in short every thing moveable. I am certain, if the persons above mentioned, belong to this State, your Excellency will direct proper measures to be taken to bring them to justice, and prevent such acts of Violence in future. I am, &c.38
[Note 36: Col. Benjamin Floyd.]
[Note 37: Halsey(?), Hulse(?).]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 3, 1779.
Sir: As His Excellency would wish to have the several matters required by the Engineers prepared, notwithstanding we are under no certainty of an operation, he desires you will give orders to have one thousand or fifteen hundred sand Bags, of proper materials, put in hand. They are to be 15 or 18 Inches long and 12 Inches wide. Should any intelligence arrive, which will make the Bags unnecessary, you shall have immediate notice.
His Excellency also desires you to enquire of Colo. Biddle,39 by the earliest oppertunity, the propriety of ordering Baylor's Dragoons to Westfield, to give more perfect security to the forage, than what it acquires from Infantry only. The principal consideration will be, whether they will not consume too great a quantity of the forage intended for consumption in our Winter Cantonments. I am, &c.40
[Note 39: Col. Clement Biddle.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 3, 1779.
Sir: I have taken the liberty to inclose, for the consideration of Congress, the memorial of Col Hazen in behalf of Capt. Joseph Louis Gill Chief of the Abeneeke or St Francois Tribe of Indians.41 The fidelity and good services of this Chief, and those of his Tribe, are fully set forth in the memorial. I have taken upon me to order the subsistence of them till the further pleasure of Congress be known: And I would beg leave to recommend the measure, pointed out in the memorial, of giving this Indian a command, with liberty to engage such a number of his Tribe as are willing to take a part with him. These people will not only be really useful, but there is policy in the measure, as they will in a manner, ensure the neutrality of those of their Allies who remain in Canada. He has heard that Continental Commissions have been granted to some Chiefs of the Northern Indians, and therefore expects something of the
[Note 41: Gill's memorial is not now found in either the Papers of the Continental Congress or the Washington Papers. On Apr. 7, 1780, Congress resolved that a commission of major be granted to Gill.] same nature. I imagine he would be contented with the rank of Major, to which he thinks himself intitled as having been a long time a Captain. I shall be glad to be favored with the determination of Congress upon this subject; and should they incline to grant the request of the Memorial, I would wish that they may at the same time specify the allowance that shall be made to the Indians for their services. I have the honor, etc.42
[Note 42: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on November 13 and referred to the Board of War.]
West point, November 4, 1779.
Dr. Sir: That there may be a proper chain formd and the Troops within supporting distance of each other, I could wish you to advance those under your Command beyond Conklin's along the upper road to Kings ferry. They will then be near the division Commanded by Lord Stirling or Genl. Woodford. I am, etc.
West-point, November 4, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received information of the Guards (and some add other Troops) advancing to Kings-bridge. This, though on the contrary side of the River, is in the vicinity of your Camp. Boats hid at Spiten devil and which can be brought up Harlaem River may under cover of Night land Troops at the Slote, Nyack, or the Hook43 before Ten O Clock without discovery unless a very good look out is kept they have every reason to wish for an oppertunity to retaliate and finish the Campaign with some degree of eclat. I am, etc.44
[Note 43: Powles(?) Hook. Wayne was encamped near Paramus, N. J., in Bergen County.]
[Note 44: The letter sent, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in the Pennsylvania Historical Society.]
[Note 45: Assistant Clothier General.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 4, 1779.
Dear Sir: The uncommon severity of the Season makes it necessary that the Blankets should be delivered before the general distribution of other Cloathing. It is uncertain when Mr. Wilkinson will be here, and as you cannot yet be supposed to have a sufficient insight into the Business, to proceed to a distribution without having some previous information, His Excellency wishes you to come down to Head Quarters where you will receive some general instructions. The Blankets are of a variety of sizes, for which reason, His Excellency desires you to have them sorted, and an account taken of the number of each size. I am, etc.
P.S. Be pleased, if possible, to bring down the particular account of the Blankets with you?46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 4, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have to acknowledge your Excellency's favor of the 30th of last month relative to the case of Lt. Sylvanus Meade.
I am induced to believe on considering the peculiarity of the circumstances attending Mr Meade's coming out of New-York, that he acted without design of violating any engagement which the indulgence he received from the enemy implied. And I shall direct the commissary of prisoners to account for him by a regular exchange, without his returning to the enemy.
I would beg leave to request your attention to a subject which I mentioned to your Excellency in a former letter, I mean the piracies on the wretched inhabitants of Long Island. A very late one, said to be committed by some subjects of the State of New-York, makes me renew my application, for your endeavours to stop a practice so contrary to good policy and the interests of our cause. I have written to Governor Clinton more particularly on this business. I am, &c.47
[Note 47: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
West point, November 4, 1779.
Dr. Sir: If you have not already made choice of some spot for an Incampment, The neighbourhood of Haverstraw forge, upon the upper road leading from Stony point to Suffrans appears to me to be most proper. Three four or 5 Miles from the point may not be amiss.
Let your state Cloathier come up for a proportion of what Blankets are in Store. I am, etc.
Stony Point, November 4, 1779.
Dir. Sir: The letter to Genl. Sullivan, or officer commanding his division, is written on the supposition that those Troops are at Suffrans. If the case is otherwise, and they should have halted at Warwick or between that and Ringwood (as was intended if the order reached them in time for that purpose) the letter herewith sent is not to be forwarded, but returned to me, lest it may serve to confuse. The other letter to Genl. Wayne is to be forwarded immediately. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The text is from a copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Thursday, November 4, 1779
Parole Nassau. Countersigns Tyrol, Pomfret.
The works at Fort Arnold and redoubts No. 2 and No. 5 to be carried on again. The superintending officers are desired to attend the works as heretofore.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, November 5, 1779.
Parole Burgundy. Countersigns Buford, Brest.
Major Scott49 of the New Hampshire line is appointed Brigade Major to General Poor's Brigade and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 49: Maj. William Scott, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He had been wounded at Stillwater, N. Y., in September, 1777, and retired in January, 1781.]
West-point, November 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am much indebted to you for your obliging favours of the 7th. and 24th. of last Month, and offer my thanks for the several agreeable pieces of intelligence contained in the latter. No part of which believe me Sir, gave more sincere pleasure than the Acct. of your appointment to the States of Holland.50 No person (if you will permit me to say as much) is more impressed with the importance of those duties which I conceive to be the objects of your Mission than you are; nor no one whose punctuality and close attention to business affords
[Note 50: To negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce.] a happier presage of success to any negotiation within the reach of our powers, and reasonable expectations.
Your observations upon the resolve of Congress "to stop the press" are striking,51 and awakens those ideas which I entertained on this subject at the time of passing it. I reconciled myself however to the measure, at that time, from a perswation that such previous assurances had been obtained, founded in clear and demonstrable evidence of the certainty of getting the necessary Supplies by taxation and loans, as would leave nothing to chance. To find the promoters of the measure impressed with doubts is not a little alarming when we consider the consequences of a failure. A Virtuous exertion in the States respectively, and in the individuals of each State, may effect a great deal. But alas! virtue and patriotism are almost kicked out! Stock jobbing, speculating, engrossing, &ca. &ca., seems to be the great business of the day, and of the multitude whilst a virtuous few struggle, lament, and suffer in silence, tho' I hope not in vain.
[Note 51: Laurens's letter of October 7, in the Washington Papers, said: "Your Excellency will also remember my sentiments on the question of appreciation of our paper Money and the foundation on which I built the opinion which I had then the honor of delivering. I had not been long returned to this City when I discovered there was no solidity in the intelligence alluded to; and our internal circumstances from that time have been descending from bad to worse. referring to the latter I hope we are now at our ne plus ultra. At length you have seen Sir, a Resolution to 'stop the Press' as it is termed, an act which I ardently wished for in Augt. 1777. on condition of necessary previous steps of taxation, had we then determined this important point out public debts foreign and domestic would have been at this day comparatively trifling but when the proposition even at a much later day and when we were overwhelmed with paper, was, to make that an Harbinger which ought to have been consecutive and secondary. I found my self necessitated to dissent from it. We have pledged our honor that we will emit no more promissory Notes and are reduced to dependance on contingent circumstances for supplies for carrying on the War and for supporting public Credit. we are now but beginning to call on the several States for their quota of 15 Million Dollars per Month from the 1st February, to the 1st October next inclusive."]
Your state of matters respecting the Cloathing department is not less distressing. What pity it is that the Work of a day should be postponed a week! a month! a year! When not a possible good, but much evil is the inevitable consequence of it.
Our sollicitude on acct. of the operations at Savanna may easily be conceived when I add that we have not heard a tittle from thence since the receipt of your obliging letter of the 24th; and our anxiety for European news is little inferior; the present aera is big of events.
We turn an impatient eye to the Sea-board, looking for the arrival of the French fleet; and begin to apprehend much from the Season &ca. It would be a most desirable thing to be ascertained of the extent of Count D'Estaings intentions in this quarter that not more than corrispondant preparations may be made. at present our situation is awkward and expensive.
Nothing new has happened in these parts since the evacuation of Rhode Island; report indeed inform us, that the Troops of that garrison did not disembark at New-York but receiving an augmentation of Hessians proceeded to the Hook, and from thence to Sea; of the truth of this, and of Transports Wooding and Watering I shall soon have authentic accts.
I perswade myself that it is unnecessary for me to have recourse to assurances in proof of the sincere pleasure with wch. I should receive my worthy aid Colo, Laurens. It is an event however I have little expected since I have heard of his late appointment; nor shall I suffer a selfish wish to come into the scale of determination. His abilities in whatever station they are employed will render essential services to his Country. My attachment therefore to him, not my desire of benefitting by his Aid shall not weigh in the ballance. For his past services and attention to me, he will ever have my warmest thanks; for his honor, happiness, and advancement in life my unfeigned wishes; these in every step you take, in every station of life to wch. you may be called, will also attend you, as I can with truth assure you that with the greatest esteem and regard I am, etc.
Head Quarters, West point, November 5, 1779.
Sir: I would take the liberty of addressing a few lines to Your Excelency, respecting such of the Officers and privates of Blands and Baylors Regiments of Dragoons and of Harrisons Artillery, as belong to the state of Virginia. Their situation is really disagreeable and discouraging; and it is perhaps the more so, from its being now almost if not intirely singular. It is said, that under the idea of their not having been originally a part of the Troops apportioned on the State in September 1776, the State provision of Cloathing and bounty for reinlisting their Men, is not to be extended to them, or at least that it is a doubtful point. This is the source of great uneasiness and indeed of distress among them; and it is the more felt, as most of the States, since the Resolution of Congress of the 15th of March last, of which I have the honor to transmit Your Excellency a Copy, have made no discrimination between Officers and Men belonging to them, in the same predicament, and those who were explicitly assessed on them, as their Quota, under the first mentioned Resolution; but on the contrary have permitted them to participate in every benefit and emolument granted Others of their Troops. The Regiments of Artillery and Cavalry which in the whole amount to Eight, as well as many Companies of Artificers and Other Corps, have never been apportioned in a particular manner on the States, so as to shew the exact proportion of Officers and Men which each should furnish; but being absolutely essential to the public service, as they must be so long as the War continues, they have been raised in a promiscuous manner; and if the point was ascertained it is highly probable the proportion from each State, would be found not very unequal. I have mentioned this circumstance that the Officers and Men of the State in these three Regiments, may not be considered as a quota furnished, over and above which is done by the Rest of the States. And I would take the liberty farther to observe, that as several of the Regiments of Infantry apportioned on the State by the Resolution of Septr. 1776, have been reduced, a circumstance which has not taken place with respect to the Regiments of most Other States, there appears to me the more reason for the benefits of Cloathing and bounty granted by the State, being extended equally to them with any Other of her Troops. They share with them in every danger, and in every burthen, both at home and abroad, and it seems but equitable that they should partake of every benefit. The terms of service for which the Men of these three Corps were engaged are expiring every day, and if it should be the pleasure of the State to give the Men in them belonging to it, the encouragements and benefits they have granted to their Infantry Regiments, the sooner the point is determined the better. I have the Honor, etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, November 5, 1779.
Sir: I have ordered Lt. Col. Washington to West field with his cavalry you will be pleased to assign him such a position as you may judge best for the purpose of covering the forage. I am, etc.
P. S. In consequence of intelligence received from Gov. Livingston, respecting preparations of the enemy on Staten Island, I have directed Gen. Wayne to move to Acquackanac and Gen. Sullivan to act according to circumstances.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West point, November 5, 1779.
Dr Sir: I received your favor of the 3d Instant this morning, and, agreeable to your recommendation, I have appointed Major Scott in this day's Orders, Brigade Major and Inspector to your Brigade. As to your request with respect to Captain Fogg, I have to inform you, that no Resolution of Congress that has come to my knowledge, authorizes me to make such appointment of him as you wish, and of consequence I have no power to approve it. I think however, that such appointments are necessary, but Congress, though the matter has been in contemplation a long time, have never decided upon it, or at least that I know of, I will take occasion to mention it to them the first time I write.
I shall be happy to accommodate the Brigade whenever in my power in every instance. At present however it is necessary that it should remain where it is. I am, &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: Since mine of this morning, I have seen a letter from Governor Livingston to Genl. Sullivan of the 2d. in which he mentions the enemy's having assembled on Staten Island in force, and from their preparation of Boats another incursion was apprehended. I imagine the Governors information is the same as that communicated to you by Colo. Seely, but as I would not wish to be behind hand with them in preparation, I think you may as well move down with the Infantry to Acquaquenack or that neighbourhood, keep up a correspondence with General Maxwell who is at Westfield, and should the enemy come over, take the speediest method of cooperating with him, and with the troops under General Sullivan who will fall down to Pompton should there be occasion. You will correspond with him likewise. I have directed Colo. Washington to move with Baylors Regt. to Westfield,55 and have ordered the whole of the Marechausie Horse to join you.56 Should you receive any intelligence which you may think proper to communicate to me, let your Express come by the Virginia encampment and by Clements as I expect to ride down that way to morrow. I am, &c.57
[Note 55: On November 5 (first written 6 and then changed to 5) Washington ordered Lieut. Col. William Washington to proceed to Westfield with his cavalry. "General Maxfield, will give you your further instructions." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: The draft reads "to join you immediately."]
[Note 57: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 5, 1779
Sir: When the plan of the Inspectorship was concluded upon by resolve of the 18th February last it was determined that the duties of Brigade Major, and Brigade Inspector should be exercised by the same person who should be one of the Majors of the line. As this regulation detaches the Brigade Major from the immediate service of the Brigadier, it was thought necessary and recommended accordingly, "that the Brigadier should in his stead, have an aide, to be taken from the officers of the line under the rank of captain. But that the gentlemen at present officiating in the capacity of Brigade Majors, who have no other existence in the line of the army, may not be thrown out of employ, they may remain in character of aides de camp to their respective Brigadiers, with their present pay, rank and rations." As nothing has been determined upon respecting this part of the recommendation, several of the Brigadiers are without any other assistants, than gentlemen from the line, who do the duty voluntarily. I would therefore wish that Congress would be pleased to resume the consideration of the matter. Should they determine on the measure of taking aides from the line, under the rank of Captain, an addition to their pay will be necessary, as their duty will be on Horseback, and they must provide themselves with horses at their own charge. I have the honor, etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of James McHenry. The letter was read in Congress on November 13 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 5, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of yesterday. I can hardly suppose that a total evacuation of New York can be in contemplation at this time; but it is not improbable that they may endeavour to throw a Body of troops over to the West Indies, and the preparations you observed and have heard of may be for that purpose. However, be it a partial or total embarkation, a very little time must discover it. I am, &c.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
West-point, November 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 21st. Ulto. did not reach me till a longer time after its date, than is usual between this and Philadelphia. I cannot for a variety of reasons which will occur to you, undertake to designate the persons who shd. receive the provision of Congress; or to fix upon the Sums which might be adequate. They are points of too great delicacy for me to interfere in. The Committee on the business will of course have a list of all the appointments in the Army before them, with the pay and emoluments annext to each. they will also know the services of each Officer, and from thence they will be able to determine who are yet to be considered, and what present and future provision will be just.
I am exceedingly happy in your postscript;60 for I am a great friend to harmony at all times, and especially in public Councils.
[Note 60: "I recollect that it is long since I received a Letter from you recommending Union in Congress. I could not answer it then as I wished for I could truly say it existed or was like to exist. I would not go into a Detail of the Reasons it would have involved too much Egotism and of Consequence could not have been quite impartial. At length let me congratulate your virtuous Modiration (I do not compliment) that we are united as much as is safe for the Public."-- Gouverneur Morris to Washington, Oct. 21, 1779. Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I send a New York paper of the 26th. Ulto. to the President of Congress; which will shew you according to the enemys Accts. how matters were in August with respect to the combined fleets and Sir Chas. Hardy, and that the Inhabitants on the coast of England seemed to be at least as much alarmed as we used to be. I hope the panic will extend pretty generally through the Kingdom, and that we shall feel the good effects of it. I cannot say more, having, I cannot tell you how much, pressing business before me. I am, etc.
[M.H.S.]
West-point, November 6, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been hond. with your favor of the 24th. Ulto., but not till yesterday. The present61 offered by the board of War of Virginia I shall receive as a testimony of their polite attention and good Will, and beg the favr. of you to make my acknowledgments accordingly. Permit me at the same time to thank you for the obliging expressions which accompanied the present, and to assure you that in great truth I am, etc.
[Note 61: "a Suit of Cloths, and a few other Articles."-- Samuel Griffin to Washington, Oct. 24, 1779. Griffin's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
West-point, November 6, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Your favors of the 24th. and 30th. Ulto. are both at hand; accept my thanks for the trouble you have had in providing lodgings for Mrs. Washington. I have no doubt of their being such as will prove agreeable to her, and shall write to her by the next Post to come up and occupy them till I shall be able to know where my own quarters will be and remove her to them. At present I am totally in the dark respecting this matter.
I shall be much obliged to you for furnishing Mrs. Washington with whatever she may have occasion for. Of Mrs. Mitchells kind attentions I am sure she will have no cause to complain. I am sure also, she will hold them in grateful remembrance.
If the Gentn. to whom the inclosed letters are addressed should have left Phila. be plea'd to forward them by the Post. or any other good conveyances.
Mr. Tournon62 talked of proceeding immediately to So. Carolina; if no express should be going from Congress that way the conveyance by him may be a good one.
[Note 62: Jean Baptiste Ternant.]
My compliments attend Mrs. Mitchell; and I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the original in the Maine Historical Society.]
Head Quarters West point, November 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 4th. Shoes for the Massachusetts Line must be drawn by the State Cloathier or his Assistant for the Line at large and distributed according to their wants. If he will apply, he may have an order upon the Cloathier General for a proportion of the public Stock, which is at present scanty.
I have no power to give Colo. Hazen authority to inlist the troops of any State before their term of service is expired. Such an attempt would, I am convinced, create much discontent. I am,etc.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 6, 1779.
Sir: Colo. Hazen having represented the services of Captain Louis and the Indians of his tribe in a very favorable light, I have transmitted a memorial to Congress in their behalf and have recommended it to them to take them into our service and establish some regular pay for them. Till the pleasure of Congress be known I am to desire you to furnish these Indians with provision from the public Magazines. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 6, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Excellency's favor of the 7th, and that of the 29th of last month. The memorial of the officers Steddeford66 and Becker,67 shall have due consideration.
[Note 66: Capt. Garret Stediford (Steddiford), of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in May, 1781.]
[Note 67: Capt. Henry Bicker (Becker), jr., of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The repeated approbation of Congress, in their act of the 27th Ulto., cannot but give me the most sensible pleasure.
Since Governor Clinton's letter, which I inclosed your Excellency in mine of the 30th of Octobr. I have received no further advice on the subject; and am therefore induced to believe that the alarm from the Indians was premature. I have the honor, etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of lames McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 6, 1779.
Sir: I have your favr. without date. I have written to Congress and inclosed your Memorial respecting Capt. Joseph Louis Gill to them. Untill I obtain their answer, I have, by the inclosed given General Bayley directions to supply the Indians with provision. Inclosed you have a Warrant for 100 Dollars in your favr. which sum your paymaster may give to Captain Louis and receive from the Military Chest upon the Warrant the first time he has occasion to transact any Business with the pay Mast. General.
I will inform the Qr. Mr. Genl. of what you say respecting the practicability of laying up forage at Coos. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Saturday, November 6, 1779.
Parole Appenzel. Countersigns Sydney, Zug.
The State or Sub Cloathiers are to make immediate and the most exact returns to the Cloathier General of all the cloathing in their hands which may have been procured by their States, at continental expence, and they will also report to him what expectations they have of farther supplies both as to quantity and quality, and the time.
If there are any states who have not appointed Sub or State Cloathiers, or the Cloathiers appointed have not joined the army or are absent, the commanding officers of the lines of the States under any of those descriptions are each to appoint a proper and fit officer, who is to be immediately reported to the Adjutant General to act as a Sub Cloathier, pro tempore.
Head Quarters, West-point, November 7, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I am commanded by his Excellency who set out this morning to visit some of the army below, to request that you will take the necessary steps to provide and lay up, at different places, the forage from Fort Charles or number 4 on the Connecticut river, as high as Co'os inclusive. The General said what he had principally in view was the grain.
His Excellency has also to request your particular attention to the establishment of magazines of the forage on the North River and Albany. I am, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "James McHenry."]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, November 7, 1779.
Parole Coventry. Countersigns Hampden, Ury.
Ensign Hezekiah Ford73 of the 2nd. Maryland regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 10th. of June last.
[Note 73: A lieutenant who was transferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and served to April, 1783.]
The officers and privates composing the rifle corps under the command of Major Parr, are all to join their respective regiments. The Major will see that all the rifles and their proper bullet moulds &c., are collected and numbered to prevent their being mixed or seperated, and have them then delivered to the Commissary of Military Stores and take his receipt for the same. The Commissary is to cause the rifles &c. to be carefully boxed up and is not to deliver any of them without an order from the Commander in Chief. Muskets are to be drawn for the men in lieu of the rifles. The General cannot dissolve this corps without offering his particular thanks to the officers and soldiers remaining in it for their long, faithful and important services.
At a Division General Court Martial whereof Colonel Vose was President the 12th. of October last, Lieutenant William Crossman of the 15th. Massachusetts regiment was tried for "Being frequently absent from camp without leave of the commanding officer of the regiment and being very inattentive to the company of which he had the command, but in particular for disregarding the general orders of the 20th and 25th. of August in absenting himself from camp two nights and part of two days between the 5th. and 9th. of October last, while the troops were under marching orders, and when general orders were particular for officers to be very attentive to their several commands."
The Court acquit Lieutenant Crossman of inattention to his company but are of opinion that he is guilty of being frequently absent from camp without leave of the commanding officer of the regiment, and also that he is guilty of disregarding the general orders of the 20th. and 25th. of August in absenting himself from camp two nights and part of two days between the 5th. and 9th. of October while the troops were under marching orders being a breach of the second article, 13th. section, and of the 5th. Article, 18th. section of the Articles of war and do therefore sentence Lieutt. Crossman to be dismissed the service of the United States; but in consideration of Lieutenant Crossman's having continued long in the service of his country and his being cut off from receiving any benefit of a resolve of the State of Massachusetts Bay in which the depreciation of the currency is engaged to be made good to their troops, the Court do therefore earnestly recommend Lieutenant Crossman to be restored.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders it to take place, and is sorry that he cannot think the reasons urged by the court sufficient to justify him in restoring Lieutenant Crossman to his rank.
At a division General Court Martial whereof Lieutt. Colonel White was President the 30th. ultimo, Josiah Edwards, James Robinson and John Ward of the Cavalry were tried for "Theft and desertion" found guilty and unanimously sentenced to suffer Death but from the characters of James Robinson and John Ward given by Captn. Edgar under whose command they have ever been since in the regiment, the Court unanimously recommend the said James Robinson and John Ward to the General for mercy.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentence of the Court but in consideration of the unanimous recommendation of the court, pardons Robinson and Ward and directs the execution of Edwards on friday the 12th. instant at such place as Majr. General Heath shall direct.
Pompton, November 9, 1779.
Sir: I rode down to this place that I might be in the way, should the enemy, by their preparations upon Staten Island, seem to threaten any thing serious. But having heard nothing further to make me believe that they intend to come over in any considerable force, I shall return part of the way to West point this Evening. Should they make any move towards you, you will give instant notice to General Wayne, who will be in the neighbourhood of Acquacanack, And to General Sullivan at this place.
From a variety of circumstances, but particularly for want of Water to grind, we are like to be for a while exceedingly distressed for Flour. I would therefore wish you to put the troops under your command to an allowance, for the present, of three quarters of a pound pr. day and make an equivalent in meat, which they can easily barter for Vegetables, which will be a good substitute for the short allowance of Bread. I hope the necessity of this measure will not be of long duration, as the Commy. assures me the want of Water is the principal difficulty. I am, &c.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Pompton, November 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: I rode down to this place to see General Sullivan and to be in the way....75
[Note 75: The omitted portion is the same as that in Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, Nov. 9, 1779, q. v.]
Should the enemy move towards you, you will be pleased to give Genl. Sullivan, who is here, the earliest notice. I imagine your present position is such, that by quick intelligence, you would be near enough to fall upon the Rear of the Enemy should they attempt Westfield or Springfield, but if you think a position somewhat lower down, (keeping under the mountain,) would be preferable, you may take it. In this you will be governed by the advices you receive of the situation of things upon Staten Island. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On November 10 Washington wrote again to Wayne: "Yours of yesterday morning reached me here just as I was getting on Horseback, the Express having gone round by King's ferry. Mine of yesterday gave you liberty to move lower down if necessary, keeping to the Mountain." This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
[H.S.P.]
West-point, November 10, 1779.
Dr. Sir: As you have again been so obliging as to offer me the horse you got of Lt. Colo. Washington I have desired Mrs. Washington (who will set out immediately for Camp) to send for him that he may come up with her, but I again beg my dear Sir that if he is a favourite of yours that you will not send him as any other may answer my purpose.
I will send the sorrel by Mr. Geo. Washington when he re turns (which I believe will be shortly) that he may be properly taken care of being now in good order.
The Mare I esteem highly, and as blew-skin is likely to get the better of his fistula (without its coming to a head) he and the others will serve me without the aid of the Mare, for sometime at least. My love to Mrs. Spotswood. I am etc.
West point, November 10, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 8th. Instant with the Inclosures. You will consider the following as the Sixth paragraph of my Letter of Instruction to you of the 30th. Ulto. instead of the one it contains, and govern yourself by it in your answer to Mr. Loring, with respect to his demand on account of Violators of parole.77
[Note 77: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "The Enemy have certainly a claim to satisfaction for the Officers belonging to us, who have violated their paroles. We ought either to return them or account for them, by releasing an equal number of theirs, prisoners to us; and this is perfectly consonant to the ideas and direction of Congress, as expressed in their act of the 28th. of January. Their claim being just, I would wish you to attend to it immediately. It cannot be too soon taken up, as their Commissary in his late correspondence with you on the 12th. Ulto. has made the satisfaction of it, a preliminary point to all farther Negociations on the subject of Exchanges. In this view you will inform Mr. Loring, that we are willing to release from every obligation of parole, a like number of their Officers, upon the principle of equality of rank, on receiving their previous assurance, that whenver we send in a Violator of parole, Another of our Officers of similar rank, and who stands first in order of captivity, shall be immediately returned, as finally exchanged. These terms are so just, with respect to the Enemy, that they themselves cannot object to them, and they will never be departed from by us, as they have no right to determine what prisoners we shall receive in exchanges, if those we demand fall within the principles of enchanges subsisting between us. Equality of rank is the only Rule which has hitherto been established between us in exchanges, and therefore should there remain any Violators of parole to be accounted for, where it cannot apply, the claim with respect to those and of necessity continue, till some equitable mode of composition can be agreed on."]
In this view, You will inform Mr. Loring that you are pursuing every means in your power to return the Officers for whom we consider ourselves accountable, as Violators of their parole; and in the mean time, if agreeable to Sir Henry Clinton, we will send in on parole as many of their Officers of the same rank, prisoners to us, counting upon those of their rank already in their hands in part, as these Violators of parole amount to; and that at any time when a Violator of parole is returned, they may make the release of any one of their Officers of his rank absolute and final, by sending out another of ours of the same rank, who stands first in order of captivity, in exchange for him. And you may farther inform him that the moment we are so happy as to conclude upon a plan for a general exchange, which we have ever been willing to make and still are, on terms of equality and mutual advantage, that the whole of those Violators of parole or such part of them as shall not have returned or been exchanged shall be finally accounted for. I am, etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
November 10, 1779.
Dr Sir: I hope His Excellency will be at Home to day. Our circumstances with respect to provision, as transmitted on Monday, would alarm him exceedingly, and he will be very anxious to know the instant he arrives, whether they are better now. Pray inform me by the Return of the Express, whom I have sent on purpose, whether you have received any and what sup plies, and whether you have prospects of any in the course of a day or two. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: Harrison."]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Thursday, November 11, 1779.
Parole Dungarvan. Countersigns Ebro, Eccleston.
The Commissary General having represented the difficulty of keeping up his supplies of flour, owing to the uncommon drougth which has stopped most of the Mills. The Commander in Chief is under the necessity on that account of reducing the ration of that article, 'till further orders, to three quarters of a pound pr day; the deficiency to be made up in meat and roots.
Head Quarters, West point, November 11, 1779.
Gentn: Being absent from Head Qrs. on a visit to several Out posts of the Army, when your favor of the 2d. Instant ar rived and not returning till last night, it was not in my power to answer it before.
I am precisely in the predicament you are, with respect to the Count, his intentions or Ultimate operations, I have not heard a single syllable about either since your departure, except what was transmitted in my Letter of the 30th. Ulto; a similar account to which you will have seen in the public prints. From this circumstance and the lateness of the season, I do not expect myself that he will arrive in this quarter, or if he should, that the Enterprise which was proposed, could now be prosecuted. It is too late to begin it. However, as I received my advices from Congress, of the Count's intention to cooperate, and considered myself as bound by their direction to prepare for it. I have not thought myself at liberty to desist from my preparations, or to fix upon a day when they should cease. I have written to them to day upon the subject, stating the uncertainty I am under with respect to His Excellency's coming, the great expense which must necessarily attend the continuing of our measures for a cooperation; and the difficulties, supposing it undertaken, from the advanced season, and requested their earliest decision as to the part I am to pursue. I have also requested the favour of General Schuyler, who is at Congress, to transmit you the Result of their deliberations, upon the occasion, as soon as they are ended; by which you will be pleased to govern yourselves, either as to your returning or remaining, as their decision may point. In the mean time, You will withhold, all my dispatches to the Count, even if he should arrive, till you receive their Answer, and endeavour to recover such as may have been lodged by You or Others, along the Coast towards the Capes of Delaware. I have written to Major Lee, with respect to the Letters in his hands.81
[Note 81: On November 11 Washington wrote also to Major Lee: "You will withhold the dispatches in your hands for Count D'Estaing, till you hear farther from me, even if he should arrive." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
When you have received the determination of Congress, if it is against a Cooperation, it will be necessary for you to recall the pilots, except such a number as may be thought material, for general purposes, in case of the Count's arrival for the security of his Fleet and such as were employed here or immediately in consequence of any of my Letters, you will desire to send in their Accounts. I have the Honor, etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your several favors came to hand yesterday while I was absent. Edwards83 of Sheldons Regiment, under sentence of death, was represented, by the Major, as a vicious fellow, and a proper subject to make an example, which seems necessary at this time,84 as I am informed that two Natives went off from Moylans a few days ago, and carried with them four very valuable Horses. I cannot therefore grant the prayer of Edwards's petition.
[Note 83: Josiah Edwards's petition, dated Nov. 9, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: At this point the draft in the Washington Papers has: "in the Corps of Horse."]
Be pleased to acquaint Col. Armand of my approbation of his behavior, and return him my thanks for the good conduct of his enterprize against the Majr. Bearmore.85 I shall take an opportunity of representing the matter to Congress the first time I have occasion to write them. The Horses &c. taken are for the benefit of the Captors.
[Note 85: Maj. Mansfield Barrymore (Baremore), of the Westchester County (N.Y.) Loyalist Militia. Colonel Armand's letter describing his raid is in the Washington Papers under date of Nov. 8, 1779.]
On my way to Pompton, I was met at Ramapough by Golding, one of the persons mentioned by you. He had a pass from General Hogun who commands at Philada. and came up with a request, that he might be discharged from Colo. Nichola's86 Regt., in which he is at present inlisted, upon his obtaining a Man to serve in his room. I, knowing nothing further respecting him, signified my approbation of this, and he re turned immediately to Philada. He says he married a Woman of some property there, and produced Deeds for real Estates, which he has acquired in consequence of his marriage and some dealings in trade.
[Note 86: Col. Lewis Nicola.]
I think you had best, in answer to Mr. Sargent,87 represent the above, with the antecedent circumstances with which you are acquainted. Golding having married and acquired property will probably remain quietly among us, and it will perhaps be as well to overlook his former inlistment and desertion, and recommend it to the Attorney General, as he is still a person of suspicious Character, to lay him under security for his good behaviour. I know not what to say respecting Gaffney. He seems from your account to know too much for a soldier, and the bringing him to trial would probably occasion much trouble in procuring Witnesses.88 I therefore think you may as well
[Note 87: Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant, attorney general of Pennsylvania.]
[Note 88: Maj. Gen. William Heath's letter of November 10, describing the Golding and Gaffney matter, is in the Washington Papers.] acquaint Mr. Sargent with his Character also, and let the Civil Authority either confine him or take security as they may judge proper. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 90: Commanding the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 11, 1779.
Dear Sir: Captain Bush will deliver you 20,000 dollars on Acct. of the Gratuity of 100 dollars each allowed by Congress to those Men who were enlisted for the War previous to 23d. Jany. last inclosed you have the form of the Receipt to be taken. I suppose the general tenor of the enlistments of the Men of the 11th. Regt. will be Three Years or during the War. This was the case throughout the Penna. line, but the Men were told that as the term of inlistment was not fully ascertained they would not be discharged at the expiration of three years; but in consideration of their having recd. a small Bounty, Congress had been pleased to allow them a Gratuity of 100 dollars. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 11, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have no objection to your employing the Canadians in the manner you propose,92 and have given orders to the Commissary of Prisoners for their liberation. You will take the proper precautions to prevent their escaping should any of them appear disposed that way.93 I have also desired the Commissary to release the sailor lad on your application. I am, etc.94
[Note 92: Hay's letter making these requests dated Nov. 6, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 93: On November 11 James McHenry wrote to John Beatty, by direction of Washington, authorizing delivery of the prisoners to Hay. McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 12, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 5th.
The operations to the Southward have been of so much longer duration, than was at first apprehended, and no certain accounts being yet received, that have come to my knowledge, induces me to think, that the probability of an attempt against the enemy in this quarter, more especially considering the advanced state of the season, is a matter of the greatest uncertainty. Under these circumstances, and desirous to avoid every possible expence, I would not wish, that the required number of militia, should at this time be drawn to their places of rendezvous. Their being held in readiness, will be in my opinion sufficient to answer the purpose of the expected co-operation. How far it may be advisable, on other accounts, I must leave to your Excellency's determination.
Besides what I have mentioned, there are other reasons, why the militia should not be assembled, without an absolute occasion. I allude in particular to the condition of our magazines of flour. The uncommon drought, (not to hint at circumstances which must be well known to your Excellency) has affected us exceedingly in this article. A considerable quantity of wheat now lies in the mills in this State unmanufactured for want of water, and the same cause produces the same effects in some of the neighbouring States.
I need not take notice to your Excellency of my intention to afford every protection to your State, which our strength, a proper dependence on our supplies, and the situation of things in general, will admit. Our arrangements for the winter shall be directed by these objects. But should the enemy keep themselves united, as at present, and make no considerable detachments, we may find it absolutely expedient to observe a similar conduct, that the common cause may not encounter the greater evil, while we attempt to avoid the lesser. I am, etc.95
[Note 95: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
[C.S.L.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 12, 1779.
Dr. Sir: From present appearances and the season of the year, there is little reason to believe that a co-operation with the French Admiral can possibly take place. In consequence of this opinion, and to avoid, as much as possible, a further increase of expense, I have to request you to suspend such of your arrangements as were designed for this purpose; and which, unless this event were to take place, will be unnecessary. I reckon among these particularly the business on which Colonel Stevens has been ordered. In your measures on this subject, which I wish to be immediate, altho' you stop the preparations you will do it in such a manner as to preserve the idea for which they were undertaken.
I need not observe to you the expediency of still preserving appearances till the determination of Congress is known, to whom I have written on the subject. I am, etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The original, sold in 1892, had, in addition to the above text, the following: "Genl., Greene desires that the person who goes to Col. Stevens may call upon him."]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 13, 1779.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 8th. advising me of your march to Hartford, and that you expected the whole would reach that place to-day.
You will be pleased to proceed by such a route, as you may judge the most eligible and direct to Peek-kill or Kings-ferry. And if it is your opinion, that Col. Greenes Regiment can be usefully employed in the State of Rhode-Island, you may give orders for its return.
We are still uninformed (officially) of the operations to the Southward, or the prospect of their final event. I am, &c.
P.S. You will give directions for the Parke and Stores be longing to it, to move to Springfield; and for the artillery men to join the army.97
[Note 97: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H. S.]
West point, November 13, 1779.
Dr. Sir: If you yet have nothing more than conjecture for the enemys discent in jersey I beg you will order the 7th. Massachusetts Regimt. (late Aldens) immediately to join Pattersons Brigade at this place. And Majr. Parr to comply strictly with the Inclosed order (which Issued the 7th. Instt.). They may, as the nearest and best way, take the Rout by Kings-ferry. The Baggage of the Regiment may, from thence, come up by Water.
I cannot avoid expressing much surprize, concern, and displeasure at Colo. Barbers inattention to the returns of the Troops under your Command. I have not had a return of them since the middle of July, and the Adjutt. Genl. informs me that he can neither get returns nor answers to his letters when they are applied for. This is not consistent with the punctuality and usual good conduct of Colo. Barber nor with my prepossessions in his favour; and I wish you to speak to him accordingly. For essential purposes I want these returns immediately. I am, etc.
P.S. Col. Scammell informs me that he has regularly furnished the troops under your command with such general orders as respected their notice. I inclose however that of the 6th of Septr. and request it may be immediately attended to, as without this we cannot proceed in a distribution which our wants98 make absolutely necessary to be entered on without loss of time.99
[Note 98: In the draft, at this point, is the following: "and the Season of the Year."]
[Note 99: The letter sent, which is in the writing of James McHenry, is in the New Hampshire Historical Society. The postscript to the draft is in the writing of McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 13, 1779.
Dear Sir: Being absent on a tour to the several detachments of the Army when your letter of the 6th. was brought to my quarters, it has not been in my power to give answers to such parts of the representation as immediately required it till now. I am fully satisfied of the justice of most of your remarks, and wish it was as much in my power as it is my inclination to remove the difficulties you have pointed out.
The discontinuance of the Works at this post, in a great measure, was necessarily occasioned by a prospect of cooperation with the french Fleet, which obliged us to take off the Artificers and to apply the Boards and Timber intended for the Works and Barracks to the Boats. As these preparations were commenced by order of Congress, I do not think myself at liberty to discontinue them intirely without their approbation. But I shall do it so far as to enable a considerable part of the Carpenters to return again to work at the post, and I am not without hopes the Residue of the covering necessary for the Garrison may be compleated in time.
General du portails Idea of the position of the Barracks is conformable to mine, and I would wish to have them constructed as near as may be agreeable to the plan pointed out in his Report. The finishing of those which are already erected, and the building of those recommended to be in and near Fort Arnold are the principal and indeed the only ones that will take much time or labor. The Bomb proofs in the smaller Works will in general cover the Men necessary to be stationed in them. I shall direct the Quarter Mast. Genl. to give every assistance in procuring the Boards and materials necessary for the above purposes as expeditiously as possible.
The uncommon consumption of Forage in this quarter was the natural consequence of being obliged to keep the whole Army in the Vicinity of these posts while the intentions of the enemy were so evidently pointed against them.
The enemy having concentered their whole force makes it rather difficult to fix upon a line of Winter Cantonments that will answer the double purposes of security and subsistence. You are sufficiently acquainted with our circumstances to know that these two points militate strongly against each other. The uncertainty of an operation in conjunction with the French Fleet (altho' the advanced State of the Season renders it next to impossible) is another reason which induces me to keep the Army in its present position. I expect hourly to be releived from this embarrassment, and I shall then take instantaneous measures for making a disposition for Winter Quarters. I very well know that a supply of Forage will be difficult at this post, and so it will be wherever the Bulk of the Army shall sit down. We must on this account divest ourselves of every horse not absolutely necessary and endeavour to lengthen out our scanty pittance by oeconomy.
Untill I have made a general arrangement I cannot ascertain the Corps which will compose the Garrison this Winter, but as I told you upon a former application, I think those which compose the present Garrison will probably be a part of those which will remain for the Winter.
Colo. Kosiusko mentioned the matter respecting the Chain a day or two before your letter came to hand. I then informed him that it might be taken up whenever you thought the appearance of the Weather required it. I only wished it might remain down, as long as possible consistent with its safety.
It is my earnest desire that a supply of Wood may be got into the Garrison as speedily as possible, and it lays with Colonel Hay to make use of any means of transportation that may appear to him most eligible. If he will mention the number of Men necessary for the Boats I will1 furnish them from the Militia or the Line, as may be most expedient and convenient.
[Note 1: The draft at this point has "endeavour to."]
From an expression in your letter I am induced to believe that possibly a relief from the command of this post and its dependencies may be agreeable to you. It is my wish to accommodate the services of every officer to the calls of his private Affairs and of his inclinations, whenever circumstances will admit. Upon revolving the arrangements for the Winter in my own mind, I find, that you may be relieved, and assume another command, which I imagine will be full as agreeable to you, and which will obviate some difficulties, that would have attended your remaining. I am, etc.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Saturday, November 13, 1779.
Parole Flanders. Countersigns Florence, Florida.
The Commissaries to issue the following quantities of meat or vegetables in lieu of the reduced ration of flour:
For every 100 lbs. of flour, reduced from the issues, 75 lbs. beef, or 50 lbs pork; or if received in vegetables, 2½ bushels pease; or 2½ bushels beans; or 8 bushels potatoes; or 12 bushels turnips; and so in proportion for any greater or less quantity.
Head Quarters, West point, November 14, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 11th. and am obliged by the intelligence it contains. Should you obtain a confirmation be pleased to inform me and of the time which the fleet sails. Should the other embarkation which you mention take place, I shall be obliged to you for endeavouring to know of what Corps it is composed. I am, &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 10th. Inst. by Major Moore.4 I should have no objection to his joining your family during Captain Archers5 indisposition, was it not inconsistent with his Rank according to the Regulations of the Army and interfering with his present duty of Brigade Major and Inspector.
[Note 4: Maj. Thomas Lloyd Moore, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 5: Capt. John Archer.]
I have directed two Lieutenant Colonels to be nominated to me to fill the vacancies in Colonel Febiger's and Meiggs's Regiments. Major Hulls6 absence will be but of short duration, and I would not for that reason wish to fill that Vacancy.
[Note 6: Maj. William Hull.]
If you will send up the Quarter Master of the Corps or the person who has usually drawn supplies for them, he can have the shoes wanting. A general distribution of the other species of Cloathing will be shortly made. I am, &c.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 14, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favr. of yesterday. As I do not know whether it is the intent of Congress to keep up the Regiments of Horse to their full establishment, I should not think myself authorized to appoint a full Corps of Officers. But if you can find three or four Gentlemen well recommended, and who you have reason to believe will have influence in recruiting, you may nominate them, and I will recommend them to Congress for Commissions, as I have no power to confirm them without their concurrence. I am, etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, November 14, 1779.
Parole Friburgh. Countersigns Galilee, Galway.
The 7th. regiment of Massachusett's Bay (late Aldens) is to join the 3rd. brigade of that State, commanded by Brigadier General Paterson, and the 12th. regiment now in the 3rd. brigade is to join the 1st, but not to remove 'till relieved by the 7th.
West point, November 14, 1779.
Sir: In my Letter of the 4th Ulto., which I had the honor of addressing Congress, I informed them of the measures I had adopted for a cooperation with His Excellency the Count D'Estaing, in consequence of their Act and Favor of the 26 and 27 of the preceeding month. Besides the measures which I then mentioned, several Others which appeared to me essential for the occasion, and which would be naturally expected of me, have been pursued, and every disposition made, which our circumstances would admit and which the importance of the Object in view, necessarily required. When I was first honoured with the dispatches of Congress on the subject of a cooperation with the Count, I hoped as Congress themselves must have done, that the operations at the Southward would have been soon over, so as to have permitted His Excellency to have proceeded with his Fleet and Land forces in a short time after his arrival there, to this Coast, and, on this ground, that something important and interesting, if not decisive, might have been at tempted against the Enemy in this Quarter, with a good prospect of success; but, the operations there having continued so long and hitherto prevented him from coming, I now beg leave to offer it to Congress, as my opinion, that the Count's arrival, even if it were to take place immediately, would be too late on account of the advanced season for any extensive operation or at least any that might require time and materially de pend on our joint aid. In this view of matters, without taking notice of the uncertainty in which we still are, with respect to southern affairs, and of consequence as to the precise time, when His Excellency might arrive, I would submit it to Congress to decide, whether we shall continue measures for a cooperation, or relinquish all ideas of it, for the present time, without farther delay. I do not conceive myself authorised to determine the point, but I will take the liberty to observe, that the latter, from every consideration of the subject, will, as it strikes me, be most for our interest and for the interest and honor of the common cause. We are now on the eve of Winter, and Enterprizes, which might have bid fair for a successful and happy issue, if they could have been begun some time ago and matters put all in train, would at best if commenced now, stand upon a very precarious and uncertain footing; and the more so, as the execution would depend on Troops but illy ap pointed and clad, and a great proportion of these, Militia, un accustomed to the hardships of the Field, and who therefore, would be less able and less disposed to persevere against the rigors and difficulties which would unavoidably occur from the inclemency of the season. The Enemy too have had great time for preparation, and their Stores of fuel and forage &c. and their defences, are infinitely more compleat than they would have been found, if we could have begun our operations at a more early period. The state of our flour supplies also, is much more opposed to a co-operation than was expected: they are now distressing and from recent Reports by the Commissary General, it is much to be feared, they may become so in the extreme. Our distress on this head, at this instant, arises in a great measure, from a long drought; but, this aside, the Commissary says he finds every day new and greater difficulties at tending the business of supplies, from a more unhappy cause. I have only to add, that a variety of important and pressing reasons urge me to request, that Congress will be pleased to form earliest decision on the point submitted and to favor me with it as soon as possible. Whatever it may be, it will be very interesting that I should know it, without loss of time. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. The Honble. the Marine Committee, expecting a cooperation with the Count D'Estaing's fleet, were pleased to suspend the sailing of the Frigates from Boston and to direct them and the Continental Armed Vessels to be held in readiness for that purpose. I have never given any orders with respect to them, and if the project of a cooperation is declined, they will be pleased to take such as they think proper.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft has the note: "transmitted by George Harrison, Express, at ½ after 12 O Clock, Nov 14: 1779."]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Monday, November 15, 1779.
Parole Hampshire. Countersigns Japan, Jago.
The regimental Pay Masters will bring in the Abstracts and Pay Rolls for September and October to the Deputy Pay Master General for examination. The nine months men in the Massachusett's line to have their pay made up in the October rolls, which is to commence from the time of their joining at Springfield.
Head Quarters, West point, November 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: As part of the Army must, at any rate, leave this post in a very short time, His Excellency would wish to have the Works upon each side of King's ferry compleated before we change the present position. He desires me to give you this notice, that you may take every possible measure for finishing them. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 16, 1779.
Dr. Sir: In my letter of the 12th. I mentioned to your Excellency that the operations to the Southward had taken up more time than was at first apprehended, and that this, with the advanced season of the year, made the expected co-operation a matter of the utmost uncertainty. I am sorry to inform you that by dispatches received last night, there has been an alteration of circumstances in that quarter, which must render it altogether impossible, at least for the present.
It would appear, that there was a necessity for the Counts returning to the West Indies, which made it impracticable to spend that time before the works of Savannah, requisite to carry them by regular approach. This induced the allied arms to hazard the reduction of the place by assault. It was under taken accordingly on the 9th of October, when we were re pulsed. I do not learn the particulars of our loss. The Count was slightly wounded in the leg and arm; and General Pulaski died a few days after of his wounds. The allied officers and men behaved with great bravery and spirit. This repulse comprehends the whole of our misfortune, as we met with no hindrance in removing our stores and baggage. I have drawn together these several matters more for your private satisfaction, than any public purpose; as Congress, I suppose will direct a publication. The requisition for the militia holding themselves in readiness, being no longer necessary, your Excellency will take such order as you may think proper on the occasion.
I cannot but express my sense, to your Excellency of the ready compliance in every step which appeared necessary in the business that for some time past has engaged our attention. And I promise myself every thing to our cause from the good disposition of the militia when it may become proper to make use of their services. I have the honor, etc.11
[Note 11: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
West point, November 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am now to inform you that the idea of a cooperation with His Excellency Count D'Estaing in this quarter is intirely at an end, at least for this year. The advanced season of itself would have rendered the measure too precarious and uncertain in the issue to be undertaken now; but besides this I find by advices received last night, that an unfavourable change in our affairs at the southward has made it impracticable. It seems the Seige of Savannah, where the Enemy had secured themselves by strong fortifications, required more time than was expected and there being no certainty of reducing the place by regular approaches, in the course of a few days; It was agreed to attempt to effect it by Storm. The attack was accordingly made on the morning of the 9th. Ulto. by the Allied Troops who suffered a Repulse. I have not the particulars, but the Resolution for an Assault was founded in the necessity it seems there was for the Count's returning immediately to the West Indies. The allied Troops behaved with great firmness and tho defeated acquired great honor. Count D'Estaing himself was wounded in the Arm and Leg. Genl Pulaski died some days after the Action, of a Wound he received. Our wounded and baggage were all brought off. Your Excellency will be pleased to consider this more for your private information than for any other purpose. Congress will probably publish the affair. From this detail of circumstances however, you will conclude with me, that the sooner the Militia return to their homes the better. I will leave it entirely to your Excellency's management and address, to conduct the business with them, requesting only that you will offer the Officers and Men my warmest thanks for their great activity and zeal in turning out, and that you Yourself will accept my sincerest acknowledgements for the aid and support you have been pleased to afford me on this and every other occasion. You will also be pleased to order their Regimental pay Rolls to be made out immediately and presented to the Depy Pay Mr General. The sooner it can be done, the better for reasons which will at once occur to You. Any Quarter Master Stores that may have been received, You will be so obliging as to order to be returned to Colo Hay. I shall be very happy to see Your Excellency, if you can make it convenient to favor me with a visit. I cannot on account of a variety of pressing business do myself the pleasure of waiting on You. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 16, 1779.
Sir: I wrote to you on the 13th. desiring you to continue your march to Peekskill or Kings Ferry. We have since that time recd. advices of a disagreeable nature from the Southward. The following is the best account which I have been able to obtain from Major Clarkson, and which I give you for your private satisfaction only, as perhaps the official account may be some what different. Much more time having been spent in the Seige of Savannah (where it seems the enemy had secured themselves by strong fortifications) than was at first expected, and there being no certainty of reducing them in a short time by regular approaches, it was agreed to attempt the place by storm on the 9th. ulto. the attack was accordingly made by the allied troops, who were repulsed; in consequence of which the Seige was raised, having previously brought off all the Cannon and Stores.
The Count has been obliged, I imagine from his engagements in another quarter (for I have not the particulars) to leave the Coast of Georgia. It now remains to put the Army in such a chain of winter Cantonments as will give security to these posts, and to take a position with the remainder which will afford Forage and Subsistence, and which will at the same time pre serve us from the insults of the collected force of the enemy; these several matters are now in contemplation, and until they are determined, you will be pleased to halt the troops at Dan bury. Should they have passed that place before this reaches you, you will halt them on the most convenient Ground, till you hear further from me. I am, &c.13
[Note 13: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am this day honored with your Excellency's favr. of the 9th: Under the present establishment, Colo. Simcoe is to be considered as a prisoner of the State if they incline to claim him as such, and they have a right, by their Commy. of prisoners, to propose any mode of exchange which they may think eligible. Your Excellency's letter informing me of this Gentleman's capture came to my hands very accidentally, it was dropped by the person to whom it was intrusted, and found upon the Road by a Country Man who delivered it to General Woodford.
Give me leave to congratulate Yr. Excellency upon your re election to the Government, and to assure you that I am with unfeigned Regard.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was from home yesterday when yours of the 14th. came to hand. I have no doubt but you are sufficiently distressed for forage in your quarter as we are in this. All prospect of our expected co operation being at an end I purpose to move the Troops towards their places of Winter Cantonments as speedily as possible, with this view you will be pleased to throw the two Connecticut Brigades with their horses, Waggons, Tents and baggage across the river as expeditiously as possible and let them encamp as near to Stoney Point as they can find good ground, Wood and Water.
It is my wish to indulge the officers with an opportunity of Visiting their Friends and Families between this and the next campaign as far as the service will possibly admit of it. I would therefore desire them to settle the matter of priority of furlough among themselves, and I must request you in granting them, to observe the following rule strictly: One Field officer to remain with every regiment and if possible two, and as many Captains and Subs as are sufficienct to do the regimental duty and take care of the Companies. The times of furlough must be such as will enable those who do not go at first, to have a reasonable time after the return of those who will go at present.
I observe many of the Left Wing returned wanting Cloaths, which I suppose to be principally Shoes. The State Cloathiers of those Lines wanting them, ought to apply if they have not already done it.
I am so exceedingly anxious to have the works at Kings ferry completed, before the Army goes into Quarters, that I wish you would increase the number of fatigue to the utmost. I am, &c.
P.S. I have barely heard that the allied troops were repulsed in an attempt upon the Enemy at Savannah. The seige was raised and Cannon and Stores brought off. I have not the particulars and would not wish this to be communicated officially.17
[Note 17: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
West point, November 16, 1779.
Sir: The operations at the Southward having employed his Excellency Count D'Estaing much longer than was hoped, and brought us to a season too far advanced for commencing Any in this Quarter, of an extensive nature, with a good prospect of success, even if some other unfavourable accidents had not occurred to render it still more unadviseable, I take the earliest occasion to inform you by Express, both from a desire of accomodating the Militia and of saving the public expense; that their services for the present will not be required, and that they are at liberty to return to their Homes. You will be pleased to have the Regimental Pay Rolls made out as early as possible and properly signed and certified and presented to Mr. Reed,18 the Deputy Pay Master at Albany, who will pay them. A Muster Master will attend to muster the Troops, in order to facilitate the business, and you will not therefore dismiss them before that has been done. I cannot conclude, without making an Offer of my warmest thanks to you and the whole of the Officers and Men of the Militia under your command for the great activity and Zeal manifested in turning out upon this occasion. I am, etc.19
[Note 18: Thomas Reed, Assistant Paymaster General.
Washington wrote, this same day (November 16), to Reed that a mustermaster had been ordered to attend these troops "and you will require the usual and necessary Certificates to the Abstracts. I inclose a Copy of an Act of Congress of the 9th Ulto on the subject of subsistence, as I apprehended that you might not have received it, which may be necessary for your government." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 16, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 13th. You will be pleased to forward the inclosed to Governor Livingston. Should there be occasion to act, the State Regt. and Militia will undoubtedly be under the command of you or the eldest continental Officer who may be upon the spot. The Men taken on board the Vessel who were deserters from the Brigade are unquestionably to be tried as deserters found in Arms with the Enemy.
I have recd. an account of our repulse in Georgia, but not the particulars. I am, &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 16, 1779.
Sir: As we shall not immediately want the fascines &c. you will therefore give orders to have such as are cut secured in as safe a situation as possible and desist from the cutting of more. You will also be pleased to inform Majr. Mournan21 to rejoin the army. I am, &c.22
[Note 21: Maj. Jean Bernard de Murnans.]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West point, November 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: The prospect of a cooperation with His Excellency Count D'Estaing in this quarter being at an end for this Year. It is my wish as soon as possible to prevent a farther accumulation of expense to the public by detaining the Militia in service; and as it is my desire that they should be paid as soon as it can be effected. I request that some Officer in your department may proceed immediately to Albany and Muster those from the Massachusetts State assembled there. The Officer who goes on the business cannot be too expeditious in setting out and in completing it. He will keep an account and vouchers for his reasonable Expenses which shall be paid. I write to the Officer who commands these Militia to day, that there will be no farther occasion for him. I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West-point, November 17, 1779.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th. came to hand this Morning. My answer to that of the 8th. was somewhat delayed by reason of my absence on a tour to the advanced Posts of the army wch. threw a good many letters in my way on my return but being dispatched on the 13th. it must have reached you soon after the date of yours of the 15th.
All prospect of a co-operation with the French-fleet ceasing, and the enemy having their whole force at New-York and its immediate dependances, without any appearances, at this time, of detaching more than four thousand Men (which is but equal to the Garrison at Rhode Island, or the Reinforcements under the convoy of Adl. Arbuthnot and Sir Andw. Hammond) I am obliged to make my disposition for the Winter with an eye to this circumstance and the abilities of the Quarter Master, For age Master, and Commy. to support us in provision, forage, and the transportation of them to the places of Cantonment.
Accordingly, the following is the arrangement I have made, as best in my judgment to cover the Country, secure this important post, and to guard the main Army from insult in its winter quarters, at the same time that it is placed in the best situation for obtaining the necessary supplies.
Poors Brigade, at Danbury.
1st. 2d. 3d. and 4th. Massachusetts Brigades at West Point, Kings ferry, and Continental Village. from these Brigades a light party of 3 or 400 Men (to be relieved once a fortnight) is to be advanced with a small Party of horse towards Kings bridge, to covr. the Ctry.
A Small Corps at the entrance of Smiths Clove above Suffrans.
Lee's Partizan Corps with some light Troops to attend to the Monmouth Shore.
The Heavy Artillery at Easton, the light Parke at Morristown or Pluckamin.
The Main Army (from whence detachments for a fortnight will be made towards the No. River and Staten Island) will lay on the heights some where back of the Scots plain.
I have been thus particular because it is my intention to offer you the Command on the North river in wch. will be included Poors Brigade and the Horse in Connecticut if you should incline to accept this rather than a Command in the Main Army.
To save the Marching of Troops, I should have stopped the Regiments from Rhode Island at Danbury, and continued Poors where it now is, but there are some reasons favouring his going that way but the one which operates strongest, is the desire of having the Regiments with you which have not yet undergone the designed arrangements of Congress near head Qers, that they may be effected with more ease in the course of the Winter; but you will, as mentioned in my last, halt these Troops at Danbury till further Orders, as I would not wish to draw them further till some other movements are made and poors B: ready to take their place. It will not be necessary however for you to remain there with them, but to come forward to this Post, or to the Army, if it should have left it is your choice shall happen to be.
[The four Brigades of Massachusetts, like those of the States in general will suffer a considerable diminution in the course of the Winter. We are now verging fast towards the end of the three years, for which a great part of the Army was inlisted. Every day almost between this and Spring will decrease our Force.] I am, etc.P.S. Yours of the 16th. is come to hand.24
[Note 24: The letter sent, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the New York Historical Society and differs in minor verbal particulars from this autograph draft. The part in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Harrison, and the P.S., in both the draft and the letter sent, is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 17, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Provided Gen. Greene may have occasion for any parties to assist in making the necessary arrangements for our Winter quarters, you will be pleased to give orders for such a number as he may apply for from Genl. Clintons or Hands Brigades. Or should Gen. Greene find any advantage from these two Brigades moving to the ground which may be allotted for their quarters you will give them instructions for this purpose. I am, etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 17, 1779.
Dear Sir: The following present themselves to me as the most material general directions necessary for you in laying out the intended encampment.
The Brigades to stand in the following order from the Right, if in one line
Woodfords, Muhlenbergs, Smallwood, Gist, Irvine, Johnson, Maxwell, Clinton, Hand, Starke, Parsons, Huntington.
If the encampment is in two lines, and eight Brigades in the first, they will be: Virginia, Maryland, Hand, Starke, Connecticut. The pennsylvanian's, Maxwell and Clinton the 2d.: If the Ground should more conveniently suit two lines of six Brigades in each. The Virginians, Maryland and Connecticut will compose the first line, and Pennsylva., Maxwell, Clinton, Hand and Stark the second, to be placed as they are named from the Right. If the situation of the ground will admit of neither of the foregoing Regulations, you must govern yourself by circumstances; Wood, Water and a view to defence, being principally to be considered.
The lines to be exactly traced out for arranging the Huts, allowing full room for Officers and Soldiers Barracks. The Quarter Masters or Superintendants are pointedly to attend to the limits of the Ground laid off for their respective Brigades.
The dimensions of the Soldiers Barracks to be given out and not departed from in the least particular, under pain of having those pulled down which differ from the Model. I think the form of the Penna. Hurts and mode of placing them at Rariton last Winter, may be establised as a Model.
By the inclosed to Genl. Sullivan you will find directions to him to furnish the number of fatigue Men, necessary for tracing the Camp, from Clintons and Hands Brigades, or should you be of opinion that any advantages will result from those two Brigades moving totally down immediately, you will in that case, call for them.
We yesterday in a manner determined that the Baggage should move by Junes's and Ringwood and meet the troops at Pompton. But I wish to know whether it will affect your arrangements, should I hereafter determine that the troops shall fall in with their Baggage at June's. I am, &c.
P.S. As soon as you have traced out the ground you will be pleased to give me notice of it.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P.S. is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 17, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 16th. It was not intended when I mentioned the arrangement which I had in contemplation to suggest any but the most perfect satisfaction, in your conduct, and the discharge of the several duties of this post. I meant no more than to convey an idea that as we were drawing together a larger force than heretofore it might be necessary to change my old order of arrangement. I had designed you a command this winter with the main army in the neighbourhood of Morristown. There will be hospitals in its vicinity. But should you think that this situation will be less eligible, on account of the state of your health and the experiments you have proposed to make trial of, which may require a freedom from all command, you have my permission to remain near Fish kill or wherever it may be most agreeable to yourself. I am, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 17, 1779.
Dr Sir: I received your favor of the 15th, yesterday, with its inclosures.
Mr. Woodbridge has had an order on the clothier for 130 pair of shoes. The other articles on the return, it is not possible to deliver previous to a general distribution.
The failure of our attempt to the Southward is by no means as disagreeable as represented. Altho' we were repulsed in the storm of the works of Savannah, we met with no opposition afterwards in removing our stores and baggage. A number of successes both by Sea and land, have greatly crumbled the enemys force in this quarter. The allied men and officers harmonised perfectly, and behaved with great bravery on the occasion. It would appear that there was an absolute necessity for the Counts returning to the West Indies; I have not the particulars of our loss. The Count was slightly wounded and Genl. Pulask died a few days after the affair of his wounds. I am, etc.
P.S. The scantiness of our supplies in the way of clothing, and the difficulty we find in apportioning properly what we have, to all parts of the Army, is another reason why the return could not be complied with. It could not be done before we had settled the principles which were to regulate the general distribution.28
[Note 28: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Wednesday, November 17, 1779.
Parole Pulaski. Countersigns Poland, Purysburgh.
Lieutenant Smith29 of the Pennsylvania Line; Ensign Denny30 of the Maryland line, and Captt. Lieutt. Steward31 of the North Carolina line are appointed Sub or State Cloathiers p. t. to their respective troops.
[Note 29: Lieut. Peter Smith, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 30: Ensign and Paymaster Robert Denny, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant in January, 1780; transferred to the Fifth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 31: Capt.-Lieut. Charles Stewart, of the Second North Carolina Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; captain in May, 1781; killed at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781.]
The Brigades of North Carolina, Maryland, and Pennsylvania are to hold themselves in readiness to move at an hours warning: All the men belonging to those brigades, now with the Artificers or on detachment (except those with the Light Infantry) are to join their respective regiments immediately.
The Sub Cloathiers of the respective States or those appointed to act pro temp., are to call at the Cloathier General's store at New Burgh tomorrow to receive their proportions of blankets; If the blankets differ in quality, the Cloathier General is to regard this circumstance, giving to each State of the best and worst in due proportion:
The Sub or State Cloathiers or persons appointed to act as such, pro temp., are to report to the Brigadiers or Colonels commanding the troops of their States, the number and kind of blankets they draw, who are requested to have them delivered in the justest proportion to the wants of the several regiments in their line. Soldiers who were inlisted for the war, or three years, are only intitled to blankets. In making the distribution, regard must be had to the length of time which the soldiers have to serve, it being but just that those engaged for the war, or for a considerable time to come should have the preference.
Head Quarters, West Point, November 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favored with yours of that date. I wish it was in my power to comply with your request for leave of absence at this time, but such will be the state of the Army in regard to General Officers, that I shall be left very destitute of assistance. General Sullivan has requested the liberty of Congress to retire from the service. General Putnam has obtained a short leave of absence and General McDougal informs me that from some alarming Symptoms of the stone he imagines he shall be under a necessity of laying by for the Winter. General Greenes attention is sufficiently taken up by the affairs of his department; several others who have not seen their families, a long time past, will expect that liberty this Winter. From the above view you will perceive that your presence will be indispensibly necessary, at least for a time. Should circumstances admit of your visiting your Family in the course of the Winter, I shall be glad to indulge you.
I am again reduced to the necessity of acting the part of Clothier General, and have been forming estimates to make a delivery duly proportioned to the wants of the army and the scanty stock on hand. If the Sub Clothiers of Connecticut and Massachusetts will apply for their proportion of the Cloathing in Store, they shall have an order. But I beg you may request them, in making their returns, to make an allowance for their State supplies in hand, or for what they shortly expect.
Mr. Wilkinson the Clothier General writes me from Philadelphia that Mr. Whitlesey32 the purchasing Agent for Connecticut informs him that he has provided "a competency of Shirts, Shoes, Hats and under Cloaths." This being the case they ought to draw no more of the above than they are absolutely in need of at present. I have also heard that the State Clothier of Massachusetts has lately received a supply of Shirts, but I cannot tell how many. The sooner the Clothiers apply the better. I am in hopes from the returns of the Commissary, that we shall rub through notwithstanding the alarming state of our magazine of Bread. The uncommon long spell of dry weather, has stopped most of the mills above, which is the true reason of our present scarcity. When the two Connecticut Brigades are over, be pleased to direct Colo. Hazen to follow with his Regiment, Waggons and Baggage. I am, &c.33
[Note 32: Nathan Whitlesey.]
[Note 33: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Thursday, November 18, 1779.
Parole White. Countersigns Parker, Laurens.
The North Carolina brigade to march immediately by the route assigned them.
The 12th. Massachusett' s regiment to march to Fish-Kill. The commanding officer will apply to Colonel Hay for quarters.
Head Quarters, November 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: As the North Carolina troops have orders to march immediately to the Southward, you will be pleased to detach the company of Artillery belonging to that State to hold themselves in readiness to move with them; their route will hereafter be made known. With respect to their p[iece]s you will suffer them to carry them or not as you see proper. I am, &c.
P.S. Colonel Clark will give the route.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 35: Assistant to the Quartermaster General of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, November 18, 1779.
Sir: You are to proceed from hence to Morris town by the Way of New Windsor, Ringwood and Pompton and should you meet any Waggons with Cloathing on the Road you are to turn them back to Morris Town, and have the Cloathing securely stored. A further Quantity is expected from Philada. which you are to stop at Morris town upon its arrival there and have stored likewise. You will take the Receipts or Invoices from the Conductors and keep them till called upon for them by the Cloathier General or his Assistants. You will remain at Morris town 'till further orders. I am, etc.
P.S. The Delaware Regt. having been ordered to Morris town, you will apply to the Commanding Officer for a Guard. Should they not be there you will apply for a guard to any Officer who may be at Morris.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 18, 1779.
Sir: As the present Campaign is advancing towards a conclusion, and the Councils of the British Cabinet, so far as they have come to my knowledge, are far from recognizing our Independence and pointing to an honourable peace. I have thought, it might not be amiss for me to lay before Congress a state of the army, (notwithstanding it is frequently transmitted the Treasury Board, I believe, by a return of the Muster Rolls, and to the War Office Monthly37 in a more general view) as it is with Congress to decide on the expediency of making it more respectable, or of fixing its amount to any particular point. The return I have the honor to inclose, is an abstract taken from the muster Rolls of the Troops of each State in Octor. (South Carolina and Georgia excepted) and contains a compleat view, not only of the whole strength of the forces of each, and of the Independent Corps &c. at that time, but of the different periods for which they stood engaged.38 I conceived a return of this sort might be material, and accordingly directed it to be made, the better to enable Congress to govern their views and requisitions to the
[Note 37: A copy of this monthly return for October, 1779, is in the Continental Army Returns (Force Transcripts), no. 103, fol. 1, in the Library of Congress. The original should be in the Adjutant General's Office, War Department, Washington, D.C.]
[Note 38: This return not found.] several States. They will perceive by this, that our whole force including all sorts of Troops, non Commissioned Officers and privates, Drummers and Fifers, supposing every man to have existed and to have been in service at that time, a point however totally inadmissible, amounted to 27,099: That of this number, comprehending, 410 Invalids, 14,998 are stated as engaged for the War: that the remainder, by the expiration of Inlistments, will be decreased by the 31st of December 2051, by the last of March 6,426, by the last of April (including the Levies) 8, 181, by the last of June, 10,158: by the last of Septr. 10,709: by different periods (I believe shortly after) 12,157. As I have observed, it cannot be supposed that the whole of the Troops borne upon the Muster Rolls, were either in service, or really in existence, for it will ever be found for obvious reasons, that the amount of an army on Paper, will greatly exceed its real strength. Hence there are other deductions than those enumerated above, and which must equally operate against the Troops of every class; and I must further beg leave to observe, that besides these several deductions, there are of necessity, very considerable and constant drafts of men from the regiments for Artificers, Armourers, Matrosses, Waggoners, the Quarter Masters Department &e, so that we cannot estimate our operating force in the Field, with any propriety or justice, by any means as high, as it may appear at first view on Paper. This point might be more fully illustrated, by referring to the column of present fit for duty, in all general returns, and comparing it with the total amount. Nor is there any reason to expect, that these large and heavy drafts from the regiments will cease; but on the contrary it is much to be feared, from the increased and increasing difficulties in getting men, that they will be still greater.
Having shown what would be the ultimate and greatest possible amount of our force at the several periods above mentioned. according to the abstract of the Muster Rolls for October, supposing every man borne upon them to have been then, and that they would remain in service, agreeable to the terms noted in the abstract, which however is by no means supposeable, as already observed; I shall take the liberty with all possible deference, to offer my sentiments on the only mode that appears to me competent, in the present situation of things, to placing and keeping our Battalions on a respectable footing, if Congress judge the measure essential; and I trust in doing this, it will not be deemed that I have exceeded my duty. If k should my apology must be, that it proceeded from a desire to place the business of raising the Levies we may have occasion to employ in future on a more regular and certain system, than has been adopted, or at least put in practice; and from which the Public will derive the greatest benefits from their service.
In the more early stages of the contest, when Men might have been inlisted for the War, no man, as my whole conduct and the uniform tenor of my letters will evince, was ever more opposed to short inlistments than I was, and while there remained a prospect of obtaining Recruits upon a permanent footing in the first instance as far as duty and a regard to my station would permit, I urged my sentiments in favor of it. But the prospect of keeping up an Army by voluntary inlistments being changed, or at least standing on too precarious and uncertain a footing to depend on, for the exigency of our affairs, I took the liberty in February 1778 in a particular manner, to lay before the Committee of Arrangement then with the Army at Valley Forge, a plan for an Annual draft, as the surest and most certain if not the only means left us, of maintaining the army on a proper and respectable ground. And more and more confirmed in the propriety of this opinion, by the intervention of a variety of circumstances unnecessary to detail, I again took the freedom of urging the plan to the Committee of conference in January last; and having reviewed it in every point of light and found it right, or at least the best that has occurred to me, I hope I shall be excused by Congress, in offering it to them and in time for carrying it into execution for the next year, if they should conceive it necessary for the States to compleat their Quotas of Troops.
The plan I would propose, is, that each State be informed by Congress annually, of the real deficiency of its Troops, and called upon to make it up, or such less specific number, as Congress may think proper, by a draft. That the men drafted join the Army by the 1st of January and serve 'till the first of January in the succeeding year. That from the time the drafts join the Army, the Officers of the States from which they come, be authorised and directed to use their endeavours to inlist them for the War under the bounties to the Officers themselves, and the recruits, granted by the Act of the 23d of January last, Viz Ten Dollars to the Officer for each recruit, and two hundred to the recruits themselves: That all State, County and Town bounties to drafts, if practicable, be intirely abolished, on account of the uneasiness and disorders they create among the Soldiery, the desertions they produce, and for other reasons which will readily occur; That on or before the first of October annually, an abstract or return similar to the present one, be transmitted to Congress to enable them to make their requisitions to each State with certainty and precision. This I would propose as a general plan to be pursued, and I am persuaded it is, or one nearly similar to it, will be found, the best now in our power, as it will be attended with the least expence to the Public, will place the service on the footing of order and certainty, and will be the only one that can advance the general interest to any great extent. If the plan is established, besides placing the service on the footing of more order and certainty, than it will ever otherwise be, we shall I should hope, by the exertions of the Officers, be able to increase the number of our Troops on permanent engagements for the War, especially if we should be so fortunate as to be in a condition to hold out to the drafts, that would engage, a certainty of their receiving the bounty Cloathing stipulated by the Public to be furnished the Troops, and which is so essential to the interest of both. Cloathing is now become a superior temptation, and if we were in circumstances to hold it out, and the drafts were sure that they would obtain it, as they inlisted, and that it would be regularly furnished as it became due; there are good grounds to believe from what has been experienced, and the reports of the Officers, that many would readily engage for the War. From these considerations, and as it is so highly essential to the advancement of the Public interest, both as we regard the issue of the contest, and oeconomy in men and money, I would hope, that every practicable measure will be pursued to get ample and compleat supplies of Cloathing. And I will take the liberty to add, that the diminution of the Army, by the expiration of the inlistments of a part of the Troops, according to the foregoing state, should not in my opinion, lessen the calculations and estimates of supplies in any degree; but that they should be made under the idea of the whole of the Battalions being complete. When this is done, events may and some probably will occur, by which the supplies, as they do not depend upon internal manufactures may be diminished, and scarcely any can arise, which can make them burthensome on our hands. A want will and must from the nature of things, be attended with very injurious consequences at least. A full quantity with none at all, but with almost innumerable interesting benefits. Besides the prospect we should have of gaining recruits for the War by having good supplies of Cloathing, which as already observed, is become a first inducement to service. We shall as has ever been the case, be obliged to make some issues to the drafts, as well from principles of humanity, as to get their service. I have been thus long on the subject of ample supplies of Cloathing, as it is scarcely to be conceived the distresses and disadvantages, that flow from a deficiency. For instance, nothing can be more injurious or discouraging, than our having only four thousand nine hundred Blankets to distribute to the whole Army, and so of many other Articles in but little better proportion.
The advantages of a well digested, general Uniform system for levying recruits and bringing them to the Army at a particular time, to serve to a fixed period are obvious. We may then form our plans of operation with some degree of certainty, and determine with more propriety and exactness, on what we may or may not be able to do; and the periods for joining and serving, which I have taken the liberty to mention, appear to me the most proper for a variety of considerations. It being in January when it is proposed that the recruits shall join, and when the Enemy cannot operate, they will get seasoned and accustome in some measure to a Camp life before the Campaign opens, and will have four or five months to acquire discipline and some knowledge of maneuvres, without interruption; and their service being extended to the same time in the succeeding year, the Public will have all the benefits, that can be derived from their aid, for a whole Campaign. According to the plan on which the business has been conducted, the Public incurs a very heavy expence, on account of the recruits (all that the one proposed is liable to) and scarcely receives any benefit from them. The Levies that have been raised, have come to the Army so irregularly,39 that the aid they were intended to give,
[Note 39: At this point the draft reads: "in such a scattered, divided way, and such late periods generally,"] has never been received, or at least but to a very limited and partial extent; and the time for which they were engaged, has been spent in gaining a seasoning to Camp, and discipline, when they ought to have been in the field, or they must have been sent there raw and untutored (a circumstance which may lead in some critical moment before an Enemy to most fatal consequences) and the greater part of it has been spent in Winter Quarters. The Abstract with its remarks, will show Congress when the recruits for this Campaign joined, and of what little importance their aid could have been, if the Enemy had not been prevented by the occurrence of a variety of distant events, as providential as they were fortunate for us, from pursuing the vigorous measures there was but too much reason to believe they would have otherwise been capable of, and on which it seemed they had determined. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. From several parts of my letter Congress will conclude, that it must have been intended to have reached them before this. The fact was so, the greater part of it having been drafted early in Septr.;40 but unfortunately from the dispersed situation
[Note 40: This draft is not now found in the Washington Papers. It should be in the Adjutant General's Office, War Department, Washington, D.C., in the Continental Army Returns (which were removed from the Washington Papers, by law, many years ago), no. 31, fol. 99.
The following text is taken from the Force transcript of same in the Library of Congress, no. 31, fol. 281:
"It is with Congress to decide upon the expediency of rendering the Continental Battalions more complete either to continue the War or to obtain an honorable peace. With me it only remains to give the present strength, point out the difficulties, expense, and indeed impracticability of obtaining men by voluntary inlistment unless Congress would at once offer a bounty which shall exceed all, State, Town, and individual bounties, the policy of which lies with them to determine, and to suggest the only expedient which to me appears competent to the end of keeping our Battalions respectable.
"If in offering this state of the matter and delivering my sentiments thereon, I shall have exceeded the bounds of my duty, I can urge with truth, that I have no other motive than the public good, and an earnest desire of rescuing the service from that uncertain and expensive mode of recruiting the Army by reducing the future manner of doing it, to some kind of system and order.
"By the inclosed estimate, which is confined to that part of the Army under my immediate command Congress will see the number of men that stand engaged for the War, and every period short of it. They will (as far as it is in my power to give it) also see what each State has done towards compleating their respective quota's in the course of this year. Which when compared to the exertions of the Enemy to as semble a capital force for a vigorous and as they termed it a decisive campaign must fill the mind with very disagreeable sensations except such as result from a greatful reflection on the interposition of Providence in decreeing events which seem to have disconcerted the whole British system for carrying on the War this campaign.
"No man (as the whole term of my letters and conduct in the early stages of the contest where men might have been engaged for the War will evince) was ever more opposed to short enlistments that I, and no person ever experienced more difficulties and distress on that account than myself, but circumstanced as we are at present, and the temper which pervades the minds of that class of people which compose the bulk of an Army, I see nothing else left for it, nor (considering the number of men which we have engaged for the War which affords a good stamina for an Army) with the same inconvenciencies follow as did the total dissolutions and even these may be lessened by the adoption of some system which will have a general operation in all the States to the exclusion of that complexed and inefficatious modes which are now practiced at a most enormous expense as will evidently appear by an appeal to our public expenditures in a thousand ways; some of which without the smallest hope of deriving much if any benefit, tho' a great and certain expense is incurred. Such being the case of those States which depend upon voluntary inlistments, and have drawn a number of officers from the Army to the detriment of their Regiments without obtaining (comparatively speaking) a man, while the charges attending this measure is certain and great. And in this plan it may not be amiss perhaps to shew how unseasonably the little aid we have derived by any and all these modes would have arrived if the measures of Great Britain had not been disconcerted by events as fortunate as (to me) unexpected. Our re-inforcements, then except about 150 which joined the Army under General Sullivan from the State of New York in the month of May, or June did not begin to appear till sometime in August and are but at this moment coming in. The consequences of which, are that you have not a single moment to train and discipline them, and so much of the season as remains fit for the field is waisted in enuring them to a camp life (as almost all recruits have their seasoning), this puts an end to the campaign but not the expense attending these measures, for in addition to the costs of bringing them to the Army, they are after having passed through the campaign without rendering perhaps a single days service to be cloathed, fed through the winter, and just before the opening of the next campaign and by which time they have acquired the habits of soldiers, and know something of the duties, their term of service is expired and they are discharged, so that in fact at the end of one campaign, we get a small reinforcement, and discharge it at the opening of the next, by which means as I have observed before we incur an expense and derive no benefit.
"To innumerate all the disadvantages which result from this indeterminate mode of compleating the battalions, not only with respect to the manner, but time, would greatly exceed the bounds of a letter; but I cannot help observing that the manner opens a door to such error and imposition in the article of expense, in a variety of ways, which it is scarce possible for any checks to prevent public abuses, while the consequences of mixing raw and untutored men (before they obtain some knowledge in manoeuvreing) with disciplined Troops, may in some critical moment be fore an Enemy prove fatal, and this if there is not time to train them must be the case or they in a manner become useless.
"I have been thus particular in order to shew the necessity there is in my judgment, of adopting in future some systematical plan for the completion of our Battalions annually, while Congress shall deem it expedient to do this, and at such fixed periods as will allow the operating forces the greatest possible advantages, which is to be derived from the term of their services, and that must be by obtaining the recruits in the winter allowing them time to get a little accustomed to a soldiers life, and inured to that change and hardship which seldom fails to sicken young soldiers, and withal to acquire that knowledge of their duty which is to fit them for the services of the campaign.
"Early as Feby. 1778 I was convinced that it was no longer in our power to compleat the Battalion's by voluntary inlistments; and took the liberty of laying before the Committee of arrangement then with the army at Valley Forge a plan for an annual draft. Time, circumstances, and experience confirming me in the opinion I had conceived on this head, I again took the freedom of urging the measure to the Committee of Conference in January last, and I hope to be excused for offering it once more, and in time for the next year, if Congress should conceive it necessary to require a completion of the quotas of the States, I am perfectly convinced of the impracticability of doing this by voluntary enlistments, in the usual mode, and that while a great and unnecessary expense is incured in the attempt, the officers of the army who are employed in this service, are loosing the opportunity for instruction and acquiring a habit of idleness and dissipation in the Country, which induces them to return reluctantly to the army in some instances, and to be more dissatisfied in others, when they are there.
"When I say that men are not to be had by voluntary enlistment in the usual way I do not mean that men cannot be obtained with their own consent, this I am pursuaded may be done, and there are enough (mostly old soldiers) who are ready to hire themselves as substitutes, and are only laying by to make good bargains. Every State, County, or Town therefore has enough of these, or such kind of men, to compleat their Quota. let there be an indiscriminate Draft, and such as rather choose to give their money than personal services will easily obtain a man, the con sequence will be that instead of taxing the public with heavy bounties and thereby increasing the demand for fresh loans or new emissions you will find a new demand for what is in circulation and of course enhance the value of that which is already in circulation."] of the Troops, I could not obtain the Abstract of the Muster Rolls to shew their state, with any degree of precision, till within these four days.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on November 26 and referred to John Matthews, Philip Schuyler, Roger Sherman, Elbridge Gerry, and William Churchill Houston.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 19, 1779.
Sir: Congress having directed the two Regts. of North Carolina with this Army to proceed to the State of South Carolina, they have this day begun their march under the command of Colonel Clarke, by the way of
I am to desire you also to repair to South Carolina and upon your arrival there put yourself under the command of Majr. Genl. Lincoln or commanding Officer of the southern Army. Should you overtake Colo. Clarke he will deliver up to you the Route and my instructions to him which you will be pleased to pursue. I wish you a safe and pleasant Journey and every success and am Sir &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
Head Quarters, November 19, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The North Carolina Troops began their march for the Southward this morning; you will therefore be pleased to direct Major Murfree43 with the Light Infantry of that State to proceed immediately to Philadelphia and join them. I am, etc.44
[Note 43: Maj. Hardy Murfree's promotion to lieutenant colonel of the First North Carolina Regiment ranked him from Apr. 1, 1778. He served to July, 1782.]
[Note 44: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H. S. P.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 19, 1779.
The Honble. the Congress having by their Resolve of the IIth. Instant directed that the two Regiments of North Carolina at present under your command should proceed to South Carolina; you are hereby directed to march immediately, by the Route herein inclosed, to that State, and upon your arrival there put yourself under the command of Major General Lincoln or commanding Officer in the southern Army.45
[Note 45: Washington had already written to Colonel Clark, on November 17: "You will be pleased to see the Quarter Master immediately, and adjust every matter with him for commencing your march as soon as possible. You will receive further orders tomorrow." This was written at 7 o'clock p.m., and is in the Washington Papers.]
I particularly recommend to you to endeavour to prevent desertion in your passage through the State of North Carolina. You will I am persuaded take every measure to preserve the strictest discipline particularly in preventing the burning of inclosures or destruction of any kind of property upon your march, and make as much expedition as the nature of your service requires, having at the same time a regard to the health and welfare of your troops.
Should Brigadier Genl. Hogun, who is directed to repair to South Carolina, overtake you on the march, you will be pleased to deliver to him the Route and foregoing instructions.
Route for Colonel Clarke commanding 1st. and 2d. North Carolina Regiments on their march from West Point to South Carolina: New Windsor, Ringwood, Pompton, Morris Town, Coryell's ferry, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Head of Elk, Baltimore, George Town, Colchester, Fredericksburg, Richmond, Petersburg, Hallifax. North Carolina, and from thence to South Carolina by the Route best supplied with provision and Forage.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The route of march is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 19, 1779.
Dr. Sir: On the receipt of this letter you will be pleased to collect the whole of Baylor's regt. under your Command and proceed by the most convenient and direct route to Chs Town in South Carolina and put yourself under the orders of the Commanding Officer at the Southward. As this measure is thought necessary I persuade myself that your activity and dispatch (without injuring your Horse) will be equal to the importance of the call. It will be well for you to consult Colonel Biddle or some of His Deputies with respect to the Supplies of Forage on the different routes, as the one you fix on must be governed by it. I hope that your cloathing and other matters is in such a state as to prevent any delay; but should this not be the case, you will, on your arrival in Philadelphia, make application to the Board of War for the articles you may stand in need of it. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, West point, November 19, 1779.
Gentln: I have duly received your several favors of the 25th of Octbr. and the 2d 8th 10th and 13th of this month.
The boards idea of stopping the bringing forward the several loans47 mentioned in their letter of the 10th falls in perfectly with mine; and it might also be prudent to diminish at least to their old quantity those accumulated at Philadelphia. With regard to prosecuting the casting of shells beyond the period to which the furnaces have been limited, I should think it very advisable. We should not be without a quantity on hand [sufficient for such an enterprize as has been in contemplation] and which we may not be able to procure hereafter on better conditions. Besides a principal expence is already incurred by putting the furnaces in blast.
[Note 47: Of powder from Maryland and Virginia.]
I wish it was in my power to give the stores at Trenton, Philadelphia, and the Head of Elk the protection suggested by the board. In the present collected state of the enemy's force at New York we are obliged to take our measures with an eye to this circumstance. Here we must have a large garrison, in order that we may move to such a distance as affords the prospect of our being subsisted during the winter. This and the cover we must unavoidably give to the Country will greatly reduce our main body. But when we add to this the number of our troops whose times of service expire with the year between this and the [Month of March and in that Month,] the board will see the impossibility of making even a small detachment for the above purpose.
The board will be pleased to issue commissions for the gentlemen mentioned in the inclosed nomination, for the State of Virginia. I am, &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Friday, November 19, 1779.
Parole North Carolina. Countersigns Newburn, Nantz.
The baggage of the Pennsylvania division to be embarked tomorrow morning as early as possible, on account of the tide and sent to New Windsor, from thence it is to proceed to Morristown by the route pointed out by the Qt. Mr. General.
The troops of the Pennsylvania division to march tomorrow morning as soon as their baggage is embarked.
Major General St. Clair will be furnished with a route.
Upon the arrival of the troops destined to quarter in Jersey, at the ground upon which they are to hut, the space allotted for each brigade will be pointed out by the Quarter Master General who will furnish a plan of the intended dimensions of the soldiers huts; in the construction of which it is expected, that a minute attention will be paid to the plan. As conveniency, health, and every good consequence will result from a perfect uniformity in the camp, the Commander in Chief takes this previous opportunity of assuring, that any hut not exactly conformable to the plan, or the least out of line, shall be pulled down and built again agreeable to the model and in it's proper place. The commanding officers of brigades will pay a strict attention to this order.
AFTER ORDERS
At a Brigade General Court Martial whereof Lieutt. Colo. Harney was President, held at Constitution Island the 18th. instant, Wiley Borough and Peter Burges of the 1st North Carolina regiment were tried for "Assaulting the house of Mr. Uriah McKeel, firing several shots through it wounding Thomas Brown and robbing him, likewise plundering the house of several articles of wearing apparel, fowls, butter, cheese &c.", also Reason Rickets and William Mullen for "Being accessory to the same robbery and for perjury."
The Court are of opinion that they are guilty of the charges exhibited against them and sentence Wiley Borough to receive one hundred lashes only, on account of his candid confession; They do also sentence Peter Burges, William Mullen, and Reason Rickets (two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to suffer death.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentences, but on the recommendation of the Court is pleas'd to pardon Burges and Mullen and orders Rickets to be executed tomorrow at such place as Colo. Clark shall direct and Borough to receive his stripes at the same time and place.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Saturday, November 20, 1779.
Parole New Jersey. Countersigns Norfolk, Nile.
The baggage of the Maryland line to be embarked tomorrow morning as early as possible and sent to New Windsor, from thence to proceed to Morristown by the route pointed out by the Quarter Master General. The Maryland troops to march immediately after their baggage is embarked by the route assigned them.
In the distribution of all the cloathing lately issued and shortly to be issued, the Light Infantry companies of the respective regiments are to be attended to, as they are included in the proportion of blankets, uniforms and other species (shoes excepted) delivered to the sub cloathiers; of this sub and regimental Cloathiers are to take particular notice.
The Sub Cloathiers are to make report of the quantities of the several articles drawn, to the brigadiers or officers commanding the brigades of their respective States, who are to give order that in the distribution regard shall be had to the length of service of the troops, it being but just that those who have longest to serve should have the preference.
The officers of the Massachusetts line are to take their ranks in the several regiments to which they are appointed by the arrangement of the 31st. of July and agreeable to which their Commissions are issued.
At a General Court Martial of the line whereof Colo. Chambers is President, Octr. 29th. Lieutenant McMichael49 of the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried upon the following charges: 1st. "Disobedience of orders. 2nd. Frequent neglects of duty. 3rd. Releasing a Prisoner out of the Quarter Guard confined by the commanding officer without his (the commanding officer's) leave. 4th. Unofficerlike behavior in saying he did but little duty in the regiment, and that he would do no kind of duty in the regiment that was in his power to avoid, during Majr. Moore's50 command."
[Note 49: Lieut. James McMichael, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 50: Maj. James(?) Moore, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The Court acquit Lieutenant McMichael of the 1st. 2nd. and 3rd. charges exhibited against him; but they are of opinion that the 4th. charge is supported and that Lt. McMichael made use of expressions improper and unbecoming an officer being a breach of article 5th. section 18th. of the rules and articles of war and do sentence him to be reprimanded in the orders of the division he belongs to, by the commanding officer of the same.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and directs it to be carried into execution, after which Lieutt. McMichael is to be released from his arrest; At the same time the General cannot but express his own disapprobation of Lieutenant McMichael's conduct, it appearing in the course of the proceedings against him to have been exceptionable in many respects.
At the same Court, Captain John Summers51 and Lieutenant James Craven of the 1st. North Carolina regiment were tried,
[Note 51: Capt. John Summers, of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Williamson's plantation in South Carolina in July, 1780, and retired in January, 1783.]
1st. For entering into the tent of Lieutt. Richard Dickason52 whilst he was in bed between nine and ten o'clock in the night of the 22nd. of October, in a riotous and seditious manner, disarming and striking him and behaving to the said Lieutenant Dickason in a scandalous and infamous manner, unbecoming the characters of officers and gentlemen. 2ndly. For behaving in camp in a disorderly manner, tending to promote riot and sedition to the great prejudice of good order and military discipline. 3rdly. For playing cards in camp in contempt of His Excellency General Washington's orders, and 4thly. For opposing Lieutenant Dickason in his attempts to suppress the same practice among the soldiers.
[Note 52: Lieut. Richard Dickenson, of the First North Carolina Regiment.]
The Court are of opinion, as to the 1st. charge against Captn. Summers that he entered into the tent of Lieutt. Richd. Dickason with Lieutenant Craven between the hours of 10 and 11 o'clock the night aforesaid while he was in bed, struck and disarmed him and behaved to him in an improper manner, unbecoming the character of an officer and gentleman, tho' not scandalous and infamous, being a breach of article 5th. section 18th. of the rules and articles of war. They are of opinion he is guilty of the 2nd. charge exhibited against him being a breach of the same article. They are also of opinion that he is guilty of playing cards contrary to His Excellency General Washing ton's orders of the 8th. of January 1778. They do acquit him of the charge of opposing Lieutenant Dickason in his attempts to suppress card playing among the soldiers.
They do sentence Captain John Summers to be severely reprimanded in General orders.
The conduct of Captain Summers appears to the Commander in Chief from the evidence and the whole course of the proceedings in the several matters found against him to have been culpable to a very high degree and in such manner possibly as might have justified a more rigorous sentence with out the imputation of too great severity; He is released from arrest.
The Court are of opinion that Lieutenant James Craven, entered with Captain John Summers into the Tent of Lieutt. Richard Dickason whilst in bed; that he was guilty of disarming and striking him and behaving to the said Dickason in a scandalous and infamous manner unbecoming the character of an officer and gentleman, being a breach of article 21st, section 14th. of the articles of war;
They do adjudge him guilty of the 2nd. charge exhibited against him, being a breach of Article 5th., section 18th. of the articles of war.
They are of opinion that he is guilty of playing cards contrary to His Excellency's orders of the aforesaid date: They do acquit him of opposing Lieutt. Dickason in his attempts to suppress the same practice among the soldiers.
The Court do sentence Lieutt. James Craven to be discharged from the service.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Lieutenant Peter Bacoat53 was likewise tried at the same Court for, "Entering the tent of Lieutenant Richard Dickason on the night of the 22nd. of October with an Axx in his hand, insulting him with abusive language and threatning him; and behaving to said Lieutenant Dickason in a scandalous and infamous manner unbecoming the character of an officer and gentleman. 2nd. For persisting to threaten the said Dickason in such a manner that a guard was rendered necessary for his personal safety. 3rdly For encouraging riot and sedition in camp to the great prejudice of good order and military discipline. 4th. For playing cards in camp in contempt of His Excellency General Washington's orders, and, 5thly For opposing Lieutenant Dickason in his attempts to suppress the same practice among the soldiers."
[Note 53: Lieut. Peter Bacot (Bacoat), of the First North Carolina Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; appointed captain in September, 1781; served to close of the war.]
The Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Bacoat is not guilty of the 1st. 2nd. 3rd. and 5th. charges; They are also of opinion, that they are malicious and vexatious, but they are of opinion that he is guilty of the 4th. charge exhibited against him and do sentence him to be reprimanded in general orders.
Lieutenant Bacoat has merited the displeasure of the Commander in Chief. An implicit obedience to orders is one of the first characteristics of a good soldier; He has violated one de signed to prevent a most pernicious practice.
Lieutt. Bacoat is released from his Arrest.
At the same Court Captn. Kirkpatrick54 of the 4th. Virginia regiment was tried for, "Stealing a bridle and detaining in his possession a stray horse without advertising him."
[Note 54: Capt. Abraham Kirkpatrick. He was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
The Court are of opinion that Captn. Kirkpatrick is not guilty of either of the charges exhibited.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Captn. Kirkpatrick is released from his arrest.
At the same Court on the 1st. instant, Lieutt. Dickason was tried for "Behaving in a manner unbecoming the character of an officer and gentleman: 1st. For clandestinely searching an officer's book of accounts and afterwards publishing part of the contents before a public company of officers. 2nd. For appearing before Brigadier General Mcintosh (while at Valley Forge) and taking an oath of allegiance in character of a 1st. Lieutenant (when at that time he knew himself to be only a 2nd. Lieutenant) and obtaining a certificate as such. 3rdly. For behaving in an unwarrantable manner on the 22nd. of October in ordering soldiers belonging to the regiment under arms (as he said) for his own personal security, when at that time he was indulged with a Sentinel from one of the camp guards for that purpose. 4thly. For refusing to give his evidence when called on by a brigade Court Martial. 5thly. For engaging to mend a soldiers watch for which he was to receive a reward. 6thly. For deviating from the truth when giving evidence on the trial of Captn. Summers and Lieutts. Craven and Bacoat. 7thly. For interrogating an officer's waiter, respecting his private conduct."
The Court do acquit him of the 1st. 2nd, 3rd, and 6th. charges exhibited against him. They are of opinion that the 4th. is not cognizable by them, because if true he ought to have been instantly punished by the brigade Court Martial.
They are further of opinion that he is guilty of the 5th and 7th. charges, being breaches of article 14th. section 21St. of the articles of war and sentence him to be dismissed the service.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders it to take place. He however does it, not without some degree of reluctance.
AFTER ORDERS
The embarkation of the baggage and march of the Maryland troops is suspended 'till further orders.
West-point, November 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: Herewith you will receive Mr. Pulteney's55 lucubrations, and my thanks for the perusal of them. He has made I perceive, the dependance of America essential to the existance of Great Britain as a powerful Nation. This I shall not deny; because I am in sentiment with him in thinking her fallen state in consequence of the seperation too obvious to be disputed. It was of magnitude sufficient to have made a wise and just people look before they leaped. But I am glad to find that he has placed the supplies necessary to support that dependance upon three things which I am perswaded will never again exist in his nation; namely Public virtue, public oeconomy, and public union in her grand Council.
[Note 55: William Pulteney.
Several copies of Mr. Pulteney's Thoughts on the Present State of Affairs with America, and the Means of Conciliation (London: 1778) are in the Library of Congress.]
Stock Jobbing, speculation dissipation luxury and venality with all their concomitants are too deeply rooted to yield to virtue and the public good. We that are not yet hackneyed in vice, but infants as it were in the arts of corruption, and the knowledge of taking advantage of public necessity (tho' I am much mistaken if we shall not soon become very great adepts at them), find it almost, if not quite impossible to preserve virtue enough to keep the body politic and corporate in tolerable tune. It is scarcely to be expected therefore that a people who have reduced these things to a system and have actually interwoven them into their constitution should at once become immaculate.
I do not know which rises highest, my indignation or con tempt for the Sentiments which pervade the Ministerial writings of this day; these hireling scribblers labour to describe and prove the ingratitude of America in not breaking faith with France, and returning to her Allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain after its having offered such advantageous terms of accommodation. Such Sentiments as these are insulting to common sense and affrontive to every principle of sound policy and common honesty. Why has She offered these terms ? because after a bloody contest, carried on with unrelenting and savage fury on her part the issue (which was somewhat doubtful while we stood alone) is now become certain by the aid we derive from our Alliance; notwithstanding the manifest advantages of which, and the blood and treasure which has been spent to resist a tyranny which was unremitted as long as there remained a hope of subjugation we are told with an effrontery altogether unparrallelled that every cause of complaint is now done away by the generous offers of a tender parent; that it is ungrateful in us not to accept the proffered terms; and impolitic not to abandon a power (dangerous I confess to her but) which held out a Saving hand to us in the hour of our distress. What epithet does such Sentiments merit ? How much shd. a people possessed of them be despised ? From my Soul I abhor them ! A Manly struggle, had it been con ducted upon liberal ground; an honest confession that they were unequal to conquest, and wished for our friendship, would have had its proper weight; but their cruelties, exercised upon those who have fallen within their power; the wanton depredations committed by themselves and their faithful Allies the Indians; their low and dirty practices of Counterfeiting our money, forging letters, and condescending to adopt such arts as the meanest villain in private life would blush at being charged with has made me their fixed enemy.
I have received your letter by Colo. Moylan of yesterdays date. The Instructions given to -- are full and compleat. I have no thought of withdrawing the effective horse till the other Troops go into quarters. I am, etc.
West Point, November 20, 1779.
Sir: I have been honoured with Your Excellency's Letter of the 16th. I assure you Sir, I should esteem myself happy if it were in my power to comply with your request, with respect to the Troops ordered from Rhode Island; but it is really not. I have no alternative in the matter; or at least I could not con sent to their remaining with you, without departing from such an Arrangement, as a regard to the general interest and the situation of our Affairs seem to me, indispensably to require. A circumstance which your Excellency would neither wish nor permit. An attention to the general weal must be with me, as it will ever be with you, the first Object, and whenever this shall appear to me secure, I persuade myself with great satisfaction and confidence, that you believe, I shall most chearfully afford any aid in my power to give, to Individual States. Protection to all is my ever most wish; but unfortunately, our means will not admit of it, and I have frequently to regret, as in the present instance, that my abilities are not equal to my inclination. And I would willingly hope, that whenever I do not comply with matters of your request, that you will indulgently impute it to the real cause, that of necessity. In the disposition of the Army, I must particularly attend to the security of this post, to the security of itself against insult, and against defeat. If the Enemy remain in New York in near their present force, Nothing more can be promised from it, and possibly not this, if they are governed by a spirit of Enterprize. There is One circumstance more which I will add: You will but too readily feel the inference. Inlistments of a permanent nature were not the policy of the times, and accordingly Our Army was levied. You, with me, will painfully reflect on the period. Desirous however, to give such protection to the State, as Our circumstances may possibly justify, I mean to station the New Hampshire Troops at Danbury, and Moylans and Sheldon's Regiments East of that, which makes a part of my Arrangement. I cannot do more with the least propriety, as a greater division or extention of our force, might at least expose us to great accidents. Light parties will be detached from hence, during the Winter, towards the Enemy's lines, which will in some measure enable General Poor to turn his attention more to the Sound and to give aid in case of exigency. There are pressing calls for succour to be sent to South Carolina and Georgia, and for which I shall be happy, if we should not have occasion to fear much; but no more can be possibly afforded than the remains of Two Regiments of North Carolina, which were here, and this by direction of Congress, founded more in the absolute necessity of the measure than our abilities to spare them. I have the Honor, etc.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was last night favored with yours of yesterday. The two Connecticut Brigades are to Encamp on the West side of the river, as it may be a day or two before they march. All detachments from those Brigades should be called in, upon giving the Adjutant General notice that he may relieve them by others, except the party under the command of Major Throop, at work upon the redoubts, which cannot conveniently be relieved till one of the Massachusetts Brigades moves up to West Point.
The Officers going home upon furlough cannot be allowed to draw rations during their absence, it is unprecedented and would lead in the end to very great drafts upon our magazines at a distance.
I have at length the pleasure of transmitting the Commissions for Nixons and Glovers Brigades. The Secretary of the Board of War apologises for the long delay which was occasioned by want of Parchment and by the change of Presidents, which latter circumstance obliged a number of the Commissions to have Mr. Jays name erased after it was inserted. I am, etc.
The Officers are ordered by the General orders of the day to take their places in the Regts. to which they are appointed.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 18th. It would have been a very desirable thing to have wound up the Campaign by a successful stroke upon the enemy before they retired within Kingsbridge. I have no doubt but if, in the course of your inquiries into their situation, the enterprise had been found warrantable, you would have given me information before any movements would have been made. This, where the execution of a measure of any consequence does not depend upon the moment, is absolutely necessary, and would probably have been evidenced in the matter you had in contemplation had it gone on, for I had resolved to attempt the same enterprise, to be executed in the same manner you mention (by Water) by the troops at Verplanks point and Vicinity. Genl. Howe was down, and sent persons into the enemy's Camp, to obtain the necessary information, just as they went within the Bridge. I have been thus full to shew how much depends upon communication, and how far, two well meant and well concerted plans might have defeated each other, had we have been ignorant of each others designs. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 20, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Since my letter of Yesterday directing your March to the Southward I have seen Capt Jones59 of your regiment, who gives me such an account of the periods to which the men stand engaged, that I am now to desire you will suspend your march 'till further orders, and that you will as soon as possible furnish me with a very particular return of the term of inlistment of each man, including the detachment already at the Southward distinguishing them: also a compleat state
[Note 59: Capt. Churchill Jones, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was transferred to Baylor's Consolidated Continental Dragoons in November, 1782, and served to the close of the war.] of the condition of your Horse, men's Cloaths, accoutrements &ca. I am, etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I desired General Parsons to inform you that I had no objection to your visiting your family at this time, as he had agreed to remain with the line untill your Return.
I wish you a pleasant journey and a happy sight of your friends and am with great regard.61
[Note 61: The daft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[Note 62: Of the First Connecticut Regiment.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1779.
Sir: Captain Rochefontaine63 informs me that the principal Works upon the Redoubts being finished, you are going home on furlough, he wishes that when you leave the Works, that Captain Parsons64 may be requested to superintend both Redoubts for the small time that the Connecticut troops will probably remain there.
[Note 63: Capt. Béchet de Rochefontaine, of the Continental Engineers.]
[Note 64: Capt. David Parsons, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and died in November, 1781.]
Capt. Parsons will oblige me if he will undertake this duty. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, November 20, 1779.
Sir: On Monday Evening I had the honor to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 10th. with the Inclosures to which it refers, by Major Clarkson. I also had the honor since, on the night of the 17th, to receive your Favor of the 11th. I regret much the failure of the expedition against Savannah, and the causes which seem to have produced it. The North Carolina Troops proceeded yesterday to New Windsor, from whence they would begin their march for the Southward to day. They could not commence it sooner. From the state of matters in the Southern Quarter, as communicated by General Lincoln, in his Letter to the Honourable, the Committee of correspondence, I most sincerely wish it were in my power, to afford him farther succour from this Army, than the North Carolina Troops; but from the fullest consideration of the point, it does not appear to me practicable. I had determined to send that part of Baylor's Regiment, which is under the command of Lt Colo. Washington, and accordingly wrote him yesterday to march; but unfortunately I found by the Report of an Officer, belonging to the Regiment whom I saw to day, that it would answer but little, if any purpose, as the Inlistments of many, if not of all the Men would expire before, or not long after they could arrive. From this circumstance I have been obliged to send a countermanding order. I have however called for an exact Return of the Men's engagements, and when I receive it, shall act with respect to them, as circumstances may authorise. The Letter which I had the honor of addressing to Your Excellency on the 18th, and the Abstract of the Muster Rolls, which it inclosed, will shew Congress, what will be the state of the Army in the course of a little time, and how unable to afford Detachments. Securing this post, and itself from insult, and giving protection in some degree to the Country lying on either side of the Hudson, is as much as can be promised from It, especially if the Enemy should remain in near their present force at New York, and be governed by a spirit of Enterprize.
From my Letter of the 18th and the Abstract referred to above, Congress will readily conclude I am persuaded, that I cannot send any Troops for the defence of the Frontiers of New Hampshire and Massachusetts bay. As to public stores being deposited there, the Honble the Council of the latter, I believe, have been misinformed. There are none there that I know of, nor will there be any Magazines of forage or provisions laid up so high or to such a considerable amount on Connecticut River towards the Coos Country, as to be an Object for a body of the Enemy. When Colo Hazen was detached there and set to opening a Road, it was for the purpose of exciting jealousies at Quebec and at the Enemy's posts on the St Lawrence &c, and of making a diversion in favor of the late expedition under General Sullivan, by preventing Reinforcements being sent into the Upper Country to oppose him. This very happily succeeded, and it was always my intention to recall him, whenever the Object of his command was accomplished. And I would willingly hope, that the cutting of a Road towards Canada, which appeared to me essential to make the feint complete, will not have the least tendency to expose the Country to incursions. It can only be of service to a body of regular Troops, moving with Artillery, baggage &c, for as to light, desultory parties, they can make their incursions at any point, as well without a road as with it.
I am using every means in my power and have been for a day or Two past, to get the Cloathing we have, distributed to the Troops. It is a work of great difficulty from the scantiness of the supply.
On the 7th Instant, Colo Armand, who was on the Enemy's lines received information, that Major Barmore was at Quarters three miles below Delancey's bridge. This induced him to form a design of surprising him, which he effected the same night and brought him off.
General Heath who transmitted me the account, speaks of the enterprize, as being conducted with great gallantry and address, as he had to pass below a considerable body of the Enemy's light Troops which lay in the Neighbourhood. I have the Honor, etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor on the 16th. Inst. to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 9th.
In answer to such parts of it, as respect the matters contained in Mr. Loring's Letter to Mr. Beatty, I beg leave to refer you to the inclosed Copy of his Answer to Mr. Loring.67
[Note 67: A copy of Beatty's letter to Loring is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
It will be perfectly agreable to me, for Mrs Maxwell, the Lady of Lt Maxwell,68 to join her Husband in Virginia when an Opportunity offers.
[Note 68: Lieut. Hamilton Maxwell, of the Thirty-first Foot, British Army.]
In a Letter I had the honor to receive from His Excellency, the Governor of Rhode Island of the 5th. Instant, he was pleased to inform me that the Records of the Town of Newport and Middletown, by some means had been brought away, in the late evacuation of the Island; and to request that I would communicate the same to Your Excellency and solicit your favor in having them returned. The Governor adds, that they cannot affect in the smallest degree, the political claims of either party, but the loss of them will highly injure many Individuals.
Should your Excellency view the matter in the same point of light, I am persuaded the Records will be restored if they have not been destroyed, or are within your power. In any other view I could not expect it, nor would I in any other be understood to make the request.69 I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 69: Clinton, apparently, made no effort to return the records, and in August, 1782, the town council of Newport requested Sir Guy Carleton to return the records. After considerable search they were found in New York and returned to Newport on December 14. The vessel on which they had been removed from Newport ran on the rocks in Hell Gate and sunk, with consequent damage to the records. Carleton's letter of November 18, returning the records, is in the Royal Institute manuscripts. The editor is indebted for this information to Miss Annie Minsenberger, assistant librarian of the Newport Historical Society.]
P.S. The Copy of the Letter alluded to above from Mr. Beatty to Mr. Loring is dated the70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
November 21, 1779.
Sir: I have just recd your favor. It is my desire for various reasons, that you should continue in your present command until relieved by an Officer of equal rank with yourself. This will happen as soon as our situation and the good of the service will permit; until then I have to request, that you will exert yourself to get matters in general at this post in the best possible train. I make the request as yr. knowledge of them must be better than that of yr successors, and because many steps must be taken (perhaps) before your departure. I have only to add that when it happens that I sincerely wish the retirement may prove a perfect cure to your complaint and answer all your other views. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, November 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: I send herewith a Mr. Elliot71 who lately came out of New York. His account of himself is shortly as follows. He
[Note 71: John Elliot, formerly chaplain of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He resigned in February, 1778.] was formerly Chaplain to Colo. Chas. Webbs Regiment, but being dismissed from that service and disappointed in some other matters he went in to the Enemy; and now says he has come out again to throw himself upon the mercy of the State of Connecticut of which he was an inhabitant. You will therefore be pleased to send him on to the State under charge of some of the Officers who are going upon furlough.
Among the Massachusetts Commissions sent to you yesterday are one for Lt. Colo. Loring of Colo. Greatons Regt. and another for Lt. Crassman of the 15th. both cashierd. Be pleased to direct those Comms. to be returned to me. I am, etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
West-point, November 21, 1779.
Dr. Sir: As Soon as possible after receipt of this letter, you will put the Troops under your command in motion for their Winter Cantonments, agreeably to the Routs (which I presume has been) given to you by the Qr. Mr. Genl. In case these should not have reached you, Clintons and Hands Brigades will compose part of the Main Army, and must March by Rockaway bridge and Morristown (unless by application to the Qr. Mr. Genl. he should point out a more direct way) to their Ground. Poor's Brigade is to proceed to Danbury in Connecticut, by Suffrans, and the Mountain road by Concklins, Buskirks Mill, and light Infantry Camp, to Kings-ferry, where he is to cross as expeditiously as possible, and to apply (by an Officer dispatched for the purpose, to Qr. Mr. Starr73 for Teams to take him forward.
[Note 73: George Starr, who served also as commissary of hides in Connecticut.]
The Cloaths for his Brigade may meet him at the Ferry, and there he will receive more particular Orders than I have time to furnish at present. I am, etc.74
[Note 74: The letter sent, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in the New Hampshire Historical Society. It differs from the autograph draft signed in capitalization and abbreviations only.]
Head Quarters, November 21, 1779.
Sir: As the Connecticut Troops are now on this side the river, I am to request that you will while they remain in the neighbourhood of Stoney Point afford Colonel Gouvion any assistance he may require for the completion of the works there. You will be pleased to consult the Colo on the occasion. I am, etc.
P.S. I wish you to use every expedition in distributing the Clothing that you may be able to move at an hour's warning.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 21, 1779.
Dr. Sir: As soon as your clothing reaches you, you will be pleased to direct its distribution agreeably to the General order, and when this is completed, take up your line of march without waiting further orders. In case you have not received one from the Quarter Master, you will proceed by Sufferans Pompton Rockaway and Morristown. That you may avoid falling in with General Poors Brigade on its march from Sufferans to Kings ferry, you will take the Kakeate road. I wish you to use all the dispatch in your power, that you may be on the ground as soon as possible. I am, &c.
Head Quarters, West-point, November 21, 1779.
Dr Sr: I have this moment your favor of the 20th. The prisoner directed here, I have forwarded to Genl. Heath, to be sent to the State of Connecticut to which he belongs.
As you think the fatigue party may be employed at Stoney point, without occasioning any delay when you are ready to march, it may remain at work. The connecticut troops who have crossed will give every assistance. You will also be pleased to continue your parties in repairing the road to Sufferans [in the manner mentioned]
I inclose you a copy of a letter which I dispatched this morning. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 21, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letters of the 9th. and 26th. of October with their inclosures.
You will find by my letter of the 10th. (a copy of which I transmit) that you are at full liberty to act against the hostile Indians in such excursions as your circumstances will admit. I make no doubt of your particular attention to the several objects regarding Detroit; and that you will spare no pains to collect such information, as may enable us to judge precisely of its state and force, that we may know how to regulate our measures.
With respect to Heaths77 and Oharas78 companies, I find they were raised by the State of Virginia for the particular purpose of garrisoning some of the frontier posts.
[Note 77: Capt. Henry Heth (Heath).]
[Note 78: Capt. Patrick(?) O'Hara.]
They were to be inlisted for the war, and to be intitled to continental commissions; but whether this deprived the State of interfering with their subsequent arrangements I will not undertake to say. If the incorporation proposed by the Lieut. Governor will be for the good of the service I think it had better be adopted. And I dare say the State will have no objection to the companies being annexed to one of its own regiments while it remains on the frontiers.
I herewith return you the proceedings of the Court martial on Adjutant Gordon.79 The sentence of the Court on the second charge is founded on a right which the States exercise of filling up vacancies in their regiments.
[Note 79: Lieut. Arthur Gordon. He was adjutant in the Ninth Virginia Regiment.]
The steps you have taken to obviate any impressions which the trespass on the Indian lands may produce in their minds, are judicious, and I hope will answer a good purpose. While we blame these people for cruelties, we should avoid giving them cause of complaint.
I wish to oblige you with leave of absence from your command, but as our eyes are turned towards Detroit and in procuring information,80 you will see the necessity of waiting a more favorable opportunity. I am, etc.81
[Note 80: The draft at this point has "from that quarter."]
[Note 81: In the writing of James McHenry. The text is from a photostat of the letter sent kindly furnished by Stuart W. Jackson, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, November 21, 1779.
Dr Sr: In consequence of your letter of this date to Mr. Meade and my anxiety to forward the works under your direction, you have full power to keep Capt Mills's82 Company of
[Note 82: Capt. Peter Mills, of Baldwin's Artillery Artificer regiment. He resigned in February, 1781.] Artificers and those drafted from the line as long as you think necessary for the completion of the works. I am truly concerned that you should have met with so many difficulties; they have occurred contrary to my expectation. The Rope you asked for when I saw you last the Qr Mr was directed to furnish the next day. The other articles Viz Scows and Plank he shall also be directed to supply immediately, and as I expect to be down tomorrow Colo Pawling will then be directed to afford you every aid in his power. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Sunday, November 21, 1779.
Parole Marblehead. Countersigns Mexico, Manchester.
The commanding officers of corps in the four Massachusetts brigades are desired to draught all the Masons in their respective regiments and send them to Col. Kosciuszko immediately, for the purpose of completing the barracks as expeditiously as possible.
Head Quarters, November 21, 1779.
Sir: By a letter just received from Col Gouvion, I am sorry to find that the Works at Stoney and Verplank's points are kept back for want of assistance in the Qr Mrs line. He mentions that Capt Millss company of Artificers, ordered there by Genl Greene is called for to join the Pennsylvania Division. From the importance of the work he is engaged in, I have directed him to keep them; it may, however be well as he mentions to order others to join that line. This is not his only want. He requests in order to enable him to carry on the Works, that 200 Fathom of rope, 2 Scows and a quantity of Plank some time since called for, may be sent down immediately; the latter Article was perhaps demanded of Col Hay. It may be necessary to write to him on the subject. I must request that every exertion be made to comply with the above. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Monday, November 22, 1779.
Parole Oneida. Countersigns Pecks Kill, Rochester.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolve
In Congress 12th. of November, 1779.
Resolved, That regimental pay masters, not being of the rank of captains, quarter masters and adjutants, be intitled to receive the same subsistence money as is allowed to captains by the act of Congress of the 18th of August last; this subsistence to commence on that day.
AFTER ORDERS
Major Cochran84of the New York troops is appointed to relieve Lieutenant Colonel Williams85superintending the hospital at Albany.
[Note 84: Maj. Robert Cochran, of the Third New York Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel in the Second New York Regiment in March, 1780, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 85: Lieut. Col. William Williams, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned in April, 1780.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: The moment I was informed that the unexpected delays and difficulties which His Excellency the Count D'Estaing had met with to the Southward had rendered a co-operation in this quarter impracticable, I dismissed the Militia of the States of New York and Massachusetts, the only ones which were assembled at their places of rendezvous. Although the number of men required from the State of New Jersey by mine of the 4th: ulto. have never been drawn together, yet possibly they may be held in such a situation as to be attended with some inconveniences. I hope this is not the case, but should it be so, I am to desire your Excellency to look upon yourself at liberty to discharge them finally, as all prospects of the expected co-operation are at an end.
I cannot dismiss the subject without returning my thanks to your Excellency and to the State for the Zeal manifested upon this as upon all former occasions. I have the honor, &c.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
The same letter, also in the writing of Tilghman, was sent to President Joseph Reed, with the following variation in its conclusion, viz: "I cannot dismiss this subject without returning my thanks to the State for the Zeal which they manifested upon the occasion and to your Excellency for the personal share which you had determined to take in the Enterprize."
The same letter was also sent to President Jeremiah Powell and the Massachusetts Council, with the following alteration after the word "impracticable": "I wrote to Brig. Genl. Fellows commanding the Militia of the State of Massachusetts, ordered out in consequence of my requisition of the 4th: ulto., to dismiss them, after making up the pay Rolls for the time which they had been in service. While I regret that circumstances would not admit of the prosecution of the plan for which this Body of Men were assembled, I cannot but express my thanks to the State for their cheerful concurrence with my several requisitions while the matter was in agitation."
Both of these drafts are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 22, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 21st. last night, and have this morning transmitted an extract respecting the want of flour, to the commissary General, requesting him to take the most immediate and effectual measures to procure a proper supply. Till this can be done, you will use the best means in your power to keep the troops in temper. The want of rain is the great reason of our deficiencies in this article. When this falls we shall be amply supplied.
As the general objects of your command will be more within your reach at your old quarters at Mandevilles, and as you may be more at your quiet in this place, I think you had better move up, leaving the command where you are to Gen: Howe that is, provided the state of your health will admit of the change. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 22, 1779.
Sir: By Capt. Moulton88 as you will receive the Commissions for your Regiment. The disproportion of Officers to men is so great and from present prospects so likely to continue so, that I must request you not to make any future new appointments in consequence of vacancies that may happen. I am, etc.89
[Note 88: Capt. William Moulton, of Warner's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 90: Aide to Maj. Gen. William Heath.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 22, 1779.
Dear Sir: I last night reced. yours inclosing the papers brought out by Flag. A sloop will go down to Kings-ferry when the tide serves to take the passengers from the other. Be pleased to have an Officer stationed at the Ferry with instructions to go down with the sloop and receive Mrs. and Miss Colden and their servant Maid and Baggage and Mrs. Logan and Mrs. McClaughry with their effects. The passport further says "and such other persons and effects as have passports for New Windsor." Who those persons are we do not know, but except they can shew some authority from Governor Clinton to come out, they cannot be permitted.
Genl. Pattison's passport mentions that the families and effects of John Fluellin and a number of others are to return in the Flag Boat, but they are not to go except they have the customary permits from Govr. Clinton. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 22, 1779.
Dr Sir: Genl. Heath writes me from Peeks-kill, that "the troops in this quarter have been without bread for a day or two past, which has created great uneasiness, and the men are driven to duty. Col. Pawling now informs me that one half of his corps this morning slung their packs, and were determined to march off to the governor. The Colonel called on the Continental Troops for assistance to quell them but fortunately they were pacified before the troops arrived. The uneasiness will again break out and probably spread further if supplies cannot be obtained. It is unfortunate that at this time there is a scarcity of vegetables as well as bread."
I need not urge to you the absolute necessity of taking the most effectual and immediate measures in the present case. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 22, 1779.
Sir: By a letter from the Board of War I am informed that they have directed you to conduct Majors General Phillips and Reidesel and their families to Elizabeth Town. As I would not wish them to see the ground near our new incampment, you are to avoid the Chatham Road and conduct them by the way of Bound Brook to Elizabeth Town. You are not to communicate your reasons to them for this change of the Route. I am, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West-point, November 22, 1779.
Sir: I inclose You a Copy of a Resolution of Congress of 10th. instant94 (No. 1) which I received last night in a letter from the Honble. the Board of War of the 15th.
[Note 94: This date should be November 13.]
By this you will perceive that Major Generals Phillips and Riedesel and their families are permitted to proceed to New York on parole. I also inclose you a Copy of the Board's Letters No. 2, 3 and 495 to Major Generals Phillips and Riedesel, Colo Hooper and Mr. Skinner, the last of whom they expected was at Elizabeth Town and to whom according to their Letter to me and the inclosed Copy of one No. 4 to him, they have written. No. 2 the Copy of the Letter to Genls Phillips and Riedesel shews the restrictions under which the Board have mentioned that they should proceed to New York Viz. the terms of the parole they gave Colo Bland, a Copy of which I inclose. You will find that the parole they gave to Colo Bland requires an Additional one to be given at Elizabeth Town "for their going into New York." This must be taken in the usual form, limiting the permission to New York, and stipulating for their return whenever required; they are not finally exchanged.
[Note 95: All of November 15. Copies of the letters are in the Washington Papers.]
The Board had not a Copy of the parole given to Colo Bland, and therefore they could not know, that an Additional one was necessary and required by it.
Mr. Skinner will of course endeavour to shew Genls. Phillips and Riedesel and the Gentlemen with them every proper attention and civility. It is my wish. I am, etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the Washington Papers.]
West point, November 22, 1779.
Sir: By direction of His Excellency the Commander in Chief, I transmit you the inclosed by Express. It was intended for Colo Beatty, but the General was informed on inquiry that he was not in Camp. You will perceive by the Copy of the letter to you from the Board of War No. 4 that they originally intended you should conduct the business of sending Genls Phillips and Riedesel and their families in. It is the Commander in chief's wish, that those Gentlemen should not proceed on the route by Chatham, but by Bound Brook. The Two Officers who came on with a view of going to Canada by Water, are to be permitted to go to New York on parole. His Excellency desired me to mention this, least there should be any difficulties about their going in, as they may not come within the discription of either of the Generals families. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is noted: "by John De Camp Express." The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 23, 1779.
Sir: I had the pleasure of your Excellency's favor of the 5th with its inclosure. It is with the utmost satisfaction, that I join my congratulations to yours on the evacuation of Rhode Island.
In a letter of this date to Sir Henry Clinton,98 I have represented the loss of the records mentioned in the resolution of the Council of war,99 and requested his interference for their restoration. I can promise nothing from any influence of mine in this quarter, but what arises from the propriety of the request. On receiving his answer, I shall immediately transmit it to your Excellency. I have the honor, etc.1
[Note 98: The date was November 20. (See Washington's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, Nov. 20, 1779, ante.)]
[Note 99: Inadvertence: the council of Rhode Island is meant.]
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 23, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys favours of the 1st 2d and 8th of October, and the several inclosures.
The measure of the Council in remanding Govr. Hamilton and his companions back to confinement, on their refusing to sign the parole tendered them, is perfectly agreeable to the practice of the enemy. The particular part objected to I have always understood enters into the paroles given by our officers.2
[Note 2: Jefferson wrote to Washington (November 23): "Lamothe and Dejean have given their paroles, and are at Hanover Court-house: Hamilton Hay and others are still obstinate therefore still in close confinement tho' their irons have never been on since your second letter on the subject. I wrote full information of this matter to Genl. Phillips from whom I had received letters on the subject. I cannot in reason believe, that the Enemy on receiving this information either from yourself or Genl. Phillips will venture to impose any new cruelties on our officers in captivity with them....It is therefore my duty as well as it was my promise to the Virginia captives, to take measures for discovering any change which may be made in their situation. For this purpose I must apply for your Excellency's interposition." Jefferson's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
In regard to your letter of the 8th, I would hope with your Excellency, that there will be no necessity for a competition in cruelty with the enemy. Indeed it is but justice to observe, that of late, or rather since Sir Henry Clinton has had the command, the treatment of our prisoners has been more within the line of humanity, and in general very different from that which they experienced under his predecessors. I shall not fail however as a matter of duty to pay proper attention to such deviations from this conduct, as may appear the result of mere wantonness or cruelty and that have not been incurred by the irregularities of our prisoners. I have the honor, &c.3
[Note 3: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of this date enclosing a number of permits signed by General Pattison allowing Goods to be sent out of New York. I think, with you, that an allowance of a thing of this kind would be attended with most pernicious consequences, and to which I do not think myself authorised to assent. Those who have Governor Clintons permission to come out and bring their effects must be allowed to pass, but I think every thing wanting this sanction should be sent back.
I am certain the Commissaries have no Indian Corn, but I am in hopes the late Rain, tho' trifling, will afford a supply of Flour in a short time. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 17th. and 20th. I am sorry to find by the latter, that you have found the Ground described by Lord Stirling and Colonel Abeel so different from your expectations. It is impossible to decide upon a position, untill you have fully reconnoitred that district of Country, in which we shall be obliged to Canton. To encamp the whole Army together is on every account desireable [and very much my wish] but if that cannot be done, without taking a position which will be liable to insult, we must make conveniency give way to necessity and fix upon a chain of encampments as near together and as well calculated to support each other as possible. Should the enemy make a considerable detechment, we might perhaps safely take the position under the mountain. I have no intelligence of sufficient authority to reduce the intentions of the enemy to any thing like a certainty. A variety of accounts agree that great preparations are making for a considerable embarkation, but I have been disappointed in receiving intelligence from that quarter on which I place my principal dependance. Were such numbers as are talked of to leave New York, we might without hesitation fix upon the position under the Mountain, but 'till that can be in some measure ascertained I think we ought not to decide. While you are looking out, I shall be moving the troops downwards; you can send on and desire them to halt at what you think the most convenient places, should you not be ready to receive them; they will not croud upon you as much as I expected, as they have been and will be somewhat detained to draw their cloathing. I am, etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1779. 4 OClock P.M.
Dear Sir: Since mine of this morning I have recd. yours of the 22d. by which I am sorry to find that your perplexity as to a winter position for the Army was rather increased. As I mentioned in mine of this morning, the position below the Mountain, should the enemy have made a considerable detachment, would, on every account be most advantageous: should they remain in force, we have no alternative but to take the divided position between the Mountains, or such other as will afford Wood, Water and dry Ground, and be contiguous to a supply of Forage. The position back of Acquaquenack, or that between Mr. Lotts and Boontown, seems to leave the Country below the Mountain, upon our right, from whence we are to draw our Hay forage, too much exposed and at too great a distance. From your situation, you have it more in your power to gain intelligence from New York than I have. Should you gain such information as you think you can depend upon, that the enemy have made so considerable an embarkation, that they will not be likely to act offensively with their remaining force, you are at liberty to take the position below the Mountain, should it be found equal to your expectations. Or, if you do not think we shall be justified, from appearances of the enemy's movements, by going below, you must take the best position, all circumstances considered, that can be found.
You will give directions to the troops, as they come down, to encamp in such places near Morris town as shall be most convenient on account of Wood &c. or stop them short of Morris town should you pitch upon the uppermost positions. I am, &c.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, November 23, 1779.
Sir: The Ordnance and ordnance Stores necessary for Fort Arnold and its dependancies you will please to have allotted agreeably to a report7 made to me by yourself and Genls.
[Note 7: This report, dated Aug. 20, 1779, is in the Washington Papers.] McDougall and Du portail, and where the artillery can be planted with propriety and safety on acct. of the unfinished state of the out Works, to have it done accordingly.
The Posts at Kings ferry should be immediately supplied with two pieces of Cannon (one on each side the river) to keep off the enemys Row gallies which are beginning to appear there. When the works are in a more compleat state of defence such further aid of artillery as shall be judged absolutely necessary, may be added, tho' it is not my intention to place many at this Post but my wish to have those which are there of the least valuable of their kind.
The rest of the Ordnance and Ordnance stores which the prospect of an extensive operation against New York had drawn to this place and in the vicinity of it upon, or very near the River I would have sent to Albany on acct. of the easy and cheap transportation; and because it may be considered as a safe deposit for them.
In a removal of this kind a proper attention must be had to the probable and contingent wants of the Army at its places of Cantonment.
You will please to direct (if it is not already done) the company of Artificers at Fredericksburg Commanded by Captn. Post8 to be withdrawn from that place as also all other small detachments of a similar nature and under similar circumstances and have them more connected as a number of small and separate detachments involve considerable expence on Acct. of the Issues of provisions &ca., while their labr., possibly might be employed to greater advantage if they were more compact and under a more general and frequent inspection. I am, etc.
[Note 8: Capt. Anthony Post, of the Second Continental Artillery. He retired in June, 1781.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 23, 1779.
Sir: As there are particular reasons that your march should be conducted with as much expedition as possible, I have to request that you will lose no time but proceed with all expedition to Trenton, instead of Coryell's ferry, where you will find every thing necessary to forward you on to the Head of Elk. I am, etc.
P.S. You will wait on the board of War, on your arrival at Philada. for further directions9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 10: Of the Third Maryland Regiment, He was wounded at Savannah, Ga., in October, 1779, and resigned in February, 1780.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 23, 1779.
Sir: His Excellency desires me to acknowledge your letter of the 20th. He always parts with an officer who has served long and faithfully, with pain, nor would omit any thing in his power that could preserve him in the army.
In order that the general may be able to complete your resignation, and certify it on the back of your Commission, which will be returned, you will be pleased to transmit a certificate signifying that you have settled all your public and regimental accounts. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "James McHenry."]
West point, November 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: I last night received Your Letter of the 15th. I have never concidered myself at liberty to grant permission to any Officer to go out of the States, and therefore I cannot grant it to You. At the same time I think your request highly reasonable, and I am persuaded you will find no difficulty in obtaining it from Congress, to whom I would refer You.12 I regret the occasion which makes it necessary for you to go to sea, and very sincerely wish that you may derive the completest benefit from it, in your entire and speedy recovery. I am, etc.13
[Note 12: Congress granted Connor 6 months' leave on December 2. He was lost at sea in January, 1780.]
[Note 13: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 78, vol. 5, fol. 433.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Tuesday, November 23, 1779.
Parole Salisbury. Countersigns Turin, Tudor.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Chambers is President is dissolved.
The evening gun is to be discontinued.
The three years and nine month's men who have engaged to serve in other regiments during the War are immediately to be transfered to the regiments in which they have so reinlisted; Those who have inlisted before the 1st. instant, and have not yet been transfered, their transferences are to be dated of that day; In future they are to be transfered immediately on inlisting for the war.
Head Quarters, West point, November 23, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with yours of the 12th and 15th instants, in consequence of the latter I dispatched Copies of your letters to Mr. Skinner deputy Commissary of prisoners who was not at Elizabeth town to repair thither to take the necessary paroles from Majors General Philips and Riedesel and the Officers accompanying them previous to their going into New York. The paroles taken by Colo. Bland having only extended to their arrival at Elizabeth town, and requiring new ones to be taken there.
I have also received Mr. Stoddards14 letters of the 12th. and 13th. with the Commissions for the Massachusetts line and those for Colonel Warners Regt. I have delivered the latter to Capt. Moulton, and have desired Colo. Warner to make no new appointments in future as the proportion of Officers vastly exceeds that of Men.
[Note 14: Benjamin Stoddert. He was secretary to the Board of War to 1781 and Secretary of the Navy from 1798 to 1801.]
In mine of the 19th instant want of time prevented me from answering yours of the 2d. and 8th. so fully as I wished. I think the additional orders to the Commissaries of Hides contained in that of the 2d. will remedy the defect which I took the liberty of pointing out, and when the Army is settled in quarters I will call for a Return of the Shoemakers and Taylors Tools in the hands of the Cloathier General and will distribute them among the Brigades.
I feel with the Board the inconveniences arising from any powers having to do with Commissions except Congress. The moment they parted with this Authority I was aware of the consequences which have taken place.
I think you were right in suspending the filling those Vacancies you refer to, at least till you could represent the matter to the States concerned, when it appeared to you that the Colonels had not sufficient Grounds for returning the Officers as absent an unwarrantable length of time: And indeed supposing it had been so, that they had no right, by any regulations now existing to report their places vacant. Altho' the States should have the power of nominating for promotions to Vacancies when they really happen, or making new appointments, they have no authority to revoke a Commission once granted. I think Resolves of Congress, similar to the drafts of which you were pleased to transmit me Copies, well calculated for the end proposed. For while it is necessary that there should be some established mode of punishing Officers for an unreasonable length of Absence from their duty, the means of depriving them of their Rank should not be too summary.
It would, in my opinion, contribute much to the regularity of promotion, were certified Copies of such arrangements as are fully compleated transmitted to the States to which they respectively belong with Copies also of the principles established for the regulation of promotions: By a strict adherence to these, they could not fail of keeping matters in a proper line. I have the honor, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 23, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been this day honored with yours of the 19th inclosing Copies of the letters which have passed between the Honble. the Council of Pennsylvania and the Board relative to the Coats which have been delivered to the State for the use of their troops.
The inclemency of the Season, the peculiar circumstances of the Army moving into quarters, and the necessity of delivering out the Cloathing drawn together at New Windsor, obliged me before the receipt of your last, to issue to the troops of six of the States. This seems to have decided the point: But had the case been otherwise, I would not have wished, for reasons which must be obvious to you, to have determined upon the matter. I would observe that His Excellency the president seems to suppose the cause of the apprehended discontent will arise from more than a proportionable quantity of Coats having been delivered to the Pennsylvanians. That is not the Point. Their superior quality and their uniformity of Colour and fashion, when contrasted with the motled Cloathing of the other Lines will, if any thing, create the Jealousy.
I hope the Board and the President and Council16will do me the justice to believe that I am perfectly convinced that they never had throughout the whole of this transaction, the least intention of injuring the troops of the other states, and that I have never entertained an Idea of the sort. Unluckily in this instance, consideration has been had to the quantity only, of which there is no reason to complain, and not to the quality of our general stock.
[Note 16: Of Pennsylvania.]
The North Carolina Troops which are all that are under orders for the Southward at present, did not march from New Windsor untill this day, they having been detained by the Weather and to draw Cloathing. They are nearly supplied here with Uniform. They will perhaps have occasion for some Shirts, Shoes, Stockings and other small articles, before they leave Philada. The Route first given to Colo. Clarke; the Commandant, was by Coryells ferry but upon the Receipt of yours I directed him to proceed by the way of Trenton. The Brigade consists of 33 Commd. and Staff Officers, 90 non Commd. and 705 Rank and File. I have the Honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
West point, November 24, 1779.
My Dr Sir: I yesterday Evening received your Favors of the 16th and 18th. Accept my thanks for them and for your other very kind Offices.
Genl Du portail has returned; Colo Hamilton not yet, being detained unfortunately by a slight indisposition at Morris Town. I hope it will be soon over.
The Resolution You allude to has reached me. You will see by my Official Letter of this date to Congress, that after receiving their Letter, with a Copy of Genl Lincoln's dispatches, I did not wait for their decision on the point submitted. These dispatches and a Copy of the Act from the Marine Committee for the sailing of the Three Frigates, which had been detained for a cooperation, seemed explicit as to the line of conduct to be pursued.
The disaster at Savannah,18 puts matters at least on a delicate footing in the South. I do not know what we can do more. You will have seen before this a particular state of the Army, transmitted in my public Letter of the 18th. Our finances, depreciation &c. are alarming. We have much to apprehend from them, if they are not remedied.
[Note 18: Captured by the British on Dec. 29, 1778.]
I have touched upon the subject of the Commissary. I thank you for the hint, as I shall for every Other you may be pleased to favor me with.
The Gentlemen of my family are sensibly obliged, by the manner in which you mention them and request you to receive their respective compliments.
You will see I am all hurry, and I implicitly confide in your indulgent excuse for this hasty scrawl, and have only to add that I am, etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
West point, November 24, 1779.
Sir: I have been duly honoured with Your Excellency's several Favors of the 13th. 18th. and 19th with the several Acts to which they refer.
As soon as circumstances will permit, I shall pursue measures for incorporating and arranging the Companies of Artificers, as directed by the Act of the 12th Instant.
The unhappy failure of the expedition against Savannah and the other intelligence announced by the Copies of General Lincoln's Letters, transmitted by Your Excellency, by the favor of Major Clarkson, would not permit me to hesitate a moment in deciding on the conduct essential to be pursued, with respect to the point I had done myself the honor of submitting to Congress by my Letter of the 14th. It was then certain that their would be no co-operation, the state of the season out of the question, and the first object that presented itself, was to prevent any farther accumulation of expence and consumption of provision on that account. Accordingly I wrote the next day to His Excellency Governor Clinton and Brigadier General Fellows, requesting them to dismiss the York and Massachusetts Militia, which were all that had assembled at the places of Rendezvous assigned, and took measures for putting an end to every other expence. Congress I trust will pardon me for this anticipation of matters on my part; I felt the necessity of it and that it must be consonant to their wishes. Indeed, if a doubt could have remained in my mind, as to the conduct to be pursued in this instance; A Letter from the Honble The Marine Committee of the 10th, which came to hand just at the time, informing that the Three Frigates which had been detained at Boston for the purpose of cooperating with Count D'Estaing, were ordered to proceed to the Southward, would have entirely removed it.
The Act recommending a mode for compelling Witnesses to attend Court Martials, and for admitting depository proof under certain restrictions, in Trials before them. I am in hopes, will produce some salutary consequences. However, as these Courts sit as business arises if circumstances will permit, and not at stated periods, as is the case with Other Courts, the advantages which will be derived from the Act, will not be so great, as might be expected at the first view of it, without an attention to this circumstance.
I am now using my best endeavours to get things in train for putting the Army in quarters. The distribution of Cloathing, owing to its late arrival; the scantiness of the stock; the diversity in colour and in quality; its not having been properly assorted when packed; the absence of Cloathiers under various pretences, for getting Articles that would be deficient &c, has proved a matter of the most irksome delay and difficulty. Owing to these causes and Two Rainy days, the North Carolina Troops could not move from Windsor till Yesterday, notwithstanding the most active exertions of Colo Clarke, who commands them, and all parties engaged to effect it. I hope however, that what cloathing was here and to be distributed here will be so delivered by to morrow evening, that all Troops except those intended for the Garrison, will be able to move towards the places designed for their cantonment, without more delay. In fixing on these, we are obliged to regard in a particular manner, the security of this post, the security of the Army, the best protection circumstances will admit of to the Country, our supplies of provision and Forage, and the means of transportation. From the fullest consideration of the point, it appears, that these Objects in a combined view, will be best answered, by quartering the Cavalry in Connecticut; a Brigade at Danbury; a Sufficient Garrison here, including the posts at King's ferry and the Continental village, to secure them, at least against any sudden attempts on the part of the Enemy. A small body of Troops at the entrance of the Clove, the Main body of the Army in the Country in the Neighbourhood of Scot's plains, if the circumstances of wood and Water will admit. The Qt. Master General and Other Officers are now advanced and employed and have been for some days, in reconoitring a proper position. The instant matters will permit, I shall go forward myself.
I have been informed by Report, that Colo. Wadsworth, the Commissary General, means to resign his Office, and has limitted a day for it not very remote. I would take the liberty to suggest, if he is not really to continue in Office, and the period when he will leave it, is not distant, that too early an attention cannot be paid in providing for the contingency. The business of Other departments may admit of some procrastinations and delays, and they may make shifts for a little time, that may keep matters a going; but the business of this, being to satisfy the demands of nature in the Article of food, Nothing can answer these but actual supplies. These cannot be interrupted, and whenever they are checked, even to a small degree, the consequences are disagreeable. If Colo Wadsworth does decline the Office, I only wish his Successor may feed the Army as well as he has done. I think it my duty to say, in justice to him, that since he acted in the Office, the Army has not known the least want, till the present, and now in the Article of bread only. For this it has been straightened for Eight or Ten days past, owing, I am convinced, not to a want of exertion on his part, but to a long and uncommon drought, and the great quantity of flour required for another purpose. This distress however, by the late rain, I hope will be at least relieved for the present. A continuation of supplies will depend upon other sources. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Besides the above general disposition of the Troops, there will be others of a lesser nature for Detachments and light parties. I inclose Your Excellency four New York papers.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on December 1.]
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Thursday, November 25, 1779.
Parole Grafton. Countersigns Gadsden, Gibralter.
The baggage of the Maryland line to be embark'd very early tomorrow morning and sent to New Windsor. The troops to march immediately after their baggage is embark'd, by the route assigned them.
West point, November 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received Your Favor of the 15th and am exceedingly sorry to find that your indisposition continued so long. I hope it is now entirely over and that the change of season will prevent a return of it.
As there is nothing that is more interesting to us, than oeconomy in our public expenditures both in money and provisions, I am happy that nothing more was done, with respect to your Militia, than what you mention. I wrote You on the 22d and requested that they might not be continued, in case they were under any inconveniences from an expectation of an operation against New York. I wish to refer You to that Letter for my acknowledgements to Yourself and the State, for the part taken, in providing for that event, and which you meant personally to have pursued, if the measure had been carried on.
As to the 2000 Coats, which have occasioned both you and me so much trouble, I shall take occasion to declare, that I am entirely persuaded, nor had I ever an idea to the contrary, that you and the Council's application with respect to them as well as the consequent delivery by the Board of War, proceeded from the purest and most laudable motives. I shall also confess, and with peculiar pleasure I do it, that the exertions of your State, since your appointment to the government, have been great and very happily directed, to render the situation of your Troops, both Officers and Men, comfortable and cosy. And I will farther add that I do not know, whether the Troops of Other States have not derived advantages from them, by their exciting, or at least encouraging, a generous emulation in those to which they belonged, to pursue the same just and necessary measures. But while I take pleasure in declaring this I must be free to confess to you, that I feel myself a little hurt by the terms of your Letter. The slightest touches from those we regard with esteem and affection, are felt with pain. From many parts of your Letter I have been induced to examine, with a critical attention, the paragraph of mine to the Board of War to which you allude, upon the subject of the Cloathing they had delivered for the Troops of the State, and cannot find a single syllable in it, from whence it could be possibly inferred, that I either had it in intention, or in wish, to take from the state, the credit and satisfaction of cloathing their Troops, of having the Cloathing procured by their exertions thrown into a common stock, that the Troops of Others might profit by it, of depriving those of pensilvania from the beneficial efforts of your care and industry, exerted in their favor, or that I had the least suspicion that you and the Council had any conversion with the Board of War, or Cloathier General, but in common with Other states. Before I examined it, I thought it impossible, because I was conscious that I never possessed an idea of the sort. The Paragraph stands upon the fairest footing of equality, with respect to the Army at large, and only regards the Return of the Coats the Board had delivered and which were procured by the Continent. And the Reasons which induced me to advise the Return of those were so fully and so explicitly stated, that I hoped they would not have been mistaken. I am far from yeilding to unjust or unreasonable clamours in the Army and whenever they happen, I endeavour to check them, in a spirit I trust, of suitable authority; when causes however arise of real complaint, duty and justice, both private and public, require, that they should have attention, and that I should decently attempt their remedy; and in like manner, it cannot be amiss to try to prevent them. With respect to the case before us, the Board of War in a Letter of the 28th. of October, took occasion to mention, that they perceived inconveniences arose from partial Issues, and that they were determined to make no more; adding that an Order they had given for the delivery of 2000 Coats to your Cloathier, tho the State had engaged to complete the suits &c., which they thought a good bargain in the present situation of matters, had occassioned "jealousies and a preference to be talked of as being given to pensilvania". This was the first information I had respecting their delivering any Coats, and conceiving that if jealousies had already arisen on the subject, they might greatly increase, with the truest spirit of accomodation and a regard to the general rights of all the Troops, I ventured to recommend that the 2000 Coats, which they had delivered had better be returned and made subject to a general distribution. I did not do this to indulge a capricious disposition either in myself or the Army, but to promote harmony and equal justice to all. Nor did the idea of an excess in point of number, not of their being delivered at philadelphia, operate with me as matters of great moment, or which would produce much complaints in the rest of the Army. From a recollection of the number of our Troops and the general state of our Cloathing, I should have been satisfied, that the first objection could not apply at any rate, but to a very limited and partial extent and as to the second that it could not be of itself a just cause of uneasiness. But surely there are other considerations besides their quantity and the place of their delivery mentioned in the paragraph of my Letter, and which might prove sounds of discontent and jealousy. These were strongly marked both by me and the Board, the superior quality of these Coats to those which the rest of the Army would receive, and their Uniformity. Two circumstances very striking, and substantial, and which, if they had been adverted to and the inferior quality of the Other Cloathing recollected with its various colours and various facings must have prevented these Coats from being delivered to the Troops of any particular state, and made the distribution of them the effect of a previous casting of Lots, or of some other equal mode devised for the purpose with respect to the Troops at large. These are the grounds from whence it was principally apprehended uneasiness and jealousies would arise, and not those only which you have recited. If I know my own heart, I have no predilection or superior attachment to the Troops of one State, more than Another, they all demand my equal attention, and a conscious rectitude tells me that the strictest would only prove that, that they have equally had it in every instance. When the Cloathing was to be delivered last year, I thought it but just, altho it was all of the same quality and only of Two Colours, that the distribution of it should be founded on a previous casting of Lots and which, were drawn as you will perseive, by the inclosed Copy of what was done upon the occasion, that the Troops of each State might have an equal chance of obtaining the Uniform to which they were most attached. If this step was necessary then, it or something like it, was certainly more so now, when the Cloathing differed materially in quality, colours, and in facing, and yet in the first instance of the delivery of those 2000 Coats, as I have already observed I am entirely convinced, that there was not the least intentional injury either to the Troops of this or that state or to any body at all, either by the party delivering or the one receiving. We frequently are with perfect innocence. The point however seems to be decided by necessity, the inclemency of the season, the circumstance of the Army moving into Quarters, and the propriety of delivering the Cloathing collected at Windsor to prevent a farther accumulation of expence in the transportation &c. having compelled a distribution of it by Lot among the Troops of Six of the States. The Troops of Connecticut will also have their Quota in French Cloathing, having received last fall a supply thro the channel of their State Agent, much inferior in quality to that delivered to the whole of the Army afterwards. A Desire of placing the part I have taken in this business upon the true grounds, has led me to be more tedious than I wished or expected, and I am the more concerned that there should have been the least necessity for it with those I regard with esteem and affection.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: If the two Connecticut Brigades have crossed, be pleased to direct Colo. Hazen to follow as expeditiously as possible, if he is not already over. He may be directed to march without loss of time if the Virginia Division has moved, to Sufferans (by the new Road lately repaired by General Woodford which leaves Kakeate on his left) thence to Pompton and by Rockaway Bridge towards Morris town. Before he arrives at Morris town he will receive directions from General Greene for his further Route.
Should the Virginia troops not have moved, Colo. Hazen will wait for that and follow immediately after. I am, &c.
P.S. Be pleased to direct Colo. Hazen, if he hears nothing further from me to join Genl. Hands Brigade when he comes up with it.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: Just as yours of the 23d. came to hand his Excellency was getting on Horse back to meet an appointment of Business. He commands me to inform you, that should the Acquaquenac position answer the description given by Colonel Dehaart23 and Major Burner24 you are at liberty to fix upon it. The increase of transportation seems the greatest objection, as his Excellency thinks we shall not probably have such an accumulation of Stores between Trenton and the encampment as will tempt the enemy to penetrate the uncovered Country upon our right. The Officers commanding the different division have directions to follow your orders for their Route between Pompton and Morris town. If the Acquaquenac position is taken, will it not be well to post an Officer where the Road
[Note 23: Lieut. Col. William De Hart, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in November, 1781.]
[Note 24: Maj. Robert Burnett. He was aide to General Greene from 1778 to the close of the war.] turns off near Mr. Lott's, to direct the march from thence to the new Camp. I have the honor, etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
West Point, November 25, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I wish you to inform me by the Return of the Express, who will deliver this, when the Connecticut Troops will be able to march with certainty. I wish they may be in a condition to do it as soon as possible. When I am informed of the time by your Answer, I will furnish You with orders, that there may not be any delay afterwards. I am, &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is addressed to Parsons "or Officer Commanding Connecticut Troops."]
West Point, November 25, 1779.
Sir: On the receipt of this letter you will be pleased to march the troops under your command to the place of Cantonment [for the main Army] in the neighbourhood of Morris Town by the route of [Major] Delavan's, Crompond, Kings ferry, Suffrans and Pompton &c.
Your favor of the 22d for permission to be absent this Winter was handed to me this day. I should be very happy to grant your request but your continuance with the Troops at this time and while they are Hutting will be materially necessary and when that business is over, should the situation of affairs still render your stay requisite, I hope you will cheerfully submit to the disappointment; [if] however [you can be endulged with any degree of propriety you certainly shall.] I am, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: Colo. Lamb informs me that there are some Men in the Connecticut line who had been inlisted for three years who would now reinlist for the War in the Companies of Artillery raised and adopted by the State, but that you did not conceive yourself at liberty to allow such a measure without order. I am clearly of opinion, that if those Men will not reinlist in the Corps of Infantry to which they belong, that it will be for the good of the service to allow them to inlist in those Companies of Artillery, and if their term of service is near expiring in the Infantry, I think it will be better to let them join the Artillery immediately, than lose the Men for the War by a refusal. I am, etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 25, 1779.
Sir: The inclosed letter which you will be pleased to forward to General Parsons will shew you how far we can comply with the object of yours of the 24th, and on what issue it is placed.29 I am etc.30
[Note 29: Lamb's letter o[ November 24 is not now found among the Washington Papers, but his "object" is fairly inferential from Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons, Nov. 25, 1779, q. v.]
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: Be pleased to inform me by return of the Express when the division will certainly march from Haverstraw. Should Genl. Poor have come with his Brigade, you may take the short Road to Sufferans, as my only reason for desiring you to march by Kakeate was to avoid falling in with Poor's Brigade. Upon your arrival at Pompton be pleased to send an Officer forward to Genl. Greene who is near Morris Town, and desire him to inform you where you shall halt if he has not fixed upon the Ground upon which you are to hut. The Officer will meet you between Pompton and Morris. I earnestly request that the Cloaths of the Men may be saved as much as possible when they are hurting. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 25, 1779.32
[Note 32: The date line is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Sir: The importance of this Post, and the fatal consequences which may result from its being left bare of Provisions are too obvious to need discription. I therefore desire that every possible exertion may be used to get at least a Months provisions before hand for the four brigades of Massachusetts-bay which are to garrison it and its dependencies. Your endeavours, after having accomplished this, are not to cease till you have increased the quantity in store for the same troops two Months which Stock is always to be kept up, and on hand.
In vain is it for me to point out from whence this provision is to be drawn, as it must depd. upon the resources ( sic) of the Country; but I cannot help adding, as my earnest wish, that the Magazines at Albany and on Connectt. River (directed in my letter of the 9th. of Septr.) may be established with as little interruption as possible; and if in the progress of forming Magazines agreeably to the sentiments containd in the aforesaid letter of the 9th. of Sept. you can make Warwick convenient in other respects it will answer well in a relative point of view to West point; the March of Troops on a sudden call for the defence of it, and ultimately for Albany, to have a small deposit there, and may accordingly be fixed on with an eye to those purposes.
That you may regulate your supplies to the best advantage, and with the greatest saving in point of transportation, it is necessary you should know that the Winter Cantonments of the Troops will be as follow.
The Regiment of Dragoons at Hadham or Colchester.
Poors Brigade at Danbury. Massachusett's brigades at West point and its dependencies.
The Main Army in Jersey, somewhere back of the Scotsplain, or possibly more towards Acquacanack.
Lees partizan Corp at Burlington or somewhat more advanced towards Monmouth.
Head Quarters, Moore's House, Saturday, November 27, 1779.
Parole Landaft. Countersigns Lexington, Leeds.
The Honorable the Congress has been pleased to pass the following proclamation.
Whereas it becomes us humbly to approach the throne of Almighty God, with gratitude and praise for the wonders which his goodness has wrought in conducting our fore-fathers to this western world; for his protection to them and to their posterity amid difficulties and dangers; for raising us, their children, from deep distress to be numbered among the nations of the earth; and for arming the hands of just and mighty princes in our deliverance; and especially for that he hath been pleased to grant us the enjoyment of health, and so to order the revolving seasons, that the earth hath produced her increase in abundance, blessing the labors of the husbandmen, and spreading plenty through the land; that he hath prospered our arms and those of our ally; been a shield to our troops in the hour of danger, pointed their swords to victory and led them in triumph over the bulwarks of the foe; that he hath gone with those who went out into the wilderness against the savage tribes; that he hath stayed the hand of the spoiler, and turned back his meditated destruction; that he hath prospered our commerce, and given success to those who sought the enemy on the face of the deep; and above all, that he hath diffused the glorious light of the gospel, whereby, through the merits of our gracious Redeemer, we may become the heirs of his eternal glory: therefore,
RESOLVED, That it be recommended to the several states, to appoint Thursday, the 9th of December next, to be a day of public and solemn thanksgiving to Almighty God for his mercies, and of prayer for the continuance of his favor and protection to these United States; to beseech him that he would be graciously pleased to influence our public councils, and bless them with wisdom from on high, with unanimity, firmness, and success; that he would go forth with our hosts and crown our arms with victory; that he would grant to his church the plentiful effusions of divine grace, and pour out his holy spirit on all ministers of the gospel; that he would bless and prosper the means of education, and spread the light of christian knowledge through the remotest corners of the earth; that he would smile upon the labours of his people and cause the earth to bring forth her fruits in abundance; that we may with gratitude and gladness enjoy them; that he would take into his holy protection our illustrious ally, give him victory over his enemies, and render him signally great, as the father of his people and the protector of the rights of mankind; that he would graciously be pleased to turn the hearts of our enemies, and to dispense the blessings of peace to contending nations; that he would in mercy look down upon us, pardon our sins and receive us into his favor, and finally, that he would establish the independence of these United States upon the basis of religion and virtue, and support and protect them in the enjoyment of peace, liberty and safety.33
[Note 33: In the General Orders this resolve was condensed by sundry omissions.]
A strict observance to be paid by the Army to this proclamation and the Chaplains are to prepare and deliver discourses suitable to it.34
[Note 34: The Varick Transcripts of Washington's General Orders in the Library of Congress has the following note at this point: "The Army marching by Divisions and Brigades into Winter Quarters."]
Head Quarters, West point, November 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: In making my arrangements for the disposition of the Army this Winter I have found it necessary to assign the command of the posts upon the North River to you. Inclosed you will find instructions for your government.
Lt. Colo. Pawling with the York Militia has undertaken to finish the Redoubt upon Stoney point. You will therefore have no further occasion to send a fatigue party from Nixons and Glovers. And I think you had better consult Colo. Gouvion upon the number of Men necessary to finish the Work upon Veiplanks, who may continue at it, while the remainder of those two Brigades proceed to the Business of hurting with all possible expedition, should you determine to post them both upon the East side of the River.
The Companies of Artillery attached to Nixons and Glovers Brigades with their Peices are to join the Park in Jersey when the Brigades move to their Quarters. They are to proceed from Kings Ferry to Sufferans by the short Road (leaving Kakeate on the left) and from thence to the place fixed upon for the park, which I apprehend will be in the neighbourhood of Morris town.
I do not at present recollect any thing more than what is contained in the above and in your instructions.
I sincerely wish a recovery of your health and that you may enjoy good and quiet Winter Quarters, and am, etc.
I do not know whether the Articles you want are in the Store, but I inclose you an order for them, in case they should be there.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 27, 1779.
Sir: You, being appointed to the command of the posts upon the North River, will forthwith proceed to West point or the Vicinity of it. All the posts on the North River from Kings Ferry inclusively upwards will be comprehended within the limits of your command. The troops destined for the Garrison of these posts and under your immediate command will be the four Massachusetts Brigades. General Poors Brigade, stationed at Danbury, will also be subject to your direction should the enemy, by their movements in the course of the Winter seem seriously to threaten the Garrison of West point.
I need not observe to you, that West point is to be considered as the first and principal object of your attention. I am persuaded you will neglect nothing conducive to its security, and will have the Works erecting for its defence prosecuted with all the Vigor and expedition in your power [and that circumstances will admit of.] You are fully sensible of their importance, and how much their completion will ease and disembarrass our future general operations. For the greater security of the detached Redoubts, and those upon Constitution Island, I had directed that the Bomb proofs (where there were any) should be fitted up for the lodgment of the Men stationed in them, and suitable Barracks erected for the Officers And it is my wish that there should be in every Redoubt a sufficiency of covering for the Men and Officers destined for its defence; that should the enemy move up during such Weather as requires Men to be under shelter, they may remain conveniently in them without a constant Relief. The construction and position of these Barracks must be left to your own judgment and that of the Engineers [appointed to superintend this business].
It would be my wish to have three of the Brigades stationed upon West point, and the other in the neighbourhood of the Continental Village, where General Nixon hutted last Winter, if those Huts can be again made habitable, and there is a sufficiency of Wood. But should you be of the prevailing opinion that not more than two Brigades can be conveniently quartered upon the point, on account of covering, Fuel &ca. you may post another upon the East side of the River, so near, as to afford instant assistance should it be wanted. Should this be determined upon, I am informed that there is a good position half a Mile on this side of Mr. Buds36 on the Road between Fishkill and West point. Not having viewed this Ground, I only mention it to you, that you may take it if it pleases you upon inspection.
[Note 36: General McDougall had established his headquarters at Budd's.]
As soon as the Works at Kings Ferry are finished and fit to receive Garrisons you will post a proper number of Officers and Men in each, to be relieved every [14 days, monthly] or as often as you think proper; [Provided stationary garrisons (on acct. of the superior care and attention which will be given by the officers and men to the defences, covering &ca.) should not be prefered to either, in which case you have my consent to adopt the latter.] And that the communication by the ferry may be made, as little as possible an object for the enemy, you will cause all provision or Stores of any kind to be constantly moved off immediately upon their arrival there.
I would recommend, if our supplies will admit, that two Months provision should be always before hand at West point, and in the Works at Kings ferry. [I have directed the Corny. accordingly.] And I would also wish that those detached Redoubts which have Magazines in them, should have one months extra provision, for the men necessary for their defence, laid up in them.
You will, at your own discretion, keep light parties, under the command of a Field Officer, advanced down towards the White plains, to cover the Country, and gain information of the movements of the enemy.
You are acquainted with the previous Steps to be taken by the inhabitants of the State, who may want to go into, or come out of New York with their Effects, which you will strictly adhere to. But should you find it necessary, for the purpose of gaining intelligence, to permit any persons to go into New York, you may do it in that case, without consulting His Excellency Governor Clinton.
As many of the Officers under your command, will have occasion to visit their families, I would have you desire them to agree among themselves who shall first take furloughs, the term of which should be such, as to enable those, who are to go home upon their return, to spend a reasonable time with their families before the opening of the Campaign. I would wish two Field Officers to remain with a Regiment, (but I must insist upon one as indispensible) and as many Regimental officers as are necessary for the care of the Men and common duties. Of the Soldiers inlisted for the War, or who have a considerable time to serve, not more than two to a Company or eighteen to a Regiment to be furloughed at a time, and those such as are well recommended by their Officers.
Perhaps some of those whose times are near expiring would reinlist for the War upon an immediate furlough. Should there be any such, for whose faithful return their former Officers will undertake to vouch, I think it would be well to indulge them, if they require it as an inducement. But the greatest caution will be necessary, otherwise the Bounty Money will be thrown away. Some whose times are near expiring may perhaps be willing to reinlist in the Artillery or Cavalry, tho' not in the Infantry, in such cases, it will be for the general good to permit them to join those Corps immediately, if they have not more than a very short time to serve.
There are conventional Signals established for alarming the Country and calling in the Militia in case of absolute need. The greatest care should be taken in making use of these, as many inconveniencies, and considerable expense would be occasioned by a false or needless alarm. Be pleased to enquire of His Excellency Govr. Clinton whether he thinks any alteration, of the plan established last summer, necessary.
Should any thing be wanting in the Cloathing line by the troops of Massachusetts, the Sub Cloathier of that State is to direct his application to the Cloathier General who will be near the Head Quarters of the Army.
You will improve every opportunity the Weather and leisure affords to exercise the troops agreeable to the Rules and Regulations established for that purpose, and will pay the strictest attention to order, regularity and discipline in every respect.
I have directed Colo. Hay to have all the Boats not necessary for the service of the Garrison and other purposes carefully collected and properly laid up. You will however be pleased to pay attention to the matter.
I shall write to the pay Master General and desire him to appoint a deputy to reside at this post for the conveniency of paying the troops here and at Danbury. You will therefore sign Warrants for their monthly pay when properly authenticated by the deputy pay Master and presented to you.
The scarcity of forage points out the expediency of divesting this post and its dependencies of all Horses and Cattle not absolutely necessary, as soon as may be. Colo. Hay who superintends the Quarter Masters department will order them to proper places.
I have only to add that you will use every possible precaution to obtain previous notice of any move of the enemy towards you. Should such an event take place, you will not fail to give me the speediest information.37
[Note 37: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. In the draft the words in brackets as above are in the writing of Washington. His spelling, capitalization, etc., are followed in the above text.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 27, 1779.
Sir: You will March your Brigade to Danbury and in some convenient ground in the vicinity of it, where there is good Water and a sufficiency of Wood, build Hutts to cover your Men.
The object of your going there is to afford the best cover to the part of the Country Eastward of Norwalk on the Sound as the Troops at West point will attend more immediately to the enemys lines, and the protection of the People in that Quarter in the State of New York.
The Quarter Mr. Genl. or his assistant will direct what is to be done with the Horses belonging to your Brigade as there is a necessity of sending them to places where they can be easiest supported, and kept in the best condition.
You will not under any pretence (excepting in cases of extreme necessity) suffer a regiment to be without a field Officer; nor a company with less than two commissioned Officers unless there is pressing occasion to relax from this rule. Observing this rule Officers may be furloughed during the Winter in rotine (sic) as the Soldiers for the War also may, and those who have twelve Months yet to serve, provided that not more than two from a Company or 18 from a regiment are absent at a time.
You will keep strict discipline in your Brigade and see that it is Manoeuvred strictly agreeable to the regulations whenever the Weather and oppertunity will admit (after you are fixed in your quarters.)
As there is no telling the designs, or knowing the objects of the enemy, you will endeavour to give opposition to them and afford every assistance in your power to the State you will be in, in case any part of it is invaded, and will in an especial manner in case of such an event, attend to the care of our Stores at Litchfield and Springfield.
In every other respect you will consider yourself under the Orders and directions of [Major General Heath or Officer] commanding at this Post and the Troops on the East of Hudsons River [if your superior in rank].38
[Note 38: The date line and words in brackets are in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 27, 1779.
Sir: I have just recd. advice that 40 sail of Vessels past (sic) Norwalk on the 25th. bound Eastward. I therefore desire you to halt with the troops under your command untill we discover their intentions. Should they make a descent at any place upon the Sound, you will instantly march to its relief, or if they repossess R. Island you are to inform me and wait further orders. But should you not in the course of a few days hear of their making a landing any where upon the Coast, or upon Rhode Island, you are then to continue your march as expeditiously as possible to the place of cantonment, by the Route given to you in my last. You will be pleased to observe, that should you march southward, Captain Donnels39 company of Colo. Cranes Battalion of Artillery with their pieces are to be ordered to West point. The other Companies of Artillery with you with their pieces are to join the park in the Jersies. I am, etc.40
[Note 39: Capt. Nathaniel Donnell, of the Third Continental Artillery. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 27, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have received your favor of the 19th and that of the 25th. As the different State Clothiers have drawn their proportion of clothing, I think the sooner you send your quarter master through the line from whence the Light Infantry have been taken, the better; that he may receive from them their quota of blankets and other clothing which comes to the share of the Infantry, and have it disposed of agreeably to the general order for distribution.
I find some embarrassment in deciding on Obriens sentence. We do not see the multiplying of executions produce the effects for which they were intended; and for many reasons it is not a desirable thing to lose men in examples of this kind, unless in cases of the most apparent necessity. I would be directed in some measure by the consequences which a pardon might occasion, and if these could not be of any consideration, he may be confined for some time under the fear of the punishment sentenced him by the Court, and then liberated.
Fort Stanwix still remains in our possession, without any other attack, than what you find in the New-York paper. I had anticipated the hint which you have taken notice of, by a very full representation on the subject, to Congress. I am, &c.41
[Note 41: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 27, 1779.
Dr Sir: You will find in the inclosed instructions of this date an answer to your favor of the 25th; the place for the cantonment of the Cavalry and the limitations for furloughing both officers and men. I leave Col. Sheldens letter open for your perusal. You will be pleased to seal and forward it. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 27, 1779.
Sir: As soon as the division under the command of Major Gen. Howe moves to its ground for winter Quarters, you will proceed with your own and Shelden's Regt. of Dragoons to such place or places as the Quarter Master General may have assigned you for Winter Quarters. This may be in Wallingford Durham or Hadham as conveniencies and forage may best suit: or in case of necessity you may remove the whole or part to Colchester. In the cantonment of the Regiments you will preserve as much compactness as the nature of the place will admit, that by having them all under your own eye, you may be able to keep up good discipline, and prevent dissipation and irregularity.
It is not designed that the Regiments should do ordinary duty, or be called out upon every common occasion. But in case of invasion, or the advance of the enemy, you are to obey the orders of Genl Poor or other officer your superior commanding at this post and assist in giving them every opposition.
The horse are not to be made use of as hacks. The men should be strictly forbid riding them as such, and when discovered in the practice [or riding fast on ordinary occasions] punished severely. Nor are they to be ordered by the officers on messages or in the execution of any private business.
You will direct the utmost attention to the horse, that they may come into the field in the best possible condition for service.
Such of the arms and accoutrements of the Dragoons as are out of order, are to be repaired and every thing completed by next campaign. A field officer is to be allowed forage for four horses only, including his servants. A captain forage for three horses including his servants, and a subaltern forage for two horses including his servants; that is provided the officers think proper to keep this number.
With regard to furloughing; One field officer is to be constantly with a Regiment, and as many regimental officers as are necessary to the care of the men and horse, and for service should the regiment be called out.
Not more than two privates from each troop to be furloughed at a time, and these such as may be recommended by the officers, and who have some length of time to serve.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 27, 1779.
Sir: I have given Colo. Moylan general directions respecting the Cantonment of the Cavalry, and other matters relative to your Regiment and his own, and have no doubt of his making the proper communications to you, nor of your ready attention [to their execution]. I am, &c.44
[Note 44: The date line and the words in brackets are in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West point, November 27, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have no doubt but you are making provision for throwing a number of Cattle over the North River before the passage is interrupted by the Ice. Being down at Kings-ferry yesterday, I took notice of the delays and difficulties attending transporting Cattle at that place, and I therefore think you should direct part to be ferried over at New Windsor, and not depend too much upon Kings ferry; which being now the common passage the Boats are much employed by travellers and others. I am, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West-point, November 27, 1779.
Sir: After the several orders which have been drawn upon you are complied with, you will please to make return of every article in your Store at Newburg, and on the first day of every month, afterwards of all the clothing of every kind in your different Stores with a general account of your issues and receipts during the preceding month. You will also be pleased to render me, as soon as may be, a particular return of the shoemakers and taylors tools on hand or in store.
The woolen mitts and caps are not to be delivered without my order.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
West Point, November 27, 1779.
Sir: In the Letter I had the honor of addressing to Your Excellency on the 24th, I mentioned the general Outlines of the intended disposition of the Army for the Winter. From the important light in which these Highland posts are held, I would now take occasion to mention for the more particular satisfaction of Congress, that the 1st. 2d. 3d and 4th Massachusetts Brigades, are the Troops intended for their immediate security, and for furnishing light parties for patroling and covering the Country towards Kingsbridge. The command is also to comprehend the New Hampshire brigade, which will quarter at Danbury and Moylans and Sheldons Regiments of Dragoons, which will be stationed rather more Easterly. On the 17th. I wrote Major Genl. Gates, and, informing him of these circumstances, offered it to him, if he should prefer it to One in the main Army; but on his arrival here, he expressed his wishes to go to Virginia for a few months, on account of the situation of his private affairs. His request, from his long absence and services, appeared so reasonable and so just, that I could not object to it. The command from this circumstance, will be given to Major General Heath. I have the Honor, etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 27, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Where the troops have moved off; which are not designed to remain at this port and its dependencies, you will be pleased to order the collecting of such boats as may not be necessary for the use of this garrison and the several ferries, to places where they will be perfectly secure. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 28, 1779.
Sir: I have recd yr favor of the 18th. inst by Serjeant Hebberd, who delivered with it Richd Bird, his Pocket Book containing sundry Papers, 3 half Joes, two Guneas and 100 Paper Dollars enclosed in a letter from his Wife. I have not the least doubt of his past Villainous conduct, and intentions to practice the same in future and shall therefore have him properly secured until he can be conveyed to Virginia where his offences from what appears seem most likely to meet with the punishment they deserve.
I am much obliged by your promise of communicating such intelligence as may be important. We have nothing at all new in this quarter. I am, &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
West-point, November 28, 1779.
Sir: Immediately upon receipt of this letter you will be pleased to procure One hundred and fifty pair of Snow Shoes, and deposit them at Fort Schuyler, subject to the delivery of my order only. For particular reasons I wish to have them made in the Indian Country, by the Oneidas or some of those tribes, but if they cannot be had there, then to get them made up the Mohawk river. A proportionate number of Mocasons are also necessary, and must be deposited with the Snow Shoes.
The Quarter Mastr at Albany will pay the cost of these things upon your order. I am, etc.
[Note 50: Of an Additional Continental regiment. (The regiment was designated the Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment in July, 1780.) He was transferred to the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; retained as colonel in the First Regiment, United States Army, in November, 1783; served to June, 1784.]
[Note 51: Of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment. He was transferred to the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 52: Of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment. He was Deputy Judge Advocate in October, 1782, and served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 28, 1779.
Gentlemen: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 24th. I should have been glad if the arrangements made for the disposition of the Army this Winter, would have admitted of your Regiment's remaining at or very near the Quarters of the Massachusetts line. But circumstances are such, that was it be stationed upon the North River, some one of those belonging immediately to the State must be separated from the line. Thus by remedying one inconvenience another would be incurred I think it probable that our Winter Cantonments will be between thirty and forty Miles from Kings ferry, perhaps not more than thirty. The communication will be frequent, and the transportation of the State supplies from thence to your quarters not very difficult.
Should our Affairs call for a larger Body of Men than are at present assigned to the defences of the posts upon the North River, you may be assured, that I shall give your Regiment the preference, as I perceive the advantages which would result from such a measure, and which I wish I could, conveniently, put immediately into execution. I am, etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
Head Quarters, November 28, 1779.
Sir: Col Greene and Col. Angel wait on you respecting the Cloathg for their Regts; I wish you to accommodate the matter with them in the best manner you can. From their peculiar situation, it may be impossible to transact the business agreeable to your instructions so as to let it pass immediately thro the hands of the State Clothr; but this may be finally done should there be a necessity for giving these Gentn an order for their proportion of Cloathg; which they inform me is now on hand to the Eastward. I am, &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, West Point, November 29, 1779.
Dr Sir: Inclosed you will find a Copy of Genl. Du-Portails state of the Troops necessary for the defence of this Post. It may be very useful during your command. You will however be pleased to observe that the Enemy were, when it was made, in possession of the Posts at Kings Ferry, which not being the case now, a less number of Guards is necessary; such as are superfluous will readily occur to you, in looking over the state. There are three in particular that strike me as totally useless, the one at Robinsons Ferry and the two following ones, each of 50 Men. In this and other matters you will, tho', do as your own judgment points out, I have the fullest confidence in it, and with the sincerest wish for the perfect recovery of your health, I am, etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, November 29, 1779.
Sir: General Starke with the troops under his command, may be expected at Peekskill in a day or two. He writes from Danbury that he is much distressed for Flour, but hopes to collect sufficient to bring him on to Peekskill, at which place he depends upon meeting a supply to carry him on. You will therefore take the necessary measures for that purpose, if it be in your power: Some he must have at any rate. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of and is signed by Teach Tilghman.]
Peekskill, November 29, 1779.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing Your Excellency on the 20th. I have received sundry reports, tho' not through the Channel I could have wished, and yet thro' such as seem to make the Reports worthy of credit, that the Enemy are making or preparing for a pretty considerable embarkation of Troops from New York. From this circumstance, altho' their destination is not known, and from the importance of securing the States of Georgia and South Carolina, which possibly may be their object, and which from the accounts I have received from Col Laurens are in a more defenceless condition than I had ever apprehended. I have determined, illy as they can be spared, to put the whole of the Virginia Troops in motion, except those whose terms of service will expire by the last of January, to give them farther succour, if Congress shall judge it expedient, after considering the full state and extent of our force, as communicated in my Letter of the 18th. I am fully of opinion that this detachment can be illy afforded, but possibly from the disagreeable consequences that might result from the Enemy's gaining possession of these two States or even of attempting it, it may be adviseable to hazard a good deal here for their security. At any rate from the unhappy reduction of our force, by the expiration of inlistments, we should be obliged to pursue great caution for our security, and if this detachment is made, it will be necessary to encrease it, and to act if possible on a more defensive plan.
From the great distance from hence to Charles Town, from Virginia's lying in the way and from the inclement season, I am persuaded if the Troops proceed by Land, that their number, by fatigue, sickness, desertion and the expiration of their Inlistments, will be so reduced, that their aid would be scarcely of any consideration when they arrived. In this view, and as their going will deprive the Army here of a material part of its force, I cannot think, if Congress should determine the measure expedient, that they should proceed by Land. I am satisfied a Land march would exhaust the whole of the detachment and that but little if any aid would be derived from it to the Southern Army, if it were to proceed in this way. From these considerations Congress will be pleased to determine, how far it may be adviseable and practicable to send the Troops by Sea. A boisterous season, Winds generally blowing off the Continent, the risk of capture, are all circumstances I will take the liberty to observe, that appear to me, of importance in deciding the point. Without a good convoy, I should apprehend the measure would, at any rate, be unadvisable, as the capture or loss of the Troops would give a severe shock to our affairs and such as we should not recover without difficulty. How far this will be practicable will be with Congress to determine. If it can be obtained and Congress think that this detachment should be sent, yet I would take the liberty to suggest farther, that the Troops had better sail from Chesapeak bay, than from the Delaware, as they will be more distant from New York, and of consequence not so liable to fall in with any of the Enemy's Ships and Cruizers. And as it frequently happens at this season, that Vessels are blown off the Coast and kept at sea for a considerable time, I should suppose it will be necessary for the Transport Vessels to be provisioned, wooded and watered at least for six weeks. A passage may be effected perhaps in a few days, but provision should be made against contingencies and in doing this, it may be material to consider the state of our supplies and whether they will admit of so large a quantity being shipped. It also appears to me, if the embarkation is made, that it should be in Transports employed solely for the purpose, as events possibly might arise, if they were on board other Vessels, which might render it at least inconvenient for them to proceed. I am now thus far on my way to Jersey, and I shall put the Virginia Troops in motion as soon as it can be done, for Philadelphia. Congress will be pleased to have against their arrival, such instructions ready, as they may deem necessary, with respect to their farther movements. I have the Honor, &c.
P.S. As it appears to me, for the reasons above, that we cannot attempt to succour Georgia or South Carolina, by a land march of Troops, and it will at least take several days before the arrangement of Transports, Convoy, provisions &c. can be made; I have concluded not to move the Troops till I hear from Congress on these subjects and in the mean time shall hold the Troops in readiness and employ them in building Huts.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on December 4.]
Pompton,58 November 30, 1779, 6 OClock P.M.
[Note 58: "Expences of His Excellency General Washington from West point to Pompton and back--Novemr. 1779. King's ferry, 10 dollars; General Woodfords, 3; Ramapaugh, 48; Pompton, 86; Servants and Band of Musick, 40; Expences of Escorts of Horse, 22½ Ramapaugh returning, 40; Kings ferry, do, 10; Stoney Point, 12½. [Total] 272. Reed. the above from Major Gibbs 16th Decemr. 1779. Tench Tilghman." This memorandum is in the Washington Papers.]
Dear Sir: Yours of the 27th. reached me this day at Noon at Sufferan's. From a consideration of all circumstances I am led to decide upon the position back of Mr. Kembles, and more especially, as I think there will be an immediate necessity of sending a further reinforcement to South Carolina; I mean, besides the North Carolinians. This, with the diminution of force that will be occasioned by the expiration of inlistments, will oblige us to seek a more remote position than we would otherwise have done. You will therefore proceed to laying off the Ground. I shall be at Morris town tomorrow and shall be obliged by your ordering me a late dinner. I understand my Quarters are to be at Mrs. Fords. If I am mistaken be pleased to send a person to meet me and set me right. I am, etc.
P.S. Say nothing of the further reinforcement to the southward.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, December 2, 1779.
Sir: You will proceed to Philada. and lay the letter with which you are charged before Congress. Should they determine to give you directions to purchase Horses to replace those returned unfit for Service, you are to march with all those Men whose times will not expire between this and April next to Charles town in South Carolina and upon your arrival there put yourself under the command of Major General Lincoln or Officer commanding the Southern Army. But should Congress determine it inexpedient for you to go to the Southward, you are then to march with the regiment to Frederick town in Maryland, or Winchester in Virginia (as you may find forage most plenty) and take quarters for the Winter.
Should you go to the Southward, you will direct Captain Stith,61 if he has not already proceeded, to join the Regiment and march with it.
[Note 61: Capt. John Stith, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
If any of the Men, whose times of service are within a few weeks of expiring, belong to the Eastern States, it will be best to discharge them immediately if they will not reinlist.
You will let me hear from you in Philada. when you shall receive such further orders as circumstances may require.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 2, 1779.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 20th ulto. I have seen Lt. Colonel Washington of Baylors Light Dragoons, who gives me a more favorable report of the times of service of that Regiment than was represented by one of his Officers. He informs me, that including Capt. Stiths Troop already on its march to the Southward he will be able to carry forward about 125 Men, none of whose times will expire before the middle of next year; many of them are engaged considerably longer. Under these circumstances I should immediately have ordered him to proceed with the above mentioned to South Carolina; but there is still a difficulty in respect to Horses. Fifty five of those at present in the Regiment, tho' fit for the draft and many other purposes in the Army, are represented by Colo. Washington as unable to perform so long a march on account of their weight and inactivity, they having been originally purchased for the Waggon and turned over to the Dragoon service thro' necessity, after the Regiment had lost most of its Horses when surprised last year.
I am informed by Colo. Laurens that a superiority of Cavalry to the southward will be productive of many good consequences, particularly those of giving immediate Checks to the insurrections of the disaffected, and securing the Country from the incursions of the Enemy's Cavalry. Should Congress be of the same opinion, I would suggest to them the expediency of furnishing Colonel Washington with the means of purchasing a number of the proper kind of Horses equal to that of those returned unfit. I would beg leave to observe, that the public will in reallity only incur the Expence of the difference between the price of Waggon and Dragoon Horses, as those returned unfit for the latter will be delivered to the Quarter Master General for the uses of his department.
The Regiment is now upon its march to Frederic town in Maryland, where, or at Winchester in Virginia, it may quarter this Winter, if it does not proceed to the southward. This will depend upon the determination of Congress in regard to the purchase of fresh Horses, as it would be scarce worth while to send the few who are properly mounted. Colo. Washington, who will have the honor of delivering this, will wait the decision of Congress and act accordingly. I have the honor, etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on December 6.]
[Note 64: John Laurance (Laurence, Lawrence), Judge Advocate General of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 2, 1779.
Sir: As it will be necessary to proceed, as soon as possible in the trial of General Arnold, and afterwards to those of Colo. Hooper, Deputy Qr Master General, and Doctor Shippen, which have been directed by Congress, I am to request that you will join the Army as soon as you can. I want you immediately to examine the papers in the case of the last, and to form the charges that he may be arrested. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, on which is noted: "transd. under cover to Colo. Hay."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, December 3, 1779.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
All regimental officers to hut with their respective regiments. The regimental and brigade staff are also to be with their respective Corps; and the brigadiers if they do not hut with their brigades are to be as convenient to them as possible.
The Auditors of Accounts and Deputy Pay Master General are to take quarters in houses contiguous to each other and as convenient to Head Quarters as they can be well procured.
Officers of every rank are requested to exert themselves in getting their respective corps covered as soon as possible with huts; and that they may be built agreeably to the order already issued, for uniformity and regularity, each brigadier or officer commanding a brigade will be pleased to appoint a superintendent who is to see the orders for this purpose strictly attended to.
The brigade Quarter Masters are to apply to the Quarter Master General for their allowances of straw and have them issued as soon as the troops come to their ground.
The General prohibits, in the most positive terms, every species of destruction or waste of the fences and inclosures of the Inhabitants; this, as well as any other Injury offered to their Persons, or Property will draw the most certain and rigous punishment on the offenders.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 3, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favr. of yesterday reached me in the Evening. I only arrived here the day before, and have not yet had leisure to look about me, or finally determine upon the arrangement and disposition of the troops this Winter, and consequently must defer the decision of the question you make concerning the light Infantry. All the Officers of the Corps, except those of Massachusetts, may safely send for their Baggage and Winter Cloathing to Morris town, as it will there be convenient for them whether they remain embodied or join their respective Regiments.
I am obliged to you for the New York papers and am with great Regard etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, December 4, 1779.
Parole Morristown. Countersigns Maryland, Millstone.
The Artillery of the brigades, now at the new position, and of the others as they arrive, is to join the Park; the officers commanding will take their orders from General Knox. A couple of pieces to be planted on the left of the second line, between the troops of Pennsylvania and New York; and those coming forward under General Stark to serve as Alarm-Guns.
Two rooms under one roof to be built at the same place as an Orderly-Office and for holding Courts Martial.
As it may happen that the Light Infantry will join their respective corps a short time hence, provision is to be made for them in the arrangement of huts, that while they are performing the duty of picquets to the Army, quarters may be preparing for their reception.
The ordinary guards to be reduced as much as practicable for the present, that the least possible interruption may be given to hutting.
The commanding officers of brigades will cause returns to be made, to the Orderly Office, tomorrow, 11 o'clock, of their men left sick on the march to Winter quarters, and the places where that proper measure may be taken to provide for them.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 4, 1779.
Sir: I have been honoured with Your Excellency's Letter of the 27th Ulto. and the Inclosures to which it refers. The moment circumstances will admit of it, Doctor Shippen shall be put in arrest, and his trial will be proceeded on immediately after the Trials of General Arnold and Colo Hooper are finished. When Doctor Shippen is arrested, Doctor Morgan shall have notice of it, and be furnished with a copy of the charges on which he will be tried.
I arrived here on Wednesday the 1st Instant, and am exerting myself to get the Troops hutted in the Country lying between Morris Town and Mendam, about three miles from the former. I intended, as I had the honor of informing Congress, to have quartered the Troops in the neighbourhood of Scots plains, but it was found upon examination, that the Country did not afford a position compatible with our security and which could also supply water and wood for covering and fuel; considerations as well as that of security, not to be dispensed with. Nor could any position be got nearer than the present one, which would answer these purposes. I have the Honor, etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 68: Of the Continental Congress. Addressed to Nathaniel Scudder as chairman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 4, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of your favor of the 15th Novr. with its several inclosures relative to Doctor Foster.69 Whenever the trials that have been previously directed are finished, I shall pay the earliest attention to the enquiry ordered. I have the honor etc.70
[Note 69: Dr. Isaac Foster.]
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 4, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Your Excellency and the Council by the conveyance which now offers by Express, that Monday the 20th Instant is appointed for proceeding on the trial of Major Genl. Arnold. The Court Martial will sit at the Camp in the vicinity of Morris Town. I have written to Mr Matlack and inform'd him of these circumstances,71 and I request the
[Note 71: On December 4 Washington wrote a brief note also to Timothy Matlack, secretary of the Pennsylvania Council, informing him of the above date and place of Arnold's trial. Also the same information was sent to Arnold. These letters are in the Washington Papers.] favour of Your Excellency to communicate notice of the same, to any Witnesses there may be besides. If there are any in the military line and I am informed of them, I will order their attendance or if there are any under this description at or in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, who might possibly go from thence before they could receive my orders, Congress I am persuaded will, upon information of the fact, direct them to attend. I have the honor, etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, December 4, 1779.
Sir: I received this morning your letter of the 29th. and in consequence have given Mr. ... 73 your Quarter master, a warrant for ten thousand dollars, which is as much as the military Chest can at present spare. When this is expended, you can apply for a further sum.
[Note 73: The Washington "Warrant Book" gives this name as Helmet Haussen. The warrant was issued December 4.]
I have no objection to your inlisting such men, belonging to the infantry, whose times of service are very near expiring and who will not reengage in their own corps. You will consider this as your authority for the purpose, agreeable to which are my instructions to General Heath. I am, etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, December 6, 1779.
Parole Schuyler. Countersigns Saratoga, Sarum.
The issuing Commissaries who are in possession of vouchers for hides that have been delivered to Tanners or Shoemakers in the country, where the contracts have not yet been completed are desired, forthwith, to lodge them with the Adjt. General: Officers of the line who may be possessed of like receipts are to do the same. Where the contracts have been in part complied with, the number of boots and shoes received to be indorsed on the vouchers; This is intended to prevent impositions which have been attempted by persons who have received hides in particular contracts for the army.
A trusty serjeant with a sufficient number of men are to be sent from the several brigades to drive the Waggon horses belonging to them respectively to such places as the Forage Master General shall point out.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 6, 1779.
Dear Sir: In consequence of a requisition from His Excellency Govt. Trumbull you will be pleased to direct an accurate Return to be made of the names and Ranks of all the General, Field, Commissioned and Staff Officers of the Connecticut Line. And likewise a return of the Number, Names, Regiments and Companies of those Non Commd. Officers and Soldiers who are inlisted during the War, specifying the Towns to which they belong, and also distinguishing those who have been hired either by one Man or two, in consequence of a former Resolution of Congress, and the names of those by whom they were hired.
As these Returns are to be laid before the Assembly at their meeting upon the 6 January next, you will be pleased, if possible, to have them made out, and transmitted by that time. I am &c.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Samuel Holden Parsons.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 6, 1779.
Dr Sir: As it is highly probable the Virginia Troops will shortly move to the Southward, it is necessary in order that you may be prepared for such an event to give you notice of it; but as it is very much my wish to keep it a secret, I must entreat you, to take every necessary step to prepare them for marching without disclosing the intention. Your being incumbered with State supplies, added to other circumstances induces me to request you will exert yourself to have them with the rest of your baggage, stragling men &c. in the most perfect readiness to move should you be ordered to that Quarter. I am &c.
P.S. You will continue to build your Huts with the usual industry.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The signed letter (in the writing of Meade) is also in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 6, 1779.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 3d and the papers which it mentioned.
It would be a very desirable thing as we are circumstanced at present could a channel of communication be opened a cross the North river, or by way of Staten Island. If C--77 can fall upon a line which he thinks he may safely trust I wish it to be adopted; but if this cannot be accomplished he will continue his communications in the old channel, and make them as constant as the season will admit. You will be pleased to inform
[Note 77: Samuel Culper. The drawback to his intelligence was that it came from Setauket across the Sound to Connecticut and was obliged to circle around north of New York City before it could reach Washington. It was thus several days old before reaching Headquarters.] him of these matters, and take such measures with your friend Mr. Jackson, before you move into quarters, as to prevent delay in his correspondence, or its conveyance to Head Quarters. I am, etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 6, 1779.
Sir: The Army having taken its position for the Winter in the Vicinity of this place you will repair hither as expeditiously as possible to take charge of and issue the Cloathing which has been stopped here. The four Massachusetts Brigades at West Point and the New Hampshire Brigade at Danbury having recd. their proportion of the Cloathing at Newberg you are to apply to the Quarter Master for the means of transporting the remainder to this place for the troops who have not been served; let the Blankets be among the first goods sent off, except two hundred which are to be delivered to Doctor McKnight at Fish Kill for the use of the Hospitals upon the North River.
There are a parcel of Shoemakers and Taylors tools in the store; you will leave a proportion for the troops above, and bring the remainder forward.
You will undoubtedly take measures for having a proportion of shoes and what continental Cloathing may hereafter come in, delivered to the Cloathiers of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and the Artillery remaining at West Point, and Dragoons in Connecticut.
Your presence here being absolutely necessary you will be pleased to come on yourself and leave the management of the removal to your Assistant. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 80: Surgeon general of the Middle Department Hospital. He was also chief hospital physician in October, 1780, and served to January, 1782.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 6, 1779.
Sir: I have directed the clothier General to deliver 200 blankets to your order. You will be pleased to take proper measures to have 80. sent up to the Director of the hospital at Albany and to see the remainder distributed proportionably among the hospitals under your particular charge. As this article is so scarce you will use the utmost oeconomy in the application. I am etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 6, 1779.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured with your letter of the 30th Ulto. and with Mr. Stodderts of the 1st. instant. The request contained in the former has been complied with by a publication in orders, and as it respects Leather and Shoes, I will take the liberty to add, that I think it may not be amiss for the Board to enjoin it on the part of the Commissaries of Hides and other contractors for Shoes, to pay particular attention to the quality and to the making of them. It is found that great abuses both with respect to the Public and the Soldiery have been practised in many cases and especially in the latter instance, by putting in small scraps and parings of Leather and giving the Shoes the appearance of strength and substance, while the Soals were worth nothing and would not last more than a day or two's march. I cannot fix the particular quarters from which those Shoes came or I would; but unless the point is attended to, the abuse will probably continue.
In my Letter of the 1st of Octor I transmitted the Board a List of all resignations which had come to my knowledge between that period, and the time of making the several arrangements and I now forward such as have happened since with my privity. There may be others but I am inclined to think, they cannot be ascertained by the Genls Commanding Divisions, as they undergo frequent changes and as none of them to my knowledge grant discharges with out special authority given for the purposes, and when their remote situations require that they should have such a power. In these cases when they have been reported, they have been entered. After the Act of the 28th of June, and when it was Published in orders, I directed the Commanding Officers to be as precise as possible in their reports of vacancies to their States to prevent mistakes, and they if in their communications to the Board, were to be exact in mentioning the time when they happened and the causes, they would be pretty well understood. I will call upon the commanding Officers of Brigades to make a report of all vacancies that have taken place since the arrangements, and will forward them as soon as they are obtained; but I fear the Register after all the pains of the Board, and all the assistance I can give them, will be very defective. Our circuitous and complex system is much opposed to accuracy, and from the information I have received, I am apprehensive there will be a necessity for alterations in many Commissions that have been issued in the line of Capts. and Subalterns.
With respect to the case of Lieut. Col. Adams. It appears by the Copy of the Maryland Arrangement which I have, that he is the 1st. Lieut. Col, and Colo. Stone resigned the 1st. of August 1779. As to Col Richardson's resignation it has been made contrary to rule and I was never able to ascertain it till within a few days. It took place the 22d of Octor. It will probably be necessary for Lt. Col Adams to receive the approbation of his State for his promotion; at any rate it does not depend on me, tho i know he is the 1st. Lt. Col in the Maryland Line according to the late arrangement, and that he is an officer of merit.
In my Letter of the 1st of Octor I transmitted the corrected Arrangement of the Virginia Line and requested such Commmissions as were wanted. The Officers are very pressing for them, and I hope they will receive them before they go to the Southward.
On the 1st Inst I recd the Boards letter of the 22d Ulto. mine of the 23d which must have come to hand long since will have informed them, that necessity had compelled a distribution of cloathing to take place and decided the point with respect to the Coats delivered for the Pennsylvania Troops. I cannot however forbear observing, that I differ widely with the Council when they say there was no just reason for discontent on account of the delivery, and intimate that the uneasiness was merely groundless. The Paragraph of my letter on this subject in answer to the Boards of the 28th of Octor and their subsequent correspondence with the Council, marked the causes of discontent so strongly that I hoped they would have been conclusive and satisfactory to all who saw them. I have the honor etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[M: Town, December 7, 1779.]
[Dr. Sir]: You have both obliged and amused me by your communication of the 27th.83 I have not seen the piece to which you allude; but I should be more surprised had you been suffered to escape with out paying a tax so ancient and customary. When one is over rated in this way, it is very natural to
[Note 83: Not found in the Washington Papers.] complain, or to feel disgust at the ingratitude of the world; tho' I believe with you, that to persevere in one's duty and be silent, is the best answer to calumny.
We are all in your debt for what you have done for us in Holland. I would flatter myself from the reception of your correspondence and the superior advantages which our commerce holds out to the Dutch, that we shall experience in a little time the most favorable effects from this quarter.
I know not how to think of the invention of Mr. Sayres. It appears a very extraordinary one. I can only wish that the thing may be practicable, and that we may have it in our power to be the first to give it patronage, and to profit by what it promises.
[Your favr. of the 1st. I had the honr. to rece. yesterday.] We have taken up our quarters at this place for the winter. The main army lies within three or four miles of the Town. If you are called to this part of the country I hope you will do me the honor of a visit. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 7, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving two days since your letter of the 29th. of November inclosing a copy of your late representation to Congress. I entreat you to be assured that I esteem myself highly obliged by this mark of your attention and confidence; and that the promotion of the interests of his Catholic Majesty will always be an additional motive to my zeal in the execution of any plan for the advancement of the common cause.
The objects you have been pleased to communicate are of the most interesting nature and have been very fully and seriously considered in concert with the Honourable The Committee of Congress appointed to confer with me on the occasion. Our sentiments were the same; and the result is by this opportunity transmitted to Congress who, I doubt not will immediately impart it to you, with their further resolutions.85 I therefore beg leave to refer you to them and to repeat the assurances of the respect and great personal esteem with which I have the honour, etc.86
[Note 85: Congress resolved (December 16) that General Lincoln cooperate with the Governor of Havana in a move against the British in Georgia. (See Journals of the Continental Congress of that date.)]
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 7, 1779
Dear Sir: I believe it is customary with you to keep no more military Stores in Camp, or very near it, than are absolutely necessary to answer immediate consumption or sudden calls. This precaution will be more than commonly expedient this Winter, for reasons with which you are acquainted. I therefore request if you have any supernumerary stores that they may be removed, as soon as possible, to a proper place of deposit. I have given similar directions to all the other departments. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 7, 1779.
Dr Sir: You are so well acquainted with the reasons which operate against keeping a greater quantity of Stores of any kind, than are absolutely necessary, in the vicinity of this Camp, that it is almost needless to desire you to avoid an accumulation of those belonging to your department at this place. I have given orders to the other departments to divest themselves as soon as possible, of every thing supernumerary.
I have had several representations of mal conduct in the Qr Mr and purchasing and Issuing Commissaries at Coos. That the Public and individuals may have justice done them, I have determined to have Courts of inquiry held upon the parties as soon as possible at this place, and as they are all in a manner connected in business, and all charged, with being concerned in undue practices, it will be necessary that they should attend at the same time. I have desired the Commy's Genl. to summon those acting under them, and you will be pleased to give notice to General Bailey. Mr. Flint will wait upon you, and fix the time when it will be most convenient for the deputies to attend. I am told that the Gentlemen accused earnestly wish an inquiry, and I therefore make no doubt but they will come prepared with Vouchers to support their characters. I am etc.
P.S. Major Whitcombe is going directly up to Coos and will afford you an opportunity of writing.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 7, 1779.
Sir: I received your letter of the 6th. last night but being engaged with the committee of Congress I could not answer it till now.
Should you on a review of the ground think the alteration essentially necessary you may give orders for the Connecticut line taking the position you have mentioned or any other convenient one. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 7, 1779.
Dr Sir: It is my wish that we should endeavour by every practicable means to reinlist the Old Troops for the War. I therefore request that you will inform the Cols and Commanding Officers of Regiments in the Virginia line, that they may inlist, promiscuously throughout their line, any of the Soldiers whose present terms of service will expire by the last of February. The Men reinlisting for the War shall be furloughed to the first of April, and as soon as they are properly engaged and a list of their names transmitted and certified by you, a Warrant shall be granted for the Continental bounty of Two hundred Dollars to each and of 10 Dollars to the Officers for every one re-engaged. Where Regiments are incorporated, the Officers of each may inlist for those to which they respectively belong. I should hope by proper pains that many of the Men whose inlistments are already expired might be engaged on the same terms. The Officers had better go to their several Regiments as they have been arranged and superintend the building of their Huts. This may be done without my publishing an Order, which, for reasons, I would wish not to do. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qrs, Morris Town, December 7, 1779.
Sir: Those men of your Regiment whose term of Service has expired, or will expire by Christmas next, may be Marched in a body to the State of Virginia by [a] proper [number of the] Officers [intended to be furloughed], to prevent insult and depredations by their returning [in a] stragglingly [and scattered manner] and then dismissed. The residue are to be left under sufficient and proper Officers, subject to the command of Brigr. General Knox. [The Officers who take charge of the men returning will be considered as on command during their march and will be allowed for that time three dollars per day.] If on the March, any of the Men can be engaged for the War, upon condition of obtaining a furlough to be absent from their Regiment till the first day of April next, they may be enlisted for the Continental bounty, provided the Officers have such knowledge of their characters as to be morally certain of their return by that time. To hazard the bounty upon others who have no fixed places of abode, or connexions in the Country, would be imprudent. On no terms, is a bounty to be given to any Man who engages short of the War.
On this matter you will take the Sentiments of the board of War, from whom (if they approve the measure) you will (being in Phila.) receive Orders for a small Sum to make the experiment with.
For further means and mode of recruiting your Regiment you must consult the State of Virginia which has adopted it as part of its quota.91
[Note 91: The portions in brackets are in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The parentheses are in the draft.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 7, 1779.
Dr Sir: Having received several representations of mal conduct in the Qr Mrs and purchasing and issuing Commissaries at Coos I have determined that the Public and individuals may have justice done them to direct courts of inquiry to be held upon the parties at this place. I have desired Genl Greene to summon Genl Bailey who acts in his department, and you will be pleased to do the same by Mr. Tychnor92 and Mr. Childs93 your Deputies in that Quarter. You had best confer with Genl Greene and fix upon the most convenient time for your respective deputies to attend. One of the charges against the Commissary of purchases is that, thro neglect the salted meat put up last year was mostly spoiled. It will be necessary therefore to have the state of what of last year's salt meat remains, carefully inspected, and a report made to you.
[Note 92: Isaac Tichnor, deputy commissary of purchases at Coos, N. H.]
[Note 93: Jonathan Child (Childs), assistant commissary of purchases.]
I am told that the parties are acquainted with the nature of the charges which will be exhibited against them, and earnestly wish an inquiry, they will therefore undoubtedly come prepared with vouchers to support their characters. I am etc.
P.S. Major Whitcombe is going directly up to Coos and will afford you an opportunity of writing.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 7, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Congress, that I have received a letter, from a confidential correspondent in New York, dated the 27th. of November, containing the following Paragraph "The Men of War at the Hook have taken in water for several months and, on friday the Admiral went down with all his Baggage. A fleet for Cork and a number of Vessels for England will sail in a few days, some of which are loaded with valuable Cargoes. However some think, that they will not sail till D'Estaing has left the Coast, or, till there is some arrival from England. Privateering is now almost over, not more than six now out, and few fitting. There have not any prizes of Value arrived for some time past." The circumstance of the two fleets destined for England and Ireland, are also mentioned by Major Lee. He sends me a list of the enemy's naval force, as follows. At the Hook The Russel and Robust 74's. The Europa, Defiance, and Raisonable 64's. Roebuck of 44 and two smaller Frigates. The Renown of 50 and the Romulus of 44 at New York. I understand he forwarded a similar list to Congress. As I have not before heard of the Defiance, I am in doubt whether there may not be a mistake with respect to her.
But the most important part, of the first mentioned letter, relates to the indefatigable indeavours of the enemy to increase the depreciation of our currency, by increasing its quantity in Counterfeits. It asserts, as a matter of certainty, that several Reams of the paper, made for the last emissions struck by Congress, have been procured from Philadelphia. The writer had taken much, but fruitless pains, to detect the concerned. He observes, that the Enemy have great hopes of terminating the War in their favor in another Campaign, as they expect, confidently, the entire ruin of our Money and a failure of provisions for the supply of the Army. The prevailing opinion, he says, among the most knowing in New York, is, that a considerable part of the Army will be sent to Georgia, as soon as it is known that the French Fleet has left the Coast, and it is thought by some, that several Regiments will go to the West Indies.
He speaks of the arrival of a packet which left Falmouth the 7th September, posterior to the period to which the different accounts refer the engagements between the Fleets, which brings no intelligence of such an event.
Your Excellency's letter of the 2d Inst. is come to hand. With perfect Respect I have the honor, etc.
P.S. The very critical situation of the Army made still more critical by the proposed detachment to the Southward induces me to take the liberty of again entreating the attention of Congress to the Subject of my letter of the 18th of last month. Several of the Assemblies are now sitting and if the requisitions of Congress do not reach them before they rise, the delay on assembling them will protract our succours to a period which may leave us absolutely at the discretion of the Enemy. The Army daily dissolving will be so weak in the early part of the Spring that without proportionable reinforcements, if the enemy keep their present collected force they will have it in their power to take such advantage of our situation as may be fatal to our Affairs. There is indeed a probability of their making detachments, but there is far from being a certainty. Though it should be their present intention (against which however many cogent reasons may be assigned) to operate to the Southward, they would be very likely to abandon it on finding we had transported to that quarter a force sufficient to defeat their attempts. In this case they may send a few Regiments to their Islands and still retain a force very formidable to our Weakness. Should we experience any disasters, we must dread the consequences at this delicate period of our Currency; and that we should experience the most serious disasters we can have little doubt when we reflect that we should be too weak and too much divided to resist the enemy in the posts we are obliged to occupy, and too much lettered by the difficulties of transportation and supplies to avoid them and reunite our force. If not a moment should be lost, the Recruits will hardly join the Army before the Month of April. It is therefore evidently of the greatest importance that no delay should be incurred. For my own part I confess my anxiety on the subject is extreme.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, December 7, 1779.
Parole Lancaster. Countersigns Mendon, Northampton.
The Main Guard at Morristown to be relieved tomorrow with a Captain, Sub, 3 Serjeants, 3 Corporals, 2 D and F96 and 40 privates from the Maryland line; they are to be furnished with two days provision. This as well as the staff guards from the line to be relieved every two days.
[Note 96: Drums and fifes.]
The Honorable the Board of War being desirous to publish as soon as possible a Register of the Army; The Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades are desired to cause returns to be made immediately to the Adjutant General of all vacancies that have happened in their respective commands, since the late arrangement of the Army. The returns must specify the State to which the regiment belonged, the names and ranks of the officers who formerly filled the vacancies, the time when they happened and the causes which produced them, and in future like returns are to be made monthly.
All resignations except such as are made directly to Congress, or the Board of War, are to be made to Head Quarters unless where there is special authority granted for accepting them elsewhere, as the irregular manner in which this business has been conducted in many cases has produced great confusion, and the General takes occasion here to express his utter disapprobation of the conduct of many officers who from time to time obtained long furloughs and after remaining from the army 'till these expired resigned their commissions, and in several instances not 'till after an absence of many months even beyond the indulgence allowed them.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, December 8, 1779.
Parole Hampden. Countersigns Hanover, Harlem.
A very correct return, signed by the commanding officers of regiments compared with the Muster Rolls of their respective regiments to be made immediately to the Adjutant General of the number of non commissioned officers and privates who stand engaged for the war and of those whose terms of service expire at different periods, specifying the month and year of each class, these to be digested into brigade returns; the Adjutant General will furnish the form of a return and make a general one. The Virginia line, having already made a similar return, is not included.
That the officers may in turn have the benefit of a short leave of absence during winter quarters, the Major General and Brigadiers or officers commanding brigades will concert a plan in their respective divisions for answering the purpose in the most equal and convenient manner, having regard as much as the nature of the case will admit to the circumstances of individuals, but the privilege is to expire by the 1st. of April, at which time the General expects all officers to be present in their corps. He also positively enjoins that no regiment be left without a field officer, nor any company without a commissioned officer, this restriction must not be dispensed with on any account. The orders of the 16th. of May 1778, prohibiting the taking of soldiers from the army as servants, is to be strictly observed.
Such soldiers whose terms of service expire between this and the 1st. of March next, on condition of their reinlisting for the war may be immediately furloughed 'till the 1st. of April next. The officers will be cautious not to engage any but those whose characters afford good reason to believe they will comply with their engagements and return to their corps at the expiration of their furloughs, that the bounties given them may not be a fruitless expence to the public.
The General recalls the particular attention of the officers to the order of the 23rd. of September 1778, founded on the resolution of Congress of the 11th, therein cited and requires the most punctual and immediate compliance with it, for which there is at this time a peculiar necessity. It is also earnestly recommended to those officers who are intitled to keep horses (where the duties of their office will possibly permit) to send them or part of them to a distance from the Army; by doing this they will greatly promote the service and they may either deliver their horses to the Commissary of Forage to be subsisted from the public magazines or they may send them to such places as they think proper and will be repaid the reasonable expence of their subsistence.
Doctor Latimore97 being appointed a senior surgeon in the Flying Hospital is to be respected as such.
[Note 97: Henry Latimer (Latimore). He was hospital physician and surgeon and served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 23d. ulto. It gives me great pleasure to find your intention of laying the state of the troops of your line before your Assembly, at as early a period as possible. I have directed the Returns which you call for to be made out, and I hope they will be transmitted in time to meet the Assembly at the opening of the Session. I had, previous to the receipt of your Excellency's letter, furnished Congress with a very exact Return of the state of the Army, specifying the different terms of service, and earnestly requested them to call upon the different legislatures to make up the deficiencies which would soon follow by the expiration of the former inlistments.
With respect to the expediency of immediately filling the Vacancies which have happened in the Connecticut line, and which your Excellency has been pleased to refer to my consideration, I am clearly of opinion, that justice to the Officers in sucession, and good policy require the Measure. Making promotions is very different from introducing new Officers. The approbation of the particular Gentlemen named by you, does not in anywise lay with me, I can only hope that they are entitled by the course of succession as established by the regulations of the Army, to the Vacancies to which they are nominated. The recommendation is to be transmitted directly by the State, and not thro' me, to the Board of War, who will issue the Commissions in consequence.
You will be pleased to be particular in ascertaining the dates at which the Vacancies happened, and naming the Officers who occasioned them. I am &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, also in the writing of Tilghman, is in the Connecticut State Library. It varies from the draft in minor verbal variations of capitalization and spelling.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: The troops of the State of Virginia being ordered by Congress to Philadelphia, you will be pleased to order the Officers and Men of that Line, at present with the Light Infantry, to march immediately to Philada. where they will meet with the remainder of the Line. Should the Baggage of any of the Officers be with the Regiments to which they properly belong, some person should be sent up, who may see it sent forward with the Baggage of the line. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Morris Town, December 8, 1779, ¼after 11 OClock A.M.
Dr. Sir: I have this minute been honoured with a Letter from Congress of the 4th. Instant, directing the Troops of the Virginia line to be put in motion immediately. You will put every thing in train and march the whole, with their Tents and baggage as soon as possible to Philadelphia, where you will receive farther Orders from Congress. You will apply to the Quarter Master General and take his direction as to the route, and request him to furnish every thing that will be necessary to expedite your march. The Officers and Men of the line with the light Infantry, I shall order to proceed to Philadelphia and join their respective Regiments. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From the original in the Boston Public Library.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 8, 1779.
Dear Sir: Our prospects, with regard to Grain Forage, are so very alarming, that I think it incumbent upon me to transmit the substance of the Reports of your different deputies to Congress.3 You will therefore be pleased to furnish me with such Extracts from the inclosed, as relate directly to the scarcity of Forage and the means which seem principally to occasion the want. I shall issue a general order this day directing all superfluous Horses to be sent from Camp upon the terms mentioned in your letter to Genl. Greene. I am, etc.4
[Note 3: See Washington's letter to Congress, Dee. 10, 1779, post.]
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 8, 1779.
Sir: From the silence of our Articles of War with respect to the right, which parties in arrest have, of challenging or objecting to Members of Courts Martial, I would beg leave to submit the point to the consideration of Congress, and to request, that they will be pleased to decide: Whether the parties have such a right: Whether it may be exercised in all or in what cases: To what extent as to number, challenges may be made: Whether they may be peremptory, or must be special, assigning causes; and whether the parties have the privilege of making both. These are points which appear to me necessary for forming a part of our military code, and which can only be defined and fixed by Congress. And I will take the liberty to add, that the important trials coming on, make me solicitous for a very early determination. I have consulted many of the General Officers of the Army upon the occasion, and it seems to be a matter generally agreed, that the practise of Armies admits challenges of both sorts; but we have no rule fixing their extent or the cases in which they may be made.
I had the honor at a quarter after Eleven to day, to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 4th Instant, and have given orders for the march of the whole of the Virginia line to Philadelphia. The Troops will be in motion as soon as circumstances will possibly admit of it. I have the honor etc.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on December 11 and referred to Robert R. Livingston, John Mathews, and Roger Sherman.]
Morris Town, December 9, 1779.
My Lord: From the unlucky failure of the expedition against Savannah and the apprehension of the Enemy's pushing their operations in the southern Quarter, Congress have been pleased to direct, by an Act of the 4th. Inst. received yesterday, the whole of the Virginia Troops to be immediately put in motion, with a view of sending them to the Southward. I have accordingly given orders for their march to Philadelphia as soon as possible, where Congress will direct their farther movements. If circumstances would have permitted, I should have written to your Lordship sooner upon the subject, and if I had not found that you could not proceed with the Troops, from the circumstances of General Lincoln having been detached to the Southern command. I shall, with great pleasure, in the new arrangement of our force which this detachment of the Virginians will occasion, provide a command for Your Lordship. The object of their going is not yet announced to any but Genl. Woodford, and I would wish you to consider what I have said with respect to it, as a matter merely for your private satisfaction. I am just setting out to visit the Troops with General Maxwell and those with General Wayne, and have only time to add that I am, as usual etc.
P.S. I thank you for the paper transmitted by Major Barber. It is surprising the Enemy have such intelligence with respect to our movements.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 9, 1779.
Dear Sir: His Excellency is extremely anxious to have the Roads in front and rear of the Camp accurately surveyed as speedily as possible. He therefore wishes to see you immediately at Head Quarters that he may give you particular directions as to the Business which he wants executed. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, December 9, 1779.
Parole Louisana. Countersigns Lapland, Milford.
The Main Guard to be relieved from General St. Clairs division tomorrow morning, the men to be furnished with three days provision.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, December 10, 1779.
Parole Rehoboth. Countersigns Rockaway, Rome.
A Serjeant Corporal and 10 men from Genl. St. Clairs division to mount on the Qr. Mr. General's store at Suckesuma to be reliev'd weekly. A man from each brigade, who is acquainted with burning coal to be sent to Colonel Baldwin's quarters tomorrow morning; this number to be kept up during the winter.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 10, 1779.
Sir: Some hundreds of the Virginia troops who are under marching orders are unable to move off the Ground for want of Shoes, none of which are yet come on from New Windsor. Be pleased therefore, if possible, to send up five hundred pairs with the greatest dispatch to this place, if you have not so many, send what you have. At any rate be pleased to let us know by return of the Express what may be expected from you. Should there be any which may be collected in a day or two, let them be got together and sent here with all possible dispatch. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 10, 1779.
Sir: In my Letter of the 8th, in which I had the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's dispatches of the 4th Instant, just then come to hand, I advised Congress, that I had given orders for the march of the whole of the Virginia line for Philadelphia. I am now to inform them, that the first and second State Regiments moved yesterday, and all the Regiments of the line to day, except two, which form the Rear division. On account of forage, this mode of march was found to be more eligible than moving the whole in a body, and the necessity there was for sending all the Horses some distance from Camp, which were not absolutely essential for constant service, in order to spin out as much as possible our scanty supplies of this Article, would not admit of their being in motion sooner. The Rear division will follow to morrow and the whole join at Trentown. At present some of the Men cannot move for want of Shoes. I hope however the difficulty will not long remain. I found on inquiry of Colo Laurens, that some Field Artillery might be wanted at the Southward, and have ordered six brass six pounders to be carried with the Troops and some Artillery Officers to be sent. I should have been happy to have sent a proportionable detachment of Matrosses, but our number would not admit of it. A few however will accompany the pieces to take care of them. The Troops are under the command of General Woodford, who will set out to morrow. My Orders only extend to their movement as far as Philadelphia. Congress will be pleased to direct their Ulterior proceedings.
As the Abstract of the Muster Rolls transmitted in my Letter of the 18th Ulto. was not so particular as I wished it to be (it being only an average digest of the inlistments that will expire in every three months 'till a certain period) I have been induced to obtain a more precise state of the Virginia Troops, specifying the number of inlistments that will expire in every month. A Copy of this I have the honor to inclose and Congress will perceive by the different columns, when their services will end, and determine what part of them it will not be worth while to send to the southward. In deciding the point, I beg leave to suggest, that the mode by which they proceed, will be an important consideration, and that whether it is by Land or Water, it will be hardly of any consequence to detach those whose inlistments will terminate by the last of February; and if by land, that little benefit, will be derived even from those who will be entitled to discharges in March. It has been thought a very good plan to grant furloughs to the Men to the first of April, who come within any of these descriptions, that will inlist for the Continental and State bounties for the War, both from the importance of securing their service and as it will assist our provision supplies, which unhappily at this time, are upon a very delicate and disagreeable footing. I am pursuing this method with respect to the other Troops (I am not able to say how it will succeed) and Congress may, all things considered, deem it a good measure with respect to those of the Virginia line. As to the Men belonging to the Two State Regiments who are inlisted for the War, they are peculiarly circumstanced. They reinlisted last Winter for the State bounty, and on the express condition of being furloughed at the end of the present campaign, till the 1st of April, and they insist on the performance. They have already been very pressing in their applications to return home, and nothing I am persuaded will induce them to relinquish the point. From this State of the Virginia line, Congress will be able to form a pretty accurate judgment of what will be the situation of the Army a little time hence. I would farther beg leave to observe, that if they should deem it proper, either to furlough or to discharge a part of the Men, on account of the short terms of their inlistments, it may be expedient that some directions should be given, with respect to their Arms.
I would take the liberty to inclose a copy of a Letter of the 9th from Colo Biddle, on the subject of forage and the state of his department. I do not know what will or can be done, but I confess I am greatly alarmed at the prospect of our supplies of provision which so much depend on those of forage. We are now at short allowance of flour and have been so for a Month.
Decr. 11th. ½after 10 OClock.
I have this minute returned from visiting the Light Troops and General Maxwell's Brigade, which lie advanced in the Country below. Colo Laurens took with him when he set out yesterday, extracts of intelligence with respect to an embarkation of Troops at New York, which he will have the honor of communicating to Congress. In addition to this, a great number of Guns were fired yesterday which appeared and were generally believed, to be signals, and a Deserter who left Paulus Hook at three OClock the day before, informed at General Wayne's Camp yesterday, that a fleet was then to sail with Troops on board. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Genl. Woodford will have the honor of presenting this to Your Excellency. I beg leave to refer you to him for many particulars you may wish to know. I have thought it best for him to proceed to philadelphia in order to receive Your Excellencys commands, and to assist in promoting the Arrangements that may be thought necessary. The Troops will advance under the direction of the oldest Colo. to Philadelphia.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on December 13 and referred to the Board of War. The inclosures mentioned are not now found among the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 11, 1779.
Sir: A complaint having been lodged against the Quarter Master and Commissaries of purchases and Issues at Coos for mal-conduct in their respective Offices, a Court of enquiry will be held upon them at this place on the 20th. January next. I am informed that your presence will be necessary in the investigation of the several charges, and you will therefore be pleased to attend at the time above mentioned. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 11: Commissary of issues, Eastern Department, then at Albany, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 11, 1779.
Sir: A complaint hath been lodged against Mr. Lynes12 Dy. Commissary of Issues at Coos for mal conduct in Office while at that post. A Court of inquiry is to be held at this place on the 20th. January and you will therefore direct Mr. Lynes to appear here at that time, bringing with him his vouchers for all the provision issued by him at Coos. It will be necessary that a survey should be held upon all the Salt provision at Coos and Charles town13 in the hands of the issuing Commy. distinguishing clearly between that put up last year and this fall. The Reason of this is, that complaint is also made of the bad quality of the provision. Mr. Lynes is not to fail being here at the appointed time, on any account, as a number of Witnesses will be then collected. I am etc.10
[Note 12: Matthew Lyon (Lynes), deputy commissary of issues at Coos, N. H.]
[Note 13: Both in New Hampshire.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 11, 1779.
Sir: I inclose your Excellency a number of papers relative to a certain Richard Bird, and the money mentioned in Gen. Tylers letter. Colo Nevil14 takes charge of the prisoner. I gave
[Note 14: Col. John Neville, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment He served to the close of the war.] your Excellency this trouble as he appears to be the person some time ago advertised in a Virginia paper for the commission of some crime. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 11, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Yr. Excellency that I have received advice from New York that a very large embarkation had taken place (said to amount to 8,000) and that the fleet containing them was at the Hook on the point of sailing; their destination reported to be for Chesapeak bay, on a combined operation in the 1st place against the French Squadron there, and afterwards to attempt the rescue of the Convention troops. Their naval force may consist of five sail of the line and two Frigates of 44 [besides a 50 Gun ship.] The separation of the French Squadron mentioned by our last accounts from the Southward may have been a temptation to the enemy to undertake an enterprise against that part which had arrived. But it is not perhaps very probable that the convention troops enter into the plan; nevertheless I think it prudent to communicate the intelligence to your Excellency, that you may have the goodness to direct your attention towards their security and take any precautions which may appear to you necessary [without conveying an alarm]. For this purpose I request the favour of you to give immediate information to the Officer commanding at Charlotteville.
By the report of a deserter and the firing of signal guns a great part of yesterday, I am led to conclude the Fleet sailed at that time. I have the honor etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets were added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 12, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your Excellency's letter of the 7th. The [Troops left at the No. Rivr. and East of it and the] large detachments which we have been obliged to make to the Southward, and the times of service of so many of the troops nearly expiring, will unavoidably prevent me from affording that effectual cover to the frontier posts which I could wish. However you may be assured, that I shall take such measures for this purpose as our circumstances will admit, and give them as much protection as can be compassed by our present force. [It is to be lamented that the time for wch. the Regimt. of this state was raised is abt. to expire as it is indispensibly necessary] that the most effectual check should be given to the contraband trade carried on with New York, and which I fear I shall not be able to effect by the detachments we may be able to spare from this army. I have the honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 12, 1779.
My dear Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 22d. October by Colo. Laurens to whose information I am indebted for a very particular account of the situation of Affairs to the southward. I had, previous to his arrival, been furnished by Congress with copies of your dispatches by Major Clarkson, who came forward himself to Head Quarters. By him I had the mortification of hearing of the ill success of the allied Arms before Savannah. While I regret the misfortune, I feel a very sensible pleasure in contemplating the gallant behaviour of the Officers and Men of the french and american Army, and it adds not a little to my consolation in learning that, instead of the mutual reproaches which too often follow the failure of enterprises, depending upon the cooperation of troops of different nations, their confidence in and esteem for each other is increased: I am happy in believing that the delicacy and propriety of your conduct, upon every occasion, has contributed much to this agreeable circumstance.
Before Colo. Laurens's arrival, the two Regiments of North Carolina had marched and immediately upon finding from your letters and from him the reduced state of your continental force and the little dependance to be put upon the precarious supplies of Militia, I submitted to Congress the propriety of detaching the whole of the Virginia line, expressing at the same time, my willingness to part with them, illy as they could be spared, should they judge it expedient after a full consideration of all circumstances. Congress having determined upon the propriety of the measure, the troops began to march the day before yesterday and I hope the whole will be in motion this day, should not the weather prevent them.
I have strongly recommended the transportation of them by water if Vessels can be procured and a convoy ensured. The advantages of this over a march by land are too obvious to need mentioning.
The unhappy system of short inlistments operates just now most forcibly upon the troops in question, as well as upon the whole line of the Army, although the total amount of the Virginians is at present upwards of 2500 I do not imagine it will be practicable to move more than ... Rank and file to South Carolina, as the times of the remainder would expire by their arrival at Charlestown. About 150 of the two state Regiments had been reinlisted last Winter upon promise of a furlough this Winter which must be complied with.
I shall take the liberty in my turn of referring you to Colo. Laurens for a minute account of our circumstances and situation, and I am happy in having the testimony of so able a judge and so good a Man to witness that the utmost has been done by me to afford relief to the quarter which so loudly and with so much reason calls for assistance. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 12, 1779.
Dear Sir: The Court Martial in the case of General Arnold of which you are President is appointed to meet at this Town on the 20th. instant. I am therefore to request that you will without fail attend at that time. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, This letter was sent open through General Heath, with a brief note directing him to "Seal and forward it to him [Howe] without loss of time." This note is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 12, 1779.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your letter of the 3d instant on the subject of Mr. Galvan. My opinion of the qualifications of this Gentleman correspond with that of the Board; but I could not by any means recommend a compliance with his pretensions, though I should be glad to see him in some station which would afford him an opportunity of employing his talents usefully. The situation he has been in, in our army, and his want of service, in any other, would make the rank he claims appear excessive; and the conferring of it would not fail to give umbrage as well to many of his own countrymen as to our own officers. The most I can recommend is to appoint him to a majority, to be employed in the Inspectorship as circumstances may make convenient: The appointment to be dated at the time it is made.
The reasonings of the Board with respect to the different corps mentioned in their letter are perfectly just; in addition to which it is to be observed, that the Artillery is already provided with a Brigade inspector. The cavalry and one or two small independent corps alone remain unprovided. But I should think it preferable not to designate him to any particular corps, and to put the manner of employing him upon the footing mentioned above. His knowledge application and industry will I am persuaded render him useful. If the Mustering department should be annexed to the Inspectorship as has been proposed the appointment of some additional inspectors will become necessary. I have the Honor, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, December 12, 1779.
Parole Europe. Countersigns Elisabeth Town, Elk.
For detachment Colonels Chambers21 and Swift,22 Lieutt. Colls. Woolford23 and Hait,24 Majors Winder25 and Leavensworth.26
[Note 21: Col. James Chambers, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 22: Col. Heman Swift, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 23: Lieut. Col. Thomas Woolford, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; exchanged in December, 1780; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783-]
[Note 24: Lieut. Col. Joseph Halt, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 25: Maj. Levin Winder, of the First Maryland Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; exchanged in June, 1781; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Maryland Regiment in April, 1781; transferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1783; served to April, 1783.]
[Note 26: Maj. Eli Leavenworth, of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
A detachment under the command of Brigadier General Parsons to parade at nine o'clock tomorrow morning at the Half Moon tavern for a fort night's command; they are to be provided with two days cook'd provisions; the officer commanding will receive his orders at Head Quarters and is to see that the detachment is as little incumber'd as possible with horses and baggage; always in a condition to move at a moments notice.
The logs and other materials prepared for the use of the Virginia troops are not to be applied to any other purpose without an order from Head Quarters.
Captain Bedkin is immediately to collect his troop and apply at Head Quarters for orders.
The whole Army is to be inspected this month by the Sub and Brigade Inspectors who are carefully to examine the Arms, Accoutrements and Cloathing of each non commissioned officer and private and to ascertain with as much precision as possible, what quantity of each is on hand and what will be wanting for the ensuing campaign; calculating from the 1st. day of January 1780, to the 1st. of January 1781. All cloathing received or issued since the 1st. day of November to be considered as good, and in order that those returns may be uniform there will be forms left at the Orderly Office, to which all Inspectors and other officers are strictly to adhere.
The Commander in Chief has received certain information that a most pernicious intercourse of traffic has for a long time past been kept up between the enemy and the Country, both from the State of New York and from this State; He has had the mortification to find that the most dishonorable aspersions have been thrown upon some officers of the army as having connived at and assisted in the intercourse. He has too intire a confidence in the officers to believe there can be the least foundation for a charge of this nature but he thinks himself bound to communicate what he has heard, as it so nearly affects their honor and is convinced it will prove an additional motive to their utmost vigilance and exertions to suppress a practice which is a scandalous breach of the orders of Congress and the laws of the particular States and which is attended with many very injurious consequences particularly to our currency; Every officer who will exert himself to detect and prevent it will in title himself to the particular acknowledgments of the Commander in Chief; as any one who could possibly so far forget what he owes to himself and to his duty, to countenance or be concerned in it, will not fail to be brought to the severest account: A single article is prohibited no less than any number or quantity of goods; for without this there will be no possibility of drawing a line to determine, what is, or what is not a breach of the prohibition.
Morris Town, December 13, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency sundry papers received from Major Ballard27 respecting the effects of certain disaffected persons taken and sold on the frontier. You will perceive he is in danger of being prosecuted for felony. There appears not from the face of the papers to have been any thing blameable in Major Ballards conduct as he only acted in obedience to his orders on which must be charged whatever irregularity there may have been in the affair. As the good of the service sometimes requires things to be done in the military line, which cannot be supported by the civil law, prosecutions of this kind may discourage officers from the discharge of their
[Note 27: Maj. William Hudson Ballard, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] duty. It were therefore to be wished they could be prevented; except where there are appearances of oppression or fraud. Nothing of this offers itself in Major Ballard's representation; though it is difficult to judge without hearing the other parties. I take the liberty however of troubling your Excellency with the affair that unless you have reason to believe there has been a spirit of plunder in the transaction, you may have the goodness to interpose your influence for preventing the intended prosecutions. To make this the more practicable I have directed the money which arose on the sales said to be deposited with Lt Col Whiting, to be paid to Your Excellency's order. But, if on inquiry, any of the officers seem to have beer, actuated by improper views, I wish them to suffer the penalty of the law, and shall be ready to promote every measure for doing justice to those who have been injured. With every sentiment of respect etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris town, December 13, 1779.
My dear Sir: I have the pleasure to find that the Artillery is at length ready, and that the rear of the Virginia troops will march early to morrow Morning. By advices this day received from Congress, it seems to be their intention that the whole shall move by water from the head of Elk to Williamsburg, and thence by land to South Carolina. I wish it were practicable to send them by Water, but by this arrangement I take it for granted it is not. I am apprehensive as the troops pass through their own State, the March will be attended with very considerable desertion; but I rely upon your vigilance and care, that you will take every precaution for preventing it as far as will be possible. The most rigid discipline will be indispensible for this purpose. A Chain of Senteries round every incampment will be the best security.
I sincerely wish you and the troops under your command a comfortable march and a speedy arrival. The interests of America may very essentially require the latter, towards which I am perswaded you will do all in your power. Nothing will make me happier, than to hear at all times that the Virginia line distinguishes itself in every qualification that does honor to the Military profession. Its composition is excellent, and a strict attention to discipline will always entitle it to vie with any Corps in this, or in any other service. They are going into a new and probably important field; to act with troops to whom they have been hitherto strangers. This ought to prove an additional incitement to a spirit of emulation.. My affection for the troops, and my concern for the credit of the army under my command, as well as for their own credit make me anxiously desire the Officers may exert themselves to cultivate that perfection in discipline on which the usefulness and reputation of a Corps absolutely depends. Similar motives joined to a regard for the honor of the State to which they belong, will, I am confident, be felt with all the force they deserve; and will in spire them to a zealous and punctual discharge of their duty in all its parts, for here permit me to add, that though bravery and good conduct in time of action are very essential, yet they are by no means the most material parts of an Officer's duty. To train and prepare men for the field (without which no exertion in the moment of action will avail much); To supply their necessary wants as far as circumstances will enable; To restrain licentiousness; To support the honor and dignity of the Corps; To be attentive to the cloathing (seeing that it is al ways in place; in order; and well put on, without which there is little difference in appearance between a soldier in rags and a Soldier in uniform); To have the Arms, ammunition, and accoutrements always in order. In a word, To abide strictly by Military rules, regulations, and orders. These constitute the essence of a Soldier, and are characteristic of good Officers. Without these no Service can be well conducted, and every service must be disagreable, sluggish, and expensive; partaking more of the nature of Militia than the regularity of well organized troops which ought and may, move like clock work where the componant parts discharge their respective duties with propriety and exactness.
I entreat you to communicate what I have said to the Gentn. of the line; and at the same time to assure them of my warmest esteem and best wishes for their welfare and success. With the truest regard I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, December 13, 1779.
Parole Cambridge. Countersigns Colbert, Dover.
The Main Guard 'till further orders to consist of a Captain, Sub, 3 serjeants, 4 Corpls., 2 Dr and F. and 50 privates to be relieved every two days and to be supplied with three days provision.
Major Church29 to go on detachment, vice, Major Leavens worth, sick.
[Note 29: Maj. Thomas Church, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Morris Town, December 13, 1779.
Sir: General Parsons, with a detachment, is under marching orders towards the Sound: When he arrives at the place of his destination he will give you notice, and, you will march your brigade immediately to camp. If any part of your men should be so bare of cloathing as to be incapable of marching you may leave such behind under the care of proper officers 'till cloathing can be sent to them; though it will be best if it can be done that the whole should march; they will be the sooner supplied and the transportation will be saved. Part of your cloathing is already here and the rest coming on. You had best send your state Clothier and Col Spencer's Pay Master to receive your proportion and have it ready for distribution when the troops arrive. The State Clothier will bring with him an exact return of all the state cloathing in his possession. I am, &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, December 13, 1779.
The objects of the detachment under your command are to cover the country from Newark to Perth Amboy and the magazines of forage in the vicinity; to give protection to the well affected inhabitants and restrain the others by preventing all kind of intercourse with the enemy; and to obtain by every means in your power the best intelligence of their movements and designs. I leave it to your own judgment to take such a position relative to the sound as will best answer these purposes, and be at the same time consistent with the security of Map of the Encampment at Morristown, 1779--80 your detachment. But I would not have you to take post with the main body either at Newark Eliz Town Amboy or any other place immediately on the Sound. Such a position is too much exposed to a surprise and puts it in the power of the enemy by a sudden and secret movement to gain your rear and cut off your retreat. You will be safer at some miles from it and can advance proper guards to those places which most require your protection and are best calculated to intercept the several communications with the enemy. On this point I would recommend to you to consult General Maxwell, whose knowledge of all that part of the country will enable him to give you the fullest information. Raway31 on the map appears to me to be an eligible position; but you will best judge of this when you are on the spot.
[Note 31: Rahway, N.J.]
The detestable and pernicious traffic carried on with the enemy will demand your peculiar vigilance and attention. I entreat you to pursue the most decisive measures to put a stop to it. No flags are to be sent or persons suffered to go into the enemy without a permit from The Governour of the State or from Head Quarters. I need not recommend to you to take every possible precaution to guard against surprises and for the security of the corps under your command.
You will be pleased punctually to advise me of every occurrence of importance that comes within your notice.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 13, 1779.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 26th. of November which with the papers inclosed I have transmitted to Governor Clinton and requested his interposition to prevent the prosecutions, if, upon inquiry he has reason to believe them vexatious. It were however to be wished the effects taken had been reported with their owners to the Committee and subjected to their disposal. Perhaps it may be adviseable to see the Governor yourself and give him a more particular explanation. If you choose to do this, I have directed General Heath to grant you a leave of absence. I am, etc.
P.S. The money which arose from the sale of the effects (left in Colonel Whitings hands) must be subject to the Governor's order.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 13, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to lay before your Excellency the in closed papers relative to the state of our supplies of meat; and a letter from the commissary general of Musters, on the subject of a further subsistence for the officers of his department.34 I thought it necessary to make these communications, and have the honor etc.
[Note 34: The inclosures were copies of a letter from Henry Champion to Jeremiah Wads worth, December 3; "Substance of several paragraphs in Colo. Hay's Letter to General Greene," n. d.; from Royal Flint to Washington, December 12; and from Commissary General of Musters Joseph Ward to Washington, December 10.]
P.S. I send your Excellency our latest papers from New York.35
[Note 35: In the writing of James McHenry. The letter was read in Congress on December 17 and referred to Roger Sherman, William Ellery, and Robert R. Livingston.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I yesterday received a letter of the 28th. ulto from his Excellency Govr. Jefferson of which the inclosed is an extract. It being impossible for me, under present circumstances to take up the Business, you will be pleased to follow the directions therein contained, and nominate such Officers to re-inlist the old soldiers as you shall deem best qualified for that purpose. Inclosed you will find blank instructions signed by the Governor. The sub Inspector will be the proper Officer to re view and receive the Men reinlisted with the Army; but as the Congress will probably determine that those Men whose times of service will shortly expire shall not proceed to the southward, Officers must in that case be left to command them, some of whom may also have reinlisting instructions delivered to them, and you may appoint an Officer out of that number (agreeable to the requisition of the act of the State) to review and receive the Recruits, and make Returns of them from time to time to the Governor. He may also review any receive any new Recruits, should the State think it expedient to send out Officers on that service.
I shall write to Colo. Davies by the post and inform him that it will be absolutely necessary for him, if he inclines to continue in the Office of sub Inspector, to join the line. He is to give his answer to you, and if he declines it, you have liberty to appoint Lt. Colo. Cabell to that duty.
Colo. Bland having resigned, I am directed by Congress to appoint an Officer to succeed him in the superintendency of the Convention troops at Charlotteville. I have fixed upon Colo. Wood for that purpose, to whom you will be pleased to deliver the inclosed. Should he be gone from Philada, you will be kind enough to forward the letter to him by an Express who will deliver it to him carefully. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of 'Tench Tilghman. The letter sent is in the possession (1933) of Mrs. Thomas M. Taylor, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 14, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 10th. As you are to proceed with the Virginia troops you will take measures for the transportation of your baggage that you may not be detained or obliged to return on this account. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 14, 1779.
Dear Sir: I am glad to find, by yours of the 16th. ulto. that you had nearly surmounted the difficulty attending the march of the troops from Petersburg. I have no objection to your proceeding yourself to the southward, which I hope will afford that relief to your disorder which you expect. You will give the most pointed orders to the Officer who shall be left to bring on the Rear, not to lose a moments time in getting them under march.
I am confident that you did every thing in your power to promote the public good at as small an expense as possible, and we must in this instance, as in many others, attribute the monstrous nominal sum of Doctor Shores38 Acct. to the unhappy depreciation of our Money. I am etc.39
[Note 38: Dr. John Shore.]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, December 14, 1779.
Dr Sir: Colonel Bland having obtained permission to resign, and Congress having directed me to appoint a successor I am induced, from a confidence in your judgment care and prudence to make choice of you for the purpose. You will therefore proceed as soon as you can possibly make it convenient to Charlotteville and take the command at that post. Colonel Bland will communicate to you the instructions he has received from time to time, which you will punctually observe together with any others you may hereafter receive from the Governor of Virginia; and I would recommend to you to consult Colonel Bland very particularly on the objects of your command, as he will have it in his power to give you useful in formation. The proper management of the Convention troops will require great circumspection. While I do not wish you to show them any unnecessary rigour, I wish you to be extremely cautious not to grant any improper indulgences. To avoid this you may frequently have to resist a great deal of importunity; I am persuaded you will not permit any thing in consistent with the good of the service.
Any propositions you may receive on Exchanges or other matters, to which your instructions are not competent, you will impart to Congress and request their orders. I am etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 14, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I do not recollect whether you ever made a Return of the Officers and Men of Baylors Regiment as directed by [mine of]41 the 15th, of March last. If you have not done it, I request that you will. It is necessary that there should be transmissions of it by the Board of War, as it may respect the States to which the Officers and Men belong. His Excellency
[Note 41: Inadvertently omitted in the draft.] Governor Jefferson has requested it, of those from Virginia. I inclose you a Copy of a Resolution of the Genl Assembly, which I have just received and which interests Baylor's Regiment. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 14, 1779.
Sir: The 20th. of this month being appointed for the trial of Major Genl. Arnold, and he having signified that your evidence is essential on this occasion, you will be pleased to attend at this place, at the above mentioned time. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 14, 1779.
Sir: I have had the honor of your Excellency's favors of the 7th and 10th, with their respective inclosures.
The act to regulate the proceedings of officers absent on furlough, or otherwise, has been communicated to the army in general orders.44 In consequence of the resolution of the 10th, directing a successor to Col. Bland, in the command at Charlotteville, I have appointed on this occasion Col. Wood of the 8th Virginia Regiment, and shall give him orders to repair to this post as soon as possible.45 I have the honor etc.
[Note 44: See General Orders, Dec. 14, 1779.]
[Note 45: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "I presume the Board of War have given the necessary instructions to the party of Col: Blands Dragoons, for their march to S. Carolina."]
P.S. Since my last intelligence transmitted to Congress on the subject of the embarkation from New York, I have been informed (tho' not in such a manner as to give it perfect authenticity) that a number of boats, with cavalry, were taken on board. The same account says the fleet sailed on the 12th.46
[Note 46: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 14, 1779.
Gentn: I was last night honoured with your favors of the 8th and 10th and also with Mr. Stoddert's of the 6th and 10th.
The Virginia Troops having marched, I return the Commissions for the Officers which the Honble. the Board will be pleased to have delivered to Genl Woodford. Those for the Maryland line shall be delivered.
If the Company lately commanded by Capn Lee47 and Captain Porter48 can be annexed to Colo Proctor's Regiment with out producing discontents, it will be desirable; but as we have had so much uneasiness and distraction on the subject of rank, it is necessary that it should be inquired what operation the measure would have. when this is made, I will communicate the Result.
[Note 47: Capt. James Lee, of the Second Continental Artillery. He resigned Dec. 11, 1779.]
[Note 48: Capt. Andrew Porter, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was transferred to the Fourth Continental Artillery in January, 1781; appointed major in April, 1781; lieutenant colonel in January, 1782; served to June, 1783.]
My Orders for the march of the Virginia Troops extended only for their movements as far as Philadelphia. I advised Congress of this in my Letters of the 8th and 10th, that they or the Board might arrange matters for their ulterior proceedings, as circumstances would not admit of my doing it, and I doubt not but they have put things in train, agreable to their plan. The Order of Congress of the 4th, for the march of the Troops being subsequent to their receipt of my Letters of the 18th and 29th Ulto. and in general terms. I did not conceive myself at liberty to retain any of those coming within the discription, contained in your letter of the 10th and the whole have marched. In my Letter of the 10th and 11th. I took the liberty again to submit to Congress the propriety of their determining, by a more particular state then transmitted, what part of the Troops it might not be worth while to send forward and of endeavours being used to reinlist for the War on the terms of a furlough to the 1st. of April and the Continental and State bounties those whose services would expire by the last of March, and requested that they would give orders thereon. In these matters, I presume, they or the Board will direct. If I had been apprized of the determination previous to the marching of the Troops I should have retained such as came within the direction, and endeavoured to have reinlisted them on the terms above mentioned agreable to the suggestions in my Letter of the 10th and 11th. I have communicated such parts of the Board's Letter as relate to the Waggons to the Quarter Master General; but from the situation of things, I imagine they will order in all points with respect to the arrangements and movements of the detachment. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. I return the Arrangement of the Virginia line, as the alterations proposed in the numbers of their Commissions can not be made here on account of their march.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Headquarters, Morristown, Tuesday, December 14, 1779.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Major Anderson50 is immediately to join the detachment commanded by Genl. Parsons, vice Major Church who is sick.
[Note 50: Maj. Archibald Anderson, of the Third Maryland Regiment, and brigade major of the Maryland brigade. He was killed at Guilford Court House, S. C., in March, 1781.]
The Virginia troops being detached to the southern department (where Major General Lincoln commands by order of Congress), Major General Lord Stirling is appointed to the command of the division composed of Maxwell's and Hand's brigades.
In Congress, December 6th., 1779.
Resolved, That all officers who have been, or shall be indulged with furloughs, and who have not joined or shall not join their corps at the expiration of the times limited therein, and all officers absent without leave, shall, when practicable so to do, be personally notified and directed by the commanding officer of the corps, to join their regiment or corps in a reasonable time after receipt of such notification, and in case of neglect or refusal so to do, or to give satisfactory reasons for their remaining absent therefrom, a court martial, on proof made of such notice given and consequent neglect or refusal, shall proceed against such absentees, in the same manner as if they were present, and such absence and neglect or refusal to appear or give satisfactory reasons for their continuance of absence, shall be sufficient cause for cashiering, by judgment of the court martial, the officers so notified and neglecting or refusing:
That when, from the want of information of the residence of any absent officer or officers, the commanding officer of the corps or regiment shall not have it in his power to send a personal notification, he shall publish in the newspapers of the State, where such absent officer or officers belong and usually reside, an order requiring generally all absent officers belonging to such corps or regiment to join the same in a specified time; and in case of neglect or refusal to appear within the time limited, or before the sitting of the court martial, if such space of time in the opinion of the court, be reasonable and proper, such absentee or absentees shall be proceeded against in like manner with those receiving personal notice.
[Morris-town, December 15, 1779.]
I had the pleasure of receiving a few days since by Captain Briun your Letter of the 1st instant.51 I assure you, my Dear
[Note 51: Sullivan resigned his major generalcy on account of ill health on Nov. 30, 1779.] Sir, I am sensibly touched by so striking an instance of your friendship, at a time and in a manner, that demonstrates its sincerity, and confirms the opinion I have always entertained of your sentiments towards me.52 I wish you to believe, that your uneasiness on the score you mention had never the least foundation. A slender acquaintance with the world must convince every man that actions, not words are the true criterion of the attachment of his friends, and that the most liberal professions of good-will are very far from being the surest marks of it. I should be happy that my own experience had afforded fewer examples of the little dependance to be placed on them.
[Note 52: In his letter, in the Washington Papers, Sullivan wishes to be considered sincere.]
I am particularly indebted to you for the interesting information you give me of the views of a certain party. Against intrigues of this kind, incident to every man in a public station, his best support will be a faithful discharge of his duty, and he must rely on the justice of his country for the event.53
[Note 53: "The Factions Raised against you in 1777, into which General Conway was unfortunately and Imprudently Drawn, is not yet Destroyed: The Members are waiting to Collect Strength and Sieze Some favorable moment, to appear in force. I Speak not from Conjecture, but from Certain Knowledge. Their Plan is, to take Every method of proving the Danger, Arising from a Commander, who Enjoys the full and intimate Confidence of his army, and Alarm the People with the Prospect of Imaginary Evils; nay, they will Endeavor to Convert your virtue into Arrows with which they will Seek to wound you. This Plan was adopted Last winter, and if you will take the Trouble of reading Mr Tudors Oration, Delivered at Boston in March Last, you will find Every Line Calculated to answer this purpose. The words are Tudor's, but, the Thoughts are Borrowed. I heard them thrown out, Long before they were by him laid before the publick. Here, I Cannot help Digressing, to Congratulate your Excellency, on your Compelling them to attack your virtues, and not putting it in their power to point out a Single vice. The next Step, is to persuade Congress, That the military power of America Should be placed in three or four Different hands, Each having a Seperate Quarter of the Continent assigned him, Each Commander to answer to Congress only, for his Conduct. This they Say, will prevent one Aspiring Commander from Enslaving his Country, and put it in the power of Congress, with the assistance of the other Commanders, to punish the Attempt. This is a Refinement in Politicks, and an Improvement on Publick virtue, which Greece or Rome Could never Boast. The present time is unfavorable to their Design, They well know, that the voice of Citizens and Soldiers would be almost unanimously against them; But they wait a more favorable opportunity, which, they will Certainly Improve. I am well Convinced, that they Cannot Succeed, yet, I thought it my Duty, in the moment of my Departure, to give your Excellency this notice, that, you may not only be on your Guard, but avoid Entrusting those Persons, in matters, where, your Interest and Honor are nearly Concerned. Appearances may Deceive Even an Angel. Could you have believed four years Since, that those Adulators, those persons So Tenderly and So friendly used, as were Gates, Mifflin, Read and Tudor, would become your Secret and bitter, Though unprovoked Enemies."-- Sullivan to Washington, Dec. 1, 1779.]
I flatter myself it is unnecessary for me to repeat to you, how high a place you hold in my esteem. The confidence you have experienced and the manner in which you have been employed on several important occasions testify the value I set upon your military qualifications and the regret I must feel that circumstances have deprived the army of your services. The pleasure I shall always take in an interchange of good offices, in whatever station you may hereafter be placed will be the best confirmation of the personal regard with which I have been and am very truly and sincerely Dr Sir etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Morris-town, December 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 21st. of Novr. did not come to hand 'till the last Post. Mine in the same Month under cover to Mrs. Washington has no doubt been forwarded to you.
I waited in continual expectation of my Nephews55 return for a good oppertunity to send the Sorrel but as he seems to have an inclination to remain longer with the Army I embrace Captn. Burwells56 offer of taking the horse to you. He goes from me in very good order, and I have no doubt of his being delivered so to you.
[Note 55: George Augustine Washington.]
[Note 56: Capt. Nathaniel Burwell(?), of the First Continental Artillery. He was then a major and aide to Genl. Robert Howe and retired in January, 1783.]
I will take the horse you had of Lt. Colo. Washington as Men take their Wives, better for worse; and if he should prove a jade and go limping on; I must do as they are obliged to do, submit to the bargain; your directions respecting his treatment shall be followed.
If you should not have succeeded in purchasing the horse you had in view at the time your letter of the 21st. was wrote I have only to entreat that you may not put yourself to any trouble in pursuit of one in a hurry but when you do buy, to let your choice light on a good bay; be it horse or Mare, either of which will please.
We have, after our disappointment in the intended cooperation with the French fleet against New York repaird to this place, that is to a wood in the vicinity of it, for Winter quarters.
My love to Mrs. Spotswood and complimts. to Mrs. Campbell. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 15, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 25th ulto. suggesting the expediency of letting the park of Artillery remain at providence untill circumstances should determine the probability of the Enemy's repossessing Rhode Island. This matter I think may be ascertained with a tolerable degree of certainty in a short time, as by a variety of accounts, a very considerable detachment from the Army at New York is held ready for embarkation, and it is thought are only waiting untill they hear that the French fleet have left the Coast. The destination of this detachment is not known, but generally conjectured to the West Indies or Georgia, or perhaps to both. Should that be the case, we may reasonably conclude, that their remaining force will not admit of sufficient Garrisons for New York and Rhode Island, and consequently that they will relinquish the Idea of again holding the latter.
I have wrote to Major Perkins57 to collect the park and stores but to suspend their removal to Springfield untill further orders, which shall be given as circumstances may require. I have the honor, etc.58
[Note 57: Maj. William Perkins, of the Third Continental Artillery. He was in the service in May, 1780.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, December 15, 1779.
Sir: I have directed General Du Portail to meet you tomorrow morning, that you may in conjunction with him examine all the ground in the environs and make a written report to me, without the delay of the different spots which appear most proper to be occupied in case of any movement of the enemy towards us, pointing out the comparative advantages and disadvantages of each.
You will consider the several positions as relative to an army of ten thousand men in two lines, three divisions in the 1st. and two divisions in the second. This I propose for the order of battle as far as the nature of the ground will permit. I am, etc.
Be pleased to send the inclosed immediately to General Du Portail and propose an hour of meeting.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 15, 1779.
Dear Sir: Yours of yesterday came to hand late last night. I had receive an account by some Gentlemen from Newark that the fleet had certainly sailed, which I find by yours was premature. The same account mentioned that a great number of flat Boats and some Horse were on board. I would wish you to endeavour to ascertain the truth of these circumstances. It is probable they are waiting untill they are fully informed of the situation of the French Fleet.
Our Magazines of Flour and Rum, particularly the former, are, as you may suppose rather scanty. I hope upon application to the Gentlemen to whom the inclosed is addressed, who are Commissioners for collecting Wheat in Bergen County, your want of Flour will be relieved. A Hogshead of Rum is ordered down to you. I shall immediately send Mr. Pendletons60 letter to General Knox and desire him to do the requisite. I am etc.
[Note 60: James Pendleton. He was captain in the First Continental Artillery and served to the close of the war. He is called "captain" in Tilghman's draft of this letter.]
P.S. While the Enemy remain in force at New York there seems a necessity of the light Corp's continuing its present position. If any of the Officers are in want of necessaries, which they have not with them, I think they had best send for them as the time of their stay below is so very uncertain.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 15, 1779.
Sir: No Cloathing but Coats and Waistcoats having yet arrived here, though the other Articles are every moment expected, the Gentlemen appointed to draw for your Brigade and Spencers Regt. have preferred waiting till the troops arrive on their ground, by which time, I hope they will be able to draw the whole of their Bounty cloaths together.
You are to march by the most direct Route to Mr. Kembles about four Miles south of this; your place of encampment being in that neighbourhood. You had best send the Quarter Masters forward to receive information of their ground from the Quarter Master General. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, December 15, 1779.
Sir: You will be pleased to meet the Qr. Master General tomorrow morning and in conjunction with him examine all the grounds in the environs of our present encampment and make a written report to me without delay, of the different spots which appear most proper to be occupied in case of any movement of the enemy towards us; pointing out the comparative advantages and disadvantages of each. You will at the same time yourself critically examine our present position and report your opinion how far it may be susceptible of defence and what works will be necessary for the purpose.
The positions in the first case are to be considered relative to an army of ten thousand men; and the order of battle proposed, as far as circumstances and the nature of the ground will permit is in two lines; the first of three divisions and the last of two divisions; but as the number will be diminished some time hence, by the expiration of the term of service for which a part of the men are engaged, you will pay attention to this, in the consideration of the position we now occupy and the works proper for its defence. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 15, 1779.
Sir: You will suspend the removal of the Continental park of Artillery and Stores from Providence to Springfield, untill further orders. But you will have them collected and held in readiness to move at the shortest warning. I am, etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 15, 1779.
Sir: The representations I had the honor to transmit in my letters of the 10th and 12th and those now inclosed will inform Congress of the deplorable distress of the great departments of the army. I beg leave to add that from a particular consultation of the Commissaries, I find our prospects are infinitely worse than they have been at any period of the War, and that unless some expedient can be instantly adopted a dissolution of the army for want of subsistence is unavoidable. A part of it has been again several days without Bread and for the rest we have not either on the spot or within reach a supply sufficient for four days. Nor does this deficiency proceed from accidental obstructions as has been the case on former occasions but from the absolute emptiness of our magazines every where and the total want of money or credit to replenish them. I look forward to the consequences with an anxiety not to be described.
The only temporary resource we seem to have left, 'till more effectual measures can be adopted, is this:65 To solicit a loan of four or five thousand barrels out of the quantity provided for the use of the french fleet and army. I am informed upwards of twenty thousand were collected in Maryland, all of which it is probable has not yet been exported. If this can be obtained to be replaced as speedily as possible, perhaps it may prove a timely relief; the mean while we shall do every thing in our power to husband the little stock we have and draw all the aid the surrounding Country can afford. I know the measure recommended is a disagreeable one, but motives of
[Note 65: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "I am informed there were twenty thousand barrels collected in Maryland for the use of our ally; all which it is probable has not yet been exported. A loan of four or five thousand barrels."] delicacy must often yield to those of necessity; and in the present case it appears to me to admit not of hesitation. I have the honor, etc.
P.S. The account of the sailing of the fleet given in mine of yesterday was premature. By subsequent intelligence it was still in port the 13th.; though it is probable from every circumstance the event is on the point of taking place. A fleet of twelve sail only went out the morning of the 14th. It is likely enough the Enemy are perplexed by their uncertainty of the motions, and situation of the french Squadron.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on December 20 and referred to Roger Sherman, James Forbes, and Robert R Livingston.]
[Note 67: Gov. George Clinton, of New York; Gov. William Livingston, of New Jersey; President Joseph Reed, of Pennsylvania; President Caesar Rodney, of Delaware; and Gov. Thomas Sim Lee, of Maryland.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 16, 1779.
Sir: The situation of the army with respect to supplies is beyond description alarming. It has been five or six weeks past on half allowance, and we have not more than three days bread at a third allowance on hand, nor any where within reach. When this is exhausted, we must depend on the precarious gleanings of the neighbouring country. Our magazines are absolutely empty everywhere, and our commissaries entirely destitute of money or credit to replenish them. We have never experienced a like extremity at any period of the war. We have often felt temporary want from accidental delays in forwarding supplies, but we always had something in our magazines and the means of procuring more. Neither one nor the other is at present the case. This representation is the result of a minute examination of our resources. Unless some extraordinary and immediate exertions are made by the States, from which we draw our supplies, there is every appearance that the army will infallibly disband in a fortnight. I think it my duty to lay this candid view of our situation before your Excellency, and to entreat the vigorous interposition of the State to rescue us from the danger of an event, which if it did not prove the total ruin of our affairs, would at least give them a shock from which they would not easily recover, and plunge us into a train of new and still more perplexing embarrassments than any we have hitherto felt. I have the honor, etc.68
[Note 68: The text is from the letter sent to Gov. Thomas Sire Lee and is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 16, 1779.
Dear Sir: The whole of the Virginia line being ordered to the Southward, it becomes indispensibly necessary, that a sub Inspector should accompany them, to perform the duties incidental to that Office. Should you have so far compleated the arrangement of your private Affairs, for which you obtained leave of Absence, as to be able to proceed with the troops from Virginia, you can join them upon their march thro' the State. But should it not be convenient for you, you will be pleased to signify the same to General Woodford, who has authority, in that case, to appoint Lt. Colo. Cabell. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 13 [--17], 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 7th. Instant, with Copies of the papers to which you allude. As the appointment or promotion of Officers does not in the least depend on me, I can not undertake to give you directions, in either of the cases, in which you request it; however since they are before me, I shall offer my sentiments with respect to them. As to the case of Majors Maxwell70 and Ballard, if the former was arranged to the 15 Regiment, (Colonel Bigelows) and which his Commission will shew, the nominating the latter for that Majority must evidently have proceeded from a mistake, and as his right to promotion was in consequence it seems, of Major Peter's71 rise. This upon your representation will be easily rectified. The Case between Major Hull72 and Major Cogswell73 is of more delicacy and very important, and I am exceedingly concerned at the proceedings which have obtained with respect to it. They will if adhered to, as it appears to me, lead to very extensive and interesting consequences, to unhinge an Arrangement which has cost so much time and so much pains, and to the revival of a part of the various mischiefs and distractions which have so long torn the army to pieces, the disputes about rank. The settling of these has been a work of near Two years, and in no line were there more difficulties found or more attention paid by the different Boards in adjusting matters, than in this of Massachusetts. In the very last instance, this alone, as you well know, employed Seven General Officers Eight or Nine days with the greatest assiduity, and the Arrangement was confirmed by Congress to whom it was
[Note 70: Maj. Hugh Maxwell. He had been transferred from the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment in July, 1779; was made lieutenant colonel in the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in August, 1782; transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 71: Lieut. Col. Andrew Peters, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He had been major of the Second Massachusetts Regiment up to January, 1777, and resigned in November, 1779.]
[Note 72: Lieut. Col. William Hull, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was promoted from major in August, 1779.]
[Note 73: Lieut. Col. Thomas Cogswell, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was promoted from major in November, 1779.] submitted and Commissions issued accordingly. If the Arrangement is not adhered to and the principles of promotion recommended by the Resolution of the 24 of Novr. 1778 and injoined by that of the 28th of June last, All the labor that has been bestowed will have been to no purpose, and we shall be all afloat in confusion again. The matter will not rest with the present case, but the present case will produce an infinity of claims, against the investigation of which, at least policy and the good of the service most strongly decide. And yet I dont see how they are to be refused, if the Arrangement and principles of promotion are once departed from. From a long and happy experience of their disposition, as well as the expressions in their present correspondence with you, I am most fully convinced the General Assembly wish nothing more than to promote the order and tranquility of the Army, and that if they could but have conceived of the consequences to which their decision will probably lead, they would have never adopted the proceeding in this case.
What I have said with respect to the proceeding in favor of Major Cogswell is founded more particularly on the inexpediency and impolicy of departing from the Arrangement and the Rules which have been established to govern promotions, and which in my opinion of themselves, independent of all other considerations should prevail: But besides these, from some peculiar circumstances attending the case, I will consider the grounds which seem to have influenced the Honourable the Assembly in their determination. These were, according to the president's Second Letter of the 26th. Ulto. Major Hull's not being in the list of the Officers appointed by the state; Major Cogswell's being a Captain before him in 1775, and his having been commissioned by the Court as a Major the 1st. of January 1777. With respect to the first, Major Hull was not appointed by the State to the majority in Colo Jackson's Regiment; he was appointed by me at the intercession of several Officers in the State line, and not without authority. I however, reflecting on the points which are considered as difficulties, cannot but regret the event, altho he is an Officer of great merit and whose services have been honourable to himself, and honourable and profitable to his Country. In the first instance, in order to expedite the raising of a new Army which the exigency of our Affairs pressingly required, to supply the place of the Old which was soon to dissolve, Congress left it to the Governments of the several States by their Resolution of the 16 September 1776, to appoint the Officers and fill up vacancies; but this was not granted by them, as a subsisting power; because on the 22d. of Novr. following they were pleased to resolve "to send me blank Commissions and to impower me to insert therein the names of such Officers as I might think fit, not revoking the appointments which had been made by Commissions from any of the States," and which they farther enlarged and extended to the filling up of vacancies by a subsequent Resolution of the 27th. of Decr. It was under the authority of those Acts and at the request of several of the State Officers, that I appointed Major Hull to Colo Jackson's Regiment, but not till after the Gentleman (I believe a Mr. Swasey74) who had been nominated by the State, had resigned or refused to accept the Commission. I have been thus particular on this point that you may see I did not exercise a power which I was not invested with. But the appointment would never have proceeded merely from this power; there were solicitations for it as already mentioned, and I was then persuaded as I still am, that a Good Officer would and ever will be an Object of the State's regard. As to the second
[Note 74: Joseph Swasey.] ground, Major Cogswell's being a Captain before Major Hull in 1775, I must observe at the period when the latter was promoted a Major, there were no fixed and established rules of rising in the Army. Our military arrangements had not provided for this with certainty and the business was sometimes conducted on one ground, sometimes another, and not upon the principle of lineal succession as a fixed mode; and therefore Major Cogswell, then a Captain, could not claim to be promoted of right to the majority in Colo Jackson's Regiment. If lineal succession or priority of Commission is to be established now, as a principle of promotion existing at that time, certain and fixed, and if it is in one case, it will be difficult to refuse it in another; the Arrangement of the Massachusetts line will be subverted by similar claims, and similar determinations. And with respect to the third reason: Major Cogswell's having received a Commission as Major dated the 1st. of January 1777, there was certainly a mistake in carrying the date back to that period; for if I understand the matter right and I believe I do, his promotion from a Captain was in consequence of Major Vose75 and Lt. Colo. Vose's,76 which took place on the appointment of the then Colo Patterson, a Brigadier. This did not happen till the 21st. of February and of course, no Commission that Major Cogswell received of a prior date to the last could be regular. The same mistake, if my recollection serves, happened in the case of Colo Vose, whose Commission was dated the 1st. of January 1777, tho his rank as Colo. originated in the appointment of General Patterson. This, of justice and necessity was corrected, as has been the case in many other instances. But I need not have
[Note 75: Maj. Elijah Vose, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on February 21, 1777.]
[Note 76: Lieut. Col. Joseph Vose, of the Twenty-fourth Continental Infantry. He was promoted to colonel of the First Massachusetts Regiment on Jan. 1, 1777.] mentioned many of those points to you, as you must remember them from the share you had in the Arrangement. In a word, policy at least, required a strict adherence to the arrangement and the principles of promotion established, and there has been no injustice done Major Cogswell. Perhaps by your representation you may be able to get matters put right again, and I am sure you can scarcely render any more essential service than prevailing on the Honourable Assembly to preserve the Arrangement inviolate and to pursue the Rules of promotion which have been established. There seems to be something peculiarly hard in the case of Major Hull. He might as I have been long since told, been arranged a Lt Colo in the Connecticut line by the Committee of Congress at White plains in 1778; but many of the Massachusetts Officers discovered great uneasiness at the idea of his being taken from them, and he himself, hoping that all were content with his services and rank, generously refused the Offer and determined to remain where he was. But he has a better title than this. I only mention it as a trait of his character. Nor do I mean by any thing I have said, with respect to him, to take in the least from the merits of Major Cogswell. It has not been the practice in any case that I know of, for Officers promoted by the States since the Arrangement to act by Warrants. Their promotions and appointments have been certified I believe by transmitting the Warrants or a List of them to the Board of War for Commissions, by which alone they have acted. I could wish this mode might be generally pursued, as the Board, having the Arrangement of the several lines before them, have it in their power to correct mistakes or at least to represent them, which they have done in several instances already. If Officers were once to act under warrants, it might be more difficult to remedy errors. And besides, Military propriety and the nature of the thing seem to determine, that an Officer of the States can only act under their Commission, and it has been understood that the Warrants mentioned in the Act of the 8th. of March, were to be the basis on which the Board are to proceed in issuing Commissions. Our Commission system unfortunately, is very complex, and unless the States will be accurate and adhere strictly to the principles of promotion, which is enjoined and explicitly required by the Act of the 28th. of June last, we shall always be in troubled water and the service embarrassed with unhappy feuds.
I return agreeable to your request, the Copy of Major Hull's memorial.
I cannot determine at present when the Light Infantry will rejoin their Regiments. Circumstances may arise, such as a large Detachment of the Enemy being sent from New York to admit of it, without any very probable injury. But without this, it may be necessary to keep them embodied.
From the state of our Arsenals and the difficulty of obtaining supplies of Arms and Accoutrements, I am convinced your particular attention will be given to having those in the hands of Men whose services expire, retained and properly secured with the Commissary.
17th. Your favor of the 14th. came to hand last night, and I am happy to find you are relieved with respect to supplies of bread and I hope they will continue. Our distresses here on the same account have been equal to those you have experienced; they still subsist and what is more alarming, the prospect of seasonable relief is at least very precarious. The condition of the Qr. Mr. and Other departments for want of money is fully before Congress and they will without doubt, do all in their power to keep matters in train. I am convinced you will meet with every support Governor Clinton can give and I am persuaded Colo Hay's exertions will not be wanted in any instance. I am exceedingly pleased to hear the attempts to reinlist the Troops succeeds so well. I am etc.77
[Note 77: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, December 17, 1779.
Parole New Haven. Countersigns North Castle, Natick.
Lieutenant Colonel Barber is to do the duty of Sub-Inspector in Major General Lord Stirling's division and Lieut. Colonel Regnier in the division composed of Clinton's and Stark's brigades.
Colonel James Livingston's regiment now in General Stark's brigade to be annexed to and immediately join General Hand's brigade.
The following is to be considered as our general order of battle; The army to form in two lines; the first composed of three divisions, the second of two.
The firing of two pieces of Cannon from the spot pointed out in the order of the 1st. instant will be the signal of Alarm, the several brigades are then to form on their respective parades and when marched to their Alarm, Posts to take their places in the line in the foregoing order.
The regimental surgeons to make returns to the Director General of the Flying Hospital next Monday at Doctor Canfield's78where they may draw the necessary stores; In those regiments where the surgeons and mates are absent the regimental officers of Police are to send in the returns.
[Note 78: The Canfields were a Morristown family. Dr. Jabez(?) Canfield was surgeon of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 17, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed you have the Copy of a letter which I received from Mr. Laurance the Judge advocate after he had examined and considered the several papers transmitted to me by Congress on the subject of your complaints against Dr. Shippen, which were put into his hands in order that he might form the charges for his arrest. It is my wish and intention to arrest the Doctor as soon as it can be done and to bring on his trial immediately after those of Genl. Arnold and Col Hooper are finished. But you will perceive by the letter from the judge Advocate that you have not laid the charges with sufficient certainty and precision on which to found an arrest and which must be done before it can be made. I therefore request that you will furnish me as soon as possible with the specific charges which you mean to prefer against him as without they are more particularly defined the business cannot be proceeded upon. I am, etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 17, 1779.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 7th. A warrant has been issued and the money received by the officer employed on this occasion for the whole amount of the abstracts and that expended for reenlisting.
There being no arrangements formed for recruiting in the country, and the State bounties for short services so greatly exceeding the Continental, as to afford small prospect of success in such attempts, all I can do is to recommend to your best endeavours the re inlisting those men whose times of service are nearly expiring before their leaving the regiment, upon such encouragement as is allowed by Congress; that is to every soldier, or man reinlisting for the war a bounty of 200 Dollars, and a gratuity to the officer of ten.
With regard to commissions to the officers you have named, it is not at this time in our power to take up the matter. And at least 'till some further arrangements take place things must remain in their present situation. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Morris Town, December 17, 1779.
Sir: The bearer of this The Reverend Mr De La Motte81 represents to me that he has been employed by order of Congress as Missionary to the Indian tribes in the Eastern department, from which trust he is now returning. On conversing with him he has expressed a willingness to go into Canada as a secret emissary. He appears to be not unintelligent, and if there is good reason to depend on his fidelity, from the trial already made of him, he may be very useful in this way. His function and his being a Frenchman, possessing the language and manners of the people would give him signal advantages. He might gain intelligence of the enemy, sound the dispositions of the inhabitants and instil into them those ideas which Congress
[Note 81: Hyacinthe de La Motte.] would wish to prevail. But the same advantages would make him proportionably mischievous, if he should be in the interest of the enemy. He says a charge of this nature was falsely brought against him by Colonel Allan the commanding officer at Machias. It should be a point well ascertained, before he is intrusted with a new employment. Should Congress find him worthy of confidence and determine on sending him into Canada, I should be glad to be honored with a communication of the instructions they give him and to be permitted to add such others relative to military objects as may be consistent with theirs. With the greatest respect I have the honor, etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter was read in Congress on December 21 and referred to the Board of War, which recommended that the matter be referred to the State of Massachusetts. The Board advanced La Motte $3,000. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 17, 1780.)]
Morris-town, December 18, 1779.
Dr. Sir: My Nephew George Augustine Washington (Son of Charles) seems to have a warm desire to enter the Service; altho' I think it rather late in the day, contest I should say, to begin a military career yet in gratification of his wishes I shd. be glad to endulge him if there is any Ensigncies which want filling in the Virginia line.
Should this be the case, and he is recommended to the State, I should be glad to receive their approbation as soon as may be that a Commission may be obtained from the board of War; after which I shall keep him for some time doing the duty of Ensign in my guard at least till he can be rigged and made somewhat acquainted with his duty as an Officer.
I have not mentioned this matter to any but yourself nor is it my wish that it should take place if it interferes in the smallest degree with the rights, or reasonable expectation of any others; if he is appointed at all I could wish it were to one of the oldest and best Regiments. With great regard I am, etc.
Head Quarters, December 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: When you were last at Head Quarters, you mentioned that there were some Men in your Brigades who claimed their dismissions now, but who might, upon a strict construction of their inlistments, be detained a while longer. Perhaps it may be as well, all circumstances considered, to endeavour to reenlist those who come under the above description by giving them a furlough now, but if they will not engage for the War upon those terms, you may discharge them immediately, as they will render little service between this and the time when their inlistments evidently expire and they contribute to the consumption of provisions. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Practically the same letter was also sent to Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist. The draft of this, by Tilghman, is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 18, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 16th I am fully of opinion that those people who undertake to procure intelligence under cover of carrying produce into New York, and bringing out Goods in return, attend more to their own emoluments than to the business with which they are charged, and we have generally found their information so vague and trifling, that there is no placing dependance upon it. Besides it opens a door to a very extensive and pernicious traffic. You seem to intimate that an advantageous chain of intelligence might be established by the means of Money. Be pleased to make inquiry into this matter, and if you find proper persons for the purpose let me know the terms and the sum requisite, that I may see whether it comes within the limits of our scanty funds of hard money, as I suppose that kind is meant. But be pleased to say whether that or paper is the object. I approve of the measures you have taken with the Flag Boats, and it is my wish, that those persons, whoever they may be, who are concerned in the practice of bringing goods from New York, may be discovered. I am not acquainted with the laws of the State respecting the seizure of goods, but I wish you to inform yourself of them and put them strictly in execution.
You make mention of the number of Corps which left Staten Island on the 14th. but you say nothing of what remained. I beg you will make this the subject of your first inquisition, and endeavour to gain a particular knowledge of the situation and construction of their Works upon the Island.
Captain Bedkin, who is at Quibble town, will, upon delivery of the inclosed, send you a non Commd. Officer and four Dragoons.84I am, etc.85
[Note 84: On December 18 Richard Kidder Meade wrote to Capt. Henry Bedkin, of Pulaski's Legion, requesting him to send a noncommissioned officer and four dragoons to Westfield, "where they will receive orders from Genl Parsons." Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, December 19, 1779.
Parole Tuscany. Countersigns Tiverton, Troy.
The General Court Martial appointed the 29th. of May last for the trial of Major General Arnold whereof Major General Howe is President is directed to meet at this Town the 20th. instant to resume the trial.
The Court will consist of Majr. Genl. Howe President, Brigadier Generals, Maxwell, vice Woodford absent, Smallwood, Knox, and Stark, vice, Irvine challenged; Colonels Bradley, vice Wood absent, Humpton, vice Harrison absent, Hall, Gunby, Cortlandt vice Moylan absent, Hazen vice R. Butler challenged, Dayton vice Popkins absent, Sherburne vice Harmar challenged.
Morris Town, December 19, 1779.
Sir: From the wretched and miserable condition of many of the Troops for want of their Cloathes, Many of them being absolutely naked, I must urge again in the most earnest terms, that you will use every possible and Instant exertion to have the clothing as formerly directed, brought forward that it may be delivered. The public service, as well as the dictates of humanity require that it should be done without a moment's delay. That there may not be any impediments on the score of transportation, you will apply to the Quarter Master Genl and inform him it is my desire that every practicable exertion should be made to get the Cloathing down. I am, etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris Town, December 20, 1779.
Sir: The distress of a great part of the troops for want of Cloathing, particularly in the essential article of shoes, which would render them useless, should circumstances require the activity of the army, induces me to request your exertions to give the Clothier the assistance he may stand in need of for bringing on his supplies. These have been delayed, much longer than I expected for want of the means of transportation; and it is certainly of very great importance in the present posture of things that we should have it in our power to avail ourselves of the whole of our small force on an emergency. I am, &c.
The Cavalry will be ordered to Colchester.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, December 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have re-considered the point, with respect to placing General Gist on the Court martial for the trial of Genl. Arnold, in your room; and as there are reasons to induce me to wish that the Court first appointed should suffer no change but such as very pressing circumstances require, It is my desire that you should continue if it can be done without an essential injury to you. The Trial I hope will not take up a great deal of time, and as the Evenings are long you may still be preparing and making your arrangements for your Journey. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 20, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 18th. Of the objects that claim the enemy's attention it is difficult to determine which is their choice. Should circumstances prevent them making detachments, or from the prosecution of any remote enterprise, which they may have designed, and their whole force be thereby detained in this quarter, such an attempt as you have suggested is by no means improbable. The doing of something would become a matter of necessity. It would appear, however, that much of their present seeming embarrassment is owing to the Count De Grasse, with his squadron remaining on our coast.
I should not have the smallest objection to Major Moore's continuing with you, did not his duties in the line of the army, as brigade major, and brigade inspector, render his presence here indispensible. That I may be enabled to complete the field officers, in which you are deficient, you will be pleased to return the number wanted, and the lines from which they are to be drawn.
I have directed an equivalent of men from the Maryland troops, for those whose times of service have expired, and have left you. The two Pennsylvania companies may remain in Col. Butler89regiment, where you have placed them, at least for the present.
[Note 89: Col. Richard Butler, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The shoes have not yet reached us, nor is there a single pair in the store. I am not less anxious than you are, to have the men speedily furnished with this article, and shall give you notice the moment they arrive.
Our situation with respect to provision, or flour, is no wise preferable to yours. Nothing is left undone to bring forward a proper supply; till this can be effected you must eke out your quota with as much parsimony as possible. I am etc.90
[Note 90: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 30th. November and 16th. Inst. The practice of trading under the cover of procuring intelligence has grown to such a height that there is an absolute necessity of putting a stop to it. To avoid giving any umbrage to the Government of the State, I would have you confine your observations to the sailing of the fleets from New York, and whenever any capital movement takes place communicate it immediately to the president of Congress as well as to me. Desire those who keep a look out to endeavour to distinguish the number and size of Ships of War, whenever a fleet sails.
If you can find convenient and safe Winter Quarters in the County of Monmouth, I shall prefer it to your drawing off towards Burlington as the forage in that Quarter will be wanted at Trenton, from whence we shall draw our supplies of provision that come from the southward. If the Country where you are will afford Forage for more than your own Corps, I can reinforce you with some detached troops of Horse.
Should the opportunity which you have long waited for present itself, I intirely confide in your prudence in the execution of the business. I am etc.
P.S. Be pleased to take the first opportunity of returning the dispatches for Count D'Estaing.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 20, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 18th. inclosing a Return of the number of Men in your Regt. of Light Infantry, and the quantity of clothing which each detachment has drawn from the Regiment to which it properly belongs in the line, from which it is evident, that you have not had justice done to you. When the distribution of Cloathing was made at West point, it was in the following proportion.
¾the number of Coats to the number of non-commd. Officers and privates borne upon the Muster Rolls and intitled to Cloathing. ¾number of Vests do. ½number of Breeches do. 1/3 number of shirts do. 1/3number of Hose do. 792 Blankets to the whole line.
This was in proportion to the stock on hand, and as it is known that a considerable number of Men are borne upon the Muster Rolls, more than are present, it was imagined the delivery then made would furnish most of the Men inlisted for the War and those who had a length of time to serve; Indeed the General order enjoined the commanding Officers of Regiments to have regard, in the distribution, to the length of service. However, that the Men may be relieved, as soon as possible, you will be pleased to make out a Return of the Cloathing actually wanting to make them comfortable and it shall be delivered the moment it comes down from New Windsor. I will send up a Copy of the return you transmitted me, to General Heath, and will direct him to make inquiry into the reason of so very partial a distribution. Perhaps some of the Cloathing may yet remain with the Regiments; If it does, it may be sent down; If not, the Men under your command must be fully supplied here, and the Officers above must account for the manner in which they have disposed of what they draw. I am etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 20, 1779.
Dr Sir: On a representation of Mr. Hubbard93that the difficulty of obtaining Forage and other supplies for the two Regiments of Horse at Middle Town and Weathers field would be very difficult and productive of an enormous expence, I am to
[Note 93: Nehemiah Hubbard. He was Deputy Forage Master General.] desire you will remove them to Colchester, where a Magazine of Forage is laid in, and a sufficient quantity of Stable room can be provided. I am etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[HV.L.]
[Note 95: Of the Third Battalion, Sixtieth Foot, British Army.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 20, 1779.
Sir: It does not rest with me to enter upon such a parole exchange, as that proposed in your Letter of the 2d. and 21St of Novr. Nor while the obstructions exist, that have been unfortunately thrown in the way of general and partial exchanges, can anything take effect in this line. When these are removed, it will give me pleasure to concur in measures for your exchange and to promote the relief of all those in captivity. I am &ca.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. Practically the same letter was also sent by McHenry (December 20) to Capt. Patrick Campbell, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army. McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, December 20, 1779.
Parole Roxbury. Countersigns Raritan, Rutland.
The Light Companies from the Maryland line now with General Wayne are to be immediately completed.
Morris Town, December 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: The situation of our Army at this time compared with that of the enemy makes it necessary we should be very much upon our guard. They have more than double our force collected at New York and we are mouldering away daily. They have been some time past making a show of embarkation; but whether it is sincere or a mere feint to lull us into security, is not easy to tell. But if they really design to make large detachments, they must be restrained by their uncertainty of the motions of the French Squadron; and if this or any other obstruction should continue, Sir Henry Clinton may think himself bound to improve the interval in an offensive operation against this army. He cannot justify remaining inactive with a force so superior and so many temptations to action. His enemies already clamour and charge him with want of enterprise. He is not ignorant of the smallness of our numbers and the distress of our magazines. He knows we have been obliged for want of forage, to send the horses of the army to a distance from it. He cannot be insensible of the evils he would bring upon us by dislodging us from our winter quarters. The loss of our huts at this inclement season would be a most serious calamity. This loss would in all probability be accompanied by that of a great part of our baggage and a number of our men by desertions. It is difficult to determine the extent of the evils if at so critical a juncture we should experience a failure of provisions which we should have every reason to apprehend. Your Excellency's discernment makes it useless to enlarge.
But it is our duty to do all we can to avert the danger. Should the event I have mentioned take place we shall want the aid of the whole strength of the state. The inclosed official letter is an application for the purpose, which I have thought proper to accompany with their confidential view of our circumstances for your private information. I intreat your Excellency to give my application your support, that the measure recommended may be immediately put in a proper train. To me it appears of indispensible importance. I have the honor, etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. (See the following letter.)]
Morris Town, December 21, 1779.
Sir: Notwithstanding the enemy have been for some time past making demonstration of sending detachments from New York, they still continue there with their whole collected force. On our part we have been lately obliged to march a considerable body of troops to the Southward and a part of those which remain are daily leaving us from the expiration of their terms of service. These and many other reasons that must occur to your Excellency, will point out the possibility that Sir Henry Clinton may be induced shortly to undertake an operation in this state, and show the propriety of our using every precaution to defeat his attempts. The best way indeed to prevent vent his undertaking any thing is to be well prepared to receive him. On this principle I am to intreat that a plan may be concerted without loss of time to call out the whole militia of the state in the speediest manner, should the event I have mentioned take place. It will also be requisite that they should come provided each man, with ten day's or a fortnight's provision to be paid for by the public at the current value. The state of our magazines makes this indispensable, without which the men would be an incumbrance rather than an assistance.
So soon as the necessary arrangements are made, I shall be glad to be informed of them, that I may know what correspondent measures are to be taken on my part. Conventional signals to convey the alarm throughout the state must be one essential part of the plan, and [places of rendezvous another.]
Your Excellency I am persuaded will see the necessity of the measure which I have now the honor to propose and will give it all the support in your power. I have the honor, etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding the long preparations at New York and the strong appearances of a large Detachment's being made from thence, it seems certain from very recent advices, that no Troops have sailed as yet, and that the Enemy hold themselves in collected force. What their designs really are I have not been able to learn, altho I have taken all the pains in my power to effect it.99The Southern States and the West Indies present themselves as the most probable Objects of their attention, and this seems to be the general prevailing opinion; but as their delay cannot be satisfactorily accounted for, we should guard in the best manner we can against every possible contingency. I would therefore suppose it possible, that the preparations of transports &c. may be a feint, and that the Enemy may have it in contemplation to aim a sudden stroke, either against the Highland posts or against this Army. The latter event appears by far the more probable of the Two. My former Instructions of the 27th. of November and the Conventional Signals which have been established and to which they
[Note 99: Sir Henry Clinton wrote to Getmain (December 15): "Every disposition is made for the Embarkation of the Force destined to Act in Carolina, and I wait in anxious suspense for further Accounts of the French Fleet: Until we have these, it is thought too hazardous to proceed." The knowledge Clinton had of Washington's situation is demonstrated by the last paragraph of this letter: "The Rebel Army are taking up their Winter Cantonments, but are not yet so settled as to enable me to pronounce where they will finally he fixed: Washington with a great part of the Army is at Morris-Town, and Detachments have quitted him to the amount of 2,500 Men to March to the Southward, amongst these is their Corps of Light Infantry."Clinton's letter is in the Library of Congress Transcripts, C. O, 5, 99: 31.] referred, were only calculated to produce succour from the Militia, in case of a serious movement of the Enemy in the first instance; but it will be equally necessary, if they should direct their operations against this Army. In this event it may be absolutely essential for You and the Troops under your command, to march and give me support; and in order to this, I wish the Signals, by a previous and immediate arrangement between You and His Excellency Governor Clinton, may be made to answer the purpose of calling out the Militia to garrison the posts during the absence of the Continental Troops. They should not be drawn out for less than Ten or Twelve days, and, if practicable on account of our supplies of flour, it will be adviseable for each Man to bring with him flour for that time; this to be paid for by the public. You will communicate with the Governor on these several points, who I am convinced will do all in his power to promote them. On your hearing of the Enemy's being in motion towards this Army, in such a way as you can depend upon it, You will make the Signals for calling in the Militia, and hold the Troops of the Garrison in readiness to march at the shortest warning. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS. H. S.]
[Note 2: Of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 21, 1779.
Sir: I wish it were in my power to give a satisfactory answer to your letter of the 4th of Novr. unfortunately certain obstructions have been thrown in the way of both general and particular exchanges, which must prevent anything from taking place in your favor. When these are removed it will give me pleasure to concur in measures for your relief or exchange. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, December 21, 1779.
Parole--Countersigns--.
The General Court Martial whereof Majr. General Howe is President will assemble tomorrow at Morris's tavern in Morristown. Brigadier General Gist is appointed a member of the Court, vice Brigadier General Smallwood, who is obliged to be absent, General Stark being indisposed, Colonel Spencer is added as a member.
When men are discharged the service the officers will be responsible that their arms, accoutrements &c. be delivered to the brigade Conductors, or Commissary of Military Stores, where no brigade Conductors are appointed.
It has been represented that some officers quartered in the neighborhood of camp, draw the wood for their own use from the encamping grounds of the corps to which they belong; this practice not only increases the inconvenience to the proprietors of the lands on which the army is quartered but will tend to distress the service by consuming the wood on the spot for the use of the troops and obliging them hereafter to draw their supplies from a distance; The General therefore desires those Gentlemen will in future while they remain in houses supply themselves from the lands on which they are quartered and give orders on the Quarter Master General for payment.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have the Copy of a Return which I received the 18th. instant from Colo. Putnam, specifying the number of Men drawn from each Regiment of the line, to compose his Regiment of Infantry, and the quantity of Cloathing furnished to each detachment. Colo. Putnam complains, with justice, of the partiality of the distribution referred to in the Return, as not bearing a due proportion to the quantity delivered to the state Cloathier at West point. The proportion observed then was as follows...4
[Note 4: The omitted portion is the same as that given in Washington's letter to Col. Rufus Putnam, Dec. 20, 1779, q.v.]
The above was an equitable dividend of the Stock on hand, and, as the number of Men borne upon the Muster Rolls are generally more than are present, it was imagined, that most of those for the War, and who had a length of time to serve, would be thereby furnished, at least, with Coats and Vests. By comparing Colo. Putnams return with the foregoing state, you will at once perceive how very far short, the detachments with the Infantry, fall of their proportions of Coats and Waistcoats particularly. I have to request you to make enquiry into this matter, and to desire, if any Cloathing is left in the hands of the sub and Regimental Cloathiers, that it may be sent to the Infantry. If there is none, they must account for the manner of disposal of what was delivered to them. The General Order, respecting the distribution, positively enjoined that regard should be had to length of service, wherefore, if the cloathing has been delivered out to those whose times of service were near expiring, to the detriment of the remainder, the commanding Officers of Regiments ought to be answerable. I shall be obliged to deliver a supply, from the Store here, to some of the Men who are absolutely in a manner naked, and should there be nothing in the hands of the sub or regimental Cloathiers, I must compleat the whole, out of what is barely sufficient for the Corps which have not yet been served with a single suit. I am etc.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 21, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Since I spoke with you some circumstances have changed the appearance of the two matters we talked over. The article of provision looks more promising, and the hard weather may delay the sailing of the enemy. You will therefore, if agreeable use the present time for the purpose of your request. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, December 21, 1779.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have the several papers respecting the claims of Captains Becker7 and Steddiford8 which were referred to me by Congress. It appears to me that there is no way of providing for these Gentlemen, but introducing them into the 4th. Pennsylvania Regt. under the Resolve of Congress of the 24th. Novemr. 1778. You will therefore be pleased to inquire what dates their Commissions are to bear in the Regt. and upon your arrival in Philada. report them to the State, and obtain Commissions by virtue of their Warrant from the Board of War, which is the regular manner of proceeding. I am etc.9
[Note 7: Capt. Henry Bicker (Becker), jr., of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 8: Capt. Garret Stediford, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He resigned on May 23, 1781.]
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 22, 1779.
Sir: From the very distressed situation of the Troops and their importunate incessant applications for Many Articles of Cloathing, particularly Shoes, his Excellency wishes to know what information you have received with respect to the Cloathing coming on, and when you expect it will arrive. If you have no intelligence of its being in motion or in such a train that it's arrival may be justly looked for in a very short time, the General thinks it will be absolutely necessary for you or Mr. Moylan to proceed to New Burg or Chester, or wherever the Cloathing is, in order to hurry the transportation of it with all possible dispatch. His Excelly desires me to add, that the deficiency of Shoes is so extensive, that a great proportion of the Army is totally incapable of duty and could not move on the most pressing exigency. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, December 22, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your letter of Yesterday and am extremely concerned to find that you meet with such difficulties in quartering the Officers whose rank and situation require they should be lodged in the Houses in the vicinity of the Army. I regret that the Inhabitants should be unwilling to give shelter to men who have made and are still making every sacrifice in the service of their Country; and that the Magistrates should refuse to give you effectual aid in a matter to which in my opinion by a liberal and necessary construction of the law, their authority is fully competent.
The dilemma is perplexing. On one hand, nothing I wish so much as to avoid the least deviation from the line prescribed by the law; on the other, it is impossible the Officers can remain without proper covering. If the Obstacles cannot be removed so as to satisfy the Law, necessity decides that you must proceed in quartering the Officers yourself in such Houses as the good of the service may require, having all possible regard to the circumstances of the Inhabitants, that none may be distressed or incommoded more than is unavoidable. To this I are persuaded your own disposition will induce you to pay the strictest attention. But before you have recourse to this step, you will make one more application to the Magistrates, which you will be pleased to do in writing, and request their answer also in writing. You will expose to them the reasonableness and necessity of their concurrence and inform them what we shall be compelled to do, if they decline giving their assistance with cordiality and efficacy. Should they again refuse, you will then have no alternative but to do as I have mentioned. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, December 22, 1779.
Sir: You will proceed with the detachment under your command to Paramus. The objects of it are to cover the communication between this and Kings Ferry; to give protection to the well affected Inhabitants and restrain the others by preventing all kind of intercourse with the Enemy and to obtain the best intelligence of their movements and designs. The many disaffected people in that neighbourhood renders your caution against surprises peculiarly necessary, to prevent which you will constantly advance proper Guards and Patroles. You are not to permit the passing of Flags or private persons on their own business on any pretence whatever.
The detestable and pernicious traffic carried on with the Enemy will demand your greatest vigilance and attention. I intreat you to pursue the most decisive measures to put a stop to it.
You will be pleased punctually to advise me of every occurrence of importance that comes within your knowledge.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Julian F. Thompson, of Bridgeport, Conn.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, December 22, 1779.
Parole Gilbralter. Countersigns Goa, Goree.
The General Court Martial whereof Majr. General Howe is President is to sit tomorrow morning ten o'clock at Norris's tavern. Lieutt. Col. Comt. Weissenfels is appointed a member of the Court, vice Colonel Hazen, and Colonel Jackson,13 vice Col. Humpton, absent on command.
[Note 13: Col. Henry Jackson, of an Additional Continental regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 23, 1779.
Dr Sr: I did not send counter orders to Col Mitchell; but in consequence of his letter, I took it for granted his attendance here must be dispensed with as it appeared to be essential in Philadelphia. I sent you a copy of his letter to give you an idea of the situation of things there, as I had been informed you had sent for him by express; and meant to leave it with you after this to judge whether he could be spared from where he now is or not. If the service will not suffer by his absence, my desire to give General Arnold every advantage he is entitled to, would make me wish him to come to Camp; but if he cannot do it without injury to the service other considerations must give place to this. You best know the exigencies of your own department and will act in the affair accordingly. If you are clear it will be no material disadvantage to bring Colonel Mitchell from Philadelphia, you may let the matter remain as it stands; but if the contrary is to be expected I wish you to countermand the order you sent him yesterday. You will please to inform me whether you do the latter or not. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 23, 1779.
Dr. Sir: Hearing that you had written to Mr. Mitchell yesterday to repair to this place immediately; and convinced that you knew nothing of the letter I had received from him in consequence of my summons some days ago, I now inclose you a copy of it to shew how far his absence from Philadelphia may retard the march of the Virginia Troops and affect the business of supplies. You will judge from this whether it will be necessary to countermand your order to him, for the public service ought not to suffer in the affair. Yours, &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, December 23, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I received Yesterday both Your Letters of that date. The Note Mr. Tilghman gave was only intended to authorise Hatfield to meet his Brother once, whom he expressed a desire of seeing and from which occasion he expected he might obtain some interesting intelligence. From the information I have had of the character of this family of people, I am by no means satisfied that they would answer any valuable purposes, if they were employed; and therefore I wish it to be declined, at least for the present. If I should be authorized, by my farther inquiries to repose a proper confidence in them, matters of pay and privileges may be then adjusted.
I am not dear, from your Letter, whether Mr. Beatty's Letter has gone to New York or not. If it has and the Articles requested by him of Mr. Loring come out, you will send them back, it being my determination to prevent the practice, as far as it can be done in every possible instance. You call Mr. Beatty's Letter, which you inclose a Copy; if it is, I wish to know how it came to your hands. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 23, 1779.
Dr. Sir: I am this moment favored with your letter of this date, and its inclosure.17 It is very important and I wish how [sic] soon we may be able to ascertain the truth of the several particulars. Should the officers you have mentioned take the command there is no doubt but the troops will be adequate to their station. I am etc.18
[Note 17: Parson's letter of December 23, in the Washington Papers, stated that: "Yesterday a Convention was held among their [the British] Officers on whom the Command would devolve on the Fleet's Sailing and they agreed Genl. Kniphausen would command. Yesterday on firing a Signal Gun it was observed that the Signal was for a Ship of War to fall down, and that St. Harry Clinton was to take his Passage in the Ship; this Morning a large Fleet fell down to the Hook...the Number of Troops to be imployd will be under Two Commands for different Purposes, nearly in the Proportion of 8,000 to 2,000,"]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, December 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: The state of the 4th. and 11th. Regiments of Pennsylvania in respect to Cloathing is represented to me as being so deplorable, that I must request you to endeavour to accommodate them immediately with the ready made Cloathing that came from Philada. or at least so much of it as will cover those who are naked; this will make no odds in the end, and I doubt not but the Officers of those Regiments will cheerfully lend their Taylors to assist in making up the Cloathing for the others. There seems an absolute necessity for measures of this kind, as I am informed that every day takes down more or less of the Men. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 23, 1779.
Dear Sir: Col. Armandt who is to take a Station this Winter in Monmouth County will on his arrival there give you notice of it, and afterwards communicate with you for the mutual security of both Commands. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 23, 1779.
Sir: You will proceed with your corps to Monmouth County and take such a station as will best accommodate your men and horses and enable you to communicate with Major Lee for the purposes of mutual security, covering the country and preventing all intercourse between the inhabitants and the enemy. As your corps has been upon very active and severe duty during the campaign, I do not require that your attention to these objects should engage you in any duties inconsistent with its repose, so far as may be requisite to the comfort of your men and the accommodation of your horses. Without interfering with these, I am persuaded you will wish to be as useful as you can. You will immediately open a correspondence with Major Lee.
P.S. No flags are on any pretence to pass to or from the enemy.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 23, 1779.
Sir: I have received your favour of this date, inclosing a copy of Mr. Blanes22 letter requesting you to furnish him for the Commissaries department with a quantity of the Indian Corn laid in for the use of your own. Notwithstanding the loss of some horses as you observe may be the consequence of affording him the supply, the present distress of the Army for the want of flour is such, that I cannot hesitate to give you my consent to the measure, and request you to have it effected as soon as possible. I am etc.23
[Note 22: Col. Ephraim Blaine.]
[Note 23: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, December 23, 1779.
Sir: Your Letter of this date to Mr. Harrison has been laid before me. On account of the very distressed situation of Monsr. de Antroche24 as represented by you, I have no objection to your permitting him to go to New York on parole, to return when called for. If he can effect his absolute exchange for the Officer intitled in regular course, It will be agreeable to me.
[Note 24: Ensign--Dante, roche, of the Sixty-second Font, British Army.]
With respect to Mr. Boudinot's request for borrowg. Captain Pitcairn25 and Lieutenant Campbell, it might not be any injury to our Officers to lend them, if the State has Others of
[Note 25: Capt, Thomas Pitcairn, of the Eighty-second Foot, British Army.] their rank to replace them; and such borrowings and lendings, if the system of State and Continental prisoners is to be kept up, which however I would wish to see abolished, might facilitate the business of exchanges. But as Our Officers have expressed such uneasiness at State exchanges, by which prisoners in many instances not a twentieth part so long in captivity as some others, have been exchanged and no arguments, they viewing their former captivity on a large scale of liberality, can convince them of the propriety or Justice of limited exchanges or any not conducted on a general Continental footing. I cannot consent to Captain Pitcairn and Lieutt. Campbell's being sent. You can explain to Mr. Boudinot the difficulties that would attend it. And I should hope that no inconveniencies would result from our not being able to comply with his request, as the Enemy may carry on the Exchanges for the Hessian Officers Mr. Boudinot mentions as belonging to the State. Possibly the Enemy's wishes to get favourite Officers may be an impediment; but they are not to be indulged as they please. I am, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 23, 1779.
Sir: Inclosed I have the honor to transmit the Copy of a letter which I received last evening from General Wayne27 who had been to reconnoitre the situation of the Enemy upon Paulus Hook.28 Should the Fleet, which he mentions to have fallen down to the Hook, proceed to Sea, Your Excellency will receive information of it from Major Lee, who is stationed in Monmouth, and who is directed to advise Congress of every
[Note 27: A copy of Wayne's letter to Washington dated Dec. 21, 1779, is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 28: The Varick transcript in the Library of Congress spells it "Powles."] important move of the enemy's shipping from New York. I have the Honor, etc.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, December 23, 1779.
Gentlemen: Col Armand during this campaign has been constantly employed with his corps in active service and has been very useful. In the course of it he has lost several horses and reports his accoutrements to be almost wholly out of repair. The inclosed is a return of what he wishes to be furnished with. Though we do not in common remount the dismounted dragoons, yet it appears to me the case of this corps ought to be an exception. For this there are two reasons, its being a partisan corps and the Colonel's having, as he informs me originally purchased the horses for the whole troop at his own expence. This being the fact, Justice requires they should be replaced as they were lost in the public service. The Board who are acquainted with circumstances, I am persuaded will give the proper orders on the occasion and have due regard to Col Armand's zeal and exertions. I have the honor, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 23, 1779.
Sir: By the inclosed Extract you will find that the 750 Waist-coats due the Virginia line cannot be furnished at Philadelphia. You will therefore be pleased to take immediate measures to have them forwarded to Trenton; should the troops have left that to proceed after them to Philadelphia. I am &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, December 24, 1779.
Dr Sir: Yesterday your Obliging favor of the 20th. came to hand. I am exceedingly sorry so many obstacles have occurred to impede the advance of the Troops, and that these in part, from the season, are likely to encrease the distance of your march more than was intended. I have the most implicit confidence that no efforts will be wanting on your part to overcome such as are practicable and to answer the expectations of Congress, however things may turn out in the event.
I have written to the Cloathier General about the Waiscoats and he will put them in motion to day for Trenton, or Philadelphia, should circumstances require it.
I consider the Virginia troops now as entirely subject to the arrangements of Congress or the Honourable the Board of War; however I think the forming the Men that are to go with you, into three Battalions, as you propose, an eligible plan, and I doubt not but you will do it in such a way with respect to the Officers, as will be most agreeable.
As to the Officers and Men that do not proceed for the Southward, on account of the short duration of the Inlistments of the latter, Congress and the Board will direct the conduct they are to pursue. You are certainly right, in my opinion, in advising against their return to the Army, and for the reasons you have assigned, and in addition, their not returning will contribute in some degree to lessen our difficulties on the subject of supplies of provision, which are distressing almost in the extreme. If they become a little worse, they will be quite so, and if they continue even as they now are for any length of time; It will be difficult indeed to keep things a going.
I have transmitted regularly to Congress the intelligence I have received with respect to the embarkation of the Enemy, of which you will have heard and have only to repeat the assurances of sincere regard etc.
P.S. His Excelly, Governor Jefferson's orders to Mr. Moss32 have not come to Hd Qrs, nor are they at the post Office.33
[Note 32: Capt. John Moss, Virginia agent for stores.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, December 24, 1779.
Parole Canada. Countersigns Danvets, Enfield.
Major Thomas Moore34 is to join the Light Infantry immediately and take command of that part of it formerly in Colonel Febigers regiment.
[Note 34: Maj. Thomas Lloyd Moore, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
The Honorable the board of War having procured a small supply of shirts and linen and directed the distribution of them among the officers of the line and staff who are not adopted by any state; The Cloathier General is to deliver them upon returns signed by the commanding officers and heads of the following corps and departments at the rates directed by a resolve of Congress of the 25th. of November last. Regiments of Cavalry; of additional Infantry and companies of Artillery; Corps of Engineers including Sappers and Miners; Armand's and Lee's Corps; Aides de Camp not belonging to the line, Surgeons of the General and Flying Hospital; Muster Masters; Judge Advocate; Auditors and Deputy Pay-Master General; Military Surveyors.
Major Church35 of the 4th. Pennsylvania regiment is ap pointed Brigade Major and Inspector to General Hand's brigade and is to be respected and obeyed as such.
[Note 35: Maj, Thomas Church. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 24, 1779.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 28th. Novemr. by Capt. Wool cot,36 inclosing a return of the Cloathing wanting for your Regiment. Capt. Woolcot, had also with him an account of the Cloathing which the Regiment received in the course of the last year, which is in every respect more, in proportion, than any other Regiment in the service drew, particularly of Blankets, of which there were no less than 317. There were also 20 Watch Coats, which Capt. Woolcot says Capt. Sherman37 your pay Master sold and applied the Money to his own use. This may have been the case with part of the Blankets and other Articles. I have therefore suspended giving Capt. Woolcot an order for any new Cloathing untill the old is accounted for. If Capt Sherman has been guilty of selling the Watch Coats, he should be immediately arrested.
[Note 36: Capt. Giles Wolcott, of Warner's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 37: Capt. William Sherman. He was paymaster of Warner's Additional Continental regimen t and retired in January, 1781.]
I gave you, when at Head Quarters a Warrant for 10,000, dollars and I observe that you have only inlisted 5 Recruits. You must therefore have a considerable sum in your hands. When it is expended, you are to transmit a list of the names of the men inlisted regularly attested. I am, etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 24, 1779.
Sir: I do myself the honor of transmitting the Copy of a letter which I received late last evening from General Wayne, from which it appears, that the fleet has sailed from New York. The moment I receive any further particulars of their destination, or the number of Troops on board, I shall forward them.
Your Excellency will also find inclosed the Copy of a second letter from Mr. Champion to Colo. Wadsworth.39 Every day brings us fresh proofs of the deplorable state of our magazines, and points out the necessity of the most strenuous exertions for our relief on the score of provisions. I have been compelled to order a quantity of Indian Corn, belonging to the forage department, to be ground up, to supply the want of Flour. Thus we are obliged to attempt to save the Men at the expence of the Horses. I have the honor, etc.40
[Note 39: A copy of Henry Champion's letter of Dec. 14, 1778, to Col. Jeremiah Wads worth is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 40: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 24, 1779.
Gentn: General Arnold, whose trial is now going on, has represented that the Evidence of Colo Mitchell is so material that he cannot dispense with it, and that without it, his Trial cannot be brought to a conclusion. I had on the application of the General summoned him to attend, but by a Letter from him of the 17th he has deferred coming 'till he should receive farther directions, alledging "that the business of his department at present, is in such a situation as to render it next to impossible for him to be absent, and that the Virginia Troops could not be furnished with necessaries and means of proceeding on their rout, if he were to come and that the duties of his Department could not be exercised by any Other in the present critical situation." General Greene to whom I transmitted a Copy of Colo Mitchells Letter, has informed me in answer, "there is no doubt but the public business will receive injury by calling Colo Mitchell away at this very critical season." From this state of facts the Board will see the embarrassments which it is said will arise, either from the attendance or non attendance of Colo Mitchell, and I beg leave to submit it to them, who are on the spot, and who from this circumstance and their knowledge of the intended movements of the Virginia Troops and other matters which came within the Quarter Master's department, can better decide on the validity of his reasons, to direct Colo Mitchell with respect to the conduct he is to pursue.41 It is a very desirable Object to get the Trial of General Arnold brought to a conclusion; both public and private justice require it; at the same time, if Colo Mitchells place cannot be supplied by another and his attendance would involve the interesting consequences which he mentions, it would seem of necessity, that the trial must be adjourned if his personal appearance before the Court is ultimately thought essential. I wish to be honoured with the Board's Answer as soon as possible upon the subject, and if they deem his attendance impracticable at this time, that they will say when it can be given. The Board will be pleased to communicate their determination to Colo Mitchell, who at present is in a state of suspense and if he can come on, his arrival here cannot be too early. I have the Honor, etc.
[Note 41: "I have written to the Board of War on the subject of your letter of the 17th; you will receive your answer from them, and be governed accordingly."-- Washington to Colonel Mitchell, Dec. 24, 1779. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. By a Letter received in the course of last night from Genl Wayne,42 the Enemy's fleet sailed yesterday. I have transmitted a copy of his intelligence to Congress.43
[Note 42: A copy of Wayne's letter of December 23 is filed with Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Dec. 24, 1779, in the Papers of the Continental Congress. In answer to Wayne, Tench Tilghman wrote him (December 24): "Your favr. of yesterday evening 8 OClock reached Head Quarters between twelve and one. His Excellency has rode out this morning, he has only to desire you to give him the earliest information of any further intelligence you may obtain." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris-town, December 25, 1779.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 12th. Instt. came safe to hand and conveyed all that pleasure which is derived from an assurance of mutual friendship; to continue and deserve which shall be my care, and among the sincerest of my wishes.
Your Recollect has not yet appeared in this quarter;44 more may be gathered from his appearance, and the manner in which he tells his tale, than from the authority under which he comes, for this may cloathe him with very good or very evil designs, according as his Sub-holiness45 happens to be affected.
[Note 44: "A Religious of the Recollect Order Is arrived here from Canada he is come away as he Says with leave of his Superiors and of the Bishop of Canada, I will not Anticipate his tale as he will Soon have the honor of presenting himself to you being to set of In the Morning In the Same Sled with the bearer of this."-- Schuyler to Washington, Dec. 12, 1779. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 45: The Archbishop(?) of Quebec.]
Mrs. Washington is not yet arrived at this place, but is at Philada. on her way, and expected in a day or two. I am sure it would give her pleasure to make you a visit; certain I am it would add much to mine, but the difficulties under which the Army labour at this moment from the scantiness of our sup plies and the near approach in full force of those evils wch. we talked of at our last interview will compel me I am persuaded to remain here and endeavour to stem a torrent which seems ready to overwhelm us.
From present appearances I see not the most distant prospect of makg. any establishment at the North end of L-- C--46 this Winter; an attempt even to burn the enemy's vessels at St. Johns by surprise or stratagem, from the present view of things, seems scarcely within the reach of possibility; and yet, not knowing how to lay aside the idea, I am induced to beg of you (if chance should throw the means of information in your way) to enquire into the strength of the garrison at St. Johns, and the Posts on this side; whether forage now is, or in an instant (by adequate exertns.) could be put on the communication between Albany and lake Champlain; and whether in case a measure of this kind should suddenly be adopted at a fit season for execution a number of Sleds sufficient for the quick conveyance of 600 Men with sufficient provisions, and forage from Tyconderoga, to carry them to St. Johns and back, could be collected in the course of two or three days at Albany with out previous measures (which might betray the design) being taken to effect it?
[Note 46: Lake Champlain.]
I shall not apologize for the trouble these enquiries must necessarily give you, because I wish them to be made, as it were, en passant, and am satisfied none can do it so well, or will under take them more readily than yourself.
I very sincerely wish you, Mrs. Schuyler and family the complimts. of the Season and a return of many happy New Years. In this the Gentlemen of my family join most cordially with Dr. Sir Yr., etc.
P.S. I have recd. the Extracts from the Annual Registr. of 74. and thank you much for directing them to be sent to me. If Monsr. Loriot47 is candid in his narrative the discovery, or re discovery is of a most interesting nature. The only matter to be wondered at, if it is a re-discovery, is, that a cement so important and simple and wch. must have been in such constant use should ever be lost.
[Note 47: M. Loriot, master of mechanics to His Most Christian Majesty. (See Annual Register, 1774, "Useful Projects," p. 105.)]
Will you be so good as to ask Colo. Vansoick48 what steps he has taken in consequence of my order to prepare a number of Snow Shoes and Mocason's? and when they will be ready?
[Note 48: Col. Goose Van Schaick.]
Morris Town, December 25, 1779.
Sir: The enemy having asked permission for an unarmed vessel to proceed to New-port with clothing and necessaries, for the prisoners at Rutland, I have granted a pass-port for the same, to proceed from the port of New-York to Taunton River and Seconnet and to return again to New-York. I thought it necessary to give your Excellency this notice: that the Quarter Master may have time to make preparation for their transport to Rutland. Two serjeants have also permission to pass from Taunton River to Rutland to superintend the delivery of the articles and to return again.
On the 19th I was honoured with Your Excellency's Letter of the 3d. It is certainly right and necessary that Troops should be paid with punctuality or as much so, as circumstances will admit. I do not however conceive myself authorised to make the appointment your Excellency requests and shall take occasion to submit the matter to Congress, who it is probable will make some arrangement in consequence, not only to comprehend the present but other cases. I have the Honor Etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 25, 1779.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 3d. Inst. I imagine the Governor will make provision for the protection of the small frontier posts, upon the expiration of the nine months Men. The Cloathing for your Regiment has been drawn by your State Cloathier and has been before this sent up to them. I cannot direct the Commissary of Hides to deliver raw Hides to you without infringing the regulations of that department, which puts him under the controul of the Board of War and Cloathier General. I am etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, which is in the William Ely Collection, Providence, R. I. (1933), varies slightly from the draft and is dated December 26.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 25, 1779.
Sir: I had the honor of addressing your Excellency on the 11th inst. I then informed you it was reported that the fleet, which had been some time preparing at New York had sailed the day before. I have since found the account was premature; or, that if any Vessels went out at that time, they were but few. I have now certain information that a fleet of about one hundred sail, under convoy of a 74, a 40 and a ship of 36 Guns left the Hook the day before yesterday; it is said they have no troops on Board, and it is imagined that they are Empty transports and private Vessels bound to Europe. The Fleet with the troops remained yesterday at the watering place and are not expected to sail till the fore part of next Week. As I have had no intelligence which contradicts that which I communicated to your Excellency in my last, I would recommend a continuation of the precautions which I then pointed out. I have the honor &c.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, December 25, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your two letters of the 15th. & 16th. of december. I am extremely sorry that the question of quartering the cavalry stands upon so very disagreeable a footing between Mr. Hubbard and yourself. But there are reasons which will not suffer me to retract the order contained in mine of the 20th. Though I doubt not the cavalry may be well provided and accommodated at the places you wish; yet I prefer Colchester, because large magazines are already formed there and other preparations made. I am told too all your wood where you now are must be brought several miles at an enormous expense; at any rate fresh purchases of forage must be made, which in the present exhausted state of the treasury is scarcely practicable, or if practicable, unadviseable. You will therefore remove to Colchester. I am, etc.
P.S. I wish to receive from You by the earliest opportunity a Return of the Officers and Men in your Regiment, who be long to the State of Virginia. You will mention the names and rank of the first; the number of the latter will do, in which you will note how many of them are engaged for the War and to what other periods the rest stand engaged. With respect to the filling up the vacancy for the Majority, as you mention several Captains as competitors, I conclude there is some un certainty who has the right to succeed. I do not know how the Gentlemen stand in point of seniority; and must there fore request you will transmit me a list of the dates of their respective commissions, with a state of whatever other pretensions they may have.
I cannot account for the irregularity which so frequently happens in the returns of the cavalry; I must insist on their being made monthly, and can think no motive sufficient for an omission.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 25, 1779.
Sir: I have the honor to lay before your Excellency the representation of a certain Elizabeth Burgin late an inhabitant of New-York.53 From the testimony of different persons, and particularly many of our own officers who have returned from captivity, it would appear that she has been indefatigable, for the relief of the prisoners, and in measures for facilitating their escape. In consequence of this conduct she incurred the suspicions of the enemy, and was finally compelled to make her escape, under the distressed circumstances which she describes. I could not forbear recommending to consideration a person who has risqued so much and been so friendly to our officers and privates; especially as to this we must attribute her present situation.
[Note 53: Mrs. Burgin's narrative is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
From the sense I entertained of her services and sufferings I have ventured to take the liberty of directing the commissary at Philadelphia to furnish her and her children with rations, 'till the pleasure of Congress could be known. Congress will judge of its propriety and justice, and how much she may be intitled to further notice. I have the honor, etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of James McHenry. The letter was read in Congress on December 30 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, December 25, 1779.
Parole America. Countersigns--
All resignations for the future are to be made in the following manner. The officer applying will produce a certificate from the Auditor that there are no accounts in his office unsettled; another from the regimental Pay Master to the same effect, and another from the officer commanding the regiment; the latter will also express that the state of the regiment does not make the resignation improper at the time; without these no resignations will be accepted.
In passing thro' the camp the General observed with pain that there is a shameful waste of forage, the high price of this article and the difficulty of procuring it, if no other reasons existed ought to induce all possible care and oeconomy. The forage masters are therefore strictly enjoined to use every practicable method to prevent the hay being trampled upon, or otherwise unnecessarily wasted. The officers commanding brigades and regiments will see that this is done.
So soon as the fatigue of hurting is over, each brigade is to have a good parade cleared in front of its huts and is to join in opening proper communications between one brigade and an other. No powder is to be used in blowing up the stumps.
AFTER ORDERS
The Adjutant General having leave of absence, Colonel Williams55 is appointed to perform the duties of the office until his return; He is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 55: Col. Otho Holland Williams, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief takes occasion to thank Colonel Scammell for his indefatigable and useful services hitherto.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, December 26, 1779.
Parole New Hampshire. Countersigns Scammell, Exeter.
General Irvine will take the command of a detachment to relieve General Parsons, for detachment Colonels Humpton and Ogden, Lieutt. Colonels Olney and Ford, Majors Christopher Steward56 and Byles.57 The detachment to parade at 11 o'clock with two days provisions ready cooked.
[Note 56: Maj. Christopher Stuart (Steward), of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in April, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 57: Thomas Langhorne Byles, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He died from a wound received at Paramus, N. J., in April, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 26, 1779.
Sir: On the 13th Instant I had the honor to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 28th Ulto. with a Copy of the Resolution of the Assembly to which it refers. The proceeding is founded in a generous and just liberality with respect to the Officers and Soldiers who had not been provided for by the Act alluded to, and will I hope at least have a happy operation in alleviating their distress which were exceedingly great, if in nothing more.
I transmit your Excellency the best state I am able to give of the Virginia Troops. I have no return by me of Baylor's Horse, nor of the New Levies gone or going to the Southward with Genl Scott. A return however of the former agreeable to the Resolve of Congress of the 15 of March has been transmitted, as I have been informed, to the Honourable the Bd of War and also of Harrison's Regmt of Artillery. I have never received a return of the New-Levies; nor have I had one of Bland's Regiment since the middle of summer that I cannot give your Excellency the information I could wish with respect to them. The Returns of Gibson's Regiment and of Heath's58 and OHara's Companies stationed at Fort Pitt are old and as they do not contain a state of the Mens Inlistments, they may convey a very imperfect idea of their strength at this time and it is probable they have undergone or may soon suffer great diminutions. Besides the Corps mentioned by your Excellency I believe there are some Virginians in Moylan's Dragoons, and I have written to him to make a Return which I shall take the earliest occasion to transmit after it is received. At present the Regiment is quartered at a considerable distance from hence. Your Excellency will I am persuaded, have often reflected upon the inconveniences of short and temporary Inlistments. The State of the Virginia Troops now forwarded will place the disadvantages and impolicy of the measure in a very striking light and shew how difficult at least it is for us to provide for any military arrangements and operations, either offensive or defensive, with a tolerable prospect of success. This unhappily has been pretty much the ease through the whole of the Contest, and it would give me great pleasure as I am sure it would you, if I could tell you that this State of the Virginia line was not a pretty just picture and representation of the State of the rest of the Army.
[Note 58: Capt. Henry Heth (Heath).]
Your Excellency it is probable will have heard before this reaches you, that the Virginia Troops are on their march for the Southward, in consequence of the pressing situation of affairs in that Quarter, and from the apprehension that they may become more so. The Troops had marched two or three days before the receipt of Your Letter, which circumstance left it only in my power to transmit an Extract of it, with the recruiting Commissions to General Woodford. This I did and requested him to nominate such Officers as he should deem best qualified to answer your Excellency's views of reinlisting the Men. The Sub Inspector would be the proper Officer to review and receive the Men who reinlist; but as Congress have determined that it will not be worth while for the Troops to proceed whose services will expire by the last of March and as the Sub Inspector will go on with the Others, I desired Genl Woodford to appoint one of the Officers who would be left with these, to act in his stead. Indeed Any of the Old Troops that can be reengaged, will be liable to little if any objections as they are very generally a fine body of Men; the difficulty will be to bring them to reinlist and not in passing them. It is probable the Men who do not proceed to the Southward will remain at Trenton or Philadelphia. How the attempts to reengage them will succeed I am not able to determine.
I beg leave to refer Your Excellency to the Letter I had the honor of writing You the 23d Ulto. on the subject of prisoners of War and their treatmt. I have not heard the least complaint since on this head, and I should hope there will be non. Your Letter to Genl Phillips was transmitted, and besides this the Enemy must have seen the public prints, in which the reasons for remanding Govr Hamilton &c were fully assigned. They can never make, I should think, his obstinacy and refusal to comply with a common and invariable condition of parole, either expressed or implied, a ground for imposing hardships upon any of our Officers. In this contest, I believe the condition required of Govt. Hamilton &c has been al ways expressed in paroles taken by the Enemy. I have the Honor, etc.
The returns inclosed are The Virginia Infantry (including the two State Regts.) serving with the main Army, specifying the terms of service of the Men.
Return of Harrison's Artillery, specifying do.
Return of 9th Regt. and two Independent Companies at Fort Pitt.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The memorandum at the end of the letter to Governor Jefferson is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Jersey, December 26, 1779.
The ... an unarmed Vessel burthen about ... Tons, Master is hereby permitted to proceed from the port of New York to Taunton River in the State of Rhode Island, by the East passage between the Island of Rhode Island and Seconnet, with Cloathing and necessaries for prisoners of War at Rutland in the State of Massachusetts Bay, and to return again to New York by the same passage.59
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 26, 1779.
Dr Sir: I this day received your favor of the 22d. I have granted a Warrant to Lieut. Blake60 for the sum you mentioned to be hereafter accounted for by yourself.61 I sincerely wish you success in the disposal of it.
[Note 60: Lieut. Thomas Blake, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He served to the end of the war.]
[Note 61: "Decr. 26th To Lt. Blake 1st New Hampshire regt. for the purpose of reenlisting for the war the men of that line to be accounted for by Genl Poor 10,000." This memo is in the "Warrant Books" in the Washington Papers.]
I am truly concerned at the present state of your supplies of flour. It is however nothing more than what I was aware of, and I doubt not but you will take every step in your power to reconcile the want as well as possible. You may be assured our situation is much worse, for the Troops here are at half allowance and that of rice only. It really appears hard that this should be the case, when as you observe there is by no means a real scarcity of Grain and I wish the alternative to obtain it may not be by seisure, though I still hope by the activity of our Commissaries, that there may not be occasion for so disagreeable a step. I can only say that every thing in my power has been done to keep the Army supplied. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, New Jersey, December 26, 1779.
Two Serjeants--of the British Army have permission to pass from Taunton River in the State of Rhode Island to Rutland in the State of Massachusetts bay, with Cloathing and necessaries for prisoners of War and to return again.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, December 26, 1779.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 22d. Instant, inclosingThree from the British Commissary of prisoners of the 30th. of Novr. and the 3 and 9 of this month, with a Memorial from a Mr. Spillard, an Assistant Commissary.
It is agreeable to me that a flag Vessel should be sent to Rhode Island with Cloathing for the prisoners of War at Rutland, to be conveyed under the care of a German and British Serjeant as proposed, for the purpose of delivering it. A passport is accordingly inclosed which you will transmit to Mr. Loring, and directions will be given to the Quarter Master to provide for the transportation. I shall refer the request for a Quarter Master and a Serjeant or two to proceed to Philadelphia with a supply of the same Article, to Congress and will communicate their decision as soon as it is known. Till this is received, you may suspend your answer to Mr. Loring with respect to this particular subject.
In regard to the Enemy's proposal for the exchange of the prisoners at Fort Frederick and Winchester. I should wish to know at any rate, before I could determine the point, how the exchange account of privates stands between us, and what number and who they are that they have in the Sugar House.64
[Note 64: At New York.]
I have no authority to grant the indulgence requested in behalf of Lieut Clove.65
[Note 65: Lieut. George Clowes(?), of the Eighth Foot, British Army.]
As matters are circumstanced I do not see that any farther notice can be taken of the exchange of Capn Goodale, though it was a most irregular proceeding.
I have no objection to Mr. Spillard's going to New York on parole for ... days.
I return you the three Letters from Mr. Loring, but request you to furnish me with Copies.
His Excellency the Governor of Rhode Island will be advised by next post, that permission is granted for a Flag Vessel to proceed to Taunton River with Cloathing to be conveyed under the care of Two Serjeants, for the Prisoners at Rutland.
You will inform Mr. Loring when the Vessel arrives; it will be necessary for the Master to communicate an account of it by some Inhabitant of the place if there is no Military Officer there, to the Govr of the State. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown,
Monday, December 27, 1779.
Parole Hiram. Countersigns St. Johns, Masons.
Major Reed67 will join the detachment under General Irvine in place of Major C. Stewart, absent on furlough.
[Note 67: Maj. James Randolph Reid (Reed), of the Second Canadian regiment. He retired in June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 27, 1779.
Sir: I last night received a letter,68 of which the inclosed is Copy, from General Wayne informing me that the second division of the Fleet put to sea yesterday. It is generally imagined that the first division, which sailed the 23d, consisted of returning Transports and private Vessels bound to Europe. I have reason to expect, in the course of a few days, from a confidential correspondent in New York, a more particular account of the number of troops which have gone, by whom commanded and where destined, than any I have yet obtained. The moment I receive that or any other intelligence which I deem material I shall transmit it to Congress. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 68: An extract of Wayne's letter to Washington (December 26) is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. Since writing the foregoing I have received a letter from General Parsons who commands a body of troops advanced towards the sound, in which he mentions that a number of southern Refugees are said to be on board the fleet, among them Governor Martin.69
[Note 69: Josiah Martin, royal governor of North Carolina. The letter is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, and was read in Congress on December 30.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 28, 1779.
Dr Sir: I have reed. your favor. of the 26th. Before your return you will be pleased to leave orders that the linen and cloth addressed to the commissaries of prisoners be retained till the matter can be taken up and inquired into. I am &c.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 28, 1779.
Sir: Col Hamilton delivered me your letter of ... .71 It is with pleasure I declare to you, that I have the most favourable opinion of your conduct and services, particularly in the course of the last campaign in which circumstances enabled you to be more active and useful. But notwithstanding this, so far from recommending the promotion you desire, I confess to you with frankness, I should be unwilling to see it take place because it would be injurious to the pretensions of a great number of seniour officers who have every title to consideration. If however Congress have given you reason to expect this advancement, they will no doubt perform their engagements.
[Note 71: Armand's letter, undated, is in the Washington Papers at the end of December, 1779.]
The letter or certificate you request on the footing it is placed can only be necessary in case of the failure of your intended application to Congress. When this is decided, if you do not succeed I shall be ready to give you an ample testimony of the sense I entertain of your merit, to satisfy your friends in France that your disappointment is not to be attributed to any cause unfavourable to your reputation.
I have examined the return of your corps and I find a deficiency of two officers to complete it to our establishment which is three officers to each company including the Regimental staff who are to be taken from these. I inclose a letter to the Board of War on the subject. With respect to the recruiting money you speak of in the hands of the Board of War I think you had best keep it by you and engage occasionally the men that fall in your way. I think it unadvisable to send out officers expressly for recruiting because from the difficulty of the business it will be attended with more expense than advantage. You may send some officers in quest of deserters but as few as possible and to remain out as little time as possible. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of the 26th, mentioning the sailing of the second Fleet. General Parsons sends me intelligence by which it appears that this Fleet contained the long talked of Embarkation.
As there is now hardly any probability that any thing will be attempted here in the course of the Winter it is unnecessary to keep the men under your command any longer in their present disagreeable situation. The sooner therefore they can return to their respective Regiments the better. You will detach the Massachusetts Troops to the Highlands and march the rest to this Camp.
Before the seperation of the Corps, I beg the favor of you to present my warmest thanks to the officers and men and assure them that I have a high sense of the zeal gallantry and good conduct of the former and of the bravery and fidelity of the latter.
With pleasure I add to this testimony that your own conduct on every occasion has justified the confidence which induced me to appoint you to the command. I am, etc
Ps. You will be pleased to give Genl. Irvine who is at Westfield notice of your departure, that in case it is necessary he may replace Guards heretofore kept by yourself or change the disposition of his own.73
[Note 73: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 28, 1779.
Gentlemen: By a state laid before me by Colonel Armand, I find his Corps deficient of two Officers a Lieutenant and Cornet. He has, I imagine, two Gentlemen in view, upon whom he wishes those appointments to be conferred. He further informs me that a Gentleman has for some time past done the duty of Adjt. under the promise of a Lieutenancy and for that reason he desires a Commn. for him. You will be pleased to issue one upon his application. I have the honor etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, December 28, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 24th. by Captn. Rudulph.75 I should have been glad had it been possible for your corps and Colonel Armands to have found a position in Monmouth County capable of supplying the Cavalry of both with Hay forage, as it would, in my opinion, have best answered the object which I have principally in view, that of covering the Country and preventing the intercourse with the Enemy. Should that be impracticable, I would propose the
[Note 75: Capt. Michael Rudolph.] following mode of cantonment, the Horse to fall back to Burlington, and the foot of both Corps to remain on advance, taking up their quarters at a distance from the shore far enough to prevent surprise, but still to be able to send patroles towards those places at which the enemy most commonly land and to which the Country people usually carry their produce. Should this duty be deemed too hard for a constancy, I must then send a temporary command from this Army, and shall station your Infantry and Colo. Armands at Trenton, at which place a guard is called for by the Board of War to preserve the Stores which accumulate there for this Army. You will be pleased to confer with Colo. Armand upon this subject, and let me know the result as soon as possible. You shall then receive a decisive order in the Matter. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, December 29, 1779.
Parole Indostan. Countersigns Mogul, Delhi.
It having been represented that the property of the Inhabitants in the vicinity of camp is a prey to the plundering spirit of the soldiery insomuch that they can keep neither poultry, stock nor any other article on their farms, the General most earnestly exhorts the officers to use their utmost exertions to put an effectual stop to a practice not more oppressive to the country, than disreputable to the army, better becoming a band of robbers than disciplined troops called forth in defence of the rights of the Community. He expects and desires the officers will use every method in their powers to convince the soldiery that however disagreeable to him to employ severity, depredations of so pernicious a nature will not escape the most exemplary punishment. To prevent a continuance of these evils the regulations for preserving order in camp and respecting roll calls are to be most rigidly attended to; In addition to these the officers commanding regiments will appoint commissioned officers to visit the men in their huts at different hours of the night, to report all absentees, who are without fail to be brought to immediate trial and punished as they deserve.
As the huts are now nearly completed and the officers will have the men more immediately under their eye, the General is persuaded they will exert themselves so effectually that he shall hear no more complaints of so disagreeable a nature.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 29, 1779.
Gentlemen: Mr. Loring has made application thro' our commissary of prisoners for a Quarter Master and a sergeant or two to proceed to Philadelphia with clothing for the prisoners at this place. The Board will be pleased to determine on the request as soon as possible, Mr Loring being apprehensive that the prisoners may suffer by the smallest delay. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, December 30, 1779.
Parole Bengal. Countersigns Patua, Rotas.
Commanding officers of regiments and corps are to make duplicates of their Weekly returns this week, accounting at the bottom for all officers and men absent, their names, places where, reasons for and time of absence with a note of the number of Company books, soldiers books and Books of Regulations that have been received by each Corps.
Regimental Quarter Masters will make returns of all arms, accoutrements and ammunition in their possession.
The brigade Conductors will make similar returns both distinguishing the good and bad. These returns correctly made and fairly wrote, are to be delivered to the Brigade Majors for the Inspector General.
Captain Serjeant78 of Artillery is appointed Aide-De-Camp to Major General Howe, he is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 78: Capt. Winthrop Sargent (Serjeant), of the Third Continental Artillery. He served as aide to Howe to the close of the war; was made adjutant general of St. Clair's Indian expedition in September, 1791; wounded at Maumee, Ohio, in November, 1791; secretary Northwest Territory in 1787; governor of same from 1798 to 1801.]
[Note 79: For the trial of Maj. Gen, Benedict Arnold.]
Thursday, December 30, 1779.
Gen: I have the honor to transmit You all the Letters which have been sent or received by me, on the subject of Colo Mitchell's attending the Trial of Major General Arnold. They are all numbered in regular order from No 1 to 9 Inclusive. When the Court have read them, they will be pleased to return them. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 30, 1779.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's dispatch of the 24th. inclosing two acts of Congress of the 23d and 24th instant.
Since the information transmitted Congress of the sailing of a fleet with troops from New-York, I have received accounts which though not as decisive as some I expect, yet I have reason to believe will not fall short of the number detached. As the intelligence stands, the troops which have sailed, are six British regiments, the grenadiers and light infantry of the army, Rawdon's corps, the legion, the Queens Rangers, and the Hessian Grenadiers. These will make about five thousand effectives.
I should hope before this that circumstances have enabled the march of the Virginia troops from Trenton; as well on account of the importance of the object which called them away, as the relief it would afford to our supplies, but particularly as it regards the forage necessary for the support of the communication, and this army. I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: In the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, December 31, 1779.
Parole Spain. Countersigns Madrid, Cadiz.
In Congress, Decr. 23rd., 1779.
Resolved, That instead of the subsistence allowed by an act of Congress, of the 18th day of February last, to the officers in the department of the field commissary of military stores, the following sums be allowed, viz. to the field commissary, 400 dollars per month; to a deputy field commissary, 300 dollars; to a conductor, 100 dollars; to a clerk, 100 dollars; and that this increased subsistence commence the 18th of August last, and continue till the further orders of Congress.
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have received your favs. of the 21st. and 26th. Inst. Certificates from the paymasters of the 1st. and 15th. Massachusetts Regiments setting forth that Ensigns Gilbert82 and
[Note 82: Ensign Elisha Gilbert, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in January, 1780.] porter83 have settled their regimental accounts are necessary before those Gentlemen can obtain discharges. Upon producing them to you, you may indorse their discharges upon their Commissions, and inform me of the date, that I may register them.
[Note 83: Ensign Jonathan Porter, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in December, 1780 ( ?); stated to have been a prisoner, but when and where not recorded.]
The Adjutant General transmits you a Copy of a late general Order specifying the proper Certificates to be produced hereafter upon application for liberty to leave the Service.
I shall write immediately to the Board of Treasury and request them to order Mr. Reed84 the Deputy Pay Master at Albany to remove from thence to the Highlands for the conveniency of the payment of the troops there. The military Chest here is so nearly exhausted that it will not be worth while for the Massachusetts pay Masters to come down, and you will be pleased to signify the same to General poor at Danbury, whose troops will also be paid from the Chest at the Highlands.
[Note 84: Thomas Reed, Deputy Paymaster General.]
I do not conceive myself at liberty to make any extra allowance of Rations to Maj Bauman; Congress having expressly limited any indulgence of that kind to a Colonel when commanding a Brigade.
If the Cloathing issued at West point has been regularly disposed of, I have no more to say in the matter. I have desired as much to be delivered to the Infantry under Colo. Putnam, as will make them comfortable, and I shall desire the Cloathier Genl. in making his distribution to have a due regard to the troops on the East side of Hudsons River. The Officers who have lately received their Commissions are to be made up in the Muster Rolls and to draw their pay from the times the vacancies, to which they are promoted, happened.
It is my wish to promote and forward the reinlistment of the troops as much as possible, for which purpose, I will, upon your sending down a proper person to receive the money, return you as much as can be spared to be distributed among the commanding Officers of Regiments.
The Fleet which has been so long in preparation sailed from New York the 26th. their destination or the number of troops on board is not ascertained, but it is generally imagined they are bound to Georgia, and from what I can collect, they have about 5000 Men on board. I am etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, December 31, 1779.
Dear Sir: I received yours of last Evening respecting the arrangement of the Corps of Artificers. I must depend entirely upon you for the nomination of the Officers, as I am utterly unacquainted with the Merits or pretensions of any of those who have been in service, or who may with propriety be appointed should there be any deficiency of Officers. If you will make out an arrangement specifying the names, ranks, and dates of Commissions I will immediately transmit it to the Board of War who will issue Commissions agreeable to the directions of Congress. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, December 31, 1779.
Gentn: The want of a Pay Master to that detachment of the army which lays at and near the Highlands is attended with many inconveniences to the troops, and an accumulation of expence to the public, as the officers are obliged to draw for their pay rolls from this part of the army. Should the Board have no person in view, perhaps it might be eligible to place Mr. Reed who is at Albany on this station. His continuance there is noways essential as there are but a few troops in that quarter.
The increased drafts on the military chest for reinlisting and other purposes have nearly exhausted it of money. The greatest part of the army have also pay to receive since the 1st. of Sepr. I thought it necessary to mention these circumstances to the Board that a proper supply may be ordered as soon as possible. I have the honor etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 1, 1780.
Sir: You have been informed that the distribution of Cloathing made at West point was proportioned to our stock then upon hand and that it was short of the quantity to which the troops of the different States and corps were intitled. A considerable number of the troops of the State of Massachusetts having since that time reinlisted for the War, will be intitled to the continental Bounty Cloathing, and perhaps some of the New Hampshire troops will be under the same circumstances. This will add to the demand. Both those lines being upon the East side of Hudson's River, it will be necessary for you to leave part of the present stock of Cloathing, if it can be spared, and a proportion of what may be expected from Boston or Springfield, at New Windsor for their Use. But I beg you will endeavour to obtain from their state Cloathiers an accurate Return of what they have upon hand or what they have reason to expect, as we ought to endeavour to save the continental stock, as much as possible. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of this date inclosing Colo. Olney's letter. I would not advise you to put any great confidence in --89 he is very capable of gaining intelligence if he pleases, but I fancy he carries as much as he brings. Trade I believe is his principal object.
[Note 89: Moses Hatfield.]
Nothing will be more agreeable to me than to devise some means of stopping the entercourse carried on by the Flag Boats. I do not know under what pretence they make such frequent Visits, and you will oblige me by informing yourself, whether there is any real occasion for it, and whether the practice cannot be prevented without impeding the public and neccessary Business. In the meantime you will be pleased to direct the search of every letter and packet coming and going, except to and from public Bodies, and prevent the landing any Effects unless they are accompanied by regular permits. I shall depend very much upon your own good sense and discretion in the conduct of the above. I am etc.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, January 1, 1780.
Parole Dauphin. Countersigns Picardy, Provence.
Captain Brice91 of the 3rd. Maryland regiment is appointed Brigade Major and Brigade Inspector of the 1st. Maryland
[Note 91: Capt. Jacob Brice, of the Third Maryland Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and to the First Maryland Regiment in January, 1783; served to April, 1783.] Brigade 'till further orders. He is to be respected and obey'd accordingly.
Exact brigade returns of the number of shoes wanting to be made tomorrow at orderly time; The Sub Cloathiers or their Assistants are at the same time to make returns of the shoes in their hands for the Cloathier General that he may be enabled thereby to make his distribution upon equitable terms.
As it is apprehended the stock of shoes now on hand will not be adequate to the demands of the whole Army, the Brigadiers and Commandants are requested to see that the returns include those only who really want at present; a further supply is expected in a few days.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 2, 1780.
Sir: Congress were pleased by their resolution of the 1st of January last to express their desire of retaining Brigadier General Du Portail, Colonels La Radiere and Laumoy, and Lt. Col. De Gouvion in the service of these States for another campaign, if agreeable to them.92 These gentlemen having accepted the invitation, have now completed the term to which it extended; and it is with pleasure I can inform Congress, that their subsequent conduct has more than justified the opinion expressed in my letter on which that resolution is founded. They have been particularly useful in the course of this last period, and have acquired general esteem and confidence. I cannot forbear adding that the better the gentleman at the head of the corps is known the more he is found to be a man of abilities, and of distinguished military merit.
[Note 92: On Jan. 14, 1780, Congress voted to retain these officers in the service during the war, if it should be consistent with their inclination and duty to their king.]
As the continuance of these gentlemen in the service, under present circumstances appears to me indispensible, I have consulted General Du Portail about their further intentions. His answer in behalf of the corps, was, that they continue to have a sincere desire of being useful to the United States, and will esteem themselves highly honored by remaining in the service, if it be the wish of Congress, and measures are taken through the channel of the French Minister, to obtain the permission of their court; unless there should be a war by land kindled in Europe, in which case it would be their duty to return and devote their services to their own country.
It now remains with Congress to signify their intentions upon the subject, and if they deem the continuance of these gentlemen necessary to acquaint them with their wishes, and take the proper steps to obtain the concurrence of the French Court, without which they cannot justify their stay. A period being limited in the last resolution makes this second application necessary, as the gentlemen could not with propriety out stay the time for which Congress had engaged them without a new signification of their pleasure. I submit whether it may not be advisable to extend the requisition to the duration of the war.
It is to be lamented that Colonel De la Radiere is no longer among the number. Congress have no doubt heard of his death, which happened in93 ... last, and was regretted as the loss of a very valuable officer. I have the honor etc.94
[Note 93: Oct. 30, 1779.]
[Note 94: In the writing of James McHenry. The letter was read in Congress on January 1) and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, January 2, 1780.
Sir: I had last night the honor to receive your Letter of the 29th. of December. Agreable to your request I have extended Major Gardiner's parole, as you will perceive by the inclosed, which I take the liberty to commit to your care. I have the honor etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, January 2, 1780.
Parole Mississippi. Countersigns Mobile, Leon.
The Honorable the Congress on the 28th. ultimo were pleased to pass the following Act:
Resolved, That the rate of postage, until the further order of Congress, be twenty prices upon the sums paid in the year 1775: That single letters, directed to any officer of the line and all letters directed to general officers or to officers commanding in a separate department, and all letters to and from the ministers, commissioners and secretaries of these United States at foreign courts, be free.
All returns called for by general orders since the 25th. ultimo not already delivered, to be delivered at the Orderly Office tomorrow 12 o'clock without fail.
Morristown, January 2, 1780.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 27th. of Decr last.96
[Note 96: This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The motives for your return to your native country, are such as do honor to your sentiments and cannot fail to acquire the esteem of its citizens.
As you have been pleased to ask my opinion with regard to the propriety of cancelling your parole, and becoming a subject to these States, I will give it to you with candor. The going into New-York appears to me rather an unfortunate circumstance, as it served to encourage in the enemy the idea of a friendly disposition to them. Still however I have no doubt, but that the superior obligations you owe your native country should supersede any other consideration. The intention of your return would also be otherwise defeated.
I feel myself personally indebted for the manner in which you make an offer of your service. I am sorry that nothing presents itself in the line, which seems most agreeable to your wishes. But if any other situation occurs in which the circumstances of the service correspond with your inclination, I shall be happy to do anything in my power to promote it. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry and Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 98: Of the Sixteenth Foot, British Army.]
Head Quarters, New Jersey, January 2, 1780.
Sir: You have permission to remain in New York untill the return of Colonels Magaw99 and Mathews,1 who are now out with some propositions respecting an exchange of prisoners. I have the honor etc.2
[Note 99: Col. Robert Magaw, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 1: Col. George Mathews, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, January 2, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received Your Letter of yesterday, with an Extract from the Act of Congress of the 27th. Ulto.3 with a
[Note 3: "That all express riders in the pay of the United States be discharged, and that no established express riders be in future maintained at the public expence."-- Journals of the Continental Congress, Dec. 27, 1779.
On Jan. 14, 1780, Congress "Resolved, That the Commander in Chief be authorised to order so many expresses to be retained in the public service as he may judge necessary for the immediate purposes of the army." (See Washington's letter to Congress, Jan. 5, 1780, post.)] Copy of which I have been since honoured in a Letter from His Excellency the president. As the dismission of the Express Riders, it would seem, was intended to be the consequence of the proposed regulation in the post Office, altho the words of the Act import an immediate operation, I should suppose it cannot take place with respect to the Whole of them, before this Arrangement is made. Indeed at this very critical and delicate conjuncture in our affairs the dismission of the whole might involve the most interesting consequences, and I do not see that the measure will be altogether practicable at any time in the extent proposed. However, as many of the Expresses as circumstances will possibly admit, should be immediately discharged. I shall take an early occasion to write to Congress on the subject. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, January 3, 1780.
Parole Lapland. Countersigns Muscovy, Norway.
All soldiers before they are discharged from the service are to receive their full pay; Should the regimental Pay Masters not have Money in their hands to answer the purpose they are to apply to the Deputy Pay Master General, who will advance them the necessary sums on an estimate for one month.
At a Division Court Martial held by order of Major General St. Clair in camp West Point, Octr. 28th. 1779, whereof Lieutt. Col. Francis Mentges,5 was President, William Barrett a soldier in the 3rd. Pennsylvania regiment charged with "Deserting with his Arms and Accoutrements and loading his Arms," was tried, found guilty of a breach of article 1st. section
[Note 5: Of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.] 6th. of the Articles of War and sentenced to suffer death, more than two thirds of the Court agreeing.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
At the same Court, Charles McClain, soldier of the 3rd. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for "Desertion" and found guilty of a breach of the aforesaid article and section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, well laid on.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Dominic Hand of the 3rd. Pennsylvania regiment was also tried for "Desertion" and acquitted. The General approves the sentence.
At a Brigade Court Martial held in Camp near Morristown by order of Colo. Cortlandt,6 Commandant of the New York Brigade, Decr. 13th. 1779, Lieutt. Colo. Weissenfels President, Edmund Burke soldier in the 3rd. New York regiment being charged with "attacking Andrew Gardner the Fife Major of said regiment in his tent at night with an unlawful weapon, for disobeying Ensign Bagley7 when in the line of his duty and for attempting his life by knocking him down senseless with the above mentioned weapon" was tried and found guilty of a breach of the 5th. article of the 2nd. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be shot to death.
[Note 6: Col. Philip Van Cortlandt, of the Second New York Regiment.]
[Note 7: Ensign Josiah Bagley, of the Third New York Regiment. He was made lieutenant in March, 1780; transferred to the First New York Regiment; served to close of the war.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
At a Division Court Martial held in camp, Morristown, by order of Brigadier General Stark Commandant, December 28th. 1779, Lieutenant Colonel Huntington8 Presidt.
[Note 8: Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Huntington, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.]
Thomas Herrindeen a soldier of Col. Angell's regiment was tried for, "desertion" and found guilty of a breach of the 1st. article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred stripes on his naked back.
Christian Myers and Philip Wild, soldiers in Colo. Henry Jackson's regiment were also tried for "Desertion," and severally found guilty of a breach of the 1st. article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each.
The Commander in Chief approves the aforegoing sentences.
John Lewis, a soldier in Colonel H. Jackson's regiment (appealing from the judgment of a regimental Court Martial) was tried by the same Court for "Stealing and being drunk on duty," found guilty of a breach of the 5th. article of the 13th. section of the articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
John McLean and William Harper, soldiers in the 4th. New York regiment, were tried for, "Desertion and being absent above twelve months," and found guilty of a breach of the 1st. article of the 6th. section of the articles of War and sentenced, that McLean receive one hundred lashes on his naked back to be inflicted at four several times and that Harper run the Gauntlope thro' the brigade to which he belongs.
William Potter, soldier in Colonel Angell's regiment, was also tried for, "Desertion and reinlisting," found guilty of a breach of the 3rd. Article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back, to be inflicted at four different times.
Joseph Waterhouse, soldier of Colonel H. Jackson's regiment, also tried by the same Court for, "Desertion" and found guilty of a breach of the 1st. article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced unanimously to suffer death.
Amos Rounds, a soldier of the same regiment, also tried for, "Desertion" was found guilty of a breach of the 1st. article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to suffer death.
Jesse Peirce, a soldier of the same regiment, also tried for "Desertion" was found guilty of a breach of the same article of the same section of the Articles of War and sentenced to run the Gauntlope thro' the brigade to which he belongs and be confined in the Dungeon for the space of one month on bread and water.
Nathan Barney, soldier of the same regiment, also tried for "Desertion" was found guilty of a breach of the same section and article and sentenced to run the Gauntlope thro' the brigade to which he belongs and be confined in the Dungeon for the space of one month on bread and water.
John Matthews, a soldier of the same regiment, also tried by the same Court, for the same crime, found guilty of a breach of the same article and section and sentenced to receive the same punishment.
William Straw, a soldier of the same regiment, also tried for "Desertion," was found guilty of a breach of the 1st. article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced unanimously to suffer death.
Corporal James Whitney of the same regiment, also tried for "desertion" was found guilty of a breach of the same article and section and sentenced to do the duty of a private Centinel and to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
William Harman, a Fifer of the same regiment, also tried for "Desertion", was found guilty of a breach of the same section and article and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
Pelatiah Harman, a soldier of the same regiment, also tried for "Desertion" and found guilty of a breach of the same article and section and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
Nathaniel Miliken, soldier of the same regiment, also tried for "Desertion" was found guilty of a breach of the same article and section and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
Joel Miliken, a soldier of the same regiment, also tried for the same crime, was found guilty of a breach of the same article and section and sentenced to receive the same punishment.
The Commander in Chief approves each and every of the aforegoing sentences.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 4, 1780.
Dr. Sir: We are not under less embarrassing and distressful circumstances in this quarter for provisions, than those you have represented in your letter of this days date.9 Of the scanty pittance we have distributed to the army, the last is nearly exhausted, and without a prospect of any adequate and immediate succour. Amidst the difficulties which occur on this occasion; to keep the army together, and draw from the country
[Note 9: "Notwithstanding repeated promises from the Commissarys here, I have not been able to get more than one days Bread, since I came here [Crane's Mills, in the present Union County, N. J.], except some Buckwheat, and a little Corn; this I borrowed from the Inhabitants; and was obliged to promise to pay them in kind; They have been very Hospitable; but seeing little prospect of being paid; my Credit begins to run low and they make a thousand apologys, particularly scarcity for their families. My out Guards croud Expresses on me complaining of want, and in short expressing fears that they will not be able to keep their men long together without relie...A Detachment relieving here can not do it with propriety with less than three days Provision; indeed four would be better, as it takes three full days from the time they leave Camp till all the out Guards are relieved."-- Irvine to Washington, Jan. 4, 1779. Irvine's letter is in the Washington Papers. (See also Washington's letter to Congress, Jan. 5, 1780, post.)] a supply of provision, it is not easy to determine what course we should adopt.
Should the provision that you have borrowed from the inhabitants entirely fail before we can assist you from this quarter, the measure which appears to me the most eligible, and which must be executed in case of extremity, is, upon an estimate of the cattle and provision in the vicinity of your command, to assess such a proportion, as can be spared by the respective inhabitants. In doing this, every possible attention is to be paid to the privileges of citizens, and to obviate as much as in our power, those clamors, or feelings that may arise on the occasion. I would wish you therefore to call upon the Magistrates (not in their official capacity but as men of influence in and knowledge of their neighbourhood) of the district which is to furnish the quota, represent to them the situation of the troops, the unavoidable necessity of the measure, and if possible get them to form an estimate, or calculation of what each family can part with. But if they will not assist in this business, as private gentlemen you must derive your information from such other persons, as you think may be relied on. When you have ascertained what each family of a district can spare, you will send out the parties which are to collect it, under prudent and attentive officers, who must be directed to give certificates to the inhabitants for the cattle, flour, corn &c, either payable at the option of the owners, at the present prices, or at the value such articles may rate, when the payment shall be made. No milch cows should be assessed; and particular care taken to see the cattle weighed, and to certify only agreeable to this, as the public is apt to be imposed on where the weight is guessed at.
You will take all the previous steps for the execution of this plan, so as to have nothing to do but order out the parties when it becomes necessary. One or more of the inhabitants might attend to the weighing of the cattle, and to receive the certificates for the rest. I need not recommend to you, to oeconomise with the most prudent hand your supplies, till our affairs in this respect can be placed on a better footing. I am etc.
P.S. If Mr. Caldwell of Springfield can be interested in the business he will be able to render you every assistance.10
[Note 10: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[H. S. P.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 4, 1780.
Sir: I have successively received your letters of the 10th 22d of November and 13th. of December.
Persuaded that a winter expedition against Detroit would have great advantages over a Summer one, and be much more certain of success, I regret that the situation of affairs does not permit us to undertake it. We cannot at present furnish either the men or the supplies necessary for it. From the estimate you make of the enemy's force there, your garrison with all the aid you could derive from the Militia would not be equal to the attempt; especially as it must soon suffer so large a diminution, by the departure of the men whose terms of service are expiring, and (even were it not too late in the season to march men such a distance in time) the same circumstance and the detachment we are making to South Carolina put it out of our power to supply the defect of your number from this quarter. We must therefore of necessity defer the prosecution of the enterprise to a more favourable opportunity, but I would not wish you to discontinue your inquiries and preparations as far as convenient; for it is an object of too great importance to be lost sight of.
I fear also, that you will not have force for the expedition you propose to the Notches,11 though this is much more within the compass of our abilities. It would scarcely be prudent to leave Fort Pit without a proportion of continental troops for its defence. Sufficient dependence cannot be placed in the Militia, and it is too valuable a post to be exposed to an accident. If you should leave only an hundred men here besides those at the dependent posts you would not have above One hundred and fifty for the expedition. Unless the number of the volunteers you expect exceed what I should imagine, there would be great danger to the party. We are too little acquainted with the situation of the Notches to count, with assurance, upon success and if we should fail the party returning against stream, so great a distance, after a disappointment might run no small risk of being intercepted by the unfriendly indians through whom it would have to pass. I do not however mean to discourage the undertaking altogether but to suggest the difficulties that occur to me, that every circumstance may be well weighed previous to entering upon it. As the business will be attended with little additional expence, I should be glad you would make every necessary preparation and let me know when you will be completely ready, giving me an exact state of the force you will be able to employ on the expedition and to leave at the garrisons under your command. Whatever you do should be under the veil of the greatest secrecy; as on this your success will depend. I shall be glad also, after closely examining your means you will give me your sentiments on the practicability of the enterprise.
[Note 11: Natchez, Miss.]
If I can meet with any Frenchman that answers your discription willing to be so employed, I will send him to you, and you shall have an Engineer if you go upon any thing that requires one.
I shall write to the Board of War recommending you may be supplied with a few pieces of Artillery and a proportion of Stores to be ready against there may be a call for them. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 4, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday. It is lamentable, that our magazines are so empty and that our future prospects are so alarmingly limited.13 The worst consequences are to be apprehended, if some change does not speedily take place. Every information I obtain makes me fear we shall be driven to the necessity of a general forage upon the Country. To do this, I wish you to supply me with an immediate estimate of what flour and cattle each county can spare besides what is already engaged for the public use, that a plan be adopted as equal and as little inconvenient as possible to the inhabitants. I must also desire, that you will without fail give me a weeks notice of the period at which you have reason to believe our supplies will totally cease. We shall by this means be able to take our measures with the more regularity and deliberation
[Note 13: "My expectations are as follows: From Mr. Hoops in Sussex in salt meat, 400 Barrels; From Pitstown, 50; From the Counties of Middlesex and Somerset, 250. At the North river are Cattle, 200 head; In the County of Orange, 150; In Sussex at least 20; In care of Mr. Dunham say 50...I have no absolute dependance on any further supplies of meat than are mentioned above. The purchasers here say they could buy cattle if they had money; of which I can neither give nor promise them any as there is not the least prospect that any adequate sums of money will he furnished the department and our credit is totally exhausted. With respect to bread, I can only say that there is grain, in a great number of mills in this state which is getting ready as fast as possible...There is no more bread at present in camp than will serve the troops tomorrow. I fear the storm will keep the waggons from moving as well as the cattle from travailing."-- Royal Flint to Washington, Jan. 3, 1780. Flint's letter is in the Washington Papers.] and with the more attention to the abilities of the respective counties and of individuals. I shall be glad of your sentiments upon the best mode of conducting the business should we unhappily be compelled to have recourse to this expedient.
I must entreat and shall expect that your communications will be forwarded on certainties. I am &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 4, 1780.
Sir: The following Gentlemen, Colonels Magaw, Matthews, Eli and Lt Colo Ramsay have been permitted to come out of New York on parole, with some new propositions for an exchange of prisoners, the result of a conference between Major General Phillips and themselves. These they will have the honor of submitting to Congress, as I do not conceive myself authorised to take any steps in the business without their orders.
I cannot fix the precise operation which the proposed plan would have; but from such calculations as I have been able to make on the subject, from a comparative view of the propositions and the general state of the Convention Troops, Officers and Men, and of the other Officers prisoners on both sides, we should have to give the Enemy for the Exchange of ours in this quarter, for whom we admit ourselves accountable, Three Cols; Eight Lieut. Cols; Five Majors, Thirty one Captains; Forty Eight first Lieutenants; Twenty seven Second Lieutenants and Ensigns and Twenty Staff, which are all the Officers prisoners of War that we have, and One Major General, One Brigadr, One Lieut Colo, Two Majors, Seventeen Captains, Thirty seven first Lieutenants, Eleven second Lieutenants and Ensigns; Twenty Regimental Staff and about Seven or Eight Hundred Men, Non Commissioned Officers and privates of the Convention Troops, which seems to be a full calculation. Colo Magaw and the other Gentlemen with him hope, from the conferences they had with General Phillips and the ideas he expressed of forming the first division of the Convention Troops, out of the broken Corps, that the number of privates would be less, as the Officers attached to these Corps exceed the number they would have on a general scale of proportion. If this should be the case, it will be so much the better. In the Estimate of Colonels, prisoners, Lt Governor Hamilton and a Colo Alligood are included: Doctor Conolly is also in the list of Lt. Cols. I do not know the state of Southern prisoners and therefore can form no accurate judgment what difference their being included may make; but I should conjecture it is against us, and would add Four or five Hundred privates to what the Enemy would have to receive. It is an unlucky circumstance that we are so much in the dark about their situation and the agreements that may have been entered into concerning them, by the Commanders in that Quarter. If we were in possession of these facts, the propriety of including or not including them in the proposed exchange might be better determined.
The relief of the Militia Officers not taken in Arms ought, if practicable, to be a consequence of the exchange; but I should think it best to avoid the relation established between them and Genl. Burgoyne in the 9th proposition, especially as several Officers are to be released on parole by the 3d proposition, without any immediate equivalent. As I understand from the Gentlemen that wait on Congress, the exchange of the Militia Officers not taken in Arms, will not be made a point by the Enemy, so as to prevent the release of Our Other Officers without them; but they will not admit them to parole, without some specific eqivalent's being left in their hands or at least some engagements on the part of the public, for ensuring their return to captivity whenever they are called.
The present proposals on the part of the Enemy are more reasonable than any they have offered before, and I should hope that they may be improved into an agreement that will give the desired relief. I have taken the liberty to offer these remarks and shall be ready to execute whatever Congress may be pleased to direct; and as they will be fully possessed of the propositions, I shall be happy that any instructions they may think proper to honor me with, may be as particular as possible in delineating the Objects they have in view.
I would farther beg leave to suggest that if Congress approve the propositions, I think it will be advisable for them to request the several States to give up all the Officers they have or claim as their prisoners, for the purpose of facilitating the exchange of Ours, and as it would be the means of lessening the number of privates the Enemy would otherwise receive. If the States consent to it, the names and rank of the Officers and the places they are at cannot be too soon communicated to me. Indeed I regret, as I ever have, that there should be any State prisoners of War. The system has been productive at least of great inconveniences and discontents. I don't know how it first obtained, but I am certain, if it is practicable, that it cannot be too soon abolished.
The indulgence which Cols. Magaw, Mathews, Ely and Ramsay have received, is limited to a few days. This consideration as well as the importance of the business on which they are, will I am convinced give them the early attention of Congress. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on January 13. The same day Congress renewed and confirmed the exchange powers granted to Washington by resolve of Mar. 5, 1779, and passed some additional resolves governing further exchanges and provided for the prisoners held by the States.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Board of War are anxious to compleat an arrangement of the four Regiments of Cavalry and have wrote to me on that account. You will therefore be pleased to forward that of your Regiment as speedily as possible. As this will be put upon Record in the War Office and will be the scale, by which all future promotions will take place, I must request you to be as particular as possible in ascertaining the dates of the Commissions, and if any Officers are intitled to promotions in consequence of Vacancies, you are to specify when the Vacancies happened, and who formerly filled them. The Majority of your Regiment and that of late Blands cannot be filled, untill the Regimental arrangements are compleated. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Practically the same letter was written also to Lieut. Col. Benjamin Temple, of the First Continental Dragoons, and to Lieut. Col. William Washington, of the Third Continental Dragoons.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 5, 1780.
Sir: I have been honoured with your Excellency's Letter of the 29th Ulto and the Acts to which it refers. I hope the proposed regulation of the post Office, will contribute to lessen our expences, but with all deference I would take the liberty to observe, that I think the exigency and good of the service will not admit of a general discharge of the Express Riders. Circumstances very interesting frequently arise that demand an instant communication, and to places intirely out of the tract of the post. Nor does it appear to me that it would answer to rely on the getting of occasional Expresses at the moment they are wanted, both on account of the delay that would often happen and the risk of employing improper characters. The preciousness of moments in military arrangements will often make the delay of an hour extremely injurious; nor am I clear how far this plan may be conducive to oeconomy; for persons so engaged on an emergency will not fail to exact enormous reward. These are points which strike me as worthy of consideration and which are humbly submitted. If the post was to be the common channel of conveyance, as it goes and comes at stated periods, it may be questioned whether our dispatches would not be frequently liable to be intercepted. At any rate the very alarming and delicate conjuncture in our Affairs at this time renders the dismission of the whole impracticable, and I have taken the liberty to suspend the operation of the Act so far as to direct, that such as are absolutely essential for the present be retained till farther directions from Congress. This I have done, not of choice, but of necessity. In any service a number of Expresses would be necessary, in ours they are more so from the multiplied difficulties that attend it. Our scanty supplies in every instance, unknown in other Armies, make it indispensible for a variety of Men under this description, to be constantly in motion to keep matters going on. If one half the present Expresses were dismissed, I should imagine this would be carrying the experiment as far as would be safe in the first instance, and we shall be better able to judge hereafter whether it may with propriety be extended any farther.
I have the honor to inclose an Extract of a Letter of the 3d Ulto,17 received the 19. from Governor Greene. Some arrangement on the subject His Excellency mentions and to
[Note 17: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] govern in similar cases is necessary. The power of granting Warrants has been commonly exercised, where there was a Military Chest, by the General Officer commanding at the post, tho the matter has never been explicitly settled that I recollect. In the present instance there is no Continental General at Rhode Island or Troops, according to the common idea of such as come under this description, except One Regiment and a small detachment of Artillery, under the command of a Continental Colonel. General Cornell is a State Officer, tho I believe the Troops under him are in the pay of the public. The paying of Troops, acting at a distance by warrants from me, would be attended with many inconveniences as has often been the case, and indeed with considerable expence; as from the extravagance of the times, the travelling charges of an Officer for a day, would almost equal his monthly pay, which he would not consent to bear himself nor could it be expected.
It gives me extreme pain that I should still be holding up to Congress our Wants, on the score of provision, when I am convinced they are doing all they can for our relief; duty and necessity, however, constrain me to do it. The inclosed copies of Letters from Mr. Flint, the Assistant Commissary and from Genl Irvine,18 who commands at present our advanced Troops, contain a just representation of our situation. To add to our difficulties, I very much fear that the late violent snow storm has so blocked up the Roads that it will be some days before the scanty supplies in this quarter can be brought to Camp. The Troops, both Officers and Men, have borne their distress with a patience scarcely to be conceived. Many of the latter have been four or five days without meat entirely and short of bread, and none but on very scanty supplies. Some for their
[Note 18: See Washington's letters to Brig. Gen. William Irvine, Jan. 4, 1780, ante, and to Royal Flint, of the same date.] preservation have been compelled to maraud and rob from the Inhabitants, and I have it not in my power to punish or to repress the practice. If our condition should not undergo a very speedy and considerable change for the better, it will be difficult to point out all the consequences that may ensue. About Forty of the cattle mentioned by Mr. Flint got in last night. I have the Honor etc.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 6, 1780.
Sir: As it will contribute in some degree to relieve our distress on the subject of provision, I am to desire that you will discharge all the men in the Brigade under your command whose inlistments and terms of service will clearly expire by the last of this month. In conducting the matter you will be pleased to call on the commanding officers of Regiments, to prevent the discharges of any not coming within the above description. I am &c.20
[Note 20: In the writing of James McHenry. This letter was sent to Brig. Gens. Henry Knox, John Stark, William Maxwell, and Mordecai Gist; Cols. John Gunby, Moses Hazen, Philip Burr Bradley, and Philip Van Cortlandt; and Lieut. Col. Isaac Sherman. The circular was also sent to Baron De Kalb, Jan. 6, 1780, with the following note: "You will be pleased to have the inclosed orders delivered to the Brigadier and Officer commendend [ sic] the I Maryd Brigade executed without delay." This note is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 6, 1780.
Sir: I have directed the Serjeant who will deliver you this, to proceed with his party of horse to Easton for the purpose of Guarding James O'hara and the Deserters mentioned in your letter of the 30th. Novr. to Lord Stirling, to this place. you will be pleased therefore to have them delivered to the party. The friends of Ohara have solicited that he may be indulged with coming in a sled, should they provide one for his accommodation, I have no objection to it. I am etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, January 6, 1780.
Parole Dantzic. Countersigns Elbing, Grodno.
The Sub Cloathiers or their Assistants and the regimental Cloathiers of those Corps not belonging to any State are to apply to the Cloathier General for their proportion of shoes.
William Hutton late a soldier in the 16th. Massachusetts regiment is appointed Assistant to the Provost Marshal.
Head Quarters, Morris town, January 7, 1780.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favd. with yours of the 5th. I take it for granted that the measures you mean to pursue for cutting off the intercourse between the Country and the enemy will be such as will be justified by circumstances, and not incompetent with the laws which the state of Jersey have passed for that purpose. It will be well to inform yourself particularly of the laws which are in force on the subject of illicit trade and correspondence. There is not the least foundation, that I know of, for the report of your corps going to the Southward. I have no objection to a reasonable number of your men being furloughed at a time, and whenever they are such as you can confide in, you may let them, if you think proper, take their Horses with them.
I am exceedingly glad to hear of the capture of the British Officer and his Associates. I should think they had best sent immediately to Philada. They can be properly secured there, and if, as you suspect, there is a connexion with Philadelphia the confessions of some of them may lead to important discoveries. It may be determined a little while hence whether they are amenable to the Civil or Military law. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 8, 1780.
Sir: The present distresses of the Army with which you are well acquainted, have determined me to call upon the respective Counties of the State for a proportion of Grain and Cattle according to the abilities of each. For this purpose I have ad dressed the Magistrates of every County to induce them to undertake the business. This mode I have preferred as the one least inconvenient to the Inhabitants; but in case the requisition should not be complied with, we must then raise the sup plies ourselves in the best manner we can. This I have signified to the Magistrates.
I have pitched upon you to superintend the execution of this measure in the County of Bergen, which is to furnish Two Hundred Head of Cattle and Eight Hundred BushelIs of Grain.
You will proceed there with all dispatch, and, calling upon the Justices, will deliver them the inclosed Address, enforcing it with a more particular detail of the sufferings of the Troops the better to convince them of the necessity of their exertions. You will at the same time delicately let them know, that you are instructed, in case they do not take up the business immediately, to begin to impress the Articles called for, throughout the County. You will press for an immediate Answer and govern yourself accordingly.
If it be a compliance, you will concert with them a proper place for the reception of the Articles; and the time of delivery, which for the whole is to be in Four days after your application to them. The Owners will bring their Grain and Cattle to this place, where the Grain is to be measured and the Cattle estimated by any Two of the Magistrates in conjunction with the Commissary Mr. Vorhes who will be sent you for the purpose, and Certificates given by the Commissary, specifying the quantity of each Article and the Terms of payment. These are to be previously settled with the Owners, who are to chuse whether they will receive the present Market price, which if preferred is to be inserted, or the Market price at the time of payment. Immediately on receiving the Answer of the Magistrates you will send me word what it is.
In case of refusal you will begin to impress till you make up the quantity required. This you will do with as much tenderness as possible to the Inhabitants, having regard to the Stock of each Individual, that no family may be deprived of its necessary subsistence. Milch Cows are not to be included in the impress. To enable you to execute the business with more effect and less inconvenience you will call upon Colo Fell23 and any other well affected Active Men in the County and endeavour to engage their advice and assistance. You are also authorised to impress Waggons for the transportation of the Grain. [A party of ... will immediately march to assist you in
[Note 23: Col. John Fell.] the business of your mission. You will appoint a place with the Adjutant General where the officer commanding the party will hear of you.]
If the Magistrates undertake the business, which I should in finitely prefer on every account, you will endeavour to prevail upon them to assign Mills for the reception and preparation of such Grain as the Commissary thinks will not be immediately useful in Camp.
I have reposed this trust in you from a perfect confidence in your prudence, zeal and respect for the rights of Citizens. While your measures are adapted to the emergency, and you consult what you owe to the service, I am persuaded you will not forget, that as we are compelled by necessity to take the property of Citizens for the support of the Army on whom their safety depends, we should be careful to manifest that we have a reverence for their rights, and wish not to do any thing which that necessity and even their own good do not absolutely require. I am &c.
P.S. After reading the Letter to the Justices you will seal it.24
[Note 24: The text is from the circular sent to Lieut. Col. William De Hart, of the Second New Jersey Regiment, who was assigned to Bergen County. The letter is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is from a photostat kindly furnished by Julian F. Thompson, of Bridgeport, Conn. The circular was sent also to Col. Matthias Ogden, of the First New Jersey Regiment, who was assigned to Essex County; Col. Richard Butler, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment, assigned to Hunterdon; Col. Israel Shreve, of the Second New Jersey Regiment, to Burlington; Lieut. Col. Francis Barber, of the Fifth New Jersey Regiment, to Gloucester; Lieut. Col. Edward Carrington, of the First Continental Artillery, to Sussex; Lieut. Col. Caleb North, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment, to Monmouth; Lieut. Col. Isaac Sherman, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment, to Middlesex; Maj. Henry Lee, of the Partisan Light Dragoons, to Salem, Cumberland, and Cape May; and Maj. Daniel Platt, of the Fourth New Jersey Regiment, to Somerset.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 8, 1780.
Gentlemen: The present situation of the Army with respect to provisions is the most distressing of any we have experienced since the beginning of the War. For a Fortnight past the Troops both Officers and Men, have been almost perishing for want. They have been alternately without Bread or Meat, the whole time, with a very scanty allowance of either and frequently destitute of both. They have borne their sufferings with a patience that merits the approbation and ought to excite the sympathy of their Countrymen. But they are now reduced to an extremity no longer to be supported. Their distress has in some instances prompted the Men to commit depredation on the property of the Inhabitants which at any other period would be punished with exemplary severity, but which can now be only lamented as the effect of an unfortunate necessity. This evil would increase and soon become intolerable were not an instant remedy to be applied.
The distress we feel is chiefly owing to the early commencement and uncommon vigor of the Winter, which have greatly obstructed the transportation of our supplies. These causes have obliged us to exhaust all the Magazines in the vicinity of Camp, and as they continue to operate we shall be unable to derive seasonable succour from our more distant resources. From present appearances it must be more than five Weeks be fore we can have the benefit of any material supplies beyond the limits of this State; so that unless an extraordinary exertion be made within the State to supply the wants of the Army during that space, fatal consequences must unavoidably ensue. Your own discernment makes it needless to particularise.
Influenced by these considerations, my duty to the Public and my affection to the virtuous Inhabitants of this State (who next to the Army would be the most immediate sufferers) have determined me to call upon the respective Counties for a proportion of Grain and Cattle to satisfy the present exigency. The quota of the County to which you belong is ... Bushels of Grain ... and Head of Cattle, which it is indispensible should be collected and delivered to ... who will have the honor of presenting you with this, in ... days after the application. If more can be spared, the County will do an essential service by furnishing it.25
[Note 25: On the verso of the last page of the draft Tench Tilghman has indorsed the following table of quantities, from which the blanks in this paragraph were filled in each case:
I have adopted this mode of requisition, from a regard to the case and accommodation of the Inhabitants. As you are well acquainted with the circumstances of individuals, you will be able to apportion the quantity required to the ability of each, and as I have no doubt you will be convinced of the absolute necessity of the measure, I am persuaded your zeal for the common cause will induce you to exert your utmost influence to procure a cheerful and immediate complyance. In doing this, though you may not be authorised by the strict letter of the Law, by consulting its spirit (which aims at the relief of the Army) in an emergency of so pressing and peculiar a nature, you will merit the acknowledgements of your fellow Citizens.
In order that the Inhabitants may receive compensation for what they furnish ... 26 will concert with you a proper place for the delivery. The owners will bring them to this place at the time appointed, and a Commissary will attend to receive them, and give certificates specifying the quantity of each article and the terms of payment. These terms will be (at the option of the owner, which he shall declare at the time) either to be paid the present market price, which if preferred is to be specifyed, or the Market price, at the time of payment. The weight of the Cattle to be estimated by the Magistrates, or any two of them, in conjunction with the Commissary.
[Note 26: To be filled in with the name of the officer assigned to the county.]
While I have intire confidence that you will do every thing in your power to give efficacy to this requisition, I have too high an opinion of the patriotism of the People of this State and of their attachment to an Army making every sacrifice in defence of their Country, to entertain the least apprehension of their not seconding your endeavours. But at the same time I think it my duty to inform you, that should we be disappointed in our hopes, the extremity of the case will compel us to have recourse to a different mode, which will be disagreeable to me on every account, on none more than on the probability of its having an operation less equal and less convenient to the Inhabitants, than the one now recommended. I intreat you to be assured Gentlemen, that I have given you a just representation of our distresses, of the causes, and of the time which must in all livelyhood elapse before we can obtain relief through the ordinary channels. From this you will be sensible that delay or indicision is incompatible with our circumstances. With the greatest respect I have the honor, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 8, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency the copy of a letter I have just received from the late Commissary General, by which you will see upon how ill a footing our future prospects of supplies are; particularly with respect to meat. This corresponds with representations from every quarter, and with what we actually feel. The Army has been near three months on a short allowance of Bread; within a Fortnight past almost perishing. They have been sometimes without Bread, sometimes without Meat, at no time with much of either, and often without both. They have borne their distress in which the officers have shared a common Lot with the men, with as much fortitude as human nature is capable of; but they have been at last brought to such a dreadful extremity, that no authority or influence of the officers no virtue or patience in the men themselves could any longer restrain them from obeying the dictates of their sufferings. The Soldiery have in several instances plundered the neighbouring Inhabitants even of their necessary subsistence. Without an immediate remedy this evil would soon become intolerable and unhappily for us we have no prospect of relief through the ordinary channels. We are reduced to this alternative either to let the Army disband or to call upon the several Counties of this State to furnish a proportion of Cattle and Grain for the immediate supply of our wants. If the Magistrates refuse their aid we shall be obliged to have recourse to a military impress.
But this Sir is an expedient as temporary in its relief as it is disagreeable in its execution, and injurious in its tendency. An Army is not to be supported by measures of this kind. Some thing of a more permanent and effectual nature must be done. The Legislative authority of the respective States must inter pose its aid. The Public treasury is exhausted; we have no magazines any where that I know of; the Public officers have neither money nor credit to procure supplies. I assure Your Excellency, as far as my knowledge extends, this is a faithful representation of our affairs. Our situation is more than serious, it is alarming. I doubt not Your Excellency will view it in the same light and that the Legislature of the State of Connecticut will give a fresh proof of their wisdom and zeal for the common cause by their exertions upon the present occasion; and I hope I shall be thought to be justified by circumstances when I add, that unless each State enters into the business of supplying the Army as a matter seriously interesting to our political salvation we may shortly be plunged into misfortunes from which it may be impossible to recover.
I have made a similar representation to all the States on which we depend for supplies. Maryland has passed an Act which promises us much assistance in the article of Flour and Forage, though it must be some time before we can feel the benefit of it. She has appointed Commissioners in each County with full power to purchase or impress all the Grain in the State more than is sufficient for the use of the Inhabitants; and has interested them in a vigorous execution of the commission. I flatter myself the other States will make equal exertions; and then we shall escape the calamities with which we are now threatened. I have the honor &c.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Morristown, January 9, 1780.
Dear Lee: You will not forget that you owe me a horse or something in the shape of one, for the bay I turned into your Corps twelve Months ago. I am not in immediate want; But in some cases it is necessary to remind a Man of his debt lest he should forget his creditor. I do not apply this to you, because I am sincerely and Affectly Yrs.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 9, 1780.
Dr. Sir: From our great distress for the want of provision and the very remote prospect of getting a supply in any reason able time, through the Ordinary channel, I have been compelled to address the Magistrates of the several Counties in this State to collect certain quantities of Grain and Cattle from the Inhabitants of each in a limited time; and have appointed Field Officers to present the Addresses and aid in the collection. This plan I would willingly hope will procure Supplies and in a way the least exceptionable; however as we are reduced to a situation of extremity, if it should fail, we must of necessity have recourse to one more disagreeable. I have advised the Magistrates of this and fully of our circumstances. Colo Ogden is appointed to transact the business in either case in Essex County, and on his application you will furnish him with a party from your command. The Address to the Magistrates is inclosed in the Letter to Colo Ogden, which I request you to have conveyed to him as soon as possible. I am etc.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[H.S.P.]
Morris-town, January 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: Our Affairs are in so deplorable a condition (on the score of provisions) as to fill the Mind with the most anxious and alarming fears. Such a situation, at all times to be lamented is peculiarly unfortunate at this juncture when there now is, or soon must be, a field opened for enterprize.
Circumstanced as things are, (Men half starved, imperfectly Cloathed, riotous, and robbing the Country people of their subsistence from shear necessity) I think it scarcely possible to embrace any moment (however favorable in other respects) for visiting the enemy on Staten Island, and yet if this frost should have made a firm and solid bridge between them and us I should be unwilling, indeed I cannot, relinquish the idea of attempting it.
To you therefore I confide the business of ascertaining the State of the Ice in the Sound, particularly at Halstead's point and at the blazing Star ferries, and the obtaining intelligence of the enemys strength (Corps), situation, works, &ca. I need not observe to you how necessary disguise and false pretences are in enquiries of this kind, that the very persons from whom you are obtaining intelligence may be deceived with respect to the design. I know of no better colouring in the present in stance than throwing out ideas of apprehension for the safety of your own detachment. This or some other false colouring is indispensably necessary, as the Hatfields, and those persons most likely to give you information do not fail to convey all they know to the enemy. In a word, I have good reasons to believe that H--d30 is a dble Spy. It will be necessary also to know the state of matters at Paulus-hook,31 the condition of the North River, and the practicability of relief going from New York.
[Note 30: Moses Hatfield.]
[Note 31: The Varick transcript, made in 1781, spells this "Powles Hook."]
The circumstances of the Army for the reasons I have al ready mentioned, and for others that could be urged renders it totally impossible to releive your detachment at the usual time. And I beg that your utmost attention and exertions may be turned to the business here confided, and that the speediest and fullest communication of the result given to Dr. Sir, &c.
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 10, 1780.
My Lord: I should be glad, on receipt of this, to see your Lordship on some matters of business as soon as possible. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[ N.Y.H.S.]
January 10, 1780.
Sir: Captain Bowman34 of the 2d. Jersey Regt is wanted for a particular command with an entire Company, Whatever Men are deficient in his own are to be made up out of the Regiment. And the General desires that these Men may be
[Note 34: Capt. Nathaniel Bowman, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was appointed major of the First New Jersey Regiment in February, 1783, and served to April, 1783.] furnished as soon as possible with their Cloathing and in preference to Others. That there may be no delay in forwarding the command, the Captain has received an Order on the Cloathier General for Fifty Six Coats. He will receive his Orders at Head Quarters when his party is ready. I am, etc.35
[Note 35: Harrison wrote also to Brig. Gen. Henry Knox that "His Excellency requests that you will furnish Capn Bowman ... with an Ammunition Waggon provided with Horses and a driver ... by to morrow ten OClock ... There is to be no ammunition in the Waggon." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. If it can be done the Men with Captain Bowman will march with three days provisions.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. H. H[arrison]."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 10, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter of to day has just come to hand. If you find, on consulting with the Magistrates, that the number of Cattle mentioned in my requisition and Instructions cannot be easily obtained, you will make a deduction of Fifty, on the Magistrates agreeing that a reasonable quantity of Corn, of which it seems there is a happy plenty, shall be collected in their stead, it being my wish not distress the Inhabitants more than our circumstances unavoidably require. You will settle the point with the magistrates. At the same time, as the Cattle which have been received are generally small, and it may be a good while before we get a Supply from the Eastward, I should be well pleased if it could be done without much inconvenience, if the whole number could be collected, and a quantity of Grain over and above what has been apportioned. As there will be Detachments constantly below; The Grain need not be brought here, but be kept for their use at some proper place to be concerted between you and the Commissary and such Others as you may choose to consult upon the occasion. Springfield and Westfield appear to me as not unsuitable places. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris-town, January 10, 1780, ½ past 7 O'clock P.M.
[Dr. Sir: As the detachment could not be put in motion 'till late this afternoon, when the snow set in pretty briskly, I thought it best to suspend their march till we saw what turn the weather was likely to take.] of this I have given you notice lest forward preparations in the party at present below may betray our design. This delay can be attended with no possible disadvantage if the frost continues while much useful information may in the meantime be had, and the enemy lulled into security; 24 or 36 hours will bring on a thaw, or renewal of the cold; if the first, our project of course ends; if the latter, we shall be able to undertake the enterprize upon more certain intelligence which at present is defective consequently disadvantageous in forming the plan.
Genl. Irvine will be so good as to keep his attention closely fixed to the objects recommended to him; you will write me the result of your present enquiries by return of the bearer and give me your opinion thereupon. Also of the Roads as you found them. 14 Barrels of Salt provisions are ordered on to Genl. Irvine; these are to be held in reserve for the expedition, to be delivered at a proper moment.
After having possessed yourself of information on the several points essential to be known I shall be glad to see you up along the Chatham road; that it may be more fully and clearly communicated than by letter. Very sincerely and affectly.38
[Note 38: The first part of the draft within the brackets is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 10, 1780.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of this days date. I am much obliged to you for your exertions in our present difficulty and the supply of grain they have procured. Col. Ogden is directed to retain the grain in the County for the use of the detachment. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, January 10, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of Yesterday. It appears to me at present, that General and Other Officers who find their own servants, ought to receive annually Cloathing for them to the amount of the Annual Cloathing allowed by the public to the Soldiers, and that the General and Field Officers might draw it on their own Order. The public would save by this, as otherwise they might be compelled to take waiters from the Army, whom they would cloath and lose their service in a great degree besides. If circumstances should make it necessary for Servants under this discription to receive more than the bounty Cloathing; the Officers should pay a reasonable price for the Supplies. Where General Officers have Soldiers for Servants they might also draw as far as the bounty Articles on their order, in which case they should distinguish the Regiment and State to which the Soldier belonged and the Cloathing be charged as part of the State's quota. Any Surplus drawn must be paid for. If there are any instances where Other Officers use Soldiers as Waiters, they can easily draw in their Regiments. In the case of General Officers they frequently change their commands and it might not always be convenient at the Instant to part with a Servant who had proved faithful and trust worthy.
It is certainly right that a proportion of Cloathing should be reserved at Newburg to supply the occasional demands of the Troops stationed at the North River and Danbury. If their State Cloathiers make You Monthly Returns as they and those belonging to every State ought to do, and represent the wants of the Troops to you from time to time you will be under little or no difficulty in directing your issues, which should be made to them. These are points which should not be dispensed with. My Instructions to General Heath before I left West point were, that the applications should be to You through this channel, and I wish most ardently the business of the department could be got in such a train, that the issuing of the Cloathing might not depend on Orders from me, which, from the multiplicity of Other business constantly engaging my attention, I would wish to avoid as much as possible.
If you have business with the Board of War that requires your presence, I have no objection to your going to Philadelphia. I am etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, January 11, 1780.
Sir: You are to proceed immediately with the men of your company, present, and those attached to it by an order of yesterday for the purpose of making it complete, to Squan, by the way of Freehold, taking with you the Ammunition waggon for which you obtained an order on General Knox. At Freehold you will draw two weeks provision for your party, for which purpose you will find an order inclosed on the commissary at that place.41
[Note 41: "Capn. Bowan [sic] of the 2d Jersey Regt. being detached to Squan with a party on a special command, no superior officer is to interfere with him while he remains in that quarter, without they receive particular orders for the purpose from proper authority." This letter, dated Jan. 11, 1780, is in the Washington Papers.]
You are to receive orders as to your farther destination and the objects of your command from the honourable the Board of War, thro' Major Howel late of the 2d. Jersey Regt. and I have the utmost persuasion, that as far as the execution of the matters they have in view may be practicable and depend on you and your party that their expectations will be answered. It is the desire of the Board that your route and destination be kept a profound secret, which you will observe, both as it is their wish, and as the success of the enterprise they have in contemplation may depend entirely upon it. Expedition in your march will also be essential. That no officer may interfere with your command, I have written a line to that effect, which you will also find inclosed and use as occasion may require. In the course of your march and command you will keep your party under strict discipline, and in good order. It will be advisable that the men march with two or three days provisions if it can be easily obtained. You cannot move too soon.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
"On the application of Capt. Nathaniel Bowman, of the 2d Jersey Regt. His Excellency desires that you will deliver to him without delay provisions for himself, two officers and sixty two privates for a fortnight. Rob H: Harrison Secy." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Morris Town, January 11, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I received two hours since your letter of this morning.43 The unsettled state of the weather and a desire to obtain
[Note 43: Tilghman's letter, dated "Tuesday Morning, 10th Jany. 1780," is in the Washington Papers; but Tuesday was January 11.] more precise intelligence have determined me to defer the march of the detachment till tomorrow; if the attempt is found practicable and the weather permits, we must endeavour at all events to execute it on Friday night.
The circumstance of patroles is of great importance. I wish you to ascertain this point as well as possible; the places they go to and the hours they commonly make their appearance, with whatever else occurs to you that may enlighten us.
I should be glad to know the distances from Connecticut farms to the different crossing places.
General Irvine will regulate the calling in his out posts by the time now fixed unless otherwise directed in the mean time. It ought to be delayed as long as it can be to be in time. We shall hope to see you in the course of tomorrow.
On further consideration I wish you to extend your inquiries from Trimley's point towards new blazing Star from thence to smoaking point, Old blazing, Star &ca and to comprehend the same objects with respect to them as with respect to other places. I am, &c.
[P.S. I wish to know the State of the Ice at Amboy; whether it is to be crossed there also with a body of Troops?] Be pleased to make an apology to Genl. Irvine for the detention of his Servant, as it was to save an Express. [In addition to what I have just put my name, and Seal to the letter, please to enquire where our guards are along the Sound, whether we have any at Woodbridge and Amboy, and in a particular manner let me know whether the Ice is to be crossed at or near a Mill by the House of a Mr. C. Dusasway (on the Island) one mile or there abouts from Amboy East of it.]44
[Note 44: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The address sheet of this letter makes it to Colonel Tilghman and General Irvine.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 11, 1780.
Gentn: I was duly honoured with Your Letter, stating the difficulties which occurred to prevent Colo Mitchell from attending then the trial of Major General Arnold. As several days have elapsed since, I would willingly hope that things are in such a train as to admit of his coming now, without any material injury to the public service. Genl Arnold is very anxious on this head, and indeed so am I, as the Court Martial for the want of his testimony solely have been delayed finishing the trial near a fortnight and must be, according to their Report, till it is had. The delay in this prevents the bringing on Other Trials, and is of material injury besides, by preventing the Officers who compose the Court from attending to other essential duties, and which makes the situation of the rest in Camp (there being Many on furlough, through the necessity of their Affairs) hard and disagreeable. The Board, I am convinced will direct Colo Mitchell to proceed the moment they think it can be done with propriety, and I sincerely wish his immediate attendance may be practicable.
I have also been honoured with the Board's Favors of the 20th Ulto and 3 and 5 Inst. I shall give directions to the Commissary on the subject of Mr. Loring's application and agreeable to the Board's opinion shall grant a passport for the Cloathing intended for the prisoners. It would have been a lucky circumstance, if those gone to Fort Frederick could have received theirs before they were removed. I will write Genl Heath on the subject in which Mr. Hatfield is interested, and request him to have the proposed enquiry. I shall also take occasion to answer the points referred to me by the Letter of the 20th Ulto. I have the Honor, etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, January 11, 1780.
Parole Union. Countersigns Virtue, Wisdom.
As effectual measures are now in execution for supplying the Army, all detachments and parties from the line not sent by general orders are to be called in immediately.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 11, 1780.
Gentn: On the 8th late in the Afternoon I had the honor to receive Your private Letter of the 3d Inst.46 I sent the next morning for Captain Bowman, but owing to his being out of Camp in quest of provision, I did not see him till yesterday, when I took measures with him for complying with your views. He will march with his Company and with some additional Men I directed to be attached to it to make it compleat, this afternoon or early to morrow morning; also with an Empty Ammunition Waggon. The Captain has received Instructions in the Spirit of the Board's Letter, and an Order on the Commissary at Freehold for a Fortnights provision and also One directing no Officer to interfere with his command. Our distressed circumstances for want of provision and the Jersey Troops not having yet received All their Cloathing or
[Note 46: "The Board have a Plan of Intelligence accompanied with same other Matters of which we will hereafter inform your Excellency and which being communicated to a Committee of Congress has been approved by that Committee. To carry this plan into Execution we have employed Major Howell late of the 2d Jersey Regt commanded by Col. Shreve. Major Howell desires that, to facilitate the Measures we have communicated to him, Capn Nathaniel Bowman of that Regiment may be detached with his entire Company of Light Infantry and ordered to proceed with an Ammunition Waggon to Squan by way of Freehold..." -- Board of War to Washington, Jan. 3, 1780. The Board of War's letter is in the Washington Papers.] any of their Coats from their State Cloathier have also contributed to the Captains delay. I have the Honor etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 12, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I herewith transmit you an extract of a letter from the Board of war, on the supposed delinquency of Mr. Hatfield Commissary of hides, and an extract of a letter on the same subject from Mr. Henry48 commissary of hides at Lancaster, to the Board of war. In compliance with the Boards request, you will be pleased to direct an inquiry into Mr. Hatfield's conduct in the discharge of the duties of his department. The principal charge appears to be, that of the49 number of hides delivered to Mr. Hatfield to dress and prepare for shoes, so very small a proportion should be returned by him fit for this purpose. To this the Court will particularly extend their enquiry, and to the causes which occasioned it. I am &c.50
[Note 48: William Henry.]
[Note 49: McHenry's draft reads the "large" number of hides.]
[Note 50: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Morris Town, January 12, 1780.
My Lord: The difficulty of making an attempt upon the Enemy on Staten Island, being in a great measure removed by the renewal of the frost, and the enterprise, in case it should not succeed, not very likely to be attended with bad consequences, provided the state of the Ice affords a ready and safe passage and return, (which is to be the Basis of the Expedition) I am inclined to direct the attempt and to intrust the command and execution of it to your Lordship.
The Troops allotted for this Expedition are, the detachment of 750 men already on the lines under the command of Brig. Genl. Irvine; the detachment of 1000 Men, which marched this day under the command of Colo. Hazen as a relief to Genl. Irvine; a detachment of between three and four hundred, under the command of ... which will leave Camp on Friday Morning in Sleds and a fourth detachment of 500 Men under the command of Colo. Walter Stewart, which will also leave Camp on Friday Morning, and join the main Body or act separately, as your Lordship may, upon a further investigation of circumstances, judge most proper.
The objects in view are to captivate the Troops on the Island51 and bring off or destroy all public stores of every kind, and fat Cattle and sheep, if time and circumstances will allow.
[Note 51: Staten Island.]
To point out any precise plan of operation would be wrong in me. Your movements must be governed by information and circumstances. You are therefore at full liberty to pursue such measures as shall appear most conducive to attain the objects of your command. I shall however give you my present Ideas of the several matters which appear to me worthy of your Lordship's attention.
From the best information I have been able to obtain the Enemy's force on Staten Island does not exceed 1000 Men. The principal part of whom it is said are in hutts near their Redoubts at the Watering place. The Queen's Rangers, about 200, at Richmond, and Buskirks Regiment, of near one hundred at Deckers.
To get on the Island without discovery is so essentially necessary, that the complete success of the enterprise depends absolutely upon it. Every device and Stratagem therefore should be used to effect it, by eluding or seizing their Guards or patrols and deceiving their Spies on this side.
The greatest part of Irvine's detachment being at and in the neighbourhood of Elizabeth Town, and Hazens marching to Connecticut Farms in the Vicinity thereof, will draw the enemy's attention in a particular manner to that quarter. By crossing Stewards detachment therefore at the old blazing Star, or which would be still more unsuspected, at or near Dusaway's (by a Mill which is on the Island) about the hour of ten at night and pushing it to Richmond, with all the caution I have already suggested, I think there is a moral certainty of surprising the troops at that place.
As the attempt upon Richmond whether successful or not will give an Alarm and this alarm will communicate very quickly thro' the Island, the cooperation of the main Body must be well timed, or the enemy on the other quarter will probably, by previously putting themselves in a posture of defence, defeat the effect of the operation against them.
It is not likely that any number of prisoners will be taken unless the Redoubts at the Watering place are possessed very early by us, and as I take it for granted that they can only be possessed by surprise, I would propose the following mode of effecting it. The main Body to cross at Tremly's point on account of the goodness of the Ice, and because it seems an unsuspected place, and march immediately to the Cross Roads at Parkers before they seperate. From hence, two parties of 100 Men each, covered by 800 or 1,000 Men are to move as rapidly as possible for the Redoubts at the Watering place, by the Cross Roads at Merceraus, continuing along the middle Road, provided the Enemy have not taken the alarm; in that case I conceive the attempt would be fruitless. The parties of 100 men, if not interrupted, are to advance each to a Redoubt and endeavour to surprise it, before it can be reinforced. If they succeed they can with ease hold the Works untill the support comes up. If they fail they are again to unite with the covering party, and proceed to Decker's on the lower Road, first burning the Hurts of the Enemy if practicable.
The remainder of the troops, (if a separation should not be deemed uneligible) may, one half take post at the Cross Roads at Parkers and other at the Cross Roads, a mile beyond, at I. Merceraus52 and Dawsons, with orders to halt there untill the parties designed for the surprise of the Forts have full time to reach them. (To do which well I conceive require three hours) during this time they may probably intercept retreating parties from Richmond. But they are not to remain longer for this or any other purpose than the three hours, at the expiration of which they are to form a junction at the last mentioned Cross Roads (Merceraus and Dawsons) and push immediately for Deckers, beating up the Enemy's quarters and driving them towards the forts at the Watering place, whither it is supposed they will retreat. But if the Garrison at Deckers should not evacuate it, nor appear disposed to surrender upon a peremptory challenge and threat to burn them out, or if parties should throw themselves into houses, it should not retard the pursuit of the fugitives; parties may be left to watch them, for should we succeed in the principal attacks, they will afterwards fall of course.
[Note 52: John or Joshua Mercereau.]
To secure the Garrison of Deckers effectually, should they incline to make resistance, a number superior to those within may be left there, till Artillery can be brought up to reduce them. But as the occasion for Artillery is at present a matter of very great uncertainty, and as it would, in the present state of the Roads, exceedingly retard and incumber your march, I should not think it advisable to pass any over in the first instance. It may be so disposed near Elizabeth Town, as to come to you at a moments notice by D'Hart's point.
If the party under Colonel Steward succeeds in the attempt upon Richmond; The prisoners under the escort of the worst and most fatigued Men may be immediately sent to Brunswick, and he directed to endeavour to form a junction with the Main Body by the Road leading from Richmond to the Watering place, by Deckers.
It is a difficult matter to combine operations in point of time as that one part will not impede if not totally defeat the other and this it is to be feared will be the case in the present instance, if there is an attempt to surprise the troops at Richmond and at the Watering place at the same time. The latter is important but precarious, the other is of less consequence but more certain. From observation and information after you get down, you must determine which to prefer, if an attempt on both at the same time should be deemed ineligible. You will give Colonel Steward orders accordingly, with whom you must keep up the best correspondence you can before crossing; furnishing him with your Watch Word &c.
If it should be found that the Enemy on the Island cannot derive succour from New York; that there is no appearance of the Frost breaking up, and that by remaining upon the Island we can starve them into a compliance by confining them to their Works, the experiment ought by all means to be made, and measures shall be taken here to give every possible Aid.
Plank will be prepared for Platforms to go on and off the Ice and the Officers must take care to keep the troops in open order while passing. An Officer in whose diligence you can confide, should reconnoitre the crossing place before night and make observations on the opposite shore. He should cross over with a party of 15 or 20 chosen Men at least half an hour before the Column comes down; having sent forward two or three trusty Men to see that the coast is clear, he should follow with his party and so dispose of them as to seize any patrols or suspicious persons. Some of Webb's Men clothed in Red would be best for this duty and to be always in advance.
Every disposition should be made before crossing; The Officers for the different services well instructed and Guides assigned them, that there may not be the least delay after the line of march is taken up.
Every Officer should have a Roll of the platoon he commands and see that no Man absents himself; the most profound silence should be observed under pain of instant death.
White Cockades or some Badge of distinction should be worn by our Officers and Men and the Watch word should be such as may deceive the Enemy; for instance Clinton, Cornwallis, Skinner, &c. &c
There should be no firing if it is possible to avoid it in the several attacks. The Bayonet will be found the most effectual weapon, especially in the Night.
In case of success, The value of every thing that is public property or lawful plunder shall be divided in just proportion among the Officers and Men. And if any Officer or Soldier attempts to appropriate any thing to his own particular use, he shall be compelled to deliver it up, shall forfeit all pretensions to a common share and shall be punished at the discretion of a Court Martial for disobedience of Orders. No private property to be brought off on any pretence whatever, except fat Cattle &c. as before mentioned.
Heartily wishing success to the enterprise and every possible honour and Glory to your Lordship and the troops concerned, I am etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, West point, January 12, 1780.
Dear Sir: Friday Evening is determined upon for the execution of the intended enterprise, unless prevented by the intervention of Weather or some unforeseen accident. I would however wish you to have your detachment in a state of perfect readiness. To avoid giving cause for suspicion, by withdrawing your Guards totally, I think you had best, tomorrow night or very early on Friday Morning, call in the greater part of them, leaving just sufficient at each post to keep up appearances. That at Elizabeth Town, which is most conspicuous, may remain till Friday Evening. Lord Stirling will be down with you in the morning and will finally determine upon the place of passage; this will in a great measure fix the place of Rendezvous, which should be as near as circumstances will admit. Colo. Hazen marches this morning with a detachment under his command. He will reach Connecticut farms tomorrow, and will form a junction with you in due time on Friday. The third detachment will be also ready. I shall send you down 150 pair of Shoes to be delivered out on Friday to those who are in want. Spare Musket Cartridges will also be sent down.
You will, in concert with Colo. Ogden, be gaining all the information you can between this and Friday. If the Weather continues to thaw, Colo. Ford should, in a careless manner, try the Ice once or twice a day. We may judge of the state of it at other places by that at Elizabeth Town point. And desire him to give you notice the moment that a Flag arrives from New York. We shall know by that, when the communication between the Island and the City is opened. I am &c.
P.S. The Cloathier having no shoes on hand, has sent the inclosed order on Mr. Caldwell at Springfield.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, January 13, 1780.
Sir: His Excy. requests you will be pleased to have five or six good Expresses held in readiness; two of them will be wanted to attend Colonel Walter Stewart perhaps this eveng. the rest will have employment Tomorrow. Yours, &c.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade."]
Head Qrs., Morristown, January 13, 1780.
My Lord: Herewith Inclosed are your Lordships discretionary Instructions. In addition to what you read in the morning, and in consequence of Genl. Irvine's information respecting the state of the Ice between York, long, and Staten Islands I have inserted a clause by which you will see that if things continue in the condition he represents I would have your Lordship turn your thoughts to the practicability of compelling a surrender of the enemy if they should even resort to their Forts.
I am sorry Colo. Hazen made that March in one day, which was intended for two. To counteract this wd. it not be well for Genl. Irvines detachment to assume an appearance of returning to Camp?
The Men which will reinforce you in Sleds to morrow, had better be met at Springfield by your Orders, and a careful person to conduct them at once to the place of rendezvous. the Detachment will consist of abt. 400 Men and may join Genl. Irvines brigade if you have nothing better in view for them.
You know I presume that 40,000 Cartridges have been sent to Genl. Irvine for the use of the Troops on the Expedition.
If Colo. Stewarts Detachment should be ready earlier than I expect to morrow I will direct him to Halt at quibble town (under pretence of takg. in forage there) till a proper hour arrives for him to proceed. I mention this that you may know how to meet him with orders in case you have not seen him since yesterday and fixed your plan with him. In haste I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, Thursday Evening, January 13, 1780.
My Lord: I have recd. yours by Colo. Steward. Upon your letter and his representation, I shall direct the whole of the detachment which is to move to morrow, to proceed directly to join the main Body. Should the severity of the Weather continue, and your information of the numbers, situation and circumstances of the enemy make it probable that an attempt upon them openly will succeed, I leave it to your Lordship and the principal officers to carry the matter into execution in such manner as you shall judge proper. If you determine upon the attack, I do not think you should lose a moment after the troops are assembled, because, in my opinion, our success depends in a great measure upon the Weather, which, in its present state, would alone bring men to terms in a short time.
I scarce need recommend to your Lordship an attention to the North River. I do not apprehend much danger from that quarter, but we do not know what men may attempt for the relief of so valuable a detachment as that upon Staten Island. I shall direct the Artillery to move as early as possible tomorrow. If you make the descent openly and in the face of the Enemy you may probably have occasion for it. I am, &c.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 13, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I received Your Letter of the 6th. with the proceedings of the Court Martial in the case of Thomas Warren.57 From the frequency of Sentences affecting life, and the Many executions that have been in consequence, I wish the Court Martial, altho the conduct of the prisoner was certainly criminal, had given a sentence less severe; and for the same reasons that the proceedings had not been sent me. I return them with a Copy of an Article of War of the 14th. of April 1777, by which you will perceive that you have power to order the sentence to be executed, or to suspend it 'till the pleasure of Congress can be known on your submitting the proceedings to them. You will use your discretion in the matter. If it is the first Great Offence, it might be best perhaps for him to be pardoned. Your natural disposition to humanity especially in so interesting a point, if you think the execution of the prisoner can be dispensed with, will lead You to mention I am certain, whatever was favourable in his past Character. I am &c.58
[Note 57: A private in the Invalid Corps.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
January 13, 1780.
Dr. Sir: As it is essential that the Troops should be mustered in order to their being paid, His Excellency requests, if there is a want of Officers in the department to do the business, that you will endeavour to prevail on and appoint such Officers as you may deem proper to muster them for the Months of November and December, who will be paid what is reasonable for the trouble. The sooner the Musters can be made the better, that Abstracts may be lodged with the Deputy Pay Mr Genl. and Auditors for examination. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, January 13, 1780.
Parole Arch. Countersigns Bomb, Carcase.
As there is a quantity of provisions and forage collected for the army the General is anxious to take advantage of the present favorable weather to bring it to camp and orders two detachments for that purpose to be paraded tomorrow morning 10 o'clock with three days cooked provisions.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 14, 1780.
My Lord: I have directed Lt. Colo. De Haart60 with a detachment of 250 Men to move from paramus to Newark and send parties of observation from thence to Bergen to watch the motions of the enemy upon the North River to Paulus Hook. He will communicate with your Lordship by way of Elizabeth town and is directed to receive any commands from you. The detachment will move from hence as soon as the sleds, which are coming in, are collected.
[Note 60: Lieut. Col. William De Hart, of the Second New Jersey Regiment.]
I have reason to believe that many of the inhabitants, suspecting that something is in agitation, are preparing to go upon the Island with intent to plunder. Every thing of this kind should be prohibited as far as possible. If any of the Militia will embody themselves regularly and put themselves under your Lordships command, [and share the fatiegues of the Soldrs] I think they should be encouraged in such Case and admitted to an equal share with the Continental Troops of whatever shall be brought off by authority. I have furnished the party that marches this morning with woolen Caps and Mitts and shall send down a parcel for those below.
I think it will be advisable when you get upon the Island to let the Inhabitants know that such as are found in Arms must expect to be treated as Enemies, and their Effects given up as plunder. I would be understood to hold out this by way of Threat, rather than put it in execution, as to taking their Effects, such as are found in Arms they must be brought off as prisoners of War.
A Central position to the three posts on the Island will no doubt be thought most eligible. That the Garrisons may afford no relief to each other, or have any communication.61 I am &c.62
[Note 61: On January 14 Harrison also wrote to Stirling: "that his Excellency has given Lt Colo De Buisson leave on his earnest solicitation to attend the expedition under your command." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets in the draft, which is also in the writing of Tilghman, were inserted by Washington. His spelling is followed, though it does not so appear in the letter signed.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Morristown, January 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: My Nephew63 the bearer) has a great desire of participating in the present enterprize on Staten Island. I commit
[Note 63: George Augustine Washington.] him to your care and beg you will make him useful to you, and see that he does his duty.
The detachment which at first was intended for seperate duties will now go wholly under your command and had better be divided into three equal divisions, 300 Men in each. With cordial wishes for your success, honor and glory, I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 14, 1780, 7 O'clock P.M.
My Lord: I am this moment favored with your Lordships letter of this date. The detachment under Col. Stewart moved off on sleds from the parade about half after 2 O'clock, and the Artillery passed by this place at four this afternoon. I had ordered down 500 axes, with shovels and picks; of the former however, I find on inquiry that only one hundred and eighty were in store which is all that could be sent. They were directed to Elizabeth Town. These with the provision you have made I imagine will be sufficient. I have sent to Genl. Knox on the subject of Ammunition for the 18 pounder, but I am rather disposed to think it cannot be procured [in time.] How far the weather may have operated in rendering the passage from the Island to Bergen-point practicable, for the march of troops, your Lordship has no doubt determined. Should it be passable I would beg leave to suggest, that if the enemy find a part of their force on the Island competent to the size and defence of their works, they might be induced to pass over the rest this way, in order to give the remaining garrison an opportunity of holding out longer, on their present stock of fuel and provisions. Your Lordship knowing how far this is practicable will take such precautions as it may seem to deserve.
Should we be favored in our attempt on Staten Island, it may not be improper to turn your attention to the situation of things at Powles Hook. With sincere regard etc.
P.S. The Qr. Mr. has furnished 120 picks and 95 Shovels. He is endeavouring to collect more axes, which will be ordered to Crames Mills if procured in season. Gen Knox has made his report which corresponds with what I have written.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: His Excellency Governor Trumbull has written to me lately and informed me that the executive of the State of Connecticut are determined to take the most vigorous measures for stopping the intercourse between the Inhabitants of that State and the Enemy in New York and upon Long Island, and has requested me to direct you to assist the Civil authority in the more effectual execution of their law should it be necessary. You will therefore be pleased, should you be called upon by the Governor, to furnish the parties which may be deemed requisite for the purposes above mentioned. I am &c.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: His Excellency Govr. Trumbull has written to me lately and informed me that the executive of the State of Connecticut are determine to take the most vigorous measures for stopping the intercourse between the inhabitants of that State and the Enemy in New York and upon Long Island, and has requested me to direct the assistance of the Cavalry should they be found necessary for the more effectual execution of the law. I have, in answer, represented to the Governor that the Horse, after a hard Campaign, require as much repose as possible in their Winter quarters, and have therefore desired him to call for them only in cases of emergency. I hope you will not often have occasion to detach the Horse upon Business of this kind, but I am to desire you to comply with the requisitions when made. Should they be too frequent, we must take an opportunity of remonstrating against the practice. I am &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 14, 1780.
Sir: I desire that you will immediately on the receipt of this, collect your detachment and march to New-Ark. If you can move your men in sleds, it will be much more expeditious, and I would wish you, if possible, to be there early to-morrow morning. An attempt is to be made by a detachment of the army under the command of Lord Stirling against the enemy upon Staten Island. The object of your taking post at NewArk is to observe the motions of the enemy upon the North-River and at Powles Hook. If the river should be, by any means passable, they will certainly endeavour to send a relief that way, as I believe the navigation between New-York and Staten Island is totally interrupted by the ice. You will keep parties of observation over towards Bergen, and should they discover any motion in that quarter, you will instantly communicate it by way of Elizabeth Town to Lord Stirling. You will obey any commands which you may receive from his Lordship. I am &c.67
[Note 67: In the writing of James McHenry. The text is from a photostat of the letter sent kindly furnished by Julian F. Thompson, of Bridgeport, Conn.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 14, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellency's favor of the 27th ultimo. It gives me pleasure to hear that the legislature of your State have fallen upon so effectual measures to put a stop to all illicit intercourse between its inhabitants and the enemy in New-York and upon Long Island. The practice I am convinced has been extremely beneficial to our enemy and detrimental to us. I have ever exerted the military authority to the utmost to restrain it, and I flatter myself that I have lately in conjunction and with the approbation of the civil power of this State checked the practice in this quarter, which had grown under the cover of flag boats, and through their abuse to a most alarming height. I left orders of a similar nature with General Heath, which I am persuaded he will execute punctually, so far as cases may fall within the limits of his command. I have given directions to Genl. Poor to assist the Civil authority when called upon for the more effectual execution of the law to which you refer. Col. Moylan who commands the cavalry now stationed at Colechester, is also desired to do the same. I must however observe to your Excellency that as the horse after a fatiguing campaign, require as much repose as possible in their winter quarters, I shall be obliged to you for dispensing with their services as far as circumstances will admit, only calling upon them in cases of emergency.
The cavalry had, previous to your Excellency's representation, been ordered to remove to Colchester, upon hearing that there would be much difficulty and expence in procuring forage in their former quarters.
The impossibility of obtaining intelligence from the enemy by any other means than giving persons some plausible pretext for entering their lines has laid us under the necessity of allowing particular people to carry in small matters of produce and to bring out goods in return. That they abuse this indulgence is too true, but when we consider the risque they run, and that the persons who are willing to undertake business of this kind, are generally such as are influenced by interested motives, we must not wonder at their preferring their own emoluments to the public good. I am &c.68
[Note 68: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.
On January 14 Robert Hanson Harrison also wrote to Brig. Gen. John Stark that Colonel Jackson had "represented" to his Excellency that Stark had discharged a soldier, contrary to his instructions "in his Letter of the 6th Instant.... And it is the General's request that you will defer your journey till you satisfy him on the point." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 14 [--15], 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letters of the 27th and 30th of Decr. last and that of the 5th. Instant.
The measures you have taken to provide against a scarcity, with the assistance of the government, will I hope furnish you with a tolerable and constant supply. Our distresses, have been so pressing as to compel me to call upon the several counties in this State for a certain quota of grain and cattle proportioned to their respective abilities. Those counties I have heard from, have with great readiness complied with the requisition, and I would flatter myself, that with (oeconomy we shall be enabled to live till we can be furnished in the usual manner.
As to the Issuing commissaries neither their appointments nor salaries depend on me. Should they resign, you must take such steps as the case may require, till new appointments can be made by the proper authority.
In the mean time, I shall inform Mr. Stewart of the matter, who is at the head of the department.
With regard to the application of the Staff officers in the line for warrants, there have been none made out or issued to any in the army; and I would suppose a copy of such appointments in general orders, certified by the Adjutant General, a sufficient testimony. However should this be unsatisfactory, if you will transmit me the names, rank, and staff appointments, and the date, and the regiments to which the officers belong, I will give them warrants.
I could wish that the State, or Sub-Clothier, had been present with the troops, as it is his duty. The absence of such officers multiplies the business of others, and often produces embarrassments that might have been avoided. It cannot be allowed.
When the distribution of clothing was made at West-point, it was, as I informed you in a late letter, in a just proportion to the stock then on hand, and that it might be equitably divided, those men who had the longest times to serve were directed to have a preference; and those only, whose time of service would expire with the year 1779, and new levies who were not inlisted, were excluded. As the States were desired to make provision by their agents, for their respective troops, it was hoped that the Continental stock and State purchases would complete a sufficient provision for all who were entitled to draw. Perhaps this might have been the case, had the State clothier or some person for him, made constant and regular returns of the wants of his line to the clothier General, who is impowered to call upon the Agent. So long as this is neglected the troops will unavoidably suffer; and this must for ever be the case, while there is no person to transact the business. The clothier General has been directed to leave a proportion of what he has received since the first distribution, at New-Windsor, for the use of the troops of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. I am informed that he has done this, and I make no doubt, but if regular application, [is made] through the regular channel, the State Clothier, he will order the Deputy Clothier at Windsor to deliver a further supply.
Perhaps, with every exertion we shall not be able to give a full provision of clothing to all. You must endeavour to procure as much as will make those men who are entitled to it, comfortable.
The Board of Treasury have ordered Mr. Read the Assistant pay-Master, to come from Albany to your post. I am in hopes he will have arrived when this comes to hand, or that he will be down in a few days after. In this expectation I have desired Mr. Pierce69 the Depy. Pay-Master Genl. to forward two hundred and fifty thousand Dollars, to him, addressed to your care in the first instance, which you will draw out of his hands for paying the troops and for the necessary and proper accounts, by your warrants. The supply of cash which has been received here, will not admit more to be sent to Mr. Read. I am etc.
[Note 69: John Pierce, jr., Deputy Paymaster General. He was also Paymaster General of the Continental Army in January, 1781, to close of the war. Robert Hanson Harrison wrote him (January 16) to forward the &250,000 to Heath "for paying the Troops at the posts of West point and Danbury and for other necessary demands." Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
(15th.) P.S. I have just received your letter of the 10th, and am happy to find that the fire was so easily and completely extinguished; and that you succeeded so well in suppressing so dangerous a mutiny.70
[Note 70: In the writing of James McHenry.
The fire was in the North Redoubt on Constitution Island. The mutineers were about 60 in number from the Massachusetts brigade, garrisoning West Point, who claimed that their enlistment time had expired, and marched off in a body. They were overtaken and brought back.]
[MS.H.S.]
Morristown, January 15, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I sincerely regret that any circumstances should [render] it necessary for you to make use of Mr. Parson's house instead of71 Perseppeny. If you think a guard would give you security in your own [dwelling], I shall be happy to furnish you with one,72 and am, Dr Sir &c.73
[Note 71: At this point the draft has "your own at" crossed off.]
[Note 72: On January 15 Livingston replied: "I am extremely obliged to your Excellency for your very kind and polite offer of a Guard for my Security at Perseppeney. But as I am pretty commodiously lodged in my present Quarters, and so near my family as to have constant Intercourse with it, I cannot think of putting the men to that trouble for my sake. Agreeable to your Excellencys Invitation, I shall do myself the Honour of dining with you to morrow." Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 15, 1780.
Sir: Altho' the discharge which you gave to the Soldier of Colo Jackson's Regiment, about which you were written to Yesterday, was contrary to my sentiments and to the spirit and direction of my Letter of the 6th; Yet as you informed me that it proceeded from a mistake or an error in Judgement, it is by no means my wish to delay you from prosecuting your Journey to the Eastward. At the same time I cannot but express a concern that it ever happened, notwithstanding the Soldier will be retained in service, as it may have a tendency to excite uneasiness and a spirit of impatience in Others of the same Regiment having like pretensions, although they appear to be totally destitute of justice. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 15, 1780.
Sir: I was last Evening favd. with yours of yesterday. It gives me pleasure to hear that you have executed your Business with so much ease and satisfaction. I have had the same favorable reports from several of the neighbouring Counties.
You will be pleased to call upon the Commissaries who are in Brunswic and direct them to attend at the several places fixed upon by the Magistrates to receive and give Certificates for the Cattle and Grain. I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
January 15, 1780.
Sir: His Excellency has desired me to inform You, that in consequence of your complaint yesterday morning, General Stark was directed to suspend his Journey to the Eastward. The General requests that you will send him your matters of complaint against Genl Stark in writing, that he may be able to determine with more propriety what should be done. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, January 15, 1780.
Parole Grace. Countersigns Health, Joy.
The troops are to be held in the most perfect readiness for action at a moments warning and to be supplied with two days cooked provision in advance.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 13th. I hope you may meet with the same success in the Counties of Salem, Cumberland, and Cape May, as that which has attended the Officers who went into those contiguous to the Camp. All from whom I have heard, found the Magistrates and people most willing to contribute to the relief of the Army.
When you return from your present Tour, I shall have no objection to the leave of Absence you desire. I am convinced that your attention to do duty and your regard to the good of your Corps will bring you back to it as soon as your Business will admit.
Should Captain Peyton80 find an opportunity of prosecuting the enterprise you have committed to his Care, I wish him success. I am &c.
[Note 80: Capt. Henry Peyton, of Lee's Dragoons. He was killed at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780. Lee had transferred to Peyton the enterprise he had planned against Sandy Hook.]
Head Quarters, January 16, 1780.
Sir: On Friday I received your Letter of the 8th, with a duplicate of the One you did me the honor to write on the 29th of December.
So far as they respect the case of Major Gardiner, I refer you to the inclosed Copies of My Letters to you and this Gentleman on the 2d Instant.
I should suppose the Originals will have come to hand before this, as they were sent from hence in a day or two after they were written, with directions for them to be forwarded by a Flag either to Staten Island or to Paulus Hook, as the weather might permit.
The case of Major Harnage and Captain Hawker will in some measure depend on the result of the propositions now under consideration, for a more general exchange. Should their release however not be effected in this way, I shall be happy to contribute as far as it may remain with me, to accommodate matters to the peculiarity of their circumstances. I have taken the earliest occasion to transmit the inclosed packet from His Excellency Governor Jefferson, which I only received to day. I have the Honor, etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 15 [--17], 1780.
Gentn: I was duly honored with yours of the 21st Ulto. by Capt. Edgar.82 I should have replied to it sooner, had not my whole time and attention been of late engrossed by endeavouring to raise a supply of provision for the Army.
[Note 82: Capt. David Edgar, of the Second Continental Dragoons.]
With respect to the Cloathing for Colo. Sheldons Regiment, I think you had best order Messrs. Otis and Henly to procure a quantity equivalent to a full Corps, and when finished to forward it to the Cloathier General, or at least put it under his direction. He may then deliver to Colo. Sheldon a sufficiency for whatever number of Men he may have. This I conceive will be putting the matter in its proper channel. The overplus Cloathing, if any, may be applied by the Cloathier to the other Corps of Horse.
I agree with the Board, that it will be time enough to pro vide Horses &c. when we see what number of mounted Dragoons we shall probably have occasion for the next campaign. We shall find the greatest difficulty in subsisting the few Horses we already have, thro' the Winter. I will write to the Colonels or commanding Officers of Moylans, Blands and Baylors Regs. for their respective arrangements, which ought to be compleated, before the Commissions are partially issued, and before the Vacancies for Field Officers can be filled, as the two eldest Captains of the line, intitled to Majorities in Moylans and Blands, are not yet ascertained. As I obtain the arrangements I will transmit them to the Board.
With regard to the point about Aids de Camp, on which the Board are pleased to request my sentiments, it is clearly my opinion, that those appointed before the 27th. May 1778 and now in service as Aids, and who are not admissible into any State line, are eligible to commands and to sit on Courts Martial, according to the Ranks given by the Resolution of the 5th. June 1776 as they may respectively apply, and may be nominated occasionally to either, by special order, when the commander in Chief or Officer commanding in any department where they are, shall think proper. This I hold to be the case with respect to every officer serving with the Army to whom Rank has been given. In a military point of View, Rank necessarily implies a capacity to be elected to command or to sit on Courts Martial, and the only essential difference between Aids and Officers under the description I have mentioned, and others, is, the last are attached permanently to particular Corps by their Commissions; the first, to the line of the Army at large, but not to any particular Corps, and when employed it is on detachments, and of course only temporarily. The case of these is nearly similar to that of General Officers who have no particular Corps designated in their Commissions for their command, but who depend on a special order for the purpose. Without this, such Aid's &c. cannot command, but when this is given, all Officers in the detachment to which they are appointed, of inferior Rank, or of the same, but of posterior appointments, are subject to them. And whether the Rank is conferred by a Commission of the common form, or by Brevet, or by an Act of the States in Congress, it is equally valid, and its operation must be precisely the same in these instances. Were a contrary principle to be established, the Rank given these Officers would be a mere sound, void of reality or any meaning. Besides such a conclusion being intirely unmilitary, it would be the extreme of injustice, at least, to many Gentle men under these descriptions, whose services have been long, faithful, and I cannot but add of great advantage to their Country. As to the issuing of Commissions for them, and the sort they should be, it will be with the Board or perhaps with Congress to decide, but it appears to me that it would only be right for them to receive Commissions of the usual form, confirming their Rank from the times of their appointment, where they were properly made, and securing to them every emolument of service. With respect to Brigade Majors, I cannot find any Resolution giving them Rank.
It is to be regretted that there has been such a want of system in this Business, and that some Gentlemen have received one sort of Commissions and some another; while others, whose pretensions are equal on every consideration have received none at all. I have the honor etc.
P.S. 17th. Yours of the 14th is come to hand.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, January 17, 1780.
Parole Nero. Countersigns Nevin, Nevis.
General Hand's brigade will furnish two men to be employ'd in securing hides, by the Commissary of that department.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, January 18, 1780.
Parole Oliver. Countersigns Orpheus, Osmand.
The Court Martial whereof Major General Howe is President is to meet tomorrow morning 11 o'clock.
A pound of hard or soft bread and one quarter of a pound of indian meal or a pound of flour and a pound of beef or fourteen ounces of pork to be the daily ration until further orders.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 18, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 13th. and am happy to find that you have been so successful in your mission. I did not doubt the willingness of the good people to help us to the extent of their abilities, and their ready compliance con firms me in my opinion. I am much indebted to Colonel Taylor for his exertions on this occasion.
You will forward to Morristown, as soon as it can be effected, one thousand bushels of Wheat and what Indian corn may be collected or what you shall collect. I am &c.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 18, 1780.
Sir: I was last evening favd. with yours of yesterday. A party will be immediately sent to Paramus to occupy your former Ground, but you need not march your detachment back to that place. All that want Cloathing, or that are otherwise out of order, may be sent to Camp upon Sleds under a proper number of Officers. The remainder may stay at Newark until Thursday Evening. The Officer commanding should have directions to keep a good look out on that quarter and to communicate any intelligence to Colo. Hazen, who has relieved Genl. Irvine. I do not think it improbable that the enemy may return our Visit if the Frost continues. It will I suppose be necessary for you to return to Bergen County to finish the business of collecting provision. Should you have occasion for a party, you may either retain one from your own detachment, or call upon the Officer who relieves you, for what Men are requisite. I am &c.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 18, 1780.
Sir: The severity of the Weather having rendered a descent upon Staten Island practicable by the Ice, and it being also imagined that the communication between New York and the Island was interrupted by the same cause, a favorable opportunity, of striking the enemy stationed there, (who amounted by report to 1000 or 1200 Men) seemed to present itself. A detachment of 2500 Men, including the troops under General Irvine, who was already advanced for the cover of the Country along the Sound, was accordingly made for that purpose, and the command given to Major General Lord Stirling. It was originally intended to have attempted the execution of this matter by surprise, but having good reason to suppose, that the enemy, by their emissaries or by other means, had got notice of our designs, little hope remained of effecting the Business in that manner. As the detachment was assembled near Elizabeth Town, it was thought advisable to proceed at all events, upon a consideration, that no bad consequences could possibly result, but that we might, upon gaining a fuller confirmation of the enemy's Strength, position and Works, than we had been able to obtain from report, still find an opportunity of reaping some advantages. We were however disappointed in our expectations, as Congress will perceive by the inclosed Report from Lord Stirling.86
[Note 86: A copy of Stirling's letter to Washington (January 16), describing the attempt on Staten Island, is filed with the letter from Washington, in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers. An inadvertent omission having been made by Meade in copying Stirling's letter for Congress, Washington corrected the error in a brief note to Congress on Jan. 18, 1780. This note is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I this morning recd. letters, of which the inclosed are Ex tracts, from my confidential Correspondent in New York. I imagine the difficulty of passing from Long Island has detained them thus long. They are the most circumstantial accounts that I have received and I believe may be depended upon. I have not yet been able to learn whether Genl. Clinton did really sail with the detachment or not.
I have received your Excellency's favor of the 12th with the Resolutions to which it refers. I have the honor etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qrs., Morris Town, January 18, 1780.
Sir: Major General Baron de Steuben, who goes to Philadelphia on business, will do me the honor of presenting this Letter to your Excellency. From this Gentleman's perfect knowledge of service in general and of the state of our Army in particular, he has it entirely in his power to satisfy Congress in any inquiries they may think proper to make, with respect to it's situation, necessities and wants. The Baron, if it should be their pleasure to honor him with a personal conference, will fully explain to them the numerous evils and un avoidable embarrassments that must attend our opening the Campaign before we are prepared and properly arranged for it; and how very far we are from being in this situation at present. Having taken the liberty in my Letter of the 18th of November to lay before Congress a General state of the Army, and in a subsequent one of the 10th and 11th of December a more precise one of the Virginia line, by which they could form a more accurate judgment of those of the Other States, with my sentiments, both as to the necessity and the manner of placing it on a more respectable footing; I shall not trouble them farther than to observe, that I have seen no cause to alter my opinion with respect to either. I do not know what the Opinion of Congress may be on the subjects; but I beg leave to add, what ever their views or plans are, it appears to me, that there is not a moment to lose in carrying them into execution. I have the Honor etc.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on January 24 and "Referred to the board of War who are to confer with baron Steuben and report to Congress."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 19, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor yesterday to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 14th by Colo. Magaw with the Resolutions of the several dates to which it refers.
I am sorry to trouble Congress again on the subject of the proposed exchange of prisoners, but circumstances and my desire to do what is right compel me to it. I must then beg leave to inform your Excellency that when your dispatches on this point came to hand, I received and by the same conveyance, a Letter from the Honorable the Board of Treasury dated the 14th, Inclosing an Act of the 11th of the former89 of which I have the honor to transmit a Copy. From the tenor of these and the circumstance of their coming at this time, I was led to consider them, altho' I had received no information from Congress with respect to their contents, as directory of the con duct I was to pursue in the proposed negociation; and that the adjustment and payment of the accounts to which they relate, were to be preliminary conditions, without which it could not take effect. Whether I was right or wrong in this I cannot determine, but from the Act and the letter it appeared to me, that I could make no other conclusion. And in this idea I
[Note 89: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 11, 1780.] accordingly prepared a Letter for Colos. Magaw, Mathews, Ely and Lt. Colo. Ramsay,90 of which I also inclose a Copy, who were to call upon me to day previous to their setting out for New York, and to whom my engagements in other business would not permit me to attend before. These Gentlemen on finding the footing upon which the affair was placed, ex pressed great concern and they assured me, altho' they thought the conclusion I had drawn from the dispatches received from the Treasury was such as they seemed to require, that they had every reason to believe from the conferences with which they had been honoured, that there had been some misconception on the occasion, and that Congress they were convinced, had no intention of connecting the settlement or payment of the accounts against the Convention Troops with the present proposed exchange, either as a previous condition to the negociation or as an Ultimatum in any case.
[Note 90: See Washington's letter to Colonel Magaw et al., Jan. 19, 1780, post.]
How far this corrisponds with the sense of Congress I can not determine myself, the Gentlemen I am sure think it does perfectly; but the Letter and the Act from the Treasury, which I consider myself officially bound to notice, and the other concomitant circumstances make it indispensable for me to refer the point for their particular direction. And as it is my wish to pursue their intention wherever I can; And as there are certain matters in which I cannot use my own discretion and which occur in the present case, I must take the liberty to entreat, that Congress will be pleased to delineate explicity the Objects they wish me to comprehend or to exclude in the negociation; especially, whether the settlement or actual payment of the accounts alluded to in the whole or in part, or any stipulation about either, is to make a Condition previous to a negociation, or an Ultimatum in any case. The directions of Congress in these instances are absolutely essential, as I cannot undertake of my own discretion to decide upon them. I should also be happy to know the sense of Congress as to the indulgence of parole proposed in the 3d. Article with respect to the Officers of Convention, who may not be included in the ex change, and as to the propriety of including the southern prisoners of whose state I am intirely ignorant.
Colo. Magaw and the Gentlemen with him were so fully persuaded that there had been a mistake in the business, that they requested any corrispondence with respect to it, might be suspended till Congress could be informed upon the subject, and concluding to remain out, after sending one of their party with a Letter of apology to Sir Henry Clinton for their delay, till the result was known, they solicited permission to wait on Congress again. I have the honor, etc.91
[Note 91: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The letter was read in Congress on January 25 and referred to Roger Sherman, James Forbes, and John Mathews. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 26, 1780.)]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 19, 1780.
Gentlemen: By the Letter you were so obliging as to bring me from Congress yesterday, I find they have been pleased to renew the powers given me by their Act of the 5th. of March last respecting the exchange of prisoners. I am happy to in form you, that after full consideration of the proposals concerted between Major General Phillips and yourselves, they appear to me generally, just and liberal; such as I flatter my self may easily be improved into an Agreement that will give the desired relief. It were to be wished, that they had comprehended a settlement of Accounts, a point to which my Instructions relate, and which will make a previous part of the business.
On this footing which you will be pleased to communicate to Major General Phillips, I shall be ready to appoint Commissioners to meet Others from the British Commander in Chief at any time and place which may be thought convenient for the final adjustment of the affairs. The Board of Treasury in the mean time, will send persons properly authorised to enter into the proposed settlement of Accounts and to receive the ballance that may be due. I have the honor, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who has noted on same: "Intended for them on a supposition that they were going in to New York."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 19, 1780.
Sir: The severity of the weather has occasioned unavoidable delay to the Gentlemen who came out with the propositions concerted between Major General Phillips and themselves, which will put it out of their power to complete their business and return in the time limited by their paroles. Persuaded that your Excellency will readily excuse their exceeding their permission a few days, they have taken the liberty three of them to remain 'till they have answered the purpose of their errand; Colonel Magaw returns with an apology for the delay. As this will not detain them but a very little time longer than was originally intended, I flatter myself the present step will not be disagreeable to you. I have the honor, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On January 20 Harrison wrote to Maj. Valentine Gardiner, by Washington's direction, giving him permission to remain in New York on parole until February 20. Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, January 19, 1780.
Parole Pericles. Countersigns Pompey, Pope.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolve (vizt.)
Resolved, That every officer in the army of the United States, whose duty requires his being on horse back in time of action, be allowed a sum not exceeding the average price given at the time in the department, or place where the accident shall happen for horses purchased for private dragoons, as a compensation for any horse he shall have killed in battle. This resolution to have retrospect as far as the 1st of January 1779 and the quarter master general or his deputy is hereby authorized to pay the value of such horses, not exceeding the said price, to the respective sufferers, on the facts being properly authenticated.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, January 20, 1780.
Parole Quintilian. Countersigns Queen, Quack.
Rum is to be issued only to detachments or fatigue parties unless directed particularly by a general order.
Morris-town, January 20, 1780.
Dear Custis: I should have acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 12th. Ulto. long since but for the many important matters which have claimed my attention.
My letter which missed you on its passage to Williamsburg will acquaint you (as there is little doubt of its having got to hand long 'ere this) upon what footing I proposed to put the valuation of the Cattle you had of me. I only wished to hear upon what principle Colo. Bassett acted as I thought it ungenteel to give a Gentlemn the trouble of performing a service and disregard it so much afterwards as not even to enquire upon what ground he went. As I want nothing but justice and this being your aim, it is scarce possible for us to disagree, but there is one thing which ought to be held in remembrance and I mention it accordingly which is that I shou'd get no more real value for my Cattle at £40 a piece payable in the fall of 1779, than I shd have got at £10 the preceeding Fall provided the money had been then paid; for example you could have got two Barrels of Corn in 1778 for £10, and I can get no more now for £40. So with respect to other matters, it would be very hard therefore by keeping me out of the use of the money a year to reduce the debt three fourths of the original value, which is evidently the case because the difference between specie and Paper in the fall of 1778 was about four for one only, now the difference is upwards of 30, consequently Ten pds. paid at that period was equal to 50/good money but paid at this day is not worth, nor will it fetch more than a dollar. Had the money been paid and put into the Loan Office at the time you say the Cattle ought to have been valued I should have received a proportionate interest, that is, as the money depreciated the nominal sum for the interest would by a resolve of Congress have increased and I should have got the real value in the interest whereas if you pay me ten pounds in loan office certificates of this date for my cattle I should receive for every £10 or 50/ (wch. was the relative worth of it according to the then difference of exchange) about one Dollar and no more.
These are self evident truths, and nothing in my opinion is more just and reasonable if you can come at, and fix the value of the Cattle at what they were worth in the fall of 1778 and would then have been appraised to, that you should pay loan office certificates of that date for had you paid me the money at that time I should have lent it to the public if it had not been applied to any other purpose as it is not a custom with me to keep money to look at.
This reasoning may, in part, be considered as an answer to so much of your letter of the 12th. of Decr. as relates to the payment of the annuity for the Dower Estate. You do not seem disposed to make the just and proper distinction between real and nominal Sums. A Dollar is but a Dollar whether it passes in silver at Six shillings or in Paper at Six pounds, or Sixty pounds, the nominal value, or the name is but an empty sound, and you might as well attempt to pay me in Old News Papers and Almanacks with which I can purchase nothing, as to give me paper money that has not a relative value to the Rent agreed on.
If you have been unfortunate in your Crops, or in the means of raising money from your Estate, I am sorry for it, and do not by any means wish to put you to an inconvenience in paying the Rent at this time which became due the first of this Month. It may lye till my wants, or your convenience, is greater; but as it was certainly the expectation of us both that this annuity was to be raised, and paid out of the produce of your Crops a moments reflection and calculation must convince you that it is full as easy to do it at this day if you have those Crops as at any period before or since the War began because the difference betwn. the old and present prices of every article raised upon a Plantn. or Farm bears at least an equal proportion to the difference between Specie and paper. It is a matter of little consequence then whether you pay £30 in paper, or 20/ in Specie, when the same quantity of Corn, Wheat, Tobo. or any other article you possess will fetch the former with more ease now than it would the latter in the best of times. The fact is, that the real difference between the prices of all kinds of Country produce now and before the War, is greater than between specie and paper, the latter in Phila. being abt. 30 when it is well known that the former in many things is at least 100 and in scarce any article less than 40. Witness, Flour, Wheat, Indn. Corn, &ca. which are the great articles of produce of every Virginia Estate. It is the unusualness of the Idea, and high sound which alarms you in this business; for supposing the difference to be 30 prices and in consequence you pay £15,750 a year Rent I neither get, nor do you pay a farthing more than £525, because as I have already observed less Corn, Wheat, &ca. will enable you to pay the former now than it would take to pay the latter, while they were at their old and accustomed prices; calling the sum there fore which you pay me £15,750 or £525, is a matter of moon shine, as it is the thing, not the name, that is to be regarded.
I have wrote to Mr. Lund Washington concerning Sheridines point, but am in some doubt whether the quantity of Land will compensate the expence of the Bank, which must be lengthy. I have left it to him however to determine this matter and to apply for the Ditchers who were about to leave you if he should want them. If your banks are not properly executed it is to be feared that you will find more plague from the Muskrats and other Virmin than you seem to apprehend when the weather comes warm.
I am glad to hear that your Assembly were disposed to exert themselves in the great work of apreciation. I heartily wish them success in the attempt. We have nothing new in this quarter; the weather has been, and now is, intensely cold and we are beginning to emerge from the greatest distress on acct. of the want of provision we have ever felt. My love to Nelly and the Children and I am, etc.
[Note 94: Delegate to Congress from New Jersey.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 20, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I am much obliged to you for your favor of the 14th, and to your exertions at so trying a juncture for supplies for the army. Indeed all the Counties of this State, from which I have heard, have attended to my requisition for provisions with the most cheerful and commendable zeal. What we shall obtain in this manner in conjunction with the steps taken by Congress, and the States from which we are principally furnished with provisions, will, I flatter myself, secure us from a recurrence of the evil.
With regard to your suggestion for making the certificates given on this occasion a tender for the taxes for Continental purposes, I do not consider myself at liberty to propose any particular mode to Congress. I shall however, as the good people of the State have been so zealous and liberal in relieving our wants take the freedom to mention the policy of discharging them as early as possible.
I shall enquire into the detention of the cattle and am D Sir Your etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 96: Delegate to Congress from New Jersey and member of the Board of Treasury.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 20, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 14th: with the Act of Congress to which it refers.
As Congress in their instructions to me have not determined whether the settlement and payment of the accounts of the troops of Convention shall be previous to, or be any ways involved in the subject of the proposed negociation, I have taken the liberty, in consequence of your letter, to request their explicit determination upon that head, before I appointed Commissioners for that purpose.
I should be happy to afford the Board any assistance in procuring the adjustment and payment of accounts of such magnitude and of so much consequence to the public. But I really do not know an Officer of the Army sufficiently versed in the affairs of the Quarter Master's and Commissary's departments to undertake the settlement of those accounts in conjunction with the Gentlemen who you may think proper to empower. Perhaps one of the Asst. Quarter Masters General might be best acquainted with the mode of stating and liquidating the several accounts at present in dispute.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 20, 1780.
Sir: Major Van Steen98 has permission to pass to Staten Island. Colonel Magaw who is returning to New York will take advantage of the same Flag. Be pleased to give orders to the Officer commanding at Elizabeth town to suffer all letters indorsed officially with the names of the Commy. General of prisoners or his Asst. Mr. Skinner to be sent over to Staten Island without waiting for a particular order from Head Quarters. I am &c.99
[Note 98: Maj. Johann Friedrich von Stein, of the Regiment Knyphausen, German allied troops.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, January 21, 1780.
Parole Rome. Countersigns Rochester, Richmond.
An Addition of one corporal and six men from the Maryland division to join the Main Guard tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 21, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Caldwell has represented to me, that it may be necessary to have some parties from your detachment the better to recover the plunder of Staten Island, from such persons as are known to have it in possession, but who will not deliver it up. To avoid as much as possible an appearance of military interposition on our part, you will only grant parties on the application of a magistrate; and further to prevent any ill effects to the inhabitants who may have the plunder, you will put them under the command of discreet officers, attentive to the rights of citizens and forbid in the most pointed terms all insult or abuse whatever. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday. I do not object to the excursion you propose upon Staten Island if upon full inquiry you think it promises success, and advantage, equal to the risk. You are sensible that if we make a second attempt and fail it will add much to the disagreeable effect of what has already happened. This I say not to discourage you but as a motive to caution. You ought to satisfy yourself well before hand of the enemy's position and numbers and the degree of vigilance they observe. If after this you think the enterprise likely to succeed you have my consent to undertake it.
But perhaps there will be no inconvenience in waiting 'till about the time the relief to your detachment marches. This may move from camp in the afternoon and continue its march during the night, so as to arrive in time to countenance and cover your retreat. The 26th. is the day when you ought to be relieved in course. That night may be the night of execution, but this too I leave to your discretion.
I should be glad however your inquiries may extend to the whole Island; to ascertain the enemy's precise strength and disposition; the particular corps; where they are; what works at the different places; how they stand for provision and fuel; what covering within their works; how near the huts, barracks or houses in which the troops are cantooned; what guards and patrols are kept out, with whatever else occurs to you the knowledge of which may be useful.
I should hardly hope that circumstances will justify a second attempt upon a large scale; but perhaps it will hardly be proper to renounce the idea altogether. One fruitless attempt may produce security and carelessness in the enemy, favorable to another attempt. They may reason that we have made the experiment and finding the matter impracticable will give it over for the future. Indeed we ought not to expose ourselves to the hazard of a second disappointment without a very high probability of succeeding. Should we fail again it would be a real disgrace to our arms. By the inquiries you make you will be able to judge whether the enemy's posts at the watering place, or at Richmond (or both at the same time) are easily susceptible of a surprise. The mode from the discription I have received which I should think most likely to effect it with respect to the first would be for your detachment to cross at midnight or earlier at Halsteads point and proceed along that road to the place of your late incampment, there filing off to your left to take the least frequented avenues towards their works, approaching very near the sound road, and passing if possible, between the main road and the Hill on which the enemy had a turf house and a picket directly to their redoubts to endeavour to seize and maintain them 'till you were reinforce. The advantage of attempting both places at the same time would be the preventing the retreat of the enemy from one to the other; but the disadvantage would be the difficulty of an exact co-operation arid the additional risk you would run, from a division of your force. The relief might march from here so as to arrive by day break on the Island to assist in completing the enterprise. But this no doubt would be a hazardous business and ought not to be undertaken unless you have good reason to believe the enemy are much off their guard. You can consider the prospect maturely and let me know what you think of it. The time of execution ought to be the usual time of relief that is the night of the 26th. Perhaps your first plan and this may be in some measure united. You may pass at Halsteds and either file off to Deckers or continue in the manner I have mentioned according to the appearances of tranquility or alarm after you have gotten upon the Island.
But all this I only suggest as objects worthy of your attention. I mean to leave you at full liberty to act as you think proper as well with respect to what you propose as what is now added. You will only give me previous notice of what you intend, that any thing to be done here may correspond. You know the value of secrecy; here it shall be carefully preserved [if you intrust a secd. person you cannt. insure it.] I am etc.
You will also direct your inquiries into the state of the River between Powles Hook and New York and of the communication between New York and Staten Island either directly or by way of Long Island.
General Du Portail will set out tomorrow morning to New Ark; from thence he will proceed to reconnoitre Powles Hook. You will have a party of two hundred men ready at New Ark early tomorrow to take his orders. These men will rejoin you the day after; so that it will not materially interfere with any thing you may have in contemplation.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, January 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 19th: You will oblige me by compleating the Musters up to the latter end of December as requested in Colo. Harrison's letter of the 13th: When the Rolls up to that time are finished I think you had best receive them yourself and transmit them to the Board of War as usual. By the time that it will be necessary to make the January Musters, I hope the new arrangement will have been compleated.
You have my thanks for your constant attention to the Business of your department; the manner of its execution; and your ready and pointed compliance with all my orders. And I cannot help adding on this occasion, for the zeal you have discovered at all times and under all circumstances, to promote the good of the service in general and the great objects of our cause. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 21, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter of the 17th.4 I am happy to find such a disposition in the good people to relieve us, and for their ready and zealous compliance in my requisition. I think you had better order forward the corn which is stored in Cumberland, to this place while the roads remain in their present condition. I suppose the commissaries will take proper care to provide barrels for the salted provisions.
[Note 4: In the Washington Papers.]
I am very well pleased with Captn. Paytons5 success; altho short of the original intention. The circumstance you mention I am persuaded would not admit of carrying it further. I am etc.6
[Note 5: Capt. Henry Peyton. "The noise of the men marching occasioned by the snow, alarmed the garrison: of course the attempt on the light house [at Sandy Hook] was omitted agreeable to orders. The shipping were assaulted, and three burnt, vizt. one tender one schooner and one sloop. The prisoners taken amounted to twelve; these with the British officer captured some time since will be sent to Philada. The counterfeit money I have sent to the loan office to be burnt. Unfortunately the owner of it, was mortally wounded and left behind, so that no discovery can be made." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 21, 1780.
Dr. Sr: I have been favored with your letter of the 19th. this morning.
It is fully my intention to do every thing in my power to promote the operation of Lord Stirling's General order respecting the plunder taken from Staten Island. I inclose you a permission for a flag to return what you may have collected, and a letter to Col Hazen to furnish such parties, and for the purpose you have recommended, on the application of a magistrate. I am &c.6
Morris-town, January 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: Appears. and facts must speak for themselves; to these I appeal. I have been at my prest. quarters since the 1st. day of Decr. and have not a Kitchen to Cook a Dinner in, altho' the Logs have been put together some considerable time by my own Guard; nor is there a place at this moment in which a servant can lodge with the smallest degree of comfort. Eighteen belonging to my family and all Mrs. Fords are crouded together in her Kitchen and scarce one of them able to speak for the colds they have caught.
I have repeatedly taken notice of this inconveniency to Majr. Gibbs, and have as often been told, that boards were not to be had. I acquiesced, and believe you will do me the justice to acknowledge that it never has been my practice to involve the public in any expence I could possibly avoid, or derive benefits which would be inconvenient or prejudicial to others. To share a common lot, and participate the inconveniencies wch. the Army (from the peculiarity of our circumstances are obliged to undergo) has, with me, been a fundamental principle; and while I conceived this to be the case, universally, I was perfectly content; that it is not so, I appl. to your own observation; tho I never intended to make the remark, nor should I have done it, but for the question wh. involuntarily drew from me the answer, wch. has become the subject of your Letter.
Equally opposed is it to my wishes and expectation, that you should be troubled in matters respecting my accommodation, further than to give the necessary orders and furnish materials; without which orders are nugatory; from what you have said, I am fully satisfied that the persons to whom you entrusted the execution of the business are alone to blame; for certain I am, they might, by attention, have obtaind (equally with others) as many boards as would have answered my purposes long 'ere this.
Far, very far is it from me, to censure any measure you have adopted for your own accommodation, or for the more immediate convenience of Mrs. Greene, at all times I think you are entitled to as good as circumstances will afford and in the present condition of your Lady conceive that no delay could be admitted. I shd. therefore with great willingness have made my conveniences yield to hers, if the point had lain there, being very sincerely Yr. etc.7
[Note 7: Greene's letter of explanation, to which Washington's letter is a reply, is dated Jan. 21, 1780, and is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, January 22, 1780.
Parole Sacharissa. Countersigns Saint, Simple.
In future the column, "On Command" in returns is to comprehend none but men detached on military duty. There is to be an additional column under the head of "Extra Service," which is to comprehend Waggoners, Artificers and all others who are so employed as not to be counted upon as part of the effective force of the army.
Conductors are immediately to be appointed to those brigades that are deficient.
The woolen caps and mittins lately issued to the detachment under command of Major General Lord Sterling are as soon as possible to be collected and returned to the Clothier General. The officers commanding brigades will see this order executed with respect to those men who have rejoined their corps, and Colonel Hazen will attend to it in that part of the detachment remaining under his command.
Brigade returns, regimentally digested, are to be made to the Adjutant General on wednesday next of the arms, ammunition, accoutrements, drums and fifes in possession of the respective regiments; and on the same day the brigade Conductors (or Quarter Masters where there are no Conductors) are to make a return of all those articles in their possession.
The officers commanding brigades will take care to have the men completed with bayonets as speedily as possible.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 22, 1780.
Sir: I am extremely concerned to find by the late reports of the Inspector General, that most of the corps in the Army are in worse order than I had flattered myself. That in general it does not make that progress in order and discipline which might reasonably be expected: that some corps have ever gone backward: and that almost every one has defects and abuses which have existed a considerable time, and ought no longer to be tolerated.
In all our returns there is a greater disproportion between the total number, and the men fit for duty, or who could really be employed in action than in any other army in the world. This of late is not to be attributed to the sickness of the troops, for they have enjoyed very good health for a long time past. The column of sick present is moderate, but the column of sick absent, and on command are excessive. The former far exceeds the Hospital returns, and a very small part of the latter is employed on military duty. A great many of both are probably not to be found any where, only serving to swell the pay-rolls, and deceive the government with an idea of its having a larger army on foot than it really has, and perhaps excite expectations which it is not in our power to fulfil. The ill consequences of this in a variety of respects are obvious.
You will be pleased without delay carefully to examine the State of the different regiments, have all the men who been so long absent, that cannot be satisfactorily accounted for, and whose return is therefore become improbable, struck off the rolls; and take effectual measures to collect those who are improperly absent and who are still recoverable. This is a matter in which I would wish the most rigid exactness to be observed.
There are in some of the Regiments too many officers absent on furlough, so that they are left without a sufficient number to preserve order, and perform the common routine of service. Several of the companies it appears are without a single commissioned officer. This is directly contrary to General orders, and inadmissible on every principle. I must intreat your particular attention to prevent it in future, and to make such a distribution of the remaining officers, that no company may be without a commissioned officer to take care of it at all times agreeably to the regulations.
Another defect is, in some corps an insufficiency of noncommissioned officers, in others an improper distribution of them; some companies having more than their compliment, others less. It need not be urged that the regularity of service greatly depends on having a sufficient number of good noncommissioned officers. Where there is an overplus, these ought to be given to those companies which have not their proportion, and their places supplied in the companies from which they are taken, by the same number of private men drawn from those to which they are annexed. By this method one company will not be benifited at the expense of another. But where there is a deficiency in some companies, and no excess in others, the former ought to be made good by new appointments.
In some instances (though they are not numerous) officers are employed in stations not authorised by the establishment of the army, and derogatory to their rank. This is a practice that ought at all events to be discountenanced.
As you will find these defects, and others pointed out in the inclosed reports of the last inspection, I shall not enter into a more minute detail. I shall only add in general that I have remarked with chagrin, that there is not so punctual an attention to the regulations which have been established for the government of the army, nor so emulous a spirit of discipline and improvement, as a regard to the success and reputation of our arms demands. I sincerely wish it were in my power to make a contrary declaration; but we ought not to flatter ourselves in a point of so much importance. We ought impartially to open our eyes to our true situation, as the surest way to make it better; uniting our exertions to correct our defects and to acquire that perfection and respectability which we are bound equally to aspire to, from a sense of what we owe to the public and to ourselves. I am --c.
To Pennsylvania Division
P.S. You will observe in the report of the 10th. Pennsylvanian regt. that a more than ordinary number of men are absent not on military duty. To this you will pay particular attention. The case of Capt. Ashmead ought to be determined. He should either to be superseded or obliged to return and give an account of his conduct.
The companies of Light Infantry in the 3d. and fifth regiments should be reduced to a more proportionable standard, and the improper incorporation of the 5th. company in the 9th. rectified.
N.B. In order to collect the absent men, an officer from each Brigade may be sent, or two officers if necessary whose reasonable expenses will be paid.
You will please to return the inspector's reports after you have made the intended use of them.
Maryland:
Lt Col Forrest absent.
Lt Col Pope absent on furlough all last Campaign Delaware.
Postscript to Maryland division Baron De Kalb Major General
You will be pleased to enquire into the principles on which Lt Col Forrest being disabled and absent is continued in the Maryland, and what is his present situation and make me a report.
To the Connecticut Brigade
P.S. I wish to be informed particularly of the reason of Col. Zebulon Butlers absence at Wyoming.
To Stark's Brigade
P.S. It gives me pleasure to observe that your Brigade has fewer men improperly absent than any other. This circumstance does it great honor and the particular reports of the regiments exhibit fewer defects than most others.
Inquiry is to be made what has become of the men of Col Jackson's Regiment reported on command at Easton; whether they are still there or not.
It however appears extraordinary that there should be a deficiency of arms in the Brigade, notwithstanding the number of men who have been discharged, whose arms were certainly more than sufficient to replace moderate contingent losses: I shall be glad of an explanation of this point.
To the New York Brigade
P.S. I am sorry to observe that this Brigade is reported in as bad order as possible. I hope this is occasioned by the want of cloathing at the time and the service they lately performed to the Westward. But it concerns the reputation of the officers to exert themselves that the next inspection may exhibit a more favourable account. I am persuaded they have too just a sense of what they owe to their state and to themselves to suffer its troops to be inferior in military perfection to those of any other part of the Union.
A deficiency of arms has appeared in all the late Returns: I do not conceive how this can happen; for, making the most ample allowance for unavoidable losses, the arms of the men discharged ought to have been more than sufficient to replace casualties. I must request to have this matter particularly explained.
To Lord Stirling's division, composed of Jersey and Hand P.S. In Col William Butler's regiment the light infantry company is under the command of the Major. This is irregular and must be corrected. Both this regiment and that of Col Hubley are represented as in exceeding bad order; I am sensible this is to be attributed to their being so long on the frontier, but as they have now the same advantages with the other troops, I hope the officers commanding will exert themselves to put them upon an equal footing.
I am sorry to find the Jersey brigade appears to have fallen off from what it formerly was, one of the best in the army. The emulation of the officers I am persuaded will not permit them to let it remain inferior to any. It has been for some time past returned deficient in arms; This is to me inconceivable considering that many men have been discharged whose arms ought at least to have replaced those which may have been necessarily lost on the late expedition. The waste of arms is a capital delinquency.
In Colonel Hazen's Regiment are two Ensigns forage Masters. This is inadmissible and must be immediately rectified. The Colonels guard of a serjeant and twelve and the Commissary's of a corporal and six being contrary to the regulations must be dismissed.8
[Note 8: The text is from the circular sent to the Pennsylvania Division and is in the writing of James McHenry. The various postscripts are from the drafts in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 22, 1780.
Sir: I have before me your Excellency's favor of the 16th of Decr. last.
The inclosures for New York have been duly transmitted. With respect to the prevention of flags to Chesepeak under the present appearance of things in that quarter, I shall should any fresh application come from the enemy give it proper consideration.
The case of Col. Bland wch your Exy. was pleased to communicate is very peculiar. On your representation of the matter, I took the liberty to introduce it before Congress, and I would flatter myself that their determination on the subject will be satisfactory.
I have the honor, etc.
P.S. Your Excelys. letter did not come to hand 'till the 16th inst.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 10: Known as the "Committee on Reduction of the Army."On January 10 a motion was made by Robert R. Livingston that all the troops whose enlistments expired by April 1 should be dismissed; that the number of regiments be reduced to 60, etc., and Congress resolved, on the motion of Elbridge Gerry, that a committee of three repair to headquarters, consult with Washington. and report to Congress. A provision that "the committee in conjunction with the General be authorized to take such measures as they may judge necessary, for obtaining immediate supplies of provision for the army ", was defeated.]
Head Quarters, January 23, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have had the Honor to receive your Letter of the 11th. with a Copy of the propositions to which it refers, and on which you are pleased to request my opinion.
With respect to the first proposition, I beg leave to inform you, that the Object of it has been anticipated in part. On the 6th of this month from the infinite distress in which we were for the want of provision, and the improbability, on account of the severity of the Weather, of an attempt on the part of the Enemy. I wrote to the Brigadiers and directed them with the concurrence of the Colonels and Commanding Officers of Regiments, to discharge All the Soldiers in this Camp whose inlistments and terms of service would clearly expire by the 31st, which was accordingly done. As to the remaining Troops which come within the proposition, I should hope from the circumstances of the season and the detachment the Enemy have made, that they might be discharged without materially affecting our military security. It would however diminish our present force here, according to the best estimate I can form, from Eight to Eight Hundred and fifty Men, and that at West point and Danbury where the Massachusetts and New Hampshire Troops are stationed, supposing none to have been already discharged there in this Month, and counting upon the columns in the Muster Rolls, about Two Thousand. In this number not any of the New Levies of Massachusetts which amount to about Twelve Hundred are included. The service of the majority of those will expire in April, the rest probably before. None of these from the enormous bounty they have received and the consequences to which the precedent might lead, should in my opinion be discharged at any rate. But altho' the discharge of the inlisted Troops might not endanger our military security, and the measure would be attended with a public saving; yet there are some objections to it, as their elischarge, before their inlistments expire of course, would serve to encrease the uneasiness of those, who are engaged for a longer time or permanently and who are but too much dissatisfied when they take place in regular order. And besides it would entirely take away all chance of reinlisting them for the war, which however is not considerable. Our late sufferings for provision and the deficiencies in many essential articles of Cloathing are very discouraging circumstances and have not only operated to prevent this, but have occasioned great desertions.11How far the considerations I have mentioned, are to be put in competition with the expence that would be saved by their dismission, Congress can best determine; but I would by all means dissuade, for the reasons above and as it would be particularly disgusting to the Troops, from the discharge of the New Levies.
[Note 11: Washington interpolated in the draft "and occasioned desertions."]
Considering the present reduced condition of the Regiments, and that they will become still weaker, and the little probability there is, that the States will put them upon as respectable a footing as to enable Offensive operations to be carried on, at least to any great extent, tho our true interest and policy may require it, added to the embarrassments we experience on the score of provision, cloathing and other Supplies. I shall not offer any thing against the proposed reform, and more [especially as I am not acquainted with the views Congress may have, or with the political state of affairs in Europe].12It will however in the execution be found a work, I fear, of difficulty and delicacy; and as this will always be the case, whenever a reform of this sort is made, it were to be wished, both for the sake of harmony and the good of the service, that it may be the last and calculated on such a plan and number of Corps as will be certainly kept up. In conducting the business it will be happy if the mode the least exceptionable can be hit upon. What this mode should be is difficult to determine, but I should suppose it would be best to make it the effect of some general principle, such as casting of Lots, or retaining the oldest or strongest Regiments, or the Oldest Officers, or the like, which will probably have a less disagreeable operation than a mode that would be attended with particular discriminations or preferences founded on supposed merits. The Officers of the reduced Regiments to be incorporated as well as the Men in their respective lines, as far as it can be done till all the Corps retained are compleat; and the rest to retire on the allowance proposed. I would not however recommend the 5th proposition's13in its present extent for two reasons; One is, the reintroducing the Supernumerary Officers into the Corps kept up as vacancies happened, would in most cases be the cause of discontent and the means of perpetuating it: the other is they would be obliged to hold themselves in constant readiness to join the Army when called upon, and consequently could not pursue any other occupation to advantage. Besides as promotion is looked for, as it should be, as the
[Note 12: In the draft Washington inserted "especially as I am not acquainted with the views o[ Congress or the State of Affairs in Europe."]
[Note 13: The fifth proposition was "That any Vacancy in the sixty Battalions be filled up by Officers from the reduced regiments having Respect to the State to which such regiments belong."] reward of service, the not conferring it upon the Officers whose fortune it had been to be retained, when occasions offered, might lessen their ardor and take away a primary inducement to good and proper conduct.
I have mentioned an incorporation of the Officers as well as of the Men, because we are exceedingly deficient with respect to them and the service is suffering greatly for the want, and as it will be the means of providing the Regiments with a proper number, which could not be done by new appointments, admitting for a moment that they would be equally good, as there are few if any to be found at this time, willing to engage in a service which promises at best but little emolument if not a certainty of loss. And while I am on this subject, I would beg leave to add, that it appears to me essential to promote the public good, that the establishment adopted on the 27th of May 1778, so far as it respects the giving of Companies to Field Officers should be altered and a Captain be appointed to each. Owing to the deductions of Captains by this institution, the appointing them Aids de Camps &c and the other drafts upon the Officers for the Regimental Staff, their resignation, and accidental sickness, we find the number left with the Corps absolutely insufficient even for their good order and government while in Camp.
The scheme of reduction I suppose will be extended to the Corps and Regiments not belonging to any particular State. The case of the Officers belonging to these is rather more embarrassing, than that of the Officers in the State lines, from the certainty of its being impracticable to incorporate them with the latter; a circumstance to be regretted as there are several in these Corps of great merit and in general inferior to none in the service. If they could be incorporated with the rest, it were much to be wished; but as this cannot, I think, be done, I see nothing left for it but to incorporate those Corps with each other, so as to compleat such of them as are retained; and I should hope as they will be then extremely valuable, that effectual measures will be taken for keeping them respectable and rendering their situation, both Officers and Men, as comfortable in point of Supplies as those belonging to the particular States. At present their condition or at least of that of most of them is painfully distressing and such as renders some reform or mode of relief absolutely necessary. Indeed it is to be wished that the Several States had it all equally in their power to assist the Officers and Men belonging to their respective lines with necessaries, for even among those, the discriminations in this instance are great and the source of uneasiness; but in the case of many of the Corps that do not come within that discription, there is not the smallest relief extended to them.
I will only beg leave to observe in addition to what I have said, that whatever plan it shall be the pleasure of Congress to adopt, whether to reduce the Regiments or not, it appears to me they cannot decide too soon upon it; and that their requisitions for Men to the States, if not already made, for filling the Regiments they determine to keep up, should not be longer deferred.
Events possibly may take place to make this unnecessary, but I think we ought not to relax in our preparations, as the Enemy would ascribe it to our inability and might be encouraged perhaps to persevere in the War, which otherwise they might judge it their interest to bring to a conclusion. And besides our relaxing in our preparations might impress our Ally and the Court of Spain with concern and produce sentiments and indeed a conduct that might be very unfavourable to us.
The earliest measures will not be sufficient to effect a proper arrangement in time; and if they are not taken immediately we shall open the Campaign and continue it, in the most confused and disordered state, such as policy and a regard to the reputation of our Arms should prevent as far as it can be done. This will readily be perceived by recurring to the state of the Army which I had the honor of submitting to Congress in my Letter of the 18th of November, and in a more particular manner, by that of the Virginia Troops transmitted in a subsequent correspondence which will but too well answer for a representation of the state of the rest. I have the Honor, etc.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, January 23, 1780.
Dear Sir: Congress have by a late Resolve directed the incorporation of the Inspectorate and Mustering departments: But previous to this, the Officers of the latter had chiefly left the service, and as the new arrangement is not yet organized, the Musters for the Months of November and December are on that account incompleat. The Brigade Inspectors have generally performed that duty for those Months at the request of Colonel Ward who was desired by me to get the business done by some Officers of the line. He informs me, that the Inspectors of the Pennsylvania Brigades have made some objections to executing it. I wish you to inform the Gentlemen that this was not then required as a matter of duty but of necessity, and as the pay Rolls cannot be made up before the troops are mustered I hope they will undertake it as they are more acquainted with the nature of the Business than any others. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, January 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: I should have been glad had the situation of the Army, in respect to General Officers, admitted of my granting your request for a longer continuance of your furlough: But I am really obliged to dispense with many necessary Camp duties and to send Officers of inferior Ranks upon commands which ought in propriety to fall to General Officers. We have at this time but two Brigadiers of the line in Camp, and one of them, General Irvine has pressing calls to see his family and waits the return of you or General Huntington. You will see by the above that I am under the necessity of desiring you to join your Brigade as soon as you possibly can. I am &c.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 24, 1780.
Sir: Captain De Rochefontaine has represented to me that having obtained Quarters by regular application to Mr. Lewis.17whose certificate is inclosed, he has been in his absence dispossessed by your order in favour of Lt Col Stevens,18and no other Quarters provided for him. From your letter to the Justice which I have seen, you appear not to have known the circumstance of Captain Rochefontaine's having been quartered by Mr. Lewis, for you mention that was without authority; and upon this I presume your order was founded. It is unlucky that things of this nature should happen to any officer, but particularly so to foreign gentlemen, as their situation intitles
[Note 17: Joseph Lewis, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 18: Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Stevens, of the Second Continental Artillery.] them to great delicacy of treatment; which I am persuaded is your wish as well as mine. Col Steven's having a family was a reason for requesting Capt Rochefontaine to give up his quarters for others; but it did not require their being taken from him without his concurrence and no others given in their place. I shall be glad you will have the affair rectified and put upon a proper footing; if both parties can be satisfied it will be best; butas the matter now stands Capt Rochefontaine cannot be excluded without his consent.
I have received your letter inclosing one from Mr. Conduit. Major Lee's corps has been in that part of the Country for the purpose of preventing the intercourse he speaks; but it seems as if it were impracticable to put a stop to it. I am &c.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, January 24, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of yesterday came duly to hand. I am aware of the difficulties there would be in the way of surprising the enemy and I approve the caution you discover. Nothing (as I before intimated) will at present warrant the attempt, but a moral certainty that they are much off their guard which by your information does not appear to be the case.
If there is only a subaltern's party at Dungan's it is not an object for a movement of your whole detachment: were the success certain it would not recompense the fatigue of the men, nor would it have a good air to go upon the Island a second time for so trifling a consideration. If a small party could with safety be sent to take off the guard it would not be amiss.
I would recommend to you, not to repose much confidence in Hatfield; from what I have learnt he is a suspicious character and will probably endeavour to serve the enemy more effectually than us.
I am sorry a better opportunity does not present itself, as I am persuaded you would make a good use of it. I am &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favr. of the 21st. As we are tolerably well supplied with provision at present I would not wish you to distress any of the Inhabitants by taking their working Oxen. As there is a law of the state for punishing engrossers; Lt. Colo. Chamberlain21if guilty of a breach of it will more properly come under the cognizance of the Civil than Military law, and I therefore think you had best let his person alone, as we should be at a loss how to deal with him, should you take him. I am much obliged to you for your exertions, as I am to the Gentlemen who went to the other Counties. We are reaping the benefits of your industry in a very high degree. I am &c.22
[Note 21: Lieut. Col. William Chamberlain, of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 24, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's letter of Deer. 26th. and its inclosure.23The immediate attention of government to the distress of the army, and the effectual assistance promised from the operation of the act, cannot but claim the acknowledgements of every good citizen. I flatter myself from your exertions, and those of the other States from which we
[Note 23: Governor Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers, but the act of the Maryland Legislature is not found.] derive our supplies, that we shall not again experience a like evil. I have the honor &c.24
[Note 24: In the writing of lames McHenry.]
[M.D.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, January 25, 1780.
Parole Venice. Countersigns Vienna, Vigo.
The regimental Pay Masters will bring in their pay rolls and abstracts for December to the Deputy Pay Master General for examination. As there is money arriv'd for the payment of November and December the troops will receive the same immediately after the examination of the abstracts.
To preserve uniformity in the accounts the rolls and abstracts in future are to be made out in dollars and ninetieths.
The whole army is to be supplied with two days provisions which is to be cooked immediately and the troops held in perfect order.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 25, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have before me your letter of this date.
The doubling of the garrison on Staten-Island, besides the giving a greater security to the place may have something further in view. I am informed by Major Thayer25(who commands a detachment at Paramus) that the enemy have also doubled their number at Pawlus Hook. These circumstances would point to some offensive operation on their part; and I would imagine the forage in the neighbourhood of the Scotch plains to be a principal object. You will necessarily turn your
[Note 25: Maj. Simeon Thayer, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment. He was wounded at Monmouth, N.J., and retired in May, 1781.] attention not only to Staten Island but to Powles Hook, and obtain certain intelligence of the situation of things in this quarter. Should the enemy make any attempt they may operate from both places. And should the ice be strong enough to cross troops from N. York to Paulus Hook (and it is said to be in this condition) they will be able to augment their force at pleasure and with the greatest facility. This circumstance is well worth attending to, and will no doubt claim your enquiry and precautions.
The relief marches to day yet will however remain with yours for some days after it joins you, or 'till my further orders on the subject.
I find by Major Thayer's report that a communication between New York and Hoebuck has been opened by the enemy and that many sleds are daily employed in the transporting of wood. Perhaps this may afford an opportunity to strike some of their covering parties.
If any thing in the way you mention can be effected on Staten Island, the militia if not essential to its success should not be included. As we have reason to believe that their taking up Arms is a matter of compulsion, and more intended for shew than service. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
January 25, 1780.
Dear Sir: His Excellency requests that you will transmit him a Return of the number of Expresses employed in service, particularising how many are with the main Army, and the places where the rest are stationed.27I am &c.28
[Note 27: Greene replied the same day (January 25) with "A list of Express riders by the last returns" which shows a total of 112 riders; 28 at Philadelphia, which are noted as "All dismissed." Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. H. Harrison."]
January 25, 1780.
Dr Sir: I am directed by His Excellency to acknowledge the receipt of your Letter of this date, and to inform you in answer, that it was and is still his intention that a Field Officer should continue with every Regiment and at least One Commissioned Officer with every Company, not including the Regimental Staff as the Officers to remain with the Latter, as their Staff duty would necessarily require their whole attention of itself. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 25, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Yesterday I received your favor of the 21st. In a letter which I have occasion to write to Major Genl. Heath, I shall direct him to give you an opportunity to make your experiments. I hope they may prove favorable to your wishes. Major Bowman has also permission to go into some trials in gunnery, for the purpose mentioned in your letter.30I have the honor, etc.31
[Note 30: The purpose of Jay's experiments are not disclosed in his letter of January 21, in the Washington Papers, but Major Bauman's experiments were for ranges which could then be accurately ascertained by reason of the Hudson River being hard frozen.]
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 26, 1780.
Dr. Sir: On the 20th I received Your Letter of the 4th. and was exceedingly sorry to find that you had been so severely attacked by a fit of the Palsy. You have my sincerest wishes for recovery and I shall be happy if your next accounts announce, this, or at least that there are good grounds to hope for it. I am etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, January 26, 1780.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns Weisel, Weser.
Captain William Van Lear33of the 9th. Pennsylvania regiment having done the duty of Brigade Major and Brigade Inspector of the 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigade from the 12th. day of december last, is appointed Brigade Major and Inspector of the same 'till further orders; He is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 33: Of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at Green Springs, Va., in July, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 26, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose the copy of a letter from Brigadier General Du Portail.34From the character he gives and which I have otherwise received of Capt Neven,35I shall be happy it may please Congress to make the appointment solicited. As the Engineers we now have are only for a temporary service and it will always be essential to have men skilled in that branch of military science in this country, it appears to me to be a necessary policy to have men who reside among us forming themselves during the war under the present Gentlemen. Capt Neven has a turn to this profession which
[Note 34: The letter is not now found in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 35: Capt. Daniel Nevin, of the Sappers and Miners. He was made a captain of engineers in March, 1780, to rank from April, 1779, and served to the close of the war.] joined to his past services induce me to wish he may become a member of the corps; and it seems but reasonable that he should have the rank and from the time mentioned in General Du Portail's letter.
I request also the directions of Congress to the Board of War on the subject of Commissions for the officers of Sappers and miners. These Gentlemen in consequence of the resolution of Congress for establishing these companies, underwent an examination by General Du Portail and were found the best qualified among a number of candidates. Considering their appointment as a thing of course they were nominated in General orders the ... of ... 36and an arrangement of them sent soon after to the Board of War for the purpose of obtaining commissions. These I now learn they have not yet received. As probably the Board do not think themselves authorised to grant the Commissions, without the instructions of Congress, I take the liberty to trouble them upon the subject. The Gentlemen in question, several of whom left Regiments in the line to come into these companies begin to be anxious about the delay. By the establishment of the Corps of Engineers the men for these companies were to be drafted from the line; but the weakness of the batalions has hitherto suspended it. An attempt has been made to recruit but without success. The officers 'till the companies can be formed are engaged in acquiring a knowledge of the service to which they are destined against the next campaign. These companies if any active operations are to be carried on will be very important; we feel the want of something of the kind whenever we have works to construct; but at any rate, The officers will be useful in the Engineering line to which their studies are relative and
[Note 36: This should be General Orders, Aug. 2, 1779, q. v.] preparatory. The present number of Engineers is not adequate to the exigencies of the service. I have the honor etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 26, 1780.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 8th. and 16th. instant. You will be pleased to send Adams38with the necessary Witnesses down to the Highlands there to be tried by a Court Martial, which I have directed Genl. Heath to have held upon him. I return the proceedings of the Court of Enquiry which may be necessary to ground the charges agt. him.
[Note 38: William Adams. He was hospital storekeeper at Albany, N.Y.]
You were right in not complying with the request for provisions and Stores mentioned in your letter of the 16th. as you had no authority to grant it, neither have I any power to grant them, as the Magazines which are collected by the Continental Officers, are only for the use of the troops which come under that description, or of Militia called out immediately by Congress or in consequence of their directions. I did not know that there were any snow shoes at Albany. You need not send any of those up to Fort Schuyler, only desire Major Graham39to have the materials which he has upon hand made up, and the snow shoes safely kept. I am &c.40
[Note 39: Maj. John Graham, of the First New York Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 26, 1780.
Sir: I take the liberty to sollicit the attention of Congress to a matter, which very materially affects Colo. Bland, late commanding Officer at Charlotteville in Virginia. I am informed that this Gentleman, while in command, drew, from the Commissary, necessaries for his Table, upon a supposition that an allowance of that nature would be made, in consideration of his being obliged to live in a manner suited to his Rank, and to the importance of the Station which he filled. Indeed, I am further informed, that before he would accept of the command, he signified, to the Executive of the State of Virginia, the insufficiency of his private fortune to support the Expence which would be necessarily incurred, and obtained from them an opinion, that a decent table would be allowed him, in consequence of which, he proceeded to Charlotteville, and continued there, untill want of Health and his domestic concerns obliged him to quit the service. The Commissary, upon making up his accounts, has called upon Colo. Bland for the amount of the extra Expences, supposing, I imagine, that he had no authority to allow them. To reimburse these, it is reported that his Estate has been seized and would have been sold had it not been for the interposition of the Executive of the State, who, from an opinion that the Expence ought to be a public Charge, requested that the sale might be suspended, in hopes that the Relief would be obtained in another way. I do not know the amount of the Accounts, which occasion me to trouble Congress at present, but from information, and from Colo. Blands known prudence, I am induced to believe, that he has not expended more than his situation absolutely required.
The incidental expences of detached or separate commands are always considerable, but in the present instance they must have been more than commonly so, as the commanding Officer must have been under the necessity of living in a manner, which would make him appear respectable in the Eyes of those whom he was sent to superintend, and that, in times like these, upon the most frugal scale, must have been too heavy for an individual to bear. Indeed, if the reasonable Expences of Officers appointed to detached or separate commands, similar to the one of which I am speaking, are not borne by the public, this very delicate consequence will follow, that they will be compelled to refuse them, an alternative to which I should be sorry to see them reduced.
I cannot doubt, but Congress will be pleased, upon a full consideration of the matter in every point of View, to direct a liberal allowance to be made for the Expences which have been already incurred, and to determine what shall be allowed to the commanding Officer in future, lest Colo. Wood, who I sent to relieve Colo. Bland, should be involved in difficulties of the same nature. I have the honor, etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on January 31 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 26, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 24th. If the Country is in the situation you mention with respect to Cattle we must be content with less than the demand made upon the County and if they will give an extra quantity of Grain for the deficiency of Cattle, it will I think be doing for the best. The Cattle should be drove immediately towards Camp as they are collected, except what are necessary for the detachment, and the Grain put into Mills, as far from the River as possible. The easy passage upon the Ice puts it in the power of the enemy to cross and burn both Mills and Grain. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, January 26, 1780.
Sir: About ... days ago I received Your Letter of the 27th. of last month. In answer I must take occasion to assure you, that you are mistaken if you suppose either a predilection for Major Hull or the circumstance of his having served of late more immediately under my command than you have done, influenced me in any degree in the opinion which you saw. Considerations like these had no part in the business. I viewed the matter in question between you and that Gentleman on a more liberal and extensive ground, and I see no reason to alter in the least, the sentiments I then delivered; and were you to examine the subject dispassionately, I think you would find the reasonings were right, and that you have no just claim to your present pretensions. At the same time I repeat, that I had no intention in what I said to detract from your merit as an Officer, or to give a preference to Major Hull on that score. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, January 26, 1780.
Sir: I am favd. with yours of this date. The Magistrates and inhabitants have so universally shewn a good disposition to supply us with provision, that I am certain they would not have been deficient in the number of Cattle you mention except there had been cause. You will therefore be pleased to thank the Magistrates for what they have already furnished and let them know it will be very agreeable to me if they choose to make up for the Cattle, by adding to their quota of Grain. I am &c.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 27, 1780.
Sir: I am sorry to inform your Excellency that the Enemy on the night of the 25th surprised our advanced parties which were stationed at Elizabeth Town and New Ark, and made a part of them prisoners. For a more particular account of the affair, I beg leave to refer Your Excellency to the inclosed Extract from Colo Hazen's Report45 upon the occasion, who then commanded a Detachment in the neighbourhood of the former. I have directed an inquiry to be made, as well as present circumstances will admit, of the causes by which these accidents, happened. Besides the loss mentioned in the Extract inclosed, Colo Hazen's former Letters to which it refers inform, that Judge Hedden, Mr. Robert Neal46 and Mr. Williamson47 a Deputy Quarter Master were also taken, and that several people were plundered at New Ark and the Academy burnt; also the Meeting and Town Houses at Elizabeth Town and the House at De Hart's point.
[Note 45: The extract is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original, dated Jan. 26, 1780, from Crane's Mills, N. J., and January 27 at the close of the letter, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 46: Judge Joseph Heddon, jr., and Robert Neal were captured at Newark, N.J.]
[Note 47: Maj. Matthias Williamson, deputy quartermaster general in New Jersey, and Capt. William Bernard Gifford, of the Third New Jersey Regiment, were captured at Elizabethtown, N.J.]
I have now the pleasure to inform Congress, that the situation of the Army for the present, is, and it has been for some days past, comfortable and easy on the score of provision. We were reduced at last to such extremity and without any prospect of being relieved in the ordinary way, that I was obliged to call upon the Magistrates of every County in the State for specific quantities to be supplied in a limited number of days. I should be wanting in justice to their zeal and attachment and to that of the Inhabitants of the State in general, were I not to inform Congress, that they gave the earliest and most chearful attention to my requisitions, and exerted themselves for the Army's relief in a manner that did them the highest honor. They more than complied with the requisitions in many instances, and owing to their exertions, the Army in a great measure has been kept together. I have the Honor etc.48
[Note 48: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 27, 1780.
Sir: I have been honoured with your Excellency's favor of the 21st; inclosing a Report from the Board of War, upon the application of Colonel Armand for promotion to the Rank of Brigadier in the service of the United States, on which, Congress have been pleased to request my opinion.
I am ready to acknowledge the Grounds, on which, Colo: Armand founds his pretensions to higher Rank, so far as they respect the disinterestedness of his Conduct, his Zeal, Activity, Bravery and intelligence: But I cannot admit the plea, of his being entitled to promotion, on account of his length of service in his present Rank. He should consider, that upon entering our service, nothwithstanding he had either not been at all, or but a short time, in that of France, he received a Commission much higher than those which had been conferred upon many of his Countrymen of long standing in the military line, which is a very substantial reason, why, he should not expect as rapid promotion from his present Rank, as if he had commenced with an inferior one. His supposition that he may, if promoted, be employed without giving umbrage to, or interfering with the Officers of the line, would be found, upon experiment, contrary to his expectations. Nearly the same jealousies and discontents would arise in the minds of those Officers who were superseded, as if they were doing duty together, and actually under his command. The injury is substantially in the Act of promotion itself, and removing the Object of it to a distance is in reality little or no alleviation to the feelings of the Officer who conceives himself hurt. The Board of War seem, in their Report, to have made very judicious distinctions between Colo. Armands pretensions to preferment, and the expediency of granting it: And, I cannot but give it as my opinion, tho' it is a delicate matter and what I would not have wished to have been consulted upon, that the promotion in question would involve many disagreeable consequences, and that there is therefore a necessity for waving it.
A further objection, to the promotion of Colo. Armand,49 is, that several Foreign Officers of the same Rank would immediately, and not without reason, think themselves slighted, if not gratified with the same Marks of favor: And these, if conceded, would contribute still more to the depreciation of our Rank, which is already, by the lavish manner of conferring it, held too cheap. It must have a very extraordinary appearance in Europe, to see such a number of Gentlemen of low or no Rank at all in their own Countries, and many of them very young Men, returning General Officers: and, I should imagine, would have an ill operation even with respect to themselves.
[Note 49: On February 6 Washington wrote again to the President of Congress, respecting Armand's claim to rank, that he had been misinformed as to the colonel's length of service in France, and "As the Colonel is apprehensive this idea may operate in future to his prejudice, I take the liberty to transmit what he has said upon the subject." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I approve of the Idea of incorporating the late Count Pulaski's and Colo. Armands Corps. By increasing his Command, you give him fresh testimonials of your opinion of his military Abilities, and afford him greater opportunities of distinguishing himself.
Should there be a vacant Lieutenancy in those Corps when united, I would take the liberty of soliciting the Commission for the Chevalier de Fontevieux,50 a young Gentleman of Family, who has for some time borne that Rank by Brevet, and served the last Campaign with reputation as a Volunteer. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 50: Capt. Jean Georges, Chevalier de Fontevieux.]
[Note 51: Benjamin Hallsey, John Brookfield, Jonathan Stiles, and Benjamin Lindsly.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 27, 1780.
Gentln: I had this morning the honor to receive Your Letter of the 25th Inst.52 You will permit me to assure You Gentlemen, that I entertain the highest sense of the exertions which have been made by the Justices and the Inhabitants of this County to relieve the distresses of the Army in the article of provision; and I think it but right to add, that from these exertions and those of the Justices and Inhabitants of the State of Jersey in general, the Troops and in them the public, have derived the most important and happy benefits. There is nothing Gentlemen I wish so much, as security to the Subjects of these States in their persons and property; and any events that interrupt this affect me sensibly. Those you represent I feel in a peculiar manner, and I entreat you to be satisfied, that no means in my power shall be wanting to put a stop to every species of such practices in future. If any in the mean time should unfortunately take place, the Offenders if they can be pointed out by the Inhabitants, shall be subjected to the most condign punishment.
[Note 52: This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
With respect to the prison and County House, I shall request the Quarter Master General to examine the damage which the Troops have done to it, and to have it repaired as far as circumstances will permit. I have the Honor, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 27, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your several favors of the 17th, 18th, 21st, and 23d of this month.
As it will be less expensive to Major Painter,54 and to the public, to have his tryal held in your quarter, you will be pleased to order a court martial for the purpose. I return you Col. Scammells letter on the subject.
[Note 54: Maj. Elisha Painter, of Warner's Additional Continental regiment. He had been removed in January, 1777; reinstated in April; dismissed in October, 1778; new trial granted, and while the case was pending he died.]
Bostwicks55 letter which came in yours of the 18th is very ambiguous. At first view one would imagine the scribbling done without any design. The figures some memorandum; and that the paper had been picked up, and used by the writer without his knowing any thing of what was within.
[Note 55: Andrew Bostwick. He was Deputy Commissary General of Forage.]
This at least is the charitable explanation; and is, perhaps, such a one as he would give whether innocent or guilty. Your suggestion however may be well founded, and the writing altho unintelligible to us, may not be so to the enemy. But as the paper does not afford sufficient proof of criminality, I would imagine the best thing we can do, is to have a watchful eye over him (which may be accomplished through the means of Colonel Hay), and to wait for some further evidence before we either call upon him for an explanation of the writing, or proceed to any open steps in the matter. You will take such measures to this effect as may appear most proper. I transmit you Bostwick's letter.
Lt. Williams56 has received fifty thousand dollars for the purpose mentioned in your letter of the 21st.57 This sum (which is as much as can be spared at this time) with what Mr. Reed can save from paying off the troops, may answer the present exigency. Upon application for money to discharge the Continental bounty, you will direct a roll containing the names of the reinlisted men, which is to be the foundation of your order or warrant.
[Note 56: Lieut. Ebenezer Williams, of the First Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 57: For paying the Continental bounty.]
I wish as far as possible to oblige you with the indulgence you have requested. We are by no means at this time complete in officers, which makes your stay the more necessary were it compatible with your health. If however, it is in such a state, as you may judge a journey, and relaxation from military duty essential to your recovery, you have my permission on Genl. Howe's arrival, which I suppose will be near the time you have affixed. I make no doubt, but you will proportion your absence as much as possible to the circumstances of the army, and continue it no longer than may be indispensible for your health. With regard to Majr. Bowman's58 experiments in gunnery, I have no objection to their being made, provided you are satisfied of their usefulness, and if not attend[ed] with too great an expenditure of Ammunition. Sir James Jay has also requested leave to make some tryals in gunnery which you will be pleased to indulge, taking the necessary cautions to prevent the militia's being alarmed.
Mr. Reed I expect will be with you, by the time this letter may come to hand. His instructions for his removal, could
[Note 58: Maj. Sebastian Bauman.] hardly have more than reached him at the time of your writing. I am, &c.
P.S. Mr. Adams, a Storekeeper of the hospitals at Albany, charged with peculating stores, will be sent down by Col. Van Schaick, with witnesses &c. for a tryal by a Court Martial.59
[Note 59: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: Having considered the Act of the 27th of December, directing the dismission of the Express Riders and a subsequent one of the 14th of January in consequence of my Letter founded on the former, the operation of which I had in some measure suspended; it would be improper for me to continue the suspension longer in any degree, or to direct any Expresses to be retained, except with the Main Army and at Posts where there are commands. From this view of the subject it will be necessary for you to govern yourself by the first mentioned Act with respect to the Expresses, except in the following instances: The Main Army, the Post in the Highlands and at Fish Kills and at Fort Pitt. With the first you will continue Ten. One at the post in the highlands; Five at Fish Kills and one at Fort Pitt. I am &c.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qrs., Morristown, January 27, 1780.
Dr. Sir: You will be pleased to repair to our lines and investigate the causes of the late misfortune and disgrace at Elizabeth Town &ca., and report your opinion there upon as soon as enquiry is made.61
[Note 61: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Jan. 27, 1780. The proceedings of the court of inquiry on the conduct of the officers on duty at Newark and Elizabethtown are in the Washington Papers, under date of Jan. 30, 1780.]
You will also examine into the state of our Guard, their situation &ca. and see if any change can be made in their position for the bettr., havg. respect as far as present circumstances will allow to the objects in view, which are security to this Camp; cover to the Country near the enemys lines; and for prevention of that injurious and abominable traffic which is carried on with the City of New--York.
While you are in the discharge of this duty it is my wish that you would obtain (in as unsuspected a manner as possible) a perfect knowledge of the enemy's strength, situation, Guards &ca. on Staten Island and Paulus--Hook. The State of the Ice on the No. River, and such other information as may be benificial and important for us to be acquainted with.
It is my wish also, that you may obtain a compleat knowledge of the places, and manner, in which the Enemy's Shipping, flat boats, and other craft are laid up, and secured, thereby discovering whether some successful attempt, by stratagem, or otherwise, may not be made to destroy them.
The relief which went down to the Detachment under the Command of Colo. Hazen, when joined thereto will form a body of 2000 Rank and file, and as there were reasons for apprehending, that the enemy had some offensive plan in view (which actually took place that very night) I ordered Colo. Hazen to remain there with his command a few days, or till further orders.
You will please to take command of both detachments, and retain the old till the objects here enumerated are fulfilled, unless you should think it best to order the return of it to Camp before. If in the course of your tour of duty below, and investigation of the enemy's Posts, any operation upon a large, or small scale presents itself, you will delay no time in communicating your ideas fully on the subject to me, provided in the latter instt. a favourable oppertunity is not lost by delay in wch. case you are left altogether to your own discretion; bearg. in Mind always, that new disappointments will add discredit to our Arms; but while the state of the Ice admits a free and easy passage of Troops from New--York any attempt otherwise than by surprize may be dangerous.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your fays. of yesterday, the last of which did not reach me until this morning. Before the last came to hand, I had given directions to Genl. St. Clair to prepare himself to go down to you, to make inquiry into the situation of matters below, and in conjunction with you, to endeavour to find out whether it will be possible to retaliate upon the enemy, and if not, whether some different position of our Guards will not be necessary in future. General St. Clair will not be down before the Morning. He will have orders to endeavour to carry into execution any plans which you may have formed and which from circumstances may seem feasible, but from the present strength of the Enemy, I do not conceive that any thing upon a large scale can be attempted; surprises, by small well conducted parties seem most likely to promise success. I have, ever since the North River was passable, conceived the practicability of such a plan as Colo. Willets. He may be desired to be making enquiries, and if he finds good reason to believe that he can make a descent with success, I will cheerfully consent to the trial of the experiment. I imagine the Bulk of the enemy's transports are in Newtown Creek upon Long Island which may be more safe and accessible than Turtle Bay.
I sincerely hope you may find an opportunity of revenge in some way or other.
You have not acknowledged my letter of the 25th. Be pleased to say whether you have received it.
If Colo. Wilier chooses to come up to fix his plan with me, or to pick out any particular Men for the purpose, he may be indulged. These are the Men of Webb's Regt. clothed in Red, who I think well calculated on that account for such an enterprise prise. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, January 27, 1780.
Parole Xantum. Countersigns Yonne, Zator.
By a division Court Martial of the Maryland line, Major Deane,63 President, Lieutenant Hugo64 of the 5th. Maryland regiment was tried for, "Beating wounding and abusing in a cruel manner sundry soldiers belonging to the 2nd. Maryland regiment" and acquitted.
[Note 63: Maj. John Dean (Deane), of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and died in November, 1781.]
[Note 64: Lieut. Thomas Brogden Hugo. He was transferred to the First Maryland Regiment in January; made captain in June; wounded at Eutaw Springs, S.C., in September, 1781; and resigned in October, 1781.]
By the same Court, Captain Price65 of the 2nd. Maryland regiment was tried for "Gaming with Cards for money," for "Neglect of duty, Gambling, Behaving in a manner unbecombing the character of an officer," lot"Secretly striking Lieutenant
[Note 65: Capt. William Price. He was transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.] Davall66 with a cane when he was executing his duty," for "Disorderly and mutinous conduct in the presence of the soldiers of the regiment and for abuse after being reported for other crimes"; acquitted of the 1st. 2nd. 3rd. and 4th. charges, and found guilty of the 5th. charge, the 1st. part of the 6th. charge and the 7th. charge and sentenced to be reprimanded in division orders.
[Note 66: Lieut. Edward Duval, of the Second Maryland Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Germantown in October, 1777, and was killed at Camden, S.C., in August,1780.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentences.
[Note 67: Deputy commissary general of issues, Northern Department, at Albany, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 28, 1780.
Sir: I have received yours of the 18th. Inst. with the Monthly Returns of the Augt. issues. It will still be necessary that I should be furnished with Returns by you, notwithstanding the department is immediately under the direction of the Board of War; or I cannot without them check any irregularities which may take place at the different posts. If you can shorten your Returns by only giving me the Issues and what remains on hand, it will be sufficient to answer my purposes. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, January 28, 1780.
Parole Athens. Countersigns Athol, Athos.
Lord Stiflings division is to reinforce the Main Guard with a Subaltern, four Serjeants four Corporals and thirty six men.
The General is astonished and mortified to find that notwithstanding the order issued on the 29th. of last month and his exhortation to the officers to prevent it, that the Inhabitants in the vicinity of camp are absolutely a prey to the plundering and licentious spirit of the soldiery. From their daily complaints, and a formal representation of the Magistrates on the subject, a night scarcely passes without gangs of soldiers going out of camp and committing every species of robbery, depredation and the grossest personal Insults. This conduct is intollerable and a disgrace to the army, and if any thing can aggravate it, it is that these violences are committed on the property and persons of those who on a very late and alarming occasion, for the want of provisions, manifested the warmest attachment to the army by affording it the most generous and plentiful relief. It has also been reported that when detachments are relieved and are returning to camp, the soldiers straggle, maraud and plunder in the most shameful and injurious manner; The General trusts and insists that the officers will exert themselves and take effectual measures to prevent all such practices in future.
Proper Camp guards agreeable to the Regulations are to be immediately appointed, from which patroles are to be sent to the environs of camp; If any soldiers are found straggling out of the chain of centinels after retreat beating they are to be brought by the patrole to the officer of the guard, who is authorized and required to give them one hundred lashes upon the spot; and if any are found perpetrating robberies or other violences they are to receive from one hundred to five hundred lashes at the discretion of the officer.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 28, 1780.
Sir: Inclosed you have the Certificate requested in yours of the 18th: You will upon obtaining your Commission, proceed without delay to South Carolina and take the command of the 1st. Regt. of Dragoons. By the Regulations of the Army, there will be only one more Field Officer (a Major) to the Regiment, as it will be commanded by a Lieut. Colo. Commandant: Lieut. Colo. Temple must therefore take your place in Colo. Moylans Regt. Major Jameson of the 1st. Regt. being intitled to the Lieutenant Colonelcy of the 2d: will, I imagine, have left South Carolina before your arrival. The Majority of the 1st: cannot be immediately filled, as the Ranks of two of the eldest Captains of the line is undecided. As soon as that matter is determined, the Officer intitled to the Vacancy shall be sent forward to you, should it not fall to one of Colo Baylors Captains, who will be upon the spot. I wish you much happiness in your new command and success in whatever you may undertake as I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 29, 1780.
Dr. Sir: You will be pleased to forward the inclosed letter by flag. It is from a Mr. Ranselair,70 who comes particularly recommended by Gen. Schuyler. As he is impatient for an answer, as soon as one reaches you I wish to have it sent up by express.
[Note 70: John Van Rensselaer, nephew to Philip Schuyler. He wished to go into New York to see his mother, who had been married (the second time) to a Dr.-- Bruce,"of the british."]
I want to be informed in what manner the troops are accommodated as to quarters, or whether any part of them are put to inconvenience on this account. I shall be somewhat influenced by this circumstance, as to the continuing or recalling the detachment which went down under Col. Hazen. I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, January 29, 1780.
Parole Bethlehem. Countersigns Boston, Bath.
The Court Martial whereof Major General Howe is President, is adjourned 'till their proceedings receive the determinationof Congress; but the Members in the mean time will return to their duty in the line.
A General Court Martial of the line to sit tomorrow at Mr. King's72 in Morristown for the trial of all such persons as shall be brought before them. Colonel Richard Humpton is appointed President.
[Note 72: Frederick(?) King.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 29, 1780.
My Lord: The present condition of the ice, opening an easy communication to all parts of the enemy, and thereby affording them occasions to make attempts on such of the officers of the Army, as may most remote from its protection: This, with other reasons, which must occur to your Lordship, induces me to request that you will, as soon as possible, choose such quarters as may give perfect security in this respect. When the ice breaks, I would flatter myself your Lordship will have an opportunity of returning to your present quarters. I am &c.73
[Note 73: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 29, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I received Your obliging Letter of the 12th. I am sorry to find that Congress had not at that time made any requisitions of Men from the States, as it appears to me that the Army without reinforcements, by the expiration of the inlistments of so many Men and of the service of the New Levies as they are called, will be much more reduced than will be compatible with our interest and policy. It was in part from the possibility that such an idea as the one you suggest to have mention in my Letter of the 18th of November, the essential difference between an Army on paper and its real efficient force, and to illustrate the point, by contracting the column of the present fit for duty in the Return transmitted, with that of the Total. The hopes indulged, from the beginning of the Contest to the present day from time to time, that a peace would soon take place, have been the source at least of great expense, and they may still prove so and the means of protracting the War. There is nothing so likely to produce peace as to be well prepared to meet an Enemy; and from this persuasion, and the effect you justly observe the contrary on our part might have on the mind of the Court of France and also on that of Spain, I think it would be right for us to hold forth at least, every appearance of preparation and vigor, and really to do what our abilities and the circumstance of our finance may well justify. The latter I own is a most important consideration, but I cannot judge how far the state of it may or may not require retrenchment and a spirit of economy or indeed obtained with some, might take place, that I was induced to inactivity in our affairs. You will however perceive by a Letter to Congress of the 18th: by Baron Steuben, that I have again mentioned my opinion of the propriety of placing the Army on a more respectable footing than it will be at the opening the Campaign, without their interposition; and that I have offered the same in my Letter to You, Mr. Livingston and Mr. Matthews.
With respect to provision; the situation of the Army is comfortable at present on this head and I ardently pray that it may never be again as it has been of late. We were reduced to a most painful and delicate extremity; such as rendered the keeping of the Troops together a point of great doubt. The exertions of the Magistrates and Inhabitants of this State were great and chearful for our relief.
I have had my attention much engaged by a variety of pressing business and must rely on your indulgence to excuse an earlier acknowledgment of your Favour.74 I am etc.75
[Note 74: Gerry had written (January 12): "The Requisitions to the several States for Reinforcements to the Army, proposed in your letter of the 18th Novr. last, are not yet adopted by Congress; and a fresh Application from your Excellency, appears to me necessary for promoting that important Business. A Report has been long since made on the Subject, and been several Times under the Consideration of Congress, but an Opinion has been lately suggested, and I fear with too much Effect, 'that the Number of Men inlisted for the War is already sufficient, and that Reinforcements are not necessary for the Army in this quarter.' Should this Sentiment prevail, or the Requisition be much longer delayed, We shall probably lay the Foundation of an inactive Campaign, if not of greater Misfortune; and renew the Uneasiness of the Court of France, who last year remonstrated in very friendly, but expressive Terms, against the Delays of our military preparation for that Campaign. As the Measures of our good Ally for the Establishment of our Independence, as well as those of the common Enemy against it, are prosecuted with the greatest Vigor, it appears to me that We are urged by every principle of policy, Generosity, and Honor, to be equally vigorous and decisive," Gerry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Hd. Qrs., Morris town, January 30, 1780.
My dear Sir: Your fair daughter,76 for whose visit Mrs. Washington and myself are greatly obliged, did me the hour. to present your favor of the ... Instt,77 for which and the several useful hints (if it should be in my power to extend my views to St. Johns) contained in it, you have my hearty thanks. To the several matters for investigation, mentioned in my letter
[Note 76: Catherine Schuyler.]
[Note 77: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] of the 25th. Ulto, permit me to add a further inquiry into the place and manner of securing the enemys Vessels on lake Champlain. this is become essential from accidental information recd. the other day which, though not delivered as authentic, has at least the semblance of truth; it is that the enemy during the frost scuttle and sink their Vessels under the Guns of St. Johns. Should this be the fact there is not an object to compensate the fatigue, hardships, and risks to which troops must be exposed in such an enterprize (if other matters shd. answer) nor could I stand justified for exposing them to these, or the public to the expence, which would arise from the expedition.
I am perfectly in sentiment with you respecting the policy of making friends of those Indians we have lately Chastised and all others, and of the expediency of doing it at this time. The hour of victory, we are informed by Lord North is the time for negotiation. That hour so far as they are concerned is come, and it would be wrong, in my judgment, to force them, irrecoverably, into the Arms of the enemy. To compel a people to remain in a state of desperation and keep them at enmity with Us, when no good is to be expected from it and much evil may follow, is playing with the whole game against Us. If any security therefore can be had of their Aid (if circumstances should require it), or neutrality under all circumstances, we should, by being rid of a dangerous and distressing Foe (which they certainly are) be relieved of a heavy expence, and acquire more freedom to our Arms in other quarters, and, which is a consideration of no small weight, must embarrass the enemy not a little in the field; the cabinet, and at negotiation if matters come to this.
How far my good Sir would it be practicable if the Indians should be disposed to more than a neutrality, either by themselves or with the aid of a few Men in disguise, to seize the Fortress of Niagara? a proof like this, of returning friendship, would be interesting and masterly; but from the numbers adequate to the execution of such a plan who must be brought acquainted with the scheme it, more than probably wd. be known to the Eney. and of course be defeated. Next to this, would it be possible to surprise it ourselves, without their aid (or with the assistance of a few trusty guides only before the frost breaks up) by a rapid movement of an adequate number of Men in sleds from Fort Schuyler? The enterprize, more than probably, would be very unexpected, and consequently likely, on that account to succeed if the Wood Creek, Onondago River, and border of the lake Ontario were in such a state as not to impede the progress of Slaies with proper degree of rapidity.
If there are obstacles in the way of either of these projects which may seem too difficult to be surmounted, cannot some successful attempt be made by a detachment from the garrison at Fort Schuyler. The Indians, or a party of both, on the Vessels in lake Ontario which are, I believe, usually laid up at buck Island?
I need not tell you that these are crude, undigested thoughts; thrown out more with a view of learning your sentiments of them, than as the result of deliberate thinking. If you should hold a treaty, or have a meeting with the Indians such information may be derived from the most intelligent of them, as to shew how practicable either of the projects here mentioned is.
There is no doubt but that Lake Champlain is sufficiently closed; but how long may we expect it to continue so? Will the Snow be any impediment to the Passage of Slaies to St. Johns? Is it known whether the borders of Lake Ontario (especially the hither side wch. is the most exposed to the boisterous Winds) are ever so frozen as to admit a passage for Slaies? What may be the difficulties of getting from Fort Schuyler to Oswego?
Since the date of my last we have had the virtue and patience of the Army put to the severest trial. Sometimes it has been5 or Six days together without bread. at other times as many days without meat, and once or twice two or three days without either. I hardly thought it possible, at one period, that we should be able to keep it together, nor could it have been done but for the exertions of the Magistrates in the several Counties of this State, on whom I was obliged to call; expose our situation to them, and in plain terms declare that we were reduced to the alternative of disbanding or catering for ourselves, unless the Inhts. would afford us their aid. I allotted to each County a certn. proportion of flour or grain, and a certain number of Cattle, to be delivered on certain days, and for the honor of the Magistrates and good disposition of the people I must add that my requisitions were punctually complied with and in many Counties exceeded. Nothing but this great exertion could have saved the army from dissolution, or starving; as we were bereft of every hope from the Commissaries. at one time the Soldiers eat every kind of horse food but Hay. Buck Wheat, common wheat, Rye, and Indn. Corn was the composition of the Meal which made their bread. As an Army they bore it with a most heroic patience; but sufferings like these accompanied by the want of Cloathes, Blankets &c. will produce frequent desertions in all Armies and so it happened with us tho' it did not excite a single mutiny.
I hope your advice to Colo. Van Schaick respecting the diminution of Horses has had the desired effect, otherwise I shall follow it by an order. I strictly enjoined this upon General Heath at the Highland Posts and Genl. Poor at Danbury; and made it a first object with the main army the moment I got to this ground; the necessity of it being apparent.
I furnished Mr. Van Ranselaer with a flag to convey a Letter to New York requesting leave to go in which was a necessary compliance with the rules of the enemy. No answer is yet receivd but every aid on my part shall be given to comply with your request when it is.
I have the pleasure to inform you that Miss Schuyler is well as you will probably learn from her own pen as she has promised to give me a letter to put under my cover to you. Mrs. Washington and the Gentn. of my family join in best respects and good wishes and I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 30, 1780.
Sir: I herewith transmit Your Excellency the proceedings and sentence of the General Court Martial in the case of Major General Arnold for the approbation or disapprobation of Congress.78 The proceedings79 will be found in two packets committed to the care of Major Gibbs.
[Note 78: On February 12 Congress approved the court-martial sentence.]
[Note 79: The original proceedings are not now found among the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I also think it my duty to inclose Your Excellency the Copy of a Letter of the ... Instant, from the Quarter Master General on the subject of his department, which I received on the 28th.80 I have the Honor, etc.81
[Note 80: Greene's letter, dated January, 1780, is in the Washington Papers, and a copy is filed with the letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 81: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on February 2.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, January 30, 1780.
Parole Constantinople. Countersigns China, Chima.
A large number of cattle are to be immediately killed and prepared for the use of the Army; Each brigade will send two men capable of assisting in this business to the Deputy Commissary General's quarters early tomorrow morning.
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 30, 1780.
Dr Sir: By advices received from Genl. St. Clair who is on the lines, it appears that the enemy have augmented their force considerably on Staten Island, and at Powless hook. From this circumstance, and their impressing Sleds (as it is said on Bergen neck) it would seem as if they had some offensive operation in view. I have therefore to request that you will use your best endeavours for the purpose of removing the forage which may be collected at and near the lines, to this place. The largest quantities and that most exposed will naturally claim the first attention. Besides the forage making large detachments from this army necessary for its security and thereby encreasing the routine of duty and distressing the inhabitants, there is another strong reason why it should be removed; the superior ease with which it can be transported at this season.
I have received your letter of ... representing the state of your department and have transmitted a copy thereof to Congress. I am &c.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 30, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 28th. and 29th. Your reasons for preferring patrols, and those chiefly of Horse, are so conclusive that I would wish you to endeavour to engage about twenty to serve while the sound is passable upon the Ice. If they will find their own Forage, it will be more convenient than to supply them from the public Magazine. They shall be allowed accordingly. One Mr. Marsh83 offered a few days ago to raise that number upon the shortest warning. Colo. Ogden knows him, and can inform you where he is to be found. As soon as the patrols are instituted, I think it will be prudent to withdraw all the small Guards from the points, and even from Elizabeth Town and New Ark in the Night. A Captain's Guard should go every morning to the former to receive and forward Flags. As the number of Horse I have mentioned will be, of themselves, too few, you will mix patrols of Foot with them. If these do their duty on the main Road along the Sound, which the enemy must cross, our main Body cannot be surprised; but to give them more perfect security, I am of opinion that they may fall back into a Chain of Cantonment upon a line with West field: But of this [and every other matter] you will consider and determine. Our Magazines of Hay ought principally to engage our attention, as they will probably that of the Enemy, and I would therefore wish you, always, in making your disposition, to have regard to them. I will bear in mind your hint of the expediency of sending down whole Corps instead of detachments from the line. The Connecticut Brigades having more natives than any others
[Note 83: Daniel(?) Marsh, of Essex County, N. J.] would best answer the purpose, but there are at present some objections which I will mention to you when I see you.
Be pleased to direct regular inquiries [by judicious Officers] to be held upon the Officers who command the advanced Guards and pickets the night of the 25th. that such of them as appear guilty of neglect may be brought to trial. This is the only method of procuring justice to the public and individuals.
I have written to Docr. Cochran and directed him to send down Surgeons and Dressings; which I thought had been already provided. Having in this letter answered the several matters mentioned by Colo. Hazen, I have not written to him by this Conveyance. I am &c.
P. S. There are certain signals established for calling out the Militia in case of Alarm. Be pleased to make yourself acquainted with them that you may communicate them upon occasion.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, January 30, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 26th. inclosing one from Capn. McLane to you of the 15th.85
[Note 85: These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
However Capn. McLanes services may entitle him to consideration, yet he is neither singular in his sacrifices nor situation. There are numbers in the line, who have been as long Captains and without promotion as himself. This is one of those circumstances incidental to all services. But with regard to his request the formation of new corps rests by no means with me, nor if it did I could not recommend the proposal to Congress at a time when the seperate corps now in service experience so many inconveniencies, and are supposed too numerous. Capn. McLane however may be assured that my opinion of his military merits would induce me to do every thing in his favor consistent with propriety. I wish you an agreeable winter and am Dr Sir &c.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.
On January 31 Robert Hanson Harrison, by Washington's direction, ordered Abraham Skinner, Commissary General of Prisoners of the Continental Army, to send in a quantity of wood to New York for the use of the American prisoners there. Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, January 31, 1780.
Parole Denmark. Countersigns Danube, Dee.
The General observes with great concern that too many officers are daily absent from camp by which the discipline of their respective corps must necessarily be much neglected and many disorders ensue. To this is, in a great measure, to be attributed the shocking spirit of licentiousness now prevailing among the soldiery. The late capture of some officers on the lines who were not there on duty ought to be a caution against the like practices in future. Gentlemen taken in this manner may assure themselves that they will not be exchanged in turn, but will be postponed as long as possible and the Commissary of Prisoners will be instructed accordingly.
The General calls upon the officers commanding divisions, brigades and regiments to take effectual measures to prevent a continuance of these irregularities and, in general, to effect a more strict observance of the Regulations established by Congress than has hitherto obtained; tho' he is far from wishing to impose unnecessary restraint upon officers, or to refuse them any reasonable indulgence, yet he cannot think of tolerating excesses, subversive of the service and productive of every ill consequence.
A Brigadier and a Field Officer of the day will as usual superintend the police of the camp and the service of the guards, and will see the regulations for both carefully executed; the General expects a pointed attention.
In the present scarcity of General officers with the Army, the Colonels commanding brigades will roll in the duties of the day instead of brigadiers: The old and new officers of the day will attend Head Quarters daily at one o'clock; the former to make report of the transactions of the preceding day and the latter to receive any new orders the Commander in Chief may have to give.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am exceedingly sorry to find by yours of the 26th. ulto: that you are again involved in difficulties on the score of Bread. I flattered myself that your wants on that account had been overcome, and that you would not have been again distressed throughout the Winter. We are in a better situation than we were, but we may yet be said to be living from hand to mouth, never having more than two or three days provision in Store: Our dependance is upon the continuance of the Frost, which is very favorable for Transportation, tho' it stops the Mills. Upon the receipt of your letter I directed the Commissary to send over all the Flour from Easton and Sussex County, which had been intended for this Army, to the Highlands. If I am not misinformed by him, your present want of Bread arises from the want of water to grind the Wheat, of which he says there is a quantity in the Mills. If nothing better can be done, I would advise you to order down a parcel of that and let it be delivered to the Men, who by beating and husking it, may boil it, and make a tolerable substitute for Bread. If Indian Corn can be obtained; it will answer better. We were in our late distress reduced to take the foregoing methods.
I am confident Governor Clinton will take every practicable measure to relieve you, and should we obtain a more than expected supply of Flour from the Southward, part shall be sent forward; but really at present we can spare no more than what I have mentioned as ordered from Sussex and Easton. I wish you to use every exertion to keep the troops together, and in their present Cantonments. If once suffered to disperse, a thousand ill consequences follow.
I observe by the late General Returns a deficiency of some Regiments in your command. I must beg you to call upon your Dy. Adjutant General for a punctual compliance in this respect, which is always necessary, but more than commonly so in the fluctuating state of our Army, which, from a variety of causes, differs materially every Week. Without this I am constantly at a loss for the real strength of your posts.
I hope your next will afford more pleasing prospects of your situation, which will be truly agreeable to Dear Sir &c.87
[MS. H. S.]
Hd Qrs, Morris-town, February 1, 1780.
Sir: I am much indebted to you for your obliging letter, and the concern you express for my personal safety.88 The apprehensions you have are very naturally suggested by my present situation, rather remote from the army; but as the possibility of such an attempt as you mention had occurred to me, precautions,
[Note 87: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 88: Condict had written (January 31) from Morristown: "they do not want for Malicious Interprizing Guides, well acquainted with every Road And Safe passage to and from hence, the possibility of a party of Horse coming here undiscovered I cannot doubt." Condict's letter is in the Washington Papers.] which I think will be effectual, have been used to guard against it. So far from the hint you have given requiring any apology, it is a proof of your regard which has a claim to my [warmest] acknowledgments. With very great esteem etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The word in brackets was added by Washington, and the date line is in his writing.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 1, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received your favor of yesterday. As the Horse are so very essential during the continuance of the ice, I think you had better engage them at all events, and at such a pay as they can be obtained. The militia horse that were employed as patroles &c. last winter, had (if I do not mistake) the same allowance as express riders. You however, will make your agreement on the best terms you can.
I shall mention the state of the beacons to the governor; but you will, in the mean time, take such steps to put those which have been neglected, in repair, and what other measures may be judged necessary on the occasion.
The two Connecticut brigades are to march to-morrow when Col. Hazen's and the whole detachment will be relieved. You will continue on the present command. I am &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 1, 1780.
Gentn: By the Letter You were so obliging as to bring me from Congress Yesterday, I find they have been pleased to authorise me to negociate and settle a Cartel for an Exchange of prisoners. In consequence of this authority, I shall be ready to appoint Commissioners to meet others from the British Commander in Chief, at any time and place which may be thought convenient for the adjustment of so important and desireable a work. This You will be pleased to communicate to Major General Phillips, and I would willingly hope that the proposals concerted between him and You, which so far as they go are generally upon just and liberal principles, may be improved into an Agreement that will be attended with mutual and permanent advantage. I have the Honour etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 92: Chaplain of the Third New Jersey Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 1, 1780.
Sir: Should the grain which was collected for the army be deposited at any one place, in such quantity as to become an object with the enemy, it, or at least a part of it, may be sent up to this place. I would wish however to avoid expence as much as possible, and therefore to retain what must be consumed by the detachments on the lines, if it is not too much exposed. You will be pleased to take the advice of Genl. St. Clair on this subject.
With regard to your inclosure from Gen. Stirling's brigade Major, the less that is said on the plunder taken from Staten Island, the better. The returning simply what can be recovered, in my opinion, is the best exculpation. And if Mr. Stirling, burns churches, the severest recrimination will be contained in the action.93 I am &c.94
[Note 93: Caldwell's letter, dated Jan. 30, 1780, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, February 1, 1780.
Parole Egypt. Countersigns Eden, Egra.
The Connecticutt division is to be held in perfect readiness to march at a very short notice.
The Names and Rank of all the Field Officers serving in the different lines of the Army and of the Independent Corps with the dates of their Commissions to be immediately sent to the Adjutant General's office.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, February 2, 1780.
Parole France. Countersigns Florence, Florida.
The next weekly returns are to contain the names of the Field Officers, the duties they may be on, times of absence, where, and upon what occasion.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: Since mine of yesterday, I have been favd. with yours of the 27th. ulto. I am happy to hear that the Fire, in the Garrison,95 has been suppressed with so little damage. The Of ricers, who lost their Cloathing, may have the liberty of drawing what Articles they may find suitable in the public store, at the prices fixed by Congress, which are, one half more than such Articles sold for in the year 1775.
[Note 95: At West Point.]
Untill proper Magazines can be constructed in the several Works, you will be pleased to take any precautions which you may deem necessary, against fire.
The Certificates produced by Lieut. Peabody96 being sufficient, you have liberty to grant him a discharge from the service. You will, by the next opportunity, inform me of the time when it took place, that I may register the Resignation.
[Note 96: Lieut. Ebenezer Peabody, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. His resignation is dated Feb. 9, 1780.]
Capt. Flowers97 and Lieut. Snow98 are intitled to the amount of their expences while on command at Springfield. Upon producing their accounts regularly made out, you are to grant them Warrants upon the Dy. Pay Mr. General.
[Note 97: Capt. Samuel Flower, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned February 9, and was major of the Massachusetts Militia in 1782.]
[Note 98: Lieut. Jabez Snow, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in April, 1780.]
My letter of yesterday informed you fully and truly of the state of our Magazines. Inclosed you will find the Ration which governs here at present, and, by which, you will be pleased to regulate yourself when circumstances will admit.
Inclosed you have a Copy of General Poors instructions, by which you will perceive that he was directed to cover the Country Eastward of Norwalk, and to take his orders generally from the Officer commanding at the Highland posts. Under these, you are at liberty to make such dispositions as you may deem best calculated to answer the ends in view. But, I cannot help thinking, that the purchase is too low down to station a Body of Men with safety. One hundred Men, moving occasionally down, and not at stated periods, would, in my opinion, have better effects than a standing Guard. I am &c.
P.S. I am informed that the Ice affords a passage from the City of New York to the Highlands. This may tempt the enemy to undertake something against you by surprise, by carrying up their Men in Sleighs, of which they have lately collected a large parcel. It may be, this is to take the advantage of drawing in Wood while the Rivers are frozen: but we ought nevertheless to be upon our guard against every possible event. I would therefore recommend it to you to keep men in every Work where there is cover, and to direct the Officer commanding in them to bar their Gates carefully every Night and to take every precaution against a surprise which is the only mode in which the Enemy can operate at this season.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: The two Connecticut Brigades march this morning. I think you had best detain all the Men of that line, who are already down, who are cloathed and in other respects fit for duty. The others may be sent up under Officers to do Camp duty. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 2, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I am this moment favored with your letter of this date.
The detachment which I mentioned as to march this morning owing to some causes that have unavoidably intervened, does not leave Camp till tomorrow.
With regard to the enterprise you have in view, should circumstances make it eligible in your opinion, I have no objection to your trying the experiment. I am &c.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, February 2, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received Your 2d Letter of this date. As I wrote you this forenoon I leave the Enterprise3 in view entirely with You and the execution to be attempted or not as You may judge proper from a full consideration of all circumstances and the intelligence you received and the character of the person who gave it. If it should appear to you that there is strong probability of its succeeding, the experiment can be made; if not, it may be best not to undertake it.
[Note 3: St. Clair's intended enterprise was against Van Buskirk's loyalist corps, of New Jersey Volunteers. It had to be given up on account of the night and the failure of guides to arrive on time.]
The Dragoon has two or three bundles of prepared combustibles in charge and Two Dozen port fires. I am &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Camp, Morris Town, February 2, 1780.
Sir: It is His Excellency the Commander in Chief's desire that you write to Mr Loring by Colonel Mathews and the Officers going in and propose to him an immediate exchange of our private prisoners of War, now in the Sugar House. The severity of the Weather and their want of fuel, added to the refusal you met with in your application to the Officer commanding at Paulus Hook, make their release absolutely necessary. If Mr. Loring will send these prisoners out immediately, which is to be wished on account of their sufferings, an equal number will be returned as soon as possible out of those in our hands in Philadelphia. In your Letter to Mr. Loring it will be well for You to request him, in case he accedes to the proposition for an immediate release, to inform you of the time when the prisoners will be sent out, that you may attend to receive them; and that this business, in which the feelings of humanity are so peculiarly interested may be facilitated You have His Excellency's permission to proceed with a flag to the Enemy's Out posts at paulus Hook and to remain with the approbation of the Officer Commanding there, till you obtain Mr. Loring's Answer. I am &c.5
[Note 5: The draft, which is in the writing of Harrison, is indorsed and signed by him: "not ansd. before the 6 of May 1780."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 2, 1780.
Gentlemen: The patriotic exertions the Magistrates and inhabitants of this state in compliance with my late application to them on the subject of provisions have a claim to my warmest acknowledgements and to the particular consideration of the public. The crisis which dictated that application was of a very delicate nature, and the worst consequences might have ensued had it not been for the assistance so cheerfully afforded. You have given a striking proof of your attachment to the service, of your regard to the accommodation of the army, and an earnest of what may be expected in every future exigence. It is however to be hoped a similar occasion may not again occur.
In my representations to Congress I thought it my duty to do justice to your exertions and I entreat you to be assured that I shall always endeavour to encourage in the army such a sense of the good disposition of the Magistrates and Inhabitants of New Jersey as will produce correspondent sentiments and conduct on their part. I have the honor, etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 3, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 4th. 17th: and 22nd ulto. Since I wrote to you to remove all the Cavalry to Colchester, I have seen a second representation from Mr. Hubbard to the Quarter Master General, in which he seems to confess, that they cannot be accommodated with conveniency at Colchester, and wishes Sheldon's Regt. to be left at Weathers field. I shall therefore leave the Cantonment of the Horse to your discretion, and have only to recommend to you to keep them as compact as the State of the Forage and Quarters will admit. I should be sorry that there should be any misunderstanding between Governor Trumbull and you, and I think you acted with great prudence in not answering a warm letter from him in the same stile, as you had reason to think he had been unwarrantably prejudiced. You will, upon the whole, find many advantages by cultivating a good understanding with the Civil authority.
Captains Pike and Craig7 called upon me for money for the recruiting service, I dissuaded them from going upon that Business, upon an assurance that they would involve themselves in a very heavy Expense, with scarce any prospect of success. I have no powers to allow a greater Bounty to the Officer than 20 dollars for each Recruit, which, admitting he should be more than commonly successful, would in these times be incompetent. I think you had best turn your attention to reinlisting your old Men, and to picking up new Recruits in the Country near the Quarters of your Regiment. This may be done without incurring any extra expense.
[Note 7: Capts. Zebulon Pike and John Craig, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons.]
The promotion of Lt. Colo White8 to the command of the Ist. Regt. will not occasion the promotion of a field Officer. He takes command as Lt. Colo. Commandant, in which case there will be only another Field Officer, a Major, to the Regt. Lt. Colo. Temple now of the 1st. will take Lt. Colo. Whites place in the 4th. This is agreeable to the Regulations of the Army. As Capt. Bull is confessedly the eldest Capt. of the line, he may proceed forthwith to take the Majority of the Ist. Regt. I will, if he calls at Head Quarters in his way, give him a Certificate to the Board of War, to obtain his Commission.
[Note 8: Lieut. Col. Anthony Walton White.]
If Capt. Fauntleroy was appointed by you previous to Capt. Hopkins, he must undoubtedly take Rank of him. Capt. Hopkins has great Merit from his attention to his duty, and from the length of his service. By his representation he has been much disappointed in his expectations. But if former promises have not been complied with, he cannot on that account revive old claims to the detriment of Capt. Fauntleroy, who, if I am rightly informed, has been always considered in the Regt. as the senior officer. I am &c.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 3, 1780.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 21st. ulto. If the Men of your Regiment, to whom you refer, have been lately inlisted for any term but for the War expressly and contrary to your positive orders, the Officer guilty of a breach of them should be arrested and tried for disobedience. As the form of the inlistments is ambiguous, you had best fill up new ones fixing the term for the War. This will prevent any disputes in future.
If the Men in question have been inlisted previous to the 23rd. Jany. 1779, they will be intitled to a Bounty of 100 dollars upon signing new inlistments for the War. This has been insisted on practised [ sic] throughout the Army, where the inlistments ran in the dubious manner of " three years or During the War." I am &c.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, February 3, 1780.
Parole Greece. Countersigns Germany, Georgia.
By a Division Court Martial of the Maryland line, Major Hardman,11 President, Ensign Ford12 of the 2nd. Maryland regiment was tried,
[Note 11: Maj. Henry Hardman, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in April, 1783.]
[Note 12: Ensign Hezekiah Ford. He was transferred to the First Maryland Regiment, and served to April, 1783.]
1st. "For disobedience of orders issued the 29th. of November last, in marching the second regiment from the parade at Pompton when directed to the contrary.
2ndly. For conduct unbecoming the character of an officer and gentleman, in relating to Col. Woolford13 orders different to those he received, by which he obtained his permission tomarch.
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. Commandant Thomas Woolford, of the Fifth Maryland Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; exchanged in December, 1780; transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
3rdly. For contempt of orders and subversion of subordination, in executing the orders of Col. Woolford in direct opposition to those sent by the Brigade Major," and acquitted with honor.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence, and Ensign Ford is released from his Arrest.
The Books to be kept according to the new Regulations of the Army, not already opened, are to be opened as soon as possible, agreeable to the forms which have been communicated.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, February 4, 1780.
Parole Holland. Countersigns Hanau, Hague.
By a General Court Martial held in Garrison at Philadelphia by order of Brigadier General Woodford the 5th. of January 1780, Colonel Neville, President, Thomas Warren of the Invalid Corps was tried for "Leaving his post when centinel and for theft," found guilty of a breach of section 13th, article the 6th. of the Articles of War of the United States of America and sentenced to suffer death.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be executed. The Prisoner is to suffer according to the sentence awarded against him by being shot to death on the 10th. day of February instant.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 4, 1780.
Sir: As there is now a Field Officer in Camp from each of the Artillery Regiments except yours, and It is essential that those Corps should be arranged without farther loss of time, I request that either yourself or Lieut Colo Forrest will repair to the Army without delay, that the business may be set about and the arrangement be finally adjusted. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 4, 1780.
Sir: Major Galvan delivered me the letter which your Excellency did me honor to write me on the 23rd. of Jany., to which I have paid all the attention the importance of its contents demands. I am much flattered by this commencement of a corrispondence from which I have every thing to gain; and equally indebted for the interesting communications it affords.
It is a happy circumstance that the efforts made by the British court for obtaining Troops in Germany are attended with so little success. This will naturally increase their exertions for procuring men in this country and will no doubt make them more solicitous for effecting the exchange or release in some way or other of their prisoners in our hands. It will be well if in the negotiations on this subject we can extract concessions favourable to those which may take place in Europe, and you may depend the experiment shall be fully tried. But from the aspect of the late propositions on the part of the enemy, I should not entertain any sanguine hopes of the success of this experiment. The reinforcement they would derive from a full compliance with their proposals is not calculated at more than ten or eleven hundred private men; and this seems hardly to be an object of sufficient magnitude to induce them to concede points of the nature wch. Your Excellency's information supposes; especially as you emphatically express it after "having sought with so much affectation to make the thirteen States be considered as subjected to the English domination." The offers made through Major General Philips18 are far more moderate than any that have hitherto come from them, and appear
[Note 18: Maj. Gen. William Phillips, of the British Army.] in a great measure to have been influenced by his personal solitations dictated by an extreme anxiety to be released from captivity. But notwithstanding the matter in its present form wears to me the appearance I have mentioned I shall not neglect any measure which it may be in my power to take to improve the intimations your Excellency has given and I entreat you to be assured that I shall endeavor to make the event confirm the opinion you do me the honor to entertain, that nothing will be done derogatory to the magnamimous part your Court has acted or to the honor or interest of the united States).19
[Note 19: Great Britain, Luzerne said, had failed in her effort to buy additional German troops. The German princes who had sold men previously were now ashamed and found that their subjects were excited against them because of that practice; they were further reluctant to furnish troops to a power which was making war on France, with whom they had always preserved amicable ties. Mr. Clinton had received orders to spare no pains to effect the exchange of the Convention troops and other prisoners. He had been authorized to surmount all difficulties in exchange negotiations and in case of absolute necessity to treat with Congress or their ministers "dans les termes d'une parfaite egalite, et comme avec une puissance independante." This treating with the court of London upon a footing of perfect equality would, "prejuger a d'avance la question de votre Independance." Luzerne was well persuaded, he wrote, that as the negotiation was in Washington's hands "nesepassera rien de Derogatoire au parti que ma Cour a pris de reconnoitre L'Independance et la parfaite souverainete des Etat unis." Luzerne also enclosed to Washington an extract of a memorial communicated by the British Ambassador at Madrid to the court of Spain on the 28th of March, 1779. Hamilton's translation of thus was as follows: "Let the Colonies expose also their grievances and the conditions for their security or for their precaution, in order that the continuation and the authority of a lawful government may be reestablished. Tis there we shall see if a direct and immediate accommodation can take place. If this same method is prefered, in this last case only, let a truce be made in North America, that is to say a real truce and suspension of arms, during which may be reestablished and secured the liberty and estates of persons of every condition, and made to cease all sort of violence against the respective subjects or against the estates or effects which they possess. During this time, the French may treat upon their particular concerns avoiding thereby the suspicions, to which they would necessarily expose themselves, if they wish to involve in the negotiation their private advantage relatively to the pretended interests of those whom France with Affectation calls her allies and his Majesty will be able to establish the Government of his own dominions, without suffering the humilation of not receiving but from the hand of a declared enemy the conditions which regard this government." Hamilton's translation is in the Washington Papers.
An "Extrait de L'Expose des motifs de la Cour D'Espagne relativemerit a LAngleterre" was also enclosed in Luzerne's letter and is in the Washington Papers.]
The inconsistency of the Court of London so well delineated by that of Madrid in the extract you had the goodness to annex would appear extraordinary, if their whole conduct in the course of the war did not exhibit many similar examples. But it is evident that their refusing to consider these States as independant of fact during a negotiation was a mere pretext to cover their unwillingness to concur in the pacific views of his Chatholic Majesty, and the memorial from the British Ambassador shews that they were artfully aiming to effect a seperation of interests between France and these States the better to prosecute their hostile designs against either or both.
I thank your Excellency for the agreeable intelligence you give me of his Christian Majesty's intentions to send us succours of Arms and ammunition. It is a new and valuable proof of his friendship, and will be of essential utility. I agree with you that there ought to be no relaxation in the measures otherwise intended to be taken to procure the necessary supplies of those articles.
I am sensibly mortified that the present situation of affairs will by no means suffer me to yield to the desire I have of paying you my respects in Philadelphia; and I shall impatiently look for the oppertunity of doing it here which Your Excellency promises me in the course of this month. Besides the important objects of public utility which I am authorised to hope from it, I shall take pleasure in every occasion of testifying to you those real sentiments of respect and esteem with which I have the honor, etc.
The interest your Excellency is pleased to take in Major Galvan, will be an additional motive with me, to avail myself of his talents and zeal, as far as circumstances will possibly permit.20
[Note 20: The text is from a photostat of the original in Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Does., E. U., vol. 6. The draft by Hamilton, in the Washington Papers, is signed by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: General Poor sent down the Bearer Capt. Leigh21 for 10,000 dollars for the purpose of recruiting, but the military Chest here being intirely exhausted, I must request you, if possible to spare him that sum. But should your stock of Cash not admit of the whole, be pleased to let him have as much as you conveniently can. I am informed that the New Hampshire troops are just now in good temper and shew a disposition to reinlist, which makes a supply of Money the more desirable. I am &c.22
[Note 21: Capt.--Leigh. He was sub-clothier for Poor's New Hampshire brigade.]
[Note 22: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 5, 1780.
Dr. Sir: The state of Genl. Heath's health making a relief from duty necessary he has received my permission for this purpose. This with other considerations which will occur to yourself, (especially as the condition of the river may tempt the enemy to enterprise something in that quarter) renders your presence there essential, I have therefore to request that you may return as soon as convenient to your command. I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am lard. with yours of the 29th. Ultimo by Capt. Leigh. Our military Chest being at this time intirely exhausted, it is not in my power to send you recruiting Money by him, but I have given him a letter to General Heath, who I hope will be able to spare some from the Chest at the Highlands.
I should have been glad had the state of your domestic Concerns permitted you to remain with your Brigade during the Winter. But as they do not, I cannot refuse your request of leave of Absence. I must however make a point of your returning to Danbury by the Middle of April. The peculiarity of Major Norris's24 circumstances induces me to deviate from the Rules established for furloughing Officers, but I must also insist upon his returning at the same time that you do.
[Note 24: Maj. James Norris, of the Third New Hampshire Regiment. He resigned in July, 1780.]
Captain Leigh has settled the matter of Cloathing with the Cloathier General.
I am pleased to hear that you are well supplied with provision and am with great Regard etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 5, 1780.
Sir: Inclosed You will receive an Extract from the General Orders of Yesterday, by which you will find that the sentence of the Court Martial against Thomas Warren of the Invalid Corps, has been approved and his execution ordered. I have however since on account of the frequency of capital punishments and from General Woodford's representation that this was the first offence the prisoner had been guilty of remitted the Sentence and for this purpose I inclose You a pardon for him of the present date. It might possibly have some operation towards the prisoners future good conduct, if you were to publish the approbation of the sentence in your Garrison Orders and to keep him ignorant of the pardon for a few days; but this is left to your own discretion and you will act with respect to it as you may think best. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris-town, February 5, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received two letters of yours from Wethersfield. One dated the 15th. of Jany. the other without a date. By Colo. Blaine, who I expect will be the bearer of this, I send Twenty guineas and a27 phial containing the [Stain and] counter-part of the stain for C ... Junr, which I wish may be got to him with as much safety and dispatch as the case will, conveniently, admit of. It is my further most earnest wish, that you would press him to open, if possible, a communication with me by a more direct rout than the present. His accts. are intelligent, clear, and satisfactory, consequently would be valuable but owing to the circuitous rout thro' which they are transmitted28 I can derive no immediate or important advantages from them; and (as I rely upon his intelligence) the only satisfaction I derive from it, is, that other accts. are either confirmed or corrected by his, after they have been sometime received. I am sensible of the delicacy of his situation, and the necessity of caution; for these reasons it is I have hitherto forborne, and am yet unwilling, to mention, persons to him as the vehicles of conveyance lest they shd. not prove so mast worthy and prudent as we could wish. but if he cannot form the first link of the chain of communication himself, and will let me know it, I think I can name one or two men
[Note 27: Tilghman has crossed off the "a" and written "two" above it.]
[Note 28: Culper, jr.'s (or Robert Townsend's) intelligence went to Culper, sr. (Aaron Woodhull's), at Setauker, Long Island, were carried from thence across Long Island Sound by Lieut. Caleb Brewster's whaleboat, and traveled up and around New York island, through Westchester County to New Jersey.] to him who will receive and convey to me (through others) such intelligence as he may think important but he should avoid making use of the stain upon a blank sheet of Paper (which is the usual way of its coming to me); this circumstance alone is sufficient to raise suspicion; a much better way is to write a letter a little in the Tory stile, with some mixture of family matters and between the lines and on the remaining part of the Sheet communicate with the stain the intended intelligence; such a letter would pass through the hands of the enemy unsuspected, and even if the agents should be unfaithful, or negligent, no discovery would be made to his prejudice as these people are not to know that there is concealed writing in the letter and the intelligent part of it [would be] an evidence in his favor.
You will be so good as to communicate these several matters to him in a full and clear manner, and inform me of the result. the choice of a proper name, or character, to address his Letters, to, if they come through the channel I have recommended, is a matter worthy of consideration.
I have written to Genl. Poor to furnish a man (as you desire) and have him sent to Lieutt. Brewster at Fairfield. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The words within brackets were added by Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 5, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I think it my duty to transmit Your Excellency the inclosed Representation and Request from Sundry Officers in your line, which I received Two days ago.30 The Objects are of a delicate and interesting nature and such I am persuaded as will have, if they have not already had it, the attention they
[Note 30: A copy of this representation, dated February 1, which was signed by the captains and junior officers of the New York line, is in the Washington Papers.] deserve. From the conversation and expostulations I had with the Gentlemen who presented the paper and the information I have otherwise derived, I fear there is reason to apprehend that the line will receive a severe shock by Resignations if something is not done to relieve the Officers.
They profess the greatest disinclination to injure the service and proposed continuing as Volunteers with the Regiments till other Officers could be appointed; but I told them this was not admissible and they seem for the present to have suspended the execution of their plan and which they had the more unadvisedly fixed to a day. I should be happy if the State have it in their power to make them more comfortable and contented with their situation. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: The draft, signed by Washington, is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original is stated by Dr. J. M. Toner to be in the New York State Library.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, February 5, 1780.
Parole Japan. Countersigns Java, Iceland.
A reserve Pickett of one Captain, one subaltern, four serjeants, four corporals two Drums and Fifes and fifty privates to mount daily in each brigade. These Picketts will assemble at troop beating every morning on the Grand Parade where the officers of the day will inspect them, after which they will retire to huts that are to be appropriated for the purpose in each brigade. The old guard will be dismissed on brigade parade at turning out the relief.
The General absolutely forbids the practice of making guards do fatigue duties, as irregular and subversive of discipline. Where any fatigue is to be done, parties must be ordered for the purpose.
The following returns are to be made up to this day and immediately lodged with the Adjutant General to be transmitted to the Board of War:
Infantry
1st. A General Return of the number of non commissioned officers and Privates whose times of Inlistment expire by the 1st. of July next, regimentally digested.
2nd. A like return of the men employed out of the regiments, as in the Commander in Chief's guard, Waiters on Officers who are absent from their regiments, Waggoners, Artificers and in short all those who cannot appear under arms in time of action, also regimentally digested.
3rd. A return similar to the preceding, of men in the Hospitals and those who have been absent and not heard of for six months past.
4th. An exact return of the arms and accoutrements in the several regiments and of those in the hands of the regimental Quarter Masters.
Each regiment must give such a return as the last to the Brigade Inspector, signed by the Colonel or Commanding officer, upon honor, and the Inspector will make a general return agreeable to the form communicated.
Cavalry
Each Colonel or Commanding officer of a regiment will give
1st. An exact return of the officers, non commissioned officers and men of the regiment or Corps.
2nd. The three general returns already mentioned for the Infantry.
3rd. An exact return of the stores present with the regiment.
4th. A return of the horse equipage.
5th. A return of the Arms like that of Infantry.
Artillery
Is to send immediately
1st. A return of the officers, non commissioned officers, music, Matrosses and Waiters.
2nd. The three general returns similar to those of the Infantry and Cavalry.
From the moment these orders are communicated, no regiment or corps, unless by special orders from Head Quarters, is to receive from, or deliver, any Articles into the Military stores, 'till the returns have been examined and orders given with regard to the distribution.
Many unfair certificates having been given to soldiers by officers who have been dismissed, or who have otherwise left the service, by changing the time of inlistment, from "During the War" to "Three years," In making the returns here required, where the original inlistments are not to be found, the Muster Roll must be the Criterion.
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 6, 1780.
Gentlemen: In a letter which I wrote to Congress a few days ago, I took the liberty to recommend uniting the remains of the late Count Pulaski's legion, Colo. Armands Corps, and a small troop of Horse under the command of Capt. Bedkin. The whole to be under the command of Colo. Armand. Should Congress determine upon the measure, Colo. Armand wishes the resolve for the incorporation of the Corps, should be somewhat to the following effect: "that it not being possible to promote him to the Rank of Brigadier without infringing the rights of elder Colonels, Congress sensible of his services, had formed the before mentioned into a legionary Corps and appointed him to the command. This he thinks would afford a reason for the refusal of his request for promotion and would at the same time be expressive of the opinion which Congress entertain of his Merit.
Should he be directed to repair to the southward, a number of necessaries will be wanting to equip his Horse and Foot properly for so long a march. These no doubt the Board will supply as far as lays in their power. Capt. Bedkin unfortunately lost twelve of his Horses with their Accoutrements the Night the Enemy surprised our Guard at Elizabeth Town, and had six of his Men taken and wounded. He will therefore have occasion for a few Horses to remount part of his troop.
It is very much my wish that the incorporation of these Corps should take place, and that as speedily as possible, that Colo. Armand may arrive in time in Carolina to take an active part in the operations which may be expected to commence early in that quarter. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris town, February 6, 1780.
Sir: I have received your two letters of the 4th. and fifth. Inclosed you will find a letter to the Board of War, recommending the incorporation of your corps with the late Pulaski's, including the troop commanded by Capt Bedkin. I do not unite the Marechaussee, because that corps is destined for a particular service, to which it will be altogether applied in the course of the next campaign, nor should I think it adviseable to convert it to any other purpose. The infantry with Selin,33 is now necessarily employed on the frontier, and cannot at this time be
[Note 33: Capt. Anthony Selin, of the Second Canadian Regiment.] conveniently relieved; Besides the circumstances under which that corps was formerly separated from yours makes me unwilling to recommend a reunion. I have advised the Board to give you orders for assembling your whole corps in Georgia, and to make the necessary arrangements without delay for enabling you to march there.
I have read the letter from the Board of War to you on the subject of Monsieur Du Plantier.
It is not possible for me to give efficacy in our service to his commission in that of France or to oblige your Officers to submit to his command; but so far as the views of the Board can be accommodated by you to the Officers of your corps, it will give me the greatest pleasure to see Monsieur Du Plantier furnished with the opportunity he desires of being useful. This however must be absolutely an affair of accommodation not of authority.The inclosed certificate will show the sense I entertain of your services and I hope will be satisfactory to you.
As you will probably be removed from my immediate command, I take this occasion of repeating to you the assurances of my esteem. You may depend that I shall always be happy to hear of your success, and that circumstances have seconded your zeal and your talents. I am, &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 6, 1780.
I certify that the Marquis De La Rouerie has served in the army of the United States since the begining of 1777, with the rank of Colonel, during which time he has commanded an independent corps with much honor to himself and usefulness to the service. He has upon all occasions conducted himself as an officer of distinguished merit, of great zeal activity vigilance intelligence and bravery. In the last campaign particularly he rendered very valuable services; and towards the close of it made a brilliant partisan stroke by which with much enterprise and address, he surprised a Major and some men of the enemy in quarters at a considerable distance within their pickets, and brought them off without loss to his party. I give him this certificate in testimony of my perfect approbation of his conduct and esteem for himself personally.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morristown, February 6, 1780.
Dr Sir: The number of Genl. Officers in Camp is so Small, and of that number, several very anxious for leave to be absent that I am, exceedingly distressed, and put to it to conduct the ordinary business of the Army, with the smallest degree of propriety. I must therefore request, that upon receipt of this Letter you will repair to Camp. With esteem etc.
Morristown, February 6, 1780.
Dr Sir: The inclosed is a request to General Hand to return to Camp. I shall be obliged to you for causing it to be safe delivered.
I hope your absence will not exceed the first of April; could you return sooner with convenience, it would be more agreeable to Dr Sir, &c.
[H. S. P.]
Morris-town, February 7, 1780.
My dear Baron: In a letter which I have been favoured with from his Excelly. the Chevar. De la Luzerne I am led to expect the honor of his Compy. at Camp in the course of this Month.
As it is my wish to accommodate him in the best manner circumstances will admit of (which at best as you well know will be bad enough) and to pay him evy. respect due to his high rank and Station I shall thank you for previous notice of the time of his setting out.
I need not add how pleasd I should be to see you with him if it can be made to comport with your present engagements at Philadelphia.
The inclosed letter you will make use of when occasion requires, with sincere personal esteem etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 7, 1780.
Sir: I have been favoured with Your Letter of the 6th. As I find by this that you are no longer to continue in the department in which you have some time acted, I with pleasure avail myself of the present opportunity to inform you, that your conduct in the discharge of your duty so far as it has come to my knowledge, has been much to my satisfaction.36 From your activity and attention, your intimate knowledge of the business of the Department and of our provision resources in general, I should have been happy if circumstances would have
[Note 36: "Having finished my service, under the late Comissary General, and having no further connection with the department, my authority over the affairs of it, is at an end."-- Royal Flint to Washington, Feb. 6, 1780. Flint's letter is in the Washington Papers.] permitted you to remain in it; but tho these it seems would not, yet I am fully persuaded from the zealous part you have taken in the Contest as well as your present assurance, the supply of the Army and the prosperity of the service will always be great objects of your wishes and that so far as these may in the least depend on your influence or advice, they will be promoted. I feel myself particularly obliged by your expressions of personal regard and am with great esteem and wishes for your happiness etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 7, 1780.
Dear Sir: Lieut. Brewster of the Artillery who is at Fairfield, has occasion for a Man for a particular service who can be depended upon for his fidelity, and who is acquainted with the use of Oars and the management of a Boat. He must be a Native. Be pleased to select such an one from the troops under your command and send him to Mr. Brewster.38 I am &c.
[Note 38: General Poor was stationed at Danbury, Conn., and Lieutenant Brewster operated from Fairfield.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 8, 1780.
Sir: I have now the honor to acknowledge that Your Excellency's several Letters of the 25th and 27th of last month and of the 1st Instant have been duly received with the Acts to which they refer. The matters to which they respectively relate will have my attention in the best manner that their nature and circumstances will admit of. Cols Mathews and Ely and Lt Colo Ramsay returned to New York on the 3d, with a Letter they received from me, expressing my readiness to appoint Commissioners to meet Others on the part of the Enemy to negociate a Cartel for an exchange of prisoners. I have not heard any thing from New York since upon the subject. I have the Honor, etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 8, 1780.
Gentlemen: The inclosed is an Estimate40 of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores, which I think it expedient to have lodged at Pittsburgh, ready to answer any favorable opportunity which may present itself, for carrying on operations against the Enemy's posts to the Westward. I do not know whether there is any practicable Road at this Season for Sleds, if there is, it would be much the easiest and cheapest mode of transportation. If there is not, I imagine there is no probability that Waggons can move till the Roads are settled in the Spring. I would however wish that measures may be taken to have the Artillery and stores prepared and conveyed as early as weather, Roads and other circumstances will admit. I have the honor, etc.41
[Note 40: The estimate inclosed was a copy of Knox's list of "Ammunition and Apparatus necessary for the following Pieces of Ordnance" dated Jan. 7, 1780. This estimate is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Morristown, February 8, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of this day, inclosing copy of one from Col Berry,42 representing the unwillingness of the
[Note 42: Col. Sidney Berry. He was Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General.] inhabitants, to transport for the army at the regulated prices from an apprehension that the regulation will not be general. It would be excessively disagreeable to me to authorise a departure from the law, especially in an affair so delicate a nature, and yet it is indispensible the transportation should go on with vigor. To answer this purpose without incurring the other inconvenience, I recommend it to you to adopt this expedient: to pay for the present at the regulated prices, engaging, that in case the measure of regulation should not become general and the Assembly of this state should repeal the laws on the subject, then to make good the difference between the regulated and the market prices. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 8, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 7th yesterday afternoon. As I can see no inconveniency from permitting Mrs. Hedden to pass in by Pawlus Hook,44 you will therefore grant her request, and make such further use of that communication, in the way of flags, as you may judge essential for any purposes you may have in view, or for obtaining useful information. I would imagine however that the enemy will object to this line, for the same reasons which we may desire it.
[Note 44: To enter New York by way of "Powles" Hook.]
I have no objection to Kemp and Crane's45 going over to Bergen. You may therefore indulge the friends of the persons who were lately taken in their application. I am &c.46
[Note 45: Daniel Kemp and Joseph Crane, St. Clair wrote, were men of good character. The friends were those of the people lately captured by the British in the raid on Newark.]
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 8, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 26th. [brot. down to the 29th.] of January47 with the papers annexed and have carefully considered the contents, on which I shall give you my sentiments with freedom and confidence.
[Note 47: This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The principal point on which your memorial to Congress turns is the force requisite for the next campaign. To determine this on good grounds we ought first to settle the following question: Will it be in our power to make an offensive or must we content ourselves with a defensive campaign?
It is not possible to decide this question, without a more intimate knowledge of our resources of finance than I at present possess and without ascertaining whether our allies can afford a squadron for an effectual co operation on this Continent. I think with vigorous exertion we may cause a sufficient number of men for offensive operations if we were able to maintain them, but from the view I have of our affairs, I do not believe the state of our treasury will permit this without assistance from abroad. Whether this is to be obtained, Congress alone can judge. On the other hand, from the particular situation of the enemy's posts in this quarter, I should not advise to calculate measures on the principle of expelling them unless we had certain assurances that an adequate naval force will be ready to cooperate with us through all contingencies. If a foreign aid of money and a fleet are to be depended upon, I should then recommend that all our dispositions should have reference to an offensive and decisive campaign, and in this case I should ask at least one third more men than your estimate, to be immediately raised by a general draft.
But as I doubt whether these two preliminaries can beplaced on such a footing of certainty as to justify our acting inconsequence, I imagine we must of necessity adopt the principleof a defensive campaign, and pursue a system of the mostabsolute oeconomy. On this principle however, if I understandyour estimate, I do not think it will be more than sufficient.I suppose you mean the 23 ... 48 for our total number. When the deductions for unavoidable casualties are made this number will give us less than twenty thousand for our efficient operating force. This is as little as we can well have to contain the enemy within bounds and prevent their making any further progress. Including the detachment which lately sailed from New York, they have near 20,000 men fit for actual service in these States to say nothing of the recruits they will probably send over to complete their batalions which will be an augmentation of force. For these reasons I approve the estimate you have proposed as best suited to our present circumstances.
[Note 48: Steuben's estimate shows 23,616 infantry.]
The number of Cavalry you propose is in good proportion and in a military sense necessary.49 Cavalry if there is an active scene to the Southward will be particularly useful there; but the question of expense is a very serious one and like the rest must be referred to those who are acquainted with our money resources.
[Note 49: Steuben's estimate called for 1,000 cavalry. Completing all the regiments then on the Continental establishment would, Steuben calculated, provide a force of 56,000 which, he thought, would be "ridiculous" even if the States could raise and support such.]
Another point is whether the regiments had better be incorporated with each other and completed, or left as they are and completed to such a standard as will give the number of men required. A Committee of Congress as you have been informed sent me a proposal which had been referred to their consideration for reducing the number of batalions; and asked my opinion upon it. Though I was fully sensible of the inconveniences which will infallibly attend a reduction, I did not dissuade from it principally on two accounts, one a conviction that the embarrassments in our finances require every expedient for saving expense, the other the incompetency of the present number of officers to the present number of corps. But though I do not disapprove I am far from being much attached to this plan. Congress can best balance the advantages and disadvantages and determine which preponderate.
I sincerely wish what you recommend with respect to Magazines could be carried into execution; but I fear it will be impracticable in the present extent. Every thing however that is possible, ought to attempted. There is no danger of the Magazines exceeding our wants; and we have been under dreadful embarrassments through the whole course of the war from temporary and precarious supplies. The arms ought at all events to be provided.
I have issued an order requiring the returns demanded by the Board of War to be made out with all dispatch; they will be forwarded as fast as they are collected.
There are some points of inferior importance in your memorial which I approve, that do not require a particular enumeration. I am, &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, February 8, 1780.
Parole Mississippi. Countersigns Massachusetts, Maryland.
The officers of the day having reported that the end of appointing reserve Picketts is not answered for want of spare huts and that the practice is attended with much fatigue to the officers and men; The General discontinues them for the present, and in lieu of them directs, that instead of the usual camp guards, each brigade shall till further orders, furnish one subaltern, two serjeants, two Corporals, one Drum and thirty six privates: Those of each division to be commanded by a Captain from the division:
To keep up the duties of the grand parade, the guards are to assemble there at the appointed hour and to pass thro' the customary forms under the inspection of the officers of the day, after which they are to be marched back to their respective brigades for the immediate purposes of camp duty. The Captains will have the duties assigned them by the officers of the day, and when relieved are to repair to the new Orderly Room with written reports to be delivered to the officers of the day, that these may comprize whatever requires notice into a general report for the Commander in Chief.
They will make duplicate reports to the officers commanding the divisions to which they belong and each subaltern will do the same to the commandant of his brigade: The General expects much exactness in the parade duties and other duties of the day.
Every brigade is to exert itself to get guard huts erected at proper places, and tho' the state of the ground prevents the digging of vaults, yet some sort of convenience may easily be built which common decency, and a regard to the health of the men render indispensable.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, February 9, 1780.
Parole Nantuckett. Countersigns Nantz, Naples.
By a General Court Martial held at the Park of Artillery January 22nd. 1780. Lieut. Colonel Stephens,51 Presidt., Daniel
[Note 51: Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Stevens, of the Second Continental Artillery.] Thorn, Joseph Fabro and David Slater were tried for "Striking, abusing and threatning the lives of Lieutenant Weissenfels52 of the 2d. New York regiment and Ensign Denston53 and acquitted.
[Note 52: Lieut. Charles Frederick Weissenfels. He was regimental quartermaster, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 53: Ensign Daniel D. Denniston(?), of the Fourth New York Regiment.]
The General disapproves the acquittal. The evidence against the Prisoners, in his opinion, overbalances that for them from a consideration of the characters of the respective witnesses; and in a case of such a nature the presumption ought to have been in favor of the officers who were injur'd. The prisoners are to be released from confinement.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 18
February 10, 1780--June 11, 1780
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
Copy 7
Printed
May, 1937
Library of Congress
June 15, 1937
Division of Documents
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 10, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have, agreeable to the Resolve of Congress of the 12th Novemr., formed a regimental arrangement of the eleven Companies of Artificers at present acting in a detached manner under the direction of the Quarter Master General, who I have consulted on the occasion, as being better acquainted with the merits of the Officers, and the nature of the service, than I could possibly be. I have concluded to form the Regt. in ten Companies. No. 1. contains the names of the Officers at present of the eleven Companies, with their relative Ranks and pretensions. No. 2. such of them as are recommended for promotion and for continuance in the service, and those recommended for new Commissions. No. 3. The number of Commissioned and Staff Officers, and privates of which the Regiment is to consist.1 No. 4. A Roll of the Artificers at present in service, with their terms of inlistment. By this last you will perceive the necessity of an early attention to recruiting the Corps, or being obliged to add to the heavy deduction already made from the Line of the Army, by taking Men of this Class from it. The 10th. Captaincy and some Subs are yet vacant. The Quarter Master General has some persons in View to fill those places and will shortly recommend them.
[Note 1: Inclosures nos. 1, 2, and 3 are in the Washington Papers.]
Colo. Baldwin the Commandant of the Corps will have the honour of delivering this to the Board, and will be able to give them any further insight which they may require into the nature of the Business. The Commissions for the Officers who are nominated may be delivered to him.
It is my wish, as I before mentioned, that measures may be immediately taken to recruit the Corps to the establishment, if the plan is approved, and I think we might with safety adopt a measure, which has not been thought expedient in the line of the Army, which is, the inlistment of those deserters from the Enemy who are mechanics of the kind wanted. Being remote from danger in this Corps, they will not have the same inducements to return again to the enemy, as if they were of the line. The fear of being taken, generally operates so powerfully upon them, that they often go back, rather than run the risque. If this should be approved it will be necessary to insert it in Colo. Baldwins recruiting instructions, as there is a Resolve of Congress existing, against inlisting deserters, except by special licence. It will also be necessary, should orders be given to recruit, to furnish the Colo. with a sum of Money, as the military Chest is barely adequate to the pay and contingent Expences of the Army. I have the honor, etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman,]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, February 10, 1780.
Parole Ontario. Countersigns Oswego, Oneida.
The names of the field officers agreeable to the orders of the 2nd. instant are to be inserted in the returns of this week.
The Sub-Inspectors will please to collect returns of regulations, company books, and soldiers books wanting in the respective divisions, that there may be a distribution of those on hand.
The Commander in Chief at the intercession of the officers of the 3rd. Pennsylvania regiment, and for other weighty considerations thinks fit to remit the sentence against William Barrett of said regiment.
He also thinks fit at the intercession of Col. Jackson,3 and for similar reasons, to remit the sentences against Joseph Waterhouse, Amos Rounds, William Straw, John Matthews, James Whitney, William Harman, Pelatiah Harman, Nathaniel Milleken, Joel Milleken, Christian Myers and Philip Wilds of his regiment; Those soldiers are severally to be released from confinement.
[Note 3: Col. Henry Jackson, of an Additional Continental regiment. 4 Col. Israel Angell, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment.]
Jesse Peirce and Nathan Barney of the same regiment are to receive corporal punishment agreeable to the sentences decreed against them, and are to be released from confinement.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, February 11, 1780.
Parole Pennsylvania. Countersigns Persia, Peru.
Charles McClean of the 3rd. Pennsylvania regiment; Thomas Herrindeen and William Potter, of Colonel Angell's4 regiment; John Lewis of Colonel Jackson's regiment, and John McLane and William Hooper of the 4th. New York, are to suffer agreeable to the sentences decreed against them.
[Note 4: Col. Israel Angell, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment.]
Morris Town, February 12, 1780.
Sir: In a circular letter of the 22d of Jany. in your absence, I transmitted the Inspector's reports of december to the Commandant of your Brigade delineating several defects and abuses there pointed out and exhorting to effectual measures for remedying them. This letter I presume you have since your return received; if not you will be pleased immediately to call for it, and have the objects contained in it properly attended to. I am chagrined to observe that the subsequent reports of Jany. afford fresh matter for animadversion. In particular the waste and destruction of arms ammunition and accoutrements since the last inspection exceed all reasonable bounds. The 4th. and 5th Regiments (and the first more than the last) have been in this respect, singularly delinquent. My duty to the service and my regard to the Gentlemen themselves oblige me to declare, that your own reputation and that of the officers commanding the regiments demand a speedy reform.
I also observe that there are arms and accoutrements in the possession of the respective regiments not in the hands of the men. This would not be the case if the regulations were complied with, for according to them all such articles are to be lodged with the Brigade conductors. These also prescribe penalties for unnecessary loss and waste which if carefully inflicted would correct the evil.
I request to be informed whence proceeds so great and general a deficiency of arms ammunition and accoutrements as appears upon the face of these reports.
There are several men reported unfit for service. You will have them examined by the Surgeon General and either transferred to the invalid corps or discharged as their cases may respectively require.
You will be pleased to examine how it happens that four men are reported waiters to the Colonel5 in the 3d. regiment, three of whom have been absent such a length of time, and have the matter rectified without delay.
[Note 5: Col. Peter Gansevoort.]
What is the reason the Colonel himself has made so long a stay from his Regiment?
In all the weekly returns many men are returned unfit for duty wanting cloathes, and yet in these reports there appears to be more or less cloathing in each regiment undistributed. This seems not to be perfectly consistent but to require explanation. As fast as the cloathing is received it ought to be issued to the men who are most in want.
I inclose you the last reports for your examination. When this is done you will return them with the others. I shall flatter myself that the next inspection will exhibit a more layoutable picture of the state of the Brigade. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, February 12, 1780.
Parole Question. Countersigns Quiet, Quere.
The General had flattered himself that when once a system of regulations for the government of the army had been framed and put into officers hands by which their several duties were become definite and easy to be known, we should soon acquire by a proper spirit of emulation, that perfection in discipline, essential to the goodness, success and reputation of the Army; but he is sorry to be obliged to declare that these pleasing hopes have hitherto in a very great measure been disappointed by the event, and that numerous disorders and irregularities still prevail. He therefore in the most earnest manner calls upon the officers commanding divisions and brigades, by the closest personal attention, to the Police of their respective Corps to correct those disorders and introduce an exact conformity to the regulations for the order and discipline of the troops of the United States, established by Congress, for which, and for the execution of all general orders, they are immediately responsible. The duties of every kind are there clearly pointed out and may be easily understood and practised; Ignorance of any of them cannot be an excuse, but is an aggravation of neglects, nor will they be overlooked in any officer whatsoever.
It is impossible for the Commander in Chief to discharge the general duties of his station while he is incumbered by the many minutious details which are daily brought before him only because the regulations are not attended to and made the rule of Conduct: The waste of arms, ammunition and accoutrements which still continues in a great degree, in some Corps, is among other instances of neglect.
Not less than one hundred and from that to two hundred men have, for the last six weeks, been returned unfit for duty "wanting arms" in this part of the army, notwithstanding from the number of men discharged, if there had been proper care and attention, the Commissaries and Conductors would now be incumbered with spare quantities of those articles, so little have availed the regulations and the repeated and positive orders on this head; to which the General directs a recurrence, particularly to that issued at West Point the 17th. of August last.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 12, 1780.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday late last night. I am pleased to find that the Vigilance of your Guards and patrolls disappointed the enemy whatever might have been their intentions. I have taken precautions to guard against an attempt, by such a party as might be reasonably supposed to be able to reach this in the course of a night, and I hope that a short continuance of this Weather will make the Ice impassable by Horse; from foot there is no danger at this distance.
If you still think an attempt upon Buskirk's Corps practicable you are at full liberty to try the experiment. I am confident you will undertake nothing but what will be justified by appearances and a probability of success. I am &c.
P.S. As the Enemy have made an incursion with their Horse by the way of Hackensack, will it not be prudent in you to extend your patrols of Horse more to your left while the Ice is passable. Whenever persons apply for liberty to go within the Enemy's lines, having permission of the Executive of any of the states, Congress or Board of War, you may suffer them to pass without an application to me.7 Monsr. Thierry will call upon you for a passport either by Staten Island or Paulus Hook8 as he may find admission. You will be pleased to grant it to him.9
[Note 7: On February 10 Washington had written to St. Clair granting permission to a Mr. Saxton, of Pennsylvania, to enter New York. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: Spelled "Powles Hook" in the Varick transcript in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, February 13, 1780.
Parole Revenue. Countersigns Reserve, Riches.
The Quarter Master General and Commissary of military stores will forthwith make a return of all the Espontoons in their possession and of the deliveries since the 1st. of June last.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 14, 1780.
Sir: I have been honoured with Your Excellency's Favor of the 7th and are much obliged by the transmission of the letter from Major General Lincoln, and from Major Lane's10 state of the prisoners at the Southward. The General is not precise in his information on this subject, as to the number or rank of our Officers still in captivity, but from what he says, I conclude it is nearly as Major Lane has related it.
[Note 10: An extract of Lincoln's letter (Dec. 23, 1779) and a copy of Maj. Joseph Lane's (Third Georgia Regiment) statement are in the Washington Papers under date of Feb. 7, 1780.]
I transmit Your Excellency Extracts from some dispatches I have lately received from Major General Heath. Those indorsed No. 1. 2 and 311 will inform Congress, that Two fires have happened at the posts in the Highlands, and of the loss of Stores in the Quarter Master's department, occasioned by the First. There has been a very minute inquiry with respect to this, and the Court have reported unanimously that it was accidental. Besides these Two fires, One of the Redoubts on the East side of the River, suffered a little in the same way some time before. Major General Heath appears by His orders, issued so early as the 10th of January to have pointed out and enjoined every proper precaution to prevent accidents of this kind in the Barracks and Works; but these will sometimes take place notwithstanding every provision that can be made. The Extracts No 4 and 512 contain an account, the best I have
[Note 11: Inclosure no. 1 was an extract of Heath's letter to Washington, Jan. 27, 1780, the original of which is in the Washington Papers. No. 2 was a copy of the return of quartermaster stores consumed in the fire, the original of which is in the Washington Papers, under date of Feb. 2, 1780. No. 3 was an extract of Heath's letter, Feb. 2, 1780, the original of which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 12: Extracts nos. 4 and 5 were those of a letter from Capt. Orringh Stoddard to Heath, Feb. 3, 1780, the original of which is in the Washington Papers; and from Heath's letter to Washington, Feb. 4, 1780, the original of which is also in the Washington Papers.] yet received, of a movement on the part of the Enemy on the morning of the 3d against a Detachment of our Troops under the command of Lt Colo Thompson,13 which was advanced to the Neighbourhood of the White plains. Captain Stoddards relation of this affair is very imperfect; but it seems pretty evident that it was unfavourable in the issue. I have the Honor, etc.14
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. Joseph Thompson, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Young's House, Four Corners, near White Plains, N.Y., in February, 1780. exchanged in December, 1780; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 14: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
P S. Since writing the above I have received a Letter from Generl. Heath, giving a particular account of the movement of the Enemy against the Detachment under Lt Colo Thompson. This and the result of the affair your Excellency will find in the Inclosure No. 6.15
[Note 15: Inclosure no. 6 was an extract from Heath's letter to Washington, Feb. 10, 1780, the original of which is in the Washington Papers.]
February 14, 1780.
Sir: I have considered your favor of this date with its inclosure.
There does not appear to me any reason, upon which the soldiers are intitled to, or can claim the Continental fire arms at the expiration of their times of service. The act of Assembly is very plain. As an incouragement for men to bring their own arms into the army, it offers a certain bounty, and to such who do not, a lesser sum. The difference which is given to the former, appears to have been designed as a compensation for the use of the arms; nor can any construction whatsoever authorise the latter to carry off arms &c. the property of the Continent. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 15, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Your Excellency's letter of the 4th. which only reached me late on the 13th.
Sincerely desirous of doing every thing in my power by which the interest of his Christian Majesty inseparable from that of these States can in any manner be promoted, and still more in a point so essential as that which makes the subject of your letter, I should not hesitate to furnish the detachment required by Mr. Duet,17 whatever might be my opinion of its necessity did not the present state of the army absolutely forbid it. I with confidence assure Your Excellency that our force is so reduced by the expiration of the terms of service for which a considerable part of it was engaged, and will be so much more diminished in the course of a month or two from the same cause, as scarcely to suffice for the common exigencies of the service and to afford just cause for uneasiness, should the Enemy be actuated by a spirit of enterprise, before we receive the reinforcements intended for the next campaign. So circumstanced my duty to the common cause will not justify me in adding to the insecurity of our situation by making a detachment which though apparently inconsiderable would be materially felt in our present weakness; and I am persuaded after the information now given, Your Excellency will wish me not to hazard the measure.
[Note 17: William Duer, judge of common pleas, Charlotte (now Washington) County, N.Y. Duer's proposal was to cut trees for masts for the French Navy, Washington to furnish a guard for the cutters.]
With respect to the necessity of a covering party I shall not venture to decide but I should imagine in the present state of things, the business may be carried on with tolerable security without one. The consequences of the late expedition promise tranquillity for some time to our frontier, and make it at any rate improbable that the Savages will be able to penetrate so far at so early a period; and the proposition does not require that the covering party should remain longer than till the last of April. The intelligence I have received corresponds with these ideas. It might be added that the Garrison at Wyoming gives some degree of protection to the part of the Country in question. But as it is very important that no interruption should be given to the workmen, if a covering party should upon the whole be thought requisite, the best mode of furnishing it will be from the neighbouring Militia. For this purpose, on Your Excellencys application to Congress, I cannot doubt they will immediately make the necessary arrangements. I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aft. Etrang., Mems. & Docs, E. U., vol. 6.]
Morris-town, February 15, 1780.
Sir: I am much indebted to your Excellency for announcing my election as a member of the Philosophical society.19 I feel myself particularly honored by this relation to a society whose successful efforts for [promoting] useful knowledge have already justly acquired them the highest reputation in the literary world. I entreat you to present my warmest acknowledgments, and to assure them that I shall with zeal embrace every opportunity of seconding their laudable views and manifesting the
[Note 19: The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Washington was elected a member Jan. 19, 1780. His membership certificate, in the Washington Papers, is dated Mar. 22, 1780.] exalted sense I have of the institution. The arts and sciences essential to the prosperity of the state and to the ornament and happiness of human life have a primary claim to the encouragement of every lover of his country and of mankind. With the greatest respect etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The date line, address, and the word in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 15, 1780.
Gentn: I find by a Resolution of the 9th: Instant, of which I received a Copy last night, that Congress have been pleased to determine the Quota of Troops to be furnished by the respective States the ensuing Campaign, and that the Non Commissioned Officers and privates in the additional Corps, Artillery and Cavalry and the Regimented Artificers in the departments of the Quarter Master General and Commissary of Military Stores, whose times of service will not expire before the last of September next are to be considered as part of the Quotas of the States to which they respectively belong. I also find, that they have been pleased to direct me to transmit to the several States accurate Returns of their Troops, including the proportion of Non Commissioned Officers and privates in the Corps I have mentioned belonging to each. Unfortunately I have but very inaccurate States of these Corps in general and from this circumstance and the remote and dispersed situation of many of them much time must be spent in obtaining them. As particular Returns of most of these, so far as least as respected the States from which the Men came, have been transmitted to your Office in consequence of the Act of the 15th of March last. I might perhaps derive some assistance from them and be enabled if I had them to make more early transmissions of the Returns directed by Congress. I would therefore request that the Board would favor me by the earliest opportunity with the Returns of this kind, of the German Battallion, Baylors Regiment of Dragoons, and of Von heers Marachaussie Corps, with any particular States they may have respecting the terms of the Men's inlistments. The Levies required being connected with and indeed made dependant in these Returns; The Board I am convinced will feel the propriety of the earliest attention to this business and will most willingly afford me every aid in their power with respect to it. If they have a particular State of the late Rawlings Corps of Shot's21 and Seley's22 Companies, and of the Regiments at Fort Pitt, I shall be obliged by their favouring me with it. I have the Honor etc.23
[Note 21: Capt. John Paul Schott, of Ottendorff's Corps.]
[Note 22: Capt. Anthony Selin (Seley)(?).]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 15, 1780
Dr. Sir: Congress have been pleased to determine, by an Act of the 9th. Instant, a Copy of which I received last night, the Quota of Troops to be furnished by each of the States for the ensuing Campaign, and have directed me to transmit them respectively, accurate Returns of their Non-Commissioned Officers and privates, that they may know the deficiency for which they are to provide. I therefore request that you will send me as soon as possible, a Return of the number of Non-Commissioned Officers and privates of the Fifteen Massachusett's Regiments; distinguishing particularly what proportion of them are inlisted for the War and the different terms of service of the residue, digested in Monthly Columns. I obtained a pretty exact state of All the Troops from the Muster Master General in November, which I transmitted to Congress, the better to govern them in their measures and requisitions; but as these have been so long deferred, there may have been many material alterations with respect to the Troops. To the Non-Commissioned Officers and privates in the respective State lines, I am to add those in the Regiments and Corps, which were not originally apportioned on any particular States by the Resolution of Congress of the 16 of September 1776, as part of the quota of the States from which they came; and the number between the aggregate amount and the quota fixed at present by Congress, is the only deficiency for which the States are to provide. You will I am convinced feel the necessity of the earliest attention to this business and will not delay sending me such a Return as I have requested, a moment longer than circumstances may make it indispensibly necessary. I am etc.24
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 24: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The same letter was sent to Brig. Gen. Enoch Poor, of the New Hampshire line, substituting the word "three" for the number of regiments.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 15, 1780.
Dr Sir: I am to request that You will transmit me as soon as possible an exact Return of the number of Non Commissioned Officers and privates of your Regiment; designating in a particular manner, [how many belong to this or that State] what proportion of them are inlisted for the War, and the different terms of service of the residue, digested in Monthly Columns. You cannot be too expeditious in forwarding me this Return. [The One transmitted, will not answer the purposes for which this is wanted. I have also written to Colonel Sheldon for a similar Return of his Regiment.] I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and bears this notation by him: "Same to Sheldon. Colo Vanschaick, except what is in the Brackets." The letter sent to Van Schaick is now in the New York Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 15, 1780.
Sir: I have occasion for an immediate Return of the Regiment of Artillery Artificers specifying the particular States to which the non Commd. Officers and privates belong and the terms for which they stand engaged. Inclosed you will find a form of the return required. As the Companies composing the Corps are considerably detached, you will be pleased to take the most effectual measures to convey your Orders to the Officers at a distance. As soon as you have collected the Company Returns and formed them into a Regimental one, you will transmit it to me without loss of time. I am &c.
P.S. I shall myself obtain Returns of those Companies of Artillery Artificers serving in the field.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, February 15, 1780.
Parole Transylvania. Countersigns Timothy, Titus.
The issuing Commissaries will issue a jill of rum pr. man pr. day to the officers and men on Main guard and picket at Morristown.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, February 16, 1780.
Parole Union. Countersigns Virtue, Wisdom.
The officers of the day report that many arms are brought upon the grand parade so rusty, dirty and otherwise out of order as to be unfit for service.
The General therefore directs that the officers of the day in future will report in writing to the officer commanding the division, the regiment and company to which such arms belong that proper notice may be taken of the negligent officers.
When it rains or snows, the camp guards may be excused from assembling on the grand parade but they are to be visited as usual at their respective posts by the officers of the day.
Where huts have been built on the declivity of hills and are sunk into the ground, particular care is to be taken to have the snow removed and trenches dug round to carry off the water, without which the soldiers will sleep amidst continual damps and their health will consequently be injured; this must be done immediately.
The Colonels and Commanding officers of all corps of Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry and of the regimented Artificers in the departments of the Quarter Master General and Commissary General of Military Stores which were not apportioned on the several States as part of their quota by the resolution of Congress the 16th. of September 1776, are forthwith to make the most precise and exact returns to the Adjutant General of the number of non commissioned officers and privates in their corps, designating in a particular manner how many belong to each State; What proportion of these are inlisted for the war, and the different terms of service of the residue digested in monthly columns: The General expects the most pointed and immediate attention to this order.
Frequent delays and neglects have lately happened, to the hindrance of public and essential business, particularly by members of the General Court Martial; The Adjutant General has therefore positive orders to bring the first officer to strict account who shall presume to shew contempt to the court or disrespect to general orders.
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 16, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have to acknowledge your favors of the 1st and 8th of this month.
With regard to the act of Assembly of the State of Connecticut, it appears to me founded on a principle which if extended or carried into a precedent, would be productive of consequences most injurious to the service.29 In the present instance
[Note 29: A copy of the act of the Connecticut Assembly (undated) accompanied Moylan's letter to Washington, February 8. It provided that the Fourth Continental Dragoons be quartered at Colchester "and the other or 2d Regt. called Sheldon's, shall be Canton'd in the Several towns of Farmington, Symsbury, Windsor, Suffield, East Windsor and Enfield, in equal proportions as near as may be, and to be distributed and placed in Such parts of Said Several towns as the Civil Authority and Select men of Such towns shall order and direct." Moylan's letter is in the Washington Papers.] however there seemed a necessity for complying with it, for the greater ease of the inhabitants and to prevent the cantonments failing too heavy on any particular place. It is always my wish to accommodate where no great injury can result to the service. And I would hope, that notwithstanding the sparse situation into which the cavalry are thrown the attention of the officers will provide against the inconveniences apprehended. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 16, 1780.
Sir: I have the pleasure to transmit Your Excellency a Letter from Major Genl de Riedesel which only came to hand Two days ago.
I would now inform Your Excellency, that agreeable to my letter of the 18th of December I have obtained a Return of Moylan's Regiment of Light Dragoons, and find, as I apprehended, that there are Sixty three Non Commissioned Officers and privates in it, who belong to Virginia. Of this number Two only are inlisted for the War, and the service of the Rest will expire in December next. Having given Your Excellency an account of these Men, I have only to observe, that with the returns transmitted in my Letter of the 18th of December, You now have the fullest and most accurate state of the Virginia Troops that I can furnish and of those to be applied to the credit of Your Quota. By these and the information Your Excellency may have received with respect to the Levies under General Scott, and Blands and Baylor's Regiments You may perhaps be able to form a pretty just estimate of the force of the State employed in the Army, and to govern Yourself with tolerable certainty as to the deficiency of the State's Quota which Congress, as Your Excellency will no doubt be informed by the president, have required to be levied for the ensuing Campaign by an Act on the 9th Instant. I have the Honor etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On February 16 Richard Kidder Meade wrote to Col. Walter Stewart that Washington "does not object to some Officers going in pursuit of deserters, tho it must be done on a more general scale than that which you request...he wishes to see you...." Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 32: Thomas Burke, Allen Jones, and John Penn were then present in Congress.]
Head Quarters, February 17, 1780.
Gentn: Capn. Reed33 of the North Carolina troops was order'd by instructions from Col. Clarke to the Eastward to purchase clothing for the officers of that State, and is thus far on his return having procured the clothing. The troops having marched Southward he is embarrassed what steps to pursue whether to dispose of what he has purchased, and risque the obtaining of others in Carolina, or to have them forwarded after the troops. As it is a matter totally relative to the State I would beg leave to refer him to your advice and directions on this occasion. I have the honor, &c.34
[Note 33: Capt. James Read (Reed), of the First North Carolina Regiment. He served subsequently as colonel of North Carolina Militia, and was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780.]
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 17, 1780.
Sir: On Monday night I had the Honor to receive Your Excellency's dispatches of the 10th. I shall in compliance with the direction of Congress, take the earliest occasion that circumstances will allow, to transmit the States the Returns required.35 I think it my duty however to inform Congress, that from the remote and dispersed situation of many Corps not originally raised as part of the State quotas, and as the returns directed must differ from those that are usually made, it will be some weeks before they can be transmitted. From this consideration I have thought it would be more adviseable than to delay the matter altogether, to forward a particular return of the Battallions belonging to each State, to be followed by Returns of their proportion of men in the Other Corps where they cannot be procured at present. I had not obtained these, designating the States to which the Men respectively belonged, as they had been generally transmitted to the Honourable Board of War; in consequence of the Act of the 15th of March. I should have been happy it had pleased Congress from the state of the Army transmitted them the 18th of November and the Returns in possession of the Board, to have formed an Estimate (though it had not been as exact as might be wished) of a certain number of Men to be furnished by each State in addition to those now on foot, as I am persuaded if they defer their measures for raising Men 'till they receive the Returns required by the late Resolution, it will be impossible for the intention of Congress relative to the time of the Recruits taking the Field to be fulfilled. Indeed this would be the case at any rate, at least with respect to those of the more remote States, and especially if their Legislatures should not happen to be sitting when the Requisitions get to hand. I have the honor, etc.36
[Note 35: By the resolves of February 9 Washington was directed to furnish the States with accurate returns of their troops, in order that they might take measures to complete their quotas, the amounts of which were given in these resolves.]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, February 17, 1780.
Parole Yeoman. Countersigns Yellow, Youth.
A serjeant, corporal and ten men from General Hand's brigade to be sent this day to Commissary Gambles37 to assist in securing the stores from the weather and to continue 'till that business is done.
[Note 37: James Gamble. He was Deputy Commissioner of Military Stores.]
An exact return of all guards furnished by divisions or brigades to be made with the ensuing weekly returns.
All brigade and camp guards (which are to be relieved once a day or in two days at farthest) are not to be included.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, February 18, 1780.
Parole Arms. Countersigns Ammunition, Accoutrements.
By a division General Court Martial held in the Pennsylvania line by order of Colonel Johnston,38 Commandant of the division, Colonel Walter Stewart, President, James Hammell and Samuel Crawford, soldiers of the 5th. Pennsylvania regiment were tried, "On suspicion of robbery" and found guilty of the charge being a breach of the 21st. article, 13th. section of the articles of War and sentenced to be hanged (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing.)
[Note 38: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders the execution thereof tomorrow between the hours of three and four o'clock in the afternoon. The officers of the day and all others whose duty it is will attend at that hour.
The corps of Artillery will send a band of Music to attend the Criminals to the place of execution.
The Pennsylvania division will furnish an escort of a Captain, one subaltern, four serjeants, four corporals two drums and fifes and fifty privates, and each division will send two hundred men and the corps of Artillery one hundred men properly officered to the place of execution.
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 18, 1780.
Sir: As you appear to be of opinion in your letter of this date that the loss of the cattle39 and perhaps the failure of the attempt would be the consequence, should the team with the clothing set out for Albany under the present circumstances of the weather, I think it had better be deferred at least 'till the prospect of traveling is better.40 I wish it had been in our power to have taken advantage of the snow in this instance. I am etc.41
[Note 39: Meaning the team horses and oxen.]
[Note 40: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "With regard to the money for contingent expences," which refers apparently to the matter mentioned in a note from Tench Tilghman to Greene, February 16: "His Excellency having just returned from riding is dressing. I have not yet shewn him your letter, because I know there is not a dollar in the military Chest, and therefore that it is out of his power to comply with your request. We may really be said to be hard run." Tilghman's note is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Head Quarters, February 18, 1780.]
Genn: Your letter of the 15th came to hand this morning. It is to be regretted that circumstances should have interposed to diminish the command proposed for Col. Armand. When the idea was formed of Uniting the legion late Pulaski's to his corps I had no intimation that Congress had determined on its reduction. I would hope however, that the order of the Board for its suspension will arrive in time.
With regard to the addition of Capn. Van Heer's corps, I have already signified to Col. Armand, that I did not think it adviseable to convert it to any other purpose, than that for which it was raised. Were it not for the advantages arising from such a corps I would willingly coincide in the measure. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am this moment favored with Mr. Stodderts letter of the 7th, inclosing a memorial from Lt. Col. Stafford44 to Congress for leave of Absence. As the recovery of his health is the cause assigned for his application I shall indulge him in his request.
[Note 44: Lieut. Col. Samuel Safford (Stafford), of Warner's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781, and was brigadier general of Vermont Militia in 1781--82.]
In the letter of the 15th which I had the honor to write the Board, I omitted mentioning the return of the state of Major Lee's corps, conformable to the Act of Congress of the 15th of March last, which the Board will be good enough to forward with the others as also Moylans Sheldons and Armands.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry]
[Note 46: Chairman of the Continental Board of Admiralty.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1780.
Six: I am honored with yours of the 15th. Inst. on the subject of the marine prisoners in New York. As I am ignorant of the particulars of the complaints which have been exhibited by them, I cannot undertake to determine how far they are well founded, but from Mr. Beatty's attention to the wants of the prisoners belonging to the land service, which has come more immediately under my notice, I should suppose he has supplied the Wants of those belonging to the marine, as far as circumstances, and the means with which he has been furnished, would permit. It will not be in his power to make monthly Returns to the Board of the number of marine prisoners in New York, except the British Commy. will make them regularly to him, as he cannot be acquainted with the prizes which are carried in; besides the exchanges of those prisoners, most of whom have been taken in private Vessels of War, having been negotiated by the State Commissaries, without the knowledge or concurrence of the continental Commy. General, he, of necessity, must have been often ignorant of the amount or circumstances of those remaining in captivity: Should the late recommendation of Congress, to put all prisoners, whether state or continental, under the direction of the Commissary General of prisoners be carried into execution, many good consequences and much more regularity than has been heretofore practiced will be the result.
I shall be happy at all times to contribute to the relief of those who are the subjects of the present letter, and shall most willingly second the views or intentions of the Board in their favor, by directing the Commissary General to pay a strict obedience to their orders in the matter. I have the honor, etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I wrote You on the 15th and requested You to send me as soon as possible, a Return of the number of Non Commissioned Officers and privates in the Fifteen Massachusetts Regiments, distinguishing particularly what proportion of them are inlisted for the War and the different terms of service of the Residue, digested in monthly columns. To this I intended to have added, as I informed you, All the Men belonging to the State serving in the additional and other Corps and then to have forwarded it to the Council;48 but from the remote and dispersed situation of some of these, I am apprehensive that a good deal of delay may attend the procuring Returns of them, and from this consideration I have thought it adviseable to transmit the States in general, Returns of the Battallions assessed upon them without waiting for the Others, which will be sent as soon as they can be collected. And as it will be the means of informing the State of Massachusetts, of the condition of their Fifteen Regiments rather earlier than if the Returns were to be sent to me in the first instance, You will be pleased to forward it to the Honourable the Council yourself; made out in the particular manner I have mentioned and acquaint them that I shall take the earliest occasion circumstances will allow, to transmit them a farther return of the Men belonging to the State, who are in other Corps. You will however send me a duplicate of the Return you transmit them without loss of time, as I wish to furnish
[Note 48: Of Massachusetts.] the Council with a full and precise state at once of all the Men they have in service and of the periods to which their engagements extend. They will receive from the President of Congress the quota of Men required of the state, and a Copy of the Act directing me to make these Returns. I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The same letter was sent to Brig. Gen. Enoch Poor at Danbury, Conn.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 19, 1780.
Sir: Captain Campbell50 of the 71st. Regt. the Bearer of this, has permission from His Excellency the Commander in Chief to go into New York by way of Elizabeth Town. He is either to procure the exchange of an Officer of equal Rank or he is to remain till called for. You will therefore be pleased to take a parole accordingly. You will inform Mr. Loring that Major Gardiner of the 16th. Regt. and Major Stein51 of the Hessian troops, both of whom are at present in New York upon parole, have His Excellency's permission to remain there, until the result of the propositions for an exchange is known. You, or one of the department, will probably attend Captain Campbell to Elizabeth Town. You will wait upon General St. Clair who is desired to grant a Flag upon seeing this letter. I am &c.52
[Note 50: Capt. Patrick Campbell, of the Second Battalion, Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
[Note 51: Maj. Johann Friedrich von Stein, of the Regiment Knyphausen, German allied troops.]
[Note 52: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 19, 1780.
Sir: I have just received a letter from Mr. Symmes53 one of the Supreme Judges of this state, transmitting me a copy of a
[Note 53: John Cleves Symmes (1742--1814), chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. His letter of February 15 is in the Washington Papers.] letter of the 14th instant to the Honorable the House of Assembly, on the subject of complaints made to him by soldiers in the Continental army of their being detained in service beyond the period for which they were engaged, and recommending the speedy direction and inquiry of the Legislature into the matter.
I doubt not Mr. Symmes took this step from commendable motives, but I think it my duty to apprize your Excellency, that a compliance with his recommendation could not fail to be attended with the most pernicious consequences. The true source of the discontents he speaks of, is a dissimilarity in the terms of inlistment for the Army. Those soldiers who are truly engaged for the war, are dissatisfied at seeing others, many of whom have received equal some greater emoluments, returning home, and having it in their power to obtain new bounties and new encouragements for their services, while they held to their original engagements, are deprived of these privileges. They therefore frequently deny their being inlisted for the war and make a variety of pretences to extricate themselves. Frequent applications have been made to me and inquiries have taken place in consequence; but in almost every instance it has been found, that either the complaints have been intirely groundless, or too weakly supported to justify the discharge of the men. The cases most in their favour, which sometimes occur are these: The original inlistments have been lost; officers resigning or dismissed the service, have given certificates of their being engaged for limited periods; but where these certificates are found to clash with the constant returns and muster rolls of the regiment, which are certainly much more authentic criterions, they are disregarded. The circumstance mentioned by Mr. Symmes, of officers on their resignation or discharge turning over their men on oath to the succeeding officers is founded on misinformation for no such custom prevails in the army. The evil proceeds in a great measure from the reverse of this cause, the one I have mentioned above. It is probable enough, from the difficulty in ascertaining the fact in particular cases, that some men may be injured. But I verily believe the instances are rare, and that in general all possible justice is done to the men in this respect. I am at least conscious that I have uniformly cultivated this spirit in the officers and discountenanced the contrary.
I shall give your Excellency an example which will serve to confirm the representation I have made. The Pennsylvania soldiers from the commencement were almost universally engaged for the war. When they saw the Eastern levies in the beginning of last campaign who had received enormous bounties (many a thousand pounds and upward,54 for a few months) they began to compare situations to murmur and to dispute their engagements. To remove these discontents Congress, at my instance, were pleased to order a gratuity of too dollars to all men inlisted for the war previous to the 23d. of Jany. 1779. The intention of this gratuity was clearly explained, the men received it and gave receipts expressive of that intention. They begin now to revive their former dissatisfaction and many desertions have taken place in consequence, so unreasonable are they, or rather so fatal is the influence of that system of short inlistments, which in the first period of the war, laid the foundation of all our subsequent misfortunes.
[Note 54: A thousand pounds in the depreciated paper currency.]
From this view of the subject I flatter myself you will readily perceive the inexpediency of the state interposing in the affair. Such countenance to the disposition now prevailing, would soon make it epidemical. New pretenders would immediately start up in every line, new expectations, hopes and reasonings would be excited; the discontent would become general and our military system would be nearly unhinged. Instead of gratifying the ill humour of the men by a mark of extraordinary attention, decisive measures to suppress it will in my opinion be most consistent with justice to the public and sound policy.55 I confine my remarks to the inexpediency of an interference by the legislature of this state. Your Excellency's discernment will suggest other considerations which are of so delicate a nature that I shall decline particularising them. I shall only add that I have the fullest confidence the legislature will act with perfect wisdom and propriety upon the occasion and that I have the honor, etc.56
[Note 55: At this point the draft has crossed out: "and I shall govern myself accordingly. I hope the difficulty of correcting the evil may not be increased by the ill-judged tenderness of individuals out of the army not sufficiently acquainted with the circumstances."]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 19, 1780.
Sir: About the latter end of December last I had the honor to receive a letter from His Excellency Governor Johnson dated the 27th. of October, in which he proposes an arrangement for the three companies of Artillery belonging to the state of Maryland, and asks my opinion upon it. As General Knox who is at the head of the Artillery, is consequently best acquainted with its interior circumstances and can best judge of the operation of any changes which might take place, I communicated the letter to him to know his sentiments. His answer you will find in the inclosed extract. I beg leave to add that my ideas correspond with his; and that the mode he recommends appears to me well calculated to do justice to the state, to the officers of the three companies and to promote the general good of the service. It is essential to have the corps that compose the army upon one formation, and regulated by general principles. The contrary is productive of innumerable inconveniences. This makes me wish the idea of erecting the four companies into a separate corps under the command of a Major, may be relinquished. If this is agreeable to the views of the state I shall be happy its intentions may be signified as speedily as possible to Congress, that the incorporation and arrangement may be carried into execution. I have the honor, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, February 19, 1780.
Parole Brigades. Countersigns Baggage, Bayonets.
An Adjutant, a Drum Major and a Fife Major of the same brigade with the brigade Major of the day, will attend the grand parade every morning at troop-beating to assist in forming the guards and performing the field manoeuvres.
At a General Court Martial held by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief in Morristown the 5th. day of February 1780, and by several orders and adjournments continued 'till the 14th. day of the same month, Colonel Humpton, President, John Beatty, Esquire, Commissary General of Prisoners charged with:
"An improper intercourse with the City of New York in having written for, and introduced sundry articles from thence, contrary to the resolves of Congress and repeated general orders," was tried and found guilty of a breach of His Excellency, the Commander in Chief's order of the 12th. day of december 1779, and a breach of that part of the 5th. article, section and. of the rules and articles of war which respects a disobedience of orders, acquitted of every other part of the charge against him and sentenced to be reprimanded in general orders.
The General thinks Mr. Beatty's conduct in this instance extremely reprehensible. In his situation he ought to have observed a peculiar delicacy. The whole tenor of the evidence produced by himself shews that he was well aware of the impropriety of the intercourse; and though he may have generally discountenanced it, it is not an excuse for the present deviation. Every thing of this kind is, in a greater or less degree an infringement of the general association which having never been repealed must be considered as still in force, and is considered so by particular subsequent acts and by the general arrangements of Congress. It is also well known that the government of this State has been strenuous in it's endeavors to suppress the practice, and waving the question, "how far a breach of the civil law, in such a case may be a military offence," it is certainly very blameable in any officer to contravene the views of a State, especially in a matter which it evidently deems of importance. Besides this the orders from the Commander in Chief to the officers on the lines have uniformly prohibited the intercourse in the most pointed manner, and their constant practice made those orders a matter of such notoriety that Mr. Beatty from the frequent transactions he was concerned in on the lines could not have been unacquainted with them. The plea of being ignorant of the late general order issued eight days previous to the offence is not admissable, because it is at all times in Mr. Beatty's power immediately or by his Deputies to be informed of general orders and it is his duty to be so. Mr. Beatty is released from his Arrest.
By the same General Court Martial, Lieutenant Porter59 of the 7th. Maryland regiment was tried for, "Unofficer, unsoldierlike and villainous conduct upon Staten Island vizt. Robbing and plundering a Woman of money &c.," found guilty of the charge being a breach of Article 21st. section 13th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to be cashiered.
[Note 59: Lieut. Charles Porter.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
AFTER ORDERS
The Commander in Chief is pleased to respite the execution of Samuel Crawford 'till further orders.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, February 20, 1780.
Parole Colours. Countersigns Camp, Command.
Dead carcases in and about camp are to be buried by fatigue parties from the brigades near which they lie.
At the particular intercession of Ensign Bagley60 and the officers of the 3rd. New York regiment, the Commander in Chief
[Note 60: Ensign Josiah Bagley, of the Third New York Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant in March, 1780; transferred to the First New York Regiment in January, 1783; served to close of the war.] is pleased to remit the sentence against Edmund Burke of the same corps. He is therefore to be released from confinement.
The case of Burke ought to be a striking example to the soldiery of the dangerous excesses and fatal consequences into which the pernicious crime of drunkenness will frequently betray them.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1780.
Sir: I request that You will transmit his Excellency, Governor Clinton, as soon as possible, an Exact Return of the Non Commissioned Officers and privates in your Regiment; designating in a particular manner the number inlisted for the War, and the different terms of service of the residue digested in Monthly Columns. You will nevertheless forward me a similar Return. I am &c.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
Practically the same letter was written by Tench Tilghman to Capt. Henry Bedkin, on this same day (February 20), inclosing a form of the return desired and directing Bedkin "to include those who are prisoners." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: The Tilghman draft is indorsed by Robert Hanson Harrison: "To Govrs. Greene, Trumbull, Clinton, Livingston, [President] Reed, Rodney, and [Governor] Lee. 24th President Massachusetts, President New Hampshire. Virginia written to before. Vide Letter to Govr. Reed, Livingston, Lee, Massachusetts, 10 March." The Virginia letter was dated Feb. 16, 1780, q. v., and addressed to Governor Jefferson. That to New Hampshire, dated February 24, was forwarded in a brief note of the same date to the President of the Massachusetts Council (Jeremiah Powell), because of the uncertainty of "the post's going to Exeter, or as to the place where the Honorable the president of the Council of New Hampshire resides." These drafts are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1780.
Gentlemen: You will have received I make no doubt, a Copy of an Act of Congress of the 9th Instant, ascertaining the Quotas of Non Commissioned Officers and privates to be furnished by the Respective States for the ensuing Campaign, and directing the Men in the Additional Corps, the Guards, Artillery and Horse and the Regimented Artificers in the departments of the Quarter Master General and Commissary General of Military Stores, as well as those of the Battallions in the State lines, whose times of service do not expire before the last of September next, to be counted as part of the Quotas of the States to which they respectively belong. The Quota of the State of Massachusetts is fixed at 6070, and I have now the honor to inclose You a Special Return of the Non Commissioned Officers and privates in her Fifteen Battallions and of the Men belonging to her in ... , designating in a particular manner the proportion engaged for the War, and by Monthly Columns the periods when and in what proportion the services of the rest will expire. This Return so far as it concerns the Fifteen Battallions of the State, is rather old, being copied from One made the ... of December last, and possibly may not be entirely accurate, on account of some changes that may have happened since that period; but I think it probable that it is substantially so. I have however called upon General Heath or the Commanding Officer of the Highland posts to send me a New One, and also, to prevent delay, to forward Your Honorable Board a Duplicate, after the receipt of which I shall take the earliest occasion to transmit You a Copy besides, in case I find that it materially varies in the instance of Men inlisted for the War from the present One. There are Two or Three small detached Corps in the Army, of which I have not obtained Special Returns, and in which possibly there may be a few Men belonging to the State; if this should be the case when they are procured, I shall do myself the Honor of communicating it and their number. Your Honourable Board will observe that by the Act, as I have already taken the liberty to mention, the Men whose engagements expire before the last of September, are not to be counted as part of the 6070 and therefore according to the Return inclosed, the deficiency to be raised is ... . At the time the Return was made of the 15 Battallions, it bore the fullest number of Men under every description that they could contain, as it now does of All the Men belonging to the State in the Corps which it comprehends besides, and they would most probably be found, if an actual inspection could take place, to fall a good deal short of the compliment, as there is always a material difference between an Army on paper and its real Strength. A comparative view of the Total amount of an Army borne upon every General Return and of the Column of present fit for duty and the Absentees that can be satisfactorily accounted for, demonstrates this beyond question. I have the honor, etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is addressed to the Massachusetts Council. Tilghman's draft (see preceding note) is also in the Washington Papers. The following draft by Harrison was appended as a postscript to the letters sent to President Joseph Reed, of Pennsylvania, and Governor Thomas Sim Lee: "According to an Abstract Return obtained from the Muster Master General in October, the Total of the German Battallion, would be 208, out of which number the Inlistments of 66 expire before Septr. There will be then, supposing all the Men alive, 142 engaged for the War; but I cannot determine what proportion of these belong to Maryland or Pennsilvania. *There were 53 Men of the late Rawlins's Corps at Pittsburg in December; but the terms of their Inlistments are not known, nor can I say whether they are now in service.* I have this minute received a State of the Pennsilvania part of the German Battallion, by which it appears that 116 of the 142 Men inlisted for the War belong to her. Hence it seems Maryland is only entitled to a credit of 26 in this Corps.
"N. B. The above postscript was subjoined to Governor Reed's Letter except what is included between the Asteiskes, instead of which was the following 'By a Common Regimental Return in December, the 8th Pennsilvania (Brodheads) stationed at Fort Pitt amounted in the Whole to 189 N Comd Officers and privates and Morehead's Independent Corps to 18; but how their inlistments stand I cannot precisely tell. I have informed that they are generally for limited and Short periods.'" Following this draft of the postscript are six pages of quota calculations of the various States, in the writing of Harrison and Tilghman, the figures of which were used to fill in the blanks in the circular to each State. In the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress these quota calculations are digested into exact form and clearly recorded, showing each State's deficiency.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 20, 1780.
Sir: The approach of Spring makes me anxious to know whether any or what provision has been made of thin cloathing. The first delivery of woolen Breeches and Overalls was very short of the requisite number, and when the second, which I believe will be the whole on hand, is made, there will still be a deficiency, except the states should have made larger purchases than we have any reason to expect. If, therefore, there will not be a supply of linen Overalls ready, by the time the Men ought to be in the field, the Army will be in a most distressed condition for want of them. There is now the greatest complaint for want of shirts and that will be daily increasing. Our stock of this necessary Article seems less adequate to the demand than any other. With a sufficiency of shirts, linen Overalls and shoes we could go through the summer and early fall months very well.
By the Cloathing Ordnance of the 23d. March last, you are directed to furnish Estimates of the supplies wanted for the Army; to apply to the Board of War and Commander in Chief for assistance therein, and to make returns of such estimates to them respectively. I know not what Steps you may have taken, so far as relates to the Board of War, but if you have not already entered upon some measures for that purpose, I think it highly necessary that you should set about it, without loss of time, not only for your own justification, but for the public good. I shall be ready to give you my assistance and advice towards forming the Estimates required from you.
I shall in the course of a few days have occasion to call for a general Return of the Cloathing actually wanting, from which, I am convinced it will appear, that the stock in the hands of your assistant, and I know of no other, will be far from adequate to the present demand. I shall, in the mean time, be glad to know what are our prospects so far as they have come to your knowledge. I am &c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you on the 15th. instant requiring a Return of your Regiment agreeable to the form then inclosed. Should any of the Men belong to the State of Connecticut, you will be pleased to transmit a Return of them immediately to Govr. Trumbull. You will notwithstanding this, include them in the Regimental Return which you make to me. I am &c.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The same letter was sent to Col. Elisha Sheldon.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 21, 1780.
Sir: I am to request that you will transmit me, as soon as possible, an exact Return of the number of the non Commissioned Officers and privates of your Corps, mounted and dismounted designating in a particular manner the states to which they belong, what proportion of them are inlisted for the War, and the different terms of service of the residue, digested in monthly Columns. Inclosed you have the form of a Return.
You will be pleased to transmit a return agreeable to the form of such of the Men as belong to the State of New Jersey immediately to Governor Livingston who will be at Trenton with the Assembly; but those men are to be, notwithstanding, included in the Return which is to be made to me. I am &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 22, 1780.
Sir: By recent accounts it appears that the enemy have drawn off their horse from Staten Island to York Island. Though we cannot determine the motives which gave rise to this move, yet as it may be intended to carry on some enterprise against such part of our out posts as lay most exposed to their excursions. I have to recommend to you an increase of vigilance and precaution to obviate or guard against such an event. The badness of the roads is by no means a preventative. This very circumstance may be an encouragement to such an undertaking, by the state of security in which it may be supposed to place us. It will be adviseable to keep an eye on such part of the North river about you as still admits of a passage on the ice. You will make this communication to the officer who relieves you. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Morris-town, February 22, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 18th.
Secresy in the business you have been requested to put in train is so essentially necessary that those who are willing to embark in it may rest assured that not even a whisper shall be heard from hence.
It is to be presumed that every circumspection and caution that the case will admit of will be used to prevent a discovery of any of the agents; but if, notwithstanding, the one at Secaucus should be suspected and prosecuted, I must, in behalf of the public, stand between him and the consequences of a prosecution. It may not be amiss however to observe, by way of caution, that the great pursuit of those who heretofore have been employed in this business, is traffic, and this being carried on with avidity the end for wch. they were engaged was defeated, because suspicions on our part, and a desire of rendering themselves useful to the enemy, to accomplish with more ease their own lucrative plans, gave a turn to the business which operated much to our prejudice.
I do not know how easy it may be for the agent at Secaucus to obtain free access to the Intelligencer at New-York; but it is absolutely necessary he should. It is the hinge on which the whole turns and without it, nothing can be done to effect. Hence, is it not necessary to have a person on the No. River, at or near Bergen town, who can, at all times, have equal access to the City and Secaucus unsuspected? Is it not necessary also to have some person between Second River and head Quarters? These matters you will consider, and determine on. I need not add that the fewer hands a business of this sort is in, the better it will be executed, and less risk there is of a discovy.
Verbal accts. in passing through several hands, and some heads which may not be very clear, are liable to such transmutation as serve to confound and perplex rather than inform; for this reason the Agent in New-York should give all his intelligence in writing which may be done fully and with security (even if the letters should fall into the hands of the enemy) in the manner I shall hereafter communicate. His Letters may be addressed to the Agent at second River, or any other (more proper) person, if one can be thought of; but whether he will write in his own name, or under an assumed one, must be left to himself to determine when he comes to understand the mode for communicating the intelligence.
The persons intermediate between him and me (serving as mere vehicles of conveyance) will know nothing of the contents, consequently the avenues leading to a discovery of the person in New York (who should be shielded on all sides) will be much lessened and guarded.
The compensation for these services had better be fixed, beforehand, because loose agreements are seldom rewarded to the mutual satisfaction of both parties. I shall be glad to see you to morrow morning that I may have some further conversation with you on this subject. With esteem etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday informed that the enemy had removed their Horse from Staten Island to York Island. They had also some days ago, impressed all the Sleighs within their reach in Bergen and carried them over to New York, but they have returned them upon the melting of the snow. It should seem from this that they had some enterprise in view which may not yet be totally laid aside. I have thought it prudent to communicate this intelligence to you, that you may put the advanced parties upon their Guard. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 22, 1780.
Sir: His Excellency was on the point of going out to Dinner, as your letter of this date came to hand. He commands me to acknowledge it, and to request that as soon as you form your ultimate determination as to the time for the proposed enterprise69 that you will make him acquainted with it.
[Note 69: Against Powles Hook, N.J.]
The disposition which the enemy must have to gain a precise knowledge of your situation, more especially under the present circumstances of the ice, and the evidence in favor of Mr Deane70 being but weak, the General has thought it most prudent, to detain him at least for a short time at Bottle hill, under the restrictions of a parole. I am &c.71
[Note 70: Deane served as a volunteer in the Eighty-fourth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 71: This letter is signed "James McHenry."
On February 27 Washington wrote again to St. Clair a brief note acknowledging the receipt of some further information respecting Deane. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
McHenry wrote also to Commissary of Prisoners Beatty, this same day (February 22), ordering him to keep Deane "in your neighbourhood on parole in some well affected family till his Excellency's further orders." McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 22, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your letter of the 15th. instant inclosing one of the 14th to the Legislature of this State. I thought it my duty in consequence to write a letter to His Excellency The Governor, of which the inclosed is a copy.
In addition to what I have there said, I cannot forbear observing that it is of great importance the different powers in the State should carefully avoid the least interference with each other; and in the present case I am clearly of opinion the matter in question falls properly within no other jurisdiction than that of Congress and the military authorities they have been pleased to establish. Every discussion of this kind however is extremely disagreeable and it were to be wished the strictest delicacy could at all times be observed not to furnish occasions.
I take this opportunity of remarking on a practice that has lately prevailed, of a very injurious tendency. Several soldiers have applied to me for their discharges, producing affidavits by themselves before some of the justices of this County of their terms of service having expired. If this kind of testimony by the interested party himself, inadmissible on every principle, were to have effect the dissolution of the army would soon follow. Unhappily few of the common soldiery who wish to be disengaged from the service would scruple right or wrong to avail themselves of such an expedient. This practice therefore cannot operate the release of the soldier and only affords a new pretext for discontent. If you view the matter in the same light, I doubt not you will use your influence to put a stop to it. I have the honor, etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 22, 1780.
Sir:...73 you may put your advanced parties upon their guard and keep every thing in readiness at your Cantonment to give the enemy a proper reception, should you be their object. I would advise the Officers to avoid drawing together a quantity of Baggage or any kind of Stores, as you may be obliged to change your quarters suddenly upon a move of the enemy. I am &c.74
[Note 73: The omitted portion is identical with that part of Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath relating to the same matter, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
[Note 74: The draft as in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 22, 1780.
Sir: I am to request that you will transmit me, as soon as possible an exact Return of the number of non Commd. Officers and privates of your Regiment designating in a particular manner what proportion of them are inlisted for the War and the different terms of service of the residue digested in monthly Columns. You cannot be too expeditious in forwarding me this Return; a duplicate of which you will be pleased to deliver to His Excellency the Govr. of Rhode Island. I am &c.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 23, 1780.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose your Excellency a New York paper of the 21st, which contains his British Majesty's speech and several other Articles of European intelligence.
Your Excellency's favor of the 12th: inclosing Copies of sundry matters respecting the State of Georgia and the exchange of Brigr. Genl. Elbert,76 only reached me last Evening. I have the honor etc.77
[Note 76: Brig. Gen. Samuel Elbert, of the Georgia Militia. He had been taken prisoner at Briar Creek, Ga., in March, 1779; was exchanged and again taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged and served to close of the war.]
[Note 77: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 23, 1780.
Gentlemen: By the regulations the non-commissioned officers are to be armed with swords as a mark of distinction and to enable them the better to maintain the authority due to their stations. This necessary arrangement has not yet been carried into execution. By some returns I have seen there appears to have been a considerable number of Hessian hangers at Albany, though I find no mention of them in the last returns of The Commissary of Military stores. I presume the Board know where they are and I should think it would be adviseable to have these and any others that may be brought to the army distributed.
There is a great deficiency of drums fifes and standards. I presume the necessary measures are taking to procure them with other articles of a similar kind. I have the honor, etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, February 23, 1780, half past 10 A.M.
Sir: I have this moment received yours of seven OClock this morning. I am apprehensive with you that the circumstances you mention will prevent the execution of your project; for which reason and the badness of the weather I delay the march of the covering party 'till I hear further from you. If the intelligence you expect proves favourable to your design I shall be obliged to you to dispatch a second messenger, and I will take measures here accordingly.
Will not the state of the moon be unfriendly to your attempt towards Morning? I am &c.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 23, 1780.
Sir: I had last night the honor to receive Your Excellency's letter of the 16th. with the papers you have been pleased to refer to me. There is certainly a good deal of weight in the observations and objections which Colo. Hazen has made, and it were very much to be wished, that the supplies of Cloathing and necessaries in every instance were perfectly equal to the officers and men respectively, throughout the army; but as these from the nature of our present establishment proceed from different sources, I do not know how the inconveniences complained of are to be remedied. It has been the pleasure of Congress by repeated Acts, and by a very recent one, to recommend it to the States to provide for the Officers and men belonging to them in the additional and other Corps, not originally apportioned on them in the same manner they provide for those of their State Lines. This being the case, and as they have no other mode of relief, or at least that I know of, I do not see that it can be objected to in the instance of Major Reed80 and the other Officers who have addressed your Excellency. It can only be considered that they are more fortunate than the rest belonging to their Regiment. Nor is this discrimination peculiar to Colo Hazens Corps. There are many others in the same disagreeable predicament. It holds extensively between the Troops of different Lines; for while the Officers and men of some enjoy most necessary comforts, those of others are destitute of any. I return Your Excellency the papers again, and have the honor, etc.81
[Note 80: Maj. James Randolph Reid.]
[Note 81: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, February 23, 1780.
Parole Franklin. Countersigns Fleet, Feast.
From the remoteness of General Stark's and Jersey brigades from the grand parade their camp guards are excused from attending there, not only in the case mentioned in the order of the 16th., but in general, when the roads are very wet and bad. The officers of the day are to be notified in time on parade when this happens.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, February 24, 1780.
Parole Geometry. Countersigns Gin, Ginger.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to remit the sentence against Samuel Crawford; He is to be released from confinement.
The frequent occasions the General takes to pardon, where strict justice would compel him to punish ought to operate on the gratitude of offenders to the improvement of their morals.
[Note 82: Of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in April, 1780.]
February 24, 1780.
Sir: Serjeant John Cambridge of Colo Sherburne's Regiment has represented to His Excellency the Commander in Chief that his Inlistment will expire the 10th of Sept next, and that from the peculiarity of his circumstances he wishes to a discharge; but not without engaging a Good Soldier to supply his place and to serve for that time. He has informed the General that Samuel Sabens of the Regiment answers this description; that his time of service will expire the 4th of next month and that he is willing to enlist to serve till the 10th of Sept. in his room, on certain conditions agreed on between them. The account Serjeant Cambridge has given appears to be confirmed by a Certificate under your signature and those of Lieutenant Sherburne's83 and Ensign Shearmans.84 If the facts he represents
[Note 83: Lieut. Benjamin Sherburne, of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment. He was transferred to the First Rhode Island Regiment in January, 1781, and served to December, 1783.]
[Note 84: Ensign Henry Sherman, of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment. He was taken prisoner at Paramus, N. J., in April, 1780; retained in Olney's Rhode Island Battalion in May, 1781; served to December, 1783.] are true, His Excellency, on Samuel Saben's previously inlisting to serve in his room for the time he is engaged, will have no objection to your giving Cambridge a discharge. I am &c.85
[Note 85: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday late last night. I am sorry that the state of the Ice did not admit of the prosecution of your enterprise at the time you had determined to carry it into execution; but perhaps this change of weather may again make the passage secure.
You will be pleased to come up on Monday next if the situation of matters below will permit. Your presence is necessary as a Witness on the trial of Lt. Colo. Howard, and the Court have been obliged to adjourn for want of your evidence. Should anything turn up between this and Monday which you think will prevent your attendance on that day, you will be pleased to signify it previously. I am &c.
P.S. I shall expect the pleasure of your Company at dinner on Monday.86
[Note 86: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 87: Surgeon general, Eastern Department, and hospital physician and surgeon in October, 1780. He retired in June, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, February 24, 1780.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your letter of the 3d instant with its inclosure.
It would give me much satisfaction to find so necessary a department as the medical, on the most unexceptionable footing;88 But as I do not undertake to judge in cases of this nature, I would imagine that Congress will adopt such changes as may appear best calculated to this end, and to reconcile any want of harmony which may have crept into the present system. I am etc.89
[Note 88: Turner's letter (February 3) told of personal antagonisms in the medical department and charged that the department was "too large, too Expensive and ought to be Curtailed, our Numbers are more then are Needed." He submitted a plan for a new establishment, which he had submitted to Roger Sherman, who laid it before one of the Medical Committee of Congress, "who highly appoved of it." Turner's plan is filed with his letter in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, February 25, 1780.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours late last evening, inclosing Colo. Biddles representation of the state of our forage,90 which is indeed alarming. As the State of Jersey, on which we must depend untill a supply can be brought from a distance, have, in consequence of the recommendation of Congress, taken upon themselves to procure a certain quantity of provision and forage, I think Colo. Biddle ought without loss of time to obtain from Mr. Dunham,91 the Superintendant, as accurate an account as possible of the quantities which the several Agents have already purchased, and also of their expectations and if, as he seems to suspect, there have not been sufficient exertions used, he should immediately repair to Trenton where the Assembly are sitting, and lay before them a state of his Magazines and urge the necessity of taking the most vigorous measures for keepg. up the supply of Forage, till the Navigation and Roads will permit
[Note 90: Biddle's letter to Greene (February 24), in the Washington Papers, describes the failure of the "Specific Supplies" system adopted by Congress. His agents were compelled, by law, to cease purchasing forage in those States which undertook to furnish their quota of supplies. These supplies were not forthcoming, and Biddle reported that his hay supply was exhausted and that he had only grain sufficient for 24 days. Failure of forage meant, of course, inability to transport food to camp.]
[Note 91: Col. Azariah Dunham. He was assistant commissary of purchases in New Jersey.] us to bring that forward, which we may hope is procured to the southward. I suppose while we are short of hay, there will be a necessity of issuing so large a quantity as eight quarts of Grain per day for each Horse; but when there is Hay I think the quantity of Grain may be reduced.
Be pleased to let me know whether the Returns which the Board of War called for some little time ago have been transmitted, and if they have not, when you think they will be ready. I am &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 26, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have received the inclosed proceedings of a General Court Martial held by order of the Board. As I am not informed of any provision having been made for vesting the power of appointing Courts Martial in the Board (which is too confined in many respects), I should not think myself at liberty to confirm the proceedings of the present Court, were there no objections to the manner of the proceedings themselves. But they are too summary and the evidence not fully enough stated to justify an approbation of decisions which affect life.93 No mention is made of the corps to which the prisoners belong. The corporal punishments too are irregular, exceeding the limits prescribed by our military code, which is in this instance also defective, and in the case of Capt Parke94 he is found guilty of the additional crime of forgery though the charge against him only relates to fraud.
[Note 93: The Board's reply (March 10) in the Washington Papers, inclosed a copy of the resolve of Apr. 17, 1778, empowering it to order courts-martial.]
[Note 94: Capt.-Lieut. Theophilus Parke, of Flower's Artillery Artificer regiment. He was cashiered in March, 1780.]
I flatter myself I need not assure the Board that the scruples now suggested do not proceed from the least disposition to bring their powers in any instance into question, which is the remotest of any thing from my intention. But as the regular administration of justice, as well in the military as civil line is of the essential importance and as the regular constitution of Courts is a fundamental point towards it, The Board will be sensible it is my duty to be satisfied on this head before I give my concurrence in any trials where there is room to doubt. I shall therefore be obliged to them to give me the necessary information concerning their powers in this respect, lest upon recollection it may be found that sufficient provision has not been made, I inclose an order for holding a new Court, that the offenders may not escape, and I could wish a hint may be given to the Gentleman acting as Judge advocate, to be more explicit and particular in designating the circumstances of the crime and of the evidence. I inclose the proceedings for the inspection of the Board.
Inclosed I send the Board the returns lately called for by them through the Inspector General from this part of the army. The moment the rest are received, they shall be forwarded. I have the honor, etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, February 26, 1780.
Dr Sr: In answer to your note on the subject of Col Biddles letter I can only say that I have already recommended his waiting upon the Legislature96 and I still think he will have it in his power to make representations for the good of the service; but though I wish the measure to take place, I would not press it or do violence to the scruples which I cannot but
[Note 96: Of New Jersey.] acknowledge are natural in Col Biddies situation. But if he cannot reconcile it to his feelings to go, I shall be glad some other mode may be fallen upon to give the assembly the necessary information and excite to those exertions which the exigency of our affairs requires. I am &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 26, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing Your Excellency on the 20th Instant, It has been found, that there was an Error in the Return then transmitted, with respect to the number of Men belonging to the State in the Artillery. Instead of 4 there are 77 in Lamb's Battallion, 76 of which are for the War, and7 in Captain Walker's Company for the same time. I have the Honor etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: I was last night honored with your Excellency's letter of the 22d. I had on the 20th. transmitted you as accurate a Return as could then be obtained of the number of Men serving in the three Battalions of the state and in the additional Corps. I have since reced. a Return of Major Lees Corps dated the 20th. Decemr. last, in which I find fifty non Commd. and privates belonging to the State; that number is therefore to be deducted from the deficiency struck in my letter of the 20th. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 1: Of Maryland.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 9th. inclosing letters to your son, Colo. Ramsey, and Mr. Williams of New York. I am in hourly expectation of seeing Colo. Ramsey, who I am told is coming out with propositions of Exchange, which I sincerely hope will be such as may be accepted with honor and advantage to the States and to the individuals concerned.
I had flattered myself that the spirited formation of your law, for the supply of the Army with provisions, would have been attended with the most salutary effects; but there really seems to be an almost general combination against every measure calculated to releive the public from the enormous load of debt and distress in which she is involved.
Mrs. Washington makes a return of her Compliments to Mrs. Fitzhugh, and I beg leave to assure you that I am, etc.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 27, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with yours of the 22d. accompanied by the Returns of sundry of the additional and detached Corps, from which, and from those which I had been enabled to collect in and near the Army I have furnished the respective States with a tolerable accurate account of the deficiencies of their Quotas. I have informed them, that should any more Men appear to their Credit upon a full collection of all the returns, they shall without loss of time be made acquainted with their numbers.
With respect to Lieut. Colo. Conolly,3 I should think he might as well remain in his present situation untill the result of the proposed meeting of Comms. to settle an exchange of prisoners is known. I am informed that I may very soon expect an answer to my letter on that subject, which went by the Gentlemen who came out with terms. Should this Business be again interrupted, I would then wish the Board to determine upon the propriety of permitting Colo. Conolly to go into New York upon parole. As there is some thing in his case different from common prisoners of War, I have never considered him as under my direction. I have the honor etc.4
[Note 3: Lieut. Col. John Connolly. (See note 78, p. 181, in vol. 4.)]
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 27, 1780.
My Dear Sir: I have been successively favoured with your letters of the 7th of November 23rd of December and 8th. of January last. I am extremely happy to find both for the public and for your sake, that your prospects were less gloomy when you wrote the two last than when you wrote the first. I hope you have had the time necessary to complete your defences on the land side and will be able effectually to baffle every attempt of the enemy in your quarter. Hitherto our affairs to the Southward have certainly been more prosperous than could have been expected from circumstances, and if the issue is not favourable I am thoroughly persuaded it will not be your fault.
The succession of tempestuous weather which immediately followed the departure of the fleet that sailed from New York the latter end of December we have been flattering ourselves will at least retard and disconcert their Southern operation. We have yet had no distinct account of them; it will be fortunate indeed if they have been driven off and dispersed.
In addition to the advices you were obliging enough to communicate, I have just seen official accounts from the Governor of Havanna of the success of the Spaniards in the Floridas.5 If the remaining posts fall it will be a very important stroke; and in all probability the operations there will have a favourable influence upon our affairs in your quarter. Though perhaps it may not be probable, it is not impossible, The British General if he has discretionary power on hearing of the progress of the Spaniards in the Floridas, may suspend his original plan and turn his attention that way, and endeavour to defend their own territories rather than attempt conquests.
[Note 5: "The morning of the 7th. Septr. took the Fort of Mantshak by Storm." The Baton Rouge fort fell September 21 and that of "Painmure" at Natchez was included in its surrender. The prisoners amounted to 550 regular troops, 8 vessels and other boats, and 50 sailors. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Don Juan De Merailles, the Spanish agent, in a letter of the 18th. communicating the foregoing intelligence has the following paragraph;6 "By royal order, I am very strongly charged to influence your Excellency to make the greatest diversion with the troops of the United States against those of the enemy in Georgia, to the effect of attracting their attention and disabling them from sending succours to Pensacola and Mobille which the Governor of Louisiana is to attack auxiliated with sea and land forces, which were prepared at Havanna with all the needful and ready to sail when the station would permit." This I transmit you for your Government satisfied that you will do every thing to effect the diversion desired, which the situation of your force and that of the enemy combined with other
[Note 6: The quotation is from an English translation forwarded by Miralles with his letter of February 18.] circumstances will permit. If they act offensively against the Carolinas your whole attention will necessarily be engaged at home; but if they should direct their force elsewhere, you may possibly have it in your power to pursue measures favourable to the operations of the Spaniards and to the immediate interests of the United States.
You will long since have been informed that your information with respect to the Virginia troops being detached to the Southward was good. Though they could be ill spared from this army, I thought we should have less to fear here than you there without them; and it appeared upon the whole advisable to throw the weight of Virginia into the defence of our Southern extremity. I should have given you early notice of it but I relied upon its being done by Congress. With the most affectionate regard etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 27, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor of your letter of the 18th. inclosing an extract of one from His Excellency The Governor of Havannah. I am happy in the opportunity of congratulating you on the important successes it announces to the arms of His Catholic Majesty, which I hope are a prelude to others more decisive. These events will not only advance the immediate interest of his Majesty, and promote the common cause, but they will probably have a beneficial influence on the affairs of the Southern states at the present juncture.
The want of any certain intelligence of the fleet which sailed from New York, I should attribute to their having been disconcerted in their voyage, by the tempestuous weather which prevailed for some time after their departure. A variety of circumstances combining proved that the intention of that embarkation was for the Southern states. All my intelligence agreed in this point; the composition of the detachment, Governor Martin and several refugees from South and North Carolina having embarked in the fleet; the current of the English accounts, by which it appears that General Clinton was expected to be in South Carolina so early as November, in which he was probably prevented by Count D'Estaing's operations in Georgia; these circumstances conspire to satisfy me that the Carolinas were the objects: But notwithstanding this, I think the precautions you are taking to put the Spanish dominions upon their guard are wise. It can have no ill-consequence and it is adviseable to be provided against all contingencies. It would not be surprising if the British General on hearing of the progress of the Spanish arms in the Floridas should relinquish his primitive design and go to the defence of their own territories.
I shall with the greatest pleasure comply with your request for giving you information of all the movements of the enemy that come to my knowledge, which may in any manner interest the plans of your Court; and I have written to General Lincoln agreeable to your intimation. Every motive will induce him to do whatever may be in his power to effect the diversion desired. If the enemy prosecute the plan which I suppose to have been originally intended he will necessarily find his whole attention employed at home on the defensive; but if they direct their force to another quarter, I am persuaded he will make the best use of his to give them all possible annoyance and distraction. I have the honor, etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, Monday, February 28, 1780.
Parole Knowledge. Countersigns Kidder, Key.
Notwithstanding the orders for building guard huts, the officers of the day still report a deficiency. The General again enjoins that those brigades which have not yet provided them, will without fail immediately do it; No excuse will be admitted for delay beyond this week.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, February 29, 1780.
Parole Lincoln. Countersigns Law, Logic.
Regimental returns of cloathing actually wanting, to be made as soon as possible to the Adjutant General.
The State Cloathiers or their Assistants are also to make exact returns to the Cloathier General of all cloathing in their hands.9
[Note 9: According to Assistant Clothier Gen. John Moylan's letter of Mar. 1, 1780, to Tench Tilghman, the clothing then in store amounted to: "4050 Coats. 3146 Vests. 2977 Breeches and Overalls. 9330 Hose. 10730 Shoes. 7916 Shirts. 7504 Hatts. 205 Blankets. 340 Pair Boots. 840 Cloaks and Watch Coats. 1422 Leather Breeches. 6856 Wollen Caps. 2794 Mitts. 254 Linnen Caps. 437 Hunting frocks. 2634 Canvas Overalls. 4834 Pair Buckles. 401 Sword Belts. 6134 Socks, 2396 Stocks." Moylan's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
By a division General Court Martial held in the Pennsylvania line the 25th. instant by order of Colonel Johnston,10 Commandant, Colonel Stewart,11 President, Captain John McClellan12 of the 1st. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for,
[Note 10: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 11: Col. Walter Stewart, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 12: He was wounded at Green Spring, Va., in July, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.] "Neglect of duty while commanding the Morristown Picket" and acquitted.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders Captn. McClellan to be discharged from arrest.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, February 29, 1780.
Dr. Sir: A particular piece of business has occurred, which will require Major General St. Clair to leave for the present, the command of the troops advanced below, and which will probably occasion him to be absent from it, till the middle or latter end of the week after next; It is therefore my wish that you should supply his place and that you will proceed as soon as you conveniently can and take the command. If you can do it to day, it will be so much the better, as Genl St. Clair is already in Camp. I have nothing in particular to communicate to you upon the occasion, besides what is contained in the inclosed Extract from Instructions originally given to Brigadier General Parsons on the 13 of December, when he went on this command; to the objects of which you will be pleased to attend. I have the Honor, etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, February 29 1780.14
[Note 14: The draft is dated merely February, but is indorsed February 29.]
Sir: It is proposed that a meeting of Commissioners on the subject of prisoners should take place the 9th instant at Amboy. As your presence will be necessary there to give Mr. Beatty information which he will want towards an adjustment of accounts, I have requested the permission of His Excellency Lt. General Knyphausen15 for you to repair there at the time appointed. You will therefore be pleased to apply to him to know his pleasure. I am etc.16
[Note 15: Hamilton, often weak in spelling proper names, and especially so in foreign names, spelled Knyphausen as Knyphaussen. It has been corrected by Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, February 29, 1780.
Sir: I had not the Honor to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 19th till Yesterday. The place you have proposed for the meeting of Commissioners is perfectly agreeable to me; but from the delay that has attended the conveyance of your Excellency's Letter, I beg leave to postpone the time of their interview till Thursday the 9th. of March. Amboy will be considered as a Neutral place during their negociation, and no Troops will be permitted to enter it on my part, except a Commissioned Officer with a Serjeant and Twelve privates, Infantry as Guards.
Major General St. Clair and Lt. Colonels Carrington and Hamilton are the Officers who will be appointed to meet the Gentlemen Your Excellency mentions, as Commissioners, and they will come with full powers to negotiate a General Cartel.
Major General Phillips will be at liberty to bring with him any Officers of his suite that he may think proper. The Commissary General of prisoners on our part will be directed to attend the Commissioners. It will also be necessary that Mr. Pintard Agent for prisoners at New York should communicate with our Commissary to give him information which will be essential in an adjustment of Accounts. I shall be therefore happy if there is no Objection to his repairing to Amboy at the time of the meeting. I have the Honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, February 29, 1780.
Sir: I yesterday received your Letter of the 21st accompanied by one from His Excellency Lt General Knyphuyssen proposing a meeting of Commissioners the 6th. of next Month, at Amboy. Particular reasons have induced me to defer the meeting till the 9th, when three Gentlemen on our part will be authorised to enter upon the business at the place appointed. You have been rightly informed that it is perfectly agreeable to me you should be upon the Commission. I hope it may fully answer the interesting purpose intended.
With pleasure I consent to your bringing with you such gentlemen and others of your suite as you think proper and to your making the little excursions you propose for the benefit of exercise.
Major Gardner18 has already had permission to remain 'till the result of the negociation. I have the honor etc.19
[Note 18: Maj. Valentine Gardiner.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
February, 1780.
Sir: In a circular letter of the 22nd. of January, I transmitted the Inspector's reports of december delineating several defects and abuses and exhorting to effectual measures for remedying them. I observe some further matters in the reports of January which require notice. Among other things, though much less than in several of the other brigades, there is still too great a waste of arms, accoutrements and ammunition since the last inspection. The same may be said also of the deficiency of cloathing in Col Sherburnes regiment.
In Col Angels Regiment there are arms and accoutrements in possession of the Regiment not in the hands of the men. This is contrary to the Regulations, agreeable to which they ought to be deposited with the Brigade conductor. These also prescribe penalties for unnecessary loss and waste which if carefully inflicted would correct the evil.
How happens it that there are musicians returned as rank and file in Colonel Webbs Regiment who do no duty in the line? This seems to be an abuse and to require a remedy.
There are several men reported unfit for service. You will have them examined by the Surgeon General and either transferred to the Invalid Corps or discharged as their respective cases may require.
In all the weekly returns many men are borne unfit for duty wanting cloaths; yet in these reports there appears to be cloathing in Webbs and Jacksons Regiments undistributed. The Cloathing on hand ought to be issued to the men most in want.
In the report of Sherburnes Regiment, there is no mention of Cartridge boxes. This probably is an omission of the Inspector's, but I shall be glad to have it explained.
I must request to be satisfied without delay concerning the situation of the 20 men who have been so long at Easton, that proper steps may be taken. They ought either to rejoin the Regiment or be struck off its roll.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, March 1, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favor on the subject of Lieutenant Armstrong.21 Previous to the receipt, the sentence had been
[Note 21: Lieut. John Armstrong, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.] issued in Genl. Orders. You will there observe that Lt. Armstrong was found guilty and sentenced to be discharged, but that the Genl. in consequence of the favorable character given him of the Gentn. has restored him to his rank and command. So far from thinking your commission a trouble, he assured me if it was not in the line of my duty, I should be happy to serve you. Yours &c.22
[Note 22: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. M. A.D. C."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, March 1, 1780.
Parole Life. Countersigns Luck, Laurels.
The honorable the Congress having been pleased by a late resolution to annex the Mustering Department to that of the Inspection of the Army, 'Till the business is more perfectly arranged the Sub Inspectors and Inspectors of brigades are requested to muster the troops in the divisions and brigades to which they are respectively attached in the manner it has been usually done. The Musters both for January and February are to be included in one roll, when complete, the whole are to be delivered to the Adjutant General.
By a Division General Court Martial of the Pennsylvania line, Colonel Stewart, President; Lieutenant John Armstrong of the 3rd. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for "Ungentlemanlike behavior in attempting to impose a falshood on Colonel Craig respecting his attendance on the regimental parade," and found guilty of a breach of the 21st. article 14th section of the articles of war and sentenced to be discharged the service.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence; but from the general good character he has heard of Lieutenant Armstrong, He hopes what he is charged with, proceeded rather from a want of recollection than from any ill design, and isinduced to restore him to his rank and command.
He is released from arrest.
By a division General Court Martial held at the encampment of the Jersey Brigade the 24th. day of February last, by order of Major General Lord Stirling, Colo. Ogden President, Cornelius Nix charged with "Deserting to the enemy twice, endeavoring to get there a third time and piloting a british prisoner of war into their lines," was tried and found guilty of all the charges (except deserting twice) and sentenced to suffer death, more than two thirds of the Court agreeing.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
By the same Court Emanuel Evans, soldier in the 3rd. Jersey regiment charged with "Deserting to the enemy and taken in arms against the States," was tried and found guilty of the charges and sentenced to suffer Death, more than two thirds of the Court agreeing.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
George Brown charged with "Deserting to the enemy and being taken in Arms against the States," was tried by the same Court and found guilty of the 2nd. charge and sentenced to do duty on board an armed vessel during the war.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders that the Prisoner be sent by the first opportunity to the Navy Board in Philadelphia with a copy of the sentence.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, March 2, 1780.
Parole Military. Countersigns Men, Money.
All guards detached from the line will parade on the grand parade at troop beating, that they may be inspected by the officers of the day before marching off.
On account of the badness of the roads the attendance of the camp guards on the grand parade is dispensed with till further orders. The officers of the day will visit them as usual at their respective posts.
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 2, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I am to acknowledge your letter of the 29th. of February last.
The favorable sentiments of a good man, and one who has executed diligently and faithfully the duties of his station, cannot fail being agreeable. I thank you for your good wishes; and mine, be assured, towards you, are not less sincere for your happiness [and prospery. in whatever walk of life you may go into.] I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of lames McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris-town, March 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: Before Colo. Fairfax left Virginia he prevailed on me to accept a power of attorney for the general superintendance of his business in that State. Upon my appointment to the command of the American Army I wrote him that it was no longer in my power to do justice to the trust he had reposed in me and begged him to make choice of some other for this purpose. this request I repeated in several letters but never obtained an answer till lately. He now desires that I wd. prevail on Mr. Nicholas, yourself, or some other Gentn. of character to do him this favor. I have already wrote to Mr. Nicholas on this subject and shall be glad in case of his refusal to know if you will undertake the business as I believe his Steward, Collector of Rents, and seat at Belvoir, stand much in need of the superintending eye of some person that will see justice done him.
An Answer to this Letter as soon as possible will much oblige Dr. Sir, Yr., etc.
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 19th: ulto. with the several papers to which it refers. You will be pleased to grant Capt. Flowers24 of the 3rd. Massachusetts Regt. a dismission from the service, the Certificates transmitted being sufficient, and inform me of the time when his resignation took place, that I may register it. If the number of Field Officers with the first Brigade and the state of Colo. Nixons own Regiment will admit of his absence for a reasonable time, I had rather grant him a furlough than accept his resignation. He will consider of this and take his measures accordingly.
[Note 24: Capt. Samuel Flower. He resigned on February 9, 1780, and was major of the Massachusetts Militia in 1782.]
The mistake in the arrangement of the Subalterns of the 8th: or Colo. Jacksons is so palpable upon General Pattersons Certificate, that it ought without doubt to be amended. If the Commissions, which Colo. Jackson has retained are sent to me, I will transmit them to the Board of War and have them made out agreeable to the true arrangement. I cannot give any determination upon the Cases in the 5th. and 12th. Regiments, as I have not a Copy of the arrangement which was finally settled at West point and afterwards confirmed by Congress. I have wrote to the Board of War for a Copy, which will perhaps enable me to form a judgment of the equity of the complaints of the parties. Nothing but the clearest evidence of former mistakes should induce us to make any alteration in an arrangement which was compleated with so much trouble and so solemnly confirmed as that of Massachusetts. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 20th. ulto. respecting Capt. Cartwright.26 I gave it as my opinion upon his personal application that he could not with propriety or expediency be again admitted into the regimental line, but that he might continue with the rank of an Aide de Camp appointed before the Resolve of Congress for the new arrangement of the Army. I am still of the same opinion, and that he is intitled to draw the pay and subsistence allowed to persons of that Rank from the time of his appointment. I am etc.27
[Note 26: Capt. Thomas Cartwright. He was aide to General Heath, and died in August, 1783.]
[Note 27: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 2, 1780.
Sir: Capn. Win. John Darby of the 17th Light Infantry28 has requested of his Excellency the General, leave to go into New-York on parole, for the purpose of making certain arrangements in his company accounts &c. which were destroyed or lost at Stoney point. The General wishes you to communicate to him his permission for two months stay in New-York. He desires when you signify this, to direct him to Elizabeth Town
[Note 28: British Army.] where he is to give the parole usual on such occasions. The Capn. dates his letter at Mr. Ths. Franklins corner of Pine and 2d Streets.
A Major Meibom of the Brunswick troops prisoners at Lancaster has also solicited leave for one of his officers to go into New-York for 40 days, in order to procure pay for the corps. You will be pleased to let the Major know that his Excellency grants the permission to a subaltern officer. You will take the necessary steps as in the case of Capn. Darby. I am etc.29
[Note 29: This letter is in the writing of and is signed "James McHenry."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 3, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have lately had several applications from the Subalterns of the Massachusetts line respecting mistakes which they say, happened in the arrangement settled at West point and confirmed by Congress and agreeable to which their Commissions were issued. As I have no Copy of that arrangement I am unable to determine upon the propriety of their complaints. I shall for that reason be obliged by a Copy so far as relates to the Subalterns only. I have a roll of the Field Officers and Captains. I have the honor, etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, March 3, 1780.
Parole Militia. Countersigns Music, Merit.
Commandants of divisions and brigades are desired to order Courts Marshal to sit as constantly as possible for the dispatch of business that there may be as few offenders in confinement as circumstances will admit.
A man that can be well recommended for sobriety, integrity and industry is wanted to fill the Office of Provost Marshal to the Army.31
[Note 31: John Weiss had been provost marshal up to February, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, March 4, 1780.
Parole Nation. Countersigns Nobility, Negro.
Regimental returns of cloathing called for the 29th ultimo are not all brought in, which occasions the delay to issue the shoes and other articles on hand. Commandts. of regiments who do not comply with the order by tomorrow at farthest will be made answerable for the neglect.
[Note 32: Massachusetts Delegate to the Continental Congress.]
[Head Quarters, Morris town, March 4, 1780.]
Sir: I have been honored with your letter of the 23d of last month, and feel myself much indebted to you for the information it contains. Be assured [Sir] I am fully persuaded that no intelligence on your part will be withheld,33 that may be considered as essential or assisting in the discharge of the duties of my station. I am happy to learn that the supplies for the Army from France are to be relied on. The accidents however that may befal them, should be a motive among others to induce the States not to relax in their particular exertions on the same account.
[Note 33: Lovell had written to Washington (February 23): "The Correspondence with our Ministers at foreign Courts passing especially under my Eye and Fingers, I wish you to be persuaded that I will not omit giving you any information in my power." Lovell's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I think with you on the King of England's speech.34 It has
[Note 34: The King's speech of November 23 to Parliament.] not so much of the arrogant and assuming, as has been usual; while what is said respecting the prosecution of the war could not have been less pointed, even were the intentions of his ministry pacific. No conclusion can be drawn with regard to expected Alliances. For even should he have them in view, yet there would seem a want of policy as you observe, in making the display, more especially if in the first instance, they are to appear as mediators.
I am particularly happy in the last paragraph of your communication. The Dutch I would hope will act wisely; and I flatter myself that in good time, we shall experience its benefits. With great regard etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Morris-town, March 5, 1780.
(Private)
My Lord: I have read the orders wch. you had framed for your division; they are certainly good, but in substance except in a very few insts. are very explicitly enjoined by the regulations; and have been reiterated at different periods in the general orders antecedent to the promulgation of the established "Regulations for the order and discipline of the Troops;" and since, in many particular ones, by a reference to them; as your Lordship may perceive by recurring to the orderly book.
At our last interview I slightly touched on this subject, but I shall embrace the present occasion to repeat more fully, that orders, unless they are followed by close attention to the performance of them, are of little avail. They are read by some, only heard of by others, and inaccurately attended to by all, whilst by a few, they are totally disregarded, and this will for ever be the case till the principal Officers of the Army begin the work of reformation by a close inspection into the police; the conduct of the Officers and men under their respective commands. and will endeavr. to restore public oeconomy, and saving than wch. nothing can bettr. suit our prest. Circums.
Example whether it be good or bad has a powerful influence, and the higher in Rank the Officer is who sets it, the more striking it is; hence, and from all military experience it has been found necessary, for Officers of every denomination to inspect narrowly the conduct of such parts of the Army and Corps as are committed to their care; without this the regulations "for the order and discipline of the Troops," established by the highest authority and wch. are short simple and easy in the performe. and the General orders will be little attended to; of course neglect of discipline, want of order, irregularity, waste, abuse, and embezzlement of public property, insensibly creep in it is idle to suppose under a descripn, like this the ground for wch none I believe will deny that a division, Brigade or Regimental Order, will have greater weight than those of Congress or the Genl; but if the Persons issuing them would devote, as duty indispensably requires, a reasonable portion of their time to a personal and close inspection into the affairs of their respective commands, would frequently parade their Regiments and compare the actual strength of them, their Arms, Accoutrements and Cloaths, with the returns; and have the deficiencies (if any there be) satisfactorily accounted for and provided, agreeably to the establishment of the Army; would see that the regulations, the general orders and their own, were carried into execution where practicable, or report the causes of failure when they cannot. That all returns are made in due form, in proper time, and correctly; comparing one return with another in order to prevent mistakes, correct abuses, and do justice to the public; and that in visiting such parts of the line, and such particular Corps as are entrusted to their care praize is bestowed on the deserving, reprehension, and (where necessary) punishment on the negligent, the good effect would be almost instantaneously felt; frequent visits and inspection into matters of this kind would produce more real good in one month than volumes of the best digested Orders that the wit of man can devise wd. accomplish in Seven years.
Were it not for the infinity of perplexing business that is refered to, and comes before me from every quarter; the multiplicity of Letters and papers I have to read and consider, many of which originate in the want of application and due attention being given by the Genl. Officers to their respective commands, which bring a variety of applications to head Qers. that ought to be settled in the respective lines I shd. devote much more of my time to the Military parts of my duty. unhappily while necessity with-holds me from these attentions [a want of being sufficiently impressed with its importance or some other cause]36 operates with equal force on others; and the few rides I am able to make to the Camp, and the hours wch. I can devote to the business of the line; never fail producing mortifying proofs of inattention and relaxation of discipline. The Country, in all my excursions I find spread over with Soldiers, notwithstanding the pointed orders which have been Issued to restrain them and to discountenance a practice wch. has been found pregnant of desertion, Robbery, and even murders, and as totally repugnant to every principle of discipline and the Rules laid down for our governmt.
[Note 36: The words in brackets were interpolated by Hamilton, after crossing off Washington's composition, which now cannot be deciphered.]
This My Lord is a free and friendly representn. of facts. your letter drew it from me to you at this time; but I shall take occasion so soon as the Genl. Officers Assemble to require in explicit terms from them a conduct conformable to these sentimts. in future. for without it there is no possibility in the present perplexity of Affairs and the divided attention I am obliged to give to numberless objects wch press upon me to move the Military Machine with any degree of propriety without their assistance, with much esteem etc.
Head Quarters, March 5, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor to receive by last nights Post Your Excellency's favor of the 10th Ulto. I am not certain I ever heard that Colo. Clarke had meditated an expedition against Detroit but I have thought it probable enough that he might turn his views that way. The reduction of this Post would be a matter very interesting from its situation and consequent importance to the tranquility of the Western Country. I have long wished to effect it, but hitherto unhappily our force and means at the Westward have not appeared sufficient to authorise an attempt. These are now from the expiration of the inlistments of many of the Men stationed at Fort Pitt, more incompetent than they were, and I have no prospect of directing an Enterprise to be undertaken. Your Excellency will hence be able to determine on the measures best for Colo. Clarke to pursue. I have thought the Icy season when the Enemys Ships and other armed Vessels are confined in the Harbour would be the most eligible time to attempt the Post if the preparations and Provisions necessary for such an operation could be then made as the Garrison would not only be precluded from a retreat but if it were happily to be reduced, it would also involve the loss of the Vessels an event of great moment. I have the honor etc.
P.S. If the expedition against Detroit is undertaken and I am advised of the time, it may possibly be in my power to favor it in some degree, by directing a movement of part of the Troops at Fort Pitt, by way of diversion.
I beg leave to inform Your Excellency, that besides the Men in the Regiments and Corps of which you have had Returns, There are 52 Non-Commission'd Officers and privates belonging to the State in the partisan Corps commanded by Major Lee.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington; the P. S. is in that of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, March 6, 1780.
Parole Newnham. Countersigns Gratton, Recorder.
Two men, one from the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade and one from the second, are to be sent to Mr. Gambles', the Commissary in Morristown, to assist in securing the hides and tallow.
Returns of Drums, Drum heads and cords, fifes and fife cases on hand and wanting in the several brigades, and of those in the hands of the Conductors and Commissary of Military Stores to be made to the Adjutant General as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with yours of the 28th Ulto. It gives me great pleasure to find by your letter and by one which I recd. a few days ago from Mr. Lovell that we have favorable accounts from France on the subject of supplies of Cloathing and other stores. I have directed the Adj. General to call for an exact return of the drums and fifes wanting, which shall be transmitted to the Board as soon as they are brought in.
General Knox informs me that the Hessian swords which were at Albany were ordered down to Fishkill with an intention to deliver them out to the non Commd Officers of the Artillery and Infantry, but that on their arrival they were found stripped of their mountings which having been brass, had been taken off to cast into Gun Mountings and for other purposes. He says they may be remounted again with Iron, and that he will order part of them to be fitted up again. I have the honor, etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6, 1780.
Dr Sir: On Saturday I received the Honor of your obliging favor of the 23d. Ulto. and was extremely sorry to find that your indisposition still continued; before this I hope you are perfectly recovered.
Returns of the Troops have been transmitted to all the States, except those of North and South Carolina and Georgia, which have no Troops in this Quarter and so particular as to enable them to form a tolerable good Judgment of the deficiency of Men they are to provide. I was more fortunate in obtaining them than, I at first apprehended.
The number of Men in the Field, would certainly be the proper criterion by which to determine the quantity of Arms necessary to have in reserve; but this depending on Levies it cannot be known with precision. I should hope however, with You, that the quantity you have mentioned and which I am happy to find in our Magazines will be fully competent to every contingent demand. Unless we experience some unlucky stroke of fortune, they certainly will. As to the large Muskets without Bayonets, they would without doubt answer much better in a Garrison than in the Field; however as there must be at present a large proportion of Supernumerary Arms at West point from the expiration of the Mens inlistments, who composed a part of the Garrison, I think it will be as well, at any rate at this time, to defer sending any of them there. Indeed I would never wish to have more Arms at any of the posts than may be really necessary, including a small reserve for fear of accidents; and besides these considerations, as the Troops of the Garrison are not always stationary, these Arms might not answer all the purposes you at first intended. With respect to the Artillery, there is a Gentleman now doing the duty of Inspector in that line; and most of the Independent Corps, forming a part of the Brigades, fall under the Common Inspections. The point as to the Cavalry is the most difficult, as they act in such a sparse, divided manner; but we must aim at the best system and regulations we can for their Government.
The system which was in contemplation in the fall, I have not with me, and being much occupied when I read it, I would choose to give the subject a little more consideration and another perusal.
The Establishment in May 1778 fixed the number of Men and Horses, of which a Regiment of Cavalry should consist; but from the service of the Men expiring and other causes, I believe there are none that have the complement of either. And from the immoderate price of Horses owing to the depreciation of the money, it is really difficult to know what is best to advise with respect to the filling them.
You must certainly have every assistance that may be requisite for prosecuting the important and interesting business of your department; and when You return we will endeavour to provide for every deficiency and submit such additional arrangements as appear necessary, to the determination of Congress, who I am persuaded will adopt, with the greatest chearfulness, whatever may be thought essential.
It is so long since the annexing of the Mustering department to that of the Inspection was proposed, that You seem to have forgot it entirely. You will recollect on my mentioning the subject, that the matter was laid before a full Board of General Officers at West point, in consequence of a Letter I had received from a Committee of Congress; and that it was the unanimous opinion the Two Offices might be united, and that you found on consulting the Sub-Inspectors, the junction would be agreeable to them. It was in consequence of this information that I wrote to Congress the union of the Officers might be effected. They have since directed it to take place by a late Resolution, and me to arrange and report the plan. This I have hitherto deferred doing, from a desire of consulting you upon the occasion.
I am happy in the information about Cloathing &c. which you mention, and I sincerely hope they will arrive. It will be a fresh manifestation and in a very interesting point, of His Christian Majesty's affection towards us.
Count D'Estaing has experienced many vicissitudes of fortune. In this last affair She seemed at first to be much against him, in the separating him from his Squadron; but She appears in the conclusion to have made him amends in the capture of the Two Ships of War.39 I feel great pleasure from the event, and I trust the Count has arrived safe with the prizes in port; and that he is perfectly recovered of all his wounds.
[Note 39: Steuben's letter of February 23, in the Washington Papers, stated that the Languedoc ran aground on Cape Finisterre and was attacked by a British 74 and a frigate.]
I thank You for your promise of communicating the time of the Minister's departure, and request you will present me to him with the most respectful attachment. I have the Honor, etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 6, 1780.
Sir: I have received yours of the 25th Feby. inclosing the Returns of part of the Regiment of Artillery Artificers. It is to be regretted that the original inlistments had not been clearly expressive of the term of service. Separate Rolls should have been kept, distinguishing those for three years from those for the War. To obviate the difficulties which were likely to arise from this vague kind of inlistment; Congress passed a Resolve that all Men who had been inlisted for the War, or for three years or during the War previous to the 23d. January 1779 should be intitled to a fresh Bounty of 100 dollars upon renewing their inlistments for the War. The greater part of the soldiers who had been under the beforementioned circumstances reinlisted upon these terms, and I think you had better try the same experiment upon such of your people as come under the above description, and inform me whether you have any success.41
[Note 41: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "This is a matter which should be determined as soon as possible, that we may know for what number of Men the state of Pennsylvania is to have credit; for, if those whose are returned for three years or during the War are to be discharged at the expiration of three years, it will occasion a deduction of upwards of 140 from the present return."]
The making such provision for your Corps as is made by the State for the troops of her line, is a matter which lays intirely with the Legislature and in which I cannot with propriety interfere. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 43: Of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was made lieutenant in September, 1780, and captain in 1781.]
Head Quarters, March 6, 1780.
Sir: I have made your request for leave of absence known to His Excellency and have the pleasure to inform you, that you have his permission, to halt at home or in any part of Virginia, until the state of your wound will enable you to join, and do duty in your regt; when that is the case it is expected that you will immediately repair to the Southward and that you will in the meantime inform Genl Woodford or the commanding Officer of the Regt. the cause of your delay. With a sincere wish for your speedy recovery. I am, etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. M[eade], A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, March 7, 1780.
Parole Parliament. Countersigns Public, Physic.
All General and Staff officers of every denomination serving with the Army and all officers of Cavalry are to make, to the Quarter Master General as soon as possible, accurate returns of all public property belonging to his department, particularly Marques, Horseman's and common tents and of all public horses not in the dragoon and waggon service. All officers east of the river Potowmack are to pay strict obedience to this order.
At the request of Captain Van Dyck,45 a Court of Enquiry is to sit tomorrow at Col. Spencer's quarters, who is appointed President of the same, to enquire into the conduct of Captn. VanDyck respecting the death of a Negro man, soldier in Capt. Bernard's46 Company, Col. Wylly's regiment, who was killed on the night of the 14th. day of January last; Each of the Pennsylvania and Maryland brigades will furnish a Captain who are to sit as members.
[Note 45: Capt. Abraham C.(?) Van Dyke.]
[Note 46: Capt. John Bernard, of the Third Connecticut Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 7, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have successively received your several favors of the 17th February; two of the 28th; and two dated the 4th. instant.
From the representation of the Court of Enquiry in your letter of the 28th, and till a favorable change in its objects, I am induced to authorise you to direct Colonel Hay D. Q. M. G. to augment the number of express riders to the exigencies of the day. He is to make me forthwith a return of the number he may find requisite to call into service on this occasion; and injoined the strictest oeconomy, not only as it is the pleasure of Congress, but because it is absolutely necessary in our affairs.
Inclosed you will find observations on some of the questions transmitted in yours of the 4th. You will be pleased to fill up what I have left open, in such a manner, as will answer our purposes and at the same time suit the character which the writer bears with the enemy.
You have herewith the account of expenses incurred by Ens: Sloan47 returned; on which you may order payment deducting only the officers subsistence as noted on the back of the account. I am &c.
[Note 47: Ensign Sturgin Sloan, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed a lieutenant in August, 1871; transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
In answer to Beekwith's48 letter to--you will magnify the present force on the North river, but keep it within the bounds of what may be thought reasonable or probable.
[Note 48: One of Howe's spies.]
As to the water force up the river, and in the barbours of Connecticut &c. I can say nothing to the question. You must use your own judgment in the answer as well as others.
With respect to the recruiting of the army for the ensuing campaign you may give the true requisitions of Congress on this subject; adding that the states as far as we have heard mean to go into the measure spiritedly, and to fill up their respective batalions by drafts.
That the Quotas of the several States be as follows.
Exclusive of blacks.
W--n's intentions are not known. He appears to be preparing both for offensive and defensive operations on the North river. His preparations for the campaign are however on a general scale and seem calculated for decisive action or as circumstances and openings may point.
His magazines from motives of policy are not large as to the quantity Stored in one place. This he supposes prevents their becoming an object with the enemy, and prevents too great a draught on the army for guards. And this I believe to be the true reason for his having them so much dispersed in the Country.
Expectations of supplies from France, are not only well founded and ample, but morally certain.
It is whispered that a French fleet is expected. This however is very cautiously spoken of.
The confidence in the money is increasing very fast. This appears to have been brought about by several causes. Every body having bartered part of his property for the money, find it their interests to see it supported. The current expenses of the present year is to be provided for by heavy taxes which the people are very well disposed to bear, by the sale of bills on Europe, which I am told will bring into the treasury about forty million of dollars, and by loans which the moneyed men appear to enter into with much spirit. And in aid to this, the respective States are to furnish specific articles for the support of the army. Congress have determined against any further emissions.
The militia are well organized and in consequence of established signals can be assembled at a minutes warning.
The cavalry I am well informed will be recruited and brought on the lines.
The troops on the lines General Howe will speak to himself.49 [ sic]
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 7, 1780.
Whereas a proposition hath been made and acceded to for a meeting of Commissioners at Amboy on Thursday the 9th: instant for the purpose of settling a General Cartel.
In order to carry the said proposition into effect and to make the most liberal permanent and extensive provision for the exchange and accommodation of prisoners of War.
You Major General St. Clair and Lieutenant Colonels Carrington and Hamilton in virtue of full powers to me given by The Honorable the Congress of the United States are hereby appointed and authorised to meet such Commissioners of suitable Rank as shall come duly authorised on the part of His Excellency Sir Henry Clinton or His Excellency Lieutenant General Knyphausen in virtue of powers from His Britannic Majesty at the time and place above mentioned and at any time and place afterwards to which it may be thought proper to adjourn, with them to treat, confer, determine and conclude upon a General Cartel for the exchange and accommodation of prisoners of War including the Troops of the Convention of Saratoga and all matters whatsoever which may be properly contained therein on principles of justice, humanity and mutual advantage and agreeable to the custom and practice of War among civilized Nations.
For all which this shall be your Warrant and your engagements being interchanged shall be ratified and confirmed by me.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 7, 1780.
Sir: I have been honoured with your Favor of the 6th. Instant. The part the Grand Jury of this County are desirous of taking, in the matter that makes the subject of Your Letter, does great credit to their justice and their zeal. At the same time, it appears to me, that it may be best not to issue the Order they request,51 as it might produce many trivial complaints by the Soldiery, and have a tendency to excite in them, however guarded and descriptive the Order might be of the persons the Objects of the Jury's request, a less respectful regard for the Inhabitants and their property, than I wish them to possess. In this view I have declined issuing It. If however there are any particular persons, who the Jury have good grounds to believe were guilty of immoderate exactions from the Soldiery in their late distress, and they think proper to communicate their names, I will direct measures to be taken to obtain the Witnesses to the facts, if they belong to the Army. I have the Honor, etc.52
[Note 51: The grand jury of Morris County had been informed that some of the inhabitants had practiced extortion on the soldiers in the matter of prices charged for provisions. It requested Washington "to direct (in General orders) that those of the Soldiers who have been thus shamefully and unreasonably treated, or can give information on the subject, do make their complaints in form before the Grand Jury, or some Magistrate of the County that those extortioners may be proceeded against according to law, or pointed out by the public as Unconscionable men."-- Symmes to Washington, Mar. 6, 1780. Symmes's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 8, 1780.
Gentlemen: Inclosed you have Returns of Arms and Accoutrements wanting by the 2d. and 4th: Regiments of Light Dragoons. The Articles of sadlery could, I believe, have been procured in Connecticut, but the Dy. Qr. Mr. General there did not think himself at liberty to proceed in the Business, without a special order, and therefore transmitted the Returns to the Quarter Master General for his direction, who, being also at a loss in the matter, put them into my hands. The Board may perhaps have been already taking measures for the equipment of the Cavalry for the next Campaign, and I therefore thought it best to consult them before I gave any order in the matter. Should the Board not have made provision of the Articles called for, I imagine Mr. Hubbard, the Dy. Qt. Mr. Gl. at Hartford, can as readily and more conveniently than any other supply the Sadlery. The Commy. General of military Stores will I suppose have directions to supply such Articles as fall within his department. There are pistols in the Magazine, but the Horsemens swords must be made, as there are none proper for the purpose on hand, that I know of. You will be pleased to take into consideration the advanced state of the season, which calls for an early determination upon the premisses.
From a letter which I recd. from Major Tallmadge, at present commanding Officer of the 2d. Regt. of Dragoons, dated 20th. Feby. I am fearful that no orders have yet been issued for providing Cloathing for that Regt. The following is an extract from the Major's letter "We have recd. a letter from the Board of War informing that they have requested your Excellency to furnish Colo. Sheldon with an order on Messrs. Otis and Henly in Boston for the Cloathing necessary for his Regt." I have never received any such directions from the Board, on the contrary, if they will refer to my letter of the 15th: January in answer to one of the 21st. Decemr. by Capt. Edgar on the subject of Cloathing for that Regt. I advised the Board to give Otis and Henly orders to make up Cloathing for a full Regt: as the overplus if any, might be applied by the Cloathier to the other Corps of Horse. Having heard nothing since, I concluded the order had been given.
Should there have been any misapprehension the Board will perceive the necessity of giving an immediate order to have the Cloaths procured, the approach of the season for operation not only demands it, but the whole Regt. is returned unfit for duty for want of Cloaths. I have the honor, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 8, 1780.
Gentlemen: The powers herewith, authorise you to proceed to Amboy on Thursday the 9th. instant to meet Commissioners on the part of the enemy for the purpose of settling a General Cartel. You will perceive what has been already done in this business by the papers accompanying this. The proposals concerted between Major General Phillips and Colonels Magaw, Mathews, Ely and Lt Col Ramsay No. 1; the resolution of Congress of the 13th. and 26 of Jany and the letter from the President of the 27th. No. 2; the resolution of Congress transmitted in a letter from the Board of Treasury of the 14th. Jany. No. 3; my letter to Colonels Mathews, Ely and Lt Col Ramsay of the 1st of Feby. No. 4; Lt General Knyphussens letter of the 19th. No. 5; mine in answer of the 29th. No. 6; and his in answer to that, of the 4th. instant. No. 7.54
[Note 54: A copy of no. 1, Jan. 4, 1780, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no, 152, vol. 8, fol. 291. Attested copies of no. 2 are in the Washington Papers, An attested copy of no. 3, Jan. 13, 1780; the draft of no. 4; the original of no. 5; the draft of no, 6; and the original of no. 7, are in the Washington Papers.]
The only instructions I have to give you are these, that you transact nothing under your commission, but upon principles of perfect equality and on a national ground. If the enemy will not treat with you on this footing you will put an end to the Negotiation. But after your official business is over, I wish you in private conversation, to enter into a discussion of the proposals so as to remove any difficulties they contain and prepare the way for some future particular agreement, which may give relief to our officers and men in captivity.
If you enter into a general Cartel you must of necessity include the Southern prisoners; but if you are obliged to confine yourself to what I now recommend, you will avoid including them. The proposals appear to me generally liberal, though in some respects exceptionable. The tariff however is moderate enough. Having entire confidence in your judgment and discretion, I think it unnecessary to enter into a detail of the exceptionable parts; persuaded they will readily occur to you and that you will take proper steps to have them amended.
The settlement of accounts is a point of importance and difficulty. As the matter now stands I am unable to give you any explicit directions on the subject. If you are like to enter into a general Cartel, you will immediately advise me and I will obtain further instructions from Congress. If this is not the case, you will hardly be able to draw any engagements from the enemy on this head, and you will perceive this point is not to be made a preliminary nor ultimatum. You will do the best you can, endeavouring by all means, to engage the British Commissioners to advance a sufficient sum of money to pay the debts of our officers for Board and the like and enable them to leave their captivity.
You will communicate to me from time to time, any matters you may desire my advise upon and it shall cheerfully be afforded. I sincerely wish you a successful and honorable issue to your Commission.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 8, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter of the 6th of this month, covering a copy of one of the 16th of February to Congress, on the subject of your department.
That your representation may want no efficacy which it can receive on my part, I shall take the first opportunity to transmit the Congress your letter to me which accompanied it; As also that of Colonel Biddle's to you of the 24th. and what has been done in consequence. The embarrassments and evils you have stated, as crouding and accumulating in your department, are truly alarming: but how far the condition of our finances may put it in the power of Congress to remove or lessen them, I cannot pretend to say. Heretofore you have uniformly and successfully used your abilities and exertions to forward the service; and I have no doubt, that under the most critical circumstances these will continue to be employed. I am &c.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 8, 1780.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 15th. and 26th. ulto. The first inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial agt. Capt. Lieut. Young,57 the last a return of your Regiment.
[Note 57: Capt.-Lieut. Guy Young, of the First New York Regiment. His rank of captain was dated from July, 1779; retired in January, 1781; served subsequently as captain of New York levies.]
I find myself under the necessity of disapproving the Sentence agt. Capt. Lt. Young, on account of the irregular constitution of the Court. The power of ordering Genl. Courts Martial is only vested in the Commander in Chief or a General Officer commanding in any State; And if I am not mistaken, Major Graham58 the president of the Court was at the same time commanding Officer of the Garrison which is contrary to one of the Articles of War. Indeed, from the whole face of the proceedings, I am of opinion that this matter had better be accommodated than brought before another Court, as the arrest was principally founded on transactions which happened in liquor and which ought never to have been brought before the public. The charge of neglect of duty does not seem to be at all supported. But as you must from your situation be more fully acquainted with circumstances than I am, I will grant an order for holding a General Court Martial if you think the service requires it.
[Note 58: Maj. John Graham, of the First New York Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
I shall, as soon as the season and circumstances will admit, relieve your Regiment from their present duty. I return the proceedings of the Court. I am &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favs. of the 23d. and 24th. Feby. with the several inclosures to which they refer. I am exceedingly concerned to see by the letters which have passed between Governor Trumbull and you, and by the Returns, the ill condition of the 2nd. and 4th: Regiments of Cavalry in respect to Cloathing, Arms and Accoutrements. I understood that application had been made for the former directly to the Board of War, and I was in hopes that it had been provided. I shall be glad to know what prospect your Regiment has of being supplied and have wrote to Major Tallmadge on the same subject respecting Sheldons. Genl. Greene yesterday laid before me a Return of Arms and Accoutrements wanting in both Regiments. This Return had been delivered to Mr. Hubbard the Dy. Qt. Mr. Genl. in Connecticut, but he not knowing whether he was authorised to procure the several Articles, transmitted the estimate to the Qt. Mr. Genl. who put it into my hands. I have some reason to believe that the Board of War have been making provisions for the Cavalry, I have therefore forwarded the Return to them, and shall take their order for the method of procuring what they cannot supply.
A Court Martial is to be held on the 15th. April next at Springfield for the trial of Mr. Tychnor60 Dy. Commy. of purchases at Coos, on sundry Charges brought agt. him by Colo. Hazen. I have directed the Commanding Officer at Danbury to furnish a Field Officer for president and six Captains and Subs. Six Captains and Subs are to be furnished from the two Regiments of Cavalry. You will therefore be pleased to order that number upon that duty, and direct them to be punctual in their attendance at the time.
[Note 60: Isaac Tichnor (Tychnor).]
Doctor Shippen has summoned you as a Witness upon his trial which is to be held at this place upon the 14th: Inst. After leaving proper directions with the next Officer in command you will repair hither. I am &c.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favs. of the 20th: and 26th. Feby. Inclosed you will find an acceptance of Capt. Shethars62
[Note 62: Capt. John Shethar, of the Second Continental Dragoons. His resignation is dated Mar. 8, 1780.] Resignation, which ought of right to have been endorsed upon his Commission. I shall be glad to be informed whether the interposition of the Civil Authority, in regard to granting and extending furloughs is confined to the State of Jersey, because I would take occasion to mention the matter to the Governors of the States where such proceedings have happened. I forwarded Mr. Campbells63 letter to him.
[Note 63: Mr. Campbell was a justice of the peace at Springfield, N. J., who had extended the furloughs of several of Tallmadge's men.]
I have never received any directions from the Board of War to call upon Otis and Henley for a supply of Cloathing for the 2d. Regt. of Cavalry; on the contrary, I wrote to the Board on the 15th. January last in consequence of Captain Edgars application and advised them to give orders to Otis and Henley to have Cloathing made up for a full Regiment; telling them at the same time, that if the Regt. should not be recruited to its complement, the overplus Cloathing might be kept or delivered to some other Corps; having heard nothing since, I concluded the matter had been done; But I shall upon your letter, write immediately to the Board, that if there has been any misapprehension, they may take occasion to give their orders without delay.64
[Note 64: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "I am much concerned to find by Colo. Moylans report the ill condition of the Regimt. for want of Cloathing."]
C-- Seniors letter of the 27th. Feby. transmitted to me by Lt: Brewster came safely to hand. I am &c.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 6[--8], 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Letters of the 21st and 22d Ulto. I thank you for the communication you have been pleased to give me, with respect to the Fleet and embarkation at the Havannah, and I am in hopes we shall hear of the Spaniards having made a successful stroke against one or both of the places you have mentioned. As to the Enemy's Fleet supposed to bound to the Southward, from the violent and constant storms that prevailed for several days after their departure from New York, I still think they must have been a good deal deranged and injured.
With respect to Capt. Greene66 and the other Hostages given at the Cedars. It cannot be in my power to do more than to endeavour to effect their exchange. This will be attempted as it constantly has been; but it will rest with the Enemy to consent to it or not, as they may think proper. Hitherto the latter has been their choice, and if they persevere in it, the Hostages I should suppose must be bound by their engagements. It seems to me that this must be the case in every instance of Parole, and in the present the engagements appear to be obligatory upon the officers in a very peculiar manner, as the indulgence of Parole was granted, after the Treaty was set aside, for the performance of which they had been given as a security.
[Note 66: Capt. Ebenezer Green (Greene), of Bedel's New Hampshire Rangers. He was a prisoner on parole to February, 1782.]
I find myself under the necessity of transmitting to Your Excellency the Copy of a letter I received Yesterday from the Quarter Master General, pointing out afresh the distresses of his department. As Your Excellency I presume, has received the original letter of the 16th Ulto. to which he alludes,67 I have not inclosed a copy of it. I do not know what can or will be done to give relief; but from all I hear and all I see, things really appear to me in this department to be in a very alarming train, and to threaten the most interesting and fatal consequences. The inclosure No 2 (a Copy of a letter of the 24th
[Note 67: In the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 155, vol. 1, fol. 208. An autograph signed copy is in the Washington Papers.] Ulto. from Colo Biddle to the Quarter Master Genl.) will shew too how we are, and are like to be distressed on account of forage. In consequence of this representation, I prevailed on Colo Biddle as the most eligible plan that occur'd to me, to wait on the Assembly at Trenton and to lay our difficulties and apprehensions on this head before them but what they will or can do I cannot determine. I am very apprehensive that we shall experience great difficulties for want of proper supplies.
March 8th.
Your Excellency's dispatches of the 29th of Feby. have been duly received. General Irvine at present, is at home on Furlough, which circumstance of itself would prevent an immediate attention being paid to his claim of rank; but if this was not the case, it appears to me for reasons I shall take the liberty to state on a future occasion, that it will be impossible for me to settle it, and that Congress themselves will be only competent to it.
It is very sincerely to be wished that the States may furnish the several articles of supplies required of them. It will be very interesting for them to do it, and in such a manner that the Army may not either be reduced to a situation of want, or our operations be cramped or prohibited by an apprehension of it. I shall take the earliest occasion, after it is in my power, to inform the respective States of the places that appear to me the most proper for the supplies to be deposited at. It will be necessary to consult the Quartr. Master Genl and Commissary Genl. upon the subject, the latter of whom is now absent from Camp on business at the Eastward. I have the honor, etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on March 16 and referred to the Board of Treasury. "Postponed for Estimates T[homas]. B[urke]: 16 Septemr. 1780, to be returned to the Secrety. Office." Ford prints this letter under date of March 6, and Sparks under March 7.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, March 8, 1780.
Parole Price. Countersigns Civil, Liberty.
From the great scarcity of forage and difficulty of obtaining the necessary supplies, the General calls for a strict attention to the order of the 8th. day of December last for sending away from Camp as many horses as possible.
When hay cannot be issued and the supplies of grain will admit of it, eight quarts of grain are to be issued daily for each horse and when hay is issued, four quarts.
All officers drawing forage from the Magazine or Brigade Forage Masters are to make returns of the number of horses which they actually have in camp and draw for them only; and the Commissary General of Forage is to pay the utmost attention to having the forage distributed to the riding and waggon horses with the utmost equality during the present scarcity.
All the great roads leading thro' camp are to be cleared and repaired immediately by the brigades thro' or near which they pass; and care is to be taken to have free communications opened from one brigade to another thro'out both lines of the army.
The hot season approaching, all possible attention is to be paid to cleanliness in the interior and environs of camp; Sinks are to be dug without delay. Every fair day the windows and doors of all the huts should be kept open the greatest part of the day, and the beding straw and bunks frequently aired.
All officers on parade duty are to pay a strict attention to the performance of the honors due to the General and Field officers agreeable to the established regulations.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, March 9, 1780.
Parole Reflexion. Countersigns Reason, Reserve.
Commands of Brigades frequently devolving on junior, while senior Field officers are in camp, the Adjutant General is directed to vary from the order of the 31st. of January and instead of Commandants of Brigades, appoint as many senior field officers to do the duty of Brigadiers of the day as will make the tour once in eight days.
AFTER ORDERS
Thomas O'Bryne of Col. Crane's Corps of Artillery is appointed Provost Marshal to the army 'till further orders.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: I recd. your favr. of yesterday requesting some general or particular orders for the necessary provision in the Quarter Master's department for the ensuing Campaign. Under present circumstances, any directions, which I can give, must be of the former kind, and after furnishing you with the number of Men which Congress have thought fit to require for the current year, I must leave it to your judgment to determine what will be necessary to equip them, so far as they depend upon you. Inclosed you will find the quota of troops required from each State, which is to include those already in the field, whether of Artillery, Horse, additional Regiments, or the troops of particular States. And though they may not perhaps be all levied, yet, in forming estimates, we ought to make the full number the Rule of calculation. We are at present to suppose that all those demanded of Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia will act to the Southward and are to be provided for separately. The enemy may transfer the War more generally to the southward, but as that is a matter of great uncertainty, I do not know that we are authorised to make a greater provision in that quarter, than for the number of Men that seem just now designated for that service.
The position and operation of the remainder will depend so much upon future circumstances, that I can give you no other directions at present than to be making the best preparations in your power of Camp equipage, Carriages &c. for the number of Men destined for the main Army which will be composed of the troops from Maryland to New-Hampshire inclusively. The position of this Body, should the Enemy remain in considerable force at New York, we may reasonably suppose will be much the same that it was the last Campaign, and as that, under present appearances, is most probable, I think you may be drawing the Stores of your department to this quarter and towards the North River as soon as the state of the Roads and the forwardness of your preparations will admit; giving me notice before you make any considerable collection. Should our Allies determine upon a joint operation by sea and land against New York they must necessarily give us previous notice and in that case we must change our plan from the defensive to the offensive. I do not know that we can now take any measures towards the latter event, more than giving orders to have all the Craft upon the North River and in the sound overhawled and put in repair as soon as the Weather will admit of such Work. From the foregoing, and from your own intimate knowledge of the situation of our affairs, you will perceive that I cannot give you more particular directions for your conduct. I sincerely wish that your embarrassments were fewer, but I am convinced that you will exert yourself to the utmost. Should any intelligence come to my knowledge, which will enable me to give you more particular or perfect information, you may be assured that I shall immediately communicate them to you. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. At the end of the draft Richard Kidder Meade has appended the quota of men each State is to furnish, which is the same as that in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe, Mar. 7, 1780, q. v.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 9, 1780.
Dr Sir: The General officers at this time absent from the army, and those who claim the indulgence of a furlough are [is distressing to me and injurious to the service and] makes me hope that the state of your health is so far altered for the better, as to admit of your rejoining the army, in this quarter. I would wish you to be here as soon as possible, but if circumstances do not correspond with your immediate attendance in this case, by the beginning of the next month at farthest. If however your health is not in a condition to put this in practice you will be pleased to take occasion to inform me. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets were interlined by Washington, but McHenry has scratched out the "is" and written "are" over it.]
[Note 71: Of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 9, 1780.
Sir: A General Court Martial is to be held at Springfield on the 15th: April next for the trial of Mr. Isaac Tichenor Dy. Commy. of purchases at Coos on sundry Charges exhibited against him by Colonel Hazen, and for the trial of Jacob Bailey Esqr. Dy. Qr. master Genl. at Coos on a charge of neglect of duty exhibited against him by Mr. Tichnor. After going through the before mentioned trials, part of the Members of the same Court are to form a Court of enquiry into the Issues of the provisions made by Mr. Matthew Lynes Dy. Commy. of Issues at Coos, during the fall and Winter of 1778 and previous to Colonel Hazen's arrival in 1779. You are to appoint a Field Officer as president of the Court and six Captains and Subs from the Brigade under your command. The remaining six are to be furnished from the 2d. and 4th: Regs. of Dragoons. Inclosed you will find powers for holding the Court Martial and Court of enquiry and Copies of the charges agt. Mr. Tichenor and Bailey which you will be pleased to deliver to the Gentleman who may be appointed president. You have also inclosed a survey held upon the provision at Coos, which may serve to throw some light upon the matters which may be brought before the Court. The parties are furnished with the Charges and summoned to attend with the Witnesses and Vouchers. You will desire the Officers from your Brigade to be punctual in their attendance at the time.
The proceedings of the Court Martial and the Result of the Court of Enquiry are to be transmitted to me. I am &c.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 73: Brig. Gen. Jacob Bayley (Bailey), of the New Hampshire Militia, and deputy quartermaster general at Coos.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 9, 1780.
Sir: The severity of the Season having prevented the persons concerned from attending the Court Martial which was appointed to be held at this place the 20th. January last, I have, for the conveniency of the parties ordered a Court to sit the 15th: April next at Springfield. You being charged by Mr. Isaac Tichenor Dy. Commy. of purchases "With suffering a quantity of Beef at Coos to take damage through your inattention and neglect and contrary to your engagements and duty." You are desired to attend at the time and place before mentioned prepared to answer the said charge. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 9, 1780.
Sir: I have received a report from New York, that one of the transports which sailed from this place with the armament on the 26th of Decemhr. Ulto. after a succession of severe weather, and on being seperated from the fleet, had opened her orders which it is said directed her to rendezvous at Tybee;75 but finding this either impracticable or two hazardous she returned to New York.
[Note 75: Entrance of the Savannah River, Georgia.]
I would observe to you on this report, that it does not come with sufficient authenticity to give it any certain determination. My desire, however to send you every thing that may have a tendency to throw light on the designs or destination of the fleet, is my reason for the present communication. I wish to have it in my power to advise you of something more interesting. With great regard, etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 9, 1780.
Sir: A Court Martial and Court of Enquiry is to be held at Springfield on the 15th: April next for investigating the complaints against the Dy. Qr. Master and Dy. Commissaries of purchases and Issues at Coos. You are desired to give notice to Mr. Lynes to attend, prepared to account for the quantity of provisions issued by him during the Fall and Winter of 1778 and previous to Colo. Hazens arrival at Coos in 1779 specifying to whom and by whose orders the provisions were issued. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 10, 1780.
Sir: "Since I had the Honor of writing to Your Excellency on the 26th Ulto. I have obtained Returns of Moylan's and Sheldon's Regiments of Light Dragoons, in which I find there are some Men belonging to the state of New Jersey. I inclose a particular Return of them, specifying the Terms of their engagements."
I have the Honor, etc.
Moylans 21. Sheldons 11 = 32
[P.S.] I have had the Honor of Your Excellency's Obliging Favor of the 26th of Feby. and am indebted for the very polite and friendly manner in which You have been pleased to express Yourself on the subject of my Letter of the 19th.
Your Excellency's observations with respect to the Enemys affairs in Europe, appear to be well warranted by the public prints that have been received; but I hope nevertheless as You do, that the States will not relax in any necessary and prudent preparation. We may be certain from what has happened, that the Enemy will never give over prosecuting their claim till compelled by the last necessity. I congratulate You on the proceedings in Ireland which seem well calculated to hasten this.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The same letter, with necessary changes in text to fit and minus the postscript, was sent to President Joseph Reed, of Pennsylvania, and Jeremiah Powell, president of the Massachusetts Council.]
Head Quarters, March 10, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of writing to Your Excellency on the 20th Ulto. I have obtained Returns of some Corps, which I had not then. I find there are in Moylan's Regiment of Light Dragoons a few Men belonging to the State of Maryland, of which I inclose You a particular Return, specifying the terms for which they stand engaged.
I have received within a few days past the Honor of Your Excellency's Letter of the 3d of last month. In consequence, I have informed General Gist79 that a Flag shall be furnished to convey Your passport to New York, respecting Mrs Chamier's furniture &c, and I very much wish that She may receive them safe. Her peculiar circumstances and the generosity of Mr Chamier in his life time to our prisoners, as has been frequently mentioned, seem to have given Mrs Chamier a good claim to the indulgence the Council have granted. I have the Honor, etc.80
[Note 79: Brig. Genl. Mordecai Gist.]
[Note 80: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MD. H. S]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, March 10, 1780.
Parole Substantial. Countersigns Solidity, Sense.
The Main Guard will be relieved tomorrow by Detail from the Line.
The returns called for by the order of the 6th. instant are to include all continental property received from the Quarter Master General's department, not specified in the returns made by the Brigade Quarter Masters.
As a multiplicity of business in the Adjutant General's office renders it extremely difficult for him to attend at the Orderly Office every day, the acting brigade Major of the day therefore after the duty of the grand parade is over, will attend at the Adjutant General's Office in Morristown to take the general orders which he is to communicate at the place appointed to the other Brigade Majors and officers intitled to receive them; This duty to be performed daily 'till further orders, except on Saturday when the Adjutant General will attend in person.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 10[--11], 1780.
Dear Sir: I yesterday recd. yours of the 7th. I fancy your information of the enemy's having been at Sufferans was without foundation; at least I have heard nothing of it, and I think such an occurrence could not have escaped the Officer who commands the party at Paramus.
I take it for granted that General Heath has furnished you with a Copy of the instructions which I left with him When I removed from West point; the following are extracts from my orders to Genl. Poor or commanding Officer at Danbury
The object of your going there (Danbury) is to afford the best cover to the part of the Country Eastward of Norwalk on the sound, as the troops at West point will attend more immediately to the Enemy's lines and the protection of the people in that quarter of the state of NYork. As there is no telling the designs or knowing the objects of the enemy you will endeavor to give opposition to them and afford every assistance in your power to the State you will be in, in case any part of it is invaded, and will in an especial manner in case of such an event attend to the case of our Stores at Litchfield and Springfield. In every other respect you will consider yourself under the orders and directions of Maj. Genl. Heath or Officer commanding at West point if your superior in Rank.
You will perceive from the foregoing and from my instructions to General Heath that my Ideas only extended in general to throwing a Chain of light parties from the North River to the sound. In case of an actual and serious invasion of the State of Connecticut General Poor was to give every assistance in his power, but it never was intended to move any Body of troops down to the Coast upon such occasions or upon such surmises as those mentioned by Colo. Mead.81 Indeed were we to attend to every small operation upon the sound the enemy might take an opportunity, by making a feint there, to operate to effect upon the Highland posts.
[Note 81: Col. John Mead, of the Connecticut Militia. He was brigadier general of the Connecticut Militia in 1781 to the close of the war. A copy of his letter to Howe (March 2) is in the Washington Papers.]
General Heath, in a letter of the 27th. January, proposed ordering one hundred Men from General Poors Brigade to take post at Harrison's purchase, but I objected to making a stationary post so low down, and advised, instead of that, a patrol of one hundred, who should move down occasionally.
I have given no other Instructions to General Heath particularly relative to his command at the Highlands.
I am exceedingly pleased at your attention to the Works at West point, which I wish may be pushed forward as far as the Weather and your numbers will admit.
11th. I am this moment favd. with yours of the 8th. I cannot but approve every attempt to reform the discipline of the Army which I am sorry to say is too little attended to in general. I shall deliver Ensign Vincents82 parole to the Commy. General of prisoners. I am etc.83
[Note 82: Ensign Elijah Vincent, of The Guides and Pioneers, loyalist troops.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, March 11, 1780.
Parole Trade. Countersigns Leinster, Bedford.
Hand's and Maxwell's brigades will relieve the fatigue party at the Baskin-Ridge Hospital tomorrow.
Stark's brigade will furnish a serjeant two Corporals and twenty men as a fatigue party to be sent tomorrow to Mr. William Beard's saw mill, near Baskin-Ridge to assist in repairing the same, for the use of the Army.
The Main Guard and Morristown Picket are to be relieved by detail every other day 'till further orders.
The brigadiers and officers commanding brigades are desired to attend at Head Quarters punctually at 11 o'clock next Monday morning.
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 11, 1780.
Sir: I have received Intelligence and from a person who thinks himself well informed, that the enemy have it in contemplation to pay us a visit (and in a very short time) at this Post. At the same time that I discredit the report (at least with respect to time), I do not despise the information especially as our circumstances, and some appearances with them are not opposed to the measure.
The effect I wish this communication to have upon you, is, to be as well informed as possible of every movement within the enemy's lines; particularly with respect to the Assembling of Troops and Horses, and the reparation of Boats and Carriages, an Acct. of which you will immediately transmit to me, and prepare with Poors Brigade and such troops as can be spared from the Point to make a forward movemt. towards Kings bridge either to take the enemy in reverse, or keep them in check.
Their movement in force only is to govern yours and sufficient attention is to be paid to your Works. You will readily perceive that the design of this manoeuvre is to induce the enemy to look back to their rear if the Camp near Morris should be their object. In haste for I did not know of the present conveyance five minutes ago. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 11, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Since my private letter of this morning Baron De Kalb who is on the lines, informs me, that "the enemy have taken up a large number of vessels (it seems for an expedition against this quarter). All the houses on the western and northern sides of Staten Island are taken for barracking troops. That on the 8th. inst. a number of horsemen arrived on said Island together with some artillery men, and a large number of troops were to arrive there the 9th."
As this is confirmative of the information transmitted you in my private letter, in addition to what I have there advised, in case of the enemy moving against this quarter, I would recommend the calling in such a force of Militia as you may judge adequate to the object of your move, and that they bring with them at least 10 or 12 days provisions. Without this precaution it would be impossible to feed them from our own stock. But this measure should not be adopted till you are convinced from your own intelligence, or mine, that the designs of the enemy are directed against Morris. The information should not be equivocal, but decisive. For to call in the Militia without a certainty in this matter would be to multiply our embarrassments without any adequate end.
I would observe however on this subject, that altho all the intelligence is pointed at this army, and notwithstanding the circumstance of fixing on the houses on the western and northern sides of Staten Island would corroborate the idea yet it may happen that while the enemy look one way their intentions may be to operate another. But whether the posts at the highlands, or this army, be the object your precautions and measures will necessarily place you in a situation calculated to make a diversion as proposed, in our favor, or a resistance competent to your own security till you can be succored by the collective force of the Country or from this quarter. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 11, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of this morning. I very much approve of your keeping up water Guards, which, if alert, will prevent any passage from the Island without discovery: But still further to prevent a movement towards you without notice, I would wish you to engage the Militia Light Horse again, to remain in service untill we see what the present indications of the Enemy mean. A knowledge of the kind of Vessels which the enemy are said to have taken up, will, in some measure, lead to a determination upon the object which they may have in view. If of the larger kind, I should hardly suppose they meant them for the passage of the Sound. I would wish you to endeavour to ascertain this point.
There were certain Signals established for alarming the Militia in case of a serious movement, but I fear they have of late been neglected and have got out of repair. Mr. Caldwell can inform you better than any person where the Signals were placed and of the methods fixed upon for communicating the Alarm to the Country. I must request you to apply to him for the necessary information upon the subject and to lose no time in having matters so arranged that we may upon the shortest notice call in the force of the Country. You are not to depend upon the Militia for doing this, but send parties to repair any of the signals which may want it.
You will be pleased to communicate any intelligence which may reach you as speedily as possible. I am &c.85
[Note 85: De Kalb replied (March 15) and also inclosed a list of the "Signals on which the militia are Immediately to Assembly" and their locations. De Kalb's reply is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. Be pleased to inform me immediately of the situation in which you find the signals from Mr. Caldwell's report.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, March 12, 1780.
Parole Temperance. Countersigns Tattoo, Time.
The regimental Cloathiers of Hazen's, Spencer's, Angell's Jackson's, Webb's, Sherburne's and Livingston's regiments are to attend tomorrow morning at 8 o'clock at the Cloathier General's store in Morristown to receive their respective proportions of cloathing. Brigadier General Knox will be pleased to appoint a person to attend at the same time and place to receive the proportion of cloathing for the brigade of Artillery.
The Court of Enquiry whereof Colonel Spencer is Presidt., having made strict examination into the conduct of Captain Van Dyck respecting the death of a Negro soldier belonging to Captain Bernard's company in Colonel Wyllys's regiment, report as follows, (Vizt.)
"The Court considering the evidence are fully of opinion that Captain Van Dyck being in the line of his duty, his conduct on the occasion was highly justifiable."
The Commander in Chief approves the judgment of the court, and the Court is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 12, 1780.
Sir: Yours of the 24th. ulto. reached me yesterday. I imagine from your letter you will be setting out for the Camp by the time this gets to your hands; the scarcity of Field Officers, of whom there are barely sufficient to perform the necessary duties obliges me to request you to join your Regt. with as much dispatch as possible. I am &c.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, March 13, 1780.
Parole Venerable. Countersigns Veteran, Vigor.
A General Court Martial of the line is to sit tomorrow 10 o'clock at the new store room in Morristown for the trial of Doctor William Shippen junior and such other persons as may be brought before them, Brigadier General Hand is appointed President, Colonels Hazen and Proctor Lieutenant Colonels De Hart and North and Majors Thayer and Grief are appointed members, a Captain from each Brigade in Camp except the second Maryland and 1st. Pennsylvania and the Brigade of Artillery will also attend as members.
By a Division General Court Martial of the Pennsylvania line held the 22nd. day of February last Col. W. Stewart, President, Samuel Bell and Robert Powers, soldiers of the 10th. Pennsylvania regiment and Thomas Brown and Jacob Justice soldiers of the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment confined for "Plundering Mr. Bogart an Inhabitant near Paramus" were tried and found guilty of a breach of the 21st. article, 13th section of the articles of war and sentenced each of them to be hanged, more than two thirds of the Court agreeing.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
AFTER ORDERS
Colonel Johnston is appointed officer of the day tomorrow in place of Colonel Ogden who is to sit on general court martial in place of Colonel Hazen, Lieutt. Col. Mentges is appointed member of the same Court in place of Col. Proctor, excused.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 13, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 9th: Instant with the Extract from the Letter of the Board of War to which You refer. I think it not altogether unlikely that Mr Taylor,88 as well as some others who were employed in the same way, has imposed on the public. The order he obtained for hides was in consequence of receipts produced for Shoes delivered chiefly if not wholly to the Virginia line. There was no deduction made from his claim that I recollect on account of the Work of the Soldiers. This appears highly equitable and it being conformable to the views of the Honorable Board I wish you, notwithstanding the Order which was given,89 to settled with Mr. Taylor for any allowance to which the States may be
[Note 88: Obediah Taylor. He was Deputy Commissary of Hides(?).]
[Note 89: An order issued by the Board of War (Jan. 20, 1780) forbidding Mehelm to furnish any more hides to Taylor until his accounts were settled, This order is in the Washington Papers.] intitled for the service of the Soldiers who worked with him and that he may receive Hides only in proportion to the Ballance. I am &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 14, 1780.
Gentlemn: In answer to Your Letter of the 4th Instant which I had the Honor of receiving the 12th, I beg leave to inform you, that from the diminution of our force at Fort Pitt by the expiration of the Men's inlistments and the impracticability of replacing them from hence there is no prospect of our undertaking shortly any offensive operations in that Quarter. I would not wish this however to delay the sending on the articles requested by my Letter of the 8th Ulto. which the Board have been pleased to have provided, after the Roads will admit of it. I have the Honor, etc.
P.S. In a letter from Colo. Brodhead of the 11th Feby. he mentions the want of a few Armourers at Fort Pitt. the Board will be pleased to order them from the most convenient place, which will be from Carlisle.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 11th: ulto. You will, I imagine, long before this time, have received mine of the 4th. of January, which acknowledges yours of the 10th. and 22d. Novemr. and 13th: Decemr. What I hinted in that letter respecting an expedition against the Natches and the English settlements upon the Missisippi is now at an end, the Spaniards having already possessed those posts.
From the accounts which you have received of the enemy's force at Detroit, and my Ideas of yours, (having received no late Returns) it is evident that you can make no attempt upon that place; But if you think yourself competent to an excursion against any of the hostile tribes of Indians, you are at liberty, as I have mentioned in some of my former letters, to undertake it. In your next Return, be pleased to let me know the different terms of service of your own Regiment and of the 9th. Virginia, and let the Returns, of late Rawlins's and the independent Companies, not only specify the terms of service, but to what States the Men who compose them, belong. This is necessary, to enable me to give the States credit for their Men serving in detached Corps.
I had, upon the 8th: February, desired the Board of War to prepare a certain quantity of Ordnance and Stores for Fort Pitt, and recommended to them to endeavour to send them up while the snow was on the ground, if they should be of opinion, that it would be possible to pass the Mountains at that season. I imagine it was deemed impracticable, as they wrote me on the 4th: Inst. that the Stores were ready and would go off as soon as the Roads would permit. I have directed Genl. Knox to detach an Officer of Artillery with a proper number of Men for the duty of the Garrison at Fort Pitt.
I am under the necessity of disapproving the sentence against Lt. Gordon92 on account of the irregular constitution of the Court. A General Court Martial can only be held by order of the Commander in Chief, or of a General Officer commanding a separate department, or in any one of the States. But that
[Note 92: Lieut. Arthur Gordon, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. In Brodhead's letter to Washington (Apr. 24, 1780), in the Washington Papers, he stated: "Mr. Arthur Gordon has deserted from his arrest and will probably avoid a new trial."] justice may be duly administered, I inclose a power, by which Mr. Gordon may be brought to a new trial, as may any other prisoners whose cases may require a General Court. I return the former proceedings.
My apprehensions, that the Boats would be lost, if they were suffered to be taken into employ for common purposes, was the reason of my directing them to be carefully laid up untill wanted. And I perceive, by your letter, that my fears were not groundless. The expence of the materials for Boat Building and the Wages of proper Workmen, are at this time so enormous, that, as there is little or no prospect of any offensive operations. I shall not give orders for the number of Carpenters you mention. The Boats that have been saved are, I imagine, more than sufficient for the purposes of transporting stores &c. from post to post. I have desired the Board of War to direct a few Armourers to be sent up. In one of your former letters you expressed a Wish of coming down the Country to visit your family. Upon the prospect of matters at that time, I did not think it expedient for you to leave the post: But I think in the present situation of Affairs to the Westward you may take an opportunity of doing it. You will be the best judge of the matter when this gets to your hands, and will determine upon the propriety of the measure from circumstances. I take it for granted that Colo. Gibson will remain at the post should you come down, as I would not choose that a place of such consequence should be intrusted to an Officer of inferiour Rank. I am &c.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 14, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 5th of this month. It is very much my wish to do justice to the merits and zeal of every Foreign Officer who has served in this Country, but unhappily it is not in my power to comply with your request. I cannot recollect, although I have endeavoured to do it, either the substance of the Letters You mention to have brought with You when you came to America, or the Characters by whom they were given; and I am sorry your services since your arrival owing to a want of opportunity or to their not coming to my knowledge, have not been such as would justify me in giving a Certificate in your Favor.94 I am etc.95
[Note 94: La Balme had resigned in October, 1777.]
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, March 14, 1780.
Parole Vivacity. Countersigns Wit, Wine.
The Brigade Majors are to make accurate returns of the numbers of the company books, soldiers books and Regulations delivered each regiment in their respective brigades and the numbers of each wanting. These returns to be made by tomorrow at orderly time and delivered at the Orderly Office.
The State Cloathiers of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York and Connecticutt are to apply immediately at the Cloathier General's Store in Morristown for their respective proportions of cloathing.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 15, 1780.
Gentn.: General Arnold has informed me by a Letter of the 6th, received the Afternoon of the 13th, that your Honourable Board had requested him to communicate to me, that they had in contemplation an expedition with several of our Frigates, and wished to know whether Three or Four Hundred Men could be spared from the Army to act in conjunction with them, and as Marines occasionally for about Two Months. He also informed me, that he had offered to command the expedition, if it should be agreeable to me.
With respect to the Troops I beg leave to acquaint the Board, that, from the Detachments lately sent to the Southward and the great diminution of our force besides, occasioned by the daily expiration of the Mens inlistments, it appears to me that none can be spared from the Army, consistently with prudence or policy. But should the Board finally determine on the proposed Enterprise and the Troops be essential to it's success; I would farther beg leave to observe that, under the circumstances of the Army I have stated, I should not think myself authorized to send them, without the concurrence and direction of Congress. And as to the second point, General Arnold's offer to command the expedition, the matter will depend entirely on Congress, the Board and himself. I have the Honor, etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 15, 1780.
Sir: Inclosed you will find a duplicate of my letter of the 9th: which I have thought proper to forward by Colo. Little97 lest the original may have missed you.
[Note 97: Col. Moses(?) Little.]
I was a few days ago favd. with yours of the 16th. ulto. Altho' my intelligences from Canada are of a different complexion from yours, I will not undertake to say that your fears of an attack are groundless; but I do not look upon myself at liberty to authorise the raising the two Companies of Volunteers mentioned by you or to promise them pay or provision at Continental expence. If the measure is thought expedient and necessary by the State, it will lay with them to make application to Congress on the subject and obtain an order not only for the pay but for the public provision which may have been expended.
I find, by referring to the Resolves of Congress, that the Commissioners of Indian Affairs for the Northern department were directed in July 1775 to take into consideration the case of the Indian Youths at Dartmouth Colledge and then to pay the Sum of 500 dollars towards their support. A further application in their behalf should in my opinion be addressed to the Commissioners. General Schuyler and Mr. Douw of Albany are two of them, and, if I am not mistaken, a Mr. Edwards98 of Connecticut is another. I think in point of policy we ought to cultivate the friendship of these people, as their connexions in Canada have been faithful and essentially useful to us. I am &c.99
[Note 98: Timothy Edwards. He was Commissioner of Indian Affairs in the Northern Department.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, March 15, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of Yesterday and inclose you the Return You request. It was transmitted to His Excellency by Congress with a Copy of a letter from Major General Phillips.1 If it is insisted on the Enemy must be allowed their claim for the privates it comprehends, although the General's information with respect to them, farther than as it rests upon the Return itself and the correspondence which accompanied it from
[Note 1: Neither Beatty's nor Major General Phillips's letters are now found in the Washington Papers.] Genl Phillips, is entirely vague and imperfect; nor has he been able to procure from the inquiries he has made on the point, any that was satisfactory.
The first intimation he had of the claim was when he received the Return from Congress. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 16, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 14th with its inclosure. With respect to Bedkins corps there have been as yet no orders from any authority to countenance what is proposed: and 'till something is adopted for the cavalry in general his corps must remain in its present condition.
The propriety or impropriety of a change in the cantonments of troops under your command, can be best determined by yourself. If their present position in your opinion should appear to be the safest, little matter of convenience or the like are no inducements for an alteration. I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 4: Of the First Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 5: Commandant of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 16, 1780.
Gentn: I have recd. your favor of yesterday. I am not unacquainted with the difficulties and distresses of those Officers who have not yet been provided with Cloathing by the States to which they respectively belong, or by the Continent at large. Those who have only the latter dependance, are in a worse situation than those belonging to particular States as they have seldom or ever drawn those kind of stores which contribute to the comforts of a military life. It having been recommended to the respective states by Congress, to provide Cloathing for their Officers and Men, I donor know that any means have been fallen upon by the Continental Agents to supply the former; and it is very much to be regretted, for the reasons you have pointed out, that all the States had not adopted the measure, and executed it in a similar manner whether it had extended to a partial or general supply. It certainly would have rendered the distresses of the Army much more tolerable, had they, upon a comparative view, found themselves in every respect upon the same footing.
I understood from General Parsons that the principal motive of his Visit to Connecticut was to represent the situation of the line to the Legislature then sitting. As I have not heard from him, I cannot tell whether he has had any or what success upon his application. But should I find upon seeing or hearing from him, that he has been disappointed in his expectations of relief, I shall think it incumbent upon me to transmit to the state the representation made by you in behalf of the Officers of your line.
Particular circumstances do not admit of the Relief of the Connecticut troops just at this time, but I shall take the earliest occasion to do it. I have the honour &c.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 16, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter of the 11th of this month. When the Army requires the service of the waggoners now employed as expresses and should the necessity continue for extending the number of express riders beyond the establishment you will use your discretion, proportioning what you may be obliged to call in to the real exigency of the case, and dismissing them as soon as that exigency is over. However useful the number of stationary expresses which you point to, may be considered, yet we must not attempt any further innovation on this head at this time.
Your exertions during the precarious state of our supplies, I am well informed has been productive of very happy effects. You have my thanks, and I make no doubt of your continuing to do every thing in your power to forward the service. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 16, 1780.
D. Sir: I have received your Excellency's letter of the 8th of this month in favor of Capn. Fitzrandolph.8 The Capns. known zeal and usefulness entitle him to consideration and I shall be very well pleased if we can effect any thing towards his relief or releasement. At present commissioners from the enemy, and on our part are sitting at Amboy for the purpose of an exchange of prisoners. Should the parties be happy enough to agree upon terms of a general cartel, your Excellency may be assured that in carrying it into effect, I shall give directions that his exchange be made an object. But if no agreement of this kind takes place, I cannot promise an exclusive or partial exchange for the Captn. The length of confinement of
[Note 8: Capt. Nathaniel Fitzrandolph, of the New Jersey Militia. He had been wounded and taken prisoner at Long Island in August, 1776; exchanged in May, 1780; died of wounds received at Springfield, N. J., in June, 1780.] many of our officers, some of whom have been prisoners since the affair of Long Island, has alone made them extremely sensible of any exchange, which has the least appearance of partiality. This, besides the infringing the order established for carrying on partial exchanges, which gives the preference to the oldest officer in captivity will put it out of my power to do any thing in this line; especially under the present state and circumstances of our prisoners. With the most perfect regard etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, March 16, 1780.
Parole Yawn. Countersigns Zany, Zaffer.
The General congratulates the army on the very interesting proceedings of the Parliament of Ireland and of the Inhabitants of that Country which have been lately communicated; not only as they appear calculated to remove those heavy and tyrannical oppressions on their trade but to restore to a brave and generous People their ancient Rights and Freedom and by their operation to promote the cause of America.10 Desirous of impressing on the minds of the Army, transactions so important in their nature, the General directs that all fatigue and working parties cease for tomorrow the 17th., a day held in particular regard by the People of that nation. At the same time that he orders this he persuades himself that the celebration of the day will not be attended with the least rioting or disorder. The officers to be at their quarters in camp and the troops of each state line are to keep within their own encampment.
[Note 10: The Irish Parliament had petitioned Great Britain for the removal of trade restrictions and Lord North had announced in the British Parliament that the petition would most likely receive favorable consideration.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 17, 1780.
Sir: I am sorry to inform Congress that I am again under great apprehensions on the score of our Provision supplies. There is not now in Camp and within its vicinity, more meal and Grain than will furnish the Troops with Five days bread, notwithstanding the exertions that have been made to lay in a supply; and I fear from the badness of the Roads and the difficulty of procuring Teams, that it will be hardly practicable to draw relief in time from the more distant Mills in the State, at which Congress will observe by the Inclosure No 1 (the Return of Colo Dunham, Superintendent of State purchases) that there is a small quantity both of Meal and Grain in Store. I have written to this Officer and urged him in the most pressing terms to exert himself to bring on a supply.11
[Note 11: See Washington's letter to Azariah Dunham, Mar. 18, 1780, post.]
With respect to meat, the Issuing Commissary's Return No 2, will shew the quantity in the Magazine at this place. This by an economical and scanty issue, may serve for about Forty days. When this is expended, I do not know how the Army will be subsisted with this Article. I find from the account of One of Colo Dunham's Assistants, that there is very little if any meat to be expected from this State, which exerted itself so very considerably on a late occasion; and from a Letter of the 25th Ulto. just received from Colo Blaine, of which I have the honor to transmit a Copy, the prospect of obtaining a supply from Connecticut, which was chiefly relied on, seems to be little better; at least for some time. Besides this Letter, which is rather of an old date, I have received One from another Gentleman, dated at Hartford the 10th. Instant, informing me, "that the Assembly had dissolved without having come into any measures to promote the supply of the Army, and that Colo Blaine had not prevailed on any person to act in his department on the terms he was authorised to allow; that there was no public purchaser of provisions in the State and Colo Champion had sent off the last of his Cattle." I thought it my duty to communicate these interesting points.12
[Note 12: Copies of the documents referred to in the letter, with the exception of the extract of the letter of March 10, are filed with the letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The originals, including the letter of March 10, which was from Royal Flint, are in the Washington Papers.]
On the 9th. Commissioners from the Two Armies met at Amboy on the subject of the proposed exchange of prisoners, who are still together. I shall do myself the Honor to transmit the Result of their proceedings, by the earliest opportunity, after they are known. I have the Honor, etc.13
[Note 13: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on March 21 and referred to the Board of War.
On March 17 Washington wrote briefly to Maj. Thomas Cogswell, referring his request for a furlough to the commanding officer on the North River. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 18, 1780.
My dear Marqs: Your polite and obliging letter of the 10th. of Octr. from Havre came to my hands since the beging. of this month. It filled me with a pleasure intermixed with pain. To hear that you were well, to find you breathing the same affectione. sentiments that ever have most conspicuously, markd your conduct towards me and that you continued to deliver them with unabated attachmt. contributes greatly to my happiness. On the other hand, to hear that not one of the many letters which I have written to you since you left this Continent had arrived safe was not only surprizing but mortifying, notwithstanding you have the goodness to acct. for it on its true principles. With much truth I can assure you, that besides the Letter which ought to have been delivered you at Boston (containing such testimonials of your merit and services as I thought a tribute justly due from me) and which was dispatched soon after it returned to me, I wrote you two or three times between that and the opening of the Campaign in June. In the Month of July I wrote you a long letter from New Windsor. About the first of Septr. I addressed you again; the last of the same Month, after I had been favoured with yr. affectionate letter by the Chevr. de la Luzerne, I wrote you a very long letter to go by Monsr. Gerard; and some time in October I again wrote to you by Monsr. de la Colombe, Copys of all which, to the best of my recollection, have been duely forwarded; it is a little unfortunate then that out of the whole I should not be able to get one of them safe.14
[Note 14: This letter of March 18 suffered the same fate of not reaching Lafayette. He sailed from France for America before the end of March.]
I have been thus particular My dear friend that in case there should be the least suspicion of my want of friendship or want of attention, it may be totally removed; as it is my earnest wish to convince you by every testimony that an affectionate regard can dictate, of my sincere attachment to your person, and fortunes.
For the copy of your letter to Congress, and the several pieces of intelligence which you did me the favor to transmit, you will be pleased to accept my warmest thanks. our eyes are now turned to Europe; the manoeuvres of the field, long 'ere this, must have yielded to those of the cabinet, and I hope G. Britn. will be as much foiled in her management of the latter as she has been in the former. her having formed no Alliances, nor been able to contract for more foreign troops, exhibits interesting proofs of it; which are not a little enlivened by the dispositions of the People of Ireland; who feel the importance of a critical moment to shake off those badges of Slavery they have so long worn.15
[Note 15: See General Orders, Mar. 16, 1780.]
Since my last, a Detachment (if it can be called a detachment where the Commander in chief of an army is) consisting of the Grenrs. and light Infantry and some other chosen corps, amounting in the whole to between five and 6000 Men, embarkd for Georgia. The 26th. of Decr. they left Sandy hook under Convoy of 5 Ships of the line and several frigates commanded by Admiral Arbuthnot. Generl. Clinton and Lord Cornwallis went with them. We have accts. that part of this fleet had arrived at Savanna (in Georgia); that it suffered very considerably in the stormy weather that followed their Sailing, in which there is good reason to believe that most of their Horses were thrown over board, and that some of their ships foundered. indeed we are not without reports that many of the Transports were driven to the West Indies; how far these accts are to be credited I shall not undertake to determine, but certain it is, the fleet has been much dispersed and their operations considerably delayed, if not deranged, by the tempestuous weather they had to encounter during the whole month of January. The enemy, that they might bend their operations more forceably to the Southward, and at the same time leave New York and its dependancies sufficiently garrisoned have withdrawn their troops from Rhode Island.
As the enemys intentions of operating in the Southern States began to unfd. I began to detach Troops to their aid, accordingly in Novr. the North Carolina Brigade took up its march for Charles-town, and were followed abt. the middle of Deer. by the Troops of Virginia; but the extreme cold, the deep Snows, and other impediments have retarded the progress of their march very considerable. The oldest people now living in this Country do not remember so hard a Winter as the one we are now emerging from. In a word, the severity of the frost exceeded anything of the kind that had ever been experienced in this climate before. I beg leave to make a tender of my best respects to Madre. La Fayette, and to offer fresh assurances, of being with sentiments of great and sincere friendship etc.
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 18, 1780.
Sir: By a Return made to me this morning by Mr. Forman16 in your behalf, I find that there are considerable quantities of Meal and Grain in the Mills from thirty to sixty Miles distance from Camp. The necessities of the Army, at this time, call for the most vigorous exertions in having what is ground brought immediately forward, as it appears from a Return made to me this day, by Mr. Gamble17 Asst. Commy. of Issues, that he has not a pound of Flour upon hand, and but 1200 Bush. of Corn and five hundred Bushels of Wheat; the former of which, I fear, we shall be obliged to issue unground. I am convinced, if a representation of the matter is made by you to the several Gentlemen who have the direction of forwarding the above mentioned Articles, and by them, to the Magistrates of the respective districts, that they will take measures for putting the provision in motion in as expeditious a manner as possible. I therefore request you to write immediately to the persons concerned in the Business, and urge, to them, the necessity of their immediate exertions. In short, our dependance, until the state of the Roads will permit Flour from the southward to come on,
[Note 16: Aaron Forman. He was assistant to Azariah Dunham.]
[Note 17: James Gamble.] is intirely upon what is included in your Return of this day. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, March 19, 1780.
Parole Bacon. Countersigns Beef, Brandy.
Two trusty soldiers from each regiment of Infantry and a good active serjeant from each brigade with their Arms Accoutrements, Blankets, Packs &c. are to assemble on the grand parade tomorrow morning at troop beating. The officers of the day will have them formed into Platoons and the Brigade Major of the day will march them to Head Quarters where they are to join His Excellency's Guards 'till further orders.
March 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received Your Favor of this date and am exceedingly sorry that the difficulties you mention exist. But the cloathing sent by the State for her Officers, being of a mere State nature and subject, it would seem of course to a mode of distribution to be fixed and adjusted by themselves. I do not see how His Excellency could interfere or give any order with respect to it. In this view, and as I know that he declined having any thing to do with the distribution of the Cloathing and Stores furnished by Virginia to her Officers, and has never given any direction in the instance of any other State Stores of this kind. I have not communicated the subject of your Letter to him, which probably was your intention. It would not certainly be difficult for a division to take place upon just and proper principles, and I would willingly hope from the evident propriety of the thing and the spirit of accommodation in all the Gentlemen interested that one will be made in a manner agreeable to the Whole. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: Harrison."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 19, 1780.
Sir: His Excellency desires that you will be pleased to make an order on Messrs. Otis & Henley of Boston, in favor of Col Crane of the 3rd. Regt. of artillery, directing clothing for such a number of soldiers as he may inlist, and that an account may be transmitted you, that it may be known what to enter against the regiment. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "James McHenry."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 20, 1780.
Sir: On Saturday Evening I was honoured with Your Excellency's Letters of the 9th and 11th Instant, with the papers to which they refer. The several subjects they respect will have my attention and consideration as far as circumstances and when opportunity will permit. I can only trouble Your Excellency upon the present occasion with a request, that the whole of the proceedings in the case of Major General Arnold may be transmitted to me. It is Essential that I should have them, as the Charges and sentence against him must be published in Orders together, and the former are not comprehended in the Extract You were pleased to send me; and as without them I cannot fulfill the determination of the Court, which requires an Act to be done by me posterior to the Resolution of Congress, and which must in propriety result from an attentive perusal of the proceedings. I have the Honor etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On March 19 Judge Advocate John Laurance, on the request of Harrison, forwarded to headquarters a copy of the charges against Arnold. These charges are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 20, 1780.
Gentlemen: By the inclosed papers you will find that the arrangement of the subalterns of the 8th Massachusetts Regt. which was delivered by General Patterson to the Board of General Officers appointed to arrange that line was not the proper one, and consequently, that the Commissions issued were erroneous in point of date and regimental precedency. This you will perceive by comparing the Commissions which have been issued and which I return with the true arrangement which is inclosed. This amendment being confined to the subalterns of the 8th: Regiment only will not affect the rights of any other Regt. or the line at large. I shall be glad to have the new Commissions as soon as possible as the Officers find an inconvenience, when upon duty, without them. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have recd. Mr. Stodderts letter inclosing Copy of the arrangement of the subs of the Massachusetts line.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Stoddert's letter of March 15 is in the Washington Papers, but the inclosed arrangement is not found. There is, however, a "List of the Subordinate officers of the Massachusetts Line" in the Force Transcript of Continental Army Returns (vol. 100, fol. 204), which were formerly a part of the Washington Papers, the original of which should be in the office of the Adjutant General, War Department, Washington, D. C.]
Head Quarters, Morris-town, March 20, 1780.
Dr. Sir: You will do me a favour by enquiring, and letting me know as soon as possible, if any good Coachmaker in Phila. or German Town (Bringhurst23 for instance) will engage to make me a genteel plain Chariot with neat Harness for four horses to go with two postilions. I wish to know the terms and in how short a time it can be done. I also beg to know if the harness could be soon had without the carriage.
[Note 23: George Bringhurst, Philadelphia coachmaker.]
That the Workmen may be at no loss to fix a just price on these things on Acct. of the fluctuating, and uncertain state of our Curry. he may make his estimates in Specie which shall either be paid him immediately upon delivery of the Work, or in paper money at the difference of exchange then prevailing, be it little or much; this will put the matter upon so clear and unequivocal a footing that he can be at no loss in fixing prices, nor be under the smallest inducemt. to ask an enormous price in order to gd. against the evil consequences of depreciation.
You will do me a favr. by answering this letter speedily as I have particular reasons for requesting it. I am etc.
P.S. I must beg the favr. of you to enquire further, whether Nails and other kind of mounting, and trimmings, necessary to the lining and finishing of a Chariot could be had in any of the Shops, or from any of the Coachmakers in Phila. There is a good workman at Springfield (in this State) but he has not this kind of furniture by him necessary to compleat a chariot.24
[Note 24: Mitchell answered (March 25) that "a Neat Genteel Chariot which is near finished," could be procured with the harness, in two or three weeks. "The price is Two Hundred and Ten pounds in Gold or the Value thereof in Current money." He believed this was as cheap as a chariot could be obtained or made. Mitchell's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 25: He was stationed at Springfield, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Morris town, March 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of yesterday, inclosing a letter for General Greene, which I shall not deliver to him, as I know he has not at present the means of building the Boats you mention. I would therefore recommend to you, to pick out the best of those which you may find in the several Rivers for the purpose of Guard Boats.
Upon referring to and reconsidering your former letter upon this subject, I am of opinion that the stations which you then pointed out will be dangerous, so far as they respect the distance between Elizabeth town and Amboy; the sound there being so exceedingly narrow, that a Boat pushed suddenly from the opposite shore in the night would more than probably take ours. Besides I do not think we are to look for a descent in any considerable force from that quarter. The enemy have generally hitherto embarked either at Long Island or upon the farther side of Staten Island, and have come thro' the Kilns and across New Ark Bay, thereby avoiding all discovery from this shore, which they would be subject to any where between Elizabeth town and Amboy. New Ark Bay is therefore in my opinion the proper and safe place for your Guard Boats to ply. It is of considerable extent and a fleet of Boats may be discovered either by their26 working, or by sight, some time before their approach.
[Note 26: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "the noise of their Oars."]
We have found on repeated experiments that the inhabitants will not remove their stock, untill the moment of danger; indeed at this season they have no places to send them, where they can be supplied with food. I would therefore have you give as general information as in your power, that an incursion of the enemy may be expected and recommend to the people to drive back their Stock upon the first communication of an alarm.
I do not think it probable that the Enemy will put their designs, if they have any, into execution, while our Commissioners are sitting at Amboy; I mention this as a matter of opinion only, and would not wish you to relax your Vigilance on that account. You will no doubt have the signals in the utmost State of preparation, and keep a small party stationed with the Alarm Guns below Chatham. I am &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 21, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have before me your two favors of the 16 and 17th. instant.
I am pleased to find that the notice you had received of the preparations of the enemy, was such as to anticipate my information to you on this subject. Should any attempt be really intended, and take place, against this or your quarter, I am satisfied that nothing which our circumstances will permit, will be left undone on your part. I presume that you are sufficiently acquainted with the signals for alarming the country, and their application, provided it should become necessary to call in the militia.
It is among the things to be lamented, that the state and prospect of our supplies of provisions is not better. The embarrassments on this head are disheartning; but it is to be hoped we shall get over them.
Your ideas respecting the chain28 have not escaped me. But although I have thought of its insufficiency, and looked towards its improvement, yet I could not conceive much reasonable hope of any considerable alteration. With so much to do in our circumstances, it was impossible to do all. And that which was most important naturally claimed the principal attention. What appears most within our compass, and which
[Note 28: Across the Hudson at West Point.] in my opinion will augment the strength of the chain are the cables and anchors that have been proposed; and I wish you to lay the matter before Colonel Hay D Q M G. and consult him how far the obtaining such articles is practicable.
With regard to the question on Stoney and Verplanks points. It is not easy to calculate instructions for all possible cases; or even what should be the precise mode of conduct in a particular one; because it is difficult, if not impossible to comprehend a thorough knowledge of the circumstances which may take place, and which are subject to constant variation. If we were to consider only the original purpose of these works, as intended to cover the ferry-way, and in some degree to afford a protection to the neighbouring shores, we should not perhaps be induced to expose their garrisons to certain capture. But if we combine with these objects a weak state of the garrison of West-point, and the time to be gained for calling in, the militia or drawing forward remote succours, and which would be derived from a proper resistance made at Kings-ferry, it might dispose us to hazard the investiture and attack of its two posts. But here we would be guided by the real force of the enemy, and their intentions against West-point; the state of our own strength there, and the capability of the works at Stoney point and Verplanks for a serious defence, with the general good, or in inconveniencies which would result from their defence or evacuation. You will also observe that it is altogether out of my power to go beyond provisionary instructions on this head, and that circumstances must decide your conduct, should the enemy operate your way.
As to the present weak state of the force at West-point, and the change which may be made in it by calling in a part of General Poors brigade, I would prefer to this the measure you hint of moving troops from the cantonment on the opposite side, at least for the present, or till some substantial occasion shall occur for a further support.
Inclosed you will find a letter to the deputy clothier at Newburg, in which he is directed to hold the clothing left in his hands, at the disposal of the officer commanding at the Highlands. This clothing being intended for the supply of the troops of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire lines and the detachment of artillery at West-point, you will be pleased to call upon the commanding officers of these corps for exact returns of their deficiencies of clothing, and apportion the quantity in store to their respective wants [the state Cloathiers drawing it by your order.]
I return the proceedings of the Court martial transmitted in your letter of the 17th. for your own approbation or disapprobation. The articles of war authorise the general officer commanding in either of the "American States for the time being" under a resolve of the 14th of April 1777 to decide in all such cases &c.
I have to request that you will be particular in sending forward the monthly return of the state of the troops under your command. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
On March 21 Washington wrote a brief note to Col. Michael Jackson, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment, that he had requested new commissions from the Board of War for Jackson's subalterns. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, March 21, 1780.
Parole Derry. Countersigns Dublin, Dundee.
A Corporal and three men from each of the Maryland brigades and a Corporal and three men from Maxwell's brigade are to be sent to Commissary Gamble tomorrow morning to be put as guards at the Mills now grinding grain for the Army.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, March 22, 1780.
Parole Emancipation. Countersigns Epicene, Epigram. Two or three Coopers from each regiment in camp, if there are such, to be sent early tomorrow morning to the provision Magazine in Morristown to assist in repairing barrels and repacking salt provisions.
By a General Court Martial of the line held by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief, February the 16th. Colonel Humpton President.
Lieutenant Colonel Howard of the Maryland line was tried on the following charges:
First. "Disobedience of orders of the 17th., 18th., and 24th. days of January in point of cantoning the battalion or detachment under his care and command and not parading the battalion and remaining with it, or otherwise having it in a state and condition fit for action, agreeable to the orders given him on the evening of the 30th. of January for that purpose.
Secondly. For neglect of duty in not furnishing the morning reports and weekly returns of his battalion at the time ordered and in a correct military manner.
Thirdly. For unjustifiable orders or returns, signed by himself on the Issuing Commissary," and plead not guilty.
The Court having considered the several charges against Lieutenant Colonel Howard and the evidence are of opinion: That he is not guilty of disobedience of the several orders specified in the 1st. charge with respect to the cantoning the battalion or detachment under his command or of either of them. They are of opinion that he is guilty of disobedience of orders in not having his battalion paraded the evening of the 30th. of January, and not remaining with the part that was paraded, and in not having it in a state and condition fit for action, which they consider as a breach of that part of section 2nd, article 5th. of the rules and articles of war which respects a disobedience of orders.
With respect to the 2nd. charge, it appears to the court that no neglect of duty can be imputed to Lieut. Col. Howard relative to the returns of his battalion not coming in at the time ordered; but they are of opinion that in general the reports he furnished were incorrect and unmilitary which they consider as a breach of article 5th. section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of War.
With respect to the last charge, it appears to the Court that Lieut. Col. Howard while he was on the lines, drew an order on the Issuing Commissary for rum for the officers of his battalion; That in many orders on the Issuing Commissary for provisions for his battalion he included many waiters or officers who had no arms and were not included in the returns of the detachment made to the commanding officer; In these instances the Court are of opinion that Lieut. Colonel Howard's conduct was unjustifiable and a breach of article 5th. section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of War.
The Court do sentence Lieut. Colonel Howard to be reprimanded in general orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court in the instances in which they acquit Lieut. Colonel Howard, but painful as it is to him at all times to differ from a Court Martial in sentiment, he cannot concur with them in opinion where they find him guilty of disobedience of orders in not parading his battalion and not remaining with the part that was paraded, and in not having it in a condition fit for action. From the evidence and a comparative view of the circumstances of time, extent of cantonment, men on duty, the number of them actually on parade when he was arrested with the amount of his battalion, the extreme severity of the weather at that period and other matters which occur in the proceedings; it appears to the General that Lieutenant Colonel Howard endeavored to have his battalion paraded as soon as it could be done, and that although the whole number of his men, not on other duty or sick might not have been paraded at any time during the evening of the alarm, the failure did not proceed from any neglect or want of care on his part and might be well ascribed, both as to delay, and the deficiency of the men, to some of the causes mentioned above.
Neither does it appear to the General that Lieut. Col. Howard can be considered as having been absent from the men paraded as he was never farther than his quarters, which were quite contiguouy to the parade, and this it seems while the men were walking the parade to keep themselves warm, and after stacking their arms, in consequence of orders delivered by Lieutenant Duff30 who acted as Adjutant, and who said he had received the permission from Colonel Hazen.
[Note 30: Lieut. Henry Duff, of the First Delaware Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Camden, S. C., in August, 1780, and retired in May 1782.]
Nor does the General find, from any evidence in the course of the trial that the men were in a condition unfit for action; Their walking the parade and stacking their arms to warm themselves seem to have been justified by the severity of the weather and the explicit permission delivered by Mr. Duff.
Lieut. Col. Howard was wrong in drawing an order on the Issuing Commissary for rum for the officers of his battalion, tho' the quantity was not considerable. Their supply or whatever they drew of this article should have been in common with the officers of the other battalions and the effect of an order from Colonel Hazen who commanded the detachment; And as the object of returns is to preserve system and order and to operate in many cases as mutual checks, Lieut. Col. Howard should have made a perfect correspondence between his battalion and provision returns by an explanatory note or remark with respect to the waiters drawn for in the latter and who were not comprehended in the former.
Lieut. Col. Howard's defence respecting reports, is not entirely satisfactory, as they ought to have been accompanied with the necessary remarks without which they were incorrect.
He is released from his arrest.
The General Court Martial of the line whereof Colonel Humpton is President is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Morris-town, March 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 7th. of this Instt. did not come to my hand before 9 o'clock last Night. It was accompanied by such a multitude of other letters (many of which required immediate attention) that it is not in my power, by General Greene, who sets out for Philadelphia in the morning, to give it such a perfect answer and approbation as I could wish; nor can I, on the other hand, consent to his departure without acknowledging of it, and thanking you for the trouble you have taken.
Our affairs seem to be urging so fast to a stagnation, in every branch, even provisions, that I have not only consented, but advised Genl. Greene, as I shall do the Commissary when he arrives, to repair to Philadelphia and endeavour to know with precision, what is to be depended on in their respective departments.
The new system31 adopted by Congress for conducting the business of these departments may have originated from two causes, necessity, and choice; the first from inability (for want of money) to proceed any further in the old track. The second from a desire to change the old system on acct. of the Commission, it being thought and I fear with too much reason) exceedingly expensive, and disgustful to the People at large. Under these ideas and impressions, I am embarrassed, and cautious of saying any thing on the subject, further than to give it as my opinion, that whatever System is adopted, it should be made as perfect as the nature of the thing will admit of. That this is not the case in many instances with the present one is obvious, as must appear to you upon a comparative view of the Plan, movements, and wants of an Army. In some instances, if literally adhered to, ruin must follow.
[Note 31: What is known as "Specific Supplies." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Feb. 25, 1780.)]
I will embrace the first kind moment I have to write you more fully, in the mean time I pray you to be assured that I am, with every sentiment of the most perfect esteem etc.
March 22, 1780.
Dr: Sir: By the Resolution of the 25th. of last month apportioning certain quantities of provision and Forage on the respective States, the places of Deposit are to be assigned by His Excellency. This remains to be done, and as Colo. Blaine is now here the General wishes to avail himself of the present opportunity to fix upon the places, and requests that you will defer your Journey to Philadelphia and call upon him at 9 OClock to morrow morning. I am etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison. Secy." The same letter was sent to Cols. Clement Biddle and Ephraim Blaine.]
March 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: The remissness in the transmission of the monthly returns directed by the B[oard] of W[ar] and the inconveniencies which this occasions, makes it necessary for me to sire that particular attention may be had to this matter, and that the returns be constantly and regularly made out and forwarded at the periods directed. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 22, 1780.
My Lord: Inclosed you will find an extract of a letter34 which I received yesterday from Governor Livingston, with twelve Copies of the Act for recruiting the number of Men therein mentioned. You will be pleased, in consequence of the Governor's request, immediately to order as many Officers, as can possibly be spared from the Jersey line, to go upon the recruiting service, selecting such as are best acquainted with that duty, and who are supposed to have influence in the respective Counties. The Words of the Act are confined to "able bodied and effective Men" but I would wish your Lordship to draw a set of additional instructions for the recruiting Officers, directing them not to inlist, under the above description, any Deserters from the Enemy; and letting them know, in very explicit
[Note 34: The extract is not with the draft, but Livingston's letter, dated March 15, in the Washington Papers, says: "I am now to apply to your Excellency in pursuance of an Act of our Legislature for as many officers as your Excellency shall think necessary to be sent into the different counties of this State for the purpose of enlisting and forwarding such Recruits as may enlist in the Service upon the Terms in the said Act expressed." A broadside of the act (March 11) is in the Washington Papers.] terms, that the Recruits will, upon their arrival at Camp, be inspected by the Inspector General or one of the sub Inspectors, and, if they shall be found ruptured, or any other ways unsound, too old or too young for the service, or in any manner unqualified for soldiers, that they shall be accountable, notwithstanding they may have been passed by the County Muster Masters appointed by the Act. I think this caution necessary, because it would not be a difficult matter to impose an improper Man upon a Gentleman in the Country, not well acquainted with or not very attentive to military matters.
You will be pleased further to direct the Officers to send forward their Recruits to Camp in squads of five or six, as they obtain them. For which purpose, each Officer should take with him a non Commd. Officer and one or two trusty Men to perform that duty; well dressed and well looking Men should be selected. Your Lordship will observe, by the Act, that a Bounty of one thousand dollars is to be paid to each Recruit inlisting for the War exclusive of Continental Bounty and Emoluments, but that there may be no misconception or deception by the Officers or on the part of the Men, you are clearly to express, in the additional recruiting instructions, that the Continental Bounty and Emoluments only extend to Cloathing, Land, and such other benefits as may be hereafter allowed to soldiers serving during the War. In short, that one thousand Dollars is the whole Bounty in money which they are to expect. And the Officer is to be informed that the two hundred dollars Bounty allowed to him for each Recruit is to include, and to be considered by him as a compensation for his trouble and expense.
Officers of Militia are, under the Act, allowed to recruit Men, and it is therefore necessary that they should be apprised of the Bounty in Money. The best way, in my opinion, for communicating this, is, for the Continental Officers, upon their arrival in the several Counties, to shew their instructions35 to the County Muster Masters, and County pay Masters, and request them to communicate the substance of them to the Officers of the Militia.
[Note 35: A copy of Stirling's recruiting instructions, dated March 23, is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall be obliged by your Lordship's favoring me with a Copy of the instructions which you deliver to the Officers, that I may file them with my papers. I am &c.36
[Note 36: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.Y.S.]
March 22, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have communicated Your Note to His Excellency. The General thinks that Mr. Randall37 cannot with propriety be tried by a Court Martial of the State line, as the matter for which he is arrested, implies that there may be a dispute among the Officers. Indeed He knows that there is a disagreement among them upon occasion. I am &c.38
[Note 37: John Randall. He was State clothier of Maryland and had been arrested by Colonel Gunby for a partial distribution of clothing, with the consequent stoppage of that important business.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, March 23, 1780.
Parole Equanimity. Countersigns Fame, Favor.
A Subaltern officer from General Hand's brigade is to be sent to Pluckemin tomorrow to superintend the Hospital there in place of Lieutenant Leonard.39
[Note 39: Lieut. Nathaniel Leonard, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. He was made captain-lieutenant in March, 1780; transferred to the Second New jersey Regiment in January, 1780; appointed captain in September, 1780; served to April, 1783.]
By a General Court Martial of the line held by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief the 23rd. day of February last, Colonel Humpton President:
Major James Moore40 of the 1st. Pennsylvania regiment was tried on the following charges:
[Note 40: He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
First. "Unofficerlike behaviour, in leaving camp for upwards of twenty days, when he had only leave of absence for two or three days, which has a tendency to subvert good order and military discipline."
Second. "Ungentlemanlike behaviour in promising to return to camp before General Irvine was relieved, and not acting agreeable to his promise."
Third. "Breaking his arrest."
Fourth. "Speaking in a very dishonorable and disrespectful manner of Congress."
Fifth. "Speaking in a very dishonorable and disrespectful manner of the Commander in Chief and Generals of our army," and plead not guilty.
The Court having considered the 1st. charge against Major Moore and the evidence, are of opinion that Majr. Moore had leave of absence from camp for two or three days; that he stayed away from camp much longer, and that his conduct in that instance is unjustifiable, unofficerlike and has a tendency to subvert good order and military discipline, and a breach of article 5th. section 18th. of the rules and articles of war: They are of opinion that Majr. Moore is guilty of the second charge exhibited against him which they consider a breach of article 5th., section 18th, of the Rules and Articles of War. The Court do acquit Majr. Moore of the 3rd. charge exhibited against him.
The Court having fully consider'd the 4th. charge against Major Moore are of opinion that in a conversation that took place at West Point last fall between Colo. Chambers41 and Majr. Moore, Major Moore expressed himself in a dishonorable
[Note 41: Col. James Chambers, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine in September, 1777, and retired in January, 1781.] and disrespectful manner of the conduct of Congress, but as his expressions do not affect their authority, they consider his conduct in this instance as a breach of Article 5th, section 18th. of the rules and articles of War.
The Court do fully and clearly acquit Major Moore of the last charge exhibited against him.
The Court do sentence Major Moore to be reprimanded in general orders.
The General is happy in the acquittal of Major Moore on the 3rd. and 5th. charges exhibited against him, and particularly so in his acquittal on the last of them, which he is sorry was ever made a matter of public discussion. He wishes that the evidence offered in the course of. the trial would have justified the Court in a similar determination as to the others; but Major Moore's conduct, with respect to the leave of absence he obtained and the manner of using it, also on the subject comprehended in the 4th. article of charge, severally appears to have been extremely reprehensible. He is releas'd from his Arrest.
By a General Court Martial of the line held by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief the 9th. day of March 1780, Colonel Humpton President.
Lieutenant Colonel Robinson42 of the 1st. Pennsylvania regiment charged with, "Unofficerlike behavior in leaving camp for upwards of twenty days when he had only leave of absence for two or three days, which has a tendency to subvert good order and military discipline," was tried and plead not guilty.
[Note 42: Lieut. Col. Thomas Robinson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine in September, 1777; transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; made colonel in September, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
The Court having considered the charge against Lieutt. Colonel Robinson and evidence are of opinion, That Lieutt. Colonel Robinson had leave of absence from camp for a few days and that he staid away much longer than he was authorized to do by the leave of absence that he obtained, which conduct they consider unofficerlike and having a tendency to subvert good order and military discipline, and a breach of article 5th; section 18th. of the rules and Articles of War and do sentence him to be reprimanded in General orders.
It appears to the General that Lieut. Col. Robinson exceeded the indulgence of absence granted him by Colonel Chambers even according to the extent of it as interpreted by Major Moore, who obtained it for him, and that his conduct was justly censurable. He is released from Arrest.
By a General Court Martial of the line held by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief the 13th. day of March, Colonel Humpton President, Lieutenant Colonel Hay43 charged with, "Granting an illegal permit to John Van Winkle, James Collard, Elijah Crain and Thomas Laffron with two sleighs and horses to pass to Bergen Town and return with two ladies unmolested; and for insulting Ensign Rogers44 in the execution of his duty," was tried and plead not guilty.
[Note 43: Lieut. Col. Samuel Hay, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Stony Point in July, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 44: Ensign John Rogers, of the Second Rhode Island Regiment He was wounded at Connecticut Farms, N.J., in June, 1780; appointed lieutenant in February, 1781; retained in Olney's Rhode Island battalion in May, 1781; served to November, 1783.]
The Court having considered the charges exhibited against Lieutenant Colonel Hay and the evidence are of opinion, That he granted an illegal permit, as charged, which they consider a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of War. They are of opinion the part of the charge of insulting Ensign Rogers in the execution of his duty is not supported.
They do sentence Lieutenant Colonel Hay to be reprimanded in general orders.
The General approves the sentence, Lieut. Col. Hay not having the command on the lines in the quarter where he was, had no right to grant the permit he did; as Bergen town was out of our lines and within, or very contiguous to, those of the enemy; At the same time the General is perfectly satisfied that in doing it he was actuated merely by humane and benevolent motives to facilitate the return home of two ladies on their way from New-York, where they had been permitted to go, and who it appears required assistance. He is released from arrest.
Head Quarters, March 23, 1780.
Sir: I have the Honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's Favors of the 14th and 19th Instant; the latter covering the latest accounts you had received from the Southward.
I have just received authentic advice from the Enemy, by which their whole Army under General Clinton was said to be at James Island the 4th of this month and about to take possession of Stono-ferry.45 The account comes from Sir Henry's Head Quarters and acknowledges the loss of all their Cavalry; of the Defiance a 64 Gun Ship, which foundered at Sea; of Three Transports, the Men of which and of the Sixty four are pretended to have been saved, and of one transport with Hessian Troops, of which no account had been received.
[Note 45: South Carolina.]
This intelligence comes to me, through a channel which makes me wish there may not be an Official publication, though it may be otherwise mentioned without reserve.
A variety of recent accounts from the Enemy at New York indicate an intended movement of some kind or other. They generally point to this Army or to some post in the Jerseys.
The day appointed for Fasting, humiliation and prayer will be observed by the Army, agreeable to the proclamation.46
[Note 46: The resolve of Congress, appointing April 26 as the day, was passed on March 11, and a manuscript signed by Saml. Huntington, President of Congress, and dated Mar. 11, 1780, is in the Washington Papers.]
In my Letter of the 17th I communicated to Congress a State of our provision and our prospect of supplies. Our distress for Bread has actually commenced and for any thing I can see, it is likely to encrease. I have the Honor etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, March 23, 1780.
Sir: I recd. your favr. of yesterday. I find as I supposed, that necessity was the sole cause of the additional and unusual trouble given the Brigade Majors. The orderly office is undoubtedly the proper place for Issuing Genl Orders and that to be done by the Adjt Genl But this from the immensity of business on his hands, and having only one assistant rendered it impossible for him or that assistant to attend at all times, and in consequence of it, the present mode of distributing the orders was thought of. It is to be wished under these circumstances that yourself and the other Gentn. in whose behalf you made the representation, would cheerfully continue your aid to Col Williams, until the arrival of Col Scammell who is daily expected with both Capt Gilmer48 and Capt Dexter,49 when the business of his Office will go on in its regular channel. I am &c.50
[Note 48: Capt Nicholas Gilman, of the Third New Hampshire Regiment. He was assistant adjutant general from January, 1778, to January, 1781; transferred to the First New Hampshire Regiment in January, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 49: Capt. John Singer Dexter, of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He was made assistant adjutant general from May, 1779, to May, 1781; retained in Olney's Rhode Island battalion in May, 1781; appointed major in August, 1781; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. M[eade] A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, March 24, 1780.
Parole Felicity. Countersigns Glory, Gordon.
The officer commanding on the Lines is directed in case of any sudden and serious movement of the enemy in that quarter to cause the Alarm Gun on the heights above Springfield to be fired; This is to be answered by the Alarm Guns in camp upon which the brigades are to form, on their respective parades and wait orders. As it may happen that the Alarm Gun above Springfield may be heard by some of the camp guards whose situation may render them more accessible to the sound, and not by the party with the Alarm Guns in camp, the officers commanding those guards will send immediate information thereof by a trusty serjeant to the officer stationed at the guns.
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 24, 1780.
Dr Sir: His Excellency is consenting to your sending Lt. Armstrong51 after the deserters to Fish kill should you think the object worth the expence; but wishes at the same time in order to avoid further expence on this head that you would take proper measures before his setting out to inform yourself whether there may not be deserters from the rest of the line at or near the same place. You will be pleased to be particular in this and to instruct him accordingly, that they may be taken up. I am etc.52
[Note 51: Lieut. John Armstrong, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He served to the close of the war; was appointed to ensign, First United States Infantry, in August, 1784; captain in September, 1790; in First Sub-Legion in September, 1792; major in September, 1792; resigned in March, 1783.
On March 24 Washington wrote brief notes to Lieut. Col. Jeremiah Gilman and Capt. Amos Emerson, of the First New Hampshire Regiment, accepting their resignations.]
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "James McHenry."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 25, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favors of the 10th: 15th: 17th: and 20th: Instants. The Resolve of Congress empowering the Board to order General Courts Martial occasionally had never been transmitted to me, to which account I hope they will place my former doubts upon the propriety of the measure. There is an error in, dating the Copy of the Resolve with which you were pleased to furnish me, it now stands 17th April 1780; I apprehend it was passed in 1778 or 1779.54 No doubt now remaining of the regular constitution of the Court, and finding that the objection I formerly made does not invalidate the sentence against Capt Lieut Parke,55 I have confirmed it. I have likewise confirmed the sentence against Lieut. Wright56 and shall direct the Adjt. General to furnish the Board with a transcript from General Orders respecting the cases of both Wright and Parke.
[Note 54: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Apr. 17, 1778.]
[Note 55: Capt.-Lieut. Theophilus Parke, of Flower's Artillery Artificer regiment.]
[Note 56: Leut Anthony Wright, of Flower's Artillery Artificer regiment.]
I shall direct the Quarter Master General to provide such Articles of sadlery for the Dragoons as circumstances will admit, but from his late representations to me on the score of Money, I fear he will find himself embarrassed exceedingly not only in regard to the supply of those Articles, but of all others relative to his department. I shall take all possible care that the Officers of Cavalry do not draw for more than the necessary quantity of accoutrements. When we compare their present deficiencies with their supplies last year, I do not doubt but something may be placed to the account of neglect, but I can assure the Board that so indifferent is the quality of almost every Article in the manufacture of leather, with which the Army is furnished, that the service of a Campaign is the utmost that can be expected. I most sincerely hope that we shall not be disappointed in our supplies from Europe; I speak more particularly of Cloathing, of which our Magazines are in a manner exhausted, as the Returns which I shall have occasion to transmit in a few days will shew.
Inclosed you will find Copies of my orders to the Commanding Officers of Horse in the Years 1778 and 1779 specifying the number of Horses allowed to be kept at public expence by the Officers of different Ranks. If any of them have exceeded the stipulated number, it has never come to my knowledge.
By the Copies of the letters from Governors Reed and Lee and from Mr. Hollingsworth57 I am convinced the Board have not been wanting in their exertions to procure a supply of provisions, of which, I wish we had more favorable prospects, than are held up by the Commy. General, or which appear in any other quarter. The Commy. General who has just returned from the Eastward has gone forward to Philada. and will himself represent the difficulties under which the department at present labours. 'Till matters get in somewhat better train, I shall confide in a continuance of your endeavours to hasten the progress of the supplies which have been procured to the southward as I can assure you the Army is now upon a most scanty allowance, and is seldom, at the expiration of one day, certain of a morsel of bread for the next. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 57: Col. Henry Hollingsworth. He was superintendent of flour magazines in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 25, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have to acknowledge two favors from your Excellency, both of the 10th of this month.
I flatter myself that the measures of the Assembly for recruiting the quota of troops, and bringing them into the field, will fully answer your Excellency's expectations. I am persuaded that for such an essential purpose, nothing will be left undone.
That part of your Excellency's letter which relates to the obstructions that oppose both the raising and purchasing of Cattle is very interesting. You are not unacquainted with our difficulties heretofore, to keep the army together, and at the same time preserve it from starving. We are still in the most dependent and precarious situation in this respect. I flatter myself, however, that the late system of finance adopted by Congress, by giving the old money a fixt value, and providing the exchequer with new, which is to have the same consideration as specie, will obviate those embarrassments and difficulties with which we have struggled.
This and the measures recommended by Congress to furnish the army with supplies, assisted by the exertions of the respective States, I trust will have a salutary operation, and give to our affairs in general a more agreeable countenance.
I am happy in the opinion, that there is no system which has the public good for its object, but will receive your utmost protection, and be forwarded by every means in your Excellency's power. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Morris-town, March 26, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have, by this conveyance, written to Congress on the defects of the new system for supplyg. the army.
I shall thank you for the News and politic's of the Town. particularly on the subject of finance (wch. I think evy. one ought to support) and the prevailing sentiment respecting our Southern Affairs. The currt. opinion of sensible men, on the propriety and practicability of affording further succour to Genl. Lincoln from this army, under the present circumstances of it, and other matters, is what I wish much to learn; the situation of our affairs in South Carola. impresses me with many fears on acct. of Charles town and with deep concern at the effect which the loss of it may produce on the minds of People in that quarter.
It is my earnest wish that to the Sentiments of others you would add those of your own, in full and explicit terms. I shall, I believe, ask this of the other Genl. Officers.
Mrs. Green gave us the pleasure of her company yesterday and is well. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 26, 1780.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Congress, that from the importance of the subject and the difficulties we have experienced in our provision and Forage supplies, I have been induced in the course of a few days past, with the assistance of the Quarter Master General and the Commissary Generals of Provision and forage to make an Estimate of the quantity of each of these Articles, which would be necessary under our circumstances for Thirty Thousand Men for Twelve Months. From a view of our past expenditures and supposing our means of transportation will be nearly the same they have been, it appears that Two Hundred Thousand Barrels of flour and Forty Millions of pounds of meat would be requisite to be provided, and a much greater quantity of Hay and Grain forage, as will be seen by the inclosed Estimate,60 than Congress have been pleased to require of the States, by their Resolution of the 25th of last month. I should have deemed a communication essential in the case of any specific requisition, which should have seemed too short in the supplies required, lest the States, after providing for the quantities called for, might have permitted
[Note 60: This estimate is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It shows a deficiency in the amount of forage requisitioned of 11,615 tons of hay and 756,273 bushels of grain.] the remaining Surplus of provisions to be exported, and from thence placed the subsistence of the Army on too precarious a footing. In the present one however, the communication appears the more essential, as, besides the inconvenience suggested and admitting it should never happen, the Act makes no certain provision for obtaining any Supplies beyond those required by it, although they should prove deficient. With all deference I would take the liberty to observe, that it appears to me, we cannot be too secure and guarded with respect to our supplies of provision and forage, as a failure in either would involve the most distressing consequences, and therefore that our requisitions should be full and ample in the first instance; and also, even where this is the case, that there should reside a power either in the Commissary General or in one or more persons appointed by Congress or in the Superintending agents to be nominated by the States to provide for contingencies. Upon the present occasion this power seems to me indispensable, as the Supplies requested by the Resolution of the 25th of Feby appear to be so materially deficient, and it may be absolutely necessary in many cases, both for the sake of public economy and because the Articles of supply may not be procurable elsewhere or at least not in due time, or without great difficulty, to obtain large quantities of provision and Forage in a State, after it has actually furnished the quota required of it in the General Assessment. If this should not be allowable the public service may and will certainly suffer, and yet under the present arrangement of the business in this State, which, as I am informed, has undertaken to furnish its quota agreeable to the requisition, there is no provision which authorizes it's own Superintendent or Contractors to go farther than this, while the Law prohibits the Staff in the Continental line from purchasing Any Article of provision or Forage on public account, under a severe penalty; which System may be adopted by Others. With respect to the Article of Hay for instance, the quantity heretofore purchased in this State, and which was essential for the Army, has been more than double what is apportioned on it by the Act of the 25th Feby. and should circumstances make as great an Expenditure material in future, and the State should be capable of affording a supply, the public interest would certainly require that it should be procured, in preference to drawing it from another, supposing it could be done. The propriety, and indeed necessity of the measure holds equally with respect to Other Articles and to every State. I do not mean to convey an Idea, that it is not necessary in our present circumstances to make specific requisitions of supplies in these instances, of the states; or that a System could be, or should be formed on any principle of apportionment to oblige any One to furnish in this way, more than it's proportion; but only that there should be a power somewhere, through which the public may avail themselves of the resources occasionally, of which each State may be capable. And indeed, as it may be unnecessary and impossible in many instances to use the supplies apportioned on particular States, from the local operations of the Army, it seems to me, that there should be occasional sales of the Articles laid up, particularly of Forage, whenever it shall appear from the circumstances of the War that they will not be wanted.
To the observations I have taken the liberty to make, I would beg leave to add, from the frequent occasions we are under, of bringing Supplies from the Eastward, it appears essential that there should be a quantity of Hay provided in the Massachusetts State, probably about Two thousand Five Hundred Tons and from Two Thousand five hundred to Three Thousand Tons in Connecticut, as without a supply the Cattle employed in the business of transportation, will be supported with more difficulty and more expensively. The quantity called for from Rhode Island, from the present face of Military Affairs, it seems probable will greatly exceed the demand we shall have for it.
The Commissary General is of opinion, that it will be necessary for Nine Thousand Bushels of Salt to be deposited in Connecticut, more than is mentioned in the Resolution, as it is from thence that we must receive a great proportion of the Salt provision he lays up; and likewise that he apprehends the quantity to be provided in the Southern States, to be short by Five thousand Bushels. As the places from whence we draw supplies must depend on the abilities of the Individual States to afford them and on the local situation of the Army, it is difficult to frame any fixed and certain System in the case, and it will be found necessary according to these, I am persuaded in many instances, almost wholly to govern our conduct. For should we operate on the North River we must receive from the States of New York and Connecticut, infinitely greater quantities of Forage and flour than what are contained in the Act of requisition. I will only take the liberty to subjoin on this occasion, that the Quarter Master General, Commissary General and Forage Master General are now at Philadelphia on business of their respective departments, and that they will be able, if it should be the pleasure of Congress, to satisfy them in many particulars with respect to the subjects of my Letters, and which cannot be so well detailed.
The Estimate above is made on a number, which greatly exceeds that of our arm bearing Men; but it is considerably short of the Levies required by Congress including the force we at present have, and when we take into view the Officers, Staff, Artificers, the numerous dependents on and connected with the Army, the Contingent and occasional Drafts of Militia we may stand in need of, it will be found to be sufficiently low.
There is another matter to which I would solicit the attention of Congress and could wish they would recommend it to the consideration of the States. It is their providing by some means, that Green pasturage may be had for the Horses of the Army on Marches and in Camp, before the season of dry Hay comes on, in some easy and summary way. The necessity of pasturage is evident and yet we have found great difficulty in obtaining it, and without the States take the matter up and make provision for it, I fear the service will suffer greatly, and that there will be besides constant complaints and Law-suits against the Officers in the Staff and other line of the Army. I have the Honor etc.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was lead in Congress on March 29 and referred to Roger Sherman, Thomas Burke, and James Searle.
Filed with the draft of this letter to Congress, in the Washington Papers, is the following memorandum, evidently dictated to Tench Tilghman:
"1. The Quantity of Flour required is by the Estimate of the Commy. Genl. deficient near 100,000 Bbls.
"2. Massachusetts furnishes no Hay or Grain Forage; there is necessarily a great consumption in that state, at least 2500 tons of Hay and 30,000 Bushels of Grain.
"3. Salt of Connecticut appears very deficient. They ought to furnish 10,000 Bushs:
"4. Hay of Connecticut deficient 2500 or 3000 ton, and they ought to furnish 60,000 Bushels of Grain and 10,000 Barrels of flour.
"5. New York considering the probability of the Army laying in that state should furnish 100,000 Bushs: short forage and 3500 tons of Hay and 28,000 (28,969) B. Flour.
"6. New Jersey for the foregoing reason should furnish 25000 Bbls flour; 7500 tons of Hay and 100,000 Bushs: short forage.
"7. Pennsylvania by the estimate furnishes no Beef. she ought to give 5000 Cattle and an addition of 20,000 Bbls flour. She ought also to give 5000 tons of Hay and 300,000 Bushs, short forage, besides wintering a number of Horses.
"8. Delaware state can furnish 9,000 Bbls. flour, 1000 Head Beef Cattle, and 2500 tons of Hay and 60,000 Bushs: Grain forage.
"9. Maryland can furnish 40,000 Bbls flour, 150,000 Bushels Grain forage, and 5000 Bushs: salt.
"10. The Frontier of Virginia ought to furnish 10,000 Barrels flour for the use of the Western posts, 400,000 Bushs: Grain forage.
"11. Considering the probability of the removal of the War to the southward, North Carolina should be called on for 150,000 Bushs: Grain forage.
"12. The states of North and south Carolina being very temperate in climate the Cattle and Horses can be substituted in green forage the greatest part of the Year.
"General Remark. There is no provision made for Green forage in any of the states. The Cattle and Horses during all the moving part of the Campaign must subsist on this food, it being impossible to carry dry forage, except in small Quantities, with the Army. The Continental and state Agents in each state should be the same both for economy and to accommodate the Business to the Nature of the service. The Agents in the respective states to be authorised to make such further provision in their respective departments as the service may require.
"It should be very explicitly stipulated that the Commy. General should call upon the States for their live Cattle at such times and in such quantities as the service may require. Otherwise the states may take upon themselves to send in their Cattle at such times as best suit themselves, which would occasion scarcity at one time and a superabundance at another."]
[Note 62: Major and aide to Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 26, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 7th. of this month. It gives me great pleasure to learn that your father the General is getting better, and that there are such flattering hopes of his perfect recovery. I beg that he will receive my best wishes for his health.
As you are unwilling to remain inactive or in your present situation in the army and request leave to resign, you will be pleased to consider this as my approbation of your request. I am &c.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
March 26, 1780.
Sir: The situation of affairs to the Southward makes it serious question whether any further succours ought to go from this army. There are many obstacles to the measure, perhaps insurmountable ones, but in considering it, it is essential to ascertain how far it may be practicable to transport the troops. They must of necessity go a great part of the way by land. I am therefore to request you will without delay inform me explicitly of the means you have in your department for this purpose. I shall also be obliged to you to consult the Commissary and let me know how he would be prepared for such an event. Suppose in your calculations that the detachment would consist of two thousand men.
There is another point which I have frequently mentioned to you in conversation, concerning which it is indispensable I should have the clearest, fullest and most precise information; I mean our prospects for moving the army this campaign. The season for operations is advancing fast. The movements of the enemy may soon make it necessary to put our whole force in motion. I wish to know therefore what provision is made and making of covering in camp equipage and the means of transportation; and how soon we may expect to be in a condition to take the field.
I request your answer to these inquiries will be as expeditious and precise as possible; but if a recurrence to your papers in camp, should be necessary to enable you to give an answer to the latter you will of course defer it 'till this can take place; but in the mean time you will let me hear from you on the subject of the detachment to the Southward. With great esteem etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
March 26, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I am much obliged to you for the interest which you still take in our supplies, as expressed in your favor of the 10th instant; and for your intentions to forward this business by a person representation on the subject to the Governor and Council.65
[Note 65: Of Connecticut.]
I cannot doubt but that, whether a private citizen, or one acting in a public capacity, the good of your country will always be your principal object. With much regard, I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 26, 1780.
Dr. Sir: In answer to your letter of the 10th of this month, I have inclosed you a certificate expressing in general terms my sense of your services. For want of a knowledge of the ranks which you may have held at different times, and the periods of your service I could not make it more particular; but if you are desirous of one comprehending these matters and will send me the proper dates &c. I shall make out a certificate agreeably. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. A draft of the certificate is not found in the Washington Papers. (See note 9, p. 167, vol. 5, for Trumbull's service.)]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 26, 1780.
Sir: You68 will have received I presume before this, a Transcript of an Act of Congress of the 25th of last month calling on the several States for Specific quantities of provision, Rum and Forage for the Army and directing the Articles of Supplies to be collected and deposited at such places in each of the States, as should be judged most convenient by me. In the case of a defensive war like ours, which depends almost wholly on the movements and operations of the Enemy, it is dificult if not impracticable, to fix on places of Deposit for Stores, which may not be rendered improper by subsequent events, and all we can do upon such occasions, is, to collect them where it shall appear from a comparative view of circumstances, that they will be probably secure and most likely to facilitate the purposes intended. I have considered the point with respect to the supplies required of Your State, and I beg leave to inform You, that it appears to me, they should be deposited at
[Note 68: The draft at this point has within brackets "or Your Excellency as the case maybe."] the following places and in the proportions set against each respectively. Viz:69
[Note 69: The draft has: "[Vide the Inclosed paper fixing the places of Deposit in each State.]" This paper is in the Washington Papers under date of Mar. 25, 1780. It is a tabular statement, headed: "Places for depositing Stores and the proportion of each species to be collected at them respectively"; to which the following "Remarks" are appended: "The Hay required of Rhode Island to be collected on the requisitions of the Q Master General; who will make them from time to time as the probability of its being wanted shall seem to make it necessary." This paragraph was added to the circular sent to Gov. William Greene, of Rhode Island. In the tabular statement, opposite North Carolina, is the note: "The places of deposit for the stores to be furnished by it, must be fixed by the Governor of the State and the Commanding Officer in the Southern department." Opposite South Carolina is: "The places of deposit for the Stores to be furnished by it, must be fixed by the Commanding Officer in the Southern department, who will consult the Govr. of the State upon the occasion."]
As to the Beef,70 the time and place of delivery 'c the proportion from time to time must of necessity be governed by the occasional requisitions of the Commissary General; which must also be the case with respect to the Salt and it's ultimate places of deposit. I have Honor etc.71
[Note 70: The draft has "supplies of Beef."]
[Note 71: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The text is from the letter sent to President Meshech Weare, of New Hampshire. The circular was sent also to Jeremiah Powell, president of the Massachusetts Council; to Govs. William Greene, Rhode Island; Jonathan Trumbull, Connecticut; George Clinton, New York; William Livingston, New Jersey; Thomas Sim Lee, Maryland; Thomas Jefferson, Virginia; Presidents Joseph Reed, Pennsylvania, and Caesar Rodney, Delaware. (See the letters to President Reed (April 12) and to Govs. Richard Caswell and John Rutledge, of North and South Carolina, respectively.) In the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress are photostats of the letters sent to Meshech Weare, Joseph Reed, Thomas Sim Lee, and Jonathan Trumbull--all in the writing of Harrison.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, March 26, 1780.
Parole Hymen. Countersigns Jupiter, Juno.
The regimental surgeons are to send as usual to the Flying Hospital for stores for the sick and are to be punctual in making their weekly returns on mondays agreeable to general orders.
By a General Court Martial held in the City of Philadelphia by order of the Honorable Board of War, Jany. 24th. 80, Colonel White,72 President, Captain Lieutenant Theophilus Parke was tried for, "Defrauding his men of their pay and bounty," and plead not guilty.
[Note 72: Col. Anthony Walton White, of the First Continental Dragoons.]
The Court were of opinion that Captn. Lieut. Theophilus Parke has not only been guilty of defrauding his men of their pay and bounty, but of repeated forgeries in signing several of the names of the evidences soldiers in his company for their pay and bounty, without their knowledge or consent.
The Court unanimously found Captain Lieutenant Parke guilty not only of fraud but of repeated Forgeries and sentenced him to be cashiered with infamy, by having his sword broke over his head on the public parade in the front of the regiment to which he belongs by the Adjutant of the said regiment, and it is the opinion of the court from the scandalous, infamous and villainous conduct of Captn. Lieutt. Parke that he is unworthy of ever holding any post civil or military in the United States, Agreeable to the 22nd. article, section 14th. of the Articles of War, the charge and sentence be published in the News Papers of the State of Pennsylvania. The charge of fraud being fully proved against Captn. Lieutt. Parke, the General confirms the sentence and directs it's execution.
By a General Court Martial held by order of the honorable the Board of War at Philadelphia the ninth day of March instant, Lieutt. Colonel Williams73 President, Lieutenant Anthony Wright of Colonel Flower's regiment of Artillery Artificers was tried on the following charges (viz)
[Note 73: Lieut. Col. William Williams, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
1st. "For tuning in debt to private matrosses, and,
2nd. For ungentlemanlike behavior in drinking at public houses with soldiers at their expence.
3rd. For going to a dance at night at the soldiers houses without their invitation and playing cards the same night with private soldiers.
4th For beating and abusing two Matrosses in a barbarous and inhuman manner when under arms on the fifth instant.
5th. For borrowing a pair of shoes from a Matross and not returning them or giving him any satisfaction," and plead "Not guilty."
The Court after duly considering the evidence for and against the Prisoner with his defence do acquit him of the 1st. and 4th. charges, but find him guilty of the 2nd., 3rd and 5th. charges being a breach of the 21st. article of the 14th. section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be dismissed the service. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
--Cradick74 and Thomas Streehan75 of Col. Lamb's regimt. Roger Taylor, --Burt,76 Francis Pritchard, John Parcels, Alexr. Ross of Col. Crane's regiment and Samuel Gayke77 of Lieutt. Colo. Willet's regiment are to be sent immediately to the Quarter Master General's to assist in making tents.
[Note 74: The name appears as William Cruduck on a muster roll of September, 1778.]
[Note 75: The name appears as Thomas Shahaan on a muster roll of September, 1778.]
[Note 76: The name appears as William Birt on a muster roll of September, 1778.]
[Note 77: Gake.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, March 27, 1780
Parole Intrepidity. Countersigns Industry, Integrity.
A Surgeon from the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade is to go immediately to take charge of the wounded at Paramus; he will call on Doctor Cochran for his instructions.
The General directs that officers and soldiers remain in camp and hold themselves ready for a sudden movement.
The men who want Arms to be immediately supplied and the whole to be completed with ammunition.
Head Quarters, March 27, 1780.
Sir: Notwithstanding the occasion we should have for your services in this quarter should any active operations commence, the critical situation of Charles Town and the importance of that place, induce me to wish you were there. I am doubtful whether you can arrive in time; but I have submitted the matter to Congress to determine according to the advices they have received. The letter to them is inclosed, which after reading you will be pleased to deliver to the President. Should you go to the Southward, I request you will favour me with a detail as frequently as circumstances will permit of the military operations in that quarter; and I entreat you to believe that I shall at all times take great pleasure in hearing of your success and glory. I have the honor etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 27, 1780.
Sir: In the present situation of Southern affairs much will no doubt depend on the having an able Engineer in that Quarter. I have a very good opinion of the Gentleman now there in this line, but the confidence I have in General Du Portails abilities makes me think his presence would be of the greatest utility. Though we may sensibly feel the want of him here should any active operation commence; yet upon the whole I should be willing to spare him were there a probability of his arriving in time. I have no doubt from the season and from every other circumstance that General Clinton will press the enterprise with all the vigor and dispatch in his power; but the loss of his horses may necessarily retard his progress. I beg leave to submit to Congress the propriety of sending General Duportail, which they will be best able to determine from the general complexion of the advices they have received. As he is in Philadelphia their orders immediately to him will prevent delay. In case of his going it will be of course necessary to bear his expences and furnish him with the means of expedition, and it were to be wished he may receive his orders as soon as possible. I have the honor etc.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 80: Those present, in addition to Washington, were Maj. Genls. Arthur St. Clair and Baron de Kalb, and Brig. Genls. James Clinton, William Maxwell, Henry Knox, Edward Hand, and Mordecai Gist.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 27, 1780.
The Commander in Chief states to The Council, that by his latest advices from South Carolina Sir Henry Clinton was arrived there with the force under his command and about the beginning of this month was advanced as far as Stono-ferry, having remained more than twenty days nearly in the same position. That the detachment which went with him from New York was estimated at about 6000; that it is unknown, whether he drew any reinforcement from Savannah, or whether the detachment suffered any considerable loss, in the Storms to which it was exposed during the voyage, a circumstance denied by the enemy. That however there is good intelligence of their having lost their cavalry and every reason to believe that the whole or the greatest part of their waggon-horses experienced a like fate, probably many waggons and boats were also lost, which must necessarily be at least a temporary check to their operations. That by late accounts from New York, there is an appearance of additional succours going from that place, though these accounts still require confirmation.
That General Lincoln's forces the beginning of January last consisted of about one thousand infantry and five hundred cavalry comprehending the Regiment in march under Col. Washington, Continental troops, besides the militia of the Town and other militia called for from the Country and expected, since which Brigadier General Hogan had arrived with the North Carolina regiments of about four hundred men; and the Virginia troops under General Woodford about one thousand in number were within three hundred and eighty miles of Charles Town the 11th. instant. That General Lincoln's disposition seems to be to garrison Charles Town with the greatest part of his force, and leave the cavalry with such infantry as may occasionally collect to them to cover the country and harass the enemy's communications.
That the naval force with which the enemy sailed from New York upon the Southern expedition consisted of five sail of the line (one of which has foundered on the passage) one fifty-gun ship two 44s. and a 20, with a few small armed vessels; besides which they may have been joined by the vigilant of 24 heavy cannon and some armed vessels, which were already in that quarter. That Charles-Town harbour was defended by four Continental frigates, two state ships to be armed with heavy cannon and some other armed vessels making in the whole fourteen, exclusive of gallies, supposed to be a sufficient security to the harbour.
The Commander in Chief takes occasion to observe, that not withstanding the hopes which seem to be entertained of an effectual defence much is to be apprehended for the event of the siege, as the loss of Charles Town and its garrison, would probably involve the most calamitous consequences to the whole state of South Carolina, and even perhaps beyond it.
His Excellency further states that our operating force at this post amounts to about 7000 rank and file, thirteen hundred of whom will have completed their term of service the last of May; at the Highlands about 2600 including twelve hundred whose services will expire at the same period and at Danbury about 800, including three hundred of the same description, besides which are two more broken regiments of dragoons and Lee's corps. That not less from the embarrassments in the Quarter Master's and Commissary's departments than from the season it will be impracticable for some time to put the army in motion if it were necessary.
That the enemy's present operating force at New York and its dependencies is estimated at Eleven thousand rank and file, the whole of which by several concuring accounts has been said to be some time preparing for a movement.
His Excellency having thus given the Council a general view of affairs as well to the Southward as here requests their opinion in writing with their reasons whether any further force can at this time be spared from the army here to reinforce that in South Carolina, whether it will be adviseable to make such a detachment and to what amount; also in case a detachment should be made what disposition ought to take place of the remaining force.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Several words have been supplied from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, where the original is mutilated.
Although Lord Stirling was not present at this council, he submitted an opinion on March 30. All the other generals submitted their opinions on March 29. The decision was unanimous that no detachment could safely be made from the army at Morristown.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 27, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. a letter from the Board of War in which they inform me that they had on the 18th: Feby. given directions to Otis and Henley to provide Uniform Cloathing for your Regt. which I hope they will execute in a short time. They also inform me that they had undertaken to procure Caps, Leather Breeches and Boots for the Cavalry and had directed the Commy. Genl. of Military Stores to make provision of Swords, Pistols and Cartouch Boxes. I have written to Colo. Hubbard to endeavour to procure the necessary quantity of sadlery and when obtained to deliver what is wanting by the respective Regiments to the commanding Officers. Here I must take occasion to enforce a matter which the Board of War have recommended, and which is, to draw no more than the Articles which are indispensably necessary, and no more of such Articles than are really deficient. The scantiness of our stores of every kind and the necessity of retrenching public Expenses by all possible means makes me hope you will pay the strictest attention to this request. I am &c.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman That part of the above letter which respects clothing was sent also to Col. Elisha Sheldon.]
[Note 83: Deputy quartermaster general for Connecticut, at Hartford.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 27, 1780.
Sir: On the 7th: instant, the Quarter Master General laid before me, for my direction, Returns of sundry Accoutrements wanting by Moylans and Sheldons Regiments of Horse, and which had been demanded from you. Not knowing what provision might have been made by the Board of War, I did not look upon myself at liberty to give order in the matter, before I had consulted them on the subject. In answer to my letter they inform me that they had provided Caps, Boots and leather Breeches and should direct the Commy. General of Military stores to procure Swords, Pistols and Cartouch Boxes. They desire me to give orders to the Qr. Mr. General to procure, if in his power, the different Articles of sadlery, Portmanteaus, Oil Cloths and such others as come properly within his line. They inform me that they have reason to believe that there is some sadlery ready made at Springfield,84 which, should there be any there, are to be considered as part of the Quantity called for. You will therefore make inquiry into that matter and after satisfying yourself, proceed as expeditiously as possible in procuring the deficiency. As the Board of War have not sent me back the Returns which I transmitted to them, I must desire you, if you have not retained Copies of them, to apply again to the commanding Officers of the Regiments for them, and to whom you will deliver the several Articles as you obtain them from the Workmen. I am etc.85
[Note 84: Springfield, Mass.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 27, 1780.
Sir: After the breaking up of the Commission86 at Amboy, Mr. Pintard continued within your lines for the purpose of settling his Accounts with the present Commissary General of prisoners who is shortly going out of Office. He yesterday informed me that previous to his leaving Amboy, a parole had been required of him limiting his stay to the 30th. Inst. a period
[Note 86: For exchange of prisoners.] too short to accomplish the purpose above mentioned. I have directed him to remain 'till the Business is finished, but to satisfy his scruples arising from the limitation of his parole, I have thought proper to inform Your Excellency that his continuance is by my direction. At the same time I am persuaded, on considering the matter you will agree with me in opinion, that there was an irregularity in requiring a parole of this nature from a Gentleman acting in a public capacity for us in your lines. Mr. Pintard was sent in by me in January 1777 in character of an Agent for prisoners, and though not formally recognized as such, he was permitted to stay in New York and execute the Office in which he has acted ever since. He cannot therefore be properly subject to a restriction of the kind which has been imposed. I have the honor etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 28, 1780.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit Your Excellency the Extract of a Letter of the 23d Instant, which I received to day from Colo. Vanschaick.88 This will inform Your Excellency, that the Indians have lately made Two incursions on our Frontiers and taken Five of the Inhabitants of Tryon County and killed one and captured a Guard of Thirteen Militia posted at Skeensborough.
[Note 88: The original of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I wish I had no other intelligence of a disagreeable nature to communicate to Your Excellency, but, according to a Letter of the 20th Instant, which just came to hand from the Honourable Mr. Bowen, Deputy Governor of Rhode Island, I am informed, that there has been an engagement between the Spanish Squadron which was off Gibralter and a British fleet, in which the former suffered very capitally. For Your Excellency's more particular information with respect to this unlucky event, I beg leave to refer you to the Inclosure No. 2, an Extract from Mr. Bowen's Letter, which contains the whole and only intelligence I have received on the subject. It appears by the account that the combat, tho' very unequal on the part of His Catholic Majesty's Squadron, had been maintained by them with great obstinacy and with considerable loss to the Enemy.
Your Excellency's dispatches of the 23d have duly come to hand. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. I have received an account which mentions that there are some Transports fitting and preparing at New York, as if they were to receive Troops. From the measures I have taken, I hope in a day or two to obtain more particular and satisfactory information on the subject.
I inclose your Excellency, Rivington's Papers of the 22 and 25 Instant. By the former You will find General Robertson arrived at New York on the 21st in character of Governor, and that we may conclude nothing extraordinary had happened at the Southward about the 11th of the Month.
There is a point on which I would wish to obtain the sentiments and direction of Congress, as without them, I am like to be under some embarrassment with respect to it. I find that the States of Rhode Island, Connecticut and Jersey, the only three from which I have heard upon the subject of Levies (except New York which has none to raise) have, for making up theirs, adopted the mode of voluntary inlistments for the War, under certain pecuniary bounties; Viz. Rhode Island 300; Connecticut 300 Jersey 1000 Dollars, "in addition to and exclusive of the Continental bounty" as it is variously expressed; and the last Two have requested Officers to be sent from the Army on the recruiting service. I wish to know whether there is any Continental pecuniary bounty in such cases and what it is (for I would beg leave to observe, that I shall continue to give a bounty of Two Hundred Dollars to the Old Soldiers who will reengage for the War previous to or on the expiration of their Inlistments unless I am directed to the contrary, if any can be prevailed on to do it for this sum only); And if there is a Continental bounty, whether it is to be exclusive of what the States give and to be advanced by Warrants on the Military Chest; or inclusive, and to be passed to the Credit of the States respectively for whose quota the Recruits are inlisted, as was directed on a similar occasion by the Act of the 9 of March last. It will also be necessary for Congress to determine, in case a Continental bounty is allowed, whether it is to extend as well to Men whose services will expire in the course of a few months, who may be reinlisted by the States by Officers sent to the Army for the purpose, which is part of the System meant to be pursued by some, as well as to those who may be engaged in the State. I also wish to know, whether the Officers who may go on the Recruiting service in consequence of requisitions from the different Governments, are to have a bounty and what from the United States; or are to look only to their own States for a provision and allowance in the case. These points appear to me essential to be determined, and I would take the liberty to request that Congress will be pleased to satisfy me with respect to them, as soon as they shall judge it convenient.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on April 3 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 28, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I received your letter of the 2d. informing me of your arrival at Roxbury.
It is very essential that every thing in our power, not inconsistent with the establishments of Congress, or the States, should be done that can in any ways facilitate the recruiting service. I am of your opinion, that if clothing could be procured on the spot for such of the State quota as inlist, it would be a circumstance very much in favor of the business. But I would not wish to give any directions on this subject, as I presume every thing proper on the occasion will be done by the State [in consequence of the requisition of Congress].
I have been induced to direct the clothier general to make out an order on Otis & Henley, in favor of Col. Crane, for clothing for such soldiers as he may enlist. But this cannot be extended further, and was only taken up, because the artillery are dependent solely on the Continent for their supplies. I am 'c.90
[Note 90: In the writing of James McHenry. The phrase in brackets in the draft (which it also in the writing of McHenry) has been supplied by Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
[March 28, 1780.]
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 8th of this month.
I would observe with respect to the request to station one of the Regiments for the ensuing campaign in the State of Rhode Island, that at this time, it is impossible to give your Excelly. any decisive answer. Whether it will or will not be in our power, or whether it will be necessary, depends so much on the application the enemy may make of their force, the State of our own strength, as opposed to theirs, and other considerations of a contingent nature, that you will perceive nothing certain can be promised on the subject.
I am persuaded of the exertions of your State, and that no means, which it has, will be left untried to forward the views of Congress in recruiting the army to its full complement, and I would wish your Excellency to believe that whatever application is made of the troops under my command can only have the general good for its object. I have the honor etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 28, 1780.
[Dr Sir]: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 6th of this month, and that of the 20th. containing a duplicate of theformer.
In a letter to the Board of Admiralty of the 15th I communicated my sentiments respecting the subject of your letter. I observed to the Board "with respect to the troops, that, from the detachment lately sent to the Southward, and the great diminution of our force besides, occasioned by the daily expiration of the men's inlistments, it appears to me that none can be spared from the army consistently with prudence or policy. But should the Board finally determine on the proposed enterprise and the troops be essential to its success," I further observed "that under the circumstances of the army I have stated, I should not think myself authorised to send them, without the concurrence and direction of Congress."
This will shew you the footing on which I found myself obliged to place the business. As to the second point, should the enterprise be undertaken, so far as my concurrence may be considered as necessary, I shall have no objection to your going on the command.
With regard to a leave of absence from the army during the insuing summer should it be found inexpedient to go into the proposed interprise and under the representation of your health, you have my permission [tho' it was my wish and expectation to see you in the field] but provided your views extend to a voyage leave for this purpose must be obtained from the Congress, as I have in no instance whatever ventured to grant a furlough to any place not within the United States. I hope you will find the experiments you propose to answer your expectations, and that you may soon experience a situation for actual service.
Let me congratulate you on [the late happy event.] Mrs. Washington joins me in presenting her wishes for Mrs. Arnolds on the occasion. I am &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words within brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 28, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I wish I could give you a favorable answer to your letter of the 17th of February on the subject of clothing.
I believe for some time to come, we must content ourselves with the acts of Congress and wait till they may have it in their power to give them a general operation. In this quarter you may be assured that no officers of the line, within my knowledge or recollection, have derived clothing from the public Stores, in consequence of these resolves. Two small parcels of clothing have been distributed to the staff of the army in which the hospital was included, but the apportionment to each individual was so inconsiderable as scarcely to be an object of attention.
When Congress may have it in their power to give their resolves effect, I make no doubt but they will impower their agents with proper authority to deliver clothing agreeably to their resolves; And you may be assured that his Excellency does not consider himself at liberty to take any order in this affair, or I would most willingly forward such as would answer the purpose of your department. I am &c.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "James McHenry."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 29, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I am pleased to hear by yours of yesterday of your arrival at Springfield. I have long wished and expected it. Governor Trumbull in his letter by you, requests that a number of commissioned and non commissioned officers may be immediately sent to Connecticut to assist in the business of recruiting: he mentions 50 or 60 if they can be spared. From my idea of the State of the several regiments in respect to officers present, that number would nearly include the whole upon the ground. That, none however, of the little time between this and the opening of the campaign may be lost, you will be pleased to inquire forthwith what further number of Captains and Subs and good non-commissioned officers inlisted for the war, can be spared from the division, and let them be directed to proceed to the Governor and take his instructions. I imagine there are many officers yet in Connecticut upon furlough, who may perhaps request to remain there to recruit; but I think they had best be called in and others sent upon that service as they return, because if an officer goes to a part of the Country in which he is acquainted, to recruit, he has an opportunity in some degree of visiting his friends at the same time.
You are probably informed of the encouragements given by the late law to recruiting officers. I would wish you to acquaint those who incline to go upon that service that I am not authorised to allow any thing seperate from the provision made by the State as the requisition of Congress of the 9th. of February makes none but leaves the mode to the States. I think it necessary that this matter should be clearly understood by the officers previous to their departure, lest they should afterwards complain, that they went out in obedience to orders and were unavoidably drawn into considerable expences in consequence. I am &c.94
[Note 94: In the writing of James McHenry. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by D. W. Richards, of New York City.]
[March 29, 1780.]
This may certify that Pierre Regnier Esqr. served as a volunteer in the Army of the United States of America from the 11 Novr. 1775 till the 12th of January 1776, when he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel by a particular act of Congress of that date. Col. Regnier has behaved on all occasions with a becoming zeal for the promotion of the service and distinguished himself in the several campaigns as a brave active and intelligence Officer. And is now at his own particular request permitted to retire.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, March 29, 1780.
Parole Loquacious. Countersigns Lustre, Lucid.
Lieutenant Col. Ford will take charge of the 2nd. Maryland regiment 'till further orders.
The General or other officer of the day is to give the Parole and Countersigns to all guards or cause it to be done by the Brigade Major, that the omissions and mistakes which have happened of late may be avoided in future.
Head Quarters, Morris-town, March 30, 1780.
Dr Sir: Your Letter of the 25th did not come to my hands till yesterday afternoon.
I will take the Chariot at the price of Two hundred and ten pounds in gold, provided you have examined it yourself with a critical eye or will get some good judge or judges to do it and they shall be of opinion that it is made in the present taste, well fashioned, composed of seasoned wood well put together. and also that it either has, or is to have a proper lining &ca. My reason for being so particular I shall mention; some days ago I was told of an elegant chariot of exquisite workmanship belonging to Captn. Kennedy96 that was for sale; I got a Gentn. in the neighbourhood to view it, who made so favourable a report, that I sent down to buy it, when upon a second inspection (or the Inspection of a second Gentn.) it was found to be so old fashioned and uncouth that the Gentn. did not incline to take it. I wish you had mentioned the makers name of the one offered you; if it is a common sale Chariot, and the workman does not stand much upon his character it may be of little worth from the slightness of it.
It will not be in my power to insure payment in less time than It would take me to draw the money from my own home in Virginia which by the common chances of conveyance I could not, with certainty fix at less than 8 weeks from the
[Note 96: Capt. Archibald Kennedy, loyalist.] receipt of your notice of its want. If it does not suit the workman to wait so long, and you could borrow that much Specie I will engage to replace it with interest in the time.
In case you should purchase please to have my Arms and crest properly dispos'd of on the chariot. I send them for this purpose. I am etc.
P S. Mr. Tilghman tells me that Genl. Dickenson if in town and would be so obliging as to take the trouble would be an excellent judge of the Chariot in its prest. state and director with respect to the finish of it. In doing wch neatly and in taste I should not begrudge adding to the price fixed.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 30, 1780.
Gentlemen: Upon receiving information that the enemy are preparing to send a reinforcement to the southward, I have determined to detach Major Lee's Corps, both Horse and Foot to that quarter, and have written to the commanding Officer to put them in readiness as expeditiously as possible. As they will undoubtedly want many matters to equip them for so long a march, I have directed the Officer to repair himself to Philada. and make application to the Board for what are necessary. I would recommend a liberal supply if possible, as I am informed by Lieut. Colo. Temple of late Blands that nothing of the kind is to be procured to the southward. I suppose you will think it expedient for the Foot with the Baggage to proceed down Chesapeak Bay by Water and meet the Horse at Petersburg. It will in that case be necessary to give orders for Vessels to be provided at the Head of Elk. Be kind enough to forward the inclosed to Capt. Von Heer of the Marechause Dragoons, to whom I have written to repair to and take up Major Lees quarters at Burlington. I have the honor etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 99: Delegate to the Continental Congress from South Carolina.]
March 30, 1780.
Sir: I am much obliged to you for your favor of the 24th of this month.
It would seem pretty evident from the enemy's inactivity, from which we derive so many advantages, that some very considerable derangement has happened in their affairs. Whether this arises from the want of horses, the loss of military stores, or an insufficiency in the Article of small craft for the transportation of troops, or of proper ships to attempt the harbour, the result is the same to us; and I would flatter myself in the same hopes that you have expressed on this head. You speak of the arrival of Roebuck and transports from the Southward at New York, but I have not had any information of this kind altho' my inquiries have been particular. [The Russel from Savannah and] some provision vessels from Cork have got in lately, but there are no other entries of consideration, which have taken place within these few weeks.
My intelligence for some time past has looked towards a considerable move on the part of the enemy; flat boats have been collecting and a number of boatmen engaged for a particular service. But the preparations were of such a nature as would not admit of any decisive conclusions. Since this general intelligence, I have received some of a more pointed nature, that indicates another embarkation [of abt. 2500 men] for some distant part. And under the circumstances of the enemy to the Southward it is most probable it is for this quarter. [I expect to have the particrs. in a day or two when I shall have the honr. of writg. fully to Congress on the subject.] With great regard etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 30, 1780.
Dr. Sir: From the diminution of our force at the Highlands by the expiration of the service of many of the Troops and which will become still greater, from the same cause, and the probability that the Enemy may attempt to enterprise something against the posts there; I have determined to bring the New-Hampshire Brigade from Danbury to reinforce you. The inclosed Letter to the Commanding Officer there, You will perceive is for this purpose which you will be pleased to seal and transmit after you have made proper arrangements for quartering them. If there are Barracks and Covering sufficient on this side the River at West point, for one of the Massachusetts Brigades stationed on the Other, it appears to me that it will be best to remove it and for the New Hampshire to occupy the Quarters they leave. This however is an arrangement, of the propriety of which you will finally decide yourself, as circumstances may seem to require.
I am exceedingly pained to find that such a spirit of resigning seems to have taken place in the Massachusetts line. Not less than Twelve Officers, Captains, Lieuts. and Ensigns, have left it in this way, since the 1st of January. Two thirds of them in the course of a few days past; and I have now before me Four or five applications more for the same purpose. I trust that this conduct will be better considered of and that there will be no more resignations. Besides the injury which must arise to the service from the practice, the Officers who pursue it will illy requite the measures, which it is said, the State have lately adopted for their relief.
I have received Your Favours of the 25 and 27 Instant. If the proposed Exchange of Regiments between Majors Maxwell and Ballard is agreeable to themselves and to the Officers of the respective Regiments, I don't know that there can be any objection to it. The exchange however should be the effect of such an agreement or it may become a subject of some trouble hereafter. I am etc.
P.S. I am extremely anxious to have the New Hampshire Troops at the Highland posts, as soon as it can be done, and request You will have the place for their reception and accommodation ready for them as soon as circumstances will admit.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 30, 1780.
Sir: The diminution of the force at the Highland posts, by the expiration of the terms of the inlistment of the troops stationed there last Fall, makes it necessary that the New Hampshire Brigade should move to West point or its vicinity. Major General Howe will inform you when he will have quarters ready for the reception of the Brigade, and you will be pleased to march when he shall give you orders. I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 30, 1780.
Sir: I have rec'd your favor of the 23d Inst. The Sketches which you mention as having sent His Excellency thro' Genl Howe are not yet come to hand. It is to be lamented that your present number of fatigue men are not adequate either to the occasion there is for them, or your wishes. The Genl has however written some days ago on the subject to Genl Howe and no doubt every thing will be done towards forwarding the works, that is within his power. You will be pleased to make application to the Genl4 for the order you requested, for Shoes for the Masons of the Virginia line; and also in all future similar cases, as he is authorised on that head. I am &c.5
[Note 4: Maj. Gen. Robert Howe.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade, A. D C."]
[Note 6: Of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, March 30, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your letter of the 20th. instant. Genl. Howe or the officer commanding in your quarter has full authority by his instructions to take such order in cases of furloughs as he may judge proper. Under the representation which you have made, I have no objection to your absence on Col Putnams return provided circumstances will admit of it at the time, and should it be agreeable to the commanding officer. I am etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[Note 8: At Burlington, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 30, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased, upon the receipt of this, to take the most expeditious measures for putting the whole Corps both Horse and Foot in readiness to march. If you move, your destination will be South Carolina. The Horse will go the whole way by land; the Foot will go down Chesapeak Bay by Water and meet the Horse at Petersburg. As soon as you have given the necessary orders at Burlington you had best repair to Philada. and apply to the Board of War, to whom I have written on the subject, for the Articles wanting to equip the Corps for so long a march. Be pleased to acknowledge this; send your answer to the Qr. Mr. at Trenton, who will forward it to me. I am etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. Sparks prints this letter as to Maj. Henry Lee.]
On March 30 Washington wrote also to the Deputy Quartermaster General at Trenton, asking him to forward the above letter by express. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
On this same date (March 30) Washington also wrote briefly to Captain Von Heer. or officer commanding the Marechaussée Corps, to march from Pottsgrove, or Reading, Pa., to Burlington, N.J., "as expeditiously as possible." This draft is in the Washington Papers.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, March 31, 1780.
Parole Magazine. Countersigns Niveous, Novel.
By a Division General Court Martial held by order of Brigadier General Clinton, Lieutent. Col. Huntington, Prest.
Ensign Spoor10 of the 3rd. New York regiment was tried for, "Scandalous and ungentlemanlike behaviour towards Captain Pell11 on the evening of the 29th. of January last, with several others and forcibly putting him out of the room of a public house in which he had passed the evening", and plead "Not guilty."
[Note 10: Ensign John Spoor.]
[Note 11: Capt. Samuel Treadwell Pell, of the Second New York Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
The Court after considering the evidences and the Prisoner's defence are of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of a breach of the 21st. article, 14th. section of the Articles of War and adjudge that he be discharged from the service.
The General confirms the sentence against Ensign Spoor, because there was a shameful combination of a number against a single Person, who appears to have given no provocation.
Head Quarters, Morris-town, March 31, 1780.
My dear Sir: I was about to fulfil the promise made to youin my last, of writing fully on the subject of your letter of the
12Instt. and other matters, when your obliging favr. of the 22d. came to hand. The hint contained in it was too seasonable and striking for me not to derive a lesson of use from it. I shall therefore, as there is danger attending written communications of private Sentimts. and my letters to the body of which you are a member will convey every occurrance and information of a public nature within my sphere of action content myself with acknowledging and thanking you for the letters you may do me the favor to write.13
[Note 12: March 7. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Schuyler had written (March 22); "Communications on paper are more exposed from, than to the Army, It may therefore be proper for Characters In particular Situations not to be particular unless where there is the Greatest Certainty of safety In the Conveyance. I mention this least You should attend from your politeness to more than I Expect, a bare Acknowledgment that a letter has been received will Suffice the friend." Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 13: Schuyler's letter (March 22) had given Washington a brief outline of the action of Congress in a proposed reorganization of the Quartermaster General's Department. His reply (April 5) to the above letter from Washington, continued the report: "There has been some wicked work respecting a Certain appointment which Gen. Greene will advise you of. The Gentleman I have last mentioned addressed Congress in a letter of the 3d Inst. wishing for their Sense on his General Conduct in the Q Master department; a Resolution was proposed, that Congress had full Confidence In his Integrity And Ability, and requesting his future exertions; this brought on much debate. Amendments were moved, and the house got into heats, and an adjournment was deemed necessary to give the Members time to Cool. A member more zealous for the Generals reputation than prudent, Observed that he was an officer In whom the Commander in Chief had the highest Confidence. That he was the first of all the Subordinate Generals In point of Military knowledge and ability, that in case of an accident happening to Gen: Washington he would be the properest person to Command the Army, And that General Washington thought so too another observed that he had a very high Opinion of G. Greens Military Abilities, that he believed the General had too, but that he believed no person on Earth was Authorized to say as much as the words above scored, Implied. I mention this that your Ex: may guard against any Misapprehensions which this may Occasion with Your Officers. Gen: Greene will Inform you who delivered the Imprudent Speech." Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.
A contemporary copy of the report of the Commissioners (Timothy Pickering and Thomas Mifflin) appointed by Congress to arrange the Quartermaster Department, under the new scheme of "Specific Supplies ", is found in the Washington Papers, under date of Mar. 27, 1780. It is printed in the Journals of the Continental Congress of that date.
In the Washington Papers, also, is a six-page folio brief of this report, entirely in Washington's writing, referring to the pages of the manuscript copy by number, and commenting upon the provisions of the report in the following instances: "Page 12. The occasional provision for the March of Troops, Detachmts., Parties &ca. out of the Rout of the Magazines is so slow and tedeous in its operation that the end of every march must be defeated. 13. The mode of paying for it too is equally exceptionable. 14. One Quarter of a Cord of Wood for 60 Men including Officers and 20 lbs of Straw: is not this too small? 15. One Qr. Mr. Genl., One Dy. for the main Army and for each separate Army. The Q M. G. and each of his Dys. to be allowed one Clerk. Is this sufft.? When one or more Regts. March a Captn. to be appd. by the Q M. G. to do the Duty of Q. M. pro tempore and reed. pay for it. Why confind to a Cap.?... 22. Q. M. G. to collect all Horss. Wagns. and Teams by the Opening of the Campaign and apply to the Bd. of War for the defy. who is to employ one or more Persons to purchase them. N B This is making other persons (after travelling through two or three Stages) do what the Qr, Mr. should do in the first Inste.... 24. Allowance of Waggons in some instances are two small.... 26. No Horses belonging to the United States shall be allowed to officers for Ridg. or Batt. Horses but in lieu thereof shall be paid in Spanish Milled Dollars or &ca. equivalent. To a P. M, Adjt., Q M. each Dollars. To a Field Cons. of M: S. Dollars. To a Conducter of Baggage and P. Waggons dollars. To a Prot. Ml. Dollars. NB. Why an allowance to these and not to other Officers?" [The table of rations allowed the officers, page 26, has the following note:] "NB Many of these allowances are too low.... 29.... For sudden demands of Horses the Q. M. G. or his D. or offr. Comg. Detacht. New levies or &ca to hire or Contract for Teams. As this may not be accomplished; It is recommended to the States to pass Laws to aid. NB. While this is doing, and under these circumstances Detachmts. &ca. will be unable to move. and every end and design of detaching will be defeated.... 37. Such of them as are carried into the field shall be undr. the care of field Comy. who shall keep the Acct. of them Timber Boards and other articles wch. are to be found in the vicinity of the Army to be provided by a Contractor to be appd. for that purpose by the Qt. M G and Comg. Offr. of Artillery out of the Offrs. of the Artillery Artificers or Q. Mrs. Artificers who shall supply both departments, agreeably to orders from Hds. of them Money's for these Contracts to be drawn from the Military Chest on the appr. of the Q. M. G and Comg. Offr. of Artilly. respectively. The Acct. to be examined by once [ sic] in every three months. NB. It is difficult to see into the policy or æconomy of this."]
I am much indebted to you for your communications from the Southward. I feel many anxious moments on acct. of the Carolinas which are increased by the daily diminution of our force in this quarter; the little prospect of getting it augmented in time to answer any valuable purpose, and other obvious embarrassments.
We are now beginning to experience the fatal consequences of the policy which delayed calling upon the States for their quota of Men to a period when they ought to have been joined, that there might have been time for arranging and preparing them for the duties of the field. What to do for the Southern States without involving consequences equally alarming in this quarter I know not. The enemy are certainly preparing for another embarkation (from present appearances of abt. 2500 men) but as I expect a more particular acct. of this matter by tomorrow I shall defer writing to Congress till then. With the most sincere regard and Affectn. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 31, 1780.
Sir: I have recd yours of the 10th: Instant by Ensign Tolman14 to whom I have given a Warrt: for 4400 dollars for Bounty to 44 Men inlisted previous to the 23d. Jany. 1779 and a Warrant for 5000 dollars for the purpose of recruiting. Congress not having determined upon filling the additional Battalions, among which yours is included, I do not at present look upon myself authorised to give you liberty to proceed in recruiting. You will therefore upon the Receipt of this call in the Officers who are upon that service and apply the 5000 dollars sent by Mr. Tolman to paying off the Bounties of those who have been inlisted. You can settle your recruiting Account with the Commissioners of public Accounts at Albany and should there be a Balance in your favor, I will grant a Warrant for it, upon being furnished with the settlement made with the Commissioners. I have given Mr. Tolman an Order for 120 suits of Cloathes which I imagine will be the amount of the Men returned by you as already reinlisted and those who may be expected in from your recruiting parties. Here I cannot help taking occasion to mention the necessity of your paying a strict attention to the application and
[Note 14: Ensign Thomas Tollman (Tolman), of Warner's Additional Continental regiment. He was appointed lieutenant in May, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.] distribution of this Cloathing, as it appears, by former deliveries of the different Cloathiers, that your Regimental pay Master has heretofore had a much greater quantity than any other Corps in proportion to its size.
I have likewise given an order upon the Quarter Master General for the portmanteaux for your Officers. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, March 31, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose the Report of the proceedings of the Commissioners appointed to meet at Amboy the 9th: instant, for the purpose of settling a General Cartel, by which, Congress will perceive that the present attempt has been as unsuccessful as all the former, and from the same cause.
In January, I was honored with a letter from the Minister of France, informing me of his having received advice from Europe, that the Court of London, on account of the difficulty they found in procuring Men, had instructed their Commander in Chief here, to treat with us on a national footing, rather than fail to obtain a reinforcement to their Army by the release of their prisoners in our hands. He added, that he had communicated this intelligence to Congress, and that Congress had requested him to transmit it to me, as a matter which ought materially to influence the measures we were about to take on the subject of an Exchange.
Though I was strongly persuaded beforehand, that there was a mistake in His Excellency's information, and that the advantages to be reaped by the enemy from the proposed Exchange would not be a sufficient inducement to a step of the nature it imported, which I took the liberty to signify to him, yet I thought it my duty to make the experiment, as well from motives of respect to the communication, as from the possibility of its being well founded. I therefore directed our Commissioners to take every method to ascertain the Enemy's views on this head, and if the British Commissioners did not come with national powers, to decline doing any thing with them in an official capacity; but after satisfying themselves that nothing was to be effected on a larger scale, they were instructed to enter into private Conversation on the terms of a particular Exchange. Their letter No. 2 will shew what was done in consequence.16 Congress will perceive that their proposal was not accepted by the Gentlemen on the other side, who insisted on the exchange being at all events extended to one half of the second division of the Convention troops. This was a departure from the plan concerted between General Phillips and Colonels Magaw, Matthews &c. If Congress think that humanity requires or policy permits us to accede to the enemy's ultimatum, I shall be happy to execute their orders; but it is a point of so much delicacy and importance, that I cannot forbear earnestly requesting I may be excused from deciding in it. On one hand the acquisition of so many Men will be of great moment to the enemy, if they meet with success to the Southward; on the other, I see not how we shall be able to maintain our Officers in captivity and the expence is no trifling consideration. I think it necessary to observe, that if the Enemy's proposals should be accepted, it may be June before the prisoners are delivered; but perhaps it will be judged advisable to delay a determination, 'till the probable issue of southern Affairs is a little unfolded. I have the honor, &c.17
[Note 16: The unofficial letter of March 26, from St. Clair, Carrington, and Hamilton, to Washington, the original of which is in the Washington Papers, and a copy in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 167.]
[Note 17: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on April 6 and referred to John Morin Scott, William Churchill Houston, and William Ellery. This committee was discharged Oct. 13, 1780, and the matter referred to John Sullivan, Theodorick Bland, and John Mathews.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 1, 1780.
Gentn: From the desire and endeavours of many of the soldiery to leave the service wherever they can, under the pretext of their having been only temporarily engaged and that their inlistments have expired, and the difficulty of ascertaining the point in most instances on account of their inlistments being lost or of the resignations or deaths of the Officers who inlisted them, which are the cases, it is found, in which they generally prefer their claims to be discharged; I would take the liberty to request that the Honourable Board will transmit me the Muster Rolls for May, June and July 1777, as it is by these only that the matter can be determined so as to do justice to the Men and the public. When these claims shall appear to be pretty will adjusted, the Rolls shall be returned. I have the Honor etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Although this letter is plainly addressed and indorsed to the Board of Treasury, the muster rolls were acknowledged and returned to the Board of War. (See Washington's letter to the Board of War, Apr. 23, 1780, post.)]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have Duplicates of my letters of the 30th. ulto. the originals of which having been sent by a soldier on foot, I am apprehensive he may have been detained by the Weather. I have since recd. your favr. of the 28th: March: The intelligence communicated in it, urges the necessity of drawing down Poors Brigade as expeditiously as possible, and also points out the expediency of endeavouring to get a supply of provision within the Garrison. I am well aware of the difficulties you will meet with in accomplishing the last, but I am convinced you will leave no means unessayed. I am &c.
P.S. Pay particular and proper attention to the Signals for alarming the Country.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P. S. is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: In consequence of the promotion of Lt. Colo. White to the 1st. Regt. of Dragoons with the Rank of Lt. Colo. Commandant, you will, agreeable to the regulations of the Army, be transferred to the 4th: Regt: to which Lt. Colo. White formerly belonged. I had mentioned this arrangement to Colo. White in my instructions to him previous to his going to the southward, but I am informed you missed him upon the Road. Upon your representation that the state of your Affairs require your return to Virginia before you can with conveniency join the 4th. Regt. you have liberty to proceed thither; and as you seem to be of opinion that you could, if authorized and furnished with money for the purpose, recruit Men for the Regiment to which you are going, you will be pleased upon your arrival in Philada. to make application to the Board of War and take their directions on the subject. I have for some time past given liberty to Colo. Moylan and Colo. Sheldon to inlist Men for their respective Regiments upon the following terms: to serve with the Regiments as dismounted Dragoons untill it should be deemed expedient or convenient to mount them; the Bounty 200 dollars to the Men and 20 dollars to the recruiting Officer; the term of service expressly for the War and the Men natives or such as have been long in the Country and connected in it and every way qualified for Dragoons. The excessive high price of Horses and the difficulty of subsisting them, was the reason of my determining to direct the inlistments on the foregoing terms for the present. Should the Board of War not concur with your propositions, you will be pleased to return and join the 4th: Regt. as soon as the situation of your private Affairs will possibly admit. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 1, 1780.
Madam: I am pleased to have it in my power to comply with the request in your letter of the 27th of last month.
The commissary of prisoners has received orders to signify to Mr Auchmuty31 that he has permission to go into New York for three weeks; and I hope it will reach him in time to see you before your sailing. I am etc.32
[Note 31: Richard Auchmuty.]
[Note 32: On April 1 McHenry wrote to Commissary John Beatty that Auchmuty had the General's permission to go into New York for three weeks. "You will be pleased to do what is further necessary on the occasion, and inclose him the within letter." McHenry's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 33: The members, exclusive of the Commander in Chief, were: Maj. Gens. Lord Stirling, St. Clair, and De Kalb, and Brigadier Generals Clinton, Maxwell, Knox, Hand, Huntington, and Gist. The council advised, in case the British made the detachment from New York, "or one nearly equal to it, that about Two Thousand Men should be sent from hence to reenforce the Southern States." This decision was signed by all the members, except Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 1, 1780.
The General states to the Council that since they met on the 27th of last month, he has received further accounts from New York, which appears authentic, that Lord Rawdon's34 Brigade, said to consist of his own Regiment and of Brown's,35 Fanning's36 and another Corps; also Two Hessian Regiments and the 42d and another British Regiment, estimated at about 2500 rank and file, were preparing to embark and it was generally believed to reinforce the Army under Sir Henry Clinton at the Southward. Under this information and supposing that this embarkation should actually take place, The General requests the Council to advise him, whether a Detachment and to what amount should be sent from this Army to reinforce in the Southern States and at what period they should commence their march.
[Note 34: Francis, Lord Rawdon. He was colonel of Volunteers of Ireland, British Provincial Troops.]
[Note 35: Lieut Col. Thomas Brown, of the King's Carolina Rangers, British Provincial Troops.]
[Note 36: Col. Edmund Fanning, of the King's American Regiment, British Provincial Troops.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 1, 1780.
Sir: I have been honoured with Your Excellency's Letter of the 21st Instant with the Inclosures to which it refers.37 The proceedings of the Honourable Council on the subject of the Memorial, were certainly founded in the greatest propriety, and I am surprised the Officers in whose behalf it was preferred, should have wished for a departure from a general principle of arrangement. At the same time that the determination of the Council on the occasion must be approved by all, I cannot but acknowledge myself peculiarly flattered by their expressions of confidence and the manner in which they have been pleased to refer the business to me. I have the Honor etc.38
[Note 37: Reed's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers, but the memorial of the Pennsylvania artillery officers to the Supreme Executive Council, dated March 20, and the resolve of the Council, referring the matter to Washington (March 21), are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, April 1, 1780.
Parole Nectar. Countersigns Oracle, Optics.
The State Cloathiers and regimental Cloathiers of the Additional Battalions are desired to call upon the Cloathier General tomorrow for their respective proportions of shoes.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, April 2, 1780.
Parole Privado. Countersigns Powers, Protect.
By a division General Court Martial held by order of General Gist, March 27th. 1780, Major Deane39 President, James
[Note 39: Maj. John Dean (Deane), of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and died in November, 1781.] Stinson of the Delaware regiment was brought before the court charged with "Promoting and encouraging discontent among the men, and making use of language that tended to countenance desertion" and plead "Not guilty."
The Court having duly considered the charge against the prisoner, with the evidence, are of opinion, he is guilty of the 3rd. article 2nd, section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to suffer death.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 2, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing Your Excellency on the 28th Ulto., I have received intelligence, which seems to place it beyond doubt, that the Enemy are about to make a further embarkation of Troops from New York, and the common opinion is, that they are going to reinforce Sir Henry Clinton. Lord Rawdon's brigade, said to consist of his own Regiment and of Brown's, Fanning's, and Another corps: Two Hessian Regiments and the 42d and Another British, estimated in the whole at about 2500 rank and file, are the Troops which will, according to report, make the embarkation. This intelligence, the probability there seems to be, that the Enemy will endeavour to push their operations with vigor at the Southward; the weak state of our force there and unhappily in this quarter also, have laid me under great embarrassments, with respect to the conduct that ought to be pursued. In considering the point a choice of difficulties occurs to our view. The Southern States it is to be apprehended may require much support, and while we attempt to afford it from hence, we run a serious risk in this quarter, from the facility with which the Enemy by the help of their fleet can unite their force at any point, where they find us weak. Congress will the better conceive in how delicate a situation we stand, when I inform them, that Our whole operating force present on this and on the other side of the North River, amounts to only Ten thousand four Hundred rank and file, of which about Two Thousand Eight Hundred will have completed their term of service by the last of May (Two thirds of it by the end of this Month) while the Enemy's regular force at New York and its dependencies must amount upon a moderate calculation to about Eleven Thousand rank and file. I inclose Congress a List of the Corps at New York, after the Detachment which sailed with Sir Henry Clinton, taken from Gaine's Register for the present Year. Our situation too is the more critical from the impossibility of concentring our force, as well for want of the means of taking the Field, as from the early period of the season.
The want also of a Magazine of flour and Salt provision at West point renders it the more necessary, that our Covering force should be respectable, as from this unlucky circumstance which could not be prevented, the post in case of investiture, might be exposed to great risk at least, if it's relief depended much on a force to be collected. And indeed a Militia without they are well supported, are not calculated, nor can they be from the nature of things, to make a regular, disciplined Army abandon Enterprizes of such a nature.
But notwithstanding these Objections perhaps something should be hazarded here, relying on the internal strength of the Country, for the purpose of giving further succour to the Southern States, where there is not the same dependence. I shall therefore put the Maryland line and the Delaware Regiment under marching Orders immediately, and have directed provision to be made for transporting them as far as Philadelphia, and propose their march, if practicable, should commence on the sailing of the Detachment from New York. But before the measure is carried into execution, I shall be happy to know the sense of Congress on its expediency. The consequences may be very important either way, and I wish to have their instructions for my government.
In case the detachment is to march, it's ulterior proceedings and rout from Philadelphia will depend upon the Orders which Congress or the Honourable the Board of War by their direction shall give; for it is impossible for me under our circumstances, to give directions upon the occasion. The Qr. Master and Commissary General are both at Philadelphia, and will exert themselves I am persuaded to carry into execution, any plan for the transportation and accommodation of the Troops that may be judged most eligible, as far as it may be in their power. Baron de Kalb, [who is now at the head of the Maryd. division],40 will command the Detachment in case it proceeds, and will set out to morrow or next day for Philadelphia to assist and expedite the arrangements for it's future movements.
[Note 40: In the draft, which is also in the writing of Harrison, the words here inclosed in brackets have been inserted by Washington, whose spelling has been followed.]
If the Troops could embark without delay at the Head of Elk and arrive safe in James River, it would not only be a great ease to them; but it would expedite their arrival at the Southward, and prevent many Desertions which will probably happen, if they march thro' their State. But how far this mode of proceeding may be eligible, I will not pretend to determine; as the Enemy in case they should be advised of it, which every precaution of secrecy would be necessary to prevent, might, by sending Armed Vessels into the Bay, attempt to intercept them in their passage.
Major Lee's Corps is under marching Orders for the Southward, of which I advised the Honourable the Board of War on the 30th and the Commanding Officer is directed to proceed with it, as soon as he adjusts with them the proper arrangements.
I inclose Your Excellency an Extract from Robertson's New York American Gazette of the 28th of last Month. The intelligence if true, is very important and interesting.
I have the Honor etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on April 5 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: Since I wrote to you on the 26th. ulto: I have received information which does not seem to admit of doubt, that the enemy are preparing another embarkation, the destination of which is said to be to the Southwd. In consequence of this I have determined, if the measure meets the approbation of Congress, to detach the Maryland division to that quarter and have also submitted the Route of the troops to their decision. I desired them to communicate their determination on these points to you and the Commy. General that you may take the earliest opportunities of making the necessary provision should there be occasion. The number of Men to be accommodated on the march will amount to about what I mentioned in my last. Baron de Kalb who will command the detachment will set out for Philada. to morrow or next day and will be at hand to concert with you the necessary arrangements.
Should a passage down Chesapeak be determined upon in preference to a march the whole way, the more the motive for preparing Vessels at the Head of Elk can be covered the better, as the enemy may, if they have sufficient notice, endeavour to interrupt the communication. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 2, 1780.
D. Sir: I have considered the several objects of the two letters from Genl. Phillips of the 22d and 29 of last month, which you put into my hand, and would summarily observe for your government so far as my opinion is concerned.
Gen. Phillips may be informed that the American Commissary of prisoners will be instructed to signify my permission for Major Harnage and Captn. Hawker of the 62 B: R. to go to New-York on their paroles.
The proposition in favour of Governor Hamilton and the other persons described by General Phillips cannot be complied with. Altho their release would have been considered in a general exchange, I do not think myself at liberty to make them the objects of a particular parole exchange they being claimed as prisoners belonging to the State of Virginia; and besides the proposition appears to be very unequal.
The terms which we have proposed respecting the violators of parole appearing just and reasonable I do not think we should change our sentiments on this head, nor can the exchange of the violators of parole still residing in the States be made a previous measure to a general exchange of prisoners.
I shall take the necessary order that Lt. Lord Torphichen43 of the 62 B. Regt. and Secd. Lieut. Hadden44 of the British Artillery, go into New York on parole, and shall consider Mr. Randolph45 and Fitzhugh46 as opposed to them, for the
[Note 43: Lieut. James, Lord Torpichen, of the Sixty-second Foot, British Army.]
[Note 44: Lieut. James M. Hadden. He had been promoted to first lieutenant in July, 1779.]
[Note 45: Lieut. Robert Randolph, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He had been wounded and taken prisoner at Tappan, N.Y., in September, 1778.]
[Note 46: Lieut. Peregrine Fitzhugh, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He had also been taken prisoner at Tappan, N.Y.] present. But Genl. Phillips is to understand in this case, that when these two gentlemen return into N. York that it is expected if the British officers should not be recalled that two other American officers of the rank of Lt. Lord Torphichen and Hadden, and the oldest in captivity be immediately liberated on he same conditions. I shall on this account limit the stay of Lt. Randolph and Mr Fitzhugh to a certain period that their brother officers may have a similar indulgence. I wish Genl. Phillips to be fully acquainted with this intention.
Mr. Beatty shall have my instructions to interchange a certificate with Mr. Loring assenting to the proposal that chaplains belonging to either army, when taken are not to be considered as prisoners of war but immediately released.
Inclosed is a passport for Lieut. Bibby47 to proceed to Genl. Sir Henry Clinton. It restricts him, you will observe to a passage by water and to a return in the same way and only exempts his person and General Phillips' dispatches from capture but not the vessel. I return your letters and am &c.48
[Note 47: Lieut. Thomas Bibby, of the Twenty-fourth Foot, British Army. The draft of his passport, in the writing of Teach Tilghman, is in the Washington Papers under date of April 2.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Morris Town, April 2, 1780.
My Dear Baron: I duly received your letter of the 15th. of March, which hurry of business has prevented my acknowledging sooner. Last Night brought me your favour of the 28th. The propositions made by you to Congress for the arrangement of the army this Campaign appears to me, upon the whole best adapted to our circumstances; and especially since so much of the season has elapsed without entering upon it I am glad the proposed incorporation has been suspended. I doubt however the practicability at this time of augmenting the cavalry or recruiting the additionals, from the circumstance you mentioned; the extreme distress of the treasury, which seems to be totally exhausted and without sufficient resources for the current demands of the service. The present crisis is indeed perplexing beyond description and it is infinitely difficult to devise a remedy.
When I approve your plan for the additional regiments, it is with one condition that Congress can find means to provide for the officers so as to put them upon an equal footing with the other parts of the army. If this cannot be done, they cannot continue in the service. I have incessant applications to this effect and have just written again to Congress on the subject. If the situation of the officers cannot be made more tolerable, it will be preferable to dissolve those corps, incorporate the men with the state lines and let the officers retire to be intitled to pay, subsistence and the emoluments decreed at the end of the war. This will be a very bad expedient if it can be avoided; but it is better than to leave the officers in such a state, that they must be miserable while they stay in the army; obliged in a little time the greatest part of them to quit, while the corps for want of care will rapidly decline and a number of good men be lost to the service.
Your anxiety on the score of Southern affairs cannot exceed mine. The measure of collecting the whole force for the defence of [Charles town] ought no doubt to have been well considered before it was determined. It is putting much to the hazard; but at this distance we can form a very imperfect judgment of its propriety or necessity. I have the greatest reliance on General Lincoln's prudence; but I cannot forbear dreading the event. Ill as we can afford a diminution of our force here and notwithstanding the danger we run from the facility with which the enemy can concentre their force at our weak points besides other inconveniences I have recommended it to Congress to detach the Maryland division to reinforce the Southern States. Though this detachment cannot in all probability arrive in season to be of any service to Charles Town, it may assist to check the progress of the enemy and save the Carolinas.
My sentiments concerning public affairs correspond too much with yours. The prospect my Dear Baron is gloomy and the storm thickens [ sic]. Not to have the anxieties you express at the present juncture would be not to feel that zeal and interest in our cause, by which all your whole conduct shows you to be actuated. But I hope we shall extricate ourselves, and bring every thing to a prosperous issue. I have been so inured to difficulties in the course of this contest that I have learned to look upon them with more tranquility than formerly. Those which now present themselves no doubt require vigorous exertions to overcome them; [and I am far from dispairg. of doing it].
Though I shall be happy to have the honor of seeing the Minister49 in Camp as soon as it may be convenient to him; your reasons for persuading him to defer his journey awhile were good. I wish it were in my power to save him the trouble of the journey by paying him my respects in Philadelphia; but our present military situation joined to other reasons will not permit me to have that honor.
[Note 49: Chevalier de la Luzerne.]
I am very sensible my Dear Baron to the obliging assurances of your regard; and I entreat you to believe there is a perfect reciprocity of sentiments and that I am with great consideration etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to transfer the command of the troops below to Brig: Genl. Huntington, and after communicating the instructions, which you have from time to time received, to him, and giving him such general directions as you may have, from observation, conceived necessary for the security of the small posts along the sound and for your main Body, you will be pleased to repair hither. Upon a presumption that the opinion of the Council of yesterday will be carried into execution, I intend that you shall proceed immediately to Philada. to concert measures with the Board of War, Quarter Mr. and Commy. Genl. for the transportation of the troops to the southward.
You will be pleased to be very particular in informing Genl. Huntington of the methods of communicating the Alarm by signals, should the enemy move. I am &c.
P.S. Let your going to Philada. be under the Idea of a Furlough.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 2, 1780.
Dr Sir: Under the present situation of things it appears necessary to place the Maryland division under your command in the most perfect state of readiness to move at the shortest notice. It will be indispensable that all guards at a distance should be drawn in; all soldiers that may be servants with officers not belonging or attached to the troops recalled, and every other previous arrangement in your power made for this purpose. You will be pleased to inform the adjutant general, of the parties on command, that they may be withdrawn and replaced and be in readiness with your division to move at a moments warning. I shall consult with the quarter Master Genl. on the score of waggons. I am &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of this date. If the paymasters to the Regiments to which the Officers, going upon the recruiting service respectively belong will apply, I will grant them Warrants equivalent to the pay and subsistence of the Officers up to this time. One person, by bringing orders to receive the money for the rest, may execute the whole Business. As the Gentlemen go to Connecticut expressly upon the call of the State, I think it will be but reasonable in them to defray their necessary travelling expences, which in these times far out run the pay of an Officer of the highest Rank. I am etc.
P.S. Be pleased to send Genl. Phillips letter to Staten Island.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1780.
Sir: The Assembly of this State, at their last sitting, passed a law for the payment of the provision which the Army were under the necessity of taking from the inhabitants during the scarcity in Camp and between the 15th: Decemr. and 15th: January. The law directs that no provision seized as aforesaid shall be paid for, unless upon a Certificate signed by the Commander in Chief, or by some person authorised by him. That justice may be done to the public and to individuals I have appointed you to meet two Magistrates at this place on Wednesday Morning next to affix the Value of the several Articles taken. You will therefore be pleased to attend accordingly. I am &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1780.
Sir: I have frequently had the honor to address Congress on the subject of those Corps which are unconnected with the lines of particular States. Satisfied of the numerous perplexities, under which they labour, it is with pain and reluctance I trouble them with repeated representations of the same nature; but in the present case it is so indispensable something should be done, that I cannot forbear the repetition, however disagreeable.
The situation of the Officers of these Corps is absolutely insupportable. Unless something effectual can be done to make it more comfortable, it is impossible they can remain in the service. The resolution of Congress for making them part of the State Quotas has rather been a disadvantage, than an advantage. It has had a very partial operation, and the benefit resulting to a few has only served to establish a contrast that embitters the sufferings of the rest. Nothing can be conceived more chagrining, than for an Officer to see himself destitute of every necessary, while another, not only in the service of the same Government, engaged in defending the same cause, but even in the same regiment and sometimes standing by his side, in the same Company, is decently, if not amply, provided. Enthusiasm alone can support him in a moments perseverance; but even this principle must give way to a necessity so continued and so hopeless. Dayly applications are made to me to know whether there is a prospect of relief, always accompanied with a declaration, that it is impossible any longer to endure the extremities to which they are driven.
I intreat the attention of Congress to this matter. If there is no way to make provision for the Officers, it would be better to dissolve the Corps, incorporate the men with the Regiments belonging to the State lines, and let the Officers retire with pay and subsistence and such other emoluments as may be enjoyed by others after the War. In their present state, they are actually suffering every inconvenience, in fruitless expectation of a remedy, that will perhaps never come. Those who have less resource otherwise, less zeal, or less fortitude are resigning from day to day, a relaxation of care in the interior of the regiments must be a necessary consequence and many valuable men will be gradually lost to the service who might be saved. It is much better therefore that the expedient suggested should be adopted than that things should remain as now circumstanced. But if it were possible to obviate the necessity for it, it were much to be wished; as it would preserve many of our best Officers to the Army, who would with infinite reluctance quit the field while the defence of their Country called for their services.55
[Note 55: At this point the following in the draft is crossed out: "Yet even in this case an incorporation of these corps into each other will be necessary; from the extreme weakness of several of them, as proposed in my letter of the ... The supernumerary officers may retire on the terms before mentioned."]
Before I conclude I think it my duty to touch upon the general situation of the Army at this juncture. It is absolutely necessary Congress should be apprised of it, for it is difficult to forsee what may be the result, and as very serious consequences are to be apprehended I should not be justified in preserving silence. There never has been a stage of the War in which the dissatisfaction has been so general or alarming. It has lately in particular instances worn features of a very dangerous complexion. A variety of causes has contributed to this. The diversity in the terms of enlistments, the inequality of the rewards given for entering into the service; but still more the disparity in the provision made by the several States for their respective Troops. The system of State supplies, however, in the commencement, dictated by necessity, has proved in its operation pernicious beyond description. An Army must be raised, paid, subsisted and regulated upon an equal and uniform principle, or the confusions and discontents are endless. Little less than the dissolution of the Army would have been long since the consequence of a different plan, had it not been for a spirit of patriotic virtue both in officers and men of which there are few examples; seconded by the unremitting pains that have been taken to compose and reconcile them to their situation. But these will not be able to hold out much longer against the influence of causes constantly operating and every day with some new aggravation.56
[Note 56: At this point in the draft the following has been crossed out: "The discontents have been gradually rankling by degrees and in spite of every palliative seem on the point of breaking out into some violent and fatal disorder. Congress may be assured no expedient shall be left untried on my part to prevent extremities; but unless the present system can be changed I very much dread every effort will be unavailing."]
Some States from their internal ability and local advantages furnish their Troops pretty amply not only with Cloathing; but with many little comforts and conveniences; others supply them with some necessaries, but on a more contracted scale; while others have it in their power to do little or nothing at all. The officers and men in the routine of duty mix dayly and compare circumstances. Those who fare worse than others of course are dissatisfied and have their resentment excited, not only against their own States, but against the confederacy. They become disgusted with a service that makes such injurious distinctions. No arguments can persuade an Officer it is justice he should be obliged to pay £??? a yard for Cloth and other things in proportion while another is furnished at a part of the price. The Officers resign, and we have now scarcely a sufficient number left to take care even of the fragments of Corps which remain. The men have not this resource, they murmur, brood over their discontents, and have lately shown a disposition to enter into seditious combinations.
A new scene is now opening which I fear will be productive of more troublesome effects than any thing that has hitherto taken place. Some of the States have adopted the measure of making good the depreciation of the money to their Troops as well for the past as the future. If this does not become general, it is so striking a point, that the consequences must be unspeakably mischievous. I enter not into the propriety of this measure in the view of finance; but confine myself to its operation upon the Army. Neither do I mean to insinuate that the liberality of particular States has been carried to a blameable length. The evil I mean to point out is the inequality of the different provisions, and this is inherent in the present system. It were devoutly to be wished a plan could be adopted by which every thing relating to the Army could be conducted on a general principle under the direction of Congress.
This alone can give harmony and consistence to our military establishment, and I am persuaded will be infinitely conducive to Public oeconomy.
I hope I shall not be thought to have exceeded my duty in the unreserved manner in which I have exhibited our situation. Congress I flatter myself will have the goodness to believe that I have no other motives, than a zeal for the Public service, a desire to give them every necessary information, and an apprehension for the consequences of the evils we now experience. I have the honor etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade The letter was read in Congress on April 6, and on the motion of Robert R. Livingston, seconded by James Searle "Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to proceed to headquarters, to confer with the Commander in Chief on the subject of his letter of the 3d instant, together with the report of the Board of War, and the letter from Baron Steuben, on the subject of a reduction of the regiments, and the report of the commissioners on the arrangement of the staff departments of the army; and that a committee of three be appointed to report instructions for such committee." The committee elected to report the instructions was Robert R. Livingston, Oliver Ellsworth, and John Mathews. The instructions were adopted by Congress on April 12, and on April 13 Philip Schuyler, John Mathews, and Nathaniel Peabody were elected as the committee to proceed to headquarters. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Apr. 12, 13, 1780.)
Luzerne's report to Vergennes, Apr. 16, 1780, on this matter is illuminating. "La crise dans laquelle les affaires du Congrès Se trouvent, a engagé ce Senat à prendre diverses mesures quine manqueront pas de produire de bons eftess, quoiqu on ne puisse encore prevoir ce qui resultera de la revolution que vient d'avoir lieu dans lé département des finances. Il ess difficile de Se faire une juste idée des déprédations qui Se commettoient dans les Seules gestions des munitions, fourages, habillements, hopitaux, tentes, Baraques et charois. Environ neuf mille hommes y etoient employés recevoient d' enormes Salaires et devoroient la Subsistante de l'armée, tandis qu'elle etoit tourmentée par la famine et par l'excès du besoin. Ce trouble à déterminé à y appliquer un prompt reinerie, et le Congrès vient de nommer un Comité compose de trois de Ses membres, qu' el a investides pouvoirs les plus étendus qu'il air jamais conférés a une deputation de ce genre. Cette résolution a êté l'objet d'une longue et vive discution, dans laquelle un patti nombreux, jaloux de voit trois individus revetus d'un pouvoir aussi illimité, a fait les plus grands efforts, pour le restraindre par des instructions. On a insiste Sur le danger de leur adjoindre le General en Chef, dont l'influence, a t-on dit, n'est déja que trop grande; On a parle de Ses versus, comme d'un motif de plus de prendre l'allarme; L'on a observé que l'Entousiasme de l'armée, joint a Pespece de dictature qu'on lui confisit, mettoit le Congrès et les treize Etats à Sa merci, qu il ne falloit pas exposer l'homme le plus vertueux aux tenrations délicates de l'ambition, et l'on a proposé de composer le Comité d' un membre de chacun des douze Etats representés. On a Senti que cettes proposition tendoit à introduire dans le Comité les mêmes lenteurs que l'on reproche au Congrés, et aprês des debars longs et animés, le danger où Se trouve la Republique a prev-alu Sur touts autre considérasion. Les 3 Commissaires ont ête nommés, ils Se proposent de deviser entre eux les differents objets, Sur les-quels chacun d'Eux a le plus de lumieres, et ils doivent Se rendre a l'armée dans peu de jours, pour commencer leur operation. ils Sont autorisés par leurs instructions a déplacer sous employés inutiles ou ignorans, ou qui auront mal versé, à en établir d' autres, a changer, Supprimer, reformer toutes les parties d'administration, qu'ils jugeront vicieuses. ils Se concertsfont avec le General en Chef dans Its objets relatifs à Ses fonctions et ne pourront rien faire Sans Son consentement; Ils ne Seront tenus qu' à faire au Congrès le rapors de leur opération, Sans prendre Son attache, pour proceder à l'execution. Sice grand tray-ail est conduit avec la rigueur qu' on attend des trois membres qui ont êté choisis, il n'est pas douteux, Mortseigneur, qu'il rendra au Congrès la consideration que ce Senat a perdue. Si j'en crois plusieurs de Ses membres il a merité de la perdre par les manoeuvres interressées auxquelles quelques délégués Se Sons livries en Se prév-alant pour assurer le Succès de leurs Speculations mercantilles, de la connoiss-ance qu'ils avoient des opérations Secrettes de l'administration."-- French Transcripts in the Library of Congress. Aff. Etrang., Etats Unis, no. 11, fol. 126.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, April 3, 1780.
Parole Paradox. Countersigns Quaff, Quake.
At a division General Court Martial of the Maryland line, held by order of Brigadier General Gist, March 28th. 1780, Major Deane President, Mr. Edmiston,58 Waggon Master of the Maryland Division appeared, charged with, "Defrauding the waggoners of said division by neglecting to pay them for the month of August when he had drawn money for that purpose," and plead "Not guilty." The Court after considering the charge against Mr. Edmiston the evidence and his defence are of opinion he is not guilty and therefore do acquit him.
[Note 58: This name appears as Samuel Edminson, Deputy Wagonmaster General, on a return of July 31, 1779.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 3, 1780.
Gentn: I had Yesterday afternoon the Honor to receive your Letter of the 30th of March, and agreeable to your request I inclose a permit for the Goods in charge of Captain Bowman.59 This mode of obtaining supplies is certainly justifiable, from the unhappy situation of our affairs and the necessity of having them; but at the same time, for reasons which will readily occur to the Board, I very much wish that the business could have been conducted without an interference on my part.60
[Note 59: Capt. Nathaniel Bowman, of the Second New Jersey Regiment, who commanded the guard escorting blankets and stores from Squan, N.J.]
[Note 60: The Board of War had managed to import some 2,000 blankets and other stores for the Army from New York City, but the inhabitants of Jersey were suspicious and threatened to interfere with the transportation.
On April 3 Gov. William Livingston wrote to Washington respecting these blankets and clothing, inclosing a letter of March 30 from Abraham Clark. The inhabitants of New Jersey had learned that the goods were of British manufacture and were planning to seize them under the law. Livingston's and Clark's letters are in the Washington Papers. An undated and unfinished draft of a letter to Governor Livingston, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Washington Papers under date of April 3. There is some doubt that it was ever finished or sent, as the subject was a delicate one, and Washington may have thought that the less there was on record the better: "I have been favoured with your Excellency's Letter of today, with Mr. Clarke's to which it refers. I received a Letter yesterday Evening from the Board of War on the same subject, which gave me the first information I had with respect to the Blankets at Squan. I very sincerely wish that they could have been transported from thence, without the least interference on my part. From the necessity of the case I have forwarded the Board a permit and hope they will be safe. It is a painful consideration that the situation of our Supplies in this instance is such as it is, and it is the more so, as I fear we have neither money nor credit to procure them where we would of choice. Cloathing and Covering must be had now from the Enemy's post if they are not to be obtained elsewhere and it would have been a lucky circumstance if the..."]
With respect to the supplies which the Board have it in contemplation to procure by the way of the North River, nothing occurs to me to advise, which would either facilitate or effectually secure their transportation to our posts, or which would certainly keep the matter a secret after they arrived. It appears to me however, that it will be necessary for the Board as they have observed, to communicate the Affair to the Commanding Officer of the Highland posts, under restrictions of secrecy, with any circumstances, such as the time when the Vessel or Vessels may probably arrive, a description of them, of any Signals which may have been concerted &c, which may enable him the better to act upon the occasion. The Vessel or Vessels will probably approach our posts with a Flag in nature of a truce. Our lowest post on the River is at King's ferry, and if the Commanding Officer could have her or them boarded there, by a prudent, discreet Officer apprized of the business, the importance of keeping it a secret, with a permit to run her up to Newburg and land and store the Goods at once, it would best prevent the affair becoming a matter of notoriety. After passing Kings ferry he might haul down his flag and send a Boat a head with a line to the Commanding Officer above to inform him of the Vessels arrival, that she might not be stopped at West point. I also think it might be expedient for the Board by a private Letter to communicate the Affair to Governor Clinton, who in case it should leak out, will endeavour I am persuaded to prevent the circulation, and if it cannot be done, he will give the business a proper turn, so as to prevent jealousies and uneasiness. I fear there will be some difficulty in the Vessel's passing by Fort Washington or a little above, as the Enemy generally have a Ship of War or some Gallies stationed there; but these circumstances being known I presume to the persons employed in the business, they will of course take every practicable precaution to elude them. I have the Honor etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, April 4, 1780.
Parole Qualify. Countersigns Refugees, Recruits.
The proper season being arrived, it is to be hoped the weather will soon admit of a regular course of manoeuvring. The regulations established by Congress for the "Order and discipline of the troops," are so instructive and at the same time so simple and easy, that no officer, emulous of being acquainted with his duty and who will devote a reasonable portion of his time to informing himself can fail to acquire a competent knowledge. The General flatters himself that every officer will exert himself to this end, conscious that the want of such knowledge will not only be highly disreputable, but may be productive of fatal consequences at some important moment. Commanding officers of Corps are immediately to put their new and undisciplined men in training, and see that the business is conducted conformable to the regulations. All battalion officers, to captains inclusively are, without loss of time, to provide themselves with Espontoons, they are to apply in the first instance to the Quarter Master General for such as may be in his possession, and if not furnished there, to the Field Commissary of Military Stores. Those who have been already supplied by the public, and are now destitute, are to provide themselves.
None are to mount guard or go on detachment without being armed with Espontoons, to which the officers of the day will be particularly attentive; nor after a reasonable time being allowed to procure them, is any officer to appear with his regiment under arms, without an Espontoon, unless he can shew that he has not been able to obtain one.
For the execution of this order the Commandants of regiments will be responsible.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 4, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have, in consequence of the opinion of the last Council of War, left it with Congress finally to determine upon the march of the Maryland division to the Southward. That no time may be lost in the transportation of the troops, should Congress agree in sentiment with the Council, I am to desire you to proceed immediately to Philada., and if you find, upon your arrival there, that the troops are to move, concert with the Board of War, the Commissary and Quarter Master General the necessary arrangements for their provision and accommodation. But should it be determined that the march of the Body of Men alluded to is, at this time, either inexpedient or unnecessary, you will be pleased, after cornpleating your private Business, to return to your command in the Army. If you proceed to the Southward, I wish you a safe and expeditious march and every success that you can possibly desire as I am with very great Respect etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
April 4, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased to signify to Major Harnage and Captain Hawker of the 62nd. British Regt. my permission for them to repair to New-York on their paroles, and take the usual and proper steps on the occasion.
Mr. Loring the British Commissary of prisoners is to send you out a writing declaritive on the part of the enemy that no chaplain belonging to the American Army when taken shall be considered as prisoners of war but immediately released. As an interchange of writings is to take place between you and Mr. Loring, you will send me his and a draught of the one you mean to return him, that both may be examined before they are confirmed by a mutual interchange. I am etc.
P.S. Should Harnage and Hawker come by land to New York it will be necessary to give him a route, by the way of Kings-bridge, in order to avoid as much as possible the army. If there is any flag vessel coming to New-York it will be a good opportunity should this mode be preferred.
I have received your letter of the 3rd inst. You have my leave of absence to go to Philadelphia.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 4, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 20th: ulto. informing me of the necessity of detaining Lieut. Chapin64 of
[Note 64: Lieut. Seth Chapin, of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment. He resigned in April, 1780.] Colo. Sherburne's Regt. a few days beyond the limitation of his furlough.
The intelligence from Bilboa, which you were pleased to communicate is of a very disagreeable nature, and if true in its extent, may be followed by serious consequences. It however appears that the spanish ships made a most gallant resistance.65
[Note 65: "We just hear by a Vessell from Bilbo in a short Passage of the Defeat of the Spanish Squadron of seven Sails of the line, off Gibralter. They weir attacked by Twelve British. Their was 4 Spanish Sunk. Two taken and one made her escape on the other side 2 British sunk. This must put an end to the Sige for the present."]
I shall give directions to Major Perkins66 respecting the removal of the Continental Artillery and Stores to Springfield. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 66: Maj. William Perkins, of the Third Continental Artillery. Heitman states that he was discharged in November, 1779.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 4, 1780.
Dear Sir: Immediately upon the Rect. of your Excellency's favor of the 22d ulto., I desired Brigadier General Huntington to send as many Officers, as could possibly be spared from the Connecticut line, to take your instructions relative to the Business of recruiting. The number, from our circumstances at this time, will fall infinitely short of your Excellency's requisition, but you may be assured every expedient has been fallen upon, to make it as large as possible. Not having seen a Copy of your late law, I have not been able to inform the Officers going upon the recruiting service, to what emoluments they will be intitled, to compensate them for their trouble and necessary and unavoidable Expences. The travelling Charges only of a subaltern Officer to and from Connecticut, at this time, will amount to nearly his year's pay. I make no doubt but the state will take the matter into consideration, and make a reasonable provision, if it has not been already done.
I hope the endeavours of your State, and of every other in the Union, to compleat their quotas of Troops, will be attended with the desired success, than which nothing will contribute more to put an end to the Contest in which we are engaged, and which, from its weight, bears hard upon our Abilities to continue it. I am etc.68
[Note 68: In tile writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 4, 1780.
Sir: I have been favored with your respective letters of the 14th and 22d of last month.
For some time past the arrangements of the enemy at New York and in their shipping, have looked towards another embarkation of troops and my recent intelligence on this subject is strongly confirmative of the former. The troops said to be destined to this embarkation may be calculated at about 2500 including cavalry. The general report is that they are intended for the Southward.
From the effects of the storm on the fleet which sailed with Gen Sir Henry Clinton, and the inactivity of the enemy since their arrival in Carolina, it would appear that military succours were thought necessary to the success of their operations; and that the present embarkation at New-York is designed to cooperate at least in the first instance with Sir Henry Clinton. I thought it expedient to give you this information as the knowledge of any new addition of force in that quarter may have an influence on the suggested movements of his Catholic majesty's arms in the Floridas. I am much obliged to you for the present you have sent us and cannot but express my sense of your polite letter of the 15th. of last month. Mrs. Washington begs you would receive her thanks on the same occasion, and desires me to offer you her best compliments. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The last paragraph was a separate letter to Miralles written a little later this same day, but here joined in one letter. Miralles had sent lemon juice, raisins, cakes of chocolate, sugar, and almonds.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 28th: March. As the Court Martial on Docr. Shippen will be under the necessity of adjourning for a few Weeks, it is lucky that you did not set out. You shall have notice of the time of their meeting again, which I imagine will suit that of your attendance upon Mrs. Moylan to Jersey. In my letter of the 27th: March, I informed you of what preparations were making for equipping the Cavalry.
Lt. Colo. Temple, who goes to your Regt. was here a few days ago, but was under the necessity of returning to Virginia on account of his private concerns. I think it probable that he will bring on some Recruits for the Regt.
Mrs. Washington joins me in Compliments to Mrs. Moylan and in condolence on your late misfortune.70 I am &c.
[Note 70: A still-born child.]
P.S. The Court Martial is adjourned to the 15 May you will therefore come down about that time if no material duty in the line of your command should prevent you.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1780.
Sir: By a return made to me this day by the Asst. Commy. of Issues, I find that there are not more than four days Meat in the Magazines. This is a circumstance so alarming, that I request you to make me an immediate return of the quantity of Meat within your district, more particularly of what is within a short distance of Camp, and I must further request you to make use of every exertion to have it brought forward. The necessity of this measure speaks for itself. Our supply of Flour being very scanty, I must desire you to still pay an attention to that Article and suffer the Magazine of Bread to fail, by turning your endeavours towards the supply of Meat. I am &c.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have lately been concerting measures with Governor Livingston for the arrangement and disposition of the Militia of this State, in case the enemy, thinking to take advantage of the reduction of our numbers, by the expiration of the times of service of our troops and from other Causes, should move out against us. Should such an event take place, I would wish that the commanding Officers of the Militia of the County of Orange in your State had orders to assemble at Clarks town and Kakeate to watch the motions of the enemy's Right and to give them all possible annoyance. I make no doubt but General Howe has already concerted a plan with your Excellency for assembling the Militia of the upper part of the state at the shortest notice should the Enemy operate suddenly agt. the posts in the Highlands. Another embarkation is certainly preparing at New York supposed to be a reinforcement for General Clinton; but as a measure of this kind will more than probable occasion a further detachment from this Army, the force remaining in New York will be proportionably stronger than ours. Our latest accounts from Charlestown are of the 4th: of March, tho' it seems from a publication in Rivingtons paper that the enemy had made no material progress upon the 11th, at which time General Robertson left South Carolina.
I was duly honored with your Excellency's favor's of the 21st. Feby. and 10th. March. I have the honor etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent is said to be in the New York State Library, Albany, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, April 5, 1780.
Parole Remember. Countersigns Secrecy, Silence.
The Picket guard at Head Quarters will be relieved 'till further orders daily, by Lord Stirling's, Genl. St. Clair's and General Clinton's divisions, in rotation. The officers are not to be absent from this guard during their tour of duty; They are to receive their orders respecting the disposition &c. from Majr. Gibbs. This is to be considered as a standing order until countermanded. Lord Stirling's division furnishes the Picket tomorrow.
All General and Stall officers not immediately connected with the line, are requested to inform the Adjutant General, what guards, fatigue parties, artificers or assistants they have, or may want, from the army, that they may be furnished on or before the 8th. instant, as all troops belonging to the line, however employed, will be called in immediately after that day.
At a division General Court Martial held March 30th. by order of Major General Lord Stirling of which Majr. Edwards74 was President: Thomas Brown of the 2nd. New Jersey regiment was brought before the court charged with "Desertion" and plead guilty. The Court on considering the charge against Thomas Brown and finding him to be an old offender,
[Note 74: Maj. Evan Edwards, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment He was transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.] guilty of repeated desertion, do unanimously sentence him to be hanged by the neck until he is dead.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: Since you left Camp, Genl. Phillips has sollicited the parole or exchange of two Officers of the Convention for Mr. Randolph and you. I could not, consistent with the practice I have uniformly observed of giving a preference, whether for parole or final exchanges, to those who have been longest in captivity, consent to this proposal, so far as it respected you in its full extent. But I have desired that Genl. Phillips may be informed that the Officers required by him shall be sent in; that Mr. Randolph and you shall remain out for a limited time; and that upon your return the two oldest prisoners of ours of equal Ranks shall be allowed to come out. I have limited your times to the 15th. July next. This I conceived the best method of giving you an opportunity of remaining somewhat longer with your friends, without materially injuring the rights of your Brother prisoners. Inclosed is the paroles required of you by the British Commy. of Prisoners. You will be pleased to sign one Copy and forward it to me, that it may be transmitted to New York. I am &c.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, April 6, 1780.
Parole Syntax. Countersigns Tanner, Thrasher.
At a General Court Martial whereof Major General Howe was President, held on the 1st. of June last at Middle Brook and afterwards at Morristown from the 23rd. of December to the 26th. of January, in consequence of a resolution of the Honorable the Congress, for the trial of Major General Arnold on the following Articles contained in the proceedings of the Executive Council of the State of Pennsylvania at the City of Philadelphia the 3rd. of February 1779. Vizt.,
First. "That while in the Camp of General Washington at Valley Forge last spring, he gave permission to a Vessel belonging to persons then voluntarily residing in this City, with the enemy, and of disaffected characters to come into a Port of the United States without the knowledge of the authority of the State or of the Commander in Chief tho' then present.
2nd. In having shut up the Shops and stores on his arrival in the City, so as even to prevent officers of the army from purchasing, while he privately made considerable purchases for his own benefit as is alledged and believed.
3rd. In imposing menial offices upon the sons of Freemen of this State, when called for by the desire of Congress, to perform militia duty, and when remonstrated to hereupon, justifying himself in writing upon the ground of having power so to do. For that when a citizen assumed the character of a soldier, the former was intirely lost in the latter, and that it was the duty of the militia to obey every order of his Aids (not a breach of the laws and constitution) as his (the General's) without judging of the propriety of them.
4th. The appropriating the waggons of this State, when called forth upon a special emergency last autumn, to the transportation of private property and that of Persons who voluntarily remained with the enemy last winter, and were deemed disaffected to theInterests and Independence of America."
The Court passed the following sentence:
The Court having considered the several charges exhibited against General Arnold, the evidence produced on the trial and his defence are of opinion with respect to the first charge: That he gave permission for a vessel to leave a port in possession of the enemy, to enter into a port in the United States; which permission circumstanced as he was, they are clearly of opinion he had no right to give, being a breach of article 5th., section 18th. of the rules and articles of war.
Respecting the 2nd. charge, that altho' it has been fully proved that the shops and stores were shut by General Arnold's orders on his arrival at Philadelphia, they are of opinion that he was justifiable in the order, by the resolution of Congress of the 5th. of June 1778, and His Excellency, the Commander in Chief's instructions of the 18th. of June 1778. And with respect to the latter part of the same charge, "The making considerable purchases while the shops and stores were shut," they are clearly of opinion that it is entirely unsupported and they do fully acquit General Arnold of it.
They do acquit General Arnold of the third charge.
Respecting the 4th. charge, it appears to the court that General Arnold made application to the Deputy Quarter Master General to supply him with waggons to remove property then in imminent danger from the enemy; that Waggons were supplied him by the Deputy Quarter Master General on this application which had been drawn from the state of Pennsylvania for the public service; and it also appears that General Arnold intended this application as a private request, and that he had no design of employing the waggons otherwise than at this private expence, nor of defrauding the public, nor injuring or impeding the public service; but considering the delicacy attending the high station in which the General acted, and that requests from him might operate as commands, they are of opinion the request was imprudent and improper and that therefore it ought not to have been made.
The Court in consequence of their determinations respecting the first and last charges exhibited against Majr. General Arnold, do sentence him to receive a reprimanded from His Excellency the Commander in Chief.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to confirm the foregoing sentence by the following resolution lately received.
In Congress, February 12th., 1780.
Congress resumed the consideration of the proceedings of the court martial on the trial of Major General Arnold, and the same being gone through; A motion was made...that the sentence of the court be confirmed.
The Commander in Chief would have been much happier in an occasion of bestowing commendations on an officer who has rendered such distinguished services to his Country as Major General Arnold; but in the present case a sense of duty and a regard to candor oblige him to declare, that he considers his conduct in the instance of the permit as peculiarly reprehensible, both in a civil and military view, and in the affair of the waggons as "Imprudent and improper."
The Honorable the Congress having been pleased by their proclamation of the 11th. of last month to appoint wednesday the 22nd. instant to be set apart and observed as a day of Fasting Humiliation and Prayer for certain special purposes therein mentioned, and recommended that there should be no labor or recreations on that day; The same is to be observed accordingly thro'out the Army and the different Chaplins will prepare discourses suited to the several objects enjoined by the said Proclamation.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1780.
Sir: I have the Honor to acquaint Your Excellency, that I have just been advised of the sailing of the Detachment from New York, which I mentioned in my Letter of the 2d as being about to embark. The intelligence I have received upon the subject, is contained in the following Extract of a Letter from Colo. Dayton, dated the 6th at Elizabeth Town. "I have just received certain intelligence of the sailing of the British fleet out at Sandy Hook yesterday morning. They consisted of Ten Ships and Seven Brigs; the Troops that my Informant knew to be on board, were the 42d Regiment; One Battalion of the Guards; The Anspach Regiment; Lord Rawdon's brigade and Simcoe's foot; but there is not any Horse gone on board. They are convoyed by the Rainbow, the Delight and the Swift brig, and they expect to be met at Sea by the Galetea and Thames Frigates, which left New York last week with the packet, which they were to convoy clear off this Coast.
My Informant seems positive the Troops sailed, are bound to Charles Town, as he says he is positive Sir Henry Clinton's heavy baggage is all gone in the Fleet. Five Thousand Men it is said in New York, are now under marching orders, but their destination uncertain. It is generally said in New York, that only about Two Thousand Troops have gone in the Fleet."76 The Maryland and Delaware Troops, which I advised Congress would be the case, have been under marching Orders ever since the 2d; but by a Letter of that date just received from the Quarter Master General, in answer to one I wrote him upon the occasion the 26th Ulto, requesting to know how far he would be able to make provision for marching a Detachment
[Note 76: The original letter is in the Washington Papers.] of Troops to the Southward he has informed me, that from the circumstances of his department, he could not move it. I have thought it my duty to communicate this, and that Congress may have every information with respect to the point and of our prospects in general of taking the Field so far as it may depend on this Department. I beg leave to lay before them Copies of these Letters and of One I wrote Genl Greene on the 2d upon the subject of the Detachment in contemplation to be sent to the Southward.77 Indeed Our Affairs now, both in this line and in that of provisions are in the most delicate and alarming situation. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 77: Copies of these letters are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The drafts of Washington's letters to Greene, of March 26 and April 2, and the original letter of Greene to Washington, April 2, are in the Washington Papers.]
P S. I duly received Your Excellency's Dispatches of the 29th Ulto.78
[Note 78: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on April 10.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1780.
Gentn: I take the liberty to transmit the inclosed letter for Colo. Blane79 to Your care, as I do not know with certainty where he is. It is on the state of our provision supplies, which is most alarming. By the Issuing Commissary's Return of to day and the Return of the State Superintendent Colo Dunham. It appears that the whole of the provision of the meat kind which they both have in and in collecting distance of Camp, and supposing the Troops to have a good part of the last issues on hand, will only afford a scanty supply for Four days. Nor can I find from any inquiries I have made, that there is any certain or even a probable prospect of getting more in season. The Issuing
[Note 79: Col. Ephraim Blaine.] Commissary Mr Gamble has none but what he has on hand nor Colo Dunham any that he knows of, besides what is comprehended in the Return, of which I inclose a Copy. The 20 Cattle and the 11030 lb of beef in this are considered as part of the supplies for Four days. Mr Gamble the Issuing Commissary, on the 17th Ulto. supposed the quantity of meat then on hand, might by a Scanty and oeconomical allowance be extended to serve for about Forty days; but his supposition it appears now was very illy founded. The mistake he says arose from his calculating on the number of Casks in which it was instead of the meat itself, which had been killed from necessity to save forage and prevent the Cattle from starving during the severity of the Weather, and which being intended for immediate use was put up very lightly, and fell very short of the complement in issuing it, which Casks of the same size otherwise packed generally yield. Another cause for the deficiency is, some of it proved to be too bad to use, from its leanness and owing to its being frozen when put up. Our prospect of bread for the present is not quite so alarming but this too will require the greatest exertions. I am convinced the Honble. Board will do every thing in their power to promote relief, and I shall only add that I have the Honor etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
An "Extract from an Estimate of Stores on hand" follows this letter, and is a duplicate of the information in the first paragraph of Washington's letter to Col. Ephraim Blaine, Apr. 7, 1780, q. v.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1780.
Sir: I received Yesterday your letter of the 2d Instant, and I am extremely sorry to find that parties of the Enemy have appeared and committed hostilities in the neighbourhood of Wyoming. It is not in my power to afford any Troops from the army and I should hope those already there and the Inhabitants will be able to repel at least incursions by light parties. It was my intention as I informed you that you should join your regiment immediately after your return; however I am induced from the face of things, to let you continue where you are for the present and you will remain till further orders. Should further depredations and mischiefs be committed by the Enemy, you will take occasion to inform me of them. I am &c.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photograph of the original in the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society (F. Dorrance, director), Wilkes-Barre, Pa.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1780.
Sir: I find myself under the painful necessity of writing to you on the subject of our Provision supplies. The inclosed Return of to day comprehends the whole the Issuing Commissary has. Colo Dunham according to a Return of th[e 6th] of the stores under his direction, makes the whole of the meat kind amount only to 218 Barrels of Pork 20 Cattle and 11,030 lb of Beef; the last in the neighbourhood of Camp; the Cattle about 40 miles off in Sussex and the Pork distributed in not less than six places from thirty to sixty miles distance, and without any good prospect of its being brought on, or at least in season. This is all the meat I can hear of, both in and out of Camp, except some Pork said to be at Burlington, the quantity unknown, so that from the best estimate that can be formed we have only a certainty of supplies for four days, taking into the account the 11,030 Beef in the vicinity of Camp and the 20 Cattle and supposing part of the meat last Issued to the Troops may still remain in their hands. It is possible that some part of the Pork may be got in, in the course of that time, but if this should fortunately be the case, it can be of little avail. I have said nothing on the subject of Bread because the prospect as to this for the present, is not quite so alarming; but our supplies of this also claim your most active exertions. I shall expect to hear from you and to be informed of the prospects you have and that you will exert every nerve for the Arrays relief. I am &c.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The portion in brackets is supplied from the draft, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 6th. with the Return of the provisions under your direction, and am greatly concerned to find the quantity is so small. I must again from the importance of the subject, entreat your every exertion to have it brought on to Camp as speedily as possible, and that you will use every means in your power to procure and bring on further supplies. The support of the Army requires it in a most essential manner. I am &c.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 84: Of the late Pennsylvania Musket Battalion, commanded by Col. Samuel John Atlee. As captain in the Continental Army, he served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1780.
Captain Bernard Ward of the Regiment lately commanded by Colo Atlee, having represented to His Excellency the Commander in Chief, that while he was a prisoner of War on Long Island he married and was obliged when exchanged to leave his Wife and the Effects he received with her on account of her being ill with the Small pox, and prayed that he might send in a letter by a Flag of truce in order to get Her out with Her Effects. This is to certify that he has obtained his Excellency the Commander in Chief's consent for the same and Mrs Ward has permission to come out with her Cloaths and Other effects; in which however, are not to be included Any Goods or Merchandize for sale.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Head Quarters, April 7, 1780.
Sir: It is his Excellencys desire that you should remove Mr. Nicholas Dean from his present Quarters, to Easton, or any other distant place; and that if you cannot contrive to make him pay, for his board since his stay in this neighbourhood, that you would do it yourself. I am &c.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. M[eade]."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 7, 1780.
Sir: Your Excellency will have received I presume before this, a transcript of an Act of Congress of the 25th of February, calling on the several States for specific quantities of provision, Rum and Forage for the Army, and directing the Articles of Supplies to be collected and deposited at such places in each of them, as should be judged most convenient by me. With respect to the places of deposit for the supplies to be furnished by your State, I beg leave to acquaint Your Excellency, that I have not such a competent knowledge of the Country as to87
[Note 87: At this point the draft has the following insert, which is noted as having been in the letter of April 15 to Gov. John Rutledge: "arrange the business with Your Excellency, nor indeed of the dependence there may be on the State by that of South Carolina."] undertake to fix them myself. I shall therefore write to the Commanding Officer in the Southern department on the subject and desire him to determine on the places, which appear to him most eligible relatively to the present and probable train of Southern operations and to make the earliest communication on the point to Your Excellency. In the mean time the supplies may be providing, and although I cannot undertake to fix on the general places of deposit for the reasons I have mentioned, I beg leave to add that it appears to me essential, that a part of the flour and forage should be collected as soon as it can be done, at proper Stages on the usual route through the State for the marching of Troops to or from the more Northern Ones, as it may be wanted for the Succours going and which may occasionally move to the Southward. I mention nothing with respect to beef, as Cattle I presume can be easily furnished to answer every occasional demand of this sort. I have the Honor etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
This same letter, with the variation noted above, was sent to Gov. John Rutledge, of South Carolina on April 15, for which there is no separate draft in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, April 7, 1780.89
[Note 89: "April 7. To Cash pd. Colo. Meade for the Genl. and suite &c dinner at Springfield as pr. bill £27: 7: 6."-- Headquarters Account Book.]
Parole Uncle. Countersigns Toby, Trim.
The Main Guard is to be relieved daily by divisions in rotation 'till further orders, and care must be taken that all troops warned for duty be furnished with provisions before they go on parade. Lord Stirlings division furnishes the Main Guard tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, April 8, 1780.
Parole Umbo. Countersigns Valor, Veteran.
The Commissaries are desired to send what hides and tallow they may have on hand to the Commissary of hides in Morristown, as there is an immediate necessity for those articles to be sent in, in order to their being taken care of.
Morris-town, April 8, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 4th. did not reach this place till late last Night; some particular engagements this morning prevented my attending to the contts. of it and when I came to enquire for the Express in the afternoon behold! he was gone; the Gentn. in the Office viewing him in the light of a common Express asking as usual for Phila. dispatches of wch. there were none ready dismissed him; this is the cause of his returning without my answer.
From your description of the two Chariots I prefer that wch. is in the hands of Mr. Brinkhurst on acct. of the size although it will take longer time to finish it. I shall thank you therefore for engaging it for me, for requesting dispatch, and when convenient for yr. attending a little to the execution. The painting I hope will be well done, and in a tasty stile with respect to color (in wch. I have no particular choice) Though I prefer a plain Chariot it may not be amiss to Ornament the Mouldings with a light airy gilding; this will add little to the expence and much to the appearance. The Harness I would have stout and strong, at the same time neatly made, Ornamented and of good leather.
By the last Post I wrote to Mr. Lund Washington respecting Specie but the Workman will meet with no disappointment, although there should be a little delay in my receiving it from home.90 The pocket money wch. Mrs Washington has, and some I can borrow here, added to what you are kind enough to offer, will enable me to pay the full sum at any hour even if I should not receive the needful from home by the time the Chariot is ready for delivery.
[Note 90: In Conway's George Washington and Mount Vernon (Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, Brooklyn, 1889), vol IV, p. lxix, is an extract of Washington's letter (Apr. 15, 1780) to Lund Washington respecting this payment, as follows:
"I have ordered a chariot to be made in Phila. The price £210 in specie, or Paper equivalent, have you any ways or means of coming at the former by your traffic with Mr. Hooe or other? The difference between specie and Paper in Phila. some little time ago was 60 or 70, I have heard it is now 50, but if you could engage the first, that is specie, by your produce I should think it much more eligible than to do it with Paper, not only because the latter is so fluctuating but because it must (in the nature of things) grow better if it continues to pass. ...Things in this quarter are nearly in the situation as when I last wrote. Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes to you and yrs."]
The Several Articles from Don Juan came safe. the Mop, Jug, and Jarrs are, it seems, left somewhere on the road. If it is for an Earthen, or Queens ware bowl the 180 Dollars is asked, I shall decline the purchase for I think it is high time to check such extravagance. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 9, 1780.
Gentlemen: I was the evening before the last, honored with yours of the 31st: ulto. and 3d. instant, the latter inclosing the Copy of a letter from Major Lee, to the Board, on the subject of promoting Captains Peyton and McLane of his Corps to the Rank of Majors, and assigning the reasons on which his propositions were founded. In January last, Major Lee transmitted to me a letter from Capt. McLane to him upon the same subject. A Copy of that letter and my answer, you will find inclosed, which will inform you of my sentiments at that time, so far as Capt. McLane was interested. Although the number of Infantry has been since increased to three Companies, I do not see the necessity of increasing the number of Field Officers by new creations. It is true the Corps of Light Infantry were formed and Officered in the manner Major Lee mentions, but as they were a particular Body of Men, detached from the line for a temporary service, they were officered differently and more fully than permanent Corps in order, as the duty was thought a very honorable one, that the Officers of every line might have an equal opportunity of distinguishing themselves. By the Regulations of the Army no Regiment is to have more than two Field Officers, and we are reducing them to that number as often as circumstances admit.
One of the reasons alledged by Major Lee, for the promotion of the Gentlemen in question, will be found, upon investigation, to operate differently from what he supposes, at least so far as it respects Capt. Peyton. It is that in which he says they will find themselves upon a junction with the Southern Army, in the course of service, under the command of Gentlemen whose superiors they once were. So far from this being the case, that Capt. Peyton would, if promoted, command several Officers in late Blands and Baylors Regiments who were Captains when he was a Subaltern in Blands. I cannot speak so particularly of Capt. McLane who is an old Captain.
There is another reason which militates generally against the adoption of Major Lee's plan, which is the additional jealousy which it would create in the 4 established Regiments of Cavalry, the officers of which have long complained of their Corps being restrained from augmenting their numbers to their establishment, while a separate Corps has grown by degrees to a command more respectable than any Regiment of Horse in the service.
As I have been consulted upon this occasion, I have thought it my duty to give my opinion candidly, not influenced by a wish to retard the promotion of Gentlemen, of whose merits I entertain a very high opinion, but by an endeavour to promote that harmony throughout the line of the Army, which has been too often interrupted by a variety of causes, and without which, the service is rendered extremely disagreeable to all concerned.
Upon a consideration of the consequences which might result from issuing a proclamation offering pardons to all deserters from the Virginia line who will surrender themselves at Charlottesville by a given time,91 I am of opinion that it would at present rather tend to encourage future desertions than bring in any number of those who have already gone off. For, as the southern service is a disagreeable one, those Men who yet remain in Virginia, and those of other States, who may be ordered to that quarter, might be thereby encouraged to desert, in hopes that the same line of mercy might be also extended to them. Indeed I have never found that the offer of pardons to deserters upon voluntary surrender has been attended with any substantial advantages. It may perhaps be politic to try the experiment some time hence, but I should think it had best be deferred untill whatever detachments may be ordered to the southward have gone forward.
[Note 91: The idea of a proclamation of pardon to deserters of the Virginia line came from Col. James Wood to the Board of War, who referred it to Washington.]
I have given orders for Major Lees Corps to commence their march as soon as possible, and have referred the commanding Officer to the Board for the Route.
Be pleased to forward the inclosed by the first opportunity to Colo. Wood at Charlotteville. I have the honor etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: The liquid with which you were so obliging as to furnish me for the purpose of private correspondence is exhausted; and as I have found it very useful, I take the liberty to request you will favour me with a further supply. I have still a sufficiency of the materials for the counterparts on hand. Should you not have by you the necessary ingredients, if they are to be procured at any of the Hospitals within your reach, I would wish you to apply for them in my name. I hope you will excuse the trouble I give you on this occasion.93 With great regard etc.94
[Note 93: Jay replied (April 13): "I have the honor of yours of the 9th. instant and I do myself the pleasure to send you the medicine you desire, in a little box, which I hope you will receive with this letter. I wish I could furnish you with a greater quantity, because I am afraid you may be too sparing of the little you will receive; whereas you might perhaps derive greater benefit from it, were it to be used more frequently. This little however is all that remains of what I brought with me from Europe. I have now the principal ingredients for the composition by me, and the rest may be procured: but the misfortune is, that I have no place where a little apparatus may be erected for preparing it. The composition requires some assistance from Chemistry; and out house is so small, and so well inhabited, that there is not a corner left where a little brick furnace, which a Mason could build in two hours time, can be placed. A log hut for the purpose might be soon run up, but it is also out of my power to effect this, Neither bricks, boards nor lime are to be purchased here, nor a Carpenter nor Mason to be had without great difficulty, if at all. I beg you will not infer from hence that I would rather decline the undertaking. So far from that being the case, if you shall think it worth while, and will only direct Col. Hay to furnish the workman, and other requisites, I shall soon have the satisfaction of sending you such a supply that you may not only use it freely yourself, but even spare a little to a friend, if necessary, without the apprehension of future want." Jay's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 9, 1780.
Sir: I have duly received your favour of the 16th of March with its inclosures. The letters from General Hamilton have been sent in.
There are such jealousies prevailing in the country, against the British officers in captivity, and they really take so much pains whenever they go to debauch the minds of those they converse with and with so much success, that I do not think myself at liberty to grant the permission requested for the valetudinary officers of the Convention troop95 If you should think the indulgence they ask absolutely necessary, I wish you to address yourself to the Board of War, informing them of my having declined the matter and my reasons for it. Indeed in all cases of a similar kind I would wish application to be made to the Board. A parole exchange has been agreed upon for Lieutenant Lord Torphicken of the 62d. British Regiment and Second Lieutenant Hadden of the Artillery; and an actual one of Mr. Robert Hoaksley96 Waggon Master and Nathaniel Collyer Assistant Dy. Commissary. You will give these Gentlemen passports to Elizabeth Town to receive further directions there from the Commissary of Prisoners. A direct Route should be marked out to them, avoiding Philadelphia and the army. I am &c.
[Note 95: The British officers wished to spend the summer at the Virginia warm springs in Augusta and Berkeley.]
[Note 96: Wagon Master General to the Convention troops.]
P.S. When any letters are presented to you which you think exceptionable or two pointed I should be glad you would make the objection on the spot. This will save references which may sometimes be embarrassing.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 9, 1780.
Sir: I have received Capt. Rudolphs favr. of the 2d. Inst. I have to request you not to lose a moment in commencing your march to South Carolina after your Corps is ready. You will take your Route from the Board of War. I wish you a safe and expeditious march and am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 9, 1780.
Sir: I have had the Honor to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 4th with the Inclosures. I had several days previous to the receipt of it taken into consideration the Act of Congress of the 25th of Feby and fixed on the places in Your State which appeared proper for collecting the Stores at, as Your Excellency will find by the Letter which accompanies this,99 but was induced to defer the communication till now, as I thought something possibly might cast up at the southward or some material movement or demonstration take place in this quarter, which might assist in determining with respect to the places of Deposit with more propriety. Every degree of economy in the expenditure of our Stores will be certainly necessary, as You observe and I am persuaded General Greene will concur with You in any measures which can be adopted consistently to produce this in the instance You mention. I have the Honor etc.1
[Note 99: See Circular to the States, Mar. 26, 1780, ante.]
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, April 9, 1780.
Parole Urbanity. Countersigns Wag, Warble.
Lieutenant Edwards2 of Colonel Jackson's regiment is appointed Deputy Judge Advocate in the Army of the United States and is to be respected as such.
[Note 2: Lieut. Thomas Edwards, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment. He was Deputy Judge Advocate; Judge Advocate of the Continental Army; in October, 1782; served to November, 1783.]
A General Court Martial of the line is to sit tomorrow at the new store room in Morristown for the trial of such Prisoners as shall be brought before them. Colonel Livingston3 is appointed President, Lieut. Col. Huntington4 and Major C. Stewart5 are appointed members. Genl. Hands brigade sends one Captain &c.
[Note 3: Col. James Livingston, of the First Canadian Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 4: Lieut Col. Ebenezer Huntington, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 5: Maj. Christopher Stuart (Stewart, Steward), of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in April, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.]
The commanding officers of brigades and regiments are immediately to call in all soldiers belonging to their respective corps who are upon Extra Service, Guards, Fatigue Parties, Artificers &c., agreeable to general orders of the 5th. instant and who have not been detached by a subsequent general order, except such as are immediately connected with the line, the Commander in Chief's guards, the detachment at Paramus, Artificers employed in the Quarter Master General's department and Colonel Baldwin's corps; Men employed at, public factories by order of the honorable Board of War or the Commander in Chief, and Waiters on General and Staff officers, of which last a special return is to be made to the Adjutant General from each brigade as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, April 10, 1780.
Parole Whereas. Countersigns Why, When.
The President and Members of the General Court Martial of which Brigadier General Hand is President are to exercise their respective duties in the line of the army during the adjournment of the Court.
The Commander in Chief having been informed that many suspicious persons are frequently seen lurking in and about camp, directs that officers in general, and more particularly those of the guards, will take up and examine all strangers who are found in camp or in the vicinity and if they have not passes or other credentials from proper authority will send them to the officers of the day for more particular examination, who will either dismiss or confine them as circumstances may require. The importance of suppressing Spies demands the strictest attention.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1780.
Sir: I do myself the honor of inclosing a New York paper of the 8th: which gives a more particular account of Admiral Rodney's success6 than any we have yet seen. I cannot but hope that the enemy have dressed it in the most unfavorable Colours for us. I have the honor etc.
[Note 6: Defeat of the Spanish squadron off Cape St. Vincent, West Indies, in January, 1780.]
P.S. Since my last I have recd. information from New York that another division of transports is watering, and that a further embarkation is talked of.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 8: Delegate to the Continental Congress from Rhode Island.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 29th ulto. on the subject of General Greenes request that one of their Regiments might be stationed in the State of Rhode Island. I had, previous to the Recet. of your letter, informed the Governor of the improbability of my being able to comply with his request. The reasons which influenced me then, will naturally suggest themselves to you, when you consider the necessity we shall be under of concentering, as much as possible, our force in this quarter, to make up the reduction occasioned by the expirations of service and by the detachments which we have already made and are about to make to the southward.
It is to be wished that our circumstances would admit of being guarded at every point, and against every possible event, but as that is not the case, we are under the necessity of calling our force to that quarter which will most probably be the scene of Action.
I am obliged by your agreeable communication of Mr. Adams's9 account of the favorable disposition of the Court of Spain and have the honor to be with great Respect etc.10
[Note 9: John Adams.]
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. dated the 8th. Be pleased to give directions to the Officer commanding at Elizabeth Town to send over a Flag with the prisoners as soon as they arrive there. It may sometimes happen that prisoners who come from a distance may arrive at Elizabeth Town before the Commy. of prisoners can have previous notice, in that case, there will be a necessity for their waiting untill a Flag can be applied for and obtained.
You will take such steps respecting the security of the Boats upon Passaick River as you may think conducive to the safety of the posts, without unnecessarily distressing the owners. But I would not wish Capt. Kennedy's Boat to be taken, while another can be procured for the purpose of a guard Boat. It is true he is in England, but he went thither by permission of the State. I am &c.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by D. W. Richards, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, April 10, 1780.
Dr. Sr: The Maryland division will begin their march to the Southward as soon as the means in our power will enable them to do so. I therefore wish you to lose no time in consulting with the Qr. Mr. Genl, as far as it may be necessary for the transportation of the Artillery and stores which is to accompany the Division. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 13: Of Burlington, N. J.]
Morris Town, April 10, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 31st of March representing the ill treatment you had experienced from Lt. Carnes.14 I assure you I have the utmost abhorrence of any violence offered by an officer to the inhabitants, and shall be always ready to attend to their complaints and grant all the redress in my power.
[Note 14: Lieut. Patrick Carnes, of Lee's Partisan Light Dragoons. He was made captain in 1780 and served to the close of the war.]
In the present case it is at your option to obtain satisfaction either from the civil or military law as you think best. If you prefer a civil prosecution, the means are in your own hands, and all that I can do is to enjoin the obedience of the officer to the civil Magistrate to prevent irregularity; if you would prefer a military trial, it will take place as soon as the parties and the witnesses arrive. I have fixed upon the 18th instant for the purpose. You will perceive by the inclosed letter to the Commanding Officer of the corps, the directions I have given in either case, that is of a civil or military prosecution; and it remains with you to determine which will be most agreeable to you. If you choose a military trial it will be indispensable that you and your witnesses should attend at this place at the time appointed. I am with esteem etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, April 10, 1780.
Dr Sr: The Maryland division will move to the Southward as speedily as possible. You will therefore be pleased to see the Qr Mr and Commy. immediately that the best and most expeditious means in their power may be used to put the Troops in motion. I wish no unavoidable delay to take place on this occasion. I am &c.
P.S. You will direct the P Ms of the Division to draw pay for the several Regts. to the 1st. Inst. no time should be lost in giving these orders or in the execution of them.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1780.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 12th: ulto. You are to leave all the Iron Cannon with the Apparatus belonging to them in the State of Rhode Island, and transport all the Brass Ordnance and the remaining Continental Stores to Springfield. You will be pleased to attend particularly to the Arms which you have heard of in the neighbourhood of Providence. You need not remove the heavy round shot. Should any of the apparatus belonging to the Iron Cannon be the property of the Continent, you are to take Receipts for it from the State, as you are to do for the 1000 lb: of powder to be left by desire of the Governor. You are to apply to the Dy. Qr. Master for assistance in removing the Ordnance and stores to Springfield and upon their being deposited there take Receipts for the Quantity.
After having compleated the removal you are to join the park of Artillery at this Camp or wherever it may be. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 10, 1780.
Sir: Mr. Samuel Allison of Burlington has complained to me of violences offered to him by Lt Carnes of the corps under your command. I have told him that it is at his option to have recourse for redress either to the civil or military law. If he prefers the first, Lt Carnes must of course submit to the civil magistrate. If the last is chosen, you will arrest Lt Carnes and direct him to repair to Head Quarters by the 18th. instant to take his trial. He will bring with him such witnesses as he thinks essential in his behalf, or it may be better that the depositions of the Witnesses on both sides should be taken before some Magistrate, in presence of both parties Lt Carnes and Mr. Allison. This may save trouble and expense. This letter goes through Mr. Allison who will inform you which of the alternatives he determines upon. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, April 11, 1780.
Sir: Major McCrachin20 formerly of your Regiment having represented to His Excellency the Commander in Chief, that hoping he should be able to continue in the service himself and from a wish to promote it, he was induced in Jany 1777 to inlist into your Regiment a Mulatto Man named William Condo,
[Note 20: Maj. Joseph McCracken, of the Fourth New York Regiment. He lost his arm at Monmouth, N. J., in June, 1778; resigned in April, 1780; served subsequently as lieutenant colonel of the New York Militia.] who belonged to him and who had then upwards of Seven Years to serve; and prayed that he might be permitted to have him again, he himself being obliged from the loss of his Arm and ill health to leave the Army and states besides, that he had suffered considerably from the incursions of the Enemy. I am directed by His Excellency to inform You that if the Facts with respect to the Man and the Major's sufferings by the incursions of the Enemy are as he has represented them, he consents to his having him again. I am &c.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: Harrison, Secy."]
[Note 22: From this date until November, 1781, the Varick Transcripts of the General Orders in the Library of Congress records the duty assignments of the Officers of the Day.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 11, 1780.
Parole Watch. Countersigns Youngster, Yearling.
A Corporal and four men from the first Pennsylvania Brigade are to be sent to the Quarter Master General's clothing store tomorrow and are to be relieved every other day by the same brigade untill further orders.
The Brigade Quarter masters are immediately to make Returns to the Quarter master General of all the public riding Horses, Saddles and Bridles in the Brigades to which they belong specifying the particular persons name and rank in whose possession they are; also at what Time they were received by whose order; and for what particular purpose. These Returns are to be countersigned by the Brigadiers or Officers commanding Brigades.
The attendance of the Brigade Major of the Day for Orders is dispensed with.
The Honorable the Congress having been pleased to pass the following Resolve; all persons concerned are required to take Notice thereof.
In Congress, March 22nd., 1780.
Resolved, That the office of commissioner of cloathing accounts, established by a resolve of Congress of the 2d of March, 1779, be discontinued after six months from the date hereof; and that all persons having cloathing accounts for the year 1777, and who do not exhibit them to the said commissioner within that period, shall not receive any compensation for any arrearages they may hereafter claim to be due to them.
Colonel Scammell having returned will resume the duties of his Office.
The Commander in Chief requests Colonel Williams to accept his Thanks for the attention assiduity and propriety with which he has conducted the office in the absence of Colonel Scammell.
AFTER ORDERS
Mr. Pomeroy, Commissioner of clothing accounts for the year 1777 quarters at Mr. George King's opposite the Paymaster General's Office in Morristown.
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 12, 1780.
Parole Maryland. Countersigns Williams, Baltimore.
[Note 23: Lieut. Col. Thomas Robinson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine in September, 1777; transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; made colonel in September, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
Brigade Major, Maxwell's Brigade
As the late draught from the Line to reenforce the Commander in Chief's Guard is only Temporary the men are to be furnished with Pay and Clothing from their respective regiments in the same manner as if they had not been drawn out.
Captain Lieutenant Waters24 of the 1st. Regiment of Artillery is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 21st. of Sept. 1778.
[Note 24: Capt.-Lieut. Richard Waters, of the First Continental Artillery. He was taken prisoner at Camden, S. C., in August, 1780, and prisoner on parole to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, April 12, 1780.
Dr Sr: I have reed your favr on the subject of Col Gunby's demand of a Waggon, on account of his commanding a Brigade for the present. I cannot by any means think it necessary that he should be supplied with one from this circumstance, therefore wish you in this as well as in all future similar cases to refuse complying with the request. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 6th: and am pleased to find that the Legislature are at length taking measures to satisfy their Officers and Soldiers. It is to be wished that their want in respect to Cloathing and other matters could be immediately supplied, but I am in hopes they will wait patiently a while longer, when they see that proper steps are pursuing to make provision for them.
I had, previous to the Rect. of yours, upon the request of the Governor, sent home as many Officers as could possibly be spared, to assist in the Business of recruiting.
The number of General Officers with the Army is so small and has been so during the Winter, that notwithstanding I am obliged to dispense with many duties properly incidental to that Rank, it falls heavy upon the few who are present. I am therefore under the necessity of requesting your return to the Army as soon as you can possibly make it convenient.
The exchange of Officers or Men in the marine line has come so little under my direction, that I have scarce interfered in a single instance.
The Commy. receives his instructions, where the prisoners are continental, from the marine Committee of Congress, and I doubt not but your son will have justice done him in his turn of exchange. There being but few naval prisoners on either side, I observe that exchanges frequently happen, and I therefore hope that your son's captivity will be but of short duration. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is ill the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1780.
Sir: When Colo. Blaine passed this place, in his way from the Eastward, he informed me, that you had again undertaken the purchase of Cattle on public account, which gave much pleasure, as I had been well informed of your abilities in the execution of that Business. The distress to which the Army is at length reduced, on the score of Meat, is equal, if not superior to any thing which it has experienced in the course of the War. We have not at this day one ounce of Meat fresh or salt in the Magazine, and supposing all the supplies of this Article within any reasonable distance (which I know of) ever collected, they would not amount to more than three or four days consumption. From what Colo. Blaine said, I had reason to expect assistance from you about this time, indeed our great and only dependance for Meat is upon your Quarter. If therefore you have not forwarded any Cattle when this reaches you, I must, in the most earnest manner, request you to exert yourself to the utmost to afford us relief. We may possibly, with the greatest difficulty, subsist for a very short time upon this almost totally exhausted Country, but we ought not, nor must not depend upon it for any thing more. If we do, it must be by depriving the inhabitants of what barely remains sufficient for their own support.
I have given you a true picture of our distress and I have the fullest confidence in your taking every measure in your power to bring about a change of circumstances. I shall be glad to have your answer as expeditiously as possible, with your opinion of your prospects of a supply of Beef now and in future. I am &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the Honor of addressing Your Excelly on the 9th Inst. and of transmitting you at that time a Letter of the 26th Ulto on the subject of the supplies to be furnished by Your State in consequence of the Act of Congress of the 25th of Feby. I have more maturely considered the point with respect to the places at which they should be deposited, and I beg leave to inform You, it appears to me that they should be collected at the following places and in the proportions set against them respectively.28
[Note 28: The table of deposits is identical with the Pennsylvania section in the March 25 table. (See note to Circular Letter to the States, Mar. 26, 1780, ante.)]
The ultimate places of deposit of the Salt must be governed by the requisition of the Commissary General. I have the Honor etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 12, 1780.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday honored with your favor of the 7th: and am very sorry to find that your Frontier is likely to be again disturbed by the incursions of the Savages. It appears by yours that you had not received the Act of Congress of the 4th instant, by which they approve of your proposal of raising 800 Militia for the defence of the State. I take the liberty of inclosing you a Copy of it, lest the dispatches of the president, conveying the matter to you officially, may meet with some delay. Your Excellency will observe by the Resolve, that these Troops are to be employed "under the direction of the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army." You are so much better acquainted than I am with the parts of the Country which call more immediately for support and defence, that I shall leave the distribution of the Militia who are to be embodied entirely to you. I shall only wish to be informed of the disposition made by you, as I may hereafter have occasion to make correspondent arrangements with Continental troops. I cannot help expressing my thanks for this exertion of the State in raising a Body of Men at this time, as it will probably relieve the Continental Army from making a detachment for the same service, which would be extremely inconvenient, considering the great reduction it has lately undergone by the expirations of service, and by the reinforcements which we have sent and are now sending to the Southward. We hear that some of the States are recruiting with success, but we cannot expect to derive much advantage from their Recruits till very late in the season, as they have but just entered upon the Business. I have the honor etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent is said to be in the New York State Library, Albany, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 12, 1780.
Sir: I have been lard. with yours of the 27th. March inclosing a Return of your Regimt. and the proceedings of a General Court Martial held by order of General Cornell. I am under the necessity of disapproving the sentence of the Court against Windsor Fry on account of its irregular constitution; as by the Articles of War a General Court Martial of the trial of a Continental Officer or soldier can only be ordered by the Commander in Chief; the Officer commanding a separate department or the Continental General Officer commanding in any one of the states. But that the Offender may not thereby escape from punishment, I inclose a power to hold a proper Court, under which the prisoner may be brought to a new trial. I have not yet determined upon the station of your Regt. for the ensuing Campaign, but I think it more than probable that I shall be under the necessity of drawing it to the main Body of the Army to replace, in part, the detachments which we have been obliged to make to the southward.
I return the proceedings of the former Court Martial and am etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 13, 1780.
Parole Morristown. Countersigns Mars, Music.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your favors of the 2d. 3d. and 10th: instants. I take it for granted that the detail of the signals furnished by Genl. Patterson is right. I have no Copy of it in my possession.
I have not yet obtained any certain account that the fleet which fell down to the Hook on the 5th: has put to sea. I however think it may be depended on from a concurrence of circumstances, that they are bound to the southward, but untill we know that they are actually gone out, we cannot be too much guarded against what may be only a feint.
I am glad you have thought of bringing the Fascines and Gabions within the Works upon the point. They would be of the utmost importance to the enemy should they move up seriously agt. our posts. There were a number cut down about Fort Montgomery and at other places near the Water.
General Heath, who is appointed by the State of Massachusetts to superintend the recruiting service, writes me, that he shall endeavour to detain three Commd. and one non Commissioned Officer of each Regt. who are already in the State on furlough, to go out recruiting and to march the recruits, deserters who may be apprehended, and furloughed Men, from the places of rendezvous to West point. But as he is not certain of finding the number required, he wishes you to send the deficiency, should there be any, from the line. This you will be pleased to do if the state of the Regiments will admit of it. Those Officers who have not been indulged with furloughs should be preferred as they will have an opportunity of visiting their families and friends and looking into their private affairs at the same time. Capt. Webb32 the Bearer of this, who is under a necessity of resigning if he cannot obtain leave of absence, would be content with going home upon these terms. He represents the situation of his family in such manner, that I wish him to be indulged if possible, at any rate.
[Note 32: Capt. James Webb, of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment He resigned in April, 1780.]
That there may be no misapprehension you will be pleased to acquaint the Officers before they go out upon the recruiting service that I know of no continental Bounty or allowance to reimburse their expenses or to compensate their trouble. The State I have been informed have made some provision, but I do not know exactly what it is. I have been full upon this point, lest the Officers should hereafter complain, that they had gone out in obedience to orders, and that the state allowance was not adequate to their necessary expenditures. They must also be informed that the Recruits which may be obtained will be for the benefit of the line at large and not for any particular Corps. I am &c.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morristown, April 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 11th. came safe to hand. The rumor of my going to the Southward has nothing, at this time, to support it. In consequence of the preparations which were making at New York to embark Troops; and the intelligence I had received of the destination of them, I gave information to Congress, accompanied with a state of our strength, and the disagreeable circumstances under wch. we laboured submitting it to them to determine (after maturely considering the several matters I had communicated) on the propriety of Marching the Maryland division (including the Delaware Regiment) to the aid of the Southern States.
About the same time that your letter came to hand, directions from Congress respecting the March of these Troops arrived. Accordingly, this division as it is, is preparing to March, but how they will get on for want of Provisions, Transportation &ca., Heaven alone can tell, I cannot.
In the private conversation you allude to, as having passed between you and me in the Winter, respecting your going to the Southward, I think I then said, but sure I am I meant to say, that however desirable and proper it might be to send a Gentn. of influence who was well acquainted at the same time with the temper and disposition of the people; the resources of the Country, &ca., the doing of it lay wholly with Congress and I had never interfered in any appointment in that department. I again mention this matter lest there should have been any misconception, and I am the more inclined to do it as your coming from that quarter was the result of a particular act of Congress entered into without my privity or knowledge.
If the theatre of War should be transferred to the Southward and my remove thither consequent, I should be very happy in having you along with me being Dr. Sir &c.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have reed. your favr. of the 10th. I am sorry to find that the repairs of your accoutrements and the general indisposition of your Horses, will prevent your moving so soon as could have been wished, but I have confidence in your making no greater delay than is absolutely necessary.
The Board of War having powers to order General Courts Martial the prisoner you mention may be tried at Philadelphia, but it is worth considering whether you can have him tried and the proceedings sent up for my approbation (which will be necessary) and an answer returned before the Corps will probably march. The example, should he be found guilty and sentenced to death, is wanted more immediately for your own people than the Army at large, and therefore the desired good effect would be lost, should you march before the trial can be regularly gone thro' and the proceedings confirmed. You omitted to inclose the letters from Virginia to which you refer.
I wish you an expeditious, safe and agreeable march and every honor and success to yourself and your Corps, as I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 35: The draft is addressed to Mercereau at Bonum Town, but a letter from him (April 14) is dated "Piscatua."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 13, 1780.
Sir: I have for some time expected to hear from you in consequence of the plan settled with you when you were last at Head Quarters. I at present want to be informed with certainty, whether the Fleet which fell down to the Hook on the 5th. instant and which was supposed to be bound to the southward, went immediately to sea, or whether it yet remains there. If you have not already obtained this information, you may perhaps satisfy yourself by looking out from the Heights between Brunswic and Woodbridge, and if you cannot from such a view gain a competent knowledge, I would wish you to send a person purposely to the Island. It is said that another embarkation is preparing, and I would therefore wish you upon that account to send over a person to learn whether any and what kind of Vessels are watering. You will be pleased to transmit me what intelligence you can by return of the Bearer, and what further you may obtain in consequence of the foregoing directions, by a Messenger sent for the purpose. It is very material that I should be informed as speedily as possible.
Be pleased to contrive the inclosed to Captain Lyell in Amboy. I am &c.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 14, 1780.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Arms, Arts.
[Note 37: Col. Oliver Spencer.]
Lieutenant Colonel North38
[Note 38: Lieut. Col. Caleb North, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
Brigade Major, 2d Pennsylva. Brigade
Lieutenant Colonel Hay39 is appointed Member of the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Livingston is President, vice Lieutenant Colonel Huntington
[Note 39: Lieut. Col. Samuel Hay, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 15, 1780.
Parole Barcelona. Countersigns Bergen, Brest.
[Note 40: Maj. Nicholas Fish, of the Second New York Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Lieutenant Colonel Howard is to join the 6th. Maryland Regiment 'till a further arrangement of that line takes place.
The Quartermaster General will have the public roads between Morristown and Somersett Court House immediately repair'd; The Adjutant General will upon application furnish parties for that purpose
The commanding officers of Brigades, Regiments and companies in the Maryland Division will take especial Care that the Huts in their Encampment are not injured in any manner by the soldiers when they march or before they do it: This Divisin to march tomorrow morning by the route which will be pointed out by the Quarter master General.
At a Division General Court martial held in the Maryland line by order of Brigadier General Gist April 11th. Lieutenant Colonel Howard President; Lieutenant Hoops41 of the 4th. Maryland Regiment appeared before the Court charged with:
[Note 41: Lieut. Adam Hoops. He was promoted and ranked as captain from November, 1779; taken prisoner at Camden, S.C., in August, 1780; transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; but was a prisoner on parole to the end of the war.]
1st. Unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in swearing when he came off of camp guard he would not do another Tour of duty as a subaltern and telling the Adjutant he would return himself unfit for duty in the next Weekly return.
To which charge Lieutenant Hoops pleads Not Guilty.
2dly. For returning himself sick and refusing to do duty on that account when in the presence of one or more of the officers of the regiment, at the same time pronounced himself not sick but said he had other reasons for so doing.
All of which charge Lieutenant Hoops admits.
3dly. Though being returned sick went to Morristown Ball42 and remaining one night and best part of two days from his regiment without permission from the commanding officer of the same.
[Note 42: A facsimile of the subscription, by the officers at Headquarters, to establish a dancing assembly in Morristown, is in Smith & Watson's American Historical and Literary Curiosities, Phila.: 1861, 6th edn. It reads: "The Subscribers agree to pay the Sums annexed to their respective Names, and an equal quota of any further Expence which may be incurred in the promotion and support of a dancing assembly to be held at Morristown this present Winter 1780. Subscription Monies to be paid into the hands of a Treasurer, hereafter to be appointed." It was signed by Washington and 34 other officers.]
Lieutenant Hoops admits going to Morristown Ball and being absent without leave but denies that part of the charge which particularizes the Time.
The Court having considered the 1st. charge against Lieutenant Hoops, the Evidence and his Defence, are of opinion, he is not Guilty they therefore do acquit him with Honor.
The Court having considered the 2nd. charge against Lieutenant Hoops the Evidence and his Defence are of opinion that he was sick and that he was justifiable in saying he was not so; they therefore do acquit him.
The Court having considered the 3d. Charge against Lieutenant Hoops, the Evidence and his Defence, are of opinion that he was not Guilty of remaining one night and best part of two days from his regiment and that he was justifiable in leaving camp without leave from the commanding officer of the regiment the officer commanding being of inferior rank to himself; they therefore do acquit him with Honor.
The Commander in Chief approves the acquittal.
A Serjeant, Corporal and twelve privates from the Maryland line to be sent to the Adjutant General's quarters this afternoon to take charge of some prisoners of War.
AFTER ORDERS
A Captain, Sub, three Serjeants and fifty Rank and File from each Division except the Maryland to parade tomorrow morning 9 o'clock on the Grand Parade with their Arms, blanketts and two days provision where they will receive orders from the Quarter master General.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 15, 1780.
Sir: The probability of a continuance of the War to the Southward, which will of course draw the troops of the State of Virginia to that quarter, makes it essentially necessary that every measure should be taken to procure supplies of Cloathing for them, especially of Shoes, Stockings and linen. The distance and the difficulty of transportation would render a supply of those Articles, from hence, extremely precarious, even were our Continental Magazines well stocked, but this is so far from being the case, that I can assure your Excellency there never was greater occasion for the states to exert themselves in procuring Cloathing for their respective troops. General Lincoln has, he informs me, already written to you on this subject, but as he could not be acquainted with our present circumstances and prospects in regard to Cloathing, I thought it expedient to communicate our situation to your Excellency that You might the better perceive the necessity which the State of Virginia will be under of supplying her troops to the southward more particularly with the Articles which I have before enumerated. I have the honor etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 15, 1780.
My Dear Sir: I have successively received your several letters of the 23d. and 28th. of January 12th. 14th and 23rd. of February, almost all of which were come to hand when I wrote you by General Du Portail, but by accident were not acknowledged.
As far as it is possible for me at this distance and with a very inconsiderable knowledge of the Country, to judge, your reasonings on the best plan for an expedition against Augustine44 appear to me well founded. But unfortunately for us, from every present aspect we shall find ample employment in defending ourselves without meditating conquests.
[Note 44: St. Augustine, Fla.]
Your latter letter announces the arrival and progress of Sir Henry Clinton to Stono. It is of the greatest importance that he met with the disasters which attended his voyage, though they were much smaller than was expected. This no doubt is the cause of his delay, and I sincerely hope will give you time to receive the necessary succours and put yourself in an effectual posture of defence.
In my letter by General Du Portail, I informed you that my advices from New York indicated a further embarkation supposed to be destined for the Southward. This has actually taken place, and has been for some time on the point of sailing; though it is not yet ascertained that they have sailed. I have had several accounts of the corps composing the detachment, but as they materially differ from each other, I cannot rely sufficiently upon either to transmit it. From every information the total number will be from 2000 to 2500 men, commanded by Lord Rawdon as Brigadier. I do not learn that there are any cavalry or draft horses, more than about fifteen dragoons attached to Simcoe's corps. If this embarkation should be designed as a reinforcement to General Clinton and he should suspend his operations 'till its arrival as is probable, so much time will be exhausted that he will be thrown into the hot season; a circumstance not a little unfavourable to his success. You will easily conceive the degree of our solicitude here for the fate of Charles Town and its garrison. My apprehensions, after all, are principally for the harbour. If this is secured, the operations against you must become critical and arduous. But whatever may be the event, of this we are assured that no exertion, prudence or perseverance on your part, will be wanting to defeat the attempts of the enemy. May the issue be equally conducive to your personal glory and to the advantage of these states.
In consequence of the detachment the enemy are now making it has been determined to march the Maryland division of about 2000 men to your assistance; but our situation here will not permit it to move before it is certain the enemy's detachment has sailed. Baron De Kalb will command this division. This reinforcement in all probability will be too late to have any influence upon the fate of Charles Town; but if that should fall, it may serve to check the progress of the British troops and prevent their getting intire possession of the State. If they succeed against Charles Town, there is much reason to believe the Southern states will become the principal theatre of the war.
I inclose you sundry resolutions of Congress of the 25th. of February for raising specific supplies of provisions and forage on the different states, in which you will find the quantities apportioned on North and South Carolina. Congress have left it to me to determine the places of deposit; but my remoteness from those two states and the imperfect knowledge I have of their position and circumstances disqualify me from extending my arrangements to them. These will be much better made by you, and I must request you will as speedily as possible carry into execution that part of the resolutions which depends on me. I have written to the Governors of the two States referring them to you for information on this head, which you will no doubt give without loss of time.
I have written to the Governor of Virginia pressing the supplying the troops of that State with Cloathing, agreeable to your request. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, April 15, 1780.
[See Washington's letter to Governor Richard Caswell, April 7, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 15, 1780.
Gentlemen: The readiness with which you complied with a late application of mine on the subject of provisions for the army, at the same time, that it makes me unwilling to trouble you more frequently than cannot be avoided, gives me the fullest confidence in your aid, whenever necessity and the public good require it. Another occasion presents itself equally pressing with the former, for the exercise of that zeal of which you have already given so signal a proof. The army is on the point of experiencing the same distresses which dictated the former application to you, for want of adequate means of transportation, which it is impracticable in the present juncture to furnish in the ordinary way. Yesterday the last of the meat we had in the magazines here was issued to the army; and the supplies at the different deposits within reach cannot be brought to camp, by any efforts in the power of The Qr. Mr General.46 I am therefore to intreat you will employ your influence and authority to raise in your county and furnish Mr. Moore Foreman47 with such a number of teams and sufficient forage for their support as he may find necessary to assist in forwarding a quantity of salted provisions which is now at Trenton48 to Camp. Mr. Foreman will give certificates for the hire of the waggons on the same terms mentioned in my address of January last.
[Note 46: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "The most unfortunate consequences must ensue, if the different counties do not afford their assistance to supply this defect." Cf with the phraseology adopted later on.]
[Note 47: Moore Furman (Foreman), Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 48: Trenton is crossed off; but this seems to be through inadvertence.]
I beg you to be assured Gentlemen that this requisition is the result of necessity, and that the most disagreeable consequences must ensue if it is not complied with. It is with peculiar reluctance, I at any time adopt a measure the least inconvenient to the inhabitants. But there are exigencies when just scruples must give way to the public good49 and even ultimately to their own ease.
[Note 49: At this point the following is crossed off: "The present is one of this kind, and I am persuaded you will demonstrate in a new instance the love you bear to your."]
You are not unapprised gentlemen of the embarrassments on the public affairs from the depreciation of the currency. These will for some time continue to operate and occasions will probably more than once occur during this period which will call for exertions of virtue and patriotism from the people. While I am confident these will never be wanting. I am happy in the hope that the measures pursuing by Congress will prevent the necessity from being of long duration.
I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 51: United States Commercial Agent at Nantes, France.]
Morristown, April 15, 1780.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th. of Feby. accompanying a case of Margeaux wine, came safe to hand. My thanks are offered for both, and I wish these may be as acceptable as the terms in which the Wine was presented, are polite; I shall then have made the return which seems most agreeable to your wish, altho' it will be far short of the sense I entertain of the obligation. I am, etc.52
[Note 52: This letter is found in Washington's "Letter Book," no. 5, P. 7.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 16, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have just recd your favor of this date. I have not had any advice from the Commanding Officer at Paramus of the matter which it communicates, and therefore must request you to give me the best intelligence you can get from that quarter. If you have any militia horse with you they may be serviceable while the enemy are out and enable you the better to give me an account of their movements. You will of course be on your Guard. It will be well to employ your horse on your left flank, which will be a security both to you and us, especially if the Enemy sh'd be out in force and intend a flying party for this place. I am &c.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 16, 1780.
Parole Labradore. Countersigns Lima, Minden.
A Detachment to parade tomorrow morning 9 o'clock on the Grand parade with their Arms, Blanketts, two days provisions and forty rounds pr man.
Major J. Moore54 to take command of them.
[Note 54: Maj. James Moore, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 17, 1780.
Parole Mexico. Countersigns Nile, Otway.
[Note 55: Lieut. Col. John Conway, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He retired in January, 1871.]
Four Battalions to be paraded on the Grand parade tomorrow morning 9 o'clock at which time Colonels Johnson, Courtlandt, Ogden and Jackson; Lieutenant Colonels Barber, Smith, Harmar and Huntington and Major Fish are to attend.
AFTER ORDERS
At a General Court martial of the Line whereof Colonel Livingston is President, the 10th instant; Mr. Randall,56 State Clothier from the State of Maryland appeared before the Court charged with.
[Note 56: John Randall.]
"Unofficerlike behavior in distributing the cloth sent up by the State of Maryland for the use of her Officers in an unjustifiable partial manner in consequence of which many officers are injured".
The Court having fully and maturely considered the charge against Mr. Randall and the Evidence do Acquit him with Honor.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court.
Mr. Randall is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 17, 1780.
Sir: I have duly received your Excellencys dispatches of the 6th. and 9th. of April.
The Maryland division marched this morning, with the first Regiment of Artillery and eight field pieces besides those attached to the Brigades which will be useful at any rate essential if an accident should happen to Charles Town. The want of Waggons has unavoidably retarded the march of the Troops till this time.
I have attentively considered the application from the State of Massachusetts on the subject of an expedition against the Enemy at Penobscot. It appears to be of great importance in several points of view that they should be dislodged; but circumstanced as we are I do not see how the attempt can be made with any prospect of success. A naval cooperation seems to be absolutely necessary and for this we do not possess the means. We have no Fleet and the Enemy have a respectable one on the coast which they can at any time employ to frustrate our measures. From all accounts the Posts at Penobscot are strongly situated and susceptible of being made more formidable by additional fortification which it is to be presumed has not been neglected. To attempt a coup de main, with a tolerable certainty of success, would require a considerable force, and of other troops than Militia, which can by no means be spared. To operate by a seige with Cannon and the necessary apparatus would be an affair of length. The operating force I am informed must depend on supplies of every kind by Water. This communication would be liable to be interrupted at the pleasure of the Enemy and the situation of the Troops would be alarmingly precarious. A reinforcement might at any time be sent from Hallifax and New York to raise the seige; our Troops would perhaps escape themselves with difficulty no doubt with disgrace and with the loss of their cannon and stores. But were there no other obstacles in the way the total deficiency of money and magazines seems alone to be insurmountable. With respect to both of these we seem to be arrived at so desperate an extremity, that every arrangement and operation is at a stand, and without speedy relief inevitable ruin must ensue.
These objections to the expedition obviously present themselves in the present posture of our affairs, though I confess I have not a sufficient knowledge of the Country in question to form a very accurate judgment. Could we obtain an effectual naval cooperation, this and many other things might be undertaken, which without it are impracticable. Indeed considering the position of these States a Fleet is essential to our system of defence; that we have not hitherto suffered more than we have for want of it is to be ascribed to the feeble and injudicious manner in which the Enemy have applied the means in their hands during this War. The plan they are now persuing of attacking points remote from each other will make us feel the disadvantage in a striking manner, and may be fatal, if our allies are not able to afford us naval succour. In all respects, it is more necessary now than it ever was. I have the honor etc.
P.S. It is of great moment the States through which the Maryland Division passes should be engaged to exert themselves to get them forward otherwise they will be halting between the two points where they are wanted and their services will be lost to both. I am sorry to be obliged to transmit the inclosed disagreeable account from Paramus.57 The Post there is intended to restrain the traffic between that part of the Country and New York which from the disposition of the Inhabitants has been very considerable. This consideration
[Note 57: A copy of Capt. Jonathan Hallet's letter of April 16 was inclosed. He reported the surprise of the guard at Paramus on the morning of the 16th, by the British, who captured about 50 and destroyed the stores and burned two houses and a mill. The original letter is in the Washington Papers.] has induced me to station a party there though at some hazard, but though with reluctance I imagine I shall be obliged to withdraw it, for the extreme disaffection of the Inhabitants gives the Enemy even greater advantages than was supposed.
Since writing the above I am honored with your letter of the 13th. I hope the Bilboa account may be just, as it is much more favorable than the preceeding ones.
Inclosed you will be pleased to receive a further Letter from the Gentlemen deputed to Amboy.58
[Note 58: A copy of St. Clair, Carrington, and Hamilton's letter of April 10 was inclosed. The original is in the Washington Papers. It reported the terms on which any sum of money would be accepted from the British in liquidation of the whole or part of the account for feeding British prisoners of war.
The letter to Congress is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 17, 1780.
Sir: In consequence of the Detachments of Infantry already made from hence to the Southward and the One now on the march, and from the probability there is, that the Enemy mean to prosecute their measures in that quarter with vigor, I have thought it expedient to send a respectable reinforcement of Artillery, Officers and Matrosses there likewise. I would however beg leave to suggest that I find it may be necessary for Congress, in order that harmony and consistency may be preserved in our arrangements, to pass some Resolutions on a point respecting this line, which I shall take the liberty to state.
The Four Battallions of Artillery which have hitherto acted in this Quarter, have been arranged and considered, as forming a line, and the principles established by Congress in their Act of the 24th of November 1778 for governing promotions in the State lines, have been adopted with respect to them, Vizt that the Officers should rise Regimentally to the rank of Captains and from thence as Field Officers in the line of the Four, according to seniority, which principles have been also adopted in the case of the Four Regiments of Cavalry and the promotions which have taken place in both since, have been made accordingly. In this arrangement of the Artillery, the Battallion in South Carolina for want of a proper knowledge of its state and of the footing on which it stood, was not comprehended, and the Officers of it I have been informed, have been generally promoted on a Regimental principle to this time, so that Colo Beekman59 the present Commanding Officer, who succeeded on the death of Colo Roberts after the action of Stono, tho a much junior Officer before, will command Lt Colo Carrington, who is going with the reinforcement detached. This is an injury, but I am persuaded as Colo Carrington is himself, that it is not remediable now and under which he seems well disposed to acquiesce, as any proceedings having a retrospect and to alter the promotions which have taken place by authority, tho they might not have been strictly regular, would lead to many difficulties. But to prevent the like in future and the consequent discontents which would arise, I would submit it to Congress, whether it will not be expedient for them to take up the business where it now stands, and pass a Resolution for placing this Battallion in future on the same footing with the Others, and determining that the promotions in it hereafter and through the whole of the Artillery Battallions, shall be made agreeable to the principles I have mentioned, except where it may be the pleasure of Congress to depart from them. If this is not done and the present system with respect to it continues, it may lead in the course of service to disagreeable consequences, as in case of the death or fall of
[Note 59: Col. Barnard Beekman. He succeeded to the command of the Fourth South Carolina (artillery) Regiment after Col. Owen Roberts was killed at Stono Ferry, S.C., in June, 1779.] Colo Beekman and in like manner of his successors One after another, the injury would be repeated in the promotions of Junior Officers, which would not be acquiesced under and which would be a perpetual source of uneasiness.
I would also take the liberty to inform Congress, that there is a Company of Artillery now in South Carolina commanded by a Captain Kingsbury,60 which was raised in North Carolina. This Company exists at present on an independent plan, unconnected with any Batallion. As these little Corps are found to be attended with many inconveniences and we are endeavouring to reform them as fast as circumstances will permit, I would submit it to Congress, whether it may not be best for them, to attach it to the South Carolina Battallion, reserving to all the Officers their ranks at the time according to the Commissions they have actually received, or the ranks in which they command, sanctioned by authority. The Battallion will then as I have been informed, have only Seven Companies and will still want five to complete it to the establishment of the rest. I have the Honor etc.61
[Note 60: Capt. John Kingsbury, of the Independent North Carolina Artillery company. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780.]
[Note 61: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on April 20 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 17, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I received some days ago your letter of the 27th. of last month. I have communicated your request with respect to Recruiting Officers, to Major General Howe and desired him to send on a number, if the state of the Regiments would admit of it, informing them however previously, to prevent a misapprehension on the subject and that they might use their own discretion upon the occasion, that I knew of no Continental Bounty or allowance to reimburse their expences or to compensate for their trouble. How many or whether any would go for the State encouragement is a point about which I have not heard. Your plan for sending the Recruits on, seems to be a very good one. I would observe with respect to the Recruits that it would be best if it could be done to enlist them generally for the Line and not for particular Regiments, as they might then with more facility be disposed of among the Regiments, so as to make them all of equal strength; a matter essential to uniformity and arrangement, and which ought always to be attended to. I am sorry there should be the obstacles there are to enlisting men, as it is certainly very interesting to us, to have the Army upon a more respectable footing than it is at present, but such is the state of our Treasury and of our Cloathing supplies, that it is not in my power to do any thing to promote it at this time. With respect to the money in Mr Hancocks62 hands, I do not like to give any orders about it, as I do not know at present to my own satisfaction, whether there is any pecuniary Continental Bounty, or if there is the particular cases in which it is allowed. The late Resolution of Congress on the 9th. of Feby., by which the States are called on to make up their deficiencies of Men, is totally silent on the subject, and it seems that the Act which preceded it in March 1779 and which was the last on the occasion, was only of a temporary nature and ceased when that of the 9th. of Feby. took place. At any rate if it could be supposed to exist, the Bounty of Two Hundred Dollars which it mentions was not exclusive of the State Bounties; but where these exceeded that sum, the State in adjusting their Recruiting accounts with the Public was to receive a credit for so much from the Continent. But as the requisition of Congress to the States only respects their
[Note 62: Ebenezer Hancock, deputy paymaster general, Eastern Department.] providing for the deficiencies in their Infantry Regiments, and there is a necessity for Recruiting those of the Artillery, I have notwithstanding the incertainty I am under with respect to the Bounty, advanced Two Hundred Dollars for each Man enlisting in them for the War, where they receive no Bounty from the State. If therefore the men engaged by Colo Crane inlist for a Continental Bounty only, you may on his making out a Return of them by name, give him a Warrant on the back or annexed to it on Mr. Hancock for Two Hundred Dollars for each.
I am happy to hear of the captures you mention.63 They are very valuable and I wish the Cargoes in both instances were with the Army. I have just been informed that a Privateer from Philadelphia had sent a Jamaica Man into the Delaware with about 450 Puncheons of Rum.
[Note 63: "A ship, prize of the Dean frigate arrived at Boston a few days since with between 4 & 500 puncheons of Rum, and on the 23d Inst a ship prize to the Aurora of Marblehead arrived at that port laden with 1600 bbls. Flour, 1400 bbls Beef and Pork and some dry Goods. The Ship carried into Marblehead is one of a fleet of Victuallers bound to New York."-- Heath to Washington, Mar. 27, 1780. Heath's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The latest advices I have received from Charles Town are of the 14th. Ulto. From appearances then it seemed to be the Enemy's intention to besiege it in regular form. Their Ships had not passed the Bar at that time nor attempted it, tho' from the measures they were pursuing it appeared to be their design. I am etc.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, April 17, 1780.
Sir: As it is probable 8 or 10,000 blank Cartridges may be wanted by Thursday His Excellency has desired me to request you will be pleased to have them ready by that time. I am &c.
P.S. You will also be pleased to have eight Light Field Pieces in readiness to manoeuvre with the Troops.65
[Note 65: This letter is signed "R[ichard] K[idder] M[eade]."
Maj. Jeremiah Bruen, of Baldwin's Artificer regiment, wrote to Quartermaster General Greene, April 17: "I have just receiv'd a Note from Major Burner, requesting me to have a Gallery built for the reception of the Ambassador from France: it is not in my power to do it for want of Boards. There is a plenty in this County, not far from this; but they cannot be had without Cash to purchase them." Greene forwarded the note to Washington with the comment: "Many things equally necessary in the order of business as these boards are left unprovided from mere poverty...there must be a total stop. This cannot be far distant; and I wish your Excellency to be prepared for the event." These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1780.
Gentn: I have the Honor to transmit You the arrangement of Harrison's, Lamb's, Crane's and Proctor's Battallions of Artillery, on which you will be pleased to issue Commissions. The Relative ranks of the Field Officers and of all the Captains as well those belonging to separate Companies as to the Battallions are set down after the Regimental arrangements, with the proper numbers against each, by which their precedence is to be determined and which will be noted as usual on theirCommissions.
Captain Jones's66 Company is not annexed to any Battallion. This is the case of Capri Kingsbury's raised in North Carolina. I have written to Congress to day and submitted to them the expediency of annexing the latter to the Battallion of Artillery in South Carolina. The Officers of both however want their Commissions.
[Note 66: Capt. Gibbs Jones, of the Pennsylvania Independent Artillery company. He resigned in April, 1780.]
There are Two arrangements of the Maryland Companies of Artillery, which have acted with Harrison's Battallion since they joined the Army. The reason for their being two is: They came out at first and stand at present in three Companies as you will perceive by the arrangement No. 1; but being very large and much above the establishment the State had it in contemplation to form them into a separate Corps of four and to be under a Major of their own appointment. They did me the honor to consult me upon the occasion and tho I was fully in opinion with them as to the propriety of their being formed into four, yet I took the liberty to recommend by a Letter on the 19 Feby67 that it would be better if they thought proper, to annex the Companies to the 1st Battallion, Harrisons, than to form them into a separate Corps, on account of the difficulties which I had but too good reason to apprehend would arise on such a measure, with respect to the rank of the Officers which would affect those of the Old Corps; and requested in case they approved the plan that they would be pleased to communicate it to Congress. On this ground the arrangement No. 2 is formed and is merely conditional; for I have not heard from the State since I wrote them upon the subject, and therefore cannot tell whether they mean to adopt the plan they had at first in contemplation of forming the Companies into a separate Corps under a Major of their own appointment; or whether they will consent to their being annexed to the 1st. Battallion, as was recommended. If they have agreed to the latter and Congress or the Board have received an Official communication of it, and there is nothing in it repugnant, The Arrangement No 2 may take place and Commissions issue accordingly; But if this is not the case, they can only issue for the Officers of the three Companies as in the arrangement No. 1. In either event the Officers should receive their Commissions as all of them, except Capn Brown68 and those of his
[Note 67: See Washington's letter to Gov. Thomas Sim Lee, Feb. 19, 1780.]
[Note 68: Capt. William Brown, of the Maryland Independent Artillery company. His company is noted as having been joined to the First Continental Artillery in May, 1778. He was appointed major of the First Continental Artillery in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.] Company, who are at Fort Schuyler, are going to the Southward, which is also the case of those of Harrison's Battallion. Lt Colo Carrington will be in Philadelphia and will receive those for the Officers going to S Carolina; the Others will be forwarded to Camp. I have the Honor etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1780.
Dr Sir: The Chevalier Du Buisson à Lt Col in the Army and Aide De Camp to The Baron De Kalb, having served three years in this army with reputation and being desirous to embrace every opportunity of distinguishing himself, I shall be glad you will improve any occasion circumstances may offer to employ him, in such a manner as will enable him to indulge his ardor. I am aware that it is difficult in our army to find employment of this kind for officers not attached to corps; nor is it my wish by what I have said to give you any embarrassment, but only to signify that it will afford me pleasure to have The Chevalier gratified as far as may be conveniently practicable. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1780.
Dear Sir: His Excellency being obliged to ride out this morning, I do myself the honour of acknowledging yours of the 17th. There are shoes in the Cloathier Generals store and your Sub Cloathier may have the quantity wanted for the line upon application. There are shirts also, but of so inferior a quality, that your sub Cloathier refused to take any of them; such as they are, you can have them if you chuse.
His Excellency, for reasons which he will give you the first time he has the pleasure of seeing you, wishes your troops to remain below71 in preference to any others. I have the honor etc.72
[Note 71: Huntington's command was stationed at Springfield, N.J.]
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1780.
Dear Sir: Major Bull,73 who succeeds to the Majority of the 1st. Regt. Dragoons vice Jameson, having represented to me the peculiar situation of his family, which would render his proceeding to South Carolina at this time extremely inconvenient, I have directed him to join and do duty in your Regiment 'till further orders.
[Note 73: Maj. Epaphras Bull, of the First Continental Dragoons. He died in October, 1781, of wounds received at Yorktown, Va.]
Being informed that there is a quantity of Arms and Accoutrements proper for the cavalry at Springfield I have directed the Commy. of Military Stores at that place to deliver to you and to Colo. Sheldon for the use of your Regiments such of the Articles as you may want. I must again repeat my request that you will not suffer more to be drawn than are absolutely necessary to compleat the equipment of the Regt. I am &c.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 13th. The low state of the military Chest will not allow of a further sum on account of recruiting just now, for which reason your officers must suspend that Business for the present. The Bounty to the Officer is 20 dollars for each new recruit and 10 dollars for each reinlisted Man. You may offer pardons to any of those who have deserted from you, who will return voluntarily in a limited time.
Inclosed you have a letter to Mr. Chever Commy of Military Stores at Springfield to deliver you the necessary quantity of such Arms and Accoutrements proper for the Cavalry, as he may have in the Magazine. Mr. Hubbard has had directions to provide any other Articles which may be wanting. I must again repeat my former request that you will draw no more than you find absolutely necessary to equip the Regt. You have also a letter to Mr. Bull75 the Dy. Cloathier at Springfield directing him to stop the new Cloathing for your Regt. at that place and deliver it out to your Regimental Cloathier as it is wanted. I have done this in consequence of a letter from Major Tallmadge of the 12th. Inst.
[Note 75: James Bull.]
The situation of Major Bulls family rendering it inconvenient for him to proceed and join the 1st. Regt. of Cavalry, he is, till further orders to join and do duty in the 4th. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 18, 1780.
Parole Nantasker. Countersigns Neptune, Po.
[Note 77: Brig. Gen. William Irvine.]
Major Simeon Thayer78
[Note 78: Of the Second Rhode Island Regiment. He was wounded at Monmouth, N.J., in June, 1778, and retired in May, 1781.]
Brigade Major from Maxwell's Brigade
A Surgeon and Mate from General Maxwell's brigade to join the detachment under command of Major Moore immediately.
A Serjeant Corporal and Twelve men from General Maxwell's Brigade to mount at Baron Steuben's Quarters this afternoon and to be relieved daily from the same 'till further orders.
A Corporal and six men from General Hand's brigade to be sent as a fatigue party daily to Morristown with their detachment for Guard 'till further orders. This party to remain with the Main Guard for occasional fatigue.
The General Orders will be given out at one of the Huts in the 2d Maryland brigade lately occupied by Major Deane.79
[Note 79: Maj. John Deane (Dean), of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Maryland Regiment in January, 1781, and died in November, 1781.]
AFTER ORDERS
The Members of the Ancient and honorable society of Free and Accepted Mason's (in the different Lines and Staff of the Army) are invited to the funeral of the late Major Piat80 of their fraternity at Morristown on Wednesday the 19th instant 3 o'clock P M.
[Note 80: Maj. Daniel Platt, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He died Apr. 16, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1780.
Sir: I am informed that there is a quantity of Arms and Accoutrements proper for Cavalry in the Magazines at Springfield under your care. You will be pleased to deliver to the order of Colonels Moylan and Sheldon or the commanding Officers of their Regiments such of the above Articles they may call for. I am &c.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 18, 1780.
Sir: Mess. Otis and Henly will send forward to Springfield the Uniform Cloathing for Colo. Sheldons Regt. You will be pleased to detain it at that place, and deliver it out to the Regimental Cloathier upon Colo. Sheldons Returns. You are regularly to transmit to the Cloathier General an account of what you deliver to the Regimental Cloathier. I am &c.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, April 19, 1780.
Parole Washington. Countersign Greene.
[Note 83: Col. James Chambers, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine in September, 1777, and retired in January, 1781.]
Major Torrey84
[Note 84: Maj. Joseph Torrey, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel in May, 1782, and retired in June, 1783.]
Brigade Major from 1st. Pennsylva. Brigade
AFTER ORDERS
The manoeuvring Battalions are to be paraded tomorrow morning ten o clock precisely in the field near Colonel Abeel's85 house.86 A Detachment from the Artillery sufficient to manage eight field pieces to parade at the same Time and place without Cannon.
[Note 85: Col. James Abeel. He was Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 86: This was in the nature of a practice drill for the maneuvers which took place before the French Minister on April 24.]
Brigadier General Clinton to take command of the Battalions.
Head Quarters, April 19, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 18th was received this morning, by His Excellency when just setting out to meet the Minister of France. I wrote by the General's direction to Governor Livingston on the subject of it, and find by his answer that the Militia Horse under Captain Craig served by their own consent and that their continuing to do it must depend upon themselves. The General is not yet returned, but he told me before he left Head Qrs., that he thought with you their service would be essential and that he was willing to have them retained on the terms on which they had been engaged by the Baron de Kalb. You will therefore be pleased to write to Capn Craig on the subject and endeavour to prevail on him and the Men to continue a Month longer or for a shorter time if they should think that would be inconvenient. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R: H: Harrison, Secy."]
Camp, April 19, 1780.
Sir: The Letter I have the honor to inclose Your Excellency, was received by the General when he was just setting out to meet the Minister of France, who is expected at Head Quarters to day. The General desired me to inform you that he thought the further service of the Militia Horse under Captain Craigs absolutely essential, and that he would be obliged by your Excellency's requesting them to continue a Month longer unless their place should be supplied sooner by an equal number of Others. He did not recollect the terms on which they had been engaged by The Baron de Kalb, but said he was willing they should be retained on the same. The Light Horseman that brought the Letter from Brigadr. Genl Huntington will return to day, and will be the bearer of any commands Your Excellency may think proper to send to Captain Craigs. I have the Honor etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. H. H., Secy."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, April 20, 1780.
Parole Louis. Countersigns Vergennes, Luzerne.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Livingston is President is dissolved and another ordered to assemble at the same hut in the Connecticut line where they last sat for the Trial of Major Church89 and such others as shall come before them.
[Note 89: Maj. Thomas Church, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Colonel Shreve to preside, Lieutenant Colonel Conway, Major Reed, Two Captains from the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade two from the and. Two from Hand's one from Maxwell's one from Clinton's and two from Stark's to attend as Members.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 20, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I duly received Your Letter of the 24 Feby from Philadelphia when You were on the point of leaving it with a Copy of the Instructions from the Board of War to which You refer. The business which they mentioned to employ your attention, is very interesting, and in this view I persuade myself that every reasonable exertion will be used as far as it may depend on You to promote it. I do not know what measures the State is pursuing to place their line upon a more respectable footing than it is at present, however I suppose in consequence of the late requisition of Congress on the 9th of Feby and the necessity of the case, they are doing something. In fixing on places of Rendezvous for the Recruits and Drafts, regard should be had to their probable future destination and to their health. The destination from present appearances will be the Southward, and therefore the more conveniently they can rendezvous to the communication leading that way, the better. But Petersburg from its usual unhealthiness should not by any means be appointed for them to assemble at. It has already proved the Grave of too many, and if it can be done, I think no time should be lost in removing the Troops from it, which may be there, as without a change of situation, there will be no good reason for us to hope the sick will recover. It might be proper perhaps for a Field Officer to take upon him the particular superintendence of them and while things remain in their present footing. Colo Davies who I understand is not gone to the Southward with any of the Regiments which marched with General Woodford would answer the purpose well. As the Recruits and Drafts come in, you will have them formed into Companies immediately under proper officers and every attention paid to their discipline and Whenever they amount to 50 strong they are to march and join the Troops of the State at the Southward. This is to be the case from time to time as often as they make this number, unless orders are received to the contrary, and whenever the Detachments amount to 150 a Field Officer should proceed. That I may know how to direct matters with the more propriety, You will not fail to inform me of the places of Rendezvous You appoint, and to transmit me by every fortnights post a particular State of the Recruits or Drafts that assemble. Your attention will be extended to having the Old Soldiers collected who were furloughed and who have not joined their Regiments. I have been informed that there are many Deserters in the State and possibly that a good many of them would come in, if they were not afraid of being punished. You shall hear from me on this subject by the first post after I know the places You appoint for the rendezvous of the Recruits &c. which you cannot be too early in communicating. The Officers in the State will in all probability want their pay. I really do not know in the present deranged situation of our Treasury and from their remoteness how they will get it. Perhaps by transmitting an abstract of their names and Rank and the Regiments to which they belong, to the Honble the Board of War, with whom, by their instructions You are to correspond, it may be in their power to have the matter put in such a train that it may be obtained. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Minister of France, who is now here, being desirous to see Elizabeth town and the Country below the Mountain, I shall ride down with him tomorrow Morning. We purpose being at Springfield, where I expect the pleasure of meeting you by 10 OClock. You will be pleased to have small Guards posted at the points between Newark and Amboy and send as considerable a detachment as your command will afford to Elizabeth Town to receive the Minister. You will be pleased to keep the reason of this disposition intirely a secret, that the enemy may have no opportunity of taking any advantages. Be kind enough to desire Mr. Caldwell to have Forage for about forty Horse ready at Springfield. I am &c.
P.S. Be pleased to order the Militia Light Horse to be deligent in patrolling tomorrow and let a party of them extend up towards second River.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 20, 1780.
D Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 20th of last month, and Mr. Harrison92 has communicated to me the contents of one he had received from you of the same date.
[Note 92: Lieut. Col. Robert Hanson Harrison.]
The arrangement of Officers for the Regiments gone to the Southward was made at Philadelphia, after the Virginia line marched from hence and I do not know the reasons which operated for appointing Colo Gist to the command of one of them in preference to Others. With respect to Yourself it possibly might have happened from an opinion which generally prevailed about the time, that you meant to leave the service. I have not heard that the post of Deputy Adjutant General in the Southern Army was vacant, but on the contrary I believe the Gentleman who has long held it still acts. At any rate however I do not know that there is any thing in the arrangement of the Adjutant General and Inspector's department which would give any of the sub Inspectors a right to a vacancy which might happen in the former, on a successional principle; nor do I recollect that it was ever in contemplation to establish in them such a right. I have written to Genl Muhlenburg on the subject of collecting the Recruits and Drafts the State may make at certain places of Rendezvous, and how they are to be disposed of, and with respect to Deserters he will hear from me by another Opportunity. From the unhealthiness of Petersburg, I have requested him not to assemble the Recruits and Drafts at it, and if it can be done, to remove the Sick now there to some Other place. I have also proposed to him your superintending them for the present, and I doubt not if you are appointed, you will do all in your power to promote their relief. In such case you will advise General Muhlenburg of their state and number every Two or Three Weeks, who will of course inform me. I have written to Doctr. Brown,93 who at this time has the direction of the Medical department (Doctr Shippen being in arrest) acquainting him that a physician or more is wanted, and desired him to take measures for having One supplied without loss of time if it can be done.
[Note 93: Dr. William Brown, Physician and Director General of Hospitals. He resigned in July, 1780.]
As to the pay of the Officers in Virginia, it is difficult to say from the state of our treasury and their remote situation, what can be done about it. I have mentioned the matter in my Letter to Genl Muhlenburg and perhaps by his transmitting an Abstract of their names, rank and Regiments, to the Honble The Board of War, with whom by the instructions he received from them he is occasionally to correspond, they may have it in their power to make some arrangement by which the Officers may obtain their pay. I am &c.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 20, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 25th. March inclosing the proceedings of a General Court Martial upon Fosill and Le Brun.95 I could not have confirmed the sentence against the latter, on account of the irregular constitution of the Court; as a General Court Martial can only be held by order of the Commander in Chief or General Officer commanding in a separate department, or in one of the States. The prisoner may be therefore discharged and returned to his duty. I am &c.96
[Note 95: Christopher Fossil and John La Brun. They were privates in Captain Read's Virginia State Dragoons.]
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, April 21, 1780.
Parole Charles. Countersigns D'Almadover, Mirailes.
[Note 97:
Col. Oliver Spencer.]
Major Grier98
[Note 98: Maj. James Grier, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
Brigade Major, Clinton's Brigade
Lieutenant Colonel Robinson99 will join the manoeuvring Battalion commanded by Colonel Cortlandt.
[Note 99: Lieut. Col. Thomas Robinson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
AFTER ORDERS
Major Parr1 is appointed a Member of the General court martial whereof Colonel Shreve is president vice Major Reed2 challenged by Major Church
[Note 1: Maj. James Parr, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 2: Maj. James Randolph Reid (Reed).] A Captain from the 2d. Pennsylvania Brigade to attend the same Court vice a Captain of that Brigade also challenged.
The Court will sit tomorrow morning 9 o clock.
Head Quarters, April 21, 1780.
Sir: His Excellency desires you will be pleased to give orders immediately for Col Daytons Regt. to hold itself in readiness to march tomorrow morning at 8 OClock. The men Detached from it to compose a part of the four Battalions to maneuvre on Monday next are not to march with the Regt. You will be pleased to direct the commanding Officer of the Regt. to call here for his orders.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed "R. K. Meade."]
[Note 4: Then at Dumfries, Va.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 22, 1780.
Sir: I recd. yours from Philada: with a general Return of Hospitals inclosed. I am informed that the sick belonging to the troops collected by General Scott at Petersburg are left at that place without Surgeons, without accommodations and destitute of every necessary for people under their circumstances. I must request you to enquire as speedily as possible into the matter and endeavour to make such arrangements as will afford them relief. The unhealthiness of Petersburg makes that place, in my opinion, a very improper one for an hospital, and I would therefore recommend a removal of the sick from thence to any other place upon the communication to the southward. Indeed I have advised General Muhlenberg, who has the superintendance of the troops in the State, to fix upon some other place of rendezvous than Petersburg merely on account of its unwholesome situation. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, April 22, 1780.
Parole Sartine. Countersigns D'Estaing, Marebois.
[Note 6: Col. Walter Stewart.]
Major Trescott7
[Note 7: Maj. Lemuel Trescott, of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment, which was designated the Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment in July, 1780. He was transferred to the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, to the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
Brigade Major, Stark's Brigade
The Guards to be very alert in turning out to the Minister of France and Committee of Congress and paying them the same Honors as the Commander in Chief.
[Note 8: Maj. John Burrowes (Burroughs), of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 22, 1780.
Sir: You will march the detachment under your command to Brunswick; the object of it is to guard a quantity of flour deposited there until it can be brought away. When the Waggons begin to move it you will be pleased to give me notice, and also when the whole is nearly taken away. As a detachment of the Army at that place (which is by no means safe) will be an additional motive for the Enemy to make some attempt there, I must entreat you to use every precaution that may be necessary to guard against a surprise.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 10: Van Beaverhout lived at Beaverwick, near Troy, Morris County, N. J.]
Camp, Morris Town, April 22, 1780.
Sir: I took the earliest occasion to communicate your request to His Excellency and the Minister of France, after they returned Yesterday evening. They are both very sensible of your politeness, and would circumstances permit they would do themselves the pleasure of dining with You; but the Minister's engagements as long as he can remain in this quarter and the necessity of his returning to PhiladeIphia, as soon as these are over, will prevent him. And immediately after his departure, the General expects to be engaged in some important business with a Committee of Congress. His Excellency, the Ambassador, in staying as long as he will, will exceed the time he at first intended. I have the Honour &c.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. H[arrison]."]
Head Quarters, April 22, 1780.
Sir: Colo. Hamilton has communicated to me your Favor of the 18th. I have considered the request you were pleased to make for permission to return to New York and beg leave to inform You that I do not think myself authorised to grant it. I hope this will not be attended with any personal inconveniences to Yourself or with any embarrassments to your friends in New York. I have the Honor etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 23, 1780.
Sir: Your coming to Morris as you wish tomorrow will be agreeable to me, and I request that should you give permission to any of the Officers at the Post to accompany you that you would enjoin them to return at night. The Enemy from the occasion which brings you here may be led to think that we shall be off our guard and attempt to enterprise something. I wish you to give directions for the Troops to be in as compact order as possible, and to lay on their Arms tomorrow night. I am &c.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 23, 1780.
Gentlemen: I had yesterday the honor to receive your Letters of the 13th and 17th Instant, with their inclosures. With respect to the Boats and other articles which make the subject of the first, I beg leave to inform the Board that I do not know that there will be any objection to selling them, except such a part of the Tar as they may think it necessary to keep. The state of our Treasury and the necessity we are in for money seem to require that we should obtain a supply by every practicable means.
From the present situation of affairs It does not appear to me probable, that we shall carry on any extensive operations in the Western quarter this Campaign, and therefore that there cannot be at any rate an occasion for the number of Tents which Colo. Brodhead has requested. And if the incursions of the Savages should make it necessary to collect a body of Militia, yet from the light desultory service in which they would be engaged, Tents would be improper, as they would greatly embarrass and impede their movements, and besides, in our present circumstances, the supply I should suppose would be impracticable. It may however be well perhaps to send Colo. Brodhead a few Horsemens Tents and a very small number fit for Soldiers, as they may be useful in case of sickness and on some other occasions.
The Board will be pleased to receive again the Returns they were so obliging as to send me some time ago, and also returns of the Men in Moylan's Regimt. of the same kind, which were never given in till yesterday. I have the Honor etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, April 23, 1780.
Parole Je Vaux. Countersigns D'Orvilliers, Du Chaffault.
[Note 15: Maj. James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
Brigade Major, Hand's Brigade
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, April 24, 1780.
Parole Maurepas. Countersigns Montbarre, Neckar.
For Detachment Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Butler16 and Major T. Moore.17
[Note 16: Lieut. Col. Commandant William Butler, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 17: Maj. Thomas Lloyd Moore, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
A Subaltern from General Clinton's Brigade to be sent immediately to Pluckemin to relieve one from Hand's brigade superintending the Hospital at that place. He will receive his instructions from the Officer to be relieved.
At a General Court martial of the Line held the 17th. instant; Colonel J. Livingston,18 president, Doctor McCarty19 of the 4th. Pennsylvania regiment appear'd before the Court charg'd with "Scandalous and Ungentlemanlike behavior in seizing Captain Pell on the evening of the 29th. of January last with several others and forcibly putting him out of the room of a public house and for taking his sword from him with the assistance of others and breaking it and for taking a stick and following him into the passage of the House after he was forced out of the room"
[Note 18: Col. James Livingston.]
[Note 19: Dr. Charles McCarter (McCarty). He retired in January, 1781.]
To which he pleaded "Not Guilty."
The Court having fully and maturely considered the charge against Doctor McCarty and the Evidence are of opinion that the Charge is not supported and do acquit him of the same
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court
Doctor McCarty is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, April 25, 1780.
Parole Tingre. Countersigns Noailles, Beauview.
All the Officers and men belonging to Colonel Dayton's regiment now in Camp are to march tomorrow morning and join the detachment under Major Burrows who with the officers and men from the other regiments of the Jersey Brigade will immediately return to Camp.
The Commander in Chief at the request of the Minister of France has the pleasure to inform Major General the Baron de Steuben and the officers and men of the four Battalions that the appearance and manoeuvres of the Troops yesterday met His entire Approbation and afforded him the highest Satisfaction.20
[Note 20: The maneuvers performed by the 4 battalions are described in a paper in the writing of Alexander Hamilton (Apr. 24, 1780) in the Washington Papers. It is evidently a copy of Baron Steuben's order of the exercises and is indorsed by Washington.
"At a general review at Morris Town, on Monday last, the troops went through their various firings and evolutions with the greatest exactness, which gave infinite satisfaction to several Foreign Gentlemen of distinction that were present."-- The New Jersey Journal, Apr. 26, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, April 26, 1780.
Parole Sunbury. Countersigns Sussex, Steuben
His Excellency the Minister of France was pleas'd to express in the warmest Terms His Approbation of the Troops in the review of yesterday.21 Applause so honorable cannot but prove a new motive to the emulous exertions of the Army.
[Note 21: On April 25 the whole Continental Army maneuvered. The directions for this are also in the Washington Papers, under date of Apr. 24, 1780, in an unidentified hand, indorsed by Washington.]
The General has seen with peculiar satisfaction the Zeal of all ranks to manifest their respectful attachment to a Gentleman, who to the title of being the Representative of the illustrious Friend and Ally of these States adds that of having given distinguished proofs during his residence amongst us of the sincerest disposition to advance their Interest.
Morris Town, [April 26,] 1780.
Sir: I am much obliged to you for your favour of the 6th instant transmitting me a copy of the plan proposed for the constitution of your state. I have not yet had leisure to give it an attentive consideration, but from a cursory view it appears to me to be a very judicious one, and to possess all the requisites towards securing the liberty and happiness of individuals, and at the same time giving energy to the administration. This last indeed is essential to the former, though unfortunately in some of our constitutions it has not been sufficiently consulted. It is of great importance that a state which is of so much weight in the union as that of Massachusetts, should have a well combined and vigorous government, and nothing will give me greater pleasure than to learn that the people have adopted one which answers this description.
Accept my thanks for your communication of the advice from Mr. Adams.22 It corresponds with my expectations; though very little with our circumstances. It is devoutly to be wished this Campaign may be the last. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 22: "By a Letter in January from our Peace-Ambassador Mr. Adams, so far as he then had the means of judging, he did not expect to have any thing to do in the business of his department, at least for this year: so that another Campaign seems unavoidable."-- Bowdoin to Washington, Apr. 6, 1780. Bowdoin's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris-town, April 26, 1780.
My dear Laurens: I have received your letters of the 14th. Feby and 14th. of March, and am much obliged to you for the Military details they contain. I sincerely lament that your prospects are not better than they are. The impracticability of defending the bar, I fear, amounts to the loss of the town and garrison. At this distance it is difficult to judge for you, and I have the greatest confidence in General Lincolns prudence; but it really appears to me that the propriety of attempting to defend the Town depended on the probability of defending the bar, and that when this ceased the attempt ought to have been relinquished. In this however I suspend a definitive judgment, and wish you to consider what I say as confidential. Since your last to me I have received one from General Lincoln of the 24th. of March, in which he informs me that the enemy had gotten a Sixty four gun ship with a number of other Vessels over the bar and that it had been determined to abandon the project of disputing the passage by Sullivans Island, and to draw up the Frigates to the Town and take out their Cannon. This brings your affairs nearer to a dangerous crisis, and increases my apprehensions.
You will have learnt from General Lincoln that a second detachment had sailed from New York the 7th. Instt., supposed to be destined to reinforce Sir Henry Clinton. I have not yet ascertained all the particular Corps, but know that the 42d., the Irish Volunteers, Queens Rangers, and some foreign Troops are of the number, and have every reason to believe the total is what I mentioned to him, from 2000 to 2500. They appeared a few days since off Chesapeak bay, but immediately continued their voyage.
I have just received an acct. of the arrival of 47 Transports the 24th. Instt. at New York from South Carolina, and that there were strong Symptoms of another embarkation. This circumstance is to me not of easy explanation. I should imagine that Sir Henry Clinton's present force was equal to his object, and that he would not require more. The garrison of New York and its dependencies, at this time, cannot much exceed 8000 Men; a number barely sufficient for its defence; and not with propriety admitting a diminution. Perhaps however, counting upon our weakness, the enemy may determine to hazard something here, the more effectually to prosecute and secure conquest to the Southward; or perhaps he may only intend to detach a force for a temporary diversion in Virginia or No. Carolina, to return afterwards to New-York. I expect more certain advice to day, and should it confirm the first, any demonstrations it may be in our power to make to retard or prevent the embarkation shall be put in practice; but unfortunately we have very little in our power.
In both your letters you express a wish that I should come to the Southward. Though I cannot flatter myself with the advantages you look for from such a step, yet if it were proposed by Congress I confess to you I should not dislike the journey, did our affairs in this quarter permit it. But unluckily the great departments of the Army are now in total confusion and Congress have just appointed a Committee in conjunction with me to new model and rectifie them. Till this is done I could not leave this Army. And were not this obstacle in the way you will easily conceive I must have many scruples which forbid me to let the measure in question originate with me. But all this for your private ear.
Be assured my dear Laurens that I am extremely sensible to the expressions of your attachment, and that I feel all for you in your present situation which the warmest friendship can dictate. I am confidant you will do your duty and in doing it you must run great hazards. May success attend you, and restore you with fresh laurels to your friends, to your Country, and to me. With every sentiment of regard and Affection. I am &c.
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morris-town, April 26, 1780.
Sir: I am just returned from a visit to Mr. D'Miralles, and am happy to inform your Excellency, that if he has experienced any change since you left him, it is for the better. His Fever and pulse, tho' he had a very restless night the last, are now moderate and regular, and his hic-cough has entirely left him. These are symptoms which the Doctor considers as rather favourable, but I am unhappy they are not such as enable him to determine that the prospect of his recovery is either certain, or flattering.
I pray you to make an offer of my respects to Mr. Marbois, and do me the justice to believe that, with much consideration, and great personal attachment, I have the honor, etc.24
[Note 24: The text is from a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1780.
Sir: I am sorry to find by yours of the 15th. that Indian Ravages have again began upon your frontiers, but as the Congress have authorised the State to take 800 Militia into Continental pay, I am in hopes their incursions will be checked. I shall direct an additional quantity of powder and Lead to be sent up to the Magazine at Albany. I am &c.
P.S. The Maryland and Delaware Lines having marched to the southward you will be pleased to send all the Men belonging to them, who are fit to remove, down to Fishkill, from whence I shall give orders to have them brought forward.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of Yesterday and wish you may be supplied with Waggons to day as you expected for moving the Stores. They cannot as I observed before be got away too soon, and I doubt not of your exertions to effect it. When matters appear to be in good train for it and you are on the point or have a good prospect of putting the whole in motion, You will advise me and I will then give You further Orders with respect to your Detachment. I am, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1780.
Sir: As the inclosed representation from Capt. Schott to me implies that some steps have been taken by the Board respecting the incorporation of his and Capt. Selins Companies, with the German Battalion, I have not thought proper to give any opinion upon it, until I am informed how far the representation agrees with the measures which the Board may have adopted upon the occasion. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1780.
Sir: I have, at the intercession of the Govr. of this State, consented, to the exchange of Captain Pitcairne28 a Continental prisoner of War for Captain Fitzrandolph of the Jersey Militia. You will therefore be pleased to carry the exchange into
[Note 28: Capt. Thomas Pitcairn, of the Eighty-second Foot, British Army.] execution as speedily as possible and as the State will thereby become indebted to the Continent for an Officer of the Rank of a Captain, you will take occasion, whenever an opportunity offers, of procuring payment. I am &c.
P.S. Inclosed you have a passport for Captain Pitcairne.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morristown, April 27, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inform your Excellency, that Mr. De Miralles had a more refreshing Night, the last, than usual, attended with other favourable symptoms; but his pulse, at times, is irregular and fluttering. Upon the whole, the Doctors think him better, though they dare not pronounce him past danger. If he should continue well through this day, and the succeeding night, I shall entertain the pleasing hope of his recovery. With much personal regard etc.30
[Note 30: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Doct., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am informed by Lt. Colo. Stevens, at present the commanding Officer of Colonel Lambs Regiment of Artillery, that there are four Companies in that Regiment, which were raised in Connecticut, and have been adopted and supplied by the State, for which reason, he has desired liberty to send an Officer from each Company on the recruiting service, not doubting but they will be allowed the same priviledges and Bounties as are granted to those recruiting for the Line. Not knowing what arrangements you may have made, I have directed the Officers to apply to your Excellency before they enter upon the Business, that they may not interfere with any regulations which may have been made for obtaining the deficiency of the quota of your State. I have the honor &c.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
[Note 32: Of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 30th: ulto. As the Artillery and Dragoons must either be obtained by inlistment or by draught from the line, the latter of which is a very disagreeable mode, it has been thought expedient to permit those Corps to engage Men whose times of service were expiring in the Infantry and who would not reinlist in that service. If the Man in question comes within the above description and has served his full time in the Regiment to which he formerly belonged, he may, in my opinion, be claimed by the Officer of Cavalry by whom he was inlisted anew. The State to which the Man properly belongs is in no degree injured by this, as she has credit for all the Men serving in the detached Corps. I am &c.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 27, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 25th: inclosing a Certificate from Mr. Boudinot that Colo. Billop34 after he was the first time taken by the Militia, was exchanged for
[Note 34: Col. Christopher Billop, New York loyalist.] Colo. Atlee a Continental Officer: But as Colo. Billop was the last time taken by a party of Continental troops and exchanged for Colo. Reynolds of the Militia, the account between the State and Continent, so far as Billop is concerned, seems settled. However, as the relief of so valuable an Officer as Capt. Fitzrandolph, is made by the enemy to depend upon exchanging Capt. Pitcairne for him, I shall give directions to the Commy. General of prisoners to send him in and to call for Capt. Fitzrandolph in return. The state will thereby become indebted to the Continent for an Officer of the Rank of Capn which they must take the first opportunity of paying. I have the honor etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, April 27, 1780.
Parole Woodbridge. Countersigns Tunis, Ulm.
A Detachment to be paraded Tomorrow morning 9 o'Clock on the Grand Parade with two days' Provisions and 40 rounds pr. man to be commanded by Major Trescott. A Surgeon or mate from the 1st. Pennsylvania Brigade to join the Detachment.
On Monday next the 1st. of May the Arms, Accoutrements and Ammunition of the Pennsylvania Division will be inspected by the Inspector General.
On Tuesday the 2d. of May, Hand's and Maxwell's and on Wednesday the 3d. of May Clinton's and Stark's.
The Divisions on the Day of Inspection are to furnish no Guards except their proportion of the Detachment at Peramus which is to be Inspected tomorrow on the Grand Parade and every man to be present without exception.
All supernumerary Arms &ca. to be produced; for this the Colonels will be answerable.
The Conductors will be present at the Inspection to receive the Arms &ca. found not fit for service which are to be delivered in to the Field Commissary except such as can be immediately repaired.
Each Regiment to make out a Return of Arms &ca. Wanting; the Returns to be made out before the Inspector General leaves the Parade; signed by the commanding officer of the regiment and countersigned by the Major of Brigade.
These Returns to be delivered to the Sub Inspector the day after the Inspection of the Divisions respectively who are to make out like Returns of the Divisions sign and deliver them the day after to the Inspector General.
Where there is no Conductor the Major of Brigade will appoint a Quarter master to do that duty.
The Eldest Major of Brigade in Clinton's and Stark's brigades will do the duty of Sub-inspector for the Division composed of those Brigades.
Congress having been pleased to appoint George Augustine Washington an Ensign in the second Regiment of Virginia, he is to do Duty in the Commander in Chief's Guards untill further Orders.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1780.
My Dear Sir: Since my last of the 15th. Inst. I am favoured with your two letters of the 4th and 24th. of March. The advices you give me greatly increase my anxiety for the fate of Charles Town and the State of South Carolina; and you will believe that my solicitude is not unmixed with considerations of personal friendship. The loss of the bar is a very serious loss. I hope it may not be a fatal one. This consolation however offers itself, that the honour of our arms is safe in your hands, and that, if you must fall you will not fall without a vigorous struggle.
The Fleet with troops mentioned in mine of the 15th sailed the seventh from the Hook. It has been since seen off Chesapeak, but immediately prosecuted its voyage. I have yet had no sufficiently distinct account of the corps composing the detachment; but all subsequent intelligence confirms the idea I gave you of the total number.
I am just informed that four days ago arrived at New York forty one transports from the Southward and that a further embarkation is preparing. I confess I am at a loss to interpret this circumstance. With the late reinforcement it would seem that Sir Henry's force needed not an augmentation of numbers and the garrison of New York cannot well afford to be reduced lower. The enemy however may choose to risk something here to be able to act with more effect to the Southward, or they may only intend a temporary detachment for a diversion in Virginia or North Carolina, to return afterwards to New York. If my advices are confirmed I shall endeavor to make demonstrations which may delay or change their intentions; but this is not easy in our present circumstances.
The Maryland division marched from this Camp the [Seventeenth]. The deranged state of our finances, makes every operation difficult and tedious: but every thing will be done to render the progress of these troops as expeditious as possible.
Assure yourself of my constant wishes for your welfare and success and that I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The word in brackets was added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Col. Hay37 delivered me your letter of the 18th April. It is lamentable that we should be obliged to experience such distresses as we do every where. Those we feel here are not inferior to yours; we are constantly on the point of starving for want of provision and forage. A deficiency of money is the cause and a cause for which the present situation of affairs renders it infinitely difficult to provide a remedy. We are at a most delicate crisis; I dread with you the consequences.
[Note 37: Col. Udny Hay.]
We are informed there is an arrival of 47 transports from South Carolina at New York and that there are appearances of a further embarkation. It may be of use to make demonstrations of a movement on our part. I should be glad so far as it can be done without interfering with the necessary operations and without incurring expense, that you would set on foot a collection of boats on the river; have them inspected and some little repairs made. Some time since you were directed at your own instance to have all the fascines and gabions which had been provided in expectation of Count D'Estaing last fall deposited within the works. If this has not been effected, you will be pleased to have it done. They may possibly be of future utility and the act of removing them will contribute to our present purpose. A number were provided below Stoney point where the Virginia troops lay. You will not forget to remove these also to a place of security.
General Du Portail being gone to the Southward, it is necessary that Colonel Gouvion should repair to this army. If there are any previous arrangements you wish him to make, you will be pleased to direct him to make them and to set out for Head Quarters as speedily as he can.
It has been represented to me, that cattle coming on for this army have been stopped by some of your Commissaries for the use of the Garrison. As the purchasing Commissary makes a distribution in the first instance and always takes care to send a proportion to the posts under your command, any interference of this kind is irregular and improper. You will be pleased to give orders to prevent it in future. Our wants here are so extreme that the supplies intended for this part of the army cannot be diverted to any other without risking the most serious consequences.
The state of our arsenals makes the greatest care and oeconomy indispensable. I wish you to pay a pointed attention that the men whose times of service expire do not at leaving the army, carry away the public arms with them. Such who may have brought arms of their own with them for which they have not been paid and which have been exchanged for better, they must as far as may be practicable return those they now have and receive their own. You will make the commandants of batalions particularly responsible for carrying this into execution.
The Maryland division being gone to the Southward, all the men belonging to it in the Hospitals at Albany are directed to be sent to Fish Kill. When arrived there you will take measures to have them and those now at Fish Kill forwarded to this place. Should they want any little necessaries of shoes &c. you will have them supplied. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1780.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 18th Instant. I am sorry to find the Council are apprehensive that difficulties will attend the collecting of the supplies required of the State, by the Resolution of Congress of the 25th of February; but I cannot see that it is in my power to prevent them in any degree. Your Excellency and the Council will perceive on recurring to the proceedings, that all I could do on the occasion, was to appoint such places of deposit in each State for the articles they were to furnish respectively, as I should judge convenient, or in other words accomodated to the Public service. This I have endeavoured to do in the best manner I was able, from a full consideration of all circumstances, as well with respect to Pennsylvania as to every other State; and I am happy in the persuasion that Your Excellency and the Council will believe it has been the case. It was owing I imagine to the pressing necessity of the case and the very unhappy state of our Public finance, that this mode of obtaining supplies was adopted; and it appears evidently to me, to be the spirit and the expectation of the system, founded I suppose in the same unhappy necessity which led to the requisition for specific supplies, that each State should transport the articles they are to furnish, to the places appointed within them as deposits.
With respect to the representation of the field officers of the Pennsylvania line, which Your Excellency has been pleased to transmit me, it leads without doubt to consequences of an important and interesting nature. The objects in general to which it goes are of such magnitude and delicacy, that I cannot undertake, either to decide or hardly to give an opinion upon them. It is however certainly to be wished and the general interest requires it, that the Regiments which the Public think proper to keep up, should be made more respectable than they are in many instances at present. How this is to be effected is with the particular States to determine. But two modes occur to me, either to do it by voluntary enlistments or by drafting. Most of the States from which I have heard, have in consequence of the late requisition of Congress adopted the former, and it is said the business is attended with some success; but should this not be the case, the States must if they mean to continue the War, have recourse to the other expedient. I am also persuaded that there is too much countenance given to Deserters, and if proper Laws could be devised and effectually executed against those that do it, that our force would be much more respectable than it is at present. There have been many instances where Deserters which have been apprehended by Officers, have been rescued by the People, and but very few where the Officers have received their aid and support. As to a reduction and incorporation of the Regiments, it must depend on Congress, and be the effect probably of some general system of arrangement. I have expected for some days past a Committee at Camp; whose powers possibly may extend to this point. If they do and the measure is thought eligible and adopted, it will I suppose of course, comprehend a plan of provision for the Officers who are reduced. The wishes of the Legislature with respect to the Independent Companies of Artillery, will also be without doubt in such case, attended to and the incorporation made if it can be done.
With respect to the depreciation of the money, and making it up to the Officers and Soldiers, it were to be wished that it could be the result of some common general system, that all might stand upon an equal footing. But whether this will or can be the case, I cannot pretend to say. Most if not the whole of the New England States as I have understood, have acted upon the matter and provided for it in the instance of their Troops; but I do not know the principles on which they have conducted this business. This being the case with respect to them, those of the other States who have the same pretensions, will naturally expect relief from some quarter. It is certain, the depreciation of the money has operated with singular severity against the Army, as their pay has not been encreased and gives them an equitable claim to a compensation; but it may be a matter of difficulty to say how the compensation should be made. If it is to be in money, the payment at a future day would be attended with less injury to the Public and more advantage to those receiving it, as our finances would then be in a better train and of course the money more valuable; whereas at this time it would require a very extraordinary emission and add to the Public embarrassments, while it afforded but little or no relief to the parties. I have the honor etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1780, 7 O'Clock P.M.
Sir: I am sorry to inform Your Excellency, that the Honble Don Juan de Miralles died to day about Noon, after a severe illness of Ten days. His remains will be interred tomorrow in a manner suited to his rank. I have the Honor etc.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On April 28 Washington had written to Luzerne that Miralles was worse. "He had a restless night, and his fever is increased. His throat is now so sore that it is with difficulty he can be nourished, and besides this, his respiration is bad. Symptoms so unfavourable in the advanced stages of a disorder, afford little hope of recovery, especially in a person of Mr. de Miralles's age....Mr. de Miralles is growing worse; he is now in a delirium." Washington's later letter to Luzerne (April 28) said Miralles died "about three Oclock this afternoon." Both these drafts are in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6. Thacher's Military Journal states that Miralles died of "a pulmonic fever."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 28, 1780.
Sir: I have the Honor to acknowledge Your Excellency's dispatches of the 15th. which have been duly received. Colo Ward, whose appointment to the Office of Commissary of Prisoners they communicate, went to the Eastward soon after he returned from Philadelphia. It is probable Your Excellency was acquainted with this circumstance; however I have thought it material to mention it, that you might know in case you were not, where to write to him upon the subject. From Colo. Wards assiduity and his great and uniform zeal for the service and interest of the States, there is every reason to believe, if he accepts the appointment, that he will give satisfaction and fully answer the expectations of Congress.
I inclose Your Excellency a New York paper of the 25th, which probably contains later advices from the Southward than You have received. If these Accounts are true, Our affairs in that quarter are in a disagreeable situation. I have the Honor etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, April 28, 1780.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns A., X.
[Note 42: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Lieutenant Colonel Huntington43
[Note 43: Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Huntington, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.]
Brigade Major, Stark's Brigade
A Serjeant Corporal and Twelve men from General St. Clair's Division for Fatigue Tomorrow to be under the direction of Mr. Shute.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, April 29, 1780.
Parole Havannah. Countersigns Harlaem, Kent.
At the General Court martial whereof Brigadier General Hand was president Captain Alexander Mitchel44 of the first New Jersey Regiment was tried for "Ungentlemanlike behavior in stabbing Lieutenant Burroughs45 of the same regiment with a hanger and for repeating the Blow in a cowardly and scandalous manner whereby his life was endangered."
[Note 44: He served to April, 1783.]
[Note 45: Lieut. Eden Burrowes (Burroughs). He served to November, 1783.]
The Court are of opinion that although the Facts of Captain Mitchel's stabbing Lieutenant Burroughs with a hanger and having repeated the Blow are proved yet considering the provocation he received from Lieutenant Burroughs they are of opinion that Captain Mitchel's conduct was not Unofficerlike, Ungentlemanlike, Cowardly or Scandalous and They do therefore acquit Captain Mitchel of those Charges.
The Commander in Chief is sorry to find himself obliged to disapprove the Sentence; He does not consider the provocation sufficient to justify the attempt upon the life of Lieutenant Burroughs while unprepared to defend himself; Other less exceptionable modes of satisfaction might and ought to have been adopted by Captain Mitchel. He is released from Arrest.
Lord Stirling's Division to relieve the Main Guard and picquet at Morristown Tomorrow. The Division commanded by General Clinton on Monday. The Pennsylvania Division Tuesday, General Clinton's Division to relieve the small detached Guards of the Pennsylvania Division Tomorrow. The Pennsylvania Division to relieve those from Lord Stirling's Monday afternoon; and Lord Stirling's those from Clinton's Division Tuesday afternoon.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, April 30, 1780.
Parole Mirailes. Countersigns Madrid, Moro.
[Note 46: Col. Henry Jackson, of an Additional Continental regiment.]
Lieutenant Colonel Murray47
[Note 47: Lieut. Col. John Murray, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major, Maxwell's Brigade
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass thefollowing Resolutions:
In Congress, April 10, 1780.
Resolved, That when Congress shall be furnished with proper documents to liquidate the depreciation of the continental bills of credit, they will, as soon thereafter as the state of the public finances will admit, make good to the line of the army, and the independent corps thereof, the deficiency of their original pay, occasioned by such depreciation; and that the money and articles heretofore paid or furnished, or hereafter to be paid or furnished by Congress or the states or any of them, as for pay, subsistence or to compensate for deficiencies, shall be deemed as advanced on accompt, until such liquidation as aforesaid shall be adjusted; it being the determination of Congress, that all the troops serving in the continental army shall be placed on an equal footing; provided that no persons shall have any benefit of this resolution except such as were engaged during the war, or for three years, and are now in service, or shall hereafter engage during the war.
Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to report a proper compensation to the staff of the army in consequence of the depredation of the currency.48
[Note 48: The members chosen were Samuel Holten, Nathaniel Peabody, and Thomas Burke.]
Lieutenant James McFarland49 1st. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. of March last vice Lieutenant Hughes50 resigned.
[Note 49: Lieut. James McFarlane (McFarland). He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 50: Lieut. John Hughes.]
[Note 51: Of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, April 30, 1780.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the inst. and am sorry to find that the particular circumstances mentioned by you lay you under the necessity of quitting the service. Having made it a rule whenever applications of a similar nature have been made to me by Officers of your Rank to refer them to Congress, I must request you to signify your intentions to them and await their determination.
Should it please Congress to accept your resignation, I hope you will obtain by a retirement from the fatigues of a military life, a perfect recovery of your health. I am &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 53: Don Diego José de Navarro. He was Governor and Captain-General of Cuba.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, April 30, 1780.
Sir: I am extremely sorry to communicate to your Excellency. the painful intelligence of the death of Don Juan De Mirailles. This unfortunate event happened at my quarters the day before yesterday and his remains were yesterday interred, with all the respect due to his character and merit. He did me the honor of a visit in company with the minister of France, and was seized the day of his arrival with a violent biliary complaint, which after nine days continuance, put a period to his life, notwithstanding all the efforts of the most skilful physicians we were able to procure. Your Excellency will have the goodness to believe that I took pleasure in performing every friendly office to him during his illness and that no care or attention in our power was omitted towards his comfort or restoration. I the more sincerely sympathize with you in the loss of so estimable a friend, as ever since his residence with us, I have been happy in ranking him among the number of mine. It must however be some-consolation to his connections, to know that in this country he has been universally esteemed and will be universally regretted.
May I request the favour of your Excellency to present my respects to the lady and family of our deceased friend and to assure them how much I participate in their afflictions on this melancholy occasion? I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 1, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favor. of the 24th ulto: informing me of your being appointed by the State of Connecticut to purchase the quota of Rum and Hay required by Congress, and desiring to be made acquainted with the places of deposit. I have already, in conformity to the tenor of the Resolve, pointed out to His Excellency Governour Trumbull the different places at which the several Articles required are to be deposited, and which I make no doubt he will communicate to you; but lest some delay may attend his dispatches, you will be pleased to observe that the following are the places of deposit for the Rum and Hay in the proportions affixed to each.
I am &55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 1, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favor inclosing a return of the flour &c. at Brunswick. I have only to desire that you will use every exertion to have it brought away as expeditiously as possible and make its security while there the object of your attending and also to guard your party from surprise by every necessary precaution, as it is not improbable but the enemy may attempt some enterprise against it. When the flour is all nearly brought away, I wish you to give me information of it. I am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, May 1, 1780.
Parole Schuyler. Countersigns Matthews, Peabody.
James Coleman a Soldier in the 11th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried on the 29th. ulto. at the General Court martial whereof Colonel Shreve is president for "Repeated Desertion Forgery and disposing of his Arms and Accoutrements" Pled Guilty. The Court are of opinion that he is Guilty of a breach of the 1st. Article 6th Section and 3d. Article 12th Section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing.
The Commander in Chief confirms the Sentence.
As the Stormy weather has prevented the Inspection of the Pennsylvania Division this day; the Inspection of that Division is postponed 'till tomorrow and of the others to the succeeding days agreeable to the order of the 27th. the small detached Guards to be relieved one day later than mentioned in the General order of 29th. ulto.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, May 2, 1780.
Parole Poland. Countersigns B., O.
The Pennsylvania Line gives the Main Guard and Picquet tomorrow.
The Noncommissioned Officers and privates of Colonel Sherburn's regiment who belong to the State of Massachusett are for the present to join Colonel Jackson's regiment; those belonging to the State of Rhode Island Colonel Angell's and those belonging to the State of Connecticut Colonel Webb's they are to be included in the Muster Rolls and Payrolls of the above regiment, from the 1st. Instant.
'Till further orders all Guards and detachments are to be furnish'd with as many Cartridges as their boxes will contain and no more unless expressly ordered.
Francis Lambert of Colonel Gansevoort's regiment is to be sent to the Quarter master General's store in Morristown where he will remain 'till the regiment moves from this ground.
The Prisoners in the Provost Guard to be tried as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 2, 1780.
Dear sir: The inclosed Letter of the 1st. of March I received some time ago from Doctor Gordon,57 which a variety of presssing business has prevented me from communicating before. I request your determination on the points contained in it, that I may transmit it to the Doctor. You will be pleased to return me his Letter with the inclosure to which it refers.58 I am etc.59
[Note 57: Rev. William Gordon. His letter, dated Feb. 29-Mar. 1, 1780, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 58: The charge against Hamilton was that of making a seditious remark in a Philadelphia coffee house, to the effect that it was high time the people rose, joined General Washington, and turned Congress out. Hamilton's letter to Washington (May 2), in the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress, disposed of Gordon in the following words: "I shall not follow him in his labored digressions, because the scope of some of them is to me unintelligible and the rest do not merit an answer."]
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
Morris Town, May 2, 1780.
My dear Baron: My Nephew60 waits on you to present his thanks for the honor you meant to confer on him, by appointing him one of your Aids; and, at the sametime to assign his reasons for declining the favor. If he should not be explicit in doing this, when I next have the pleasure of seeing you at head Quarters, I shall not fail to do it myself.
[Note 60: George Augustine Washington.]
Be assured my dear Sir, that I shall entertain a proper sense of the honor you intended my Nephew, and the compliment I should have received thereby, and that I am etc.61
[Note 61: The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, May 2, 1780
Dear Sir: The Committee of Congress62 are instructed among other matters to enquire whether there is any thing defective in the Ordnance department or whether any of the regulations at present in force may be amended or altered for the benefit of the service. I do not exactly know when they will take the Business up, but I would wish you to be revolving the matter in your mind, and preparing yourself to give the Committee such information upon the subject as may appear to you conducive to the more perfect arrangement of the System.
[Note 62: To consult with the Commander in Chief at headquarters. The committee (Philip Schuyler, John Mathews, and Nathaniel Peabody) reached Morristown on April 28. Appointed April 13, their activities were concluded November 1. A full record of their proceedings is contained in no. 11 of the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I have sent you by the Bearer a Copy of the Constitution of Massachusetts, which I recd. by the post, after perusing it, be pleased to return it to me, as I have not another. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, May 3, 1780.
Parole Boston. Countersigns I., U.
The Main Guard and Picquets to be relieved from Lord Stirling's Division and the Pennsylvania Division
A Sub three Serjeants and Forty rank and file with their Arms Blankets and two days Provisions from these Divisions to be sent to Morristown tomorrow morning: The Officer will receive orders from the Quarter master General.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 3, 1780.
Dear Sir: I received some time ago Your Letter of the 29th. of February and 1st. of March by Colo. Henley. From a multiplicity of important pressing business which I have had on hand, I was prevented from communicating it to Colo. Hamilton till Yesterday. It was then put into his hands, as you will perceive by the Inclosures No 1 and 2, a Copy of my Letter to him upon the occasion and his Answer. While I must ascribe it to your politeness, I regret that the consideration of Colo Hamilton's being a member of my family should have been a motive for bringing so disagreeable a business before me. The Gentlemen attached to me are upon the same footing with the other Officers of the Army and equally responsible for their conduct. You will pursue such a mode in the present case as You deem most effectual, but if you should think proper to exhibit any charge against Colo Hamilton cognizable by a military tribunal, you have only to signify your wish and the time You will be able to produce your witnesses, and I shall proceed in it accordingly.
As far as the temper and disposition of the several Courts of Europe are developed, and known to Us, the assisting of G Brim. does not appr. to be an object with them; and yet, if we are to form a judgment from report, and indeed from appearances, the King and his Ministers are firmly resolved to prosecute the War in America with unabating vigour, depending, it is to be presumed, upon the wretched state of our money, more than they do on the expectation of foreign aid. If the plan of finance, adopted by Congress, should receive that general support which the exigency of the times loudly call for, and which I hope, and trust, it will not fail to do from every well wisher to his Country, I believe the foundation on which the enemy have superstructed their plans will give way and leave the contrivers and authors of the present mischief to that punishment wch. an injured and deceived people are ready to inflict and which the populace of England as well as Ireland seem now to be preparing. For this purpe. a spirit is gone forth, and is now manifesting itself I hope undr. the appo. of Associatn. Comees. &ca. that it may also be the harbinger of Peace to this distressed Country, I most fervently wish.64
[Note 64: On this same day (May 3) Germain wrote Sir Henry Clinton respecting the British Ministry's attitude at this time: "All the private Letters from the Rebel Countries are filled with representations of the general Distress and Sufferings of the People. The Discontents of the Troops, and the universal Wish for Peace. The middle Provinces are said to be so disinclined to support the Congress, that no Recruits are to be had, and the Militia will not submit to be drafted. Their only Resource for continuing the War, seemed to be a foreign Aid, which however has not yet been sent to them, and therefore I flatter myself you will have met but little interruption in your progress northward, after the Reduction of Charles Town; and that you will have sufficient time to execute your plan in the Chesapeake, or at least to establish yourself there beyond the power of any force that can be brought to dislodge you."]
For your good wishes, you will please to accept my sincere thanks.
My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are presented to Mrs. Gordon; and complimts. to all enquiring frds. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 3, 1780.
Sir: By a Letter I have just received from His Excellency the Governor of Maryland and One from the Honourable the Board of War upon the same subject, I find that the State, by whom Lt Colo Conolly was taken in 1775 and who is still a prisoner, are very desirous of having him exchanged for Lt Colo Ramsay.66 They claim it as a right which has been exercised by other States in similar instances and which it is farther said is reserved by the late Resolutions of Congress; and they have requested that it may be carried into effect. Under these circumstances I cannot object to the exchange, and You will write to the British Commissary and make the Exchange, if he will agree to it. I am etc.67
[Note 66: Lieut. Col. Nathaniel Ramsay (Ramsey), of the Third Maryland Regiment. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Monmouth, N.J., in June, 1778, and on parole until exchanged in December, 1780. Connolly was not exchanged until near the end of the war.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, May 4, 1780.
Parole Freehold. Countersigns Fez, Foy.
Lord Stirling's and the Pennsylvania Divisions give the Main Guard and picquet Tomorrow.
A Serjeant, Corporal and Twelve rank and file from Lord Stirling's Division for fatigue to be sent to the Adjutant General's quarters Tomorrow morning.
As part of the Army were absent when the General order relative to the pay of Officers sent on Command was publish'd on the 18th. of September last the General repeats the Order.
The little attention paid to the Resolve of Congress of the 4th. of September last published in the General Orders of the 25th. and the number of accompts exhibited on Certificates repugnant to that Resolve; and the order accompanying it, oblige the Commander in Chief to declare that henceforth no Warrants shall be given for payment of any Accompts produced in consequence of that Resolve unless the officers applying have been detached by a special order from himself or commanding officer of a department. The mode of obtaining such order will be by a Certificate from the Major General or Brigadier from whose Division or Brigade the officer is to be sent specifying the nature and necessity of the service to be performed.
Head Quarters, May 4, 1780.
Gentn: I have received the Honor of Your Letter of the 25th Ulto. with the Inclosure. In consequence of the requisition by His Excellency the Governor of Maryland, and the Board's opinion of the propriety of the claim, Mr Skinner has been directed to propose to the Enemy the exchange of Lt Colo Ramsay for Lt Colo Connolly. Previous to this, I had supposed that Citizens or Inhabitants captured by the Enemy, were the Objects to whom the Act of the 13th of January meant a preference should be given in exchanges for prisoners taken by particular States, and that all Officers in captivity were to stand upon a common footing to be released on the usual principle of priority of capture. But be this as it may, the Act is only recommendatory and the Council of Maryland have settled the point in the present case in favor of a Military Officer, by claiming his exchange and the rights that have been exercised on several similar occasions by Other States. The indulgence has never been directed, in any instance, to a more deserving Officer than Colo Ramsay. He set out for New York yesterday and would carry the proposition for his release. I have the Honor etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 4, 1780.
Dr Sir: By a letter just rec'd from Col Dayton I am informed that a detachment of the Enemy, supposed to be about 1500 is preparing to make a stroke at our provisions at Brunswick. They have Boats in readiness for the expedition. I therefore wish you immediately to march as many of your detachment as you conveniently can spare that way in order to give opposition to such an attempt. I have directed a Body of men to march from this place for the same purpose. I am &c.
P.S. As the Commanding officer of Col Daytons Regt. at Brunswick, has notice of the Enemy's intention, it will be well to inform him of yr march immediately.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 4, 1780, 6 O Clock Eveng.
Dr Sir: I wrote to you an hour or two ago, requesting that you would march as many of the Troops under your command as you could conveniently spare, towards Brunswick; since which I am informed by Col Stewart the Commy of Issues who was there the day before yesterday that there is every reason to believe that all the flour &c. is removed from that place. It therefore becomes unnecessary for you to put the detachment in motion, and I request should you have given orders for that purpose before this reaches you that you would prevent its march. I am etc.
P.S. As the Stores at Brunswick was the supposed object of the Enemy, it will be well for you to be much on yr guard.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 4, 1780.
Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 18th: and 24th: April. The Drove of 80 head of Cattle arrived this day, and were a most seasonable supply, as we had only four days Meat on hand. I am lead to hope from your letters that you will continue to send on farther parcels of Cattle, and I am the more encouraged in this, as Colo. Blaine informs me that a supply of Money has been forwarded to you. I had, upon the rect. of your first letter, written to General Howe and pointed out to him the ill consequences attending his stopping more Cattle at the North River than were intended for the posts there, and he has assured me that nothing of the same kind shall happen again. I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 4, 1780.
Sir: On the 2d. Instant I received the Honor of Your Excellency's Letter of the 8th Ulto. and also one from the Board of War on the same subject. The information the Council had received, of particular States having made exchanges of prisoners taken by them for Officers belonging to their line, was well founded. It has been done in several instances, tho' without any interference in the business on my part, and therefore I could not but direct the Commissary of prisoners on Your Excellency's application and the Board of War's opinion that it was also warranted by a late Act of Congress respecting prisoners in the like predicament, to propose to the Enemy the Exchange of Lt Colo Ramsay for Lt Colo Conolly. For my own part I have wished to see the Exchanges of prisoners conducted on the broadest and most general footing; in the order of their captivity; as being the most equitable mode; and that all taken from the Enemy whether by the United or Individual States, should be considered as one common stock, for the common relief of Ours according to this Rule. This has been the case with respect to the prisoners made by the Army in every instance of exchanges under my direction; but the System having not entirely prevailed, Maryland has certainly the same right to benefit her Officers by those of her own capture, that other States had. And the indulgence has not been exercised in any instance in favor of a more deserving Officer than Colo Ramsay. He set out for New York yesterday and would carry with him the proposition for his release. I have the Honor etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MD.H.S.]
[Note 73: One of the justices of Newcastle County, Del.]
Morris-Town, May 5, 1780.
Sir: Your obliging favor of the 4th. Ulto. accompanying a few yards of exceeding fine and well wrought Dimety, came safe to hand.
As it is offered, you are pleased to tell me, in testimony of the esteem you entertain for me, I accept it; and shall wear it as a memento of the perfection to which manufactures of this kind are brought, and of the little occasion there is of depending upon any other Country for such convenient and handsome cloth, the manufacturing of which, in the instance before us, exhibits at one view an interesting proof of your industry and art.74
[Note 74: The dimity was manufactured in Finney's family.]
My acknowledgments and thanks for the benefit I derive from both, and your politeness, are gratefully offered; and I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 5, 1780.
Sir: On the 28th Ulto. I received the honor of Your Excellency's several Letters of the 18th. 20th and 22d with their inclosures.
The Act of the 10th. containing assurances for making up the depreciation of pay to the army has been published in general Orders, and will no doubt give great satisfaction.
I am much obliged by the communications in Your Excellency's Letter of the 20th. The arrival of the reinforcement at Martinique is a pleasing circumstance, and I would willingly hope that Our Allies will have a decided superiority in their Naval force in that as well as in every Other Quarter. It is infinitely interesting to us that it should be the case. With respect to the plan which it is said by the intercepted Letter,75 the
[Note 75: "The Plan which is now understood to be determined upon for carrying on the War, is to take a certain Number of Posts in America in such a way as to command the Trade of the Country, and to have no other Object in America than the maintaining of these Posts, and the ruling of the Trade by our Fleets. The Posts said to be fixed upon are Hallifax, Penobscott, New York, Portsmouth (in Virginia I suppose), Charlestown, Savannah and Augustine....These Objects being accomplished, weunderstand that 12,000 Men are to be detached to the West Indies which is to be the active Seat of the War against the French and Spaniards."--Extract of a letter from a gentleman in London to a British officer in Georgia, Jan. 15, 1780, inclosed in the letter of the President of Congress to Washington, Apr. 20, 1780. These letters are in the Washington Papers.] Enemy mean to pursue, it is possible they may adopt it so far as it goes to the establishing of posts. If they do however, it will be impracticable for them to make Detachments to the West Indies unless they are reinforced. And if they pursue the first part of the plan, it must be from an impression of our embarrassments, and from an opinion that we shall not be able to act again with any vigor; as it must occasion a great division of their force, and such as at another time might be dangerous.
It is certainly interesting to the prisoners on both sides and to the general purposes of humanity, that there should be a person to act for each as an Agent. The Enemy hitherto have refused to acknowledge Mr. Pintard in a public character, but have still permitted him to reside in New York, and to do duties in some degree incident to such an appointment. It is probable they will do no more now.
I beg leave to inform Congress that it will be an agreeable circumstance, if the state of the Treasury will admit of a supply of Moneys being sent to the Military chest. There is now Four months pay due the Army, and there are frequent applications for it. The state of our provision which unhappily has been but too distressing for a long time, renders their having money however little valuable it may be, more essential than ever, to assist them in procuring necessaries. I wish our prospects of relief with respect to supplies were more promising than they are. My apprehensions are constantly up on this head, and it has often happened that there was little or no probability of our holding out for more than a few days at farthest. I was much alarmed yesterday on account of our stock of meat, but happily a few Cattle came in from Connecticut, which will assist us for the present moment. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. I inclose Your Excellency Three New York papers. By the last You will find that the Enemy have received very late advices from Europe; but nothing has transpired as yet.
I am just now informed that the Enemy believe Paul Jones is on the Coast with a small Squadron, consisting of a 44 Gun Ship, Two pretty large Frigates, and Two other Vessels of lesser size. The account is circumstantially related and as if they relied on it, and says that the Galatea had been chased into the Hook by them, and in consequence the Russel of 74 Guns and the Frigates at New York were preparing to go out in quest of them.
6th. 9 O Clock A.M.
I have this minute received a Line from the Marquis Fayette dated the 27 Ulto. announcing his arrival at the entrance of Boston Harbour. I hope to have the pleasure of seeing him in Two or three days.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 5, 1780.
Gentlemen: By the inclosed letter from Colo. Putnam to General Howe, which has been transmitted by him to me, it appears that when the arrangement of the Massachusetts line was settled at West point last fall there was a mistake in dating the appointments of some of the subalterns of the 5th: Regt: occasioned by the absence of the Colonel. As this may be rectified, without interrupting the general arrangement of the line, it being confined to subalterns who rise regimentally, you will oblige me by directing new Commissions to be made out, in place of the eight inclosed, agreeable to the arrangement herewith transmitted, which Colo. Putnam informs will give satisfaction to all parties. On the 20th: March last, I returned the Board some Commissions of the subalterns of the 8th: Massachusetts Regt. under similar circumstances with the above. If new Commissions are made out for them, I could wish to have them forwarded, as the Officers have several times applied for them. I have the honor etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 27th: Ulto. and two public and one private letter of the 1st: instant. I will transmit Colo. Putnams letter and new arrangement to the Board of War and will desire them to rectify the mistakes which have happened in the dates of the Commissions of some of the Subalterns.
Major Beauman78 will return to West point in a few days when I shall have no objection to his expending an hundred weight of powder in making experiments with Sir James Jay, provided matters are quiet and proper notice is given to the Country, to prevent their taking the firing for an alarm.
[Note 78: Maj. Sebastian Bauman.]
Considering the decayed state of the Gabions I think it will not be worth taking up time in bringing them all within the Works, any that are near at hand and fit for use may be secured.
The preparations of the enemy certainly indicate a movement of some kind, and as you are the most probable object, if they mean to operate against any part of our force, I can only again recommend your taking every precaution to obtain timely knowledge of their designs.
From your advices of the situation of the enemy upon Lloyds Neck I am of opinion with you that an attempt upon them would be attended with no advantages.
We have lately got ten or twelve days supply of Flour before hand, but our prospects of Meat are gloomy indeed. I have directed the Commissary to send 150 Barrels of Flour immediately to Kings ferry, and if carriages can be procured, you shall in future have whatever can possibly be spared. I am convinced that the State of New York have done every thing in their power to supply the Army and I have repeatedly painted our distresses to Connecticut. The change of Commissaries and want of Money have I believe considerably deranged matters in that State, but I have some encouragement to hope a supply of Beef from Colo. Champion the purchaser of Cattle there. You will do well to procure Indian Corn, Rye or any kind of Grain, should we happily obtain flour, we can, as you observe, use the others for Forage. I some days ago, at the instance of Genl. du Portail, sollicited the Rank of Capt. of Engineers for Capt. Nivan,79 and a Commission for him has been forwarded to Captain Rochefontain, which I will desire him to transmit. I return herewith Captain Nivans Certificates.
[Note 79: Capt. Daniel Niven (Nevan, Nivan), of the Engineers. He served to the close of the war.]
I shall have no objection to Colo. Gouvions remaining above untill the Works at Stoney and Verplanks points are finished, but after that it will be necessary for him, as head of the department in Genl. du Portails absence, to be near me.
I have, as I mentioned in the former part of this letter, repeatedly called upon the State of Connecticut for assistance and I cannot but hope, that the delays we have experienced have been more owing to the derangement of our Finances and indeed of all our public affairs, than to any premeditated plan to distress the Army.80
[Note 80: Howe had written in his "private" letter of May x: "The Quantity of Cattle which Connecticut could afford us, not one Head of which we have for many weeks had, and the great Droves of them that are as I am inform'd continually going down to Newport in Rhode Island and are sold for hard money, is not only an Alarming Circumstance, but Awakens suspicions of the Enemy's receiving them, E. specially as some of my Emissaries have inform'd me, that it has been Boasted of at New York, that they constantly receive supplies of Beef from Connecticut, and that Vessels loaded with newly salted Provision have been seen going down the Sound to New York." Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have letters from Genl. Lincoln up to the 9th: of April. The Enemy had then broke Ground upon the neck of Charles Town, about 1100 yards from our Works. General Woodford with the Virginia troops the 7th which gave great spirits to the Garrison. The Ships passed Fort Moultrie with the loss of one Transport; but the communication was still open with the Country by Coper River, which communication General Lincoln hoped to preserve by obstructing the mouth of the River. I am etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris-Town, May 5, 1780.
Sir: Two days since I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter of 29th. April.
The polite terms in which you mention the attention which my respectful attachment for you dictated during your stay in Camp adds to the obligation I felt for the honor of your visit. I was happy in that oppertunity of giving you new proofs of my sentiments and I entreat you to afford me others as frequently as possible. As the Minister of a Prince to whom America owes so much you have every title to my respect; and permit me to add, your personal qualities give you a claim which my heart chearfully acknowledges, to all my esteem and all my regard.
I beg you to accept my thanks for your intention to represent the Army in so favourable a light as will recommend it to the approbation of his most Christian Majesty; an honor as flattering as it will be precious.82 It would be want of
[Note 82: Hamilton's translation of Luzerne's letter of April 29 states: "I shall render an account to my Court of all that I saw at the army; of the good order and discipline of the troops; of the zeal and talents of the officers; of the good disposition reigns among them as well as of the respect and public confidence in the Commander in Chief." Luzerne's letter and Hamilton's translation are in the Washington Papers. Sparks quotes the following as a translation of part of Luzerne's report to Vergennes of May 13: "The time which I passed with General Washington has convinced me more than ever of the very great advantage, which the republic derives from his services. His virtues have gained for him the affection of the army which he commands, and the confidence and respect of the generals and other officers."] gratitude not to be convinced of the intimate concern he takes in our affairs, after the repeated and decided proofs he has given. I have the honor etc.
P S. Mrs. Washington, Sensible of your polite attention to her, prays your acceptance of her compliments and best respects.
9 Oclock A.M.
I have this instant received a Letter from my much esteemed and amiable friend the Marquis de la Fayette, dated in Boston Harbour.83 In the course of a day or two I shall expect to see him in Camp.84
[Note 83: In the draft are the words "the 29th of last Month."]
[Note 84: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Morristown, May 5, 1780.
Sir: Any marks of consideration you may have received during your stay in camp were only a just tribute to your merit which my esteem for you made me take pleasure in paying. The manner in which you speak of them in your letter of the 29th. of April and the obliging assurances you give me, have a new title to my regard.
The opportunity which your visit to Camp afforded me of knowing you more particularly has confirmed the sentiments with which the commencement of our acquaintance impressed me; and I entreat you to be assured that there is nothing I desire more than frequent occasions of giving you proofs of the high estimation in which I hold you and of the perfect regard with which I have the honor etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, May 5, 1780.
Parole Palmyra. Countersigns C., Q.
A Serjeant, Corporal and Twelve men from the Pennsylvania Division for Fatigue tomorrow at Commissary Kean's.86
[Note 86: John Kean. He was Assistant Commissary of Issues.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 6, 1780.
Dear Sir: Brigade Major McCormick87 of the Pennsylvania line two days ago sent his Commission and his Oath of Allegiance to the States to a Captain Wilson of the same line and went off. What makes his disappearance the more suspicious, is that he has been for some time discontented on account of his Rank, and as he came over from the enemy at Boston at the beginning of the War, there is reason to apprehend that he may endeavour to get into New York. As I imagine he is known to the Brigade Majors and Adjutants of your line, I desire that a look out may be kept for him at the posts along the
[Note 87: Brigade-Major Henry McCormick, of Hand's brigade. He resigned May 6, 1780.] sound. Should he be found upon that quarter be pleased to have him secured and sent up. I am &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, May 6, 1780.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Brest, Brunks.
The Morristown Guards all small detached Guards and fatigue Parties 'till further orders to be furnished weekly in rotation by two Divisions while the third are to hold them selves in readiness to march on the shortest notice with two days provisions.
Lord Stirlings and Clinton's Divisions furnish the Guards the ensuing week.
The Officers Casualties are to be inserted in the Returns in the following order 1st. Sick present; 2nd. Sick absent; 3d. on Command; 4th. Extra service; 5th. on Furlough; 6th. Recruiting; 7th. on the Staff; 8th. Prisoners of War; 9th. Furloughs expired; 10th. In Arrest; II. Vacant. The Column of Rank and File on Extra service to be inserted between the Column "on Command" and "on Furlough."
As the warm season is approaching the Commanding officers of Regiments will see that the Sick of their respective regiments are put in Huts by themselves and that proper windows and openings are made in all their soldiers huts to admit a free circulation of fresh air.
The Regimental surgeons are to deliver in the usual returns of the sick on Monday next to the Director General of the Flying Hospital and punctually on every Monday in future.
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 6, 1780.
Sir: Inclosed is the duplicate of a letter which I wrote to you on the 10th ulto. but finding by a letter from Lt. Govr. Bowen of the 25th: April that you had then received no orders from me on the subject of the removal of the Ordnance and Stores from Rhode Island I am apprehensive the original may have miscarried. Governor Bowen recommends the transportation of the heavy Stores by Water to Windsor on Connecticut River, if therefore the removal of them should not have been compleated when this reaches you, you may take that method, which will save an infinite deal of land Carriage. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 6, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 25th: ulto. I had upon the 10th: of April directed Major Perkins to remove such of the Ordnance and Stores, as belong to the Continent from Rhode Island to Springfield,90 but lest my letter may have miscarried I have, by this conveyance sent him a duplicate of the order, and recommended it to him, in case they have not already been sent off, to transport the heavy stores by Water to Windsor on Connecticut River. I have the honor etc.
[Note 90: See Washington's letter to Maj. William Perkins, Apr. 10, 1780, ante.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, May 7, 1780.
Parole Mississipi. Countersigns M., T.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, May 8, 1780.
Parole Londonderry. Countersigns May, Marr.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 8, 1780.
Gentlemen: It appears by the inclosed Copy of a letter from Baron Steuben that about 1500 Muskets fitted with Bayonets and the same number of Bayonet Belts and Cartouch Boxes of the new construction, are wanting to compleat the troops in this Cantonment. You will be pleased therefore to direct the above quantity to be sent forward as speedily as our circumstances will admit. The Muskets which will be returned are for the most part in perfect order, except wanting Bayonets and the Cartouch Boxes are of the old kind. I am &c.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 8, 1780.
Dr Sir: Inclosed I send you the copy of a letter of yesterday which I have just received from Mr. Woodruff.92 As he states the facts, Major Troupe's93 conduct seems to have been exceptionable. But before I take any definitive part in the affair, I shall be glad you will make inquiry into the circumstances, and let me hear from you as speedily as possible.94 The goods in the mean time are not to be disposed of. I am etc.95
[Note 92: Isaac Woodruff, justice of Elizabethtown, N.J. His letter (May 7) is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 93: Maj. Benjamin Throop, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 94: Huntington answered (May 8), informing Washington of the circumstances of Throop's seizure of the goods: "There is no Exception that I have ever heard to the Character of Justice Woodruff as an upright Judge and an honest Man; but there is Reason to fear there are many Abettors (if not partners) of the London Traders as they are called, which is very discouraging to the Guards, the Permit from the Police of N York, taken with these Goods, mentions the three persons by Name were allowed to carry out certain Articles because they had brought a large Quantity of Provisions into the City the persons are under Bonds of 6000 to answer at Court, the goods were taken at the House of a Man (John Hendricks) who was carried in by the Enemy some Time ago and let out on Parole, for wise Purposes, no doubt. The Seizure of the said Goods has been tryed by Justice Woodruff and Part of them condemned, the Remainder by Subtlety of Law escape, and Lt. Palmer, as a Reward for his Vigilance and Pains, is held under Bonds to answer to the next superior Court for breaking the House where the Goods were found." Huntington's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, May 8, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday, and have transmitted a copy of it to General Huntington directing him to inquire into the affair. When I receive his report, I shall take such steps as the circumstances of the case seem to require. In the mean time you may be assured that I shall not countenance any infringement of the rights of the civil authority; but shall be always ready to support the Magistrates in the execution of their duty and suppress all attempts to counteract them. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris-town, May 8, 1780.
My dr. Marqs: Your welcome favour of the 27th. of April came to my hands yesterday. I received it with all the joy that the sincerest friendship could dictate, and with that impatience which an ardent desire to see you could not fail to inspire.
I am sorry I do not know your rout through the State of New York, that I might, with certainty, send a small party of Horse (all I have at this place) to meet and escort you safely through the Tory settlements between this and the North River.
At all events, Majr. Gibbs will go as far as Pompton (where the roads unite) to meet you, and will proceed from thence as circumstances may direct, either towards Kings-ferry or New Windsor.
I most sincerely congratulate with you on your safe arrival in America and shall embrace you with all the warmth of an affectionate friend when you come to head Qrs. where a bed is prepared for you. adieu till we meet. Yrs.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 8, 1780.
Sir: By a letter from Colo. Moylan of the 24th. ulto. I am informed that Mr. Hoogland97 of your Regt. having been arrested by Brig. Genl. Parsons "for propagating reports injurious his character &c." claims a right of being tried by Officers of the Cavalry only. He cannot be indulged in this, as the 9th:
[Note 97: Capt. Jeronimus Hoogland, of the Second Continental Dragoons.] Article of the 14th. section of the Rules and Articles of War directs in what manner the Court Martial shall be composed, where a dispute arises between Officers of different Corps. I am &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 99: Of Jackson's Additional Continental regiment; also in the regiment designated the Sixteenth Massachusetts in July, 1780; transferred to the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, to to the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
Morris Town, May 9, 1780.
Sir: I received your letter of yesterday. You have my permission to endeavour to ascertain the strength of the party at Bull's ferry and to make an attempt upon it, if you think there is sufficient probability of success. You will no doubt at the same time be upon your own guard lest this party should meditate something against you. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, May 9, 1780.
Parole Rariton. Countersigns K., P.
[Note 2: Col. James Livingston.]
Lieutenant Colonel Smith3
[Note 3: Lieut, Col. William Stephens Smith.]
Brigade Major, Clinton's Brigade
The Jersey Brigade to be held in readiness to move with their baggage on the shortest notice.
Robert Powers and Samuel Bell soldiers of the 10th. Pennsylvania regiment also Jacob Justice and Thomas Brown of the 7th. now under sentence of death for plundering the house of Mr. Cornelius Bogart near Peramus; on a representation from their officers that they had previous to the commission of the above crime behaved like good soldiers, and on the earnest intercession of Mr. Bogart in their behalf: His Excellency the Commander in Chief is pleased to pardon them.
At a Division general court martial whereof Lieutenant Colonel Murray4 was president Joseph Infelt and John Earhart soldier in the 10th. Pennsylvania regiment were tried for "attempting to desert to the Enemy."
[Note 4: Lieut, Col. John Murray, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
The Court were clearly of opinion that they are Guilty of the Charges exhibited against them being a breach of the 1st. Article 6th. Section of the Articles of War and Sentence them (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the Sentence.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: I last evening recd. your favor of the 6th. I am pleased to hear of the good conduct and success of Capt. Cushing5 in his enterprise against Delancey's detachment. It is to be regretted that the Colonel was himself absent at the time.6
[Note 5: Capt. Nathaniel Cushing, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He was made brigade-major in December, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 6: Cushing had been detached with a party to catch some marauders in the neighborhood of Sing Sing and, failing in this, had entered the British lines and taken 3 officers and 17 privates from the quarters of Col. James Delancey. Pursued by British dragoons, Cushing beat them off in a running skirmish of 6 miles and held his prisoners.]
Colo. Moylan had written to me on the subject of Mr. Hooglands Arrest and mode of trial, I gave it as my opinion that he was to be tried by a General Court Martial. The 9th. Article of the 14th. section of the Rules and Articles of War is expressly to the point and directs the Composition of the Court where disputes arise between Officers of different Corps. You will be pleased to order the Court accordingly. I am &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1780.
Sir: If the Stores are removed from Brunswick or but an inconsiderable quantity remains there now, You will march with the detachment under your command to Connecticut Farms; sending an Officer on before You to Colonel Dayton to advise him of your moving and from him you will receive Orders. Colonel Dayton is at his own house or in that Neighbourhood. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Bearer Mr. Smith having obtained permission from the State of Maryland to go to Great Britain by way of New-York, you will be pleased to direct an Officer to attend him with a Flag to Staten Island. As Mr. Smith is anxious if possible to overtake the May packet, you will be pleased to order the Flag as speedily as possible. His papers having been properly examined here, there need be no detention upon that Account.
Governor Livingstons Lady9 having removed down to his seat near Elizabeth Town, be kind enough to give orders to have the strictest attention paid to the preservation of the inclosures, Gardens, and improvements of every kind. Mrs.
[Note 9: Mrs. William Livingston ( nee Susanna French).] Livingston would not choose a guard as she looks upon one rather as an inducement to the Enemy to come up to the House. I am &c.
P.S. The Jersey Brigade will march to relieve you tomorrow if they can procure Waggons.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 11: Deputy Commissary of Prisoners.]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1780.
Sir: From the distressed situation in which I am informed Lt Colo Antill is on Long Island, I desire that you will send him a Barrel of Beef and One of pork, and Two Barrels of flour. They ought to be good. If You cannot procure them yourself, You will apply to the Commissary who must furnish them. The sooner Colo Antill can receive this supply the better. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, May 10, 1780.
Parole California. Countersigns Cooke, Corke.
[Note 13: Col. Francis Johnston.]
Lieutenant Colonel Robinson14
[Note 14: Lieut. Col. Thomas Robinson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Brigade Major, Stark's Brigade
A Serjeant Corporal and twelve men for fatigue tomorrow they are to be sent very early in the morning to Quarter master Lewis's15 quarters with their Arms and three days provisions.
[Note 15: Joseph Lewis. He was Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General.]
The Jersey Brigade to move tomorrow morning: General Maxwell will call at Head Quarters tomorrow for orders.
The State of the roads at present admitting the march of the men with ease the order of the 8th. of February last respecting the Camp guards is revived: but instead of assembling at 9 oClock they are to parade on the Grand Parade at 8 o'clock The Troop to beat at 7.
At the General court martial whereof Colonel Shreve is President, on the 22d ultimo Major Church of the 4th Pennsylvania regiment was Tried on the following Charges.
1st. For purchasing men's pay at an under Value
2d For discharging a man fit for duty and returning him discharg'd unfit for service.
3d. For defrauding the United States and the regiment in several instances vizt.
1st. Keeping Laban Bogart, soldier in said regiment working on his Farm a considerable time and Mustering him on Command.
2dly. For keeping James McGee, soldier in the 4th. Pennsylvania regiment driving his or his Brother's Team and discharging him from the regiment.
3dly. Drawing Soldiers Pay by virtue of orders which orders the men declare to be forged.
4thly. Sending a horse known to be public property to his Farm which horse has since been offered for Sale.
5thly. Forcibly taking one hundred and ten dollars from James McDonack, a soldier.
6thly Taking Clothing (sent for the use of the Soldiers) out of the Paymaster's Store without his knowledge and appropriating them to his own use.
The Court having fully and maturely consider'd the several charges against Major Church and the Evidence in the Case are of opinion that the Charges are each of them unsupported and that the prosecution of Major Church was Malicious and Groundless and Therefore they do acquit Major Church with Honor.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court: Major Church is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 11, 1780.
Sir: I this day received yours of the 6th: none of the Cattle mentioned in it, have yet arrived, but the Express informs me that a drove of about 50 were at the North River. You have my thanks for your exertions on the present pressing occasion and I am sure you will not discontinue them when you know that our dependance for some time to come rests almost intirely upon you. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 11, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased immediately upon the receipt of this to come forward yourself or send on an Officer with all the Horses of your troop fit for service, and leave directions for the remainder to follow as soon as possible. They are wanted for a very particular service and therefore no time must be lost in reaching this place. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to Heer at Philadelphia or Burlington, as Heer's corps had been ordered from the former to the latter place and the movement was delayed by the Board of War.]
Morris-Town, May 11, 1780.
Sir: The attention and honors paid to Mr. De Miralles after his death were a tribute due to his character and merit, and dictated by the sincere esteem which I always felt for him.
I am much obliged to your Excellency for your intention of sending me a detail of the land and Sea forces arriv'd at Martinique, which I beg leave to inform you, you forgot to inclose in your letter.18
[Note 18: This list is in the Washington Papers under date of March 21. (See Washington's letter to Chevalier de la Luzerne, May 14, 1780, post.)]
You will participate in the joy I feel at the arrival of the Marquis de la Fayette. No event could have given me greater pleasure on a personal account, and motives of public utility conspire to make it agreeable. He will shortly have the honor to wait upon your Excellency and impart matters of the greatest moment to these States. He announces a fresh and striking instance of the friendship of your Court and which cannot fail to contribute greatly to perpetuate the gratitude of this Country.
I am always happy to repeat to you the sentiments of respect and inviolable attachment with which I have the honor etc.19
[Note 19: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aft. Etrang.. Meres. et Does., E. U., vol. 6]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, May 11, 1780.
Parole Hannibal. Countersigns T., L.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Shreve is President is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 12, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 9th: informing me of your having directed Mr. Shaw20 of New London to
[Note 20: Nathaniel Shaw, jr. He was Continental Prize Agent at New London.] forward twelve boxes of Lemons, out of file Deanes prize, to me. I beg you will present my thanks to the Board21 for this their polite attention. I have the honor etc.22
[Note 21: The Continental Board of Admiralty.]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, May 12, 1780.
Parole De La Fayette. Countersigns France, Spain.
[Note 23: Maj. William(?) Alexander, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
On Monday next the Troops will begin to exercise and continue every day Fridays and Saturday's excepted in the following manner:24
[Note 24: "Your Excellency having expressed a desire that the Troops should exercise I take the liberty of submitting the inclosed for your approbation, to be put in orders tomorrow." -- Steuben to Washington, May 11, 1780. Steuben's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
At Six oClock, A.M. each regiment will parade and the Rolls be called the commanding officer taking particular care that none of the officers or men are absent, except those on Guard or other military duty, and immediately after the rolls are called each regiment will begin to Exercise by Companies in the manner prescribed in the 6th. Chapter of the Regulations, each Company to be exercised by the Captain or officer commanding it. The Field Officers to superintend the whole and see that it is carried on agreeable to the regulations.
The Paymasters and Quarter masters having a right to command in their companies in time of Action must attend the Exercise as often as their Staff duties will admit: at Five oClock the regiments will exercise by Companies in the same manner but without Arms. The Commanding officers of regiments are to be answerable that no Waiter or other person absents himself from the Exercise on any pretence and the Generals and Inspectors of Brigades will visit the regiments and see that this order is strictly obeyed.
Every Monday Wednesday and Saturday beginning on Monday next the Inspector General or in his absence one of the Inspectors will exercise on the Green near Morristown two Battalions detached from the Line with four Field pieces each Battalion to consist of one Colonel or Lieutenant Colone, one Major, Six Captains, Seven Lieutenants, Eight Ensigns, one of which is for the Colours, Twenty six Serjeants, Eight Corporals, Eight Drums, Eight Fifers, Two hundred and fifty six rank and File.
The Troops to be at the place of Exercise at Nine o clock A.M.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 12, 1780.
Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favors of the 13th. and 20th. April. The Box of Medicine25 mentioned in the former came safe to hand, and was the more acceptable as I had intirely expended the first parcel with which you had been kind enough to furnish me. I have directed Colo. Hay to assist you in erecting a small Elaboratory, from which I hope you will derive improvement and amusement and the public some advantages.
[Note 25: Chemical for secret writing.]
Major Beauman intends to return to West point in a few days. I have already signified to General Howe my consent to your then expending as much powder as can be conveniently spared in ascertaining those points in Gunnery which you are anxious to prove by actual Experiments provided all matters are quiet.
Give me leave to congratulate you on your Brother's26 safe arrival in Spain. An event truly important and which gives particular pleasure to Sir Your etc.27
[Note 26: John Jay.]
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, May 13, 1780.
Parole Saxe. Countersigns R., P.
A man acquainted with the management of hides from the Pennsylvania Line, also one from Stark's brigade to be sent to the Deputy commissary of hides at Morristown tomorrow they are to remain with him 'till the Brigade to which they belong move from this place.
Head Quarters, Morris town, May 13, 1780.
Sir: The Marquis de la Fayette will have the honor to deliver you this. I am perswaded Congress will participate in the joy I feel at the return of a Gentleman who has distinguished himself in the service of this Country so signally, who has given so many and so decisive proofs of his attachments to its interests, and who ought to be dear to it by every motive.28
[Note 28: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "There are striking proofs of his having worked himself during his stay in France to promote every measure of utility to these States, and he has been successful enough to render the most essential services. These Congress will learn from other quarters and I doubt not will bestow every mark of consideration and regard in their power. He is charged in conjunction with the Minister of France with matters of very great moment which I presume will be imparted to Congress."]
The warm friendship I have for him conspires with considerations of public utility to afford me a double satisfaction in his return.
During the time he has been in France he has uniformly manifested the same zeal in our affairs which animated his conduct while he was among us; and has been upon all occasions an essential friend to America. The merits and I doubt not Congress will give him every mark of consideration in their power. I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 13, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 9th: instant. I yesterday received the inclosed intelligence, which corresponds with other accounts from different quarters. Whether their fears in New York are well grounded a little time must discover. I have the honor etc.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The intelligence inclosed is an extract from Gen. Robert Howe's letter to Washington (May 11), the original of which is in the Washington Papers, which retailed spy intelligence of the activities in New York on receipt of news from England. Among the details was the significant one, "That the Marquis Lafayette was said to have taken Leave of the King of France in an american Uniform."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 13, 1780.
Sir: I had this day the pleasure of receiving yours of the 6th: accompanied by two pipes of Madeira which came safe. As did those from Egg Harbour in the Winter. I am infinitely obliged to the Board for the trouble they have taken in the Affair and beg leave to subscribe myself Sir your etc.
Morris-town, May 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 4th and 9th. came safe to hand. I thank you very sincerely for the several articles of Intellie. contained in them; and shall be happy, at all times, to hear from you when any thing occurs worthy of the moments wch. must be spent in the communication.
My hearty wishes attend your endeavours to accomplish the confederation.30 It is certainly a most desirable event for us, and a much dreaded one by the enemy. The spirit wch. seems to have gone forth in England must, methinks, exceedingly embarrass the measures of Administration, and give proportionate aid to our cause. this, or some other accts. by the last Packet, has, undoubtedly, produced dejected countenances in New York. The advice boat that brought them not being able to proceed with the dispatches for Sir Henry Clinton in the instt. of her arrival another was ordered, and Sailed immediately for Charles Town with them. The Tories you may depend on it are much alarm'd.
[Note 30: "I am ... much engaged in another attempt to get the Confederation accomplished which in my Opinion would fully compensate for the temporary Loss of any City on the Continent; it gives me great pleasure to assure your Excellency that the Delegates from Virginia are warmly disposed to give it all the Aid in their power: Indeed, have the fullest Expectation that our Joint Exertions will Succeed: and the future Safety and Tranquility of the States be fixed on a permanent Basis, Without a Federal Alliance peace, itself, Independence, and Security from external Assaults, would scarcely deserve the Name of a Blessing." -- Duane to Washington, May 4, 1780. Duane's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am exceedingly anxious for the fate of Charles Town. more so for the Garrison and the accumulated Stores in it; but much rejoiced, and indeed relieved, at hearing that the Govr. and part of his Council had left the City for the purpose of supporting legal Govt. in the State at large.
I am sorry to hear of Hugers31 misforte., on many accts., an Officer may be beaten and yet obtain honor, but disgrace must for ever accompany surprizes. The want of money is much to be regretted. The consequences may be fatal from causes too many and too obvious to stand in need of enumeration. I am pleased however to hear that the several States from whence accts. are recd. have either adopted, or are about to adopt the scheme of finance recommended by Congress.32 I am clearly in sentiment with you, that it ought to be supported although it may be, in some respects, exceptionable.
[Note 31: Brig. Gen. Isaac Huger. "Our Cavalry under General Huger was surprised by the Enemy and sustained the Loss of 20 men and 30 Horses: That this Success enabled the Enemy to head Cooper River, and take post on the North side, and that it will eventually compleat the blockade of the Town." -- Duane to Washington, May 9, 1780. Duane's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 32: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Mar. 18, 1780, for the plan of an impost of 1per cent on all imports and exports.]
The arrival of Messrs. Jay and Gerard33 is a pleasing event, as is that of the Marqs. de la fayette in this Country. he is now here, a little indisposed with a cold, but will proceed on to Congress tomorrow or next day. Mrs. Washington and the Gentn. of my family join their best wishes, most cordially with mine to these you will permit me to add my grateful acknowledgments, and warmest thanks, for your friendly and polite assurances of regard, and to declare at the same time that with much esteem, and personal attachment. I am etc.
[Note 33: They landed at Cadiz, Jan. 22, 1780.]
P S. I have recd. fresh, and authentic Intelligence that the enemy are in great consternation at New York. They are going to run lines of defence from the East to the No. River; are throwing up new Works at the Narrows, and have a number of Vessels laden with Stone to sink and obstruck the entrance of the harbour. Two advice Boats were sent from N.Y. within the space of 48 hours after the arrival of the dispatches from England to Sir Hy. Clinton &ca. &ca.
Head Quarters, May 13, 1780.
Dr Sir: General Maxwell with the Brigade under his command comes to relieve You, to whom you will be pleased to give a Copy of the Instructions you have received and such information with respect to Guards &c. as you may deem material. When You are relieved You will march with your Troops to Camp and either occupy their own Huts or those which the Maryland Troops have left as may be most agreeable. It is a point which is left entirely with Yourselves; but if the Maryland Huts are equally good and convenient, it would make our situation rather more compact if they were to be possessed. It will be necessary, in either case to send up your Quarter Master to have the Huts put in some order. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On May 18 Washington wrote again to Huntington: "As my letter requesting your stay below was founded on the appearance of Vessels with troops on board going up the Hackingsack River which I am informed are gone back, I have now to desire, if they have returned, that you will be pleased to march the division under yr command agreeably to my letter of the 13th., to Camp." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: Sir James Jay has requested the assistance of a few Artificers for a day or two to erect a small Elaboratory. As he purposes making some experiments which may be of public utility and has already furnished me with some Chymical preparations, from which I have derived considerable advantages I think it proper to gratify him. You will therefore be pleased to furnish him with the necessary hands. And should a few Boards or such matters be wanting to compleat the building which is to be of Logs, you will also procure them, if it be in your power. I wish you and Mrs. Hay a pleasant Journey and am, etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 14, 1780.
Dr. Sir: The arrival of the Marquis de La Fayette ... may defeat the project.38 ... I need not enlarge ... wish above all things he may be appointed. I have also a very favourable opinion of Mr. Mathews' understanding and integrity, and I should be willing to trust every thing to the goodness of the other's intentions, if I had not some doubts of his discretion.39 I wish the Chancellor40 or yourself could be in the appointment. A well composed committee ...41
[Note 38: At this point the draft, which is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, has the following crossed off: "and their concurrence in particular points may tend to give our military operations a degree of boldness which they might otherwise want."]
[Note 39: Nathaniel Peabody.]
[Note 40: Robert R. Livings ton.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The omitted portions are identical with Washington's letter to Joseph Jones, May 14, 1780, q. v.]
Morris-Town, May 14, 1780.
Gentn: Sometime last spring, or early in the Summer, Congress were pleased to authorise me to draw upon the Board of Treasury for a Sum in Specie not exceeding two thousand Guineas.
As it was not my wish to call for more than the exigencies of the particular Service (for which it was intended) required; and as I happened at that time to have part of a former sum by me, I asked for 500 Gs. only with that sum I have made a shift till this time but now have a call for the further Sum of 500 Gs., if it can be furnished the bearer Mr. Geo: Washington42 will receive and bring it to Gentn. Yr.
[Note 42: George Augustine Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris-town, May 14, 1780.
Sir: Since my last I have had the honor to receive the detail of His Most Christian Majestys Fleet in the West Indies,43 which your Excellency has had the goodness to send me. I congratulate you very sincerely, Sir, on this very respectable armament, which I found to surpass my expectation and I would willingly hope that an occasion will be afforded the Count De Guichen44 to strike Some important blow with it, advancive of the honor and interest of his Majesty and of course, of the honor and interest of these States. I have the honor etc.45
[Note 43: See Washington's letter to Chevalier de la Luzerne, May 11, 1780.]
[Note 44: Louis Urbain du Bouexie, Comte de Guichen. He was lieutenant general and commander in chief, French Navy, in the West Indies.]
[Note 45: From a photostat of the original in the Paris, Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Does., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, May 14, 1780.
Parole Achilles. Countersigns Alps, Bar.
[Note 46: Maj. James Moore, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment.]
A Detachment for a fortnight to parade tomorrow morning at Guard mounting with their Arms Packs and Three days provisions and forty rounds pr man.
Major T. Moore47 to command.
[Note 47: Maj. Thomas Lloyd Moore, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The Pennsylvania and Clinton's Divisions to give the Guards at Morristown; small detached Guards and fatigues for the ensuing week.
The Issuing Commissaries are to draw but two days bread at a time.
Lieutenant William Feltman48 of the 10th Pennsylvania regiment is appointed Paymaster to the same from the 6th. of March last vice Ensign Benstead49 resigned.
[Note 48: He was transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; taken prisoner at Green Spring, Va., in July, 1781 resigned in April, 1782.]
[Note 49: Ensign Alexander Benstead, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He is noted by Heitman as being a lieutenant from March, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.]
The General Court martial whereof Brigadier General Hand is President to assemble tomorrow morning 9 oclock A. M. at Morristown; a Captain from the 1st. Pennsylvania Brigade to attend the Court vice a Captain from the Maryland Line.
AFTER ORDERS
A Surgeon or Mate from Hand's Brigade to join the Detachment under Command of Major Moore.
Head Quarters, May 15, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have the pleasure to inform You in strict confidence, that we have authentic advices of his Most Christian Majesty's determination to send a respectable Armament of Sea and Land forces, to operate on the Continent, and that the period is not remote when we may expect their arrival. Having informed You of this, I am now to add, that the destruction of Hallifax, of the Naval arsenals and Garrison there, is a primary Object with our Allies, as, this being effected, the support of the Enemy's Marine in those Seas and in the West Indies, would be exceedingly difficult and precarious; and in this view that there is nothing they seem to wish for more. It would certainly be an event of infinite importance to them and of course to the common cause; and therefore we ought as far as possible, to give every aid in our power to accomplish it. It may be essential to the success of any attempt that may be made against the place, to obtain previous information with respect to the force, the Corps that are there, of the number, sort and condition of the Fortifications, and also of the Ships of War, which are points about which Our Allies appear to be in the dark, and on which unhappily I cannot give them the necessary satisfaction myself. I therefore earnestly request that you will assist me in this very important business as far as present circumstances will permit, by communicating to me by the earliest opportunity, the result of such enquiries as you shall make on the subject. You cannot be too minute and particular with respect to it, and I should hope from the frequent flags which I think I have heard have passed between Hallifax and Boston for the exchange of prisoners, that you may gain good and useful intelligence upon the occasion. I request this as a first step; but besides I wish you if possible, to send to Hallifax in such way as may appear the most likely to succeed, One or Two persons of good understanding and in whose firmness and fidelity we may safely rely, to obtain the most exact accounts of these matters. If they could be Draftsmen they would be so much the better, as a good plan of the Fortifications would be of essential service and is what Our Friends are very desirous of obtaining. I have written to the Honourable Mr. Bowdoine a confidential Letter on these subjects, and I am persuaded that he and the Council, without disclosing the matter, on your application if you should find it necessary to make one, will most chearfully do any thing that may be requisite to promote the plan for gaining intelligence, and will assist you with money, if you should have occasion for it. If You can engage proper persons to go on the business, you may stipulate with them for a generous compensation to be made them on their return, and which will be encreased in proportion to the importance of the information they bring. You will extend your enquiries in like manner to the post and Garrison at Penobscot and procure the best account of these that You can. If our Allies should operate against Hallifax, they will necessarily have occasion for some skilful and faithful pilots acquainted with the Coast and Harbour; I therefore wish you to turn your attention to the matter and to inform me whether such may be had in case they are wanted. You will also do the same with respect to Penobscot. Indeed it might be best if you have an opportunity, to speak to some of the pilots who would be proper to be employed and without discovering the matter with respect to an arrival of a fleet from France, know whether in case of such an expedition they would embark in it. I am &c.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1780.
My dear Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 9th of last Month, containing an account of the Enemy's movements till that period. Since the receipt of this I have seen a Copy of a Letter from the Honble Mr. Gervais,51 one of the Council, as
[Note 51: John Lewis Gervais.] low down as the 15th. and was happy to find by it that their Batteries, though they had been opened some days, had done you but very little damage, and I was made still more happy yesterday by a report from New York, that you were all well on the 1st Instant. God grant it may have been true and that you may maintain your Post. As obstructing the passage of the Cooper was of some importance, I wish that You may have accomplished it.
I have the pleasure to acquaint You, that the Marquis de la Fayette arrived within a few days past in an Express Frigate from France, which he left the 20th. of March. At that time Britain had formed no alliances that were known, nor does the Marquis seem to be under the least apprehension of her being able to do it. The Marquis comes the Messenger of other good news, and on which I congratulate you. His Most Christian Majesty of his great magnanimity and regard for us, has determined to send a very respectable Armament of Land and Sea forces to our succour. I expect that it will arrive early next month, and persuade myself that it will be the means of giving You certain and effectual relief. I wish my Letter may get safe to hand, as the communication of this important event must have a pleasing influence on the minds of the Troops, and will enable You, with the more facility to persevere in your determination of defending the Town to the last extremity. Adieu. I remain etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is noted by him: "Four Copies of this sent to Govr Rutledge, in 2 Letters duplicates."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 11th. and 13th. The intelligence contained in the first is interesting and is confirmed so far as it respects the preparations of the enemy for defence by accounts from other Quarters. The late demonstration of a movement in New York, seems to have resolved itself into a Forage in Bergen County, as several small Vessels have gone up Hackensack River; some have also, I am informed, gone up the North River. This will naturally put you upon your guard, tho' I do not conceive they have intentions against you. Be pleased to send Colo. Gouvion immediately down, as I have occasion for his presence, and direct Major Mournon,53 if he has recovered, to go over to the sound, and see whether the Platform plank, Pickets, Gabions and Fascines, which were cut under his inspection last fall, are still there, and to make report of the quantity and what condition they are in.
[Note 53: Maj. Jean Bernard Gauthier de Murnans.]
Be kind enough to write to the Officer commanding the Militia upon the Sound, if any are now embodied, and request him to set his men to work to make a further quantity. I am &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1780.
Dear Sir: Upon looking to a General Return of Qr. Masters Stores I find there were 1200 lb. of Oakum and 164 Barrels of Tar at Albany the 7th. January last. As the repair of the Boats upon the north River was delayed for want of the above Articles you will be pleased to order them down, and set every hand who understands the Business to work upon the Boats. I am exceedingly anxious to have them put in condition for service, and you will therefore oblige me by paying all possible attention to the matter. I am &c.54
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1780.
Sir: Be pleased immediately upon the Rect. hereof to set your Regiment to work in making Fascines. They are to be from 12 to 18 feet in length and 10 inches thick, well bound and cut square at both ends; of these kinds they may make as many as they can till further orders, and a few hundreds 6 feet long and 15 inches thick; a number of split stakes of hard wood will also be necessary to fix the Fascines, they must be 4 feet long and 3 inches square. I have some reason to think that Genl. Gates last fall provided a parcel of platform Plank and several other Articles necessary for the construction of Works. Be pleased to make an inquiry and if you find any such, have them collected. I am &c.
P.S. Be pleased to have all the public Boats and Craft collected and if they want any repairs direct the Qr. Mr. to have it done.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, May 15, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favor of Yesterday and thank you for the intelligence it contains. I have only to desire that you will communicate any thing further respecting the fleet as speedily as possible and that you will be perfectly on your guard. I hear number of Vessels have gone up Hackensack River also, which leads me to believe they intend a large forage. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.
This same day (May 15) Washington wrote again to Trescott: "I wrote you a little time past in answer to yr letter of yesterday. This will be delivered you by Major Moore, who commands the detachment intended to relieve you, but as the Enemy are out, I would have you remain, at least, until their intentions are better known." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1780.
Dr Sr: Notwithstanding the Jersey Brigade has moved down in order to relieve your command, I wish you to remain where you are until you hear further from me. I am.
Ps. As I have recd intelligence of a movement of the Enemy, I beg you will keep the Troops in the most compact order and readiness to march on the shortest notice should circumstances require it. You will be prepared on the score of provision also.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I take the liberty to transmit to your care a Letter for Major General Heath under a flying Seal. From an apprehension that he might have left Boston before it arrived and the importance of the objects to which it extends I am induced to use this freedom. If the General has not returned to the Army, I would request the favor of you to have the Letter sealed after perusing it, and delivered to him; and if he has that you will have the goodness to consider it as addressed to yourself and to assist me in the several interesting points to which it goes. It may be of infinite importance to obtain the information required, and I should hope it may be done. Our very good Friends and Allies have it much at heart, and view the reduction of Hallifax as a matter of great consequence, as being the Arsenal of support to the Enemy's fleet in these seas and in the West Indies. I very sincerely congratulate you on this prospect of succour from his Most Christian Majesty, which equally demonstrates his wisdom and his great regard for us. Your own good understanding I am convinced, will lead you at once to see the propriety of secrecy upon the occasion and you will be pleased to consider the communication as confidential. I shall be happy, and our interest and character as a Nation indispensably require it, that our exertions may be proportioned to this fresh instance of magnanimity and generosity the part of our Ally. I confess I have my fears on this head, as we have now from the pernicious system of short inlistments, nothing left us but the Skeleton of an Army, and are under great embarrassments with respect to our finance. Every friend to America should give his most active support to these important Objects.
The accounts from Charles Town received on our part as I learn from Philadelphia, only came down to the 15th of April. The Enemy's Batteries had then been opened for some days, without any other effect than killing three privates and a Woman and Child and firing One or Two Houses. It is however reported to day, that they have received advice in New York to the 1st Instant, and that matters had not then undergone any material changes. I have the Honor etc.58
[Note 58: Win the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. Bowdoin replied (May 31) with full information and an accurate map of Halifax harbor. Bowdoin's letter is in the Washington Papers. This information Washington briefed in an undated memorandum filed at the end of May, 1780, in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 15, 1780.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform Your Excellency confidentially that a French Fleet may in the course of a few Weeks be expected upon this Coast, and as it is uncertain what part of the land they may first make, Gentlemen are to be stationed at different points, to give them Signals and to make them some necessary communications immediately upon their arrival. Major Galvan who will have the honor of delivering this to your Excellency is appointed to go down to Cape Henry for the purposes above mentioned, and as he will have occasion to keep one or two Boats in constant readiness to go off upon the appearance of the Fleet, I shall be much obliged by your giving an order to the person who has the superintendance of the public Vessels and Craft in Virginia to supply him with the necessary number. Should the public have none of the proper kind in their possession, you will be pleased to recommend to Major Galvan the most certain and speedy methods of procuring them. One or two skilful and trusty pilots will also be necessary, that if any of the ships should have occasion to enter the Bay, they may not be at a loss.
Your Excellency will no doubt see the propriety of keeping the object of Major Galvans mission as much a secret as possible, lest the importance of the dispatches with which he is charged might be an inducement to some of the disaffected to take him off. It would add much to his security, if your Excellency would be good enough to introduce him to some Gentleman in the neighbourhood of Cape Henry, in whom he may confide and with whom he may remain while in that quarter.
It is essentially necessary that Major Galvan should be constantly informed of the operations in South Carolina, and as he will be out of the common track of intelligence, I have desired him to keep up a communication with your Excellency. Your acquainting him therefore with what comes to your knowledge, either officially or sufficiently authentic to be depended upon may be productive of most salutary consequences. I would beg leave to recommend Major Galvan generally to your Excellency for every public assistance of which he may stand in need, and particularly to your personal civilities. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Among the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress is a facsimile of the following note in Washington's writing: "Genl. Washington prests. his Compliments to My Lord Stirling, and prays his excuse for not doing himself the pleasure of dining with him to day. Unavoidable business puts it entirely out of his power to do this. Monday 15th May 1780."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, May 15, 1780.
Parole Frederick. Countersigns N., Q.
[Note 60: Maj. Jeremiah Talbot, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major, Stark's Brigade
The General court martial whereof Brigadier General Hand is President to assemble at the hut lately occupied by Major Winder in the Maryland line; Major Eustace61 is appointed a member vice Major Grier indisposed.
[Note 61: Maj. Benjamin Eustis (Eustace), of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He died in October, 1781.]
Lieutenant James Fairlie62 of the 2nd. New York regimentls appointed Aid de Camp to Major General Baron Steuben and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 62: Maj. James Fairlie. He continued as aide to Major General Steuben to the close of the war.]
The Colonels and commanding officers of regiments in Camp are to attend Wednesday morning next at 9 o clock at the place of Exercise near Morristown.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1780.
My Dear Marquis: Since you left me, I have more fully reflected on the plan which it will be proper for the French fleet and army to pursue, on their arrival upon the Coast and it appears to me in the present situation of the enemy at New York, that it ought to be our first object to reduce that post and that it is of the utmost importance not to lose a moment in repairing to that place. I would therefore advise you to write to the Count De Rochembeau and Monsr. De Ternay in the following spirit, urging them in the strongest terms to proceed both Fleet and Army with all possible expedition to Sandy Hook, where they will be met with further advices, of the precise situation strength and disposition of the enemy and of our army, and with proposals for their future movements; unless they should have received authentic accounts that the fleet and troops now operating in the Southern states have evacuated them and formed a junction at New York. In this case; if they arrive at Rhode Island, they can disembark their troops, dispose of their sick and wait till a more definitive plan can be concerted or if they arrive off Cape Henry they can proceed directly to Rhode Island and make the same arrangements. But in case they should not have received the accounts above mentioned of the evacuation of the Southern states and junction at New York, and should proceed directly to Sandy Hook as is recommended, they can send their sick and every thing of which they wish to be disencumbered to Rhode Island.
The reasons for proceeding immediately to New York in the present situation of the enemy there are these: Their whole effective land force in regular troops is about 8000 men to which may be added about 4000 refugees and such of the militia as they would be able by persuasion or force to engage; but on the militia they can I sould suppose place [no great]63 dependence. Their naval force is one ship of 74 guns and three or four
[Note 63: Hamilton had written "little," but that is crossed out and the words "no great" inserted in pencil by Washington.] small frigates. If the arrival of the French succour should find them in this situation, the Fleet can enter the harbour of New York without difficulty, and this is a point on which the success of the whole enterprise absolutely turns. By stopping at Rhode Island, if they arrive there or by passing from Cape Henry to Rhode Island the most precious time will be lost which will multiply the chances to the enemy of concentring their force, of receiving a naval reinforcement from England or the West Indies of increasing their precautions to obstruct the Channel and their preparations for the defence of their posts. By gaining possession of the Harbour and cutting off its communications the present garrison at New York would be unable to resist the efforts of the combined forces; and together with their ships must in all probability fall into our hands. On the contrary if they have time to concenter all their sea and land force on the Continent at New York, the enterprise against that place becomes extremely arduous has much less prospect of success and will at least exhaust the whole campaign to bring it to a favourable issue.64
[Note 64: Charleston, S. G., had surrendered (May 12, 1780), and Sir Henry Clinton returned to New York before Comte Rochambeau arrived.]
The enemy have in the expedition under Sir Henry Clinton about seven thousand land troops, three ships of the line one fifty gun two forty four and some smaller frigates. If these ships were added to the force at New York, they would I apprehend be sufficient to exclude the French Squadron, unless aided by a vigorous cooperation by land towards Sandy Hook; and the garrison increased to fourteen or fifteen thousand regular troops would present immense difficulties in the way of its reduction.
I observed that the French Squadron would find no difficulty in entering the Port of New York, with the present naval force of the enemy there. The only possible obstacle to this is the obstructions the enemy are preparing; but I am inclined to hope these will be ineffectual and will be easily removed. They last fall made an attempt of the kind on the expectation of Count D'Estaing, but it failed from the depth of the water and rapidity of the current. Pilots for the harbour can be ready at Black point in the Jerseys from which they can go on Board the fleet at its first appearance.
I would wish you to place these things in the fullest light to the French Commanders, by way of recommendation, leaving it to them to act according to the condition of the fleet and troops, with respect to health and other essential matters, and if they prefer it to go immediately to Rhode Island from Cape Henry, or if they arrive at the former place in the first instance, to wait till a definitive plan is adopted. But I think every reason points to the mode here recommended.
You will be sensible, my Dear Sir, that we can at present only touch upon preliminary measures. The plan for ultimate operations must be the result of mature deliberation, a full view of our resources and must be formed in conjunction with the General and Admiral of the French forces.
I refer Mr. Galvan to you for instructions; but I send you a letter to Governor Jefferson of Virginia to give him any assistance he may require and to correspond with him on the state of Southern affairs. His own discretion and the information he will get on the spot must chiefly govern him. He cannot be dispatched too soon.
I request you in writing to the Count De Rochembeau and Mr De Ternay to assure them of all my respect and consideration of the high sense I entertain of this distinguished mark of His Christian Majesty friendship to these States, and of the happiness I anticipate in a personal acquaintance and co-operation with Gentlemen, whose reputations have inspired me with the greatest esteem for their talents and merit. You will add that I will do every thing on my part to give success to the intended operations, and that I flatter myself they will be attended with the happiest consequences.
I cannot forbear recalling your attention to the importance of doing every thing possible to engage the Count De Guichen to come upon this Coast without delay. The more I reflect upon it the more essential it appears. With this addition to our present plan we should have reason to flatter ourselves with every thing; without it we have a great deal to apprehend, and instead of the happiest, the worst consequences may insue to the common cause. I am etc.
P.S. I am just informed that a Gentlemen called your Aide De Camp and the Consul of France at Boston65 have had a duel in which the latter has been mortally wounded.66 Tis probable the Gentleman supposed to be your Aide is the Chevalier De Fayolles.67 If so it may perhaps throw him into embarrassments which may put it out of his power to execute the intended Commission, which makes it prudent to think ofsome other person.68
[Note 65: Joseph de Valnais.]
[Note 66: The report was exaggerated, as de Valnais was fulfilling his consular duties inJune, 1780.]
[Note 67: J. P. du Rousseau de Fayolle (Fayolles). He was lieutenant colonel and aide to Lafayette.]
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favr. of yesterday. Capt. Rochefontaine, who will deliver this, will view the Ground you have pitched upon, and if he approves of it, will trace out the proper Works. Should he, upon reconnoitering the Country in the neighbourhood, find any other piece of Ground, accommodated with Water &c. which he thinks more advantageous than the one you have chosen, he will, if you agree with him in opinion, lay out the Works there. But should you differ, he will make report to me of the two positions, that I may decide. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1780.
Sir: I this day recd. yours of the 1st. inclosing an account of the Fire at Fort Schuyler which I am glad to find was extinguished without doing any very material damage.
Inclosed you will find permissions for Lieut. Sherwood70 and Ensign Clock71 of your Regt. to quit the service. You will be pleased to indorse Copies of the same upon their Commissions if they have any. I am &c.69
[Note 70: Lieut. Adiel Sherwood, of the First New York Regiment. He resigned on May 16, 1780, and served subsequently as captain of New York levies.]
[Note 71: Ensign Jacob I. Block (Clock), of the First New York Regiment. He resigned' May 16, 1780, and joined the British Army.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, May 16, 1780.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns Wells., Wales.
All officers absent from the Army except on Furloughs not expired; recruiting or on command are forthwith to join their Corps. The officers commanding Divisions will pay particular attention to have this order executed.
The manoeuvring Battalions to be formed in the field opposite Stark's Brigade precisely at Nine o clock tomorrow morning: Two Adjutants from the Pennsylvania Division to be added to these Battalions: They are to be furnished with a Standard from the Pennsylvania Division and one from Clinton's brigade: Brigade Major from the 1st. Pennsylvania Brigade to attend the formation.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1780.
Sir: A French Fleet being expected shortly upon this Coast, it will be necessary to have Officers stationed at different points to make them Signals upon their first arrival. You being appointed to go down to Cape Henry in Virginia, will be charged with dispatches and communications for the French Admiral and General and will be made acquainted with the signals of recognizance. All these, and any further commands, you will receive from General the Marquis de la Fayette, at present in Philada. to which place you will repair with the utmost expedition. I need not recommend to you the necessity of your keeping the object of your Mission as much a secret as possible. I am etc.
P. S. You will be pleased to correspond with me when any thing material occurs or when you find opportunities.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 16, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have the honor to inclose your Excellency two copies of a letter for General Lincoln, which you will observe contain intelligence the most important. It is a question how far it is the interest of these states to have the seige of Charles Town raised at this juncture; for if the arrival of the French fleet should find the enemy in their present divided state there is every reason to hope for the most decisive consequences. On the other hand if they should concenter their force at New York an operation against it would be attended with immense difficulty delay and hazard; but the Southern states would be relieved, an advantage of the greatest moment. We have great reason to believe the enemy have received advice, by a frigate lately from England of the intention of our allies; if this is the case secrecy on our part would answer little purpose (indeed it is to a certain point impracticable) Sir Henry in this case will probably have taken his measures before this arrives, and unless he expects a naval support from England, will have abandonned the enterprise. Lest however, a want of certainty in his advices may have induced him to continue his operations, it may be of consequence to apprize General Lincoln and the garrison of the expected succour. It would give new spirit to the defence and may tend to prolong it till effectual assistance can be given, either by directing the French armament to the Southward or by operations in this quarter. You will therefore have the goodness to transmit my letter to him if you have any communication open.
The intention of sending you two copies is this. Should the progress of the enemy against the Town indicate its speedy loss you can so contrive it, that one of the copies may fall into the enemy's hands, as if by accident, or you can otherwise take effectual measures to give them such information of it as they will believe. This may possibly either precipitate their measure to an unfavourable issue or make them relinquish the seige; and in one way or the other save the Town.
If you should not think the Town in material danger it will be best to confine the knowledge of what I now communicate, and not let it go beyond General Lincoln. In this case I would not wish to alarm the enemy, for the reasons already assigned.
I am happy to learn by the way of New York that Charles Town was still safe the first of this Month. I hope it has continued so: A failure in this attempt will have the greatest influence to the prejudice of the affairs of England. I congratulate you on this new instance of the friendship of our ally. The part the Court of France has acted is truly politic and magnanimous and has a claim to the lasting affection of this Country. With every sentiment of respect etc.
P.S. I request your Excellencys opinion as speedily as possible, in case the French fleet and army should proceed to the Southward, where under present circumstances would be a proper place of debarkation, whether a sufficiency of provisions can be procured, the means of transportation for an army, horses for the officers and for a corps of three hundred Cavalry.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 17, 1780.
Parole Berwick. Countersigns W., E.
Colonel Procter74 is appointed Member of the General court martial whereof General Hand is President vice Colonel Ogden excused on account of his regiment being on the lines
[Note 74: Col. Thomas Procter (Proctor).]
AFTER ORDERS
Captain John McGowan75 is appointed Pay master; Lieutenant E. Beatty,76 Adjutant; and Lieutenant John Pratt,77 Quartermaster to the 4th. Pennsylvania regiment.
[Note 75: Captain and brigade major of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Germantown in October, 1777; transferred to the Invalid Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 76: Lieut. Erkurius Beatty, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; regimental paymaster in May, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 77: Lieut. John Pratt, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 17, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favors of the 8th: and 31st. March and 9th: of April, the last informing me of your arrival in Charles Town. This must have given spirit to the Garrison and I flatter myself may be the means of effectually securing the place. The uncertainty however of your situation or the possibility of conveying this letter safely to you, prevents me from entering upon those parts of yours which relate to Business. I wish you success and happiness and am with real esteem etc.
Be pleased to make my Compliments to Genl. Scott and all the Gentlemen of the line.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 17, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit your Excellency a letter inclosed to me by Lt Colo Fleury which he informs me is to solicit from Congress a prolongation of his furlough.79 I have no doubt they will chearfully grant this indulgence to an officer whose services intitle him to every mark of consideration and I beg leave to add that their compliance will give me the greatest pleasure.
[Note 79: The original of Fleury's letter of March 1 from Versailles is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress and is indorsed by Charles Thomson: "Granted for 9 Months."]
I presume an extension of Nine months more will answer Colonel Fleury's purpose. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 17, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 15th: I shall be glad to be informed whether the Fleet mentioned by you, as having sailed on thursday last, consisted of armed ships or Merchant men, and if the former, their number, force, and destination.81 I am etc.82
[Note 81: Dayton replied (May 19): "I...should have been more explicit in the letter... had I not when I last had the pleasure of seeing your excellency given a particular account of the vessels laying at the hook, prepared for a cruize, of which the fleet I mentioned to have sailed on thursday were composed. From what I can since learn I suspect they were only intended to drive off and clear our privateers from their harbours." Dayton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 17, 1780.
Dear Sir: Be pleased to make immediate inquiry what number of the platform plank which were cut last fall and brought down the River still remain at Fishkill or West point, and give direction to Colo. Lewis83 to have the number made up to
[Note 83: Col. Morgan Lewis. He was deputy quartermaster general of the Northern Department.] 1000 of the proper length and thickness. General Schuyler thinks his Mills at Saratoga can furnish the deficiency. As this may be a matter of importance, request Colo. Lewis to have the plank cut and sent down as speedily as possible. I am &c.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, May 18, 1780.
Parole Carolina. Countersigns Don, Dee.
At a Division General Court martial May 10, 1780, whereof Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Weissenfells was president, Matthew Bell soldier in the 2nd. and James Hanly soldier in the 4th. New York regiments were tried for attempting to desert to the Enemy with their Arms and Accoutrements; also Lancaster Lighthall soldier in the 3d. New York regiment was tried at the same Court for attempting to desert to the Enemy with the Arms and accoutrements of another soldier.
The Court are of opinion that the Charges against Bell and Hanly are fully supported and that they are guilty of a Breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Articles of War:
They are further of opinion that the charge against Lighthall is supported except his taking the Arms and Accoutrements of another Soldier and that he is Guilty of a Breach of the Article and Section aforesaid and do sentence them all Three to be shot to death, upwards of two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 18, 1780.
My Lord: Colonel Craig of the 3d. Penna. Regiment has laid before me the Copy of a division Court Martial held by your order upon Joseph English for deserting from that Regiment and inlisting in Colo. Livingstons. I observe that your Lordship has disapproved the sentence (which found the prisoner guilty and ordered him to return to his former Regiment) upon a presumption that no Soldiers were inlisted for the War in the year 1776. By this I imagine your Lordship to have been unacquainted with a circumstance upon which the inlistments of a great number of the Pennsylvania troops depends. When the Army was new modelled in Sept. 1776, Commissioners were sent from Pennsylvania to Ticonderoga to arrange the Officers upon the new establishment, and to re-engage as many of the Soldiers as possible for the War, which was the term then fixed upon, tho' it was afterwards unhappily altered. English, Colo. Craig informs me, was among those reinlisted, but being left sick at Albany, as appears from old Muster Rolls, he inlisted into Livingstons.
From the foregoing state, your Lordship will, I am convinced, clearly see the propriety and necessity of ordering the Man to join Colo. Craig. I am etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 18, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I yesterday received your Obliging favor of the 10th Instant. From the great importance of the subject, I confess I am infinitely anxious myself about the issue of the operations against Charles Town, and wish most cordially that we had it in our power to pursue means which would certainly relieve it. The unhappy state of our finance is opposed to this and lays us under every embarrassment that can be conceived. If we could once get this in a more favourable train, our affairs would look up and we might do a Thousand things which are now utterly impracticable. I thank you very much for your suggestions with respect to the mode of giving succour in that Quarter and shall always be happy in the freest communication of your sentiments. The same had often been in my mind, and it would certainly be the most eligible way, if we were in circumstances to pursue it;86 but besides our distresses on the score of supplies, You will painfully recollect that this Winter and Spring have put a period to the service of no inconsiderable part of our Force. I also thank you for your attention to the Maryland Troops and for your endeavours to assist them. A melancholy consideration indeed, that we cannot move even a small detachment, however interesting the occasion, without the greatest difficulty and delay.
[Note 86: Wayne had suggested an operation against New York as the best means of relieving Charleston. He also stated: "Many Gentlemen [Delegates in Congress] in this place [Philadelphia] affect to be very Sanguine in the Defence of Charles Town, and remain in the most unworthy state of torpidity, waiting the Issue; whilst others are depressed or elevated (like the ebbing and flowing of the tide) upon the rect. of every piece of Intelligence, either of a gloomy or pleasing complexion; but an equal supiness pervades the whole, and when they are calling upon your Excellency for troops to send to the Southward, use no exertions to supply their places, or even to furnish provisions or other necessaries for those already on their march."-- Wayne to Washington, May 10, 1780. Wayne's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall be very happy to see You at Camp again and hope You will without hesitation resume your command in the Pennsylvania line. I know on a former occasion you had some difficulties on this head, but when you consider the point you will see the propriety of the measure. When I have the pleasure of seeing You, I shall talk with you more fully on the subject. I am etc.
P.S. I wish you to order the Gd. wch. went from hence by yr. order to rejoin their respective Corps.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison; the P.S. is in that of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 18, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 16th. acquainting me with your having resigned the Office of Commy. General of Forage, and of the necessity which you are under of repairing to Philada. before the 1st of June to settle the accounts of the department. Justice to you induces me to express my intire approbation of your conduct, so far as it has come under my notice, in the particular line of your duty, and to acknowledge that the army has at several times in very critical circumstances, derived great advantages from your activity and address in giving assistance to the Commissary's and Quarter Master's departments. Should you again incline to engage in the service under any new regulations which may take place, I can assure you that your re-appointment will be a measure highly agreeable to me. I feel myself obliged by your expressions of personal regard which is reciprocal. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 18, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have the happiness to inform your Excellency that the Marquis De La Fayette has brought the interesting intelligence of a French fleet and army which was to sail from France early in April for this Continent to cooperate with us. He is gone on to Congress and measures will it is to be hoped be immediately taken by them to put ourselves in a situation to derive the advantage from this succour, which with proper exertion we have a right to expect. You will be sensible that there will be a necessity for the concurrence of the Legislatures of the different states in providing men and supplies. As I am informed your Assembly is now sitting, and may probably be about rising; and as the determination of Congress may not arrive in time to prevent its adjournment, I have thought it proper to give this intimation in confidence that you may keep them together. If they once separate it will be impossible to reassemble them in time to answer our purposes; and it is of infinite importance that they should be assembled.
As this anticipates Congress it is of course only intended for your private information, and is not to be officially made use of to the Assembly.
In the intended cooperation, to whatever point it may be directed, we shall stand in need of all the Continental force we can collect. On this principle I wish to have the regiment at Fort Schuyler relieved, and shall be glad your Excellency will be pleased to order two hundred and fifty men, of the 800 raised by permission of Congress, as speedily as possible, to that post. I propose to leave Lt Colonel Van Dyck and some good sergeant in the garrison to arrange the new corps and perform the duties with vigilance and propriety. It is my wish that the officer who commands the 250 men should be inferior in rank to Lt Col Van Dyck as he is, [I am told, an attentive, diligent] officer and the command may be safely reposed in him. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, May 19, 1780.
Sir: I take the liberty of transmitting to your Excellency's care the inclosed Letters for Governor Rutledge. They are both on the same subject, and also contain Letters for Major General Lincoln. As they respect matters of an interesting nature, I wish them to go by Two Conveyances that there may be the greater chance of their getting to the Governor's hands, and the sooner this could take place the better. If there is no Express going or returning from Philadelphia to South Carolina, at this time, it may perhaps be best to send one of the dispatches by the first post. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. 20th: I am this morning informed from Elizabeth Town that on the 16 and 17 the 44th Regiment and some other Troops embarked at New York with several pieces of Heavy Cannon. The information says they were to sail yesterday under convoy of the Pearl and Thames Frigates and Two Sloops of 20 Guns; and that Hallifax and Cape Breton are their destination. The account adds that they have a good many Horse on board, which if true would seem to be opposed to their going to these places.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 19, 1780.
My Lord: You will perceive by the inclosed letter from General Maxwell that there is a great diversity of opinions respecting the proper position for the Brigade. I would ride down myself and view the different grounds, but I am engaged in business with the Committee of Congress. I would therefore wish your Lordship to go down again in the morning with Captain Rochefontaine and ultimately determine the matter. You are to keep two things in view, a position that will cover the Country, for which the Brigade was sent down; and a proper regard to its own security either from surprise or from an open attack. The people seem so exceedingly desirous of having it near Elizabeth Town, that I would gratify them as far as prudence would possibly admit. They cannot remain in the neighbourhood of the Town, without works of some kind, and yet from the uncertainty of their stay it does not appear worth while to throw up any of much cost or labor, or to destroy private property for the sake of a particular position. This must be the case, if the one generally approved, is fixed upon. It is an Orchard of Mr. De Harts.91 Something should be determined speedily, for the Troops in their present unsettled situation are neither safe, nor answering the purposes for which they were sent down. I am etc.
[Note 91: John(?) De Hart.]
Ps. I have instructed Genl. Maxwell on the subject of the person taken carrying Deserters from us to the Enemy.92
[Note 92: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
[Hd. Qrs, Morris Town, May 19, 1780.]
I impatiently wait my Dear Marquis to know the result of the arrangements you were to make with Congress. The time slides away so fast and we have so little before us, that every moment is infinitely precious and ought to be improved.
We talked of a Proclamation to the Canadians. If it is not already done, I think it ought not to be delayed. It should be in your own name, and have as much as possible an air of probability. Perhaps it will be more plausible to have two different kinds struck; one intimating to them that the arrival of a french fleet and army in the River St Lawrence, to cooperate with these states is to be expected [by the way of Rhode Island where they are to touch for to answr. some importt. purposes,] and dwelling on the happy opportunity it will afford them to renew their ancient friendships with France, by joining the allied arms and assisting to make Canada a part of the American confederation with all the privileges and advantages enjoyed by the other members; cautioning them by no means to aid the enemy in their preparations for defending the Province. The other proclamation should be drawn on the supposition of the fleet and army being already arrived, and should contain an animating invitation to arrange themselves under the allied banners. In both proclamations you should hold yourself up as a French and American officer charged both by the King of France and by Congress with a commission to address them upon the occasion. It may indeed be well to throw out an Idea that you are to command the corps of American troops destined to cooperate with the French armament. The more mystery in this business the better. It will get out and it ought to seem to be against our intention.93
[Note 93: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Benedict Arnold, June 4, 1780, post.]
In a memorandum you left with Col Hamilton, you mention pilots to be sent to Cape Henry to conduct the fleet to Rhode Island. This does not appear to me necessary; as there will be pilots ready at Rhode Island to take the fleet into the Harbour and every Navigator can answer the purpose to the entrance of the Port. If however you think it will be expected that pilots be ready at Cape Henry, you can apply to the Marine Committee who can easily provide them. I am with all Affection etc.
I forgot to observe that something might be addressed to the Savages. I mentioned to you when here the inserting a paragraph in the papers, somewhat to this effect. "We have it from good authority that the Marquis De La Fayette brings the important and agreeable intelligence of a very considerable naval and land force, intended to be sent by his Most Christian Majesty to the succour of these states, and that the Campaign will open with a combined operation against New York. This there is every reason to hope with proper exertions on our part will put a happy period to the war; nor can there be any room to doubt, that the glorious opportunity will be effectually improved. This instance of the friendship of our ally is a new claim to the lasting affection and gratitude of this Country. I think such a paragraph will be useful, [as the people will be roused by it, while the enemy by the address to the Canadians and other demonstrations pointing another way, may be distracted by attending to different objects and weakened.] You will Judge by appearances how far it may be agreeable to Congress.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 19, 1780.
Sir: I received yours of the 17th. by Capt. Rochefontaine. Was I not so taken up with the Committee of Congress now in Camp, I would ride down myself and endeavour to fix upon the most advantageous place and manner for your Brigade to encamp, so as to answer the purpose for which it was sent down and at the same time pay a proper attention to its security. I have therefore instructed Lord Stirling to go down in the Morning with the Engineer and upon a full view and consideration of matters to take such a position as shall, under all circumstances, appear most eligible.
I would have you inquire minutely whether any laws of the State, at present in force, provide for the punishment of persons taken for seducing soldiers to desert or conveying them to the enemy. If there are none such, I think you may safely bring the person you have in Custody, to trial as a spy found near your Camp. I am fully of opinion that much of our desertion is occasioned by Villains of this kind influencing our Soldiery. I am &c.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 19, 1780.
Sir: I have applied to His Excellency Governor Clinton to relieve your Regiment at Fort Schuyler, by a sufficient number of the 800 Militia to be taken into Continental pay for the defence of the Frontier, but as the post is very important, I have proposed that Colo. Van Dyck96 shall remain in command, retaining one or two Commissioned and a few good non Commissioned Officers to assist him. Captain Brown,97with his Company of Artillery, will remain in Garrison. Should the Governor accede to this proposal, you will take proper measures to draw your Regiment down to Albany as soon as the relief has arrived at the Fort. When it reaches Albany, be pleased to give me information and I will direct its further Route. I am etc.
[Note 96: Lieut. Col. Cornelius Van Dyke, of the First New York Regiment.]
[Note 97: Capt. William Brown, of the First Continental Artillery. He was appointed major in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
P.S. The Regiment may come immediately down as far as the Highlands.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th: reached me a few days ago. As C--junr, has totally declined and C--Senr seems to wish to do it, I think the intercourse may be dropped, more especially as from our present position the intelligence is so long getting to hand that it is of no use by the time it reaches me. I would however have you take an opportunity of informing the [elder C--] that we may have occasion for his services again in the course of the Summer and that I shall be glad to employ him if it should become necessary and he is willing.
I am endeavouring to open a communication with New York across Staten Island, but who are the agents in the City I do not know. I am &c.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by D. W. Richards, of New York City. In the draft, which is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, the words in brackets were inserted by Washington, whose capitalization is followed.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have the honor to forward You by Express, Two packets which have just been transmitted to my care by His Excellency the Minister, and the Consul of France. According to the Letters which accompanied these dispatches, they will announce to your Excellency the very generous and affectionate resolution of His Most Christian Majesty to send a Land and Naval Armament to cooperate with us, and that their arrival may be very soon expected. I most sincerely congratulate Your Excellency on this interesting event, which I hope, if we avail ourselves properly of it, as well as demonstrating his Majesty's wisdom and regard for us, will be attended with the most important and decisive advantages in our present struggle, and lead to the conclusion we so ardently wish; the establishment of our Independence and an Honourable peace. The Minister and the Consul are very anxious that there should be provided a supply of fresh provisions and Vegetables against the arrival of the fleet, which they seem to think will be at Rhode Island in the first instance, and that arrangements should take place with respect to some other matters. From the importance of the subject they entreat your Excellency's aid to put the business in an immediate and proper train, and influenced by the same opinion, and knowing from a happy experience your readiest disposition to promote the common cause wherever possible, I am confident that their requisition will meet, in every point, with your warmest and most strenuous support.
The Accounts received from Charles Town on our part, only come down to the 15th of April. The Enemy's Batteries had then been opened for some days, without any other effect than killing three privates and a Woman and Child, and firing one or Two Houses. It has however, been reported, that they have received advices in New York to the 1st and some say to the 3d Instant, and that matters had not then undergone any material change. It is certain the York papers to the 15th Instant are silent on Southern operations, which is conclusive with me, that they had nothing important in their favor to that period with respect to them. I have the Honor etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
[Note 3: Louis René Madeline Lavassor, Vicomte de La Touche-Tréville. He was a captain in the French Navy, and at this time commanding the French frigate Hermione at Boston.]
Morris Town, May 19, 1780.
Sir: I have the pleasure to transmit you a packet which was inclosed to me by the Marquis De La Fayette. He informs me that it contains permission for you to make a short cruise.4
[Note 4: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "in which I shall be very happy to hear of your success."]
The Marquis has inspired me with an opinion of your character from several details with which he has favoured me that gives me the fullest assurance you will do every thing in your power to merit success and I shall be particularly happy to hear you have met with it. The interest with which he speakes of you upon all occasions is an additional motive to those sentiments of perfect consideration with which I have the honor etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
May 19, 1780.
Sir: I execute with the greatest pleasure a commission with which the Marquis De La Fayette has done me the honor to charge me for you. Influenced by the double motive of complying with his desire and giving you a mark of the esteem with which the character I have heard of you has inspired me. It is to give you a detail of the enemy's naval force and disposition at New York. The last particular account we had of them was received about ten days since. The vessels of force then in the harbour were The Russel of 74; the Pearl of 32; the Thames 32; the Delight 28; the Delaware 28; the Galatea 28; and the Swift, brig of 14. These except two, the Pearl and another not known, sailed out of the Hook the 11th. instant. 'Tis said their destination was to escort the Thames, going to England with dispatches, clear of the coast and afterwards to cruise in quest of Paul Jones whose approach they have been some time expecting. There of course remain at New York only two frigates.
It appears to me probable that the destination supposed is the true one. In this case they will be likely to steer towards the Eastward, as they will naturally conjecture that Jones' squadron will make for an Eastern port. If so, in going out you may have occasion for all your vigilance not to fall into their hands.
It is possible they may be going towards the Southward. There are rumours in New York that the enemy intend to withdraw their troops from South Carolina in consequence of late European advices. This fleet may be sent to meet and assist in escorting them to New York, or it may be supposed that Jones will be bound for the Delaware.
I confess myself at a loss to draw any certain conclusion.
The Marquis requests me to add my Ideas of the manner in which you can indulge your inclination to be useful with the greatest prospect of success. Though I am a bad judge in affairs of this kind, I should freely hazard my opinion in compliance with his request, if I did not think the circumstances peculiarly unfavourable. I should apprehend you would run the greatest risk in cruising off New York, where you would have the best chance of doing something; on the other hand, you have not leisure to go any distance from the coast to endeavour to fall into the usual tract of vessels coming from England or Ireland to New York or going from the West Indies to those places; your time is too short to hope to effect any thing by such a plan.
You may just appear before the Hook and proceed directly towards the Capes of Virginia, or some other intermediate point between New York and Charles Town, in hopes of falling in with vessels passing from one of those ports to the other. This however would be a delicate manoeuvre and perhaps hardly justified by the probability of succeeding.
I venture these hints to justify the Marquis's desire and to prove to you how happy I should be to have it in my power to be useful to you. Your better judgment and the lights you can obtain where you are make them superfluous in any other view.
Accept the assurances of the perfect consideration and esteem etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is signed "A. H[amilton]."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, May 19, 1780.
Parole Delaware. Countersigns S., H.
The Manoeuvring Battalions to be formed tomorrow morning Six o clock precisely; Brigade Major of the second Pennsylvania Brigade to attend the formation &ca.
Clinton's and Hand's Brigades each give an Adjutant and Colors as before.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, May 20, 1780.
Parole Morocco. Countersigns Nantz, Nile.
Colonel Biddle being about to leave Camp requests the favor of the Gentlemen officers of the Army who have any Claims for keeping their own horses in forage to bring or send their Accompts, properly certified for settlement to his Office in Morristown in the course of the next Week that he may ascertain the Sums due and make Application for Money to discharge the same.
[Morris Town, May 20, 1780.]
I had written the inclosed my Dear Marquis previous to the receipt of yours of the 17th. which arrived late yesterday.7 The dispatches accompanying them for the Eastward were sent off before day this morning. Mr. Hamilton wrote to Captain De La Touche on the points you mention. I also wrote to him and to Governor Trumbull.
[Note 7: Lafayette's letter to Washington of May 17, mentioned above, is not found in the Washington Papers.]
The measures that have been taken are all evidently proper. The communication to Mr. Holker was necessary and can be attended with no inconvenience. I could wish that Gentleman might accompany you to camp. His knowledge of the country and intelligence in business, will enable him to be useful in the arrangements we shall have to make.
General Greene will give all the aid in his power in the article of waggons, or in any thing else in which it may be wanted [and his means extend].
I hope the sending the Committee will not be delayed a moment. The members appointed to draw the instructions are very good men. I shall be sorry, however, if General Schuyler is not of the Committee.8
[Note 8: The committee mentioned seems to be that on the memorial of the French Minister which had been appointed Jan. 26, 1780, as the letter to Washington from the President of Congress (May 20, 1780) inclosed resolves of January 31 and May 16 and 20; that of May 16 relating to Lafayette and those of May 20 relating to Lafayette and cooperation with the expected French armament. (See Journals of the Continental Congress of these dates.)]
The sooner the Chevalier can make it convenient to honor me with a visit, the better. His advice and concurrence in some points may be very important. Will you present my respects to him? [The enemy are embarking more Troops at N. Y and heavy Cannon, for, as it is said, Hallifax and Cape Breton.]
I send a letter with this to [halt]9 Lee's corps.
[Note 9: The word "recall" is crossed off.]
You will find that I have anticipated that part of your letter which relates to pilots for Cape Henry. You will act in this matter as you think proper.
As the post is just setting out I have not time to enlarge.
Finish your business as soon as you can and hasten home, for so I would always have you consider Head Quarters and my house.
Mrs. Washington sends you her affectionate compliments; the Gentlemen of the family theirs.
Believe me on all occasions with the greatest tenderness and sincerity, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to halt your Horse and Foot 'till further orders, wherever they may be when this reaches you. Should the Horse be in Philada. and it should be found difficult to subsist them there, you will consult the Board of War and remove them to any place which may be found more convenient in the neighbourhood. A very few days will probably determine whether you are to proceed further just now. I am &c.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 20, 1780.
Sir: I have this morning recd. yours without a date. If the embarkation mentioned by you is intended for Hallifax and Cape Breton I cannot conceive why it should partly consist of Horse, which will be in a manner useless at either of those places. I would therefore wish your emissary to make as minute inquiry as possible into their real destination; desire him also in every communication which he makes to be very particular in the number and force of the Vessels of War which remain in the Harbour, and what obstructions they have made at the entrance of the Harbour. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, May 21, 1780.
Parole Petersburgh. Countersigns O., G.
[Note 15: Lieut. Col. David Fithian Sill, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major, Stark s Brigade
[Note 16: Maj. Christopher Stuart (Stewart), of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in April, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.
On May 21 Harrison wrote to Capt. William Reily, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment, by direction of Washington, to continue his details of men at the Pluckemin and Baskingridge hospitals. A number of sick had succeeded in deserting after their recovery. Harrison's draft is in the Washington Papers.] and Talbot
Adjutants, 1 Pennsa. and Stark's brigades.
Colours as before; The Battalions to be form'd at Six o clocktomorrow A.M. Major Church to attend the Formation.
The Pennsylvania and Connecticutt divisions and Hand'sBrigade give the Morristown Guards and Fatigue the ensuingweek.
A General Court martial of the Line to sit tomorrow morning nine o clock at a hut lately occupied by Major Winder for the Trial of such persons as shall come before them; Colonel Gansevoort to preside: Lieutenant Colonel Wilier and Major James Moore, a Captain and one Sub, from the Pennsylvania division; Two Captains and a Sub from the Connecticut division; a Captain and a Sub from Hand's brigade; one Captain and one Sub, from Clinton's; and one Sub from Stark's to attend as Members.
To prevent in future an inconvenience and irregularity which the General is informed have frequently happened of late in sending part of the Morristown Guard to their Brigades who did not come properly supplied with provision in order to obtain Certificates from their Commissaries of their having provision due them that they might be furnish'd in Town; The Brigade Majors are previous to their men's going to the Grand parade to examine the State of their Provision and if they are not supplied they are to send the necessary Certificates from the Brigade Commissaries by the Adjutants of the Day, who will deliver them to the Officers of the Guards in which the Men are and which will be a Voucher for the Commissary in Town for charging the respective brigades with the Issues made in Consequence.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 22, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of Yesterday, and am glad to hear that you have lost none of your detachment by Desertion. With respect to the attempt which you are desirous of making against the party of the Enemy, who are establishing themselves at Bull's ferry,17 leave the matter with yourself, to act in it or not as circumstances may justify; but the enterprise should not be undertaken I think, without you have a very good and almost certain prospect both of succeeding in it and bringing off your Detachment safe afterwards. The most profound secrecy and the greatest rapidity in the execution of the business will be essential to give it the least chance of success. I am etc.18
[Note 17: The enterprise against Bull's Ferry was carried out by General Wayne, who reported upon it to Washington July 21, 1780. Wayne's letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Sparks's Correspondence of the American Revolution, vol. 3, p. 34.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, May 22, 1780.
Parole Denmark. Countersigns Got, Gaul.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 23, 1780.
Sir: We have had repeated accounts that a considerable Fleet has been seen off the Coast of Monmouth, but as none of them have been sufficiently accurate to determine whether it is really so, or whether if so, they are Friends or Enemies, the Marquis de la Fayette concludes to send down Colo. Jimat19 to the Coast to gain certain information. He will be at Brunswick tomorrow Morning by 10 OClock. You will therefore be pleased to make choice of an intelligent Officer of your
[Note 19: Col. Jean Joseph, Chevalier de Gimat (Jimat). He was aide to Lafayette.] Brigade, well acquainted in the County of Monmouth, to meet and accompany Colo. Jimat, and that they may be secure against the disaffected, you will be pleased to order a party of eight or ten Dragoons from Bedkins Corps if he can mount so many, and if not, to take some of the Militia Horse to make up the number. The Officer will keep an account of the Expense which he incurs upon this occasion and it shall be repaid him. Let the party be punctual to the time. I am &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 23, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Bearer the Chevalier de Fayolle is charged with dispatches for providence in Rhode Island of so much importance that it may be necessary for their speedy conveyance to change his Horses upon the Road. Should he have occasion to do this at Hatford, I must earnestly request you to use your influence to procure fresh Horses for him. I should not have put you to this trouble, but I am not certain whether any Quarter Master is established at Hartford, and the Chevalier being a stranger would not, in case there is none, have known to whom to apply. Should the public not be able to furnish Horses, and you put yourself to any expence upon that account, I will see you repaid. I am etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 23, 1780.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform Your Excellency in confidence, that a French fleet may be soon looked for on our Coast. The place where they will arrive is not certainly known, but they may probably come to Rhode Island. The Chevalier Fayole is charged with some dispatches for the Admiral, which is of great importance he should receive as soon as possible after his arrival. The Chevalier is also instructed to procure a sufficient number of skilful and faithful pilots to go on board the Fleet the moment they may arrive, and that there may not be the least possible delay in the business, He is to have a proper number of suitable Boats in readiness, in which they may proceed. Your Excellency I am persuaded will be impressed at the first instant with the importance of this event; and I take the liberty to recommend Mr. Fayole to your good Offices and to request that you will assist him in making the earliest provision of the Boats and pilots of the description I have mentioned, and in every other matter where he may require it. I have the Honor etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, May 23, 1780.
Parole Palermo. Countersigns P., B.
[Note 23: Lieut. Col. John Murray, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Brigade Major, 2d. Connecticut
For manoeuvring Lieutenant Colonels Commandant Butler and Hubley; Majors Trescott and Parr; Two Adjutants from the Connecticut Division; Colours as before; Brigade Major from Clinton's brigade to attend the Formation of the Manoeuvring Battalions Tomorrow Morning Six o'Clock.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 23 [--24], 1780.
Dear Sir: I am exceedingly sorry to learn by your favr. of the 19th: the distressed situation of your frontier, more especially at a time, when our attention will in all probability be called, in a great measure, to the operations upon the Coast. My confidential letter of the 18th will explain my meaning. By that you will perceive the impossibility, under present appearances and circumstances, of sparing any further force from the Continental Army to act in conjunction with the Militia. I imagine it will be scarcely deemed prudent to withdraw Col: Van Schaicks Regt. from Fort Schuyler except matters take an unexpected turn in that quarter, altho' the addition of so respectable a Corps would be very essential should the measures for which we are preparing be carried into execution. From the State of our Magazines here, and from your representation of the situation of matters above, I do not see how troops would be subsisted, supposing they could be spared. We are now upon half allowance of Meat and every now and then the troops are intirely without. Whether the emergency of the occasion, and the flattering prospect of putting an end to the War by one vigorous effort will induce the states to throw in extraordinary aids and supplies I cannot tell; but if such effects are not produced, or some means can be fallen upon to procure Money to enable the Commissaries and Quarter Masters to provide in the common mode, I do not know what may be the consequences. I have thought that as the peace of the whole Northern Frontier in a great measure depends upon checking the most dangerous Body of the enemy, which will act upon the Mohawk River, it might not be amiss for the Legislature of your State to call upon that of Massachusetts for an aid of Men from their Western Counties. They will shortly be informed of the necessity of assembling our whole Continental force to a point, and will therefore perhaps more readily come into the measure.
I am happy in knowing that your Excellency will attribute my refusal of your request to the true cause, inability. It is certainly to be lamented that we cannot oppose a sufficient force to every point upon which we are attacked, but that not being the case, prudence and policy both dictate the expediency of directing our efforts against the source from whence all ourdifficulties springs. I have the Honor &c.
24th May.
Since writing the foregoing I have been favd. with your Excellency's letter of the 21st. I at the same time recd. a letter from Colo Van Schaick, in which he mentions the critical situation of Fort Schuyler for want of provision, there not being more as he informs me than one month's supply in the Garrison by the last Return. This is a matter of so much importance that every measure ought to be fallen upon to give Relief. Genl. Schuyler informs me of a parcel of Corn in the possession of Colo. Lewis; I shall direct Colo. Van Schaick to endeavour to get it thrown into the Fort. As to Salt Meat, which is the only kind which is proper I know not from whence it is to come. We have so totally exhausted the Continental Stock, that the Commy Genl. has been obliged to borrow three hundred Barrels from private Gentlemen in Philada. to endeavour to support the Army until Grass Cattle can be brought from New England. The Garrison at West Point are, if possible, in a worse situation than we are here. I am confident that your Excellency and the Legislature will, considering the importance of Fort Schuyler, and the inability to afford any present relief from the Continental Magazines, take every possible step to throw in a supply. I shall not draw down Van Schaicks Regt. until we see further into the State of matters to the Westward.
I am infinitely obliged by your ready promise to concur with any requisitions which may be made to your state, should our expected co-operation be carried into execution. A Committee of Congress appointed for the purpose of calling upon the States for what supplies may be deemed necessary upon such an occasion are now in Camp; You may therefore expect to hear from them upon the subject in a few days. I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Headquarters, Morristown, Wednesday, May 24, 1780.
Parole Egypt. Countersigns L., Merk
Tomorrow each regiment must make a return of Arms and Accoutrements wanting; No Arms to be delivered to Waggoners, Waiters of the General Field or Staff officers but only to those men who are to appear in Action. Eight Musquets without Bayonets to be deliver'd to each regiment for the Camp colour men.
These returns must be signed by the Colonels or officers commanding Battalions and countersigned by the regimental Quarter masters and delivered to the Brigade Inspectors who are to digest them into a Brigade Return and sign it. They are then to be delivered to the brigade Conductors who are to present them to the General of Artillery for an order for their delivery on the Field Commissary. After the Brigade Conductor shall have received the Stores from the field Commissary he is to deliver them to the regimental Quarter masters according to the Returns who are to receipt to the Conductors for them.
Previous to the reception of the new Arms and Accoutrements all the old Arms and Accoutrements in possession of the regiments or brigade Conductors must be delivered to the Field Commissary of Military stores and the Colonels and Commanding officers of Battalions are to be responsible that all the damaged and spare Arms and Accoutrements are delivered in, and Arms and Accoutrements be retained for the men only.
At a Brigade General Court martial whereof Major Reid was President the 13th. instant, Corporal Thomas Clark of the 4th. and Thomas Calvin of the 11th. Pennsylvania regiments were tried for attempting to desert to the Enemy with their Arms.
The Court are of opinion that they are Guilty, being breach of the 1st. Article 6th. section of the Articles of War (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing) and sentence them to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the Sentence.
[Note 25: Philip Schuyler, John Mathews, and Nathaniel Peabody.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 24, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have considered the powers vested in you by the Resolution of Congress of the 19th Instt.26 The importance
[Note 26: See Journals of the Continental Congress of that date for drawing out the supplies for the Army.] of taking every step on the surest ground induces me to request your opinion of the competency of these powers to the objects they are intended to answer, and whether you think they will enable you as far as is practicable in our circumstances, to draw forth the resources of the Country. If you should be of opinion they are not, I entreat you will have the goodness to point out in what they appear to you to be defective, and what alterations or additions may be necessary to render them as far as possible adequate to the emergency. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 27: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 24, 1780.
Sir: I have received yours of the 19th: inclosing Copies of several letters from Gentlemen upon the frontier expressing their apprehensions of danger from the incursions of the enemy. Under present appearances and circumstances I have determined not to draw your Regt. from Fort Schuyler, and I cannot but hope that by their remaining there, and the cover which will be afforded by the 800 Militia when embodied and properly disposed, the people will be encouraged to stay at home and give occasional succour. The supply of the Garrison of Fort Schuyler is so essential a matter that I have wrote pressingly to Governor Clinton upon the subject; pointed out to him the exhausted state of the Continental Magazines, and requested him to leave no means untried to raise and throw in a supply. General Schuyler informs me that there is a parcel of Corn near Albany under the direction of Colo. Lewis. You will be pleased to call upon him for it, and endeavour to have it, as speedily as possible sent up to the Fort. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 29: The draft adds "who is to accompany Colo. Jimat to Monmouth."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 24, 1780.
Sir: You are to accompany Colo. Jimat to the County of Monmouth and to such parts of the Coast as he may find occasion to visit. You are, I imagine, well apprized of the disaffection of many of the inhabitants in that Quarter and of the necessity which there will be of guarding against any attempts of theirs to take you off. It may perhaps add to your security if you can prevail upon some of the well affected Gentlemen of the Country to accompany you whenever you ride towards the shore. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 24, 1780.
A French fleet and army may possibly arrive in a short time at Rhode Island. At the request of Mr. De Corné,31 Commissary of War to His Most Christian Majesty (wishing to make previous to their arrival the necessary provision of hospitals and refreshments for the sick) I am to desire you will without delay proceed to Providence in the State of Rhode Island, and undertake the care of this business.
[Note 31: Louis Dominique Ethis de Corny. He was Commissary of War for the French Army in America.]
The objects that demand your attention are these: to provide one or more convenient buildings for the reception of the sick belonging to the fleet and army which you will estimate at about twelve to fifteen hundred. They must have appartments sufficient to contain these without crouding them, and so as to admit a separate distribution and treatment of each particular disease. They must have an airy and salubrious situation; be contiguous to each other, if possible; have yards and gardens, admitting communication from one to the other, so as to unite and facilitate the service.
Independent of the apartments for the sick, there must be one or more kitchens; an apothecary's shop; a magazine for drugs and remedies; an oven; a bakery; a deposit for the provisions; lodgings for the director surgeons Physicians and others employed with them; a Magazine near for the effects of the Hospital and in short all the conveniences that may promote this interesting service.
You will have provided such a number of oxen sheep poultry and vegetables as you deem necessary for the first demands of the Hospital. I give you a letter for Governor Greene to furnish you with whatever aid you may want; you will make him an estimate and inform him to what extent his assistance will be requisite.
I rely on your judgment prudence and activity that all these arrangements will be made in the best manner circumstances will permit, and in a manner satisfactory to those for whose benefit they are intended. You know how much we owe to our allies and what claims they have upon our gratitude and affection for a reciprocity of good offices.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 24, 1780.
Sir: Captain Roche Fontaine will have the honor of presenting this Letter to Your Excellency. He is charged with dispatches for the French Admiral and is on business of the same nature with that mentioned in my Letter of Yesterday by the Chevalier Fayole. I request that your Excellency will give him every assistance which may be necessary to facilitate the purposes of His Commission. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Capri Roche Fontaine will be stationed at Seconnet where it will be necessary for him to have some boats and pilots under his direction. I have written to Major Perkins in case the Artillery and Stores are not removed from Providence to let them remain there for the present.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
"If the Continental Artillery and Stores should not have been removed from Providence when this reaches you, you will be pleased to let them remain 'till further orders."-- Washington to Maj. William Perkins, May 24, 1780. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Morris-Town, May 25, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 22d. came safe. The reduced state of our Brigades; the deranged situation of the Troops in consequence of it, and the accumulated distresses under which we labour from a variety of causes, renders it difficult for me, at this moment, to digest any plan of formation, and to make a disposition for the Campaign, that is pleasing and satisfactory to myself.
When I am able to do these, you may rest satisfied that so far as your wishes, and the public interest comports, my inclination will assist the first. More than this you having been pleased to assure me you do not desire, I cannot but thank you for the expression of it, as a contrary sentiment could not fail of adding to the perplexities of a mind already loaded with a thousand embarrassments.34
[Note 34: Howe had asked to be relieved from the command of West Point and assigned to active field duty.]
I should have been more full, and free, in my communications on this subject, and in some other important matters, if time would allow me; rather, if I durst run the hazard of a miscarriage of my letter. I cannot forbear adding however, that I am sollicitous about the Gabions, Fascines, and scantling for Platforms, as mentioned in my letter of this date, and that it is my earnest wish, that as many hands, and as much time as you can well spare, may be employed in this business. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 25, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have this minute received Your Letter respecting the Marquiss de la Fayette and Monsr Corny's request that you will employ the Continental Agents and such Others as you may think necessary to procure Waggons and Draft and Saddle Horses for the French Army and wishing to know whether it would be approved by me. The measure is certainly necessary and it will have my approbation. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, May 25, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received Your Two favors of the 22nd. Instant.36 The distresses of the Troops under yr Comd give me great pain and what adds to it is, I have it not in my power to administer to their relief. Our situation here is equally melancholy, for the Troops on several days have been intirely without meat, and at best on half and quarter allowance for a considerable time. I very sincerely hope that you will derive
[Note 36: Both letters are in the Washington Papers.] support from Connecticut, in consequence of your Letter and the Representation which would be made by Colo Hay. With respect to the Flour ordered to the North River, I find on inquiry, it has been stopped at Springfield for want of the means of transportation. Colo Stewart the Issuing Commissary set out yesterday to get it in motion again if possible. If this difficulty can be surmounted, a further supply shall be attempted. On account of the deranged state of finance and the total want of money, every thing is almost at a stand.
If You can spare any Men for the purpose, I wish you to employ them in making fascines and Gabions. The nearer they can be made to the River the better. I fear we shall find but a bad account of those which were prepared on the Sound; but even if this should not be the case, we ought to provide a considerable number.
I thank You for your intelligence. A variety of reports of the same nature with respect to Sir Henry Clintons raising the seige of Charles town, and returning have been received through other Channels. How far they are to be depended on, I cannot determine; but it seems beyond doubt that the Enemy are under great anxiety about something. I have had no official accounts from Charles Town myself since the 9th of April; but Letters have been received by Gentlemen from their Friends in the Country, as low down as the 24th mentioning that the Enemy seemed to be turning the siege into a Blockade.
I am pained to find that the spirit of resigning still prevails in the Massachusetts line. A day scarcely passes without one or more applications on this head. This conduct at this time is very disreputable to those who practice it, unless in cases of very pressing necessity and cannot but be injurious to the service. If the same disposition should continue when we come to act in the Field, there will not be Officers to command the Men. I wish you to speak to the Brigadiers and Field Officers on the subject who I am persuaded will use their influence to prevent so disagreeable and pernicious a practice. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On May 25 Richard Kidder Meade, by direction of Washington, wrote to William Langbourne, aide de camp to Howe, respecting the resignations of Capt. Peter Page, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment; Ensign William Rawson, of the First Rhode Island Regiment; Ensign John Starbird (Starbord), of the First Massachusetts Regiment; and an Ensign Page. "You will be pleased to inform these Gentn. that the General cannot help expressing his extreme concern at the consequences that must follow such frequent resignations." Meade's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 25, 1780.
Sir: Besides the Corn mentioned in my Letter of Yesterday under the direction of Colo Lewis, which I desired you to have sent up to Fort Schuyler as soon as possible, I have directed the Issuing Commissary Colo Stewart to forward a Hundred Barrels of flour from hence without delay to New Windsor, to be conveyed from thence by Colo Hay to Albany to your care. This is intended as a farther supply for Fort Schuyler, and I request that you will apply to the Quarter Master and exert every practicable means in concert with him to have it thrown into the Garrison without a moments loss of time. From the unhappy state of our Provision Magazine, it is essential that great oeconomy should be used at that post to lengthen out the Supplies, and the Troops, to save the Salt provision which should be kept for a case of emergency, should draw as far and as long as circumstances will possibly permit, support from the Country. This I should hope and suppose may be done while ever the Country is open, and it certainly ought, as in case of an investiture of the post there will be nothing to rely on but the Salt provision. I will if possible, have a small supply of this sent to your care to be forwarded also to the Garrison with every practicable degree of expedition. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 25, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Since I wrote requesting You to join me at this Camp, some events have taken place, which will make it necessary for me to alter the arrangements I then had in contemplation. This being the case, you will be pleased to remain for the present where you are, 'till you hear from me. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Morris-Town, May 25, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have attentively considered the circular letter to the different States40 which you did me the honor to communicate for my perusal, and I am happy to find, that my ideas perfectly correspond with those of the Committee.
The view they have given of our situation is just, full and explicit; The measures they have recommended are well adapted to the emergency and of indispensable necessity. I very freely give it as my opinion, that unless they are carried into execution in the fullest extent and with the greatest decision and rapidity, it will be impossible for us to undertake the intended co-operation with any reasonable prospect of success.
[Note 40: A copy of the Committee's circular to the States from New Hampshire to Virginia, inclusive, is dated May 25, 1780, and is in the Washington Papers.]
The consequences you have well delineated. The succour designed for our benefit will prove a serious misfortune; and instead of rescuing us from the embarrassments we experience and from the danger with which we are threatened will in all probability, precipitate our ruin. Drained and Weakened as we already are, the exertions we shall make, though they may be too imperfect to secure success, will at any rate be such as to leave us in a state of relaxation and debility, from which it will be difficult if not impracticable to recover. The Country exhausted; The people dispirited; the consequence and reputation of these States in Europe sunk; Our friends chagrined and discouraged; our Enemies deriving new credit, new confidence, new resources.
We have not, nor ought we to wish an alternative. The Court of France has done so much for us, that we must make a decisive effort on our part. Our situation demands it; 'tis expected. We have the means to success without some unforeseen accident, and it only remains to employ them. But the conjuncture requires all our wisdom and all our energy. Such is the present state of this Country, that the utmost exertion of its resources, though equal, is not more than equal to the object and our measures must be so taken as to call them into immediate and full effect.
There is only one thing, I should have been happy the committee had thought proper to take up on a larger scale. I mean the supply of Men by Draught. Instead of compleating the deficiencies of the quotas assigned by the resolution of Congress of the 9th, of February last, it would in my apprehension be of the greatest importance, that the respective States should fill their Battalions to their complement of five hundred and four rank and file. Considering the different possible dispositions of the enemy and the different possible operations on our part, we ought not to have less than Twenty thousand Continental efficient troops. The whole number of Battalions from New Hampshire to Pensylvania inclusive, if complete would not amount to this force. The total would be twenty three thousand One hundred and eighty four rank and file, from which the customary deductions being made, there will not remain more than about Eighteen thousand fit for the Service of the field. To this may be added the remainder of the Sixteen Regiments41 amounting to about one thousand.
Unless the principal part of the force be composed of men regularly organized, and on the continuance of whose Services we can rely, nothing decisive can be attempted. The Militia are too precarious a dependance to justify such an attempt, where they form a material part of the plan. Militia cannot have the necessary habits nor the consistency, either for an assault or a Seige. In employing them essentially, we should run a risk of being abandoned, in the most critical moments. The expence and the consumption of Provisions and Stores (which we are bound by every motive to oeconomise) will be very considerably increased. As we should not be able to keep the same body in the field during the whole campaign, we should a great part of the time have a double set of men to pay and feed, those in actual service, those on the March to relieve them or returning home when relieved. The operations of husbandry will suffer in proportion.
[Note 41: The Sixteen Additional Continental regiments.]
The mode by Draught is, I am persuaded the only efficacious one to obtain men, it appears to me certain, that it is the only one to obtain them in time, nor can the period, you have appointed for bringing them into the field be delayed without defeating the object. I have little doubt, that at any time, and much less at the present juncture, the powers of government exerted with confidence will be equal to the purpose of Draughting. The hopes of the people elevated by the prospects before them will induce a chearful compliance, with this and all the other measures of vigor, which have been recommended, and which the exigency requires.
Notwithstanding the extension of the Draught which I have taken the liberty to advise, occasional aids of Militia will be still wanted, but in much less number in this case than in the other.
I have entire confidence that the respective Legislatures will be fully impressed with the importance and delicacy of the present juncture, and will second the views of the Committee by the most speedy and vigorous efforts. With every sentiment of respect etc.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 25, 1780.
Sir: Doctor Craick, Assistant Director Genl. of the Hospitals in our Army, will have the honor of delivering this Letter to Your Excellency. This Gentleman comes to Providence to provide Hospitals and such refreshments as may be wanted in the first instance for the Sick, which may be on board the Fleet of His Most Christian Majesty when it arrives. The Doctor will consult with your Excellency about the Houses which will be necessary and proper upon the occasion, and on the best mode of obtaining the refreshments which he may think it essential to provide. He will stand very materially in need of your good Offices in this interesting business, and in a particular manner will want the assistance of the State, either to advance him money or their credit for laying in the requisite supplies. This I am persuaded they will most readily give him from an earnest desire to afford every possible comfort and accomodation to the Sick of Our Good and Great Ally, who have the strongest claim to our attention and generosity. Your Excellency will be pleased to have the Accounts of the disbursements incurred on the occasion kept in a clear and particular manner, which will be punctually paid by Monsieur Corné, Commissary at War to His Most Christian Majesty, or Mr. Danmour42 his
[Note 42: Chevalier D'Anmours, Consul of France.] Consul, in Gold and Silver or in Bills of Exchange on France, on their arrival at Providence. One of these Gentlemen will be there in a short time. I have the Honor etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 25, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Since my Letter of the 23d and 24th which accompanies this, I have also directed the Issuing Commissary Colo Stewart, to forward a Hundred Barrels of flour from hence without delay to New Windsor to be conveyed from thence by Colo Hay to Albany to Colo Van Schaick, as a farther supply for Fort Schuyler. I hope it will not be long before it arrives at Albany, from whence I have requested Colo Van Schaick to exert himself in concert with the Quarter Master, to have it sent to the Garrison with the greatest possible expedition. Perhaps it may be in Your Excellency's power to facilitate the transportation in some degree, and if it should I am confident it will be done. I should be happy if we could throw a hundred or more Barrels of Salt provision into the Garrison, but as I mentioned in my Letter of the 23d and 24th, I do not know from whence it is to come. I have found, however, on inquiry of Colo Stewart, that he believes from Letters in his possession, there is a quantity belonging to the public in Connecticut. He does not know the places of deposit, but imagines these can be ascertained either by Mr Nathaniel Stevens, an Assistant Issuing Commissary at Fish Kills or by Mr Peter Colt, who was in the purchasing department at Hartford. I inclose Your Excellency an Order for a Hundred Barrels, wherever it may be found, and from the Unhappy, thrice unhappy state of our finance and Quarter Master's department, must leave it with You to devise the means of getting it to Albany and to have it forwarded from thence to the Garrison. I confide in Your Excellency's goodness to excuse the trouble I give you on this occasion, which nothing but the cause I have mentioned should have induced me to have offered. I have the Honor etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It is followed by drafts of the orders referred to, to wit: "One Hundred Barrels of Salt Provision (beef or Pork) are to be delivered to the Order of His Excellency Govr Clinton whenever demanded, for the use of the Garrison at Fort Schuyler, by Any Commissary or Commissaries or other public Agent of the United States having the same in the State of Connecticut." and "His Excellency Governor Clinton having received my Order on any Commissary or Commissaries or public Agent of the United States having provision in their hands in the State of Connecticut, for One Hundred Barrels of Beef or pork, to be furnished for the use of the Garrison of Fort Schuyler. I request that the several quarter Masters will exert themselves as far as possible, in forwarding the transportation of the same."]
Morris-Town, May 25, 1780.
Madam: It gives me sincere pain to inform you that I cannot comply with the request contained in your letter of this date.45 In consenting to Mrs. Ogdens coming out in the first instance, the feelings of humanity, and not my powers were consulted; the latter were exceeded. I was prompted to the measure from the peculiar situation in which you were represented to be, at the time.
[Note 45: Nicholas Hoffman was a Tory refugee from Morris County, N. J., in New York City, whom Mrs. Hoffman wished might be allowed to come to Baskingridge.]
This I thought might justify a permission which I had refused to hundreds, but the occasion having happily ceased in your recovery I have nothing to authorize the Indulgence. It must come from the authority of the State. and if it is their pleasure to grant it at this, or any other time, I shall be happy in facilitating an interview, which you so earnestly desire, so far as it may depend on me. I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, May 25, 1780.
Parole Finland. Countersigns Pope, Port.
The Criminals now under Sentence of death are to be executed tomorrow morning46 Eleven o'clock near the Grand parade: Fifty men properly officered from each brigade to attend. The Camp colour men from the Pennsylvania, Connecticutt and York Lines under the direction of a Serjeant from each to dig the Graves this afternoon.
[Note 46: These criminals were pardoned the next day (May 26) by a proclamation of the Commander in Chief. Those named in the proclamation were'. Emanuel Evans, private, of the Third New Jersey Regiment; Cornelius Nix, private, of the First New Jersey Regiment; Thomas Brown, private, of the Second New Jersey Regiment; Joseph Infelt and John Earhart, privates, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment; Matthew Bell, private, of the Second New York Regiment; James Hanly (Hanby), of the Fourth New York Regiment; Lancaster Lighthall, of the Third New York Regiment; Thomas Clark, corporal, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment; and Thomas Calvin, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment. The proclamation is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, May 26, 1780.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Parker, Byles.
For manoeuvring tomorrow Colonels Livingston and Johnston, Lieutenant Colonels Sumner47 and Hay; Adjutants from the 2nd Pennsylvania and Hand's Brigades. Colours as usual. Brigade Major Bradford48 to attend the Formation &ca. The
[Note 47: Lieut. Col. John Sumner, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment. He was retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 48: Maj. William Bradford.] Battalions to be formed on the Grand Parade at Six o clock in the Morng.
Four Battalions are to manoeuvre next Monday on the Common near Colonel Abeel's:49 Manoeuvring Officers Colonels Courtlandt, Ganzevoort, Jackson and Angell; Lieutenant Colonels Willet, Robinson, Mentgez and Huntington: They are to be formed on the Ground at 7 o clock precisely; Eight pieces of Artillery are to be annexed to these Battalions. The manoeuvring officers of the four battalions and the one to command the artillery are to attend the Exercise tomorrow morng.
[Note 49: Col. James Abeel, Deputy Quartermaster General.]
Clinton's Stark's and the Connecticut brigades each give an Adjutant for these Battalions. Colours from the 1st. Pennsylvania, Clinton's, Stark's, and the 2nd. Connecticutt Brigades.
A Trusty Corporal from Stark's Brigade and a trusty soldier from each of the other Brigades to parade tomorrow on the Grand Parade with their Packs and Blankets and from thence to be sent to Commissary Gamble's; They will remain on duty 'till their regiments move from this Ground.
The Courts martial are to adjourn over to next Tuesday and the Officers composing them to have the privelege of joining their Battalions if next for manoeuvring duty.
Guards the same as this day.
AFTER ORDERS
Colonel Meigs is appointed to Command one of the manoeuvring Battalions vice Colonel Johnston indisposed.
Head Quarters, May 26, 1780.
Sir: I wish you to write to Providence for a return of the number of Boats there and their condition; also to direct that they may be put in order without loss of time. Doctor Craick who is going to that quarter will afford you an opportunity of writing. You will likewise be pleased to give the same directions respecting those in Connecticut and Delaware Rivers. I am &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, May 26, 1780.
Sir: I am exceedingly happy to hear that matters are again reduced to a state of tranquility in the Brigade under your command.51 I am very much obliged to you for your exertions upon the first appearance of a proceeding of so dangerous a nature and for your conduct throughout the whole of it. Mutiny as you very properly observe cannot in any case be justified; but still if the Commissaries have in any degree, by a partiality of issues given any ground of complaint, they shall be called to an account and made to answer for it.52 I am &c.53
[Note 51: The First Connecticut Brigade.]
[Note 52: Colonel Meig's letter of May 26, 1780, describing the mutiny, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, May 26, 1780.
Dr Sir: We are in a situation of extremity for want of meat. The Troops on several days have been entirely destitute of any, and for a considerable time past they have been at best at half, at quarter, at an Eighth allowance of this essential Article. This distress produced a mutiny last night in the Connecticut line. I entreat Your best and every exertion to give us relief. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, May 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have requested Colo Stewart, the Issuing Commissary, to forward without delay a Hundred Barrels of flour from hence to New Windsor. This is intended as a supply for Fort Schuyler, where it is of infinite importance it should arrive as soon as possible. I request that you will use your best exertions to have it conveyed to Albany to Colo Van Schaick with the greatest expedition. I have written to him upon the subject, and hope that he and Colo Lewis in concert, will find means of getting it to the Garrison immediately after it arrives. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 26, 1780.
My dear Sir: It is with infinite pain I inform You, that we are reduced to a situation of extremity for want of meat. On several days of late the Troops have been entirely destitute of any, and for a considerable time past they have been at best, at a half, a quarter, an Eighth allowance of this essential Article of provision. The men have borne their distress with a firmness and patience never exceeded, and every possible praise is due the Officers for encouraging them to it, by precept, by exhortation, by example. But there are certain bounds, beyond which it is impossible for Human nature to go. We are arrived at these. The want of provision last night produced a mutiny in the Army of a very alarming kind. Two Regiments of the Connecticut line got under Arms and but for the timely notice and exertions of their [Officers],56 it is most likely it
[Note 56: The word "Officers" was unintentionally omitted and is supplied from the draft.] would have been the case with the whole, with a determination to return home. After a long expostulation by their Officers and Some of the Pennsylvania line who had come to their assistance, they were prevailed on to go into their Huts. But this without relief can only be momentary. I will not dwell longer upon this melancholy subject, being fully convinced that Your Excellency will hasten to us every possible relief in your power. I am etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 27, 1780.
Sir: I duly received Your Letter of the 21st Inst. I have only to entreat your every possible exertion to procure and forward on all the Cattle you can with the greatest expedition. The Troops have been greatly distressed for want of supplies, which at length has been attended with some very disagreeable consequences. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 27, 1780.
Dr Sir: From the opinion I entertained of your services I was sorry to hear in the first instance when the matter was communicated to me, that You were about to leave the Army and had actually resigned your Commission to the Quarter Master General. An event is soon to take place which will still encrease my concern on this head. We have every reason to expect, that an Armament composed of Land and Sea forces will soon arrive from France in these States, to cooperate with us against the Common enemy. The Department you filled is a very important one, and on a proper discharge of its duties, our abilities to move in case of Active operations, will greatly depend. I should therefore be happy if you would remain in it, as from your experience, activity and intire knowledge of our resources in the line of it I am persuaded, the public service would derive many great advantages at this interesting juncture. But I find on recurring to your Letter of the 16 Instat by which you communicated your resignation, that you are to be in Philadelphia on the call of the Honble: the Board of Treasury by the 1st of June. If you consent to remain and on which point I request your answer, I will take occasion to write by You to the Board and inform them of my wishes for your earliest return. In this event I shall consider your stay at Philadelphia as rather unlucky however short, as we have not a moment to spare in concerting our Arrangements.59 I am etc.60
[Note 59: Biddle answered (May 28) that in the event of a French cooperation he would willingly remain in the service as long as necessary. Biddle's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 27, 1780.
Gentn: I had yesterday the honor to receive Your Letter of the 22d Instant. The exertions of the Board to relieve our distresses and the good Offices of the Merchants were most timely. The Army never stood in greater need of them. On several days the Troops have been intirely destitute of provision of this kind, and at best they have only received for a considerable time past, but an Eighth, a Quarter, a Half allowance. They have borne their distress with the greatest patience, and every thing is due the Officers for encouraging them to it, both by exhortation and example. On Thursday night however Two Regiments mutinied, but after several expostulations and exertions by the Officers of their line and some Others who come to their assistance they returned to their Huts. Such reiterated, Such a constant series of distresses cannot but have the most pernicious consequences. I request the favor of the Board to forward the inclosed to Colo. Blaine, by which he is urged to push on every possible relief of Cattle in his power to procure. I have the Honor etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 27, 1780.
Sir: It is with infinite pain I inform Congress, that we are reduced again to a situation of extremity for want of meat. On several days of late, the Troops have been entirely destitute of any, and for a considerable time past they have been at best, at half, a quarter, an Eighth allowance of this essential article of provision. The men have borne their distress in general with a firmness and patience never exceeded, and every commendation is due the Officers for encouraging them to it, by exhortation and example. They have suffered equally with the Men, and, their relative situations considered, rather more. But such reiterated, constant instances of want are too much for the Soldiery, and cannot but lead to alarming consequences. Accordingly Two Regiments of the Connecticut line mutinied and got under Arms on Thursday night, and but for the timely exertions of some of their Officers who got notice of it, it might have been the case with the whole, with a determination to return home, or at best to gain subsistence at the point of the bayonet. After a good deal of expostulation by their Officers and some of the Pennsylvania line who had come to their Assistance, after parading their Regiments upon the occasion, the Men were prevailed on to go to their Huts; but a few nevertheless turned out again with their packs, who are now confined. Colo Meigs who acted with great propriety in endeavouring to suppress the mutiny was struck by one of the Soldiers. I wish our situation was better with respect to provision in other quarters; but it is not. They are in as great distress at West point to the full, and by a Letter of the 19th from Colo Van Schaick at Albany, he informs me, that the Garrison of Fort Schuyler had then only a month's supply on hand, and that there was no more provision to send them. From this detail Congress will see how distressing our situation is; but there are other matters which still continue to render it more alarming.
By advices received from prisoners who escaped from Montreal about the last of April, and some who escaped from other parts of Canada, the Enemy were assembling a considerable force at Montreal, composed of Regulars, Tories and Savages, and making preparations of Cannon &c for an expedition against Fort Schuyler, on which they were to set out the 15th Instant. How far this may really be the case I cannot determine, but by a Letter received to day by Genl. Schuyler from His Excellency Governor Clinton, dated at Kingston the 23d, Sir John Johnston had penetrated into the Country with Five hundred Men as far as Johnstown, and seemed to be taking post. If a force is coming against Fort Schuyler, and which it is to be apprehended is the case to justify this measure, the manoeuvre must be intended to prevent supplies of provision (supposing we had them) from being thrown into the Garrison. In consequence of this disagreeable intelligence, I have determined if it can possibly be done, to put the York Troops in motion for the North River and embark them for Albany, from whence they will proceed and act as circumstances will admit and require. What they will do for provisions I know not, as we have none; and as the great exertions of the state for the support of the Army last year, and that part of it which lies at the Highland posts till the present time, added to the shortness and bad quality of their crops, with the destruction of several of their Frontier settlements, have drained the Inhabitants to the distress of their families. I am now entreated in the most pressing terms, to send on flour to supply the Troops at West Point, and from the fullest persuasion of the inability of the State of New York to do more than she has already. I was compelled two days ago to order a Hundred Barrels of flour to be forwarded from hence even for the Troops at Fort Schuyler.
Nothing is further from my wishes than to add in the smallest degree to the distresses or embarrassments of Congress upon any occasion, and more particularly on one, where I have every reason to fear they have it not in their power to administer the least relief. Duty however compels me to add one matter more to those I have already detailed. I have been informed by the Two Colonels of the Pennsylva. line in whom I have the utmost confidence, who were called to assist Colo. Meigs to suppress the mutiny on Thursday night, that in the course of their expostulations, the troops very pointedly mentioned besides their distresses for provision, their not being paid for Five months; and, what is of a still more serious and delicate nature in our present circumstances, they mentioned the great depreciation of the Money, it's being of little or no value at all, and yet if they should be paid, that it would be in this way and according to the usual amount, without an adequate allowance for the depreciation. They were reasoned with, and every argument used that these Gentlemen and Colo Meigs could devise, either to interest their pride or their passions; they were reminded of their past good conduct; of the late assurances of Congress; of the Objects for which they were contending; but their answer was, their sufferings were too great; that they wanted present relief, and some present substantial recompence for their service. This matter I confess, tho' I have heard of no further uneasiness among the Men, has given me infinitely more concern than any thing that has ever happened, and strikes me as the most important; because We have no means at this time that I know of, for paying the Troops but in Continental money, and as it is evidently impracticable from the immense quantity it would require, to pay them in this as much as would make up the depreciation. Every possible means in my power will be directed on this and on all occasions, as they ever have been, to preserve order and promote the public service; but in such an accumulation of distresses, amidst such a varicty of embarrassments which surround us on all sides, this will be found at least extremely difficult. If the Troops could only be comfortably supplied with provisions, it would be a great point, and such as would with the event we expect soon to take place, the arrival of the Armament from France to our succour, make them forget, or at least forego, many matters which make a part of their anxiety and present complaints. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. I was duly honoured with Your Excellency's dispatches of the 20th by favor of the Marquis de La Fayette and shall consider, and act upon their important contents in the best manner I can, to promote the great Objects to which they extend.
28th [May]
The Troops were served yesterday with allowance62 of meat, by the arrival of some pork from Trentown, and Thirty Cattle
[Note 62: The draft has "a half."] came in from Connecticut in the Evening. Sixteen were left at West Point. Some Cattle also have just reached Camp from Pennsylvania.
I inclose Your Excellency three New York Gazettes. Also a small printed paper found in our Camp,63 containing an address to our soldiery by the Enemy to induce them to desert. It is most likely that many Copies were dispersed and that they have had a considerable effect; tho' this is the only one that has been seen by the Officers, notwithstanding their pains to find them. Your Excellency will see the points, on which the Enemy particularly found their Address.64
[Note 63: This printed "Address to the Soldiers of the Continental Army, 1780," is pasted to Washington's letter. Its text is as follows: "The time is at length arrived, when all the artifices, and falsehoods of the Congress and of your commanders can no longer conceal from you, the misery of your situation; you are neither Clothed, Fed, nor Paid; your numbers are wasting away by Sickness, Famine, Nakedness, and rapidly so by the period of your stipulated Services, being in general expired, this is then the moment to fly from slavery and fraud. I am happy in acquainting the old countrymen, that the affairs of Ireland are fully settled, and that Great-Britain and Ireland are firmly united, as well from interest as from affection: I need not now tell you who are born in America, that you have been cheated and abused; and you are both sensible, that in order to procure your liberty you must quit your leaders, and join your real friends who scorn to impose upon you, and who will receive you with open arms; kindly forgiving all your errors. You are told that you are surrounded by a numerous militia, this is also false--associate then together, make use of your firelocks and join the British Army, where you will be permitted to dispose of yourselves as you please."]
[Note 64: This address was read in Congress on May 31 and referred to Oliver Ellsworth, John Armstrong, and James Duane.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, May 27, 1780.
Parole Carlisle. Countersigns N., U.
A Corporal and six men from the 1st. Pennsylvania Brigade, with two days provisions and their Arms to be sent tomorrow morning, seven o clock to General Greenes Quarters in Morristown: They will receive their orders from him.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, May 28, 1780.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Elk, Esk.
The Pennsylvania Division, Hand's and Stark's brigades give the Morristown Guards and fatigue this Week.
A Detachment from the Line to parade tomorrow at Guard mounting with three days provisions their blankets and 40 rounds pr man: Major Talbot will take command of them: a surgeon or mate from Stark's brigade to join the Detachment.
The manoeuvring Battalions instead of parading on the Ground at 7 o'clock as mentioned in orders of the 26th. instant are to be formed in the road in the rear of the Quarter Master General's, precisely at five o'clock tomorrow morning, where they will receive blank Cartridges: Brigade Major Alexander65 to attend the Formation: Sixteen Marechausie light dragoons with a Commission'd officer to attend at the same time and place.
[Note 65: Maj. William(?) Alexander, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Colonels Stewart and Craig are to command two of the manoeuvring Battalions tomorrow vice Colonels Cortlandt and Ganzevoort66 and Lieutenant Colonel Murray, vice Lieutenant Colonel Willet obliged to be absent.
[Note 66: Col. Peter Gansevoort, of the Third New York Regiment. He was thanked by Congress, Oct. 4, 1777, for the defense of Fort Schuyler; retired in January, 1781; served subsequently as brigadier general of New York Militia.]
The 2nd. Pennsylvania brigade to furnish a regimental Standard, and give an Adjutant, vice Clinton's.
At a General Court martial whereof Colonel Elliott67 was President held at Newport the 1st. Instant. Windsor Fry, Soldier in Colonel Green's regiment was tried for "Entering the Commissary's store, stealing from thence a quantity of Beef, Candles and Rum; also for breaking open two Wind Mills and Stealing a Quantity of Meal" pled Guilty.
[Note 67: Col. Robert(?) Elliott, of the Rhode Island State artillery.]
The Court having maturely considered the heinousness of his present Crimes together with his former bad conduct are unanimously of opinion that he suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the Sentence and Orders it to be put in Execution at such time and place as Colonel Green shall think proper.
Morris Town, May 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am much obliged to you for your favour of the 23. Nothing could be more necessary than the aid given by your state towards supplying us with provision. I assure you, every Idea you can form of our distresses, will fall short of the reality. There is such a combination of circumstances to exhaust the patience of the soldiery that it begins at length to be worn out and we see in every line of the army, the most serious features of mutiny and sedition. All our departments, all our operations are at a stand, and unless a system very different from that which has for a long time prevailed, be immediately adopted throughout the states our affairs must soon become desperate beyond the possibility of recovery. If you were on the spot my Dear Sir, if you could see what difficulties surround us on every side, how unable we are to administer to the most ordinary calls of the service, you would be convinced that these expressions are not too strong, and that we have every thing to dread. Indeed I have almost ceased to hope. The country in general is in such a state of insensibility and indifference to its interests, that I dare not flatter myself with any change for the better.
The Committee of Congress in their late address to the several states have given a just picture of our situation. I very much doubt its making the desired impression, and if it does not I shall consider our lethargy as incurable. The present juncture is so interesting that if it does not produce correspondent exertions, it will be a proof that motives of honor public good and even self preservation have lost their influence upon our minds. This is a decisive moment; one of the most [I will go further and say the most]68 important America has seen. The Court of France has made a glorious effort for our deliverance, and if we disappoint its intentions by our supineness we must become contemptible in the eyes of all mankind; nor can we after that venture to confide that our allies will persist in an attempt to establish what it will appear we want inclination or ability to assist them in.
[Note 68: The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Every view of our own circumstances ought to determine us to the most vigorous efforts; but there are considerations of another kind that should have equal weight. The combined fleets of France and Spain last year were greatly superior of those of the enemy: The enemy nevertheless sustained no material damage, and at the close of the campaign have given a very important blow to our allies. This campaign the difference between the fleets from every account I have been able to collect will be inconsiderable, indeed it is far from clear that there will not be an equality. What are we to expect will be the case if there should be another campaign? In all probability the advantage will be on the side of the English and then what would become of America? We ought not to deceive ourselves. The maritime resources of Great Britain are more substantial and real than those of France and Spain united. Her commerce is more extensive than that of both her rivals; and it is an axiom that the nation which has the most extensive commerce will always have the most powerful marine. Were this argument less convincing the fact speaks for itself; her progress in the course of the last year is an incontestible proof.
It is true France in a manner created a Fleet in a very short space and this may mislead us in the judgment we form of her naval abilities. But if they bore any comparison with those of great Britain how comes it to pass, that with all the force of Spain added she has lost so much ground in so short a time, as now to have scarcely a superiority. We should consider what was done by France as a violent and unnatural effort of the government, which for want of sufficient foundation, cannot continue to operate proportionable effects.
In modern wars the longest purse must chiefly determine the event. I fear that of the enemy will be found to be so. Though the government is deeply in debt and of course poor, the nation is rich and their riches afford a fund which will not be easily exhausted. Besides, their system of public credit is such that it is capable of greater exertions than that of any other nation. Speculatists have been a long time foretelling its downfall, but we see no symptoms of the catastrophe being very near. I am persuaded it will at least last out the war, and then, in the opinion of many of the best politicians it will be a national advantage. If the war should terminate successfully the crown will have acquired such influence and power that it may attempt any thing, and a bankruptcy will probably be made the ladder to climb to absolute authority. Administration may perhaps wish to drive matters to this issue; at any rate they will not be restrained by an apprehension of it from forcing the resources of the state. It will promote their present purposes on which their all is at stake and it may pave the way to triumph more effectually over the constitution. With this disposition I have no doubt that ample means will be found to prosecute the war with the greatest vigor.
France is in a very different position. The abilities of her present Financier have done wonders. By a wise administration of the revenues aided by advantageous loans he has avoided the necessity of additional taxes. But I am well informed, if the war continues another campaign he will be obliged to have recourse to the taxes usual in time of war which are very heavy, and which the people of France are not in a condition to endure for any duration. When this necessity commences France makes war on ruinous terms; and England from her individual wealth will find much greater facility in supplying her exigencies.
Spain derives great wealth from her mines, but not so great as is generally imagined. Of late years the profits to government is essentially diminished. Commerce and industry are the best mines of a nation; both which are wanting to her. I am told her treasury is far from being so well filled as we have flattered ourselves. She is also much divided on the propriety of the war. There is a strong party against it. The temper of the nation is too sluggish to admit of great exertions, and tho' the Courts of the two kingdoms are closely linked together, there never has been in any of their wars a perfect harmony of measures, nor has it been the case in this; which has already been no small detriment to the common cause.
I mention these things to show that the circumstances of our allies as well as our own call for peace; to obtain which we must make one great effort this campaign. The present instance of the friendship of the Court of France is attended with every circumstance that can render it important and agreeable; that can interest our gratitude or fire our emulation. If we do our duty we may even hope to make the campaign decisive on this Continent. But we must do our duty in earnest, or disgrace and ruin will attend us. I am sincere in declaring a full persuasion, that the succor will be fatal to us if our measures are not adequate to the emergency.
Now my Dear Sir, I must observe to you, that much will depend on the State of Pennsylvania. She has it in her power to contribute without comparison more to our success than any other state; in the two essential articles of flour and transportation. New York, Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland are our flour countries: Virginia went little on this article the last crop [and her resources are call'd for to the southward]. New York by legislative coercion has already given all she could spare for the use of the army. Her inhabitants are left with scarcely a sufficiency for their own subsistence. Jersey from being so long the place of the army's residence is equally exhausted. Maryland has made great exertions; but she can still do something more. Delaware may contribute handsomely in proportion to her extent. But Pennsylvania is our chief dependence. From every information I can obtain she is at this time full of flour. I speak to you in the language of frankness and as a friend. I do not mean to make any insinuations unfavorable to the state. I am aware of the embarrassments the government labours under, from the open opposition of one party and the underhand intrigues of another. I know that with the best dispositions to promote the public service, you have been obliged to move with circumspection. But this is a time to hazard and to take a tone of energy and decision. All parties but the disaffected will acquiesce in the necessity and give their support. The hopes and fears of the people at large may be acted upon in such a manner as to make them approve and second your views.
The matter is reduced to a point. Either Pennsylvania must give us all the aid we ask of her, or we can undertake nothing. We must renounce every idea of cooperation, and must confess to our allies that we look wholly to them for our safety. This will be a state of humiliation and bitterness against which the feelings of every good American ought to revolt. Your's I am convinced will; nor have I the least doubt that you will employ all your influence to animate the Legislature and the people at large. The fate of these states hangs upon it. God grant we may be properly impressed with the consequences.
I wish the Legislature could be engaged to vest the executive with plenipotentiary powers. I should then expect every thing practicable from your abilities and zeal. This is not a time for formality or ceremony. The crisis in every point of view is extraordinary and extraordinary expedients are necessary. [I am decided in this opinion.]69
[Note 69: The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
"The State of Pennsylvania has it in her power to give great relief in the present crisis, and a recent act of its Legislature shews, the are determined to make the most of it. I understand they have invested the Executive with a dictatorial Authority from which nothing but the lives of their Citizens are exempted. I hope the good resulting from it will be such as to compensate for the risk of the precedent."-- Madison to Jefferson, June 2, 1780. Madison's letter is in the Madison Papers in the Library of Congress.
Reed answered Washington's letter (June 5): "We have at length got in Motion and I hope shall be able to get a Supply of Stores for the Summer, but the Shock Paper Money has received subjects all our Resources to the Caprice of interested or perverse Individuals, more than is consistent with our Safety or Honor.... The Representation of the Distress for Want of Meat produced an immediate Exertion, of which I hope the Benefit must be felt by this time." Reed's letter is in the Washington Papers. The Pennsylvania Legislature passed an act, June 1, 1780, for procuring an immediate supply of provisions for the Continental Army in its present exigency.]
I am happy to hear that you have a prospect of complying with the requisitions of Congress for specific supplies; that the spirit of the city and state seems to revive and the warmth of party decline. These are good omens of our success. Perhaps this is the proper period to unite.
I am obliged to you for the renewal of your assurances of personal regard; my sentiments for you, you are so well acquainted with as to make it unnecessary to tell you with how much esteem etc.
I felicitate you on the increase of your family. Mrs. Washington does the same and begs her particular respects and congratulations to Mrs. Reed, to which permit me to add mine.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 28, 1780.
Sir: I have reed. your favs. of the 26th and 27th. and this day the inclosed representation from a number of the inhabitants of the neighborhood of Elizabeth Town was handed to me. Their account of the nature of the Ground which you have pitched upon for your encampment and for the Works agrees with what you mentioned in yours of the 26th and I would for that reason wish the commencement of the Works at that place suspended for the present.71 And as I do not imagine the position which you have just taken with your Brigade is a very safe one,72 I would recommend your removing a little back to some place which looks equally to Newark and Elizabeth town, leaving Colo. Dayton with his Regt. at the
[Note 71: "The Inhabitants say the ground pitched on for the Works will be very spongy when wet weather comes on."-- Maxwell to Washington, May 26, 1780. Maxwell's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 72: One mile from Elizabethtown.] latter and sending a stronger party than before to Newark to prevent a jealousy which I find arising on acct. of the superior protection afforded to Elizabeth town.
In the mean time be pleased to keep parties busily employed in making Fascines, we shall have occasion for a great number of them.73
[Note 73: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "should the expected operation, in conjunction with our Ally, be carried into execution."]
If there is a law of the state competent to the punishment of Jones74 and the Negro, you had best turn them over at once to the Civil Authority; letting them know that if they are caught in similar practices, they will be executed without any delay.
[Note 74: "Jones is a young lad, of about 21 years of age, has the character of being very inoffensive and rather soft before this spring; that he has gone over [to New York]4 or 5 times in the trading way, and got bewitched after hard money; he served 9 months in the 1st Jersey Regt. the year before last, and the last summer in the Militia, all the time with a good character."-- Maxwell to Washington, May 27, 1780. Maxwell's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am informed that one Sivan who lives near Moss's Mills has lately been upon Staten Island, and that upon his return he immediately went up to Sussex County where he bought some Cattle, which he has brought down to his farm. This has so suspicious an appearance, that if the Cattle are fit for Beef, I should make no scruple of taking them and giving him a Certificate to the County Commissioner or Purchaser.
Colo. Hamilton laid some letters before me from Colo. Baylor to you, on the subject of permitting Mr. Norton and his family to come out of New York. As Colo. Baylor informs that an act of the Legislature of Virginia has passed in favr. of this Gentleman, he may be permitted to come out. You had best detain the letters which are directed to him, until he arrives at Eliza Town. I am &c.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 28, 1780.
Dr. Sir: In consequence of the late incursion of the enemy upon the frontiers of New York, I have determined to march the Brigade of that state to its relief. It will commence its march tomorrow; and will probably arrive at Kings ferry on Wednesday evening. I wish you to have a sufficient number of boats at that place ready to receive the troops on their arrival and convey them with their baggage to Newburgh, where vessels will be prepared to carry them to Albany. Lieutenant Dodge76 is sent forward to take charge of the boats and make some other arrangements for the progress of the Brigade. I beg you will have this business dispatched, as it is of infinite importance the troops should meet with no delay.
[Note 76: Lieut. Samuel Dodge, of the Fifth New York Regiment. He was transferred to the Second New York Regiment in January, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
The brigade including officers will consist of about eleven hundred men with their baggage. This will enable you to judge of the number of boats necessary. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 78: Deputy Commissary of Issues at Providence, R. I.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 28, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 17th. You have been very truly informed as to the extremity to which this Army has been reduced for want of Meat; they are now upon half and sometimes have been upon quarter allowance. The Quantity of salt Beef in your hands would be a most seasonable supply if it could be got here, but such is the difficulty of transportation, that I fear, if it was to be removed from providence, it would be left at a variety of places upon the Road, and perhaps none of it reach us in time to give relief. I would therefore, under present circumstances and appearances wish you to have the whole repacked, and kept in good order for removal at the shortest notice. I flatter myself we have prospects of bringing it by Water to the Army without danger. I am &c79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: In consequence of the intelligence from Your Excellency communicated to me by General Schuyler, I have put the New York brigade under orders to march tomorrow morning for the North River. They will proceed to Kings ferry and from thence in boats to Newburgh, where sloops with provisions must be ready to convey them to Albany. General Schuyler will give Your Excellency a full account of our circumstances and of the impossibility of our supplying the troops beyond New Burgh, nay even so far we must impress on the road. To his letter, I beg leave to refer you. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who wrote this day also (May 28) to General Knox: "The General requests you to furnish two Grasshoppers and a company of Artillery to be attached to the New York Brigade which marches tomorrow morning toward Albany." Copy was kindly furnished by R. D. Graeme, of Richmond, Va., of the original in his possession in 1935.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 29, 1780.
Gentlemen: This will be delivered to you by Capt. Van Dyck81 formerly of New York. This Gentleman was a Captain in the five months service of that State in the year 1776 and
[Note 81: Capt. Abraham C. Van Dyke, of Lasher's New York Militia regiment. He was taken prisoner at Fort Washington, N.Y.) in November, 1776, and exchanged in May, 1778.] was made a prisoner in evacuating the City the same Year. He was treated by the enemy with uncommon rigor during the whole time of a long captivity, owing, as is supposed, ot the influence of those persons who remained voluntarily in the Town, and to whom he was particularly obnoxious on account of his fixed opposition to their measures from the commencement of the dispute. The little property he was possessed of fell into the hands of the Enemy, and as no provision has been made for him, either in the Army or the State, he has been reduced to a condition truly distressing. From a knowledge of his character and his circumstances, I have long wished for an opportunity of recommending him to some employment in which he might be of service to his Country, at the same time that he procured a subsistence for himself and family. One seems now to offer. Capt Van Dyck having been an Officer of Marines, in the last War, is desirous of trying his fortune in that way now. I will therefore take the liberty to recommend him to a Captaincy in that line, from a conviction that no man, considering his abilities, has made greater sacrifices for the cause, or is more deserving of Public notice. Should no such place be at present vacant, he would in the mean time enter on Board one of the Frigates in any other station which would not be deemed incompatible with his former Rank and services. In committing him to the patronage of the Board I am convinced I give him the best chance of meeting with some compensation for the hardships, and losses which he has experienced on account of his steady adherence to the cause of his Country.82 I have the honor, etc.83
[Note 82: The Board answered (July 11), inclosing a commission of captain of continental marines for Van Dyke, and informing him that he had been ordered to the frigate Saratoga. (See Washington's letter to the Board of Admiralty, July 18, 1780, post.)]
[Note 83: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 37, fol. 423.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 29, 1780.
Sir: The intercourse between the inhabitants of the States and the Citizens of New York, by means of the Flag Boats which pass from the latter to Elizabeth Town, has become so very frequent that it excites suspicions and jealousies in the minds of many of the well affected among us, and puts it much in the power of the Enemy to gain intelligence, and to propagate injurious reports, thro' the channel of persons who come over, under the pretence of meeting their friends upon business merely, of a private nature. To put a stop, as far as possible, to this growing evil, you will be pleased to comply strictly with the following instructions. The Flag Boats to be ordered to come to, at a convenient distance from Elizabeth Town point, an Officer to go immediately on Board, who is to transmit all letters, and papers to the Commanding Officer at Elizabeth Town and make report to him of the passengers. The Officer to remain constantly on board till the Flag is discharged [wch. should be as soon as possible]
No person or persons to be allowed to come on shore from the Flag Boat, except prisoners of War whose exchanges or paroles have been regularly negotiated by the respective Commissaries, or those of any other description having permissions in writing from Congress, the Board of War, The Legislative or Executive authorities of the States, or the Commander in Chief, [nor is the flag to be suffered to remain till this can be obtained.]
No person or persons to be allowed on any pretence whatever to pass to New York or Staten Island or to go on Board any Flag Boat upon its arrival, except prisoners of War under the circumstances before mentioned, or those having permissions in writing from the several powers before recited.
The foregoing rules of conduct if punctually obeyed, will effectually put a stop to all improper personal intercourse under der cover of Flags; but there is another of a nature no less pernicious, to check which is one of the principal motives of your being stationed at Elizabeth Town; it is the traffic carried on privately with New York. You are, I imagine, well acquainted with the channels through which this commerce generally passes, I need therefore only recommend to you in the strongest manner to make use of every measure to break it off totally.
It behooves us just now, more than ever, to keep the Enemy entirely ignorant of our movements or designs. It will be impossible to do either while an intercourse almost uninterrupted prevails. This I hope will be a further incentive to your exerting yourself to render the communication less frequent.
Nothing in the foregoing is meant to extend to persons whom you may find it expedient to send over or to admit for particular purposes. I am &c.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 29, 1780.
Gentn: You will have heard before this I am persuaded, that an armament composed of Land and Sea forces, is soon expected to arrive on the Continent from France, for the purpose of cooperating with us against the Common Enemy. Every exertion will be necessary on our part for the occasion, and the aid of every experienced and active Officer. In this view, and as the Forage department is a most important one, on the proper arrangements and execution of the duties of which, our movements will essentially depend; It is my wish that we should have the services of Colo Biddle this Campaign. I have communicated the matter to him and he has consented to continue to act, tho' he had resigned; but he informed me he was obliged to be at Philadelphia in consequence of some arrangements in your Office, for the purpose of adjusting his accounts, a point which he was very desirous of effecting. It appears to me his services will be so essential with the Army, that it would be better to defer this business for the present, unless it can be accomplished in a few days, which I should suppose, from the great extent and variety of his transactions cannot be the case. If I am right in my conjectures, and the Board do not see that very superior advantages would arise to the public from his detention, I wish his earliest return. Time is most precious with us, and, circumstanced as we are, we have not a moment to spare in providing for the Object I have mentioned. I have the Honor etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 29, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 28th. The Honorable the Committee in a Circular Letter they have written to the States, have pressed them in the strongest terms to furnish the supplies required of them by Congress by their Act of the 25th. of February, and the places for depositing the forage as well as other Articles, which had been agreed on, had been communicated to them before, by Letters from Myself. If the States You mention are written to on the subject of monthly specific supplies, according to the Estimates which have just been made, the necessity of providing it and the means of transportation on the request of the Quarter Master Genl. or Corn Genl will be urged again.
It appears to me that Trenton will be a proper place for collecting a large quantity of forage at, from the parts you mention. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in tile writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, May 29, 1780.
Parole Mexico. Countersigns Mars, W.
[Note 87: Maj. Albeit Chapman, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January. 1781.]
Brigade Major, 1st. Connecticut brigade
Colonel Meigs is appointed President of the General Court Martial vice Colonel Ganzevoort and Lieutenant Colonel Summer vice Lieutenant Colonel Willet; a Captain from Hand's Brigade and a Sub from the 2d. Pennsylvania vice a Captain and Sub from Clinton's.
The Court martial whereof Colonel Meigs is President to assemble at Lieutenant Colonel Willet's Hut
General Orders will be issued at Colonel Cortlandt's.
Head Quarters, May 29, 1780.
Sir: I informed You yesterday morning, that I had received certain advises that a body of the Enemy from Canada, computed at about Five Hundred under Sir John Johnson had penetrated into the State of New York, by way of the Mohawk river, as far as Johns Town, and seemed as if they were about to take post there; and that there were other accounts received through prisoners who had escaped from Canada, that a larger force than this was assembling at Montreal about the last of April, intended as it was said, to make an expedition against Fort Schuyler. How far this last information is true is a matter we cannot ascertain; but it is of infinite importance that the communication with that post should be opened, and a quantity of provision thrown into the Garrison as early as possible for the support of the Troops. At present it is cut off, or at least it was when I received my advises, by the position the Enemy had taken at Johns Town.
You will therefore proceed with your Brigade, which is already in motion, with all the expedition You can, consistent with the health of the Men, to King's ferry by the best and most direct route, where you will embark the Troops in Boats directed to be prepared for the purpose and go to New Windsor. At this place it is expected that there will be sloops provided by the State, according to a requisition which has been made, for transporting the Troops to Albany, where they cannot arrive too soon. After You arrive at Albany, your future conduct must be governed by your own discretion, the information you receive with respect to the Enemy above, and the exigency of the service; but You are to remember however, that it is of the greatest importance to open the communication with the Garrison at Fort Schuyler and to throw into their relief a quantity of provision both flour and Salt meat, and this You will endeavor to effect by every practicable means. I wish if possible that it may be supplied at least with a Hundred Barrels of flour and with the same quantity of Salt meat. A Greater quantity of both will be still better, if it can be procured. You will correspond and advise with His Excellency Governor Clinton upon the occasion, and with respect to all the measures it may be necessary for You to pursue, whom I expect you will meet, either at Kingston or Albany. You will also inform me from time to time of your proceedings, and of every occurrence you may deem material.
With respect to provision for your Troops, I do not know how you will procure it. Their supplies will depend entirely upon your occasional arrangements and the aid of the State. You will look forward to these and of course endeavor to do the best You can to obtain them. I wish you on your march even to the North River, to take every reasonable precaution to prevent your being intercepted by the Enemy, who may possibly attempt it, by sending a Detachment from New York; and in case you move from Albany, either against the Enemy, should they remain, or to cover the provisions which may be sent to Fort Schuyler, you will use every possible means, or the Detachment which may be sent for the purpose, to guard against a surprise or being cut off.
You will take every pains to prevent desertions, and will always have your Troops in readiness to rejoin the Army on the shortest notice.
From the situation of the 5th Regiment lately commanded by Colo. Debois88 with respect to Field Officers, Lt Colo Willet will take the command of it, till further Orders. I am etc.89
[Note 88: Col. Lewis Dubois (Debois), of the Fifth New York Regiment.]
[Note 89: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, May 30, 1780.
Sir: I am directed by His Excy. to request that you will be pleased, on the arrival of the Marquis's baggage at Fishkill to furnish Monsr. Captain90 who has the charge of it, with a guard. As a letter will be lodged with Col Hay for this Gentn. directing him to come on with the baggage and the Villains between this and the North River have commenced their robberies, it may not be safe to send less than a Commissioned Officer and Twenty men with it. I am &c.
[Note 90: Pierre Capitaine. He was major and aide to Lafayette.]
P.S. I take the liberty to inclose the letter for Col Hay and beg that it may be forwarded to him the first opportunity.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade A.D.C."]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, May 30, 1780.
Parole Fortune. Countersigns Fame, France.
For manoeuvring Tomorrow morning 6 oclock, Lieutenant Colonels Commandant Butler and Hubly; Majors Torrey and Stewart;92 Brigade Major, 1st. Connecticut Brigade to attend the formation of the Battalions; Hand's and Stark's Brigades give the Adjutants; Colors from the 2nd. Connecticut and Stark's.
[Note 92: Maj. John Stewart, of the Second Maryland Regiment.]
The Commander in Chief is pleased to Order a release of all prisoners now under Confinement except prisoners of War and those of the Connecticut Brigade who were confined for Mutiny; Obrian late Provost Marshal to return to his duty in the Regiment from whence he was taken.
At a General Court martial of the Line whereof Colonel Ganzevoort is President May 20th. Mr. Alexander Church superintendent of Colinental horses was tried.
1st. For supporting at public Expence 6 horses or more which he claimed as private property.
2dly. For appropriating to his own use a Waggon and four horses which he claimed as his own and for receiving public hire for the same, and public Forage for the Horses.
3dly. For permitting two men employed under him to purchase poor horses in the Continental Yard and fatten them on public Forage.
4thly. For taking a horse out of the Continental Yard at his own estimation or price of Thirty three dollars which was worth one Thousand and for feeding him on public Forage.
The Court are of opinion that the Charges are not supported and do therefore fully acquit Mr. Church.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court.
Mr. Church is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Wednesday, May 31, 1780.
Parole Norwalk. Countersigns X., M.
[Note 93: Delegate to the Continental Congress from Virginia.]
Morris-Town, May 31, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favor in answer to my letter respecting the appointment of a Comee.; and with two others of later date. the last containing Genl. Woodfords acct. of the situation of things at Charles Town at the time of his writing. I thank you for them all. Unhappily that place (Chs. Town), the garrison in it, &ca. (As appears by the New York account which I have transmitted to Congress) have been in the enemys hands since the 12th. Instt.
Certain I am that unless Congress speaks in a more decisive tone; unless they are vested with powers by the several States competent to the great purposes of War, or assume them as matter of right; and they, and the states respectively, act with more energy than they hitherto have done, that our Cause is lost. We can no longer drudge on in the old way. By ill-timing the adoption of measures, by delays in the execution of them, or by unwarrantable jealousies, we incur enormous expences, and derive no benefit from them. One state will comply with a requisition of Congress, another neglects to do it. a third executes it by halves, and all differ either in the manner, the matter, or so much in point of time, that we are always working up hill, and ever shall be (while such a system as the present one, or rather want of one prevails) unable to apply our strength or resources to any advantage.
This my dear Sir is plain language to a member of Congress; but it is the language of truth and friendship. It is the result of long thinking, close application, and strict observation. I see one head gradually changing into thirteen. I see one Army branching into thirteen; and instead of looking up to Congress as the supreme controuling power of the united States, are considering themselves as dependent on their respective States. In a word, I see the powers of Congress declining too fast for the consequence and respect which is due to them as the grand representative body of America, and am fearful of the consequences of it.
Till your letter of the 23d. came to hand I thought General Weedon had actually resigned his Commission; but be this as it may, I see no possibility of giving him any command out of the line of his own State. He certainly knows that every state that has Troops enough to form a Brigade claims, and has exercised, uniformly, the previledge of having them commanded by a Brigr. of its own, nor is it in my power to depart from this system without convulsing the Army; which at all times is hurtful, and may be ruinous at this. I am, etc.94
[Note 94: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.
Jones replied, in an undated letter, which is filed in the Washington Papers at the end of June, 1780: "Congress have been gradually surrendering or throwing upon the several States the exercise of powers, which they should have claimed and to their utmost have exercised themselves, untill at length they have scarce a power left but such as concerns foreign transactions, for as to the Army the Congress is at present little more than the Medium through which the wants of the Army are conveyed to the States. This Body never had or at least in few instances have exercised, powers adequate to the purposes of war. And such as they had have been from embarrasment and difficulties frittered away to the States and it will be found I fear very difficult to recover them. A Resolution was passed the other day desiring the States to inform us what they had done upon certain requisitions for some time past that we might know upon what we had to rely on. This may probably serve as a Basis for assuming powers should the answers afford an opening; other resolutions are now before us by one of them the States are desired to give express powers to call forth Men provisions money for carrying on the war for the common defence; others go to the assumption of them immediately; the first I have no doubt will pass this Body but will I expect sleep with the States, the others I believe will dye where they are; for so cautious are some of offending the States in this respect a Gentleman the other day plainly told us, upon a proposition to order some armed vessels to search the vessels going out to prevent the exportation of Flour, that, if an Embargo was laid in the Delaware as in this State he consented to the measure, otherwise he never would agree to such exercise of power."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 31, 1780.
Sir: I am sorry that I am under the necessity of transmitting the inclosed Gazette extraordinary to your Excellency, by which it appears that Charles town surrendered to the Enemy on the 12th: Instant., You probably will, by the time this reaches you, have received a confirmation of this unfortunate event, directly from Carolina. I have the honor etc.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 31, 1780.
Sir: Colo Sherburne I expect will have the honor of presenting this Letter to your Excellency. This Gentleman entered into the Army at the beginning of the War and from that time to this has served his Country, as a brave and good Officer. His conduct in attempting to relieve the Post at the Cedars in 1776 was distinguished, and will be recollected by Congress. In the beginning of 1777 from the opinion I entertained of his merit, I appointed him under the powers with which I had been honoured, to the command of One of the 16 Additional Regiments in which he has acted to the present time with credit and reputation. It has been found necessary among other arrangements to reduce this Regiment and incorporate the Men in others, from its very weak state and from there being no prospect that it would be ever recruited. From this circumstance Colo Sherburne is now without any command in the Army. I have been informed that he has some business to transact with Congress and have thought it but justice to his services and merit to give him this testimonial. I have the Honor etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, May 31, 1780.
Gentlemen: In the expected cooperation it is of great moment that we should proceed with circumspection and on the surest ground. Before we can determine what ought to be undertaken, we should be able to appreciate the means we shall have it in our power to employ on some precise scale. To begin an enterprise against New York for instance on a general presumption of sufficient resources in the Country and proportionable exertions in the respective governments to bring them forth would hardly be justified by success, could never be defended in case of misfortune, to say nothing of the fatal consequences that might ensue. It appears to me necessary to ascertain the number of men and the quantity of supplies which the states are capable of furnishing in a given time, and to obtain assurances from them founded on experience of their continuing supplies in the same proportion.
I esteem the plan adopted by the Committee in their circular letter97 an extremely good preparatory one; but I think it of indispensable importance in the next place to come to some thing fixed and determinate. I therefore take the liberty to submit to The Committee the necessity and propriety of calling immediately upon the states for specific aids of men provision forage and the means of transportation.
[Note 97: Of June 2, 1780, to the States.]
To enable them to judge of the number of men we shall want, the following observations may be of use.
Our arrangements should be made on the principle of the greatest enterprise we can undertake and against the whole force of the enemy united; that is an enterprise against New York with the troops acting to the Southward added to its present Garrison.
The enemy's force at New York on this supposition cannot be estimated lower than fifteen thousand regular troops, besides refugees and militia which are said to amount to four or five thousand; but let the whole be estimated at 17,500.
Double this number is the least we can ask to operate against it; that is 35000 effective men besides two small corps one at West Point the other in the Jerseys for covering our communications and attacking Powles Hook if the enemy retain possession of that post. In Europe to besiege troops in fortified places, the proportion of men necessary is computed at six to one in favour of the besiegers. We cannot ask less than two to one against New York, allowing us the command of the water which will be a material advantage.
The Corps of French troops will probably not exceed on their arrival five thousand effective men; the residue of 30000 must be furnished by us together with about fifteen hundred for the two detachments abovementioned.
To have this effective force our total at the lowest calculation cannot be less than 40.000 rank and file.
The batalions in this quarter completed by drafts as recommended by the Committee in their circular letter will amount to 22680; the balance of 17320 must consist of Militia.
These must be furnished by the States from New Hampshire to Maryland inclusive according to the proximity and ability of each. It is proposed that they be assembled at appointed places of rendezvous by the last of June; to serve for three, at least two Months after joining the army.
I have had estimates formed, which are inclosed for the consideration of the Committee, of the quantity of provisions requisite for the supply of an army of 40,000 men for a month; of forage for the same period, and of horses and waggons for the campaign attached to the army. other estimates are annexed apportioning these to the States from New Hampshire to Virginia inclusive, having regard to the resources of each and their relative position to the probable scene of our operations.98
[Note 98: See Washington's Circular Letter to the States, June 2, 1780, post.]
My Idea is to call upon those states to furnish their quotas by the last of June, and to give explicit information how far it will be in their power to keep up the supplies in the same proportion to the last of November.
This brings the business to a point. The states must either give us what we want in the time required, or manifest their inability to do it, and we can take our measures accordingly. Particular commonly make a livelier impression than general ideas. If we only urge the states to adopt a plan for bringing forth all its resources; they may proceed on some vague notion of the extent of our wants and satisfy themselves with arrangements which tho' ample enough to be plausible may yet fall far short of the object. If we make a demand of definite aids, they will have a fixed point to regulate themselves by and their measures will be equal to it, if they are in a condition to command the means. In my opinion requisitions of this nature will at once serve to guide and stimulate. At any rate their operations will inform us what we have to expect and what we ought to do.
I have one doubt of the expediency of immediately calling for the Militia, which is that it may possibly operate to the prejudice of the proposed draft for the Continental batalions. But there is in all probability so little space between this and the execution of our projects that we seem to have not a moment to lose. I am clear in the expediency of asking specific supplies.
It appears to me essential that there should be a perfect understanding on all hands; that the states should know our wants; what is expected by us; that we should know their abilities; what we may expect from them. I should not fear to discourage by alarming them with the largeness of our demands; if it could be supposed they would not bear the knowledge of our wants, we could not flatter ourselves they would supply them. But their wisdom and patriotism will certainly do every thing their resources will permit.
If the Committee should desire a conference on these subjects, I shall do myself the honor to attend them whenever [and wherever] they please. With perfect respect etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
In the Washington Papers is a paper in the writing of Washington and indorsed by him: "State of Matters as laid before the Comee. of conference at Morris Town May 1780." The text follows: "... Offensive operations, on our part, are doubtless expected. We should in the first place then settle the number of Men requisite for the greatest enterprize we can undertake, and against the whole force the enemy can bring together. That is an enterprize against New York with the Troops acting to the Southward added to its present garrison. ... Operations of the present magnitudeought not to be undertaken but on good grounds, especially as another power will be involved in the consequences.
"We should see Magazines formed before they commence, at least, we should be upon a certainty that they can be formed in time
"It is therefore proposed that Specific quantities of supplies be demanded of the States from New Hampshire to Virginia inclusive, to be at deposits determined on by the last of June, sufficient to subsist the force already mentioned together with the Corps of Artillery, Horse, and Staff of the Army and followers of it for at least two Months, and that the States be required to give explicit information whether they can comply with these requisitions and keep up Supplies in the same proportion to the last of November.
"Magazines of grain for forage ought also to be formed on the same principles.
"Estimates are directed to be made for this purpose."
The omitted portions are incorporated almost verbatim in the foregoing letter (May 31) to the Committee of Cooperation.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 31, 1780.
Dear Sir: Although I am convinced, from your late frequent representations and my own knowledge, of the distress in which your department is involved for want of money, and consequently of your inability to make almost any new provision of the many articles necessary for the operations of this Campaign, yet there are some matters which may be put in a state of readiness through the means of the Artificers whom we have in service, aided by the materials on hand. Of these are our Carriages; old Camp Equipage and Boats. To the latter I would wish you to pay a particular attention, directing them to be completely provided with Oars, Boat Hooks and setting Poles.
We shall probably have occasion for the materials necessary for laying Bridges of Boats, as Cables, Anchors, Plank and Scantlin. Should it not be in your power to engage these Articles, it may not be amiss to be enquiring where they may be most readily procured, that you may, in case you should either be furnished with the means of purchase by the treasury or by the authority of the States, know where to apply for them without loss of time. This mode may perhaps be extended, with advantage, to many other Articles in your line; for should the States comply with the specific demands made upon them by the Committee of Congress, they will in all likelyhood be obliged to seek for assistance and information from the Heads of the several departments.
There is a matter which I would wish you seemingly to turn your attention to, with a view of distracting the enemy by an appearance of making preparations for an embarkation of troops; to this end, be pleased to give your deputies in Philada., Boston, and other considerable ports, directions to enquire what quantity of shipping can be procured and upon what terms. This they may do in an open manner, and as the owners will naturally want to know the destination they may hint at Penobscot, Hallifax or New foundland.
Inclosed you have an estimate of sundry Articles in the Artillery and Engineering line which will be wanted in the execution of the intended cooperation. Should it not be in your power, circumstanced as you are, to procure or make Contracts for the Timber, you had best deliver in an estimate to the Committee with the whole quantity apportioned on the States of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, which from their convenience of Water Carriage can easily send it to the places where it will be wanted. I think you have the greater part of the tools already provided. The Sand Bags are very essential and must be procured in considerable quantities if possible. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. Following the draft is an estimate, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, of "Articles wanted in General Greenes department towards the intended cooperation, in the Artillery and Engineering line."
Among the miscellany filed at the end of May, 1780, is a folio page in the writing of Washington of the "Militia to be retained in Service, and mode of relief, as agreed on by Genl. Herd and the Field officers. Jersey."]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 31, 1780.
Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 9th: Inst. inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial upon Fry of your Regt. I have approved the sentence, and inclosed you have a Warrant for his Execution. I think it more than probable that your Regiment will be in a little time drawn to the main Body of the Army, should it not, means must be fallen upon to provide you pay and other necessaries upon the spot. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 31, 1780.
Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 28th: That of yesterday reached me late last Night. I most sincerely wish that your suspicions of the truth of Rivingtons publication3 may prove well grounded, but I confess it bears too many marks of authenticity. Should you receive any further confirmation of your opinion be pleased to let me have it.
[Note 3: Of the surrender of Charleston, S.C.]
It was always my intention that your own Regiment should remain with you at Elizabeth Town, and I mentioned it to Genl. Maxwell. A compleat Corps is more to be depended upon than one composed of detachments. I am &c.
P.S. You should without loss of time be making your arrangements for defence, in case the Enemy should make an attempt upon you. A strong stone House was mentioned by Mr. Caldwell, which might be put in a situation to receive you if attacked, and which might be defended untill a support could be brought up.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, May 31, 1780.
Sir: I had the Honor three days ago to receive your Letter of the ... Instant,5 covering a Resolve of your Honourable Assembly for annexing Colo Jackson's6 Regiment to the line of the State, and an Act for preventing and punishing desertion &c. I shall take an early occasion, agreeable to the desire of the Assembly to arrange and number this Regiment.
[Note 5: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 6: Col. Henry Jackson.]
I have the honor to inclose the Draft of a Proclamation7 founded in the spirit of the Act with respect to Deserters; Copies of which you will be pleased to have printed and dispersed through the State, if you think it proper. This Act in its design, appears well calculated to answer the Objects of
[Note 7: This draft of a proclamation dated May 31, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It provides that deserters from the Massachusetts regiments who would "join their respective Regiments and Companies, or where they had not been incorporated, surrender themselves to any Officer of their State, present with the Army," within the time and on the terms of the act of the Legislature of Massachusetts, of May 5, 1780, which provided that the deserters should give themselves up within 3 months after the publication of the act; and in case of seamen, within one month after they return to port. The recruits enlisted or were detached from the militia or levies and deserted before or after they joined the Army, were included. The Massachusetts Legislature, on May 5, 1780, passed an act for punishing deserters and for apprehending deserters from the Continental Army. A broadside copy of this is among the broadsides of the Library of Congress.] it, and if well executed will have very salutary consequences. There is nothing more injurious to the public and nothing more practised than engaging Deserters on board privateers and Other Armed Vessels and our exertions cannot be too great to prevent it. I have the Honor etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 1, 1780.
Dr. Sir: We have received advice from New York, published by authority, of the surrender of Charles Town. As I dare say you will have seen the hand bill and as I am pressed for time, I shall not go into particulars.
A person from Amboy reports that he saw the day before yesterday One hundred sail of vessels enter Sandy Hook. This if true can be nothing else than Sir Henry Clinton returned with the whole or part of his force. There is every reason to believe that encouraged by his success to the Southward and by the distresses of the garrison he may resolve upon an immediate attempt upon West Point. You ought to be prepared for it by collecting your force and redoubling your vigilance especially towards the water.
We shall immediately impress a number of waggons to forward you a considerable supply of flour from this place. I have also written to The Governor of Connecticut to interpose the authority of government for forwarding with all possible dispatch a quantity of salted meat from Connecticut, and for keeping up supplies of fresh.
To give you, however a temporary aid, I would have you immediately collect principally in the Counties towards the enemy a number of cattle in the manner least distressing to the inhabitants. This will enable you to spare your salted provision. You can have the cattle in your neighbourhood. With the greatest regard etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morris Town, June 1, 1780.
My dear Sir: I send you the Copy of a letter to your Governor by which you will see my apprehensions for West point. You know the importance of that post: You know how to partake in our feelings. See the Governor, and give your influence to the Aid we request. I am etc.
P.S. You will keep the communication of the Governors letter out of sight.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: We have just received a hand Bill from New York, published by Authority, containing an account of the surrender of Charles town the 12th: instant, said to have come by the Iris, which left that place the 17th: The particulars are not given; some leading matters are mentioned, but they are probably either false, or exaggerated. There are circumstances of suspicion attending this account, but as it is announced by authority, I cannot suppose it to be a forgery, but believe the general fact of a surrender to be true. The conditions may be more, or less advantageous.
Advice is just come to me from Amboy, that the day before yesterday one hundred sail of Vessels entered Sandy Hook. This if true, and there is no reason to doubt it, can be nothing else, than Sir Henry Clinton returned from the Southward with the whole or a part of his Army. Flushed with his success there, and tempted by the present posture of our Affairs, it will be extraordinary if he does not immediaately aim a Blow at West point. If he does, we have every thing to apprehend, from the total want of provision in the Garrison, which has been for some time on half allowance.
This is too serious a danger not to demand instant exertions to obviate it. We can send nothing but Flour from this quarter. I am informed there are between two and three thousand Barrels of salted Meat in Connecticut, but the Quarter Master for want of money can do nothing towards its transportation. We must in this exigency look to the State and request the interposition of its authority to furnish Waggons without a moments loss of time. Mr. Hubbard the Qr. Mr. at Harford will receive the Waggons and forward the provision.
We shall endeavour to forward Flour from hence, but we must in like manner have recourse to the Aid of Government or impress by military power. I know your Excellency's wisdom and Zeal too well not to be convinced you will give the matter the speediest and most effectual attention.
Indeed my Dear Sir our Affairs are hastening rapidly to a Crisis. The States must determine whether they will be free by a vigorous exertion of all their resources or submit to the domination of Great Britain. My anxiety to hear in what manner they will take up the several important matters recommended to them in the late circular letter of the Committee of Congress exceeds description. I have the honor etc.
P.S. It will be necessary still to forward supplies of live Cattle to preserve the stock of Salt Meat, which ought to be kept if possible for a deposit in case of a Seige. This too will require Your Excellency's aid.
It is essential towards the proposed cooperation that we should prepare a large number of Fascines and Gabions, and the most convenient places will be on Connecticut River and adjacent to the sound, particularly on Connecticut River. I entreat your Excellency to give pointed orders to the Militia to carry on this Business with industry and dispatch. The Officers of Militia will take their directions from Maj. Murnan of the Corps of Engineers who is now in Connecticut for this purpose. This is an object of real importance.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Thursday, June 1, 1780.
Parole Luxemburgh. Countersigns Lyme, Lynn.
A trusty Serjeant, Corporal and nine men from Stark's brigade with their Arms blankets and three days provisions to be sent to the Adjutant General's quarters 8 o clock tomorrow morning to guard some Prisoners of War to Philadelphia.
At a General Court martial of the Line whereof Colonel Gansevoort was President May 25th. Lieutenant Hunt12 of the 4th. New York regiment was tried charged with "Marching the old Main Guard of the 11th. of May last, to camp in a disorderly manner and permitting the men to straggle contrary to the ordinance of the Army."
[Note 12: Lieut. Thomas Hunt. He retired in January, 1781, and served subsequently as captain of New York levies.]
The Court on mature Consideration of the charge and the Evidence are of opinion that Lieutenant Hunt is Guilty of the Charge against him being in breach of that part of the 3d. Article of the 22d. Chapter of the regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops which respects marching an old Guard to Camp and do sentence Lieutenant Hunt to be reprimanded in General orders.
The Conduct of Lieutenant Hunt was highly unmilitary and blameable. Too frequent instances occur of similar irregularities and they are at all times inexcuseable.
Lieutenant Hunt is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Friday, June 2, 1780.
Parole Ontario. Countersigns P., K.
[Note 13: Maj. Evan Edwards, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Brigade Major, Hand's Brigade
For manoeuvring Colonel Livingston, Lieutenant Colonel Sherman, Majors Reid and Leavensworth; Adjutants and Colours from the 1st. Pennsylvania and Connecticut brigades.
The manoeuvring Battalions to parade near the Halfmoon tavern at 6 o clock tomorrow morning. Brigade Major of the 2nd. Connecticut brigade to attend the formation.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: It is expected that the fleet of our Ally will in the first instance touch at Rhode Island for the purpose of landing their sick and supernumerary Stores and to meet the intelligence necessary to direct their operations. I have already sent forward Doctor Craik to take up proper Houses for Hospitals and to make some previous arrangements in that department: But as I apprehend the French General and Admiral will upon their arrival want the advice and assistance of a person of discretion and judgment and acquainted with the Country, I must request you to repair immediately to providence, and upon their arrival present yourself to them, letting them know that they may command your services. I would wish you to endeavour, in conjunction with the Governor, to establish a market between the Fleet and Army and Country, and be careful that our Allies are not imposed upon in the prices of Articles which they may find necessary. This is a point recommended in the plan drawn up by the Ministry of France, and which policy and generosity directs should be strictly attended to. I am &c.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft, which is also in the writing of Tilghman, has the following, which is not in tile letter sent: "You will by the next opportunity receive a letter from the Marquis de la Fayette introducing you to Lieut. Genl. Count de Rochambeau and Admiral Ternay."]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 15: From New Hampshire to Maryland.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 2, 1780.
Sir: By the Letter from the Honble. the Committee of Congress at Morris Town, which goes with these dispatches, You will find, that these Gentlemen and Myself, after maturely considering the matter, deem it essential to the success of the measures in contemplation to be carried on against the Enemy, to call on the States for certain Aids of militia, in addition to the requisitions for Men already made; and that they should be at places of Rendezvous appointed by me, by the 15th day of next month. The Aid requested in this instance of your State, is founded on a principle of apportionment common to all the States, from New Hampshire to Maryland inclusive (the Others on account of their distance and the operations in the Southern quarter not being now called on) and is stated at 945 rank and file. This number well Armed, and equipped in every other respect for the Field in the best manner circumstances will admit, under proper Officers, I wish to be certainly at Claverac, on Hudson's River at the time mentioned by the Committee, which appears to me a suitable place for their rendezvousing at in the first instance, and from whence they will proceed on my Orders, as occasion may require. It will also be material, on account of disciplining and organising the Men, as well as on account of public (economy, that they should be formed into full Regiments. If this is not done, it will render our Arrangements extremely difficult and irregular, and will add, by greatly encreasing the number of Officers, very considerably to the public expence. I would beg leave to observe, that I think the whole number of Militia requested from your State, should be comprised in Two Regiments about the same size, which would make them nearly equal to the establishment fixed for those of the Continental line. This additional aid, will not I trust and earnestly entreat, impede in the smallest degree, the filling up the Regiments of the State by Drafts to their full complement, as requested by the Honble the Committee in their Letter of the 25th Ulto. This is a point of such great importance, so absolutely essential to give the least prospect of success to our operations, and indeed on which they depend, that I could not forbear mentioning it. If the Regiments are compleated by Drafts, it is possible our demands for Militia may be a good deal diminished; but this must be governed by events and therefore, for Objects so very interesting, so important as those to which we at present look, we should provide whatever may be possibly requisite. I have the Honor etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The draft, which is also in the writing of Harrison, has the following list of quotas at the end, the figures and places, of course, varying in the circulars to the different States:]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 2, 178O.
Sir: I beg leave to acquaint Your Excellency, that Congress have been pleased to empower me, by a late Resolution, to authorize an Agent or Commissary of prisoners to be appointed on your part, to reside in these States, with powers similar to those which may be granted to, and permitted to be exercised by a like Officer appointed by us to reside within your lines. As this is a business very interesting to humanity, and peculiarly so to the prisoners in our respective possessions, it is with great pleasure I make the communication; and it will rest entirely with You, to place the matter on the most liberal footing. Your Excellency has only to inform me, that such an Agent will be allowed on our part to reside with You, and of the powers he will be permitted to exercise, and you will be at liberty to appoint one to reside with us, at any place except Philadelphia, with file same priveledges.
I know that difficulties have attended the overtures which have been made heretofore, to effect this Humane purpose, but I trust they will no longer exist, as the proposition is founded in equality and must be mutually interesting to both parties.
If the proposition I make is agreed to, and on which I request Your Excellency will favour me with an early answer, Mr. Lewis Pintard will immediately return to New York as our Agent: If it is not, Your Excellency will be pleased to permit Mrs Pintard and the rest of Mr. Pintard's family to come out, as he does not incline to return unless it is in a public character.
Should Mr. Pintard be allowed to return as our Agent, it is proposed that he shall take with him several setts of Bills of Exchange, with a view of negociating them for the benefit of Our Officers, who are prisoners. I should hope that this measure will not be objected to, as it is usual in like cases; and as the indulgence has been permitted by us. I shall be obliged by your Excellency's Answer also on this subject. I have the Honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 3, 1780.
Dr Sir: Under our present expectations of the daily arrival of the Fleet and Army from France at Rhode Island and of operations that may be consequent, it is of great importance that the means of conveying intelligence between Providence and Head Qrs. should be placed on the most certain and expeditious footing. I therefore request, that You will without the least delay have a proper number of trusty, diligent Expresses established on the communication between these Two places at suitable Stages. You will from what was done in a like case on a former occasion readily know the best route and the Stages. The same considerations make it necessary that we should be in the best and earliest state we can to move the Army as circumstances may require; I therefore wish you to have all the Horses belonging to it which are or will probably be fit for service in a short time, collected in pastures within the vicinity of Camp as soon as it can be done. We may have immediate occasion for them, and if by any means this should not be the case, they may be recruiting here from the State of the Grass, as well as any other place. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Saturday, June 3, 1780.
Parole Pultowa. Countersigns Perth, Pool.
[Note 19: Lieut. Col. Joseph Hait, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major, Stark's Brigade
Brigade Returns (regimentally digested) of all the Espontoons actually wanting in the several regiments to be made tomorrow at Orderly Time.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 3, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Flour began to move from hence last night and will be sent on as quick as the Waggons come in. There will be five or six hundred Barrels. You will be pleased to have Boats immediately sent down to Kings ferry to receive it upon its arrival there.
The account of the Fleet mentioned in mine of the 1st. instant seems to have been premature. The Officer stationed at Elizabeth town has made inquiry into the matter and can hear nothing of them.
You will receive herewith some Commissions for the Massachusetts line. Be pleased to deliver them to the Officers to whom they belong. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 4, 1780.
Sir: As the opening of the campaign is fast approaching, and it is time to form a general disposition of the Army with a view to it, it is essential I should know, as soon as possible, what General Officers will be present. For this purpose, I am to request you will inform me, without delay, whether the situation of your private affairs will permit you to take the field this campaign or not, and if you do take the field, when we may hope to see you at Camp. I am etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 4, 1780.
Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 26th. ulto. with the monthly returns inclosed. You have a letter to Mr. Bull,22 who will deliver the Cloathing you ask for your Regt., upon it. I imagine Major Tallmadge had some directions from the Board of War relative to procuring the Cloathing you mention for the Officers, and I therefore do not look upon myself at liberty to give any orders about the disposal of it, or to fix any price upon the delivery of it.
[Note 22: James Bull, deputy clothier at Springfield, N. J. The letter inclosed to Sheldon was a brief note dated June 4, ordering Bull to deliver to Sheldon "as many suits as will amount to three hundred for the use of his Regt." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
General Howe will call for as many Horse as are equiped and fit for service, to move towards the lines. They are much wanted there, and there will be plenty of Green forage by the time they can get down. I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 4, 1780.
Sir: There is at this time a considerable convoy of provision going on to King's ferry and there will in all probability be stores of some kind constantly on the Road. In your present position the communication about Kakeate is left too much exposed, you will therefore advance a part of your detachment up to that place, and indeed keep the whole as a kind of patrol between Paramus and Kakeate. By pursuing this method that whole flank will be secured and your party in less danger than they are when laying constantly in one place. [This is become more necessary from an information I have just received from New York of the enemys having some enterprize in contemplation, and the party at Perareas supposed to be the object.] You will not neglect to keep, as usual, small patrols down towards the enemy, to prevent their coming unexpectedly upon your Rear. I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 4, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 31st. ulto25 You have mistaken the meaning of the Act of Congress; it is not to
[Note 25: This letter is in the Washington Papers.] prevent promotions where they are due but to put a stop to new appointments except they are thought necessary by the Commander in Chief. You will therefore be pleased to apply in the usual mode to the State for the vacant Majority to which you say you are intitled. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 4, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased to give directions to the Commy. of prisoners at Lancaster to permit Docr. Paush27 Surgeon of Genl. Knyphausens Regt. and Ensign Hamilton28 of the 17th. British, to go into New York upon parole. The former to return when demanded; the latter to remain in New York three Weeks. They are to go by the way of Easton to Elizabeth town avoiding the Main Body and other posts of the Army.
[Note 27: Wilhelm Pausch. He was a surgeon in Knyphausen's regiment, German allied troops.]
[Note 28: Ensign Henry Hamilton. He was an adjutant in the Seventeenth Foot, British Army.]
At the instance of the Board of War, a son of Colo. Conolly's is to be permitted to go into New York for his education. It seems the young Gentleman is an Ensign in the 17th. British Regt. and you will therefore direct the Commy. at Philada. to take a parole from him as such. I lately received a letter from a Mr. Frazier29 at Rutland, a Chaplain to the 71 Regt. As it was mutually agreed at the last meeting of the Commissioners to release all Gentlemen of his Cloth, you will be pleased to take the first opportunity of giving the necessary orders, to that effect. I am etc.26
[Note 29: Hugh Frazier. He was deputy chaplain of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 4, 1780.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have the draught of a proclamation addressed to the inhabitants of Canada. You will be pleased to put this into the hands of a printer whose secrecy and discretion may be depended on and desire him to strike off a proof sheet with the utmost dispatch, which you will sent to me for correction.30 We shall want at least 500 Copies. The importance of this Business will sufficiently impress you with the necessity of transacting it with every possible degree of caution. The printer is to be particularly charged not on any account to reserve a Copy himself or suffer one to get abroad.31 With great Regard Etc.32
[Note 30: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "The Chevalier de la Luzerne will furnish you with a number of Blanks headed with the Arms of the King of France, on which it is proposed to print the proclamation if the paper will admit. Should it not, the printer must procure some of a proper size and good quality."]
[Note 31: A translation of the proclamation was forwarded by Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain in his despatch of Aug. 31, 178O. A copy of it is in the British Transcripts, C. O. 5, vol. 100, fol. 243, Library of Congress.
Arnold's reply (June 7) is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Among other things, he said: "I have therefore sealed up the Original draught, [of the proclamation] with a proof Sheet similar to the One Inclosed, which I have left with Mrs. Arnold, to be delivered to your Excellency's Order."
In Sir Henry Clinton's Papers, in the William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., is a memorandum of Mrs. Arnold being paid, after the discovery of Arnold's treason, £350 for services.]
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Sunday, June 4, 1780.
Parole Newcastle. Countersigns Kent, Man.
The Connecticut Line to be Inspected tomorrow by the Inspector General.
The Inspection to begin at 6 o clock in the Morning.
Head Quarters, Morristown, Monday, June 5, 1780.
Parole Pekin. Countersigns D., Thorn.
For manoeuvring Colonels Johnston and Humpton; Majors Chapman and Trescott; Colours from the 1st. and 2nd. Pennsylvania brigades; the 2nd. Pennsylvania and Hand's give the Adjutants.
The Brigade Major of the 2nd. Pennsylvania brigade to attend the Formation of the Battalions which are to be paraded at the usual place tomorrow morning 6 o'clock.
The 2nd. Pennsylvania Hand's and Stark's Brigades and the Connecticut Line to give the Morristown Guards and Fatigue the ensuing Week.
Six camp colour men from Hand's Brigade under the care of a Corporal to be sent to Morristown tomorrow morning 7 o clock: Mr. Shute33 A, D, Q, M, G. will give them directions.
[Note 33: John Shute. He was Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to receive your [favr] of the 21st: May in due time. You must be good enough to attribute my not answering it sooner to the real cause; a hurry of other business. I had been twice before applied to for my opinion on the propriety of promoting Capt. McLean. The last was thro' the Board of War, to whom I stated my objections fully on the 9th: April. I need not enter into a recapitulation of them at present, they in general were, that the principles on which Capt. McLean grounded his claim were not well founded, as there were many Officers in the line of the Army still remaining in the Rank of Captains who were elder than him; that the Corps, both Horse and Foot, was commanded by Major Lee, as Major Commandant, and that there was no real occasion for a Major to command the Infantry. I will, in confidence, give you a further reason for waving this matter. A compliance with it would instantly lead to an application to promote Capt. Peyton of the Horse in the same Corps to a Majority. Peyton was a very young Officer in Blands, and such a measure would create great disgust, not only to the Officers of Blands, but of the other Corps of Horse, who are already extremely jealous of the superior advantages and priviledges which Major Lee has some [how] or other obtained.
I [now am,] as I [always have] been ready to acknowledge, a high opinion of Capt. McLean's merit, but I cannot give my assent to a measure which I plainly foresee would involve disagreeable consequences, for the reasons I have before mentioned.
[Your favours of the 26th. and 30th. ulto. are also before me, and deserve my particular thanks. We are in a strange dilemma respecting Charles Town. The York Gazette extray. of the 29th. Ulto. published by authority, gives an acct. of its surrender; subsequent papers give us the particulars, and yet the fact is doubted. This Nights post will certainly remove suspence if it does not give Mr. Rivington the lye. We seem to be almost as much at a loss with respect to the Naval transactions in the West Indies. We are told that more than one engagement has happened between the French and British Squadrons in those Seas and can learn the particulars of neither, but hope fortune has decided in favour of the first from the currt. of information.
The Letters of your Comee. and my public ones to Congress, will give you a full acct. of our proceedings at this place; it is unnecessary therefore to touch upon them in a private letter.
Mrs. Washington and the Gentn. of my Family join me in a tender of best wishes and an assurance of sincere regard etc.]37
[Note 37: Tile draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 5, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been successively honored with your favors of the 19th, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 30th. ulto. with the several enclosures to which they refer.
I am at a loss to know the meaning of the Board in transmitting the representation of the inhabitants of Northumberland in favr. of Colo. Weltner. It appears by Govr. Reeds letter that there has been one complaining of his Conduct. The one seems a counterpoise to the other.
I had really forgot the application of Genl. St. Clair in favr. of Doctor Pausch, but I immediately gave directions to the Commissary General of prisoners to send him in upon parole, with Ensign Hamilton and Colo. Connolly's son.
I have written to Genl. Knyphaussen and ask'd permission to negociate the Bills, put into Mr. Pintards hands, in New York. I do not conceive that he will refuse, as we indulge them in a similar priviledge.
I have confirmed the sentence of the Court Martial against Capt. Lieut. Godfrey,38 and shall direct the Adjt. Genl. to transmit you an extract from Genl. Orders.39 I would beg leave to suspend my determination upon Capt. Coren's, until I hear again from the Board. It appears by the proceedings that the Court have recommended reinstating him. Had this been his
[Note 38: Capt.-Lieut. William Egerton Godfrey, of Flower's Artillery Artificers. He retired Aug. 30, 1780.]
[Note 39: See General Orders, June 24, 1780, post.] first offence, there might not perhaps have been much difficulty in the matter, but nothing but the most urgent occasion for his services can justify the measure, as he has been once before cashier'd. I have been informed that he is extremely useful in the Elaboratory, and I would therefore leave it with the Board and Colo. Flowers to say whether he can be dismissed without materially injuring and impeding our preparations at this time. If he can, I am clearly of opinion, that his sentence does not, on any other ground admit of mitigation.
You will be pleased to forward the inclosed to Genl. Gates by a safe opportunity.
I received the Commissions for the Artillery and for the Massachusetts line and have delivered them to the Corps to which they belong. I have the honor etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, June 5, 1780.
Sir: My time has been so entirely engrossed in the preliminary arrangements of immediate necessity towards the intended cooperation, that I have not been able till now, to do myself the honor to thank your Excellency for your letter of the 21st. of May. We have too many proofs of the generous zeal of your Countrymen in the cause of America, not to be convinced of it; and to feel all that the most grateful sensibility can inspire.
I am happy in believing, that the Troops and citizens of these states will eagerly embrace every opportunity to manifest their affection to the Troops and citizens of your Nation, as well as their gratitude and veneration to a Prince from whom they have received the most important benefits. Penetrated with a sense of these, I shall think it my duty to cultivate corrispondent sentiments as far as my influence extends.
The Marquis has given me an acct. of all your Excellency had done for the advancement of the combined operation's. It will no doubt contribute essentially to their success, and gives you a claim to the acknowledgements of the two Countries.
I am too sensible of the value of the permission you give me to solicit your aid in every thing, in which you can continue to afford us your good offices, not to make use of it as frequently as possible. I begin by entreating you to favour me with your advice with the greatest freedom on whatever occurs to you, interesting to our affairs at this period. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 41: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Morristown, Tuesday, June 6, 1780.
Parole Sussex. Countersigns Holt, F.
A Subaltern from Hands brigade to relieve the Subaltern from Clinton's now superintending the Hospital at Pluckemin. He will receive his Instructions from the Officer he relieves.
Six Camp colour men from Starks brigade under the care of a Corporal to be sent to Commissary Kean's44 early tomorrow morning.
[Note 44: John Kean. He was Assistant Commissary of Issues.]
Morning Orders, Wednesday, June 7, 1780, "4 o clock"
The Troops to be held in readiness to march at a moment's warning; Each man to be furnish'd with 40 rounds and two days provisions.
"7 o clock A M"
The Army will march immediately45 in the following order: 2nd. Connecticut; 1st. Connecticut; Stark's; Hands; 2nd Pennsylvania and 1st. Pennsylvania.
[Note 45: "I am directed by Colo: Dayton to inform your excellency that the enemy landed this night at 12 oClock."-- Capt. Jona. Dayton to Washington, "past 1 oClock Wednesday Morn." Dayton's letter is in the Washington Papers. Dayton reported the strength of the British as four or five thousand, with 12 field pieces. It developed that there were six regiments and four 6-pounder cannon. Incessant skirmishing ensued and Major Gibbs, of the Guard, reported to Washington "that among the Wounded is Mr. Ford of Morristown where hd. Qurs. is kept he was in the Advance, a Volunteer with Lt. Colfax which gave the Enemy the first Charge; he received two balls thro his thigh." Gibbs's letter, dated June 8, 1780, is in the Washington Papers.]
The Brigade Commissaries are to follow on with provisions.
Head Quarters, Shorthills, Wednesday, June 7, 1780.
Parole Resolution. Countersigns Look, Sharp.
Watchword Tomorrow.
For the present the Army is to be formed in the following order.
The first line composed of the Pennsylvania division on the right commanded by Major General Greene.
The Connecticut division on the left commanded by Major General the Marquis La Fayette.
The 2nd. line composed of Hand's and Stark's Brigades commanded by Major General Baron de Steuben.
The Jersey Brigade forms the Advance Corps till further orders.
Captain Webb is to serve with General Greene as an Aid de Camp untill the Enemy's return into New York and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
AFTER ORDERS
Two regiments of the second line to be posted on the road between Camp and Newark mountain.
The troops to lie on their Arms and the Officers with their respective regiments and platoons, that in Case of an alarm every officer and man may be immediately at his Post.
Head Quarters, Morris Town, June 7, 1780, ½ after 8 A. M.
Sir: I have this morning been informed that the Enemy landed last night in force at De Harts Point near Elizabeth Town, and are advancing rapidly on the road to Springfield. I wish You to communicate this intelligence to the Militia Officers in the vicinity of your post immediately that they may alarm the Country and that you will march as expeditiously as you can consistent with the Men's health with the detachment under your command and with all the Militia that will join You, for Chatham; keeping the Mountains below you on your left. You will send on some of the Militia Light Horse, or Messengers from time to time to Chatham in order to inform yourself of the advance and situation of the Enemy and also to advise me how far you are on your march. I am &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Heights above Springfield, June 8, 1780, 5 O'Clock A. M.
Gentn: If Major Lee's Corps is still at Philadelphia or within its vicinity, or has not advanced more than three or four days march towards the Southward, I request that you will order it to join this Army as soon as it can be done. His Horse in particular is infinitely wanted at this time. I inclose a Letter for him on this subject. The Enemy are out in force in Jersey and lie just below Springfield. They have a considerable body of Horse which we want Horse to counteract, and we want them besides for the purpose of reconnoitring &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Connecticut Farms, Thursday, June 8, 1780.
MORNING ORDERS
Major Generals Greene, La Fayette and Steuben's divisions each give a battalion to form a detachment which is to be commanded by Brigadier General Hand.
The men's ammunition to be carefully inspected immediately. One or two officers from each division to be sent to Camp this day to bring on all stragglers small guards &ca. to join their respective regiments.
Parole Pensacola. Countersigns Mobile, Spain.
Watchword Galvez.
A Field Officer from each division to post and visit the Guards of the Divisions respectively.
The officers from General St. Clairs division to visit also the Guards posted from the Jersey Brigade.
The Army to keep its present position 'till further orders; the officers to keep with their regiments and platoons and their men compact as possible.
General St. Clair having joined is to resume the Command of his own division; General Greene will take command of the Front Line.
Head Quarters, Springfield, Friday, June 9, 1780.
Parole Monmouth. Countersigns B., K.
Watchword Attention.
A Field Return to be made immediately of the officers and men on the ground "Fit for Action" by Brigades regimentally digested.
A return of the number of shoes actually wanted by the men present; also of Canteens.
The men to cook two days provisions immediately and to draw two days more so as to be completed with four days provisions this day inclusive.
The Ammunition to be inspected very critically and all deficiencies made up.
Major General Lord Stirling is to take the command of the second line and Major General Baron Steuben to take the command of the Troops in advance consisting of General Maxwell's brigade, Major Gibbs's detachment and such of the Militia as are at present advanced.
The detachment under command of Major Talbot lately returned from Peramus are to join their respective Corps.
Colonel Hazen's regiment to take Post at the fork of the road on the left of Cammell's.51
[Note 51: Archibald(?) Campbell. He was an innkeeper.]
Head Quarters, June 9, 1780.
Sir: If the Enemy mean to make a movement into the Country to Morris Town, it is likely they will attempt it to night, and if they do, they may endeavour to proceed by a Road either more to our right or left, than any one on which we have Troops. From this consideration and the importance of having very avenue guarded by which they may attempt to gain our Rear. I shall be exceedingly glad, if you can procure and send Three or Four very trusty Horsemen on whom you can depend, on each of the Roads under the above description to patrol the night and who will give the earliest communication of the advance of the Enemy. The Road which leads thro the Mountain by the way of the Scot's plains, I wish to be particularly attended to. Should you not be perfectly informed of the Roads on which we have Troops, Baron Steuben will inform you.52 I am etc.53
[Note 52: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "You will be pleased to let me know the reason for firing a Cannon just now."]
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Springfield, June 10, 1780.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Your Excellency, that on Tuesday night the Enemy landed at Elizabeth Town point, with the principal part of their force, under the command of General Knyphausen, and proceeded the next morning into the Country till they were within half a mile of Springfield. In their march they were most spiritedly opposed by the Jersey Troops which formed the advanced Corps of the Army, and by such of the Militia as had an opportunity from their situation and the suddenness of the occasion to collect. The moment I received advice that the Enemy were out in force, I put the Army in motion and it reached the heights in the rear of Springfield on Wednesday afternoon. A pretty warm skirmishing was kept up thro' the day between the Enemy and the light parties on our side, in which there is reason to believe the Enemy were a good deal galled. We have received intelligence, which seems to be authentic, that Brigadier General Stirling was wounded in the thigh shortly after the debarkation. In the night they retired to Elizabeth Town point where they have remained ever since, having burnt in the course of the day, according to their common mode of warfare, a Meeting House and several Dwelling Houses and Barns. Their movements are a little mysterious; the design of them not easily penetrated. We can only form conjectures with respect to it.
The Militia have turned out with remarkable spirit and have hitherto done themselves great honor. I cannot precisely ascertain the loss we have sustained upon this occasion, but it is inconsiderable. II have the Honor etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Heights above Springfield, June 10, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your several letters of the 5th 6th and 8th: of June. You do well to consider the post of West Point as the capital object of your attention and every other as secondary. This is peculiarly necessary at the present moment, as there are circumstances that authorise a suspicion of something being intended against that post. I would therefore have you by all means to keep your force collected in such manner as that there may not be a possibility of your being found in a divided state, in case of a sudden movement of the enemy your way.
General Knyphaussen (we have reason to believe) with all the force he could spare from New York made an incursion into the Jerseys the night of the 6th instant and proceeded early next morning towards Connecticut farms about five miles from Elizabeth Town. In the night of the 7th. he retired to the point of his debarkation beyond Elizabeth Town where he has remained ever since, and has been crossing and recrossing his cavalry and baggage. His whole conduct is inexplicable and begins to have much the air of an amusement. 'Tis probable Clinton with the whole or a part of the troops under his command is momently expected at New York and the present movement may be intended to draw our attention this way, while he on his arrival pushes immediately up the North River and attacks the Forts united with what Troops still remain in New York.
The day Knyphaussen moved out he was very severely galled by an advanced corps of Continental troops and the Jersey militia who have turned out and acted with admirable spirit upon the occasion.55
[Note 55: A hasty note (June 10) from Washington to Lieut. Col. Nathaniel Scudder ordered Scudder to march his regiment to the Army by way of Scotch Plains. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
We conjectured at first that his coming out was to forage or to draw us down into the plain and give us battle. But as he did not pursue the first and as he must have seen that we shall not fight him but upon our own terms, we cannot see why he should remain in his present position so long; we are therefore led to the other conjecture respecting you. Use all possible vigilance and caution.
It is not improbable Clinton's brigade may shortly reinforce you.
The enemy have a good many cavalry and we have none here. You will dispatch immediately Moylan's Regiment to join us. Sheldon's will continue with you. His infantry on an emergency may be thrown into the garrison.
You ask my opinion about giving due bills for deficient rations. It would be but justice if our circumstances permitted it; but they do not. We can neither afford provision nor have we money to pay for deficiencies. No such allowance has been made to the troops here.
You will order Col Hay to detain the ship Carpenters in his employ even if the business now in hand should be finished, for we shall have essential need of their services hereafter.
With respect to the mode of purchasing horses as proposed by Col Hay, I can only say that the necessity of the case must justify the measure, but, that I wish you to procure such a number only as may be absolutely necessary. I am &c.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, the last paragraph being in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Heights above Springfield, June 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: From the accounts which I have received from the northward, I am in hopes there will be no occasion for your advancing beyond Albany. I put this letter under cover to the Lieut. Governor, with a desire to forward it to you, in case the information he may have received of the retreat of the Enemy will justify your recall. In such case, you will return with the utmost expedition to West Point and put yourself under the command of Genl Howe or Genl Heath should he have arrived from Boston. From the present apprehensions of the designs of the Enemy, you will be pleased to use every exertion to reach West Point, should it be determined by the Legislature that you may come down the river. I am &c.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[M.L.]
[Note 62: Of Delaware.]
Head Quarters, at Springfield, June 10, 1780.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive Your Letter of the 3d. Instant. It appears to me necessary that appointments should be made to the Four Vacant Ensigncies which Major Patten has reported. It is essential to service that Troops should be well officered and in ours the complement allowed should be generally full, as from the nature of our establishment, it is rather limited, and besides three or four Officers are employed in the Regimental and Brigade Staff, who do not act in the common rotine of duty, not to mention that Others are often taken as aids and for other purposes. I mention appointments to the Four Ensigncies only, as the places of the Two Officers in captivity cannot be considered as vacant and of consequence these ought not to be filled by Others. Their captivity however, as Your Excellency very justly intimates is an additional reason to those I have mentioned for making the proposed arrangement. I am &c.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Thursday, June 10, 1780.
Parole Perseverance. Countersigns Peace, Plenty.
Watchword Independence.
Returns of the Canteens actually wanting in the several brigades to be made immediately by the brigade Quarter masters (signed by the commanding officers respectively) and presented to the Quarter master General in order to their being drawn.
The firing of two pieces of Cannon from the Centre of the second line will announce the advance of the enemy upon which the Troops are immediately to parade and remain under Arms for orders.
Two days provisions beforehand to be kept continually cooked.
In the present situation the officers will take the most effectual measures to keep the men near their respective quarters and will not themselves leave their Corps with out being detached by order.
The practice of going into the vicinity of the Enemy which is too common without being sent there on Service is entirely contrary to discipline and may be attended with ill consequences.
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Sunday, June 11, 1780.
MORNING ORDERS
The State or Sub Clothiers to apply without delay to the Deputy Clothier General at Colonel Potters on the Baskenridge road for their proportion of shoes, if the Sub Clothiers are not present officers are to be appointed for the purpose of receiving the shoes and delivering them to the regimental Clothiers.
A trusty Corporal to be sent from each division immediatelyto Colonel Potters to assist the Deputy Clothier General.
Parole Patriotism. Countersigns Jersey, Brave.
Watchword Halloo.
AFTER ORDERS
The General observed with great pain to day that a number of men were straggling to a considerable distance from Camp on a variety of frivolous pretences and without passes from the Commandants of their regiments.
This Practice subversive of all discipline and pernicious in every point of view demands the utmost care of the officers to prevent it; The General for this Purpose enjoins a strict observance of the Regulations forbidding any noncommission'd officer or Soldier to pass the chain of Sentinels without a written permission from the commanding officer of his regiment; and those respecting Roll-calls; and the more effectually to prevent straggling He authorizes every officer who shall find a Soldier without the chain unprovided with the Permit requir'd to order him on the spot fifty lashes. The visit directed to be made at Tatoo Beating will be always under the Inspection of a Commission'd officer and the Tatoo will beat at nine o clock 'till further orders;
The advance Corps not to beat.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 11, 1780.
Gentlemen: It appears to me to be a very eligible step, at the present juncture, to reiterate our instances with the several States, to engage them to press the measures recommended in your former letter. Not only the time is sliding away very fast, every moment of which ought to be improved for the intended co-operation, but the movements of the Enemy demand every exertion in our power for the purposes of defence. There can now remain no doubt that Charles Town and its Garrison have fallen. There is every reason to believe, that Sir Henry Clinton with the whole, or the greatest part of his force will shortly arrive at New York. The expectation of the French Fleet and army will certainly determine the Enemy to unite their force. General Knyphausen still continues in the Jerseys with all the force which can be spared from New York; a force greatly superior to ours. Should Sir Henry join him the superiority will be decided, and equal to almost any thing the Enemy may think proper to attempt. It is true they are at this time inactive, but their continuance where they are proves that they have some prospect of importance in contemplation. Perhaps they are only waiting till the militia grow tired and return home (which they are doing every hour) to prosecute their designs with less opposition. This would be a critical moment for us. Perhaps they are waiting the arrival of Sir Henry Clinton either to push up the North River against the highland posts, or to bend their whole force against this army. In either case the most disastrous consequences are to be apprehended. You who are well acquainted with our situation need no arguments to evince the danger.
The militia of this State have run to Arms and behaved with an ardor and spirit of which there are few examples. But perseverance in enduring the rigors of military service is not to be expected from those who are not by profession obliged to it. The reverse of this opinion has been a great misfortune in our affairs and it is high time we should recover from an error of so pernicious a nature. We must absolutely have a force of a different composition or we must relinquish the contest. In a few days we may expect to have to depend almost wholly on our Continental force, and this (from your own observation)65 is totally inadequate to our safety. The exigency calls loudly upon the States to carry all the recommendations of the Committee into the most vigorous and immediate execution, but more particulary that of completing our battalions by a draft, and with all the expedition possible.
[Note 65: In the draft, which is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, the words in parentheses were inserted by Washington.]
I beg leave to advise, that these ideas be all clearly held up to the States. Whatever inconvenience there may be in diffusing the knowledge of our circumstances, delicate as they are, there is in my opinion more danger in concealing, than disclosing them.
I have the honor etc.
I inclose you a paper with the articles of capitulation of Chs. town.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Camp at Springfield, June 11, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received your Two favors of the 5 and 6th Inst and thank you very much for your exertions for our relief, and for your tender of services. As I am most fully persuaded of the sincerity in which the offer is founded, and as I know it is your earnest wish, I shall without hesitation avail myself of them whenever the exigency of our affairs may make it necessary. You will readily conclude, by the part I have taken in my late applications, that I know whatever was in your power to do, to promote the service, might be asked without the least scruple. And I am certain from the happy experience I have had of His Excellency, the Governor's zeal and readiness on all occasions, to advance the public interest, that nothing within his compass will be ever wanting to promote it to its fullest extent. From the very delicate situation of our affairs at this time, the most enerjetic exertions of every public body and of every virtuous Individual are essential. With these we may obtain what we wish, but with any thing short, the attainment will be extremely precarious, and I think I shall not hazard much if I say impracticable. I wish the loss of Charles Town which is placed beyond doubt, tho I have received no Official advices of it on our part, may have the effect you hope. It is certain the Country seems to be in an unaccountable state of security and to be sunk in the greatest supineness, and if this loss should rouse it, it may ultimately turn to our advantage, tho I confess it pains me that such events should be requisite to induce us to proper exertions.
With respect to Arms for the Recruits, we are endeavouring to provide them, and I hope we shall be able to accomplish it. If we should not, it will be a disagreeable circumstance and we must have recourse to the States. I have used every means in my power to prevent the discharged Soldiery from time to time carrying away their Arms; but I am persuaded they do it in a variety of instances nevertheless; and doubt not many of those you saw belonged to the Continent. The loss of Arms is among the innumerable and unavoidable ill consequences of limited inlistments.
On Tuesday night the Enemy landed at Elizabeth Town point, with [almost their whole] force under the command of General Knyphausen and proceeded the next morning into the Country within half a mile of Springfield. At night they retired to the point of debarkation where they have remained ever since. In their advance they were most spiritedly opposed by the Jersey Brigade which lay in the neighbourhood and such of the Militia as had an opportunity from their situation and the suddenness of the occasion to turn out with the greatest spirit; and there is reason to believe they were a good deal galled. Brigadier Genl Stirling it seems from good intelligence was wounded in the Thigh soon after they debarked, by our picket. This movement of the Enemy has brought our Army to the heights in the rear of this place. The Jersey Militia have turned out with the most admirable spirit upon the occasion and hitherto done themselves great honor. You but too well know and will regret with me, the cause which justifies this insulting maneuvre on the part of the Enemy. It deeply effects the honor of the States, a vindication of which could not be attempted in our present circumstances, without most intimately hazarding their security, at least so far as it may depend on that of the Army. Their character; their Interest; their all that is dear, call upon them to fill their Regiments immediately, and to place their Army on a respectable footing. I am etc.
P.S. The Enemy as usual, burnt a meeting House and several Dwelling Houses and Barnes. They lost between Thirty and forty Prisoners. Our loss upon this occasion has been very inconsiderable.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From the original in the possession of Hon. James W. Wadsworth, of Geneseo, N. Y.]
Head Quarters near Springfield, June 11, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have rec'd your favor of this date. The spirit which has been exhibited by your corps on the present occasion gives me pleasure, and be assured meets with my Thanks and Approbation. As your rapid progress must have fatigued the Cavalry in some degree, I wish you for the present to take post somewhere in our rear; perhaps Chatham or its vicinity is as well calculated to afford you forage as any other place. You will however when you have fixed on the spot be pleased by a line to point it out to me. I am &c.
P.S. I shall be glad to see you at my Qrs. to morrow morng.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, near Springfield, June 11, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's favor of the 6th, conveying the very agreeable intelligence that a quantity of salted provision is on the way to West Point. It gives me much pleasure to hear that vigorous measures are pursuing by your State to draw forth its resources of Men and supplies, and I am not without hope that the same good disposition will pervade the whole. I am pursuaded that the Zeal, which you have manifested upon every former occasion, will, if possible, be increased upon this. The generous interposition of our Ally calls for every exertion on our part, and if we do not strenuously embrace the favorable opportunity which now presents itself, we shall perhaps set down with the melancholy reflexion, that we lost the prize for which we long nobly and virtuously contended, by a want only of a proper use and direction of the means, which we have within our power, at the last and critical moment.
The loss of Charles town seems now reduced to a certainty. It will no doubt give spirit to our Enemies, and have a temporary effect upon our Affairs. But if extensively considered and rightly improved, it may be attended in the end by happy consequences. The enemy, by attempting to hold conquests so remote, must dissipate their force, and of course afford opportunities of striking one or the other extremity.
General Knyphausen, with the greater part of the force left with him, made a landing at Elizabeth Town last Wednesday morning, and advanced within a mile of this place. He was warmly opposed in his progress by General Maxwells Brigade, and the few Jersey Militia who assembled on the instant. He returned the same evening to Elizabeth town point, and, by throwing over his Waggons, and part of his Artillery and Cavalry to Staten Island, seemed determined to return to his former positions in New York and its dependencies. He however, on Friday, brought back some Artillery and Horse, and still remains in force upon the point. The meaning of this maneuvre yet remains a secret. He either wants to draw us to an unequal engagement with inferior numbers, (as to Continental Troops) or to amuse us here, while perhaps part of the troops is to be drawn from the southward, and to operate suddenly against the posts upon the North River, which are in so defenceless a state, on account of the expiration of the service of the Men who were allotted to garrison them, that I am very apprehensive for the consequences, should such an attempt be in contemplation. This is an additional motive to my wish to still remains in force upon the Point. The meaning of this have those posts well supplied with provision. We might then, upon an emergency, call in a body of neighbouring Militia to the reinforcement of the Garrison. The Enemy, who are undoubtedly well informed of our circumstances, are now taking advantage of the reduced state of the Continental Army. We have been compelled to behold them ravaging a fine Country below the Mountain, with a force, in fact, inconsiderable, but still such as we should not have been justified in meeting. And to this indignity we must, as often as they please, submit, 'till we receive the quotas of men required from the respective States.
I most sincerely condole with your Excellency on the late severe stroke which you have met with in your family.69 Although calamities of this kind are what we should all be prepared to expect, yet few, upon their arrival, are able to bear them with a becoming fortitude. Your determination however to seek assistance from the great disposer of all human events is highly laudable, and is the source from whence the truest consolation is to be drawn. I am etc.70
[Note 69: The death of Trumbull's wife.]
[Note 70: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 19
June 12, 1780--September 5, 1780
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312.7 1931
Washingtoniana
Printed
June, 1937
Library of Congress
June 28 1937
Division of Documents
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 12, 1780.
Sir: As there is a large number of horses and Cattle in the vicinity of the enemy which they will no doubt convert to their own benefit and without making compensation to the owners, the good of the service and a regard to the individuals to whom they belong require that they should be immediately removed. The rules of war justify this precaution and good policy forbids us to leave so valuable a resource in the power of the enemy. I therefore authorise and desire you as speedily as possible to have all the horses and Cattle (except a few milch cows absolutely necessary for family use) within five miles of the water from Newark to Amboy driven off and delivered to the Commissary of Provisions or his assistants, who will have them disposed of at some secure places to be returned to the owners as soon as circumstances will permit; except such as the exigency of service may require to be applied to the use of the army, which will be paid for at the market price.1 That justice may be done to the owners, you will direct your collecting parties to keep an exact account of the number of horses and Cattle taken from each person.2
[Note 1: On June 14 these instructions to Heard were modified as follows: "To deliver the horses you collect to the Quarter matter Genl. or his assistant. To deliver all the Cattle unfit for immediate use to the contractor of the County, who will dispose of them in some safe place till further orders." These instructions are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 12, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have received information which though not official, I deem authentic, that some of the states have taken up the measure of augmenting their batalions by a draft on a less extensive footing than was urged in your circular letter of the 25th of May. Though I wish to pay in every instance implicit deference to the determinations of the respective states, I think it my duty in the present crisis, once more to declare with freedom, that I conceive the measure of filling our batalions to their full complement, fundamental to a cooperation on a large scale; that any thing short of this will infallibly compel us to confine ourselves to a mere defensive plan, except as to some little partial indecisive enterprises against remote points; and will of course disappoint the expectations of our allies and protract the war. The force which has been stated as necessary is as small as can give us any prospect of a decisive effort. If it is not furnished, we must renounce every hope of this kind. It remains with the states to realize the consequences. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The result of this letter was that the committee addressed a circular letter to the States (June 12), a copy of which is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Monday, June 12, 1780.
Parole Springfield. Countersigns F., O.
Watchword Take Care.
[Note 4: Maj. James Randolph Reid.]
Brigade Major Van Laer
Field Returns of the officers and men "present fit for Action" to be delivered at six o clock this afternoon.
Picquets to be paraded at 5 o clock P. M: between the right and left Wing of the Front line where the Grand Parade is assigned 'till further orders.
A Chain of Sentinels to be posted round each Division.
A Captain of the day from each division to be appointed as usual.
AFTER ORDERS
In Case of an Alarm Colonel Taylor's5 regiment of Militia is to join the right wing of the Army and Colonel Van Dyck's6 and Colonel Nelson's7 the Left to be disposed of as Major General St Clair and the Marquis de la Fayette shall judge most proper.
[Note 5: Col. Robert Taylor, of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 6: Col. Henry Van Dyke, of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 7: Col. John Nelson, of the New Jersey Militia.]
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Tuesday, June 13, 1780.
Parole America. Countersigns Arms, Arts.
Watchword Holland.
[Note 8: Maj. William Bradford, of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment.]
At a General Court martial of the Line whereof Colonel Meigs is President, June 2nd. 1780, Captain Chrystie9 of the 3d. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for:
[Note 9: Capt. James Christie (Chrystie). He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
"Refusing (contrary to the regulations established by Congress) to take his Post and march with the detachment for Guard from the Brigade to the Grand Parade when requested by the Major of Brigade".
The Court on mature Consideration are of opinion that Captain Chrystie is Guilty of the Charge against him being contradictory to the Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops and in breach of the 5th. Article 18 section of the rules and Articles of War and do Sentence him to be reprimanded in Brigade Orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court and directs it to be carried into Execution; and He thinks proper to declare that Captain Chrystie was wrong in the first instance in refusing to take the command of the detachment when requested by Captain Van Laer the Brigade Major and that he has been still more so in the defence he has made both in manner and matter.
The Forming the detachment on the Brigade Parade was of right under the direction of Captain Van Laer not as a Captain but as Brigade Major and the officers to march it to the Grand Parade were to be Posted by him not from any rank acquired by his appointment but from the very nature and duties of the office itself.
When the sentence is carried into execution Captain Chrystie is to be released from his Arrest.
At the same Court, June 3d. 1780 Ensign Russell10 of Colonel Sherburne's late regiment was tried for "Defaming Colonel Sherburne's Character in Company by saying he was a damn'd liar and Rascal".
[Note 10: Ensign Thomas Russell. He was aide to Brig. Gen. John Stark and retired in January, 1781.]
The Court on mature consideration are of opinion that the Charge against Ensign Russel is not fully supported yet they are of opinion that the expressions Mr. Russel made use of respecting Colonel Sherburne were highly indecent and illiberal more especially when used by an inferior officer respecting his superior, he being the Commanding officer of the particular regiment to which Ensign Russel belonged and that he is Guilty of a breach of the 5th Article 18th. Section of the Rules and Articles of War and do sentence that Ensign Russel be Reprimanded in General Orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court. The Expressions Mr. Russel used were diametrically contrary to the rules of good breeding in the first place and in the second entirely disrespectful considering the relative situation between him and Colonel Sherburne; and in this view the General cannot but consider his conduct to have been highly reprehensible. He is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 13, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have examined the system for the Quarter Masters department with as much attention as the time I have had for it, and the hurry of my situation would permit.11 It appears to me as good an one as we can adopt in the present posture of our affairs.
[Note 11: For text of the plan of the Quartermaster Department adopted by Congress, see the Journals of the Continental Congress, July 15, 1780.]
I beg leave to observe that I conceive it indispensably necessary for the Committee at once to fix the Salaries of the different offices finally. A reference will cause delay, perhaps considerable delay, and the advanced period of the season, and the exigency of the conjuncture will admit of none. The department should instantly be put in full activity and this cannot be the case unless those employed in it know on what terms they are to act.
With the greatest deference I think the amendment proposed by the Committee page 22d will prove eventually injurious and against the interests of oeconomy. To specify an ultimate will be to give it. The establishment will be an act of notoriety, and those who would otherwise have served for less when they once know that Congress have determined a particular sum will insist on that. If the limitation is ample the Public will then lose by it; if it is parsimonious proper persons will not be found to engage in the department, and the worst consequences must follow. The approbation of the Board of War being required will be a sufficient security for the discretion of the Quarter Master General. With perfect respect etc.
I return herewith the copy of the system sent me by the Committee.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure of receiving yours of the 11th. instant. The enemy still continue upon Elizabeth town point with their pickets advanced to the Town. The Militia assembled in a very spirited manner upon the first alarm. Their numbers at present amount to between 2500 and 3000; but as I knew it must be extremely inconvenient for so many to remain abroad, I had, last evening a meeting with General Heard and the Field Officers when it was determined to endeavour to keep up about 1500 and dismiss the remainder. That number I think will be sufficient to keep the present force of the enemy in check. Should they receive reinforcements and advance into the Country, we must then call out such further force as circumstances may require. I think the mode of keeping out the number I have mentioned preferable to that of calling out the whole at once, unless there should be a certain want of their services.
I shall be very happy to see you immediately at Camp where I think the proper arrangements may be made with more precision than at Trenton. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Wednesday, June 14, 1780.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersigns L., C.
Watchword Silence.
[Note 13: Lieut. Col. John Sumner, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Ely
A Detachment to be Paraded at twelve oClock this day with two days Provisions and forty rounds per man
Major Parr to take the Command
AFTER ORDERS
Brigadier General Wayne will take Command of the first and Brigadier General Irvine of the second Pennsylvania Brigade.
A Surgeon or Mate from the 1st Connecticut Brigade to join the detachment under Major Parr.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellencys letter of the 8th., inclosing a Copy of one to Congress. There is nothing I am so happy in as in complying with every request you make and motives of public utility would induce me to take any step which I conceived I could do with propriety to forward measures which in any manner effect the supplies of the Army. But in the present case the affair appears to me to stand upon a delicate footing and to relate to arrangements of such a nature as I have always cautiously avoided interfering in. I trust my scruples to your Excellency's delicacy and I have no doubt on reconsideration, you will approve my declining to write to Congress on the subject in question.14
[Note 14: Payment of debts due Connecticut cattle feeders and settlement of the accounts of the late Commissary General of Purchasers, Joseph Trumbull.]
I thank Your Excellency for the exertions you are making to give relief to our distresses. Every new circumstance proves more and more the necessity of exertion in the present crisis, and evinces how much we have to fear if a spirit of energy does not immediately and generally pervade the States.
The Enemy still continue in the position they took at Elizabeth Town point and are in all probability waiting the arrival of Sir Henry Clinton to commence a vigorous operation somewhere. Our situation is as embarrassing as you can imagine. When they unite their force it will be infinitely more so. Time must unfold the result. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is dated June 13, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Springfield in New Jersey, June 14, 1780.
D. Sir: I have received Your Two favors of the 29th and 31st of last Month, with the plan referred to, and have to return You my warmest thanks for the same and for your very kind and polite attention to my request. The plan and table of reference are very intelligible and satisfactory, and convey a clear idea of many points, about which I was uninformed before. These may be of great use, and from the manner and the person, the accounts were obtained with respect to the Fortifications, I have no doubt of their accuracy as to these, at the time to which they relate. The place16 appears to be very strong and to have had much attention paid to it's security latterly. I am in hopes from the measures General Heath has taken, that he will be able to procure intelligence of it's improvements and force to a late period.
[Note 16: Halifax.]
With respect to Charles Town, although I have received no Official advices of it on our part, the loss of it seems placed beyond doubt. The Articles of Capitulation are published in a York Gazette Extraordinary by Authority, which were signed the 12 of May, with all the preliminary negotiations between the Commanders. The Garrison, at least the part denominated Continental, are prisoners of War. This is a severe blow; but not such as will ruin us, if we exert ourselves virtuously and as we are able. Something like it seems to have been necessary, to rouse us from the more than thrice unaccountable state of security in which we were sunk. Heaven grant the blow may have this effect. If it should, the misfortune may prove a benefit and the means of saving us.
On Tuesday night the Enemy landed at Elizabeth Town point, with all the force they could draw from New York and it's dependencies under the command of General Knyphausen, and proceeded the next morning into the Country about Seven miles, within half a mile of this place. At night they retired to the point of debarkation, where they have remained ever since. In their advance they were most spiritedly opposed by the Jersey Troops who lay in the Neighbourhood, and by such of the militia as had an opportunity from their situation and the suddenness of the occasion, to turn out; and there is reason to believe they were a good deal galled. Brigadier Genl Stirling, it seems from good authority, was wounded in the thigh by our picket soon after they debarked. This movement of the Enemy brought the Army to this post on Wednesday last. The cause which justifies this Insulting manuvre on their part, most deeply effects the honor of the States,17 a vindication of which could not be attempted in the present situation of the Army, without most eminently hazarding their security, at least so far as it might depend upon the safety of the latter. Such is our weak, diminished condition. Our character, our interest, our all that is dear demand, that the States should without the least delay, fill their Battallions according to their established complement. If this is not done, we cannot cooperate with the force so generously coming from our Ally on any large scale, and may, however flattering our views of success may be thought by many, easily become a ruined and an undone people. You cannot, My Dear Sir, render a more essential service to your Country, than to promote as far as it may be in your power, this desirable and all interesting work. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 17: Knyphausen's advance into Jersey seems to have been encouraged by the number of deserters daily coming into the British lines, which led the German commander to believe that a movement in force into the State would result in large numbers of inhabitants returning to British allegiance. The strong opposition he encountered from the militia and Continentals completely disabused his mind of this idea.]
P.S. The enemy burnt a Meeting House and several Dwelling Houses and Barns. They lost about Forty prisoners. We have suffered but very inconsiderably in this affair; and I have the pleasure to add that the Militia never turned out with greater spirit, than on this occasion.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 14, 1780.
Gentn: I was yesterday afternoon honoured with your Two Letters of the 7th and 8th Inst. In consequence of the request contained in the first I have directed Captain Bowman19 to repair to Philadelphia, who will have the honor of presenting this to the Board.
[Note 19: Capt. Nathaniel Bowman, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. His instructions, written and signed by Robert Hanson Harrison, are dated June 16 and are in the Washington Papers.]
The Sentence against Captain Coren will be published and confirmed in General Orders; but the proceedings at present are at the Adjutant General's Office in Morris Town.
General Knyphausen has informed me in answer to my Letter on the subject, that he did not think himself authorized to act on my proposition for mutually appointing Agents for prisoners, but that he would take the earliest occasion to transmit my Letter to Sir Henry Clinton. With respect to the Bills, his Answer is intirely silent; it being his wish I presume to leave this, as well as the Other business to Sir Harry Clinton's determination.
Captn. Bowman has in charge a Captn Joel20 who has just come from New York, and who pretends to have left the British Army in disgust. I cannot determine whether this is true or false; but I cannot but view him with an eye of suspicion. I think it necessary at least, in the present conjuncture of things, that he should be safely kept and I wish the Board to have him so confined as to prevent him any opportunity of escaping, if it should be his intention; at the same time, that he may be comfortably used, and not treated with any degree of rigour or disrespect 'till they hear further from me. The Board will be pleased to permit Captn Bowman to return to
[Note 20: Capt. Benjamin Edgar Joel, of the British Navy(?).] his Regiment as soon as they can, as he is said to be a very brave and active Officer.
The Enemy still remain out with all the force they can possibly draw from New York and their other posts, and confine themselves to Elizabeth Town point, advancing parties into the North part of the Town. I have the Honor etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 22: Contractor for supplies for Essex County, N.J.]
Head Quarters, June 14, 1780.
Sir: Brigadier General Herd is directed to drive off all the Cattle from Newark to Amboy within five Miles of the water; the fit for immediate use are to be delivered to the Commissary or his assistant and the others to you. But that the inhabitants may have justice done to them, I am to request you will in conjunction with a Magistrate have the cattle delivered to the Commissary appraised previous to the delivery.
With respect to the others, you will also have them appraised in the same mode and placed out at pasture in some safe and convenient place in the rear of the army 'till they are fit for the use of the army. I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The same letter was sent to -- Schuyler, contractor for Middlesex County, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 15, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will have heard of the enemy's incursion into the Jersies. They still remain at Elizabeth Town point, all appearances announce a serious design. My apprehensions are up for West point. Clinton is every moment expected, and may push up the North River. I shall be happy to have the Aid of your abilities at the post, and am to desire you will immediately on receipt of this repair thither. The Garrisonconsists of five Brigades which will afford you a command.
I have directed General Howe without loss of time to collect his force and keep himself compact. I am &c.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Thursday, June 15, 1780.
Parole Pennsylvania. Countersigns Reed, Rome.
Watchword Look out.
[Note 25: Lieut. Col. Joseph Hait, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Woodbridge26
[Note 26: Maj. Theodore Woodbridge, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He was appointed brigade major and inspector to July, 1781; transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
The Commanding officers of Regiments are to see that their men's Arms are cleaned in the best manner and their Ammunition critically Inspected. The Brigade Conductors are to have a proper Quantity of spare Ammunition on hand.
The most pointed Attention is to be paid to the Order respecting cooked provisions, and if three days cooked provision could be constantly kept or hand, it would be much preferable to two.
The General Courtmartial whereof Brigadier General Hand is President will assemble tomorrow morning Nine o'clock at Springfield near the Church and proceed on the Trial of Doctor Shippen.
In case of an Alarm the Members are to repair immediately to their respective Commands.
The officers composing the General Court martial whereof Colonel Meigs is President are to go through the common routine of duty 'till ordered to reassemble.
A Subaltern from Hand's Brigade to join the Detachment under Major Parr immediately.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 15, 1780.
Dr Sir: The enemy still remain here and every thing indicates that they have some serious enterprise in view. My suspicions for the North River still continue and rather increase. It is some time since I have had a return of your garrison therefore I cannot judge precisely of your force; but if you have not Two thousand five hundred rank and file fit for action, you will be pleased immediately to apply to Governor Clinton for Militia to complete you to that number. Not knowing with certainty the state of things on the Northern Frontier, I have not thought it advisable to give a positive order for Clinton's return; but I have written to the Governor in such a spirit that if his presence above should not be indispensable, he will certainly reinforce you as speedily as possible. When this event takes place, you will dismiss the Militia.
In my letter of the 10th inst. I urged you to collect all your force to the immediate defence of the Posts (West Point and its dependencies). I hope it will be done before this reaches you; but if any part of your force remains divided, you will instantly call it in, and keep yourself compact whatever temptations may be thrown out to induce you to detach.
If the enemy's designs should be against this army, you may be useful to us by making a demonstration in your quarter.
I would therefore have you to collect a number of boats at West Point sufficient for two thousand men to put the garrison under moving orders with three days provisions; to circulate ideas of having the militia ready for a sudden call; apply to Governor Trumbull [for the advance of the Connt. State Regiments] and to take such other steps as may make a noise (without over doing the matter) and give the enemy some alarm.
You can also send in27 [or some emissary] to New York with these particulars so colored as to give them the greatest likelihood of making the desired impression. You may instruct him to tell the enemy that he was sent in to find out the general state and disposition of the force on the Island of New York; but that his inquiries were more particularly to be directed to the Magazines at Fort Washington and other places accessible to the Water.
[Note 27: Hamilton had written "Hs," meaning probably John Hendricks, and afterwards crossed it out.]
If any movements of the enemy should come to your knowledge which announce an immediate attempt upon your post, you will give notice to the Governor of Connecticut and solicit succour from that state.
I have desired General McDougall to join you without delay. I am etc.
P.S. I have requested Governor Clinton to give you such aid of transportation &c. as you may stand in need of for supplying the garrison.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 15, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have the honor to inclose Your Excellency the copy of a letter which I wrote the 10th to the Lieutenant Governor of your State, and the Duplicate of another, transmitted in that for Brigadier General Clinton. The appearances here indicate more and more a serious design and increase my apprehensions for West Point. I am therefore infinitely anxious that the New York Brigade should as speedily as possible reinforce that post unless objects equally pressing and important demand their assistance on the frontier. Your Excellency knows the immense value of West Point, and will determine as exigencies may require.
I have directed Major General Howe in case his force does not amount to a number sufficient for completely maning all the works, to apply to you for such a number of Militia as will make up the deficiency, 'till the arrival of the New York brigade. I entreat your Excellency to comply with his request. I have &c.
P.S. I request the favour of you to give General Howe such aid of transportation or otherwise as he may stand in need of for supplying the garrison.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, June 16, 1780.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your letters of the 12th and 13th. I am much obliged to you for the step you took respecting the city-horse;30 their services here at this juncture will be extremely useful. I write to His Excellency the President, requesting they may be sent forward.
[Note 30: The Philadelphia City Light Horse.]
I shall have no objection to Lt. Col. Conolly's having the indulgence he asks though I should wish his going in to be postponed 'till affairs here have come to some kind of issue. I shall do myself the honour to inform the Board when this is the case. With the greatest respect etc.
P.S. Several Marine Prisoners Paroled and exchanged have lately been sent from Philadelphia on their way to New York in a very irregular manner. They have come without conductors and the first thing we have heard of them was that they were in the midst of our Camp. This may be attended with many inconveniences. I do not know under whose direction the Marine Prisoners are, but I should be glad the Board would take measures to have the matter rectified. The Prisoners should be halted at a distance from the Army and notice sent of their approach.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P.S. is in hat of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Friday, June 16, 1780.
Parole Wallkill. Countersigns N., G.
Watchword Camp.
[Note 32: Maj. William Alexander, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief wishes to inform such of the Militia as were wounded while bravely contending with the Enemy the other day when they advanced into the Country, and such as have been wounded since; that they will be immediately conveyed to the most convenient Continental Hospitals if they choose it, where every possible Care and Attention will be paid by the Hospital Surgeons, to effect their recovery from the wounds which they have acquired with so much Honor to themselves and to their Country and if there are any in the vicinity of the Army whose situation will not admit of their being removed or who prefer remaining at their Houses, the Surgeons of the Army being informed of the Places they are at will visit them and contribute all in their power to their relief.
AFTER ORDERS
At a Brigade General Court martial held in General Maxwell's Brigade the 15th. instant whereof Colonel Spencer is President; Thomas Brown soldier of the 2nd. Jersey regiment was tried for "Desertion and persuading another soldier to desert" found Guilty of both charges being a breach of the 1st. and 4th. Articles of the 6th. Section of the Articles of War and sentenced (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in Execution tomorrow morning Nine o'clock at such place as General Maxwell shall think proper.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Meigs is President will sit Tomorrow morning 9 o clock at the old house near the Forks of the road between the first and second lines.
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Saturday, June 17, 1780.
Parole Lebanon. Countersigns B., U.
Watchword Hark!
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Meigs is President to assemble at the old house immediately for the trial of such persons as shall come before them; if any of the old Members are absent new ones are to be appointed in their room. Each brigade to furnish the following members; 1st and 2d pennsylvania one Captain two Subalterns: Hand's two Captains; Stark's one Sub 1st. and 2nd. Connecticut two Captains and one subaltern.
Colonel Meigs will appoint an officer to act as Judge Advocate for the Court; Each Division to send an orderly Serjeant to the Court.
As stripping bark of Trees indiscriminately greatly destroys Timber and of course is of great prejudice to the proprietors who are well disposed to accomodate the Troops whenever they can; The General directs that no more Bark be got in the way lately practis'd on any pretence whatever, but that each Brigade send a Waggon or two with a fatigue Party to Mr. Timothy Whitehead in the rear of General Stark brigade, who will point out Timber which will afford bark and without Injury to the Owners.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 17, 1780.
D Sir: I inclose you a Letter which I have received from Lt. Andrew Lee34 of Colo. Hazen's Regiment, by which he complains that he has been superseded in his rank, by irregular promotions of Other Officers in the Regiment. I request that you will by an Order, appoint a Board of three Field Officers belonging to your Brigade, to hear the complaint of Mr. Lee and to examine his pretensions; who will report the same, and their opinion of the rank he may be entitled to and from what time. You will transmit me their proceedings in the case. It will be best that the Board should be composed of other Field Officers than those of the Regiment to which he Mr. Lee belongs. I am &c.35
[Note 34: Lieut. Andrew Lee, of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Camp near Spring-field, June 17, 1780.
Sir: Pursuant to the plan agreed on between us, you are to use yr. utmost endeavours to communicate with -- in the City of New York for the purpose of obtaining the quickest and best intelligence of the movements and designs of the enemy and other occurrences which is to be conveyed to me with the greatest expedition and certainty.36
[Note 36: Van Dyke was introduced to Washington and vouched for by Col. Marinus Willett.]
The mode of conveying this intelligence to head Qrs. will be left to yourself, oeconomy in conducting the business, generally, is indispensably necessary; keep an acct. of the expences attending it, and the money shall be paid on demand by Sir yr. etc.
Head Quarters, Short Hills, Sunday, June 18, 1780.
Parole Vandalia. Countersigns Worms, Van.
Watchword Watch.
As it is at all times of great importance both for the sake of appearance and for the regularity of service that the different military ranks should be distinguished from each other and more especially at present.
The Commander in Chief has thought proper to establish the following distinctions and strongly recommends it to all the Officers to endeavor to Conform to them as speedily as possible.
The Major Generals to wear a blue coat with Buff facings and lining, yellow buttons, white or buff under cloaths two Epaulets, with two stars upon each and a black and White Feather in the Hat.
The Brigadier Generals the same uniform as the Major Generals with the difference of one Star instead of two and a White feather.
The Colonels, Lieutenant Colonels and Majors the uniforms of their regiments and two Epaulettes.
The Captains; the uniforms of their regiments and an Epaulette on the right shoulder.
The Subalterns, the uniform of their regiment and an Epaulette on the Left Shoulder.
The Aides de Camp the uniforms of their ranks and Corps, or if they belong to no Corps, of their General officers: Those of the Major Generals and Brigadier Generals to have a green feather in the Hat; Those of the Commander in Chief a White and green.
The Inspectors as well Sub as Brigade, the Uniforms of their ranks and Corps with a blue feather in the Hat.
The Corps of Engineers and that of Sappers and Miners; a blue coat with buff facings, red lining, buff undercloaths and the epaulettes of their respective ranks.
Such of the Staff as have military rank to wear the uniform of their ranks and of the Corps to which they belong in the line; such, as have no military rank To wear plain Coats with a Cockade and Sword.
All officers as well Warrant as Commission'd to wear a Cockade and side arms, either a sword or genteel Bayonet.37
[Note 37: See General Orders, July 14, 1780, post.]
The General recommends it to the officers as far as practicable to provide themselves with the uniforms prescribed for their respective Corps by the regulation published in General Orders the 2nd. of October last.
All officers and others who draw Horses from the Public for special purposes or for a limited time are requir'd to be punctual in returning them after the service is performed or at the expiration of the Time prescribed or they will be answerable for the detention.
The Captains of Artillery hitherto allowed Horses in particular Cases from the Public, are immediately to give up all such as are in their Possession to the Quarter master General: The Exigency of the Service requires it.
The Drummers and Filers 'till further orders are to practise between the Hours of Nine and eleven in the morning and of four and six in the afternoon.
A Field Return of the officers noncommissioned officers and privates "Fit for Action" to be delivered in at six oClock this afternoon.
A Return of the Killed wounded and missing since the 6th. Instant to be delivered in tomorrow morning at Guard mounting.
AFTER ORDERS
At a General Court martial of the Line whereof Colonel Meigs is President held this day: John Clawson, Ludwick Lasick and William Hutchinson were tried on the following charge "Coming out from the Enemy with Arms and found lurking as spies in the Vicinity of the Army of the United States." By the Judgement of the Court found Guilty and severally sentenced (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing) to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders them to be hanged tomorrow morning at Guard mounting.
No Officer or Private soldier to be absent from his Quarters this Night.
Head Quarters, June 18, 1780.
Dr. Sir: The inclosed from Genl. Forman is this instant come to hand. there are by information, from Genl. Schuyler, 1700 Barrls. of flour at Trenton. Use every possible means to hurry it on to the North River and to get this Army in a moving condition. The General (and indd. other) Officers at Morris Town will not fail being in Camp this afternoon.
My Letters to Genl. Howe and Govr. Trumbull are left open for your perusal after which Seal and forward them with the utmost expedition by your established expresses (if they are fixed) or some others if they are not; positive orders should be given to ride Night and day. I am etc.
P.S. If there are Stores in any of the Departmts. wch. yet require to be removed, let no time be lost in doing it.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 18, 1780.
Dr Sir: I inclose you a letter from General Forman which I have this moment received. He is intirely to be depended on. There can be no doubt that this is Sir Henry Clinton from the Southward. All your exertions are necessary to be prepared for defence. Urge the application recommended to you in mine of the [15th. instant] to Governor Clinton for a succour of militia to make up your garrison to Two thousand five hundred efficient men or more if circumstances should require it. Address a second request to the Governor of Connecticut to press forward to your aid the state regiments and include the drafts for their batalions which you can detain 'till further order. Write also to the Council of Massachusetts intreating them to hasten on the reinforcements intended for their batalions. Put every thing in activity as far as may be in your power and be well upon your guard. The movements of the enemy will probably be rapid and a correspondent spirit of energy should animate our efforts. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 18, 1780.
Sir: The inclosed Memorandum was put into my hands a few days ago by Genl Forman. By this you will perceive that there are several thousand Bushels of Indian Meal in the County of Monmouth belonging to the public, in the greatest danger of spoiling if it is not already damaged. I must request you to fall upon the most expeditious method of having what is fit for use brought to Morristown. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 18, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 17th. Instant to Mr. Harrison, and You will find inclosed an order for such Men of the Maryland line as may be in the Provost Guard; and also for one, who is with Mr. Lodwick40 the Baker. When You have got these, You will proceed with the whole of the party under your command, to Trentown where the Men with an Officer will embark and go down the River to Wilmington in a Vessel or Vessels to be provided by the Quarter Master at the former place, on your application. After you arrive at Trentown and have put matters in train for the party's proceeding, You will go on Yourself to Philadelphia and inform the Honourable the Board of War of your command and of the orders You have received, who will give such directions as they may think necessary, with respect to your farther destination and will order Vessels to be provided at the Head of Elk to take yourself and party down the Bay.
[Note 40: Christopher Ludowick. He was Baker General of the Continental Army.]
None of your Men should be permitted to land at Philadelphia, unless it should be ordered by the Honourable Board of War, and those with Colo Nichola should be joined to them. With respect to the Cloathing which the Party wants, it cannot be supplied here. You will therefore make out a Return of the Articles and present it to the Board of War, who will order them to be furnished at Philadelphia.
I have inclosed an Order on the Quartermaster General at Morris Town for a Horse, which You will deliver to the Quarter Master at Philadelphia. I am etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 18, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to Congress last, the enemy have preserved their position at Elizabeth Town point, without enterprising any thing against us. They have erected three little Works, and have been, for some days past, employed in building a Bridge of Boats across the Sound to Staten Island. Our weakness, their extreme caution and the compact situation in which they have kept themselves have put it out of our power to attempt any thing worth mentioning.
I have just received a letter from General Forman, of which the inclosed is a Copy. There can be no doubt that the Fleet he mentions is Sir Henry Clinton returning from the Southward. A very alarming scene may shortly open, and it will be happy for us, if we can steer clear of some serious misfortune in this quarter. I hope the period is not arrived, that will convince the different States, by fatal experience, that some of them have mistaken the true situation of this Country. I flatter myself, however, that we may still retrieve our affairs, if we have but a just sense of them, and are actuated by a spirit of liberal policy and exertion, equal to the emergency. Could we once see this spirit generally prevailing, I should not despair of a prosperous issue to the Campaign. But there is no time to be lost. The danger is imminent and pressing. The obstacles to be surmounted are great and numerous, and our efforts must be instant, unreserved and universal. Congress, I am fully persuaded, will promote them with all their influence and authority.
I beg leave to intreat Congress to urge the State of Pennsylvania to forward the drafts, they have already made, to the Army, without a moments delay, to extend the measure as speedily as possible to the completion of their Battalions, to redouble their exertions for procuring supplies of provisions and furnishing the means of transportation. Among other essential wants, we want an immediate supply of a large number of Waggons to move the Army with its Baggage and Stores, and to forward provision to the North River. I also entreat Congress, to interpose their effectual countenance and support with the different States, to carry into execution all the measures recommended by the Committee, respecting the intended cooperation. Mutual confidence, harmony of views, and mutual exertion are essential to our safety in this perilous and embarrassing conjuncture.
It is a lamentable consideration, that not a single draft has yet joined the Army, nor have we received two hundred Recruits from all the States East of Maryland, and here we are in the middle of June.
The want of information from the Southward proves the indispensability of taking effectual measures to establish a secure and expeditious communication between those States and us. It is of the greatest importance to our general operations. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have received a Report from Major Lee containing the following paragraph, "I hear from the best authority that a Fleet has arrived from Charles town with 4000 Men, my informant declares he saw Admiral Arbuthnot himself at the point last Evening."
I have just recd. the inclosed Hand Bill42 from New York, which I very much fear indicates the loss of the Cannon and Baggage, which General Woodford left in his Rear.43
[Note 42: Not filed with this letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress and not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 18, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received advice which appears to be direct, that the Legislature of this State has determined on a draft from the Militia to serve for the Campaign under their own Officers, instead of being incorporated with their Continental batallions. This mode if adopted, will be attended with so many inconveniencies, if followed by the States in general, will be so absolutely pernicious to all the prospects of the campaign, that I cannot forbear taking the liberty to send Brigadier General Knox to represent on my part the ill consequences of the measure, and the superior advantages of the plan recommended in preference. I entreat Your Excellency to procure him the honor of a conference with the Legislature for this purpose. The crisis is so delicate and important; the honor and interest of these States so essentially depend on a judicious and vigorous exertion of our resources at this juncture, that I cannot but manifest my anxiety when I see any measures in agitation that threaten the disappointment of our hopes, and take every step in my power to prevent their being carried into execution. In military questions the Officers of the Army have a right to flatter themselves their Country will place some confidence in their experience and judgment and it is the policy of every wise Nation to do it. I cannot doubt that on reconsideration, the zeal and wisdom which have distinguished the Councils of this State will embrace what the true interest of America on this occasion demands. I have the honor etc.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From a photostat of rite original kindly furnished by Judge Edward A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 18, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have just received authentic advice, that a large fleet appeared off Sandy Hook yesterday afternoon and entered as fast as they came up. From every circumstance this can be no other than Sir Henry Clinton. If the enemy push directly up the North River, much is to be apprehended for West Point. It requires all our exertions to put it in a state of defence. I some days since directed General Howe to apply to Your Excellency for the state Regiments to reinforce the garrison. I now entreat you to hasten them forward with all possible expedition, together with the drafts for the Continental batalions, which I am informed the state had determined to make. They will proceed to West Point 'till further orders. Every effort to keep up a full supply of provisions is indispensable.
I would also recommend that your Excellency should put two or three thousand Militia under marching orders to repair to West Point on the application of Major General Howe in case of a sudden emergency. I have the honor etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 19, 1780.
Gentlemen: From the vast importance of the thing, I hoped that I should have been informed before this, of the measures which the several states meant to adopt, in consequence of your late requisitions; but as I have not, I am certain you are unadvised yourselves, and have only to lament with you the delay. This is a point of primary consequence. We are now arrived at the period, when we may momently expect the Fleet from France. For want of information, it has been impossible for me to digest a System of cooperation. I have no data on which to proceed, and, of course, were the Armament to come, I should find myself in the most delicate, embarrassing and cruel situation. The French Commanders, from the relation in which I stand, the instant they reach our Coast, will look to me for a plan of the measures to be pursued, and I ought, of right, to have one prepared: But I cannot even give them conjectures. The interest of the States, the reputation of their Councils, the justice and gratitude due our Allies, a regard for my own Character, all demand that I should, without delay, be enabled to ascertain and inform them what we can or cannot undertake. Besides, there is a point now to be determined, on which the success of all our future operations may turn, which for want of knowing our prospects I am altogether at a loss what to do. To avoid involving the Fleet and Army of our Allies in circumstances, which if not seconded by us, would expose them to material inconvenience and hazard, I shall be obliged to suspend a step, the delay of which may be fatal to our hopes. I therefore beg leave to suggest to the Committee, the indispensable necessity of writing again to the different States, urging them to give immediate and precise information of the measures they have taken, the success they have had, and the probable result of them. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. It is printed in Selections from Correspondence of the Executive of New Jersey, from 1776 to 1786 (Newark: 1848), under date of June 20.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 19, 1780.
Dr Sir: The arrival of Admiral Arbuthnot at New York with a fleet of from sixty to seventy sail said to contain a part of the Southern army is an additional motive for extraordinary exertions at this juncture. West Point is far from being in security. Our stores and baggage in this state are almost at the mercy of the enemy if they advance in force. A great proportion of the Jersey teams are in service, and they are quite inadequate to the exigency. We are therefore obliged to have recourse to your state and to solicit the aid of two hundred and fifty teams, as expeditiously as they can be collected; those obtained in the counties of Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester, to be delivered to Mr More Foreman49 at Trenton; those procured in the upper counties to take in loads of flour, if ready, and proceed directly by Easton to the North River.
[Note 49: Moore Furman. He was Deputy Quartermaster General.]
It were much to be wished that the teams now furnished may go to the acct. of those required by the Committee; but if they cannot be drawn out with sufficient expedition, in the proper proportion for this purpose they may return after performing the present service,'till a Further arrangement can take place for the demands of the campaign, for supplying which, however, the period is arrived. I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The cover of this letter is inscribed as follows: "The Express the bearer of this is to ride night and day and should he be in want of a fresh horse all Q Mrs. and other well wishers to the independence of America are hereby requested to furnish him with such horses as will answer the purpose of forwardg. this letter. June 19, 1780. Benjn. Brown Asst. D Q M G."]
Head Quarters near the Short Hills, Monday, June 19, 1780.
Parole Sparta. Countersigns P., N.
Watchword Freedom.
EVENING ORDERS
Officers are to be sent tomorrow morning seven o Clock to the Huts to select the officers heavy Baggage which the General recommends should be deposited in the Farmer's houses in the Vicinity of the Huts; As many officers only as are indispensably necessary to be sent on this duty and to return to Camp tomorrow evening or by the next day morning at farthest.
Head Quarters near the Short Hills, Tuesday, June 20, 1780.
Parole Golconda. Countersigns Greece, Hague.
Watchword Vigilance.
Lieutenant Colonel Huntington is appointed Field officer of the day vice Lieutenant Colonel Mentges on other duty.
Major Hamilton51 is appointed to relieve Major Parr this afternoon. He will call at the Orderly Office for instructions.
[Note 51: Maj. James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
All Officers are particularly requested not to be absent from their Corps this Night but to be completely ready to move with their respective Commands at a moment's warning.
EVENING ORDERS
The Pennsylvania Connecticut and Hand's brigades to march at eight o clock this Evening by the Left.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 20, 1780.
Sir: The Honorable the Committee will have informed Congress from time to time of the measures which have been judged essential to be adopted for cooperating with the Armament expected from France, and of their requisitions to the States in consequence. What the result of these has been, I cannot determine to my great anxiety, as no answers on the subjects of them have been yet received. The period is come when we have every reason to expect the Fleet will arrive, and yet, for want of this point of primary consequence, it is impossible for me to form and fix on a system of cooperation. I have no basis to act upon, and of course were this generous succour of our Ally now to arrive, I should find myself in the most awkward, embarrassing and painful situation. The General and the Admiral from the relation in which I stand, as soon as they approach our Coast, will require of me a plan of the measures to be persued, and there ought of right to be one prepared; but circumstanced as I am I cannot even, give them conjectures. From these considerations I have suggested to the Committee, by a letter I had the honor of addressing them yesterday, the indispensable necessity of their writing again to the States, urging them to give immediate and precise information of the measures they have taken, and of the result.52 The interest of the States, the honor and reputation of our Councils, the justice and gratitude due our allies, a regard to myself, all require that I should without delay, be enabled to ascertain and inform them what we can or cannot undertake. There is a point which ought now to be determined on which the success of all our future operations may depend, which for want of knowing our prospects, I am altogether at a loss what to do in. For fear of involving the Fleet and Army of our Allies in circumstances, which, if not seconded by us, would expose them to material inconvenience and hazard, I shall be compelled to suspend it, and the delay may be fatal to our hopes.
[Note 52: A copy of the committee's circular letter to the States (June 19, 1780) is in the Washington Papers.]
Besides the embarrassments I have mentioned above and upon former occasions, there is another of a very painful and humiliating nature. We have no Shirts from the best inquiries I can make, to distribute to the Troops, when the whole are in great want, and when a great part of them are absolutely destitute of any at all. Their situation too with respect to Summer overalls I fear is not likely to be much better. There are a good many on hand at Springfield it is said, but so indifferent in their quality, as to be scarcely worth the expence and trouble of transportation and delivery. For the Troops to be without Cloathing at any time, is highly injurious to the service and distressing to our feelings; but the want will be more peculiarly mortifying when they come to act with those of our allies. If it is possible I have no doubt immediate measures will be taken to relieve their distress. It is also most sincerely to be wished that there could be some supplies of Cloathing furnished for the Officers. There are a great many whose condition is really miserable still and in some instances it is the case with almost whole State lines. It would be well for their own sakes, and for the Public good, if they could be furnished. When our Friends come to cooperate with us, they will not be able to go on the common rotine of duty, and if they should, they must be held from their appearance, in low estimation.
I have been successively honored with your Excellency's favors of the 5th, 6th, 12th, 13th and 15th Insts. with their respective inclosures. The hurry of business has prevented my answering them sooner.
I am unhappy to inform your Excellency, that a spirit of great dissatisfaction has prevailed of late among the Troops garrisoning Fort Schuyler; and that from my latest accounts from thence, it was far from having subsided when they were dispatched. The want of pay and the necessary Cloathing, particularly Shirts, is assigned as the primary cause. Matters have been carried so far, as for thirty one Men to go off in a body for Oswagachee. They were pursued by Lieut. Hardenberg with a party of the Oneidas called in and detached for the purpose, and sixteen of them were overtaken on the evening of the second days pursuit, just as they were about crossing Grand River (15 having already passed it) A fire was immediately commenced by the whole party against Mr. Hardenberg, who found himself under the necessity of returning it, by which thirteen of the sixteen on this side were killed. The fifteen that had passed escaped. I mean if possible to relieve the garrison with a part of the men lately raised for frontier service in the State of New York, and have written to His Excellency Governor Clinton upon the subject, as I had done previous to the incursion made by Sir John Johnson, which at least rendered the measure impracticable for the time. I am in hopes by the 15th, that the hundred Barrels of flour which I ordered from Morris Town and forty Barrels of Beef arrived at Fort Schuyler, as they were under the care of a strong escort. And from the importance of the post and of having it tolerably secure on this head, during the Campaign, I have directed a Hundred Barrels more, both of Flour and Meat, to be forwarded to Albany immediately, to go under convoy of the intended relief for the Garrison. This quantity with the provision already there and such fresh supplies as may be possibly collected in aid of the salt will I trust, hold out till matters are in a situation to admit of a further and seasonable supply.
In my letter of the 18th I advised Congress of the arrival of the Fleet from the Southward. I have since learnt that both Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Arbuthnot have returned. Accounts say they have brought a considerable part of the Southern Army with them. The Enemy remain in the same position at Elizabeth Town Point. Six of the Enemy's Ships, one a frigate run up the North River in sight of Verplanks point on the 18th, but they have fallen down again. I dont know the object they had in view in this maneuvre, or indeed of their present conduct; but if they have designs against West point, a matter I have apprehended, I hope the precautions I have taken and am pursuing will defeat all their efforts. It is a misfortune that we have several important objects to attend to, and but a very small force with which to do it. However the best that can shall be done. I have the honor etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 20, 1780.
Gentlemen: Agreeable to your recommendation I have thought proper to send Brigadier General Parsons to the State of Connecticut. My orders to him will relate to the collecting, arranging and forwarding the drafts and recruits from that state to the army. The Committee may give him what further instructions they think proper, which he will execute with judgment and zeal. It will be useful to inform him of the requisitions they have made to the state, as his influence there may enable him to contribute to their success. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Camp at Spring-field, June 20, 1780.
Gentn: I am honoured with your favor of the 3d. and have received, in good order, the Pipe of Spirits you were pleased to present me with; for both permit me to offer my grateful thanks, and to assure you that the value of the latter was greatly enhanced by the flattering sentiments contained in the former.
In a struggle like ours, perplexed with embarrassments, if it should be my fortune to conduct the Military helm in such a manner as to merit the approbation of good Men and my suffering fellow citizens it will be the primary happiness of my life inasmuch as it is the great object of my wishes.
To you Gentn. I commit the care of making a tender of my Complimts. and thanks to the rest of the owners.55 With much esteem etc.
[Note 55: Of one of the privateers in which Morris and McClenachan were jointly interested.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, New Jersey, June 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 8th. from Roxbury; this I imagine will meet you at Providence. I have directed Genl Glover to repair immediately to Springfield for the purpose of receiving and forwarding the Drafts, and I shall be obliged by your taking measures to inform all the officers who were upon the recruiting service in Massachusetts that they are also to repair as expeditiously as possible to Springfield and take their orders from Genl Glover. Sir Henry Clinton has returned with part of his force from the Southward; what number I cannot yet ascertain. A little time must develope the true meaning of their taking Post at Elizabeth Town. I very much suspect their intention is to amuse us here, and make an attempt upon the Highlands, towards which we cannot conveniently move at this instant without exposing a large quantity of provision upon the communication, our Baggage and stores, which are all removing as fast as possible. I am &c.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H. S.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 16th. and 18th. two of each date. The Express who brought the last left King's ferry yesterday Morning at Sun rise and informs me that the Vessels had gone down the River and were out of sight.
The posts at Stoney and Verplanks points were established more with a view of preventing the communication from being interrupted by a vessel or two with a small body of Men, than from an expectation that they would be able to stand a regular investiture or a serious attack in force. The Officers therefore who command them should be directed to govern themselves by appearances and circumstances. If the enemy come up in force, they will be under the necessity of making such demonstration, by the number of their Vessels and other preparations, as will evince their designs. The Officers are then to withdraw their Garrisons at all events and Cannon and Stores if possible. To give them the better chance of effecting the latter; Boats should be constantly kept at each place appropriated to that service only. There is a bare possibility that the enemy may throw a force suddenly in the rear of each, and run a Vessel above them. In such case the best defence that the places will admit of must be made, and to provide for such a contingency, let ten or twelve days provision be kept in each post and a supply of Ammunition equal to an expenditure of that time. I would not wish the Officers to set fire to the Works, if upon any occasion they should be obliged to leave them, because they may perhaps be induced to quit them upon appearances seemingly well grounded, and therefore if left intire, they may return to them when the Alarm is over
If the Officers at present commanding at Stoney and Verplanks points are men of discretion it will be best to let them remain, with directions not to disclose their instructions to any person whatever; because should the enemy obtain a knowledge of them, they might, by making feints, maneuvre them out of the posts.
The security of the Western part of the State of New York depends so absolutely upon holding the post of Fort Schuyler, that I shall not be easy until I have thrown a handsome supply of provision into it. You will therefore be pleased instantly to send up one hundred Barrels of Flour to Albany addressed to Colonel Van Schaick, who will forward it, and should His Excellency Govt. Clinton call upon you for one hundred Barrels of Beef, you will deliver it to his order or send it up to Albany if required. This will be wanted for the Garrison of the fort also, and must therefore be of sound and good Quality. Should it be called for, give the Commissary strict orders to have it inspected and put in the best order for keeping, before it is removed. I shall continue sending up flour to you as fast as teams can be procured to transport it.
The scarcity of Cavalry has obliged me to divert the Marechasse Corps of Horse from their proper occupation and put them upon ordinary field duty.
Inclosed you have a letter under a flying seal for General Glover directing him to repair immediately to Springfield and superintend forwarding the drafts from Massachusetts Bay. Should not Genl. Glover be arrived at West point, you will be pleased to forward the letter immediately to him. I have written to Genl. Heath desiring him to order all the Officers who were upon the recruiting service in Massachusetts to repair to Springfield and march the drafts from thence. As they arrive they are to be distributed in proportion to the several Regiments of the State, so as to keep them as nearly as possible upon a level. I am &c.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, June 20, 1780.
Dr Baron: For the consideration's mentioned in your Letter of this day, I will releive you in the Morning. In the mean while, I beg of you to exert yourself in remedying the defects occasioned by the departure of those Militia who are gone from their posts lest we be unguarded and sustain some consequent disaster. I am etc.58
[Note 58: In Steuben's letter, dated June 20, from Springfield, N. J., in the Washington Papers, he asked to be sent to the North River posts. "I am informed that two of my advanced Posts are entirely abandoned without any notice given me and the Men gone home the Relief which was to have come is not arrived and I do not think I have 500 Militia here." The Baron also pleaded bad health as a reason for the requested change. Washington had written a brief note to Steuben (June 19) informing him that the First Pennsylvania Brigade was to be held in readiness "to move at such time and in such a manner" as would best answer the Baron's views. This note is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to repair immediately to the State of Connecticut and take upon you the superintendance of receiving and forwarding the drafts of that State to the Army. I do not know the place appointed for their rendezvous, but as soon as you have made yourself acquainted with it, you will give notice to all the Officers who arc in Connecticut upon the recruiting service to meet you at the place of rendezvous, from whence you will send them off to West point with divisions of the Drafts under their charge. I shall direct a Field Officer (in case the Line should not be there) to attend at West point, to receive the Men and keep them together, untill an equal and just distribution can be made of them among the Regiments. You will be pleased to attend carefully to the condition of the Men, should any have been passed by the State Commissioners who are not fit for the service you are to reject them, and note the names of the persons and the causes of rejection.
As I would wish to have these Men at West point as expeditiously as possible, you will send them forward in division of twenty five or thirty, should no more be ready.
I shall expect to hear from you upon your arrival in Connecticut and after you have made yourself somewhat acquainted with the state of Matters there. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, New Jersey, June 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: By a letter which I have recd. from Justin Ely Esqr. I am informed that Springfield is appointed for the general rendezvous of the drafts of Massachusetts and that he is to inspect, register and deliver them at that place to a Continental Officer.60 You will therefore be pleased to repair immediately thither for the purpose of superintending the Business of receiving and forwarding them to West point. General Heath has directions to notify to all the Officers who were upon the recruiting service in Massachusetts that they are to repair as quick as possible to Springfield and take their orders from you. You have therefore only to form the Drafts into convenient
[Note 60: On June 20 Washington wrote to Ely that General Glover and officers would receive the drafts from him "and march them directly to West point to join the Line of Massachusetts." This draft is in the Washington Papers.] Divisions as they come in, and send each party under the care of an Officer to Genl. Howe or commanding at West point. You may probably find some Officers already in the neighbourhood of Springfield who will be at hand to take charge of the first divisions.
As it is of material consequence that the Highland posts should be reinforced without loss of time, you are not to wait for making the divisions large. Even five and twenty or thirty may be sent on at a time, should no more be ready.
You will be pleased carefully to attend to the condition of the Men, should any, who are unfit for Soldiers be passed by the state Commissioner, you are notwithstanding to reject them, and note their names and the cause of rejection. I am &c.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 20, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have thought proper to send Brigr. Genl. Parsons to your State to receive arrange and forward to the Army, the Drafts and recruits which may be furnished for the Continental Battalions in consequence of the late requisitions of the Committee of Congress. Your Excellency will be pleased to give him such information and advice as will be requisite for his government.
So important is the present crisis that I can omit no occasion of urging the necessity of the greatest vigor and decision in our Public measures; the filling our Battalions above all to their full complement without a moments delay is perhaps a point on which the fate of America is suspended. With proper exertion we may have every thing to animate our hopes, on one side, and with an imperfect exertion we have every thing to dread on the other. I anxiously and ardently hope this idea may govern all those who have influence in our Public affairs. I know your Excellency too well and esteem you too highly to doubt your best endeavours. With perfect respect I have the honor etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 20, 1780.
Sir: I have received, in order of their date, Your Two favors of the 1st. and 10th. Inst.63 I am exceedingly concerned on account of the Mutiny mentioned in the first and that there is still a spirit of dissatisfaction, prevailing in the Regiment. It is my wish to relieve the Garrison and, as I had done before, I have now written to His Excellency, Govt. Clinton, and hope that circumstances will admit of a sufficient Detachment of the Men raised for Frontier service, being immediately sent for the purpose. I feel for the wants of the Troops both Officers and Men, but the present is a difficult conjuncture in our affairs. All that can be done, I hope will be for the relief of the whole; but if they should be disappointed either in their wishes to join the main Army for the present, or in their hopes of supplies, the Troops must not tarnish by an unbecoming or unsoldierly conduct, the honor and character of perseverance which they have justly acquired. The want of pay and necessaries are not peculiar to the Regiment garrisoning Fort Schuyler: The rest of the Army have experienced the same. Matters it is to be hoped will before long undergo a change for the better. We are in daily expectation of the arrival of a respectable succour from France. When this arrives, if the Army continue virtuous (a point I trust not to be doubted in the smallest degree under every circumstance of difficulty, trial or
[Note 63: Van Schaick at this time was in Albany, N. Y.] misfortune) and the States make the efforts of which they are well capable, we may flatter ourselves that we shall do so something at least of an important and interesting nature. As to Shoes the State Cloathier may obtain a supply for the Regiment, by applying to the Cloathier at New Windsor; or if there are any in Albany belonging to the Continent, he may perhaps negotiate a supply in that way, with more facility by Letter. When the Garrison is relieved, Lt. Colo Van Dyk is still to remain to command at the post, and the Regiment is to join the Main Army, unless you receive future orders to the contrary.
From the importance of the post of Fort Schuyler and to render it secure on this head, I have written to Genl. Howe and desired him to send Another Hundred Barrels of flour from West point to Albany. I have also requested His Excelly Govr Clinton, if he has not already received a Hundred Barrels of Beef or got it in train, exclusive of the 40 Barrels forwarded by Colo Gansevoort, in consequence of my Order sometime since, to apply to Genl Howe, who will send that quantity to Albany. When this Flour and Meat arrive You will use your best exertions to have it thrown into Fort Schuyler. The Detachment intended for to relieve the Garrison will be a good Escort; and it should go under their protection and convoy. You will write when the provision is sent, to Colo Vandyck and suggest to him the propriety and necessity of his obtaining and using whenever possible, Fresh meat to aid the Salt. I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 18th: Should the whole of your regiment have left Kings ferry you will be pleased to order back a Commissioned Officer and Six Men, with directions to the Officer to remain on this side, and dispatch a Dragoon every morning with a written report of any appearances upon the Water. Should any Vessels heave in sight, he will endeavour to ascertain their number and size. He will come on himself with the last man.
If the whole regiment should not have come on, you may send these orders to the Officer in the rear. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 20, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I had this morning the Honor to receive your Favour of the 13th Inst.
I thank your Excellency for your attention to my request for the return of Genl. Clinton and his troops and flatter myself they are before this, at or will be on their way to West point. The measures taken for ensuring the Supply of provisions to Fort Schuyler, were certainly very proper. It was an Object I had very much at heart, and I wish the quantity forwarded had been greater. It is of such importance that the Garrison should be in perfect safety with respect to this, that I have written to General Howe and requested him to send another hundred barrels of flour from West point to Albany to the care of Colo Vanschaick for their support; And as I find by General Clinton's Letter that only Forty Barrels of Beef were sent with Colo Gansevoort, I request that Your Excellency, if the quantity has not been received before this or is not in train, for which I took the liberty to inclose You an Order on the Commissaries in Connecticut some time since, will have the goodness to apply to General Howe, who is instructed to furnish and send on your requisition a Hundred Barrels to Albany. I mean that there should be this quantity at least, exclusive of the Forty Barrels gone on to the post.
I am much concerned at the dissatisfaction and spirit of desertion, which I find prevailing in Colo Vanschaicks Regiment at Fort Schuyler. Your Excellency will have been fully informed on this head and therefore I will not add any particulars with respect to it. It is much my wish that the Troops of the Garrisons should be relieved, and it may be the more material to do it, from the disposition in which they are; it cannot however be done by Continental Troops without manifest injury under our present circumstances and prospects. I would therefore propose and hope that the plan concerted heretofore between your Excellency and Myself, for sending a part of the Officers and Men raised by the State for Frontier service, may take effect and a number be sent for the defence of the post, which will still remain under the command of Lt Colo Vandyck. In order to make matters more secure, I wish the Detachment destined for the relief, if circumstances will admit, not to be under Three hundred rank and file. If the post can be relieved in this way, which I hope may be the case, the provisions I have now mentioned had better go under the escort of the Detachment and your Excellency will be so obliging as to correspond with Colo Vanschaick upon the subject and to direct him such an additional aid of transportation as may be required.
I am much obliged by the State of preparation, in which Your Excellency has put the Militia for succouring the Highland posts, and am convinced you will give General Howe such a reinforcement, on his application, as will make the Garrison complete for the present in point of number. I have also no doubt that there is the best disposition possible, both in Your Excellency and the State to comply with the requisitions of the Committee68 and that You will second the intended Operations by every exertion in your power.
[Note 68: Of Cooperation.]
I am exceedingly happy in Your Excellency's safe return and sorry You should have thought it material either to give me a detail account of your proceedings after Sir John69 or, having done it, that any apology was necessary for the favor or for the result of the expedition. You have only to regret, that all you wished, did not happen; but your zeal and your active judicious exertions must convince every body most fully, as they do me, that all that was practicable and more than could have been expected, was done by you to accomplish the ruin of himself and party. I hope the rapid manner in which the Enemy were pursued and forced to retreat, will be attended with good consequences. The succour You received from the Militia of the Grants70 upon your request, is a very agreeable
[Note 69: Sir John Johnson.]
[Note 70: Vermont.] consideration and the conduct of themselves and Officers upon the occasion greatly to their credit.
You will have heard and will see by the papers the fate of Charles Town. On Friday afternoon and Saturday between Sixty and Seventy of the Enemy's Vessels came into the Hook. It was a fleet from South Carolina, and according to the accounts I have received it is said they have brought from Four to Six thousand Troops. Sir Harry Clinton from information obtained just now, through Two Channels, has returned himself. I am &c.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters near Short Hills, Wednesday, June 21, 1780.
Parole Amboy. Countersigns Alps, B.
Watchword Caution.
Major General Greene will for the present Command the advanced Corps of the Army consisting of Maxwell's and Stark's brigades, the Light Horse and Militia.
The officers and men of other Corps on the lines are to be relieved tomorrow morning by such detachments as General Greene may think proper to order and are to rejoin their respective Corps. This order is to comprehend any Guards which may be in or about Springfield.
The Court martial of which General Hand is President, to sit at Chatham tomorrow ten o'clock and proceed on the Trial of Doctor Shippen. They will sit from day to day 'till the business is finish'd unless a movement of the Enemy shou'd make it necessary to join their respective Corps in which case they are to do it without further orders.
AFTER ORDERS
Tench Tilghman Esqr. is Appointed Aide de Camp to the Commander in Chief and is to be obeyed and respected as such.72
[Note 72: Tilghman had served as volunteer aide and secretary to Washington since August, 1776. He ranked as lieutenant colonel and aide from April, 1777.]
The Troops under Command of General St. Clair and the Connecticut Line are to march tomorrow morning at three o clock.
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 21, 1780.
Gentlemen: The Board, in a late letter, left it with me to determine the recall of the infantry of Major Lee's corps. It will certainly be eligible, that the corps should be united; and as the services of the horse in this quarter cannot be dispensed with, it is in my opinion advisable that the infantry should be without delay ordered to join this army. They are too inconsiderable in number to make any difference in the scale of Southern affairs. If the board agree with me in sentiment, I request them to dispatch an order to the Commanding officer to hasten him back. I have the honor etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 21, 1780.
Sir: By the general order of this day you take the command of the troops left at this post and the vicinity, consisting of Maxwells and Starke's brigades; Lees corps and the militia. The objects of your command are as far as possible to cover the country and the public stores; the dispositions for this purpose are left entirely to your discretion, with this recommendation only that you use every precaution in your power to avoid surprise and provide for the security of your corps.
You will pay particular attention to the obtaining intelligence from the enemy, of their land and sea force, of their movements and intentions, giving me punctual advice of whatever comes to your knowledge.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, June 21, 1780.
Dr Sir: If you hear nothing from me to the Contrary; You will march to morrow morning by three OClock and halt on some good ground at or near Rockaway bridge [on the road between Morris and Pompton] where the Troops will remain 'till further Orders. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
Practically the same letter was sent at the same time to Brig. Gen. Jedidiah Huntington. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Springfield, June 21, 1780.
Dr Sir: I yesterday Evening received Your two Favors of the 19th and was happy to find that a part of Clinton's Brigade had joined You. I hope by this time the whole will have got down, or at least all of it except the Regiment detached to Fort Schuyler with provisions. From the immense importance of the post under your direction, I wish, as expressed in my Letter of the 18th, that You may have and keep your force completed to Two thousand Five Hundred efficient Men. This force I hold to be necessary and You will keep it appropriated by a proper distribution, for the defence of the several works particularly and exclusively of any other duty. This is the Object and the only one for which I wish it to be employed. And from the very embarrassing state of Our provisions; and the evident necessity of oeconomising with respect to it as much as possible, I would not have Your force to consist of a Man more than the number I have mentioned. This has been deemed sufficient and will be to oppose any the Enemy can operate with; and no aid of Militia beyond what may be necessary to make it up to this number should be called in, but in case of the most pressing emergency. I request You, as far as it can be done to save the Salt provision. Whenever we have it in our power Fresh should be used. Our Stores of the former are scanty in the extreme and to be preserved for occasions when it may not be in our power to procure the latter, or when it might not answer.
The Enemy remain in the same position and have made no movements or alterations in their circumstances. Sir Harry Clinton is said to be on Staten Island with the Troops which came from the Southward, whose number is variously reported to be from Four to Six Thousand. I cannot yet penetrate their designs. In the present situation of things, the whole of Moylan's Regiment is essential here. Sheldon's will certaintly be sufficient to furnish reconnoitring and parties of advince to announce the movements and approach of the Enemy in case they proceed to operate up the River. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, June 21, 1780.
Sir: There is a large quantity of flour at Trenton which it is of the greatest importance should be forwarded with all possible expedition to the North River. The exigency is so pressing, that the ordinary means of transportation will not suffice, and it will probably be indispensable to have recourse to an impress of waggons. Relying on your judgment and activity, I request you will proceed without delay to Trenton, and have an interview with the Governor of this state and with Mr. Foreman Quarter Master, on the means now in execution for removing the flour. You know our situation and will judge whether they are sufficient to answer our purpose. If you think they are not you will instantly impress in the neighbouring Counties as well in Pensylvania as the Jerseys such a number of waggons as you judge necessary and will send forward the flour with all dispatch to New Windsor on the North River, by the back route. If possible all the flour ought to be in motion in four days from the present, sending it off successively as the waggons are collected. When you have put this business effectually in train you will without loss of time rejoin the army.
P.S. Application has been made to the President of Pensylvania for an aid of 250 waggons; on your arrival at Trenton you will dispatch an express to him to know in what forwardness it is. A party of 20 Horse will attend you.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Springfield,78 Thursday, June 22, 1780.
[Note 78: "Reed of His Excellency Genl Washington the Sum of eight hundred Dollars being my charge against him for Sundrys during his stay at my house. Jacob Briant. Springfield June 22d 1780." This receipt is in the Washington Papers.]
Parole Chatham. Countersigns D., Elk.
Watchword Persevere.
The Commander in Chief cannot leave this Post with out expressing the high sense he entertains of the Conduct and Bravery of the officers and Men of Maxwell's brigade in annoying the Enemy in their incursion of the 7th. instant. Colonel Dayton merits particular Thanks.
He also with Pleasure embraces the opportunity of Testifying that the behavior of the Militia has been such as to do them signal Honor and entitled them to the warmest approbation. There never since the commencement of the Contest appeared a more general ardor than animated all ranks upon this occasion and the spirited opposition given was attended with answerable Effects.
AFTER ORDERS, ROCKAWAY BRIDGE79
[Note 79: Rockaway Bridge was about 11 miles north of Morristown, N.J.]
The Troops are to keep their present Position 'till further Orders: The officers to prevent every species of Waste of private property.
Head Quarters, Rockaway, Friday, June 23, 1780.
MORNING ORDERS
The Men will cook their Provisions immediately; they are to be kept Compact in readiness for a sudden movement.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Watchword--.
In Case a sudden movement should become necessary two pieces of Cannon will be fired at the Park as a signal to the Troops to get under Arms.
The General officers present will assemble at General Hand's Brigade this afternoon five o clock to take into consideration a dispute of rank between Colonels Livingston and Hazen of that brigade and will as speedily as possible report their opinion to the Commander in Chief.
The General has often observed much unnecessary damage done to Grass-grounds by turning the Horses of the Army at large upon them by which means more is trodden down than is Consumed Care will therefore be taken in future when the Army Halts near Mowing grounds to have the grass cut and brought to the horses. The officers commanding divisions and brigades will see this order executed and the Quartermaster General will direct that it is particularly attended to by the Conductors of Teams not attached to any particular part of the Line.
Captain David Humphrys80 of the Connecticut Line is Appointed Aide de Camp to the Commander in Chief and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 80: Capt. David Humphreys (Humphrys), of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. His appointment as aide to the Commander in Chief gave him rank as lieutenant colonel. He resigned in April, 1783.]
Brigade Field Returns (of the officers and men present fit for Action regimentally digested) are to be delivered in at five o clock this afternoon at which time After Orders will be issued.
AFTER ORDERS
In the present divided State of our Force the second Pennsylvania, Hand's and the two Connecticut Brigades are to form one line, the Park of Artillery will be between Hand's brigade and the Connecticut Troops; the Troops will lay on their Arms in their proper Platoons Officers of all ranks are to be at their Posts; Head Quarters will be at the Park of Artillery.
General St. Clair will see that proper Picquets are posted for the security of the right Wing and General Huntington will do the same for the Security of the Left Wing.
Rockaway Bridge, June 23, 1780, ½ after 6.
Dr Sir: I received in the night at 12 and 3 OClock, Your Two Favors of Yesterday Evening in regular succession with respect to their dates. I have just heard several Cannon, but am still at a loss to know the design of them. I shall hold the Troops here in readiness 'till I receive further intelligence by which I may regulate myself. You will be so good as to advise me from time to time of matters; endeavouring as far as possible to ascertain the Enemy's movements and the Objects they have in view. I am etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Rockaway, June 23, 1780.
Gentlemen: The enemy are now in full force bending their march towards Morris Town, and by my last advices had advanced beyond Springfield. They were vigorously opposed by our advanced Corps. But what could the Valour of a handfull do against so infinite a superiority of numbers? The enemy can effect any particular object they may attempt. Besides the Army they can have no other in this state than our stores. As we cannot defend them we must endeavou to remove them. I am so intirely engaged in attention to our military operations that I must intreat you to write to the executives of Pennsylvania and Jersey pressing them to bring out all the Waggons they can to our relief; an application has been already made to Pennsylvania for two hundred and fifty Waggons; these ought to be instantly furnished.
But we do not know what may be the ultimate designs of the enemy, all we know is that they are very strong and that we are very weak. I beg leave to recommend that the states may be again called upon to redouble their exertions to comply with the demands that have been already made upon them. It is essential to our immediate safety to say nothing of the expected cooperation. If she means to be free this is the Moment for America to exert herself. With every sentiment of Esteem etc.
P.S. Morris Town is become an ineligible place for the Committee. As I wish to have their support and Aid, I beg leave to recommend their removal to some place in the Rear of the Army is not too remote.
Head Quarters, Rockaway Bridge, June 23, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 20th. reached me this morning. The principal part of the army yesterday marched to this place. Last night I received a letter from General Greene who commands the corps near the enemy containing the following paragraph; "Mr. ... 82 this moment returned from Elizabeth Town. He says that General Clinton with the whole British army will be in motion this evening; that three thousand are to embark for Kings ferry, if the wind and tide favour their design. The residue of the army are to march towards Kings ferry by Newark and Slater dam (a little above Aquakanunck). Their object is to cut you off from the mouth of the Clove and prevent your getting into West Point." This morning
[Note 82: The name of this spy is so carefully crossed out that it is impossible to decipher. The same has been done in one of Greene's letters of June 22. In the other the spy is mentioned as "Mr. P--l." Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.] the British army are in motion accordingly and seem to be moving in two bodies, one towards Newark the other towards Springfield.
There is one point I think of essential importance in your arrangements; the distribution of your magazines to the different works that each may have provision and water and stores sufficient to stand a siege. The nature of the post is such that each work depends very much upon itself; nor is the communication from one to another as well secured as might be wished. The advanced works in particular ought to be well provided. I should be glad each of these might have within itself a sufficiency of every thing for a defence of at least sixty days; even if this should be done at the expense of the interior posts which will have the benefit of the supplies daily coming in. I am etc.
Whippany,83 June 23, 1780, 11 O. C., P M.
[Note 83: In Morris County, 3 or 4 miles northeast of Morristown, N.J. On June 25 Uzal Coe receipted to General Washington, "for 180 dollars, for cheese mutton and lodging." This receipt is in the Washington Papers.]
Dr Sir: Some time before the receipt of your favor I was informed that the Enemy had returned to their Station at E[lizabeth] T[own] point. It is certainly difficult if not impossible, to ascertain their views.84 I however all things considered wish to keep our force as compact as possible, and therefore wish you if you find in the morning that the Enemy are quiet or gone over to Staten Island to return by the same route you marched to day.85
[Note 84: Wayne's letter is dated June 23, 1780, 8 o'clock p. m., from Chatham, and is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Rockaway, June 23, 1780.
Sir: You will proceed forthwith to Morris Town and inform yourself of the measures taken to remove the stores and baggage of the army from Morris and from Succussunni86 toward Sussex Courthouse and the North River and you will take such additional measures as appear necessary to remove them effectually and with the greatest expedition. The flour and salted meat except what the Commissaries think necessary for the daily consumption of the army will go to New Windsor on the North River; the military and other stores requisite for the Campaign, to Sussex, and if there any articles which will not probably be useful in the Campaign they will best be at Easton. But in these directions I only mean to supply what may be wanting in General Greene's, not to contravene his; for a plan having been previously settled with him in the spirit of these instructions, his directions for the execution are to be followed. You will make a point to have the most valuable stores whether in the Quarter Master's or in the Commissary's departments first removed.
[Note 86: Succasumma, N. J,, about 10 miles northwest of Morristown.]
To enable you to execute these orders you will be furnished with a party of Twenty horse and you are hereby fully empowered to impress as many teams and other carriages as you think necessary. I rely absolutely on your known Zeal and activity.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, near Morris, June 24, 1780.
Gentlemen: Inclosed you have a list of new appointments and promotions in the Regiment of Artificers which will complete the Officers of that Corps. Be pleased to make out and deliver the Commissions to Lieut. Yeates the bearer who will forward them. You have inclosed a Return of the Commissioned and Non Commd. Officers and privates of that Regt. agreeable to the Resolve of Congress of 15th March 1779. I have the honor etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Whippany, Saturday, June 24, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Watchword--.
The General Court martial whereof Brigadier General Hand is president will meet tomorrow morning nine o'clock at Morristown and will continue sitting from day to day unless especially adjourned by the President.
The General Officers directed to meet yesterday to settle a dispute of rank between Colonels Hazen and Livingston will meet this day at twelve o'clock at the house on the forks of the road near Head Quarters.
At a General Court martial held by order of the Honorable Board of War the 19th. May at Philadelphia, Major Nichols President. Captain Lieutenant Godfrey of the Artillery and Artificers was tried "First: For stopping two Shillings and fourpence for five months Stores more than the Price stipulated by the State.
Secondly: For drawing thirteen days subsistence money for six men then deserted and converting the money to his own use.
Thirdly: For drawing one Month's Pay for the detachment under his command at Carlisle Twelve months ago and not paying them.
Fourthly: For detaining from the officers and men of the company out of three months stores vizt. April May and June the following Articles pr man, one pint of Rum, one pound of Sugar, Half a pound of Tobacco, one ounce of Tea, quarter of a pound of Soap and half a pound of Coffee.
Fifthly: For treating Captain Coren in an ungentlemanlike manner at sundry times."
The Court are of opinion that Captain Lieutenant Godfrey is not Guilty of the first, second, third and fourth Charges; therefore acquit him. But they are of opinion he is Guilty of the Fifth charge, being a breach of Sect. 7, Article 1st. of the Articles of War and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer privately.
Captain Coren was tried at the same Court "for appointing Lieutenants to his Company and ordering them to be obey'd as such, and for signing a false order for Rations by drawing for Four Subalterns when he had but one in his Company. Pleads Guilty."
The Court are of opinion he is guilty of a breach of part of Section 5th. Article 1st. of the Articles of War therefore sentence him accordingly.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentences and orders them carried into execution. When that against Captain Lieutenant Godfrey has taken Place he is to be released from Arrest.
AFTER ORDERS, ½ PAST 11 O'CLOCK P.M.
The 1st. and 2nd. Pennsylvania and Hand's Brigades march by the Left tomorrow morning 5 o'Clock for Pumpton Plains where they are to Halt 'till further orders. The Park will move at the same time in the order already pointed out.
Head Quarters, Sunday, June 25, 1780.
Parole Leonidas. Countersigns Turin, Troy.
Watchword Who's here.
The Troops to March and the Park to move tomorrow morning four o clock by the Left. Stark's brigade to take Post on the left of Hand's when it arrives.
Such of the Troops as may want Provisions are to draw and Cook this evening.
The Brigades to Post proper Picquets for their own security and to prevent their Soldiers straggling.
The General earnestly requests officers of all ranks to prevent as far as possible all unnecessary waste of meadows Pasturage or inclosures while on a March or in Camp. This is to be considered as a standing order.
A Sub, Serjeant, Corporal and twenty one men from the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade to mount at Head Quarters immediately.
Head Quarters, Whippany, June 25, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing Congress on the 20th. the following movements have taken place on the part of the Enemy and on our part.
The conduct of the Enemy and our intelligence, giving us reason to suspect a design against West Point, on the 21st. the Army, except two Brigades [and the Horse] (left under the command of General Greene to cover the Country and our stores) was put in motion to proceed slowly towards Pompton. On the 22d It arrived at Rockaway Bridge about eleven miles from Morris Town. The day following the Enemy moved in force from Elizabeth Town towards Springfield. They were opposed with great conduct and spirit by Major Generals Greene and Dickenson, with the Continental Troops and such of the Militia as were assembled; but with their superiority in numbers they of course gained Springfield, burnt the Village and retired the same day to their former position. In the night they abandoned it, crossed over to Staten Island and took up their bridge. I beg leave to refer Congress to General Greene's report for particulars.
The Enemy advanced on this occasion with so serious an aspect, that we were compelled to act upon the supposition of their menacing our stores. A Brigade was detached to fall in with their right flank and the Army moved back towards Morris Town five or six miles, to be more in supporting distance. On receiving intelligence of the Enemy's withdrawing from the Point, all the Troops were put under marching orders for the North River; but the weather prevented them commencing their march before this morning.
The late movements of the Enemy seem to have no satisfactory solution but an enterprise against West point, our last advices look strongly to the same object, yet there are many powerful reasons against it. But as we are now in a great degree rid of the incumbrance of our stores by the measures taken to remove them, prudence demands that our dispositions should be principally relative to West Point. We shall do every thing in our power for its security; and in spite of the peculiar embarrassments of our situation, I hope not without success.89
[Note 89: That Washington s maneuvers were successful is evidenced by Clinton's report to Germain, July 4, 1780: "I arrived at New York on the 17th of June...Lieut. Genl. Knyphausen had I found on the 7th made a Movement into Jersey, and on the same day withdrawn the Troops back to a position between Elizabeth Town Creek and Newark Meadows where they were at my Arrival. Washington's Army was I am informed at Chatham, with an Advanced Corps at Connecticut Farms, but on the 18th. retired towards the Clove ... but, whether I considered how illusive that Intelligence [which caused Knyphausen's advance into Jersey] had proved both with respect to the temper of Washington's Army and the Militia; Whether I reflected that time had been given to the Rebels to collect their force and procure Horses for removing their Artillery and Stores, and that the measure could no longer be prosecuted in its original Spirit (a rapid Movement against a disaffected Army in a supine and enfeebled State, or whether lastly I doubted the good tendency of any Movement) in Jersey which had not the total destruction of Washington's Army in hope, on no Account could I think of keeping the Field in that Province. In the present circumstances I could not think of keeping the field in Jersey. General Washington by his Retreat left me little time for these deliberations. To avail myself, however, as much as I could, of our Situation, I ordered, previous to quitting Jersey, a strong detachment under General Mathew, well supported by ...Knyphausen, to move to the last Division of the Rebel Army and press it if possible, whilst I put the Troops just arrived from Carolina, and already landed on Staten Island, afloat again, and repaired in person to Haverstraw Bay, the Transports following me to Philipsburg. I was thus in readiness to take advantage of any unguarded March the Enemy might make. to Succor the Corps attacked, or finding no Enemy for offense (as was the Event) to land the Troops and give a Camp of rest to an Army, of which many Corps had had an uninterrupted Campaign of Fourteen Months. The attack of the rear of Washington's Army was conducted with Judgment and Spirit. The Rebels were forced from Two Strong Positions, and the Troops after remaining some hours in Springfield retired according to my Orders, and that Evening without Molestation evacuated Jersey, bringing off the Bridge of Boats which had been thrown across the Staten Island Sound." Colonial Office, 5, 100, p. 97, et seq. The transcript is in the Library of Congress. The camp site chosen by Sir Henry Clinton was at Philipseburg, on the east side of the Hudson. Clinton also stated that the coming French armament would "probably keep me inactive."]
The Enemy have not made their incursions into this State without loss; ours has been small. The Militia deserve every thing that can be said on both occasions. They flew to arms universally and acted with a spirit equal to any thing I have seen in the course of the War. With every sentiment of respect etc.
P.S. I am honored with two Letters from Congress of the 18th. and 21st. I beg leave to inclose copy of a letter of the 21st to the Board of War on the subject of Major Lees Infantry by which Congress will see my sentiments. I request they will be pleased to instruct the Board of War, as to them appears best.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The words in brackets are inserted by Washington.]
Whippeny, near Morristown, June 25, 1780.
Dr Sir: On friday last the enemy moved from Elizabeth Town point to Springfield in considerable force, supposed about five thousand. The bridge at Springfield was pretty obstinately defended by Colonel Angel's regiment nor was it gained by the enemy till near a contest of forty minutes. This Regt. had about 40 killed and wounded. Our whole loss during the day does not rise much higher but from all the accounts which we have been yet able to collect, the enemy's has been very superior. They retreated with great rapidity after having burnt Springfield to E. T. point and evacuated the place between twelve and one the same night. We have not been able to ascertain since their leaving the Jerseys whether they have embarked with a design to proceed up the North River, or whether they have returned to New-York. I thought it however advisable to give you this information that all necessary measures may be taken to provide against the former. General Huntington is some way on his march, and is instructed to take post at Sufferans, and to communicate with you. The rest of the army is also in motion but their progress must be governed by our intelligence.
I would just observe with regard to the posts at West point most exposed and most important that they will no doubt experience your most immediate attention and be provided specifically not only with the proper quantity of stores, provisions &c. but garrisoned with troops best calculated for an obstinate resistance. At this moment it is difficult to say what the enemy propose to themselves, but let it be what it will, it is our principal business to be fully prepared for them at West-point. I inclosse you a letter from the Honble the Board of war which they transmitted open in one to me. Every precaution and measure for obtaining provisions and supplying West-point has certainly been taken which appeared practicable. The route by which the Southern supplies come, must as has been heretofore the case, depend on the situation and movements of the enemy, on which head the Q. Master and Commissary will always be advised. You will direct the receiving Commissary to keep a particular account of the provisions forwarded by the associators and to give receipts for it.
half an hour after Eleven A.M.
I have this moment received your letter of the 24th. The purposes of the posts at Verplanks and Stoney point have been pretty fully explained in those letters when I had occasion to mention them or their uses. I cannot say that it appears to me should the enemy seriously attempt them in force, that much time to us could be gained by their defence. Col Gouvion is of opinion also that under this description they cannot hold out much beyond ten hours. This is but a mere instant for any precautions at West-point, while these two garrisons by being withdrawn might be employed with you perhaps to much greater advantage than in their present situation. But besides, it is by no means clear that the enemy would spend any length of time on this object but passing them operate against West-point in the first instance. In short, what seems to me best in this case is not to submit the garrison of Verplanks and Stoney point to an investiture, but to amuse the enemy with them as long as it can be done with their own safety; guarding alike on this occasion against a precipitate evacuation of the posts, without good reasons and continuance in them to the loss of the garrisons. [These were the ideas I meant to] suggest [in my former] communication [on this subject.] I am &c.
P.S. The measures you have taken respecting the militia appear to be very proper under present appearances. I return you the letters which you inclosed me.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Whippeny, June 25, 1780.
Gentn: I have been honoured with Your several Letters of the 17th, 19th and 20, which the constant movements of the Army have prevented me from answering till this time. With respect to the subject of the first and of the Letter it inclosed for General Howe, I beg leave to inform the Board it had long since claimed my particular attention and every measure had been taken by me that appeared practicable to obtain and forward Supplies of provision for the post at West point. The route by which that must go, which comes from the Southward must be governed, from time to time as it has been, by the movements and situation of the Enemy, on which head the Commissary and Quarter Master and Other persons employed in the transportation will be regularly advised that it may be secure. There are no unnecessary Stores at West point that I know of; so far from it, those which are there are less than they ought to be, if our circumstances would admit of a better supply. The Stores which were at Fishkill and which possibly might have been exposed, on a serious movement by the Enemy, have been brought down to the River and embarked in Vessels provided for the purpose. A particular account of the provisions forwarded by the Associators will be kept by the receiving Commissary who will be directed to give receipts for it also. This exertion will contribute greatly to our relief and reflects the highest honor on the Gentlemen concerned in it.
The Board will be pleased to receive a confirmation of the sentences against Capt Coren and Lt Godfrey.
With respect to the application in favor of Lt. Conolly Coan,92 I do not conceive myself authorized to grant it.93 I have never in a single instance undertaken to give permission to an Officer to go beyond Sea and whenever requests for the purpose have been made immediately to me, they have been referred to Congress or the parties applying informed that it was necessary. I return the Board Doctor Shield's letter94 on the subject which they will, if they think proper be pleased to lay before Congress. I should have been happy, if it had been in my power to have obliged the Doctor, whose zeal and attachment to our cause seem to give him a claim to every consistent notice in his applications.
[Note 92: Lieutenant Coane, as the name is spelled in the British Army List, belonged to the Sixty-second Foot.]
[Note 93: See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 30, 1780.]
[Note 94: Surgeon Shield was probably Surg. Thomas Sheild, of the Eighty-seventh Foot, British Army. His letter is not now found in either the Washington Papers or the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I am informed that Lt Col Ramsay is desirous that Lt Colo Conolly should be permitted to go to New York to endeavour to effect their exchange or to return in a limited number of days, and by a Letter of the 16th from Colo Magaw to Colo Harrison, received yesterday that it is also the Boards wish. I should be very happy in the final exchange of Colo Ramsay, and as the State of Maryland who claim Colo Conolly as their prisoner, have expressed their wish to appropriate him particularly to it, there can be no objection to his going to New York to endeavour to effect it. Lt Colo Conolly's exchange under the circumstances of his case should be particularly restricted to that of Lt Colo Ramsays, or the Enemy may undertake to place it in favor of some other Officer and probably one of the Violators of parole. When he goes to New York, he should proceed immediately to Elizabeth Town. I have the Honor etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Whippeny near Morris Town, June 25, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 20th. and 22d. instants. I am exceedingly sorry to find you express a doubt of being able immediately to procure the number of 250 Waggons in the State of Pennsylvania; if we should be disappointed in that quarter, I know not where we are to apply. The Quarter Master General has, as you observe, a considerable number of Waggons laying idle for want of Horses, could you procure a sufficiency of them, to put these Waggons in motion, it would answer a very valuable purpose, that of moving the Baggage and necessary Stores of the Army, which are now scattered in a most inconvenient manner upon the whole communication, subject to loss and peculation, and making an amazing draft from the strength of the Army, as an extra number of guards must be left to take care of them.
The Enemy abandoned this State the night before last, they advanced in the course of the day, in very considerable force as far as Springfield, which they burnt intirely (two Houses excepted) with several buildings in the neighbourhood. They were very warmly opposed in their progress, by the advanced troops under the command of General Greene. This change of position will render the service of the Philada. Troop of Light Dragoons unnecessary at this juncture. Hearing they were upon their march, I yesterday desired Colo. Moylan to meet them, with my thanks for their ready compliance with my request, and to inform them that there was no occasion for them ot come forward.96
[Note 96: A letter from Lieut. James Budden, of June 26, is in the Washington Papers. Washington's reply (June 28) herewith is from a copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress: "I was favored yesterday evening with your letter of the 26th., advising me of the arrival of your Troop at Trenton. The spirit and the alertness which the Philadelphia Light Horse have displayed on this occasion is such as to deserve my best thanks. I should have been happy their services had the enemy Continued in the Jerseys; but as they have evacuated this state and as the necessity is over which called them out, you will be pleased to return to Philadelphia. Indeed, I thought to have prevented your advance so far, having requested Colonel Moylan, who was going that way, after the enemy retreated, to countermand the order for bringing you to camp. I am etc."]
I very much admire the patriotic spirit of the Ladies of Philada., and shall with great pleasure give them my advice, as to the application of their benevolent and generous donation to the soldiers of the Army. Altho' the terms of the association seem in some measure to preclude the purchase of any article, which the public is bound to find, I would, nevertheless, recommend a provision of shirts in preference to any thing else, in case the fund should amount to a sum equivalent to a supply of eight or ten thousand. The Soldiery are exceedingly in want of them, and the public have never, for several years past, been able to procure a sufficient quantity to make them comfortable. They are besides more capable of an equal and satisfactory distribution than almost any other Article. Should the fund fall short of a supply of the number of shirts I have mentioned, perhaps there could be no better application of the Money, than laying it out in the purchase of refreshments for the Hospitals. These are my Ideas at present. When I have the pleasure of hearing more particularly from Mrs. Reed, I shall probably be able to form a more complete opinion.97
[Note 97: Mrs. Esther Reed's letter to Washington is dated July 4: "The Subscription set on foot by the Ladies of this City for the use of the Soldiery is so far compleated as to induce me to transmit to your Excelly. an account of the Money I have received, and which, altho it has answered our Expectations, it does not equal our Wishes but I am perswaded will be received as a proof of our Zeal for the great Cause of America, and of our Esteem and Gratitude for those who so bravely defend it. The amount of the Subscription is 200,580 Dollrs and £625.6. 8. in Specie which makes in the whole in Paper Money 300,634 Dolts. The Ladies are anxious for the Soldiers to receive the benefit of it and wait your Directions how it can best be disposed of. We expect considerable additions from the Country; and I have also wrote to the other States in hopes that the Ladies there will adopt a Similar plan to render it more General and Beneficial." Mrs. Reed's letter is in the Washington Papers.
The example was followed by ladies in New Jersey, Miss Mary Dagworthy wrote from Trenton (July 17): "By order of Mrs. Dickinson and the other Ladies of the Committee, I have transmitted to your Excellency by Colonel Thompson Fifteen Thousand four hundred and eighty eight Dollars, being the Subscriptions receiv'd at this place, to be disposed of in such .manner as your Excellency thinks proper, for the benefit of the Continental Soldiers. As the other subscriptions come in, they will be forwarded without delay." Miss Dagworthy's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall, agreeable to your Excellency's request, send down a few Officers to take charge of, and bring forward the Drafts. As to the business of recruiting by voluntary inlistments, you may be assured that its operation, if attended with any tolerable success in the end, will be too slow to answer our present purposes. I would therefore most earnestly recommend to you, to place no dependance upon any such measure, but, by an immediate augmentation of Drafts, supply the Men required from Pennsylvania by the Committee of Congress. They make so considerable a part of the force estimated as necessary to give a probability of certainty to our expected operations, that they cannot be dispensed with.
Be kind enough to deliver [or forward] the inclosed to Mrs. Washington. I am infinitely obliged to Your Excellency and to Mrs. Reed for your polite attention to her. I have the honor etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Pequanic, June 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: It is highly necessary that an estimate should be formed of the quantity of Ordnance Stores necessary for the expected cooperation in its fullest extent, that by comparing it with the General Return of those on hand, we may be able to ascertain the deficiency, which I very much fear [(notwithstanding the pressing call upon the Board of War and Ordnance last fall, when Ct. D'Estaing was expected for an ample supply of every thing in this way)] will be considerable. I know not whether you may have such of your papers with you as will enable you to form such an Estimate with accuracy, but I would wish you to make out the best that circumstances will admit, and furnish the Committee at Morris Town with one Copy and me with another. Some of the States may perhaps have considerable quantities of private stores, and therefore the sooner we can come to a knowledge of our wants the better, as we shall have the more time to make application to the States for what they can spare, and to draw them towards the probable place of operation. I am &c.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, Monday, June 26, 1780.
Parole Sardinia. Countersigns U., A.
Watchword Bayonet.
The Commander in Chief requests General Greene and all the officers and men under his Command to accept his Warmest thanks for the good Conduct and Gallantry displayed in opposing the Enemy in their advance to Springfield the 23d. Instant.
The Regiment of Colonel Angell from its situation had an opportunity of more particularly distinguishing itself and is entitled to particular notice.
The General has observed with the highest satisfaction that the Behavior of the Troops upon every late occasion has exhibited signal proof how much may be expected from their Valor improved as it now is by discipline and affords the highest presage of Success in our future operations.
Major General Lord Stirling 'till further Orders will take the Command of Hand's and Stark's brigades.
All the General Officers in Camp will meet tomorrow morning nine o'clock at Lord Stirling's Quarters to resume the consideration of the dispute of rank between Colonels Livingston and Hazen.
Paquannick,1 June 26, 1780.
[Note 1: Pequannock, on the eastern edge of Morris County, about 15 miles northeast of Morristown. Richard Kidder Meade's expense account, flied under June 25, 1780, in the Washington Papers, notes an item of 40 dollars paid to Mrs. Doremus "at Pequanac" on June 25, which Washington seems to have reached the night of June 24 or very early in the morning of June 25.]
Sir: You will proceed to West Point and take the orders of Major General Howe. If the movements of the enemy up the River should not engage your attention otherwise, you will as far as circumstances permit employ yourself in providing fascines and gabions and any other necessary articles at convenient places. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Paquannick, June 26, 1780, 6 OClock, A.M.
Dr. Sir: From some information I have received this morning, I think it necessary that Your Brigade should advance, which I directed to halt by a Line last night.3 You will there fore march on with it till you join the Army, unless You should receive orders to the contrary. I am etc.4
[Note 3: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 4: The draft it in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, Tuesday, June 27, 1780.
Parole Maryland. Countersigns Perth, Po.
Watchword Cannon.
The Guards to be Paraded at two o'clock this afternoon.
AFTER ORDERS
The Board of General Officers appointed to settle rank between Colonels Hazen and Livingston having reported on the admission of the Parties that the Commission of Colonel Hazen was dated the 22d. day of January 1776 and that Colonel Livingston produced one dated the 20th. of November 1775 and a Written Warrant and Instructions from Brigadier General Montgomery of the same date for raising a regiment; That Congress by a subsequent Resolution on the 8th. of January following approved the appointment of Colonel Livingston by General Montgomery; That by another Resolution of the 15 of August in the same year they ordered a Colonel's Commission to be given to him "He having been appointed a Colonel of a Regiment by General Montgomery" and that in the opinion of the Board Colonel Livingston ought to have rank as Colonel from the 20th. of November 1775 agreeable to the appointment of General Montgomery.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the board and Colonel Livingston is to take rank of Colonel Hazen.
The same Board having taken into Consideration at the request of the Parties the rank of their regiments have reported the same to be in favor of Colonel Hazen's which the Commander in Chief likewise approves and the regiments are to rank accordingly.
Ramapough,5 June 27, 1780.
[Note 5: The Ramapo of the Revolution, in Bergen County, N.J., was about 7 miles below the present village of Ramapo. Washington's quarters were in the "Hopper House." Richard Kidder Meade's expense account, filed under June 15, 1780, in the Washington Papers, notes an item of 200 dollars paid to Mr. Hopper at Ramapaugh on July 1, 1780.]
Gentlemen: I have the Honor to transmit You a Letter of the 22d Instant which I received last night from the Assembly of Maryland, in consequence of the requisitions which have been made them with respect to Men, and my Answer to it, which I have left open for your perusal and consideration, and the propriety of which you will be pleased ultimately to determine by a Letter from yourselves. The proposition the Assembly has made for raising an extra Battallion in lieu of the Militia required, appears to me eligible under the circumstances they have mentioned and the footing on which I have placed it; and it will be fortunate for us, if they should be able to accomplish their views in general in a reasonable time, of adding so respectable and permanent a force to the Army as the one they propose. From their past exertions upon every occasion, I am persuaded they will use every practicable means in their power to effect it. If the Committee view the proposition in the light I do, they will be pleased to inform the Assembly by the Return of the Express, of their approbation of the measure. I am also to request that they will be so obliging, after reading my Letter, as to seal and forward it.
The designs of the Enemy remain still to be develloped. By accounts received last night from an Officer stationed at Sloot's opposite Tarry Town, Fifty five sail of Vessels of different sizes, lay at Anchor off Phillips's. The day before a body of Troops, said to be between Seven and Eight Hundred, debarked from them on the East side of the River. This is my latest and most direct intelligence. I have the Honor etc.
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 27, 1780.
Dr Sir: Before this the Connecticut division will probably have joined you. The rest of the army arrived here yesterday. The delay which has occurred makes it probable the enemy either had not or have relinquished the project of attacking West Point, and only intend to retard our preparations by menacing us at different points and obliging us to call out the militia. I believe what they have done hitherto will rather be of service than disservice to us, as it seems to have given a stimulous to the states: But this would not be the case if we should continue to keep in the field a considerable body of militia which besides interfering with the drafts for the Continental Batalions, will injure the operations of Agriculture. The removal of our stores in the Jerseys to remoter deposits and the present disposition of our Continental force seem to supersede the necessity of the services of the Militia and to give us tolerable security without them. I have therefore written to send back the Militia marching from Massachusetts and Connecticut; the letters for this purpose are inclosed; you will be pleased to forward them without delay.
With the augmentation of the Connecticut line, I take it for granted your garrison will amount in Continental troops to the number mentioned in a former letter. You will therefore dismiss all the militia which may be in the garrison. If your number should not be complete without them you can detain one of the Connecticut state regiments.
You will be pleased immediately to send me an exact field return on the honor of the officers commanding brigades of the number of Continental troops under your command, fit for action; of the serviceable military stores of every kind, and of your provisions specifying the quantity at each work, that I may form a judgment with certainty upon your situation. These returns may be sent successively as they may be completed. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 27, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 6th. of June inclosing one of the same date to the honorable the Board of war.
The Assembly of Maryland proposing to raise 1469 men to fill up their seven Regiments to their compliment it is necessary that a certain number of officers be drawn from their troops under your command to assist in this purpose. I have therefore to request that as many field officers and others as can be spared without material injury to the service, or as may be in some measure adequate to the forming of these recruits, and disciplining them under two corps or divisions, may be immediately dispatched to Annapolis where they will apply for further instructions to the executive of the State.
The public prints will anticipate any news I could send of the late incursions of the enemy into Jersey I beg therefore to refer you to my official letters to Congress on this subject. The enemy still continue to make demonstrations, without seeming to have in view any determinate object but that of embarrassing our measures. I am etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Ramapough, June 27, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have been informed that You are marching with a Brigade of Militia to the succour of West Point, in consequence of a requisition from the honourable Mesrs Adams and Gerry. That post for some time seemed from a variety of intelligence, to be the Object against which the Enemy meant to direct their operations, and in this view and from the importance of keeping it secure, and the divided state in which we were compelled to hold our Continental force, those Gentn thought it material I presume, to make the requisition; but the Enemy having left the Jerseys and circumstances in consequence admitting our Troops to be more collected, such arrangements have taken place for its defence, as to render I trust, the aid you were bringing unnecessary at least for the present however material it might have been considered before. You will therefore, if you have begun your march, be pleased to return with the Militia and if you have not and they are not assembled You will prevent it. At the same time I am confident that you and the Militia will upon application give us succour with the greatest cheerfulness, and I would recommend that they should hold themselves in the best state of readiness circumstances will permit, that they may be the better able to do it, if at any time it should be found requisite. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favr. of this date. Since I wrote to you last I have been informed that there are not more than three hundred Barrels of Flour at present at Ringwood. You need therefore only send teams for that quantity, the remainder may be employed upon the Sussex Route.
I shall give directions to have the Road from Ringwood to New Windsor surveyed and repaired. I am etc.
P.S. Be pleased to forward the letter herewith for Govr. Clinton immediately by an Express, it being of great importance.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Ramapaugh, June 27, 1780.
Dr. Sir: You may remain in your present position 'till further orders. In the meanwhile and without delay I request you to reconnoitre the country well about Totawa10 and between that and Pompton by the routs of Col. Deys11 and
[Note 10: Totawa, N.J., in the southern part of Passaic County.]
[Note 11: Col. Theunis Dey, of the New Jersey Militia. His house is now in the city of Paterson, N. J.] Precenis;12 and report to me the kind of roads, passes, and quantity of green forage, with other circumstances that come under a military view. I am &c.
[Note 12: Preakness, N.J.]
P.S. There is a mountain in front of Precenis which by my maps appear to extend from the great falls to Pompton. What passes are there over it? and how would a right flank at or near the great falls be secured?13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: By a letter from Your Excellency to Major General Howe, which he communicated to me, it appeared, that you were ordering a body of two thousand Militia to his assistance. This measure at the time was a very eligible one; but as, by the removal of our stores most exposed, we have had it in our power to detach a reinforcement of Continental Troops to West Point, and to remove the rest of the Army to this place, I consider that important Post as now in a state of sufficient security to enable us to dispense with the immediate services of the Militia. The calling them forth will be peculiarly inconvenient at this time; both because it will impede our preparations and injure agriculture. The completing the Continental Battalions, by an instant draft, [to their full establishmt.]14 is the pivot on which the intended co-operation absolutely turns. Without this We can undertake nothing offensive; for which reason I am willing to submit to all the embarrassments arising from the present weakness of the Army, rather than retard that essential measure by employing the Militia. I therefore
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The abbreviation was not followed by Meade in the letter sent.] advise that the body of Militia (now probably on the march) may return home and only be held in readiness. The Enemy continue to menace us.
I can omit no occasion of repeating my earnest entreaties to Your Excellency to use all your influence to forward the measures recommended by the Committee of cooperation. I assure you with the greatest sincerity, and truth, that nothing short of them will answer our purpose and that I am fully persuaded, from a general view of European and American affairs, the fate of our cause depends on the exertions of this campaign. The sparing system has been too long tried, till it has brought us to a crisis little less than desperate, and if the opportunity now before us be neglected, I believe it will be too late to retrieve our affairs. [These are ideas, that I may safely trust to your judgment, though I know they would be slighted by those indolent and narrow politicians, who, except at the moment of some signal misfortune, are continually crying, all is well; and who to save a little present expence and avoid some temporary inconvenience (with no ill designs in the main), would protract the War and risk the purdition of our liberties.]15 As I always speak to Your Excellency in the confidence of friendship I shall not scruple to confess that the prevailing politics, for a considerable time past, have filled me with inexpressible anxiety and apprehension, and have uniformly appeared to me to threaten the subversion of our independence. I hope a period to them is now arrived and that a change of measures will save us from ruin.
[Note 15: This bracketed portion was omitted from Washington's letter to Gov. George Clinton, June 27, 1780, q. v.]
I beg Your Excellency to accept my warmest acknowledgements for your exertions in support of West Point.
With perfect respect etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. Sparks prints this as two separate letters of June 27.]
Head Quarters, Ramapaugh, June 27, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 24th. If I remember right most or all of the Cloathing coming from Philad. is of the kind which the Army will immediately want, it may therefore come on in the first instance to Morristown and from thence according to Circumstances. It will be well to order about one thousand pairs of shoes immediately to the Army, as I observe many of the Men are in want.
Be pleased to let me know what prospects you have of getting the linen Cloathing from Springfield brought forward. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 27, 1780.
D. Sir: In the absence of the Committee agreeable to the direction of your Excellencys letter I opened it and perused the contents. The measures taken by the Legislature are vigorous and correspondent to that spirit which has uniformly actuated them. In the execution I am persuaded whatever depends on you will be done. I regret that there seems to have been a mistake in a very essential article; the men for completing the batalions. I know not what may have been the intention of the Committee; but mine was to have the batalions filled to their establishment in the field, independent of the levies for frontier service, and my calculations of the force requested for the intended cooperation have turned upon this principle; any thing short of it will be a serious and injurious disappointment.
As I am not near enough The Committee to take their sense and as the point is of too much importance to admit delay, I have thought proper instantly to return your express with an explanation of my views: If they arrive before the Legislature rises, I entreat your Excellency to lay my letter before them and obtain their determination. There is a certain proportion of regular continental force which is essential to our success, and the full complement of our Continental batalions is the least that gives a tolerable prospect of success. By having these we may possibly lessen the number of Militia, but without these no additional number of Militia will compensate for the deficiency. Your Excellency's knowledge of Service will make this reasoning clear to you, and supersedes the necessity of any arguments to enforce it. I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Ramapaugh, June 27, 1780.
My Dear Sir: I duly received your letter of the 17th. and am much obliged to you for the succour so readily afforded to West Point. The reinforcement of Continental troops sent there and the present disposition of the army make it inexpedient at this time to keep the militia in the field and I have therefore directed General Howe to dismiss them. The continuing them in service at this time would be peculiarly inconvenient, both because it would impede our preparations and would be injurious to agriculture. In particular it would interfere with the measure of drafting to complete...
When I make these observations, justice demands that I should acknowledge to the honor of your state that the perniceous system I have complained of has not influenced your councils but that New York is among the few that has felt the necessity of energy and considering its situation has done every thing that could be expected from it. I doubt not a perseverance in the same plan; and that Your Excellencys influence will be as it has been successfully employed to promote it. With every sentiment of respect etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The omitted portion is almost identical, with the exception of the bracketed portion noted therein, with that in Washington's letter to Governor Trumbull, June 27, 1780, q. v.]
[Note 20: President of the Maryland Senate and Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates, respectively.]
Head Quarters, Ramapaugh, June 27, 1780.
Gentlemen: I was last Evening honored with yours of the 22d Inst. containing propositions of both Houses for substituting a compleat additional Battalion inlisted for the War, in lieu of the aid of Militia required by the Committee of Cooperation in conjunction with me. The reasons urged by you, in support of this alteration, are weighty, and such as, all circumstances considered, I think are sufficient to induce an acceptance of your offer, provided you can be upon a certainty of filling and marching the Battalion to the place of rendezvous by or near the time fixed upon for the junction of the Militia, or at furthest by the last of July. But this you will be pleased to observe is only my opinion upon the subject. As the Committee of Cooperation are yet at Morris Town, some distance from hence, I have taken the liberty, to save time, of putting this letter under a flying seal to them, and have desired them, if they coincide with me, to forward it to you, with their approbation of the measure.
It cannot yet be determined whether the whole or any of the Levies to compleat your Continental Battalions will be wanted to the Southward; perhaps circumstances may require that part of them should be sent to that quarter, and part come to this. It would be therefore most convenient to form them into two Corps for the present, under the care of such number of Officers as Major General Baron de Kalb will be able to spare from the Line. The number I am confident will be but few, as the Regiments were most of them very deficient of Subalterns when they marched from this Army. Inclosed you will find a letter to the Baron upon the subject.
I cannot help impressing upon you, Gentlemen, the indespensible necessity of filling and forwarding the additional Battalion in the time I have before mentioned, or of having the whole, or the greater part of the Militia required, ready for service, in case you see no probability of compleating the Battalion. As twenty five hundred Militia from your State were, by our Estimates, deemed essential to the cooperation, you will easily perceive that so great a diminution of force, altho' the composition will be better, must be attended with many inconveniences. The compleating your Continental Battalions is a matter of equal importance.
Give me leave, Gentlemen, to present, through you, my warmest acknowledgments to both your Houses for their ready attention to and compliance with the several requisitions, more especially of provisions, which I have lately been under the necessity of making from them: And from the tenor of the letter which I have now the honor of answering, I am confident that no means will be left untried to furnish the Men in question, either upon a permanent establishment, or if that cannot be done in a reasonable time, for a temporary service. I have the Honor etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MD.H.S.]
[Note 22: Meredith and Barclay were then at Trenton, N.J., charged with forwarding 3,000,000 rations and 300 hogsheads of rum to the Army which the citizens of Philadelphia had provided.]
Head Quarters, Ramapaugh, June 27, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been favored with your letter of the 24th. The spirit and exertions of the citizens of Philadelphia while they relieve us from the most pressing embarrassments cannot fail to produce a happy effect on our affairs in general. They claim and deserve the thanks of their country.
With respect to the supplies which you have been appointed by them to forward, at this juncture, or while the Jersey is free from the operations of the enemy they may be ordered by the common route to New-Windsor. As this route however is subject to interruption you will be pleased from time to time to consult with Mr. Furman Q M. who will be informed on this head. He will also point out to you the stages for the teams. I would beg leave to recommend that there be no accumulation of the supplies made at Trenton or any intermediate place between that and the North river. It would be establishing an object for the enemy, which will be prevented by your having them transported from Philada. in such quantities as shall be proportioned to the means which can be provided for forwarding them to N: Windsor. I am etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 28, 1780.
Sir: I have just been informed by General Schuyler of his having received advice from Mr Douw24 that the Oneida
[Note 24: Volkert Pieterse Douw. He was commissioner of Indian affairs of the Northern Department.] Indians are under apprehensions of being obliged to send their Women and Children down the Country, to secure them from the Indians in the interest of the enemy, who threaten to destroy them on account of their attachment to us. Should this be the case, good policy as well as humanity point out the expediency of supporting them while the Men are in Arms with us. You will therefore be pleased from time to time to direct provisions to be issued for this purpose upon the application of the Commissioners for Indian Affairs. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, Wednesday, June 28, 1780.
Parole Monmouth. Countersigns Fight, Fame. Watchword Success.
The Picquet on the right to be increased with the Addition of a Captain, Sub, Serjeant, Corporal and twenty-nine privates.
A Sub, Two Serjeants, two Corporals and twenty five men to be Posted at the Mill on the left.
A jill of Rum pr man to be issued to the troops this evening.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Meigs is President is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 28, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received Your Letter of this afternoon. I have had it for some days in contemplation to have the attempt made to which you allude; but from the information I had received with respect to the Enemy's situation and post, I did not imagine that it could be made; nor do I now, in the way you seem to think it may. I wish You to inform me more particularly than You have, of their force according to the intelligence you may have obtained and of the nature of their work; and that You will if circumstances admit, gain a more perfect knowledge of them than You now possess and communicate it to me. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 27: Of the Council of Massachusetts.]
Camp at Ramapough,28 June 28, 1780.
[Note 28: Meade's account filed June 15, 1780, in the Washington Papers, notes an item of 452 dollars paid Mr. Isaac Vanderbeck, at Totaway Bridge on June 28.]
Sir: I have had the honor to receive Your Two Favors of the 5th and 10th Instant. With respect to the subject of the first, there is nothing which I more earnestly wish than to give protection to every part of the States, and to secure them against the incursions and depredations of the Enemy; but unhappily the means in my power are totally inadequate. Our force, from the fatal system of short inlistments, is so reduced that it will not admit of the least possible further diminution by making detachments, and it is already so small that we can scarcely keep a face towards the Enemy. Owing to its weak and feeble condition, the States are daily insulted, and unless it is made and continued infinitely more respectable than it now is, they must be insulted, the War prolonged, and I do not know that I shall hazard any thing, if I say, end finally in their ruin. From this state of matters and the representations the Council have received with respect to our force &ca within a short time past, they will readily determine that it is impossible the Coos Country should derive any aid from this Army, though an occasion even should occur, in which some succour might be necessary. I would take the liberty to observe that Congress by an Act, of which the Council could not have had notice when they wrote, have authorized the State of New Hampshire to raise Two Hundred and Fifty Men for their Frontiers which I hope with the common force of the Country, will answer or at least in a very great measure, the purposes the Council had in view.
I am extremely sorry to find, that the Continental Officers in the Staff line give the Council so much trouble, and I am the more so, as it is not in my power to afford them the relief they request. The service will not admit a General Officer to be stationed in the state, and if it were otherwise I could not fix one there with propriety, unless there were other Objects for his command than those you have mentioned. Previous to the honor of receiving your Letter, I had received one from Justin Ely Esquire, informing me of the measures taken by the General Assembly on the requisition from the Committee of Congress, and that Springfield was appointed as the place of Rendezvous for the recruits they intended for their Battalions; and I had in consequence given directions for General Glover and a number of Other Officers to proceed thither, in order to receive and forward them to the Army without the least possible delay. I have the Honor etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Ramapaugh, June 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 22d. from Trenton,30 and thank you for the aid you have been
[Note 30: In his hurry Washington wrote "Trenton."] pleased to afford in getting the Provisions and Stores removed from that place; happily for us, the transportation is in a better train, and in greater forwardness than I had reason a few days ago to expect it wd. be, at this time. I am under no apprehension now of danger to the Post at West point on the score either of Provisions, strength of the Works, or Garrison. I am sorry however to find there are apprehensions on acct. of the Commandant, and that my knowledge of him does not enable me to form any decisive judgment of his fitness to command but as Genl. McDougall and Baron Steuben (Men of approv'd bravery) are both with him and the Main Army is in supporting distance I confess I have no fear on the ground of what I presume is suspected. to remove him therefore under these circumstances and at this period must be too severe a wound to the feelings of any Officer to be given but in cases of real necessity. When a general arrangement is gone into and a disposition made for the Campaign. I can with propriety, and certainly shall, bring G. H--31 into the line of the Army and place the Gentn. you have named at that post if the operations of the Campaign are such as to render it expedient to leave an Officer of his rank in that Command.32 If the States mean to put the Army in a condition to adopt any offensive plan the period cannot be far off when this measure must take place.
Your Sentiments my dear Sir upon this occasion required no apology the opinion and advice of my friends I receive at all
[Note 31: Maj. Gen. Robert Howe.]
[Note 32: Maj. Gen. Benedict Arnold. Livingston has written: "I might presume so far, I shd. beg leave to submit it to yr. Excellency whether this post might not be most safely confided to Genl. Arnold, whose courage is undoubted; who is the favourite of our militia, and who will agree perfectly with our Govr. Your Excellency will not consider this as designed to convey the most distant reflection on Genl. Howe, of whom I know nothing but by report which may very possibly be ill grounded." Livington's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Arnold also appealed to Schuyler to acquaint Washington with Arnold's desire to be included in any arrangement for the coming campaign. (See Robert Howe's letter to Washington, June 30, 1780, post.) Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers.] times as a proof of their friendship and am thankful when they are offered.
I am so well perswaded of the safety of West point and of the necessity of easing the Militia as much as possible, and of husbanding our provisions and stores, that I have dismissed all the Militia that were called in for the defence of the Posts on the No. River, with the greatest esteem etc.
[Note 33: Delegate to the Continental Congress from Virginia.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 29, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I am much obliged to you for your communication of the 16th; and I wish most sincerely that it were in our power to send any further succour to the Southward. But situated as we are, with but a handful of men it is utterly impossible. In the present exigency of affairs we must rely on Southern means and Southern exertions. The former is more than competent to our purpose, and I trust we will not be disappointed in the latter. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Ramapaugh, June 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your several favors of the 12th, 21st. 23d. and 25th. Instants. I think it but reasonable that the extra Expenses incurred by your present command should be defrayed by the public, and I will, upon your being relieved, furnish you with a Warrant upon the Military Chest for the amount. You will draw from the Commy. whatever it is in his power to provide.
Your Baggage, which is at the Highlands, may as well remain there, as it is more than probable that you will come on yourself to that quarter, as soon as you have put matters in proper train for the reception and accommodation of our Allies, who may be now daily expected.
I shall take the earliest occasion of endeavouring to effect the exchange of Captain Duville.35 I have had so little to do with marine prisoners, that I cannot say whether we have an Officer of equal Rank in our possession.
[Note 35: Capt. Peter Duville, of the Continental Navy.]
Were the Clause in the Act of Rhode Island, to which you refer, carried into execution, it would make a very great inequality in the strength of the two Regiments, more especially as Colo. Angells suffered the loss of upward of forty killed, wounded and missing by their gallant behaviour on the 23rd inst. at Springfield. Instead, therefore, of the mode proposed by the Assembly, I think it will be best to march Colo. Greenes Regt. and the Levies when collected, to the Army, and upon their arrival here, so arrange and model them, as to level the Regiments. The objection to joining Greenes Regiment may be removed by dividing the Blacks in such a manner between the two, as to abolish the name and appearance of a Black Corps. Under these circumstances I would not have Colonel Greenes Regiment to move this way untill the greater part of the levies have come in; they may then march together, and some Officers may be left to collect and bring on what remain. They may in the mean time be employed in training and cutting Fascines.
I am exceedingly pleased to hear that the Council have given up the Colledge36 to Doctor Craick, who would have been otherwise much distressed for convenient Hospitals. I am etc.37
[Note 36: Rhode Island College (now Brown University).]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Ramapaugh, June 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 24 Inst. from Hartford. It will be a very happy circumstance should the Governor and Council adopt the measure proposed by you, for augmenting the number of Levies to the full Complement of the Continental Battalions.
It will not be in my power to employ the drafts from the Militia Horse as Dragoons. We find the utmost difficulty in subsisting the few Cavalry at present in service, and was not this the case, I do not foresee any great occasion of Horse in the kind of operation we may expect to carry on.
The change of the situation of the enemy puts an end to the plan of acting upon the sound, it will be needless therefore to give any directions respecting the shipping. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Ramapaugh, June 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: You, with the five Gentlemen, appointed to attend you, will repair to Philada. for the purpose of receiving and forwarding the Levies of Pennsylvania to the Army. When you arrive at Philada. you will be enabled to judge, from the number then collected and from the advices you will receive from the president in what time the whole will probably be assembled. I would wish you so to divide them that the Officers who go with you may be sufficient to take charge of and bring the whole forward [with the utmost dispatch]. I do not know whether the State makes any provision of Cloathing for her levies, but as they are to be armed and accoutred by the Continent, you will endeavour to have them compleated in that respect, as it will save the transportation of those Articles. You will be pleased to advise me of the times at which the several detachments will march, the number in each, and the Route. I am &c.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
On June 29 Washington wrote to President Joseph Reed that he had sent Colonel Johnston and these officers to Philadelphia to take charge of and forward the levies. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 29, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have to acknowledge two letters, one of the 11th the other the 21st, giving a detail of your proceedings.
By a letter from Major General Heath of the 25th, I find that the Assembly have resolved to appropriate the college for the accommodation of the French sick. This I would apprehend from your report will be very agreeable and must greatly lessen your difficulties. Whatever other buildings may be necessary should be chosen in a place of safety and as near to each other as possible. Those on Paupasquash40 do not appear to me at all eligible from your discription, nor would it be proper to prepare any houses at or near Newport for this purpose. But as General Heath and Mr. Corney are on the spot, you can advise with them in such matters as you may not be willing to take wholly upon yourself. I am &c.41
[Note 40: Pappaoosesquaw (Paupasquash), in the vicinity of Bristol, R. I.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, June 29, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving four days since your two letters of the 19th:
With respect to the proposal for your going to Philadelphia to meet Major General Lincoln, I am sorry to inform you that I do not think myself at liberty to comply with it as it would be anticipating a business which probably is as yet only under consideration by Congress. The result of Major General Lincoln's application to them will best determine the line of conduct proper to be pursued.
As to the propositions in Mr. Loring's letter (copy of which you inclosed me)42 I shall instruct my Commissary fully on the subject. I am happy in the prospect of relief which they promise to the prisoners on both sides. I have the honor etc.43
[Note 42: Loring's letter of June 21, addressed to Skinner, proposed on behalf of Sir Henry Clinton, a general exchange of all British, German, and American prisoners. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: The draft as m the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Ramapaugh, June 29, 1780.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellency's favr. of the 25th: inclosing a recommendation of the Council of War, to Genl. Heath, to order Colo. Greenes Regiment to march immediately to join the Army, leaving as many Officers as possible to bring forward the drafts directed to be raised for compleating the Battalions of the State. Colo. Greenes Regiment being too small to afford any material reinforcement and being usefully employed where it is at present, I have thought it most adviseable for it to remain untill the greater part of the drafts are collected, when I have desired Genl. Heath to put them in motion at the same time, detaining a few Officers to collect and bring up the remaining Levies. Upon their joining the Army, I shall dispose of them in such manner, as will make the Regiments equal in point of numbers. The gallant behaviour of Colo. Angells, on the 23d. Inst. at Springfield, reflects the highest honour upon the Officers and Men. They disputed an important pass, with so obstinate a bravery, that they lost upwards of forty killed, wounded and missing before they gave up their ground to a vast superiority of force.44
[Note 44: On June 3 Washington had written to Governor Greene recommending the issue of commissions to officers of Angell's regiment. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The ready and ample manner in which your State has complied with the requisitions of the Committee of Co-operation, both as to Men and supplies intitles you to the thanks of the public, and affords the highest satisfaction to Sir Your etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
June 29, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have been honored with two of your Excellency's favors both of the 11th inclosing an extract of a letter from Governor Rutlege.
I cannot but feel most sensibly affected by several parts of your Excellency's letter. The successive misfortunes to the Southward, the progress of the enemy, and the great deficiency in military stores give rise to the most serious reflections, while our situation in this quarter precludes every hope of affording you further assistance. What from the system of short inlistments, and [the unfortunate] delays in filling up our battalions the army in this place, is reduced to a mere handful of men, and left as it were at the mercy of a formidable enemy, subject to see the honor and dignity of the States daily insulted without the power either to prevent it or to retaliate. Under these circumstances your Excellency will perceive how utterly impossible it is to go further in succors than what is already sent. To oppose our Southern misfortunes and surmount our difficulties our principal dependence must be on the means we have left us in your quarter. And it is some consolation amidst all our distresses that these are more than adequate to remove them; and to recover what we have lost that it is only necessary these be properly directed.
The steps your Excellency has taken to establish posts of communication with the Southern army are essential to facilitate your measures [the necessity of which I had urged in strong terms to Congress]. I am apprehensive that Congress have it not in their power to furnish you with the Cartouch boxes. I have the honor etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, Thursday, June 29, 1780.
Parole New York. Countersigns Thomson, Ogden.
Watchword New Jersey.
[Note 47: Maj. James Grief, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
Brigade Major Alexander
The Officers composing the General Court Martial whereof General Hand is President are to go through the common routine of duty as usual 'till further orders.
MORNING ORDERS
Major Forest is appointed officer of the day vice Major Talbot sick.
Parole Westmoreland. Countersigns O., N.
Watchword Move-on.
The Army is to march tomorrow morning four o'clock by the right. The Park of Artillery will preserve its place in the Line and the Baggage Waggons will follow the whole in the order of the brigades; after them the Stores of the Army. Colonel Moylan's horse will bring up the rear.
The Quarter Master General will provide Persons to lead the Column to the ground.
After the Army arrives at the new ground the brigade Quartermasters will apply to the Quartermaster General for a supply of Tents and the means of bringing them on to their respective brigades and follow the directions they receive from him. It is absolutely necessary we should oeconomise our Tents as much as possible and therefore it is expected no brigade will apply for more than are indispensable.
The Surgeons are requested to have the Sick of their respective regiments who are unfit to remain in Camp sent down to the Pumpton road between the Park of Artillery and General Wayne's Quarters Tomorrow morning at three o'clock where Waggons will be provided to carry them off.
GENERAL ORDERS
Head Quarters, Ramapough, Friday, June 30, 1780.
AFTER ORDERS
Two men from General Hand's and one from Stark's brigades to be sent to Mr. Erskine or his Deputy immediately to serve as Chain bearers a few Weeks.
The General will beat at 3 o'clock tomorrow morning the Assembleé half past three and the March to begin precisely at four. The advance Guard to parade on the road opposite General St. Clair's quarters Major Parr will take command of it. The rear Guard on the right of the Pennsylvania Line which Major Hamilton will command.
A Captain, 2 Subs, 2 Serjeants, 2 Corporals, Drum and Fife and Forty Privates to escort the Baggage.
Colonel Livingston's regiment will take Post in the Clove near the old Barracks and joined by the detachment of General Clinton's brigade already there will furnish such Guard as may be necessary for the Security of the Stores at Ringwood.
[Ramapough, June 30, 1780.]
Dear Sir: I write to you under a persuasion that the present moment in our affairs calls upon the virtue of every individual as well as every State: And that there has been no period of the war more important, or where men of influence could do more substantial good to their country. Either the evils that must follow, should we not be able to co-operate to effect with the French assistance, which is daily expected, or the issue of a successful co-operation comprehend the most powerful motives for our utmost exertions. Your State is called upon for levies to fill up her three regiments to five hundred and four rank and file and an additional force of between nine hundred and a thousand militia to serve for three months. The former are to be sent forward with all possible despatch; and the latter are to rendezvous at Claverac48 by the 25th. of next month. I have ordered Brigadier General Stark with some other officers to assist in collecting and forwarding the levies to camp, and to march the militia when assembled from Claverac. But let me entreat you on this occasion to use that spirit in your private station, which you have always displayed in a public one. Your endeavours may have a happy tendency, in rousing others, in promoting a general emulation throughout the State, and impressing on the minds of the people the ruin which may be produced by languid measures or the good to result from vigorous ones. When we speak on this head we cannot use too forcible a languge: nor should the reasons, why we ask for the most cogent and instant exertions be hid from the people, that, if we fail in our operations from a defect in the demanded succour, they may have only themselves to censure.
[Note 48: Claverac, in Columbia County, N.Y., about 5 miles east of Hudson River.]
[To Genl. Starke I shall beg leave to refer you for the late movements of the enemy in this State; and if he can, to explain the principles of them. I cannot do it with any certainty myself and it would require a folio volume were I to launch into the field of conjecture to come at them.] With sentiments of regard etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 30, 1780.
Dr Sir: From the importance of getting the Levies required for filling the three Battallions as soon as possible, I have prevailed on General Stark to repair to the State in order to collect and forward them. And that the business may be the more facilitated, I request that you will send with him Four Officers. unless there should be as many belonging to the Regiments already in the State. In such case you will write to those who are there to assist him in the business and take his directions. If there are no Officers there, it will be well on account of the public demand for Horses, if Officers can be sent who are provided with them; but if this cannot be done, You will be pleased to apply to Colo Hay who will endeavour to furnish them. The Officers, if any are sent, will be as oeconomical as possible and will keep a particular account of their Expences. When they return they will deliver the Horses they may get to Colo Hay again. I am &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 30, 1780.
Dr. Sir: You will be pleased to repair immediately to the State of New Hampshire in order to receive and forward to the army the Levies required of the State by the Honourable the Committee of Congress for filling their Three Batallions. I have not heard from the State upon the subject and therefore cannot inform You of the place which may have been appointed for their Rendezvous, but this You will learn; and if You do not find the Levies already assembled at it, You will exert every degree of industry in your power to effect it. You know how precious moments are to us, and I am persuaded your efforts, both to collect and forward the Levies, will correspond with the exigency. That the business may be the more facilitated, You will take with You Four Officers from General Poor's Brigade, to whom I write on the subject, if this number should not be already in the state, and with whom you will forward the Levies, either in a body or in Detachments from 150 to 200 Men, as circumstances may best suit with all possible expedition. If there are more Officers in the State than this number, You may retain them for this service. In receiving the Men You will pay particular attention to their being sound and healthy and in every respect fit for service; and none but such as answer this description must be taken; as they would otherwise prove an incumbrance and a great expence without being of the least advantage.
Besides the Levies for filling the Three Battallions, it has been deemed essential to render the success of our operations the more certain, to call upon the State for between 900 and a Thousand Militia to join the Army and continue in service for three months from the time of their arriving at Claverack on the North River, the place assigned for their Rendezvous by the 25th of next Month. It is much my wish that You should have the direction and command of these. You will therefore use your best endeavours to have them assembled, and Armed and equiped in every respect in the best manner circumstances will admit for taking the field, and march with them so as to arrive with certainty at Claverack by the time I have mentioned.
I shall only add that I shall be happy to hear from you very frequently on the subject of this important and interesting business, both as it respects the Levies for the Battallions, and the Militia; and that entirely confiding in your greatest address and assiduity to promote it, I am etc.51
[Note 51: ln the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Ramapaugh, June 30, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 28th. There is so great a saving by delivering out Bread instead of Flour that I have sent up Mr. Ludwig to have Ovens erected at West point, you will be pleased therefore to furnish him with the necessary materials and proper Workmen to build one or two as he may think proper. Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Govr. Clinton. I am &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 53: Seacoast pilot.]
Ramapough, June 30, 1780.
Sir: I request the favour of you to be at Head Quarters as speedily as possible to give me your opinion on some points of importance and to determine the necessary arrangements about Pilots. I am &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 55: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Addressed in each case to the governors or presidents of those States.]
Head Quarters, Ramapough, June 30, 1780.
Sir: As the Levies required of the States for filling their Battallions have not yet joined the Army or the French fleet arrived, I beg leave to inform Your Excellency, that it will be unnecessary for the Militia, which the Honble the Committee of Congress were pleased to call for on a late occasion, to be at the place appointed for their Rendezvous, before the 25th of next month. By this time I would willingly hope that things will be in such a Train, as to enable us to commence our operations, and to make their aid essential. The present crisis is by far the most important and delicate that this Country has ever experienced, and it pains me in the extreme that we are so backward in all our measures. I hope a moment will not be lost in pushing on the Levies to fill the Batallions. Our allies would be chagrined, were they to arrive to day, to find that we have but a handful of men in the field, and would doubt, it is more than probable, whether we had any serious intentions to prosecute measures with vigor. If we do not avail ourselves of their succour by the most decisive and energetick steps on our part, the aid they so generously bring, may prove our ruin, and at best it will be in such case among the most unfortunate events next to that of absolute ruin, that could have befallen us. I think it my duty as often as I have the honor of addressing the States to forwarn them, that the completion of their Battallions to their full establishment of Five hundred and four rank and file, is a measure of indispensable necessity to the intended co-operation, and that without it we cannot even attempt any thing decisive. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. As my request to delay the assembling the Militia at the place appointed for their Rendezvous, proceeds principally from the French Fleets not being arrived. I beg leave to observe if this event should have taken place when this reaches Your Excellency or it happens soon after, my request is not to have an operation, but in such case it is my desire that the Assembling of the Militia should be hastened as much as possible.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From the text of the circular sent to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, in the Connecticut State Library. The P. S. was added only to those circulars sent to New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.]
Ramapough, June 30, 1780.
Sir: I send Brigadier General Starke to your state, to collect and forward the drafts for your batalions, and the levies for three months to the appointed place of rendezvous. The zeal, which the state of New Hampshire has always manifested gives me the fullest confidence that they have complied with the requisitions of the Committee of Congress in all their extent; though we have not yet heard from thence what measures have been taken. This is the time for America by one great exertion to put an end to the war; but for this purpose the necessary means must be furnished. The basis of every thing else is the completion of The Continental batalions to their full establishment. If this is not done, I think it my duty to forewarn every state, that nothing decisive can be attempted, and that this campaign like all the former must be chiefly defensive. I am sorry to observe, that some of the states have taken up the business on a less extensive scale. The consequences have been represented with candor and plainness, and I hope for the honor and safety of America the representation may have the weight it deserves.
The drafts cannot be forwarded with too much expedition; but as to the Militia, under present appearances, I think it adviseable to suspend the time fixed for their rendezvouzing to the 25th of next month, at which period I shall be glad they may be without fail at the place appointed; and it would be my wish, that they should come out under the command of General Starke.
I entreat Your Excellency to employ all your influence to give activity and vigor to the measures of your state. Every thing depends on the proper improvement of the present conjuncture; we have every thing to hope on one side and every thing to fear on the other. With perfect respect I have the honor etc.
P.S. The suspension of the period for assembling the Militia is founded on the French fleet not being arrived; if this event should have taken place before this reaches Your Excellency the suspension is not to have effect. The Militia cannot too soon [be] at the place of rendezvous after the Fleetarrives.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The word "be," inadvertently omitted in the letter sent, was first written by Hamilton, in the draft, as "get to."]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness,60 Saturday, July 1, 1780.
[Note 60: Preakness, N.J. Headquarters were established at Col. Theunis Dey's.]
Parole Pumpton. Countersigns June July.
Watchword Hark.
[Note 61: Maj. Evan Edwards, of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment.]
T. L. Moore
Brigade Major Church
Those Brigades which have not drawn any Rum to day are to be supplied with a Jill pr. man this Evening.
The Grand Parade is assigned in the road opposite the Marquis De La Fayette's quarters 'till further orders.
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Sunday, July 2, 1780.
Parole Trenton. Countersigns F., P.
Watchword Hereabouts.
AFTER ORDERS
The troop to beat at six o'clock A.M. The Guards to be on the Grand Parade at 7 o'clock till further orders.
Ensign John Rogers62 of Colonel Angell's regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same vice Lieutenant Waterman.63
[Note 62: Of the Second Rhode Island Regiment. He had been wounded at Connecticut Farms, N.J., in June, 1780; made a lieutenant in February, 1781; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 63: Lieut. Thomas Waterman. He was regimental adjutant of the Second Rhode Island Regiment and had resigned in August, 1779.]
Head Quarters, Colo. Dey's, July 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: Be pleased to send immediately to Mr. Hunt,64 who was employed last year as a pilot for the Sound, and request him to come to this place or wherever the Head Quarters of the Army may be. There is also a person who lived last Fall at the Yellow House in the Continental Village, who was employed as a Pilot for the Chevaux de Frize in the North River; I have forgot his name, but he may be easily found by the above description; if he is yet there, or within reach, be pleased also to send him down. I am &c.
[Note 64: Thomas Hunt.]
[Note 65: Pilot.]
Head Quarters at Colo. Dey's about four Miles from Passaick Falls, July 2, 1780.
Sir: It is my wish to see you here as soon as possible and I entreat that you will come without a moment's delay. I want to consult you on a most important and interesting point and such as will not admit of the least procrastination. I know your zeal for the public service and am confident you will use every possible degree of diligence upon the occasion.
I wish You to inform yourself, if you are not perfectly acquainted, by the best inquiries you can make so as not to delay your coming what Draft of Water may be brought from New York to the Highland posts. Satisfaction on this point will be of consequence. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and is addressed to Captain Dobbs at Fishkill Landing.]
Head Quarters, Colo. Deys, Bergen County, July 3, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been informed, that the State of Connecticut have in possession a very considerable quantity of Salt petre, which they are unable to manufacture into Gun powder, for want of Sulphur. The Continent, on the contrary, have a quantity of Sulphur at Springfield which lies idle for want of the other necessary ingredients. I have therefore to propose to Your Excellency, that the Sulphur, or as much as may be necessary, shall be delivered over to the State, to be manufactured into Powder for the use of the Continent, the public making compensation for the same. When we come to make the Estimate of Ammunition necessary for the probable expenditure of our expected co-operation, we find a most alarming deficiency in the public Magazines, and it therefore behoves us, to fall upon every expedient, to raise an adequate supply, and no one seems to present a fairer or readier prospect, than the plan I have just mentioned. If the measure meets Your Excellency's approbation, I shall be glad to be informed of the quantity of public Salt Petre in the State, and how much powder can be manufactured in a Week; or in any given time. You will also oblige me exceedingly by informing whether the State have any, and how much powder, and whether they could spare it to the Continent upon an emergency. I have the honor &c.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Monday, July 3, 1780.
Parole Whippany. Countersigns Wesel, Wells.
Watchword Altogether.
[Note 68: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith.]
Brigade Major Ross.
A Board to be composed of all the General Officers in Camp except the parties will meet tomorrow morning nine o'clock at Major General Greene's quarters and will hear a dispute of rank between Brigadiers General Hand and Irvine and will report their Claims and their opinion of their right of Precedence. The General will lay before the Board such Papers and Resolutions in his Possession as regard the subject.
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Tuesday, July 4, 1780.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Brest, Camp.
Watchword Espontoon.
The Troops to be supplied with a jill of Rum pr. man this day in Case they have not already drawn.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 4, 1780.
My Dear Sir: Motives of friendship not less than of public good induce me with freedom to give you my sentiments on a matter, which interests you personally as well as the good of the common cause. I flatter myself you will receive what I say, in the same spirit which dictates it, and that it will have all the influence circumstances will possibly permit.
The legislature of Pennsylvania has vested you, in case of necessity with a power of declaring Martial law throughout the state, to enable you to take such measures as the exigency may demand; so far the legislature has done its part. Europe America the state itself will look to you for the rest. The power vested in you will admit of all the latitude that could be desired and may be made to mean anything the public safety may require. If it is not exerted proportionably, you will be responsible for the consequences.
Nothing My Dear Sir can be more delicate and critical than your situation; a full discretionary power lodged in your hands in conjunction with the Council; great expectations in our allies and in the people of this country; ample means in the state for great exertions of every kind; a powerful party on one hand to take advantage of every opening to prejudice you; on the other popular indolence and avarice averse to every measure inconsistent with present ease and present interest; In this dilemma there is a seeming danger whatever side you take; it remains to choose that which has least real danger and will best promote the public weal. This in my Opinion clearly is to exert the powers intrusted to you with a boldness and vigor suited to the emergency.
In general I esteem it a good maxim, that the best way to preserve the confidence of the people durably is to promote their true interest; there are particular exigencies when this maxim has peculiar force. When any great object is in view, the popular mind is roused into expectation and prepared to make sacrifices both of ease and property; if those to whom they confide the management of their affairs do not call them to make these sacrifices, and the object is not attained, or they are involved in the reproach of not having contributed as much as they ought to have done towards it; they will be mortified at the disappoinment they will feel the censure, and their resentment will rise against those who with sufficient authority have omitted to do what their interest and their honor required. Extensive powers not exercised as far as was necessary, have I believe scarcely ever failed to ruin the possessor. The legislature and the people in your case, would be very glad to excuse themselves by condemning you. You would be assailed with blame from every quarter, [and your enemies would triumph.]
The party opposed to you in government are making great efforts. I am told the bank established for supplying the army is principally under the auspices of that party; It will undoubtedly give them great credit with the people, and you have no effectual way to counterbalance this but by employing all your influence and authority to render services proportioned to your station. Hitherto I confess to you frankly my Dear Sir I do not think your affairs are in the train which might be wished; and if Pensylvania does not do its part fully it is of so much importance in the general scale that we must fail of success, or limit our views to mere defence.
I have conversed with some Gentlemen on the measure of filling your batalions. They seemed to think you could not exceed what the legislature had done for this purpose. I am of very different sentiment: The establishment of martial law implies, in my judgment the right of calling any part of your citizens into military service, and in any manner which may be found expedient; and I have no doubt the draft may be executed.
I write to you with the freedom of friendship and I hope you will esteem it the truest mark I could give you of it. In this view whether you think my observations well founded or not, the motive will I am persuaded render them agreeable.
In offering my respects to Mrs. Reed, I must be permitted to accompany them with a tender of my very warm acknowledgments to her and you for the civilities and attention both of you have been pleased to show Mrs. Washington; and for the honor you have done me in calling the young Christian by my name. With the greatest regard etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The last paragraph is not in the draft, but is supplied from Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed, op. cit. Reed's long letter in reply to this, July 1, 1780, is printed in Sparks' Corres. of the American Revolution, vol. 3, p. 15.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 4, 1780.
Sir: On an examination of the quantity of powder in the hands of the public we find that the whole together with what we are to expect from the French fleet will not be more than one third of the quantity required for a decisive operation, and that unless we can derive very extensive aids from the respective States this deficiency alone must subvert our plans. I am therefore to request The Honorable the Council will be pleased to inform me whether we can obtain a supply from your State and to what amount. In an exigency like the present every State must contribute to the utmost of its abilities or, we must fail in our prospects and disappoint our allies.
It is with infinite chagrin and mortification I find that at this day the fourth of July, more than Six weeks since the first application to the States for the succours necessary towards the intended cooperation, not more than thirty levies have to my knowledge joined any part of the Army, nor have I any information what has been effected, in this respect by any one of the States. Some of them have not even informed us what they intend to do. The Council will easily conceive the embarrassment of my situation. The french fleet and Army momently expected to call upon me for information of our prospects and for a plan of co-operation. America looking to me to improve the aid which our allies are sending us. A British fleet expected at the heels of the French fleet; preliminary measures demanding an instant determination; if taken replete with hazard and involving certain disgrace should we not be able to go on with vigor; if suspended, losing an advantage on which the whole chance of success must in all probability depend. While I remain unfurnished with means to begin; uninformed, with tolerable certainty of those which will be put into my hands the time they will be ready, and consequently unable to decide any plan on reasonable grounds: I see the best oppertunity America has had to establish her independence, fettered with delays, and clouded with uncertainties, which will not permit the most sanguine to hope for such an Issue as vigor, decision and dispatch might have insured. With every sentiment of esteem etc.
P.S. In the course of our operations a number of seamen may become necessary; I request to be informed what number may be obtained from your State, on what terms and in what time after notice ? Should any Vessel arrive in your ports with any intelligence of the French fleet and Army, or of the British fleet, said to be coming out, I shall be much Obliged to you to send me immediately as precise and particular an account as you can obtain.70
[Note 70: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The same letter was sent also to Jeremiah Powell, President of the Council of Massachusetts.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Colo. Deys, July 4, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favs. of the 27th: and 30th: ulto. and that of the 3d. instant covering a letter from Genl. Heath. Mr. Moylan has not yet come in, I imagine he is stopped by the heavy rain.
I am informed that General Glover had missed my letter directing him to stop at Springfield for the purpose of receiving and forwarding the drafts of Massachusetts. I make no doubt but you have sent him back to execute that business. I have written in the most pressing terms to the Executives of Connecticut and Massachusetts to collect and forward their drafts to the place of Rendezvous as expeditiously as possible, from whence it is also my wish to have them come forward to their respective lines without loss of time, that we may endeavour to arrange and discipline them in some degree before they go into Action. It is my intent to bring the Regiments as nearly as possible to a level, and I must therefore desire you to attend to this point in the distribution of the Men as they arrive. Where a predilection for any particular Corps can be allowed, without materially affecting the strength of other Regiments, I shall have no objection to indulging individuals. What I mean is that particular Regiments shall not on any account be compleated and others left in a situation too weak to engage the care and attention of the Officers. I am &c.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Col. Deys, Bergen County, July 4, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of 3d. While you continue on the present command you will be pleased to turn your attention to the protection of the country and the well affected, to possess the pass at the entrance of the Clove and prevent the inroads and robberies of the tories or Refugees. You will also make a survey of the Road from Ringwood to Junes' and make such repairs as it may want.
With respect to Lt: Welp's72 trial it has not yet come before me. And as to your Major's73 it will not be delayed
[Note 72: Lieut. Anthony Welp, of the First Canadian Regiment. He ranked as a captain from November, 1778, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 73: Maj. George Chadine Nicholson, of the First Canadian Regiment. He retired in January, 1781. Livingston claimed that he had reflected on his character as an officer and a gentleman.] beyond its proper place. I have heard nothing of the matter to which you allude, nor is it necessary to anticipate on the subject, till you can be well assured of the steps best to be pursued. I am &c.
P.S. In case of a movement of the enemy the pass at the clove which you are particularly to attend to, is to be defended to the last extremity.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Colo. Deys, July 4, 1780.
Dear Sir: I shall be glad to be informed whether you have any and what prospects of procuring the several Articles mentioned in my letter of the 31st May; some of them are so materially necessary to our expected operations, that if you do not see a probability of providing them through your own means, no time is to be lost in making specific requisitions from the States most contiguous. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 4, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your favors of the 18th: March, 24th. April and 13th. and 30th: of May. It is much to be regretted that the state of our regular Troops will not admit of a detachment sufficient to reduce the posts of the enemy to the Westward or even to undertake any thing offensive against the hostile tribes of Indians. Militia, besides being very expensive, are so exceedingly capricious that I should be loth to attempt any thing with them which depended upon more than a very short time to accomplish the object.
We are in hourly expectation of a considerable French Land and Sea force which is intended to cooperate with us agt. the common enemy. We are, for this purpose, endeavouring to draw out a competent reinforcement of Men and supplies to enable us in conjunction with our Allies, to strike decisively at the enemy. I fear we shall, notwithstanding the emergency of the occasion, fall very far short of the number of men required. I mention these matters to shew the impracticability of detaching any troops at present to the Westward, altho' I look upon the reduction of the post at Detroit, as a measure most desirable; and without which I believe the Savages upon that quarter will never be kept in proper order.
I do not conceive that I have a right to delegate a general power to hold Courts Martial. There must be an application for a Court whenever particular objects present themselves. This may, it is true, in some measure, delay the course of justice, but it cannot from the necessity of the case be avoided. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 4, 1780.
Gentlemen: Brigadier General Knox, at my direction, has made out an estimate of military stores wanted for the expected co-operation dated the 3d. instant,77 which he has transmitted to the Board. I have carefully examined it and find it not to exceed the necessary quantity, nor ought we to undertake a decisive operation on a more contracted scale. I must therefore intreat the Board to employ every expedient in their power to procure the articles demanded agreeable to the estimate, with as much dispatch as possible. The expence will no
[Note 77: In the Washington Papers.] doubt be great; but in a crisis like the present, this ought not to be an objection. If we aim at an important object, adequate means ought to be employed or it would be unreasonable to undertake it; if the means cannot be furnished we must desist from the undertaking; I therefore intreat the Board to let me know what they determine to attempt and what they hope to effect. With every sentiment etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 5, 1780.
Sir: In Your Excellency's absence from New York I had the honor on the 2d of June to address a Letter to His Excellency General Knyphausen. The final Answer to the propositions it contained being referred to Your Excellency, and as I have not been yet honoured with it, I take occasion to inclose You a Copy of the Letter and request that You will favour me with your determination on the several points to which it extends. I have the Honor etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 5, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I am very happy to learn from your letter of the 29th handed me by Captain Humphry's80 that the present state of your health is so flattering, and that it promises you the prospect of being in a condition to make a visit to your old associates sometime this campaign. I wish it were in my power to
[Note 80: Capt. David Humphreys, of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. He was major and aide to General Putnam in December, 1778; aide to General Greene in May, 1780; lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington in June, 1780; resigned in April, 1783; presented with a sword by Congress, Nov. 3, 1781, on the occasion of his conveying to Congress the British standards captured at Yorktown.] congratulate you upon a complete recovery. I should feel a sincere satisfaction on such an event, and hope for it heartily with the rest of your friends in this quarter. I am etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favd: with yours of the 20th: and 30th. ulto. The Ammunition, The Cannon belonging to the Continent, and the other Stores had been ordered to Springfield, and part had been removed, at very considerable expence, on account of transportation. On the prospect of a safe navigation of the Sound, I directed Major Perkins to withhold the removal of the remainder, but to deposit them in places of safety. If you do not like their present position, you will be pleased to make a change, and order a small guard from Greenes Regt. to secure them.
The Resolution of Congress, to which you refer, seems clear and explicit. I am told it was passed to prevent persons who had been in office from drawing subsistence after they were out of service, many having continued to do so for a long time, under pretence that their accounts with the public were unsettled, or upon some such pleas.
General Glover has returned to Springfield to receive and forward the Massachusetts Levies.
I, sometime ago, directed Colo: Greene to have all the public Boats collected and repaired; you will be pleased to enquire whether it has been done. They should be drawn up the River to a place of perfect security, to prevent any attempt upon them. There had been a quantity of platform plank and other materials provided by General Gates last year; you will be pleased also to make enquiry after them, and if they are to be found, have them collected and held ready for removal.
I hope, from the accounts brought by the Vessel from France to Boston, that we shall soon have the pleasure of seeing the Chevalier de Ternay. I am &c.
P.S. 6th. I have just recd. yours of the 2d. and am much obliged by the intelligence which you communicate.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Heath's letter of July 2 reported that a French fleet of 7 sail of the line, 5 frigates and about 100 transports, with 10,000 troops on board, sailed from France for America on May 2.
On July 5 James McHenry wrote two short notes to Col. Stephen Moylan, by direction of Washington, requesting him to encamp in the rear of the army in a position calculated to afford sufficient forage. He was also to establish a patrol of 15 men "to patrole the Country from the little falls as far as Acquackanack bridge to Hackinsack." A position "within the fork of the river, or on this side, or on the left of the army" was recommended. McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Also, on July 5, Richard Kidder Meade wrote briefly to Maj. Henry Lee, that Washington desired his corps to remain "where it now is" [Paramus, N.J.] and to send out a patrol of 15 to patrol the country "between the Camp Hackinsack the New Bridge and paramus." Meade's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, near Passaic Falls, July 5, 1780.
Gentn: I have the honor to transmit You the Arrangements of Jackson's, Webbs and Moylands Regiments, and also a List of promotions to be made in Spencers and the Three Regiments belonging to Jerseys. The want of Commissions in these several instances, is a subject of pressing application, and in many of them, of great dissatisfaction and complaint. I intreat that the Board will have them made out and forwarded as soon as possible.
With respect to the promotions in the Jersey Regiments, perhaps strictly speaking they should have received the approbation of the State according to the unhappy regulations which have been made, but the service and discontents of the Officers will not admit of the delay which would necessarily arise, if the matter were to be deferred till the Assembly sits next fall, which it seems, is the only power in the State that can act in the Affair. And besides I am informed by many of the Field Officers in the line, that one of them waited on the last Assembly in order to obtain their approbation for the promotions, and that all the Members to whom he spoke upon the occasion assured him the business would be attended to, but by some means they broke up without acting upon it. I have not the least doubt they intended to sanctify the measure, and I am told as a conclusive Argument upon the occasion, that upon a subsequent application for their consent to some New appointments in Shreve's Regiment, founded on the supposition that part of the promotions now requested were or would be actually made, and upon which the New Appointments in one or two instances depended, the Assembly agreed to it, and determined to recommend to the Board the Gentlemen nominated, to be commissioned, I most earnestly wish that Congress would rescue the whole business of promotions out of the present channel and the hands of the States. It is so complex, and so many evils result from their having to do with it, that we are getting again into the greatest confusion, and in a little time if it is not done, our situation will not be better than it was before the Army was arranged, and we shall be immersed in all the mischiefs which prevailed before this was effected. The nominating for New appointments is all the States should desire or that ought to be granted.
I have been honoured with the Board's Letter of the 24th of June and with the extract to which it refers. I am exceedingly sorry for Genl Woodford's indisposition and that he should not have been able to obtain leave to come to Virginia or move to the Northward. I do not know what can be done to procure the indulgence. There is no way that occurs to me so likely to effect it, as for him to get General Pattison83 who commands at Charles Town, and who must or may be acquainted with his situation, to interest himself in his behalf and of whose humanity and politeness I have heard the prisoners have spoken highly. It will be a fortunate circumstance and contrary to my fears, if many of the prisoners should not have occasion for the indulgence he requests. Every attention should be paid that our circumstances will admit, to make their condition and that of the prisoners at New York comfortable. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 83: Maj. Gen. James Pattison, of the British Army.]
P.S. Upon examination I find there is a point necessary to be adjusted in the Instance of the Jersey promotions, previous to the List being forwarded. The point is now before a Board of Gl. Officers and as soon as it is determined the List will be transmitted.
I request that the Commissions in the case of Colo. Jacksons and Webbs Officers, may be made to run ... "appoint You to be ... in the Regiment commanded by Colo Henry Jackson" and so in the case of Webbs; without mentioning that they are of the Additional Sixteen. My reason is, the States of Massachusetts and Connecticut have agreed to adopt them into their lines, and I would not wish Commissions dated posterior to their Resolutions to call them Additionals; nor can they be stiled as belonging to these States yet; as their annexation has not taken place.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Wednesday, July 5, 1780.
Parole Magnanimity. Countersigns Lincoln, Lisle.
Watchword Persevere.
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Thursday, July 6, 1780.
Parole Acapulco. Countersigns C., R.
Watchword By and By.
Doctor Hagan85 senior Surgeon in the General Hospital is appointed to do duty in that Capacity in the Flying Hospital.
[Note 85: Surgeon Francis Hagan, of the Hospital Department. He was hospital surgeon and physician in October, 1780, and resigned in May, 1781.]
Lieutenant Colonel Barber is requested to undertake the Sub Inspectorship of Hand's Maxwell's and Stark's Brigades.
Two Battalions from the Line to manoeuvre tomorrow morning; Lieutenant Colonel Barber will attend the discipline and Brigade Major Ross the Formation of them; Colonels Shreve and Jackson and Majors Parr and Hamilton will take command of them under Brigadier General Maxwell.
The First and second Pennsylvania brigades give the Adjutants and Colours.
An Orderly Serjeant from each Brigade to be sent daily to the Orderly Office with one day's Provisions and their blankets.
AFTER ORDERS
A Serjeant and ten men from Maxwell's Brigade for Fatigue Tomorrow; they will be at the bridge near General St. Clair's quarters at 6 o'Clock in the morning.
The manoeuvring Battalions are to be formed in the field contiguous to the Grand Parade half past 4 in the mornng.
Colonel Angell is appointed to command one of the manoeuvring battalions vice Colonel Jackson indisposed.
[Note 86: Of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was transferred to the First New Jersey Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Col Deys, Bergen County, July 6, 1780.
Sir: As there are valuable stores in Sussex Courthouse, it is my desire that it be particularly attended to, to this end that you immediately make application for a proper guard of militia to be posted there, to prevent incendiaries or the like, should what you already have be insufficient for this purpose. You will be pleased to make a report of your proceedings.87 I am &c.88
[Note 87: Helms reported, apparently (August 4), that the guard for the flour was then reduced and asked permission to join his regiment. His letter is indorsed by Tench Tilghman: "Ansd. leave to join his Regt." Helms's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, near Posaick Falls, July 6, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor by this morning's Post, to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's dispatches of the 25th Ulto which have been presented to me by General Lincoln. The several objects to which they extend, will have my consideration, and I shall do myself the honor of informing Congress of the result.
Since the Enemy left Jerseys, their main body has proceeded into the County of West-Chester, and they have extended themselves from Philips's across towards the Sound: in which position they lay, according to my last intelligence. Their object most probably is to forage that Country, and to strip it of all Supplies.
We have not yet received any Levies, except between thirty and forty from Pensylvania. This is a most painfull circumstance, and such as keeps me still unable to prepare any plan to lay before the French Admiral and General.
I inclose Your Excellency Rivington and Gaine's New York Papers of the 1st and 3d Inst. Congress will find in the latter, if they have not already got it, a Memorial by the Empress of Russia to the States of Holland; The substance of which, she had also laid before the Courts of Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Lisbon on the subject of neutrality. Also a Declaration to those of London, Versailles, and Madrid; And an act of His Britannic Majesty in Council, declaring Holland to be on the footing of a Neutral Nation, not privileged by Treaty. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 89: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 6, 1780.
Gentn: As we may now expect that Levies will be coming in from the States in a little time, and we shall have many occasional demands for Arms, I request that the Board will be pleased to order Three thousand Stand compleat, to be forwarded immediately to the North River. For fear of accidents in case the lower communication should be exposed by the removal of the Army, I think it will be prudent that one half of the Arms and Accoutrements should be sent on the back route to New Windsor. The Other half may be risked on the lower one leading to Kings ferry, from which the person having the care of them may be directed to depart, and to gain the upper Country should any movements on the part of the Enemy make it necessary. Our demands for Cartouch Boxes it is probable will be considerable, and in this view I wish the Board to forward a large number over and above those which will be material for the Arms required. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. The Arms now requested, are to be exclusive of those which will be delivered the Pennsylva. Levies, and which I desired Colo Johnson90 to obtain for them. Altho' I have recommended half the Arms to be sent on the back Route to New Windsor, yet upon second thought, I am of opinion that they may all safely proceed by the Road to Kings ferry if upon their arrival at Trenton, the Conductors hear that all matters are quiet upon that communication.91
[Note 90: Col. Francis Johnston, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Friday, July 7, 1780.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Narva, Nile.
Watchword Look about.
The manoevring Battalions which were to have Paraded this Morning are to parade tomorrow morning at four o'clock.
A Detachment for a Week's command to parade at 6 o'clock this afternoon with two days provisions and 40 rounds pr man.
Ensign Bloomfield92 of the 3d. Jersey Regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same vice Lieutenant Sheppard.93
[Note 92: Ensign Jarvis Bloomfield, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. He ranked as a lieutenant from November, 1779, and resigned in October, 1780.]
[Note 93: Lieut. Samuel Shepard. He had been transferred to the First New Jersey Regiment in July, 1778, and resigned in May, 1782.]
A Return of Shoes actually Wanting by the Infantry and Artillery to be made tomorrow morning at Orderly time regimentally digested; as the supply in Camp at Present is small, it is expected that the officers commanding Brigades and Regiments will see that no more Men are included in the Returns than those who are upon the Ground and in immediate want.
The Board of General officers appointed by the Order of the 3d. Instant composed of Major Generals Greene, Lord Stirling, Marquis De La Fayette, Brigadiers General Maxwell Knox and Wayne: have made the following Report:
"It is the unanimous opinion of this Board that they have not powers to alter the standing of any General officers different from their appointment and therefore cannot determine upon the Claim of General Irvine of precedence to General Hand."94
[Note 94: Washington's letter of July 4, 1780, to Greene and the Board of General Officers was merely an inclosing one, transmitting letters, necessary for the Board's decision. This letter is in the Washington Papers. This Board also decided the rank dispute between Maj. John Conway, whose rank of lieutenant colonel dated from July, 1779, and Capt. John Hollingshead, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. A draft, a "state of Facts" in the case, was submitted by Washington to the Board on July 4, 1780. This draft is also in the Washington Papers. (See General Orders, July 7, 1780, and Washington's letter to David Brearley, July 7, 1780, post.)]
At a Division General Court Martial the 27th ultimo Major Talbot President; Mr. Swain Clothier for the State of Pennsylvania was Tried on the following Charges:
Absenting himself from Camp without Leave; Neglect of duty; Abuses in the Execution of his Office and Fraud.
Found Guilty of the first and second Charges being a Breach of section 18th. Article 5th also of the 3d. Charge being a breach of section 12 Article 1st. of the Articles of War (acquitted of the 4th. Charge) and sentenced to be dismissed the Service as a Person unworthy the Trust reposed in him.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take Place immediately.
AFTER ORDERS
While We remain in this incampment a Corporal and four dragoons are to mount with the daily Guards and will receive their orders from the Brigadier or Senior officer of the Day.
Colonel Moylan gives them Tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 7, 1780.
Dear Sir: I received your favr. of the 3d. with the Returns, to which it refers, inclosed. Colo. Gouvion, anxious to prepare Fascines, Gabions and sleepers for platforms, wishes a reinforcement of fatigue Men, to be kept constantly down towards the Village95 upon that service. I know not how such a measure may interfere with your present arrangements, and I can therefore only recommend to you to spare as many for that duty as you possibly can. By a letter from Genl. Parsons of the 4th. he expected 1000 of the Connecticut Levies, in the course of this Week, at Danbury. My directions to him were to forward them by divisions as fast as they arrived. This I have repeated in the inclosed, which be pleased to send on. Should they come in according to expectation, you may afford Colo. Gouvion the assistance which he requires. I am &c.96
[Note 95: The Continental village on the east side of the Hudson.]
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near Passaic Falls, July 7, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am informed there are two Regiments of State Troops, amounting to six hundred men posted near Stanford, under the Command of Colo. Willis;97 to which place Major
[Note 97: Probably Col. Levi Wells, of the First Connecticut State Regiment. The name, as written in this letter sent and in the draft, which is also by Humphreys, may be Willis, Welles, or Willet.] Murnon98 has been sent, for the purpose of cutting fascines, and will stand in need of every assistance, which can be afforded him: If your Excellency will give directions that such of these Troops, and of the Militia which may be occasionally there, and can possibly be spared from other duty; should be employed, in making these preparations, it will be a very acceptable and important service.
[Note 98: Maj. Jean Bernard de Murnans, of the Continental Engineers.]
Should Major Murnon have made application personally to your Excellency, I doubt not the necessary orders are already given. If he has not, the pressing nature of the service is such, that I flatter myself, there will be no delay, in giving such instructions to the Commanding Officer, as will effectually promote the public interest in this respect. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 7, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am pleased to hear by yours of the 4th. that the State of Connecticut have directed one thousand Men to be added to the number for compleating the Continental Battalions. I have only to repeat my directions to have the Levies forwarded from Danbury to West point as fast as they arrive, that we may lose none of the little time allowed for arranging and training them.
By a late letter from General Heath I learn that the Hermione is gone out upon a cruise.
My letter of the 29th. June will inform you that it is not in my power to dispose of the drafts from the Connecticut light Horse agreeable to their wishes. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 2: Chief Justice of New Jersey.]
Head Quarters, near Passaick Falls, July 7, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have to request that You will be so obliging as to inform me by the earliest opportunity, at what time you accepted the appointment of Chief Justice of this State. My reason for this request is, a Board of General Officers have determined on a late occasion, that Several Officers in the Jersey line ought to take rank from that time, and that reference should be had to You to fix it. I have the Honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Saturday, July 8, 1780.
Parole Paramus. Countersigns T., K.
Watchword Bombard.
A Corporal and four light dragoons from Major Lee's Corps to attend the Grand Parade tomorrow morning seven o'Clock.
Head Quarters, Colonel Dey's, Bergen County, July 8, 1780.
Gentn: Inclosed is a letter from Brigr Gen Knox on the subject of an instant provision of shot and shells, and proposing the employing of Feash's and Ogden's furnaces for this purpose. As the matter is of the utmost importance, and requires an immediate decision I intreat it of the Board. And should no arrangement have been made on this head I think these furnaces would answer the intention, and should be engaged in the business without a moments delay. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Sunday, July 9, 1780.
Parole Lancaster. Countersigns Lynn, Nantz.
Watchword All is Well.
A General Court Martial of the Line to assemble the day after tomorrow to try such Persons as shall come before them. Colonel Richard Butler is appointed President, Lieutenant Colonel Olney, Major Edwards; two Captains from the 1st. and 2d Pennsylvania Hands and Maxwell's Brigades and one from Stark's to attend as Members.
An Orderly Serjeant from each Brigade to be sent to the Court.
The Quarter Master General is desired to point out a place for them to sit in.
Application to be made tomorrow morning to the Deputy Clothier General near the two Bridges for the respective Proportion of Shoes for the Troops.
An Adjutant or other Commissioned officer from Moylan's regiment and from Major Lee's Corps to attend at the Orderly Office daily 12 oClock for Orders.
Maxwell's Brigade is for the present annex'd to Major General Lord Stirling's Division.
AFTER ORDERS
Two Battalions from the Line to manoeuvre tomorrow. Lieutenant Colonel Harmar is requested to attend the Discipline and Brigade Major Bradford the Formation.
Colonels Spencer and Craige and Majors T. L. Moore and Burrowes will take command of them under Brigadier General Hand.
The Battalions are to be formed in the field contiguous to the Grand Parade half past four in the morning.
Hand's and Maxwell's give the Adjutants and Colours.
Head Quarters, July 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to furnish the Bearer Mr. Abraham Marlin5 with two Whale Boats well armed, for the purpose of sounding Haverstraw Bar. You will not let the persons who are to go in the Boats, or any others, know of this business previous to its execution, for should it come to the knowledge of the enemy, they might by sending up a Galley, interrupt it intirely. I am etc.6
[Note 5: Abraham H. Martlings, pilot.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 9, 1780.
Sir: In answer to yours of this day covering the Letter from Colo Hay, and the conditions on which the Artificers at Fish Kill propose to engage in the Continental Service; I have to request that you will give Colonel Hay directions to engage them without delay for the expedition at nine shillings and sixpence pr day, or nine Shillings if they remain at any Post above the Forts on the North River; to be paid in Gold or Silver, or other Currency agreeable to the real exchange; without having reference to the Article of wheat, the price of which may be very fluctuating and indeterminate. They will likewise be allowed the same Rations as other Artificers in the public service are entitled to. I am &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 10, 1780.
Sir: I have received yours of the 22d. 28th. and 29th. last month. The intelligence contained in the two latter is very vague and uncertain, and so far as respects the Enemys ships of War at New York, exceedingly incorrect. If you cannot open a correspondence with the person in New York, it will not answer my purpose; for I can every day hear the Stories of ignorant people who come out and only bring such information as the enemy propagate with intent to deceive us. I have sent you three Guineas by the Bearer, [and beg you will exert yourself in endeavouring to obtain intelligence from M. I am &c.]8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near Passaick Falls, July 10, 1780.
Dr. Sir: You will herewith receive Dispatches for His Excellency the Count de Rochambaut9 and the Chevalier de
[Note 9: Lieut. Gen. Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeure, Comte de Rochambeau. He was commander in chief of the French Army in America.] Ternay10 or such Other Admiral as may command the Fleet expected from France. Their contents are of the most important and interesting nature, and I have to request the favor of you to send them on board the Fleet as soon as possible, after they arrive on the Monmouth Coast or off the Hook, by a sure and expeditious Conveyance. If circumstances will admit, I shall be happy if you will be the Bearer yourself, and that you will upon every occasion afford our Allies such Assistance as may be in your power.
[Note 10: Charles Henri d'Arsac, Chevalier de Ternay, Chef d'escadre. He was a commandant of the French Navy in America.]
Besides conveying the Dispatches to the Fleet, I am to entreat that the moment you are advised of their arrival You will dispatch a Trusty and Safe Express with a Letter to Captain Patrick Dennis near Baskenridge to announce the same; and also Another to Myself. I have no scruples in making these several requests, because I have constantly experienced your readiness to render every good Office in your power, and know your great zeal for your Country's service. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Colo. Deys, July 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 3d. 4th. and 7th. Upon your representation and that of Mr. Caldwell, of the exposed state of Country in the Vicinity of Elizabeth town, I have ordered down your Regiment, for the purposes of affording protection to the inhabitants and enabling you to remain with safety below, to procure intelligence and put Flags again under proper regulations. I would wish you to station the Regiment in a place of perfect security. I am told West Farms, where the Brigade lay before the enemy moved out upon the 6th. of last month, will be safe and convenient: But I have directed the commanding Officer to go forward to you, when you will direct him to take any other position which you may deem more eligible.
I have no objection to the plan you mention in your last, for sending a Man into New York. The nearer the time of expecting our Allies upon the Coast, the more interesting it becomes to obtain most exact intelligence, and you will therefore be pleased to exert yourself in procuring every thing material and as often as possible. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Col Dey's, Bergen Co., July 10, 1780.
Sir: I have received your several favors of the 2d 3d and 13th of June. I am much obliged to you for the intelligence they contain, and should any thing else occur worth attention, you will be pleased to forward with your other dispatches.
What further instructions are necessary at your post are transmitted you on this occasion by the Marquiss la Fayette.
With respect to the infantry the army has undergone no change since you left it, and I can only remind you of what I have said to yourself on this subject. I am &c.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 10, 1780.
Sir: It is more than probable that we shall, in the course of our expected cooperation with our Allies, have occasion to make use of the Navigation of the sound, for which reason we should have some of the most expert and trusty pilots engaged.
I am recommended to apply to you Sir to undertake this Business, which I am convinced you will cheerfully execute. You will have only need, for the present, to fix upon certain characters and engage their promise to repair at a moments warning, either on board the fleet or to any place to which they may be directed. They shall be amply paid for their time should they go upon service. I am convinced I need make no apology for giving you this trouble. The occasion will be sufficient. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Passaick, July 10, 1780.
Sir: I now beg leave to inform Congress that since my Letter of the 4th, I have attended to their dispatches of the 25th Ulto by General Lincoln.
At this time I do not think that the circumstances of the Campaign would admit, at any rate, an inquiry to be gone into respecting the loss of Charles Town, but if it were otherwise, I do not see that it could be made, so as to be completely satisfactory either to General Lincoln or the public, without some Gentlemen could be present, who have been acting in that quarter.15 This it seems, would be necessary on the occasion, and the more so as I have not a single document or paper in my possession, concerning the Departmt., by which the Court could be enabled to form a right conclusion in the case. Whenever the business can be undertaken, I should apprehend
[Note 15: General Lincoln had already asked for an investigation of his conduct of the Southern Department, and Congress had resolved (June 23) that the Commander in Chief should conduct such an inquiry. This inquiry was never held.] it will be requisite for the Court to have before them, such papers as Congress may have respecting the Department, and a Copy of the Instructions and Orders they may have been pleased to give Genl Lincoln from time to time, and of their correspondences. And besides these reasons against the enquiry at this time, General Lincoln being a prisoner of War, his situation it appears to me, must preclude one, supposing every other Obstacle were out of the question, untill he is exchanged. If Congress think proper, they will be pleased to transmit me such papers &c as they may have, which may concern the matters of inquiry, that there may be no delay in proceeding in the business when other circumstances will permit.
With respect to an exchange of prisoners, I most earnestly wish that Congress, apprised of our affairs in the fullest manner and of the prospects of the Campaign, had been pleased to determine the point themselves. But as they have not done it, and they have thought proper to refer it to me, I cannot but observe if motives of policy are ever to prevail over those of humanity, they seem to apply at present against a general exchange. As to Officers their Exchange either on the principle of equal rank or that of composition, where the former will not apply, confining the exchange on that of composition for Officers only, is favoured both by policy and humanity, and therefore, in every point of light it is to be desired; and there is now a negotiation on foot between Us and the Enemy on the subject in consequence of a late proposition from them, for the exchange of all their Officers who are prisoners of War and for such of those of the Convention (Generals Phillips and Riedesel and their families excepted) as are in New York on parole, for an equal number of Ours of their rank and in order of their captivity, which if carried into effect will give relief to a few. But the exchange of the privates, tho strongly urged by humanity, would certainly be against us in a political view. It would throw into the Enemy's hands a very respectable permanent augmentation to their present force, already great, while it would add but inconsiderably to ours; as no small proportion of the Men we should receive, would not belong to the Army and Many who should at the time, would probably be soon released from it, by the expiration of their Inlistments. This is one among the innumerable ill consequences that result from short inlistments. Indeed if the case were otherwise and the whole of the privates the Enemy have to exchange were inlisted for the War, the advantages derived from an Exchange would not be equal at this time. These would be on the side of the Enemy, on the supposition that offensive operations will be prosecuted on our part; as every Man given them would in such case, be equal to Two received by Us, on the lowest scale of calculation. These considerations seem to make the release of the privates inelegible for the present; but Congress will decide themselves with respect to the business. If they think that their exchange should be deferred, or if we should not be able to effect that of the Officers, I should hope every exertion our circumstances will authorise, will be made to render their situation easy and comfortable. They have a claim to this, and nothing in our power should be omitted to effect it.16
[Note 16: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 7, 1780, wherein Washington was authorized to effect an exchange of prisoners.]
General Lincoln informed me when he arrived here, that from some correspondence which had passed between him and Sir Henry Clinton, he hoped his exchange might be effected for One of the Major Generals of the Convention, and for this purpose he wrote to him just before his departure for Boston with my approbation17 The proposition falls within
[Note 17: General Lincoln was exchanged in November, 1780.] the principle of equality of rank by which exchanges between us hitherto have been conducted, and his release will not be injurious to the claims of any other Officer of Ours in captivity, and therefore it appeared to me, not objectionable. I hope it will be considered in the same light by Congress. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. I forgot to mention above, that one of the Enemy's late propositions extends to an exchange of the Privates in New York. This I could not effect in the severe weather in the beginning of Febry; but a change of circumstances has since disposed them to think it expedient and to make the offer. They affect to place it on the mere footing of humanity.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on July 17 and referred to Thomas Bee, James Lovell, and John Morin Scott.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 10, 1780.
Sir: I have with great pleasure, seen the very laudable association of the Merchants of Philadelphia, for procuring a quantity of provisions and Rum for the Army. I am well persuaded, that the same spirit exists in those of the other considerable trading Towns, who, perhaps, only want being made acquainted with the distresses of the Army, in Articles almost as essential as those of provision, to produce similar associations for the purposes of providing such matters as may be recommended to them. We are so scantily supplied with Marquees and Tents, and have so little prospect of procuring a sufficient number by the common means, that some Gentlemen have suggested the propriety and expediency of an address to the Merchants, from New London to Portsmouth inclusive, requesting their assistance at this critical time, and giving them the same assurances of reimbursement, which have been given to the Merchants of Philadelphia. By the estimates of the Quarter Master General, a sum, not exceeding forty thousand pounds lawful Money, would make a sufficient provision of Marquees, Tents, Knapsacks and some other Articles in that way, and should the mode, I have hinted, be thought advisable, he would furnish the proportions which each Town should, in his opinion, be requested to provide. Some private letters have, I believe, been written to the principal trading Gentlemen to the Eastward on this subject, which may perhaps produce an offer on their parts; but I am so exceedingly anxious on account of the backward state of our preparations of every kind, that I cannot help recommending an application to them, notwithstanding, by Congress collectively, or thro' their own Delegates, as may be judged most proper.
I observe that, by the present regulations of the Bank of Philadelphia,19 the Funds are to be applied solely to the purchase of Rum and provision; but if an application of part of them could be diverted to the purchase of Tents (the materials for making which I am told are plenty in Philada.) it would add to our stock in a very little time. The Committee of Cooperation have already recommended this deviation, and I beg leave to express my concurrence with them. I have the honor etc.
[Note 19: This proposed bank became the Bank of North America.]
P.S. Inclosed you will find the Qr. Mr. Generals Estimates of the quantity of Tents &c. necessary; their Cost, and the proportions to be drawn from the several towns.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on July 13. "Referred part to Comee. to confer with inspectors and directors of proposed bank. Remr. to Delegates of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut."
Quartermaster General Greene's letter to Washington (July 8) proposing a plan of obtaining tents is in the Washington Papers. The estimate referred to is not now found in those papers nor in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Monday, July 10, 1780.
Parole Morocco. Countersigns P., N.
Watchword New York.
The 3d. Jersey Regiment to be in readiness at 4 o'clock Tomorrow morning; the Commanding officers of it present will call at Head quarters this afternoon and receive Orders.
AFTER ORDERS
At a Division General Court martial held by order of Major General St. Clair the 6th. instant Major Grier president: Lieutenant Andrew Lytel21 of the 5th. Pennsylvania regiment charged with,
[Note 21: Lieut. Andrew Lytle. He was transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783. and served to November, 1783.]
"Issuing State Stores in a partial manner and for refusing to comply with his Arrest when Arrested by Captain Butler22 his superior officer."
[Note 22: Capt. Thomas Butler, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Acquitted of the first part of the charge but found Guilty of refusing to comply with his Arrest and sentenc'd to be reprimanded in Division Orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court with respect to the Acquittal of Mr. Lytle on the first part of the Charge but disapproves it with respect to the reprimand.
As a Person employ'd to distribute the Stores from the State Mr. Lytle could only be Arrested by the order of the commanding officer of the Troops belonging to the State present or by those of the Commander in Chief. As an officer in the Army Captain Butler not being his commanding officer though a senior one had no right himself to Arrest Mr. Lytle.
Superior rank without Command does not give a power of Arresting but in a very few particular Cases: And the General cannot dismiss this Subject without expressing his sincere Wishes to see Harmony and a Spirit of accomodation prevail thro' out the Army and He thinks proper to add that He has been greatly pained to find of late that there have been but too many trifling and frivolous causes made Subjects of Arrests to our great disreputation and to a most irksome increase of duty and where Discipline did not appear to be much the object or to be materially concerned in the Business.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is appointed President is to assemble tomorrow morning, the hour appointed in yesterday's orders at the House lately occupied by General Irvine near the Marquis's and General Knox's quarters.
Hand's Brigade gives a Captain in addition to those ordered yesterday for this Court.
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Tuesday, July 11, 1780.
Parole Hanover. Countersigns Haerlem, Hull.
Watchword Be Alert.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is president to sit tomorrow morning 8 o'clock at the Place mention'd in yesterday's after orders: The members are desired to be punctual in their Attendance.
Mr. Pomeroy23 Quarters at Mr. Peter Doreamus's on the Pompton road.
[Note 23: Ralph Pomeroy.]
Major Reid is appointed Field officer of the Day for this day vice Major Torrey absent.
AFTER ORDERS
The Order of the 12th. of May last relative to exercising and Disciplining the Troops is to be strictly observed till further orders except the morning exercise to begin at 4 o clock and the Troops to exercise in the morning by regiments instead of Companies.
The greatest Attention to be paid to the instruction of Recruits and drafts agreeable to Chapter 5th. of the regulations also the manoeuvring Battalions instead of being detach'd from the Line to be furnish'd by Brigades in Battalions. The 2d. Pennsylvania and Hand's brigades each give a Battalion of 96 files to be paraded half past 4 tomorrow morning at the usual place.
Two Field officers from each of those brigades for this Duty. General Maxwell will command.
Lieutenant Colonel Harmar is requested to attend the Discipline.
Head Quarters near Passaick Falls, July 11, 1780.
Dr Sir: I beg leave to suggest to Your Excellency that it is a matter of great importance for me to be acquainted with our several Harbours, their depth of Water within and leading to them, and all the difficulties and circumstances attending their navigation. At present this knowledge is more peculiarly essential with respect to the Eastern Ports and particularly in the instance of New London. In the course of our operations this Campaign and indeed immediately, this may be of the greatest use. I have therefore to intreat the favor of Your Excellency to furnish me by the earliest opportunity, with a correct map of that Harbour, in case you have one, describing in a particular manner the Channel leading to it, from the Sound, with its depth and width and such obstacles and Shoals as may attend the navigation. If your Excellency should not be in possession of a map that will answer, I request that you will be so obliging as to procure me one as soon as it can be done, and if it should be requisite, even by an actual survey and sounding. I feel myself under no difficulty in asking this favor of Your Excellency, as you will perceive at once the necessity there is for my possessing the information, and as I know there is nothing in your power which will not be done with the greatest chearfulness that may in the least promote the Public cause. I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 11, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 8th: The State of Massachusetts having adopted Colo. Jacksons Regt. and directed it to be considered in every respect as belonging to that line, it in course becomes intitled to a proportion of drafts. For this purpose the Bearer Capt. Hunt25 is sent up to receive the number which will fall to the share of the Regiment.
[Note 25: Capt. Thomas Hunt, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in August, 1780.]
I have not yet recd. the Field Return of the 1st. Massachusetts and two Connecticut Brigades nor of the Provision in the Garrison. These being essential, you will be pleased to transmit them, should they not have been sent off previous to this getting to your hands.
Be pleased to forward the inclosed immediately by Express to Major Talmadge and Mr. Dobbs.
A Frigate is said to have arrived at New York on Sunday with an account of her having fallen in with the French Fleet the Wednesday before.
Should this be true we may every moment expect to hear from them. I am &c.
P.S. Be pleased to inform me from time to time, what number of Recruits come in and from what State.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 11, 1780.
Sir: You will proceed to Monmouth and establish yourself in that vicinity. When you arrive there, you will see General Foreman who is charged with dispatches for a French fleet expected at the Hook and to keep a look out for their arrival. You will give such assistance in this as will be necessary. There are some pilots who will be stationed down there, who will put themselves under your protection. Should a fleet appear which you have good reason to believe is a French fleet General Foreman and you will immediately go on board with the dispatches and offer your service to The General and admiral for every thing in which you can be useful to them.
You will instantly impress every kind of refreshment the Country affords; cattle, vegetables &ca. for the use of our allies; for which purpose you will make previous arrangements, and execute them in the manner most effectual and least grievous to the inhabitants giving certificates for every thing taken.
Should there be any state troops or Militia in service, not under a superior officer You will take command of them; should there be a superior officer you will endeavour to engage him to cooperate with you.
Advise me instantly of any thing important that happens on the Coast; of all vessels coming in and going out; of whatever may be doing at the Hook, and in the bay.
On the appearance of the fleet send immediately a dragoon to Hd. Qrs. and another to the Minister of France with advice of the arrival.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 11, 1780.
Dear Sir: As we may every moment expect the arrival of the French Fleet a revival of the correspondence with the Culpers will be of very great importance. If the younger cannot be engaged again, you will endeavour to prevail upon the elder to give you information of the movements and position of the enemy upon Long Island; as whether they are all confined to the post at Brooklyn or whether they have any detached posts and where, and what is their strength at those posts; in short desire him to inform you of whatever comes under his notice and which seems worthy of communication. You will transmit your letters to Genl. Howe, who will forward them to me. I am &c.
P.S. desire him to attend particularly to the provision which they are making of Wood and Forage; and whether they drive in any stock.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 29: Captain Dennis was then stationed at Baskingridge, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Col. Dey's house, July 11, 1780.
Sir: Upon receipt of this, you will be pleased to repair to the station of rendezvous for the pilots in Monmouth, to which place Major Lee is ordered with his horse. Perhaps you may fall in with him. It is essential that no time be lost, as it comes from New-York, from tolerable authority, that the French fleet is near the coast. You will take with you the pilots which are near you. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 12, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 9th: and am obliged by your remarks and observations upon the most probable places of the enemy's endeavouring to obstruct the passage into the harbour of New York. My accounts from thence announce the approach of the French Fleet, in consequence of which Maj: Lee moved down to Monmouth yesterday with his whole Corps of Horse to protect the pilots and to keep open the communication between me and the French Admiral and General upon their arrival. This will render the hiring of the persons you mention unnecessary.33 I am etc.34
[Note 33: Forman had suggested the hiring of a couple of horsemen to serve as expresses.]
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 12, 1780.
Sir: Inclosed You will receive a Copy of a Letter from Mr. Loring, the British Commissary of prisoners, to Yourself, of the 21st of last month, which was transmitted me by Major General Phillips while You were absent from the Army. You will perceive by this, that Sir Henry Clinton has proposed, an exchange of All the British and German prisoners of War in our hands (by which I understand from the subsequent part of the Letter that Officers are only meant) according to the certified Lists settled between Mr. Loring and Mr. Beatty at Amboy, and also of such Officers of the Troops of Convention as are in New York on parole, except Major General Phillips and Major General de Riedesel and such Officers of their Families as they may chuse to retain with them, for an equal number, rank for rank, of the Prisoners of War in their hands on Long Island, including such as are at home upon their paroles and who have violated their paroles, in due order of their capture; and that Sir Henry Clinton has agreed to exchange Lt Colo Ramsay for Lt Colo Conolly. I accede most chearfully to these propositions under the restrictions after mentioned, and regret that Your business at Philadelphia has delayed some days, the necessary measures being taken to carry them into execution. You will therefore pursue immediate Steps for bringing forward All the Officers, prisoners of War in our hands, to Elizabeth Town, and will effect their exchange as well as that of the Convention Officers in New York, save those excepted above, on the terms proposed. You will inform Mr. Loring immediately of our agreeing to their proposal on this head, and that their Officers will be sent in as soon as possible.
With respect to the proposition for the exchange of Privates, You will request Mr. Loring to favor You with a List of their names, of the Corps and Regiments to which they belong, and of the place and manner of their capture, after which you will receive further instructions on the subject.
The Exchange of Lt Colo. Ramsay may not perhaps be in the order of Capture, but the State of Maryland insisting on it for Lt Colo Conolly whom they took and claim as their prisoner, it must be made.
That there may be no misunderstanding in this business, transmit Mr. Loring in time, A List of Our Officers whom we are to receive from them in exchange, in which you will take care not to mention Any of those for whom we do not consider Ourselves accountable, either because they have not been determined Violators of parole, or been allowed as proper Subjects of military capture.
Lt Governor Hamilton and the Officers taken with him at Detroit35 can't be comprehended in the exchange, as his rank is not settled, and they are under the direction of the State of Virgnia.
[Note 35: Hamilton was captured at Vincennes, not at Detroit.]
With respect to the Officers taken in the Eagle packet, the former propositions concerning them must be adhered to. Colo Webb must be released for them the first on the proper ratio, and the remainder be applied to the relief of Others as formerly directed. I am &c.36
[Note 36: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by E. F. Bonaventure, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 12, 1780.
Sir: I last night recd. yours of the 8th. with the two letters from your correspondent in New York; desire him to enquire very particularly into the truth of Allen's37 having been in, and if he finds it to have been so, to endeavour to find out the plan of operations concerted between him and the enemy in New
[Note 37: "Amicus Reipublicae" (alias of the American spy, Abraham Bancker) had reported (July 4) that Col. Ethan Allen was in New York City negotiating with the British. The report is in the Washington Papers.] York. Inclosed you have the several matters which I would wish to be informed of just now. The following is what the person who goes over may communicate to General Skinner: That the Army lays here and at West Point; that their numbers at both places are now between 8 and 9000 as Recruits begin to join, but that they do not come in so fast as we wished and expected. That the pilots give very discouraging accounts of being able to carry the heavy french ships into the Hook. If that cannot be effected either Canada or South Carolina will be immediately attempted. Certain accounts are received from the West Indies of the arrival of twelve spanish and four french ships of the line with 12000 land forces; their object was not known but they were to rendezvous at Martinico. I do not at present recollect any further. I am &c.
P.S. There seems to be a doubt whether there is more than one ship of the line at New York the Europa of 64 Guns. Be pleased to know with certainty whether there is another.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Wednesday, July 12, 1780.
Parole Salem. Countersigns O., E.
Watchword Prepare.
A Collier39 from each Brigade except the 1st Pennsylvania to be sent to Major Bruen40 this Afternoon.
[Note 39: A charcoal burner.]
[Note 40: Maj. Peter Bryan Bruin.]
The Post office is kept near the two Bridges.
A Noncommissioned officer or Trusty soldier to be sent from each Guard that is included in the general Details to the Grand Parade at Guard mounting every morning with a Report of the same and to serve as Guides to the New Guards.
AFTER ORDERS
Captain McGowan41 is to do the Duty of brigade Major in General Hand's Brigade 'till Lieutenant Colonel Commandt. Butler's health permits him to join his Regiment.
[Note 41: Maj. John McGowan.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Thursday, July 13, 1780.
Parole Bethlehem. Countersigns Bath, Berm.
Watchword Stoney point.
Major Burrowes is appointed Field officer of the day for this Day vice Major T. L. Moore Indisposed.
At a Brigade General Court martial held by order of Brigadier General Wayne the 12th. Instant; Colonel Stewart, president; John Williams Soldier in the 2nd. Pennsylvania Regiment Tried for Deserting to the Enemy and bearing Arms in their Service. Pled Guilty.
The Court Sentence him to suffer Death, (more than two thirds agreeing thereto) but from his Youth and former good Character the Court beg leave to recommend him to the Commander in Chief.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence: but in Consequence of the Court's Recommendation and for the reasons they have assigned the General thinks proper to pardon the Prisoner and he is pardoned accordingly and to be released from Confinement.
[Note 42: Of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, July 13, 1780.
Sir: I have received yours of the 8th. Inst. together with the resignations of Captain Lacey43 and Lieutenant Palmer.44
[Note 43: Capt. Josiah Lacey, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He resigned July 20, 1780.]
[Note 44: Lieut. Edward Palmer, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He had been wounded at Stony Point in July, 1779, and resigned July 20, 1780.]
At such a period as this, after the Army has actually taken the field, when the Battalions will probably be recruited to the establishment and officers of experience and reputation will be extremely necessary; No reasons but those arising from the most absolute necessity can justify any one in asking a dismission from the Service.
Under these circumstances I wish you to use your utmost influence with the Gentlemen in question, not to insist on a discharge before the conclusion of the Campaign. The situation of affairs, the good of the service, and their own personal reputation will strongly enforce your request.
If after all that can be said they persist in their resolution of leaving the service, their resignations will be accepted. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Col Deys, Bergen County, July 13, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your two favors of the 6th. and that of the 9th. It gives me pleasure to find that you are appointed State agent, for the procuring the Quota of supplies required by Congress by their requisition of February last; and I have no doubt of the execution of this office in your hands, being promotive of the public good and honorable to yourself.
With regard to the places for deposit, those fixed on in consequence of that requisition, were Fort Schuyler, Albany, Claverac, Fish-kill, Fish-kill landing, and West-point. I do not however absolutely confine you to these, but leave your judgment to be directed by circumstances. I would only observe, that if you are obliged to make any changes, still your magazines should be as near the North-River as possible, that the provisions may have the greatest chance for the most expeditious conveyance to this army. All deposits except that at Fort Schuyler should be ordered on this principle. But as we may not have it in our power to supply this garrison, in every juncture, you will therefore have it provided with all practicable dispatch, with provisions for 400 men for four months.
The strength of the army, and the objects we have in contemplation, will not permit of any promises on the head which you have mentioned.45 Nothing, however, in our power, shall be overlooked that may tend to the protection of the people of Tryon County. I am &c.46
[Note 45: Hay had suggested that a large quantity of grain could be obtained from Tryon County in return for military protection.]
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, July 13, 1780.
Gentlemen: We have received intelligence through different channels from New York, that The Guadaloupe had arrived there on Sunday morning, and brought an account that she had fallen in with a large French fleet consisting of several sail of the line and a number of transports between the Capes of Virginia and Delaware. This intelligence has every appearance of authenticity; and, if true, the arrival of the fleet on the coast may instantly be looked for. This indeed must be the case at any rate from the time, they are said to have sailed.
It cannot be too much lamented, that our preparations are still so greatly behind-hand. Not a thousand men that I have heard of, have yet joined the army; and in all probability the period for commencing our operations is at hand. I am happy to learn, that a spirit of animation has diffused itself through out the states, from which we may expect the happiest consequences. But the exigency is so pressing that we ought to multiply our efforts to give new activity and dispatch to our measures; levying and forwarding the men, providing the supplies of every sort required: forage and transportation demand particular attention. After what had been preconcerted with The Honorable The Congress, after two months previous notice of the intended succour; if our allies find us unprepared and are obliged to wait several weeks in a state of inaction, it is easy to conceive how unfavourable the impressions it will make of our conduct. Besides this, the season is exceedingly advanced, a decisive enterprise, if our means are equal to it, will not permit us to lose a moment of the time left for military operations, which, if improved with all the vigor in our power, is less than were to be wished for an undertaking of so arduous and important a nature. So much is at stake, so much to be hoped, so much to be lost, that we shall be inexcusable, if we do not employ all our zeal and all our exertion.
With the highest respect and esteem etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Qrs in Bergen Cty., July 14, 1780.
Madam: I have received with much pleasure, but not till last night, your favor of the 4th. specifying the amount of the subscriptions already collected for the use of the American Soldiery. This fresh mark of the patriotism of the Ladies entitles them to the highest applause of their Country. It is impossible for the Army, not to feel a superior gratitude, on such an instance of goodness.
If I am happy in having the concurrence of the Ladies, I would propose the purchasing of course Linnen, to be made into Shirts, with the whole amount of their subscription. A Shirt extraordinary to the Soldier will be of more service, and do more to preserve his health than any other thing that could be procured him; while it is not intended, nor shall exclude him, from the usual supply which he draws from the public. This appears to me, to be the best mode for its application, and provided it is approved of by the Ladies. I am happy to find you have been good enough to give us a claim on your endeavours to compleat the execution of the design. An example so laudable will certainly be nurtured, and must be productive of a favourable Issue in the bosoms of the fair, in the Sister States.
Let me congratulate our benefactors on the arrival of the French fleet off the harbor of New-port on the afternoon of the 10th. It is this moment announced, but without any particulars, as an interchange of Signals had only taken place.
I pray the Ladies of your family to receive with my compliments, my liveliest thanks for the interest they take in my favor. With the most perfect respect etc.48
[Note 48: From a photograph of the original kindly furnished by Miss Evelin Bache, of Bristol, R. I.]
Head Quarters, July 14, 1780.
Dr. Sir: There is expected a quantity of clothing, arms and amunition in the French fleet for the united States, which I have requested might be forwarded to New-London under convoy of a frigate or two. I shall send Mr. Olney49 to receive it, and expedite it to the army. But as the Quarter Master General has no means in his power which could procure a sufficient number of waggons or teams in time, I beg leave to request your Excellency to interpose your authority to furnish them. We cannot commence our operations before we receive these articles, and with all the exertion that can be made they will scarcely arrive in proper time so as not to delay us considerably. I therefore request your Excellency will have the goodness to give the matter a particular attention, that it may be conducted with all the dispatch the nature of the case will admit. I presume your Excellency will think an impress necessary to obtain the waggons or teams with the expedition the exigency requires, and will give your orders accordingly.
[Note 49: George Olney. He was auditor in the Quartermaster Department, and stationed at New London, Conn.]
The succour of our generous ally being now arrived, I doubt not will give a new spring to our operations. Relying upon the zeal of the States I shall hazard arrangements with the officer commanding his Most Christian Majesty's troops for commencing our operations at a very early period. A regard to our national character obliges me to it, and I hope the same motive will stimulate the States, to exert their utmost activity to comply with those engagements which circumstances compel me to enter into in their behalf. The success of our measures not less than our honor demand it. With every sentiment of respect etc.
P.S. Mr. Olney goes directly to New-London, where I shall be happy, the person Your Excellency shall authorize to impress the waggons may meet him.50
[Note 50: In the writing of James McHenry. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 14, 1780.
Sir: I have determined upon a plan of operations for the reduction of the City and Garrison of New York; which is to be carried on in conjunction with the french forces daily expected from France. The number of Troops to be employed upon this occasion, may be about forty thousand men. You are hereby directed therefore to make every necessary arrangement and provision in Your Department for carrying the plan of operations into execution. You will apply to the States for what they are bound to furnish, agreeable to the several requisitions of Congress and their Committee at Camp. All such articles as the States are not bound to furnish, which will be necessary to go on with the operations, you will provide; and for this purpose you will apply to the Treasury board for the requisite supplies of Cash.
I have been in anxious expectation that some plan would be determined for Your Department; but as it has not hitherto taken place; and as it is impossible to delay its operations a moment longer, waiting for such a plan, I am to desire you will yourself arrange it in some effectual manner to give dispatch and efficacy to Your measures, equal to the exigency. Your knowledge and experience in the business will be sufficient to direct your conduct, without going into more particular directions. It is my wish your provisions should be ample, as nothing is more fatal to military operations than a deficiency in the great Departments of the Army; and particularly so in yours, which will be the hinge on which the whole enterprise must turn.
The Honble The Committee of Congress, in their applications to the States have requested them to deliver the supplies raised at such places as the Quartr Mastr Genl and Commy Genl should point out for the Articles in their respective departments. The Committee informed me that they had given you and Colo Blaine information on this Head. But if any thing remains to be done in it, you will immediately do it; and I should be glad you would see the Commissary Mr Blaine, if present, if not, Mr. Stewart,51 to concert the arrangement with him.
[Note 51: Charles Stewart. He was Commissary General of Issues of the Continental Army.]
I am informed that there is at Albany a quantity of Plank and Timber sufficient for constructing about forty Batteaus which may be procured. If you have not a sufficiency of Boats you will endeavour to procure the above plank and timber. Genl Schuyler will give you more particular information.
Head Quarters, July 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to send Mr. Olney to New London to receive the arms, Cloaths and ammunition which is expected there by the French fleet. They will probably be convoyed by a frigate or two, to the Captain of which Mr. Olney will apply with the Inclosed Letter.52 He will take measures to have them forwarded to the army with all possible expedition, by applying to the Magistrates to impress waggons and by
[Note 52: See Washington's letter to George Olney, July 18, 1780, post.] every other expedient he can employ. I send you a letter to Gr. Trumbull requesting the assistance of His authority; but Mr. Olney should be doing every thing he can in the mean time. You will send on the letter by an express with orders to make all the dispatch possible that the Governor's orders may meet Mr. Olney on his arrival at New London. I consider it as of very great importance that these articles should arrive with the army as soon as possible. Mr. Olney in his way may call upon General Parsons for his advice and aid. I am etc.
P.S. I wish the ready made Cloaths and about ten thousand of the arms to be first forwarded; the materials for cloathing can succeed and lastly the remainder of the arms.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 14, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Congress that I have this moment received a letter from Major General Heath dated Providence the 11th: informing that the afternoon of the 10th: the French fleet arrived off Newport; that the signals of recognizance had been made and the fleet was standing in to the harbour when the express came away.54
[Note 54: On July 12 the Comte de Rochambeau wrote to Washington announcing his arrival in command of the First Division of the army of the King of France, and in at accompanying memorandum stated his force, exclusive of the French Navy, to be 5,100. Rochambeau's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I congratulate Congress on this important event, and entreat them to press every measure in their power to put us as soon as possible in a Condition to begin the intended cooperation with vigor and efficacy.
I inclose a plan which in conjunction with the Inspector General I have framed for the consideration of Congress. It is indispensable the department should be put into full activity without loss of time; the speedier the decision the better. A large additional allowance at least nominally for the Inspectors is proposed but it is a very imperfect compensation for the additional trouble, and unless some extra privileges and emoluments attend the office it will not be undertaken by Officers of Rank and abilities.55 I have the honor etc.56
[Note 55: A copy of the plan of the Inspector General's Department, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It is indorsed: "Read July 17, 1780. To be considered on Thursday next." It is spread on the Journals of the Continental Congress, dated Aug. 24, 1780, and as adopted, on the Journals for Sept. 25, 1780.]
[Note 56: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The letter was read in Congress on July 17.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Friday, July 14, 1780.
Parole Tartary. Countersigns Tweed, Wolfe.
Watchword Bravery.
Colonel Spencer is appointed to superintend the Hospitals in Jersey. He will call at the Orderly Office for Instructions.
Two Battalions of Eighty files each to parade at the usual time on the manoeuvring Parade from Maxwell's and Stark's Brigades under the command of Brigadier General Hand. Two Field Officers from each of these Brigades for this Duty. Lieutenant Colonel Barber to attend the Discipline. The Sub Inspectors will in future attend the Discipline in Turn.
No more Rum to be drawn for the Guards or Picquets except in rainy Weather.
It was omitted in the General Order of the 18th of June last to mention that the Adjutant General and his Assistants are to wear a Red and Green Feather in their Hats and the uniforms of their Corps.
It is expected that the Order referred to above will be carried into immediate execution.
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Saturday, July 15, 1780.
Parole--.Countersigns--.
Watchword--.
AFTER ORDERS
Captain Thomas Campbell of the 4 Pennsylvania Regiment appeared before the Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is President, charged with unofficerlike behavior in taking a number of Men belonging to the 6th. Pennsylvania regiment and refusing to give them up when Demanded.
It appearing to the Court that the only Cause of this Trial was to determine the Property in the Men said to belong to the 6th. Pennsylvania Regiment; as a dispute had happened respecting it the Court thought it best to recommend to the Parties to have three officers chosen, not belonging either to the 4th. or 6th. Pennsylvania Regiments and leave it to them to determine to which Regiment the Men belong. It being agreed to by the Parties the Court recommend a releasement of Captain Campbel from his Arrest.
The Commander in Chief approves of the Mode recommended by the Court and Capt. Campbel is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, July 15, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 5th Inst. Mr. Pintard has requested me to solicit a permission for Mrs. Pintard with her family and Effects to pass from New York to Elizabeth Town. I would hope that this matter may be agreeable to your Excellency and that Mrs. Pintard be furnished with proper passports for the purpose. I have the honor etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 58: Indorsed by Tench Tilghman as above, with the addition: "given to the Marquis de la Fayette."]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 15, 1780.
The Marquis de la Fayette will be pleased to communicate the following Genl. ideas to Monsr. the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevalr de Terney as the Sentimts. of the underwritten.
1st. In any operation, and under all circumstances a decisive Naval superiority is to be considered as a fundamental principle, and the basis upon which every hope of success must ultimately depend.
2d. The advantages of possessing the Port of New York by the Squadron of France have been already enumerated to Monsr. the Count de Rochambeau, and the Chevr. de Terney, and is so obvious, as not to need recapitulation; delay in the execution of this enterprize may defeat all our projects, and render the Campaign inactive, and inglorious.
3d. To render our operations nervous and rapid, it is essential for us to be Masters of the Navigation of the No. River and of the Sound. Without this our Land transportation will be great; our expences enormous, and our progress slow, if not precarious, for want of Forage, &ca. &ca.
4th. With these Ideas, and upon this grd., it is conceived that many advantages will result from the French Squadrons taking possession of the inner [ sic] of the harbor between Staten Island and the City of New York; and detachg. a frigate or two above the Cheveaux de Frieze [in the North River opposite Fort Washington] for the purpose of opening the Navigation of the River; shortening the Transportation by Land on the upper and lower communication, and bringing the enemy to an explanation respecting Staten Island. Shipping so near the Town would, at the same time they coverd the frigates in the N. Rivr. keep the Garrison in Check, and be more likely to facilitate other movements of the army than if they were to remain at the hook or below the Narrows.
5th. Our operations against the Enemy in the City of New York may commence from two points, to wit: Morrissania (or the heights near Kings-bridge), or Staten Island; both have their advantages and disadvantages; but under a full view of all circumstances the preponderancy is in favor of Morrissania; especially since the generous aid of his most Christian Majesty has come by the way of Rhode Island instead of Cape Henry, as it was expected they wd. do and touch at Sandy hook in consequence of advices lodged there.
6th. As the means for carrying on our operations are not yet sufficiently appreciated, nor is the time by which our aids will arrive sufficiently ascertained; it is impossible to be precise as to the time the American Troops can, with safety, Rendezvous at Morrissania; but as it is necessary to fix some Epoch to it, and it is hoped that it may happen by the 5th. of August, I would propose this day for the reembarkation of the French efficient force at New London (if they should have come there) and that they proceed up the Sound to Whirstown59 on Long Island, or to such other place on that Island, or on the Main, as circumstances may require, and the Count shall be advised of. for the operations against the enemy depending very much upon their holding all or dismantling some of their present Posts, and upon contingencies within ourselves, it is not possible, at this time, to mark out a precise plan, or determine whether our approaches to the City of New York shall be by the way of York Island, Brooklyn, or both. numbers must determine the latter and circumstances of the moment the former.
[Note 59: Near Flushing, Long Island.]
7th. It must be clearly understood and agreed between the parties that if any capitol operation is undertaken the French fleet and Land Forces will at all events continue their aid untill the success of the enterprize or until it is mutually determined to abandon it.
8th. In all matters of arrangement, accommodation &ca. not repugnant to the foregoing ideas the Marquiss (in behalf of the United States) will consult the convenience and wishes of the Count and Chevalier and will be pleased to assure them of the disposition I possess to make evy. thing as agreebl. to them as possible and of my desire to manifest on all occasions the high sense I entertain of their merits and of the generous aid they have brought us.
Head Quarters, July 15, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I received yesterday your two favors of the 11th instant. The latter announcing the appearance of the French fleet off New-port harbour. We wait anxiously for further particulars which we expect to day.
Mr. Corny mentions the bad state of the road of communication between Providence and New-port. It appears essential, as the intercourse may be great on this route, to have it attended to. I would wish you therefore to take the most effectual and immediate measures for its repair. You will be pleased to forward Col Greens Regiment to the army as soon as possible agreeably to my letter of the 29th of June. I am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 15, 1780.
Sir: I had yesterday morning the honor of receiving your favors of the 6th: and 11th. instants. Give me leave sincerely to congratulate you on the important intelligence communicated in the latter. I am anxiously waiting the arrival of a second express to inform me of the health and condition of the Army and Navy, both of which I flatter myself are good, from the shortness of the passage.
I am exceedingly chagrined at the account you give me of the trouble you have met with in the establishment of Hospitals. The conduct of the persons you mention was highly reprehensible61 and justly merits the censure of every friend
[Note 61: "The difficulties encountered in this affair, arise principally from Mr [ ... ] Manning a Minister of this place; who endeavoured to inflame the people, to persuade them that the Town would be infected with a Contagious disorder, in Consequence of the Establishment; I was beyond measure astonished that the two Browns, the Brothers of Colo John Brown, publickly opposed it, they so far forgot themselves as to declare loudly, that they hoped the People would blow up the Hospital, and they threatened the Carpenters who were at work at The College with the loss of the Esteem and Custom of the townsmen and Actions of Damages at Law, if they continued to work; nor could the Workmen (who had left their Business) be prevailed upon to begin again, untill Bonds of Indemnification were given them...this Strange Conduct is totally opposite to those Sentiments that Unite the two Nations, and too full of Sedition and disrespect to be tolerated at the Instant His Majesty is sending assistance to his Allies; and will not I trust be pass'd over with impunity."-- Corny to Washington, July 6, 1780. Corny's letter is in the Washington Papers.] of the Alliance: But I am convinced you will not draw general conclusions from the behaviour of a few ungenerous and interested individuals.
I have written to General Heath and have directed him to take effectual measures to have the Roads and Ferries from providence to Newport put into repair.
I am happy to find that the arrangements made by Docr. Craick meet your approbation. He will I am confident think himself amply repaid by your favourable sentiments of him and by the honorable manner in which you promise to mention him to His Excellency The Count de Rochambeau. I have the honour, etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have been a few hours since favored with yours of the 13th. With regard to the maneuvring the troops under the circumstances you mention I think it may be instantly entered upon, as you are of opinion that it can be done without risking the safety of the post, or that its garrison will be able to complete what still remains unfinished. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1780.
Dr Sir: The period for commencing our operations is so near, that not a moment is to be lost in bringing forward all the cannon and stores in our possession proper for a siege necessary for the service of the Campaign to the North River. New York will be the object with an army of 30000 men which you will receive in confidence. I request you will take immediate measures for the above purpose and apply to the Board of War, to the Quarter Master General and to the executives of those states where the cannon and stores now are for the requisite assistance. The exigency of the moment in a matter which is essential to the commencement of our operations will I am persuaded induce the states to give you instant and effectual aid. I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 28th of June last. However disposed I might be to serve you in your application65 it could not be done without an officious interference on my part, of which I presume you were not sufficiently aware. Appointments such as you speak of rest intirely with our allies, it is therefore that all requests or applications should be made to them. I am &c.66
[Note 65: Tillinghast applied for the position of agent for the French hospital. His letter of June 28 is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1780.
Dr. Sir: The moment for Commencing our operations is so near that no time is to be lost in bringing forward to the North-River, a proper proportion of intrenching tools for an operation against New York with all the tents which can be procured. To you it would be wholly unnecessary to recommend expedition. I am etc.
P.S. have you intrenching tools in this quarter, or how soon could they be had in case we should have occasion for them.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 15, 1780.
Sir: The New York paper of the 14th. announces the arrival of Admiral Greaves on the 13th. with, as they say, "a formidable Squadron of Capital Ships to reinforce Vice Admiral Arbuthnot." My private information makes this Squadron to consist of the six following Ships. London 90 Guns Resolution 74 Bedford 74 Royal Oak 74 Prudent 64 America 60.68
[Note 68: A spy's report, July 11, 1780, in the Washington Papers, gave the list of British ships at New York, before the arrival of the above squadron, as the Europa, 64 guns; Raisonable, 64; Robust, 64; Renown, 50; Roebuck, 44; Romulus, 44; Rainbow, 44. The Iris, Richmond, and Guadeloupe, frigates; the Bonetta, sloop; and the Virginia and Galatea on a cruise.]
The arrival of this naval Armament has not induced us to make any alteration in our arrangements, nor ought it to have any effect upon our exertions. It ought on the contrary to excite in us a determination to be prepared at all events. We do not yet know the force which the Chevalier de Ternay has brought with him. If superior to Admiral Greaves, we may be able to operate in some other quarter if not against New York; but supposing it should not be more than equal, we should not lose sight of the great superiority of the French and Spanish Fleets in the West Indies, which may perhaps enable the Commanders in those Seas to turn the Balance decidedly in our favour. I have the honor etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1780.
Gentln: Captn. Augustine Lawrence and Captn. Henry Benson will deliver you this letter. You will introduce them to the officer commanding the French navy as respectable citizens who have sailed out of New York for many years, and as persons willing to render themselves as useful as possible, and in whom I am assured may be placed great confidence. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 15, 1780.
Sir: Doctor Cochran, Physician and Surgeon General of the Army in the Middle Department, will have the honor of presenting this to Your Excellency, and of explaining to you the distressed situation of the Hospitals for necessary Stores, even at this time, when the number of sick are exceedingly few. From present prospects of the operations of this Campaign, we must expect to have a considerable number of Wounded in Hospital, and when we reflect upon the composition of the Army, which will be almost intirely made up of Recruits and Militia, both unused to a military Mode of life, and consequently subject to the disorders of a Camp, we must count upon being very much encumbered with sick, tho' accommodated with the best regulated and best provided Hospitals: But should we unluckily enter upon the Campaign without an ample supply of those necessaries and comforts, which ought to be introduced in aid to Medicine, and without which Medicine is of little avail, I plainly perceive that we shall again experience the same Calamities and miseries which prevailed in 1776 and which destroyed so many hundred Men. This is a matter of so much importance, that I beg leave to sollicit the immediate attention of Congress to the point. With every exertion, the Stores can scarcely be brought in in time to the proper places of deposit. Doctor Cochran will remain in Philada. as long as his business with the Army will possibly admit, and will give every assistance in procuring the necessaries. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on July 18 and referred to the Medical Committee]
Head Quarters, Passaick Falls, July 15, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit your Excellency, in Two packets, the proceedings of the Court Martial in the case of Doctr. Shippen, Director General of the Hospitals, for the approbation or disapprobation of Congress. The trial having taken place in consequence of their order, this circumstance and the Doctor's station in the Army have induced me to think it most proper to refer the matter to their decision. I would beg leave to observe however, that the Medical department is in much disorder already, and that it is of great importance that the affair should be brought to a conclusion in whatever way Congress, may think proper, as soon as possible. I have the honor etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1780.
Gentn: I was yesterday honoured with your Favor of the 8th Instant. Major Jameson is entitled to the Lieutenant colonelcy in Sheldon's Regiment by the resignation of Lt Colo Blagden and to rank from the time this event took place. It happened the 1st of August last and the Board will be pleased to make him out a Commission accordingly. I have the Honor etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Hd Qrs, July 16, 1780.
My dear Marqs: I have received your favor of this date, and thank you for the Sentiments contained in it. You have totally misconceived my meaning if you think I have or shall relinquish the idea of enterprizeing against New York till it appears obviously impracticable from the want of force, or means to operate. I have not as yet relaxed in any preparation tending to this end; nor shall I till I am convinced of the futility of the measure. I would by all means have it understood as my wish, that the french Squadron (if superior to Arbuthnots since the junction) should take a Station (while it can do it with safety) off Sandy hook. This, and our exertions in the mean while, will demonstrate long before the equinoctial Gales, what we are competent to.
What I had in view by discouraging the first draft of yr. letter to the French Genl. and Adml. was, 1st. under our ignorance of their strength I thought we ought not to give them more than information of Greaves's arrival. and 2dly. not to hold up strong ideas of success which, probably would not be warranted by the Issue. because I never wish to promise more than I have a moral certainty of performing. I am etc.
Head Quarters, July 16, 1780.
Dr Sir: We have received advice from New York of the arrival of Admiral Greaves at the Hook with six sail of the line the 13th. We think it very extraordinary if the fleet has arrived that we should have heard nothing of it from you. Should you not have sent off an account before this comes to hand, immediately dispatch a dragoon to confirm or contradict the report, for it may be very injurious to us to remain in suspense. The dragoon must be charged to make all possible dispatch. You will have relays of horses at Chatham, Brunswick, Monmouth and such intermediate places as you think proper to give us instant advice of whatever occurs; two horses at each place.
We have intelligence that the French fleet appeared off Rhode Island the afternoon of the 10th; if Greaves should have arrived it will be a new motive for conveying your dispatches on Board the French fleet as quick as you can; but be circumspect in your manner of doing it. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. both your favors of the 15th: announcing the arrival of Admiral Greaves which is rather an unlucky circumstance. I have only to desire you to endeavour to ascertain his force exactly and to gain a knowledge of what preparations they are making for defence of the Harbour and where they seem disposed to dispute the passage. You mention a talk in New York of a further embarkation for the West Indies; be pleased to direct your emissaries to inquire into the matter, and if they find it serious, endeavour to procure an account of the numbers, what Convoy, and when expected to sail.
I have not yet learned the force which has arrived at Rhode Island with Monsieur Ternay. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Head Qrs., New Jersey, July 16, 1780.]
Sir: I hasten to impart to you the happiness I feel at the welcome news of your arrival; and as well in the name of the American army as my own name to present you with an assurance of our warmest sentiments for allies who have so generously come to our aid. As a citizen of the United States and as soldier in the cause of liberty, I thankfully acknowledge this new mark of friendship from His Most Christian Majesty, and I feel a most grateful sensibility for the flattering confidence he has been pleased to honor me with on this occasion.
Among the obligations we are under to your Prince, I esteem it one of the first that he has made choice, for the command of his troops, of a Gentleman whose high reputation and happy union of social qualities and military abilities promise me every public advantage and private satisfaction.
I beg Sir, you will be the interpreter of my sentiments to The Gentlemen under your command. Be pleased to assure them, that to the pleasure I anticipate of an acquaintance with them, I join the warmest desire to do every thing that may be agreeable to them and to the soldiery under their command. But in the midst of a war, the nature and difficulties of which are peculiar and uncommon, I cannot flatter myself in any way to attone for the sacrafices they have made; but by giving them such opportunities in the field of glory as will enable them to display that gallantry and those talents which we shall always be happy to acknowledge with applause.
The Marquis De La Fayette has been by me desired from time to time to communicate such intelligence and make such propositions as circumstances dictated. I think it so important, immediately to fix our plan of operations, and with as much secrecy as possible, that I have requested him to go himself to New London, where he will probably meet you. As a General officer I have the greatest confidence in him; as a friend he is perfectly acquainted with my sentiments and opinions; he knows all the circumstances of our army and the country at large; all the information he gives and all the propositions he makes, I entreat you will consider as coming from me. I request you will settle all arrangements whatsoever with him; and I shall only add, that I shall exactly conform to the intentions of His Most Christian [Majesty] as explained in the several papers put into my hand by his order and signed by his Ministers.77
[Note 77: Probably the instructions to Rochambeau, dated Mar. 1, 1780, and the secret instructions of March 2, from the Prince de Montbarey, copies of which are in the Washington Papers. They were inclosed in Rochambeau's letter to Washington, June 12, 1780.]
Permit me to refer you to the Marquis De la Fayette, for more particular assurances of what I feel on this occasion, which I the more readily do from a knowledge of his peculiar affection and regard for you.
Impatiently waiting for the time when our operations will afford me the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with you, I have the honor etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters in New Jersey, July 16, 1780.
Sir: It is with peculiar satisfaction I receive the news of your arrival on our coast; I hasten to assure you of the gratitude we feel for this new and distinguished mark of the friendship of his most Christian Majesty and of the hopes we entertain that the important succour he sends will be productive of the happiest consequences to the freedom and independence of these states. Such repeated proofs of the interest your prince takes in the success of our cause, and the zeal with which your countrymen execute his intentions, must for ever cement the union between the two countries, by the double ties of affection and interest.
Permit me in my own name, in the name of the army and of America at large, to present you with the assurances of our warmest attachment to allies who have so generously come to our aid.
Let me entreat you also to impart my sentiments to the Gentlemen under your command, and to testify to them the pleasure we shall take in doing whatever will contribute to their satisfaction and to the satisfaction of their men.
As I have the fullest confidence his most Christian Majesty will give you effectual support in the course of our operations, I anticipate the glory you will acquire in successes of the most decisive utility to the common cause; and your reputation assures me you will improve every opportunity your circumstances afford.
The Marquis De la Fayette as a general officer in whom I confide and as a friend from whom I conceal nothing, will be able to give you every information you may wish for the regulation of your conduct and is charged by me to settle with you all arrangements whatsoever relative to the intended cooperation. I entreat you to receive whatever he shall tell you as coming from me.
Looking forward with impatience to the moment which will give me the honor of your personal acquaintance, I have that of subscribing myself with the most perfect regard etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Sunday, July 16, 1780.
Parole Winchester. Countersigns Why, Whiz.
Watchword Whereabouts.
As the ensuing Campaign will in all Probability be peculiarly Interesting the Commander in Chief is desirous of having a well composed Corps of Light Infantry which cannot fail to be extremely useful in our operations: He therefore determines that one Company shall be drawn from each Regiment which shall finally be proportioned to the general strength of the Regiments so as not to be too large a diminution but for the present shall consist of one Captain, one Lieutenant or Ensign, three serjeants one Drum one Fife and Twenty Rank and File.
The General is persuaded that the Officers commanding Regiments will be very careful in the choice of the Men for these Companies as the good of the service and the honor of their Regiments will be materially concerned in it; The Men should be mostly of a middle size, Active, robust and Trusty, and the first Twenty must be all old Soldiers the remainder will have a proportion of Levies: These Companies will with this Part of the Army assemble at the Grand Parade on Tuesday next nine o'Clock to be Inspected by the Inspector General or Assistant Inspector General who will reject all such as are improper for the service to be replaced by others.
The Commanding officer at West Point will appoint a day for the same purpose as soon as possible after the receipt of this order. The Companies after they are inspected will rejoin their regiments untill further orders.
The Recruits or Drafts who are unacquainted with their Duty and are under the drill, to be included in the returns amongst the Effective rank and file and those who are inserted in the column "fit for duty" are to be deducted therefrom in the same manner as those "Wanting Arms &ca."
Two Battalions of Eighty files each from the 2d. Pennsylvania and Hand's Brigades to manoeuvre at the usual Time and place Tomorrow: Two Field officers from each of those brigades to be appointed for this duty. General Irvine will command them.
A Trusty serjeant who can write a good hand is wanted for a Provost Marshal.
AFTER ORDERS
Twenty five men to be paraded Tomorrow morning at Guard mounting on the Grand Parade without Arms, furnished with two days Provision. They are to be sent to Morristown to bring on some Waggons: a Serjeant from the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade and one from Stark's to conduct them.
A Captain from Hand's brigade to attend the General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is President, vice a Captain promoted.
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Monday, July 17, 1780.
Parole Europe. Countersigns S., B.
Watchword Diligence.
Lieutenant James McCulloch80 of the 5th Pennsylvania regiment is Appointed Quarter Master to the same from the 1st. of June last, vice Lieutenant Lytle on extra service.
[Note 80: He died in July, 1782.]
The superintendant of Cattle or livestock with the Army is in future on every Monday morning to make Return to the Commissary General of Issues of the number of Cattle, Sheep or other livestock received and delivered by him the preceeding Week and also of the Number on Hand in order that such Return may be Inserted in the weekly return of Stores Issued and on Hand and the State of the Supplies of every kind from Time to Time be exactly known to the Commander in Chief.
A Waggoner from the drafts of the first Pennsylvania brigade to be sent to the Marquis De La Fayette.
A Serjeant, Corporal and twelve men from Hand's and Maxwell's Brigades to be sent to Major Bruin's Quarters 6 o'clock Tomorrow morning with their Arms and two Days Provision: Mr. Shute will give them directions.
The Commander in Chief requests that in forming the Light Companies the most particular Attention may be paid to the choice of the noncommission'd officers.
He wishes the Size of the Men to be from five feet eight to five feet ten Inches mostly the latter.
The Commander in Chief has observed with pain that a mistake which was natural and excuseable in the Commencement of the Army still prevails among many officers; That of attending only to what they call the Essentials and neglecting the Minutia of military service. It is high time at this advanced Period of our Establishment after having made War more than Five years to discard ideas which only suited the inexperience of a new Formation and to Adopt those principles which prevail in European Armies: the result of long Practice and Experience Truly speaking there is nothing unessential and many of those things which seem to be regarded as such by being neglected may involve the fate of an Army.
Our System has been simplified as much as it would bear and every thing of useless ornament has been rejected what remains therefore ought to be rigidly observed.
We shall soon have occasion to act in Conjunction with the troops of our Allies who to all the superior Qualities add a scrupulous exactness in those Matters in which We are defective and on which they Justly set a high value.
It will not be enough that we Possess those Military Virtues, that Bravery Patience and Obedience which distinguish our Troops. The Credit of our Arms will greatly depend on a punctilious observance of the minutest parts of Military duty.
Notwithstanding the pains that have been repeatedly taken to impress the Necessity of Exactness in the Service of Guards, there is Still a mortifying deficiency though acknowledged to be of the greatest Importance. Our Sentinels are peculiarly delinquent consulting neither what is necessary to appearance nor security.
The General exhorts the Officers of every Rank to be indefatigable in their Exertions to correct these defect.
Soldiers who have so many excellent qualities ought not to suffer the merit of them to be sullied or diminished by a negligence of things which to Wish is to attain.
An American Soldier equal in Bravery, in Capacity equal; superior in Patience Fortitude and Patriotism to any other should scorn to be Inferior in anything.
It is hoped the Troops will be particularly Zealous in their Exercise and Manoeuvres and that the Recruits will be instructed with the utmost Care and Diligence strictly conforming to the Regulations.
AFTER ORDERS
Two Captains from the Park of Artillery to attend the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Butler is President, vice Captains Irvine81 and Steel.82
[Note 81: Capt. Andrew Irvine, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Paoli in September, 1777; transferred to the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 82: Capt. John Steele, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine in September, 1777; transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
The Companies of Light Infantry are to parade for Inspection on the Grand Parade tomorrow at the time order'd.
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, July 17, 1780.
Sir: This will be handed to you by Lieut Meigs83 of Col Webbs Regt. who is directed to receive and bring forward the proportion of Connecticut levies for that Regiment. You will be pleased to order them delivered to him accordingly. I am etc.84
[Note 83: Lieut. John Meigs, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment. He was transferred to the Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 17, 1780.
Sir: I have Recd Yours of the 15th. Inst. and have to observe that neither Genl McDougal or any one else had ever made any representation of your having a desire to continue at West Point; nor had I heard a word on the Subject previous to the Rect of your Letter.
Orders have already been given, that the Troops on the North River should have as much of their time employed in Manoeuvring and disciplining as their other duty will permit; and I flatter myself the attention to this article, will be such, as will in some Measure obviate the difficulty of taking the field (if you should be called to it) with troops entirely unacquainted with discipline.
Should active operations be commenced it is probable you will be ordered to take the field with your Brigade, agreeable to your request: as few or none of the Continental Troops will be continued in Garrison. And you may rest assured that I am ever disposed to gratify the inclination of the Officers: so far as it can be done, without breaking in upon the general Arrangements of the Army, or counteracting the good of the Service. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 17, 1780.
Gentn: I have now the honor to inclose You a List of the promotions to be made in the Three Jersey Regiments. The Commissions are exceedingly wanted and I request that the Board will be pleased to forward them to me by the earliest opportunity.
I also inclose the Board Lt Colo Conway's Commission, who, by the unanimous opinion of a Board of General Officers, is entitled to rank from the time Lt Colo Brearly accepted the place of Chief Justice of the State of Jersey. I find by a Letter from Mr. Brearly, just written me upon the occasion, that he was sworn into this Office the 4th of August 1779. The Board will therefore be pleased to alter Lt Colo Conway's Commission or make him out a new one, vice Brearly appointed Chief Justice of the State of Jersey, to rank from the 4 of August 1779. I have the Honor.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, near Passaick Falls, July 18, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor a few days ago, to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 2d Instant; and at the same time one from General Muhlenburg, inclosing the Return you had requested him to send me. I am exceedingly obliged to Your Excellency for your attention in this affair, and beg leave to refer You to the inclosed Copy of a letter addressed to Major General Gates if he should be at Fredericksburg or Richmond, and if not to General Muhlenburg for the Arrangement I have made, with respect to the Levies in contemplation to be raised by the State when You wrote, and of the Officers to command them. It is the best that has occurred to me, under a consideration of all circumstances, and I shall be happy if it meets your approbation. It is to be wished there were more Officers, but any new appointments except to Insigncies, would be considered as injurious, and would be the source of infinite complaints and confusion. I have entreated Genl Muhlenburg to whom I have written and thro him the whole of the Officers, to use every possible exertion to collect and discipline the Men and reminded them, that the charge of fitting a New Army or at least the Troops of a Whole State for the field, had devolved on them; and as these should act, so would be their reputation. I hope they will avail themselves of the occasion to distinguish themselves, and will do all in their power to qualify the Men for service. How the force will be applied I can't determine at present; but whether it shall be directed to either Object, this or the Southern Army or a part of both, the necessity for its being ready is equal and most pressing. It gives me great pleasure to find that the Men are to serve for Eighteen Months, and it would have been still more fortunate and more to our interest if they could have been obtained for the War. Short inlistments have subjected Us to such distresses, to such enormous expences, have so intimately hazarded our liberties that I never reflect upon them, but with a degree of horror. The consideration is the more painful now, from the unhappy state of our finances, and as at the close of the present year, All the Levies now raising under the most extravagant bounties, will disband, except Yours and those of Maryland. At this period we shall be again reduced and it may be within the compass of things for the States to suffer greater insults even, than those they experienced in the late incursion of the Enemy in Jersey.
I very sincerely congratulate Your Excellency on the arrival of the Armament from France. The fleet got into Rhode Island on the 11th. This very generous succour must fill every Friend to America with gratitude towards the Prince and Nation who have sent it, and I trust will be answered by correspondent exertions and the best of good Offices on our part. But I am also to inform Your Excellency, that Adml Greaves has since arrived (on the 13) off Sandy Hook, with Six Ships of the line. This is an unlucky incident and at present embarrassing; though it may not eventually be injurious. I have the Honor etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 18, 1780.
Sir: I have been informed by a Letter, with which His Excellency Governor Jefferson has just honoured me, that the Legislature of Virginia had a Bill depending before them, for raising Five Thousand Men to serve Eighteen months, for supplying their Battallions; and I have been requested by him to make some provision for Officering them. No mode has occurred to me more proper for the present than the One inclosed, and it is my desire, if this reaches You before you leave Fredericksburgh or Richmond, that You will direct to be carried into execution.88 It is possible there may be more Officers in the State than those contained in the Arrangement; if so it will be so much the better, and they will be distributed among the Corps, except the 9th.
[Note 88: This letter was addressed to Gates "at Fredericksburg or Richmond. in case of his absence from these places To Brigadier Genl Muhlenburg".] under the restrictions I have mentioned. You will feel the necessity of the strictest attention being paid to disciplining the Drafts, and will impress it and the practice on the Officers. I shall be happy to hear how the Levies collect and the progress made in forming them. And as frequent communications of events happening in different Quarters may materially influence and facilitate our measures in every part, I will also add, that I shall be happy to hear from you very often and to receive advices both with respect to the movements and situation of the Enemy, and those on your own part. It is frequently of as much importance to know what is not doing, as to receive the most precise information of active operations. I am &c.
P.S. I have the pleasure to inform You that the Fleet from France arrived at Rhode Island the afternoon of the 10th. Adml Greaves has since arrived, on the 13th, with Six Ships of the line off Sandy Hook.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
The following plan is to be adopted with respect to 5000 Drafts raised, or intended to be raised, for 18 Months by the State of Virginia, for recruiting her Battallions.
The Whole of the Virginia line, except the 9th Regiment and the Officers mentioned below, being prisoners at Charles Town, the Drafts are to be disposed of in equal proportions for the present, or so as to make the Corps equal, counting upon the Men they may respectively have not in captivity, in the following manner and under the following Officers and Denominations of Corps. Viz: the 2d, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th. Regiments. The arrangement to be subject to future alterations from time to time, both as to a transfer of part of the Drafts to the Other Regiments or of the Officers, as the Exchange of the Officers and Men who are prisoners at the Southward or Other circumstances may require.
Officers for 2d. Regmt. of Levies
Colo Febiger. Lt Colo Gaskins of the 3d.90 Captains: John P. Harrison,91 Valentine Harrison,92 William Bentley93 of the 3d., John Hawkins,94 Do., and Archibald Denham95 of the 1st. Lieuts: Philip Sansum,96 Ballard Smith,97 Matthew Clay98 and John Steel99 of the 1st. Ensigns: Richard Coleman,1 James Braden2 and George Augustin Washington.3
[Note 90: Lieut. Col. Thomas Gaskins, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 91: Capt. John Peyton Harrison, of the Second Virginia Regiment. He retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 92: Of the Second Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 93: Of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and prisoner on parole to the end of the war.]
[Note 94: Of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and prisoner on parole to the close of the war.]
[Note 95: Capt. Archibald Denholm (Denham), of the First Virginia Regiment. He was wounded at Hobkirk's Hill, S.C., in April, 1781, and did not rejoin the service.]
[Note 96: Of the First Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain-lieutenant to rank from October, 1777; captain in May, 1782; served to close of the war.]
[Note 97: Of the First Virginia Regiment. He was made captain-lieutenant to rank from May, 1779, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 98: Of the First Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 99: Lieut. John Steele (Steel), of the First Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and prisoner to the close of the war.]
[Note 1: Of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant to rank from May, 1778, and retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 2: His name does not appear in the lists of Virginia soldiers.]
[Note 3: Ensign George Augustine Washington. He had been a lieutenant in Grayson's Additional Continental regiment, but had resigned in November, 1777; was cornet in Lee's Dragoons in April, 1778; resigned in December, 1778; ensign in the Second Virginia Regiment in 1780 and volunteer aide to the Commander in Chief in 1780; aide to Lafayette in 1781; served to close of the war.]
Officers for the 6th. Regiment
Colo Greene.4 Lt Colo Hawes.5 Major--Ridley.6 Captns: James Williams,7--Mountjoy,8 William Blashwell,9 John Young10 of
[Note 4: Col. John Green (Greene), of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 5: Lieut. Col. Samuel Hawes, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 6: Maj. Thomas Ridley, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He was retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 7: Of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 8: Capt. John Mountjoy.]
[Note 9: Capt. William Blackwell, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment in 1776. He is said to have resigned in January, 1778.]
[Note 10: Capt. Henry (John?) Young, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] the 5th. Lts: John Jefferies11 Wm White12 of the 5th,--Evans,13--Moore.14 Ensigns, Two belonging to the 3d. names not known.
[Note 11: Lieut. Bowker (John?) Jeffries, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment. He is said to have resigned in May, 1778.]
[Note 12: Of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain-lieutenant to rank from May, 1779; captain in July, 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to close of the war.]
[Note 13: Lieut. William Evans, of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine in September, 1777, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 14: Lieut. William(?) Moore, of the Third Virginia Regiment.]
7th Regiment
Colonel Morgan. Major Posey. Captains: Peter Brian Bruin15 Phillip Slaughter,16 John Marshall,17 John Anderson18 of the 3d. Lts: Thomas Randal,19 Reuben Long,20 David Williams,21 John Towns,22 Benjamin Ashley,23 Ensigns:--Morgan24 and-- Lee.25
[Note 15: Of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 16: Capt. Philip Slaughter, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 17: Of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He retired in February, 1751.]
[Note 18: Of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Virginia Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 19: Lieut. Thomas Ransdell (Randell), of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; appointed captain in October, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 20: Of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 21: Of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Virginia Regiment in February, 1751, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 22: Lieut. John Townes, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; transferred to the Sixth Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 23: Lieut. Benjamin Ashby (Ashly), of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Virginia Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 24: Ensign Spencer Morgan, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He served to--, 1781.]
[Note 25: Ensign John Lee, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment.]
8th Regiment
Colo--Wood. Lt. Colo--Cropper26 of the 7th. Major Hill27
[Note 26: Lieut. Col. John Cropper, of the Seventh Virginia Regiment. He had been wounded at Brandywine in September, 1777; stated to have resigned in August, 1779, and to have served subsequently as colonel of Virginia Militia, in 1781, to the close of the war.]
[Note 27: Maj. Thomas Hill, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He retired in February, 1781.] of the 5th. Capns: Robert Gamble,28 Thomas Bowyer,29 Andrew Wallace,30 William Baliss.31 Lts: Sigismund Stribling,32 Albert Russel,33 Benjamin Lawson34 and Philip Easton35 of the 4th. Ensigns, Two or three belonging to the Regiment, Names unknown.
[Note 28: Of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Camden, S. C., in August, 1780, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 29: Of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 30: Of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was killed at Guilford Court House, S.C., in March, 1781.]
[Note 31: Capt. William Baylis (Baliss), of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He appears on the Middlebrook muster roll of 1779 as an ensign. Heirman ranks him as a lieutenant in February, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 32: Of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain in May, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 33: Of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 34: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 35: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
9th Regiment
This has its own proper Officers and is only to receive a proportion of the Drafts.
10th Regiment
Colo--Davies. Lt Colo.--Webb36 of the 5th. Captns: John Overton,37--Reed,38 John Winston,39--Marks40 Lts: Abraham Murray,41--Ewing42--Pointer,43--Burfort.44 Ensigns:--King45 and the Remainder belonging to the Regiment names unknown.
[Note 36: Lieut. Col. John Webb, of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. He retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 37: Of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Twelfth Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 38: Capt. Nathan Reid, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 39: Of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 40: Capt. John Marks, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He resigned in February, 1781.]
[Note 41: Of the Tenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 42: Lieut. Alexander Ewing, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain and aide to General Greene in 1781, and served to the close of the war; wounded at Guilford Court House, S. C., in March, 1781.]
[Note 43: Lieut. William Pointer, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 44: Lieut. Thomas Burfoot (Burfort, Beauford), of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain-lieutenant in July, 1781; transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to close of the war.]
[Note 45: Ensign Elisha King, of the Tenth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; lieutenant in February, 1781; served to November, 1782.]
11th Regiment
Colo--Buford.46 Lt Colo--Taylor.47 Captns: Phillip Hoffman,48 William L. Lovely,49 Abraham Kirkpatrick,50 and John Steed,51 of the 4th. Lts: Abridgiton Jones,52 John Crittendon,53 Samuel Jones,54--Andrews55 of the 3d. Ensigns, those belonging to the 4th and 5th. Regiments.
[Note 46: Col. Abraham Buford, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 47: Lieut. Col. Richard Taylor, of the Second Virginia Regiment. He retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 48: Capt. Philip Hoffman (Huffman), of the Fourth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 49: Capt. William Lewis Lovely, of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 50: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the First Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 51: Of the Fourth Virginia Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; exchanged in October, 1780; served to close of the war.]
[Note 52: Lieut. Abridgeton Jones, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Virginia Regiment in January, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 53: Of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain-lieutenant in 1780, and retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 54: Of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain in 1780, and retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 55: Lieut. Nathaniel Anderson (Andrews), of the Third Virginia Regiment. He was appointed captain-lieutenant in 1780, and retired in February, 1781.]
If there should be found in the State any Other Officers belonging to the line, besides those already mentioned, they are to be distributed among the Corps, giving those who properly belong to the Regiments bearing the foregoing numbers, to the Corps of the same number under the present arrangement.
If there are any Men in the State, who belong to Any of the Regiments in captivity, not of the foregoing numbers, these will be divided among the present Corps, or be thrown into one, as circumstances may best suit; making in the latter case an allowance for their number in the distribution of the Drafts.
Colonel Wood is still to continue his command respecting the Convention Troops, notwithstanding he is arranged to the 8th. Regiment.
The Captains in the different Corps under this arrangement are to rank according to the number of their Commissions as is usual, and it will be the case with respect to any Others that may be found. It is possible they may not be set down in the Regiments in order of their precedence. This may also be the case with respect to the Lieutenants and Ensigns. The Arrangement is not meant to govern the rank of the Officers in the smallest degree, but only to designate those that are to compose each Corps.
Although I think it is expedient that the Drafts should be formed into seven Corps as mentioned above, yet it may not be for the benefit, but on the contrary to the service, for them to be distributed in the first instance among the whole. This might be attended with much delay and might prevent any one Corps being respectable or fit for service for a considerable time. It is therefore not to be done but on the principle of such a number of the Drafts assembling at once, as will put the whole in this situation, and if circumstances will not admit of this, the Regiments are to be filled to 504, rank and file in order of their numbers, beginning with No. 2. first. This Number though not a full proportion of the 5000 Men voted will make them respectable and by filling them One after Another, place them in a condition to act.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 18, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received your letter of the 14th: and approve the measures you are taking.
With regard to the light infantry you will see by the late General order, that I have ordered each regiment to furnish a company consisting of twenty rank and file. This is to be increased afterwards in proportion to the strength of the regiments. This appears to me to be the best plan to begin with. I think of having regiments of eight companies, not divided into batalions with two field officers to each. I fear we shall not be able to afford more.
We have had accounts from New York, that Greaves with six ships of the line arrived off the Hook the 13th. yet we have received no account from Monmouth which is altogether inexplicable if he is arrived. The matter however is announced in such form, that I fear it is true. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, near Passaick Falls, July 18, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received Your favor of the 4th Instant, with a Return of the Officers belonging to the Virginia line, who are in the State. With the aid of the latter, and in consequence of a letter from His Excellency the Governor upon the subject, I have made an arrangement of the Officers for the 5000 Levies drafted or intended to be drafted by the Legislature. This I have inclosed in a Letter of the present date, addressed to Major General Gates, on the supposition that he may not yet have left Fredericksburg or Richmond for the Southward. But if he is gone, or is not at either of these places when the Letter arrives, it is to be received and opened by You, and the plan and Instructions to be pursued, with respect to the Drafts and the Officers comprehended in your Return, and any Others you may find in the State.
The plan is shortly this: The Drafts are to be equally divided, supposing them to assemble nearly at the same time, into Seven Corps, under the denomination of the 2nd. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. and 11th. Regiments, the Colonels of the Old Regiments of these numbers not being prisoners, and they are to be under their respective commands. All the Other Officers are fixed and in doing it, as far as circumstances would permit, I have continued them under their proper Colonels. If the Drafts are not likely to assemble nearly at the same time, so as to form the Corps altogether; that the succour of those that are raised may be had, they are to be applied to make up the Regiments in order of their number, begining with the 2nd till they are 504 strong, rank and file. The Men already in the 9th are to be counted upon, so that on a general distribution it is to receive only in proportion, which will also be the case of Any of the Regiments, having Men not prisoners. The Old Soldiers (if there are any) of the Regiments in Captivity to be equally divided in the present Corps, or to be thrown into one as circumstances may best suit. This is the substance of the plan, which You will see particularly delineated in General Gates's hands, or which You will receive Yourself, if he is gone.
I have now only to entreat that You will use every possible exertion to collect and form the Drafts and to have them disciplined. I entreat this; I expect it of all the Officers. They will remember that the forming of a New Army or at least of a whole State line and fitting it for the Field, devolves in a great measure upon them, and as it shall act, so in a great degree will be their reputation. They have a glorious opportunity to signalise themselves, and I doubt not they will avail themselves of the occasion. The crisis is a most interesting One, and on your and their exertions, and the discipline and bravery of the Troops, great and early events may much depend. You will let me hear from You by every Week's post, how matters go on, and will transmit me the number of Drafts collected from time to time; and of the Old Soldiers if there are Any. I am etc.
P.S. The Fleet from France arrived at Rhode Island the afternoon of the 10. Six Ships of the line under Admiral Greaves off Sandy Hook the 12.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 18, 1780.
Sir: There is a considerable quantity of linen Overalls at Springfield59 for which the Troops are exceedingly distressed, and which the Cloathier has not been able to send forward, tho repeatedly pressed, for want of transportation. You will be pleased to turn your attention to these as well as to the Articles brought over in the fleet.60 There may be a few shirts, shoes, Stockings and other things fit for summer wear, if there are, you will have them also sent forward, in the first instance to the Dy. Cloathier at New Windsor. I am etc.61
[Note 59: In Massachusetts.]
[Note 60: The supplies, brought from France by the fleet for the American Army, were less than expected. They were supposed to be those purchased by Franklin and the American Commissioners in France out of the King's grant of 3,000,000 livres. Franklin was able to purchase arms and accoutrements for 15,000 men, and uniforms for but 10,000, after paying overdue interest and debts previously contracted. A great part of the clothing and arms were left behind by the fleet and, it was hoped, would be brought to America by the frigate Alliance and the Ariel. (See Franklin's letter to Sartine, May 30, 1780, in Wharton's Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, vol. 3, P 741.)]
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 18, 1780.
Gentn: I have the honor to submit to Your consideration, the inclosed Copies of Two Acts of the States of Connecticut and Massachusett's Bay, which passed respectively on the 2d and 4th of May. The first, by the State of Connecticut, You will be pleased to observe, is for adopting the Regiment (one of the Additional sixteen) commanded by Colo. Samuel B Webb, and declaring it one of their Battallions, in the Army of the United States: The Last, by Massachusetts bay, for adopting in like manner, the Regiment commanded by Colo. Henry Jackson (Another of the additional Sixteen) into the line of that State, in the Army, and requesting it to be arranged accordingly. The measure in both instances, I beg leave to mention, appears to me for the reasons assigned by the Legislatures and many others that might be suggested, to be eligible, and if it should strike the Committee in the same point of view, they will be pleased to carry the Acts into execution. In such case Webb's Regiment will be the 9th in the Connecticut line, and Jackson's the 16th in that of Massachusett's bay. I have the Honor etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Prackess, July 18, 1780.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your letter of the 11th which gives me unexpressible concern. After having engaged with our allies for a cooperation after having put the states to a very great expence, stimulated the people to extraordinary exertions and raised extraordinary expectations it is mortifying to find that if every other circumstance should favour our washes we are likely to be disappointed for want of the stores required. The least time we can allow for a seige in a decisive operation is two months, and it seems there will scarcely be a sufficiency of stores for one; but this cannot by any means be a reason for not going on to provide all we can; if we cannot undertake what we may wish, something on a smaller scale, yet very important may be attempted, which would at least require the supply the Board think they will be able to procure; even on a defensive plan we ought not to have less. I would therefore in every view of the matter, strongly recommend it to the Board to proceed with the greatest vigor in making all the provision in their power; for which a further reason is that we do not yet know what aid we may receive from our allies to enable us to extend our views. I continue all my preparations agreeable to our original plan and I entreat the Board will not lose a moment in going on with what depends on them.
If after all we can do, we have not the necessary means to answer the public hopes, I hope the public will be too just to attribute to me the disgrace and injury that must follow. I shall do every thing in my power; and I flatter myself the Board will do every thing in theirs. I have the honor etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 18, 1780.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with yours of the 11th. I beg leave to present my thanks, thro' you, to the Board for their attention to my recommendation of Capt. Vandyck, and for their past and present provision of Wines. The two pipes to which you advert came safely to hand, I acknowledged the receipt of them to the Quarter Master who forwarded them, not knowing that I was obliged to the Board for them. I have the honor etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Tuesday, July 18, 1780.
Parole Portugal. Countersigns Poland, Peru.
Watchword Stand by.
Two Battalions of Eighty Files each to manoeuvre tomorrow morning at the usual hour and Place from Maxwell's and Stark's Brigades. Each of those brigades to give two Field officers for this duty. General Hand to Command.
Some inconveniencies having been represented in adhering to the order of yesterday respecting the Size of the men for the light Companies; it is dispensed with as to those who were already formed or who were formerly in the Corps, but all the new men must be of the Standard then given.
The light companies to be paraded on the Grand Parade tomorrow morning eight o'clock for Inspection except those of the first Pennsylvania brigade.
William Hutton Provost Marshal was tried the 12th. Instant, at the General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is President "For Aiding and Assisting Samuel Harris in making his escape from the Provost Guard who was confined for Counterfeiting the Continental Bills of Credit.
The Court are of opinion that William Hutton, is not Guilty of the Charge exhibited against him.
The General confirms the opinion of the Court.
Hutton is to be released from Confinement.
John De Armour, soldier in Colonel Angells regiment was tried the 11th. instant at a Division General Court martial whereof Colonel Angell is President for "Attempting to pass the Sentries of General Hand's brigade at 11 o'clock on the evening of the 8th. Instant with his Arms Accoutrements and Pack; also for endeavouring to persuade the Sentinel who stopped him to leave his Post and go off with him."
Found Guilty and sentenced (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to Suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence.
Lieutenant Colonel Stewart is appointed Field officer of the day for this Day vice Lieutenant Colonel Conway absent.
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Wednesday, July 19, 1780.
Parole Denmark. Countersigns Drum, Fife.
Watchword Look-about.
MORNING ORDERS
Brigadier General Hand is appointed officer of the day this Day vice Brigadier General Maxwell who has obtained leave of Absence.
The Light Infantry Companies that have past Inspection are not to be sent on Detachments or any other Command far distant from Camp unless especially directed in general orders: their duty is to be restricted to Picquets, Camp guards and the ordinary duties within the Limits of Camp in common with the Battalion Men.
As it is much wish'd to establish uniformity in the Corps; the officers are directed not to make any Changes in the dress of themselves or their Men 'till orders are given for a general rule.
The Feathers directed to be worn by Major Generals are to have the White below the black above: it will be best to have one Feather the upper part black.
It is recommended to the officers to have black and White Cockades; a black Ground with a white relief emblematic of the expected union of the two Armies.
Head Quarters, near Passaick Falls, July 19, 1780.
Gentn: It unfortunately happens on a minute examination of Our Ordnance and Stores at the different Deposits, that we are by no means in so respectable a condition as to these, as it might be wished. A number of Heavy Cannon and Shot, Howitzers and Shells will be essential in addition to those we have, for carrying on our operations with vigor and energy; and also a further quantity of powder. After considering the matter, your State appears the most likely and the Only One that can assist us in these instances to any great extent, particularly in the Articles of Cannon and Shot, Howitzers and Shells, and being fully convinced that it will be done with the greatest cheerfulness, if it is in their power, I have desired Genl Knox to form an Estimate of these four Articles and to transmit it to Your Honble Board. Powder, that is the quantity, will not be precisely mentioned by him, but it being equally material, I entreat that the Board will favor the Continent with a loan of the largest quantity they can spare, as well as of the Other Articles. They will be pleased to favor me with their answer with respect to the several matters requested, by the earliest opportunity.
I am sorry to inform the Board that Admiral Greaves has arrived with Six Ships of the line off Sandy Hook. This is an unlucky incident and embarrassing at present; but it may eventually turn out otherwise. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Besides the present application for powder, requisitions are going and have been already made to some Other States to spare all they possibly can. Your several dispatches of the 26th and 27th were duly received.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: By dispatches received the last evening from the Count de Rochambeau, I am informed that the French Fleet and Army consisting of eight ships of the line, two Frigates and two Bombs and upwards of five thousand Men have arrived at Newport.66 This makes them rather inferior to the combined naval force of Arbuthnot and Greaves; but as a second division of ships and land Forces (a circumstance you will keep to yourself) may be expectcd in a few Weeks, it is probable we shall gain a superiority at sea, by the time we can be ready to operate, as Count de Rochambeau is of opinion
[Note 66: General Heath, writing from Newport (July 12) reported: "I arrived here last Night and this morning I had the honor of Congratulating Monsr. le Compt. de Rochambeau and Monsieur le Chevalier de Terney on their safe arrival in this harbour....The inhabitants appear disposed to treat our Allies with much respect. The Town is to be illuminated this Evening by a vote of the inhabitants; for myself, I am charmed with the officers. I have promised them every assistance in my power. Monsieur Rochambeau has desired me to publish an advertisement inviting the inhabitants to bring Small Meats Vegetables &c &c to Market and that they shall receive hard money in payment; this the Compte intended with a good view to our Currency. I have told him it will have a different effect, and that even at a distance. I shall therefore only assure the farmers, that they will receive a handsome price."
On July 16 Heath wrote again: "The French troops are landed and encamped in a fine situation South East of the Town and extend nearly across the Island. The Troops make a good appearance. The Legion under the command of the Duke de Lauzun, (the officer who took Senegal the last year) is, this a fine a Corps as ever I saw; it is about 600 Strong. The officers express the highest satisfaction with the treatment they meet with. The markets are become very good and great regularity is preserved, in short, in every respect I may say, hitherto every thing appears agreable and satisfactory." Heath's letters are in the Washington Papers.] that his land force will not be sufficiently recruited under four Weeks from the 12th. inst: Should a superiority at Sea be established, it would lessen our land transportation in so considerable a degree, that little or no doubt would remain of our being able to keep up the requisite supply of provision Forage and Military stores during the time of an operation against New York. But as that is a matter which cannot be ascertained, and as New York seems, for reasons which have presented themselves since the arrival of the Fleet, to be the only object we can attempt, it remains to be considered whether it will be possible to maintain an Army proportioned to such an undertaking, when wholly dependant upon a land transportation, aided by a contingent one by way of the Sound.
In making your estimates, you are to observe that the Directors of the Bank of Philada. engaged to deliver upwards of two Months supply of Flour for the American Army in the Camp, if so ordered, and as we have little reason to doubt the Abilities and activity of these Gentlemen, we may with tolerable safety, count upon so considerable an aid. Meat will chiefly be brought to us on foot. The Matter then for which we shall be principally apprehensive will be the transportation of Forage and Military Stores. To ensure this there are but three Ways. A competent sum of Money to pay the hire of the teams upon performing the service. The exertion of the States to draw them out upon requisition; or Military coercion in case of extremity. Upon the first, deranged as our Finances are, we ought to place little dependance; on the second,67 you can as well judge as myself from the present temper of the States and what they are actually doing, and although the third method
[Note 67: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "little more than the supply of the number of teams required by the Committee of Cooperation, and which will be principally applied to the carriage of Baggage and Stores immediately necessary with the Army."] is a disagreeable one, yet I shall not hesitate, if the resources of the Country are equal to it, to execute it to the utmost of our means if the attainment of so great an object as that which is now before us, is made to depend upon it. With this assurance, I beg to know candidly your opinion of the probable practicability of supporting the operation so far as it depends on transportation. While we do not underrate difficulties on one hand, we should not overrate them on the other, nor discourage ourselves from a very important undertaking by obstacles which are to be surmounted. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Passaick, July 19, 1780.
Dr Sir: In answer to Yours of this Evening. The Whole of the Cloathing and Arms are to be sent to Fish Kill Town in the first instance, unless Orders should be given to the contrary; and tho it is a matter of great importance and infinitely desirable to save expence by bringing them by Water transportation part of the way; yet the present state of navigation will not permit it or justify me in giving an order for their coming otherwise than by Land. The Arms will be addressed to Genl Knox; the Cloathing to Mr. Wilkinson or John Moylan Esqr. The Powder and lead on board the Fleet for the States, if they cannot be sent with safety to New London, must be sent to Providence.
With respect to the Boats and Quarter Master's Stores; While Your Agents think it will be dangerous to risk them by Water to Connecticut River, the matter must be deferred; but as soon as the prospect is favourable, it will be embraced. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 19, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received your letter of the 16th. You mistook the point of giving me intelligence70 as by recurring to your instructions you will find. I now depend on you for information of every occurrence which will save General Foreman the trouble of a business which I could only with propriety request the favour of him to discharge 'till another could be sent to undertake it. For the future you will make a report every two days of the appearances at the Hook in which the more detail the better. 'Tis almost as important for us to know what does not happen as what does happen. In case of any thing extraordinary, it is instantly to be dispatched, particularly the sailing of the fleet in or out. It has become unnecessary for the present that Captain Dennis and the Gentlemen with him should remain at Monmouth. I wish to see them at Head Quarters in their way home, when I shall give them some further explanations. I am etc.
[Note 70: Lee in his letter of July 16 wrote that he presumed General Forman had sent Washington the intelligence of the arrival of Admiral Graves, and that "no intelligence from him (Lee) was expected. That my business here was to expedite his (Forman's) dispatches, to collect provision for the fleet and to protect the guides." He referred to the matter again in his letter of July 20: "I conceived it a matter of delicacy in communicating with H quarters, unless advised to do so by Gen. Forman to whom the business had been committed." Lee's letters are in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. I want a most exact account of the force of the enemy's fleet.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 19, 1780.
Sir: In consequence of a letter from the Committee of Congress to Mr. Fesh,72 I am directed by his Excellency to desire
[Note 72: John Jacob Facsch, owner of the Mount Hope (N.J.) iron furnace.] that you will furnish that Gentn. with one Ton of flour, 6 Blls of Pork half a Ton of Beef pr Week 'till further orders. I am &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. M[eade] A.D.C."]
Head Quarters, July 19, 1780.
Sir: On the first account of your arrival I did myself the honor to write you the letter annexed; but in momentary expectation of hearing from you, I thought it best to delay the departure of the Marquis 'till the arrival of your dispatches. These Monsr de Rochefontaine delivered me yesterday afternoon. The assurances you give me of the ulterior intentions of His Most Christian Majesty add to our obligations and to our hopes: On our part we shall make every effort in our power.
The contrarieties you experienced which have retarded your arrival were unfortunate; but they depended on events not at your command, and I hope will have no ill influence in the issue of our measures. My opinion perfectly corresponds with the motives which determined you in the first instance to Rhode Island; and upon which you have calculated your present disposition.
I shall be happy to hear that the health of such of your Troops as were indisposed by the voyage, is speedily restored, and that you receive every refreshment and supply from the country which can contribute to the comfort and convenience of the whole.
I cannot sufficiently express to you my sensibility for the marks of confidence and for the assurances of your sentiments contained in your letter, and I shall be happy in seizing every opportunity to convince you how intirely reciprocal they are. I have the honor etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 20, 1780.
An idea has occurred to me, my Dear Madam, which if perfectly consistent with the views of the female patriots may perhaps extend the utility of their subscriptions; it is to deposite the amount in the bank and receive bank notes in lieu of it to purchase the articles intended. This while serviceable to the Bank and advancing its operations seems to have no inconvenience to the intentions of the ladies. By uniting the efforts of patriotism they will reciprocally promote each other; and I should imagine the ladies will have no objection to an union with the Gentlemen.
But I beg Madam the suggestion I have taken the liberty to make may not have the least attention paid to it, if the sentiments of all the fair associates do not perfectly coincide. I have the honor etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Colo. Deys, July 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will proceed with the 1st: and 2nd. Pennsylvania Brigades and Colo. Moylans Regt. of Dragoons upon the execution of the business planned in yours of yesterday. I do not at present think of any necessary alteration except that of detaching a few Horse this Afternoon, to patrol all night, and see that the enemy do not in the course of the night throw over any troops to form an ambuscade; they need not go so low down, or in such numbers as to create any alarm. They may enquire as they go, for deserters after whom they may say they are in pursuit. The enemy have so many emissaries among us, that scarce a move [or an order] passes unnoticed. You are so well acquainted with the critical situation of the Ground that it is needless in me to recommend the extreme of caution. I most heartily wish you success being with real esteem &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets were inserted by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 20, 1780.
Sir: Upon the receipt of your letter of the 17th. I called upon General Hand for the Brigade order to which you allude, who laid it before me, with the several letters which had passed between you and him on the subject and a Copy of the sentence of the Division Court Martial upon Mr. Norcross the issuing Commy.
That the Men were without provision on the parade the 5th: does not admit of a doubt. Genl. Hand was therefore in my opinion right in noticing it and calling upon the Officers commanding Regiments to see that their Men were supplied agreeable to General Orders. I should, in case a representation had been made to me by the Officers of the day or the Adjutant Genl. that the Men were unfurnished, have looked upon General Hand as accountable for his Brigade, and he consequently properly addressed himself in the first instance to the Officers commanding Regiments. I do not find that the order applied personally to you or particularly to your Regt. Upon the whole I am of opinion, that General Hands conduct was warrantable upon every military principle, and that I cannot, without calling in question his right to regulate his own Brigade, order a Court of enquiry upon the matter which has been brought before me. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 20, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 19th. General Parsons had written to me before on the subject of the Men drafted from the Militia Horse, and I informed him that I could not consent to their joining your Regiment or any Corps of Horse. All the Levies are wanted for the Battalions of Infantry, and if there has been any misunderstanding between these Men and the State, as to the mode of service, they must settle it themselves. But I cannot conceive that it was ever in contemplation that they should serve on Horseback as the law calls only for Foot. You are to let them know that they must join the Infantry or procure others in their places. I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near Passaick, July 20, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing Congress this Morning by post, I received a Letter from Brigadier General Maxwell,79 requesting me to accept his resignation and assigning his reasons for the same. Having never acted on an application of this sort from an Officer of his rank, I beg leave to lay the matter before Congress and to transmit them a Copy of his Letter, by which they will be more fully informed of his request.80
[Note 79: Dated July 20, 1780. It is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 80: On July 23 Washington wrote to Maxwell granting him permission to go to Philadelphia to appear before Congress. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
The merits of the General are known to Congress and therefore it is unnecessary for me to say any thing with respect to them; but I will take the liberty to add that I believe him to be an honest Man. A warm friend to this Country and firmly attached to her interests. In this view and from the length of time he has been in service, the decided part he took at the commencement of the controversy, I would take the liberty to observe. I think his claim to such compensation, as may be made to Other Officers of his standing to the present time, only equitable; and hope that it will be considered in this light by Congress. I have the Honor etc.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on July 25 and was indorsed: "Resignation of Brig. Maxwell accepted. Referred to the board of war."]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 20, 1780.
Sir: I have had the pleasure of a communication from Comte de Rochambeau and Chevalier Ternay, since their arrival at Rhode-Island, and take the earliest occasion to inform Congress of their force and situation.
The succour destined for these States, for particular reasons, were thrown into two divisions. The first (that arrived) consists of 7 sail of the line, and one of 64, converted into a hospital ship for the voyage, but which is to be remounted and fitted agreeably to her rate. To these are added, two bomb ketches and several frigates. The troops composing this division, are, two Regiments of two batalion each, a legionary corps, and a batalion of artillery, the whole provided with field equipage, and complete in seige and field artillery. In general, the fleet and army enjoy good health, and such as are indisposed, are only with slight sea-disorders.
There is a quantity of clothing and arms with the fleet for the use of the States.
Yesterday evening, the Marquis la Fayette, set out for Rhode Island, to confer with Comte de Rochambeau and Chevalier Ternay, and concert measures for our co-operation. I have the honor &c.
P.S. I have been honored with your Excellencys favor of the 15th.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Thursday, July 20, 1780.
Parole United States. Countersigns France, Force.
Watchword Unanimity.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to Congratulate the Army on the Arrival of a large Land and Naval Armament at Rhode Island sent by his most Christian Majesty to Cooperate with the Troops of these States against the Common Enemy accompanied with every Circumstance that can render it honorable and useful.
The Generosity of this succour and the manner in which it is given is a new Tie between France and America The Lively concern which our Allies manifest for our Safety and Independence has a Claim to the Affection of every Virtuous Citizen. The General with confidence assures the Army that the Officers and Men of the French Forces come to our Aid animated with a Zeal founded in Sentiment for us as well as in Duty to their Prince and that they will do every thing in their Power to promote Harmony and cultivate Friendship. He is equally persuaded that on our Part we shall vie with them in their good dispositions to which we are excited by Gratitude as well as by a common Interest; and that the only contention between the two Armies will be to excel each other in good offices and in the display of every Military Virtue. This will be the Pledge of the most solid advantages to the common Cause and of a glorious Issue to the Campaign.
The second Pennsylvania brigade is to move this afternoon from their present Ground and encamp upon the most convenient ground upon the left of the First.
Agreeable to the General Order of the 15th. Instant relative to certain Men claimed by the 4th. and 6th. Pennsylvania Regiments; a Court of Enquiry have reported that the Inlistments of Gilbert Moore, Hugh McEbrary,83 William Faulkner and James McBride, Soldiers ought to stand good and that they are the property of the 6th. Pennsylvania regiment.
[Note 83: Hugh McEllevey. He served to 1783.]
The Men are to join the 6th. Regiment accordingly.
John Swan, John Scott and Peter Witherspoon were tried by the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Butler is President, on suspicion of being Spies and Acquitted.
The General confirms the Acquittal and orders them released from Confinement.
AFTER ORDERS
Captain Ogden84 of the Jersey Brigade is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in the same until the return of MajorRoss.85
[Note 84: Capt. Aaron Ogden, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was wounded at Yorktown, Va., in October, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 85: Maj. John Ross, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was made brigade inspector to November, 1780; retired in January, 1781; served, subsequently, as lieutenant colonel in the New Jersey Militia in 1782.]
Captain Johnson86 of General Clinton's brigade with the Detachment under his command in the Clove is to rejoin said Brigade.
[Note 86: Capt. John Johnson, of the Fifth New York Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Friday, July 21, 1780.
Parole Hampton. Countersigns O., G.
Watchword Here we are.
AFTER ORDERS
The Men last drafted into the Commander in Chief's Guards are to be returned on Command in the regiments from which they were drafted; but to draw Pay and Clothing in the Guard.
Head Quarters, Colo. Deys, July 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of this date, as I did those of the 17th: and 18th: I can by no means accede to Capt. Steward's87 proposal of giving up his three Deserters for an officer of ours, as that kind of composition is wholly unprecedented. Neither can I consent to his having an interview with his mother.
[Note 87: Captain Archibald(?), Steward of the Royal Horse Guards, British Army.]
Every measure is now taking to decrease our enormous issues of provision, an indulgence of drawing is even denied to the Wives and families of those who are in Captivity, though it ought to be allowed to them if to any. You will therefore see the necessity of refusing it to the persons mentioned by you, except in the presence of an Officer in whom you can confide.
I should have permitted Colonel Barber88 to have gone down with the Regt. for which he was very anxious, but that his presence was and is absolutely necessary here. He has the inspection of three Brigades, and as there are new Recruits in
[Note 88: Lieut. Col. Francis Barber, of the Third New Jersey Regiment.] them all, they stand in need of more than a common share of attention. I hope your having previous notice of the designs of the enemy, will enable you to make such dispositions for their reception as will compensate for the want of so good an Officer.
I have sent you twelve Guineas by the Bearer, which I wish safe to your hands. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 21, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor to receive yesterday a duplicate of your letter of the
Since the intelligence transmitted by the Marquis De la Fayette, I have received advices through different channels from New York that the enemy are preparing an embarkation of troops; that fifty transports have moved up the North River for this purpose, and the object of it is said to be your fleet and army. Though this may be nothing more than a demonstration, as it may possibly be serious I hasten to give you the earliest communication of it.90 With every sentiment of esteem etc.91
[Note 90: "Arrived from England 7 Ships of the Line 2 Fifty and 1 Forty Four. One from Charlestown and One from Hallifax. Both Seventy Fours bend What has Joined them from New York. The above was wrote m New York about fryday ye 21st Inst. S. H. Parsons." Parsons's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 91: The draft is m the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who had written practically the same letter at 4 o'clock p.m. to the Marquis de Lafayette. Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Saturday, July 22, 1780.
Parole Susquehannah. Countersigns Troop, Tattoo.
Watchword Confederation.
AFTER ORDERS
Thomas Brown of the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried the 12th. Instant at the Division General Court martial whereof Colonel Angell was President, for "Plundering the Inhabitants while on Command at Paramus and abusing a Woman" Pied Guilty. The Court considering the great irregularity of his general Conduct, that he was lately capitally condemned for the same Crime and pardon'd Sentenced him to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
The Commander in Chief confirms the Sentence.
As in the course of the Campaign a good Corps of Sappers and Miners will be extremely useful and absolutely necessary the General directs that one man be drawn from each regiment for this purpose; an able bodied man, intelligent, a Sober, and engaged for the War. Those of this Part of the Army are to Assemble the day after tomorrow at Guard mounting.
Head Quarters, Bergen County,92 July 22, 1780.
[Note 92: The draft, which is also in the writing of Washington, is dated at "Camp at Prekenass."]
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 18th came to my hands last light; considering the delicate situation in which I stand with respect to General Gates, I feel an unwillingness93 to give any opinion (even in a confidential way) in a matter in which he is concerned, lest my Sentiments (being known) should have unfavourable interpretation ascribed to them by illiberal Minds. I will however state facts, and leave you to draw inferences with respect to the promotion required.94
[Note 93: The draft has "reluctance."]
[Note 94: The promotion of Col. Daniel Morgan to brigadier general.]
Custom (for I do not recollect any Resolve of Congress authorizing it) has established a kind of right to the promotion of Brigadiers in State lines (where there are Regiments enough to require a Brigr. to command. There can be no objection therefore to the Gentn. named, on this ground.
By the practice of our Army, never less than four Regiments are placed in a Brigade, but in cases of necessity.
The quota of Regiments allotted to the State of Virginia originally, were 15. In the year 1778 there was an incorporation of some of them by the Committee of Arrangement (sent to the White Plains); and approved, to the best of my recollectionby Congress; this reduced them to ... ; one of which is now at Fort Pitt.
The State of Virginia at this time (since the recall of Weedon) has 4 Brigrs. in pay, and two in active Service. Those in captivity will be injured if they should not return to actual command when they are exchanged; and they can have no command out of their own line. nor can there be any in it if new B: are made.
The State was about to raise 5000 Men, 4000 of which is, more than probably as many as they will get; and were I to form my judgment from our usual disappointments, and the customary deficiency in these cases, I should not expect 3000 Men.
At the request of Govr. Jefferson, and from a list of the Officers of the Virga. Line (not in captivity) I have made a temporary formation of those Troops into Six (or as the case may be) Seven Regiments, till they are surcharged; there being Officers enough in the State for this purpose.
The case of S--ns95 is not singular it frequently happens, and in the nature of things must happen, while we depend upon Militia; and the appointment of Officers of his Rank are
[Note 95: Edward Stevens. He had been colonel of the Tench Virginia Regiment; resigned in January, 1778; brigadier and major general of Virginia Militia in 1779--1782; wounded at Guilford Court House, S.C., in March, 1781.] in the Executive of each State. I have no doubt but that several instances of this kind will occur under my immediate command in the course of the Campaign (if our intended operation goes forward). It is unavoidable, while we depend upon Militia for field Service.
The Gentn. who is the Subject of your Letter is a brave Officer, and a well meaning man, but his withdrawing from Service at the time he did last year, could not be justified on any ground; there was not, to my knowledge, the smallest cause for dissatisfaction; and the Season and circumstances were totally opposed to the measure, even if cause had existed, till matters assumed a different aspect than they were at the time of his proffered resignation.96
[Note 96: Promotion of junior officers to the injury of Morgan's rank, as well as impaired health, were the reasons assigned for his resignation.]
From this state of facts, which I believe to be candid and impartial, you will judge of the propriety, or impropriety of the promotion in question, and act accordingly.
If any letter of mine to Colo. Harrison (Speaker to the Virginia House of Delegates) could have a tendency to injure rather than promote the Service in which we are engaged the operation of it, and my intention, are as far apart as the North pole is from the South.
In May, after the Marquis's arrival with assurances of speedy succour from France, I wrote to Colo. Harrison97 (which I had not done for many months before) and informed him, knowing the Assembly was then setting, of the totally deranged situation of our affairs, of our distresses; of the utter impracticability of availing ourselves of this generous aid,
[Note 97: The draft of this letter to Harrison is not now found in the Washington Papers, but the draft of the above letter to Jones contains the following note at the omitted portion: "See Letter to Govr. Reed of the 28th of May; from the 6th line in the 2d page to the last clause in the 5th page." The part omitted above is a verbatim extract between the quotation marks from Washington's letter to Gov. Joseph Reed, May 28, 1780, q. v.] unless the States would rouse from the Torper that had siezed them, and observed, that "This is a decisive moment, one (I will go further and say) the most important, America has seen. The Court of France has made a glorious effort for our deliverance...if our measures are not adequate to the emergency." The Committee of Congress in their late address to the several States have given a just picture of our situation. I very much doubt its making the desired impression, and if it does not, I shall consider our lethargy as incurable. The present juncture is so interesting, that if it does not produce corrispondent exertions, it will be a proof that motives of honor, public good and even self preservation, have lost their influence on our Minds. If there is any thing in the foregoing quotation of my Letter to Colo. Harrison that could prejudice the Service, I must abide the consequences, for I certainly wrote what is recited, not officially as you will readily perceive, but in a private letter to a friend, whose influence, together with that of every well wisher to the cause I wanted to engage, as I thought it high time that every Engine should be at work. The whole of what I wrote on the points you mention, are faithfully transcribed, that you may judge how far it could prejudice the Service. With the greatest esteem etc.
PS. The latter clause of the quotation of my letter to Colo. Harrison I am not absolutely certain was sent. The original draught contained it, but I am in some doubt whether it was copied, or not. this I mention that there may be no possible mis-information on my part.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: Unfortunately for us, the Alliance Frigate, to which the Arms and Powder we expected were committed, is not arrived. The disappointment will frustrate our prospects unless we can obtain aid from the particular States, few of which however have it in their power to afford us any.98 All the Arms we can muster in the public possession for our Recruits do not exceed six thousand, whereas double the number will be wanted. I am therefore compelled to request of the State of Connecticut a loan of two thousand Arms, and if they have any Cartouch Boxes as many as they can spare. It is essential that whatever of these Articles can be furnished, should be forwarded without delay to Fishkill and delivered to the Commissary of Military Stores there. I must also intreat Your Excellency to have this effected, as the Officers in the service of the Continent are without means of transportation. The time presses so much, that not a moment is to be lost.
[Note 98: Alexander Hamilton wrote this same day (July 22) to General Knox: "The alliance is not come nor our arms, nor our powder. They probably will come with the second division we want to know what we can do in the meantime in the article of arms without those; will you send us immediately a memmorandum of what we have to your knowledge? Do you know whether the Eastern States can furnish any on loan and in what proportion. We must borrow of them and borrow of our allies, if we cannot we must go to sleep." Copy kindly furnished by R. D. Graeme, of Richmond, Va., from an original in his possession (1935).]
I again beg leave to repeat my entreaties that the measures in execution may not be suffered to relax, but may be pushed on with increased activity and exertion. The time my Dear Sir is precious beyond description. None but those thoroughly acquainted with the nature of the objects in view can form a just Idea of it.
I requested your Excellency in a former letter to assist with the means of forwarding the Cloathing which came for us in the French Fleet. I repeat my request. We want to be equipped and ready to commence our operations as soon as possible, and the Credit of the troops makes it of real importance to have them clad before we appear by the side of our Allies. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am anxious to know as soon as possible what may be expected in the Articles of Arms and Powder.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, July 22, 1780.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to Your Excellency on the 18th, I have received a Letter from Genl Muhlenberg of the 11th inclosing a List of Sundry Officers (named below) belonging to Colo Gist's Regiment, who were omitted in his former Return and in consequence in the Arrangement intended for the present of the Drafts, which I forwarded to Your Excellency. These Officers do not properly belong to the Virginia line, but as the present formation of the Drafts is the result of necessity and the service will be benefited by their having more Officers than those contained in the Arrangement transmitted; and as it will give employment to these Gentlemen save the Continent at least the expence of employing as many as they amount to, and prevent complaints that would arise on any new appointments in the first instance and the difficulty there would be in disposing of them whenever the release of the Officers in captivity should make them unnecessary. For these reasons I beg leave to inform your Excellency, I have written to Genl Gates or in his absence to Genl Muhlenberg to incorporate these Officers of Gist's with the Others for the present, or to divide the drafts into another Regiment as may appear most eligible from a view of all circumstances and the number of Men actually collected and place them in it. I have the Honor etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, who listed the following officers on the verso: Major [Nathaniel] Mitchell, [retired in January, 1781 ]; Captains John] Gist, [retired in January, 1781]; [Samuel] Lapsley; [Strother] Jones, [retired in January, 1781]; [Joseph] Smith, [retired in January, 1781]; [Thomas] Bell; [Francis] Muir, [retired in January, 1780]. Capt-Lieut., [William] Brownlee [retired in January, 1780]. Lieutenants [Robert] Kirk, [retired in January, 1781]; [William] Triplett, [retired in January, 1781] and Ensigns [David] Luckett, [to rank as lieutenant from April, 1780; transferred to the Third Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; retained in the Maryland battalion in April, 1783; and remained in command of a company at Fort Pitt until discharged in June, 1785]; John Nelson [ranked as lieutenant from July, 1779, and retired in January, 1781].
On this same day (July 22) Washington wrote practically this same letter to General Gates, giving the same directions and the same list of officers. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: Upon examining the Return of Military Stores at West Point for the Month of June I find there were only 662 Muskets in the Commissary's hands. This appears to me most extraordinary as the number of Rank and File of the Massachusetts line amounted on the last of November 1779 to 4569 and on the last of June past to only 1,623, which makes a difference of 2946 Men, who must have been discharged, dead, or deserted; but who ought all, except the latter to have left their Arms behind them. By this state there is a deficiency of 2284 Muskets, which is too serious a matter to be passed over without the fullest investigation. You will therefore be pleased in the first instance to call upon the Deputy Commissary of Military Stores for an exact Return of the number of Arms received by him from the last of November to the last of June. If he recd. them Regimentally, let him specify them in the same manner. If by Brigades, let him distinguish them from each other. You will see by these how far the deliveries into the Store fall short of the number of Men discharged &c. You will then call upon the Brigadiers or Officers who commanded the Brigades and the Colonels or Officers who commanded the Regiments during the above period, and require them to account for such deficiencies as appear against their Corps respectively. There may have been Arms sent up to Albany for repair; if so, the Commissary's Books will shew the number. You will be pleased to let me know, as soon as possible the Result of this enquiry. Be kind enough to enquire of General Poor to whom he delivered the Arms belonging to the discharged Men of his Brigade.
Be pleased to make me weekly Field Returns of your Strength and let me know by every opportunity the number of levies which join you and from what States. The first Field Return to be made immediately after the receipt of this. It is essential at this time for me to have as frequent information as possible of your increase, as the motions of the Army will probably be regulated thereby. I am &c.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, July 22, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 18th. Inst. and am pleased with the attention you are paying to the formation of the New-raised Troops of the State of New York.
It will be best I think, to suspend the execution of the plan for forming three complete Companies of Light Infantry from the State Regiments to be joined to those furnished by the York line; until it is known how far the measure will be necessary, and whether it will not be more eligible in that case, to detach the men from their Officers and annex them to the Companies commanded by Continental Officers of that line; at present it may be necessary only to have in contemplation the most practicable and agreeable method of doing this if there should be occasion for it.
Major Bradford3 will have directions to join and assist you in performing the duties of your Department. I am etc.
[Note 3: Maj. William Bradford, of Sherburne's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
P.S. I wish you to use every possible means for recovering the Arms which were in the hands of the Massachusetts troops last Campaign, for reasons I shall mention more particularly hereafter.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, near Passaick, July 22, 1780.
Sir: I beg leave to acquaint Congress that I have been informed by a Letter from Governor Jefferson to their Committee in camp, lately received, that the Legislature of Virginia had a Bill before them, when His Excellency wrote, for raising Five Thousand Men for Eighteen months to supply their Battallions; and that by a Letter, with which he was pleased to honor me at the same time, he requested I would prepare an arrangement of Officers for them; and suggesting that as I might possibly cast my eyes on the unemployed Officers in the State, he had written to Genl Muhlenberg to send me a Return of them. By the post which brought me the Governor's Letter. I received the Return from Genl Muhlenberg, of which the Inclosure No. 1 is a Copy, and in consequence of the requisition I have made and transmitted the Arrangement contained in the Inclosure No. 2 to His Excellency and a Copy to Genl Gates or in his absence to Genl Muhlenberg, which appeared to me the best that could be adopted for the present, under a view of all circumstances, and to which I take the liberty to refer Congress. I would also observe that by a Letter since of the 11th from Genl. Muhlenberg, which came by Yesterday's post, I received a List of the Officers comprehended in the Inclosure No. 3 now in Virginia belonging to Colo Gist's Regiment, whose names were omitted to be forwarded before, and who in consequence, were not included in the Arrangement No. 2. I have requested Genl Gates or Genl Muhlenberg in his absence by a Letter of to day, of which I have informed the Governor, to incorporate these with the Other Officers for the present, tho they do not properly belong to the Virginia line, or to divide the Drafts into another Regiment, as may appear most eligible on a consideration of all matters and from the number of Men actually collected, and to place them in it. This measure will give the Drafts more Officers than they would otherwise have and will benefit the service, employ these Gentlemen save the Continent at least the expence of engaging as Many as they amount to, if they should be necessary, and will prevent complaints that would arise on any new appointments, except to the lowest ranks, and the difficulty there would be in disposing and providing for the Officers under them, whenever the release of those in captivity should make their services unnecessary.
I have thought it my duty to make these communications, that Congress might know the provision that is made for officering these Levies, and I hope the plan will appear to them as it does to me, the most eligible, the situation of affairs will admit. It is unlucky that there are not more Officers, as the number of men proposed to be raised will exceed their proper commands under the establishment, but this excess perhaps will be a less evil, especially if the Officers are active and assiduous in their duties, than to introduce any new ones;5 and
[Note 5: At this point the draft has the following, which was omitted in the letter sent: "unless they were appointed to the lowest rank, except in the instances I have mentioned."] besides it is possible, that these Levies like all others, may fall something short of the number, in which case the inconvenience arising from the want of more Officers will not be so great. Congress will perceive that by the distribution made in the first arrangement, every Regiment will have Two Field Officers, and I supposed it best to give them the same numbers as those of the Regiments to which the Colonels commanding them properly belong.
I was honoured Yesterday with Your Excellency's Letter of the 14th, and with it's inclosure, directing me to endeavour to obtain the exchange of Brigadier General du Portail. A proposition to this effect will be made by the earliest opportunity; in compliance with the direction, but I do not think there is any prospect of it's being acceded to.6 I have the Honor etc.7
[Note 6: Du Portail was exchanged in November, 1780.]
[Note 7: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on July 26 and referred to the Board of War. Indorsed "Nothing to be done by the Board." The three inclosures mentioned are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Prekeniss, July 22, 1780.
Sir: The Committee has done me the honor to communicate a copy of their letter of the 18th to Congress containing a state of the measures they had taken and of our present prospects. The knowledge I have of facts perfectly coincides with their representation and the consequences they draw are so just and important that they ought to engage, and I am perswaded will engage the closest attention of Congress. I think it my duty to add that pressed on all sides by a choice of difficulties, in a moment which required decision I have adopted that line of conduct which suited the dignity and faith of Congress. The reputation of these States and the honor of our Arms. I have sent on definitive proposals of co-operation to the French General and Admiral. Neither the period of the Season nor a regard to decency would permit delay. The die is cast; and it remains with the States either to fulfil their engagements, preserve their credit, and support their independence or to involve us in disgrace and defeat. Notwithstanding the failures pointed out by the Committee, I shall proceed on the supposition that they will ultimately consult their own interest and honor; and not suffer us to fail for want of means which it is evidently in their power to afford. What has been done and is doing by some of the States confirms the opinion I have entertained of sufficient resources in the Country; of the disposition of the People to submit to any arrangement for bringing them forth, I see no reasonable ground to doubt. If we fail for want of proper exertions in any of the Governments, I trust the responsibility will fall where it ought and that I shall stand justified to Congress. To my Country, and to the World.
From mis-conception or some other cause, there seems to have been not sufficient attention to the articles of Transportation, and forage, which must be the pivot of our operations. Few of the States as far as I am informed, have yet put this important particular on a footing equal to the exigency. Several have agreed to furnish the horses and Waggons demanded for the field-service of the Army; but have not provided means to transport the Provisions, Artillery, Stores, Arms, Cloathing &ca. for the use of the Expedition without which it must evidently be obstructed in its very first Stage.
Congress are sensible how much I have made it a law to speak with the most scrupulous delicacy of the measures of the States, generally or particularly, and will do me the justice to believe that the plainness of my present remarks is dictated by a sense of duty, by the importance of the conjuncture, and by the necessity of giving them a just view of our situation.
I beg leave to observe that from present appearances it seems to me indispensable that Congress should enlarge the Powers of their Committee. We have every reason to believe it will become unavoidable to exert powers, which if they have no sanction, may be very disagreeable to the people, and productive of discontents and oppositions, which will be infinitely injurious. With perfect respect etc.8
[Note 8: This letter was read in Congress on July 31 and referred to Samuel Adams, Thomas McKean, Roger Sherman, Henry Laurens, and Abraham Clark.]
Head Quarters, July 22, 1780.
I have received My Dear Marquis Your letter of the 20th. inclosing me those you had received from Count De Rochambeau and The Chevalier De Ternay. As I speak to you in confidence, I am sorry to find that the objections made by Mr. De Ternay are of a nature to prevent his entering the harbour, notwithstanding any superiority he will probably have. I certainly would not wish him to endanger his fleet in any enterprise not warranted by prudence and by a sufficient prospect of success and security; and I shall acquiesce in his better judgment of Maritime Affairs. But I should hope, whenever he had a decided superiority he might possess the port; and certainly without this our operations must be infinitely more precarious, and in success much less decisive.
Another thing that gives me concern is the non-arrival of our arms and powder. Of the former we have not one half a sufficiency for our recruits, and of the latter (including the quantity expected) we were defective. Unless therefore our allies can lend us largely we certainly can attempt nothing. With every effort we can make we shall fall short at least four or five thousand arms, and two hundred tons of powder. We must, of necessity my Dear Marquis however painful it is to abuse the generosity of our friends, know of them, whether they can assist us with a loan of that quantity of arms and ammunition. I do not believe we can make out with less; but before we can enter into any engagements we must ascertain what they will be able to spare us. I entreat you to speak to the Count on this subject without delay and let me know the result by express. If the arms can be obtained endeavour to have them forwarded as quick as possible to put into the hands of the recruits, that we may be training them a little and putting them in condition to act.
With respect to The Count's desire of a personal interview with me, you are sensible My Dear Marquis, that there is nothing, I should more ardently desire, than to meet him; but you are also sensible that my presence here is essential to keep our preparations in activity, or even going on at all. I entreat you to impress the Count with a proper idea of this matter and convince him with what pleasure I should hasten to meet him if it would not be injurious to our affairs. I should have anticipated his wishes [ sic].
I am persuaded, My Dear Marquis that however ardent your wishes to undertake the reduction of a certain place,9 you will not fail to give a candid and full view of the difficulties. We owe it to our allies; we owe it to ourselves.
[Note 9: Reduction of the city of New York. Lafayette's letter of July 20, in the Washington Papers, discussed the prospects of the success of a joint French-American enterprise by way of Long Island and a bombardment of New York from Brooklyn.]
Col Hamilton informed you yesterday of the advices received from New York of an intended embarkation said to be destined for Rhode Island. Major Lee in a letter of the 20th. tells me the English fleet had returned to the Hook.
Assure The Count and The Chevalier of all the esteem and attachment I feel for them and receive the assurances of the affection, with which, etc.
P.S. We are also very deficient of Cartouch boxes. Try to procure a loan of them. Should we get the arms, and should those we expect arrive we will make a point of replacing the number lent.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 22, 1780.
My dear Marquis: Since I wrote to you this morning I have received another letter from Major Lee by which I am informed that his account of the Return of the British Fleet to Sandy Hook was premature. Three Frigates only came in, and that gave rise to the report that the whole Fleet had returned. The Major adds, it is believed that they are gone to the West Indies. But that is an Idea which I would not wish to encourage, at least for a while, as it may be thrown out by them to deceive us.
There is a report that five transports with troops have sailed from New York within a few days past, but I have it not from sufficient authority to put much dependance upon it.
Captains Dennis, Dobbs and Shaw,11 three of our most intelligent, skilful and trusty Pilots for the Entrance of the Hook and Harbour of New York go forward with this, and will remain with the Chevalier de Ternay. He may place full confidence in them and may be assured of the safety of any persons recommended by them. I am etc.
[Note 11: Daniel(?) Shaw.]
P.S. Captain Dennis is a very respectable Citizen. Mr. Shaw bears a Commn. of Lieutenant in the American Navy and Mr. Dobbs is a reputable Man. I mention these circumstances, that you may, in introducing them to the Chevalier de Ternay, distinguish them from Men, who enter upon the service merely for hire.
I have this moment received yours of the 21st. from Danbury. You will find the subject of it fully discussed in my letter of this morning.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Sunday, July 23, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Watchword--.
Two Battalions for manoeuvring tomorrow from Maxwell's and Stark's brigades: General Hand to Command.
Head Quarters, July 24, 1780.
Sir: I have been duly favoured with your Letters of the 20th. 21. and 22 Inst.
It was not my intention that the Companies of Light Infantry should finally consist of different numbers. My design was at present to draw out twenty men from each Regiment for that service, and to augment the Companies hereafter to the full establishment whenever the strength of the several Regts. would admit of it.
As the men who are selected for the Light Infantry, are not at present to be detached from their respective Corps, there will be an opportunity before their formation into Regiments, to make the necessary arrangements, on the subjects you are so good as to mention.
However eligible the plan you suggest of clothing all the Light Infantry in Hunting Shirts and overalls, the want of the former I am apprehensive will prevent its being carried into execution.
I shall give orders to have the Lt. Infantry on this side the River compleated with Bayonets without delay. I am etc.
P.S. Altho' the Light Companies are not yet to be detached from their Regts. I would not, by any means have the object out of view, so but that the formation may be compleated whenever necessary.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 24, 1780.
Gentlemen: The Assemblage of the Militia and Recruits begins to add greatly to our consumption of provision. I must therefore request you immediately to increase your supply of flour to the utmost of your power. You will be pleased to order it all in the first instance to this Camp, but as circumstances may require us to move, the teams are to be provided with forage to proceed as far as Kings ferry if necessary, and the drivers instructed on that head, that we may have no disputes with them after going forward. You will oblige me by letting me know, as soon as possible, what quantity of Flour you have at Trenton and at Philada. and how much per day you think you will have it in your power to transport, suppose as far as Kings Ferry. I am etc.
P.S. You will be pleased to inform the Directors of the Bank in Philad. how necessary it will be for them to extend their purchases of Flour immediately. We depend in a great measure upon Penna. until the Crops of Jersey and New York are fit for use.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Monday, July 24, 1780.
Parole Farmington. Countersigns Greece, Goa.
Watchword Conquer.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is President, to assemble tomorrow morning Eight o clock at the place where they last sat.
A Captain from the 4th. regiment of Light Dragoons to attend the Court in the room of one of the Captains from Hand's Brigade.
The Men drafted for the Corps of Sappers and Miners agreeable to the order of the 22d. Instant are to be sent to the Grand Parade tomorrow at Guard mounting.
AFTER ORDERS
In Committee of Congress, Camp Pracaness, July 23, 1780.
The Commander in Chief having laid before the Committee a letter to Him from the Honorable Jeremiah Powell, President of the State of Massachusett's Bay of the 4th. day of May last inclosing a copy of the Act of the Legislature of said State which is in the Words following (vizt.)
"State of Massachusett's Bay
"In the House of Representatives, May 4th. 1780.
"Whereas the Regiment commanded by Colonel Henry Jackson rais'd by this State and considered by Congress as part of her Quota in the Continental Army have suffered many inconveniencies from their disarrangement in the Line of this State. Therefore.
"Resolved That the Regiment commanded by Colonel Henry Jackson in the Continental Army be and hereby are deemed and considered to belong to the line of the State of Massachusett's Bay in said Army and shall for the future be entitled to receive all benefits and Advantages arising to the said line and that the Major part of the Council be desired to address a Letter to his Excellency General Washington requesting Him to arrange and Number the said Regiment in the line of the said State according to their Rank.
"Resolved By and with the advice of the Commander in Chief that the regiment commanded by Colonel Henry Jackson one of the Additional Corps be and is hereby annexed to the Massachusetts Line in the Continental Army and shall hence forth be considered and called the 16th regiment in the Massachusetts line of Continental Troops. Provided that nothing herein contained shall be considered or taken to be a credit to the State of Massachusetts bay for more of the non commissioned officers and Soldiers than were Citizens of that State at the time of their Engagement in said corps.
" (Signed) Phil: Schuyler
" John Matthews
" Nath: Peabody"
In Committee of Congress, Camp Pracaness, July 23, 1780
The Commander in Chief having laid before the Committee an Act of the State of Connecticut which is in the Words following to wit:
"At a General Assembly of the Governor and Company of the state of Connecticutt in America holden at Hartford on the 2d. Thursday of May, Anno Dom. 1780.
"Upon the Memorial of Ebenezer Huntington Esq. Lieutenant Colonel Commandant of the Battalion of the Army of the United States raised in this State of which Samuel B. Webb Esq. now a prisoner of War is Colonel shewing to this Assembly that although said Battalion hath received Bounties refreshments and all allowance as the eight Battalions raised in this State have had and received notwithstanding they have not been explicitly adopted by this State and added to their Line in the aforesaid Army which is inconvenient to this State and to said Battalion as pr Memorial on file.
"Resolved by this Assembly that the aforesaid Battalion in the Army of the United States raised in this State and commanded by Samuel B. Webb Esq. as Colonel be and the same is adopted claimed and declared to be one of the Battalions of this State in the Army of the United States and of the Connecticutt line in the said Army, and the Congress of the United States and the Commander in Chief of their Army are desired to consider said battalion as being part of the line of this State in said Army and to order and treat them as such accordingly.
"A true Copy of record ... George Wyllis, Secy.
"Resolved By and with the advice of the Commander in Chief that the regiment whereof Samuel B. Webb Esq. is Colonel now commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ebenezer Huntington and one of the additional Corps be and hereby is annexed to the Connecticutt line in the Continental Army and shall henceforth be considered and called the 9th. Regiment in the Connecticutt line of the Continental Troops. Provided that nothing herein contained shall be considered or taken to be a Credit to the State of Connecticutt for more of the noncommissioned officers and Soldiers than were Citizens of that State at the time of their Engagements in said Corps.
" Phil. Schuyler
" John Matthews
" Nat Peabody"
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 24, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have been regularly favored with your several letters, two of the 22d and two of the 23d instant.
The intelligence I have received from different quarters is of the same nature as that of yours, and speaks of an embarkation destined against our allies at Rhode Island. The communications which you made to Major General Heath, on this subject, were very proper, whether the enemy mean only demonstration, for the purpose of delaying our measures, or for serious operations in that quarter.
You will be pleased to order forward the militia from New Hampshire and Massachusetts, arrived and arriving at Claverac, either to Fish-kill or the most eligible situation in its vicinity on either side the river. However as Claverac is considered as a place of rendezvous for the militia, it will be expedient to have a small deposit of provision at this post for temporary purposes.
I wish you immediately to put the troops under your command under orders to march at the shortest notice, and to concert measures with the quarter master to give the order efficiency as soon as its execution becomes necessary.
Pray inform me whether the arms from Albany have arrived, and in what number. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: Having occasion for the services of Major Lees Corps in another quarter I have ordered them from Monmount, but I have directed the Major previous to his removal to drive off the Horses and Cattle from the places which you mentioned to me as being within the enemy's reach and perhape intended for their use. He will apply to you for advice, which you can give him privately, as I imagine it would not be prudent for you, in your present situation, to appear in the matter.
You will oblige me by keeping a look out as before upon the coast and giving me information of any material movements towards or from New York. I thank you for your past accuracy of observation and am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Col Deys, July 24, 1780.
Sir: I have been for some days past under apprehensions for the safety of your regiment. It is certainly too much exposed in its present position. I therefore desire that you will remove it some distance into the Country where it may be less exposed and yet answer the purposes for which it was sent into the neighbourhood of Elizabeth Town. It appears to me that West Farms will be a good position as I observed in my letter of the 10th. When you have given the necessary orders for this purpose you will proceed to Head Quarters. But before you set off I wish you to leave such directions with your Son, as will enable him to carry on the train of intelligence you are now engaged in. I am &c.
N.B. The Flag Boats should also be well attended to, to prevt. abuses.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade; the N. B. is in that of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 24, 1780.
Sir: I am just now favd. with yours of the 22d. I had, previous to the Receipt of it, been informed by Genl. Howe that the Militia from New Hampshire and Massachusetts were beginning to come into Claverac and that there were no Magazines formed there for their subsistence. Upon this I desired him to order them down to Fishkill as fast as they arrived, but immediately to throw such a supply into Claverac as would serve them the short time they were to halt there. I do not believe that the difficulties you have met with on the score of provision have been owing to any other causes than that general derangement which had pervaded all our departments, and which will not again be put in proper train until the supplies demanded of the States come in regularly and fully. I have again repeated my request to Genl. Howe and have written to Colo. Hay the purchasing Agent for the State of New York to make every preparation in his power for the reception of the Levies at Claverac; I therefore hope that matters will in a little time be put upon a better footing. I do not know how it has happened that the State of New Hampshire made no provision for their Troops further than Worcester, as Claverac was assigned for their place of rendezvous. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 24, 1780.
Dr Sir: I received your favor of the 21st. this morning.
With respect to its contents, I have directed Major Genl. Howe to order on the Massachusetts and New Hampshire Militia as they shall arrive, to Fish kill, or the most eligible place in its vicinity on either side the river. I have also directed as Claverack is considered as a place of rendezvous, to have a small deposit of provisions at this post for temporary purposes. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, July 24, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Since writing you of this date, mentioning the necessity of a deposit of provision at Claverac, for temporary purposes, I have received information through General Fellows, that the militia are put to the utmost inconvenience and distress, by not finding a supply at this place of general rendezvous. I have therefore to request your instant and most effectual exertions, for procuring a supply, and in depositing it there. On many accounts it requires immediate attention. I have written Gen: Howe on this subject. If you find, that the militia which are at Claverac and expected could have a conveyance down by water, you will be pleased to take the necessary steps to this end. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Quarters, Bergen County, July 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: I yesterday recd your favr. of the 22d. with letters from the Culpers inclosed. I return you Copy of that from Culper Junr. by which it appears that he does not incline to continue the correspondence. The old Gentleman may perhaps have it in his power now and then to give intelligence which may be material. You will therefore be pleased to desire him to communicate any matters which appear important, such as the sailing of troops, arrivals of reinforcements either of ships or Men, or any considerable change of the disposition of the enemy's force. I am &c.
P.S. I shall by the first opportunity send you some Money.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 24, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 22d Instant inclosing a Copy of one from Mr Loring the British Commissary of prisoners of the 19th. I find by his Letter that the Enemy intend now or at least wish to effect it if they can, to connect the exchange of our Officers and privates, prisoners at New York and Long Island, and to make the release of the former depend on that of the latter. This is evidently the Object at which they now aim. It is inadmissible, and what I will not accede to. Exchanges, from the first that took place between us to the present time, have been conducted on a very different principle, and it was never attempted in any case before to combine the release of Officers and Men together, except in the instance of the Convention Troops; and the propositions contained in Mr Loring's Letter of the 21st. of June whatever communications he may have thought proper to give since are separate and distinct with respect to the business, and do not in the most distant manner hint at any relation between them. You are therefore to govern yourself intirely by his proposition of the 21st of June and by my Letter of the 12th Instant, with respect to the Officers.
As to the privates, prisoners in New York, about whose exchange the Enemy appear solicitous at present, it might be remarked that humanity required it much more strongly when it was proposed and urged on our part on the 3d of Feby, and that they thought proper then to decline it and not to give any answer upon the subject till the 6th of May. But waiving all consideration of the motives which induced them then to decline what they now would accede to. You may ascertain with Mr. Loring and obtain Lists from him, of such as are really prisoners whom we shall deem as such and fit subjects of Exchange. This will be a good and necessary preliminary step, and such as will facilitate their relief.
In consequence of directions I have just received for the purpose, You will propose to Mr Loring to exchange any Brigadier Genl belonging to them in our hands for Brigadier Genl du Portail, who was taken at Charles Town, and, if the proposition is agreed to, You will take immediate Measures for releasing the Officer given on our part, and will obtain an order for the liberation of Genl Portail and for his safe conduct to Philadelphia, or some part of Jersey, if Sir Henry Clinton will indulge him with a passage by Water, or if not, 'till he arrives at such place in North Carolina as he may mention.
As Lt Genl Burgoyne is not with the Convention Troops, and the Enemy have no Officer of ours of his rank to exchange for him; and as they have several of our Colonels prisoners to them, who can never be exchanged on the principle of equal rank; I wish You to propose for the mutual relief of the parties, his exchange for Our Colonels, as far as it may extend, according to the tariff or grades which were discussed and thought reasonable by our respective Commissioners when at Amboy last; beginning first with the Officers of this rank prisoners in this quarter, reserving One to be exchanged for Colonel Cockler23 and extending it to the relief of those in the Continental line prisoners at the Southward, as far as it will reach according to the seniority of their capture and where this is equal the dates of Commission must govern.
[Note 23: Col. Johann Wilhelm Kochler (Cockler), of the Regiment Trumbach, German allied troops.]
There were Two Officers of the name of Robinson, Sons of Colonel Robinson,24 taken at Stony Point. You will permit them to go to New York on parole, and remain till called for or exchanged. I am etc.25
[Note 24: Col. Beverley Robinson's sons, Capt. Morris Robinson, of the Queen's Rangers, Loyalist Provincial Troops, and Ensign Frederick Philipse Robinson, of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 25, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 23d. Inst. by which it appears as if the British Fleet were plying off and on. The dispatches which were lodged in Monmouth for Count Rochambeau and Monsieur Ternay are no longer of use there. You will therefore be pleased to take them up from Genl. Forman, if they are in his hands, and either send them to me by an Officer, if one is coming this way, or keep them with you, till you meet with me again. I am etc.
P.S. Upon recollection the dispatches contain some Maps which are wanted. You will therefore send them by an Officer, if no opportunity, on which you can perfectly depend, offers.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Tuesday, July 25, 1780.
Parole Dartmouth. Countersigns Drum, Dee.
Watchword Remember.
AFTER ORDERS
Major Thomas L. Moore is appointed a Member of the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Butler is President vice Major Edwards going on Command.
Head Quarters, July 25, 1780.
Sir: Application has been made to me on the part of Capt Perkins28 of the first Connecticut Regt. for a discharge from the service. It must occur to the reflection of every person acquainted with military service, that the present time is
[Note 28: Capt. Ebenezer Perkins, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He resigned in July, 1780.] exceedingly improper for such applications. Besides I am informed that Capt. Perkins has already left the Continent, or is about it, having obtained a Vessel for the purpose. This appears to be a very extraordinary step, previous to obtaining leave for resignation. For these reasons I cannot think of granting his request, unless you should conceive there is great occasion for it. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Wednesday, July 26, 1780.
Parole Parma. Countersigns F., B.
Watchword Circumspect.
Instead of the light Infantry directed by the order of the 16th. instant, the 1st. and 3d. Pennsylvania regiments will furnish a company of rifle men each of forty two rank and file. If these regiments have not the number of riflemen requisite the deficiency is to be drawn from the other regiments of that line and the aforemention'd regiments will furnish an equal number of men to the others in Exchange. Major Parr will take command of these two Companies and will take immediate measures for preparing Arms and Accoutrements.
Robert Thomas Johnson Richards was tried at a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Richard Butler is President, for "Being a Spy." The Court are of opinion the Charge is not supported and do acquit him. He is to be released from Confinement.
At the same Court, Wait Warden and Ebenezer Hill of the 1st. Connecticut regiment were tried for stealing a barrel of flour from Commissary Gamble: found Guilty of a breach of Article 5 Section 18 of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each on their bare backs.
Lieutenant Bonham30 of the 1st. Jersey regiment was tried at the same Court on the following Charge vizt. "That from inattention or other misconduct he suffer'd John Quail and Daniel Diamond, two prisoners, to escape, the latter a prisoner of War."
[Note 30: Lieut. Absalom Bonham. He had been transferred to the Second New Jersey Regiment and served to April, 1783.]
The Court do acquit Lieutenant Bonham of inattention and misconduct with respect to the escape of the prisoners mention'd in the Charge against him.
The Commander in Chief approves the acquittal Lieutenant Bonham is releas'd from Arrest.
The sentences against Warden and Hill are confirm'd and order'd to be put in execution tomorrow morning at Guard mounting on the Grand Parade.
Head Qrs., Prekeness, July 26, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 19th. accompanying 12 pr. thread hose came Safe to hand; the latter I fear are too small, but they must do.
I thank you for the trouble you have had about the Chariot. The Sum for which the old one sold and wch. you say lyes in your hands you will be so good as to pay to Mrs. Washington's order; first deducting the price of the Merseilles quilting, and the repairs to my Watch (by the inclosed ticket) which is every thing I recollect of a private nature and that ought not to go to public Acct. My Compliments attend Mrs. Mitchell and I am etc.
Head Quarters, July 26, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 15th.
The particular and spirited exertions of the State of New Hampshire to fulfil the objects which we have in view cannot but meet the warmest applause of every lover of their Country. It has mine in a very high degree, but not more than it has deserved.
I could wish the loan of powder to be forwarded, as soon as practicable, to Springfield, and lodged there in the public magazines. With regard to the supplies of Cattle, the bearer of this, carries full instructions from the commissary of purchases for their disposal. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N. H. H. S.]
[Note 32: Intendant, French Army in America.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 26, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored by the receipt of your favr. of the 15th. I should be happy that the little assistance which I was able to give Monsieur De Corny might have contributed in any degree to the completion of the arrangements committed to his care.
Your assurances of making all your future dispositions accord as far as possible with those of the American Army, merit my acknowledgments, and will be undoubtedly attended with very salutary consequences. You may depend that I shall with pleasure do every thing in my power to assist your operations to contribute to the accommodation of the troops of his most Christian Majesty and to testify with how much consideration I have the honor etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 26, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 10th inclosing Copies of the several laws passed by the Legislature of your State, for procuring the supplies of Men, provisions and Carriages required by the Honble. the Committee of Cooperation in conjunction with me. The readiness with which those laws were passed, and the pointed attention which your Excellency seems determined to pay to the due execution of them are happy presages that they will be speedily and fully carried into effect. I have the honor etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters, July 26, 1780.
Sir: I have been duly honoured with Your Excellency's Letter of the 19th Instant, and am pleased to find that the proposition I had the honor of communicating to General Knyphausen, and afterwards to Your Excellency on the 5th of this Month, for mutually appointing agents for prisoners, has met your approbation. I should have been happy if you had delineated in your Letter, your ideas of the powers and restrictions under which they are to act, but not having done it, I beg leave to offer the inclosed propositions on this head for your consideration and to request your Answer to them, as soon as it may be convenient, with any additional ones Your Excellency may think proper to subjoin.
It will be perfectly agreable for the Agent to be appointed on your part to reside at Lancaster, as Your Excellency has proposed, which will also be made the place of confinement for the privates, prisoners of War, in our hands, as far as circumstances will reasonably permit. I have the Honor etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 26, 1780.
Sir: Your Excellency's despatches on the subject of the Troops of Convention, have been received. I am exceedingly obliged by the favourable sentiments You are pleased to entertain of my disposition towards prisoners, and I beg leave to assure you, Sir, that I am sensible of the treatment, which those under your direction have generally experienced. There is nothing more contrary to my wishes, than that Men in captivity should suffer the least unnecessary severity or want; and I shall take immediate occasion to transmit a Copy of the Report You inclosed (the truth of which I can neither deny or admit) to the Commandant at Charlotte-ville, with orders to inquire into the facts, and to redress, wherever there may be grievances. At the same time that I will not pretend to controvert the justice of the matters complained of by Mr. Hoaksly,37 (the Report transmitted being the first and only communication I have had with respect to them) I cannot but think the terms of Genl. Phillips's Letter to Your Excellency, rather exceptionable, and that this Gentleman's own experience and good understanding should have led to a more favourable and just interpretation than the one he has been pleased to make upon the occasion. I have the honor etc.38
[Note 37: The complaint of Robert Hoakesley (Hoakesly, Hoaksley), wagonmaster general, Convention troops, under date of July 12, 1780, is in the Washington Papers. His complaint was that the prisoners were not properly supplied with provisions. General Phillip's letter of July 12 to Sir Henry Clinton, a copy of which is in the Washington Papers, stated that: "Such Severities and hardships upon the Troops of Convention will force them to disperse and desert, and in doing so quit the abiding by the Treaty of Saratoga, which the Americans perhaps wish to have dissolved. By thus starving as it were the Troops of Convention they, by that means, are driven to seek refuge in the Country or by deserting, to become prisoners of war under the supposition that, in detached and scattered parties, they may be able to procure provisions, which seem to be denied them in a collected Body." Clinton, in forwarding this to Washington, July 19, added'. "You cannot but be informed, Sir, that our conduct towards your Prisoners here is humane and liberal, and I am persuaded your wish must be to maintain this System of Benevolence towards Men who have the misfortune of enduring Captivity." Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, July 26, 1780.
Sir: I have just received the inclosed plan for conducting the Quarter Master General's department of the 15th. instant, which I transmit for your government.39 With the greatest esteem etc.40
[Note 39: See Journals of the Continental Congress (July 15) for the above plan. Greene, on receipt of this plan, resigned as Quartermaster General the same day (July 26).
A copy of his resignation to the President of Congress is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 26, 1780.
Dr Sir: I transmit You the inclosed Letter from Sir Henry Clinton in answer to Yours of the 5th. Instant. I am exceedingly sorry to find that he seems to involve your Exchange with that of the Southern Army and to make it depend upon it. At this time, for the reasons I mentioned to You, and Others which will readily occur, an Exchange of privates could not possibly be gone into with the least degree of policy; and under any circumstances of an extensive exchange, the release of the Officers on Long Island, who have been so long in captivity must be first attended to. If you think a personal interview between You and Major General Phillips may conduce in the smallest degree to your own liberation, I shall be happy to promote it, as far as it can depend on me. Wishing You health and happiness I am etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, July 26, 1780.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your Letter of the 21st. Inst.
The non arrival of the Arms expected with the french fleet, will occasion a considerable deficiency in that article, and render a supply from the States necessary. I have already made application to Governor Trumbull for two thousand Stand from the State of Connecticut.
It is much to be regretted that the preparations of every kind are so backward, and that the exertions of the States have not been attended with greater effect. Should the States furnish their quota of men and supplies agreeable to the requisition, New York would undoubtedly be the object. And in the mean time, our measures for forwarding the preparations ought not to be suffered to relax.
I think it may be adviseable for the Gentlemen you mention, to form Volunteer Companies, on the conditions, proposed; to be called into service, in case an offensive operations should take place against New York. And I doubt not you will use your utmost efforts to have the Levies for the Continental Battalion brought forward without delay. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 26, 1780.
Sir: Having recd. information that there were considerable numbers of Cattle and Horses on Bergen Neck, within reach of the enemy, and having reason to suspect that they meant shortly to draw all supplies of that kind within their lines, I detached Brigadier Genl. Wayne on the 20th: with the 1st. and 2d. Penna. Brigades with four pieces of Artillery attached to them, and Colo. Moylans Regt. of Dragoons to bring them off. I had it also in contemplation, to attempt, at the same time, the destruction of a Block House erected at Bulls ferry,43 which served the purposes of covering the enemy's wood Cutters and giving security to a Body of Refugees by whom it was
[Note 43: Bull's Ferry was on the Hudson about 4 miles north of Hoboken, N.J.] garrisoned, and who committed depredations upon the well affected inhabitants for many miles round.
General Wayne having disposed of his troops in such a manner as to guard the different landing places on the Bergen shore, upon which the enemy might throw over troops from York Island to intercept his retreat, and having sent down the Cavalry to execute the business of driving off the stock, he proceeded with the 1st. 2d. and 10th. Regiments and the Artillery to the Block House, which he found surrounded by an Abbattis and Stockdale.44 He for some time tried the effect of his Field pieces upon it, but tho' the fire was kept up for an hour, they were found too light to penetrate the logs of which it was constructed. The troops during this time, being galled by a constant fire from the loop Holes of the house, and seeing no chance of making a breach with Cannon, those of the 1st. and 2d. Regiments, notwithstanding the utmost efforts of the Officers to restrain them, rushed through the Abattis to the foot of the Stockade, with a view of forcing an entrance, which was found impracticable. This act of intemperate Valor was the cause of the loss we sustained, and which amounted in the whole to three Officers wounded; 15 non Commd. and privates killed and 46 non Commd. and privates wounded. The wounded Officers are Lieutenants Hammond45 and Crawford46 of the 1st: and Lieut: D'Haart47 of the 2d the last since dead. I cannot but mention his death with regret, as he was a young Gentleman of amiable qualities and who promised fair to be serviceable to his Country.
[Note 44: On the night of July 21.]
[Note 45: Lieut. David Hammond, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 46: Lieut. Edward Crawford, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 47: Lieut. Jacob De Hart, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been aide to Baron De Kalb, and died July 25 of the wounds received at Bull's Ferry on July 21.]
The Dragoons in the mean time drove off the Stock which were found on the Neck. The Sloops and wood Boats in the dock near the Block House were burnt and the few people on board them made prisoners.
I have been thus particular, lest the account of this affair should have reached Philad. much exaggerated, as is commonly the case upon such occasions. I have the honor &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on July 31 and referred to the Committee of Intelligence.]
Head Quarters, July 26, 1780.
Madam: I have received your favour by Captn. Pry.49 I communicated its contents to His Excellency and am directed to transmit you the inclosed certificate. I have the honour &c.50
[Note 49: Capt. Thomas(?) Pry, of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade, A.D. C."]
I certify that the Commander in Chief took up his quarters at Mrs. Fords at Morris Town the first day of December 1779, that he left them the 23d of June 1780, and that he occupied two Rooms below; all the upper floor, Kitchen, Cellar and Stable. The Stable was built and the two Rooms above Stairs finished at the public expence, and a well, which was intirely useless and filled up before, put in thorough repair by walling &c. Head Qrs. near Passaick July 26th. 1780.51
[Note 51: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, and the certificate was signed by R. K. Meade, A.D. C.]
Hd. Qrs. Prekeness, July 27, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have no scruple of announcing to you, that New York is the object of my preparations; and, if the respective States do comply with the requisitions made on them there is a well grounded hope of putting a speedy and happy termination to the War.
Taking it for granted that the Militia of your State who [were] requested to rendezvous at [Trenton] by the 25th Instt. [are] there by this time I have to request the favor of you to order them to join the Army (under my immediate command) as soon as possible, [Supposing they should not all have assembled.] Those which shall cross the Delaware at or below Trenton; may proceed by the Route of Princeton, Brunswick, Springfield, and Acquinack. those at and above Coryells ferry, may come by the way of Morristown &ca. to this place or wherever the Army may be at the time; to know whch. the Officer Commandg. would do well to send on in time. [I am &c]52
[Note 52: The words in brackets are in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Thursday, July 27, 1780.
Parole Maryland. Countersigns Naples, Now.
W:Word Prepare.
The Army will hold itself in readiness to march at the shortest notice.
The Two rifle companies directed to be formed in the order of yesterday will for the present only consist of twenty rank and file pr Company, they are to be completed to forty two from the Levies who are fit for this Service, as fast as they arrive.
At a General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is President the 14th. Instant, Captain John Reily53 was tried on the following Charges:
[Note 53: Capt. John Reily (Reiley), of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Bonhampton, N.J., in April, 1777; transferred to the Invalid Regiment in August, 1780; served to June, 1783.]
"1st. Disobedience of orders, also unofficerlike and ungentlemanlike behavior, by first informing his commanding officer that he was fit for duty and not returning to it for upwards of nine months after said declaration.
2d. For instead of joining his regiment and doing duty in the same, he applied himself to making money by following his former profession to the prejudice of the regiment he belonged to in particular and to the United States in General.
3d. For claiming rank in the 3d Pennsylvania regiment upwards of nine Months after he informed the commanding officer he would not again join it."
The Court are of opinion with respect to the charge of disobedience of orders exhibited against Captain Reilly that although he did not return to Camp agreeable to the order of Colonel Craige, his situation with respect to health excuses him for a breach of it, and they do therefore, acquit him of that Charge. With respect to the first instance of unofficerlike and ungentlemanlike behavior, on the second Charge against Captain Reilly it appears to the Court that Captain Reilley did inform his Commanding officer that he was fit for duty, when at the same time it appears by his Allegations he did not consider himself in that situation which Conduct they consider unofficerlike and ungentlemanlike and a breach of that part of Article 5th., Section 18th. of the Articles of War which respects disorderly conduct; It also appears that Captain Reilley did not return to his duty for upwards of nine Months after he declared to his Commanding Officer he was fit for duty, but the situation of Captain Reilleys health in their opinion excuses him for not returning to it and they do therefore acquit him of this part of the Charge. With respect to the 2nd. instance under the 2nd. Charge, it does not appear to the Court that while Captain Reilley was absent from his regiment he applied himself to making Money as charged; they do therefore acquit him of unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in this instance.
With respect to the third instance under the second Charge it does not appear to the Court that Captain Reilley's conduct was unofficerlike or ungentlemanlike. The Court do sentence Captain Reilley to be reprimanded in the orders of the Brigade to which he belongs.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence of the Court and orders it to be carried into Execution.
The officers for the Companies of riflemen are to be such as are acquainted with the nature of that service.
A Captain, sub and three serjeants are to be appointed to each Company of riflemen from the regiments from which the men are drafted.
Captain Simpson54 is to be relieved immediately by a Captain from the second Pennsylvania Brigade.
[Note 54: Capt. Michael Simpson, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
AFTER ORDERS
Two subs Two serjeants, two Corporals and twenty five privates to parade tomorrow morning at Guard mounting on the Grand Parade with their Arms, Packs and two days provisions.
Head Quarters, July 27, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose Your Excellency a letter which has just come to hand from the Count De Rochambeau of the 22d. instant. It is certainly of great importance that the precaution he mentions should be taken without loss of time. I should think the Delaware the best place for the reception of the 2d division, though there ought to be cruisers off both capes. It is necessary a plan should be previously fixed for the junction of the fleets after the debarkation. I shall immediately write the Count for this purpose.
We have repeated accounts from New-York that General Clinton is making a large detachment for a combined attack upon the French fleet and army. This will be a hazardous attempt, and therefore, though I do not regard it as impossible, I do not give it entire faith. The Count De Rochambeau has been some time since apprized of these demonstrations, and seems to have been preparing for what might happen. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of James McHenry. From a photostat of the original m the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have the honor of Your Excellency's favors of the 18th and 19th instants. Colo Wadsworth has forwarded the Map of New London which you were so kind as to furnish. It answers the purpose for which I principally wanted it, which was to shew the draft of Water leading into the Harbour. I very much fear that we shall be obliged to transport our Cloathing from France the whole way from Rhode Island by land, as it is much wanted, and as there will be no prospect of doing it by Water while the British Fleet maintains a superiority off the Harbour of New Port. I have written to Mr. Olney to this effect, and must request Your Excellency's aid and assistance to him in transporting it through your State, should he find himself under the necessity of asking it. You may be assured that the Troops of Connecticut shall have their full proportion of the Cloathing imported on Continental account.
Should the Navigation be secure I make not the least doubt but the Count De Rochambeau will prefer a Water transportation for a certain distance to a march by land. But should circumstances or his own inclinations make the latter necessary, I should hope that every exertion would be made to accommodate him in every respect.
It would certainly be a very desirable thing to remove the cattle from the East end of Long Island, but in the present situation of matters it cannot be attempted. I have the honor etc.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 27, 1780.
Sir: I imagine before this reaches your Excellency, the Militia of the State of Delaware, required by the Committee of Cooperation, will have assembled at Wilmington, the place of rendezvous. You will be pleased to give orders to the Officer commanding them, to march and join the Army under my command wherever it may be. I am &c.
Head Quarters, July 27, 1780.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your letter of the 22d. instant, which I immediately transmitted to His Excellency The Chevalier De la Luzerne. I am happy to learn the safe arrival of the missing transport at Boston. The precaution you recommend for giving notice to the 2d. division is very necessary and important. It is probable the Delaware will be thought the best reception for the troops; but I have taken the liberty to recommend that cruisers may be off both bays. It appears to me essential that a plan should be preconcerted for the junction of the two fleets. If the troops are debarked in Delaware they can easily march to the point we wish and the transports will be in safety there. The squadron may afterwards proceed where it shall be judged eligible. Will it not be adviseable that The Chevalier De Ternay should meet it as soon as possible with his directions for this purpose?
The advices from New York, of a combined attack upon your fleet and army continue. If it be really intended it is extraordinary that there should have been so much delay. The attempt will be a hazardous one; and therefore, though I do not think the appearances ought to be disregarded, as the object is great, yet I do not give intire credit to them. The plan reported is to embark the troops in the sound, and proceed that way to Rhode Island; while Admiral Greaves blocks up the Chevalier De Ternay. I have put the Army under marching orders and shall make such movements as may tend to disconcert the enemy while at the same time, they conduce to our ultimate object. With all the sentiments etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 27, 1780, 10 O'Clock, P.M.
Sir: I had the honor of addressing Your Excellency this morning. I have just received advice from New York confirming our accounts hitherto of an embarkation to proceed up the Sound to Rhode Island. It is said to consist of the principal part of the enemys army commanded by General Clinton in person and was to have sailed this morning from White Stone a few Miles on the East side of Hell-gate. Thirty Six pieces of heavy cannon of different calibers with two mortars provided with shells and carcases, are also said to have been embarked.
The army is already under marching orders and will without delay be put in motion towards New York to endeavour to take advantage of General Clintons absence or at least to embarrass and precipitate his movements. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, July 27, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have successfully received your several favors of the 12th 16th and two of the 21st. What you have done with respect to the deserters from Col. Green's Regt. is conformable to my views. A pardon may be extended to all other deserters in your quarter, and to give it the more efficacy, I shall as soon as I have time, send you a proclamation to this purpose.
I have taken measures, as to the cruisers from Delaware, for advertising the 2d division of the present position of the enemy's fleet, and their seeming intentions. Under the appearances of the enemy, it was very proper to stop the march of Col. Green's Regiment. I am &c.59
[Note 59: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[MS. H. S.]
[Hd. Qrs., Prekeniss, July 27, 1780.]
I have received your letter of the 22d. from Hartford. I perceive my Dear Marquis, you are determined, at all events to take New York, and that obstacles only increase your zeal. I am sorry our prospects instead of brightening grow duller. I have already written to you on the subject of arms. There is no probability of our getting the number we want from the states, so that without the timely arrival of those we expect, or the assistance of our allies, this alone will prove an insuperable obstacle. Our levies come in even slower than I expected; though we have still abundance of fair promises, and some earnest of performance from the Eastern states. Pensylvania has given us not quite four hundred, and seems to think she has done admirably. Jersey has given fifty or sixty; but I do not despair of Jersey.
Mr. Clinton still continues to threaten your country men with a combined attack. You will judge as well as me of the probability of his being sincere; but I have put the troops here under marching orders, and have ordered those at West Point to Kings ferry.
If Clinton moves in force to Rhode Island we may possibly be able to take advantage of it, or we may embarrass him a little and precipitate his movements. In this case there are only two things that would hinder us from taking New York before you return; the want of men and arms to do it with.
If this letter should not meet you on your way back, a visit from you to the Council of Massachusetts may have a good effect. Urge the absolute necessity of giving us their full complement of men, and of doing every thing else that has been asked of them. Dwell upon the articles of arms and ammunition. With the truest Affection etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, July 27, 1780.
Sir: I am to request that you will be pleased, on receipt of this, to put the troops under your Command in motion as soon as may be; except the New Hampshire Brigade and such of the Militia as you may judge necessary for the Garrison of West Point and its dependencies.
You will direct the NYork, Connecticut and Massachusetts Lines, and the remainder of the Militia, to march successively in the order here mentioned, to some good position in the vicinity of Kings Ferry, on the East side of the river, and advise me of the time, when you may be expected there with the troops. It should be recommended in the most forcible and pointed manner to the Officers; to divest themselves of as much Baggage as possible; to be deposited at West Point, Fish Kill, or such place of safety as they may think proper.
The Quarter Master should also be directed to have all the Boats compleatly in repair, and ready for service on the shortest notice.
I am further to entreat that you will give Majr. Tallmadge instruction, to keep a vigilent lookout on the Sound, and give the earliest intelligence of any movement which may be made by the Enemys shipping in that quarter. I am &c.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: Inclosed is a Copy of a relation given by a Mr. Hoaksley Waggon Master Genl. to the troops of Convention to Major Genl. Phillips, respecting the treatment of those troops on the score of provision. The original of this paper62 has been transmitted to me by Sir Henry Clinton with a request that I would make enquiry into the matter. I am the more anxious to be fully informed upon this subject, as Major General Phillips has been pleased in his representation to Sir
[Note 62: In the Washington Papers under date of July 12, 1780.] Henry Clinton to take the whole for granted and to make some very illiberal and unjustifiable remarks upon it. For my own part I am persuaded that you have paid every attention to the wants of the prisoners, and that if there has been at times a scarcity of provision, it has been owing to unavoidable accidents. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 27, 1780.
Sir: Colo Dey and many of the good Whigs of Bergen have applied to his Excy. to have their friends exchanged, who have been taken lately on the lines and in the course of the Winter and Spring, near Hackensack, for some Soldiers and Sailors, who were captured as they alledge, on different occasions by the Militia in the course of the Winter and Spring and who were put into our hands. The Genl has not the least objection to the measure and if you have any Soldiers or Sailors in your list under this description, you will make the exchanges. Perhaps when you return here, you will be able to obtain from Colo Dey the names of the persons whose release is requested. I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade and is signed by Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 27, 1780.
Sir: By advices received last night from the Count de Rochambeau, I am informed that the British Fleet were off Block Island on the 22d instant. I have at his request transmitted this intelligence to the Minister of France. I have also received intelligence from New York that a number of troops were embarked on board Transports in the Sound. It is given out that Sir Henry Clinton is determined upon making an attempt upon the French Troops on Rhode Island. I shall in consequence of these advices put the Army here and at the Highlands in readiness to act as circumstances may require. I have the honor etc.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Pracaness, Friday, July 28, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns L., P.
Watchword Attention.
The Army, except the Jersey Brigade, will march tomorrow morning by the Left in the following order Vizt. Stirling's Division: Park of Artillery: Flying Hospital: Baggage of General Staff: Pennsylvania Division: Baggage of the Army in the order of the Brigades: Quarter Master General's Stores: Commissary Generals Stores: Cavalry which will detach patroles on the parallel roads of the right Flank.
The General will beat at two o Clock: the Assemblé at half past two and the march will commence precisely at three. Guards as usual. The Quarter Master General will furnish the route. The General expects the strictest regularity will be maintain'd in the March.
Maxwell's Brigade will remain on its present ground 'till further orders: the 3d. Jersey regiment will immediately join it.
AFTER ORDERS
The Quarter Master General is providing the Complement of Waggons to Transport the Tents and baggage of the Troops, but should there be a deficiency, it is not to prevent the march of the troops; small Guards are to be left with what cannot be carried away to follow as soon as possible.
Lieutenant Colonel Mentges will command the rear and Lieutenant Colonel Stewart the Advance Guard tomorrow.
Lieutenant Colonel Harmar will take the Command of the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment with the rank he now holds for the present.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd yours of the 26th: The Army will move from this Ground tomorrow Morning by the Paramus Route, you will therefore direct your dispatches in future to take that Road.
Our present stock of Musket Cartridges being very insufficient for the probable demand, you will be pleased to order seventy or eighty Infantry and about twenty Artillery Men to take Colonel Lambs directions for carrying on that Business. They must be men who have been used to it, and are to continue until the stock of materials on hand is worked up. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 28, 1780.
Sir: I have received Colo Lamb's letter addressed to You, by which he desires You "to ask me, if ever Colo Bigelow solicited me to order a Court of Enquiry into his conduct at the attack on Quebec, on the 31st Decr 1775." In Answer to this question I can only say that I recollect something passed, between Colo Bigelow and Myself a long time ago I believe soon after he returned from Canada on the subject of a report that was or had been in circulation respecting his conduct at the Attack on Quebec, which was rather injurious to his character as an Officer; but what it was I cannot now determine with precision. However I am rather inclined to believe that I mentioned the report to Colo Bigelow and intimated that it might be necessary for him to clear it up, and that he said the affair was totally false and without foundation. Here I think it ended. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 19th: and am pleased to hear that the Recruits from the State of Massachusetts are in general so good. You certainly took the proper steps with those few deemed unfit for service. Inclosed is a letter for General Starke who I suppose will have arrived at Springfield before this reaches you, but should he not, and the troops from New Hampshire be still there waiting for him, you will be pleased to order them as expeditiously as possible to Claverac. I cannot conceive the meaning of his ordering them to halt at Springfield. I am in hopes from the accounts I have received that the greater part of the Massachusetts Levies will be got out without much difficulty, but should you find them begin to grow tardy in coming to the place of rendezvous, you will be pleased to take the most effectual measures for having those districts which are deficient called upon for their quotas. I am etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I last night recd. your favr. of the 13th: from Exeter and am pleased to hear that you found matters in so good train in New Hampshire. Their ready and full compliance with the requisitions of Congress does them the highest honor. You will be pleased to order the Recruits and the Militia by the Route to Claverac, not only because it is the shortest to the North River (down which the troops and Baggage pass without the least difficulty) but because provision is made there for their accommodation. I have written to Genl. Glover, who is at Springfield, to send forward the Men from New Hampshire as fast as they arrive there, as I imagine it must be difficult to subsist them in Bread, and as their services are now become requisite. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, July 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: There is a necessity for moving the Army from this Ground tomorrow Morning, and as we have not a sufficiency of Waggons for the purpose, you will be pleased to divide the whole of your Horse into small parties and send them for five or six Miles each way to make an impress. Sixty Waggons at least will be wanted, which are to be sent as they are collected to the Grand parade. They must if possible be there some time in this Night as the troops are to march at three in the Morning. The people may be informed that they will be discharged in three days and perhaps sooner. Our move is of the utmost importance and you will for that reason direct the parties to be active in the execution of their business. The people should bring forage with their waggons if possible. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, Saturday, July 29, 1780.
Parole Barrington. Countersigns Bern, Brest.
W: Word Look-out.
The Guards to parade in the road opposite the Park of Artillery at 4 o clock this Afternoon.
The Tents to be pitched as soon as the Baggage comes to the ground: and the Troops to be held in perfect readiness to march at the shortest notice.
AFTER ORDERS 6 O'CLOCK
The Picquets and Guards to parade tomorrow morning at the usual hour.
AFTER ORDERS HALFPAST EIGHT O'CLOCK,
The General to beat at Two o'clock tomorrow morning. Half past two the Assembly and the Army to move at three agreeable to the order of march of yesterday. The Quarter Master General will give the route.
The General was chagrined to day to observe irregularities which at this period of the Service are inexcuseable. He hopes for the greatest Attention to punctuality and discipline in future The Advance Guard which will be composed of the new camp Guards will parade on the Left of Stark's brigade to be commanded by Major Torrey. The rear Guard which will be composed of the old Camp Guards to parade by the Church and be commanded by Lieutenant Colo. Stewart. A Subaltern and Twenty men from Stirling's division to be detached as a baggage Guard and a Sub and twenty Eight from St. Clair's for the same purpose.
General Howes Quarters, Robinson's, July 30, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Instantly on receipt of this, you will proceed with the Militia under your command to West Point, leaving eighty or an hundred men to relieve the Continental troops on guard over the stores &c. at Fish Kill which are to be sent off with all dispatch to join their respective corps. It is of the greatest importance you should not lose a moment in the execution of this order as it will retard movements of the most pressing nature. I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On July 29, when Washington left the Preakness headquarters, Meade's expense account (June 15, 1780, Washington Papers), has an item of 5 dollars given to Col. Dey's servants.
Aug. 5, 1780: "Articles had at Colo Dey's Viz 89 lb of veal @ 26/3 £116.. 16.. 3. 10 lb ½ butter @ 75/ £39.. 7.. 6. 8 Chickens @ 37/6 £15. £171: 3: 9."-- Headquarters Expense Account Book. This book is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Kakeate, Sunday, July 30, 1780.
Parole Rhode Island. Countersigns X., M.
Watchword Hopewell.
A Sub, Serjeant, Corporal and twentyfour privates from the Pennsylvania division to relieve the Provost Guard at the old meeting house at two o'clock this afternoon: to furnish a serjeant, corporal and twelve for the Quarter Master General, and a Corporal and three for the Commissary General of Forage.
A Corporal and Six men from General Hand's Brigade to mount at the Adjutant General's immediately.
Each Division to furnish Guards for its own security.
AFTER ORDERS
The General to beat at one; the Assemblé at half past one. The Troops will march and Park move at two o clock by the Left. The Baggage to follow in the rear of the whole. Each Division will furnish its own Advanced, Rear and Baggage Guards.
General Howes Quarters, Robinsons,72 July 30, 1780.
[Note 72: Beverley Robinson's house.]
Dear Sir: If our circumstances on a close examination will permit, we have in contemplation a very important enterprise in which Your Excellency's advice and assistance will be of the greatest utility to us. I am therefore to entreat if possible an immediate interview at this place or Ver Planks point. Should we pursue our object, it must be done with the greatest rapidity, and this makes it necessary I should have the pleasure of seeing you without delay. I have the honor etc.
P.S. It is probable we shall stand in need of a considerable aid of waggons.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, July 30, 1780.
Sir: The Honorable The Committee address Congress by this opportunity to inform them of the most disagreeable crisis to which our affairs are brought in the Quarter Master Generals department. I think it my duty to assure Congress, that I intirely agree with the Committee in opinion; and that unless effectual measures are immediately taken to induce General Greene and the other principal officers of the department to continue their services, there must of necessity be a total stagnation of military business.74 We not only must cease the preparations for the campaign; but shall in all probability be obliged to disperse, if not disband the army for want of subsistence.
[Note 74: On July 30 the Committee of Cooperation at headquarters wrote to Congress: "We are arrived at a dreadful period...and therfore use the freedom of recommending a suspension of the New system for the quarter masters department, as pressing exigencies have arisen which render it necessary for the present; and to empower the Commander in Chief to arrange the department in such a manner, as to adapt it to the present circumstances of our affairs." The committee's letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 11, fols. 42--3.]
With every effort, it will be possible for us to make, embarrassed as we are on every side, it will be extremely difficult, if not impracticable to keep the great departments of the army in motion; any interruption therefore in addition to what arises from the present posture of affairs must prove ruinous at this important juncture. I have the honor etc.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter was read in Congress on August 1 and referred to John Henry, Thomas McKean, Artemas Ward, Joseph Jones, and Jared Ingersoll.]
Robinsons, Highlands, July 30, 1780.
Sir: You are hereby empowered to impress in the states of Pensylvania and New Jersey, such a number of teams as the exigency of the service requires, for the purpose of transporting Provisions and military stores from Easton Sussex &c. for which this shall be your warrant.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Highlands, State of New York, July 31, 1780.
Sir: Your letter of the 25th. Instant reached me yesterday. Sir Henry Clinton has sailed as mentioned in my last with the principal part of his force to attack you; estimated at about eight thousand men; it cannot be more, nor do I suppose he would hazard the enterprise with a much less number. I am glad the inactivity of the enemy has given you time to prepare; and relying on your abilities, and the excellence of your troops, I hope you will send them back with disgrace.77
[Note 77: Heath's letters to Washington (July 21 and July 26) generally describe the measures taken to withstand the expected British attack.]
Had I any prospect of arriving in time I would march to your support; but as I think there is no probability of this, the only way I can be useful to you is to menace New York, and even to attack it, if the force remaining there does not exceed what I have reason to believe. I am pressing my movements for this purpose with all the rapidity in our power. I have the honor etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's House, July 31, 1780.
Sir: In the present situation of affairs it is indispensably necessary that we should have the most instantaneous advices of the movements of the enemy at Rhode Island. For this purpose I have posted relays of Dragoons at every 15 Miles between New London and the Head Quarters of the Army. This taking as many as we can conveniently spare, I shall be exceedingly obliged to you to hire as many trusty Men with their horses as will continue the Chain from New London to Tower Hill posting three at every 15 Miles, with orders to ride by night or by day whenever dispatches arrive at their Quarters. I will be answerable for their pay while in service which will be as long as the British Fleet and Army continue at or off Rhode Island. Should you not be able to accomplish this Business, you will inform the Officer the Bearer of this, who must in that case carry the Dragoons the whole way through however inconvenient it may be. I shall also be obliged to you to have a constant lookout kept upon the Sound and if the Fleet appear standing from the Eastward, towards New York to give me instant intelligence of it by the Chain of Expresses. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Robinsons House, July 31, 1780.
Dear Sir: I arrived here last night having met your favors of the 25th: and 26th. at Paramus where the Army then lay. Immediately upon hearing that the transports with the troops which had been some days on board, had sailed Eastward, I put the Army in motion again; they will cross the ferry to day, and will be joined by the troops from hence. I proposed moving as rapidly as possible down towards Kingsbridge, which will either oblige the Enemy to abandon their project against Rhode Island, or may afford us an opportunity of striking them to advantage in this quarter, if Sir Henry Clinton has carried with him the number of Men reported (eight thousand) and with less than which I think he would scarcely risque an attempt upon Count Rochambeau reinforced by the Militia. I intirely approve of the measures you have taken for calling in aid, and I have the strongest hopes that if Sir Henry should venture upon an attack that he will meet with a reception very different from what he expects. You know the critical situation in which this Army will be in a position below, and how much depends upon constant intelligence of the motions of the Enemy. I shall direct relays of Expresses the whole way between this Army and you to convey intelligence in the most expeditious manner.
The nearest Express to you will be upon Tower Hill, and Genl. Greene advises, that you should keep two Whale Boats to communicate with him by south Ferry so long as that passage shall be safe, and if that should be interrupted by Bissells Harbour. I am, &c.
PS. I wish the Count D'Rochambeau had taken a position on the Main.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P.S. is in that of Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Robinson's in the Highlands, July 31, 1780.
My Dear Marquis: I received Your Two Obliging Favors of the 26th just as I was commencing yesterday our second day's march for the North River. There is no doubt that Sir Henry Clinton means to attack the Count de Rochambeau and that a considerable force has sailed for the purpose, of which You will have the greatest certainty, by the time this reaches You.
I am happy in the measures which have been taken for calling in aid from the Militia and I hope it will arrive and prove effectual. I cannot help wishing that the Count had taken post on the Main, and if circumstances will admit, this might be best still. In such case he would derive much greater support from the Country and the Island of Rhode Island is not an object for which we should put any thing of importance to the hazard.
From the great distance from hence to Rhode Island I do not think it probable that any succour from this Army could be there in time, and were it to be attempted by a rapid march, a great part of the Men detached would be unfit for service when they arrived. Besides from the present state of things, I do not know how they would be subsisted with bread. These considerations leave me but one line of conduct to pursue, which is to move against New York. I am straining every nerve to accomplish this, and would willingly hope that it will relieve the Count if nothing more. It appears to be the most probable mode of doing it, and indeed the only practicable one, so far as his relief can depend upon the Troops here. That part of the Army which was with me in Jersey will pass the River at Kings ferry this morning or forenoon,81 and part of those at this post moved yesterday evening and will be followed by the Remainder to day, except so many as may be essential to be left in the Garrison.
[Note 81: Under the date of July, 1780, in the Washington Papers, is a rough memo: "To Wach Washington movements & let me Know if he is Crossing any Part of his Troops. His Numbers To have Some Body ready to Come off the Instant Troops get in the Boats. This is a Coppy of Gds Instructions."]
With respect to your remaining with General Heath, You will use your own pleasure in the matter. Wherever you are, your best services will be rendered and will be interesting. I am exceedingly hurried in arranging and preparing a variety of matters, which must justify me to you for not adding more than that I am etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's House, July 31, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased upon the Receipt hereof to march with your Regt. by the way of Kings ferry and join the Army, which will probably be down towards Kings Bridge. Upon your arrival at the Ferry, you will send as much of the Baggage of your Regt. as you can possibly spare up to West point, to which the Baggage of the rest of the Army is sent, under the care of one good non Commd. Officer only. Should you have tents with you, bring down about half and send the remainder up to the point with your Baggage. I am &c.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Robinson's House, July 31, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased instantly upon the Receipt of this to send off an Officer with a sufficient number of Dragoons to post three at every fifteen Miles distance between New London upon the lower Road and the Head Quarters of the Army, which will be in West Chester County. The inclosed letter to Mr. Shaw of New London is to solicit that Gentleman to continue the Chain by hired Expresses from thence to Tower Hill. But should he inform your Officer that he cannot accomplish the Business, your Dragoons must be moved forward to Tower Hill three at every eleven Miles and we must fill up what will be wanting at this End. The intent of posting these Men, is to convey intelligence in the most expeditious manner to and from Rhode Island. You will therefore pick out such as may be depended upon to ride at all hours whenever dispatches arrive at their quarters. I am &c.
P.S. You will move with the remainder of your Regt. to Sing Sing.
Robinson's Farms, State of New York, July 31, 1780.
Sir: The exigency of the present moment requiring a large supply of Boards, plank and scantling which cannot be procured in the ordinary way; You are hereby directed and impowered to impress all those articles you can find at Albany and in the vicinity, and waggons to transport them to proper places of embarkation; for which this shall be your warrant.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who added at the bottom of the sheet: "A similar one was given to Col. Hay comprehending all the North River and to Mr. Hubbard for Connecticut." James McHenry has also noted: "One to Mr. Joseph Lewis, A. Dy. Q. M. O. to impress waggons for the transport of the boats to the N: River."]
Head Quarters, Robinson's, State of New York, July 31, 1780.
Sir: The present critical and important conjuncture requiring every possible effort to forward the stores and provisions for the use of the army, and the present embarrassments in the Quarter Master General's department rendering it impracticable to procure competent means in the ordinary way; You are hereby authorised and empowered to impress as many Teams in the State of New Jersey, as you find necessary for the purpose above mentioned with respect to those articles that are under your direction. And in order that an adequate supply of forage may be had, You will provide by purchase impress or otherwise the quantity necessary; for which this shall be your warrant.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 31, 1780.
Sir: By advices just recd. I hear that the Enemy have cut off the communication with Fort Schuyler, and as the place is not well supplied with provision, there is reason to fear the loss of that valuable post, unless it is speedily relieved. You will therefore be pleased instantly upon the receipt hereof to detach Five hundred of the Militia under your command properly officered with directions to the Officer to march and put himself under the command of Brigr. Genl. Van Rensselaer of Tryon County. I have written to Colo. Van Schaick at Albany to supply provisions, Waggons and whatever else may be necessary to expedite the march of the detachment. Governor Clinton has written to the same effect to Colo. Van Schaick and to Genl. Van Rensselaer. When you consider how very essential the post of Fort Schuyler is to the security of our whole Frontier, and that the saving of the harvest of the fine Country upon the Mohawk River depends upon an immediate removal of the Enemy, I am convinced you will not lose any time in marching off the detachment, that they may form a junction with the Militia of the State of New York. Ammunition will be ready at Albany. I am &c.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Peek's Kill, July 31, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Two Letters of the 29th Instant and am concerned to find that the Enemy have again appeared before Fort Schuyler in such force. I am the more concerned at the event, as the Garrison notwithstanding the timely precautions I had taken and which I hoped had been carried into execution appears to be by no means in a proper and respectable state as to provisions. From the emergency and absolute necessity of the case, His Excellency the Governor who is fortunately here, transmits You an Impress Warrant for procuring an instant supply, which You will exert yourself to obtain and the necessary means of transportation by every practicable way. His Excellency has also issued his Orders with respect to the Militia, and besides I have written to the Commanding Officer of the Massachusetts Militia at Claverack, and desired him to send Five Hundred of them without delay to Albany, who are to place themselves under the command of Brigadr Genl Van Rensselaer and will act with him for repelling the Enemy. With the Militia of the State and this reinforcement, I should hope that they will be obliged to return.
I have written to the Commissary of Military Stores at West Point and directed him to forward immediately to Albany to Mr. Rensselaer, the Commissary, Powder and Lead equal to One Hundred Thousand Rounds, which he will issue on your order or General Rensselaer's. The Officers of the Militia should be enjoined to have the utmost care taken of the ammunition and whatever is not used, it would be best if it could be returned into the Store. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 31, 1780.
Dear Sir: I must request you immediately to provide the means of transporting powder and Ball and Cartridge paper to the amount of one hundred thousand rounds to Albany. A water conveyance will in every respect be most convenient and eligible, but if you should not have Boats and hands ready, you most procure Waggons. The critical situation of Fort Schuyler renders a speedy relief necessary. Men will be ready for the purpose, but there is not a sufficiency of Ammunition at Albany. The Commanding Officer of Artillery at West point will deliver the powder, Ball &c. when you send for them. They are to be delivered to Mr. Van Rensselaer Commy of Military Stores at Albany. I am &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Monday, July 31, 1780.
Parole Resolution. Countersigns Successfull, Campaign.
Watchword, Dispatch.
The Army is instantly to disencumber itself of all its baggage and one half the Tents of both Officers and Privates to be stored at Westpoint leaving a noncommissioned officer of each regiment to take care of them.
A Field Return by Brigades to be made this evening at seven o'clock to the Adjutant General, specifying the number of men fit for Action, the number of Arms with Bayonets, the number without bayonets, the number of Cartouch boxes, the Quantity of Ammunition and the deficiencies of these several Articles.
All detachments and out guards to be called in and the Baggage Guards which move with the Army to be reduced to a noncommissioned officer and eight men per Brigade.
The Troops are to be immediately completed to forty rounds pr man.
All the Artificers are to be collected and held in readiness to march with their Chests of Tools and a return to be immediately made to the Quarter master General of the Number, of their respective occupations, and of the departments to which they belong.
All the intrenching Tools to be collected and delivered to the order of Lieutenant Colonel Gouvion of the corps of Engineers.
A number of Arms being arrived at King's ferry an immediate Application is to be made for deficiencies and the Arms without Bayonets are to be exchanged for the remainder in proportion to the Wants of the several regiments.
If there are any Cartouch boxes at the Park they are also to be delivered. Returns are to be made for these Articles to General Knox who will give the necessary orders.
The General officers and Commandants of regiments are requested to be at Head Quarters this evening at eight o clock.
Each division to furnish Guards for its own security.
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 1, 1780.
Dr Sir: I had not the honor of receiving your favor of the 12th: ulto. until the 28th: upon my march from Jersey to this place, at which I am collecting our force to move down towards New York, in hopes of taking an advantage of the absence of Sir Henry Clinton with the greater part of his force.
I am much obliged by the information you give me of the quantity of Powder which may be obtained in Massachusetts. You will be good enough to secure every ounce within your power. Should any accident happen, by which the Continent will not have occasion for it, it will be always a valuable acquisition to the State.
The Board of War having been lately furnished by Congress with the means of making a very large purchase of Military Stores will undoubtedly direct their Agent in Boston to secure what powder may be obtained there; but I think it would be well for the State instantly to engage the 15 Tons in the hands of the Merchants if they dispose of it again to the Continent.
I have directed Genl. Glover who is at Springfield to receive the Levies to make report to the State of any deficiencies, remarking the districts to which they belong.
Your assurances of aid to the utmost of the requisitions made upon the State cannot but be highly agreeable to me. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am assembling our whole Continental Force at this place with an intent to move down towards New York, in hopes, that an opportunity may offer in the absence of Sir Henry Clinton of striking the Enemy to advantage or at least of gaining possession of some posts which will be of very great advantage in carrying on our future operations. I have taken the liberty to order the two State Regiments under Colo Wells and Beebe90 to join me, and have written to the Officer commanding the Militia assembled at Danbury to come forward. I shall be much obliged to your Excellency to give directions to the Militia detained upon Connecticut River for the purpose of cutting Fascines, to quit that business and march as expeditiously as possible to join the Army. Should we be so lucky as to gain any advantageous posts it may require an additional force to keep them untill our Allies are in condition to form a junction with us. You will therefore be pleased to order two thousand of your Western Militia, in addition to the number already voted, to hold themselves in readiness to move upon my requisition, and I shall be obliged to you for the names of
[Note 90: Lieut. Cols. Levi Wells and Bezaleel Beebe. They were commandants of the First and Second Connecticut State Regiments, respectively.] the Officers to whom I am to apply, should there be occasion, that not a moments time may be lost. If Sir Henry Clinton should continue to prosecute his enterprise against the Fleet and Army of our Ally at Rhode Island, it may afford us an opportunity of striking a decisive stroke at New York, a thing of all others to be desired. I have the honor &c.
P.S. I received your Excellency's letter of the 24th on my march to this place.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Peekskill, August 1, 1780.
Dr Sir: From our present advices a considerable part of the Enemy's force are gone to Rhode Island with a view of reducing the Armament from France. We can give them no succour from hence by detaching, on account of the distance and the difficulty there would be, if not impracticability, of subsisting the Troops with bread. There is no other mode which promises them relief, so far as it may depend on us, but our moving against New York immediately and acting against it with rapidity and vigor, as far as circumstances will admit. For this end the whole of the Continental Troops are in motion and as every aid will be essential, I entreat that Your Excellency will order your State Regiment and the Militia called for by the Committee of Congress, to march as soon as possible for Dobbs's ferry, subject to my direction where the Officers will receive further orders. I would also beg leave to suggest, that I think it advisable that Your Excellency should order the whole of the Militia to hold themselves in readiness to march in case of Orders, as events may arise to make their aid highly essential and important for a few days. It will not be called for but in this case, and I have the utmost confidence that they will give me support whenever it may be requisite.
I am much concerned that so few Levies have joined the Regiments belonging to the State. They amount but to a mere handful. I pray that your Excellency will use your best endeavours to have them forwarded with all possible expedition. The service and our most essential interests require it. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Besides writing to Your Excellency I have written a Line to the Commanding Officer at Morris Town to forward on the Militia required by the Committee to Dobbs's ferry.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Peekskill, August 1, 1780.
We are thus far, my dear Marquis, on our way to New-York. To-morrow [ sic] the whole army was to have taken up its line of march, and would have moved with all the rapidity in our power to this object, had we not a few hours since received advice from the Sound, dated yesterday that the fleet of transports had put back, and were steering westward.93 Col. Sheldon by a
[Note 93: Clinton claimed that he had held his troops in readiness to proceed against the French from June 22, but had received no cooperation from Arbuthnot. This lack and contrary winds delayed the expedition until July 26, when it passed through Hell Gate, "and on the 27th proceeded to Huntington where I waited for certain Accounts from the Admiral, and his Answer to my three different proposals; not daring, even if the Wind would have permitted, to go further from New York till some plan was settled, and fearing my first could not take place, after the French had been in possession, at that time, above fourteen days. On the 29th I received a Letter from the Admiral, but giving me no answer to my proposals, and offering nothing more than to put me on shore, refusing me either Cannon, Ammunition, or Sailors; nor did he offer any kind of Active Cooperation...he Said he hoped to God I would not come, for that the French were reinforced very considerably from the Continent, had raised Works and Batteries, and implying that there was no possibility of his attempting anything. If his intelligence was true, I admit all this. I could get none of my own.... On this, finding there was so little likelyhood of anything being done, I fell back to Whitestone."-- Sir Henry Clinton to William Eden, Aug. 18, 1780. (Stevens Facs. no. 730.)
To Germain (August 25) Clinton made the same explanation and added: "During this time General Washington, with an army increased to 12000 Men, moved from his position in the Jersey Mountains to Kings Ferry where he crossed the Hudson on the 2d Instant, and from whence he advanced towards Croton River. He probably supposed my Armament sailed for Rhode Island, and intended either to threaten New York, or to move to Succour the French."--British Transcripts, C. O. 5, vol. 100, fol. 173, in the Library of Congress. The General Return of the Continental Army for July 22 showed but 3,278 men fit for duty and a deficiency of 5,500 "wanting to complete." (See Washington's letter to the Committee of Cooperation, Aug. 17, 1780, post.)] letter come to hand this instant, writes me to the same effect. We shall therefore govern our subsequent motions agreeably to our original plan.
The express which takes this, comes from the minister, and only leaves me time to beg you to communicate to the Compte De Rochambeau and the Chevalier de Ternay, the force of this information, and to tell you that I am most Affectionately etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Peekskill, August 1, 1780.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Your Excellency, that the exigency of the service makes it necessary for me to call the German Battallion from Sunbury to join this Army, and that I must imbrace the earliest opportunity to transmit an Order for the purpose. I have thought it proper to communicate this to Your Excellency, that You may, if You deem it essential, supply its place, by incorporating and ordering a number of Your Militia to act in that Quarter. Had the requisition of the Honble the Committee of Congress to the State for Men to fill her Battallions, been even nearly complied with, and which I thought as they did, the public interest required, I should have foregone the advantages which would have been derived from the service of this Corps and continued it as its present station; but this not having been the case, I am compelled to avail myself of its aid. I have the Honor etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 1, 1780.
Dr. Sir: You will perceive by the orders of this day that the Corps of Light Infantry is immediately to be formed. The command of it for the Campaign is promised to The Marquis De la Fayette,96 for reasons which I dare say will be to you obvious and satisfactory.
[Note 96: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "but I dare say you will easily conceive the reasons. The services he has rendered this Country in France."]
If we attack New York, the part this corps will act will make it a most desirable command. Should it be agreeable to you to take it [till the return of this Gentn. wch. is uncertain] it will give me great pleasure. I wish you however to consult your [own] delicacy, and determine without [the least] restraint. I wait your answer. I am etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Peeks Kill, August 1, 1780.
Dr Sir: From Our present advices, a considerable part of the Enemy's force is gone to the Eastward with a view of striking the Armament from France. In consequence of this I am moving with our Continental force towards New York, there to act as circumstances may justify. Events may arise to make the aid of the Jersey Militia essential, of which I have apprised His Excellency the Governor, and requested that they might be in readiness to move and to give us succour should it be requisite. If this should be the case I need not tell You that I shall be happy to see You at their Head. I am confident it will be the case, and my principal design in troubling You with this, is to advertise You that the Militia may be called for, and that you may turn your Eyes towards the event, and have it the more in your power to expedite their movement whenever it may be proper. I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 1: Lieut. Col. Beebe and the Second Connecticut State Regiment were at Stamford.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 1, 1780.
Sir: I am to desire you will be pleased to put the Regiment under your Command immediately in motion. You will proceed by the shortest route to join the main Army in the neighbourhood of the White Plains, or wherever it may be: of which you cannot fail to have early information.
I have also to entreat the Regiment will march with as little Baggage as possible; as the whole Army have divested itself of every superfluous and heavy article.
I have written to Governor Trumbull informing him of the steps I have taken. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The same letter was also sent to Lieutenant Colonel Wells at Horseneck.]
Head Quarters, Peeks Kill, August 1, 1780.
Sir: By the time this arrives at the Head of Elk, I would willingly hope, that the Battallion which the Legislature determined to raise for the War, in lieu of the number of Militia required by the Honourable the Committee of Congress, acting with the Army, will have assembled and be in readiness to join me. If this is the case I am to request, that You will proceed with it and join the Army on the East side of Hudson's River, with all the expedition You can, compatible with the health of the Men. Should it happen that not more than a part of the Battallion is assembled, You will send the Men forward under proper Officers and follow with the Remainder as soon as possible. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 1, 1780.
Sir: Inclosed you have a letter for the Commanding Officer of the Regiment intended to be raised by the State of Maryland in lieu of the Militia demanded of her. This Regiment was appointed to rendezvous at the Head of Elk by the last of July, but as some disappointments may have happened in the raising of it, perhaps it may not be punctual to the time. I must therefore request you to keep the letter by you, if no part of the troops should have arrived when it gets to hand, and deliver it to the first Officer who comes upon the Ground. I am &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Peeks Kill, August 1, 1780.
Dr Sir: From the great and many difficulties and the delay which attend land transportation, I think it essential that several of the Albany Sloops should be brought down to Kings ferry as soon as possible, where they can occasionally take in provision and other Stores and convey them down the River to some Landing convenient to the Army. You will therefore pursue immediate measures for collecting a good many and have them brought down to Kings ferry. And you will embrace the opportunity which will be offered by their coming, to bring down all the plank and Square Timber that may be collected. Too much expedition cannot be used in executing this business. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Peeks Kill, August 1, 1780.
Sir: I presume before this that the Militia required by the Committee of Congress of Your State, for cooperating with the Army, are assembled in the whole or in part, at Morris Town. If the whole are collected You will be pleased to march with them without any delay for Dobbs's ferry, where you will receive further Orders; and if the whole are not assembled You will send on such as are, under proper Officers and continue to do it as they arrive. I am &c.5
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Tuesday, August 1, 1780.
Parole Copenhagen. Countersigns K., F.
Watchword Discipline.
'Till the absent Corps join the Army and a more complete Arrangement can be made for the Campaign the following formation for the Light Infantry is to take place.
[Note 6: Maj. James Keith, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The Above three battalions will form a Brigade under Brigadier General Poor
[Note 7: Maj. William Macpherson. He was aide to Lincoln in June, 1781, and to the close of the war. On August 2 the majors of the Pennsylvania line protested to Washington this appointment of Macpherson to the light infantry as an injury to their rank. The protest is in the Washington Papers and indorsed by Robert Hanson Harrison: "Verbally answd."]
The above three Battalions will form a Brigade, under Brigadier General Hand.
The first four battalions will remain as the Companies have been already formed by the Inspector General.
The last two Battalions will consist for the present of thirty two rank and file to each company to be immediately completed to this number.
Each Battalion will have an Adjutant-Quartermaster who will also do the duty of Paymaster, a surgeon and Mate, a serjeant-Major and Quartermaster serjeant, eight drums and fifes.
Each Brigade will have: 1 Brigade Quarter Master; 1 ditto Commissary; 1 ditto Forage Master; 1 ditto Waggon-master; 1 ditto Conductor with a forge and two armourers.
These Appointments are immediately to be made. Each brigade will have two Field Pieces, These battalions to parade at Verplanks point, three o'clock this afternoon to be reviewed and formed by the Inspector General.
The General entreats the officers commanding Divisions and brigades to exert themselves to get in readiness as fast as possible and as fast as they are ready they are to move towards the New bridge on Croton river.
Convalescents and such men as are otherwise absolutely unfit to march yet capable of duty in a fixed post are to be left at Verplanks and Stoney points with a Captain and two subalterns at each; the detachments of Infantry now there will join their respective Corps tomorrow morning.
All the Women and Children of the Army are also to be left at these Posts for a few days where the commanding officers will see that they are furnished with rations as usual.
General Poors and Clinton's brigades each give a Subaltern to act as Adjutant and Quartermaster, also a capable serjeant for Serjeant-Major and Quartermaster serjeant for the regiment of Light Infantry to be commanded by Colonel Cortlandt: a Surgeon from General Clinton's and a mate from General Poors for the same.
The first and second Massachusetts brigades give two Subs, a Surgeon, Mate, and two serjeants for the regiment to be commanded by Colonel Sheppard.
The third and fourth Massachusetts brigades give two Subs, a Surgeon, Mate and two Serjeants for the regiments to be commanded by Colonel Gimat.
The Connecticut line gives two Subs, a Surgeon, Mate and two Serjeants for the regiment to be commanded by Colonel Swift.
The Jersey and Stark's brigades give each a Sub and Serjeant the former a Surgeon and the latter a mate for the regiment commanded by Colonel Ogden.
The Pennsylvania regiments give two Subs, a Surgeon, Mate and two serjeants for the regiment commanded by Colonel Stewart, to act in the abovementioned Capacities.
AFTER ORDERS
The Safety of the Baggage of the Army being an object of great importance the Commander in Chief directs that in addition to the order of yesterday, a subaltern officer from each brigade be sent with it to Westpoint who is to take charge of that of his own brigade see it properly deposited there and remain with it untill further orders.
Orders will be issued daily at twelve o'clock and at five in the afternoon. The most punctual attendance for orders is expected.
The 4th. Pennsylvania regiment is to join the first Pennsylvania brigade, the 11th. Pennsylvania regiment is to join the second brigade; Hazen's regiment will join Poor's brigade and Livingston's is to form a Battalion with Spencer's in the Jersey Brigade.
The following will be the order of Battle for the present. The right wing commanded by Major General Greene will consist of two divisions in the first line and one division in the second line.
The Left Wing commanded by Major General Arnold8 will consist of two Divisions in the first line and one Division in the second line.
[Note 8: Arnold demurred to this assignment, pleading that his unhealed wound forbade his serving in an active command in the field. He was then given the command at West Point.]
The two Brigades of Light Infantry will compose a Division and form the Advanced corps of the Army.
Major General the Marquis de la Fayette will command it for the Campaign; in his absence Major General St. Clair is requested to take the command.
EVENING ORDERS
The whole corps of Light Infantry is to be paraded tomorrow ten o'clock on the same ground they were paraded on this afternoon, where the Brigades and Battalions will be formed and after wards will encamp by themselves.
The men will have all their Baggage and Camp equipage with them. The Quarter Masters are to be on the Ground to lay out the Camp. All the Inspectors and Sub Inspectors will attend.
A return of Shoes and linnen overalls actually wanting by the Pennsylvania line, the Artillery and Hazen's, Angell's and Webb's regiments are to be made at nine o'clock tomorrow morning without fail.
A return to be made tomorrow morning to the Quarter master General at Verplank's point of all the Waggons and the number of waggon horses employed in every department, by the officers who have the immediate superintendency of them.
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Wednesday, August 2, 1780.
Parole Halifax. Countersigns Kent, Lyme.
Watchword Liberty.
The order of yesterday directing the Troops to move to the Newbridge on Croton is suspended; but the troops are to continue preparing for a march and each Division is to report at Headquarters when it is ready. Those that are not ready to day are to report at seven o'clock tomorrow morning the deficiencies and the causes.
An immediate return is to be made of the proportion of recruits which have formerly served in the Army or otherwise for a continued term of three months and upwards distinguishing the terms they have served and the kind of service whether as continental, state troops or militia.
Tomorrow ten o'clock a return is to be made to the Adjutant General of all the recruits that have joined the several lines.
The next day at twelve o'clock an accurate Field return is to be made shewing the number of men we may absolutely employ in time of action excluding any little Guards which must necessarily remain for any particular purpose and which must ever be composed of the Invalids or men least capable of Field duty. This return will also shew in seperate columns such men as are unfit for action, wanting Clothes or Arms though it is hoped there will be few of the former description and none of the latter as there are a sufficiency of arms on the ground to supply our present wants. The officers will exert themselves to call in all detachments.
As there is a very great scarcity of bayonet belts and scabbards the General directs that the troops keep their bayonets constantly fix'd except when cleaning as well in camp as on every kind of duty whatever with arms. This is to be considered as a standing order.
The Men in the Corps of Sappers and Miners are to be furnished with good french arms and accoutrements from the regiments respectively from which they were drafted.
Lieutenant Welch9 of the Corps of Sappers and Miners is appointed Quartermaster to the same.
[Note 9: Lieut. John Welch, of the Sappers and Miners. He was regimental quartermaster of Olney's Rhode Island regiment in January, 1782, and served to the close of the war.]
Peekskill, August 2, 1780.
Gentln: I wrote to you yesterday desiring you to march with the Regiments under your command and join the Army in the neighbourhood of the White plains. Some movements of the enemy since will retard ours, and we shall not be down so soon as I expected. You will therefore be pleased to halt till further orders, holding your Men ready to march at a Moments warning. You will divest yourselves of all heavy and supernumerary Baggage and when you do come, let it be as light as possible. I am &c.
P.S. You will be pleased to give me advices of any thing material passing upon the sound.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peeks Kill, August 3, 1780.
Dr Sir: I received Yesterday your letter of the 29th. Ulto. Before this comes to hand you will have been informed that the Fleet in the Sound, which it is generally believed was designed to proceed to Rhode Island, has returned. We have so many accounts of this that we have no doubt of it, and are pursuing measures accordingly. With respect to the return of the Militia who are called for, under the persuasion that the Enemy meant to attack the Count, it will rest with him and you to determine the point, but as it is of consequence, on account of the State of our provisions, that we should not have more of these in the field than prudence and necessity may require, and as it is not very probable that the Enemy will now return upon their steps and prosecute their supposed original plan, it might be best to permit the militia to go to their homes.
As to your coming on to the army immediately, I shall leave it entirely with yourself to act in the affair as you please. Your command is and will always be ready for you; however if you find your presence where you are necessary and that it will contribute to the accommodation of our allies and to the cultivation of harmony, matters about which I am very anxious, it may possibly be more eligible for you to remain longer, as we shall not probably have any instant, active operations. But as I have already said do in the matter as you like, and as circumstances may decide.
I find by a letter from His Excellency Governor Greene of the 24th. that nearly the whole of the States quota of Levies for filling her two Regiments had assembled, and were doing duty under the command of Col Greene. It is of consequence that Col Greene's Regiment and the Levies should join the army, in order to compleat our arrangements, and that they may be disciplined. However I would not wish them to be ordered on, without your consulting the Count and his approbation of the measure. If they do not march immediately, you will impress Col Greene with the necessity there is for his strictest and most constant attention to disciplining them and for his being ready to proceed the moment he is ordered or the Count shall judge his remaining longer unnecessary. You will also direct him to transmit me a return of his regiment and of the Levies. I am etc.
P S. I also find by the Governor's letter, that the militia required by the committee and requested by me to march by the 25th. ulto. have been delayed by the arrival of the British Ships of War off Rhode Island. You will consult the Count on the propriety of their advancing or remaining longer, and will communicate the result to the Governor, to whom I have written, and requested him to act with respect to the one or the other, according to the information he should receive from you. In case the Count judges their remaining material, I have intreated the Governor that they may be held in such a state of readiness, as to be able to move on the shortest notice, on my requisition, or when the Count is about to proceed with his Troops, or shall signify that their detention will be no longer necessary.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Peeks Kill, August 3, 1780.
Dr Sir: I shall adopt the order you recommend.16 Tomorrow if we are all ready to march we will begin to cross the River for Dobbs's ferry. You will therefore discontinue your preparations for the object that brought us here as it has ceased, further than as they may promote the views of the campaign. Endeavour to have every thing in your department ready to day to move the Troops. I am &c.17
[Note 16: "The more I have thought upon the subject of explaining the reasons and causes of our movements to the Army, and through them to the Country, the more I am confirmed in my opinion, of the propriety and necessity for it...."-- Greene to Washington, Aug. 3, 1780. Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers. (See General Orders, Aug. 3, 1780; also Washington's letter to Samuel Loudon, Aug. 5, 1780, post.)]
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters at Peekskill, August 3, 1780.
Sir: You are to proceed to West point and take the command of that post and its dependencies, in which are included all from Fishkill to Kings Ferry. The Corps of Infantry and Cavalry advanced towards the Enemy's lines on the East side of the River will [also] be under your orders and will take directions from you, and you will endeavor to obtain every intelligence of the Enemy's Motions. The Garrison of West point is to consist of the Militia of New Hampshire and Massachusetts, for which reason, as soon as the number from those States amounts to [twelve hundd] the New York Militia under the command of Colo. Malcom are to join the Main Army on the West side of the River, [and when the number from Massachusetts-bay alone shall amount to fifteen hundred Rank and file, the Militia of New Hampshire will also march to the Main Army.] Colo. James Livingstons Regiment is, till further orders, to garrison the Redoubts at Stoney and Verplanks points.
Claverac upon the North River is appointed for the place of rendezvous of the Militia of New Hampshire and Massachusetts, from whence you will have them brought down as fast as they arrive. A supply of provision will be necessary at that place, which you will order from time to time as there may be occasion.
You will endeavour to have the Works at West point carried on as expeditiously as possible by the Garrison, under the direction and superintendance of the Engineers. The Stores carefully preserved, and the provision safely deposited and often inspected, particularly the salted Meat. A certain quantity of provision has been constantly kept in each Work, to be ready against a sudden attack. Where there are Bomb proofs, they serve for Magazines; but in the smaller Works where there are none, you will have places erected sufficiently tight to preserve the provision from damage and pillage.
You will, as soon as possible, obtain and transmit an accurate Return of the Militia which have come in, and inform me regularly of their increase.
Should any Levies, from the State of New York or those to the Eastward of it, intended for the Continental Army arrive at West point, you will immediately forward them to the Lines to which they respectively belong.
The difficulties we shall certainly experience on the score of provisions render the utmost oeconomy highly necessary. You will therefore attend frequently to the daily Issues, and by comparing them with your Returns, will be able to check any impositions.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The original signed letter is also in the Washington Papers, having been found among Arnold's papers at West Point after he fled to the British. It varies from the draft in spelling and punctuation only.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1780.
Sir: I wish to be informed, whether what arms and accoutrements you have on hand, together with those in the Magazines capable of being put in repair in three Weeks; are sufficient to equip five thousand Men; exclusive of the troops now on the Ground, who are destitute and must be supplied.
If there are not Arms and Accoutrements to this amount, I beg you will give me the best information you can of the number in an hour after the receipt of this. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Thursday, August 3, 1780.
Parole Hopkinton. Countersigns Hull, Here.
Watchword Hark!
The Army having moved to the present ground in Consequence of the Enemy's dispositions to make a combined attack upon our Allies at Rhode Island, for the purposes of taking such advantages as their absence from New York might afford or obliging them to relinquish their intended Expedition; and the latter having apparently taken place, probably in consequence of the movement on our part, the Army will recross the river tomorrow to prosecute the original plan of the Campaign. The Troops will move by the right and the order of embarkation will be as follows the Baggage of each Division crossing with it: Corps of Light Infantry. Right Wing: Pennsylvania division, Stirling's ditto, Connecticut ditto. Park of Artillery with intrenching tools &ca. Left Wing: Howe's Division, McDougall's do, Steuben's do. Baggage of Committee of Congress. Commander in Chief and General Staff. Flying Hospital. Quarter Master General's Stores. Commissary General's Stores.
The First Division or Corps of Light Infantry will move so as to be at the Ferry at 4 o Clock in the morning. The other Divisions successively will have two hours previous notice from the Quarter Master General when to be at the place of Embarkation; and will be punctual in their Movements to prevent delay.
The Adjutant General will draw as many men from the Line as the Quarter master General may demand for assisting in crossing over the Army with Expedition.
The Motives for divesting the Army of its baggage and part of the Tents having ceased they are as soon as possible to return to the Troops.
Lieutenant Colonel Gouvion will take the Command of the Corps of Sappers and Miners.
The Inspectors and Sub Inspectors are requested to attend at the Orderly Office at five o'clock this Afternoon.
Each Division as soon as they arrive at VerPlanks point will turn out two hundred good oarsmen to transport the Baggage of the Division across the Ferry where they are to remain 'till relieved by as many from the next division in the order of march; Also two Field Officers, one to command at each Ferry way. These Field Officers to remain 'till reliev'd by two from the next Division. They will receive particular orders from Major General Greene.
A Detachment from the Line will be turned out to assist in transporting the Waggons and Baggage of the General Staff &ca.
AFTER ORDERS
Major General Arnold will take command of the Garrison at Westpoint and Major General Lord Stirling succeeds to the Command of the left Wing. During Major General St. Clair's Command of the Light Infantry Brigadier General Wayne of course will command the Pennsylvania Division.
Major Pettingal20 of the 9th. Massachusett's regiment is appointed Brigade Inspector to the 4th. Massachusett's brigade from the 25th. of July last.
[Note 20: Maj. Joseph Pettingill (Pettingal), of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the First Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Captain Ashley21 of the 1st Massachusetts regiment (entitled to a Majority) is Appointed Brigade Inspector pro tem: to the 2d. Massachusett's brigade.
[Note 21: Capt. Moses Ashley, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He ranked as major from January, 1780; transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
Peekskill, August 3, 1780.
I received this Day My Dear Marquis your letter of the 29th. of July. The blunders which have been made with respect to arms, ammunition and cloathing are serious disappointments. I think however from a closer inspection of our means that we shall be able to collect nearly arms enough to put into the hands of our recruits, and powder enough to undertake the enterprise, if in the course of the operation we can depend on the fifty ton expected from France and can obtain fifty ton more from the fleet.
I would not wish you to press the French General and Admiral to any thing to which they show a disinclination, especially to withdrawing their troops from Rhode Island before the second division arrives to give them a naval superiority. Should they yield to importunity and an accident happen either there or here they would lay the consequences to us. Only inform them what we can do, what we are willing to undertake, and let them intirely consult their own inclination for the rest. Our prospects are not so flattering as to justify our being very pressing to engage them in our views. I shall however go on with all our preparations and hope circumstances will ultimately favour us. If a part of the West India fleet should come this way, it will powerfully contribute to our success.
Should not the second division arrive so as to enable us to commence our operations by the first of September, I shall have no great expectation of effecting the object.
When we calculated on having twice the force of the enemy, we included the whole Succour expected from France; it will be difficult if not impracticable to accomplish this before the second division arrives. The number of men come in hitherto rather fall short of than exceed our calculations.
Nothing appears to me more evident than that a communication may be secured with Long Island by Land batteries. The narrowness of the Sound, the Islands, the sinuosity and other difficulties of the channel above Hell gate show the impracticability of vessels interrupting the communication you may establish there. All the experiments I have seen demonstrate that shipping cannot be under the fire of land batteries, nor will they venture to try their strength with them except when they are low when there is a bold shore and when they can annoy them from their tops; neither of which would be the case here.
I wrote to you two days ago by a French Gentleman on his way to Rhode Island with dispatches from the Minister of France. You will find by that letter that on the 31st of July the enemy's fleet returned towards New York. In all probability our movement this way occasioned them to relinquish their expedition to Rhode Island. Tomorrow we recross the River and proceed to Dobbe's ferry; our motives for recrossing are to save transportation and forage.
Your light infantry is formed about two thousand fine men; but the greatest of them naked. Adieu My Dear Marquis &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Peeks kill, August 3, 1780.
Sir: I have just rec'd your favor of this date. The sooner you take your command in the Light Infantry the better. But before you leave the Brigade you will be pleased to order the officer who will succeed you in the command to move down with the Brigade and debark at the West side of Kings ferry, and fall in with the line of march agreeable to the Genl order of this day. You will also send forward some Officer to consult with the Qr. Mr Genl. on the means of transporting yr Baggage &c. from that place. I am &c.
Ps. The light Infantry are to cross the River at 4 OClock tomorrow morning.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 3, 1780.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 30th: July.24 The Artificers are drawn from the post at West point for a particular and temporary service only, and as there is a necessity for a Gentleman in the Engineering department to remain constantly at that post, and as you from your long residence there are particularly well acquainted with the nature of the Works and the plans for their completion, it was my intent that you should continue. The Infantry Corps was arranged before the receipt of your letter. The southern Army, by the captivity of Genl. du portail and the other Gentlemen in that branch, is without an Engineer, and as you seem to express a wish of going there rather than remaining at West point, I shall, if you prefer it to your present appointment, have no objection to your going. I am &c.25
[Note 24: Kosciuszko's letter of July 30 is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. After requesting a command in the light infantry or in the southern army, he said: "Your Excellency may be certain that I am acquainted with the Tactic and discipline, and my Conduct joind with a small share of ambition to distinguish my self, I hope will prove not the Contrary." Kosciuszko chose to go to the southern army, and on August 8 Washington again wrote him briefly in answer to Kosciuszko's request: "It is perfectly agreable to me that You should carry you Servant with you, and so You will inform Colo Sprout." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 3, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have reed. your favors of yesterday. I have ordered the Militia of Massachusetts and New Hampshire from Fish-kill to West point.26 Claverac being fixed upon for the
[Note 26: Washington wrote this same day (August 3) to the commanding officers of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire militia at Fishkill to march their troops to West Point. This draft is in the Washington Papers.] Route of the Militia of those two States they will be coming on that way, and there is for that Reason a necessity of depositing some provisions for them there. The Commy. General not having yet come on from Jersey, I am at a loss to know whether he has made any or what arrangements for throwing in provision at Claverac, but probably the acting Commy. at West Point or Fishkill may know something of the matter, you will therefore oblige me by seeing them and concerting this Business with them. Should any Beef be coming from the Eastward by the upper route part had better be stopped at Claverac, than to send it up the River. Flour must, I suppose, at all events be sent from West point. I am confident you will arrange matters in the most advantageous manner. I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 3, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with yours of the 27th ulto. with Copy of the estimate of Ordnance Stores laid before Congress with their Resolution thereon. I should be happy to see the quantity voted procured in time, but I very much fear that none of the Furnaces, to which General Knox is directed to apply, except Faesh's, are in Blast, and should that be the case, it will be some Months before they can with every exertion be set to Work. But supposing the Shott and shells cannot be got ready for the shortly expected operations, I would recommend to the Board to procure them nevertheless, as soon as possible. A false hope that each Campaign would be the last, has been the principal cause of our being constantly unprovided with military apparatus of every kind in due time, and from present appearances we have no reason to think that the present Campaign will end the War. Upon the whole then, I would recommend to the Board not to restrict themselves to the Estimate, but to provide to the utmost of the means with which they are furnished, and to the extent of their Credit and influence. Be pleased to believe me when I say that I never had occasion to doubt their exertions and most zealous endeavours for the public good.
I have written to the Eastern States and engaged a loan of all the powder they can spare. I am informed by the State of Massachusetts that about 15 Tons may be purchased in Boston. I have recommended to the Council to secure it, and I think it will be well for the Board to direct the public Agent there to make a purchase of it. I have the honor etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peeks Kill, August 3, 1780.
Sir: Having received accounts, that Sir Henry Clinton had embarked the principal part of his force for Rhode Island, I put the army in motion the 29th of July and the 31st formed a junction in the vicinity of this place with the troops in this quarter. Had Sir Henry prosecuted what appeared to be his design, my intention was to attempt New York in his absence. Our preparations were made for this purpose, when I received advice, that the fleet returned the 31st from Huntington bay, probably in consequence of our approach, towards New York. The object of our movement this way having ceased, we shall repass the River tomorrow, and proceed with our whole force to Dobbes' ferry, where we shall execute some preliminary measures towards the intended cooperation. The reasons of our recrossing the river are, to save transportation by meeting our bread supplies, and to avoid consuming the forage on this side, which may be essential to future operations. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am honored with your Excellency's letter of the 26th. of July. 1 take it for granted, from the terms of the resolve, that Congress have given the necessary directions about the junction of the frigates &c. with the French fleet in the 1st instance.29 At present, I imagine, it is not practicable, as the British fleet superior in force, is before the port of Rhode Island.30
[Note 29: The resolve of July 26, 1780, directed that "the frigates Trumbull, Confederacy, and Deane, and the sloop of war Saratoga, be put under the direction of General Washington, to be employed in cooperating with the fleet of His Most Christian Majesty ... in any naval enterprizes on the coasts of North America." The Trumbull and Deane were expected to arrive at Philadelphia within a week of this date and it was hoped that all of the vessels could join the French squadron By August 15.]
[Note 30: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 3, 1780.
Sir: I wrote to you on the 1st. Inst. to march with the Militia under your command to Dobbs's ferry. I then expected the Army would have moved immediately down on this side the River, but as circumstances require us to halt at this place for some days, you will not advance beyond Totowa Bridge till further orders. This is supposing this letter should meet you on your march from Morris Town: But should you not have left that place, you will remain there untill you hear from me again. Be pleased to send me a return of your Numbers by the Express. I am &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Peek's Kill, August 4, 1780.
Sir: Colo. Gemat arrived here last night, by whom I had the honor to receive Your Excellency's request, that I would send instructions for the second Division coming from France, with respect to the measures which it should pursue for forming a junction with the first. I beg leave to inform Your Excellency that I wrote to the Count de Rochambeau, agreeable to my Letter to You of the 27th. Ulto and requested, that he in concert with the Chevalier de Ternay would communicate to me, that it might be transmitted to Your Excellency, the line of conduct which they should judge proper to be pursued by this Division. As the Marine are concerned and the junction in present circumstances is a matter of peculiar delicacy, I did not think myself qualified to decide on the point. I have not received their Answer yet, and therefore I cannot pretend to determine what should be done. I will however take the liberty to observe, that if the Ships of War with this Division are superior or even fully equal to those of the Enemy, off Rhode Island, I should suppose it would be eligible for them, to proceed there at once, if they are met by the Cruizers Your Excellency has sent out on the Southern Coast; if this is not the case, it ought to make the Delaware as soon as possible. In this event the Troops might be forwarded to Trentown in the first instance, and the Ships might remain till ulterior measures with respect to them, should be determined. These however I would not offer but as mere suggestions, and much, it would seem, must depend on circumstances and the discretion of the Officer commanding the Division.
Perhaps if the Ships of war should proceed directly to Rhode Island, it will be best for them to disembarrass themselves of their transports and send them into the Delaware as in the other case. I take it for granted signals of recognisance have been pre-concerted between the two Divisions.
On the 31st. Ulto the Enemy's fleet in the sound returned from Huntington harbour to New York. From every information the Count de Rochambeau and his Army were certainly their object, and they had embarked in considerable force with a view of attacking them. I cannot determine with precision, the reasons which induced the Enemy to relinguish their plan, but it is not improbable that the movements of our army and the ulterior measures I was about to prosecute, operated in some measure to produce it. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., ,vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, August 4, 1780.
Dr Sir: I am totally out of Writing paper, Wax and Wafers. I therefore request that You will procure without delay Twelve, or if it can be conveniently obtained, Twenty four Rheams of the first Article, of pretty good quality, and a suitable Quantity of Wax and Wafers and forward them to me by the earliest opportunity. I am absolutely destitute of any of those Articles, and a supply is not be had here. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Peek's Kill, August 4, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your Letter of this date and am exceedingly sorry that any events should occur to require You to be absent from the Army. I am convinced that those on which You have founded your request, are of a delicate and interesting nature; or that you would not have made it. In this view I cannot but consent to your going home and I will not undertake to limit the day of your return. I am persuaded it will be as soon as circumstances will admit, and I have only to add my wishes that You may find these to be such as to justify it immediately. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On August 4 Tench Tilghman wrote to General Arnold that Washington desired him to set 100 men to work under Colonel Lamb's direction to making up cartridges. Tilghman's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Friday, August 4, 1780.
Parole Ontario. Countersigns L., A.
Watchword Advance.
EVENING ORDERS
Colonel Livingston with his own regiment, is 'till further orders, to garrison the redoubts at Stoney and Ver Planks points. He will be under the direction of, and make reports to, Major General Arnold commanding at West Point. The Detachments now at those Posts, on the Arrival of that regiment are to join their Brigades.
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Saturday, August 5, 1780.
Parole Pomona. Countersigns Quin, Quick.
Watchword Parade.
Brigade returns of the Drafts and recruits regimentally digested, who have joined since the last returns of that kind are to be transmitted to the Orderly Office tomorrow at orderly time; after that every two days, of the recruits or drafts that shall have joined since the preceding returns.
A Field officer from each Division and a Captain, Sub, four serjeants, four Corporals and Sixty privates who are best acquainted with the management of boats, from each Brigade in the Left wing are to be detached and left at Verplank's point as said Divisions and Brigades cross the Ferry, to assist in transporting the baggage of General Staff Stores &ca. They are to remain 'till General Greene permits them to rejoin.
The Park of Artillery is to encamp in the Centre of the 2d. Line.
Lieutenant Colonel Smith35, is appointed Inspector and will consider the Light Infantry in his Department.
[Note 35: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith.]
Major Rice36 is appointed Inspector to Stark's brigade.
[Note 36: Maj. Nathan Rice. He was aide to General Lincoln to January, 1781; major of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
Major Scott37 as eldest brigade Inspector in General McDougalls Division will do the duty of Inspector to the Division.
[Note 37: Maj. William(?) Scott, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He had been wounded and taken prisoner at Stillwater, N.Y., in September, 1777, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 38: Publisher of The New York Packet at Fishkill, N.Y.; later postmaster to the main Army.]
August 5, 1780.
Certain intelligence having been received that Sir Henry Clinton had embarked the principal part of his force, and had proceeded to Huntington bay on his way to Rhode Island to make a combined attack upon the fleet and army of our allies now there. His Excelly. General Washington marched from his camp at Prackness the 29 of July and crossed the North River the 31st; where a junction was formed with the troops under the command of Major General Howe. His Excellency had resolved in case the enemy should continue their course to Rhode Island to march immediately to New York and attack it. All the necessary preparations were made for this purpose, when intelligence arrived that the enemy had put back the 31st. Ulto. It is to be regretted that they did not go on with their intended expedition, as our allies were well prepared to receive them and they could have met with nothing but disgrace and defeat in that quarter; while in this we had every reason to expect from the number and spirit of our troops the most decisive and glorious success. Sir Henry no doubt relinquished his project in consequence of this movement of our army; and it must be confessed that he abandonned it with much more prudence than he undertook it. The object for which the army crossed the river having ceased, the whole recrossed the 4th instant and are marching towards Dobbes ferry, in prosecution of the original plan formed for the campaign.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The text was to be published as news.
In Sir Henry Clinton's "Narrative of...cooperations with...Arbuthnot," he say that not having received "the smallest promise of active cooperation on the side of the navy. I thought it would be imprudent under these circumstances to remain in the open Bay of Huntingdon, where the transports might be exposed to danger, from hard gales of wind, and other casualties, and therefore concluded it would be best to return to White Stone, where the troops would be more at hand to frustrate any design of Mr. Washington, (who was then crossing to the East Side of the Hudson) and equally ready to attend the Admiral's call, should he, from better intelligence, or more accurate observation, judge that anything of moment could be attempted." Clinton also reported that Arbuthnot sailed from Gardiner's Bay before he arrived "agreeable to his (Arbothnot's) appointment." Brig. Gen. William Dalrymple's account of an interview with Arbuthnot on August 19 was that the admiral had various objections to each of Clinton's suggestions and concluded by saying "Nothing could be done, nor was there ever any prospect of it, unless Sir Henry Clinton had an army of 18 or 20,000 men to form a regular siege."]
Head Quarters, Peeks Kill, August 5, 1780.
Sir. The Count De Rochambeau being too much engaged to write to your Excellency, when the last express came away has requested me to give you an account of his present dispositions, which you will find in the inclosed copy of his letter of the 30th. of July. In the letter I did myself the honor of writing to you yesterday, I omitted sending you a detail of the enemy's naval force with Arbuthnot; because I took it for granted you were in possession of full information upon this article. But as it possibly may not be the case, I send you a list, which I believe you may rely on as accurate. With every sentiment etc.
P.S. The Marquis De la Fayette writes me that the Chevalier De Ternay intends immediately to write to the Count De Guichere by way of Philadelphia, and suggests the propriety of having two or three fast sailing vessels ready to convey the dispatches.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang. Mems. et Docs., E. U.,vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Peeks Kill, August 5, 1780.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your letter of the 30th. of July. I applaud all the measures you have taken, which appear to me precisely such as the occasion required; and I am very happy to hear that the neighbouring States manifested so much ardor in doing what their interest their duty and their gratitude demanded from them. It is my wish you should detain the levies as long as you think they can be useful to you.
The Marquis De la Fayette will have informed you by my desire, that Clinton returned with his fleet the 31st of July. He has since landed his troops on Long Island, and I think will hardly resume the project which he certainly entertained of attacking you. In consequence of his return, the army is recrossing the River and will proceed to Dobbe's ferry about ten miles from Kings bridge, where we intend to establish a communication, that will save us a considerable land transportation, in case New York is our eventual object. The reasons for preferring the West side of the River to the other which at first sight will appear most natural is to meet our supplies of flour and save the forage on this side; both of which in our circumstances are objects of importance. By the inclosed copy of a letter to The Chevalier De La Luzerne you will see the opinion I have ventured to give respecting the second division, concerning which I impatiently wait to receive your sentiments and those of the Chevalier De Ternay, with a plan for a junction of the fleets as suggested in my letter of the ... .41
[Note 41: Washington's letter of July 27, 1780, is meant.]
No other changes have taken place in the situation of the enemy at New York. I am &c.
P.S. The Minister agreeable to the application to him has sent out fast sailing Cruisers from all the parts of the coast where it is probable they may fall in with the second division.42
[Note 42: The draft is m the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Peeks Kill, August 5, 1780.
Sir: I received yesterday the honor of Your Letter of the 31st. of last Month and feel myself exceedingly obliged by the very polite manner in which You have been pleased to express Yourself. I assure You, Sir, I am persuaded that you have done and will do all in your power to answer the intentions of the King in sending you here, and to promote the common cause. It is only to be wished that you may be soon so reinforced as to be in circumstances to act according to your desires.
In consequence of a Letter which the Count de Rochambeau did me the honor to write on the 22d of July, which he requested might be forwarded to His Excellency the Chevalier de la Luzerne, and which was on the subject of the second division coming from France and of the measures to be pursued in order to announce to it that the Enemy's fleet were off Rhode Island, I took the liberty to mention to the Minister, that I thought the Delaware the best place for the reception of the 2d division, and also that a plan would be necessary to be previously fixed for the junction of the Fleets after the debarkation of the Troops; and that I should write to the Count for that purpose. This I accordingly did and requested him to concert a plan with You that it might be transmitted to Mr Luzerne. I have no doubt my Letter on this subject has been communicated to You by the Count, and I hope I shall be honoured, in the course of a day or Two with a communication of the plan which you shall judge proper to adopt. I am the more desirous of receiving it, as the Minister has lately requested me by a verbal message by Colo Gimat, who returned from Philadelphia the night before last, to send him instructions with respect to the measures which the Division should pursue for forming a junction with the first. I inclose You a Copy of the Letter I wrote to His Excellency Yesterday in Answer to his request, and by which You will perceive that I do not think myself qualified to decide the point, as it concerns the Marine and must combine the consideration of many circumstances which You and the Count alone can be acquainted with. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Agreeable to the application made for the purpose, I find, by the message communicated by Colo Gimat, that the Minister has sent out several Vessels to fall in with the Second Division, if it arrives off Delaware or the Capes of Virginia.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, August 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: Inclosed is a letter which I recd. this day from Colo. Malcom. His observations may perhaps be of use to you. He was a considerable time in command at the post, and is well acquainted with what relates to its security. It will be well to make inquiry into the cases of the number of prisoners who are confined in the Fort. Some of them may have been committed upon frivolous occasions, and no charges that can be supported left against them. If so, they had better be discharged than kept. Some of the others may be usefully employed as Colo. Malcom mentions.
The Quarter Master General expects some Camp Kettles shortly; he will endeavour to spare some to the Militia. I imagine they are what are principally wanting. In the mean time they must endeavour to make a shift with the few cooking Utensils they have.
I believe the matter of changing the Officers of the Infantry Companies has been settled between The Governor of New York and the Baron. I am etc.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers at West Point after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, Peeks-kill, August 5, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter from Eastown of 31st. ulto.
Before this the Qr. M. G. will have transmitted you orders. I have to request after their execution that you will immediately repair to the main army at Dobbs' ferry, by way of the two bridges. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, August 5, 1780.
My Dear Marquis: I have received your two letters of the 31st of July and 1st of August and approve the steps you have taken. I am sorry however to find that The Chevalier De Ternay is so averse to entering the harbour46 in case of superiority. I believe he will find it impracticable without entering, effectually to interrupt supplies and blockade the enemy; and in my opinion, our principal chance of success is in a complete Blockade. I am however willing to go on with the chances of a siege if agreeable to our allies. But My Dear Marquis, let me entreat you to ascertain the probability of a succour coming from France and the West Indies; for to be keeping so large a body of militia in the field, on a slender hope of being able to operate, will be unadvisable on every account. We shall exhaust ourselves to no purpose and every day will add to the impressions that relinquishing the enterprise will make on the minds of the people.
[Note 46: Of New York.]
We ought to stand upon pretty sure ground, or dismiss our preparations for offensive measures at once.
Though I seriously intended to attack New York if Clinton had gone to Rhode Island; yet I did not send for you, because I thought it not improbable he would return in consequence of our movement as has happened, because your presence where you are in the other case would have been of great utility to The French fleet and army, [but above all because I was of opinion that it wd. be impracticable for you to arrive in time as I intended to operate with the utmost celerity.]
I rejoice in the approbation your countrymen give to mine and in the marks of mutual good-will. This alliance My Dear Marquis ought to be cemented in affection; and you will be justly dear to both countries for the share you have in binding it by those powerful and pleasing ties. You know all my friendship for you. Adieu.
P.S. I have written to the Minister on the matters you mention.
As the medicines are much wanted, will you be good enough to give directions to Dr Craik or Mr. Olney, that they may be forwarded with dispatch to this army.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, with parts of the P.S. in the writing of McHenry. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Peek's Kill, August 6, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of Yesterday. When You quit the Department, I shall be happy to give you my sense of your conduct and I am persuaded it will be such as will be entirely satisfactory.48 I cannot however forbear thinking that it will be unadvisable in You to leave the Department before the success of the Letters, written from Paramus by the Committee and Myself, to Congress is known and I entreat You to wait the issue of the application. I am etc.49
[Note 48: See Washington's letter of Aug. 15, 1780, post.]
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1780.
Gentlemen: By a late resolution of Congress the Continental Frigates are put under my orders; but this seems not to be till after they have joined the Chevalier De Ternay. This at present seems to be impracticable; and I therefore request to be informed whether I am expected to take any direction in the matter previous to the junction before proposed or not, that I may govern myself accordingly. The Minister of France has proposed to me the employing one or more of the Frigates in cruising off to fall in with the second division; by which at the same time they would be of service to our Trade. I should think it would be a very useful way of employing them at this juncture; but as I do not conceive the Frigates to be yet under my direction I have referred him to Congress or to your Board. I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 37, fol. 311.]
Verplank's point, August 6, 1780.
Sir: I just now received Your Letter of the 4th. I wish You to use your best exertions to collect the remainder of the Militia at Morris Town, where they will continue 'till You hear further from me. I shall however be glad to hear from you from time to time, and of the numbers that come in, as I shall from this information be better able to direct their march and further destination. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Peek's Kill, August 6, 1780.
Sir: I had this morning the honor to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 30th of July, with the One addressed to the Chevalier de Ternay, which I have sealed and forwarded by an Express.
With respect to the Continental Frigates, I beg leave to inform Your Excellency, that I did not apprehend from the Resolution of Congress concerning them, that they were to be under my orders or to receive any instructions from me, till they had joined the Chevalier de Ternay, after assembling in the Delaware. This being the case I cannot give any directions about them at present, and would take the liberty to recommend to Your Excellency to apply to Congress or to the Board of Admiralty, to the Latter of whom I have written, to give their Orders to the Captains of the Frigates on the conduct they are to pursue. The employment for them or at least for One, which Your Excellency has suggested, appears to me to be proper and that it would answer the double purposes You have mentioned. I have by my Letter of to day to the Chevalier de Ternay, requested him to advise me in what manner he thinks the Frigates may be most usefully employed to assist his Fleet; and that there might be no further delay when matters with respect to them are ultimately fixed, I requested him also to communicate to the Captains of the Frigates at Boston as well as to Myself, the Signals of recognisance. When I receive his answer, I will embrace the earliest occasion to transmit the Signals. I have the Honor etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit you a letter which I have just received for you from The Chevalier De la Luzerne.
Congress have directed a junction of the Continental frigates with your fleet, and for this purpose have put them under my orders. They were to rendezvous in the Delaware; from whence they were to proceed to join you. As this at present seems impracticable, I should be glad of your advice in what mode they may be usefully employed to your fleet; and that you will send me signals of recognisance for them. I request you will also impart these to the captains of the frigates in Boston Harbour, if they have not yet left that place. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 55: Of Trenton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1780.
Some time since I was honored with your letter of the 17th July, with a sum of money the result of your subscriptions at that time. So much patriotism, while it is a pleasing and fresh proof of the spirit of the ladies of Jersey, entitles them to every applause. The army feel most sensibly both the design and the benefaction.
I have to request the ladies, that till it is known in what manner the Philada. subscriptions are to be applied, that they will suspend sending forward any more, or rather that if it is their pleasure, that they will consult Mrs. President Reed on the occasion, and unite their subscriptions with those of Philada. I have the honor &c.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters, Verplank's Point, Sunday, August 6, 1780.
Parole Haverstraw. Countersigns Heat, Hope.
Watchword Alltogether.
The General will beat at one o'clock tomorrow morning, the Assemblé at half past one, and the whole Army will march by the right at two, by such routes as shall be pointed out.
As the Wings will move in different routes they will furnish their respective Advanced, rear and baggage Guards. A Field officer from the Front division of each wing will command their respective advanced guards, one from each of the second divisions their rear Guards. The rear divisions give each one to command the baggage Guards and superintend the movement of the baggage of the Wings respectively.
AFTER ORDERS, STONEY POINT, AUGUST 6, 1780
Order of March
The right column will Consist of the corps of Light Infantry. Right Wing: St. Clair's Division, Stirling's Division, Connecticutt Line. The Park of Artillery. Engineers Department. The Baggage of the General Staff of the right Wing. The Flying Hospital. The Baggage of the right column in the order of the Brigade. Quarter Master General's Stores. Commissary General's Stores.
The Rear Guards consisting of the old Camp Guards of the right wing.
The Corps of Light Infantry will march at four hundred yards distance from the Wing preceded by a Van Guard of one Battalion at the same distance in its front, which will also advance a Subaltern's command four hundred yard; in front. The Pioneers and a detachment of Artificers will succeed the Van Guard to repair roads.
This Column will take the route by Kakeat to Clarks town, and there Halt for the night.
The Left Column will consist of a Van Guard of three Hundred and ninety six men commanded by a Field Officer from the front Division preceded by a detachment of Light Dragoons at four hundred yards in front of the Left Wing followed by the Pioneers and a detachment of Artificers to repair the roads. Left Wing: Howe's division, McDougall's do., Steuben's do.
The Baggage of the Committee of Congress. The Commander in Chief and general staff of the Left wing in the order of the brigades.
The Baggage of the Left Wing in the order of the brigades. The Rear guards consisting of the old Camp & Quarter guards of the left wing.
The Van Guard of the Wing will detach a Subaltern's command of Dragoons two hundred yards in front to keep patroles constantly going on the roads leading from Fort Lee as well to the right as the left column half a mile or more in advance.
This Column will take the route by the Haverstraw Pond road to Greenbush and there Halt for the Night.
All Stragglers are as soon as possible to be reported to the Field Officers of the day and they are authoriz'd to inflict discretionary punishment on any offenders, upon the Spot not to exceed fifty Lashes.
The General entreats and enjoins for the reputation of the service and for the security of the Army a punctual observance of all the regulations relative to the march of an Army.
The Quarter Master General will appoint one of his deputies to lead each Column and will furnish Guides.
The Inspectors in each Wing will do the Duty of Adjutant General to the Wing in Rotation.
Head Quarters, Clarkstown, Monday, August 7, 1780.
Parole Saratoga. Countersigns Soon, Try.
Watchword Take Care!
The Army will resume its March tomorrow morning, at three o'clock, in the same order as this day. The General will beat at two, the Assemblé at half past two.
Should the left Column arrive at the junction of the roads, about two miles on this side of Tappan before the right it will halt till the right passes and then fall into the rear 'till further orders.
The General has observed that many arms have been damaged by the rain. He requests the attention of the officers to improve the Halt in putting them in order and in having the Ammunition carefully examined.
An officer from each Division is to be sent back towards Kings ferry to collect the stragglers of their respective Divisions and bring them forward.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Sir: I am honored with yours of the 31st ulto. The measure of ordering the three Months Militia to repair to Rhode Island upon the expectation of the British Army was certainly right, but as the force which was embarked on the sound has returned again to New York, I imagine the Count De Rochambeau will not think them longer necessary and that they will be ordered to proceed to the North River. The French Admiral will spare us as much powder as he possibly can, but as he did not come out provided to answer any extra demand we cannot expect much from him. I am much obliged by the loan of Muskets and Cartouch Boxes. Tho' they fall short of the requisition, yet as they are all which could be procured, the State is as much intitled to thanks, as if it had been in their power to have supplied the whole. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am honored with Your Excellency's favor of the 4th Inst. I am sorry that any disputes and differences should have happened between Major Murnan and the Inhabitants and Militia. As it is difficult to reconcile matters after they have been carried to such a height as appears by Capt. Greens deposition59 I have thought it best to recall Major Murnan.
[Note 59: Major Murnans protested the withdrawal of the militia who were making gabions and fascines, when they were ordered to march to Rhode Island. Capt. John Green's deposition was to the effect that Murnans wounded a serjeant over a row as to the meat ration issue, Green was a captain in Col. Hezekiah Wyllys's Connecticut Militia regiment.] You will be pleased to forward the inclosed to him, which is for that purpose.
Your Excellency will, I presume, before the receipt of this, have heard that General Clinton with the Fleet and Troops which had been at Huntington returned on the 31st ulto. to New York. Should the Militia in consequence of this, return to their former station on Connecticut River, you will be pleased to direct them to proceed in making Fascines and Gabions. I have the honor etc.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters near Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 5th. The return of the Enemy has been confirmed by my letters previous to this. Had they gone forward your Excelly's arrangements promised every thing favorable.
I flatter myself the account you have transmitted respecting the second division will prove authentic. I think with your Excy. that under present circumstances the information should be withheld from the enemy. With the utmost esteem etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of James McHenry.]
Head Quarters near Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Sir: I was yesterday evening favored with your letter of the21st of June.
A few days since upon Col. Koscuisco's application for leave to serve to the Southward, he obtained my permission, and I suppose designs setting out immediately. Captn. Dallizen accompanies him.
Gen: Clinton having gone up the Sound apparently with the intention of operating against the French armament at Rhode Island this army crossed the North River at Kings-ferry on the 30th. Ulto. to be in a situation to act as circumstances might authorise. Our advices gave to Clinton about 8000 troops, so that New-York was left exposed to our attempts. We were pushing every thing to this point, when we received advice that Clinton was returning to New-York. This necessarily put a stop to our movements, and as the objects for which we crossed the river had ceased, we recrossed it on the 4th. and 5th. instant. We intend to occupy a post at Dobbs' ferry, for the end of shortening our transportation, and saving the forage in the opposite quarter, which we may want in our future approaches, should it be in our power to do any thing decisive against New-York.
The stationary has long since come to hand for which I am much obliged to you. I am etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received in order of their dates Your several Letters of the 31st. and 31st. Ulto. and of the 2d and 4th Instant.
I am exceedingly happy in the conduct of the Militia, in turning out with so much spirit and alacrity. It does them great honor, at the same time it is very interesting to the Common cause. The Count de Rochambeau has expressed himself highly pleased with them, and in such terms as has given me much satisfaction. Gratitude, Interest and policy combined in the strongest manner to lead us to give him the earliest and effectual support. The Count will have received long before this, my Letters advising him of the certain return of Genl Clinton to New York, and will have made every necessary arrangement in consequence of it. You will see by my Letter of the 3d that your joining the Army is intirely with Yourself. Sir Henry Clinton's return having put an end to the plan I had formed of an immediate attempt on New York, while he should be operating to the Eastward, the Army has passed the River and we are now going, agreeable to my original design, to establish, as soon as possible, a communication for the present across the River at Dobbs's ferry, in order to aid our land transportation and facilitate our supplies of bread, which at any rate will be found sufficiently difficult, but much less so, than if the flour was to be carried the circuitous rout by King's ferry and thence to the plains.
I very much wish that the Fleet reported to have been met at sea, may have been the second division from France, and that it may get safe into port. In order to give it the better chance for this, it would be well if the intelligence should remain a secret; for should it reach the Enemy, they will try every possible measure, they can devise, to intercept it. I am etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. both your favors of the 6th. I wish it were in my power to furnish the Militia with Tents and Camp Kettles, but such is our situation with respect to these Articles, especially the first, that the troops in the field are not fully provided, and I very much fear the deficiency will continue thro' the Campaign. Under these circumstances, as nothing better can be done, I would recommend that those Men, who cannot be accommodated in the Barracks and Bomb Proofs of the Redoubts, should immediately set about making themselves cover of Bark and Boughs, which may be made with some little pains more comfortable than Tents. The Quarter Master General, as I wrote you before, gives hopes of Camp Kettles in a short time.
Doctor Cochran has lately been to Philada. expressly for the purpose of procuring Medicines and Stores for the Hospitals. He obtained some at the time, and he informs me matters were put in proper train by the Medical Committee to increase the supply. A quantity of Medicines have arrived at Rhode Island, which are ordered forward.
The stock of Salt provision tho' small, ought if possible to be preserved, and I shall therefore write to Colo. Blaine on the subject, lest your representation to him should not have the proper effect.
I intend that the Garrison of the post shall consist of 1500 Men, exclusive of the detachments necessary at Fishkill, &ca. and a party of 150 properly officered to act under the command of Colo. Sheldon who lays in the neighbourhood of North Castle. Colo. Hull is at present down there with a detachment of Continental Troops. You will be pleased to relieve him immediately from the Massachusetts Militia. And untill the Militia from that State amount to a number sufficient to furnish the Garrison and detachments, you will detain those from New Hampshire.
I will take the first opportunity of desiring the Baron Steuben to nominate an Officer for sub: inspector and Dy. Adjt. General to the Garrison. You will be pleased in the mean time to appoint some person to do that duty.
I am well aware that the composition of your command will subject you to many difficulties, and that as much cannot be expected from them as from Regular Troops, but I am at the same time confident, that you will do the utmost with them. I am &c.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers at West Point after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, near Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received Your letter of the 28th Ulto and am sorry to find that You suppose the business of sending on the Draft, nearly over. If this is the case, and of which you can judge much better than I, You have my permission to return to Camp. However as You went to Philadelphia on the requisition of the State for an Officer to superintend the forwarding the Drafts, and as not near the small number even, which was voted, has joined the Army, I would rather wish your return to be determined by a consultation with and the consent of the President. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, near Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 29th. of June. I am much obliged to you for the state you have given me of your strength, and the other particulars relative to the command.
We have little in this quarter, but what you will have seen in the public prints before this reaches you. Clinton is returned to New-York. Our Allies regret that he stopped short, and did not pay them a visit, as it was apparent he at first intended. They were well prepared to receive him. And we were pressing every measure to make use of their absence from New-York. Had he attempted Rhode Island, we should have attempted this place.
We are in daily expectation to hear of the arrival of the second division. As the transactions with you may be important, and may have influence upon what is done here, you will be good enough to give me a detail of such matters as you consider of consequence, as often as occasions may offer. I am etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of James McHenry.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, near Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Sir: I am sorry to find by a letter from His Excellency Governor Trumbull, accompanied by a deposition of Captain Green of Colo. Wyllis's Regiment that a Quarter Master Serjeant of that Regiment has been stabbed by you in the Arm and Body. I will not undertake to say whether the provocation you received from the Serjeant did or did not justify the proceeding, as I have only heard the complaint of one party, but as the matter has irritated not only the Militia but the inhabitants in that quarter, I have thought it best to recall you. You will therefore upon the receipt of this return to the Army. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near Orange Town, August 8, 1780.
Sir: I have been duly favoured with your two Letters of the 5th and 6th Instant, and thank you for the intelligence in them.
I am also much obliged by your Offer of assistance to Captain Hurlbut68 in expediting the communication, and entreat you will continue to give me the earnest notice of any movement which may be made by the Enemy's shipping in the Sound or of any thing else of consequence which may come to your knowledge. I am etc.69
[Note 68: Capt. George Hurlbut (Hurlburt), of the Second Continental Dragoons. He was wounded near Tarrytown, N.Y., in July, 1781, and died of his wounds in May, 1783.]
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Tuesday, August 8, 1780.
Parole Clarkestown. Countersigns N., D.
Watchword New York.
The General requires the most particular attention to the order of yesterday, respecting Arms and Ammunition which our being in the vicinity of the Enemy renders peculiarly essential.
The men wanting arms are to be supplied without delay, and the recruits as fast as they arrive. A sufficient stock is to be kept on hand for this purpose.
The order for keeping the bayonets constantly fixed has been during the March unpardonably neglected by part of the Troops: it is to be strictly observed, and the officers commanding regiments will see that the Bayonet Belts and scabbards are delivered to the Brigade Conductors taking their receipts for the number delivered and they will deliver them to the Field Commissary of military stores: The Light Infantry Companies will deliver them to their respective regiments to be included in the above.
The Marquis de la Fayette being returned will take the Command of the Light Infantry and Major General St. Clair will resume that of the Pennsylvania division.
Captain Moses White70 of Colonel Hazen's regiment is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Inspector in General Poor's brigade 'till further orders vice Major Scott71 indisposed.
[Note 70: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was aide to General Hazen in September, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 71: Maj. William Scott, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
The Brigade Inspectors are to attend at the orderly office this afternoon at four o'clock.
AFTER ORDERS
[Note 72: Lieut. Col. James Mellen, of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; appointed lieutenant colonel commandant of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.
Meade's expense account, June 15, 1780 (in the Washington Papers), shows that on August 8 "Mrs. Talman, near Tappan" was paid 80 dollars.]
Brigade Major Van Lear.
The Picquets to parade at six o'clock this afternoon on the Green near the church which is Assigned for the Grand Parade at present. The Troop to beat at half past six o'clock. The Guards and picquets to be on the Grand Parade at half past seven precisely. one private to every thirteen must be brought on to the Grand Parade in addition to the Details.
The Field officers who commanded the advanced Guards of the right and Left column will attend to Post to Picquets this evening. Brigade Major McGowan will attend the formation.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 9, 1780.
Sir: Your Letter of the 6th Inst. was duly received by Express the last Evening.
The 335 Men which you Mention, I suppose from your Letter, were immediately sent to reinforce Genl Van Rensselaer, which was all that could have been done circumstanced as you were; as part of the Detachment of Militia had been ordered to the aid of our Allies at Rhode Island according to your conjecture. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, Wednesday, August 9, 1780.
Parole Tuscany. Countersigns Truro, Time.
Watchword Emulation.
[Note 74: Lieut. Col, Barachiah Bassett, of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Fish
The Army to be Inspected tomorrow in which Inspection the whole number of recruits that have joined is to be ascertained. The Inspectors will meet the Inspector General five o'clock this afternoon at the orderly office to receive Instructions.
There being no Inspector to General McDougall's Division the Inspector General will Inspect that himself.
An alarm will be communicated by two guns (as usual) from the right of the right wing when the troops will immediately form on their respective parades.
The officers commanding the Wings and the light Corps will meet this afternoon four o'clock at General Greene's quarters to concert the necessary precautions for the security of the Camp.
The Left Wing will take care of Dobbs Ferry and the approaches on the rear. The light corps will take care of the Front extending its attention to the Closter Landing, the roads leading from Fort Lee &ca. and the right Wing will guard the approaches on the right. There will be two Grand Parades one for the right the other for the left wing where the detachments from each will assemble. A Field officer of the Day for each Wing will be appointed and a brigadier of the day for the whole.
The soldiers are on no pretence to be suffered to straggle as it is of the greatest importance in our present position that we should be at all times compact and ready to act with our whole force at the shortest notice. The regulations for preserving order and cleanliness in Camp are most punctually to be observed. On the latter particularly in this hot season the health of the men absolutely depends. No time is to be lost in sinking Wells as the water of the brook is rather indifferent. The men are by all means to be kept from eating or destroying the unripe Fruit. The General exhorts the officers of all ranks to exert themselves to prevent injury to the persons and property of the Inhabitants and to bring offenders to the most summary punishment. Plundering and Violence are a disgrace to the Name of an American soldier and an insult to the Authority of his officer. During the March and even since his arrival on this ground the General has been mortified with repeated Complaints of the most licentious Excesses committed by particular Corps.
Great Care is to be taken to prevent the horses of the Army breaking into the fields of Grain. Guards are to be stationed and other necessary measures taken for this Purpose.
Major Goetshius with the Corps under his command is to join the light Infantry and take his orders from the Marquis de la Fayette.
Captain Lawrence with his company of Levies will take orders from Major General Lord Stirling 'till the Brigade to which he belongs joins the Army.
The Picquets and Guards will assemble on the Grand Parade tomorrow morning, after that on the Wing Parade.
AFTER ORDERS
The Generals commanding divisions will fix on a proper spot within the distance of a Mile or two of their encampments large enough for the exercise of two Battalions where they will see their respective divisions exercised in the following manner:
Every morning from four to six o'clock two battalions from each division will be exercised by a Brigadier and in the absence of the Brigadier by the next oldest Officer off duty. Each battalion to consist of 1 Colonel or Lieut. Colonel, 1 Major, 6 Captains, 12 Subs, 1 Adjutant, 26 Serjeants, 8 Corporals, 16 Drums and fifes, 240 Privates. Exclusive of this number each battalion is to have sixteen supernumerary men paraded behind the battalion to replace any men who may be taken sick or are otherwise unfit for exercise that the battalions may be always 120 files complete. To which the Majors and Adjutants are to pay particular attention. On the battalions arriving at the place of exercise the platoons are to exercise separately in detail half an hour in the manual and firings, the Non commissioned officers to form a platoon by themselves and be exercised by the Adjutant, the battalions will afterwards perform such of the Evolutions prescribed in the regulations as the Major Generals shall order.
The Inspector General will exercise each division in turn and when Present will command himself instead of the Brigadier. The Generals, Colonels and all officers will pay attention that all the men take their turns at this exercise especially all who are to be in rank and file in time of Action.
The Exercise of file recruits is to be continued independent of the above from five to seven, morning and evening, in the front of each regiments encampment.
The Generals will pay attention that all officers not otherwise employed attend at this Exercise. Those recruits who have been already exercised are now to be exercised with arms the others without arms, the exercise to begin next Friday morning.
The Inspection of the Troops will commence at six o'clock tomorrow morning. The Inspectors and Brigade Inspectors are to attend at the Orderly Office at four o'clock in the afternoon with their returns and Inspection.
Head Quarters, Tappan, August 10, 1780.
Madam: I have the honor to thank you for your favor of the 31st. Ulto.
It was not my intention to divert the benevolent donation of the Ladies from the channel they wished it to flow in. I gave my opinion in consequence of their request, but I shall be equally ready to subscribe to theirs, and will execute their commands in the manner most agreeable to themselves. At the same time, I have my apprehensions (from the peculiar circumstances of our Army) that a taste of hard money may be productive of much discontent as we have none but depreciated paper for their pay.
A few provident Soldiers will, probably, avail themselves of the advantages which may result from the generous bounty of two dollars in Specie, but it is equally probable that it will be the means of bringing punishment on a number of others whose inclination [propensity] to drink[ing] overcoming all other considerations too frequently leads them into irregularities and disorders which must be corrected.
A Shirt would, render the condition of the [Soldiery in general much] more comfortable than it is at prest. No prospect of public supplies, in any degree adequate to our wants, are yet opened to my view. The provision made or making for the Troops of Pensylva.; and the late importation from France is small in comparison of our aggregate call, and affords a melancholy prospect of continued sufferings.75 I have the honr. etc.76
[Note 75: "The Ladies had not the most distant wish, that their Donation shou'd be bestow'd in any manner, that did not perfectly accord with your Opinion."-- Esther Reed to Washington, Aug. 16, 1780.]
[Note 76: The original is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The words in brackets show Alexander Hamilton's efforts to improve on Washington's diction.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Thursday, August 10, 1780.
Parole Baltimore. Countersigns Boon, Bark.
Watchword Prudence.
For the Day Tomorrow. Brigadier General Wayne.
Brigade returns of the Espontoons wanting are to be transmitted to the orderly office 12 o'clock tomorrow.
A General Court martial to assemble tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the Orderly Office when they will receive directions where to sit, to try all prisoners who shall be brought before them.
Colonel Greaton is appointed President, Lieutenant Colonel Mellen Major Church and a Captain from each Brigade except the 3d and 4th Massachusetts, to attend as Members.
AFTER ORDERS
The Division General Court martial whereof Colonel Angell is President of Major General Lord Stirling's late Division is to assemble tomorrow morning ten o'clock at the President's Tent to finish the Trial of Lt. Boss.77
[Note 77: Lieut. George Boss, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Invalid Regiment in January, 1781, and discharged in September, 1782.]
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is President is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Friday, August 11, 1780.
Parole Sparta. Countersigns S., B.
Watchword Subordinate.
For the Day Tomorrow. Brigadier General Huntington.
One of the Drafts, acquainted with the management of Hides and Tallow, from each Wing to be sent to the Commissary of Hides at the Magazine. These men are to join their regiments when they are ordered to march.
The Brigade Commissaries are to send their hides and Tallow to the Commissary of Hides every Saturday.
An Orderly Serjeant from each brigade in the right wing to attend the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Greaton is President this day now sitting at the Church. An Orderly Serjeant from each brigade in the Left wing to attend tomorrow at the same place.
A Serjeant from each wing to attend at the orderly Office daily. The General court martial whereof Colonel Angell is President mentioned in General Orders yesterday is to assemble tomorrow 10 o'clock at the President's Tent.
A Draft from each Brigade to be sent as a Collier to Colonel Baldwin's Quarters early tomorrow morning to remain while the Army continues on this ground. Those Colliers who have heretofore been employed under him are to join their regiments.
Head Quarters, Tappan, August 11, 1780.
Gentlemen: I cannot but premise my answer to your letter of [yester]day by observing that the refusal of the Colonels and Lt. Colonels of your line to comply with my request for stating in writing their motives to the part they have taken in the affair of Major McPherson78 is to me as extraordinary as unexpected. I assure you I had not the least idea there could have been any difficulty in the matter, and had no other reason for desiring it than that which I assigned to you to prevent a possibility of misrepresentation.
[Note 78: Maj. William Macpherson.]
Though I consider the conduct of the Gentlemen concerned as extremely exceptionable in every point of view; yet as I attribute it to misapprehension, as I have a good opinion of their intentions and the highest sense of their patriotism their zeal for the service, their talents and merit; as I should esteem their resignation an injury to the army not only by the loss of so many good officers, but by deranging a very valuable corps of troops; as I wish the motives to the step I have taken to be well understood by them, I shall recapitulate the substance of the conversation which passed between us at our interview, and request you once more to call their attention to it before they come to a final determination.
I wish them to be assured that in the appointment of Major McPherson, I did not imagine it could by any construction be deemed injurious to their rights or prejudicial to their honor, and they cannot be more tender of both themselves than I have been and ever should be; that though I have the best opinion of that Gentleman's qualifications, the choice of him was not founded on any preference derogatory to them; that, from the fullest information of the practice of all other armies, I was convinced the appointment was agreeable to military rule; that it appeared to me by the articles of war and by repeated resolutions of Congress to be agreeable to our own constitution; that the estimation in which Mr. McPherson seemed to be held by the whole Pensylvania line; the former application of some of the officers to me in his behalf; the sacrifice he made to his principles by quitting a service in which he had a handsome existence;79 his being a native of the same state and a man of acknowledged capacity and worth, left me no doubt, that the officers of your line would with pleasure see him placed in a situation which would enable him to be useful to the public and to do credit to himself.
[Note 79: Macpherson was formerly a lieutenant and adjutant in the Sixteenth Foot, British Army.]
A command in the light corps offered itself as an unexceptionable mode for answering this purpose. Corps formed by detachments are the usual method in which brevet officers are employed, as they cannot be introduced into Regiments without. displacing other officers or violating the right of succession; both of which are justly deemed injuries in every service. But the reasoning in view by which the employing such officers in detached corps is made an infringement of the rights of regimental officers. Military rank and an eligibility to military command are ideas which cannot be separated. Take away the latter and the former becomes an unmeaning sound. The principle being admitted it would in our army degrade many officers who have every claim to the consideration of their country and to the justice of their fellow soldiers, some of whom have been in the army since the commencement of the war, have relinquished Regimental stations by which in the natural course of succession they would have been higher in rank than they now are, have made as great sacrifices as any others, and yield to none in merit, or in useful service. To wish to exclude them from the most essential privilege of an officer is alike inconsistent with justice and generosity; and on cooler reflection the liberality of sentiments which I believe the Gentlemen concerned to possess; will not suffer them to persist in such a design.
The practice of other armies in all cases not expressly provided for is the best standard by which we can form our notions; and it would have obviated many difficulties if it had been better known or more attended to. If particular officers are to depart from that and set up new distinctions as it suits their interest or fancy, there is an end to all order and subordination. Every thing is set afloat upon the precarious footing of as many different opinions as there are individuals that compose the army. It is too notorious to be denied, the practice of other armies [(not less than our own)] warrants the appointment of Major McPherson to his present command. I understood however from you Gentlemen, that a line has been drawn and applied to the present case between temporary and permanent commands. Admitting this distinction to be good detachments which are again to return to their corps can be deemed nothing else than temporary commands; whether they are out for a week, for a month, or for a campaign they are still temporary; the permanent commands are of regiments and of other established corps. If we appeal to precedent here also we shall find the period for brevet commands indefinite.
You informed me that a distinction was also made between a detachment from one line and a detachment from different lines, and that no objection would have arisen if the corps to which Major McPherson was appointed had been composed partly of Pensylvania and partly of other troops. Though there are particular quotas of troops furnished by the several states, the whole compose but one army and the commissions are from the same authority with different designations. All detachments therefore whether from one line or more than one must be subject to the same rules; and if a brevet is not to operate upon a detachment from one line, I see no principle upon which it can have effect in detachments from different lines united together.
If it be allowed that Brevet commissions create a capacity of temporary command by detachment and that the light infantry answers to this discription then the propriety of appointing Major McPherson can only be questioned on two principles: a want of qualifications, or being appointed out of course. The first would be inadmissible because the officer commanding the army has alone the right to judge; and if he made an injudicious choice the officers might entertain what private opinions they pleased, but they could not make it the subject of official complaint. If it be said Major McPherson was appointed out of course and that the officers of light infantry should be taken by roster as in the common routine of service; let the practice of armies in this as in the other case be recurred to, and it will be found that no regard is paid to the Roster in similar corps. It is an indisputed privilege of the Commander in Chief to officer them as he [pleases]. The same was done last year, nor would scarcely an officer then in the corps have been appointed, if the principle in question had been observed. No objection however that I ever heard of, was made on this score; and why should the officers of the Pensylvania line be singular in making it now? or why not make it in the case of Col Stewart as well as of Major McPherson? His appointment no more than that of the latter can be justified by the Roster. The good sense of every officer of discernment must decide against this rule for a variety of obvious considerations.
For these reasons and others equally decisive, it is impossible for me to revoke the appointment. I view the measure the Gentlemen concerned have entered into as peculiarly intemperate hasty and ill-judged. I sincerely hope they may be induced to reconsider it and change their resolutions. On my part I shall be happy to forget what has happened, and to continue to them the same share of my esteem which they have merited and possessed. I am persuaded their rights in the present case are untouched. I am conscious I had no intention to injure them. I cannot pretend an indifference to the conduct they may observe; because, as I have already confessed, I shall consider their quitting the service as a serious detriment to it. They ought also as good Citizens and good men to realize the consequences and to assure themselves they act upon substantial grounds before they venture to execute what they have intimated. They ought to recollect that they cannot hereafter be happy, if they find their conduct condemned by the country and by the army, especially if it has been the cause of any misfortune. They should remember that we have actually entered upon the operations of the campaign; that we are now in the vicinity of the enemy and in a position that makes an action not very improbable perhaps not very remote [if my intelligence true.] When they duly weigh these things they cannot but be sensible that the love of their country; the obligations of their respective stations; what they owe to their own characters and to that discipline which ought to be sacred among military men; all these motives call upon them to relinquish the intention they have suggested. It is true, we have not many considerations of interest to attach us to the service; but we have those of honor and public good [in a high degree] and I flatter myself these ties will not prove too feeble.
I wish you to communicate this letter as well to the Majors as to the other field officers, and if they still persist, I shall think I have discharged my duty to them and to the public. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 81: Judge of Orange County, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 11, 1780.
Sir: I am pained at the contents of your letter of this date.82 It has always been my endeavour as much as in my power to prevent the troops from committing depredations of any kind whatsoever on the inhabitants. That there should be cause of complaint from the well-affected is an additional aggravation. You may be assured that the most pointed orders have been issued to the army on this subject since we came on this ground, and the strongest recommendations used to the officers
[Note 82: The letter from Judge Hating stated that the inhabitants were alarmed and filled with apprehensions of "being brought to a Starving condition. Fences are wantonly destroyed and consequently Cornfields, Buckwheat, Orchards, meadows &c. &c. are laid waste, and we know not where it will end." Haring's letter is in the Washington Papers.] that they may be carried into execution. I flatter myself that these will have the good effect which you desire, and which it is intended they should produce. I am &c.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 11, 1780.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit Your Excellency a Letter from the Chevalier Ternay, which came under cover to me last night, with One addressed to myself. I also inclose an Extract of the Letter from the Admiral to myself83 and of one of the same date, from the Count de Rochambeau.84 Your Excellency will perceive by these, tho I presume the Admiral has written to You fully on the subject, the measures they have concerted, with respect to the second Division, in case it arrives at the Southward.
[Note 83: Ternay's letter to Washington (August 8) is not now found in the Washington Papers, but a translation in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison therein does not bear any indication as to the extract inclosed in Washington's letter above.]
[Note 84: The extract from Rochambeau's letter to Washington of August 8, which was inclosed, read: "With regard to our Second Division, I refer you to the Letter that the Admiral is to send you including the ways and means by which its junction with this here fleet is to brought about." This extract is in the Washington Papers.]
The Letter inclosed from Lt Colo Harrison will inform Your Excellency by what accident the one addressed to you by the Admiral was opened. I have the honor etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 11, 1780.
Dear Sir: I yesterday recd. your favor of the 8th: The Commy. General of Issues must be supposed to have the best knowledge of the Affairs of his department, and therefore any directions given by him to draw from one post to supply Troops at another ought to be complied with. In the present instance our dependance is upon part of the stock of Rum at West point, and you will for that reason permit the remainder of the quantity ordered to come forward.
I have received intelligence that the British Troops which lately returned from the Eastward and debarked upon Long Island have orders to embark again. I cannot suppose that they mean again to go towards Rhode Island, neither can I think that in the present situation of matters they can expect any success from an attempt upon West point, but in order that we may run no risque, I shall write to Colo. Malcom directing him to halt in the neighbourhood of Haverstraw till further orders. He will from thence be in supporting distance of the posts should a serious move up the River take place. You will also detain all the Militia of Massachusetts and New Hampshire who may come in, untill we receive more certain intelligence of the views and intentions of the Enemy. You will put all your posts upon their guard. They can be affected by nothing but a surprise while this Army is so near them.
We shall have occasion to throw up some small Works at Dobbs's ferry to secure the intended communication at that place, and in order that we may finish them in the most expeditious manner, you will be pleased to order sixty of Colo. Baldwin's regimented Artificers to come immediately down here.
Colo. Hay writes that he shall be able to lay up some stock of Hay at Fishkill provided orders are given that none shall be issued while pasture is to be had, except upon such occasions as you or the Deputy Qt. Master Genl. at the post shall think proper. This measure appears necessary, and you will therefore be pleased to give orders to have it carried into execution.
A new Qr. Mr. General (Colo. Pickering) is appointed. Whether he will be supplied with the means of procuring what is necessary in the department, or whether the new System is calculated to produce them, is yet to be known. In the mean time you can only proceed in working up the materials which you find upon hand. I am &c.86
[Note 86: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 11, 1780.
Sir: From some advices recd. from New York, I think it necessary that the Militia under your command should Halt in a convenient position in the neighbourhood of Haverstraw untill further orders. Should the Enemy go up the River in such force as may seem sufficient to threaten the Highland posts and pass above Kings Ferry, you will without loss of time throw yourself by the nearest Route into West point. You will in such case send your Baggage thro' the Clove to New Windsor. Should this meet you on this side Haverstraw, you will return, and give me notice where you take post. I am &c.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman]
Head Quarters, August 11, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter from North Castle with its inclosures.
I am very much pleased that the Corrispondence with C-- is again opened. I have the greatest dependence in his good intentions, and I am persuaded when he pleases to exert himself he can give the most useful intelligence. The shorter the line of Communication so much the better.
With respect to the proposed incursion88 I do not think it advisable under present circumstances. Although the Enemy appear to be small dispersed parties, yet the risque in an attempt more than Counterbalances the advantage which might be obtained. I am &c.89
[Note 88: A surprise attack on British dragoons in Suffolk County, Long Island.]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 12, 1780.
Sir: Nothing material has occurred since my last of the 8th: We are impatiently waiting the arrival of the second division of the French Fleet and Army, upon which the commencement of operations in a great measure intirely depends.
In mine of the 18th. July I desired you to make frequent communications of the situation of affairs to the Southward. I cannot forbear repeating my wish on this subject, as circumstances may require a sudden alteration of our present plans; and should the transference of the whole or a part of the force of our Allies to the southward be deemed eligible, it will be necessary that we should be acquainted before hand with your strength, expectations and resources; and with the number, position and circumstances of the Enemy. You may depend upon every intelligence from me, which can in any way affect or be interesting to the operations in your quarter.
I have taken the opportunity of writing by Col. Kosciusko, with whom I part reluctantly, as I have experienced great satisfaction from his general conduct, and particularly from the attention and zeal with which he has prosecuted the Works committed to his charge at West point. I am &c.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 12, 1780.
Sir: In answer to your letter of this day, I am to desire you will retain the teams you mention and give the owners the usual assurances of payment for their future service. I am &c.
P.S. I take it for granted every practicable step will be taken to provide others in their place as speedily as possible.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 12, 1780.
Sir: In answer to that part of your letter of the 19th: July, in which you desire to be informed of the most proper places to establish Magazines of Salt Provisions I am of opinion that you should make Albany upon the North River, Easton upon the Delaware, and Pitts Town or that neighbourhood the principal places of deposit. You need not confine yourself to Albany alone, as any convenient places upon the North River above the Highlands are equally safe. I do not imagine that there will be any salt meat to spare to the southward, but should there be more than is wanted for the supply of the southern Army; you should have it brought to the Head of Chesapeak Bay before the Winter sets in and from thence across to Philadelphia in the first instance. The salt Meat put up to the Eastward should also be brought forward to the North River before the Weather renders the Roads impassable. Should the States comply with the requisitions of Flour made upon them, the places already assigned for the reception of that Article are suitable for the probable winter Cantonments of the Army. I am etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Saturday, August 12, 1780.
Parole Halifax. Countersigns Keen, Keep.
Watchword Allways ready.
For the Day Tomorrow. Brigadier General Stark.
Two Captains, four subs, eight serjeants and one hundred and fifty men from each Wing are to be sent at five o'clock tomorrow morning to Dobbs ferry as a fatigue party under the direction of Colonel Gouvion Commandant of the Corps of Engineers. They are to take their Arms and two days provisions with them.
The Issuing Commissaries are to deliver Fatigue Rum on Colonel Gouvion's orders.
A Drum and fife from the right wing to join the Corps of Sappers and Miners 'till further orders.
The recruits or Drafts who have joined the Army this Campaign are to be divided into two classes; the first to consist of those who have been formerly in the continental regiments and those who are in the opinion of their commanding officers sufficiently drilled to mount on the Camp and quarter Guards under the eyes of their officers; These may be permitted to form part of the manoeuvring battalions. The remainder to compose the second class who are not to do any duty except to exercise 'till further orders.
AFTER ORDERS
Lieutenant Thomas Doyle93 of the 6th. Pennsylvania regiment is appointed Quartermaster to the same from the 13 of July 1778.
[Note 93: Of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was wounded at Green Springs, Va., in July, 1781; transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
The 1st. Pennsylvania, Jersey 1st. 2d. and 4th. Massachusetts brigades give each a chain bearer to the Geographer of the Main Army, Mr. Erskine, they are to be sent to the Orderly Office tomorrow morning eight o'clock.
The right Wing will give six Masons and a fatigue party of a Serjeant and twelve men to be paraded at the Church tomorrow morning eight o'clock with one day's provisions.
It being of the utmost importance that orders should be regularly and speedily communicated, the Commander in Chief directs 'till further orders, that the Inspectors, Brigade Inspectors and Aides attend the Orderly Office daily at 11 o'clock in the morning to receive general orders and communicate the Wing Division or Brigade Orders. And in case any Wing Division or Brigade Orders are to be communicated at any other hour they are to be sent to the Inspectors and Brigade Inspectors who are immediately to Communicate them to the Wings Divisions or Brigades. The most punctual attendance for General Orders is required and Expected.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Sunday, August 13, 1780.
Parole Wyoming. Countersigns Wells, Wing.
Watchword Improve.
For the day Tomorrow. Brigadier General Wayne.
The same number of fatigue men and Masons from the Left wing to be paraded tomorrow at the time and place mentioned in yesterdays orders.
A Serjeant and Six from the right and a corporal and six from the Left wing to be paraded tomorrow morning eight o'clock at the Church with two days provision their Arms Packs &ca. They are to be sent to fix an Hospital for the reception of the sick.
An Accurate return of the Sick to be delivered to the director General of the Flying hospital tomorrow at the orderly office, eleven o'clock by the regimental Surgeons.
Six Orderlies from the right Wing tomorrow for the General Court martial.
George Hutchinson, Matross in the 4th regiment of Artillery was tried the 23d ultimo at a brigade general court martial whereof Major Eustis94 was president for "Desertion" Pied Guilty.
[Note 94: Maj. Benjamin Eustis, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He died in October, 1781.]
The Court are of opinion that he is guilty of a breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Articles of War and sentence him to be shot to Death (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto).
Head Qrs. Tappan, August 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: The subject of this letter will be confined to a single point. I shall make it as short as possible, and write it with frankness. If any sentiment therefore is delivered which may be displeasing to you as a member of Congress, ascribe it to the freedom which is taken with you by a friend, who has nothg. in view but the public good.
In your letter without date, but which came to hand yesterday, an idea is held up as if the acceptance of General Green's resignation of the Qr. Mrs. department was not all that Congress meant to do with him.95 If by this it is in contemplation
[Note 95: Jones had written from Congress: "We have been greatly perplexed the last week with General Greenes refusal to act in the office of Quarter Master General unless the New System was totally repealed and he was allowed to conduct it under your direction in such a manner as he should think most conducive to the public Service besides Congress were to request Pettit and Cox to resume their Offices. If Genl. Greene thought the New System wanted amendment and had pointed out the defect Congress wod. have considered the matter and I doubt not wod. have made the necessary alternation. But the manner of these demands made in such peremptory terms, at the moment of action when the Campaign was opened the Enemy in the Field, and our ally waiting for Cooperation, has lessened Genl. Greene, not only in the Opinion of Congress but I think of the Public; and I question whether it will terminate with the acceptance of his refusal only. On Saturday Col. Pickering was appointed to the Office of Quarter Master General, with the Rank of Colonel and the pay and Rations of a Brigadier General and to hold his place at the Board of War without pay or right to act while in the office of Quarter Master General. This Gentlemans Integrity Ability, and attention to Business will I hope not only prevent the evils to be apprehended from a change in so important a Department at this time but will I hope be able to reform some of the abuses crept into that Business and lessen the amazing expenditures of the Department." Jones's letter is in the Washington Papers.] to suspend him from his command in the line (of which he made an express reservation at the time of entering on the other duty) and it is not already enacted, let me beseech you to consider well what you are about before you resolve.
I shall neither condemn, or acquit Genl. Greens conduct for the act of resignation, because all the antecedents96 are necessary to form a right judgment of the matter, and possibly, if the affair is ever brought before the public, you may find him treading on better ground than you seem to imagine;97 but this by the by. My sole aim at present is to [advertise you of what I think would be]98 the consequences of suspending him from his command in the line (a matter distinct from the other), without a proper tryal. A proceedure of this kind must touch the feelings of every Officer; it will shew in a conspicuous point of view the uncertain tenure by which they hold their Commissions. In a word it will exhibit such a specimen of power99 that I question much if there is an Officer in the whole line that will1 hold a Commission beyond the end of the Campaign if they do till then. [Such an Act in the most
[Note 96: Robert Hanson Harrison had interlined the word "correspondences" at this point.]
[Note 97: Washington's first composition was: "and I shall be much mistaken if the affair is brought before the public if you do not find him treading etc."]
[Note 98: The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Harrison. The following, in the writing of Washington, is crossed out: "warn you of."]
[Note 99: Washington first wrote: "stretch of arbitrary power."]
[Note 1: Washington first wrote: "will continue to hold etc."] Despotic Government would be attended at least with loud complaints.]2
[Note 2: The words in brackets are interlined by Harrison.]
It [does not] require, [I am sure, with you] argument at this time of day to prove, that there is no set of Men in the United States (considered as a body) that have made the same sacrafices of their Interest in support of the common cause as the Officers of the American Army; that nothing but [a love of their Country,] of honor, and a desire of seeing their labours crowned with success could possibly induce them to continue one moment in Service. That no Officer can live upon his pay, that hundreds having spent their little all in addition to their scant public allowance have resigned, because they could no longer support themselves as Officers; that numbers are, at this moment, rendered unfit for duty for want of Cloathing, while the rest are wasteing their property and some of them verging fast to the gulph of poverty and distress. Can it be supposed that men under these circumstances [who can derive at best if the Contest ends happily, only the advantages which attend in equal proportion with Others] will sit patient under such a precedent? surely they will not, for the measure, not the man, will be the subject of consideration and each will ask himself this question if Congress by its mere fiat, without enquiry and without tryal, will suspend one Officer to day; [an officer of such high rank,] may it not be my turn to morrow and ought I to put it in the power of any man or body of men to sport with my Commission and character and lay me under the necessity of tamely acquiescing, or by an appeal to the public expose matters which must be injurious to its interests? [The suspension of Genls. Schuyler and St. Clair, tho it was preceded by the loss of Ticonderoga which contributed not a little for the moment to excite prejudices against them, was by no means viewed with a satisfactory eye by many discerning Men, and tho it was in a manner supported by the public clamor; and the one in contemplation I am almost morally certain will be generally reprobated by the Army. Suffer not my Friend, if it is within the compass of your abilities to prevent it, so disagreeable an event to take place. I do not mean to justify; to countenance or excuse in the most distant degree any expressions of disrespect which the Gentn. in question, if he has used any, may have offered to Congress, no more than I do any unreasonable matters he may have required respecting the Q. M. G. department, but as I have already observed, my Letter is to prevent his suspension, because I fear, because I feel it must lead to very disagreeable and injurious consequences. Genl Greene has his numerous Friends out of the Army as well as in it, and from his Character and consideration in the world, he might not, when he felt himself wounded in so summary way, withhold from a discussion that could not at best promote the public cause. As a Military Officer he stands very fair and very deservedly so, in the opinion of all his acquaintance.]
These sentiments are the result of my own reflections on the matter and, [I hasten to inform you of them.] I do not know that Genl. Greene has ever heard of the matter [and I hope he never may;] nor am I acquainted with the opinion of a single Officer in the whole Army upon the subject. Nor will any tone be given by me. It is my wish to prevent the proceeding;3 for sure I am it cannot be brought to a happy issue if it takes place.4 I am &c.
[Note 3: Washington wrote: "evil"; but this was crossed off by Harrison and "proceeding" substituted.]
[Note 4: Jones replied to the above letter on September 6. The resentment against Greene had largely subsided, he wrote, before Washington's letter arrived. Extravagance was the main charge against the Quartermaster General. "The amazing Sums of money gone into that Department under his superintendence, abt Eighty millions and it is said about thirty millions unpaid the whole of which is unaccounted for has excited uneasiness not only in this Body but the people at large who call out for a settlement of the public accounts and although repeated endeavours have been used to bring the Officers in the great departments of the Army to account none have been rendered nor any likelihood of bringg. them to a settlement." Jones's letter is in the Washington Papers. A report of the Board of Treasury (Aug. 3, 1780) places the expenditures of the Quartermaster General at "82,993,276 and 60 dollars," for which no account had been rendered.]
Head Quarters, Orange town, August 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of yesterday. The providing Wood in season for the Garrison is so essential a matter that you will be pleased to furnish Colo. Hay with the Men required. I expect those Men who were detained at Rhode Island, while there was an expectation of Genl. Clinton, will soon come forward.
Colo. Sheldon may be directed to send down a Flag with Capt. Benedict5 and Mr. Stevens.6 If the former can obtain liberty to be admitted into New York, I have no objection to his going. The general directions which have been given respecting Flags have been as follows. To discourage the frequent use of them as much as possible. To permit no persons inhabitants of the States, to go into New York without permissions in writing from the respective Governors, except in such case as that of Capt. Benedict, who shews sufficient cause. And always to grant Flags upon the application of the Governors of the neighbouring States.
[Note 5: Capt. Noble Benedict, of the Connecticut Militia.]
[Note 6: Nathaniel(?) Stevens, of Connecticut.]
Several prisoners have lately escaped from the provost at West point and voluntarily surrendered themselves here. Two who came in to day say they were induced to break out for want of Water, as a practice has been made of keeping it from them and obliging them to pay exorbitantly for it. Be pleased to enquire into this matter and let the Officers of the Guard look to it in future. I am confident it is an imposition without the knowledge or concurrence of any but the inferior Officers. I am etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 13, 1780.
Sir: Your Letter of Yesterday with the enclosures has this moment come to hand, by Express.
You are undoubtedly right in your conjecture of the Author of the letter addressed to Major De Lancey, the contents of which were suggested to him for communication.
Notwithstanding any indiscretion of the person8 in question, he may be employed to valuable purposes, and I am sufficiently apprised of the circumstances to prevent his doing any injury. At the same time I applaud your zeal and attention in attempting to detect the illicit intercourse; I wish him to be suffered to pursue the line of conduct he is now prosecuting: And that by keeping the late matter to yourself as far as practocable, this plan may not be frustrated. I am etc.9
[Note 8: Thomas Poole, former lieutenant in the Second Continental Dragoons. He resigned in September, 1778.]
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Monday, August 14, 1780.
Parole Saxony. Countersigns Upton, Vincent.
Watchword Enterprize.
For the Day Tomorrow. Brigadier General Nixon.
At five o'clock tomorrow morning the Inspector General will take four battalions from the second line and perform a March, manner of entering a Camp, service of the Guards and the different duties in Camp.
The division and brigade inspectors, Quarter Masters of Brigades and regiments are to attend to this Exercise.
The General desires all superior officers also who are not on duty to attend, for which purpose the exercise of two battalions from each division is to be deferred till tomorrow afternoon five o'clock.
Orderly Serjeants for the General Court martial from the Left Wing tomorrow.
The old Soldiers who have been drafted for Waggoners are immediately to be relieved by an equal number of drafts from the regiments which they were drafted from.
No sick are to be sent to the Hospitals unless by an order from the Director General or some of the surgeons of the Flying Hospital.
At a Division General Court martial whereof Colonel Angell was President the 10th. of July last, held by order of Major General Lord Stirling:
Henry Finn of Colonel Angell's regiment was tried for "plundering the inhabitants while on command at Paramus and abusing a woman" and Acquitted: He is to be released from Confinement.
At the same Court Lieutenant Boss of the fourth Pennsylvania regiment was tried on the following charges.
1st. For ungentlemanlike behavior in imposing a falsehood on Major Church. Also for Assisting in prosecuting the Major on groundless and malicious charges to the prejudice of Major Church's Character.
2d. For being frequently intoxicated with Liquor and for beating and abusing Soldiers when in that situation contrary to good order.
3d. For Neglect of duty and for unofficerlike behavior in making use of Expressions unbecoming the Character of an Officer and Gentleman against Lieutenant Colonel Butler and Major Church: also for a breach of his Arrest on other charges subversive of good order and Military discipline.
The Court are of opinion that the 4th. charge is not supported and that the 1st. 2d. 3d. and 5th are groundless and malicious they therefore acquit him of the whole with honor.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Lieutenant Boss is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 14, 1780.
Sir: I have been honoured with Your Excellys. favour of the 22 of July and with its inclosure. With respect to appointing Officers for the Levies, Your Excellency I presume will have received before this, my Letters of the 18 and 22 Ulto, and by which You would find that I had arranged the matter, as far as the circumstances I was possessed of would admit, in consequence of your former application. But as the Officers of the and 2 State Regiments were not included and they are complete, or nearly so, in their number, and your Excellency has determined that these Corps shall march to the Southward, I see no objection to their receiving a proportion of the Levies, and the less so, as it will make the Officers of the Other Regiments, who are too few, more competent to their commands. I shall write a line to this effect to Genl. Muhlenberg to day. The Levies, I find by a Copy of a Resolution of Congress of the 5th Inst. are to join the Southern Army. It is certainly much more for the public interest that these Men are to serve till Decr. 1781, than for any shorter term, and I most earnestly wish, because I am certain the interest, if not the absolute safety and existence of America demands it, that the States would at once attempt to raise a sufficient number of Levies for the War. The expence in the first instance would be very little greater than the enormous bounties now paid for a few months service, and in the end it would be found to be by far the most oeconomical plan, both as to money and as to Men. To our Army's being levied on a short and temporary footing, the War has been protacted already to a period, to which I am doubtful whether it would ever have otherwise extended; to this we may ascribe near all our other misfortunes and present embarrassments, and to this the loss of our liberties and Independence, if the fatal event should take place. This system of politics has brought us very low indeed, and had we not been held up by providence and a powerful Ally, we must have submitted before this to the Yoke of bondage. A perseverance in the system may yet effect it. I beg Your Excellency to pardon this digression, which the misfortunes we have suffered and the difficulties that now surround us have led me as it were to make involuntarily. I am happy to learn by Genl. Muhlenburg that several of our Troops have escaped from Charles Town, both as it releases them from Captivity, and as it adds men of service and tried courage, without giving an equivalent for them, to our remaining force. The General mentions that he has heard 200 have returned, which I consider as a valuable acquisition; but he adds that Many of them tho' they were engaged for the War, conceive themselves discharged by reason of their captivity and escape and have gone to their homes. It is astonishing that they should have taken up such an idea, and I have directed him to pursue the most effectual measures to collect them. It is very unfortunate that the Navigation of the Bay should be so interrupted and destroyed, and as I imagine that the Enemy's frigates are now drawn from thence, I would hope that means will have been found to drive away the smaller pickerooning craft. Their continuing must be attended with great public inconvenience at least, and be highly prejudicial to the trade of Virginia and Maryland.
I informed Your Excellency of the arrival of the Armament from France, and also of Admiral Greaves's with six ships of the line on the part of the British. These added to the Ships the Enemy had before, give them a decided superiority at present over the French Squadron under the Chevr de Ternay, and keep it blocked up at Rhode Island. We expect a reinforcement to the latter, and hope it will be such as to turn the scale of superiority and that it will arrive before it is long and effect a junction, as upon the event our prospects and extensive operations must depend should we be even so fortunate as to get matters in good train on our own part. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. From the information I have received that there are many Deserters in the State; and also that many Soldiers who have been captured in the course of the War, and escaped from the Enemy, have gone to their homes and consider themselves as discharged from service. I have been induced to issue the inclosed proclamation which I request the favor of Your Excellency to have published in the News Papers.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. (See Washington's letter to Gov. Thomas Jefferson, Aug. 29, 1780, post.)]
[Note 11: Formerly in the British Army.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 14, 1780.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your two Letters of the 21st. Ulto. and the 8th. Instant to the subject of which I have not been able to attend untill the present hour.
Whatever favourable opinion I might entertain of your military abilities and knowledge in your profession or however I might be disposed to foster and cherish Genius and Merit wherever they are discovered; circumstanced as you are; I should not think myself warranted to give you an employment in the Army under my Command.
Altho I do not conceive it expedient, from a variety of considerations which must occur to every one, for you to engage in the service of the United States; yet I have given directions to the Board of War for your immediate liberation from the restraint of which you complain. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 13: Directors of the Pennsylvania Bank.]
Head Quarters, Orange town, August 14, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with yours without date.14 I am much obliged not only by the candid manner in which you have laid before me the State of the Bank, but by your assurances of using every possible exertion to afford a Supply of Bread to the Army, as far as your circumstances will admit. Of this although I do not entertain a doubt, I cannot help expressing my apprehensions that we shall be under the
[Note 14: The letter from Nixon and Clymer, without dated, as in the Washington Papers, as the end of August. It stated: "The ground work [of the Bank] was a deposit of money arising from subscription; this subscription is about eleven hundred thousand pounds continental currency of which we are now in the receipt of two payments of ten percent each; but on what we principally acted was that convenience, the trading people would find in lodging their money in the bank, taking our notes payable on demand, by which, as the notes might be expected to have a free and continued circulation, we should have the command of a vast fund for our purchases. From these two sources of supply we have as yet drawn but about four hundred thousand pounds with a well grounded confidence however, that the production of the latter will be proportionably greater, the longer it remains open...it will be proper to consider the bank rather as coming in aid of the ordinary means of supply, than as being in itself equal to any effect without them...but 'tho we cannot venture to say what degree of support this establishment may receive from the publick. we can assure your Excellency that there is the best disposition in all those who shall have the conduct if it, to extend its means and make it as extensively useful as possible."] necessity of placing our dependance upon you for the principal part of our support in the Article of Flour, at least untill the Crops of Maryland, New Jersey and New York are got in and are fit to grind. From this consideration, I shall be glad to be informed, with as much precision as the nature of the case will admit, what quantity of Flour I may depend upon from the Bank, (delivered at the Army at or near this place) from this time to the 1st. of October, I shall, by adding this to our other resources, be enabled to form an estimate of the number of Men I may draw together with a probability of finding subsistence for them. For want of this knowledge, I am obliged to keep my force disjointed, by which there is upon the whole a greater consumption, than when an Army is regularly formed, besides a number of inconveniencies and expences attending the keeping up a multiplicity of detached posts. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favours of The 29th June and 21st July. Colo. Bowmans16 apprehension of the force expected from Canada is certainly groundless, as what men can be spared from the Garrisons of the upper Country, St. Johns, Montreal and Quebec are now acting in conjunction with the Indians upon the Mohawk River, where they have lately done considerable mischief.
[Note 16: Col. Abraham Bowman, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment.]
The distress on the score of provision has not been confined to you alone, but has been severely experienced in every quarter, and I think you will be very happy if you can adopt any expedient to supply yourself without depending wholly upon the Commissary in a regular way.
I am pleased to hear of the success of the parties under Captains Brady17 and McIntire18 to whom you will be pleased to express my thanks for their conduct. These affairs tho' apparently small have considerable influence upon Indians.
[Note 17: Capt. Samuel Brady, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. tie was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and served to the close of the war. He had made a successful raid on Sandusky, Ohio.]
[Note 18: Capt. Thomas McIntire, of the Western Pennsylvania Independent Company. He had ambuscaded a party of Indians on the Ohio, below Fort Mcintosh.]
The first division of the French Fleet, and Army consisting of 8 ships of the line and 5000 men are yet at Rhode Island, waiting the arrival of the second division now hourly expected.
We look for very important news from the West Indies the whole combined force of France and Spain, in those Seas, having gone down it is said against Jamaica. I am etc.19
[Note 19: From the original in the possession of the Mercantile Library, New York City, to the librarian of which, Miss Florence S. Garing, we are indebted for this exact copy of the text.]
Head Quarters, Orange town, August 14, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favors of the 28th ulto. and 2d. and 8th: Inst. Inclosed you have an account of the places fixed upon for the deposit of the several Articles required from the States by the Act of Congress of the 25th: Feby. with the quantities to be laid up at each post; and also an account of the demand made by the Committee of Cooperation on the 2d. June. The last in a great measure supersedes the necessity of the first, but as the Board did not particularly mention which was wanted, I thought it best to transmit both.
I have no yet been fully informed of the circumstances attending the capture of Lieut. Leonard20 and the others sent to
[Note 20: Lieut. Samuel Leonard, of the Fifth Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers, British provincial troops.] Philada. with him. I only know that they came out under the sanction of a Flag, but there being something irregular in the conduct of it, the Militia of Monmouth thought proper to apprehend and secure them.
No circumstances or proofs appearing to induce a belief that Mr. Joel came over from the British Army with intentions of remaining among us for dangerous purposes, I think it would be better to discharge him from confinement, with positive injunctions not to come near the Army. You will be pleased to deliver the inclosed to him, which contains a refusal of granting his request to admit him to a command in the American Army.
General Knox, some little time ago wrote to the Board and desired that a certain number of Rifles and a proportionable quantity of Rifle Powder might be sent forward to the Army. Should this not have been done you will oblige me by expediting them, as the Corps for which they are intended is formed and only waiting for the Arms. I have the honor etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Tuesday, August 15, 1780.
Parole Cambridge. Countersigns Free, Hold.
Watchword Excel.
For the Day Tomorrow. Brigadier General Patterson.
A great number of Horses having strayed from the Pastures since the Army has been on this Ground and as it may be supposed many have been taken up by waggoners and other persons who would return them could they find the owners; each colonel or commanding officer of a Corps will cause a strict inspection to be made into the horses of their regiments or Corps: The Heads of the several Departments will take the same measures and have all the horses not belonging to them sent tomorrow at orderly time to the Church where those who have lost any will attend.
The officers commanding out Posts will not suffer any men on horseback to go out of Camp without a pass from a Generalofficer.
The officers and men of the corps of Artillery attach'd to divisions or Brigades are not to be furloughed by the officers commanding the divisions or Brigades as it is irregular and interferes with the internal arrangement of the Corps.
To render the Camp more wholesome and for the better preservation of the Tallow and the hides they are to be sent to the Commissary of hides by the Brigade Commissaries every other day or as often as they draw provision without fail.
Orderlies for the Court martial tomorrow from the right wing.
The same number for fatigue from each wing as ordered the 12th. Instant to be sent to Dobbs Ferry tomorrow morning five o'clock with their Arms and two days Provisions.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 15, 1780.
Sir: As you are retiring from the Office of Quarter Master General and have requested my sense of your conduct and Services while you acted in it, I shall give it to you with the greatest chearfulness and pleasure.
You conducted the various and important duties of it with capacity and diligence; entirely to my satisfaction, and as far as I had an oppertunity of knowing with the strictest integrity.
When you were prevailed on to undertake the OfFice in March 1778 it was in great disorder and confusion and by extraordinary exertions you so arranged it, as to enable the Army to take the Field the moment it was necessary, and to move with rapidity after the Enemy when they left Philadelphia.
From that period to the present time, your exertions have been equally great; have appeared to me to be the result of System, and to have been well calculated to promote the interest and honor of your Country. And in fine I cannot but add, that the States have had in you, in my opinion, an able, upright and diligent Servant. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 15, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 1st: instant inclosing a more exact return of the Officers remaining in Virginia than had been before transmitted; such of them as were not noticed in the arrangement transmitted on the 18th: July, may be now introduced upon the same principles which governed in making that arrangement.
His Excellency Governor Jefferson in a letter of the 22d July has mentioned the circumstances of the two State Regiments which have complete Corps of Officers, but very few Men: and has proposed that as they are also to go to the southward, they shall have a proportion of the three thousand recruits. To this, as I could see no reasonable objection, I have assented.
I am glad to hear that so great a number of our prisoners have escaped from Charles town, but it will be no advantage to the public, more than saving the exchange of so many, if the plea of their being freed from their former engagements is allowed. There can be no possible foundation for any such claim, and I beg you will take the most effectual measures for informing them that they will, if apprehended, be treated as deserters, if they do not return in some given time.
I have, by this conveyance, forwarded a proclamation to the Governor offering a pardon to deserters who will come in by a limited time, and taking in the case of those who have made their escape from the Enemy and gone home. I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 15, 1780.
Gentn: In a letter which I have lately received from the Chevalier de Ternay, in answer to one in which I informed him that the American Frigates were directed by Congress to act in concert with the Fleet of his most Christian Majesty, is the following Paragraph "I propose to your Excellency to have escorted by these Frigates to the port of Boston, a Vessel loaded with Flour by Mr. Holker24 for the Squadron of the King of France, and which Vessel is at present in the Delaware. It would be necessary in this case, that they take their Route a little large, that they may not fall too near this place, the
[Note 24: John Holker. He was French consul at Philadelphia.] Frigates of Arbuthnot being able to extend their cruisers to the shoals of Nantucket." The French Admiral also wishes that if the Saratoga sloop is a fast sailer and not otherwise employed, she may be suffered to carry dispatches to the Count de Guichen in the West Indies.
Should not these plans interfere with any arrangements which may have been made by the Board, I could wish that the Frigates and Sloop may be offered to the Minister of France for the several purposes mentioned by the Chevalier de Ternay. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 16, 1780.
Sir: I have successively received your two letters of the 8th. and 10th:
Other pressing occupations prevent my entering at this moment into the particulars of the last. I shall content myself with observing that I am happy to find our ideas are substantially the same, and I hope a further explanation will obviate whatever little difference there may be.26
[Note 26: At this point the following is crossed off in the draft: "I shall endeavour to procure myself the happiness of the interview you propose as soon as circumstances will permit, and if possible, without waiting for either of the events you mention. Such an interview if practicable cannot but be useful."]
I have received advices that the enemy are again preparing an embarkation; the number of troops said to be two thousand; pontons and waggons have been put on board. It is reported that this Corps is to be convoyed by the foy-frigate and two Gallies. If so it is for some coasting expedition. With perfect attachment etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 16, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your favors of the 8th: and 10th: of this month. The reasons which you assign for preferring the Harbour of Boston to that of the Delaware for the rendezvous of the 2d. division are certainly well founded, and I hope, from the steps which have been taken to give them notice of the position of Admiral Arbuthnot's Fleet, that they will reach one or the other of those ports in safety.
I immediately communicated to the Board of Admiralty at Philada: your opinion of the most advantageous manner of employing the American Frigates and Saratoga Sloop untill circumstances shall admit of our commencing serious operations against the enemy; and I have advised them, should it not interfere with any arrangements which may have been previously made, to adopt the measures recommended by you. I have the honor etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 16, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to enclose Your Excellency a letter which came under cover to me from the Count De Rochambeau. I think the plan of engaging the German Deserters will answer a good purpose.
The Chevalier De Ternay has applied to me to have a Vessel loaded with flour now in the Delaware convoyed by the Continental Frigates to Boston and the Sloop Saratoga sent to the West Indies with his last dispatches to the Count De Guichen. I have written to the Board of admiralty urging their compliance with these requests on your application. I have the honor &c.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aft. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 16, 1780.
Sir: The number of Officers who are absent from the Connecticut line on the recruiting service and for other purposes is so great, that those remaining in Camp are scarcely sufficient to perform the necessary duties of it. I entreat you therefore to order on all the latter, and as many of the former as can possibly be dispensed with. Your knowledge of the circumstances will enable you to point out the number to be left, and the places where they should remain, to collect and forward the recruits. And you will be pleased to give directions accordingly.
I am sorry to find still so great a deficiency in the levies which were ordered for the Connecticut Line. And wish to be informed what your prospects are respecting those yet wanting. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Orange town, August 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: I some days ago recd. your favr. of the 9th: inclosing the Copy of an agreement made with Major Fonda31 for the subsistence of the Oneida Indians. As this has been already confirmed by Colonel Van Schaick who had my orders (upon the request of the Commissioners for Indian Affairs) to supply
[Note 31: Maj. Jellis Fonda, of the Tryon County (N.Y.) militia.] these people, I do not conceive that there is any occasion for a further ratification by me. I am etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Wednesday, August 16, 1780.
Parole Africa. Countersigns Alfred, Arms.
Watchword Keep Time.
For the day tomorrow. Brigadier General Wayne.
The Orderly Serjeants for court martial from the Left wing tomorrow.
Trowsers having been lately drawn for the Troops instead of overalls the General recommends it to the officers to have them immediately altered into overalls which have a much better military appearance.
As it is necessary for the noncommissioned officers to have side Arms and they are not provided with Sabres the order for delivering in the Bayonet belts so far as respects them is dispensed with.
The Officers of the day are reminded of the order of the 31st. of January last directing the old and new officers of the day to attend at Head Quarters at one o'clock.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 17, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your Excellency's favor. of the 4th: Inst. As soon as I found that Sir Henry Clintons return from the Eastward had frustrated the enterprise which I had in contemplation, I directed Colo. Seely to return to Morristown with the Militia and wrote to the Commanding Officer of the State detachment in Monmouth to remain there. By a return from Colo. Seely of the 10th. Inst. his numbers only amounted to 443 and by a return of the same date from the commanding Officer of the Jersey Brigade only 159 Recruits had then joined, and I hear of none since. These deficiencies especially in the last, are so great, and operate so seriously upon our plans, that I am obliged to represent to your Excellency the absolute necessity of calling upon the proper Officers in the respective Counties to know how far they have succeeded in procuring the quotas allotted to them; how many Men they have sent forward and whether they have any, or what prospects of obtaining the remainder. I advert more particularly to the Levies for the Continental Battalions. Your Excellency must be sensible that unless the number of Men demanded by the Committee of Cooperation in conjunction with me can be brought into the field, any attempt against the Enemy in New York must be fruitless and attended not only with disgrace but with an immense accumulation of expence. Our Calculations were founded upon a pretty exact knowledge of the strength of the Garrison, and I do assure you, our regulations were as moderate as circumstances would possibly admit. Should our continental Battalions remain uncompleted, the consequence will be, that we must either totally abandon an enterprise upon which the hopes of the States and the expectations of our Allies are fixed, or we must make up the deficiency by an increased demand of Militia. How distressing this will be to the people, how incompetent to the end and how distructive to our slender magazines of every kind, your Excellency can as well conceive as I can describe.
I am persuaded I need not make use of further arguments to induce an exertion to collect and send forward all the Men actually raised under the late law, and if that should be found incompetent to the end of obliging those Counties which are still deficient to provide their quotas, to fall, without loss of time, upon some more effectual measures for that purpose. I have the honor &c.
P.S. I have just recd. advice from Newport that the greater part of the fleet of Victuallers and Merchant men bound from England to Quebec had been taken by the Eastern privateers. Sixteen of the prizes had arrived in the different ports. 6 levies only have joined since the return of the 10th. I have appointed the 1st. Septr. for the trial of Moody33 at this place. If your Excellency knows of any material evidences agt. him, be pleased to direct them to attend.34
[Note 33: Lieut. James Moody, of the First Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers, British provincial troops.]
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Thursday, August 17, 1780.
Parole Frederick. Countersigns K., P.
Watchword Be Alert.
For the day tomorrow. Brigadier General Huntington.
Orderly Serjeants for court martial from the right Wing.
The Division General courtmartial whereof Colonel Angell is President, is Dissolved.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 17, 1780.
Sir: When I had the honor of writing to You Yesterday, from the hurry I was in, I omitted to mention, that Major General Heath would remain with You agreeable to your request, till I should think it necessary for him to join the Army. I write to him upon the subject to day. I have also given the Minister my opinion in favor of the utility of your proposal for engaging Hessian Deserters.
Your Excellencys Letter of the 12th came to hand last night. I had heard before of the prize Mr. Greaves had taken and from her value, not without concern. From your intelligence that the Ships you fought with, were from Jamaica, it would seem that the Count De Guichen35 would find no marine force to give him the least opposition when he arrived. Possibly it might have been better, if these had remained there, as it would have taken from Mr. Rodney's strength while they would have been too inconsiderable to have made any great resistance. But from the pleasing superiority which the Count has in Ships, and the skill and bravery of himself, and of his Officers and Men, I am led to expect the most favourable and happy issue to the Expedition, tho Mr. Rodney should arrive with his combined force, before it was compleated. From some Letters received from the Eastward, it appears the British fleet bound to Quebec, has been very severely handled indeed. I shall be happy if that expected at New York from Cork with Provision, shares the same or a worse fate. I have received further Accounts that an embarkation, as I mentioned yesterday, is going on. I have the Honor etc.36
[Note 35: Louis Urbain du Bouexic, Comte de Guichen. He was lieutenant general and commander in chief of the French Navy in the West Indies.]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 17, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received successively Your three favors of the 9th. 12th. and 13th. with their Inclosures. With respect to the Militia or Three months Men as they are called, I do not wish them to leave the Count as long as he shall think their services really essential; but when he judges that he can part with them without injury or inconvenience, the whole, as well those furnished by Rhode Island as those from the Massachusetts, will proceed to Pecks Kill. When they march You will advise me of it, that I may meet the Officer commanding them, with Orders for his further destination when he arrives at Claverack.
As to your wishes to join the Army; As I observed before, your aid may be very material to the Count, and as we have no prospect of immediate, active operations, I would rather wish You to remain with him longer. I thought it essential in the first instance, that there should be an Officer of rank sent to him, and a variety of reasons concurred to induce me to believe that You would answer the important objects I had in view, as well, at least, as any I could choose. I have not been disappointed in the least in my expectations; and the Count himself judges your continuing very essential and expressed himself in the following manner upon the subject, several days ago: "I shall keep with me, if you think proper, Genl Heath, whose ardor, spirit and activity are absolutely necessary to me." For these several considerations, I wish you to reconcile Yourself to remaining with him a while; which will be the more easy, when You consider that You will be fully advertised whenever we are in a situation to attempt any thing offensive on a great scale, and will have your command.
I return You the proceedings of the Court Martial, as your powers are fully competent to the case it respects, and you will act in the affair as you shall judge proper.
I am exceedingly happy to hear of the success of the Eastern Cruizers against the Fleet bound to Quebec, and hope that the Sixteen prizes already arrived, will be followed by the remainder of the Fleet or the greatest part of it. A stroke of this kind against the Provision Vessels expected from Cork, to follow this, would be very interesting. I hope it will happen.
From advices I have, the Enemy are again preparing an embarkation. The number of Troops is said to be about Two Thousand and from several circumstances it would seem, that they are intended for some coasting expedition. I am etc.
P.S. On further consideration the Rhode Island Militia or Three months men will not proceed till further orders or till the French Troops advance.37
[Note 37: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 17, 1780.
Gentlemen: We are now arrived at the middle of August; if we are able to undertake any thing in this quarter this campaign, our operations must commence in less than a month from this, or it will be absolutely too late. It will then be much later than were to be wished; and with all the exertions that can be made, we shall probably be greatly straitened in time.
But I think it my duty to inform you, that our prospects of operating diminish in proportion as the effects of our applications to the respective states unfold; and I am sorry to add, that we have every reason to apprehend, we shall not be in a condition at all to undertake any thing decisive.
The completion of our Continental batalions to their full establishment of five hundred and four rank and file, has been uniformly and justly held up as the basis of offensive operations. How far we have fallen short of this, the following state of the levies received and of the present deficiencies will show.
By a return to the 16th: instant we had received from
The deficiencies of the batalions from a return of the 12th; allowing for the levies since arrived to the 16th are
If the amount of these deficiencies, and the detached corps necessarily on the frontier, and at particular posts be deducted, and a proper allowance made for the ordinary casualties and for the extra calls upon the army for waggoners, artificers &c., it will be easy to conceive how inadequate our operating force must be to any capital enterprise against the enemy. It is indeed barely sufficient for defence.
Hitherto, all the Militia for three months that have taken the field under my orders have been about
700 from New Hampshire; 1700 from Massachusetts; 800 from New York; 500 from New Jersey.
A part of the Eastern Militia has been detained to assist our allies at Rhode Island, and will shortly march to join the army. But from all the information, I have, the number of Militia will fall as far short of the demand as the Continental troops; and from the slow manner in which the latter have for some time past come in, I fear we have had nearly the whole we are to expect.
In the article of provisions our prospects are equally unfavourable. We are now fed by a precarious supply from day to day. The Commissary, from what has been done in the several states, so far from giving assurances of a continuance of this supply, speaks in the most discouraging terms; as you will perceive by the inclosed copy of a letter of the 15th38 in which he proposes the sending back the Pensylvania Militia, who were to assemble at Trenton the 12th, on the principle of a failure of supplies.
[Note 38: The original of the letter from Col. Ephraim Blaine is in the Washington Papers. A copy is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
As to forage and transportation, our prospects are still worse: These have lately been principally procured by military impress; a mode too violent unequal oppressive and consequently odious to the people to be long practiced with success.
In this state of things, Gentlemen, I leave it to your own judgment to determine how little it will be in my power to answer the public expectation, unless more competent means can be, and are without delay, put into my hands. From the communications of the General and Admiral of our allies, the second division without some very unfortunate contrariety, will in all probability, arrive before the time mentioned as the ultimate period for commencing our operations. I submit it to you whether it will not be adviseable, immediately, to lay before the several states a view of our circumstances at this juncture, in consequence of which they may take their measures. I have the honor, etc.39
[Note 39: As a result of this letter the committee addressed a circular letter to the States on Aug. 9, 1780, a copy of which is in the Washington Papers.]
N.B. The return of The Rhode Island recruits is of the last of July. more may have since joined. There is a body of Connecticut state troops and militia employed in preparing fascines &c. on the sound.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Friday, August 18, 1780.
Parole Westerley. Countersigns Take, Care.
Watchword Be attentive.
For the day Tomorrow Brigadier General Stark.
In the present state of our Magazines of provisions it is of the greatest importance that we should use all possible oeconomy and Care in the distribution.
The General therefore directs and earnestly requests all officers who sign returns to be particularly circumspect in preventing imposition by which he will render an essential service to the army and to his Country.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Saturday, August 19, 1780.
Parole Europe. Countersigns Essex, Eden.
Watchword Expectation.
For the day tomorrow. Brigadier General Irvine.
A sub, serjeant, corporal and twenty men from the right wing to be paraded on the Grand parade tomorrow at guard mounting with two days Provisions their Arms &ca. they are to repair the roads. Mr. Shute45 will give them directions.
[Note 45: Lieut. Samuel Moore(?) Shute, of the Second New Jersey Regiment.]
A serjeant and ten from the Leftwing and three Masons for fatigue to build ovens.
It affords the Commander in Chief very singular pleasure to receive from the Inspector General so favorable a report of the progress made by the new Levies in their Exercise and Manoeuvres and of the diligence and indefatigable pains with which the officers are endeavouring to render them more perfect. For their Attention to this duty he begs them to accept his Thanks.
It is expected that the men for daily Guards will appear upon the Grand and other Parades shaved, combed and powdered and their Cloaths as clean as Circumstances will admit.
Although our situation unhappily does not allow us to make as military an appearance as could be wished in the last respect yet it is in the power of the officers to see the first carried into Execution. The officers of the day will pay particular attention to this matter and when any men are found defective as to the above report the Corps to which they belong.
It has been reported to the General that notwithstanding theregulations are expressly to the contrary soldiers have been stop'd at the advanced Picquets with passes signed even by Serjeants. To remedy this evil officers commanding Guards are expressly ordered to stop confine, and send back to his regiment every Soldier who has not a pass agreeable to the Regulations, with the Pass itself, that the Colonel or commandant may have an opportunity of discovering and bringing to punishment those who undertake to grant passes without authority. The passes of Heads of Departments to any persons within their respective lines are to be valid.
Instead of the usual exercise on the Grand parade the Brigade Major of the day will in future perform the service of the guards as prescribed in the regulations Chapter 22; in doing this the following method will be observed:
First. An Officer, one serjeant, one Corporal, two Drums and fifes and twenty seven privates will mount Guard in front of the parade representing a Camp guard and will place the nine Centinels as prescribed by Article 1st. Second. The Guard will turn out under Arms as prescrib'd 4th. Third. The Centinels will be relieved as in Article 3d. Fourth. The Guard will be visited by the officer of the day as in 5th. Fifth. The Guard will receive the Grand rounds as in Arte. 5th. Sixth. The rounds and patroles will go as in Article 4th.
The Centinel nearest to the one before the Guard must be instructed that at the approach of a General or Officer of the day he is to call out loud "to Arms" and not "Turn out the Guard" as has been usually practised.
In order to execute the above with more advantage instead of the two Wing parades directed in the order of the 9th. instant there shall be one Grand Parade for the whole army for which some Central and convenient spot is to be immediately chosen.
The Drummers and Fifers till further orders are to practice between the hours of nine and eleven in the morning and of four and six in the afternoon agreeable to the order of the 18th.of June last.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: I had this morning the honor of yours of the 17th: from Trenton. When I ordered the Militia of Pennsylvania to assemble at their place of rendezvous, I was in hopes that our supply of provisions would have been adequate to their subsistence with the Army; But [from repeated, and lately a pointed representation from the Commissary Genl.] I find myself very unfortunately disappointed. I can, with every exertion, scarcely keep the Army in this Camp (entirely Continental) fed from day to day. In this situation it will be only adding to our distress to bring forward the Men under your Excellency's command; to halt them any where between this and Delaware, would be in fact the same thing, and altho' ordering them back to their Counties may be attended with some inconveniences and delays hereafter, yet necessity constrains me to do it in some measure. I would wish you immediately to send orders to those of the remoter Counties who have not joined you, to return for the present, but to hold themselves in readiness to move again upon the shortest notice. Should you be of opinion that those of Philada. and the neighbouring Counties who are already embodied and under your command could take a position in the County of Bucks where they could be subsisted without interfering with the supplies coming on for the Army, I should prefer it to disbanding them, [for to be candid I fear so much time will be lost in getting them out again after the 2d. division of French Troops and Ships (hourly expected) arrive, that the Season for action will have glided away and we on that acct shall be unable to prosecute the intended operation.] But should your Excellency be of opinion that they may return home and be collected again in the course of a few days when wanted, I shall have no objections. The Delaware Militia being but a handful of Men, and those armed and accoutred by the public, I have thought it better to order them forward, than, by countermanding them, run the risque of losing the public stores which they have drawn. I am infinitely obliged to you for providing your people with Camp Equipage, as it would not have been in my power to have furnished them with a sufficient quantity, if with any at all.
It is a most mortifying reflexion that we should not at this advanced period of the Campaign have Magazines of provision for even one half the men necessary for our intended operations. I can only hope that this is owing to the new Crop not having yet come into use, and that by the time of the arrival of the 2d. division, upon which the commencement of our operations will depend, we shall be in a situation to draw a head of Men together. I have every assurance from the French Land and Sea Commanders that the second division may, without some very unexpected accident, be daily expected. Should we upon the arrival of this reinforcement be found, after all our promises of a cooperating force, deficient in Men, provision, and every other essential, Your Excellency can easily conceive what will be the opinion of our Allies, and of all the World, and what will be the consequences in the deranged, distracted State of our Affairs; And that we shall be found in this situation, unless the most vigorous exertions are made by the several States to send in those supplies which are demanded of them, I am as well convinced as I am of any one thing in nature.
Let me conjure you then my Dear Sir to make the proper use of every moment of the time which we have yet left. The fairest prospects are held out to us, and if we do not embrace the opportunity which now presents itself, and which is certainly within our reach, if we will make use of the means in our power, can we expect ever to have the offer repeated? I have the honor &c.
P.S. I duly recd. your Excellency's favr. of the 3d. and 7th.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been honor'd with your Excellency's Letter of the 17th Inst respecting the Troops under the command of Colo Seely at Morris Town.
It was not untill the rect of this, that I was made acquainted with the mode in which the Militia of Your State were to be called forth. And as the time for which the first Class was detached, is so far elapsed, that there is little probability of their being necessary with the Main Army before their service will expire, I should therefore think it adviseable to discharge all of them, except about 100 which may be retained to Guard the Stores and Similar purposes.
In the mean time I could wish Your Excellency would give the most pointed Orders for the Next Class, which was to relieve Colo Seely's Command: to be ready by the first of Septr to take the field if called upon. This if punctually complied with, would answer all the purposes in view and prevent the consumption of more provisions than is absolutely necessary. I have the honor etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 20, 1780.
Sir: By a letter which Genl. Greene has just now rec'd from Col Abeel48 at Morris Town, I find, that, for want of Drivers, a number of Waggons (which are much wanted here) lay useless at that place. I have therefore to request that you will be pleased to furnish the Col from the Militia under your command with as many Waggoners as he may find necessary to call on you for. I am &c.49
[Note 48: Col. James Abeel. He was Deputy Quartermaster General.]
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 20, 1780.
Sir: I have been informed by a Letter received just now from His Excellency Cæsar Rodney Esq, that the Regiment of Militia raised by the Delaware State to reinforce the Army, embarked at Wilmington on the morning of the 9th for Philadelphia, with orders to join the Army after they should be armed and accoutred at Philadelphia. This I find by a Letter from the Board of War has been done, and I presume that the Regiment has moved from thence. I am to desire that You will proceed with it, by the Route through Princeton, Brunswick, West field, Springfield, Acquackinac and Paramus, 'till you arrive at the Army. I am &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 20, 1780.
Dr Sir: This day Mr Joshua Anderson of Monmouth County, presented a petition to me in consequence of Captain Rudulphs seizing a stone horse, which he urges was at any rate, unfit for present use. His petition is supported by many well affected Inhabitants of that County who place him clearly in the character of a friend to his Country. Therefore as the seizure must have been made by the Capt, in consequence of my instructions to you, and they only directed that such horses and cattle as belonged to disaffected persons in the power of the Enemy were to be taken, and Mr Anderson lives about 20 Miles from the Sea, and cannot be considered as coming within the instructions, I desire you will have the horse given up to him. I am &c.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Qurs., Orange Town, August 20, 1780.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your Excellys. letters of the 3d. 5th. and 7th instt. with their Inclosures.
I have a grateful sense of the confidence of which those Acts were expressive, and shall labour to improve it to the utmost extent of the means with which I am entrusted.52 I sincerely wish our prospects were more favourable than they are.
[Note 52: The resolve of Congress of Aug. 2, 1780, reconsidered the former resolution which restricted the Commander in Chief's military operations to the limits of the United States "and the restriction taken off."
The resolve of Aug. 5, 1780, authorized Washington to cooperate with the French "for the expulsion of the enemy from their several posts, in the States of South Carolina and Georgia" and to concert "if he shall think it necessary", with the French and Spanish forces in such plan of operations as may be undertaken by those forces when in the West Indies or Louisiana. The resolves of Aug. 7, 1780, authorized Washington to negotiate an exchange of prisoners, including the Convention officers then on parole in New York.]
The inclosed copy of a letter to the Honorable The Committee of Co-operation will give Congress an idea of our situation at this time; and how little reason we have to expect we shall be able to prosecute our original intention in this quarter; even should the event corrispond with the expectations of our Allies on their part. The same obstacles will oppose in a great degree the operations recommended to the Southward; for from all the accounts we receive from thence the affairs of the Southern States seem to be so exceedingly disordered, and their resources so much exhausted, that whatever should be undertaken there, must chiefly depend on the means carried from hence. If these fail we shall be condemned to a disgraceful and fatal inactivity. It is impossible to be more impressed with the necessity of the reverse than I am; I think our affairs absolutely require it; and if any efforts of mine can enable us to act with vigor, either here or elsewhere, it certainly shall be done. But there is a complication of embarrassments that menace us on every side with disappointmt.
At this very juncture I am reduced to the painful alternative either of dismissing a part of the Militia now Assembling (though by the way they were to have rendezvoused the 25th of last Month) or let them come forward to starve; whh. it will be extremely difficult for the Troops already in the field to avoid. If we adopt the first, we shall probably not be able to get them out again in time to be of any service this Campaign; and to let them come on without the means of subsistance would be absurd. Every day's experience proves more and more that the present mode of obtaining Supplies is the most uncertain, expensive, and injurious that could be devised. It is impossible for us to form any calculation of what we are to expect, and consequently to concert any plans of future execution. No adequate provision of forage having been made, we are now obliged to subsist the Horses of the Army by force, which among other evils often gives rise to Civil disputes, and prosecutions as vexatious as they will be burthensome to the public. This is the Spirit prevailing among the Inhabitants, and its effects cannot be prevented by us, without an open rupture with the Civil Magistrate. Influence and perswasion begin now to be unavailing, We of course have no other remedy.
In our present state of suspense I would not propose any Specific requisitions of the Southern States other than those already made; they should be urged to exert themselves to comply with these, and in general to do every thing in their power to form as ample Magazines of Bread, forage, and Salted Meat as the resourses of the Country will afford, at such deposits as the Commanding Officer in that quarter may point out, having regard as far as circumstances will admit of it, to transportation by Water. Congress I doubt not are better acquainted with the abilities of those States, than I am, or any person I can consult, and will be better able to direct calculations of what they can furnish. If they think any further specific demands necessary to answer the purpose of forming Magazines, I shall be much obliged to them to take the proper measures, calculating for an Army of Eight thousand American Troops. If possible there should be this force kept up and supplied in any case, while the enemy remain there with their present strength.
If any thing more can be done to stemulate the States this way to a compliance with the requisitions made of them, particularly in the Articles of flour and forage where we seem most defective, it will conduce more than any thing else to enabling us to act both here and to the Southward; for as I before observed, it appears to me evident that the means for a Southern operation, as well with respect to supplies as men, must be principally carried from hence.
But while we are meditating offensive operations which may either not be undertaken at all, or being undertaken, may fail, I am perswaded Congress are not inattentive to the present State of the Army, and will view in the same light with me the necessity of providing in time against a period, the first of January, when one half of our present force will dissolve. The shadow of an Army that will remain will have every motive except mere patriotizm to abandon the Service, without the hope which has hitherto supported them of a change for the better: This is almost extinguished now, and certainly will not outlive the Campaign unless it finds something more substantial to rest upon. This is a truth of which every spectator of the distresses of the Army cannot help being convinced. Those at a distance may speculate differently; but on the spot an opinion to the contrary, judging of human nature on the usual scale would be chimerical. The honorable the Committee who have seen and heard for themselves will add their testimony to mine; and the wisdom and justice of Congress cannot fail to give it the most serious attention. To me it will appear miraculous if our affairs can maintain themselves much longer in their present train. If either the temper or the resources of the Country will not admit of an alteration, we may expect soon to be reduced to the humiliating condition of seeing the cause of America, in America, upheld by foreign Arms. The generosity of our Allies has a claim to all our confidence and all our gratitude, but it is neither for the honor of America nor for the interest of the common cause to leave the work entirely to them.
It is true our Enemies as well as ourselves are struggling with embarrassments of a singular and complicated nature, from which we may hope a great deal. But they have already more than once disappointed the general expectation, and displayed resources as extraordinary as unexpected. There is no good reason to suppose those resources yet exhausted. Hitherto they have carried on the War with pretty equal success, and the comparative forces of this Campaign are, I believe, less disadvantageous to them than they were the last. At present indeed their affairs wear a critical aspect; but there are chances in their favor, and if they escape, their situation will be likely to take a more prosperous turn, and they may continue to prosecute the War with vigor. Their finances are distressed; they have a heavy debt; and are obliged to borrow money at an excessive interest; but they have great individual Wealth, and while they can pay the interest of what they borrow, they will not want credit, nor will they fear to Stretch it. A bankruptcy whh. may be the result will perhaps be less terrible to the King and his Ministers than giving up the contest. If the measures leading to it enable them to succeed, it will add so much to the influence and power of the Crown, as to make that event a ladder to absolute authority, supposed by many to be the object of the present Reign; nor are there wanting enlightened Politicians who maintain, that a National bankruptcy is not only a necessary consequence but would be a National benefit. When we consider the genius of the prest. reign. and the violent Councils by which it has been governed, a system of this kind will be judged less improbable.
As to the domestic dissintions of the enemy. In Ireland, we see they have hitherto not only diverted, but have in some measure appeased them; and by pursuing their plan of taking off the leaders and making plausible concessions to the People, we ought not to be surprized, if they keep matters in that Country from going to extremety; In England, it is much to be, feared the overbearing influence of the Crown will triumph over the opposition to it, and that the next Parliament, will be nearly as obsequious as the last. A change of some of the Ministry to make way for a few of the principal heads of opposition would perhaps allay the ferment; but even without this, considering the complexion of the British Nation for some time past, it is more probable these appearances will terminate in a partial reform than in a resolution favourable to the interests of America. The Ministry may be perplexed for a time, and may be obliged to make a few sacrifices in favor of public Oeconomy, which may finally promote their views by leaving more Money in the treasury to be applied to the purposes of the War.
The General disposition of Europe is such as we could wish; but we have no security that it will remain so. The politic's of Princes are fluctuating, more guided often by a particular prejudice, whim, or interest, than by extensive views of policy. The change or caprice of a single Minister is capable of altering the whole system of Europe; but admitting the different Courts at this time ever so well fixed in their principles, the death of one of the Sovereigns may happen, and the whole face of things be reversed. This ought to be the more attended to as three of the principal Potentates are in so advanced an age that it is perhaps more probable one of them should die in the course of a year than that all three should Survive it.53
[Note 53: Charles III of Spain was then 64 years old; Frederick II (Frederick the Great) was 68; and Catherine the Great of Russia was 51.]
The inference from these reflections is, that we cannot count upon a speedy end to the War; that it is the true policy of America not to content herself with temporary expedients, but to endeavour, if possible, to give consistency and solidity to her measures. An essential step to this will be immediately to devise a plan and put it in execution for providing men in time to replace those who will leave us at the end of the year, for subsisting and making a reasonable allowance to the Officers and Soldiers.
The plan for this purpose ought to be of general operation and such as will execute itself. Experience has shewn that a peremptory draft will be the only effectual one. If a draft for the War, or three years can be effected, it ought to be made on every account; a shorter period than a year is inadmissible.
To one who has been witness to the evils brought upon us by short enlistments, the system appears to have been pernicious beyond description, and a croud of motives present themselves to dictate a change. It may easily be shewn that all the misfortunes we have met with in the Military line are to be attributed to this cause. Had we formed a permanent Army in the beginning, which by the continuance of the same men in Service, had been capable of discipline we never should have had to retreat with a handful of Men across the Delaware in Seventy Six; trembling for the fate of America, which nothing but the infatuation of the enemy could have saved. We should not have remained all the succeeding Winter at their mercy with sometimes scarcely a sufficient body of Men to mount the ordinary Guards, liable at every moment to be dissipated, if they had only thought proper to march against us. We should not have been under the necessity of fighting at Brandywine with an unequal number of raw Troops, and afterwards of seeing Philadelphia fall a prey to a victorious Army. We should not have been at Valley forge with less than half the force of the enemy, destitute of every thing, in a situation neither to resist nor to retire. We should not have seen New York left with a handful of men, yet an overmatch for the main Army of these States, while the principal part of their force was detached for the reduction of two of them. We should not have found ourselves this Spring so weak as to be insulted by five thousand men, unable to protect our baggage and Magazines, their security depending on a good countenance and a want of enterprize in the enemy. We should not have been the greatest part of the War inferior to the enemy, indebted for our safety to their inactivity, enduring frequently the mortification of seeing inviting oppertunities to ruin them, pass unimproved for want of a force which the Country was completely able to afford. To see the Country ravaged, our Towns burnt; The Inhabitants plundered, abused, murdered with impunity, from the same cause.
Nor have the ill effects been confined to the Military line, a great part of the embarrassments in the civil flow from the same source. The derangement of our finances is essentially to be ascribed to it. The expences of the War, and the Paper emissions have been greatly multiplied by it. We have had a great part of the time two sets of Men to feed and pay, the discharged Men going home, and the Levies coming in. This was more remarkable in Seventy five and Seventy Six. The difficulty and cost of engaging men have increased at every successive attempt, till among the present levies we find there are some who have received a hundred and fifty dollars in Specie for five months Service; while our Officers are reduced to the disagreeable necessity of performing the duties of drill-Sergeants to them and with this mortifying reflection annexed to the business, that by the time they have taught these men the rudiments of a Soldiers duty their term of Service will have expired, and the work is to recommence with an entire new set. The consumption of Provision, Arms, Accoutrements, Stores of every kind, has been doubled in spite of every precaution I could use not only from the cause just mentioned, but from the carelessness and licentiousness incident to Militia and irregular Troops. Our discipline also has been much injured if not ruined by such frequent changes. The frequent calls upon the Militia have interrupted the cultivation of the Land, of course have lessened the quantity of its produce, occasioned a scarcity, and enhanced the prices. In an Army so unstable as ours, Order and oeconomy have been impracticable. No person who has been a close observer of the progress of our Affairs can doubt; that our currency has depreciated without comparison more rapidly from the system of short inlistments, than it would have clone otherwise.
There is every reason to believe the War has been protracted on this account. Our opposition being less, made the successes of the enemy greater. The fluctuation of the Army kept alive their hopes; and at every period of the dissolution of a considerable part of it, they have flattered themselves with some decisive advantages. Had we kept a permanent Army on foot, the enemy would have had nothing to hope for, and would, in all probability, have listened to terms long since.
If the Army is left in its present situation it must continue an encouragement to the efforts of the enemy. If it is put upon a respectable one it must have a contrary effect, and nothing I believe will tend more to give us peace the ensuing winter. It will be an interesting Winter. Many circumstances will contribute to a negotiation. An Army on foot not only for another Campaign but for several Campaigns, would determine the enemy to pacific measures, and enable us to insist upon favourable terms in forcible language. An Army insignificent in numbers, dissatisfied, crumbling into pieces, would be the strongest temptation they could have to try the experiment a little longer. It is an old maxim, that the surest way to make a good peace is to be well prepared for War.
I am inclined to hope a draft for the War or for three years would Succeed. Many incentives of immediate interest may be held up to the people to induce them to submit to it. They must begin to consider the repeated bounties they are obliged to pay as a burden, and be willing to get rid of it, by sacrificing a little more, once for all. Indeed it is probable the bounties may not be much greater in that case than they have been. The people of the States near the Seat of War ought to enter into such a plan with alacrity as it would ease them in a variety of respects; among others by obviating the frequent calls upon the Militia.
I cannot forbear returning in this place to the necessity of a more ample and equal provision for the Army. The discontents on this head have been gradually matured to a dangerous extremety. There are many Symptoms that alarm and distress me. Endeavours are using to unite both Officers and Men in a general refusal of the money, and some Corps now actually decline receiving it. Every method has been taken to counteract it, because such a combination in the Army would be a severe blow to our declining currency. The most moderate insist that the accounts of depreciation ought to be liquidated at stated periods and certificates given by Government for the Sums due. They will not be satisfied with a general declaration that it shall be made good.
This is one instance of complaint; there are others equally serious, among the most serious is the inequality of the provision made by the several States. Pensylvania maintains her Officers in a decent manner. She has given them half pay for life. What a wide difference between their situation and that of the Officers of every other line in this Army? some of whom are actually so destitute of Cloathing as to be unfit for duty, and obliged for that cause only to confine themselves to Quarters. I have often said, and I beg leave to repeat it, the half pay provision is, in my opinion the most politic and effectual that can be adopted. On the whole, if something satisfactory be not done, the Army (already so much reduced in Officers by daily resignations as not to have a sufficiency to do the common duties of it) must either cease to exist at the end of the Campaign, or it will exhibit an example of more virtue, fortitude, self denial, and perseverance than has perhaps ever yet been parallelled in the history of human entheusiasm.
The dissolution of the Army is an event that cannot be regarded with indifference. It would bring accumulated distresses upon us. It wd. throw the people of America into a general consternation. It would discredit our cause throughout the World. It would shock our Allies. To think of replacing the Officers with others is visionary; the loss of the veteran Soldiers could not be repaired. To attempt to carry on the War with Militia against disciplined Troops would be to attempt what the common sense and common experience of Mankind will pronounce to be impracticable. But I should fail in respect to Congress to dwell on observations of this kind in a letter to them. But having gone into a detail of our situation I shall beg leave to make one observation more. It is a thing that has been all along ardently desired by the Army, that every matter which relates to it should be under the immediate direction and providence of Congress. The contrary has been productive of innumerable inconveniences. Besides the inequality of provision already mentioned, all the confusion we have experienced by irregular appointments and promotions has chiefly originated here; and we are again relapsing into the same Chaos. I have daily complaints of palpable mistakes and deviations from those rules on which the tranquillity of the Service depends, of which I might cite recent instances if it were necessary to trouble Congress with such a detail. I shall however mention one in the Jersey line by way of example. A vacancy happened in July 79 by Lt. Colo. Brearly's being appointed Chief Justice of the State; this was not filled till March following by which the Officer entitled to succeed has lost several months rank in the line of the Army. The vacancies his promotion made still continue open to the prejudice of those next in order, and yet (as I have been informed) new appointments have been made by the State on the principle of those vacancies. As this is a fruitful source of discontent it is naturally in my provence to point it out; but if I were to permit myself to touch upon the political consequences I might easily shew that it has a direct tendency to enfeeble our civil union, by making us thirteen Armies instead of one, and by attaching the Troops of each State, to that State, rather than to the United States; the effects of this spirit begin to be visible. But this is a topic on which I may not be permitted to enlarge.
In this delicate and perplexing conjuncture which I cannot but contemplate with extreme inquietude, I have thought it my duty to lay my sentiments with freedom, and I hope I have done it with all possible deference, before Congress; and to give them the fullest and truest information in my power. I trust they will receive what I have said, with all the indulgence which must flow from a conviction that it is dictated by a sincere attachment to their honor, and by anxious concern for the welfare of my Country. With the greatest respect I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: The letter was read in Congress on August 28 and referred to Samuel Adams, Joseph Jones, Thomas McKean, John Morin Scott, and Ezekiel Cornell.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Sunday, August 20, 1780.
Parole New London. Countersigns I., A.
Watchword Be cautious.
[Note 55: Maj. Theodore Woodbridge, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He served as brigade major and inspector to July, 1781; transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
For Guard Major Wallbridge56
[Note 56: Maj. Ames Walbridge (Wallbridge), of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
To lessen the duty of the Grand Parade the particular Inspection of the men's arms by the Brigade Major of the day is dispensed with for the present; This is not meant to prevent a critical inspection on the Brigade and regimental Parades.
At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler was President the 25th. ulto. Jesse Hensley and Michael Bourk of the 4th. regiment of Light dragoons were tried for "Robbing the house of the widow Sarah Sanford of sundry valuable articles" and found Guilty of a breach of Article 21st. section 13th. of the Articles of War and sentenced each of them to receive one Hundred Lashes on his bare back.
At the same court July 26th. John Quaile of the same regiment was tried for "Desertion and taking with him a dragoon horse and accoutrements also a remarkable fine horse belonging to Captain John Heard of the said regiment" found guilty of Desertion and taking with him Captain Heard's Horse being a breach of Article 1st Section 6th. and Article 5th. section 18th. of the Articles of war: acquitted of the charge of taking with him a dragoon horse and Accoutrements.
He is sentenced to be picketted fifteen minutes and to receive one hundred Lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentences, and orders them to be carried into execution tomorrow morning at the head of the regiment to which they belong.
AFTER ORDERS
Brigade returns (regimentally digested) to be made tomorrow at orderly time of the number of regulations for the order and Discipline of the Troops, wanting to complete each officer with one.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, Monday, August 21, 1780.
Parole Norway. Countersigns Nantz, Orr.
Watchword Be Firm.
[Note 57: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
For Guard Major Leavensworth.58
[Note 58: Maj. Eli Leavenworth (Leavensworth), of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
The regimental Paymasters will bring their Payrolls and Abstracts made up to the 1st. Instant to the Deputy Paymaster General for Examination. They will also call on him for the amount of the Pay and subsistence for the respective regiments for January February and March to be received on account agreeable to a Resolution of Congress of the 10th. of April last published in Orders the 30th. of the same Month.
An orderly Serjeant from each Brigade in the Left Wing to attend the General Court martial tomorrow.
The first Pennsylvania and first Massachusetts brigade each gives a Serjeant for the orderly office tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 10th: I am exceedingly sorry to hear of the ravages committed upon the settlements of Schohary and Canajohare, but it is some consolation to find that a supply of provision has been thrown into Fort Schuyler.
I wish it was in my power to send up the 100 Barrels of salt provisions which you request. By the last return from West point there were only 180 Barrels in all the Works, and General Arnold was far from being certain that he should not be obliged to break in upon them for want of fresh Meat. I have endeavoured to keep a small stock of provision in each Redoubt in case of a sudden investiture of the post.
As I have a doubt whether this letter will find you at Albany I have directed it to be opened by Colo. Van Schaick in your Absence. I am &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 17th: reached me last Evening. I have received intelligence that Sir Henry Clinton went himself self towards the East End of Long Island on the 16th: and that the troops at Whitestone were again embarking. I have an account of Sir Henry's movement through two different Channels; that of the embarkation only thro' one. I can hardly suppose that he will, considering the present position of this Army, venture to carry a force from New York sufficient to make an attempt upon Rhode Island; but that you may have the earliest intelligence of any movements, I have desired Genl. Arnold and Major Tallmadge to transmit immediately to you any well grounded information they may receive. This you will of course communicate to the General and Admiral of France.
They are apprehensive in New York of an embarkation of troops for the West Indies, but I have nothing from thence which satisfies me of the truth of the report. I am &c.
P.S. I have just heard that Genl. Clinton was certainly in New York the day before Yesterday.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I recd. your favor of yesterday late last Evening. Should you receive intelligence upon which you can depend that any considerable number of the enemy's shipping have sailed Eastward, or any other matter which you may think interesting to the French Army and Navy, you will be pleased to communicate it to Genl. Heath at Newport, as well as to me. There is a Chain of Expresses from Colo. Sheldons quarters61 to Tower Hill.
[Note 61: At North Castle, N.Y.]
Baron Steuben wishes you to make enquiry, whether there is an Officer in Colo. Livingstons Regt. at Kings ferry capable of doing the duty of Dy. Adjt. Genl. and sub Inspector at your post. If there is, he will deputize him and send him proper instructions. I am, &c.
P.S. I have ordered Colo. Malcom to march from Haverstraw and take post near Niack.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers at West Point after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 21, 1780.
Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 14th: If the Militia under your command are drawn out for the Campaign, as I think they are, I shall have no objection, if the measure should be agreeable to the Governor, to receiving those who want Arms into the York Brigade, and arming them from the public Magazines.
You will be pleased on the receipt of this to march from your present Ground to where the Road from Niack crosses the mountain and falls into the main Road. You will take the most convenient situation for Wood, Water &c. and inform me upon your arrival there. Should you not have Waggons enough to move, and the Qr. Mr. cannot furnish you you must leave a party to impress as many as will bring down your Baggage. I am &c.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of yesterday morning last evening. Itis unfortunate that Lt. B--64 could not bring off C-- juns. dispatches, as I imagine they were of consequence. You will therefore endeavour to procure them as soon as possible. I have information from another quarter, that Sir Henry Clinton had gone towards the East end of Long Island, and that the troops at Whitestone were again embarking. Should the last
[Note 64: Capt.-Lieut. Caleb Brewster, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was wounded on Long Island Bay in December, 1782, and served to June, 1783.] piece of intelligence reach you, well authenticated, you will be pleased to transmit it immediately to Genl. Heath at Newport, as well as to me, as you will always do any thing which seems to interest the French Army and Navy.
If there are any other Continental Crews upon the sound besides those under Lt. B--'s directions, they are there without my knowledge. You will therefore desire him in my name to take what hands he wants from them, and to report who the others are and what business they are upon. I am etc.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by W. S. Poor, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, August 21, 1780, 8 OClock P.M.
Sir: The report of the Issuing Commissary this evening with respect to flour is favorable enough. But with respect to Meat very alarming; many of the Troops without to day. His Excellency in consequence of it has directed me to desire you will be pleased by the return of the bearer to say what [ sic] your expectations with respect to that article.66 I am &c.67
[Note 66: Blaine answered at 10 p. m. the same day: "The report of the Commissaries is two true, there has been little meat for this day; about sixty barrels of salt Provisions expected from Kings Ferry...the present prospects for meat is not favourable." Blaine's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "R. K. Meade, A. D. C."]
Orange Town, August 21, 1780.
Sir: In the letter which I did myself the honor of writing to you the 16th I had only time to acknowledge the receipt of your's of the 10th.; since which I have had the pleasure of successively receiving your two others of the 14th and 17th.
In the idea of an operation against New York it has always been a fundamental principle with me, that there ought to be a naval superiority to give such a prospect of success as would justify the undertaking. Relying however upon a moral certainty of this event shortly happening, if you had found yourself in a good condition to desire a commencement of operations previous to the arrival of the second division I should have concurred in it. The reflections you make on the difficulty of effecting a debarkation on Long Island without a naval superiority are natural and judicious from the view you must have of it; but from a knowledge in part of the local situation and from particular inquiries of others, I think the debarkation would be practicable. From the shape of the ground on both sides and the narrowness of the Sound in several parts there are different points of debarkation; and the enemy could not with propriety uncover New York so much (especially if we had once thrown ourselves upon that Island) as to have a sufficient force on Long Island to give effectual opposition at each point. The attempt in question supposes a sufficient number of Boats collected to throw over at once a force superior to the part of the enemy's force opposed to you, which might I believe have been done. Their vessels might have been compelled to keep stations too remote to interrupt your descent by land batteries erected at different places on the main and on the intermediate Islands.
But notwithstanding the practicability of such an operation, I entirely agree in opinion with you for several reasons that it will be best to defer the commencement of the enterprise till we get a superiority at sea. One of the most powerful is, that you could not leave the fleet in security without a considerable part of the land force to cooperate with it, and in this case our collective force would be smaller than were requisite to act with vigor and confidence.
As to the particular mode of operating against New York we may at this time combine different possibilities; but we cannot fix a definitive plan. There are three ways in which we may accomplish our purpose; by acting in the first instance with our whole force on York Island; by beginning our operations against Brookline with the principal part of our force leaving a corps of observation for the security of our communication &c. well intrenched on York Island or on the main; by dividing our force into two parts to act against the works. on both Islands at once. Which of these plans will be preferable must depend on the time we begin to act and the force we have to act with. If these circumstances correspond with our wishes, I should prefer the last of the three plans. In this case we ought, if possible, as a preliminary to establish ourselves on the Island of New York, and then detach to Long Island a force equal to the whole which the enemy may be able to bring to act there.
In taking post on Long Island a force equal to the whole of the enemy may be prudent to guard against possibilities; but after we have taken post and the usual precautions, two thirds of their whole force will in my opinion be sufficient both for security and for the reduction of the works there. Notwithstanding the facility with which the enemy can pass from one Island to the other, they will never hazard to withdraw more than two thirds of their force from York Island to attack the corps on Long Island, while there was an army of more than their whole force in front ready to fall upon the remainder. This would be to expose their essential point where all their magazines are to too imminent hazard. Nor even with their whole force would they have great hopes of success against two thirds of the number in intrenchments.
These Sir are my sentiments which I am happy to find in the main correspond with yours. A naval superiority we both consider as the basis of offensive operations; we both propose the same distribution of force, if circumstances will permit, with only this difference that I think a small number will suffice for Long Island.
I ardently desire that the interview you mention could take place. I am sensible it would infinitely facilitate our arrangements and it would gratify the extreme desire I feel of assuring you and the Admiral personally of my esteem. But to my great mortification and regret there are difficulties in the way not easily surmounted.
We are about ten miles from the enemy. Our popular government imposes a necessity of great circumspection. If any misfortune should happen in my absence, it would be attended with every inconvenience. I will however endeavour if possible and as soon as possible, to meet you at some convenient rendezvous. I entreat you to inform me in your next to what distance the Admiral and yourself would think it prudent to absent yourselves from the fleet and army.
In one of my last I informed you that Sir Henry was preparing an embarkation, of which it appears you had also received advice. I have received several pieces of similar intelligence, and that there has been lately a very hot press for seamen. I cannot however suppose he has resumed his intention to attack you, as it would imply too much inconsistency. 'Tis suspected by some that he is making a detachment to the West Indies; if he means any thing serious this seems to me as probable as any other supposition; but I doubt his having any thing serious in view.
I am much obliged to you Sir for the frankness with which you have given me your opinions and for the favourable sentiments you entertain of me. Your conduct since your arrival has confirmed the prepossessions your reputation had given me of your abilities; and I promise myself from them, from your counsel and from your exertions, the most important advantages to the common cause. Let me entreat you will oblige me with the former upon all occasions and be assured of the perfect esteem and attachment with which I have the honor etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
In the Washington Papers, filed at the end of August, 1780, is an 8-page manuscript, in the writing of Hamilton, which is apparently his ideas on a military cooperation with the French in an attack upon New York. It is indorsed by Washington: "Colonel Hamilton on the proposed Conference at Hartford with the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevr. De Ternay."]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Tuesday, August 22, 1780.
Parole Oronoko. Countersigns To, Quin.
Watchword Watch.
[Note 69: Lieut. Col. David Cobb, of the Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; aide to Washington from June 15, 1781, to Jan. 7, 1783; lieutenant-colonel commandant of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
Vose
Brigade Major Ashley70
[Note 70: Maj. Moses Ashley, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
For Guard Major Talbot71
[Note 71: Maj. Jeremiah Talbot, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
A Corporal and seven men for Fatigue on the Bake house from the 1st Pennsylvania brigade tomorrow morning five o clock to be relieved by a like number from the 2d Pennsylvania brigade the 24th. and so on by the other Brigades daily in rotation.
Orderly Serjeants for Court Martial Tomorrow from the right Wing, for the Orderly office from the 2d Pennsylvania and 2d Massachusetts brigades.
The Guard at Talman's72 to be relieved alternately by the Wings every two days. The right Wing gives the Guard tomorrow.
[Note 72: Douwe(?) Talman (Tallman, Taulman).]
Lieutenant John Whiting73 of the 12th Massachusetts regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. Instant vice Adjutant Englis74 resigned, and Ensign Samuel Meyricke,75 Quarter Master vice said Whiting.
[Note 73: He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 74: Lieut. and Adjt. Andrew English (Englis), of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in August, 1780.]
[Note 75: Ensign Samuel Merrick (Meyrick), of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
The Provost Marshal is to make daily returns of the Prisoners in Confinement to the Adjutant General who is to have such as are soldiers removed immediately to their respective brigades or if this should be attended with inconvenience on account of confining them properly there, he is to report their Names and Crimes to the Brigadiers or Commandants of brigades who are requested to see that they are brought to immediate trial that the Long Confinement to which many soldiers have been subjected may be avoided thereby; This is to be considered as a standing order and must be strictly observed.
All recruits and drafts are to be returned fit for duty and Action after having been fourteen days with their regiment.
Brigade returns of the rank and file agreeable to the above order are to be delivered at the orderly office tomorrow morning at Guard mounting. The Light Infantry are not to be included.
AFTER ORDERS
The Army will march tomorrow morning. The General will beat at five. The Assemblé at Six, and the March will commence at seven. The Quarter Master General will furnish the Order of March and the necessary Guides.
ORDER OF MARCH
The Army will march by Platoons from the right in the following Order:
The Van Guard consisting of the new Camp Guards of the right Wing. Right Wing: St. Clairs Division, Stirling's Division, Connecticut Division, Park of Artillery. Rear Guard consisting of the old Camp Guards of the right Wing. The Van Guard consisting of the new Camp Guards of the Left Wing. Left Wing: Howes Division, McDougalls Division, Steuben's Division. Rear Guard Consisting of the old Camp Guards of the Left wing succeeded by Bedkins Corps of Light Dragoons. Sufficient Escorts for the Baggage of each wing to be detach'd from the rear Guards respectively. The Baggage of the Commander in Chief; and of The General Staff of the right Wing. The Baggage of the right wing in the usual order. The Baggage of the General Staff of the Left Wing. The Baggage of the Left wing in the usual order. The whole will move in one Column to the Fork of the road in the rear of the Light Infantry encampment where the two Wings will seperate and march in two Columns; the right with the Park of Artillery will take the Schraulenburgh road the Left the Closter Road and will unite at the Ground which will be marked out near the Liberty pole.76
[Note 76: The Liberty Pole Tavern was about 10 miles south of Tappan or Orange Town, N. Y., in Bergen County, N. J., about the center of what is now Englewood, N. J.]
The Baggage will separate at the same place that of the right Wing with the Commander in Chiefs baggage the Quarter Master and Commissary's Stores will follow the right Column; the rest will follow the Left Wing.
The Light Infantry will precede the Left Column two Miles in front 'till further Orders.
The Corps of Marechausie will join the Light Infantry and take orders from the Marquis de la Fayette.
When the Army arrives at its new Encampment all but the covered Waggons are to be delivered to the orders of the Waggon Masr. Genl.
The Quarter master serjeant is to be with the Baggage of each regiment according to the regulations but no Baggage Guard whatever.
The General expects that the strictest order and discipline will be observed on the march and that the officers commanding the respective Columns will communicate with each other and observe a Correspondency of movements.
The General saw with peculiar pain much irregularity in the last March performed by the Army.
The Men not well enough to march with their regiments are to remain on the ground with a sufficient number of Surgeons and tents for their accomodation.
Two officers from each Division are to be left to superintend the sick and collect the stragglers; one of which will march on to the Army the day after tomorrow with all the stragglers and men well enough to march belonging to their divisions respectively.
Lieutenant Colonel Cobb will command the Van Guard of the right Wing and Lieutenant Colonel Vose that of the Left. They will receive their orders from Brigadier General Wayne. Lieutenant Colonel Littlefield77 to command the rear Guard
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Noah Moulton Littlefield, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] of the right wing and Lieutenant Colonel Olney that of the Left. They will receive their Orders from Brigadier General Patterson.
A Field Officer from the Connecticut Line will take the General superintendency of all the sick left on the Ground and will have the officers left from the several Divisions under his Direction.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 22, 1780.
Dr Sir: I am again reduced to the painful necessity of informing Your Excellency, of the situation in which we are, with respect to provision of the meat kind; and of earnestly entreating every assistance in your power to give, for our relief. The whole Army has been already without meat one day, and a great part of it Two. We have none now in Camp, and no good prospect that I can find, of receiving any within a reasonable time. The most we can hope for, from any resources within our own command, are Sixty barrels of Salt meat on the way from West point, which post is now almost entirely degarnished and cannot have by the last Return, more than a Hundred and Twenty Barrels at most in Store. Your Excellency, from this state of matters will but too sensibly feel for our alarming situation, and the more so when you reflect we are in a Country that did not afford much meat at any time, and that it has been exhausted by the Armies on both sides to the extreme distress of it's Inhabitants. Our condition at any period would be painful and highly injurious to the public service, but to be in a starving situation at the commencement of the Campaign, before our operations have even begun, is peculiarly so; must be discouraging in the extreme to our New Levies, who now compose half our Army, and must blast and put an end to all our prospects, if we are not relieved from it, tho in every other respect events should arise bidding fair for success. I will not attempt to detail the consequences to which this would lead, nor the ideas and apprehensions it would excite in our Allies and Friends abroad, nor the confidence the Enemy would derive from it. These will but too readily occur to Your Excellency and I am sure You will believe with me, that our friends would be greatly alarmed and embarrassed at least, at the circumstance, while the cry of the Enemy would be, we will persevere in the War. America cannot maintain even a small Army, for our present one cannot be ranked under any other appellation; or what will be equally encouraging to them, but more disgraceful to us, they will say their boasted patriotism is gone, or their wisdom and energy, for tho' their resources for War still remain, they will not bring them into action. I am now arranging matters to make a forage on this impoverished people, having no other alternative left me, from which I could draw the least possible relief, and even from this, tho it will ruin them, I expect to derive the most trifling succour. I rely on that goodness and promptitude I have ever found in Your Excellency to promote the public service, and am persuaded you will exert all your influence to give us relief, on the present important and alarming occasion. I have the honor etc.78
[Note 78: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 22, 1780.
Dr Sir: You will be pleased to employ the whole of your Corps79 both Horse and Foot tomorrow in impressing Waggons
[Note 79: Lee's corps was then at camp, having returned from his station at Brunswick, N. J., in accordance with Washington's orders (August 18) through Robert Hanson Harrison. The drafts of these orders are in the Washington Papers.]
and Drivers from Totowa, Prekaness, Little Falls, Slotterdam, Wesel, Acquaquenac and the Neck between Hackensack and Passaic Rivers. You will direct the Waggons to rendezvous as they come in, at Acquaquenac Bridge and Hackensack Town. You will receive further orders the morning after tomorrow, by which time you will be pleased to direct your Corps to Assemble at Hackensack or Acququenac Bridge.1 You will be punctual in the execution of this order, as there will be a correspondent manoeuvre. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The daft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Teaneck,81 Wednesday, August 23, 1780.
[Note 81: Teaneck, N. J., was about 2 miles west of the Palisades of the Hudson, Bergen County, N. J.]
Parole Hampton. Countersigns How, Who.
Watchword Where.
[Note 82: Maj. Samuel Darby, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
The Guards to parade at five o'clock this afternoon near the York brigade where the Grand Parade is assigned for the present.
A Sub, two serjeants and thirty rank and file for Fatigue from the right Wing to be sent immediately to Hackinsack new bridge.
The Army being now very near the Enemy the General flatters himself every officer and soldier will make it a point of honor as well as duty to keep constantly in Camp and to be at the shortest Notice ready to act as Circumstances may require. He is at the same time persuaded should an opportunity be afforded us that every part of the army will vie with each other in the display of that conduct fortitude and bravery which ought to distinguish troops fighting for their Country, for their Liberty, for everything dear to the Citizen or to the soldier. He also hopes to hear of no wanton depredations on the persons or property of the inhabitants for nothing can be more inconsistent or infamous than to violate those rights we possess and are bound to defend. The Officers of Police will be particularly careful to prevent the destruction of Fences which they certainly have it in their power to effect.
The officers commanding brigades and regiments are to see that the above order is read to the soldiers and the necessity of an implicit Compliance therewith impressed on their Minds.
An Alarm will be communicated by the discharge of Two Cannon from the Park.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, August 23, 1780.
Sir: When you arrive at Dobbe's ferry agreeable to the orders sent you yesterday83 your attention is to be directed to the
[Note 83: On August 22 Washington had written to Malcom altering the destination of his march from Stony Point "to the place where the road from Niack crosses the mountain and meets the main road, to Dobbs' Ferry." This letter is in the Washington Papers.] security of the works and cannon at that place and of the sick and stores left at this place. For these purposes you will make the best disposition in your power and use every precaution for gaining the earliest intelligence of a movement against you, and you will furnish whatever little guards may be necessary in proportion to your strength. You will assist Col Gouvion with the fatigue parties he may want.
There will be a part of the Park on the Road to Paramus from this place about five miles off, of which you will inform yourself; and in case of any motions of the Enemy, you will give notice to the Officer commanding the Guard to remove it towards Paramus.
You will give me instant advice of any movement of the Enemy. My Quarters will be near the liberty Pole.
For your own security it will be necessary you should keep a party of observation, at Niac and a guard at Slot.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
August 24, 1780.
Sir: You are appointed to the command of the Light Infantry try and four brigades from your own Wing to be employed upon a forage down to Bergen and from thence up to the English Neighbourhood. You will make the necessary disposition for your own security and the Waggons employed on the occasion.
Such are the necessities of the Army and such the situation of the Inhabitants being all within the power of the Enemy that you will make the forage as extensive as possible in the Articles of hay and grain as well as in Cattle hogs and sheep fit for slaughter; and horses fit for the use of the Army. All the articles taken are to be receipted for by the respective departments to which they belong; and the whole sent up to the Army, and delivered over to the Officers in the several departments to be appointed to receive and receipt for the same: except such articles of provision and forage as may be necessary for the subsistence of the Party under your command.
As soon as you have compleated the forage you will draw off the Troops and join the Army. Should the Enemy attempt to interrupt you in the business, you must govern yourself according to circumstances, leaving you at liberty either to attack or retire, as you may think prudent from the force they appear in. Particular care is to be taken that the men don't straggle, and that no unnecessary distress or oppression is brought upon the Inhabitants.85
[Note 85: The copy is in the writing of Greene and is dated and indorsed by Washington.]
Head Quarters, near Liberty Pole, August 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased immediately upon the receipt of this to commence the Forage of Barbadoes Neck and as far up as Polifly. The necessities of the Army require that it should be executed as extensively as possible in the Articles of Cattle, Hogs, and Sheep fit for slaughter. You will endeavour to gain a knowledge of the well and ill affected inhabitants and make distinctions accordingly, but your general Rule must be to leave only a sufficiency for the uses of the several families. You will observe the same Rule as to Horses, fit for service. If you can procure an intelligent inhabitant to attend you, he will be useful to you in the above respects. You will endeavour to load the Waggons which you have impressed and those which will be sent to you with Oats in preference to any other kind of Forage. Good Hay should next engage your attention and after that Wheat, or any other kind of Grain.
Persons from the Quarter Master Genl. and Commy. will attend you and take an account of and give Receipts for the articles belonging to their respective departments. The Horses, Cattle, Hogs and sheep are to be sent as they are collected to the Liberty pole where proper persons will be ready to receive them. If it is possible, send up forty or fifty Cattle this Evening. The Forage is to be sent to Bogart's Mills, which is about half way between Tappan and Paramus. I am &c.
P.S. Mr. Worthington86 will receive the Cattle, Sheep and Hogs at the Liberty Pole, and Mr. Storey the Horses.87
[Note 86: Asa Worthington. He was inspector of cattle for the Commissary Department.]
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 88: Of the New Jersey levies.]
Head Quarters, August 24, 1780.
Sir: I cannot help expressing exceeding great surprise at your not obeying the Order you received yesterday, to take post with the men under your command at the Closter landings; Nor do I see how you could have answered it to yourself or your Country, if any disaster had happened in consequence of your neglect.
You are to repair thither immediately with the whole of your Men. The service will not probably keep you there more than two or three days, in which time you cannot suffer much for want of Tents. Our Army before now has been almost a whole Campaign without Tents. And this spring were from the 6th. of June till sometime in July, without a single one for either Officers or men (making use of bush Bowers) as a substitute.
By the Most trusty and expeditious men you have, you are to communicate the earliest intelligence of any Movement of the Enemy, which you may discover; to Me at this place, Genl Clinton at Fort Lee, And if it should be of a nature to render the measure necessary, to Colonel Malcom at Dobbs ferry.
I am very sorry on account of your sufferings for want of provision. Unfortunately it is but too generally the case with the whole Army at this time, but every measure is pursuing for relief. In the mean while, you will endeavour to get supplied from the Country and pass Certificates. I am etc.
P.S. I shall expect the most pointed compliance with these Orders, because they are correspondent with and part of a larger plan.
Instead of sending to Genl Clinton at Fort Lee, your communications to the Officer of the Guard opposite to Spiten Devil will do.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 24, 1780.
Sir: In the report of the march of yesterday, it appears there was to your baggage a guard of a serjeant and four men, contrary to the regulations and to General orders. I am persuaded this must have happened by mistake; but as it is of the greatest importance that the General officers should set an example of regularity to the army I mention the matter to you that you may take effectual care to prevent the like in future.90 I am etc.91
[Note 90: Baron Steuben had likewise erred by having a baggage guard of a sergeant and 12 men, and the same letter, with the necessary change in wording, was sent to him.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Thursday, August 24, 1780.
Parole Monmouth. Countersigns Mars, Now.
Watchword Be ready.
For Guard Major Wallbridge.
The Army will draw three days flour and bake it and as soon as Beef arrives will draw and cook as much as the Weather will permit.
The General reminds the Troops of the order of yesterday.
Head Quarters, Miles from Fort Lee,92 August 24, 1780.
[Note 92: Teaneck, Washington's headquarters, was at Liberty Pole Tavern, about the center of the present town of Englewood, N. J.]
Sir: I am now to acknowledge the Honor of Your Excellency's dispatches of the 9th, which I received four or five days ago, and which I have been prevented answering before, by a variety of pressing business.
With respect to the exchange of Officers, I beg leave to refer Congress to the Inclosures No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 and 6 which comprehend the correspondence which has passed of late, between Us and the Enemy on the subject, and by which they will perceive the footing on which the business stands, and that I have been doing already, all in my power to accomplish their wishes on this head. I expect General Lincoln will be in Camp the 10th of next Month, from a Letter I received from him yesterday, with a view of meeting General Phillips on the 12th at Elizabeth Town, agreeable to their mutual desires and a proposition which has passed between them for the purpose, when I will direct Mr. Skinner, the Deputy Commissary, to attend and endeavour to effectuate an Exchange on the principles, and to the extent Congress have mentioned in their Act of the 7th. I shall include the case of Genl. Burgoyne in my Instructions to him, presuming it will be agreeable to Congress, if I do not receive a Letter from them, expressive of their sense to the contrary. His Exchange, I think, under all circumstances, for our Colonels, who cannot be released on the principle of equal rank, would be a very fortunate event, but it is one I do not expect, from the little estimation in which they seem to hold Him. If an exchange is gone into, I would observe, the Rule of seniority will be departed from, in the instance of Colo Webb and Lt Colo Ramsay. The prisoners taken in the Eagle packet were captured by a private Vessel, whose Owners have expressed a desire and insisted that the former should have the benefit of them, so as it should be necessary for his own exchange, and the state of Maryland has claimed the release of the Latter for Lt Colo Connolly, who was taken by them, as Other States had done in like circumstances. The exceptions in favor of these Two Gentlemen, are founded on these reasons. In every other instance of exchanges, where similar causes have not existed and been insisted on by the States, the business so far as it has been directed by me, has uniformly been conducted on the principles of equality of rank and priority of capture. I am exceedingly happy that measures are taking for the support and accommodation of our prisoners and I hope their situation in future will be more comfortable than it has hitherto been.
As to that part of the Act of the 7th which respects the establishing a Resident Commissary of prisoners at New York, I beg leave to inform Congress, that I am in some doubt, whether they wish to have both an Agent and a Commissary to reside there. If they only mean to have an Agent, the Inclosures No. 7. 8. 9. 10 and 11 which I have also the honor to transmit, will shew the Steps I have taken to get One appointed, in pursuance of their direction. Should it be their intention to have a Commissary likewise, they will be pleased to inform me, and on what footing I am to make the proposition. It is probable nothing but a like indulgence to the Enemy will induce them to consent to the measure.
It gives me pain to inform Congress, that we are again in a most disagreeable situation with respect to provision of the meat kind, and we have not from any thing I can find, any good prospect of being either intirely relieved, or of being tolerably well supplied within a reasonable time. A great part of the Troops on the 21st and 22d were without any supply of this Article, and the whole on one of those days; and since, those that have received, have had but the most scanty pittance and chiefly such as has been exacted from the exhausted Stores of the Inhabitants. The circumstances we were in determined me, to proceed with the Army to this place yesterday, with a view of attempting some relief from a forage, and we have now parties detached into the Country below, into Bergen and Barbadoes necks, to collect any provision that may be there. I don't expect but little succour from the measure, as these places from their contiguity to the Enemy, will probably be found much drained; any thing however will be acceptable, and will contribute to silence the Complaints of the Troops. I have written to Governor Trumbull on our situation, and entreated him to use all his influence to assist Us. The state of flour is such, as to afford us a daily supply, but even our prospects of this Article are by no means such as to make it certain that this will be the case long, especially if we are obliged to continue issuing an increased quantity on account of the failure of meat. I have the honor etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. A list of the inclosures is entered by Harrison on the draft, copies of which are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. Harrison's list is as follows: "No 1 Letter 21st June from British Commissary to Mr. Skinner. 2 do. from the Genl to Skinner 12th July. 3 do. 19 July, Loring to Skinner. 4 Colts. on Long Island to Genl 30th June. 5 Skinner from Genl 24th July. 6 Skinners Report ... 9 August. 7 2d June G. W. to G. Knyphausen. 8 11 June G. Knyphausen's Answer. 95 July G W to Sir Hy. Clinton. 10 19 July Sir Hy. Clinton to G.W. 11 26 G. W. to Sir Hy. Clinton." There were two other inclosures not noted in the preceding list: July 26, 1780, Washington's "Propositions respecting Agents to be appointed for prisoners", q. v., and Aug. 4, 1780, "Loring to Skinner."]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Friday, August 25, 1780.
Parole Warsaw. Countersigns N., T.
Watchword Bravery.
[Note 94: Lieut. Col. David Fithian Sill, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Holdridge95
[Note 95: Lieut. Col. Hezekiah Holdridge, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major White96
[Note 96: Adjt. William(?) White, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was killed at Yorktown, Va., in October, 1781.]
For Guard Major Torrey
As it is not an unusual thing for Soldiers in an engagement to expend their Ammunition at too great a distance, to do much execution and then make the want of it a plea to quit the field of action the General enjoins in very earnest terms upon all officers to use their utmost endeavours to prevent this Practice, nor is the want of ammunition to be an excuse even if it cannot be supplied. The soldiers who are without it are to depend upon their Bayonets 'till the Conflict is decided. This order is to be frequently read to the men that none of them may hereafter plead ignorance in Excuse for their disobedience of it.
The unsoldierly and dangerous practice of firing Guns in the Camp and its vicinity is again revived. The General does not suspect old Soldiers can be guilty of so unmilitary a practice but attributes it to the new Levies who may do it through ignorance. The commandg. officers of Corps are to be attentive therefore in seeing that the orders against it are read to them and the Guards are particularly charged to see these orders executed.
Head Quarters, near the Liberty Pole, Bergen County, August 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: In mine of the 20th: instant I desired your Excellency to discharge the whole of Colo. Seely's Militia except about 100 for the purpose of a guard at Morris Town and to direct the September Class to hold themselves in readiness to come out upon the shortest notice. I would only wish you to continue those orders, but not call out the Classes, except about one hundred Men for the purposes above mentioned, untill you hear from me. Our extreme distress for want of provision makes me desirous of lessening the consumption as much as possible. Some Brigades of the Army have been now five days without Meat. To endeavour to relieve their wants by stripping the lower parts of the County of its Cattle, I moved two days ago to this place and yesterday completely foraged Barbadoes and Bergen Necks; scarcely any Cattle were found but Milch Cows and Calves of one and two years old and even those in no great plenty; when this scanty pittance is consumed, I know not to what quarter to look, as our prospects from the Eastward, upon which our principal dependance is placed, are far from being favourable. The monthly requisition of Meat from the State of Jersey has been complied with in a very small degree, as the Commy. General informs me that he has received but 7 Cattle from Mr. Dunham the superintendent since the month of April. I am very far from complaining of the general exertions of the State, on the contrary I have every reason to acknowledge them upon several pressing occasions: but your Excellency must be sensible that when the support of an Army is made to depend upon certain quantities of provision to be furnished regularly by the different States, the failure of any one, must be more or less felt. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have recd. yr. Excellency's favs. of the 21st: and 23d. I do not imagine it will be possible to discover the officer who permitted Heyden97 to escape, as the description is so exceedingly vague. As Money does not appear, from the deposition, to have had any operation, I am led to believe that the thing has happened more from a want of proper knowledge of duty than from any design.98
[Note 97: Richard Hayden, His deposition is filed in the Washington Papers with Governor Livingston's letter to Washington of Aug. 23, 1780.]
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. As printed in Selections from the Correspondence of the Executive of New Jersey (Newark: 1848), p. 255, the following sentence is added to the P. S.: "I am sorry to hear of your Excellency's indisposition."]
Head Quarters, near the Liberty Pole, Bergen County, August 26, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I was last evening favd. with yours of the 22d. and the day before with that of the 21st. I should have concurred with your Excellency in the propriety of keeping the Militia embodied for the reasons and under the circumstances you mention, had I not last night received dispatches from Count Rochambeau, from which I think it more than probable that the 2d. division will not arrive before the expiration of the tour of duty of the present Class; to keep them out, therefore, will only be an accumulation of expence, and a needless detention of many of them from their families and occupations. The Alliance Frigate is arrived at Boston from L'Orient, which place she must have left about the 10th July. The 2d. division was then blocked up in Brest by the English Fleet. A superior French and Spanish Fleet had sailed from Cadiz with an intention of opening the port, should they succeed in the attempt, we may reasonably suppose that the 2d. division would not sail before Augt: which (with a good passage) will make it October before they arrive upon this Coast. I should hope that between the time of the arrival of the second division and that of serious operations, the requisite number of Militia may be drawn out, especially as it will be at a more favorable season for the people in general, who will by that time have put in their Winter Grain.
I am extremely sorry that the dispositions of the people or our own circumstances should render the intervention of military force necessary, but such is our present situation and so discouraging are our prospects in the Article of meat that I very much fear we shall be obliged to make use of our whole Cavalry for the purposes of collecting the small remains of Cattle (in fact unfit for slaughter) from this exhausted Country. Colo. Moylans Regt. is small and much worn down; Sheldons is covering the Country on the east Side of the River, and Major Lees Corps is the only one upon which we can place dependance either for military operations, to collect supplies in the adjacent Country, or to impress teams for the transportation of provision and stores from the Delaware: for such is the deranged State of the Quarter Master's department, that little is to be expected from the means within his power. I speak more particularly of what is past, not having yet experienced the effects of the new appointment. From the above your Excellency will judge how inconvenient it will be to detach tach Major Lee or any Corps so far from the Army as you seem to require. From the favorable complexion of yours of the 21St: I am in hopes, that altho' there may be a backwardness in some particular sects to part with their produce, yet their may be upon the whole, a considerable collection made; but should you upon further trial find a military force absolutely necessary to strengthen the hands of your Commissioners, I will upon your requisition furnish you with what it may be in my power to spare. Some Brigades of the Army have been five days without Meat; to endeavour to relieve their distresses I have moved down to this place with a view of bringing off the Cattle and Forage from the lower parts of Bergen. Of the first, I scarcely find any but Milch Cows and Cattle so young and bad that nothing but the extreme of want could induce the Soldiery to accept of them.
That we may, if possible, form some small Magazines, I shall, for the present discharge every useless mouth, or keep them so far from the Main Body of the Army, that they may be fed without interfering much with the supplies intended for it. But we have such a variety of embarrassments in the way, that I almost despair of being able to effect my purpose. With great Regard etc.
P.S. I mention the particulars of the Blockade of the French Fleet in confidence to your Excellency, as I know not whether it would be agreeable to the French Admiral and General to have it made public.99
[Note 99: The draft is in writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters in the vicinity of Fort Lee, August 26, 1780.
Sir: I have received the honor of Your Excellency's Letters of the 20 and 21 Inst, the last of which came to hand yesterday Evening, and am much obliged for the matters of intelligence they contain, although some of them do not entirely correspond with our wishes.
I am concerned for the situation of Capn Landais,1 as he has been esteemed an Officer of merit, and as his indisposition has deprived us of recent and more than probable important advices. His not bringing more Arms &c. is rather unlucky, but their coming in the Ariel, should she arrive safe, which I flatter myself will be the case, will prevent any material inconvenience from the omission.
[Note 1: Capt. Pierre Landais, of the U.S. Navy. He had commanded the Pallas during Capt, John Paul Jones's encounter with the Serapis. Encouraged and supported by Arthur Lee, with John Adams declining to interfere, Landais instigated a mutiny and seized command of the Alliance, and with Lee as a passenger sailed from L'Orient for the United States, leaving much-needed supplies for the Army on file dock. He became insane before the Alliance reached America.]
The British fleet, I should hope would not be able to keep the second division blocked up after the arrival of the combined one, which had sailed from Cadiz, and if the Enemy have not avoided an engagement, which I think is rather to be suspected, I hope our next advices will announce, that they have been most soundly beaten in a general combat.
The intelligence respecting the Irish Militia's driving the English out of the Forts, is pleasing and interesting and must be embarrassing to the British Ministry. It must be the more so from the internal ferments and insurrections which have taken place within England, and which are confirmed through a variety of Channels. But I am afraid these tumults will not do more than embarrass and will not result in any thing decisively favourable to the common cause. It appears the Ministry were about taking vigorous measures to punish the rioters.
From the information brought by the Vessel arrived at Boston from St. Domingo, it appears that the Count De Guichen was on the point of sailing from thence on the 2d. Inst and would in a few days complete all his arrangements and proceed to Jamaica. I hope these will all have been finished, and that we shall soon have the pleasure to hear of the intire reduction of this very important Island.
Your conjectures about an expedition to Martha's Vinyard &c. are by no means improbable, as the Enemy have been there before and collected large supplies of fresh provision. I fear even if the Inhabitants are apprised of it, that it will not prevent them from effecting their purposes.
I am much obliged by the honor you did me in announcing your intention to celebrate the anniversary of St. Louis; and I am pursuaded the neighbouring states will be sensible of your politeness in the precaution you took to prevent any alarm, as well as feel a lively participation in a compliment paid to a prince, towards whom they have so many motives of gratitude and veneration. The enemy will probably not admire the spectacle, as I dare say they will have no reason to felicitate themselves on the state of your batteries.
I have been much concerned on account of a Report which has just reached me, though not officially, that an Express has been intercepted on the other side of the North River and carried into New York, who had come from thence, lest it should have been the one charged with a Letter I had the honor of writing you on the 21st. of this Month. I hope it has not been the case, but from the apprehension I am under on the occasion I have thought it proper to inclose You a Copy.2 The place where the Express is said to have been intercepted is a considerable distance from the Enemy's out post at Kings bridge; but in future a still more inland route will be used. I have the Honor etc.
[Note 2: The report was false. Rochambeau acknowledged Washington's letter of August 21 on August 26.]
P.S. I have just heared from New York that several Transports, which have been wooding and watering are returning to England. It is added that they carry some Invalids. Possibly this may serve as a solution of the Reports we have had about an embarkation.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, August 26, 1780.
Sir: In a letter I have lately received from Major General Lincoln, he transmitted the inclosed for Your Excellency, which I have taken an early opportunity of forwarding. I find by General Lincoln's letter to myself, that he proposes to meet General Phillips on the 12th. of next Month at Elizabeth Town, which will be perfectly agreeable to me. I shall direct our Commissary of Prisoners to be there at the same time, who will be instructed to execute with the Commissary on your part, if Your Excellency shall think proper to send him, an exchange of Officers Prisoners of War, on the footing of equal rank or composition as far as the number in our hands will admit, and to include also the whole of the Officers of Convention now on Parole at New York or in Europe. I wish the Measure may meet your approbation, as it will afford relief to many individuals.
On the 26th Ulto. I had the honor of addressing Your Excellency and of inclosing some propositions relative to the agents to be appointed for Prisoners, to which I have not been favoured with your answer. I shall be happy to receive it. I have the honor etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, August 26, 1780.
Sir: I am this moment favoured with your Letter of this day.5 I need scarcely inform you of the extreme pain and anxiety, which the licentiousness of some of the Soldiery has given me. Something must and shall be done, if possible to put an effectual check to it.
[Note 5: "It is absolutely necessary to give a check to this licenscious spirit which increases amazingly. The impudence of the Soldiers is intollerable; a party plundered a house yesterday in sight of a number of Officers; and even threatened the officers if they offered to interpose. It is the opinion of most of the Officers that it is absolutely necessary for the good of the service that one of these fellows should be made an example of; and if your Excellency will give permission I will have one hung up this afternoon where the Army are to march by. ... More complaints have this moment come in, of more shocking nature than those already related."-- Greene to Washington, Aug. 26, 1780. Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I entirely approve of the prompt Punishment you propose to have inflicted on the Culprits in. question. You will therefore be pleased to Order One of the Soldiers detected in plundering and the Deserters you mention to be immediately executed. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, August 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: Our necessities will oblige me to draw down part of the Flour and Rum from West Point. The Commy. General of Issues who is fully acquainted with our wants and expectations will be as sparing as possible of his draft upon your Magazine.
I have this moment recd. yours of the 23d. I will take the Contents into consideration and give you an answer in my next. I am &c.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers at West Point after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, August 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: When I called at your Quarters this morning, I had no business particularly in view. I proposed only taking a ride to the River, and should have been happy in your Company if you had been disengaged.
You will be pleased to accept my thanks for your communications, and believe me Dear Sir etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing off David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Saturday, August 26, 1780.
Parole Berwick. Countersigns Boon, Berne.
Watchword Look Sharp.
[Note 9: Lieut. Col. Daniel Whiting, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Huntington
Major Smith10
[Note 10: Maj. David Smith, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
For Guard, Major Reid.
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Sunday, August 27, 1780.
Parole China. Countersigns Coos, Cuba.
Watchword Here we come.
For Guard, Major Leavensworth.
Joseph King Esqr.11 is appointed Paymaster to the Corps of Artificers from the 6th. of February last.
[Note 11: Paymaster of Baldwin's Artillery Artificers regiment. He retired in May, 1781.]
The Brigade Quarter masters are to apply immediately at the Quarter master Generals Store for the number of Espontoons specified in the last Returns.
A General Court martial to assemble tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at the house on the right of General Stark's brigade for the Trial of Colonel Hazen and such others as shall be brought before the Court.
Colonel Wyllys is appointed President; Lieutenant Colonels Littlefield, Cobb and Newall; Majors Cogswell,12 Wallbridge and Maxwell,13 a Captain from each of the following brigades vizt. First and Second Pennsylvania, Jersey, Clinton's, 1st. Connecticut and Poor's to attend as Members. All Witnesses and persons concerned are desired to attend the Court. A serjeant from each brigade in the left Wing to be sent as orderlies to the court.
[Note 12: Maj. Thomas Cogswell, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He ranked as lieutenant colonel of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment from November, 1779, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 13: Maj. Hugh Maxwell, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in August, 1782; transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, August 27, 1780.
Sir: I have been informed that one of our Expresses has lately been taken at Pine's Bridge and carried into New York. I shall be exceedingly anxious until I hear whether he was charged with any public dispatches. To guard against such an accident in future, I think it will be prudent to shift some of our Stages. Instead therefore of going to Stratford by the present Route, I would have you withdraw the Dragoons from Stamford and Greens farms and place them upon the Road from Kings ferry to Ridgefield and from thence to Stratford. This being higher up will be less exposed. Be pleased to inform the Quarter Master at Kings ferry where you establish the Stage between that place and Ridge field, that he may know how to forward the dispatches which are sent to him. You will make the change as speedily as possible. I am &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 15: Addressed to the Presidents or Governors of the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.]
Head Quarters, near the Liberty Pole, in Bergen County, August 27, 1780.
Sir: The Honble: the Committee of Co-operation having returned to Congress, I am under the disagreeable necessity of informing you that the Army is again reduced to an extremity of distress for want of provision. The greater part of it had been without Meat from the 21st. to the 26th. To endeavour to obtain some relief, I moved down to this place, with a view of stripping the lower parts of the County of the remainder of its Cattle, which after a most rigorous exaction is found to afford between two and three days supply only, and those, consisting of Milch Cows and Calves of one or two years old. When this scanty pittance is consumed, I know not what will be our next resource, as the Commissary can give me no certain information of more than 120 head of Cattle expected from pennsylvania and about 150 from Massachusetts. I mean in time to supply our immediate wants. Military coercion is no longer of any avail, as nothing further can possibly be collected from the Country in which we are obliged to take a position, without depriving the inhabitants of the last morsel. This mode of subsisting, supposing the desired end could be answered by it, besides being in the highest degree distressing to individuals, is attended with ruin to the Morals and discipline of the Army; during the few days which we have been obliged to send out small parties to procure provision for themselves, the most enormous excesses have been committed.
It has been no inconsiderable support of our cause, to have had it in our power to contrast the conduct of our Army with that of the enemy, and to convince the inhabitants that while their rights were wantonly violated by the British Troops, by ours they were respected. This distinction must unhappily now cease, and we must assume the odious character of the plunderers instead of the protectors of the people, the direct consequence of which must be to alienate their minds from the Army and insensibly from the cause. We have not yet been absolutely without Flour, but we have this day but one days supply in Camp, and I am not certain that there is a single Barrel between this place and Trenton. I shall be obliged therefore to draw clown one or two hundred Barrels from a small Magazine which I have endeavoured to establish at West point, for the security of the Garrison in case of a sudden investiture.
From the above state of facts it may be foreseen that this army cannot possibly remain much longer together, unless very vigorous and immediate measures are taken by the States to comply with the requisitions made upon them. The Commissary General has neither the means nor the power of procuring supplies; he is only to receive them from the several Agents. Without a speedy change of circumstances, this dilemma will be involved; either the Army must disband, or what is, if possible, worse, subsist upon the plunder of the people. I would fain flatter myself that a knowledge of our situation will produce the desired relief; not a relief of a few days as has generally heretofore been the case, but a supply equal to the establishment of Magazines for the Winter. If these are not formed before the Roads are broken up by the weather, we shall certainly experience the same difficulties and distresses the ensuing Winter which we did the last. Altho' the troops have upon every occasion hitherto borne their wants with unparralled patience, it will be dangerous to trust too often to a repetition of the causes of discontent. I have the honor etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Alexander Hamilton.
The letter sent to President Reed, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.H.H.S.]
[Note 17: Contractor for cattle in Essex County, N. J.]
Head Quarters, near the Liberty Pole, August 27, 1780.
Sir: I have just received your Letter of Yesterday respecting the apprehensions of the Magistrates and well affected Inhabitants of Essex County.
I cannot but flatter myself the Citizens of that County and of america in general will do me the justice to acknowledge that I have ever paid the most particular attention to the preservation of their property and civil rights. And altho the sufferings of the Army for want of meat, have been extremely great, as some of the Brigades have been without for five days, I could heartily have wished that any measure should have been fallen upon to procure a supply, rather than Military coercion. But under these circumstances I found myself compelled to make a forage to obtain immediate relief; this was to have been confined to Bergen and Barbadoes Necks, and it was by mistake or misapprehension that it was extended any farther. Some of the Commissaries, I am informed represented to Major Lee that there was a large number of sheep in Newark, part of which might be obtained for the Army and that Capt Carnes was sent for this purpose. I am happy that no disagreeable consequences have ensued from the mistake.
At the same time that I call to mind, with very great satisfaction and gratitude the exertions of the Well affected Inhabitants of New Jersey, when the Army was so much distressed for provisions the last Winter. I cannot doubt their future efforts or avoid feeling a real pleasure at the assurances of the Magistrates to furnish by impress, if the Inhabitants will not sell, whatever provisions and forage can be spared. I am etc.18
[Private]
Head Quarters, August 28, 1780.
I am much obliged to you My Dear Sir for your letter of the 17 and for the interesting intelligence you do me the favour to communicate.
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
The blockade of the port of Brest by delaying the sailing of the second division, makes a material change in our prospects. I fear it will put it out of our power to operate against New York; but if you are not unfortunate in Europe and if vigorous measures are taken to give us magazines, we may still hope for some important operation; but it will probably be in a different quarter. I think however as I have mentioned in my official letter to you, that we ought not to discontinue raising Men for the Continental batalions, as there is a possibility that we may still operate here, from the movement of the Cadiz fleet, or by a reinforcement from the Islands; or if an operation here should not be practicable the encreasing our force will enable us the better to detach to the Southward.
I should be happy to comply with the wishes of the Council respecting the arms; but our present deficiencies and the casualties that daily arise will make us stand in need of all that has arrived in the alliance. We expect a further supply shortly19 and the state may depend that as soon as possible its loan shall be replaced. I entreat your influence to have all the arms, powder cannon and clothing ready made forwarded without delay to Springfield; for the officers in the service of the Continent have not the necessary means of transportation.
[Note 19: That is, the arms and supplies left at L'Orient by the Alliance, which it was hoped the Ariel would bring over.]
I am informed of a set of resolutions lately entered into by a convention of delegates from the four Eastern states, which if rightly represented to me, and carried into execution will be the most likely means that could be adopted to rescue our affairs from the complicated and dreadful embarrassments under which they labour, and will do infinite honor to those with whom they originate. I sincerely wish they may meet with no opposition or delay in their progress. Our situation is truly delicate and demands all our wisdom, all our virtue, all our energy. Great Britain no doubt encounters many serious perplexities and dangers, but there will be no miracle in her surmounting them. In Europe by the last advices there was a critical moment where the chances were too equally balanced. On this continent the affairs of the Enemy are rather too prosperous; in the West Indies, at this season, the elements may fight against our allies; but here is our best hope. As to domestic dissentions, though they will no doubt embarrass, I confess I have no great confidence in them. We have every motive to be in earnest and to exert ourselves to the utmost to take care of ourselves. With the truest esteem etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Liberty Pole, August 28, 1780.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your letter of the 16th.
I am much obliged to the Council for the loan of the arms and am persuaded they have spared all that were in their power. I believe they have been misinformed about the number of arms at Springfield. By the last return there were two thousand muskets capable of repair, and about sixteen thousand gun barrels, which being mounted would be fit for service. But that fundamental defect in our affairs, the want of money prevents our availing ourselves of the resources otherwise in our power and obstructs the activity of every department. A representation is gone to the Board of war entreating them to take every method in their power for having the above arms put in a condition for service as speedily as possible.
The late advices from Europe have materially altered the immediate prospects of the campaign, and placed the probability of any capital operation at a much greater distance than was expected. I have therefore written to General Heath to dismiss all the Militia at Rhode Island as soon as they shall be judged no longer necessary to our allies. The extreme distress we are in on the score of supplies would have compelled us to this, even had not circumstances enabled us to dispense for the present with their services. Such part of the Militia of your state as had come on to the army have been stationed at West Point, where their continuance is still necessary; for even with their aid, our force is only equal to the defensive.
I beg leave to observe that I do not think in the present posture of our affairs we ought to discontinue our efforts to fill the Continental batalions. We ought to be prepared for events, which without this we shall not be, and as to the supplies required they are necessary in all cases to the subsistence of the army. The letter accompanying this will show how deplorable our situation is in this respect. With every sentiment of respect etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Liberty Pole, Bergen County, August 28, 1780.
Sir: The intelligence brought by the Alliance Frigate renders it so very uncertain, whether we shall be in condition to commence our expected operation before the expiration of the whole or the greater part of the time for which the Militia were engaged, that I think it will be prudent to dismiss them as soon as possible, not only in the general scale of Oeconomy, but more particularly to avoid an unnecessary consumption of provision, for which we are extremely distressed, as my circular letter of this date fully describes. You will therefore be pleased to discharge all those required by the Committee of Cooperation, as soon as General Heath shall be of opinion that the forwardness of the Works at present on hand will admit of it. I would however recommend the compleating your Continental Battalions upon this consideration, that in case we should be unexpectedly called to operate, the fuller those Battalions are, the less will be the demand for Militia. I have the honor &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near the Liberty Pole, Bergen County, August 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I was a few days ago honored with yours of the 9th: since the receipt of it, I have seen Commissary Cheever, and have had an opportunity of making particular enquiry into the state of the Arms at Springfield. He tells me, that the repair, of such of the old Muskets as are worth the trouble and expence, is going on as fast as the circumstances of want of hands and want of money will admit. The greater part of the Gun Barrels, he says, are absolutely unfit for use, having been taken out of old stocks at different times, and not imported in their present state from Europe. I will direct Genl. Knox to make enquiry after the 100 Barrels of Powder at Farmington, and if they belong to the Continent, to have them removed to one of the public Magazines.
From the accounts brought by the Alliance Frigate, I think the prospects of operating, at least during the time for which the Militia were drawn out, are so very precarious, that circumstanced as we are in regard to provision (as my Circular letter of this date particularly points out) it will be more advisable to discharge them immediately than to keep them up. You will therefore be pleased to give orders for the dismission of all those who were raised in consequence of the requisition of the Committee of Cooperation. I should hope that if such a reinforcement should unexpectedly arrive to our Allies, as would enable us to carry on operations against the enemy, that the Militia might be shortly reassembled: But I wish that this suspension of a part of our preparations may not have any influence upon procuring the number of Men necessary to compleat the Continental Battalions. For want of them, I am still obliged, much against my inclination, to keep the Militia of some of the states in the field; and this consideration should ever be kept in view, that should we operate, the fuller the Continental Battalions, the smaller will be the demand for Militia. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Liberty Pole, August 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: Tomorrow morning Col Malcolm will march with the levies under his command towards Kings ferry, and will proceed himself to your Excellency to take your orders. I have sent this corps in consequence of what General Schuyler mentioned to me in behalf of your Excellency, and have requested him to write to you particularly on the subject. The immediate prospects of the campaign having changed, it cannot be more usefully employed, than in giving security to the frontier, and assisting to save the grain for the mutual benefit of the public and the inhabitants.
The discontents prevailing in the garrison of Fort Schuyler are so alarming, that it seems indispensable it should be without delay relieved by other troops. At this moment, it would be inconvenient to detach a regiment from the army. I leave it to Your Excellency, if you think proper to relieve the garrison by a sufficient number of the levies. They ought to consist of those, who will have at least two or three months after their arrival to serve; otherwise the post might be endangered, by the expiration of their times, before we can conveniently replace them from the army. A good officer acquainted with service to command the garrison will be essential. I request you to inform me how long the service of the new garrison may be depended upon.
The inclosed letter to Col Van Schaik which I beg you to forward, directs him to put his regiment under marching orders, and receive your further instructions. As soon as relieved he is to march to join the army. I have the honor etc.24
Head Quarters, August 28, 1780.
Sir: I have received the honor of Your Letter of the 23d Instant, and have duly observed its Contents.
I have no power to grant the permission You request in favor of the Convention Officers on parole in New York, either as it respects them under your more general description, or the Four Gentlemen in whose behalf You more particularly interest Yourself. The permission can only be granted by Congress. At the same time it is entirely in the power of Sir Henry Clinton to place the whole or any part of these Officers and I should
[Note 24: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.] hope he will do it, in a situation to make the visit they wish, by finally exchanging them for an equal number of their rank, which I shall most readily consent to, whenever he is disposed to the measure, and against which it seems to me there can be no greater Objection than to his agreeing to their going to Europe on parole. In either case the seperation from their Men would be equal, which has been generally considered as a principle obstacle.
As to what You observe with respect to the Officers having a claim to the indulgence requested; I can only say that however desirous the Gentlemen may be of it I might be disposed to grant it if I had authority, they cannot ask it as a matter of right, in consequence of anything transacted at Amboy between the Commissioners, or from the applications on which they were permitted to go into New York. In the first case there was nothing definitive done respecting the point and in the second, the Officers will remember that their applications in most instances, and the permissions in All were meant to extend to New York and no farther, and I am certain that the Gentlemen will govern themselves accordingly, however incautious or negligent the persons may have been who took written engagements from them, in not specifying the restriction; and also that You would not countenance in the most distant degree, a different conduct. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 28, 1780.
Sir: I yesterday received your letter of the 21st. The ravages committed on the frontier are lamentable in every point of view; but until the States will adopt the policy of having an army instead of the semblance of one, we must expect to submit to similar depredations, and evils still worse.
Some change having happened in the general prospects of the campaign, I am induced to order Col Malcolm with the levies under his command to proceed to the frontier. One of the objects for sending him will be to relieve the garrison of Fort Schuyler. You will therefore put your regiment under marching orders and when the relief arrives will march it to join the army. I have left the final arrangements in this matter to Governor Clinton to whose instructions you will be pleased to conform. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, near the liberty Pole, August 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 22d: The late European intelligence has so altered the immediate prospects of the Campaign, that I think it adviseable to dismiss the militia now in service and prevent any other coming out for the present. You will therefore let those now with you return home as soon as their services are no longer thought necessary by the Count de Rochambeau, for as the probability of operating in this quarter is greatly diminished, and that of an operation elsewhere remote, it becomes our duty to reduce our expences and oeconomise our supplies as much as possible.
With respect to what you mention concerning the works erecting on Butts hill, if our allies expect we are to contribute to the expence of it, we shall be obliged, in delicacy to do it; but if it could have been avoided, it would have better suited the present state of our affairs. I do not consider the works raising on the Island as of any great utility to us further than as they contribute to the safety of our Allies; and the expence which may be incurred will in my opinion have little other equivalent than this. You will therefore easily conceive, that I should be glad every thing of this kind might be avoided, so far as it can be done without impeaching the generosity of the states; for while our allies are sending Fleets and Armies to our assistance and maintaining them at their own expence in our Country, it might not be decent to refuse bearing such little expences as they seem to expect us to bear; but we ought not to volunteer any thing of this kind; and I am persuaded you will not. You will act agreeable to these ideas.
With respect to the culprits you mention, you have my consent to pardon such of them as you think proper.
I omitted acknowledging your two favors of the 19th. You will accept Lieut. Cooks resignation in the usual forms. I am etc.27
[Note 27: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Liberty Pole, Bergen County, August 28, 1780.
Sir: I have to request that you will put the Brigade of New York Levies in immediate readiness for a march, which will commence to morrow Morning, towards Kings Ferry; where I am in hopes you will meet with Vessels to transport the Corps and Baggage to Albany.
As soon as you have put the Brigade in motion, you will be pleased to proceed yourself to His Excellency Govr Clinton, in order to make the necessary arrangements and receive his directions. I am &c.28
[Note 28: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 9, fol. 135.]
Head Quarters, Liberty Pole, August 28, 1780.
Sir: The day before yesterday we compleated the Forage of which I had the honor to advise Congress the 24th: instant, the product of which has been, as was apprehended, very inconsiderable. The Army is now reassembled at this place and will remain here a day or two to consume the forage remaining in the neighbourhood, after which we shall probably retire to our former position.
The intelligence brought by the Alliance of the second Division being blocked up in Brest by thirty two British ships of the line has made a material change in the prospects of the Campaign. This, and the extreme distress of our Magazine's have determined me to dismiss all the Militia in service except such part as was wanted for immediate purposes. The probability of our being able to act in this quarter is become too precarious and remote to justify our keeping a large body of Militia in the field, as it would be attended with much expence, and an additional consumption of provision and Stores, neither of which are we in any condition to afford. This would have been the less eligible, as in all probability the periods for which they were called out would have expired before they could be made use of, if at all. Indeed I have little hope of any thing decisive in this quarter this Campaign. The inclosed Copy of a circular letter to the States respectively will inform Congress of the extremity of our present necessities, and the shocking consequences that are resulting from them.
The Army being in motion at the time Mr. Matthews29 left Head Quarters in order to return to Philada. I could not then
[Note 29: John Mathews (Mathews). He was a Delegate to Congress from South Carolina.] do myself the honor to testify to Congress the grateful sense I have of the chearful and vigorous exertions of the Committee30 during their residence with the Army. This I now beg leave to do, and to assure Congress that I feel myself under the greatest obligations to them for having done all in their power to accomplish the objects of their appointment and forward the measures which the good of the service and the exigency of the conjuncture demanded. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 30: Committee of Cooperation.]
[Note 31: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on September 4 and referred to the committee on Washington's letter of August 20.]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Monday, August 28, 1780.
Parole Luxemburgh. Countersigns C., R.
Watchword Glory.
[Note 32: Lieut. Col. Tobias Fernald (Furnald), of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Conway33
[Note 33: Lieut. Col. John Conway, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Oliver34
[Note 34: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
For Guard Major Talbot
Great irregularity having prevailed in the issues of rum to the several brigades; for the future it is to be issued in the following proportion when there is any in the Magazine. To a Colonel or Lieutenant Colonel Commandant half a Gallon pr. week. To a Lieutenant Colonel or Major three pints per week. To a Captain two pints and a Subaltern a pint and a half per week. Rum is to be issued to the soldiery in rainy weather and on fatigue, but on no other occasions except by special order from Head Quarters at a gill pr man, in the first case it shall be issued on returns signed by the commanding officers of brigades; in the last on returns signed by the Quartermaster General, Adjutant General or officer commanding the Corps of Engineers. This order is not to be deviated from on any pretence whatever.
Some irregularities having also happened in the Issues of provision by which officers of different corps are inequally serv'd the General absolutely forbids any change to be made in any part of the Army of the rations from time to time established in general orders.
The General has been informed of several late instances of parties being sent from the Army by officers commanding Brigades; regiments and even companies without permission from Head Quarters to impress different articles from the inhabitants and that great abuses have resulted there from; as nothing can be more contrary to good order or of more dangerous tendency than this practice, it is at all events to be discontinued. When particular circumstances make it necessary to have recourse to this expedient a representation must be made to Head quarters for the purpose, that measures adequate to the end and least injurious to the rights of individuals may be pursued.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Wyllys is president, is to sit tomorrow morning nine o'Clock at the place mention'd in orders yesterday.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Greaton is President, to assemble at the President's Markee the same hour. The Members of these Courts are desired to be punctual in their attendance.
Two Bakers from each Brigade to be sent this afternoon four o'clock to Orange town to assist the superintendent of the Bakers at that place. Each wing gives a serjeant to conduct them.
Orderlies for the first mention'd court martial from the left wing; For the last from the right wing.
The second Pennsylvania and second Massachusetts brigades each give one for the orderly office.
At the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Greaton is President, Lieutenant Colonel Conway was tried for "Disobedience of Orders and ungentlemanlike behavior in beating Colonel Ogden's waiter for being in the exact line of his duty after he was directly informed thereof".
The Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Colonel Conway is not Guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do Acquit him with Honor.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Lieutenant Colonel Conway is released from his Arrest.
At the same Court, Captain John Dennett35 of the third New Hampshire regiment was tried for. "Disobedience of orders and neglect of duty in not going to Amherst in New Hampshire and doing the duty he was there ordered to do."
[Note 35: Of the Third New Hampshire Regiment. He was transferred to the Second New Hampshire Regiment in January, 1781, and served to March, 1783.]
The Court do acquit Captain Dennett of the Charge exhibited against him.
The General approves the acquittal. Captain Dennet is released from Arrest.
Likewise Lieutenant Welsh36 of the 9 Massachusetts regiment was tried for "Absenting himself from his regiment three days and leaving his Company without an officer to take care of it".
[Note 36: Lieut. Richard Welsh, of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment.]
The Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Welsh is Guilty of the Charge against him being a breach of Article 2d. Section 13th. of the Articles of war and do sentence him to be dismissed the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Tuesday, August 29, 1780.
Parole Kingston. Countersigns Kent, Keep.
Watchword Always ready.
[Note 37: Lieut. Col. Andrew Peters, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was in service in November, 1780.]
and Hull38
[Note 38: Lieut. Col. William Hull, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment.]
Brigade Major Ashley.
For Guard Major Grier
From the Deficiency of Field officers in the Jersey brigade and more particularly in the regiment to which Lieutenant Colonel Barber belongs; He is permitted for the present to decline the duties of Inspector and confine himself to those of his regiment. Major Fish will in the mean time perform the duties of Division Inspector.
As black and red feathers have been furnished the Division of Light Infantry to distinguish it from the rest of the Army they are not to be worn by any officers or soldiers but those who belong to it.
At a General Court martial of the Line held 27th of July last whereof Colonel Richard Butler was President, Philip Lankfitt and Richard Peters of the 4th. regiment of Light dragoons were tried for "Robbing Joseph Wessells of sundry Articles in presence of the said Wessell's Wife" found Guilty of the charge exhibited against them being a breach of article 21st. Section 13th. of the Articles of war and sentenced each of them to receive one hundred lashes. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
At a General court martial of the line whereof Colonel Greaton is President, Captain Hopkins39 of the 4th. regiment of light dragoons was tried for "Having repeatedly sold public horses and applied the money to his own use".
[Note 39: Capt. David Hopkins, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He was made major of the First Continental Dragoons in 1780 and served to the close of the war.]
The Court are of opinion that Captain Hopkins is not Guilty of the charge and do acquit him. The General approves the Acquittal. Captain Hopkins is released from his Arrest.
At the same court Lieutenant Trent40 of the same regiment was tried for "disobedience of orders the 23d. of July last".
[Note 40: Lieut. Lawrence Trent, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He was, later, appointed captain and served to the close of the war.]
The Court are of opinion Lieutenant Trent is Guilty of the Charge against him and do sentence that he be reprimanded by the commanding officer of the regiment to which he belongs.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be carried into execution tomorrow and that then he be releas'd from his Arrest.
At the same court Asa Snow, soldier in the 12th. Massachusett's regiment was tried for "Disobedience of orders and attempting the life of Captain Allen41 in the execution of his duty by stabbing him with a fixed Bayonet on the evening of the 7th. Instant" found Guilty of disobedience of orders, and attempting the life of Captain Allen by stabbing him with a fixed bayonet in breach of Article 5 section 18th. of the Articles
[Note 41: Capt. Noah Allen, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the First Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in August, 1782.] of war and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be executed tomorrow morning at the Head of the regiment to which he belongs.
Mr. Israel Weed, Assistant Commissary of Issues, was likewise tried for "selling Flour Meat spirits and salt out of the public Stores without proper authority--Secondly for not delivering Coffee and Butter drawn for the brigade". The Court are of opinion that Mr. Weed is not Guilty of either of the Charges and do acquit him with Honor.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Mr. Weed is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters in the vicinity of Fort Lee, August, 29 1780.
Sir: I had not the honor till three days ago to receive Your Excellency's Letters of the 4th Ulto and 2d Instant.
With respect to your enquiry about sending Tobacco to New York and Long Island for the prisoners, it is not in my power to give You a decisive answer, but I am much inclined to think that it would not be permitted by the Enemy. I have heard by report that the matter has been mentioned on some occasion, and it was said not to be admissible; and also that they would not allow a quantity of Iron or lumber to be sent from Maryland for their prisoners. The more eligible way I believe will be for Your Excellency to pursue the Alternative You proposed, and to transmit the Money.
The good effects arising from proclamations to bring in Deserters have not hitherto been very extensive; however I was induced from the reports I had received that there were many in Virginia, who would probably surrender themselves on a promise of pardon, to issue One, which I took the liberty of transmitting to Your Excellency in a Letter of the 14th Inst, which I presume will have come to hand before this time. I now inclose Your Excellency Another founded on the Act of Assembly transmitted in your Letter of the 2d,42 with an Additional clause respecting prisoners who have escaped from the Enemy and returned to their Homes. Your Excellency it is probable, will have withheld the former proclamation, if You have you will be so obliging, after filling up the blank left for inserting the date and manner of publishing the Act to which the present One refers, as to commit it to the printer.
[Note 42: This broadside and Jefferson's letter to Washington of Aug. 2, 1780, are in the Washington Papers.]
Our prospects of an operation against New York this Campaign have become very precarious and contingent. The Alliance Frigate has just arrived at Boston from L'Orient, which she left the 9th of July, and we learn by her that the Harbour of Brest from whence the Second division intended to cooperate with us was to come, was then blocked up by 32 British Ships of the line, and that the division had not sailed. We also hear through the same channel, that the combined fleet consisting of 36 or 38 Ships of the line had sailed from Cadiz to open the Harbour and form a junction with several Other Ships of War, which were shut in. From this intelligence it is probable we shall soon be informed, that a great naval combat has taken place between the Two fleets. I sincerely wish success to our Allies and I will not doubt it, but if it should be the case, the arrival of the 2d division, making a reasonable allowance for their passage and delay afterwards for refreshing the Troops and Seamen, will hardly be in time for us to commence so extensive an operation as the one against New York, with a reasonable hope of carrying it through before Winter sets in with severity. But this is not the only objection. The States remain most amazingly deficient in their quotas of Troops and I have too much reason to fear it would be the case, if the remainder of the french force was here. This is, it must be the consequence of our fatal system of short inlistments, by which we have Armies to raise on the spur of the occasion, and by the repetition of which the patriotism and purses of the people have been so often and so far extended that they are discouraged and go about to comply with any requisitions with an infinite indifference. And besides this failure on our part, I have the mortification to inform Your Excellency that for several days past the Army has been almost intirely destitute of meat, on some days without a mouthful, and has drawn the chief part it has had from the scanty supplies in the hands of the Inhabitants in the vicinity of it who had been impoverished before. Those failures and these wants on our part, blast almost every hope of successful operations in any case, and the latter produce a most licentious spirit in the soldiery. An Army should be well fed, well cloathed and paid and then You may exact and expect almost any thing from it. This is a measure universally received among military Men and is founded in the most obvious reason, but with respect to Our Army it does not operate in any one of those instances. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. If Your Excellency, when this comes to hand, should have published the proclamation transmitted in my Letter of the 14th. and should still chuse to publish the present One, as being conformable to the wishes of the Legislature; You will be pleased to erase the last paragraph respecting Soldiers who have been prisoners and escaped, before it goes to the press, as the former contained one nearly similar.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters in Jersey, August 29, 1780.
Whereas many Soldiers belonging to the Battalions raised by the Commonwealth of Virginia to serve in the Continental Army have deserted from them, and the Honourable the General Assembly of the said Commonwealth apprehending that many of them sensible of their folly and wickedness in violating their faith and Oaths, in dishonourably abandoning the cause of their Country by desertion, would gladly be restored to the favour of their fellow Citizens, by a speedy return to their duty during the war, or for a certain time over and above their several engagements, were it not for the fear of an ignominious punishment, were pleased by an Act passed at their last session, entitled "An Act the more effectually to prevent and punish desertion" which was published "to proclaim pardon to all Deserters from the Virginia line of the Continental Army, who should within Two Months after the publication of the said Act return to their several Companies, if on land, and if at sea, within Two Months after their return, and serve during the War, if so engaged, and if otherwise should serve Two Years over and above the time for which he or they engaged."
Therefore to quiet the minds of all such Deserters and to prevent all appearance of excuse to any who shall dare to reject the pardon and indemnification requested and offered by the said Act, I do hereby proclaim and grant a full pardon to all such as have already surrendered themselves to any Continental Officer in the said Commonwealth (their Companies being in captivity) on the terms contained in the said Act, and also to all such as shall hereafter surrender themselves at Chesterfield or Frederickburg in the said Commonwealth, to Brigadier General Muhlenberg or any other Continental Officer on the terms of service, and within the times prescribed by the same, having regard to their being on land or at sea as is therein mentioned.
And Whereas it has been suggested to me that many Soldiers made prisoners in the course of the War and who have escaped, have most unjustifiably affected to consider themselves entirely discharged from service by their captivity and escape, though the terms of their inlistments were not expired and have accordingly returned to their homes, I have thought it proper hereby to give notice to all such in said Common. wealth under this discription, if any such there be, that they are to repair to Fredericksburg or Chesterfield by the last day of October and surrender themselves to a Continental Officer under pain of being treated as Deserters, if they fail to do it, and serve according to the terms of their respective inlistments; and where these were for a shorter period than during the War, they are moreover to make good the time they have unlawfully absented themselves.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, August 30, 1780.
My Lord: As it appears by some recent intelligence, that the Enemy are removing from Long Island to York Island, And as their movements from the latter (by way of Spiten Devil can be masqued and rapid) I request your Lordship to give a standing order, while we remain in this position, to the Regiment on the left of Poors Brigade, in case of a landing and firing at the Picket on their left, to march immediately to its support; taking care not to let the Enemy gain their left flank. This Regt. may be followed by others from the same Brigade if necessary, the succeeding Regts to form on the right of the same.
The same order may be given in behalf of Closter landing to the left Regt. in the 4th. Massachusetts Brigade &c. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 46: British commander in chief in Canada.]
Head Quarters, near Hudson's River, August 30, 1780.
Sir: I think it my duty to inform Your Excellency that it has been represented to me, that several American Officers, who are your prisoners, are suffering a close and rigorous confinement in the Jails of Quebec, without any good reason to warrant such treatment. I will not pretend to decide these facts are authentic, as they have not come to me in such a way as is intirely satisfactory, and as they are opposed to that humanity and liberality of character which I have always supposed Your Excellency to possess. They have however been so represented that I could not but make the communication, as well in justice to You as to the Officers of Colo Warner's Regiment who are mentioned as the parties suffering; and I will not doubt it will have your attention and that these and All Others prisoners under your direction, will receive a treatment consistent with their rank, and the principles of humanity. And as the Officers and Soldiers, who are prisoners in Your hands are very remote from their friends and the means of support, I would submit it to You, whether they might not be sent to New York to Sir Henry Clinton with proper Lists, where they will be exchanged in the due order of their capture with respect to the Other prisoners in his possession. I do not perceive that any inconvenience to You can result from the measure or I would not propose it, especially when I add, that if the prisoners are retaken or lost at Sea in their passage, they shall be duly accounted for in the order of exchange. I have the Honor etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, August 30, 1780.
Dear Sir: I return you the proceedings of the Court Martial transmitted in yours of the 23d. The confirmation of the sentence and expediency of carrying it into execution lays with you as General Officer commanding in a separate State. You will also be better able to judge than I can, from being on the spot, of the necessity of making examples of these kinds of people, who I am informed make a practice of coming out without Officers for the purpose of carrying off the Horses and Cattle of the inhabitants, and who cannot therefore plead the privileges of prisoners of War.48 I am &c.
[Note 48: Two men, Nathaniel Ackesley and Reuben Weeks, had been captured running off cattle and horses. They were tried and sentenced as British spies.]
I have recd. the Plumbs for which I am exceedingly obliged.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers at West Point after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, August 30, 1780.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 22d. Instant. It is impossible for me to make a final or even a parole exchange of the Officers You mention, because there are Others who have been much longer in captivity, and who, having a superior claim from that circumstance to be first released on one of these modes, would complain and remonstrate against the measure as being injurious to their rights. I have however represented the situation of the Officers and the hardships to which they have been subjected to General Haldimand and hope that they will be permitted every indulgence and liberty compatible with their situation and rank. And as it will be for the benefit of our Officers and Soldiers in his hands to be at New York, where they will equally share in every public provision made for Our prisoners will have the same chance of receiving supplies from their Friends, and will be in the way of being released on a final or parole exchange, whenever it comes to be their right, I have requested General Haldimand to send them there. You will forward the letter addressed to him by a proper flag, till it is met at some of the upper posts.
From the difficult state of our finances at present and the embarassments which attend the getting of money for the most pressing occasions, it would be well always to transmit Your Letters and dispatches by post from Albany or some of the private opportunities that are constantly offering, as it would save the public or Officers you employ to bring them, a considerable expence. I am &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Ethan Allen.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, August 30, 1780.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 16th: Inst. I cannot without deviating from the rule of conduct which I have constantly observed, exchange the Officers of Colo. Warners Regiment at this time, because there are a great number who have been much longer in captivity, and have therefore a just right to a preference: But to endeavour to afford them the best relief that the nature of the case will admit, I have written to Genl. Haldiman and proposed to him to send them and the other prisoners of War in his possession to New York, where we can furnish them with supplies of several kinds, which we cannot from the great distance forward to Quebec, and where they will be exchanged in due course. I have also represented to General Haldiman what you report of the treatment of our prisoners in Canada, and I hope my remonstrance will have the desired effect, should the cause of complaint be well grounded. I am &c.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Wednesday, August 30, 1780.
Parole Vandalia. Countersigns H., W.
Watchword All's well.
[Note 52: Maj. Samuel Darby, of tile Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
For Guard Major Ball.53
[Note 53: Maj. Lebbeus Ball, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.]
Colonel Biddle requests the favor of the gentlemen of the Army who have Accounts for horsekeeping unsettled to make them out to the 4th. instant and send them to his office in Camp for settlement that he may certify the balances due and make Application to the honorable the Treasury board for money to discharge them. He now Quarters at Mr. Voorhees's54 between the Newbridge and Hackinsack.
[Note 54: John(?) Voorhees.]
At the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Greaton is President, Captain Peter Manifold55 of the 4th. regiment of
[Note 55: Of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He resigned in October, 1780.] light dragoons was tried for "Disposing of a horse belonging to said regiment."
The Court are of opinion that though Captain Manifold sold a horse belonging to the public he did not sell it with an intent of defrauding the regiment or the public: Yet as the selling a horse or any other Property belonging to the public without proper Authority is in their opinion censurable and the precedent may be of ill consequence, they do sentence that Captain Manifold do replace the horse by another of equal value and that Captain Manifold be reprimanded in General orders.
The General confirms the sentence and agrees in opinion with the Court that Captain Manifold had no fraudulent intention, yet the sale of a public horse was certainly extremely improper as the practice if admitted, would be a cover for the greatest abuses; it is besides not enough that an officer should be guilty of nothing dishonorable, the delicacy of his Character requires that he should avoid even the appearance of it. Captain Manifold is released from his Arrest.
Thomas Reiley, soldier in the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried at the division General court martial whereof Major Hamilton56 is president, for "Attempting to Desert to the Enemy."
[Note 56: Maj. James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The Court having deliberately considered every circumstance both for and against the prisoner are of opinion he is guilty of the charge exhibited against him being a breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Articles of War and do sentence him to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence but from the former good Character of the prisoner and intercession of some of his Officers he is pleased to pardon him and order him released from Confinement.
It was omitted in the order of the 28th. Instant regulating the Issues of rum "That the regimental Surgeons are to draw the same quantity as a Captain and the Mates as a Subaltern."
Head Quarters, Bergen County, August 30, 1780.
Sir: Doctor Bloomfield57 has represented to me that Mr. Loring, when he admitted him to parole, made an offer to exchange him finally for Doctor Pausch Surgeon Major of Knyphausens Regt. If there is no Gentleman of Doctor Bloomfields Rank who has a prior right, you will be pleased to carry the exchange into execution. I am &c.58
[Note 57: Dr. Moses Bloomfield, He was hospital surgeon and hospital physician and surgeon in October, 1780, and resigned in December, 1780.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Thursday, August 31, 1780.
Parole Mexico. Countersigns Menden, Moro.
Watchword Hampden.
For Guard Major Winslow59
[Note 59: Maj. Nathaniel Winslow, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
A small number of Sabres and belts having arrived for the noncommissioned officers, Application is to be made immediately for ten swords for each regiment vizt. one for the Quarter Master serjeant and one for the first Serjeant of each company. The Bayonet belts now in the hands of those Serjeants are to be turn'd in.
The Brigade Conductors are to attend tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the Park of Artillery for their proportion of Drums and fifes. The drum and fife Majors are to attend at the same time with all their old fifes for the purpose of having them properly sorted to the same Keys.
A return of Shoes wanting to be made to morrow morning at orderly time; the Light Infantry to be included by the Clothiers of the Corps to which they belong. It is expected that the returns will include no more than are actually wanting at this time as the stock will not admit of a general delivery. The Drafts are not to be included.
Till the Corps of rifle men are properly equip'd they are to take post on the right of the first line and will practice firing at a Mark between the Hours of four and Six in the afternoon till their rifles are in order for real service.
Lieutenant Joseph Miller60 of the 13th. Massachusetts regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the first of July last vice Adjutant Fowles61 promoted.
[Note 60: He was transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 61: Lieut. John Fowles, of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. His promotion to captain ranked him from June, 1779; transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, August 31, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favr. of the 17th: instant. The Board of War have lately transmitted me a letter, from you to them, of the 28th: July, representing the case of an Officer arrested by you for discharging or exchanging men in an illegal manner, and requesting to know whether you could with propriety appoint a general Court Martial for his trial. This you cannot do; but that the matter may be brought to a speedy issue, and to prevent the uncertainty, trouble and expense of Witnesses attending the Army to the southward, a General Court Martial, whereof Major John Steward or any senior Field Officer who may be in the state and convenient, yourself excepted, is to be president, is to sit at Baltimore for the trial of the Gentleman above referred to. You will be pleased to signify this to the Officers who are to compose the Court. The proceedings are to be transmitted to me for my approbation. I have excepted you from being president as having made the arrest.
I am exceedingly sorry to hear that the prospects of procuring Recruits to fill the Continental Battalions are so unfavorable. I however have full confidence that every exertion will be made by the State and by the Officers appointed to assist in the execution of the law to obtain the Men. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters in the vicinity of Fort Lee, August 31, 1780.
Gentn: I have had the honor of Your Letter of the 9th Inst, inclosing One to the Board from Lt. Col. Forrest of the Maryland line. I have written to him on the subject of his application and ordered a Court Martial to sit for the trial of the Officer he has arrested and to transmit me the proceedings as soon as they are finished. The point mentioned by the Board respecting the Arms and Accoutrements delivered the Delaware Militia Regiment shall be attended to, and measures taken to secure them when their service expires. The matter too concerning the Artillery Independent Companies is under consideration and the result will be reported.
I beg leave to transmit a Letter from Lt Colonels Peters and Hull of the Massachusetts line on the subject of their Commissions, which I request the Board will make out and forward by the first Opportunity. The former is clearly intitled to the vacancy in the 15th Regiment by the resignation of Lt Colo Haskell,63 which is found to have happened by a Court of Inquiry appointed for the purpose on the 1st of July 1779 (a fact not known when the Arrangement of the line was made). The latter to the vacancy in the 3d by the cashierment of Lt Colo Loring64 which took place the 12 of August 1779. I have the Honor etc.65
[Note 63: Lieut. Col. Henry Haskell. He had resigned, or was omitted, in July, 1779.]
[Note 64: Lieut. Col. Jotham Loring. He had been cashiered in August, 1779.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Friday, September 1, 1780.
Parole Hackinsack. Countersigns I., B.
Watchword Near By.
[Note 66: Lieut. Col. Jeremiah Olney.]
Brigade Major Rice67
[Note 67: Maj. Nathan Rice. He was aide to Lincoln; appointed to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
For Guard Major Throop.68
[Note 68: Maj. Benjamin Throop, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment, He was transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
Twenty men to be paraded tomorrow at Guard mounting from the Line as Waggoners to drive off the spare Ammunition.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 25th: and 28th: ulto. The State of Rhode Island were called upon for, a considerable monthly supply of Forage, and as they acceded to the requisition, I should have hoped you would have obtained a sufficiency for the small continental force under your command, without any difficulty. An application to the state, founded on the above, is the best measure I can recommend, as I have it not in my power to furnish the proper department with the means of purchasing. Fuel was no part of the requisition from the States, and the Quarter Master must therefore endeavour to get credit for the Wood standing. If he can effect that, the cutting and transportation may be done by the troops with the public Boats.
We have nothing new of any importance. A considerable number of Vessels have been falling down to the Hook these two days past. They are said to be transports returning to Europe with the invalids of the Army. I am etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: I was a few days ago favored with yours of the 12th: ulto. from Baltimore. I am extremely sorry that an event should have taken place which will in your opinion be likely to disturb the tranquility of your line. You must be sensible that it is a matter of great delicacy with me to interfere in the least degree with the arrangements of any of the States, when they do not clash with the established rules of promotion in the Army. I have however taken the liberty upon the present occasion of mentioning this affair to Governor Lee, and have suggested to him my apprehensions that very disagreeable consequences will probably result from the promotion in question.70
[Note 70: Steward's letter of August 12 stated that the additional regiment, which was to be raised by Maryland, was to be commanded by Samuel Jones, formerly a captain in the Third Maryland Regiment, who had resigned in February, 1780.]
When you return again to the southward be pleased to make my Compliments to the Gentlemen of the line and assure them that as I feel myself interested in every thing which concerns them, I wish them that honor and success which their merit deserves. I am &c.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Saturday, September 2, 1780.
Parole Asia. Countersigns Atlas, Arts.
Watchword March March.
[Note 72: Capt. Haffield(?) (Hatfield) White (acting as brigade major), of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
For Guard Major Harwood.73
[Note 73: Maj. Peter Harwood, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.]
The Army will march tomorrow morning. The General will beat at three o'clock; the Assemblé at half past four, and the march will commence precisely at five; the Quarter master General will furnish the order of march and route.
AFTER ORDERS
Colonel Gansevoort is appointed officer of the day for this day vice Colonel Johnston indisposed.
The march of the Army is postponed 'till eight o clock tomorrow morning; the same intervals are to be observed in beating the General and Assemblé previous to the march as directed in the first order of this day.
Hd. Qrs, September 2, 1780.
Dr Sir: Yours of the 31st. Ulto. was delivered to me yesterday. I never hear of the intended resignation of a good Officer without feeling pain, and shall be sorry for that of Captn. McLean's; but if he is resolved on the measure It is not in my power to prevt. it.
The same principle that actuates Captn. McLean would occasion the resignation of half the Captains of the line, if it was to pervade the whole; for the case of this Gentleman, when stripped of its colouring and exposed in its natural form is simply this. His first appointment as Captain was in one of the Additional Regiments, and by his own Acct. (and as I know the fact to be) far from the oldest of that rank, had these Corps therefore been kept up, he could not by the constitution of them, have arrived to the rank he is now aiming at, till all the Capts. older than himself had been promoted; but it being found impossible under our Military system to support those Regiments, and equally so to introduce Captn. McLean into the Delaware Battn. without disturbg. the quiet of the Offrs., the expedient of annexing him to your Corps was adopted, to avoid difficulties, at the same time that it would keep a good Officer in Service. The motives which induced this, the obvious views at the time (however they may have changed since) were too well known to you, and to him, to need explanation. In what then is he injured? Is it because his views have expanded, and he is not gratified in them? This would be a reason that could not stand the test of examination. Is it because some Junior Captains have obtained majorities before him? let him look through the line of the Army and he will find hundreds still holding the commissions of Captain who are his Seniors in that line. Is it because he enlisted more Men than many others? Though this is praiseworthy I hope never to see it made the ladder to preferment; for we know from experience that some of the most worthless characters we ever had among us were the most successful recruiting Officers. In a word I see no injustice done Captn. McLean. I see no cause of complaint that is not incidental to, and resulting from, our Military constitution. I gave you my reasons against His promotion when you first moved the matter; and when afterwards the application was renewed at the Board of War and they requested my opinion on the matter I transmitted, to the best of my recollection, (for I have had no recurrence to papers) a copy of my letter to you to them. This is all the Agency I have had in the business; and this, unless circumstances shd. produce a change of sentiment, I shd. do again. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 2, 1780.
Dr Sir: Having received intelligence that the enemy were about some capital movement; I have directed Col Wells to join Col Sheldon in the vicinity of North Castle to act as circumstances may require. I wish you to repair to that place and take the command of the troops and if they should not be arrived to hasten their march. In case of a movement of the enemy up the North River, you will march to reinforce the garrison of West Point; otherwise you will wait General Arnols orders or mine. I am &c.
P.S. Should the Enemy cross into Jersey you are to menace their lines at King's Bridge.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P.S. is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, Liberty Pole, Bergen County, September 2, 1780.
Dear Sir: Having received intelligence, that the Enemy are in preparation for [some important] movement, I thought it advisable that you should be apprised of it. Because it is uncertain (if the information should prove true) whether their object will be an attack on the Main Army, or an attempt on the Posts in the Highlands. I wish you therefore to put the latter in the most defensible state, which is possible.
Orders are already given for the two State Regiments of Connecticut to form a junction with Colonel Sheldon And in case the Enemy should make demonstrations of a serious attack of the Fortifications on the North River, you will immediately call this force to your releif, collect all your detachments, and withdraw the Garrisons from the Posts at Kings Ferry. At the same time removing all the stores from thence. For this, and other purposes, you will be pleased, without delay, to order sixty [of the largest flat] Boats to that Place, with five Men each, to be ready to act as circumstances may require. I am etc.
[P.S. The hands for the before mentioned Boats are to be good Watermen; they are not to be out of call from the Boats. Be under the care of a good Officer and one who understands the management of them, and to be ready to move at a moments warning as they may be suddenly called upon.]75
[Note 75: In the writing of David Humphreys. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington. Found among Arnold's papers at West Point after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 2, 1780.
Sir: You will perceive by the inclosed that the two Connecticut state Regiments are ordered to join you in the vicinity of North Castle. If you should hear of any serious movement up the North River, you will march with those regiments and your corps with all expedition to reinforce the garrison of West Point; otherwise you will wait orders from General Arnold or myself. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 2, 1780.
Sir: I have received intelligence from New York which makes it probable the enemy have some important movement in contemplation. Under this intelligence I think it advisable that the two state regiments under your command should form a junction with Col Sheldon in the vicinity of North Castle to act as circumstances may require. Col Sheldon will inform you where to meet him, and as soon as possible after the receipt of this, I wish you to march to join him. I am &c.
P.S. Move as light as you can; that is with as little baggage as possible.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P.S. is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[Note 78: Major Crane had been a lieutenant in the Fourth New York Regiment. He was wounded at St. Johns, Canada; had been a captain in Spencer's Additional Continental regiment; and in May, 1780, is recorded as a captain of Light Horse, employed by Colonel Sheldon.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 2, 1780.
Sir: I have received intelligence, which seems to indicate a move of the Enemy; but upon what quarter I cannot certainly determine. You will however keep a very vigilant look out upon the Sound from Newark to Elizabeth Town, and if you hear of any preparations made to pass, or perceive any move in considerable force, you will certainly take the speediest means to alarm the Country and to convey the intelligence to me. I am &c.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 2, 1780.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Your Excellency that the Commission of Colo Price of your line, has been transmitted to me in a Letter dated at Frederick Town the 31st of April last, informing of his determination to resign. The Letter was a most unreasonable time on its way and by some means was not signed, but from the subject of it and the circumstance of its inclosing his Commission without doubt it came from him. Your Excellency, if You think proper will communicate his resignation to the Board of War, with your Certificate directing the promotion of the Officer who is to succeed in consequence and such other promotions as the event must involve. The Officers promoted will be entitled to rank from the 31st of April.
I also beg leave to inform Your Excellency that I have within a few days past received a Letter from Major John Stewart of the Maryland line dated at Baltimore the 12th Ulto. in which he mentions "that the command of the Additional Regiment raising by the State, has been given to a Mr Jones, who was a Young Captain in the third Regiment and who resigned last Winter and suggesting that he had left the Officers of the line in a state of great dissatisfaction, and that he anticipated the most fatal consequences from the appointment whenever they should be informed of it." From the experience I have had in cases which were similar, I cannot but add that I am much afraid the event will be attended with great uneasiness and indeed disagreeable convulsions. The making this communication is a matter of delicacy with me, but I confidently rely that I shall stand justified to Your Excellency and the State, and that You will indulgently believe that I do it, not from a wish to interfere in the most distant manner with the arrangements or appointments they may think proper to make upon any occasion, but from motives of a very different nature. These I hope will at once occur and therefore I shall only add that I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.
On September 2 Robert Hanson Harrison, by direction of Washington, also wrote Major Lee requesting that a recruit by the name of Hoogland be delivered up to Hoogland's brother when the latter required him to appear in court to discharge a bond which the brother had given for his appearance. Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.
On September 2 Tench Tilghman also wrote to Captain von Heer that Washington wished Von Heer to send a patrol "down Barbadoes Neck as low as Aurant Schuylers, from whence he must detach one small party to Kennedy's house and another to the road leading thro' the Cedar Swamp to Bergen; these two small parties are necessary for the security of the whole. If the Officer discovers any movements of the enemy upon that quarter, let him give the General the most immediate notice." The draft of Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 3, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favr. of the 28th:82 ulto: on the subject of the exchange of Lt. Govt. Gadsden.83 I am at a loss to know what means will be fallen upon to procure the release of the Gentlemen in the Civil line who were made prisoners in South Carolina, as we have few or none of similar Ranks or circumstances in our hands, and our military Officers in captivity considerably exceeded those of the enemy before the surrender of Charles town, which has very much increased the Balance agt. us. Partial exchanges are sometimes agreed upon between Gentlemen in the Civil line which may require my interposition to carry them into execution; should such an occasion present itself, or any other, in which I can with propriety interest myself I shall with great pleasure embrace an opportunity of being serviceable to Govr. Gadsden. I am &c.84
[Note 82: Cannon wrote to Washington from the University of Philadelphia.]
[Note 83: Christopher Gadsden. He was vice president of South Carolina.]
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Liberty Pole in Bergen County, September 3, 1780.
Sir: I have been successively honored with your letters of the 25th. 28th and 31st of the past month.
A few days ago I moved the army to this place to cover a forage which we thought it adviseable to make in the lower parts of this county; which by its proximity to New York has afforded the enemy considerable supplies. Having effected our purpose we shall to morrow take a new position on the other side of the Hackensack about two miles from this and about five Miles from the North River, where we shall remain 'till there is a solution of the present demonstrations of the enemy; as soon as possible after which, I shall do myself the honor to meet you at one of the places you mention.
The accounts from New York of preparations for some capital movement increase. A large number of transports have fallen down first to the narrows, and since were falling down to Sandy Hook. A body of troops crossed over from Long Island to Staten island; yesterday our pickets on the North River opposite the Island of New York saw a large train of waggons moving from the upper part of the Island towards the city, which were supposed to be baggage waggons. The weather was too hazy to discover if there were any troops in march. There is no doubt a fleet of empty victuallers and transports on the point of taking their departure for Europe; but the number of transports at the narrows and Hook said to exceed an hundred is too large to be well explained into that fleet.
I have pretty good information that Sir Henry endeavoured lately to engage a person to go to Rhode Island in character of a Spy, who was to be met by a frigate in some part of the Sound, after having collected all the knowledge he could of your situation, and that of the fleet. The person declined the errand; but the circumstance leads to a suspicion that Clintons movements look your way. I cannot however easily persuad myself that this is the case. Nor am I yet satisfied, notwithstanding the appearances are so strong, that he can be making a detachment to the West Indies. In all probability the fate of Jamaica would be decided one way or the other before it could arrive. If the object should be to save the other Islands a month hence would answer the purpose, as the season will not 'till the latter end of October admit of operations in the Windward Islands, and New York would be less exposed in the mean time. Indeed I cannot easily believe that the enemy will venture at this period to make any considerable division of their force at New York. Yet I confess their affairs have somewhat this aspect.
In consequence of the advices brought by the alliance, I have dismissed the principal part of the Militia which were called out for three months. From the position of the fleets in Europe there is reason to apprehend the second division would arrive too late to enable us to avail ourselves of their services, which with respect to a great part of them would expire in October. If fortunate events should bring the second division here sooner than I now expect, and in time for an operation against New York, we must assemble all the militia in the neighbouring country, 'till those more remote can come to our aid. Another inducement for dismissing the Militia is to oeconomise our supplies.
The visit you have had from the indians gives me great pleasure. I felicitate you on that which you must have had in the company of such agreeable and respectable guests. I dare say the reception they met with will have a good effect. It has been the policy of the English to discredit the accounts of an alliance between France and America; a conviction of which on the substantial evidence of your army and fleet, and not less of your presents and good cheer, will not fail to have an happy influence.90 I have the honor etc.91
[Note 90: Rochambeau's letter to Washington of Aug. 31, 1780 (in the Washington Papers), stated: "Before yesterday, I received a Deputation composed of 19 Indians of Different nations who have been Led here by Mr. Deane, and who have been sent me by Mr. Schuyler from Albany. ... I showed them Yesterday the French Troops mixed with the American, I put some regiments a manoeuvring before them, with field pieces and firing. ... I have given them my answer, of which I send Your Excellency a copy. ... They will go today on board the fleet." Rochambeau's letter to the Indians was dated August 30, and was in manuscript, in both French and English, on the prepared printed forms which the Comte had brought over from France to facilitate military business in America. It is headed with a woodcut of the arms of France. A copy is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Tean Neck, Sunday, September 3, 1780.
MORNING ORDERS, 6 O'CLOCK
The Order for the Army to march is countermanded. The Troops will continue to hold themselves in readiness. The State clothiers are to apply Ten o'clock for shoes at the orderly office.
Parole Hellespont. Countersigns Hall, Ham.
Watchword Order.
For Guard Major Knapp.
A Captain of the day to be appointed in each division, part of whose duty it shall be to visit the camp guard of the division to which he belongs. The old and new Captains of the day will attend the Grand parade at Guard mounting where the former will deliver written reports of the Camp Guards of their division to the officers of the day which are to be digested in the General report to the Commander in Chief, duplicates of which they will deliver to their respective Commanders of Divisions. The subalterns will do the same to the Commandants of the Brigades to which they belong. The Officers of the Day will visit the Camp Guards by day and direct the Captains of the day to visit them by night.
The men drafted from the line into the Corps of Sappers and Miners are to draw pay in the regiments from whence they were drafted up to the 1st. of last August; after that period in the corps aforesaid.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to adopt the following Order on the Proceedings of the Court Martial in the trial of Doctor William Shippen Director General.
In Congress, August 18, 1780.
Congress resumed the consideration of the proceedings of the court martial on the trial of doct. W Shippen, director general and thereupon passed the following Order
The court Martial having acquitted the said doctr. W. Shippen Ordered that he be discharged from Arrest.
At a Division General Court martial whereof Colonel M Jackson was President August 27th., Lieutenant David Peterson was tried on the following Charges.
1st. Disobedience of Orders when on the Lines near Kingstreet in going without the Guards and Patrols and staying 'till an unreasonable hour in the night in Contempt of orders delivered him.
2d. Unofficer like behavior when with a small scout sent to make discovery of the enemy in suffering them to break into the house of Mr. John Barker and taking provisions from him contrary to orders.
3d Disposing of a number of Horses which he took at the same time without their being condemned by the Civil or Military Authority contrary to any rule or orders on the Lines.
The Court find the 1st. and 3d charges supported and find him Guilty of a breach of part of the 5 Article 2d. Section and the 5th. Article of the 18th. Section of the Articles of war and sentence him to be dismissed the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence and orders it to be carried into Execution.
AFTER ORDERS
Major Hamilton92 is appointed For Guard tomorrow vice Major Knapp absent on command.
[Note 92: Maj. James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
At seven o'clock tomorrow morning the General will beat; the Assemble at half past eight and the Army will march precisely at Nine; the Baggage will begin to file off in the order prescribed at half past seven; the Vanguard composed of the new Camp and Quarter Guards to be formed at seven o'clock in the field opposite the orderly office near Headquarters under the command of the new officers of the day. The rear Guard composed of the old Camp and Quarter Guards to be formed on the Grandparade, at nine o'clock under the command of the old officers of the day.
Head Quarters, Kendekamack,93 Monday, September 4, 1780.
[Note 93: Known also as Steenrapie. Washington's headquarters were in Andrew Hopper's house, on the road to Morristown, about 2 miles from the New York-New Jersey line and 4 miles south of Ramapo Pass.]
Parole Lexington. Countersigns N., P.
Watchword Bayonet.
[Note 94: Col. Thomas Marshall, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Lieutenant Colonel Newall95
[Note 95: Lieut. Col. Ezra Newhall (Newall), of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Brigade Major Van Laer
The Guards to parade at a quarter past six this Evening in front of the York brigade where the Grand Parade is assigned at present.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am honored by your Excellency's favor of the 31st: ulto: accompanied by a letter to the Committee of Cooperation, which I took the liberty of opening, as those Gentlemen had been, some little time before, recalled by Congress. Our situation, in respect to Meat, is, if possible, worse now than it was when I addressed my circular letter of the 27th: ulto. The Country in the neighbourhood is daily more and more exhausted, and our prospects of an immediate supply from a distance are far from being adequate to our wants. The whole Army will be this day without Meat, and some part of it has been several days on short allowance.
While I rejoice to hear that the Country abounds in supplies, I cannot but be alarmed at finding your Excellency express a fear that they will come on irregularly to the Army. I very much approve of the plan of establishing a correspondence between the superintending Commissaries of the New England States, for want of which we are, no doubt, subjected to many inconveniences. I will not undertake to say how the account of supplies furnished by the State of Connecticut stands upon a general scale, but if I am not misinformed by the Commissary General, she is very considerably deficient upon the requisitions made by the Committee of Co-operation. He tells me he has received no Cattle from Colo. Champion for five weeks past. The four or five hundred Barrels of salt Beef, which your Excellency mentions, will be a most valuable acquisition to the Magazine at West point, as we have been under the necessity of consuming the small quantity which I had wished to keep in reserve at that post, to secure it in case of a sudden investiture. You will therefore oblige me by forwarding it as expeditiously as possible to that place. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 5, 1780.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellencys favor of the 9th: ulto. inclosing a return of 40 prisoners of War delivered to the Continental Commy, at Winchester, for which the state will have the proper credit. Now I am upon the subject of prisoners, I would wish to be informed in what light I am to consider Governor Hamilton, as I do not observe him included in the list. That Gentleman has already been the subject of several propositions on the part of the enemy, and should others be made before I hear again from your Excellency, I shall be embarrassed, as I shall not know on what footing to place him. Indeed there will shortly be an interview on the subject of exchange, at which it is more than probable he will be again mentioned. From what I have heard, I have reason to believe that the enemy will exchange him for a Lieut. Colonel.
Should there be any other Officers in Virginia who are considered as prisoners belonging to the State, I shall be glad to be informed of their names and Ranks, and whether I may include them should opportunities offer of making either a partial or general exchange. I have the honor etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Hackensack, September 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: From the advanced stage of the Campaign, and the small number of recruits which have lately come in for the Connecticut Line, I presume we have received the greater part of the Levies which will be obtained from the State, and that your presence there can be of but little further service. And as no intelligence has been received since I wrote you last, which will render it necessary for you to continue with the Troops on the East side of the River, I have to request that you will join the Main Army as soon as you can after the receipt of this; leaving Colo Durkee to superintend the recruiting service and to forward such Levies as may yet be collected. I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Tuesday, September 5, 1780.
Parole Palmyra. Countersigns Palm, Prague.
Watchword Espontoon.
[Note 99: Lieut. Col. Thomas Robinson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; appointed colonel in September, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
Brigade Major Ross.1
[Note 1: Maj. John Ross, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was brigade inspector; retired in January, 1781; appointed lieutenant colonel in the New Jersey Militia in 1782.]
The Troop to beat at seven o'clock and the Guards to be on the Grand Parade at eight precisely 'till further orders.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Wyllys is President, to Assemble tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the Presidents Markee.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolutions, which have lately come to hand.
In Congress, August 12, 1780.
Congress took into consideration the report of the committee on the memorial of the general officers; Whereupon,
Resolved, That the said general officers be informed that Congress have at no time been unmindful of the military virtues which have distinguished the army of the United States through the course of this war; and that it has been constantly one of the principal objects of their care, not only to provide for the health and comfort of the army, but to gratify their reasonable desires, as far as the public exigencies would admit:
That patience and self-denial, fortitude and perseverance, and the cheerful sacrifice of time, health, and fortune, are necessary virtues which both the citizen and soldier are called to exercise while struggling for the libertys of their country; and that moderation, frugality and temperance, must be among the chief supports, as well as the brightest ornaments, of that kind of civil government which is wisely instituted by the several states in this union:
That it has been recommended to the several states to make compensation to the officers and soldiers to them respectively belonging, for the depreciation of their pay; and that Congress will take speedy measures for liquidating and paying what is due on that account to officers and soldiers who do not belong to the quota of any state.
That from and after the 1st day of August, 1780, the army shall be intitled to receive their pay, as stated, before the first day of January, 1777, in the new bills emitted pursuant to a resolution of Congress of the 18 day of March last:
That the officers shall hereafter be allowed five dollars per month, in the said new bills for each retained ration:
That the Board of War be directed to report to Congress a list of the officers not belonging to the quota of any state, with an account of the balance due to each, to make their pay good for past services, agreeably to the resolution of the 10th day of April last:
That such of the states as have not made compensation to their officers and soldiers, agreeably to the recommendation of the 17 of August 1779, be and they are hereby requested to do it as soon as possible:
That the provision for granting lands by the resolution of September 16th, 1776, be and is hereby extended to the general officers in the following proportion to wit: a major general 1100 acres; a brigadier general 850 acres:
That the officers of the army be furnished, as soon as possible with two months' pay on account to relieve their present wants, mentioned in the memorial.
Ordered, That the remainder of the report be recommitted.
In Congress, August 24, 1780.
Resolved That the officers of the line of the army, commanding corps, when in camp, be allowed to draw so many of the rations of provisions heretofore withheld, as the Commander in Chief, or the commander of a seperate army, shall think necessary; but that no provision be issued for back rations not drawn on the days they become due:
That if it shall appear that the subsistence money, allowed to officers in lieu of the rations withheld, is not equal to the cost of the rations, the deficiency shall hereafter be made up to them:
That the resolution of the 15 day of May, 1778, granting half-pay for seven years to the officers of the army who should continue in the service to the end of the war be extended to the widows of those officers who have died, or shall hereafter die in the service; to commence from the time of such officer's death, and continue for the term of seven years; or if there be no widow, or in case of her death or intermarriage, the said half pay be given to the orphan children of the officer dying as aforesaid, if he shall have left any; and that it be recommended to the legislatures of the respective states to which such officers belong, to make provision for paying the same on account of the United States:
That the restricting clause in the resolution of the 15th. of May, 1778, granting half-pay to the officers for seven years, expressed in these words, viz. "and not hold any office of profit under these states, or any of them," be and hereby is repealed.
August 25th. Resolved, That the half pay of general officers be proportioned to their pay.
Head Quarters, near Hackinsac Bridge, September 5, 1780.
Gentn: I have received Mr. Stoddart's2 Letter of the 28th of August, with a Copy of the Resolution of the 12th3 to which it refers. I see, for the reasons mentioned, that there will be a good deal of difficulty in making out the List of the Officers directed by the Act, and I am sorry that I have it not in my power to give the Board the assistance I could wish; but such as I can render they shall most readily receive.4 I would however, previous to my interfering in this business in any degree,
[Note 2: Benjamin Stoddert (Stoddart). He was secretary to the Board of War.]
[Note 3: The resolve inclosed was one of August 12, directing the Board of War "to report to Congress a list of the officers not belonging to the quota of any state, with an account of the balance due to each, to make their pay good for past services."]
[Note 4: "There is no register, nor anything else sufficiently authentic to refer to, without reading over all the Journals of Congress, to find out the Officers whose names are to be reported agreeably to the inclosed resolution."-- Benjamin Stoddert to Washington, Aug. 28, 1780. Stoddert's letter is in the Washington Papers.] beg leave to suggest to them that it appears to me necessary, that it should be clearly and explicitly understood by the Board, which seems not to be case by their Letter, what officers are to be the Objects of their Report. If these are not designated, it may lead to injustice, which tho' eventually redressed, would nevertheless in the first instance excite great complaint and confusion. If the point should be left subject to various constructions and interpretations, this must be the consequence, as we may easily conclude from the very different conduct and treatment, which have been adopted by the different states and still prevail in many instances, with respect to the Officers and Corps which the Board mention. Indeed the present is a matter of a delicate nature, and it is to be wished for the sake of harmony, that it could be settled, that all the Officers who are to have the depreciation of their pay made up, could be described in one general arrangement. The mentioning of one set and postponing Another, tho' a provision should be afterwards made for them and equally intended when that for others was determined, is the source of uneasiness and of apprehensions that discriminations will obtain injurious to the latter.
Whether Aids de Camp [and Secretaries] who have not Regimental Commissions or Appointments should be part of the Officers, who are to be under the Board's consideration, is a question I cannot determine; but they are certainly as much Officers in the line of the Army as any Others and equally intitled to this just compensation, which I should also suppose must be the case, with respect to Officers of every description whether military or Staff, who have served for a standing, fixed pay, which has not been encreased from time to time as the depreciation encreased. The doubt with the Board with respect to Aids, cannot extend against the equity of their claim, but only I presume, whether they are to be Objects of their Report, or are to come under the consideration of any other body, or of the Committee proposed by the Act of the 10th of April. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. The Board's Letter of the 25th Ulto. came to hand the 2d Inst. with Commissions only for Moylan's and Webb's Regmts.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 20
September 6, 1780--December 20, 1780
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
JULY, 1937
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
AUG 10 1937
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
Head Quarters, September 6, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 3rd and return You my warmest thanks for your professions of friendship.1 These are the more pleasing as I am convinced, they are founded in the strictest sincerity, and I hope it is needless for me to tell You at this time, that an equal regard for You, prevails on my part. I am concerned however, that you should have given Yourself the trouble of writing me on the subject of Your Letter. I did not want any assurances or any proofs upon the point, because I entertain no idea, that You encouraged the unhappy measure, to which You allude, and which I wish to be buried in oblivion2 Your former assurances, your anxiety to which I was a Witness; the interesting part you took to compromise and settle the matter, were sufficient to remove every belief of the sort.
[Note 1: Wayne's letter of September 3 is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 2: The furore caused by the intended appointment of Maj. William Macpherson to the Light Infantry.]
I do not know with certainty the person to whom You allude, as having attempted to injure You but from what I have heard, and not without much pain, it is probable I could conjecture who it is. If I am not mistaken with respect to the person I mean, I can with the greatest truth assure You, that he never mentioned a syllable to me in his life injurious to You in the least possible degree, nor have I any reason to believe that he ever did to Any Gentleman of my family. The bare report of a coolness, which is said to subsist between You and the Gentleman I have in view, has given me great concern, because I have a warm friendship for both, and consider harmony essential to our interest. There is nothing, if he is the person,3 which would give me more pleasure, than to hear that You were in perfect amity again. Let it be the case. Let all differences subside; the situation of our affairs never required it more, and in the Emphatical terms of your and General Irvine's Letter, of which You inclosed a Copy; Let all be as a band of Brothers and rise superior to every injury, whether real or imaginary and persevere in the arduous but glorious struggle in which we are engaged, 'till Peace and Independence are secured to our Country. I am certain You will do it; and I will only add that I am etc.4
[Note 3: Possibly Joseph Reed]
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 6, 1780.
Sir: In consequence of the disagreeable intelligence of the defeat of the Army, under Major General Gates,5 which I have just received: I think it expedient to countermand the march of the Troops which were ordered from Maryland to join the Main Army. I am therefore to request Your Excellency to give directions for the Regiment lately raised for the War, as well, as for all the Recruits of your State (as soon as they can possibly be collected and organized) to march immediately to the Southward, and put themselves under the Orders of the Commanding Officer in that department.
[Note 5: At Camden, S.C.]
Altho I have not had the particulars of the late disaster, or of how extensive a nature it is: Yet it is certain the exigency is such, as will demand the most vigorous and spirited Measures to retrieve our affairs and check the Enemy: And I cannot entertain a doubt, but Your Excellency and the State will use every exertion to give activity and dispatch to the march of the Troops; and to all the Measures necessary for the protection of the Southern States.
I have enclosed this Letter open to the Board of War, that in case the Regiment in question is on its march from Maryland it may be ordered to return without delay. I have the honor etc.6
[Note 6: In the writing of David Humphreys.
A note dated "War Office Septr. 11th. 1780," and signed "B[enjamin] S[todert]" has been added at the bottom of the above letter enumerating the clothing supplies needed for these Maryland troops.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Qrs. near Hackensack Bridge, September 6, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your Excellency's Letters of the 24th. and 28th. Ulto, on the 1st. and 2d. Instt. with the resolutions to which they refer. The latter have been announced to the Army in Orders, and I hope that they will quiet many of the complaints which have existed. I cannot forbear expressing my wishes for the sake of harmony, which our affairs essentially require, that the business of depreciation7 so far as it is not to be provided for by the different States, could be a matter of speedy and general arrangement so as to shew at one view All the Parties who are to have their pay made good. For I would beg leave to observe that the mentioning of one part or class of the Army and postponing another, tho' they should eventually be placed on the same footing, is the source
[Note 7: Of the pay of the Army.] of uneasiness and of apprehensions; that injurious discriminations may obtain; and it is said that All Officers and persons of every description who have constantly served for a fixed, and standing pay; which has not been encreased from time to time with the depreciation, stand upon the same principle and are entitled to the same consideration.
I am sorry to inform Congress that our distresses for Meat still continue. The Army in genl. have been entirely destitute for two and three days, and at most have not drawn more than one days supply in four or five. Such injury to the discipline of the Army, and such distresses to the Inhabitants, result from these frequent wants, that my feelings are hurt beyond description at the cries of the one and a view of the other.
Your Excellency's very Interesting letter of the 31st. by Mr. Izard8 came to my hand yesterday. The event which its Inclosures announce, is an unfortunate one indeed.9 It had arrived in Camp from Philadelphia before your dispatches were received. I have the honr. etc.10
[Note 8: Ralph Izard, of South Carolina. He was formerly United States Commissioner to the court of Tuscany, and later Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1782--1783; United States Senator from South Carolina, 1789--1795; president pro tempore of the Senate from May, 1794, to February, 1795.]
[Note 9: Gates's defeat at Camden, S. C.]
[Note 10: The letter was read in Congress on September 11 and referred to the committee on Washington's letter of August 20.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 6, 1780.
Gentlemen: The purport of the inclosed to Governor Lee of Maryland is to order the additional Regt. of that state to repair immediately to the southward instead of this Army as was intended. It is possible that the Regiment may have reached Philada. or may be upon the Route from Baltimore to that place. In case the first event should have taken place, you will be pleased to order the Regt. back and if it should not have arrived, you will send a person forward with the letter and with directions to turn it back should it be met upon the Road. I have the honor etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Wednesday, September 6, 1780.
Parole Richmond. Countersigns O., K.
Watchword Fabius.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolution.
In Congress, August 22, 1780.
Whereas it is of the utmost importance effectually to prevent the destruction, waste, embezzlement and misapplication of the public stores and provisions, upon which the existence of the armies of these United States may depend, and no adequate provision hath been made for the just punishment of delinquents in the departments of the quarter master general, commissary general of purchases, commissary general of issues, cloathier general, commissary general of military stores, purveyor of the hospitals, and hide department; therefore, Resolved, That every person in any of the said departments, entrusted with the care of provisions, or military or hospital stores, or other property of these United States, who shall be convicted at a general court martial, of having sold, without a proper order for that purpose, embezzled, or wilfully misapplied, damaged or spoiled, any of the provisions, horses, forage, arms, cloathing, ammunition, or other military or hospital stores, or property belonging to the United States of America shall suffer death or such other punishment as shall be directed by a general court martial, according to the nature and degree of the offence, at the discretion of such court; and every person in any of the said departments, intrusted as aforesaid, who shall be convicted at a general court martial of having, through neglect, suffered any of the articles aforesaid to be wasted, spoiled or damaged, shall suffer such punishment as the said court shall in their discretion, direct according to the degree of the offence.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 7, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have reed. your favor of the 5th. inclosing your instructions to Colo. Livingston, which perfectly comprehend my Ideas of the rule of conduct which is to be observed should the enemy come up the River in force. I hear nothing further of any extraordinary preparations, but our precautions should be continued, because if they do operate against you, it will be rapidly.
I have no objection to the appointment of Capt. Lieut. Hubbell16 to do the duty of Deputy Adjt. Genl. and sub Inspector.
[Note 16: Capt.-Lieut. Isaac Hubbell, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was regimental paymaster in January, 1781; transferred to Corps of Artillery in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
We have very disagreeable accounts from the southward. General Gates's letter does not go into particulars, but only mentions that the Army under his command had been totally defeated on the 16th: Augt. about eight Miles from Camden. I am &c.
P.S. There are eight Men of Colo. Putnams Regt. who were employed as Bargemen by Genl. Howe and left at West point. You will be pleased to send them down to join their Regt. an officer goes up to take charge of them.17
[Note 17: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Found among Arnold's papers after he fled to the British.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Thursday, September 7, 1780.
Parole Rockaway. Countersigns Steel, Thames.
Watchword Rest.
[Note 18: Lieut. Col. Joseph Hair, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Major Reed19
[Note 19: Maj. James Randolph Reid (Reed).]
Brigade Major Woodbridge
A Captain, Sub, three serjeants, three Corporals, one Drum one fife and forty privates to be sent to Head Quarters this afternoon five o'Clock from General McDougall's Division. To be relieved daily from the General detail in future.
A Serjeant, Corporal and twelve Privates from the first Pennsylvania brigade to be sent to repair the road leading from Head Quarters to Paramus. They will Parade at the orderly office tomorrow morning eight o'clock with two days Provision.
Colonel Vose is appointed one of the Field officers of the day for tomorrow vice Colonel Angell indisposed.
Head Quarters, September 7, 1780.
Sir: I am informed there is a quantity of Rum in the hands of some persons in the neighbourhood of the Slote, amounting to about Thirty Hogsheads. At present the Army is destitute of any and a supply is immediately and indispensably requisite, which I find cannot be obtained in the ordinary and usual line. I wish you to try to procure this Rum by purchase or to be replaced in kind in a reasonable time as may be most convenient; but if the holders of it will not part with it in this way our necessities are so great that you must take it. In this case you will also take care to make proper satisfaction to the proprietors of it, either by returning a like quantity or paying its just value as soon as circumstances will admit. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 31st. ulto. and 3d. instant. I should have been very glad had the situation of the Works, which Count de Rochambeau is constructing for the defence of the Island, admitted of the immediate dismission of the three months Massachusetts Militia, but as it does not, and the Count seems very desirous of compleating them, we cannot but consent to their staying out their term of service, should it be necessary.
I make no doubt but the State will do every thing possible to accommodate the French Troops should circumstances require them to take up their winter quarters in Rhode Island.
We have received accounts of a very disagreeable nature from the Southward. General Gates does not enter into particulars, but only mentions that the Army under his command had been totally defeated on the 16th: Augt. near Camden in South Carolina. it is much to be feared that the whole of the Maryland line have either fallen or been taken, as the Militia broke upon the first onset, and left them exposed to a very superior force. I am &c.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Friday, September 8, 1780.
Parole Canterbury. Countersigns M., R.
Watchword Parade.
Major Rosekrans22 will do the duty of brigade Inspector in Clinton's brigade during Major Fish's absence.
[Note 22: Maj. James Rosekrans, of the Third New York Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Lieutenant Luther Trowbridge of the 7th. Massachusetts' regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. instant vice Adjutant White Promoted.
A detachment to be paraded this afternoon five o'clock furnished with one days provision and forty rounds per man; Major Torrey to command.
There being considerable intervals between some of the brigades; The Major Generals commanding wings will take care that additional Camp guards are furnished for completing the Chain of Centinels, along those intervals in front and rear.
Head Qrs. near Hackensack New-bridge, September 8, 1780.
Sir: Since the letter which I did myself the honor to write Congress the 20th. Ulto. I have been more attentively considering the import of the resolution of the 5th of August, and am at a loss to satisfy myself as to its precise extent, whether it be meant to authorise me to extend my views beyond the present Campaign and even to apply to the Ministers of France and Spain in Europe, or only to concert plans for the present fall and Winter with the Ministers and Officers of those powers on the Continent or in the West Indies. The latter appeared to me the most natural construction and was the one I had adopted, but intimations have been given me by particular Gentlemen that Congress understood the resolve in the first sense. If, I have been mistaken in my interpretation I request to have the resolve explained in a full and explicit manner. If I am right, no explanation will be necessary.23
[Note 23: No explanation by Congress is found in the Washington Papers or the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I also take the liberty to request to be informed whether Congress in two or three Months from the present period can rely on being able to furnish Specie, or Bills on Europe for the maintenance of a body of four or five thousand men in a Country where the paper of these States will not serve as a Currency.
I should also be glad if Congress will have the goodness to assist me with some lights how far the States of South and North Carolina have ability to contribute to the Support of an Army in the Articles of Bread, Meat, Forage, Horses and Waggons. I suppose an army to be there sufficient to secure to us the full command of them.
I entreat as speedy an answer as possible to these points, which are of the greatest consequence in determining our future plans, particularly I wish for immediate information on the Subject of the money.
But the basis of every plan we can form is an Army and the means of subsistence; without immediate measures to supply the places of the Men who leave us, by the first of January we shall scarcely have any thing that deserves the name of one. Our whole efficient force in this quarter will then probably be less than Six thousand Men. In proposing plans of co-operation, I must engage that something specific shall be performed on our part. Congress will be sensible that I cannot do this, as to any plan of future execution, when I know that our Army will be reduced one half in less than four Months, and when so far from being certain that we shall have it in our power to replace the Men in time, I do not even know what measures will be attempted for the purpose, nor when they will be undertaken. The honor of Congress and the States as well as my own reputation, forbid me to enter into engagements, which I have no assurances of our being able to fulfil. I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: The letter was read in Congress on September 12 and referred to the committee on Washington's letter to the President of Congress of Aug. 20, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Newbridge, Bergen County, September 8, 1780.
Sir: The great preparations of General Clinton have hitherto resulted in nothing more than the sailing of a fleet of about Ninety vessels of different sizes for Europe with a few invalids. We are however still amused with rumours of an embarkation; but these now go upon a new and more probable ground, a decent upon Virginia. We have just received the most disagreeable advices from General Gates, of a defeat of the Army under his command near Cambden in South Carolina the 16th. of last month; in which the greatest part of his best troops were cut off. We have not yet the details. This event must have the worst effect upon the affairs of the Southern states; nor is it easy to say how far its influence may extend. It is on this account, I should not be astonished if the enemy should really make a detachment of three or four thousand men to Virginia.
If convenient to you, I have the honor to propose the 20th. instant for our interview at Hartford, where I hope we shall be able to combine some plan of future operation which events will enable us to execute. Our plans however can only turn upon possibilities, which is the more unfortunate as the affairs of this Country absolutely require activity on whatever side they are viewed.
I intend to conceal here the time of the intended interview. I dare say you will think it advisable to do the same on your part.
I had the pleasure of receiving last night your letter of the 3d. instant. With the truest esteem etc.
P.S. I have also rec'd your letter of the 26th. and [ sic] happy to find my dispatches have all got safe. The Marquis de la Fayette and the Commandant of Artillery25 and Engineers26 will accompany me.27
[Note 25: Brig. Gen Henry Knox.]
[Note 26: Lieut. Col. Jean Baptiste Gouvion.]
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P. S. is in that of Richard Kidder Meade.]
Head Quarters, New Bridge, Bergen County, September 8, 1780.
Sir: I have received the letter which you did me the honor to write me the 21st. of last month. Whenever circumstances may require the attendance of the two officers, they will be instructed to repair to your orders.28
[Note 28: Ternay had requested that two American officers be assigned him and subject to his orders.]
I have the honor to propose the 20th. instant for our intended interview. I shall be at Hartford on that day, if the time is agreeable to you; where I shall at least have the pleasure to assure you personally of my esteem and attachment. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 9, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 27th ulto. I am sorry that the Abilities of the Gentlemen of the Bank should not be equal to their inclinations or that any embarrassments should be thrown in their way by local laws. I am however confident, that every thing within their power will be done for the relief of the Army and tho' their supplies may not come up to what they at first intended, they will make a very acceptable and material addition to those furnished by the several States. I am etc.
Head Quarters, September 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have heard that a new arrangement is about to take place in the Medical Department, and that it is likely, it will be a good deal curtailed with respect to its present appointments.
Who will be the persons generally employed I am not informed, nor do I wish to know; however I will mention to you, that I think Doctrs. Craik and Cochran from their Services, abilities and experience, and their close attention, have the strictest claim to their Country's notice, and to be among the first Officers in the Establishment.
There are many other deserving characters in the Medical line of the Army, but the reasons for my mentioning the above Gentlemen are, that I have the highest opinion of them; and have had it hinted to me that the new arrangement might possibly be influenced by a spirit of party out of Doors, which would not operate in their favor. I will add no more than that I am
With the most perfect regd. etc.32
[Note 32: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City. The same letter was sent to James Duane. (See letter to John Mathews, Sept. 9, 1780.)]
Head Quarters, September 9, 1780.
Gentlemen: I am apprehensive that neither the fixed pickets for the security of the Army, nor the duties of the patrolls are sufficiently established. You will therefore be pleased to have a meeting for the purpose of taking the matter into consideration, and making such regulations, as will at the same time contribute to safety and to the ease of the duty by dividing it between the Infantry and the Wings.
As some difficulties may arise by putting Moylans and Lees Horse on duty together, I would recommend it to you to assign different quarters of the Army to the care of each Corps. I think a picket at the little ferry supersedes the necessity of a patrol down Tean Neck, as no body of Men can get upon the Neck without passing the ferry.
You will be pleased to make a report of the business to me. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 9, 1780.
Sir: I have been favd. with yours of the 24th. ulto. My letter of the 15th: Augt. will have fully answered you on the subject of appropriating part of the levies to filling up the two state Regiments, and on the cases of the prisoners who escaped from Charlestown.
The late unfortunate stroke to the southward will render the exertions of the state and of every individual more than commonly necessary. I trust that nothing will be left undone on your part, to collect the levies, arrange them, and procure Arms and Cloathing for them; The two last I fear will be attended with great difficulty, as a very small part of the number of either expected from France have arrived in the Alliance Frigate at Boston. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 9, 1780.
Six: I have been informed that large quantities of Goods, proper for the use of the Army, have lately arrived to the Eastward, in the prizes captured out of the Quebec Fleet. The disappointment of not receiving the Cloathing expected from France by the Alliance Frigate, and the uncertainty of the safe arrival of the Ariel, on board of which it is said it was afterwards to have been shipped, (but which by some mischance may be again neglected,) would make a purchase of part of the goods above mentioned, a most desirable object. I cannot just now obtain an exact return of the woolen Cloathing in the public Magazines, but to the best of my recollection it does not amount to three thousand compleat suits including what came in the Alliance, and I am inclined to think that the greater part of our old stock is of a very inferior quality, and scarcely worth wearing.
Your Excellency will perceive from the above state, what will be our situation the ensuing Winter, should we again meet with a disappointment, or should the quantity fall short of our expectations. It is a matter so extremely important, that I cannot help taking the liberty of submitting to Congress the expediency of immediately securing as much Cloth and linen as will be adequate to the wants of the Army. Should a sufficient stock afterwards arrive, and should it be found inconvenient, on account of the state of our finances, to keep this purchase, I should suppose the Goods might be easily disposed of without loss to the public.
I have the honor to transmit your Excellency a letter I received yesterday from Majr. Genl. Howe, inclosing one from Brigr. Genl. Nixon, upon the subject of the latter's resignation, which can only be accepted by Congress. I should hope they will indulge General Nixon in his request. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have received information of an intended embarkation of troops from New York, said to be bound to the southward; but matters were not in sufficient forwardness to ascertain the number, the destination, or whether there was any real foundation for the report.36
[Note 36: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on September 12. It is indorsed: "What relates to cloathing Referred to the board of War."]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Saturday, September 9, 1780.
Parole Barcelona. Countersigns Fix, Firm.
Watchword Drummers.
The Commander in Chief thinks proper to mention that many officers who are sent on Extra Commands occasion both him and themselves a great deal of unnecessary trouble by not keeping more particular accounts of their expences than those they frequently exhibit and often reduce him to the painful necessity either of admitting Claims Stated in terms of the greatest generality, or of rejecting them or at least of postponing the payment from time to time 'till more particular accounts can be made out; to prevent like inconveniences in future he requests that all officers who are sent upon such commands will be attentive to this matter, will note to whom they pay Money. The date and Place and will make out their accounts accordingly; and where Circumstances will admit it will also be prudent even to take in the bills they pay and receipts. These particularities are required by the public they are usual in private transactions between man and man and they are necessary for the Generals justification.
He also thinks proper to enjoin again a pointed Attention to the general orders published the 18th. of September last respecting Officers being sent on extra commands and that it is not to be done but in the manner there prescribed.
AFTER ORDERS
Brigadier General Poor37 will be interred tomorrow afternoon at Hackensack Church; the funeral procession will commence at four o'clock from Brewer's house in front of the Infantry.
[Note 37: He died on Sept. 8, 1780.]
Colonel Butler is appointed officer of the day for tomorrow vice Colonel Starr indisposed.
Head Qrs., near Hackensack, New bridge, September 10, 1780.
Sir: In the letter which I did myself the honor of writing to you yesterday (respecting the Cloths taken in the Quebec Fleet) I forgot to mention, tho' it was fully my intention to have done it, that the Cargo's of those Vessels consisted in part of Salted Beef and Porke, the securing of which (if good) would be of infinite advantage to the Army in any operation, or for the Garrison at West point if none can be undertaken. The propriety and practicability of such a purchase is now submitted to the consideration of Congress; and I have the honor etc.38
[Note 38: The letter was read in Congress on September 14 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Sunday, September 10, 1780.
Parole Greenwich. Countersigns Kent, Cork.
Watchword Liberty.
[Note 39: Maj. Samuel Darby, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Greaton is president the 2nd. instant. Reuben George, an express rider, was tried for "Delaying three hundred thousand dollars, on the road, which he had in Charge to deliver to Moore Furman, Esqr., Deputy Quartermaster General, for express purpose of forwarding provision to the Army, which delay, if not early discovered, would have been attended with most fatal consequences to the Army; and secondly for expending part of the money and making preparations to desert to Virginia with the residue."
At the same Court Joseph Smallwood, a waggoner in the Continental service, was tried for Insulting and Knocking Lieutenant Barrett40 off his horse on the public road on the 23d. of August last.
[Note 40: Lieut. James Barrett, of the Fourth New York Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
The Court are of opinion that Reuben George delayed three hundred thousand dollars on the road, which he had in charge to deliver to Moore Furman, Esqr., Deputy quarter master general, but it does not appear to them that the prisoner knew the purpose the money was sent for, or the Consequences that would have attended the delay of it. They are further of opinion that he expended part of the Money but it does not appear that he made preparations to desert to Virginia with the residue. They do sentence the Prisoner to repay the Money to the Quarter Master general he has expended, to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back and to be dismissed from his employment.
They are also of opinion that the Prisoner Smallwood is Guilty of the Charge exhibited against him and do Sentence him to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The General approves the sentences and orders them to be carried into Execution tomorrow morning on the Grand Parade at Guard mounting. And orders Reuben George to be recommitted to the Provost where he is to remain 'till released by General Greene's order.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favr. of the 6th; with the intelligence to which it refers. Should any part of the Fleet mentioned by Capt. Jotham be destined for the Continent, we must soon hear of them. Lest my letter of the 28th: ulto. in answer to yours of the 22d. should have miscarried, I inclose you a Copy. You will find in it an answer to all your questions, except that which respects the Arms for Colo. Greenes Regt. I would not wish the new ones brought by the Alliance to be broken in upon, as they are compleatly made up for transportation; and since the great loss of Arms in the unfortunate stroke upon General Gates's Army, it is more than probable we shall be under the necessity of sending a further parcel to that quarter. I am &c.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, September 10, 1780.
Sir: By a Letter I have received from Sir Henry Clinton of the 4th. Instant, I find that the interview which has been proposed between You and General Phillips, is to take place on the 19th of the Month at Elizabeth Town. I presume Sir Henry Clinton informed you of this by the Letter I now transmit; and I need not add that it will give me the highest pleasure if You can effect your exchange either for Major General Phillips or Major General de Reidesel.
From the prospect I had found on the correspondence which I had seen, that there would be a meeting between You and General Phillips on the subject of your exchange, and the earnest desire I had of extending this business still farther, I was induced to inform Sir Henry Clinton by a Letter of the 26th. Ulto. that "I should direct our Commissary of prisoners to be present at the time, who would be instructed to execute with the Commissary on his part, if he should think proper to send him, an exchange of Officers, prisoners of War, on the footing of equal rank or composition, as far as the number in our hands would admit and to include also the whole of the Officers of Convention now on parole at New York or in Europe." General Clinton has answered my Letter and informed me "His Commissary of Prisoners should attend." I shall accordingly order Mr Skinner, our Deputy Commissary of prisoners to be at Elizabeth Town on the 19th. who will be fully instructed to carry my propositions to Sir Henry Clinton into execution. The business as to the main points will rest on the most simple footing and such as Mr Skinner is perfectly acquainted with; he has also a familiar knowledge of the few more particular cases which can arise on the occasion, as he has been long in office and has had not only repeated instructions but has acted upon the subject. From these considerations I will not give You any trouble in the matter more than to wish you to interest General Phillips as far as You can with propriety, if You should find it necessary to promote and countenance the exchanges which are mutually interesting to both parties.43
[Note 43: Clinton had empowered Phillips to negotiate an exchange of the Convention troops with Lincoln. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Oct. 15, 1780, post.)]
Before you set out for Elizabeth Town I will shew You the Instructions Mr. Skinner will receive. I have the Honor etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 11, 1780.
Sir: I have received your Excellency's favor of the 6th: I have no intelligence of Admiral Arbuthnots arrival at New York or at Sandy Hook; Perhaps he may be standing at a greater distance from the land than heretofore, to avoid the Gales of Wind which may be commonly expected upon the Coast at this Season.
I received the following from New York yesterday, whether the Men of War alluded to were the English Fleet or a French Squadron time must determine "September 7th: 1780. since writing yesterday the ship Admiral Arbuthnot arrived and the Capt. of Marines tells me they were chased all last Sunday by a fleet of eight sail of heavy ships all two and three deckers which they took to be the second division of the French. As soon as this news came to town, a ship was sent out to cruise, and the Galatea will sail to day if they can get her ready, they have two hundred hands at work upon her."
I have accounts thro' a variety of channels that an embarkation of troops is preparing at New York; their number and destination is not ascertained, the accounts differ materially as to the first, but they seem generally to agree that they are bound for Virginia or Carolina.
Your Excellency may be assured of being regularly informed of every move of the enemy, and that no pains shall be spared to penetrate their designs. I have the honor etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 11, 1780.
Sir: I am exceedingly obliged by your Excellency's favour of the 3d. It has indeed relieved me from much anxiety, as, from Genl. Gates's letter of the 20th Augt. from Hillsborough, there was the greatest reason to apprehend that the whole of the Maryland line and the troops which made a stand with them had been cut off.46 The stroke, as it is, is severe; but the total loss of the regulad troops, would have rendered the speedly assemblage of another Army extremely difficult.
[Note 46: No accurate returns of Gates's loss are available. He noted that about 700 of the Maryland line rejoined him after the battle, most of them with their arms. There appear to be no accurate returns of Gates's force, even before the battle.]
The loss of the Arms, which were thrown away by the Militia, is a most disagreeable circumstance at this time, as we are much disappointed in the quantity expected in the Alliance Frigate lately arrived at Boston, she having brought two thousand stand only. I am however happy to hear that the three thousand stand sent from Philada. were yet on their way to Virginia, as they will be nearly if not quite sufficient to arm the Levies for 18 Months and the old soldiers who may be collected.47
[Note 47: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "and I would take the liberty of earnestly recommending to your Excellency that these Arms may be appropriated to those purposes and not delivered to the Militia; except you find the other troops cannot be raised."]
The Cloathing by the Alliance was as deficient of the expected quantity as that of the Arms. I mention this circumstance, lest the Legislature, depending upon public importations, should relax in their endeavour to procure it by their own means. Indeed should the whole of what has been spoken of arrive, it will be inadequate to our wants.
In my letter of the 29th: Augt. which had not reached you, I informed you of the objections which would be made to shipping Tobacco to New York to supply the wants of our prisoners.
Your Excellency's favor without date, accompanied by letters from the General Officers at Charlotteville came safety to hand. I am sorry that they have so good ground to complain of the deficiency of provisions, but while they make those representations, they ought to consider that we are upwards of one hundred thousand pounds Sterling in advance upon that score and that they either cannot or will not pay us one farthing.
Immediately upon hearing of the disaster near Campden I directed the additional Regiment of Maryland which was on the march to join this Army to return and proceed to the Southward. This Regt. is raised for the War and by the last returns amounted to above 400 Men.
I have accounts thro' a variety of channels that an embarkation is preparing at New York. They differ materially as to numbers, but the prevailing opinion is, that they are either bound to Virginia or Carolina. The moment I am more particularly informed, I will communicate the intelligence to your Excellency. In the mean time I think it would be prudent to direct the removal of any public stores which may be upon navigable waters, and to make the arrangements which may be necessary for defence in case such an event should take place.
There has been no alteration in the situation of things in this quarter or with the Fleet and Army of our Ally since I had the honor of addressing you last. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Monday, September 11, 1780.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersigns Poor, Pallas.
Watchword Magnanimity.
Lieutenant Pride49 of the third Connecticut regiment is Appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. of May last, vice Adjutant Hart50 promoted.
[Note 49: Lieut Reuben Pride. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 50: Capt. and Adjt. Jonathan Heart (Hart), of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; appointed brigade major and inspector in January, 1781, to June, 1783; served to November. 1783.]
AFTER ORDERS
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Reid is Appointed officer of the day tomorrow vice Colonel Craig.
Head Quarters, September 11, 1780.
Sir: I beg leave to inform Your Excellency that We are desirous of sending a small Vessel from Philadelphia to Charles Town, with some Articles of Cloathing and Medicine and also a quantity of flour for the prisoners there in your possession. I have to request that You will be so obliging as to furnish, by an early opportunity, a permit for this purpose and for the safe return of the Vessel. The Vessel is a Schooner called the Blazing Starr; burthen about Ten Tons, Thomas Smith Sailing Master, Charles McCarthy Flag Master and Two private Seamen. I have the Honor etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Tuesday, September 12, 1780.
Parole Harford. Countersigns Humber, Hope.
Watchword Be punctual.
[Note 52: Maj. Nathaniel Winslow, of the Tench Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Rice
A Court of enquiry is ordered to set tomorrow morning nine o'clock in the president's Markee at the request of Colonel Angell to examine into his conduct in the action at Springfield and report their opinion thereon. Colonel Nixon is appointed President, Lieutenant Colonels DeHart and Vose, Majors Reid and Grier Members. All Witnesses and Persons concerned are desired to attend.
The General court Martial whereof Colonel Greaton is president, is dissolved and another ordered to assemble tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the President's Markee for the trial of Major Murnan53 and such others as shall be brought before the court. All persons concerned to attend. Colonel Dayton to preside. Members Lieutenant Colonel Badlam Major Leavensworth and a Captain from each brigade except the Jersey and Stark's.
[Note 53: Maj. Jean Bernard Gauthier de Murnans.]
Brigade returns of the Serjeants, drums and fifes and rank and file of the New York, Connecticutt, Massachusetts and New Hampshire lines and of Angell's regiment who are enlisted for the war to be transmitted to the orderly office tomorrow at eleven o'clock.
David Hall, a soldier in Colonel Stewart's battalion of light infantry convicted at a General court martial whereof colonel Cortlandt is President of "Plundering an inhabitant of money and plate" and being condemned to death is to be executed at half past four o'clock this afternoon.
Fifty men properly officered from each brigade in the army to attend the execution.
It has been much the General's desire to prevent enormities of this kind which are as repugnant to the principles of the cause in which we are engaged as oppressive to the inhabitants and subversive of that order and discipline which must Characterize every well regulated army.
The General again exhorts officers of every rank to pay the closest attention to the conduct of their men and to use the utmost precaution to prevent the soldiers from rambling and committing such outrages, the subject of daily complaint and representation to him; it is highly incumbent on them to do this to prevent the consequences which will follow as he is determined to shew no favor to Soldiers who are convicted of these pernicious and disgraceful offences.
Part of the Effects of the late Brigadier General Poor among which are several suits of Cloaths, a genteel small sword, sash, Epauletts, and many other articles will be vendued at Lieutenant Colonel Dearborn's Marquee in the New Hampshire brigade tomorrow morning ten o'clock.
AFTER ORDERS
The army will parade tomorrow morning eight o'clock by brigades on their respective brigade parades. The General wishes the line to be as full as possible. The new Guards will remain in the Line 'till the review is over. The Light corps will parade at ten o'clock.
Head Quarters, near Hackensack Bridge, September 12, 1780.
Gentn: Notwithstanding the Second Division expected from France has not arrived, we have good reason to think it will make its appearance before it is long upon our coast, or that the Chevalier de Ternay will at any rate receive a reinforcement which will give him a naval superiority in these seas. If this should be the case the delicate and pressing situation of our affairs will require that we avail ourselves of the succour if it shall be practicable, in some way or other. The circumstances of the season may be such possibly, as to prevent any operation in this quarter but still perhaps something may be attempted elsewhere with a good prospect of success and advantage. But this will depend on the means we have of subsisting our Troops. At present, unfortunately for us, were we in the fullest possession of a naval superiority and the fairest opportunities were to present themselves for striking a Stroke, we could not transport even a small body of Troops to any point however interesting and certain the Object for want of salt provisions. From these considerations, it is a matter of the greatest importance that we should have a supply immediately procured if it is possible. Every thing may depend upon it and must, so far as any Enterprise is attempted, except against New York. I have heard that a very considerable quantity of beef and pork was captured in the Quebec fleet. If this is the fact, it seems to be the only source from which we can hope to obtain a supply, and from the necessity of the case I take the liberty to entreat you and will endeavour to secure it. I would wish at least Four thousand Barrels to be provided if it be by any means practicable and I am certain the Council will render the states the most essential service by the measure. But if after all, events should occur to make this supply unnecessary, the provision will not prove an incumbrance on their hands and will always bring it's cost. I confide in the goodness of the Council to excuse this freedom and persuade myself that they will most readily place the application to the motives which have really produced it.
I am pained to inform Your Honorable body that our distresses for meat still continue pressing and alarming. The supplies we have received, including the Cattle which have been exacted from the Inhabitants of this state and in many instances to their entire ruin and which have made no inconsiderable part, have been little more than sufficient to satisfy a third of our necessary demands. The troops on some occasions have been even four and five days without a mouthful of meat. Complaints and murmuring, a relaxation of discipline, marauding, robbery and desertion are the consequences, and indeed it is to be wondered at that they have not prevailed to a much greater extent. I am satisfied things cannot continue long in their present situation. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 12, 1780.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure, a few days ago, of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 27th. Augt. from Philadelphia. I am extremely sorry that circumstances did not admit of your intended visit to the Army, as I could, in a personal conference, have entered more minutely into a detail of our Affairs, than I can with safety commit to paper.
Your Excellency may rest assured, that I am fully impressed with the importance of the southern states, and of course with the necessity of making every effort to expel the enemy from them. The late unlucky affair near Campden renders their situation more precarious, and calls for every exertion to stop, at least, the further progress of the British Army. It is to be wished that the composition of our force in this quarter, our resources, and the present situation of the Fleet and Army of our Ally admitted of an immediate and sufficient detachment, not only to answer the purpose I have just mentioned, but to carry on operations of a more serious and extensive nature. But this not being the case, for reasons which must be obvious to you, let it suffice that your Excellency be informed, that our views tend ultimately to the southward. In the mean time our endeavours, in that quarter, should be directed, rather to checking the progress of the enemy by a permanent, compact and well organized body of Men, than attempting immediately to recover the State of South Carolina, by a numerous Army of Militia, who, [besides being inconceivably expensive are] too fluctuating and undisciplined to oppose one composed chiefly of regular troops. I would recommend to you therefore to make use of your influence with the States from Maryland southward to raise without delay at least five thousand Men for the war if it can be effected, if not, for as long a time as possible. These with the Militia in the Vicinity, would answer the purpose I have last mentioned, and would in proper time make a useful body either to form a diversion in favor of or to cooperate with a force upon the coast. I have hinted the outlines of a plan to your Excellency, which for many reasons should be, in general, kept to yourself: You will oblige me by informing yourself as accurately as possible what may be the present resources of the Country as to Meat, Corn, Wheat or Rice and transportation, as I suppose circumstances may have occasioned a considerable change. And if it is possible to form Magazines of either, it should be done, especially of salt meat, which is an Article as essential to military operations, that the States of Virginia and North Carolina should be requested to lay up as soon as the weather will permit at least 4000 Barrels in proportion to their respective Abilities. You will also be pleased to endeavour to gain a knowledge of the force of the enemy, the posts they occupy, the nature and state of those posts, and the reinforcements they may probably derive from the people of the Country. As you receive these several intelligences, you will be pleased to communicate them to me, [with your opinion of the best place for debarking Troops in case of an Expedition agt. the enemy in the Southern States, and the names of Persons in that Qr. whose opinion and advice may be serviceable in such an event. With much esteem etc.]55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 12, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose you a letter which upon the whole I have thought it advisable to write to the Count De Guichen. As its contents are of a nature to make its falling into the Enemy's hands in its present form dangerous, and as I have no cypher of communication with the Count I take the liberty to request Your Excellency's assistance in making use of yours and forwarding it by triplicates with your dispatches by the first opportunities.
I make no mention of a Land force because though it would be useful it may be dispensed with. But if a body of Troops could conveniently accompany the Fleet, it would give greater energy and certainty of success to our operations. I am the more induced to desire it, as the composition of a considerable part of our army is temporary and I am not informed what measures may be taken to replace the men whose times of service will expire.
I need use no arguments to convince Your Excellency of the extremity to which our affairs are tending and the necessity of support. You are an Eye--witness to all our perplexities and all our wants. You know the dangerous consequences of leaving the Enemy in quiet possession of their Southern conquests, either for negotiation this Winter or a continuance of the War; you know our inability alone to expel them; or perhaps even to stop their career. I have the honor etc.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aft. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
[Note 57: Luc Urbain du Bouexic, Comte de Guichen, Lieutenant General and Commander in Chief of the French Navy in the West Indies.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 12, 1780.
Sir: The Marquis De la Fayette arrived in America in april last charged by the Court of France, to announce to me its intention to send a fleet and army to cooperate with the troops of these States. Foreseeing that this succour would not have the intended effect from an insufficiency of the naval force, which would probably be found inferior to the enemy, I requested the Marquis to represent to you the situation of affairs on this Continent, the necessity of an active campaign, the great utility of a detachment from your fleet to reinforce the one expected from Europe, and give efficacy in the generous intentions of your Court. I was persuaded, that if it were compatible with your instructions, and the plans in contemplation in the Islands, you would chearfully afford your assistance in a cooperation so necessary to this country, so beneficial of the common interest.
It appears since to have been the intention of your court to send a larger succour than was at first mentioned; and that a second division was to have followed that which has arrived at Rhode Island. The late advices however from Europe show that the execution of this project will at least be suspended by the appearance of the British fleet off the Port of Brest; and there is little hope that the second division can arrive in time to undertake any operations against the enemy in this part of the Continent.
The Chevalier De Ternay has informed you of his being blocked in the port of Rhode Island, by a superior British fleet; and the French troops are of course under a necessity of remaining there for the security of the fleet against a combined attack by sea, and land; nor indeed could they be more useful to us in any other position, a naval superiority being essential to every enterprise in these States.
In consequence of the expected aid, great exertions have been made on our part for offensive operations; an additional expence (immense to this country in its present exhausted state) has been incurred; great expectations have been excited among the people, and if events do no permit us to derive correspondent advantages, the disappointment will no doubt be attended with effects very injurious to our affairs.
The situation of America at this time is critical; the Government without finances; its paper credit sunk, and no expedients it can adopt capable of retrieving it; the resources of the country much diminished, by a five Years war, in which it has made efforts beyond its ability. Clinton with an army of ten thousand regular troops, aided by a considerable body of militia, whom, from motives of fear and attachment he has engaged to take arms, in possession of one of our capital towns, and a large part of the State to which it belongs; the savages desolating the other frontier; a fleet superior to that of our allies, not only to protect him against any attempts of ours, but to facilitate those he may project against us. Lord Cornwallis with seven or eight thousand men in complete possession of two States, Georgia and South Carolina; a third, North Carolina, by recent misfortunes at his mercy, his force dayly increasing by an accession of adherents, whom his successes naturally procures him in a country inhabited in great part, by emigrants from England and Scotland, who have not been long enough transplanted to exchange their ancient habits and attachments, in favor of their new residence.
By a letter lately received from General Gates, we learn that on the 16th. of last month, attempting to penetrate and regain the State of South Carolina, he met with a total defeat near Cambden, in which many of his troops have been cut off, and the remainder dispersed, with the loss of all their cannon and baggage.
The enemy are said to be now making a detachment from New York for a Southern destination; if they push their successes in that quarter, there is no saying where their career may end. The opposition will be feeble, unless we can give succour from hence, which from a variety of causes must depend on a naval superiority.
In addition to the representation made to you by the Marquis De la Fayette, the Chevalier De Ternay has done me the honor to impart to me, that he has also applied to you for a reinforcement to put him in condition to act.
Though I have entire confidence, that the steps already taken will determine you to give us all the assistance which your situation, and the plans you have formed will permit; Yet as the Honorable The Congress have lately thought proper to vest me with full power to concert with the Officers of their most Christian and Catholic Majesties, any enterprises which appear to me advantageous to the common cause, it becomes my duty to address you immediately myself, and to expose to you the dangers and difficulties we experience in the present posture of our affairs; that you may judge how essential your assistance would be to us at this juncture.
I write to you with that confidence and candor which ought to subsist between allies, and between military men. In my eye the interest of France and America are the same; and to conceal our embarrassmsents would be to betray both. While I assure you that the latter stands in need of the most vigorous assistance of its friends, I entreat you to believe, that I am as remote from exaggerating as from palliating; and that I do not heighten the picture from a partiality to our own interest. The Chevalier De la Luzerne, whom I shall beg to transmit you this Letter in cyphers, will I doubt not add his testimony to mine.
To propose, at this time, a plan of precise cooperation would be fruitless. I shall only observe in general, that any succour you could send in consequence of this letter, must arrive too late for an enterprize against New York; but an unequivocal naval superiority would I hope enable us to act decisively in the Southern extremity.
The 20th. instant is appointed for an interview with the Count De Rochambeau and the Chevalier De Ternay, in which we shall probably combine several plans dependent for the execution on different contingencies, one of which will be the arrival of a detachment from your fleet.
Convinced as I am, that the independence of America is the primary object of the war with your Court, it is unnecessary to offer any other motives to engage your exertions in our favor. I might otherwise remark, that the destruction of the enemy here would greatly facilitate the reduction of their Islands. Supplies in much greater abundance, and on much better terms might then be drawn from hence to forward your operations there; and these States disencumbered of an internal war might unite her inhabitants and resources in vigorous efforts against the common enemy elsewhere for the benefit of the common cause.
I am happy in this opportunity of congratulating you on the advantages you have reaped in your different combats; as glorious to the flag of France, as humiliating to that of Britain. My happiness would be complete if the coasts of this Continent should add to your laurels.
With the sentiments of the most perfect respect, etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aft. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 13, 1780.
Sir: I have made an appointment to meet the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevalier de Ternay, who will be accompanied by the commanding Officers of Artillery and Engineers in the French Army, at Harford59 on the 20th: Instant. The Marquis de la Fayette, Genl. Knox and the commanding Officers of the Corps of Engineers in our service will accompany me. You will be pleased to provide the best quarters which the town affords, and make every necessary preparation of Forage and other matters. I shall have an escort of twelve or fifteen Dragoons. The French General will probably have a like number. I am etc.60
[Note 59: Hartford, Conn.]
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 13, 1780.
Sir: By a variety of Accounts received through different channels and which from the correspondence between them appear to be probably true, it would seem as if Your and Capt. Shaw's services may be again called for, and in the course of a very few days, if not immediately. I wish You to keep the matter an entire secret; but at the same time that You will be in readiness to proceed to Rhode Island on the shortest notice, either from Myself, Count De Rochambeau, or the Chevalier De Ternay. I inclose a Letter for Captain Shaw to the same effect, which You will be pleased to forward to him. I am &c.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The same letter was sent to Capt. Daniel Shaw.]
Head Quarters, New Bridge, September 13, 1780.
Sir: The idea of an embarkation gains strength by the concurring testimony of emissaries and deserters and seems to be on the point of taking place. On such an event it might be of importance that we should both be with our respective armies, which induces me to request our meeting may be deferred 'till the 20th. instant. I hope this letter will arrive in time to anticipate your setting out; and that no inconvenience will attend the delay. As I will not detain the express to write to the Admiral, I beg the favour of you to impart the contents of my letter to him. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am obliged to your Excelly. for your letter of the 9th. and the intelligence it contains; similar advices are just come from Philadelphia.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 13, 1780.
Sir: This will be presented to your Excellency by Captain Hendricks Solomon of Stockbridge who with about Twenty of his Tribe have been serving as Volunteers with the army since the beginning of July. They have been generally attached to the Light Infantry and have conducted themselves with great propriety and fidelity; seeing no immediate prospect of any operations in this quarter in which they can be serviceable, they are desirous of returning home after receiving some compensation for the time which they have been with us, and after having made a visit to Philadelphia. I have thought it best to gratify them, not only on account of its being agreeable to them, but because I have it not in my power to furnish them with some articles of Cloathing which they request and which they would prefer to money. Congress will I doubt not direct such a supply as they shall think proper. Captain Solomon with part of these people were with us in the year 1778. The Tribe suffered severely that Campaign in a skirmish with the Enemy, in which they lost their Chief and several of their Warriors. I have the honor etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on September 22. It is indorsed: "Referred to the board of War to take order."]
Head Quarters, New Bridge, September 13, 1780.
Sir: I have just received advices from pretty good authority, of which the inclosed is a copy. From the complexion and agreement of these accounts, it seems very probable that the Count De Guichen is really approaching the coast. Should this be the case it is of so much importance to lose no time in concerting our plans, that I renew my proposal for meeting you and the Admiral the 20th. instant and shall be at Hartford accordingly. The inconveniences which may attend our absence on the supposition mentioned in my letter of this morning are not a counterballance for the advantages of the interview on the present supposition.
Should the Count De Guichen arrive before the end of this month, I still recommend New York to be our object; and in this view I cannot forbear repeating to you how essential it is that the fleet should instantly proceed to take possession of the port, and that your troops should as soon as possible form a junction with ours by way of the Sound. The former is in my opinion the most critical point of the operation and the advanced period of the season increases the necessity for dispatch in the execution. I mention this lest the arrival of the Count De Guichen should antecede our interview.
I have directed Captains Dobbs and Shaw to hold themselves in readiness to repair to the fleet on the first notice. A letter from the Admiral or from you to Capt Dobbs at Fish Kill, will be immediately obeyed. I have the honor etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Wednesday, September 13, 1780.
Parole Bender. Countersigns T., X.
Watchword Rome.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Dayton is President will sit tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the president's Markee, Lieutenant Colonel Hair is appointed a member of the Court vice Lieutenant Colonel Badlam absent.
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Thursday, September 14, 1780.
Parole Massachusetts. Countersigns Putnam, Lincoln.
Watchword Merit.
[Note 67: Maj. Peter Harwood, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.]
Brigade Major Moore
Colonel H. Jackson is appointed President of the General Court Martial vice Colonel Dayton ordered on command.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd: your favors of the 11th: and 12th. I have no objection to your sending down the two pieces of Cannon to Colo. Gouvion.
Under the circumstances you mention you may detain the Men of Colo. Putnams Regt. who are serving as Bargemen to you, and if you can withdraw the Batteaumen sent down to Kings ferry, with convenience, it will be a measure intirely agreeable to me.
I hope Colo. Hays plans for obtaining a supply of Flour from the State of New York and his application to the people of the Grants will both meet with success. He is a faithful and indefatigable Officer. I am &c.
P.S. I shall be at Peekskill on Sunday evening, on my way to Harford to meet the French Admiral and General. You will be pleased to send down a guard of a Captain and 50 at that time, and direct the Qr. Master to endeavour to have a nights forage for about forty Horses. You will keep this to yourself, as I want to make my journey a secret.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 14, 1780.
Sir: I have been duly favored with yours of the 12th. inclosing the several articles of intelligence respecting the fleet of our allies; for which I beg you will accept my thanks.
Thro' several different channels I had previously received information that a squadron of heavy ships, with a number of Frigates had sailed from Cape Francois the destination of which was unknown. I am happy in receiving any additional circumstances, which may tend to ascertain an object of so much importance. Amongst other things, it would have given me pleasure to have been informed of the state of your health; which however I cannot but flatter myself is much better, that it may be speedily and perfectly recovered, is the sincere wish of Sir Your etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[H.L.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Friday, September 15, 1780.
Parole Russia. Countersigns N., C.
Watchword Hark Hark!
MORNING ORDERS
Major Ball is appointed a Member of the Court of Enquiry whereof Colonel Nixon is President vice Major Reid on command.
Head Quarters, New Bridge, September 15,70 1780.
[Note 70: This letter of September 15 evidently was not sent out from headquarters until September 16, as at 10 a.m. of that day Washington wrote a brief note to the President of Congress, inclosing a copy of a letter of September 14 from Brig. Gen. David Forman, informing him that Admiral Rodney had arrived at Sandy Hook, from the West Indies, with 12 ships of the line and 4 frigates, and had captured a French frigate on his way. "I fear the intelligence is true." This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Sir: I am honored with your letters of the 6th. and 8th. instant with their inclosures; happy to find that the late disaster in Carolina has not been so great as its first features indicated. This event however, adds itself to many others to exemplify the necessity of an army, the fatal consequences of depending on Militia. Regular Troops alone are equal to the exigencies of modern war, as well for defence as offence, and whenever a substitute is attempted it must prove illusory and ruinous. No Militia will ever acquire the habits necessary to resist a regular force. Even those nearest the seat of War are only valuable as light Troops to be scattered in the woods and plague rather than do serious injury to the Enemy. The firmness requisite for the real business of fighting is only to be attained by a constant course of discipline and service. I have never yet been witness to a single instance that can justify a different opinion; and it is most earnestly to be wished the liberties of America may no longer be trusted in any material degree to so precarious a dependence.
I cannot but remark that it gives me pain to find, the measures pursuing to the Southward still turn upon accumulating large bodies of Militia instead of once for all making a decided effort to have a permanent force. In my ideas of the true system of war to the Southward, the object ought to be to have a good army rather than a large one. Every exertion should be made by North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and Delaware to raise a permanent force of Six Thousand men exclusive of Horse and Artillery. These with the occasional aid of the Militia in the vicinity of the scene of action, will not only suffice to prevent the further progress of the Enemy; but, if properly supplied to oblige them to compact their force and relinquish a part of what they now hold. To expel them from the Country intirely is what we cannot aim at, till we derive more effectual support from abroad; and by attempting too much, instead of going forward, we shall go backward. Could such a force be once on foot it would immediately make an inconceivable change in the face of affairs, in the opposition to the Enemy, expence, consumption of provision, waste of arms stores &ca. No magazines can be equal to the demands of an army of Militia, and none ever needed oeconomy more than ours.
Speaking of Magazines, I beg leave to observe that it is of infinite importance to endeavour to establish ample ones in the Southern States. I mean more particularly of provisions, not only with a view to an immediate supply of the Troops there; but also with a view to offensive operations in that quarter. A quantity of salt provision would be of great utility. It is deplorable that if other circumstances suited our wishes we cannot reasonably undertake any thing for want of provisions. Here the Country might on an emergency afford temporary supplies, for a much larger force than we have, but if we should find it eligible to turn our attention to the Southward, we should in all appearance meet with an insuperable obstacle in the want of a sufficiency of provision for the voyage and for the operations previous to our opening a full communication with the Country. In the course of the present month, the Army here has had scarcely one third of the established rations of meat; and our distress continues without prospect of relief.
I have the honor to inform Congress that to morrow I set out to Hartford to have an interview on the 20th with the Count De Rochambeau and the Chevalier De Ternay. The command of the army, in my absence, devolves on Major General Greene.
It is with extreme regret, I announce the death of Brigadier General Poor the 9th instant, an officer of distinguished merit, who as a citizen and a Soldier had every claim to the esteem of his Country.
I have just seen a resolution of Congress of the 25th of August declaring the invalidity of all certificates not given by the Quarter Master General and Commissary General. As our situation lays us under an absolute necessity of having recourse to these certificates and as the Quarter Master General is not with the Army I have been compelled to direct Colonel Biddle acting Commissary of Forage to continue giving certificates as heretofore for Ten Days or till the arrival of Colonel Pickering. I hope Congress will approve this step, founded on necessity, and will take the necessary measures to authorise the certificates given by Colonel Biddle till the new Quarter Master General joins the army. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I am honored with your letter of the 12th. inclosing Resolutions of the 8th and 11th. It is my duty to inform Congress, that considering the composition of our present force and our present prospects, I do not think it expedient to detach to the Southward from this Army. A little time will explain what we have to expect from abroad; this, the result of the intended conference and the measures Congress take to replace the expiring part of this Army will enable me to judge hereafter how far it will be adviseable and practicable to send reinforcements to the Southward.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade. The letter was read in Congress on September 18. It is indorsed: "Referred to the comee on his letter of 20 Aug."]
Head Quarters, September 15, 1780.
Gentn: I have received the honor of Your Letters of the 7th and 9th Inst. and, in consequence of the former, I wrote to Sir Henry Clinton on the 11th. for the permit You request. As soon as it comes to hand it shall be forwarded to the Board. It is much to be wished that circumstances would admit greater supplies being sent for the prisoners, as I am very apprehensive they are materially wanted. Unfortunately the late affair near Camden has added considerably to the number of the Officers in the hands of the Enemy. Every thing I trust and am persuaded will be done, in the power of the Board, from time to time, for the relief and accommodation of the prisoners in general. From a persuasion that a general permit would not be granted for sending Cloathing &c. I did not apply for One; but if the Board will give me previous and timely notice, I will always endeavour to obtain the necessary passports and I hope they will be granted without delay. The provision necessary for the Seamen, is seldom or never included I believe; but only such Articles as compose the Cargo.
The Letters and papers from General Hamilton have not been sent to New York and will be put into the hands of Doctor Shields to be delivered to Lt. Coan.
I beg leave to inclose a Certificate respecting Capn. Lt. Vandyck, who it seems was heretofore omitted to be included in the Artillery Returns made in consequence of the Act of the 15th March 1779. I also inclose a Return of Von heer's Officers and Men, made out agreable to that Act. He says he made one before, but not having received any of the benefits proposed by the Resolution, he offers the present One from an apprehension that the former might have miscarried. The Capn. has likewise exhibited a Cloathing Return for his Troop, which I trouble the Board with as his Cloathing and that of the Cavalry in general has been furnished by their order. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. I have heard Lt. Coan is gone into New York. The Letters from Genl Hamilton will be forwarded by another conveyance.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 73: Delegates to the Continental Congress from Georgia.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 15, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been honored within a few days with yours of the 2d. of Augt. inclosing a letter from Governor Burt74 of Antigua to General Provost75 relative to an exchange of John Burke Esqr. of Antigua for Lieut. Thomas Morris of the Georgia Artillery. I have transmitted this letter to Sir Henry Clinton and have informed him, that should he think proper to accede to the proposed exchange, I will upon his signifying the same, transmit a full release discharging Mr Burke from any obligations of parole which he may have entered into when he was permitted to return to the West Indies. When I receive Sir Henry Clinton's answer I will communicate it to you. I have the honor etc.76
[Note 74: Gov. William H. Burr.]
[Note 75: Maj. Gen. Augustine Prevost (Provost), of the British Army.]
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 15, 1780.
Sir: I was in hopes that circumstances would have admitted of your joining the Army before this time, but your presence, or that of some person acting by authority under you, now becomes indispensably necessary, as by a Resolve of Congress of the 23d. Augt. which takes effect this day, no Certificates for any Articles in the Quarter Master Generals department are to be valid hereafter except signed by the Quarter Master General himself. This operates instantly upon the supply of Forage, of which we have no Magazine, and which we are therefore obliged to collect from day to day upon Certificate. Colo. Biddle, who yet continues to act in that department at my request, has informed me, thro' General Greene, of the embarrassment in which he finds himself on account of the Resolve above mentioned, and I have been obliged, as no other expedient could be devised, to take upon me the power of directing him to continue in Office for the space of ten days from this date (unless you or some person authorised by you should sooner arrive) and to give Certificates agreeable to the mode pointed out by the Resolve. I have also written to Congress, informing them of the necessity which I have been under of taking this step, and requesting them to make provision for the payment of Certificates given in consequence.77
[Note 77: See Journals of the Continental Congress of Aug. 23, 1780, for the report of the Board of Treasury on the proposals made by Pickering for issuing certificates.]
Besides the important reason which I have mentioned there are others which require your presence as soon as possible. Genl. Greene continues to perform the duties immediately relative to the Army, but matters every now and then occur in which he does not conceive himself at liberty to interfere.I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 15, 1780.
Sir: General Greene has transmitted to me a Copy of your letter to him of this date, setting forth the embarrassment in which you find yourself by the operation of an Act of Congress of the 23d. Augt. which takes place this day. As it is impossible, under present circumstances, to suspend the Business of the Forage department, untill Colo. Pickering, or the Gentleman appointed to succeed you, may arrive in Camp, you will be pleased to proceed in the execution of the Office for the space of ten days from this date (unless Colo. Pickering or his Deputy should sooner arrive) giving Certificates agreeable to the mode pointed out by the act, and keeping an exact account of those granted during that time, that a return may be made to the Boards of War and Treasury according to the terms of the Act. I shall, in the mean time, write to Colo. Pickering, urging the necessity of his or his Deputy's immediate presence in Camp, and I shall also write to Congress, informing them of the reasons which induced me to take the above step, and requesting them to make provision for the payment of the Certificates which may be given in consequence by you or by Persons acting under your orders. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 84: Of Groton, Conn.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 15, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your obliging letter of the 8th. inclosing an order upon Mr. Chenward of Harford for the delivery of a pipe of Madeira Wine for my use. The polite manner in which it is tendered adds not a little to the value of the present. Altho' I have not the pleasure of an acquaintance with you, I am no stranger to your character, which I have often heard represented in the most favorable light, I shall be happy in an opportunity of returning you my thanks personally and am with great Respect etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Bridge, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.
Sir: Tomorrow I set out for Hartford, on an interview with the French General and Admiral. In my absence the command of the army devolves upon you. I have so intire confidence in your prudence and abilities that I leave the conduct of it to your discretion, with only one observation, that with our present prospects it is not our business to seek an action or accept it, but upon advantageous terms.
You will attend to the post at Dobbes ferry, and take such precautions for its security as you judge necessary. As Lt Col Gouvion accompanies me, a Continental Officer should be appointed to The Command. There is now a Lt Col of Militia there.
Should you receive authentic advice of the arrival of a superior French fleet on the Coast you will immediately put the army under marching orders and take measures for collecting all the Boats on the North River together with plank &c. to form a Bridge across Haerlem River. You will also immediately write to the states of Maryland, Delaware, Pensylvania, Jersey and New York informing them of the advice you have received, and urging them to redouble their exertions for collecting provisions, forage &c. to raise levies for their Continental batalions, and also to put their nearest Militia under marching orders.
You will acquaint me with every occurrence of importance that comes to your knowledge [by the rout which Colo. Tilghman will point out] and any thing that it may be interesting for Congress immediately to know, You will transmit to them.
P. S. Since writing the foregoing instructions I have received advices that Admiral Rodney is at the Hook and that the Enemy are making an embarkation for Rhode Island; If this should be true on the sailing of the embarkation, you will immediately make all the preparations we did on a like occasion for attacking New York and give me instant intelligence of the event. If the detachment should be such as to enable you to pass the River with safety at Dobbes ferry, it will save you a march; if not, you will cross the North River at King's ferry.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 8th. inst. The difficulties and distresses, which we every day experience on the score of provisions evince that we can place no certain dependance on the modes pointed out for obtaining regular supplies, and that it will be therefore expedient for you to procure as much as you consistently can by virtue of the powers with which you are vested by His Excellency Governor Clinton.
The number of Men for which you propose to make Winter establishments at Fort Schuyler, is I think about the number which will compose the Garrison. From the favorable accounts lately received from Colo. Hay, I hope there will be no difficulty in procuring a supply of Flour as soon as the new Wheat is threshed out and ground, and I would recommend the formation of a very sufficient Magazine of that article as early as possible. We have been under the necessity of expending what salt meat was laid up at West point; but Govr. Trumbull, some little time ago, promised to furnish between four and five hundred Barrels of prize Beef, and of that parcel I propose to assign one hundred at least for Fort Schuyler, and as soon as the season for salting comes in, the Commy. Genl. shall have directions to furnish a further quantity. I should wish the Garrison to be always supplied with six Months Flour and salt provision if possible. It may be difficult under present circumtances to procure the full quantity of salt meat, but a supply equal to forty or fifty days consumption at least should be provided and kept in reserve to secure the place against a sudden investiture. I am etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 11, fol. 181.]
[Note 88: Of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He was then in command a Elizabethtown, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.
Sir: Major General Lincoln is to have a conference with Major Genl. Phillips at Elizabeth Town on Tuesday the 19th: instant. The Vessel in which Genl. Phillips comes to Elizabeth town is to remain there during the conference and to be considered as a Flag. You are to observe that there is no stipulation for a cessation of hostilities during this conference, you are therefore to keep as much upon your guard as at any other time. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 90: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in July, 1783.]
[Note 91: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in April, 178I.]
[Note 92: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in November, 1781.]
[Note 93: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in November, 1780.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1780.
Gentn: I have received your Letter of this date and am sorry to find You have not obtained from your State the benefits which are proposed and recommended by the Resolution to which You refer. I am sensible of the difficulties attending your situation on this account, and therefore consent to one of you going to His Excellency Governor Lee, as You request. You will inform Colonel Hazen of it. Unfortunately there is no Money in the Military Chest or Your pay master or the Officer acting as such, might obtain a Warrant on account of your pay.
I inclose a line addressed to Major General Greene, who will furnish one of you with a Horse, Saddle and Bridle on your application, if circumstances will admit, for the Journey, which You will return again when the Officer arrives in Camp. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 13th: as I have your several late favors with their inclosures.
It is impossible for me, circumstanced as matters are, to give a positive answer to C-- juniors request; as I cannot, without knowing his views, tell what are his expectations. Of this, both you and he may rest assured, that should he continue servicable and faithful, and should the issue of our Affairs prove as favorable as we hope, I shall be ready to recommend him to the public, if public employ shall be his aim, and if not that I shall think myself bound to represent his conduct in the light it deserves and procure him a compensation of another kind.
I shall take the first good opportunity of sending you a further sum of Money for contingencies. I am etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1780.
Sir: I last night received Your Letter of the 11th. and am happy to find that You are recovered from your indisposition.
In my Letter of the 28th August to which You refer, I did not determine whether the paroles You described could or could not take place; but only that I had no power to grant them Myself. I sincerely wish however, as I did then, that the Officers could be exchanged and I hope it will be the case. This would remove every difficulty and give relief to Many Individuals on both sides.
You will be at perfect liberty to bring with You at the propose interview between Yourself and Major General Lincoln Any part of your family You think proper. The Officer at Elizabeth Town will be informed of your meeting and that the Flag Vessel is to be under the sanction of a truce while coming and returning and during the interview. I have the Honor etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Saturday, September 16, 1780.
Parole Northumberland. Countersigns Pan, Peep.
Watchword Come here.
For Detachment Major Ball to relieve Major Reid.
Ensign Samuel Tallmage98 is appointed Adjutant to the 4th. New York regiment vice Lieutenant Ellsworth99 promoted from the ninth day of July last.
[Note 98: Of the Fourth New York Regiment. He was transferred to the Second New York Regiment in January, 1781; appointed lieutenant in October, 1781; served to June, 1782.]
[Note 99: Lieut. Peter Elsworth (Ellsworth), of the Fourth New York Regiment. He was made captain-lieutenant in July, 1780, and served subsequently as captain of New York levies.]
Major James Moore1 is appointed Brigade Major and Inspector to the 1st. Pennsylvania brigade from the 21st. of July last.
[Note 1: Of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
A return by brigades of Armourers who may remain unemployed to be made to the Adjutant General tomorrow at Orderly time.
Spencer's regiment is to march tomorrow morning and join Livingston's at Stoney Point agreeable to an order of the first of last Month.
The German Battalion is to join the Jersey brigade 'till further orders.
All the brigade quarter masters with the main army who have not received orders of payment for their extra wages or any other charges they may have against the Quarter master General's department previous to the first of August last are requested to render their accounts for settlement by the 19th. Instant at farthest.
Head Quarters, Bergen County, September 16, 1780, 10 oClock A.M.
Sir: I have this moment recd. a letter of which the inclosed is a Copy.2 It is possible that this may be the Fleet of Admiral Arbuthnot, and that the person who discovered them may have mistaken his larger Frigates for ships of the line; but of this you will be able to form a judgment by the time this letter reaches you. I will communicate any further intelligence which I may receive. I thought the present of too much importance to delay. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 2: General Forman's letter to Washington, dated Sept. 14, 1780. (See note to Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Sept. 15, 1780, ante.)]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On September 16 Washington sent the following note (in the writing of an aide) to Brig. Gen. William Irvine: "Genl. Washington presents his compliments to Genl. Irvine, is sorry that a prior engagement will prevent him the pleasure of Dining with him on Monday." The original of this note was in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1892.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Sunday, September 17, 1780.
Parole Cumberland. Countersigns A., Y.
Watchword Listen.
[Note 4: Col. John Bailey (Bayley), of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.]
Lieutenant Colonel Fernald
Major Hamilton5
[Note 5: Maj.James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
Brigade Major Smith6
[Note 6: Maj. David Smith.]
For Detachment Lieutenant Colonel Cobb.7
[Note 7: Lieut. Col. David Cobb.]
At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Wyllys is President, Colonel Hazen was tried on the following Charges vizt. "Disobedience of orders and unmilitary conduct on the march from Tapan to the Liberty pole in halting the brigade under his Command without any orders therefore from the General commanding the division and thereby occasioning a vacancy of near half a mile in the Centre of the Left Column: And for unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in falsely asserting he had received such orders from General Stark."
The Court are of opinion that on the March from Tapan to the Liberty pole Colonel Hazen halted the Brigade under his Command and occasioned a Vacancy in the Centre of the Left Column; but as it appears to them that he had orders from the General commanding the division, to halt, they do therefore honorably acquit him of disobedience of orders: and unmilitary conduct in the instance contained in this Charge; The Court do also honorably acquit Colonel Hazen of unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in asserting that "he had orders from General Stark to halt" which this Charge says he had not. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence. But as it appears to have been a matter of question, whether a brigadier or officer commanding a brigade in a line of march has a discretionary power to order halts? the General thinks it necessary to declare that it is highly improper for him so to do but in cases of extreme necessity when the halt or the cause of it should be immediately reported to the officer commanding the division who is at the same moment to inform the General or commanding officer of the Column that he may take measures accordingly to prevent a seperation of the column and the bad consequences which may result therefrom. It is nevertheless the duty of a brigadier or officer commanding a brigade if he finds his men fatigued: suffering for want of water or in need of a halt from any other good reason, to make immediate representation thereof to the officer under whose command he immediately is, that the knowledge of it may be communicatedto the officer commanding the column.
Colonel Hazen is released from his arrest.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Wyllys is president is dissolved.
MAJOR GENERAL GREENE'S ORDERS
His Excellency the Commander in Chief going to be absent from the Army a few days,8 the knowledge of which possibly
[Note 8: The Commander in Chief set out for Hartford, Conn., this day (September 17). He breakfasted at Samuel Haight's, "Plenbrook," September 18; supped and lodged at Caleb Baldwin, jr's, September 19. There is also in the Washington Papers, an account of Joseph Hopkins, September 19, for "14 meals Victuals for Genl. Washington and his attendants at 13 Dollars pr meal £54: 12: 0." Also at Waterbury, Conn., September 19, Samuel Frost's account is for "4 Horse Shoes set for Genl. Washingtons Family £16: 0: 0." Also in the Washington Papers is the general expenses account of this journey to Hartford and return, in which "Andrew Bostwick was paid 745 dollars, and Thomas Lewis 1651 dollars, on September 19, and 1429 dollars on September 23. Andrew Morehouse was paid 808 dollars, September 24; Obadiah Cooper 186 dollars, September 25." During the exciting days of Arnold's treason, John Ter Bush was paid $250 and on September 26 James Cooper $124. On September 29 Benjamin Elliot was paid "144 dollars and John Ter Bush 195." The last items on the account, presumably under the date of September 2.9, are $6 for lodging at Fishkill and $7 "for mending the Genls mans Boots."] may reach the enemy and encourage them to make some movement in consequence thereof; The General desires the officers of all ranks to be in perfect readiness to meet them on the shortest notice and recommends to the outguards to be very Vigilant and attentive and the Patrols active and watchful.
Head Quarters, September 17, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose you a Letter from Governor Burt, of Antigua to General Provost, relative to the exchange of John Burke, Esq, of that Island, for Lieut Morris of the Georgia Artillery. Should the proposed exchange be agreeable to Your Excellency, I will, on your communicating the same, transmit a release for Mr Burke, discharging him from any obligation of parole he may have entered into after he was captured, and previous to his returning to the West Indies. I have the Honor etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrisons.]
Head Quarters, September 17, 1780.
Sir: It having been agreed that an interview should take place at Elizabeth Town, between Major Generals Phillips and Lincoln on the subject of their exchange, I was induced from the earnest desire I had of relieving the prisoners on both sides as far as circumstances would admit, and in compliance with the directions of Congress, to inform His Excellency Sir Henry Clinton on the 26th. Ulto. that "I should direct our Commissary of prisoners to attend at Elizabeth Town at the same time, who would be instructed to execute with the Commissary on his part, if he should think proper to send him, an exchange of Officers, prisoners of War, on the footing of equal rank or composition, as far as the number in our hands would admit, and to include also the whole of the Officers of Convention on parole at New York or in Europe." The interview between the Two Generals is to be on the 19th Instant, when Sir Henry Clinton has informed me in answer to my Letter "His Commissary should attend."
You will therefore proceed to Elizabeth Town on the 19th Instant and meet the Commissary on the part of Sir Henry Clinton or Other Officer deputed by him, with whom you will make or endeavour to make, under the restrictions and exceptions heretofore mentioned, an Exchange of All the Enemy's Officers who are prisoners of War in our hands, and also of All the Officers of Convention on parole in New York or in Europe, for an equal number of Ours of like rank, according to the order of their captivity; and where the principle of equal rank will not apply, You will exchange them on the footing of composition, confining the composition to Officers only; and according to the value or tariff treated of and judged reasonable by the Commissioners at the last meeting at Amboy.
In the exchanges on the principle of composition, Our Officers next in rank to those belonging to the Enemy's Army who cannot be exchanged on the principle of equality, are to be included and in the order of their captivity.
The above are the general rules by which You are to conduct Yourself in the execution of the proposed business and which are to operate only in general with respect to Our Officers, prisoners in this quarter and for their benefit, whose long captivity gives them a claim to the public's first attention. There is however, besides the exchange which it is hoped Major Genl. Lincoln will effect of himself either for Major General Phillips or Major Genl Riedesel and which falls within the principle of equality; the case of Brigadr Genl du Portail, whose release being particularly directed by Congress must be attempted and effected either upon one or other of the foregoing principles; though it would be best if it could be obtained on that of composition. The case of Lt Colo Ramsay and Conolly is also to be particularly attended to for the reasons formerly given You; and likewise Colo Webb's, if the several Officers taken in the Eagle packet are comprehended in your transactions and which upon every principle of justice ought to be the case. If there are any Other instances of Exchanges out of the general and customary line, about which you have received any Orders from Congress or the Board of War, You must of course, regard these and comply with their directions, or at least endeavour to carry them into execution.
You are perfectly acquainted with all the circumstances respecting Violators of parole and know who have been adjudged such and who have not, and the order and manner in which they are to be accounted; and also the Characters for whom we do not conceive ourselves accountable. It is therefore unnecessary for me to observe further with respect to these than that the Instructions You have had repeatedly concerning them are to govern You on the present occasion.
We have in Canada a Lieut Colonel Stacey,10 a prisoner, belonging to the Massachusetts line, who was taken at Cherry valley the 11th of November 1778. He is to be added to Your
[Note 10: Lieut. Col. William Stacey, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He did not rejoin the Army.] List of Lt Colonels and exchanged whenever it comes to his turn having regard to the time of his captivity. You will also recollect the Captains who are Hostages and endeavour at their release.
An exchange of All the Officers, prisoners of War, in our hands, and also of All the Convention Officers on parole in New York or Europe is what is earnestly wished; but, if You find You cannot make it so general as to comprehend the whole; make it as extensive as You can.
You will report Your proceedings to me and the Exchanges You may make; specifying the names and rank of the Officers on both sides.
I have mentioned Your Instructions to Major General Lincoln, who will facilitate the execution of the Objects to which they extend, as far as he can, by endeavouring to get General Phillips to countenance the business either wholly or partially, if it should be necessary. I am etc.
P.S. I find the following Officers belonging to the Massachusetts line are also prisoners in Canada
Lts Jonathan Maynard11 taken at Kobuskill 30th May 1778.
[Note 11: Of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Cobleskill (Coverskill, Kobuskill), N.Y., in May--June, 1778; exchanged in December, 1780; was made captain-lieutenant in September, 1780; captain in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
Aaron Holden12 Do. Cherry Valley 11 Nov. 1778.
[Note 12: Of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was still a prisoner when retired in January, 1781.]
Ensign ... Garritt13 Do. Do. 11th. Nov. 1778.
[Note 13: Ensign Andrew Garrett (Garritt),of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed a lieutenant in October, 1781; transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; released or exchanged in March, 1783; retired in June, 1783.]
Fs. Z. Debeer,14 Surgeon's mate Do. 11th Nov. 1778.
[Note 14: Surgeon's Mate Francis Suza de Beer, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was a prisoner to the close of the war.]
who You are to add to your list and exchange in their turn.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 16: The Commander in Chief left the Hopper House Sunday, September 17, for Hartford. On his return he reached the Robinson House (N.Y.), on September 25. He reassumed command of the Army at Tappan on September 25. To keep the record of the General Orders complete, they are printed during Washington's short absence, though they are, in reality, the General Orders of Major General Greene.]
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Monday, September 18, 1780.
Parole Washington. Countersigns War, Watch.
Watchword Wisdom.
The General desires the old officers of the day to favor him with their Company at dinner during the absence of the Commander in Chief.
At a Court of Enquiry called by desire of Colonel Angell, to enquire into a report relative to his being absent from his regiment in the action at Springfield the 23d of June last Colonel Nixon President.
The Court having heard and duly considered the evidence are unanimously of opinion that Colonel Angell was in the Action at Springfield of the 23d. of June last with his regiment and in the execution of his duty and behaved like a brave and good officer.
Major Genl. Green accepts and approves the report.
At a division General court martial the 15th. instant by order of Major General Marquis de la Fayette, Colonel Swift, President, Lieutenant William Mills17 of Colonel Gimatt's
[Note 17: Capt.-Lieut. William Mills, of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; was made captain in May, 1781; transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.] regiment of Light Infantry was tried for "Disobedience of Orders" and unanimously acquitted.
At the same Court, Ensign Jonathan T. Rawson18 of the same regiment was tried upon the same charge and unanimously acquitted.
[Note 18: Ensign Jonathan T. Rawson (Jeduthan(?) Rawson), of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the First Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781. and resigned in February, 1781.]
Major General Greene approves the acquittals and orders Lieutenant Mills and Ensign Rawson released from arrest.
AFTER ORDERS, 5 O'CLOCK
The Army to march at the shortest Notice. Everything to be in perfect readiness for a movement.
One hundred fatigue men to parade tomorrow morng. at seven o'clock on the Grand Parade, with their Arms and two days provisions if to be had.
Meigs's regiment to march very early tomorrow morning.
The commanding officer will call this Evening at General Greene's Quarters for orders.
Head Quarters, Steenrapia, Tuesday, September 19, 1780.
Parole Falmouth. Countersigns Fame, H.
Watchword Here here.
[Note 19: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
At seven o'clock tomorrow morning the General will beat the Assemblé at nine, and the Army will march at ten.
The baggage will precede the Army and begin to file off precisely at eight, agreeable to the order of march to be given for the purpose. The baggage that is not ready to fall in agreeable to the order will be thrown out of the line and left in the rear of the troops; it is expected therefore the officers will be punctual in having the baggage ready to move at the time appointed.
The General desires the march may be conducted agreeable to the Regulations and with the greatest regularity; for this purpose every officer is requested to attend to his particular command.
Before the March commences the soldiers are to fill their Canteens with Water and the roll is to be called about one quarter of an hour before the Line of March is taken up.
The officers who lead the columns will take care to regulate the Motions of the Troops so as not to injure them by too rapid a march and will order proper halts at about every five Miles distance, and if possible at such places as to give the men an opportunity to replenish their Canteens with Water.
The invalids are to precede the Baggage and the officer commanding the baggage escort will take care and provide for those that shall fail on the March.
He is to allow no women to ride in the waggons unless their peculiar circumstances require it.
The sick of the light infantry and of the right wing who are unable to march are to be collected near General Pattersons brigade in the second line. Those of the left wing and Park of Artillery at the road leading to Paramus near Lord Stirling's Quarters. The whole to be collected at three o'clock this afternoon.
Major Talbot is appointed Member of the General Court martial whereof Colonel H. Jackson is President vice Major Leavensworth, ordered on Command.
Brigadier General Glover with the new Field officers of the day will Command the Vanguard which is to be formed in the road on the Left of the New Hampshire brigade at the beating of the General. The Camp colour men are to be paraded at the same time and place.
Brigadier General Clinton with the old field officers of the day will command the rear Guard which is to be formed on the Grand Parade at ten o'clock.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Wednesday, September 20, 1780.
Parole Haddington. Countersigns Holland, Hudson.
Watchword Order.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Jackson is President to sit tomorrow morning nine o'clock at the Church. Orderlies from the Left wing.
The Guards and Picquets to parade near the Church, three quarters past five o'clock this afternoon.
One Hundred fatigue men to Parade tomorrow morning on the Grand parade with their Arms and two days Provisions.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Thursday, September 21, 1780.
Parole Lancaster. Countersigns P., M.
Watchword Take care.
For detachment Major Cogswell.
The burning of fences and breaking up inclosures is so distressing to the inhabitants as well as disgraceful to an Army that has the least pretension to discipline and order that the General earnestly exhorts the officers of all ranks, but more particularly the commanding officers of regiments to take all possible care to prevent it and for this purpose the Camp and quarter guards are to confine every person detected in either removing or burning fencing stuff; and as it frequently happens that there are numbers of soldiers standing round a fire made of fencing though none will acknowledge or inform who made it such therefore as are standing by it shall be considered as the Authors unless they point out the Persons and shall be confined and punished accordingly.
As it is much better to prevent crimes than punish them, the General desires the commanding officers of regiments to fix upon proper places for Kitchens that the cooking of the regiments may be done together as much as possible and that the police officers may visit them during the cooking hours as well to see that the cooking is properly performed as that the fires are not made with fencing stuff.
At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Jackson is president, the 16th. Instant, Major Murnan of the corps of Engineers was tried for "Unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in taking possession of the quarters of the Reverend David Jones20 in his Absence and for similar behavior to him in his quarters."
[Note 20: Chaplain of a Pennsylvania brigade. He was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment and served to the close of the war.]
The Court are of opinion that Major Murnan having a right to take possession of the quarters which Mr. Jones calls his is not Guilty of unofficer and ungentlemanlike conduct in taking possession of them. The Court do acquit Major Murnan of the last part of the charge against him.
Major General Greene confirms the opinion of the court.
Major Murnan is released from Arrest.
[Note 21: A record of the "Sundry matters proposed...to Genl. Washington for Considerat, on," in French and in the writing of Lafayette, is in the Washington Papers. It is in two columns, Rochambeau's and Ternay's queries on the left and Washington's answers on the right. The above text is Alexander Hamilton's translation of Washington's answers. The queries are sufficiently indicated by the answers.]
[Hartford, September 22, 1780.]
1st. That there can be no decisive enterprise against the maritime establishments of the English in this country, without a constant naval superiority.
2d. That of all the enterprises which may be undertaken, the most important and decisive is the reduction of New York, which is the centre and focus of all the British forces.
3. That under whatever point of view we consider the establishment. which the English have made since five years at New York and with a garrison of fifteen thousand men, that place requires extensive means to make the seige of it. That with a decided maritime superiority to block sandy Hook, and fight at sea all the succours which may come from without during the course of the expedition, there must be also a land army of thirty thousand men, which may form two attacks on the works on New York and Long Island; and that we must calculate on an army of fifteen thousand men being able to make sorties, with Six or 8 thousand men; that therefore each attack must be defended and garnished in proportion. That if we should be reduced to have no more than 24000 men, then we must content ourselves with a single attack, which however renders the operation less expeditious, more uncertain.
4 That every enterprise whether to the Southward or Northward, exacts the same superiority by land an sea; since the troops which at present occupy the different posts may be reinforced by the fleet and army at New York, in proportion to the detachments which might be sent to attack them.
5 That we ought therefore to prefer the attack of New York to every other so soon as the King by his succours shall have enabled his allies to undertake it.
6 That in the state of the French fleet and army hitherto since their arrival, they have been obliged to remain on the strictest defensive and consider it as a happiness to have suffered no check.
7 That there results from all these considerations an indispensable necessity to reinforce the fleet and army here with ships, troops, and money.
8 That the number of ships for obtaining the naval superiority cannot possibly be fixed, since it must depend on the secrecy and the point from which they set out; but that the only means of having that superiority, seeing that the English can detach from Europe in proportion to the French, is to detach from the Islands in the month of April a fleet to reinforce the one here, and give it a superiority. The Court of France can alone determine the number of vessels to be detached from Europe and from the Islands, as it cannot be known in America what number of vessels the enemy will be able to send here.
9 That in the circumstances in which General Washington finds himself, not having yet been able to combine with Congress the force of his army for the commencement of the next campaign and not having yet received from Congress an answer concerning the means they propose to take to replace that part of his army whose times of service expire in January; he should fear to hazard a specification of the number of which the Congress will compose his army for the next spring; but that he thinks it very necessary, that His Christian Majesty be pleased to complete his army here to fifteen thousand, and that he hopes the states, by a new effort will be able to supply the rest.
10 That independent of the funds destined for the army of fifteen thousand men, which will be insufficient, if they are combined on the same scale by which the speculation for five thousand men was regulated, without having foreseen the extraordinary expense attending a war in this country, where each individual neither gives his house nor his field to incamp in without being paid for it in hand; it is indispensable to add extra funds to supply the contingencies which cannot be foreseen in order not to be stopped in the midst of an expedition once commenced.22
[Note 22: The translation, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, was indorsed by Washington as quoted in footnote 24, p. 81. The original, in French, as previously stated, is signed by Washington, Rochambeau, and Ternay.]
[Note 23: So headed by Hamilton.]
Hartford, September 22, 1780.
It was agreed, that if the Count De Guichen should arrive by the beginning of October and a naval engagement should immediately take place in which by a fortunate issue, the french fleet should gain possession of the Port of New York; in that case, New York should become the object of the combined operations.
That if the Count De Guichen should arrive after that period, or arriving should not be able to gain possession of the port of New York, or if by a reinforcement from Europe, or by any other method a naval superiority should be acquired in these seas in the remainder of the fall, or early in the Winter, in this case an expedition should be made against the enemy in the Southern states.
That for this purpose the fleet should remain on the coast during the expedition, to protect the supplies for the combined forces and prevent succours going to the enemy.
That with the present force of the enemy to the Southward, an American corps should be added to the French corps, which with the regular troops to the Southward should compose an army of ten, or if practicable of twelve thousand men. But that if the enemy should reinforce their Southern army, we should endeavour to encrease our force, so as to have double their number in the operation.
General Washington proposed to the French General and Admiral, if an opportunity should offer to do it with safety, to separate the land from the sea forces; to march the former to the Vicinity of the American army and to send the latter round to Boston. The reasons assigned for this disposition were, that by a junction of the allied armies, the enemy would be held in respect at New York and prevented from detaching to prosecute their success in the Southern states. that if they should make any detachment, we might have it in our power to take advantage of their weakness, or to detach, in proportion to the support of the part attacked. It was observed by the way that this junction would be the more desirable, as the term of service for which a large part of the American army was engaged would expire in December, so that if the men who left us, were not replaced by the same period, there would be a crisis in which we should be weaker than were to be wished.
The French General and Admiral declined the separation proposed observing that they had pointed instructions from their Court for the Fleet and army to support each other; also for keeping their troops as much as possible on Islands, as well for the better preservation of discipline, as for avoiding all differences with the inhabitants which might arise from too intimate a commerce of manners, so unlike each other as those of the French soldiers and the American citizens.
General Washington remarked, that the instructions of the Court must of course decide the point; but that he hoped the inconveniences apprehended from an intercourse with the inhabitants would not be found on experience, and thought they could not happen more from a commerce with the people on the Continent than with those on an Island, whose genius, tempers and habits were the same.
Intimations were given by General Washington in the course of the conference respecting a Winter expedition into Canada. The French General declined concerting any thing on this subject 'till a consultation had been had with the Minister of France, as he imagined there might be some political objections to the measure?24
[Note 24: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Indorsed by Tilghman: "Substance of Conference..."; and by Washington: "Result of a Conference...."]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, September 22, 1780.
Parole Washington. Countersigns Greene, Steuben.
Watchword Luzerne.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Saturday, September 23, 1780.
Parole Louis. Countersigns Guichen, Ternay.
Watchword France.
[Note 25: Maj. George Tudor, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Rice26
[Note 26: Maj. Nathan Rice. He was aide to Lincoln.]
The General officers, the heads and branches of all the different departments in the Army, the Brigades of Infantry and Corps of Artillery, Horse and foot not brigaded, and the Artificers of the Army are desired to make immediate returns of all Camp Equipage and public property and tools in their possession belonging to the Quarter Master Generals department particularly of public horses saddles bridles Tents and markees the whole to be signed by the principals or the Heads of the branches in the staff departments. The General officers returns will be signed by themselves.
The names of the individuals having horses, saddles or bridles in the incorporated Corps are to be mentioned on the back of the returns. Those made by the General Staff or others are to specify the persons names that have any of the aforesaid Articles in possession.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Sunday, September 24, 1780.
Parole Indostan. Countersigns Ireland, Iris.
Watchword Independence.
[Note 27: Maj. John Wiley, of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major White28
[Note 28: Capt. Moses White, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was aide to General Hazen to the close of the war.]
For detachment, Major Wallbridge.
AFTER ORDERS
Such of the regimental Surgeons as have not had a fresh supply of medicine are immediately to send their Chests to Mr. Cutting,29 Apothecary General to the Army at his Store near Paramus Church where they will get a supply.
[Note 29: John Brown Cutting.]
The Inspectors and brigade Quartermasters excepting those belonging to the Light Infantry are desired to meet the Inspector General tomorrow morning at nine o'clock at the Adjutant Generals.
The whole army to be under arms at ten o'clock; the horses belonging to the Artillery both in the Park and the line to be in readiness to move the Pieces.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Monday, September 25, 1780.
Parole De Kalb. Countersigns Porter field, Williams.
Watchword Glory.
[Note 30: Maj. Amos Morrill, of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Brigade Major Moore
Twenty five waggoners to be drafted from the Line to Parade at Guard mounting tomorrow, the second brigade of Connecticut gives three the others two each.
Major Rosekrans is appointed brigade major of the day Vice Major Moore ordered on Command.
EVENING ORDERS ELEVEN O'CLOCK
The Pennsylvania division to march immediately. The rest of the Army to be put in perfect readiness to move on the shortest Notice.
Head Quarters, Robinson's House in the High-Lands,31September 25, 1780, 7 0Clock P.M.
[Note 31: Washington had arrived at Robinson's House on his return from Hartford about noon of September 25.]
Sir: I wish to see You here immediately and request that You will come without the least delay. I am etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Hd. Quarters, Robinson's House in the Highlands, September 25, 1780, O Clock P.M.
Sir: It is my wish to see Col. Jas. Livingston to night, and I write him by you on the occasion. In his absence, you will take command of the posts at Stoney and Verplanks Point, till further orders. I am etc.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Samuel Shaw.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, ½ after 7 OClock P.M.
Dr Sir: I request that You will put the Division on the left in motion as soon as possible, with orders to proceed to Kings ferry where [or before] they will be met by further Orders. The Division will come on light, leaving their heavy baggage to follow. You will also hold all the Troops in readiness to move on the shortest notice. Transactions of a most interesting nature and such as will astonish You have been just discovered.34 I am etc.35
[Note 34: André had his interview with Arnold in the early morning of September 22. Arnold's passport to him is dated September 21. André was captured on the morning of September 23. Colonel Jameson's letter to Arnold, announcing the capture of André and that the papers found on him had been sent to Washington, was dated September 23, and reached Arnold the morning of September 25, before Washington arrived at Robinson's House.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington]
[Note 36: Of the Massachusetts Militia.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780.
Sir: General Arnold is gone to the Enemy. I have just now received a line from him, inclosing one to Mrs. Arnold dated on board the Vulture.37 From this circumstance and Colo. Lambs being detached on some business, the command of the Garrison for the present devolves on you. I request you will be as vigilant as possible, and as the Enemy may have it in contemplation to attempt some enterprise, even to night, against these Posts, I wish you to make immediately after receipt of this, the best disposition you can of your force, so as to have a proportion of men in each work on the west side of the River. You will see or hear from me further to-morrow. I am etc.38
[Note 37: Arnold's letter to Washington (September 25). It is in the Washington Papers. In the light of the note of payment to Mrs. Arnold for services, by Sir Henry Clinton, in the Clinton Papers in the William L. Clements Library, it is interesting to note that in this letter from Arnold to Washington he wrote of Mrs. Arnold: "She is as good, and as Inocent as an Angel, and is Ignorant [canceled in letter sent] Incapeble of doing Wrong."]
[Note 38: From the facsimile of the original, in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, in Abbatt's Crisis of the Revolution (N.Y., 1899), pp. 44--45, where it is stated to have been sent to Colonel Wade. The draft, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Washington Papers and addressed to: "Lt Colo Gray or Officer Commanding 6 Connect Regt."]
[Note 39: Of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. His promotion dated from Oct. 15, 1778.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, 7 OClock.
Sir: From some intelligence I have received I think it necessary that the Regiment at present under your command should march without a moments delay. You will therefore I request on receipt of this, put it in motion and with one half You will occupy the North and Middle redoubts on the Heights above this place as soon as possible. The other half of the Regiment will proceed on to the Landing place above Mandeville's near the old Connecticut encampment, and will cross the river, immediately after their arrival to West point. I am etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, O'Clock P.M.
Sir: I wish every precaution and attention to be paid to prevent Major André from making his escape.41 He will without doubt effect it if possible and in order that he may not have it in his power, You will send him under the care of such a party and so many Officers as to preclude him from the least opportunity of doing it. That he may be less liable to be recaptured by the Enemy, who will make every effort to gain him, He had better be conducted to this place by some upper road rather than by the route thro Crompond. I would not wish Mr André
[Note 41: Andre's letter to Washington, avowing his identity, is dated Sept. 24, 1780, from Salem. This letter is in the Washington Papers. It seems to have reached Washington, along with Colonel Jameson's letter to him transmitting the papers found on Andre, about 4 o'clock p.m., September 25.] to be treated with insult, but he does not appear to stand upon the footing of a common prisoner of War and therefore he is not intitled to the usual indulgencies they receive, and is to be most closely and narrowly watched.
General Arnold before I arrived here went off to day to the Enemy, and is on board the Vulture Sloop of War. I am etc. Andre must not escape.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[Note 43: Of the Massachusetts Militia, then stationed at Fishkill, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Robinsons House, September 25, 1780, ½ after 7 O'Clock P.M.
Sir: You will be pleased to march early to morrow morning with all the Militia under your command and proceed to the Landing opposite West point. You will send an Officer on to this place by whom you will receive further Orders.
Colo Gouvion, the Bearer of this, will apply to You for an Officer and a small party of Men. These you will furnish. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The original letter sent is in the possession of the Danvers (Mass.) Historical Society. It differs from the draft in capitalization and punctuation only.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, ½ after 7 OClock P.M.
Sir: I request that You will, on receipt of this, march with the Wood Cutting Detachment under your command to Fish Kill where You will remain until further orders.45 I am etc.42
[Note 45: The woodcutting detachment was at Staatsburgh.]
[Note 46: Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General, at Fishkill.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's House, September 25, 1780, ½ after 7 OClock P.M.
Sir: It is my wish from some matters which have just occurred, to call the Militia employed in cutting Wood to Fishkill, where they will receive further orders. The inclosed is to the Officer, who commands the Detachment, on the subject, which You will forward by Express. I am etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Robinson's House, September 26, 1780.
Dr Sir: In the present situation of things I think it necessary that You should join the Army, and request that You will do it. You will come to Head Qrs: Yourself; the Route thro Litchfield will be the most eligible for You on account of security and You may direct your baggage to halt at Fish Kill for your further orders. I write to the Count de Rochambeau by this conveyance and I trust that your coming away now will not be attended with any material inconvenience to him.
I cannot conclude without informing You of an event which has happened here which will strike You with astonishment and indignation. Major General Arnold has gone to the Enemy. He had had an interview with Major André, Adjutant Genl. of the British Army, and had put into his possession a state of our Army; of the Garrison at this post; of the number of Men considered as necessary for the defence of it; a Return of the Ordnance, and the disposition of the Artillery Corps in case of an Alarm. By a most providential interposition, Major André was taken in returning to New York with all these papers in General Arnold's hand writing, who hearing of the matter kept it secret, left his Quarters immediately under pretence of going over to West point on Monday forenoon, about an hour before my arrival, then pushed down the river in the barge, which was not discovered till I had returned from West point in the Afternoon and when I received the first information of Mr. Andrés captivity Measures were instantly taken to apprehend him, but before the Officers sent for the purpose could reach Verplank's point, he had passed it with a Flag and got on board the Vulture Ship of War, which lay a few miles below. He knew of my approach and that I was visiting with the Marquiss, the North and Middle Redoubts, and from this circumstance was so straitned in point of time that I believe, he carried with him but very few if any material papers, tho he has a very precise knowledge of the Affairs of the post.
The Gentlemen of General Arnold's family,48 I have the greatest reason to believe, were not privy in the least degree to the measures he was carrying on, or to his escape. I am etc.49
[Note 48: Maj. David Solebury Franks and Lieut. Col. Richard Varick. They were aides to Arnold.]
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, September 26, 1780.
Sir: Under the present situation of affairs, I think it necessary, that the respective works at West Point and its dependencies be supplied with provisions and water. You will therefore be pleased to have a proper quantity distributed to each of them, without any loss of time. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: From a facsimile of the original in the writing of Samuel Shaw, reproduced in William Abbatt's Criris of the Revolution (N.Y.: 1899), p. 46. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is also in the writing of Shaw.]
Robinson's, September 26, 1780.
Sir: I return you my thanks for your information conveyed through a letter to Colo Lamb which has just arrived here.51
[Note 51: Doctor Ledyard's letter to Colonel Lamb is not now found in the Washington Papers, but there are therein three of his letters, all of September 27 (two to Washington and one to Hamilton), which disclose that young William Smith attempted to conceal the papers of his father, Joshua Hett Smith, and that William planned a rescue of his father, but was frustrated by Col. Ann Hawkes Hay, his uncle-in-law. The surgeon's mate, Doctor Ledyard found, was entirely innocent of any connection with Arnold's treason.]
I shall esteem it a particular favor if you will instantly get possession of the Papers (which you mention,) in the possessesion of young Mr Smith and also to have him and the mate who is also noticed in your letter, secured, provided you see sufficient cause for it; in this case, if you find assistance necessary, I have inclosed a line to the Commanding Officer at Fish kilt, to afford it on your application. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade, who, at Washington's direction, wrote this same day (September 26) to the officer commanding at Fishkill, to furnish "an officer and party of men" to Doctor Ledyard, if applied for.]
Robinson's House in the Highlands, September 26, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Congress that I arrived here yesterday about 12 o'clock on my return from Hartford. Some hours previous to my arrival Major General Arnold went from his quarters which were at this place; and as it was supposed over the river to the garrison at West-point, whether I proceeded myself in order to visit the post. I found General Arnold had not been there during the day, and on my return to his quarters, he was still absent. In the mean time a packet had arrived from Lt. Colonel Jamison announcing the capture of a John Anderson who was endeavouring to go to New York, with the several interesting and important papers mentioned below, all in the hand writing of General Arnold. This was also accompanied with a letter from the prisoner avowing himself to be Major John André Adjt: General of the British army, relating the manner of his capture, and endeavouring to shew that he did not come under the description of a spy. From these several circumstances, and information that the General seemed to be thrown into some degree of agitation on receiving a letter a little time before he went from his quarters, I was led to conclude immediately that he had heard of Major André's captivity, and that he would if possible escape to the enemy, and accordingly took such measures as appeared the most probable to apprehend him.56 But he had embarked in a barge, and proceeded down the river under a flag to the vulture ship of war, which lay at some miles below Stony and Verplank's points. He wrote me after he got on board a letter, of which the inclosed is a copy. Major André is not arrived yet, but I hope he is secure and that he will be here to-day.57 I have been and am taking proper precautions, which I trust will prove effectual, to prevent the important consequences which this conduct on the part of General Arnold was intended to produce. I do not know the party that took Major André; but it is said, it consisted only of a few militia, who acted in such a manner upon the occasion as does them the highest honor and proves them to be men of great virtue. They were offered, I am informed, a large sum of money for his release, and as many goods as they would demand, but without any effect. Their conduct gives them a just claim to the thanks of their country, and I also hope they will be otherwise rewarded. As soon as I know their names I shall take pleasure in transmitting them to Congress. I have taken such measures with respect to the Gentlemen of General Arnolds family as prudence dictated; but from every thing that has hitherto come to my knowledge, I have the greatest reason to believe they are perfectly innocent. I early secured, Joshua Smith, the person mentioned in the close of General Arnolds
[Note 56: "You will see by the inclosed we are too late. Arnold went by water to the Vulture. I shall write to General Greene advising him without making a bustle to be in readiness to march and even to detach a Brigade this way.... The Vulture is gone down to NY."-- Hamilton to Washington, Sept. 25, 1780. Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: André arrived at West Point September 26.] letter,58 and find him to have had a considerable share in this business.59 I have the honor etc.60
[Note 58: The N. B. to Arnold's letter of September 25 to Washington read: "In Justice to the Gentlemen of my Family Colonel Varick and Major Franks, I think myself in honor bound to declare, that they as well as Joshua Smith Esqr. (who I know is suspected) are totally Ignorant of any transactions of mine; that they had reason to believe were Injurious to the Public."]
[Note 59: The inclosures are listed by McHenry on the above letter to Congress, but no copies are found in the Papers of the Continental Congress or the Washington Papers: Council of War, September 6; Estimate of the Force at West Point and Its Dependencies; Estimate of Men to Man the Works at West Point; Remarks on Works of West Point; Return of Ordnance at West Point; Artillery Orders for Disposition of the Corps in Case of an Alarm at West Point; Permit Dated September 22 to Major André, under the description of John Anderson to pass the guards at White Plains, or below if he should choose, being on public business. Copies of all these listed papers in Arnold's writing were found on André. They are now in the New York State Library, Albany, having been acquired by the purchase of the papers of Gov. George Clinton. Presumably they came into Clinton's possession through the civil proceedings instituted by the State relative to Arnold's treason. Photostat copies of them are in the Library of Congress. The original of Arnold's "Remarks on works at West Point" is also in that Library. Arnold made a copy of it, which he gave to André.]
[Note 60: In the writing of James McHenry, who was then acting as aide to Lafayette The letter was read in Congress on September 30 and referred to James Lovell, Nicholas Van Dyke, and James Duane.]
Head Quarters, Robinsons, September 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: I arrived here yesterday on my return from an interview with the French General and Admiral and have been witness to a scene of treason as shocking as it was unexpected. General Arnold from every circumstance had entered into a plot for sacrificing West Point. He had an interview with Major Andre the British Adjutant General last Week at Jos. Smiths61 where the plan was concerted; by an extraordinary concurrence of incidents, Andre was taken on his return with several papers in Arnolds handwriting that proved the treason. The latter unluckily got notice of it before I did,62
[Note 61: Joshua Hett Smith.]
[Note 62: Lieut. Col. John Jameson, of the Second Continental Dragoons, when André was brought to his quarters by Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams, sent him forward, under guard, to Arnold at Robinson's House, as the latter was Jameson's commanding officer. Acceding to Major Tallmadge's vehement protest, Jameson afterwards recalled André; but insisted on sending notice to Arnold of his capture. He wrote to Washington, September 27: "I am very sorry that I wrote to G--Arnold. I did not think of a British Ship being up the River and expected that if he was the man he has since turned out to be that he wou'd come down to the Troops in this Quarter in which case I shou'd have secured him. I mentioned my intention to Major Tallmage and some other of the Field Officers all of whom were clearly of Opinion that it wou'd be right until I could hear from your Excellency." Jameson's letter is in the Washington Papers.] went immediately down the river got on board the Vulture which brought up Andre and proceeded to New York.
I found the post in the most critical condition and have been taking measures to give it security which I hope will be to night effectual. With the greatest respect etc.
P.S. Smith is also in our possession and has confessed facts sufficient to establish his guilt.63
[Note 63: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Tuesday, September 26, 1780.
Parole Smallwood. Countersigns Gist, Marion.
Watchword Intrepid.
[Note 64: Maj. Jason Waite (Wait), of the Third New Hampshire Regiment. He was transferred to the First New Hampshire Regiment in January, 1781, and resigned in December, 1782.]
Brigade Major Smith
The truly martial appearance made by the troops yesterday the order and regularity with which they made the different marches and the ease and facility they performed the several manoeuvres does them the greatest Credit and affords the most flattering prospect of substantial service reputation and military glory.
Nothing can be more pleasing to the officers who feel for the honor of the Army and the Independence of America than to see the rapid progress made by the Troops in military discipline.
The good conduct of all the officers yesterday gave the general the highest satisfaction and the particular services of the Inspector General and those serving in that line deserve his particular thanks.
Treason of the blackest dye was yesterday discovered! General Arnold who commanded at Westpoint, lost to every sentiment of honor, of public and private obligation, was about to deliver up that important Post into the hands of the enemy. Such an event must have given the American cause a deadly wound if not a fatal stab. Happily the treason has been timely discovered to prevent the fatal misfortune. The providential train of circumstances which led to it affords the most convincing proof that the Liberties of America are the object of divine Protection.
At the same time that the Treason is to be regretted the General cannot help congratulating the Army on the happy discovery. Our Enemies despairing of carrying their point by force are practising every base art to effect by bribery and Corruption what they cannot accomplish in a manly way.
Great honor is due to the American Army that this is the first instance of Treason of the kind where many were to be expected from the nature of the dispute, and nothing is so bright an ornament in the Character of the American soldiers as their having been proof against all the arts and seduction of an insidious enemy.
Arnold has made his escape to the Enemy but Mr. André the Adjutant General to the British Army who came out as a spy to negotiate the Business is our Prisoner.
His Excellency the commander in Chief has arrived at West-point from Harford and is no doubt taking the proper measures to unravel fully, so hellish a plot.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Wednesday, September 27, 1780.
Parole Westpoint. Countersigns Fortune, Favours.
Watchword America.
For detachment Major Maxwell65
[Note 65: Maj. Hugh Maxwell, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in August, 1782; transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
At a division General Court martial Septr. 17th, Colonel Swift president, Peter Rooney, James Moore, John Miller and James Welch Soldiers in Colonel Stewards regiment of Light infantry were tried for "Robbery" severally found Guilty of the charge and sentenced to suffer death (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto).
Major General Greene Approves the sentence.
At the General court martial whereof Colonel H. Jackson is President, the 23d. instant: Thomas Thomson, Forage master to General Hand's brigade was tried for "Exchanging public Oats for bridles."
The Court are of opinion that Mr. Thompson is guilty of the charge against him being a breach of Article 1st. Section 12 of the Articles of War and do sentence that he shall at his own charge make good the Loss or damage shall moreover forfeit all his Pay and be dismiss'd from the service.
Major General Greene confirms the sentence of the Court and orders it to be carried into Execution.
At the same Court, Abraham Cooper, a waggoner was tried for "Embezzling public stores when employed in Carting the same to the Army" and acquitted. He is to be released from Confinement.
Head Quarters, near West Point, September 27, 1780.
Sir: On my arrival here a very disagreeable scene unfolded itself. By a lucky accident, a conspiracy of the most dangerous nature, the object of which was to sacrifice this post, has been detected. General Arnold, who has sullied his former glory by the blackest treason, has escaped to the enemy. This is an event that occasions me equal regret and mortification; but traitors are the growth of every country and in a revolution of the present nature, it is more to be wondered at, that the catalogue is so small than that there have been found a few.
The situation of the army at this time will make General Heath's presence with us useful. I have written to him for this purpose. I hope his removal will be attended with no inconvenience to your Excellency. With the greatest regard etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, who first dated it September 26 and afterwards September 27. Sparks prints the letter under date of September 26.]
Robinson's House, September 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have concluded to send Major André of the British Army and Mr. Joshua Smith who has had a great hand in carrying on the business between him and Arnold to Camp to morrow. They will be under an Escort of Horse and I wish You to have separate Houses in Camp ready for their reception, in which they may be kept perfectly secure; and also strong Trusty Guards trebly officered that a part may be constantly in the rooms with them. They have not been permitted to be together and must be still kept apart. I would wish the room for Mr Andréto be a decent one and that he may be treated with civility; but that he may be so guarded as to preclude a possibility of his escaping, which he will certainly attempt to effect if it shall seem practicable in the most distant degree. Smith must also be as carefully secured and not treated with asperity.
I intend to return to morrow morning and hope to have the pleasure of seeing You in the course of the day. You may keep these several matters secret. I write to Mr Tilghman. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Robinson's Farms, September 27, 1780.
Sir: You will immediately make a distribution of the troops under your command to the several posts that the whole may be in a state of defence at the shortest notice. You will also have each work supplied with ten days provision wood water and stores and keep up constantly that supply; and you will take every other precaution for the security of the post. The Enemy will have acquired from General Arnold a perfect knowledge of the defences, and will be able to take their measures with the utmost precision. This makes it essential our vigilance and care should be redoubled for its preservation. You will do every thing in your power to gain information of the enemy's designs, and give me intelligence as early as possible of any movement against you.
A party of Militia, who have been employed cutting wood and another as guards to the stores at Fish Kill, that have been called in, are to return to their destination.
Col Gouvion will remain a few days at this Post to assist in the necessary arrangements.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Robinson's Farms, September 27, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased to take command of West Point and its dependencies till the arrival of Major General St Clair. You will find instructions for the Commanding Officer of the post with the Officer who precedes you, which you will transfer to General St Clair. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington.
On September 27 Washington wrote also to Col. John Lamb, at Kings Ferry, requesting him to return to West Point and assume command of the artillery. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Also Richard Kidder Meade, by Washington's direction, replied on September 27 to Asst. Deputy Adjt. Gen. Isaac Hubbell, to whose care André and Joshua Hett Smith had been committed, that Smith could send for his clothes, but could not be visited by any member of his family and must be denied the use of pen, ink, and paper. Smith's letter to Washington, forwarded by Hubbell, is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Thursday, September 28, 1780.70
[Note 70: Washington resumed command of the Army on this date.]
Parole Rotterdam. Countersigns F., C.
Watchword Advance.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Friday, September 29, 1780.
Parole Pennsylvania. Countersigns Peru, Po.
Watchword Prepare.
Head Quarters, Orange Town, September 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: I find upon my arrival at this place that the expected supply of Flour has not come on from the Southward, and that we have only Bread for this day and tomorrow, including one hundred Barrels of Flour already drawn down from the point. I am therefore under the necessity, but very reluctantly, of ordering down two hundred Barrels more. You will be pleased to write immediately to Colo. Hay or his deputy and desire him to send down to you whatever quantity of Flour he may have on the upper part of the River. I am &c.
P.S. The Affair of André and Smith will probably detain Genl. St. Clair somewhat longer than was expected. You will be pleased to remain till he relieves you; in the mean time making the necessary arrangements.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Tappan, September 29, 1780.
Gentlemen: Major André, Adjutant General, to the British army will be brought before you for your examination. He came within our lines in the night on an interview with Major General Arnold, and in an assumed character; and was taken within our lines, in a disguised habit, with a pass under a reigned name, and with the inclosed papers concealed upon him. After a careful examination, you will be pleased, as speedily as possible, to report a precise state of his case, together with your opinion of the light, in which he ought to be considered, and the punishment, that ought to be inflicted. The Judge Advocate72 will attend to assist in the examination, who has sundry other papers relative to this matter, which he will lay before the Board. I have the honor, etc.73
[Note 72: John Laurance.]
[Note 73: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Saturday, September 30, 1780.
Parole Green. Countersigns Greece, Guard.
Watchword Gallant.
For Detachment Major Winslow74
[Note 74: Maj. Nathaniel Winslow, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
The Brigade Quarter masters are to make out returns of the number of Tents absolutely wanting to cover the men agreeably to the regulations; These to be signed by the officers commanding brigades and sent to the Quarter masters store this afternoon.
Twelve waggoners to be drafted from the line and sent to the Grand parade tomorrow at Guard mounting.
Colonel Pickering having been appointed by the Honorable the Congress Quarter Master General to the Army of the United States; he is to be obeyed and respected as such. Henry Emanuel Lutterloh Esquire is also appointed Commissary of Forage.
As the direction of the Waggon Department is a charge of great importance (in foreign Armies generally intrusted to a Field officer of the line) and as it is thought the service will be benefitted by a similar practice in our Army Major Cogswell of the first Massachusett's regiment is appointed Waggon Master to the Main Army and is to be obeyed as such.
The Commander in Chief takes this occasion to thank Major General Greene for the able and satisfactory manner in which he discharged the duties of the Quarter Master General's department during his continuance in office; and to Express his Approbation of his Conduct and orders in the Absence of the General.
Tappan, September 30, 1780.
Sir: I have just received your letter of the 29th. Any delay which may attend your flags has proceeded from accident and the peculiar circumstances of the occasion not from intentional neglect or violation. The letter that admitted of an answer has received one as early as it could be given with propriety, transmitted by a flag this morning. As to messages, I am uninformed of any that have been sent.
The necessaries for Major André will be delivered to him agreeable to your request. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, September 30, 1780.
Sir: In answer to Your Excellency's Letter of the 26th Instant, which I had the honor to receive, I am to inform You, that Major André was taken under such circumstances as would have justified the most summary proceedings against him. I determined however to refer his case to the examination and decision of a Board of General Officers, who have reported, on his free and voluntary confession and Letters; "That he came on Shore from the Vulture Sloop of war in the night of the Twenty first of September Instant on an interview with General Arnold in a private and secret manner. Secondly that he changed his dress within our lines, and under a reigned name and in a disguised habit passed our Works at Stoney and Verplanks points the Evening of the Twenty second of September Instant, and was taken the morning of the Twenty third of September Instant, at Tarry Town, in a disguised habit, being then on his way to New York, and when taken he had in his possession Several papers which contained intelligence for the Enemy. The Board having maturely considered these Facts do also report to His Excellency General Washington, that Major André Adjutant General to the British Army ought to be considered as a Spy from the Enemy, and that agreable to the Law and usage of Nations it is their opinion he ought to suffer death"76
[Note 76: The proceedings of the Board of General Officers, dated Sept. 29, 1780, are in the Washington Papers.]
From these proceedings it is evident Major André was employed in the execution of measures very foreign to the Objects of Flags of truce and such as they were never meant to authorise or countenance in the most distant degree; and this Gentleman confessed with the greatest candor in the course of his examination, "that it was impossible for him to suppose he came on shore under the sanction of a Flag." I have the Honor etc.77
[Note 77: Copy of this letter is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 1, 1780.
Sir: I have received your Excellency's favors of the 16th: and 24th: ulto. with the several Resolves to which they refer. The first came to hand while I was absent on my journey to Harford. I most sincerely wish that the measures which have been adopted, for procuring a supply of fresh and salt Meat, may prove effectual.
Congress will perceive by the inclosed, which is the Copy of a representation made to me yesterday by the Commy. General of Issues,80 that the Army must be again reduced to extremities for want of Flour, except a supply should arrive in the course of a few days. I have written to the States of New
[Note 80: Charles Stewart, who wrote to Washington on September 30. The original of this letter is in the Washington Papers. A copy is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] York and Pennsylvania on the subject, and have requested their immediate aid.
The season must very soon deprive us of Grass Forage, on which the Horses now principally subsist, and I cannot learn from Colonel Pickering, that any effectual measures are taken, or are likely to be taken to establish Magazines of Hay or Grain. The State of Jersey must, thro' necessity, have furnished, by impress and by purchase, more of both than the quota demanded of them, and therefore our future supply of Grain, at least, ought to be drawn from a distance, and before the state of the Roads will add to the difficulties of transportation. The Country in which the Army will probably lay, untill the expiration of the Campaign, has been already so drained, that I do not think it will be possible, even with stripping the inhabitants intirely, to subsist the Horses after the Grass fails. I think it my duty to mention these matters in time, that Congress may endeavour to concert some measures for our relief before we are overtaken by the Winter. I have the Honor &c.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on October 3 and referred to the committee appointed to confer with the directors of the bank. This committee was composed of John Morin Scott, Samuel Adams, Nicholas Van Dyke, and John Sullivan.]
[Head Quarters, Tappan, October 1, 1780.]
Sir: You will repair forthwith to West Point and take the command of that Post with its dependencies, till further orders. The Troops under your command will consist of the Pennsylvania Division Col Meig's and Livingstons regiments of Continental Troops and a body of Massachusetts and New Hampshire Militia. The inclosed is a copy of the instructions left for the commanding officer which you will please to observe. Unless you should think it necessary for the immediate security of the Post to draw the first Pennsylvania Brigade nearer West Point, I should wish it to remain somewhere in its present position, as it may then at the same time serve the purpose of reinforcing the main Army in case of a movement against it, but on the first appearance of the Enemy coming in force up the River, that Brigade should have previous orders to march to your succour.
Orders have been given in the case last mentioned for the Posts of Verplanks and Stoney Points to be evacuated with all the Cannon and stores, and the Garrison added to that at West Point; but I would not wish this step to be precipitated, as in case of an attempt to surprise you these Posts will not only be useful to give the alarm but they will probably in all cases gain you time, as the Enemy would hardly venture to pass them with transports full of Troops. The baggage and extra stores may be sent off at the first aspect of a serious movement but the Troops should not evacuate till the Enemy are in a situation to invest the Posts.
Dobb's ferry may also serve you as an out Post; but care must be taken to distinguish the firing against a single Vessel passing from that against a number, which will of course be more continued.
Great vigilance should be used in patroling on the East side of the River, as it will otherwise be easy for the Enemy to land a body of men below and surprise Verplanks.
I must intreat your particular care of the Boats on the River; to keep them in repair and as much as possible collected. All those at Kings ferry more than are wanted for the necessary service of the communication should be removed up the River. A part of the Militia at Verplanks and Stoney Points may also be drawn to the main Garrison.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: The inclosed will shew your Excellency the distress we are like to experience in a few days for want of flour.83 You are so fully impressed with the pernicious tendency of so frequent a repetition of want, that I am sure, I need only inform you of our prospects, to engage your utmost exertions to give us the necessary supply. The exigency demands immediate measures to forward to West Point all the flour ready at the different mills. It has been mentioned to me that a deficiency of barrels would retard the supplies from your state, I have given directions to have those at West Point repaired and delivered to the order of your agent. Your Excellency knows the reliance I place on the state of New York, delicacy will not permit me to say how much we must depend on you at this juncture. I have the honor etc.84
[Note 83: The inclosure was a copy of the letter from Charles Stewart, dated Sept. 30, 1780. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Oct. 1, 1780.)]
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am under the necessity of laying before your Excellency, the Copy of a representation made to me yesterday, by the Commy. General of Issues, on the subject of Flour. The representation goes so fully and truly into our present situation and prospects, that I shall only refer your Excellency to it, and then entreat you to exert your authority and influence, with the Agents and all others concerned, in procuring and forwarding a supply to Trenton without delay. Of 470 Barrels which were in the Magazine of West point, I have been unavoidably obliged to draw down 300 to this Army, by which that valuable post may be endangered, should the Enemy endeavour to obtain by force, what they attempted to gain by treachery; but in which they have been so providentially disappointed.
I most sincerely condole with your Excellency on the loss of your amiable Lady. The news of that melancholy event was imparted to me by the Minister of France on my journey from Harford I have the Honor etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Sunday, October 1, 1780.
Parole Hellespont. Countersigns M., Q.
Watchword Look about.
[Note 86: Maj. Peter Harwood, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned In October 1780.]
Brigade Major Pettingall
The Board of General officers appointed to examine into the Case of Major André have reported.
1st. "That he came on shore from the Vulture sloop of War in the night of the 21st. of September last on an interview with General Arnold in a private and secret manner."
2dly. "That he changed his dress within our Lines and under a reigned name and in a disguised habit passed our works at Stoney and Vere-Planks Points the Evening of the 22d. of September last and was taken the morning of the 23d. of September last at Tarrytown in a disguised habit being then on his way to New York; and when taken he had in his possession several Papers which contain'd intelligence for the Enemy."
The Board having maturely considered these Facts do also report to his Excellency General Washington:
"That Major André Adjutant General to the British Army ought to be considered as a spy from the Enemy and that agreeable to the Law and usage of nations it is their opinion he ought to suffer Death."
The Commander in Chief directs the execution of the above Sentence in the usual way this afternoon at five o'clock precisely.
At a division General Court martial the 11th. of September last Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Sherman President, Major Albert Chapman87 was tried upon the following Charges:
[Note 87: Of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
1st. "For Embezzling public property and endeavouring to induce the Quarter master of the regiment to assist him in embezzling powder for his own private use."
2d. "For making up two enormous bills against Colonel Nelson, an inhabitant of Morristown for taking up a strayed horse the property of said Nelson and that without any expence to himself."
3d "For giving a Certificate to a soldier in the 7th. regiment that he was inlisted for three years only, when he had repeatedly muster'd him for during the war and sworn to the Muster Rolls."
The Court on considering the first and third Charges against Major Chapman are of opinion the charge of Embezzling public property is not supported therefore do acquit him of it; but find him guilty of the other part of the first and third charge being a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of War and do sentence him to be reprimanded in Division orders.
The General is sorry to be under the disagreeable necessity of differing in opinion with the Court; but he thinks the sentence entirely inadequate to charges of so serious a nature as those of which they find Major Chapman guilty. He is released from Arrest.
There was a mistake in entering the evening order of the 25th. ultimo: instead of the Pennsylvania division, the first Pennsylvania brigade only should have been mentioned as the second brigade did not receive marching orders 'till several hours after.
AFTER ORDERS
The Execution of Major André is postponed 'till tomorrow.88
[Note 88: André's execution was postponed on the receipt, by Washington, of a letter dated September 30, from Sir Henry Clinton, informing him that he was sending Lieutenant General Robertson, Lieut. Gov. Andrew Elliot, and Chief Justice William Smith to Dobbs Ferry to meet Washington, or such persons as he might appoint, "to give you a true State of facts, and to declare to You my Sentiments and Resolutions." Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers. The interview was between Generals Greene and Robertson, Elliot and Smith not being allowed to land, as they were civilians, and the matter was wholly a military one. Robertson's report to Clinton mentioned that Greene had said "they expected if André was set free, Arnold should be given up." Whether or not this was pure invention by Robertson, it was, of course, an impossible condition for Clinton. The interview accomplished nothing.]
EVENING ORDERS
Major André is to be executed tomorrow at twelve o'clock precisely a Battalion of Eighty files from each wing to attend the Execution.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Monday, October 2, 1780.
Parole Lisbon. Countersigns Look, E.
Watchword Hereabouts.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Tuesday, October 3, 1780.
Parole North Carolina. Countersigns Namur, Pym.
Watchword Justice.
For Detachment, Major Chapman
AFTER ORDERS
Each regiment to furnish two Tents for the Camp and Quarter Guards. The brigade Quarter masters will see that they are properly pitched immediately.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Wednesday, October 4, 1780.
Parole Warwick. Countersigns N., R.
Watchword Hark.
Tappan, October 4, 1780.
My dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favors of the 15th. and 24th. Ulto. I thank you much for your kind communications which are rendered more pleasing as they are offered without reserve.
As Congress has already allowed the alternative of raising men for twelve months, opinions on the propriety of the measure can be of no avail; but since you have done me the honor to ask mine I have no scruple in declaring I most firmly believe that the Independance of the United States never will be established till there is an Army on foot for the War; that90 [if we
[Note 90: Washington first wrote "that short of it," but afterwards substituted the phrase in brackets, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison and himself.] are to rely on occasional or annual Levies] we must sink under the expence; and ruin must follow.
From an opinion which seems to have influenced Congress, that men cannot be drafted for the War (but which, with due deference to their judgment I think is a mistaken one, as [it seems to be a prevailing] sentiment91 as I have [heard, that Nothing but an Army on a permanent footing will do)]. Gentn. unacquainted with the true state of facts, and struck with the magnitude of the bounty which in the first instance must be given to induce men to engage for this period, without attending to the Sum which is given for a years service [perhaps in reality for a much less time, tho a Year may be mentioned as the ostensible term,] and that this sum is more than doubled at every New inlistment; without considering the immense waste of Arms, ammunition, Stores, Camp utensils &ca. incidental to these changes; without adverting to the pay and subsistence of two sets of men at the same instant (the old and New levies) and the expence of marching and counter-marching them to and from Camp; Without taking into the acct. the interruption which agriculture and all kinds of handicrafts meet with, by which [our Supplies are lessened and] the prices are considerably increased; And (wch. is of the greatest importance) without considering the difference between a healthy Army (which is generally the case of one composed of old Soldiers, and a sickly one, which is [commonly the case with respect] to the New, and the lives lost in acquiring a seasoning, [and without considering that in all exchanges of privates prisoners of War, we give the Enemy a certain permanent force and add but little and some times nothing to our own
[Note 91: Washington first wrote "as the sentiment of the people as far as I have been able to come at it, is in favour of the measure"; but afterwards substituted the phrasing in brackets, which is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.] strength, as the terms of service of those we receive in exchange are already expired, or terminate often soon after.] Without attending I say to these things, which are remote, and require close investigation, and a recurrence to the public expenditures to be masters of them, they conclude, that the bounty necessary to engage men for the War is beyond our abilities, reject it, and adopt another system which involves [ultimately] ten times the expence and infinitely greater distress. While in the one case we should have a well disciplined Army, ready at all times and upon all occasions to take advantage of circumstances; in the other, the most favourable moments may pass away unimproved, because the composition of our Troops is such that we dare not in the beginning of a campaign attempt enterprizes on Acct. of the rawness of the men, nor at the latter end of it because they are about to leave us (after the immense toil and pains wch. the Officers have taken to teach them their duty) and we have another set to attend to.
From long experience and the fullest conviction, I have been, and now am decidedly in favr. of a permanent force; but knowing the jealousies wch. have been entertained on this head; Heaven knows how unjustly, [and the cause of which could never be apprehended were a due regard had to our local and other circumstances, even if ambitious views could be supposed to exist]; and that our political helm was in another direction, I forbore to press my Sentiments [for a time]; but at a [moment] when we are tottering on the brink of a precipice, silence would [have been] criminal.
The amendment proposed by you for keeping the old levies in the field till the new should arrive would certainly be a most desirable thing if it could be accomplished; but I doubt the practicability of it; for if there is not a definite term fixed with the men we could as easily get them for the War; and if there was a period fixed, altho the condition of a relief [should be]92 annexed to it (which more than probably [would]92 be kept as much as possible out of their sight) We never should be able to retain them; desertion therefore, and a genl. loss of public Arms, [would]92 be the inevitable consequence of an attempt to detain them after they had compleated what they conceived to be the term of their engagement.
[Note 92:[Note 92:[Note 92: The words in brackets are inserted in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
I felt much pain in reading that part of your letter which speaks of the reception of the Comee. of Co-operation in Congress.93 At a time when public harmony is so essential; when we should aid and assist each other with all our abilities; When our hearts should be open to information, and our hands ready to administer relief; to find distrusts and jealousies taking possession of the Mind, and a party spirit prevailing is a most melancholy reflexion, and forebodes no good.
[Note 93: Mathews's letter to Washington (September 15) said: "I find there is a decided party formed against the Committee that were at Camp, which I have seriously to dread, will be productive of no good to our public affairs. I owe much to the public but still I owe something to myself and can never tamely suffer a set of miscreants to tryumph over me with impunity. Regardless of our Characters as members of their own body, I find we are to be considered as Qr. Masters &c. and lyable to equal insults, without the least pretentions to call such conduct in question.... Although I had heard a good deal, and seen something of the rancour of these Demagogues yet I never imagined it bad risen to that height, I was made to feel it had done, on my resumming my seat in Congress....I suppose any future propositions of mine, will be immediately exploded 'as too strongly tinctured with those Army principles, which I had imbibed, whilst with them'. I cannot but think it hard, that a man who which to be useful, should be thus unjustly precluded from being so." Mathews's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall always be happy to hear from you,94 being with the truest esteem etc.
[Note 94: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "indeed it is necessary I should know more than comes to my knowledge officially of the intentions of Congress respecting the Army that I may make the most of circumstances."]
Hd. Qrs., Tappan, October 4, 1780.
I thank you My Dear Sir for your letter of the 19th. of Septr. I should have been happy in the information you give me that some progress had been made in the business of raising a permanent army had it not been intimated to me through other channels that in the resolutions framed on this article, the fatal alternative of, for one year has been admitted. In my letter to Congress of the 20th. of Aug. I recommend a draft for the war or for three years; and say " a shorter period than one year is inadmissible". You will perceive however that the general scope of my arguments look to an army for the war; and any other idea crept in from an apprehension that this plan would not go down. The present juncture is in my opinion peculiarly favourable to a permanent army, and I regret that an opening is given for a temporary one. It also gives me pain to find that the pernicious state system is still adhered to by leaving the reduction incorporation &c. of the regiments to the particular states. This is one of the greatest evils of our affairs.
I share with you the pleasure you feel from the measures taking to strengthen the hands of Congress. I am convinced it is essential to our safety that Congress should have an efficient power. The want of it must ruin us.
The satisfaction I have in any successes that attend us or even in the alleviation of misfortunes is always allayed by a fear that it will lull us into security. Supineness and a disposition to flatter ourselves seem to make parts of our national character; when we receive a check and are not quite undone, we are apt to fancy we have gained a victory; and when we do gain any little advantage, we imagine it decisive and expect the war is immediately to end. The history of the war is a history of false hopes and temporary expedients. Would to God they were to end here! This winter, if I am not mistaken, will open a still more embarrassing scene than we have yet experienced to the Southward. I have little doubt should we not gain a naval superiority, that Sir Henry Clinton will detach to the southward to extend his conquests. I am far from being satisfied that we shall be prepared to repel his attempts.
Reflections of this kind to you, My Dr. Sir, are unnecessary; I am convinced you view our affairs on the same scale that I do, and will exert yourself to correct our errors and call forth our resources.
The interview at Harford produced nothing conclusive, because neither side knew with certainty what was to be expected. We could only combine possible plans on the supposition of possible events; and engage mutually to do every thing in our powers against the next campaign.
Happy to rank you among the number of my friends, I speak to you with confidence. With the truest esteem etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The date line and superscription is in the writing of Washington.
Replying to this letter, Duane wrote (October 10): "I saw and explained the danger of an Alternative however cautiously expressed.... I am perswaded that your Excellency's Representations on this and every Subject will have as much Influence as you can wish, and that on this particular Occasion nothing but a Clear Conviction of Impracticability will induce Congress to overrule your Opinion. A false Estimate of the power and Perseverance of our Enemies was friendly to the present Revolution: and inspired that Confidence of Success in all Ranks of people, which was necessary to unite them in so arduous a Cause. You cannot forget the Opinions, which were Current on this Floor during the first and second Congresses and how firmly they established this Error. We seem to part with it with Reluctance; it still hangs heavy upon us; and has produced the Indecision, the Expedients and the Debility of which you complain. I hope Misfortunes and distresses will at length rouse us to Just Sentiments and vigorous Exertions; and with your Excellency I pray God, That the fatal Delusion which has marked our Conduct may end here." Duane's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 4, 1780.
Gentlemen: I would fain hope that part if not the whole of the Baize, purchased with intent of having it milled and cut into Blankets, may be by this time ready for use. The Season calls for them, and I very much fear, that the troops in the field and the sick in Hospitals will be exceedingly distressed for want of them, before they can possibly be got to hand. I however trust that no means will be left untried to get them forwarded as they are ready. If you find any difficulty in the Quarter Master's department, be pleased to apply to the State for Assistance, and represent to them the pressing necessity which the Army labors under for Blankets. If three or four thousand could be hurried on speedily, they would perhaps supply the wants of the most needy, and make the delay of the remainder more tolerable. I do not know whether you have any, or what stock of other winter Cloathing: But whatever you may have should be forwarded without loss of time. Woolen Overalls and Stockings in preference to other Articles. If the whole could be packed in tight Casks or well jointed Cases, it would probably prevent the damage which may be occasioned by the goods being exposed to the Weather during the transportation.
I shall be glad to know what forwardness the Blankets are in, and what quantities and kinds of other Articles you have on hand. I am etc.
P.S. Be pleased to forward the Goods to New Windsor by way of Litchfield.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 4 Washington wrote also to William Bingham, acknowledging the receipt of a box of liqueurs sent by John Jay from Martinique, to which Bingham had added another: "they both suffered much by the roughness of the transportation." This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 5, 1780.
Sir: From the want of opportunities of having more frequent personal communications with you, I am in a great measure at a loss to know what are our real prospects of Cloathing for the ensuing Winter. Mr. Moylan, your Assistant with the Army, is only able to furnish me with Returns of what few Articles are in his immediate possession and in the Magazine at Newburgh, but he is intirely ignorant of what the Continental Agents in the different States may have in their hands, or whether the States themselves have made any provision for their respective Lines. The Season is already so far advanced, that no time is to be lost in collecting together what is provided, and informing the States of the true situation of matters that they may yet endeavour to procure something for their troops if it shall be necessary. On the foregoing accounts I shall expect to see you with the Army immediately after the receipt of this letter. I am &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and is noted as being sent to Wilkinson in care of the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Thursday, October 5, 1780.
Parole Yarmouth. Countersigns York, Yes.
Watchword How are you.
Head Qrs., Tappan, October 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge and thank you for your obliging and friendly letter of the 20th Ulto. It came to this place in my absence from the Army and during my necessary detention at West point on a very interesting but disgraceful incident in our Military occurrences.
Altho I have but little leizure for the gratification of private corrispondencies, I beg you to be assured, that from a warmth of friendship, any letters of yours will be gratefully accepted. and it is with much pleasure I receive fresh assurances of your regard and attachment to me.
We are now drawing an inactive Campaign to a close. The beginning of which appeared pregnant with events, of a favourable complexn, I hoped, but hoped in vain, that a prospect was displaying which wd. enable me to fix a period to my military pursuits, and restore me to domestic life. The favourable disposition of Spain; the promised succour from France; the combined force in the West Indies; The declaration of Russia (acceded to by other powers of Europe, humiliating to the Naval pride and power of Great Britain); the Superiority of France and Spain by Sea in Europe; The Irish claims and English disturbances, formed in the agregate, an opinion in my breast (which is not very susceptable of peaceful dreams) that the hour of deliverance was not far distant; for that however unwilling Great B: might be to yield the point, it would not be in her power to continue the contest. but alas these prospects, flattering as they were, have prov'd delusory, and I see nothing before us but accumulating distress. We have been half of our time without provision and are like to continue so. We have no Magazines, nor money to form them, and in a little time we shall have no Men, if we had money to pay them. We have lived upon expedients till we can live no longer. In a word, the history of the War is a history of false hopes and temporary devices, instead of system and (economy. It is in vain however to look back, nor is it our business to do so. Our case is not desperate, if virtue exists in the people and there is wisdom among our rulers; but to suppose that this great revolution can be accomplished by a temporary army; that this Army will be subsisted by State supplies, and that taxation alone is adequate to our wants, is, in my Opinion absurd and as unreasonable as to expect an Inversion in the order of nature to accommodate itself to our views. If it was necessary, it could easily be proved to any person of a moderate share of understanding, that an annual Army, or any Army raised on the spur of the occasion, besides being unqualified for the end designed, is, in various ways which could be enumerated, ten times more expensive than a permanent body of Men, under good organization and military discipline, which never was, nor never will be the case of New Troops. A thousand arguments, resulting from experience and the nature of things, might also be adduced to prove, that the Army, if it is to depend upon State supplies, must disband or starve; and that taxation alone (especially at this late hour) cannot furnish the mean to carry on the War. Is it not time then to retract from error, and benefit by experience? or do we want further proof of the ruinous system we have pertinaciously adhered to?
You seem to regret not having accepted the appointment of Congress to a command in the American Army. It is a circumstance that ever was, most sincerely, regretted by me, and it is the more to be lamented as we find an Officer high in rank, and Military reputation capable of turning apostate, and attempting to sell his Country. Men of independent spirit and firmness of mind, must step forth to rescue our affairs from the embarrassments they have fallen into, or they will suffer in the general Wreck. I do not mean to apply this more to the Military than civil line. We want the best, and ablest men in both.
To tell you, if any event shd. ever bring you to the army, and you have no commd. in it equal to your merit; nor place more agreeable to your wishes than being a member of my family, that I should be happy in seeing you there, would only be announcing a truth which has often been repeated and wch. I hope you are convinced of.
My best respects attend Mrs. Cadwalader, and compliments of congratulation to both of you on the increase of your family. With sentiments of the most sincere regard etc.
Head Quarters, Orangetown, Friday, October 6, 1780.
Parole Tarinton. Countersigns Take Care.
Watchword Tattoo.
[Note 2: Brig. Gen. John Glover.]
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant
Sherman
Lieutenant Colonel Huntington
Major Moril
Brigade Major Oliver
The General will beat at seven o'Clock tomorrow morning, the Assemblé at half past eight, and the march will commence at nine precisely; the Quarter master General will furnish the route and order of march.
A detachment from the fourth Massachusett's regiment to Garrison the works at Dobbs's ferry to be sent at sunrise tomorrow morning.
The sick to be sent to the flying hospital near the Magazine this afternoon.
AFTER ORDERS
The General expects the strictest conformity to the regulations and the greatest attention to preserve regularity on the march and particularly where the Army halts to prevent the wanton destruction of fences.
The Officers which compose the General Court Martial whereof Colonel H Jackson is President are to march with the right Column.
A Field Officer from General Howe's division with a Commissioned officer from each division in the Army are to take the superintendency of the sick which are sent to the Flying hospital.
The Van Guard of the right column to be formed on the Grand Parade at seven o'clock precisely, the brigade and regimental Quarter masters are to attend at the same time and place.
The Camp Color men and the Invalids under proper officers are to be brought on the Grand Parade with the Van Guard.
The Rear Guard to be paraded nine o'clock at the same Place.
Brigadier General Glover with Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Sherman will command the Van. Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Smith with Lieutenant Colonel Whiting and Major Wiley take Command of the Rear Guard.
The Baggage will begin to file off at eight o'clock.
October 6, 1780.
Dear Sir: There is no disposition that can be made of the Army at this time under our prest. uncertainties that may not be subjected to material change (as you will be convinced by recurring to the conversation I held with you on Wednesday last). It is as I observed to you on that occasion, a matter of great question with me, whether West point will not become the head quarters of the Army when we go into Cantonments for the Winter. I am very apprehensive that the diminution of our present force, and little prospect of recruiting the Army in Season; The importance of West-point, and (economical motives will compel us to concenter our force on the North-river, keeping light parties only on our Flanks. If under this information you should incline to take the immediate Command of the Detachmt. which is about to march for West point, and the general direction of matters on the East side of Hudsons river, it will be quite agreeable to me that you should do so; but candor has led me to a declaration of the uncertainty of that Post's being long removed from my immediate Command. I am etc.
P.S. The Army will march and seperate to morrow; your immediate determination is therefore necessary that the orders may be prepared accordingly.3
[Note 3: On October 5 Greene had written to Washington, expressing a willingness to command at West Point and on the east side of the Hudson.]
Head Quarters, Tappan, October 6, 1780.
Six: You will take the command of the two divisions consisting of the Jersey and York Brigades, and Starkes and late Poors brigades with which you will march by the directest route to West Point. The Troops will go all the way by Land, sending their baggage and Artillery by Water from Kings ferry for the security of which you will take effectual precautions. I wish the Troops to arrive at their destination as soon as it can be done without fatiguing them.
The first Pennsylvania Brigade marches to morrow to join the Army, and General St Clair is directed to move the second Pennsylvania Brigade and Meig's Regiment to the army as soon as a sufficient Corps arrives to replace them. I wish them to be enabled to begin their march as soon as it can be conveniently done. St Clair waits till he is relieved by a Major General.
You will observe the instructions already given to the commanding officers of the Post, of which the inclosed are copies with the following additions: So soon as you arrive with the Troops you will discharge all the New Hampshire and Massachusettes Militia with my thanks for their services. You will send off all the spare Waggon and riding horses, and use every other expedient in your power to oeconomise your forage, which you know is an article of the greatest importance. You will exert yourself to complete the works and put them in the most perfect state of defence. This is essential, under the knowledge the Enemy have of their present state, as a change in their situation will not only render them in reality more defensible, but will diminish the usefulness of the information, Arnold has it in his power to give. The approaching reduction of the Army adds to the necessity of having this important post in the most respectable state of defence. Lieut Colonel Gouvion has my orders to join you for this purpose, with his Corps. You will keep such parties as you judge safe and expedient advanced towards the Enemy on the East side of the River for the purpose of restraining their depredations and protecting the Country.
You will begin to form winter covering at West Point and its dependencies for a Garrison of about the number of your present command and you will prosecute measures for ample magazines of wood.
Besides the four Brigades already mentioned, the Artillery and the Corps of Sappers and Miners, you will have under your command, Livingstons Regiment and Sheldons dragoons. There are also two Connecticut State regiments stationed on the Sound, which on an emergency you may call to your aid, and with whom in the mean time you can communicate for intelligence of what passes in the Sound.
You will inform General McDougal that his division, Starkes and late Poors Brigades, are with you. His private affairs may demand his attention a while after which he will probably join you.
When you have made your disposition, you will report it to me. I commit this important Post to your care in full confidence in your prudence vigilance activity and good conduct.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 6, 1780.
Dear Sir: Four Brigades which are to compose the Garrison of West point march from this Camp tomorrow Morning. As soon therefore as a sufficient number of Men to relieve the 2d. Pennsylvania Brigade and Meigs's Regt. arrive, you will direct those Corps to join the Army, which will lay near Prekaness, by the shortest Route. I have myself given orders to Genl. Wayne to move tomorrow morning with the 1st. Brigade. You will be pleased to remain yourself until relieved by another Major General. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 6, 1780.
Sir: Congress having received information that there were good Grounds to believe that a number of respectable Citizens of south Carolina, prisoners of War by the Capitulation of Charles town, had been seized upon and confined on board a ship of War, have directed me to enquire of your Excellency whether such Arrests and confinement have been made and for what Reasons. You will oblige me by making the communication as soon as convenient.6 I have the honor etc.5
[Note 6: Clinton answered (October 9) that he had heard the report that several of the Charleston citizens had plotted "the destruction of the place where they were protected.... But as I am well acquainted with Lord Cornwallis's humanity, I cannot entertain the least apprehension that he will stain the lustre of the King's Arms by Acts of Cruelty." Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Orange Town, October 6, 1780.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to march tomorrow Morning at day light with the first Pennsylvania Brigade by the shortest Route to Paramus, and from thence to the Army, which will be in the neighbourhood of Prekaness.
Be pleased to direct the Quarter Master at the Ferry to forward Genl. St. Clairs letter immediately to him. I am &c.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, Saturday, October 7, 1780.
Parole Asia. Countersigns Brave, Best.
Watchword, Be ready.
[Note 8: Lieut. Col. Tobias Fernald.]
Major Prior9
[Note 9: Maj. Abner William Prior, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and resigned in December, 1781.]
Brigade Major Ashley
If tomorrow is fair the General and Assemble will beat, the baggage file off and the Army march at the same time as this morning. The Van under command of the new and the rear Guard under Command of the old officers of the day will parade in the Hackensack road where the Totowa road branches off.
The Connecticutt Division will mount the necessary Picquets on the right: Baron Steuben's on the left: General Howe's a Sub and twenty at Head quarters, the same in the rear on the Totowa road; a Corporal and six at the Quarter Master General's and the same Number at the Adjutant General's.
[Note 10: Of the New Jersey Militia.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1780.
Sir: Having Ordered a Captains Command from the Continental Troops to Garrison the Block House at Dobbs' Ferry. In addition to this, I request you will be pleased to detach a Subaltern and 20 Men from Your Corps, to join that Garrison, and be under the Orders of the Commanding Officer: The Detachment to be relieved as often as you shall think necessary. And as the design of the Post at Dobbs' Ferry is to protect and cover the Country below as far as practicable, the remainder of your Corps cannot be better employed than in patroling and guarding the landing places and avenues leading to the Post, in order to obtain early intelligence of any movement of the Enemy, prevent a surprise and render every assistance in your power to the Garrison. I am &c.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Paramus, October 7, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor on the 1st: Inst to receive Your Excellency's dispatches of the 24th Ulto. addressed to Major General Greene, and since, Your very obliging Letter of the 29th, for which I beg leave to return You my acknowledgments. I have written to Sir Henry Clinton in consequence of the former and requested him to make the desired communications. When these are received, they shall be transmitted.
I have the honor to inclose Congress a Copy of the proceedings of a Board of General Officers (No 1) in the case of Major André, Adjutant General to the British Army. This Officer was executed in pursuance of the opinion of the Board, on Monday the 2d. Inst at 12 OClock, at our late Camp at Tappan. He acted with great candor, from the time he avowed himself after his capture, untill he was executed. Congress will perceive by a Copy of a Letter I received from him of the 1st Inst, that it was his desire to be shot, but the practice and usage of war, circumstanced as he was, were against the indulgence.12 At the bottom of the 6th page of the proceedings, an explanatory note is added, to prevent any suspicions being entertained injurious to Colonel Sheldon, who otherwise, from the Letter addressed to him, might be supposed to have been privy to the measures between General Arnold and Major André. If it should be the pleasure of Congress to publish the case,13 and which I would take the liberty to suggest may not be improper, it will be necessary for the explanatory note to be annexed.14 Besides the proceedings, I transmit in the Inclosure No 2, Copies of Sundry Letters respecting the matter, which are all that passed on the subject, not included in the proceedings. I would not suffer Mr. Elliot and Mr. Smith to land, who came up to Dobbs's ferry agreeable to Sir Henry Clinton's Letter of the 30th of September. Genl. Robertson was permitted to come on shore and was met by Major Genl Greene, and mentioned
[Note 12: Andrés letter to Washington, dated Oct. 1, 1780, requesting this indulgence, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 13: The "Proceedings of a Board of General Officers ... respecting Major John André. ... September 29, 1780" were published "by order of Congress. Charles Thomson, Secretary." by Francis Bailey, in Philadelphia, 1780.]
[Note 14: (1) "Lest it should be supposed that Colo Sheldon, to whom the above Letter is addressed, was privy to the plot carrying on by General Arnold, it is to be observed, that the Letter was found among Arnold's papers and had been transmitted by Colo Sheldon, who, from a Letter of the 9th. of Septr. to Arnold which inclosed it, had never heard of John Anderson before Arnold in his Answer on the 10th. acknowledged he had not communicated it to him, tho he had informed him that he expected a person would come from New York, for the purpose of bringing him intelligence. (2) It appears by the same Letter that Arnold had written to Mr. Anderson, under the signature of Gustavus. His words are 'was obliged to write with great caution to him, my Letter was signed Gustavus to prevent any discovery in case it fell into the hands of the Enemy'".] substantially what is contained in his Letter of the 2d Instant. It might not perhaps be improper to publish the Letters or part of them in this Inclosure, as an Appendix to the proceedings of the Board of General Officers.
I had the honor to mention in my Letter of the 24th of August, that an interview was in contemplation between General Lincoln and General Phillips, to take place at Elizabeth Town, and that I should direct Mr Skinner, the Commissary to attend and endeavour to effectuate an exchange of prisoners on the principles and to the extent mentioned by Congress in their Act of the 7th. The Inclosure No 3 contains my Instructions to Mr Skinner, No 4 and 5 his Report and Major General Lincoln's of the result of the meeting, which happened on the 20th Ulto at the place appointed, and to which I beg leave to refer Congress. As it is now become certain that we cannot operate against New York this Campaign, and it was the expectation of this event's happening that prevented the release of our private prisoners; it appears to me that the exchange of those in that place, should be immediately attempted, especially as the liberation of a great many of our Officers is made to depend upon it and is otherwise wholly rejected. From these considerations I have ventured to close with the terms of Mr Lorings Letter to Mr Skinner of the 22d of Sepr, respecting the exchange of Our Officers and privates at New York and Long Island, and have written to Sir Henry Clinton accordingly. I hope Congress will approve the measure. As to the exchange proposed between the Convention and the Southern prisoners, Congress will be pleased to decide on it themselves. They have the fullest knowledge of the present, and what will be the future situation of our Affairs, and can best judge of the conduct which the public good and humanity require to be pursued in the matter. For a variety of reasons I am, and profess myself wholly incompetent to determine in the case.
I have now the pleasure to communicate the names of the Three persons who captured Major André, and who refused to release him notwithstanding the most earnest importunities and assurances of a liberal reward on his part. Their conduct merits our warmest esteem and I beg leave to add, that, I think, the public will do well to make them a handsome gratuity. They have prevented in all probability our suffering one of the severest strokes that could have been meditated against us. Their names are John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wart.15
[Note 15: On November 3 Congress resolved that it had "a high sense of the virtuous and patriotic conduct" of these three Dutchess County militiamen and voted them each a pension of 200 specie dollars annually for life and a silver medal. It requested also that the Commander in Chief present the medals and a copy of the resolution.]
For the present I have detached the Jersey, New York and New Hampshire Brigades with Stark's to the Highland posts. They marched this morning from Orange Town and will relieve the Pennsylvania line, which was thrown in at the moment General Arnold went to the Enemy. Major Genl Greene has marched with these four Brigades and will command at West point and its dependencies, 'till a further disposition. The main body of the Army, the forage about Orange town and the lower Country being exhausted, also moved this morning and is now arrived here. We have had a cold, wet, and tedious march on account of the feeble state of our Cattle, and have not a drop of rum to give the Troops. My intention is to proceed with them to the Country in the neighbourhood of Passaick falls. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have added a Note at the foot of Sir Henry Clintons Letter of the 30th of Septr and one at the foot of Major Andrés Letter to me of the 1st of October, which are in the Inclosure No. 2,16 which, if the Letters are published I request may be published also.17
[Note 16: The inclosures are listed on the draft in the Washington Papers, and copies of all of the documents relating to André are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The originals, drafts or copies, are also in the Washington Papers. They are: Proceedings of the Board of General Officers in the case of Major André, Sept. 29, 1780; André to Sir Henry Clinton, September 29; Washington to Clinton, September 30; Robertson to Washington, September 29; Washington to Robertson, September 30; Clinton to Washington, September 30; Arnold to Washington, October 1; Robertson to Washington, October 2; Arnold to Washington, October 1; André to Washington, October 1.
"... To the Copy of the letter from Sir Henry Clinton to Genl. Washington of the 30th of September 30, the following note was added: 'Lt. General Robertson, Mr Elliot and Mr Smith came up in a Flag Vessel to Dobbs's ferry, agreable to the above Letter. The Two last were not suffered to land. General Robertson was permitted to come on shore and was met by Major General Greene, who verbally reported that General Robertson mentioned to him in substance what is contained in his letter of the 2d of October to Genl Washington.'
"To the Copy of the letter from Major Andréof the 1st. of October to Genl. Washington, the following note was added:
"'The time which elapsed between the capture of Major André, which was on the morning of the 23d of Septr. and his execution, which did not take place till 12 OClock on the 2d of October: The mode of trying him: His Letter to Sir Henry Clinton, K. B. on the 29th of September, in which he said. "I receive the greatest attention from his Excellency General Washington and from every person, under whose charge I happen to be placed"; not to mention many other acknowledgements which he made of the good treatment he received, must evince that the proceedings against him were not guided by passion or resentment. The practice and usage of War were against his request and made the indulgence he solicited circumstanced as he was, inadmissible.'"]
[Note 17: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The letter was read in Congress on October 12 and referred to John Sullivan, Theodorick Bland, and John Mathews, "with following papers GW's Instructions to Mr Skinner Mr Skinner's report of his proceedings Mr Skinner's proposal to Mr Loring Mr Loring's Answer Genl Lincoln letter to GW Sept 25."]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1780.
Sir: I find by the Report of our Commissary of prisoners, of the proceedings which lately took place between him and Mr Loring at Elizabeth Town, on the 21st Ulto; he was willing on the part of Your Excellency to accede substantially to my propositions respecting an exchange of Officers, provided the exchange should be extended to the privates, prisoners of War then in your hands at New York. This is perfectly agreable to me, and I have accordingly directed our Commissary to take the most effectual and immediate measures, to carry into execution, as well the exchange of those privates, as of the Officers. I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Paramus, October 7, 1780.
Sir: I find by Your Report of the 24th. Ulto. of the proceedings which took place at Elizabeth Town in your late meeting with the British Commissary, that the Enemy are willing to go substantially into the exchange of Officers mentioned in my Letter of Instructions to You of the 17th., provided the exchange is extended to our privates who were then prisoners of War in New York, and according to a plan their Commissary furnished You with in May and June last. This proposal, with respect to the privates, is perfectly agreable to me, and so I have informed Sir Henry Clinton; and you will take the most effectual and immediate Measures to carry it into execution, as well the exchange of those privates as of the Officers, as before directed. If the exchange of Lt Genl Burgoyne and Major Genl Phillips and de Riedesel cannot take place at the same time we shall have only to regret it, as it will prevent relief to themselves and many Others. The proceedings, which required the particular Exchanges to be made, which were mentioned in my Letter of Instructions of the 17th of September remain unaltered, and therefore they must I presume, be still attempted. In the instance of Lt Colo Ramsay and Colo Webb, their exchange must be effected, as the footing on which the business stands with respect to them, can admit of no alternative. You are fully informed of it. Indeed in the case of the former the point has been explicitly agreed to by the Enemy for Lt Colo Conolly; and in the case of the latter, if he is not exchanged the Officers of the Eagle packet cannot be released. I wish You to expedite the business as much as possible. I am etc.
P.S. Tho the Enemy may not consent to exchange at present Lt Genl Burgoyne and Major Generals Phillips and Riedesel; yet possibly they may be prevailed on to exchange one of the Two last for Major Genl Lincoln. You will endeavour to effect the release of the whole by every decent and becoming argument, as it will relieve so many of our Officers, but at all events attempt the exchange of one of these Two for General Lincoln.
I have not yet received the determination of the State of Virginia, with respect to Lt Govr Hamilton; and therefore there can be no stipulation for his exchange. I hope the State, to whom I have written, will give me information in time on the subject.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 8, 1780.
Sir: I have received your several favors of the 30th: of August, 3d. and 15th: September. The first reached me only two days before I sat out for Harford, to meet Count Rochambeau and the Chevalier de Ternay; the two last came to hand while I was absent. The first account, which I received of the unfortunate affair near Campden, was by a Copy of your letter of the 20th: August, from Hillsborough, to the president of Congress. The shock was the greater, as the operations, a few days preceding the Action, were much in our favor. The behavior of the Continental Troops does them infinite honor. The accounts, which the Enemy give of the action, shew that their Victory was dearly bought. Under present circumstances, the System which you are pursuing seems extremely proper. It would answer no good purpose to take a position near the enemy, while you are so far inferior in force. If they can be kept in check, by the light irregular troops under Colo. Sumpter20 and other active Officers, they will gain nothing by the time which must be necessarily spent by you, in collecting and arranging the new Army, forming Magazines and replacing the Stores which were lost in the Action.
[Note 20: Sumter had been appointed a brigadier general of South Carolina State troops in July, 1780.]
Further detachments from this Army will very much depend upon the measures which the enemy mean ultimately to pursue. While they maintain a superiority by sea, they have an infinite advantage over us; as they can send off a detachment from their Army, make a stroke and return again, while a part of ours may be marching to meet them at the point of destination. Indeed, our reduction of numbers will be so great, by the expiration of the times of the Levies the last of December, that the enemy may then make a very considerable detachment, and yet leave a force sufficient to make us apprehensive for the safety of the Highland posts, and for the security of the communication thro' Jersey, on which we in a great measure depend for supplies.
It was owing to the fatal policy of temporary inlistments, that the enemy were enabled to gain the footing which they hold in the southern States, and it is much to be feared that the same Cause will be attended with an increase of disagreeable effects. They are well acquainted with the periods of our dissolution, and have scarcely ever failed of taking advantage of them; and we can hardly suppose they will be more negligent this Winter than the preceding ones.
Preparations have been sometime making for an embarkation from New York. The destination is publickly said to be to the southward, and I think probability is in favor of that report. Should a further extension of their conquests in that quarter be their object, I am in hopes that the force collecting by the exertions of North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland, will keep them confined to the limits of south Carolina at least, 'till a better general disposition of our Affairs can be made, or untill we may receive more effectual assistance from our Allies; a measure which they have most seriously in view, and of which an unlucky coincidence of circumstances has hitherto deprived us.
The French Fleet has been blocked up in the harbour of Newport almost ever since its arrival there, by a superior British Squadron, which superiority has been lately increased by the arrival of Admiral Rodney from the West Indies with ten ships.
Count de Guichen touched no where upon this Coast, tho' by a variety of accounts he was up as high as the Latitude of 26.21 and by some higher. The report of his having taken 100 sail of British Merchantmen is, I imagine, premature, as we have intelligence of a late date from the Havannah, and no such circumstance is mentioned.
[Note 21: About as far north as Miami, Fla.]
It will be of very great importance that I should be regularly informed of every movement of the enemy, as I shall thereby be better enabled to form an opinion upon any appearances in this quarter. I am etc.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Tappan, October 8, 1780.
Sir: In addition to the Continental troops under your command, I have directed Major Goetchius of the Jersey state troops to send you from his corps a detachment of a subaltern and twenty men to be periodically relieved; and for your greater security to communicate with you and patrol the different landing places in your vicinity; but I would not have you to rely upon this; but take every precaution for your own security. You will find covering within the works for your whole party, of which you will mount a third part as a guard every night; and keep small patroles all round you, so as not however to weaken your command too much. You will keep a vigilant look out towards the water by day and night; and when you are furnished with a piece of cannon, should a fleet be going up the river, you will announce it by firing five discharges. I mean, by a fleet, such a number of vessels as may indicate an attempt upon the posts above. You will fire three pieces of cannon distinctly as a signal of a movement in force against you, and you will send off an express instantly to Head Quarters.
You will maintain the post to the last extremity should you once find yourself surrounded, and for this purpose you will endeavour always to have five or six days provision on hand; but should you discover appearances of a serious attack in force and with artillery time enough to withdraw your men you will do it, spiking up your cannon and setting fire to the works, for which you should make previous preparation. You will always recollect, that should you be obliged to submit to superior force after a vigorous resistance, you will do honor to yourself; but should you be surprised, as it will denote a want of vigilance, there can be no apology for it. But I rely intirely on your prudence and bravery.
P.S. You will of course keep your instructions a secret.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Paramus, Sunday, October 8, 1780.
Parole Tadmor. Countersigns P., S.
Watchword Look about.
If the weather is fair tomorrow the Army will march. The order for marching the same as yesterday.
An officer from each brigade to be sent back this afternoon on the road the Army marched to pick up stragglers and see that the Waggons which may be left in the rear are brought on.
Half the Pioneers and a company of Artificers are to parade as soon as possible near General Glover's quarters. An officer from each division will take charge of them, a serjeant from each brigade for this duty. Colonel Tupper is requested to take the direction of the whole and see that they repair the road between this and Totowa bridge.
The officers commanding regiments are desired to see that their mens Cartridge boxes and ammunition are dried this afternoon.
AFTER ORDERS
The first Pennsylvania brigade will lead the column to morrow. The light Infantry will march about one mile in the rear.
A General court martial to sit at West point on Monday the 23d. Instant for the Trial of Colonel Sheldon, of the second regiment of light dragoons. Colonel Hazen will preside,Lieutenant Colonel Temple, Major Wylly, two Captains from the second regiment of light dragoons, three Captains from the fourth, and five Captains from the brigades of Infantry in the Highlands are appointed Members.
All Witnesses and persons concerned will attend.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Monday, October 9, 1780.
Parole Paramus. Countersigns Perth, Pell.
Watchword Pracaness.
Colonel Moylan with his regiment of Cavalry will take post near the little falls and Major Parr with his Corps at the Notch; and both will patrole on the roads towards Newark and Aququakanung.
The Marquis de la Fayette will post Major Lee's corps on his left and take care of the Approaches to his incampment.
As the Army is incamped very conveniently for wood the destruction of fences will be without excuse and must be prevented at all events. The officers commanding divisions and brigades are particularly requested to examine the present state of them that they may be the better able to detect and punish the offenders against this order. The General wishes also that all possible care may be taken to prevent injury to the Fruit trees in which he includes the Chesnut, many of which he has seen cut down in order to come at the nuts.
The Marechausie will perform the duties of the Camp and Captain Bedkins Corps will furnish orderlies to Head Quarters.
The Grand Parade is assigned for the present near the great falls where the guards and Picquets are to parade at five o'clock this afternoon.
The Troop to beat at eight o'clock 'till further orders and the Guards to be on the Grand Parade at nine precisely.
Bergen County in the State of N: Jersey, October 9, 1780.24
[Note 24: The draft in the Washington Papers is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, and dated by Washington, October 11. It is printed under date of October 11 by Ford.]
Dear Sir: I was very much obliged by the letter which you did me the honor to write me by our amiable young friend the Marquis De La Fayette, whose exertions to serve this Country in his own are additional proofs of his zealous attachment to our cause, and has endeared him to us still more.
He came out flushed with expectations of a decisive campaign and fired with hopes of acquiring fresh laurels, but in both he has been disappointed; for we have been condemned to an inactivity as inconsistent with the situation of our affairs as with the ardor of his temper.
I am sensible of all I owe you my Dear Sir for your sentiments of me, and while I am happy in your esteem, I cannot but wish for occasions of giving you marks of mine.
The idea of making a tour together, which you suggest after the War, would be one of the strongest motives I could have to postpone my plan of retirement and make a visit to Europe, if my domestic habits which seem to acquire strength from restraint did not tell me, I shall find it impossible to resist them longer than my duty to the public calls for the sacrafice of my inclinations.
I doubt not you are so fully informed by Congress of our political and military State that it would be superfluous to trouble you with any thing relating to either. If I were to speak on topics of the kind it would be to shew that our present situation makes one of two things essential to us. A Peace, or the most vigorous aid of our Allies particularly in the article of money. Of their disposition to serve us we cannot doubt; their generosity will do every thing their means will permit.
With my best wishes for the preservation of your useful life and for every happiness that can attend you which a sincere attachment can dictate I am, etc.
[N.J.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: I recd. yours of the 8th: from Verplanks Point. Inclosed is an extract from the General Orders of this day, you will be pleased to have it communicated as expeditiously as possible to the Corps at Kings ferry and to Colo. Sheldon's Regiment, that the Returns called for may, if possible, be all here by Saturday next. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 26: Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General at Kings Ferry. Harrison's draft is addressed to "Major Kearse," and the Varick transcript in the Library of Congress attributes the letter as sent to Capt. Edward William Kierse.]
Head Quarters, October 10, 1780.
Sir: It is His Excellency, the Commander in Chief's wish that the packet the Express brings, may reach His Excellency Count Rochambeau as soon as possible. The way however thro Crompond it is feared is dangerous from the incursions of the Enemy. You will therefore send the packet immediately to Major Campbell27 at the Village with this Letter, who is desired by the General to forward it without a moment's delay, by a Trusty Express by the way of Fredericksburgh and Danbury, to Fairfield or Hartford, where he will fall in with the Chain of Expresses, who are to proceed with the packet with the greatest dispatch to Newport. I am &c.28
[Note 27: Maj. John Campbell. He was Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General at the Continental village.]
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Rob: H: Harrison."]
[Note 29: Lieut. Col. Charles François Dubuysson des Aix. He was aide to De Kalb; afterwards Vicomte Dubuysson; wounded and taken prisoner at Camden, S. C., in August, 1780; exchanged and returned to France in 1782.]
Head Quarters, Precaness, October 10, 1780.
Sir: I have received your several layouts from Hillsborough, Annapolis and Philada. I sincerely lament the loss of the Baron de Kalb. The manner in which he died fully justified the opinion which I ever entertained of him, and will endear his memory to this Country.
The State of Virginia, sensible of the dangerous influence which Governor Hamilton holds over the Indians, have absolutely refused to exchange him on any terms, for the present at least; and as I have never deviated from a Rule which I laid down at the beginning of the War, of exchanging Officers in course, according to the time of their captivity, I cannot, without manifest injury to several Gentlemen of your Rank, who have been prisoners more than three Years, propose your exchange in preference to theirs. I am glad to find that you yourself seem aware of this difficulty, in your letter from Philada.
Being bound by the terms of your parole to render yourself at New York by a certain time, unless you effect an exchange, I do not see how you can possibly avoid a compliance as soon as the state of your wounds will admit of it. Sir Henry Clinton may perhaps in consideration of your circumstances extend your parole to Europe, as a similar indulgence has been allowed to several Officers of the British Army, on account of their health. This application can only be made to him, either personally, or by your informing him by letter of your arrival at Philadelphia, and requesting liberty, on account of the peculiarity of your situation, to go to France.30 I am etc.31
[Note 30: Dubuysson wrote to Washington again (October 13) inclosing his letter to Sir Henry Clinton, asking leave to go to France while on parole. Washington acknowledged this in a brief note (October 17) that he would be happy to hear that Clinton had granted Dubuysson's request. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near Passaick Falls, October 10, 1780.
Sir: On Sunday Evening I had the honor to receive Your Excellency's Letters of the 23d and 26th of last Month. I am happy to find by the former and the Letter You were so obliging as to forward from Colo Wood that the Convention troops are now comfortably supplied. I hope this will be the case and that the mode you have in contemplation to adopt will answer your expectations. Colo Wood's conduct is highly pleasing to me and merits the public esteem. It is such as I fully expected. He has not himself suggested the most distant hint of his intentions to quit the post, or I should most Strongly urge his continuance. I shall however in a Letter to him of this date take occasion to mention his good conduct, the services he has rendered, and those that will be derived to the public from his continuing in the command.
It gives me pleasure to hear that the New Levies are rendezvousing so generally. I fear they will be but too much wanted, from the measures I think it highly probable the Enemy will pursue this fall and Winter, especially during the latter, as they will not be under any apprehension of the force we shall then have in this quarter; and will be at liberty to make almost any detachments they please. The dissolution of half our Army last fall and Winter enabled them to make the Detachments they did against Charles Town, which has involved so many serious consequences, and the same cause will put them in a condition to push their operations or at least to attempt it, in the course of this, in the Southern States. While we persevere in the system of short inlistments we shall experience misfortune and disgrace, and ultimately, if it is persisted in we shall most probably, lose the cause in which we are engaged. The arrangement You intend of part of the Draughts for Colo Harrison's Regiment is perfectly agreeable and I think proper. The matter did not occur to me, and if it had I should not have thought myself at liberty to have directed the appropriation, as I understand the Object of the Act, by which the Levies were raised, was to apply them to filling or replacing the Regiments of Infantry. It would be a most desirable thing, if we had Magazines of Arms, Ammunition, Cloathing and Tents formed as Your Excellency mentions, but unhappily this is not the case, nor have we a Store of these essential Articles at any point. A Letter I had the honor of addressing You on the 11th Septr will have informed You of our situation in these respects. I am sorry to find that the Southern Army suffers for provision, and from the cause which contributes powerfully to our Embarrassments here, the want of transportation. This is now become a difficulty in our Affairs of the most serious consideration, and our situation admitting of no alternative, I have been obliged to use coercive measures, such as impresses, frequently in the course of the Campaign, to enable me to move the Army and to bring it Supplies. We are at this moment destitute of a drop of Rum for the Soldiery, and cannot obtain some Blankets we have at the Eastward, for want of transportation. As to the provision supplies which You have procured, it would be most eligible to keep them for Southern demands. This seems to have been the intention of Congress by their Act of the 8th Ulto, for forming Magazines of provision and forage for 15000 Men for 6 Months for the S. Army and directing Two thirds of the quota of the flour and Beef, which had been required from Maryland, to be retained for that purpose. I took the liberty in my Letter of the 11th of Septr. to recommend to Your Excellency the removal of such as was collected on Navigable Rivers, from the reports which I had then received that the Enemy were about to embark troops and as some supposed for Virginia. As to the French fleet I don't think it probable that it will winter in the Chesapeak. The Enemy have a superior force to it in these seas and have held it blocked up ever since it arrived. This circumstance, supposing other considerations out of the question, would prevent the measure while it continues inferior.
I thank Your Excellency for the inclosures contained in Your Letter of the 26th, which I have not received thro' any other Channel. Lord Cornwallis's Letter establishes beyond doubt, that his loss in the affair of the 16th of August was considerable, tho his report with respect to ours is not admissible. He seems determined to try what severity will do. I hope sooner or later he will be stopped in his career and that the rigorous policy he is pursuing will contribute to this.32 It would
[Note 32: A copy of Cornwallis's letter dated August, 1780, to Lieut. Col. Nisbet Balfour, by Robert Hanson Harrison, is in the Washington Papers. In it Cornwallis says: "I have given Orders that all the Inhabitants of this province who have subscribed and have taken part in this Revolt should be punished with the greatest rigour and also those who will not turn out that they may be imprisoned and their whole property taken from them or destroyed. I have likewise ordered that compensation should be made out of their Estates to the persons who have been injured and oppressed by them. I have ordered in the most positive manner that every Militia Man who has borne Arms with us and afterwards joined the Enemy shall be immediately hanged. I desire You will take the most rigorous measures to punish the Rebels in the district in which You command and that You will obey in the strictest manner, the directions I have given in this Letter relative to the Inhabitants of this Country."] appear from General Harrington's Letter33 as if the Enemy had left Campden, but this seems highly improbable unless they were advancing. The information of the Spaniards was premature as to the captures they mentioned, or at least the latest advices I have seen from the Havannah were silent about them. The Count de Guichen has not appeared in this quarter yet, tho he may have been on the Coast as they related. Your Excellency's Letter with respect to Lt Govr Hamilton and Major Hay34 gives the satisfaction I wished. I only wanted information on the point, that I might know how to conduct myself with propriety and agreeable to the views of the State.
[Note 33: Brig. Gen. W. H. Harrington, of the South Carolina Militia. A copy of his letter, which is addressed to General Gates, and dated Sept. 16, 1780, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 34: Maj. Adam Hay.]
With respect to the reduction of Detroit, I have ever considered it as an event much to be desired, but we have never been in circumstances to attempt it. This will be less the case the ensuing Winter than at any period almost before, nor do I conceive myself at liberty to say an expedition may be undertaken against it in the manner You propose. As to powder our supply of this Article is very deficient. I was not able with all we have and all I could borrow from the different States to make up near a sufficiency for the operations intended against New York, and must have depended much on our Allies for it, if these had been prosecuted. If however Your Excellency should determine to attempt the reduction of the post either at the expence of the State, or at that of the United States with the consent of Congress, it is possible the quantity you may have occasion for may be spared, if it is not too great and the means of transportation can be procured.
Your Excellency will have heard probably before this reaches You, of the perfidy of Major General Arnold. On the 25th of Septr he went to the Enemy. He had entered very deeply into a combination with them, as far as we can judge, for putting them in possession of the important post of West point, where he commanded and the command of which he had solicited. For this purpose he had contrived an interview with Major André Adjutant General to their Army, on the night of the 21st and delivered to him, A Copy of a State of matters I had laid before a Council of Genl Officers the 6th of Septr. An Estimate of the force at West point and its Dependencies; of Men to man the Works at West point. Remarks on those Works. A Return of Ordnance at West point and its Dependencies. Artillery orders for the disposition of the Corps in case of an alarm at West point. A permit to Major André, under the assumed name of John Anderson to pass our Guards. This Officer with all those papers in Arnold's hand writing, was taken by a most extraordinary and providential intervention of circumstances, under the assumed name of John Anderson and in a disguised habit, about Fifteen miles from the Enemy's Outpost at King's bridge, by a small Militia patrol, who acted with great virtue upon the occasion, as he was returning to New York; having been all the night of the 21st and next day in the vicinity of our posts at Stony and Verplanks points, and passed by them the night preceding his capture. Arnold got information of the event on the morning of the 25th before it was known to any of the Officers under his command or any in authority and pushed down the River in a barge to the Vulture Sloop of War, which lay a few miles below Stony Point. Major André was tried by a Board of General Officers, and on his free and voluntary confession and Letters, was sentenced to suffer death, agreeable to the practice and usage of Nations in like cases, which he has accordingly suffered. He acted with great candor after he avowed himself untill he was executed. Your Excellency will probably see the whole of the proceedings in his case published. We have no doubt now, whatever may be the future Objects and measures of the Enemy, that the primary and principal design of the embarkation they were making, was to take West point, which through the preconcerted arrangements between them and Mr Arnold, in all human probability, would have inevitably fallen into their hands and most likely in the course of a few days after the discovery. The Enemy have not laid aside from the accounts I continue to receive, their preparations for an expedition, and must now mean to make a push in some other more remote quarter. Hence Your Excellency will perceive that they leave nothing unessayed to carry their point; but I trust there are more than abundant virtue, as well as means in our hands, if these are properly directed, to withstand and baffle easily all their most vigorous and artful efforts. I have the honor etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 10, 1780.
Sir: I have duly received your Excellency's favours of the 25th. and 30th. and am much obliged to you for the different informations you do me the honor to communicate. We have to regret that this campaign has not been productive of such important advantages as we had reason to flatter ourselves; but we must hope for better successes the next. The operation of the Spaniards in the floridas will be an useful diversion to the Southern states, if it can be vigorously prosecuted; but I confess, while the enemy have a naval superiority in America, I am not sanguine about any enterprise, which is connected with maritime dispositions.
I intirely approve of the detention of Greene's regiment, and I entreat you to keep it as long as you think its services can be interesting.
Your Excellency will have heard of the execution of the British Adjutant General. The circumstances he was taken in justified it and policy required a sacrifice; but as he was more unfortunate than criminal in the affair, and as there was much in his character to interest, while we yielded to the necessity of rigor, we could not but lament it. I have detached two divisions of the army to West Point and removed the remainder to this post, at a greater distance from the enemy. With every sentiment etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, October 10, 1780.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Alps, Arr.
Watchword, Franklin.
The General Court martial whereof Colonel Jackson is President, to sit tomorrow morning Ten o'clock at a house near Totowa bridge.
The Commander in Chief desires that the Colonels and Officers commanding regiments in the several state lines will by Saturday next without fail make returns to the Adjutant General of the men in their respective regiments designating by Columns how many are engaged for the War; and how many of these are actually present; how many on command, extra service and in hospitals and where. The officers will be as accurate as possible in this and will return no men about whom they have not received certain recent Accounts.
They will also designate by monthly columns extending the Columns to July next the proportion of men in each Month whose services will expire.
The Colonels and Commanding officers of regiments of Artillery Cavalry and of all other Regiments and Corps not comprehended in State lines are to make a similar return in which they are also to designate the particular States to which their men belong and the Proportion of each.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Wednesday, October 11, 1780.
Parole Cape Ann. Countersigns L., E.
Watchword Order.
Twenty two waggoners to be draughted from the line to be sent to the grand parade tomorrow at guard mounting.
As the soldiers have begun to build chimneys to their tents the General desires that the commanding officers of regiments and companies will be particularly attentive in seeing that the funnels are raised so much above the ridge pole of the Tents to prevent damage from the fire or smoke which heretofore has been very injurious to the Tents of the Army.
Major Parr's corps of riflemen are permitted to try their rifles between the hours of three and five P. M.
At the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Henry Jackson is president the 25th. ulto. Captain Andrew Porter of the Artillery was Tried for "Falsely and Maliciously misrepresenting the conduct of Colonel Thomas Procter as an officer in saying he discharged soldiers of his regiment for his private gain thereby defrauding the United States and from the same false and malicious views did say that he had not more than thirty or forty men in his said regiment on the Western expedition under General Sullivan and for conduct unbecoming an officer and a Gentleman towards Colonel Procter in the above mentioned instances."
The Court are of opinion that Captain Porter is Not Guilty of either of the charges against him and do acquit him.
At the same Court was tried Captain Daniel Pendleton37 of the regiment of Artificers for "Defrauding the United States in the following instances: First for dating men back from the time of their inlistments.
[Note 37: Of Baldwin's Artillery Artificer regiment. He served to May, 1781.]
Second, for discharging two men, one of which was a deserter from his company and the other had never joined; and taking money for said discharges and returning others in their room that were inlisted by his serjeant who were strangers to the matter. Also for keeping such bounties encouragement, and wages from September 1777 to February 1778 for his own use.
Thirdly, for leaving at Croton as a pledge for his reckoning some Spades, ordered by Major Forsyth to be carried from Kingsferry to White Plains."
The Court are of opinion that the facts contained in the first Charge, and first part of the second charge against Captain Pendleton are supported; but from the Evidence in the case it appears that Captain Pendleton's conduct in some instances arose from a mistaken Zeal to serve the public, and in others from an erroneous judgement; they therefore acquit Captain Pendleton of defrauding the United States in either Case tho' they think his conduct highly reprehensible; it appears to the court on the latter part of the second charge that Captain Pendleton has not kept the bounties. that he has kept part of the wages drawn in the names of Barnes and Hooker for his own use, but by their consent, but he is Not Guilty of defrauding the United States in this instance.
The Court find the third Charge not supported and entirely groundless.
Mr. John Christie, Forage master to General Clinton's brigade, was likewise tried at the same court for "Giving Certificates for a number of Horses more than he had, to the inhabitants of Schralenberg.
The Court are of opinion that Mr. Christie is Not Guilty of the Charge.
The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing opinions of the Court. Captains Porter and Pendleton and Forage Master Christie are released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, Prekaness, New Jersey, October 11, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 25th: Augt. and 21st: of September. I am pleased to find by the last, that your supplies had been more regular for some time, and that you had prospects of keeping them up.
I never entertained the least doubt of your care and attention to the business committed to your charge, or supposed that the distresses of the troops of Convention on the score of provision were in any degree owing to your want of proper exertions. Had such a thought ever existed, I should have altered my opinion on receiving letters upon the subject from His Excellency Governor Jefferson, and from Brig. Genl. Hamilton, who both speak of your conduct in the most favorable manner, and attribute the good order and temper which prevailed among the troops during the time of their distress to your prudent and conciliating management. This intitles you to my warmest thanks.
Your command, from the nature of it, cannot be the most agreeable at any rate, much less so when attended by a variety of perplexities; and you may therefore have a wish of being relieved this Winter. Should this be your inclination, I could not with propriety in common cases object to it, as no Officer ought to have more than his share of any duty imposed upon him; but when it is considered how essential your services are in your present station; how difficult it is to find persons capable of conducting matters properly in the deranged state of all our departments, and how much better you are qualified, from an acquaintance with the business, than a stranger; to say nothing of the agreeable light in which you stand with the Officers of Convention, which will add not a little to the relief of any difficulties which may occur, you must excuse me for requesting your continuance at least a while longer. An exchange of the troops may possibly take place, or the mode of supplies may be put upon such a footing as to render your presence of less importance.
We have never made the least difficulty of exchanging the Officers of the troops of Convention, on the contrary we have ever endeavoured to accomplish it. If therefore Brig: Genl. Spetch41 can make interest with Sir Henry Clinton, I shall without hesitation agree to his exchange for an officer of equal Rank.
[Note 41: Brig. Gen. J. F. von Specht, of the Hessian allied troops.]
Be pleased to inform Genl. Hamilton that I forwarded the letters inclosed in his of the 24th. Augt. as I shall do that inclosed in your last. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, October 11, 1780.
Sir: Three days since, I received your Excellency's Letter of the 4th with the inclosed Resolutions,43 which, as the Army was in motion to this Post, I had it not in my power to answer before. I am much obliged to Congress for the honor they do me by the fresh mark of their attention and confidence conferred upon me in the reference they have been pleased to make. My wish to concur in sentiment with them, and a conviction that there is no time to be lost in carrying the measures relative to the Army into execution, make me reluctantly offer any objections to the plan that has been adopted; but a sense of what I owe to Congress and a regard to consistency will not permit me to suppress the difference of opinion, which happens to exist upon the present occasion, on points that appear to me far from unessential. In expressing it, I can only repeat the ideas which I have more than once taken the liberty to urge.
[Note 43: The letter from the President of Congress of October 4 inclosed the resolve of October 3, which made a new arrangement of the Continental Army. The President wrote: "You will please to observe, that, if in your Opinion there shall appear no material Objection to this Plan of Arrangement, it is the Pleasure of Congress that the same be carried into immediate Effect." (See General Orders, Nov. 1, 1780.)]
That there are the most conclusive reasons for reducing the number of Regiments no person acquainted with the situation of our affairs and the state of the Army will deny. A want of officers independant of other considerations were sufficient to compel us [to it].44 But that the temper of the Army produced by its sufferings requires great caution, in any reforms that are attempted, is a position not less evident than the former. In Services the best established, where the hands of Government
[Note 44: The words in brackets have been inserted by an unidentified hand.] are strengthened, by the strongest interests of the Army to submission, the reducing of its regiments and dismissing a great part of its Officers is always a measure of delicacy and difficulty. In ours, where the Officers are held by the feeblest ties and are mouldering away by dayly resignations, it is peculiarly so. The last reduction occasioned many to quit the Service besides those who were reformed, and left durable seeds of discontent among those who remained. The general topic of declamation was, that it was as hard as dishonorable for men, who had made every sacrifice to the Service to be turned out of it at the pleasure of those in power without any adequate compensation. In the maturity to which their uneasinesses have now risen from a continuance in misery, they will be still more impatient under an attempt of a similar nature; how far these dispositions may be reasonable I pretend not to decide but in the extremity to which we are arrived policy forbids us to add new irritations. Too many of the Officers wish to get rid of their Commissions; but they are unwilling to be forced into it.
It is not the intention of these remarks to discourage a reform; but to shew the necessity of guarding against the ill effects by an ample provision both for the Officers who stay and for those who are reduced. This should be the basis of the plan and without it I apprehend the most mischievous consequences. this would obviate many scruples that will otherwise be found prejudicial in the extreme. I am convinced Congress are not a little straitened in the means of a present provision so ample as to give satisfaction; but this proves the expediency of a future one; and brings me to that which I have so frequently recommended as the most oeconomical, the most politic and the most effectual that could be devised. A half pay for Life. Supported by a prospect of a permanent [in] dependence, the Officers would be tied to the Service and would submit to many momentary privations and to the inconveniences which the situation of public affairs makes unavoidable; this is exemplified in the Pensylvania Officers, who being upon this establishment are so much interested in the Service, that in the course of [five]45 Months, there has been only one resignation in that line.
[Note 45: The words in brackets are inserted in an unidentified hand.]
If the objection drawn from the principle of this measure being incompatible with the genious of our government is thought insurmountable, I would propose a substitute less eligible in my opinion, but which may answer the purpose; it is to make the present half pay for Seven years whole pay for the same period to be advanced in two different payments, one half in a year after the conclusion of peace the other half in two years subsequent to the first. It will be well to have it clearly understood that the reduced Officers are to have the depreciation of their pay made good, lest any doubt should arise on this head.
No objection occurs to me, to this measure, except it be thought too great an expence; but in my judgment whatever can give consistency to our military establishment will be ultimately favourable to oeconomy. It is not easy to be conceived except by those who are witnesses to it what an additional waste and consumption of every thing and consequently what an increase of expence, results from the laxness of discipline in the Army, and where [the]45 Officers think they are doing the public a favor by holding their Commissions and the men are continually fluctuating it is impossible to maintain discipline. Nothing can be more obvious than that a sound Military establishment and the interests of oeconomy are the same. How much more the purposes of the War will be promoted by it in other respects will not admit of an argument.
In reasoning upon the measure of a future provision I have heard Gentlemen object the want of it in some foreign Armies, without adverting to the difference of circumstances. The Military state holds the first rank in most of the Countries of Europe and is the road to honor and emolument; the establishment is permanent, and whatever be an Officer's provision it is for life, and he has a profession for life. He has future as well as present motives of Military honor and preferment, He is attached to the Service by the spirit of the Government; By education and in most cases by early habit; his present condition if not splendid is comfortable, Pensions, distinctions, and particular priviledges are commonly his rewards in retirement. In the case of the American Officers the Military character has been suddenly taken up and is to end with the War.
The number of Regiments fixed upon by Congress is that which I should have wished; but I think the agregate number of men too small. Should the Regiments be compleated, making the usual deductions for casualties and not counting upon the three Regiments of South Carolina and Georgia we should not have in the Infantry above 18000 fighting men rank and file; from wch when we should have taken the garrison of West point and the different garrisons for the frontier, there would remain a force not equal even to a vigorous defensive; Intirely unequal to a decisive co-operation with our Allies, should their efforts next campaign be directed this way, as we have reason to hope. I confess too that I do not expect the States will complete their Regiments at whatever point they may be placed; if they are any thing near being full they will be apt to think the difference not material, without considering that what may be small in their quota will be very considerable in the aggregate of deficiencies, in a force originally calculated too low for our exigencies.
The enemy's whole embodied force of Infantry in these States (without speaking of the occasional aids of Militia) on a moderate estimate must amount to between Eighteen and twenty thousand fighting men. We ought on no scale of reasoning to have less than an equal number in the field (exclusive of all garrisons) for a vigorous defensive. Let us then state our
By this calculation two and twenty thousand fighting men appear to be necessary on a defensive plan, to have which our total number must be thirty thousand rank and file. The Waggoners, Workmen at factories, Waiters, Men for other extra Services, Sick &ca. on an average make at least a fourth of the total numbers; which Congress may see by recurring to the returns of the Army from time to time.
Much less should we hesitate to exert ourselves to have this number, if we have any thoughts of recovering what we have lost. As to the abilities of the Country to maintain them, I am of opinion, they will be found adequate; and that they will be less strained, than they have heretofore been from the necessity we have been so frequently under of recurring to the aid of Militia.
It is my duty also to inform Congress that in the late conference with the French General and Admiral, though I could not give assurances, I was obliged to give an opinion of the force we might have the next Campaign; and I stated the Army in this quarter at fifteen thousand operative Continental Troops, wch will greatly exceed that which we should have by the proposed arrangement for it would not give us above Eleven. On this idea of fifteen thousand a memorial with a plan for next campaign has been transmitted to the Court of France.
I would therefore beg leave to propose that each Regiment of Infantry should consist of One Colonel, where the present Colonels are continued, or One Lieutt. Colonel Commandant; Two Majors, a first and Second; Nine Captains; Twenty two Subalterns; 1 Surgeon; 1 Mate; 1 Serjeant Major; 1 Qr. Mr. Serjeant; 45 Serjeants; 1 Drum Major; 1 Fife Major; 10 Drums; 10 Fifers; 612 Rank and file.
Fifty Regiments at 612 rank and file each will amount to 30,600 rank and file, the force I have stated to be requisite.
The number of Officers to a regiment by our present establishment has been found insufficient. It is not only inconvenient and productive of irregularity in our formation and Manoeuvres; but the number taken for the different Offices of the Staff leaves the regiments destitute of Field Officers and the Companies so unprovided that they are obliged to be entrusted to the care of Serjeants and Corporals which soon ruins them. To obviate this I ask three field Officers to a Regimt; and, besides a Captain and two Subalterns to do the duties of each Company, three Supernumerary Subalterns as Paymaster, Adjutant and Quarter Master and one to reside in the State as a recruiting Officer. Officers continually employed in this way to improve every oppertunity that offered would engage men; while those who were occasionally detached for a short space of time would do nothing. I ask one Drum and fife extraordinary to attend this Officer. The supernumeraries to rank and rise in the Regiment with the other Officers. Three field Officers will be thought necessary, when we consider the great porportion employed as Adjutant General, Inspectors, Brigade Majrs., Waggon Master, Superintendents of Hospitals &ca. In addition to which I would also propose a field Officer to reside in each State where the number of its regiments exceed two, and a Captain where it does not to direct the Recruiting Service and transact all business for the line to which he belongs with the State, which I think would be a very useful institution.
Instead of Regiments of Cavalry, I would recommend Legionary Corps which should consist of four Troops of Mounted
the same number of Comd. and Non Comd. Officers as at present. To make the Regiments larger will be attended with an excessive expence to purchase the horses in the first instance and to subsist them afterwards. And I think the augmentation though it would be useful, not essential. I prefer Legionary Corps because the kind of Service we have for horse almost constantly requires the aid of Infantry; in quarters, as they are commonly obliged to be remote from the Army for the benefit of forage it is indispensable for their security; and to attach to them Infantry drawn from the Regiments has many inconveniences.
Besides the four Regiments I cannot forbear recommending that two partizan Corps may be kept up Commanded by Colo. Armand and Major Lee. Tho' in general I dislike independant Corps, I think a Partizan Corps with an Army useful in many respects. Its name and destination stimulate to enterprize; and the two Officers I have mentioned have the best claims to public attention. Colonel Armand is an Officer of great merit wch. added to his being a foreigner, to his rank in life, and to the sacrifices of property he has made renders it a point of delicacy as well as justice to continue to him the means of serving honorably. Major Lee has rendered such distinguished Services and possesses so many Talents for commanding a Corps of this nature, he deserves so much credit for the perfection in which he has kept his Corps, as well as for the handsome exploits he has performed, that it would be a loss to the Service and a discouragement to merit to reduce him. And I do not see how he can be introduced into one of the Regiments in a manner satisfactory to himself and which will enable him to be equally useful, without giving too much disgust to the whole line of Cavalry. The Partizan Corps may consist of three Troops
I would only propose one alteration in the proposed arrangement of Artillery, which is to have ten companies instead of Nine. The numerous demands of the Service have made the establishment of Companies hitherto not too great; and it would be injurious to diminish them materially. Nine Companies would be an irregular formation for a battalion of Artillery; and eight would be much too few: this makes me wish they may be fixed at Ten. The formation of nine Companies in the Infantry is with a view to one light Company to act seperately.
I sincerely wish Congress had been pleased to make no alternative in the term of Service but had confined it to the War, by inlistment draft or assessment as might be found necessary. On the footing upon which their requisition now stands we shall be certain of getting very few men for the War; and must continue to feel all the evils of temporary engagements. In the present humour of the States, I should entertain the most flattering hopes that they would enter upon vigorous measures to raise an army for the War, if Congress appeared decided on the point; but if they hold up a different idea as admissible, it will be again concluded, that they do not consider an Army for the War as essential; and this will encourage the opposition of Men of narrow, interested and feeble tempers, and enable them to defeat the primary object of the Resolution. Indeed if the mode by inlistment is the only one made use of to procure the men, it must necessarily fail.46 In my letter of the 20th. of August I say "any period short of a year is inadmissible"; but all my observations tend to prove the pernicious operation of engaging Men for any term short of the War, and the alternative is only on the supposition that the other should on experiment be found impracticable. But I regard it as of the highest importance, that the experiment should first be fairly tried; the alternative, if absolutely necessary, can be substituted hereafter.
[Note 46: At this point in the draft, which is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, the following is crossed out: "and to me it appears it will be next to impossible for the country to maintain its liberties under the repetition of the enormous expence of annual engagements."]
The encouragemt. to the Officer and the bounty to the recruit are both too small in the present state of things unless the latter could be in specie, which it is probable would have a powerful influence. In case of recruits made in Camp no bounty is specified; it will be necessary here as well as in the Country, with this additional reason that a recruit made in the Army will be more valuable than one made in the Country.
I must confess also it would have given me infinite pleasure that Congress had thought proper to take the reduction and incorporation of the Regiments under their own direction. The mode of leaving it to the States is contrary to my Sentiments, because it is an adherence to the State system, and because I fear it will be productive of great confusion and discontent and it is requisite the business in contemplation should be conducted with the greatest circumspection. I fear also the professing to select the Officers retained in Service will give disgust, both to those who go and to those who remain; the former will be sent away under the public stigma of inferior merit and the latter will feel no pleasure in a present preference, when they reflect that at some future period they may experience a similar fate. I barely mention this as I am perswaded Congress did not advert to the operation of the expressions made use of, and will readily alter them.
I beg leave to remark before I conclude, that if Congress should be pleased to reconsider their Resolutions, it will be of the greatest moment that the number of men and term for wch. they are to be raised should be first determined and the requisitions transmitted to the several States. In this Article time presses; the others may be examined more at leizure, though it is very necessary the whole should be put into execution as speedily as possible.
To accelerate the business I have directed, agreeable to the tenor of the resolution returns to be immediately made which shall be without delay transmitted to the States to shew them at one view the force they have and the deficiencies for which they will have to provide, the moment they know the quotas respectively required of them. With the highest respect etc.
P.S. In the establishment I submit, I mention two Subalterns to each Company; as we have few Ensigns, they must in general be both Lieutenants but in future appointments, there ought to be one Lieutenant and one Ensign as heretofore.
Congress will herewith receive a list of the Officers in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pensylvania and Maryland line (previous to its Marching to the Southward). Also in Crane's and Lamb's Artillery, Sheldons Horse, and in Hazens, Sherburne's, Spencers and Livingstons Regiments who have actually had their resignations entered at Head Qrs. in the course of this Year, and who in general urged their necessities when they applied on the subject, and insisted, notwithstanding every persuasion to induce their continuance, that their circumstances would not admit of their remaining in Service longer. Besides these resignations there are a great many of which I have no certain account as the Officers being permitted to go home on furlough in the course of the Winter, have never rejoined the Army, and have only sent messages or written to their Regimental Officers that their own distresses and those of their families would not permit their return. As to the resignations which may have taken place in the Virginia line and the other Troops at the Southward since they were acting in that quarter, I have no account of them; but I make no doubt that many have happened. All these serve to shew the necessity of some more competent establishment than the present one, and I hold it my duty to mention, from the accts. I daily receive, unless this is the case, that I have strong reasons to believe we shall not be able to retain after the end of the Campaign, as many Officers, especially in some lines, as will be even sufficient for common duties when in Quarters. If matters fortunately should not proceed to the lengths my fears forebode, yet Congress will be sensible at the first view, of the injuries and great inconveniences which must attend such a continual change of Officers and consequent promotions which are and will be inevitable.
After having exhibited this view of the present State of the Army it is almost needless to add, that excepting in the rank of Field Officers and a very few Captains we shall have new Officers to provide rather than old ones to disband at the reduction of Regiments, and where they are to be had I know not, no disposition having been discovered of late to enter the Service. Congress have little to apprehend therefore on acct. of the expence of Supernumerary Officers when this event takes place. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The letter was read in Congress on October 16 and referred to the committee on Washington's letter of August 20, together with the plan of arrangement according to the resolve of Congress of October 3. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 21, 1780, for the plan finally adopted, which embodied Washington's ideas.)]
[Note 48: Wife of Gov. Thomas Sim Lee.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 11, 1780.
Madam: I am honored with your Letter of the 27th. of Septr. and cannot forbear taking the earliest moment to express the high sense I entertain of the patriotic exertions of the Ladies of Maryland in favor of the Army.
In answer to your enquiry respecting the disposal of the Gratuity, I must take the liberty to observe; that it appears to me, the Money which has been, or may be collected, cannot be expended in so eligible and beneficial a manner, as in the purchase of [Shirts and Stocks (black)] for the use of the troops in the Southern Army.
The polite offer you are pleased to make of your further assistance in the execution of this liberal design, and the generous disposition of the Ladies, insure me of its success, and cannot fail to entitle both yourself and them, to the warmest gratitude of those who are the objects of it. I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Thursday, October 12, 1780.
Parole Rariton. Countersigns Ross, Rice.
Watchword Resolution.
Two Subs two serjeants and forty rank and file for fatigue tomorrow, furnished with two days provision to repair the roads and bridges.
A Collier from each brigade to be employed under the direction of Colonel Baldwin while the Army remains in its present position.
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 12, 1780.
Sir: This will be delivered you by Mr Ludwick50 Baker Genl. who is instructed by Col Stewart Commissary Genl of Issues to repair to West Point and erect as many ovens at that Post as are equal to a daily supply of Six or eight thousand pounds of Bread, exclusive of one to be appropriated solely to the purpose of baking Biscuit; he is also ordered to erect one oven at Stoney Point for the supply of the Troops there and at Verplanks. I fully approve Col Stewarts instructions on this head, and earnestly intreat your attention to immediate complition of them. I am &c.51
[Note 50: Christopher Ludowick. He was Baker General of the Continental Army.]
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Richard Kidder Meade.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 52: Of the Delaware Militia regiment.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 12, 1780.
Sir: As there is no immediate occasion for the further services of Your Regt. of Militia with the Army it may commence its return to the State of Delaware as soon as all the Arms, Accoutrements, and Camp Equipage drawn from the Public are returned to the Commissary of Military Stores and Quarter Master at Camp.
You will then apply to the Quarter Master General for Tools necessary to repair the Roads from hence to Trenton, and receive his instructions on the subject. As you will give your own receipt for the Tools, you will be pleased to see them delivered to the Quarter Master at Trenton and take his Receipt for the same. Any Arms, Accoutrements &c. which may have been carried off by the Sick, or Deserters you will also use your endeavours to have recovered and returned into the Public.
After the before mentioned service is performed, the Regiment is to be discharged; and I have nothing further to add, but to request that my thanks may be communicated to them for the alacrity and spirit with which they took the Field, and their orderly and Soldierlike behaviour while in service. I am etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, October 12, 1780.
Gentn: I beg leave to inclose you the Commissions of Lts. Emerson54 and Baxton55 of the 11th Massachusetts Regiment which it seems are wrong. Mr Emerson is intitled to rank, it is reported, from the 7th of November 1777 and Mr Baxton also as a Lieutenant from the same date. It seems unfortunately that there are many Errors in the Captains and Inferior Officers Commissions in this line, occasioned by the inattention and inaccuracy of the Regimental Lists which were laid before the Board that arranged it, and which must be rectified, when the circumstances of the campaign will permit.
[Note 54: Lieut. Nehemiah Emerson, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed captain in October, 1780; transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 55: Lieut. James Buxton (Baxton), of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was made captain-lieutenant in October, 1780; captain, and transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
I beg leave to inform the Board that the Officers of Colo. H. Jackson's Regiment are very uneasy at not having received their Commissions and are applying for them almost every day. The arrangement of them was transmitted with that of Webb's and Moylan's Regiments, the Officers of both which have long since received theirs. This I find encreases not a little, the importunities of the Officers in Jackson's, who for want of their's are doing duty in many instances under Officers whom they would command. There are several other Officers in the Massachusettes and Connecticut lines, who make daily inquiries at Head Quarters about Commissions and who say their Warrants or Certificates from their States, have been forwarded a considerable time to the Board and who have requested that I would communicate their anxiety and the inconveniences they experience for want of them. Whatever delays may have taken place in the business, I am persuaded have been such as the Board could not prevent, which has been suggested to the parties; but their applications are so frequent and so pressing that I am led to hope circumstances will admit the Commissions being forwarded by an early opportunity. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. I retain the Commissions mentioned above and will make the alterations a subject of inquiry by a Board of Officers I will appoint to examine the other Errors said to exist in the line of Captains and Inferior Officers.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, October 12, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 10th: respecting the payment for the Rum seized by your order. Since I saw you I am informed there is a Resolve of Congress, which I have not seen, pointing out a mode of payment with interest and I think making allowance for depreciation, if any.57 The first time I see the Commy. General, I will make the necessary inquiry and inform you more fully. I am &c.58
[Note 57: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Aug. 26, 1780.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 12, 1780.
Sir: Your Excellency's letter of the 5th. did not arrive 'till late last evening. I agree in opinion with you on the utility of asking to have your present park doubled; but I think this will suffice. Though we are not well provided with seige artillery, we shall be able to supply the deficiency.
We are again told of an embarkation at New York on the point of sailing; the number is not ascertained; but the embarkation does not appear to be general. So soon as I obtain particulars and with certainty, I shall do myself the honor to transmit them to you.
I had the pleasure of writing to you the 10th.; by the same opportunity went some important dispatches from the Marquis de la Fayette for France. With greatest regard, I am &c.
P.S. I have just received the inclosed curious Performance the completion of Arnolds Disgrace,59 which I send for Your Amusement.60
[Note 59: The inclosure was, presumably, a copy of Arnold's letter of Oct. 1, 1780, to Washington, resigning his commission in the American Army.]
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the P.S. is in that of Richard Varick.]
Hd. Qrs., Passaic Falls, October 13, 1780.
My dear Laurens: Your friendly and Affectione. letter of the 4th. came to my hands on the 10th. and would have been acknowledged yesterday by the Baron de Steuben but for some important business I was preparing for Congress.
In no instance since the commencement of the War has the interposition of Providence appeared more conspicuous than in the rescue of the Post and Garrison of West point from Arnolds villainous perfidy. How far he meant to involve me in the catastrophe of this place does not appear by any indubitable evidence, and I am rather inclined to think he did not wish to hazard the more important object of his treachery by attempting to combine two events the lesser of which might have marred the greater.61 A combination of extraordinary circumstances. An unaccountable deprivation of presence of Mind in a man of the first abilities, and the virtuous conduct of three Militia men, threw the Adjutant General of the British forces in America (with full proofs of Arnolds treachery) into our hands; and but for the egregious folly, or the bewildered conception of Lieutt. Colo. Jameson who seemed lost in astonishment and not to have known what he was doing I should as certainly have got Arnold. André has met his fate, and with that fortitude which was to be expected from an accomplished man, and gallant Officer. But I am mistaken if at this time, Arnold is undergoing the torments of a mental Hell.62 He wants feeling! From some traits of his character which have lately come to my knowledge, he seems to have been so hackneyed in villainy, and so lost to all sense of honor and shame that while his faculties will enable him to continue his sordid pursuits there will be no time for remorse.
[Note 61: Laurens had congratulated Washington on his escape from the machinations of Arnold's plot.]
[Note 62: Laurens had written: "Arnold must undergo a punishment incomparably more severe in the permanent increasing torment of a mental hell." Laurens's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Believe me sincere when I assure you, that my warmest wishes accompany Captn. Wallops63 endeavours and your
[Note 63: Hon. Henry Wallop. He was captain in the Forty-first Foot, British Army.] expectations of exchange; and that nothing but the principle of Justice and policy wch. I have religiously adhered to of exchanging Officers in the order of their Captivity (where rank would apply) has prevented my every exertion to obtain your release and restoration to a family where you will be receiv'd with open arms by every individual of it; but from none with more cordiality and true affection than Your Sincere friend etc.
P.S. The Baron64 not setting out as I expected becomes the bearer of this letter.
[Note 64: Baron Steuben.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 65: Widow of Juan de Miralles.]
Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 13, 1780.
Madam: Don Francisco66 having been so good as to inform me of an opportunity to the Havannah, I cannot forego the honour of making my acknowledgments to you for your obliging letter of the 6th. of July last. All the attentions I had in my power to pay to your deceased husband were dictated, by the friendship with which his many amiable qualities had inspired me.
[Note 66: Don Francisco Rendon. He was Spanish agent in America, succeeding Miralles.]
Your affliction Madam and that of his family are additional motives for the regret I feel for his loss. Esteemed by all those who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, he could not but be dear to his more intimate and tender connexions. My heart will always pay a tribute to his memory and take a warm part in the distresses, which his loss must occasion to his family. With the most sincere respect, etc.
Head Quarters, Pracaness, October 13, 1780.
Sir: Major General Baron De Steuben has signified to me his wish to go to Philadelphia to obtain some determination on his department, which for want of a proper establishment is in confusion. I cannot suffer him to depart, without adding new testimonies of his exertions and usefulness in the course of the last campaign; and begging that his business may receive the earliest attention. If Congress should desire information with respect to any particular circumstances of the Army, The Baron will have it fully in his power to comply with their Orders. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 18th: and 21st. August reached my hands a few days before I sat out for Hatford to meet the French Admiral and General. This has occasioned their remaining unanswered to this time.
I have approved the sentences of the Court Martial against Captain Beal,68 Peter Davis of the 9th: Virginia and David Gamble of the 8th: Pennsylvania Regiment. Gamble appearing to me the most proper object for an example I have directed his execution. The time and place is left at your option. The Adjutant Genl. transmits you the Extract from General orders respecting the above. I am sorry, considering the former good Character of Capt. Beal, that I cannot comply with the
[Note 68: Capt. Thomas Beall.] recommendation of the Court in his favor. The circumstance of his receiving the Grain and Rifle Gun for transferring McCloud to another Corps is so inconsistent with the Character of an Officer, that I cannot with any degree of propriety reinstate him.
I return you part of the proceedings of a Court Martial upon John Gosset of the 9th: Virginia Regt. I imagine the remainder has been left out by mistake when your Packet was made up.
The Want of provisions is a clog to our operations in every quarter. We have several times, in the course of this Campaign, been without either Bread or Meat, and have never had more than four or five days beforehand. The smallness of your force will not admit of an expedition of any consequence, had you Magazines; you must therefore, of necessity, confine yourself to partizan strokes, which I wish to see encouraged. The State of Virginia are very desirous of an expedition against Detroit, and would make great exertions to carry it into execution. But while the enemy are so formidable to the southward, and are making such strides in that quarter, I fear it will require a greater force of Men and supplies to check them, than we, since the defeat near Camden, shall be able shortly to draw together. I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I have recd. your favors of the 5th. 14th. and 17th. Septemr. Your distress for provision, considering the distance you are from supplies and the approach of Winter is very alarming, and I shall therefore take the earliest oppurtunity of laying before Congress, the situation of the Garrison and the necessity which there seems to be of furnishing the department with more certain means of procuring provision, than a bare dependance upon the requisitions made from the States. Necessity must in the mean time justify the measure of taking by impress what the inhabitants can spare. When the Court Martial have finished the business before them, it may be dissolved.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 13, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving in due time your letter of the 29th. of July, transmitting me one from the Governor of Havannah and another from the lady of our deceased friend; but the movements of the army which soon after ensued prevented my acknowledging the receipt. I have now the pleasure of your dispatch of the 30th. of September with duplicates of the above mentioned letters. I beg you when you write to the Governor next, to express to him my sensibility for the favour of his letter, and to forward the inclosed by the first opportunity.
I am much obliged to you for the interesting intelligence you communicate; I wish the success of the expeditions70 you mention from the double motives of the warm interest I take in every thing that contributes to the honor and advantage of the arms of His Most Catholic Majesty, and from the beneficial influence which the intended operation may have on the affairs of the Southern states.
[Note 70: Presumably the intended expeditions from Havana against St. Augustine and Pensacola.]
If it may be in my power at any time to promote the objects of your commission the motive I have already expressed and my esteem for you personally will make me happy to do it. We have recently received advices of a considerable embarkation at New York, which was to have sailed three days since. We have not the particulars; but they shall be forwarded to you the moment they come to me. It may be useful to the officers charged with the expeditions you announce to be acquainted with this event. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Friday, October 13, 1780.
Parole Wilmington. Countersigns Wesel, West.
Watchword Watch.
[Note 76: Maj. Peter Harwood, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He resigned in October, 1780.]
Brigade Major Darby
At a General Court Martial held at Fort Pitt the 14th. of August last, Colonel Gibson President, Captain Thomas Beall of the Maryland independent corps was tried "for discharging a Soldier after having been duly inlisted and receiving his regimental cloathing through private and interested views thereby defrauding the United States" found Guilty, being a breach of the first Article twelfth section of the Articles of War and sentenced to be dismiss'd from the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place.
At the same court David Gamble, a soldier of the 8th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried on the following charges
First: Desertion: Second: Having counterfeit money in his Possession.
Unanimously found Guilty being a breach of Article first Section sixth of the Articles of war, Sentenced to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders that David Gamble be executed at such time and Place as the commanding officer in the western department shall direct.
Peter Davis a soldier of the 9th. Virginia regiment was tried at the same court for "Desertion" found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence but from the intercession of the Court he is pleased to pardon him.
Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 14, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor of writing to you the 12th. Instant, approving the demand you intended to make to your court for an augmentation of your siege of artillery to double the present quantity. I have since received your letter of the 8th.
The season is so far advanced that I think you cannot too soon make the dispositions you propose for winter quarters, which are as agreeable to me as they are judicious. I beg you at all times to use your discretion in the necessary arrangements for the Army under your command, in which I have too intire confidence in your judgment not to be convinced, you will do that which will most effectually promote the common service.
From the reputation of the Duke De Lauzun,77 I am persuaded he will do every thing in his power to give satisfaction to the inhabitants of Providence, and I flatter myself he will find the greatest cordiality in them.
[Note 77: Armand Louis de Gontaut Biron, Due de Lauzun. He was brigadier general and commander in chief of the French cavalry in America.]
We have nothing more definitive from New York, than was mentioned in my last; I momently expect further accounts. With the truest attachment I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters near Passaick Falls, October 14, 1780.
Dr. Sir: In my Letter of the 26th. Ulto., by which I requested You to rejoin the Army, I desired that You would come Yourself to Head Quarters. I am now to request that You will stop at [proceed to] West point, and take upon You the command of that post and its Dependencies. Major General Greene, who is at present there, will either communicate to You himself or leave with General McDougal to be transferred, the Instructions he received respecting the post, to which You will be pleased to attend. [If this should not find You at West point, it is my wish that You should arrive there, as soon as circumstances will possibly admit, and I hope there will be nothing to delay it.] I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft, in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, bears the following note by him: "The Original, comprehending the whole of the above Letter was transmitted to Majr Genl Greene to be forwarded to Genl Heath; and a 2d Letter containing all that is not inclosed in bracketts, to be retained by Genl McDougal, in case Genl Heath should miss the first and arrive at West point." Both the "original" letter sent and the "2d Letter" are in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: Some circumstances have taken place, by which General Greene will have a different command from the one he now holds, and General Heath will command at West-Point. If he should not have arrived already, from the Eastward, I expect he will certainly be there in the course of a few days, and request in the mean time that you will take charge of the Post. The inclosed Letter you will be pleased to retain till he arrives. I have requested General Greene in case General Heath is still at the Eastward, to communicate to you the Instructions he received respecting the Post, which you will observe and transfer when he comes. I have nothing new to inform you of and only to add that I am etc.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Passaick Falls, October 14, 1780.
Dr Sir: By a Letter received Yesterday afternoon from His Excellency the President of Congress, of the 6th Inst, inclosing the Copy of a Resolution of the preceding day, I find it has been their pleasure, to direct me to order a Court of Inquiry to be held on the conduct of Major General Gates, as Commander of the Southern Army; and also to direct me to appoint an Officer to command it in his room, until the inquiry is made. As Congress have been pleased to leave the Officer to command on this occasion to my choice, it is my wish to appoint You; and from the pressing situation of affairs in that quarter, of which You are not unapprised, that You should arrive there, as soon as circumstances will possibly admit. Besides my own inclination to this choice, I have the satisfaction to inform You, that from a Letter I have received, it concurs with the wishes of the Delegates of the three Southern States most immediately interested in the present operations of the Enemy; and I have no doubt it will be perfectly agreable to the sentiments of the Whole.81 Your ulterior Instructions will be prepared when You arrive here.
[Note 81: John Mathews, a Delegate in Congress from South Carolina, wrote (October 6) to Washington: "I am authorized by the Delegates of the three Southern States to communicate to your Excellency their wish that Majr. Genl. Greene may be the Officer appointed to the Command of the Southern department, if it would not be incompatible with the rules of the Army." Mathews's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I expect that General Heath, if not already at West point, is on his way from Rhode Island. I write to him to take the command of the post. If he is with You, You will be pleased to communicate to him your instructions with respect to it, and any other matters you may judge it material for him to know. If he is not arrived, General McDougal will command till he comes; to whom I also write for the purpose, and to whom You will make the communications I have requested, which he will transfer to General Heath.
I have only to add, that I wish Your earliest arrival, that there may be no circumstances to retard your proceeding to the Southward, and that the command may be attended with the most interesting good consequences to the States and the highest honor to Yourself. I am etc.
P.S. You will bear in mind the Estimates. I wish to receive them as soon as possible, as I expect the return of the Minister and would willingly have them for consideration some time before. [Pray direct particular attention to the Boats.]
If General Heath is not arrived, You will forward the inclosed. I think it probable from the Letter I wrote him to join the Army, that he will come on the Route through Litchfield. Lest the letter that goes on this route should not meet him, I inclose another to General McDougal which can be kept by him till he arrives.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, October 14, 1780.
Gentlemen:83 It has been suggested in several applications I have received of late, that by some means or other many Errors took place in the arrangement of Your Line by the Board of General Officers who sat at West point in July and August 1779, in the line of Captains and in the instance of the Inferior Officers, principally in numbering some of the Captains wrong in the order of their precedence in the line, and in misplacing the Subalterns in their Regimental arrangements, and also in some instances in fixing wrong dates from which they were to rank. Circumstances seem now to permit an inquiry to take place with respect to these matters. I therefore transmit a Copy of the Arrangement of the Captains as it was then made, and also of the Regimental arrangement of the Subalterns, and request that You will as soon as possible examine into the
[Note 83: This letter was also addressed to the officers commanding regiments in the Massachusetts line in camp.] matter and report under your hands, the Order as to precedence in which the Captains should then have been arranged, and also the order in which the Subalterns should have been then regimentally placed, with such alterations in the periods from which they should have ranked, if any errors should be found to have taken place in that respect, as shall appear clear and just to the Board. I request their most accurate attention in this business. They will proceed in the matter, as if the Original arrangement by the Board of General Officers took place just now, and every one named in it, were still in the Army and acting under the rank and precedence given them. This will prevent an infinity of trouble and an alteration of but few Commissions or Numbers.
The Board will return all the papers I inclose them, as well as the order in which they shall find the Captains and Subalterns should have been arranged. While I am on this subject, I must mention an Error which Sundry Officers have complained of and remonstrated against as having taken place in the line in some instances, and to which I request the Board's particular attention in order to rectify it. If it has actually taken place, it operates an injury to many Officers in the State line, as well as to Many Others in the line of the Army at large. Memorials which have been proferred suggest, that Several persons who were Serjeants and who have been appointed by the Board of General Officers to Ensigncies and Lieutenancies, instead of their having rank from the time they were actually appointed, have by some mistake or other been so recommended as to obtain Warrants or Certificates or Commissions in consequence, giving them rank from the time the vacancies happened, as if they had a right to fill them on a principle of succession. The Arrangement made by the Board of General Officers will lead to an easy correction of this error, as no Officer not mentioned in it can have rank from a date prior to it, and in case of New appointments, but from the time their appointments were actually made. I have the Honor &c.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, October 14, 1780.
Parole Amazon. Countersigns Amber, Arras.
Watchword Army.
A General Court Martial to assemble next Monday morning nine o'clock at the President's Marquee for the trial of all persons brought before the court. Colonel Bailey will preside: Lieutenant Colonel Vose, Major Winslow, a Captain from each brigade of Infantry, and two from the Park of Artillery are appointed Members.
All persons concerned to attend.
Head Quarters, October 14, 1780.
Sir: Since my Letter of Instructions to You of the 7th. Inst, I have received an Answer from His Excellency Governor Jefferson of Virginia, by which I find the exchange of Lt Governor Hamilton or Major Hay cannot take place upon the present occasion. You will particularly attend to this circumstance.
A Captn Lyman,85 who was taken in the Mercury packet is a prisoner at Lancaster. I desire that he may be permitted to go
[Note 85: Capt. Gamaliel Dwight Lyman, of the Sixty-fourth Foot, British Army.] into New York immediately on parole. He can afterwards be included in the exchange of Officers, which from some possible delays that may attend it, might procrastinate the relief he requests.
I am informed by a Letter I have received from Major General Phillips of the 13th that you had proposed an interview with Mr Loring at New York, on the subject of exchanges. Previous to any meeting between You, I desire to see You, and that you will bring with you the List of privates, prisoners in the hands of the Enemy at New York, lately delivered or transmitted You by the British Commissary. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Sunday, October 15, 1780.
Parole Verona. Countersigns Verd, Usk.
Watchword Valor.
[Note 87: Col. Philip Burr Bradley, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Lieutenant Colonel Robinson88
[Note 88: Lieut. Col. Thomas Robinson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Major Hamilton
Brigade Major Moore.
The Issuing Commissaries are to deliver all their sheep and Calve skins to the field commissary of military stores with the Park of Artillery who will have them properly dressed for Drum heads.
In the present divided State of the Army the following is to be the Order of battle: The Two Pennsylvania and the first and second Massachusetts brigades will compose the first line. The two Connecticut and third and fourth Massachusetts the second line. The right Wing will consist of the Pennsylvania and Connecticut Brigades under the command of Major General Lord Stirling and the Left of the four Massachusetts brigades commanded by Major General St. Clair. The Light Infantry with the rifle corps under Major Parr and Lee's Legion will compose the advance Corps of the Army under the Command of Major General Marquis De La Fayette.
An Alarm will be communicated from the Park by two Guns as usual, upon which, or in forming the Order of Battle at any other time, Moylan's dragoons will take post on the right; and the Marechausie with Bedkin's troop on the left of the first line. The Park will be in the Centre of the second line.
As Head Quarters are somewhat remote from Camp89 and it is inconvenient for the officers of the day to attend as heretoafter, the General dispenses with their attendance while we remain in the present Position, when there is nothing more than common in the report. He hopes and expects to have the Pleasure of the company of the relieved officers at dinner as usual at which time their report may be handed in to him.
[Note 89: At the house of Col. Theunis Dey.]
At a General court martial held at Charlestown (New Hampshire) the 27th. of April last, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Reid president, Brigadier General Jacob Bailey deputy quarter master general at Coos appeared before the Court on the following charge vizt. for "Suffering a quantity of Beef at Coos to take damage through his inattention and neglect contrary to his engagements and duty" Plead not Guilty, but no prosecutor appearing to support the charge, the Court adjourn without day. Brigadier General Jacob Bailey is released from Arrest.
At a Court of enquiry held at Springfield (Massachusett's) the 18th. of April last, to examine into the quantity of provisions issued by Mr. Matthew Lynes, Deputy Commissary of issues at Coos during the Fall and Winter of 1778 and previous to Colonel Hazen's arrival there in the year 1779, likewise to enquire to whom, and by whose orders the provisions were issued; after particularly examining Mr. Lynes books, orders and Vouchers the court are unanimous in opinion that his accounts of provisions issued during the before mentioned periods, are true; whether he issued by proper authority the Commander in Chief will be able to judge by the return herewith delivered him.
The Commander in Chief is of opinion that Mr. Lyne had proper authority for issuing the quantity of provisions specified in the return alluded to by the Court.
The Brigade Majors of the day will furnish the Captains of the day with the parole and Countersigns on the Grand parade who are to deliver them to the officers commanding the Camp guards of their respective Divisions.
[Note 90: Deputy Commissary of Prisoners.]
Head Quarters, October 15, 1780.
Sir: I understand Mr Skinner is gone to Philadelphia. You will keep the inclosed Letter for him till he returns, when You will take the earliest opportunity of delivering it to him. I desire to see him as soon as he arrives and have written to him for the purpose.
You will inform the Officer who came with a Flag to Elizabeth Town Yesterday, that he is not to wait for an answer to the Letters he brought; and that one will be transmitted by an early conveyance. You will deliver him the Letters in the packet which accompanies this. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 15, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Favors of the 6th: and 9th: instants, with the Acts and papers to which they refer. The first did not reach me 'till the 13th: in the Evening. I shall, in obedience to the order of Congress, take the proper steps for a Court of Enquiry to be held on the Conduct of Major Genl. Gates as Commander of the Southern Army; and also shall, agreeable to their direction, appoint an Officer to command in his room, unfill such enquiry be made. Major General Greene, who is at present at West point, is the Officer I shall nominate.92
[Note 92: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "I very sensibly feel this fresh mark of the confidence of Congress in leaving to me the appointment of a General Officer to so important a command."]
I am sorry to find, by the Copies transmitted in your Excellency's letter of the 9th. that our Affairs to the southward are in so deranged a state. I see not how we are to supply the defect of Cloathing and Arms, except those which have been long expected from France should speedily arrive.
I inclose your Excellency a New York paper of the 11th: which contains nothing material except Arnolds address to the inhabitants of America.93 I am at a loss which to admire most, the confidence of Arnold in publishing, or the folly of the Enemy in supposing that a production signed by so infamous a Character will have any weight with the people of these States, or any influence upon our Affairs abroad.
[Note 93: Arnold's "Address to the Inhabitants of America" was issued as a printed handbill, dated Oct, 7, 1780. It was printed also in Gaine's New York Gazette of Oct. 16, 1780.]
Our accounts from New York respecting the intended embarkation continue vague and contradictory. A few days ago it was said that the troops designed for the expedition were all on board, and that the Fleet would sail immediately. I last night received intelligence, tho' not thro' a direct Channel, that the troops were again disembarked, and that a plan intirely new was in agitation. Unluckily, the person in whom I have the greatest confidence is afraid to take any measures for communicating with me just at this time, as he is apprehensive that Arnold may possibly have some knowledge of the connection, and may have him watched. But as he is assured that Arnold has not the most distant hint of him, I expect soon to hear from him as usual.
I have, in my several late letters to Govt. Jefferson, mentioned the preparations in New York, and have advised him to have all public Stores removed from the navigable Waters, lest the expedition should really, as they industriously propogate, be destined for Virginia. I have the honor etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 15, 1780.
Sir: In answer to my proposals for appointing a Resident Commissary of Prisoners Major General Philips by order of Sir Henry Clinton sent me a set of articles of which the inclosed No. 1 is a copy. I have sketched an answer No. 295
[Note 95: This inclosure was a signed letter to Sir Henry Clinton dated Oct, 13, 1780. It was sent to Clinton by Washington on October 21 and so dated, q. v. This and the other inclosures mentioned are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. There is also filed there a draft of "Articles of Agreement for the appointment of a Commissary of Prisoners to reside with the American and British Armies respectively" in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison, indorsed "No. 2." It varies from the "Proposal" on the part of Sir Henry Clinton and from the "Propositions" of October 21, in the following particulars:
"1. That a Commissary be appointed for each Army. The American Commissary to reside at New York or at such other place at the discretion of the American Commander in Chief, as may be most contiguous to the greatest number of privates prisoners of War; the British Commissary at Lancaster in Pennsylvania or at Frederick Town in Maryland or at such other place as may be most contiguous in like manner to the privates, prisoners of War at the discretion of the British Commander in Chief. For the conduct and good behaviour of these Commissaries, their respective Commanders in Chief shall be answerable. Such Commissaries are on all occasions to consider themselves under parole; are neither to send verbal or written intelligence to their own party; nor to divulge any thing that may be prejudicial to the party with whom they reside; nor receive or forward any Letters, but such as have been inspected by the Officers appointed for that purpose; and are not, under any pretence whatever, to interfere with public affairs or politics, but are intirely to govern their conduct in Office agreeable to these Regulations.
"2. ... under the same Restrictions, once a Month, with permission from the Military Commanding Officer at the place where the Commissary resides.
"3. ... and in these cases and for these purposes the British Commissary shall have liberty to go to Philadelphia from time to time as exigencies may require, with the permission of the Military Commanding Officer at the place where he resides, or the permission of the American Commander in Chief.
"4. Each Commissary to be allowed to live in a House by himself with his family and Domestics without being subject to be ... liable to perform any military or public duties, and exempt from all public dues and taxations; be protected and secured in their persons and Effects, and treated with suitable respect while they continue in Office.
"5. Neither o{ the Commissaries to be allowed to pass to the Army to which he belongs, without previously informing the Commander in Chief within whose lines he is, of the intention of his Journey and obtaining permission for that purpose."] which before I send it in, I transmit to Congress for their examination. If they have no objections, I beg them as soon as possible to signify it, through His Excellency the President. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I inclose Congress a list of subsequent resignations in the Massachusetts line No. 3 which will be an additional proof of the spirit that prevails.
Head Quarters, October 15, 1780, 6 O'Clock P. M.
Sir: I have this minute received the inclosed New York paper of the 13th which I transmit for your Excellency's perusal. From the particulars related with respect to Mr. Lauren's capture,96 I am very much afraid that the account is really true. By
[Note 96: Henry Laurens, who was on his way to Holland as Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States.] other recent intelligence from New York which is direct, the Cork fleet is said to be on the Coast. I have the Honor etc.97
[Note 97: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Qrs., October 16, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit Your Excellency the Copy of the Letter (No 1) I wrote to Sr Henry Clinton on the 6th Instant with respect to the Citizens of South Carolina, said to be confined on board a Ship of War; of his Answer of the 9th (No 2) and of my Letter to him of this date (No 3), with a Copy of the Letter from Lord Cornwallis and Lord Rawdon to which it refers. This Letter from Lord Cornwallis but illy comports with the mild, humane character Sir Henry Clinton is pleased to ascribe to him upon the present occasion, and shews, as well as Lord Rawdons, that he possesses a capacity for the most lawless domination over the rights of mankind.
I have also the honor to transmit a copy of my Letter to Genl Clinton of the 7th (No 4) on the subject of Exchanges, alluded to in my Dispatches of the same date to Congress, and of my Instructions to Mr Skinner (No 5) on the occasion. By the Inclosure (No 4) in those dispatches, Your Excellency would find that the Enemy in their propositions of exchange respecting the Convention Officers in New York and Europe excepted, at the late meeting at Elizabeth Town; Major Generals Phillips and Riedesel and Lt Genl Burgoyne; but they have since agreed to include the Two first and their families by a Letter from Sir Henry Clinton of the 13th (No 6) to which mine to him of this date refers.
Since my Letter of Instructions to Mr Skinner of the 7th. I have received an Answer from His Excellency Governor Jefferson, informing me that from the great influence of Lt Governr Hamilton and a Major Hay with the Western Indians, and the ill consequences that would attend their release from this circumstance, neither of them can be exchanged in the present instance. I have written to Mr Skinner on the subject. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Just as I was about to close my Letter I received one from His Excellency Govr Clinton of the 14 with Inclosures; Copies of which I transmit and which will announce the disagreable intelligence of the Enemy having penetrated from Canada both by the way of Niagara and Lake Champlain, taken Forts Ann and George and burnt many Houses. Major General Greene has already detached Gansevort's Regiment from West point in consequence, and I have written to him to send Weisenfels's or Willet's also.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters, near Passaick Falls, October 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have this moment recd. your Excellency's fav: of the 14th with its inclosures. I do not think it at all improbable that the movements of the enemy, at this advanced season of the Year, may have been upon a plan concerted to take advantage of the success of Arnold's treachery. Genl. Greene, upon the first intelligence, ordered Gansevoorts Regt. up to Albany. I have directed him to send either Weisenfeld's or Willets Regt. after them. This is all the force I can with propriety detach from the Highland posts, untill the views of the enemy at New York are more fully ascertained. They have for a long time made demonstrations of an embarkation, but the sailing has been hitherto delayed. I however hope that the troops already ordered, with the assistance of the Militia, will be sufficient to check the enemy. They must depend upon the Country for supplies, as the Magazines are in a manner exhausted. Your Excellency will oblige me by keeping me advised of any further operations. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 16, 1780.
Sir: I have received your two letters of the 9th. and 13th.
On the same principle upon which that of the 9th. is founded, it has been my endeavour to conduct the correspondence between us on the terms which politeness and the nature of the intercourse demanded. In the affair to which you alluded, I persuade myself all the attentions were observed, which the peculiarity of the circumstances would justify.
In my letter of the 6th. Ulto. I barely made an inquiry about the persons who are the subject of it; I stated no particular report much less the one you mention of a supposed plot for the destruction of Charles Town, which I cannot but believe, will on investigation appear as ill founded, as it does to me, in the present situation of things, improbable. I wish I could agree in opinion with you on the spirit which actuates your Officers in the Southern command; but I must conceive the inclosed intercepted letters of Lord Cornwallis and Lord Rawdon breathe a very different temper.1 They not only profess a
[Note 1: For Cornwallis's letter to Lieutenant Colonel Balfour, dated August, 1780, see Washington's letter to Gov. Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 10, 1780. Francis Lord Rawdon's letter is dated July 1 and was to Mal. Henry Rugely. Rawdon wrote that the utmost severity would be used with those inhabitants who assisted British deserters in any way. "The Persons so offending may assure themselves of vigorous punishment; either by Whipping, Imprisonment, or by being sent to serve his Majesty in the West Indies, according as I shall think the degree of criminality may require. ...I will give the Inhabitants Ten Guineas for the Head of any Deserter belonging to the Volunteers of Ireland; and Five Guineas only, if they bring him in alive. They shall likewise be rewarded (tho' not to that amount) for such Deserters as they may secure belonging to any other Regiment." Rawdon's letter is in the Washington Papers.] flagrant breach of the Capitulation of Charles Town and a violation of the laws of nations; but under whatever forced description the unhappy objects of the severity are placed, it is in a form and carried to an extreme, at which humanity revolts. I flatter myself you will interpose your authority and influence to prevent a prosecution of measures, which cannot fail to aggravate the rigors of war and involve the most disagreeable consequences.
Major General Philips in his letter in consequence of your orders proposes an interview between himself and General Lincoln or some other officer, for the settlement of the intended exchanges, but as the business is I apprehend too simple and too desireable on both sides to admit of difficulty, I think the meeting of the Commys. will answer every purpose. I shall extend the instructions given to mine to your last proposition in favour of Major Generals Phillips and Reidesel with their families. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of yesterday, accompanied by a letter from His Excellency Governor Clinton, who gives me an account of the incursion upon the Frontiers. I am happy that you detached Gansevoort's Regiment immediately. You will be pleased to order either Weisenfelds or Willets, as you may judge proper, to follow, and to take orders from the Governor or the commanding Officer. This is all the force I think we ought to detach from the posts untill the views of the enemy are more fully ascertained. They put off the long expected embarkation strangely. They had not sailed the 13th. and it was then said the expedition was delayed for some purpose. The numbers under orders, by Estimate, are about two thousand or something upwards. If the Militia should not have been discharged when this reaches you, you will be pleased to detain about five hundred to make up for the detachment you have lately sent up the River. I have received yours of the 13th. as I have done that inclosing the Estimates, for which I am much obliged.
You will be pleased to carry into execution what you proposed respecting the posts at Stoney and Verplanks points.
Be pleased to forward Govr. Clintons letter immediately. I am etc.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Passaic, October 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: It is represented to be indispensably necessary in the course of Smiths4 trial, that Col Lamb, Col. Livingston, and Mr. Kearse the Qr. Master should attend the Court Martial as Witnesses. I have to request that you will notify them, their presence will be necessary on thursday next, and to give them directions to attend accordingly if possible. I am etc.5
[Note 4: Joshua Hett Smith.]
[Note 5: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Precaness, October 16, 1780.
Gentlemen: As the Honble the Assembly of your State and the Committee of Congress in consequence of their proceedings, which you will have seen published in General Orders, have annexed Colo Henry Jacksons Regiment to the Massachusetts line, it is necessary that the pecedence of the Captains of this Regiment, should have their stations fixed in the line of Captains belonging to the State. I forgot to mention this circumstance in my letter to the Board on the 14 Inst. which they will now be pleased to make a subject of their attention and report the Nos these Officers Commissions should bear in the line, and the alterations in the Nos which this may occasion.
Colo Jackson will lay before the Board a List of the dates of their appointments and the periods from which they are to rank, according to the arrangement which has been long since transmitted to the Board of War for Commissions. I have the Honor etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 18th: and 22d. of Septemr. and 3rd. instant. I am obliged by the exertions you had been making to throw a present supply of provisions into Fort Schuyler, and congratulate you upon your success against the party of savages which opposed you in your march up.7
[Note 7: A small skirmish in which two Indians were killed and 30 blankets, tomahawks, and other Indian equipage captured.]
A Company of Artillery from Colo. Lambs Regt. is ordered to relieve Captain Browns.8 Warners Regiment will be incorporated the 1st: January. It will not therefore be worth while to remove it from its present station, as its time of existence will be so short; Spencers will also undergo the same reform.
[Note 8: Capt. William Brown, of the First Continental Artillery. He was appointed major in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783.]
I am not sufficiently acquainted with the situation of the County above to give an opinion upon the propriety of evacuating Fort Schuyler and establishing a post lower down. At any rate this could not be done before the new post was in sufficient forwardness to receive the Garrison immediately upon the evacuation of the old, and this, I take it, under our present circumstances, would be a work of considerable time. It is a matter which will much depend upon the prevailing sentiment in the State, which is more immediately interested in the measure, and as you have mentioned your opinion upon the subject to His Excellency the Governor, he will I imagine take the necessary steps to have the measure adopted should it be deemed eligible.
In your letter of the 8th: of September you say you shall for the present throw about 350 Men into the Fort, whose times of service will expire the first of December. Be pleased to let me know as soon as possible, whether you have made any alteration since, that I may govern myself in sending up the Relief. Your command must of consequence expire with the service of your Men. I shall be obliged to send up a Continental Regiment to garrison the post, and the Colonel must in course have the command. I am persuaded you will notwithstanding take as effectual measures to lay in a winter supply of provision, Wood and other necessaries, as if you yourself were to remain. I am &c.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Monday, October 16, 1780.
Parole Neckar. Countersigns North, No.
Watchword Navy.
[Note 11: Col. Thomas Marshall, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January 1781.]
Lieutenant Colonel Badlam
Major T. Moore
Brigade Major Van Laer
At a General court martial at Springfield (Massachusetts) April 1780, Lieutenant Colonel commandant Reid, president, Mr. Isaac Tichenea,12 Assistant Commissary for the Northern department was tried on the following charges.
[Note 12: Tichnor (Tithenor), deputy commissary of purchases, Northern Department.]
"1st. For not complying with the orders received from proper authority--for forming a magazine of provisions on the upper part of Connecticut river in the latter part of the year 1778 and in the beginning of 1779.
2d. Making frequent and repeated misrepresentations of the ability of that part of the country which was assigned him as his purchasing district as an excuse for such neglect and disobedience of orders.
3dly. The delivering or causing to be delivered over to the issuing Commissary at Charles town and Coos a quantity of salted Beef in a state improper to be received by him and in a condition in which it could not be saved and afterwards neglecting to provide (tho' frequently requested) the necessary articles and means to save that species of provisions, by which the public have sustained a Loss.
4thly. A misapplication of public money in not procuring a proportion of the several and different species of provisions necessary to form a Magazine of provisions and in particular neglecting to secure the article of flour, the most essential.
5thly. The want of a proper exertion in procuring the allowance of Provisions and Rum for the Troops who were serving under Colonel Hazen's command, as that detachment were the whole course of the summer on short allowance, and frequently without bread or flour.
6thly. Not supplying his Assistant, Major Child,13 with money to comply with the orders he had received and adequate to the Wants to fulfill the bargains and Contracts made for the public by Major Child, by which the good people of that district have been greatly deceived and injured to the prejudice of the public service.
[Note 13: Maj. Jonathan Child. He was assistant commissary of purchases, Northern Department.]
7thly. Preventing Mr Child, his Assistant, from purchasing Rum for the Troops at and about Coos which was offered him at a reasonable rate and at or about the same time selling a quantity of Rum (which had been bought up for public use) at an advanced price, the Profits of which it is presumed were then intended for his own private emolument.
8thly. For changing the district of Mr. Jonathan Child, his Assistant, to the prejudice of the public service and neglecting the public Provisions bought up this season and now at Charlestown in danger of being lost, all which tend to discover a want of inclination to serve the public: Judgement or Capacity to fill the office of a purchasing commissary."
The Court are of opinion that the first second third fourth sixth and eight are not supported, from which Mr. Tichenea is of consequence acquitted; in respect to the fifth charge the Court are of opinion that no exertion on the part of Mr. Tichinea was wanting in procuring provision but think he wanted a proper exertion in procuring the Article of Rum. In respect to the seventh charge the court are of opinion that Mr. Tichinea did prevent Mr. Child from purchasing Rum for the Troops in and about Coos but are clearly of opinion that his selling the public rum was not only justifiable but necessary; and that the Profits arising therefrom were not converted to his own emolument, but to the use and much to the advantage of the Public, but for want of a proper exertion in procuring the Article of Rum the Court are of opinion that he receive a reprimand from the Commander in Chief in general orders.
The Commander in Chief is sorry that he cannot agree with the court in the propriety of reprimanding Mr. Tichinea for not making proper exertions to procure the necessary quantity of Rum as it does not appear that he was furnished with the means of purchasing, on the contrary the Court in their opinion upon the seventh charge find that Mr. Tichinea was justifiable in disposing of part of the Rum on hand to defray some of the expences of the Department and which was on or about tile time that the Quantity alluded to was offer'd to his assistant Mr. Child for sale. Mr. Tichinea is released from his Arrest.
The regimental Surgeons are requested to send such sick as are proper subjects for Hospital to the flying hospital at Doremis's, Lord Stirling's former quarters, on the Pompton road.
A Return of shirts actually wanting (estimating one pr man) by the corps of artillery, infantry and cavalry to be made tomorrow morning at orderly time, none to be included but the soldiers inlisted for the war or a term beyond the expiration of the present year. The Light infantry to be included in the returns of the regiments to which they respectively belong. The state cloathiers are strictly enjoined to make returns at the same time of any cloathing they may have upon hand.
The Levies are not to be included.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, October 17, 1780.
Parole Lapland. Countersigns Leek, Lar.
Watchword Lively.
A regiment from the second Connecticut brigade to take post at the Notch and relieve Major Parr who is to join the light corps of the army.
Head Quarters, near Passaic Falls, October 17, 1780.
Sir: I have reed. your favor of the 29th. ult. The proposed exchange of stations between Lt. Colonels Campbell14 and Taylor15 will be perfectly agreeable to me. While I hear with pleasure of the forwardness of the collection of the Levies, I cannot but regret the small prospect we have of procuring an adequate supply of Arms, Cloathing and other necessaries. We
[Note 14: Lieut. Col. Richard Campbell, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment.]
[Note 15: Lieut. Col. Richard Taylor, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment.] have been hitherto disappointed the arrival of those Articles expected from France, and even should they arrive after this, it will be very long before they can be got to you, from the difficulties which we experience in transportation, and more especially should they come to the Eastward, which is the most probable.
His Excellency the Governor informed me that three hundred of the old Draughts had been ordered to join Harrison's Regt. of Artillery, which was a very proper measure. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near Passaic Falls, October 17, 1780.
Sir: I have just received advice from Elizabeth Town, which I think may be depended on, that the Fleet fell down from New York on Sunday last and it is said have since sailed. There was a constant firing of signals on Sunday. The numbers gone are, by the best information I have yet obtained, about 2500 Foot and thirty or forty Horse, but they have taken spare furniture for a considerable number of Horse. General Lesly17 commands. They have pilots for both Eastward and Southward, but the latter is generally thought to be their destination. I have the honor etc.
[Note 17: Maj. Gen. Alexander Leslie.]
P.S. It is said they have taken a number of spare Arms also with them.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[October 17, 1780.]
Dear Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 11th. with C-- senior's inclosed. I think you were right in declining an interview at this time, as the enemy would act with more than common rigour just now, should an Officer be taken under circumstances the least suspicious. I should be exceedingly glad to hear from C-- junior, because all my accounts from other quarters are very defective as to the number of troops to be embarked, or, indeed, whether an embarkation is seriously in contemplation. The last acct. was of the 13th. and it was then said the expedition was delayed for some purpose or other. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 20: The draft, by David Humphreys, is indorsed by Varick: "To all the States from N. Hampshire to Virginia except New Jersey," and by Tench Tilghman: "Circular to the States from New Hampshire to North Carolina inclusive with Returns of the Troops of their several lines."]
Head Quarters, near Passaic Falls, October 18, 1780.
Sir: In obedience to the orders of Congress, I have the honor to transmit you the present state of the troops of your line, by which you will perceive how few Men you will have left after the 1st of Jany. next. When I inform you also that the Regiments of the other Lines will be in general as much reduced as yours, you will be able to judge how exceedingly weak the Army will be at that period, and how essential it is the states should make the most vigorous exertions to replace the discharges Men as early as possible.
Congress are now preparing a plan for a new establishment of their Army which when finished they will transmit to the several States with requisitions for their respective quotas. I have no doubt it will be a primary object with them to have the Levies for the War, and this appears to me a point so interesting to our Independence that I cannot forbear entering into the motives which ought to determine the States without hesitation or alternative to take their measures decisively for that object.
I am religiously persuaded that the duration of the War and the greatest part of the misfortunes and perplexities we have hitherto experienced, are chiefly to be attributed to the System of temporary enlistments. Had we in the commencement raised an Army for the War, such as was within the reach of the Abilities of these States to raise and maintain we should not have suffered those military Checks which have so frequently shaken our cause, nor should we have incurred such enormous expenditures as have destroyed our paper Currency and with it all public credit. A moderate compact force on a permanent establishment capable of acquiring the discipline essential to military operations would have been able to make head against the enemy without comparison better than the throngs of Militia which at certain periods have been, not in the field, but in their way to and from the Field; for from that want of perseverance which characterises all Militia, and of that coercion which cannot be exercised upon them, it has always been found impracticable to detain the greatest part of them in service even for the term, for which they have been called out, and this has been commonly so short, that we have had a great proportion of the time two sets of Men to feed and pay, one coming to the Army and the other going from it. From this circumstance and from the extraordinary waste and consumption of provisions, stores, Camp equipage, Arms, Cloaths and every other Article incident to irregular troops, it is easy to conceive what an immense increase of public expence has been produced from the source of which I am speaking. I might add the diminution of our Agriculture by calling off at critical Seasons the labourers employed in it, as has happened in instances without number.
In the enumeration of Articles wasted, I mention Cloathes. It may be objected that the terms of engagements of the Levies do not include this, but if we want service from the Men particularly in the cold Season we are obliged to supply them notwithstanding, and they leave us before the Cloaths are half worn out.
But there are evils still more striking that have befallen us. The intervals between the dismission of one Army and the collection of another have more than once threatened us with ruin, which humanly speaking nothing but the supineness or folly of the enemy could have saved us from. How did our cause totter at the close of 76, when with a little more than two thousand Men we were driven before the enemy thro' Jersey and obliged to take post on the other side of the Delaware to make a shew of covering Philadelphia while in reallity nothing was more easy to them with a little enterprise, and industry than to make their passage good to that City and dissipate the remaining force which still kept alive our expiring opposition! What hindered them from dispersing our little Army and giving a fatal Blow to our affairs during all the subsequent winter, instead of remaining in a state of torpid inactivity and permitting us to hover about their Quarters when we had scarcely troops sufficient to mount the ordinary Guard? After having lost two Battles and Philadelphia in the following Campaign for want of those numbers and that degree of discipline which we might have acquired by a permanent force in the first instance, in what a cruel and perilous situation did we again find ourselves in the Winter of 77 at Valley Forge, within a days march of the enemy, with a little more than a third of their strength, unable to defend our position, or retreat from it, for want of the means of transportation? What but the fluctuation of our Army enabled the enemy to detach so boldly to the southward in 78 and 79 to take possession of the two States Georgia and South Carolina, while we were obliged here to be idle Spectators of their weakness; set at defiance by a Garrison of six thousand regular troops, accessible every where by a Bridge which nature had formed, but of which we were unable to take advantage from still greater weakness, apprehensive even for our own safety ? How did the same Garrison insult the main Army of these States the ensuing Spring and threaten the destruction of all our Baggage and Stores, saved by a good countenance more than by an ability to defend them? And what will be our situation this winter, our Army by the 1st. of January dimished to a little more than a sufficient Garrison for West point, the enemy at liberty to range the Country wherever they please, and, leaving a handful of Men at N York, to undertake Expeditions for the reduction of other States, which for want of adequate means of defense will it is much to be dreaded add to the number of their conquests and to the examples of our want of energy and wisdom?
The loss of Canada to the Union and the fate of the brave Montgomery compelled to a rash attempt by the immediate prospect of being left without Troops might be enumerated in the catalogue of evils that have sprang from this fruitful source. We not only incur these dangers and suffer these losses for want of a constant force equal to our exigencies, but while we labor under this impediment it is impossible there can be any order or oeconomy or system in our finances. If we meet with any severe blow the great exertions which the moment requires to stop the progress of the misfortune oblige us to depart from general principles to run into any expence or to adopt any expedient however injurious on a larger scale to procure the force and means which the present emergency demands. Every thing is thrown into confusion and the measures taken to remedy immediate evils perpetuate others. The same is the case if particular conjunctions invite us to offensive operations; we find ourselves unprepared without troops, without Magazines, and with little time to provide them. We are obliged to force our resources by the most burthensome methods to answer the end, and after all it is but half answered: the design is announced by the occasional effort, and the enemy have it in their power to counteract and elude the blow. The prices of every thing, Men provisions &ca. are raised to a height to which the Revenues of no Government, much less ours, would suffice. It is impossible the people can endure the excessive burthen of bounties for annual drafts and substitutes increasing at every new experiment: whatever it might cost them once for all to procure Men for the War would be a cheap bargain.
I am convinced our System of temporary inlistments has prolonged the War and encouraged the enemy to persevere. Baffled while we had an Army in the field, they have been constantly looking forward to the period of its reduction, as the period to our opposition, and the season of their successes. They have flattered themselves with more than the event has justified; for they believed when one Army expired, we should not be able to raise another: undeceived however in this expectation by experience, they still remained convinced, and to me evidently on good grounds, that we must ultimately sink under a system which increases our expense beyond calculation, enfeebles all our measures, affords the most inviting opportunities to the enemy, and wearies and disgusts the people. This has doubtless had great influence in preventing their coming to terms and will continue to operate in the same way, The debates on the ministerial side have frequently manifested the operation of this motive, and it must in the nature of things have had great weight.
The interpositions of Neutral powers may lead to a negociation this winter: Nothing will tend so much to make the Court of London reasonable as the prospect of a permanent Army in this Country, and a spirit of exertion to support it.
Tis time we should get rid of an error which the experience of all mankind has exploded, and which our own experience has dearly taught us to reject; the carrying on a War with Militia, or, (which is nearly the same thing) temporary levies against a regular, permanent and disciplined force. The Idea is chimerical, and that we have so long persisted in it is a reflection on the judgment of a Nation so enlightened as we are, as well as a strong proof of the empire of prejudice over reason. If we continue in the infatuation, we shall deserve to lose the object we are contending for.
America has been almost amused out of her liberties. We have frequently heard the behavior of the Militia extolled upon one and another occasion by Men who judge only from the surface, by Men who had particular views in misrepresenting, by visionary Men whose credulity easily swallowed every vague story in support of a favorite Hypothesis. I solemnly declare I never was witness to a single instance that can countenance an opinion of Militia or raw troops being fit for the real business of fighting. I have found them useful as light parties to skirmish the Woods, but incapable of making or sustaining a serious attack. This firmness is only acquired by habit of discipline and service. I mean not to detract from the merit of the Militia; their zeal and spirit upon a variety of occasions have intitled them to the highest applause; but it is of the greatest importance we should learn to estimate them rightly. We may expect everything from ours that Militia is capable of, but we must not expect from any, service for which Regulars alone are fit. The late Battle of Campden is a melancholy comment upon this doctrine. The Militia fled at the first fire, and left the Continental troops surrounded on every side and overpowered by numbers to combat for safety instead of Victory. The enemy themselves have witnessed to their Valor.
An ill effect of short enlistments which I have not yet taken notice of, is that the constant fluctuation of their Men is one of the sources of disgust to the Officers. Just when by great trouble fatigue and vexation (with which the training of Recruits is attended) they have brought their Men to some kind of order, they have the mortification to see them go home, and to know that the drudgery is to recommence the next Campaign, In Regiments so constituted, an Officer has neither satisfaction nor credit in his command
Every motive which can arise from a consideration of our circumstances, either in a domestic or foreign point of view calls upon us to abandon temporary expedients and substitute something durable, systematic and substantial. This applies as well to our civil administration as to our military establishment. It is as necessary to give Congress, the common Head, sufficient powers to direct the common Forces as it is to raise an Army for the War; but I should go out of my province to expatiate on Civil Affairs. I cannot forbear adding a few more remarks.
Our finances are in an alarming state of derangement. Public credit is almost arrived at its last Stage. The People begin to be dissatisfied with the feeble mode of conducting the War, and with the ineffectual burthens imposed upon them, which tho' light in comparison to what other nations feel are from their novelty heavy to them. They lose their confidence in Government apace. The Army is not only dwindling into nothing, but the discontents of the Officers as well as the Men have matured to a degree that threatens but too general a renunciation of the service, at the end of the Campaign. Since January last we have had registered at Head Quarters more than one hundred and sixty resignations, besides a number of others that were never regularly reported. I speak of the Army in this Quarter. We have frequently in the course of the Campaign experienced an extremity of want. Our Officers are in general indecently defective in Cloathing. Our Men are almost naked, totally unprepared for the inclemency of the approaching season. We have no magazines for the Winter; the mode of procuring our supplies is precarious, and all the reports of the Officers employed in collecting them are gloomy.
These circumstances conspire to show the necessity of immediately adopting a plan that will give more energy to Government, more vigor and more satisfaction to the Army. Without it we have every thing to fear. I am persuaded of the sufficiency of our resources if properly directed.
Should the requisitions of Congress by any accident not arrive before the Legislature is about to rise, I beg to recommend that a plan be devised, which is likely to be effectual, for raising the Men that will be required for the War, leaving it to the Executive to apply it to the Quota which Congress will fix, I flatter myself however the requisition will arrive in time.
The present Crisis of our Affairs appears to me so serious as to call upon me as a good Citizen to offer my sentiments freely for the safety of the Republic. I hope the motive will excuse the liberty I have taken. I have the honor etc.21
[Note 21: The text is from the circular sent to New Hampshire and is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
TO BE ADDED TO THE LETTER OF DELAWARE
P.S. The foregoing is circular to the several states. Having received no return of your regiment since the affair of Campden, I have it not in my power to transmit any. I can only observe that my accounts make it probable it is greatly reduced. There are in Lee's corps Thirty eight men belonging to your state. I beg leave to suggest that the readiest way to obtain a perfect Return will be by application of your Excellencyto the commanding Officer with the Regt.22
[Note 22: The draft of this P. S., which is in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
P.S. to the State of Maryland.
The foregoing is Circular to the several States. I have it not in my power to transmit a very accurate return of the Troops of your State, but I send the best I have received since the late affair at Campden; in which however the remains of the Delaware Regiment are included without being distinguished. I beg leave to suggest that the readiest way to obtain a more perfect one, will be by application from your Excellency to MajorGeneral Smallwood.23
[Note 23: This P.S., from a photostat of the original circular sent to Maryland, is in the writing, as is the circular itself, of Caleb Gibbs.]
[MD. H.S.]
P.S. to the States of Virginia and North Carolina.
The foregoing is circular to the several states. The circumstances of your line put it out of my power to transmit a return.
P.S. To Pensylvania.
The foregoing is circular to the several states. The observation I make in the first paragraph respecting the comparative strength of the troops would mislead, if applied to your line; for you have a much larger proportion of troops for the war than most of the other states. The Men belonging to Pensylvania in Hazen's regiment is not included in the return I send you, because I believe it will be the intention of Congress to keep this regiment up upon a distinct establishment.24
[Note 24: The draft of this P.S., which is in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
The drafts of the P. S's are on a single sheet and are indorsed by Tilghman that the circular was sent "The 20th by Colo. Neilson to the State of Jersey." A photostat of the circular to Connecticut, from the original in the Connecticut State Library, is also in the Library of Congress. It is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Hd. Qrs., Passaic Falls, October 18, 1780.
Dear Sir: By your favor of the 3d.25 from Bethlehem, I perceive my letter of the first, had not got to your hands; but I have the pleasure to find that the business you were upon anticipated the purposes of it, and was in a fair way to answer the end.
[Note 25: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Arnold's conduct is so villainously perfidious, that there are no terms that can describe the baseness of his heart. That overruling Providence which has so often, and so remarkably interposed in our favor, never manifested itself more conspicuously than in the timely discovery of his horrid design of surrendering the Post and Garrison of West point into the hands of the enemy. I confine my remark to this single Act of perfidy for I am far from thinking he intended to hazard a defeat of this important object by combining another with it, altho' there were circumstances which led to a contrary belief. The confidence, and folly which has marked the subsequent conduct of this man, are of a piece with his villainy; and all three are perfect in their kind. The interest you take in my supposed escape, and the manner in which you speak of it, claim my thanks [as much] as if he had really intended to involve my fate with that of the Garrison, and [I consider it as] a fresh instance of your affectionate regard for me.
As I do not recollect ever to have held any [very] particular conversation with General Schuyler respecting Arnold, I should be glad to obtain a copy of the letter in which you say my "opinion and confidence in him (Arnold) is conveyed in terms of affection and approbation." Some time before or after Arnolds return from Connecticut, (the conversation made so little impression on me that I know not which), General Schuyler informed me he had received a Letter from Arnold intimating his intention of joining the Army and rendering such Services as his Leg would permit; adding, that he was incapable of active Service; but could discharge the duties of a stationary command without much inconvenience or uneasiness to his Leg. I answered that as we had a prospect of an active and vigorous campaign I should be glad of General Arnold's aid and assistance but saw little prospect of his obtaining such a command as appear'd to be the object of his wishes because it was my intention to draw my whole force into the field when we were in circumstances to commence our operations against New York, leaving even West point to the care of Invalids and a small garrison of Militia; but if, after this previous declaration, the command of the Post, for the reasons he assigned, would be more convenient and agreeable to him than a command in the field, I should readily endulge him; having had it hinted to me by a very respectable character, a member of Congress26 (not General Schuyler) that a measure of this kind would not be unacceptable to the State most immediately interested in the wellfare, and safety of the Post.
[Note 26: Robert R. Livingston.]
This, to the best of my knowledge and recollection, is every syllable that ever passed between Genl. Schuyler and me respecting Arnold, or any of his concerns; the manner, and the matter, appeared perfectly uninteresting to both of us at the time. He seemed to have no other view in communicating the thing than because he was requested to do it, and my answer dictated by circumstances you already have; but how it was communicated the Letter will show.
That this Gentn. (Genl. Schuyler) possesses a share of my regard and confidence I shall readily acknowledge; a pretty long acquaintance with him, an opinion of his abilities, his intimate knowledge of our circumstances, his candour as far as I have had opportunities of forming a judgment of it added to personal civilities and proofs of a warm friendship which I never had a doubt of, would leave me without excuse were I to with-hold these from him. What ascendency he may have over the Army is more than I can tell,27 but I shd. not be surprized if he stands in a favourable point of view with respect to their esteem. The means he took to acquire a true knowledge of their distresses, while he was with it; the representations he made to procure relief; and his evident endeavours to promote the objects for which he was appointed, seems to have made this a natural consequence.
[Note 27: At this point the following is crossed off in the draft: "I wish the delegates in Congress would visit the Army in rotation; it might have a very good effect."]
That part of your Letter wch. respects the exchange of Prisoners will be made the subject of a partr. letter and shall accompany this.28 With great esteem etc.
[Note 28: See Washington's letter to Joseph Reed, Oct. 19, 1780, post.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 16th. was delivered me an hour since. I am aware, that the command you are entering upon will be attended with peculiar difficulties and embarrassments; but the confidence I have in your abilities, which determined me to choose you for it, assures me you will do every thing the means in your power will permit to surmount them and stop the progress of the evils which have befallen and still menace the Southern states. You may depend on all the support I can give you; from the double motives of regard to you personally and to the public good.
I wish circumstances could be made to correspond with your wishes to spend a little time at home previous to your setting out; but your presence with your command as soon as possible is indispensable.
The embarkation at New York sailed the 16th., in all probability destined to co-operate with Cornwallis, who by the last advices was advanced as far as Charlotte. I hope to see you without delay, and that your health will be no obstacle to your commencing your journey. With the sincerest regard I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 18, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am glad to find by your letter of the 17th. that you were arrived at West-Point and had taken the command of that important post. I approve of the measures you were taking to succour the Northern frontiers. Both the regiments you are sending will remain till the danger is intirely past. You will Order Wysenfelts to Garrison Fort Schuyler. With the greatest regard etc.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Prakness, October 18, 1780.
Sir: On the 16th. the fleet containing the embarkation, mentioned in my last, sailed. It consisted, according to the general tenor of my advices, of the grenadiers and light infantry, two levy corps detachments from several regiments and a small one of horse amounting in the whole to about three thousand. The destination most commonly supposed is a Southern one, which appears to me the more probable, as Cornwallis by the last advices had advanced to Charlotte in North Carolina, Rhode Island however is spoken of.
My advices mention the arrival of a fleet from England; a part of it transports with troops, two British regiments, some german and scotch recruits, in the whole about 2600 men. The Cork fleet not yet arrived. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Wednesday, October 18, 1780.
Parole Shandy. Countersigns Sharp, Snap.
Watchword Standfast.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Thursday, October 19, 1780.
Parole Persia. Countersigns I., T.
Watchword Peep.
Twelve waggoners to be drafted from the line and sent to the orderly office this afternoon, four o'clock.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to make the following Promotions and Appointments: Brigadier General Smallwood to the rank of Major General. Colonel Daniel Morgan to the rank of Brigadier General. Mr Abraham Skinner Commissary General of Prisoners.
Doctor William Shippen junr. Director General. Doctor John Cochran Chief Physician and Surgeon of the Army. Doctors James Craik, Malachi Treat and Charles McKnight Chief Hospital Physicians. Thomas Bond junr. Purveyor. Isaac Ledyard Assistant purveyor. Doctor Andrew Craig Apothecary. William Johannot Assistant Apothecary.
Doctors James Tilton, Samuel Adams, David Townsend, Henry Latimer, Francis Hagan, Philip Turner, William Burnet, John Warren, Moses Scott, David Jackson, Bodo Otto, Moses Bloomfield, William Eustis, George Draper and Barnabas Binney Hospital Physicians and Surgeons.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased in just Abhorrence of the perfidy of his conduct to pass the following Act:
In Congress October 4, 1780
Resolved, That the Board of War be and hereby are directed to erase from the register of the names of the officers of the army of the United States, the name of Benedict Arnold.
[Hd. Qrs. Passaic Falls, October 19, 1780.]
[Sir: With respect to] Prisoners of War [mentioned in yr. Excellency's Letter of the 3d. Instt. I beg leave to observe that it has] been my wish from the beginning of the contest to the present day, that no distinction should exist with respect to them; that the whole should be considered on one general and liberal scale as belonging to the States, and not to this or that State; be exchanged according to their rank and the order of their captivity; and that all military prisoners taken from the Enemy, no matter where or by whom, should be deemed as belonging to the public at large and be applied generally for the release of those in the Enemy's hands. This has been my wish because it appeared to be just and the only principle which could give general satisfaction. In conformity to it, all exchanges in the course of the War resting solely with me and made by my direction, have been conducted, and it has been my constant direction where the point depended wholly on me, that the prisoners with the Enemy were to be exchanged agreable to it. Particular cases however may arise when it may be proper to depart from the principle; but these can be but rare, and the principle where the business was entirely with me, has never been deviated from in a single instance.
As to the case of Lt Colo Simcoe and Lt Colo Connolly, the former was captured by the Jersey Militia before the Resolution passed which you inclose, was confined by the State, who also made his exchange; the exchange of the latter was directed in consequence of a requisition by the State of Maryland who claimed him, to the Honble Board of War, who thought their claim was just. This State claimed it on the examples and practice of some other States in like cases, who had made exchanges without the interference or consulting any but their own authority. When I received the Board's Letter upon the subject, I informed them (tho I directed the exchange for the reasons I have mentioned and the considerations subjoined) "that previous to their Letter I had supposed that Citizens or Inhabitants captured by the Enemy were the Objects to whom the Act meant a preference should be given, and that all Officers in captivity were to stand upon a common footing to be released on the principle of priority of capture." But as the terms of the act were not entirely explicit and the opinion of the Board was in favor of the claim; the sentiments I entertained of Lt Colo Ramsay's merit and indeed the recollection of the day of his capture, his conduct upon the occasion and the whole circumstances by which he was placed in a situation that exposed him to more than a common risk of falling or being taken determined me not to oppose the measure. I have upon the present occasion attended minutely to the Act, and I am fully persuaded from a recurrence to some of my correspondences on the subject of it, long previous to its being passed, that my ideas of it were right and that the construction and operation I supposed it should have, was the true one. The Draft of it I find was in my possession for consideration, so far back as the summer 79, as a Regulation intended for placing the business of prisoners and their exchanges upon a different footing from what it then was, and I returned it with this observations, that the Regulations appeared judicious and proper, such as I had a long time wished to see take place; adding that it appeared to be the intention to make a distinction between prisoners and prisoners of War, which was no doubt a proper and necessary one. Under the first I meant to comprehend Citizens and Civil characters not usually considered or made prisoners of exchange, but whom nevertheless the Enemy were seizing and taking whenever they could in order to release their Officers in our hands. Under the last, Officers and Soldiers of the Army or Militia actually taken in Arms. It was the practice of the States to exchange the former for Military prisoners and particular Officers out of the order of their captivity, for Officers they had taken, that excited the clamour and dissatisfaction among the Officers in general who were prisoners. I think there should be no preference under the idea of state Captures, with respect to the exchanges of Military prisoners. The terms of the act seem to require it. I think it was the intention, and if it should have a different operation it does not remove, at least but in a very remote and partial degree, the causes which were complained of and which appear evidently on examination from the introduction to have been the mischiefs intended to be remedied; but on the contrary it would sanction partial or State exchanges of Officers and only change the mode of carrying the business into execution, by placing it in the hands of the Continental Commissary instead of the Commissaries of the Individual States.
And I am to observe further that the Resolution of Congress by which I am authorised to go into exchanges, now in contemplation to be carried into effect, points out and directs priority of capture as a governing principle. I have been thus particular for your satisfaction. I will now proceed to the case of Major Murray. I recollect the Board of War informed me last fall, that his brother had applied to them for his exchange for Major Stein, who had been captured by a Vessel belonging to him and in consequence of his having turned over a very considerable number of prisoners taken by her for public benefit and the exchange of prisoners in general. The Board thought it reasonable and so did I and from the peculiar circumstances of the case, that our prisoners would readily agree to the measure and even promote it as an act required by generosity and policy and gave my consent to it. The Enemy however would not go into the exchange. The Commissary shall be directed to attend to the case. I think the other prisoners contained in the list should not be exchanged but for those on Long Island in course, as the order of their captivity and rank apply; but I should suppose the whole will actually, or by far the greater part of them, be sunk in exchanges for Pennsylva Officers on that very principle, which will be far more eligible, as many of them, I imagine (I have not a List of the prisoners by me) must stand as early in point of capture as any in the hands of the Enemy.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Friday, October 20, 1780.
Parole Tasso. Countersigns Tom, Trip.
Watchword Troop.
The Grand Parade is changed to a field between General St. Clairs and General Huntington's quarters.
The officer commanding the Provost-guard is upon the requisition of the President of a Court martial to send the Prisoners demanded under a proper guard to the Court should circumstances at any time render the making a detachment from the Provost guard unsafe the officer is to acquaint the President that an escort may be obtained from the troops nearest at hand.
At a Division General Court martial the 5th instt., Colonel Ogden President, Samuel Jones of Colonel Gimat's regiment of Light Infantry was tried for "Desertion and attempting to go to the enemy" found Guilty and sentenced (more than two thirds of the court agreeing) to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence but is pleased to Pardon Samuel Jones upon the particular recommendation of Colonel Tupper and Lieutenant Colonel Littlefield of the Regiment to which he belongs in the Line.
Hd. Qrs., October 20, 1780.
Dr. Sir: The plan proposd for taking A--,33 the out lines of which are communicated in your letter which was this moment put into my hands without a date, has every mark of a good one,34 I therefore agree to the promised rewards, and have such entire confidence in your management of the business as to give it my fullest approbation; and leave the whole to the guidance of your own judgment, with this express stipulation, and pointed injunction, that he A--d is brought to me alive. No circumstance whatever shall obtain my consent to his being put to death. The idea which would accompany such an event would be that Ruffians had been hired to assassinate him. My aim is to make a public example of him. and this should be strongly impressed upon those who are employed to bring him
[Note 33: Benedict Arnold.]
[Note 34: Lee's undated letter is filed in the Washington Papers at the end of September, 1780. "I have engaged two persons to undertake the accomplishment of your Excellencys wishes...The chief of the two persons is a sergeant in my cavalry. To him I have promised promotion, the other is an inhabitant of Newark; I have had experience of his fidelity, and his connexions with the enemy render him, with his personal qualifications very fit for the business. To this man I have engaged one hund. guineas, five hundd. acres of land and three negroes...The outlines of the scheme...are that the Sergeant should join Gen. Arnold as a deserter from us, should engage in his corps now raising, and should contrive to insinuate himself into some menial or military birth about the Genls. person. That a correspondence should be kept up with the man in Newark, by the latter's visiting the former every two days. When the favorable moment arrives they should seize the prize in the night, gag him, and bring him across to Bergen woods...The Sergeant is a very promising youth of uncommon taciturnity, and invincible perseverance...I have instructed him not to return till he receives direction from me, but to continue his attempts, however unfavorable the prospects may appear at first. I have excited his thirst for fame by impressing on his mind the virtue and glory of the act." The sergeant, John Champe, deserted on the night of October 20--21, and, to prevent a possible suspicion, Lee requested orders to move his corps to another position. Lee wrote Washington (October 25, in the Washington Papers): "My friend got safe into New York. He was before Sir Henry Clinton and passed all the forms of the garrison. He accidentally met Col. Arnold in the street which has paved a natural way for further acquaintance. The party entertain high hopes of success...I informed Mr. Baldwin, that I was under orders to march south..."Champe's attempt failed through no fault of his. For Lee's account of the exploit see Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department, by Henry Lee.] off. The Sergeant must be very circumspect; too much zeal may create suspicion; and too much precipitancy may defeat the project. The most inviolable secrecy must be observed on all hands. I send you five Guineas; but I am not satisfied of the propriety of the Sergeants appearing with much Specie; this circumstance may also lead to suspicion as it is but too well known to the enemy that we do not deal much in this article. The Interviews between the Party in and out of the City, shd. be managed with much caution and seeming indifference or else the frequency of their meetings &ca. may betray the design and involve bad consequences; but I am perswaded you will place every matter in a proper point of view to rise conductors of this interesting business and therefore I shall only add that I am etc.
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 17th. If you will return the five pieces of Gold35 which are too light, I will replace them. I have not the means of weighing them, and therefore may be again mistaken.
[Note 35: For secret services.]
Be pleased to find an opportunity as soon as possible of obtaining the following information, with accuracy, of what number of Men and of what Corps the late embarkation consisted; Whether Sir Henry Clinton went with them; Whether a reinforcement arrived lately from Europe, the number, and whether of whole Corps or Recruits; In what manner the British Army is at present disposed, designating as nearly as possible the Corps which lay at the different places. I am anxious to receive intelligence of the foregoing particulars and you will oblige me by obtaining it speedily. I am, etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 21, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Lt: Colo. Varick and Major Franks late of General Arnolds family having requested of me a Court of inquiry to ascertain the part they acted relative to the transactions of General Arnold; You will be pleased to appoint a Court of Inquiry, to examine into the conduct of the Gentlemen in their connection with the late Major General Arnold, during his command at West-point, and relative to the circumstances of his desertion to the enemy.
I have directed General Knox to apply to you for permission for Mr. Garanger37 to make some experiments in Artillery, which you will please to grant. I am etc.38
[Note 37: Capt. Lewis Garanger (Geranger), of the Continental artillery.]
[Note 38: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Passaic, October 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose Your Excellency the Copy of a Letter which has just come to hand from Mr Duer.
Although the testimony contained in it does not seem to be so direct as to make Mr. Smith39 obnoxious to a Military process, Yet, agreeable to Mr. Duer's request, I thought it necessary
[Note 39: Thomas Smith. He was a brother of Joshua Hett Smith, and was reported to have been seen in New York City.] you should be apprized of it, that the State may be enabled to take the proper measures for the public safety.
How far this information ought to co-operate with other circumstances to have Mr Smith removed from the vicinity of our Posts at Kings Ferry, Your Excellency, from a full knowledge of his character and connections, will be better able to determine than I am. I have the honor etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 21, 1780.
Sir: I have transmitted a Copy of your letter of the 11th., which only reached me last evening, to Governor Clinton, as I did not think it contained evidence sufficient to support a military trial. It may however, added to other circumstances of a very suspicious nature, furnish the Legislature with good reasons for removing the Gentleman in question from Hayerstraw, which, from its vicinity to our posts, affords him an opportunity of gaining and giving intelligence very material to the enemy and injurious to us. Of his dispositions to do this there is little doubt. I am &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 21, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 20th The disposition you have made of the troops at and near West point is agreeable to me. The two small Regiments at present at Kings ferry were purposely stationed there because they could not be brigaded with convenience. They are shortly to be reformed and incorporated, and therefore had best remain where they are untill that time. Genl. Greene had proposed to remove every superfluous Store from those posts, so that in case of necessity they might be evacuated with little loss. He was of opinion, that the enemy would, if they came up seriously, run an Armed Vessel or two above them and render the removal of the stores by Water impracticable. This seemed so probable a conjecture, that I desired him to strip them of all but very few Stores. You will be pleased to follow that method.
The Minister of France may soon be expected from the Eastward. Should he take you in his way, or should you hear certainly of his approach be pleased to give me notice of it by Express. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
October 21, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter respecting Mr. Garanger. From the school in which he has been taught, it is probable he possesses a knowledge of Artillery which may render him very useful. Experiment will best decide his knowledge of the practice and it will be the best ground upon which to recommend him to Congress. I request you therefore to send him to West Point to make the experiment, by throwing a sufficient number of shells to make it complete, under your own eye or under the eye of officers on whom you can depend. The sooner this is done the better; and we shall then know whether we ought to recommend Mr. Garanger or not. I am etc.
P.S. I will write to General Heath to give his permission when you apply to him.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 21, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 14th. I had determined not to march the levies attached to your Regt. to the Army as their term of service was so nearly expired, and as Count Rochambeau expressed a wish that the Regiment might remain with him, I informed him that it should not be ordered away while he thought it of any service to him. Your stay will therefore depend upon circumstances.
As I never wish to inflict a punishment, especially capital, but for the sake of example, and as you seem to think the execution of Windsor Fry44 not so necessary upon that account, now, as it was before, you have my consent to pardon him. I am &c.45
[Note 44: He was to have been executed in June, 1780, for burglarizing commissary stores, but he had escaped and had not been recaptured until about the first of October.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Preckness, October 21, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 12th. I would willingly comply with your request for an inquiry on the extensive ground you place it did I think it could be done with propriety. But in order for it to be a real and not a nominal inquiry, the Court would be obliged to go into a investigation of particular facts, which is impossible as there are no allegations and no witnesses so that they would only proceed upon such materials as you would furnish them. There seems to me to be too much generality in the inquiry and that it is besides unnecessary as your character is, so far as I am informed, unimpeached. In my opinion the proper line is to confine the inquiry to your conduct during your connection with Arnold; and as your former character will be a presumptive evidence of your present innocence, on the contrary, the Court I presume will admit your testimonials respecting it, by the way, and in this light.
Col Meade I am informed has sent you his deposition and the papers you requested. His going to Virginia prevented his personal attendance.
I write to General Heath by this opportunity, directing him to appoint a Court. I am etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 21, 1780.
Sir: Inclosed is a petition which was presented to me when I was lately at Harford. Be pleased to inform me what you know of the circumstances and whether the persons had been exchanged as prisoners of War, or whether they were returning upon the same terms as those granted to the Canadians taken at Saratoga, which were, parole not to serve during the War. You will let me have the petition again. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Preckness, October 21, 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 16th. with the request of which I should be happy to comply fully, did it not appear to me that the transactions at Philadelphia cannot well be investigated but on the spot; and the particular one to which you allude, is so much of a civil nature, that I think you had best procure some sort of civil examination.
I shall direct General Heath to have an inquiry into your conduct in your connection with General Arnold during his command at West Point. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, near Passaic Falls, October 20, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with Your Excellency's favors of the 10th: and 14th: Instants. The advance of the British Army towards the borders of North Carolina is an alarming circumstance, more especially, as there is every reason to believe that the force which lately sailed from New York is intended to cooperate with them.49 The enemy, by several accounts, received a reinforcement from Europe in the last Fleet, it is said by some to consist of two British Regiments, about 700 German Recruits and some from Scotland. If so, this new accession is nearly equal to their late detachment, but others again say the reinforcement consists wholly of Recruits.
[Note 49: The British expedition that sailed from New York October 16 was commanded by Maj. Gen. Alexander Leslie, with orders to carry out Cornwallis's recommendation that a division be posted in Chesapeake Bay to facilitate his operations. "Untill I am certain that Earl Cornwallis sees the propriety of establishing a Post on Elizabeth River, which I heartily wish his Lordship may find expedient to do, I do not of course think of adding to the Corps already under his Orders. However, should that Post be occupied, I shall probably send all the Troops that can possibly be spared from this Army; But while Washington remains in such force, and the French continue at Rhode Island, I do not think it adviseable to weaken this Post. If however, he should send any Detachments to the Southward, I shall most likely do the same."-- Sir Henry Clinton to Lord Germain, Nov. 10, 1780. C. O. 5, 100, fol. 621, British Transcripts, in the Library of Congress.]
I have heard nothing directly from the Northward since my letter of the 16th. There are reports that the enemy retired after destroying Fort Ann, Fort George and burning some Houses. It is thought, and perhaps not without foundation, that this incursion was made upon a supposition that Arnolds treachery had succeeded.50
[Note 50: A party of 800 British troops and 200 Indians captured Fort George on October 11, and Fort Ann (Anne) the day before. Three officers of Col. Seth Warner's regiment were killed and 2 wounded. The British captured 7 officers and 124 privates. Twenty-five additional were reported slain. Thirty-five houses and much hay and wheat were burnt by the enemy.]
Colo. Brodhead has in many of his late letters expressed his apprehension of the consequences which may result from the Want of provision should the enemy, agreeable to their threats, invest the post of Fort Pitt this Winter. But by a letter from him of the 14th: of September, matters had proceeded to such extremities, that the Garrison headed, by the non Commissioned Officers, had waited upon him, and, he says, in a decent manner remonstrated upon the hardship of having been without Bread for five days. Upon being told that every thing would be done to relieve them they retired in good order. Colo. Brodhead adds, the Country is not deficient of Resources, but that public credit is exhausted, and will no longer procure supplies. Congress will therefore see the necessity of either furnishing the Commissary to the Westward with a competent sum of Money, or of obtaining from the State of Pennsylvania an assurance that the part of the quota of supplies demanded of her by the requisition of Congress of February last and directed to be deposited in the Magazines to the Westward, which were intended for the support of Fort Pitt, shall be immediately laid in, if it has not been already done. The importance of that post to the whole Western Frontier is so great, as not to admit of its being left to any risque, if it can be avoided.
I take the liberty of inclosing your Excellency, for the determination of Congress, the Copy of a letter of the 18th: from Brig. Genl. Knox, representing the injury to the service, should the Resolve for the dismission of Lieut. Colo. Mason, be immediately carried into execution.51 I am ignorant whether the
[Note 51: Lieut. Col. David Mason superintended the laboratory at Springfield, Mass., and had been dismissed by a resolve of Congress of July 26, 1780. Knox's letter to Washington (October 18) stated that Mason, under Knox's direction, had been "making fuzes, a species of laboratory preparation that requires peculiar skill and nicety. In case of a siege the whole success of a bombardment must depend on the accuracy with which they are executed. His practice and perfection in this branch have produced fuzes whose exact operation cannot be surpassed by any made in Europe." Knox's letter is in the Washington Papers.] Resolve proceeded from a motive of economy or any thing improper in the conduct of Colo. Mason. If only from the former, I should hope that General Knox's request would be complied with. If from the latter, his services, however material, must be dispensed with.
Since I began this letter I have received advices from Govt. Clinton at Albany who mentions that the party of the enemy which came from the Northward had retired by the way of Lake George, but that another party from the Westward had penetrated as far as Schoharie which valuable settlement they had destroyed. The Governor himself was going to Schenectady to make a disposition of the force in that quarter. I have sent up two Continental Regiments to his assistance which I hope will be sufficient to repel the Enemy, as they are not represented as very numerous. Fort Schuyler is well garrisoned and has forty days provision in it. I therefore hope no great danger is to be apprehended from the present incursion. I have the honor etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Preckness, October 21, 1780.
Gentlemen: Did the resolution of Congress of the 10th of April53 appear to me intirely without ambiguity or doubt, I should not hesitate to comply with the request of your letter of the 12th. But as in my opinion it admits of different constructions, motives of delicacy restrain me from adopting one rather than another. What is meant by the line of the army has never
[Note 53: The resolve of Apr. 10, 1780, providing for making good the depreciation in pay "to the line of the army."] been precisely defined or understood, the phrase has been used in different senses, sometimes it has been applied to the agregate of the State-lines, sometimes to the whole army as composed of corps, the cavalry, artillery and independent corps included, and sometimes it has been applied as comprehending not only all the corps, but every officer having military rank. If the Board will be pleased to specify their own construction of it, the returns shall be immediately forwarded.
I inclose a commission to Capt Gilman54 of the New Hampshire line, which by the certificate from Colonel Scammell accompanying it appears to have been misdated; being the 12th. of September 78 instead of the first of June preceding. The rectifying this mistake will affect no other officer in that line. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 54: Capt. Nicholas Gilman, of the Third New Hampshire Regiment. He was transferred to the First New Hampshire Regiment in January, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, October 21, 1780.
Parole Corsica. Countersigns R., U.
Watchword Caution.
Brigade returns of shoes actually wanting by the Artillery and Infantry regimentally digested to be made tomorrow at orderly time. The Draughts are not to be included.
Head Quarters, October 21, 1780.
Sir: In answer to my proposals for a resident Commissary with the respective Armies, Major General Philips has transmitted me another sett of proposals substantially the same, except that they require these Commissaries to be appointed by the Commanders in Chief, each by his own authority. It is impossible for me to enter into such an agreement, as I have no power to act but by a derived authority from Congress, and all my Stipulations necessarily suppose this. I now send a new set of proposals, under the only form admissible on my part, which, if agreeable to Your Excellency, we will sign and interchange. I shall be glad to receive your determination as speedily as possible, and I hope there will be found no unnecessary impediments to a business, in which the convenience and accommodation of the prisoners on both sides are so much interested.56 I am etc.57
[Note 56: Sir Henry Clinton replied (November 4): "I shall have no Objection to receive a Commissary of Prisoners to reside at New York under a Commission or Warrant signed by You. Neither have I any Objection to the Proposals; and the Matter may be concluded upon whenever You Clause." Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. Filed with the letter from Washington to the President of Congress, Oct. 15, 1780, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[October 21, 1780.]
1st: The respective Agents are to be permitted to visit the prisoners confined where they reside, at least once a Week, in the presence of an Officer appointed for the purpose, in order to collect returns; see that they are regularly served with provisions to which they are intitled; to hear their complaints if any; and in general to examine into the state of their health, accommodation or wants; all which, they may report to the Commander in Chief in whose Lines they are, and also to their own Commander in Chief, if they deem it essential. They are to be permitted, in like manner, and for the same purposes, to visit such other prisoners, as may be confined at more remote posts whenever they judge it necessary.
2d: The Agents are to be allowed to receive and distribute among the prisoners, such provision, Cloathing and Necessaries as may be transmitted for their use from time to time; they shall also be at liberty in addition to purchase these Articles from the adverse party, and to negotiate Bills of Exchange for the purpose of paying for such purchases; The Board of the Officers, and for their own Exigencies.
3d: Each Agent to be allowed to dwell by himself, with his family if he has one, without having any person billetted with him or being subjected to any impositions whatever, under such general regulations as the respective Commanders in Chief or other proper Officers may direct.
4th: Each Agent to be at liberty to pass to the Army to which he belongs, whenever he may think it necessary for obtaining supplies for the prisoners, or settling his accounts, subject to the controul however of the Commander in Chief within whose Lines he is, in case circumstances should require his being delayed. The Agents upon this and all occasions to consider themselves under parole not to divulge or do any thing prejudicial to the party with whom they reside.
5th: In case of misbehaviour, or a charge of misbehaviour in either Agent, on a complaint thereof, and request to the Commander in Chief under whom he acts, he shall be recalled and another appointed.
6th: If an Agent should resign or be recalled, he is to be permitted to return with his family and effects under the sanction of a Flag.
7th. Each Commander in Chief to be answerable for the good Behaviour of the Agent appointed on his part, who shall not intermeddle with public Affairs or the politics of the place where he is Resident.
8th: The Agents on either side to be secure in their persons and Effects and to be treated with suitable respect while they continue in Office.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. Cf. the "Propositions" of July 26, 1780.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Sunday, October 22, 1780.
Parole India. Countersigns Ill, Inn.
Watchword Industry.
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 22, 1780.
Sir: I inclose you a Resolution of Congress of the 5th. instant directing me to order a Court of inquiry to be held on your conduct as Commander of the Southern Army, and to appoint an Officer to command that Army in your room untill such inquiry be made. In obedience to this order I have appointed Major General Greene to the command; and I have instructed him respecting the inquiry in the manner which the inclosed extract59 from his instructions will show. It appeared to me that the business could be no where so properly conducted as with the Army where the transactions which will enter into the inquiry took place, and where every kind of light can with most facility be obtained. I could not however order it immediately to commence; because it is possible the situation of affairs might render it impracticable; but I have endeavoured to take every precaution to prevent delay, if it is not unavoidable. Should you have any objection to the mode proposed, I shall be obliged to you to communicate it to me, with your reasons, in the fullest assurance that it is my aim to execute the orders of Congress in the manner most consistent with justice to the public and to you. In this case General Greene will suspend proceeding 'till I receive your objections and send him further instructions. I am etc.60
[Note 59: The extract is here unnecessary, as full instructions were given in Washington's Instructions to Maj. Gert. Nathanael Greene, Oct. 22, 1780, q. v. It was found impracticable to hold the court when Greene took command of the Southern Department, and Gates retired to his home in Berkeley County, Va.]
[Note 60: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[N.Y.H.s.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of yesterday. Should the enemy put their design into execution, I hope the troops under Colo. Hazen will be in readiness to give them a proper reception.
Yours of the 19th. is come to hand. I will consider the Contents and give you an answer in my next. I am much hurried just now in dispatching Genl. Greene. I am etc.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 22, 1780.
Sir: Congress having been pleased by their resolution of the 5th. instant, to authorise me to appoint an officer to the command of the Southern army in the room of Major General Gates, 'till an inquiry can be had into his conduct as therein directed, I have thought proper to choose you for this purpose. You will therefore proceed without delay to the Southern army, now in North Carolina, and take the command accordingly. Uninformed as I am of the enemy's force in that quarter, of our own, or of the resources which it will be in our power to command for carrying on the war, I can give you no particular instructions but must leave you to govern yourself intirely, according to your own prudence and judgment and the circumstances in which you find yourself. I am aware, that the nature of the command will offer you embarrassments of a singular and complicated nature; but I rely upon your abilities and exertions for every thing your means will enable you to effect. I give you a letter to the Honorable the Congress informing them of your appointment and requesting them to give you such powers and such support as your situation and the good of the service demand. You will take their orders in your way to the Southward.
I also propose to them to send Major General The Baron De Steuben to the Southward with you; his talents, knowledge of service, zeal and activity will make him very useful to you in all respects and particularly in the formation and regulation of the raw troops, which will principally compose the Southern army. You will give him a command suited to his rank; besides employing him as Inspector General. If Congress approve, he will take your orders at Philadelphia.
I have put Major Lee's corps under marching orders, and as soon as he is ready, shall detach him to join you.
As it is necessary the inquiry into the conduct of Major General Gates should be conducted in the quarter in which he has acted, where all the witnesses are, and where alone the requisite information can be obtained, I am to desire, as soon as the situation of affairs will possibly permit, you will nominate a Court of Inquiry to examine into his case, agreebly to the forementioned resolution of Congress. Major General The Baron De Steuben will preside at this Court and the members will consist of such General and field officers of the Continental troops, as were not present at the battle of Campden, or being present, are not wanted as witnesses, or are persons to whom Major General Gates has no objection. I wish this affair to be conducted with the greatest impartiality and with as much dispatch as circumstances will permit. You will, on your arrival at the army, take the sense in writing of The General Officers and other principal officers, concerning the practicability of an immediate inquiry. If they judge it practicable on the principles of these instructions, you will have it carried into execution; if they do not think it can take place immediately you will inform Major General Gates of it and transmit me their determination; and you will from time to time pursue the same mode, that any delay which may happen may appear as I am persuaded it will really be, unavoidable. The Court need not consist of more than five, nor must it consist of less than three members; in all cases there must be three General Officers. You will keep me constantly advised of the state of your affairs and of every material occurrence.
My warmest wishes for your success, reputation, health and happiness accompany you.
P.S. Should General Gates have any objection to the mode of inquiry which he wishes to make to Congress or to me, you will suspend proceeding in the affair, till he transmits his objection, and you receive further orders.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: I think it more than probable that your Corps will be ordered to the southward, I would therefore have you, agreeable to your late request, send an Officer to Philaria. to provide accoutrements and Cloathing: If the Officer will call upon me, I will give him a letter to the Board of War upon the subject. I am &c.
P.S. Say nothing about the cause of sending down the Officer. I mean as to the probable destination.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Preckness, October 22, 1780.
Dr. Baron: Though I am sensible how important your services will be in this quarter; yet as to the Southward, there is an army to be created, the mass of which is at present without any formation at all, your services there will be still more essential; and as I am persuaded your inclination is, to be wherever you can be most useful, I have recommended it to Congress to send you with General Greene to the Southern army. If Congress approve, you will take his orders and proceed as speedily as possible. I wish you may have been able previously to obtain a satisfactory establishment of your department, which in your absence will become more necessary than it has been heretofore: But if it is not done, I would not have it detain you.
Assure yourself that wherever you are, my best wishes for your success and happiness attend you. I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, October 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: In consequence of a resolve of Congress directing an enquiry into the conduct of Genl. Gates, and authorising me to appoint some other Officer in his place during this enquiry, I have made choice of Majr. Genl. Greene who will, I expect, have the honor of presenting you with this Letter.
I can venture to introduce this Gentn. to you as a man of abilities bravery and coolness. He has a comprehensive knowledge of our affairs, and is a man of fortitude and resources. I have not the smallest doubt therefore, of his employing all the means which may be put into his hands to the best advantage; nor of his assisting in pointing out the most likely ones to answer the purposes of his command. With this character, I take the liberty of recommending him to your civilities and support; for I have no doubt, from the embarrassed situation of Southern affairs; of his standing much in need of the latter from every Gentn. of Influence in the Assemblies of those States.
As General Greene can give you the most perfect information, in detail of our present distresses, and future prospects, I shall content myself with giving the agregate acct. of them; and with respect to the first, they are so great and complicated, that it is scarcely within the powers of description to give an adequate idea of them; with regard to the second, unless there is a material change both in our military, and civil policy, it will be in vain to contend much longer.
We are without money, and have been so for a great length of time, without provision and forage except what is taken by Impress; without Cloathing; and shortly shall be (in a manner) without Men. In a word, we have lived upon expedients till we can live no longer, and it may truly be said that, the history of this War is a history of false hopes, and temporary devices, instead of System, and oeconomy which results from it.
If we mean to continue our struggles (and it is to be hoped we shall not relinquish our claim) we must do it upon an entire new plan. We must have a permanent force; not a force that is constantly fluctuating and sliding from under us as a pedestal of Ice would do from a Statue in a Summers day. Involving us in expence that baffles all calculation, an expence which no funds are equal to. We must at the same time contrive ways and means to aid our Taxes by Loans, and put our finance upon a more certain and stable footing than they are at prest. Our Civil government must likewise undergo a reform, ample powers must be lodged in Congress as the head of the Federal Union, adequate to all the purposes of War. Unless these things are done, our efforts will be in vain, and only serve to accumulate expence, add to our perplexities, and dissatisfy the people without a prospect of obtaining the prize in view. but these Sentimts. do not appear well in a hasty letter, without digestion or order. I have not time to give them otherwise; and shall only assure you that they are well meant, however crude they may appear. With sincere Affectn. and esteem etc.65
[Note 65: Washington has entered at the close of this letter: "N B. The same sentemts. were also written at the same time to Archad. Cary. Benja. Harrison. Edd. Pendleton, and Barthw. Dandridge Esqrs. of Virginia."]
Head Quarters, October 22, 1780.
Sir: Since my instructions to you of the 7th. instant, the enemy have made a proposal for exchanging Major Generals Phillips and Reidesel with their families. This you will accede to provided Brigadier Generals Thompson and Du Portail, together with Major General Lincoln and his family can be set in opposition to them.
It will be a point of great importance to us, and which I wish you to press, to obtain from the enemy on account of their debt to us, a sufficient sum of money to pay off the board of our exchanged officers.
Major Van Stein66 is at all events to be exchanged for Major Murray,67 if the latter cannot be brought in, in the common course of exchange. I am etc.68
[Note 66: Maj. Johann Friedrich von Stein, of Regiment Knyphausen, German allied troops.]
[Note 67: Maj. Francis Murray, of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was exchanged in December, 1780, and did not rejoin the service.]
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 22, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I dare say before this reaches you, you will have heard that Major General Greene is appointed to the command of the Southern army, and from the knowledge, you have of him, I am persuaded, you will be happy to find yourself under his command. The affairs of the Southern army in general must necessarily be greatly deranged, and the corps of artillery in particular, from the losses it has sustained and the circumstances of the service, cannot well be upon the best regulated footing; but I have no doubt, sensible how much depends upon it, and conscious of the honorable importance of the command you possess, you will exert yourself to the utmost to have every thing in your department in the best order it will be in your power to place it. General Greene will give you all the aid he can; and will be happy to show you every mark of his confidence, which I am sure on your part you will not fail to cultivate. Wishing you success and honor I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 22, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Congress, that in consequence of their resolution of the 5th: instant, I have appointed Major General Greene to the command of the Southern Army, 'till the enquiry into the conduct of Major Genl. Gates is completed.70 I inclose a Copy of my instructions to General Greene, by which and a Copy of my letter to Genl. Gates, Congress will perceive the mode I have adopted for the enquiry. I did not perceive any other which could be substituted with equal propriety, but if Congress are of a different opinion, I submit it to them for their further directions.
[Note 70: The court of inquiry was never held. Congress resolved (May 21, 1781) that Gates repair to headquarters and take such command as Washington might assign to him.]
I beg leave to mention General Greene, upon this occasion, to Congress as an Officer, in whose abilities, fortitude and integrity, from a long and intimate experience of them, I have the most intire confidence. In the command he is going into he will have every disadvantage to struggle with. The confidence and support of Congress, which it will be his ambition to merit, will be essential to his success. The defect of military resources in the southern department, the confusion in which the affairs of it must for some time be, require that the Commanding Officer should be vested with extensive powers. I dare say Congress will take their measures in a manner suited to the exigency. General Greene waits upon them for their orders.
As, in a great measure, a new Army is to be formed to the southward, the presence of the Baron de Steuben will in my opinion be of more essential utility in that quarter than here, where through the ensuing Campaign, we shall have the greatest part of our force raw Recruits, yet as we are organized and in some order, the sub-inspectors will suffice for the purposes of the department. I therefore submit to Congress the propriety of sending the Baron de Steuben to the southern Army, The sooner they are pleased to announce their pleasure on this head the better. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on October 27 and referred to William Sharpe, Theodorick Bland, Ezekiel Cornell, John Sullivan, and George Walton. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 30, 1780, for the committee report.)]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 22, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have concluded to send Major Lees Corps to the southward as soon as the accoutrements and Cloathing necessary for their equipment can be procured. To assist in expediting this business Capt. Rudulph goes forward to Philada. with a return of the Articles wanting. I am very apprehensive of the difficulties which will intervene for want of money, but when the consequence which this Corps will be of in our southern operations is taken into consideration, I am convinced every exertion will be made to forward them as expeditiously as possible. I have the honor etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Preckaness, October 23, 1780.
Sir: Major General Greene, who goes to take command of the Southern Army, will have the honor of presenting this to Your Excellency. I have advised him to take the several States in his way, which are immediately concerned in furnishing Men and supplies for the department committed to his direction, that he may gain a more accurate knowledge of the forwardness they are in, a tolerable Idea of what may be his future expectations, and endeavour to settle some plans for the regular support and subsistence of the Army in provisions, Forage and transportation.
I am well aware of the embarrassments under which the Southern States labor, and of the many difficulties which are to be surmounted. But I have a very full dependance that the most vigorous exertions will be made by them upon the present occasion; and the entire confidence I have in the abilities, fortitude and integrity of General Greene, founded on a long and intimate experience of them, assures me that he will do every thing his means will enable him to do; and I doubt not, candid allowances will be made for the peculiar difficulties he has to encounter.
I recommend him to your State as worthy of its utmost confidence and support, and to your Excellency, personally, as one whom I rank among the number of my Friends. With the greatest Respect and Esteem etc.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The same letter was sent to Govs. Thomas Jefferson and Abner Nash. It is printed by Sparks under date of Oct. 22, 1780.]
[MD.H.S.]
Hd. Qrs., Passaic falls, October 23, 1780.
My Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 14th.75 and shall with the greatest pleasure apply to Sir Henry Clinton for the permission you wish for Mrs. Mathews, the moment the Board of War make their application for the vessel.76 As I have heard nothing concerning this from them, I presume it is not done, and before it is, the other request would be premature. I shall be happy if any thing on my part can promote your wishes in an article so interesting to yourself and family; and of this I beg you to assure Mrs. Mathews with my respects.
[Note 75: "My situation here is truly distressing, I have no dependence, but on an empty treasury for my support, and when the little money I have left, is exhausted, I know not where I am to apply for more. Although the duties of my station demand of me to undergo every species of inconvenience and distress, yet I don't think I can with any degree of propriety impose the same task on her."-- Mathews to Washington, Oct. 14, 1780. Mathews's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 76: Mrs. Mathews was obliged to return to South Carolina.]
Your Southern affairs wear a most disagreeable aspect and prove more and more the necessity of renouncing that feeble system, which has brought this Country to so perplexing a crisis. If there were any hope of our councils assuming that complexion, which the exigency demands, the progress of the enemy at this period would seem to me an advantage rather than an evil; for they have not a stamina of force sufficient for such extensive conquests, and by spreading themselves out as they are now doing, they will render themselves vulnerable every where. But I see no chance of the change we stand in need of, and therefore, I fear they will realize their acquisitions.
You have your wish in the officer appointed to the Southern command; I think I am giving you a General; but what can a General do, without men, without arms, without cloathing, without stores, without provisions?
Lees corps will also go to the Southward. I believe it will be found very useful. The corps itself is an excellent one and the officer at the head of it has great resources of genius. With the truest regard etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton; the date line is in that of Washington.]
[Note 78: Formerly captain in the Ninth Continental Infantry, and Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General from July, 1777. His claim was for pay and rations as paymaster to Cornell's extra Rhode Island State regiment from January to July, 1777.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 23, 1780.
Sir: In answer to yours of the 11th: I can only inform you, that a Certificate from General Cornel, (then Colo. Cornel) of the time of your appointment and of the time at which he gave you notice that the Regiment could not be compleated, is necessary to enable you to draw your pay. When you have obtained that and produce Vouchers of your having drawn no pay during the time, I will issue a Warrant for the Amount. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 80: Of Webb's Additional Continental regiment He had retired in April, 1779.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 23, 1780.
Sir: I have just received your Letter of the 29th. Ulto. and have to inform you; that at the same time I am greatly obliged by the favorable sentiments of me you are pleased to express and the tender of personal services you make, I do not find myself at liberty to accept the Offer, in the way you propose, without deviating from the line of conduct I have long since adopted.
After declining several proposals of the same kind, from Gentlemen in nearly the same situation, it would be impossible to apologize to them for giving a preference to a posterior application. Besides the reason is much more forcible, at this period than it formerly has been, for appointing Gentlemen from the line of the Army, (if I should have occasion to augment my family). Because by the reduction of the Army in contemplation, many valuable Officers now in service, will be totally unprovided for. Your candor and justice will acknowledge the first attention ought to be paid to these.
I entreat you therefore to believe that there is nothing personal in the objection; but on the contrary you may rest assured, the memory of your gallant Father,81 and your own reputation will always entitle you to every mark of consideration and esteem from Sir Your etc.82
[Note 81: Brig. Gen. David Wooster.]
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 83: Of the New Jersey Militia.]
Head Quarters, October 23, 1780.
Sir: I am informed that you have one Dudley84 under your Guard. I should be glad that you would send him up to me and let me know what particular charges you have against him. He shall be returned after I have questioned him on some matters. I am &c.85
[Note 84: A Tory accused of various robberies. He escaped before he could be sent to Washington.]
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Monday, October 23, 1780.
Parole Holland. Countersigns Hay, Hall.
Watchword Hope.
The Corps of Light Infantry will remove from its present encampment and take Post on the most convenient ground to the Cranetown gap and the notch for the more effectual security of our right.
General St. Clair will take care of the approaches on the Left.
Colonel Moylan's regiment will furnish the necessary patrols and will take a new position for that purpose.
The officers of the Army are to be furnish'd with two rations pr day 'till further orders.
At a Brigade general court martial held the 17th. instant, whereof Lieutenant Colonel Mentges was president.
Lieutenant Edward Butler,87 Quarter master of the 9th. Pennsylvania regiment tried for "neglect of duty as Quarter master in not providing a waggon for the use of the regiment on the 10th. instant agreeable to Brigadier General Irvine's orders."
[Note 87: Of the Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Third Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
The court are of opinion that the charge exhibited against Lieutenant Butler is groundless and do therefore Acquit him.
Lieutenant Butler is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: In one of my former, I barely acknowledged the receipt of your favor of the 19th. Business prevented my going fully into it. I wish it was in my power to give a satisfactory answer to the representation made by Doctor McKnight in behalf of the Gentlemen of the Hospital, on the subject of Cloathing. They are not the only sufferers. There are a great number of the officers of the line, who have never derived any benefit from particular States or from the public. I have repeatedly remonstrated upon the hardship of their situations, but I have heard of no competent provision being made. If there are any small matters in the Store at Newburgh proper for officers, I have no objection to their being delivered out, in due proportions, to those who have derived no State benefits, and do not expect any this winter. The officers of Lambs Artillery, and Hazens, Livingstons and Spencers Regiments will draw a few yards of Cloth and three or four shirts each from hence, for which an allowance must be made, should there be any goods at Newburgh.
I must refer Colo. Campbells application to Congress. There is a Resolve passed in June last which seems to preclude those, who are not in actual service, from drawing Rations, but directs the value to be paid in Money.
If the Officers of Colo. Sheldons Regt. are of opinion that the execution of one the Dragoons has been a sufficient example, I have no objection to granting a pardon to the other.
I find among Arnolds papers the proceedings of two Courts Martial against Loveberry,88 Ackerly89 and Weeks,90 all capitally convicted for coming out as Spies. Be pleased to say whether the person detained in the provost is either of the foregoing. I am &c.91
[Note 88: Jonathan Lovebury (Loveberry), He had escaped before Arnold fled to the British.]
[Note 89: Nathaniel Ackesly (Ackerly).]
[Note 90: Reuben Weeks.]
[Note 91: ln the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, October 24, 1780.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Don. Dol.
Watchword Denmark.
The sub clothiers of the different corps are to apply tomorrow morning eight o'clock at the clothier general's store for their proportion of shirts and shoes.
Major Platt, late Aid De Camp to Major General McDougall is appointed Deputy Quarter Master to the Main Army and is to be obeyed as such.
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am informed that the State have recently called upon you to repair to Congress,92 so soon as you have obtained permission to leave the Army. I think your presence there, at this juncture, while all the arrangements for the next Campaign are before them, would be of so much utility, that I cannot but take the liberty to urge your immediate compliance with the pleasure of the State. It appears to me, you can in no way at this time, so essentially serve the public as by going there; the moment is singularly critical; and the determinations depending must have the greatest influence upon our future affair. I am etc.93
[Note 92: As a Delegate from the State of New York.]
[Note 93: In the writing David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 24, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favr. of the 18th: Congress have it in contemplation to reduce the number of Regiments, but the mode or terms on which the reformed Officers are to go out are not yet fixed. It will give me great pleasure to see an Officer of your merit retained in service, but your determination to submit cheerfully to any regulations which may be deemed necessary for the public good, is very laudable, and the surest mark of a disinterested, virtuous Citizen.
I have not heard any thing of the formation of a Legion. Colo. Hazens Regiment is the only one of the independent Corps of Infantry which Congress propose keeping up. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, October 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your fav. of yesterday. Inclosed you have 5 Guineas to replace those sent to me.
I send by the Bearer a Phial with a small quantity of the stain of which I have but little.
I have nothing further to give you in charge than what was contained in my last. I am &c.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Precaness, October 24, 1780.
Sir: I have been successively honored with your letters of the 13th. 16th. and 19th. of October. I think the change you have made respecting Lauzun's cavalry will be an advantageous one.96
[Note 96: Rochambeau ordered Lauzun's cavalry to winter in Connecticut, owing to the scarcity of forage in Rhode Island. Lebanon was the place selected.]
Since my last, we have accounts both by way of Statia97 and New York, that the combined fleet consisting of thirty sail of the line off Cape Finisterre, fell in with an outward bound fleet and took fifty odd sail of them, among which were five East India men; the rest were for the West Indies. This is an important article and has all the marks of authenticity.
[Note 97: St. Eustatius, West Indies.]
I have just received another account from New York that a part of the Cork fleet has been taken; but this though probable enough wants confirmation. I have the honor etc.
P.S. The fleet in New York harbour is said to consist of the Sandwich of 90 and three of 74. Two seventy fours went with the fleet to the Southward.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Wednesday, October 25, 1780.
Parole Washington. Countersigns Greene, Fayette.
Watchword--
Head Quarters, October 25, 1780.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your letter of the 18th. The enemy seem to be practicing the arts of corruption so extensively that I think we cannot be too much upon our guard against its effects nor ought we to neglect any clues that may lead to discoveries; but on the other hand we ought to be equally circumspect in admitting suspicions or proceeding upon them, without sufficient evidence. It will be the policy of the enemy to distract us as much as possible by sowing jealousies, and if we swallow the bait, no character will be safe, there will be nothing but mutual distrust. In the present case, from every thing I have heard of your informant, I should suspect him of the worst intentions; and notwithstanding what we are told about the motives which obliged him to leave the enemy, I still think it probable he came out as a spy and that the assigned causes are either altogether fictitious, or being real were made the inducement with him for undertaking the errand to avoid punishment, as well as obtain a reward.99 The
[Note 99: Capt. B. Edgar Joel had informed the Board of War that an American major general was in the British pay. It was supposed that he would declare it was Arnold, after the latter's treason was discovered; but Joel then claimed it was Maj. Gen. Robert Howe. An American commissary or foragemaster allowed himself to be taken prisoner frequently by the British and so acted as the go-between for Howe. Joel declined to put his information in writing.] kind of information he is willing to give may be received; but in my opinion, it would be a very improper foundation for an inquiry, unless the circumstances of it have much more weight than the character of the Witness. I have the honor etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Thursday, October 26, 1780.
Parole Luzerne. Countersigns Rochambeau, Ternay.
Watchword--
[Note 2: Maj. Moses Knapp, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
Brigade Major Oliver3
[Note 3: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Friday, October 27, 1780.
Parole Essex. Countersigns G., W.
Watchword Expert.
Lieutenant Colonel Badlam is appointed member of the general court martial whereof Colonel Bailey is President, vice Lieutenant Colonel Vose indisposed.
The General has the pleasure to congratulate the army on an important advantage lately obtained4 in North Carolina over a corps of 1400 men, British troops and new Levies commanded by Colonel Ferguson.5 The militia of the neighbouring country under Colonels Williams,6 Shelby,7 and others having assembled to the amount of 3000 men detached 1600 of their number on horseback to fall in with Ferguson's party on its march to Charlotte; they came up with them at a place called King's mountain, advantageously posted, and gave them a total defeat; in which Colonel Ferguson with 150 of his men were killed, 800 made prisoners and 1500 stand of arms taken. On our part the loss was inconsiderable. We have only to regret that the brave Colonel Williams was mortally wounded.
[Note 4: Oct. 7, 1780.]
[Note 5: Col. Patrick Ferguson, of the British provincial troops. He was major in the Second Battalion, Seventy-first Foot, in the British regulars.]
[Note 6: Col. James Williams, of the North Carolina Militia.]
[Note 7: Col. Isaac Shelby, of the Virginia Militia]
This advantage will in all probability have a very happy influence upon the successive operations in that quarter. It is a proof of the spirit and resources of the country.
Head Quarters near Passaic, October 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 24th. Inst. and thank you for the representation you make of the Ammunition and Ordnance Stores at Providence. I will give directions to Colonel Greene for their further security.
While I feel the full force of all your observations respecting the necessity of having permanent supplies laid in for the Posts in the Highlands, I have to lament the inefficacy of our past measures, and the disagreeable prospects before us. Col Blane8 can give you more particular information; As it is the business of the Commissary General, to point out the places of deposit to the state Agents, and to make all the arrangements in the Department, but not having the power, or the means, to make any purchases himself; the supplies must be very inadequate and precarious, unless the States will furnish the quotas they are called upon for, with more punctuality and dispatch, than has hitherto been the case.
[Note 8: Col. Ephraim Blaine.]
The plan you suggest of having the salted provisions put up as near the spot as possible, would certainly be eligible; but at present seems impracticable, while the Army is barely subsisted from day to day. I cannot but hope, however, that the Legislatures (most of which are not sitting) will take immediate and effectual means to have the necessary Magazines laid in for the Winter.
I have appointed Brigadier General Clinton to take the command [at] Albany, who will proceed thither accordingly. I am etc.9
[Note 9: In the writing of David Humphreys. The word in brackets was inadvertently omitted and is supplied from the draft.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 28, 1780.
Sir: As it is necessary there should be an officer in whom the state has confidence to take the general direction of affairs at Albany and on the Frontier, I have fixed upon you for this purpose, and I request you will proceed to Albany without delay and assume the command. You will be particularly attentive to the post of Fort Schuyler and do every thing in your power to have it supplied with a good stock of provision and stores; and you will take every other precaution the means at your command will permit, for the security of the frontier; giving me the most early advice of any incursions of the enemy. I inform General Heath of your appointment. I am etc.
P.S. I am informed a great number of Arms have been delivered [at Albany; by whose order, or to whom, I know not but presume they are in the hands of Militia, and more than probably by order of Colo. Vanscaic or Colo. Malcom. I beg that every possible means may be used to recover them to the public and no more delivered to Militia.]10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The P.S. is in the writing of David Humphreys, but the portion within brackets is in that of Washington.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am to request your Excellency to direct the salt Beef mentioned in your letter of the 31st: of August, and concerning which I wrote to you from Harford, to be forwarded with as much expedition as possible to Fishkill landing, by the upper route, as that by Crumpond has become dangerous, from the incursions of the Enemy's Refugee Corps. I am the more anxious to have this parcel of salt provision brought speedily to the North River, as I see no other, on which I can depend, for furnishing a Winter supply for the important Garrison of Fort schuyler, and if it is not got up to that post in the month of November, it will be extremely difficult afterwards, from the badness of the Road.
Although the season is already arrived when the Magazines of salt Meat, for the ensuing Winter and Campaign, should be laid in, I cannot learn that the Commissary General has been enabled to put up a single Barrel; so far from it, it is with difficulty the troops, in any quarter, are subsisted upon fresh Meat from day to day. I have the honor &c.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, October 28, 1780.
Parole Morocco. Countersigns May, Moore.
Watchword Mark.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, October 29, 1780.
Parole Armenia. Countersigns Avon, Argos.
Watchword Arms.
Ensign John Humphrey12 of the 6th. Pennsylvania regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same, vice Lieutenant Herbert resigned from the first instant.
[Note 12: He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781; appointed lieutenant in the Fourth Continental Artillery in April, 1782 served to June, 1783.]
The grand parade is altered to the field near the Artificers.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased by their Act of the 23d. Instant to promote Brigadier General Parsons to the rank of Major General in the Continental Army.
[Note 13: Lieut. Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 29, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit your Excellency the proceedings of the Court Martial upon Joshua Smith;14 by which you will perceive out of four charges exhibited against him the Jurisdiction of the Court was only found competent to one, of which they have acquitted him for want of sufficient evidence. As he was brought out of Your State into this15 for trial, I have thought proper to send him back to West Point. I think it necessary to inform you, that he will be shortly released from confinement unless the Civil Authority should interpose to demand him.16 I have the honor etc.
[Note 14: Joshua Hett Smith.]
[Note 15: New Jersey.]
[Note 16: Smith was imprisoned by the civil authority of New York, but escaped before he was brought to trial and succeeded in getting into New York City.]
P.S. When you have considered the Proceedings you will please to return them.17
[Note 17: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have sent Joshua Smith to West Point to be confined there 'till further Orders, unless the Civil Authority should in the mean time demand him, in which case you will be pleased to deliver him up. I am &c.
P.S. I would not wish Smith's Confinement to be rigorous only secure. Be so good as to forward the inclosed Letter to the Governor or in his absence to the Lt. Governor.18
[Note 18: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 29, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with Your Excellency's favors of the 19th, 23d, and 26th Instants. The intelligence from the southward is most agreeable and important, and may, in its consequences, give a happy change to the face of Affairs in that quarter.
In regard to the application made by Colo. de Buysson to Congress, and which they have been pleased to refer to me, I beg leave to lay before them a Copy of my letter of the 10th: instant, which was in answer to a similar application made directly to me. In consequence of my advice, he wrote to Sir Henry Clinton, but I cannot say whether he has granted him an extension of his parole to Europe, without that, Congress will readily perceive it does not lay with them, or with me, to indulge him in his request. Neither can he be immediately exchanged, without doing an act of injustice to many Officers of his Rank, who have been much longer in Captivity.
I am exceedingly happy to find that Congress have been pleased, by their Act of the 21st, to adopt the amendments which I took the liberty to propose in my letter of the 11th. I cannot but hope that the reformed Officers will be content with the generous provision made for them.
Colo. Donald Campbell, who was continued in his former pay and Rank by a Resolve of the 13th Feby. 1777, has continued to draw Rations also 'till lately, when the Commy. of Issues to the Northward has been in doubt whether he was not precluded from drawing Rations by the Resolves of the 10th: March and 12th: June last. The case having been referred to me, I would wish to know the sense and pleasure of Congress upon the subject.
In the inclosed York paper of the 25th: Your Excellency will find a proclamation of Arnolds addressed particularly to the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army.19 This unparalled piece of assurance has, if possible, added to the detestation in which they before held him. I have the honor etc.20
[Note 19: A contemporary manuscript copy of this proclamation of Arnold, Oct. 20, 1780, is in the Washington Papers. An original issue of tile broadside is in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 20: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on November 1 and referred in part to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Monday, October 30, 1780.
Parole Norwalk. Countersigns N., E.
Watchword Now.
At a General court martial Philadelphia September 27th. 1780, Colonel Francis Johnston President, Doctor James B. Sharpe,21 was tried for "Disobedience of orders" found guilty, being a breach of Section 2d. Article 5th. of the Articles of war and sentenced to be reprimanded in general orders; but the court considering the peculiar situation in which the Director General placed Doctor Sharpe by having ordered him not
[Note 21: Dr. James Boyd Sharpe. He was surgeon's mate in the Second Georgia Regiment; surgeon in December, 1782; served to close of the war.] to receive sick into the Hospital without the order was previously countersign'd by him or a senior surgeon which order the Court are of opinion is not warrantable, do therefore recommend it to the Commander in Chief to remit the sentence.
The General is sorry to disagree in opinion with the Court as the order given by the Director General appears to him founded in Expedience and the common practice of Service as well as consonant to the spirit of a general order of the 21st. of January 1778.
Doctor Sharpe is releas'd from Arrest.
At a General court martial of the Line whereof Colol. Bailey is President, the 16th. instant Colonel Thomas Procter of the Artillery was tried upon the following charges.
1st. Mustering men in his regiment as soldiers that were not actually doing the duty of Soldiers and returning them on command when they were doing the duty of Servants in his and other families in the city of Philadelphia.
2dly. Discharging Soldiers of his regiment for Sums of money.
3dly. Fraud in the settlement of his recruiting accompts.
4thly. Signing a false Certificate to a return for Quarter master's Stores.
5thly. Discharging a number of able bodied men from his regiment to the great prejudice of the service.
The Court are of opinion that Colonel Procter is not Guilty of either of the Charges exhibited against him and do acquit him with Honor.
The General entirely approves the determination of the Court: He cannot help remarking that the prosecution on the part of Captain Porter22 was vexatious groundless and illiberal;
[Note 22: Capt Andrew Porter, of the Second Continental Artillery. He was transferred to the Fourth Continental Artillery in January, 1781; appointed major in April, 1781; lieutenant colonel in January, 1782; served to June, 1783.] it is with pain too he has seen several instances for some time past where personal pique has given birth to prosecutions as unjust as they were indelicate and improper.
Colonel Procter is released from his Arrest.
Duplicate Returns of the names of all the officers in the Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry, to be made out regimentally and signed by the commandants of regiments and Corps specifying their ranks and dates of Commissions; Those of the Artillery, Cavalry, Additional regiments and Corps are to designate the states to which their officers respectively belong.
Those officers on the Staff are also to be noted in a seperate Column according to their several staff appointments, agreeable to the Form herewith given.
These returns to be transmitted without delay to the Orderly Office.
Head Quarters, October 30, 1780.
Sir: Lieutenant Meydenger23 will deliver Mr. Joshua Smith into your custody. You will immediately send him by Water from Kings Ferry to General Heath at West point, under charge of an Officer with a proper Guard. You will likewise forward all the dispatches which Lt. Meydenger will deliver you. I am etc.24
[Note 23: Lieut. Jacob Myfinger (Meydenger, Metringer), of the Maréchauseé Corps.]
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
October 30, 1780.
It is impossible my Dear Marquis to desire more ardently than I do to terminate the campaign by some happy stroke; but we must consult our means rather than our wishes; and not endeavour to better our affairs by attempting things, which for want of success may make them worse. We are to lament that there has been a misapprehension of our circumstances in Europe; but to endeavour to recover our reputation, we should take care that we do not injure it more.
Ever since it became evident that the allied arms could not cooperate with this campaign, I have had an eye to the point you mention,25 determined if a favourable opening should offer to embrace it; but so far as my information goes, the enterprise would not be warranted. It would in my opinion be imprudent to throw an Army of ten thousand men upon an Island against Nine thousand, exclusive of seamen and militia. This from the accounts we have appears to be the enemy's force. All we can therefore do at present is to endeavour to gain a more certain knowledge of their situation and act accordingly. This I have been some time employed in doing but hitherto with little success. I shall thank you for any aids you can afford. Arnold's flight seems to have frightened all my intelligencers out of their senses. I am etc.26
[Note 25: An attack upon New York City.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
Lafayette's letter of Oct. 30, 1780, to which this is a reply, is not now found among the Washington Papers. It is printed, however, by Sparks, vol. 7, P. 558.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 31, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of the 24th Instant. As the characters and circumstances of the Prisoners at West Point are much better known to you on the spot, than they can possibly be to me, I have only to request that you will use your discretion with respect to them. The Proceedings of the Court on Burtiss have never been in my hands.
There is I am informed by Gen. Irvine, a Chest belonging to Col Koscuiszko containing principally Papers of a public nature; which General Greene had determined to have removed from Mrs. Warrens to a place of more security; but in the hurry of business might have omitted. If the chest still remains at West Point, you will be pleased to take it into your charge, or have it removed to a place of safety. As the Drafts and Papers are of service to the Public. I am etc.27
[Note 27: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[M.S.H. S.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 31, 1780.
Dear Sir: Major General Phillips has informed me that Sir Henry Clinton has consented to the exchange of Brigadier General Spetch28 and de Gall29 with the Officers of their suite and their attendants. I have acceded to this proposal. You will therefore immediately permit those General Officers with their families to repair to Elizabeth Town, by the Route of Lancaster, Reading and Easton, avoiding any cantonment of the Army in their way thro' Jersey. I am &c.30
[Note 28: Brig. Gert. J. F. yon Specht, of the German allied troops, British Army.]
[Note 29: Brig. Gert, W. R. von Gall, of the German allied troops, British Army.]
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 31, 1780.
Sir: In a letter from Major General Phillips of the 23, he proposes an exchange of Brigadier Generals Spzetch and De Gall, for any two of the three Brigadiers, Thompson, Waterbury and Irvine.
I have already instructed you respecting General Thompson. It is my wish that you exchange the Gentlemen of the Convention troops above mentioned, as well as Generals Phillips and Reidesel; but I make it a condition to the exchanges of these General Officers that General Du Portail and the other characters particularly mentioned to you by Congress and the Board of War be included.
Generals Spæcht and De Gall are immediately to come on to Elizabeth Town so that it is necessary you should inform me as soon as possible, whether our proposals are accepted. I am etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, October 31, 1780.
Gentn' You will oblige me by forwarding the inclosed to Colo. Wood, as expeditiously as possible. It contains orders to send down Brigadiers Genl. Spetch and de Gall of the Convention troops, to whose exchanges Sir Henry Clinton has consented. The Gentlemen are both old and infirm and it is therefore to be wished that they may accomplish their long Journey before the severity of the season sets in.
I have recd. Mr Stodderts favour of the 28th: with Colo. Jacksons Commissions. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, October 31 1780.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 23d. and have directed my Commissary of Prisoners to accede to the exchange of the two Brigadiers you mention, on terms which I have pointed out to him and conformable to his former instructions.
I have sent an order to the Commanding officer at Albemarle barracks33 for expediting the coming on of those Gentlemen to Elizabeth Town as you propose. I have the honor etc.34
[Note 33: At Charlottesville, Va.]
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, October 31, 1780.
Parole Pittsburgh. Countersigns Platt, Quin.
Watchword Prepare.
[Note 35: Lieut. Col. Ezra Newhall, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Major Ballard
Brigade Major Van Laer
Twelve waggoners to be draughted from the line and sent to the Orderly office tomorrow 12 o'clock. Two masons from the Pennsylvania Line to be sent at the same time.
The officers composing the general court martial whereof Colonel H. Jackson is President, are to return to their duty in the line.
While we continue in the present position the Post rider will leave camp at noon every Thursday instead of Friday morning. Letters therefore must be handed to the post office (at the Park) in time for the mail to be made up in that hour.
At a general court martial of the line, Fishkill, October 25th, 1780 Colonel Hazen President, Colonel Elisha Sheldon of the 2d. regiment of Light dragoons was tried on the following charges:
1st. Injuring the public service by discharging without proper authority from said regiment, a number of men inlisted upon continental bounty and encouragement to serve during the war.
2dly. Defrauding the public by selling and exchanging away regimental horses and converting the avails to his own use.
3dly. Defrauding the officers and soldiers of his regiment of plunder taken in action and converting the avails to his own private use.
4thly. With unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior.
The court are of opinion that he is not guilty of either of the charges exhibited as aforesaid, and do acquit him with Honor and a full Approbation' and the court on this occasion think it a duty further to add that the charges did not originate from a Zeal or desire to serve the United States; but rather thro' private animosity, pique or prejudice; that the prosecution is vexatious and Malicious; and that doctor Darius Stoddard,36 the Complainant is justly chargeable with all the expence attending the court martial on the Trial of Colonel Elisha Sheldon.
[Note 36: Surgeon in the Hospital Department.]
His Excellency the commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders Colonel Sheldon to be released from Arrest.
At the General court martial of the line whereof Colonel Bailey is President, the 20th. instant, George Berrien and James Berrien, Boatmen, were tried for "Breaking open a box of cloathing, or suffering it to be done whilst under their care, and taking Six pair of leather breeches, five pair of boots and one pair of Shoes belonging to the officers of Colonel Nixon's regiment."
The court on mature consideration are of opinion that the charge against the Prisoners is not supported.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court, and orders George Berrien and James Berrien released from Confinement.
Head Quarters, October 31, 1780.
Sir: Upon the representation of Mr. Morey that two Negro Men belonging to him, were detained as Soldiers in the Massachusetts Line contrary to his inclination, I gave directions to Brigadier General Glover to appoint a Board of Officers to enquire into the Justice of his claim and to report the facts with their opinion thereon. A Copy of this Report I now do Myself the honor to inclose to you.
As Mr Morey is a subject of your State, and the question appears to be how far the several circumstances stated in the Report ought to affect his property I have thought proper to refer the matter to Your opinion; having no object in view but a desire that equal justice may be done to the public and the individual concerned. I have the honor etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 51: Denis Jean Florimond Langlois de Montheville, Chevalier du Bouchet. He was deputy adjutant general of the French Army in America.]
[October 1780.]
Sir: I have been made happy by the receipt of your Letter of the 28th. of September, and regret that I had not an opportunity at Hartford, of assuring you personally of my esteem. Confirmed by what I have seen myself, in the high Opinion of his abilities and personal qualities, with which the reputation of the Count De Rochambeau had impressed me, I learn with peculiar pleasure, his obliging partiality for me; and my satisfaction is compleat in the assurance you give me, that your army in general participate in his sentiments. They have too much merit not to possess all my esteem. The zeal with which they came to the succour of this country, and their good conduct since will be a new cement of the alliance. Every day brings me fresh proofs of the growing affection and admiration of the inhabitants who are witnesses to it. I hope another Campaign will be more favourable to their wishes than the past and will reward them with those laurels and with that glory, which I am persuaded they will deserve.
I beg my compliments to Cols. Fleury and Du Plessis, with every assurance of my friendship. With great consideration etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 1, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to request you will lay before Congress the inclosed memorial, handed to me by the Marquis De la Fayette, one from the Canadian families which have taken refuge from Albany complaining that they have not for some time past received the provisions allowed them by Congress. Another from a Captn. Traversy53 containing a demand for money due while employed by Major General Gates for secret services which the removal of General Gates from the command he held at the time prevented his being paid.
[Note 53: Capt. Joseph Traversie (Traversi), of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
As to the first I have taken the liberty to direct General Clinton who commands at Albany to have the Canadian families furnished with a ration for each individual 'till further orders; I hope Congress will approve this step.54
[Note 54: On November 10 Congress approved Washington's action in supplying the Canadians with rations and ordered the Board of Treasury to liquidate Captain Traversie's accounts.]
In the affair of Captn. Traversy I could do nothing but refer him to Congress with an assurance that they would satisfy all his just demands. He is the bearer of this letter.
The Case of those Canadians who have attached themselves to our fortune is in general deplorable, and both justice and humanity make it infinitely to be desired, it were in our power to make some better provision for persons who have left their own country, and involved themselves in every kind of distress in compliance with our invitation. There have been of late frequent representations to me of their sufferings, I am persuaded Congress will do every thing their means will permit for the relief of these unhappy people. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The letter was read in Congress on November 6 and referred to James Duane, Richard Howly, and William Sharpe.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 1, 1780.
Sir: I yesterday had the honor of receiving your letter of the 20th. of October. The sixteenth the embarkation mentioned in my former letter sailed from New York, consisting from my best accounts, of about three thousand men, composed of the grenadiers and light infantry and chiefly besides of detachments. As I mentioned to you in my last I believe they are destined to Virginia, or rather North Carolina to cooperate with Cornwallis. They may however have a destination further Southward.
I beg you to accept my acknowledgements for obligingly executing the requests contained in my last. I have the honor etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Wednesday, November 1, 1780.
Parole Rockaway. Countersigns Rome, Radnor.
Watchword Remember.
[Note 57: Lieut. Col. Joseph Hair, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Major Wallbridge
Brigade Major Smith
[The Commander in Chief has the happiness to inform the army, That The Honble. the Congress have been pleased by their Acts of the 3d. and 21st. of October to pass the following Resolutions: He is intirely persuaded, that the liberal provision now made will give universal satisfaction; and while it evinces the justice and generosity of Congress will prove a new motive to the zeal and exertions of the officers.]
That such of the sixteen additional regiments as have not been annexed to the line of some particular state and all the seperate light corps of the army, both of horse and foot, [(Colonel Hazen's regiment, Colonel Armands and Major Lee's corps excepted)] and also the German battalion, be reduced on the 1st day of January next: that the non-commissioned officers and privates in those several corps, be incorporated with the troops of their respective states, and that such of them as do not belong to any particular state, be annexed to such corps as the commander in chief shall direct.
That the regular army of the United States, from and after the 1st day of January next, consist of 4 regiments of cavalry, or light58 dragoons; [or legionary corps,] 4 regiments of artillery; 49 regiments of infantry, exclusive of colonel Hazen's regiment, hereafter mentioned; [Colonel Armand's Partizan Corps Major Lee's do] 1 regiment of artificers:
[Note 58: The draft reads "Four Regs. of mounted and dismounted dragoons."]
That each regiment of cavalry, or light dragoons, [or Legionary corps] consist of 6 troops, [of mounted dragoons] and [two of dismounted dragoons,] that each troop consist of [sixty privates with the same number of commissioned and] 64 non-commissioned officers as at present:
[That the partizan Corps commanded by Colo. Armand and Major Lee shall consist of three troops of mounted and three of dismounted Dragoons of fifty each, to be officered by the Commander in Chief by the approbation of Congress; And that the Commander in Chief be authorised to direct a mode for compleating, recruiting and supplying the said Corps.]
That each regiment of artillery consist of 9 companies, and that each company consist of 65 non-commissioned officers and matrosses, with the same number of commissioned officers as at present.
That each regiment of infantry [requested from the several States shall] consist of 9 companies, and each company consist of 64 non-commissioned officers and privates; and That the regiment of artificers consist of 8 companies, and each company of 60 non-commissioned officers and privates: (one colonel, one lieutenant colonel and one major, where the full colonels are continued: or one lieutenant colonel commandant and two majors, where the colonels59 are not continued: 9 captains, 22 subalterns, 1 surgeon, 1 surgeon's mate, 1 serjeant major, 1 quartermaster serjeant, 45 serjeants, 1 drum major, 1 fife major, 10 drums, 10 fifes, 612 rank and file: That there be one captain and two subalterns to each company, and that the four supernumerary subalterns shall each have the rank of lieutenant, one of which is to reside in the State to which he belongs, to inlist and forward on recruits; one drum and one fife from each regiment to attend the recruiting officer; the other three supernumerary officers to do the duty of paymaster, quartermaster and adjutant, in their respective regiments.)60
[Note 59: The draft has "full colonels."]
[Note 60: The portion within the parentheses is from the resolves of Congress of Oct. 21, 1780.]
and that the regiment of artificers consist of 8 companies, and each company of 60 non-commission'd officers and privates:
(That the whole of the troops be inlisted during the war, and join their respective corps by the first day of January next)60
That the several states furnish the following quotas, viz.
New Hampshire, 2 regiments of infantry; Massachusetts Bay, 10 regiments of infantry and 1 of artillery; Rhode Island, &c. 1 regiment of infantry; Connecticut, 5 regiments of infantry and 1 of cavalry; New York, 2 regiments of infantry and 1 of artillery; New Jersey, 2 regiments of infantry; Pennsylvania, 6 regiments of infantry, 1 of artillery, 1 of cavalry, and 1 of artificers; Delaware, 1 regiment of infantry; Maryland, 5 regiments of infantry; Virginia, 8 regiments of infantry, 1 of artillery, and 2 of cavalry; North Carolina, 4 regiments of infantry; South Carolina, 2 regiments of infantry; Georgia, 1 regiment of infantry:
That the regiments of cavalry, and artillery, and of artificers, as they now stand be considered as belonging to the states respectively, to which they are or may be assigned, which state shall compleat them to the full complement, supply them with necessaries, and in every respect treat them as if originally raised therein, and that such other states as now have non-commissioned officers or privates in any of the regiments aforesaid, be credited in their quota's for such men, according to their numbers, from time to time for which purpose the Commander in Chief is hereby directed to specify such noncommissioned officers and privates, and the states to which they formerly belonged, ill the returns which he shall make to the states, and in his annual returns to Congress:
That the regiment61 commanded by Colonel Moses Hazen be continued on its present establishment, and that all noncommissioned officers and privates, being foreigners belonging to any of the reduced regiments and corps be incorporated therewith, and all volunteers from foreign states, who are now in the service, or may hereafter join the American army be annexed to the said regiment:
[Note 61: Second Canadian.]
(That the Commander in Chief and commanding officer in the southern department, direct the officers of each state to meet and agree upon the officers for the regiments to be raised by their respective states, from those who incline to continue in service; and where it cannot be done by agreement, to be determined by seniority, and make return of those who are to remain, which is to be transmitted to Congress, together with the names of the officers reduced, who are to be allowed half pay for life.
That the officers who shall continue in the service to the end of the war, shall also be entitled to half pay during life, to commence from the time of their reduction.)62
[Note 62: The portion within parentheses is from the resolves of Congress of Oct. 21, 1780.]
That the Officers at Camp be empowered and directed to use every prudent measure and improve every favorable opportunity to inlist for the continuance of the War such of the Men belonging to their respective States as are not engaged for that period.
That two dollars be granted to the recruiting Officer for every able bodied Soldier he shall inlist for the War, who shall join the Army and that a sum not exceeding Fifty dollars be allowed to every such Recruit.
That the Cloathing be furnished and regularly served out to the troops as it becomes due and that a full compensation be made for any arrearages of Cloathing.
The General directs that the Officers of the several lines will meet accordingly and agree upon an arrangement as speedily as may be, of the officers who remain in service and of those who retire, reporting the same to Head Quarters. It is of course to be understood, that none can retire with the benefit of the provision here made, except such a number as exceeds that which is required in the establishment of the regiments.
The General Officers of the respective lines will be pleased to assist in these arrangements.63
[Note 63: A draft of these General Orders, in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman, is in the Washington Papers. The parts in brackets show the variation of the General Orders from the resolves of Congress of October 3, which are included between s. (See also General Orders, Nov. 3, 1780.)]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, November 1, 1780.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellency's favor of the 27th. ulto. The letters inclosed for the president of Congress were immediately forwarded by Express. I am happy in believing that the dispatches for which you are apprehensive were not in the Mail lately lost at Stratford as the new Regulations for the Army were not compleated when that post left Philadelphia. They were finished the 21st ulto. and I hope will reach most of the Legislatures during their Fall Session. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I transmitted Your Excellency some very important dispatches on the 18th: ulto. I hope they have got safe to hand.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Thursday, November 2, 1780.
Parole Kilkenny. Countersigns U., F.
Watchword Keep ready.
A detachment to parade tomorrow morning 10 o'clock on the Grand Parade furnished with Six days provisions and forty rounds pr man.
The Troop 'till further orders to beat at nine o'clock the Guards to be on the parade at Ten.
Lieutenant John Meacham65 of the 3d Massachusetts regiment is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. of August last vice Adjutant Burnham.66
[Note 65: He was cashiered in December, 1780.]
[Note 66: Lieut. Samuel Burnham, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He died in March, 1782.]
[Note 67: Commissioner of the Continental Treasury Board.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 2, 1780.
Sir: I was a few days ago favored with yours of the 24th ulto. I have not the least doubt but there is too general an inattention to the care of Stores at most of our Magazines and distant posts, but it is much to be regretted that the Deputies residing at those places have so many plausible pretences for throwing the ill condition of what are found in their possession, upon those from whom they received them. In the Article of Flour particularly, which is most subject to waste, the fault in a great measure originates with the Miller, who is shamefully careless of the make and security of the Casks.68 The notice however which you have taken of what came under your own inspection, will I hope be attended with good effects, as it will put the head of the department upon making inquiry into the apparent causes of neglect, when you saw the provision, and giving directions for more care in future. Colo. Stewart has always appeared to me active and diligent in the prosecution of his business, but it is probable that there may be want of conduct in some of his Deputies. I can myself, in some measure, account for the condition of the Stores at Hackets and Pitts town when you saw them. They had just then been removed in the greatest hurry from Morris Town to avoid the destruction
[Note 68: Denning's letter of October 24, in the Washington Papers, described the condition of the flour at Pittstown and Hackettstown, N. J., and Chester, N. Y.] with which they were threatened by the move of the Enemy into Jersey. What the Deputy told you of the impossibility of procuring Guards to secure and assist in storing the Provision was absolutely true. Our strength has scarcely ever allowed of making the necessary detachments for the safety of our Magazines, but just at the time to which you refer, our whole collected force in Jersey did not amount to one half of that of the Enemy.
I shall take occasion to mention the substance of your information to Colo: Stewart, and shall desire him to have matters put under better regulations in future. I shall at the same time let him know, that what you have done is not with an intent of criminating him, but from what you very properly conceive to be the duty of every good Citizen, to represent to the proper authority what he sees amiss in public affairs. I am etc.69
[Note 69: ln the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photograph of the original in Washington's Headquarters and Museum, Newburgh, N. Y.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, November 3, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 27th. ulto. As I have been informed that the State agreed to allow the Levies higher pay than the Continental Troops, I imagine they will take measures to satisfy them at the end of their service, charging the Continent with the usual monthly allowance. The pay of the Army is in arrear since March last. The treasury is making every exertion to procure Money from the States, which I believe they find difficult. This being the true situation of matters, I can only recommend patience a while longer. If Mr. Reynolds,70 the State Agent Cloathier, has a full supply upon hand for the troops he may deliver out the yearly allowance to your
[Note 70: John Reynolds. He was Rhode Island State Agent for Clothing.] Regt. if he has not, he must give you your proportion and send on the remainder without loss of time to Colonel AngelIs. I can give no order respecting the Cloathing of Officers; Congress having recommended it to the respective States to provide for the supply of those belonging to them.
The Adjutant General has already transmitted you the Regulations for reforming the Army. You will see by them, the mode which is pointed out for determining upon the Officers who are to leave the service, and I doubt not but you will immediately communicate with the Officers of Colo. Angells Regt. upon the subject. When the Corps which is to form the new Regiment is fixed upon, I shall probably draw the whole to this Army. Should it fall to your lot to remain in service, I cannot suppose that you would wish to go to the southward without your Regiment, and I see little chance of its going to that quarter.
I am very much pleased to hear of your good agreement with the French Army. The General and other Officers have, in their turn, expressed their approbation of your conduct on every occasion. I am &c.
P.S. General Heath informed me that there were a quantity of Military Stores at Rhode Island not very safely stored. You will be pleased to see them removed to places where they will be kept free from damage by weather or accident.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 72: Of Elizabeth Town, N.J. He was an American secret agent.]
Head Quarters, Colonel Dey's, November 3, 1780.
Sir: His Excellency has heard, from several quarters, that an embarkation, under the command of Sir Henry Clinton in person, is preparing at New York; but having no information of the kind from you, he is somewhat dubious of it, as he thinks a matter of such importance could not have escaped the observation of those you employ. You will be pleased to write to His Excellency by return of the Express, and give him any intelligence you may have gained. If you have not yet heard of the embarkation, you are to take the speediest means of getting information; and if it should be so, of the force, the Corps of which it is to consist, the time it is to sail, under whose command, the destination and the Convoy; all which you will communicate the moment you receive the particulars. His Excellency has never yet received an accurate account of the Corps which composed the embarkation of the 16th: ulto. though it always has been one of his particular instructions to attend to that point. If you can get any information upon that head, you will let him know it. It is of the utmost importance that we should know with certainty, and speedily whether there is any truth in the report of the present embarkation, you will therefore exert yourself to find it out. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
[Note 74: Of the Dutch Reformed Church, Hackensack, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Colo. Dey's, November 3, 1780.
Sir: His Excellency General Washington has been informed, within two days past, that another embarkation, under the command of Sir Henry Clinton in person, is preparing at New York. Should this be so, it is more than probable that you will have heard something of it, as the Communication between Hackensack and Bergen is frequent. You will be good enough to let me know, by return of the Bearer, whether any thing of the kind has come to your knowledge, with any particulars which you may have collected. Should you at any time in future gain any intelligence, which you may think material, you will oblige His Excellency and render essential public service by communicating it to him. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman, A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Friday, November 3, 1780.
Parole Totowa. Countersigns Upton, West.
Watchword Watch.
Lieutenant Enos Reeves76 of the 10th. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Quarter Master of the same vice Lieutenant Joseph Banks77 from the 1st. Instant.
[Note 76: He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 77: Lieut. Joseph Banks, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January. 1781.]
In the publication of the Extracts of the Resolves of Congress of the 3d. and 21st. of October there was an omission of part of that of the 3d. declaring that the retiring officers should be entitled to land at the close of the war agreeable to the resolution of the 16th. of September 1776; though the Resolution of the 21st. is silent on this Article, the General has no doubt that it remains in force.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, November 4, 1780.
Parole Congress. Countersigns Arms, Honor.
Watchword Generous.
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 4, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received information from New York that a person who is called George Fustner,78 and who is Brother in law to Rankin79 formerly of York County, comes frequently out as a Spy by way of Shark River thro' Jersey and from thence to Lancaster.80 He left New York the 27th. ulto. and is probably at this time upon that Business. Your Excellency may perhaps, from the foregoing Clue, have him intercepted upon some of his Visits. There is also another person who goes by the reigned name of John Staria or the Irish Dutchman, because he speaks both languages, who goes constantly between New York and Lancaster, accompanied by a lusty old Man called John Smith, who serves as a guide to him. They lately carried 12 or 14 Recruits from Lancaster. I shall be happy should the above
[Note 78: Of Lancaster, Pa.]
[Note 79: James and John Rankin, of York County, Pa. Their property was confiscated by the State in 1779.]
[Note 80: The warning to Washington came from the spy called "Littel D," through Capt. John Hendricks.] descriptions be sufficient to lead to the discovery of another of the many Engines of this sort, which the enemy have at work against us. I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 4, 1780.
Dr Sir: The subject on which you spoke to me yesterday did not strike me in a proper point of view, which prevented my immediately acquiescing in it; but on revolving the matter, I perceive there can be no inconvenience, and wish exceedingly it could take place. If more of the Lt Colonels of either of the lines you mentioned are willing to retire than the establishment will permit provided they could have the benefit of half pay and not otherwise, in this case I see no objection to one of them exchanging with you. It can make no difference in point of expence to the public and it can injure none of the inferior officers. But it must after all depend on the particular states themselves, and on the officers themselves. If agreeable to both, it will give me pleasure to see you provided for. I am etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 4, 1780.
Sir: I have received some late advices from New York that speak of a large number of transports and other vessels which are getting ready to sail, and of a second embarkation of troops destined to the South. It is added that Rodney with a part of his fleet is preparing to sail to the West-Indies; that he is to detach two ships of the line, the Sandwich and Terrible to convoy a homeward bound European fleet, which is to sail immediately after the Cork fleet arrives.
The New York paper mentions the arrival of the troops under General Leslie in Chesapeak Bay83 which intelligence is said to be derived from one of our prizes.
[Note 83: A copy of an intercepted letter from General Leslie to Lord Cornwallis, dated Nov. 4, 1780, from Portsmouth, Va., was inclosed by Governor Jefferson in his letter to Washington Nov. 10, 1780. In it Leslie stated he had taken post at Portsmouth and awaited Cornwallis's orders. Leslie's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
It is with pleasure I can inform Congress that the communication of their late Resolutions relative to the new establishment, has given general satisfaction and excited the gratitude of the Army. I conceived it to be the spirit of both Resolutions that the retiring Officers should be entitled to Land after the War and published it accordingly. I have the honor etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, November 4, 1780.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your several letters of the 23rd. 27th. and 29th. I am happy to hear that the frigate and our friend85 have taken their departure under such favourable auspices. I join with you in the warmest wishes for their safety and expedition.
[Note 85: Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeur, Vicomte de Rochambeau, son of the comte, went to France to report the result of the Hartford conference and urge the sending of the second division of the French troops and fleet. He was colonel en second, Regiment Bourbonnais; colonel commandant of the Regiment Saintonge in November, 1782; commandant of the Regiment Royal Auvergne in July, 1783.]
By recent advices, there appears to be a large fleet of transports &c. preparing at New York to sail, and it is added another embarkation of troops is getting ready. It is also said, Rodney is preparing to sail to the West Indies with the greater part of his fleet, and is to detach two ships the Terrible and Sandwich, to convoy a homeward bound European fleet so soon as the Cork fleet arrives.
The New York paper mentions the bringing in a prize that gives an account of the arrival of the last detachment in Chesapeak-bay. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 4, 1780.
Gentlemen: The following Officers: Majors Tillard,87 Woodson88 Darke89 Captains Wyllis,90 Hays,91 Holston, Gilchrist,92 Snead,93 Culbertson,94 McDonald;95 Lieutenants Lucket,96
[Note 87: Maj. Edward Tillard, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. He had been captured at Staten Island in August, 1777; appointed lieutenant colonel of the Fourth Maryland Regiment in May, 1779; exchanged in October, 1780; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 88: Tarleton Woodson, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was captured at Staten Island in August, 1777; exchanged in October, 1780; resigned in March, 1782.]
[Note 89: William Darke, of the Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was captured at Germantown in October, 1777; exchanged in November, 1780; appointed lieutenant colonel of the Fourth Virginia Regiment in February, 1781, ranking from November, 1777; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 90: Capt. John Plasgrave Wyllys (Willis), of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 91: John Hay, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. He was captured at Germantown in October, 1777; appointed major of the Third Virginia Regiment to rank from April, 1778; exchanged in October, 1780; retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 92: George Gilchrist, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. He was captured at Germantown in October, 1777; exchanged in November, 1780; retired in February, 1781.]
[Note 93: Smith Snead, of the Ninth Virginia Regiment. He was captured at Germantown in October, 1777; exchanged in November, 1780; transferred to the Second Virginia Regiment in February, 1781; served to the close of the war.]
[Note 94: Samuel Culbertson, of the Pennsylvania battalion of the Flying Camp. He was captured at Fort Washington in November, 1776; exchanged in November, 1780; did not reenter the service.]
[Note 95: John McDonald, of the Pennsylvania battalion of the Flying Camp. He was captured at Fort Washington in November, 1776; exchanged in November, 1780; did not reenter the service.]
[Note 96: Lieut. Thomas Hussey Luckett, of Stephenson's Rifle Regiment. He was captured at Fort Washington in November, 1776; exchanged in November, 1780; did not reenter the service.] Finley,97 Pendleton,98 George,99 and Myers1 have lately returned from New York being exchanged, and are now upon their way to their respective places of abode. The Military Chest being totally exhausted, they will with difficulty be enabled to get as far as Philada. I must solicit you to procure them a supply there, sufficient to carry them home. Their long and patient sufferings entitle them to attention and to every assistance in getting themselves and Baggage forward. I have the honor etc.
[Note 97: John H. Finley, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was captured at Fort Washington in November, 1776; exchanged in October, 1780; did not reenter the service.]
[Note 98: Nathaniel Pendleton, of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment. He ranked as captain from March, 1777; was captured at Fort Washington in November, 1776; exchanged in October, 1780; aide to General Greene in November, 1780, to close of the war.]
[Note 99: William George, of Stephenson's Rifle Regiment. He was captured at Fort Washington in November, 1776; appointed captain of the Eleventh Virginia Regiment in March, 1777; retired on account of being a prisoner in September, 1778; exchanged in November, 1780.]
[Note 1: Godfrey Meyer (Myers), of the Pennsylvania battalion of the Flying Camp. He was captured at Fort Washington in November, 1776; exchanged in November, 1780; did not reenter the service.]
P.S. There may perhaps be a few more Gentlemen than those I have named in the same situation.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Hd: Qrs. Passaic Falls, November 5, 1780.
Sir: Whenever a representation from any department of the Army is made to me, and it is not in my power to resolve their questions, or relieve their complaints, I have ever conceiv'd it a part of my duty to refer the matter to Congress. This will be my apology for troubling them with the Inclosed Memorial of the hospital Department; and requesting to know [at the same time] how far the resolves of the 3d. and 21st. ulto. are to be construed in favor of the Regimental Surgeons who are to be reduced; the ascertaining of which, previous to the arrangement, is become interesting to them, and the Subject of a variety of applications to me.
As I do not know even, that Congress have it in contemplation to exclude these Gentn. from the half pay establishment. much less the principle (if it should take place) upon which their determination is founded, I shall take the liberty of observing, that in the British Army, from whence most of our rules and customs are derived, and in which long experience and improvement has brought their System as near perfection as in any other Service, the Surgeons of the hospital, and Regimental Surgeons are, upon reduction, entitled to half pay. the Mates in both, I believe, are not, whether a discrimination therefore in the present instance, prejudicial to them, may not work a greater evil than the saving will produce good, remains with Congress to consider. The opinion I have given to these Gentlemen [particularly the Memorialists] is, that tho' I would wish to see no discrimination which can hurt their feelings, yet upon a scale of equal justice I do not conceive that their pretensions to half of their present pay, is well supported by comparison with the Officers of the Line.
In the British Service, the pay of a Regimental Surgeon and Lieutt., are the same, or nearly so. In ours, at the commencemt. of the War, a Lieutts pay was 13 1/3 dollars pr. month, and the Surgeons 25 dollars; whence this difference I shall not undertake to determine; but presume it arose from two causes, a difficulty of getting men of abilities to serve for Lieutts. pay, and because no perquisites were drawn by the Surgeons in our Army; while those in the B. Service increased theirs by emoluments to [a further sum equal to] the amount of their pay. What the pay of the Hospital Surgeons in the British Service is, I am not quite certain, but believe it to be equal to that of the Captains. In ours it was double, and having progressed since, I shd. as I have observed to these Gentn, think it unreasonable that they should, at a reduction, receive half their present pay; [I therefore gave it as my opinion that a half pay allowance proportioned to that of the Officers of the line would be consistent with the practice in other Armies and with the principles of Justice and Policy.]
These being the Sentiments delivered to the Memorialists, I take the liberty of annexing them to the Memorial, and with due deference to the decision of Congress I remain etc.4
[Note 4: The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, in the Papers of the Continental Congress, is in the writing of Tilghman, and was read in Congress on November 11 and referred to Abraham Clark, Theodorick Bland, and Ezekiel Cornell. The original memorial from the surgeons to Washington is filed with the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your several favors of the 18th: 30th: and 31st: ulto. I congratulate you upon your safe return from your late excursion, and upon the success which attended General Ransalaers5 attack upon the Enemy in their retreat. It is to be regretted that your Excellency was not near enough with the reinforcement to take advantage of their situation. The damage, which has been done, will I fear be severely felt by the public as well as by individuals. We had the most pleasing prospects of forming considerable Magazines of bread from the Country which has been laid waste, and which from your Excellency's letter is so extensive, that I am apprehensive we shall be obliged to bring Flour from the southward to support the Troops at and near West point. You will be pleased to give me your opinion upon the quantity of Flour that may be yet, with probability, be procured above, in the course of the Winter, that I may form some calculation of the quantity which it will be necessary to draw from Jersey, Penna. and Maryland.
[Note 5: Brig. Gen. Robert van Rensselaer, of the New York Militia. A force of British and Indians had raided the settlements on the Mohawk River and in the vicinity of Forts George and Ann, but had been driven off. Want of discipline among Rensselaer's militia prevented a complete victory, and the enemy made good their retreat before Governor Clinton arrived with his troops.]
I am very sorry that the troops of your State should look upon it as a hardship to do the Garrison duty of Fort Schuyler. I had always allotted it to them, as thinking it would be agreeable to both Officers and Men to guard their own Frontier, especially when they were not continued an unreasonable time upon the tour. The Frontier posts of Penna. and Virginia have been constantly garrisoned by their own Regs. which have not been relieved these two years. The troops of the line in general are, in point of Cloathing, upon a footing with the rest of the Army, which is very bare, and which has a poor prospect of being well supplied. But as Colo. Weissenfelds Regt. is going to a distance and where he will not have an opportunity of drawing those temporary supplies which the troops with the main Army sometimes do, I have given orders to have it well furnished as our scanty Magazines will admit.
I have appointed Brig. Genl. Clinton to take the command in the Northern department, and have ordered him to repair to Albany for that purpose. I am convinced he will second every measure which may be thought expedient for the security of the Frontier. I am much obliged to your Excellency for the attention which you promise to pay to the provisioning Fort Schuyler. I daily expect four or five hundred Barrels of Salt Beef from Connecticut, as soon as they arrive upon the North River, part of them shall be sent up to Albany for the garrison of Fort Schuyler. I desired Governor Trumbull to hurry them on, that they might be got up in all this month.
I am very happy to find that the Legislature have vested your Excellency with the power of complying with the requisitions of Congress for compleating the new Army. I find that the Resolve of the 3d. of October had only reached you, and that your calculation of the deficiency of 313 Men had been founded upon that. Congress, by a subsequent Act of the 21st., have made some very material and salutary amendments, the principal of which are, giving half pay for life to the Officers, confining the terms of Service expressly to the War, and augmenting the number of Men in each Regt. to 612 Rank and File. I therefore state your exact deficiency at 449 Men, upon the following principles
This your Excellency will be pleased to observe is the deficiency in figures; but when we come to take into the computation the casualties that will happen between this time and the junction of the Recruits, the number of Men sick in Hospitals and upon extra service, many of the first incurables, and of the last so detached that we shall never find them, the deficiency which there ever will be in the number of Recruits voted, and other unforeseen deductions, it will appear plainly that if the assessment is laid at 449 only, the Regiments will want very considerably of that Strength which is absolutely necessary to make our combined Continental force any ways adequate to the probable services of the next Campaign. I would therefore beg leave to recommend to your Excellency to lay your assessment at 100 Men more than the apparent deficiency. I am convinced it will be found cheaper and in every respect more eligible to complete the matter at one stroke, than to have a second tax to lay.
Our Affairs to the southward put on a more pleasing aspect since the defeat of Colo. Ferguson. Lord Cornwallis was retreating precipitately from Charlotte and giving up a fine district of Country which he had in possession. But the diversion which Genl. Leslie will occasion by taking post in Virginia will I fear operate against the formation of the southern Army and will embarrass us on the score of supplies. Another embarkation is preparing at New York, which I have no doubt is also intended for the southward, as without considerable reinforcements, they must abandon their late conquests in that quarter. I have the honor etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original was in the New York State Library.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 5, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured successively with your letters of the 30th. and 31st. Ulto. and the 1st. and 2d. inst. Inclosed you will receive a warrant for the money due on your account.
In respect to the removal of the chain, I am of opinion it ought neither to be taken up too soon, nor suffered to remain too late, I could wish you to have every thing in readiness by the time you mention, and shall speak to Colo. Tupper on the subject.
Previous to yours of the 1st. Inst. I had requested you, to use your discretion in the execution of such of the prisoners under sentence of death, as you considered proper objects for Capital punishment.
I have written to His Excellency Govt. Clinton on the subjects of your Letter of the 2d. I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing, your favr. of the 3d. has come to hand. Necessity must justify your breaking in upon the reserved Flour. One hundred Barrels will go from hence or Morris Town in the Morning, and you shall constantly have a part of what little we get. I would have you by all means press the Eastern States to send forward their supplies. It is the States we must apply to and not to Commissaries, who are, upon the present establishment, merely receivers of Stores.
I have myself written to Governor Clinton. I will consider and give an answer upon Spencers7 case. In the mean time have him well secured.8
[Note 7: Ensign Hazleton Spencer, of the Second Battalion, King's Royal Regiment, British Provincial Troops.]
[Note 8: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs; the P. S. is in that of Tench Tilghman.]
[Ms. H.S.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 5, 1780.
Sir: By the establishment of the Army, agreeable to the Resolve of Congress of the 21st: October, the partisan Corps under your command is to consist of three troops of mounted and three of dismounted Dragoons of 50 each. They are to be officered by my appointment subject to the approbation of Congress. I am also authorised to direct a mode for compleating, recruiting and supplying the Corps. As to the latter, I shall give it as my opinion to Congress that there is no other mode but to furnish the Commanding Officer with Money to purchase Horses and inlist Men in the States at large, and to direct the Board of War or Cloathier General to procure a regular and full supply of the Cloathing allowed to Officers and Men, and also of the necessary Arms and Accoutrements for the Horse and Foot. The term of inlistment is for the War only, and the Bounty 50 dollars of the new Emission to each recruit, and 2 dollars to the recruiting Officer upon delivering the Man to the Corps. If you purchase your own Horses, the price which you are to be allowed to give must be fixed by Congress or the Board of War.
I do not know what number of Officers will be necessary to compleat you to the present establishment, allowing 1 Captain and 2 subs to each Company and Troop. I therefore wish you to make me an immediate return of the names and Ranks of the Officers at present in Commission, with the names of any who are willing to accept new appointments. A regard for the reputation of your Corps will make you careful of recommending none to me but Gentlemen upon whom you can depend. I am &c.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The same letter was sent to Maj. Henry Lee.]
[Note 11: Deputy Clothier General, at Newburgh, N. Y.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 5, 1780.
Sir: The Regimental pay Master and Cloathier of Colo. Weissenfelds Regt. will apply to you for a supply of Cloathing for that Regt. You will deliver him a suit of Cloaths pr. Man; two shirts; two pair of stockings and two pair of shoes each if your stock will admit of it, as they are going to a distant post and will not have another opportunity of drawing before Spring. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 5, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to return your Excellency the plan of the lines at Charles-town, which you were so obliging as to favor me with a copy of.
I hope you arrived in good health and without accident at Philadelphia. With great consideration and personal attachment I have the honr. etc.13
[Note 13: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Sunday, November 5, 1780.
Parole Establishment. Countersigns V., G.
Watchword To Arms!
[Note 14: Maj. James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
Brigade Major Darby
MORNING ORDERS
Major Knapp is appointed Field Officer of the day, for this day, vice Major Throop, furloughed.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Monday, November 6, 1780.
Parole Prussia. Countersigns Plenty, Peace.
Watchword Look up.
The Honorable the Board of war having called for a Return of all officers holding military rank who are not adopted by or considered as belonging to any State in order that means may be fallen upon to make good the depreciation of their former pay, A Return of all those who come under the above description is to be made to the Adjutant General by the 1st. day of December next; but as some Officers who are interested in the foregoing may be at too great a distance to send in their names by the above time, they are requested to do it as soon as possible afterwards, not exceeding the 1st. day of January next.
The General has just received information that Colonel Ogden and Captain Dayton who were in Elizabeth Town, were taken last night in their beds by the Enemy. A convincing proof that they have the most minute intelligence of every thing that passes in that place and that it is dangerous for an officer (except with a guard or under sanction of a flag) to remain there during the night; He has assured the Officers in General Orders that if any of them are taken out of the line of their duty and by their own imprudence that their Exchanges shall be postponed while there is an officer remaining in Captivity of their rank. He again repeats this in most solemn terms, with this further declaration that whenever they are exchanged, they shall be arrested and a full investigation had into the circumstances of their capture. The General means this as a caution to the army, not as a reflection upon the present conduct of Colonel Ogden who he has reason to believe was in the execution of business by proper authority: He is yet uninformed of the reason of Captain Dayton's being at Elizabeth-town.
It is with infinite regret the General is obliged once more to take notice of the disorderly conduct of the soldiers arising in a great measure from the abuse of passes: the whole country is overspread with straggling soldiers with the most frivolous pretences, under which they commit every species of robbery and plunder. In a ride he took the other day he found soldiers as low as Aquakanung bridge on both sides of the river and as far as he has ever yet gone round the environs of camp the roads and farm houses are full of them. To remedy these evils and to have the army ready for any sudden emergency the General does in most express and positive Terms forbid all but General Officers, and Officers commanding Regiments to grant passes; and not more than eight from a regiment are to be given by the latter in a day, and those only to Soldiers of orderly conduct.
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 6, 1780.
Dear Sir: The moment I recd. yours of the 3d. I gave orders to Genl. Heath to detach the remaining three Regiments of the York Brigade to Albany there to put themselves under the command of Brig Genl. Clinton who has orders to dispose of them as circumstances may require. Should you receive any information that they are not necessary above, you will be pleased to communicate it to General Heath, that their march may be countermanded.
Your Excellency will perceive by the inclosed to Genl. Schuyler, under flying seal, that I have given discretionary powers to seize and secure a certain person,15 should it, upon further investigation of circumstances appear necessary. I am etc.16
[Note 15: Col. Ethan Allen.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original was in the New York State Library.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 6, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your favr. of the 31st. ulto. and 1st. instant was this day forwarded to me by His Excellency Governor Clinton. I immediately ordered Genl. Heath to detach the three remaining Regiments of the York Brigade, if he could conveniently spare them all to Albany, where they will receive further orders from Brigadier Genl. Clinton. Should any intelligence which you may receive make it unnecessary for these troops to advance, you will communicate it to Genl. Heath.
I confess, all circumstances and previous informations considered, that matters in a certain quarter carry a very suspicious face.17 Should it appear, upon a further investigation, that there are good grounds for present suspicions, you will concert measures with Brig. Genl. Clinton, (to whom I have written upon the subject without mentioning names) to seize and secure, with as much secrecy and as suddenly as possible, the person in question18 with his papers. You know how very delicate a Business this is, and I therefore trust to your prudence in the
[Note 17: Col. Ethan Allen's suspected negotiations with the British.]
[Note 18: Allen.] execution of it. Nothing but the most palpable proofs ought to warrant the seizure of his person; but a variety of means may be fallen upon to circumvent and defeat their plans, when you have a regular force to depend upon. I shall not order down Gansevoorts' Regt. while there appears occasion for them.
Colo. Hamilton went to Philada. the day before yesterday, but will be back the latter end of this Week, when he returns, I will communicate what you desire to him.19 I am &c.20
[Note 19: Schuyler's inability to answer Hamilton's letter from lack of writing paper. "This is the last Sheet of paper I have."-- Schuyler to Washington, Oct. 31--Nov. 1, 1780. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 6, 1780.
Dear Sir: By advices just received from Governor Clinton and General Schuyler it appears that the enemy are in very considerable force upon the Lake, and seem to threaten the destruction of the Northern Frontier. You will therefore be pleased immediately to detach the remainder of the New York Brigade, or as great a part as you can conveniently spare to Albany with direction to the eldest Officer to take his orders there from Brigr. Genl. Clinton. I am &c.
P.S. Should you receive any Certain intelligence from the Govr., Genl. Clinton, or Genl. Schuyler that the enemy have gone off you need not send up the Troops.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 6, 1780.
Dear Sir: From the advices which I have this day received from the Governor and General Schuyler, I have directed General Heath to detach the remainder of the New York Brigade or such part as he can conveniently spare to Albany, you will dispose of them as there may be occasion.
From some circumstances there is reason to apprehend Treachery in the Northern Quarter. I have therefore desired General Schuyler to consult with you and upon a further investigation if it should appear necessary to secure a certain person,22 you are to concert measures for having him apprehended suddenly and sent down the Country under a proper guard. You need not be cautioned against lisping the most distant hint of this business. I am &c.
[Note 22: Col. Ethan Allen.]
P.S. Should you receive intelligence that the enemy have gone off before the Troops reach Albany you will take the speediest method of meeting and Countermanding them.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 6, 1780.
Sir: In consequence of your letter of the 3d. I have written to Colo. Hazen and desired him to let me know how it happens that his return of the date of your Commission differs from that which you alledge to be the time at which you were intitled to your Majority. I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 6, 1780.
Sir: I have reed. your favr. of the 28th: ulto. respecting the Canadian prisoners. I have a letter from Major Reid complaining that, in a Return of the Officers of your Regt. made by you to the Board of War, you have made a false return of the date of his Commission, which he alledges ought to be in June 1777. This is a matter of which I am altogether ignorant, but as Major Reid has made a representation to me upon the subject, I am under the necessity of calling upon you to know the reason of the difference between his claim and your Return. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 6, 1780.
Sir: I have thrown my sentiments, upon the subject of the representation made by yourself and other Gentlemen of the Hospital, into the form of a letter to Congress. If you can reconcile my plan to your own feelings, you will be pleased to seal and forward the letter by Docr. Craik. If not, you will return it to me again, that I may transmit as much only as relates to the Regimental Surgeons. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Nov. 5, 1780, ante.)]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 6, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor Yesterday to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the 6th of Octobr. and am extremely obliged to you for the intelligence contained in it.
It is of so great importance that the earliest and best intelligence of all the great Movements and designs of the Enemy, as well as of the situation of our own affairs, should be obtained, that I must entreat you will be so good as to favor me with such communications as may have any influence on our Military Arrangements and Operations.
While I sincerely lament the distressed and exhausted situation of the Southern States, I cannot but hope the Enemy have committed themselves so far as to be made to repent their temerity; especially since I have received information of a more recent date than Your Letter, of the success of the Militia against Col Ferguson: this I flatter myself will give a better aspect to your affairs, and will awaken more extensively that spirit of bravery and enterprise which displayed itself so conspicuously on the occasion.
The Enemy seem again to have adopted the same system of policy they have before prosecuted with but too much success, of making Detachments to the Southward; at a time when our Army is greatly reduced by the expiration of the service of the Levies who were raised for the Campaign only; besides the Detachment under Genl Leslie, which has landed in Virginia, it is reported another embarkation is taking place at New York. But I have great confidence in the exertion of the Southern States when their all is at Stake, and in the abilities of General Greene to call forth and apply the resources of the Country in the best and most effectual manner to its defence. Major General the Baron Steuben, who accompanies him, possesses the most distinguished military talents, and has rendered signal service to this Army as Inspector General. Major Lee has also marched to join the southern Army with his Legion. The Arrival of a reinforcement in New York, nearly equal to the late detachment, and the incursion of a large force, (of which I have just recd. intelligence) from Canada on the Northern and Western Frontiers of the State of New York where great devastation has already been committed, will I fear render it impossible to make any farther Detachments from this Army to the Southward. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, November 6, 1780.
My Dear Marquis: As you are in a fixed Camp, you can make your trial and punishment as summary as need be; and where the latter can be inflicted legally, it is to be preferred. I therefore advise you, to order a Court Martial to be convened immediately for the trial of the Culprits; and, if they are condemned to have one or two of the greatest offenders immediately executed.
The Measures you are about to pursue to stop this licentious spirit, I much approve and wish you to carry them into execution.
I shall put something in Orders to day respecting passes &c. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. (See General Orders, Nov. 6, 1780.)]
[Note 29: Of Hartford, Conn.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 7, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 24th of October, and have to observe on the Subject, that the plan suggested, for paying and supplying the Army and prosecuting the War with vigor, would undoubtedly be eligible, if practicable; how far this is, or is not the case, I cannot take upon myself to determine.
Should the scheme in contemplation be carried into execution: whether it would be most advantageous to have the Plate coined and thrown into circulation, or made the basis of a Bank to support our Credit, might be made a question. But that this aid (if well disposed of) with other vigorous and decisive measures for drawing out the resources of the Country, would have a powerful influence, in retrieving our affairs, disconcerting those of the Enemy, and inducing them to wish for a peace: does not admit of a single doubt. [the adoption of the plan spoken of by you might give a credit to the public virtue of this Country at Foreign Courts that would be attended with important advantages to us.] I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington. "I have ... proposed that the whole Plate of the Continent be surrendered up by it's Inhabitants, and Coined for the Publick Use. ... We by our Census have 38,472½ oz. of Plate."-- Babcock to Washington, Oct. 24, 1780. Babcock's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 7, 1780.
Dear Sir: Since my return from Hartford I have made particular inquiry respecting the Canadians who addressed a Petition to me while at that place; upon this investigation it appears that the Persons in question, after being exchanged by the Enemy as Prisoners of War; were retaken in the Gulph of St. Lawrence by some of our Cruisers and ought to be detained as Prisoners until duly exchanged.
I shall give directions to Mr. Skinner Commissy Genl of Prisoners to take proper charge of them. I am &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 32: Of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, November 7, 1780.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 5th.33 by the Serjt. who conducted the deserters to this place.
[Note 33: From Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.]
The idea of an Enemys sending a flag by a post of the adverse party into what they call their own lines, is very preposterous and inadmissible. I would not advise that any flag of truce be permitted to go beyond your Post for any purpose whatever34
[Note 34: A schooner from New York, under a flag of truce, came up the river, bound for Sing Sing (now Ossining), to transport three families and their effects back to the city.]
However desirable it might be to intercept the provisions which are forwarded to the Enemy on the East side of the River, I cannot consent you should run the hazard of detaching any of Your Garrison for fear the Enemy should have intelligence by their emissaries and form an ambuscade for the party; or seize the opportunity of their absence and possess themselves of the Post. On the contrary, I must recommend your utmost vigilance and attention to prevent the possibility of a surprise. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 7, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 1st. Inst. and am happy to find that my appointment of Major General Greene, to the command of the Southern Army, meets the approbation of Congress.
Congress having been pleased, by their Act of the 21st. ulto., to authorise me to direct a mode for compleating, recruiting and supplying the partizan Corps to be commanded by Colo. Armand and Major Lee; I beg leave to suggest the propriety of incorporating the remainder of the men of Count Pulaski's legion, and as many of the Officers as there are Vacancies for, into Colo. Armands Corps, and should there be still a deficiency, that he should be furnished with money and allowed to recruit in the States at large; Major Lee to be furnished with Money also, and allowed the same Liberty in order to compleat his Corps to the new establishment. The purchase of horses should, I think, be left to the commanding Officers of the Corps, because, they being interested in the matter, will be careful to purchase none but such as are able and in every respect qualified for the service, whereas, we have always found that when the business has been intrusted to public Agents, they have made a job of the matter, and have furnished horses not fit for common hacks. Congress, may if they please, limit the prices to a generous allowance in specie or an equivalent in the circulating Medium. The Board of War and Cloathier Genl. should be directed to procure regular and full supplies, annually, of the Cloathing allowed to both Officers and men, and of the Arms and Accoutrements for the Horse and foot. Upon this plan, I am of opinion that both Corps may be quickly compleated, and constantly kept upon a respectable footing.
I do not find any notice taken of the Engineering department, (which includes the Corps of Sappers and Miners), in the establishment of the Army, by the Resolves of the 3d. and 21st. ulto. The Gentlemen in that department are somewhat uneasy, at seeing no mention made of them in the general establishment, and altho' I do not imagine that it was the intent of Congress to abolish so necessary and valuable a Military Branch, I could wish, for the satisfaction of the Gentlemen in it, that there might be something more explicit, especially as several of them are Foreigners of distinction, who say that it will have an odd appearance abroad, to see an American Military establishment of which they are part, but not publicly acknowledged.
By letters from Governor Clinton I find that the enemy have gone off for the present from the Mohawk River, after totally destroying the Country as low down as Schoharie. Those upon the Northern quarter had repassed Lake George, and were again proceeding towards St. Johns, but Suddenly returned with a reinforcement, and were, by accounts from Genl. Schuyler of the 1st. inst: assembled in so considerable a force at Ticonderoga, that I have thought proper to send up the remainder of the New York Brigade, from West Point to Albany, that they may be ready to act as circumstances may require. The destruction of the Grain upon the Western Frontier of the State of New York is likely to be attended with the most allarming consequences, in Respect to the formation of Magazines upon the North River. We had prospects of establishing a very considerable Magazine of Flour in that quarter, previous to the late incursion. The settlement of Schoharie only would have delivered 80,000 Bushels of Grain, but that fine district is now totally destroyed. I should view this calamity with less concern, did I see the least prospect of obtaining the necessary supplies of flour from the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, previous to the interruption of transportation by frost and bad roads. This is a matter to which I beg leave to call the most immediate and serious attention of Congress, as without their intervention with those States, and urging, nay insisting upon their furnishing a supply in time to have it brought into the State of Jersey by the latter end of this month, I foresee the distressed situation to which the Troops must be reduced in their Winter Cantonments, more especially those in the vicinity of West Point, and who will be the greatest part of the Army in this quarter. I have repeatedly written myself to those States, but have received nothing but promises, which I cannot find, from the Commissary, have been complied with. Some of the Troops in Garrison at West Point had been lately six days without bread, and were at length obliged to break in upon a [small] reserve which, [with much difficulty, I had obtained and] ordered to be kept in each work, in case of sudden investiture. I cannot learn that we have at this late period one thousand Barrels of flour between this place and Philadelphia.
While our Army is experiencing almost daily want, that of the enemy at New York is deriving ample supplies from a trade with the adjacent States of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, which has, by degrees, become so common, that it is hardly thought a Crime. It is true there are in those States, Laws imposing a penalty upon this criminal commerce, but it is either so light or so little attended to, that it does not prevent the practice. The Marketts of New York are so well supplied, that a great number of mouths, which would otherwise be fed from the public Magazines, are now supported upon the fresh Meats and flour of the Country, by which means, the enemy have been often enabled to bear the disappointments of the arrival of their provision Fleets, without much inconvenience, and if report be true, they would, at this very time, experience distress, for want of their long expected Irish Fleet,36 if the resources of the Country were effectually cut off from them. This cannot be done by military measures alone, except in case of Blockade or Seige, [and much less will it be in my power to do it, with our Army, in the weak state it is verging to.] I believe that most nations make it capital for their subjects to furnish their enemys with provisions and Military Stores during a War, was this done by the several States, and the laws put rigidly in execution in a few instances, the practice would be stopped. Without something of the kind, the enemy will, while they have a species of Money of superior value to ours, find little difficulty of making up the losses which they every now and then meet with at sea, and which would very much embarrass their operations, had they no immediate mode of making good the deficiency.
[Note 36: The supply fleet from Cork.]
I have the pleasure to inform Congress, that at the late meeting of the respective Commissaries, the exchanges of about one hundred and forty of our Officers and all our privates in New York amounting to 476, were effected. Among the former are Major General Lincoln, Brigr. Generals Thompson, Waterbury and Du Portail and Lt. Colo. Laurens. Sir Henry Clinton having made a proposal of exchanging a further number of the Convention Officers, without attaching Men to them, I have acceeded to it; by which we shall liberate all our Officers in this quarter, except one Brigr. General (Irvine) Nine Colonels, one Captain, and thirty nine Lieutenants. An Offer is made by Sir Henry Clinton to exchange all those for a division of the Convention Troops, by Composition, where Rank will not apply; to this I have refused to accede except Lieut. General Burgoyne is made an object. If they will agree to this, he alone will liberate nearly the whole of them. They have further proposed a general exchange of the Convention Troops, Officers and men, for our prisoners of War to the Southward. I have not thought proper to enter at all upon the business of southern prisoners, because I have but a very imperfect state of them, and because I perceive, by the powers granted to Major General Greene, that he is at Liberty to negotiate the exchanges of prisoners in that quarter.
I have no further certain accounts of the embarkation mentioned in mine of the 4th. inst. but I have still reason to think that such a measure is in contemplation. I have the honor etc.
P. S. I have Just received the inclosed extract from Genl. Heath it is the latest account from the Northward and serves to show the small dependance which ought to be placed upon provision from that quarter.37
[Note 37: ln the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The letter was read in Congress on November 13 and referred to James Duane, John Henry, and Ezekiel Cornell.
An extract of Heath's letter to Washington (November 7) is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 7, 1780.
Gentlemen: I am honored with yours of the 31st. ulto. in consequence of which I yesterday issued a General Order of which the inclosed is a Copy. I was induced to give so considerable an extent of time to the operations of the order, because many of the Officers who are the objects of it, are at a distance from the Main Army.
I shall be obliged by your care of the inclosed for Major Genl. Greene, Colo. Armand, and Major Lee. Should they have left Philada. be pleased to forward them to the Southward, by Express. I would wish that to General Greene to reach him as speedily as possible as it contains a Certificate of Genl. du portail's exchange and a passport for him to return by land. You will also be pleased to forward the letter for Colo. Wood with dispatch. It contains an order to send forward a number of the Officers of Convention who have been exchanged at a late meeting of the respective Commissaries. We have at length liberated all our privates in New York and all our Officers upon Long Island, except Brig. Irvine, nine Colonels, one Captain and thirty Nine Lieutenants. I have the honor etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Hd. Qrs. Passaic Falls, November 7, 1780.
Dr. Sir: The Inclosed will make the third letter I have written to Mr. Nicholas within twelve Months upon an interesting matter to Colo. Fairfax, without receiving any answer. As I am convinced a miscarriage of my letters, and not inattention in him is the cause of it, I take the liberty of addressing the inclosed to your care; and shall thank you for the bare acknowledgement of it.
At this moment, we are in a disagreeable state of suspence respecting the military operation's to the Southward; having heard almost in the same breath, that Leslie had made a landing in Virginia (in more than one place) and [had] re-imbarked with precipitation, owing it is said, to the retreat of Lord Cornwallis; which is again attributed to a considerable force of French or Spanish Troops having Landed in his rear. A confirmation of these reports wholly, or in part, would be very acceptable.
The military harvest which the early part of this Campaign promised to yield us has vanished as the morning dew. leaving not a trace behind it, but disappointment and sorrow and the recollection of past distresses. Congress, at length, have resolved to do that, which an adoption of four years ago, would 'ere this have put an end to the War and left us in peace under our own vines and fig trees. I mean the raising of an Army for the War; but now there are wanting many concomitants to bring about this event; among which, placing our finance upon a proper footing is not the least difficult.
The Wisdom of the States, and all their exertions should be called forth to effect these great ends; for well convinced I am, till we get an army for the War, and proper funds to support it we never shall obtain an honourable Peace; but must sink under the Expence of temporary enlistmts. and thr. attendant evils.
I should be glad to know if a letter of mine, to you, dated the 12th. of April last,39 on the affairs of Colonel Mercer and his mortgages ever reached your hands? and if it did what has been done in consequence of it? My best respects to Mrs. Randolph. With much truth and Affection I am etc.
[Note 39: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Hd. Qrs., Passaic Falls, November 7, 1780.
Dear Sir: As I am perswaded that the letters, of which the inclosed are copies, never reached your hands, I take the liberty of forwarding a duplicate of the last, and triplicate of the first, with the Inclosures it refers to.
Since mine of March to you, I have been favoured with a third letter from our good friend Colo. Fairfax, copy of which I also send; and should be happy in knowing that you had accepted the appointment he mentions, in ordr. that I might direct all his Papers to be carefully packed up, and sent to you.
I hope, I trust, that no act of Legislation in the State of Virginia has affected, or can affect, the property of this Gentn. otherwise than in common with that of every good, and well disposed Citizen of America. It is a well known fact that his departure for England was not only antecedent to the present rupture with Great Britain, but before there was the most distant prospect of a serious dispute with that Country, and if it is necessary to adduce proof of his attachment to the interests of America since his residence there and of the aid he has given to many of our distressed Countrymen in that Kingdm. abundant instances may be produd. not only by the Gentn. alluded to in his letter of Decr. 5th. 1779, but by others that are known to me, and on whm. justice to Colo. Fairfax will make it necessary to call, if occasion should require the facts to be ascertd.
About the time of my writing to you in March last, I communicated the contents of Colo. Fairfax's Letter of the 3d. of Augt. 1778 to Colo. Lewis, and received for answer, that the bad state of his health would render it impossible for him to discharge the trust Colo. Fairfax wished to repose in you or him in a manner agreeable to himself and therefore could not think of engaging in it if you (to whom I informed him I had written) should decline it. but he recommended in case of yr. refusal Mr. Frans. Whiting (the former manager of Colls. Henry and William Fitzhughs Estate) as a person most likely, in his opinion, to discharge the trust with punctuality.
My best respects attend your Lady and family, and with great esteem and regard I am etc.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, November 7, 1780.
Parole Hingham. Countersigns N., P.
Watchword Caution.
At the General court martial of the Line whereof Colonel Bailey is President the 30th. of October last, Major Thomas Barnes of the 12th Massachusett's regiment was tried on the Resolve of Congress of December 6th. 1779 respecting absent officers, he being charged with "Overstaying his furlough from the 2nd. day of January last".
The Court on consideration are of opinion that Major Barnes having been indulged with a furlough and not joining his regiment at the Expiration thereof, has been properly notified agreeable to the Resolve of Congress of December 6th. 1779, and that he has neglected to join his regiment agreeable to such notification and do sentence that he be Cashiered.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders it carried into execution.
Headquarters, Totowa, Wednesday, November 8, 1780.
Parole Chatham. Countersigns Cork, Dee.
Watchword Defiance.
Such of the Prisoners lately exchanged as belong to the Troops now at the Southward are to be attached to the Park untill the arrival of Captain Brown's Company of Artillery from Fort Schuyler, when they may proceed with it to their respective Corps. The commanding officer at the Park will cause a Return of the clothing wanting by those men to be made to the Adjutant General.
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, November 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 31st October and am glad to find your Appointment so agreeable to the views and wishes of Congress.
So fully sensible have I long been of the distressed situation of the Army, not only in this quarter, but also to the Southward, and of all our great Departments, from the embarrassed state of our finances, that it has been not only a constant subject of representation, in the strongest terms to Congress and the States individually, but particularly so to the Minister of France at our last interview. And that a foreign Loan was absolutely necessary to retrieve our affairs. My ideas therefore must have been exceedingly misapprehended by him, or his by the Baron Steuben.40
[Note 40: Greene's letter of October 31 stated: "I wish our distresses may be painted in their true colours to the Minister of France, as he intimated to Baron Steuben that your Excellency did not appear to be apprehensive of any difficulty from the state of our affairs." Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I intirely approve of your Plan for forming a flying Army.41 And in addition to this (if the Enemy should continue to harrass those parts of Virginia which are intersected with large navigable Rivers) I would reccommend the Building a number of flat bottomed Boats of as large a construction as can be conveniently transported on Carriages; this I conceive might be of great utility, by furnishing the means to take advantage of the Enemys situation by crossing those Rivers which would otherwise be impassable. I have also written to Governor Jefferson on the Subject.
[Note 41: "My first object will be to equip a flying Army to consist of about eight hundred horse and one thousand Infantry. This force with the occasional aid of the Militia will serve to confine the enemy in their limits and render it difficult for them to subsist in the interior country. I see little prospect of getting a force to contend with the enemy upon equal grounds and therefore must make the most of a kind of partizan war untill we can levy and equip a larger force."-- Greene to Washington, Oct. 31, 1780. Greene's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
If a spirit of Patriotism, or even of true policy animates the Merchants and Men of Property in the Southern States, a subscription may be attended with success, at least the experiment can do no injury.
General Knox has received directions to send forward the Compy of Artillery. An Order will be given for the thousand stand of Arms.
Since writing the above I have received your favor of the 3rd. Inst.
Lieutenant Col. Lawrens will have heard of his exchange before this time, and is at liberty to go to the Southward if he thinks proper.
With respect to the power Congress have invested you with, to make exchanges, I should suppose it regarded the Prisoners taken in the Southern Department on the usual principles; without involving the Convention or any other Troops to the Northward. A pretty extensive exchange has just taken place in this quarter.
It is impossible, from the Non arrival of the french Arms, and the scarcity in the Eastern States, to furnish those requested by you. Nor do I think the Legion of the Duke Lazun can be detached from the French Army. The fleet of Arbuthnot which still blocks that of France in the Harbor of New Port effectually precludes the execution of the other Plan.
Our last advices from the Northward mention another incursion of the Enemy from Canada in greater force; in consequence of which the remainder of the York Brigade is ordered thither.
There are reports that an embarkation is about to be made at New York. But the accounts are vague and contradictory, and the fact not yet ascertained.
I have to request you will be pleased to send by a flag of truce, the inclosed Letter to Brigadr. Genl Du Portail who is exchanged. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Hd. Qrs. Passaic Falls, November 8, 1780.
My dear Sir: I have now the pleasure to congratulate you upon your exchange. The certificate of it, will be transmitted to you by the Commissary of Prisoners. Majors Baylies43 and Jackson44 are also exchanged.
[Note 43: Maj. Hodijah Baylies. He was aide to General Lincoln; had been taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; aide to Washington from May, 1782, to December, 1783.]
[Note 44: Maj, William Jackson. He was aide to Lincoln; had been taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780; prisoner on parole to May, 1783; secretary to the Constitutional Convention in 1787; secretary to the President of the United States from 1789 to 1791.]
I do not mean by this notice to hasten your return to the Army, for that, alas! is upon the eve of its annual dissolution, consequently of the enemy's advantages. I am of opinion that your influence, and exertion in procuring the State's quota of Troops for the War; providing funds for the subsistence of them; Magazines &ca., will be of infinitely more importance in your own State, this Winter, than it can be to become a mere Spectator, or fellow sufferer of the hunger and cold from the scantiness of Provision and Cloathing which I expect the small remains of our Army will have to encounter in a very short time, and more than probably to contend with, during the Winter. But at the same time I give this as an opinion, I leave you at full liberty to pursue the bent of your inclination and judgment. being very sincerely etc.
Head Quarters, November 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to announce to you, your Exchange for Brigadier General de Gaull of the Convention Troops. Inclosed you have a Certificate of the same, and Sir Henry Clintons passport for your return to Philada. I need not tell you how happy I shall be to see you again with the Army. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: The inclosed contains a Return of a number of the Officers of the Convention Troops, British and Germans, whose exchanges have been agreed upon at a late meeting of the respective Commissaries of prisoners.46 You will therefore be pleased to permit them to come immediately forward to Elizabeth town by the Route prescribed to Brigs. Genl. Spetch and de Gaull. I am &c.
[Note 46: Skinner's letter of November 7 and the returns are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
For the inclosed Return see the Returns in Mr. Skinner's letter of the 7th. Novemr 1780 numbered 5.6. 10.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 8, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 7th. with a report of your proceedings with the British Commissary of prisoners at your late Meeting. I have thought proper to accede to the proposals of the several exchanges offered in the Returns Numbered 5. 6. and 10 and shall take the speediest occasion to direct the Officer commanding at Charlotte Barracks to send down the Officers who are the objects of those propositions. You will order the several British and German Corps mentioned in the Return No. 8 to be sent to New York in exchange for our privates now there. They will leave a balance of upwards of 60 privates in our favor. I shall be ready to grant a passport for a Flag Vessel to proceed to Newport or Providence to bring the prisoners from Rutland. I have it not in my power to accede to the proposed Exchange of Lt. Colo. de Buysson for Lt. Governor Hamilton (Return No 7) that Gentleman, with Major Hayes has been permit by the State of Virginia to go to New York upon parole, but they will not consent at present to his final exchange.
In regard to the proposal of exchanging The Officers who will remain upon Long Island after the foregoing are carried into execution, for a division of the troops of Convention; I have only to say, that I will enter into a negociation for such an exchange, provided Lt. Genl. Burgoyne is made an object of it, but upon no other terms. And in respect to the further proposal of a general exchange of the Convention troops Officers and Men for the prisoners of War taken to the Southward as far as they will apply, you must be sensible that we are no ways prepared to enter upon that business, as we have but a very imperfect state of the prisoners in that quarter; and more especially as we have good reason to believe that a considerable number of prisoners have fallen lately into our hands there. Another reason for my not wishing to interfere in the exchange of the southern prisoners at present is that the Commanding Officer in that district has powers competent to that purpose, so far as he may have prisoners of War in his Hands. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 8, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys favors of the 22d: 25th: and 26th: ulto. We have already had reports that the Enemy left Portsmouth precipitately a few days after landing. I shall be happy to hear it confirmed, as well as the cause to which their hurry is attributed; that of the appearance of a French or Spanish fleet upon the Coast of Carolina. Should the account be premature and should they establish a post in Virginia, I think it will be good policy to remove the troops of Convention to a greater distance from them.49 General Phillips has applied for passports for a Flag Vessel to proceed to James River, as heretofore, with Cloathing and other necessaries for those troops. This will be granted, and should they be removed from Charlotteville, your Excellency will be pleased upon the arrival of the Vessel in James River to give directions for her to proceed to the most convenient place of debarkation, relatively to where the troops may be.
[Note 49: The British were removed about two weeks later to Fort Frederick, Md., but the Germans were continued at Charlottesville, as they had shown little disposition to try to escape.]
I am glad to hear that you have permitted Govr. Hamilton and Major Hayes to go to New York; while they remain there upon parole, they will be less capable of concerting mischief than in Virginia, and it will deprive the enemy of a pretext for complaining that they are treated with rigor.
Another embarkation is said to be preparing at New York, and I think it a very probable circumstance considering the situation of the enemy's affairs in South Carolina, and ours in this. They are well acquainted with the expiration of the times of the better half of our Army, the latter end of December, and they know they may safely detach equal to the number we disband, from this time to the Month of May or June next, which is as soon as we generally get our recruits into the Field. Should the enemy continue in the lower parts of Virginia, they will have every advantage by being able to move up and down the Rivers in small parties, while it will be out of our power to molest them for want of the means of suddenly transporting ourselves across those Rivers to come at them. This might be in a very great degree obviated and they kept in check, if we had a number of (say ... ) flat boats upon travelling carriages attending the Army collected to watch their motions. We could then move across from River to River with more rapidity than they could go down one and up another, and none of their detachments would be ever secure by having the Water between them and us. Major Genl. Greene is perfectly acquainted with the kind of Boats I have mentioned, and with the mode of fixing them. He will give the proper directions for having them constructed, should your Excellency approve the plan. New Castle I think from its situation, would be a good and safe place to build the Boats. I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Thursday, November 9, 1780.
Parole Lancaster. Countersigns M., B.
Watchword Wolfe.
[Note 52: Maj. George Tudor of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Smith53
[Note 53: Maj. David Smith. He was major of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment; brigade major and inspector to July, 1781 transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
The General court martial whereof Colonel Bailey is president, to assemble tomorrow morning, 9 o'clock at the Widow Godwin's for the trial of such persons as shall come before them. All persons concerned to attend.
Major Oliver,54 Inspector to the 1st. Massachusett's Brigade, having obtained leave of absence, Captain Sewall55 of the 12th. Massachusetts regiment is appointed to do that duty in his Absence.
[Note 54: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 55: Capt. Henry Sewall, jr. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in May, 1782, and was major and aide to General Heath from May, 1779, to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 4th and 7th. Upon hearing of the destruction committed upon the Western Frontier, and that we should thereby be deprived of the Magazine of Bread which we expected from that quarter, I immediately wrote to Congress and pointed out to them the absolute necessity of having a supply of Flour, equal to the winter consumption of the Garrison of West Point, and its dependencies, brought forward from the Southward before the Roads are broken up. The Assistant Commissary is gone down to represent. the situation of matters also, and to hurry on what may be collected.
I do not know what prospects there are of money, but I fear none very good. Upon a collective view of all the cloathing between Boston and Philadelphia, there is not more than a sufficiency for half of the number of men we shall have left in service after the Month of December. The most parsimonious distribution will be therefore necessary, and I would not wish that to commence (except for shoes, or such small articles as the men cannot dispense with) untill the Army gets together in Winter Quarters. Recruits for the War who have not received any Cloathing may be supplied for the present with such Articles as will make them comfortable. If their own State Clothiers have them, they had better furnish the supply, if not, they may be drawn from the public store. I am &c.56
[Note 56: "In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Colo. Dey's, November 9, 1780.
Sir: Sir Henry Clinton has at length consented to the establishment. of Agents for prisoners upon terms which have been settled between us. If you therefore still incline to enter upon that business, upon our part, I will make you out a proper Warrant, and will apply for your admission into New York in your Official Character, as soon as it is convenient for you to remove. Should you decline the matter, you will oblige me by recommending a Gentleman whom you may think in every respect capable and proper to transact the Business. I am &c.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 9, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your favor of the 4th. by Mr. Commissary Skinner, who reported to me the exchanges of the Officers and privates which had been carried finally into effect by him and Mr. Loring, and laid before me proposals of exchanging a further number of the Officers and Staff of the Convention Troops for the like number of ours, on equality of Rank, or by composition, where that would not apply. I have acceded to these propositions, and orders are gone to permit the Gentlemen interested in the exchange immediately to repair to Elizabeth Town. I have forwarded all the letters committed to my care by the same Express. I have given Mr. Skinner directions on the subject of the other propositions.
As soon as I am informed of the name of the Vessel intended for Virginia, and other particulars requisite, I will grant passports for her. If she is to return to New York, you will be pleased to mention it, that the passports may be made out accordingly. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 59: Sent to New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, Prackness,60 November 10, 1780.
[Note 60: The draft, which is in die writing of Tench Tilghman, is dated "Passaic Falls."]
Sir: From a collective view of the State of our Cloathing, I find we have not more, in the Public Magazines, than will be sufficient for one half of the men inlisted for the War, or whose term of service will extend beyond the winter. To depend, any longer, upon the supply expected from Europe arriving in time to relieve the wants of the troops, will be leaving the matter upon too precarious a footing. I have therefore thought it a duty incumbent upon me, to give you this information, that you may endeavour to procure and send forward the Articles most essential to the convenience and comfort of the Men. I should have done it sooner, but I still flattered myself with an ample supply from abroad. The Articles most wanted will be Blankets, Waistcoats, Woolen Overalls, and Stockings; The greater part of the men have Coats that may enable them, with warm under Cloaths, to rub thro' the severity of Winter. I would recommend that the Cloth, with thread, buttons &c. be sent to the Army in the piece; it may be made up there agreable to the wants of the Men, and quicker than at home, as there are Taylors sufficient in every Corps.
The Return, with which you have lately been furnished, very accurately points out the number of Men intitled to Cloathing from the public. A supply equal to half that Number will be absolutely necessary, and as there is no probable chance, for the reasons I have before mentioned, of obtaining it from the Continental Agents, I must entreat the exertions of each State in behalf of its own Troops, as the only means of preventing a number of them from experiencing extreme distress the ensuing Winter. I have the honor etc.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 10, 1780.
Sir: The Covers of Most of the dispatches that have lately come from the Count de Rochambeau to me, by the Chain of Expresses, have been so broken, that it would have been an easy matter to have taken out the inclosures and discovered the contents. Had this been the case once or twice only, I should have attributed it to accident, but from the frequency of the thing, and no other Packets being broken but those of the Counts; I am led to suspect foul play at some of the Stages. It may perhaps be impossible to discover it, if it is so, but to prevent its going on, the safest way is to relieve all your present stationary Dragoons by a like number, and do the same every three or four Weeks. I would wish you to endeavour to find out whether there is really any thing in what I suspect. I am etc.
P.S. Major Tallmadge will have occasion for a detachment of your dismounted Dragoons to execute a piece of Business intrusted to him.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Friday, November 10, 1780.
Parole Norwalk. Countersigns N., F.
Watchword Never fear.
[Note 63: Lieut. Col. James Mellen, of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781; made lieutenant colonel commandant of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
Major Ballard64
[Note 64: Maj. William Hudson Ballard, of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Sewall.
The Marechausie and Bedkin's corps are to take post on the left of the Army near the Light Infantry, and receive orders from Major General the Marquis de la Fayette.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, November 11, 1780.
Parole Bennington. Countersigns Bath, Boon.
Watchword Be ready.
[Note 65: Maj. Ames Walbridge (Wallbridge), of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Ashley
Captain Converse66 is to do the duty of Brigade Major and Inspector to the 2nd. Connecticut brigade in the absence of Major Woodbridge.67
[Note 66: Capt. Thomas Converse, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; made brigade inspector in July, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 67: Maj. Theodore Woodbridge, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He was appointed brigade major and inspector to July, 1781; transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781 retired in January, 1783.]
Lieutenant Henry Cunningham68 is appointed Quarter-Master to the 2nd. Regiment of Artillery from the 21st. of June last.
[Note 68: Of the Second Continental Artillery. He was regimental quartermaster to December, 1782, and served to June, 1784.]
Regimental Returns to be made immediately of the Invalids in Camp; These Returns to comprehend the weak and sickly men and such as are unfit for the duties of the Field for want of clothing; the Serjeants and Drums and Fifes are to be included but placed in seperate columns and the old Soldiers and Soldiers for the war are to be in columns distinct from the Levies but the whole to make one agregate in the column of Total. The commanding officers of regiments will be responsible that there are no impositions and that the returns are accurate. The same Returns from the Light Infantry. These to be digested into brigade Returns and the whole transmitted to the Orderly Office.
At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Bailey is president Captain Barnard69 of the 3d. Connecticut regiment was tried for "Having knowingly made a false muster of Grove Barnard a soldier of his company."
[Note 69: Capt. John Barnard. He retired in January, 1781.]
The Court are of opinion that the charge against Captain Barnard is not supported.
The Commander in Chief is under the of disapproving the Sentence, as it appears to him incontestibly proved (if any credit is to be given to Muster-Rolls invariably attested for near three years and other evidence) that Grove Barnard was inlisted for the War. Had he been inlisted by another officer it is possible that Captain Barnard might have been deceived by a false return but when it is considered that the soldier in question was his son and inlisted or entered by himself the General cannot conceive it possible that he could have made a mistake and continued in his error so long. If Grove Barnard is not dismissed from the Service he is to be detained untill further enquiry can be made.
At a Brigade General court martial the 18th. Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Butler president. Anthony Spinhouse, soldier in the 7th. Pennsylvania regiment taken in the Act of Desertion to the Enemy was tried found Guilty and Sentenced agreeable to the 6th. Section Article 1st. of the Articles of War (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to Suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief confirms the Sentence.
A Fatigue Party to parade tomorrow at Guard mounting with their Arms Packs and three days Provisions to repair the roads.
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 11, 1780.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 7th. Instant with the enclosures.
The destruction of the Forage collected for the use of the British Army at Coram, is of so much consequence that I should advise the attempt to be made70 I have written to Colo Sheldon to furnish a Detachment of dismounted Dragoons, and will commit the execution to you. If the party of Refugees at Smith's house can be attempted without frustrating the other design, or running too great a hazard, I have no objection.
[Note 70: Tallmadge made the attempt November 23.] But you must remember this is only a secondary object, and in all cases, will take the most prudent means to secure a retreat.
Confiding entirely in your discretion, as well as enterprize, and wishing you success, I am etc.
PS. The Detachment under Lt. Brewster may also be employed on this service.71
[Note 71: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by D. W. Richards, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 11, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. yours of this date. The detachment under your command not being considered in the Continental pay, or under my direction, you cannot with propriety apply to me for provision. The State will, no doubt, upon your application to them, give proper orders in the Matter.
I should not refer you to the State, had I any authority to supply you. I am &c.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 73: Marked "(Private)" on the draft and also on the address of tile letter sent, as above.]
Hd. Qrs. Passaic Falls, November 12, 1780.
Dear Sir: Upon a full view of what (from the returns) must be the state of our Army when the Levies leave it the first of January, and of the little prospect there is of getting the places of many, if any of them supplied by that time, and when the importance of West point and the Southern communication with it is taken into consideration, I can think of no better disposition of the Army for Winter Quarters than the following:
Pensylvania line: somewhere in the neighbourhood of Morris Town
Jersey line: About Pompton; in the clove of the Mountain; with a detachment from it at the other clove near Suffrans.
York line: (The Troops of that State being chiefly there already and the Northern and Western frontier much harrassed) to continue at Albany.
Connecticut and Massachusetts lines: (being about adequate to the number required) to be at West point, the former on the East and the [latter]74 on the West side of the River.
[Note 74: Bracketed word supplied from the draft.]
New Hampshire and Rhode Island: at the gorge of the Mountain near the Continental village; and to furnish a detachment more to the left; say, about Robinsons Mills.
Sheldon's horse: On Connecticut river at Colchester or Middletown.
Moylans horse: In Pensylvania perhaps Reading.
The Marischause: (If it is not reduced) to be somewhere in the rear of New Windsor; and
The Park of Artillery: at or near New Windsor.
This disposition is not yet announced to the Army, nor is it known to the Genl. Officers of it (otherwise than by conjecture), for which reason and because it may undergo a change I would not, as yet, have any thing said of it. If it takes place my own quarters will, more than probably, be at or near New Windsor as the central point.
Building Barracks, Hutts &ca. near the Works for the Troops destined for the defence of the Post should undergo no interruption on acct. of the change this distribution may occasion. How far the Hurts at Soldiers fortune, or Genl. Glovers Incampment may be necessary I cannot undertake to determine, because I do not know precisely, the relative situation of these places to the Works.
Your favor of the 10th. is receivd. I approve much of your intended forage75 in which include Cattle &ca.; but for particular reasons I wish the execution of it to be delayed a little if there is no inconvenience resulting from k. In the mean while make every necessary arrangement for it in your own mind that the business may be suddenly entered upon when you hear from me again on the subject. I am etc.
[Note 75: Heath intended to make a forage below the Continental lines above White Plains in Sing Sing and North Castle.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 12, 1780.
Sir: Your favors of the 12th: 14th: and 29th: ulto. all came to hand by yesterdays post. How the two first were so long on the way I cannot tell. The disagreeable intelligence contained in them had reached me from other quarters. The blow upon the Western Frontier will be severely felt by us in the course of the Winter. Indeed I know not how we are to make up the disappointment in the Bread of that Country.
I am convinced of your exertions in forwarding supplies to Fort Schuyler, and you have my thanks for your activity on that occasion. I am &c76
[Note 76: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 9, fol. 365.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 12, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 30th: October by Captain Moulton.77 I am sorry for the unfortunate stroke upon your
[Note 77: Capt. William Moulton, of Warher's Additional Continental regiment. He retired in January, 1781.] Regt. at Fort George, but I cannot but think it extraordinary that you should furlough the remainder at a time when their services were so essentially necessary.
By the new establishment of the Army, your Regiment with all the Corps upon the same foundation (Colonel Hazen's excepted) is to be reduced on the 1st. January. The Officers to go out on half pay for life, and the non Commd. and private Men to join the Regiments of those States to which they properly belong. The time of reduction being so near, you may as well send the remainder of your Men immediately down to West point, under the care of an Officer, where they will be incorporated and receive Cloathing.
The Military Chest here and to the Northward are both empty, and I cannot therefore make the advance of pay which you require. As Mr. Sherman78 your late pay Master has gone off in so scandalous a Manner, you must appoint one of your Officers, who is best qualified, to make up the Regimental accounts in the best manner that circumstances will admit, and send them down to the Auditors that they may be finally adjusted. You must, at the same time prepare your accounts for the Money which you have received at different times for recruiting, I am &c.79
[Note 78: William Sherman. He was former paymaster in Warner's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 12, 1780
Sir: In answer to your Letter of the 10th I can only observe that it is not in my power to give any particular explanation of the views of Congress in the establishment of the Regiment of Artificers beyond what is expressed in their Act. Nor do I know, with precision, what proportion of Artillery or Quarter Master Artificers may be necessary with the Army.
I would therefore wish you to have a meeting with General Knox on the Subject, and report your opinions to me respecting the reduction and incorporation of the Corps of Artificers now in service, that the necessary measures may be pursued.
You will be pleased to forward the Letters herewith transmittted by Express. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 81: Of the New Jersey levies, commanding at Newark.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 12, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of yesterday. If you can get certain intelligence of the time the enemy mean to come out, and can give me sufficient previous notice, I will send down a detachment from the Army to prevent the execution of their plan. You must, if possible, ascertain the force that they mean to bring over.82
[Note 82: Ogden had written to Washington (November 11) that the British intended to make a push into the Newark meadows to take off the salt hay. Ogden's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The person who delivered your letter said he had no News paper given to him, as mentioned in yours. I am etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Hd. Qrs. Passaic falls, November 12, 1780.
My dear Laurens: A Letter of yours dated Octobr (but which I believe ought to have been Novr.) the 6th. came to my hands last Evening. Every fresh assurance of your personal regard and attachment to me, gives me pleasure.
The motives which led you to the Southward are too laudable, and too important not to meet my approbation. In that, or any other quarter in which you may act, my best wishes for your health preservation and glory will accompany you, being with sincere regard and Affectn. etc.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Sunday, November 12, 1780.
Parole Domingo. Countersigns Darby, Dover.
Watchword Duty.
[Note 84: Lieut. Col. Noah Moulton Littlefield, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Major Maxwell85
[Note 85: Maj. Hugh Maxwell, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment.]
Brigade Major Pettengill
Head Quarters, passaic Falls, November 12, 1780.
Sir: I have not been honored with any of your Excellency's favors since mine of the 4th. Inst. Neither have I received any intelligence from New York contradicting what communicated in that letter, on the contrary, the accounts seem confirmed.
I have lately made an exchange of a considerable number of prisoners with Sir Henry Clinton; part of the British are at Rutland in Massachusetts Bay; and as it is stipulated that they shall be allowed to embark at Providence or Newport on board a Flag Vessel that will be sent from New York for that purpose, I have thought it proper to give your Excellency this previous notice. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Monday, November 13, 1780.
Parole Maryland. Countersigns I., Q.
Watchword March.
[Note 87: Maj. Samuel Darby, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
The invalids and men wanting clothing in the light infantry, excepting in the article of shoes are to join their respective regiments in the line of the army; they are not to be replaced by others.
Where the want of clothing in yesterday's report is confined to shoes only the men under that description are to be struck out of the returns because they may be supplied at the issuing Store; all the rest with the invalids and an addition of ten men from each regiment the whole under proper officers of their respective regiments or Lines are to march with their Arms baggage &ca. as soon as the Quarter Master General can furnish Waggons; They are to be provided with Tents and Campkettles from their respective lines and to be under the command of a Colonel from each who will receive his orders at Head Quarters.
The General recommends it very strongly to the officers remaining to send under this Escort every species of Baggage they can do without, to their Winter quarters, that the Army may be as light and the horses in the field lessened as much as possible.
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 26th: ulto. with a Return of the Maryland additional Regiment, and a Copy of General Gates's instructions to you. You will, I presume before this reaches you, have seen Major General Greene, in his way to take the command of the southern Army, and will have received from him such further directions as he may have thought necessary. I shall be glad of a line from you, from time to time, informing me of the progress of raising and forwarding the Recruits. I am etc.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, November 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Officer who is to command the detachment from your line, agreeably to yesterday's orders, will be referred to you for instructions. The inclosed contains the heads of such as have occurred to me; you may possibly think of others.
If your old Hutts are too much injured, or if the Wood (for firing) about them is insufficient, there are two places (if my memory serves me) either of which in point of convenience and situation would be eligible for your Winters Cantonment. The first, and which I think least liable to be beat up is between Morris Town and Mendam on the mountainside right of the Road leading from the first to the latter and about midway. The second is near Veal Town where the Virginians began to Hutt last Winter; either of these, or any place between them may answer if there are difficulties in the way of the old hutts. I do not know who the Officer is that is going upon this Command, but as some skill and judgment is necessary in the Choice of a position, and in laying out the Ground, I think it may not be amiss to send one or two in whom you can confide to make choice of the spot before the detachment arrives to prevent as well delay, as other inconveniences. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Caleb Gibbs.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 14, 1780.
Dear Sir: Since my letter of the 5th:, on the subject of the number of Men necessary to compleat the Quota of your State, I have recollected a matter in the composition of Colo. Lambs Regt. which I wish had been attended to at that time. Two independent Companies of Pennsylvania, consisting at present of only 39 Men, have been for some time past annexed to that Regt. and are included in the number of 304 of which the Regt., as it now stands, consists. They have been always returned as part of the quota of Pennsylvania, have been adopted and supplied by that State. They would have been heretofore annexed to Colo. Proctor's Regt. but for some difference between the Officers on account of Rank. There is a necessity for doing it now, as Lambs Regr. has two Companies more than the establishment allows, and Proctors wants two to compleat it. The inclosed, which is a Copy of a letter from General Knox on the subject, is more full, and to which I would beg your Excellency's reference.
From the above State, your Excellency will perceive the necessity of your making an addition of 39 Men to your assessment, as Colo. Lambs Regiment will be lessened so many by withdrawing the Companies before mentioned.
I have received your Excellency's favors of the 5th. and 8th. by hearing nothing further from the Northward, I am in hopes the advance of the Enemy has been checked. I have the honor etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original was in the New York State Library.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 14, 1780.
Sir: You are to take the charge of the Invalids and such other Detachments of the Connecticut Line, as were mentioned in the General Orders of the 13th. as also of such of the Baggage as shall be sent from thence, to the Winter Quarters of the Troops: and proceed to Kings Ferry, keeping the Baggage in front of the Line of march, and causing the strictest regularity and order to be observed in it.
You will send forward an Officer to have Boats provided ready at Kings Ferry to receive and transport the Baggage up the River, that the Waggons may be dismissed, and sent back without delay.
(The Troops are to cross the River at Kings Ferry, and move on the east side, to the vicinity of West Point, where you will receive Major Genl Heath's further Instructions respecting their disposition, having previously given information to him of the time when you shall arrive.)
You will be pleased to pay the utmost attention, to prevent the destruction offences, or violation of any other property of the Inhabitants on the march; as well as to the accommodation of the Troops under your Command.91
[Note 91: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.
The same instructions were sent to Maj. William Hudson Ballard, of the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment, to take charge of the Invalids and such other detachments of the Massachusetts line as were mentioned in General Orders of November 13, except the paragraph included in parentheses, and for this the following was substituted: "If On Your arrival at Kings Ferry, there shall not be a sufficiency of Boats to transport the Troops to West Point You will march them by the route of Storms's Clements's and Fort Montgomery; in either case you will apply to Major Genl, Heath for his Orders respecting their disposition."]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 14, 1780.
Sir: I have just received advice that Admiral Rodney's Fleet, with the transports which have been sometime preparing, fell down to the Hook on Saturday last. The number of troops on board is not yet ascertained. It is said that Major General Phillips commands the detachment, but I have it not sufficiently vouched, to make it a matter of certainty. Their destination is generally believed to be to the Southward. I expect more circumstantial intelligence shortly. I have the honor etc.92
[Note 92: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 14, 1780.
Sir: I have reed. information from New York that Admiral Rodneys Fleet, with the Transports which have been some time preparing, fell down to the Hook on Saturday last. The number of troops which they have on board is uncertain. If the Admiral, with his ships of War, means to form a junction with Arbuthnot, you will soon perceive it, by the augmentation of the Fleet which keeps off Newport; if, on the contrary, he is bound to the West Indies, as some say, he will, probably convoy the transports to their place of destination, and then proceed to the Islands. The ships of the Line at New York were the Sandwich, 90 Guns; Terrible, 74; Alcide; Adamant; Triumph, 74; Intrepide, 64. But whether they will all proceed to sea, I cannot tell. The press was extremely hot in New York previous to the sailing of the Fleet. I have the honor etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, November 14, 1780.
Parole Lebanon. Countersigns Luck, Loo.
Watchword Lookout.
At the General Court martial of the line whereof Colonel Bailey is president, the loth. instant, Lieutenant Reeves94 of the
[Note 94: Lieut Enos Reeves. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1781, and to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.] 10th. Pennsylvania regiment was tried for "A breach of general orders of the 6th. instant in granting a pass to Daniel Quinn, a soldier in the 10th. Pennsylvania regiment".
The court on consideration are of opinion that Lieutenant Reeves signed a pass for Daniel Quinn to pass to the Light infantry camp on which Quinn passed in breach of general orders; but it appears to the court that it was the intention of Lieutenant Reeves the pass should be signed by the commanding officer of the regiment. On this consideration and the custom of the regiment they think Lieutenant Reeves excuseable.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence and Lieutenant Reeves is released from his Arrest.
To prevent accidents of the same kind happening in future, let the commanding officers of companies only recommend the soldiers to the commanding officers of regiments for passes, this will put it out of their power to make use of the writing of which they are possessed before it is properly authenticated.
[Note 95: Dr. William Smith. He was secretary of the American Philosophical Society and wrote Washington (November 11): "I have the Honor herewith to transmit to you the Certificate or Diploma of your Election into the American Philosophical Society; which ought to have been made out at the Time of its Date. As this business, viz the preparing the Draft (which was to be a special one) and getting' it engross'd, lay upon the then acting Secretary, it is my Duty to make an Apology for the Delay; and to assure your Excellency that it proceeded only from a Desire to have it executed in the Manner which might do the greatest Honor to the Society." Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers. The certificate of membership is also in the Washington Papers.]
[Hd. Qrs., Passaic Falls, November 15, 1780.]
I am particularly indebted to you Sir, for the obliging manner in which you have executed the trust reposed in you by the American Philosophical Society. An excuse for the little delay that attended it could have only found a motive in your politeness.
All the circumstances of the election are too flattering not to enhance the honor I feel in being distinguished by the fellowship of a society so eminently respectable.
I warmly unite with you in the wish that the happy period may speedily arrive which will enable all the members to devote themselves to advancing the objects of this most useful institution. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Wednesday, November 15, 1780.
Parole Presburg. Countersigns Paris, Perth.
Watchword Hark.
As nothing adds more to the beauty and appearance of a Corps than exact uniformity of dress; The General recommends it thus early to the Field officers newly arranged to fix upon a fashion for the regimental clothing of the officers of their respective corps (if it is not already done) confining themselves to the ground, facings, linings and buttons already assigned to the states to which they belong: The General sees with concern the difficulties which the officers labor under in procuring clothes; it is not therefore his wish that those who are already furnished should run themselves to the expence of new uniforms if their old are not exactly conformable, but that they should in future comply strictly with the regimental fashion, and if possible get their old clothes altered to it. It has a very odd appearance especially to Foreigners to see the same corps of officers each differing from the other in fashion of the facings sleeves and pockets of their coats. An attention to these minutia: has been thought proper in all services it becomes peculiarly so in ours at this time as we shall more than probable take the field next Campaign in conjunction with our Allies composed of the first Troops in Europe, who will receive impressions and form opinions from the first view.
This again induces the General to exhort all officers who continue in service to make themselves perfectly masters of every thing contained in the rules and regulations of the Army that there may be a strict uniformity in our manoeuvres and discipline especially in honors paid to officers according to their several ranks, a thing scrupulously attended to and expected in foreign service.
Strict attention is to be paid to the order of the 18th. of June last distinguishing the rank of Officers by their Badges.
Hd. Qrs. Passaic falls, November 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your forage will be made to subserve a project I have in view, the success of which depending upon a concurrence of things, and upon causes that are unalterable, I have to request that matters may be so ordered by you, as that the detachment employed on this occasion may be at the white plains, or as low down as you mean they shall go, by two Oclock on thursday the 23d. Instt. They will remain there that Night upon their Arms, and as it is not unlikely but that the enemy (if they are in force at Kings bridge) may attempt to surprize them, a vigilant look out is to be kept, and small parties of horse and foot employed in patroling the different Roads leading from the enemy's lines.
It is my earnest wish, that you make your foraging party as strong, and have it as well Officered as possible. I am of opinion, that you may trust the several works (as it will be for a few days only, and this body advanced of them) to the Invalids, and such Troops as are rendered unfit for the field on Acct. of cloathing. The Guard Boats should, upon this occasion, be uncommonly alert; they should proceed as low down as they can, with safety, and so dispose of themselves as, by signals, to communicate the quickest intelligence of any movements on the River. A Chain of Expresses may also be fixed between the Foragers and your Quarters, for the purpose of speedy information of any extra event, or occurrence below.
It is unnecessary to be more explicit; your own judgment, and conviction of the precision with which this business, especially in point of time, should be executed, will supply any omission of mine. This, that is, the time of being at the White plains in force, under the appearance of a large forage if you cannot make it real, is the first object to be attended to. I dare not commit my project to writing for fear of a miscarriage of my letter, but it is more than probable that between this and the day of execution, I shall send an Officer to you with a detail acct. of it97 So soon as this comes to hand I beg of you to send by Water five Boats of the largest size that can be conveniently transported on Carriages to the Slote above Dobbs's ferry,98 where I will have them met by Carriages, let there be five good Watermen with their Arms and Accoutrements, from the Jersey line if they have them, allotted to each Boat under the
[Note 97: This project was an attack on the northern posts of the British at Kingsbridge and the northern part of Manhattan Island. (See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Henry Knox, Nov. 22, 1780.)]
[Note 98: On the west side of the Hudson.] command of an active intelligent Subaltern (of the same line) who is also to be a good Waterman. If there should be any armed Vessels of the enemy in the River above Dobb's ferry, let me know it, that I may order the Carriages to Kings ferry The Officer and Men are to attend the Boats by Land, as well as Water.
Sending the Invalids and bad cloathed men of Pensylvania to Morris Town, those of Massachusetts and Connecticut to West point, and the Artillerists to New Windsor, strongly mark'd the Cantonments of the Army, and this will be manifested more clearly when Majr. Gibbs fixes upon my Qrs., for which purpose he is now gone up to New Windsor. The Detachts. from Massachusetts and Connecticut lines now on their March to West point, including ten hearty and well cloathed men from each of their Regiments, amounts to 1400 Men, which will enable you to enlarge your foraging party very considerably.
The inclosed for Colo. Govion requires his attendence at Head Quarters. With much esteem etc.
P.S. The Boats should be of the strongest and best built kind.
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 12th: and 13th: The proceedings of the Court of Enquiry, on Colo. Varick, accompanied the former.99
[Note 99: Not now found among the Washington Papers.]
I cannot conceive that the Jersey line has received the number of Recruits, which the Cloathing Return specifies, since those which were inlisted last Winter, and they, I presume, must have obtained their proportion of Cloathing with the other Men. You will inquire more particularly into the matter, and if you find it right, you will direct the quantity absolutely necessary to be delivered. I suppose, by the appearance of the Return, that it includes two Shirts and two pair of Stockings for each. Let those intitled have one of each at present, and they will have a further, allowance when the general distribution is made. We have no Cloathing of any kind here. They must therefore take such as is at New Burgh.
I am in hopes that the Enemy do not mean to advance upon the Northern Frontier, by their halting so long near the Lake. I am &c.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, November 16, 1780.
Sir: Since your promotion to the rank of a Major General,2 the objections you before had to serve with the Main Army are obviated; you will therefore be pleased to join it as soon as may be.
[Note 2: Oct. 23, 1780.]
I hope your health is so far confirmed as to enable you to do it without loss of time. I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters at Prekaness, November 16, 1780.
Sir: You will proceed with the Invalids and Baggage of the Artillery to Murtherers Creek in the Neighbourhood of New Windsor. You are to consult the Qr. Mr. General before you march. Should he have no occasion for the speedy return of the Waggons you are to proceed the whole way by land, taking the Route by Ringwood and through the Clove. But should he have occasion for the Waggons shortly, you are to proceed to Kings ferry and go up from thence by Water.
Upon your arrival at Murtherers Creek, you are to lodge the Baggage securely, and then look out for a convenient piece of Ground for hutting the Number of Officers and Men who will be attached to the Park this Winter, of which Genl. Knox will inform you. In doing this, you are to pay particular attention to the dryness of the soil; sufficiency of Wood for Building and firing, and conveniency of Water. The position to be as near New Windsor as the circumstances of Ground, Wood and Water will permit. Having pitched upon the position, you will set the Men to cutting Logs of proper lengths for building, and splitting Shingles.
General Knox may perhaps have some further directions to give you. You will therefore apply to him before you set out. And to the Quarter Master for an order for the necessary Tools.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 16, 1780.
Sir: Your Letter of the 9th. Inst has been duly received. The situation of affairs at the time referred to, must have been a sufficient reason for not granting a passport to the Person mentioned in your Letter;5 had not the particular circumstances respecting him justified the policy. On all such critical occasions the most cautious line of conduct is undoubtedly requisite, and cannot be considered as injurious; however it might carry the appearance of suspicion. But as Head Quarters will
[Note 5: In Tallmadge's letter of November 9 the name of the person has been so carefully obliterated as to be indecipherable.] soon be on the North River, I can have an opportunity of being more explicit to the Person in question, than is expedient in a Letter.
In future, I could wish the Names of Agents and such others as ought not to be known to the Enemy, might not be written in such a manner as to afford a possibility of detection, in case the Letters should miscarry.
I will transmit Governor Greene the information you request. I am etc.
P.S. I am anxiously expecting the several Articles of Intelligence I sollicited from you.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Passaic Falls, November 16, 1780.
Sir: I have been informed that a certain George Howell, not long since from the Enemy, is apprehended by the Supreme Authority of the State of Rhode Island: Although such possitive proof of his being an Emissary from the Enemy should not be obtained as might convict him capitally; I have some time ago received such information from confidential Persons, as induces me to believe him to be a dangerous character, and one who ought not to be suffered to go at large.
The purport of my information respecting Howel is, "that no man's character was higher with the Enemy; that he was a particular friend of Tryon; that he kept a regular correspondence with him and Col Birch7 while he (Howel) resided at his native place; that he could obtain any indulgence and permission to bring goods to almost any amount from New York, when others could not; that an intimate friend of Howel,
[Note 7: Lieut. Col. Samuel Birch, of the Seventeenth Light Dragoons, British Army.] within the Enemy's Lines told my informant that Howel had twice been out on the service of Government, and expressed great anxiety for fear he was detected."
I thought proper your Excellency should be informed of these particulars, as they may tend to corroborate other evidence; notwithstanding my channel of information cannot be given up to be made use of, for very obvious reasons. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 16, 1780.
Gentlemen: Your favor of the 9th: did not reach me 'till yesterday at Noon. I immediately wrote to Sir Henry Clinton for the Passport for the Sloop Carolina Packet and dispatched the letter to Elizabeth Town this Morning by Express. The passport shall be transmitted to you the moment after I have received it. I have the honour etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 16, 1780.
Sir: I have to request a passport for the Sloop Carolina Packet, Burthen eighty Tons, John Durry sailing master; Sheftall Sheftall Flag Master, one Mate and six seamen, from the Port of Philada. to Charles town in South Carolina, laden with provision and Cloathing for the American troops prisoners of War there; and also a permit for her return to the port of Philada.
I have likewise to request, if it be agreeable to your Excellency, that Mrs. Mary Mathews, with two Black servants named Simon and Kate, may have permission to go to Charles town in the above Vessel. Mrs. Mathews would wish to be allowed to return to Philada, when she has transacted the business upon which she is desirous of going, and which I am assured is merely of a private nature; but as she does not think it can be accomplished by the time the Sloop Carolina packet will return, it will be conferring a very great obligation upon the Lady, would your Excellency signify your consent to her taking some other opportunity for that purpose. Should you deem it inexpedient to grant Mrs. Mathews's request in its full extent, you may perhaps not think it improper to assent to the first part of it only. I have the honor etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 16, 1780.
Sir: Your Excellency's favor of the 10th: reached me yesterday. It gives me great pleasure to hear that your troops have entered their quarters in a manner agreeable to themselves and to the inhabitants. I shall be extremely happy in seeing the Chevalier de Chattelus,11 Count de Custine,12 Marquis de Laval,13 and Count de deux ponts14 at my Quarters I will endeavour to render the time, which they spend with the Army, agreeable to them, and when they incline to visit Philadelphia, they may be assured of that permission, which you so politely make to depend upon me.
[Note 11: François Jean, Chevalier (later Marquis) de Chastellux. He was marechal de camp and major general, French Army in America.]
[Note 12: Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine-Sarreck. He was colonel of the regiment Saintonge, and brigadier general in the French Army in America.]
[Note 13: Anne Alexandre Marie Sulpice Joseph Duc de Montmorency de Laval. He was colonel of the Regiment Bourbonnais, French Army in America.]
[Note 14: Gullaume, Comte de Deux Pants. He was colonel en second of the Regiment Royal Deux Pants, French Army in America.]
I have heard nothing lately from the Chesapeak Bay. An intelligent person, who is employed to keep a look out upon the Heights of Monmouth, informs me, that on Friday and Saturday the 10th. and 11th: instants a Fleet consisting of between 52 and 58 sail of which six were Men of War from 40 to 60 Guns came from the southward and anchored within the Hook. My informant is of opinion, that it is the Fleet returned from Virginia which sailed the 16th: ulto. from the Hook. But I rather think it is the long expected Cork Fleet, and my intelligence from New York announces the arrival of that Fleet on Sunday last. I shall however ascertain the matter very shortly, and I will communicate the result to your Excellency.
I had heard a report of the discovery of a plot concerted by one Ross of Virginia, but I believe it was without foundation. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Thursday, November 16, 1780.
Parole Hamburgh. Countersigns X., U.
Watchword Silence.
Regimental returns of the Arms drawn for the respective regiments this Campaign; the number now on hand and which have been turned in to the Conductors to be made to the Sub inspectors who will digest them into division returns and transmit them to the Orderly Office by Saturday next. These returns to be signed by the Colonels or Commanding Officers of Regiments.
The Commander in Chief takes occasion to remind the Officers of the astonishing number of arms which have been heretofore carried off by the discharged men and enjoins the strictest attention to that matter at the approaching dismission of the Levies. The commanding officers of regiments will be answerable for all deficiencies which cannot be accounted for.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to Accept and Approve the following report of a court of Enquiry held at West Point the 2d. instt. to examine into the Conduct of Lieutenant Colonel Varick in his connexion with the late Major General Arnold during his command at West point and relative to his desertion to the Enemy. Colonel Van Schaick, president, Lieutenant Colonels Cobb and Dearborne Major Reid and Captain Cox16 Members.
[Note 16: Capt. Richard Cox, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. He was transferred to the Second New Jersey Regiment in January, 1781; appointed major in January, 1783; served to close of the war.]
The Court unanimously report their opinion "That Lieutenant Colonel Varick's Conduct with respect to the base Peculations and Treasonable Practices of the late General Arnold is not only unimpeachable but think him entitled (throughout every part of his conduct) to a degree of Merit that does him great honor as an Officer and particularly distinguishes him as a sincere Friend to his Country."
The court martial whereof Colonel Bailey is president is dissolv'd.
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 17, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 15th: and 16th: instants. When the 1st: and 5th: New York Regiments were ordered up to Albany, I directed Genl. Clinton, if he should receive advice that the enemy had retired, to send them down again. Under this order he accordingly directed their return. I had not then fixed, in my mind, the line of Cantonment of which I afterwards informed you. Upon the whole, it seems lucky that they did return, as by the Copy of General Clintons letter to you, there were no means of subsisting them at Albany. You will direct them to be disembarked and disposed of for the present in such a manner as will best answer the general plan of cantonment mentioned in my private letter of the [12th Instant]17 and for the purpose of making an addition to the strength of your foraging party.
[Note 17: Left blank in the letter sent and the date supplied from the draft.]
Capt. Hughes18 has obtained a Furlough upon the recommendation of Major Torrey19 the commanding Officer of the Regiment, and Lieut. Lewis20 has obtained his discharge upon producing Vouchers signed by Major Torrey, Capt. White21 the pay Master of the Regt. and the Auditors, that he had settled all his public and Regimental Accounts. They have both gone from Camp to their respective places of abode.
[Note 18: Capt. John Hughes, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in November, 1781.]
[Note 19: Maj. Joseph Torrey, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel in May, 1782, and retired in June, 1783.]
[Note 20: Lieut. Joseph Lewis, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in November, 1780.]
[Note 21: Capt Moses White, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was aide to Colonel (Brevet) Brigadier General Hazen in September, 1781, and to the close of the war.]
I fancy the account of Colo. Gansevoorts Regiment coming down is premature. I desired General Schuyler to keep it at Saratoga 'till further orders from me.
Major Ballard of Massachusetts who went up with the Invalids of the Line will apply for leave to go to Poughkepsie on business with the Governor. You will be pleased to grant it. I am &c.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Friday, November 17, 1780.
Parole Naples. Countersigns Narva, Newark.
Watchword Now.
[Note 23: Maj. John Wiley, of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
Brigade Major Converse24
[Note 24: Capt. Thomas Converse, of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; made brigadier inspector in July, 1781; retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, November 17, 1780.
You will immediately send off all your infirm and reduced Horses to Lancaster in Pennsylvania at or near which place your Regiment will be cantonned for the Winter.
You will give the Officer, who goes with the party, directions to deliver over to the Deputy Qt. [Master]25 Genl. in Lancaster County, all the Horses that you are of opinion will not be fit for Dragoon service another Campaign, the remainder you will have recruited and put in good order in the course of the Winter.
[Note 25: The word within brackets was evidently inadvertently omitted.]
You will particularly attend to that part of your former instructions pointing out the number of Horses to be kept by each Officer according to his Rank, and see that the number is not on any account exceeded. You will have all the old Accoutrements repaired as soon as the Men are fixed in Quarters.
As I presume that the State of Pennsylvania is to compleat your Regiment to the establishment of the 3d. and 21st: October (which you have seen published in the General Orders of the 1st. Inst.) I would recommend it to you to wait upon the President yourself, or direct an Officer to do it, with an exact State of the Regiment as to Men and Horses and inform him of the deficiencies in both. You will particularly explain to him, that the times of a great part of your Men expire in the course of the Winter, lest, in making provision for filling up the Corps, he may count upon them.
I do not know the mode that will be fallen upon to procure the Men and Horses; you will therefore govern yourself by the directions which may be given to you by the Executive Authority, in consequence of the measures which may be adopted. Neither do I know whether the State or Continent are to provide your accoutrements. You will make yourself acquainted with that circumstance, and apply in season to one or the other of those necessary for a full Corps, as it is to be presumed that the state will fully comply with the requisition of Congress.
I shall direct the Officer, with the part of the Regiment which remains here, to repair to Lancaster as soon as the Army quits the Field.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 17, 1780.
Sir: You will take charge of the Boats with the Army, and see that they are provided with Oars and held in the most perfect readiness for instant use. You will try them in the Water to see if they are quite tight, when full loaded; and you will ascertain the number of Men that each Boat will carry with tolerable convenience, and make report thereof to me.
You will number the Boats, and put them into three divisions, each division to contain about the same number of Men; and to be under the care of an Officer. each boat is to have five Watermen in it, that is, four Rowers and one to Steer. these Men are always to have their Arms, accoutrements, and a sufficient quantity of Ammunition with them. They are to be always with the Boats, because the call upon them may be sudden. and for the sake of experiment, I wish it to be tried, what number of Men it will take to carry (on their Shoulders or otherwise) in uneven and difficult ground, one of the largest siz'd Boats.
I wish it to be tried also, in how short a time these Boats can be mounted on Carriages from the Water, and put into the Water from the Carriages, each noted seperately.
You will also see, that the carriages on which the Boats are placed, are good, and so constructed that the Boats will be as little wrecked [racked?] as possible in their transportation; and that they sustain no injury from the forewheels of the Carriages, in turning short.
You will apply to the Qr. Master General for Sheepskin's and Nails to Muffle the Oars; which is to be done as much undiscovered as possible.
Keep these instructions to yourself, for some days to come; but do not delay a moment in complying with every thing therein required.
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 18, 1780.
Sir: I am favored with Your Letter of the 11th Instant, and sincerely congratulate you on Your exchange.
The disposition you discover of instantly entering into an activity of service, and rendering every possible assistance in the defence of your Country, is too laudable to be passed by unnoticed; Opportunities cannot be wanting to gratify so commendable an inclination. But as the remains of Your Regt. are with the southern Army, you will necessarily be considered as under the immediate Orders of Majr General Greene; who will be able to determine whether your presence is absolutely necessary with the Army, or will be of more utility in promoting the recruiting service in the State. In the mean time, as Brig. Genl. Gist is employed in superintending that service, it may not be improper to advise him of your liberation, and receive his instructions, until Genl Greene shall write to you, agreeably to his intimation. I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 18, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your favr. of the 10th: Inst. which only came to my hands the last Evening. Admiral Rodney with five or six ships of the Line sailed from the Hook the 15th: inst. whether bound to the Eastward to form a junction with Admiral Arbuthnot, to the West Indies, or to the Southward, is not ascertained. He took under his Convoy a number of transport ships, but whether they had any troops on board I am not yet informed. It is conjectured they had, and that they are intended as a further reinforcement to the southern Army. I have thought proper to communicate the above intelligence to you, as a knowledge of the enemy's movements from this quarter may be beneficial to His Most Catholic Majesty's Commanders in the West Indies and upon the Continent.
I am anxious to hear the result of the Expeditions which you were pleased to inform me were in agitation, as I feel myself much interested in whatever concerns the advantage or honor of your Court. I have the honor etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, November 18, 1780.
Parole Ostend. Countersigns Olney, Oxford.
Watchword Obedience.
The General requests that particular attention be paid to the order and cleanliness of the Camp: and to the service of the Guards.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Sunday, November 19, 1780.
Parole Roxbury. Countersigns N., R.
Watchword Rest.
AFTER ORDERS
Lieutenant Colonel commandant Butler is appointed Officer of the day for tomorrow vice Colonel Tupper ordered on command.
[Note 29: Delegate to the Continental Congress from Georgia.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 19, 1780.
Sir: I was honored on the 17th: with your favor of 11th: I proposed the exchange of Lieut. Morris for Mr. Burke, to Sir Henry Clinton on the 15th September last,30 but I have not received any answer from him on the subject. I shall take occasion to remind him of the application, in a letter I shall write to him tomorrow.
[Note 30: Sept. 17, 1780.]
Congress, by their Resolve of the 11th: Feby. last directed me to pay due regard to the exchange of Brigr. or Colo. Elbert, should a general exchange, which was at that time in contemplation, be carried into execution. This I should most certainly have done, had the exchange taken effect, but the negociation was broken off, for want of proper powers on the part of the British Commissioners, and the matter has since rested. Congress have, as you must know, directed me to make new propositions for the exchange of the Convention Troops against our southern prisoners; should the terms be acceded to, Mr. Elbert will be exchanged, in turn, in the Rank of Brigadier of Militia or Colonel of Continental troops, according to the command he held when taken. I am informed that the enemy claim him as Brigadier.
I am ignorant of any transactions which may have passed between General Lincoln and General Prevost on the subject.
I have requested liberty for Miss Camber31 to go to Charles town in the Flag sloop Carolina Packet, upon the same terms as those asked for Mrs. Mathews. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 31: Miss Ann Sarah Camber, sister of Mrs. George Walton.]
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 19, 1780.
Sir: I have just received advice from Otis and Henley of Boston that they had, through the interest of the State, procured upwards of forty Teams which they had loaded and sent forward with Cloathing. They do not say how far the Teams are to proceed, but in all probability no farther than Springfield, at which place there is also a considerable quantity of Cloathing much wanted by the Army. The bringing the whole forward to New Burgh as expeditiously as possible is a matter so indispensably necessary in the present naked condition of the troops, that I must request you to send an active person of your department to Springfield whose business it shall be to attend solely to the forwarding the Cloathing from that place. If you are not furnished with the means of procuring transportation, I will give the person who goes a letter to the Governor of Connecticut soliciting his aid and assistance.
You will direct the above and all other public stores to come the upper Route by Litchfield.
Be pleased to order the working party under Major Bruen to return by Kakeate and Paramus to Camp. He will mend that Road from Paramus to Camp which the Baggage came when we marched last from that place; It falls in at Ryerson's Mill. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 19, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have recd. your favors of the 25th: ulto. and 8th. instant. I am glad to hear that part of the Goods mentioned in the former had been sent off, and I hope the Teams procured by the State will proceed at least as far as Springfield. I shall give particular directions to the Quarter Master General to have them brought forward from thence, as well as those which have been laying there some time past. I beg you will immediately forward what Cloth remains upon hand to the Army with a proper quantity of thread, Buttons, and other trimmings to make it up; it will not only be done quicker by the different Regimental Taylors, but it may be made into the different Articles of Cloathing just as they are wanting. Shirts you will have made in Boston.
I most sincerely wish that the business which Colo. Wigglesworth is upon may be compleated properly, as I cannot find that we can depend, with any degree of certainty upon any other Cloathing this Winter, than what is included in your contract with the Tracey's.34 I am etc.35
[Note 34: Nathaniel Tracy & Co., of Boston, Mass.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Bearer ... is sent by the Quarter Master General purposely to superintend the forwarding a quantity of Cloathing from Springfield to New Burgh, indeed the whole of our dependance in that Article, as far as I can see, for the Winter. The Quarter Master General is in hopes that his deputies will be able to find the means of transportation without applying to your Excellency for assistance, but should they not, I must earnestly entreat you to give them the aid of the State, as the troops will be much distressed for want of the Cloathes before they can arrive, even with every possible exertion.
I am in hopes that the salted Beef which I requested your Excellency to forward, in my letter of the 28th October has been sent on. Our dependance for a Winter Magazine for Fort Schuyler still rests upon that parcel. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been this day honored with Your Excellency's favor of the 15th. You may be assured that I shall pursue the same measures this Winter that I have invariably done heretofore; of sending every Horse that can possibly be spared, to a distance from the part of the Country which has been the seat of the Army during the Campaign, and as there will be fewer troops in Jersey this Winter than usual, I hope the inhabitants will find relief in proportion. The exertions of the State have been great, and it is intitled to every indulgence that the nature of the service will allow.
Your Excellency and the Legislature must be sufficiently acquainted with the state of the Army to know, that our force, after the dismission of the Levies, will admit but few troops to remain in Jersey. I shall throw all that can be spared, after securing West point from any possible insult, on the communication from Morris Town to Kings Ferry, but as their numbers will be but few, they cannot be cantoned nearer to the sound37 than Morris Town. They will occasionally keep patroles and light parties advanced to give notice of any approach of the Enemy. I am convinced that a force within striking distance of an Enemy, any thing short of a body sufficient to keep them in perfect awe, instead of affording protection to the
[Note 37: Staten Island Sound.] inhabitants, only serves as an inducement to bring the enemy out upon them. I have the honor etc.38
[Note 38: "The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 20, 1780.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 15th. is just come to hand. I cannot suffer myself to delay a moment in pronouncing, if Arnold by the Words (in his letter to his wife) "I am treated with the greatest politeness by General Washington and the Officers of the Army who bitterly execrate Mr. Reed and the Council for their villainous attempt to injure me" meant to comprehend me in the latter part of the expression that he asserted an absolute falsehood. It was at no time my inclination, much less my intention to become a party in his cause; and I certainly could not be So lost to my own character as to become a partizan at the moment I was called upon, Officially to bring him to tryal. I am not less mistaken, if he has not extended the former part of the paragraph a little too far. True it is, he self envited some civilities I never meant to shew him (or any Officer in arrest) and he received rebuke before I could convince him of the impropriety of his entering upon a justification of his conduct in my presence, and for bestowing such illiberal abuses as he seem'd disposed to do, upon those whom he denominated his persecutors. Although you have done me the justice to disbelieve Arnolds assertions to his Wife a regard to my own feelings and character claims a declaration of the falsehood of it, from Dr. Sir etc.39
[Note 39: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "I shall take proper occasion to speak of the contents of Genl. Schuylers letr. to Arnold; from my best recollection and a recurrence to circumstances about the first of June, I am perswaded that my last letter on this subject not only contained the substance, but the identical answer which was given by me to the application. It is possible I might have said, that I looked upon Genl. Arnold as a brave and enterprizing Officer."]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 20, 1780.
Dr. Sir: You have obliged me very much by your friendly letter of the 12th., and I can assure you that I shall be very happy in a continuation of them. You are too well acquainted with my course of business to expect frequent, or long letters from me, but I can truely say that I shall write to none with more pleasure, when it is in my power to write at all, than I shall do to you.
The determination of Congress to raise an Army for the War, and the honorable establishment on which the Officers are placed will, I am perswaded, be productive of much good. Had the first measure been adopted four, or even three years ago, I have not the smallest doubt in my mind, but that we should at this day have been sitting under our vines and fig trees in the full enjoyment of Peace and Independence, and I have as little doubt that the value which I trust Officers will now set upon their Commissions will prove the surest basis of public Oeconomy. 'Twas idle to expect that Men who were suffering every species of present distress with the prospect of inevitable ruin before them could bear to have the cord of discipline strained to its proper tune, and where that is not the case it is no difficult matter to form an idea of the want of order; or to convince Military men of its consequent evils.
It is to be lamented that the call upon the States for specific Supplies should come at this late hour, because it is much to be feared that before those at a distance can be furnished with the resolves and make their arrangements, the Season for Salting Provision will be irretrievably lost; and this leads me to a remark which I could wish never to make. It is, that the multiplicity of business in which Congress are engaged will not let them extend that seasonable and provident care to many matters which private convenience and public oeconomy indispensably call for; and proves, in my opinion, the evident necessity of committing more of the executive business to small boards, or responsable characters than is practiced at present for I am very well convinced that for want of system in the execution of business and a proper timing of things, that our public expenditures are inconceivably greater than they ought to be. Many instances might be given in proof, but I will confine myself to the article of Cloathing as we are feelingly reminded of it.
This, instead of being ready in the Fall for delivery, is then to be provided, or to be drawn from the Lord knows whither; and after forcing many Soldiers from the field for want of it, is eked out at different periods as it can be had through the winter, till Spring; and in such a piece-meal way, that the Soldr. derivg. little comfort from it is hurt both in appearance and pride while the recruiting Service is Greatly injured by it. Was this the result of necessity, not a word would be said; but it is the effect of a dividd. attentn. or over much business for at the period of the extreme suffering of the Army, we can hear of Cloathing in different places falling a prey to moth, and cankerworms of a worse kind; and I am much mistaken too, if the Cloathing System (if ours can be called a System) does not afford a fruitful field for stock-jobbing &ca.
It may be asked what remedy I would apply to these evils ? In my opinion there is a plain and easy one. It will not I acknowledge give relief to our immediate and pressing wants no more than order can succeed confusion in a moment, but as both must have a beginning: Let Congress without delay (for this is the season to be lookg. forwd. to the Supplies for another year) employ some eminent Merchant of approved integrity and abilities to import (in his own way) Materials for the annual cloathing of Officers and Men agreably to estimates to be furnished by the Cloathier General; Or if they prefer it, let these imports be made by a Committee of their own body. When a stock is once obtained, discontinue all Continental Agents and State Agents for Continental purposes and confine the business of Cloathing the Army wholly to the Importer, Clothier Genl., and Regimental Cloathiers; this would be easy and simple, and would soon extricate that department from those embarrassments, and impositions which have a tendency to distress individuals and load the public with an enormous expence.
At present we do not know where, or to whom to apply. I have made the distresses of the Army known to Congress, the Board of War and the States Individually without learning from whence the supplies are to come and can without the aid of a perspective see a very gloomy prospect before us this Winter on the Score of Cloathing.
I have two reasons for prefering the Materials for Cloathing to ready made Cloaths; first because I think we can have them made by the Regimental Taylors to fit each Man, and to suit the fashion of each Regiment. And secondly because the Materials will always be a more ready Sale if Peace takes place and the Troops are disbanded than ready made Cloaths, they wd. attract less notice too at the places of Export. Another question may arise here; where are the means? Means must be found or the Soldiers go naked: but I will take the liberty in this place to give it as my opinion that a foreign loan is indispensably necessary to the continuance of the War. Congress will deceive themselves if they imagine that the Army, or a State that is the theatre of War can rub through a second Campaign as the last. It would be as unreasonable as to suppose that because a man had rolled a Snow-ball 'till it had acquired the size of a horse that he might do so till it was as large as a House. Matters may be pushed to a certain point, beyond which we cannot move them. Ten Months pay is now due to the Army. Every departmt. of it is so much indebted that we have not credit for a single Express; and some of the States are harrassed and oppressed to a degree beyond bearing. To depend, under these circumstances, upon the resources of the Country, unassisted by foreign loans will I am confident, be to lean on a broken Reed.
The situation of the Southern States is very embarrassing and I wish it was in my power to afford them relief in the way you have mention'd, but it is not. The very measure you suggest I urged as far as decency and policy would permit me to do at the Interview at Hartford, but to no effect. I cannot be more particular on this subject, and what I now say, is in confidence.40
[Note 40: "I beg leave to Submit to your Excellencys considerations whether it would not be prudent to order the French Fleet to Boston where they may Lay in Safety and call the French Army to head Quarters? Will not this cause Sir Henry to tremble for New York and Deminish the force if not Totally prevent the Blow meditated against the Southern States."-- Sullivan to Washington, Nov. 12, 1780. Sullivan's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The report of Sir Henry Clinton's going to the Southward was groundless and I believe few Troops have left New York since those under Leslie. I set out with telling you, I could not write long letters, but have ended with a flat contradiction of it. I am etc.
[Hd Qrs. Passaic Falls, November 20, 1780.]
Sir: I am much obliged to you for the suggestion which you do me the favour to make in your Letter of the 11th, as I shall at all times be for any others which may occur to you advancive of the public service.
I am so entirely convinced of the absolute necessity of a large and immediate foreign aid of money, to the continuance of the war, that I should be happy to do any thing I could with propriety to promote it. I impart to you in confidence, that I have in the most explicit manner given my sentiments on this head to the Minister of France here; and if my Opinion can have any influence with the Court of Versailles, I imagine it will be known through this channel. A more direct communication might appear an intrusion and an interference in matters out of my province. I am happy to hear Congress have this important object under consideration.
I persuade myself they will urge it with all the emphasis in their power and in the form most likely to succeed. If there should be any thing by which I could contribute to the success of the application, I should certainly think it my duty to give all the aid in my power.
I have the honor to be etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1780.
Sir: I am authorised by Congress to propose a meeting of Commissioners for the purpose of effecting an exchange of all Continental prisoners of war, now in your possession and of the hostages given in Canada, as well as of all officers on parole and officers violators of parole, and Militia, actually taken in arms and remaining prisoners of war, for an equal number of The Convention troops, and other prisoners in our hands rank for rank, and where similar rank will not apply to pursue the exchange on the footing of composition, according to the valuation or tariff agreed on by the Commissioners at Amboy in march last. In this business will of course come into contemplation an equitable adjustment and payment of the accounts of the Convention troops. I think it necessary to apprise you of this circumstance, that there may be no misapprehension, and that if the Commissioners meet they may come cloathed with proper powers to render the meeting effectual. I request your speedy answer; after which the time and place of meeting may be regulated.
I beg leave to recall your Excellency's attention to my letter of the 15th of September42 proposing an exchange of Lt Morris of the Georgia Artillery for Mr Burke of the Island of Antigua; to which you have not yet favoured me with an answer.
[Note 42: Sept. 17, 1780.]
To the application in behalf of Mrs. Mathews, I take the liberty to add another for a similar permission to Miss Anne Sarah Camber in the same vessel. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 20, 1780.
Sir: I was duly honored with your Excellency's letter of the 12th, and shall properly attend to its important contents.44
[Note 44: The President's letter of November 12 inclosed resolves of Congress of the 4th, 7th, 9th, and 10th. The one of the 7th authorized Washington to effect an exchange of all Continental prisoners of war, the hostages in Canada, etc., including the Convention troops, if the exchange of the latter could "be effected upon the Terms mentioned in the Act." The resolve of the 9th discontinued the hospital chaplains and directed the brigade chaplains to attend the hospitals from time to time. The resolve of the 10th directed the removal of all horses not absolutely necessary from camp ill order to save forage. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I hope the measures I had previously taken relative to the exchange of prisoners, announced in my letter of the 7th will not be disagreeable to Congress; they were founded on an opinion I had constantly entertained that it was our interest to extend the exchange of officers as far as possible, distinct from all other considerations, and a belief that this was also consonant to the intentions of Congress. In your Excellency's letter of the 25th of June last, that of General Lincoln of the 22d. on the subject of a general exchange is referred to me; in my answer of the 10th of July, 1 hold up the idea now mentioned in the clearest terms, and the resolution of the 7th. of August in consequence, authorizing the exchange then in contemplation, is in the same spirit. From these circumstances I readily consented to the subsequent propositions communicated in my letter of the 7th Instant.
As the late Act of the 7th. for a general exchange revives the question of Accounts, and seems to make a provision for the payment of them requisite prior to an exchange of any part of the Convention Troops, I am induced to take the liberty to offer this explanation of the grounds on which I acted, which I shall be happy may be satisfactory.
I shall immediately make a proposal to Sir Henry Clinton for a meeting of Commissioners on the terms now prescribed; though I really apprehend it will either not take place, or be fruitless, as the Enemy seem fixed in the determination not to come into a settlement of Accounts or the payment of any considerable demand on the score of the Convention Troops.
Your Excellency may rely that no deviation from the Order of capture shall ever take place in any exchanges made by me, where it has heretofore been done in particular cases, it has not originated with me; except in the instance of General Lincolns two Aids, which the respect due to a General Officer, and the customs of service dictated.
The Arrangement for a removal of all Horses that can be spared from the Army is conformable to our practice all the past winters; and will be punctually executed the moment we go into Quarters.
I shall as soon as possible carry into execution the other Matters contained in Your Excellency's dispatches, so far as they depend on me. With the most perfect respect etc.
P.S. I omitted acknowledging Your Excellency's favor of the 8th respecting Van Wert, Paulding and Williams.45 The recompense is ample; it is an evidence of the generosity of Congress, a flattering tribute to the virtue of those Citizens, and must prove a powerful incitement to others to imitate their example.46
[Note 45: Captors of André. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Nov. 3, 1780.)]
[Note 46: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 20, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 12th: It gives me pain to find an Officer of merit under the necessity of quitting the service for the reasons you mention, and I should very readily consent to your retiring in the manner and upon the terms you propose, did I see that it could be done consistently with the Regulations of the 3rd. and 21st: of October last.
When you speak of five Lieut. Colonels of Artillery I presume you include the Lieutenant Colonel of the South Carolina Regiment, but I cannot find by any construction of the Regulations above referred to, that the Officers of that Regiment can be introduced into either of the four that have served together in this quarter. That Regiment, both as to Officers and Men, appears to me to be totally reformed. Indeed it was always considered as being upon a different foundation from the others. The Officers never rolled together, and while those in the South Carolina Regiment were promoted Regimentally to the Rank of Colonel, those in the other four were promoted lineally to the Rank of Field Officers. This is a further reason against introducing the former among the latter at this period, as both the Colonel and Lt. Colonel of the Southern Regiment would I am informed be found (if considered upon a lineal scale of the five Regiments) junior Officers to some of the Majors of the other four. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1780.
Sir: There are five boats ordered from Kings ferry to Dobbes ferry, which The General directs you will immediately send a proper number of carriages for and bring them to where the other boats are and let no delay attend it, if you please.48
[Note 48: This was one of the many details arranged for the projected attack on New York City by way of Kingsbridge some time toward the end of November, 1780.]
Have you had the four which were already there brought on? Your etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "A. H., A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Totown, Monday, November 20, 1780.
Parole Tripoli. Countersigns Troy, Trim.
Watchword Try.
Return of Shoes wanting by the Artillery, Connecticut and Massachusetts lines, to be made this afternoon to the Adjutant General, and the shoes drawn tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Totowa, Tuesday, November 21, 1780.
Parole Verona. Countersigns Z., U.
Watchword Valor.
The General having received intelligence that the enemy mean to make a Forage in this State;50 the Army is to be held in readiness to move at a moments warning: They will keep two days provision cooked before hand. The officers are to remain in Camp and no passes granted to soldiers to go beyond the limits of Camp 'till further orders.
[Note 50: The reason was assigned to explain the activities which were directed against New York City.]
The Quarter Master General will have orders respecting the horses of the army.
Head Quarters, November 21, 1780.
Dr. Sir: On [Friday]51 morning, at [Sun rising] you will march the division under your command to a mile below Acquaquenack Bridge, advancing a Regiment a Mile or two in
[Note 51: Which would be November 24.] your front towards New Ark, and remain in this position 'till Retreat beating. You will then renew your march, slowly, a Mile or two forward [and till it is quite dark] and there halt till further orders. These will reach you in all probability before you halt.
When you arrive however at Acquaquenac, you will begin a Forage, for which purpose a number of Waggons will be sent down: but you will do this in such a manner as not to fatigue your Men, whose services may be wanted in a more essential manner. You will have two days' provision cooked, [three wd. be better]
You know the importance of secrecy in all military movements. I am etc.52
[Note 52: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 21, 1780.
Sir: Capt. Humphreys53 one of my Aides de Camp, is charged by me with orders of a private and particular nature, which he is to deliver to you and which you are to obey.54 He will inform you of the necessity of this mode of communication. I am etc.55
[Note 53: Lieut. Col. David Humphreys.]
[Note 54: Stark was then commanding a detachment at White Plains.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 21, 1780.
Sir: At nine OClock in the Morning of 24th: Friday you will parade with your regiment at Totawa bridge, furnished with two days' provisions; and you will detach parties towards the New Bridge and thence upwards to the bridge near Demeries56 and downwards as far as you think necessary to answer the purpose, to secure all the crossing places on the Hackensack and prevent any person going with intelligence to the enemy. You will select a sufficient party of the trustiest of your men to patrole from the Marquis's old Quarters below the liberty Pole towards Bergen Town, bulls ferry, Wehowk, Hobuck &c. A Vidette to be constantly at Bull's ferry, and make reports every two hours.
[Note 56: Demorest's.]
Major Goetchius is also ordered with his Militia to patrole from the New bridge downwards for the same purpose.
Much depends on the punctual execution of these orders, for which I have entire reliance on your judgment and knowledge of the Country. I confide the rest to your discretion. I am etc.
Van Heers Corps will join you and take your orders. Be pleased to acknowledge the Rect. of this.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 21, 1780.
Sir: On thursday morning you will march with all the Men of your detachment fit for duty58 to Springfield, where you will halt during the night and next day 'till three OClock in the afternoon; at three oClock on friday, you will move towards Elizabeth Town, making a slow easy march to avoid fatiguing your men.
[Note 58: Colonel Craig was at Morristown, N. J.]
At Elizabeth Town, you will receive further orders from a General Officer, which you will obey. It will be necessary to execute this order with punctuality. I am etc.
P.S. Let your party be provided with two days provision cooked. They are also to go without Baggage.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 21, 1780.
Sir: You will proceed to Fort Lee and thence with the greatest secrecy and caution along the margin of the North River to the Landing which is opposite Spiten Devil Creek. You will observe with the greatest accuracy possible the number and situation of the enemys works from Fort Washington upwards; the huts, encampments, barracks in or near them; the number of troops that occupy these and are otherwise within view; the landing places on the Island, noting which are easiest for debarking troops, and which admit most of secrecy; the approaches to the several works, particularly Fort Washington, the redoubt on the same ridge to the Northward of it, and Laurel Hill; the guard houses and washing houses along the river; the vessels, boats &c. in the river and their several stations.
You will make these observations at different points from the landing opposite Spiten Devil to the banks opposite the hollow that extends across to Harlæm River. You will endeavour to arrive in time tomorrow morning to observe where the troops parade at Assembly, which will the better enable you to judge of their number.
In short you will make every observation necessary for forming a plan for surprising the posts which have been mentioned by a night expedition, and for determining the propriety of such an attempt.
You will also remark the state of the roads from the encampment of the light corps to Fort Lee; particularly that part of it from the Heights of Fort Lee to the landing below, to ascertain the practicability of moving down boats in carriages to the landing either in waggons or on the shoulders of men.
The perfect confidence I have in your judgment and address assures me that you will execute this trust in the most proper manner.
For your better security I shall send a patrole towards the three pigeons but who shall not fall in with you or know any thing of your errand. I shall expect your report tomorrow night or very early next morning. I am etc.
P.S. You will observe whether there are any small boats at any of the landings on this side which the inhabitants may make use of to convey intelligence.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, November 21, 1780.
Sir: Relying upon your prudence, I inform you in confidence, that I have in contemplation a movement of some importance towards Elizabeth Town, in which you will be very useful by securing all the water craft on the Hackensack from the New Bridge downwards and effectually guarding all the crossing places, fords &c. so that no person may be able to pass to the enemy with intelligence. You will begin to do this business on Friday the 24th. at twelve O Clock at noon and will continue your vigilance all the succeeding night. Much depends on your activity, secrecy and punctuality. I shall send other guards to other places for the same purpose. I am etc.
Acknowledge the Rect. of this letter that I may be certain you have recd. it. A party should stop the passage thro' the Cedar Swamp.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 21, 1780.
Sir: I have received private information that some inhabitants of Bergen County will probably on thursday evening carry into the enemy at Powles Hook a quantity of flour and other provision. As this kind of traffic is very pernicious, I am particularly desirous of detecting some of those who carry it on in the fact that an example may be made of them. You will therefore on thursday afternoon move with your corps as secretly as possible by way of the new bridge to three pigeons, and there continue scouring the neighbouring roads during the night.
If you meet with the persons, I have described you will send them immediately with their effects to the Adjutant General; and in any case you will retire on friday to the liberty Pole where you will remain till next day, and then march to camp. You will keep your men together and be vigilant against a surprise. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 63: Of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, and served to June, 1783]
Head Quarters, November 21, 1780.
Sir: I have recd your Letter of this Morng. and hope the Horses under your charge have been removed out of the way of danger.
You will be pleased to keep a vigilant look out, and give me the earliest information of any movemt that may be made by the Enemy. A party of Col Moylan's Dragoons, are ordered to Crane,64 to communicate the intelligence. I am etc.65
[Note 64: Cranetown, N. J.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, November 22, 1780.
Sir: By twelve OClock on friday you will have ready all such pieces of your park as are most proper to annoy shipping and cover a body of troops in their passage across a river; a relief of horses to accompany them will be desirable if they are to be had. Your usual punctuality assures me of the same in this instance. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, November 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: The appointment to which you interest yourself in behalf of Mr. Watkins67 does not lay ultimately with me, but as it is more than probable that Congress will consult me before they nominate a successor to Mr. Erskine, I think it but a piece of candor to declare that I think myself obliged in justice to Mr. De Witt, who has been long and constantly in the Office, [and of whose abilities I have] heard [Mr. Irskine speak in very high terms] to recommend him to the vacancy occasioned by Mr. Erskines death.
[Note 67: John W. Watkins, geographer.]
I have been unreserved upon the occasion, because it would not be treating a Gentleman of Mr. Watkins's character with propriety, to amuse him with false expectations. I am etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 22, 1780.
Sir: You have been directed to furnish the Commander of the Boats with materials for muffling the oars; to pay particular attention that they are in good order; well provided with oars; mounted on good carriages and in such a manner that they cannot be injured; that the horses are with them by thursday twelve oClock; that they are then removed through the Notch below the mountain there to remain 'till friday morning; that there is hay (and grain if possible) ready at that place to feed them amply; and that there is hay and grain also, at Acquakanunk bridge to feed them during the halt there. These particulars I doubt not you have taken your measures for.
I am now too add that on friday by ... OClock the transportation of the boats from the Notch to Acquakanunk bridge is to commence and that it will be of the greatest importance to have a complete relief of good horses ready at Acquakanunck bridge early on friday afternoon to accompany the boats and at a proper place relieve the others to hasten the transportation.
You will also furnish the officer commanding the boats with oakum, thin plank and nails, to repair them with expedition in case of accident.
I must entreat your personal attention as far as practicable to the execution of these orders, that there may be a failure in no single article to defeat our object, which if happily terminated, will have most valuable consequences. I rely absolutely upon your exertions and will not doubt the accomplishment of my wishes so far as depends upon you. I am etc.
P.S. Some Forage will be necessary at the park of Artillery for the Horses that are to move the heavy pieces.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 22, 1780.
Sir: The letter from Major Crane is left open for your perusal. You will converse with this Officer on the several objects of it, and after obtaining a knowledge of the number of Boats, their sizes, and how they can be got to the places I have mentioned to you, and have fixed the matter with respect to guides, you are to return with a report of your proceedings; at any rate you must be back by noon on friday.
Your own prudence will dictate to you a cautious conduct; not only with respect to secrecy, but for the safety of your person.
Head Quarters, November 22, 1780.
Sir: You have been directed to do every thing necessary for putting the boats under your care in perfect order, muffling the oars &c. and the Quarter Master General has been desired to furnish you will all the necessary means.
You will be pleased to distribute your boats into four equal divisions, as nearly as may be, both with respect to number and size, numbering the whole 1. 2. 3. &c. each of these divisions you will place under the particular command of one of your subalterns, the whole under your general direction. You will make a previous distribution of the hands to each boat that every officer and man may know his place to prevent confusion.
On thursday twelve OClock you are to begin to move the boats, through the Notch below the mountain to the first farm Houses, where they are to halt till friday. On friday at 12 OClock they are to recommence their march to Acquakanunk bridge, by the left hand road leading by Henry Garritsons where they are to halt and the horses to be refreshed. The place I would have the Boats stopped at is in the field where a former encampment was about two or three Hundred yards this side the Bridge and Church.
You are yourself, upon your arrival at Acquaqunack, to make the same inquiries for which you have been directed to send an officer, respecting the navigation down the Passaic; the state of the tide, the interruptions windings &ca. in the river, that you may be fully acquainted with every circumstance of that kind necessary for your government.
In all your movements I shall depend upon an absolute precision, and the greatest dispatch practicable, when you receive your final orders; for on this hangs the most important consequences.
I need not recommend secrecy respecting your orders; Your own prudence will direct you. I am &c.
P.S. You will acknowledge the Rect. of the above: should there be any part of it which you do not clearly understand, be pleased to come up to me.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Wednesday, November 22, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Watchword --
A Fatigue party of fifty men properly officered from the Massachusetts and Connecticut lines with four days provision to parade tomorrow morning at Guard mounting at the Quarter master General's and take his orders. This party will join their respective corps at West point.
A Sub Serjeant and Twenty rank and file from the aforementioned lines to parade at the same time at the Forage master General's and wait his orders.
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 22, 1780.
Sir: You are immediately to proceed to West Point and communicate the business committed to you, in confidence to Majr Genl Heath, and to no other person whatsoever; from thence you will repair to the Detachmt at the White Plains, on friday next, taking Measures to prevent their leaving that place, before you get to them. And in the course of the succeeding Night you may inform the Commanding Officer, of the Enterprise in contemplation against the Enemy's Posts on York Island.
As the Troops are constantly to lye on their Arms, no previous notice should be given, but they may be put in motion precisely at 4 OClock, and commence a slow and regular march towards Kings Bridge, untill they shall discover, or be informed of, the concerted signals being made, when the march must be pressed with the greatest rapidity. Parties of Horse should be sent forward to keep a look out for the signals.
Altho the main Body ought to be kept Compact, Patroles of Horse and light Parties might be sent towards East and West Chester. And upon the signals being discovered, Sheldons Regt. and the Connecticut State Troops (which may also be put in Motion as soon as the Orders can be communicated after 4 OClock) should be pushed forward to intercept any of the Enemy, who may attempt to gain Frogs Neck, and to Cut off the Refugee Corps at Morrissania. A few Men with some address, may spread such an Alarm as to prevent an attempt of the Enemy to retreat to Frogs Neck, from an apprehension of surrounding Parties.
You will communicate these instructions to the Commanding Officer of the Detachmt. who upon his approach to Kings Bridge, will receive Orders from me as early as possible.
Should the signals not be discovered, the Troops will halt at least 6 Miles from the Bridge, untill further intelligence can be obtained.
The absolute necessity of the most perfect secrecy is the occasion of Communicating my Orders thro this channel.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1780.
My Lord: After perusing the inclosed order, you will be pleased to communicate it as soon as possible to Brig. Genl. Wayne. Be pleased to acknowledge the receipt of this, that I may be sure it got to hand. I am &c.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Wednesday, November 23, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Watchword --.
The Army will march tomorrow at eleven o'clock; the General will beat at ten; the Assemblé at half past ten and the March at precisely eleven. The Quarter Master General will furnish the order of March and Route. The Troops will have two days provision cooked.
After the late rainy weather it will be expedient to Inspect the State of the Arms and Ammunition and supply Deficiencies.
Head Quarters, November 23, 1780.
Dear Marquis: Be pleased to order Capt. Von Heer to parade tomorrow Morning at nine OClock with his Corps at Totawa Bridge, with two days provision. He will meet Colo. Moylan there from whom he is to take orders. Let Capt. Bedkin with his Corps be at your Quarters tomorrow, by one OClock and there wait my orders. Let him have two days provision also. I am &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1780.
Dear Sir: Be pleased to order a party of sixty strong Pioneers from the Connecticut and Massachusetts lines with their Arms, and spades, shovels, Axes and Picks, and two days provision to parade tomorrow at 12 OClock upon the right of late Nixons Brigade. A party of ten or twelve Artificers (Carpenters) to parade with them at the same time. I am &c.73
Head Quarters, Passaic-falls, Thursday, November 23, 1780.
Sir: Captn. Ogden will communicate to you in confidence (and more fully than I can do by letter) the business on which he is sent in the execution of which I must require your aid and best exertion. The Boats with the Army are inadequate to the purposes I have in view; more therefore must be provided at, and in the vicinity of Elizabeth town. they will be wanted to morrow night by one o'clock at farthest. The mode of collecting them in a way least liable to suspicion at the point of Embarkation or contiguous thereto will be left to your discretion.
It is much my wish to know also if it be practicable without creating suspicion to have a few Boats drawn together at the old blazing star or some other unsuspected place in that part of the Sound by means of which a party could be thrown undiscovered upon the Island.
Several good Guides well acquainted with the roads leading to the enemys Works at the Watering place flag staff and Richmond will be wanted by the hour the boats are required to be in readiness; the necessity of using art and address to provide these without giving suspicion you will readily see the propriety of and act accordingly.
As I presume the detachment at New Ark under Captn. [Aaron]74 Ogden is subject to your command I have to request that you will order him and his party to join you at Elizabeth Town after dark on friday Night and be in perfect readiness yourself to follow such further Orders as you may receive from me or other Superior Officer, by whom you may be joined. If you could with any kind of certainty know what Troops are upon Staten Island; whether any re-inforcement has been sent there lately, or is expected and whether they have any suspicion of our making an attempt upon the Island it would be very acceptable to me and the earlier I could receive the intelligence on Friday the better.
[Note 74: Left blank in Washington's draft.]
You must I am perswaded, be too deeply impressed with the necessity of secrecy in the managt. of this business to need of admonition. I am &c.
Head Quarters, November 23, 1780.
Sir: I inclose you an extract of a letter which I have received from Col Hay. The case of Major Hale75 appears peculiar, and as far as public considerations will permit, to merit particular attention. I can however do nothing but refer him to you. I doubt not you will do every thing in your power to render him justice. I am etc.76
[Note 75: Maj. Daniel Hale, New York State agent.]
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 77: Of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, November 23, 1780.
Sir: I impart to you in confidence that I intend to execute an Enterprise tomorrow Night upon Staten Island,78 for which reason I am desirous of cutting off all intercourse with the enemy upon the East side of the River. You will therefore tomorrow at Retreat beating set a guard upon any Boats which may be at the Slot or Niack, and not suffer any to go out on any pretence whatever.79 Towards evening you will sent a small party down to the Closter landings and if they find any Boats there, you will give orders to have them scuttled in such a manner that they cannot be immediately used; but to prevent a possibility of it the party may remain there till towards day light but
[Note 78: A blind for the real enterprise against New York.]
[Note 79: Captain Alden was stationed at Dobbs Ferry.] are not to make fires or discover themselves and then return to your post.
I depend upon the punctual observation of this order, and that you will keep the motive a secret.
Acknowledge the Rect. of this, that I may be sure you have got. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent is in the possession (1935) of Frederick S. Peck, of Great Barrington, R. I.]
Head Quarters, November 24, 1780.
Dear Sir: Circumstances render the command upon which you were ordered unnecessary.81 You will therefore dismiss the party; sending off the inclosed by trusty and well mounted Dragoons. That to Captain Alden at Dobbs ferry requires particular dispatch. I shall expect your Company at dinner. I am &c.82
[Note 81: Lieutenant Colonel Humphreys is the authority for the reason for abandoning the attempt against New York. He states in his Essay on the Life of...Major General Putnam (1788) that the accidental intervention of some British vessels in the Hudson River prevented the attempt being made.]
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 83: Of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, November 24, 1780.
Sir: Circumstances having rendered the prosecution of the Enterprise which I had in view inexpedient, you will be pleased to march your party back to their encampment. I am etc.82
Head Quarters, November 24, 1780.
Dr Sir: Some intelligence having been received from New York unfavourable to the project I had in contemplation I have relinquished it and am to desire the detachment under General Stark will discontinue its co-operation, and take such measures as are necessary for its security and for making the forage originally intended. I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, November 24, 1780.
Sir: Circumstances having rendered the prosecution of the enterprise which I had in view inexpedient, you will be pleased to lay aside the inquiries and preparations which I desired you to make. I am &c.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Friday, November 24, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Watchword--.
The March of the Army is postponed 'till further orders.
Head Quarters, November 24, 1780.
Sir: You will send a trusty non Commissioned officer and four men with the inclosed letter to Capt Humphries,86 who is
[Note 86: Lieut. Col. David Humphreys.] with General Starke and a body of troops at the White plains: You will send them across the River immediately on receipt of this and order them to make all diligence. They will return by King's ferry. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Saturday, November 25, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Watchword--.
Hd. Qrs., Passaic Falls, November 25, 1780.
Dr Sir: This letter will be presented to you by the Chevr. De Chattelleaux a Majr. Genl. in the French Service; A Gentn. of polite and easy manners, and of literary as well as military abilities.
I intended in my last (but having spun my letter to an enormous length deferred it) to have observed that as [Congress had made one or two late promotions from Brigadiers to Major Generals, apparently on the principle of a state proportion, (which by the way if made a general rule I am persuaded will be found hurtful) an idea has occurred to me, that possibly from the same principle on a future occasion, one might take place which would be particularly injurious; I mean with respect to General Knox, Generals] Parsons and [Clinton have been superseded by Smallwood. Parson's] is since restored to his Rank. [Except Clinton Knox now stands first on the list. If from the consideration I have mentioned or from his being at the head of the artillery he should be overlooked, and a younger officer preferred, he will undoubtedly quit the service; and you know his usefulness too well not to be convinced this would be an injury difficult to be repaired. I do not know all things considered, who could replace him in his department. I am sure if a question of this kind should be agitated when you were present, this intimation would be unnecessary to induce you to interpose; but lest you should be absent at the time, I think it would be adviseable to apprise some other members in whom you have confidence to guard against it.] for sores occd. by irregular promotions or mistakes, tho they may afterwards receive a plaister does not always meet a cure but proves that inattention or want of information was the cause of the wound.
If the sentiments containd in my letter to Congress of this date respecting the Inspectorate department are happy enough to coincide with yours I have no doubt of your giving them a proper support. To me it appears a matter of importance to keep the present Inspectors in office, and sure I am, that it is the true interest and policy of Congress to make these Offices more the object of desire by the Officers who fill them than of favor from them; in the one case the duties will be discharged properly. In the other they may be slighted or not executed at all. The additional pay necesy. to make it adeqe. to the trouble and confinemt. incident to the Office would be very trifling, and the future one nothing as they will not burthen the half pay list, being Officers in the line and receiving half pay accordingly and no other. With great esteem etc.88
[Note 88: The parts in brackets are in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 26, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to Acknowledge your Excellency's letter of the 16th. and 17th. inst. I am much obliged to you for the intelligence transmitted from Governor Jefferson.
It is not in my power, at this time, to furnish the return required of the Officers of the Engineering department; I wait the arrival of General Du Portail, after which it shall be immediately forwarded.
I have not yet published, to the Army, the New Plan for the Inspectors department. The delay has given time to know the sentiments of the Officers concerned. They all think the extra provision inadequate to the extra trouble; if it is not increased, I believe most of the best of them will leave the Office, and it will not be possible to find others, who have the necessary qualifications, willing to replace them. As this institution has been found of singular utility, I am afraid to see it deranged. I therefore take the liberty to mention the matter to Congress, that they may consider the propriety of an augmentation of the allowance, before an experiment is made of the establishment.89 The Inspector General being absent, a derangement, at this time, would be more particularly injurious, and it would be severely felt at the commencement of the next Campaign, when we shall again have the greatest part of the Army recruits. When we consider, that to the former extensive duties of the Inspectorship are now added those of the Mustering department, the officers of which have been, in consequence, abolished, it will appear consonant both with oeconomy and equity to enlarge the compensation. Though not
[Note 89: The draft adds: "which will certainly not succeed "; but this does not appear in the letter sent.] extravagant, it would be desireable to have it so liberal as to be a motive with good Officers to undertake and continue.
As the subinspector will have a principal part of the drudgery the extra allowance to him requires most to be augmented, to become an equivalent. 'Tis not necessary there should be any material difference between his and that of the Inspector. The Office of Adjutant General and Assistant Inspector General is peculiarly laborious.
In the new Arrangement of the Army, no notice has been taken of the Corps of Maréchaussee, as this Corps is upon a particular constitution, I imagine it was not intended to comprehend it among the corps to be reduced. I shall be happy to be informed on this subject. Its continuance appears to me necessary for a variety of useful purposes. As the States are to be credited for the men in these distinct Corps the keeping it on foot will not add to the quota of any.
The death of that useful and valuable Officer, Mr. Erskine, Geographer to the Army, makes it requisite that a successor should be appointed. I beg leave to recommend Mr. Simeon De Witt, an assistant of his. His being in the department gives him a pretension, and his abilities a still better. From the character Mr. Erskine always gave of him and from what I have seen of his performances, he seems to be extremely well qualified. I have the honor etc.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Caleb Gibbs. The letter was read in Congress on November 30 and referred to Ezekiel Cornell, John Sullivan, and Artemas Ward.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 18th. and 21st. When the Army gets together and settled in their Winter Quarters, I intend to make some general Regulations respecting the troops receiving Flour or Bread, in the mean time, they may continue to draw in the manner they have been accustomed to do.
You will be pleased to order the New York line to the same position which that of New Hampshire has taken, where they are to Hut adjoining them. One of the Regiments moving more to the left, so as to occupy the Ground near Robinsons Mills, which will serve to cover the other pass of the Mountain.
Hazens Regt. is to move to Fishkill, where it will lay this Winter and do the duties at that post.
The Massachusetts and Connecticut lines will march the moment the Weather will permit, and as the Jersey line is to take post this Winter in the Neighbourhood of Pompton, you will put them under marching orders, that they may be ready to come down to Kings ferry upon the day which the Massachusetts troops will arrive there, and take the advantage of their returning Waggons to transport their Baggage. You shall be informed on what day that will be. I am &c.91
[Note 91: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Totowa, Sunday, November 26, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Watchword--.
The Army will march tomorrow morning. The General will beat at nine. The Assemblé at half past nine and the march will commence precisely at ten. The Quarter Master General will furnish the route and order of march.
The Troops are to draw and carry three days bread or flour as there are not Waggons for the purpose.
The light corps is dissolved. The several companies will return to their respective regiments.
The General presents his thanks to the Marquis de la Fayette and to the officers and men under his command for the excellent order and soldierly disposition which have been conspicuous in the corps. He regrets that opportunities did not offer to avail himself of that Zeal and Ardor which in this Corps and in the Army at large afforded the strongest assurance of Success. Nor can he forbear remarking that this Campaign as well as the former has exhibited proofs of the Patience and Patriotism of the Troops in cheerfully supporting those wants and distresses which the peculiar situation of our country has at different times rendered inevitable.
The Light Companies of the New Hampshire, Rhode Island and New York regiments sending off their baggage with that of the Massachusetts and Connecticut companies will march themselves by a route which will be given them by the Marquis de la Fayette.
The Light companies of the Jersey line will take charge of the boats at Doddes,92 and receive orders at Head Quarters.
[Note 92: Dobbs Ferry.]
Major Parr's corps of rifle men will move with the Pennsylvania division, but will remain a seperate corps and will be attentive to keeping their Rifles in good order.
AFTER ORDERS
The Van Guard will parade on the Left of the 4th Massachusett's Brigade at nine o'clock tomorrow morning precisely.
The Rear Guard to be formed on the Grand Parade at ten.
Brigadier General Huntington with Lieutenant Colonel Newall to command the former and Colonel Nixon with Lieutenant Colonel Littlefield the latter.
[Head Qrs., November 27, 1780.]
[Sir]: I have the honor to introduce to Your Excellency The Chevalier De Cha[tellux] Major General in the French army. I was happy in the opportunity which his journey this way afforded me of making the acquaintance of a Gentleman as eminent in the literary world as distinguished for military merit and for the social qualities. The personal knowledge I have acquired of him confirms me in the sentiments with which his reputation had impressed me, and induces me to recommend him particularly to Your Excellency's esteem. I have the honor etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 27, 1780.
The state of our Magazines makes it necessary to discharge every Mouth that can be dispensed with, as early as possible, and as I think the season is so far advanced, that the greatest part of the Levies may be immediately dismissed without danger from the decrease of our Numbers, you will, as soon as you reach the Ground allotted for your Winter Cantonment, begin to discharge those of the Massachusetts line, dismissing those first who are most in want of Cloaths or who are unhealthy. I should make no scruple of discharging them all at once was it not that the diminution of our numbers would be thereby more perceptible than if they went off by degrees.
You will be pleased to attend pointedly to drawing the public Arms and Accoutrements from the Men before they are dismissed. I am &c.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The same letter was sent to Brigadier Generals Paterson and Huntington, changing the name of the State line where necessary.]
[Head Qrs, November 27, 1780.]
[Sir]: I have the honor to introduce to Your Excellency's acquaintance the Vis-count DeNoailles,95 Colonel in the French army. You will find in him an officer of distinction, a Gentleman who possesses those talents and qualities which ornament birth and fortune, who has besides the advantage of being allied to the Marquis De la Fayette, and participates in the same zeal for the service of America. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 95: Louis Marie vicomte de Noailles, Brother-in-law of Lafayette; mestre de camp en second du regiment colonel-general hussards; mestre de camp en second of the Regiment Soissonnais, 1780.]
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Hd. Qrs, November 27, 1780.]
Sir: I have the honor to introduce to Your acquaintance [the Count de Damas],97 a Capt, in the guards of the King of France and Aide De Camp to the Count De Rochambeau. He is a
[Note 97: Charles François Louis Joseph César, Comte de Damas. He was captain in the Regiment du Roi; colonel and aide to Rochambeau; mestre de camp of the Regiment du Roi in 1782.] Gentleman of the first distinction in his country, and to great personal merit adds warm zeal for the service of America, which cannot fail to recommend him to your Excellency's particular esteem and attentions. I have the honor etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Connecticut and Massachusetts troops will march from hence tomorrow and reach Kings Ferry on Wednesday, at which time the Jersey troops will meet them there, and make use of their Waggons as far as Pompton, where they will halt. The Commanding Officer will receive particular directions there respecting the position which he is to take. I am &c.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1780.
Sir: You will perceive by the order of March that you are to take the direction of the column which marches to Kings ferry. You will proceed there accordingly, in the manner prescribed and when you arrive send your baggage up by water, marching the troops by land to their respective cantonments the Connecticut line crossing the ferry will proceed up the East side of the River, the Massachusetts line will proceed up the West side of the river to West Point. General Heath will designate the particular distribution.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Hd Qrs, November 27, 1780.]
[Sir]: The Chevalier Du Plessis, who will have the honor of delivering you this, if not known to yr. Excellency personally is at least known to you by reputation. After having distinguished himself as an American officer he is now returned in the French army to give new proofs of his zeal and attachment to our cause. Titles like these, I am persuaded will sufficiently recommend him to your Excellency. I have the honor etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Prekaness, November 27, 1780.
Sir: You will march with the division under your command to the ground in the neighbourhood of Morris Town, which Colo. Craig has pitched upon for the Winter Cantonment of the Line, and on which he has been preparing Huts. You will as soon as possible get both Officers and Men compleatly and comfortably covered. As soon as the timber necessary for building is drawn together, you will deliver over to the Deputy Qr. Mr. General all the Waggons and Horses but such as are absolutely necessary for the transportation of Forage and Fuel; and all the saddle Horses but such as belong to Officers who are intitled from their Rank and Office to keep them.
It is recommended to the Officers who are intitled to keep more Horses than one, to divest themselves of as many as they can, and the Quarter Master General will be directed to put them out and support them at public expence. The scantiness of Forage requires every exertion to avoid the consumption of it in and near the Army.
I have directed the Quarter Master General, if it be in his power, to procure Ox teams for the service of the Winter. They are not only subsisted much easier than Horses, but the soldiers and Waggoners cannot abuse them by riding and other uses.
The state of our Magazines of provision requires also every attention to frugality and oeconomy, for which purpose it will be necessary to inspect the issues every now and then and compare them with the Returns of the Men. The same may be observed of public stores of every kind, of which our Magazines are almost intirely exhausted.
I would recommend in the strongest manner the preservation of the persons and properties of the inhabitants from wanton or unnecessary violation. They have, from their situation, borne much of the burthen of the War and have never failed to releive the distresses of the Army, when properly called upon.
You will pay particular attention to drawing the public Arms and Accoutrements from the Levies at the time of their dismission.
It is to be hoped that you will receive a number of Recruits in the course of the Winter. Should you do so, you will put them in training, that they may, by imbibing the Rudiments of a Soldier in detail, be fit to join the line in performing their maneuvres in the Spring; which you will direct to commence as soon as the season will admit.
You will not suffer the established mode of discipline and Maneuvre to be in the least degree deviated from, as it is my wish to see the whole Army take the Field next Campaign, with more than a common uniformity in the performance of all its duties, as we shall probably open it in conjunction with the Army of our Allies, composed of some of the first Corps of France; for which reason it will be doubly incumbent upon the Officers, who remain in service, to perfect themselves in the duties of their respective stations.
You will on no account suffer a Regiment to be without a Field Officer or a Company without at least one Commissioned Officer, except some uncommon circumstance should require it.
The security of your Camp will require light patrolling parties to be advanced towards the sound. The Officers commanding them may be directed to cut off as effectually as possible the pernicious intercourse between New York and New Jersey; the most probable way of doing which is by the total destruction of all the Craft of every kind found between Amboy and second River, which I would recommend not only upon that account but to prevent the passage of Deserters. The State I am informed have this session passed severe laws agt. the practice, and it would therefore be well to make yourself acquainted with them.
Should you at any time between this and your junction with the Main Body of the Army have occasion to retire from your command for a while, you will deliver over these orders to your successor, who is to do the same should there be a further change.
The Jersey Brigade will be stationed at Pumpton and at Sydmon's in the Clove, and will be subject to your general direction.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1780.
Sir: You will take post with and hut your brigade somewhere in the entrance of the Clove as near as possible for convenience of wood and water to the forks of the roads that go one to Ringwood the other to Charlottenburgh; from thence you will detach constantly light flying parties towards Hackensack, the liberty Pole &c. to protect the country and suppress a traffic with the enemy as much as possible; but you will not have stationary guards for this purpose. These are exposed and invite the enemy without answering the end so well as parties continually moving from one place to another.
I have ordered a party of thirty men from your brigade to take post at Dobbes ferry. You will have them relieved every fortnight.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 27, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter of the 21st. instant. The opinion I have of your services and merit would make me chearfully give my influence to the accomplishment of your wishes, were I not persuaded that it would be attended with inconveniences. I cannot enter into the motives that have produced the promotions you speak of. I am sensible that by a comparison of your situation with that of the French officers in general, your claim is well founded; but the circumstances of our service now are very different from what they were at an earlier period, and many things have been done, which would not be admitted as a rule of present practice, without being not a little prejudicial.
I shall be really sorry if you should think it necessary to withdraw yourself from the service on account of the ill-success of your application to Congress. You know the estimation in which I hold your talents and usefulness. If you continue, you may assure yourself that I shall do what depends on me to make your command honorable and agreeable.
In addition to this, as I am persuaded, you will always maintain the same place in my esteem which you now possess, when you determine finally to return home, I shall take the liberty to recommend to Congress the promotion you desire.
I approve the appointment of Mr Penet5 to a Lieutenancy in your legion, which must be confirmed by Congress before it can take place. I am etc.6
[Note 5: Ignatius Penet. He became a lieutenant in Armand's legion in January, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1780.
Sir: It is probable you will receive from The Count De Rochambeaus orders to march with your regiment to West Point. Should this be the case, you will only come on with such officers as are to remain in service, on the new-arrangement and such men as are engaged for the war, or at least for a term, that will last through the next campaign. The other men you may dismiss, unless The Count De Rochambeau should find any employment, for them where they now are. In this you will perceive it is presumed that you have already agreed on the arrangement. I am &c.
Since writing the above I have received your letter of the 18th.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Edward A. Greene, of Providence, R. I.]
Head Quarters, Prackness, November 27, 1780.
You will immediately march to Colchester in the State of Connecticut with your Regiment and enter into Winter Quarters. You will deliver over to the Qr. Mr. at Hartford all the horses that you are of opinion will not be fit for dragoon service the next campaign; the remainder you will do every thing in your power to put into the most perfect order during the Winter. You will particularly attend to that part of your former instructions, pointing out the number of horses to be kept by each officer according to his rank and see that the number is not on any account exceeded. You will have all your old accoutrements repaired as soon as the men are fixed in quarters.
As I presume the State of Connecticut will complete your regiment to the establishment of the 3d and 21st of October (which you have seen published in general orders of the 1st instant) I would recommend it to you to wait upon the Governor yourself, with an exact state of the Regiment, as to men and horses, and the deficiencies of both, noting such men, if there are any whose times of service expire in the course of the Winter, that in making provision for completing the corps these may not be counted upon. I know not the mode that will be adopted to procure the men and horses; you will therefore govern yourself according to the plan you may concert with the Governor. Neither do I know whether the State or Continent are to provide your accoutrements. You will acquaint yourself with that circumstance and apply in time to one or the other for those necessary for a full corps.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favs. of the 12th. and 23rd. instants. I recommended Mr. Hales9 case to the particular attention of the Commy. General who is at Philada. and who I hope
[Note 9: Daniel Hale, New York state agent.] will have it in his power to make him compensation in Rum if not in Money.
I have written to the Governor and have pointed out to him fully our distressed situation and the consequences which must ensue if some such expedient as you have mentioned is not adopted. There is not a Barrel of Flour in Magazine in Pennsylvania or Jersey, and if there were, it is almost too late to transport it from Delaware to the North River. I shall probably be at New Windsor myself, by the time I receive the Governor's answer, and if he approves, the Men you require shall be furnished.10
[Note 10: To impress wheat and flour by warrant of the Governor.]
If any advantages result from putting up the Beef in the manner you propose11 I shall have no objection to your doing it. I am &c.12
[Note 11: "I proposed, both for the sake of saving Salt, and for the better preservation of the Beef, to take out all the sticking Pieces, and put up, in Barrels, by themselves."-- Hay to Washington, Nov. 23, 1780. Hay's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Passaic Falls, November 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: I take the liberty of inclosing your Excellency an extract of a Letter which I have just received from Colo. Hay14 and of assuring you at the same time that the prospects of the Army, especially of that part which is to winter in the Highlands, were never so alarming in respect to the want of Bread as at this time. We carry with us from this Ground, tomorrow, every pound which the Commy. General is possessed of, and I cannot learn from him that he has a single Barrel in Magazine in Pennsylvania or Jersey. I shall leave the Pennsylvania and Jersey troops in Jersey to depend upon precarious supplies from that State, and what may, in the course of the Winter, be brought from Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland.
[Note 14: Col. Udny Hay's letter of Nov. 23, 1780, is in the Washington Papers.]
The mode proposed by Colo. Hay is, I confess, disagreeable, and what ought not to be practised but in extremity. We seem to have arrived at that point, and if Your Excellency views the thing in the same light that I do, I cannot but hope that you will give a sanction to the measure upon the footing which Colo. Hay has placed it, or upon some other which will as effectually answer the end. Did the season admit of waiting till we saw whether a supply of Flour could not be possibly obtained from the Southward, I should not be so solicitous about the matter, but when it is considered that the first spell of bad Weather may render both the Rivers and Mountains impassable, I think not a moment ought to be lost in adopting and carrying into execution such measures as seem most likely to afford support to the Army in their intended Cantonments. The difficulty which we had to keep them together last Winter, makes me dread a repetition of the same trial, this, if to the want of Cloathing and every comfort, that of provision is added. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1780.
Sir: I am much obliged to your Excellency for the interesting particulars you do me the honour to communicate in your letters of the 18th. and 20th. We may now hope every thing for the safety of your valuable envoy and the important dispatches with which he is charged.16
[Note 16: Vicomte de Rochambeau arrived at Bilboa, Spain, on Sept. 12, 1780.]
Since the Confirmation of Ferguson's defeat and the retreat of Cornwallis to Camden, we have nothing new from the South, except an intercepted letter of Leslie's to Cornwallis, informing of the time he had been at Portsmouth [(in Virginia)] and that he waited his orders.
The affairs of the enemy to the South seem at present to decline. They will probably continue to do so unless Clinton sends a reinforcement from New York. This I fear he will shortly do, as near one half of our Army will leave us in a little time. From the temper now prevailing in the states, I hope we shall not experience this inconvenience again.
I have kept the army thus long in the field to shorten the transportation of the supplies from Pennsylvania and avoid consuming those in New York on which we must materially depend through the Winter, and at the same time in some measure restrain General Clinton from making detachments. The advanced season obliges us to retire and to morrow we march for winter quarters. The principal part of the army will be at West Point and its dependencies. A corps will be cantonned in the Jerseys at Morris Town Pompton &c. for file protection of the country and communication. My own Quarters will be at New Windsor. If circumstances should permit you to honor me with your company there, in the course of the Winter it will make me particularly happy.
As the two Rhode Island Regiments are to be incorporated into one by a new arrangement of the army, I would wish to unite them at West Point for the purpose of the incorporation. If their services should be of no use to you, I shall be obliged to you to give your orders to Colonel Greene to march to West Point.
As it is improbable any operations can now take place which will often require sudden communications between the two armies, I have ordered the dragoons hitherto stationed to form the chain of expresses, to be withdrawn. The post will serve for common occasions and special expresses may be employed on any emergencies.
I have been very happy for these three days past in the company of The Chevalieur De Chatlies17 and family. The Viscount De Noailles, the Count D'Amat18 and our old acquaintance Du Plessis. I find in these Gentlemen every thing that can command my esteem. I am etc.19
[Note 17: Chevalier de Chastellux.]
[Note 18: Comte Damas.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morristown, November 28, 1780.
Dr Sir: Both your letters of the 25th. came to my hands this day. I received with much pleasure the report of your successful enterprize upon Fort St. George and the Vessel with Stores, in the Harbour, and was particularly well pleased with the destruction of the Hay which must, I should conceive, be severely felt by the Enemy at this time.
I beg of you to accept my thanks for your judicious planning and Spirited execution of this business and that you will offer them to the Officers and Men who shared the honors of the Enterprize with you. The gallant behaviour of Mr. Muirson22 gives him a fair claim to an appointment in the 2d. Regimt. of Dragoons, or any other of the State to which he belongs where
[Note 22: Richard(?) Muirson, American secret agent.] there is a vacancy and I have no doubt of his meeting with it accordingly, if you will make known his merit with these Sentmts. in his favor.
You have my free consent to reward your gallant party with the little booty they were able to bring from the Enemy's Works. With much esteem etc.
Morris Town, November 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I gave directions to Generals Glover, Patterson and Huntington to discharge the Levies of Connecticut and Massachusetts, by degrees, upon their arrival at their places of cantonment, beginning with those first who were worst clad and otherwise unfit for service, as this would diminish our numbers insensibly, and not give the enemy an opportunity of knowing the truth before the time which they naturally count upon. You will be pleased to direct the same to be done with those of New Hampshire, and consult with Genl. Knox upon the propriety of dismissing those attached to the Artillery also, for I find we shall have occasion to divest ourselves of every mouth that we can possibly do without, and have difficulty enough to subsist afterwards.
To give more perfect security to the Northern and Western Frontier and to keep the York line as much as possible together, that they may have the better opportunity of compleating their new arrangement, I have determined to send the remainder of the York Brigade to Albany, to be stationed there and at Schenectady and elsewhere as Genl. Clinton shall direct. You will therefore put them in Motion, by water, if the Weather will permit, and give Genl. Clinton notice of their coming, that he may endeavour to make preparation and provision for them. You will let the commanding Officers know my motives, and at the same time inform them that their being brought down from Albany, a little time ago, was owing to the sudden contradiction of the false alarm, which did not give me time to send orders for their stay, as I then intended. The Regimental Cloathiers of each had best remain below, to receive their respective proportions, which I will have delivered upon my arrival at New Windsor. I expect that will be in three or four days, or perhaps a little longer, as I have some arrangements to make here.
You will divest yourself as speedily as possible of the superfluous Horses of the Connecticut and Massachusetts lines, as I imagine you have long since done of those of the others. I am &c.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Morris Town, November 28, 1780.
Sir: I arrived at this place to day, having yesterday broke up the Camp near the Passaic Falls and detached the Troops to their different places of Cantonment. I shall repair to New Windsor where I purpose to establish my Winter Quarters, after having made some necessary regulations here, and visited the Hospitals.
The following will be the general position of the Army during the Winter. The Pensylvania line about four Miles from hence in part of the Huts which were occupied by the Troops last Winter. The Jersey line at Pompton with a detachment from them to secure the entrance of the Clove near Suffrans (the design of these is not only to cover the Country and our communication with the Delaware, but as much as possible to ease us in the article of transportation). The Connecticut, New Hampshire and Rhode Island lines in the Highlands, upon the East side of Hudsons River. The Massachusetts line at West point, Moylans Regiment of Horse at Lancaster in Pensylvania and Sheldons at Colchester in Connecticut.
One Regiment of New York is in Garrison at Fort Schuyler and another is at Saratoga; but to give more effectual security to the Northern and Western Frontiers, which are both much exposed and harrassed I propose, if Provision can be had, which is exceedingly doubtful, to send the remainder of the line to Albany and Schenectady, where it will be ready to act as occasion may require, and the Officers have it more in their power to arrange themselves agreeably to the New Establishment.
I have lately had a very pressing application from Colo. Scammell for liberty to resign the Office of Adjutant General, and resume the Command of his Regiment. Finding him determined upon the measure, I thought it my duty to cast about for a proper person to succeed him, in so important an Office, before I mentioned his request. The Gentleman I would recommend, is Brigadier General Hand, who I have Sounded upon the occasion, and who I find will accept the appointment, should Congress think proper to confer it upon him. His Rank, independent of his other qualities, is a circumstance of consequence, besides giving weight and dignity to the Office, it will take off any uneasiness which might have arisen, had an Officer, younger than any of the present Inspectors, been appointed, because by the Regulations, the Adjutt. General is Assistt. Inspector General, and of course commands the others in that Department. I shall very reluctantly part with Colo. Scammell, as he has constantly performed his duty to my entire approbation and to the satisfaction of the Army, but his reasons (which I should have transmitted at length had I not sent up his letter among my papers to New Windsor) were such as I could not oppose, without requiring him to make greater sacrifices than he assured me his fortune would afford.
Having received information through Major Talmadge (of the 2d Regiment of Dragoons) that the enemy had collected a valuable Magazine of Forage at Coram upon Long Island, the destruction of which he, at the same time, offered to attempt, with my permission (which he obtained) I do myself the honor to inclose a copy of his report, by which Congress will perceive how very handsomely he acquitted himself in the execution of his whole plan. There can be no stronger proof of the gallant behaviour and good conduct of the Major and his Officers, and of the bravery and fidelity of his Men, than the recital of the circumstances attending the affair throughout its progress. With very great respect I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: The letter was read in Congress on December 4 and referred to John Sullivan, Ezekiel Cornell, and John Mathews.]
Morristown, Wednesday, November 29, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The General has the pleasure to inform the Army that Major Tallmadge with a party of sixty dismounted dragoons of the 2d. regiment surprized Fort St. George on Long Island and captured a Colonel, Captain, Lieutenant, Surgeon and Fifty men in it. That he destroyed the works, burnt a Vessel laden with Stores in the harbour, and the King's Magazine of Forage at Coram containing upwards of three hundred tons of Hay and returned without the loss of a man, having only one wounded. Of the Enemy seven were left dead and mortally wounded at the Fort.
Morris-town, November 29, 1780.
Sir: The Jersey Brigade is placed under the general directn. of the Officer Commanding in this State and you are to obey his orders but you are, nevertheless, to attend to the instructions you have already received from me and [those which]25 follow; copies of which you are to furnish the Commanding Officer [in the State]26 with, that he may give none which may clash with them.
[Note 25: Washington wrote "such as", but Tilghman changed this as above.]
[Note 26: The words in brackets are in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
You are to leave a detachment of about one hundred Men properly Officered, and under the Command of a Field Officer, near Surftans; at or near the place where the old Barracks stood; where, or on the Height South of the bridge, it may be well to build a block House, proof against Musketry, and calculated for Barracks for the above number of Men, or a smaller number, say 60.
You are, in case you should receive such information as you can rely on of the enemy's moving up the North River in force to march immediately with the Troops under your Command to West point, giving the Officer Commanding there and in the Jerseys notice thereof.
You are, as far as it is in your power with prudence, to oppose any incursions of the Enemy in the quarter where you lay, particularly in that district of Country between the Passaic and North Rivers. And you are to afford when it is required, or when in your judgment it is necessary, escorts to the public property passing to and from the Army.
You are not under any pretence whatever without leave from me to suffer a Regiment to be without a field Officer or a Company without one Commissioned Officer at least.
Every horse, public and private, that can possibly be dispensed with is to be sent from Camp as soon as you get to your Ground; the Officers who are intitled27 to keep horses at public expence [in Camp]28 will be allowed for keeping them at a distance.
[Note 27: Washington wrote "allowed", but Tilghman changed this as above.]
[Note 28: The words in brackets are in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
It is expected that the strictest discipline will be maintained by the Troops under your command and no injury offered to the persons or property of the Inhabitants.
Morris Town, November 29, 1780.
Sir: Being accidentally at this place, I met your letter of the 17th: here, this day.
Should you obtain the permission which you have requested of the Governor of Maryland, that will be sufficient to convey you safely through the posts of the American Army; as the Officers commanding at them have directions to pay obedience, at all times, to the Acts of the Executive powers of any of the States. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, November 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received several of your favors lately, but having sent them up to New Windsor among my papers, I cannot answer them particularly. From the general tenor of them, I have thought it best to order the remainder of your line up to Albany to be stationed there, at Schenectady, and at such intermediate posts between that and Fort Schuyler as may secure the communication. But it is my wish to have the troops as little scattered as circumstances will possibly admit; more particularly just now, because there is a necessity for the Officers being together to settle the new arrangement of the Army. I am &c.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
[Note 31: Surgeon in the Third New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor,32 November 29, 1780.
[Note 32: Should be Morristown, as Washington did not reach New Windsor until the evening of December 6.]
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 20th. If you and the other Surgeons of the line accommodate the matter of retiring among yourselves, the mode pointed out by the Regulations must be adopted; that is, the youngest must go out, and the two others remain. But I think you and the other Gentleman who wishes to retire had best fall upon the method which several Officers in the line, under similar circumstances, have taken: decide the matter by Lot. I am &c.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Morris Town, November 30, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Bearer Mr. Buel,34 who is recommended to me by Governor Trumbull, will undertake to stock a number of the Gun Barrels at Springfield, and repair the old Arms. He
[Note 34: Benjamin Buell. He was a gunsmith of Hebron, Conn.] has a set of Workmen of his own and will go on with the Business upon Credit, which is a very material consideration. But to prevent the matter being made a job, I think it will be best for you to give orders to the Officer superintending the Laboratory to have the Barrels sufficiently proved before they are delivered to Mr. Buel, as I suspect that they are most of them of the trash kind which Mr. Lee35 charges Mr. Deanes36 Agent with purchasing. I am &c.37
[Note 35: Arthur Lee.]
[Note 36: Silas Deane.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 7, 1780
Sir: I returned to this place last Evening42 where I found your letter of the 4th: I cannot conceive how my Instructions of the 27th. of Novemr. could have miscarried. Inclosed you have a Copy of them, which you will follow. I am sorry for the accident which happened to my first orders as you have thereby lost a spell of very fine Weather for hutting. I am &c.43
[Note 42: Washington's headquarters at New Windsor, which he reached, as stated above, on the evening of December 6, were, as formerly, in Col. Thomas Ellison's house. His route to New Windsor, after reaching Morristown, N. J., was by way of Flemingtown, Halketstown, New Germantown, and Sussex Court House, as shown by his accounts of expenses.]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 7, 1780.
Sir: I have the honour of introducing to your Excellency the Count de Custine44 a Brigadier General in the Army of France, and who is warmly recommended to me by the Count de Rochambeau. This Gentleman's Rank, exclusive of the amiable and valuable qualities which he is said to possess, intitles
[Note 44: Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine Sarreck. He was brigadier general of cavalry and colonel, Regiment Saintonge, French Army in America.] him to that polite attention which I am confident he will receive from your Excellency. I have the honor etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 7, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to introduce to your Excellency the Marquis de Laval46 a Colonel in the French Army. This Gentleman is of the Family of Montmorenci, the most illustrious in France, which alone would intitle him to every mark of respect, did not his personal good qualities and the Zeal with which he has sought the American service give him a further claim to our attentions. I am convinced Your Excellency will receive him in a manner suited to his merit and his Birth. I have the honor etc.45
[Note 46: Anne Alexandre Marie Sulpice Josef, Duc de Montmorency Laval. He was mestre de camp and commandant of the Regiment Bourbonnais.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 7, 1780.
Gentlemen: I had the honor of receiving your favor of the 23d. ulto. while on my way to this place, at which I arrived last Evening. The Returns which you require from the Officers of Cavalry47 shall be immediately called for and transmitted when brought in.
[Note 47: Returns of equipment needed.]
The passport for the Sloop Carolina Packet only came to my hands this day.48 I am under the necessity of forwarding it by the Count de Custine, as the Quarter Master Genl. has it not in his power to furnish an Express with the means of bearing his Expences to Philada.49 I have the honor etc.45
[Note 48: See Washington's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, Nov. 16, 1780, ante.]
[Note 49: See Washington's letter to Col. Seth Warner, Nov. 12, 1780, ante.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: On my arrival at this place, I met with your Excellency's favor of the 27th November, and immediately gave Orders for the Returns which you request therein. They shall be transmitted to you, as soon as they are brought in. I have given directions to Colonel Sheldon to make the Return of his Regiment immediately to you. I very much regret that the requisition of Congress, for your quota of men, had not reached you in time, to have determined your Legislature upon fixing the period of service for the War. We are deceiving ourselves, and keeping alive the hopes of our Enemy while we levy an Army for a day short of the period of the dispute. I did not expect that the Recruits would be got into service, at least in any considerable numbers, by the 1st of January.
And rather than enter again into the fatal error of short inlistments, I would prefer putting matters to some hazard during the Winter, to calling upon the States for a body of men to serve between the 1st of January and the probable time of bringing the Levies into the field; because I am certain it would operate against more permanent engagements. What your Excellency proposes respecting the French Troops cannot be accomplished, (in confidence I say it.) They are thought by the French General and Admiral necessary; circumstanced as Matters are, to the security of their Navy.
As soon as the new Arrangement of the Army is compleated, Your Excellency shall be furnished with a list of the Officers. I have the honor &c.
P.S. I recd Yours pr Mr. Buel and gave the necessary Orders upon the occasion.50
[Note 50: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have been favored upon my arrival here, with your several Letters of the 28th. Ulto. also the 1st. and 3d. Instant.
I am informed that the salted Beef which was expected from the Eastward, has come forward; and am to request that 100 Barrels of it, may be immediately embarked and sent to Albany, while the River remains open, for the use of the Garrison of Fort Schuyler: the remainder should be kept in reserve, and not issued on any account whatever.
The sooner that destined for Fort Schuyler, can be got to Albany the better, that it may be pushed from thence, by the first conveyance to the Garrison. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Marquis's wonted Zeal and active spirit have led him to seek service on the Southern theatre as he supposes we are to remain in a torpid State in this quarter during the Winter.
You are too well acquainted with his Military talents and enterprising genious to need testimony of either from me. I shall only add that it is more than probable he will again return to a command in this Army at the opening of the next Campaign. Under this information you are to consider how far circumstances will enable you to give him a temporary command in your Army worthy of his acceptance. With great regard etc.
New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
My dear Marqs: Since mine of yesterday by the Count de Castine another oppertunity has offered of writing to you more leizurely, and as your departure for the Southward, if that ultimately should be your determination, may be incommoded by delay, I have taken the liberty of facilitating your journey by the inclosed dispatches. I beg you to be perswaded, however, that I do not mean by this to fix your determination of serving in the Southern Army. It is my earnest wish (as I mentioned at Morris Town) that you shd. be governed in this matter by European and Southern advices wch. ought, and alone can, determine you with propriety. These you are more in the way of receiving than I am.52 If there is a prospect of a Naval superiorty in these Sea's, and an augmentation of the (French) land force at Rhode Island, I shall with the freedom of a friend give it as my opinion, that your going to the Southern Army (if you expect a command in this) will answer no valuable purpose; but must be fatiegueing to yourself and embarrassing to Generl. [Greene],53 as it may contravene a permanent arrangement to the disgust of those who considering themselves as belonging to that Army may be hurt at disappointments. On the other hand, if we are likely to remain in a state of inactivity in this quarter your seeking service to the Southward where there is a more fruitful field for enterprize is not only an evidence of your Zeal but will be supported by every rule of military reasoning; hence it is, I again repeat, that circumstances should alone decide.
[Note 52: Lafayette was then in Philadelphia.]
[Note 53: Greene's name inadvertently omitted.]
In all places, and at all times, my best wishes for your health, honor and glory will accompany you, with much truth I can add that I am etc.
New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Dr. Sir: I have the pleasure of introducing to your acquaintance the Marquis de la Fayette a Majr. Genl. in the American Army and an Officr. of rank in those of France. This Gentns. family, Fortune and illustrious connexions are alone sufficient to entitle him to our highest esteem and respect but when the obligation which America is under to him for his early attachment to her rights; his great zeal in, and powerful support of her cause are known, I am perswaded it will give you pleasure to shew him every civility in your power.
It is probable he may be accompanied by his Brother in law the Count de Noailles, and Count de Damas, two Gentn. of Family fortune and Rank in the French Army at Rhode Island whose zeal to serve America leads them to make a Southern Campaign this Winter, if they can obtain permission of the Count de Rochambeau Commanding the French Army at Rhode Island; should this event take place I beg leave to recommend them also to your attention. With much esteem etc.54
[Note 54: Practically this same letter was also sent to Gov. Thomas Sim Lee, of Maryland, the original of which is in the Chapin Library, Williamstown, Mass. The same letter also as that to Governor Lee was sent to Governor Jefferson, of Virginia. It is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: Since my arrival at this place I have received Your Letter of the 2nd. Inst. Although I am utterly averse to have the Line of any State left without a General Officer, yet under the circumstances you mention; you have my permission to visit your friends, of whom I wish you a happy sight, and an agreeable journey to them. Iam &c.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased to make to the Board of War (and send duplicates to me) as soon as possible, an accurate return of the Men and Horses in your Regiment, the quantity of Cloathing and number of Arms, Accoutrements and furniture of every kind fit for service, and what will be the deficiency, estimating the strength of your Corps at the new Establishment. You will also make a return of the Articles of Cloathing and Accoutrements drawn by the Regt. since the 1st: Septemr. 1779. The foregoing are called for by the Board of War, for their government, as they are directed by Congress to make provision for the Cavalry.
Should you have any Men in your Regiment belonging to the State of Connecticut and who are inlisted for the War, be pleased to make me a return of their Names, and the towns to which they belong in the State. I am &c.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Dear Sir: When I arrived at New Windsor I found your Letter of the 30th Ulto. had been lying there several days for me. In Answer to your request for leave of absence, I have to observe there are so small a number of General Officers with the Army, that the good of the service will not permit any further indulgences at this time. Whenever there are more Officers than are absolutely necessary for the Men in Camp, I shall be happy in attending to their convenience and gratification in respect. I am &c.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, December 8, 1780.
A return to be made to the Adjutant General by the 12th. Instant of the Noncommissioned Officers and Privates in the Connecticut line inlisted to serve during the War specifying their names and the towns or districts to which they belong. A like Return to be made by the same time of all men belonging to the State of Connecticut who are serving in any of the Additional regiments (Colonel Hazen's excepted) in the Artillery, Cavalry, Sappers and Miners, or Artificers. It is expected that these returns will be made with the greatest accuracy and that none will be included but those who are inlisted for the War as the true deficiency of the State Quota will depend upon them.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to accept and Approve the following report of a court of Enquiry held at West Point the 19th. day of November last, "To examine into the Conduct of Major David S. Franks in his connexion with the late Major General Arnold during his command at West Point and Relative to his Desertion to the Enemy."
Colonel H. Jackson, President; Lieutenant Colonel Dearborn, Major Reid and Captains Cox and Walker, Members.
The court report their opinion:
"That every part of Major David S. Franks's conduct was not only unexceptionable but reflects the highest Honor on him as an officer, distinguishes him as a Zealous Friend to the Independence of America and justly entitles him to the Attention and Confidence of his Countrymen."
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your favor of the 25th: ulto. on my way to this place from Morris Town. A Field Officer of Artillery shall be sent to Carlisle to superintend the Elaboratory agreeable to the directions of Congress.
Under the powers with which Congress were pleased to vest me by their Resolve of the 7th: of November, I made the proposition (No. 1) to Sir Henry Clinton, to which I have received his answer No. 2.58 As I am not at liberty to accede to the exchange of one division of the Troops of the Convention, for our Officers who remain in captivity upon Long Island, previous to the adjustment of the account for the subsistence of those Troops, I must refer the matter to Congress, who will judge, from the representation which will be made to them by Brigr. Genl. Irvine and Colo. Matthews, of the expediency of going immediately into such partial exchange, or a general one of the Convention troops against our southern prisoners, and leaving the liquidation of all accounts of prisoners from the commencement of the War, to future discussion. These
[Note 58: See Washington's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, Nov. 20, 1780. Clinton's letter to Washington (Nov. 29, 1780), an extract of which is filed with Washington's letter to Congress in the Papers of the Continental Congress, is in the Washington Papers.] Gentlemen have arguments to offer in support of the measure, of the weight of which Congress will judge, when they are laid fully before them.
As a very considerable time must elapse before the accounts can be collected and arranged, I shall inform Sir Henry Clinton that I cannot, for that reason, yet appoint a time for the meeting of Commissioners. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on December 18 and referred to John Sullivan, John Mathews, and Theodorick Bland.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 2d inst. You may call in the Dragoons who were stationed as Expresses on the Road to New London.
You will be pleased to make to me, as soon as possible an accurate return of the number of Men and Horses in your Regiment; the quantity of Cloathing and number of Arms, Accoutrements and Furniture of every kind fit for service and what will be the deficiency estimating the Strength of your Corps at the new establishment. You will also make a return of the Articles of Cloathing and Accoutrements drawn by the Regt. since the 1st. Sept. 1779. The foregoing are called for by the Board of War, for their government, as they are directed by Congress to make provision for the Cavalry.
You will also make out and transmit to His Excellency Governor Trumbull a Return of such of your Men as belong to the State of Connecticut and who are inlisted for the War specifying their names and the Towns and districts to which they belong. I am &c.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 8, 1780.
Sir: On my arrival at New Windsor I was favored with your Letter of the 23d. Novr. inclosing Bills of expence incurred in forwarding Dispatches between Rhode Island and Head Quarters, in consequence of my Letter of the 31st. of July last. The Accts. are delivered to Col. Pickering Q. M. G. with an Order for settlement, which will be done, as soon as he shall receive any public money.
I have also to thank you for the trouble you have taken to procure and transmit intelligence; and am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: Congress have ordered all the Artillery Artificers in Pennsylvania to be removed to Carlisle and have directed a Field Officer of Artillery to be detached to that place, to take the command, and superintend the Elaboratory there. You will be pleased to detach an officer upon this service and give him the necessary Instructions upon the occasion. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 9, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have to request that you will be pleased to give the necessary directions for Capt. Sweatenham,63 and Lieut. Murray64 of the 9th. British Regt. to go on their Parole to New
[Note 63: Capt. George Swettenham.]
[Note 64: Lieut. James Murray.] York; pointing out the same route as has been given to the Officers already sent thither on their Parole. I am &c.65
[Note 65: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 9, 1780.
Sir: I am exceedingly sorry to find by your letter to Mr. Tilghman that you decline going into New York as Agent for Prisoners, as your family have come out. Should you persist in your determination, I shall be much obliged to you to recommend a proper person to me. Genl. Irvine and the Gentlemen who came out with him mention a Mr. Bogart who is in their opinion qualified for the business; but you may perhaps be better acquainted with him. I shall be glad of your opinion of him, if you decline the Office. I am &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 9, 1780.
Dr Sir: I have been duly honored with Your Excellency's several Letters of the 3d. 10th. and 19th Novembr. with their Inclosures; at the time of their receipt, the Army was preparing for Winter Quarters, and a multiplicity of business preventing my acknowledging them until this moment. I pray you now to be assured, I was extremely obliged by your particular attention, in making those communications, which were so interesting and necessary while the Enemy were expected to operate in your State. Since your last, I have heard nothing officially of their movements to the Southward; from whence I shall still be very anxious to have the earliest and most authentic intelligence.
We have nothing new of importance in this quarter. The Troops are disposed of in their Winter Cantonments, the Pennsylvania line near Morris Town; the Jersey Brigade at Pompton to cover the communication with the North River; the York Brigade in the neighbourhood of Albany, furnishing a Garrison for Fort Schuyler. And the remainder of the Army, viz the New Hampshire, Massachusets, Rhode Island and Connecticut Lines at West Point, and its vicinity. The French fleet and Army remain still at Rhode Island. The Enemy's fleet it is thought will winter in Gardners Bay; and their Army occupies its former position on York Island and its dependencies.
It is happy for us, that the season will probably compel both Armies to continue in a state of inactivity; since ours is so much reduced by discharging the Levies, which composed a considerable part of it, even before their time of service expired; this expedient we were forced to adopt from the present total want of flour, and the precarious prospect of a supply of that Article. I cannot but hope, a more vigorous and effectual measures will be pursued for obtaining supplies before another Campaign.
A Flag Vessel has permission to go from New York to the usual place in Virginia to carry supplies and necessaries for the troops of Convention, should any alteration of the disposition of those Troops, make any new directions necessary, I must request your Excellency to give them.
I shall make it a point, to communicate the earliest advices of any movement of the Enemy, which are necessary to be known by You, and in the mean time I have the honor etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I have been favored with Your Letter of 26th Ulto. I will endeavour to obtain a Model for the construction of Boats,67 and transmit it by an early conveyance. I am this moment informed from New York another
[Note 67: The light, portable boats about which General Greene was to advise.] embarkation is taking place consisting of 1 Batt. Grenadiers, 1 Batt. Lt Infantry, 1 Batt. Hessian Grenadiers, Knyphausens Regt., 42d British; a Draft of 5 Men from each Company in the Line and 2 Troops of Lt Dragoons under Genls. Knyphausen and Philips, supposed to be destined Southward.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 9, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your favr. of the 30th. November by Brigr. Genl. Irvine. Inclosed you will find a passport for the Ship General de Reidesel, made out agreeable to the form and terms which you requested. I have the honor etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 9, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favr. of the 29th. November by Brigr. Genl. Irvine and the Officers who accompanied him. As you have proposed that all accounts respecting prisoners of War from the commencement of the dispute to the present time, as well as the accounts of the troops of Convention shall be adjusted by the Commissioners when they meet, I have written to Congress on the subject, and have desired them to give directions to have the accounts collected and arranged and as this must take up a considerable length of time, I think it needless to name Commissioners before a time can be fixed upon, with some degree of certainty, for their meeting.
Under the powers, with which I am at present vested, I am not at liberty to accede to the exchange of a division of the Convention troops for the remainder of our Officers upon Long Island, previous to the settlement of Accounts.
I have, by this opportunity, transmitted Genl. Phillips the passports for the Flag Ship General de Reidesel. I only waited for the particular description of the Vessel, Master &c. with which I was furnished by Genl. Phillips in a letter from him of the 30th last Month.
I have informed Lieut. Morris that he is released from his parole and your Excellency will be pleased to signify to Governor Burr of Antigua that Mr. Burke is also at liberty. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 9, 1780.
By His Excellency George Washington Esqr. General and Commander in chief of the Forces of the United States of America.
Permission is hereby granted for the Ship General de Reidesel, about 180 Tons Burthen: William Boyes Master, James Bailie Mate and fourteen Seamen, to proceed as a Flag of truce from the Port of New York to James River in Virginia, laden with Stores and Refreshments for the Troops of Convention. Permission is likewise granted to Capt. Gerlach,71 Lieut. Herstale,72 Corporal Fitch, Bernard Kageler and Johan Jacob Buchner, privates; Mr. Commissary Hoaksley,73 Mr. Richard Brasil, Clerk; Conductor Reily, and Serjeant Mudd, to proceed in the said Vessel to take charge of the British and German Stores.
[Note 71: Capt. H. Gerlach, deputy quartermaster general, Brunswick troops.]
[Note 72: Lieut. -- von Hartstall(?), of the Regiment Buenau, German allied troops, British Army.]
[Note 73: Robert Hoakesley. He was wagonmaster general, Convention troops, and merchant of Yorktown, Va.]
The Ship, after having discharged her Stores and waited a reasonable time for the persons who conduct them to Charlotteville, is to be permitted to return to the Port of New York as a Flag with the passengers abovenamed.70
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Sir: The specific supplies required of your State, by the Act of Congress of the 4th. of last Month, being all alloted to the use of the southern Army, I must beg leave to refer your Excellency to Major General Greene or Officer commanding in that department for the places of deposit. These, by the Resolve, are left to my determination, but as the commanding Officer to the southward will be so much better enabled to judge of the proper places, from circumstances, I hope your Excellency will think I am justifiable in referring the matter to him. I have the honors &c.74
[V. S. L.]
[Note 74: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft contains the following note in the writing of David Humphreys: "Information given of an embarkation getting in readiness to sail from New York."]
[V.S.L.]
[Note 75: From New Hampshire to Maryland, inclusive.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Sir: You76 will, I presume, have received, before this reaches you, an Act of Congress of the 4th. of last Month, calling on the several States for specific quantities of Fresh and Salt provision, Flour, Salt and Rum for the Army and directing all of the above Articles, except the Fresh Meat, to be collected and deposited at such places in each of the States, as should be judged most convenient by me. This communication I should have done myself the honor of making somewhat earlier, had not the greater part of my time, since the receipt of the Act, been taking up in arranging and77 visiting the Hospitals and Winter Cantonments of the Army.
[Note 76: The draft at this point has: "(or your Excellency as the stile may be)."]
[Note 77: The words "arranging and" appear in the circular to some of the States and not]
Upon considering the point with respect to the supplies required of your State, I beg leave to inform you (or your Excellency) that it appears to me they should be deposited at the following places and proportions. (Vide the inclosed paper fixing the places of deposit and proportions and insert them accordingly)
The Commy. General, as he is directed, will inform you from time to time of the Quantities of live Cattle which will be necessary and where they are to be delivered. I have the honor etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Photostats of the circulars sent to New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Maryland are in the Library of Congress.
The draft of the "paper fixing the places of deposit and proportions" of the supplies is in the Washington Papers in the writing of Tilghman. It is as follows:
"New Hampshire: 1st. 2d. and 3d. deposits of Rum to be at Charles town No. 4. The last deposit to remain at Portsmouth for further Orders. The Salt Meat to be deposited at Portsmouth and Charlestown No. 4, in the following proportions all on the East side of Merimack River to be carried to Portsmouth, and all on the west side to Charles town No: 4.
"Massachusetts: To deposit their Salt Provision and Salt at Springfield and Great Barrington in equal proportions, except the last delivery of Salt which may wait the Commissary's order at Boston.
"The 1st: 2d. and 3d. delivery of Rum, two thirds at Great Barrington, one third at Springfield. The last delivery of this Article to remain at Boston for further orders.
"Rhode Island: The whole to be delivered at Providence, except the Fresh Meat.
"Connecticut: The Salt provisions and Salt to be delivered at or near Bulls Iron Works and Harford in equal proportions. The 1st. 2d. and 3d. deliveries of Rum at or near Bulls Iron Works. The last at Harford.
"New York: 700 Barrels of Flour, 350 do. Beef or pork, at Fort Schuyler. The remainder of the Salt Meat and Flour at West Point, Fishkill, New Windsor and Albany.
"New Jersey: The whole of the Salt, salt Meat and Flour at Morris Town, Pitts Town, Sussex Court House and Ringwood as may suit the State, as to the quantities at each.
"Pennsylvania: Fort Pitt--2400 Bbls Flour. 1000 Bbls Salt Meat or salt equivalent to put up that quantity upon the spot. 7000 Gallons Spirits.
"Carlisle--800 Bbs Flour. 3000 Gallons Spirits. 250 Bbls salt Meat or salt equivalent to put up that quantity on the spot.
"Wyoming--200 Bbls Flour. iooo Gallons Spirits. 100 Bushels Salt.
"Lancaster--1000 Bbls Flour. 3000 Gallons Spirits. 500 Bushels Salt.
"Easton--10,000 Bbls Flour.
"Philada.--All the remainder of Salt; salt Meat, Flour and Rum.
"Delaware: The whole of the Salt; Salt Meat, Flour and Rum at Christiana Bridge. "Maryland: 1/3 of Salt; Salt Meat, Flour and Rum at the Head of Elk. The remaining 2/3ds. which are intended for the southern Army at Baltimore and George Town in such proportions as may suit the State.
"Virginia and North Carolina: General Greene or Commanding Officer in southern department to fix the places of deposit."]
New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Dr Sir: I thank you for the perusal of the inclosed proceedings of the Convention at Hartford.79
[Note 79: Of the four New England States and New York, which met in Hartford, Conn., in November, 1780, and recommended to the several States to vest the military with civil powers of an extraordinary kind.]
The letter herewith, left open for your perusal to Genl. Clinton, calls for Majr. Davis,80 and such Officers as you may want, and he can spare, for the purpose of Recruiting Men for the York Battalions. You will be so good therefore as to act in this matter as you shall think best. With much esteem etc.
[Note 80: Maj. John Davis, of the Fourth New York Regiment. He was retired in January, 1781.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have the honor to inclose to Your Excellency a Letter this moment received from Mr Stevens the Commissy. of Issues at Fish Kill: I must submit to you the propriety of suffering this flour to be exported, or the necessity of detaining it, under the present circumstances of the Army.
It is with the utmost regret I am compelled to represent to you, the distressed situation of the Troops on this River for want of bread, and the disagreeable prospects before us. The Army has been served for several days past, with but a small pittance of their Rations, there is no flour in the Magazines, and I cannot learn from whence the next supply is to be derived. Under these circumstances it is impossible for me to be responsible for the important Posts on this River, or even to assure myself the Troops can be kept together from one day to another.
I have therefore to entreat Your Excellency that the most vigorous and effectual measures may be instantly adopted for procuring relief. I will not presume to recommend the mode, but only to observe, that unless some spirited exertions, or coercive means are immediately made use of, for obtaining a supply; I can see nothing but ruin stare us in the face. I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am favd. with yours of the 9th. From the representation made by General Clinton and Colo. Hay of the supply of Meat in the Northern department, I do not think there will be any need of sending the 100 Barrels of salt Beef to Albany. You will endeavour to have it distributed in the different Works.
Under present circumstances, we should rather increase than diminish the discharge of the Levies, and such of the three years Men whose times are nearly out, and who are unfit for duty for want of Cloathes had better be discharged than new cloathed out of our slender Stock.
If our Magazine of provision was ample, it would make no great odds whether the Officers drew their extra Rations upon the issuing days, or once or twice a Month. But by letting them lay, they may perhaps demand their due Bills at times when we are particularly distressed. I therefore think they had best draw regularly, or not let them lay more than a week behind hand.
I have no objection to the State Cloathiers delivering out to the troops what Articles they have upon hand, under this strict injunction, that they, immediately after the Issue, make returns to the Cloathier General of the Quantity delivered. If they do not do this, they will not be allowed to draw any thing from the public store when the general Issue is made.
I gave you my sentiments the day before yesterday upon the manner of Colo. Hazens arresting Majr. Reid. He ought, I think, either to go into the trial immediately, or withdraw the Arrest untill he can come to a certainty of the time when his proofs will be ready. He may otherwise keep him the whole Winter in confinement.
At this season, Beef sufficient for a Week may be safely killed and carried on to the Point. I do not think the River will ever remain in an impassable state more than that time. As to Flour, we can only hope for a better supply. I am &c.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received the three Letters you did me the favor to write before you Left Philadelphia; and have made representation to Congress respecting the Inspector Department agreeable to your request.
This moment I am also favored with Yours of the 24th Ulto. from Richmond, and am pleased to find you are still pursuing, with indefatigable industry those measures which will tend so much to promote the public Service.
You will see by the Dating of this Letter that Head Quarters are at the same place they were in the Campaign of 1779. The Army is Cantoned in the following manner: the Pennsylvania Line near Morris Town; the Jersey Brigade at the entrance of the Clove to cover the Communication; the New York Brigade in the Vicinity of Albany furnishing the Garrison of Fort Schuyler and the New England Lines at West Point and its dependencies; the Regts much weakened by discharging the Levies.
It is reported from New York that the Enemy are about to make another Detachment, consisting of 1 Battalion Grenadiers; 1 Batt Lt Infantry; 1 Batt Hessian Grenadiers; Knyphausen's Refit; 42d British, a Draft of 5 Men from each Company in the Line, and two Troops of Light Dragoons under the Generals Knyphausen and Phillips; their destination conjectured to be Southward. I shall be glad to hear from you often; and am etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Dear Sir: Upon receipt of this you will send Majr. Davis of Wisenfields Regiment to his Excellency Governor Clinton whose Orders he is to obey. You will be pleased to send such other Officers as the Governor may require, and the State of the regiments in the York line can spare, to his Excellency, for the purposes of Recruiting. They will receive their Instructions from him, and a reimbursement of their expences from the State.
As it will be less waste of time (every moment of which is precious) it is probable the Govr. may furnish the means and send his instructions thro' you to the Officers who may recruit in the Northern and Western parts of the State. In this case you will give every assistance in your power to facilitate this important business. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased to make to me as soon as possible an accurate return of the Men and Horses in your troop; the quantity of Cloathing and number of Arms, Accoutrements and furniture of every kind fit for service, and what will be your deficiencies for the next Campagn. You will also make a return of all the Articles of Cloathing and Accoutrements drawn by the troop since the 1st. Septr 1779. The foregoing are called for by the Board of War, for their government, as they are directed by Congress to make provision for the Cavalry. I am &c.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 10, 1780.
Sir: I have received your Excellency's favors of the 14th 16th. 24th. 27th. November and 1st. of this month. In apology for suffering so many of your letters to remain so long unanswered, I must assure you, that I have been constantly employed, since I broke up my Camp near Passaic Falls, in visiting the winter Cantonments of the Army between Morris town and this place.
I have experienced the highest satisfaction in the visits which the Chevalier Chattelus, Viscount Noialles, Count de damas, Count de Custine and Marquis de laval have done me the honor to make me. I have only to regret that their stay with me was so short. I unfortunately missed seeing the Count de deux ponts, who had left my quarters, on his way to Philada., before I arrived at them. I, however, flatter myself, that I shall have the pleasure of seeing him on his return.
I very much approve of your intention of quartering the second division85 in Connecticut rather than in Massachusetts. The troops will certainly be more convenient to the probable scene of operations.
[Note 85: The expected second division of the French.]
I shall withdraw the Chain of our Dragoons and shall in future send my dispatches to the Duke Lauzun at Lebanon as your Excellency desires.
I wish it were in my power to furnish your Excellency with the New York papers; but as our communication with that place is very irregular, I only obtain them accidently. I now inclose you one, which contains nothing material, but the account of the late dreadful Hurricane in the West Indies.
I take the opportunity of sending this by Colo. Fleury86 who returns to your Army. I was made very happy in again seeing that amiable and valuable Officer, whose services I have experienced upon so many occasions. I have the honor etc.87
[Note 86: Fleury transferred back into the French Army as major of the Regiment Saintonge.]
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, December 11, 1780.
A Captain, two Subs, three Serjeants, three corporals and Fifty oarsmen from the Connecticut Line are to be furnished with Boats and reinforce the water Guard. This detachment to be from the Light Infantry companies. The Captain will apply without delay to Head Quarters for Instructions.
The General having observed several boats adrift in the river and apprehending many may be lost, directs the Quarter master General to consult with Major General Heath and settle the number necessary for the use of the Garrison of West Point and that the remainder be removed and properly laid up at Murderers Creek; those that are scattered on the river are to be collected and secured in the same manner.
A return of blankets, hats, shirts, coats, waistcoats, breeches or overalls, stockings and shoes, Good, Bad and Wanting in the regiments of Infantry, Artillery, and Sappers and Miners to be made to the Adjutant General on Saturday next; none are to be included but men inlisted for the war and those who have three months to serve from this time. It is expected that the commanding officers of regiments will see that the above Returns are made with accuracy and that any clothing lately received immediately from State agents or clothiers is taken into the account, as all such is as much a continental supply as that drawn from the Clothier General. The commanding officers of lines are desired to direct their state clothiers to make at the same time returns of what they have upon hand.
At a Division General court martial held in the Connecticutt line by order of Brigadier General Huntington: Lieutenant Colonel Gray, president: Lieutenant Wales89 of the 4th. Connecticutt regiment was tried on the following charges:
[Note 89: Lieut. Ebenezer Wales. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and served to November, 1783.]
1st. For being Absent from Camp from the 18 of September, 1779, 'till the 20 of May, 80 without Liberty.
2d. For being Absent from July the 3d. 'till the 14th. of October, following after having obtained Liberty for five days only, promising at the same time upon his Word and Honor to return within the limited time.
The Court considering the difficulty of procuring clothing at that time and also that none was provided by the State together with the evidences and reasons of Lieutenant Wales's absence, are of opinion that he was not unnecessarily absent and do therefore acquit him of both charges.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court Lieutenant Wales is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 11, 1780.
My dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 25th. and 28th: last month, and it gives me very great pleasure to find that you are appointed to a Committee, the subject of whose deliberations you are so well acquainted with, and it adds not a little to my satisfaction, to hear that it is generally composed of Gentlemen remarkable for their good sense and patriotism, at a time, when there never was greater occasion for men of those qualifications. The general good disposition prevailing in the state, to promote measures of public utility, is also a happy presage that matters will mend, in your quarter at least. But how unfortunate is it, that the fatal system of temporary inlistments should still have such an influence as to have prevailed upon your Legislature to adopt the measure of raising their Recruits for three years only? [which in other words is nothing more nor less than an inducement to the enemy to prosecute the War three years longer.] You have, to your cost, been a witness to the pernicious consequences attending a temporary Army, and have therefore the better right to point out to your fellow Citizens what may be expected while the System is pursued. I will still hope, that they will, upon a reconsideration of the matter and conformable to the requisition of Congress, determine upon raising their Men for the War only.
I have, by this opportunity, transmitted, to His Excellency the Governor, an account of the places which will be, in my opinion, most convenient and proper for the deposits of Salt, Salt Meats and Rum. The Weekly or monthly supplies of Beef Cattle, and the places at which they are to be delivered will be pointed out occasionally by the Commy. General. He is not at present with the Army. I can therefore only say, that if he has given no directions to the contrary, the present monthly demand should be complied with. Should it amount to more than the consumption, the best can be salted down on their arrival here.
Your remarks on the last clause of the Act of requisition are undoubtedly very just, and I am confident it will be found, upon examination, that some states have been largely deficient in their specific supplies, otherwise we should not at this alarming period of the year be totally destitute of Flour. For which I see no other chance of a supply, than the State of New York being obliged to take measures that will be very disagreeable, and most oppressive to individuals. It is a matter of delicacy with me to complain to Congress of the default of any of the States, or to criticize upon their own Acts, and I should therefore be very happy to see any of the Legislatures take the matter up, and point out the dangers arising from such a latitude as is given in the case to which you allude.
To add to our other difficulties, the situation of the Army, in respect to Cloathing, is really distressing. By collecting all our Remnants, and those of a thousand colours and kinds, we shall scarcely make them comfortable. Uniformity, one of the essentials of discipline and every thing in the appearance of a soldier, must be dispensed with; and what makes the matter more mortifying is, that we have, I am positively assured, ten thousand compleat suits ready in France, and laying there because our public Agents cannot agree whose business it is to ship them; [a quantity has also lain in the West Indies for more than Eighteen Months owing probably to some such cause.]
You tell me there is Cloathing enough lately arrived in private Bottoms to supply the Army. This, my dear Sir, is only tantalizing the naked; such is the miserable state of continental Credit, that we cannot command a yard of it; some of the States may, and I hope will, derive an advantage from it, [in which case I hope they will attend to the colors proper for their Uniforms.] I informed them all, very lately, to what a miserable condition their troops would be reduced, except they would lay themselves out for Cloathing. I am certain that had our supply of that Article been ample, we could have inlisted a great proportion of the levies, who would, for the sake of Cloathes, have dispensed with the Money Bounty for the present. [With every Sentimt. of regd. etc.]90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 91: Of the Engineer Corps. He served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 12, 1780.
Sir: The Logs which supported the Chain at West point are so water soaken, that they will not do to lay down another summer. You will therefore proceed with a party in search of the proper Timber to make new Floats, and wherever you find it cut it down. The Qr. Mr. General will have directions to find the means of transporting it to the Water. I am &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have this day forwarded a passport to New York for the Brig Jenny to proceed from thence to New London as a Flag of truce with Cloathing for the Prisoners at Rutland, and to carry back such of them as have been lately exchanged.94 An Officer has permission to go with the Cloathing to Rutland and return. The Vessel is directed to lay in such part of the Port as the commanding Officer there shall think proper. If you have any particular instructions to give on the subject, you will be pleased to lodge them at New London. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 94: A draft of this passport, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is in the Washington Papers. It is similar in form to that for the ship General de Reidesel. (See Marine Passport, Dec. 9, 1780, q. v.) The Jenny was commanded by William Fleming, master, and William Alson, mate. Captain Bartling, of the Brunswick troops, went in this boat to convey the clothing from New London to Rutland.]
P.S. I have just recd. information from New York, that a considerable embarkation is taking place; supposed for the Southwd. but it does not come through such a channel as to demand entire credit.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P. S. is in that of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 13th. and 19th. of last Month from Mount Vernon and Richmond. I wish your business had permitted you to have staid longer at the former.
It is happy for you that you went to the Southward prepared to meet difficulties, which I fear will increase as you go forward. I know of nothing which can relieve us in respect to Cloathing, but the arrival of the quantity long expected from France. There is an ample supply upon the Continent, but the miserable state of our finance keeps it out of reach.
I foresee that the arrangement of the Virginia line upon the new establishment will be attended with very great difficulty on account of the number of Officers who are prisoners. The reform will fall upon the Field Officers and Captains, principally upon the former, and you must therefore endeavour to know the sentiments of those in captivity in Charles town, by writing to Genl. Scott or the eldest Officer and desiring him to enquire who are willing to remain in service and who wish to retire. If they cannot come to an agreement among themselves, the Resolve of Congress points out the mode of settling it finally.
The States, by a Resolve of the 4th. Novemr. are called upon for specific supplies of Fresh and Salt Meat, Salt, Flour and Rum and I am directed to point out the most convenient places of deposit in each State.
The supplies of Virginia and North Carolina being totally allotted to the use of the southern Army, I have desired the Governors to consult with you upon the proper places. Two thirds of those of Maryland being also intended for the southward, I have directed that proportion to be lodged at Baltimore and George town.
I have just received information from a person who was employed by the Marquis and who speaks confidently and from his own knowledge that an Embarkation under the command of General's Knyphausen and Phillips had began at New York upon the 8th. instant, consisting of 1 Battn. Grenadiers. ...96 This would make abt. 2500 Men. The destination, my informant says is kept a secret, but suspected to be
[Note 96: The omission is identical with the last paragraph of Washington's letter to Baron Steuben, Dec. 10, 1780, q. v.] to the southward. He adds, that an account had been recd. at New York that Leslie had relanded at Cape Fear.
Upon your arrival at the southern Army, you will be able to give me a more perfect acct. of the situation of affairs in that quarter. I hope they may be better than you expect and that you will in the end meet with every success which you desire and which your merit intitles you to. I am etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. A. P. S., "I shall forward your letter to Mrs. Greene by the first good opportunity," is crossed off.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 11th. If there are good reasons for suspecting Capt. Gifford's98 fidelity, I would by no means give him a discharge from the Army, because he might then go off to the enemy, and we should not have it in our power to treat him as a deserter should he fall into our hands again. I would at any rate bring him to a trial on his arrest; something may, in the course of it, turn up, which may give sufficient grounds for securing him afterwards, if the sentence of the Court should not find him guilty in a military point of light. Should he be cashiered, and then go off, the enemy will not have much to boast of, from the acquisition of such a character. I am &c.
[Note 98: Capt. William Bernard Gifford, of the Third New Jersey Regiment. He had been wounded at Monmouth and taken prisoner at Elizabethtown; released in November, 1780, he shortly thereafter forwarded his commission to Colonel Barber.]
P.S. I am informed that a considerable embarkation has taken place at New York. If Colo. Dayton is yet below, and you can contrive a line to him, be pleased to desire him to let me know, whether he has heard of such a matter and the particulars. Be pleased also to forward the letter for Mr. Adams.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
John Adam (Adams). He was Deputy Commissary of Prisoners. The forwarded letter is not now found among the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 13, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 29th Novr. and 4th instant. I shall communicate to the Officers of the Army such of the Resolves as relate to them. I would beg leave to remark on that of the 29th of Novr. respecting the payment for wounded and disabled Horses, that it makes no provision for any that may be left wounded upon the field, and of course lost to the owners. All the former Resolves confined the payment solely to Horses killed in action, the present makes it a condition, that the Horses wounded and disabled shall, upon payment of the value, be delivered up to the Quarter Mastr. Genl. I recollect several instances of Officers who left their Horses wounded upon the Field, and who could not recover the value of them, because the words of the former Resolves, restricted the Qr Master General to the payment for those killed in action.
I have received information from a person with whom I am unacquainted, but who I know has been employed to gain intelligence, that another embarkation was going on at New York the 8th instant, and that he had himself seen the greatest part of the Troops go on board. The Detachment was to be commanded by Generals Knyphausen and Phillips. ...3 The destination was kept a secret, but the Southward was the general conjecture. I have communicated the intelligence to Governors Lee, Jefferson, and Nash, and to General Greene. I have been under the necessity of discharging the New Levies before the expiration of their time, for want of Bread, of which we have yet but a very scant supply, and if our Magazines do not receive an addition before the River is obstructed, and the Roads broken up, I foresee the greatest distress. I have the honor etc.4
[Note 3: The omitted portion is identical with the last paragraph of Washington's letter to Baron Steuben, Dec. 10, 1780, q. v.]
[Note 4: In the writing of David Humphreys. The letter was read in Congress on December 18 and referred to the Board of War.]
New Windsor, December 13, 1780.
Dear Sir: It gives me much pleasure to hear, that my letters of introduction were serviceable to you. I am perswaded there is not wanting a disposition in Congress, or the individual States to the Southward to afford you every support the unhappy state of our finance (which seems to be the source from whence flows all our difficulties) will admit; but if any thing in my power can give a spring to their exertions, every motive which can flow from public and private considerations will urge me to comply with yr. wishes.
You have no doubt an arduous task in hand, but where is the man charged with conducting public business in these days of public calamity that is exempt from it? Your difficulties I am perswaded are great; they may be insurmountable; but you see them now through a different medium than you have ever done before, because the embarrassment of every department is now concentered or combined in the Commanding Officer; exhibiting at one view a prospect of our complicated distresses.
Your friends, and the great public, expect every thing from your abilities that the means which may be put into your hands are competent to; but both know full well the deranged situation of our Southern Affairs, and neither, I trust, are so unreasonable as to expect impossibilities; I therefore think that you have nothing to apprehend on the score of public dissatisfaction. on the contrary, that you may gain, but cannot lose in your military reputation.
I will put your letter under a cover to Mrs. Greene and request her to make use of the same channel of conveyance back. I shall take much pleasure in forwarding the letters to and from her, and think it the best medium of conveyance for safety. I have the pleasure to inform you that I heard by Genl. Varnum (who went on to Congress yesterday) that Mrs. Greene and your family were well when he left Rhode Island. Genl. McDougall talks of setting out for Congress the beginning of next week, but if he reaches Phila. by the opening of next Campaign it will be as much as I expect from his dispatch.
We reached our Winter Qrs. about the beginning of this Month, and I have been driven, by necessity, to discharge the Levies. Want of cloathing rendered them unfit for duty, and want of Flour would have disbanded the whole army if I had not adopted this expedient for the relief of the Soldier for the War.
Without knowing that Colo. Hamilton ever had an Eye to the Office of Adjt. General,5 I did, upon the application of
[Note 5: Greene's letter to Washington (Nov. 19, 1780), in the Washington Papers, stated that he was "persuaded the appointment [of Hamilton] will be received with great gratitude, as I am confident it is his wish, by what he said to me before I left Camp."] Colo. Scammell to resign it, recommend Genl. Hand for reasons which may occur to you; one of them (and not the smallest) was to guard (by having an Officer of Rank appointed) against the discontents which would have arisen in the Inspectorate department, if a Junr. Officer to the present SubInspectors had been appointed, for you know, that, by the present establishment of the Inspection the Adjt. Genl. for the time being, is the Second Officer in that line. It would have been disagreeable therefore to the present Sub-Inspectors some of whom are full Colonels to have had a Lt. Colo. put over them. With much sincerity etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 13, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 8th. proposing the final exchange of Governor Hamilton, or an extention of his parole to Europe. That Gentleman being considered as a prisoner to the state of Virginia and therefore solely at the disposal of the Executive Authority thereof, I do not conceive myself at liberty to enter into any negotiation upon the subject. You will oblige me by informing Governor Hamilton of this, he having written to me on the same Business. Major Hay is also considered as a prisoner to the state of Virginia, and at their disposal also. I have the honor etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 13, 1780.
Sir: I have to inform your Excellency that I have received an account from New York that another embarkation was preparing at that place. The detachment which appears to be about 2500 Men was to be commanded by Generals Knyphausen and Phillips; the destination was not publickly known, but generally supposed to be to the southward. This information does not come to me through a Channel on which I perfectly depend; should I receive it through one in which I have more confidence I shall not fail to communicate my intelligence to your Excellency. I have the honor etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, December 14, 1780.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolutions:
In Congress, November 28, 1780.
Some doubts having arisen in the minds of the general officers whether the resolution of the 21st of October last, granting half pay for life to the officers who shall remain in service to the end of the war was meant to extend to them:
Resolved, That the said half pay for life be extended to all majorgenerals and brigadiers general who shall continue in service to the end of the war and that the resolution of the 21 October last was so meant and intended.
In Congress, November 29, 1780.
Resolved, That the act of Congress of the 8th of January last, providing for the payment of officers' horses killed in action, be extended to such officers entitled to keep them, who shall have their horses wounded and disabled in action; provided the horses so wounded and disabled be delivered to the department of the quartermaster general.
In Congress, December 6, 1780.
The Committee to whom was referred the letter of 28 November, from General Washington, brought in a report; Whereupon, Congress came to the following resolution:
While Congress are sensible of the patriotism, courage, and perseverance of the officers and privates of their regular forces as well as of the militia throughout these United States, and of the military conduct of the principal commanders in both it gives them pleasure to be so frequently called upon to confer marks of distinction and applause for enterprises which do honor to the profession of arms, and claim a high rank among military atchievements: in this light they view the enterprize against fort St. George, on Long Island, planned and conducted with wisdom and great gallantry by Major Talmadge, of the light dragoons, and executed with intrepidity and complete success by the officers and soldiers of his detachment.
Ordered, therefore, That Major Talmadge's report to the Commander in Chief be published with the preceding minute, as a tribute to distinguished merit and in testimony of the sense Congress entertain of this brilliant service.
New Windsor, December 14, 1780.
My dear Marqs: Soon after dispatching my last letter to you, your favor dated at Paramus was put into my hands by Colo. Gouvion. Yesterday brought me your letters of the 4th. 5th. and 5th. in the Evening, and this day I have received another of the 9th.8
[Note 8: None of these letters are now found in the Washington Papers.]
The Chevr. De la Luzerne's Dispatches came in time for the Post, which is the only means left me for conveyance of letters, there not being as much money in the hands of the Q M. Genl; I believe I might go further and say in those of the whole Army, as would bear the expence of an Express to Rhode Island. I could not get one the other day to ride as far as Pompton!
I am now writing to the Count de Rochambeau and Chevr. de Ternay on the Subject of your several letters; when their answer arrives, I will communicate the contents to you. You must be convinced, from what passed at the interview at H--, that my command of the F-- T--ps at R-- Is--d stands upon a very limited scale, and that it would be impoliticly fruitless in me, to propose any measure of co-operation to a third power without their concurrence; consequently an application from you, antecedent to an official proposition from his Excellency the Minister of France; The Gentn. at the head of the French Armament at Rhode Island; The Congress, or myself, cou'd only be considered as coming from a private Gentn; It is therefore my advice to you, to postpone your corrispondence with the Spanish Genels. and let your influence come in hereafter as auxiliary to something more formal and official. I do not hesitate in giving it clearly as my opinion, to you, but this opinion, and this business, should be concealed behind a curtain, that the favourable moment of the Spanish Operations in the Floridas ought to be improved to the utmost extent of our means; provided the Spaniards, by a junction of their Maratime force with that of his Christn. Majesty undr. the Commd. of the Chevalr. de Ternay will give us a secure convoy, and engage not to leave us till the operations of the Campaign are at an end or it can be done by consent of parties.
I am very thankful to the Minister for permitting, and to you for communicating to Genl. Greene the intelligence of the Spanish movements towards the Florida's; it may have a happy influence on his measures. It may be equally advantageous to the Spaniard.
Your expressions of personal attachment to me, and affection, are flattering and pleasing and fill me with gratitude. It is unnecessary I trust, on my part to give assurances of mutual regard, because I hope you are convinced of it and as I have already put it absolutely in your choice to go to the Southern Army or stay with this circumstans. and Inclination alone must govern you. It would add to my pleasure if I could encourage your hope of Colo. Nevilles9 exchange. I refused to interest myself in the exchange of my own Aid.10 Gen. Lincoln's were exchanged with himself, and upon that occasion (for I know of no other) Congress passed a Resolve prohibiting exchanges out of the order of captivity.
[Note 9: Lieut. Col. Presley Neville. He was aide to Lafayette and was exchanged in May, 1781.]
[Note 10: Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
Under one general head I shall express my concern for yr. disappointment of Letters; our disappointment of Cloaths, disappt. in the mode of raising men, &ca. &ca. but shall congratulate you on the late change in the Administration of France as it seems to be consonant to your wishes and pregnant of hope. I am much pleased at the friendly disposition of Portugal; much good I hope, will result from the combination of the maritime powers.
I am in very confined Quarters; little better than those of Valley Forge, but such as they are I shall welcome into them your friends on their return to Rhode Island. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 14, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased to make and transmit to Head Quarters immediately, a Return of Your Regt.11specifying the States to which the Non Commissd. Officers and Privates respectively belong. And also the Number of Foreigners, who are not reckoned as the quota of any particular State. I am &c.12
[Note 11: The First Canadian Regiment.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The same letter was sent to the commanding officer of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 14, 1780.
Sir: I have the honor to inform you that I have just received intelligence from New York, that another embarkation was preparing at that place; the Corps of which it is said to consist, will amount to about 2500 Men; It is also reported, this Detachment is to be under the Orders of the Generals Knyphausen and Phillips; and supposed to be destined to the Southward. Altho this information is not through such a channel, as to demand entire credit, I thought it expedient for you to be apprised of it; when the matter is more fully ascertained I shall not fail to give you such farther particulars as may be necessary to subserve the interest of his Most Catholic Majesty. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I was duly honoured with yors of the 28th. Novr.13
[Note 13: The draft is in tile writing of David Humphreys.
Rendon's letter of Nov. 28, 1780, in the Washington Papers, informed of a projected Spanish expedition against Pensacola.]
Hd. Qrs. New Windsor, December 14, 1780.
Sir: Yesterday brought me the honor of your Excellency's favor without date; but which I suppose to have been written on the 5th. Instt, as it accompanied a letter from the Marqs. de la Fayette of that date.
Receive my good Sir, the expression of gratitude which is due to your Excellency, for the important intelligence you have communicated relative to the designs of the Court of Spain upon the Florida's. I have transmitted the acct. of these interesting events to the Count de Rochambeau and Chevr. de Ternay, with propositions which if acceded to, I shall do myself the honor of communicating to your Excellency.
It would have been fortunate for the Army, if your Excellency's feelings for its want of Cloathing could have been relieved by the agreeable tydings of the arrival of that article, but alas! we are so accustomed to want, that we dare not flatter ourselves with relief.
Your Excellency's dispatches for Rhode Island, accompanying your letter to me, came to hand at the Instant the Post was setting out, and was committed to his care. It is the only means of conveyance now left me, since the chain of Expresses which was formed by the Dragoon Horses (and worn down) have been discontinued. The Quarter Master General has it not in his power, for want of money, to furnish an Express upon the most urgent occasion.
I anticipate with much pleasure the visit I shall receive from the Chevr. de Chatteleaux, and the other Gentleman of the French army, on their return to Rhode Island, and beg the favor of your Excellency to present my Compliments to them and Monsr. Marbois. With great respect etc.14
[Note 14: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs, E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 15, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 6th and two of the 9th. Inst. The manner in which Congress have been pleased to express their approbation of the Conduct of Major Tallmadge, and the Officers and Soldiers under his command, cannot but be very flattering to them, and will I am certain have a happy effect in encouraging the spirit of enterprise in the Army.
A Paragraph in the enclosed New York Paper confirms that part of the Letter of the 17th of October from Europe, which Your Excellency has been pleased to transmit to me, which mentions the intention of the British Administration to send further reinforcements to America. This is a matter which cannot, in my opinion, be too soon communicated to the several States, with a pressing sollicitation to take measures that will effectually fill up their Regiments in the course of the winter. From what I can learn, some are putting the matter upon the very precarious footing of voluntary inlistments, and others are substituting fines where the men demanded are not produced in the several districts. I am very much mistaken if by the first mode, any considerable number of Men are to be raised at this time of day, and, from the latitude given in the last, money will, in many instances, be paid down to excuse personal service. The last hope of the Enemy is built upon our inability to raise a new Army, and they are probably preparing to push us in our enfeebled state. The means of reestablishing ourselves, with proper and spirited exertions, are within our reach; and should they in the spring instead of only the remnants of our veteran Regiments meet our Battalions filled with Men whose services are permanent, they must either give up their object, of choice, or with the assistance of our Allies, we shall be in a condition to force them to it.
The accession of Holland and Portugal to the Northern League of Neutrality will be undoubtedly very embarrassing to Great Britain. But this, I think, may be relied upon, that the more she is insulted and oppressed by the European Powers, the more will she endeavour to revenge herself upon us. She can make no impression upon them, and she will therefore bend her whole force against us, in hopes of possessing herself of such an extent of territory in America, as will enable her to insist upon terms, should a negotiation take place, which may be highly derogatory to the honor and interests of these States.
I will take the liberty of mentioning the necessity of altering the Route of the Post, from Philadelphia to the Eastward, more especially, that part of the way from the North River to Hartford. Two Mails have lately been taken on the lower road in Connecticut, and as the Post must always be at stated places at certain times, the Mail may be taken off weekly, by landing a small party from Long Island. I am the more anxious to have the change made, as I have scarcely any other mode of forwarding my Dispatches: for such is the situation of the Quarter Master General, that he can seldom furnish the Expresses with the means of travelling. The Route I would propose, is, from Philadelphia to Morris Town, Ringwood, New Windsor, Fishkill, Litchfield, Hartford &c. This may perhaps occasion rider to go to the sea port Towns in Connecticut, but this will be better than risquing the most important public Dispatches upon that Route. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 16: Formerly Catherine Littlefield, of Coventry, R. I.]
New Windsor, December 15, 1780.
Dr. Madam: I have the pleasure to inclose you a letter from Genl. Greene which came under cover to me. I fear you will find it of old date, as the one accompanying it was of Novr. the 19th. since which I have not heard from him.
If you will entrust your letters to my care, they shall have the same attention paid to them as my own, and forwarded with equal dispatch to the Genl.
Mrs. Washington who is just arrived at these my Qrs. joins me in most cordial wishes for your every felicity; and regrets the want of your Company; remember us to my name sake.17 Nat,18 I suppose can handle a Musket. With every sentimt etc.
[Note 17: George Washington Greene.]
[Note 18: Nathaniel Ray Greene.]
New Windsor, December [15], 1780.
Gentlemen: [Two] days ago I did myself the honor to inform his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau that Sir Henry Clinton was making another embarkation; this is since confirmed by other accounts, but I have recd none yet which fix the particular Corps or numbers with certainty, tho' all agree, that this detachment is intended as a reinforcement to Lord Cornwallis; that it is to consist of about 2500 and that it is the intention of the enemy to push their operations to the Southward, this Winter, in the most vigorous manner. Official information is likewise lately received that this is the resolution of the British Cabinet and that for this purpose a powerful reinforcement is to be sent to America with all possible dispatch.
When it is considered how essential it is to the Independence of the United States and how important to the interest of their Allies that the common enemy should be obliged to relinquish their conquests in South Carolina and Georgia, Your Excellencies will, I am confident, agree in opinion with me that no means ought to be left unessayed to endeavour to dislodge them, in the course of this Winter and next Spring.
It is needless for me to enter into a detail of the situation of our Affairs to the southward, your Excellencies must know that from the great loss of Men, Artillery and Stores in Charles town and from the defeat of our Army near Campden, we can only hope to reassemble such a force, and that chiefly of raw troops, as will prevent the Enemy from extending their conquests over North Carolina. To attempt the reduction of Charles town, supposing we had men sufficient for the purpose, is a thing impracticable while the transportation of Artillery and all kinds of Stores proper for a Seige must be made from hence by land.
I am informed by the Marquis de la Fayette, who is still at Philadelphia, that a vessel had just arrived at that place from L'Orient, which port she left the middle of October, but as he makes no mention of the second division of land and sea Forces expected in America to reinforce the Army and Navy at present under your Excellencies respective Commands, I am led to believe that, that much desired event is more remote than, under present circumstances, is to be wished.
A piece of intelligence, which has been communicated to me in confidence by His Excellency the Minister plenipotentiary of France, has turned my attention towards a new object, and brought into my mind the outlines of a plan,19 which, if it can be acceded to by the parties necessary to its execution, may be attended with the most solid and permanent advantages. The communication of His Excellency the Minister is, That the Court of Spain have in contemplation two Expedition against the British settlements in the Floridas: Pensacola and St. Augustine. The first consisting of 4000 Men convoyed by eight ships of War had sailed from the Havanna the 16th.
[Note 19: The proposed plan was not approved by Comte de Rochambeau. On the day Washington wrote the above letter, De Ternay died at Newport, R. I., and Chevalier Destouches, who succeeded him in the command of the French squadron, added a memorandum to Rochambeau's answer to Washington (in the Washington Papers, Dec. 22, 1780), giving his reasons against the plan.] October; the force destined against the last was twelve ships of the line besides Frigates and Bomb Ketches and ten thousand Men. These were to leave the Havanna [some time in] the present Month.
The plan, with which I am impressed, and which I would submit to your Excellencies considerations is, the propriety of attempting to combine our Force with that of Spain, for the purpose of totally subduing the common enemy not only in the Floridas but in the States of South Carolina and Georgia.
It is not for me, at this moment, to enter upon a detail of the Business. My general Ideas are, that a proposition or request should be made to the General and Admiral of the Spanish Forces (and through them to the Governor of the Havanna, if they are not themselves at liberty to accede to the proposal,) to co-operate with us [conjunctively or by diversion] for the purposes I have mentioned. In case they do accede: Their ships of War are to be sent, as soon as they have made good the debarkation of their troops at St. Augustine or at any other given point to form a junction with the Squadron of his Most Christian Majesty at Rhode Island and take under their convoy the French and American Troops, destined for the expedition against Charles town, the first of which will be embarked at New port the last at Philada. I should make such drafts from this Army as would amount to two thousand Men at least. His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau would I should hope be able to detach double that number and leave a sufficiency, with the Militia who might be called in upon the occasion, to give security to your Works Hospitals and spare stores, should you choose to leave the two last behind you. These Corps and the troops which will be collected under the command of General Greene, in conjunction with the force which may be furnished by the Spaniards [in the manner aforementioned] will form an Army not to be resisted by any which the British can draw together in that Quarter and capable of effecting the utmost wishes of the allied powers.
It is unnecessary for me to remark that the Basis of my plan and propositions is, that the combined Fleets shall be decidedly superior to that of the enemy and that they shall co-operate to the completion of the enterprise or untill it shall be abandoned by general consent. To insure so essential a point as that of a naval superiority, the propriety of a further requisition to the Admiral commanding His most Christian Majesty's Fleet in the West Indies is submitted to your Excellencies judgments.
I persuade myself that your Excellencies will view these propositions with an eye to all their consequences and candidly approve or reject them as they appear to you practicable or proper. In making them I am solely influenced by motives of general good, and would not wish them carried into execution, unless they shall be deemed as conducive to the interests of the powers, who have generously stepped in to our relief, as to those of the United States.
Should the plan happily meet your Excellencies approbations, I have to request that the Chevr. de Ternay would be good enough to dispatch a Frigate, if one can be spared, with the substance of these propositions to the Generals of his Most Catholic Majesty [Duplicate and triplicate of which I will endeavour to forward via Philadelphia]. If the communication is to be made, no time is to be lost in doing it and procuring an answer. I think I could, in a month from hearing of the proposition being agreed to on the part of Spain, be ready to embark at Philadelphia, if the State of the River Delaware will admit of it.
I cannot conclude this letter without mentioning an argument which in my opinion ought to induce the Spaniard to accept of those propositions. The force which the British will be able to draw together in South Carolina and Georgia, will be so superior to the American, that they may, without putting matters to the risque, leave small Garrisons in Savannah and Charlestown, and throw such a reinforcement into St. Augustine, a very strong fortification as will in all probability defeat the enterprise. Whereas, if they find that measures are pursuing to divest them of those acquisitions, which I am convinced they mean to make the Basis of a negociation, I think it more than probable that they will abandon the Floridas to their fate, and exert themselves to the utmost to retain the only apparent compensation for their vast expenditure of Blood and treasure. Besides this, the Spaniard ought to reflect, that while Britain is in possession of Georgia and South Carolina, he must hold the Floridas either by a very precarious tenure or by a very expensive one.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, December 15, 1780.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolutions:
In Congress, December 4, 1780.
Resolved, That no officer of the line of the army of the United States, without express authority from Congress for that purpose, make any contract or bargain, or give any orders, for the purchase of articles for the use of the troops in the departments of the cloathier general, quartermaster general, or commissary general of purchases, except in cases of necessity for provisions and forage for detachments or parties in places where the same cannot be drawn from the public stores or magazines.
Resolved, That Mr. Simeon de Witt be appointed geographer to the army in the room of Robert Erskine, deceased.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, December 16, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Major General Parsons is appointed to the command of the Connecticut division.
Captain Joseph Walker21 of the 9th. Connecticut Regiment and Lieutenant Oliver Lawrence22 of Colonel Lamb's regiment of Artillery are appointed his Aids.
[Note 21: Of Webb's Additional Continental regiment. He was major and aide to Major General Parsons to July, 1782; transferred to the Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 22: Of the Second Continental Artillery. He was aide to Parsons to July, 1782, and resigned in September, 1782.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 16, 1780.
Dear Sir: In answer to your favor of yesterday, I have to observe; that it appears to me there can be no propriety, in arresting an Officer, in ordinary cases, a long time before he can be brought to tryal; And that in the instance of Major Reed,23 upon his being brought before the Court, they would be the proper Judges, whether the Proceedings should be postponed, 'till further evidence was obtained. In the mean time, I see no reason why he should be detained in more rigid confinement than is commonly practiced in cases of arrest.
[Note 23: Maj. James Randolph Reid (Reed).]
With respect to Joshua Ferris, Notwithstanding there is no doubt of the justice of the former sentence against him, it may possibly be beset to suspend the matter, to inquire further into his character, and let the sentence still hang over him.
I have taken Measures to know what Boards can be spared by the Quarter Master General, for the purposes you mention.
If any Deserters should come from the Enemy, you will be pleased to order them to be sent to Head Quarters. I am etc.24
[Note 24: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1780.
Sir: If the Boats which were with the Army, have not yet been brought on to Kings Ferry, His Excellency requests no time may be lost in having it done, by impressing teams, or other the most efficacious Means; And that they may be forwarded to Murder's Creek immediately, to be laid up there, together with such Boats as may be sent from West Point in consequence of the General Order of the ... Inst.25 which he requests may also be carried in execution without any delay, lest the River should be frozen and the Boats finally lost. Should there be any among the first mentioned Boats fit for the service of Guard Boats, they are to be delivered to Captain Welles' Order. And in the Mean time the General desires the Bearer an Officer in Capt Welles' Detachmt, may have direction to collect and take for that service such Public Whale Boats, or other light Boats as may be above this place, in the River. I have etc.26
[Note 25: Left blank in the draft. The date is Dec. 11, 1780.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys." Humphreys occasionally signed his name without the "e," but the proper spelling is "Humphreys."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 16, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 14th. We are obliged, on account of the scarcity of Forage to send off all the Dragoons from the Army except a very small detachment to do orderly duty. If any thing material happens, you must press a horse and send a Man up.
As soon as the German Regt. have received their Cloathing, the Men are to be sent, agreeable to the new regulation of the Army, to the lines to which they respectively belong; you will therefore, when they go off send a Captain and about 50 Men to the Ground which they now occupy near Sufferans.
If any deserters from the British Army come out to your posts, be pleased to send them up to Head Quarters. I am &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 16, 1780.
Sir: As soon as your Regiment have received their Cloathing you will march all the non Commd. and private Men belonging to the State of Pennsylvania, to the Winter Quarters of the troops of that State near Morris Town and there deliver them up to Brigadier General Wayne. You will march those belonging to the State of Maryland on towards Frederick Town, sending an Officer to Brig. Genl. Gist at Baltimore town to inform him of this, that if he should prefer their going to Baltimore rather than Frederick, he may send you notice of it.
You will use your utmost endeavour to keep your men from deserting before they are delivered up to the Lines to which they respectively belong.
You will make me an exact return of the names and Ranks of the Officers of your Regt. which is to be transmitted to the Board of War, and upon which they will be intitled to draw their half pay for life. I am &c.27
New Windsor, December 17, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 9th. is safe at hand, and propounds a question respecting promotion which I candidly acknowledge I am puzzled to answer, with satisfaction to myself.
If in all cases, ours was one Army, or thirteen Armies allied for the common defence, there would be no difficulty in solving your question; but we are occasionally both, and I should not be much out if I was to say that we are sometimes neither but a compound of both.
If we were considered in every point of view as one Army, lineal promotion, as well from as to the grade of Colonels, would, undoubtedly, be the most equitable and satisfactory mode of rising; and no possible objection could be made to it by any State, or the Troops of a State. Or, if Congress, having regard to the number of Troops which each State is to furnish to the Confederated Army were to allow the number of General Officer's which should be thought competent thereto; there would be no difficulty here neither; because the promotion would be lineal in each State; and though it might fall hard upon the Colonels of Such States as only furnish one regiment for Continental Service, it would be incidental to their State quotas and must be submited to; as the annexation of their Regiments to other State Troops, also must be, to form Brigades.
But it is our having no fixed principle that I know of, and sometimes acting upon one, and then the other of the cases before mentioned (as it happens to suit an individual State, or particular characters) that creates our difficulties and the discontents that prevail.
It is well known, that in the early stages of this War I used every means in my power to destroy all kind of State distinctions, and laboured to have every part and parcel of the Army considered as Continental; the steps which have led to a different sentimt, and to our present system of politic's, you are not to be informed of. we must take things as they are.
And therefore, under the ideas that prevail and our general practice; I am, though puzzled, more inclin'd to let all promotions be lineal, in each State, to the rank of Brigadr. inclusive, (where there is more than one Regiment) than to any other mode; because it is more consonant to the expectation of the Army than any other; and because under it, I believe a new appointed Brigr. from the Southern Troops would at this day, be disagreeable to an Eastern Brigade, and vice, versa. How far State promotion's beyond the Rank of Brigadrs. are eligable or not, is a matter on which much may be said, on both sides. On the one hand, it may be urged, that the State which sends more than a Brigade into the Field has as good a right to accompany them with a Majr. Genl. as the midling State has to furnish a Brigr., or the smallest a Colo., because neither has more than its due proportion of Officers. On the other hand, it may be observed, that as Officers advance in rank, and acquire that general knowledge which is necessary to qualify them for extensive command, their feelings are more hurt, and the Service more injured by placing juniors over them, than when it happens to inferiors, though the same principle which bars the rise of a Colo. where there is but one regiment, will apply to a Brigadr. where the State only furnishes a Brigade. At prest. we want no new Majr. Generals (having rather a Surplusage); but may not the following expedient answer in future, at least in a degree, the views of all namely to suffer the larger States to have Major Genls. of their own line, proportioned to the Number of their Troops; and the other Majr. Genls. to be promoted from Brigadiers according to Seniority. This, at the same time that it yields compliance to the views of the large States, does not preclude the Brigadiers of the smaller from promotion, as there must be Major Generals for seperate Comds, for the Wings of the Army, &ca. wch. cannot be supplied by the State quota's of Troops where there is not more than a just proportion of Officers to Men.
Our present mode of promotion is Regimentally to Capts, inclusively; and in the Line of the State afterwards; but I am convinced, as well from the reason and justice of the thing, as from several conversations I have held with some of the most judicious Officers of the Army that it would be more agreeable to it, that all promotion should be lineal, instead of Regimental, in every State line; for which reasons I shall recomd. the measure to Congrs; to take place with the New Establishmt. of the Army.
What I have here said with respect to promotion, is general; but there is a case before me, in the Jersey line, which makes me wish that Congress would fix their principle. This State has three Regiments which are to be reduced to two. Dayton is the Senr. Colonel, and among the oldest of that rank in the whole Army; a valuable Officer, and does not want to leave the Service. Shreve is the next oldest Colo. in Jersey and will not go out; his character you are as well acquainted with as I am. Ogden is the Youngest, and extremely desirous of staying, but cannot continue if Colo. Dayton remains in Service, in his present rank; the matter therefore (as it is related to me) is brought to this Issue, that Dayton or Ogden is to go out, unless the former can be promoted; which would remove every difficulty, and be agreeable to the prest. System of State policy, as there is no Genl. Officer in that line; but if the promotion is delayed till after the first of Jany. or in other words till after Dayton or Ogden is deranged, the remedy will come too late. because we shall have sent out a valuable Officer upon half pay, and will, if Dayton is the person that goes, have a person to promote who, but here I drop the curtain. It may suffice to say, that if the State of New Jersey is to be allowed a Brigr., it ought to be granted them before the first of January, for more reasons than that of oeconomy.
That you may have some data to judge of the propriety of New appointments, I shall take the liberty of observing, that the States from New Hampshire to Pensylvania inclusively, with Hazens Regimt, make by the last requisition 29 Battalions of Infantry. That three of these Batts. according to the present establishmt. of the Army, will make as large a Brigade as four of the old, and that, the number of Brigadiers in the States here mention'd, amount, at this time, to no more than Eight viz: Starke of N. Hampshire; Glover and Patterson if Massachusetts; Huntington of Connecticut; Clinton of New York, and Wayne, Hand, and Irvine of Pensylva.; and these may be reduced to Seven, if Hand should be placed in the Staff.
I am most firmly of opinion, that after the States have brought their Troops into the Field, the less they have to do with them, or their supplies of Cloathing &ca. &ca. the bettr. it will be for the commn. Interest, for reasons which manifest themselves more and more every day, and for the clearest evidence of public oeconomy. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 17, 1780.
Sir: I have your favr. of the 13th. accompanied by one from Governor Trumbull respecting the Cantonment of your Regt. As it is the request of the State and as you seem to think you will be benefitted by the exchange, I have consented to your taking your Quarters in Massachusetts in the towns which you have pointed out.28 But I could not help remarking to the Governor, that this repeated interference of the Civil authority in directing the Cantonments of the Army is a thing very unprecedented, and what may, if generally practised and submitted to, throw the whole into such positions as would render them useless to the security of the Country, and unable to afford succour to each other. When you have fixed your own quarters, let me know where they are, that I may know how to direct to you.
[Note 28: Sheldon had put his regiment in motion, as ordered, to winter quarters at Colchester, Conn. At Danbury he rode forward to Harvard and ... "found that there was no Forage provided for the Public at Colchester, and that even some of the public Stables had been removed to Lebanon for the Accommodation of the French Horse at that place. These Circumstances, added to a Resolve of the Legislature of the State to Quarter my Regt. in different Towns, has induced me to halt ... at Waterbury ... 'till your Excellency's further pleasure can be known. I am well convinced that the Troops cannot be well Accommodated in the Towns which have been pointed out by the Assembly for which reason I have recommended to them the Towns of N. Hampton Hatfield and Hadley in the state of Massachusetts, lying on Connecticut River about 18 miles above Springfield."-- Sheldon to Washington, Dec. 13, 1780, Sheldon's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
In my letter of the 8th. instant, which had not reached you, the Chain of Dragoons was ordered to be broken up.
You will communicate the inclosed General Orders to Major Tallmadge, and the Officers and Men of your Regt. who under his command at the surprise of Fort George. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 17, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 2d. Inst. you will take the first opportunity of having Mr. Collins30 brought to Springfield, where I will direct a Court Martial to try him under a
[Note 30: John Collins. He was Deputy Commissary of Military Stores.] Resolve of Congress of the 22d. Augt. 1780 passed expressly for the punishment of those who commit frauds in the department of the Quarter Masters, Commissary, or Commy of Military Stores. You will let me know when Mr. Collins arrives at Springfield; and also what Rank or employ he holds in the service. I am &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 17, 1780.
Sir: I submitted to the interference of the State of Connecticut last Year with respect to the Cantonment of the Horse, without any animadversion or remark, because I was hopeful that the impropriety of it would appear to them, and prevent the like in future. I shall, (as it is the request of the State, and because it is my wish to harmonize, as much as possible, with the Civil Authority, in the prosecution of a cause, in which we are all equally interested) send Sheldon's Regiment, this Winter to the State of Massachusetts, but I cannot help remonstrating very pointedly against a repetition of the practice in future, for the following reasons.
Four things have always influenced me in the distribution of the Troops to their Winter Cantonments. Security of our Capital Posts, which makes it necessary that they should have such a relative situation to each other as to afford the necessary succour. Cover to the Country. Their own convenience. And the convenience of the Inhabitants; where the two last, were not incompatable with the two first.
It is unnecessary, I am persuaded, for me to remark, that if any one State can, or will undertake to point out a Cantonment for one part of the Army, another may with equal propriety, do it for another part, and that upon the same principle, and by the same parity of reasoning, that Connecticut undertakes to advise or direct Sheldon's Horse to Massachusetts; Massachusetts may Order them to New Hampshire, and New Hampshire to some other State. In a word, it is striking at the most essential priviledge of the Commander in Chief, and is pregnant with every Mischeif that can be conceived. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. By a clerical error this letter is addressed to Gov. George Clinton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, December 18, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Duty Returns by Brigades to be transmitted to the Orderly Office, next Wednesday, by twelve o'clock. The Inspectors of Divisions and Brigades will be very particular in digesting the places where and kind of duties their Troops are upon also the number at each place. They will likewise at the same time transmit abstracts of the number fit for action.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, December 19, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A critical and accurate inspection of the arms ammunition and accoutrements to be made as soon as possible and returns to be sent to the Assistant Inspector General agreeably to the Form herewith delivered, by the 27th. instant. These Returns to be made out regimentally and signed by the commanding officers of regiments which are to be digested regimentally into division returns and signed by the Division Inspectors. The Returns of the brigades in seperate stations to be signed by their respective brigade inspectors. It is to be distinctly specified where and how any arms &ca. may have been lost, at the bottom of the returns.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have this morning received Your Excellency's favor of the 15th: I have likewise had information from New York, that the enemy were preparing to make a move of some kind, but all my intelligences suppose that it will be a further detachment to the southward. Indeed, the situation of their affairs in that quarter seem to require a reinforcement. Should they however turn their views towards the Western parts of your State, I shall throw in as much Continental force as can be spared, consistent with the safety of these posts, to aid the Militia.
The scarcity of provision, [(especially of Flour of which we were sometimes without and frequently upon half and quarter allowance)] and the miserable condition which most of the Levies were in for want of Cloathing, have obliged me already to discharge the [greatest]33 part of them, and your Excellency must know that the terms of service of the whole will expire the last of this month. We shall then be reduced to the bare Garrison of West point and its dependencies, and the number of Men requisite to cover our communication, from the Southward, thro' Jersey. Thus Your Excellency must perceive, that should the Enemy move out while this River continues open, it will be in my power to afford but [very
[Note 33: In the letter sent this word is "greater."] little] assistance, without putting these valuable posts to a most imminent Risque.
The principal inducement with me in wishing to have Sheldons Regiment cantonned in the neighbourhood of Colchester was, that they might be at hand, should such an event, as you now apprehend, take place. Should I hear that the enemy have embarked, I shall communicate the intelligence to Your Excellency, that you may as soon as possible get rid of the inconvenience and expence of the Militia. I have the honor etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. The words in brackets in file draft, which is also by Tilghman, are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 19, 1780.
Dr. Sir: We have an Armoury at Albany at which all the Arms in this quarter have been constantly repaired to a very large amount, several of the Workmen are Citizens and as they are liable to be called out into the Militia service, they are every now and then taken off and the public Work thereby impeded. As they are so usefully employed, I would request your Excellency, if it can be done consistently, to grant those who are with Mr. Shephard35 the principal Armourer an exemption from Military duty while in his service. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 35: William Shepherd (Shephard). He was manager of the Continental Armory at Albany, N. Y.]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am favored with Yours of the 17th. and 18th. Inst. I am not sufficiently informed of the mode of transferring to the Corps of Invalids to give a definitive Answer; but as Mr. Frye37 is represented as a good Officer, I have no objection to his having leave of absence for the recovery of his health.
[Note 37: Lieut. Nathaniel Frye, of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
If the Levies who remain, are well cloathed, and capable of duty, it may be well to retain them while the River continues open and their services useful; otherwise to discharge them in the same manner as heretofore.
When the Officer with the Boats arrives at Murderer's Creek, he may report to the Quarter Master General, who will give directions for their being laid up.
I think it reasonable that the two recovered Prisoners38 you mention, should be exchanged for those proposed, which may accordingly be done.
[Note 38: Not named in Heath's letter.]
Tile Quarter Master General will send some Boards immediately, to finish the place for the reception of the Meat which is to be salted in bulk: and I have to request that very particular attention may be paid to the matter; lest the Meat should be damaged or totally spoiled by the uncommon warmth of the season.
I should also be obliged to you, if you will procure from Major Darby, or some other person acquainted with the construction of Boats, a written Description of such Flat-bottomed Boats as are most convenient to be transported on Carriages; it should be so intelligible as to be perfectly understood by Boat Builders, as it is designed for a Model to construct a number upon, in Virginia; And will be forwarded to Governor Jefferson at his particular request. [In the construction, two things are to govern; convenience of the Men, and the transportation of the Boats on Wheels. Major Darby, (under whose care the Boats were at Passaic) had an oppertunity to form his judgment on both these points and recommended a particular kind.] I am &c.39
[Note 39: In the writing of David Humphreys. The portion in brackets in the draft, which is also by Humphreys, is in the writing of Washington. The text above follows Washington's spelling and punctuation.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 40: Assistant Deputy Quartermaster.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 19, 1780.
Sir: I have received your Memorial of the 15th. As I think it reasonable that you should have a proper compensation for your services, I shall give the Quarter Master General directions to make you a suitable compensation, if you made no particular agreement with General Mcdougall, who first appointed you or with the late Qr. Mr. General.
There is very little Cloathing at present in the Store, but if you will apply, I will give you an order to procure such as there is. I am &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. Yours of the 5th. I hope by this time matters of supply are in better train in your quarter, and that they will continue with some regularity thro' the Winter. A comfortable supply of Cloathing will be sent up to the Line in a few days. Weisenfeld's Regt. drew their full proportion before they marched.
Upon a representation made to me by Mr. Shephard the Armourer at Albany, I have applyed to the Governor for an exemption from Military, duty, for those Citizens who are employed in the Works, and I do not doubt but he will grant it, if it can be done with propriety. Mr. Shephard mentions that the Works want many42 repairs to render them convenient to carry on the business during the Winter. You will be pleased to direct the Quarter Master to give him every assistance in his power: and I shall be obliged to you, for paying your attention to a Matter of so much consequence as having the damaged Arms repaired. You will also enquire every now and then into the State of Provision at Fort Schuyler, and take every opportunity of keeping the supply two or three Months at least before hand. I am &c.43
[Note 42: The draft at this point has the word "necessary."]
[Note 43: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 19, 1780.
Gentlemen: Inclosed you have Captn. Von Heers return of the Men, Horses, Accoutrements &c. in his troop. He will wait upon the Board himself and explain the Return, which is not very intelligible in its present form. I have directed Colo. Moylan to make his return immediately to you. Colo. Sheldons has not yet come to hand. I have your favr. of the 9th. The passport for the Flag Vessel had been forwarded previous to the rect. of it. I have the honor etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 19, 1780.
Sir: I do myself the honor of introducing to your Excellency the Viscount de Noiaelles45 and the Count de Damas, who intend to make a tour to the Northward on their return to the
[Note 45: Louis Marie, vicomte de Noailles.] Army at Newport. They are both Gentlemen of very particular Merit and of the first Rank in their Nation. I therefore recommend them in the warmest manner to your Excellency's attention. They are accompanied by the Chevalier du Plessis of the French Artillery with whom you are probably acquainted, as he served a considerable time in this Country with great reputation. I recommend him likewise to Your Excellencys Civilities. I have the honor etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qrs. New Windsor, December 19, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure of introducing to you the Chevr. de Chattelleaux47 Majr. Genl. in the French Army, and the Viscount de Noailles and the Count Damas who are anxious to see the Northern Frontier of New York, and may perhaps go as far as lake George. As they are Gentlemen of the first rank in France, I would wish every attention paid to them. You will be pleased to offer them an escort if they incline to go beyond Saratoga, and will recommend them to persons on whom they may confide as guides, or for any assistance of which they may stand in need. I am etc.48
[Note 47: Chastellux.]
[Note 48: The text is from a phostostat kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, December 20, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The court of enquiry whereof Colonel Hazen is President will assemble next wednesday the 27th. instant at West point at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Antill to examine into his conduct while with General Sullivan in his expedition to Staten Island.
Application to be made immediately by those lines and regiments which have made their cloathing returns for their first dividend of cloathing.
In Congress, September 25, 1780.
Plan for conducting the Inspector's department.
Whereas the institution of this department hath been found of great utility to the armies of these United States. ...49
[Note 49: The omission is a verbatim copy of tile lengthy resolve of Congress of Sept. 25, 1780, which may be seen in the Journals of the Continental Congress for that date.]
In Congress, December 4, 1780.
Resolved, That, instead of the additional pay allowed to officers of the inspector's department, by the resolution of Congress of the 25 September last, the following sums be allowed, viz.
To the adjutant general as assistant inspector, thirty five dollars per month:
To an assistant inspector in a separate army, thirty dollars per month:
To a lieutenant colonel, as inspector of a division, twenty five dollars per month:
To a major, as inspector of a brigade, twenty five dollars per month. It may happen in some instances that a captain may be Major of brigade, he will be entitled to the additional Pay as if a Major.
New Windsor, December 20, 1780.
Sir: At a time when the Army is about to undergo a material change; when Congress and the States individually, are disposed to establish it upon the best principles for the equal Administration of justice, and the preservation of the rights of the Officers, I am perswaded it will not be deemed presumptuous in me to offer any opinion, which in my judgment, may serve to promote either of these ends and render our Military system as unexceptionable as possible. Upon this ground therefore, I take the liberty of observing.
That promotion in our Army, according to the custom which prevails at present, is regimental to the rank of Captain; thence in each State line to the grade of Colonel, both Inclusive. I do not at this time recollect the inducements which led to regimental promotion, but as it has been found productive of many hard cases injurious to the feelings of Officers, I would propose that all promotion in the respective State lines to the rank of Colonels inclusive should be lineal. This may disappoint the hopes of a few Subalterns, who, perchance, stand high in the regiments they are newly arranged to, but can do no injustice to any of them, and will remedy the evils complained of; as every vacancy will then be filled by the Senior Officer of the next grade where there is no interposition in favour of extra merit, or exclusion for want of it.
A regulation like this, is so consonant to the principles of justice, and so agreeable to the wishes of the Army in general (as far as I have been able to collect the sentiments of it) that I think there can be no possible objection to the alteration proposed. By resignations (chiefly), death, and other casualties, we have instances, and not a few of them, of Serjeants even, in one regiment coming to the command of Companies before Lieutenants in another; this, though submitted to, has been the cause of much discontent, as it always hurts the feelings of an Officer to obey those whom he has commanded.
The Artillery and Cavalry have heretofore been considered in the same light as the line of a State, and rose accordingly; that is regimentally to the rank of Captn. and in their respective lines afterwards, and this mode I presume must still be continued, or their rise made wholly regimental (as the regiments are from different States) otherwise the Officers of different States would very soon get blended together, wch. does not seem to be the intention of Congress by their apportioning of them to particular States, nor do I believe it to be the wish of the Officers; but to avoid discontent, and the disputes which will arise from clashing interests, it is indispensably necessary to lay down some principle of promotion, declaring it to be lineal, or regimental wholly, or partly, as is mentioned before.
It is more difficult, and may be more delicate for me to express a sentiment respecting the promotion of Colonels, and General Officers; but as the good of the Service and the peace of the Army require that some principle should be established, by which these promotions should be governed, I have no doubt of its being done. The custom of appointing the Senior Colonels in each State line to be Brigadiers (where the number of Regiments are sufficient to form a Brigade, or more) has obtained consistency, and gives general satisfaction; but the appointment of Major Generals seems to be under no fixed government; for it sometimes happens by seniority, at other times by State, and has been a source of much discontent; threatening the loss of very good Officers. I see but two ways by which the promotion of Major Generals can take place upon any fixed or satisfactory ground, and if there is not a known rule for it, and irregular promotions happen, the Service I am certain will be injured by it; because Officers of their rank will not, nor cannot submit to a Junior, unless there is some established principle to reconcile it to their feelings. The one is by seniority wholly; the other by seniority and States jointly. As thus: If Congress shall judge it consistent with justice and policy to allow Major Generals to the States which have more Brigades than one in the field, let them rise in their own State line by Seniority, as other Officers do, and as this will not furnish a sufficient number for the Service (as there will be wanting for seperate commands; for the Wings of the Army; light Infantry &ca.) let the deficiency be taken from the Senior Brigadiers of the whole line, to be succeeded by the oldest Colonels of the State lines from whence they are taken. The first mode gives, in all cases, the Senior Brigadiers for Major Generals. The second, allows each State a compleat Corps of Officers to its quota of Men, and entitles every Brigadier in the line besides, to promotion, according to the date of his Commission. Which of these modes, or whether either of them will be adopted by Congress is submitted to their better judgment; all I aim at, is to have some system established by wch. we may harmonize; for there is nothing more certain than that the promotion of junior Officers over the heads of Seniors, unless it is agreeable to some known and established principle, never fails to produce a great deal of discontent, ill blood, and party, which are always injurious.
As I have gone so far into this subject, of promotion, there is one point more I would beg leave to touch upon, and that is with respect to the Colonels of the smallest States, whose quota of Troops does not entitle them to a Brigadier, and who without some relief are not only cut of from all hope of promotion, the object of a Soldiers desire; but after years of faithful Service, experience the frequent mortifications of seeing themselves passed by; this must be exceedingly grating to a deserving Officer, and is a personal injury, because the State having but one Regiment can have no claim to a Brigadier; for remedy however of the evil, and the sake of justice, I would, with all due deference, suggest the propriety of promoting them, and others in like circumstances, to the Rank of Brigadiers whenever they shall become the Senior Colonels of the whole line, and Brigadiers are wanting, which may often be the case for extra Service, Command of the light Infantry &ca.
Congress will readily perceive that all these are expedients to accommodate matters (in the best manner the nature of the case will admit of) to the system of State Troops; for if we were one Army instead of a confederated Army, lineal promotion by the common course of succession, where merit or demerit did not interfere, would be the easiest, simplest, and most equitable of any; but as this is not the case, and we are considered as a federal body we have three interests to attend to; viz. the common interest; State interest; and individual interest. Whether any of the expedients I have proposed are likely to answer the ends in view, is submitted with all possible deference, and without further apology by. Your, etc.
PS. 26th. This letter has been unavoidably delayed for want of a conveyance.50
[Note 50: The letter was read in Congress on Jan. 1, 1781, and referred to John Sullivan James Mitchell Varnum, and Theodorick Bland. On February 1 Alexander McDougal was added to the committee. The draft, which is in the writing of Washington, date the P.S. the 27th.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: I am extremely unhappy that our want of Magazines, and precarious mode of supply, subject us, to such repeated inconveniencies and distresses; but hope the flour from Ringwood or Red hook will arrive soon, to give at least a temporary relief. By the general Return of the Issues, I observe the number of Rations to be much greater than I apprehended and that they do not diminish in the proportion, I expected from discharging the Levies: I wish you therefore to have a critical examination made into this matter; that from comparative view of the number of Men, and Rations, should there be any abuses, they might be corrected.
The step you have taken, upon hearing that Delancy was collecting his Corps, was certainly very proper. I have also received a Letter from Governor Trumbull, advising, that he is informed the Enemy are meditating a blow against Connecticut, and requesting in that case, such aid as we are able to afford; which renders it still more necessary that the Troops you have put under marching Orders, should be held in constant readiness; and that the Officers on the Lines should be directed to use the greatest vigilance, and communicate the earliest intelligence to you.
You will please to give directions for Col Spencers and Col James Livingston's Regts to apply for their proportion of Cloathing.
There is a quantity of blue Strouds in the Store, which might be made into Coats, if the trimmings could be obtained. Should the State Clothiers of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, or Connecticut be able to furnish the necessary Materials the Cloth may be issued. I am &c.51
[Note 51: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 20, 1780.
Dear Sir: Inclosed are the Returns called for in your Excellency's letter of the 27th: ulto. Colo. Sheldon is directed to make that of his Regiment immediately to you. That, with those now transmitted, will, I believe, include all the Men belonging to the State of Connecticut, who are serving in any department of the Continental Army. I have the honor etc.52
[Note 52: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Hd. Qrs., New Windsor, December 20, 1780.
Sir: A few days since, by the Chevr. De Chatteleaux, I had the honor to receive your favor of the 19th. of March introductory of him, and thank you for bringing me acquainted with a gentn. of his merit, knowledge, and agreeable manners. I spent several days very happily with him, at our Camp near the great Falls of Passaic in New Jerseys before the Army seperated for its cantonments, the principle of which is at West point in the vicinity of this place where I make my own Quarters.
Disappointed of the second division of French Troops; but more especially in the expected Naval superiority which was the pivet upon wch. every thing turned, we have been compelled to spend an inactive Campaign after a flattering prospect at the opening of it, and vigorous struggles to make it a decisive one on our part. Latterly we have been obliged to become Spectators of a succession of detachments from the Army at New York, in aid of Lord Cornwallis; while our Naval weakness, and the political dissolution of a large part of our Army, puts it out of our power to counteract them at the Southward, or take advantage of them here.
The movements of Lord Cornwallis during the last Month or two have been retrogade; what turn the late reinforcements which have been sent to him may give to his Affairs, remains to be known. I have reinforc'd also, principally with Horse, but the length of the March is so much opposed to the measure, that evy. corps, in a greater or lesser degree, is ruined that encounters it.
I am happy however in assurg. you, that a better disposition never prevailed in the Legislatures of the several States than does at this time. The folly of temporary expedients are seen into and exploded, and vigorous efforts will be used to obtain a permanent Army, and carry on the War systematically, if the obstinacy of Great Britain should compel us to continue it. We want nothing but the aid of a loan to enable us to put our Finance into a tolerable train. The Country does not want resources, but we the means of drawing them forth.
It is unnecessary for me to go into a more detail acct. of our affairs, as you are doubtless officially advised of every material occurrence. I shall therefore only add my Compliments to Mr. Adams, and the strongest assurances of being, With the greatest esteem etc.
New Windsor, December 20, 1780.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your Excellency's favor of the 14th. by the Chevr. du Plessis. It is not in my power to determine whether it was the intent of Congress to extend the allowance of half pay for life to those Gentn. who hold Brevet Commissions in the American Army and at the same time retain their Ranks and are actually employed in that of their own Country. Should it however be the sense of Congress, that Foreign Officers who come under the above description, are entitled to half pay at the expiration of the War. I shall take a particular pleasure in securing that allowance to Colonels Fleury and du Plessis not only on account of their singular merit, but because your Excellency has been pleased to interest yourself in their behalf. I have the honor etc.53
[Note 53: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Errang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 21
December 22, 1780--April 26, 1781
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
LC
E312
.7
1931
Washingtoniana
PRINTED
JULY, 1937
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
DEC 28 1937
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 22, 1780.
Sir: I do myself the honor to enclose Your Excellency, the Extract of a Letter which I have just received from Governor Clinton,1 and which I beg leave to recommend strongly to the attention of Congress, as by this energetic Exertion of the State of New York the Army will probably be kept from dissolution. We have not for some time received a Barrel of Flour from the Southward, except a few hundreds from the Bank, and I cannot learn that there is any upon the communication. Thus we are of necessity thrown upon the State of New York for this Winter's supply of Bread, and for that reason, every aid and assistance should be given to the Agent to enable him to comply with his contracts. Should Col. Hay be even successful in his impress, I dread the consequences of not having established Magazines in time. The Garrison of West Point, have not a day's Flour beforehand, and the Weather
[Note 1: An extract of Governor Clinton's letter to Washington (Dec. 15, 1780) is filed with Washington's letter to Congress in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original letter is in the Washington Papers. Clinton issued his impress warrant to Col. Udny Hay for upwards of 4,000 barrels of flour for the Army. He authorized Hay to engage to replace the flour or pay the current price for it within a short time; but as the New York treasury was empty, he asked Washington to obtain money from Congress for the purchasing officers, "as it will greatly assist our Exertions which it may be necessary to make on any future emergency. Indeed if the Agent could by any Means have a small Supply of Cash it would enable him to relieve us as far as the Resources of the State would extend from our present Embarrassments."] threatens a stoppage of Navigation. While the Ice is insufficient to bear Carriages, it will be difficult to throw in supplies, even were they collected, as the Roads leading to the Point are, in a manner, impassible in the Winter. By Letters from Rhode Island, I am informed of the death of the Chevalier de Ternay, he is succeeded by the Chevalier Destouche. I have the honor etc.2
[Note 2: In the writing of David Humphreys The letter was read in Congress on December 29 and referred to William Floyd, Jesse Root, George Clymer, Abraham Clark, and Samuel Adams.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 22, 1780.
Sir: I had, a few days ago, the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 4th. Inst. I am sorry that your indisposition obliges you to seek the benefit of your native Air, which I hope will soon re establish your health.
I very sensibly feel your warm expressions of esteem, which let me assure you is mutual on my part. I [avail myself of the permission you have given to trouble you with a letter to Doctr. Franklin and wishing] you a safe and pleasant passage, and a happy sight of your family and friends in France. I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: I received your favr. of the 17th. by two of the Carpenters employed at Wappins Creek. You will be pleased to supply those who have families with a reasonable quantity of Meat, Flour and salt on account of their Wages; giving an Acct. of the quantity furnished to each, to Colo. Hughes that he may be enabled to make the proper deduction at a settlement.
I find that the Water Casks in the Works cannot be conveniently spared. They are not in use now, but it may happen that they may be wanted at a very short notice, and the worst consequences might ensue, should they be out of the way at such time.
I shall be glad to hear how you are like to succeed in procuring Flour. I am &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 5: Of Rhode Island.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 22, 1780.
Sir: I have received the Proceedings of the Convention at Hartford,6 which you did me the honor to inclose. It is but just to acknowledge, that I was much pleased with the salutary measures recommended, and cannot but flatter myself, if carried into execution, they will be attended with very happy consequences. I have the honor etc.7
[Note 6: The convention of delegates from the New England States, in November, 1780, which considered measures to obtain men and supplies for the war.]
[Note 7: The draft is m the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 22, 1780.
Dear Sir: Your Excellency's favor of the 15th: did not reach me 'till this morning. I immediately dispatched an extract from it to Congress, and very warmly recommended to them the necessity of supporting Colo. Hay in the performance of his Contracts. I most sincerely hope we may find him successful in the impress, for I see no dependance upon any other quarter.
I had, two days ago, directed a very liberal allowance of all kind of Cloathing (except Coats, of which he got about 200 very good) to be delivered to your State Cloathier, for the four Regiments near Albany. Weissenfeldts had a compleat supply previous to going to Fort Schuyler. We shall fall very short of the necessary quantity of Coats; few of the troops have had any delivered to them this season. We expect about two thousand from Boston, and unless we should have an arrival from France, that will be our whole stock. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: ln the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photograph of the original in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 9: Mrs. Samuel Blair (née Shippen).]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 22, 1780.
Madam: I had the pleasure, a few days ago, of receiving your favor of the 8th: inst. I am to thank you, in behalf of the Army, for the trouble you have taken in prosecuting the very benevolent business begun by the late worthy and amiable Mrs. Reed. You will be good enough to deliver the shirts which are made to Colo. Miles Dy. Qt. M. Genl. in Philada. who will have my [particular orders to forwd. them on to the Pensa. line (at Mors: Town) and to this place]. I have a sum of money which was sent to me by the Ladies of Trenton, and which I shall take the liberty of forwarding to you by the first safe opportunity, with a request to dispose of it in the same manner as the [donation of the Ladies of Pensylvania.] My Compliments to Mr. Blair, whose indisposition I hope will be but of short continuance. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 23, 1780.
Sir: Mrs. Blair will deliver you about two thousand soldiers shirts, the productions of the Contributions of the Ladies, for the supply of the Army. You will be pleased to have these put up in tight Casks in the following proportions: eight hundred to be directed and forwarded to Genl. Wayne or Officer commanding the Penna. line, near Morris town; two hundred to Colo. Shreve or Officer commandg. the Jersey line near Pompton. The remainder to the Deputy Cloathier Genl. at Newburgh. You will inform each of the above, at the time of forwarding, from whence the shirts came. I shall give more particular directions for their distribution. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, December 23, 1780.
Dr Sir: Some days ago, General McDougall informed me, that a Majr. Hayes (I think that was the name), or Hughes, had suggested to him, that the Inhabitants of West chester County could, without inconvenience to themselves, spare at least Ten thousand Bushels of Indian Corn and Five hundred Tons of Hay; and that a number of Pettiaugua's sent to the nearest good Landings to the Foragers (but not too low for fear of loosing them) would aid the Waggons, and get it off with much ease.
This measure, though desirable at all times and particularly so in our circumstances, I postponed, because I thought it would interfere too much with the building of Hutts, and injure the Men on that acct.; but if it was possible for you now, or before the river closes (thereby preventing the aid of the water craft), to avail the Garrison of this resource, it ought by no means to be neglected, as it may have a double operation; serving us, and injuring the enemy. Genl. McDougal added, if I recollect right, that the People would receive certificates; but their not doing it, should be no bar to our obtaining what they can spare.
He mentioned Colo. Hull as a fit Officer to command, or at least to be with the Foraging Party, from his perfect knowledge of the Country, and People. Hayes, or Hughes might also be useful in the execution of such a project; and if I remember right, he told he now was, or had been in the Qr. Masters department. but more particular information may be had of the person from Genl. McDougal.
Having received information that a good road might be opened to the Garrison on the West side of the river, and knowing the indispensable necessity of it in case of Frost, I have employed Captn. Machin to mark it out, and when done you will please to order a party to work on it, as it may become essential (as there is no Magazine at West point) to the existance of the Garrison, when the river closes. I am &c.
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, December 23, 1780.
Sir: You will take command of such of the Detachments of Water Guards, now on the River, as you may think necessary, and with them attempt to surprise and bring off, Genl Knyphausen from Morris's House on York Island, or Sir Henry Clinton from Kennedy's House in the City; if from the Tide, Weather, and other Circumstances you shall judge the Enterprise to be practicable.12 In the execution of it, you will be guided by Your own discretion, and I have only to suggest, that secrecy rapidity, and prudence in making good your retreat will be indispensably necessary to insure the success.
[Note 12: The attempt failed on account of the high winds winch prevailed the night of December 25, when it was made. The boats were driven below the city and one of them forced down nearly to Sandy Hook. (See Magazine of American History, x., 413, 414. Under flare of Dec. 23, 1780, in the Washington Papers, is Humphreys's "Memorandum of a Plan, for surprising, and bringing off Genl. Knyphausen," etc)]
Colonel Humphrys is directed to visit the Post at Dobbs' Ferry, to reconnoitre and report the state of Matters below. He will take such of the Guard Boats with him as he thinks necessary.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The date is in the writing of Washington, The last paragraph is evidently intended as a separate instruction which Humphreys was to use as a blind to keep the expedition from becoming known.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 23, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 8th: Inst. from Newport and 13th. from Boston. I am obliged by your communication of the letter from the Commanding Officer at St. Domingo, but cannot help being anxious for the safety of Monsr. Monteiul's14 Squadron.
[Note 14: François Aymar, Baron de Monteil, chef d'escadre, French Navy. He commanded the French squadron in cooperation with the Spaniards in the expedition against Pensacola, Fla., and was present at Yorktown in 1781.]
The intelligence brought by the Vessel from Nantes to Boston is very interesting. I am in hopes that the Captain has good Grounds for what he has reported.15 The change in the French Marine Department may, I believe, be depended upon, as it comes by a Vessel lately arrived at Philada. Should the 2d. division of your Excellency's Army arrive in the course of
[Note 15: The report was that an armament was preparing to sail from Brest, consisting of the Ville de Paris, of 100 guns, three 80's, three 74's, one 64, three supply ships, and 30 transports, with troops.] the Winter, I can think of no position which will better answer our general Views than the Towns in Connecticut which you have pitched upon for their quarters.
The Baron Viomenil16 has acquainted me with the sudden death of the Chevalier de Ternay; an event which I extremely regret. His loss, however, will be less felt, as the Baron informs me that his successor, the Chevalier Destouches, is an Officer of approved reputation.
[Note 16: Antoine Charles du Houx, Baron de Vioménil. He was marechal camp and second in command to Comte de Rochambeau, of the French Army in America.]
If your Excellency's tour to Boston was solely with a view to improvement, perhaps it is to our advantage that you will have found few traces of Works hastily thrown up by very inexperienced soldiers, and which, were they standing, would only serve to betray our ignorance of Military matters at that time of day.
[A Detachment has embarked at New York but had not sailed when I last heard from that place. A change has happened in the Troops. The Grenadiers and light Infantry after having prepared for Embarkatn. were Countermanded and some other Corps and drafts to the amt. of, as is said, 2500 Men are on board in lieu of them.] I have the honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 23, 1780.
Sir: I have been honored with your letter of the 15th. announcing the sudden death of death Chevr e Ternay. I extremely regret this event, as from the short acquaintance which I had an opportunity of making with that Gentleman I had conceived a high opinion of his Merit. I am pleased to hear that the command of his Most Christian Majesty's squadron devolves upon an Officer of whom you speak so favorably as you do of the Chevalier Destouches.
I feel very sensibily your expressions of esteem for me, and I beg leave to assure you that I shall take every opportunity of convincing you that I am, With great Respect etc.
I immediately forwarded your dispatches by Express to the Minister of France.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Saturday, December 23, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Regimental Surgeons are requested to transmit weekly Returns of the sick, to the Orderly Office, every Saturday directed to the Chief Physician and Surgeon of the army, only specifying the number and the particular diseases under which they labor; all who have been sent to the hospitals and all who have died.
The commanding officers of divisions, brigades or separate Posts, are requested to see the above order strictly complied with.
Those of the Pennsylvania and Jersey troops will deliver theirs to Doctor Latimer19 at Morristown.
[Note 19: Dr. Henry Latimer. He was Hospital Physician and Surgeon of the Continental Army and served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 23, 1780.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your favor of the 15th. instant announcing the death of the Chevalier de Ternay, and informing me that you succeed to the command of his Most Christian Majesty's Squadron at New port.
I shall esteem myself happy in an opportunity of making a personal acquaintance with a Gentleman of your Merit; In the meantime I beg you will assure yourself that I am, etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Sunday, December 24, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a General court martial whereof Colonel H. Jackson was President, held at Westpoint the 16th. instant, Mr. Benjamin Stevens, issuing Commissary at Fishkill, was tried for "Refusing to deliver provisions to Arch. Leake, waggoner of the Hospital on the order of the Steward of the Hospital at Fishkill on which he usually issued, because he, the said Leake, would not receipt in figures for said provision, and also for taking receipts in figures for provisions issued on orders for an indefinite quantity for the said Hospital."
The court having considered the nature of the charge against Mr. Stevens are of opinion that he is not censurable and do therefore Acquit him.
The Commander in Chief approves the acquittal, but cannot however help remarking that if the order drawn upon Mr. Stevens by Mr. White21 the Steward of the Hospital was illegal he should have refused to answer it upon that account and not have insisted upon sending the hospital waggoner back for an order from Mr. Hunt the Commissary except he would receipt in figures.
[Note 21: Aaron(?) White.]
As this Mode, if admitted in any cases whatever, opens a door to Fraud, the General takes this occasion of directing the Commissary General of issues to order his deputies to make it an invariable rule to give and take all Receipts with the specific quantities expressed at large, in words and not figures.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 24, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with yours of the 16th. The Resolve which you inclosed had been forwarded to me by His Excellency the president of Congress and General Knox was in consequence, directed to appoint a Field Officer of Artillery to the duty recommended. Lt. Colo. Forrest is the Officer. I have the honor etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 23: Towns of Newbury, Norwich, Hanover, Dresden, and Cornish. The town of Newbury's representation is dated December 8: that of Norwich, Hanover, and Dresden, December 11; and that of Cornish, December 12.-- Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 25, 1780.
Gentlemen: I have received the representations signed by you, in behalf of your respective towns, by Brigadier General Bayley, to whom I have communicated my situation in regard to Troops, and consequently of my inability to send any part of the Continental force to the assistance of your Frontier. This being a matter of too delicate a nature to commit it to paper, in detail, I must refer you to him generally. I have given an order for some ammunition to be delivered to General Bayley for the Use of the Militia, which is all that is in my power to do just now. The collection of small private Magazines of Flour at different places, and as far as convenience will admit from the reach of the Enemy, is what I would by all means recommend to you. They will be essentially necessary for the support of your own Militia should circumstances require you to embody them,24 and should you not have occasion, they may be always readily disposed of.
[Note 24: At this point in the draft following is crossed off: "and should the state of the Continental Army, the next Campaign, admit of our either carrying on offensive operations in that quarter, or of sending up Men merely to act on the defensive, such Magazines will be of the greatest service."]
It would give me the greatest pleasure, were I furnished with the Means, to afford succour and support to every part of our extended Frontier, but you will be convinced, from the representation which I have made to General Bayley and which he will communicate to you, that I am not able at this time to detach a Man for the purposes which you desire. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 25, 1780.
Dear Sir: The time of the reform of Livingstons and Spencers Regiments is so near at hand, that you will be pleased immediately to relieve the Posts at Kings ferry which they at present occupy with a Captain and fifty to each. I would wish you to make choice of good Officers, because I think it will be better to let them remain the Winter, than to be often changing.
Inclosed you have the Returns of the two Regiments specifying the States to which the Men belong. You will have those of Pennsylvania and Jersey marched under the care of one of the Officers to those lines near Pompton and Morris Town. The few belonging to Maryland may go with them and be delivered to Colo. Weltner commanding the German Battalion, who will be found either at Sufferans or with the Jersey line near Pompton.
A Captain Marshall26 of the New York line was left purposely to take care of and carry forward the Men of that State. You will therefore deliver them to him. Those of the Eastern States will join the respective Lines.
[Note 26: Capt. Elihu Marshall, of the Second New York Regiment, He retired in January, 1781.]
You will desire Colo. Livingston and the Officer commanding Spencers to make me very accurate Returns of the Names and Ranks of the Officers at the time of dissolution, that they may be transmitted to the Board of War, in order to be registered upon the half pay list. I am &c.27
[Note 27: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
New Windsor, December 26, 1780.
My dear Sir: I received with much thankfulness your confidential letter of the 9th. Instr.28 and am greatly obliged by the affectionate expressions of personl. regard wch are contained in it. An unreserved communication of Sentiments, accompanying such information as you are at liberty to give, will ever be pleasing to me, and cannot fail of being useful, in this light I view, and value, your last letter; some parts of wch are new, agreeable and instructive, while that part of it wch. relates to the transactn. at the Ct. of V--is wonderfully astonishing.29
[Note 28: In the Washington Papers.]
[Note 29: Court of Versailles. "Speculators...not contented with the infinite Evils which they have entailed on their Country...have practiced their Arts on the Cabinet of France; and with such Success that one of our ministers received a formal Intimation that the Chevalier dc la Luzerne would be instructed to remonstrate against the Act of the 18th of March as a violation of publick faith, and an Injury to the trading part of that Nation which ought to be repaired. Mr. Adams has acquired Applause by a Memorial to Count de Vergennes on this Subject full of Good Sense and dignity....The Capital Figure which the french factors made in drawing on the Depreciation and their Avarice in striving to exact Specie for the nominal Sums of the Bills; when it is notorious that they raised the price of their Commodities in proportion to the current Exchange are exposed....I am perswaded that this Seasonable Representation will remove every prejudice, and prevent the Effects of an Attempt big with Ruin."-- Duane to Washington, Dec. 9, 1780. (See Wharton, Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, 3, 805--844.)]
There are two things (as I have often declared) which in my opinion, are indispensably necessary to the well being and good Government of our public Affairs; these are, greater powers to Congress, and more responsibility and permanency in the executive bodies. If individual States conceive themselves at liberty to reject, or alter any act of Congress, which in a full representation of them, has been solemnly debated and decided on; it will be madness in us, to think of prosecuting the War. And if Congress suppose, that Boards composed of their own body, and always fluctuating, are competent to the great business of War (which requires not only close application, but a constant and uniform train of thinking and acting) they will most assuredly deceive themselves. Many, many instances might be adduced in proof of this, but to a mind as observant as yours there is no need to enumerate them. One however, as we feelingly experience it, I shall name. It is the want of cloathing, when I have every reason to be convinced that the expence wch. the Public is run to in this article would Cloath our Army as well as any Troops in Europe; in place of it, we have enumerable objects of distresg. want.
Necessity alone can justify the present mode of obtaining supplies; for besides the hazard and difficulty we meet with in procuring them, I am well convinced, that the public is charged with dble. what it receives, and what it receives is doubly charged so expensive and precarious is the prest. System. When the Army marched for Winter Quarters, I visited the Hospitals and back communication from Pensa. to this place. In the Neighbourhood of Pitts town, I fell in with a parcel of Cattle that were going to be slaughtered and Salted; and can assure you upon my honor, that besides being immensely poor, they were so small that I am convinced they would not average 175 lbs. the 4 nett quarters. some could not exceed One hundd. weight, and others were mere Calves. These pass by the head and the State, or States that furnish them, will have the reputation of supplying that Numbr. of Merchantable Bullocks, when the fact is, that next Summer a starving man wd. scarce eat the Beef they were about to put up after the Salt had extracted the little fat and juices that were in it; there were about 100 in the drove I saw, and my information extended to abt. 8 or 900 more of the same kind, in the neighbourhood. I directed the Commissary to select the best for Salting, and let the others be eaten fresh, as it would be a waste of Salt, Barrels and time to put it up. I relate this as a matter coming under my own observation, many other instances of a similar nature might be given from information, but I avoid it.
This letter will accompany one to Congress on the subject of promotion. That of lineal, instead of Regimental, I am perswaded, as well from the opinions I have heard, as from the reason and nature of the thing; will be most consistt. with justice and most pleasing to each State line. With respect to the rise of Colonels and promotion of General Officers, I have no wish to gratify, except that which I have expressed in my public letter of fixing some principle, to avoid discontent and the consequences which flow from it. Irregular promotion, unless there is obvious cause for it, is not only injurious in any Service, but in ours is derogatory of the dignity of Congress for the Officer who is superceded and afterwards restored, is hurt by the first act and does not feel himself obliged by the latter (considering it as an act of justice only); while the two acts stands as an undeniable proof on record, that there is an establishd principle wanting, or that there is a want of information, or a want of firmness in Congress to resist importunity because the restoring act, as I have obsd. is an incontestable proof of one or the other of these three things.
At present we are in no want of Major Generals, in this part of the Army at least; but while I am on the subject of promotion, and while the thing is in my mind, I will beg leave to mention, that if at any time hereafter, there should be a Brigr., junr. to Genl. Knox, promoted before him, he will be lost to the Service; tho' he should, thereafter, be restored to his place. I mention it because under the idea of State promotion he can never rise, and because I am well perswaded that the want of him at the head of the Artillery, would be irrepairable.
I cannot conclude without mentioning the case of Lt. Colo. Smith as deserving of notice, if a remedy can be applied. This Gentn. is of the remaining Sixteen Regiments, and through one of the oldest and (without disparagement to others) one of the best Battalion Officers of the whole line, must quit the Service without a chance of staying altho' he is extremely anxious to do so. He has, during the last Campaign, been in the Inspectorate department where I think he may still be continued in his present Rank without injury to any one, to his own satisfaction, and the public benefit, without locating his services to any particular Corps, but to be employed as circumstances may require.
Mrs. Washington, impressed with a grateful sence of your kind intention of accompanying her to Trenton, joins me in thanks for it, and complimts. to you. Mr. Tilghman (the only person of my family at this motor. with me) also prests. his compts. with every Sentimt. of estm. etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 26, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 20th. By the incorporation of the 1st. and 3d. Regiments, the command of them both devolves upon Colo. Vanschaick, and as the importance of Fort Schuyler requires an Officer of Rank, you will be pleased to direct the Colonel himself to repair to that post and relieve Colonel Weisenfelds. You will also direct a suitable number of Captains and Subs to replace those who are to retire. The Garrison should be kept up to about 250 Men.
Major Logan30 has come out of New York and I am told is expected here this day. I am not certain whether Lt. Colo. Bruin31 has yet come out. I am &c.32
[Note 30: Maj. Samuel Logan, of the Fifth New York Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Fort Montgomery in October, 1777, retired in January, 1781, served subsequently as major of New York levies.]
[Note 31: Lieut. Col. Jacobs S. Bruyn (Bruin), of the Fifth New York Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Fort Montgomery in October, 1777; transferred to the Third New York Regiment in July, 1780; retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 32: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
New Windsor, December 26, 1780.
My dear Marqs: Since my letter of the 14th. Instr. by Majr. Franks, (for the Post once a Week and, travellers accidentally, are all the conveyances I have), your favours of the 16th. and 19th. are both come to hand.
My Sentiments respecting your serving in the Southern Army this winter, were fully, though concisely explained in my last. if I was to add aught to the opinion there given, it should be to wait (as we are hourly expecting it) something more explicit from France. It is impossible for us to remain much longer in uncertainty with respect to the Second division of French Troops. Vessels daily arriving from that Kingdom, tho' they may not bring us official advices, must realize, or destroy our hope of an early succour. In a letter which came to my hands a few days ago from Count De Rochambeau, dated at Boston the 13th. Instt. are these Words "On arriving at this place I found very interesting News brought by an American Vessel which left the River of Nantz the 4th. of Novr. She has given me the annexed list of Vessels which are coming from Brest, destined for America, with a Convoy which is preparing at Brest. She tells me that there is a change in our Ministry. That Mr. Sartine retires, and that Monsr. de Castres33 succeeds him. That the Mars, and American Vessel of 20 Guns would depart a little time after her, charged with dispatches for us. Although there is something extraordinary in all this News, it appears to me so circumstantial, that it gives an Air of truth to what regards the Armament. He adds, that all the other Vessells had rejoined the Spaniards at Cadiz, to attempt the reduction of Gibralter, which was short of Provisions."
[Note 33: Charles Eugene Gabriel de la Croix, Marquis de Castries. He was French Minister of Marine.]
I have received no Letter yet from the Count in answer to mine respecting the Expedition of the Spaniards to the Southward. The Chevr. de Ternay, to whom my letter was equally addressed, is dead, as you will have learnt from the dispatches which I forwarded to the Minister a few days ago. If circumstances, which you can easier explain than I conjecture, should make a visit from me to Rhode Island necessary, I certainly should be most happy in your company. but do not let this influence your determinations.
The light Infantry and Grenadiers which were under orders for Embarkation at New York and had actually prepared for it, were countermanded, and other Troops sent in their place; but whether Knyphausen goes, or not, since this change has taken place, I am not able to say.
A confirmation of the British Fleet, in the Channel, having suffered by a Storm, and of the African Princes having excluded the British arm'd vessels from their Ports, as also of Tarltons defeat,34 would be most welcomly reed. I had the pleasure of the Chevr. de Chatteleaux's Company on his way to Albany, but the Viscount de Noailles and Count Damas passed, on the other side of the River, without calling. Mrs. Washington, and Tilghman (who is the only person of my family that is with me at present) join in best wishes to you. please to make an offering of my respectful complimts. to the Chevr. De la Luzerne and Mr Marbois, and believe me to be, as I really am, My Dear Marqs. &c.
[Note 34: At Blackstock's Hill,. S. C., Brig. Gen. Thomas Sumter defeated Col. Banastre Tarleton on Nov. 20, 1780.]
New Windsor, December 26, 1780.
Sir: I have perused the letter and Certificate you were pleased to put into my hands last Evening. I am sorry that I cannot, consistently with my own Ideas, recommend you for further promotion at this time. My sentiments on this head you arc already acquainted with, from what has passed between us, and from what I wrote to Congress or the Board of War last Winter or Spring. I have, as I then observed, a very high opinion of your merit and military talents, and hope they will not go unrewarded; but such rapid promotion as you sollicit, without some very obvious cause, would afford ground of complaint to Officers of older standing than yourself in the Army.
At the time that I make this declaration, I think it incumbent upon me to add, that tho' I cannot promote your application to Congress or the Board of War for preferment, I have not the smallest objection to your making it yourself, and claiming the compliance with a promise already obtained from the latter.
It is not your present Rank, I believe, that would be a bar to your being appointed Inspector of Cavalry. If there is any, it is your not being of the Corps. One of the Majors of the line of Horse, having, by the Regulations, a right to insist upon the appointment. It is my wish, if it can be accommodated, to see you in that Office, because I think you well qualified to discharge the duties of it. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 27, 1780.
Sir: I am informed by Colo. Hamilton that the Board of War have it in contemplation to break up the Armoury at Albany, or put it upon some other foundation. This was the first I had heard of it. I will make enquiry into the matter, and, if possible, have a Work of so much utility continued at so convenient a place as Albany. Colo. Hamilton also mentioned that you were in want of leather for the Works, but could not obtain it without a special order. I for that reason inclose one on the Deputy Commy. of Hydes to supply you with the quantity necessary.
I am pleased to find by the letter which accompanied your last Return, that you had got the Armourers to work again. I am &c.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: The inclosed are the dimensions of the most convenient Flat Boats, either for transportation upon carriages, or for transporting Men. The plan was given to me by an Officer who has made experiments with those of different kinds.
The Transports, with the embarkation which I mentioned in mine of the 9th., fell down to the Hook on the 19th. instant, and as the Wind was fair, it is supposed they went to sea the same day. The British Grenadiers and Infantry had been under orders to embark, but for some reason they were countermanded and other Corps substituted. I have little doubt of their having gone to the southward. I have the honor etc.36
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 27, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have nothing to communicate, but that the detachment which I mentioned in mine of the 13th, on board about twenty transports fell down to the Hook on the 19th. and it is supposed went to sea the same day. The numbers in this detachment are variously reported. The Grenadiers and Infantry were once under orders, but they were countermanded and other Corps substituted. I have little doubt of their being bound to the southward and I should think they would not send under two thousand from the appearance of the situation of their affairs in that quarter. Whenever I gain more certain intelligence, it shall be transmitted to you by Dear Sir &c.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 27, 1780.
Sir: In my letter of the 13th instant, I did myself the honor to inform Congress, that an embarkation was preparing at New York, and that it was to consist, in part, of the British Grenadiers and Light Infantry. I have since learned, from some of our Officers who have been exchanged, that those Corps were once under embarkation orders, but that there had been a change, and others substituted in their room. I have not yet been able to ascertain the Corps, but they amount, by the best accounts to about 2500. The Fleet, with those troops on board, fell down to the Hook on Wednesday last, and, as the Wind was fair, it is thought they went to sea the same day or the next. My distance from New York prevents me from obtaining so frequent intelligence as before, but I hope, in a few days, to hear of their real Force and destination. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have recd. your Excellency's favr. of the 16th: the Resolve of the 12. respecting the Garrison at Wyoming shall be complied wide.38
[Note 38: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Because of Connecticut's claim to Wyoming lands in Pennsylvania and the resultant State broils, the Commander in Chief, by a resolve of Congress of Dec. 12, 1780, Was directed to continue the Continental garrison at Wyoming. (See Washington's letter to Col. Zebulon Butler, Dec. 29, 1780.)]
Thursday, December 28, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a General court martial whereof Lieutenant Colonel Forrest was President, held by order of the Honorable the Board of War in Philadelphia the 6th. of December 1780: Mr. Thomas Dewees, Barrack master, was tried on the following charges vizt. 1st. "Neglect of duty" 2d. "For a partial distribution of wood." 3d. "For undertaking an office he was not qualified to hold having never taken the Oath of Allegiance to the United States or any particular State." 4th. "For not taking the Oath of Office before he acted according to a resolution of Congress of the 15th. of July last." 5th. "For selling public wood to the prejudice of the service."
The Court, after having maturely considered the Evidence both for and against the Prisoner, do acquit him of the first second and third Charges but find him Guilty of the two last charges and considering the extensive and pernicious nature of the last charge do sentence him under the Resolution of Congress of the 22d. of August 1780 passed particularly for the purpose of punishing delinquents in the Quarter masters, Commissary's and Cloathier's departments, to be Cashiered and rendered incapable of holding any future office in the Service of the United States of America and that his crime of selling public Wood and his Sentence be published three times in each of the English and German Newspapers in order to prevent in future the commission of Such crimes for Fear of this or the like Infamy attending them.
The Commander in Chief Approves the Sentence and Orders it to take place.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 28, 1780.
Sir: Your Excellency's favor of the 13th: reached me this day. I have ever been of opinion, that the reduction of the post of Detroit would be the only certain mean of giving peace and security to the whole Western Frontier, and I have constantly kept my Eye upon that object; but such has been the reduced state of our Continental Force, and such the low ebb of our Funds, more especially of late, that I have never had it in my power to make the attempt. I shall think it a most happy circumstance, should your State, with the aid of Continental Stores which you require, be able to accomplish it. I am so well convinced of the general public utility with which the expedition, if successful, will be attended, that I do not hesitate a moment in giving directions to the Commandant at Fort Pitt, to deliver to Colo. Clarke the Articles which you request, or so many of them as he may be able to furnish. I have also directed him to form such a detachment of Continental Troops, as he can safely spare, and put them under the command of Colo. Clarke. There is a Continental Company of Artillery at Fort Pitt, which I have likewise ordered upon the Expedition, should it be prosecuted. The Officers of this Company will be competent to the management of the Mortars and Howitzers.
I dont know for what particular purpose Colo. Clarke may want the Six pound Cannon; but if he expects to derive advantage from them, in the reduction of Works of any strength, he will find himself disappointed. They are not equal to battering a common Log Block house, at the shortest Range. This we have found upon experience. I would therefore advise him to consider this point, and leave them behind, except he sees a probability of wanting them in the Field.
I have inclosed the letter for Colo. Brodhad Commanding at Fort Pitt, which Colo. Clarke may deliver whenever he sees fit. It is possible, that some advantage may arise from keeping the true destination of the Expedition a secret, as long as circumstances will admit. If so, the fewer who are intrusted the better.
Since I began this letter, I have been furnished by General Knox commanding Officer of the Artillery, and by the Qr. Mr. General with Returns of the Stores, in their several departments, which are at Fort Pitt, and I find they fall very far Short of your Excellency's requisition. I have therefore formed my order to Colo. Brodhead in proportion to the stock in his Hands.39 There is no Mortar at Fort Pitt, but the 8 Inch Howitzer will answer the purpose, and is more convenient for transportation. The Field pieces are Sixes and Threes; two of each.
[Note 39: Sec Washington's letter to Col. Daniel Brodhead, Dec. 29, 1780, post.]
The matter which the Honble. the House of Delegates have referred to my determination stands thus. A Board of General Officers, in the year 1778, determined: That Officers bearing Continental Commissions should take rank of those having State only, while their regiments continued upon State establishment; but that when such Regiments became Continental, the Officers should be entitled to receive Continental Commissions, from the date of their State appointments. Thus you see it is not in my power to recommend them to Congress for Continental Commissions, while in State Regiments, without infringing an established Rule.
As to the second point "whether such Officers shall take promotion in the line or be confined to the said two Regiments" I think they had best, for the sake of peace and harmony, be confined to the two Regiments. For, many of those Officers left the Continental Line in very low Ranks, and obtained very high in that of the State. This created much uneasiness when the troops came together in service, and it was with difficulty, that many of the Continental Officers could be made to brook being commanded by those, who had been their inferiors the preceding Campaign. I am therefore of opinion, that an attempt to introduce those Gentlemen, now, into the Continental Line, would create a source of infinite discontent and uneasiness, more especially, as you have a sufficient number of Officers at home and in Captivity (and Vacancies ought in justice to be reserved for such of the latter as wish to serve again) for the Quota of Continental troops assigned to the State, by the last Establishment. I have the Honor etc.
PS. The number of Shot, Shells, and Intrenching Tools ordered, tho' far short of your request, is fully competent to the pieces of ordnance, and any Works Colo Clarke may want to throw up for offense or defence.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Tench Tilghman, The P.S. is in the writing of Washington and is not in the draft.]
[V. S. L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 28, 1780.
Sir: Sir Henry Clinton has at length consented to the mutual establishment of Agents for prisoners, who are to reside at New York and at Lancaster in Pennsylvania or at such other place as the Bulk of the British prisoners may be. Mr. Pintard, who formerly acted as Agent for us in New York, has declined returning in that Capacity; as his family have come out of the City, and he has made arrangements for settling himself in Jersey. Thinking that he, from his general acquaintance, would be able to recommend a proper person for his successor, I applied to him for that purpose. He mentioned you, and altho' I have not the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with you, yet, from the favorable report of all our prisoners, independent of Mr. Pintards recommendation, I should esteem it a happy event, if you would undertake the business in question. You will go in, in an official Character, and consequently not liable to any ill usage or insults. What Mr. Pintard received for transacting the business I really do not know, but you will be entitled to the same. I shall be glad of your Answer as soon as possible, that if you incline to accept I may propose you to Sir Henry Clinton.41 I am &c.42
[Note 41: Franklin accepted the appointment in a letter of Jan. 4, 1781, which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, December 28, 1780.
Sir: Previous to the receipt of your Excellency's favor of the 19th. Instt. (which only came to my hands this day) I had been honored with the Resolve of Congress of the 12th. preceeding.
In consequence, a detachment belonging neither to the Troops of Pensylvania or Connecticut; Nor Citizens of either, were ordered to relieve the Garrison at Wyoming.
The places for the depositing of Provision pointed out by my letter of the 10th. Instt., was consequent of the resolve of Congress of the 4th Ulto., they were the best that my judgment at that time, or now, can fix, and I can assure you that, in determining upon them, I had no regard to the views or interests of any particular States. I am etc.
[Note 43: Member of the Maryland House of Delegates.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: Mrs. Bainbridge the Wife of Peter Bainbridge has laid before me some papers respecting the proceedings of Capt. Eggleston44 of Colo. Lee's Legion on the case of their Son Peter Bainbridge, which carry the face of a most extraordinary and
[Note 44: Capt. Joseph Eggleston, jr. (Egleston), of Lee's Legion. He served to the close of the war.] unwarrantable kind of conduct. But as it is impossible to decide ex parte, I have, by the inclosed referred the Matter to Major General Greene commanding the southern Army, and I shall be much obliged to you to procure authenticated Copies of the inclosed papers or any others that you may find necessary and transmit them to General Greene, with my letter. This is a matter which I would wish to have fully investigated, not only as it concerns the rights of a Citizen, but because Capt. Eggleston may, if innocent, have an opportunity of acquitting himself of so gross a charge, or, if guilty, meet the punishment of which such conduct is deserving. The Motives by which I am actuated, will I am sure be a sufficient excuse, for the trouble which I am giving you. I have the Honor etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in tile writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have reed. your favr. of the 25th. as I did that of the 10th. I think your precautions for the security of your Camp very good; tho' I hope, if the Enemy have made a detachment equal to report, which say 2000 to 2500, you will be quiet in your Quarters.
You are more in the way of gaining intelligence from New York than I am, and I shall be obliged to you for procuring as much as you can, and transmitting me whatever is material.
Mrs. Blair having informed that about 2000 shirts, part of the production of the Ladies contribution to the Army, were made up, I have desired her to deliver them to Colo. Miles the Dy. Qr. M. G. in Philada. who has directions to forward 800 of them to you. You will have them distributed among those of the Soldiers who are most in need, or by lot.
I very much approve of what I hear is your determination: to hold all your amusements within the line of your Camp. Morristown would have been exposed to a nights excursion from Staten Island.
I wish the Compliments of the season to you and the Gentlemen of the line, and am with very great Regard &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 28, 1780.
Sir: You will be pleased to put a Captain with a full Company in readiness to march to Wyoming to relieve the Garrison at present there. If you have not already sent up to Newburg for the Cloathing of the Brigade, you will do it immediately and by the time the Cloathing gets down and the Men are ready, I will forward orders for the Captain who is to go upon the command.47 You will let me know the name of the Officer appointed. I am &c.46
[Note 47: See Instructions to Capt. Alexander Mitchell, Dec, 30, 1780, post.]
[Note 48: Continental purchasing agents in Massachusetts.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 28, 1780.
Gentlemen: On receipt of your favor of the 15th. Inst. I applied to Colo. Blaine and desired him to inform me whether he could dispense with a supply of live Cattle from your State from that time to the 20th. Feby. next. His answer was, that he could not upon any account, as without a regular weekly supply of one hundred and twenty Head from you, the Army must be distressed for meat. This being the case, necessity justifies tifies the measure which you propose of sending on, alive, a proportion of the quantity assessed to make up 16,000 Barrels of salt Beef. This, you will be pleased to observe, will, if it is not procured by some other Means, lessen your Magazine of salt Meat about 1500 Barrels. But I should imagine that quantity might easily be purchased of private persons who put it up for sale, or out of the numerous prizes which arrive in your ports. This is a matter in which I should not have thought myself at liberty to have interfered, had there been any alternative; but as there is not, necessity, as I said before, must justify your deviation from your orders.
I have furnished the State, agreeable to the act of requisition with the places of deposit and the proportions at each. These they have no doubt informed you of. I am &c49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 28, 1780.
Dear Sir: The Honable, Mr. Johnson of Frederick Town in Maryland (late Govt. of that State) will transmit you, with this letter, sundry papers respecting the proceedings of Capt. Eggleston of Colo. Lees Legion, in the case of Peter Bainbridge a soldier of the Legion, who was apprehended for desertion. It appears from the papers which have been laid before me, but which as they were not authenticated I could not regard, that Capt. Egglestons conduct has been highly unmilitary and unwarrantable in extorting from the Father of the Lad, not only a valuable horse, but a promise to pay for a parcel of leather Breeches, to procure ten able Recruits and to secure three deserters, provided he would spare the life of the deserter. These matters, if true, reflect highly not only upon Capt. Eggleston, but upon the Army, and you will therefore take the proper mode, to give him an opportunity of acquitting himself honorably, if innocent, or if guilty to bring him to that punishment which such conduct deserves. I am &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, December 29, 1780.
Parole-- Countersigns--.
The Quarter Master General will make an immediate and exact return of all the public Boats on this part of the river, describing the kind and size and how they are employed. He will arrange them under four heads vizt. Good, Bad, Indifferent, and Irrepairable.
He will also as soon as possible make a similar return of all the public Boats at Albany and its dependencies.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours by Lieut. Cook.51 I have had reference to the Resolves of Congress of the 24th. Novemr. 1778 and 22d. May 1779 (Copies of which I inclose you) which make provision for the readmission of prisoners into their respective lines, provided their States think proper to reappoint them, or if they do not, allowing them the pay and priviledges of supernumeraries. The modes are clearly pointed out by the Resolves. It lays with the State therefore to determine the business of the Gentlemen to whom you refer. There can be no vacancies in the line of Captains at present, to which Rank they both say
[Note 51: Lieut. Jesse Cook, of Bradley's Connecticut Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Fort Washington in November, 1776, and exchanged in October, 1780.] they are intitled. They must therefore wait upon half pay, till Vacancies happen for them, if the State thinks proper to admit them. This, I suppose if it takes place, will create difficulties as usual among the other Officers, and clearly shews the ill consequences, not to say injustice, of superseding Officers during their Captivity. I am &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 29, 1780.
Sir: The Honble: the Congress having, in order to remove all cause of jealousy and discontent between the States of Pennsylvania and Connecticut, directed me to withdraw the present Garrison of Wyoming and to replace them with Troops from the Continental Army not belonging to the line of Pennsylvania or Connecticut or Citizens of either of the said States, I have for that purpose ordered Capt. Mitchell53 of the Jersey line to relieve you. You will therefore upon his arrival deliver up the post to him and march immediately with all the Men at present under your command and join the Army in the neighbourhood of this place. I am well aware of the difficulty which there will be of bringing away the Men of Ransoms Company;54 but I trust and shall expect that you will exert yourself to do it effectually, because if they remain behind in any numbers, it will seem like an intention to elude the Resolve above recited.
You will before you march, give Capt. Mitchell every necessary information respecting the situation of the Country, and
[Note 53: Capt. Alexander Mitchell, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He served to April, 1783]
[Note 54: A Wyoming Valley company, formerly commanded by the late Capt. Samuel Ransom, who had been killed in the Wyoming Valley massacre in July, 1778.] make him acquainted with those characters upon whom he can depend for advice and intelligence in case of an incursion of the Enemy. I am &c.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: The State of Virginia have determined to undertake an expedition, which I have ever had in view, and which I wished to carry into execution by a Continental force; but you are sufficiently acquainted with the situation of our Affairs, both as to men and supplies, to know that it has been impossible to attempt it. It is the reduction of the Post of Detroit. His Excellency Governor Jefferson informs me that he thinks they shall be able, with the Aid of some Artillery and Stores already at Fort Pitt, to accomplish this most desirable object, and that should they even fail of carrying their point, much good will result from creating a diversion and giving the enemy employ in their own Country. The Artillery and Stores required by Governor Jefferson are
4 field pieces; 1600 Balls suited to them; 1 [Howitzer] 8 Inch; 300 shells suited to it; 2 [Royals]; Grape shot; necessary implements and furniture for the above; 500 Spades; 200 pick Axes; I travelling forge; some Boats, should the State not have enough prepared in time; some ship Carpenters tools.
Colo. Clarke who is to command the expedition, will probably be the Bearer of this himself, and you will deliver to him or his order at such time as he shall require them, all, or as many of the foregoing Articles as you have it in your power to furnish. You will likewise direct the Officers with the Company of Artillery to be ready to move when Colo. Clark shall call for them, and as it is my wish to give the enterprize every aid which our small force can afford, you will be pleased to form such a detachment as you can safely spare from your own and Gibson's Regiment and put it under the command of Colo. Clark also. I should suppose that this detachment cannot be made more than a command for a Capt. or Major at most. You know the necessity of confining it to a Continental Officer of inferiour Rank to Colo. Clark.
Your good sense will, I am convinced, make you view this matter in its true light. The inability of the Continent to undertake the reduction of Detroit, which, while it continues in possession of the enemy, will be a constant source of trouble to the whole Western frontier, has of necessity imposed the task upon the State of Virginia, and of consequence makes it expedient to confer the command upon an Officer of the State. This being the case, I do not think the charge of the enterprise could have been committed to better hands than Colo. Clarks. I have not the pleasure of knowing the Gentleman, but, independant of the proofs which he has given of his activity and address, the unbounded confidence which I am told the Western people repose in him, is a matter of vast importance, as I imagine a considerable part of his force will consist of Volunteers and Militia, who are not to be governed by military laws, but must be held by the ties of confidence and affection to their leader.
I shall conclude with recommending to you, in general, to give every countenance and assistance to this enterprise, should no circumstances intervene to prevent its execution. [One thing you may rest assured of, and that is, that while offensive operations are going forwd. against Detroit and the Indians in Alliance with the British in that quarter that your Posts, with small Garrisons in them and proper vigilance, will be perfectly secure. for this reason and the expedition's depending upon the supplies here reqd. I shall expect a punctual compliance with this order and am with great esteem etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 29, 1780.
Sir: I have reed. your favr. of the 21st. Had I the power, I have not the means of supplying the Officers with Blankets, as we shall with difficulty make up a sufficiency for the Soldiers.
Inclosed you have the instructions for the Officer who is to go to Wyoming. You will be pleased to fill up the Blanks left for his name and deliver them to him, with the letter for Colo. Zebulon Butler, who commands at Wyoming.
There are not at present Coats enough to make a general distribution. I have therefore directed the Cloathier to send down only seventy now, which I intend for the Company going to Wyoming. You will take care that they have as full a supply of every kind of Cloathing as possible before they march; the remainder of the troops will have frequent opportunities of drawing, while, from their remote situation, they will be excluded. I am &c.
P.S. You will shortly receive from Colo. Miles Dy. Qr. Mr. Gl. in Philada. two hundred soldiers shirts, being part of the production of the subscription of the Ladies of Penna. and Jersey. Upon their arrival you will distribute them among the most needy, or by Lot, as you and the field Officers may judge best.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 29, 1780.
Sir: I have received yours of the 23d. Before I can satisfy you on the point which you have submitted to my determination, you must inform me at what time you were appointed a Captain in the line of Massachusetts, and whether you were in the first instance appointed to that Rank, or whether you rose to it from a lower Grade. Because you may possibly be intitled to Rank in the Army at large from the date of your Brevet Commission in July 1776, and in the line of Massachusetts from a later time. I am &c.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Friday Evening, December 29, 1780.
Dear Sir: The inclosed, which have just come to hand from General Heath point out his distress for want of Flour and his apprehensions of what may ensue if some supply, more than from day to day cannot be thrown in before the navigation closes. It appears by the letters that there is some Flour at different places on the River which lays there for want of transportation. If the private persons will not risque their Vessels any longer upon the River, the public Craft must be manned with soldiers and every exertion made while the water communication is practicable. His Excellency goes down to the posts tomorrow morning and he thinks you had better do the same and endeavour to form a plan with General Heath to transport without loss of time whatever is upon or near the River. Colo. Blaine mentioned that the private people would not run their Vessels any longer, except upon a promise of paying for them should they be lost in the Ice. This His Excellency thinks had better be done, than to lose the present favorable weather. When you have perused the inclosed, you will be pleased to return them. Yrs.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
[Note 60: A contractor for Morris County, N.J.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 29, 1780.
Sir: I have received your favr. of the 23rd. Inst. If my memory serves me, the Act of the State to which you refer, pointed out a certain period, during which all provision taken by the Soldiers from the Inhabitants should be paid for upon my Certificate, or that of persons empowered by me. Mr. Condict61 was kind enough to collect all the accounts which he could hear of and which came within the term of the law, and Colo. Dayton certified them by my order. There may be still a vast number of claimants on the score of plunder, but I shall not think myself authorised to go further into the matter, unless I am required so to do by the Legislature. I am &c.62
[Note 61: Silas Condict, of Morristown, N.J.]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Head Quarters at New Windsor, December 30, 1780.
You will march, as soon as possible, with the Company under your command, by the most convenient Route, to Wyoming upon Susquehannah, and upon your arrival there deliver the inclosed to Colo. Zebulon Butler, which contains an order to deliver up the post to you and to join the Army with the Men at present in garrison there.
You will as soon as possible not only make yourself acquainted with the Country in the vicinity of your post, but with inhabitants in different parts on whom you can depend, and who will give you the earliest intelligence of the approach of an Enemy. The principal design of stationing you at Wyoming is to afford cover and protection to the Country in case of an incursion of the Savages, which you will do as far as your force will admit. But you will take especial care never to be drawn so far from your post or to leave it in such a condition, that the Enemy may in your absence possess themselves of it.
In case any thing material happens you will endeavour to give me the earliest notice of it. And if you receive any intelligence of the approach of the enemy, you will communicate it to the Inhabitants upon the River, that they may prepare themselves.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Sunday, December 31, 1780.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The new arrangement of the Army pursuant to the Resolves of Congress of the 3d. and 21st. of October and published in General Orders of the 1st. of November following is to take place tomorrow. The General orders a jill of Rum to be delivered to each of the soldiers who remain in service upon the occasion.
Returns to be made to the Adjutant General immediately of the Ranks which the regiments now bear in their respective lines. The Officers commanding each with the names and dates of Commissions or appointments of them and the other Field Officers, Captains, Subs and Staff; similar returns to be made by the regiments of Artillery.
If from particular circumstances the arrangement of any State line or regiment of artillery is yet incomplete the General desires that not a moment may be lost in finishing it that he may be enabled to make the Returns required by Congress.
The General has little doubt that in the formation of the new regiments of Infantry proper care has been taken to bring those of each line as near as possible to a level. If this has not been attended to He now directs it.
He persuades himself that it is totally unnecessary to signify that no retiring officer is at liberty to take with him his waiter, being a soldier or inlisted at the public expence, but lest through inadvertency such a thing should be attempted it is hereby strictly forbidden.
The General expects that the order of the 16th. of November last respecting the Arms, Accoutrements &ca. that were in the hands of the Levies and other disbanded soldiers has been pointedly attended to should it prove otherwise the officers who commanded the former corps though they now retire will not be exonerated but remain equally liable and most assuredly will be called upon to settle these accounts.
A Field Officer from the Pennsylvania Line to relieve Colonel Spencer in the superintendency of the Hospitals in New Jersey. He will receive the standing instructions from Colonel Spencer.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 31, 1780.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 30th. By a Resolve of Congress of the 18th. Inst. Copy of which I inclose, I find that you had made application to them for liberty to retire for the reestablishment of your health. The propriety of this measure, they have been pleased to refer to me, and as I shall signify my approbation, I have no objection to your setting out as soon as your Health will admit. The term of absence, if they chuse to limit it, will depend upon Congress. I am &c.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 31, 1780.
Sir: I had sent off Instructions for Capt. Mitchell previous to the receipt of yours of yesterday; leaving a Blank for his name.
I would with great pleasure supply him and the other Officers with Money, before they march, was it in my power, but the Military Chest is, and has been some time, empty. I am &c.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, December 31, 1780.
Sir: The Jersey Men of Spencers and Livingstons Regiments will, I imagine have joined you before this reaches you. There were by the Returns transmitted to me 8 Serjeants; 1 Drum; 74 Rank and File in Spencers, and 4 Rank and File in Livingstons. Their terms of service were not specified, but I believe they are all for the War. I am &c.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. This was in answer to Shreve's letter of Dec. 29, 1780, in the Washington Papers, giving a different number of men in Livingston's regiment belonging to New Jersey.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 1, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 23d. Decemr. from Springfield, I have no objection to your visiting your family after you have compleated the Business upon which you were sent, but circumstances will not admit of your staying from your Regiment to the time you mention. I cannot with any consistency extend your Furlough beyond the 1st. of April. The Levies will be coming early into the Field, and every attention of the Officers commanding Regiments will be wanting to prepare them for service, more especially, as we may expect to open the Campaign in conjunction with the troops of our Ally. I am &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 1, 1781.
Sir: The tranquility of winter quarters and the important change about to take place in our military establishment offer a favourable opportunity to introduce system and order into the army; and to effect a reformation of the abuses, which may have imperceptibly crept into the several departments. That our circumstances require parsimony in the distribution of public stores, and the strictest attention to their preservation when delivered is too obvious to need proof; I shall only observe that all the support I can give to the accomplishment of these purposes shall be afforded, from duty and inclination, to the utmost of my power.
With a view to these objects I am to desire you will without loss of time closely inspect the administration of the different branches of your department, to discover where they are susceptible of alterations for the better, to detect and rectify any mismanagement or disorder which may exist, and to establish more method than has been hitherto practicable in any army always fluctuating and too constantly in motion. By consulting with some of the most judicious officers, who are properly impressed with the necessity of oeconomy, you may derive lights, which will enable you to regulate the issues of camp equipage and other articles, so as to prevent a great part of the waste and loss, sustained by the public, from carelessness in the soldiery, sometimes knavery under specious colorings, and from inattention in officers.
In the British service the different species of camp-necessaries as well as clothing, are issued to last for determinate periods, and only the clearest evidence of their being lost in action, or by unavoidable accident can exempt the Corps or the individual to whom they have been delivered, from paying for them by stoppages. Regulations of the same kind obtain in other services.
Regimental tools, and all sorts of public property are distributed and accounted for in like manner. The sooner therefore you can digest a plan for placing this matter in our army upon a similar footing, the better. The public has a right to expect it, and it is my wish justice may be done to the public.
It is unnecessary, I am persuaded for me to add, that this is the season for making the requisite provision of tents, camp kettles and other articles for the next campaign; preparing boats, waggons &c. Congress by their resolution of the 3d. and 21st of last October have fixed the number of Continental troops; but allowance should be made in your arrangements, for the occasional aid of militia and other casualties.
Among the many things that demand your particular attention and regulation, I know of none, that on a superficial view seems to do it more than the corps of artificers. In general, though they receive high wages, as far as they have come under my observation they appear to work little, and the officers to have forgotten the end of their appointment and to have assumed the appearances and pretensions of officers of the line instead of accommodating themselves to the spirit of their stations. This disposition ought to be discouraged. Every proper check should also be given to their manner of drawing provision, by confining as far as it can be done, the right of giving orders for the several detachments to a common head.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
These instructions were not forwarded to Pickering until February 10. (See Washington's letter to Col. Timothy Pickering, Feb. 10, 1781, post.)]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 1, 1781.
Sir: The Honble: the Congress having by their Resolves of the 3d: and 21st. of October ordered the reduction of the several independent Corps of the Army among which yours is included; and directed that the Officers belonging to them should retire upon half pay for life, and the Non Commd. and privates be delivered over to the State Lines to which they respectively belong; you will, in obedience thereto, upon your return immediately cause the non Commd. Officers and privates to be marched to the Cantonment of the troops of New Hampshire near Peekskill under the care of an Officer and there deliver such as belong to that Line to the Officer commanding it, taking his Receipt for the number delivered. There being but one Man belonging to Massachusetts, you will order him to be delivered to the Officer commanding that line at West point.
You will make an exact return of the names and Ranks of the Officers of the Corps at present in service, and commissioned by Congress, that it may be transmitted to the Board of War. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, January 1, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
For the present the Massachusetts regiments are to be formed into three Brigades under file Command of Major General Howe. The Regiments of the 1st. 4th. 7th. and 10th. Colonels are to compose the first or Glovers Brigade. The Regiments of the 2d. 5th. and 8th. Colonels make the second or Patersons brigade and the 3d. 6th. and 9th. will be the 3d. brigade.
The Connecticut Line and those of New Hampshire and Rhode Island are also to form three brigades under the command of Major General Parsons vizt. The 1st. 3d. and 5th. Regiments of Connecticut will form the first brigade of that State to be commanded by General Huntingdon and the 2d. and 4th the second brigade, of the State, the regiments of New Hampshire and Rhode Island are to form the other brigade.
Hazen's regiment will be considered as a reserve and be unannexed to any brigade at this time.
Major General Heath will command the whole of the above troops.
The non commissioned officers and Matrosses of the Independent company of Artillery lately commanded by Captain Coren are to be added to and incorporated with the company commanded by Captain Porter73 now in the second regiment of artillery and the noncommissioned officers and matrosses of the company commanded by Captain Freeman74 are to be
[Note 73: Capt. Andrew Porter.]
[Note 74: Capt.-Lieut. Constant Freeman, of the Third Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.] added to and incorporated with Captain Symond's75 company in said regiment.
[Note 75: Capt. Jonas Symonds (Simonds), of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He retired in January 1783.]
Captain Porters and Symonds companies are to be levelled with the men of the two Companies which are incorporated with them and being raised by Pennsylvania are to be added to Colonel Procter's regiment of Artillery.
The officers of the two Companies commanded by Captains Porter and Symonds arc to be arranged in Colonel Procter's regiment agreeable to the ranks they now hold.
At a Court of enquiry ordered by Major General Heath the 27th. of December 1780 in consequence of an order of His Excellency General Washington the 20th. of the same month "To investigate the conduct of Lieutenant Colonel Antill on the day of his Captivity in August 1777 and to report concerning the same." Colonel Putnam, President. Members: Lieutenant Colonel commandant Sprout, Lieutenant Colonel Badlam, Lieutenant Colonel commdt Brooks, Major J. Porter.
The Court after due consideration of the circumstances Report. "That Lieutenant Colonel Antill appears to have been captured while in the execution of his duty and that he is not Censurable in any part of his conduct but is deserving the Approbation of every good officer."
The Commander in Chief is pleased to accept and Approve the Report.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, January 2, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
At a General Court Martial held by order of the Honorable the Board of war at Philadelphia the 13th. of November last, Colonel Febiger President: Lieutenant Abraham Wood76 of the Invalid regiment was tried for "His conduct unbecoming an officer and a Gentleman by keeping a tippling house and shuffle board and entertaining Soldiers".
[Note 76: Of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded and taken prisoner at Brandywine in September, 1777, and exchanged and transferred to the Invalid Regiment in 1778.]
The Court after maturely considering the Charges exhibited, against Lieutenant Wood and the Evidences are of opinion that Lieutenant Wood has been guilty of Conduct unbecoming the Character of an Officer and Gentleman being a breach of part of the 21st. Article 14th. Section of the Articles of war and do sentence him to be discharged from the service of the United States and his Commission to be revoked and cancelled accordingly.
The Commander in Chief Approves the sentence and orders it carried into execution.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 2, 1781.
Sir: It was with great satisfaction I received the polite Letter, which you did me the honor to write on the 26th. Ulto. but at the same time I sincerely condole with you the misfortune which has happened to the Spanish Fleet that was destined against Pensacola; I hope however that the Transports may be reassembled without loss, and that the expedition may yet prove successful.
On the 22d. of Decr. the Fleet sailed from New York, which carried the Detachment I mentioned in my Letter of the 14th. Ulto. The Light Infantry and Grenadiers, with some other Corps which were at first under orders of embarkation, were afterwards countermanded, and consequently the number of Troops was not so great as had been reported, amounting to only 1600 Men by the best intelligence we have been able to obtain. This Detachment instead of being commanded by the Generals Knyphausen and Philips, it is said will be under the orders of Arnold, and supposed to be designed as a reinforcement to the Southern Army of the Enemy. I have the honor etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: Since my last I have gained information, through the Channel upon which I most depend, that the embarkation which sailed from New York the 20th. last Month consisted of about sixteen hundred Men, chiefly detachments from the British German and New Corps. I hear of no entire Corps but the Queen's Rangers. Arnold commands.
We have various reports, thro' the New York papers and our own, of an affair between Genl. Sumpter and Tarleton; The printers on both sides make it a victory.78
[Note 78: The fight at Blackstocks (or Blackstorks), S C., Nov. 20, 1780.]
I wish you many and happy new Years, and am with very great Regard, etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am pleased to hear, by yours of the 15th. ulto., that the Legislature of your State are making spirited exertions and preparations against the next Campaign. This seems to be the prevailing disposition, but I fear the means which have been generally adopted, for procuring Men, will not answer. Wherever there is an alternative of Money or Men, the former will be preferred by the Classes, as being least troublesome.
Mrs. Washington informs me, that when she passed thro Baltimore, you were at a loss to know how to apply the Shirts purchased by the subscription of the Ladies. I wonder at that, as I had, some time before, written to Mrs. Governor Lee, and desired that they might all be sent to the southern Army. My letter, I presume, had not then reached her, or she had not communicated my intentions to those who have the care of them. I am &c.80
[Note 80: In tile writing Tench Tilghman.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 2, 1781.
Sir: The diminution of our force, by the discharge of the Levies, obliges me to call in all Continental detachments of the Army, not absolutely necessary at remote posts. You will therefore, immediately upon the receipt of this, march with your Regiment and any new Recruits which may have joined, to that part of the Army which lays in the neighbourhood of Peekskill, and with which you will be brigaded. You will leave behind a Captain, two Subs and a suitable number of non Commissioned Officers to receive and forward the Recruits. You will apply to the State and let them know that the Continental Store is at present destitute of cloathing, and there will be a necessity of their cloathing the Recruits before they come on to the Army. Let this be done in your proper Uniform, that they may not differ from that of the Regiment when they join.
I have informed Count Rochambeau that I have given you orders to come on. I am &c.81
[Note 81: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by William Ely, of Providence, R.I.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have the honor to inform your Excellency of the sailing of the Embarkation, which I mentioned in my Letter of the 13th of December. The Fleet consisting of thirty two Sail, left the Hook on the 22nd Ulto. with a Detachment of about Sixteen hundred Troops on Board, under the command of Arnold. It is conjectured they are designed as a further reinforcement to the Southern Army, which is said to be greatly weakened, by the severity of the service and climate. I have the honor &c.82
[Note 82: In the writing of David Humphreys From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 2, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 21st: ulto, in which Congress have been pleased to refer, the propriety of granting Genl. Starkes request to them, to me. His Health is undoubtedly so much impaired, that he has been able to do but very little duty the preceding Campaign, and retirement, for a time, seems therefore necessary. Congress will either direct his return to the Army at a certain period, or they will leave it at large, as they may judge proper.
I beg leave to call the attention of Congress to my letter of the 28th: Novemr. last from Morris Town, in which I mentioned Colo. Scammells desire to quit the Office of Adjutant General. I had not, at that time, his letter on the subject with me. I now inclose a Copy of it,83 in which his reasons for
[Note 83: Scammell's letter of Nov. 16, 1780, is in the Washington Papers. A copy is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] wishing to return to the line are fully set forth. I find him still determined in his resolution, and I shall therefore, I hope, be excused for pressing Congress to appoint a successor.
I have at length, thro' a Channel on which I can depend, gained an account, as accurate as circumstances will admit, of the embarkation which sailed from New York on the 20th. ulto. It consisted of about sixteen hundred Men, and was chiefly composed of detachments from the British, German and provincial Corps. The Queens Rangers is said to be the only intire Corps. Arnold commands, which, my informant says, gives disgust to many of the other Officers. The destination was not reduced to a certainty, but from the preparations, and the Refugees who embarked in the fleet, it was generally thought to be to the southward.84 I have the honor etc.
[Note 84: The expedition under Arnold was to replace the British force withdrawn from Virginia by General Leslie, to whom Cornwallis suggested an advance into North Carolina after Ferguson's defeat at King's Mountain. Leslie moved by water and instead of going into Cape Fear River continued south to Charleston, S.C., and marched overland to join Cornwallis. Arnold reached Hampton Roads on Jan. 4, 1781. His instructions were to take post at Portsmouth, Va., and destroy the American magazines of supplies wherever practicable with safety. Clinton sent Colonels Dundas and Simcoe with Arnold, as officers of experience and much in Sir Henry's confidence, with whom Arnold was to consult before undertaking any important move.]
P.S. Capt. Mitchell of the Jersey line has marched with a Company to relieve Colo. Butler at Wyoming.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: Since I had last the honor of addressing Your Excellency, the Embarkation which had been some time preparing [and wch. had under gone several changes] has sailed from New York. The fleet, including the Convoys consisted of 32 Sail, and left the Hook the 22 Ulto. By the best information I have been able to obtain; the Light Infantry and Grenadiers, with some other Corps, which were at first under embarking Orders, were afterwards countermanded and the Detachment finally amounted to about 1600 Men, of which Simcoe's is the only entire Corps, that we know with certainty has embarked; the remainder is said to be principally composed of Drafts from the Line. The whole under the command of Arnold, and still conjectured to be destined to the Southward. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 3, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Excellency's favor of the 19th. of December. Since my last, which was on the 23rd. of Decemr. I have gained intelligence through a channel on which I can depend, that the detachment which sailed from New York the 20th. of last month consisted of about 1600 Men and was chiefly composed of drafts from the different British, German and provincial Regiments. The Queens Rangers was the only intire Corps, that I have heard of. Arnold commanded the detachment. There is little doubt but they have gone to the southward.
I have received a letter from Don Francisco Rendon the Spanish Resident at Philada. dated the 26th. Decemr. of which the following is an extract
Yesterday arrived in this River a Vessel front the Havannah by which I received letters from the Governor and Capt. General of that place in which he acquaints me with the disagreeable advice that the Men of War which sailed from that port against Pensacola had put back in bad condition by the Hurricane which happened the 18th. October. That of the transports 23 hall arrived at Campechy with 1600 Men and that they did not as yet know what had become of the remainder of them, 41 in number. But that they were working with the greatest activity to continue that expedition, and altho' the other agt. Augustine is to take place, it is probable that the above accident may retard it.
I am anxious to know your Excellency's sentiments upon the plan proposed in my letter of the 15th: December addressed jointly to you and the Chevr. de Ternay. Should it be deemed expedient to attempt the execution of it, this delay of the expedition against the Floridas will give us the more time to make the necessary communications to the Governor of the Havanna and to the Commanders of the Spanish Armament.
Having just now discharged all the Levies who were only engaged to the last of December, I find myself obliged to call in all detachments of the Continental Army not absolutely necessary at remote posts. I have for that reason, and because Colo. Greenes Regt. is now incorporated with the other from the same State ordered him to join the main Army.
I wish your Excellency many and happy New Years and have the honor etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 3, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of Yesterday: And as I conceive it will be necessary for the security of the Posts below, and to prevent the Enemy from attempting a surprize, to have a Capts. Command for the Water Guards; I would have Capt Welles continued on that service with his Detachment.
In consequence of Colo Hays information that there are considerable quantities of Flour on the River, which may be brought down, while it continues open, with less rique in Batteaux than Vessels, I am to request that you will Order a party properly Officered immediately to take what Boats can be spared from West Point for this service. Or in case Boats cannot be furnished from thence, that the Party have Orders to make use of those at Murderer's, or Wapping's Creeks. The critical season, and the importance of having the Flour thrown into the Garrison urge the speedy execution of the business. Application will be made by the Officer, to Col Hay at Poughkeepsie for further instructions. I am etc.
P.S. Capt Chambers88 is to be Ordered to join his Regt. immediately.89
[Note 88: Capt. Matthew Chambers, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 89: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 3, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am favored with yours of the 1st. Instant, and wish it was in my power to gratify you, in your request; but as there is not a single farthing in the Military Chest, it will be absolutely impossible to furnish any part of the sum sollicited.91 I am etc.
[Note 91: Stark asked for $4,000, as he had "not Drawn a single farthing of Cash (as wages) from the Public, since the last of Deer. 1778." Stark's letter to Washington, Jan. 1, 1781, is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. I have not been able to obtain any Money for my own expences, or table for more than three Months.92
[Note 92: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 3[--4], 1781.
My dear Sir: I this day, at Noon, recd. yours of the 2d: in the Morning, by Major Fishbourn,93 who has given me a full account of the unhappy and alarming defection of the
[Note 93: Maj. Benjamin Fishbourn (Fishbourne). He was aide to Brigadier General Wayne, and served to June, 1783.] Pennsylvania line.94 The officer's have given convincing proofs that every thing possible was done by them to check the Mutiny upon its first appearance, and it is to be regretted that some of them have fallen sacrifices to their Zeal. I very much approve of the de.termination of yourself, Colo. Butler and Colo. Stewart to keep with the troops, if they will admit of it, as, after the first transports of passion, there may be some favorable intervals which may be improved. I do not know where this may find you, or in what situation. I can therefore only advise what seems to me most proper at this distance and upon a consideration of all circumstances.
[Note 94: Brigadier General Wayne wrote to Washington from Mount Kemble (January 2, at 9 o'clock a.m.):
"The most general and unhappy mutiny took place in the Pennsya. Line about 9 OClock last Night it yet subsists; a great proportion of the troops, with some Artillery are marching towards Phila. every exertion has been made by the Officers to Divide them in their Determination to revolt; it has succeeded in a temporary manner with near one half; how long it will last God knows.
"I have ordered the Jersey Brigade to Chatham, where the c Militia are also assembling, lest the Enemy should take advantage of this Alarming Crisis. Indeed, the alarm Guns have been fired, and the bakens kindled towards Elizabeth town; perhaps it was Occasioned by our Unhappy Affair. I am this moment, with Colos. Butler and Stewart, taking Horse to try to halt them on their March towards Prince town; as a last resort, I am advised to collect them and move on Slowly towards Pennsya. What their temper may be I can not tell; we had our escapes last night; perhaps we may be equally fortunate to day. Capt. Billings is killed; Capt Talbert Mortally wounded; some Others are also Hurt." Wayne's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Opposition, as it [did not succeed in the first instance], cannot be effectual while the Men remain together, but will keep alive resentment and will tempt them to turn about and go in a body to the enemy, [who by their emissaries will use every Argument and mean in their power to persuade them that it is their only asylum, which] if they find their passage stopped at the Delaware, and hear that the Jersey Militia are collecting in their rear, [they may think but too probable.] I would therefore recommend it to you to cross the Delaware with them, draw from them what they conceive to be their principal Grievances and promise to represent faithfully to Congress and to the State the substance of them and to endeavour to obtain a redress. If they could be stopped at Bristol or Germantown the better. I look upon it, that if you can bring them to a negociation, matters may afterwards be accommodated, but that an attempt to reduce them by force will either drive them to the Enemy, or dissipate them in such a manner that they will never be recovered.
Major Fishbourn informs me that General Potter and Colo. Johnston had gone forward to apprise Congress of tiffs unhappy event, and to advise them to go out of the way to avoid the first burst of the Storm. It was exceedingly proper to give Congress and the State notice of tile affair that they might be prepared, but the removal of Congress, waving the indignity, might have a very unhappy influence. The Mutineers finding the Body, before whom they were determined to lay their Grievances, fled, might take a new turn, and wreak their vengeance upon the persons and properties of the Citizens, and in a town of the size of Philadelphia there are numbers who would join them in such a business. I would therefore wish you, if you have time, to recall that advice, and rather recommend it to them to stay and hear what propositions the Soldiers have to make.
Immediately upon the receipt of your letter I took measures to inform myself of the temper of the Troops in this quarter, and have sent into the Country for a small Escort of Horse to come to me, and if nothing alarming appears here and I hear nothing further from you, I shall, tomorrow Morning, set out towards Philadelphia by the Route of Chester, Warwick, Colo. Stewards, Davenports Mill, Morris Town, Somerset, Princeton, Trenton on which you will direct any dispatches for me. As i shall be exceedingly anxious to hear what turn matters have taken, or in what situation they remain, you will be pleased to let me hear from you. I am etc.
P.S. 4th. Jany. 7 OClock A.M. Upon second thoughts, I am in doubt whether I shall come down, because the Mutineers must have returned to their duty or the business be in the hands of Congress before I could reach you, and because I am advised by such of the General officers as I have seen not to leave this post in the present situation of things, temper of the troops, and distress of the Garrison for want of Flour, Cloathing and in short every thing.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets m tile draft, which is also by Tilghman, are m the writing of Washington. His spelling and punctuation are followed.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 4, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I am extremely sorry to acquaint your Excellency that an event of the most alarming nature, but which I have long apprehended, would happen in some part of the Army, has taken place in the pennsylvania line, cantonned near Morris town. General Wayne informs me that on the night of the 1st. instant a mutiny was excited among the non Commd. Officers and privates; several Officers were killed and wounded in endeavouring to quell it in the first instance, but resistance was soon found vain. The troops paraded with their Arms; seized the Artillery of the division, and marched off in a body towards Philada. declaring their resolution to proceed to that City and lay their grievances before Congress. Genl. Wayne, Colo. Butler and Colo. Stewart will endeavour to remain with them, to keep them from committing excesses upon the Country, and in hopes that some favorable opening may be found to bring them to reason. What will be the event of this affair I do not know, or whether the spirit of defection will be confined to that line. The Officers have been apprehensive of something of a like nature among the troops at these posts, who have the same causes of complaint. Should this unfortunately be the case, we have no resource left for the security of the posts but the Militia, who would with difficulty be got in sufficient numbers before the enemy might take advantage of the Revolt. for I have not the least doubt, but they will hope to see the same spirit prevail among the troops here as among those at Morris town and will be prepared for such an event. The River is intirely open and so far favorable. Under these circumstances, I think it indespensably necessary that your Excellency should be as near the posts as possible. Your influence with the Militia would give a spring to their exertions, and your advice upon such an occasion would be of infinite service to me. If the session can be carried on by the Lieutenant Governor, I shall be glad to see you as soon as possible. But should any favorable accounts from below, or an assurance of the affections of the troops here, make your presence unnecessary, I shall dispatch an Express to you by the Road on the East side of the River. I imagine the foregoing will have reached Albany, but not perhaps circumstantially; Your Excellency will therefore communicate so much of it as you may think expedient. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: The speedy removal of the Flour from Ringwood, independant of the want of it at West point, is become the more necessary, as the Jersey troops have marched from Pompton to Morris town and thereby left the Magazine at Ringwood much exposed. Under these circumstances His Excellency desires you to apply to the Magistrates for an additional impress of Waggons, and to make every exertion to bring forward that Flour, which seems our principal dependance at present. The Garrison yesterday were upon half allowance of Flour, whether they have any to day, or whether any will come down the River I cannot say; some Gentlemen who came from Ringwood a day or two ago say there were 1000 Barrels of Flour there, but as the Commissary only returns between four and five hundred, I imagine they were mistaken. I am &c.
Be pleased to forward the letter to Colonel Hay.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: Immediately upon the Receipt of yours of the 2d. His Excellency gave directions to General Heath to send Boats up the River with orders to the Officers commanding them to call upon you. I hope they will make a successful trip, as the Garrison were yesterday upon half allowance of Flour and I do not know whether they have any to day. The Quarter Master General had directions to promise an indemnification to the Owners of sloops who would put them out again at this season; and His Excellency authorises you to do the same. The season is favorable beyond all expectation and every day of open weather ought to be improved to the utmost. Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Mrs. Montgomery.99 I am etc.1
[Note 99: Janet Livingston, widow of Gen. Richard Montgomery.]
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."
On January 5 Washington wrote to the Board of War inclosing returns of Sheldon's cavalry and reminding the Board that it already had the returns of Moylan's.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 5, 1781.
Sir: It is with extreme anxiety, and pain of mind, I find myself constrained to inform Your Excellency that the event I have long apprehended would be the consequence of the complicated distresses of the Army, has at length taken place. On the night of the 1st instant a mutiny was excited by the Non Commissioned Officers and Privates of the Pennsylvania Line, which soon became so universal as to defy all opposition; in attempting to quell this tumult, in the first instance, some Officers were killed, others wounded, and the lives of several common Soldiers lost. Deaf to the arguments, entreaties, and utmost efforts of all their Officers to stop them, the Men moved off from Morris Town, the place of their Cantonment, with their Arms, and six pieces of Artillery: and from Accounts just received by Genl. Wayne's Aid De Camp, they were still in a body, on their March to Philadelphia, to demand a redress of their grievances. At what point this defection will stop, or how extensive it may prove God only knows; at present the Troops at the important Posts in this vicinity remain quiet, not being acquainted with this unhappy and alarming affair; but how long they will continue so cannot be ascertained, as they labor under some of the pressing hardships, with the Troops who have revolted.
The aggravated calamities and distresses that have resulted, from the total want of pay for nearly twelve Months, for want of cloathing, at a severe season, and not unfrequently the want of provisions; are beyond description. The circumstances will now point out much more forcibly what ought to be done, than any thing that can possibly be said by me, on the subject.
It is not within the sphere of my duty to make requisitions, without the Authority of Congress, from individual States: but at such a crisis, and circumstanced as we are, my own heart will acquit me; and Congress, and the States (eastward of this) whom for the sake of dispatch, I address, I am persuaded will excuse me, when once for all I give it decidedly as my opinion, that it is in vain to think an Army can be kept together much longer, under such a variety of sufferings as ours has experienced: and that unless some immediate and spirited measures are adopted to furnish at least three Months pay to the Troops, in Money that will be of some value to them; And at the same time ways and means are devised to cloath and feed them better (more regularly I mean) than they have been, the worst that can befall us may be expected.
I have transmitted Congress a Copy of this Letter,2 and have in the most pressing manner requested them to adopt the measure which I have above recommended, or something similar to it, and as I will not doubt of their compliance, I have thought proper to give you this previous notice, that you may be prepared to answer the requisition.
[Note 2: See Washington's letter to Congress, Jan. 6, 1781, post.]
As I have used every endeavour in my power to avert the evil that has come upon us, so will I continue to exert every means I am possessed of to prevent an extension of the Mischief, but I can neither foretell, or be answerable for the issue.
That you may have every information that an officer of rank and abilities can give of the true situation of our affairs, and the condition and temper of the Troops I have prevailed upon Brigadier Genl Knox to be the bearer of this Letter, to him I beg leave to refer your Excellency for many Matters which would be too tedious for a Letter. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The text is from a photostat of the circular sent Gov. William Greene of Rhode Island kindly furnished by William Ely, of Providence, R. I.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, January 5, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Captain-Lieutenant Hubbell4 of the 2d. regiment of artillery is appointed Paymaster to the same from the 1st. Instant vice Captain-Lieutenant Guion5 who declines that appointment.
[Note 4: Capt.-Lieut. William Hubbell, of the Second Continental Artillery.]
[Note 5: Capt.-Lieut. Isaac Guion, of the Second Continental Artillery. He retired in June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, January 6, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The General has the pleasure of communicating to the Army the following interesting and agreeable pieces of Intelligence which have been received from Major General Greene. On the 20th. of November Brigadier General Sumpter was attacked by Colonel Tarleton the famous British Partizan at Black Storks on Tyger river in South Carolina. Tarleton made three vigorous charges in the two first he was repulsed by the troops posted in General Sumpter's front, in the third he obliged the advanced troops to fall back upon the main body by whom he was so warmly received that he retreated with precipitation leaving ninety two dead and one hundred wounded upon the field. Colonel Tarleton had in the action three hundred Cavalry, one hundred and thirty of the 63d regiment and one hundred of the 71st.
The smallness of our Loss compared with that of the enemy is most remarkable we having but three men killed and four wounded among the latter is the brave General Sumpter himself, in the shoulder.
The beginning of December Lieutenant Colonel Washington of the 3d. regiment of light dragoons with one hundred horse came up with Colonel Rugely, Major Cook and one hundred and twelve tory officers and soldiers who had taken post in a logged barn strongly secur'd by Abbatis on Rugely's farm twelve Miles from Campden. Colonel Washington, unable to force them for want of artillery made use of the following stratagem. He mounted a pine Log on a carriage and holding out the appearance of all Attack with field Pieces he sent in a flag and demanded an immediate surrender which was complied with. By these and several smaller successes the Enemy are kept pretty closely confined to their Posts at Campden, Weemsborough and Ninety six, at each of which they are pretty strongly fortified.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 6, 1781.
Sir: Congress must have been, long ere this, informed by General Wayne of the Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Troops on the 1st: instant, and I have no doubt but he has kept them regularly advised of what happened afterwards. I have heard nothing particular from those troops, since they reached the neighbourhood of Somerset Court House, at which place they shewed some signs of a better disposition than at first. The only favorable circumstance is, their not having attempted to make a push for the Enemy. I should have immediately, upon the receipt of this alarming intelligence, have proceeded to Morris town and from thence to wherever the troops might be, had matters been in such a situation here, as to have justified my leaving these important posts, without being well assured of the temper and affections of the Garrison, who labor under nearly the same distresses, and have, in some degree, the same causes of complaint as the Pennsylvanians, and, more especially, as the Officers had, a little time ago, acquainted me, that they had discovered some symptoms of a similar intention. Luckily, however, no such disposition has yet appeared. But as the distresses of the troops for Flour and for some species of Cloathing are great, and they may only want some plausible pretext for breaking out, I am strongly advised by the General Officers present, not to leave this place, particularly as the River is intirely free from Ice, and therefore favorable for the enemy to take the advantage of such an event, should it unfortunately happen.
General Wayne, Colo. R. Butler and Colo. Stewart will keep with the Line, and as they are extremely popular Officers, they will, I think, have every possible effect upon the Men. I wrote to General Wayne upon the subject of what appeared to me the proper mode of conducting himself, and desired him to forward a Copy of my letter to Congress. I every moment expect further intelligence from below, and should matters seem indispensably to require my presence, I will set out. His Excelly. Govr. Clinton is here, and will remain in the neighbourhood, ready to call in his Militia, should there be any defection in the Continental Troops.
I do myself the honor to inclose the Copy of a letter which I have written to the four Eastern States, preparatory to the requisition, which I most earnestly intreat Congress may make upon them and the others for an advance of pay and supplies, if the public funds are not in a condition to furnish what is necessary for the purpose. Matters are now come to a Crisis, and I should be wanting in duty to my Country, and unworthy of that confidence which Congress have been pleased in so many instances to repose in me, were I to hesitate in giving it as my opinion, that altho' the other troops, who are more generally composed of Natives, and may therefore have attachments of a stronger nature, may bear their distresses somewhat longer than the Pennsylvanians, yet, that it will be dangerous to put their patience further to the test. They may, for what I know, be only wanting to see the effects of the Pennsylvania insurrection; and it will be therefore far better to meet them with a part of their just dues, than to put them to the necessity of demanding them in a manner disreputable and prejudicial to the service and the Cause, and totally subversive of all military discipline.
I have received your Excellency's favor of the 28th ulto. and am exceedingly obliged by the very agreeable southern intelligence which you have been pleased to communicate. I have the honor etc.6
[Note 6: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 7, 1781.
Dr Sir: You will proceed, with the dispatches with which you are charged, to the Governors of the States of Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts and to the President of New Hampshire. You are acquainted with the subject of those dispatches, in which, the Gentlemen, to whom they are addressed, are referred to you for a more particular account of the situation of the Army; the causes of discontent in it, and the probable means of giving satisfaction to the Soldiery. Upon the two first heads, you have no need of any instructions; what seem to me most essentially necessary to answer the end of the third are an immediate supply of Money and Cloathing; of the first, a sum equal to three Months pay at least, of the new emission or some other of equal value, of the last, a compleat suit of Cloathes not only for the Men now in service but for the number of Recruits who are to join. That you may be able to speak fully upon the Article of Clothing I will inform you minutely of our present supply and future prospects. The few Men who remain in service will, with difficulty find, a sufficiency of Shirts, Vests, Breeches, and Stockings to carry them thro' the Winter. Of Coats we are very deficient, when those which are in the hands of the Agents are brought forward, there will not be more than one third of what are wanting. Thus you perceive, that the old Soldiers will have occasion for a full supply of Cloathing when they take the field, and that the Recruits, except they are furnished by their respective States, must be absolutely destitute. We may obtain some supplies from France between this and the Spring, but we have been so often disappointed from that quarter, that prudence dictates the impolicy of placing dependance upon it. I have been speaking of the Northern Army only. General Greene represents the Southern as literally naked, and therefore should there be an arrival from Europe a great part must be applied to that Army, as the southern states have not resources within them. I have hitherto only spoken of a sum of Money equal to three Months pay, but it is possible that a further sum may be necessary, and that of Specie, to give new Bounties to those Soldiers who were early inlisted for the War upon very low terms. There can no ill result from securing such a fund, for if it should not be wanted for that purpose, it may be applied usefully to a thousand others.
You will generally represent to the supreme Executive powers of the States thro' which you pass, and to Gentlemen of influence in them, the alarming Crisis to which our Affairs have arrived by a too long neglect of measures essential to the existence of an Army, and you may assure them, that if a total alteration of System does not take place in paying, Cloathing and feeding the troops, that it will be in vain to expect a continuance of their service another Campaign.
You will press upon the Governors the necessity of a speedy adoption of the measures recommended at this time, and inform them that you will call upon them in your way back to the Army to learn what has been done in consequence of your application.
I wish you a more pleasant journey than can be hoped for at this season of the Year and am with very great Regard etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to observe, on the subject of your Letter of last Night; that altho I am not very sanguine in my expectation of the success of the enterprise proposed, Yet I think in our present circumstances it will be adviseable to encourage it. Colonel Hull8 may therefore have permission to make the attempt in conjunction with the Militia; but I would not advise the destruction of any Houses except the temporary Huts built by the Refugees.
[Note 8: Lieut. Col. William Hull. He planned an attack on the British and refugee post at Morrisania, N.Y.]
Col Drake9 may be supplied with 5000 Cartridges for the Militia, he to be accountable for the expenditure of them.
[Note 9: Col. Samuel Drake, of the New York Militia.]
By a Letter from Genl Wayne, I am informed the Pennsylvania Line is still continued in the same state at Prince Town, and that he had recd. intelligence the Enemy were preparing to make a Movement into Jersey. Their attention being drawn that way, may possibly make the plan in contemplation the more practicable.
I wish the Guard Boats to keep a vigilant look out and the Officer to give you the earliest information of any movement below. I am etc.
P.S. Colonel Hull and the Militia Colonels should be strongly impress'd with the idea, that the whole success depends absolutely on the secrecy and rapidity of the Moment [sic]. It will be also well to give a Reinforcemt. of a hundred Men from the New Hampshire Line. After this detachment is made, if another could be sent from any part of Your Command towards Pompton to cover the Stores at Ringwood and to act as occasion may require, it might be advantageous; these ought to be of the best Clad Men and not less than 100; but I submit it entirely to your discretion to act as the Prest situation of the Garrison will justify.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, January 8, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Rank of the Massachusetts regiments under the new establishment of the army having been determined as follows:
By a Committee chosen by the respective commanding Officers of them or their Representatives; the Commander in Chief for that reason approves the determination of the Committee and directs it to take place accordingly.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 4th. with the enclosures, by the Express, the Evening before last. I had been deliberating in my own mind, whether to continue at this place, or set out for Princeton, but am advised by the Governor of this State, and the General Officers with me (and which seems to be consonant to your opinion also) to remain here. As the ultimate measures might probably be taken before I could arrive, and as the personal influence of yourself, and the Gentlemen with you, together with that of the Governor and Council of the State, might effect whatever could be done in that way.
I am now happy to inform you the Troops at the several Posts in this Vicinity continue still quiet, without giving indications of outrage or defection.
At this distance, and under your present circumstances, it is impossible to recommend (if advice could reach you in time) any particular line of conduct, but only in general to observe, that such measures founded in justice, and a proper degree of generosity, as will have a tendency to conciliate or divide the Men, appear most likely to succeed. Certain it is, that should they finally go to the Enemy, they will be a considerable augmentation of strength against us: or should they be dispersed, their loss to the service, will be severely felt; both these evils are therefore to be avoided, if there is any proper ground on which it can be done. The circumstances of the moment will point out the measures necessary to be pursued; taking into view at the same time the consequences which will be involved, with respect to the other Troops, who are nearly in the same situation.
I have such intire confidence in the Zeal, ability, and influence of the Gentlemen concerned in the negotiation; let the issue be what it may, I shall have the consolation of believing that whatever could be done on the occasion, has been faithfully and strenuously attempted.11 I am etc.12
[Note 11: A complete history of the salient points of the revolt will be found in the numerous documents concerning it in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, 9, fol. 439, et seq., and in the Washington Papers. The upheaval had subsided by the end of January.]
[Note 12: In the writing of David Humphreys]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 8, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favors of the 18th: and 23d. of December. Soon after the Passports for the Flag ship were sent to you I was informed by the Governor of Virginia that there had been a necessity of removing the British troops of Convention to Fort Frederick in Maryland, I therefore in answer to his letter, desired him to give permission to the ship, upon her arrival in James River, to proceed with the Stores for the British, to such other place in the Chesapeak as would be most convenient to transport them from to Fort Frederick.
As to the propositions contained in your letter of the 23d. of Decemr. I can only say, that I am not at liberty to go into further exchange of the troops of Convention before there is an adjustment of the debt incurred for their support. I have the honor etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 8, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 5th: with a return of the Exchanges which were effected at your last meeting with the British Commissary.
You are at liberty to send in the Firewood to our Officers who yet remain upon Long Island, but as we have no Agent at present in New York, you will endeavour to see that it is properly appropriated.
In regard to those persons holding Commissions in the Militia, and who were taken from their habitations and out of Arms, I cannot accede to exchanging them as military prisoners of War, without allowing what has been so long and so justly contested, and without setting a precedent, which will be ever plead hereafter, to the great detriment of those Citizens who may fall into the hands of the Enemy, under similar circumstances. There are besides the foregoing, if I understand you, Citizens of the different states, not in the military line, who are prisoners. You will be pleased to make a return of the names and former places of abode of such, to the Governors of the States to which they respectively belong, informing them of their circumstances, and of the necessity of affording them relief, and of taking the earliest opportunities of exchanging them, if any of the subjects of G. Britain fall into their hands. You will make particular enquiry of the Govr. of the state of Jersey, and of others who can give information upon the point, as to the capture of Lt. Colo. Ward;14 Because if he was an Officer at the time, and really taken in Arms, he ought to be exchanged. You will report the substance of your enquiry to me.
[Note 14: Lieut. Col. Matthias Ward, of the New Jersey Militia.]
I am unacquainted with Capt. Willings15 real Rank. Supposing him a Captain in the American Navy, that can be no plea, for demanding a Colonel for him, because, altho' the British have put their post Captains upon the footing of Colonels of Infantry, there has been no such establishment in the American service. Captain Willing, I have understood, commanded an armed Boat upon the Missisippi. If so, he could not, at any rate, be estimated at more than a British Master and Commander.
[Note 15: Capt. James Willing.]
When the Convention Officers who are exchanged have all gone in, you will make me a return of the number of servants carried in by them upon parole. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, January 9, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
All the Tents of the Army are to be delivered to the Quarter Master General who will have them washed cleaned and repair'd. Such as are irreparable or as many of them as will answer the purpose he is to reserve to make cases for the Camp Kettles that they may not grease and injure the soldiers cloaths as they will next Campaign be obliged to carry their own Kettles.
Commanding Officers of Corps will be particularly careful in seeing that the Tents are all given in to the Quarter master General.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 9, 1781.
My dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 25th: of December. If prejudices will still prevail against experience, the fatal effects of temporary inlistments must be endured to the risque, if not the ruin, of the cause. The discontents and jealousies arising from this source have at length broke out in the Pennsylvania Line, as you will have been informed by General Knox, before this reaches you. I have heard nothing particular from those infatuated people since he left us.
The Cloathing department, as you observe, is upon the most vague and unsettled footing possible, at present. The States depend upon the public, and the public upon the States; hence arises the miserable situation in which we find ourselves at this moment. This Army has a bare supply of under cloathes and a prospect of about half enough Coats. The southern Army, small as it is, is literally naked.
I have never had any official information of the quantity of Cloathing so long expected from France, but if it should arrive between this and the Spring, and should come up to the quantity that I have heard spoken of, it would not be more than sufficient for the Army that ought to be raised in this quarter: But, as the southern States have few or no resources, a considerable part of that cloathing must of necessity be sent there. This, was there no other reason, points out the propriety of either the particular States, or the Continent, availing themselves of the oppertunity of procuring supplies out of the quantities of Goods at Philadelphia and at the Eastward. General Knox is instructed particularly upon that head, in the application which he is to make to the Eastern States.
As the Recruits cannot possibly join the Army before they are cloathed, and as it will be attended with many inconveniencies and difficulties to bring them on in small parties, you will be pleased to make Boston and Springfield the general places of rendezvous. Those are already pointed out as places of deposit, and there will be magazines at them. The state allowance of milage, if in the new emission, is, I think, fully sufficient to bring the Men on, and therefore makes the establishing magazines at Worcester and Litchfield unnecessary.
It will, I apprehend, be some time before any number of Officers will be wanted at Boston and Springfield. You may, for the present appoint some of those who are at home upon Furlough to take care of the Recruits as they come in, and I will desire General Heath to assign a particular number to relieve them and remain upon that duty. You may retain some of the public Arms for the Recruits.
You will be pleased to inspect generally into military Affairs as eldest Officer in the State, without considering yourself in a separate department. Should any particular matter occur, on which you do not think yourself authorised to act or determine, you can make a particular application to me. I am etc.
P.S. I had matte a promise to Colo. Shepherd, that he should if possible be employed in a duty near home till the Spring. As he lives in the Neighbourhood of Springfield, you will be pleased to appoint him to superintend the Recruits which rendezvous there.17
[Note 17: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 9, 1781.
Sir: I have just received your Letter of Yesterday; I am extremely sorry that the Proportion of Cloathing for the Jersey Troops is not more ample, and of better quality. You must be sensible it is owing to the misfortune of not receiving the supply expected from France, and that unhappily for us the remainder of the Troops are not in a more eligible situation. The States are now called upon in the most pointed manner to remedy this evil as far as possible. And I cannot but hope matters of Cloathing will soon be put on a better foundation: I am surprised that any of the Men of Spencers Regt should be detained as Waiters, after orders being given to the contrary. I would have immediate and effectual measures taken for recovering these Men to the service, by sending an Officer after them. And wish also that the other Men who are absent from that Regt. may be collected as early as the circumstances will permit.
You will make use of the proper means to have the Articles of Cloathing you mention forwarded on. I am &c.
P.S. I find by Your Letter, that you proposed going to Chatham. I hope you will not have set out before this reaches you, because I think it of great consequence for you to continue with the remains of the Brigade, especially at such a Critical Moment as this is; if you have not gone, you will not leave your Command at present.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 19: Of Trenton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 9, 1781.
Madam: I have had the pleasure to receive Your favor of the 29th. of Decr. and have given directions to Colonel Nelson20 to deliver the three hundred and eighty pr of Stockings for the use of the Troops of the State of New Jersey.
[Note 20: Col. John Nelson (Nelson). He was deputy quartermaster general of New Jersey.]
This Gratuity of the Ladies, I am persuaded, will be very acceptable at this season: and will produce every expression of gratitude to the generous Donors, from those who are the immediate sharers in their liberality. I am etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 9, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 22d. and 25th of December and 1st: instant. The reasons assigned by Your Excellency for declining, at this time, the enterprise which I took the liberty to refer to your consideration, are weighty, But the representation made by the Chevalier des Touches of the impossibility of going to sea for want of Bread, renders the measure impracticable, had there been no other impediments.
The grounds on which your Excellency determined not to detach a single Regiment to New Haven are perfectly military. I would always wish to pursue a compact mode of cantonment, but I am often obliged to give up my judgment and risque some Men to cover the Country and quiet the apprehensions of the people.
Your packet addressed to the Chevr. de la Luzerne was this day forwarded by a careful Gentleman to Philada.
I have received intelligence that the detachment under the command of Genl. Leslie which left Chesapeak Bay the latter end of November had again landed at Cape Fear in North Carolina. I have not learned whether Leslie seemed inclined to establish a post upon the Coast, or to march up into the Country. I have the honor etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 9, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 17th. of November and 22d. December. The first, by some accident, had gone forward to Philada., and only reached me by the post from thence the 7th. inst. Your Excellency will have had good reason to suppose me guilty of neglect in not sooner answering so polite a renewal, on your part, of the correspondence which had been maintained between us while you presided in Congress. Independent of personal regard, I am extremely happy in seeing you elected to your present dignified station, as, from my knowledge of your attention to public business, I am assured that every measure which is committed to your care will be zealously promoted and pointedly executed.
I am at a loss in what manner to comply with the Act of the Honble. the House of Representatives of the 16th. Novemr.23 calling for a return of all the Arms and Accoutrements that have been taken from the Men of the State of Massachusetts
[Note 23: A copy of the resolve of Nov. 16, 1780, of the Massachusetts Legislature is in the the Washington Papers.] and no compensation made therefore. I know of the detention of no Arms since the dissolution of the first Army in 1775 and they were paid for. There may have been partial stoppages since, but so great has been the change of Officers that I doubt whether it will be possible to ascertain facts with any degree of accuracy. I will however make inquiry among the Officers who have been longest and most constantly with the Army, and see whether a return can now be obtained, by which justice may be done to the public as well as to individuals. I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, January 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 5th. I have had the pleasure to receive. The event, which I have long dreaded would be the consequence of keeping the Army without pay, Cloathing, and (frequently without) Provision, has at length come to pass. On the Night of the first instant a general Mutiny of the Non Comd. and privates of the Pensyla. line (near Morristown) took place; in attempting to suppress which, some Officers lost their lives, and others got wounded, to little effect. The Mutineers Marched off in compact and regular order by Platoons, after possessing themselves of the Artillery and stripping the Magazine of its Stores; declaring it to be their intention to go to Congress, and demand a redress of their Grievances.
Genl. Wayne who Comd., and the Colonels R. Butlar and Stewart, after finding all authority and influence at an end, determined to keep with them and try lenitives; which, by what I can learn, they have practiced to as little effect as either of the other two. The line have halted at Princeton, discovering no inclination to go further; which has a bad aspect, as it is (to them) a favourable intermediate point between Congress and the enemy, and in that view very fit for their purpose25 of negotiation.
[Note 25: At this point the draft has the following crossed off; "One of their demand, as I am informed, is, that the Soldiers of 1776 and 7 shall be discharged."]
Some powerful considerations, not proper to be communicated in a letter (liable to miscarriage) and the advice of the General Officers at this Post against the measure, strengthened by Governor Clinton's opinion, restrained my setting out for the revolted Troops upon the first notice I had of them. In five minutes I shall step into the Boat for West point, where I have appointed the commanding Officers of Corps to meet me26 and think it very probable I shall proceed thence to Morristown, &ca.
[Note 26: "You will be pleased immediately to summon all the General Officer and the Colonels or Officers commanding the Regiments of the Imes under Your command to meet punctuality at ten O Clock to morrow morning at your quarters, I will be down myself by that time. You need not send to Colo. Hazen."-- Washington to Health, Jan. 10, 1781. The original is in the Massachusettes Historical Society.]
Mrs. Washington thanks Mrs. Schuyler, as I do both of you, for your kind and friendly invitation to Albany; the distresses of the Army are too great anti complicated, for me to think of private gratifications. Our best wishes attend you, and all around your fireside, and I am etc.
PS. I have this instant receiv'd authentic informn. that the Mutineers have delivered up one of Sir Henry Clintons Emissary's (with his guide) charged with written propositions very favourable to the revolted Troops, tho witht. any intn. I am perswd. of fulfilling them. This is an unequivocal proof of their having no intention to go to the Enemy. A Comee. of Congress are with them.27
[Note 27: The committee consisted of John Sullivan, John Witherspoon, and John Mathews. They were appointed January 3. On January 5 Theodorick Bland and Samuel John Atlee were added.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 10, 1781.
8 OClock P.M.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 7th. and 8th. from Morris Town both reached me in the course of this day. I cannot conceive how Major Fishbourne could have misunderstood me as to my intention of going down. The postscript of my letter of the 3d. to Genl. Wayne, which was added after I had consulted Govr. Clinton and the General Officers was to the contrary. Upon receiving your letter of the 7th. I sent directions to Genl. Heath to assemble all the General Officers and Officers commanding Corps, at his quarters to morrow Morning, where I shall meet them. What I have to propose is of too delicate a nature to commit to paper,28 neither can I say, untill I have had the meeting whether it will be prudent for me to go down towards Morris. You shall hear from me after the meeting is over. I think it appears by the letter which has fallen into your hands29 that there has not been much if any intercourse between the Mutineers and Sr. H. Clinton. And if the future correpondence can be intercepted it will embarrass the British and the troops. You will have been the best judges of the kind of answer which it would be proper to give to Sir Henrys message. But as we had not force sufficient to wish to decoy him out, perhaps it will have been most prudent to answer him in the negative. I am certain that in consequence of my letter of the 8th. to General Wayne, every offer that could with propriety be made has been made. What further is to be done can be better judged of by you on the spot, than by me at this
[Note 28: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair, Jan 12, 1781, post.]
[Note 29: The British untended to land forces at Elizabeth town and Amboy to support the mutineers in case they should accept Sir Henry Clinton's offers.] distance. The steps you have hitherto taken are judicious and strictly proper.
Be pleased to thank the Marquis and Colo. Laurens for their letters, which a press of business prevents me from answering.
If I do go down, it will be by Chester, Warwick, Colo. Sewards, Davenports Mill and to Morris town. You will send expresses on that Route, but do not let it be known that I mean to take it. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 10, 1781.
Sir: I am pleased to find by your favor of the 4th. instant that you are willing to accept of the Agency for prisoners provided Sir Henry Clinton makes no objection to you returning to New York. I shall immediately propose you to him, and will acquaint you with his answer as soon as I receive it. I am etc.31
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 10, 1781.
Gentlemen: We have so constantly experienced the want of Hats, than which no part of dress is more essential to the appearance of a soldier, that I have been endeavouring to find out a substitute for them, which could be procured among ourselves. I have seen none so likely to answer the purpose, and at the same time of so military an air as a leather Cap which was procured in the year 1777 for the 6th. Connecticut Regt. I desired the Adjt. General to make particular enquiry into the cost of those Caps; and how they had been found to answer. Inclosed is a copy of his report, by which it appears, that if tolerable pains are taken in making, they are infinitely cheaper in the end than Hats. Should the Board approve the plan, a few pattern Caps may be made at Middletown and sent to the different manufactories of leather work.
In regard to the representation, inclosed in yours of the 2d. Jany. respecting the persons calling themselves sweedish Officers32 I cannot find myself at liberty to approve of their admittance into our service. They must at best be mere adventurers or they would never have come out without some kind of recommendation. As they carne furnished with no credentials, I refused to see them when they passed this place. These being the first who have offered their service from Sweeden is the very reason why we ought to be guarded, because should Officers of merit come from that Nation hereafter they will be much disgusted at seeing persons, perhaps of infamous characters holding Commissions in our Army. I have the honor etc.
[Note 32: Names of these individuals are not mentioned in the Board of War letter of Jan. 2, 1781.]
Be pleased to forward the inclosed to Colo. Brodhead by first opportunity.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 10, 1781.
Sir: I am informed by Miss Dagworthy that the Ladies of the Committee have delivered three hundred and eighty pr of Stockings to your care, to be disposed of by My Order.
You will be pleased to have them forwarded to the Troops of the State of New Jersey, to be issued to them as a Donation from the Ladies of that State, under the direction of the Commanding Officer of the Line. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 12, 1781.
Gentlemen: Congress having authorized me to appoint officers for Col Armands corps. I have given him directions for the purpose, as he is better acquainted than I am, with the characters that will suit him. I am to request on his furnishing the Board with an arrangement that they will be pleased to issue Commissions. He expects to go to France and dispatch being necessary to his plan, I have thought proper to refer him thus immediately to the Board. I have the honor etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys Letter of the 20th of Deer enclosing the Act for More effectually preventing illicit trade &c; and also with your favor of the 5th Inst. covering the Act for recruiting the Regts of New Jersey. When the present urgent business is dispatched, I shall attend to the several Matters contained in them; in the Mean time I have the honor etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just received your favors of the 10th. and 11th Instant. I had always considered you as having the command of the Troops at Fish Kill, and am fully of your opinion that an investigation into the issues of Provision at that place, and the Landing is absolutely necessary. You will be pleased therefore to take such Measures as you think proper to detect any abuses of this or any other article of Public property.
The issue of Provision would have engaged my particular attention before this time, had not a variety of business prevented. I had ordered Returns of the quantities of Provision issued at the several Posts, specifying by whose Order they were delivered. And this, I think will be your only Method to discover, whether there is any fraud in the Matter. I am etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS. H. S.]
New Windsor, January 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Marqs. De la Fayette Colo. Laurens and others arrived here yesterday, but bring no later accts. than those I had with me at West-point; nor have I heard any thing further from the revolted Troops, or the Comee. of Congress since Genl. Sullivans Letter which you heard read. I beg therefore that the detachment may be hurried, and I informed when it will be ready to move. I will direct Colo. Blaine to wait upon You and fix matters with respect to the article of Provision.
Majr. Genl. Howe applied to me yesterday for the Command of the Detachment. In point of right he ought to have it; but in point of policy, it might be better to give it to either General Parsons or General Glover, and this I told him; but ultimately desired him to fix the matter with you and the other two Gentn., who might be more competent judges of the weight of my observations to him than I could be myself; determine it as you will, I shall be satisfied.
When the Detachment Marches, you will be pleased to pay particular attention that each work is sufficiently manned and provided; that the Guard Boats below are uncommonly watchful; that upon the appearance of any force on the Water they fire alarm Guns at Stony or Verplanks point and not depending on this, send Expresses besides; that a field piece with a Small guard be stationed at Fort Montgomery for the more certain receiving and communicating the alarm at Kings-ferry. That every means be used to obtain intelligence of the Enemys designs at New York. and in a word every possible diligence used, and attention given, to the security of the Post in the absence of the Detachment. I am etc.
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Receipt of your letter of the 9th. inclosing one from General Wayne has, if possible, added to my embarrassments. I had heard from Genl. Sullivan and Lord Stirling that the Mutineers had delivered up the British Emissaries immediately upon their arrival in princetown. From this, I was in hopes that they had precluded themselves from all assistance from that quarter, and that the reduction of them by force, should matters come to extremities, would not be difficult. But now their conduct appears to me in this light: they have made known the propositions offered by Sir H Clinton, only by way of threat, and seem to say, if you do not grant our terms we can obtain them elsewhere.
At the meeting with the General and Field Officers yesterday, it was almost the universal opinion that their Men might be depended on, I therefore gave directions for a detachment of 1000 to be prepared and held in readiness. If things are in a train of negotiation, as would seem to be the case from General Wayne's post script; to move a force between Trenton and the Enemy might create suspicions in the minds of the Mutineers and make them fly to the Enemy for safety.42 I do not think it prudent to write to the Committee of Congress; to Governor Reed, or to General Wayne, lest my letters should be stopped. I think therefore from a consideration of the subject in every light, that it will be best for you to go down to the Pennsylvania side opposite Trenton and send for some of the Gentlemen over. There enquire minutely into the situation of Affairs, and if there are no hopes of a resonable compromise, get from them an opinion of what ought ultimately to be done. If force should be determined upon, the Governors of Pennsylvania and Jersey should instantly make arrangements for bringing out as many of their Militia as can be collected; [while the detachmt. abovementd. is marchg from hence] that the intercourse between Trenton and this place
[Note 42: Brigadier General Wayne wrote to Washington from Trenton (January 12): "The Conditions now made and agreed to are the Joint Act of the Committee of Congress and the Governor of Pennsa. to whom the former Delegated their powers. The Mutineers as yet hold Command, but we have expectations of Reclaiming at (in appearance at least) either this Evening or tomorrow morning, however I believe it will be the most advisable Measure to Disolve the Line, and Collect it anew, as well and expediciously as possible. The Spies were executed yesterday Pursuant to their Sentence." Wayne's letter is in the Washington Papers.] may be as expeditious as possible, desire Colo. Nelson43 to fix a relay of Expresses from the neighbourhood of Trenton to Morris Town and let the Quarter Master at Morris town continue them from thence to this place. I am etc.44
[Note 43: Col John Neilson.]
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
New Windsor, January 12, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. your favor of yesterday. On my part there is not the smallest objection to your accompanying Colo. Laurens to France, but the permission must come from Congress. The offer which you make of equipping your Corps with Cloathing and Accoutrements (the cost of wch. to be repaid in three or 4 years, and the interest annually) is generous; and among many other proofs of your Zeal and ability to serve the common cause. I am perswaded it will be received in a favourable light by Congress.
At a time when the enemy are giving all the support they can to their Southern operations it would be improper, in me, to with-draw a Man from that quarter; but as you doubt the abilities of your Major, I shall have no objection, if it is consistent with the establishment of the Partizan Corps, to Lieutt. Colo. Ternant (when exchanged) his being appointed to yours; as he is an Officer of acknowledged merit, and in actual pay. Major Lee has been promoted, but upon what principle or what arrangement (if any) Congress have been pleased to make with respect to field Officers for these Corps, is more than I am acquainted with. With respect to the appointmt. of your other Officers; the mode of recruiting Men, and purchasing Horses, I can do no more than refer you to my former letter. Strict regard however, for the sake of justice, the tranquility of your Corps, and your own Peace, must be had to the rights of the Officers who at present constitute your Corps, and to the characters of such as may be brought into it by new appointments.
I would be more full but a pressure of important matters puts it out of my power to be so at present. I thank you for your assurances of friendship and attachment. and am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, January 12, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The term for renewal of Tickets in the 4th. Class of the United States Lottery is extended to eight weeks instead of Six and which will expire the 8th. of February.
The Adventurers in the 3d. Class who purchased tickets at the Pay office and chuse to renew in the 4th. are requested to consign the exchange to the regimental Paymasters who will give receipts for the amount as money advanced on account.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 13, 1781.
Dear Sir: Since the information Col Humphrys gave Your Excellency by my direction, some circumstances have been communicated by Gen Wayne (a Copy of whose Letter is inclosed) which give a very different complexion to the affair. Instead of delivering up the Emissaries from the Enemy, as I had been prematurely advised, the Mutineers had only reported them to Genl Wayne, still keeping them in their own hands; this conduct instead of shutting the doors to negotiation with the Enemy, seems to carry a threat that if we do not comply with their terms, they know from what quarter they can obtain protection and redress.
Previous to the receipt of this last intelligence, I had ordered a detachment to be in readiness to March from the Troops in this Vicinity, which is still held under Marching Orders. But I am extremely embarrassed, and waiting with the utmost anxiety for further Advices. Under these circumstances, I need not enumerate my choice of difficulties from every quarter, among which, the perplexities arising on the score of Provision are not the most inconsiderable. Should it become absolutely necessary for the Detachment to March, the Garrison of West Point, you must be sensible will be left in a very weak situation. I wish therefore to be informed, by your Excellency, whether any force of Militia, could be thrown into the Garrison, in what time it could be done upon such an emergency, and what Number might be depended upon; I should be much obliged by having Your Answer as soon as is convenient. I have the honor etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 10th was received the Morning. I was last at West Point; a variety of avocations have prevented my acknowledging it untill this time.
With respect to the Soldiers who have been Prisoners, I have to observe, that I think it reasonable, the indulgence of Furloughs should be granted to those whose circumstances require it, and for whose return their Officers can become in a great measure responsible. I do not know particularly what Cloathing there is remaining in the Store, but such as there is, may be issued, so far as will make them comfortable.
I have no objection to the Experiments Major Bauman proposes, but would have them delayed untill the present disturbances have subsided.
When the arrangement of the Massachusetts Brigade was made, it was upon the supposition the Regiments would derive their rank from the Commanding Officers; but I would not even now wish to make any alteration without having your opinion on the expediency of it. I should therefore be glad you would consult [(not in a formal way for I have no idea of there being a Military propriety in doing this, tho' I never want inclination to accommodate matters to the wishes of every Officer, as far as the genl. good will allow)] with such Officers as you think proper, and give me the best information you are able on the subject.
I have received your two Letters of the 12th. also that of the 13th. I have advised the Commissary General of the alarming state of our supplies; have directed him to write in the most pressing Manner, and send Expresses to the New England States, and to use every possible exertion to have the Beef Cattle forwarded without delay.
The subject of yours of Yesterday, is of so delicate a nature, that I am almost afraid it will be productive of ill consequences to have it handled, even by the most prudent Officers, in the most cautious manner.46 To seem to draw into question, the fidelity and firmness of the Soldiers, or even to express a doubt of their obedience, may occasion such a relaxation of Discipline, as would not otherwise exist. I could wish to have these Matters treated with the greatest prudence by the Officers, and
[Note 46: Heath's letter of Jan. 13, 1781, in the Washington Papers, had reported the feeling of the troops of the detachment ordered to be in readiness to march against the mutineers.] not conversed upon, before their Domestics, as I am apprehensive has some times incautiously been practiced.
Since writing the foregoing, I have recd. a Letter from the Quarter Master General expressing the uneasiness of the Officers of his Department, who were to draw their Provisions, by Your Order of the 13th thro the Medium of Col Hazen; And enclosing a Resolution of Congress authorising the Deputies and Assistants to the Quarter Master General to draw Provisions on their Own Orders. As all I had in view, was to prevent impositions on the Public, (and I am conscious you was actuated by the same principle alone) possibly it may be sufficient to make the Head of the Department at the Post responsible for the whole. I think however that may be, it will be best to suspend the execution of the Order respecting that Department, untill the hurry of business is over, so that I can converse with you on the subject. I am etc.
P.S. Altho it is not probable the Detachment will March, I would have it kept in readiness. In the mean time, the opening the new Road is of so great importance, that it ought not to be neglected, and will not I believe under the present circumstances interfere too much with the design of the Detachment. Since Genl Wayne informs me the Spies were given up and the affair was likely to be settled.47
[Note 47: In the writing of David Humphreys. The portion in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Washington. His spelling and capitalization are followed here.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, January 14, 1781.
Sir: I have laid your Letter of this date before His Excellency, who directs me to inform you, in general, that he believes the Order of Maj Genl Heath, to have originated from a request lately made to him, to have a full investigation into the issues of Provisions at the several Posts; but that this was not designed particularly for your Department, which may yet be put on such a footing as to give satisfaction in this Article.
Just after you left Head Quarters yesterday, the General received Letters from the Committee of Congress advising that the Pennsylvanians were on their march to Trenton, and that an accommodation was likely to take place; He therefore thinks it best to have the Horses remain in their present places, as he expects to receive such intelligence in the course of the Night or early tomorrow as will absolutely determine what line of conduct he is to pursue. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys."]
Head Quarters, January 15, 1781.
Sir: I have handed your Letter to the General, who is so engaged in making the Dispatches for Col Laurens who is on the point of setting out for France, that he cannot attend to the subject this Moment. As soon as the present urgent business is finished, he will take up that recommended by you, and wishes Major Coggshall may be delayed a day or two for this purpose.
Letters just recd from Trenton inform the Pennsylvanians had arrived at that place and given up the Spies, who were to be executed on the 11th Inst. It was expected from this and other circumstances the affair would be compromised very soon.
His Excellency has written to General Heath on the subject of Your Letter of Yesterday, desiring him to suspend the execution of the Order respecting Your Department till he can see him as all he (General Washington) had in view was to prevent any impositions on the Public and not to embarrass or impede the service. He will speak to General Heath further on the Matter the first opportunity he shall have. I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just received your favor of this day and am pleased with the good disposition of the Troops, which indeed is no more than I expected. By intelligence this moment received from Genl Wayne, it is not probable the Detachment will March, tho I would still have it held in readiness. The Pennsylvanians, have arrived at Trenton, and Delivered up the Spies, who were to be executed on the 11th Inst. Every thing wore a favorable aspect for an accommodation. I am etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 11th together with one from the Committee of Congress of the 9th. Inst. As I had just dispatched an Express to you, with my Letter of the 12th. I have detained your Messenger untill this time, in expectation that something so decisive would have turned up, as might have fixed the line of conduct which we ought to pursue. But nothing new having come to my knowledge, which could give a sufficient ground for determination since my last, I can only refer you to it. The Detachment shall be held in readiness, till I hear from you, which I anxiously expect every Moment. Indeed nothing can be of greater importance, than to communicate with the utmost rapidity, every incident that may happen during the continuance of this unhappy affair. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of David Humphrys.]
New Windsor, January 15, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I have the honor of addressing this letter to you by Colonel Laurens, one of my Aide De Camps, whom Congress has been pleased to commission for particular purposes to the Court of Versailles.
Justice to the character of this Gentleman conspiring with motives of friendship will not permit me to let him depart without testifying to you the high opinion, I entertain of his worth as a citizen and as a soldier. You will find him a man of abilities, perfectly acquainted with our circumstances, and exemplary for his honor and candor. I can with pleasure add assurances of his attachment to you personally and of his perfect disposition to conform to his instructions by availing himself of your advice and assistance upon all occasions; and, with this conviction, I confidently take the liberty of recommending him to your friendship.
The present infinitely critical posture of our affairs, made it essential in the opinion of Congress to send from hence a person who had been eye-witness to their progress, and who was capable of placing them before the Court of France, in a more full and striking point of light; than was proper or even practicable by any written communications. It was also judged of great importance that the person should be able to give a military view of them and to enter into military details and arrangements. The choice has fallen upon Col. Laurens as a Gentleman who unites all these advantages, and adds to them an integrity and an independence of character which render him superior to any spirit of party.
What I have said to him, I beg leave to repeat to you, that to me nothing appears more evident than that the period of our opposition will very shortly arrive, if our allies cannot afford us that effectual aid, particularly in money and in a naval superiority which are now solicited. Col Laurens is so fully possessed of my ideas of our situation and wants and has himself so thorough a knowledge of them that I should trouble you to no purpose by enlarging. You may place entire confidence in him and in the assurances that I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 53: Wife of Richard Bache and daughter of Benjamin Franklin.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 15, 1781.
Dear Madam: I should have done myself the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of the Letter you did me the favor to write on the 26th of Deer:54 at the moment of its receipt; had not some affairs of a very unusual nature, (which are too recent and notorious to require explanation) engaged my whole attention. I pray you now to be persuaded, that a sense of the Patriotic Exertions of yourself and the Ladies who have furnished so handsome and useful a gratuity for the Army, at so critical and severe a season, will not easily be effaced, and that the value of the donation will be greatly enhanced by a consideration of the hands by which it was made and presented.
[Note 54: Not now found in the Washington Papers Sparks, however, quotes from it: "We packed up the shirts in three boxes, and delivered them to Colonel Miles, with a request that he would send them to Trenton immediately, lest the river should close; where they now wait your Excellency's orders. There are two thousand and five in number. They would have been at camp long before this, had not the general sickness prevented. We wish them to be worn with as much pleasure as they were made."]
Amidst all the distresses and sufferings of the Army, from whatever sources they have arisen, it must be a consolation to our Virtuous Country Women that they have never been accused of with holding their most zealous efforts to support the cause we are engaged in, and encourage those who are defending them in the Field. The Army do not want gratitude, nor do they Misplace it in this instance.
Although the friendship of your Father may oblige him to see some things through too partial a Medium, Yet the indulgent manner in which he is pleased to express himself respecting me, is indeed very pleasing.55 For nothing in human life, can afford a liberal Mind, more rational and exquisite satisfaction, than the approbation of a Wise, a great and virtuous Man.
[Note 55: Franklin had written to Mrs. Bache (June 3, 1779): "If you happen again to see General Washington, assure him of my very great and sincere respect, and tell him, that all the old Generals here amuse themselves in studying the accounts of his operations, and approve highly of his conduct."]
Mrs Washington requests me to present her Compliments to Mr Bache and yourself, with which you will be pleased to accept of mine and believe me to be etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, January 15, 1781.
Sir: The unhappy Mutiny of the Non-Comd. and Privates of the Pensylvania line; the perplexed state of Affairs in this quarter; the distressed condition of the Troops at West Point and in the vicinity of it, on acct. of Provision and some essential articles of Cloathing, combined with other embarrassments of less importance, have engrossed my whole time and attention; and must be offered as an apology for not complying Sooner, with the order of Congress of the 1st instt. inclosed in your Excellencys Letter of the Second; relative to the expediency of removing the French Troops to Virginia.
Congress being no strangers to the blockade of the French Squadron at Rhode Island, must have had in contemplation a land march of the French Army to the above State. To which the Season, length of the way, badness of the roads, difficulty of Transportation, and possibly want of covering in a good Military position, when there. The expectation of the second division, and the arrangements which are made in consequence by the French General, might be offered as weighty objections by Auxiliary Troops against the measure. But as Congress have been pleased to ask my opinion of the expediency of it, I think it a duty incumbent on me to add, that it is not agreeable to the Sentiments (perhaps to the orders) of the Officers commanding the Land and Naval force at Rhode Island to seperate, while the latter is awed by a superior Marine. The experiment has already been tried.
I shall act to the best of my judgment, in a further exchange of Prisoners; and will carry the views of Congress into effect, as far as I am able.
Proper attention has been paid to such Officers of the Continental lines (who are under my immediate command) as now are, or have been prisoners with the enemy, in making the New arrangement of the Army; And I have no doubt but equal regard will be had to those in the Southern Army. I shall write to General Greene on this head, and will transmit him a copy of the resolve of the first, explaining the Sense of Congress on this matter.
In my last of the 6th., I communicated the reasons which prevented my departure for Morris Town upon the first information I received of the revolt of the Pensylvania line; and the Contingencies on which my going thither, then depended. I found notwithstanding my utmost exertion, and all the aid I could derive from the Governor of this State, that I could only supply the Garrison from day to day with Provisions. That it was a doubtful point, tho' the Troops appeared tolerably quiet in this quarter, how far they were to be depended upon in a serious and sperited attempt to quell others, whose declared intention was to seek redress of those grievances, of which they themselves participated and were constantly complaining, while the propriety of weakening the Garrison, supposing the utmost reliance was to be had on them, without Provision in the Magazine, or Works, was not less questionable. On the other hand, all authority in the Officers of the Pensylvania. line over their Men being at an end, and the influence of those who remained with them employed to no purpose, I was convinced, that the unhappy precedent they had set, and the shock which discipline had received by the revolt, would only be increased by my appearance among them without the means of enforcing obedience; the necessity of doing which, for the support of Military authority, was so essential, as to be attempted at all most even hazard; but to choose for the best in such perplexing circumstances as I was driven to was not very easy. Ultimately however, I determined to prepare a detachment of a thousand Men, and directed General St Clair (who was at Morris town) to proceed immediately to the Committee of Congress at Trenton, and if matters were not then settled, or in their opinion, in a favourable train for it, to make the ulterior arrangements for Militia with Mr. President Reed and Governor Livingston, that, with their assistance, the detachment from hence might be enabled to act effectually. Thus the matter stood when a letter from the Comce. advised me that, the business was likely to be accommodated to mutual satisfaction.
It would be happy for us, and favourable to the probable operation's of next Campaign, if instead of living chiefly upon the Supplies of this State, they, and those of Jersey, could be held as a kind of reserve Magazine. I have this Instt. been honor'd with the receipt of your Excellencys favor of the 6th and its inclosures, and shall give the earliest attention to the business referred to me.57 With the highest respect etc.
[Note 57: See the resolves of Jan. 5, 1781, in the Journals of the Continental Congress, authorizing Washington to adopt retaliatory measures to prevent further cruelties being practiced by the British on American prisoners of war.]
[New Windsor, January 15, 1781.]
[Dear Sir]: In compliance with your request I shall commit to writing the result of our conferences on the present state of American affairs; in which I have given you my ideas, with that freedom and explicitness, which the objects of your commission, my intire confidence in you, and the exigency demand.58 To me it appears evident:
[Note 58: Congress directed that Laurens consult Washington before proceeding on his mission to France, and this letter was the result of their conferences. Laurens used copious extracts from it in his memorial to Comte Vergennes. Under date of Jan. 3, 1781, in the Washington Papers, are two memoranda in the writing of Washington: "Extracts from, and Substance of the Honble. Jno Laurens's Ministl. Papers," and "Extracts from and Estimate furnished Colo. J. Laurens by James Duane, Esqr." On these, as well as the verbal conferences with Laurens, Washington based the above letter.]
1st. That, considering the diffused population of these states, the consequent difficulty of drawing together its resources; the composition and temper of a part of its inhabitants; the want of a sufficient stock of national wealth as a foundation for Revenue and the almost total extinction of commerce; the efforts we have been compelled to make for carrying on the war, have exceeded the natural abilities of this country and by degrees brought it to a crisis, which renders immediate and efficacious succours from abroad indispensable to its safety.
2dly. That, notwithstanding from the confusion, always attendant on a revolution, from our having had governments to frame, and every species of civil and military institution to create; from that inexperience in affairs, necessarily incident to a nation in its commencement, some errors may have been committed in the administration of our finances, to which a part of our embarrassments are to be attributed, yet they are principally to be ascribed to an essential defect of means, to the want of a sufficient stock of wealth, as mentioned in the first article; which, continuing to operate, will make it impossible, by any merely interior exertions, to extricate ourselves from those embarrassments, restore public credit, and furnish the funds requisite for the support of the war.
3dly. That experience has demonstrated the impracticability, long to maintain a paper credit without funds for its redemption. The depreciation of our currency was, in the main, a necessary effect of the want of those funds; and its restoration is impossible for the same reason; to which the general diffidence, that has taken place among the people, is an additional, and in the present state of things, an insuperable obstacle.
4thly. That the mode, which for want of money has been substituted for supplying the army; by assessing a proportion of the productions of the earth, has hitherto been found ineffectual, has frequently exposed the army to the most calamitous distress, and from its novelty and incompatibility with ancient habits, is regarded by the people as burthensome and oppressive; has excited serious discontents, and, in some places, alarming symptoms of opposition. This mode has besides many particular inconveniences which contribute to make it inadequate to our wants, and ineligible, but as an auxiliary.
5thly. That from the best estimates of the annual expence of the war, and the annual revenues which these states are capable of affording, there is a large ballance to be supplied by public credit. The resource of domestic loans is inconsiderable because there are properly speaking few monied men, and the few there are can employ their money more profitably otherwise; added to which, the instability of the currency and the deficiency of funds have impaired the public credit.
6thly. That the patience of the army from an almost uninterrupted series of complicated distress is now nearly exhausted; their discontents matured to an extremity, which has recently had very disagreeable consequences, and which demonstrates the absolute necessity of speedy relief, a relief not within the compass of our means. You are too well acquainted with all their sufferings, for want of cloathing, for want of provisions, for want of pay.
7thly. That the people being dissatisfied with the mode of supporting the war, there is cause to apprehend, evils actually felt in the prosecution, may weaken those sentiments which begun it; founded not on immediate sufferings, but in a speculative apprehension of future sufferings from the loss of their liberties. There is danger that a commercial and free people, little accustomed to heavy burthens, pressed by impositions of a new and odious kind, may not make a proper allowance for the necessity of the conjuncture, and may imagine, they have only exchanged one tyranny for another.
8thly. That from all the foregoing considerations result: 1st. The absolute necessity of an immediate, ample and efficacious succour of money; large enough to be a foundation for substantial arrangements of finance, to revive public credit and give vigor to future operations.
2dly. The vast importance of a decided effort of the allied arms on this Continent, the ensuing campaign, to effectuate once for all the great objects of the alliance; the liberty and independence of these states.
Without the first, we may make a feeble and expiring effort the next campaign, in all probability the period to our opposition. With it, we should be in a condition to continue the war, as long as the obstinacy of the enemy might require. The first is essential to the last; both combined would bring the contest to a glorious issue, crown, the obligations, which America already feels to the magnanimity and generosity of her ally, and perpetuate the union, by all the ties of gratitude and affection, as well as mutual advantage, which alone can render it solid and indissoluble.
9thly. That next to a loan of money a constant naval superiority on these coasts is the object most interesting. This would instantly reduce the enemy to a difficult defensive, and by removing all prospect of extending their acquisitions, would take away the motives for prosecuting the war. Indeed it is not to be conceived, how they could subsist a large force in this country, if we had the command of the seas, to interrupt the regular transmission of supplies from Europe. This superiority (with an aid of money) would enable us to convert the war into a vigorous offensive. I say nothing of the advantages to the trade of both nations, nor how infinitely it would facilitate our supplies. With respect to us, it seems to be one of two deciding points; and it appears too, to be the interest of our allies, abstracted from the immediate benefits to this country, to transfer the naval war to America. The number of ports friendly to them, hostile to the British; the materials for repairing their disabled ships; the extensive supplies towards the subsistence of their fleet, are circumstances which would give them a palpable advantage in the contest of these seas.
10thly. That an additional succour of troops would be extremely desirable. Besides a reinforcement of numbers, the excellence of the French troops, that perfect discipline and order in the corps already sent, which have so happily tended to improve the respect and confidence of the people for our allies; the conciliating disposition and the zeal for the service, which distinguish every rank, sure indications of lasting harmony, all these considerations evince the immense utility of an accession of force to the corps now here. Correspondent with these motives, the inclosed minutes of a conference between Their Excellencies The Count De Rochambeau, The Chevalier De Ternay and myself will inform you that an augmentation to fifteen thousand men was judged expedient for the next campaign; and it has been signified to me, that an application has been made to the Court of France to this effect. But if the sending so large a succour of troops, should necessarily diminish the pecuniary aid, which our allies may be disposed to grant, it were preferable to diminish tile aid in men; for the same sum of money, which would transport from France and maintain here a body of troops with all the necessary apparatus, being put into our hands to be employed by us would serve to give activity to a larger force within ourselves, and its influence would pervade the whole administration.
11thly. That no nation will have it more in its power to repay what it borrows than this. Our debts are hitherto small. The vast and valuable tracts of unlocated lands, the variety and fertility of climates and soils; the advantages of every kind, which we possess for commerce, insure to this country a rapid advancement in population and prosperity and a certainty, its independence being established, of redeeming in a short term of years, the comparitively inconsiderable debts it may have occasion to contract.
That notwithstanding the difficulties under which we labour and the inquietudes prevailing among the people, there is still a fund of inclination and resource in the country equal to great and continued exertions, provided we have it in our power to stop the progress of disgust, by changing the present system and adopting another more consonant with the spirit of the nation, and more capable of activity and energy in public measures; of which a powerful succour of money must be the basis. The people are discontented, but it is with the feeble and oppressive mode of conducting the war, not with the war itself. They are not unwilling to contribute to its support, but they are unwilling to do it in a way that renders private property precarious, a necessary consequence of the fluctuation of the national currency, and of the inability of government to perform its engagements, oftentimes coercively made. A large majority are still firmly attached to the independence of these states, abhor a reunion with great Britain, and are affectionate to the alliance with France, but this disposition cannot supply the place of means customary and essential in war, nor can we rely on its duration amidst the perplexities, oppressions and misfortunes, that attend the want of them.
If the foregoing observations are of any use to you I shall be happy. I wish you a safe and pleasant voyage, the full accomplishment of your mission and a speedy return; being with sentiments of perfect friendship etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, January 16, 1781.
Parole--.Countersigns--.
Lieutenant James Giles60 of the 2d. regiment of Artillery is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st. Instant vice Lieutenant Ashton61 transferred to the 4th.
[Note 60: Of the Second Continental Artillery. He resigned in August, 1782.]
[Note 61: Lieut. Joseph Ashton, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He was appointed captain-lieutenant in April, 1781, and served to the close of the war.]
In Congress, January 4, 1781.
A Report from the Board of War was read; Whereupon, Ordered, That the Board of War draw no warrants on the paymaster general, except for the invalid regiment, and the regiment of artificers in the department of the commissary general of military stores, until the farther order of Congress.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received Your favor of last Evening. I cannot by the Intelligence I have had from Jersey, believe the Enemy are preparing to make a Movement in that Quarter; however I could wish to have the truth ascertained.
Col Hay informs me there are at least two Hundred Barrels of Flour, at the Landings near Poughkeepsie. The present favorable weather urges strongly the necessity of having it thrown into the Garrison before the River closes.
I have nothing new from Trenton but that the two Spies are actually executed. I am etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 16, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I am this Moment favored with your Letter of the 12th Instant by Express.
The measures you have taken, in consequence of the late alarming Affair, appear to have been very proper, and calculated to promote essentially the public service.
I approve entirely of Your Dismissing all the Militia who have been called out on the occasion, as soon as the circumstances will justify the Measure, of which you will be a much better judge on the spot, than I can at such a distance.
It was happy for us, the Troops in this quarter shewed an extremely good disposition. And I have only to add in confidence (for the publication of it might be disadvantageous) that had Matters proceeded to extremities, and called for coercive Measures, A formidable Detachment was in readiness and would have marched to Your assistance; but it is much better to have the affair amicably and honorably scaled. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 16, 1781.
Dear sir: The receipt of your favor of the 11th. Instant afforded great satisfaction, by informing me that the unhappy affair, which had given you so much trouble and anxiety, was likely, speedily to be settled.
You will be informed by Major Genl. St. Clair, why I did not think it expedient (as matters were circumstanced) to give an answer to your last by the usual Route.
I thank you for the hint given in the conclusion of your Letter,64 and am etc.65
[Note 64: The hint given by Wayne was of a refugee plot to capture Washington.]
[Note 65: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 66: Chairman of the committee of the Continental Congress to deal with the Pennsylvania mutiny.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I was honored last Evening with your favor of the 10th with a Postscript of the 11th Instant. Major Genl St Clair will inform you of the reasons why I thought it imprudent to address my Dispatches in answer to your Letter of the 7th and 9. immediately to you, he will also advise you of the Measures I had taken.
It gives me great satisfaction to learn a final and cordial accommodation was like to take immediate effect. The decided and unequivocal step the Pennsylvanians have taken, by delivering up the Emissaries from Sir Henry Clinton, is a strong mark of their attachment to the cause of their Country, and detestation of the insiduous conduct of the Enemy. In addition to this, their respectful and Orderly behaviour in the whole course of the affair (except in the first instance) gives us reason to expect that they will return to their duty like faithful and good Soldiers.
I have the pleasure to inform you that the Army in this Quarter, amidst all their complicated sufferings and distresses for the want of Money, Cloaths, and frequently Provisions, continues still quiet. Congress will probably have advised you before this time of the Mode I have recommended for furnishing three Months pay immediately to the Army. And I cannot but flatter myself the United efforts of Congress and the States will be exerted to prevent by redressing the real grievances, a repetition of similar or even more dangerous disturbances than those which have happened in the Pennsylvania Line. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I had the honor last night to receive Your Excellency's Letter of the same date, and am happy to inform you that there probably will be no occasion to march the Detachment, nor consequently to call the Militia to our aid.
By the inclosed Letter from the Committee of Congress, which came to hand last evening, Your Excellency will perceive the favorable train matters were in, and the ground to expect an immediate accomodation. I have the honor etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of George Augustine Washington. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 18, 1781.
Sir: Under the circumstances, Your Excellency states in your letter of the 12th., there is to me no doubt that Wilson69 may be detained and punished, notwithstanding the sanction of a flag. But there is a fact alleged by the enemy, which would intirely change the nature of the case. They pretend, that Wilson came out under a passport or permit from Col Wells70 of your Militia, while Commanding Officer at Horseneck or in that vicinity. If this is true, however censurable Col Wells might be, in giving the permit I should advise to respect it and release Wilson. This is a point, if possible, necessary to be ascertained, previous to an application to General Clinton. If upon investigation, Your Excellency finds the pretended passport to be false, I will make a demand as you request of Capt. Marsh;71 unless Your Excellency should prefer doing it yourself as the whole affair has been hitherto without my participation.
[Note 69: James Wilson, a Connecticut soldier, who was condemned to death for traitorous conduct, escaped to the British and came to the American lanes under a flag of truce to obtain his family and effects.]
[Note 70: Col. Levi Wells.]
[Note 71: Capt. Samuel Marsh, of the Connecticut Militia.]
I am happy to be able to inform your Excellency agreeable to the resolve of Congress, that a detachment of the Jersey troops has been already marched to Wyoming. With the warmest sentiments of respect etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, January 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: I received last Night your favors of the 16th and 18th Instant. and will attend to the subjects of them as early as possible. Indeed I shall write immediately to Govr Trumbull Govr Hancock, and the Agents of that State at Springfield, to forward on the supplies of Beef Cattle, unless they will expect to see a dissolution of the Army.
I approve of the Arrangements made for carrying into execution the proposed enterprize,73 as reported by Col Humphrys, I have only to advise that it should be conducted with the most perfect secrecy, and executed at the time fixed upon if possible. The State of the River is such as will prevent the crossing of the Detachment of the Marichausie Corps. Nor will Col Humphrys be able to attend. Of this you will be pleased to inform Genl Parsons or Col Hull. I am &c.74
[Note 73: Against Morrisania, N.Y.]
[Note 74: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, January 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: My Aide de Camp Col. Laurens is charged with a commission of the most critical importance from Congress to the Court of Versailles. The Alliance Frigate is ordered to convey him to France, but from the exhausted state of our continental resources in every department, delays which would be fatal to the objects of his mission are to be apprehended, unless the [influence of yr. Exy or] assistance of your state can be obtained in manning and fitting the Vessel for Sea. In these circumstances there is new reason to rejoice, that your Excellency fills a station which gives efficacy to your constant desire of promoting the general interest. The urgency of the present business demands every effort of influence and authority, and gives yr. Excellency an opportunity of rendering the most essential service to the United States, by interposing [as far as may be consistent] such measures as will give instant dispatch to the Frigate. Persuaded that it is sufficient to apprize yr Excellency of the occasion, to engage you to correspondent exertions, will only add the assurances of esteem and respect [with which I am etc.]75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, January 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: I was favored last Evening with your Letter of the 17th. Instant. It will not be necessary, under the present circumstances, I believe, to draw shoes for the Detachment out of the common Mode. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: I should not trouble your Excellency, with such reiterated applications on the score of supplies, if any objects less than the safety of these Posts on this River, and indeed the existance of the Army, were at stake. By the enclosed Extracts of a Letter, of Yesterday, from Major Genl. Heath, you will see our present situation, and future prospects.77
[Note 77: Heath's letter of Jan, 18, 1781, in the Washington Papers, described, the desperate situation of the beef supply at West Point.]
If therefore the supply of Beef Cattle demanded by the requisitions of Congress from Your State, is not regularly forwarded to the Army, I cannot consider myself as responsible for the maintenance of the Garrisons below, or the continuance of a single Regiment in the Field. I have the honor etc78
[Note 78: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. The same letter was sent to Gov. John Hancock.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 19, 1781.
Sir: I was favored last Evening with your Letter of the same date, on the subject of which you will be pleased to observe, that as I had before given my opinion that no promotions could take place after the publication of the Resolution of Congress to the Army; so I still remain decidedly of that sentiment; And that no power inferior to Congress can make a Departure from it, in practice warrantable.
I have never written to Governor Hancock respecting the matter, or taken any Measures which could countenance an opinion contrary to the foregoing. I am &c.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just received your favor of the 17th. by Col Barber, covering an Act of the Legislature for compleating the Regts of New Jersey: By this Resolution I find, I am requested to Order as many Officers from your Line on the recruiting service as I shall judge necessary. And as I conceive it to be of the greatest importance, to have the Army compleated before the opening of the Campaign, no exertions on our part should be wanting. You will be pleased therefore to Order as Many Officers on this service, as can be spared from the necessary command of the Men now in Camp. There should be at least one sent to each County, who besides paying strict attention to the general Instructions formerly given on this subject, will govern themselves agreeably to the Act of the Assembly of the 26th Decr 1780.
When the affairs of your Command are properly arranged I shall have no objection to your being absent a short time. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, January 20, 1781.
Sir: I did not expect that the Postscript to my letter of the 14th. (written in much haste) requesting only a Suspension of your order of the 13th. untill the hurry of the business I was then engaged in should be a little over, would have drawn from you such a letter as yours of the 16th., which did not come to my hands till the evening of the 18th.
I neither questioned your right to issue orders for the government of the Post at Fishkill; nor the propriety of the order in question; but as it had a tendency from the representation of the Q. M. General to unhinge his department in this State; and as I knew that we had, God knows, embarrassments enough without further Aids, I only wanted a little time to enquire myself into the ground of the dissatisfaction, that I might judge better of the expediency of enforcing the Order, or of temporizing; the last of which, from the peculiarity of our Circumstances, we have been too frequently obliged to adopt, or hazard the Machine.
The hour for this enquiry is not yet arrived, and without deciding upon the question contained in your letter, I shall observe: That, the mode you took to discover, and correct abuses in the issues of provision's differed from the one I had in contemplation, and which I had actually entered upon, but was delayed in the prosecution of, by a variety of occurrences which pressed upon me at that time. That, the only view I had in posting Troops at Fish-kill, was to cover the Workmen, Stores Barracks, &ca. And that, I had no idea of Colo. Hazens having any thing to do with the General Staff at that place, further than became every good Officer and Citizen; who had oppertunity to look into, and represent abuses to his superior, or the power that could rectify them.
I again repeat, that the intention of these observations is not to convey an opinion upon the merits of the question. I am perfectly disposed to support my own authority, and yours through it, in every matter consistent with Military rule, and for the benefit of the Service. And the moment I have got some important dispatches off my hands, I shall take up this business.
In the mean time, though I require no argument to convince me of the subordinate character of the Q M Genl, it will remain a doubt with the Gentleman at the head of that department, how far a Colonel has a right to meddle in the business of his general staff at Fish-kill, which was not fixed there in consequence of Colonel Hazens going there, for the conveniences of a particular Post, but for general purposes of the Army. I am etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 20, 1781.
Sir: I should have done myself the honor of writing sooner to Your Excellency, on the late disturbance in the Pensylvania line, had I not relied, that General Knox first, and afterwards Count Des deux ponts81 would give you the most accurate account of this affair; and had I not been waiting to hear the event of it and collect the particulars, to enable me to give you a more perfect idea of it. The causes of complaint of this line, composed of foreigners, and having even some British deserters, must in great part be known to your Excellency. The absolute want of pay and cloathing; the great scarcity of provisions were too serious a trial for men, a great proportion of whom could not be deeply impressed with the feelings of citizens. Some cause of complaint as to their inlistments and perhaps the instigations of internal enemies added to their discontents and contributed to bring them to so disagreeable an issue. The beginning of the disturbance you had from General Knox, and the subsequent proceedings have no doubt been related to your Excellency by the Count Des Deux points, who being an eye-witness had an opportunity of knowing all circumstances. I shall therefore content myself with adding, that the civil authority having undertaken to settle the dispute, there would have been an impropriety in my interfering in their conciliatory measures, which would not have suited the principles of military discipline; and that the matter is in a train of being terminated as well as the manner in which it was taken up gave us reason to expect.
[Note 81: Guillaume, Comte de Deux Ponts. He was colonel on second Regiment Royal Deux Ponts of the French Army in America. Christian, Marquis de Deux Ponts, Comte de Forbach, his brother, was colonel of the Regiment Royal Deux Ponts.]
It is somewhat extraordinary, that these men, however lost to a sense of duty, had so far retained that of honor, as to reject the most advantageous propositions from the enemy. The rest of our army (the Jersey troops excepted) being chiefly composed of natives, I would flatter myself, will continue to struggle under the same difficulties, they have hitherto endured, which I cannot help remarking seem to reach the bounds of human patience.
I had last evening the pleasure of seeing at my quarters Count De Charlus,82 Count De Dillon83 and Mons. Du Mat.84 The first of these Gentlemen acquainted me with the object of his journey to Philadelphia, which he is preparing to pursue agreeable to your desire.
[Note 82: Armand Charles Augustin de la Croix, Comte de Charlus. He was colonel en second Regiment Saintonge of the French Army in America.]
[Note 83: Robert Guillaume, Baron Dillon. He was colonel en second of Lauzun's Legion.]
[Note 84: Guillaume Mathieu Dumas. He was aide to Rochambeau.]
I cannot forbear lamenting Sir, that the absolute want of money, an evil too well known in our army, obliged me to interrupt the chain of communication. But the conveyance by the Post is so dilatory, and it is so important, we should speedily hear from each other, that I am going to renew the chain from this place to Hartford, and propose to you the expediency of having it continued to Rhode Island.
Nothing could give me greater pleasure than to have the honor of waiting on you at New Port and improving the opportunity to make a more extensive acquaintance with the troops under your orders. Besides the satisfaction I should feel in seeing you again, I think it very useful that we should have a further conversation on our affairs, in which I may avail myself of your opinion. But our circumstances have been such, that it has hitherto been out of my power to execute this favourite project of mine. The moment I do not think my presence at West Point essential, shall be devoted to a visit to Your Excellency.
The reduction of my family by various contingencies, so that I had for some days but a single Aide, and the additional weight of business which of course devolved upon me, have prevented my writing to Your Excellency lately as often as I wished.
By intelligence from New York, we hear the enemy have collected transports in the North River. It is probable that hearing of discontents among our troops, they mean to be in a situation to improve any opening that may offer.
Lt Col Laurens one of my Aide De Camps having been appointed by Congress to repair to the Court of France, to negotiate matters relative to our finances, as well as to other articles of great importance to our army, they have directed him to confer before his departure with Your Excellency and Monsieur Des-touches. In consequence of his instructions, I expect he will be shortly at New Port, where he will both receive your orders for France and avail himself of any advice Your Excellency may be pleased to favour him with. With sentiments of the most perfect regard etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 20, 1781.
Gentlemen: Since my Letter to you of the 28th. of Decr the supply of Beef Cattle has been so inconsiderable, that we have been compelled to break in upon the salted Provisions, which were designed as a reserve against the distresses of unforeseen or unavoidable contingencies.
You will observe, from the inclosed extracts of a Letter from Major General Heath the terrible prospects now before us; and Nothing, I am persuaded can prevent the most tremenduous consequences, but an immediate and regular supply of the Beef Cattle demanded by the requisitions of Congress from your State. I have advised His Excellency Governor Hancock of this; and have further informed him, that unless we may depend upon this supply; I cannot consider myself responsible for the safety of the important Posts on this River, or even, the continuance of a single Regiment in the field. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the waiting of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, January 21, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a Brigade General court martial held by order of Lieutenant Colonel commandant Brooks, commanding the 3d Massachusett's brigade the 22d. of december last, Major Wiley President.
Charles Watts soldier in the 10th Massachusetts regiment was tried for "Absenting himself from his regiment without leave and attempting to go to the enemy."
The Court after maturely considering the Evidence find the Prisoner Guilty of a breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of War and sentence him to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
The Commander in Chief confirms the Sentence; but is pleased on the intercession of the officers of the regiment to which the Prisoner belongs, in his behalf to Pardon him and directs his release from Confinement.
New Windsor, January 21, 1781.
Dr. Sir: With not less pain than you communicate it, I receive the information contained in your letter of yesterday. This affair, if possible, must be brought to an issue favourable to subordination, or the army is ruined. I shall therefore immediately march a detachment from these posts to quell the mutineers. Col Freelinghuyssen87 will impart to you what I have written to him. In addition to that, I am to desire you will endeavour to collect all those of your regiments who have had virtue enough to resist the pernicious example of their associates. If the revolt has not become general, and if you have force enough to do it, I wish you to compel the mutineers to unconditional submission. The more decisively you are able to act the better. I am &c.88
[Note 87: Col. Frederick Frelinghuysen, of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 88: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
Shreve wrote from Pompton, N.J. (January 20): "The troops at this place revolted this evening, and have marched towards Trenton: their behavior and demands are similar to those of the Pennsylvania Line; though no blood has been spilt. I was informed by a woman of their intentions, late this afternoon, and immediately ordered all the men off duty to be paraded; with an intention to detach them in different parties for the night; but found but very few that would turn out. I was amongst them for some time but could not prevail upon them to desist. They have lately received a part of the depreciation of their pay, and most of them are much disguised with liquor. Col. Frelinghauyen, one of the Commissioners of the State is now here." Shreve's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, 10 O'Clock P.M., January 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: His Excellency has just heard of the revolt of the Jersey Troops, and directs me to inform you that he is determined at all hazards to put a stop to such proceedings, which must otherwise prove the inevitable dissolution of the Army. He requests therefore you will be pleased to Order a Detachment to be made out from the Garrison and other Troops under Your Command, of five or six hundred of the most robust and best Cloathed Men, properly Officered and provided for this purpose. The General expects the Detachmt. will be immediately compleated and equipped. And although it should leave the Posts very weak, he thinks there will be no risque, as the Commd. of Majr Gen Parsons will be returned before the Enemy can take any advantage of the Movement.
His Excellency will be at the Point in the Morng. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys."]
New Windsor, January 21, 1781.
Sir: I am extremely chagrined at the disagreeable intelligence you communicate in your letter of the 20th. This dangerous spirit will subvert the whole army, if not quelled by a decisive effort of authority. I have ordered a large detachment to march from West Point to compel the mutineers to submission and I must entreat you to employ all your influence to inspire the militia with a disposition to cooperate with us, by representing the fatal consequences of the present temper of the soldiery not only to military subordination, but to civil liberty. In reality both are fundamentally struck at by their undertaking in arms to dictate terms to their country. You will shortly hear further from me. With great esteem &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, January 21, 1781.
Sir: Having considered the affair of Capt Gifford since I saw you, I am upon the whole of opinion, as we have no testimony against him that we are at liberty to make use of, it will not be adviseable to molest him. It would have an arbitrary appearance, to commit him to or keep him long in confinement without a prosecution. I would however advise that you take measures to have him closely watched, and if possible drawn into some snare that will unfold his practices. His resignation must be accepted without further delay. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, January 21, 1781, 11 oClock Night.
Sir: I have it in command from His Excellency to inform you, that he would have you continue Your Detachment together, and hold it in the most perfect readiness to act agreeable to the orders you may receive from him. And that you will not return to West point, according to his Letter of this day92 by Col Barber, as the detachment may be necessary where it is, since the defection of the Jersey Troops. Under all circumstances and upon all occasions, file General relies most confidently on the New England Troops, of this you may let them know, and as he doubts not you will find the best disposition in your Detachment, he wishes you to cultivate it, and inform him if any thing extraordinary should happen. I am etc.93
[Note 92: The draft of this letter to Throop, who was at Ringwood, is dated Jan. 20, 1781, and is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 21, 1781.
Sir: Since I directed Col Humphrys the day before yesterday, to request you to have the Beef salted in bulk, at the several places on the River immediately transported by water (or if impracticable) by land to West Point, the matter has become more urgent, and the delay every moment more dangerous. You will therefore take such measures as will be effectual for the purpose; and also to keep up the supply of flour at the Garrison by pack Horses, if the River should not be open. The time is come when these things must be done, And the execution rests solely with you. For whenever it shall be known that there were provisions in the neighbourhood, and that the Troops have suffered for want of them, All the ill consequences, and the whole blame arising therefrom, you must be sensible, will be attributed by the Army and the Country, to your Department. Col Hay will be able to inform you of the particular deposits of the stores, with the quantities at each. No Report has ever been made respecting the transportation of the flour from Ringwood. Nor do I know what quantity has been brought on to New Windsor, or forwarded to West Point. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 21, 1781.
Dr Sir: I have just received a letter from Mr. Des-touche, commandant of the French fleet, of which the inclosed is a translation. I am persuaded Your Excellency will do every thing for the accomodation of our allies, which the extreme necessities of our own army will permit. I shall be obliged to you to inform me how the matter Mr Des-touche mentions may stand, and how far it will be in your power to comply with his request. I wish you to write to him on the subject as soon as possible.95 I have the honor etc.96
[Note 95: Destouches had complained the wheat anti flour purchased for the French Navy had been seized on impress warrant of Governor Clinton.]
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, January 21, 1781.
Dr Sir: I am honored with your letter of the 15th. I have just received the disagreeable intelligence of the Jersey line having followed the example of the Pensylvania. This spirit will spread itself through the remainder of the army, if not extinguished by some decisive measure. I shall as quick as possible, at all events, march a detachment to compel the mutineers to submission, and I beg leave strongly to recommend that no terms may be made with them. I have the honor etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
West Point, January 22, 1781.
Sir: You are to take the command of the detachment, which has been ordered to march from this post against the mutineers of the Jersey line. You will rendezvous the whole of your command at Ringwood or Pompton as you find best from circumstances. The object of your detachment is to compel the mutineers to unconditional submission, and I am to desire you will grant no terms while they are with arms in their hands in a state of resistance. The manner of executing this I leave to your discretion according to circumstances. If you succeed in compelling the revolted troops to a surrender you will instantly execute a few of the most active and most incendiary leaders.
You will endeavour to collect such of the Jersey troops to your standard as have not followed the pernicious example of their associates, and you will also try to avail yourself of the services of the Militia, representing to them how dangerous to civil liberty the precedent is of armed soldiers dictating terms to their country.
You will open a correspondence with Colonels Dayton and Shreve of the Jersey line and Col Freelinghuosen of the Militia [or any others].98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, January 22, 1781,11 oClock P.M.
Dr Sr: The Genl entreats you will not remit your endeavours to have the Horses for the Artillery ready as early as possible. The pieces will positively move as soon as the Horses are obtained. He also requests that a number of Tents and entrenching Tools, in the same proportion for 600 Men, as the other Arrangement gave for the former Detachment may be sent on; if the Horses are not ready for these, the Artillery will not be detained. I am &c.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. H[umphrys]."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 22, 1781.
Sir: I have received the disagreeable intelligence that a part of the Jersey Line had followed the example of that of Pennsylvania; and when the advices came away it was expected the revolt would be general. The precise intention of the Mutineers was not known, but their complaints and demands were similar to those, of the Pennsylvanians.
Persuaded that without some decisive effort, at all hazards to suppress this dangerous spirit it would speedily infect the whole Army. I have ordered as large a Detachment as we could spare from these Posts to march under Major General Howe with Orders to compel the Mutineers to unconditional submission; to listen to no terms while they were in a state of resistance, and on their reduction to execute instantly a few of the most active, and most incendiary Leaders. I am not certain what part the Troops detached for this purpose will act, but I flatter myself they will do their duty. I prefer any extremity to which the Jersey Troops may be driven, to a compromise.
The weakness of the Garrison but still more its embarrassing distress for want of Provisions made it impossible to prosecute such measures with the Pennsylvanians, as the nature of the case demanded, and while we were making arrangements, as far as practicable to supply these defects, an accommodation took place, which will not only subvert the Pennsylvania Line, but have a very pernicious influence on the whole Army. I mean however by these remarks only to give an idea of the miserable situation we are in, not to blame a measure which perhaps in our circumstances was the best that could have been adopted. The same embarrassments operate against coercion at this moment, but not in so great a degree; the Jersey Troops not being from their numbers so formidable as were the Pennsylvanians.1
[Note 1: The draft at this point has the following crossed out: "From these events one inference is to be drawn which every state in the union cannot too seriously realize; that unless effectual measures are taken to place the army upon a more satisfactory footing, its dissolution and the utter ruin of our cause, will be the inevitable consequences. I have long foreseen the terrible crises to which our affairs were tending and I have not been remiss in apprising the states of the danger."]
I dare not detail the risks we run from the present scantiness of supplies.2We have received few or no Cattle for some time past, nor do we know of any shortly to be expected. The salted Meat we ought to have reserved in the Garrison, is now nearly
[Note 2: At this point in the circular to New York the following was added: "With flour we are fed only from day to day."] exhausted. I cannot but renew my sollicitations with Your State, to exert every expedient for contributing to our immediate relief. With perfect Respect I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The text is from the circular, in the writing of David Humphreys, sent to Governor Greene of Rhode Island, from a photostat kindly furnished by William Ely, of Providence, R. I.]
New Windsor, January 23, 1781.
Dr. Sir: Not knowing whether the Assembly of New Jersey is yet sitting at Trenton, or whether the Govr. is at that place, I take the liberty of putting the inclos'd (under a flying Seal) to your care by an Express going from Govr. Clinton to Congress.
If the Govr. should be present, you will be so good as to concert such measures with him as shall be conceived most effectual to answer the objects of my letter to him; if absent, to take such steps as your own powers and the Exigency of the case requires. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: At the same time I acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 4th of January, I have the pleasure to congratulate you, on your appointment as Adjutant General to the Army. This has been announced to me two days ago officially from Congress.
As Colonel Scammel had made his arrangements to leave the Office on the first of January, he is impatient to be relieved by his successor. And indeed his presence is extremely necessary with the New Hampshire Line, at the present period. I have to request therefore that you will be pleased to repair to the Army as soon as conveniently may be, and enter upon the execution of the Duties to which you are appointed. I am etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, January 23, 1781.
Sir: I am directed by His Excellency the Commander in Chief to inform you, that the Detachment of Artillery, Ordered yesterday, is to march, the moment Horses are furnished by the Qr Mastr General.
The General further signifies his pleasure that the Commanding Officer should have directions to move to Ringwood, and there receive the Orders of Major Gen Howe; or if the Detachment under his Command shall have gone on to Morris Town, the Artillery must follow, untill they come up with the Detachment wherever it shall be. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. H[umphrys]."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: Having recd. information from Col Shreve of the defection of the Jersey Line, and apprehending the most dangerous consequences may ensue, unless an immediate stop shall be put to such horrid proceedings; I am now taking the most vigorous coercive measures for that purpose. I thought it necessary your Excellency should be apprised of my intention in order to prevent any compromise being made with the Mutineers, as well as to have the Militia of the State in readiness to Co-operate with the Detachmt. I have ordered under Major Genl Howe to quell the insurrection.
I doubt not we shall derive every aid from the good People of Your State, in suppressing this Mutiny, not only from a conviction of the dangerous tendency of such proceedings to effect the entire dissolution of the Army, but [as it may affect Civil as well as Mily. authory. to have a redress of grievances demanded with Arms, and] also from a sense of the unreasonable conduct of the Jersey Troops in Revolting at a time when the state was exerting itself to redress all their real grievances.
It will be necessary to take your Measures with secrecy and advise [Genl Howe] the commanding Officer of the Detachment of them [who will march (if the heavy fall of Snow last night does not prevt. it) by the rout of Ringwood, Pompton &ca. I have the honor etc.]6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 23, 1781.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 14th of Decr; that of a prior date which you mention to have written in answer to mine by Major General Greene, I have not had the pleasure to receive; but such misfortunes are not to be wondered at, when we consider the distance of the conveyance, and the negligence of those who are frequently concerned in it.
It is extremely to be regretted, that the States have delayed so long to raise an Army for the War. I am pleased to find my opinion on that subject coincides so exactly with that of your Excellency; and hope it is not yet too late to attempt so salutary a measure.
The spirit of Enterprise which seems to prevail so conspicuously among the troops at the Southward, gives me great satisfaction. It will be a happy circumstance if the Militia and other Troops now in the field should be able to hold the Enemy in check, untill a greater and better supplied regular force can be established.
In a Postscript to my Letter of 10th. Decr. I did myself the honor to advise you, that an Embarkation was then preparing at New York, which was conjectured to be destined Southward. The Detachment for that service, after undergoing several changes, and being reduced to nearly 1600 men under the Command of Arnold, sail'd about the 22d Ulto. Upon my obtaining intelligence of this, I gave information to General Greene, by whom I presumed the communication would be made to your Excellency.
Since the departure of this Fleet, I have had no official accounts, but from a variety of reports the Troops have landed near Richmond in Virginia, the particulars could undoubtedly be communicated to you more accurately and expeditiously from that Quarter, than they could from this, even though we were well acquainted with them.
No event of any magnitude has taken place since my last, except an unhappy affair in the Pennsylvania Line. On the 1st of Janry a Mutiny was excited among the Non Commissioned Officers and Privates, in which some lives were lost. The Troops marched in a body from Morris Town to Prince Town, where they remained some days, and from thence to Trenton; where a compromise has taken place, and Commissioners appointed by the Committee of Congress are sitting to examine into their Complaints, redress their real grievances and effect a settlement. It is worthy of remark that the Mutineers have given the Enemy sufficient proof of their attachment to the Country, by delivering up the Emissaries who were sent with very advantageous Offers to allure them within the British Lines. They also refused a reward for giving them up. The British Agents have been executed as Spies.
Some disturbance, I am just informed has happened among the Troops of Jersey, but I do not learn of what nature or how extensive the defection is likely to prove among them, as they are at a distance from me. While every thing from abroad wears a favorable aspect, our internal affairs, especially those of finance appear but too much the reverse. The want of Pay, Cloathing, and Provisions is productive of evils, from which we scarcely know how we shall be able to extricate ourselves. And to add to our calamities, we are sensible the Troops in the southern Department participate in all our embarrassments and distresses. I have the honor etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, January 23, 1781.
Sir: I have been successively honoured with your Excellency's dispatches of the 12th. 13th. and 16th. and shall duly attend to the contents.
Your Excellency, probably by this time, has heard of the revolt of the Jersey Troops in imitation of the Pensylvania line. Advice that this had been the case with a part of them, with an expectation of its becoming general, reached me the night before last; their complaints and demands of the same complexion with those of the Pensylvanians.
I immediately ordered as large a detachment as could possibly be spared to be marched from West point and put it under the command of Major General Howe, with orders to bring the Mutineers to unconditional submission and, their principal leaders to instant and condign punishment. I have also taken measures to induce the Jersey militia to act in conjunction with him. It is difficult to say what part the Troops sent to quel the revolt will act; but I thought it indispensable to bring the matter to an Issue and risk all extremities. Unless this dangerous spirit can be suppressed by force there is an end to all subordination in the Army, and indeed to the Army itself. The infection will no doubt shortly pervade the whole Mass.
On receiving the News of this disagreeable event, I immediately dispatched a letter to the Committee of Congress at Trenton, recommending that no conciliatory measures might be attempted.
I am entirely of opinion with your Excellency that more certain and permanent funds must be found for the support of the War, than have hitherto existed. Without them, our opposition must very soon cease. The events that have recently taken place are an alarming comment upon the insufficiency of past Systems.
We continue under the most distressing embarrassments in the articles of Provision and Forage. I have the honr. etc.
New Windsor, January 24, 1781
Sir: I have the honor to introduce to your Excellency's acqe. the Count de Charlus8 Son to the Marqs. de Castres,9 present Minister of the Marine of France. This Gentleman's rank and amiable qualities are alone sufficient to entitle him to every mark of respect but when it is known that Iris zeal to promote the Cause of American freedom induced him to resign a Colonelship of Horse in France to serve as second Colonel of the
[Note 8: Armand Charles Augustine de la Croix, Comte de Charlus.]
[Note 9: Charles Eugène Gabriel de la Croix, Marquis de Charlus.] Saintonge Regiment in this Country I ant perswaded it is unnecessary to say more to recomd. him in the fullest manner to your Excellys. partr. esteem and attention. I have the honr. etc.10
[Note 10: In much briefer fashion Washington also wrote letters of introduction (January 24) to the President of Congress, introducing Baron Dillon and Monsieur Dumas.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 24, 1781.
Sir: I have been duly honored with Your Excellencys letters of the 10th. and 13th. instant. The 20th. I had the pleasure of writing to you fully, principally on the subject of the Pensylvania line.
It is with equal mortification and regret, I find myself obliged to add to that, the account of a second mutiny, which I had apprehended and which has lately taken place in the Jersey troops. When the advices came away it was only partial, that corps being divided into several detachments, but it was imagined the revolt the one part had been in consequence of a preconcerted plan between the whole and that the remainder would follow the example. Immediately on receiving the intelligence I sent a detachment from these posts under the command of Major General Howe, with orders to compel the mutineers to unconditional submission, and I have requested the civil Authority not to interpose with any terms of conciliation. It appears to me essential that this spirit should be suppressed by force and by an exemplary punishment of the principal instigators of the defection.
The complaints and demands of these mutineers resemble, those of the Pensylvanians.
It is hard to say with certainty how far the disposition which has now appeared may extend itself among troops who have so many causes of dissatisfaction; but I hope we shall be able to stop the progress of the evil here.
The Count De Custine and the Marquis De la Vall11 who have done the honor to call upon me on their return to Rhode Island will communicate to you all we learn concerning Arnold's descent in Virginia. 'Tis said by later accounts that he had reimbarked; perhaps to fall upon some other point. We have no other intelligence. I have the honor etc.12
[Note 11: Anne Alexandre Marie Sulpice Joseph, Marquis de Laval. He was colonel of the Regiment Bourbonnais, French Army in America.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, January 24, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a General court martial held at West Point by order of Major General Heath the 12th. instant, whereof Colonel Greaton was President, Captain Parker13 of the 7th. Massachusett's regiment was tried for "Repeatedly overstaying the limits of Furloughs and for unofficer and ungentleman like conduct in exceeding the limits of leave of absence which he obtained last May, by pledging his honor for a punctual return on the day the limits expired."
[Note 13: Capt. Jonas Parker.]
The Court on consideration are of opinion that Captain Parker is Guilty of the Charges against him in breach of the 21St. Article 14th. Section of the Rules and Articles of War and sentence that he be discharged the Service.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence and orders it to take place.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 24, 1781.
Sir: The letter you did me the honor to write me the 20th. of last month by some inexplicable delay did not reach me 'till the 20th. instant. I immediately wrote to Governor Clinton on the subject and received an answer of which the inclosed is a copy. The letter from him to you which accompanies this will I hope give you a satisfactory explanation of the disappointments you mention in the flour destined for the fleet. You may rely on the assurances the Governor gives you, of his disposition to promote the operations for procuring your supplies in this state; and that nothing will give me greater pleasure than frequent opportunities of being useful to you and of testifying the perfect consideration with which I have the honor etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am much obliged to you for the account of the success of the Enterprize against Morrissania.
Since the Troops under the command of Major General Parsons appear to be so much fatigued, I would advise to compleat the Detachment of Major Gen Howe (if possible) from the Troops remaining in Camp, particularly from the Brigades on the East Side of the River; because these Men may be immediately replaced by those returning from the Enterprize: And perhaps by the address of General Parsons some Volunteers may be obtained from the last Mentioned Troops. At any rate the service is so pressing, that the Men should be marched for Pompton, as early as possible, from one Quarter or the other.
You will be best able to determine from whence they can be sent, when you see General Parsons, which will be, I suppose, before the receipt of this Letter. I am etc.
P. S: I shall set out for Ringwood (nothing happening to prevent it) to morrow morning to act as circumstances may require.15
[Note 15: In the writing of David Humphreys; the P.S.. is in that of Washington]
[MS.H.S.]
New Windsor, January 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: The abilities of the Author of the inclosed letter, and his talent for enterprize, are unknown to me; I am unable therefore to advise with respect to the project he contemplates. If he has spirit and address equal to the execution of it, and is possessed of a sufficient prudence to receive discretionary orders it will be perfectly agreeable to me that you should give them. The Colonel is not, I think, an object, the other would be a great one, and if executed cleverly, would give reputation proportionate to the brilliancy and importance of the stroke; but it ought not to be attempted by a bunglar, because a miscarriage cuts off hope from a future attempt, as even a successful one on the Colo., would render any effort to surprize the General fruitless. The propriety therefore of the Enterprize depends upon the object, and the talents of the Officer. the last of which from your own knowledge, or such as you can obtain by enquiry, you will be better enabled to judge of than I. I am etc.
PS. 29th. Jany. The above was wrote before I set out for Jersey upon my return last Night I found a letter from Captn. Sumner16 expressing a wish to leave the Service. I therefore think it ineligable to hold up an idea to him that his project is agreeable. I am etc.
[Note 16: Capt. Job(?) Sumner, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. tie was appointed major in March, 1783, to rank from October, 1782, and served to the end of the war.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have not heard a word of the Jersey Troops, since the first intelligence of their defection; And am extremely anxious to know the true state of Matters; for this purpose, I shall set out to morrow towards you; but not with a design of superseding your command, &c.
Be pleased to give me all the information you can obtain by Express, that it may meet me somewhere on the road. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, January 25, 1781.
Sir: My horses, I am told, have not had a mouthful of long or short forage for three days. They have eaten up their mangers and are now (though wanted for immediate use) scarcely able to stand. I should be glad to know if there is any prospect of relief for them. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The text is from a copy found in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
New Windsor, January 25, 1781.
Sir: Major General Phillips in a letter of the 23d. of december transmits a list of officers of the Convention troops whom he wishes to be sent into New York to be exchanged for an equivalent of our officers in your hands. I am now authorized to comply with this proposal and have dispatched an order accordingly for permitting the Gentlemen named to proceed to Elizabeth Town.
General Philips requests an unlimited permission to be given for sending in for exchange any officers whom General Hamilton shall nominate but as this mode would have some inconveniences, though it will be attended with a little more delay, it appears preferable that the business should be transacted in its old channel.
As our prisoners necessarily suffer for want of an agent in your lines, Mr. John Franklin23 will shortly repair to New York in that capacity; unless the circumstances of his coming out should afford objections to his return. On a possibility of this I suspend his going in 'till I hear from your Excellency.
[Note 23: "With respect to the admitting Mr. John Franklin to reside here as Agent, I am to inform you, Sir, that his Conduct was so very exceptionable, when he lived in this City before, that the Commandant found it requisite to remove him and his Family, without the Lines."-- Sir Henry Clinton to Washington, Feb. 2, 1781. Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The very frequent complaints we receive of the extreme sufferings of the naval prisoners have occasioned the inclosed letter to the Commanding Officer of the fleet at New York. I request your influence in the affair. I shall be particularly happy if the proposal I now make is received in such a manner as either to disprove the complaints, or so far as they may be well founded, to produce a remedy. I should with the greatest reluctance see any discussions concerning the treatment of prisoners revived, or be necessiated to adopt any measures with respect to those in our power inconsistent with the tenderness due to the unfortunate. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 25, 1781.
Sir: Through a variety of channels representations of too serious a nature to be disregarded, have come to us that the American naval prisoners in the harbour of New York are suffering all the extremeties of distress from a too crouded and in all respects disagreeable and unwholesome situation on board the prison-ships, and from the want of food and other necessaries. The picture given us of their sufferings, is truly calamitous and deplorable. If just, it is the obvious interest of both parties (to omit the plea of humanity) that the causes should be without delay inquired into and removed; if false it is equally desirable that effectual measures should be taken to obviate misapprehension. This can only be done by permitting an officer of confidence on both sides to visit the prisoners in their respective confinements, and examine into their true condition. This will either at once satisfy you that by some abuse of trust in the persons immediately charged with the care of the prisoners, their treatment is really such as has been described to us and requires a change; or it will convince us that the clamours are ill grounded. A disposition to aggravate the miseries of captivity is too illiberal, to be imputed to any but those subordinate characters who in every service are too often remiss or unprincipled. This reflection assures me that you will acquiesce in the mode proposed for ascertaining the truth and detecting delinquency on one side, or falsehood on the other.
The discussions and asperities which have had too much place on the subject of prisoners are so irksome in themselves and have had so many ill-consequences, that it is infinitely robe wished there may be no room given to revive them. The mode I have suggested appears to me calculated to bring the present case to a fair direct and satisfactory issue. I am not sensible of any inconveniences it can be attended with, and I therefore hope for your concurrence. I shall be glad as soon as possible to hear from you on the subject. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
Capt. George Dawson, of the British Navy (Admiral Arbuthnot being away from New York), answered the above letter (February 2) and Inclosed a copy of the report of a board of officers which inquired into the treatment of the prisoners. Washington (February 13) forwarded copies to Congress. Sparks prints Admiral Arbuthnot's answer to the above letter from Washington, dated April 21, which is now found in the Washington Papers, in the form of a recent copy, the original having been abstracted by Sprague before those papers came into the possession of the Government. Arbuthnot assured Washington on honor that the inquiry of February 2 was conducted "with such strict care and impartiality that you may rely on its validity." He added:
"Permit me now, Sir, to request, that you will take the proper steps to cause Mr. Bradford, your commissary, and the jailor at Philadelphia, to abate that inhumanity, which they exercise indiscriminately upon all people, who are so unfortunate as to be carried into that place. I will not trouble you, Sir, with a catalogue of grievances, further than to request, that the unfortunate may feel as little of the seventies of war, as the circumstances of the time wall permit, that in future they may not be fed in winter with salted clams, anti that they may be afforded a sufficiency of fuel."]
[Note 26: A committee appointed at a town meeting of Poughkeepsie. They signed themselves Col. John Bailey, Col. Lewis Duboys, and Capt. John Van Kleeck. Their letter of January 20 and the resolves of the town meeting are in the Washington Papers.]
New Windsor, January 25, 1781.
Gentlemen: I last evening received the letter which you were pleased to write me of the 20th. instant requesting my opinion of Col Hay's conduct in his former and present station.
I can only answer in general that from the character given me of him while serving in the Northern army, from the information I received of his conduct while acting in this department, and from my own observations upon it, I have always considered Col Hay as a capable useful diligent active and upright servant of the public. My situation however did not enable me to look into the interior of his transactions in business, of course from my own knowledge I could only judge of the results to the service and on these are founded the opinion I have given. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Ringwood, January 27, 1781.
Dr Sir: I have just received your letter of the 21st. The affair of your line has been singularly mortifying and disagreeable in all its progress. Its influence threatens the whole army. You will have heard of the revolt of part of the Jersey line. Last night we marched a body of troops to their huts to compel an unconditional submission and make examples of some of the leaders. The execution of this measure brought me here.
I cannot now enter into the several subjects of your letter, but shall only give you my opinion concerning the Capt Lieutenants. Congress I am persuaded did not intend to exclude nor degrade any particular rank of officers. Previous to the late arrangement the Capt Lieutenants commanded all the sub-alterns. I think it but just they should be continued with the same superiority in the present establishment; that is with the rank of senior Lieutenants where there are no vacancies of captaincies. The objection to this drawn from many younger lieutenants having been made Capt Lieutenants, if valid, would in its consequences, unmake many Captains who were in the same situation.
In other lines of the army the Captain Lieutenants are continued in the manner I mention, that is as Lieutenants with a precedency to all the other Lieutenants. I am etc.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[H.S.P]
Ringwood, January 27, 1781.29
[Note 29: Sparks prints this letter under date of Jan. 26, 1781.]
Sir: I inclose you a letter to the Commissioners appointed to inquire into and redress the grievances of the Jersey line which you will be pleased to deliver them. At the same time I am to desire, you will make the subject of it an object of your particular attention. You will insist on the rights of the service, and take care to give the officers the fullest opportunity of furnishing evidence of the manner of inlistment. I am persuaded the Commissioners will be actuated by a proper spirit, but if there should appear to be too much lenity and indulgence in their measures, you are to interpose in preventing the discharges of the men 'till you can report to me the train in which the business is transacted. You will of course keep these Instructions to yourself. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Ringwood, January 27, 1781.
Gentlemen: The fatal tendency of that spirit which has shown itself in the Pensylvania and Jersey lines, and which derived so much encouragement from impunity in the case of the former determined me at all events to pursue a different conduct with respect to the latter. For this purpose I detached a body of troops under Major Genl. Howe with orders to compel the mutineers to unconditional submission and execute on the spot a few of the principal incendiaries. This has been effected this morning; and we have reason to believe the mutinous disposition of the troops is now completely subdued and suceeded by a genuine penitence.
But having punished guilt and supported authority, it now becomes proper to do justice. I therefore wish the Commissioners, as soon as convenient to enter upon the objects for which they have been appointed. But I think it my duty to observe to them the necessity of the greatest caution in discussing one article, the terms of the inlistments of the troops. In transacting this with the Pensylvanians for want of proper care, the greatest part of the line has been dismissed, though only a small proportion was intitled to a dismission. Authentic and unequivocal proofs have been since found, that a majority of the discharged men were fairly and explicitly inlisted for the war. This evil arose from admitting the oaths of the individuals themselves, before the vouchers could be assembled. From the temper of the soldiery who will scruple no means of getting rid of the service it becomes necessary to admit none but the most unsuspicious evidence in their favour. Generally on investigation the complaints on this head have appeared ill founded, and as the presumption is strong against the soldier, the proofs of an unfair detention ought to be equally strong. Men are extremely wanted, it is at an infinite expence they are procured and they ought not lightly to be released from their engagements.
Whenever a complaint has been made to me, I have invariably directed an inquiry, for I have ever considered it as not less impolitic than unjust in our service to use fraud in engaging or retaining men; but as I mentioned above, the complaint has much oftner. been found to originate in the levity of the soldier than in truth. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Ringwood, January 27, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I have the pleasure to inform your Excellency, that the measures concerted for quelling the mutiny in the Jersey line were this morning carried into full execution. The mutineers were unexpectedly surrounded and awed into an unconditional surrender with little hesitation and no resistance. Two of the principal actors were executed on the spot, the rest pardonned. The spirit of mutiny seems now to have completely subsided and to have given place to a genuine repentance. This was very far from being the case previous to this step, notwithstanding the apparent submission which the assurances of redress had produced; they still continued insolent and refractory and disobedient to the commands of theirofficers.
A general pardon was promised by Colonel Dayton, on condition of an immediate and full return to duty. This condition was not performed on the part of the mutineers and of course they were not entitled to the benefit of the promise; besides which the existence of the Army called for an example. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, January 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: Accept my congratulation on your safe arrival at New Port in good health, after traversing so much of the American theatre of War, and my thanks for your obliging favor of the 12th. making mention thereof, and introductory of the Count de Charlus, whose agreeable countenance, alone, is a sufficient index to the amiable qualities of his Mind, and does not fail, at first view, to make favourable impressions on all who see him.
He spent a few days with us at Head Qrs. and is gone to Philadelphia; accompanied by Count de Dillon. I parted with them yesterday at Ringwood, to which place I had repaired to be convenient to the suppression of a partial mutiny in the Jersey Troops at Pompton who (in imitation of those of Pensylvania) had revolted, and were in a state of disobedience to their Officers. This business was happily effected without bloodshed. Two of the principal actors were immediately executed on the spot and due subordination restored before I returned.
I wish I had expression equal to my feelings, that I might declare to you the high sense I have of, and the value I set upon, your approbation and friendship; it will be the wish and happiness of my life to merit a continuance of them, and to assure you upon all occasions of my admiration of your character and virtues, and of the sentmts of esteem etc.
(Private)
Ringwood, January 28, 1781.
Sir: Your having notice of the intended movement agt. the Jersey Troops (under your Command) yesterday, and not appearing on the ground untill the business was finished at, or about noon seems so extraordinary in my eye, that I request an explanation of it to avoid unfavourable impressions which may not be well founded. I am etc.33
[Note 33: "When General Howe Surrounded the Camp I was within a few miles and thought it best to not go to Camp untill the matter was Over, as those who suffered, might Look up to me for to Interceed for their Pardon. I Pointed out to Col Barber and Major Cumming the Evening before, those who I thought most Guilty, those are the reasons why I was Not Present."-- Shreve to Washington, Jan. 28, 1781. Shreve's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 34: At Pompton, N.J.]
Ringwood, January 28, 1781.
Sir: If the Posts at Smiths Clove and Dobbs ferry have been deranged by the late disorders in the Jersey line they are again to be re-established agreeably to former Orders. And as the Pensa. Troops have crossed the Delaware, you are, till some other arrangement is made of the Stores at Morris Town to detach about 50 men properly Officered to be relieved once a fortnight to that place.
The Objects of the Officer Commanding there are to cover the public Stores which are at Morris town; to Aid the Qt. Mr. at that Post in forwarding the Provisions and other Stores to their respective places of destination; and, where necessary to afford escorts.
The Letters herewith inclosed you will please to forward immediately; the one for the Commissary of Prisoners requires dispatch. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 29, 1781.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform your Excellency that the detachment sent against the mutineers as mentioned in my last, surrounded them in their quarters on the morning of the 27th. and demanded an immediate surrender, which was complied with on their part without the least attempt to resist. Two of the principal actors were executed on the spot and the remainder pardonned. From the appearance of penitence and submission among them, it was deemed unnecessary and inexpedient to extend the punishment to a greater number. I believe I may venture to assure Your Excellency that the spirit of mutiny is now completely subdued and will not again show itself. In the present instance indeed it was very partial; for the mutineers amounted to only two hundred, a great part of the line having refused to participate in their crime.
I requested M. Dumat35 to inform you of the success of a little enterprise against a corps of the enemy at West Chester.36 I have since received an official account. Fifty two of them were made prisoners, a large quantity of forage destroyed and a considerable number of horses and Cattle brought off; with scarcely any loss on our side.37 The execution required hardiness and address; the position of the corps attacked being [three or four] miles within the enemy's redoubts. A bridge across Harlem under the protection of one of the redoubts was burnt to prevent reinforcements coming speedily from the island.38 The success would in all probability have been more complete had not a heavy rain the preceding night rendered a particular pass so difficult as to make it necessary to transport the infantry across on horse back which produced a delay that accidentally gave notice of the approach.
[Note 35: Dumas.]
[Note 36: The raid on Morrisania.]
[Note 37: In killed, wounded, and missing the American loss was 31.]
[Note 38: Of New York.]
Recent letters from Virginia give me the particulars of Arnold's incursion to Richmond. He burnt there some public and private stores and buildings, a foundery and some other public works in the vicinity; and afterwards retired to West Over,39 where he first landed, five and twenty miles from Richmond. This part of the country is so thinly inhabited, that no force could be assembled in time sufficient to give him any material opposition. It was expected he would immediately reimbark from West Over. Virginia intersected as it is with large navigable Rivers is greatly exposed to those kinds of predatory expeditions; nor is there any remedy against them but a naval superiority. I think it probable the enemy will continue to disquiet that State and divert its force from the Southern extremity, while they push their operations there.
[Note 39: On the James River.]
Leslie with his detachment having landed at Charles Town was marching to form a junction with Cornwallis. This being performed will enable him to recommence the offensive; and we have to apprehend with too much success, as General Greenes accounts of his situation are far from being flattering. He had taken a new position on the left of Charlottes[burg] at a place called Checaws40 on the East side of the river Peedee which gives him the command of a country more abundant in itself and less exhausted by Military operations. He had previously established a post on the South side of the Catawba near the forks of Broad river to straiten the limits of the enemy and cover the upper Country. His disposition as far as I can judge at this distance and with an imperfect knowledge of the country, seems judicious. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 40: Cheraws.]
[Note 41: The draft is in tile writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 29, 1781.
Dear Sir: From the excessive hurry of business, I have not had it in my power, to notice particularly the contents of your Letter of the 20th Instant. I immediately directed the Quarter Master General to have the Provisions you mentioned forwarded to West Point by land or water without a moments delay. I presume he has taken the necessary measures. Col Wadsworth informs me there is a probability the salted Provisions from Connecticut will be got on, if the sleighing continues. He also mentions that some Cattle may be expected in a few days.
The proceedings of the Court Martial on Oliver Richards are not at Head Quarters. Colonel Scammell may return them to you.
Altho the Petition of the Non Commissioned Officers of Col Sprouts Regiment was conceived in decent terms and presented with respect, yet every thing that looks like combination ought to be discountenanced; while the Men are assured, that whatever can be done to redress all their real grievances, will be strenuously attempted. The good disposition shewn by the Troops at these Posts in general, and by the Detachment under the command of Major Genl Howe in particular, entitles them to every mark of consideration, and will I doubt not have a powerful influence in procuring a speedy relief from the hardships under which they labor. My endeavours will never be wanting to have ample justice done to them.
The mode of transferring to the Corps of Invalids, is not sufficiently known to me, to be explicit on that subject.
With respect to your enquiry, whether it is allowable for the Officers belonging to one State, to enlist men belonging to another? I am clearly of opinion it is not. And will give Orders effectually to prevent it in future; but in the instance of Capt. Machin, who I am informed has recruited five or six Men, of the Massachusetts Line, whose time of service was expiring; I would recommend, that if the recruiting Money which has been paid them, cannot be replaced by Officers of that Line; that these Men should notwithstanding be retained in service, and be delivered to the New York Line; where I am further informed an exchange may be made of these Recruits for an equal number of Men belonging to the State of New York, now serving in Col Cranes Regt. of Artillery. If one of these expedients is not adopted, I do not see, but the Bounty and Men will be finally lost to the service. A Serjt. of Capt Machin waits upon you with this.
As there is a quantity of Blankets ready to be delivered to the Troops, I could wish to have a Return immediately made, of the number which have been sent on from any of the New England States to their Troops since the last delivery, that a distribution may be made in proportion to the real wants. I am etc.42
[Note 42: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[M.S.H.S.]
New Windsor, January 29, 1781.
Dr Sir: I could have wished, as General Howe is about to make his journey, in consequence of leave formerly granted him, that you could have remained at the Point till his, or General Patterson's return; but as this seems inconvenient, and family concerns presses your departure thence, I yield my consent to it; provided General Heath sees no particular inconvenience resulting from it at this time. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 29, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of this day with the papers accompanying it. For fear of a revival of the discontents in the Jersey line, I think it advisable there should remain near them, other Troops on whose fidelity we can more perfectly rely. On this account I approve the detention of the New Hampshire detachment and the Artillery 'till we hear something more of the movements on Staten Island. Perhaps on receiving intelligence of what has happened in the Jersey Line, General Robinson43 may desist from his supposed intention. To march the Jersey troops alone to Morris Town might only be a temptation the more, and to harrass other
[Note 43: Lieut. Gen. James Robertson. He was on Staten Island prepared, it was thought, to advance whenever the mutinies justified.] troops with that march in the present state of things would in my opinion be inexpedient on more accounts than one.
If the Massachusetts detachment is pretty commodiously situated, it may remain where it is 'till we receive further intelligence; if not, let it return to West Point; in this case you will yourself also return.
Signify, if you please to Col Barber my approbation of his keeping the New Hampshire detachment and Artillery 'till further orders. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 29, 1781.
Sir: Representations having been made to me, by the Commy. of the Staff, that there is no provision of the Meat kind, for the Artillery and other Troops at this place, nor a prospect of any immediately, on account of the impossibility of transportation by Water, and that there are Beef Cattle in the Neighbourhood for sale, but which cannot be obtained without hard Money. You are therefore directed to procure an immediate supply for the Troops, and if it cannot be obtained by purchase; you will take Measures for impressing the same, having the Cattle properly estimated and making compensation for them agreeable to the just value. I am &c.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 46: And New York.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 29, 1781.
Sir: In the letter which I did myself the honor of writing you the 22nd. instant; I informed you of the revolt of the Jersey Troops, and of the measures I intended to pursue in consequence. I have now the pleasure to inform you that Major General Howe, with the detachment under his command, surrounded the Mutineers in their quarters on the morning of the 27th. brought them without dificulty to an unconditional surrender, and had two of the most active instigators, immediately tried and executed. It was judged unnecessary to extend the example further, as there was every appearance of genuine contrition. I hope this will completely extinguish the spirit of Mutiny, if effectual measures are taken to prevent its revival, by rendering the situation of the soldiery more tolerable than it has heretofore been.47 It is not to be expected that an Army can be permanently held together by those ties on which we have too long depended.
[Note 47: In the letter to New York, at this point, the following was added: "Without this, it may be smothered for a while, but it must again break out with greater violence."]
I cannot omit doing justice to the detachment which was sent on this service. There was in its behaviour every mark of fidelity, Obedience, disapprobation of the conduct of the Mutineers, and a conviction of the necessity of bringing them to submission and punishment. They made a long march over Mountainous roads and through a deep snow with the greatest patience, and obeyed every order with alacrity. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 48: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, January 30, 1781.
Sir: Your favor of this day has just come to hand. I cannot consent that any of the Drafts from the Pennsylvania Line, with your Corps, should have permission to go to Trenton. All their Accounts may be settled as well in their absence as tho they were present, by having their Names, Companies, Claims &c. sent on. As to the Matter of discharge, it can be determined only by their Inlistments, the Captain to whom they belong may forward for them whatever Papers or Documents are necessary to throw light on the subject. I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, January 30, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The General returns his thanks to Major General Howe for the judicious measures he pursued and to the officers and men under his command for the good conduct and alacrity with which they executed his orders for suppressing the late Mutiny in a part of the New Jersey line. It gave him inexpressible pain to have been obliged to employ their arms upon such an occasion and convinced that they themselves felt all the Reluctance which former Affection to fellow Soldiers could inspire. He considers the patience with which they endured the fatigues of the march through rough and mountainous roads rendered almost impassable by the depth of the Snow and the cheerfulness with which they performed every other part of their duty as the strongest proof of their Fidelity, attachment to the service, sense of subordination and abhorrence of the principles which actuated the Mutineers in so daring and atrocious a departure from what they owed to their Country, to their Officers to their Oaths and to themselves.
The General is deeply sensible of the sufferings of the army. He leaves no expedient unessayed to relieve them, and he is persuaded Congress and the several States are doing every thing in their power for the same purpose. But while we look to the public for the fullfilment of its engagements we should do it with proper allowance for tile embarrassments of public affairs. We began a Contest for Liberty and Independence ill provided with the means for war, relying on our own Patriotism to supply the deficiency. We expected to encounter many wants and distresses and We should neither shrink from them when they happen nor fly in the face of Law and Government to procure redress. There is no doubt the public will in the event do ample justice to men fighting and suffering in its defence. But it is our duty to bear present Evils with Fortitude looking forward to the period when our Country will have it more in its power to reward our services.
History is full of Examples of armies suffering with patience extremities of distress which exceed those we have suffered, and this in the cause of ambition and conquest not in that of tile rights of humanity of their country, of their families of themselves; shall we who aspire to the distinction of a patriot army, who are contending for every thing precious in society against every thing hateful and degrading in slavery, shall We who call ourselves citizens discover less Constancy and Military virtue than the mercenary instruments of ambition? Those who in the present instance have stained the honor of the American soldiery and sullied the reputation of patient Virtue for which they have been so long eminent can only atone for their pusillanimous defection by a life devoted to a Zealous and examplary discharge of their duty. Persuaded that the greater part were influenced by the pernicious advice of a few who probably have been paid by the enemy to betray their Associates; The General is happy in the lenity shewn in the execution of only two of the most guilty after compelling the whole to an unconditional surrender, and he flatters himself no similar instance will hereafter disgrace our military History. It can only bring ruin on those who are mad enough to make the attempt; for lenity on any future occasion would be criminal and inadmissible.
The General at the same time presents his thanks to Major General Parsons for the prudent and Military dispositions he made and to Lieutenant Colonel Hull and the officers and Men under his command for the good conduct address and Courage with which they executed the enterprize against a Corps of the enemy in West Chester, having destroyed their Barracks and a large quantity of Forage, burnt a bridge across Haerlem, under the protection of one of their redoubts, brought off fifty two prisoners and a number of Horses and Cattle with inconsiderable Loss except in the death of Ensign Thompson50 of the 6th. Massachusett's regiment an active and enterprizing officer.
[Note 50: Ensign Jonathan Thompson.]
The General also thanks Colonel Hazen and his party for their Conduct and bravery in covering Lieutenant Colonel Hull's retreat and repelling the Enemy and Colonels Scammell and Sherman and in general all the Officers and men of General Parsons's command for their good Conduct in supporting the advanced Corps.51
[Note 51: Washington had been informed by Heath of tile success of the raid against Morrisania and wrote to him (January 29): "I have just been favored with Yours of yesterday together with the Enclosures, for which I am much obliged to you, and shall take farther Notice of the affair in the Orders of tomorrow." This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 30, 1781.
Sir: With respect to your Letter of the 20th. Inst. I can only observe that it appears to me, the transportation of the specific supplies demanded by the Resolution of Congress of the 4th of Novr, to the Places of Deposit, is to be considered as properly a State expence, as the supplies themselves; especially since they are directed to be delivered at such Places as shall be pointed out by the Commander in Chief. The removal from these Depositories will, I should suppose, be a Continental Expence. But I have no farther information on the subject, than is derived from the act of Congress.
I should have given an immediate Answer to Your Letter had not business of great importance intervened and prevented. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, January 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: Before this letter reaches Boston, you will, no doubt, have heard of the revolt of part of the Jersey line. I did not hesitate a moment upon the report of it, in determining to bring the matter to a speedy issue, by adopting the most vigorous coercion; accordingly, a detachment Marched from the Posts below, and on the Morning of the 27th. surrounded their quarters and brought them, without opposition to unconditional Submission. two of the principal Actors were immediately executed on the Spot, and the remainder exhibiting genuine signs of contrition, were forgiven.
Much praise is due to the detachment which marched to quell the insurgents; for its obedience, patience and perseverence in traversing the Highlands through Snow; Eighteen or twenty Inches deep; and its readiness to execute any order the emergency of the case should require.
Letters by the last Southern Post advise me of Arnolds having landed high up James River, Marching to Richmond, destroying a few public Stores, and a public Foundery, and then retiring to the place of his debarkation, since which I have heard nothing further of him. I am also advised, by Genl. Greene, that the detachment tinder the Command of Leslie had landed (on the 21St. Ulto) at Charles Town; and was on its March to join Lord Cornwallis. that from the exhausted state of the Country about Charlottesburg, he had moved to his left, and had taken a position at a place called Checaws, on the East side of the River Pedee. his present circumstances, and future prospects are distressing, and gloomy. How loud are our calls from every quarter for a decisive Naval superiority, and how might the enemy be crushed if we had it!
I have recollected (in addition to the memm. I gave you at Head Qrs.) a few articles, by the purchase of which you will oblige me. Tilghman has recovered of his Fever, but is very weak and low. We all unite in best Wishes for you, and I am etc.53
[Note 53: The following memorandum, in the writing of Washington, accompanies the above letter:
"Colonel Laurens will be so good as to bring the following things for Genl. Washington.
"A travelling Razor case with every thing compleat; to be strong, portable, and compendious. Leather perhaps would be best. A vest pocket reconnoiterer, or Telescope. A very small ease of pocket Instruments containing a Scale, dividers &ca. A good Saddle, bridle and furniture (excluding Pistols) fit for a republican General. A Watch string. 2 Dozn. dishes sized 4 dozn. Soup and 8 dozn. Shallow Plates Of Tin or something very light for the Field."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 30, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 24th. Inst. and shall write to the Board of War on the Subject of remounting the Regts. of Dragoons.
The necessity of a regular and rapid communication between this place and Rhode Island has induced me to reestablish the Chain of Expresses. The Count De Rochambeau, to whom I have written, will I presume, make the necessary arrangements for conveyance from Rhode Island to Hartford. From which place to Litchfield the communication must be kept up by Your Dragoons; and from thence to Head Quarters. Riders will be furnished by the Quarter Mastr. Genl.
You will therefore be pleased to send immediately a party of Dragoons and have them so posted as to support the communication proposed from Hartford to Litchfield, both Places inclusive. the Detachment to be under the direction of an officer or careful Sergt, and to be relieved as often as you think proper. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, January 31, 1781.
Dear Sir: The disagreeable events wch. have taken place in the Pensylvania and Jersey lines, the general discontent of the Army for want of pay, Cloathing and provisions, added to the usual course of business (which increases with our perplexities) will I am perswaded be admitted as a sufficient apology for my not acknowledging the receipt of your confidential and obliging letter of the 8th., till now.
To learn from so good authority as your information, that the distresses of the Citizens of this State are maturing into complaints which are likely to produce serious consequences is a circumstance as necessary to be known as it is unpleasing to hear, and I thank you for the communication.55 The Committees
[Note 55: "While our governments are weak, and unsettled, so much depends upon the opinion of the people that It can not be improper for the principal director of the military force of the country to be intimately acquainted with the sentiments of its inhabitants and the State of the country, at least so far as they may affect his resources....I am fully persuaded could the whole money of the State be collected it would not amount to £20,000 in specie or an equivalent in paper even at 40 for one. Wheat is at present the only currency of the country and the quantity of this is much less than the sanguine wishes of the people have lead them to believe. When the Assesments are delivered (And they are daily coming in) many farmers in this part of the country will not have a sufficiency left for the bread of their families, independant of what is necessary for the paymt. of the mechanicks whom they have no other means of satisfying...the people have been greatly harrassed...Sore anti dissatisfied their discontents begin to break out in complaints against their Rulers, in committees. and instructions &c. which besides being dangerous symptoms, serve to weaken the hands of government anti render it highly imprudent to risk their authority by making any new demands, at least till they can convince the people that the requisitions from other states are complied with."-- R. R. Livingston to Washington, Jan. 8, 1781. Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.] now forming, are at this crisis, disagreeable things; and if they cannot be counteracted or diverted from their original purposes may outgo the views of the well meaning members of them and plunge this Country into deeper distress and confusion than it has hitherto experienced, though I have no doubt but that the same bountiful Providence which has relieved us in a variety of difficulties heretofore will enable us to emerge from them ultimately, and crown our struggles with success.
To trace these evils to their sources is by no means difficult; and errors once discovered are more than half corrected. This, I hope, is our case at present; but there can be no radical cure till Congress is vested by the several States with full and ample Powers to enact Laws for general purposes, and till the executive business is placed in the hands of able Men and responsible characters. Requisitions then, will be supported by Law. Jealousies, and those ruinous delays and ill timed compliances arising from distrust, and the fear of doing more than a Sister State, will cease. Business will be properly arranged; System and order will take place, and oeconomy must follow; but not till we have corrected the fundamental errors enumerated above.
It would be no difficult matter to prove, that less than half the present expenditures (including certificates) is more than sufficient if we had money and these alterations in our political movements were adopted, to answer all our purposes. Taxes of course would be lessened, the burthen would be equal and light, and men sharing a common lot would neither murmur nor despond.
The picture you have drawn of the distresses of the People of this State I am perswaded is true, and I have taken the liberty in a late letter and in as delicate terms as I could express my sentiments to hint to Congress the propriety of the policy of leaving the resourses of this State and the Jersey as a kind of reserve; further than this, might bring on me the charge of an intermeddler, till I could speak decisively from my own knowledge.
At all times, and under all circumstances, you will please and honor me, by a free communication of your sentiments, as I can with much truth assure you that with the greatest esteem and Affection I am etc.
New Windsor, January 31, 1781.
Sir: You will permit the gentlemen named in the within list56 to proceed to Elizabeth Town by a route which you shall prescribe them, not passing through any post of ours or through Philadelphia; when arrived at Elizabeth Town they are to report themselves to our Commissary of Prisoners there who will pass them to New York to be exchanged. I am etc.57
[Note 56: The list gave the names of 32 officers. (A letter from Gen. William Phillips to Washington, Dec. 23, 1780, giving these names is in the Washington Papers.)]
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 31, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose Your Excellency the report of Major General Howe of his proceedings in suppressing the mutiny of the Jersey line,58 in which all his measures were taken with decision and propriety.
[Note 58: Howe's letter to Washington, Jan. 27, 1781. A copy is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
Inclosed are also two other reports of Major General Parsons and Lt. Col. Hull of an enterprise against Delancey's corps at West Chester,59 in which with small loss on our side, the barracks of the corps and a large quantity of forage were destroyed; fifty two prisoners and a considerable number of horses and cattle brought off, and a bridge across Harlæm, under protection of one of the enemy's redoubts, burnt, General Parsons's arrangements were judicious and the conduct of the officers and men employed on the occasion intitled to the highest praise. The position of the corps, two, or three miles within some of the enemy's redoubts required address and courage in the execution of the enterprise. I have the honor etc.60
[Note 59: Hull's letter to Parsons (Jan. 25, 1781) and Parsons's letter to Heath (Jan. 25, 1781). Copies are filed with Washington's letter ill the Papers of the Continental Congress. The originals are in the Washington Papers. This was the raid on Morrisania.]
[Note 60: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, January 31, 1781.
Gentlemen: Not having been as yet made acquainted with the Mode proposed for remounting the Regiments of Dragoons, or whether it is expected that the Horses for this service will be furnished by the Continent, or the States to which the Regiments are now assigned. I could wish to be informed of the intentions of Congress and that Measures might be adopted to put the Cavalry on a respectable footing for action at the opening of the Campaign.
If the designs of Congress on this subject are not sufficiently known to you, I have to request you will make application to them and communicate the result to me.
Col Sheldon having advised me that No Horses are to be expected from the State of Connect. for his Regt. this makes me the more particular in my enquiries. I have the honor etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
At the end of January, 1781, in the Washington Papers, is a document, entirely in Washington's writing, titled by him: "Estimate of the Enemy's force at New York Jany. 1781"; "British force in So. Carolina and Georgia" and "The following estimate of the Enemy's force to the Southward is taken from a letter of Govr Rutlidges of the 8th. of December 1780." It is two quarto pages in length and gives the strength of the British organizations. The total British force by this estimate was 18,697.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have by direction of his Excellency to inform you, that Report has been made to him, the new road to West Point is so far opened, as to be passable by Sleighs. He requests therefore, that the flour, which he understands is now on the communication, may be thrown directly into the Garrison by that way, as being the most convenient and expeditious mode while the sleighing continues. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: Capt Lincoln63 and Lieut Eldred64 Prisoners lately exchanged, having applied for an extension of their furloughs
[Note 63: Capt. Rufus Lincoln, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He had been taken prisoner near Schuylkill River in December, 1777, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 64: Lieut. Samuel Eldred, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He had been taken prisoner near Schuylkill River in December, 1777, and served to June, 1783.] beyond the first of April, I shall have no objections to any reasonable indulgences in such extraordinary Cases. but cannot undertake to act upon particular applications, as this might counteract the general Arrangements made by the Commanding Officers of Regts. who ought to be consulted, and give their Certificates that the services of the applicants may be dispensed with, for the time proposed, before the Indulgence is granted. I am etc.65
[Note 65: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 1, 1781.
Sir: I have laid your Letter of this day, together with the enclosure before His Excellency the Commander in Chief, who is pleased to grant his free Pardon to William Hart, agreeably to the request of Capt Hubbell, and yourself. I am &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the wilting of and is signed "D. Humphrys"]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 1, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 16th of January, announcing your promotion, and soliciting my influence in obtaining your exchange.
I desire you to be persuaded, that I rejoice in your prosperity, and wish you an encrease of well-merited honors and felicities; but at the same time, I cannot conceive that the private concerns of any individual should be prefered to the public good, or that general Rules established for the benefit of all those unfortunate Men, whom the fortune of War has placed in the power of the Enemy, should be dispensed with, on ordinary occasions.
Priority of capture has been an invariable principle, in making those exchanges, which have been negotiated under my immediate direction; and I see no reason for departing from so equitable a rule: The inconveniences I foresee would be innumerable. the danger of partiality would alone be a sufficient objection.
Besides this, from the number of Letters I have received from you since your Captivity, you must be sensible Sir, that were a door opened for all our Officers, who are Prisoners to expect partial exchanges would be made for them, my whole time and attention must be devoted to their applications.
In fine, Sir, I cannot interfere in this Matter, without violating an express Resolution of Congress counteracting my own sentiment, introducing a New System, and doing the most palpable injustice. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, February 1, 1781.
Parole--Countersigns--
Light Infantry companies are to be immediately formed--one from each regiment, and to consist of: One Captain, Two Subalterns, Four Serjeants, One Drum, One Fife and for the present, Twenty five rank and file.
The honor of every regiment is so much interested in the appearance and behavior of the Light troops which are a representation of the whole Army that the General exhorts and expects the commanding officers of them will exert themselves to make a judicious choice for the formation of their respective companies. The Assistant Inspector General is to review each company and reject every man who in his opinion is not likely to answer the above ends. The General would prefer well made men from five feet six to five feet ten inches stature.
Every regiment that has at this time more than two hundred and twenty five rank and file for duty including those on command and on furlough is to give a full ninth of its number instead of twenty five for the Infantry company, and as the other regiments increase in strength and exceed this number they are to do the like invariably. When these Companies are formed they are to relieve the Troops on the Lines and do duty there by rotation in such manner as Major General Heath shall direct.
The General strictly prohibits recruiting men belonging to one State into the Regiments assigned as the Quota of another State.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your Letters of the 30th of Decr. and 1st Instant.
You will be pleased to observe that Colonel Cranes Regiment is not to be included in the present distribution of Cloathing in the Massachusetts Returns; because this Regt. has already drawn a proportion of Cloathing with the Corps of Artillery, and the second dividend is to be made upon the same principles. The Return called for, I wish may be forwarded as soon as possible.
I am surprised you did not learn from General Howe, the cause of the detention of Col. Scammell's Detachment As the Order was communicated thro him.
It will certainly be adviseable to innoculate such of the Troops as have not had the Small Pox under proper restrictions. Doctr. Cochran will wait on you, respecting this matter tomorrow. I am &c.
P. S. I am this moment informed by a Letter from Genl Lincoln, that the Assembly of Massachusetts have ordered 1500 Coats to be immediately purchased for their Troops in Camp.68
[Note 68: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: From the general idea I have been able to acquire of the Country, by Maps, as well as from the description you give of it, and its resources, your position at the Cheraws, on the East side of the Pedee seems to have been very judiciously chosen. The motives for Detaching Brigadier Genl Morgan, and the objects given him in charge, appear also to be supported upon just Military Principles. It will be obtaining a great point, if you should be able to streighten the Enemy's Quarters and prevent them from prosecuting offensive operations, untill your Army can be put on a more reputable footing in point of Number and supplies.
After Congress had placed Col. Armands and Lieut Col Lee's Corps on the new Establishment, application was made for my opinion, in what Manner it would be eligible to have them mounted and supplied: in answer to which I proposed it should be done by the Continent at large, thro' the Board of War: since which Congress have passed the inclosed Resolution No 2. respecting the compleating of Col Armands Corps; at what period it may be proper to carry this act into execution, circumstances alone must dictate. In the present situation, it was undoubtedly best to send the remains of this Corps to Virginia to recruit; which I fear will not be fit for service, for a considerable time, unless Col Armand should succeed in his proposal of going to France, to procure, on his own credit, a supply of Cloathes, Arms, Accoutrements, &c.
You will be pleased to observe, I have also transmitted a Copy of the Resolution of the 1st. of Janry No 1. Expressing the sense of Congress respecting the Arranging of the Officers who have been, or are Prisoners.
Since I wrote to you on the 9th and added a Postscript of the 11th of January, the Emissaries from the Enemy have been executed, and the affair of the Pennsylvania Line compromised, by the intervention of the Civil Authority of the State: This (tho perhaps the only measure that could have been adopted in our circumstances) has been productive of ill consequences, by inducing other Troops to follow the same example. I mean a part of the Jersey Line, who Mutinied in the same Manner on the 19th Ulto. Determined to put a stop to this conduct, and to restore descipline, at every hazard, I immediately ordered a Detachment to march from West Point, under the Command of Major General Howe, who surrounded the Mutineers by surprise in their Quarters, reduced them to unconditional submission, and executed two of their Instigators on the spot. This has totally quelled the spirit of Mutiny, and every thing is now quiet. Indeed the Detachment under Gen Howe, deserves infinite credit. And the remainder of the Troops at these Posts, discovered the best disposition on the occasion.
The States seem robe somewhat roused from their late supine condition. Congress have called in the most pressing manner for Money and supplies; and we hope more vigorous and effectual exertions will be the consequence.
About 10 Days ago, General Parsons attempted, with a detachment from the Line, to surprise the Refugee Corps at Morrissania; he succeeded so far as to Capture 54 of De Lancey's Corps, destroy their Huts, a quantity of Forage, and the Pontoon Bridge over Harlem Creek; he also brought off a large number of Cattle and Horses; with inconsiderable loss. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: In mine of the 29th of January I partly answered yours of the 21st. Yours of the 17th had been duly received, and I am since favored with that of the 28th.
I am satisfied, that every thing was done on your part to produce the least possible evil from the unfortunate disturbance in your line, and that your influence has had a great share in preventing worse extremities.
I felt for your situation. Your anxieties and fatigues of mind, amidst such a scene, I can easily conceive. I thank you sincerely for your exertions.
Your request to be exempted from the recruiting service, and employed in the field, at present the last is not possible; but 'till you hear further from me, you need not occupy yourself about the first. I write to General Irvine by this opportunity. With the greatest regard, etc.70
[Note 70: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: It having been found necessary to reestablish a Chain of Expresses from Head Quarters to Rhode Island, the Communication will be kept up by Dragoons from the last mentioned place to Litchfield inclusive; from whence the General would have the chain continued by Riders furnished from your Department: One stage (exclusive of Fishkill, where there are always Expresses) he supposes will be sufficient. The most convenient place for this will be at Colonel Morehouse's71 or between that and Bulls Iron Works; where by having two Riders stationed the Line of conveyance will be compleat. I have the honor etc.
[Note 71: Col. Andrew Morehouse, of Dutchess County, N.Y.]
P.S. Col Webb informs he passed a quantity of flour on the Road near Warwick, and that he was told there were 100 bls. a little in the rear.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, February 2, 1781.
Sir: The bearer Mr. Perote waits upon you by His Excelency's direction. If it can be made to appear satisfactorily to you, that the Cattle in question were applied to the public use, the General would have some compensation made for them. Mr. Perote's character and circumstances plead in his favor; but a precedent should not be established, notwithstanding, which will do injustice to the Public. I am &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, February 3, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Returns of all the men who have not had the small pox to be given in to the Orderly Office by Brigades as soon as possible.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to make the following Election:
In Congress, January 17, 1781.
Congress proceeded to the election of a director of the military hospital; and the ballots being taken, Dr. John Cochran was elected.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 3, 1781.
Dr. Sir: The unexpected reduction of the Pensylvania line from the late unfortunate affair adds to the necessity of the greatest attention to improve the measures adopted for recruiting it. I do not know precisely what these are; but I am informed in general that money is raising for the purpose and that the recruiting service goes on with success. In order to have it conducted with regularity and activity, I am to request you will undertake to superintend it, and will make your arrangements with the state accordingly. Inclosed you will find a copy of the instructions to the recruiting officers of the other parts of the army, which will also be proper for the government of those of your state. We have found from experience that by some means or other74 numbers of men are lost between the place of inlistment and the place of rendezvous. To prevent this as far as possible will be worthy your particular attention.
[Note 74: The words "some means or other" are underscored in the draft.]
I have permitted General Wayne to retire for a while; General Irvine will immediately assist you in the execution of the business.
It seems a great part of the soldiers of your line have fraudulently procured a discharge by the precipitate admission of their oaths, before the papers relative to their inlistments could be produced. In right; this cannot exempt them from their engagements, and after what has happened, if it were thought expedient to compel the return of such as being explicitly engaged for the war have thus perjured themselves, I should have no doubt of its justice; and should not hesitate to take effectual and convenient measures to notify them, that if they did not immediately return to their duty, they should be considered and treated as deserters. I perceive there are objections to the measure, and unacquainted as I am with all circumstances, I cannot competently judge of its propriety. I therefore shall be obliged to you for your opinion.
Let me hear from time to time of your progress.75 I am etc.76
[Note 75: St Clair answered (March 2) "I delayed answering...because I had nothing explicit to inform you of in regard to the Recruiting....I am...of Opinion that no good Consequences would flow from the attempt to punish them. It was threatened some Officers and has driven a great many out of the State; they are too numerous, and it would carry with it something like a Breach of Faith, which the Government does not like to incur; and tho' the Measure was certainly entered into hastiliy it appears to the Gentlemen who transacted it to be necessary." St. Clair's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 76: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by the American Autograph Shop, Ridley Park, Pa..]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 3, 1781.
Sir: I had nearly anticipated the subject of your Letter of the 2d. in mine of the 1st to Major Genl. Heath, in which I informed him I should have no objections to any reasonable indulgences, in extraordinary Cases; but could not undertake to act upon particular applications, as this might Counteract general Arrangements; and that the extension of furloughs beyond the 1st. of April in any instance must depend upon the internal situation of the Regts and number of officers with them. In addition to this, I have only to suggest, that where the circumstances of a Regt. will permit an Officer to be absent beyond the first of April, his own feelings, the good of the service, and the necessity of training and forming the new levies for the field, will certainly induce him to join the Army, at the earliest possible period. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 3, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 17th. The affair of your line has had a train of disagreeable circumstances; but we can now only regret what we cannot remedy, and endeavour as soon and as far as possible to repair the evil.
I have written to General St. Clair to undertake the superintendence of the recruiting service; I am persuaded you will give him all the aid in your power. I am78.
[Note 78: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 79: Louis Antoin, Due de Biron. He was colonel in the French Grenadier Guards.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 3, 1781.
Sir: The Marquis De la Rouerie who is on the point of returning to France for a few months having informed me that he has had the advantage of belonging to a regiment command by you, I cannot refuse it to my sentiments for him to take the liberty of recommending him to you, as an officer who has distinguished himself by his talents bravery and zeal in the service of this country.
He has served near four years with the rank of Colonel and the greatest part of the time has commanded a legionary corps. The numerous and rapid promotions of foreigners, in the early period of the war have occasioned a susceptibility in the American officers on this point which have hitherto prevented the advancement of Col Armand; though his services and merit are acknowledged. He has however this consolation that many of those promotions conferred rank without employment; while he has enjoyed a more military existence in the actual command of a corps.
Though I have not the honor of a personal acquaintance with you, I have taken the liberty of addressing you upon this occasion with that frankness which is the priviledge of military men and with that confidence which your reputation inspires; and I am happy in the opportunity of testifying to you the consideration and esteem etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 3, 1781.
Sir: I have on different occasions done myself the honor to represent to Congress the inconveniences arising from the want of a proper gradation of punishments in our military code; but as no determination has been communicated to me, I conclude a multiplicity of business may have diverted their attention from the object. As I am convinced a great part of the vices of our discipline springs from this source, I take the liberty again to renew the subject. The highest corporal punishment we are allowed to give is an hundred lashes; between that and death there are no degrees. Instances dayly occurring of offences for which the former is intirely inadequate. Courts Martial to preserve some proportion between the crime and the punishment are obliged to pronounce sentence of death. Capital sentences on this account become more frequent in our service than in any other, so frequent as to render their execution in most cases inexpedient; and it happens from this, that greater offences often escape punishment while lesser are commonly punished, which cannot but operate as an encouragement to the commission of the former. The inconveniences of this defect are obvious. Congress are sensible of the necessity of punishment in an army, of the justice and policy of a due proportion between the crime and the penalty, and of course of the necessity of proper degrees in the latter. I shall therefore content myself with observing, that it appears to me indispensable there should be an extension of the present corporal punishment; and also that it would be useful to authorise Courts Martial to sentence delinquents to labor at public works, perhaps even for some crimes, particularly desertion, to transfer them from the land to the sea service, where they have less opportunity to indulge their inconstancy. A variety in punishments is of utility as well as a proportion. The number of lashes may either be indefinite, left to the discretion of the Court to fix, or limited to a larger number; in this case, I would recommend five hundred.
There is one evil however, which I shall particularize, resulting from the imperfection of our regulations in this respect: It is the increase of arbitrary punishments. Officers finding discipline cannot be maintained by a regular course of proceeding are tempted to use their own discretion, which sometimes occasions excesses, to correct which the interests of discipline will not permit much rigor. Prompt, and therefore arbitrary, punishments are not to be avoided in an army; but the necessity for them will be more or less, in proportion as the military laws have more or less vigor.
There is another thing in our articles of war, which I beg leave to suggest to Congress the propriety of altering, it is the 2d. article of the 4th. section, allowing commanding officers of corps to furlough their soldiers. This privilege, if suffered to operate, would often deprive the army of more men than it could spare; it has been attended with abuses; it is disagreeable for a general order to restrain the exercise of a privilege granted by the authority of Congress. To prevent uneasiness and discussion, it were to be wished Congress would think proper to repeal this article, and vest the power of designating the mode of granting furloughs in the Commander in Chief, or Commanding officer of a separate army. It would perhaps be useful to prescribe a printed form, for which purpose I have taken the liberty to inclose one. This would hinder counterfiets and impositions. On the same principle I inclose the form of a discharge. It would in my opinion be a good regulation, that a soldier returning home, either on furlough or discharged, who did not in ten clays after his return produce to the nearest Magistrate Iris printed certificate, should be apprehended by the Magistrate as a deserter, and through the Governor reported to the General officer commanding in the state or department. This regulation published in the army and in the several states would have a tendency to discourage desertion. Something of this kind has been lately adopted in Virginia, and I doubt not will have a good effect; it were to be wished its utility could become general. I have the honor etc.
If Congress approve I wish the Board of war may be directed to have a number of printed copies made of the furloughs and passes.81
[Note 81: Copies of the proposed forms of Discharge and Furlough tare filed with the above letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152.]
I have just received the agreeable intelligence contained in a letter from the Count De Rochambeau of which the inclosed is a copy.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The letter was react in Congress on February 9 and referred to Joseph Jones, Alexander McDougall, and John Sullivan.
No copy of Rochambeau's letter accompanies this from Washington. A transcript of it (January 29), however is entered in no. 169, Papers of the Continental Congress, and the original is in the Washington Papers.]
New Windsor, February 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: Colo. Armand deliver'd me your favor of the 29th. Ulto. last Evening and I thank you for the sevl. communications contained in it.83 The measure adopted by Congress of appointing a Minister of War, Finance, and for Foreign Affairs I think a very wise one. To give efficacy to it, proper characters will, no doubt, be chosen to conduct the business of these departments. How far Colo. Hamilton, of whom you ask my opinion as a financier, has turned his thoughts to that particular study I am unable to ansr. because I never entered upon a discussion on this point with him; but this I can venture to advance from a thorough knowledge of him, that there are few men to be found, of his age, who has a more general knowledge than he possesses, and none whose Soul is more firmly engaged in the cause, or who exceeds him in probity and Sterling virtue.84
[Note 83: "We are now making Some Arrangements which evidence the Recovery of our Reason. A Minister of Foreign Affairs, one of Finance, a Minister of War and of Marine are to be appointed....I wish Your Excellency would be oblidging ...as to give me Yr. opinion with respect to Colo. Hamilton as a Financier."-- Sullivan to Washington, Jan. 29, 1781. Sullivan's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: Congress did not pass the resolves creating ministers of finance, war, anti marine until February 7. The resolve creating a department of foreign affairs had passed January 10. Robert Morris was chosen "Superintendent of Finance", February 20, and accepted May 14. Robert R. Livingston was chosen "Secretary for Foreign Affairs", August 10, and accepted September 17, Alexander McDougall was chosen "Secretary of Marine", but declined to serve, anti after some delay the office of "Agent of Marine" was created August 29. On September 7 the duties were vested in the Superintendent of Finance. The office of "Secretary at War" was created October 1, and Benjamin Lincoln was chosen October 30. He accepted November 26.]
I am clearly in Sentiment with you that our cause only became distressed, and apparently desperate from an imprr. management of it. and that errors once discovered are more than half amended; I have no doubt of our abilities or resources, but we must not slumber nor Sleep; they never will be drawn forth if we do; nor will violent exertions which subside with the occasion answer our purposes. It is a provident foresight; a proper arrangement of business, system and order in the execution that is to be productive of that (economy which is to defeat the efforts and hopes of Great Britain. And I am happy, thrice happy on private as well as public acct; to find that these are in train; for it will ease my shoulders of an immense burthen which the deranged and perplexed situation of our Affairs and the distresses of every department of the Army which concentred in the Comr. in chief had placed upon them.
I am not less pleased to hear that, Maryland has acceded to the confederation, and that Virginia has relinquished its claim to the Land West of the Ohio, which for fertility of Soil, pleasantness of clime and other Natul. advantages is equal to any known tract of Country in the Universe of the same extent, taking the great Lakes for its Northern boundary.
I wish most devoutly a happy completion to your plan of finance (which you say is near finished); and much success to your scheme of borrowing Coined specie, and Plate. but in what manner do you propose to apply the latter? as a fund to redeem its value in Paper, to be emitted; or to coin it? If the latter it will add one more to a thousand other reasons wch. might be offered in proof of the necessity of vesting legislative or dictatorial powers in Congress to make Laws of general utility for the purposes of War &c. that they might prohibit under the pains, and penalty of death specie and Provisions going into the Enemy for Goods. The Traffic with New York is immense. Individual States will not make it felony, lest (among other reasons) it should not become general, and nothing short of it will ever check, much less stop a practice which at the same time that it serves to drain us of our Provisions and Specie removes the barrier between us and the enemy, corrupt the morals of our people by a lucrative traffic and by degrees weaken the opposition, affords a mean to obtain regular and perfect intelligence of every thing among us while even in this respect we benefit nothing from a fear of discovery. Men of all descriptions arc now indiscriminately engaging in it, Whig, Tory, Speculator. By its being practiced by those of the latter class, in a mannr. with impunity, Men who, two or three yrs. ago, would have shuddered at the idea of such connexions now pursue it with avidity and reconcile it to themselves (in which their profits plead powerfully) upon a principle of equality, with the Tory, who being actuated by principle, (favourable to us) and knowing that a forfeiture of the Goods to the Informer was all he had to dread and that this was to be eluded by an agreemt. to inform against each other, went into the measure witht. resqe.
This is a degression, but the subject is of so serious a nature, and so interesting to our well being as a Nation, that I never expect to see a happy termination of the War; nor great national concerns well conducted in Peace, till there is something more than a recommendatory power in Congress. It is not possible in time of War that business can be conducted well without it. The last words therefore of my letter and the first wish of my heart concur in favor of it. I am etc.85
[Note 85: In replying to the above letter from Washington (March 6) Sullivan wrote: "I am happy to find your Excellency entertains the Same Sentiments of the virtues and abilities of Colo. Hamilton, as I have Ever Done myself. After I wrote your Excellency I found the Eyes of Congress Turned on Robert Morris, of this City as Financier. I did not therefore nominate Colo, Hamilton as I foresaw that it would be but a vain attempt....The Choice of a Minister of War is postponed to the first of October. This was a manoeuvre of Saml. Adams and others from the North, fearing that as I was in nomination the Choice would fall on me who having apostatized from the true New England Faith by sometimes voting with the Southern States am not Eligible, They were not however acquainted with all the Circumstances. I was nominated against my will and if Chosen should not have Accepted....I fully agree with your Excellency That Congress ought to have more power but I also think that the old Members Should be in Heaven or Home before this takes place." Sullivan's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellencys Letter of the 31st of January by General Knox. The exertions the Eastern States are making afford me great satisfaction.
I am sorry there should be so much justice in Your Excellency's observation respecting the irregularity of supply, and consequent waste of the live Cattle sometimes sent to the Army. It is easy to trace this Misfortune to its source: Each State is called upon for the Weekly or Monthly proportion of the supplies demanded by Congress. A failure in any One, involves the Army in distressing want; to relieve this, the most pressing representations are made, which in some instances are attended with such efficacy, as to bring on the supplies that have been retained, and produce such a temporary redundance, as is attended with the loss and waste which your Excellency mentions. To depend upon a daily supply of live Cattle, as has been the case hitherto, under these circumstances, must produce one of the disagreeable alternatives before recited. The negligence of the Purchaser, or the Driver, the badness of the roads, or interruption of water, inevitably bring on a scarcity, which threatens the Army with dissolution. While on the contrary, a large stock in hand, produced by whatever contingency, is attended with waste, as neither the Commissary or Quarter Mastr. have the Means of disposing of the Cattle immediately, or supporting them alive in Camp. I have not the least doubt, but the Army might be fed at half the present expence, by having proper Magazines laid in, And arrangements made for the Department. At the same time I do not see but two ways to remedy the evil complained of; either to furnish the Commissy Genl with Money to purchase, and make him accountable for the supplies of the Army, which mode, I conceive would be far preferable, or, to oblige the State Agents, or Contractors to comply punctually with the requisitions made upon them.
In determining the places of Deposit for the specific supplies required of the States, it was necessary I should have regard to the subsequent transportation to the probable theatre of action, and to the difficulty of performing this by land carriage, from the want of Money and Means in the Quarter Master Department. I will candidly acknowledge, it was from these considerations, I was induced to fix one of the Magazines of the State of Connecticut at Hartford, from whence Water transportation might eventually [be] had. And the other at Bulls Falls, as being the nearest Point to the North River, and our present principal force, where the deposit could safely be made. From the Western Part of the State, and the Places contiguous to the Sound, which may be as near to West Point as Bulls Iron Works, it will certainly be eligible to have the Provisions forwarded directly to the former:
I thank you for the Books sent and will return them after perusal.86 With the greatest consideration and Esteem etc.87
[Note 86: The books were two volumes of political pamphlets from London.]
[Note 87: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. The word in brackets is supplied from the draft, which is also in the writing of Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, February 5, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The commanding officers of corps will furnish the recruiting officers of their respective regiments now out, or who may be sent out, with the following instructions signed by themselves:
Sir: You are to repair as soon as possible to the State of--for the purpose of inlisting and forwarding recruits, as mention'd in the resolution of Congress of the 3d. of October last.
You will on your arrival apply to the executive authority of the State for directions relative to the mode of Subsisting yourself and your parties, the conditions of inlistments and the rendezvous of the recruits.
You are to inlist none but such persons as the Law permits Subjects or inhabitants of the State of ... not under the age of sixteen nor above that of fifty of sufficient stature and ability of body to discharge all the duties of a private soldier, free from lameness, or other infirmity which may render him incapable thereof.
You are not to inlist any deserters from the Enemy nor any person disaffected, or suspicious character with respect to the government of these States. All the charge and expence of a recruit who does not pass muster for either of these defects or disqualifications shall be defrayed by the officer who engaged him.
You will have every recruit attested before a peace officer, General Officer, Judge Advocate or one of his deputies, agreeable to the third Section of the Articles of War; and you will require him to sign a paper which shall express the term and conditions of Service for which he is engaged and the bounty he has receiv'd fairly written at length without Erasure or Interlineation so as to prevent all ambiguity, doubts or dispute, and after the Recruit is so attested and engaged you are on no account to exchange or discharge him.
You will carefully enter your Recruits on a size roll specifying in seperate columns the Name, Age, size, trade or profession, place of nativity, place of residence, time of inlistment, draft, term of Service, bounty in money clothing &ca.
And you will report Monthly to the commanding officer of your regiment the number of men you have receiv'd or inlisted and transmit size rolls of the draughts or recruits whom you shall from time to time send on to the regiment.
To ... Given at ... this ... day of ... 178 ... .
The Cloathiers of the New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Jersey Lines, the Artillery and Hazen's Regiment will call upon the Cloathier General for their respective proportions of Blankets.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 5, 1781.
Sir: Having been induced from local considerations, to Order Major Bull to join the 4th Regt. of Dragoons. You will be pleased to join the 1st Regiment, and do duty with the same. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On the same folio, dated February 5, also is the draft by Humphreys of the transfer order to Maj. Epaphras Bull: "You are to join the 4th Regt. of Dragoons vice Maj. Fontleroy, who is directed to join the 1st Regt." Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have attentively considered the matter in discussion between Col Pickering and yourself; you will find my opinion in the following Articles.
1st The Staff departments established at Fish kill have always been considered by me as one of the dependencies of West Point; of course subject to the direction and controul of the Officer Commanding there, in the same Manner as the Heads of Departments are to the Commander in Cheif; their obedience being only qualified by the Orders of the Commander in Cheif, or by the instructions of their respective Cheifs, in the general distributions of their departments.
2nd Major General Heath therefore had a right to call for returns of the Stores and Issues in the several departments at Fish kill, to inquire into, report or correct abuses, according to the nature of the case.
3d. But Colonel Hazen had not the same right, not having had authority for the purpose from Gen. Heath; neither would it have been military to have delegated to him such authority, the principal Officers in the several departments according to the proper and customary line of service, being immediately responsible to General Heath himself.
4th General Heath had a right to give the instructions contained in his Letter of the 4th Jany. to Col Hazen; and the Officers concerned were bound to comply with them.
5th There was an error in General Heath's order of the 13th of January, examined by the received rules of military practice and propriety. Its operation would not only have impeded public business, by obliging the multiplicity of little contingent orders for the articles in question to pass thro a second channel; but it implied such a diffidence of the principles of the several departments as was derogatory to them, and incompatible with the degree of confidence and consideration, to which their stations entitled them.
The foregoing are my ideas of the points in dispute; but there is perhaps one thing that merits to be enquired into. The power of granting Orders for provision, forage, and fuel may be in the hands of too many persons, so as to be productive of waste and abuse; I am therefore to request you will require the Issuing Commissary at Fishkill to furnish you with an accurate Return of his issues, specifying the persons, their names and offices, on whose orders they are made; and if you find the power too diffused, restrain it within limits consistent with the spirit of the Resolutions of Congress, and with the regularity and good of the service. I am etc.89
[Note 89: In the writing of David Humphreys.
On this same day (February 5) Washington wrote again to Heath: "It would be very desirable to obtain the forage from below the Lines. I shall advise Col Pickering of the Matter and suggest your observations to him." This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.
On February 5 Washington wrote also to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe that he "would not wish Major Galvan to place any dependance on a Command in tile Light Corps the ensuing Campaign. These appointments having commonly been made in some measure by Rotation." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: I inclose you a Copy of the Resolution of Congress of the 23rd Janry. on the subject of remounting the Regiments of Dragoons. It will be necessary to observe, that the Horses purchased for this service, ought to be in size, strength, figure and fleetness, capable of performing the duties for which they are designed. Otherwise the purchase Money will be thrown away, as has sometimes been the case.
General Heath Mentions in a Letter of Yesterday the practicability of obtaining a quantity of forage from below the Lines, if teams could be had for the purpose. He suggests whether teams could not be procured from the Western Parts of Connecticut by impress or otherwise, And whether if they cannot, in the ordinary mode, it would not be expedient to make application to the Governor of the State for an impress Warrant. I leave the matter to your discretion. I am &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 5, 1781.
Sir: You will be pleased to Order a General Court Martial to sit at Springfield, or such place as will be most central and convenient, for the tryal of John Collins late Asst Dep Corn. M. Stores. The Court to be composed of the Officers of Sheldons Regt. or others in the Vicinity. The charge will be exhibited and testimony adduced by Ezekiel Chevers91 Esqr Deputy C. M. S.
[Note 91: Ezekiel Sheever.]
Enclosed you will find the Copy of a Resolution of Congress of the 22d Augst for the tryal of Delinquents in the Department of Commissy Genl of Military Stores; also a Letter from Mr. Collins to me, in which he acknowledges his having taken some public Salt Petre. You will transmit the proceedings of the Court to me when the tryal is finished. I am &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 6, 1781.
Sir: I am much obliged to your Excellency for your letter of the 10th. of January, giving me an account of the enemy's incursion into your state. Baron De Steuben has informed me of their successive operations to five miles below Hoods. It is mortifying to see so inconsiderable a party committing such extensive depredations with impunity: but considering the situation of your state, it is to be wondered you have hitherto suffered so little molestation. I am apprehensive you will experience more in future: nor should I be surprised if the enemy were to establish a Post in Virginia till the season for opening the Campaign here. But as the evils you have to apprehend from these predatory incursions are not to be compared with the injury to the common cause and with the danger to your state in particular, from the conquest of those states southward of you, I am persuaded the attention to your immediate safety will not divert you from the measures intended to reinforce the Southern Army and put it in a condition to stop the progress of the enemy in that Quarter. The late accession of force makes them very formidable in Carolina, too formidable to be resisted without powerful succours from Virginia: and it is certainly her policy as well as the interest of America to keep the weight of the War at a distance from her. There is no doubt that a principal object of Arnolds operations is to make a diversion in favour of Cornwallis, and to remove this motive by disappointing the intention, will be one of the surest ways to remove the enemy.
We have just received an account that the enemy's fleet employed in blocking that of our allies at Rhode Island has lately suffered severely by a storm. One seventy four is said to have been stranded and intirely lost on the East End of Long Island, another (some accounts say two others) dismasted and towed into Gardners Bay, and a ninety driven to sea in great distress. I expect every moment a confirmation and the particulars of this agreeable intelligence. I have the honor, etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[V.S.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: I take the first opportunity to resolve the questions in your Letter of the 5th. The Detachment with Major Troop95 may be recalled. Major Bauman will also have permission to make the experiments in Gunnery whenever it is convenient; General Knox being previously apprised by him, of the time. I am etc.96
[Note 95: Maj. Benjamin Throop.]
[Note 96: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 6, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I have duly received your several letters of December the 28th. 29th. Janry the 8th. 11th; which the smallness of my family at this time and a multiplicity of business have prevented my acknowledging sooner.
I am sorry for your embarrassments and obliged to you for your exertions. With the materials you have, I am sure you will do the best you can; and I hope the state by adopting better arrangements will, hereafter aid you more effectually. The Governor in his letter to me does justice to your efforts and to your zeal.
The inclosed copies of the resolutions of Congress of the 4th. of December and 1st of Jany. will inform you of all they have done relative to your department since the last establishment.
The measures you have taken with regard to the assembling of recruits furloughs and discharges will I am persuaded be very useful. I have written to Congress to make similar regulations general. When I receive their determination I will communicate it to you.
You will have heard of the defections of the Pensylvania line and the disagreeable compromise made with them. It has ended in a temporary dissolution of the line. One half has been absolutely discharged and the remainder have been furloughed to reassemble in the beginning of April. The oaths of the Men respecting the terms of their inlistments were precipitately admitted before the documents could be produced; by which it afterwards appeared, the greater part had perjured themselves, to get rid of the service. We had it not in our power to employ coertion in the first instance [owing to the distance they were from the main Army and] a variety of other impediments which you will easily conceive. I am told the line will soon be reestablished on a better footing by new inlistments.
Fortunately a part of the Jersey line since followed their example and gave us an opportunity, after compelling all the mutineers to an unconditional surrender, to make examples of two of the most active leaders. The perfect submission and penitence which appeared, made it unadvisable to extend the severity. I believe we shall have no more trouble at present from a spirit of this kind.
We have just received the agreeable news of the British fleet, in the sound having suffered in a late storm. One seventy four it is said has been stranded and entirely lost on Montauk point; another (some accounts say two) dismasted and towed into Gardners bay; one of Ninety, after having been seen in great distress, forced to sea. This intelligence comes to me from the Count De Rochambeau. I wait every moment a confirmation and the particulars. Mr. Des touche was waiting for the same, ready to put to sea with his whole fleet.
The enemy at New York seem to be doing nothing. We were told some time since of their having embarked heavy cannon and stores; but we have heard nothing of their destination. I shall not be surprised, if a post is established in Virginia. I am &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I find by the Arrangement of the Jersey Brigade, which has just come to hand, that Col Shreve has retired from the service. This renders your presence extremely necessary with those Troops; and the more so at this time as some dispute about rank is said to exist between Lt Col Barber and Lt Col De Hart, which while there is no superior Officer to both of them, may produce parties and cabals to the great detriment of the service.
Altho your health should not be perfectly established, I cannot but hope you will have so far recover'd as to be able to join and continue with the Brigade. I would not wish you to expose yourself or attempt impossibilities, but I am certain you will be persuaded of the necessity of being with Your Troops at such a critical and interesting period; even if you are but in a convalescent state, I should suppose you might obtain such comfortable accommodations abroad as would promote your recovery as effectually as at home. Especially since you will find the Brigade at so small a distance as Morris Town. I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 7, 1781.
Sir: I am much obliged to you, for your favour of the 3rd. Inst.
When the Commissioners reassemble on the 20th of Febry. they will find the Jersey Troops removed to Morris, which I flatter myself will facilitate the settlement, and answer several other very valuable purposes. With very great regard etc.98
[Note 99: Of the Third New Jersey Regiment.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 7, 1781.
Sir: I have just received your Letter of the 6th. enclosing the Arrangement of the Jersey Regiments.
It is impossible that a Brigadier Genl should be spared to take the command of the Jersey Brigade, as there is not one with the line of the Army at this time. I cannot but hope Col Dayton will be able to attend very soon; I have written pressingly to him on the subject. In the mean time, as the dispute of Rank between Lt Col D'Hart and yourself has been determined in your favor, by the Legislature of the State, you will take the command of the Brigade, in the absence of the Colonels, until further Orders.
I should be perfectly satisfied to have Major Barber do the duty of Major of Brigade to the Jersey Troops, but from his not belonging to the Line there appears, upon the present system an impropriety in the appointment, I must therefore wave the matter for the present. I am etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 7, 1781.
Sir: After posting a Captains Command at the entrance of Smiths Clove, and another at Pompton or Ringwood, as you shall judge most expedient to protect the Country, secure the stores and cover the Communication, You will march the remainder of the Jersey Troops to Morris Town, and dispose of them in the Huts, lately occupied by the Pennsylvanians. The Garrison of the Block House at Dobbs's Ferry will be relieved by the Troops under Majr Genl Heath,2 and join their respective Regts.
[Note 2: "You will be pleased to Order Captain Welles, or Officer Commanding the Water Guard to detach a Subaltern and 25 Men to relieve the Garrison of the Block House at Dobbs' Ferry."-- Washington to Heath, Feb. 7, 1781. This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
I should think it adviseable for the two Commands, which are to be. left in the vicinity of your present Cantonment, to be entire Companies of about 40 Men each under their own Officers, to be relieved once a fortnight or as often as you think proper. I prefer this, on several accounts to Detachment.
Notwithstanding Your Troops at Morris Town and these Commands will be so far distant from the Enemy, very great vigilance will be necessary to prevent the possibility of a surprise, and to detect and apprehend such Emissaries from the Enemy. Or disaffected Persons, as may be induced from the situation to lurk about the Posts or attempt any thing inimical in those parts of the Country. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 7, 1781.
Sir: I am much obliged to your Excellency for the agreeable intelligence contained in your letter of the 29th. of January. I hope the confirmation will have enabled Mr. Destouches to take advantage of the event, in a manner as advancive of his own glory as of the good of the service. I impatiently wait further advices.4
[Note 4: The British lost a 74, the Culloden, and another, the Bedford, was badly damaged.]
By the last accounts from Virginia which came down to the 20th. Arnold had reimbarked from West-Over, the place mentioned in my former letter had descended as far as Smithfield relanded there and marched to Portsmouth. Here it was expected he would fortify. There have been some skirmishes but to little effect on either side. The enemy on their march showed their usual avidity for plunder. If Mr Des touches should have acquired a superiority, which would make it prudent to act, Yr. Excellency may think this detachment an object.5
[Note 5: "The line of battle ship and two Frigates serset sail on the 9th inst. in the evening. with a very fresh wind....If Arnold is not by this time out of the Rivers of Virginia I believe he will not have the best of the game....The Virginia militia is sufficient to destroy the 1600 men that Arnold has with him, if We can but destroy his ships. I beg of your Excellency to send this intelligence to the Chevalier de La Luzerne, recommending always to him the utmost Secrecy even for Congress."-- Rochambeau to Washington, Feb. 12, 1781. Rochambeau's letter in the Washington Papers.]
I am informed in a manner, I credit, though not officially, that Maryland has acceded to the confederation and that Virginia has relinquished her claim to a large tract of country West of the Ohio, in favour of the United States. Both these events will have an important influence in our affairs. With the truest respect etc.
Your letters of the 20th. and 26th. reached me the same day with the above, the 3d instant. I expect to have the pleasure (nothing extraordinary intervening) of setting out from this place about the 15th. on a visit to Your Excellency and the army.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 7, 1781.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 30th Ulto. It is with pleasure I learn, that the principles on which the Commissioners are acting, will do justice to the Troops of New Jersey, and eventually give pretty general satisfaction, without injuring the service by any considerable diminution of their numbers.
Upon weighing maturely the reasons for removing the Jersey Troops from their present Cantonment to Morris Town, I have given Orders for the purpose; This I hope will be productive of all the good consequences you suggest; and especially that it will tend essentially to promote the recruiting service; which, I consider as an object of the greatest importance, and to which almost all others ought to be subservient. With great esteem etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 8, 1781.
Sir: I have received the Letter which you did me the favor to write on the 20th Ulto. and am pleased to find the State of New Hampshire is determined to make such exertions in favor of its Troops. If this spirit is not suffered to relax, we may expect the happiest consequences from it. Justice on the part of the Country will produce satisfaction in the Army; and contentment there, will promote the recruiting service more effectually than any bounty or encouragement. It is of such infinite consequence, that the Regiments should be compleated before the opening of the Campaign that I cannot forbear to continue to recommend it in the strongest terms.
Should the Army be complete on the present establishment, the force will be but moderate; as there are so many Men belonging to one State, who are in the service of another, and consequently credited to both. This is the case with the Men you Mention, in the Regts of Col Jackson &c. None of these Men are by the Resolution of Congress to join the Regiments of their own State, except such as were in the Independent Corps, which have been reduced. I am, etc.8
[Note 8: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been duly honored with Your Excellency's favor of the 31st of January. I have also conversed with your Brother, on the temper and disposition of the Troops of New York, and from his representation, am led to expect the discontents among them, which were so happily suppressed, will not revive again.
With respect to the mode your Excellency recommends for employing the Invalids of the New York line, I have the honor to observe, that altho the forming these Men into a Compy under Supernumerary Officers might be attended with some good consequences, Yet I conceive (besides being contrary to the spirit of the late establishment of the Army, by which all Independt Corps are reduced) it would not, on every consideration, be an eligible Measure.
If the Men are proper subjects for the Corps of Invalids they are not to be discharged on any pretext whatever. If they are so entirely useless as to be discharged, and are reenlisted by any Recruiting Officer; by the pointed orders on that subject, he will inevitably incur the loss of all the expence and bounty paid to such Recruits. I will only add, that from long experience, I have almost invariably found Independent Corps to be such an imposition upon, and moth to the Public, that I cannot consent to give any countenance to the revival of them. I have the honor etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: Under the particular circumstances mentioned in your Letter of the 7th Inst., I shall not hesitate to grant a discharge to Capt. Smart,10 upon the conditions therein proposed. Altho I would not have it by any Means, considered as a precedent to deviate from the fixed rule of discharges.
[Note 10: Capt. Thomas Smart, of the 'Third Massachussetts Regiment. He resigned on Feb. 1, 1781.]
The answer given to Serjeant Larveys11 Petition in Novr last, was, that a transference could not be made from One Corps to another, without the consent of the Commanding Officer of each, in which case under certain circumstances it might be done; No encouragement of a discharge was hinted. In his Petition to you he sollicits a discharge upon procuring at his own expence, a good able bodied American born Man in his room; this proposal may be complied with: but the idea which the Non Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers of our Army seem frequently to entertain, that by doing their duty faithfully, and refusing to enter in the service of the Enemy, they have Merited their dismission from ours; is exceedingly erroneous. Upon this principle, all our Troops, who shall at any time be taken Prisoners, after their exchange, may claim their discharge.
[Note 11: Sergt. James Larvey, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He had been coxswain of Arnold's barge at the time that officer fled to the Vulture.]
All new appointments are to be made by the State. While the Regiments were extremely weak, before the reformation of the Army, it was not necessary that the vacancies should be filled, but upon the present Establishment, it will be expedient to have the Corps of Officers kept complete.
I shall speak to the Commissary Genl of Prisoners, respecting those at Fishkill. I am &c.12
[Note 12: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 9, 1781.
Sir: I have received the report of your proceedings13 in compliance with my instructions to you of the 7th. [Ulto]: all of which have my entire approbation and merit my warmest
[Note 13: In the Washington Papers, Feb. 7, 1781.] acknowledgments for the zeal and judgment so conspicuous in them. The result of your applications, I hope will be as satisfactory as it will be beneficial to the troops. The states whose determinations you report have done themselves honor by their liberality, and by their ready attention to the objects of your mission. I doubt not Connecticut will be not less generous or less attentive. Accept the assurances of the esteem and friendship etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, N. Windsor, February 9, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favr. of the 1st: instant inclosing your January return. If the late Commy. of Hides retains the leather which he has upon hand, by the direction of the Cloathier General, it may be for some particular purpose, and therefore I would not wish to order it to be delivered to you, lest it should interfere with some arrangements in the Cloathing department. I should think you might obtain dressed leather from the tanners, for raw Hides, by making the usual allowance. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The dealt is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 9, 1781.
Sir: Col Gansevort has applied to me on a subject which I am under a necessity of referring to Congress, as they are alone competent to decide upon it.
On the 4th. of October 1777 they were pleased to pass a resolution of thanks to him for his bravery and perseverance in the defence of Fort Schuyler, appointing him by way of reward, Colonel Commandant of the same. He also received a special commission as "Colonel Commandant of Fort Schuyler."
It happens that Colo Gansevort being junior to Colonels Van Schaik and Cortlandt has been obliged to retire on the new arrangement; but he conceives that a general regulation of this kind does not vacate a commission granted by special authority and for a special reason; and he therefore still considers himself as an officer in the service.
I shall be happy to know the sense of Congress on this point as soon as may be convenient. I have the honor etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On February 9, by direction of Washington, Humphreys wrote to Quartermaster General Pickering: "The present season being very favorable to the transportation of logs, for raffts to support the Chain, The General wishes attention may be paid to this matter." Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, February 9, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolutions vizt.
In Congress, January 12, 1781.
Congress took into consideration the report of the Board of War of December 8; Whereupon,
Resolved, That from and after the 1st day of August last, the pay and appointments of the officers in the department of Commissary general of military stores be as follows, the sums hereafter mentioned to be paid in bills of the new emissions and all moneys received in bills of the old emissions, since the said 1st day of August, to be accounted for according to the table of depreciation as fixed by the Board of Treasury, viz.:
No rations in addition to the number above mentioned, are to be allowed for servants:
That the officers and men of the regiment of artillery artificers, have the same pay from and after the said 1st day of August, in bills of the new emissions...by the regulations of the department, made by Congress, on the 11th day of February, 1778, and that they draw the number of rations then directed:
That the appointments of the field commissary of military stores, and his subordinate officers, be as follows, from and after the 1st day of August last, the pay to be received in bills of the new emissions:
That the commanding officer of artillery, for his extra services in the affairs of the ordnance department, receive 40 dollars per month, in addition to his pay as an officer in the line, in bills of the new emissions from and after the first day of August last:
That the surveyor of ordnance for defraying his expences in the exercise of his office, be allowed from and after the first day of August last, 40 dollars per month in bills of the new emissions, besides his appointments as a field officer of artillery.
Resolved, That the additional pay of aids-de-camp, brigade-majors, adjutants, and regimental quartermasters, agreeably to the act of 27 of May, 1778, be considered as fixed in specie and that the same, from and after the 18 day of August last, be drawn in bills of the new emission:
That the pay of a regimental paymaster and clothier, in addition to his pay as an officer in the line, be thirty dollars per month in bills of the new emissions, and that the several states, in making up the depreciation of such officers from the times of their respective appointments, calculate upon the additional pay as being thirty dollars per month in specie.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 10, 1781.
Sir: The inclosed instructions were begun though not completed at the time they are dated; but the disturbances in the army withdrew my attention from them and prevented their delivery 'till this time.
For your satisfaction, I shall here recapitulate the verbal directions given you in answer to your letter of the 14th of Jany. If my memory should fail me in any article which may affect your operations already commenced, I shall be obliged to you to point it out.
I gave it as my opinion that of the two modes proposed for procuring teams against the next campaign, assessment or hire, the latter was preferable; because the teams procured by assessment, as happened the last campaign, would probably be inadequate to the service, and because, for want of care in the manner of procuring them, they would be ultimately more expensive to the public, though not an immediate draft on the Continental treasury.
I did not approve your plan of assessing ox teams in some states, and horse teams in others, because the troops of each line would imagine they had a kind of exclusive right to the teams procured by their respective states and would unwillingly submit to the exchanges you have in view for particular exigencies. I think the attempt would be apt to produce disorder in several ways.
I advised to ox teams for all but the artillery and cavalry, which, from the nature of their service would sometimes require greater expedition than oxen would be capable of.
I approved your proposal for constructing tumbrils for the officers, and for allowing two to the field officers of each regiment.
As to the allowance of waggons for carrying the tents of a regiment, I advised you to ascertain it by an experimental calculation; by computing the number of tents sufficient for a regiment, and by weighing one tent dry, another wet to estimate the average.
As we have an unwillingness in the soldiery to carry their camp kettles themselves which would make it difficult to enforce it, I desired you to make an experiment of the kind of tumbrils you propose for carrying them, to determine with certainty how far they will answer your expectation; that if they will answer the purpose, you might have a sufficient number prepared. I observed however that I was rather doubtful of the success, and in case of failure, directed you to have recourse to the expedient of converting the old tents unfit for use, into bags large enough to contain the kettles, that with proper belts or slings of the tent cloth itself or of leather as you should judge best, they might be carried at the mens backs. As these bags will have to bear little weight they are not liable to the same objection as the forage bags.
I approved your idea of a particular construction of boats to be transported on carriages and referred you to Major Darby, who from having had charge of the boats at Preckness last campaign had had an opportunity to judge of the kind which would be most convenient.
In answer to a note of yours to Col Hamilton, I directed him to inform you that I thought the middle of May would be a proper time for the rendezvous of the teams.
I inclose you copy of a letter of mine of the [5th Feby.]17 to General Heath in which you will perceive my ideas of the matters in dispute between him Col Hazen and yourself. With great regard etc.18
[Note 17: Left vacant in the draft, but filled m in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. (See Washington's letter to Col. Timothy Pickering, Jan. 1, 1781, ante.)
Tilghman wrote to Pickering this same day (February 10): "By a Resolve of Con gress of the 10th of November last, (with which I believe you were furnished) the Commander in Chief is directed to cause Returns to be made to the Board of War 'of all Horses both public and private Property kept in Camp at the public expence, and also of those removed, noting at what places kept, and of what business employed.'The General wishes You to furnish this Return, that he may transmit it. Be pleased also to make the Return of Boats called for in General Orders sometime ago." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 10, 1781.
My Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your Letters of the 7th. 17th. and 25th of January. The distractions in one part of the Army and distresses in the other, have engaged me so far as to prevent my acknowledging them, untill the present time.
In addition to the perplexities occasioned, in the first instance, by the revolt of the Pennsylvania Line; the subsequent arrangements for quelling the Insurgents, if ultimately necessary; the critical situation of our most important Posts on account of the scarcity of supplies of every kind; the danger of detaching from these slender Garrisons, while the River continued open; the preparation of the Enemy to take advantage of the emergency; the accumulated distresses of the Army for want of Money, Cloathing and Provision; the impossibility of marching the Troops, however good their disposition, under these circumstances to suppress the Mutiny; the uncertainty how far the defection might extend, if not checked in time; the necessity of hazarding every thing to effect this by force, should matters be carried to extremity, and of calling forth, or creating resources for the occasion; These, and many other interesting objects of consideration had formed such a complication of difficulties and embarrassments, as occupied every moment of my time and attention.
I had scarcely obviated these difficulties and embarrassments as far as practicable, and prepared as large a detachment to march from these Posts as could be spared; when I learnt the affair of the Pennsylvanians was settled by the Interposition of the Civil Authority of the State, and that the terms granted (which possibly the alarming circumstances that dictated, might justify) had been productive of similar disturbances in the Jersey Brigade. The growing evil admitted of no delay. Maj Genl Howe was immediately ordered to march a body of Troops, reduce the Mutineers to submission, and execute on the spot some of the principal Instigators; this he happily effected; which has restored Discipline to the Army. Indeed the Detachment employed on this service, have merited and obtained the highest applause.
Nothing can revive the spirit of discontent among any of the Troops which, wherever it has appeared seems now to be extinguished, upon a prospect of having justice done; but a reiteration of the sufferings which have been endured almost beyond human patience. I am happy to find from your Letter, as well as the representation of Gen Knox, that the Eastern States are awaken'd, by the late tremendous Crisis, to greater exertions than have hitherto been made: these efforts must never be relaxed. Combined with innumerable other pressing inducements the Dissolution of the Pennsylvania Line, urges the prosecution of the recruiting service, with unremitting and even redoubled Ardor. No Measures should be left unessayed, No stimulus untried, to have our Battalions Compleated before the Commencement of the Campaign. I shall order an Officer to Great Barrington to take charge of the Recruits of the County of Berkshire.
Congress, upon General Greene's being sent to take command of the Southern Army, Authorised him to make exchanges in that Department; No General exchange has yet taken place. Whenever they shall, the Gentlemen whose names you have transmitted, and others of the same discription, will undoubtedly be included in it. I request you to be persuaded that I shall take a pleasure in promoting every Measure, which justice and good policy will warrant, to give relief to our Country men in Captivity. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
(Private)20
[Note 20: In the writing of Washington. Ford prints this under February 16.]
Head Quarters, February 10, 1781.
Sir: In the conference between the Count De Rochambeau and myself, it was agreed, that if by the aid of our allies, we can have a naval superiority, through the next campaign, and an army of thirty thousand men (or double the force of the enemy and its dependencies) early enough in the season to operate in that quarter, we ought to prefer it to every other object, as the most important and decisive; and applications have been made to the Court of France in this spirit, which it is to be hoped will produce the desired effect.
It is therefore incumbent upon us to make every necessary preparation on our part for the seige of New York, as far as our funds and means render practicable. Applications have been also made to The Court of France for a large supply of powder, arms, heavy cannon, and several other essential articles in your department. But as we cannot ascertain the extent of the success, these applications will racet with, and as they only go to such articles as are less within the compass of our own internal means, we ought not to neglect any exertion in our power for procuring within ourselves those things of which we shall stand in need.
I give you this communication of what is in prospect, that you may take your measures accordingly, by making such estimates and demands and other arrangements, as may appear to you best calculated to produce what we want. And you may rely upon all the assistance and support it will be in my power to give.
In your calculations you will estimate the force on our side at about twenty thousand men; the remainder with a proper seige and field apparatus are to be supposed to be furnished by our allies. You are well acquainted with New York and its defences; and you can therefore judge of the means requisite for its reduction by a seige.
The General idea of the plan of operations is this (if we are able to procure the force we count upon) to make two attacks one against the works on York Island, and the other against the works of Brooklyn on Long Island. The latter will probably be conducted by our allies. Ulterior operations must depend on circumstances.
If we should find ourselves unable to undertake this more capital expedition; and if we have means equal to it, we shall attempt, as a secondary object the reduction of Charles Town, Savannah Pemopscot &c. may come successively into contemplation. Your dispositions will have reference to these different objects; though indeed a preparation for the principal one will substantially comprehend every lesser.
These instructions would have been earlier given to you; but for the commotions in the army, which suspended my attention.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 10, 1781.
Sir: Mr. De Granger22 has represented to me that his delay in executing the experiments prescribed to him proceeded
[Note 22: Capt. Lewis Garanger.] from the want of the materials requisite for making them, the composition and preparation of which, he wishes to undertake himself; as the justness of his experiments depends upon the goodness of his materials and the accuracy with which they are prepared, and as his reputation and Military existence in this country depend on the success of those experiments; He declares himself willing and desirous to execute them as soon as these materials are ready. As what he requires is not unreasonable, I am to desire you will immediately have him furnished with the ingredients he asks, and afford him the assistance necessary to prepare them as speedily as possible. After we have gone so far it will have an air of disingenuity not to give him a fair and decisive trial: if his pretensions are just we may employ him usefully and in a manner that will not interfere with the corps of Artillery; if they are not good, we can reject his application and put an end to all trouble. I am etc.23
[Note 23: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, February 10, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolutions
In Congress, January 17, 1781.
Congress proceeded to the election of a paymaster general of the army; and the ballots being taken,
Mr. John Pierce was elected.
Whereas, by the plan for conducting the hospital department, passed in Congress the 30th day of September last, no proper establishment is provided for the officers of the medical staff, after their dismission from public service, which considering the custom of other nations and the late provision made for the officers of the army, after the conclusion of the war, they appear to have a just claim to; for remedy whereof, and also for amending several parts of the abovementioned plan.
Resolved, That all officers in the hospital department, and medical staff, hereafter mentioned, who shall continue in service to the end of the war, or be reduced before that time as supernumeraries, shall be entitled to, and receive during life, in lieu of half-pay, the following allowance, viz.
The director of the hospital equal to the half-pay of a lieutenant colonel:
Chief physician, and surgeons of the army and hospitals, and hospital physicians and surgeons, purveyor, apothecary, and regimental surgeons, each equal to the half-pay of a captain.
That there be allowed to the purveyor, apothecary, and assistant purveyors, each, forage for one horse:
That the power given in the before mentioned plan to the chief physician and surgeon of the army, to remove regimental surgeons and mates ill case of absence without leave, shall in future extend no further than the power of suspension, until such delinquent shall be reported to a proper officer for bringing him to trial by a court martial:
That the apothecary may deliver medicines, instruments and dressings, and other articles of his department, to the hospitals, on orders in writing from a physician and surgeon having the care of any particular hospital, where the director or one of the chief physicians and surgeons shall not be present to give the same:
That the power given to the director and chief hospital physicians, with respect to the appointment of matrons, nurses, and other persons necessary for the regular management of the hospitals, be extended to each of the physicians and surgeons of the hospitals, in the absence of the director and chief physicians and surgeons.
In Congress, January 26, 1781.
Resolved, That the allowance of five dollars per month, to the officers of the army, for each retained nation granted by an act of Congress of the 12 day of August last, shall commence on the first day of August, 1780:
That the additional pay of aids-de-camp, brigade-majors adjutants, and regimental quartermasters, as mentioned in the act of Congress of the 12th. of this instant be drawn in bills of the new emission, from and after the first day of August last, instead of the 18 day of the same month, as mentioned in the above-resolutions.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: The new arrangements of all the Massachusetts Regiments have been delivered in, agreeable to General Orders; but they are not accompanied by the Returns of the names and Ranks of the retiring Officers. As these are equally essential, you will be pleased to call for them immediately, and send them up to me as soon as they come in, that I may transmit them to the Board of War, at the same time that I transmit the new arrangement of the line.
Inclosed you have the Court Martial upon Oliver Richards of Colo. Sprouts Regimt. which was found among the Office papers, upon assorting them. I am &c.
P.S. I have recd. your favors of the 8th. 9th. and 10th. I will have a further conversation with Doctr. Cochran, upon the subject of innoculation; it will depend upon being able to procure proper and separate covering.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 11, 1781.
Sir: Representation has been made to me, that in determining the Rank of Lieutenants in the New Arrangement of the Connecticut Line; regard hath only been paid to the time of their several appointments, as Lieutenants, without referrice to the difference of rank as first or second Lieutenants. If there was a distinct grade between these Officers, as between a Colonel and Lieut Colonel, (which I believe there was understood to be by ourselves in service, and am certain there was considered to be by the enemy in exchange) it appears to me, that by confounding this distinction, the Senior Lieutenants may be superseded in many instances by Junior Officers, who were actually commanded by them at the time the arrangement was made. I am aware of the great irregularities which have been occasioned unavoidably by Regimental promotion; but at the same time, am of opinion it will not be best to augment them, by setting up principles, which must operate partially without being able to correct the former irregularity. I have therefore inclosed the Connecticut Arrangement to you, that the rank of the Officers may be returned exactly as it stood at the time the new establishment took place. I desire it may be returned as soon as possible. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, February 11, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Commissary of forage having represented that frequent irregularities are committed by stopping forage in the road which prevents an equal distribution and gives a full Supply to the horses of some while those of others are starving; The General in the most positive manner forbids the like liberties in future as totally unmilitary and disorderly. If any conceive their horses neglected and do not obtain a remedy by applying to the Commissary of forage they may then represent the matter to Head Quarters and everything will be done which the scantiness of our magazines will permit.
At a General court Martial of the line held at West Point by order of Major General Heath, January 30th, 1781, Colonel M. Jackson President, Mr. Joseph Bass, clothier for the state of New Hampshire was tried on the following charges vizt.
First, Refusing to deliver a quantity of blankets at the request of the officer commanding and the Paymasters of the New Hampshire line at their encampment (which was sent there by the State for that purpose) and obliging the teams to carry them five miles in front of the brigade, before he would receive them, for the convenience of delivering them at his quarters which obliged the men to transport the blankets back to their Encampment on their backs at a time when their duty was very hard and destitute of flour to the prejudice of the service and principles of humanity.
Secondly, Insulting and abusing (without provocation) his superior officer contrary to the rules and regulations of the army of the United States.
Thirdly With a partial and unequal distribution of cloathing sent from the State of New Hampshire to the Officers of that Line.
The court having considered Mr. Bass's case, are of opinion that there was nothing improper in his conduct relative to the first charge.
They do acquit him of the second: They are of opinion with respect to the third charge that although Mr. Bass delivered cloathing to an Officer which in a subsequent distribution of the clothing sent from the State appears to have been more than some others could receive yet it appears it was done with a view to oblige him as he was about leaving camp and not intentionally that he should have a larger proportion than others; They do not conceive any other part of Mr. Bass's conduct, respecting this charge can be considered partial or improper.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Mr. Bass is released from Arrest.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, February 12, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolution:26
[Note 26: Feb. 1, 1781.]
Whereas, by the late arrangement of the army, there is a supernumerary officer allowed to each regiment, to reside in the State to which such regiment belongs for the purpose of transacting all necessary business for the regiment; therefore,
Resolved, That the resolution of the 4th of September, 1778, allowing officers three dollars a day for expences on business not incidental to their offices, be and is hereby repealed, from and after the first day of March next.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 13, 1781.
Dear Sir: I observe by the recruiting instructions annexed to the printed arrangement of the Penna. Line,27 that the Regimental places of rendezvous arc fixed, but that the General Rendezvous is to be at such place as shall be judged proper by me, or the Commanding Officer of the line. In my opinion, Bristol and that neighbourhood will be upon many accounts, most suitable and convenient for this purpose. It is on the most direct communication to the Army, from whence, the Troops assembled may be drawn without loss of time, upon an emergency. I would wish them to be cantonned as compact as possible, for the better preservation of discipline, and on account of exercise and maneuvre, both of which should be constantly practiced.
[Note 27: A copy is in the Washington Papers under date of Jan. 17, 1781.]
I hope to hear that the Gout, of which you were apprehensive, has had its turn, and left you in good health. I shall set out on thursday for New port, and shall probably be absent between a fortnight and three Weeks. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, February 13, 1781.
Dear Sir: I received with much pleasure your letter of the 8th. from Philadelphia, and sincerely congratulate you on your liberation from Captivity, and safe arrival at that place.
I shall set out the day after tomorrow for New Port. had you not so lately come off a long and tiresome journey, I should have been glad of your company thither; but this being impracticable, and there being no immediate occasion for your presence at this Post, you have my free consent to remain in Philadelphia till the business you had in contemplation is accomplished, after which I shall be impatient to welcome you to Head Qrs.
Colo. Gouvion (if he has not already done it) is about setting out for New Port; Majr. Villefranche went thither a month ago.
Mrs. Washington and the Gentn. of my family salute you cordially, but none can do it with more truth and sincerity than Dr. Sir, &c.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 13, 1781.
Sir: I have received your letter of the fourth of January which hurry of business has prevented my acknowledging sooner.
As to the arrangements of the hospitals in the article of oeconomy during your directorship, my situation did not enable me to be a competent judge, though I know myself of no defect to be imputed to you on this head: But so far as they related to the maintenance of order and to the treatment and accommodation of the sick, justice and inclination induce me to declare, that they always gave me intire satisfaction, and had my perfect approbation. There may have been particular instances of disorder or neglect, but upon the whole in the respects I have mentioned, and under our circumstances, I believe no hospitals could have been better administered. And this opinion I found upon the uniform reports of the superintending officers and upon my own observation.
I always experienced in you a disposition to comply chearfully with my directions.
Accept my acknowledgements for your friendly wishes, and believe me to be etc.
Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to the Ladies and to Doctor Lee.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. Doctor Lee was probably Arthur Lee.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 13, 1781.
Sir: I have been successively honored with your Excellency's favors of the 18th. 24th. and 27th ulto. with the enclosures to which they refer. I am extremely happy to find, that my remaining in the neighbourhood of West point, during the time of the mutiny of the Pennsylvania line, meets the approbation of Congress, and that the reasons assigned by me, for deeming it inexpedient to call for any part of the French Force to take post in Virginia, were likewise satisfactory to Congress.
I shall have no objection to the appointment of Lt. Colonel Ternant to Colonel Armands Legion. I shall, on the contrary, be glad to see so valuable an officer provided for.
The situation of Mr. Wright31 and the other signers of the petition, which Congress were pleased to refer to me, is certainly very irksome and disagreeable to them, but to give up the point for which the Enemy contend, that of exchanging them in the rank which they might have formerly held in the Militia, would be an encouragement for them to take every opportunity of seizing upon Citizens, who came under the above description. The case of the Gentlemen above mentioned has been warmly combatted at every meeting of our Commissioners and Commissaries of prisoners, and I am not without hopes, that the Enemy, finding us persist in our resolution, will at length come to a reasonable composition. In the mean time,
[Note 31: The petition of George Wright and others (prisoners of war to the British, on Long Island) to the Continental Congress is flared Nov. 5, 1780, and is in the Washington Papers.] it would be an act of generosity in Congress to direct the Commissary of prisoners to make them some allowance to enable them to subsist more comfortably.
I do myself the honor to inclose Congress the report of Brigdr. General Knox, upon his return from visiting the Eastern States. His applications were generally attended with the wished for success. Your Excellency will be pleased to observe, by the report, that the Assembly of Connecticut were not sitting, and that Governor Trumbull entertained doubts, whether the powers of himself and his Council were competent to the business in question. When the Council met, they determined that they were not, and he has called his assembly in consequence.
I also do myself the honor to inclose the copy of a letter which I wrote to the Officer commanding the British Fleet in New York, on the subject of the treatment of our marine prisoners. With Copy of the Answer and report which I received thereon from Captain Dawson. I shall await Admiral Arbuthnot's determination upon the request of admitting an american Officer to Visit those prisoners, and shall take such ulterior measures as circumstances may dictate.
Matters being in a perfect state of tranquility, and it being necessary, on several accounts, that I should have an interview with Count de Rochambeau before the opening of the Campaign, I shall improve the opportunity and make him a visit at Newport. I purpose setting out on thursday next, if nothing material intervenes; should time permit, I shall visit the Elaboratory and Magazine at Springfield, and other public Works upon the Route. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.
Washington wrote again to the President of Congress (February 13) returning a letter addressed to President Joseph Reed, which had been sent to headquarters with the President of Congress's letter to Washington of the 27th by mistake. The draft of the February 13 letter and that from the President of Congress, January 27, are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 33: Wife of Tench Francis.]
[Note 34: Wife of Michael Hillegas]
[Note 35: Wife of Maj. Matthew Clarkton.]
[Note 36: Wife of Richard Bache.]
[Note 37: Wife of Rev. Samuel Blair.]
[New Windsor, February 13, 1781.]
[Ladies:] The benevolent office, which added lustre to the qualities that ornamented your deceased friend38 could not have descended to more zealous or more deserving successors.
[Note 38: Mrs. Esther Reed, wife of President Joseph Reed.]
The contributions of the association you represent have exceeded what could have been expected, and the spirit that animated the members of it, intitles them to an equal place with any who have preceded them in the walk of female patriotism. It embellishes the American character with a new trait; by proving that the love of country is blended with those softer domestic virtues, which have always been allowed to be more peculiarly your own.
You have not acquired admiration in your own country only; it is paid you abroad; and you will learn with pleasure by a part of your own sex, where female accomplishments have attained their highest perfection, and who from the commencement have been the patronesses of American liberty.
The army ought not to regret its sacrifices or its sufferings when they meet with so flattering a reward as in the sympathy of your sex; nor can it fear that its interests will be neglected, while espoused by advocates as powerful as they are amiable.
I can only answer to the sentiments which you do me the honor to express for me personally, that they would more than repay a life devoted to the service of the public and to testimonies of gratitude to yourselves.
Accept the assurances of the perfect respect and esteem, with which I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 13, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letters of the 15th. of December and 4th. of February.
I have been expecting The Commy. of Prisoners at Head Quarters for some time past. but he only arrived yesterday. I shall speak to him on the subject of your Excellency's letter and shall do every thing in my power to have justice done to the state. It is no doubt reasonable that the state should be informed of the steps taken with respect to its prisoners, and I shall endeavour to settle a plan for this purpose.
With regard to the Militia taken in arms, they have at all times had the same privileges of exchange as the Continental troops and the invariable rule which has governed these has been priority of capture. This being the case it is but just that all persons taken by the Militia in arms also, should fall into a common stock, to be disposed of agreeable to the forementioned rule; for without this there would be an evident disadvantage to the Continental troops, as the captures made by them go equally to the relief of the Militia as of themselves, while the captures made by the militia would be confined to their own benefit.
With respect to those who are mere citizens on both sides, not taken in arms, it is certainly just and agreeable to rule that those belonging to the state should have an absolute preference in the exchange of those captured by the state, to all others. With the greatest respect etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, February 14, 1781.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
The General with great satisfaction communicates to the Army the following Intelligence just received of important and brilliant successes lately obtained over the Enemy in South Carolina.
Brigadier General Morgan who commands the light troops of General Greene's army having taken post at the Cowpens near Cherokee ford on broad river with about eight hundred men regulars and militia including a body of light dragoons under Lieutenant Colonel Washington was attacked there on the 17th. of January in the morning by Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton with a body of horse and infantry amounting to about a thousand. The enemy at first charged with great impetuosity and advancing under a severe fire drove in our advanced parties and being more numerous gained the flanks of the principal body and obliged them to retire about fifty paces; there a halt was made and our troops in turn advancing with a brisk fire threw the enemy into disorder which being observed by Lieutenant Colonel Howard of the Maryland troops he gave orders to the whole to charge bayonets which We executed with such vigor as to complete the route of the enemy and oblige them to a precipitate flight. Lieutenant Colonel Washington about the same time perceiving that the British Cavalry had fallen upon our Riflemen charg'd them with such firmness as immediately drove them into confusion. This was the more honorable from the disparity in numbers Colonel Washington having only eighty horse and the enemy two hundred and eighty. The enemy were pursued more than twenty miles; their Loss consisted in ten commissioned officers and upwards of an hundred rank and file killed and two hundred wounded, twenty nine commissioned officers and five hundred prisoners, two field pieces, two Standards, eight hundred musquets, one travelling forge, thirty five waggons, upwards of an hundred dragoon horses, and their Music, all which articles fell into the hands of our troops. In their retreat they destroyed the greatest part of their Baggage which was considerable; the Loss on our side consisted only in twelve killed and sixty wounded.
This Victory so decisive and Glorious gained with an inferior force over a select corps of British troops reflects the highest honor on our arms and must have an important influence on the Affairs of the South.
About three weeks before Lieutenant Colonel Washington with his dragoons and some mounted Militia had fallen in with a party of two hundred and fifty Georgia tories killed and wounded an hundred and fifty and took forty prisoners.41
[Note 41: At Hammond's Store House in South Carolina.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 14, 1781.
Sir: I shall set out in a day or two for Rhode Island. The command in my absence will devolve upon Major General Heath. I must request you will make every effort to enable the Commissary to throw as ample a supply of provisions as he can into the garrison of West Point, that it may not be exposed to any accident from a sudden investiture; and will do every thing else that depends on you to furnish it with a proper stock of fuel and other necessaries of which it may stand in need.
You will also be pleased to attend closely to the several objects recommended to you in my former instructions towards the next Campaign.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
On this same day (February 14) Washington wrote practically the same letter to Col. Ephraim Blaine, the Commissary General of Purchases: "I have written to the Qr. Mr. General to give you all the assistance of which you may stand in need. You will also pay the closest attention to every object by which the future supply of the army may be promoted." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 14, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favr. of the 2d: and am much obliged by the confidential communication of your dispatches from St. Domingo.43
[Note 43: A copy of the letter from the Governor of San Domingo to Rochambeau, dated Jan. 6, 1781, is in the Washington Papers. Its important news was the failure of the Spanish expedition against Pensacola through a hurricane.]
It is with pleasure I transmit your Excellency the Copy of a letter from Brigadier Genl. Morgan to Major Genl. Greene giving an account of a most decisive victory gained by him over Lt. Colo. Tarleton on the 17th. of January. I am in hopes that this fortunate stroke will at least retard the offensive operations of Lord Cornwallis, untill General Greene is in a better condition to oppose his progress than he was by the last accounts from the southward. A little time previous to this Action, Genl. Morgan having recd. intelligence that a Body of 250 Tories were on their march from Georgia to join the British Army, he detached Lt. Colo. Washington with the 3d. Regt. of Dragoons and a Body of Militia Horse to intercept them. Colo. Washington met them at a place called Hammonds Store House; immediately charged them; killed and wounded 150 and made about 40 prisoners. Not a man on our side was killed or wounded.
I propose setting out from hence for New port on Friday next, if the North River should be passable, and if no unforeseen circumstances should intervene.
The Count De St. Moines44 has not arrived, which makes me fear I shall not have the pleasure of seeing him at my quarters, until he returns from Philada. I am at present made happy by the agreeable company of the Duke De Lauzun, Colonel Sheldon and Count Fursen.45 I have the honor etc.46
[Note 44: Jean Baptiste Louis Philippe Felix d'Olieres, Comte de Sainte-Mesme. He was colonel of the Regiment Soissonnais, French Army in America.]
[Note 45: Hans Axel, Comte de Fersen. He was aide-de-camp to Rochambeau]
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On this same day (February 14) Washington wrote again to Rochambeau. introducing Lieutenant Colonels Gouvion and Gunat, who were going to the French Army in Rhode Island as officers who had acquired Washington's "particular esteem." The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
New Windsor, February 14, 1781.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 30th Ulto. being delayed on the road, did not come to my hands till now, when I am on the eve of a journey to Rhode Island. The information given in it is important.47 It affords me infinite satisfaction; and I have to thank you for your goodness in giving it to me so early.
[Note 47: Maryland's agreement to the Confederation.]
The confederation being now closed, will, I trust, enable Congress to speak decisively in their requisitions of the respective States. Without a controuling power to regulate the different parts, and point the whole, both in time and manner, to proper objects, it is not in the nature of things, circumstanced as we are at present, to conduct the great affairs of War as they ought to be; this I have long thought, and scarce a day arrives that does not bring with it some fresh proof in confirmation.
I am equally well pleased at the relinquishment of the claim of Virginia to the Land West of Ohio. Individual, as well as general policy, in my opinion, required it of her; for I am sure she never could govern the settlers of that extensive Country. I hope the reservations are not exceptionable ones.
My public letters to Congress contain every occurrence of moment in this quarter. It is needless therefore to repeat them to a Member, nor to assure you that I shall always be thankful for any information you are at liberty to give me, and that I am etc.48
[Note 48: By an unfinished P. S., which was afterward crossed off, the above letter was not sent until February 19.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 14, 1781.
Sir: I am sorry to inform you that Sir Henry Clinton refuses to admit you into New York in the character of Agent for American prisoners. I hope, that the suspense which you have been held in, since my first application to you on the subject, has been attended with no inconvenience to your private concerns. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, February 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of yesterday. Brigr. Genl. Warner50 waited upon me this day with a letter from Governor Hancock informing me that that Gentleman had been
[Note 50: Brig. Gen. Jonathan Warner, of the Massachusetts Militia.] sent on with part of the hard Money Gratuity, allowed by the State to their Soldiers who had been inlisted for the War, previous to the 2d. day of Decemr. last. You will therefore be pleased to cause the most accurate Returns to be made out of the non Commd. Officers and privates who come under the above discription. I will obtain similar Returns of the Artillery from Genl. Knox. When the Returns are compleated Genl. Warner will be able to strike his dividend on the first payment. I am &c.51
[Note 51: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 15, 1781.
Dr Sir: Some advices which I have received will detain me here longer than I expected. I am to desire you will immediately have all the light companies of the troops under your command completed to fifty rank and file each, and assemble the whole without delay at Peeks Kill. They must be completed with shoes and as far as possible with all other necessaries, for a march to Morris Town; as it will be a pretty expeditious one it is an additional reason for having the men robust and in other respects well chosen. The Adjutant General must carefully inspect them when formed and exchange all whom he does not approve. I am etc.
P. S. I wish the light troops to be ready to march from Fish Kill [Peekskill] by the 19th. at furthest. I shall instruct the Qr. Mr General to prepare waggons. The officers will take their light baggage and there must be a serjeant added to each Company.52
[Note 52: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
These troops were to march by land to cooperate with the proposed expedition of Chevalier Destouches against Arnold in Virginia.]
[MS.H.S.]
To COLONEL TIMOTHY PICKERING
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 15, 1781.
Sir: I have ordered a detachment of light troops amounting to a thousand rank and file to assemble at Pecks Kill in readiness to march towards Morris Town by the 19th. I am to desire you will have waggons ready for them by that period, to remain attached to them for sometime and forage at proper stages on the route. It is necessary this business should be executed with punctuality. When you have given your directions, I shall be glad to see you at Head Quarters. You must comprehend in your provision horses for four pieces of light Artillery. I am &c.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
New Windsor, February 15, 1781.
Sir: The Count de Ste. Maine last evening did me the honor to deliver me your letter of the 3d. instant. It appears by the report of the naval officer that the enemy were inferior to the Chevalier Des touches, and from the situation of the Bedford and the America54 would probably remain so for some time.
[Note 54: British ships of war which were damaged by the recent storm.]
It appears, also to have been Your Excellencys expectation, that Mr. Des touche would either go with his whole fleet, or send a detachment to Chesapeak bay in quest of Arnold.
There are a variety of positions where Arnold by putting his vessels under protection of land batteries, may defy a naval attack and by collecting the provisions with which the Country abounds and raising a few works may remain in security 'till the enemy by repairing their damaged ships should regain the superiority at sea and come to his relief. Portsmouth where he was by the last accounts is particularly favourable to his security in this view. Unless therefore the ships which Mr. Des touches may have sent should by good fortune suddenly fall in with him, embarked and moving from one place to another, they will have little prospect of success.
From these considerations if the object is judged of sufficient importance, it is in my opinion essential that there should be a cooperation of land and naval forces and that Mr. Destouches should protect the expedition with his whole fleet. How far this will be safe or adviseable he can best judge; but it has appeared to me probable that he would prefer going with his whole fleet to a separation; as by making a detachment he would lose his superiority and would give Mr. Arbuthnot an opportunity to escort his disabled ship safe to New York and follow his detachment with the remainder.
Imagining it to be not unlikely that he may think it adviseable to employ his whole fleet upon the occasion; and that your Excellency would approve a cooperation with a part of your army the propriety of which for want of a knowledge of your local situation I cannot judge; to give the enterprise all possible chance of success I have put under marching orders a detachment of twelve hundred men which will proceed in a few days towards the Head of Elk River there to embark and proceed to a cooperation. I did not delay the march of this detachment, 'till I could hear from Mr. Des touches and you, as there is not a moment to be lost, if the expedition is to be undertaken, and the inconvenience of moving the troops to no purpose will be small in comparison with the advantage of gaining time. I should have made it more considerable could I have spared the troops. It may arrive at its destination of operation in about four Weeks from this time.
If the Chevalier Destouches and your Excellency should approve the project of a cooperation in which the whole fleet shall be employed, it would be desirable you could embark about a thousand troops on board the ships anti as many pieces of siege artillery, with the necessary apparatus, as you will think proper to spare. This will give a degree of certainty to the enterprise which will be precarious without it.
Arnold's force consists of about fifteen hundred men; as these will be in intrenchments (though not formidable) an inferior regular force with the Militia will find it difficult to reduce them; but with the addition of the detachment I have proposed to you to send, the affair would soon be terminated. This addition is of importance; but the sending of Artillery is absolutely necessary, as it would be productive of too much delay and expence to send heavy pieces, with their stores from hence by land at this season.
As by this movement the troops will be exposed to a disagreeable march and some expence will be incurred, I shall be glad both inconveniencies may cease as soon as possible if the project is not carried into execution, and I therefore request your Excellency will favour me with an immediate answer.
The capture of Arnold and his detachment will be an event particularly agreeable to this Country; a great relief to the Southern states and of important utility in our future operations.55
[Note 55: "It is most certain that tile Ch. De La Luzerne, at the requisition of Congress anti of tile Governor of Virginia, had only asked from Mr. Destouches the Assistance of Some Frigates, and of one ship of the Line, and had not mentioned any transporting of Troops, that Mr. Destouches had done all in his power to send off with all possible Speed this little Squadron."-- Rochambeau, to Washington, Feb. 20, 1781. Rochambeau's letter is in the Washington Papers. Washington's letter did not arrive until after this naval detachment had sailed, under the command of Capt. Le Gardeur de Tilly. It was then inexpedient to further weaken the French armament. Rochambeau stated that had he thought Destouches would have sailed with his whole fleet he (Rochambeau) would have detached the 1,000 men Washington requested]
I regret that the present prospect will compel me to postpone setting out for Rhode Island till I hear from you and will deprive me still longer of the pleasure, for which I impatiently wish, of seeing your Excellency and the army. I have the honor etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.
Sparks prints this and the letter to Rochambeau of February 19 as, one letter, correctly dating, however, such part of the latter as he uses.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, February 16, 1781.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
The Light companies are immediately to be augmented to fifty rank and file each with an additional serjeant and are to rendezvous the 19th. at Peekskill prepared for a march. They are to be completed in shoes. The former directions concerning the greatest care in the choice of the men are repeated; the Adjutant General will inspect the companies when formed and exchange all the men who have been indifferently chosen.
At a division court martial held in the Connecticutt line by order of Major General Parsons the 12th. instant, Colonel Samuel B. Webb President.
Joshua Taylor soldier in the 3d. Connecticut regiment was tried for "Desertion, joining the Enemy and taking up arms in the british service."
The Court are of opinion that Joshua Taylor was duly inlisted and therefore guilty of the several charges exhibited against him being breaches of Section 6th. Article 1st. of the rules and articles of war and do sentence him to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the court and orders it to be put in execution at such time and place as Major General Heath shall direct.
To COLONEL ELIAS DAYTON
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 1, 1781.
Sir: You will immediately, agreeable to the General Order of this day, augment the two light Infantry Companies to the number directed, and you will also be pleased to order three other Companies of equal numbers to be formed by detachment from the Brigade, taking the same care in the choice of Officers and Men as for the light Companies. To enable you to do this more effectually, you may, if you find it necessary, lessen the command at Ringwood and Sufferans, especially the latter. The whole detachment to be held in readiness for a march at a days warning. The service will be but a temporary one. Lt. Colo. Barber will command the detachment from your line. I am &c.
P. S. You will procure for and send with the detachment a spare pr. of shoes for each Man.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I return you the proceedings of the Division Court Martial held by order of Majr Genl. Parsons. I have confirmed the sentence of Taylor and ordered it to be carried into execution at such time and place as you shall direct. The punishment ordered to be inflicted upon Cahos is not authorised by the Articles of War, but as it may be sometimes necessary to depart somewhat from the line laid down, for the sake of making the greater impression upon the Soldiery, General parsons may order the sentence to be executed at his discretion. That the Man may not be lost to the service, he may, after being drummed out of the line, be delivered to the Quarter Masters department, in which, he [may] make an useful labourer, tho' not qualified for a Soldier. I am &c.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The word in brackets is supplied from the draft, which is also by Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 16, 1781.
Sir: As we are making a detachment from this army, it is become expedient to withdraw a part of your brigade towards replacing it. You will therefore march to West Point, as speedily as possible six companies of Col Van Scaiks regiment of which the light company to be one. You will make such a disposition, with the rest of your brigade as you judge best calculated for the security of the frontier and the stores in that quarter. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, February 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: Previous to the receipt of your letter of yesterday, I had obtained a list of the field officers in quarters from the Adjutant General, that I might name those for the present Detachmt. It is inclosed, and I am very sorry to find the number of them so small. from your Command five will be wanting.
I would have Eight Companies from the oldest Regiments of the Massachusetts line form one Battalion. The 2 remaing. Companies from that State, and those of Connecticut and Rhode Island to form another. Those of New Hampshire and Hazen (with such others, as shall hereafter join them) will form another Battalion.
Each Battn. must have two field Officers, and I earnestly wish for good ones; how this is to be effected with the present number, without injury to the Regiments (which ought never to be left without a field Officer much less at a time when the recruits will be coming in and the Regiments are forming) is not easy to arrange, and leads me to think that Colo. Gemat and Majr. Galvan ought, circumstanced as things are, to be employed upon this detachment, no better disposition therefore occurs to me than the following.
Major Reed, of Hazens Regiment, to take charge of the Company of his own Regimt. and those of New-Hampshire. Colo. Sherman, if in Camp, and Majr. Galvan to take charge of the Battn. in which the Connecticut Troops are; but if he should not be in Camp (as is doubtfully expressed by the Adjt. Genl.) then Colo. Jemat and Major Willis to have the care of it, in the last case, Colo. Jackson or Vose, and Majr. Galvan, are to be appointed to the Battn. composed altogether of Massachusetts Troops; but in the former Jemat and a good Major is to command it.
The appointment of these Officers is temporary. The general arrangement of the light Infantry for the Campaign will not be affected by it; they will return to their respective Batts. so soon as the Service on which they are going is effected. When you have made the final arrangement of them let me know it, that I may issue a general order respecting them; but you are not to delay ordering them to join for this. I am etc.60
[Note 60: The letter sent, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is in the Massachusetts Historical Society. It varies from the above draft in minor details.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 17, 1781.
Sir: You are informed of a number of officers of the Convention troops, who have been ordered to Elizabeth Town for the purpose of going into New York to be exchanged. I am now to direct you will exchange them in the following manner: All those who have no similar ranks in possession of the enemy, you will place against such of our colonels as have been longest in captivity; the others, you will exchange against an equal number, rank for rank.
But as two thirds of the officers of the Convention troops are now nearly exchanged, the enemy are bound on their own principles to let him61 enter into immediate contemplation for exchange; and we ought in justice to ourselves to insist upon it.
[Note 61: So written in the draft. The personal pronoun probably meant Burgoyne. This and oilier slips by Hamilton in the drafts he penned for Washington may have had some bearing upon the flare-up which occurred February 16, at which Hamilton resigned in a huff. He, however, stayed with Washington until the latter's return from visiting Rochambeau at Newport, R. I.]
Besides Lt General Burgoyne the enemy owe us for three or four hundred private men who may now be applied in conjunction with General Burgoyne to the exchange of all our officers remaining on Long Island.
You will therefore immediately make the following proposition to the enemy: to place Lt General Burgoyne, the officers of Convention now on their way to Elizabeth Town, and the above mentioned, privates, in opposition to our officers, prisoners in this quarter; the ballance which will be due us to be paid by the release of such officers of the Southern prisoners as we shall name to the amount of that ballance.
This proposition is so reasonable that I dare say it will be readily complied with by the enemy; especially as they must be sensible that the continuing to make any difficulties about Lt General Burgoyne will necessarily operate to the prejudice of future exchanges.
It is not however to prevent the immediate exchange of the officers on their march as this is a point already agreed upon.
Governor Livingston has represented to me that some dissatisfactions have arisen about the manner of disposing of the prisoners made by the militia of the state. You are to observe the following rule: To put all the persons taken in arms by the militia in a common stock to be exchanged indifferently for any prisoners of war in the hands of the enemy whether Continental troops, or Militia, according to priority of Capture.
To exchange all mere citizens persons not taken in arms for the citizens of the state whose militia has captured them.
The equity of the first rule must be obvious, as all the prisoners made by the Continental troops are applied indifferently to the exchange of themselves and the Militia taken in arms by the same of propriety of capture; and without reciprocity, there would be an evident disadvantage on the side of the Continental troops.
As the Governor also mentions some inconvenience for want of information on these points, I am to desire you will make him monthly reports of all exchanges of the militia and citizens of the state made by you, and of the prisoners made by the Militia who have come into your hands.
I wish you too immediately to give him an account of what has been done in these respects since you have been in the department, that he may see the state is not injured by our arrangements.
I am frequently at a loss for want of your presence at Head Quarters. I am therefore to desire you will reside constantly near it. When any particular business calls you elsewhere, you will represent it at Head Quarters. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 17, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 9th: instant. General Morgans signal victory over Colo. Tarleton, with the flower of the British Army, reflects the highest honor upon our Arms, and I hope will, at least, be attended with this advantage, that it will check the offensive operations of the Enemy, untill General Greene shall have collected a much more respectable force than he had under his command, by the last accounts from him. I am apprehensive that the Southern States will look upon this victory as much more decisive in its consequences, than it really is, and will relax in their exertions. It is to be wished that the Gentlemen of Congress, who have interest in those States, would remove such ideas, if any such should be found to exist, and rather stimulate them to redouble their efforts to crush an enemy, pretty severely shaken by the two successful strokes upon Ferguson63 and Tarleton.
[Note 63: At King's Mountain.]
Be pleased to return my thanks to Mr. Sharpe for his description of the Western parts of South Carolina.
I shall not fail to communicate, to Majr. General Parsons and the Officers and Men who were under his command, the very flattering notice which Congress have been pleased to take of their expedition to Morrissania.64
[Note 64: See resolve of Congress, Feb. 5, 1781, in the Journals of the Continental Congress.]
Upon General Knox's return from the Eastward, I desired him to form an Estimate of the Artillery and Ordnance Stores necessary for an operation upon the largest scale, which would be that against New York. He has accordingly furnished one, Copy of which I do myself the honor to inclose65 for the information of Congress, and that application may be made in time to the States possessed of the heaviest Cannon, for the loan of them and other Stores, should they be wanted, and that directions may be given to the Board of War, and to those Boards whose Business it is to provide Ammunition &c. to endeavour to procure the deficiency of the estimate. We ought, without doubt, to be prepared for an operation against New York. Should circumstances make it requisite to lessen the object, the overplus Stores would, nevertheless, form not only a valuable but such a Magazine as we ought ever to have in reserve.
[Note 65: The estimate is not filed with this letter from Washington, but a transcript is entered in no. 169, vol. 8, fol. 55, of the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers under date of Feb. 17, 1781.]
The impossibility of crossing the North River with Horses, and some unforeseen Business have hitherto prevented my journey to New port and makes the time of my setting out precarious. With the greatest Respect etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on February 26 and referred to the Board of War.
On February 17 also Washington wrote to Rochambeau, introducing Maj. Gen. Robert Howe, who was visiting Rhode Island and Boston. The mutilated A. L. S. is in the Huntington Library.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, February 18, 1781.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
At a General court martial of the line held at Westpoint the 21st. of December 1780 and continued by adjournments 'till the 8 instant, Colonel Greaton President:
Major James R. Reid was tried on the following charges
First "Disobedience of Orders and unmilitary conduct",
Secondly "Defrauding the United States, or the regiment, or a part of the regiment in which he holds a public office, and embezzling or misapplying public property."
Thirdly "Unofficer and ungentlemanlike conduct" or behavior.
The Court on consideration of the several charges against Major Reid and the Evidence for and against him are of opinion on the first Charge that Major Reid's conduct in ordering Serjeants to do the duty of officers of Police is contrary to the Regulations for the order and discipline of the troops; on the third charge they are of opinion that he has treated Colonel Hazen with much disrespect in Several parts of his conduct in breach of article 5th. section 18th of the rules and articles of war and that Major Reid's certificate and Letter to the reverend Mr. Powers is not warranted in gentlemanlike behavior, in consequence of the above opinion the court sentence that he be reprimanded by the Commander in Chief in General Orders; yet they find him not guilty of either of the other Charges and do acquit him thereof.
The General approves the determination of the court:
The appointment of Serjeants to do the duty of officers of police was an unwarrantable departure from the regulations injurious to good order and the service. The inflammatory expressions used by Major Reid against his commanding officer and other instances of disrespect are highly exceptionable, an inferior officer can never be justifiable in attempts to make his commanding officer suspected and odious to his corps.
If there is reason to believe he is guilty of Fraud Injustice or misconduct the regular way of proceeding is by a representation to superior authority, the Certificate and Letter to the Reverend Mr. Powers was a piece of indecent Levity towards a man whose function intitled him to respect.
The General cannot forbear remarking with regret that it is too common for officers on trial to indulge themselves in a vein of invective and abuse as inconsistent with decency as with the respect they owe to themselves and to others. He is sorry that Major Reid has so far forgot himself as to have erred in a more than ordinary degree in this article. The Delicacy of an officer's character should make him as delicate in expressing his resentment as in defending his honor. Major Reid is released from arrest.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to accept and approve the report of a Court of enquiry held by order of Major General Heath the 5th instant "To continue the investigation of the conduct of Colonel Bigelow on the 31st. of december 1775, in the Attack on the City of Quebec in consequence of aspersions against his Conduct on that day by Colonel Lamb. Colonel Hazen, President; Lieutenant Colonels Antill, Newall and Grosvenor, and Major 'Trescot members. The Court report as follows: "The Court after reading and considering the evidence produced in support of the charge, and those in favor of Colonel Bigelow with his own remarks in justification of his conduct are of opinion that Colonel Bigelow's Conduct in the Attack on Quebec the 31st. of December 1775 is not reprehensible but that his behavior was consistent with the Character of an officer."
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 18, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of Yesterday. As the detachment, now in formation, may be absent five or six Weeks or more, (which I mention in confidence) the security of West point will become our principal object, and you will, for that purpose, as soon as the detachment marches, order the remaining troops on the East side into the Garrison, and such part of Hazens Regt. as is not absolutely necessary to guard the Stores and prisoners at Fishkill. You will lessen the detachment upon the lines, and call in every small guard and party that you possibly can. In short, every thing must give way to the security of West point, during the absence of the large detachment.
As Capt. Welles is the Officer who properly commands Webbs light Company, you will order him to join the light Corps with such Men as belong to the Regt. and you will be pleased to relieve him with an Officer well acquainted with Boat service, as, after the River is clear of Ice, vigilance on the Water will be more than ever necessary. I am &c.
P.S. You will leave very small Guards of the most indifferent Men at the Hurts on the East side to prevent their being injured.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.].
Head Quarters, February 18, 1781.
Dear Sir: The inclosed being of consequence you will be pleased to dispatch them immediately by Express to Morris Town.
You mentioned a day or two ago, that the business of your department rendered your presence necessary in Philada. if circumstances would admit of your absence from the Army. His Excellcy. desires me to inform you, that he has no objection to your going, if you have put all matters in a proper train for the moving of the detachment from hence, and that of 250 Men from the Jersey line at Morris Town. His Excellency desires me further to remind you that if the number of tents, intrenching tools, Axes, &ca. requisite can be procured at Philada. it will be so much the better, as it will save land transportation.
It may be necessary, for some little time to come, to convey intelligence to and from Philadelphia in the most expeditious manner, and His Excellency for that reason requests you to establish a temporary relay of Expresses between this and that place. You will be pleased to inform us of the stages, when they are fixed. You will be kind enough to give a day's notice previous to your setting out, as there very probably will be dispatches to send. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman, A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 18, 1781.
Sir: Inclosed you will find an extract from the proceedings of a Court of inquiry held by order of Capt Dawson into the situation of our naval prisoners in the harbour of New York, by which you will perceive the ration allowed them by the enemy. Congress having directed me to retaliate the same treatment on their prisoners in our hands, which our prisoners in their hands receive, I am to desire, you will take effectual measures that all the Naval prisoners of the enemy be allowed the same ration69 and no more, which by the inclosed extract appears to be dispensed to ours. When you cannot allow the specific articles you must give an equivalent in something else.
[Note 69: The weekly ration allowance to American prisoners on the British prison ships was stated to be: "Bread, 61 ounces; beef, 43 oz; pork, 21 oz; butter, 8 oz; pease, 1⅙ pint; oatmeal, 2 pts."]
I am at the same time to desire, you will ascertain the ration allowed by the enemy to land prisoners of war and make the same allowance to those in our possession. This is not meant to extend to the troops of convention whose allowance is specified by a particular article of the treaty. I am &c.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 17th: and 18th: Major Reids sentence was published in the orders of yesterday. The reason of my not including Colo. Sprout or Major John Porter71 was, that the first was up here himself, and mentioned the obligation he was under of going immediately to the Eastward; the last, I understood, was employed in executing the duty of Dy. Adjt. General to the Garrison.
[Note 71: Of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He was discharged in October, 1782.]
General Parsons's proposition of sending the seven Recruits immediately back to the Assembly, now sitting at Hartford, I think a very good one; because it will serve to point out, to the Legislature, the impositions that will inevitably be put upon the public, if any but military Men are to be judges of the sufficiency of Recruits. But to avoid the expense and trouble of bringing such trash to the Army and sending them back, I think it highly necessary, that a Field Officer should attend each place of rendezvous, whose business it shall be to inspect each Recruit,72 and should there be any defect in him, return him immediately to the town from whence he came. General Parsons will know who of the Field Officers, now in Connecticut, are convenient to the places of rendezvous, and he may
[Note 72: The draft at this point has the word "carefully."] appoint them accordingly; and as our situation will require immediate reinforcement, let directions be given to the superintending Officers to send forward the Recruits as they come to the rendezvous. We shall have Cloathing (if the States does not provide it) to make them comfortable, if not uniform, and if the State should make provision, it may follow.
The General Order is sufficient authority for you to order the execution of Taylor. I am &c73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: If the detachment now forming, pursues its object, it will be a strong additional motive against having deposits at, and upon the Morris town Road to this place; because the troops now on that communication will be considerably reduced, without the means of replacing them. If therefore my former order on this head is not fully complied with, no time should be lost in the completion of it. A quantity of provisions at Ringwood (till we are in greater force) will run eminent danger of being destroyed by a partisan stroke. I desire therefore it may not be suffered to accumulate at that post.
If there is no particular inconvenience, with which I am not acquainted, I think the back communication by Sussex Court House, or the middle one, by the White House, Germantown, Succasunny Meeting House, Kinneys Forge, Newfoundland, Davenports Mills and Colonel Sewards at Warwick would, circumstanced as we are, be the most eligible, because less hazardous, and I believe equally convenient to this place. The last I am informed is the nearest and best Road of any from this place to Trenton. Mr. De Wit74 is now about measuring of it. I am &c.75
[Note 74: Simeon De Witt, Geographer.]
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Sir: Lt. Colo Smith has orders to Inspect the clothing of a detachment now assembling at Peeks Kill and to make a return of its wants to you or your deputy on the other side, agreeable to which the Issues are to be made without delay, and forwarded to the detachment at the above place or at Pompton; on this or the other side of the river, as circumstances may point out.
Independent of these, one thousand pair of good and strong shoes, and one hundred and fifty watch Coats are to be packed up and sent to Pompton.
These things are to be issued to the order of the Marqs de la Fayette only some person in your department is to attend for this purpose, and to note the Regiments, and men who receive Clothing, that proper accts may be kept of the Issues.
You will apply to the Qr Master General for the means, and manner of transporting these things. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The copy is in the writing of Martha Washington.]
New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to congratulate your Excellency on the safe arrival of the Viscount de Rochambeau at the Court of Versailles. My authority is deriv'd from the President of Congress who in a letter of the 14th Instr. writes me thus:
"By letters just come to hand from Mr. Carmichael77 at Madrid, I am informed that the Son of Count De Rochambeau is safe arrived in France." I hope every thing pleasing will follow this [agreeable] Event.
[Note 77: William Carmichael. He was secretary to the United States mission to Spain.]
Since the date of mine of the 15th. I have not been honoured with a letter from your Excellency, nor have I heard whehr. the whole, or any part of the Squadron of Monsr. dis touch has left Rhode Island for the Bay of Chesapeak. The destruction of the detachmt. under the Comd. of Arnold, is of such immense importance to the welfare of the Southern States that I have resolved to attempt it [with the detachment I now send in conjunction with the Militia, even if it should not be convenient to Your Excellency to detach a part of your force, provided Mr. Des touches is able to protect our operations by such a disposition of his fleet as will give us the command of the bay and prevent succours being sent from New York.
By a letter I have just received from Major General the Baron De Steuben who commands in Virginia, it appears we may expect every thing from the temper of the Militia of which Militia are capable; but an additional regular force to that I am sending would no doubt make the success much more prompt and certain. If Mr. Des touches should send any ships into the bay on the principle of a cooperation it will be necessary that a light frigate should come up to the Head of Elk to protect the passage of the troops across the bay.78
[Note 78: De Tilly's squadron was at this time already in the Chesapeake. Arnold sent his ships up the Elizabeth River where the water was too shallow to permit the heaviest French ship to get within range. One of the French frigates, indeed, ran aground. De Tilly captured a British frigate, the Romulus, of 44 guns, and two privateers. As his orders from Des Touches were to spend no more time in the Chesapeake than necessary, De Tilly returned to Rhode Island as soon as he found that Arnold could not be taken. He reached Newport February 24.]
I impatiently wait to be favoured with Your Excellency's answer on these points. With the truest respect &c.]79
[Note 79: The parts in brackets are in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: The recpt. of your letter of the 29th. Ulto., and of a former by the Marqs. De la Fayette I have the honor to acknowledge and to return you my thanks for them.
The contents of that of the 29th. are very important. it presents a fair field, capable of yielding an abundant harvest if it is well improved. Skilful labourers are all that are wanting, and much depends upon a judicious choice of them. Men of abilities at the head of the respective departments, will soon introduce system order and oeconomy, our affairs, consequently, will put on a different aspect; but not unless Congress is vested with, or will assume greater powers than they exert at present. and will dispense them freely, upon general principles, to the Ministers of State.
But for the assurance you give me of being soon at Hd. Quartrs. I would go more into detail on the several important points of your letter. I will, under the expectation of it, defer the pleasure of a further converse on these matters till I see you.
I cannot close my letter however, without expressing the joy I feel at the completion of the Federal union, and that Virginia has relinquished her claim to the Lands west of Ohio. The first, I trust, will enable Congress to speak with decision. The other will heal differences and contribute to our funds as there is no finer Country in the known world than is incircled by the Ohio, Mississipi, and Great Lakes. A few days ago I was on the eve of a Journey to Rhode Island, some important matters delayed it and now the time of my setting off is precarious.
Mrs. Washington, and the rest of the family, salute you cordially. with sentiments of the greatest esteem etc.
New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Dr Sir: Your letter of the 9th. with the several Articles which accompanied it came safe, and in propr. season,80 I thank you for the trouble you have had on this occasion.
[Note 80: The other articles were 6 pounds of superfine hair powder and 10 balls of blacking.]
The inclosed (left open for your perusal) may be a mean of putting money in your hands. The original sum was £27 or £27. 10. Specie; there may be a deduction, but I do not know to what amount. Out of this money be so good as to pay the inclosed acct. to Mr. Star,81 your own demands upon me for the Spurs, &ca. and retain the Balle. till called for. Your choice of Spurs is very agreeable to my taste.82
[Note 81: Starr.]
[Note 82: The spurs were perfectly plain, without strap or chain. "The price of them was $1,100 of old money, equaling $75 in the new emission; but Pettit obtained them for $10 in silver.]
If Colo. Mitchell should have paid the money agreeably to Mrs. Washington's order please to inform me it that I may adopt some other mode of payment. I am etc.
PS. Will you be so obliging as to send for Mr. Cottringer and know if I am to pay him the same sum in specie as he has charged in State Money? 15 half Joes comes for the purpose if he says so but it will be the most costly coat I ever wore.
New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Dr Sir: Mrs. Washington directed Mr. Lund Washington when she left Virginia, to draw on you in favor of Colo. Harrison for the Balle. of my old Chariot left in your hands by Mr. Bringhurst. If the money, consequent of this order, is not already paid, be so good as to place it in the hands of Mr. Pettit to whom I am indebted for sundry articles lately sent to me from Phila. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Gentlemen: I was duly honored with your favor of the 23d. of January. The disturbances in some lines of the Army, and the remote situation of others prevented the new arrangements from coming to hand so early and regularly, as they would otherwise have done, they are now chiefly got in, and you will find, under cover, those of the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania Lines; and of the 2d. and 3d. Regts. of Artillery; the 4th. (Colo Proctors) has been probably delivered to you in Philada. If it has not, you will be pleased to call upon the Colonel for it.
You have also inclosed the lists of the Officers of Warner's, Livingston's, Spencer's and the German Battalions who retire upon half pay; the Corps being reformed. Those of Whitcoms, Schotts, Selins, and the independent Connecticut Companies which were at Wyoming have not yet come to hand. These, with what are now transmitted will compleat all the lines and Corps serving under my immediate command. The Board will be pleased to compare Colo. Warners return with their Register of Commissions which have been issued, as the number of Officers on his list appears to me very great for the size of the Regt. If any have been appointed by him, without proper authority, they cannot be considered as entitled to the half pay establishment. The Board will also be pleased to pay attention to a Memorial of Lieut. Colo. Weltners of the German Battalion. He is a very deserving Officer, and always conducted himself and the Affairs of the Regt, the charge of which was in fact always upon him, with singular propriety. His Health is much impaired by the service, and if the Baron D'Arent was considered as having quitted the command of the Regiment, when he returned to Europe, I think Colo. Weltner is justly intitled to the emoluments of a Lt. Colo. Commandant from that time.
I take the liberty to inclose the Copy of a letter from Commy. Cheerer at Springfield. My reason for doing it, is, his representing, that the Workers in leather were at a stand for want of that Article, when it might be obtained by an order from the Board on Commy. Land. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have reed. your favr. of the 13th. on the subject of the situation of the British and Foreign Prisoners of War in Philada. which shall be duly attended to.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. (See Washington's letter to Abraham Skinner, Feb. 24, 1781, post.)
Washington wrote again to the Board of War this same day (February 19), asking that every assistance be given to Lieutenant Colonel Stevens, who was in charge of the small battering train of artillery then being prepared m Philadelphia by General Knox for the expedition intended for Virginia. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 19, 1781.
Sir: I am honored with Your Excellencys letter of the 14th. instant in behalf of the legislature with the copy of one of the 5th. to Congress. I beg leave to assure the Legislature of the high sense I entertain of the honor they do me by their confidence in this communication, while I deplore the melancholy picture given of the distress of the state, which I have every reason to believe from the facts that have fallen within my own observation is not exaggerated.
I sincerely wish it were in my power to comply with the request of the state for leaving its two regiments for the defence of the frontier next campaign; but I should not merit its confidence, if I were to flatter it with an expectation which may probably be disappointed. The reduction of the number of our regiments, if they were completed would scarcely give us a force adequate to a vigorous offensive campaign which it is to be hoped will take place; towards which proposals have been made and engagements entered into on my part. But we have too much room to fear the Regiments of several of the States will be far from complete, which will in the case I have mentioned render the collection of our whole force the more indespensable.
Situated as I am, I can only say that I anxiously wish it were in my power to give security to the frontier of all the states; that I sensibly feel for the peculiar circumstances of this; that I shall be happy if practicable to give it effectual protection and relief; but cannot promise the practicability of it. Much will depend upon the operations of the campaign; if they have for object any decisive enterprise, we shall be obliged to employ all our force in it. If they are of a defensive kind, the protection of the frontiers, will be attended to in a manner equal to their importance, and I hope successfully.
Our stock of ammunition is more scanty than Your Excellency can have any idea of; but of this stock small as it is, I shall order a part of it to be deposited at Albany for the purposes you mention.
At present the regiments of Artillery are extremely reduced, and without knowing what will be their state at the opening of the campaign, I can give no positive answer to the application on this head; but I think it probable it will be in my power to comply with it.
The want of provision is unfortunately an evil which every part of the army experiences and must have fatal consequences, unless the states can hereafter generally comply better with the requisitions of Congress, or some other more competent mode can be adopted than has hitherto obtained. But with respect to the garrison of Fort Schuyler, 'till your letter arrived I had reason to suppose it had had a supply which would suffice till May. The Commissary General shall be directed to apply to the Magazine at Richmond, or any other where relief is to be procured.
I beg Your Excellency to assure the Legislature of the high respect I entertain for them and of the gratitude I feel for the support I have upon all occasions experienced from the state. With every sentiment of personal respect etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, February 20, 1781.
My dear Marqs: The inclosed is your Instructions, in the prosecution of wch. if you should receive authentic intelligence of the Enemys having left Virginia; Or by adverse fortune the detachment from Monsr. Destouches has lost its superiority in that State and dis-abled thereby to cooperate with you; You will return with the Detachment under your Command, as the enemy cannot be effected by it while they have the command of the water but the Detachment capitally injured by committing itself on the Water. With every wish for your success. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 20, 1781.
Sir: I have ordered a detachment to be made at this post to rendezvous at Peeks Kill the 19th. instant. which together with another to be formed at Morris Town from the Jersey troops will amount to about twelve hundred [Rank and file.]
The destination of this detachment is to act against the corps of the enemy now in Virginia, in conjunction with the Militia and some ships from the fleet of The Chevalier Des touches, which he informs me sailed the 9th. instant from New Port.
You will take the command of this detachment, which you will in the first instance march off by batalions towards Pompton there to rendezvous and afterwards proceed with all possible dispatch to the Head of Elk.
You will make your arrangemnts with the Qr. Master General concerning the route you are to take, concerning transportation, tents, intrenching tools and other articles in his department of which you may stand in need; with the Commissary General concerning provisions; with the Clothier concerning Clothing, shoes &c. And with General Knox, concerning the artillery and stores you will want for the expedition.
The result of these several arrangements you will report at Head Quarters.
When you arrive at Trenton, if the Delaware is practicable and boats are readily to be had, you will save time by going from thence by water to [Christeen bridge, Marcus hook or Chester;] but if you cannot avail yourself of this mode, you must proceed by land, by the route which the Qr. Mr. and Commissary may designate as most convenient for covering and supplies.
You are not to suffer the detachment to be delayed for want of either provision, forage, or waggons on the route; where the ordinary means will not suffice with certainty, you will have recourse to military impress.
You will take your measures with the Qr. Mr. General in such a manner that vessels may be ready by your arrival at the Head of Elk to convey you [down] the bay [to Hampton road or] to the point of operation, and you will open a previous communication with the officer Commanding the ships of His Christian Majesty, to concert your cooperation and to engage him to send [(if it can be spard)] a Frigate up the bay to cover your passage [without which, or some other armed Vessels] might be otherwise insecure.
When you arrive at your destination, you must act as your own judgment and the circumstances shall direct.
You will open a correspondence with the Baron De Steuben who now commands in Virginia informing him of your approach and requesting him to have a sufficient body of Militia ready to act in conjunction with your detachment. It will be adviseable for him to procure persons in whom he can confide well acquainted with the Country at Portsmouth and in the Vicinity, some who are capable of giving you a Military idea of it and others to serve as guides.
You should give the earliest attention to acquiring a knowledge of the different rivers but particularly James' River, that you may know what harbours can best afford shelter and security to the cooperating Squadron, in case of blockade by a superior force.
You are to do no act whatever with Arnold that directly or by implication may skreen him from the punishment due to his treason and desertion, which if he should fall into your hands, you will execute in the most summary way.
Having recommended it to the Count De Rochambeau to detach a land with the naval force that might be destined for Chesapeak bay (though from the disposition which has already taken place it is not probable that land force will be sent yet) if the recommendation should be complied with, you will govern yourself in cooperating with the Officer commanding the French troops agreeable to the intentions and instructions of His Most Christian Majesty of which you were the bearer, and which being still in your possession it is unnecessary for me to recite.
[You will keep me regularly advised of your movements and progress; and when the object of the detachment is fulfilled (or unfortunately disappointed) you will return with it by the same rout, if circumstances admits of it and with as much expedition as possible to this Post.]
I wish you a successful issue to the enterprise and all the glory which I am persuaded you will deserve.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 20, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I have duly received your letters of the 29th. January and 1st February, containing an account of the enemy's motions 'till that period, and of your dispositions to counteract them.
The effect you mention of deranging the measures of the state for succouring General Greene was to be expected. It is however an event of the most serious nature, and I am persuaded if the enemy continue in the state, as their force is not large, you will do every thing in your power to make the defence of the state as little as possible interfere with an object of so much the more importance as the danger is so much the greater. From the picture General Greene gives of his situation, every thing is to be apprehended, if he is not powerfully supported from Virginia.
The storm mentioned to you in my last has given our Allies a temporary superiority, which they have employed by detaching a sixty four and some frigates to Chesapeak Bay. These I hope will have arrived before this reaches you. The remainder of the fleet is ready to support this detachment. Convinced that a naval operation alone will probably be ineffectual, and that Militia would be unequal to the reduction of Arnold in his works, I have detached a corps of twelve hundred men from this army, chiefly consisting of the light infantry, of course commanded by the Marquis De la fayette, which will I hope arrive at the Head of Elk about the [Sixth of March] to embark there and proceed [down] the bay to [Hampton road, or] the point of operation. This corps will carry with it some heavy artillery; but if you can procure any in addition it will be of great importance. I am to desire you will make such arrangements with respect to the Militia, supplies, &c. and will take such a position as you judge will be most conducive to the success of the enterprise. The Marquis De la Fayette will open a correspondence with you for this purpose.
When the French squadron appears you will immediately open a correspondence with the officer commanding acquainting him with my intensions and your preparation and you will have ready pilots well acquainted with the navigation of the several rivers, to put on board, that he may want no assistance of this sort in our power to give. I have requested the Governor to aid you in procuring the pilots, and in every other matter in which his aid may be of use to you.
If the fleet should have arrived before this gets to hand, secrecy will be out of the question; but if it should not have made its appearance, you will conceal your expectations, and only seem to be preparing for defence.
The ships will bring you some arms and stores which had arrived at Providence for the State of Virginia.
Arnold on the appearance of the fleet may endeavour to retreat by land through North Carolina if you take any measures to obviate this, the precaution will be advisable. Should we be able to capture this detachment with its chief, it will be an event as pleasing as it will be useful.
All I can recommend with respect to Col Armand's corps at present is that you will station it at some proper place to repose and attend to its discipline and equipment. The Quarter Master General is to provide horses. The Colonel himself is gone to France to procure cloaths arms and accoutrements. Congress have made no other provision for recruiting the corps than in a resolution of the 2d. of January last directing that a sufficient number of volunteers might be drawn from the line to complete the corps, when the State of the regiments would admit of it; not to exceed five from each regiment. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: In consequence of a letter from His Excellency the Governor representing the situation of the Garrison of Fort Schuyler and the Troops at Albany and Schenectady for want of Meat, I have directed the Commissary Genl. to give an order upon the Magazine at Richmond87 for two hundred Barrels of Salt provisions, which you have inclosed. Out of this, you will endeavour to throw a supply of three Months (including what may be already there) into Fort Schuyler, before the Roads are broken up. The remainder, with what the Agents can pick up, will, I hope, keep you going.
[Note 87: The draft at this point has the words: "in Massachusetts."]
You will be pleased to order the Recruits to be sent to the Brigade as fast they are raised. They will be as easily subsisted there as detached in small parties, and will acquire discipline during the stay in Quarters. I am &c.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, February 20, 1781.
Sir: In a letter of the 14th. from His Excellency Governor Clinton he mentions, that on the 6th. instant there were only fourteen days Beef at Fort Schuyler; that the Troops at Albany and Schenectady were obliged to be billeted upon the Inhabitants for want of Meat, and that, that part of the Country was so intirely exhausted of Meat, that it could not be purchased, even were the Agents furnished with Money. The Governor wishes an order may be given upon the Magazine at Richmond or Barrington in Massachusetts in favr. of the Dy. Commy. at Albany for the Quantity of Meat necessary for the subsistence of the troops to the Northward and for a further supply to the Garrison of Fort Schuyler. The Garrison of Fort Schuyler consists of about 300 souls. I would wish it provisioned for three Months. There are seven or eight hundred more at Albany, Schenectady, &c. You will therefore give your orders in proportion. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, February 20, 1781.
Sir: The Chevalier Des Touches having been pleased to inform me that he had detached one sixty four and three frigates to act against the enemy in Chesapaek bay and held the remainder of his fleet ready to support the operation; persuaded that a maritime operation alone would probably not be effectual, as the enemy might secure their vessels under their land batteries, and at the same time that the Militia were not proper for dislodging them from their works unaided by regular troops; I have therefore on the first notice of the Chevaliers intention detached a corps of Troops from this army under the command of the Marquis De la Fayette to act in conjunction with you. I am not informed precisely what are your instructions nor would it be my wish that in expectation of this cooperation you should delay any measures which you judge practicable on your arrival for effecting the object of your commission. I only mean to propose if you should meet with the difficulties I have anticipated, and if it be compatible with your instructions that you will continue in such a position as you think eligable to blockade the enemy, 'till the arrival of the detachment I have announced and that you will then protect and aid the ulterior operations.
The detachment will proceed immediately to the head of Elk where I hope it will arrive by the fifth or sixth of March, to embark there and proceed down the Bay to the point of operation. I beg leave to observe to you the utility (if convenient to you) of sending a frigate up the bay to protect the passage of the troops; in all cases they must depend upon you for security in this operation.
I have Instructed the Baron De Steuben, who now commands in Virginia to procure for you trusty pilots well acquainted with the navigation of the several rivers and every information that may be of use to you, and to make all the necessary preparations with the militia for acting in conjunction.
The Marquis De la Fayette will immediately open a correspondence with you to concert your future arrangements. I entreat you will be pleased immediately to impart to him your ideas and intentions.
The capture of the corps of the enemy under Arnold will be of the greatest importance to these states and will be as pleasing as it will be useful to them. I am persuaded you will do every thing that depends upon you to contribute to this end as far as your instructions and the circumstances will permit. I have the honor etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, February 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: The perplexed State of our Military Affairs, generally, and the embarrassments with which I am (or more properly speaking, have been, for they are not so great now as they were) surrounded in this quarter, must appologize for my not acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favor of the 21st. Ulto. Sooner.
It is with peculiar pleasure I hear that Maryland has acceded to the Confederation, and that Virginia has yielded her claim to the Country West of Ohio. Great good, I hope, will result from these measures. The first will, undoubtedly, enable Congress to speak with more decision in their requisitions of the respective States, without which it is physically impossible to prosecute the War with success, great as our expenses are. The other will smooth the way, and aid taxation by reconciling jarring interests, removing jealousies, and establishing a fund.
There are other measures lately adopted in Congress with which I am highly pleased; the establishing of Ministers91 (in place of Boards) for the departments of War, Finance and foreign Affairs. Proper Powers to, and a judicious choice of men to fill these departments, will soon lead us to system, order and
[Note 91: Secretaries.] oeconomy; without which our Affairs, already on the brink of ruin, would soon have been passed redemption. I enjoy by anticipation the benefit of these resolves. I hear with infinite pleasure (though no nomination has yet taken place) that you are generally spoken of for the department of War. at the same time I learn with pain from Colo. Hamilton that your acceptance of it is doubtful if the choice should fall on you.
I am perfectly aware of all your objections, I feel their force; but they ought not to prevail. Our Affairs are brought to an awful Crisis. Nothing will recover them but the vigorous exertions of men of abilities, who know our wants, and the best means of supplying them; these Sir without a compliment I think you possess. Why then, the department being necessary, should you shrink from the duties of it. The greater the chaos, the greater will be your merit in bringing forth order; and to expect to tread the different walks of public life without envy and its concomitants, is more than has yet fallen to the lot of human kind.
To express my wishes on this subject, under the prospect of your election, is the cause of my giving you the trouble of a letter at this moment as I should be exceedingly concerned at your refusal to become the Minister of War if the choice should fall on you.
I hope the motion you made, or was about to make, to request the Eastern States to join in a convention for the purposes therein expressed was readily agreed to. the objects were important; the ends valuable if they can be obtained.
On the 15th. I was, in appearance and expectation, on the eve of a journey to Rhode Island, as Mrs. Hamilton and Mrs. Washington were on a propos'd one to Albany. Some important dispatches prevented my setting off next morning, and an intervention of occurrences since has not only render'd the time of, but the journey itself, somewhat uncertain. We all join in best wishes, and respectful regards for Mrs. Schuyler, yourself and family. With much truth and sincere affectn. etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, February 20, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The General with pleasure communicates to Major General Parsons and the officers and men under his command the following honorable testimony of the Approbation of Congress passed the 5th. instant:
Ordered That the Letter of Major General Parsons, with the papers inclosed, relative to his successful enterprize against the enemy's post at Morrisania, with so much of the general's letter as relates thereto, be referred to the Committee of Intelligence; and that the Commander in Chief return the thanks of Congress to Major General Parsons, and the officers and men under his command; and inform him that Congress have directed this publication to be made in testimony of their approbation of his judicious arrangements, and of the spirit and military conduct displayed by the officers and men employed under him on the occasion.
New Windsor, February 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Mail of last Week brought me your letter of the 7th.
Never having entertained a doubt of your friendship, the trouble you have taken to remove a supposed suspicion of it would have given me concern were it not overballanced by the pleasure I feel at receiving in the same instant fresh assurances of your esteem and regard for me. Declarations thereof on your part require candor and confidence on mine. I do not scruple therefore to confess that I was not a little hurt by the implications, and the general complexion of Mr. Lovels letter; and was not a little embarrassed in determining upon a line of conduct proper for me to observe on the occasion.
Conscious, that (neither directly nor indirectly) no act, word or thought of mine had given birth to the motion, transmitted you. It was not a very pleasant thing to see a letter published, the natural interpretation of which, held out very different ideas.
The paragraph immediately following the Motion is perfectly enigmatical to an uninformed Mind; but from the context and other circumstances, must be supposed to relate to the same person and subject. I have heard it did not, but the combination was remarkable, and its failing into the hands of the enemy, and being exposed to public view, unfortunate.92 With great esteem etc.
[Note 92: Lovell's letter of Nov. :20, 1780, to Gerry, printed in Burnett's Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, states: "Popular" say you, "beyond all description." "Oh strange! Alack and Alas-a-day! what? more popular than that of old? ! ! !" The allusion is so obscure that only Gerry's letter to Lovell, which called forth this rejoiner can settle the matter. However, Lovell's well-known antagonism to Washington caused Gerry to pen the following explanation or defense to Washington (Feb. 7, 1781): "When General Knox was here, he informed me, that the paragraph of the Letter which respected a person's being "popular", was supposed by some to refer to your Excellency; but the Date of the Letter from whence Mr Lovell's quotation was made, being a few Days after the general Election of the Commonwealth, must, I think, convince every attentive Reader, the paragraph related to a civil officer who was then elected. This will more fully appear to every person acquainted with the Circumstances of the Election itself, the Popularity of the Officer mentioned, and the Preference I publickly gave to his Competitor." Gerry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have lately been obliged to make so large a temporary detachment, that it becomes indispensably necessary to call in the Recruits from the States nearest at hand. You will therefore be pleased to dispatch orders to the superintending Officers to send forward, to the Army, such as may have come in to the places of rendezvous, and to exert themselves to collect and send on any which may be yet scattered. Could they come on cloathed, it would be a most desirable event, but as circumstances do not admit of delay, they must endeavour to procure as much as will make them comfortable, and let the remainder, if it is provided by the State follow. We have a tolerable supply of every thing but shirts and Coats for 1500 or 2000 Men at this place. I should hope that the Recruits from Boston may come on both armed and Cloathed.
I most sincerely congratulate you on Genl. Morgan's brilliant success to the Southward. I have not heard whether it has occasioned any change in the disposition of the enemy. I am in hopes that it will at least retard any forward movement, and give General Greene, what he is very much in need of, time to collect and organize a more respectable force than he was possessed of when I last heard from him. He had, with his small main Body, taken a safe and distant position on the Pedee, and had detached General Morgan with his handful of Continental Light troops and all the Militia, to keep the Enemy from extending themselves to the Westward or drawing supplies from thence. If they always acquit themselves as handsomely as they did the 17th. January, we shall have no reason to complain. With very sincere Regard etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, February 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: My Visit to the French Army at Rhode Island has been delayed by important business and must necessarily be retarded a while longer. There are particular reasons which make me anxious to have you along with me in this tour. If it is not inconvenient to you therefore to leave Philadelphia immediately, I should be glad if you would join me as soon as possible. That I may know certainly whether you can or cannot accompany me I pray you to write me by express; and if you come, to name the day I may hope to see you at head Qrs.
I directed the Qr. Mr. Genl. (Colo Pickering) a few days ago, to establish a Chain of Expresses between this and Philadelphia for the speedy transportation of Letters. Write by these and request the Qr. Mr. in Phila. to forward the letter with all possible dispatch as I shall wait your answer and govern my departure by it. I am etc.94
[Note 94: By direction of Washington, Tilghman wrote this same day (February 21) to Colonel Picketing, Quartermaster General of the Continental Army: "The inclosed, as you may suppose, requires the utmost dispatch. There were some time ago relays of Expresses stationed between Govr. Jefferson and the president of Congress. If that Chain is yet kept up, it will be the speediest conveyance. If it is not, His Excellency requests you to send off a trusty Messenger immediately with the letter and give him orders upon the Quarter Masters on the Route for a change of Horses and Men if Necessary." Tilghman's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 21, 1781.
Sir: You will immediately upon the receipt of this, send forward to the Army the Recruits which have come to the places of rendezvous, and you will also collect and send on any others which may be scattered. You will if possible cloath them in the State, but if the Cloathing should not be all ready, you will procure what will make them comfortable and let the remainder follow. Circumstances require that there should be as little delay as possible in the punctual execution of this order.
You will be pleased to let me hear from you with a return of the number of Men which may be shortly expected from your State. I am &c.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 96: Spelled also "Dircks,"]
Head Quarters, February 21, 1781.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 9th. instant. I feel for the disagreeableness of your situation, and should be happy the circumstances of the service would enable me to make it better; but you are sensible of the difficulties in the way of employing officers not attached to corps, in our service.
It is true that the arrangement of Col Armands Legion has been left to me; but it is now fully officered. With respect to Col Hazen's corps the following extract, from the act of Congress of the 3rd. of October, respecting it will inform you on what footing it now stands. It is there resolved, "That the Regiment commanded by Col Moses Hazen be continued on its present establishment, and that all non commissioned officers and privates being foreigners, belonging to any reduced regiments and corps be incorporated therewith, and all volunteers from foreign states, who are now in the service or may hereafter join the American army be annexed to the said regiment." By this you will perceive that you cannot be incorporated with that regiment as an officer of it with your present rank; because its former establishment is still in force. Though the natural construction of the last clause of it does not comprehend you, yet if it could be desireable to you to serve with that corps merely as a volunteer, it certainly could not but be agreeable to me.
If any thing should occur in which you can be employed consistent with the establishment and tranquility of the army, it would give me pleasure to promote it. I am etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 21, 1781.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 5th. by General Warner, to whom I gave every advice and assistance relative to the distribution of the generous donation of the State to their old Soldiers. This well timed gratuity has had, I am informed, a most happy effect, and I have not the least doubt, but if the future supplies of pay, Cloathing and provision, the two last in particular, are more regular than they have been for some time past, that the troops, instead of exhibiting those marks of discontent which had in a manner pervaded the whole Army, will re assume their wonted good temper and cheerfully perform those duties, which can only be expected or exacted from Men, who have no just cause of complaint.
Give me leave to congratulate your Excellency upon the late brilliant success of our Arms to the Southward, and to hope that your next will afford me the pleasure of hearing of your perfect recovery. I have the honor etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 21, 1781.
Dear sir: Having been obliged to make a very considerable temporary detachment from the Army, I am under the necessity of immediately calling in what Recruits may be raised in the neighbouring States to replace it. I have directed the superintending Officers at the different places of rendezvous to do this, but I must request Your Excellency, if it possibly can be done, to furnish them in whole or in part with Cloathing, as I do not believe our whole stock on hand consists of more than Waistcoats and Breeches for 2000 Men. If the Recruits could be made tolerably comfortable they might do Garrison duty, which is what they will be employed in, untill the spring.
I cannot avoid mentioning a matter to Your Excellency which is well worth your attention and that of the Legislature. It is the shameful neglect, not to call it worse, of those persons appointed by law to muster and pass the Recruits. General Parsons informs that the first which came from your state, seven in number, were all totally unfit for service, he has sent them to Hartford that the Legislature may themselves be witnesses of the imposition which has been put upon the public, and which will be practiced in numberless instances, while any but Military Men, interested in having healthy sound soldiers, are to be judges of the sufficiency of the Recruit. To endeavour to remedy this evil, I have ordered a good Field Officer to be stationed at each place of rendezvous, and if any man is brought in, not qualified for the service, he is to refuse receiving him and to send him immediately back to the Town which furnished him.
I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 5th. by the Duke de Lauzun. The Corps of invalids are stationed, by order of Congress, at Philadelphia and Boston, and it is not therefore in my power to send the invalids of the Army to any other places except by the Authority of Congress. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 21, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to communicate, to your Excellency, a circumstance which I hope will be followed by the most salutary consequences to the State of Virginia in particular, and which may ultimately have the happiest effect upon the interests of America in general. The Chevalier des Touche, commanding His most Christian Majestys Squadron in the harbour of New port, finding himself enabled, since the late misfortune which happened to the British Fleet in Gardner's Bay, to make a detachment, has dispatched a Ship of the Line of 64 Guns and three Frigates to Chesapeak, in hopes of finding there and distroying the Fleet under the direction of Arnold. The French Ships sailed the 9th inst. from New port with a fair Wind. They have taken on board a quantity of Arms and Cloathing which had arrived there on account of the State of Virginia.
It is more than probable, that these Ships will have arrived in the Chesapeak, before my letter reaches you, but should they be retarded by adverse Winds or other accidents, your Excellency need not be told that the most profound secrecy will be necessary on such an occasion, for should the least hint escape, and Arnold come to the knowledge of it, he would not hesitate to take the opportunity of pushing out of the Bay. The Ships once arrived at their Stations, The matter becomes of public notoriety without any disadvantage.
From an apprehension that the enemy may take such a position as will enable them to defend themselves and their shipping without a land cooperation, and knowing that Militia cannot be depended on for the vigorous measures that it may be necessary to pursue, I have put a respectable detachment from this Army in motion. It is commanded by Major Genl. the Marquis de la Fayette. It will proceed by land to the Head of Elk, at which I calculate it will arrive by the 6th. of March at farthest, and will fall down the Chesapeak in Transports.
I have written to the Baron de Steuben by this conveyance, giving him the foregoing intelligence, and some directions relative to the position which he is to take with the Militia, collecting Magazines &c. It will be highly necessary that an immediate, safe and expeditious communication should be opened between the Commanding Officer of the French Squadron and the Commanding Officer on shore. In this, and every other measure tending to promote the public good, I am confident of your Excellency's assistance, and I have desired the Baron to make application to you in every case where your countenance may be wanting. The Marquis de la Fayette, who is the senior Officer, will take the command upon his arrival. I recollect but one thing further, which will require your Excellency's more immediate attention, and that is, the business of providing the most experienced and trusty Bay and River Pilots (should it not have been done before this reaches you) and sending them to the commanding Officer to be forwarded to the Fleet. This trouble must necessarily devolve upon your Excellency or some Gentlemen appointed by you, because our Officers, being Strangers, might be imposed upon in this most material point. With the highest Sentiments of Respect etc.
P.S. Should you have occasion to write to the Marquis de la Fayette, let your first letter go by land under cover to the Qr. Mr. to the Head of Elk. Any subsequent ones by Boats to the same place, because they will meet the transports in the Bay.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[V.S.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Dear sir: I have received your favr. of the 20th. inclosed you have Captain Smarts discharge bearing date the 1st. instant.
I am satisfied with the arrangements you have made below. As you have, I doubt not, taken care that there are men enough appointed to each work to secure it against a Coup de Main which is the only matter we have to apprehend at this season.
I have written to General Lincoln, to Colonel Shepherd at Springfield and to Lt. Colonel Olney at providence to forward the Recruits of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. I have also mentioned the matter generally to Governor Trumbull. You, I imagine, have given particular instructions of a similar nature to the Officers in Connecticut. If you have not done it, and in the most pointed terms, be pleased to repeat them. I am &c.2
[Note 2: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Dear Sir: You will, by the time this reaches you, be acquainted with the destination of the detachment under the command of the Marquis de la Fayette, which, though as large as could possibly be afforded from the troops in this quarter, is not so competent to the certain completion of the object in view, as I could wish. By some accounts from Philada. I am led to hope that further assistance may be derived from the Pennsylvania line. If you find it practicable to form a Battalion of eight Companies of 50 Rank and File each; three Officers to a Company and two field Officers to a Battalion, in such time as the Marquis shall think will answer his purpose, you will be pleased to do it, and put it under his command. The detachment will be but temporary. The nomination of the Field Officers I leave to you. It is possible that the Battalion may be formed, but not in time to embark at the Head of Elk with the other Troops. This will not be so material, provided it can be done in a short time afterwards. That time you and the Marquis will determine. If the Companies cannot be compleated to 50 each, I would take them at 40 rather than lose the Reinforcement, or even half a Battalion of 200 under the command of one Field Officer rather than none. Transports can be provided and held ready at the Head of Elk, should they not embark with the other troops. The places of rendezvous of the 1st. 2d. 5th. and 6th. Battalions are none of them very distant from Elk, and I should imagine the detachment would be most readily and conveniently formed from them. But this I leave to your judgment. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Dear Marquis: Inclosed you have a letter under a flying seal to Genl. St. Clair. Upon your arrival at Philada. you will learn with a degree of certainty from Genl. Wayne, Colonel Butler, Colo. Stewart and other Officers who you will find in town whether it will be possible to derive such a reinforcement from the Pennsylvania line, in time to answer your purpose, as I have mentioned in the letter. Should those Gentlemen be of opinion that it may be done, you will lose no time in delivering or forwarding the letter to General St. Clair and agreeing with him upon the time at which the detachment shall be at the Head of Elk. I think if they can certainly follow you in ... days, you will derive advantage from their services for it will take you some time to make a debarkation of your troops and stores, and prepare matters for an operation, should you find the enemy in a situation to dispute their ground.
You will not fail to give the Quarter Master due notice of this second embarkation, should it be about to take place, that he may have the transports in perfect readiness. And you will recollect the necessity of having thirty days Provision for them at the place of embarkation.
Should it be deemed impracticable to form the Battalion or the half Battalion in the proper time, you need not deliver my letter to Genl. St. Clair.
Inclosed you have a letter for the Officer commanding the Jersey Brigade. The five Companies from thence and the three under the command of Majr. Reid are to form a Battalion to be commanded by Lt. Colo. Barber.
You will probably find Colo. Charles Steward Commy. of Issues in Philada. It is his proper business to make the arrangements of provision, he is very active and intelligent, and will do every thing in that way that you direct.
With my best wishes for your health, happiness and success. I am &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favrs. of the 17th. and 18th. inst. In respect to the Prisoners taken by Capt. Brewster, I shall not think myself justifiable in consenting to any of their exchanges, untill they have been sent to the State of Connecticut for further examination; for from the report made to me by Capt. Brewster and from your account they are a most pernicious and dangerous gang, upon all of whom the State may possibly have some civil hold.
I am amazed that Lt. Colo. Huntington should again trouble the line with a claim of Rank which he has often been told, upon former applications, had not the least foundation. There never was a lineal promotion in the 16th. Regiments5 and he can have no right to his present Rank but from the 10th. day of October 1778 the time of Lt. Colo. Livingston's Resignation. Lt. Colo. Gray is wrong in supposing that Lt. Colo. Huntingtons Commission is antedated. These two points are so clear that they need no further investigation; and as to any disputes that may subsist in the line of Captains, they ought in my opinion to have been settled before the new arrangement was made out and forwarded to the Bd. of War. To go into a revisal of Claims and make perhaps an intire alteration of what had just been transmitted would betray so much inconsistency, that I cannot consent to the measure. There may be similar discontents in every line of the Army, and they would think themselves, from a precedent of this nature, entitled to a new hearing. I am &c.6
[Note 5: Additional Continental regiments.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Sir: Captain Walker7 has communicated to me some discoveries made of a plot among the tories of Stratford and Fairfield
[Note 7: Capt. Joseph Walker, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was major and aide to Major General Parsons in December, 1780, to July, 1782, and served to June, 1783.] Counties of which I have directed him to give you the particulars. It seems a clue has been found to it which if rightly improved will enable us to detect the affair in all its extent and punish the principals and their accomplices. I need not observe to you, of how dangerous a tendency combinations of this nature are, nor of how much importance it is to put an effectual stop to them.
Your knowledge of the country and characters of the people will enable you best to conduct the investigation, and as you live in one of the counties, where it seems to originate, you may do it with the less risk of suspicion.
I am therefore to request you will undertake the affair in the manner you think most likely to succeed and will set about it immediately. You may want a party of men, when you have matured the discovery, to seize the persons concerned. These you may take from the Connecticut line as a Guard to the part of the country, where they will be necessary; in the present state of our force they cannot exceed a subalterns command.
The two points most essential will be to detect any characters of importance who may be concerned in it; and if possible to get into our hands the register of the associators names.
The person who will serve you as a spy must be assured of some generous compensation such as will be an object to his family, and secure his fidelity. This I leave to you to manage. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. (See Washington's letter to Capt. Joseph Walker, Apr. 1, 1781, post.)]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Sir: I had written yesterday to General Lincoln, desiring him to direct the superintending Officers at the different places of rendezvous, to send forward the Recruits which were collected, and to urge the speedy collection of those which were out. I have since learned that a considerable number are assembled at Springfield. Those you will send on to West point without loss of time, and if there are a sufficiency of repaired Arms there, you will arm them. There are a number of new Arms in the Magazine, I do not intend that they shall be unpacked for this purpose. By repaired Arms, I mean old ones made fit for service. If the Cloathing providing by the State should not be ready, the Recruits are not to wait for it. We have enough in Store here to make them comfortable upon their arrival. As circumstances are pressing, I shall expect a speedy and punctual compliance with this order. You will be pleased to let me hear from you, with a return of the number of Men which I may expect shortly. I am &c.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
(Private)
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Dear Sir: It will be indispensably necessary that we should be informed of the preparations or movements of the Enemy in New York during the absence of the detachment under the command of the Marquis de la Fayette.10 You will therefore be pleased to employ some of the most trusty persons within your knowledge upon this business. My principal apprehensions are for the posts up this River, they will therefore pay particular attention to any thing which looks like a move this
[Note 10: In a brief note, this same day (February 22), to Dayton "or Officer commanding Jersey Brigade", Washington wrote: "You will put the detachment of 250 Men ordered in mine of the 16th. inst. under the Command of Majr. Genl. the Marquis de la Fayette." This draft is in the Washington Papers.] way; as preparation of Boats; embarkation of Cannon, Stores, &c. There will be a chain of Expresses stationed between Morris Town and this place. You will communicate your intelligence by them. I am &c.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Sir: I received two days since the letter which you did me the honor to write me of the 7th. instant.
The desire you express of being useful to these states evinced by the measure you have taken to rid the coasts of Virginia of very troublesome and destructive neighbours has a title to our acknowledgements. I hope the ships you have sent will meet with immediate success but I am rather apprehensive the enemy will be able to secure their vessels under the protection of land batteries.
The Count De Rochambeau will have communicated to you my propositions. The detachment mentioned to him has marched and may arrive at the Head of Elk by the fifth or sixth of March to proceed thence by water to the point of operation. The information you were pleased to give me that you held the remainder of your fleet ready to protect your expedition in the bay, was a motive for accelerating its motions. If you have it in your power to block up Arnold in the bay and make such a general disposition with your fleet as will at the same time prevent succours going from this quarter to him, I shall flatter myself that this cooperation will effect the reduction of the corps now in Virginia and the ships will then of course fall into your hands. I am sensible the safe return of the America may make a material difference in your arrangements; but however this may be I wait your determination to regulate my ulterior measures.12
[Note 12: On the return of Captain De Tilly from the Chesapeake a further project of a French expedition from Newport to Virginia was considered:
"The Letters, found on board the Vessels taken by Mr. De Tilly, have decided Mr. Destouches to follow at full the plan given by your Excellency, and to risk every thing to hinder Arnold from establishing himself at Portsmouth in Virginia....Mr. Destouches is arming with the greatest diligence the 44 gun ship that was taken, and he hopes that with the Frigates, will be able to go up Elizabeth river, Mr. Destoucheswill protect this expedition with his whole fleet. Your Excellency has given me orders to join thereto 1000 men. I will send 1120, all my Grenadiers and Chasseurs will be there, which corps shall be commanded by the Baron de Viomenil. I will join to them, four 4 pounders, four 12 pounders, and four Obusiers. The Navy will furnish the 24 pounders, if necessary, but it is presumed that against earthen intrenchments, the 12 pounders will be Sufficient. As to Leaving our road and harbour without defense, tho' I shall have a great many transports to protect and very little artillery of a Long reach, with about 2500. men under arms that I shall have remaining. I'll do my best to prevent our transports or magazins from receiving any damage. I propose asking the States of Boston and Rhode-island to send me, for that purpose, 2000, militia to stay here all the time this expedition may last. I hope your Excellency will approve of my making use of your name in my demand to the Governors of both of these States. The great consequence, that your Excellency seemed to lay to the Establishment of Arnold at Portsmouth, has determined Mr. Destouches to sacrifice every other object to this one....I expect all this armament to be ready, eight days hence....Mr. Destouches will do his best to reunite, by the protection of his fleet, the detachment that your Excellency has sent upon Elk river, but he says that he cannot answer for it by reason of the Length 1st. of the way by Land, 2d. of the Navigation thro' all the Length of the Bay."-- Rochambeau to Washington, Feb. 25, 1781. Rochambeau's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
If the late important and agreeable intelligence of the success of Count D'Estaing is confirmed,13 we may flatter ourselves that it will at once lead to a decisive and glorious issue to the war. I am impatient to have it in my power to congratulate you on its certainty.
[Note 13: A report of an engagement between D'Estaing and Hood, which was untrue.]
With sentiments of perfect consideration, etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 22, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter of the 11th. instant, and thank you for the account you give me of the operations and prospects relative to your line. It is unfortunate that anything should have happened to put a stop to the subscriptions of the Merchants which would no doubt have been very useful.15 I sincerely hope the legislature will take decisive and effectual measures to furnish its complement. It is certain no state in the union has it more in its power, and by the accounts I receive, it appears not to be doubted, that all the states to the Eastward from this inclusively will have their batalions full or nearly so.
[Note 15: "While we were at Trenton a most Unhappy dispute took place between the Merchants of this Town, and President Reed, the Want of money in the Treasury, Occasion'd his Application to them for a Loan; but unfortunately his desire was Attended with a kind of Threat, that should they not subscribe an Embargo must take place, And the Vessels be prevented leaving the Port. This Expression Occasion'd so much Warmth between the Parties, as to cause the Subscription Papers being Call'd in, And the Treasury remain Empty." Stewart and Irvine pleaded with the merchants who agreed to raise £25,000 if the President and Council "would Nominate the sum requir'd and it not Exceeding £25000 State Money...but the President and Council thinking their Consequence lessen'd by the two former Applications, would not Attempt a Third."-- Stewart to Washington, Feb. 11, 1781. Stewart's letter is in the Washington Papers. This delayed the recruiting.]
I have been well informed of your exertions during the whole of the unhappy disturbance in your line. They do you honor and afford a fresh motive to me for that esteem which you have always possessed. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, February 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: In a letter of the 18th. I hinted to you that the detachment which was then forming might be five or Six Weeks absent from this Post. possibly it may be longer, and advance us into a season when the enemy, if they are in force and circumstances at New York, may endeavour to avail themselves of our Weakness.
To provide against this, I have, as you are already informed, wrote pressingly for the Recruits of Massachusetts-bay Rhode Island &ca. to be hastened to the Army. I shall direct the Commanding Officers of the Militia of Ulster, Orange and Dutchess to have their men in readiness to repair to West point upon the first alarm, and the firing of the Beacons. I would have you make the same request to those of Westchester.
Independent of this, I shall request Govr. Livingston to have the Jersey Militia properly arranged and held in readiness to oppose any invasion of that State by the way of Elizabeth town &ca. And I earnestly request that your disposition for defending the several works at and in the vicinity of West point may be perfect; and so arranged that no confusion may take place, or delay happen, if we should be suddenly called on. Let every work have water and provision in it, and the commanding Officer of each well informed of his duty, and the part that is expected of him.
Besides these, let the Officer commanding the Water guards be directed to use the utmost vigilance, and instructed to obtain the best intelligence he can of the movements at New York. The Officers commanding at Stoney and Verplanks points must be ordered to defend those Posts to the last extremity. The Beacons upon Butter hill and the Mountain opposite the village of Fish-kill, should be examined, and got in order to fire at a moments warning.
Providing for, and giving security to the different Works you will consider as the great objects of your attention. Every other consideration is secondary and must yield to them; [for which reason I think you had best further reduce the command upon the lines to a patrol of 50 Men under an active Captain. I am &ca.]
The application to the Militia of West Chester may be delayed awhile as perhaps it would indicate to the enemy too immediately and too strongly our apprehensions.17
[Note 17: The portion in brackets is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent is in the writing of Tilghman and is in the Massachusetts Historical Society. It varies from the autograph draft in spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. The P.S., in the letter sent, which is not so marked, is in the writing of Hamilton, and does not appear in the draft.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 23, 1781.
Sir: I have reed. yours of the 11th: inst. and a letter from you to Colo. Angell, dated at Morristown the 15th. May last, was about that time laid before me. Capt. Allen,18 with whom you say you have a dispute of Rank, has never put in any claim, and as I find you are set down the 4th. and he the 5th. Captain in the new arrangement lately made out by Colo. Greene and transmitted to the Board of War, I conclude that Capt. Allen has either withdrawn his claim, or that Colo. Greene and the Field Officers, who settled the arrangement, have been convinced of your right of priority. I am &c.19
[Note 18: Capt. William Allen, of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 23, 1781.
Sir: I was duly favd. with yours of the 24th. ulto., but I was at the time so much engaged with the affairs of the Army in Jersey that I could not attend to it. I cannot undertake to say whether the kind of exchange you wish to accomplish will be ratified by the State to which you belong, but if it should, I conceive the concurrence of all the Captains of the line (and not those of your own Regt. alone) must be obtained, because as they rise lineally to the rank of Field Officers, all those, who are your juniors may, if they think proper, insist upon the Captain, with whom you exchange, coming in youngest. If affairs of this nature are not previously well understood, and settled to the content of all parties, they create infinite trouble and uneasiness, to me especially, as I am appealed to upon all cases of irregularity or difficulty. As to your second question: Whether the Officers of Colo. Livingstons Regt. are to depend upon the State of New York or Congress for their half pay? I cannot determine it. I am &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, February 23, 1781.
Sir: I am favd. with your Letter of the 18th. I have never received any intimation of Mr. Wilkinsons intention to resign his present Office, but from your letter, and from a hint which he himself some time ago dropped in one to Mr. Tilghman, I cannot therefore with propriety go into the recommendation of a new Officer, untill I am officially informed of the resignation or removal of the old one, or indeed without my concurrence or opinion is asked by those who have the right of appointment. This much I can assure you [with much truth,] that your conduct, since you have been in the department, has been perfectly agreeable to me, and that if, upon the application of yourself or your friends to Congress for the succession to Mr. Wilkinson, I should be considered, I shall with pleasure give you that character which I think your past conduct intitles you to, [and any assistance in my power to procure you the Office.] You are at liberty in the mean time to make any use of this letter which you may think proper. I am &c.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 23, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 14th. Your return mentions the names of eight prisoners sent to the provost Guard. General parsons says only six were committed. You should inquire of the Corporal who had them in charge, how this happened.
It is not in my power, at present, to spare any further number of Men for your detachment, as I am obliged to call in many Guards and weaken other necessary ones to support the Garrison of West point.
You will dispose of the Boat and what you took in her for the benefit of the Captors. I am &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 23, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favor of the 17th. inst. I am so well convinced not only of the policy, but of the justice of giving support to a tribe, who have manifested so strong an attachment to us as the Oneidas have done, that I shall endeavour to select, from our scanty supply of Cloathing, such Articles as are least suitable, on account of their quality, for the troops, but which will serve to make the Indians, at least comfortable, and send them up to General Schuyler as soon as the navigation is open.
I can promise nothing certain on the score of provision. The troops at Albany and Schenectady have been, all the winter, much distressed on that account. When our magazines are full, the Indians will participate, when scanty, they must share accordingly. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 24, 1781.
Sir: I am honored with Your Excellency's letters of the 8th. 12th. and 18th. since mine to you of the 19th.
The important intelligence you do me the favour to communicate comes so many ways and with so many marks of authenticity that we have the greatest reason to hope it is true. If so, without the interference of other powers, of which there seems to be no probability, I think we may regard it as an event decisive of a speedy and glorious termination of the war, and that his Britannic Majesty, in spite of his last speech, will be obliged to receive the law.
In mine of the 19th. I informed you of my ultimate determination respecting the detachment from this army. The inclosed for the Chevalier Des touches (which after perusal I beg you to seal and transmit) communicates its march, the time of its expected arrival at its destination and my present views. There are rumours from New York that Sir Henry Clinton has received orders to concentre his force at one point; but as they come through a suspected channel, I give them no credit. Yet if the enemy have received the blow of which our West India accounts speak, this would be a natural consequence.
The flattering distinction paid to the anniversary of my birthday is an honor for which I dare not attempt to express my gratitude. I confide in your Excellency's sensibility to interpret my feelings for this, and for the obliging manner in which you are pleased to announce it.
The measures we have been taking for the expedition to Virginia will delay some time my visit to Rhode Island. I wait to see whether Sir Henry Clinton may form any new projects in consequence. When this is ascertained and the additional precautions, we are taking for security here, are completed, I shall yield to my impatience for testifying personally my attachment to your Excellency and your army. I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 24, 1781.
Sir: Inclosed is the Copy of a letter from the Board of War representing the situation of the British and German prisoners of War in Philada. for want of Cloathing and other necessaries. This you will be pleased to communicate to Mr. Loring.
Every possible attention has been paid to the sick: the infected25 have been removed to the House of employment, the most roomy, commodious and comfortable building near the City. I am &c.26
[Note 25: The infection was putrid fever.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, February 24, 1781.
Sir: Dispatches equally unexpected and important prevented my following you the day after I left this as I intended. They have been the cause of my detention since, and has placed me in circumstances which will render the hour of my departure for Rhode Island uncertain but the honor of doing it, and the pleasure I enjoy even by anticipation I cannot suffer myself to be deprived of.
It was mortifying to the Marqs. De la Fayette and me that his Servant did not overtake you as soon as we expected (at the Fish-kill landing) for in that case we flattered ourselves with the hope of having the pleasure of your company a few days longer.
The Marqs. is in pursuit of glory; the particulars of which I shall relate when I have the honor to pay my respects to you at Lebanon; in the mean while with much consideration and great personal attachment I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 24, 1781.
Sir: In answer to your Excellency's letter of the 14th: I wrote fully on the 19th. since which, I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 20th. The reiterated request of both Houses of Assembly to leave the two Regiments of the State in the quarter where they now are, places me in a delicate and painful situation.
I have already assured your Excellency and, through you, the Legislature of my perfect disposition to comply with the wishes of the State, as far as I have the means, to which indeed its exertions intitle it; but as an Officer intrusted with the general interest of the Confederacy, in expectation of an active Campaign, under engagements which I shall, at any rate, find it difficult to fulfil, I cannot, in policy, in justice to the United States, in good faith to our Allies consent to divest myself of so considerable a part of my efficient force, as the two Regiments in question. The good of the service, joined to my regard for the State, will always prompt me, as it has heretofore done, to every effort in my power to prevent or repel attacks upon it, but to give an assurance, that its troops shall remain as a cover to its Northern and Western frontier from an apprehended invasion, is more than I could answer, while our views extend beyond a mere defensive.
Other applications, similar to that from this State, have been made to me, a compliance with which would leave us without a competent Garrison for the defence of West point.
A heavy detachment from this part of the Army, for an important service, has obliged me to draw in all my out posts, and to call six Companies of the York line from Albany, as the smallest possible number necessary for the security of West point.
While I am compelled to deliver these Sentiments, I entreat your Excellency to assure the Assembly, that it is impossible to feel more than I do for the distresses of the State, and that, as far as it can be made consistent with my general duty, no person will do more to serve it. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 27: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 25, 1781.
Dear Marquis: I have recd. your favors of the 23d. from pompton by Capt. Castaign.28 You may make yourself perfectly easy as to ships of the line being at New York; the Iris and the others mentioned by Hagarty29 are Frigates. This
[Note 28: Capt. Peter Castaign. He was aide to Du Portail to the close of the war.]
[Note 29: Possibly Patrick Hagarty, who, in 1782, became a lieutenant in the Loyalist Corps of New Jersey Volunteers. Lafayette suspected his patriotism and sent him to Washington for examination.] man relates a circumstance to me that he does not seem to have informed you of, it is, that a reinforcement of six hundred men is preparing for Arnold, and that the Convoy is to be the Farges India Man which is fitting up, but that she will not be ready till the latter end of this Week. I do not give much credit to any thing he says, but if it is so, Colo. Dayton will probably be able to gain some knowledge of it.
The return of Cloathing wanting for the Detachment was so long coming to hand, that I had directed the Cloathier to dispatch a parcel, which he did some days ago, and I am glad to find that the essential Articles all exceed your demand. It will be too late to send a further supply of Shoes from hence, you must endeavour to get them in Philada.
The inclosed contains an article of most important news from the West Indies; in addition to which I have recd. a letter from Count de Rochambeau of the 20th. which has the following Paragraph "The news of Count D'Estaings success over the Fleet of Admiral Hood are again arrived here by a schooner that on the 1st. of this Month set sail from Cape Francois, the private letters say it is very sure."
I cannot but flatter myself that this report must have a good foundation, as it comes thro' different Channels and it is said from persons of intelligence and credit in the Islands.
The America of 64 Guns had got into Gardiners Bay, after being long out. The Bedford was remasted. This again gives Adml. Arbuthnot the superiority and puts it out of Mr. des Touche's power to give us any further Assistance.
I return you Doctr. Franklin's letter, and am much obliged to you for the perusal of it. Be good enough to take care of the inclosed for the Board of War and Lt. Colo. Derricks.
[have already hinted to you the necessity of having a number of Boats for debarking the Troops at the point of destination; this is a matter the Qr. Mr. Genl. must pay particular attention to it; I therefore repeat it. It is also of essential importance to keep fast Sailing Vessels (Pilot Boats would be best) plying from the Hd. of Elk to Hampton Road for the purpose of corrisponding with the French Commodore; or to apprize you of any danger which may arise from a change of circumstances as I am not without apprehensions that the detachment from Monsr. Des touches squadron will be followed by a superior one from Gardiners bay as soon as the destination of the former is known. This evinces strongly the necessity of dispatch which depends upon great exertion in providing the Transports. With the Comy. Genl. of Issues (as I mentioned in a former letter) or his Deputy at Phila. and Colo. Pickering you will make the necessary arrangemt. of Provisions for your Corps. If it could be done solely with the latter the business would be in fewer hands.
As your March will be rapid to the head of Elk, leave good Officers to bring up the tired, lazy, and drunken Soldiers. With every wish for your success and glory. I am etc.]30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 31: The indorsement by Tilghman shows that this letter was also sent to Brig. Gen. Jacobus Swartwout, near Fishkill, commanding the Dutchess County militia. The indorsement lists the names of the militia colonels of Orange, Ulster, and Dutchess Counties, with a line drawn through the latter, as sending the letter to Swartwout rendered making seven additional copies unnecessary.]
New Windsor, February 25, 1781.
Sir: When his Excelly. Governor Clinton left Poughkeepsie to meet the Assembly of this State at Albany, he was pleased to desire me, in case there should be any sudden call for the Militia, to apply in my own name to the Commanding Officers thereof in the vicinity of this Post.
I do not know that occasion will require me to use this authority, but as a considable. detachment has marched from the Army, at and in the vicinity of West Point, common prudence points out the expediency of having the militia of these parts in readiness to give their aid without loss of time if there shd. be a call for them.
I have therefore to request that upon firing the Alarm Guns, the Beacons, or any other notice of the enemys movement, you will repair without delay to West Point with the Militia under your Command; and put yourself under the orders of the Officer Commanding there.
You will direct your men to come provided with at least Eight days provisions. I am etc.
N.B. Colo. Hay is directed to assemble his Battn. in the neighbourhood of Haverstraw and send detachments to possess the entrance of the Clove near sufferans and the other passes thro' the Mountains to wait with the remainder in a good position for further orders.32
[Note 32: The N. B. is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 33: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.
Lieutenant Torrey's name was inserted by Colonel Hazen, to whom Washington forwarded the above this same day (February 25), with a brief note "to direct a discreet Subaltern...with a proper party to proceed to Danbury and execute the within order. You will fill up the Blank with the name of the Officer." The draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 25, 1781.
Sir: You will proceed with the party under your command to Danbury, and, upon your arrival there, deliver the inclosed to Mr. Berrien. Should he refuse to deliver the public Hospital Stores in his possession, you are to take them by force, and deliver them to the charge of the person whom Doctor Cochran the Director Genl. will order to attend you. You will apply to the Dey. Qr. Mr. Genl. at Danbury for Waggons or Carriages to transport the Stores to Fishkill and you will escort them safe thither.
Should you be obliged to use military force to obtain these stores, which I hope will not be the case, you will proceed with prudence in the execution of your duty.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
To JOHN BERRIEN35
[Note 35: Hospital storekeeper at Danbury, Conn.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 25, 1781.
Sir: It has been reported to me that you have in your hands a quantity of hospital stores purchased for public use, which you refuse to deliver, alleging that they were procured on private credit. Whenever a public Officer purchases articles for the public, it is taken for granted that it is on public credit, and a detention of them to the injury of the service, cannot be justifiable. I persuade myself that there has been misapprehension on the part of those who have reported to me, and cannot doubt that you will immediately deliver to the Bearer all Articles in your hands procured for Hospital uses. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 37: They were then stationed at Windsor, Conn.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 25, 1781.
Sir: I am informed that Doctor Foster late purveyor to the hospitals in the Eastern district has deposited in your hands sundry articles procured by him for hospital uses with directions not to deliver them to the public officers on the plea of their having been procured on private credit. All purchases made by public officers for the public use are necessarily presumed to be on public credit, and a detention of them on the plea I have mentioned cannot be justifiable. If admitted it would sanction the worst abuses. The service at present too would be particularly injured by a compliance with Doctor Fosters directions to you, as the hospitals are in great distress for want of stores and I must therefore request and require you will immediately deliver them to the order of the Director General, for which this will be your justification. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, February 25, 1781.
Sir: I beg you to be persuaded that I was happy in the opportunity which your short stay at Head Quarters afforded me, of giving you those marks of my attention and esteem to which you are so justly intitled.
I cannot but see with pleasure the zeal which induces you to accompany the Marquis De la fayette in his present journey, assured that you would not take any step which you were not convinced would be perfectly agreeable to His Excellency the Count De Rochambeau. I beg the favour of you to impart from me the same sentiments to Captain St. Victor.39
[Note 39: Capt. François Anselme de Saint Victor, of the Regiment Soissonnais, French Army in America.]
I hope the occasion will afford you all the satisfaction you promise yourself, and that you will be persuaded of the interest I take in all that concerns you, and of the attachment with which I have the honor etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: Congress, by a Resolve of the 20th: instant, have determined that the Pennsylvania line, except Moylans Dragoons and the troops upon command to the Westward shall compose part of the Southern Army, and have directed me to order it to join the Army in Virginia by detachments, as they may be in readiness to march. You will therefore, in obedience to the above Resolve, put matters in proper train to carry it into execution with all the dispatch possible. You will now, in case circumstances should permit the detachment under the command of the Marquis to proceed down the Chesapeak, not confine yourself to a single Battalion of 400 Men as mentioned in mine of the 22d. but endeavour to send as many as possible by so good and expeditious a conveyance.
I think it essential that one of the Brigadiers should proceed to Virginia with the first detachment that moves, and there be ready to receive and form the remainder as they come on. There may be the greater necessity of an Officer of Rank being at hand, as the line, from the late disturbances in it, will have lost somewhat of its discipline. General Irwine41 being employed in superintending the recruiting Business, the tour devolves upon Genl. Wayne. I have written to him on the subject. I am &c.42
[Note 41: Brig. Gen. William Irvine.]
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 26, 1781.
Sir: I have received intelligence that, four or five days ago, three hundred of the Enemy mounted went Eastward upon Long Island, and that Boats were sent up the Sound to receive them and pass them over to the Main. Should this be true, there is a remote probability that your Corps is their object, but it will be impossible for them to accomplish the enterprise, with the precautions you will naturally take to obtain notice of any debarkation.
I do not place much confidence in the Channel through which this report comes; but as I make it a rule never to slight any intelligence of this nature, I think it my duty to communicate it to you. I have the honor.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 26, 1781.
Dear Marquis: I have received yours of the 25th. from Morris Town. I do not think it very probable that three hundred Dragoons will trust themselves in the heart of Connecticut with a superior regular Corps and the force of the Country to oppose them, but I have nevertheless given the intelligence to Duke Lauzun.
Upon your arrival in Philada. if not before, you will hear that a Body of Men, supposed to be a reinforcement under General provost from Europe, had landed at Cape Fear, in consequence of which the whole pennsylvania line are ordered to the southward. I have therefore directed Genl. St. Clair, instead of confining himself to a single Battalion, to send as many as he can down the Chesapeak with your detachment if circumstances should admit of your embarkation.
If the Troops landed at Cape Fear are from Europe, I do not imagine their Convoy is more than a Frigate or two. Will it not be well, when matters are ripe for discovering your object, to endeavour to get the Ariel, The Trumbull, and any other public Vessels of War which may be in the Delaware to go round to the Chesapeak? For a combination of Vessels, though of unequal rate, might perplex and distress the small squadron of our Ally. This you can urge to the Gentlemen of the marine department.
If nothing unforeseen occurs, I will set out for Rhode Island when General du portail arrives here. I think I may expect him about the 1st. of next Month. I am &c.
P.S. Yours of the 24th. has just now reached me the Expresssays his Horse tired.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. Sparks prints this and the letter to Lafayette of February 25 as one and the same, though dating such part of the latter as he uses correctly.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: Congress, as you will have been informed, have determined that the Pennsylvania line shall compose part of the southern Army, and have ordered it to proceed to Virginia, in detachments, as they may be in readiness to march. I have given General. St. Clair directions to carry the Resolve into execution as speedily as possible. I think it essential that one of the Brigadiers should proceed with the first detachment, that he may be at hand to receive and form the remainder as they arrive. This may be the more necessary, as the presence of an Officer of Authority and Rank may be requisite to restore that discipline which the late convulsion will have in some degree destroyed. General Irvine being employed upon the recruiting Business, this duty of course devolves upon you.
I have advised General St. Clair, if circumstances will admit of the detachment under the command of the Marquis going down the Chesapeak by Water, to endeavour to take the opportunity of sending as many as possible by the same conveyance. You will, in that case, either make use of the Water passage or proceed by land and meet the troops at their place of debarkation, as you may think best. But I imagine you will prefer the former when the Marquis informs you of the object of the detachment.
Wherever your duty calls you, I shall wish you happiness and success as I am, with very true Esteem etc.45
[Note 45: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
New Windsor, February 26, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose Your Excellency under a flying seal my letter to The Chevalier Des Touches in answer to his of the 20th. instant, in which I explain more precisely the grounds and import of the propositions which I had the honor to make to him through you.
I shall add to the observations contained in this letter that so far as related to my proposition for a detachment of land troops, that also turned upon the supposition of a maritime superiority, in which case the enemy would certainly not have enterprised anything against the garrison or transports at Rhode Island. And I beg leave at the same time to assure Your Excellency that I made it under the persuasion, that you would be able to secure your transports under your land batteries or by sending them up Providence River; and that the enemy even acquiring a naval superiority before the conclusion of the expedition, could not detach from their present force in New York, a force sufficient to endanger the remaining troops under your command aided by the Militia of the neighbouring country, [who could and would fly to your assistance at a momts. warning; or on the appearance of an Enemy.] I entreat you also to believe that I should have been sorry you would have accepted my proposition under a belief that it might have been attended with ill consequences to your army.
I have an increase of happiness from the subsequent intelligence you do me the favour to communicate respecting Count D'Estaings success. This repetition of advices justifies a confidence in their truth [which I pray God may be confirmed in its greatest extent.]
By recent accounts from North Carolina it appears that a body of the enemy had arrived in Cape Fear river, had landed, and, joined by some of the disaffected, had penetrated forty miles into the Country. This corps is supposed to be one announced to us by Mr. Adams, one of our ministers, which was to come from England under General Provost. I have reason to believe that Cornwallis is at the same time operating vigorously in his quarter. The Southern states are in a very disagreeable situation pressed in all sides, and destitute of the means of resistance, arms, ammunition, clothing ac., which a scarcity here and the great distance make it almost impossible for us to send them. The Pensylvania line will march to the Southward as fast as it can be recruited and reorganized.
Congress influenced by the danger to which the Southern states are exposed, and believing that the Chevalier Des touches is superior to the enemy have desired me if not incompatible with the general projects of the next campaign to urge your attempting with your army or a part of it the succour of those states, or a diversion in their favour. I have replied to them that Mr. Des touches not having the superiority, which they imagine, the possibility of attempting the relief of the Southern states from your army ceases.
The corps which has ascended Cape Fear River from the nature of the navigation can only be covered by small frigates.46
[Note 46: See Washington's letter to Rochambeau, Feb. 27, 1781, post.]
With perfect respect and the truest personal attachment etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 26, 1781.
Sir: I am this day honored with your letter of the 20th. I beg you to be persuaded that in my propositions to you through His Excellency the Count Rochambeau, nothing was more remote from my wish than that you should take any step, which might in the least endanger the Fleet under your command. Supposing you to have possessed a temporary superiority if you had thought it safe to employ it in the cooperation which I had the honour to propose, the success would have been of great importance to this country in its present circumstances. Where there seemed to be a chance of effecting so desirable an object, I could not but suggest it to your consideration.
My reasons for having supposed you to possess such a superiority were these: The officer you had sent to reconnoitre the English fleet reported the Bedford to be so damaged in her hull, that after remasting her she was only fit to be conducted into Port to be repaired before she would be in condition to act, and the America was not only said to have been seen dismasted before she disappeared, but the length of her absence afforded a presumption that she was either lost or so much injured as to have made it difficult to her to regain her station. After these deductions from the force of the enemy, there would have remained to them in condition for service five ships of the line and one of fifty guns, opposed to seven ships of the line on your part.
I have the honor to state these facts to explain to you the grounds on which my proposals were founded.
The detachment sent to Chesapeak Bay, and the return of the America uninjured, make a material change in the situations of the two fleets; and render ineligible what might have been before advantageous.
Under the information you had received and from the applications made to you, you had a right to expect that the detachment sent into the bay would fully answer the end, and the readiness with which you embraced the opportunity for sending it has a just claim to our acknowledgements. I shall be happy to congratulate you on its success, which if it should arrive unexpectedly, I do not despair of having it in my power to do. With perfect consideration etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 26, 1781.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving last night, your Excellency's two letters of the 20th. instant, one of them in Congress, with their inclosures.
The situation of the Southern states is alarming; the more so, as the measure of providing a regular and permanent force was by my last advices still unattempted, where the danger was most pressing and immediate. Unless all the states in good earnest enter upon this plan, we have little to expect but their successive subjugation. Particular successes obtained against all the chances of war have had too much influence to the prejudice of general and substantial principles.
In obedience to the orders of Congress, I have imparted their wish to His Excellency The Count De Rochambeau, informing him that the proposal was made on the presumption of a naval superiority. But as this superiority has ceased by the safe return of the America a sixty four, which was missing and supposed to be dismasted, and by a detachment of one vessel of the line and two or three frigates into Chesapeak bay, it will of course be out of the power of our allies to transport the whole or any part of their troops to the succour of the Southern states. Besides this obstacle the present instructions and expectations of the French General and naval commander are opposed to an immediate change of position.
The order for the Pensylvania line to march to the Southward interferes with the conditional arrangements of the next campaign; but in the present exigency of accumulating danger in that quarter, I am intirely of opinion that these troops ought to be detached.
On the first notice of the storm and its ill effects, I intimated to the French General the possibility and importance of improving the opportunity in an attempt upon Arnold. When I received a more distinct account of the damage sustained by the British fleet (which was a long time coming to me) I immediately put in motion as large a part of my small force here as I could with any prudence spare to proceed under the command of the Marquis De la Fayette to the head of Elk; and made, without delay, a proposal for a cooperation in Chesapeak-bay, with the whole of the fleet of our allies and a part of their land force. Before my proposition arrived, in consequence of an application to him, through the Chevalier De la Luzerne, Mr. Des touches had sent the force I have already mentioned to Chesapeak bay. This separation and the return of the America prevented the execution of my plan; but the Marquis De la Fayette still continues his march to attempt whatever circumstances will permit.
It is probable Congress before this reaches them will have heard of the arrival of the ships in the bay, but if they should have met with any delay, I need not observe how necessary it will be to conceal our expectations, as the only chance of success to a merely maritime operation depends on surprise.
I take the liberty to suggest that the American frigates in the Delaware may perhaps at this juncture be usefully employed in Chesapeak or in Cape-fear. The latter may be preferable; but secrecy and dispatch will be essential. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I was duly honored with your favour of the 14th. and immediately communicated the agreeable intelligence of his son's arrival to The Count De Rochambeau.
The copy of the letter from General Greene to Baron Steuben, which appears from the manner of Governor Jeffersons speaking of it to be an interesting one is not among Your Excellency's dispatches. I should be happy to be favoured with a sight of it, as I have no letter from General Greene since that containing an acct. of Morgans affair.
I have just received the letter since writing the above.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 15th. [was not receivd till this morning.] I am so totally unacquainted with the State of southern prisoners, that I did not chuse to enter into a negotiation with Sir Henry Clinton on the idea of a general exchange, altho' liberty was given me by Congress. Nothing particular has therefore been done respecting the Gentlemen who are confined at St. Augustine, as it could not be supposed that the enemy would consent to a partial exchange of persons of the most considerable influence in the southern States: and who besides are pretended to have rendered themselves obnoxious. Indeed, whenever a negotiation is entered into, I foresee difficulties in procuring the liberation of those Gentlemen, who are most of them of eminence in the Civil line, as we have none of similar Rank in our possession to apply to them. However, whenever the matter is gone into, you may be assured that all possible attention shall be paid to them, not only from my own inclination to serve them, but in obedience to an act of Congress which directs that particular regard shall be had to them in the negotiation of the exchanges of southern prisoners. The interest you take in them will be an additional consideration. I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27, 1781.
My Dear Sir: Since mine to you of the 2d. instant, I have duly received your several public and private letters of the 11th. 13th. 24th. and 28th. of January. The President of Congress and Baron Steuben have just transmitted me copies of your letters to them of subsequent date.
I wish I had it in my power to congratulate you on the brilliant and important success of General Morgan without the alloy which the distresses of the department you command, and the posterior events intermix. Amidst the complicated dangers with which you are surrounded, a confidence in your abilities is my only consolation. I am convinced you will do every thing that is practicable. I lament that you will find it so difficult to avoid a general action, for our misfortunes can only be complete in the dispersion of your little army, which will be the most probable consequence of such an event.
I am happy to inform you that Congress have ordered the Pensylvania line to the Southward. Its temporary dissolution as well as its distance from you, will prevent its affording you immediate succour; but you may depend I shall do every thing to accelerate its movements.
You will have been informed that the British fleet on this Coast have lately suffered in a storm. The amount of the damage sustained by it consists in the total loss of one ship of the line, stranded on Long Island and another dismasted, which has been since remasted, but it is doubtful whether she is yet fit for service as she is supposed to have suffered materially in her hull. There was a third ship for some time missing which was said to have been seen dismasted before she put to sea, and from the length of her absence was hoped to be lost. But she has since returned uninjured.
On the idea of a superiority on the side of our allies, I marched a detachment from here under the Marquis De la fayette and made a proposal for a cooperation in Chesapeak Bay against Arnold, with the whole of the French fleet and a part of their land force. Before my proposition arrived, the Chevalier Des Touches had sent a sixty four and two or three frigates to Chesapeak, and had lost his superiority by the return of the Missing ship. This has prevented the execution of my project; but the Marquis still continues his march to make the best of circumstances. The last intelligence from you is an additional motive to his going forward, as his movement into Virginia, though but temporary, will have some influence in your favour. You will easily imagine the situation in which I am left after this detachment. We are told that the Eastern states are making great exertions to complete their batalions, but hitherto no recruits have arrived. I have directed General St. Clair to forward to the Head of Elk with the Marquis all the troops of his line that can be assembled. I am in hopes they will be able to descend Chesapeak bay under protection of the French ships which will greatly advance their junction with you.
Congress will have transmitted you their resolutions for assisting your department. The Chevalier Destouches informs me that he has sent round in his ships a quantity of arms and cloathing, which had arrived at Providence for the State of Virginia.
The Baron De Steuben informs me regularly of all his operations. The enemy's incursion into Virginia has diverted the succours of that state, but I have not failed to inculcate upon it how essential it was to bend its attention towards your relief at the expense of temporary inconveniences to itself.
Several late arrivals from the West Indies give us room to hope that D'Estaing fell in with Admiral Hood in his way to the Islands and captured some vessels of the line and a number of transports with troops. We have many rumours of a second division, but nothing certain. God send us a speedy confirmation of both. I am etc.
I have proposed to Congress the recruiting mounting and equiping Moylan's regiment to be sent to you. At present it would be of no use to you.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: I last evening received your favr. of the 24th. By a return of the 15th. Inst. there were then at West point, Fishkill and Ringwood 151 Teirces and 454 Barrels of salt Meat and 400 Barrels on the communication from Delaware, which will be coming forward. I have directed the Meat from the nearest deposits of Connecticut and Massachusetts to be brought to the River. A very considerable quantity of Flour is at the landings waiting for the opening of the navigation. By a letter from Mr. Phelps, purchasing Agent for Massachusetts, we may expect about half a supply of fresh Meat weekly from that State only.
The Logs for the Chain are in tolerable forwardness. Capt. Niven informs me that with the addition of six Carpenters and twelve fatigue Men to his present number, they will be ready in good season. All the Carpenters of the Regt. of Artificers being already employed upon that and other Jobs, you will be pleased to endeavour to procure six from the troops. The fatigue Men will be more handy from Hazens, than from the point. The Logs are at a landing about two Miles above Newburgh on this side of the River.
The orders given to the Officer who first took possession of the post at Dobbs's ferry were, to defend himself to the last extremity should he be suddenly surrounded, but if he discovered appearances of a serious attack in force and with Artillery time enough to withdraw his Men, he was to do it, spiking up his Cannon and setting fire to the Works. These orders may have been handed over to the present officer; should they not, you will give similar ones. I am &c.
P.S. I have recd. your favr. of this date. I will enquire of Genl. Knox, whether the Arms can be repaired here, and will see if it be in the power of the Qr. Mr. to supply paper.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor. of the 15th. I am glad to hear of Colo. Laurens's departure. He wrote to me a few days before he sailed and mentioned, in the warmest manner your exertions to get the ship manned. The few Continental soldiers you spared on the occasion were well bestowed considering the importance of Colo. Laurens's mission.53
[Note 53: Colonel Laurens reached Boston January 25. "Men and money were still wanting to fit the Alliance frigate for sea." The head of the Eastern Continental Navy Board gave him "positive assurances" that both would be supplied, and Laurens went to Newport for a conference with Rochambeau. On his return to Boston he found that no progress had been made in outfitting the Alliance. The legislature had declined granting the impress for which Laurens had asked; and the discussion of it had so frightened the seamen that many hid themselves and others left town. Laurens then applied to Governor Hancock for permission to recruit seamen from the State troops which garrisoned Castle William. The governor could not act without the authority of the legislature, so Laurens memorialized that body for permission to obtain 20 volunteers from the castle guard. The legislature granted money to be used as a bounty and General Lincoln obtained some recruits and made up the deficiency from the Continental troops and some Invalids. (See Laurens's letter to Washington, Feb. 4--7, 1781, and Lincoln's letter to Washington, Feb. 15, 1781.) The Alliance sailed on February 13. These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
By a Resolve of Congress of the 4th. of January, the Board of War seem to have the payment of the Invalids. The Resolve is as follows: "That the Board of War draw no more Warrants on the pay Masr. except for the Invalid Regt. and the Regt. of Artificers in the department of the Commy. Genl. Military Stores, untill the further order of Congress." From this I should imagine the Commanding Officer at Boston should regularly transmit his Muster Rolls and Abstracts to the Board and obtain a Warrt.
The late Lt. Colo. Loring's54 case is referred to me by Congress, and I shall take it into consideration.
[Note 54: Lieut. Col. Jotham Loring. He had been dismissed in August, 1779.]
Our last advices from Genl. Greene are of the 31st. January. Lord Cornwallis, with 2500 Men intirely divested of Baggage, had made a push against Genl. Morgan, and was near recovering the prisoners taken upon the 17th. January, but Genl. Morgan got them off and they had crossed the Yadkin on their way to Virginia. Lord Cornwallis was still advancing, and Genl. Greene studiously avoiding an engagement, except he could draw together a greater force of Militia, than he had much prospect of. I am very anxious for the issue of this maneuvre, which may be productive of the most important consequences.
Lt. Colo. Lee,55 with his Legion, had surprised George town. I have not many particulars. He took Lt. Colo. Campbell56 and several other Officers prisoners and killed a Major Irvine;57 a good many privates were killed, few taken; our loss 1 killed, 2 wounded.
[Note 55: Lieut. Col. Henry Lee.]
[Note 56: Lieut. Col. Archibald(?) Campbell.]
[Note 57: Maj. Paulus Aemil. Irving, of the Forty-seventh Foot, British Army.]
I have tried the efficacy of proclamations of pardon to deserters so often, and have found so little good result from them, that I am inclined to think desertion is rather encouraged than remedied by a frequent repetition of them. The Soldier goes off or remains at home after a furlough, and looks for a proclamation as a thing of course. I am &c.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27, 1781, 8 OClock P.M.
Dear Marquis: I have this moment recd. a letter from the Count de Rochambeau, with intelligence of which the inclosed is a Copy. By this it appears that the first Squadron had returned to Newport; but that Mr. Des Touche was fitting up the Romulus with an intent to dispatch her and I suppose the Frigates for Chesapeak as being of more proper construction for the navigation of that Bay than the ships which were before there. I have written to Count De Rochambeau and to Mr. de Touche and have informed them that you are prosecuting your march to the Head of Elk. That you will embark there and wait only for a certain knowledge that the French Squadron is again in the Bay of Chesapeak, to determine you to proceed to a cooperation. I hope the Squadron will have again sailed before my letter reaches Newport.
Upon your arrival at the Head of Elk you will immediately embark the troops if the transports are ready, that not a moments time may be lost after you receive certain advices that our friends are below. But untill that matter is ascertained beyond a doubt you will on no account leave Elk River.
You will write immediately to the Baron Steuben and inform him that he may expect the return of the squadron and that he is to continue every preparation and make every arrangement before directed for the prosecution of the cooperation. With the warmest attachment etc.
P.S. You will readily perceive the propriety of keeping parts of this letter and intelligence secret.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27, 1781.
Sir: I received last evening your favour of the 12th. instant inclosing copy of one from General Greene. I am much obliged to you for transmitting it. As you conjectured, he did not write me by the same opportunity.
Though the return of the enemy's missing ship has made our allies lose their superiority, which will be unfavourable to my plan of cooperation in Chesapeak bay; yet the Marquis will still prosecute his march to make the best of circumstances. He will inform you from time to time of his progress.
I hope immediate measures will have been taken to secure the arms and Clothing which went round in the French ships, and that they will enable you to contribute to the succour of General Greene. His situation is truly critical and demands every effort.
Congress have ordered the Pensylvania line to the Southward; its present dissolution and its distance will make it a remote succour; but I shall do every thing that depends on me to accelerate its motions. I have written to General St. Clair to send as many men as he can collect with the Marquis, to endeavour to descend the Chesapeak under protection of the French ships. This if executed will contribute much to dispatch.
I perceive The Governor has called together the legislature of the state. I hope the pressing danger will enforce the arguments which policy and experience have so long urged for the most decisive measures to raise a permanent force and provide supplies. I am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 24th. Inclosed is a Copy of my letter of the 22d. by Captain Walker. Should you not have seen him, you will be pleased to proceed after him that no time may be lost in the investigation of the important matter he will communicate to you, and in which I hope you may have the fullest success. I am &c.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The important matter was the foiling of the Tory plot in Fairfield, Conn.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 21st. in answer to which I beg leave to inform you that the sentence of the Court Martial upon Mr. Dewees has been long since approved by me and published in General orders. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington. (See General Orders, Dec. 28, 1780, ante.)]
New Windsor, February 27, 1781.
Sir: I thank you for the immediate communication contained in your letter of the 24th. of the agreeable intelligence of the success of the naval detachment in Chesapeak bay; and I am happy to find at the same time that Mr. Destouches was preparing a second detachment for an ulterior cooperation.
I have renewed my orders to the Marquis De la Fayette who commands the Corps sent from hence to push forward his March to the head of Elk.
In my last to you of the 26th. I mentioned that I had reason to believe Cornwallis was advancing vigorously on his side. Advices from General Greene have since come to hand confirming this supposition. After the defeat of Tarleton, he divested himself of all his Baggage and made a rapid march upon Morgan, but he was disappointed in this object for Morgan retired in time with all his Prisoners who were on their way to Virginia. He afterwards crossed the Catawba river and was penetrating the Country. It was the interest of General Greene to avoid a general action, but he was apprehensive it would not be in his power without sacraficing all his baggage and Stores which would be an irreparable loss.
Lord Cornwallis had with him between two and three thousd. regular Troops. General Greene was inferior in number and greatly so in force; the principal part of his little army being militia and the whole ill provided with every thing.
The Corps that has ascended Cape Fear river is estimated at four or five hundred Men and supposed by General Greene, to be a detachment from Charles Town.
The Militia of North Carolina have been exceedingly harrassed, which added to their being ill armed will make their opposition less vigorous than might be expected from the Spirit they have shewn.
Since the defeat of Tarleton there have been several little successes on our part in which Prisoners have been made; the most considerable of which is the surprize of George Town by Major Lee, in which he put the greater part63 to the Sword, took the commandant a Lieutt. Colo. and others Prisoners. The cruelties of the enemy seem in several late instances to have excited a spirit of retaliation.
[Note 63: The draft, in the writing of Hamilton, at this point has "of the garrison."]
The idea of holding your Fleet and Army in readiness gives me pleasure, as besides imposing on the enemy in Gardners bay these demonstrations may be thought to have something more in view and may serve as a diversion in favor of the Southern States.
I rely on being honored with the earliest notice of your subsequent dispositions as mine must corrispend.
Your Excellency may be assured that as soon as the circumstances mentioned in my last are effected, I will certainly have the pleasure of paying a visit to you and to the Army. I am convinced with you that it is essential we should have a further conference, and that as soon as possible. with great esteem etc.
P S. By advices from New York I am informed that a detachment of five or 600 Men was preparing for embarkation, designed, it was said, to reinforce Arnold. That the Iris and some other Vessel was to Convoy it; and that two or three Expresses had been sent from New York to Gardners bay upon receiving the Acct. of the French Squadron appearing in Chesapeak bay.64
[Note 64: From a photostat of the original in the Chateau de Rochambeau, France.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27, 1781.
Sir: I had file honor of writing to you the 26th. Your letter of the 24th. is this moment delivered to me. The Count De Rochambeau has also transmitted me the copy of yours to him announcing the return of your ships from Chesapeak bay after having captured the romulus made a number of prisoners and destroyed some transports. I receive the news of this success with the greatest pleasure, and am happy to learn at the same time that you axe preparing for a second visit to the bay to assist file operations of the detachment I have sent. I have repeated my orders to the Marquis De la Fayette who commands it to prosecute his march to the Head of Elk. Permit me to observe that to give success to the expedition it will be not only necessary to protect the passage of the troops to the point of operation, but to block up the bay afterwards to prevent the retreat of the enemy or succours going to them.
In my letter to the Count De Rochambeau which accompanied my last to you, I informed him of an incursion of the enemy up Cape fear River in North Carolina. This corps can only be protected by some light frigates from the nature of the navigation; if any thing could be attempted there without interfering with the project of Chesapeak bay, it might be very useful to the state of North Carolina pressed in different quarters by superior forces.
I assure myself that I shall have the earliest notice of your subsequent arrangements as mine depend upon them. I have the honor etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 27. 1781.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellency's favor of the 21st. General Greenes letter so strongly points out the increasing danger to the Southern States, and the detachment of the pennsylvania Line to their succour makes such an alteration in our prospects here, that different dispositions, from those originally intended, are become advisable. On this principle, I beg leave to suggest to Congress, the expediency of their taking the most effectual measures, as soon as possible, to recruit, equip and mount Moylans Regt. of Dragoons, and as soon as they are respectable enough to be an object, to order them also to join the Southern Army. A superiority of Cavalry, in that Country, has always been represented to me, by the commanding Officers and others who have served there, as a thing of the utmost importance, and what, with a tolerable equality of Foot, would give numberless advantages to the Army possessed of it.
The surprise of George Town, a place so far within the enemy's line of posts highly bespeaks the good conduct and behavior of Colo. Lee, his Officers and Men. With the most perfect Respect etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on March 5 and referred to the Board of War. It is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 147, vol. 6, fol. 255.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: I observe by the last returns of Ordnance Stores from Fort Schuyler that 54 lb: of Powder had been expended in firing morning and evening Guns and salutes, by order of Lt. Colo. Weissenfelds. I do not know whether this practice is continued by Colo. Cortland, but you will be pleased, the first time you have occasion to write to him, to desire him, if it is, to lay it aside as not only useless but as wasteful of an article of which we have none to spare, especially at a post remote from succour. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 23rd. ulto reached me the 23rd. instant. I cannot but regret that the irregular supply of provision still continues in your quarter, and I am sorry that the prohibitary laws of particular States should add to the difficulties; but it is not for me to interfere in cases of that kind.
The provision purchasing for Colo. Clarke68 is for a very essential purpose. You have, I imagine been before this time informed of the object, by the receipt of a letter from me of the 29th. Decemr. sent under cover to the Governor of Virginia to be delivered to you by Colo. Clarke himself, or some person deputed by him. I make no doubt but you complied as fully as was in your power with the requisitions contained in that letter, as the least hesitation may have frustrated an enterprise of the highest importance to the peace and safety of the whole Western Frontier. I should have been glad, had it been in my power to have furnished you with a continental force sufficient to have carried on the expedition which Colo. Clarke has in contemplation, with any tolerable probability of success, but the southern War is such a drain for our troops, that we shall with the greatest difficulty be enabled to spare bare Garrisons for our Frontier posts. If the English at Detroit were planning an attack upon Fort Pitt, Colo. Clarkes expedition should be favoured and forwarded as much as possible, as the most likely method of counteracting them and obliging them to turn their views to the defensive.
[Note 68: Col. George Rogers Clark (Clarke).]
I have no objection to your coming down the Country to represent the state of Affairs to the Westward and to look after your private affairs, provided you leave a good Officer in command. Should my letter of the 29th. Decemr. not have reached you, when you come away, you will leave the most pointed orders with the officer in command to comply strictly with the terms of it. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 70: All supernumerary officers of the Pennsylvania line under the arrangement of 1778.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, February 28, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have received your letter of the 6th. instant accompanied by one from Col Atlee of the 10th. I assure you I feel the force of your observations so far as they apply to the general principle of a hardship in the discrimination between the officers reduced by the former and those reduced by the latter arrangement.71 This difference is certainly unfortunate for all on whom it fell; but I do not think it could with propriety be rectified in your case without being extended to the whole of the supernumeraries.
[Note 71: At this point the following is crossed off in the draft: "There does not however appear to me to be any thing peculiar in your case as captives; for the reason why the officers in captivity, exchanged since the last arrangement who have been reduced are in a worse situation than the officers in captivity of the same description exchanged since the first arrangement is that all the officers reduced by the former are in a better situation than those reduced by the latter.]
In the vicissitudes of public affairs it often happens that classes of men of equal merit are unequally compensated by their country, and sometimes an attempt to remedy the evil after it has happened may have worse consequences than the evil itself. I do not say this is the case in the present instance, but there is a delicacy in the matter that makes me wish not to interfere in it.
The terms in which you express your sentiments of mine, [sic] assure me that you will justly interpret the motives which induce me to decline seconding your application to the Assembly, pursuaded that nothing would give me greater pleasure than to promote as far as I could do it with propriety, every measure calculated to produce an equal and generous compensation to men who deserve so much the equity and generosity of their country.
I beg you to believe, Gentlemen, that I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, February 28, 1781.
Dear Custis: If you will accept a hasty letter in return for yours of last month I will devote a few moments for this purpose, and confine myself to an interesting point, or two.
I do not suppose that so young a Senator, as you are, little versed in political disquisitions can yet have much influence in a populous assembly; composed of Gentn. of various talents and of different views. But it is in your power to be punctual in your attendance (and duty to the trust reposed in you exacts it of you), to hear dispassionately, and determine cooly all great questions. To be disgusted at the decision of questions because they are not consonant to your own ideas, and to withdraw ourselves from public assemblies, or to neglect our attendance at them upon suspicion that there is a party formed who are enimical to our Cause, and to the true interest of our Country is wrong because these things may originate in a difference of opinion; but supposing the fact is otherwise and that our suspicions are well founded it is the indispensable duty of every patriot to counteract them by the most steady and uniform opposition. This advice is the result of information, that you and others being dissatisfied at the proceedings of the Virginia Assembly and thinking your attendance of little avail (as their is a majority for measures which you and a minority conceive to be repugnant to the interest of your Country) are indifferent about the Assembly.
The next and I believe the last thing I shall have time to touch upon is our military establishment. and here if I thought the conviction of having a permanent force had not, ere this, flashed upon every mans mind I could write a volume in support of the utility of it; for no day, nor hour arrives unaccompd. with proof of some loss, some expence, or some misfortune consequent of the want of it. No operation of War offensive or defensive can be carried on, for any length of time without it. No funds are adequate to the supplies of a fluctuating army; tho' it may go under the denomination of a regular one; much less are they competent to the support of Militia. In a word, for it is, unnecessary to go into all the reasons the subject will admit of, we have brought a cause which might have been happily terminated years ago by the adoption of proper measures to the verge of ruin by temporary enlistments and a reliance on Militia. The sums expended in bounties, waste of Arms, consumption of Military Stores, Provisions, Camp Utensils &ca.; to say nothing of Cloathing which temporary Soldiers are always receiving, and always in want of, are too great for the resources of any Nation; and prove the falacy and danger of temporary expedients which are no more than Mushrooms and of as short duration, but leave a sting (that is a debt) which is continually revolving upon us behind them.
It must be a settled plan, founded on System, order and oeconomy that is to carry us triumphantly through the war. Supiness, and indifference to the distresses and cries of a sister State when danger is far of, and a general but momentary resort to arms when it comes to our doors, are equally impolitic and dangerous, and proves the necessity of a controuling power in Congress to regulate and direct all matters of general concern; without it the great business of war never can be well conducted, if it can be conducted at all; while the powers of congress are only recommendatory; while one State yields obedience, and another refuses it; while a third mutilates and adopts the measure in part only, and all vary in time and manner, it is scarcely possible our affairs should prosper, or that any thing but disappointmt. can follow the best concerted plans; the willing States are almost ruined by their exertions, distrust and jealousy succeeds to it; hence proceed neglect and ill-timed compliances (one state waiting to see what another will do), this thwarts all our measures after a heavy tho' ineffectual expence is incurred.
Does not these things shew then in the most striking point of view the indispensable necessity, the great and good policy of each State's sending its ablest and best men to Congress? Men who have a perfect understanding of the constitution of their Country, of its policy and Interests, and of vesting that body with competent powers. Our Independence depends upon it; our respectability and consequence in Europe depends upon it; our greatness as a Nation, hereafter, depends upon it. the fear of giving sufficient powers to Congress for the purposes I have mentioned is futile, without it, our Independence fails, and each Assembly under its present Constitution will be annihilated, and we must once more return to the Government of G: Britain, and be made to kiss the rod preparing for our correction. a nominal head, which at present is but another name for Congress, will no longer do. That honble body, after hearing the interests and views of the several States fairly discussed and explained by their respective representatives, must dictate, not merely recommend, and leave it to the States afterwards to do as they please, which, as I have observed before, is in many cases, to do nothing at all.
When I began this letter I did not expect to have filled more than one side of the sheet but I have run on insensibly. If you are at home, give my love to Nelly and the Children. if at Richmond present my complimts. to any enquiring friends. Sincerely and affectly. I am etc.
P S. The Public Gazettes will give you all the news and occurrances of this Quarter, our eyes are anxiously turned towards the South for events.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 28th. ulto. From the circumstances which you mention, the command on the lines may be continued at one hundred Men, with strict orders to the Officer to fall back upon the posts, on the first serious move73 up the River. I shall set out for New port tomorrow morning. My notice is so short, that I am obliged to deprive myself of the pleasure of seeing you before I go, which I intended.
[Note 73: The draft at this point has the words "of the enemy."]
I have nothing to add to the several instructions lately given to you, but a desire to urge the Qr. Mr. and Commy. to get down all the provision upon the River to West point, the moment the navigation opens. I have written to them on the subject.
Genl. Knox informs me, that no quantity of Arms can be repaired here. You will therefore direct those which are at the point to be ready sorted and packed up, that they may be sent to Albany as soon as the Ice will permit. I am &c.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, March 1, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: I have just received letters from The Count De Rochambeau and The Chevalier Des-touches, informing me of their intention to operate in Chesapeak bay with their whole fleet and a detachment of 1100 french troops grenadiers and Chasseurs included. The Chevalier expected to sail the fifth of this month, so that you will arrive at the head of Elk before he appears in the bay. He seems to make a difficulty, which I do not comprehend about protecting the passage of your detachment down the bay; but as it is intirely without foundation, I take it for granted it will cease on his arrival. It is of the greatest importance to the expedition, as well as for the honor of our arms, that you should be on the spot to cooperate.
The Count De Rochambeau requests me to send an Aide De Camp to the Commanding officer in Virginia to assemble the Militia and have every thing else ready against the arrival of the fleet. You know all the necessary directions have been given; but to gratify the Count, I am to desire you will send Col Gouvion without delay to the Baron De Steuben to communicate this latter intelligence and press the preparations, directing the Baron on the arrival of the French troops to enter immediately into their views.
You know the infinite value of secrecy in an expedition circumstanced like this.
The Baron de Viominil will command the French detachment. I am etc.
P.S. I set out in the morning for Rhode Island where I hope to arrive before the fleet sails to level all difficulties and be in the way to improve circumstances.
Since writing the above, I have received a letter from General Greene by which it appears Cornwallis with 2500 men was penetrating the country with great rapidity and Greene with a much inferior force retiring before him having determined to pass the Ronoake.75 This intelligence and an apprehension that Arnold may make his escape before the fleet can arrive in the bay, induce me to give you greater latitude than you had in your original instructions. You are at liberty to concert a plan with the French General and Naval commander for a descent into North Carolina, to cut off the detachment of the enemy, which had ascended Cape fear River, intercept if possible Cornwallis and relieve General Greene and the Southern states. This however I think ought to be a secondary object and only attempted in case of Arnolds retreat to New York, or in case you should think his reduction would be attended with too much delay, and that the other enterprise would be more easy, and was from the circumstances more necessary. There should be strong reasons to induce a change of our first plan against Arnold, if he is still in Virginia. With a view to the second enterprise you must be making your arrangements for transportation and supplies; and must endeavour to gain all the information you can about the Country which may be the scene of your operations.
[Note 75: Roanoke River.]
Your continuing your march after the fleet had withdrawn itself from the bay may excite suspicions of their intended return. You can cover your design by saying you are going to the assistance of General Greene.
You will remember that your corps is a part of this army and will let this idea have proper weight in your determination.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: Having been under the necessity of making a very considerable temporary detachment from the Army in this Vicinity and from the Jersey line. I think it not improbable that the Enemy may endeavour to take advantage of our weakness and enterprise something against the Highland posts, or make an incursion into Jersey. I have given notice to the Militia of the neighbouring Counties of this State to hold themselves in perfect readiness, and I think it expedient that those of Jersey should be put under similar orders. You were pleased to inform me in yours of the 29th. January that this power is vested in you during the recess of the Legislature. You will therefore oblige me by issuing your orders generally for this purpose and directing the Beacons and other signals of Alarm to be put in a state of making immediate communication to the Country, of an incursion of the Enemy. I think it will be necessary (if you are not already there) that you should be in Jersey yourself, untill we see whether the enemy make any demonstrations of an offensive movement.
I shall set out for Rhode Island to-morrow. You will therefore direct any letters of intelligence to Majr Genl. Heath at West point in my absence. I am &c.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, March 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: Inclosed you have Capt. Moodies78 letter and returns of Artillery and Ordnance Stores at Fort schuyler, which
[Note 78: Capt. Andrew Moodie, of the Second Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.] you laid before me for my opinion. I do not think there is any occasion, at present, for [more]79 than the quantity of these Articles which have been heretofore kept there. You will therefore be pleased to examine the Returns and send up what you may find deficient of the usual quantity at that post. If you think a larger Mortar than what they have will add to the security of it, you will send one up with the necessary attrail.
[Note 79: The word in brackets is supplied from the draft.]
The State of New York made a requisition a few days ago for a small supply of Ammunition, with which I promised to comply. Be pleased therefore to send six or eight Casks of Musket powder to Albany, and inform Genl. Clinton for what purpose. I am &c.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
New Windsor, March 1, 1781.
Dr. Sir: Some unexpected events have determined me suddenly to set out for Rhode Island. I depart tomorrow, and dispatch you this to request you will join me there as soon as possible. Your information and advice will be very important to our plans. [My stay at Rhode Island will be very short.] Accept the assurances of esteem etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: Having been informed by Major Genl. Dickinson that he was vested with powers during the recess of the Legislature to order out the Militia of the State. I have thought it expedient to desire him, at this juncture, to order the whole to be held in readiness and to direct the Beacons and other signals of alarm to be put in condition to afford the readiest communication to the Country of an incursion of the Enemy. My reason for doing this, is not from intelligence that the Enemy mean any thing offensive; but having lately been under the necessity of making a very considerable temporary detachment from the Army in this vicinity and from the Jersey line, I think it not improbable that the enemy may endeavour to take advantage of our weakness and enterprise something against these posts or Jersey. It is therefore necessary to be in readiness to receive them. I assure myself of every assistance from the countenance and advice of your Excellency should there be occasion. I have the honor etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 1, 1781.
Sir: The inclosed memorial of Colo. Hazen was this day put into my hands. Many of the matters mentioned in it are better known to Congress than to myself. The whole are so fully stated, as to speak for themselves, and require only the determination of Congress.
The case of the Canadian Officers and Soldiers I know to be peculiarly distressing and truly entitled to redress, if the means are to be obtained. The Regiment, not being appropriated to any State, must soon dwindle into nothing, unless some effectual mode can be devised for recruiting it. Colo. Hazens pretensions to promotion seems to me to have weight, but how far they ought to be admitted, the general principles which Congress mean to adopt for the regulation of this important point will best decide. In justice to Colo. Hazen, I must testify, that he has always appeared to me a sensible, spirited and attentive Officer. I have the honor etc.83
[Note 83: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on March 23 and referred to Artemas Ward, John Sullivan, and Isaac Motte.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 1, 1781.
Sir: On opening the inclosed, I found it intended for your Excellency, though addressed to me.
I intend setting out in the morning for Newport to confer with the French General and Admiral upon the operations of the ensuing Campaign. Major Genl. Heath will command in my absence. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am this moment honored with your Excellency's favr. of the 25th: ulto. with its interesting inclosures. Cornwallis is playing a bold game, and should General Greene luckily draw together the force which that Country ought to afford him, his Lordship may repent his hasty advance.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, March 1, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The General directs that as the Recruits arrive to the several regiments the officers will exert themselves to have them instructed and formed to their duty with all possible diligence.
Colonel Morehous's,85 March 2, 1781.
[Note 85: Col. Andrew Morehouse, of the Dutchess County militia. His house was on the Fishkill-Hopewell road, near the Connecticut State line.]
Sir: The third day after he left you the Baron Le Colsen86 did me the pleasure of delivering me Your Excellency's letter of the 25th. His diligence and zeal perfectly equalled your expectations. The important and agreeable intelligence, the dispatches by him contained, determined me to lose no time in setting out to enjoy the satisfaction which I have been so long promising myself.87 I hope to arrive at New Port, early on tuesday, in time to have a conversation with Your Excellency and the Chevalier Des touches previous to the departure of the fleet. I had early given all the directions to the Commanding officer in Virginia intimated in your letter; but I have sent fresh orders, which will be conveyed to him by Col Gouvion.
[Note 86: Jean Christopher Louis Frederic Ignace, Baron de Closen-Haydenbourg. He was captain of the Regiment Royal Deux-Ponts and aide-de-camp to Rochambeau.]
[Note 87: Tench Tilghman's memoranda of expenses on this journey from New Windsor to Newport and return shows the following places: Vandenburgs, Morehouses, getting a horse out of Bulls Falls, Litchfield, Farmington, Hartford Ferry, Bolton, Traceys at Norwich, Lothrops at Norwich, Norwich Ferry, Preston, Kennions, Potters at Little Rest, Narragansett Ferry, Connanicut Ferry, and Newport. A "Poor Woman at Newport" was given $75, and $1,450 was paid for board at Newport. The return journey shows the itinerary as Bristol Ferry, Providence Ferry, Providence, Dorrences, Bolton, Hartford Ferry, Farmington and the Widow Strongs, Litchfield, Morehouses, Vandenburgs, Brinkerhoffs, and New Windsor. Tilghman's memoranda are in the Washington Papers.]
On my way to this place I met your dispatch of the 27th. I congratulate you on the arrival of the Astree. I hope it will satisfactorily enlighten our future projects.
The Baron De Colesens politeness makes him insist on taking the trouble to precede me to announce my coming to your Excellency.With all the sentiments of the sincerest esteem etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Morehouses, March 2, 1781.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your dispatch by the Baron De Coleson the third day after its date, informing me of the resolution you had taken of renewing the attempt in Chesapeak bay with your whole fleet. Persuaded that this determination is warranted by prudence as well as a spirit of enterprise, I receive the intelligence with peculiar pleasure. It is the strongest evidence of your desire to be useful to these states, and I hope will be productive of correspondent advantages.
On receiving the information I immediately set out for Rhode Island where I shall be happy to arrive in time to have the pleasure of a conversation with you, and of assuring you personally of my wishes for your success and of the perfect esteem etc.I shall arrive at Rhode Island early the 6th.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
[Note 93: Addressed to Christopher Ellery, William Channing, William Taggert, and Solomon Southwick, committee of the town.]
[March 8, 1781.]
Gentlemen: Among the distinguished honors which have a claim to my gratitude since my arrival, I have seen with peculiar satisfaction those effusions of esteem and attachment which have manifested themselves in the citizens of this [antient] town. My happiness is complete in a moment that unites the expressions of their sentiments for me with their suffrages in favour of our allies. The conduct of the French army and fleet, of which the inhabitants testify so grateful and so affectionate a sense, at the same time that it evinces the wisdom of the commanders and the discipline of the troops, is a new proof of the magnanimity of the nation. It is a further demonstration of that generous zeal and concern for the happiness of America which brought them to our assistance; a happy presage of future harmony; a pleasing evidence that an intercourse between the two nations will more and more cement the union, by the solid and lasting ties of mutual affection.
I sincerely sympathize with you Gentlemen, in lamenting the depredations suffered by the Town while in possession of the enemy and heartily join you in those liberal wishes the accomplishment of which would soon more than restore it to its former flourishing condition.
Accept my acknowledgements for the polite and obliging manner in which you have been pleased to communicate to me the sentiments of your fellow citizens and the assurances of my warmest esteem for them and for you personally.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The word in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
New Port, March 8, 1781, ten OClock P.M.
Dear Marquis: I have the pleasure [to inform you that the whole Fleet went out with a fair Wind this Evening about sun set.] You may possibly hear of their arrival in Chesapeak before this letter reaches you; should you not, You will have every thing prepared for falling down the Bay at a moments warning. [We have not yet heard of any move of the British in Gardiners Bay;] should we luckily meet with no interruption from them, and Arnold should continue in Virginia till the Arrival of Mr. des touche, I flatter myself you will meet with that success, which I most ardently wish, not only on the public but your own account. I am &c.
This letter was put under cover to Colo. Miles with directions to send it to the Head of Elk, with orders to the Qt. Mr. there to destroy it should the Marquis have sailed.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets were written at the same time to Chevalier de La Luzerne, to which Washington added "A few days must determine whether they intend to give us any interruption."-- Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems, et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Newport, March 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your letter begun on the 28th Ulto. and ended the first instant, came to my hds. at this place. I am conscious of being indebted to you not only for this but for several other unacknowledged favors and thank you for ascribing my omissions to a multiplicity of other matters. I can with much truth assure you that my business has encreased with our difficulties and kept equal pace with them; to what length these have arisen no man of observation need be informed. Excepting to Mrs. Washington when she is absent from me, and now and then a letter to a friend (more on business than for the purpose of communication) I rarely put pen to paper for private corrispondences. Your complaint therefore is a common accusation against me, and will I fear remain in too much force till our affairs are a little more systemized the powers of Congress enlarged and military matters are in a less fluctuating state than they have been; these changes would enable me to conduct the affairs of my department with ease and satisfaction to myself and would allow me some time for private indulgences to which I have long been a stranger.
I came here the 6th on business and as soon as that business is finished I shall return to my dreary quarters at New Windsor. We have, as you very justly observe, abundant reason to thank providence for its many favourable interpositions in our behalf. It has, at times been my only dependence for all other resources seemed to have fail'd us. My respects to Mrs. Gordon. I am etc.96
[Note 96: In the New York Public Library is two-thirds of an A. L. S of Washington, dated at Newport on Mar. 10, 1781. It was apparently addressed to the Continental agent at Newburyport or Boston, apologizing for the trouble given him in trying to obtain a pair of epaulettes(?) which Washington had since obtained; he mentioned that the news of Comte D'Estaing's victory over Hood had proven false and that he intended to return to New Windsor in a day or two.]
New Port, March 11, 1781.
Dear Marquis: I informed you on the 8th. in the Eveng. that the French Fleet had put to sea. By advices from New London the British did the same yesterday morning with their whole force. They gave out publicly that they were bound for Chesapeak. I think the French had so much the start that they will first reach that Bay, but as there is no accounting for the delays and accidents of the sea, I have given you this notice, lest you, upon hearing that a Fleet had arrived below, might take it for granted that it was a friendly one and fall down. You will now see that precaution on that head is more than ever necessary. That success may attend you is the sincere wish of Dr Marquis Yrs. &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Newport, March 11, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform your Excellency that I arrived here on the 6th. In consequence of previous arrangements between the Count de Rochambeau and myself I found between eleven and twelve hundred of the French Grenadiers and Infantry already embarked and the Fleet nearly ready to sail. They however did not put to sea untill the evening of the 8th. By advices from New London the British, which were in Gardiner's Bay, did the same yesterday morning with their whole force. They gave out that they were bound for Chesapeak. A meeting of the two fleets seems unavoidable, and perhaps the issue of a contest between them was never more interesting. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have recd. several of yr. Excellency's late favors, which I shall more particularly acknowledge on my return to New Windsor.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Newport, March 11, 1781.
Sir: I did myself the honor to inform your Excellency that the French Fleet put to sea on the evening of the 8th: By advices from New London, the British in Gardiner's Bay did the same yesterday morning. They took their sick on board and departed with their whole force. They gave out that they were destined for Chesapeak.
From appearances, a meeting of the two Fleets seems unavoidable. Their force is nearly equal, and the issue of a naval combat was perhaps never more interesting. I will, however, hope that the good fortune, which has hitherto attended our Allies, will not desert them on the present occasion. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Meres. et Does., E. U., vol. 6.]
Newport, March 12, 1781.
Sir: Having lately been obliged to make a very considerable detachment from the troops in the vicinity of West point, I have been under the necessity of calling upon the neighbouring States to send forward the new Levies which have been raised, and of urging them to compleat their Quotas as expeditiously as possible. The same reasons urge me to make the same requests of your State, and to desire that the Recruits may, if possible, be sent forward cloathed; for such have been our repeated disappointments in the Cloathing expected from Europe, that our Magazines are nearly exhausted. If the proper Uniform for the troops of the State could be procured, it would be a very desirable circumstance, for we are more deficient in Coats than any other Article. I shall be glad to hear from you on the subject of the foregoing. Your letter will find me at New Windsor, for which I set out tomorrow. I have the honor etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnishd by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Newport, March 12, 1781.
Sir: After the positive order given to you to send the Men of your Corps to the Regiments of the States to which they respectively belong, I little expected to have heard that they were still at Coos and to have received a petition from the Men themselves, desiring the indulgence of remaining there. You very well know that the Order was given in conformity to a Resolve of Congress for reforming the Corps and I shall therefore expect a strict compliance with it the moment this reaches you. I am &c.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Newport, March 12, 1781.
Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 25th: ulto. at this place. It is not in my power to comply with the request of the Men of Major Whitcomb's Corps, or with that of the Inhabitants of Coos to leave those Men upon the Frontier. Congress finding the great expense incurred and little advantages derived from a number of detached Corps, small in respect to Men, but full of Officers, have been pleased to direct all such to be reformed and the Men to join the Regiments of the States to which they respectively belong.
It would, as I have upon several former occasions mentioned, give me great pleasure to afford effectual cover to every part of the Country, but while I am scarcely furnished with the means of securing the most essential posts, I am every day under the painful necessity of refusing requests similar to the one now made by you in behalf of the Inhabitants of your neighbourhood. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Newport, March 12, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's polite fav'r of the 8th. It would have given me singular pleasure had circumstances admitted of my making a visit to Providence upon my return to the Army, but the very interesting intelligence which we may now daily expect from the Southward make it necessary for me to return by the route on which the chain of Expresses are stationed; lest I should miss the dispatches which they may bring.
His Excellency the Count De Rochambeau informs me that there are some heavy Cannon at Providence which do not appear to be of any great use there, but would be of particular service to him, in the defense of this Post, he being obliged to strip a Frigate of her Guns and to Mount some of his heavy field Artillery for want of the number required for the Works. When it is considered that this place effectually covers Providence, I flatter myself your Excellency will find no difficulty with the Legislature in granting the Counts request, should you not have the power to lend the Guns in question.
The detachment which I a little time ago made from the Troups in the vicinity of West-point, obliged me to call upon the neighbouring states to send in the recruits which were raised. I directed my order to Lt. Colo. Olney for those of Rhode Island, and I have not the least doubt of that Gentlemns. punctuality in the execution of it, so far as respects the men who have been delivered to him; but I must entreat your Excellency's exertions to procure the defiency of your quota, if any yet remains, that they may arrive at the Army time enough to receive the necessary discipline before they are carried into Service. I have the honor to be etc.
P S. Since writing the foregoing letter, I have, for particular reasons determined to return by the way of Providence; and shall set out in the morning for that place.4
[Note 4: The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by William Ely, of Providence, R. I.]
[Note 5: Addressed by Washington to "The Honble Jabez Bowen &ca" and also indorsed by him: "Answer to the Address from The T'own of Providence."]
[Providence, R. I., March 14, 1781.]
Gentn: I am happy in the oppertunity which your address affords me of testifying to you how deeply I am penetrated with those demonstrations of attachment which I have experienced from the Inhabitants of this Town. The confidence and affection of his fellow Citizens is the most valuable and agreeable reward a Citizen can receive. Next to the happiness of my Country, this is the most powerful inducement I can have to exert my self in its Service. Conscious of a sincere desire to promote that great object, however short of my wishes the success of my endeavours may fall I console myself with a perswasion that the goodness of my intentions in some measure justifies your approbation.
The determination you are pleased to express of making every effort for giving vigour to our military operations is consonant with the Spirit that has uniformly actuated this State. It is by this disposition alone we can hope, under the protection of Heaven, to secure the important blessings for which we contend.
With sincere gratitude for your sentiments and wishes towards me, I beg you to accept the assurances of that perfect esteem and regard with which I have the honor etc.
Hartford, March 17, 1781.
Sir: It would have afforded me the greatest pleasure had I been able to have extended my late Visit to New Port or as far as Boston, but the important operations which may be expected to the Southward, made it necessary for me to return as soon as possible to the North River that I might be more immediately in the way of receiving intelligence, and communicating any which might be essential to the common interest, to the Count de Rochambeau. The present is a most important moment. The success of the expedition now in agitation seems to depend upon a naval superiority, and the force of the two Fleets is so equal, that we must rather hope for than entertain an assurance of Victory. The attempt however made by our Allies to dislodge the Enemy in Virginia is certainly a bold one, and should it fail, will nevertheless entitle them to the thanks of the Public.
The Army under my immediate command, is so much reduced by the detachment which I have made to co-operate with the French troops in Virginia, that I have been under the necessity of calling for the Recruits which are raised in the neighbouring States. Few have yet come in, and I plainly perceive that unless very vigorous exertions are made, the quotas of the several States will be not only short but exceedingly late in the Field. I must therefore intreat the interference of your Excellency's countenance and Authority with the persons in the different Townships, whose business it may be to procure the Levies, not only to send forward those to the places of rendezvous, which have been raised, but to attend to completing the deficiencies where any may have happened. There is the greater necessity for a strict compliance with the number of men required by Congress, as the Pennsylvania line, which was to have Composed part of the Northern Army, has lately been ordered to the Southward. A regular and full compliance with the specific requisition of Provision, is a matter of equal importance with the foregoing and to which I beg leave to call your Excellency's attention also. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 10: Then Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates.]
New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
My Dr. Sir: Upon my return to this place last night, I met your private and friendly letter of the 25th. of February. I do not delay a moment to thank you for the interesting matter contained in it, and to express my surprize at that part which respects a pension for my mother.11
[Note 11: "Some Gentn. of the last Assembly proposed to apply to that body for assistance to your mother, who they said was in great want, owing to the heavy taxes she was oblig'd to pay; I took the liberty to put a stop to this supposing you would be displeased at such an application, I make no doubt but the assembly would readily grant the request, and it now only rests with you to say whether it shall be made or not."-- Harrison to Washington, Feb. 25, 1781. Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
True it is, I am but little acquainted with her present situation, or distresses, if she is under any. As true it is, a year or two before I left Virginia (to make her latter days comfortable, and free from care) I did, at her request but at my own expence, purchase a commodious house, garden and Lotts (of her own choosing) in Fredericksburg, that she might be near my Sister Lewis, her only daughter; and did moreover agree to take her Land and negroes at a certain yearly rent, to be fixed by Colo. Lewis and others (of her own nomination) which has been an annual expence to me ever since, as the Estate never raised one half of the rent I was to pay. Before I left Virginia, I answered all her calls for money; and since that period, have directed my Steward to do the same. Whence her distresses can arise therefore, I know not, never having received any complaint of his inattention or neglect on that head; tho' his inability to pay my own taxes, is such I know, as to oblige me to sell negroes for this purpose; the taxes being the most unequal (I am told) in the world, some persons paying for things of equal value, four times, nay ten times, the rate that others do. But putting these things aside, which I could not avoid mentioning, in exculpation of a presumptive want of duty on my part; confident I am that she has not a child that would not divide the last sixpence to relieve her from real distress. This she has been repeatedly assured of by me: and all of us, I am certain, would feel much hurt, at having our mother a pensioner, while we had the means of supporting her; but in fact she has an ample income of her own.
I lament accordingly that your letter, which conveyed the first hint of this matter, did not come to my hands sooner; but I request, in pointed terms if the matter is now in agitation in your assembly, that all proceedings on it may be stopped, or in case of a decision in her favor, that it may be done away, and repealed at my request.
I must defer answering your public Letter, 'till the next post. This is written in much haste to go by the present mail, which is on the point of closing. The measures I had taken previous to the date of your letter (for the reduction of Arnolds corps) were, you may be assured, every thing that was possible, in my circumstances, to do. If the States will not, or cannot provide me with the means; it is in vain for them to look to me for the end, and accomplishment of their wishes. Bricks are not to be made without straw. As our eyes are turned to your quarter for interesting events, we have few occurrences of moment here, none pleasing. I shall only add an expression of my sincere concern for the damage and losses I hear you have sustained by that arch traitor, Arnold, and my assurances of being, &c.12
[Note 12: The text is from the "Letter Book" copy, which was made after 1783 from the draft, which was afterwards presumably destroyed]
New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: Upon my arrival at this place yesterday, I found your letter of the 2d., inclosing the complaint of sundry field Officers of the Massachusetts line.13
[Note 13: The complaint, which was that Massachusetts officers were not assigned to the light infantry, was signed by Lieut. Col. James Mellen and six other field officers. It is in the Washington Paper under date of Feb. 27, 1781.]
It is a painful reflection, that the best meant endeavors to promote the Service is subject to, and often meets with, the most unfavourable constructions; and that the numerous embarrassments which the distressed situation of our affairs unavoidably involve us in, should be increased by ill founded jealousies, and groundless suspicions.
If the Gentlemen who addressed you upon the 27th. Ulto., were hurt at the appointment of Colo. Gemat and Majr. Galvan to commands in the detachment which marched (and which I presume to be the case) a candid investigation of the cause would have evinced, in a moment, the principle; and that it was not a predilection in favor of those Gentlemen, or a want of confidence in the complainants, but the peculiar circumstances of the Army that gave birth to the measure.
At the time the detachment was ordered, there was not by the Adjutants return (if my memory serves me, and it was called for on purpose) but two Regiments in Camp that had more than one field Officer; namely Hazen's and Webbs. Nothing therefore but necessity, could have justified my leaving a regiment without one, at a time, when the new levies were ordered to join, and were momently expected from every State; and when an equal, and impartial distribution of them was to be made, and the whole to be provided for. Under such circumstances, no one, I am perswaded, who considers the good of the Service, and the consequences of such a want, can blame me for taking Officers who were eligable to command, and unoccupied by other duties to accompany the Detachmt.
These, and these only, were the reasons why no more than one field Officer was taken from the line of Massachusetts bay, and not, as I have said before, from a want of confidence in them, or because I preferred those that did go. Thus much justice has dictated; and I insert, to remove the idea which these Gentn. seem to have imbibed of an intended slight. But they must excuse me for adding, that I conceive it to be a right inherent with command to appoint particular Officers for special purposes.
That part of your letter wch. seems to respect yourself, personally, needs explanation, for I never can suppose that you deem it a slight, not to have been taken from the command of the most important Post in America with 4000 Men, to head a detachment from that Post of only 800. If this is not your allusion, I am at a loss for your meaning. But shall take this occasion, once for all, to observe: That I am not conscious of exercising a partiality in favor of one line, one Corps, or one Man, more than another; and that where appearances have been otherwise, in the eyes of those who were unacquainted with all the circumstances, I could easily have explained them. That I never did, nor never will hurt, intentionally, the feelings of any Officer unless I can be justified upon general principles, and good is to result from it. But if Officers will not see into the political motives by which I am sometimes obliged to govern my self in appointments, and which the good of the common cause renders indispensably necessary, it is unfortunate; but cannot, because it ought not, to divert me from the practice of a duty which I think advansive of the interest of the United States, and consistent with the views of that power under which I act.
I have been thus particular because it is my wish to convince every Officer over whom I have the honor to be placed, of the sincerity of my disposition to make them as happy as the times, and our circumstances will admit of; and that can be done consistent with the observance of that steady line of conduct I ever have, and mean to pursue. With esteem and regard I am etc.
[MS. H. S. ]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
My dear Sir: I returned the last Evening from Newport to which place I had been upon a visit to the Count De Rochambeau. I have, since my last of the 28th. of Feby. received yours of the 9th. 15th. and 28th. of the same month. The last relieved me from much anxiety by informing me that you had saved all your Baggage, Artillery and Stores notwithstanding the hot pursuit of the Enemy and that you in turn were following them. I most sincerely hope your reinforcements may be such as will enable you to prevent their taking a post in the upper Country, and hinder the disaffected from joining them. You may be assured that your Retreat before Lord Cornwallis is highly applauded by all Ranks and reflects much honor on your military Abilities.
In my last I informed you of the detachment which had marched towards the Chesapeak under the command of the Marquis. I at that time expected that only a detachment of the French Fleet would have gone round, but the Admiral and General afterwards determined upon sending the whole with a detachment of between eleven and twelve hundred Grenadiers and Light Infantry. They sailed the 8th. in the Evening from Newport. The British from Gardiner's Bay the 10th. in the Morning. Much will depend upon which Fleet reaches the Chesapeak Bay first. A reinforcement, either for Lord Cornwallis or Arnold, sailed from New York the 13th. their number said to be about 1500.
From what I saw and learned while at the Eastward I am convinced the Levies will be late in the Field and I fear very deficient of the requisition. My regard for the public good and my inclination to promote your success will prompt me to give every assistance and to make every diversion in your favor, But what can I do if I am not furnished with the means? I most anxiously await the event of the present operation in Virginia. If attended with success it may have the happiest influence upon our southern affairs by leaving the force of Virginia free to act. For while there is an Enemy in the heart of the Country you can neither expect Men or supplies from it in that full and regular manner in which they ought to be given.
I had promised myself the pleasure of paying Mrs. Greene a visit at Coventry. But the important intelligences which might be every moment expected from the southward determined me not to go a Mile out of the line of communication.
Great Britain has made herself another enemy by a declaration of War against Holland. This has been announced in form in the New York Papers. With the sincerest Esteem etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have not had it in my power, untill the present moment, to acknowledge the receipt of your several favors of the 18th and 23rd of Febry. and 1st Inst. which were forwarded to me, while on my Journey to Rhode Island, from whence I returned Yesterday.
Since the Enemy have turned so much of their attention to the Southern States, the situation of our affairs in them has become extremely interesting and important. I thank you therefore sincerely for the frequent and accurate communications you have made. I am sensible, My Dear Baron, your zeal, activity and ability have been conspicuous on every occasion, but in no instance have you displayed a greater share of each, than in organizing the Troops, arranging the Military affairs of Virginia, forwarding the succours to Genl Greene, and making the necessary preparations with so much celerity and judgment, for co-operating in an attack on the Post of Portsmouth. This is an Enterprise of the highest moment to the United States, and I cannot but flatter myself, from the combined force employed on it, and the harmony of the several parts, that we shall soon hear the most agreeable intelligence from that quarter. I am etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 16: Maj. Gen. François Jean, Chevalier de Chastellux.]
New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
I arrived my dear Chevalr. at these my Quarters in the forenoon of yesterday; after passing over very bad roads and riding thro very foul weather without any damage. I must again give vent to that sensibility wch your goodness has impressed me with, and again thank you for all those civilities which your politeness heaped upon me at Rhode Island. I shall be grateful for them, and shall wish for oppertunities to prove the sincerity of these professions.
G Britain is at War with the Dutch; the manifesto and declaration of that Court I have done myself the honr. to transmit to the Count de Rochambeau. We have it by report that Adml. Des Touches is safe arrived in Hampton Road. A number of Militia under the command of Baron de Steuben were hovering round Arnold, ready to co-operate with Genl. Viominel and the Marqs. de la fayette in the moment of their debarkation; the latter of whom had advanced his detachment to Annapolis to receive more readily the protection and Convoy of the Frigates of Monsr. Destouches.
General Greene by my last Accts. was gathering strength. Ld. Cornwallis was retreating but the object of his retrograde movement was uncertain, a little time must discover it.
Will you do me the favor to present my respects to Genl. Viominil17 and those Gentn. to whom I am indebted for unbounded civilties; and do me the justice to believe that with sentimts. of purest regard, and the warmest personl. attachment, &ca.
[Note 17: Lieut. Gen. Antoine Charles du Houx, Baron de Vioménil.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
Gentlemen: I returned yesterday to this place from Rhode Island, and now take the earliest opportunity to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 19th. Ulto. which was put into my hands on my arrival.
I am extremely obliged to you, Gentlemen, for this communication of the Proceedings with respect to the late unhappy affair, which has taken place in the Pennsylvania Line. Sensible that the circumstances were indeed critical, and that the greatest prudence and address were necessary on the occasion, I was happy to learn you were employed in settling those disturbances. I have now to thank you for the trouble you have taken in the affair; in the situation matters then were, I am persuaded, what was then done was for the best, and nothing now remains but to use every exertion to replace the Men who were discharged and compleat the Regts. as early as possible.
Unless there are vacant Lieutenancies in the Regt. to which the Ensigns belong who are desirous of promotion; I do not see how it can take place without counteracting the principles of promotion, and affecting (as you justly observe) the whole Army. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I should have done myself the honor to have acknowledged your Excellency's Letters of the 8th, 12th, 17th, 26th of February and 8th Inst, at the time they were severally received; had I not been absent from this place on a journey to the French Army at New Port, from whence I have but just now returned.
The transactions and movements you have made me acquainted with in the course of these Letters, were not only important to the Southern States, but even to the whole confederation. And the scene becomes now every day more interesting; before this time I cannot but hope our friends have arrived safely in your Bay, I am sure they will meet with every aid and assistance from your State; And I already anticipate the happiest consequences from this co-operation.
I shall remain in the most anxious expectation, until I hear farther respecting the operations in your quarter. I have the honor etc.19
[Note 19: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[v. s. L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
Sir: I returned to this place yesterday at Noon. I did not prosecute my intention of visiting Springfield, as I wished not to be out of the line of communication from the Southward, on account of the important intelligences which may be hourly expected from that quarter.
Give me leave sincerely to congratulate Your Excellency and Congress upon the completion of the Confederation of the United States. An event long wished for, which I hope will have the happiest effects upon the politics of this Country, and which will be of essential service to our cause in Europe. I have the honor etc.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 21, 1781.
Sir: I arrived at this place yesterday at Noon. Upon my return I found intelligence contradicting that which I gave your Excellency from Hartford. The British Transports, I suppose, made some change of disposition, which gave rise to the report of their having sailed and returned again to New-York. I believe it may now be depended upon that they sailed from the Hook the 13th: instant. I am in hourly and anxious expectation of news from the Chesapeak, which, the moment it arrives, shall be communicated.
I do myself the honor to inclose your Excellency a New York paper in which you will find a formal declaration of War on the part of Great Britain against the States of Holland. I do not know what effect this may have upon European Politics, but I think the other Neutral powers are bound to stand by the States, as one of the causes of War urged by G. Britain is their having acceded to the Armed Neutrality. I have the honor etc.
P.S. 22d. Your Excellency's favor of the 18th. came to hand last Evening. The letters for the Chevr. de la Luzerne and for Sir Henry Clinton which were inclosed have been immediately forwarded. The Accounts brought by the Edentown Captain are exaggerated. General Greene had received considerable reinforcements but not equal to the Captains report. It was yet uncertain whether Lord Cornwallis meant to return to South Carolina or take a post in North.
The answer given by your Excellency to Govr Hancock was in my opinion a proper one. Should circumstances render it inexpedient to undertake any operation of more importance, perhaps we may hereafter find an opportunity of striking the small detachment the Enemy have at Penobscot.
I have this Moment recd. letters from the Marquis de la Fayette dated at York in Virginia the 15th: instant; neither Fleet had reached the Chesapeak.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, March 22, 1781.
Sir: I am much indebted to you for announcing my election as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.22 I feel myself particularly honored by this relation to a Society whose efforts to promote useful knowledge will, I am perswaded acquire them a high reputation in the literary world.
[Note 22: The certificate of this election is in the Washington Papers.]
I entreat you to present my warmest acknowledgments to that respectable body and to assure them that I shall with Zeal embrace every oppertunity of seconding their laudable views and manifesting the exalted sense I have of the institution.
The Arts and Sciences essential to the prosperity of the State and to the ornament and happiness of human life have a primary claim to the encouragement of every lover of his Country and mankind.
For the polite and flattering terms in which you have been pleased to convey the sentiments of the Academy I beg you to accept my grateful thanks and the assurances of my being with great esteem and respect etc.
[Note 23: Catherine Littlefield, wife of Gen. Nathanael Greene.]
New Windsor, March 22, 1781.
Dear Madm: My last, written in an hour of haste from Providence would inform you of my disappointment in not havg. the please. of seeing you in the course of my trip to R Island. Since my arrival at this place I have received a letter from Genl. Greene of the 28th Feby. (with the inclosed to you) informing me that Lord Cornwallis was retreating and that he was advancing; but the end and design of the retrograde movement of the enemy was not, at that time, sufficiently unfolded.
I have also been bond. with your favor of the 26th. of Feby. and find by the letter to Mrs. Washington that you have it in contemplation to make a journey to the Southward. I can neither advise you to, nor disswade you from the measure, because the true footing (if you will allow me the freedom to say so) upon which the journey should depend is, in my opinion, the encouragement given to it by Genl. Greene; who having a view of all circumstances before him, can alone determine the propriety of it.
Mrs. Washington is not yet returned from albany, or she would, I am sure, salute you with as much warmth and cordiality as does Dr. Madam Yr. etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 22, 1781.
Sir: Your Excellency's favor of the 18th ulto. came to Head Quarters during my visit to Count de Rochambeau at Newport from whence I only returned two days ago. You may be assured that every attention shall be paid to the Exchange of Colo. Marbury24 in his due turn, more than that I cannot promise without deviating from a rule of conduct which I myself had ever observed and which has lately been confirmed by an order of Congress. I have however the pleasure to learn that Colo. Marbury is admitted to parole and as he is, I believe, the oldest Officer of his rank unexchanged, I hope his final release will ere long be accomplished. I do not know what Officers were taken at Kings Mountain or in any part of the southern Quarter, but should a general exchange take place, due consideration will be had to the remaining prisoners at New York. I am etc.25
[Note 24: Col. Luke Marbury, of the Maryland Militia.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, March 22, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The commander in Chief having returned from Rhode Island and resumed the Command of the Army Approves the orders issued by Major General Heath and thanks him for his great attention to the security of the Posts entrusted to his care.
The Honorable the Congress has been pleased to make the following appointment:
In Congress, January 8, 1781.
Congress proceeded to the election of an adjutant general, and, the ballots being taken, Brigadier General Hand was elected.
He is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
Colonel Scammell late Adjutant General whose resignation had been previously accepted, having been relieved by Brigadier General Hand in the absence of the General, he cannot suffer him to retire from an office in which he has distinguished himself so meritoriously without expressing an entire approbation of his conduct and requesting him to accept the thanks to which he is justly entitled.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, March 23, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a general Court Martial held by order of the Commander in Chief at Springfield the 1st. instant, Colonel Shepard, President, Mr. John Collins, Deputy Commissary of Military stores, was tried on the following charges vizt.
1st. For defrauding the Public of a quantity of saltpetre and employing a person to receive the same as his property, but to conceal his name as he was a public officer and to sell the Saltpetre for cash or cash articles and he would satisfy him for his trouble.
2d. For breaking from his arrest and deserting from his quarters contrary to orders given him and carrying off one of the public's best saddles complete and endeavouring to make his escape from justice by every possible Method in his power and using his utmost efforts to get a berth on board some Vessel to go to sea.
3d. For feloniously robbing E. Cheevers, Deputy Commissary General, of Military stores of some public papers and caring them off with him to serve his own purposes.
The Court after serious and mature deliberation on the case of Mr. John Collins are unanimous in opinion that he is guilty of the two first charges exhibited against him being breaches of the 1st. Article of the 6th. and 12th. sections of the Articles of War but that he is not amenable to the Act of Congress of the 22d. of August it not being publish'd at the time the crime was committed, and do adjudge him to forfeit all his pay due to him from the United States; make restitution to the United States for all the damages they may have suffered on this occasion. That he be rendered ever incapable of holding any office under the United States; That he serve on board a Continental Ship of War during the present Contest without permission to put his foot on shore, and that his Name, Crimes and punishment be published in the public prints.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence of the Court and orders it carried into execution.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 14th Instant, was forwarded to me in my absence from this place, and met me on my return; since which this is the first leisure moment I have had to attend to its contents.
I am sorry to find the evil so deeply rooted, and that the defection is still gaining Ground. From its extensive nature and pernicious tendency, I think every measure which policy and precaution can dictate ought immediately to be adopted to put a final stop to this illicit and treasonable intercourse.26 For this purpose it will be well to consult the Governor on the subject, who himself, or with his Council, will be best able to advise (upon your representation) whether it is expedient to apprehend all the characters you mention, or let them all remain for the present, or to select some of the most criminal and punish them in an exemplary manner, without disclosing the Names of the other Persons concerned.
[Note 26: Parsons, who was stationed at Redding, Conn., investigated, by order of Washington, the Tory plot in Connecticut, but had not been able to find at date of his letter (March 14) enough evidence to warrant any arrests. "I believe it is certain that an Association is formd. to submit to British Government, on the terms of the last Proclamation, that the number of Associators are daily increasing, that their Names are transmitted to N. York as often as opportunity presents; that a Register was kept of them in New Town, but 'tis not certain this Register is now there, or can be found, if there; that a Mode of conforming different from that pointed out in the Proclamation is adopted. That many Persons are engaged in the service of the Enemy who are preparing to join them; about forty have made attempts since I have been here, but were disappointed: Persons are also employed to Enlist these Men and are in the pay of the Enemy with promise of Commissions....In the course of my enquiries I have been informed of a great Number in Horseneck, Stamford and Norwalk who are supplying the Enemy with Provision."-- Parsons to Washington, Mar. 14, 1781. Parsons's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
In the mean time, the joint efforts of the Civil and Military, should cooperate and Harmonize in defeating the Machinations of the Enemy; it has been hinted that Agents have been employed for these purposes by Your Government, if so, these Men and your Emissaries might give and receive mutual aid, at least they must be prevented from thwarting each other. When matters are ripe for execution I would yield the necessary Military assistance: untill then the greatest secrecy will be necessary.
If the man employed by you, should prosecute his discoveries to effect, upon as large a scale as you intimate, he will be entitled to the rewards proposed.
It will be at your option, after having made proper arrangements in this affair, to return to the Army, when you shall judge your presence in the State, not absolutely necessary. I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 28: Of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was aide to Lafayette from 1779 to 1781.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Sir: Your favr. of the 15th. Feby. never reached me 'till a few days past. I must inform you that you have been mistaken in the principles of promotion at present existing. Your right to the Majority of the 1st. Regt. does not depend upon your being eldest Captain in the 1st. and 3d, but upon being the oldest in the four Regiments. I have written to the Board of War for the date of your Commission and that of Capt. Hopkins29 of Moylans who also claims the Majority of the 1st. The succession will depend upon the date of Commission.
[Note 29: Capt. David Hopkins, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. He ranked as major of the First Dragoons from 1780 and served to the close of the war.]
I shall inform the Baron Steuben that his appointment of you was upon mistaken principles. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 7th March; with the Proceedings of the General Court Martial on John Collins. The sentence is approved, and a Certified Copy herewith transmitted. You will be pleased to send the Prisoner in question under Guard to the care of the Navy Board in Boston, to be put on Board a Continental Ship; if there should be none in that Harbour, to be confined until an Opportunity offers, of carrying the sentence into execution.
I was sorry to find the disagreeable state of the Public Works in Springfield; but thank you for the particular Report you have made of it. Representation has been made to the Board of War, with a recommendation to have the New Deputy Commissary of Military Stores sent on to that Post. In the Mean time, I wish you to pay a minute attention to the State of the Public Works in Springfield; and make such report from time to time as you shall judge the good of the service requires. I am &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your favor of the 1st. at Newport, upon a most agreeable visit to Count de Rochambeau and the Gentlemen of the French Army. I shall most readily grant the certificate which the friends of the late La Radier desire, but as it will be necessary for me to see Genl. Du Portail to ascertain some particulars relative to the different ranks which he bore in the American service, I must defer transmitting the certificate32 untill the return of the Genl. from Rhode Island. I am etc.33
[Note 32: Radiere's certificate was fully inclosed to Marbois in a brief note (May 16, 1781) explaining the delay. The draft of this note is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 33: From a photostat of the original in the Biblio. Natl. (France) Mss. Fr., vol. 12768.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Sir: Your favor of the 26th: ulto. reached me at Newport, where I have lately been upon a visit to the Count de Rochambeau. I am obliged by the interesting intelligence which you have been pleased to communicate, and I most earnestly hope, that no unfortunate incident will again prevent the progress of the expedition against Pensacola.
Our whole attention is turned to the Southward, which is at present the Theatre of the most important operations. A successful blow in that quarter may give a total change to the face of affairs there.
I am happy to find that my former communications have not only been servicable to your Court but to you personally. You may be assured that duty and inclination will lead me to the continuance of a correspondence which is held in high estimation by Sir &c.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
[Note 35: Armand Charles Augustin de la Croix, Comte de Charlus Castries. He was colonel, en second, Regiment Saintonge, French Army in America.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Sir: On my return from Newport I had the pleasure of finding your letter of the 1st. from Philada: Convinced that you would not have taken a step in the least disagreeable to His Excellency the Count De Rochambeau, I cannot but be flattered with the offer you make of attending the Marquis De la Fayette as a Volunteer in the American Army. I wish and hope that every thing may concur to make the expedition perfectly agreeable to you and have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 37: Robert Guillaume, Baron Dillon. He was colonel, en second, Lauzun's Legion, French Army in America.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Sir: Your favor of the 1st. from Philada. met me at this place on my return from Newport. I cannot but approve that Zeal which carries you to the southward with the Marquis de la Fayette while I am assured that you would not have undertaken the measure had it in the least interfered with your duty in the French Army.
I had the pleasure of seeing your Brothers and other Friends well at Lebanon. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: Upon my return to this place 3 days ago I had the please. to rece. your favor of the 25th. Ulto. I thank you for the honor you intended me if Mrs. Schuyler had added a Son to your family and chearfully become a sponsor for the daughter on the birth of whom and the good health of your Lady please to accept and offer my congratulatory Compliments.
By a Manoeuvre too profound for my understanding, if it is intended for the public good, the choice of a Minister of War is postponed till October. I have heard no reason assigned for it, and am uncharitable enough to believe that no good one can be given.39
[Note 39: "The motives which led Congress to postpone filling the war department, have leaked out, and been communicated to me. General Gates was in nomination but his friends reflecting, that the impropriety of appointing him, before he had exculpated himself, from the imputation of misconduct in his command, would be too glaring an abuse of power, deferred it, in hopes that by an acquittal, the public confidence will be restored to him."-- Schuyler to Washington, Apr. 3, 1781. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers. (See also note to Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, Feb. 4, 1781, ante.)]
We are in a most critical and disagreeable state of with respect to the two Fleets. Neither had arrived within Chesapeak bay the 15th. Instr. when letters from the Marqs. and Baron de Steuben were dated at Yorktown (20 Miles from the Mouth of James River) tho' both were expected.
[How unhappy it is for all our measures, that the adoption of them cannot be in season Had the French Commrs. at R Island complied (in the first instance) with my request to send the whole Fleet, and a detachmt. from their Land force to Virga. the destruction of Arnolds Corps must have been compleat during the debilitated state of the British Fleet. The undertaking now, is bold and precarious, rendered more so by an unfortunate and to me unaccountable delay of 24 hours in their quitting Newport, after it was said they were ready to Sail; the Wind being as favorable to them and as adverse to the Enemy as Heaven cd. furnish. But it is our true policy to make the most of their assistance without censuring their mistakes therefore it is I communicate this in confidence.]40
[Note 40: The bracketed portion is inclosed in a marginal brace in the draft and marked "Private" by Washington.]
By my last advices from General Greene Lord Cornwallis was retreating; but the design of his retrograde movement was not sufficiently explained. Genl. Greene was advancing and the Militia assembling. The situation of things there, and in Virginia are critical and big with important events. God grant they may be favourable to us. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: I was honored, on my return from Rhode Island, with your Excellency's Letter of the 1st. Inst. together with Enclosures.
Altho the discharging a single man from the service, is a very inconsiderable diminution of our force. Yet when the innumerable applications on this subject are taken into consideration, the unavoidable decrease of the Army if discharges are granted, the amazing difficulty of procuring men for the War, and the heavy expence attending the recruiting service; it cannot certainly be considered as a hardship, to retain those in service, who were fairly enlisted, and with a large bounty, unless able bodied substitutes are procured in their room. Under this condition, I would consent to the dismission of Robert Skekit, otherwise, it would be opening a door of uneasiness to Others, and doing an essential injury to the Public.
If the presence of Skekit is so necessary with his Tribe,41 upon providing a Substitute [for the War] the Commanding Officer of the Regt. may make the exchange. I have the honor etc.42
[Note 41: The Muncy(?) Tribe.]
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Gentlemen: Upon my return from Newport three days ago I found your favor of the 3d. I look upon the procuring shoes and Accoutrements to be so much more essential than that of Caps that I would not wish the matter carried into execution while there is the least danger of its interfering with the manufacture of those necessary articles. I recommended the measure upon a presumption that there would be leather enough for all the purposes before mentioned. The want of money may put a stop to the manufacture of accoutrements but I do not see how it ought to affect the supply of shoes, because any number of them may be procured by Contract with Tanners and shoemakers who will take the Hides from the places of killing and return Shoes into the Store without requiring a farthing of money. I am not without my suspicions that some of the Commissaries of Hides are appropriating both Hides and leather to the payment of the Salaries of themselves and Deputies; and I here cannot help remarking that any irregularities of this nature might be looked into and checked by the Clothier General, whose Business it is, could I by any means prevail upon him to give his attendance at the Head Quarters of the Army. He has so repeatedly disobeyed my orders on this head, that I shall be under the necessity of representing his conduct to Congress.
It is of importance that Congress should determine whether the States to which the Regiments of Cavalry are apportioned, are to mount as well as recruit them. The Assembly of Connecticut refused to purchase Horses for Sheldons Regt. because the Resolve was not explicit. The Quarter Master General has been by a late Resolve directed to purchase Horses for the Cavalry, but unless he is furnished with means of which I am ignorant, I am certain nothing is to be expected from him. Should the War Continue to the southward we shall more than ever have occasion for Cavalry, as I am informed by General Greene as I have been by all the Officers who have served there that a superiority in Horse gives the most decided advantages to the Army possessed of it.
Lt. Colo. Weltners claim rests solely upon a determination whether Baron Arent was considered as Colo. of the German Regiment untill its reform. But I do not see upon what principle Lt. Colo. Smith of the Maryland new raised Regiment, which was only a State Regiment while it existed, can claim the benefits of a reformed Continental Officer.
It was my intent to have visited Springfield on my return from Newport, but the intelligences which might be every hour expected from the southward were of so much importance that I did not care to go out of the line of communication. I make no doubt but the principal obstacle to carrying on the public Work is the want of money, but by the extract of a letter from Colo. Shephard which I inclose, there appear some want of proper management also. It will therefore I think be well to send the new Commissary Mr. Heller43 forward as quickly as possible and let him endeavour to make the best arrangements in his power. If it shall be found that the public are unable to furnish the means of carrying on the business, it will be better to discharge the hands than let them remain idly consuming provisions and accumulating a debt by the amount of their pay. As you are pleased to think a letter from me to Congress on the expediency of furnishing the department of Commissary of Stores with money may have weight, I shall most cheerfully comply with your request.
[Note 43: Heller or Hiller.]
The Deputy Cloathier shall be directed to furnish an account of what Goods were sent to Albany for the Oneida Indians.
You will oblige me by referring to your Register and informing me who appears, by the dates of Commissions, to be the eldest Captain of the four Regiments of Cavalry, as the second Majority of Lt. Colo. Commandant Whites Regiment is yet vacant and is claimed by two Gentlemen: Capt. Hopkins of Moylans and Capt. Cadwallader Jones of Baylors.
I shall be at all times ready and happy to afford the Board every assistance in my power, in the transaction of the very important Business of the War department which Congress have been pleased to commit to them. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have recd. Mr. Carletons44 letter of the 17th, inclosing the request of the British prisoners to be allowed to send a serjeant into New York to represent their wants. This having been lately done at a meeting of our Commy. with Mr. Loring, I do not conceive there is a necessity of granting the request at present. And should another representation become necessary, I should think it ought to go thro' some other Channel.45
[Note 44: Joseph Carleton. He was secretary to the Board of War.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: On my return from Newport three days ago I found your favor of the 6th. at my quarters. In my letter of the 26th. of Feby. I meant only to express my apprehensions that the British Commander in Chief would make some difficulty in the exchange of those Citizens of eminence who were not clearly invested with military Commissions. You may rest assured, as I before mentioned, that whenever it shall be expedient to make an offer of a general exchange of southern prisoners that the cases of the Gentlemen in Captivity at Augustine46 will be particularly attended to, and every advantage which they ought to derive from the capitulation of Charles town will be insisted upon, should the enemy attempt to deprive them of them. To make propositions for their partial exchanges would I am certain be of no avail. I have written to General Greene for a state of southern prisoners on both sides, that I may be able to form a judgment of the operation which a general exchange would have. Captivity is certainly most disagreeable and distressing to the Individuals who are the objects of it, but private inconvenience must for a while give way to public good. I am etc.47
[Note 46: St. Augustine, Fla.]
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Sir: Your Memorial of the 24th of Feby addressed to me, was lodged at Head Quarters, while I was absent on a Journey to Rhode Island, from which place I have but lately arrived.
In answer to your request to be appointed Chaplain of the Garrison at Wyoming I have to observe; that there is no provision made by Congress for such an establishment; without which, I should not be at liberty to make any appointment of the kind, however necessary or expedient (in my opinion) or however I might be disposed to give every species of countenance and encouragement to the cultivation of Virtue, Morality and Religion. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 49: Delegate to the Continental Congress from North Carolina.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 23, 1781.
Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 24th. ulto. while at New port. Your communication of the positions and relative distances of the several places mentioned in the late letters from the southward, has been both satisfactory and serviceable to me, as I have not been able to find many of them upon the Maps. Should you in future find leisure to favor me with similar information, you will confer an obligation on Sir Your etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your two Letters of Yesterday.
As soon as the time of Major Cartwrights resignation is transmitted by you, so that the Discharge may be properly dated, it shall be granted.
I do not recollect Austin51 to have been employed by me; but he may be sent to this place; where he will be recognised, if he
[Note 51: John Austin, American spy.] has been employed as a private Agent and the pass given accordingly.52 I am &c.53
[Note 52: On March 28 Washington wrote again to Heath: "I have no objection to Austin's having permission to go to Morris Town, if nothing unfavorable has been discovered of him, while employed as you Mention." This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
[Note 53: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 24, 1781.
Sir: I have received you favr. of the 20th. ulto. inclosing a representation signed by you and a number of the Field Officers of the Virginia line against the readmission of Brigadier Weedon to command in the line of that State.54 Being a stranger to the transactions which took place at the time General Weedon was thought to have retired from service, I can give no decided opinion upon the propriety of his assertion of his rank or your objections to it. I observe a Copy of the representation has been also transmitted to Congress; they alone can decide upon the point, as I have lately been informed that General Weedons leave of retirement was founded upon a special Resolve, which, if there was such an one, was never communicated to me. I am etc.
[Note 54: The representation is in the Washington Papers under date of Feb. 18, 1781. It was addressed to Baron Steuben, and a copy was forwarded to Washington by the Baron in his letter of Apr. 15, 1781.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 24, 1781.
Sir: I received your favor of the 3d. Ulto. by Genl. Hand who arrived here about the middle of this month.
It is a painfull consideration that the late reform of the Army has deprived the service of many excellent Officers; but as matters of this kind must be regulated upon general principles, the lot, as in your instance, will sometimes fall hard upon individuals who would have wished to have remained.55
[Note 55: Hubley had been retired in January, 1781, when the Pennsylvania line was reformed.]
There are some measures under the consideration of Congress, which, if carried into execution, may tend to introduce a part of the half pay Officers again into service, in the line of the Military Staff, should the measures I allude to be adopted, you may perhaps have an opportunity of attaining your wishes. In the mean time, I will not withhold from you the Certificate which I think justly due to your merit. I am &c.
[C. H. S.]
(Duplicate)
It is feared the original miscarried, as the last Weeks Mail is supposed to have been carried into New York, in [that was Genl Waynes Certifie.]56
[Note 56: In the writing of George Augustine Washington. The last paragraph is in the writing of Tilghman with the phrase in brackets in that of Washington.
The certificate, supposed to have been intercepted by the British, is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and is now in the possession of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J., who kindly furnished a photostat copy. The draft of the letter and the certificate, both in the writing of Tilghman, are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 24, 1781.
Sir: I have so repeatedly, but without effect, called upon you to attend the business of your department, near Head Quarters, that I have been under the disagreeable necessity of representing the matter to Congress. It is with them therefore to determine whether your general place of residence shall be at Philada. or with the Army.57 I am &c.58
[Note 57: Wilkinson resigned as Clothier General of the Continental Army on Mar. 27, 1781.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 24, 1781.
Sir: It is but three days since I recd. your Letter of the 15th of Febry. requesting to be informed whether the Extra Ration issued to the Officers of the Army, since the 1st. of Novr. was to be deducted from their subsistence, or considered as a gratuity.
Although I do not conceive myself authorised to make any addition to the Number of Rations established by Congress, yet the same pressing necessity which dictated the Order for issuing two Rations in kind, instead of one, will be a strong reason for considering the Extra Ration as an indulgence, gratuitously given to make good the deficiencies of Rations, parts of Rations, and to afford a partial relief for the want of pay and the means of obtaining the necessaries of life. I therefore give it clearly as my opinion, that this Extra Ration ought not to be deducted from the subsistence. Nor do I believe, it will in common, more than supply the deficiency of the retained Articles to which the Officers are entitled.
Before you proceed to the settlement of the subsistence of the Army, you may take the proper Measures for obtaining the sense of Congress, on this subject, and you will be at liberty to make such use of this Letter as you think best. I am &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 24, 1781.
Sir: The Board of War have lately laid before me a summary of the situation of the department of the Commy. General of Military Stores, for want of Money to pay the arrearages due to the Workmen, and to procure proper materials for carrying on the Business of the Elaboratories.60 This is a matter of so much importance, and which, if not remedied, will so materially affect our operations not only in this quarter but to the Southward, (for I find by the requisitions lately made that the supply of Ammunition, Arms and Accoutrements for that Army must go principally from hence) that I cannot refrain from mentioning it to Congress, altho' I know it has been very fully represented to them by the Board of War. If it shall be found, upon due consideration, that it is impossible to furnish the estimated sum, or such part of it as will enable the business to go forward in some degree, I would advise a discharge of the Workmen upon hire, to avoid a considerable consumption of provision and an accumulation of expence by the amount of their Wages: But I flatter myself that means may be found to prevent a measure which could not but be followed by most disagreeable consequences.
[Note 60: At this point the draft has the following: "which are all of them, in great measure, at a stand."]
It gives me pain to be under the necessity of lodging with Congress a complaint against the conduct of a public Officer, but so exceptionable, in my opinion, has that of Mr. Wilkinson the Cloathier General been, that I think it my duty and justice to the public to represent it. Immediately after that Gentleman was appointed in 1779, I informed him of the necessity of the head of every department being generally near Head Quarters, and pointed out to him the disadvantages which had arisen from his predecessors absence from the Army, and the trouble which had been thrown upon me in consequence. Mr. Wilkinson urged the necessity of his returning at that time to Philada. as the arrangements of the department had not been compleated, but promised to make the Army the place of his general residence. Notwithstanding this, and my frequent calls upon him since, I think I speak within bounds, when I say, that the whole time of his attendance upon me does not amount altogether to three Months. By which, every application which respects his department is referred to and order is given in it by me, and sometimes, for want of information, contradictory to those which have been given by himself, when at a distance from me. In justice to Mr. Moylan the Assistant Cloathier at Camp, I must remark, that the most assiduous attention has been paid by him to the Business, but Congress must be sensible that there are many matters which the Head of a department can only regulate.
I know not how necessary Mr. Wilkinsons almost constant residence in Philada. may be, but should it not be deemed essential, I could wish that Congress would interpose their authority since mine has been ineffectual.
I do myself the honor to inclose the Copy of a letter from the Commy. General of purchases,61 principally to shew to what a situation we shall soon be reduced for Flour, should the State of Pennsylvania adhere to their order to their Agent to send no more forward, on account of the Convention Troops being ordered into that State. I hope there may have been some misconception in the matter, for it is hardly possible that the State should stop the supplies for the Army because about 1500 prisoners are brought into it for support. I have the honor etc.62
[Note 61: The original of the letter of March 23 from Commissary General Blaine to Washington is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on April 2 and referred to the Board of War.]
[Note 65: Of Maryland.]
New Windsor, March 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: A few days ago brought me the honor of your favor of the 7th. Instt. from Marlbro. Your other letter of Jany. the 20th. came duly to hand, for both I thank you;66 without
[Note 66: Neither of these letters are now found m the Washington Papers.] offering an apology for suffering the latter to remain unacknowledged till this time; because I am satisfied you will attribute my silence to any cause rather than disrespect, and to none sooner than the true one, viz., the load of business which continually presses upon me.
It was with sincere concern I heard of the injury you sustained in your property at the Mouth of Patuxent; but it is only adding another specimen to the catalogue of British clemency, and boasted generosity.
The accession of Maryland to the confederation, and the relinquishment of the claim of Virginia to the Lands West of Ohio, are events which are exceedingly pleasing to me, but I am not sufficiently acquainted with the powers of Civil government, under the present Constitutions of the several States, to determine how far they are able to obtain Men for the War, or for three years, by coercion, nor am I enough acquainted with the abilities of them, to declare what Sums they ought to have given to Soldiers under this description in preference to a draft of Men for a short term; this however I am decided in, that the latter is the most expensive, and least effectual mode that ever was devised to carry on a War, which is like to become a War of finance. and that no funds within our reach can support it long. I speak upon the best ground when I assert this, because no day, nor hour arrives without bringing with it some evidence in support of the truth of the observation. To this cause also the prolongation of the War; the wretched State of our finances, and every capital misfortune that has befallen us may be traced.
I as little scruple to add that, unless the powers of Congress are made competent to all the purposes of War we are doing no more than wasting our time, and spending our treasure to very little purpose for it is impossible to apply the strength and resources of this Country while one State complies with, another rejects, and the majority of them changes or mutilates the requisitions of that Body. Hence the willing States are capitally injured if not ruined. Hence proceed distrust, jealously, and dissatisfaction; and the impossibility of either projecting or executing (with certainty) any plan whatsoever. Hence proceed all those delays, which to people at a distance, and unacquainted with circumstances, are altogether unaccountable. And hence it is we incur useless expence, because we do not bring our force, and means, into operation at the same time, some being exhausted, before others are obtained.
We wait with much sollicitude advices from the Southern Army; our last accts. from that quarter were less gloomy than the former, but not less equivocal and distressing. I have heard nothing from General Greene since the 28th. of Feby., nor of him (with precision) since the 2d. Instt. Matters were so critically circumstanced at that time, as to add pain to impatience. Equally ignorant, and equally anxious am I, with respect to the French Fleet under the Command of the Chevalier Des Touches. No acct. of whom have I received (but vague ones through the channel of Rivingtons Paper) since he left New port.67 At Yorktown in Virginia there was no intelligence of him on the 15th.
[Note 67: Washington did not receive Destouches's letter of March 19, which is now in the Washington Papers, until March 30. In it the French commander described his encounter with the British squadron and gave his reasons for not pursuing the British when they continued on their way to the Chesapeake. Destouches returned to Newport March 26. (See Washington's letter to Destouches, Mar. 31, 1781, post.)]
[It is to be lamented, greatly lamented, that the French Commanders...]68
[Note 68: The omitted portion is practically the same as that marked "Private" in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, Mar. 23, 1781, ante, and in the above letter to Fitzhugh is likewise included within a marginal brace and marked "Private."
On March 25, also, Washington in a brief note to Heath, inclosed Maj. Thomas Cartright's discharge and informed him that a British deserter was sent back to be delivered to the Westchester County civil authorities. This note is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
I have heard nothing from General Thompson since his release from captivity, and as his joining the Army will depend upon his promotion, and his promotion on Congress, the time of it is uncertain; but that your Son may be relieved from his present anxiety, suspence, and all possible censure I will, with much pleasure, receive him into my family as an extra Aid till Thompson arrives. In the mean while, his rank may be ascertained and his Commission procured.
Mrs. Washington makes a tender of her Compliments to Mrs. Fitzhugh, to which please to add those of Dr. Sir, Yr. etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, March 25, 1781.
I certify that Robt. H. Harrison Esqr. Lieutt. Colo. in the Continental Army, entered the Service in the month of October 1775 as one of my Aid de Camps, and in May following became my Secretary; the duties of which offices he discharged with conspicuous abilities. That his whole conduct, during all the intervening periods of the War has been marked by the strictest integrity and the most attentive and faithful services, while by personl. bravery he has been distinguished on sevl. occasions.
New Windsor, March 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th. from Carlisle came to me safe, as did the letter alluded to in it; which I should have thanked you for long 'ere this if the public business in which I am engaged wd. yield obedience to my inclination, and indulge me more frequently in the gratification of an epistolary and pleasing intercourse with my friends. I received with much pleasure the acct. of your recovered health, and sincerely wish it may be of long continuance and much usefulness to yourself and Country.
We ought not to look back, unless it is to derive useful lessons from past errors, and for the purpose of profiting by dear bought experience. To enveigh against things that are past and irremediable, is unpleasing; but to steer clear of the shelves and rocks we have struck upon, is the part of wisdom, equally incumbent on political, as other men, who have their own little bark, or that of others to navigate through the intricate paths of life, or the trackless Ocean to the haven of secury. and rest.
Our affairs are brought to an awful crisis, that the hand of Providence, I trust, may be more conspicuous in our deliverance.
The many remarkable interpositions of the divine governmt. in the hours of our deepest distress and darkness, have been too luminous to suffer me to doubt the happy issue of the present contest; but the period for its accomplishmt. may be too far distant for a person of my years, whose Morning and Evening hours, and every moment (unoccupied by business), pants for retirement; and for those domestic and rural enjoyments which in my estimation far surpasses the highest pageantry of this world.
We wait with anxious sollicitude, advices from the Southern army; our last accts. from that quarter were less gloomy than the former, but not less equivocal and distressing. I have heard nothing from Genl. Greene since the 28th. of Feby, nor of him (with precision) since the 2d. Inst. Matters were so critically circumstanced at that time as to add pain to impatience; equally ignorant and equally anxious am I with respect to the French fleet undr. the comd. of the Chevalier Destouches. No acct. of whom have I received (but vague ones through the channel of Rivington's Paper) since he left New port; at York town in Virga. (24 miles from Hampton Road the place of his destination) there was no intelligence of him on the 15th.
[It is to be lamented, greatly lamented, that the French Commanders...]69
[Note 69: The omitted portion is practically the same as was written to Schuyler on Mar. 23, 1781, q. v., and in the above letter to Armstrong was likewise inclosed in a marginal brace and marked "Private" by Washington.]
I am sorry to hear that the recruiting business in your State is clogged with so many embarrassments. It is perhaps, the greatest of the great evils attending this contest, that States as well as individuals, had rather wish well, than act well; had rather see a thing done, than do it; or contribute their just proportion to the doing it. This conduct is not only injurious to the common cause but in the end most expensive to themselves; besides the distrusts and jealousies which are sown by such conduct. To expect brick without straw, is idle, and yet I am called upon with as much facility to furnish Men and means for every service and every want as if every iota required of the States had been furnished, and the whole was at my disposal; when the fact is, I am scarcely able to provide a garrison for West point, or to feed the Men that are there. This, and ten thousand reasons which I could assign, prove the necessity of something more than recommendatory powers in Congress. If that body is not vested with a controuling power in matters of common concern, and for the great purposes of War, I do not scruple to give it, decidedly, as my opinion, that it will be impossible to prosecute it to any good effect. Some States are capitally injured, if not ruin'd by their own exertions and the neglects of others while by these irregularities the strength and resources of the Country never are, nor can be employed to advantage. but I have exceeded the bounds of a common letter and shall trespass no longer than while I can assure you that I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: I recollect there was a Gun Boat employed on the River, which was withdrawn at the setting in of Winter, and which is again necessary for the same service, I wish therefore you would have it refitted, and stationed as formerly, for the same purposes.
In answer to your Letter of the 25th. respecting inoculation, you will be pleased to observe; it was under the idea of the New Hampshire Troops being continued at West Point, that I consented to have the Huts of that Line made use of as Hospitals, because I was unwilling to have any other Troops mix with those under inoculation, so as to spread the infection by ordinary duty, or in case of Detachment; and because I wished to be able to put a stop to it, at any period. If it can be done, in this manner, I still think it adviseable, and that the greater Number can be accommodated, at one time, the better. In the mean time, I have instructed the Director of the Hospitals, to make the necessary preparations, as perfectly, and as soon as practicable. I am etc.70
[Note 70: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: On my return from Newport, I found your favor of the 16th: February, with its inclosures, at Head Quarters. I exceedingly regret that I could not have the pleasure of seeing you, not only from personal motives, but because I could have entered upon the subject of your mission in a much more and full free manner, than is proper to be committed to paper.
I very early saw the difficulties and dangers to which the southern States would be exposed for want of resources of Cloathing, Arms, and Ammunition, and recommended Magazines to be established as ample as their circumstances would admit. It is true they are not so full of Men as the Northern States; but they ought, for that reason, to have been more assiduous in raising a permanent force, to have been always ready, because they cannot draw a head of Men together as suddenly as their exigencies may require. That policy has, unhappily, not been pursued either here or there, and we are now suffering, from a remnant of a British Army, what they could not, in the beginning, accomplish with their force at the highest.
As your requisitions go to Men, Arms, Ammunition and Cloathing, I shall give you a short detail of our situation and prospects as to the first, and of our supplies and expectations as to the three last.
By the expiration of the times of service of the old troops, by the discharge of the Levies engaged for the Campaign only, and by the unfortunate dissolution of the pennsylvania line, I was left, previous to the late detachment under the Marquis de la Fayette, with a Garrison barely sufficient for the security of West point, and two Regiments in Jersey to support the communication between the Delaware and North River. The York troops I had been obliged to send up for the security of the Frontier of that State. Weak however as we were, I determined to attempt the dislodgement of Arnold in conjunction with the French Fleet and Army, and made the detachment to which I have alluded. In my late tour to the Eastward, I found the accounts, I had received of the progress of recruiting in those States, had been much exaggerated, and I fear we shall, in the end, be obliged again to take a great proportion of their quotas in levies for the Campaign, instead of Soldiers for three years or for the War. The Regiments of New York having been reduced to two; They have but few Infantry to raise. Jersey depends upon voluntary inlistments, upon a contracted Bounty, and I cannot therefore promise myself much success from the mode. The pennsylvania line, you know, is ordered to compose part of the southern Army. General Wayne is so sanguine as to suppose he will be soon able to move on with 1000 or 1200 Men, but I fancy he rather overrates the matter. You will readily perceive from the foregoing state, that there is little probability of adding to the force already ordered to the southward. For should the Battalions, from New Hampshire to New Jersey inclusive, be compleated, (a thing not to be expected) we shall, after the necessary detachments for the Frontiers and other purposes are made, have an Army barely sufficient to keep the enemy in check at New York. Except this is done, they will have nothing to hinder them from throwing further reinforcements to the Southward; and to be obliged to follow, by land, every detachment of their Army, which they always make by sea, will only end in a fruitless dissipation of what may be now called the Northern Army. You may be assured that the most powerful diversion that can be made in favor of the southern States, will be a respectable force in the neighhourhood of New York. I have hitherto been speaking of our own resources, should a reinforcement arrive to the French Fleet and Army, the face of matters may be intirely changed.
I do not find that we can, at any rate, have more than two thousand Stand of Arms to spare, perhaps not so many; for should the Battalions, which are to compose this Army, be compleat or nearly so, they will take all that are in repair or repairable. The two thousand stand came in the Alliance from France, and I have kept them apart for an exigency.
Our Stock of Ammunition, tho' competent to the defensive, is, by a late estimate of the commanding Officer of Artillery, vastly short of an offensive operation of any consequence. Should circumstances put it in our power to attempt such an one, we must depend upon the private Magazines of the States and upon our Allies. On the contrary, should the defensive plan be determined upon, what ammunition can be spared, will be undoubtedly sent to the Southward.
Of Cloathing we are in a manner exhausted. We have not enough for the few Recruits which may be expected, and except that, which has been so long looked for and talked of from France, should arrive, the troops must, next Winter, go naked, unless their States can supply them.
From the foregoing representation, you will perceive that the proportion of the Continental Army already allotted to southern service is as much as, from present appearances, can be spared for that purpose. And that a supply of Arms, Ammunition or Cloathing of any consequence must depend, in a great measure, upon future purchases or importations.
Nothing which is within the compass of my power shall be wanting to give support to the southern States, but you may readily conceive, how irksome a thing it must be to me to be called upon for assistance, when I have not the means of affording it. I am etc.
Duplicate. It is feared that the original miscarried with last Weeks Mail, which is missing and is supposed to have been taken and carried into New York.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons, May 3, 1781, post.)]
[V.S.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 27, 1781.
Sir: Your several Letters of the 9th, 15th and 18th Inst. were duly received, while I was absent from this place, on my Journey to Rhode Island. I have now to thank you for the intelligence communicated in them.
It gives me great uneasiness, to find that the irregular and improper mode of receiving and treating British Flags at Elizabeth Town, should open a channel of intelligence for the Enemy, and promote that illicit intercourse which ought to be totally eradicated. You will be pleased therefore, to communicate to the commanding Officer from me, the Instructions formerly given to you, when Commanding at that Post. You will also impress upon him, the absolute necessity of enforcing the strictest obedience to those Orders. I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing, I am favour'd with yours of the 26th. I have such a confidence in your prudence, as well as zeal for the service, that I cannot hesitate, to give my permission for employing the 20 Men, in the manner you propose.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
"I have a prospect of doing something to advantage upon Staten Island with twenty men which with Your excellencys permission I will attempt."-- Dayton to Washington, Mar. 26, 1781. Dayton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 27, 1781.
Sir: I have just received your Letter of the 25th Inst. On the subject of which I have to observe that, it was my intention The Indians in question should be supplied with the same Ration which is issued to our Troops; but you will now be pleased to leave the determination of this matter to the Commissioners of Indian affairs, agreeably to the Resolution of Congress of the 24th March 1779. I am &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, March 28, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Untill further Orders Colonel Hughes, Deputy Quarter Master General, has permission to pass the Guards and Ferries; also his Assistants and others in his Employ having his written passport.
New Windsor, March 28, 1781.
Dear Lund: Since my last, your letter of the 14th. Instt. is received. If Mr. Triplet has got as much Land as he has given, and you have paid him the cash difference with a proper allowance for the depreciation since file bargain was made, I am at a loss to discover the ground of his complaint; and if men will complain without cause, it is a matter of no great moment. it always, and now is my wish to do him justice, and if there is any thing lacking in it, delay not to give him full measure of justice, because I had rather exceed, than fall Short.
We have heard nothing certain of the two Fleets since they left their respective ports. We wait with impatient anxiety for advices from Chesapeake, and the Southern Army. God send they may be favourable to us; a detachment from New York has made two or three attempts to put to Sea (for the purpose, it is said, of reinforcing either Arnold or Cornwallis) and as often returned. My last accts. from New York mention another attempt on the 25th; but whether with truth, or not, it is not in my power to say. It was unfortunate; but this I mention in confidence, that the French Fleet and detachment did not undertake the enterprize they are now upon, when I first proposed it to them; the destruction of Arnolds Corps would then have been inevitable before the British fleet could have been in a condition to put to Sea. instead of this the small squadron, which took the Romulus and other Vessels was sent, and could not, as I foretold, do any thing without a Land force at Portsmouth.74
[Note 74: To this point the letter was published by the British in Rivington's Gazette, Apr. 4, 1781.]
How many Lambs have you had this Spring? How many Colts are you like to have? Is your covered ways done? What are you going about next? Have you any prospect of getting paint and Oyl? are you going to repair the Pavement of the Piazza? is anything doing, or like to be done with respect to the Wall at the edge of the Hill in front of the House? Have you made good rite decayed Trees at the ends of the House, in the Hedges, &ca. Have you made any attempts to reclaim more Land for meadow? &ca. &ca. An acct. of these things would be satisfactory to me, and infinitely amusing in the recital, as I have these kind of improvements very much at heart. As soon as you can conveniently do it after receipt of this letter, give me a list of the number and kind of Mares I possess. the number of Colts from 4 years old (inclusive) to those of this spring with the ages, colour, kind, and Sexes. Mrs. Washington (from report only, I believe) has taken a fancy to a Horse belonging to Mr. James Cleveland, brother to the one had from him before (and wch. I think a fine horse), if you can get him in the way of barter, provided he is as handsome, and as fine a horse as represented, and the colour of the set she drives, I shall be very well pleased with your doing it. She joins me in best wishes for you Mrs. Washington, and Milly Posey, I am etc.75
[Note 75: The letter was intercepted by the British.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 29, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have never yet heard whether the Officers have had any or what success under the law for recruiting, you will be pleased to inform me by the first opportunity.76
[Note 76: Dayton answered (March 30): "I have also inclosed the New York Account of an action between the french and english fleets by which I think it does not appear the english have any advantage." Dayton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
We have a report, by the way of Kings Bridge that there has been an action near the Chesapeak between the French and British Fleets; but no particulars. If you have any thing of it from Staten Island be pleased to let me hear from you. I am &c.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 29, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 21st. I have not received any intelligence from the Southward since the letter of the 15th. from the Marquis de la Fayette, the substance of which I communicated to your Excellency in my last. I cannot but look upon this as very unaccountable, for I think had either Fleet reached the Chesapeak by the 20th. I should have heard of it, unless a dispatch should have miscarried. I can judge of your Excellency's anxiety by my own, and shall therefore make you the most instant communication of what I may receive.
The Transports with Troops at New York had twice sailed and twice put back and were yet within the Hook on the 24th. instant. This accounts for the seeming inconsistence of the intelligence which I have heretofore transmitted respecting them. Colo. Dayton, an officer on whom I much depend, thinks they probably sailed again on the 25th. I have the honor etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 79: Auditor of Accounts of the Continental Army]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 29, 1781.
Sir: You will be pleased to deliver to the Pay Masters of the several Massachusetts Regts. the Muster Rolls of the Regts. for the Months of May, June and July last, in Order to take Copies of the same to make a settlement with the state, the Sd. Pay Masters, having engaged to you to return the Rolls into the Office, as soon as the Copies are made and Certified by you. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 29, 1781
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys letter of the 25th. instant. The complaint, as to provision, contained in the depositions of the several Hessian prisoners lately exchanged,81 is the first that I ever heard respecting the quality of that delivered by the American Commissaries to their prisoners of War. Your Excellency will therefore pardon me, if I do not give intire credit to it. The very healthy condition, in which all prisoners have been returned by us since the commencement of the War, carries with it a conviction that they have been uniformly, comfortably accommodated and fed on wholesome provisions. That the sick as well as the well have lately
[Note 81: See Rauthe, Philip, examination before a committee of officers in New York, Mar. 8, 1781, in the Washington Papers.] suffered in Philada. for want of Cloathing and other necessaries, is a point which I readily concede, but I must deny that the blame is to be imputed to us. That great attention has been paid to the sick, especially upon the late appearance of the putrid fever among them, needs no other proof, than that that malignant disorder was stopped almost as soon as discovered by the removal of the patients from the places of their confinement to the most roomy and convenient Hospitals near the City.
Mr. Loring has furnished your Excellency with a number of extracts from his letters to our Commy. of prisoners setting forth the frequent applications which he has made for passports for Officers to proceed with Cloathing and necessaries for your prisoners in different places, but he seems to have forgotten to inform you that the passports for Capt. Bartling and Ensign Van Kovan82 were granted and that those Gentlemen actually proceeded and transacted the business committed to them. This will appear by the inclosed Copy of a letter from Mr. Skinner to me.83 Mr Loring's requisition for passports for Lieut: Sobbe84 and Qr. Mr. Hertzhog85 is only dated the 14th. inst. it was presented to me a few days ago, and the passports were immediately made out and delivered to Mr. Skinner who will forward them to Mr. Loring. There may have been particular times when it was inexpedient to admit Officers within our lines; But I am confident that few instances are to be adduced where passports for Officers and others to visit and carry necessaries either to the Troops of Convention or to the prisoners of War have not been granted as soon as requested; indeed
[Note 82: Ensign von Kovan, of the Regiment Losberg, senior, German allied troops, British Army m America.]
[Note 83: Skinner's letter to Washington (March 28). The original is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: Lieut. Christian Sobbe, of the Regiment Knyphausen, German allied troops.]
[Note 85: Quarter Master James Hertzog, of the Seventeenth Foot, British Army in America.] so conscious have I been that the situation in which we always kept prisoners of War would bear inspection, that I have never been averse to having them visited by an Officer of their own, who might be a witness to the propriety of their treatment. A request of this nature was a very little time ago refused to us by the Officer commanding the British Navy in the Harbour of New York.
Your Excellency may be assured that no person can wish to aleviate the rigors of Captivity more than I do, and that attention shall be ever paid to complaints which are well grounded. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 87: Of New York State.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 30, 1781.
Gentlemen: Upon the representation of the Acting Quarter Master with the Army, that public Teams cannot be furnished to bring forward the Provisions necessary for the immediate subsistence of the Troops, that private ones cannot be procured upon hire, and that application hath been made in vain to the neighbouring Justices for their impress Warrants; I have thought proper to state the circumstances, and to request your interposition and assistance on the Occasion.
It is necessary to be known in the first place, that there is but a small quantity of flour at present in the Magazines of the Army; Our whole dependence is therefore placed on the supplies now on the Communication, and which cannot be brought forward in season to relieve our Wants, without a general and speedy exertion of the substantial Farmers of the Country, who are possessed of the means of transportation. In addition to the distresses in which the Army will be involved in the course of a few days, if the flour in question is not conveyed to this place; the danger to which the important Posts on this River, will be exposed under these circumstances; and the hazard of loosing some part of the flour itself, which is now deposited within the reach of a Stroke from file Enemy, are objects of the most interesting consequence, which ought to be taken into consideration.
I have therefore to sollicit and request in the most earnest manner, that the Justices in their several Districts will issue their impress Warrants for the Number of Teams required by the Quarter Master for the beforementioned purposes.88 Ever averse to all coercive Measures, which may seem to interfere with the rights of the Civil Authority, I cannot but flatter myself this application will be attended with the desired success, and supersede the necessity of having recourse to a Military impress. But if it should prove otherwise. While the existence of the Army and the preservation of the key to the Country, depend on the measure. After this candid stating of the matter; What friend to his Country is there, who would not approve of its being carried into execution by Military coercion? I am etc.89
[Note 88: At this point the following is crossed off "and for transporting a small quantity of Cloathing to Morris Town to be forwarded to the Troops ordered to the Southward."]
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letters of the [26th. and]90 29th. The situation of the New York Troops, I am sensible, is indeed distressing; but I am in hopes their distresses will be in
[Note 90: The words "26th. and" appear in the draft.] some measure alleviated, by an Order which the Dep. Pay Master has just received on the Treasury of this State for money to pay the Troops of its Line. Should this not be productive of relief; I will make representations to Congress, and use every Means in my power, to have them placed in as favorable circumstances as the Troops of other States.
I will urge the forwarding of the Provisions, on the Officers concerned, in the most pressing Manner.
While on your Journey from Rhode Island to the Army, I conceive, you are entitled to your Rations as well as at any other Period. As to the extra expences incurred by the Commanding Officer of the Garrison of West Point, I am not informed what has been the practice on former occasions; Nor did General Greene ever converse with me on the subject. It seems but reasonable that there should be an allowance for the unavoidable expences of keeping a Table at such a Post. Altho I do not think myself authorised to establish a precedent of this kind; yet I think it probable that Congress, upon a proper representation, would do what was equitable; by establishing a rule to operate generally in such Cases.
Before the arrival of some of the General Officers now absent from the Army, it will be impossible that your presence should be dispensed with. And even then, it will be with reluctance, that I can consent to the absence of a Gentleman, of such rank, whose services are so necessary, and from whom I have derived such essential aid and assistance. I am &c.91
[Note 91: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.S.H]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 30, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favor of the 22d. instant inclosing the heads of two plans for the incorporation of the departments of Qr. Mr. General and Commissarie's General of purchases and Issues and that of the Commissary of prisoners in some degree, the whole to be under the direction of the Quarter Master General. If there is an absolute necessity for such a reform, I do not hesitate in pronouncing in favour of the second plan, because, by it, the three great departments are united under one common head, whereas by the first, the Commissariate in some measure exists, which would lead to confusion and intricacy in transacting the business.
The Board are very justly pleased to observe that "all changes are not reformations, and that great caution should be used in making them, especially at the opening of a Campaign." Colo. Pickering has, I should suppose, informed himself of the sentiments of his deputies upon the plan he has proposed, otherwise, should it be adopted [it will be in their power to fix terms for themselves, or] confusion would immediately ensue by the resignation of all those who could not undertake an additional trouble of office, without an addition of salary. [The effect of wch. at the present advanced Season may easily be conceived.] Oeconomy is undoubtedly the sole motive and end of the plan proposed. Now if that cannot be introduced, and in a very extensive degree too, it will be well to consider whether we had not best begin by the uniting, as formerly the [departments of] purchasing and issuing [Commissary] under one set of Officers; for as the Board have again observed, double sets of Officers have been found productive of expence, but little or no check upon each other. By the second plan, an Officer under the Character of superintendant, who will be something similar in duty to the Commissary of purchases at present, is instituted. He must be allowed, it is presumed a certain number of Clerks or Assistants. The Quarter Master General is also to be allowed a suitable number of Clerks to enable him to transact the additional load of business thrown upon him. Now before a determination is formed, let a calculation be made of the difference of expence between a Commy. General of Purchases with his Assistants &c. both at fixed posts and with the Army and a superintendant of provisions with his Clerks and Assistants and the additional number of Clerks necessary to the Quarter Master Genl. should he undertake the management of all the departments. If the saving to the public should not appear very considerable, by the abolition of the Commissariate altogether, will it be worth while to risque the mischiefs which may arise from an attempt unknown in other services? or will it be worth while to add, for a trifle, to the load of Business which, in the embarrassed State of our Affairs, presses upon the Quarter Master? For although, as he observes, he already has the care and trouble of drawing from fixed Magazines all the provision deposited at them, yet he would find, upon experiment, a thousand little perplexities incident to the Commissary's department, of which, perhaps, he is not aware. While I applaud the motives on which he offers to undertake the business, I cannot help expressing my fears, that he is about to undertake too much: For I very well know, that when our public affairs were in better train, the Quarter Master General found it sufficiently difficult to execute the Civil and Military duties of his Office, [and an active campaign will give him much more of the latter than he has yet experienced, or may have an idea of from the inactivity of the last.]
I have dwelled particularly on the incorporation of the Qr. Mrs. and Commissary's department. I think the Dy. Qr. Masters, at posts where there are prisoners of War, may, without inconvenience, do the duties of Dy. Commissaries of prisoners also, subject so far as the business respects prisoners to the directions of the head of that department.
I have recd. your favr. of the 26th. inclosing the instructions to Colo. Wood relative to the management of the Convention troops and prisoners of War in Virginia. I have the honor etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, March 30, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A Sub, Serjeant, and twenty watermen to be sent immediately to Newburgh to assist Captain Nevins in floating the rafts to and stretching the chain at Westpoint.
Also a subaltern officer to be immediately sent to the same place to relieve the Subaltern now on command there.
A return is to be made of all the oarsmen in the several regiments digested into Brigade returns and sent into the Adjutant General's office by the 4th. of April next.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 31, 1781.
Sir: I send you herewith an application to the Civil Authority for impress Warrants to procure Teams for the transportation of flour &c. I wish you to send proper Persons of Your Department to negotiate the business and to use every exertion to have the Stores brought on, as soon as possible. The Cloathing for Philadelphia may be forwarded by these Teams, without expense, to Ringwood, or some concerted point, where it may be taken up by the Return Teams, or others previously collected for the purpose. I am &c.
P.S. On second thought, it will be best for the Cloathing to go the interior Road, by Sussex &c.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 31, 1781.
Sir: I was last evening honored with your Excellency's favor of the 27th. covering an open letter for the Count de Rochambeau, by which, you have been so good as to make me the earliest communication of the action on the 16th. between the French and British Fleets off the Capes of Chesapeak. By the inclosed you will be informed of the return of the former into the harbour of Newport.
I must confess to your Excellency, that I was never sanguine as to the success of that expedition, after the sailing of the two Fleets so nearly together, knowing it would turn in great measure, upon the arrival of Mr. des Touche in the Chesapeak before Mr. Arbuthnot. A circumstance of the utmost uncertainty, not depending upon the valor or skill of the commanding officer, but upon Winds and Weather; and I assure you, I more sensibly feel the anxiety expressed by the Baron Viomenil and the Chevr. des Touche lest any thing should be attributed to the want of execution on their parts, than I do the disappointment in the plan which we had in contemplation. But certain I am, that instead of sentiments of so ungenerous a nature, there will be an universal admiration of the good conduct and bravery exhibited by the Officers and Men of His Most Christian Majesty's Squadron, when opposed to one of superior force. I have the honor etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang. Mems. et Does., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 31, 1781.
Sir: I last night received your Excellency's favor of the 27th: announcing the return of the Squadron under the command of the Chevalier Des Touche to the Harbour of Newport. A few minutes before your letter reached me, the inclosed, which His Excellency the Minister of France had the goodness to send under an open cover to me, informed me of the Action wh'ich had happened on the 16th: off the Capes of Chesapeak. I likewise received letters from the Chevalier de Touche and the Baron Viomenil by the same conveyance.
While I regret the disappointment of our plan, I cannot but admire the good conduct and valour displayed by Mr. des Touche. The Officers and Men of his Squadron in the course of the action, and I am happy to find by the letters from him and the Baron Viomenil that there was the most generous emulation between the land and sea forces. It may, I think, be fairly said, that Great Britain owes the safety of her detachment under the command of Arnold to the influence of the Winds and not to the superiority of her Navy in the late affair.
I have received an account, though not the particulars, of an engagement on the 15th. instant between General Greene and Lord Cornwallis near Guilford Court House in North Carolina. I impatiently expect official accounts which I shall transmit to your Excellency.
I am extremely sorry to learn by your favor of the 25th. that the Chevalier Chattelus has been ill. Your next I hope will inform me of his perfect recovery, than which scarce any intelligence can be more agreeable. I have the honor etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 31, 1781.
Sir: I had last Evening the honor of receiving your letter dated on Board the Duke De Bourgogne96 the 19th. instant. By a letter from the Chevalier des Touche which accompanied yours I am informed of the unavoidable causes of the failure of the enterprise which we had in contemplation. I am perfectly convinced that every effort was made to carry you to the place of your destination, and I attribute the disappointment to the influence of the Winds and not to any want of valour or good conduct in the Officers and Men of his Majesty's Fleet. Mr. des Touche speaks in the handsomest manner of the zeal with which the Officers and Men under your command seconded his endeavours. I regret that they had not an opportunity of giving proofs of their bravery on land: But I hope, with you, that we shall be more fortunate another time. I beg you will be assured that I am &c.97
[Note 96: Duc de Bourgogne, the flagship of Destouches.]
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 31, 1781.
Sir: I was last evening honored with your favor of the 19th. instant by the Hermione Via Philada. and with a duplicate from Newport. I am obliged by the minute detail which you are pleased to give me of the Action on the 16th. instant between the Squadron of his Most Christian Majesty under your command and that of the British under Admiral Arbuthnot. Though you have not been able to accomplish the object which you had in view, you have merited the thanks of every American by the boldness of the attempt, and by the gallantry and good conduct displayed through the whole course of the engagement. I will confess to you, Sir, I was never sanguine in my expectations, after I saw the British Fleet follow you so closely from Gardiners Bay. I knew that the success of the expedition depended almost intirely upon your arrival in the Chesapeak before Admiral Arbuthnot. A circumstance in which the Winds and Weather had more influence than valour or skill. Had it depended upon the latter, I should have had perfect confidence, and the event has justified my opinion. I have the honor to be &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, March 31, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Excellency's favor of the 26th. with its inclosures. I do myself the honor to transmit, for the information of Congress, the duplicate of a letter from the Chevalier de Touche to me, giving a minute detail of the Naval engagement on the 16th inst: The good conduct and bravery exhibited by our Allies on that occasion intitle them to the warmest thanks of the public, for tho' the plan which we had in contemplation has unluckily failed, they deserve the highest applause for the boldness of the attempt to carry it into execution.
I very anxiously await the particulars of the action between General Greene and Lord Cornwallis.
With respect to the exchange of Lieut. Colonel Hill99 for Lt. Colonel Du Buyson, which Congress have been pleased to refer
[Note 99: Lieut. Col. John Hill, of the Ninth Foot, British Army.] to me, I can only say, that there are several Officers of similar rank with the latter, who have a prior right to be exchanged before him, as I have, upon several applications made immediately to me, informed him. I cannot therefore recommend the matter without deviating from a rule which I have invariably pursued, and without departing from the spirit of a letter of Your Excellency's of the 12th. of November 1780. If Congress find any thing particular in Colonel Du Buyssons case, they have but to direct his exchange and I will order it to be carried into execution. I have the honor etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
New Windsor, March 31, 1781.
Dr Sir: The Expedition against Arnold has failed. After the favourable moment (occasioned by the disability of part of the British Ships at Gardners bay) was suffered to pass away I never was sanguine in my expectation of success; but the object being great the risque was warrantable. The attempt of the Chevr. Des touches at the time he sailed was bold and enterprising, for this and political reasons; and because I know it will be grateful to the French General and Admiral I take the liberty of hinting to you the propriety (if it is not already done) of Congress paying them a compliment on the occasion. It may have a happy effect, which is the only apology I can offer for the freedom of suggesting it. I am etc.
P.S. I have recd. your letter promising to corrispond under the signature of Marcus and shall be happy in the Fruits of it.2
[Note 2: The same letter, minus the P. S., was sent to John Sullivan and John Mathews, Destouches's letter (duplicate) of Mar. 19, 1781, to Washington is filed with the above Washington letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 1, 1781.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 30th of March, and feel myself sensibly distressed at the account you give of the illness of General Parsons. I wrote to him the 23d. Ult, on the business in which you are now employed and must refer you to that Letter, as the rule of conduct I would wish to have adopted. That is, to consult the Executive of the State, on the Mode they think proper should be pursued in the further investigation of this Matter.
As to the Persons already apprehended, such as are not proper subjects for trial by a General Court Martial, ought to be delivered over to the Civil Authority. In order to determine this, you can state to His Excellency the Govr. the Names, Crimes, and Circumstances of the several Prisoners; And request his decision in what light they are to be considered and in what manner they are to be treated. I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, April 1, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Returns to be made to the Adjutant General's Office as soon as possible of the number of recruits each line has received up to this day; also a Return of what number of these recruits they were obliged to send back as unfit for service.4
[Note 4: In the Washington Papers under date of Apr. 1, 1781, is a return, signed by Adjutant General Hand, of the recruits who joined the New England lines and the number sent back as unfit for service. It shows that out of 454 recruits 40 were unfit for service.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, April 3, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A detachment of ten Blacksmiths, ten Carpenters and ten wheelwrights from Colonel Baldwin's regiment to repair to the Park of Artillery and take their orders from Brigadier General Knox. If the number of wheelwrights cannot be procured the deficiency is to be made up in Carpenters.
The whole of the Brigade Inspectors are desired to meet the Adjutant General at Westpoint at half after twelve o'clock on Saturday next with the returns of their respective Brigades.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 3, 1781.
Sir: In my Letter of the 31st. Ulto. I inform'd your Excellency, that there had been an Action between General Greene and Lord Cornwallis, on the 15th of March;5 the particulars of which, had not then been received. I have now the honour of inclosing the Copy of a Letter from Major General Greene, in which he gives the circumstances of that Engagement in detail:6 from this, and other Accounts, I cannot but persuade myself (however the Enemy may have won the glory of maintaining the field of Battle) that Lord Cornwallis will find his efficient force greatly diminished by the Number of killed and wounded. and that being encumbered with the latter, he will experience such embarrassments as to retard and injure essentially all his future movements and operations. This appears to
[Note 5: At Guilford Court House, N. C.]
[Note 6: Greene's account of the battle is given in his letter to the President of Congress, March 16, in the Papers of the Continental Congress, a copy of which he inclosed with his letter to Washington, March 17. Greene's account is in the Washington Papers.] have been a great object with General Greene, by a Letter of his, written some days previous to the Action.
I do myself the honour, also, to transmit the Account given by the Enemy, of the engagement of the 16th Ult. between the Fleet of His Most Christian Majesty under the command of the Chevalier Des Touches and that of the British under the Orders of Admiral Arbuthnot. From their confession, that three of their Ships were intirely disabled; and from their not vaunting (as they are ever disposed to do) of any considerable advantages obtained by them; it is evident they find nothing to boast of, even in their own opinion. I have the honor etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 8: This document is arranged in double columns; the "Report" of the committee is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, in the first column on the left; Washington's "Remarks" are on the right, and each column is headed by him "Report" and "Remarks." The committee's report is printed in small type. The committee consisted of John Sullivan, James Mitchell Varnum, and Theodorick Bland.]
New Windsor, April 3, 1781.
1st. That Battalion promotions in the Infantry to the Rank of Commanding officer inclusive, where such Battalion is annexed to any State shall be in the line of such State.
1st. Approved.
2d. That in Regiments of Infantry not annexed to any particular States, promotions to the Rank of commanding officer inclusive be Regimental.
2d. That in Regiments of Infantry or Legionary Corps not annexed to any particular States, promotions to the rank of commanding Officer inclusive be Regimental or Legionary.
3d That Regimental promotions in the Artillery to the Rank of commanding Officer inclusive shall be in the line of Artillery at large.
3d. That promotions in the Artillery be regimental to the rank of Captain, and from thence to the rank of commanding Officer in the line of the Artillery at large, as is the present mode. My reasons are these: To make it wholly regimental might be injurious to the senior Capts., and would certainly be so to the Service; as the presumption of merit and knowledge must be in favor of those who have seen most Service. A lineal rise throughout will be attended with insuperable disadvantages and inconveniences. The regiments are and will be at the extremities of the States, and if a Captain or Subaltern must be obliged to go from the one to the other to take his place in the Regiment to which he may be promoted, he will probably resign, rather than incur the immense expence attending it; and the promotion of Subs, and from Subs to Captns. being very frequent, these changes of place will also become frequent. The promotions of Field Officers being rare, they will not only be enabled better to bear the expence than the others, but the public may make them some allowance for the charges of making the exchange of Corps. Another, and very material reason for prefering the line of promotion I have recommended is, that the regiments being dispersed it will be extremely difficult to keep a roster of Rank, and to know who are entitled to succession.9
[Note 9: Marginal note in the writing o[ Sullivan: "Generals adopted."]
4th. That Regimental promotions in the Cavalry to the Rank of Commanding Officer inclusive shall be in the line of Cavalry at large.
4th. That promotions in the four established Regiments of Cavalry be regimental to the rank of Captain, and from thence to the rank of Commanding Officer in the line of the four regiments at large. My reasons the same as those offered upon the promotion in the Artillery.10
[Note 10: Marginal note by Sullivan: "as no. 3."]
5th. With respect to promoting Battalion Officers to the Rank of Brigadiers, your Committee beg leave to report as their opinion &c. &c.
5th. Classing of States for the purpose of forming Brigades and giving Brigadiers, is not so agreeable to my ideas of Military propriety as either of the modes pointed out in my letter of the 20th of December; nor do I see how the smaller States can be excluded, by the mode there mentioned, from giving a Brigadier, when the Colonels belonging to them are the Senior Officers, and have an act of Congress in their favor as a rule of promotion.
Brigades, from the nature of Service, are liable to alteration; and must take different forms according to the strength of the Corps, the disposition of the Army the order of Battle, and other circumstances, which often are the result of necessity, and of the moment, and of which none but the Officer commanding is supposed to be a judge. To determine therefore by act of Congress, that certain Corps shall form Brigades is, in my opinion, striking at the essential priviledges of command, and embarrassing the Officer at the head of the Army. If the resolve simply means that, New Hampshire and Massachussets are to give four Brigadiers; that these four Brigadiers shall be compleated from the oldest Colonels in these two States (and so in like manner with respect to the other Classes), and it shall be explicitly declared that this is only intended to fix the principle of promotion for the colonels, and not [be] meant to interfere with the manner, and mode of Brigading the Troops, then my objections, in great measure, will cease.11
[Note 11: Note in the writing of Sullivan: "agreed to distinguish."]
6th. That in the Cavalry and Artillery Brigadiers shall be made from the eldest Regimental Officers in those Corps respectively.
6th. Approved.
7th That Majors General shall be made from the eldest Brigadiers in the Army whether belonging to the Infantry, Cavalry or Artillery.
7th. Approved.
8th. That all Brigadiers hereafter made shall take relative Rank agreeable to the date of their last Battalion Commission.
8th. To obviate all disputes which might arise upon the construction of the resolve as it stands on the other side, I would propose the following "That should two or more Brigadiers be hereafter made upon the same day, they shall rank with each other according to the dates of their last Battalion Commissions," for if appointments of older date are called in question or to be affected by them, it will give much uneasiness, and create great confusion.12
[Note 12: Note in the writing of Sullivan: "Relative rank respecting each other."]
9th. and 10th. That Tench Tilghman Esq. receive the Commission of Lieut. Colonel to take Rank from ... and Doctor McHenry the Commission of Major to take Rank from
9th. and 10th. Mr. Tilghmans Commission to be dated the 1st. April 1777. Mr. McHenrys from the time at which Genl. Greene applied in his favr. (last Octobr.).
11th. That Officers in Commission not annexed to any line serving in the family of the Commanr. in Chief or those serving as Aides de Camp with other General Officers retain the same Rank they now hold and shall be intitled to promotion when they become the eldest Officers of that Rank in the line of the Army.
11th. After the words now hold, I would propose to insert: and be eligible to command upon detachments when the Commander in chief or Commanding Officer of a department shall think proper.
I also think that if there are any Aids of old standing and uniform Service who have not been Commd. that they ought to be.
12th. That Officers reduced by the late arrangement may at any time previous to the 1st. day of January next exchange Commissions with Officers of the same State and of the same Rank in the Army under the direction and with the approbation of the Commander in Chief.
12th. Should this practice be admissible, it would not only injure the Service, but derange and convulse the whole Army. It is presumed that, by the late reform, we have retained the best Officers in Service (exceptg. in a few instances), therefore to give the reformed such an oppertunity of coming in, would, in general, be exchanging for the worse; disputes of Rank which are now pretty well settled would be revived, and the registers of the Army which have been lately transmitted to the Board of War, and which are the proper references for future promotions, would be thereby so mutilated that they would encrease confusion instead of throwing light upon the matter. Besides these, The Commander in Chief would have the disagreeable task of giving his judgment upon the propriety of readmitting the applicant into the Army.
13th. That Volunteers serving one Campaign may with the approbation of the Commander in Chief receive Brevet Commissions in the lowest Grades of Subalterns, not to receive pay till placed in command, and shall not be intitled to half pay for life till annexed to some Line.
13th. Reasonable and useful, in every respect but that of obliging them to wait twelve months before they can fill vacancies and derive the benefits arisg. from Commissions in the lines of States. Had not the limitation better be taken off, and the time left to that of recommendation by the Commander in Chief or Commanding Officer of a seperate Army?13
[Note 13: Note by Sullivan: "agreed."]
14th. All officers not connected with Corps and now intitled to Rank in the Army by this arrangement shall be considered as reduced and receive half pay so long as they reside within the United States or owe allegiance to them.
14th. The number of Officers under this description are now reduced to a few, and I therefore do not think the saving intended by the measure ought to be put in competition with the injury wch. may be involved in it. There are particularly some Foreigners of merit (Colo. Jemat Galvan and several serving to the Southward whose names I do not remember) who have been recommended by the present and former Minister, and by Officers of high rank and character in France who would be affected by it. As would some valuable Officers of our own, acting in the Military Staff. Besides, if some reservation is not made, your Resolve, as it now stands, would exclude all Aids de Camp not belonging to State lines, or Corps in Service.14
[Note 14: Note by Sullivan: "Taken out."]
15th. That the Commander in Chief may employ such reduced Officers as he shall think proper in the Military Staff or in the inspectors department, who are constantly to attend their duty in the Army.
15th. Should a resolve of this nature be made public, the applications to the Commander in chief would be numberless, and would lay him under the disagreeable necessity of informing many that they were not fit to fill the places for wch they applied. I would rather let the matter rest, and would prefer making a particular application to Congress in. favor of an Officer of uncommon merit and ability, to opening a door by which all would endeavor to intrude.15
[Note 15: Note by Sullivan: "To come out."]
16th. That all Officers who are Hostages &ca. &ca.
16th. Reasonable and proper.
17th. That Colo. Dayton of the Jersey Line be promoted to the Rank of Brigadier General in the Army of the United States.
17th. Upon the principle of Classing Colo. Dayton must be excluded, because Van Schaick and (I believe) Hazen are both older Colonels than him. The principle therefore would be violated in the moment of its adoption, should he be promoted.15
Note, There is a matter respecting rank, which may, if not well understood and settled by an Act of Congress, hereafter involve disagreeable disputes. It is, whether Officers commanding Regiments under the denomination of Lieutt Colonels Commandant, acquire a new rank when they come to such appointment, and take command of those who are simply Lieutt. Colonels in Regiments commanded by full Colonels, altho' the latter may be older Lieutenant Colonels in the line of the Army than they are. The Committee are undoubtedly acquainted with the reasons for abolishing the rank of Colonel in our Army. It was to put us upon a footing with the enemy in point of Exchanges, (they having few or none of that rank in service in this Country). The Officers of the Army, and even those who are immediately interested in the matter, put different constructions upon it. The Lieutt. Colonels Commandant, generally, think they acquire a grade by that appointment, and some Lieutt Colonels submit to it. Others again observe that, after the resolve abolishing the rank of Colonel in the Army, they only acquire the property of certain Regiments in the lines to which they may belong, but no encrease of Rank, for say they, there being no intermediate rank (and if there was exchanges wd. be rendered more difficult) between a Lieutt. Colo. and a full Colonel, they must be one or the other in fact. And they ask, if it should be determined that they are not considered simply as Lieutt. Colonels, whether the enemy will not hold them as full Colonels, and thereby defeat the intention of the resolve. It is true new Commissions have been issued to Lieutt. Colonels Commandant bearing date at the time which they came to the Command of Regiments. But whether this has been done by order, or by the construction wch. the Board of War have put upon the matter, I do not know. I have stated the matter just as it now stands and would wish, for very particular reasons that Congress would decide upon the point without refering it to me.
The Committee will find herewith the Copy of a letter from General Knox to me,17 offering very cogent reasons for making new appointments in the Artillery depend upon recommendations from the Colonels to the General Officer Commanding it, and from him to Congress. The Corps of Artillery is, at present, upon a very respectable footing as to its Officers; and I should wish to see every possible method pursued to improve it further. The mode pointed out by General Knox appears to me an eligible one. You will find my ideas of promotion in that Corps are consonant to his.18
[Note 17: A copy of Knox's letter to Washington (Mar. 27, 1781) is filed with these "Remarks." in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 18: The draft of this "Report" and "Remarks," entirely in the writing of Tilghman, is in the Washington Papers. The original was inclosed in Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Apr. 4, 1781, post. The original report of the committee, partially in the writing of Sullivan, is filed with the above "Report" and "Remarks" in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It is indorsed by Thomson: "Delivered May 9, 1781. Entered. Read. part debated. passed May 25, 1781." (See the Journals of the Continental Congress of that date.)]
[Note 19: Chairman of the committee of Congress on Washington's letter of Dec. 20, 1780, q.v.]
New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Dr Sir: Inclosed are my remarks on the report you were pleased to transmit me. They are made pursuant to the request contained in your letter of the 9th Ulto. Where I have been unfortunate enough to differ in sentiment from the Committee I have, in as concise a manner as I was able, assigned my reasons for it; if there is weight in them, I have no doubt of their being attended to; if there is not, it would be improper they shd. My principal wish is a speedy decision.
I have been favoured with your letter of the 27th. past giving an acct. of Genl. Greenes action with Ld. Cornwallis. I thank you for it. I have since heard from Genl. Greene, and wish the Southern States may not be in a perilous situation, reinforced as the Enemy are by 15 or 1600 Men under Genl. Philips. With great esteem and regard I am, etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, April 4, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Captain Symonds's20 Company of Artillery having been by the late arrangement of the army annexed to Colonel Procter's Regiment they are to march immediately to Newtown in Bucks county in Pennsylvania and join that regiment.
[Note 20: Capt. Jonas Simonds (Symonds), of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He retired in January, 1783.]
New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Sir: The business that has given constant exercise to the Pen of my Secretary; and not only frequently, but always, to those of my Aides de Camp, has rendered it impracticable for the former to register the Copies of my Letters, Instructions &ca. in Books; by which means valuable documents which may be of equal public utility and private satisfaction remain in loose Sheets; and in the rough manner in which they were first drawn.
This is not only attended with present inconvenience but has a tendency to expose them to damage and loss. Unless a set of Writers are employed for the sole purpose of recording them it will not be in my power to accomplish this necessary Work, and equally impracticable perhaps to preserve from injury and loss such valuable papers; but to engage these without the sanction of Congress I have not thought myself at liberty.
The business now, must be performed in some quiet retreat and yet not so far from Camp but that I may, without much inconvenience have recourse to the Papers. It must be done under the Inspection of a Man of character in whom entire confidence can be placed, and who is capable of arranging the papers, and methodizing the register. Such an one, with as many Clerks as can be employed to advantage I will endeavor to engage with the permission of Congress. I have the honor etc.21
[Note 21: This letter was read in Congress on April 9 and indorsed by Thomson: "Acted on."
"On motion of Mr. [Samuel] Adams, second by Mr. [James] Madison, Resolved, That the Commander in Chief be, and he is hereby authorised to employ an additional confidential secretary, and as many writers as he shall judge proper, to arrange and register the public letters and other documents in the office at headquarters; and to assign such salaries for their respective services, as he shall think reasonable."-- Journals of the Continental Congress, Apr. 10, 1781.
In accordance with this authorization, Washington appointed Lieut. Col. Richard Varick, recording secretary to the Commander in Chief, May 25, 1781.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Gentlemen: The inclosed was delivered to me a few days ago by General Hand, being the first intimation I ever had upon the subject. It appears to me the powder had better be removed from Lancaster either to Philad. or to some Magazine lower down the Country where it may be properly taken care of, for you must undoubtedly know that if the Casks be not turned every now and then the Nitre will subside and the powder will cake and be spoiled. I have the honor etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: Every day convinces me that the Enemy are determined to bend their force against the southern States and that we must support them powerfully from this Quarter or they will be lost. Except such support is given in time, it will be ineffectual. The enemy will not only have established themselves in posts, but in the affections of many of the people. The pennsylvania Line is already ordered to the southern Army and will march thither in detachment, as it is reassembled and recruited. I should not hesitate immediately to order a further reinforcement could I do it with prudence, but we are so extremely weak, (not more than 400 Recruits from all the States having yet come in, about 100 of which from Massachusetts) that although the enemy have lately sent off another detachment of at least 1500 Men under tile command of General Phillips I do not think myself justifiable in doing it under present circumstances. But that the measure may be adopted as early as possible, I must desire and call upon you in the most positive manner to send forward every Man from Massachusetts that you can collect. The urgency of the times requires that every exertion should be made to check the enemy in the rapidity of their progress to the southward. You will have heard of the disappointment in tile expedition against Arnold. General Greene has had a general engagement with Lord Cornwallis, from which, though he suffered a defeat, he might ultimately derive advantages had his Lordship no prospects of fresh succours. But I have scarcely a doubt that the detachment under Genl. Phillips is intended for that quarter. Should they form a junction, and I see nothing to hinder it, General Greene's present force will not enable him to give any effectual opposition. He had 290 out of his small Body of Continental troops killed, wounded and missing in the late Action. You very well know that the collecting Militia depends intirely upon the prospects of the day. If favourable, they throng into you. If not, they will not move.
I perceive that you have by a late public order, detained all the Massachusetts Officers who were then in the State, I suppose that they might assist in bringing forward the Levies. You will keep only as many as are absolutely necessary for that purpose and send the others to their Regiments. They are exceedingly wanted, there being scarcely a sufficient number in Camp for ordinary duties. I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Dear Baron: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 13th. ulto. and to lament the unfortunate accident which prevented the execution of our plan against Arnold. I must beg of you to accept my thanks for the forwardness of your preparations of which and the propriety of all your other arrangements the Marquis has spoken in the most handsome manner. You will now naturally turn your attention again to the reinforcing Genl. Greene who will have occasion for every exertion that can possibly be made, not only to recruit his late loss in action, but to make head against an additional force which I am persuaded is gone to the reinforcement of Lord Cornwallis. General Phillips sailed from New York about a fortnight ago with a detachment said to consist of 1500 Men.
In a letter from Capt. Cad: Jones of the 3d. Regt. of Dragoons he informs me that he had been nominated by you to the Majority of the 1st. Regt. as being eldest Captain of the 1st. and 3d. which are apportioned to the State of Virginia. By the rule of promotions now existing he is not intitled to preferment except he is the eldest Captain of the line of Horse and so I have written him by this Conveyance. It lays between him and Capt. Hopkins of the 4th. I have sent to the Board of War to know which is the eldest of those two, and the Commission will be issued agreeable to the dates of their Commissions. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the wilting of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 25: Of the Virginia Militia.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Bearer Monsieur Camûs,26 an Officer in the Navy of France, goes to take the command of an armed Vessel in York River. Being a stranger, he may want advice and assistance to enable him to prosecute the business on which he is sent by the Chevr. des Touche, you will therefore oblige me by rendering him every service in your power. I am etc.24
[Note 26: Ensign de Camus, H. M. C. M. ship L'Eviellé, French Navy.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 22d. ulto. from Lancaster. As the reasons for which I directed Majr. Fauntleroy to make an exchange of Corps with Major Bull no longer exist I have now ordered him to remain with you and Bull to join the 1st.
I have written both to the Congress and to the Board of War, and used every Argument to induce a speedy completion of the Regiments of Cavalry. They will be more than ever useful now the active scene is, in a measure, transferred to the southward.
You will be good enough, the first opportunity you have of writing to your Brother in France,27 to thank him for his present of Claret. It has not yet come to hand.
[Note 27: James Moylan, United States Commercial Agent, L'Orient, France.]
Be pleased to make Mrs. Washingtons Compliments and mine to Mrs. Moylan. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: Annexed is a duplicate of what I had written to you on the 27th. ulto. the original I fear miscarried last Week as the post is missing and supposed to be carried into New York. The intelligence contained in yours of the 30th. ulto. "that the fleet was laying at the Hook the 28th." must have been ill founded, as I see by a York paper, that they have been spoken with the 21st. to the southward of the Capes of Delaware. I am &c.28
[Note 29: Bull was killed at Yorktown in October, 1781.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Sir: I have received a letter from Major Fauntleroy who it seems had reached Lancaster before my order directing him to join the 1st. Regt. got to his hands. Independant of the reasons which he offers for wishing to remain with the 4th. Regt. to which he properly belongs, there is one which makes the change no longer of any benefit to you; it is, that the Regiment is now also ordered to the southward. You will therefore consider the former order as void and prepare to join the 1st. You will have been convinced that I have done every thing in my power to accommodate your private interests to those of the public. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 21st: ulto. My Order directing you to join the 1st. Regt. and Major Bull the 4th. was founded upon a supposition that you were still at the southward and that your doing it would save you the trouble and expence of a journey to the Northward, as it would do him to the southward. But as both the Regiments are now to act in that quarter, the reason ceases. You will therefore remain with the 4th. and I have written to Major Bull to repair to the 1st. I am &c.30
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the honor of your Excellency's favors of the 19th. and 21st. ulto. and again to thank you for your uniform and speedy communication of every southern event which comes to your knowledge. I have the pleasure to find from General Greenes official letter, that Lord Cornwallis is not likely to reap any great benefits from his late victory;31 indeed, were we certain that he would not soon receive fresh succours, we might hope that he would ultimately be obliged to quit his present ground in consequence of the incumbrance which his wounded must be to him. But I very much fear, we shall soon hear that General Phillips, who sailed from New
[Note 31: The battle of Guilford Court House.] York about a fortnight ago with a detachment said to be 1500 Men, is bending his course towards his Lordship.
You have been, by this time, made acquainted with the unfortunate event which prevented the execution of the plan against Arnold. Had the French fleet luckily gained the Chesapeak before they were overtaken by the British, I think we could not have failed to success.
The pennsylvania line will be pushed forward by detachment, as fast as they can be reassembled or recruited. I hope the 1st. division will consist of five or six hundred and that they will be soon upon their march. Having heard nothing from them very lately I cannot ascertain the time, but I am certain that Genl. Wayne, who will go forward with the first, will be active on the occasion. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 4, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor of your Excellency's favr. of the 19th. ulto and am glad to find that the State have at length adopted measures for filling their Battalions which you think will prove effectual. You may be assured that every exertion not only of the States immediately interested but of those more at a distance will be necessary to prevent the progress of the Enemys Arms in the quarter where they are now operating, and to which I doubt not but they will transfer the weight of the War. General Phillips has probably before this time made his appearance some where to the southward, he sailed from New York about a fortnight ago with a detachment said to consist of 1500 men.
Should I be furnished with the means I shall not fail to give you every support in my power, but I am sorry to say my prospects of reinforcement to this part of the Army are not flattering. I have only yet recd. about 400 Recruits from all the States to the Eastward of New Jersey. I have the honor etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 5, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: I have successively received your favors of the 3d. 7th. 8th. 9th. 15th. 23d. 25th. and 26th. of last Month.
You having been fully instructed as to your operations and I having nothing material to communicate, was the reason of my not answering them before. While we lament the miscarriage of enterprise which bid so fair for success, we must console ourselves in the thought of having done every thing practicable to accomplish it. I am certain that the Chevalier de Touche exerted himself to the utmost to gain the Chesapeak. The point upon which the whole turned. The action with Admiral Arbuthnot reflects honor upon the Chevalier, and upon the Marine of France.
As matters have turned out it is to be wished that you had not gone out of the Elk. But I never judge of the propriety of measures by after events. Your move to Annapolis, at the time you made it, was certainly judicious.
The report of the French Fleet being off Cape Fear was erroneous. They returned to the Harbour of New port the 26th. of last month.
I imagine the detachment will be upon its march this way, before this reaches you. I do not know what you will have done with your heavy Artillery. You had I think (if you should not have already got it to the Head of Christeen River) best leave it at Baltimore or at any safe place. The light pieces with the two smallest Mortars and the Ammunition and Stores belonging to them are to go to the southward with the first division of the Pennsylvanians. You will therefore leave them at some safe and proper place upon the communication and upon your arrival at Phila. inform General Wayne where they are, that he may take them along with him.
I wish the detachment may move as quickly as they can without injury to the troops.
Should Count de Charlus, Count St. Maime and Count Dillon be with you, you will be pleased to make my Compliments to them. I am etc.
P. S. You will give me notice of the approach of the detachment especially from Philada. to this place.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 35: Secretary to Comte de Rochambeau.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 5, 1781.
Sir: I have been involved in such a variety of business since my return from New Port, as has prevented, until the present time, my acknowledging the receipt of the letter which you did me the favor to write on the 25th Ulto. It is not unusual, I believe, in different services, that the same class of Gentlemen should (from the difference of the establishment) be entitled to different Rank and Military consideration. This cannot, under any circumstances, preclude a Man of Merit from the reputation he deserves.
That his Excellency the Count De Rochambeau has reposed his confidence very properly in you I have not the least doubt; the honor of holding so important an Office as that of secretary, in such a respectable family, in addition to personal considerations, will ever intitle you to the very great esteem and regard of Sir Your, etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 6, 1781.
My dear Marquis: Since my letter to you of yesterday, I have attentively considered of what vast importance it will be to reinforce Genl. Greene as speedily as possible, more especially as there can be little doubt but the detachment under Genl. Phillips, if not part of that now under the command of Genl. Arnold, will ultimately join, or, in some degree, cooperate with Lord Cornwallis. I have communicated to the General Officers, at present with the Army, my sentiments on the subject, and they are unanimously of opinion that the detachment under your command should proceed and join the southern Army. Your being already three hundred Miles advanced, which is nearly half way, is the reason which operates against any which can be offered in favr. of marching that detachment back and forming another; a plan which I once had in my own mind, as it was hastily formed and neither Officers or Men might have imagined they were to leave their Corps for so great a length of time, but, as matters are circumstanced, private inconveniencies must give way to the public good, and you will therefore immediately, upon the receipt of this, turn the detachment to the southward, inform General Greene that you are upon your march to join him, and take his direction as to your route when you begin to approach him; previous to that, you will be guided by your own judgment, and by the Roads on which you will be most likely to find subsistence for the troops and Horses. It will be well to advise Governor Jefferson of your intended march thro' the State of Virginia, or perhaps it might answer a good purpose were you to go forward to Richmond yourself, after putting the troops in motion and having made some necessary arrangements for their progress.
You will now take the light Artillery, and smallest Mortars with their Stores and the Musket Cartridges with you. [But let these follow under a proper escort rather than impede the March of the detachment which ought to move as expeditiously as possible without injury to them.]
The heavy Artillery and Stores you will leave at some proper and safe place, if it cannot be conveniently transported to Christeen River, from whence it will be easily got to Philada. You may leave it to the option of Lieut. Colo. Stevens to proceed or not as he may think proper. His family are in peculiar circumstances and he left them in the expectation of being absent but a short time. Should there be other officers under similar circumstances you may make them the same offers and they shall be relieved.
I will now mention to you, in confidence, the reason which operated with me more than almost any other in favor of recalling your detachment and forming another. It was the uneasiness occasioned among the Field Officers of those Regiments, which furnished the Men, upon the appointment of Colo. Jemat and Major Galvan to commands in the Corps. They presented a memorial to me upon the subject, and I gave them the true reason, which was, that the Regiments in their lines were so extremely thin of Field Officers of their own, that necessity, if nothing else, dictated the measure. I have heard nothing of the discontent lately, but should I find it revive again, upon its being known that the Corps is to continue together, I shall be obliged, for peace sake, to relieve those two Gentlemen by Officers properly belonging to the lines from which the Regiments are formed. You will therefore prepare them for such an event and tell them candidly the reasons [founded principally upon their having] already had their tour in the Infantry. Should they be relieved, they will probably incline to continue with the southern Army. There is as much or more probability of their finding employ there than with us, as we shall, from all appearances, remain inactive. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
On April 6 Washington wrote a brief note to the officer commanding the detachment marching to and Greene: "Should the Marquis de la Fayette not be with the detachment, you will halt wherever this may meet you and wait 'till you hear further from him." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 6, 1781.
Sir: In consequence of the Resolution of Congress of the 14th of Decr last, referring Your Memorial for a Rehearing to me, I have perused the Proceedings of the Court Martial again, together with whatever Papers might throw light upon the subject. And upon a full consideration of the State of the Case, I am of opinion, that a New Trial cannot be granted, for the following Reasons.
First. Because the Proceedings of the Genl Court Martial assembled on the 12th day of July 1779 for the trial of Lieut Col Loring &c. were fair and regular; and because the Judgment appears to me to be well supported by the Evidence adduced on the trial.
Secondly. Because Lt Col Loring when called upon by the Court, and asked whether he had any further evidence to offer, answered explicitly, No. And did not, at that time, in the whole course of the trial or in his written defence, give the most distant hint, that he lacked any essential Witness.
Thirdly Because it is impossible to convene the same Court again; and because no determination can ever be final, if, Months after the Sentence is passed and approved, a cashired Officer, under the plea of fresh Evidence, which in the whole course of the trial was never hinted at, can by demanding a new trial, take the chance of a second decision by a Court composed of Officers different from the first. For if this is granted in one instance, it can be refused in None.
Fourthly. Because a practice of this kind would not only involve the Officers of the Army in unnecessary and irksome duty, but the Public in great, unnecessary, and probably very frequent expences. For a cashiered Officer, having nothing worse to fear, and a chance of gaining, will not be very saving of public expence. And it is impossible to judge of the force of his Evidence from the ex parte Depositions which may be Offered to favour his request. I am &c.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 39: Deputy Quartermaster General.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 6, 1781.
Sir: The inclosed letters are of very great importance. You will be pleased therefore to pay particular attention to have them forwarded with the utmost expedition. The Expresses must be charged to ride unremittingly night and day, untill the Letters are delivered into the hands of the Marquis La Fayette, or the Commanding Officer of the Detachment, at Annapolis, or wherever the Detachment may be. I am etc.
P. S. It will be well, for you to enquire particularly, before the Letters are sent off, Whether the Marquis, is not himself in Philadelphia.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 7, 1781.
Sir: Mr. Stevens the Dy. Commy. of Issues has shewn me a letter from you of the 2d. instant, in which you inform him that you are under embarrassments respecting sending forward the salt meat from Connecticut, as the Assembly have directed it to lie in the several Towns till further orders. I do not imagine the Resolves to which you allude, were meant to delay the Meat from being brought on to the Army, but to prevent the trouble and expence of first transporting it to the fixed Magazines, and from thence to the Army. The Governor spoke to me upon the subject and desired to know whether I had any objections to the Meat remaining in those towns which were as convenient to the North as to Bulls Works, observing that the Quarter Master might as well bring it from the places where it was put up (if such places where at the distances I have mentioned) as from fixed Magazines. I told him it would make no odds, provided the same care was taken of it as at the Magazines and if proper returns were made of the quantity and different places to the Commy. and Qr. Mr. that they might know where to find it. Should the difficulty not be removed when this reaches you, you must apply to the Governor and inform him that we are upon the point of distress for the Meat, and desire him if there are still any obstructions in your way to devise means to take them off. I am etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 7, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 31st. ulto. Your remarks upon the uncertainty of operations which depend upon a combination of Land and sea forces, except there is a decisive superiority over the enemy as to the latter, are judicious, and consonant to the Ideas which I had ever entertained upon the subject.
Upon maturely considering the offer which your Excellency has been pleased to make, of marching all your force to this place, except 1200, to be aided by 3000 Militia for the security of the Fleet, I am of opinion that it ought, under present circumstances and appearances, to be deferred, as it would be putting you to, perhaps, to an unnecessary trouble, and would, besides the expences incident to calling out so large a body of Militia, tend to injure the completion of the Continental Battalions by Recruits, as the Militia service is preferred by the peasantry to the Continental, the pay being greater, the duty less, and the discipline more relaxed. My reasons for waving your Excellency's offer at the present time are briefly as follow: I do not look upon the French Troops as essentially necessary at this place untill an operation against New York shall have been determined upon, or untill we shall have been obliged to make so large detachments to the Southward that we shall have occasion for them to assist in securing the post of West point and its dependencies; the communication from the Delaware to the North River, and affording cover to the Country within reach of the enemy's marauding Parties. Although I have, upon finding that the enemy have sent a reinforcement of about 1500 Men to the southward, ordered the Marquis de la Fayette to proceed with the detachment under his command and join General Greene, I hope I shall be able, with my remaining force and the Recruits which now begin to come in, to effect the latter purposes, more especially as I can, upon an emergency, suddenly call in a respectable Body of Militia [from the adjacent Country.] It does not appear to me that an enterprise so weighty as that against New York can be decided upon, untill we hear what reinforcements of Men and Ships may be expected from Europe. I therefore think, that the Troops under your Excellency's command may remain in their present position, untill the arrival of the Viscount de Rochambeau (which I hope may be soon) or some other intelligence from Europe, [or untill the Situation of our southn. Affairs become yet more critical:] But as it may have an effect upon the fears of the enemy in New York and hinder them from making further detachments to the Southward, I beg your Excellency to circulate a report that you are soon to join this Army, and to make some demonstrations of preparing for a march. [Indeed the approaching Season, if it should not be our unhappy lot to spend another inactive Campaign, will well warrant every necessary preparation for the Field, be the Theatre of Action where it may; which will not only countenance the report, but actually facilitate the measure if events should render it necessary to carry it into execution, which is by no means improbable.]
As Genl. Du portail did not arrive 'till yesterday, I had no opportunity of conversing with him before this day. After relating to me what had passed between your Excellency and himself, and being informed by me of the resolution I had taken to let your Troops remain at Newport for the present, and with the reasons which induced me to take that resolution, he fully acquiesced with me in the propriety of it. I have the Honor etc.
P. S. I have, since I began this letter, received your Excellency's favor of the 3d. instant. The detachment, which had twice put to Sea and returned, sailed finally from the Hook about the 20th: of last month. I imagine they arrived in the Chesapeak the 25th: as The Marquis de la Fayette writes me from Virginia that the British Fleet which had left Lynn Haven Bay on the 24th: had returned again on the 25th. with a number of Transports. The detachment is said to consist of 1500 Men and to be under the command of Major General Phillips.
Sir Henry Clinton must be by this and former detachments too much weakened to think of offensive operations in any other quarter than the South. Should there, therefore, be occasion to draw your Excellency's force this way, I dare say you will think a less number of Men, than what you mentioned in your letter of the 31st ulto., will be sufficient to protect the Fleet in the Harbour of Newport. But that is a matter which as your Excellency is pleased to observe, must be regulated by the force the Enemy actually have in New York at the time you shall form a junction with me; [and their plan of Campaign, which will not, indeed cannot, easily be diverted when it is once entered upon.]
I have also recd. your Excellency's favor of the 4th. instant.42
[Note 42: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original in the Chateau de Rochambeau, France. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I do myself the honor to enclose to Your Excellency the Extract of a Letter from General Heath respecting Capt Simmons43 if there is not something particular in the circumstances, it appears to be improper that he should continue in the vicinity of the Enemy; and even perilous to himself,
[Note 43: Capt. Robert(?) Simmons, of Delancey's Corps, British Provincial Troops.] if he is not acting a double part. I wish to know Your sentiments on the subject. With the highest esteem and respect I have the honor etc.44
[Note 44: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.]
New Windsor, April 8, 1781.
Sir: The inclosed return, made up to the first of this month, will shew the number of recruits which have joined this part of the Continental Army since the formation of it upon the New establishment.
My request to the Executives of the several States have been earnest, and my orders to the Officers in them have been pointed and positive to send forward the recruits as fast as possible. What to expect, or rather to apprehend, from these delays Congress can more easily conceive than I can describe.
Some States I am told, despairing of getting their quotas for the War or three years, are resorting to the old Expedient of temporary enlistments, while impediments of another kind withhold the recruits from the Army in others.
The bare relation of these facts, without combining other circumstances of equal magnitude and uncertainty, or adding to them the difficulties with which we are surrounded for want of money, will convince Congress of the impracticability of my fixing at this time on any definite plan of Campaign, and of my inability to carry into effect those which have heretofore been the objects of contemplation. They will readily see that our future operations depend upon contingencies, and that our determinations must be the result of the moment, the effect of circumstances.46
[Note 46: Tilghman changed this to: "dependent upon circumstances."]
Under this view of matters here,47 the Progress of the enemy under Lord Cornwallis, and in consideration of48 the reinforcement which is49 lately gone to him. I have judged it expedt. to order the Marquis De la Fayette to proceed with his detachment to the Southern Army and put himself under the Oders of Majr. Genl. Greene. The greatest objection I have50 to the measure, circumstanced as things now are, is,51 that the
[Note 47: The word "here" was inserted by Tilghman.]
[Note 48: "In consideration of" was inserted by Tilghman.]
[Note 49: "Is" changed to "has" by Tilghman.]
[Note 50: "Have" changed to "had" by Tilghman.]
[Note 51: "Is" changed to "was" by Tilghman.] detachment is52 not formed for the Campaign, or for so distant a Service as that on which53 they are now ordd, consequently neither Officers nor Men are54 prepared for it; but the urgent call for succour to the Southern States, the proximity of this Corps to them, the expedition with which it can join the Southn. Army, and the public expence that will be saved by its advance have overcome all lesser considerations in deciding upon it. I wish the March of the Pensylvania Troops could be facilitated, and that Moylans Cavalry could be recruited, equipped and marched without delay; for every judicious Officer I have conversed with from that Country,55 and all the representations I received from thence, confirm me in the opinion, that great advantages are to be derived from a superior Cavalry. Without Magazines, and with an interrupted communication, I do not see how Lord Cornwallis could have subsisted his Army if we had been much his superior in Horse.56 I think it my duty to inform Congress that there is great dissatisfaction at this time in the York line for want of pay; near 16 Months I am told, is due to it. If it were practicable to give these, and the Jersey Troops if they are in the same predicament, a small portion of their pay it might stop desertion which is frequent and avert greater evils which are otherwise to be apprehended. The four Eastern States have given a temporary relief to their Troops which makes the case of the others, York particularly, appear more distressing and grievious to them. [I have the honor etc.]57
[Note 52: "Is" changed to "was" by Tilghman.]
[Note 53: "That on which" added by Tilghman.]
[Note 54: "Are" changed to "were" by Tilghman.]
[Note 55: "That Country" changed to "the southwd." by Tilghman.]
[Note 56: "Been much his superior in Horse" changed to "outnumbered him in Horse" by Tilghman.]
[Note 57: The words in brackets are in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter signed and sent to Congress is also in the writing of Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 7th, with a Postscript of this day.
I have written to the Dep. Quartr Mastr. at Hartford to have the salted Provisions forwarded; and will urge the Quarter Master General to see that Order carried into execution.
I have to request that you will Order a Sub, Serjt. two Corpls. and 20 Men to reinforce my Guard. This party to be relieved once a Week. With great regard etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: The dispersed and broken situation of the remaining Troops of the Pennsylvania Line, after the unhappy affair of the 1st. of Janry. rendered the unwearied attention, and greatest exertion of the Officers of every Rank indispensably necessary, to reassemble the scattered remains and restore discipline among them. On this, and the success of the recruiting service, depended all our hopes respecting that Line, for the insuing Campaign. I am extremely anxious, to know with certainty, the present state and strength of the several Corps, the numbers that are in readiness to march, or shall march at any time, the prospect of compleating the Battalions, and in general, every thing which may be interesting to the service.
At present, I am totally ignorant of these Matters, not having received any Official Report, or seen any Returns. I must request that these may be made with as much precision as possible, and regularly transmitted in future. The near approach of the season for opening the Campaign in every quarter, would make the completion of the Regts an object of the greatest importance but especially the operations now carrying on in the South, require the united exertions of every Officer, of every Citizen, of every friend to his Country, to have the men collected and forwarded as early as possible to succour the States which are now the Theatre of War, and reinforce the Southern Army. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 8, 1781.
Dear Marquis: It is General duportails desire that Colo. Gouvion may return to him. Independant of the occasion which there may be for him here, there is another reason which operates against his going with you, it is, that he would interfere with Colo. Kosciusko who had been considered as the commanding Engineer with the southern Army. I am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I was duly favored with Yours of the 19th. ulto., by Colonel Harrison; at the same time, that I commend the laudable efforts you made to have a Corps of the Troops of Pennsylvania in readiness to march with the Detachment under the Command of the Marquis De la Fayette, I deplore with you the causes which have occasioned this delay, and hitherto frustrated your endeavours.
The critical situation of our southern affairs, and the reinforcements sent by the Enemy to that Quarter, urge the necessity of moving as large a proportion of the Pennsylvania line as possible, without a moments loss of time. Indeed I hope before this, by the measures you have taken, all the impediments to a movement, will have been obviated. I am persuaded, your utmost, and unremitting exertions, will not be wanting on this and every occasion of serving your Country so essentially, that they may ever be crowned with success, that nothing but propitious events may attend you on the march, and in the Field, is the sincere wish of Dear sir &c.61
[Note 61: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 8, 1781.
Sir: I have received Your Letter of the 6th Inst. The success of the enterprise proposed, must depend on the absence of the British Fleet, the secrecy of the Attempt, and a knowledge of the exact situation of the Enemy. If after you have beer at the Westward, the circumstances, from Your intelligence, shall still appear favorable; You will be at liberty to be the bearer of the inclosed Letter to His Excellency the Count De Rochambeau, to whose determination, I have referred the matter; as any cooperation on our part by Moving Troops towards the Sound, would give such indications of the design as would effectually frustrate the success. Should you not proceed to the Count you may destroy that Letter. If on the contrary you should go to New Port, by keeping an account of the expences, they will be repaid by the Public.
In the mean time, I wish you to be as particular as possible, in obtaining from your friend an accurate account of the Enemy's strength, on York Long and Staten Islands, specifying the several Corps and their distributions. This I think from the Enemy's present weak state, may be procured with more facility and accuracy than at any former period. I am etc.
P. S. I wish to know also, the strength of the last Detachment from N York, and of what Troops it was composed.
I need scarcely suggest, if you should go Eastward,62 that it will be expedient to do it in such a manner as not to create suspicion; indeed secrecy is absolutely necessary in the whole affair.63 As the Count De Rochambeau does not understand English, it may be well to communicate your business to the Chevalier De Chattelus in the first instance and thro' him to the Count, lest it should by accident get abroad in the communication.64
[Note 62: To Newport in Rhode Island.]
[Note 63: An enterprise against the loyalist post at Lloyd's Neck, Long Island.]
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Hd. Qrs. New Windsor, April 8, 1781.
Sir: Major Talmadge an Officer of great merit who will have the honor of delivering this letter, will inform your Excellency minutely of the state of the Enemys refugee Post on Loyd's Neck (Long Island) and will suggest the practicability of cutting off this Corps, and destroying the Enemy's shipping in the Sound, while the British fleet is absent. This would be a very desireable event on every account, but particularly as it would, in a great measure, destroy the dangerous intercourse between the Enemy on Long Island, and the disaffected on the Main; and would, moreover, most effectually destroy a conspiracy which is forming, and which we have reason to believe, is getting to a disagreeable height.
Should it be thought advisable (on Major Talmadges representation, who is well acquainted with the situation and Circumstances) to make the attempt with a Naval and Land force, I need not mention how much of the success would depend on Secrecy and Surprize. I submit the whole to your Excellencies consideration; without a wish, that the enterprize should be undertaken (however advantageous it might be) unless the prospect of Success, should more than counter ballance the risk which will be run. Major Talmadge would be able to point out the necessary Guides; and would be happy in rendering any personal Service if the plan should be adopted. I have the honor etc.65
[Note 65: From a photostat of the original in the Chateau de Rochambeau, France.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: Intelligence has been sent to me by a Gentleman living near the enemy's lines and who has an opportunity of knowing what passes among them, that four parties had been sent out with orders to take or Assasinate Your Excellency, Governor Clinton, Me and a fourth person name not known. I cannot say that I am under apprehensions on account of the latter, but I have no doubt they would execute the former could they find an opportunity. I shall take such precautions on the occasion as appear to me necessary, and I have thought it proper to advise your Excellency of what has come to my knowledge that you may do the same.
That they may fail of success if they have any such plan in contemplation is the earnest wish of, Dear Sir etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, April 9, 1781.
My dear Laurens: Colo. Armand, who was charged with the delivery of many letters to you from the Marquis de la Fayette, imparting to his friends and the Ministry of France your mission, unfortunately arrived at Boston after you had Sailed from that place. By him I gave you an acct. of the revolt of part of the Jersey Troops; Arnolds Expedition to Virginia, Leslies arrival at Charles Town, and such other matters as occurred after your departure.
Since that period, several interesting events have happened; some favourable, others adverse. Among the first may be reckoned Morgans brilliant action with Tarleton; among the latter the advantages gained by Lord Cornwallis over General Greene. The official accts. of these I inclose you. Cornwallis, after the defeat of Tarleton destroyed his Waggons and made a violent effort to recover his prisoners; but failing therein moved equally light and rapidly against General Greene; who (though he had formed a junction with Morgan) was obliged to retreat before him into Virginia; whether from despair of recovering his prisoners, of bringing Greene to a general Action, or because he conceived his own situation critical, I do not take upon me to determine; but the fact is, that here commenced Cornwallis's retrograde movements; and Greenes advance; from the Roanoke to the place of Action.
On the first notice of the storm which happened on the 22d. of Jany. and its effects, I intimated to the French Genl. the possibility and importance of improving the oppertunity in an attempt upon Arnold. When I received a more certn. acct. of the total loss of the Culloden and the dismasting of the Bedford two 74 Gun ships belonging to the British Fleet at Gardners bay, I immediately put in motion, under the comd. of the Marqs. de la Fayette, as large a part of my small force here, as I could with prudence detach67 to proceed to the head of Elk, and made with all expedition a proposal to the Count de
[Note 67: The italicized parts of this letter were written in cipher.] Rochambeau and the Chevalir. Destouches for a co-operation in Virginia, with the whole of the fleet of our Allies, and a part of their land force. Before my proposition arrived, in consequence of an application to him from Philadelphia, the Chevr. Destouches had sent a Ship of the line and two or three frigates to Chesapeak bay which not only retarded the plan I had proposed (by awaiting their return) but ultimately, defeated the project, as the enemy in the mean time remasted the Bedford with those taken out of the Culloden, and following the French fleet, arrived off the Capes of Virginia before it; where a Naval combat glorious for the French (who were inferior in Ships and Guns) but unprofitable for us who were disappointed of our object was the issue.
The failure of this Expedition, (which was most flattering in the commencement of it) is much to be regretted; because a successful blow in that quarter, would, in all probability, have given a decisive turn to our Affairs in all the Southern States. Because it has been attended with considerable expence on our part, and much inconvenience to the State of Virginia, by assembling its Militia; and because the World are disappointed at not seeing Arnold in Gibbets. above all, because we stood in need of something to keep us a float, till the result of your mission is known for be assured my dear Laurens, that day does not follow night more certainly, than it brings with it some additional proof of the impracticability of carrying on the War without the aids you were directed to sollicit. As an honest and candid man; as a man whose all depends on the final and happy termination of the present contest, I assert this. While I give it decisively as my opinion, that without a foreign loan our present force (which is but the remnant of an Army) cannot be kept together this Campaign; much less will it be encreased, and in readiness for another. The observations contained in my letter to you of the 15th. of Jany. last, are verified every moment; And if France delays, a timely, and powerful aid in the critical posture of our affairs it will avail us nothing should she attempt it hereafter; for we are at this hour, suspended in the Balle; not from choice, but from hard and absolute necessity; for you may rely on it as a fact, that we cannot transport the provisions from the States in which they are Assessed to the Army, because we cannot pay the Teamsters, who will no longer work for Certificates. It is equally certain, that our Troops are approaching fast to nakedness and that we have nothing to cloath them with. That our Hospitals are without medicines, and our Sick without Nutriment, except such as well men eat. That all our public works are at a stand, and the Artificers disbanding; but why need 1 run into the detail, when it may be declared in a word, that we are at the end of our tether, and that now or never our deliverance must come. While Alas! how easy would it be to retort the enemys own game upon them if it could be made to comport with the genl. plan of the War to keep a superior Fleet always in these Seas and France would put us in a conditn. to be active, by advancing us money. the ruin of the enemys schemes would then be certain; the bold game they are now playing would be the mean to effect it for they would be reduced to the necessity of concentering their force at capital points, thereby giving up all the advantages they have gained in the Southern States, or be vulnerable every where.
Such of the Pensylvania line as had reassembled, and were recruited say about 1000 were ordered the middle of Feby to join the Southern Army and since the disappointment of our enterprize on Arnold I have directed the detachment under the Cored. of the Marqs. de la Fayette to proceed thither but how either can march without money or credit, is more than I can tell.
With every wish for your success, and a safe and speedy return, and with every sentiment of esteem and Affection. I am etc.
P S. I have this instt. recd. a Pensyla. Paper of the 7th Instt. containing later accts. than any I have had from Genl. Greene, published by Order of Congress; this I also inclose to you. Be so good as to make my best respects to Doctr. Franklin.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 10, 1781.
Sir: I beg leave to introduce to your Excellency Colonel Menonville68 Deputy Adjutant General to the French Army. This Gentleman, who is charged by His Excellency The Count de Rochambeau with matters respecting a contract entered into by Doctor Franklin, in behalf of the United States, for the supply of a quantity of provision, will, through your Excellency, lay his Business generally before Congress.
[Note 68: François Louis Thibaut. Comte die Menonville, He was first deputy adjutant general of the French Army in America anti aide major general to Rochambeau.]
He will also, [agreeably to the wishes] of the Count Rochambeau, make an application for some heavy Iron Cannon for the use of the Works at Newport which he understands were imported into New Hampshire for the 74 Gun Ship now upon the stocks. Tile Brass Artillery at present in them are the Artillery of Seige and must be removed should tile Army remove. If there are such Cannon in New Hampshire and there is no probability of their being soon wanted for the purpose for which they are intended, I think a part of them cannot be better applied.
I recommend Colonel Menonville to your Excellency's personal attention as a Gentleman of peculiar merit.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 10, 1781.
Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your Excellency's letter of the 6th. instant only two hours ago. We are greatly indebted to The Chevalier Des Touches for the disposition he shows to undertake the expedition to Penobscot and to you for your readiness to furnish a detachment of troops for tile same purpose. The object is certainly worth attention and if it can be effected will be very agreeable to the States particularly to those of the East. Mr. Des touches can best judge from the situation of the enemy's fleet, how far it may be attempted with prudence, and Your Excellency from the information you have recently received, what number of troops will be sufficient for the enterprise. I am persuaded it will be calculated how far it is probable the enemy may follow with a part of their fleet; whether the post can be carried by a coup de main, or may require so much time as to make it likely the operation will be interrupted before its conclusion, in case of a superior squadron being sent by the enemy what possibility there is of protection or a safe retreat for the ships and even for the land force (through an unsettled country) All these are points too important not to have been well weighed, and your convesations with the Massachusetts deputies will have been able to enlighten you upon them. The confidence I have in your judgment assures you the concurrence of my sentiments in whatever you may do, on the occasion. I will only take the liberty to remark two things; one that it appears to me frigates without any ships of the line will answer the purpose as well as with them, and less will be risked by dividing the body of the fleet. Frigates (including the forty fours) will afford a safe escort to the troops against any thing now in those seas, and with respect to a detachment from the enemy's fleet it would be always proportioned to the force we should send and if we have two sixty fours, they would even be an object for their whole fleet. The other observation I would make is that as dispatch is essential to success, it will in my opinion be adviseable not to depend on any cooperation of the Militia, but to send at once such a force from your army as you deem completely adequate to a speedy reduction of the Post.
The country in the neighbourhood of Penobscot is two thinly inhabited to afford any resource of Militia there, and to assemble and convey them from remote places would announce your design, retard your operations and give leisure to the enemy to counteract you. Indeed I would recommend, for the sake of secrecy, to conceal your determination from the state itself.
These hints you will be pleased to make use of only so far as they appear to be well founded. I am etc.
P. S. I inclose a piece of intelligence just received from the President of Congress.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: By an almost total failure of the Supplies of Beef Cattle, demanded by Congress of the Eastern States; I find we are again reduced to the very verge of Distress. (Our little Magazines, which were laid up for an emergency being entirely exhausted) and that there is no prospect of immediate relief, but from the salted provisions of Connecticut.
I have therefore to request in the most earnest manner, that Your Excellency will interpose Your influence and authority to aid the Quarter Master in forwarding these Provisions, and that a sufficient number of Teams may be procured in the several Towns westward of Connecticut River, to take up at once the whole of the salted Meat in those Towns, and transport it directly to Fishkill, or the nearest landing on the North River where it can safely be deposited: Or that some other speedy and effectual means may be devised for the transportation. Mr Pomeroy the Dep. Quartr. Mastr. of your State having informed Mr Stevens the Acting Commissy. with the Army, that there were some embarrassments which prevented the forwarding of these Provisions; I have already written to the former, expressing my idea of his misapprehension of this Matter, and directing him (if there still remained any difficulties) to make application to your Excellency for their removal.
Convinced that nothing but an immediate Supply thro this channel, can avert the most imminent and fatal misfortunes, I have been thus explicit and pointed in my representation; and cannot but flatter myself, that, on such an occasion, the substantial Farmers will furnish their Teams with great alacrity, upon your requisition: especially as the roads are now good, and as the whole business may be performed, without interfering much with the planting season. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.
On April 10 Humphreys, by direction of Washington, issued an impress warrant for teams to be gathered by the Marechaussée corps under the orders of the Quartermaster General of the Continental Army, to transport flour from Ringwood to the Army, and inclosed it in a brief note to Maj. Richard Platt. Drafts of the warrant and Humphreys's note are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 11, 1781.
Sir: You will take the earliest and most efficacious measures for the transportation of all the salted Provisions collected in the Towns westward of Connecticut River; to the Army: To facilitate this I have written the enclosed Letter to His Excellency Govr Trumbull; requesting his influence and assistance. Which, with the Dispatches to the Count De Rochambeau, you will be pleased to forward by the Chain of Expresses. I must request you will pay the most pointed attention to the execution of this business of transportation, as not only the safety of our important Posts on this River, but the very existence of the Army, depend almost entirely on the punctuality with which this Order is executed. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 11, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: Your favor dated at Elk the 8th: instant reached me at ten OClock the last Evening. While I gave you Credit for the maneuvre by which you removed the British Ships from before Annapolis,73 I am sorry, as matters are circumstanced, that you have put yourself so much further from the point, which now, of necessity, becomes the object of your destination. Whether General Phillips remains in Virginia or goes further southward he must be opposed by a force more substantial than Militia alone, and you will for that reason immediately open a communication with Genl Greene; inform
[Note 73: The British vessels, Hope of 20 guns and Monk of 18, blockaded Annapolis and rendered it necessary for Lafayette's troops in march from that place to the Head of Elk on their return to the main army, unless the blocking squadron could be forced off. This was successfully done by Commodore James Nicholson of the Continental Navy, who attacked the British with a sloop armed with 18 pounders and another vessel filled with men.
"Weather the Sound of 18 pounders or the fear of Boarded Operated Upon Enemy I am Not able to Say. But after Some Manuevres they Retreated so far as to Render it prudent for us to sail to this place. Every Vessel with troops and Stores was sent in the Night By the Commodore to whom I am Vastly Obliged, anti Having Brought up the Rear with the Sloop and other Vessel I arrived this Morning at Elk,"-- Lafayette to Washington, Apr. 8, 1781. Lafayette's letter is in the Washington Papers.] him of the number, situation and probable views of the enemy in Virginia and take his directions as to marching forward to join him, or remaining there to keep a watch upon the motions of Phillips, should he have formed a junction with Arnold at Portsmouth.
Every difficulty, so far as respects the wants of the Officers and Men, and the uneasiness which might arise upon their being ordered upon a more distant service than they expected, was foreseen, and would have been removed by recalling the detachment and forming another, had not the reasons of a public nature, which were mentioned in my letter of the 6th. outweighed all private considerations.
You must endeavour to get Shoes, which will be essentially necessary before you can move, from Philada. and if you will cause a return to be made of such Articles as will probably be wanting in the course of the Campaign I will endeavour to forward them from hence, with a proportion of any stores which may have been sent on by the States for their troops. If the Officers will write back to their Friends here for any additional Baggage of which they may stand in need, it shall be forwarded under careful conductors. The difficulties which you will experience on the score of provision and transportation would have been common to any other Body of Troops. They will I know be great, but I depend much upon your assiduity and activity.
Had I have had the most distant prospect of [such an] operation [as you speak off]74 I should have looked upon your detachment as essential to the undertaking, but I can assure you, without entering into a detail of reasons (which I cannot commit to paper) that I have not at present an Idea of being
[Note 74: The draft at this point "against New York" crossed off and the words within the brackets substituted by Washington.] able to effect such a manner. This had very considerable weight in influencing the determination of the General Officers and myself, for we would have been very happy in an opportunity of succouring the southern States by a diversion, could it have been attempted with any tolerable hope of success.
The small remains of the Jersey line seems necessary to form a head to which the Recruits, if any are obtained, may unite themselves. That line stands next for detachment, and therefore it is more than probable that it may soon become necessary to send the whole to the southward. But the reason which I have just mentioned operates in favr. of keeping the remainder as long as possible.
I shall be glad to hear from you, the time of your setting out from Elk; your prospects of getting on, and the temper of the Troops, and above all I shall ever be happy in knowing that you are well and that every thing contributes to your happiness and satisfaction, being very truly and sincerely etc.
P. S. You seem aware of the danger of attempting a passage down the Chesapeak by water. I will add my opinion that it is not on any account to be attempted.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 10th:76 I prefer permitting an escape to giving up; because doing the last would imply that we think we have no right to seize upon a deserter in all
[Note 76: Misdated. Dayton's letter was dated Apr. 7, 1781. It concerned Lieut. William McMichael, of Dayton's regiment, who had deserted to the British in 1776, and is erroneously recorded as killed by the Indians a month later. He had been seized as a deserter when he approached the American lines in 1780 under a flag of truce.] cases whatever and wherever we can find him, a point which I would always insist upon, more especially as it may one day be brought in question where a Gentleman of high rank, who formerly belonged to us, may be the object.77
[Note 77: Benedict Arnold.]
How far the person alluded to may be depended upon or how used, I leave it with you to determine. The material informations will be, previous notice of any movements, and an exact account from time to time, of the numbers and positions of the enemy, and of the strength and destinations of detachments when any are made, specifying the Corps if possible. I think it must be an easy matter to ascertain the Corps now remaining in and about New York; noting their stations. This I would wish done as soon as possible. As to fixing any certain reward I cannot do it. It ought always to depend upon the importance of the service performed or intelligence communicated, and in that proportion I am willing to promise compensation.
Be pleased to make enquiry whether there is any talk or appearance of another embarkation, and if there should be, what is said to be the destination. I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, April 12, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A Fatigue party consisting of one subaltern, one serjeant and twenty five rank and file to march tomorrow to the place where the Block-house is erecting in the Clove. The officer commanding the party will take his orders from Major Murnand and see at his party be equipped for a tour of ten days.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 12, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys letter of the 7th. inclosing the copy of a piece of intelligence communicated by General Forman. I have yet heard nothing of the kind from New York, but still I cannot undertake to contradict it altogether. I do not however think it probable that a detachment, so large as one ought to be to merit the attention of Sir Henry Clinton himself, can be spared from New York without endangering that post. Though indeed from our present strength and our prospects of increasing it a very feeble Garrison would suffice to maintain it: For it may not be improper to observe in this place, that the embarrassments with which we are surrounded for want of Money beggar all description. I very much fear that I shall not be able to get as much provision drawn from the Magazines of the several States to the different posts as will keep the Men from starving or disbanding, altho' I have made application to the Executive powers; have addressed the people thro' their Magistrates and have taken every measure that could be devised to strengthen the hands of the Quarter Master.79 The Enemy, while they have a superior Fleet, may take a post at a variety of places upon the Delaware and maintain themselves in it while that superiority continues; but if a tolerable share of labor and pains is bestowed upon the Works of Mud Island, experience has shewn that nothing but a very large force determined upon a serious operation can affect the City of Philadelphia. This I think may
[Note 79: At this point the draft has the following, which does not appear in the letter sent: "Your Excellency and Congress must be sensible that it is totally out of my power to take any measure at this instant for guarding against the Danger which is apprehended."] be impressed upon the Executive of the State with great propriety at this time.
Should a small post be established for the purpose of obstructing Commerce and drawing in the supplies of the Country, a Body of Militia from the adjacent parts of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Jersey which are all interested in preventing the enemy from extending themselves must be called in. Your Excellency will be pleased to observe that I advise this measure of necessity not of choice. I look upon calling out Militia detrimental in every point of view, but they are the only substitutes for a regular force. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your several Letters of the 9th. 10th. and 11th. Instant. It will be proper upon the general principle and practice, to Order an enquiry to be made into the conduct of the Commanding Officer of the Guard, which escorted the Prisoners to Easton.
The descriptive Lists of the Recruits may be lodged with the Commanding Officers of Brigades, or Dep. Adjt. Genl. as you shall think best.
By recurring to the Order of the 3d. of Septr. and reflecting on the irregularities which will be produced by having the Men of the Corps of Sappers and Miners borne on two different Muster Rolls; I think it will be most eligible to have the Pay Abstracts of the Men in question made up seperately agreeably to the Establishment, and transmitted to the State of Massachusetts for settlement. Altho these Men are not continued in the Regts of Infantry, they are notwithstanding considered as part of the quota, and are to be deducted from the number of Men to be raised by the State.
I have received a Letter from Govr Clinton of the 8th. respecting Capt. Simmons, in which he demonstrates it to have been his intention that Simmons should have acted under your direction, and that he was liable to be removed whenever you thought it expedient, according to the spirit of the enclosed Order from him to Maj: Spaulding.81 I am etc.
[Note 81: The draft spells this "Paulding." Maj. Jonathan H. Paulding, of the Westchester County (N. Y.) militia, is meant.]
P. S. Doctor Cochran being sick; application should be made to Doctor McKnight of Fishkill, in whose hands the stores are, or such a proportion of them as can be spared.82
[Note 82: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your Letter of this day. No means ill our power, to have the supplies you mention instantly brought forward, shall be left unessayed; the most pointed Orders have already been given to the proper Officers, repeated applications have been made to the Civil Authority for impress Warrants, and finally we have been forced to have recourse to military impress, to obtain the teams necessary for the transportation of the flour from Ringwood. I have also written, in the most pressing terms, to the Governor of Connecticut, stating our impending distresses, and imploring the interposition and assistance of the Executive in forwarding the salted Provisions from that State. I have now reiterated my directions to the Quarter Master General on that subject, and will give instructions to the Commissary to make arrangements with him for a supply of Rum.
Intelligence hath been communicated from General Foreman to the President of Congress and transmitted by him to me, "that the Enemy are preparing another [large] embarkation at New York [to be commanded by Sir H: Clinton in person]; with the design as is reported, to occupy a Post on the Delaware, how far this is to be depended upon I know not, but it may not be improper to prevent their turning this preparation to a different object, and striking us in a more important part, where they may conceive we are the least suspicious, and consequently the more vulnerable; indeed we ought always to be prepared at all points, and never obnoxious to a surprize even at our most inconsiderable and distant Posts; but I am sensible your vigilance and attention supersede the necessity of any extraordinary caution on my part. I am etc.
P S. I have attentively examined the proposal contained in your private letter of the 10th. instr. and am of opinion, from a variety of collateral circumstances which must be taken into consideration, that the attempt wd. be inexpedient at the present time. The Gentleman concerned may be assured this is not for want of confidence in his prudence, bravery or ability to conduct an Enterprize.83
[Note 83: In the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington, as is also the entire P. S. The proposal was to capture Maj. Gen. Friedrich von Hackenberg.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 5th. by Mr. Gamble. Nothing gives me greater pain than being obliged to hear daily complaints, which I know are well grounded, from every quarter, and not having it in my power to redress them. Mr. Gamble informs me that about 100 Barrels of Salt Meat, which were at Barrington, are upon the way to Claverac. These will be a temporary supply. In the mean time, I have written in the most pressing manner to the Governor of Connecticut, to assist the Quarter Master in forwarding the salt provision in that State, which is considerable, to the North River. If we can get it there, it will be easily transported thence to Albany. I shall endeavour to have a further supply, purposely for Fort schuyler, sent to you in this month, as I observe it is barely provisioned to the middle of next. Mr. Gamble tells me that he is not much fearful of being able to obtain a sufficiency of Flour. If you can get any of that before hand, it will be well to send it up to Fort Schuyler whenever proper opportunities offer.
I have at a variety of times represented to the Board of War the decline of the Armoury at Albany, and they have as often assured me that they have it not in their power to furnish the means of supporting it.
A small supply of Stores was sent up a few days past to the Hospital. I am &c.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I inclose to you the Extract of a Letter from Maj General Heath, of this day; and must again request that the most vigorous and enerjetic measures may be pursued for the transportation of the Provisions to relieve the Garrison and the Army from the horrors of impending famine; and me from the incessant complaints and perplexities which are occasioned by our present disagreeable circumstance. I am &c.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 12, 1781.
Sir: I have examined your report of the 10th. of March with the papers accompanying it. I do not see with what propriety the enemy could reject your proposition contained in No. 3 or can postpone the exchange of General Burgoigne on their own principles; two thirds of the Convention officers being now exchanged or nearly so, which was all along made by them a condition to the exchange of General Burgoigne. We must adhere to our proposition and proceed no further 'till his exchange is admitted. It cannot with propriety be connected with any disputable matter; and the affair of the cedars86 being already determined by Congress cannot be brought into question by me. If the Enemy do not accept your proposition respecting General Burgoigne, you are to demand especially a number of privates equal to those they are in debt for to us, agreeable to the account settled between you and their Commissary. If they have not privates in their hands here, they have them to the Southward which, being under Sir Henry Clinton's command ought equally to be applied to the payment of the debt. I am &c.87
[Note 86: The Cedars, in Canada. (See Writings of Washington, vol. 5.)]
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, April 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your letter of the 21st. Ulto. and am much obliged by the general information which you have given of the progress of the line in collecting their old Soldiers and Recruits. Be assured your letters can never be troublesome to me.
The communication which you so politely made in your last, respecting your own prospects, gave me a particular pleasure, which will be heightened by hearing that I may congratulate you, and present my compliments to Mrs. Stewart. That you may be as happy as you deserve is the sincere wish of Dear Sir, Your, etc.88
[Note 88: From a facsimile of the letter sold at auction in 1931.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, April 13, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
At a Division General court martial held in the Connecticut line the ninth instant by order of Colonel Durkee whereof Major Prior89 was president.
[Note 89: Maj. Abner William Prior, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment. He resigned in December, 1781.]
Lieutenant William Addams of the first Connecticut regiment was tried for Absenting himself from his regiment and not joining it agreeable to the requisition of the commanding officer found Guilty and sentenced to be Cashiered.
The Commander in Chief approves the above sentence and directs it to be carried into immediate execution.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 13, 1781.
Gentlemen: The Commissary of Prisoners informs me, that there are still a number of officers on Long Island who have been exchanged, but are detained there for want of money to pay their board, not having been able to negotiate the bills which he received for that purpose. This is a most painful circumstance, both as it affects the officers and our public Credit. If it were possible to find a sufficient sum of hard money for the purpose, it were much to be wished, that it would be done. The Commissary tells me a small sum only is wanted. I am persuaded his not having been hitherto supplied has proceeded from the want of means. With great respect etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 13, 1781.
Sir: You will be pleased to point out to the Quarter Master Genl. at what Places there are any quantities of Public Rum deposited, and concert measures with him for the transportation of an immediate supply to the Army. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 14, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: Your two letters of the 10th: came to hand last Night. In mine of the 11th: I informed you as fully as it was prudent to do upon paper, that there was at present little or no prospect of an operation in the quarter you seem to wish. The contingencies appeared to me so remote in the Conversations I had with Count De Rochambeau, that I could not justify myself in withdrawing a detachment already so far advanced towards the point in which relief is immediately and absolutely necessary.
To have sent the detachment by water would certainly have been in every respect advantageous. But even supposing Mr. des Touche should consent to spare the number of ships you mention, would it be safe to risque so valuable a Body of Men upon so unequal a force in the face of the whole British Fleet? For we cannot suppose their intelligence so bad, but they would have notice of the embarkation and take measures to intercept it.
If it becomes absolutely necessary for Colonel Vose to return, he must be indulged, but it will not do, under present circumstances, to give Colo. Smith the command of the Battalion, as it would afford fresh Ground for the complaints which already exist on account of having some of the Battalions commanded by Field Officers not belonging to the lines from which they are drawn.
If Colo. Smith goes to the southward, in his present capacity, he will roll with the other sub-inspectors according to his Rank. The Depy. Adjt General in that department is Colo. Williams. So that you will find yourself mistaken in supposing that he will be liable to be commanded on the Staff by his inferiors in Rank. You know my opinion of and my value for Smith, and you may be assured that could I gratify him, without doing an injury to the service and to individuals, I would with pleasure comply with the request you make in his behalf.
Congress have received an information, thro' General Forman, that Sir Henry Clinton means in person to take post upon the Delaware at New Castle. I have heard of no preparation at New York for an embarkation of that consequence, or of any other, and therefore I do not put much confidence in the report, upon so large a scale. A party may perhaps be going into Delaware Bay to interrupt the Commerce of Philada. and draw supplies from the disaffected near the shores.
I expect to hear of some desertions from you in consequence of your move; but the composition of your troops is good and if the Officers enter upon the service with alacrity, I have no doubt but the Men will soon forget their attachments in this quarter, and follow chearfully. With the truest Regard I am &c.
P. S. I have just recd. a letter of the 6th. from Genl. St. Clair at Philada. in which he informs me that he expected about 900 of the Penna. line would be ready to march from York town in ten days from that time.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 14, 1781.
Sir: Some instructions just received from Congress make it improper to carry those given to you a few days ago into execution. You will therefore forbear entering into any negotiation with Mr. Loring on the subject of exchanges, untill you hear further from me, which shall be in a day or two. I am &c.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Apr. 16, 1781, post.)]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 14, 1781.
Sir: By advices just received from Col. Brodhead, dated at Fort Pitt the 10th Ulto. I am informed there are strong indications from several quarters, that Hostilities will be committed pretty extensively on the frontiers by the Savages, at the Opening of the Campaign; that the Troops under his command are very much distressed for want of Provisions, that they have been at half allowance of meat ever since the 26th of Decr. and frequently both before and since without any, for several days successively. And that, should the Indians be as active and enterprising as is expected, the Post could not be maintained without Magazines of Salted Provisions.
In pointing out the Places of deposit for the Supplies of the several States; I had directed 2400 Barrels of flour 1000 Barrels of Salt Meat, or salt equivalent to put up that quantity on the spot, and 7000 Gallons of Spirits, to be deposited by the State of Pennsylvania at Fort Pitt. If no measures have been taken to carry this requisition into execution, I must entreat the attention of Congress to the subject, that the State may be urged to immediate compliance, and that effectual means may be adopted to relieve the present distresses and avert the calamities which will be otherwise inevitable.
I have been honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 6th Inst. and am happy to see the tribute of gratitude paid to the gallant efforts of our generous Allies.94 With the highest respect.95
[Note 94: Congress passed a resolution of thanks to Rochambeau and Destouches on Apr. 5, 1781.]
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, April 15, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
At a General Court Martial held at West Point the 10th instant by order of Major General Heath, Major Graham,96 President.
[Note 96: Maj. John Graham, of the First New York Regiment He served to the close of the war.]
Robert Maples, alias John Walker, charged with "inlisting in Colonel Alden's regiment by the name of John Walker for during the war and deserting therefrom also reinlisting by the name of Robert Maples for three years and taking a bounty of two hundred hard dollars from Coleraine97 and deserting again" was tried, found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death two thirds of the Court agreeing.
[Note 97: Colonel Irvine(?)]
At a General Court Martial held in General Stark's brigade the 13th. instant by order of Colonel Green; Major Flagg president.
Nathan Gale soldier in Colonel Green's regiment charg'd with "repeated Desertion" was tried, found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death a large majority of the court agreeing.
The Commander in Chief approves the above Sentences and orders the prisoners Robert Maples alias John Walker and Nathan Gale to be executed on Wednesday next.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have duly received the Letter which you did me the honor to write on the 2nd Instant, and also the Act for raising the quota of Troops assigned to your State. As every thing depends upon having our Regiments compleated to the Establishment; I hope this mode will be efficacious, and that the exertions of the State will not be remitted untill the full compliment of Men is raised, and forwarded. We have not as yet received a single recruit from New Hampshire, altho the season is so far advanced; and if the States which are now enjoying almost all the blessings of Peace, far removed front the ravages of War, will not seriously and strenuously exert themselves, and strain every Nerve to afford Men and Supplies, I know not from what quarter we may rationally expect the Means of defending ourselves, repelling the Enemy, and establishing the Independence of the Country.
The efforts that New Hampshire made in the course of the last year to supply the Army, were truly laudable, since the close of that Campaign, the rigor of the season, the badness of the roads, and the distance of the State from the Troops, have prevented our making those frequent representations, and pressing requisitions, which have been so often repeated to the States that were more contiguous; upon the success of which, alone, we have subsisted the Army. But the time is now come when we must look to New Hampshire for a pointed and exact compliance with the requisitions of Congress, especially in the Article of Beef Cattle. All the little Magazines which we had laid up, against an emergency, in the Garrison of West Point, and its dependencies, are entirely consumed. The States of Massachusetts and Connecticut have been frequently called upon, and I cannot now flatter myself that our prospects from them are by any Means equal to our Necessities; indeed I fear they will relax still more, if the other States do not furnish as great a proportion of the Supplies required of them. Let me entreat, therefore, that speedy and effectual Measures may be taken by the State to avert the distresses which now threaten the Army, by complying as fully and regularly as possible with the requisitions of Congress.
The Articles of Cloathing which will be the most essential at the present period, are, shirts, linnen Overalls, Shoes &c. I could wish to have the Summer Cloathing sent on without delay. With great regard and esteem etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 15, 1781.
Dr. Sir: The bearer Mr. Fish of Saratoga district came to me this morning with the intelligence of which the inclosed is a Copy. How he obtained it from one Harris99 he will inform your Excellency. Harris whose character perhaps your Excellency may be acquainted with, is to meet the party under the command of Ensign Smith the 20th. of this month; is to convey
[Note 99: Moses(?) Harris.] a packet to Albany and to carry another back to them. He proposed to Fish to seize him at a place to be agreed upon and to take the letters from him. But I think a better way would be, to let him carry the letters and answers to Genl. Schuyler in the first instance, who might contrive means of opening them without breaking the seals, take Copies of the Contents and then let them go on. By these means we should become masters of the whole plot, whereas were we to seize Harris upon his first tour we should break up the chain of communication which seems so providentially thrown into our hands. Should your Excellency approve of the measure which I have suggested you will be pleased to write to Genl. Schuyler upon the subject and desire him, should business call him from Albany to leave the conduct of the affair in proper hands in his Absence. I have promised Fish that both he and Harris shall be handsomely rewarded if they execute the Business with fidelity.
I have received your Excellency's favs. of the 30th ulto. and 8th. Inst. Every thing in my power shall be done to keep up the supply of provision to the Northward, but our great difficulty now lies in getting it from the Magazines in the neighbouring States. The Quarter Master is moneyless and the people refuse to work longer upon Certificates. I have the honor etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On April 15 Washington wrote also to Major General Heath that Knox would concert measures with him respecting the artillery and stores, and that there was no objection to Heath's building a provost upon Polopels Island, which Humphreys spelled "Pollipus." This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 18th. and 25th. Feby. and 10th. of March.
Inclosed you will find a power2 for holding a General Court Martial at Fort Pitt for the trial of all persons who shall be brought before them. The proceedings, if any capital, or any which affect Commd. Officers, to be sent to me for approbation.
[Note 2: A draft of this power is entered on the same document as this letter.]
I shall write to the Board of War and desire them to send up such of the Stores demanded by Capt. Craig as we have it in our power to furnish.
It was not my intention to give Colo. Clarke an unlimited order upon the Magazines at Fort Pitt. By referring to the latest Returns from thence I found we could furnish the quantity of the several Articles mentioned in my letter. If his wants should be greater, and what he further requests can, in the opinion of the Commandant, be spared, I wish he may be supplied, but not otherwise. In short, it is my desire that every assistance, consistent with the safety of the post may be given to that Expedition, if it should be prosecuted.
The keeping up the post of Fort McIntosh must entirely depend upon the utility of it, and the means you have of supporting it. Of this you, who are upon the spot, will be the best able to judge. It would have been utterly out of our power to have built and maintained a Fort at Cuskuskei for the Cooshocking Indians even had they remained in Friendship with us; but as you seem to think in your last, we have lost their interest, the matter falls of course.
I have never failed of transmitting your representations on the score of provision to Congress. Immediately upon the receipt of your last I wrote to them and informed them that the post must be evacuated in case of an invasion, if supplies were not immediately thrown in. When I was called upon last Fall to fix upon the places of deposit for the specific supplies demanded from each State, I directed Pennsylvania to form an ample Magazine at Fort Pitt. Why it has not been done, the Executive of that State can only answer. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Sir: By a late resolve of Congress it is become necessary to countermand that part of your last instructions, which directs you to adhere to your proposition concerning General Burgoigne. The enemy having refused to accede to it we are no longer held by our first proposal, and we are not now at liberty to renew it. This is said on the supposition that my letter to you of the 14th. instant arrived in time to prevent your acting upon your last instructions.
You are now only to demand of the enemy the payment of the ballance of privates due to us as there mentioned. I am etc.
In case there are other prisoners besides Lt. General Burgoigne absent from America on their paroles, you will immediately send in the inclosed letter to Sir Henry Clinton; if there are others, you will immediately return the letter with a list of the persons.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Sir: On the receipt of your favor of the 5th. I enquired whether the public store had been robbed of the Articles you mentioned as being found upon the Teamsters; I am informed it has not.
I am sorry to say that the Recruits from Connecticut yet come in very slowly, and I fear except prospects are much mended since I was at Hartford that few may be expected. You will be pleased to inform me what were the numbers at the different places of rendezvous, by the last accounts which you have been able to collect. I am &c.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Sir: By the inclosed act of Congress of the 3d. instant you will perceive I am directed to demand the immediate return of Lt General Burgoigne and all other British or German officers, prisoners of war, now absent from America on their paroles. As the late exchanges have released all those who were under this description except Lt General Burgoyne, I am only to require his return agreeable to the act. I therefore request your Excellency will take the necessary steps to procure the speediest compliance possible with this requisition. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 2d: You will readily perceive the impropriety of my interfering in an election which depends upon the will of Congress, before they have been pleased to ask my opinion; and as there probably will, in case of Colo. Flowers's death, be more than one application for his Office, I should chuse to withhold the promise of a recommendation to any particular person, that I might be at liberty to give my voice, if asked, in favor of him who on every account seemed best intitled to the succession in question. I am &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 8: Purchasing Agent for Massachusetts.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Sir: From the representation of the Commissary General of Purchases, I was led to believe, that the State of Massachusetts would furnish a regular supply of Beef Cattle, which with our other resources, would be competent to all our exigencies, and put us beyond the reach of contingency in this Article; but we have been greatly disappointed. Our salted Provisions which were laid up in the Garrison are exhausted, and the Army is again on the brink of distress.
I must therefore take occasion, thro' you, to urge the State to an immediate compliance with the requisitions of Congress, and request you will furnish weekly the number of Cattle called for by the Commissary at the Army, And also concert effectual measures with the State, to keep up a regular supply thro the Campaign, without which we must again be reduced to the same or greater distresses than we have already experienced. I am &c.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Sir: Your favors of the 8th. 11th. and 14th. reached me last Evening. From the good disposition shewn by the Governor and Council10 and from your own exertions. I flatter myself we
[Note 10: Of Connecticut.] shall have a considerable quantity of the salt provision brought forward immediately.
Should the letter of which you inclosed me a Copy have fallen into the hands of the enemy, it will only inform them of what they very well knew before, the distressed state of our finances. I am &c.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Sir: I was last night honored with a letter from your Excellency bearing date the 7th. instant which I presume must have been a mistake, as you acknowledge the receipt of mine of the 6th. The intelligence communicated in mine of the 10th. respecting a further embarkation from New York is confirmed by a variety of accounts. The number or exact destination is not yet ascertained but all agree that it is to some part of the southward and that Sir Henry Clinton is to command. I am also advised that the British Fleet has arrived at the Hook; whether all or only part of the ships are there I cannot yet tell, but the moment I receive more particular intelligences they shall be transmitted to your Excellency.
The preparations you are making will not only serve to give the enemy jealousies, but they will put you in readiness to move this way, should circumstances require it. Your Excellency may be assured of having all possible previous notice, should the measure become necessary.
I inclose you a New York Gazette which has one paragraph which makes me uneasy, it is that which speaks of a French Convoy being intercepted in the Bay of Biscay. I have the honor etc.
P. S. Your Excellency will be pleased to forward the inclosed to Colo. Laurens by the fleet of transports. Should they have sailed by the next opportunity.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 13: Son of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, (See General Orders, June 8, 1781, post.)]
New Windsor, April 16, 1781.
Sir: Colo. Harrison who has acted as my Secretary since the beginning of 1776 has accepted an honorable and profitable Civil appointment in the State of Maryland and is gone to enjoy it. The circle of my acquaintance does not furnish a character that would be more pleasing to me as a successor to him than yours; I make you the first offer therefore of the vacant Office and should be happy on your acceptance of it.
The pay is one hundred dollars pr. month; the Rations that of a Lieutt. Colonel in the Army, (which in fact, is additional; as the value thereof is received in money). No perquisites appertain to the Office. The Secretary lives as I do, is at little expence while he is in my family, or when absent on my business, and is in the highest confidence and estimation from the nature of his Office.
I mention these things for your information and shall be happy in a speedy and favourable answer. being with great esteem and regard etc.
April 16, 1781.
[See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, April 18, 1781]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: I some time ago upon the representation of Mr. Rensalaer14 the Commy. of Stores at Albany gave him an unlimited order upon the Dy. Commy. of Hides for as much Leather or Hides as were absolutely necessary for the business of the Department. I am informed that the first draft he made was for 900 Hides, a quantity that to me seems far greater than there could possibly be occasion for, at one time at least.
[Note 14: Philip Van Rensselaer.]
The Commy. of Hides has not yet delivered the whole of the 900, but except he receives a counter order from me, he must do it. You will therefore be pleased to make enquiry into the matter and inform me what quantity seems really necessary for Mr. Renselaers purposes. I am &c.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, April 17, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Guards and Fatigue parties furnished for the Quarter master's, Commissary's and cloathier's department at New Windsor and Newburgh that have been a week or longer on duty to be relieved immediately. No party to continue longer than a Week on that duty without a special order the purpose.
Robert Maples alias John Walker and Nathan Gale ordered to be executed tomorrow are respited untill Friday next.
The regimental cloathiers are immediately to apply to the deputy Cloathier General for cloathing for the men of their respective regiments returned unfit for Service for want of Cloaths.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 17, 1781.
Sir: I have received yours of the 16th. The Resolve of the 29th: March for reforming Colo. Baldwin's Regt. of Artificers seems to carry with it an implication that the reformed Officers are not to be intitled to Half pay, but as the matter is not explicit, I cannot undertake to determine upon the intent of Congress. I would recommend it to you to make an application thro' Colo. Baldwin, who I believe is at Philada. for an explanation. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: By the Letter from the Quarter Master General, transmitted herewith, You will be pleased to observe the necessity of furnishing the Camp Equipage specified in the Estimate for the Troops of your State, as also the reasons why the application was not made at an earlier period.
Every other effort for a supply having failed of success, this is the last resource now remaining. And I have only to add my earnest wishes, that this may not disappoint our expectations. I have the honor etc.17
[Note 17: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 18, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favr. of the 23d. ulto. As soon as I had ascertained the point of Genl. Phillips having sailed with a detachment from New York I sent directions to the Marquis to proceed to the southward and put himself under the orders of Major Genl. Greene. I was in hopes my letters would have reached him at Annapolis or met him in his march from thence to the Head of Elk, but unfortunately as things were circumstanced he had found an opportunity of returning by Water to the Head of Elk and by that means brought the detachment near one hundred Miles back again. He however was to recommence his march on the 13th: and as he is very light he will move as quick as it is possible for troops to do.
The first division of the Pennsylvania Line will be larger than I could have expected. General St. Clair writes me that 960 Rank and File formed into three Battalions were to march from York Town the 16th instant. He was in hopes to collect between three and four hundred more of the old soldiers, but was very uncertain of the success of recruiting.
Another embarkation is preparing at New York. Most accounts agree that Sir Henry Clinton is to command in person and that the destination is for the Delaware. I rather think if Sir Henry does go, that it must be his intent to take the command to the southward, for I will not believe that he will employ himself with a detachment, especially as it cannot be made a very considerable one without weakening the Garrison of New York more than he would chuse to do, notwithstanding the smallness of our force at present.
We are very anxious to hear the event of Lord Cornwallis's retreat from Guilford and New Garden. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, April 18, 1781.
My dear Sir: Your private letter of the 18th. Ulto. came safe to hand, altho' the honors of the field did not fall to your lot, I am convinced you deserved them. The chances of War are various, and the best concerted measures, and the most flattering prospects may, and often do deceive us; especially while we are in the power of Militia. The motives which induced you to seek an action with Lord Cornwallis are supportable upon the best Military principles; and the consequences, if you can prevent the dissipation of your Troops, will, no doubt be fortunate. Every support that is in my power to give you, from this Army, shall chearfully be afforded. But if I part with any more Troops I must accompany them or have none to Command, as there is not, at this moment, more than a Garrison for West point; nor can I tell when there will.
I am much pleased to find by your letter that the State of Virginia exerts itself to your satisfaction. My public and private letters strongly inculcate the necessity of this. And I have again urged Congress to use every possible mean in their power to facilitate the march of the Pensylvania line, as also to recruit, equip and forward Moylans Dragoons to you, with dispatch.
I should be very sorry on any occasion to hurt the feelings of the Baron de Steuben, whom I esteem as a very valuable Officer. But in the instance you have mentioned there is no cause for complaint, for if he will advert to his own letters to me, he will find that there was a great probability of his having marched with a detachment to reinforce you. Besides which there was a necessity for sending a Genl. Officer with the detachment from hence; and political considerations as it was to be a combined operation, (depending upon critical circumstances) with a French Land and Sea force, pointed to the Marquis. Add to this, I knew, that the French Troops were to be commanded by an Officer of senior rank to either the Baron or Marquis. These are the facts, the knowledge of which must, I am perswaded, satisfy the Baron.
I am truly sensible of the merit and fortitude of the veteran bands under your Command, and wish the sentiments I entertain of their worth could be communicated with the warmth I feel them. It was my full intention to have requested you, to thank Morgan and the gallant Troops under his commd. for their brilliant victory but the hurry in which my letters are too often written, occasioned the omission at the time I acknowledged the official Account of that action.
Your conjecture respecting the cause of the P-- M--y19 has more substantial ground for its support than the letter of the M-- of C--,20 and I am mistaken if the licentious conduct of that line was not more the effect of an over charge of spirits on the first of January than of premeditated design.
[Note 19: The Pennsylvania mutiny.]
[Note 20: Member of Congress.]
I have the pleasure to tell you, that as far as I am acquainted with the opinion of Congress with respect to your conduct it is much in your favour, that this is the sentiment of all the Southern Delegates I have great reason to believe because I have it declared to me in explicit terms by some of them.
Since writing the above I have recd. a letter from Mr. Custis dated the 29th. Ulto. in which are these words "Genl. Greene has by his conduct gained universal esteem, and possesses in the fullest degree the confidence of all ranks of people." He had then just returned from the Assembly at Richmond.
I hope the disorder of which you complained in your letter of the 18th, was no other than the effect of over fatigue, and that you are now perfectly well. That success, equal to your merits and wishes may attend you, is the ardent desire of Dr. Sir etc.
P S. Mrs. Washington and the rest of the family present their best wishes to you; and I have the pleasure to tell you that Mrs. Greene and your Children were well lately. Your letters to her, under cover to me, are regularly forwarded by the Post.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 18, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am glad to learn from the Letter of General Greene, a Copy of which Your Excellency did me the honor to enclose on the 28th Ulto. that the Action of the 15th. had been severely felt by the Enemy, that their retreat bore evident marks of distress, and that our Army in good spirits, were advancing upon them.
From Virginia I have nothing later than Your Letter, and the enclosure from the Baron Steuben. Nor do I know where General Philips is, with his Detachment, at this time.
We have Advices from New York, thro' different channels, that preparation is now making to embark a considerable Corps of Troops, and that Sir Henry Clinton himself is to go with them; if this information is true, the weight of the War is undoubtedly to be transferred to the Southward; and our exertions, ought to be proportionably great in that quarter. Previous to this intelligence, I had ordered the Detachment under the Marquis De la Fayette to be marched to the South, and put under the Orders of Major General Greene, to act in Virginia or under his immediate command, as the circumstances might require.
Since my last of the 4th. in which I informed Your Excellency, that I was in hopes the first Division of Pennsylvanians would consist of five or six hundred Men; I am advised by Major General St Clair, that Nine hundred and sixty Rank and File properly Officered, would march, together with a Detachment of Proctor's Regt. and four Pieces of Artillery, on the 16th Inst. from York Town in Pennsylvania. General St Clair had expectations that three or four hundred more of the Line might be collected, but in what time was not certain; neither could he tell what further to expect from the success of recruiting. I have the honor etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[V.S.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 16[--19], 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Your Excellency's letters of the 4th and 5th instant, with the papers inclosed. The last did not arrive 'till the 14th.22 Previous to the receipt of it, I had directed the Commissary of Prisoners to renew a proposal some time since made the enemy for exchanging General Burgoigne and a ballance of private prisoners due to us, against the residue of our officers on Long Island, and as many of the Southern officers as would make up the difference. My motives for this proposal were these: General Burgoigne is said to be in an ill state of health; his death would deprive us in exchanges of the value of 1040 private men or officers equivalent, according to the tariff which has been settled. I thought it adviseable not to risk so considerable a loss, when his exchange would give relief to a number of our officers in captivity and disembarrass the public of the inconvenience of maintaining them there.
[Note 22: By a resolve of Congress of Apr. 3, 1781, Burgoyne and all other British officers, prisoners of war on parole in England, were recalled to captivity. "This resolution is adopted in Consequence of Information, that the Late President Laurens is confined in the Tower of London as a State Criminal, under Pretext of his being guilty of treasonable Practices. Should this Resolution embarrass or impede any Measures your Excellency may have adopted relative, or preparatory, to a general Exchange of Prisoners, it is taken for granted you will please to represent the same to Congress previous to any Proceedings for carrying the resolve into Execution."-- President of Congress to Washington, Apr. 5, 1781.]
The moment I received your letter, I wrote to Mr Skinner countermanding his instructions. I believe the countermand will arrive before he has done any thing in the matter; but, if it does not I am persuaded the enemy will again reject the proposal. As soon as I hear from him, if things are situated as I expect, I will immediately execute the order for the recall of General Burgoigne. To the best of my recollection all the other officers in Europe on parole have been exchanged.23
[Note 23: See Washington's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, May 1, 1781, post.]
I have received advices through different channels, corresponding with that transmitted Congress by Mr. Foreman. They strongly assert that a further detachment is going from New York and that it is to be commanded by General Clinton; but they are not equally possitive as to the destination being for the Delaware. In the present State of Southern affairs 'tis perhaps more probable that Clinton is going with a reinforcement to take the command there. I have the honor etc.
P. S. April 19th. I am this day honored with Yr. Excellencys letter of the 14th.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 18[--19], 1781.
Sir: Our present prospects of supplies in the Article of Bread are peculiarly bad. From all the information I can collect, the whole quantity of Flour we shall be able to command in the States of Jersey and New York will not carry us beyond the beginning of the next Month. These States having been for some time past the immediate Theatre of the War, are so full of Certificates, and coertion both legislative and military have been so frequently employed, that the people have not only lost all confidence in public credit, but are extremely impatient under any exertions of authority to force their property from them. This is particularly the case in the State of New York, where the dissatisfactions have lately worn a serious and embarrassing aspect.
The States to the southward of Pennsylvania, except Delaware, must almost wholly apply their resources to the support of the southern Army, where a greater force on our part is and must be collecting, in some degree to keep measure with the force the enemy are transferring to that quarter.
Under these circumstances, it is on Pennsylvania we must chiefly depend for supplying the wants of this army in the article of Bread. I am sorry to be obliged to add, that, according to the Commissary's reports, we have hitherto received only a small proportion of her quota, and our future expectations, so far as may be concluded from the provision already made, are but slender. I pretend not to judge of the ability of this State to contribute to our support, but of this I am certain, that unless she can furnish more amply supplies hereafter than she has done for some time past, the subsistence of this Army will be impracticable.
I thought it my duty to make this representation to Congress, that apprised of our prospects, they may take such steps as appear to them eligible to prevent our experiencing the distress with which we are threatened. I have the honor etc.
P. S. I have since writing the foregoing, heard of between six and seven hundred Barrels of Flour more being upon the communication between this and Pennsylvania. These will be equal to about 15 days supply.
19th: I inclose the Copy of a letter this moment recd. from Brigadier General Clinton, which, as far as it relates to the want of provision, is similar to what I daily receive from other quarters. If any accident happens to Fort Schuyler, it will proceed from want of provision not of Men. For as General Clinton remarks, the Levies for the State Regiments cannot be drawn together for want of subsistence.25
[Note 25: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on April 23.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 19, 1781.
Dr Sir: I duly received your letter of the 17th. of March inclosing the copy of one of the 16th. to the President of Congress. The motives which induced you to hazard a battle appear to me to have been substantial. I am happy to find by your subsequent letter to Congress that the retreat of Cornwallis in circumstances of distress correspond with your expectations. I still however regard your affairs as critically situated; the enemy are accumulating a large force in the Southern States; we have several concurring accounts that a further detachment is preparing at New York to be commanded by Clinton himself. Its destination is given out to be for Delaware bay, but it is much more probably for Chesapeak, or Cape fear.
The Marquis will have informed you of the orders he has received to march Southward with his corps and to concert with you his ulterior movements, whether to remain in Virginia to make head against the enemy who are now in force there or proceed directly to a junction with you.
General St Clair informs me that 900 of the Pensylvanians were to march the 16th from York Town.
You may be assured that we give you all the support in our power. I wish our means were more adequate.
We are impatiently waiting for definitive advices from Europe; we have nothing certain since the dutch war. The precariousness of conveyance by the post would make it dangerous to enlarge confidentially. With the truest esteem etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 19, 1781.
Sir: Upon the receipt of this, you will instantly set out for the Army, and join your Regt. as expeditiously as possible. This Order you will consider as explicit and peremptory, and not to be dispensed with, on any pretext whatever. No permission, for further absence can be of any avail, from any authority inferior to that of Congress.
It is represented to me that there are some few of the Inhabitants of Wyoming belonging to the Continental service, now at home the circumstances of whose families are very peculiarly distressing, those under this predicament, may remain, until the pleasure of Congress is known, but the remainder must be forwarded in the Army, without delay. And you will be pleased to report to me upon your arrival the number and circumstances of all these men. I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 19, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 12th. Congress have not to my knowledge come to any determination upon the matter respecting the Wyoming Companies which has been referred to them by the Assembly of Connecticut. I can therefore do no more at present than to permit those Men who are peculiarly circumstanced as to their families to remain where they are untill the final pleasure of Congress shall be known. I have written to this effect to Colo. Butler. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, April 19, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Commander in Chief considering the scarcity of Hospital stores and the advanced season thinks proper to order a discontinuance of inoculation in the army.
To prevent the small pox spreading amongst the recruits that may hereafter join, the utmost care is to be taken to prevent their mixing with those who have lately had that disorder. He therefore directs that the patients now at the small pox hospital and those who are employed to attend the sick may be prevented from straggling to their corps and all such as do not now belong to the hospital from going to it on any pretence untill the surgeons report that all danger of infection ceases; if notwithstanding these precautions any person should be seized with the small pox he or she is to be immediately removed to the Hospital.
The court of enquiry ordered by Major General Heath the 14th. instant to investigate the conduct of Captain Pope29 during his late command escorting prisoners of war to Easton (whereof Colonel Michael Jackson was president) having minutely enquired into Captain Pope's conduct on that occasion are of opinion it is commendable and that of a good officer.
[Note 29: Capt. Isaac Pope, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He was major of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in October, 1782, and retired in June, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 20, 1781.
Gentlemen: Inclosed is an estimate of Military Stores which will be necessary at Fort Pitt;30 it is formed partly upon the requisition of the Commanding Officer of Artillery there; but chiefly upon a presumption that a considerable quantity of the larger species of Stores will be expended by Colo. Clarke in an expedition against Detroit. At the request of the State of Virginia, I gave an order upon the Commandant of Fort Pitt for the Artillery &c. necessary for the understanding. I would wish the Articles might be forwarded as expeditiously as possible.
[Note 30: The list of the artillery stores necessary to be sent to Fort Pitt were given in Knox's letter to Washington, Apr. 19, 1781, in the Washington Papers, and were copied with this letter to the Board of War in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
The Marquis de la Fayette has informed me that he had sent Colo. Barber to Philada. to make application to the Board for light Cloathing for his detachment, previous to knowing that I had sent from hence 1200 shirts, 1200 linen Overalls, 1200 pair of shoes, 1200 socks and 100 hunting shirts purposely for them and about 900 Hunting shirts and 3000 pair of socks for the southern Army in general. The Deputy Cloathier has likewise ordered about 4000 pr. of shoes which were in Jersey to be sent to Philada. for the southern Army. But notwithstanding these Supplies I would wish the Board to forward all the light Cloathing and shoes that they can possibly procure, and with the greatest expedition, as by the last accounts from General Greene he was exceedingly distressed for those Articles.
Inclosed you have the returns of the Officers of Rawlins's Corps and Heths independent Company which were reformed by the late arrangement.
Colo. Procter of the 4th. Regt. of Artillery having resigned the command of that Regiment by the present mode of promotion will devolve upon the eldest Lieut. Colo. in the line of Artillery. I think Lieut. Colo. Carrington, but this you may know by referring to the Register. Colo. Procters Resignation bears date the 18th Inst. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, April 20, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve to which due attention is to be paid:
By the United States in Congress assembled, April 13th, 1781
Resolved, That the Commander in Chief transmit to the executives of the several states lists of the names of all the new levies belonging to each State respectively, specifying their times of service and the sums due to them; such lists to be signed by the paymasters of the regiments in which the said new levies have served, countersigned by the commanding officer, and approved of by the brigadier or commanding officer of the brigade or corps; and that it be, and hereby is, recommended to the said states, to cause payment to be made to the said new levies, agreeably to such lists, on account of the United States.
Resolved, That, for the future all applications of persons serving in the army, for settlement of accounts, be made immediately to the auditors of the army:
That all applications of persons serving in the army, for payment of liquidated sums due from the United States, be made immediately to the paymaster, accompanied with the proper warrants:
That all similar applications of other creditors of the United States, be made immediately to the Board of Treasury, to be liquidated and discharged, either in whole or such equal proportion, as the Board of Treasury shall, with the approbation of the United States in Congress assembled, from time to time generally direct.
Resolved, That all applications respecting rank, discharges, losses of horses, cloathing, or other articles, in the service, and for arrears of cloathing and other articles, be made in the first instance to the Board of War.
Resolved, That all applications for resignations be made to the Commander in Chief, or to the officer commanding in a seperate department.
The Levies mentioned in the first resolve are those who served the last Campaign.
The lists called for are to be made out as speedily as possible and transmitted to the Adjutant General.
A Corporal and six men to be sent as a Guard to Brigadier General Du Portail's Quarters (south side of murderers creek tomorrow; this guard to be relieved at the same time with the guards at New Windsor and Newburgh.
Mr. William Hutton32 being appointed Provost Marshal to the Army of the United States is to be respected accordingly, and is entitled to the Emoluments of that office from the eleventh day of May 1780 inclusive.
[Note 32: On April 20 Heath wrote to Washington: "This being the day appointed...for the execution of Robert Maples, alias John Walker, and Nathan Gale, directions were given for the necessary preparations...and the troops have been paraded. Mr. Hutton, the Provost-marshal, who had received your Excellency's warrants for the execution...has attended; but has refused to perform the execution himself, and has not provided any other person. The Deputy Adjutant-general would have furnished him with one if to be found....I have sent Mr. Hutton in arrest to your Excellency, to be dealt with for his disobedience." This letter is indorsed by Tilghman: "Criminals respited till Tuesday provost Martial to be tried immediately for disobedience of Orders." Heath's letter is in the Washington Papers. Photostats of the warrants for the execution of Maples and Gale are also in the Washington Papers. The originals are in the Massachusetts Historical Society.
On April 22 Humphreys wrote to Heath, by order of Washington, that "One of the two Culprits, whose crime shall appear to you the least aggravated, to be finally pardoned and released from his confinement." The draft of Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, Apr. 20, 1781, ante.)]
The Brigade Inspectors will themselves bring the Returns of their respective brigades for the present week to the Adjutant General's office on Sunday next.
AFTER ORDERS
Robert Maples alias John Walker, and Nathan Gale ordered to be executed on Wednesday last, respited 'till this day are further respited untill tuesday next.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: It was exceedingly proper to Order the men who left the Detachment under the Marquis, to be confined; if the practice should prevail, severe examples must be made, but if it ceases here, and the number is small, it may not be worth the while to send them back, (Altho there should not be evidence sufficient to convict them here with certainty) lest the fear of Punishment should induce them to a final desertion, on their route to those Troops.
By the Proceedings of the Court of Enquiry on Captain Pope, there appears to be such information respecting the conduct of the Officer who was on Guard at the time the Prisoners made their escape, that it is necessary he should be put in Arrest, and brought before a Court Martial, for being absent from his Guard, and neglect of duty in suffering the Prisoners to escape from the Guard under his Command. This you will be pleased to direct accordingly. With great regard etc.
P. S. I thank you for the News Paper you forwarded by Major Gibbs.33
[Note 33: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 20, 1781.
Sir: I was surprised to find by a Letter from Mr. John Hurlbut of Wyoming, that you had given permission for the Men belonging to the Army, who were Inhabitants of and now are at Wyoming to continue at that place until further Orders. You must be sensible such interference is very improper; and in future you will not presume to contravene the Resolutions of Congress, or Orders of your Superior officers. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 20, 1781.
Sir: Your favor of the 9th: did not reach me untill the 18th. instant. I am sorry to find that the situation of your domestic affairs renders it necessary for you to quit the service. It always gives me pain to part with an Officer, but particularly so with one whose experience and attention has made him useful in his profession.
I cannot in justice to you permit you to leave the Army without expressing my approbation of your conduct upon every occasion since you joined me in 1776, and wishing you success in the line of Life which you have now embraced.
I have signified my acceptance of your resignation, which bears date the 18th. inst. to the Board of War. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: His Excellency wishes to be informed what success has attended the measures taken for the transportation of the flour from Ringwood, what number of teams were procured by the last impress &c. He also requests you will direct the Forage Mastr. Genl. to provide pasture as convenient as possible to Head Quarters for the Horses which belong to himself and his Family.
We shall shortly be much distressed for Paper and Wax. I am etc.
P. S. We will thank you for some Wafers by the Bearer if any have arrived?36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 2d. and 13th. Inst. Major Clarkson has communicated the Matter for which I am referred to him in your last. It seems a clue which may lead to an ample discovery of what has been some time suspected, provided the Emissary is sincere. But Major Clarkson cannot tell me whether he proposed to make himself known to me or whether he is to communicate his discoveries to Mr. C--.38If one or the other of these is not to be the consequence, we shall be as much in the dark as before, and he may have been artful enough to have given the hints he has, to screen himself from punishment should he be apprehended on his Journey.
[Note 38: Jesse Cole, of New York City.]
Under this uncertainty I have concluded not to send in the letter 'till I can hear again from you. You will therefore be good enough to apply to Mr. C -- and know of him whether any and what mode of communication has been agreed upon. If no plan has been settled, ask him whether he could fall upon any way of informing -- that it would be necessary that I or some person authorised from me should see him at a convenient place on his way to and from -- I would prefer an interview both going and coming to any other mode, for by cross examining and minutely observing the conduct and behaviour of a person under such circumstances, much may be determined as to his honesty or knavery. I shall be anxious to hear from you on this subject. You will see the necessity of keeping the names of the principal Actors out of sight as I have done in this letter.39 I am &c.40
[Note 39: Heath's letter identifying Mr. C. is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 21, 1781.
Sir: I should be glad to be informed by you, what quantity of Provisions, has within a few days, arrived from the Eastward, and particularly of salted Meat from Connecticut, and what your immediate prospects are.
I have written to the President of New Hampshire,41 urging that State to an immediate and regular compliance with the
[Note 41: See Washington's letter to President Meshech Weare, Apr. 15, 1781, ante.] requisitions of Congress especially in the Article of Beef Cattle. I have also written to Mr Phelps the Agent of Massachusetts on the same subject, directing that the number of Cattle be constantly furnished, which is pointed out by the Commissary at the Army. It now remains with Your Department to make such arrangements with the Agents, Contractors, or Purchasers of the several Eastern States as will insure a regular supply to the Army; for I would not have the salted Provisions which are now forwarding from the Eastward, consumed at present, if it can possibly be avoided. I mean by this to have the Weekly supplies of Cattle still drawn from the Country, as far as practicable, and these Provisions kept as a resource to prevent those calamities and distresses, which will otherwise so frequently happen, from unforeseen and unavoidable Accidents. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 21, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency the Count De Rochambeau, when I was at Rhode Island, made an application to me to have Colonel Champlin43 of New port appointed a Barrack Master under authority of Congress, to be attached to the French Army. His reason was, that a native vested with the authority of our own government might act with more propriety and efficacy than a foreigner, or even a native merely employed by themselves. My answer was, that such an office appeared to me to be an usefull one, and that I would take the necessary steps for procuring the appointment. The Quarter Master General does not think himself authorized to make it, at least to annex any pay, and as the Confederation does not permit an officer of the United
[Note 43: Col. Jabez Champlin.] States to receive any office or reward from a foreign power, the appointment, without a salary annexed, would be improper. 'Tis on this account I am obliged to communicate the request to Congress. It appears to me (as my answer to the Count expressed) that the appointment would be attended with advantages; and I promised to support his desire with the less hesitation, as he seemed to have the matter at heart, and I thought it too inconsiderable a thing to make any difficulty about it. If Congress are of the same opinion, I shall be happy they will be pleased, without delay, to authorise the Quarter Master General to make the appointment and annex a salary. Colonel Champlin has already officiated in this capacity with great satisfaction to the French Army and to the Inhabitants of New Port. He is besides a person whom I am informed has suffered in the cause and deserves encouragement. I have the honor etc.
P. S. I have received your Excellency's favor of the 14th. the several Resolves inclosed in it shall be duly attended to.44
[Note 44: In the writing of George Augustine Washington. The letter was read in Congress on April 26. It is indorsed by Thomson: "Request granted." (See the Journals of the Continental Congress, Apr. 26, 1781.)]
Head Quarters, April 21, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: Though the situation of Southern affairs would not permit me to recall your corps to this army, yet it was with great reluctance I could resolve upon seeing you separated from Head Quarters. My friendship for you makes me desirous of having you near me, and there will occur frequent occasions in cooperative measures in which it would be of the greatest utility I should have it in my power to consult you. These motives would have induced me to propose to you to return personally to Head Quarters, did I not believe you would not have chosen to quit your corps, and had I not foreseen a difficulty in giving you a command in the remaining troops. A select corps you could not have and there are so many Major Generals who conceive themselves in a manner wedded to the different lines and who are to be provided for that it would not be easy at present to accommodate matters to your having a command in the line. But this difficulty might be overcome, and I cannot forbear, late as it is, leaving it to your option to proceed with your corps or return personally to Head Quarters. If the last should be your choice, you will give the necessary orders to the officer you leave in command to march with all the necessary precaution and take the orders of the Baron De Steuben. You will at the same time write to The Baron communicating to him your instructions and to General Greene informing him of your return.
If you resolve to proceed forward, I shall have one consolation which is that from the present aspect of things it is perhaps most probable the weight of the war this campaign will be in the Southern states, and it will become my duty to go there in person where I shall have the pleasure of seeing you again. Of this I would not have you to say anything. Adieu My Dr Marquis wherever you are, assure yourself of my unalterable friendship and affection.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
New Windsor, April 22, 1781.46
[Note 46: The letters of April 21 and 22 are combined by Sparks and printed under date of April 21.]
My dear Marqs: Since writing the inclosed your several letters (acknowledged in my public one of this date) are come to hand; all of them except that of the 12th arrived at Hd. Quarters within the course of one hour.
The reasons assigned in some of your letters, and others which have occurred to me, chiefly of a political nature, assure me that great advantages will be derived from your being wherever the French Army and the American head Quarters are. I therefore not only repeat the offer contained in the inclosed letter, but accompany it with a wish that you may return, if you can, consistently with your own inclination, relinquish your present command for the prospects I have mentioned; not else; as it always has been, and ever will be my wish to make things as agreeable to you as the nature of the service will admit. To recall the detachment I cannot, for reasons which in my judgment are conclusive.
The accidents to which letters are liable, forbid me, unless I could write to you in cypher, to go into a full explanation of some matters wch. you seem not to be well informd of and wch. I wish to set you write in; but I dare not attempt it in a common letter; nor will there be any necessity for it if you return.
I am very sorry that any letter of mine should be the subject of public discussion, or give the smallest uneasiness to any person living. The letter, to which I presume you allude, was a confidential one from me to Mr. Lund Washington47 (with whom I have lived in perfect intimacy for near 20 Years). I can neither avow the letter as it is published by Mr. Rivington, nor declare that it is spurious, because my letter to this Gentn. was wrote in great haste, and no copy of it was taken; all I remember of the matter is, that at the time of writing it, I was a good deal chagreened to find by your letter of the 15th. of March (from York Town in Virginia) that the French fleet
[Note 47: See Washington's letter to Lund Washington, Mar. 28, 1781, ante.] had not, at that time, appeared within the Capes of Chesapeak; and meant (in strict confidence) to express my apprehensions and concern for the delay; but as we know that the alteration of a single word does, oftentimes, pervert the Sense, or give force to expression unintended by the letter writer, I should not be surprized at Mr. Rivington's or the Inspector of his Gazette having taken this liberty with the letter in question; especially as he, or they have I am told, published a letter from me to Govr. Hancock and his answer, which never had an existence but in the Gazette. That the enemy fabricated a number of Letters for me formerly, is a fact well known; that they are not less capable of doing it now few will deny, as to his asserting, that this is a genuine copy of the original, he well knows that their friends do not want to convict him of a falsehood and that ours have not the oppertunity of doing it though both sides are knowing to his talents for lying.
The event, which you seem to speak of with regret, my friendship for you would most assuredly have induced me to impart to you in the moment it happened had it not been for the request of H--48 who desired that no mention should be made of it: Why this injunction on me, while he was communicating it himself, is a little extraordinary! but I complied, and religiously fulfilled it. With every sentiment of Affecte. regard etc.
[Note 48: Alexander Hamilton, who resigned as aide-de-camp to the Commander in Chief, Feb, 16, 1781. Lafayette had been the unconscious cause of the trouble. (See Hamilton's letter to his father-in-law, Philip Schuyler, giving his version of the matter, in Lodge's Works of Hamilton (Fedl. Edn.), vol. 9, p. 232.)]
P S. The letter wch. you say has made much noise, I enclose you, lest you may not have had it from any other Quarter.49
[Note 49: A Letter from you Relating to the delays of the french makes a Great Noise at Philadelphia. Indeed it gives me pain on Many political Accounts. There Are Many Confidential Communications which You once Had Requested from me, and which My peculiar Situation with Both Sides of the Alliance would Enable me to Make; But Having been ordered from You, and Many things I Had to say Not Being of a Nature, which would Render it prudent to Entrust them to paper, these personal Services Must Be out of the Question so long as the War Continues in Carolina."-- Lafayette to Washington, Apr. 15, 1781. Lafayette's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 22, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 15th. and 18th. Instants. I am obliged by the care which you promise to take of my packet for Mr. Laurens.
Major Tallmadge, who your Excellency will have seen before this reaches you, has been upon Long Island and there obtained intelligence that the British Fleet had returned to New York. From whence I conclude that the whole are there. I will however endeavour to ascertain the matter and transmit my information to your Excellency.
I have heard nothing from New York for some days past. I cannot therefore say any thing further respecting the progress of the embarkation mentioned in my late letters.
I am made very happy in hearing that you are under no uneasiness on account of the paragraph which appeared in Mr. Rivingtons Gazette extraordinary. I could not help being fearful that the Convoy mentioned in it, was the same which is expected at Newport. I am &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 22, 1781.
Dr Sir: Since mine to you of the 19th. I have received your letter of the 29th. of March with the copy of one to Congress of the 30th. The sequel of Cornwallis's late movements do as much honor to you as discredit to him. He is so far baffled. 'Tis deplorable that the composition of your force did not enable you to make it more.
The project you had adopted of endeavouring to transfer the war51 has many favourable sides; I am persuaded you have adopted it on sound principles.
[Note 51: To South Carolina. Greene determined to march south, thereby compelling Cornwallis to follow him or give up the State of South Carolina. The British general elected to move northward into Virginia.]
My last letter informed you of the steps taken to succour you; I am sorry to inform you that by a letter just received from General St Clair, he was apprehensive the first detachment of the Pennsylvania line would not march in less than a fortnight from this time. A disappointment in procuring money had occasioned the delay. The detachment would amount to near a thousand rank and file; but he does not give a flattering account of those that are to follow. The methods adopted by the state for recruiting are feeble and uneffectual. I take it for granted General St Clair advises you punctually of his operations.
Major McPherson finding himself in no way of being employed here has accompanied the Marquis to the Southward. You are acquainted with him and know his merit. He has lately rendered an important piece of service by detecting a pretty extensive channel of supply to the enemy, which he performed with address and hazard.52 If you can employ him in a way that will suit him, I am sure you will be glad to do it. I am etc.53
[Note 52: Maj. William Macpherson saved a magazine of 800 barrels of Continental flour from falling into the hands of the enemy.]
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 22, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: I have received your several letters of the 11th 12th two of the 13th and two of the fifteenth. I am extremely concerned at the temper of your detachment and the desertions that are taking place. I imagine however these would have been nearly as great in any other corps that might have been sent, and after the Pensylvania line I think it would be ineligible to detach any other state line. We find by experience that they are not only dissipated on the march; but being at a great distance from their states are almost intirely neglected. Few recruits are raised for them, and these few are lost on the way. We see how totally the Maryland line has declined, and how little is doing to reestablish it; a line formerly among the most numerous and respectable in the army. Our plan at present appears to me to be to commit the defence of the Southern states to the states as far as Pensylvania inclusive, and to make up any additional succours that may be necessary by detachment. We must endeavour to compensate these detachments for the loss of state supplies by giving them a larger proportion of Continental. On this principle I am sending you the articles mentioned in the inclosed list. 1200 Shirts, 1200 linen Overalls, 1200 pr. shoes, 1200 socks, 100 Hunting Shirts, which set out two days ago from this place. I have also urged the Board of War to do their best for you.
Colonel Vose shall be relieved. If there is any good Officer of the Eastern Lines here desirous of the command he must have it.
I mentioned to you that I had a warm remonstrance soon after your departure from the Massachusetts line, on the manner of officering your corps; if there should be no officer of the proper rank desirous of the command, I shall be glad to employ Lt Col Smith. I will see what can be done in the case of Major Galvan. I wish at all events to retain Gimat; but it will be difficult to remove the one without the other.
It appears to me extraordinary that your advices should have given you an idea so different from the whole complexion of the intelligence I had received concerning the probability of a certain event.54 This and the situation of our own force have induced me to regard it as barely possible; too precarious to enter far into our dispositions; possibly only in a case which we are not authorised to expect will happen.55 I dare not trust the details on which this opinion is founded to paper.
[Note 54: An attempt upon New York City.]
[Note 55: The arrival of the second division of the French.]
The danger to the Southern states is immediate and pressing; it is our duty to give them support; the detachment with you all circumstances considered was the most proper for the purpose. The project General Greene has lately adopted adds a particular motive to continuing its destination. It is essential to him that Philips should be held in check, and we cannot wholly rely on militia for this. As to a transportation by water while the enemy command the Chesapeak and Cape Fear I do not see how it is practicable.
The only cause of hesitation in my mind about sending your corps to the Southward was a separation from you. I refer you to private letters accompanying this [one], written previous to the receipt of your last, [the other subsequent.]
As to our force here; you know what it was when you left us, and you will know what it is now when I tell you that we have as yet received but few recruits. The enemys present force of regular troops at New York is near 7000.
I shall recommend Major McPherson as you request to General Greene. Present my warmest thanks to that officer and assure him of the sense I have of his services.
You were right My Dr Marquis, in supposing that no explanation could be necessary as to your letter to the Board of war. I know your sentiments and your Friendship.
I shall not detain the express to enlarge on the other subjects of your letters. I will embrace the first safe opportunity to give you a full view of our affairs; what we are and what we expect to be; that you may regulate your future correspondence with your Court accordingly. Hitherto I could give you nothing material more than you know as to ourselves.
Wherever you are, assure yourself of all my esteem, confidence and affection. Yrs. sincerely.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, April 22, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
John Williams alias Andrew Forster, soldier in the 6th. Massachusetts' regiment tried the 19th. instant by the general court martial whereof Major Graham is President for "Desertion" was found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death more than two thirds of the court agreeing.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders him to be executed on Tuesday next.
Mr. William Hutton, Provost Marshal of the army, was tried the 21st. instant by the same general court martial for "Refusing to execute the office of Provost Marshal in the execution of John Walker alias Robert Maples agreeable to his Excellency's Warrant to him for that purpose.
The Court are of opinion that the reasons Mr. Hutton offered are sufficient to excuse his refusal.
The Commander in Chief is sorry to be under the necessity of disapproving the Sentence of the Court who seem to have been misled by Mr. Hutton's testimony "That he had only been appointed Provost Marshal the day before and that previous to that time he had acted as a Volunteer": it is true that Mr. Hutton had not been appointed in orders as principal in the office 'till the time he mentions, but he had for some time past been considered as a deputy, had performed the duties, and drawn pay.
To allow such a precedent as Mr. Hutton contends for to be established might upon future occasion operate seriously should a criminal of consequence require a hasty execution.
In the Civil line a High Sheriff whose office is of a similar nature to that of Provost Marshal in the military is obliged to execute his Warrant himself if he cannot procure a common Executioner.
Mr. Hutton is dismissed from his office.
Agreeable to the orders of the 3d. of September last, the men draughted from the line into the Corps of Sappers and Miners were to draw pay as a seperate corps from the 1st. of August last inclusive; of course they are to be considered as transferred from the Corps to which they originally belonged and struck off their Muster rolls from that period. The officer commanding the Corps of Sappers and Miners will make regular Weekly and Monthly returns of that Corps to the Orderly Office.
A Corporal and three men to be sent to New Windsor as a Guard for the Paymaster General.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, April 23, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Major Gibbs having been in the late arrangement of the Army appointed to, and having joined the second Massachusett's Regiment the Commander in Chief takes occasion to express his Approbation of his Conduct while in the command of his Corps of Guards and to return him thanks for his very particular attention to the several Duties incident to that Station.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am commanded by His Excellency, to forward the enclosed Letters from Genl Heath and Major Keese,57 and to inform you, that he is utterly averse to a Military impress, except on great occasions, and when no other expedients can be devised to answer the end proposed. Because he apprehends it may tend to irritate the Minds, and alienate the affections of the well-disposed people from the Army, unless there is the greatest apparent necessity for the measure; And because a frequent repetition of Military coertion, will prevent in some degree its efficacy, in cases where no other choice or alternative is left. The General hopes on the present occasion, by a great effort of your Department, the Provisions in question may be transported the few Miles, from their present deposits to the Army, without having recourse to coercive Measures. He suggests also, whether it will not be practicable, to have some of the Teams hired for the Campaign brought in to perform such kind of services in the neighbourhood of the Army; As the grass will soon begin to afford a partial subsistance for them.
[Note 57: Maj. John Keese. He was Assistant Deputy Quartermaster.]
His Excellency presents his Compliments to you, and requests the favor of your Company at dinner today. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys, A. D. C."]
P. S. If there is no other possible way of getting the Provisions at and in the vicinity of Fishkill to the Troops. The General will Order it to be done by impress of Teams.
[Note 59: To Col. Hugh Hughes.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 24, 1781.
Sir: It having been represented to me that the Quarter Master at Fishkill hath neither public nor private Teams for the transportation of the salted Provisions now at and in the neighbourhood of that Place to the Army, and that he hath applied in vain to the Justices of that District for impress Warrants. And it being absolutely necessary in Order to prevent the greatest calamities and distresses that the said Provisions should immediately forwarded to the Troops. You are therefore authorised and directed to impress by Military force a sufficient number of Teams, for the transportation of the aforesaid Provisions, taking care that no abuses are committed, and that the Inhabitants are as little distrest by the measure as possible. And for so doing this shall be your Warrant.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 6th. and 16th. I am sorry to find from the last that unavoidable obstacles have been thrown in the way of the march of the 1st. division of the line at the time you expected. I can only recommend to you to get them off as soon as possible and in as good temper as possible. It is essential that Genl. Greene should be regularly advised of the motions of those troops, you will therefore be pleased if you have not already opened a correspondence with him to inform him from time to time of every circumstance relating to them.
Capt. Craig of Colo. Procters Regt. of Artillery, who is stationed at Fort Pitt has applied to me to have his Company compleated; that cannot be done in the present state of the Regt. but you will be pleased to consult the commanding Officer of it, and let Capt. Craig have as many men as will put his Company on a level with the others.
I imagine Colo. Harrison's Regt. Colo. Procters, a detachment with the Marquis and a strong Maryland Company lately gone from hence will be sufficient to work the Artillery that General Greene will usually carry into the Field with him. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 25, 1781.
Sir: I enclose you a Warrant for impressing of Teams on the present important occasion; but if there is any other means in Your power of forwarding the Provisions, I would not have Military coercion made use of; if this is the only alternative left to prevent the Army from starving, let the measure be carried into execution immediately with the utmost prudence and precaution. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 25, 1781.
Sir: At the request of His Excellency Govr. Jefferson I have already given orders to the Commandant of Fort Pitt to afford you every assistance in his power in the prosecution of your intended expedition.
I, a few days ago, received a piece of intelligence from New York which it may be material for you to know. It is, that Colo. Conolly who formerly lived upon the Ohio, who was taken in the year 1775 and lately exchanged, is to proceed to Quebec as soon as the season will permit with as many Refugees as he can collect at New York; that he is to join Sir John Johnson in Canada and that they are to proceed with their united forces by the Route of Buck Island, Lake Ontario, &c. to Vinango. Their object is to be Fort Pitt and the Western posts. It is also said that Conolly carries blank Commissions, to be given to persons already in the Country and that there are several hundred persons now in the neighbourhood of Fort Pitt who are to join him. As this last corresponds with a suspicion which Colo. Brodhead entertains I have written to him to take measures to secure or remove every suspected person. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: The information contained in yours of the 27th. ulto. corresponds with intelligence I rece'd a few days ago, by a good channel, from New York. It is, that Colo. Conolly (who you must very well know) is to collect as many refugees as he can at New York and proceed with them as soon as the season will permit to Quebec. That upon his arrival in Canada, he is to join Sir John Johnson, and that they are to proceed by the Route of Vinango against Fort Pitt and the Western Frontier. It is added that Conolly is to carry with him blank Commissions for persons already in the Country and that he expects to be joined by several hundred disaffected in the Neighbourhood of Fort Pitt. Upon this information and what you may have discovered, I think you should without loss of time secure or remove every suspected character from about you and to such a distance that they cannot readily join the Enemy should they come down. I have communicated this intelligence to Congress as an additional motive to their taking measures to have a competent supply of provision thrown into the Garrison.
If Capt. Brady64 is materially useful to you, you may detain him for the Campaign, giving the Commanding Officer of his Regt. notice of the cause of detention. I am &c.65
[Note 64: Capt. Samuel Brady, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 25, 1781.
Sir: You will furnish a prudent discreet Officer and 20 Men to impress Teams for the transportation of the salted Provisions at and in the vicinity of Fishkill. The Officer will take directions from Colo Hughs the Dep Qr Mastr Genl of the State. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 25, 1781.
Sir: I have reed. your favr. of the 15th. The present State of Colo. procter's Regt. does not admit of your Company's being made up to its full complement, but I have, by this conveyance desired Genl. St. Clair to let you have as many Men as will put you on a level with the others. This is all that can now be done. I have already desired the Board of War to send six Artificers to Fort Pitt, you may wait upon them with this letter and ask three or four more, if they can be spared.
I would wish the inclosed for General Clarke and Colo. Brodhead to reach them as speedily as possible. You will be pleased to take charge of them yourself, if you do not meet with a good opportunity previous to the time you intend setting out. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Letter for Col Hughs forwarded herewith, contains the necessary Power for impressing Teams to transport the Provisions in the Neighbourhood of Fishkill, to the Army. It is of importance he should have and make use of it immediately if the business cannot be done in any other Mode.68
[Note 68: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "It is with infinite concern the General observes the almost insuperable embarrassments to transportation of every species."]
The General is very anxious respecting the supplies of flour; but three Barrels have arrived at the Magazine, since the Commy made his report on the 21st Inst. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys, A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 25, 1781.
Sir: Since my letter of the 14th. to your Excellency on the subject of an immediate supply of provision for Fort Pitt, I have received the following intelligence, through a good Channel, which makes the measures I then recommended more indispensably necessary. "Colo. Conolly with his Corps to proceed to Quebec as soon as possible, to be joined in Canada by Sir John Johnston with a number of Tories and Indians said to amount to three thousand.70 This route is to be by Buck
[Note 70: A marginal note in Washington's writing: "the number must be exagerated."] Island, Lake Ontario and Venango and his object is Fort Pitt and all the adjacent posts. Conolly takes with him a number of Commissions for persons now residing at Pittsburg and several hundred Men at that place have agreed to join to make prisoners of Colo. Brodhead and all friends to America. His (Conolly's) great influence in that Country will, it is said enable him to prevail upon the Indians and inhabitants to assist the British in any measure." The latter part of this intelligence agrees exactly with a discovery which Colo. Brodhead has lately made of a correspondence between persons at Fort Pitt and the Commandant of Detroit. Some of whom have been seized by him. I have immediately transmitted the above to Colo. Brodhead and have directed him to secure or remove every suspected person in the Vicinity of his post. The security of the Frontier of the State of Pennsylvania, so immediately depends upon the support of Fort Pitt, that I think the Executive cannot fail, upon a representation being made to them, of taking measures to afford the proper succours, while the thing is practicable. Upon the first appearance of an enemy, the communication between that post and the settlements below will be intirely interrupted. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: The supply of flour for the Army must be kept up regularly, and the means of transportation must be calculated accordingly. Should all other expedients for bringing on the flour from Ringwood Warwick, and the Deposits on the communication from Pennsylvania, prove abortive. Should the Justices refuse to issue Warrants for the impress of Teams, Or should their Warrants not be attended with success; You are then instantly to proceed to coercive Measures. The Detachment of the Marichaussie Corps, in this case, With a discreet Officer or two of Your Department, ought to be sent a considerable distance into the Country to procure Teams, that the whole burden may not fall on a single district. Such parties of Infantry as you may have occasion for to impress the Teams in the Neighbourhood of the Army, file Adjutant General will furnish upon Your application to him.
I will trust to your own decision and discretion for the vigorous and prudent execution of this Order, in the full expectation and confidence, that the same applications Anxieties and sollicitudes which have so incessantly surrounded me of late, on the Account of transportation, may not recur again, at least, until the whole of the flour on the communication has been delivered to the Commissy with the Army. I am &c.
P. S. The foregoing was written before I recd Yours of the same date. Nothing further is necessary to be added, but that it appears to me, that Expresses are utterly improper to carry the impress into execution. And that the selling some Articles of Provision to bring on the remainder, will open such a door for abuses and other evils, that a stop ought to be put to it.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 26, 1781.
Gentlemen: I received a representation73 of which the inclosed is a Copy, from General Knox, upon his being informed that the Board had directed the Military Stores at Fishkill to be delivered over to the Dy. Qr. Mr. and Mr. Ruddock and his
[Note 73: From General Knox (Apr. 23, 1781), the original of which is in the Washington Papers.] Assistants to be dismissed. General Knox has so fully pointed out the utility and indeed necessity of keeping up such a post as that at Fishkill, that I have advised a suspension of the execution of the order untill I can hear from you upon the subject. I will only add, that if such a post is necessary, Mr. Ruddock and the assistants are necessary also, more especially as General Knox informs me there are not more persons now employed in the department in the field than the business requires. I shall be glad of a speedy answer, that I may direct the final determination of the Board, whatever it may be, to be carried into execution. I have the honor etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, April 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: We have just returned from West Point, where Col Pickering handed me the inclosed and desired me to forward it.
There is not a Mouthful of Bread or flour at the Garrison for tomorrow; the General is seriously alarmed at the prospect, and requests to know what is doing respecting the transportation of the flour, and whether any thing else is necessary to put the business in the speediest and surest train of execution. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys, Aide De C."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 26, 1781.
Sir: Since my letter of the 22d: I have received intelligence which I think may be depended upon, that Admiral Arbuthnot with his Fleet was in New York Harbour, and that three or four of the Ships which suffered in the late Action were near the Town repairing their damage. Transports were fitting and preparations were making as if for an embarkation, but I can yet gain no satisfactory account upon that subject. I have the honor etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Prepared under the direction of the United Stated
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 22
April 27, 1781--August 15, 1781
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
LC
PRINTED
AUGUST, 1937LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
DEC 28 1937
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
E312
.7
1931
copy 6
PRINTED
AUGUST, 1937
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
DEC 28 1937
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
LC
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Quarter Master informs that the teams with Flour will probably be at New Windsor by tomorrow Night, and suggests whether it will not be adviseable to have flat-bottomed Boats ready for the transportation of it, as sail Boats may be delayed by the adversity of Wind or Tide.
The Commiss of Prisoners reports that there are several Prisoners of War sent on as Recruits from the State of Massachusetts. I had flattered myself this intollerable imposition had been sufficiently guarded against; but since it has happened again, we must prevent the evil from proceeding any farther, by confining those who are evidently under this description, until they can be delivered over to the Commiss of Prisoners, or otherwise properly disposed of. And I must request you, as being the first Officer of that State, to have the Names of these Men, and the Towns and Classes by which they were procured, immediately returned to the State, and that the most effectual measures may be suggested and enforced for supplying the deficiency of Men which will be occasioned by this Measure.
Colonel Tupper is to relieve Colonel Vose immediately, of which you will be pleased to advise the former. Colonel Tupper will call at Head Quarters previous to his departure. No other Field Officer with the Light Corps is to be relieved at present. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, April 27,1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Congress having been pleased to set apart and appoint Thursday the 3d. of May next for fasting humiliation and prayer, the General enjoins a strict obedience to it in the Army and calls upon the Chaplains thereof to prepare discourses suitable to the occasion.
All duties of Fatigue are to cease on that day.
New Windsor, April 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your letter of this date has not a little embarrassed me.2 You must remember the ferment in the Pensylvania line the last Campaign occasioned by the appointment of Major McPhearson; and you know the uneasiness which at this moment exists among the Eastern Officers on account of the commands conferred upon Colo. Jemat and Major Galvan although it was the result of absolute necessity.
[Note 2: Hamilton had written "I imagine your Excellency has been informed that in consequence of the resolution of Congress for granting commissions to Aide de Camps appointed under the former establishment, I have obtained one of Lieutenant Colonel in the Army of the United States bearing rank since the 1st of March 1777." Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers. This resolve was passed Feb. 21, 1780.]
Should circumstances admit of the formation of another advanced Corps of which I see very little prospect from present appearances it can be but small and must be composed almost entirely of Eastern Troops, and to add to the discontents tents of the Officers of those lines by the further appointment of an Officer of your Rank to the command of it, or in it, would, I am certain, involve me in a difficulty of a very disagreeable and delicate nature; and might perhaps lead to consequences more serious than it is easy to imagine. While I adhere firmly to the right of making such appointments as you request I am at the same time obliged to reflect that it will not do to push that right too far, more especially in a service like ours, and at a time so critical as the present.
I am convinced that no Officer can with justice dispute your merit and abilities. The opposition heretofore made has not been for the want of those qualifications in the Gentlemn who are and have been the objects of discontent. The Officers of the line contend, without having reference to particular persons, that it is a hardship and reflection upon them, to introduce Brevet Officers into commands (of some permanency) in which there are more opportunities of distinguishing themselves than in the line of the Army at large, and with the men they have had the trouble to discipline and prepare for the field.
My principal concern arises from an apprehension that you will impute my refusal of your request to other motives than those I have expressed, but I beg you to be assured I am only influenced by the reasons which I have mentioned. I am etc.3
[Note 3: From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 27, 1781.
Sir: There was never any regular formation of the department of Geographer to the Army, but to the best of my recollection Mr. Erskine's pay was to have been four dollars pr day and that of his Assistants two dollars pr day. Chain Bearers half a dollar pr day and an allowance for the contingent expenses of travelling when out of reach of the Magazines of the Army and for the purchase of Instruments and the other necessaries of Office. I see, in the heads of a plan which Mr. Erskine had drawn up for the Committee of Arrangement last summer, he mentions that three dollars pr day were to have been allowed to some of his principal Assistants. I therefore make no doubt but it was to have been so, and that it may have escaped my Memory. If any charge of that nature is made in his Account, it is to be allowed.
I do not remember that any allowance was to be made for saddle Horses for Mr. Erskine's personal use, except finding them forage. The department was to be supplied with Waggons and Horses. I mention this, because Mr. De Witt tells me Mr. Erskine has made a charge to the public of a saddle Horse of his own which died while he was in the service. I am &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters at New Windsor, State of New York, April 27, 1781.
Monsieur Lewis Garanger Capt. of Bombardiers in the Army of France entered the American service with the Rank of Captain in the Army of the United States in December 1778; from which time he has waited an opportunity of being employed in the particular line of his profession, but none having occurred he has requested and obtained liberty to return to France.
Capt. Garanger has ever been extremely solicitous to render himself serviceable and has upon several occasions behaved with address and bravery as appears by the Certificates of Major Genl. Howe and Colonel Armand Marquis De Rouirie under whom he immediately served at those times.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: The necessity of getting forward what Flour is upon the communication urges me to a measure which I would not wish to adopt could it be avoided. It is to make use of part of a sum of money sent to the Paymaster General by the State of Massachusetts purposely for the payment of the troops of that line. You will in consequence of this receive a Warrant for 9000. dollars of the new emission, which, that it may be applied solely to the purpose for which it is intended, you will keep in your own hands and inform the Deputies at Sussex, Ringwood and Warwick that they may give the owners of teams an assurance of being paid their freight immediately upon the delivery of the Flour here. Should there be any quantity at Trenton and Colo. Neilsen should be under difficulties respecting the transportation of it, you may spare him a part of the money under strict injunctions to apply it solely to the present emergency. If your deputies can agree for part payment in money it will be so much the better as it will make the only sum which there is any chance of getting hold of, go so much the further. You will, for obvious reasons, keep intirely to yourself from what fund this Money is drawn. And as this will be but a temporary relief, you will endeavour, in the mean time, to make arrangements for bringing forward our future supplies without the disagreeable expedient of impress.
I think you may now order in part of the Ox teams from Connecticut as pasture will be good by the time they can arrive, and care should be taken that they come laden with provision or some kind of Stores. There were particularly 40 Hhds. of Rum at Hartford. I also think it will now be proper to distribute the Flour from Trenton on the Sussex and Morris Road. That from Morris may come safely to Kings ferry which will shorten transportation and impose part of the Burthen upon a district which has not lately been harassed. I am &c.
P.S. Be pleased to make me a Return of the number of Tents of the last Campaign which will be of service this, and how the old ones are disposed of.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On April 28 Humphreys, by direction of Washington, wrote to Heath: "that the Troops of the Massachusetts Line may receive four Months Pay." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Hd. Qrs. New Windsor, April 29, 1781.
Sir: If Jesse Cole, an Inhabitant of the City of New York, will undertake to communicate, with me through the Channel that has been proposed to him, or any other which may be more direct and better; and will give me regular information of the enemys movements, strength, and designs, as far as he can come at them, from good information and his own observation, particularly noting their reinforcements, Embarkations, and the disposition of their Troops on the different Islands, and of their Ships of War in the Harbr., and where the case requires it will give this intelligence with dispatch. I do, in behalf of the United States, promise that due consideration of his services shall be had, and compensation made, when circumstances will admit of it.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 29, 1781.
Sir: Captains Scudder and Dean7 inform me that you had, from not being acquainted with circumstances, detained a Boat in which they had been over to Long Island. These Gentlemen were employed under my orders at that time and will have occasion to cross the Sound every now and then as the business upon which they are engaged may require. You will therefore be pleased to give them up the Boat, and as I have now, in a confidential manner, intrusted you with their business, I shall hope that you will not only keep it a secret, but endeavour to assist them in the prosecution of a plan in which the public good is much interested. I do not mean to protect or countenance them in any manner of trade, should they attempt to carry it on. I am &c.
[Note 7: Capts. William Scudder and Gilbert Dean (Deane).]
P. S. It may very probably lay in your way to obtain intelligence from New York, should any thing material occur, you will oblige me by communicating it to me.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 29, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received Your Excellency's favor of Yesterday with the inclosures, by Col Nicoll.9 An order for the Ammunition has been previously given, in consequence of your first application. With respect to provision, of the Meat kind, I confess I am entirely at a loss by what means it can be supplied to the Troops on the Frontier: the whole dependance
[Note 9: Col Isaac Nicoll, of the Orange County (N.Y.) militia.] of the Army for this Article is upon the Eastern States; the unfavorable season for obtaining Beef Cattle between this time and grass and especially the want of means for purchasing will prevent the supply which was expected: and the difficulty of transporting the salted Provisions has already reduced us to the last Mouthfull. General Heath informed me yesterday, that there was but one day's allowance of the Irish Beef left in the store, and that not a barrel had arrived at the Garrison from the Eastward. Thus unpromising, your Excellency sees, our prospects of supplies and transportation are! I have ordered a quantity of Fish to be contracted for, on this River. And will still persist in using my best endeavors to keep the Army together, and to afford as much protection to the Country, as the means intrusted to me shall enable me to do. I have the honor etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
(Private)
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 30, 1781.
It gives me great satisfaction, My Dear Baron, amidst the innumerable sollicitudes and embarrassments, with which I am surrounded, that I can unbosom myself with perfect security, to my confidential friends, and at the same time assure myself of their best advice and assistance in the Management of the most delicate Matters.
At this moment, I will frankly confess to you, I am extremely perplexed and distressed at the uneasiness and discontents which prevail among all the Officers of the Regt of Lt Infantry to which Major Galvan is now annexed, with respect to the conduct of that Gentleman. From their remonstrances, and the Universal report, it appears that his behaviour has been so untoward and disobliging, as to create the greatest disgust in all the Corps, and as will tend essentially to injure the service. This, together with his having been in the Light Corps the last Campaign, would induce me to Order him to be relieved, if the consideration of his being a foreigner (to whom you know, I wish every suitable attention and encouragement to be paid) an idea of his personal abilities and respectable Connexions, did not prevent.
Knowing your friendship for, and influence with Major Galvan to be very considerable, I sincerely wish him, thro you, to be persuaded to adopt such a line of conduct as will make him more agreeable to the Corps, as well as more serviceable to the Public. Otherwise, however splendid his abilities and Military talents may be, they will be entirely useless to himself and the World. And in the issue, I fear, I shall be compelled to supersede him, in order to prevent the most disagreeable consequences.
But I will confide the management of this affair, my Dear Baron, to your address and unlimited zeal for the good of the service, and am, with sincerity, etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive Your Letter of the 20th Instant, and am glad to find by it, that You are in a fair way of recovering Your health again, and that the measures You had taken previous to Your illness, have been attended with some degree of success. As soon as the circumstances will possibly admit, I wish the Detachment of Continental Troops at Danbury may be sent back to the Army. The Quarter Master General, having it in contemplation to have a considerable quantity of Provision brought on, at once from Danbury to Peekskill, it will be well to make use of these Troops as an Escort for it; and to give the Commanding Officer directions to afford his aid and assistance, in every possible way, to facilitate the transportation.
There are insuperable obstacles, which will at present prevent an attempt to carry into execution the Enterprise you have suggested.12 It may however be expedient to keep even the proposal a secret. I am etc.13
[Note 12: Parsons had suggested an expedition against Lloyd's Neck, Long Island, and wished to command it.]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your two favors of the 24th and 25th have been duly received.
Fully impressed with the idea of the Utility of early, regular and accurate communications of the kind in contemplation, I shall make no difficulty in acceding to the proposal contained in Your Private Letter from N Port of the 25th. But at the same time, I am engaging in behalf of the United States, a liberal reward for the services of the C--s,14 (of whose fidelity and ability I entertain a high opinion) it is certainly but reasonable, from patriotism and every other principle, that their exertions should be proportionably great, to subserve essentially the interest of the Public. All the interior and minute arrangements of the Correspondence, I request you will settle with them as expeditiously and as advantageously as may be:
[Note 14: Samuel Culper, sr., and Samuel Culper, jr.] and especially that you will urge, in very forcible terms, the necessity of having the communications as circumstantial, frequent and expeditious as possible.
The great objects of information you are very well acquainted with: such as Arrivals, Embarkations, Preparations for Movements, alteration of Positions, situation of Posts, Fortifications, Garrisons, strength or weakness of each, distribution and strength of Corps, and in general every thing which can be interesting and important for us to know.
Besides these, you are also sensible there are many things upon a smaller scale, which are necessary to be reported: and that whatever intelligence is communicated, ought to be, not in general terms, but in detail, and with the greatest precision.
At present I am anxious to know (for the reports have been very numerous vague and uncertain) whether another embarkation is preparing, and if so, to what amount and where destined; what the present force of the Enemy is; particularly on Long Island, in new York and at Kings bridge: what Corps are at the latter place, how strong, and where posted exactly; And indeed what the situations, prospects, and designs of the enemy are so far, as they can be penetrated into. I am etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your Letters of the 19th and 20th Instant.
General Beville having made the tour from Rhode Island to Camp, and back again on different routes, and having taken every precaution, to obtain an accurate knowledge of the Country and roads; will be able to advise and settle with the Commanding Officer of the french Army, which will be the most convenient route for the March of the Troops, taking every circumstance into consideration. On many accounts, the March on the Sea Coast would certainly be the most eligible, and indeed I see no considerable obstacle in the way of it, except the Ferries. I am &c.
P.S. I have to request you will forward the enclosed to Major Tallmadge, by the first opportunity.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 30, 1781.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your Excellency's and the Chevalier des Touche's joint letter of the 25th: and your own of the 26th.
The absence of your light Frigates renders the plan which Major Tallmadge proposed impracticable for the present. We will, however, keep the enterprise in view, and may, perhaps, at some future time, find an opportunity of carrying it into execution with success.17
[Note 17: Tallmadge successfully executed the proposed surprise, which was against Fort Siongo, on the north shore of Long Island, about 48 miles northeast of Brooklyn, Oct. 2--3, 1781, without the aid of the French.
On April 30 Tench Tilghman wrote to John Moylan, Clothier General of the Continental Army, that "Upon a representation of the distress of the southern Army it has been agreed to send a further supply of 1500 Woolen Vests, 300 largest and best Leather Breeches, 3000 Linen Overalls, 3000 socks." The Quartermaster General was to send them to Philadelphia, directed to the Board of War. The Commissary of Hides in Jersey "was to send all the shoes he can procure to Philada. until further orders." Tilghman's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
I will, in due season, send a proper Officer to make himself acquainted with the defences of Newport.
General de Beville will, I presume by this time, have reported to your Excellency the substance of his conference with me, and his own opinion of the different Routes from Newport to the North River. I can only, as I have done before, recommend to you to proceed in making the necessary preparations for the Field, and assure you again that you shall have the earliest notice should any movements of the Enemy make yours necessary by land. The detachment which is preparing at New York had not sailed by my last accounts from thence. May they not be waiting for the repair of the damaged Ships of War?
In the inclosed paper you will find several interesting intelligences from Europe and the West Indies, under the Philadelphia head. The letter of 18th: March from Martinico is said to be from one of our Agents to the president of Congress. The intelligence from the Havanna is the substance of a letter from the Governor to Don Fransisco Rendon the Spanish Agent at Philadelphia.
I shall in future address myself on naval Affairs to the Chevalier des Touch by the method which your Excellency has been pleased to point out. I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original in the Chateau de Rochambeau, France.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 30, 1781.
Dr Sir: I enclose to you, a Letter for Major General Parsons; in which I have mentioned the return of a Detachment of about 80 Continental Troops now at Danbury, and have suggested their being employed as an Escort to the Provisions to. be forwarded from thence. The Commanding Officer will have Orders to afford every possible assistance to facilitate the transportation, and I must desire you will make use of the occasion to the best and most extensive advantage. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, April 30, 1781.
Dear Lund: Your letter of the 18th. came to me by the last Post. I am very sorry to hear of your loss; I am a little sorry to hear of my own;20 but that which gives me most concern, is, that you should go on board the enemys Vessels, and furnish them with refreshments. It would have been a less painful circumstance to me, to have heard, that in consequence of your non-compliance with their request, they had burnt my House, and laid the Plantation in ruins. You ought to have considered yourself as my representative, and should have reflected on the bad example of communicating with the enemy, and making a voluntary offer of refreshments to them with a view to prevent a conflagration.
[Note 20: According to a copy found in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress, taken from a manuscript memorandum made by Lund Washington in April, 1781, and inclosed in his letter of April 18, the loss suffered by Mount Vernon was principally in slaves. The British sloop of war Savage, commanded by Capt. Richard Graves, took "a very valuable Boat: 24 feet Keel," and the following slaves: "Peter. an old man. Lewis. an old man. Frank. an old man. Frederick. a man about 45 years old; an overseer and valuable. Gunner. a man about 45 years old; valuable, a Brick maker. Harry. a man about 40 years old, valuable, a Horseler. Tom, a man about 20 years old, stout and Healthy. Sambo. a man about 20 years old, stout and Healthy. Thomas. a lad about 17 years old, House servant. Peter. a lad about 15 years old, very likely. Stephen. a man about 20 years old, a cooper by trade. James. a man about 25 years old, stout and Healthy. Watty. a man about 20 years old, by trade a weaver. Daniel. a man about 19 years old, very likely. Lucy. a woman about 20 years old. Esther. a woman about 18 years old. Deborah. a woman about 16 years old." A later note adds: "Frederick, Frank, Gunner, Sambo, Thomas recovered in Philadelphia. Lucy, Esther were recovered after the siege of York. The Genl. pd. salvage on Tom, in Philadelphia but I cannot tell what it was. I pd. 12 Dollars expence on him from Philadelphia here, Lund Washington."]
It was not in your power, I acknowledge, to prevent them from sending a flag on shore, and you did right to meet it; but you should, in the same instant that the business of it was unfolded, have declared, explicitly, that it was improper for you to yield to the request; after which, if they had proceeded to help themselves, by force, you could but have submitted (and being unprovided for defence) this was to be prefered to a feeble opposition which only serves as a pretext to burn and destroy.
I am thoroughly perswaded that you acted from your best judgment; and believe, that your desire to preserve my property, and rescue the buildings from impending danger, were your governing motives. But to go on board their Vessels; carry them refreshments; commune with a parcel of plundering Scoundrels, and request a favor by asking the surrender of my Negroes, was exceedingly ill-judged, and 'tis to be feared, will be unhappy in its consequences, as it will be a precedent for others, and may become a subject of animadversion.
I have no doubt of the enemys intention to prosecute the plundering plan they have begun. And, unless a stop can be put to it by the arrival of a superior naval force, I have as little doubt of its ending in the loss of all my Negroes, and in the destruction of my Houses; but I am prepared for the event, under the prospect of which, if you could deposit, in safety, at some convenient distance from the Water, the most valuable and least bulky articles, it might be consistent with policy and prudence, and a mean of preserving them for use hereafter. such, and so many things as are necessary for common, and present use must be retained and run their chance through the firy trial of this summer.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best and affectionate regard for you, Mrs. Washington and Milly Posey; and does most sincerely regret your loss. I do not know what Negros they may have left you; and as I have observed before, ! do not know what number they will have left me by the time they have done; but this I am sure of, that you shall never want assistance, while it is in my power to afford it. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, April 30, 1781.
Sir: I assure your Excellency, that I feel extreme pain at the occasion of that part of your letter of the 26th. Inst. which relates to an intercepted letter of mine published by the enemy. I am unhappy, that an accident should have put it in their power to give to the world any thing from me, which may contain an implication the least disagreeable to you or to the Chevalier Des-Touches. I assure you sincerely, that I have no copy of the original letter in my possession, so that I am unable by a comparison to determine how far the publication may be just. The enemy have fabricated whole letters for me, and even a series of letters; and it is not improbable they may have given a different turn to some of my expressions in the present instance. It would however be disingenuous in me not to acknowledge that I believe the general import to be true. The copy however which Your Excellency has sent me differs in some respects from that which the enemy has published, as you will perceive by the inclosed Gazette. Whatever construction it may bear, I beg your Excellency will consider the letter as to a private friend, a Gentleman who has the direction of my concerns at home, totally unconnected with public affairs, and on whose discretion I could absolutely rely. No idea of the same kind has ever gone to any public body.
When I say that I believe the general import of the publication to be true, I mean it in this sense, that there did appear to me a degree of delay in executing the enterprise, suggested by me, with the causes of which I was not well apprised; and an idea of this kind was, probably, expressed in my letter to Mr. Washington. As to the apparent insinuation that the first expedition had been preferred to the one proposed by me, I could not have intended to convey it,21 because it would have been unjust. I could not but have recollected that my formal proposal did not reach you till after the departure of the first Squadron.22 My letter however was written in haste, and might have been inaccurately expressed.
[Note 21: The draft, which is by Hamilton, has at this point the following inserted by Washington: "in its fullest latitude,"]
[Note 22: The draft at this point has the following inserted by Washington: "tho' the suggestion of it was previous."]
I have lately learnt (though not officially) that the cause of the delay I have alluded to was a want of Supplies for the Fleet. Impressed with a real esteem for, and confidence in the Chevalier Des Touches, I heard this circumstance with satisfaction.
With this explanation I leave the matter to his candor and to yours, and flatter myself it will make no impressions inconsistent with an intire perswasion of my sincere esteem and attachment. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: From a photostat of the original in the Chateau de Rochambeau, France.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, April 30, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
John Powel, a Soldier in the New Hampshire line, tried the 27th. instant by the Brigade General Court Martial whereof Major Scott24 was president, charged with "repeated Desertion" was found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing. The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence.
[Note 24: Maj. William Scott, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 1, 1781.
Sir: You will be pleased to forward the inclosed to Sir Henry Clinton by the speediest conveyance. As it is to revoke the recall of General Burgoyne you may proceed fully upon the instructions of the 12th. of April and endeavour to accomplish the exchange of that Officer upon the terms specified therein. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 15th: Had it been possible for you to have carried your plan of marching suddenly into North Carolina into execution it would most probably have occasioned the ruin of Lord Cornwallis. But this is one of the thousand instances which daily shew the evils resulting from feeding and paying troops which can only be used for local purposes.
The Arms which Capt. La Touche26 landed in the Delaware, have been forwarded and one thousand stand with as many Cartouch Boxes will go immediately from hence. Lead is a very scarce Article with us, but as much of that and as much Ammunition as can possibly be spared will be forwarded. In short nothing shall be wanting on my part to give every assistance in my power to a quarter which so much needs it.
[Note 26: La Touche-Tréville.]
I have repeatedly urged to Congress and the States the Completion of their Cavalry. I believe the want of means to purchase Horses at the exorbitant prices asked for them is the reason why it is not done.
I inclose you a list of all the Virginia Officers who have been exchanged in this department since January 1780. The Dy. Commy. to the southward can furnish you with an account of those who have been exchanged there. I never have yet had returns from him.
The Virginia Officers transmitted me a Copy of their representation against General Weedon's coming again into service.27 It being a matter intirely dependant upon the pleasure of Congress, I did not conceive myself at liberty to give an opinion upon the subject, and gave them that answer.
[Note 27: This copy is in the Washington Papers under date of Feb. 18, 1781.]
I am exceedingly happy to hear that you are to remain a while longer in Virginia, as I am certain that much of what has been done has been owing to your assiduous exertions, and that matters would go on slowly were they left to the management of persons not acquainted with the Business. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received the Communications, which you did me the favor to make in your Letter of the 20th Ultimo.
The knowledge of the present state of the Enemy in New York and its dependencies, with regard to the total strength and the particular disposition of the Corps, is of so great and interesting importance, that I must request, you will have the goodness to turn your earliest and strictest attention to obtain and communicate the information of these things, with the greatest certainty and precision.
Should the Detachment, which has been so long in preparation, sail from New York; I should wish to be informed as expeditiously as possible of the moment of its departure the particular Corps it consists of, their strength, and the destination; as also of the number of the regular force (including all the established Corps) still remaining on Staten Island, in New York and at Kings Bridge, specifying the Regts. by name, and noting the distribution at each Post with as much accuracy as possible.
I rely on your utmost exertions to promote the public good, and am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 1, 1781.
Sir: I have been authorized, since my letter of the 16th. April, to revoke the demand, then made, of the return of Lieut. General Burgoyne to America. If letters of recall have not been already transmitted to him, you will be pleased to suspend them. If they have, you will be so obliging as to take the earliest opportunity to countermand them. I have the Honor etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 1, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 20th: and 23d. ulto.
I shall take as early measures as circumstances will admit for having an enquiry into the conduct of Colo. Brodhead and the Deputy Quarter Master at Fort pitt. Mr. Fowlers31 Charges
[Note 31: Alexander Fowler, auditor of accounts, Western Department.] are so very diffuse, that I shall be obliged to call upon him to specify them more particularly, and I apprehend there will then be a necessity of taking Depositions on the spot, according to the mode pointed out by resolve of Congress, and bringing the matter to trial with the Army, as it will be impossible to constitute a Court at Fort Pitt to try an Officer of Colo. Brodheads Rank, I shall consult the Judge Advocate upon the occasion, and no time shall be lost in investigating matters properly and bringing the delinquents, if they shall be found so, to justice.
I have in consequence of the authority given to me by the Resolve of the 23d. ulto. revoked the recall of Lt. General Burgoyne and directed the Commissary of prisoners to endeavour to effect his exchange.
I have been obliged, from the distress to which we were reduced for want of provision, to apply 9,000 dollars of the new emission, of the Money sent by the State of Massachusetts for the payment of her Troops, to the use of the Quarter Masters department, to enable him to bring forward Flour from Jersey and salt Meat from Connecticut. Before I would consent to this expedient, I was driven to the necessity of consuming every ounce of provision which had been kept as a reserve in the Garrison of West point; and I had strained impress by military force to that length, that I trembled for the consequence of the execution of every Warrant which I granted for the purpose, so much are the people irritated by the frequent calls which have been made upon them in that way. If it be possible to furnish the Quarter Master with but a little money to enable him to pay part for transportation, I most earnestly request it may be done, as I am confident the measures we have hitherto been pursuing, cannot be much longer made use of without imminent danger of bringing the people to an open resistance.
The expences incident to the command of West point have become considerable, not only on account of its being much resorted to by strangers of Rank and people upon business who are generally entertained, but because the Commandant is under the necessity of supporting a Table at which several of the Officers of the Garrison daily dine. This has heretofore been at his own Charge as no public allowance has been made. Congress will I doubt not think it reasonable that some compensation should be made and direct such an one as they shall think proper. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on May 7 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 1, 1781.
Gentlemen: Your favr. of the 21st: ulto. reached me on the 28th. Should their be no Naval Officer of Captain Willings Rank who has a prior right of exchange, I shall be very glad to see his effected, as he has been peculiarly severely treated by the enemy, but if Lt. Colo. Rogers is a continental prisoner of War I cannot consistently permit him to be exchanged for Capt. Willing solely, without making a precedent of what the enemy want extremely to establish, that of rating our Captains of the Navy as Lt. Colos. of the land forces. If it is Captain Willings turn and the Commy. of prisoners can make an exchange by composition, I have not the least objection. Or, if Lt. Colo. Rogers should be a state prisoner of Penna. and the Executive would give him up for the release of Captain Willing, it might be negotiated as a matter not in common course and our Commy. of prisoners might be instructed to signify to the British that it was not done upon the principle of allowing him to be of the Rank of a Lieut. Colonel, I have the honor etc.
P.S. previous to the Rect. of your favr. of the 25th. April, I had given orders for the exchange of salt for Fish, to as great an Amount as I conceived, from the information before me, the state of our Magazine would admit.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, May 2, 1781.
Sir: You will be pleased immediately to order out a party of fifteen or twenty picked men under proper officers to go with Major Logan,34 late of the York Line, to endeavour to apprehend a gang of Villains in this neighbourhood. Major Logan
[Note 34: Maj. Samuel Logan, of the New York levies.
On May 1, 1781, Washington began "a concise Journal of Military transactions &ca. I lament not having attempted it from the commencement of the War, in aid of my memory....To have the clearer understanding of the entries which may follow, it would be proper to recite, in detail, our wants and our prospects; but,...It may suffice to give the sum of them....Instead of having Magazines filled with provisions, we have a scanty pittance scattered here and there in the different States. Instead of having our Arsenals well supplied with Military Stores, they are poorly provided, and the Workmen all leaving them. Instead of having the various articles of Field equipage in readiness to deliver, the Quarter Master General (as the dernier resort, according to his acct.) is but now applying to the several States to provide these things for their Troops respectively. Instead of having a regular System of transportation established upon credit; or funds in the Qt. Masters hands to defray the contingent expences of it we have neither the one nor the other and all that business, or a great part of it, being done by Military Impress. we are daily and hourly oppressing the people, souring their tempers, and alienating their affections. Instead of having the regiments compleated to the new establishment which ought to have been so by the ... of ... agreeably to the requisitions of Congress, scarce any State in the Union has, at this hour, an eighth part of its quota in the field and little prospect, that I can see, of ever getting more than half. In a word, instead of having every thing in readiness to take the Field, we have nothing and instead of having the prospect of a glorious offensive campaign before us, we have a bewildered and gloomy defensive one, unless we should receive a powerful aid of Ships, Land Troops, and Money from our generous allies and these, at present, are too contingent to build upon." This journals is in the Washington Papers, and has been published in Washington's Diaries (Boston: 1925). It was kept nearly every day from May 1 to Nov. 5, 1781, when it abruptly ends. Washington did not resume making diary entries until 1784.] will guide the party and point out the objects. Let them take three days provision if possible. The party will march as speedily as possible, as one of the Gang is already taken up, and it is feared the others will gain intelligence of it. I have directed the order to you in the first instance as I know General Knox is not at home. I am &c.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 2, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency directs me to inform you, that he has just received a letter from Col Udny Hay, inclosing one from the Bd of War, in which the same measure of putting up a quantity of Fish on this River is advised, which has been already adopted. Col Hay mentions that Mr Monell,36 Major Wyckoff,37 Judge Wynkoop38 of Eusopus, and Col Stoukenburgh39 of Albany, would be proper persons to be employed in the execution of this business, and that it will be necessary the Barrells and salt should be immediately furnished. The General only observes on this subject, that it is indifferent to him whether the Contracts are made with public or private Persons, but that it is a matter of the greatest importance that the Contracts should be faithfully executed, and the Public and not Individuals benifitted by them.
[Note 36: James Monell, purchasing agent for New York.]
[Note 37: Maj. Hendrich Wyckoff, of the Dutchess County (N. Y.) militia.]
[Note 38: Judge Derick Wynkoop.]
[Note 39: Col. Isaac Stoutenburgh, of the Albany County militia.]
General Heath will give directions how frequently the Fish shall be issued at present. I am etc.
P.S. Yours of yesterday, is this moment reed.40
[Note 40: This draft is signed "D. Humphrys, A.D.C."]
[Note 41: Of the Sixth Virginia Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 2, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 25th. of April from Philada. I could not, without being guilty of the utmost impropriety, call for the proceedings of the Court Martial to which you allude, and which have been sent to General Greene as Commanding Officer of the southern Army. Of riffs I can assure you, that you may safely depend upon that Gentlemans judgment and impartiality. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 2, 1781.
Sir: I have had the very great pleasure and satisfaction to receive your two favors of the 16th and 24th. Ultimo.
Suffer me to congratulate you, Sir, on the success of the Arms of the King, your Master, in the recapture of Fort St. Juan de Nicaragua, whereby the boasted exploits and expectations of the Enemy in that quarter are totally frustrated. And do me the justice to believe, that I sincerely participate in your felicity; at the pleasing prospects of further and more important successes against the British at Pensacola, as well as against the fleet, in pursuit of which, you are so obliging as to mention Nineteen Ships of the Line had actually sailed. I shall be made extremely happy, by being informed of the successful issue of these expeditions.
At present, I have no intelligence of importance to communicate to you. The Reports of another embarkation at New York, have prevailed for many days; but they have been so vague and uncertain, as not to be absolutely depended upon; Whenever anything of moment to the common cause shall turn up to view, I shall not fail to acquaint you therewith, being with very great attachment and respect etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, May 2, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a General Court Martial held at Westpoint the 24th. April and continued by adjournments 'till the 1st. instant. Major Graham president.
Ensign Murdoch McPherson44 of Colonel Hazen's regiment, was tried, charged with "Neglect of duty in leaving the guard under his command (having Prisoners in charge) on his way to Easton, at which time a number made their escape.
[Note 44: Ensign Murdoch (Murdock) McPherson, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He had been promoted to lieutenant, to date from April, 1777; transferred to the Invalid Regiment in 1782; served to September, 1783.]
The Court on consideration are of opinion that Ensign McPherson is guilty of the charge against him in breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of war and sentence that he be reprimanded in General orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence of the Court. He thinks Ensign McPherson's conduct reprehensible in the highest degree; nothing reflects greater dishonor on an officer or can be productive of more fatal consequences than Negligence and Inattention when on duty; Charges which appear to be but too clearly proved against Ensign McPherson.
Ensign McPherson is released from arrest.
Brigadier General Hand will inspect the first Massachusett and Connecticut Brigades on Monday the 7th. instant the second Massachusett and Connecticut brigades on Wednesday the 9th. the third Massachusett and that part of General Stark's brigade not on the lines on Friday the 11th. instant if the Weather permits.
The inspection of the troops on the Point to commence between nine and ten o'clock in the forenoon.
The troops on the East side of the river will be inspected in the afternoon of the days abovementioned and hold themselves in readiness to fall in by regiment, on beating the Long Roll.
As far as circumstances will admit the troops are to be excused Duty on the Day of inspection.
Besides the usual Inspection returns the present State of the Arms Accoutrements and Ammunition of each regiment is to be made out agreeable to a Form herewith Transmitted to Major Porter45 deputy Adjutant General.
[Note 45: Maj John(?) Porter, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment.]
No Arms or Accoutrements to be issued except for Recruits untill this Inspection is Completed.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 3, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your Letters of the 30th of April and 2d of May together with the Proceedings of the Court Martial whereof Lt Col Gray was President, have been handed to me by Captain Walker.46
[Note 46: Capt. Joseph Walker, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was aide to Parsons from December, 1780, to July, 1782, with the rank of major.]
I hope the Journey you propose will have a happy tendency towards the recovery of your health, and that you will soon be enabled to join the Army again, after your return; tho' I would not wish you to do it so prematurely as to endanger a relapse.
Part of the intelligence you have been so obliging as to communicate I had received thro another Channel, but not the whole. The intercepted Letter alluded to, said to be written by me to a Gentleman at the Southward, I suppose must have been an Official One addressed to the Speaker of the Assembly of Virginia,47 in which our situation in many respects was pretty plainly delineated, but you may be assured, there were ideas held up in that Letter, which were by no means grateful to the Enemy, which have embarrassed them exceedingly and which will be a sufficient reason to prevent their publishing the Contents of it at large to the World.
[Note 47: See Washington's letter to Benjamin Harrison, Mar. 27, 1781, ante.]
I am sorry to be forced to inform you on the subject of your Pay, that there is not a farthing in the Military Chest, except some Monies which have been sent on by particular States for the Payment of the Troops of their Lines, and which cannot be appropriated to any other purpose. I am etc.
P.S. The Sentence of the Court Martial is approved. The Adjt Gen. will transmit the Warrant for execution. Such of the Culprits at Danbury as are to be delivered over to the Civil Authority ought to be transferred immediately. The remainder of the Prisoners should be disposed of, or secured in the best and most expeditious manner, that the Detachment of Continental Troops may be marched to the army without delay, agreeably to my Letter of the 30th. Ulto.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 3, 1781.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving Your Excellency's Letter of the 28th of April, and of forwarding the Dispatches for the Chevalier de la Luzerne, which were transmitted to my care. I will expect the pleasure of Mr. De Menonville's49 Company in his route to Philadelphia.
[Note 49: Francois Louis Thibaut, Comte de Ménonville, First deputy Adjutant General, French Army and aide to Rochambeau.]
Nothing material has occurred since my last Letter. With the highest esteem etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: Instantly on the receipt of your Letter of the 16th. Ulto. (which came to hand in two days from the date) I dispatched a Copy of it to Congress;51 enforcing thereby the pointed representations, and earnest sollicitations, I was making at that moment, respecting the supplies of the Army: how far Congress will be able to devise ways and means for immediate relief, or induce the States to comply with their former requisitions, I cannot determine; but in the mean time every possible exertion should be used, to obtain Bread from this State, and Meat from the Counties of the Massachusetts most contiguous to you. And where persuasion, entreaty, and requisition fail of success, Military Coertion must be made use of.
[Note 51: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Apr. 18, 1781, ante.]
Rather than the Garrison of Fort Schuyler should fall; and the Frontiers be again desolated and laid waste, I am persuaded the State will make a great effort to afford a supply of flour for the Troops in that quarter. And I confess, I see no other alternative, under our present circumstances. With respect to provision of the Meat kind; it must principally be drawn from the Deposits of the State of Massachusetts nearest to you. Mr. Oliver Phelps the State Agent (at Springfield I believe) will be able to inform at what places and in what quantities the salted meat has been put up, for the use of the Continent. If you are not able to have these Provisions transported, by the Public Officers, or to obtain Teams for the purpose; by an impress granted by the Civil Authority, You will be at liberty to adopt compulsory Measures, and collect Teams by a Military force, in such a Manner, as to distress the Possessors of them as little as posible. Great prudence and effectual coertion, will be necessary, and may be combined.
There is a quantity of Fish putting up on this River, of which the Troops at the Northward, may also have a proportion. I am etc.52
[Note 52: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 4, 1781.
Sir: Alarming accounts of the state of Provisions at Fort Schuyler, having this moment been received, it is necessary that an instantaneous exertion should be made to throw a supply into that Garrison. You will therefore, cause a transportation to be made, of 50 Barrels of Meat and 50 Barrels of Flour to Albany, without a moments delay. The Flour can be taken from the Magazine at New Windsor, the Meat probably from Fishkill landing, as 60 Barrels came to that place since the day before Yesterday. If the Meat is not there, enough for the occasion is at Fishkill Town, and must be got to the landing and on board as early as possible: it will be well to have the Vessel procured got in readiness and the flour (and if possible the Meat) put on board this night. The execution of the whole business should be trusted to the most faithful and active Persons and conducted with the utmost expedition, as very much depends upon it. I am etc.
P.S. Please to forward the Letter to Mr Stevens tonight. I shall have occasion to write to Gen Clinton, by the Vessel which carries the Provisions.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, May 4, 1781.
My dear Marquis: The freedom of your communications is an evidence to me of the sincerety of your attachment; and every fresh instance of this gives pleasure and adds strength to the band which unite us in friendship. In this light I view the intimation contained in your letter of the 23d. Ulto., from Alexandria, respecting the conduct of Mr. Lund Washington.
Some days previous to the receipt of your letter, which only came to my hands yesterday; I received an acct. of this transaction from the Gentn. himself, and immediately wrote, and forwarded, the answer of which the inclosed is a copy. this Letter, which was written in the moment of my obtaining the first intimation of the matter may be considered as a testimony of my disapprobatn. of his conduct; and the transmission of it to you as a proof of my friendship; because I wish you to be assured that no man can condemn the measure more sincerely than I do.
A false idea, arising from the consideration of his being my Steward and in that character was more than the trustee and guardian of my property than the representative of my honor has misled his judgment and plunged him into error (upon the appearance of desertion in my Negros, and danger to my buildings) for sure I am, that no man is more firmly opposed to the enemy than he. From a thorough conviction of this, and of his integrity I entrusted every species of my property to his care; without reservation, or fear of his abusing it.
The last paragraph of my letter to him was occasioned by an expression of his fear, that all the Estates convenient to the river would be stripped of their Negros and moveable property.
I am very happy to find that desertion had ceased, and content had taken place in the detachment you commanded. Before this letter can have reached you, you must have taken your ultimate resolution upon the proposal contained in my lettersof the 21St. and 22d. of last Month and have made the consequent arrangements. I shall be silent therefore on the subjectof them, and only beg, in case you should not return to this Army; and the Papers were not lost with your other Baggage (on which event give me leave to express my concern) that you would permit Mr. Capitaine54 to furnish me with copies of the drafts, and remarks of the Pilots (taken at Colo Deys) on the entrance of the harbour of New York. It is possible they may be wanted, and I am not able to furnish them without your assistance.
[Note 54: Maj. Pierre Capitaine. He was aide to Lafayette.]
Mrs. Washington and the rest of my (small) family which at present consists only of Tilghman and Humphrey join me in cordial salutations, and with sentiments of the purest esteem etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: I was last evening favored with your Letters of the 3d. and 4th. Instant.
I am pleased to find the Recruits arrive in such Numbers as you mention, and desire only that you will use your discretion entirely, in barracking or encamping the Troops in the best manner possible to preserve their health. Straw will be an essential article upon their first going into Tents.
I have not the least objection, that Colonel Tupper should take on the four Months Pay to the Light Companies of the Massachusetts Line. But I fear the carrying this Money to such a distance from the State where it was emitted, will have an unhappy tendency to depreciate its value, disappoint the expectations of the Troops, and the wishes of the State; however these inconveniencies, I suppose, must be submitted to, in order to prevent greater.
I shall have occasion to write to the Marquis, by Col Tupper, who, I expect, sets out on his Journey immediately.
In your Letter of the 29th of April you enquired, whether it was the intention to comprehend the Convention Troops under the head of Prisoners? in answer to which, I should advise (altho it may not under all circumstances be expedient to consider and exchange them as Prisoners particularly those who left that Corps at an early period) that they should not be continued in the service, unless there are very strong reasons to convince the Officers of their attachment to the Country; and that whenever they are dismissed in any way, the Towns from which they have been sent should be called upon to make good the deficiency.
The Recruits, who prove upon investigation to be Prisoners, may be confined in the Provost at Fishkill, and their Names returned to the Deputy Commissy of Prisoners at that place. I am etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 5, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: I have received, with exceeding great satisfaction and pleasure your favor of the 18th of April, and am extremely rejoiced to learn, that the spirit of discontent had so intirely subsided and that the practice of desertion would probably be totally stopped, among the Troops under your Command.
The Measure you had taken to obtain, on your own Credit a supply of cloathing and necessities for the Detachment,56 must entitle you to all their gratitude and affection; and will, at the same time that it endears your Name (if possible still more) to this Country; be an everlasting Monument of your Ardent zeal and attachment to its cause and the establishment of its Independence. For my own part, My Dear Marquis, altho I stood in need of no new proofs of your exertions and sacrifices in the Cause of America; I will confess to you, I shall not be able to express the pleasing sensations I have experienced
[Note 56: "On My Arrival on this Side of the Susquehana, I Made an order for the troops wherein I Endeavoured to throw a kind of infamy upon desertion, and to improve every particular Affection of theirs, Since that, desertion Has Been bettered...the Merchants of Baltimore lend me a Sum of about 2000 pounds which will procure Some Shirts, linnen over alls Shoes, and a few Hatts. the ladies will make up the Shirts and the over alls will Be made By the detachment So that our Soldiers Have a chance of Being a little more Comfortable, the Monney is lent upon My Credit, and I Become a Security for the payment in two Year's time, when By the french laws I may Better dispose of My Estate. But Before that time, I am to use my influence with the french Court, in order to Have as Soon as possible this Sum of Monney Added to Any loan Congress will Have Been able to obtain from them."-- Lafayette to Washington. Apr. 18, 1781. Lafayette's letter is in the Washington Papers.] at your unparalleled and repeated instances of generosity and zeal for the Service, on every occasion. Suffer me only to pursue you with my sincerest wishes that your successes and glory may always be equal to your Merits.
I was troubled to be informed of the loss of your Baggage, but am happy to find that your private and interesting Papers were not with it: Should the Map of the Harbour of New York with remarks made on it by the Pilots, not have been lost, I could wish you would be so obliging as to forward it, [or a copy] to me by some safe conveyance, as it may be eventually advantageous to have it here.
Colonel Tupper (who goes to releive Col Vose) will have the honor to deliver this Letter to you. With every sentiment of affection etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: Since my Letter to you, of yesterday, in which I mentioned the measure I had taken respecting supplies, informed you of our only resources, and authorized military coertion in cases of extremity; I have received your favor of the 30th. Ulto. with a Postscript of the 1st Inst.
Alarmed at the critical situation of the Garrison of Fort Schuyler, I ordered out of the small pittance in our Magazines, 50 Barrels of Meat and the same quantity of flour, to be transported from this Army, and instantly thrown into that Garrison, but the Commissary reports there are but 34 Bbs of Meat in store. I have directed this number to be sent, and the residue of the 50 Barrels to be made up, from the Fish lately barreled on the River. This supply (the Fish included, or not, as you think proper) you will be pleased to consider as solely designed for the relief of the Garrison of Fort Schuyler, and sacredly to be appropriated to that and no other purpose whatever: For in our present embarrassed circumstances, when we know not from whence the supplies of tomorrow are to be derived, no inferior object could have justified the Measure of stripping this Army of its last Mouthful.
The distresses of the Other Troops in your Department, must be relieved from the Counties of Massachusetts, which are nearest to you. And I cannot doubt but on the spur of the occasion, exertions will be made equal to the exigency. I am etc.
P.S. The mustering of the Troops, should go on thro the Inspector, in the same manner as formerly practiced as nearly as possible. You can obtain Shad to be put up on Contract for the Troops; by giving three Pecks of Salt for a Barrel of clean'd fish, weighing 220 Pounds. You may draw on the Store at Claverack for salt to pay for as well as cure the Fish. The Contracts must be firmly made, faithfully executed and the public Salt not dissipated, to no purpose.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: Mr. Fowler having in a late letter to the president of Pennsylvania, made several charges against you for mal conduct in your command. The president of the state communicated it to Congress, who have been pleased, there upon, to direct me to investigate the matter and bring you to trial upon the matters alledged against you. Mr. Fowlers charges having been rather general, I have desired him to specify them, and to furnish you with a Copy of them. You must be sensible that no Court can be constituted at Fort Pitt for the trial of an Officer of your Rank. It must therefore be held at the Army; but as it will be impossible to bring down all the necessary Witnesses, the Judge Advocate General sends by this Conveyance a deputation to the Gentleman usually officiating in that capacity at the post, authorising him to take depositions in the presence of the parties. These, by a Resolve of Congress, are made admissible evidence in Court. When the necessary depositions are finished, you will repair to the Army and take your trial.
You will see the propriety of giving up the command to the Officer next in Rank while this business is transacting. It will take off every objection that can be made against the validity of the depositions, as having been taken under your influence as Commandant. I am &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 5, 1781.
Sir: Mr. Fowler will put into your hands sundry Charges against Mr. Duncan60 Dy. Qt. Mr. General at Port Pitt, on which you will have him arrested and brought to trial. The proceedings you will transmit to me. Should Mr. Fowler bring charges against any other persons who may, from their Ranks or stations, be properly tried by the Court which shall be convened; you will likewise arrest and bring them to trial.
[Note 60: David Duncan. He was assistant deputy quartermaster, Western Department.]
Inclosed you have a power for holding a Court. Mr. Fowler has charges also against Colo. Brodhead, who, on account of his Rank, cannot be tried at Fort Pitt. You will therefore, after filling up the Blank for the name, deliver the inclosed deputation to the Gentleman who usually Officiates as Judge Advocate, and he will take the depositions of the parties on the spot, which will enable a Court Martial with the Army to determine the matter. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 5, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency the president of Congress has lately transmitted to me the Copy of a letter from you to the president of Pennsylvania, in which, are a number of charges against Colonel Brodhead and the Deputy Qr. Master General at Fort Pitt for real conduct, and insinuations against others not named. Congress have thereupon directed me to take measures to have the matter investigated, and the delinquents brought to justice.
You must be sensible that it is as difficult to support as to defend a general charge, and as yours are chiefly of the later nature, I am under the necessity of calling upon you to specify those against the Dy. Qt. Master General or any other persons in the Staff department, and deliver them to the commanding Officer who has my orders to bring them to trial by Court Martial.
There is a necessity of proceeding in another Manner against Colo. Brodhead. It being impossible to hold a Court at Fort Pitt proper for the trial of an Officer of his Rank, it must be done at the Army, and the proofs and defence must be supported principally by depositions taken upon the spot, in presence of the parties, as all the Witnesses cannot be brought down without infinite expense and much inconvenience. The Judge Advocate General sends a deputation to the person usually officiating as Judge Advocate at the post, authorising him to take these depositions. You will therefore specify your Charges against Colo. Brodhead; deliver him a Copy of them and be ready when called upon to make the requisite depositions. When the whole are finished, The Judge Advocate at the post will transmit them to the Judge Advocate General and Colo. Brodhead will be ordered to attend for trial. If you yourself or any other Witnesses can make it convenient to attend it will be well, for depositions should not be made use of but upon necessity. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, May 5, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Honorable the Congress having directed the Board of War to take order on a Letter from the Paymaster General of the 3d. of April last, respecting the extra ration to be drawn in kind by the Officers in the Army.
Agreed, That no charge be made against the officers for such extra ration but that the same be considered as a Gratuity, untill the further order of Congress and that his Excellency the Commander in Chief and the Paymaster General be informed of this opinion of the Board.
The Honorable the Congress having by their Resolve of the 17th. of April last appointed John Moylan Esqr. Clothier General of the Army he is to be respected and obeyed as such.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased by their Resolve of the 26th. of April last to direct that the pay of Captain Lieutenants of Artillery and of Lieutenants and serjeants of Infantry be paid in Bills of the new Emission at the rates fixed for the pay of Officers and non commissioned officers respectively on the 27th. May 1778, any former Resolution of Congress to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.
The Commander in Chief directs that all returns for Arms or accoutrements shall specify the regiments they are for, and the particular purposes for which they are then wanted; and that after such returns are signed by the division Inspector agreeable to the Resolution of Congress of the 25th. of September last they be carried to the Orderly Office to be registered and Countersigned by the Adjutant General previous to issues being made thereon.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of yesterday has been handed to me. You will be persuaded, that, at the same time, I sympathise sincerely with you, in your illness, I am by no means pleased with the unreasonably long absence of the General Officers, which has rendered your presence with the Army hitherto indispensably necessary.
I have read the Proceedings of the Court Martial, and would have the sentences approved, which you will be pleased to do in your Orders. The Proceedings are returned herewith. I am etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, May 6, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
John Powel, soldier in the New Hampshire line who was tried by a General Court martial the 27th. of April and sentenced to suffer death which Sentence was approved and published in Orders the 30th. of April, is ordered to be executed on Friday next the 11th. instant.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 9th of April, am glad your health is such as to permit you to superintend sending off the Recruits from the State, and am fully of opinion you could not be of so essential service in any other way, as by urging the State of New Hampshire to procure and forward her quota of Men and Supplies to the Army.
Having seen and experienced the Evils we have suffered for want of a permanent force, and having yourself been an eye Witness to the distresses of the Army the last Campaign for want of a regular supply of Provisions, I am persuaded you will continue to impress on the Legislature with particular energy, the absolute, indispensable necessity of furnishing Men to compleat their Battalions, and provisions to feed them when in the field.
It is a long, very long interval of time, since we have received any kind of Supplies from New Hampshire. I have written, some days ago, pressingly to the President on the Subject, entreating him, as he regarded the welfare and even existence of the Army, that he would use his utmost exertion to have an immediate supply of Beef Cattle forwarded on. If this is not done (and the supply regularly kept up every Month) the very worst consequences may be apprehended.
I shall be glad to hear from you on the subject of Recruits and Supplies. And hope that the pleasant season, which is now advancing will greatly tend to your Recovery. I am &c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: I enclose for your inspection original Letters from Major Gen Heath and Brigadr Genl Clinton,65 describing in the most forcible terms, the terrible prospect before them, and the inevitable disasters that must ensue, unless provisions are furnished, and that instantly, for the Troops and Garrisons in their respective Departments; when you have read these Letters, you will be pleased to return them to me again. Nothing further, need certainly be said, to enforce the necessity of putting every wheel in motion to hasten the transportation of the salted provisions, on which our sole dependence for immediate relief must be placed: From the measures which had been taken, and the representations of Mr. Pomeroy, I expected nearly or quite all the provisions on the West side of Connecticut River would have been forwarded or forwarding on before this time; only a few hundred Barrels have yet arrived; and I am not able to learn, in what state the transportation now is, or what our prospects from that quarter are. Should your information respecting this supply, neither be so particular or favorable as to remove all our fears on the Subject; I think it
[Note 65: Letters from Heath (May 6) and from Clinton (May 4). The originals are in the Washington Papers.] will be adviseable to send instantly an able and active Officer from Your Department, to make use of the spur of the occasion to carry the measure of transportation already projected, rapidly and fully into execution. I am etc.
P.S. If in addition to the money of the New Emission you have recd. a few thousd Dollars of the Old would be of any service in the transportation, I could procure them on my own credit for you.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 6, 1781.
Sir: As there is a sum of Moncy sent on from the Eastern States for the payment of the Detachments of their Lines, under the Command of the Marquis De la Fayette, I wish provision could be made to forward two or three Months pay, in specie value, for the Company of Colonel Hazen's Regt. on that Command. You will consider yourself authorised hereby, to make application for the same.
Lieut. Colonel Barber having been sent from the Marquis De la Fayette, to negotiate the affairs of the Detachment of the Jersey line; it is to be presumed that State has, or will advance Money for their payment, in which case, the Company from Col Hazens Regt. will be the only one unprovided for; and the sum necessary for the purpose being inconsiderable, I hope it may be procured and sent on by Col Tupper, who will deliver you this Letter. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 5[--7], 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 24th. of April inclosing a remonstrance of Colonel Procter and the Officers of his Regt. against the promotion of Captain Eustace70 to a Majority in it, and the late annexation of Capt. Simonds. I am not a little surprised to see Field Officers, who certainly are acquainted with the principles of promotion which have been understood and practiced upon for more than two years, in the lines of Artillery and Cavalry joining their subordinate Officers in complaints, which, upon investigation, will be found groundless: But I am happy in addressing myself upon this occasion to your Excellency, who having been upon the several Committees of Arrangement in the year 1778, must recollect the various modes of promotion which were then talked of, and the reasons which led to the final adoption of the present System at the White plains.
[Note 70: Maj. Benjamin Eustis (Eustace), of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He died in October, 1781.]
The Error, which Colo. procter and his Officers is in, lies in supposing that their Regiment, previous to the arrangement of October the 3d. 1780, belonged to any particular State. It is true pennsylvania had credit for them as part of her quota, but was not considered as having a right to interpose in making new appointments or promotions after they were annexed to the Continent in 1777.
The Resolves of Sept. 16th. 1776 and November 24th 1778 which they quote relate merely to the lines of Infantry belonging to the several States, and as an indubitable proof of this, the several States, tho' extremely tenacious of their rights of making new appointments and conferring promotions in their lines of Infantry, have never in one single instance attempted an interference in those of Artillery or Cavalry, which have been understood to be lines belonging to the Continent at large.
If your Excellency will be pleased, for your further satisfaction, to refer to the Resolve of the 24th. Novem. 1778 founded upon the report of the Committee of Arrangement at White plains, you will find throughout the whole of it, a distinction made between the Lines of States which were the Infantry and the Lines of Cavalry and Artillery.
The Gentlemen are pleased to observe that the promotion of Captain Eustace to the Majority of their Regiment was partial and the only instance which has happened in the line of Artillery during the War. They will, upon reflection, find that it is the only instance which could possibly have happened. Major Forrest succeeded to the Lieutenant Colonelcy by the death of Colo. Stroboch71 and Capt. Eustace as eldest Captain in the line of Artillery to the vacant Majority. There have been no other occasions for promotions of Field Officers in the line of Artillery or they would have taken place in the same way, upon the same principles. This Rule has been so invariably pursued in the line of Cavalry, which is upon the same footing with that of Artillery, that the Officers succeeding to Vacancies have come and gone from one extremity of the Continent to the other to take their new Commands.
[Note 71: Lieut. Col. John Martin Strobagh (Stroboch), of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He died in December, 1778.]
The annexation of Capt. Simonds with his Company and Capt. Porter with his to Colo. procters Regiment was a matter of necessity, and done in consequence of the new arrangement of the Army by the Resolve of the 3d. October 1780. Those Companies, tho' originally raised in Pennsylvania, had been annexed to Colo. Lambs Battalion, and Captain Simonds had, in course of promotion, succeeded to the Vacancy occasioned by the Resignation of Capt. Lee.72 Lambs Regiment had by these means two Companies more than the arrangement allowed and procters two less, it was certainly then proper to transfer Porter and Simonds to the latter, more especially as
[Note 72: Capt. James Lee, of the Second Continental Artillery. He had resigned in December, 1779.] their Companies had been, as I before mentioned, raised in Pennsylvania. But it could not be supposed that Capt. Simonds was to be deprived of his rank because he was not a Pennsylvanian. The Officers of Colo. Lambs Battalion who are New Yorkers might with equal justice say that all those of Connecticut were thrust in upon them (to use the remonstrants own Word) when that Regiment was allotted to the state of New York.
After the Regiments of Cavalry and Artillery had been by the Resolve of the 3d. of October last allotted to particular States, it became a doubt whether the Rules of promotion which had before governed could with propriety be longer practiced under. I therefore wrote to Congress upon the subject, and that, with several other Regulations respecting Rank, is now under their consideration; but whatever may be their determination it cannot effect former promotions.
I cannot conclude this subject, without remarking that Colo. procter, upon the 9th. of April, sent in his resignation to me, alledging that the situation of his private Affairs obliged him to quit the service. He need not then upon the 19th. have signed a remonstrance and accompanied it with a threat that he would resign if the prayer of it was not granted.
The representation which Colo. Blaine made to me of the Council having ordered the state Agent to send no more supplies to the Army, was founded upon a letter which he had received from his deputy in Philada. That I might not misapprehended a matter which appeared to me of a very singular nature, I called upon Colo. Blaine for an official account in writing, with which he furnished me, and which I transmitted to Congress; I also transmitted the accounts respecting Fort Pitt as I received them from Colo. Brodhead, and cannot therefore be answerable for any misrepresentations of his. Now I am upon the subject of provisions I beg leave to address myself most seriously to your Excellency and the Council upon our present situation in respect to Flour, and to point out the consequences which must ensue if we are not liberally supplied by the state with that Article, I must take the liberty of premising, that by the information I have received from the Commissary General, there is a very great deficiency of the quotas required by the requisitions of 1779 and 1780. There are, by accounts, about two thousand Barrels between this place and Trenton. I do not learn that there are any quantities at the places of deposits within the State. By the transference of so considerable a part of the War to the southward, the supplies of Maryland and Virginia must be turned towards that quarter. Jersey which has been the principle residence of the Army for several Campaigns has furnished such quantities of Hay and Grain Forage and oftentimes Meat in the Hour of distress, that we cannot expect a regular supply of the specific Articles demanded of her in addition to what is taken by impress and other Means. New York, I may say with truth, hath exhausted her Credit and resources, not that there is not Flour yet remaining, but Government has strained their exertions to that height, that the people have been almost driven to open resistance: Indeed they are under very peculiar circumstances; totally deprived of Commerce, and the most valuable parts of their state in the hands of the enemy. Had it not been for a most vigorous step which Governor Clinton ventured to take in the fore part of the Winter, the Army must have disbanded for want of Bread, as our Magazines were exhausted and transportation by land was impracticable had there been any thing to act upon. He seized several hundred Barrels in the hands of private Merchants which they had purchased up to exchange for other Articles. The New England States as they do not produce Flour are called upon for none. Our dependance must then be upon Delaware and Pennsylvania. Their supplies are ample and means must be found to draw them out, or the Army must disband, as there is no other Resource. In the present embarrassed state of Finance little can be expected from the operation of paper Money. Specific demands should therefore, in my opinion, be made upon the people, and if they do not comply with them, they cannot complain of compulsory measures. I would not be understood to dictate to your Excellency and the Council the means they ought to pursue; but I think it a duty which I owe the public and it is a liberty which I daily take with the States which furnish the different kinds of supplies for the Army to call upon them in the most pointed manner for the Articles in which they are deficient, and to tell them without reserve what must be the consequence of a non compliance with the requisitions made upon them. I have the honor etc.
P S 7th. By Letters just received from Brig. Genl. Clinton who commands at Albany I am very apprehensive that the important post of Fort Schuyler will be abandoned for want of provision. To prevent this if possible I have sent off every Barrel of Beef in the Magazines, (being only 34) and shall trust to contingencies for a supply here. Of 131 Barrels of Flour I am sending off 100. I mention these things to your Excellency, to convince you of the necessity of making the exertions I have recommended, and to shew the dreadful consequences which must follow a non compliance. I have written as pressingly to the Eastern States for a supply of Meat as I have done to you for that of Flour73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 12th: of April from Portsmouth, and 19th: from Boston.
Business of a very urgent public nature will oblige me to send General Heath immediately to the Eastern States.74 I am therefore under the necessity of desiring your Return as speedily as possible to take the command at West point, which, with all its dependencies, will be left with only one Brigadier. I am etc.75
[Note 74: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, May 9, 1781, post.]
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On May 8 Washington wrote a brief note to Brig. Gen. Jedidiah Huntington: "Five Months, this day, having elapsed, since you had permission to visit your friends; I find myself under the indispensable necessity of calling your attention again to your Command. I must request therefore You will be pleased to repair to the Army as soon as may be, after the receipt of this Letter." This draft is in the Washington Papers.
On May 9 Washington wrote to Brig. Gen. John Glover: "As some of the Recruits begin to arrive...an as the season for opening the Campaign is fast approaching...you will commence your return to the Army, as soon as it is possible to be done, after the receipt of this Letter." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 4th. Instant, by Express, was received in the course of the last night: by Mine of the 5th. and 6th. you will already have been made acquainted, with the state of our Magazines, the partial aid we were then able to afford, and the measures, I advised, to be pursued: since which no provision of the Meat kind has been received; whenever any quantity arrives, you may depend upon having a full proportion of it, being determined to share our last morsel with you, and support your Posts (if possible) at all hazards and extremities. in the interim, I have directed to be sent to your Orders, 100 Barrels of flour, out of 131, which is the whole we have in our Magazine.
Deeply sensible of the distresses of the Troops in your Department, and apprehensive of the serious consequences of a defection, and the loss of the Posts on the frontier. I entreat you to be persuaded, that I am heartily disposed to give every assistance, in my power, for your relief. It is true, I had entertained hopes, that the States would effectually second my wishes and endeavours; and I will not despair of their yet furnishing the necessary supplies, before it is too late. To enforce the necessity of this, in the most pointed and explicit manner, it is proposed that Major General Heath himself, should set out instantly for the Eastern States; he will have it particularly in charge, to represent the critical state of the Garrison of Fort Schuyler, together with the sufferings of the Troops on the frontier, and make requisitions for their immediate support and relief. I should therefore advise, that the Garrison of Fort Schuyler should hold out to the last extremity; and I have no doubt of your still continuing, to use your unremitting exertions, thro' every possible difficulty, and embarrassment, to succour that Garrisor, and to avert the disasters and calamities we have but too much reason to apprehend, from the present temper of the Troops, and complexion of our affairs in that quarter.
Under these circumstances, should the worst evils take place, that may be dreaded, you will have the pleasing consiousness of having faithfully performed your duty to the public and may rely upon the entire approbation and esteem of Dear Sir etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 7, 1781.
Dr. Sr: Since I wrote to you, the last evening, respecting the transportation of the salted Provisions, I have recd Letters from Genl. and Govr. Clinton, informing that the Troops on the frontier are on the point of Mutinying and the Garrison of Fore Schuyler of abandoning that Post, for want of Provisions of every kind; in consequence of which I have thought proper to have 100 Barrels of flour forwarded to Albany (which you will be pleased to have transported accordingly). The total want of Meat was the sole reason, why I have not sent a quantity of that article also. As soon as any arrives and car} possibly be spared, The Troops in that quarter must be supplied with a proportion of it; this you will observe, makes the transportation of the whole of the salted provisions, on the West side of Connecticut River immediately and indispensably necessary, and as this seems to exceed the Commission of Col Hughs, it will require some farther attention.
I do not mention any thing further about the flour on the Communication from Pennsylvania, because I suppose the arrangements are all properly made, and the business in the best train of execution. I am etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 7, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 30th. of April and 4th. of this Month. The first was delivered to me by Colo. Menonville to whom I refer you for what has passed between us on the subject of his mission.
I have received no particular intelligence from New York of a later date than that of the 29th. ulto. which has been communicated to your Excellency.
I very sincerely wish success to the enterprise which the Chevr. des Touche has in contemplation.
Inclosed your Excellency will find a Warrant from the Quarter Master General appointing Colo. Champlin Barrack Master to the French Army.
I have taken the liberty to send under this cover, a letter for Governor Hancock78 which incloses one for Maj or Genl. Howe. Should that Gentleman be in Newport or providence you will oblige me by directing the letter to be delivered to him and destroying the Governors. Should he be in neither of these places you will be pleased to seal the Governors and forward it to Boston with the inclosure.
[Note 78: The draft of this brief letter to Hancock (May 7) is in the Washington Papers.]
The importance of the letter for Genl. Howe and the uncertainty of the place which he will be at, must be an excuse for my giving your Excellency the extraordinary trouble.
Your packet for the Chevr. de la Luzerne shall be safely and expeditiously forwarded. I have the Honor etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, May 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: Permit me, on this first occasion of writing to you, to begin my letter with congratulations on your recovered health, and I offer them sincerely.
Colo. Menonville put into my hands two days since, your favor of the 29th. Ulto.80 If my inclination was seconded by the means, I shou'd not fail to treat this Gentleman as the friend of my friend; and if it is not in my power to comply with his wishes on the score of provisions, I will deal with him candidly by communicating the causes.
[Note 80: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I am impressed with too high a sense of the abilities and candor of the Chevr. Chartellus, to conceive that he is capable of creating false hopes; his communications therefore of the West India intelligence, comes with merited force and I would to God it were in my power to make the proper advantages of it! but if you can recollect a private conversation which I had with you in the Count de Rochambeau's chamber, you will be perswaded it is not; especially when I add that the want of wch I then complaind exists in much greater force than it did at that moment; but such preparations as can be made, I will make for the events you allude to. The candid world, and well informed Officer, will expect no more. May you participate in those blessings you have invoked heaven for me, and may you live to see a happy termn. of a struggle which was begun and has been continued for the purpose of rescuing America from impending Slavery, and securing to its Inhabitants their indubitable rights in which you bear a conspicuous part, is the ardent wish of Dr. Sir etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 7, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I had the honor to receive last night your Excellency's letter of the same date.
In consequence of Brigadr. General Clinton's information of the 30th. Ulto. I instantly ordered 50 Barrels of flour, and34 of Meat (being every barrel of the latter we had on hand) to be sent to Albany; for a partial relief of the Garrison of Fort Schuyler. I know it was very inadequate, but it was our all. Since which not a Barrel of Salted Provision has arrived.
I have now directed 100 Barrels of flour, (out of 131 which is our whole Magazine) to be immediately transported to Albany. This supply, shall be followed by another of Meat, if any quantity should come in from the Eastward; in the mean time I have written, some days since to Genl Clinton to draw (by Military coercion if necessary) whatever supplies have been collected for the Continent, from all the Counties of Massachusetts most contiguous to him. I have also impowered him to procure fish by exchanging salt for them. Whatever more within the limits of my ability can be suggested or done for the security of Fort Schuyler and the protection of the frontier, shall be most seriously attended to, and strenuously attempted by, Your etc.
P.S. I shall be extremely happy to see you; in order to converse freely on the subject of the Troops and Frontiers of this State.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: Distressed beyond expression, at the present situation and future prospect of the Army, with regard to provisions; and convinced with you, that, unless an immediate and regular supply can be obtained, the Most dangerous consequences are, to be apprehended, I have determined to make one great effort more, on the subject. And must request that you will second and enforce my representations to, and requisitions upon the New England States, by your personal application to the several Executives, and even Assemblies, (if sitting, as I suppose they will be, in the course of this Month).
From Your intimate knowledge of our embarrassed and distressed Circumstances, and your great personal influence with the Eastern States, I am induced to commit the execution of this interesting and important business to you, And wish you to set out on this Mission, as early as may be convenient. I am &c.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 8, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 26th: and 29th: ulto. with the inclosures to which you refer. They shall be duly attended to.
Under cover of the letter of the 26th. is one from General Gates to Congress, indorsed by the Secretary "Ordered to be transmitted to the Commander in Chief." without any particular directions respecting the subject of it. Congress have been informed of the instructions which had been given to General Greene relative to bringing on the enquiry upon General Gates as early as circumstances would admit, and they have been advised that it was deemed impracticable at the time to hold a Court at the southern Army for the reasons given to General Greene by the Board of General and Field Officers consulted upon the occasion. General Gates has also been furnished with their Reasons. There remain but two methods of determining the matter speedily, in a military way; directing General Greene to order a Court of Enquiry immediately and at all events, or taking depositions at the Southward and bringing them before a Court in this Army.
I am sorry that I am obliged so often to wound the feelings of Congress with accounts of our distressed situation on the score of provisions, but duty calls upon me to represent what it is not in my power by my utmost exertions, to prevent.
Your Excellency will perceive, by Copies of letters from General Heath of the 6th. instant and from Brigr. Genl. Clinton of the 30th: of April and 4th. instant, to what an alarming situation we are reduced at these posts and upon the Northern Frontier. Upon the receipt of Genl. Clintons letter of the 30th: ulto, I, upon the 5th:, sent off 34 Barrels of Beef, which was every ounce in the Magazine and 50 Barrels of Flour to Albany. I am now, upon receiving the letter of the 4th: sending off 100 out of 131 Barrels in the Magazine. Of Meat I have not a Barrel to send. The Quarter Master is unable to transport what is at the distant Magazines, and the States neither do that, or send in Beef Cattle agreeable to requisition.
I have written most pressingly to the President of Pennsylvania for a supply of Flour, and that nothing may be left unessayed on my part, I am going to send Major General Heath to the Eastern States purposely to represent our distresses for Meat in their true Colours, and to point out to them the inevitable consequences of a failure in the noncompliance with the requisitions made upon them. Whether this will have any better effect than my frequent applications by letter, I cannot say; but of this I am certain, that if there is not a very great and sudden change of measures it will be next to impossible to keep the Army together. To add to our present embarrassments, application has just been made to me by Colonel Menonville, who is sent forward by Count Rochambeau, to know in what manner it will be most convenient to us to make payment for a very large quantity of provisions, with which, Doctor Franklin, in behalf of the United States, has contracted to supply the French Army. Colonel Menonvilles instructions have reference to Resolves of Congress and letters which have passed between your Excellency and Count Rochambeau on the Subject, but as I am totally a stranger to the whole transaction, I have been under the necessity of referring him to Congress, and have taken the liberty to give him letters of introduction to your Excellency. As Colonel Menonville was very pressing with me to know whether I could give him any assurances of the provision being furnished, and at what places it would be most proper to deposit it, I would only tell him, that none of what had been required of the States for the subsistence of the Army could possibly be spared, because, the requisitions, were they fully complied with, would not be more than adequate to our own wants. I gave him my opinion as to the proper places of deposit, in as particular a manner as the uncertainty of our plan of operations would admit.
Colo. Menonville is likewise charged by the Count Rochambeau, to sollicit some heavy Iron Cannon for the Works at Newport, in place of the Brass Battering Cannon which are at present in them, and which there will be a necessity of removing should the Army remove. When I told him that I knew of none belonging to the Continent but what were in use, he informed me that he understood that there were some in New Hampshire which had been imported for the 74 Gun Ship now upon the Stocks. Upon this, I have promised him to mention the matter to Congress, and to recommend a compliance with his request, if the Cannon should be there, and cant be spared without inconvenience. I have the Honor etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on May 14 anti referred to John Sullivan, James Mitchell Varnum, and Joseph Montgomery.
On May 15 Congress ordered the Board of Admiralty to deliver to Washington's order 10 of the heavy cannon intended for the 74 gun ship, then building at Portsmouth and referred the remainder of Washington's letter to a further committee of Theodorick Bland, Daniel Carroll, and John Witherspoon.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, May 8, 1781.
Parole--.Countersigns--
As the badness of the weather prevented the inspection of the first brigades of Massachusett and Connecticut yesterday they will be inspected on thursday; the second brigades of Massachusett and Connecticut on saturday, and the third Massachusett and Stark's brigades on Monday next; the time and manner of inspection to be the same as already pointed out.
Colonel Hazen's regiment to be held in readiness for Inspection on Tuesday 15th. their returns to be the same as directed for the other regiments.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 8, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favors of the 30th. of April and 1st. Instant. After a conference with Mr. Cornel I ordered as much Cloathing as could possibly be spared from hence to be immediately forwarded to the southward with one thousand Muskets and one thousand Cartouch Boxes which appeared as many as could be sent from hence upon a comparison of our own probable wants with our stock on hand. Our prospects on account of lead are alarming indeed. It will be impossible to send any more from hence than what is contained in the ready made Cartridges. I know not whether any of the States have any quantity in their private Magazines, but I think enquiry should be made and a loan obtained, if practicable.
The Artillery at present at the Southward and what is upon the way, appears to me fully sufficient.
Mr. Moylan is making up the Accounts of the late Cloathier, which he tells me will be finished in a few days, he then proposes to repair to Philada.
I am of the same opinion with the Board respecting the construction of the Resolve of the 3d. October 1780. It would defeat the end proposed by the abolition of the Rank of full Colonels in the Army were they suffered to be still created in the Regiments of Artillery and Cavalry. If Colo. Carringtons Commission of Lieut. Col. Commandant to the 4th. Regt. of Artillery has not yet been sent to him I would wish it to be delayed until some Regulations respecting the mode of promotion in the Artillery and Cavalry which are now before Congress shall have been determined upon. For the same reason I think the promotion of the 2d. Major to the 1st. Regt. of Cavalry had best be delayed also. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
A memorandum of the amount of clothing sent to the southward is entered at the close of the letter.
On May 8 Washington wrote a brief letter to Chevalier de Béville, informing him that the Quartermaster General had been authorized to appoint Col. [Jabez] Champlin, barrack master general to the French Army. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to proceed immediately to the several Eastern States, with the dispatches, addressed to the Governors of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, and the President of New Hampshire, on the subject of supplies for the Army. The present critical and alarming situation of our Troops and Garrisons for the want of provision, is (from the nature of your command) so perfectly known to you: and your personal influence with the New England States is so considerable, that I could not hesitate to commit to you, a Negotiation: on the success of which, the very existence of the Army depends.
The great objects of your attention and mission are 1st. an immediate supply of Beef Cattle. 2ndly. the transportation of all the salted provisions, in the Western parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts and 3rdly. the establishment of a regular, systematic, effectual Plan, for feeding the Army through the Campaign. Unless the two former are effected, the Garrison of Fort Schuyler must inevitably, that of West point may probably fall, and the whole Army be disbanded. Without the latter, the same perplexing wants, irregularities and distress, which we have so often experienced will incessantly occur, with eventual far greater evils, if not final ruin.
With regard to the particular mode of obtaining, and transporting supplies, I will not presume to dictate; but something must now be attempted on the spurr of the occasasion; and I would suggest, whether it would not be expedient, for a Committee from the several States (consisting of a few active sensible men) to meet at some convenient place, in order to make out upon a uniform and great scale, all the arrangements respecting supplies and transportation for the Campaign; in the mean time, to avoid the impending dissolution of the Army: the States must individually comply precisely with the requisitions of the Quarter Master and Commissary upon them.
As the salted provision, which has been put up for the Public in the Eastern States, (except in the Western parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts) cannot at present be transported to the Army, you will obtain accurate official returns of the quantity that has been procured in the respective States, at what places, and in whose charge it actually is; and if it should not all be collected and lodged in the Deposits that have been pointed out: you will urge this immediately to be done, and that the provision should be repacked, stored and taken care of, in such a manner as to prevent the hazard of its being tainted or lost by the approaching hot season.
I omit entering into the detail of particulars, which it may be necessary to state to the respective Executives (or Legislatures, if sitting) to enforce the present requisition: because you are as well acquainted with the circumstances of our distress, the prospects before us, and the only resources from whence we can derive relief, as it is possible for you to be. Previous to your departure, you will obtain from the Quarter Master General and Commissary with the Army the proper Estimates of supplies and transportation to be required of the several States, together with all the light and information, concerning their Departments, which may be requisite to transact the business committed to you.
After having delivered the Dispatches with which you are charged, and made such farther representation as you may judge necessary: you will not cease your applications and importinuties, untill you are informed officially,87 whether effectual measures are or will be taken to prevent the Army from starving and disbanding; what supplies in general and particularly of Beef Cattle may certainly be depended upon, to be delivered at fixed regular periods (monthly, or weekly) at the Army during the whole Campaign. When you shall have seen this business put upon the surest footing, and in the best train of execution (which you will endeavour to have effected as early as possible) you will be pleased to report to me without delay, the success of your proceedings.
[Note 87: At this point the draft has: "in the most decisive, clear and explicit manner."]
I heartily wish you success and a pleasant Journey: and am etc.
P.S. I wish attention may be paid, to learn what quantity of Rum is in Store, at what Places and in what manner it may be forwarded. In transportation the Arrangements should be made with the States, so as to have the Articles brought entirely thro to the Army without having them stoped on the Road. You will also be pleased to urge the forwarding of the summer Cloathing.88
[Note 88: In the writing of George Augustine Washington; the P.S. is in that of David Humphreys.]
[MS. H.S.]
[Note 89: Postmaster General of the United States, then at Jamaica Plains, near Boston.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 9, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 24th. of April. I immediately after the accident happened to the post in the Clove, I changed the Route, and he now travels by the way of Warwick to Morris Town, which is but a few Miles further about, and upon a Road which is as safe as any in this part of the Country can be.
It would be impossible for me, was the occasion ever so urgent, to send escorts of Horse with the Mails as you propose. In the first place, I have not the Horse, and if I had, I could not find them subsistence. It is with difficulty I keep two orderly Dragoons at Head Quarters. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: Under the present circumstances of transportation from Connecticut, I should advise that Mr. Pomeroy should be sent immediately back to the several Towns, to announce the Distresses of the Army, for want of that provision, the certainty of payment for the transportation and the approach of a Military force to carry into execution the impress of the Civil Magistrate. While this is doing, the parties from Danbury and Hazens Regt. may be detached to be employed in the manner you propose, for that purpose. It will be best to use great prudence in the execution of this business, which has now become indispensably necessary and to send to the nearest Towns first: before this measure can have its operation in the remoter parts, I hope government will take the matter up with energy, in consequence of General Heath's representation, who sets out tomorrow for the Eastern States to settle with them the arrangement of transportation and supplies for the Campaign. He will require all the information that may be necessary from your Departt. and that of the Commissy. on the Subject, previous to his journey. I am &c.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys, who has entered at the bottom of the letter: "N. B. Orders were given for the Detachments."]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: His Excellency very much approves your plan of bringing down the shad daily, only taking care to give each Cargo as much salt as will secure them against a passage longer than the common calculation.
The Magazine at West point is in a most deplorable condition for want of a covering of Boards. The last storm has damaged the Ammunition considerably and now the Water has found its way in, every little Rain will be hurtful. It will take about 200 Boards to cover the Magazine. If they cannot be procured by any other Means the General will grant an impress. You will be pleased to see as soon as possible what can be done in it. I am &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 10, 1781.
Sir: Major General Heath, [second in Command, and an Officer] whose [high rank] and consideration entitle him to very particular notice and attention, is prevailed upon to proceed to the several Eastern States, to represent the present distresses of the Army for want of provision, and the consequences which must inevitably ensue, unless a more regular system, and more vigorous measures for affording supplies are speedily adopted.
From the Post of Saratoga to that of Dobbs Ferry inclusive, I believe there is not (by the Returns and Reports I have received) at this moment, one day's supply of Meat on hand. Our whole dependence for this Article is on the Eastern States: their resources of it, I am persuaded are ample, to request and urge that they may be drawn forth regularly, and to be informed with precision and certainty what may absolutely be depended upon thro' the Campaign, are the object of this application.
I have already made representations to the States of the want of Provisions, the distress of the Army, and the innumerable embarrassments we have suffered in consequence, not merely once or twice, but have reiterated them over and over again. I have struggled to the utmost of my ability, to keep the Army together; but all will be in vain, without the effectual assistance of the States. I have now only to repeat the alternative, which has been so often urged: that Supplies, particularly of Beef Cattle must be speedily and regularly provided, or our Posts cannot be maintained or the Army kept in the Field much longer.
[I intreat that this representation may be received in the serious light it is meant and deserves, or that I may stand exculpated from the dreadful consequences which must otherwise inevitably follow in a very short time.]
I enter not into the detail of matters, as General Heath, will be able to give Your Excellency every necessary information, as well as lay the proper Estimates of supplies for the Campaign before you. I have the honor etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original in the William Ely collection, Providence, R. I. The portions in brackets in the draft, which is also by Humphreys, are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, May 11, 1781.
Parole--.Countersigns--.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to make the following Appointment:
By the United States in Congress Assembled,
March 3d, 1781.
Ordered,
That Dr. James Craik, chief hospital physician and surgeon, be, and he is hereby appointed chief physician and surgeon of the army, in the room of Dr. J. Cochran, elected director of the hospital.
The Companies of Light Infantry with Major General the Marquis de la Fayette are to be completed from their respective regiments so far as the deficiencies are known.
The men formerly belonging to these companies (who were absent when they marched) or others of a similar description to be sent on this service; these men to be marched under the direction of the officers who are going to join the Light Infantry.
The Quarter Master General will apply for such fatigue parties as are necessary to repair the road to Sussex Courthouse.
At a General Court Martial whereof Lieutenant Colonel De Hart was president, held in the Jersey Camp the 2d of May 1781, Simon Kent soldier in the first Jersey regiment was tried for repeated "Desertion found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence but in consequence of the recommendation of Colonel Dayton is pleased to pardon the Criminal and to direct that he be transferred to one of the Continental Ships of War at Philadelphia.
New Windsor, May 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: Not Having seen, or heard of any resolve of Congress for establishing the principles of promotion in the Army, I am apprehensive that the report of the Committee who had this matter under consideration is now sleeping in Congress; this, and a recent instance in the Pensylvania Regiment of Artillery, in proof of the absolute necessity of adopting some mode by which the whole Army may be bd, and a stop thereby be put to those disputes which keep it in a continual state of distraction and discontent, are the reasons for my troubling you again on this subject and praying, that some decision may be come to by Congress. It is much easier to avoid disagreements than to remove discontentts.; and I again declare, that If my differing in Sentiment from the opins. of the Comee. on some points has been the occasion of delay, I would, rather than have the matter lie over a moment, yield a free assent to all their propositions; for any principle is better than none. I also wish, though this is more a matter of private than public consideration that the business could be taken up on acct. of Mr. Tilghman, whose appt. seems to depd. upon it for if there are Men in the Army deserving the Comn. proposed for him, he is one of them. This Gentn. came out a Captn. of one of the light Infy Companies of Philadelphia, served in the flying Camp in 1776. In August of the same Year he joined my family and has been in every action in which the Main Army was concerned. He has been a zealous Servant and slave to the public, and a faithful assistant to me for near five years, great part of which time he refused to receive pay. Honor and gratitude, Interests me in his favor, and makes me sollicitous to obtain his Commission. His modesty and love of concord, placed the date of his expected Comn. at the first of April 1777, because he would not take rank of Hamilton and Mead, who were declared Aids in Orders (which he did not choose to be) before that period, altho' he had joined my family and did all the duties of one from the first of Septr. preceeding.
My public letters to Congress will have informed you of the Situation of this Army, and I have no scruple in giving it as my decided opn. that unless a capital change takes place soon it will be impossible for me to maintain our Posts, and keep the Army from dispersing.
The resolution of Congress to appoint Ministers of War, foreign Affairs, and finance, gave, as far as I was able to learn the Sentiments of men in and out of the Army, universal satisfaction. Postponing of the 1st, delaying of the 2d, and disagreeing about the 3rd, has had the direct contrary effect; and I can venture to assure you, not from random guess, or vague information, that the want of an able financier, and a proper plan for the disposition of foreign loans will be a greater bar to the obtaining them, than perhaps Congress are aware of. I could say more on this subject were I at liberty but shall only add, that there is not, in my opinion a moment to be lost in placing such a character as the world conceives an opinion of, at the head of your finances, that he may, as soon as possible, enter upon the duties of his Office. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 26th. of Apl. and of the 3rd. instant. I am pleased to hear so flattering accounts of the prospects of Men and of some kinds of supplies, but so great are my apprehensions on the score of provisions that I am sending General Heath purposely to the Eastern states to represent our distresses and to endeavour to fix a plan for our regular supply in future. I refer you to him for particulars, which I do not choose to trust to paper. After Genl. Heath has finished this Business, his private Affairs will detain him some time at home, and as he will be able at the same time to attend to what you have at present in charge, you may, upon his return from New Hampshire to Boston, come on to the Army. You will have my warmest thanks for the zeal with which you have promoted and forwarded every measure tending to the good of the service. I am &c.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writings of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: I last night recd. your favr. of the 9th. The intelligence you communicate is interesting and what you will be pleased either to confirm or contradict, as speedily as possible and with as much precision as you can, as to the number of ships of War, Troops and destination. The number of ships of the line mentioned by your informant must be false except the enemy have received a reinforcement.
I have given orders to the Commy. of prisoners to permit Major and Ensign de Meibom to return to New York upon parole.
Upon your recommendation I have pardonned Kent and have directed him to be transferred to one of the Continental ships of War as you desire.
It is ever disagreeable to me to detach Corps if it can be avoided, but from the nature of our service so many small posts and Guards are necessary, that the evil must be submitted to.
The Adjt. General makes weekly complaints to me that he cannot obtain a return of your line, which must be owing to the neglect of the commanding Officer. If your health does not permit you to attend to this matter yourself, you will make a point with the next in command to have the returns regularly forwarded, upon pain of being called to a disagreeable account for a non compliance.
You will be pleased to have Mr. Adam the Dy. Commy. of prisoners arrested and brought to trial at Morris Town, upon the following Charges.
1st: For receiving from Isaac Frazee a Gratuity for promoting the exchange of his Brother John Frazee.
2d. For purchasing or being concerned in conveying from persons within the Enemy's lines British Goods, contrary to the Laws of the State of New Jersey and against the spirit of repeated General Orders.
Mr. Isaac Frazee must be summoned to support the 1st. Charge, and Mr. Matthias Halstead the 2d. I am etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 96: Deputy Commissary of Prisoners.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 11, 1781.
Sir: I have given orders to have Mr. Adam the Dy. Commy. of Prisoners at Elizabeth Town arrested and brought to trial upon some charges of mal conduct which have been exhibited against him to Congress. You will therefore proceed to Elizabeth Town, and remain there untill the matter shall be determined, or untill Mr. Skinner's return from Philada. You will permit Major de Meibom97 and Ensign de Meibom,98 who are at Chatham, to return to New York upon parole, 'till exchanged or called for.
[Note 97: Maj. Justus Christoph de Meibom, of Baum's Brunswick Dragoons, German allied troops, British Army.]
[Note 98: Ensign Carl Christoph de Meibom, of the Regiment Riedesel, German allied troops.]
You will be pleased to take care of the letters for General Robertson, General Reidesel and Colo. Dayton. The two first you will send by a Flag. I am &c.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[New Windsor, May 11, 1781.]
[Sir]: I have this instant received a Letter from Col Dayton (an Officer of intelligence in the American Army near Elizabeth Town) which contains the inclosed Paragraph.
His information must I conceive, have magnified the Enemy's force, both in ships of the Line, and in the strength of the Detachment. Nor do I conceive the fleet could have sailed on the 8th as he mentions, on account of the Wind and weather; still less am I disposed to believe that New Port is the object of this Armament; but as intelligence thro' another Channel pointed to that Epoch for the sailing of the fleet; I have not delayed a moment in giving the information as I received it, and shall thank your Excellency for handing it to the Admiral.With great esteem etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys, who has noted on the same: "The Counts Letters of the 5th & 7th were acknowledged."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 11, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of April without particular date. You must either have been misinformed as to the letters which passed from General Phillips to Me of the 23d. Decemr. and from me to Sir Henry Clinton on the 25th. January in answer, or you must have misunderstood them. I therefore inclose you Copies of them. You will observe that I acceded only to the exchanges of the British Officers particularly named in General Phillips's letter. I refused his proposal of permitting an indeterminate number of British or German Officers to be sent to New York at the discretion of Brig: General Hamilton.
Some time after, proposals for a further exchange bearing date the 3d of March, and in which are included the German Officers whose names you mention, were communicated to me by my Commissary General of prisoners, to which I did not think proper to accede, as I conceived the exchange of Lieut. Genl. Burgoyne was unreasonably delayed. My answer and instructions upon this head have been communicated at large to Mr. Loring by Mr. Skinner.
Were I inclined to partiality in favor of the British Officers, I have it not in my power to exercise it, as the choice of the objects of exchange does not lie with me.
At your particular request I have given orders to have Major and Ensign de Meibom sent into New York upon parole I have the honor etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 11, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to enclose to your Excellency, the Extract of a Letter from Col Dayton, which is just received. As this is the first Information, I thought proper to communicate it, altho, from the circumstances of the Wind and Weather at the time the fleet is said to have sailed, as well as from the number of Ships of the Line (of which there were not so many at New York) and strength of the Detachment, it does not carry the strongest marks of credibility; if founded on fact, it will undoubtedly be soon confirmed, thro' other Channels, of which I shall not fail to advise Congress. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have reed your Excellencys favor of the first Inst. proper steps have been taken to bring Mr. Adam the Dep. Com. of Prisoners to account.3
[Note 3: In the writing of David Humphreys.
On May 11 Washington wrote to Lieut. Gen. James Robertson a brief note, forwarding inclosures from Robert Morris to him. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 12, 1781.
Sir: Your favor of the 29th: of April from Philada. was delivered to me on the 9th: Instant by Colo. Stewart. That of the 15th. of January from Berkely in Virginia reached me in due time. I should be sorry to think that either the public or yourself should have suffered from the unaccountable delay of my letter of the 8th. of October, and I should with the greatest readiness set about an enquiry into the cause of it, did it appear practicable to make any discoveries after so much time has elapsed.
Your letter of the 24th: of April to the president of Congress was, as you have been informed, transmitted to me with the following indorsement by the secretary, "Ordered to be transmitted to the Commander in Chief" without any further instructions on the matter. As that letter contained an Appeal to Congress and a request that they would themselves proceed upon the Enquiry which they had ordered to be held upon your Conduct, I could only, in answer, advise them of the steps which had been taken to endeavour to bring it on at the southern Army, and with the Reasons which operated against it at the time, and which, I suppose, from the unsettled State of Affairs in that quarter, are still likely to exist. I informed them, likewise, that only two modes remained of bringing the matter to an issue in a military way; ordering the enquiry to be held with the southern Army immediately and at all events, or taking Depositions there and producing them in Evidence to a Court here.
I hope you are assured that nothing has been neglected on my part, which could tend to carry the orders of Congress into Execution. The cause of delay hitherto you are acquainted with. No particular Charges having been lodged with me, I neither had nor have I any to make. The Court, if they do meet, can only proceed upon the Resolve of the 5th. of October which directs in general terms, An enquiry into your conduct as Commander of the southern Army.
Although I have not the pleasure of being personally acquianted with Major Pinkney, I was no stranger to his character before your warm recommendation of him. I cannot, without infringing a general Rule of Conduct, which has lately been enforced by a Resolve of Congress, give directions for the exchange of any Officer out of his turn, but I can, on account of the Majors peculiar situation, with propriety desire General Greene to interest himself in obtaining his parole. This I will do, the first time I have occasion to write to him. I have the honor etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 12, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 1st. Instant. Although it is my wish to afford every comfort and assistance in my power, to an Officer who has suffered so much in the service as you have done, yet I cannot, with propriety, indulge you in the request you make of being permitted to go for a time into the sea service. It would introduce a practice not warranted in any Army, and would lead to numberless applications of the same nature, tho perhaps not so well grounded as yours appears to be. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 6: Superintendent of Finance of the United States.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 12, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 16th. of April a few days ago by Doctor Craick. As I did not conceive that General Robertson would derive any dangerous acquisition of power from the possession of his Commission, I sent it to him yesterday. Acts of Civility of this nature, as you rightly observe, lead to an interchange of good Offices, which are often found necessary and convenient in the events of War.
[Your acceptance of the Office of Financier has given me much pleasure, and this pleasure is not a little encreased by finding it is universal.]
You will be pleased to make Mrs. Washingtons and my own Respects to Mrs. Morris and believe me to be Sir etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 13, 1781
Dear Sir: The quantity of salted provisions in the western part of Connecticut, being by your representation much less than was expected, it will certainly be expedient to bring forward that from Hartford by the hired Teams, which you will be pleased to order accordingly. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, May 13, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A Captain a subaltern three serjeants and forty rank and file to proceed to New Windsor, and a captain a sub, two serjeants and thirty rank and file to Kingsferry, tomorrow, the former to repair the roads leading from New Windsor towards Sussex and Ringwood the latter to repair the roads from King's ferry towards Morristown. The officers commanding these parties will receive instructions from the Quarter Master General. The party going to King's ferry will take the necessary tools from West Point the other will receive them at New Windsor or Newburgh.
The above parties to carry their arms and forty rounds of ammunition.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 13, 1781.
Sir: I have this morning received your Excellency's favour of the 8th. Give me leave most sincerely to congratulate you on the safe return of the Viscount de Rochambeau, who I hope is the Bearer of agreeable intelligences.
I will meet your Excellency at Weathersfield at any time which you shall please to appoint. A Copy of your letter has been instantly transmitted to His Excellency the Minister at Philada.
I have no further accounts from New York since my letter of the 11th: except what is brought by two Deserters who speak confidently of a detachment from the Army having sailed last Week, but know nothing respecting the Fleet. I have the honor etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On this same day (May 13) Washington inclosed, as above, a copy of Rochambeau's letter in a brief note to Chevalier la Luzerne. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, May 14, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
All the Non commissioned officers and privates of Colonel Baldwin's regiment of Artificers except the sadlers and shoemakers are to be sent to the Park of Artillery and put under the command of Captain Patten.10 The Sadlers and Shoemakers are to remain at Fishkill 'till further orders under the direction of the deputy Quarter Master General at that Post.
[Note 10: Capt.-Lieut. Thomas Patton, of Baldwin's Artillery Artificers. He served to June, 1783.
On May 13 Washington wrote to Major General McDougall, that but one brigadier with the line of the Army "for particular reasons, request you will expedite your return from Philadelphia as much as possible." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: In answer to your favor of the 10th., which came to my hands last night, I have to assure you, that your joining my family in the first part of June will be very convenient for me, and that I shall be happy in the event. With very great esteem etc.11
[Note 11: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Letter which you did me the favor to write on the 4th instant has been duly received. I am glad to find that you have received the necessary papers, and are entering upon the measures for intercepting the Enemy's communications. I hope you will be enabled by the assistance of the person proposed (if he is found sufficiently faithful and intelligent) to prosecute those measures to good effect; because I think the intelligence obtained thro' that channel may be depended upon, and will eventually be of very great consequence to us. Much, I apprehend, is to be dreaded from the predatory incursions of the Enemy this Campaign; to be apprised of their designs, and guarded against them, at all points, as far as possible, will tend most essentially to disconcert their Plans, and protect our Frontiers.
As to the disposition of the Vermontese, I know nothing of it, but from description; at present, they are at least, a dead weight upon us; it is greatly to be regretted they are not, by some means or another, added to our scale; as their numbers, strength, and resources, would certainly preponderate very considerably, and make the Enemy extremely cautious how they advanced far in that quarter. The bulk of the People, I am persuaded, must be well affected; should it be otherwise with any of the individuals, I ardently wish they may be detected in their vilainy, and brought to the punishment they deserve.12
[Note 12: "The conduct of the Vermontese is mysterious and if the reports which generally prevail are well founded their measures will certainly be attended with dangerous consequences to this and the other united States. I cannot however believe that the bulk of the people are in the secret. I rather conjecture that the person whom we suspected last year to have been in New York, and some others are the only culpable ones, and that they amuse the people with making them believe that the whole of their negotiation with General Haldemand is merely calculated to give Congress and this state the alarm, that the Independance of Vermont may be acknowledged; I was anxious for ceeding the Jurisdiction beyond a twenty mile line from Hudsons river, that their Independance might be immediately acknowledged and they made useful to the Common cause but the Governor put a stop to the business 'as the affair was referred to the decision of Congress.'
"I sincerely wish they [Congress] would speedily decide, acknowledge them independant, and admit them into the union. If this was instantly done, the measures of their leaders would be brought to the test, and we should know If they had only tended to bring about their independance, or to have connected themselves with the Enemy, but unless Congress are pushed to a decision I believe they will do nothing in it, but who is to urge them, I know not. The governor cannot do It officially and our delegates I believe will not, unless they believe that the decision will go against the Vermontese."-- Schuyler to Washington, May 4, 1781. Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have been exceedingly distressed, by the repeated accounts I have received of the sufferings of the Troops on the frontier, and the terrible consequences, which must ensue unless they were speedily supplied. What gave a particular poignancy to the sting, I felt on the occasion, was my inability to afford relief. Such partial Supplies however as were on hand, to the very last Barrel of Meat, I ordered instantly to be sent, and have promised General Clinton, what further succour, the States will enable me to give. Major General Heath hath gone to the several Eastern States, [to enforce my pointed representations] rouse them to more vigorous exertions, and to make arrangements for supplies during the whole Campaign. I cannot but hope this measure will be attended with success. I am &c.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 22d of April. Having been informed that Colonel Vose wished to return to the Northward, Colonel Tupper was ordered to relieve him previous to the receipt of Your letter. Notwithstanding the Marquis had suggested that your being appointed to that Command would be exceedingly agreeable to the Regt. I did not think it could possibly be done; without involving very great inconveniencies, because in that case, there would have been ten Companies from the Massachusetts Line, and not a single Field Officer from that State. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 7th. Instant. The measure you took, for obtaining bread for the Troops, in their distress, by ordering up the flour from the Mills below has my entire approbation.
General Heath has gone to the Eastern States, as was proposed. I suggested, in my former Letter15 One-tenth part of the whole supply of Meat, from New England, is ordered to Your Department.
[Note 15: See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. James Clinton, May 7, 1781, ante.]
A quantity of Ammunition is also directed to be sent to Albany: This must not be delivered to any Troops whatever, on any occasion, or under any pretext, but by the Express Order of the Commanding Officers of the Continental Troops in that Department, and I must request, that he will make use of every proper precaution and check, to prevent the dissipation and loss of an Article, which has been so frequently squandered in vain, and which is so absolutely essential to our defence. I am &c.
P.S. As soon as provisions can possibly be obtained for their support; I wish you to assemble all the Levies destined for the defence of the frontier. so that we may be able to have the Continental Troops releived, especially the remainder of Van Schaick's Regt. and called from thence at a moment's warning. I have recd. your favor of the 12th Inst.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Sir: Perceiving by your return of the 1st. Inst. that there was no Ammunition in the Store at Albany I have directed General Knox to send up ten Barrels of Powder and one thousand pounds of Lead. Both of these have become very scarce Articles and therefore require the utmost Oeconomy in their expenditure. I do not know upon what orders you have heretofore been used to issue, but in future you will be pleased to observe that no stores are to be delivered but upon my own or the order of the Continental Officer commanding at the Northward. I have written to Genl. Clinton upon the subject. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have reed yours of this day. Should the Enemy still be out, you will instantly put the Connecticut line in motion, with Orders to reinforce the Corps under Colonel Scammell. The Troops must all be held in the most perfect readiness for action, and the Water Guards be instructed to use the greatest vigilance. Every effort will be necessary to gain early, regular, and constant intelligence of the Enemy's numbers, motions and designs, which you will be pleased to communicate to me.
Should any thing material happen, I shall wish to be informed immediately; and even, though nothing of consequence should take place you will please to let me hear from you by the Morng. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Sir: I have appointed to meet Count de Rochambeau and Count de Barras19 at Weathersfield on Monday the 21st. Inst. They will be accompanied by the Chevalier de Chattelus and probably with several other Gentlemen. I purpose being at Weathersfield on saturday Evening. General Knox and General du portail with the Gentlemen of our several families will attend me. You will endeavour to obtain Quarters for us all, and to provide Forage for two or three days at least. The number of Horses will be considerable. I have fixed upon Weathersfield, as it will be the time of the meeting of the Assembly at Hartford, and that Town will be full. I am etc.20
[Note 19: Jacques Melchoir, Comte Barras St. Laurent, Chef d'escadre, of the French Navy.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Sir: I had yesterday the honor of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 7th. accompanied by the Copy of one which you had written to the Chevalier des Touche. As I very much approve the plan21 which you therein recommend, I permitted the original and the packet for the Count de Rochambeau to go forward.
[Note 21: A suggestion that Destouches take post in Chesapeake Bay with his squadron.]
I last night received dispatches from the Count de Rochambeau and the Count de Barras, who has come over to take command of the Fleet at Rhode Island. They request an interview with me as soon as possible, and I have appointed Monday the 21st. of this Month at Weathersfield near Hartford.
I forward to your Excellency, by this Express, a large packet which came in the Concord, and I have taken the liberty to address one which is for the Marquis de la Fayette to your care. As the dispatches are probably of consequence, and it is somewhat uncertain where the Marquis will be, I shall be much obliged to your Excellency for causing a man of integrity to be hired for the purpose of carrying and delivering them himself. I have the honor etc.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff, Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Sir: I last night had the honor of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 11th: As you request me to name the time of meeting, I appoint Monday the 21st. of the Month at Weathers field, which I think is as soon as will be possible for you with convenience. Genl. Knox and Genl. du portail will accompany me. [I will endeavor to be at Wethersfield on Saturday afternoon myself and have made choice of this town in preference to Hartford because the latter will be occupied by the Assembly of the State which is now sitting.]
I forward the packets for His Excellency the Chevalier de la Luzerne by Express, and inform him of the time and place of our intended interview; but I do not imagine it will be possible for him to be present at it.
I shall very impatiently wait the pleasure of meeting your Excellency and the Count de Barras. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter of the 11th. Give me leave to congratulate you upon your safe arrival and upon your appointment to the command of His Most Christian Majesty's Fleet and sea forces upon these Coasts. It affords no small degree of pleasure to find the command devolve upon an Officer of your Excellency's distinguished character.
I have fixed upon Monday the 21st. of this month for the time of our interview at Weathersfield. And I shall very impatiently wait for the opportunity of convincing you personally that I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 14, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 10th. announcing the arrival of the Count de Barras to take the command of His Majesty's Fleet. You judge very rightly in supposing that the term of your command will not be looked upon as mispent. You may be assured, Sir, that America will ever retain the most grateful remembrance of the exertions you have made in her behalf. As to myself, I shall ever be happy in opportunities of testifying the high sense I entertain of your merit, and with how much Esteem. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, May 15, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Returns of the number of Recruits that have joined each State line; Hazen's regiment, and the Park of Artillery since the first day of April last (specifying the number of those that were sent back as unfit for service) to be given in to the Adjutant General's office on thursday next without fail.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: You may be assured, that nothing would give me greter pleasure than to interest myself in a matter which concerned you or your friend26 could I do it with propriety, but, unfortunately, the request which you make cannot, from the present circumstances of Affairs, be complied with by me. As I have never had the least correspondence with Don Galvez or any of the spanish Commanders, except a complimentary letter from the Governor of the Havannah, you will readily perceive that it would appear strange should I interfere in a measure of the kind you mention. I however think the thing of serious importance to individuals who are friendly to the interests of the United States, but who may have invested property in the Floridas
[Note 26: Evan Jones, of Pensacola, Fla.] previous to the Rupture with Great Britain, and I have no doubt but could the matter be properly stated to His Excellency the Minister of France and those individuals pointed out, He would concert Means with the spanish Commanders to grant indulgencies if not perfectly secure the Estates of such persons should those Governments fall to the spanish Arms. I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of this Morning with the enclosures, is just received.
You will be pleased immediately to order a Detachment of 200 Men properly Officered, to fall down by Water to Kings Ferry, and to move as expeditiously as possible to cover the Country and to support the Garrison of the Block House at Dobbs Ferry; if the Enemy should appear to have any serious designs against it.
It will be well to give advice of this Movement to the Commanding Officer of the Water Guards instantly, with direction for him to communicate with the Commanding Officer of the Detachmt. and to inform you, by the most rapid conveyance, of any thing important that may happen. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 15, 1781.
Sir: My partial acquaintance with either our naval or commercial affairs makes it altogether impossible for me to account for the unfortunate delay of those Articles of Military Stores and Clothing which I have been informed have been so long provided in France. Had I have had any particular reason to have suspected you of being accessary to that delay, which I assure you has not been the case, my suspicions would have been removed by the very full and satisfactory answers which you have, to the best of my judgment, made to the questions proposed to you by the Board of Admiralty, and upon which, that Board have, in their report to Congress, testified the high sense which they entertain of your Merits and services.
Whether our Naval Affairs have in general been well or ill conducted would be presumptious in me to determine. Instances of bravery and good conduct in several of our Officers have not however been wanting; delicacy forbids me to mention, that particular one which has attracted the admiration of all the World29 and which has influenced the Most illustrious Monarch to confer a mark of his favor, which can only be attained by a long and honorable service, or by the performance of some brilliant Action.
[Note 29: The engagement between the Serapis and the Bon Homme Richard.]
That you may long enjoy the reputation you have so justly acquired is the sincere Wish of, Sir &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 31: President of Yale College.]
New Windsor, May 15, 1781.
Sir: For the honor conferred on me by the President and Fellows of the University of Yale College, by the Degree of Doctorate in Laws,32 my warmest thanks are offered; and the polite manner in which you are pleased to request my acceptance of this distinguished mark of their favor, demands my grateful acknowledgments.
[Note 32: In the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
That the College in which you preside may long continue a useful Seminary of learning; and that you may be the happy instrument in the hands of Providence for raising it to honor and dignity, and making it advancive of the happiness of Mankind is the sincere wish of Sir Yr. etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 21st. of April, and by your letters of a later date, which I have seen published, I am informed of the progress of the Enemy as far as petersburgh. It gave me pleasure to find that the behaviour of the Militia merited your thanks. I hope the advance of the Marquis with the troops under his command would give fresh spirits to the Militia, and enable your combined force, at least, to check the further progress of General Phillips.
You were informed in my last of the Arms and Cloathing which were forwarding from hence and Philada.
I have good reason to believe that another detachment of between 1500 and 2000 Men sailed from New York last Week. Their particular destination I have not yet learned. I should suppose it is for Virginia or Carolina, tho' they have industriously reported in New York that it is for the Delaware. You will be pleased to communicate this intelligence to General Greene and to the Marquis de la Fayette. My uncertainty of the position of either of them, prevents my writing immediately to them.
I set out in a day or two to meet Count Rochambeau who has received late dispatches from France by His son. We shall probably at that interview determine definitively upon the plan of Campaign. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 16, 1781.
Dr. Sr: Since my return from the Point I am favored with yours.34 I think it will be expedient for Col Badlam to remain in his present position, until the State of the Enemy is more thoroughly ascertained, from below. With great Regard etc.
[Note 34: Forwarding a return of the killed, wounded, and missing in the surprise and massacre of Col. Christopher Greene's command at Croton River, N.Y., May 14, 1781.]
P.S. Please to send up the Deserter.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 16, 1781.
Sir: I am directed to enquire whether permission will be granted to ship 600 Hhds of Tobacco from the States of Virginia and Maryland to Charles town in south Carolina, to be there sold and the proceeds applied to the support of the American prisoners of War. Should this proposition meet your Excellency's approbation, I will transmit the names of the Vessels and Masters and apply to you for the necessary passports, or it may perhaps be equally convenient to give directions to Major Genl. Phillips or the Officer commanding his Britannic Majesty's forces in Virginia to grant the passports there. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 16, 1781.
Sir: You will give permission to John Shaddon, Elijah Williams, Edward Bugbee, Abraham Lent, Willm Ryer, and Nathaniel Conckling (who were taken Prisoners when General Parsons was at West Chester last Winter) to go within the Enemy's Lines on their paroles to return when called for. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 16, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favors of the 2d. and 8th. Inst. The first did not reach me till yesterday. I have immediately made application to Sir Henry Clinton for permission to send Tobacco to Charles Town, but I apprehend it will not be granted, as I think a request of a similar nature has been heretofore refused.
Inclosed you have some additions to the arrangement of the Pennsa. line. They have been transmitted to me by Brig. Genl. Wayne. I have the honor etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 23d. ulto. I have since seen by the prints, that the enemy had reached Petersburgh after being opposed in a spirited manner by the Militia under the command of The Baron Steuben. I hope the advance of the Marquis de la Fayette with the choice Body of Continental troops under his command will check the progress of General Phillips.
A variety of circumstances retarded the march of the 1st. division of the Pennsylvania line much beyond the time expected; I however hope that they have moved from the place of rendezvous before this day.
I have very good reason to believe, that another detachment of between 1500 and 2000 Men sailed from New York last Week; their particular destination I have not yet learned. I should suppose it is for Virginia or Carolina, tho' they have industriously reported in New York that it is for Delaware.
I shall set out in a day or two to meet Count de Rochambeau who has received late dispatches from the Court of France. At that interview I shall be informed of the expectations from Europe, and we shall then probably settle a plan of Campaign. I can only assure you at present that every attention shall be paid to the relief and support of the southern States. I have the honor etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. intelligence that a party of the Enemy are establishing themselves at or near Fort Lee and building a Block House or some kind of Work. If they are permitted to compleat their plan they will not only be difficult to remove but they will harrass the Country from thence and may be much in the way of some future operation. When I formed the Battalion, which you at present command, it was with a view of having a Corps ready to execute a project of the kind which I shall propose to you, which is to endeavour to strike, by surprise, the party above mentioned. You will, without loss of time, see Captain Lawrence40 who commands the York Levies near Dobbs Ferry and concert measures with him for gaining certain intelligence of the real strength and situation
[Note 40: Capt. Jonathan Lawrence, jr., of the New York levies. He was made captain of Sappers and Miners in June. 1781, and resigned in November, 1782.] of the Enemy and if you find them such as seem to give you a tolerable certainty of success you will plan your attack in such manner as shall be best warranted from your information. The sooner it is done the better, as the enemy, if they are fortifying will be every day stronger. You will take Captain Lawrence under your command with the Levies of New York and any Jersey Militia that you may find embodied, but you will trust no Officer among them nor any other but Lawrence with your design. He is sensible and appears discreet.
As I confide very much in your prudence and Judgment I shall only give you these general directions: to attempt nothing which may have the appearance of rashness and to guard well against being drawn into an ambuscade or being intercepted by a sudden reinforcement from York Island. Captain Lawrence's party who must be acquainted with every foot of the Ground ought to secure you against the first, and guards, at the practicable landing places will certainly prevent the last.
I shall set out in the Morning for Connecticut and shall be absent six or seven days. If you make the attempt I wish you every success. I am etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am just now favored with yours of the 14th. I am exceedingly obliged by the distinct and full intelligence it contains of the sailing of the British Fleet. I had not before been able to ascertain the Matter, and I was very anxious to do it, as I am to set out tomorrow to meet the French Admiral and General in Connecticut.
I shall very willingly consent to take a person into pay at the Rate you mention,42 as the Heights of Monmouth are the only ones from whence the Movements of the Enemy's fleet in and out of the Hook can be clearly discovered.
[Note 42: Pay and rations of a horseman.]
It am exceedingly sorry to hear of your Family misfortune,43 and am, With very great Esteem etc.44
[Note 43: The "family misfortune" was the death of Forman's young son.]
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 17, 1781.
Sir: I have this moment received your Letter of yesterday's date.
With regard to the proposal made by the Person mentioned in Yours,45 I cannot say that I place much confidence in the sincerity of it; and yet I think it is not altogether to be neglected.
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
I have no objection to your meeting him with a flag, or his coming to the place you propose; And you are authorised to assure him in my name of perfect indemnification for his past conduct, and entire exemption from the service, if he shall execute the plan in contemplation. But I must recommend, in the most pointed positive terms, that you will use the strictest precaution to prevent deception, or any ill consequences that might insue from the insidious Arts of an Enemy, watching to take every advantage of us. I am etc.
P.S. I wish you to obtain and communicate every intelligence of consequence repecting the Enemy. I will request you also to be very particular as to the late embarkation, and the number, strength, and position of the Corps, still remaining on Long, York and Staten Islands.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 17, 1781.
Sir: The inclosed dispatches have just been sent to me with a request that I would forward them immediately to your Excellency. Count Charlus mentions that the packet for the Marquis47 is of [great] importance and wishes it may be transmitted to him by a safe conveyance. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 47: Lafayette.]
[Note 48: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The word in brackets in the draft, which is also by Tilghman, is in the writing of Washington. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 17, 1781.
Sir: I had this morning the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 12th. The dispatches for the Marquis de la Fayette have been forwarded by a servant of his own who was luckily here and just setting out for the southward.
I am exceedingly obliged by the trouble you have taken in making me a Copy of the Map of the Country in the Vicinity of portsmouth. I have the honor etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 17, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency The Count de Rochambeau having received dispatches from the Court of France by his son the Viscount de Rochambeau, who arrived at Boston in the Frigate la Concorde the 6th: instant, has requested an interview with me. I have appointed the place of meeting at Weathers field on Monday next, for which purpose, I shall set out tomorrow from hence. I am in hopes we shall be able, from the intelligences received, to settle a definitive plan of Campaign.
I am sorry to inform your Excellency, that a part of our advanced troops were surprised on Monday Morning near Croton River, by about sixty Horse and two hundred foot under the command of Colonel Delancey.50 Colo. Greene who commanded our party was mortally wounded in his quarters. The enemy attempted to carry him off, but he died upon the Road. Major Flagg was killed. The loss of these two Officers is to be regretted, especially the former, who had upon several occasions distinguished himself, particularly in the defence of the post of Red Bank in 1777, when he defeated Count Donop. I inclose a Return of our loss upon the late occasion.51 The Enemy upon their return fell in with Capt. Fog52 of the New Hampshire line, who was patrolling near the White plains. They attempted to surround him and cut him off by dint of superior numbers, but the Captain made so good a disposition of his small force, that he brought them off with the loss of two Men only. The enemy had a Captain and several Men killed in the attack. I have the honor etc.53
[Note 50: Col. James Delancey.]
[Note 51: The return, which is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress, shows a total of 44 killed, wounded. and missing.]
[Note 52: Capt. Jeremiah Fogg, of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He was transferred to the First New Hampshire Regiment in March, 1782, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 53: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, May 17, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Enemy having embarked a considerable number of troops lately at New York the General thinks it necessary (though the destination of them is not yet known) to have a detachment of four hundred men immediately formed and held in readiness to march at an hour's warning.
This Corps is to consist of a Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel and Major, eight Captains Sixteen Subalterns with staff and Non-commissioned officers proportioned.
Colonel Scammell will command it and 'till further orders may lay encamped contiguous to King's ferry and be ready to support the Party on the lines.
The Detachment now on the lines to be immediately relieved by Detail from the Army at large; the Relief to consist of a number equal to the detachment previous to the disaster of the 14th inst.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, May 18, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Commander in Chief having occasion to be absent from the Army for a few days Major General St. Clair will command untill his return, or 'till an officer superior to himself [ sic] shall arrive.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 18, 1781.
Dear Sir: I recd. your favor of the 16th. Just as I was setting out for Connecticut to meet the Count de Rochambeau. I am exceedingly sorry for the unfortunate accident at Fort schuyler; that with the destruction of the Works by Rain seem to make it necessary to abandon that valuable post. I however leave the determination upon that point to the Governor and yourself, as I do every measure which the necessity of the moment may dictate. I hope at the intended interview with the French Commanders something definitive in regard to the Campaign will be settled. After that we shall know with certainty how to apply our force. I am &c.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 18, 1781.
Dr Sr: Just as I was preparing to set out to meet the Count De Rochambeau at Weathersfield I recd Your Excy favor of Yesterday.
I am extremely unhappy at the intelligence from Ft Schuyler. What I have thought adviseable to be done at this moment, Your Excellency will see by my letter to Gen Clinton, which I have left unsealed for your perusal.55 I have etc.56
[Note 55: The barracks at Fort Schuyler had been destroyed by fire and the fortifications greatly damaged by a subsequent rainstorm. The Governor suggested that the post be abandoned and one established at German Flatts.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On May 18 Washington set out for Wethersfield. He reached Morgan's Tavern, 43 miles from Fishkill Landing, after dining at Vanderburg's. Tench Tilghman's memorandum of expenses on this trip to Wethersfield shows the route to have been from New Windsor to Vanderburgs, Washington, Litchfield, Farmington, and Weathtersfield. On the return the only names mentioned are Farmington, Cogswells, and Vanderburgs. This memorandum is in the Washington Papers. Washington's diary states that he lodged at Joseph Webb's in Wethersfield. The conference with Rochambeau was held May 22. The Comte set out on his return to Newport on May 23, and Washington started for New Windsor on May 24. He dined that day at Farmington and lodged at Litchfield; breakfasted at Squire Cogswell's and dined at Vanderburg's on May 25. He reached New Windsor about sunset the same day. In the Washington Papers, under date of March 10, 1783, is a receipt by Jonathan Trumbull, jr. for Mr. Sheldon, of Litchfield, to Gen. Washington for "Entertainment for yourself, Suite and Attendants" in May, 1781, for £ 6: 7: 6, equalling 21 ¼ dollars.
This same day (May 18) Washington also wrote briefly to Brig. Gen. John Paterson, who commanded at West Point, that Major General St. Clair would command the Army in Washington's absence at Wethersfield; "Your reports consequently will be made to him." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, May 21, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A General Court martial composed of officers of Artillery (Lieutenant Colonel Stephens, President) to assemble at the Artillery Park at ten o'Clock tomorrow morning for the trial of such prisoners of that corps as may be brought before them; all evidences to attend.
The Quarter masters of Brigades and corps are forthwith to make returns to the Quarter master General of every species of public property in their hands and in possession of the several brigades and Corps including in the Returns all Waggons or other Carriages with their horses and Geers. A Cooper to be sent to attend Commissary Weed's57 Stores at New Windsor untill further Orders.
[Note 57: Jacob Weed. He was Assistant Commissary of Issues.]
Weathersfield, May 22, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have the honor to enclose to your Excellency a Resolution of Congress respecting mounting and equipping the Corps of Dragoons raised by the State of Connecticut.58 I am the more induced to wish that this may be done, as Colonel Sheldon's, is now the only Regiment of Cavalry destined to act with the Army under my immediate command, and as the number of men in that Regiment now mounted, are totally unequal to the services which must be expected and required of them. Being impressed with the importance
[Note 58: May 8, 1781.] of the subject, I take the liberty therefore to recommend it to the earliest and most effectual attention of your State. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: ln the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Wetherfield, May 23, 1781.
Sir: The letter which I have the honor to inclose from the Count de Rochambeau will, I imagine, inform your Excellency of the intended march of the French army towards the North River, and of the destination of the Kings Squadron now in the harbour of Newport, (if circumstances will admit of the respective movements). I should be wanting in respect and confidence were I not to add, that our object is new York. The Season, the difficulty and expence of Land transportation, and the continual waste of men in every attempt to reinforce the Southern States, are almost insuperable objections to marching another detachment from the Army on the North River; nor do I see how it is possible to give effectual support to those States, and avert the evils which threaten them, while we are inferior in naval force in these Seas, It is not for me to know in what manner the Fleet of His Most Christian Majesty is to be employed in the W. Indies this Summer or to enquire at what epocha it may be expected on this Coast; but the appearance and aid of it in this Quarter is of such essential importance in any offensive operation, and so necessary to stop the progress of the enemys arms to the Southward, that I shall be excused, I am perswaded, for endeavouring to engage your Excellencys good offices in facilitating an event on which so much depends. For this I have a stronger plea when I assure you, that General Rochambeau's opinion and wishes concur with mine and that it is at his instance principally I make you this address.
If we are happy enough to find your Excellency in sentiment with us, it will be in your power to inform the Count de Grasse of the strength and situation of the enemys Naval and land force in this Country, the destination of the French Squadron under Admiral Barras and the intention of the Allied arms if a junction can be formed. at present the B. Fleet lyes within Block Island and about five leagues from Point Judith.
The Count de Rochambeau and the Chevr. Chartellux agree perfectly in Sentiment with me, that while affrs. remain as they now are, the West India Fleet should run immediately to Sandy hook, [if there are no concerted operations] where it may be met with all the information requisite, and where, most likely, it will shut in, or cut off, Adml. Arbuthnot; and may be joined by the Count de Barras. An early and frequent communication from the Count de Grasse, would lead to preparatory measures on our part, and be a means of facilitating the operation in hand, or any other which may be thought more advisable.
I know your Excellency's goodness, and your zeal for the common cause too well, to offer any thing more as an apology for this liberty; and I perswade myself it is unnecessary for me to declare the respect and attachment with which etc.61
[Note 61: The letter sent, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Meres. et Does., E. U., vol. 6. It differs, of course, from the above autograph draft in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation.]
[Note 62: Comte de Rochambeau and the Chevalier de Chastellux arrived at Wethersfield on May 21 about noon. The conference was held the next day. Rochambeau submitted a series of five "Propositions" he had made to Barras. These are in the writing of De Sibille, with a P.S. added to the fifth proposition in the writing of Chevalier de Chastellux. Washington's "Observations" on these "Propositions" are in his own hand in a parallel column. They are dated by Washington, May 23, on which day the copy of them seems to have been made. Rochambeau's "propositions" are given above in skeletonized form while Washington's "Observations" thereon are printed in full. Ford prints this under May 22.]
Wethersfield, May 23, 1781.
Rochambeau: The project to transport the entire French army to Chesapeake Bay in Barras' squadron.
1st. Washington: However desirable such an event might have been, the reasons now assigned by the Count de Barras are sufficient to prove its impracticability.
Rochambeau: Should the French army march to the North River what position should Barras' squadron take?
2d. Washington: It is Genl Washington's opinion that the Plan of Campaign will render it necessary for the French Army to march from Newport towards the North River as soon as possible and that consequently it will be advisable for the Count de Barras (agreeable to his instructions in that case provided) to seek the first favorable moment of removing the Squadron under his command to Boston.
Rochambeau: in such case, what arrangements are to be made to hold Rhode Island?
3d. Washington: as the harbor of Rhode Island may be useful to the Fleets of his most Christian Majesty, it is Genl. Washington's opinion, that a force should be left for the security of Newport, but as the Enemy will not be in condition from the present circumstances of their affairs, to detach any considerable body of Men to re-possess the Island, it has been agreed upon between His Excellency Count de Rochambeau and Genl. Washington, that 500 Militia, under a good Officer, will be sufficient for the Guards for the Works. but in case of an enterprize against them, a greater force should be called for their defence.
Rochambeau: If Rhode Island be evacuated what disposition should be made of the heavy artillery and stores that are too heavy to move easily?
4th. Washington: In the former communications between His Excellency Count de Rochambeau and Genl. Washington, it was understood that the French Fleet was to have remained in the harbor of Newport after the removal of the Army, and therefore, Providence was fixed upon as a safe and proper deposit of the heavy Artillery and Spare Stores. It now being determined that the Fleet shall embrace the first oppertunity of going round to the Harbour of Boston it is to be wished that the heavy Artillery and spare Stores should be sent round also. But Genl Washington being informed by His Excellency Count de Rochambeau that they have been already deposited at Providence, and that it will be impossible under the present circumstances of the Fleet and want of Transportation to remove them to Boston he is of opinion that they may safely remain there under the Guard of 200 French Troops, who will be aided by the Militia of the Country in case of Need. The possession of Newport will add to their security.
Rochambeau: In event of a French naval reenforcement from the West Indies, what operations will be undertaken by the combined allied forces ?
5th. Washington: The Enemy by several detachments from New York having reduced their force at that Post to less than one half of the number which they had at the time of the former conference at Hartford in September last; it is thought advisable to form a junction of the French and American Armies upon the North River as soon as possible, and move down to the vicinity of New York to be ready to take advantage of any oppertunity which the weakness of the enemy may afford. Should the West India Fleet arrive upon the Coast; the force thus combined may either proceed in the operation against New Yk. or may be directed against the enemy in some other quarter, as circumstances shall dictate. The great waste of Men (which we have found from experience) in the long Marches to the Southern States; the advanced season now, to commence these in, and the difficulties and expence of Land transportation thither, with other considerations too well known to His Excellency Count de Rochambeau to need detailing, point out the preference which an operation against New York seems to have, in present circumstances, to attempt sending a force to the Southward.
Answer to the P.S. The observation upon the 4th. head sufficiently answers this, as the 500 Militia proposed to be Stationed at Newport may be disposed of in any manner which His Excellency Count de Rochambeau may think proper.63
[Note 63: Washington's copy is signed by Rochambeau.]
Wethersfield, May 23, 1781.
Sir: I am sorry that the unexpected appearance of the British Fleet off the Harbour of Newport deprived me of the pleasure of meeting you at this place. I must refer you to His Excellency tile Count De Rochambeau for the plan of operations, which has been settled between us and have the honor etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Weathersfield, May 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 21st: If it can be reduced to a certainty that the enemy are making another embarkation, I shall not think a total evacuation of New York improbable, except they hold us in a light more contemptible than I can suppose they do, or unless they look for speedy reinforcements, of which, from the latest European intelligences, there were no appearances.
I shall probably set out from hence on Friday Morning. But you will say nothing of it. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Wethersfield, May 24, 1781.
Sir: By the plan of operations settled between His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau and myself, the French Army, except a Guard over the Stores at providence, is to march as soon as circumstances will admit and form a junction with the American upon the North River: But as it has been deemed of importance to keep possession of the valuable Works which have been thrown up upon Rhode Island for the security of the Harbour and Road of Newport, I have stipulated to furnish 500 Militia for that service. The exact time at which the French Army will march cannot be fixed and consequently the Militia cannot be called in by any certain day. I must therefore request that the first tour of duty which will probably be short may be performed by Men intirely from the State of Rhode Island and that they may assemble whenever called for by the Count de Rochambeau, from whom the Commanding Officer will take his orders as to the particular distribution of them to the several posts. I shall in due time write to the State of Massachusetts to send a proper relief. I could wish that care might by taken to make choice of an Officer of intelligence and spirit. I have the honor &c.
P.S. As the deposit of French Stores at providence is extremely valuable it is hoped that every assistance will be afforded by the Militia of the Country, should the Enemy make any attempt to destroy them.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Weathersfield, May 24, 1781.
Sir: In consequence of a conference held between His Excellency the Count De Rochambeau and myself, at this place, the French Army will march, as soon as circumstances will admit, and form a junction with the American upon the North River.
The accomplishment of the object which we have in contemplation, is of the utmost importance to America, and will, in all probability be attained, unless there should be a failure on our part, in the number of men which will be required for the operation, or the Enemy should withdraw a considerable part of their force from the southward. It is in our own power, by proper exertions, to prevent the first, and should the last take place, we shall be amply repaid our expences, by liberating the southern States, where we have found by experience we are only vulnerable.
Upon the Calculations, that I have been able, in concert with some of the most experienced French and American Officers to form, the operation in view will require, in addition to the French Army all the Continental Battalions from New Hampshire to New Jersey inclusive to be compleated to their full establishment. You must be sensible that the measures taken for that purpose, in consequence of the last requisition of Congress, have been very far from answering the end, as few Recruits, (comparatively speaking) have yet been sent forward, and of those many have been discharged, on account of inability. You must also take into consideration, that a number of those men, who were returned when the requisition was made, have since been taken off by the Casualties incident to an Army. I estimate about one sixth of the number, and therefore provision must at this time be made to replace them.
From what has been premised, you will perceive without my urging further reasons, the necessity I am under of calling upon you, in the most earnest manner, to devise means to send into the field without delay the number of Men which have been already voted for the completion of the Battalions of your State, and the further deficiency of one sixth just mentioned. The term of three Years, or for the War would undoubtedly be preferable to any shorter period, but if they cannot be obtained on those conditions, necessity must oblige us to take them for the Campaign only, which ought to be reckoned to the last day of December.
I should hope, that by proper exertions in collecting and sending forward the men who have been already raised, and compelling by vigorous and decisive methods the delinquent Towns to furnish their quotas, the greater part of the men may be collected by the first of July.
Arguments surely cannot be wanting to impress the Legislatures with a due sense of the obligation which they are under of furnishing the means now called for. The Enemy counting upon our want of ability, or upon our want of Energy, have, by repeated Detachments to the southward, reduced themselves in New York to a situation, which invites us to take advantage of it. And should the lucky moment be lost, it is to be feared, that they will, after subduing the southern States, raise a force in them sufficient to hold them, and return again to the Northward with such a number of men as will render New York secure against any force which we can, at this time of day raise or maintain. Our Allies in this Country expect, and depend upon being supported by us in the attempt we are about to make, and those in Europe will be astonished should we neglect the favourable opportunity which is now before us.
As it is probable that some Militia, in addition to the full complement of Continental Troops, may be necessary to support communications and for other purposes, you will be pleased to direct 400 Men to be held in readiness to march within one Week after I shall call for them, to serve three Months after they have joined the Army. And I would take the liberty of requesting that the Executive, may be vested with full powers, during the recess, to comply with any further requisition I may make for Men, Provision, or for the Means of transportation, which last may be most essential in the course of our operations, should it become necessary to bring Provisions or Stores from a distance.
I shall be glad to be favored with an answer as soon as possible, with an assurance of what I may depend upon, that if I do not clearly see a prospect of being supported, I may turn my views to a defensive instead of an offensive plan, and save the States, and our allies the Expence which would be needlessly incurred by any but an ample and effectual preparation. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of David Humphreys.
A note on the draft by Tilghman gives the other requisitions of militia as follows: Massachusetts, 2,200, and Connecticut, 1,500. Pennsylvania in listed as 1,600 and New Jersey 500, though the above circular was not sent to these two States. A P.S. was added to the circular sent Rhode Island, as follows: "As the defence of the Island of Newport may be assigned to the Militia of the State I shall not for that reason call upon any from thence to join the Army."]
[N.H. H. S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 25, 1781.
Sir: By Virtue of the Authority committed to me by Resolution of the Honbl. Congress of the United States of America, I do hereby appoint you my recording Secretary at Head Quarters.
You will therefore enter upon the Duties of your Office, and proceed therein agreeable to my Instructions herewith given you; conforming yourself at all Times to those Instructions, together with such others as may hereafter be added to them by me.
In the Execution of your Duty, which will be extensive, you will employ such Number of Clerks to assist you, as you may find necessary;68 to each of whom you are hereby authorised, in Behalf of the United States, to promise for his Services, the Sum of fifty Dollars in Specie pr Month; with the Addition of ten dollars more pr Month, to the Person whom you shall appoint as your Head Clerk.
[Note 68: The clerks employed by Varick, all o[ whom did not continue in the service until the work was finished, were George Taylor, jr., Oliver Glean, Edward Dunscomb, Zachariah Sickels, Peter Hughes, and John J. Myer. Various memoranda regarding this transcribing is in the New York Public Library, in addition to the documents in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
For yourself, you are hereby authorized to receive from the United States, One Hundred Dollars pr month in Specie for your Services; with Warrant to call on the Quarter Master General, or his Deputys, for Office Room, Fire and Candles; and the necessary Requisites of Pen, Ink, and paper for the Use of your Office; as also Forage for two Horses for yourself, when found necessary. All which the Quarter Master General is hereby required to furnish upon your Application.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Weathersfield [New Windsor], May 25, 1781.
Sir: The great demand we shall have for Powder in the proposed operations of the campaign constrains me to request a loan of that article of the States who are possessed of it, to supply the deficiencies of the Continental magazines. I therefore earnestly request as great a loan of Powder of the State of Massachusetts as can possibly be spared, and that the State would take most speedy and effectual measures to transport it to Fishkill.
If the measures which have been taken to procure an ample supply of Powder from Europe shall prove successful, the Continent will soon have ability to repay any loan which may be furnished on this occasion. I beg a speedy and explicit answer on this subject. I have the honor etc.70
[Note 70: From a contemporary copy in the writing of Henry Knox.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 25, 1781.
Instructions to the Recording Secretary at Head Quarters.
A. 1. All Letters to Congress, Committees of Congress, the Board of War, Individual Members of Congress in their public Characters, and American Ministers Plenipotentiary at Foreign Courts, are to be classed together and to be entered in the Order of their Dates.
B. 2. All letters, Orders, and Instructions to Officers of the line, of the Staff, and all other Military Characters, to compose, a second Class, and to be entered in like manner.
C. 3. All Letters to Governors, Presidents and other Executives, of States, Civil Magistrates and Citizens of every Denomination, to be a third Class, and entered as aforementioned.
D. 4. Letters to Foreign Ministers, Foreign Officers, and subjects of Foreign Nations not in the immediate service of America, in Virtue of Commissions from Congress, to compose another Class.
E. 5. Letters to Officers of every Denomination in the service of the Enemy, and to British subjects of every Character with the Enemy, or applying to go in to them.
F. 6. Proceedings of Councils of War in the Order of their dates.
The Secretary is to assort and prepare these papers to be registered by different Clerks. He is to number and keep a List of his Deliveries of them to those persons, takg. rects. for them. The Lists are to specify the Dates, and to whom the Letters are directed; by which the papers after they are registered are to be carefully returned by the Clerks to the Secretary, who is to compare them with the Books of Entries, and to have them neatly filed in the Order they are registered, or in such other manner, as that references may be more easily had to them.71
[Note 71: The "Books of Entries" were specially made up by William Trickett, stationer and bookbinder, "in Front-street Black-horse Alley, and in Water-street in the lower Part of said House, Philadelphia." They were folio volumes, bound in undressed calf, with parchment backs, and are now known as the "Varick Transcripts" of Washington's letters and form a part of the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Clerks who write a fair Hand, and correctly, are to be employed; and that there may be a similarity and Beauty in the whole execution all the writing is to be upon black lines equidistant.72 All the Books to have the same Margin, and be indexed in so clear and intelligent a manner, that there may be no difficulty in the references. The Clerks must be sworn, or be upon their Honour, to be careful of the papers. To give no
[Note 72: These black lines were ruled sheets laid under the pages for the guidance of the writers.] Copies without permission, or suffer any thing to be taken with their privity or knowledge.
Letters to me are to be Classed, in the same Order as those from me, indorsed and filed in neat Order, and of easy access.
All Files are to be upon Formers of the same size, that the folds may be the same, and the Stoage (in proper Boxes) close and compact.
All Returns are to be properly assorted arranged, and treated in the same way. So are papers of every other Class; and the whole to be organized in such a manner, as that easy references may be had to them.
If you are not already furnished with a sufficient number of Books, you will apply to the Quarter Master General for as many more as you shall find necessary to compleat your Entries. All the Books are to be of the same size.73
[Note 73: A copy in the writing of George Taylor, jr.]
Weathersfield [New Windsor], May 25, 1781.
Sir: It having been represented to me that some powder has been made by your Excellency's directions, at Glassenbury74 and New Haven in this State, of materials belonging to the Continent, ! take the liberty earnestly to request that such measures may be taken by the State as will transport it to Fishkill with the utmost expedition; great care being had that it should not be injured by the weather on its route.
[Note 74: Glastonbury.]
The great demand we shall have for powder in the proposed operations of the campaign obliges me to apply to the respective States who have any for a loan to supply our deficiency. I therefore request of your Excellency as great a loan of that necessary article as the State of Connecticut can possibly spare, and that it be transported by the State to Fishkill.If the measures...75 I have the honor etc.76
[Note 75: The omitted portion is the same as the last paragraph in the preceding letter to Governor Hancock.]
[Note 76: In the writing of Henry Knox. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. On May 26 Washington received a letter from Lieut. Col. John Laurens, in Paris, that a French fleet under De Grasse was coming to America from the West Indies; that 6,000,000 livres had been donated by France to America, and that Laurens's "only hope of obtaining additional succor is founded on the exalted opinion which the Ministers have of your Excellency and every thing which comes from you." Laurens's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, May 25, 1781.
Parole--.Countersigns--.
Peter McBride, Matross in the 2d. regiment of Artillery charged with "mutinous behavior"; Joel Wilmot and Elmer Russell, matrosses in the same regiment, charged with "Desertion", were tried by the General Court martial whereof Lieutenant Colonel Stephens is president, convicted and sentenced as follows vizt. Peter McBride to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back with hiccory rods: Joel Wilmot and Elmer Russell to receive one hundred lashes each on their bare backs. Major General St Clair approves the above sentences and orders them to be executed as soon as convenient.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 27, 1781.
Sir: Last night I return'd from Weathers field, where I have had an interview with His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau; in consequence of which, the French Army will commence its march, to form a junction with ours on the North River, as soon as circumstances will admit.
The accomplishment of the object...77 taken off by the various casualties incident to an Army, besides such as have been discharged in consequence of the investigation made into the term of inlistment by the Committee appointed by your Assembly for that purpose. By this diminution and the want of success in recruiting; I find from the last Return there are 455 men now wanting to compleat the two Regts of your State.
[Note 77: The omitted portion is the same as that found in the Circular to the New England States, May 24, 1781, q.v.]
From what has been premised...77 which ought to be reckoned to the last of December.
On so great an occasion, I should hope that the Estimate would be made sufficiently large, and that the exertion in the several Counties would be so very vigorous and energetic as to give us every man we stand in need of, by the 1st. of July at farthest.
Arguments surely cannot be. wanting...77
have the honor etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 27, 1781.
Sir: I beg leave to inform your Excellency, that at a late conference between His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau and myself it has been agreed, that the principal part of the French Force shall march as soon as circumstances will admit, and form a junction with me upon the North River. The enemy have so exceedingly weakened themselves by repeated detachments to support the War to the southward, that a favourable opportunity seems to present itself of expelling them from New York, or obliging them to recall part of their force to defend the extensive posts dependant upon that Garrison. Could this last be effected, it would essentially relieve the southern States.
Upon the most accurate calculation that I have been able to make, an operation against New York with its present Garrison will require all the Continental Battalions from New Jersey to New Hampshire inclusive fully compleated and the French Force now at Rhode Island. But as we cannot count upon the Battalions being full and as a Body of Militia will moreover be necessary for the investment of New York and its out posts, I have called upon the several States, from Pennsylvania to New Hampshire, to hold certain numbers in readiness to move within a week of the time at which I may require them, and to serve three months from the time they join the Army. The number allotted to Pennsylvania is 1600, which is in proportion to the Continental Battalions which she furnishes. Your Excellency will be pleased to give the necessary orders and to direct the necessary preparations of Arms and Camp Equipage.
I think it essential that the Legislature, at their present Session, should vest the Executive, during their recess, with powers of complying with such further requisitions of Men as I may be under the necessity of making, or of provisions and the means of transportation.
Your Excellency must be sensible that our principal difficulty will lie in subsisting so great a number of Men as we shall be obliged to draw together, and as our dependance for Bread must be in a great measure upon the State of Pennsylvania, I must take the liberty to refer you to my letter of the 5th. instant, which will give you a true idea of our prospects unless very decisive measures are speedily taken. I shall be obliged by your letting me hear from you as soon as possible upon the quantity of Flour which we may with a tolerable degree of certainty, expect from the State. The importance of the object which we have in contemplation ought and I hope will induce Government to exert their utmost powers to procure a supply.
Applications for reinforcement to the southern Army no doubt have reached you thro' another Channel, but I cannot help mentioning the critical situation to which our affairs in that quarter are reduced for want of a permanent force, and expressing my earnest wishes that measures may be fallen upon to make up the deficiency of the Pennsylvania line. I have the honor etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 27, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform Congress that I returned from Weathers field yesterday Evening. I met only his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau at that place [ (accompanied) by the Chevr. de Chartellux)]. The British Fleet having appeared off Block Island, the Count de Barras did not think it prudent to be absent.
In consequence of the measures concerted at the late interview, all the French Troops, except about 200 to be left as a Guard over their heavy Stores and Baggage at providence, are to march as soon as circumstances will admit, and form a junction with me upon the North River. Five hundred Militia are to be stationed upon Rhode Island for the preservation of the Works which have been erected and for the security of the Harbour.
Upon a full consideration of Affairs in every point of view, an operation against New York has been deemed preferable to making further detachments to the southward, while they can only be sent by land. The principal reasons which induced to this determination are as follow: The difficulty and expence of transportation; the lateness of the season which would throw the troops into the extremity of the heat of summer; the great waste of Men which we have ever experienced in so long a march at the healthiest season, and above all a strong presumption that the Enemy weakened as they now are by detachment, must either sacrifice the valuable post of New York and its dependencies or recall a part of their force from the southward to defend them.
The Continental Battalions from New Hampshire to New Jersey inclusive (supposing them compleat) aided by 4000 French Troops, and such a reinforcement of Militia as the operation after its commencement may seem to require, have been deemed adequate to the attempt upon New York with its present Garrison. But as the Battalions of those States are still considerably deficient I have written in the most pressing manner to the respective Legislatures to make up such deficiencies with Men for the Campaign only, if they cannot be obtained for a longer term; and have desired the Governors to hold certain numbers of Militia ready for service, should I have occasion to call for them. I am however determined to require no more than are absolutely necessary. I shall also call upon the State of Pennsylvania to hold 1600 Militia in readiness.80
[Note 80: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "I could not learn that any further French Force was expected immediately in this quarter. A very considerable Fleet and Army have I imagine arrived by this time in the West Indies, but whether their operations are to be confined to those seas only, the Commanders here are not informed."]
Congress have been made so fully acquainted with the difficulties of every kind under which the Military department labors, that they must be sensible that nothing but the most vigorous exertions on the part of the states to supply Men, provision, and the means of transportation can enable me to prosecute to effect the operation which I have agreed, in conjunction with the Army of our Ally, to undertake [or indeed any other]. At the time that I made my requisitions upon them, I summed up every argument in my power to induce a compliance, but should I find any hesitation, I shall hope for the countenance and support of Congress.
I am very apprehensive of a formidable invasion of the Northern frontier, as the Enemy from Canada are undoubtedly collecting in considerable force at Crown Point. Should this be the case it will cause a very unfortunate diversion [and be very embarrassing] just at this time, when our whole force will be required down here.
The necessity which I clearly foresee we shall be under of carrying every Man, who can be spared from other duties, into the Field, induces me to request an order that such Men of the Invalid Corps at Boston and Philada. as are fit for Garrison duty may be ordered to march to West point, where their services will be the same as those upon which they are now employed [and where they may be very useful].
There has been a necessity of abandoning the post of Fort Schuyler and removing the Garrison and Stores to the German Flats. The Barracks had been the beginning of this month consumed by fire and the Works so exceedingly damaged by the heavy rain storm that they were rendered indefensible, nor could they be repaired in any reasonable time by the number of Men who can be spared as a Garrison. Brigr. Genl. Clinton recommended the evacuation of the post, as the only alternative, to which I the more readily consented, as it had been for some time past the opinion of the Officers best acquainted with that part of the Country, that a post at the German Flatts would be more easily supported and equally advantageous to the security of the Frontier.
Upon my return I found your Excellency's favors of the 17th. and 20th. and Mr. Secretary Thompson's81 of the 10th. I shall pay due attention to their several Contents. I have the honor etc.82
[Note 81: Charles Thomson.]
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The letter was read in Congress on June 1, and the Board of War directed to take order so far as the Invalid Corps was concerned.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, May 27, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to order that in future only such Men as are not expected to do duty with arms vizt. General, Field and Staff Officers servants, Waggoners, butchers, bakers, Commissaries, Quarter masters and Forage masters assistants and one armourer for each regiment in every brigade to which a travelling Forge is attach'd, be returned on Extra Service.
That all others on duty in Camp or Garrison, whether with arms, on Fatigue or occasionally employed as Artificers (except guards placed for the security of Magazines of Ammunition cloathing or provisions not in Garrison be returned Present on duty, and comprized in the number fit for Action.
That men detached beyond the ordinary limits of camp or garrison duty whether the service they are ordered on is to be perform'd with or without arms and all guards for Magazines not in Garrison be returned on Command.
That the men On duty, Command and Extra service be accounted for with the utmost precision specifying where they are; what duty they are on; Time of absence; and by whose order.
That the troops on the lines and such as are on duty from the Continental Village to Fishkill and from Fort Montgomery to Newburgh inclusive except Magazine guards be considered fit for Action.
That as the regulated camp and garrison duty of every Brigade will in ordinary cases be comparatively the same the Adjutant General will not give Credit in his details for men on duty by any other than General Orders.
That the commanding officers of regiments and Corps cause Advertisements to be immediately inserted in the public newspapers requiring such of their men as are sick absent in different parts of the Country where military Hospitals are not established, or return'd absent under other heads and cannot be particularly accounted for to join their respective corps or give information where they are and the cause of their detention within a reasonable limited time on pain of being treated as deserters.
That no Physician or surgeon shall furlough a soldier on any pretence except within the vicinity of the Hospital where they may at anytime be called upon. When a change of air may contribute to re-establish the health of a convalescent patient or when a more than ordinary length of time is required to bring it about, the Physician or surgeon, having the direction of the hospital where such patient may be is to certify his case to the officer commanding the Brigade regiment or corps to which he belongs who may transmit him a Furlough provided his former Character merits the indulgence. That every sick soldier whose complaint requires his being removed from his corps or command be sent to the Hospital if there be one within a convenient distance.
The brigade and regimental returns will be made in future agreeably to the Forms given out this day.
All absent officers not on public duty by order of the Commander in Chief or not appointed by proper authority under him to receive and forward on the recruits are to join their respective corps immediately, no other excuse can be admitted.
No more furloughs are to be given 'till the end of the Campaign, but in very extraordinary cases of which the General officer commanding the corps is to be the judge.
All soldiers upon Furlough are to be immediately order'd to join their respective regiments.
The Commander in Chief does in pointed and positive terms forbid under any pretence whatever commanding officers of regiments discharging soldiers before the term for which they are engaged is expired and he is equally pointed in forbidding the exchanging of men unless both are produced to the General officer commanding and his approbation obtained which is to be certified in the discharge.
No more recruits are to be discharged such as are thought unfit for Service by the Inspectors of the different State lines with the army are to be sent to the Adjutant General for further examination.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, May 28, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Each regiment in the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and New Jersey lines is ordered to furnish two able bodied men (engaged for three years or during the war) from the first recruits that join them, to be incorporated with the Corps of Sappers and Miners on the same principles with those already draughted for that corps.
That part of Colonel Van Schaick's regiment stationed at West Point is to be held in readiness to move on the shortest notice; all detachment, or men on other duty from it are to be immediately relieved and called in.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: Upon my return from Weathers field the evening of the 26th I was favored with your two Letters of the 17th. and 22nd. Instant.
General St Clair had previously given some directions respecting the Military Stores which were wanted at the Northward. I have since referred the application to General Knox, who has made such farther arrangements for a supply, as our present circumstances would permit. In consequence of the determination to abandon Fort Schuyler, I have also thought it advisable to send an Engineer to have the superintendance and direction of the Fortifications which are to be erected, General Du Portail has been requested to order one accordingly.
The Six Companies of Col Van Schaicks Regiment, now at West Point, are put under marching Orders, that if occasion should require they might be transported to Albany immediately. But I am very unwilling to suffer any Troops to be removed from this quarter, unless there is a real necessity for it. And indeed it would be useless to send them, unless there is also a probability of their being supplied with Provisions.
Altho I am apprehensive the Enemy will attempt to make incursions on the frontier in the course of the Campaign; the accounts as yet have been so vague and contradictory, that I know not what to believe respecting the present strength, disposition, and designs, of the British and Savages in Canada. As soon, and as frequently as you can obtain any intelligence that may be relied upon, I wish you to advise me of it. And also of every thing of moment, which appertains to the Troops under your Command, particularly of the state of your Supplies. I am etc.83
[Note 83: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: As you are perfectly acquainted with the Measures which have been concerted with the Count De Rochambeau, I have only to request that you will be pleased to make all the necessary Estimates of Articles wanted in your Department, and also put the whole business for the Operation (so far as is within your reach) in the best train of execution, which our embarrassed circumstances will possibly admit.
Under the present appearances of an evacuation of New York, I think it will be more adviseable to draw the Stores from the Eastward, rather than from the Southward.
I enclose you a Letter from Brigr. General Clinton, and Capt Moodie respecting Stores for the Northward, part of which I understand from General St Clair, have been sent. I wish you to attend to the matter, and give such further Orders as you may think necessary on the subject. You will be so good as to return the Enclosures to me, when you have done with them. I am etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 28, 1781.
Dear sir: As you are perfectly acquainted...85
[Note 85: The omitted portion is practically the same as the first paragraph in the preceding letter to Brig. Gen. Henry Knox, the same date as this letter.]
In the mean time, as it has become necessary, from the decay of the Works, the demolition of the Barracks, and other circumstances, to abandon the Post of Fort Schuyler, and erect new Fortifications at or near Fort Herkimar,86 I have to request that you will send an Engineer to superintend the Works in that Department. I am etc.87
[Note 86: Fort Herkimer.]
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 24th. and 26th. instant. I am sorry that Capt. Ward did not give you an opportunity of meeting him. As the enemy seem to have removed themselves from the West side of the River, your remaining down where you now are will answer no purpose, you will therefore cross at King's ferry and take post at any convenient spot between Peekskill and Crompond.
If you can see Capt. Laurence before you move be pleased to present him my thanks for the services he has rendered you and desire him, if he meets W--88 not to make him any promises of pardon or any thing else except he will engage to render some essential piece of service or to bring off a Body of his Men. He himself is of no manner of consequence, and I
[Note 88: Capt. Thomas Ward.] had rather he would remain with the Enemy than come off alone.
I do not know that there is a want of Officers in the Corps of Sappers, but should there be, it can only be in the Rank of subalterns, in which I do not imagine Capt. Lawrence would serve.
When you have got to your new Ground you will let me hear from you. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: The late accounts from New York are mysterious and perplexing, but they at any rate demand that we should be in readiness to move. You will therefore concentre as much as possible your Brigade and put them under marching Orders. The parties at the Clove are not to be immediately called in, but the Officers commanding them warned to be in readiness. Should an evacuation of New York take place, as many strongly suspect, the troops under your command will be next in order for detachment, you will therefore desire the Officers to make preparation for a move more than merely to join the main Body of the Army.
As I am very anxious to learn what they are really doing in New York; you will oblige me by obtaining and sending me as accurate intelligence as possible. I am &c.
P.S. You will be pleased to forward the Letter to Genl Knyphausen by a flag.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writings of Tench Tilghman. The P.S. is in the writing of David Humphreys, who has added the note that this letter was taken by the British "in last Week's Mail." A duplicate was forwarded to Dayton on June 4.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 29, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favors of the 13th. 14th. and 17th. instants. My late absence from the Army prevented my acknowledging them sooner.
If the Uniforms which were fixed upon for the Troops of the States of North and South Carolina have not been ordered from Europe, I do not see that any inconvenience can attend the proposed alteration. I think, however, the Lace ought to be dispensed with as altogether superfluous and very expensive.
It seems reasonable that a due proportion should be observed between the pay of the deputies and principals in any department, and as Congress were pleased to augment the Salary of Mr. Laurance the Judge Advocate General very considerably by the Resolve of the 10th. of Novemr. there can I think be no impropriety in augmenting the salaries of the Deputies also to 60 dollars pr month which is what they request.
Sir Henry Clinton has informed me that it is not in his power to permit the transportation of Tobacco from Virginia to Charles town. I imagine there are some Commercial Regulations in the way. But he says that he mentioned certain Articles to Colo. Magaw and Colo. Ely, which might be sent in and sold for the benefit of our prisoners; what they were I do not exactly recollect, but I think Lumber and Iron. I have the honor etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The following unfinished P.S. is crossed out: "Genl. Knyphausen has requested permission for a Hessian Surgeon with Medicines and Hospital Stores to proceed to Philada. and remain with the prisoners, under any restrictions which may be imposed. If there will be no impropriety in granting his request, be pleased to say under what injunctions the."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 29, 1781.
Sir: Upon my return from Weathersfield I found your favor of the 10th. instant. There never has been any regular establishment of the department of Geographer to the Army; but the pay that has heretofore, and is now allowed to the principal in this quarter is four Dollars pr day, and four Rations; with an allowance for incidental Charges, such as travelling from place to place and for provisions for himself and Party when out of reach of the Magazines of the Army. The Assistants have had two Dollars pr day. The Chain Bearers have been drawn from the Army occasionally, and are allowed half a dollar extra pr day while upon service.
Proper attention has been paid to the other Resolves contained in yours. I have the honor etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of David Humphreys and signed by Washington. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152. Both the draft, which is by Tilghman, and duplicate have the note thereon by Humphreys; that this duplicate was forwarded June 5, the original having been "captured in the Mail by the Enemy's Emissaries,"]
Head Qrs., New Windsor, May 29, 1781
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your two letters of the 2d. and 17th. of May; the former reached me at Weathersfield after I had met the Count de Rochambeau at that place; from which time to the present moment, my whole attention has been so occupied by a variety of concerns, that I have been hitherto involuntarily prevented from doing myself the pleasure of writing to you.
No Arguments were necessary to convince me of the very great public utility, which would result from the success of the plan, you proposed laying before Congress. Had I been unapprised of the advantages which might be derived to our cause from a successful attempt, or even a powerful diversion in that quarter, the reasons you have offered, would have carried irrefragable demonstration with them, and induced me to be of your opinion. But the perplexed, distressed and embarrassed state of our Affairs, on acct. of Supplies (with which you are well acquainted). The languid efforts of the States to procure Men, and the insuperable difficulties in the way of transportation, would I apprehend, have rendered the scheme (however devoutly to be wished and desired) abortive in the first instance. And I must inform you, there is yet another obstacle, which makes the attempt you have suggested,94 absolutely impracticable with the means you propose, but which I dare not commit to paper, for fear of the same misfortune which has already happened to some of my letters.
[Note 94: An expedition against Canada. (See Sullivan's letter to Washington, May 2, 1781, in the Washington Papers.)]
You will have seen, before the receipt of this, by my public letter to Congress of the 27th. Instt., the result of the deliberations of the Count de Rochambeau and myself at Weathers field. That plan, upon the maturest consideration, and after combining all the present circumstances and future prospects, appeared (though precarious) far the most eligible of any we could possibly devise whilst we are inferior at Sea. The object was considered to be, of greater magnitude, and more within our reach than any other. The weakness of the Garrison of New York, the centrical position for drawing together Men and Supplies; and the spur, which an attempt against that place, wd. give to every exertion, were among the reasons which prompted to that undertaking, and which promised the fairest prospect of success, unless the enemy should recall a considerable part of their force from the Southward. And even in this case, the same measure which might produce disappointment in one quarter, would certainly in the event afford the greatest relief in another. While an oppertunity presents itself of striking the enemy a fatal blow I will perswade myself, the concurring exertions of Congress, of the several States immediately concerned, and of every individual in them, who is well affected to our cause, will be united in yielding every possible aid on the occasion. At this crisis, while I rejoice at the appointment of the Minister of Finance, I have sincerely to regret, that the Ministers of the other departments have not also been appointed especially a Minister of War. At the same time I am happy to learn, the mode of promotion is on the point of being finally established. With the highest Sentiments of regard etc.95
[Note 95: The draft, which is in the writing of David Humphreys, with several changes by Washington, has this note: "June 4th Duplicate. The original in my own handwriting, supposed to be taken and carried into New York."
Clinton wrote to Germain (June 9, 1781), shortly after coming into possession of the above Washington letter: "I shall act offensively or defensively, as Circumstances may make necessary. But by some lately intercepted Dispatches...your Lordship will perceive that it is not likely the Choice will be left to me for some months to come." Clinton estimated Washington's force, combined with the French, as 20,000 fit for duty. "My present Force is 9997 Rank and File fit for Duty." He felt that he could not trust the New York loyalist militia and that his numbers were "very indequate." However, he was "under no Apprehensions, while our Fleet is superior to that of the Enemy and I can draw Reinforcement from Chesapeak. For should it be otherwise, and the Enemy command Long Island Sound, such Force might be passed over into that Island, as might make our Situation here more Critical."--C. O. 5, 102, fols. 312, et seq., British Transcripts, in the Library of Congress.]
[C.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, May 29, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a Garrison Court martial held at Philadelphia the 4th. of April 1781, by order of Major General St. Clair, whereof Major lames Moore96 was President.
[Note 96: Of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
Lieutenant John Bigham97 of the 5th. Pennsylvania Regiment, charged for "Spending or misapplying money given to him for the purpose of paying the third bounty to recruits" was tried, found Guilty of the charge being a breach of the 4th. article 12th. section of the articles of war and sentenced to be Cashiered.
[Note 97: Lieut, John Bingham.]
The Commander in Chief Approves the sentence. He is sorry he cannot in compliance with the Recommendation of the Court restore Lieutenant Bigham to his former Rank and Command. The reasons which have been assigned by him for applying the public money committed to his care to other purposes than those for which it was intended are not in the General's opinion sufficient to justify the breach of Trust.
At a General Court Martial held at the Park of Artillery by order of Major General St. Clair and continued by adjournments from the 22d to the 26th. of May inclusive. Lieutenant Colonel Stephens President.
Lewis Seely, Matross in the 2d. regiment of Artillery charged with "Repeated Desertion."
Benjamin Harley, Matross in the 3d regiment charged with "Desertion and reinlisting" and
Robert Barber, Matross in the same regiment charged with "Desertion and attempting to go to the Enemy" were tried found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
The Commander in Chief approves the above sentences.
John Hennessee, soldier in the late 4th New York regiment charged "with Desertion and endeavouring to go to the enemy tried by the General Court martial held at West Point the 19th. instant whereof Major Moses Ashley was president, and William King of the 1st. New York regiment charged with "Desertion" tried by the General Court martial held at West Point by order of Brigadier General Patterson the 22d. instant whereof Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Smith was President, were found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death more than two thirds of each Court agreeing.
The Commander in Chief approves the above sentences.
Untill a more extensive plan for exercising and manoeuvring can be adopted the Commander in Chief hopes and expects Officers of every rank will pay particular attention to the instruction of their recruits agreeably to the fifth Chapter of the Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Army; and the Exercising such of their men as are already acquainted with the different Articles explained in the fifth agreeably to the sixth Chapter of the same Regulations.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 30, 1781.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's favors of the 23d and 24th. Insts. I am sorry that you took the trouble to transcribe the Dispatches from General Greene, as I had received them immediately from him. It is to be regretted that so small an accident should have turned the fortune of the day before Campden. The General's conduct however in the action, and the perseverance with which he pursues his plan, notwithstanding his disaster, do him infinite honor.
There have been various reports for several days past that a further embarkation was taking place at New York, and some have even gone so far as to suppose a total evacuation of the place was in contemplation. I have an account thro a pretty good channel, as late as the 27th. Inst. in which nothing of the kind is mentioned. There had been some very uncommon movements among the Troops upon Long Island, which may have given rise to the Conjecture I have spoken of. My informant says that Pensacola is taken, and that General Robertson goes to Virginia to succeed General Phillips. I have the honor etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of David Humphreys, and noted by him: "June 5th (Duplicate) The original was intercepted by the Enemy."]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, May 30, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolves:
By the United States in Congress assembled May 4th, 1781.
Resolved, That Thomas Hutchins be appointed geographer to the Southern army, with the same pay and emoluments as are allowed to the geographer to the main army.
May 18th. 1781.
Resolved That the Commander in Chief be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to arrange the brigade chaplains of the several State lines serving with the army, and the commanding general of the southern army those of line serving with that army; so as to retain in service no more chaplains of each line than are equal to the number of brigades:
That every chaplain deemed and certified to the Board of War to be supernumerary, be no longer continued in service, and be entitled to have their depreciation made good, and to the half-pay of captains for life.
Resolved that the commanding general at West point for the time being receive the extra allowance granted by Congress to an officer commanding in a seperate department until the further order of Congress.
As a considerable proportion of the troops in this Army will consist of recruits but little accustomed to military service, and as the season for commencing the Campaign is so near at hand as to afford but a small opportunity at best of initiating them in the duties of their profession, the General is extremely sollicitous that the intermediate space between the present moment and that of taking the Field should be wholly occupied in disciplining and forming them.
He calls upon the officers of every rank in the most earnest and pressing manner to devote themselves personally and unremittingly (agreeably to the orders of yesterday) to an object of such vast importance to their own Reputation as well as the Good of the Public Service.
The Adjutant General will be pleased also to superintend the Exercising and manoeuvring of the troops so far as their dispersed situation and the other duties of his office will permit; he will begin with the Guards of the Commander in Chief, and attend the Cantonments of the other Corps at such times as he shall appoint; he is requested likewise to report with great precision from time to time the State of the discipline of the several regiments noting the extraordinary proficiency that any particular Corps may make and the apparent want of it which may be visible in any others.
As soon as the Army is drawn together the Commander in Chief will judge for himself of the attention which shall have been paid to this order.
Colonel Hazen's regiment to hold itself in readiness to march on the shortest notice.
The Adjutant General will inspect the Rhode Island regiment on Saturday next it is therefore ordered to be in as collected a state as possible and under Arms for that purpose at six o'clock in the morning of that day.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 14th: 21st. and 22d instants. From circumstances it appears the last should have been dated upon the 21st. also.
There is little doubt but the enemy are preparing to cross the Lake with as much force as they can spare, but I cannot believe in such numbers as Higginbottom99 reports. His account is very extraordinary. He says at one time that 4000 Men were already assembled at Crown point, and in his particular examination before you, he recites the different places of Cantonment of the Regiments which were still in Canada. However that we may be prepared to give them as good a reception as our small force and as our other plans will admit I hold the six Companies of Van Schaicks Regt. which are here and Hazens Regiment in readiness to move at a Moments warning.
[Note 99: David Higgenbottom. He was a corporal in the Thirty-first Foot, British Army.]
There are conjectures, but I cannot say I have confidence in the reports, that the enemy are about to evacuate New York. If they do this, it must be with an intent to secure as much as they possibly can to the southward, and perhaps enter into a negociation, full handed. By the latest accounts from the southward, General Greene was near Campden, before which he had had a sharp Action with Lord Rawdon. Lord Cornwallis seemed to be moving towards Hallifax. The British in Virginia were still at petersburgh on the 18th. inst. under the Command of Arnold; Genl. Phillips having died of a fever a few days before. We have not yet heard what has become of the detachment which sailed from New York on the 13th.
You may assure the person who found the Mortars of the reward you promised him, and more in proportion for any further discoveries.1 I will send you the money by the first safe opportunity, or give it you when I shall have the pleasure of seeing you this way at the meeting of the Assembly.2 I am etc.3
[Note 1: Four brass mortars which were sunk by the British. The man thought he could also find three brass fieldpieces. Schuyler promised him $25, but had no money with which to pay.]
[Note 2: The New York Assembly, of which Schuyler was then a senator.]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 30, 1781.
Gentlemen: Inclosed are the Copies of the letters and papers from the Marquis de la Fayette transmitted in yours of the 26th:
I have recd. Mr. Carletons4 letter of the 22d. inclosing one from Capt. Swan5 on the subject of what he conceives an injury respecting his Rank. As he states no particulars, I do not know upon what he founds his claim to the Majority of the 1st. Regt. But of this I am certain, that the date of his present Commission can alone determine the point, as he entered the service a Captain the beginning of the year 1777, and consequently can have no prior claims. I have the honor etc.
[Note 4: Joseph Carleton. He was secretary to the Board of War.]
[Note 5: Capt. John Swan, of the Third Continental Dragoons. He was appointed major of the First Continental Dragoons from October, 1780, and served to the close of the war.]
(June 5th Duplicate.)
The Original was intercepted in the last mail with the Copies, of which it is impossible for the Gentlemen of my family to make out Duplicates, at prest and perform the other indispensable duties of the Office.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The note of June 5 is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I fully intended in my letter of the 14th. to have desired you to return to this Army, but I might probably in the hurry of business have forgot to give the Gentleman who wrote it instructions to that purpose. Should this find you in Philada. you will look upon yourself fully at liberty to return, or proceed to the southward should your inclinations lead you to prefer that service to this. I am etc.
The Campaign here will probably be full as active as that to the southward.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 31, 1781.
My dear Marquis: I have received your favors of the 4th. 8th. 17th. and 18th. instants, your conduct upon every occasion meets my approbation, but in none more than your refusal to hold a correspondence with Arnold.8 By an account
[Note 8: "Genl. Phillips being dead of a fever, an Officer was sent with a passport and letters from Genl. Arnold. I requested the Gentleman to come to my Qrs. and having asked if Genl. Phillips was dead to which he answered in the negative, I made it a pretence not to receive a letter from Gl. Arnold, which being dated Head Quarters, and directed to the Commanding Officer of the American Troops, ought to come from the British General Chief in Command. I did however observe that should any other Officer have written to me I would have been happy to receive their Letters. The next day the Officer returned with the same Passport and letter, and informed me that He was now at liberty to declare that Phillips was dead, and Arnold was Com'dr in Chief of the British Army in Virginia; the high station of General Arnold having obliged me to an explanation, the inclosed Note was sent to the Officer of the Flag and the American Officer verbally assured him that was I requested to put in writing a minute Account of my motives my regard for the British Army was such that I wou'd chearfully comply with the Demand."-- Lafayette to Washington, May 17, 1781. Lafayette's letter is in the Washington Papers. The copy of Lafayette's note to the British flag officer is not found in these papers.] which I have just received from New York, Genl. Robinson9 goes to succeed Genl. Phillips. You may have something to apprehend from his age and experience but not much from his Activity.
[Note 9: Maj. Gen. James Robertson.]
In a letter which I wrote to Baron Steuben on the 16th. instant, I desired him to inform you, as I did not know at that time where you might be, that I had good reason to believe a detachment of between 1500 and 2000 Men had sailed from New York a few days before. I now have it confirmed, and I think you may either look for them in Chesapeak or further southward.
Your determination to avoid an engagement, with your present force, is certainly judicious. I hope the Pennsylvanians have began their march before this, but I have no information of it. General Wayne has been pressed both by Congress, and the Board of War to make as much expedition as possible and extraordinary powers are given to him to enable him to procure provision.
Upon your intimation that Colonel Vose wished to return to the Northward, I ordered Colo. Tupper to releive him, and he had sat out before your letter of the 4th. reached me. I am etc.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft has the following note by Humphreys: "June 4th Duplicate. The Original supposed to have been taken in the last Mail."]
[C.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, May 31, 1781.
Parole--.Countersigns--.
Lieutenant William Eysandeau11 of the 5th Massachusetts regiment is appointed untill further orders to superintend the General Military Hospital.
[Note 11: He served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, May 31, 1781.
Sir: You will immediately put your Corps under marching Orders, and make every possible provision for a movement. It is the intention of this Order, that the whole of the Infantry and all of the Cavalry who have been or can be prepared for the field, should be held in the most perfect readiness to march on the shortest notice.
Whatever articles there are in the Stores, which are absolutely necessary for your men before they march, you will draw on your own Return, taking care not to extend the Return beyond the Articles now actually wanting, and which cannot be dispensed with, and reporting the same, together with a minute state of your Regt on your arrival at the Army.
As you will before this time be able, to determine what the State of Connecticut will do respecting Mounting and equipping the Dismounted Dragoons of your Regt.; if there should be a probability of effecting this, and it cannot be compleated previous to your marching, in that case you will be at liberty to leave an Officer (and a few Dragoons, if necessary) to assist in collecting and bringing on the Horses and Accoutrements, and carrying the resolution of the State effectually into execution. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
Washington wrote also a brief note, inclosing the above letter to Sheldon to Major Tallmadge for forwarding.
On May 31 Washington wrote to Major Villefranche, ordering him to Albany and to take orders from Brig. Gen. James Clinton. These drafts are in the Washington Papers.]
New Windsor, May 31, 1781.
My dear Marqs: I have just returned from Weathers field at which I expected to have met the Count de Rochambeau and Count de Barras, but the British fleet having made its appearance off Block Island, the Admiral did not think it prudent to leave Newport. Count Rochambeau was only attended by Chevr. Chattellux; Generals Knox and Duportail were with me.
Upon a full consideration of our affairs in every point of view, an attempt upon New York with its present Garrison (which by estimation is reduced to 4500 regular Troops and about 3000 irregulars) was deemed preferable to a Southern operation as we had not the Command of the Water. The reasons which induced this determination were, the danger to be apprehended from the approaching heats, the inevitable dissipation and loss of Men by so long a March, and the difficulty of transportation; but above all, it was thought that we had a tolerable prospect of expelling the enemy or obliging them to withdraw part of their force from the Southward, which last would give the most effectual relief to those States. The French Troops are to March this way as soon as certain circumstances will admit, leaving about 200 Men at Providence with the heavy Stores and 500 Militia upon Rhode Island to secure the Works.
I am endeavouring to prevail upon the States to fill up their Battalions, for the Campaign; if they cannot do it upon better terms, and to send in ample and regular supplies of Provision. Thus you perceive it will be sometime before our plan can be ripe for execution, and that a failure on our part in Men and Supplies may defeat it; but I am in hopes that the States in this quarter will exert themselves to attain what has long been a favourite and is an important object to them.
We have rumours, but I cannot say they are well founded, that the enemy are about to quit New Yk. altogether. Should they do this we must follow them of necessity, as they can have no other view than endeavouring to sieze and secure the Southern States, if not to hold them finally, to make them the means of an advantageous Negociation of Peace.
I take it for granted that your last dispatches inform you fully of European Affairs and that you can judge from them of the probability of such an event as I have mentioned taking place. As you have no cypher by which I can write I can write to you in safety, and my letters have been frequently intercepted of late I restrain myself from mentioning many matters I wish to communicate to you.
I shall advise you every now and then of the progress of our preparations. It would be unnecessary for you to be here at present, and I am sure you would not wish to leave your charge while you are so near an enemy, or untill you could deliver them up to General Greene or to another officer capable of exercising the command which you are in. You will always remember My dear Marquis that your return to this army depends upon your own choice, and that I am with every sentiment of esteem regd. and Affecte. Yr. etc.
P.S. My public letter contains an answer to your several favors. We have just heard from New York that Genl. Robinson is going to supply the place of Philips.14
[Note 14: Intercepted by the British.]
[C.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 1, 1781.
My Dear Sir: I have recd. your favrs. of the 22d. and 27th. of April inclosing Copies of your letters to Congress. The difficulties which you daily encounter and surmount with your small force add not a little to your reputation, and I am pretty well assured that should you be obliged finally to withdraw from south and even from North Carolina, it will not be attributed to either your want of Abilities or of exertion, but to the true cause, the want of means to support the War in them.
I feel for your mortification at the loss of the day before Campden, after it seemed so much in your favor, but I hope you will have found that the Enemy suffered severely, as in their publication of the affair in the New York paper they confess the loss of 200. The reduction of Fort Watson does honor to General Marion and Colo. Lee.16
[Note 16: Lieut. Col. Henry Lee.]
I have lately had an interview with Count de Rochambeau at Weathersfield. Our Affairs were very attentively considered in every point of view, and it was finally determined to make an attempt upon New York with its present Garrison in preference to a southern operation, as we had not the decided command of the Water. You will readily suppose the reasons which induced this determination, were the inevitable loss of Men from so long a march, more especially in the approaching hot season, and the difficulty, I may say impossibility of transporting the necessary Baggage, Artillery and Stores by land. I am in hopes if I am supported as I ought to be by the neighbouring States in this, which you know has always been their favourite operation, that one of these consequences will follow, the enemy will be expelled from the most valuable position which they hold upon the Continent or they will be obliged to recall part of their force from the southward to defend it. Should this last happen, You will be most essentially relieved by it. The French troops will begin their march this way as soon as certain circumstances will admit. I can only give you the outline of our plan. The dangers to which letters are exposed make it improper to commit particulars to paper, but as matters ripen I will keep you as well informed as circumstances will allow.
A detachment of between 1500 and 2000 Men sailed from New York about the 13th. May. I advised Baron Steuben of this and desired him to communicate it to you. I conclude they will either stop in Chesapeak, or in Cape Fear except the operations of the spaniards in the Floridas should call for reinforcement to that Quarter: But I can hardly flatter myself that they will attend to the preservation of Augustine. Pensacola we are told has fallen.
The Marquis de la Fayette informed me, that about 800 Recruits would be ready to march from Virginia the later end of May. I have no certain accounts from Maryland lately but I was told by a Gentleman from thence, that about 400 might be expected to march in April. I make not doubt but you are kept regularly advised by the superintending Officer.
I have not heard that General Wayne had left York Town, but I have reason to believe that he has gone before this time. If no fresh discontents arise among those troops; the detachment with Wayne will be a most valuable acquisition to you. They are chiefly the old Soldiers and compleatly furnished with every necessary. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 1, 1781.
Sir: I some time ago had a number of Blank Books made for transcribing the General Orders and other public records.18 A few have been used for these purposes but the package containing the remainder has been by some means lost. I have sent to every place at which my Baggage has been deposited but can hear nothing of it, and except it should be at Colo. Biddles, in whose care part of my things were left when we marched from Middle Brook Camp, I must give it up. You will be pleased to make inquiry there, and should the Box not be found you will oblige me by having 24 Books made of good Record paper; 5 Quire in each; bound in rough Leather, the Backs Vellum; size 14½ by 10 Inches. This will make them uniform with those already transcribed. I shall be glad to have them as soon as possible, as Business is at a stand for want of them. Should you find a difficulty in procuring them on account of the low state of public credit, I will become answerable for the Amount. I am &c.19
[Note 18: The Varick Transcripts now in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 1, 1781.
Sir: I am much obliged to you for the expression of your regard. The Ox was a beautiful Creature, and proves to be in goodness, when killed, equal to his appearance when living. I hope we may not want for a plenty (though of inferior quality to this) through the Campaign.
More concerned for the supplies of the Army, than of myself, I am anxious to hear the success of General Heath's negociation with the Eastern States; it is from them alone we expect a regular supply of Beef Cattle, and I flatter myself they are so well acquainted with the circumstances, that they will not disappoint our expectations. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Jersey, June 1, 1781.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 25 Inst. together with the several Enclosures, by your Dragoon the day before yesterday; prior business prevented my dispatching him, untill this time.
It gives me great pleasure to find by the Papers transmitted in your Letter, that no part of the embarrassment and distresses of your Troop is owing to want of attention or care in you; but on the contrary that you have made use of every proper application and exertion to put your Corps on a respectable footing for taking the field with reputation to themselves, and a prospect of advantage to the Public. We have only to lament, that the circumstances have been such, as to prevent your efforts from being attended with the desired success.
I must confess, I can see no reason why the Men of your Troop, if they are considered and credited as part of the quota of Pennsylvania, should not be entitled to the same pay, depreciation of pay, and all other emoluments, which have been granted to the other Troops raised in that State. As it is certainly reasonable, and highly expedient, I cannot but hope the State, or Congress, upon further representation, will take up the matter again, and do something effectual to relieve the present wants of the Corps, as well as make a more permanent provision for the Officers and men of it.
With respect to remounting your dismounted Dragoons, with tolerably good Horses, I fear there will be almost insuperable obstacles in the way. It is true the Quarter Master General has been ordered long since to purchase Horses to mount the several Corps of Cavalry, but the misfortune is, Money has been, and still is wanting. All that can be done at present is to direct him to supply the best Horses in his possession, for this service, untill better can be obtained for you, which I sincerely wish may be soon effected, as I consider your Troop of essential utility to the Army; having had ample experience of their fidelity and promptness in executing their duty on every occasion.
I will rely upon your zeal and activity to do, every thing that can be done, to put the Corps immediately in as good Order as possible for taking the field, the moment you shall receive Orders to March. I am etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 1, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's letter of the 17th ulto. I am sorry that you should have occasion to complain of the treatment of Lieut. Sobbe and Quarter Masr. Hartzog while under the protection of my passport in Philada. You may be assured that it is not my wish to countenance either unpolite or improper behaviour towards Gentlemen in their situation, and that due inquiry shall be made into the reasons of Mr. Bradfords conduct.
A similar indulgence never having been allowed to us, I cannot consent that a Surgeon shall remain with the Hessian prisoners of War, but any Medicines or Hospital Stores which you may incline to send them, shall be carefully kept for their use and dispensed to them occasionally by the Surgeons of our Hospital who are appointed to attend them. I have the Honor etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On June 1 Tilghman wrote to Pickering ordering vessels prepared to transport six companies of Van Schaick's regiment and Hazen's regiment to Albany. Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers. Washington's Diary states that these troops were sent because some intercepted letters gave the British the strength and location of the American troops about Albany and urged the enemy to move rapidly upon that place.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, June 1, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Commanding officers of regiments and brigades are desired to pay particular attention to prevent the soldiers from injuring their hutts when they quit them, and to warn the inhabitants in the vicinity not to meddle with or destroy them.
The six companies of Colonel Van Schaick's regiment at West Point to be ready to move as soon as the Quarter master General has provided Vessels.
The Regimental Quarter Master to apply to the Quarter master general to know when the vessels will be ready and at what place.
New Windsor, June 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: The misterious conduct of the enemy at New York, and their appearance in force (as it is reported to me) at Crown point, with other circumstances unnecessary to detail, renders caution and vigilance extremely necessary at our Posts in the Highlands. I therefore desire that you will not delay a moment after your return to West point and to your command there in obtaining and reporting to me an exact state of the Provision and Water in the different Redoubts; that you will see each of them, especially those wch. are most remote and difficult to support as well supplied as our means will admit with Provision, and that every precaution is taken to prevent injury and waste of it, which I am told is by no means the case at present.
It will also be necessary to have Troops assigned to each work and your disposition for the defence of them so perfectly made as that no confusion or delay may ensue in case of a sudden call. In doing this let there be as little seperation of Corps, and of Men from their Officers, as the nature of the case will admit. The security of the Magazine is an object which requires much care and industry and I recommend it accordingly to your closest attention while you remain at the Post. I am etc.
PS. I believe there is a loud call for more cleanliness in and about the Barracks and Works and recommend a reformation to your particular attention that the health of the Soldiers may be preserved.
New Windsor, June 2, 1781.
Sir: There are certain heavy cannon in the State of Rhode Island which are exceedingly wanted in the proposed operations of the campaign. These have been returned as belonging to the Continent, but it is said some of them are claimed as the property of the State. Your Excellency can determine this matter, and if they are proven the property of the State I must request the loan of as many as will make up the number eight, of those which are not disputed, if there are any of that discription, if not, the whole of the above number.
The importance of the object in view, and the apparent probability of success, will, I am persuaded, induce the State of Rhode Island to comply with this request, especially when it shall be considered that our non success may be attributed to the withholding the means in our possession.
Major Perkins of the artillery, who is at Providence, will receive the cannon and superintend the transportation of them to camp. The situation of the Q. M. General's department, for want of money, will probably oblige him to apply to the State for assistance, which I hope will be given to him, to ensure the transportation of these and other articles which Major Perkins will have orders to bring on from Rhode Island. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: From a contemporary copy in the writing of Henry Knox. The original is in the Frederick S. Peck collection, Providence, R. I.]
New Windsor, June 2, 1781.
Sir: The proposed operations of the campaign will occasion such a demand for heavy cannon and military stores, as to exceed the number and quantity of these articles immediately in possession of the Continent. This insufficiency obliges me to apply to such of the neighbouring States as can afford us any assistance, with a full confidence that the importance of the object and the apparent probability of success will induce a ready compliance, according to their respective abilities.
If the States do not give the assistance requested, the most favorable moment that has happened during the war will be lost, and our weakness be too conspicuous, as well to our Allies as to our enemies.
Upon these principles I apply to the State of Massachusetts for the loan, for the campaign, of 8 pieces of heavy cannon with travelling carriages, either 24 or 18 pounders as may be most convenient and for the delivery of two 13 inch sea mortars which the enemy left at Boston when they evacuated it in 1776. Col. Crane, who is in Boston, will receive and endeavour to transport them to this river. The situation of the Quarter Master's department, for want of money, also constrains me to request the State to give the Dy. Q. Master, and Col. Crane the necessary assistance to forward these and other essential articles.
The urgency of knowing as soon as possible what we shall have to depend upon, induces me to request an immediate answer to this, and my letter of the 25th ulto from Weathers field, respecting the loan of Powder. I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: From a contemporary copy in the writing of Henry Knox.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 2, 1781.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's favor of the 28th. Ulto. I flatter myself the Count de Barras will meet with no interruption on his passage, as I have reason to believe that the British Fleet are off the Hook.
I have deferred writing to your Excellency, in hopes that I should have been able to have learnt, with certainty, whether there was any thing in the report which Genl St. Clair forwarded to me at Weathers field of a further embarkation of troops and an intention to evacuate New York. By the best information which I have received, I do not find that either is in agitation. A Fleet of Merchantmen will sail shortly for Europe.
When at Weathersfield, I gave your Excellency a Sketch of what force I imagined we should be able to bring into the Field this Campaign. As my calculation was founded upon probability and not upon any assurances from the States that they would furnish the Men, I beg your Excellency will not consider that Estimate [as official] or definitive.
Your dispatches for His Excellency the Minister were immediately forwarded.
The opportunity for the entrance of the expected Convoy is so favorable, that I think there is little danger to be apprehended upon this Coast.
General Greene, by letters from him of the 27th. of April, was still before Campden in South Carolina. Lord Rawdon had, on the 25th, made a vigorous sally with his whole force, in which he only succeeded so far as to oblige Genl. Greene to remove a mile or two. Our loss on the occasion was 17 Killed and 96 wounded. The Enemy confess their loss about 200; we brought off about 50 prisoners. General Marion and Colo. Lee had reduced one of the enemy's posts of communication called Fort Watson in which they took 109 prisoners. If Lord Cornwallis does not march to the relief of his Frontier posts in South Carolina more of them will probably fall.
The enemy remained at Petersburgh in Virginia on the 18th. of last month. The Marquis de la Fayette with his detachment lay near them watching their motions. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 3, 1781.
Sir: I am sorry to inform you that one of our Messengers has been taken between this place and Morris Town. Among other dispatches he had that which your Excellency inclosed in yours of the 28th: of May, for the Minister of France. The enemy can gain no material information from my letters, and shall be happy to hear that they will be disappointed in yours.
By letters of the 24th. of May from the Marquis dela Fayette Lord Cornwallis had formed a junction with General Arnold at Petersburg and as a number of Transports with troops had arrived in Hampton Road I take it for granted they were the same which sailed from New York the 13th. of May. With the most perfect respect, etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 27: Of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 3, 1781.
Sir: You will see by adverting to the Resolution of Congress of the 24th of Novr. 1778, what provision they have made respecting the Rank of Officers, who were Prisoners of War. In consequence of which and of a subsequent Resolution, you will be at liberty to Certify to the Authority of the State, the time when Lieut Wattles28 would have been entitled to promotion and the Rank he now would have held in the Regiment, if he never had been made a Prisoner by the Enemy. The appointment will be dated accordingly. I am etc.26
[Note 28: Lieut. Mason Wattles, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Stony Point in June, 1779; exchanged in October, 1780; ranked as a captain from April, 1780; served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 4, 1781.
Sir: I had last Evening the honor of receiving your favor of the 31st. of May by the Duke de Lauzun, who informs me that he is authorized by your Excellency and the Count de Barras to enter into a free communication with me upon the subject of the Council of War held on board the Duke de Burgoyne and to request my opinion upon the propriety of their determination.29
[Note 29: The move of the French squadron to Boston would have been strictly in accordance with the general instructions of the French King.]
I must confess to your Excellency that there is weight in the reasons which are offered for the detention of His Majesty's Fleet in the Harbour of Newport in preference to its going round to Boston, but as I cannot think that it will be as safe in all possible cases in the Harbour of Newport, after the greater part of the French Army has been withdrawn, as it would be in the Harbour of Boston, I must adhere to my opinion and to the plan which was fixed at Weathersfield as most eligible, all circumstances considered. I would not however set up my single judgment against that of so many Gentlemen of experience, more especially as the matter partly depends upon a knowledge of Marine Affairs of which I candidly confess my ignorance. I would therefore [in order to avoid delay] rest the matter upon the following footing. If your Excellency, the Count De Barras, and the other Gentlemen should upon a further consideration of the subject, aided by any new informations which you may have received, still think it most advisable to adhere to the former resolution of the Council, you may make use of the inclosed letters to the Governors of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, which are left open for your inspection. If on the contrary you should change your opinions the letters may be destroyed, as that which was written by me to the Governor of Rhode Island from Weathers field will be sufficient for the purpose of calling out 500 Militia for the present and such further numbers as exigencies may require.
At any rate I could wish that the march of the troops might now be hurried as much as possible. The strides which the Enemy are making to the southward demand a collection of our force in this quarter, that we may endeavour to commence our operations. I know of no measure which will be so likely to afford relief to the southern States in so short a time as a serious menace against New York. This your Excellency may remember was a principal inducement for our undertaking that operation in preference to the other which was spoken of, and I assure you the calls upon me from the southward are so pressing that nothing but seeing our preparations against New York in some degree of forwardness will content them or convince them that they are likely to derive any advantages from the force which they see detained here.
I have forwarded your Excellency's dispatch to the Minister by a Gentleman in the Quarter Masters department. I have the honor etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 4, 1781.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your favor of the 31st: of May. His Excellency The Count De Rochambeau transmitted to me the result of the Council of War held on Board the Duke de Burgoyne; and the Duke de Lauzun, who was kind enough to be the bearer of it, having informed me that he was authorized by your Excellency and the Count de Rochambeau to enter into a free communication with me upon the subject of the deliberations of the Council, and to request my opinion upon the propriety of their determination, I take the liberty, still to recommend the measure of removing His Majesty's Fleet to Boston, as a Port more safe in all possible contingencies than Newport can be after the principal part of the French Land Force shall be withdrawn: But however as I would not wish to oppose my single judgment to that of so many Gentlemen of experience, especially as there is a combination of Marine Affairs, of which I confess my intire ignorance. I have expressed my wish to the Count de Rochambeau that the matter may be again considered and have informed him that if with such aids as the Council of War may possibly acquire from later intelligences, they should still adhere to their opinion, that the Fleet may safely remain in Newport under the protection of 400 french troops and 1000 Militia, I shall be satisfied. I have furnished the Count with letters to the Governors of Massachusetts and Rhode Island which he will make use of as circumstances may require.
I shall be happy to receive a confirmation of the agreeable intelligence brought by Capt. Ledyard.31 I have the honor etc.32
[Note 31: Lieut. Col, William Ledyard, of the Connecticut Militia. He had just returned from Guadaloupe.]
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, June 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: The present conveyance is sudden and unexpected; I have only time therefore to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 29th. Ulto. and to assure you, that I felt a most sensible pleasure, when I heard of your acceptance of the late appointment of Congress to regulate the Finances of this Country. My hand and heart shall be with you, and as far as my assistance will, or can go, command it. We have, I am perswaded, but one object in view: the public good, to effect which, I will aid your endeavours to the extent of my abilities, and with all the powers I am vested.
I shall be happy in a meeting with you and would have wrote you more fully at this time if the bearer was not waiting I could not however refrain from embracing the first oppertunity that offered of expressing the pleasure I felt at hearing, from yourself, that you had entered upon the duties of your office, and to assure you with how much truth and sincerity I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 4, 1781.
Sir: One thousand Militia in addition to four hundred Troops having been deemed necessary to the security of the Fleet in Harbour of Newport after the departure of the Land Forces, I am to request Your Excellency to give orders for Five hundred from the State of Massachusetts to repair to Rhode Island as soon as they shall be demanded by His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau. The State of Rhode Island is to furnish 500 more. They will be put under the command of Brigadier Genl. de Choissy, who will remain in command at Newport. Should any attempt of the Enemy make an additional number of Men necessary, Monsr. de Choissy will call for them and it is my request that his requisition may be complied with. It is uncertain for what time the Militia will be wanted; you will therefore be pleased to have them regularly releived should the time exceed the term which your law enables you to draw them out for. I have the honor &c.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 34: Of the First New York Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 4, 1781.
Sir: You will proceed to Elizabeth Town in New Jersey and make enquiry, in a way to avoid suspicion, whether a certain patrick Smith of Albany is or has been lately in that neighbourhood, or if he has lately found means to go from thence to New York. If you find him in the neighbourhood of Elizabeth Town you will apprehend him and immediately secure any papers he may have about him or at his lodgings. Should he be gone into New York you will endeavour to find the time of his return and wait for him. Should you apprehend him you will bring him up under a Guard, for which you will apply to Colonel Dayton, or Officer commanding the Jersey line.
If you hear nothing of Smith you will return to this place. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, June 4, 1781.
My dear Marqs: I have this moment received information that the letters, of which the inclosed are copies, with other dispatches and the Southern Mail, were taken between this and Morristown and carried, it is supposed, into New York. It is unhappy that the communication is so insecure! and that corrispondencies from one part of the Country to another are liable to such accidents!
I have received your letters of the 24th: Ulto. but cannot, as the Gentn. who bears this to Philadelphia is waiting, do more than acknowledge the safe arrival of them except entreating you not to hazard before nor after your junction with General Wayne a General Action unless you have very sure grounds to do it on. No rational person will condemn you for not fighting with the odds against [you] and while so much is depending on it; but all will censure a rash step if it is not attended with success. adieu I am &c.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 4, 1781.
Sir: In my letter of the 24th. of May from Weathersfield I requested your Excellency to furnish 500 Militia upon the requisition of His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau for the security of the Harbour of Newport. I now confirm that request with this addition: That should Brigadier General de Choissy, who will be left in command at Newport, find, from any movements of the Enemy, a further number of Men necessary, and call upon your Excellency for them, you would be pleased to comply with his requisition. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, June 4, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Accurate Returns of the number of Recruits joined the different state lines and corps of Artillery to the 1st. instant specifying also the number of these returned as unfit for service to be made to the Adjutant General by Thursday next without fail.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: In my Letter of the 28th. Ulto. I informed you of the succours you might expect, if necessary. The six Companies of Van Schaicks Regt. have since sailed, Hazens will follow to morrow. I have now to communicate my sentiments in general respecting the disposition, and application of this force.
It is clearly my opinion, that the reinforcements lately ordered to the Northward should be kept together, as much as circumstances will admit, or at least so near as to be speedily assembled upon an emergency. As is it is not certain, or probable they will be continued permanently in that quarter; and as they are designed while there, to strike the Enemy, should they be so presumptuous as to attempt to penetrate into the Country. It also appears to me that the force on the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, ought not to be so widely scattered as formerly, but stationed in as compact a manner as may be, except such Light Parties, as occasion may require to be kept out. By distributing the Troops, with a view, of protecting every inch of ground, the efficient force is dissipated and lost, and the several Posts are so weakened as to invite the Enemy to enterprize. I wish you therefore to concentre your strength as much as possible at the Points you may judge most expedient; to form a plan of defence for the frontier; and to transmit to me the result of your determination. I am etc.37
[Note 37: In the writing of David Humphreys.
On June 6 Washington wrote a brief order to Lieut, Col. Edward Antill to proceed to Albany and put himself under the orders of Brigadier General Clinton. The above letter to Clinton was forwarded by Antill. The draft of this order is in the Washington Papers.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, June 5, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Colonel Hazen's regiment to embark tomorrow morning at Fishkill landing where transports are provided for them.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolves:
By the United States in Congress Assembled, May 25th, 1781.
The report of the committee on the letter, of the 20 December last, from the Commander in Chief, was taken into consideration, Whereupon,
Resolved, That battalion promotions in the infantry, to the rank of commanding officer inclusive, where such battalion is annexed to any State, shall be in the line of such State:
That in regiments of infantry or legionary corps, not annexed to particular states, promotions to the rank of commanding officer inclusive, be regimental or legionary;
That promotions in the cavalry and artillery, be regimental to the rank of commanding officer inclusive;
That the promoting of battalion officers to the rank of brigadiers, be confined to the following districts in each of which brigadiers, when necessary, shall be made from the senior officer of that district, without regard to any particular State:
That New Hampshire and Massachusetts, be entitled to four brigadiers; Rhode Island and Connecticut, two brigadiers; New York and New Jersey, including Colonel Hazen's regiment, two brigadiers; Pensylvania, two brigadiers; Delaware and Maryland, two brigadiers; Virginia, three brigadiers; North Carolina, one brigadier; South Carolina and Georgia, one brigadier:
That whenever a brigadier shall be wanting for the troops of either of those districts, he shall be made from the senior battalion officer without regarding the State to which he belongs:
That in the cavalry and artillery, brigadiers shall be made from the eldest regimental officers in those corps respectively:
That major generals shall be made from the eldest brigadiers in the army, whether belonging to the infantry cavalry or artillery:
That all brigadiers hereafter to be made, shall have relative rank respecting each other, agreeable to the date of their last battalion commissions, priority of appointment not withstanding:
That Tench Tilghman, esq. receive the commission of lieutenant colonel in the line of the army and take rank from the 1st of April, 1777:
That Doctor James McHenry receive the commission of major in the army of the United States, to take rank from the 30th of October last:
That officers not annexed to any line, serving in the family of the Commander in Chief, and those serving as Aids-de-camps with other general officers, retain the rank they now hold, and shall be eligible to command upon detachments when the Commander in Chief, or commanding officer of a department, shall think proper:
That all officers who are hostages, and are liable to be called for by the enemy, and are not continued in the line of any State, shall be entitled to their full pay until redeemed, and to half pay for life afterward, in the same manner as officers of equal rank reduced by the late arrangement: and that it be recommended to the respective states, in the line of which they were at the time of their becoming hostages, to make good to them their depreciation, and also to pay them such sums as are or may become due to them, and charge the same to the United States:
That lieutenant colonels commandants, of battalions be not considered in different grades from other lieutenant colonels of the line.
The Commander in Chief thinks proper to direct that all Vacancies should be filled to the present time agreeably to the rules of Promotion formerly established. From this period it is expected the foregoing Regulations respecting Promotion will be strictly adhered to throughout the Line of the army.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, June 6, 1781
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Quarter master General is immediately to take measures for drawing together as many Tents and other Camp equipage as will be sufficient to encamp the whole army. He will report to the Commander in Chief when he is ready to make a General delivery that orders may be given accordingly.
The Arrangement of the Corps of Engineers and of Sappers and Miners not having been completed when the regulations for the new Formation of the army were published in General orders on the first of November last is the reason why those corps were not included at that time or mentioned in the rules of promotion published yesterday. But the Honorable the Congress having by their Resolve of the 14th of November last declared that the above mentioned Corps are to be put on an equal establishment with those of other lines, the officers belonging to them are to be considered on an equal footing in their respective ranks with those of Artillery Infantry and Cavalry and are to be respected accordingly.
The Regimental Clothiers of the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut lines are called upon to deliver at the Adjutant General's office by the 15th. instant, accurate returns of the Cloathing drawn and delivered by them to their respective regiments for the present year. The regimental Clothiers of the New York and New Jersey lines and Hazen's regiment will make similar returns within the present month.
Brigadier General Du Portails guard to be immediately augmented to a Serjeant, Corporal and twelve men.
The Adjutant General will tomorrow morning superintend the exercising such of the troops of the Massachusetts line as can be drawn out for 'that purpose. He requests they may be on the Grand Parade at West Point by seven o'clock; the recruits formed into squads greater or smaller agreeable to the proficiency they have made in discipline.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 6, 1781.
Sir: In answer to your Letter of the 2nd Inst. I can only repeat the instruction I gave in mine of the 31st Ulto. for you to draw on your own Return from the Public Stores such Articles as were indispensably necessary to equip your Corps, previous to its marching. I was in hopes that the Assembly of Connecticut, if they gave Orders for the purchase of the Horses, would also make provision for procuring the Equipage agreeably to the Recommendation of Congress.
As to the Article of leather for Saddles &c. I scarcely know what can be done about it. I am informed there are no hides on hand, and contracts to a considerable amount uncomplied with, and that the prospect of a supply of Shoes is not very promising, owing to the great diminution of the number of public Hides, in consequence of our obtaining the salted Beef by a specific Tax, without the Hides. I should imagine the State could from that resource, replace any leather in a little time that Mr Star38 may furnish. If I should undertake to break in upon the general Arrangements of the Board of War and Clothier General, by particular Orders, I fear the inevitable consequence will be, that the whole Army before the close of the Campaign, would be reduced to the necessity of going barefoot: but if there is any public leather, that can be spared without involving this consequence, I shall be ever willing to have it appropriated to the uses you propose; Recommending however the strictest Oeconomy, and that all the Portmanteaus, and other articles of leather formerly drawn should be regularly accounted for.
[Note 38: George Starr, Commissary of Hides of the Continental Army.]
Genl. Knox will give an Order for the Pistols which will be immediately wanted and for more when necessary. Swords I apprehend are not in the public Stores. It is exceedingly to be regretted that the Boots and leather Breeches are of so bad a quality, as to be useless; but there are some drilling Breeches, which possibly may be a good substitute for the latter. I am &c.
P.S. There are some blue Strouds in store at Newburgh which might, by your Regimental Taylors be made into Stable Jackets for those of your Corps, who cannot be otherwise supplied.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 6, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 28th May, with their several inclosures. I have written to the Board of War on the subject of the removal of the Convention troops, and have given it as my opinion, with my reasons, that they had, best for the present, be halted in Pennsylvania. An exchange of those troops, on proper terms, would certainly be a desirable thing, but under present circumstances, I do not think it would be advisable to give the enemy any reinforcement of privates. Every Man they get adds immediately to their force, many of those whom we obtain in exchange are out of their term of service; and consequently lost to us.
It is as much my wish as it can be your Excellency's that General Gates's affair should be brought to a decision. You must be convinced that nothing has been left undone by me to effect that purpose. General Gates informs me, that he cannot think of serving untill the matter shall have been properly investigated, and that he shall retire in the mean time to Virginia. I see no probability of any thing further being done untill there shall be some recess in southern operations.
I hope the Rules of promotion, which Congress have been pleased to establish, will be generally satisfactory. Individuals may be affected by the change of mode, but it will be impossible to devise a plan which will not interfere in some degree with particular interests.40
[Note 40: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "There can be no doubt but Count de Grasse has arrived at Martinicus, as the account is brought to the Eastward and is announced in the New York paper I flatter myself that there has been a meeting between the fleets which has been unfavorable to the British. Your Excellency will judge of this by comparing a paragraph of the inclosed paper with an account brought by Capt. Ledyard to New London, of which I transmit a Copy."]
I send your Excellency by this Conveyance duplicate of my letters of the 30th: May. The original was taken in the last Weeks Mail. The Communication by the post from hence to Philada. has become so dangerous, that I cannot, in future, trust any dispatches of importance by him, and I beg you will observe the same Rule. The parties which are sent out know the exact time at which he may be expected and cannot fail of securing him. They have not the same opportunity of intercepting Expresses, as their times of riding are uncertain. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 6, 1781.
Gentn: I was yesterday honored with your favor of the 25th. ulto. Your first and second reasons for removing the Convention troops from their present places of confinement are unobjectionable; but I think they will be equally safe in Pennsylvania, as they would be in Massachusetts, and, all circumstances considered, I am of opinion that they had best be halted for the present in that State. The Board having been good enough to take my advice upon the subject I will give my reasons for preferring their remaining in Pennsylvania to going further Northward. The first is, the accumulation of expence, trouble and danger of escape by lengthening the march. The second the impossibility of supplying them with Bread in N. England by land transportation, and the inconveniences and expence of doing it by water, even should we procure passports from the British Commander in Chief. The third and a very essential one is, that in our expected operation in this quarter, all the Beef which the Eastern States will be able to procure will be necessary for the subsistence of the French and American Armies, and therefore no additional consumption, if it can possibly be avoided, ought to be imposed upon the Magazines which we are endeavouring to establish. Pennsylvania has furnished a very inconsiderable part of the Meat or Flour required of her by the Resolve of the 4th. November last and may upon that account with more propriety be called upon to support the Prisoners, but independent of that, part of her supplies, taking the general plan of Campaign into contemplation, may with less inconvenience be applied to the purpose I have mentioned than those more northerly or southerly. I have the honor etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose your Excellency a Martinico Gazette of the 3d. of May which announces the arrival of the Count de Grasse and gives an imperfect account of the Action between the Fleets. This was sent to me by the Minister with a desire that it might be forwarded to you. But by intelligence as late as the 8th. of May it appears that the Count, unable to overtake Hood, had returned to Martinico, and that an attempt was immediately to be made upon St. Lucia at which there was a garrison of 1200 British Troops.
Your Excellency will observe a very extraordinary paragraph in the inclosed paper. It is asserted that 5 Ships of the Line, having 42 transports under their Convoy, parted from the main Body of the Fleet and were destined for Rhode Island. Should you have received similar official intelligence, or should you and Mr. de Barras think that such a circumstance is probable, in that case, His Majesty's squadron ought not in my opinion at this moment to leave Rhode Island, but await the reinforcement there. Possibly the despatches for your Excellency and Count de Barras which I forward by this opportunity may throw more light upon the matter and enable you to judge with precision upon the measure which ought to be pursued.43
[Note 43: Washington, after having considered the deliberations of the French naval council of war held on the Duc de Burgogne on May 31, stated to Barras on June 4, that he again recommended Boston as a safer port for the French squadron than Newport, R. I., and desired the matter might be reconsidered. (See Washington's letter to Barras, June 4, 1781.) A council of war was held on board the Neptune on June 8, which adhered to the former determination to remain at Newport.]
Accounts from Virginia are exceedingly alarming. The enemy, having concentred their force are marching thro' the State almost without controul, as the Body of Men under the command: of the Marquis de la Fayette was too small to give effectual opposition. This obliges me again to entreat your Excellency to move this way as soon as circumstances will possibly admit. The reasons which were urged in my last now operate more powerfully in favor of the movement than they did before. I have the honor etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Sir: By a Resolution of Congress of the 31st. of May, 4 Battalions of Infantry, one Company of Artillery consisting of 32 Matrosses and a Corps of Horse consisting of sixty four Dragoons are required of the State of Pennsylvania to serve for three Months from the time of their respectively rendezvousing at the Place or Places directed by me. You[r Excellency] has, no Doubt, been made acquainted that the foregoing Requisition is founded on the alarming Progress which the Enemy are making in Virginia. You will [be pleased] therefore [to] give Orders to the Officers commanding the respective Corps to march by Detachment as they are raised and equipped to whatever Place may be the Head Quarters of the American Army in Virginia or in Maryland (should the Enemy have advanced into that State) and take their further Commands from the General or other commanding Officer. I need but refer You[r Excellency] to the Circular Letter of the President of Congress of the 1st. instant for the Reasons which ought to influence the Exertions [of your State] most particularly at this Moment. I have the Honor etc.45
[Note 45: In the writing of Richard Varick. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington.
The same letter was sent to President Caesar Rodney, of Delaware, calling for I battalion and 32 dragoons, and to Gov. Thomas Sim Lee, of Maryland, calling for 2 battalions and 64 dragoons. These drafts are in the Washington Papers.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 2nd and 3d Inst. I had upon the former complaints exhibited against Colonel Brodhead, and Mr. Duncan the Dep. Qt. Mastr. Genl. at Fort Pitt, directed the proper measures to be taken for calling them to an account, and as the Complainants in the present instance, are principally the same as in the first, they will have an opportunity of bringing and supporting their charges before the Courts which have been already ordered.
I have written to the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware, and have desired them to send the Militia required by the Resolution of the 31st May to Virginia or Maryland as circumstances may require. I must trouble your Excellency to forward the enclosed to the Executives of those States.
Your Excellency's Circular Letter of the 1st Inst.46 cannot, I think, but have a happy effect, unless the States are determined, for want of proper energy, at the moment when they ought most to exert themselves, to lose those advantages which
[Note 46: See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 1, 1781, for the text of this circular.] they have it in their power to secure at the proposed Negociation. A little success on our part will over ballance any exorbitant terms or claims, which the partizans of Great Britain may attempt to impose or demand.
The intelligence from the West Indies which Your Excellency has been pleased to communicate is both interesting and agreeable. Could our generous Allies but once obtain a compleat naval superiority, the happiest consequences would undoubtedly ensue. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Inclosed is a Return of all the Recruits who have joined this Army from the 1st. of January to the 1st. of June amounting to 2574. A few have joined the York Regiments of Infantry and perhaps about 60 the Jersey. Your Excellency will be pleased for the information of Congress to call upon the Board of War for the Monthly return of May in which the above are included. And by deducting from that Return the detachment under the Command of the Marquis de la Fayette. The two Regiments of New York and Hazens Regiment now upon the Northern Frontier, you will be able to form a judgment of my efficient strength at this place and in Jersey.47
[Note 47: in the writing of David Humphreys; the P.S. is in that of Tilghman.]
[Note 48: Maryland Delegates to the Continental Congress.]
New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Gentlemen: I was this day honored with your favor of the 3d. instant. I very sensibly feel not only for the danger to which the States immediately invaded are exposed, but for the general bad consequences which may ensue, if the enemy are permitted, at this time, to gain and hold possession of a part of our Country, and I have been endeavouring to concert such plans with our Allies, as I hope will eventually frustrate the projects which the enemy seem to have in view. Nothing but an adherence to regular plans and Systems can ultimately be attended with salutary effects, and I flatter myself the issue of those now in contemplation will justify the observation.
I have desired the Executives of the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland to send the Corps of Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry, requested by the Resolution of the 31st. of May, to the Head Quarters of the Army in Virginia or in Maryland (should the enemy have advanced into that State) as fast as they are raised and equipped. I cannot promise any further assistance as to Arms and Accoutrements, having already forwarded to the southward all that could possibly be spared of those on hand.
The danger to which letters are exposed upon the communication between this and Philadelphia, renders it unadvisable to enter into details upon paper, but I beg you to be assured, that, the slender means, with which I am yet furnished, shall be directed, to the best of my Abilities, to the general good. To those who are experiencing the calamities of War, all relief only in prospect seems very far off, but I trust the enemy will in the end repent the hasty advance which they are now making. I have the honor etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MD.H.S.]
[Note 50: At this time a Delegate to the Continental Congress for Virginia.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 7, 1781
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 1st. Inst. with the inclosure, this Morning, by the Express, who brought the same Act of Congress of the 31st of May, under Cover from his Excellency the President.
Sensible of the pressing exigencies of the Southern States for succours, I have not hesitated a moment to order, the whole of the seven Battalions of Infantry, together with the Corps of Horse and Artillery which are to be raised in the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, to their Aid: I have written to the Governors of those States to have these troops forwarded by detachment to the Head Quarters of our Army in Virginia, and put under the Orders of the General Officer Commanding there as soon as may be. And I cannot doubt of the exertions of the States on so great and interesting an occasion.
I am only unhappy that it is not in our power to give more immediate and powerful succour at this moment; and beg you to rest assured, that I will still attempt to use the means intrusted to me, in the best manner I am able, to expel the Enemy, from every part of the United States. With sentiments of the highest regard etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Sir: Instantly upon the receipt of this Letter, you will put the whole of your Corps in motion to join the Army; leaving only such Officers and dismounted Dragoons, as are absolutely necessary to collect and bring on the Horses and Equipage which may be provided by the State.
When you have commenced your march (which I should advise to be by the Route of Litchfield towards Peekskill) you will be pleased to send forward and inform me of it; that, if any alteration of circumstances, should require a change in the movement or destination, the necessary Orders may be given. I ametc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I must begin this letter with an apology for having delayed the acknowledgment of your favors of the 16th of Apl. and 2d. of May till this time. and as the best excuses upon these occasions is to confess the truth, honestly, I beg leave to add that, the above letters did not reach my hands till a day or two before my departure for Weathersfield; that I did not return from that place till the 26th., and that to make the necessary arrangements consequent of the plan there agreed on have employed my time pretty much since.
The freedom of your communications is highly pleasing to me. the portrait you have drawn of our Affairs is strictly agreeable to the life, and you do me but justice in supposing that my Mind is fortified against, or rather prepared for, the most distressing Accts. that can be given of them; it would not be the part of friendship therefore to conceal any circumstance from an unwillingness to give pain, especially as the knowledge of them to a man determined not to sink under the weight of perplexities may be of the utmost importance. But we must not despair; the game is yet in our own hands; to play it well is all we have to do, and I trust the experience of error will enable us to act better in future. A cloud may yet pass over us, individuals may be ruined; and the Country at large, or particular States, undergo temporary distress; but certain I am, that it is in our power to bring the War to a happy conclusion.
My public letters to Congress, and in a more especial manner, my private communications to Governor Rutledge, will bring you fully acquainted with the situation of things in this quarter, and the prospects before us; how far we shall be able to extricate ourselves from the first and realize the latter, time only can shew. I have great expectations from the appointment of Mr. Morris, but they are not unreasonable ones; for I do not suppose that by Art magick, he can do more than recover us, by degrees, from the labyrinth into which our finance is plunged.
I am very sorry for the disagreeable situation of our suffering Soldiery at Charles Town, and wish they could be relieved without adding to the pressure under which we at present groan. How far it is in General Greene's power to liberate, by exchange, our Prisoners in that quarter I know not; but all the authority I can give to do this he has, reserving the Troops of Convention from his disposal. With these I have plague enough; in a late interview between the two Commissaries of Prisoners, Mr. Loring refused to exchange General Burgoyne unless the prisoners taken at the Cedars are allowed for, which is opposed by a resolve of Congress. and has actually refused to pay a debt of Privates which three Months ago he promised to do.
Mrs. Washington who has been very unwell for some time past joins me in respectful complimts. to Mrs. Matthews. I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: At the same time I again inform you of the almost infinite importance it is, to have the Boats in immediate readiness for use, I must request and intreat, that no exertions on your part may be wanting to put them instantly in that state; if there is any thing in my power which will tend to expedite this so necessary business, I wish to be informed, that measures may be taken accordingly.
I wish also you will acquaint me, with the means, that have been made use of, to transport the Arms and accoutrements to the Southward, whether they have all been forwarded as yet, from this place, under what circumstances, under whose care, and with what prospect of their being expeditiously transported and safely delivered. It is a matter of the greatest consequence to the Southern States, which are in danger of being over run and ruined for the want of Arms. I am etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: Govr. Rutlidge did me the favr to present me with your letter of the 31st. Ulto, and on my return from Weathersfield I met your other favor of the 16th. What with few aids at present, and a multiy. of business, my time has been so constantly occupied, that It has not been in my power to acknowledge the receipt of the above letters before, and now I must be hasty and indigested in my answers.
Hesitate not a moment to believe, that I am prompted by every motive which public duty, inclination, and private interest can dictate to afford every assistance in my power to the distressed States to the Southward. Virginia in particular; but to require Brick without straw was the complaint of old time. My Letter to Congress of this date, gives you the number of Men which have joined the Army since the first of Jany, under the requisitions of October. And the General return, sent to the Board of War by Govt. Rutlidge, for the Month of May; in which all those recruits are included; all the Men composing the detachment of the Marquis la Fayette; the Garrison's at Wyoming, Albany, &ca. are also included in the total of that return; judge you therefore of my ability to afford, at this moment, effectual aid, from the remainder, to the Southward, especially when there are appearances of something serious upon the Northern Frontier of this State, from Canada.
It is much the desire of the Govr. of Virginia, as appears by his Letter of the 28th. Ulto, that I should, in person, repair to that State; it is also the expressed wish of many of my friends, and no body I perswade myself can doubt my inclination to be immediately employed in the defence of that Country, where all my property and Connexion's are; but there are powerful objections to my leaving this Army, at this time, but neither time, nor prudence, will allow me to go into a detail of them on paper; one only I will name, which is, that no other person has power to command the French Troops who are now about to form a junction with this Army. let it suffice for me to add, that I am acting on the great scale. that temporary evils must be endured where there is no remedy at hand; that I am not without hopes the table may be turned; but these being contingent, I can promise no more than my utmost exertions; and that I am etc.
Hd. Qrs., New Windsor, June 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive the letter wch. you did me the favor to write on the 19th. Ulto, and thank you for the extract taken from the letter of Mr Lee54 of Feby. 20th. The information contained in it is important, and went to
[Note 54: William Lee.] some matters which were new to me. I suspt. with you, that Mr. Lee is rather too sanguine in his expectation of a Genl Peace, within the year; but he accompanys it with a recommendn. to vigs. exerts. the most likely means to effect it, but which I fear will not have its due weight in the Minds of the People especially if the idea of Peace once takes hold of them. I have the honr. etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, June 7, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Troy Lee, a soldier in the 5th. Massachusett's regiment, tried5th. June 1781 by a General court martial whereof Lieutenant Colonel Badlam was President for "repeated Desertion, changing his name and inlisting into the Hampshire line," was found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Sir: I am exceedingly obliged to Your Excellency for your interesting Communication of the 1st. instant. The Martinico Paper has been forwarded to the Count de Rochambeau.
As You promise me the Pleasure of your Company the first Leizure Moment You can find, I shall defer entering upon a Detail of public Affairs, until I shall have the Happiness of a personal Conversation. Indeed the Accidents which have lately befallen several of our Messengers between this Place and Philadelphia makes one extremely cautious of trusting any Thing of Importance to paper.
I presage the happiest Consequences from the Appointment of a Gentleman of Mr. Morris's Character and Abilities to the Superintendance of our Finance. I wait impatiently for his making me the Visit which he proposes, as many very essential Matters in the Operations of the Campaign will [depend] upon the Assistance which he will be able to afford us. I beg you to be assured that I am &c.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Richard Varick. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang. Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6. The word in brackets is supplied from the draft, which is in the writing of Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, June 8, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
On the entreaty of his Friends and the intercessions of a number of gentlemen the Commander in Chief is pleased to pardon William King of the first New York regiment now under sentence of Death for Desertion.
Jonathan Trumbull, Esqr., Junior, is appointed Secretary to the Commander in Chief and to be respected accordingly.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor to receive your Favor of the 29th Uto. and have to assure you that I shall be very happy in a Confirmation of the very agreeable account you mention of the Success likely to attend the Arms of His Catholic Majesty under the command of his General Don Galvez56 at Pensacola.
[Note 56: Gov. Bernardo de Galvez, of Louisiana.]
Having nothing of particular Importance to communicate, I have the Honor etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I was duly favored with your Letter of the 15th of May, and have just now had the pleasure to receive that of the 29th. I entreat you not to relinquish or relax your sollicitations and importunities until the great objects of Your Mission are fully accomplished. As the plan of the Campaign is now settled upon the presumption of the success of your Applications, a failure in the smallest degree on the part of the States will involve us in the deepest distress, and probably frustrate every advantage we might otherwise obtain. I only wish the Legislatures may be impressed with these Ideas, and stimulated to exertions proportioned to the occasion.
The salted provisions at Springfield were included in those, which were designed to be immediately transported to the Army, that is, to the nearest point of embarkation on the North River. I wish that the transportation of these, as well as the supplies of Rum and Cloathing may be expedited as much as possible. Not a drop of Rum has yet come on, and the Physicians report that the Artificers (who labour exceedingly hard) are falling sick for want of it, besides you must be sensible, that it is extremely necessary for other purposes.
As to summer Cloathing, I request you to make known to the States, that almost every article in the public Store, which was of any value, has been sent on to the Southern Army, and that there is no other possible Alternative, but for the Troops to be provided with it, by their own States, or become literally naked.
I am persuaded you will not lose sight of the supply of Beef Cattle, called for from the Eastern States, nor give a Moment's quiet to them, untill ample provision is made for obtaining the whole of it. The Means of transportation are equally important.
A quantity of Cloathing (about 2000 Suits) having arrived at Boston from Spain, you will be pleased to give Orders, to the Dep. Quartr. Genl. to have it forwarded immediately to the Army the Packages must not be broken. In case teams cannot be procured to transport the whole, at least 1000 Suits compleat with the same number of Hats and a proportion of Serjeants' Coats must be sent on; the Coats, Waistcoats, and Breeches should be divided by their size, into three distinct parcels, viz, the largest, Midling, and smallest, and marked accordingly. I request you to pay particular attention to it, and to make application to the State for the Means of conveyance (should the Quarter Master be unable to provide Teams) but I should suppose the Ox Teams hired for the Campaign might be made use of for the purpose. [A conductor shd. come with the Cloathing to prevent waste and delay in the transportation.]
You may be assured, that you will not be forgotten in the Arrangements for the Campaign, and that I am &c.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The sentence in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Sir: Mr Kirkland has delivered me your Letter of Yesterday with one from B Genl Patterson, respecting King under sentence of Death. In Consequence of the Solicitations in his Favr. I have consented that he shall be pardoned for his Offence, and not subjected to the Execution of his Sentence; his release from Service for obvious Reasons is not admissible. You will be pleased to send him by the first good Opportunity to his Regiment in Albany.
John Henesey a Soldier of the 2d N York Regiment, you will be pleased to send under a proper Guard to Albany, to the Direction of Brigr Genl Clinton, by him to be brot to Execution, or pardoned, as the Genl on Consideration of Circumstances, shall think proper. Inclosed is the Proceedings of the Court Martial of the 5th. June instant; the Sentence against Troy Lee being approved. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I enclose to you the application of the State of New Jersey for Ammunition, also General Cornell's Letter informing what quantity may be expected from the Eastward, and request your opinion of the expediency of granting any to that State, and in that case how much?
I wish also to be advised, what has been done respecting Plank for the Platforms, and whether it will be necessary to have arrangements made with the Quarter Master Genl for procuring that Article. With great esteem etc.
P.S. Be pleased to return the perusal.60
[Note 60: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Sir: I this day received your favors of the 20th. and 21st. of May by Capt. Randolph and am sorry to find that your intended expedition against Detroit stands upon so precarious a footing. When Govr. Jefferson first proposed the plan to me he only asked for the Artillery and Stores and an Artillery Officer, but as I wished to give every support in my power to the undertaking which I deemed of great public import, I ordered Colo. Brodhead to detach Captain Craig with his whole Company of Artillery and as many Men from the 8th. Penna. and 9th. Virginia Regts. as he could safely spare. That command I did not imagine could amount to more than a Captain's or Major's at most. Your present request of augmenting the number of Continental Troops to the whole of the 9th: Regiment and Heath's61 independent Company is what I cannot think myself at liberty to comply with, as, as it would be leaving the post of Pittsburgh in too defenceless a state to resist any attempt of an open enemy, to say nothing of the disaffected in the Vicinity, who, from intelligence which comes from the same Quarter as that which I communicated to you, are numerous and ready to join the enemy whenever an opportunity offers.
[Note 61: Capt. Henry Heth (Heath).]
You have not advised me of the number of Militia on which you can depend if the expedition goes forward, neither can Captn. Randolph give me any certain information on the subject. This, were there no other reason, would make me very unwilling to give an order for the number of Continental troops now requested, as I could not answer it to myself nor to my Country should the expedition fail and it should herewith after be found that it was owing to its having been undertaken fewer Men than such an object required. I feel not only for the public disappointment, but for your own, as I doubt not but you had the Affair much at heart; and that you would have executed it with your usual ability and address had you been able to have found the means. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Sir: Since I saw you at Weathersfield I have recd. yours without date. I met so many people on the road as I returned to this place who had been discharged under one pretence or other that I immediately issued orders to discharge no more except there were visible marks of imbecility, or their extreme youth should render them of no kind of service. If you can yet apprehend any of those who have imposed upon the Mustering Officer here by pretending to complaints which they have not, you will be pleased to secure them and send them back. It will undoubtedly disgust those Classes by whom such persons have been furnished at great Bounties, to see them set at liberty; but where the Men are clearly unfit for the service they can have no ground of complaint. I am &c.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 30th of May, and sincerely felicitate you on the prospect of your being speedily exchanged. Your desire of entering into activity of service immediately upon your release from captivity, is truly laudable, and like your former conduct merits approbation.
From the opinion I entertain of your abilities and zeal for the cause of America, I am persuaded essential aid might be desired from your service in either of the different employments which have been suggested; but I know that Colonel Armand is in full expectation that you would be arranged to his Legion, as the Board of War had made such a Report to Congress, which was referred to me and received my approbation in January last. I am sensible, he would be greatly disappointed, should you, when exchanged, go into any other department; and indeed it appears to me, that while Col Armand is abroad, attempting to procure Cloathing and Equipage for his Corps, it will be highly necessary for a Gentleman of your Rank, Ability, and attention, to superintend and keep together the remains of it. I should therefore advise, that upon your liberation from captivity, and appointment to this command, you would proceed and take charge of it accordingly. If at the same time (as Virginia is now the theatre of War) you can be more active or useful in the inspection or any other line; you have my entire consent, and wish for your success and glory. I am &c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Gentlemen: I am honored with yours of the 1st. instant inclosing Colo. Brodheads representation of the State of Affairs to the Westward, which I make no doubt are in much the same situation as those in every other quarter.
If the requisitions for Men and supplies are not in any tolerable degree complied with by the States it is impossible for me to furnish Garrisons for the Frontier posts and support them. I have long foreseen the danger to which the Western Frontier would be exposed and have made proper representations to Congress and the State of Pennsylvania. The president and Council assert that Colo. Brodheads complaints in respect to Provision, Flour especially, are not well founded. Why the 8th. Pennsylvania Regiment should have been neglected while the others have been so amply furnished with Cloathing I cannot say, but I can, under our present circumstances, only recommend it to the State to endeavour to make a provision for them, as the Continental Magazine, after what has gone to the southward, is exhausted of every Article fit for the Season.
As it seemed the public wish that the Expedition of Colo. Clarke against Detroit should be supported, I gave orders to Colo. Brodhead to deliver him a certain quantity of Artillery and stores and to detach Capt. Craig with his Company of Artillery, as there were neither Officers or Men of the Virginia Militia acquainted with that kind of service. I recommended also a small detachment of Continental Troops from the 8th. Penna. and 9th. Virginia Regiments, but it was at the discretion of the Commandant and in case they could be safely spared. I mentioned that I did not imagine the command could exceed that of a Major and perhaps not of a Captain. If, therefore, Colo. Brodhead saw that the post could not be defended if such a detachment of Infantry was made, he was justifiable by the spirit of my order in not sending it.
If Colo. Clarke should be able to prosecute his plan I am of opinion that he will draw the whole attention of the enemy to the support of Detroit, and upon that presumption I thought the Artillery and Stores might be spared. If he should not, matters remain as they were.
Upon the whole, Gentlemen, you must be convinced from your very intimate knowledge of our military Affairs that it is out of my power to send any reinforcement to the Westward. If the States would fill their continental Battalions we should be able to oppose a regular and permanent force to the enemy in every quarter. If they will not, they must certainly take measures to defend themselves by their Militia however expensive and ruinous the System. I have the honor etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Qrs., New Windsor, June 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your Excellency's favors of the 9th. and 28th. of May. The progress which the enemy are making in Virginia is very alarming not only to the State immediately invaded but to all the rest, as I strongly suspect, from the most recent European intelligences, that they are endeavouring to make as large seeming conquests as possible that they may urge the plea of uti possidetis in the proposed mediation. Your Excellency will be able to judge of the probability of this conjecture from the Circular letter of the President of Congress of the 1st. Inst.
Were it prudent to commit a detail of our plans and expectations to paper I could convince Your Excellency by a variety of reasons that my presence is essential to the operations which have lately been concerted between the French Commanders and myself and which are to open in this quarter provided the British keep possession of New York. There have lately been rumours of an evacuation of that place, but I do not place confidence in them.
Should I be supported by the Neighbouring States in the manner which I expect, the enemy will, I hope, be reduced to the necessity of recalling part of their force from the Southward to support New York or they will run the most eminent risque of being expelled with a great loss of Stores from that Post which is to them invaluable, while they think of prosecuting the War in America, and should we, by a lucky coincidence of Circumstances, gain a Naval superiority their ruin would be inevitable. The prospect of giving relief to the Southern States by an operation in this quarter, was the principal inducement for undertaking it. Indeed we found upon a full consideration of our Affairs in every point of view, that, without the command of the Water it would be next to impossible for us to transport the Artillery, Baggage, and Stores of the Army to so great a distance and besides, that we should loose at least one third of our force by desertion, Sickness, and the heats of the approaching Season even if it could be done.
Your Excellency may probably ask whether we are to remain here for the above reasons should the enemy evacuate New York and transfer the whole War to the Southward? To that I answer66 that we must, in such case, follow them at every expence, and under every difficulty and loss; but that while we remain inferior at Sea, and there is a probability of giving relief by diversion (and that perhaps sooner than by sending reinforcements immediately to the point in distress) good policy dictates the trial of the former.
[Note 66: At this point the draft, which is in the writing of Tilghman, has the following inserted by Washington: "without hesitation."]
Give me leave before I take leave of your Excellency in your public capacity to Express the obligations I am under for the readiness and Zeal with which you have always forwarded and supported every measure which I have had occasion to recommend thro' you, and to assure you that I shall esteem myself honored by a continuation of your friendship and corrispondence shou'd your Country permit you to remain in the private walk of life. I have the honor etc.
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 9, 1781.
Dr. Sr: I am honored with your Excellency's favor of the 1st Inst. Upon examining the state of Ammunition, with reference to the proposed Operations, it is found impossible to furnish more than 15000 Musket Cartridges for the use of the State of New Jersey; especially at a time, when we are obliged to sollicit a loan of Powder from the Eastern States, and when the supply of lead in possession of the Public is very incompetent to our wants.
It is unnecessary to mention to your Excellency, that the strictest oeconomy should be enforced, in the distribution and expenditure of so essential an Article. With great respect etc.
P.S. An Order for the Cartridges is inclosed.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: It gave me great Pleasure to learn by yours of the 26th. ulto. that you had marched from York Town, tho' I was somewhat disappointed as to your Numbers,68 as I had been made to expect they would be considerably larger. Sudden and exemplary Punishments were certainly necessary upon the new Appearance of that daring and mutinous Spirit which convulsed the Line last Winter,69 and nothing will make me
[Note 68: Wayne marched with a little over 700 fit for duty out of a force of over 900.]
[Note 69: William Smith Livingston, formerly a lieutenant colonel in Samuel Blatchley Webb's Additional Continental regiment, wrote to Webb (May 28, 1781):
"There has been a Mutiny in the Pennsylvania Line at York Town previous to their Marching. Wayne like a good officer, quell'd it soon as Twelve of the Fellows steped out and perswaded the Line to refuse to March in Consequence of the Promises made them to them not being complied with. Wayne told them of the Disgrace they brought on the American Arms while in Jersey in general, and themselves in particular. That the feelings of the Officers on that Occasion were so wounded that they had determined never to experience the like and that he beg'd they would now fire either on him and them, or on those Villains in front. He then called to such a Platoon. They presented at the Word, fired and killed six of the Villains. One of the others badly wounded he ordered to be Bayonetted. The Soldier on whom he called to do it, recovered his Piece, and said he could not for he was his Comrade. Wayne then drew his Pistol and told him he would kill him. The fellow then advanced and bayonetted him. Wayne then marched the Line by Divisions round the Dead and the rest of the fellows are ordered to be hang'd. The Line marched the next Day Southward; Mute as Fish." (See Correspondence of Samuel B. Webb (N.Y.: 1893), vol. 2, p. 341.)] happier than to hear that good Order and Discipline have since prevailed.
I cannot finally accept the Resignations of the Gentlemen whose Commissions You forwarded, before the Vouchers from their Regimental Paymasters and from the Paymaster General and Auditor of the Army are lodged with me, to shew that they are not indebted to the Public.
I earnestly wait to hear of your safe Junction with the Marquis de la Fayette. I am etc.70
[Note 70: In the writing of Richard Varick.]
[Note 71: President of Dartmouth College.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 9, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 25th. of May, and have paid due attention to the business recommended therein.72
[Note 72: See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Jacob Bayley, June 9, 1781, post.]
Pleased with the specimen you have given in Mr Vincent,73 of the improvement and cultivation which are derived from an education in your Seminary of Literature, I cannot but hope the Institution will become more flourishing and extensively useful. With due respect etc.74
[Note 73: Lewis Vincent, a Canadian Indian of the Lowtso Tribe.]
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 9, 1781.
Sir: I have reed. your favors of the 14th. 24th. and 27th. of May by Mr. Vincent, to whom I have delivered the pay of the St. Francois Indians agreeable to the Rolls which were sent by him. It was not in my power to consider him as a Lieutenant. Indeed the number of Officers which had been already appointed were more than sufficient for so few Men. If you will make me a return by the first opportunity of the number of Indian Women and Children the Cloathier at Springfield or Boston shall have orders to furnish them with a few Articles proper for them.
You ought to be very careful of those persons who come from the enemy under the appearance of deserters, it is more than probable that some of them are spies.
I some time ago recd. your favor of the 26th. of February, on the subject of the claims of New York and Vermont. That matter is now before Congress, by whom it can only with propriety be discussed and settled. I am &c.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 9, 1781.
Sir: Lewis Vincent the Bearer of this tells me he hath had the Expectation of being paid a Lieut of the Corps of Indians, for whom he has received Pay; the Number of that Corps is so small that I could not by any means allow pay for any more Officers than are inserted in the Pay Roll; he importunes me for a present of the Horse which he rides here: as I am unacquainted with his particular Deserts, I have referred him to you; and you will be pleased to give him the Horse if you shall think his merits have intitled him to such Reward. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 9, 1781.
Gentlemen: Inclosed is a list of promotions due upon the resignation of Colo. procter and an account of Vacancies in the 2d. and 3d. Regiments of Artillery. These promotions are agreeable to the mode of preferment established previous to the Resolve of the 25th. of May. You will oblige me by having the Commissions immediately made out and all but Lt. Colo. Carringtons77 forwarded here. I have the honor etc.78
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Edward Carrington, of the First Continental Artillery. He was deputy quartermaster general, Southern Department, to the close of the war.]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, June 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: Mr. Randolph79 delivered me your letter of the 23rd. Ulto. and some time ago I was favoured with another from you. give me leave to thank you most sincerely for yr. kind attention to my Interest, and to assure you that I shall ever hold in grateful recollection your friendly endeavors to serve me.
[Note 79: Capt. David Meade Randolph(?), of the Virginia State regiment.]
My whole time is, and has been since I came into the Service, so much engrossed by the public duties of my station, that I have totally neglected all my private concerns, which are declining every day, and may, possibly, end in capital losses, if not absolute ruin, before I am at liberty to look after them.
With respect to the round bottom, I can give little or no information; as far as a bad Memory serves me (for I have no papers by me to refer to), I located it in the Office of Mr. Thoms. Lewis, Surveyor of Augusta, and laid some rights, which I had purchased, upon it, to the amount of the contents of your Survey but what has been done in the matter since, I know not, nor am I quite certain that all I have hear said was actually done. If without giving yourself much trouble you could enquire into this matter, and pursue the necessary measures to secure this Land for me I shall acknowledge it as an act of kindness; will repay any expence you may be run to in the prosecution of the business; and make grateful returns when it is in my power to do so. I could wish to obtain a Patent for it, after obviating other claims; for I have heard, I think, that there is a caveat to prevent my obtaining a Patent.
Can you tell me how matters stand with respect to my Racoon Tract? Are the People who live on it still unconvinced of my havg. a Patent for it? If on the contrary they know, or believe, that I have such a Patent, what do they propose to do in that case? It is hard upon me, to have property which has been fairly obtained, disputed and withheld; on the other hand, if the Settlers on the Land, either through ignorance or disbelief of its being mine, have made improvements of value thereon and wish to live on and enjoy them, I would agree that they should remain Seven years longer upon their respective Plantns. on terms which should in their own eyes appear moderate and easy, even if it amounted to nothing more than a bear acknowledgt. subject nevertheless at the expiration of that term to such reasonable Rents as the Land and Improvemts. are worth; and shall be adjudged just for both Landlord and Tenant. Upon these terms I would give Leases for lives, or a great length of years; provided also (in the latter case especially) some mode can be adopted to let the value of the Rents every Seven or ten years, be so raised as to bear some proportion to the increased value of the Land.
I shall thank you for giving me information respecting this matter, and the round bottom; in general, what situation my landed affairs in that Country are in; it not being impossible nor yet very unlikely (as I can give no attention to them myself) that my other Patented Lands may be settled upon and claimed in the same way as that is on Racoon. I pray you also to be so kind as to let me know how Simpson80 employs his time, his force, and my Mill. He has not that I can hear of rendered any acct. or paid one farthing for the profits of my Mill or share of the Plantation since he has been on the Land, which is poor encouragement for me to leave my property in his hands. Does the boundary as it is settled between Virginia and Pensylvania affect the property of those Lands which were surveyed and Patented in Virginia, but which by the late line are thrown into Pensylvania? This, I believe, is the case with respect to my Tract on Racoon Creek if no more of it.
[Note 80: Gilbert Simpson.]
I shall hope to receive a long and full Acct. from you on the several matters contained in this letter by the first safe oppertunity. Should Genl. Clark be able to prosecute his intended expedition and you accompany him I sincerely wish you success in the enterprize and health to encounter the fatigues of it. My best wishes attend you, Mrs. Crawford and family; and I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: I wish to know whether Gen. Du Portail has made any arrangements with you, respecting Planks for Platforms, and in that case, what measures have been taken in consequence. General Du Portail will be able to inform what number of feet will be wanted, and General Knox, at what Mills, and by what mode they may be procured.
I inclose a Copy of the Estimate of Articles, which will be required from your Department by the Engineer, and which you will be pleased to have provided.
The preparation of the Boats is still an object of great concern to me. I desire an immediate and accurate Return of all the public Boats from Albany to Dobb's Ferry may be made, properly Classed and specifying 1st. those actually fit for service. 2dly. Such as are repairable and repairing, and 3dly. those which are irrepairable. It is my intention that the whole of the Boats now fit for use should be instantly collected at West Point. The Adjutant General upon your requisition will furnish a party for the purpose. If the tar necessary for the repair of the Others which was expected to be sent from Albany, has not yet arrived; I should not hesitate on such an occasion to take it wherever to be found, upon the Governor's impress Warrant, or my own. A few Artificers (if necessary) might be drawn from the line, to give a rapid completion to this interesting business. I am &c.
P.S. If you should know of an opportunity to Boston before the Post goes, be good enough to inform me of it.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, June 10, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Whilst the Troops continue in their present position the Adjutant General will attend the exercising of the Connecticut Line on Mondays and Thursdays; of the Troops on Westpoint on Tuesdays and Fridays, and at the Hampshire huts on Saturdays.
The Commanding officer or Inspector of the Connecticut Line will please to fix on a spot of ground for Exercise and send a person to the landing between six and seven o'clock tomorrow morning to conduct the Adjutant General to it.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: In consequence of repeated intelligence from the Northward, that the Enemy were assembled in force, to make an incursion on our frontier, I ordered Col. Hazen's Regt. and the six Companies of Col. Van Schaick's to Albany: since which I am informed that the number of the Enemy was inconsiderable, and that those Troops, are supposed, to have been drawn together near the frontier, for the purpose of enabling their Recruits from amongst us, to join them, with more safety and facility, than they could have done without such a protection. If this is the fact, it is to be regretted, the Reinforcement was sent, at a time when every Man was exceedingly wanted here, and when the absence of such a Corps, will be a great impediment to our preparations, and may be a considerable obstacle to the success of the Operations in contemplation. The Troops may however remain untill further Orders; but I would have them (agreeably to my Letter of the 5th. Inst.) kept so near together, and in such constant readiness for a movement; that they might be withdrawn at a moments Notice.
I hope before this time, the distresses of your Troops for Provision, are relieved. The salted Meat at Springfield is ordered on, (if you are still in want) possibly it might be expedient to take some Measures with the Quarter Master, at that place, to avail yourself of this supply. Mr. Phelps will also furnish a proportion of the Beef Cattle procured in that State. At the same time let me recommend to you, in the most earnest manner, that the greatest oeconomy should be practised in the distribution, and consumption of Provision; especially that you would attend minutely to the issues of it, and have such effectual checks established, as to prevent a single Ration from being issued to any person whatever, who is not properly entitled to it. A similar Regulation for this Army, is under consideration, and will be immediately adopted. I am etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am this moment favored with yours of the same date, together with the Report of the Board of Officers, appointed to inspect Provisions.
If there are any Blunderbusses and Swivels, I have no objection that Captain Pray83 should be furnished with them, 'tho I think, that vigilance and attention will be his surest protection against the Enemy.
[Note 83: Capt. John Pray, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He was in command of guardboats in the Hudson, and served to June, 1783.]
I have to request that you will be pleased to attend at Head Quarters tomorrow Morning at ten OClock, and that you will forward the inclosed Notes to the Genl Officers to whom they are severally addressed. With great regard etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, June 12, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A Serjeant, Corporal, and twelve privates to be sent immediately as a guard to Lord Stirling's Quarters at deacon Brewster's one and a half mile north of General Knox's quarters and to be relieved weekly.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I recd. your favr. of the 8th. Inst. by Colonel Reade.85 Before I can give any opinion upon the propriety of his claim to the Rank of full Colonel, I must be informed by what means his present Commission came to be dated on the 5th. of March 1778, as Colo. Hale,86 to whom he succeeded, did not die till long after.
[Note 85: Lieut. Col. George Reid (Reade, Reed), of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 86: Col. Nathan Hale, of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He had been taken prisoner at Hubbardton in July, 1777, and died in September, 1780, while in captivity.]
I never heard that Colo. Hale had been displaced at any time previous to his death, consequently I cannot understand how the Vacancy on the 5th. of March happened. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I now forward to you, a Duplicate of my letter of the 5th. of May, lest you should have missed receiving the Original, in your route from Fort Pitt to Philadelphia.
Since that Letter was written, Many Papers have been received tending to criminate your conduct. I have directed Mr Fowler who seems principally concerned in the prosecution, to specify the Charges, and obtain such testimony as he is able and thinks proper to support them. It will be necessary for you to be present at the time when these depositions are taken; I should therefore advise you to return to Fort Pitt for that purpose, as nothing can be done respecting the Trial, untill all the preparations are previously made. I am &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, June 12, 1781.
Sir: I wrote you under the 5th of May last respecting a Number of Charges and Accusations exhibited thro the President of Congress against Colo Brodhead; since which I have received thro' the same Channel which conveyed the former, a fresh Number of Exhibits, Depositions and Complaints, on the same Head, in which your Name appears. As this Matter seems to involve a Variety of Crimination, and in its present State appears very diffuse; and in its Prosecution before a Court Martial must be attended with great Trouble and Expence, I have to request that you will make a particular Stating of all the Matters of Charge and Accusation against the Colo; brot into one clear Point of View, with the several Allegations and Supports properly arranged; that the whole may be attended to under one comprehensive Prospect.
The particular Mode for obtaing and forwardg the Evidences which are to be taken in the Case has been already pointed out in the abovementioned Letter of the 5th. ulto.
On Compliance with the above Order a Court Martial will be instituted, when I hope this troublesome Affair will have an Issue. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
New Windsor, June 12, 1781.
The Commander in chief informed the Board, that the principal Reason for his calling them together was, to make them acquainted with the Plan of Operations concerted between his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau and himself at their late Meeting at Weathersfield. He requested that they would at all Times in the Course of those Operations, give him their Advice and Opinions, individually, without Hesitation or reserve, assuring them, that he should ever receive them with Thankfulness and that, altho Circumstances or other Considerations might sometimes lay him under the Necessity of taking Measures different from what might be proposed, he hoped that would be no Impediment to their still continuing to comunicate to him their Ideas.
The Commander in Chief urged to the Board the necessity of oeconomising Provisions, and recommended to the Generals, particularly the Brigadiers, the Necessity of inspecting the Returns made by their Commissaries upon every drawing Day, in Order to see that the Quantity of Rations drawn did not exceed the Number to which the Brigade was strictly intitled; assuring them that he should, in future, look upon them as answerable for any Irregularities upon this Head. He here took Occasion to state to the Board, generally, the present System of the Departments of Commissaries General of Purchases and Issues, and shewed the Impossibility of their being, upon their present Plan, a Check, as was intended, upon each other, and wished the Board to take the Matter into Consideration and report any Method which appeared to them more likely to answer the End proposed. He also desired them to take the following Matters into Consideration and report upon them accordingly.
1st: A Plan for the regular Inspection of the Magazines of Provisions; that the State of Provisions may not only be constantly known, but that the Commissaries may be called to account for any Damage which may appear, owing to their negligence.
2d: Whether the Number of issuing posts to the northward of Virginia (agreeable to a return which will be laid before them by the Comy. General) appear to them necessary. If they do not; pointing out which, in their Opinions, ought to be abolished.
3d: A plan for Baking for the Army drawn up by General Knox.
4th: The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed to any given Number of Men, and to whom Rations shall be allowed.
5th: What Officers of the Staff shall be allowed to draw Waiters from the Line of the Army.
6th: Whether it will be safe during our Advance towards N York, and while we are operating against that place, to trust the posts at Kings ferry and West point to the following Garrisons, composed of the weakliest and worst Men, but who are always to remain in the Works assigned them.
7th: How soon will it be adviseable to encamp the Army. and what Place will it be best to draw them together in the first Instance.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. Members present, besides the Commander in Chief, were Major Generals Stirling, Howe, Parsons, McDougall; Brigadier Generals Knox, Paterson, Hand, Huntington, and Du Portail. The general officers replied (June 13) to these queries in a 6-page folio document. This reply is in the Washington Papers.]
New Windsor, June 13, 1781.
My dear Chevr: I fear, from the purport of the letter you did me the honor to write from N: Port on the 9th, that my sentiments respecting the Council of War held on board the Duke de Burgoyne the 31st. of May have been misconceiv'd, and I shall be very unhappy if they receive an interpretation different from the true intent and meaning of them. If this is the case, it can only be attributed to my not understanding the business of the Duke de Lauzen perfectly. I will rely therefore on your goodness and candor to explain, and rectify the mistake if any has happened. My wishes perfectly coincided with the determination of the Board of War to continue the Fleet at Rhode Island provided it could remain there in safety and with the force required and did not impede the march of the Army towards the North River. but when Duke Lauzen informed me, that my opinion of the propriety, and safety of this measure was required by the Board, and that he came hither at the particular desire of the Counts Rochambeau and de Barras, to obtain it. I was reduced to the painful necessity of delivering a sentiment different from that of a most respectable board, or of forfeiting all pretensions to candor by the concealmt. of it; upon this ground it was I wrote to the Generals to the effect I did, and not because I was dissatisfied at the alteration of the plan agreed to at Weathersfield. My fears for the safety of the Fleet, which I am now perswaded were carried too far, were productive of a belief that the Generals, when seperated, might feel uneasy at every misterious preparation of the enemy, and occasion a fresh call for Militia; this had some weight in my determination to give Boston (where I was sure no danger could be encountered but that of a blockade a preference to Newport, where, under some circumstances, though not under such as were likely to happen, something might be enterprized.
The Fleet being at Rhode Island is attended certainly with many advantages in the operations proposed and I entreat you, and the Gentlemen who were of opinion that it ought to be risqued there for these purposes will be assured, that I have a high sense of the obligation you meant to confer on America by that resolve and that your Zeal to promote the common cause and my anxiety for the safety of so valuable a fleet were the only motives which gave birth to the apparent difference in our opinions.
I set that value upon your friendship and candor, and have that implicit belief in your attachment to America, that they are only to be equalled by the sincerity with which I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 13, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau having requested me to forward the Dispatches herewith transmitted, by the safest possible conveyance, I now do myself the honor to send them by a Gentleman of the Quarter Master General's Department.
Having been made acquainted by the Count de Rochambeau with the design of the Count de Grasse to come to this Coast with his fleet;91 I cannot forbear expressing to your Excellency my ardent wishes that a body of land Forces might also attend this Naval Armament: as, I am apprehensive, such a decided superiority of Men may not be drawn together by us, by the time the Count de Grasse will be here, as to ensure our successes against the Enemy's most important Posts; as his continuance in these Seas may be limited to a short period; and as the addition of a respectable Corps of Troops from the West Indies would in all human probability, terminate the matter very soon in our favor. If these should likewise be your sentiments, and if this Plan should not interfere with the intentions, and interests of His Most Christian Majesty elsewhere, I entreat your Excellency by the first good conveyance, to represent the propriety and necessity of this Measure, to the Commanders in the West Indies; that by one great, decisive stroke, the Enemy might be expelled from the Continent, and the Independence of America established at the approaching Negociation. I have the honor etc.92
[Note 91: "I have already wrote to the Count de Grasse that your Excellency had desired my marching to the north river to [strengthen or even attack N Y] when the circumstances will admit of it. I have Apprized him of the number of the garrison at New York and of the considerable forces which the enemy has sent in Virginy, that the only means which seem practicable, to your Excellency is [a diversion upon New Yk. which you propose to do as soon as the circumstances will allow of it. I have spoken to him of the Enemy's naval forces and told him that by reason of the constant wind, I thought it would be a great stroke to go to [Chesapeake Bay in which], he can make great things against the naval forces that will be there, and then the wind could bring him [in 2 days before N Yk.] that if he could bring us some [moveable Forces, 5 or 6 thousand Men More] would render our expedition much more probable and likewise by bringing us [money from] the [West Indies where] it is said that our [Bills of Exchange are at par]. I beg your Excellency, if yove any thing to add to this dispatch, to send it to me at Providence because possibly the frigate that carries my Letter may not be gone when your Excellency's answer will arrive."-- Rochambeau to Washington, June 12, 1781. Rochambeau's letter is in the Washington Papers. The words in brackets in Rochambeau's letter were in cipher, translated in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 92: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 13, 1781.
Sir: I am honored by your Excellency's favors of the 9th. and 10th: instants; and with their very interesting communications which you may be assured will be kept perfectly secret. I flatter myself that the whole Convoy will arrive in safety in some of the Eastern ports, as I believe the British ships are all cruising off the Hook.
The Count De Barras has furnished me with the Result of the second Council of War. I have so high a respect for the opinions of the Gentlemen who composed it, that I should have been satisfied had they barely mentioned their adherence to their former determination, but the new arguments which have been introduced in favor of the detention of the Fleet at Rhode Island leaves me no room to doubt of the propriety of the measure.
I am so fully convinced that your Excellency will make no unnecessary delay in your march, that I have only occasion to repeat my former request, that it may be commenced as soon as circumstances will admit. My last accounts from the Marquis de la Fayette were of the 3d. of June. The British Army, in very considerable force, were then between Richmond and Fredericksburg; their destination was uncertain, but from their superiority they were at full liberty to go wherever they pleased. The inclosed Copy of a letter from the president of Congress to me will give your Excellency the latest intelligence from South Carolina.
Your requisitions to the Count De Grasse, go to every thing I could wish. You cannot, in my opinion, too strongly urge the necessity of bringing a Body of Troops with him, more especially, as I am very dubious whether our force can be drawn together by the time he proposes to be here. Now 4000 or 5000 Men in addition to what we shall certainly have by that time, would almost beyond a doubt, enable us, with the assistance of the Fleet to carry our object. It is to be regretted that the Counts stay upon this Coast will be limited. That consideration is an additional reason for wishing a force equal to giving a speedy determination to the operation.
Your Excellency will be pleased to recollect that New York was looked upon by us as the only practicable object under present circumstances; but should we be able to secure a naval superiority, we may perhaps find others more practicable and equally advisable. If the Frigate should not have sailed, I wish you to explain this matter to the Count de Grasse, as, if I understand you, you have in your communication to him, confined our views to New York alone. And instead of advising him to run immediately into Chesapeak, will it not be best to leave him to judge, from the information he may from time to time receive of the situation of the enemy's Fleet upon this Coast, which will be the most advantageous quarter for him to make his appearancein.93 In the letter which was written to the Minister from Weathers field, in which he was requested to urge the Count to come this way with his whole Fleet, Sandy Hook was mentioned as the most desirable point. Because, by coming suddenly there he would certainly block up any fleet which might be within; and he would even have a
[Note 93: Rochambeau's Memoires show that he went rather beyond the point of leaving this matter to De Grasse, for he informed the French admiral that it was his private opinion that a move against Cornwallis, who was then being opposed by Lafayette in Virginia, would be the most practicable and least expected by the enemy, as the allied armies were so far away from that quarter. It seems evident that Rochambeau did not consider the chances of success in an operation against New York City to be great. He acquiesced in Washington's desire, but submitted the decision to De Grasse in such language that was almost inevitable that the latter would sail to the Chesapeake.] very good chance of forcing the entrance before dispositions could be made to oppose him. Should the British Fleet not be there, he could follow them to Chesapeak, which is always accessible to a superior force. I have the Honor &c.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, who has noted that "All those Words under which Strokes are drawn were written in Cypher." Those words appear in italics in the text.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 13, 1781.
Dear Sir: I wrote to You on the 8th. instant urging the Necessity of having the Supplies of Provision, Rum, and Clothing immediately forwarded from the States. These Things are of such immense Importance to all our Plans, that they cannot be repeated too often, or pressed with too much Importunity. And I know there is Nothing so likely to succeed as incessant Representations on the Spot.
In Addition to the Task already imposed upon You, by your former Commission, I must now entreat You, to turn a Share of your Attention to the Recruits of the several States. Let them be called upon again and again in the most earnest Manner, to fill their Battalions, and that instantly. Surely, if the States had a proper Idea of our Circumstances for Want of Men, our Prospects if we had them, and our fixed Designs of carrying on offensive Operations at all Events, they would exert themselves beyond any thing they have formerly done. They can, they must compleat their Battalions if it is only for the Campaign.
The Recruits and Drafts must be hurried on as fast as possible. The Militia which have been requested of the Eastern States must also be held in Readiness to march when called for, as formerly ordered.
In my last I mentioned forwarding the Clothing which had lately arrived from Spain, I request you will attend to and expedite this Business, that it may not be stopped a Day on the Road from its leaving Boston to its Arrival in Camp, And that You will advise me when it may be expected. With great regard etc.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Richard Varick.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 13, 1781.
Sir: I had yesterday the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter of the 9th: instant accompanied by the result of the second Council of War. I have so great a respect for the opinions of the Gentlemen who composed it, that I should have been satisfied, had they barely mentioned that they had, upon a reconsideration of the subject, thought it most conducive to the common interest to adhere to their former determination; but the new arguments which have been introduced in favor of the detention of the Fleet at Newport, aided by those expressed by your Excellency in your letter, leave me no room to doubt of the propriety of the measure. I feel very sensibly and I beg you will make my acknowledgements to the Gentlemen of the Marine for the reasons which induced them, personally, to wish to remain in the Road of Newport rather than remove to that of Boston.
I shall be happy to have it in my power to congratulate you upon the safe arrival of your whole Convoy. His Excellency The Count de Rochambeau informs me in a letter of a later date than yours that they had not all got into port. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, June 13, 1781.
Sir: I have yours of Yesterday inclosing Letter from Genl Waterbury. If the Information is to be depended upon all the Whale Boats and the Cattle should be removed as soon as may be; the first on Carriages, or otherwise as may be found convenient. Colonel Scammell may be ordered towards the Point of Operation, and make such use of the Troops on the Line as his Discretion may direct; establishing a Communication with Genl Waterbury so that he may be able to form a Junction with him if Occasion shall require.
Colo Scammell should not Advance too far on his Left on vague Information, as in that Case his right and our Front may be too much exposed. I am &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Richard Varick.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 13, 1781.
Dear Sir: I did myself the Pleasure to write you under the 11th May ulto, which went on by the Hand of Majr Genl Heath, who was intrusted with a particular Commission to the Eastern States. In that Letter I mentioned your comg. on to join the Army.
Least the above Letter should by any means have miscarried, I take this opportunity to mention my wishes to you again; and to request you will be pleased to come on to the Army as soon as possible after the Receipt of this. With much Regard etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trurnbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, June 13, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Fifty Boatbuilders and Ship Carpenters, or other carpenters to complete the deficiency of the former.
Twenty four Wood cutters and four nailors, to be immediately sent to the Quarter master General.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 13, 1781.
Sir: Major General Howe has transmitted to me your Letter of the 11th Inst. Should it be confirmed, that the Enemy are meditating an Enterprise for the purposes you suppose,99 I would recommend that the Cattle contiguous to the lines and Boats at Stamford should be removed in such a Manner as to disappoint them of their Objects as far as possible. In the mean time I have ordered Col Scammell, with his Detachment to move towards you, to support your Corps, and annoy the Enemy, as circumstances may require. If it is probable, the Enemy will move in force from Kingsbridge, it would be well to form a junction between Your Troops and Col Scammell's Detachment, or in any case to keep up a constant communication with him.
[Note 99: A British raid to destroy the whaleboats at Stamford, Conn.]
As the whole Army, will probably take the field in a few days; I have to request that you will hold the Troops under your Command in the most perfect readiness for a Movement: and that you will without delay, make an accurate Return to me of the strength of the State Regiments, Watermen, and also of the number of Horse and Artillery attached to your command, or raised by Government for the defence of the State, specifying at what places they are stationed, that I may know with precision the force which may actually be depended upon. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 2nd. instant. It is very unaccountable that so many Indications of an Evacuation of New York should be reported to You and that they should come from no other Quarter. I have a very good Channel of Intelligence by the Way of Long Island and no Movement is mentioned but that of a Fleet bound to Europe. I cannot help suspecting that there may be some Design in propagating the Report of an Evacuation, while they have some other Purpose in View. You cannot oblige me more than endeavouring to ascertain whether any Thing extraordinary, and what, is passing among them.
It appears very odd to me that Mr. Halstead2 should plead Ignorance of the Charges on which Mr. Adams was arrested, as they were laid expressly upon the Information and upon Depositions transmitted by him to Mr. Clarke a Member of Congress for the State of Jersey, which were, by the President, forwarded to me with Orders to call Mr. Adam to account. You will please to direct the Court to make up their Proceedings and desire the Judge Advocate to be clear and full in reporting the Cause of their rising for Want of Evidence should none appear upon the Summons. You will send the Proceedings to me. I am etc.
[Note 2: Brigade Major Mathias(?) Halsted (Halstead), aide to General Dickinson.]
P.S. I have recd. yours of the 10th. and have ordered as full a proportion of Cloathing to be delivered to your Quarter Master as our present small stock will admit.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Richard Varick; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Julian F. Thompson, of Bridgeport, Conn.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 14, 1781.
Sir: Upon my return from Weathersfield I found yours of the 19th. May inclosing sundry propositions of the British Commissary of prisoners. That of setting Genl. Burgoyne against the disputed claim of the Cedars, is inadmissible; nor can I say any thing to the proposal respecting the Charlestown prisoners, as I have good reason to believe that a Cartel has been settled between General Greene and Lord Cornwallis, though I know nothing of the terms or in what manner they are to be carried into execution.
It is very strange that our privates should be detained in New York when a considerable indisputed Balance of those under that description is due to us, and when it neither interferes with the southern or convention prisoners. I can only recommend it to you to press Mr. Loring to the release of all who are at present in New York.
I should have answered you sooner, but I have been in daily expectation of seeing you, as I was told you were to have returned immediately from Eliza. Town. I am &c.
P.S. General Greene has since writing the above furnished me with a Copy of the Cartel entered into between him and Lord Cornwallis, by which the Charlestown prisoners are to be exchanged for those taken to the southward.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, June 14, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The regimental surgeons are requested to make returns immediately to the Chief Physician and Surgeon of the Army, of all the medicines on hand and what articles they are in want of, that they may receive orders on the Apothecary at Fishkill to supply them as far as his stock on hand will admit of.
An exact return of all the women with the army who draw provisions from the public is to be given in at the orderly office as soon as may be.
The Quarter master General is immediately to make the best provision of straw in his power at or near Peekskill for the use of the Troops who are to be encamped at that place.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, June 15, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
It is with singular pleasure the Commander in Chief congratulates the army on the success of our arms under Major General Greene in South Carolina.
On the 10th. May, Lord Rawdon who commanded the post of Camden was compelled to evacuate it with great precipitation and marks of distress after destroying the stores and several Buildings and leaving three officers and fifty eight men who were too badly wounded to be removed.
On the 11th. the strong post of Orangeburgh surrendered to General Sumpter upon his making preparations to invest it, a Colonel with several other officers and upwards of eighty men were made prisoners; on the 12th. the Garrison of Fort Mott consisting of one Captain three Lieutenants three Ensigns, one Serjeant Major, one serjeant eight Corporals, two Drummers and fifers and one hundred and sixty-five privates surrendered prisoners of War to Brigadier General Marion who had carried his approaches to the foot of the Abbatis. and on the 15th. Fort Granby was surrendered by Capitulation to Lieutenant Colonel Lee the troops composing the Garrison consisted of one Lieutenant Colonel two Majors, Six Captains, six Lieutenants, three Ensigns one Surgeon two Serjeant Majors, seventeen Serjeants nine Corporals and three hundred and five privates who were all made prisoners. Considerable quantities of stores and provisions were also captured at the several Posts.
The General has the further pleasure of informing the army that the Posts of Augusta and Ninety six were invested by General Pickins and must in all probability have fallen before this time as General Greene had also march'd his Army to assist in the reduction of them.
These brilliant repeated successes which reflect so much glory on the Southern army will be attended with the most important consequences to those States and are a happy presage of our being able speedily to expel the Enemy from every part of the Continent, with proper exertions.
David Cobb, Esqr.5 Lieutenant Colonel of the 9th Massachusetts regiment, is appointed Aid de Camp to the Commander in Chief and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 5: Appointed lieutenant colonel commandant of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served as aide to Washington to December, 1783.]
No men to be transferred to the Corps of Invalids untill further orders.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 7th. Inst. The Letter from Governor Greene to which you allude, has never been received.
Finding that it may be necessary to commence our operations at an earlier period than was expected, I have called upon the States, to have the Militia required of them, raised and marched in such time as that they will join the Army punctually by the 15th of July. It is my earnest desire, that you will urge in the most forcible terms the necessity of a pointed compliance with this requisition, as well as of sending on all the Levies for the Continental Battalions.
I am pleased with the representations of the favorable dispositions of the States which I receive from almost every quarter. I lament the embarrassments they experience, and fear, without a spirited and constant exertion, we shall be again disappointed in the essential Article of Beef Cattle; as some Gentlemen of Consideration from Boston, who saw Mr Phelps the Superintendant of Purchases, inform me, that he has had the mortification of not being able to obtain Cattle for the supply of the Army this Week, and that he will not be able to purchase, unless further provision is made for it. A repetition of disappointment, I need not tell you, will be attended with fatal consequences.
Since the Enemy formed a junction of their several Corps in Virginia, I have not heard that any thing important has happened: 'Tho the want of Arms for the Militia, and of a regular force exclusive of them, to check the progress of the Enemy will I apprehend expose the Country to great temporary Calamities and Depredations. But to convince us, that their conquests are of short duration; while Lord Cornwallis is playing this strange game in Virginia; General Greene is depriving him of all the Posts he had occupied in South Carolina. On the 10th of May, Lord Rawdon was compelled to evacuate Camden with precipitation, leaving behind him three of his Officers and 58 Privates, who had been so dangerously wounded as to be unable to be removed. On the 11th. the strong Post of Orangeburgh surrendered to General Sumpter: A Colonel, several Officers, and upwards of eighty Men were made Prisoners. On the 12th. The Garrison of Fort Mott consisting of 7 Officers, 12 Non Commissioned Officers and 165 Privates surrendered by capitulation to General Marion. On the 15th Fort Granby capitulated to Lt Col Lee. The Garrison were made Prisoners, and consisted of 1 Lt Col 2 Majors, 6 Capts, 6 Lieuts, 3 Ensigns, 1 Surgeon 2 Serjt. Majors 17 Serjts. 9 Corpls, and 305 Privates. Large quantities of Provisions and considerable Stores were captured at some of the Posts.
At the same time, the Posts of Augusta and Ninety Six were invested by General Pickens. And General Greene on the 16th of May had determined to march the Army to expedite their reduction.
Thus are our affairs in that quarter situated, at this momentuous crisis, when the eyes of the whole world are upon us, when the weakness of the Enemy's most important Posts in every part, and the dispersed state of their Troops invite us, and when our own circumstances impel us to make one great effort in conjunction with our generous Allies to drive our foes entirely from the Continent. I am etc.
P.S. I entreat you to attend particularly to the several things mentioned in my Letter of the 13th.6
[Note 6: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 7: Then composed of James Warren and William Vernon, at Boston, Mass.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 15, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been informed that you have in your possession twenty pieces of Cannon 18 pounders belonging to the Continent. We are now in the greatest want of heavy Artillery and if you have no immediate use for those pieces or no orders for their particular disposal you will oblige me by delivering them to Colo. Crane of the Artillery who will undertake to forward them to this place. We are likewise very deficient of the quantity of powder necessary for the operation which we have in view. If you have any of that Article on hand which can be spared or if any has arrived in the Alliance or should shortly arrive, you will be pleased also to deliver as much as you can, without interfering with the service of the Marine, to Colonel Crane. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 15, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Favor of the 4th instant. In the Calculation which I made at Wethersfield, of the Aid of Militia which would be necessary to support the Operation which we have in View, I included sixteen hundred from Pennsylvania, but that State having been since called upon to embody and march two thousand four hundred Men immediately to the Assistance of Virginia, I am obliged to add the Number which I shall be disappointed in from Pennsylvania, to the Quota required from the other States; your Proportion of them will be two hundred and fifty which with the Requisition of the 24th. of May will make in the whole six hundred and fifty.9
[Note 9: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "From circumstances, I have reason to expect that our operations will commence somewhat earlier than I at first expected. You will therefore be pleased to give orders for the Militia to march in such time that they may punctually join the Army by the 15th. of July next."]
I need not enter into a Repetition of the Arguments which were made Use of in my Letter of the 24th. of May to induce the most strenuous Exertions to fill up the Continental Battalions. I will only say, that our Success will depend upon that being done. Without it, there is not a Chance, and with it We have the fairest Prospect. these Men must be sent forward as fast as they are raised.
I am in Hopes that the Assembly will, at their present Meeting, take effectual Measures for supplying the Quota of Beef called for in the Requisitions which were laid before You by Major General Heath. You must be fully sensible that our whole Dependence for Provisions is up the Exertions of the States, and that without their punctual Compliance with the Demands made upon them, the Force which will be collected must soon disband. Whereby the immense Expence which we are now incurring will be so much dead Loss, and the Consequences, in a political View, of a most serious and alarming Nature I have the Honor etc.
PS. By a general Return of the 9th instant the total Amount of your two Regiments was 598. in wch. are included 98 Recruits; being all which had joined up to the 1st Instant.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Richard Varick; the P.S. is in that of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 15, 1781.
Sir: I flatter myself that proper measures have been before this time taken to procure the number of Men, for Continental and Militia service, required by my letter of the 24th. of May from Weathersfield. In the calculation which I then made of the aid of Militia which would be necessary to support the operation....11 Your proportion of them will be 500, which with the requisition of the 24th of May will make in the whole 2700. Your Excellency will be pleased to consider this number as independant of the 500 which I desired by my letter of the 4th. of June, might be ordered to Rhode Island.
[Note 11: The omitted portions duplicate parts of Washington's letter to President Meshech Weare, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
From circumstances, I have reason to expect that our operations will commence somewhat earlier than I at first expected. Your Excellency will therefore be pleased to give orders for the 2700 Militia intended for this service to march in such time that they may punctually join the Army by the 15th. of July next.
I am convinced that I need not enter into a repetition of the arguments....11 I have the honor etc.
P.S. I must particularly intreat your Excellency's attention to my requests of the 25th. ulto. and 2d. instant for Powder and Cannon. If, as I have been informed, the State is possessed of large quantities of materials for making powder, which can with facility be worked up at the Mills of Stoughton and Andover, they can with more safety and convenience afford to make a loan to the continent, at this important moment, as they may replenish their Magazines by working up the materials. I have some reason to expect to obtain twenty 18 pound Cannon from the Navy Board at Boston, should I succeed, there will be no occasion of borrowing any from the State. Of this Colo. Crane will inform your Excellency. We shall I imagine at any rate be under the necessity of craving assistance for so heavy a transportation, and I shall therefore esteem it an additional obligation, if thro' your Excellency's influence the Quarter Master can derive some aid.
By a General Return of the 9th Inst. the total Amount ofyour ten Regiments of Infantry was 2827. in which are included1417 Recruits which were all that had joined up to the 1st. Instant, 114 Recruits had joined the Regt. of Artillery.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 15, 1781.
Sir: I flatter myself...Your Proportion of them will be six hundred, which with the Requisition of the 24th. of May will make in the whole two thousand one hundred.
From Circumstances...I have the Honor etc.
PS. By a general Return of the 9th. instant, the total Amount of your five Regiments of Infantry was 1668. in which are included 563. Recruits, being all that had joined up to the 1st Instant.13
[Note 13: In the writing of Richard Varick; the P.S. is in that of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 15, 1781.
Sir: I flatter myself...Your proportion of them will be 250, which with the requisition of the 27th of May will make in the whole 750.
From circumstances...The Officer commanding may be directed to give me notice when he is ready to march from his place of rendezvous that I may halt him upon the West Side of the Hudson or order him over as the situation of affairs may require.
I am convinced ...
Of all the difficulties which surround me I fear none more than a want of subsistence for the number of Men which will be shortly drawn together. My whole dependance is upon the supplies demanded from the several States, and if they fail in a regular and efficient compliance, We must disband. Our immense expence ...14 The State of New Jersey having been, for the several late Campaigns, in a manner the Theatre of War, has been under the necessity of furnishing very great supplies to the Army, altho' they have not been exactly in the Articles specifically required by Congress, and as that will probably be the case in the present, I have made my principal requisitions for Flour and Meat upon Pennsylvania and the Eastern States. But as I still am very apprehensive of a deficiency, I must intreat your Excellency to endeavour to prevail upon the Legislature to make provision for procuring as much as they possibly can of their quota of those Articles. Nothing in nature can be more repugnant to my inclination than to be obliged to have recourse to military coercion for subsistence, it being not only highly disgusting and oppressive to the inhabitants, but ruinous of the discipline of an Army. The more therefore that can be regularly obtained, the less occasion will there be for measures of a disagreeable kind. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 14: The omitted portions in this and the preceding letter duplicate a part of Washington's letter to Governor John Hancock, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your Favors of the 17th. of May and 6th. of this Month, the first did not reach me until the 7th. inst. By the Rules of Promotion which existed previous [to the resolve of Congress of] the 25th. of May, Lieut Colo. Carrington of the 1st. Regiment of Artillery will succeed to the Command of the 4th. Vice Procter and Lieut Colo. Forrest, if he remains in Service, must be removed to the 1st. Your Excellency has therefore only to call upon Lieut Colo. Carrington or commanding Officer, for an accurate Return of the Officers of the Regimt. and I make no doubt but it will be immediately furnished.
The Proceedings of the Court Martial on the Case of Lieut Bigham16 were transmitted to me from Philadelphia and the Sentence, by which he was cashierd, has been approved. The Court unanimously recommended a Restoration of his Rank, but I could not think myself justifiable in doing it.
[Note 16: Bingham.]
In Consideration of the Number of Militia which have been required from the State, for the Assistance of Virginia, I have thought it but equitable to withdraw my request for the sixteen hundred Men which were intended to act with the Army. This I hope will enable Your Excellency with the more Ease to procure the Means of raising and equipping those for the Southern Service.
I must confess to You that I am not a little alarmed at the Complexion of Your Excellency's Letter of the 17th. of May, as I cannot find that You are able to give me the least Assurance of a further Supply of Flour, and there is no other Quarter from whence it can be drawn in sufficient Quantities, by any Means within our Power. While I regret that internal Disputes and Divisions have for some Time past deprived us of the Resources of one of the most powerful States in the Union, I cannot but hope that Unanimity will take Place at the present Crisis, which is perhaps the most important of any which America has yet experienced. From your Excellency's Zeal and Inclinations I have every Thing to expect, and I shall anxiously wait to hear how your Recommendations have been received and seconded by the Legislature. I have the Honor etc.17
[Note 17: In the writing of Richard Varick. The words in brackets in the draft, which is in the writing of Tilghman, are in the writing of Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: In my Letters of the 5th. and 10th Inst. I intimated to you the necessity of keeping the Reinforcements lately sent to the Northward as much together as possible, and in such constant readiness for a movement, as that they might be recalled, if necessary, on the shortest warning. I must now inform you, that the Operations, which have been concerted between His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, and myself against New York, will probably compel me to withdraw not only these Troops, but also the remainder of Van Schaick's, and the whole of Cortland's Regiment.
18I give you this previous Notice, that proper measures may be taken on the occasion, that the Inhabitants may not be disappointed in their expectations, and that the greatest possible number of Men for the Campaign, and Levies for the three Years service, may be drawn together to relieve the Garrison's at the several Posts, and defend the Frontiers, whenever all the Continental Troops shall be ordered from thence.
[Note 18: At this point on the original is the following marginalia in the writing of Clinton: "Note this and the following Clauses were copied and transmitted to Col. Willet."]
You will be pleased to observe, nothing but absolute necessity will induce me to Order the Regular Troops from the Northward; and I request therefore, it may be understood, that when the Measure becomes indispensably necessary, there is not any thing which can divert me from it. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 16, 1781.
Sir: By a letter from General Schuyler, I am informed that he has purchased one thousand Barrels of Flour for the Army by order of Mr. Morris. 500 are sent down here and the remainder are detained at Albany untill I give further directions concerning them. You will be pleased to deliver them to the order of Brig. Genl. Clinton for the use of the troops to the Northward. I have taken the liberty to address you upon this subject, at the desire of Genl. Schuyler, who will probably have left Albany to attend the Legislature at Poughkepsie. I am &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: Mr Pierce, Pay Master General of the Army will have the honor of delivering this Letter; he waits upon your Excellency to see, whether any ways and means can be devised to procure Money for the payment of the Troops of the New York Line. It is a matter of such interesting importance, that I cannot forbear recommending it to the earliest and most serious attention of the State. I have the honor &c.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: This will be delivered your Excellency by Lt. Colo. Stevens, at present commanding officer of Colo. Lambs Regiment of Artillery. His Business is to lay before you a particular State of the Regiment, by which it will appear that it is yet very deficient of its establishment and that there is little or no prospect of compleating it by any measures at present in agitation. I have desired Colo. Stevens to make your Excellency acquainted with the number of Recruits who have joined, as I am apt to think that they have been estimated at more than they are in reallity.
The operations of this Campaign will probably occasion an uncommon demand for Artillery Men. If they can be obtained for three years or the War, it will be undoubtedly preferable, but if not, it will be better to take them for the Campaign only, than be under the necessity of drafting from the Infantry. This we shall be obliged to do, to the great weakening of Corps already too weak, if proper Artillery Men are not raised. I have the Honor etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 16, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor of your Excellencys Favr. of the 6th instant, inclosing sundry Petitions, Complaints and Evidence against Colo Brodhead, having before this received a Number of other Papers respecting Colo Brodheads Conduct, and observing that these Complaints have been exhibited in a very diffuse Manner, and will involve a Variety of Matter; I have written to Mr. Fowler, Auditor of the Public Accounts at Fort Pitt, who appears to be a Principal in these Complaints, to state them all in one general View, exhibiting the several Charges under distinct Heads, with their several Supports and Evidences; when these are received, a Court will be instituted and Colo Brodhead will have his Trial upon the Charges against him, and I hope the Matter will be brot to a proper Issue.
Your Excellencys Favor. of the same Date with the above, containg. Intelligence from the Southward, and inclosing a Resolution of Congress of 2d instt. respecting the Bills of Credit issuing in Pursuance of the Act of 18th March 1780, is also duly received.
By Letters from Genl Greene of the 10th and 16th of May, just come to Hand, our Affairs in that Quarter seem to put on a promising Aspect. I most sincerely congratulate your Excellency on the happy Event.23 I have the Honor etc.24
[Note 23: Fall of Fort Granby, S.C.]
[Note 24: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: In my letter of this date by Colo. Stevens I only mentioned the necessity of filling Colo. Lambs Regiment of Artillery. There are the same reasons for compleating the two Regiments of Infantry. Let me entreat your Excellency to press the Legislature to devise means of procuring the deficiency for the Campaign only, if they cannot be obtained upon better terms. I have the honor etc.
P. S. Every exertion should be made to fill the three years and eight Months State Regiments, as our operations in this quarter may probably require the Continental Regt. at present at the Northward.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, June 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: I inclose to you, the arrangement of the Army. If there is any place more proper than the one I have assigned for the Engineers, and Corps of Sappers and Miners, pray let me have your sentimts. thereon by return of the bearer, as I want to publish the whole in the Orders of this day.
If it is convenient to you, it would be my wish that you and the Q M Genl. should view, tomorrow, a spot to form our first Encampment upon. When I hear from you, I will give him notice. With much truth etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 17, 1781.
Sir: Being fully sensible, that your knowledge of the Western Parts of the Sound is more accurate, than that of any other Person, I should be extremely glad to see you on that account; especially as there are many questions which I would wish to ask, that cannot be answered except in conversation.
I have therefore to request (if your business will possibly admit) that you will have the goodness to come to this Place as soon as you can conveniently. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 17, 1781.
Sir: I have the pleasure of inclosing your Excellency Copies of two letters from Major General Greene, by which it appears that an agreeable train of successes have attended our Affairs in south Carolina. The consequences will be important, but they would be more so, had we a sufficient force in that quarter to pursue the advantages we have gained. I have heard nothing further from the Marquis de la Fayette since the 3d. inst.
Were it practicable for the Count de Barras, by arming the Fantasque and joining the 50 Gun ship lately arrived from France to his fleet, to put himself so nearly upon an equality with the enemy as to enable him to take a position with security in Chesapeak Bay, it would be of the utmost importance at this moment, as it would effectually prevent a reunion of the Enemy's forces; and by preventing those in Virginia from receiving any supplies by water, they would soon be reduced to very great difficulties and distresses. I barely mention this as an Idea which has struck me, not as a matter which I would undertake to advise, unacquainted as I am with naval affairs. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, June 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: Inclosed is my measure for a pair of draw-Boots, Horse Skin28 to be made of the Leather manufactured at your Works. The measure is exact, and I should be glad to have the Boots well made, neat, and sent to me as soon as possible, with the price in specie, which shall be immediately forwarded to you.
[Note 28: Boots was starred by Washington, and the two words "Horse Skin" were written in the margin with an asterisk.]
Upon my return from Weathersfield I found Mrs. Washington extremely unwell, she still continues low and Weak, but will set out for the Southward as soon as she can bear the fatiegue of the journey; she joins me in compliments and best wishes to yourself, Mrs. and Miss Webb. I cannot conclude without assuring you that I have a high sense of your politeness and attention to me while I was at Weathersfield; and that I should at all times be happy to see you at head Qrs. I am etc.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, June 17, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A Detachment to be immediately drawn out from the different Brigades for the Garrison of West Point. The Noncommissioned officers and privates to be composed of such as are the weakest and least fit for field duty.
A Serjeant Corporal and eight men to be sent to Warwick on the road to Sussex Court House tomorrow for the Protection of the Commissaries stores there. The Serjeant when he arrives will take his orders from the Keeper of the Magazine, and continue on that duty untill relieved, or dismissed by the Keeper of the Magazine.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Monday, June 18, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Troops at Westpoint and in the vicinity of it will be Brigaded as follows and are to Encamp in that order when they remove to Peekskill, 'till then no alterations will be made in the Present disposition of them: Right Wing: Majr. Genl. Heath: -- Olney, R. I. R[egt.]; Butler, 4 C[onn.]; Swift, 2 C. Brigr. Genl. Huntington--Webb's, 3 C.; Sherman, 5 C.; Durkee, I C. Left Wing: Major Genl. Lord Stirling: Brigadr. Genl. Glover--Vose, 1 M[ass.]; Brooks, 7 M.; Sheppard, 4 M. Brigr. Genl. Patterson--Sproat, 2 M.; M. Jackson, 8 M.; Putnam, 5 M. Second Line: Major Genl. Parsons--Howe. Scammell, 1 N[ew] H[ampshire]; Read, 2 N.H.; Tupper, 10 M. Genl. Knox--Park of Artillery. Genl. Duportail--Engineers and Sapprs. and Minrs. Major Genl. Lincoln--Howe. Greaton, 3 M.; Henry Jackson, 9 M.; Smith, 6. M.
When the Troops assemble at Peekskill General McDougall is to take command of the Post of Westpoint and its dependencies and will remain there 'till the army commences its operations when he will be relieved.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Tuesday, June 19, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Army will march for its encampment in the Vicinity of Peekskill in the following order, and on the days named if the Weather will permit.
First The division commanded by Major General Parsons (agreeably to the arrangement of yesterday) on thursday the 21St.
next., General Lincoln's Division on the 22d.
then. General Howe's on the 23d.
The Quarter Master General will point out the ground.
The Officers commanding these divisions are to make the necessary arrangements with the Quarter Master General for removing the troops to their ground, providing them with tents &ca.
The Detachments intended to Garrison West Point and its dependencies are to repair to the Barracks on the Point as their divisions respectively march.
General Knox will furnish such field Pieces to each division when it marches, as he can conveniently man without interrupting the important work he has on hand.
The Corps of Sappers and Miners may move when General Du Portail (who will have respect to the business they are now engaged in) shall order.
A Captain, five subs, six serjeants and one hundred rank and file of the best Oars men in the Army are to be drawn from the line at large, in as equal proportion as such men can be had and placed under the command of Major Darby29 who is to receive all the boats ordered to Westpoint and will put them in the best order he can.
[Note 29: Maj. Samuel Darby, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
Major Darby will consult with the Quarter master General and give every aid in his power to collect the boats in the river to a point and will determine what repairs it may be in his power to bestow on them that measures may be taken accordingly.
The difficulty of transportation must be too obvious to the army to need exposition, but were the Case otherwise the operations of the Campaign will more than probably, be of such a nature as to render it not only advisable but indispensably necessary to encumber the field as little as possible with Baggage. The Commander in Chief does therefore in most pointed terms recommend to officers of every rank commanding Corps to divest themselves of every species of Baggage that they can possibly do without, and will see that all others under their respective orders do the like; if this timely admonition is disregarded they must abide the consequences.
No Women will be suffered to ride in waggons or walk in the ranks this Campaign unless there are very particular reasons for it, of which the General Officer or officer commanding the Division or brigade to which they belong is to be the judge; a written permission only will avail; without this the officers of the day or police are not only authorized to turn them out, but requested to inflict instant punishment upon those who shall be found transgressors of this order.
Every Mess must carry its own Camp Kettle unless otherwise directed in General Orders; officers of every rank are to consider themselves as responsible for the orders of this day so far as respects the corps they command and to report delinquencies in others.
Captain Lieutenant Gilliland,30 of the corps of Sappers and Miners, is promoted to the rank of Captain in the same, vice McMurray resign'd the 1st. June 1781, and Captain Lieutenant Bushnell of the same Corps is promoted to the rank of Captain vice Bæbe,31 resigned 8 June 1781.
[Note 30: Capt. James Gilliland. He resigned in October, 1782.]
[Note 31: Capt. James Beebe.]
Jonathan Lawrence, Esqr, Lieutenant in late Malcolms regiment is appointed to the rank of Captain in the Corps of Sappers and Miners, his Commission to bear date from the 12th. June 1781.
A Return to be made to the Adjutant General by Thursday next from each regiment of all the men, by name, that are acquainted with the use of rifles.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 19, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor of your Excellency's Letter of the 15th. Being fully persuaded of your active Zeal and Wish to join the Army under my Command, I have only to intimate to you, my desire that you will not hurry your Troops by too rapid a March; but suffer them to make such Halts on their Rout, as you shall find convenient and necessary.
By Information received from the Enemy at N York It seems they are taking a position not far from East Chester, where they are markg out an Encampment. This Movement I conjecture to be formed with a Design of covering their Foraging Parties, which will probably at this Season be very busily employed.
Inclosed you will find Extracts from a Letter I have this Moment received from Genl Sullivan: the intelligence it contains is not official; but from some other concurrent Information, I have but too much Reason to fear it is too well founded. a prize is lately taken and carried into Philadelphia, the Captain of which mentions his sailing from Cork some time towards the last of March, and that a Fleet, like that mentioned in the Extract with 400 Troops on Board, bound for the Coasts of America, had sailed from the same Port on the 27th. March.
If this Intelligence should prove true, the Enemy may give us much Trouble in the Southern Quarter, untill they are seriously opposed in Force, or their Intentions Diverted to some other Object. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: I find upon further enquiry respecting the Boats it will be absolutely necessary to avail ourselves of the aid you was so obliging as to offer in our conversation on Sunday last. The Quarter Master General will wait upon you tomorrow on the subject. Any information or assistance you can give him, which may tend to expedite the preparation of an Article so essential to our proposed operations will be gratefully acknowledged by Dear Sir &c.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 19, 1781.
Sir: I have been honord with your Excellency's Favr of the 14th instant.
Inclosed you will find an Extract of a Letter I have just received from Genl Sullivan at Phila; the information it contains is of such Nature that I have thot it of Importance to communicate to your Excellency, and altho it is not official, yet I have too much Reason, from concurrent Circumstances, to suppose it may be true. If any further Intelligence shall ascertain the Arrival of this Reinforcement, I shall do myself the Honor to communicate the same to you. Your letter to the Chevalr Le Luzerne, shall be forwarded with all possible Care and Dispatch. I have the Honor etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: By the Resolution of Congress of the 13th of June the Corps of Invalids is ordered to compose a Part of the Garrison of West Point, and I have now given Direction for the whole of it to repair thither accordingly. The Order for the three Companies at Boston, I have thot proper to enclose to you, that you might facilitate and hasten their Movement, and see that all of the Men who are capable of marching are sent on under their Officers, as soon as the necessary Preparations can be made. I have further to request, that you will take the trouble to enquire into the State of these Companies respecting Cloathing &c. and give an Order on the public Stores for such Articles as are actually wanting to make them comfortable and decent; which the Clothiers are to furnish so far as can be done, without breakg in upon the Cloathing lately imported from Spain. You will be pleased to take such other Measures, as you shall judge expedient for the Transportation of the Baggage and marching of the Men, in such a Manner as that the greatest possible Number of them may be brot without Injury, and as speedily as possible, to the Point of Destination.
In the Arrangement of the Troops for the Campaign, which is just published in Orders, The Right Wing of the Army is reserved for your Command. With great Regard etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Jonathan TrumbuIl, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 20, 1781.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th has been delivered to me by Capt Brownson, proposing some Mode of Exchange for sundry officers and Men of your Regiment Prisoners in Canada.
I wrote to Genl Haldimand Commandg Officer in Canada, the 30th of August last, makg sundry Proposals to him for the purpose of Exchange of such Prisoners of War as he might have in his Possession: an Answer to this Letter has never yet been received, so that I am intirely uninformed of the Intentions of Genl Haldimand on this Head, and therefore am at a loss for any Mode by which An Exchange may be accomplished for such Men as are in his Power. Sir Hy Clinton's Command being intirely unconnected with that of Genl Haldimand, no Proposal can be made to Sir Henry on this Score; nor indeed was the Case other than it is, would it be in my Power to fulfil your Wishes; as I have not at present any Officers Prisoners of War on Hand, in this Quarter, and the Prisoners in the Southern Department, by a Cartel agreed upon between the Commanders of those two Armies, are to be exchanged against each other there.
In these Circumstances it is not in my Power to make a Compliance to your Request; but as soon as I have any Return from Genl Haldimand complying to the proposals made to him, or in any other Way, I shall be very glad to be instrumental to the Relief of those unhappy Persons who are Prisoners of War in Canada. I am &c.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Wednesday, June 20, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Regimental Surgeons are to have all their Sick that are not able to move with the Troops removed to the Hospital at Robinson's house except the Small Pox patients who are to be removed to the small pox Hospital in the rear of the New Hampshire huts; in removing the latter particular care should be taken that they have no communication with the rest of the Army.
Two men from the Massachusetts line, one from Connecticut and one from the Hampshire lines, such as are least fit for Field duty (recruits in preference) to be sent to Doctor Craick for the purpose of assisting the flying hospital when these lines move.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 20, 1781.
Sir: You will as soon as possible, after the receipt of this Letter march the Detachment of the Corps of Invalids now at Boston, to the Garrison of West Point, where the whole Corps is to be assembled by the Resolution of Congress of the 13th. Inst.
You will consult Major General Heath and receive his Orders respecting the Movement; he will also give you such assistance in procuring the Articles of Cloathing and Transportation as he shall judge necessary.
I have only to add that you will please to move this body of Veterans, by easy Marches, in such a Manner as to bring the greatest number possible of them to the Garrison of West Point. You will advise me of the time when you march from Boston, and when you may be expected at the Army, and also the Number of Men, which may actually be depended upon to reinforce the Garrison. I am &c.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Thursday, June 21, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolves:
By the United States in Congress assembled, June 11th. 1781
Resolved, That the officers of the hospital and medical department, now in service, be allowed the depreciation upon their pay, in the same manner as officers of the line of the army.
June 13, 1781.
Resolved, That it be, and hereby is recommended to the several states, to which the officers of the hospital and medical department now in service, respectively belong, or of which they are or were inhabitants, to settle the accounts of the said officers for depreciation, on the principles established by the resolution of Congress of the 10th of April, 1780; and to make provision for paying the balances that may be found due, in the same manner with officers of the line.
That each State which shall advance more money in making good the depreciation to its respective citizens than its proper proportion, shall be allowed for the same on account of the United States.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am favored with yours of this date, inclosing a Note from Mrs. Mortier,39 to whom a Billet is also forwarded under cover to you, which I request you to transmit to her by the return of the Flag.
[Note 39: Mrs. Martha Mortier. She was the widow of a paymaster in the British Army.]
You will have the goodness to suffer nothing at all to be landed from the flag, and to give Orders for the departure of it as soon as may be with convenience. You will be pleased to give directions to have the Officer and Men who came with the flag treated with due attention and civility without being suffered to come on shore, on any account whatever. I am etc.
P.S. Be pointed in directing that nothing should be landed.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
Washington wrote again to Howe (June 22) directing that "the Artificers you mention that have been drafted from the several Regiments will continue at the Point 'till further orders." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Sir: least from your Situation you may not have had an Opportunity to see the General Arrangement of the Army on its takg the field as published in Genl Orders, I have thot proper to give you this particular Information. That upon the Troops taking their Position in the Field, which is now beginning to be done, you are assigned to take the Command at West Point, to which Post it may be well for you to repair as soon as may be, at least by To-morrow, that you may be able to make your Arrangements as you shall think proper. At the same Time I have to inform you, that this is not designed as a permanent Command assigned to you; but that on the taking Place of active and Offensive operations you will be called to a Command in the Field. I am &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of last Night. The Measures which have been taken in consequence of the information appear to me, to have been very proper.
When our Officers on the Lines are thus apprised, should the Enemy presume to make an incursion,42 I cannot but flatter myself they will be made to suffer for their temerity. I am etc.43
[Note 42: The British were suspected of intending an attack on General Waterbury.]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Sir: In consequence of the Resolution of Congress of the 13th of June, I have to request that you will march the Corps of Invalids under your Command to the Garrison at West Point.
It is almost unnecessary to inform you, that it is my earnest wish the greatest attention should be paid to the convenience and accommodation of this body of Veterans, both on their march and in quarters, and that the greatest possible number of them should be brought on by easy Marches to the point of destination, as soon as the circumstances will admit. Orders of a similar nature have already been sent to the Detachment of the Corps now in Boston.
You must be sensible, Sir, the exigencies of the service require that every Man capable of doing Garrison duty should be marched to West Point or the Order would not have been given. The pleasant and healthy situation of the Garrison, which is remarkable for the salubrity of its air; the accommodations of a stationary Post; and the importance of trusting its defence to a body of tried Men, all point out very forcibly the propriety of employing your Corps as a part of the Garrison.
You will be pleased to inform me as soon as possible, when you will march, when you may be expected to arrive, and what number of Men may be depended upon. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Sir: The Board of War having transmitted me a Copy of Mr. Loring's application to you to obtain permission for Lt. Colo. Hill's45 going into New York on parole, I have given my consent for that purpose; and as Lt. Colo. Hill is now on his rout from the Southward, you'll improve the earliest opportunity of conveying him this intelligence. I am etc.46
[Note 45: Lieut. Col. John Hill, of the Ninth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Sir: I with the greatest pleasure congratulate you on the success of His Catholic Majesty's Arms at Pensacola, and I have no doubt but a recital of the particulars will reflect much honor upon General Don Galvez and the troops under his command.
No material movements on the part of the enemy having taken place in this quarter since my last I have no communications of any importance to make to you. I beg you to be assured that I am etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just received a Letter from Brigadr Genl Clinton of the 15th. inclosing the examination of two Prisoners who were taken lately by one of his scouts; from whence it appears the Enemy in Canada have not made any movements in force, or preparations for an incursion; and indeed this intelligence corresponds so exactly with that, which has been received thro other channels, that I can not but regret having sent the Reinforcement to the Northward, at a time when the aid of every Man was so essential to the success of the operations in contemplation.
As it will be indespensably necessary, when we advance towards the Enemy's Lines, to withdraw the regular force from the Northward, I have thought proper to advise General. Clinton and Your Excellency of it, that provision might be made as far as practicable, to replace these Troops with the Men engaged for the Campaign and the three Years service. At the same time that I express my unhappiness at being forced to the measure, and assure your Excellency, that nothing but necessity could induce me to recall the Continental Troops, I wish it may be understood, that When the Moment of operating arrives, there is not any consideration which can persuade me to counteract the plan that has been concerted between the Count de Rochambeau and myself. But, lest the Enemy should attempt to take advantage of their absence to make inroads on the frontier in order to distract our attention, and cause a diversion in favor of their Most important Post, I beg leave to recommend in the strongest terms, that every means in your pow'r should be made use of to guard against such an event. I will also take the liberty to suggest, whether an additional security might not be afforded to those Posts which are exposed to the ravages of the Enemy, by my sending a Continental Officer to assist in rousing and assembling the force of the Country and to put himself at the head of such Militia and Volunteers as might be drawn together on an emergency from the district of Country called Vermont; and whether in that case, Brigadier General Stark would not be a proper Character to employ on this service, especially as he has already obtained a reputation from his successes in that quarter, as he is undoubtedly a Man of bravery and has been accustomed to command irregular Troops in action. It appears to me a popular Officer, in that situation would be extremely advantageous on many accounts. Whether there may be reasons of state against it, I know not, I have therefore submitted it to your consideration. [I beg your opinion freely on the subject] and have the honor to be etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Gentn: I have been honored with your favors of the 4th. 5th. and 7th. instants. My desire of making myself fully acquainted with the important subject of the last has prevented my answering it before this time. The principle in which you proceeded, of estimating the number of Rations, by the full complement of the Continental Battalions and Corps was certainly the only true one, and I find that your allowance for the Northern Army will afford a supply for Fort Pitt and the posts in Pennsylvania, altho' the troops garrisoning them belong in general to the Corps composing the southern Army. I have therefore included them in the following estimate, which is as accurate a one as I can at present form.
I have, in making the foregoing calculation, supposed that our whole force in the field will be employed for the succeeding six Months upon the North River, and have therefore directed all the provision, except what is necessary for the Garrisons and posts pointed out, to be drawn to that point. This cannot possibly occasion much needless transportation in the Article of Meat, which coming almost generally from the Eastward will be so far upon its way should our operations shift to the southward. It may occasion some difficulty in regard to Flour, but it may be considered, that as the whole of that Article will not be drawn together at once, The Contractor may have sufficient notice to stop sending it this way from Pennsylvania and Jersey should a change of our circumstances or the dispositions of the enemy render it necessary to transfer the weight of the War to the southward. Of the Rations of Meat one fourth part if possible should be salt, and that pork, it keeps better, goes farther, is more healthy and is much more agreeable to the troops than Beef.
I could wish that the very essential Article of Vinegar might be added to the Ration. Its uses in an Army are too well known to need reciting. Two quarts to every hundred Rations will be sufficient. And I observe that no provision is made for Salt, of which a considerable quantity is necessary for the use of the Men and for repacking salted provisions. If the Contractor is expected to furnish it, two quarts to every hundred Rations will likewise be the proportion. If the public undertake to purchase or import it. They may be governed by that estimate.
I do not know whether it will lay with the Board to form the intended Contract. But upon a supposition that it may, I take the liberty to mention a few hints which have been suggested by the Commy. General of Issues, and which seem founded upon the experience which he has had of impositions upon the public, for want of proper guards. The quality of the Rum is not specified. From the allowed price, it can not be of the best nor ought it to be of the worst kind; we suppose it may be offered in the following proportions: ⅕ spirits, ⅖ West India, ⅖ good Country Rum to be of sufficient proof and gauged when delivered at the Magazines.
The fresh Meat to be delivered at the Weight when killed. The public now lose an immensity by taking live Cattle at estimated weights from the States, and it should be clearly understood that the public are to have the Hides and Tallow. To avoid all disputes as to weight, measure or quality, the Contractor should have an Agent with the Army and at the several posts to take proper receipts from the Commissary. The propriety of appointing an Inspector of provision, to prevent disputes between the Contractor and Commissary, is submitted.
I observe that the Estimate which has been transmitted is limited to the present year, consequently we must suppose that all the provision therein specified will be consumed within that term. Now if a new Contract should not be entered into time enough to enable the Contractor to lay in Magazines for the ensuing Winter and Spring, before the obstructions by Ice and bad weather take place, we shall be reduced to the same distresses and inconveniences which we have experienced for several Winters past. There is another essential reason for making the Contracts for the next year as soon as possible, it is to enable the Contractor to lay himself out for salted provision, which he cannot obtain in sufficient quantities except the people have previous notice to put up Hogs and Cattle for salting. It is true that a considerable quantity, and that of the first quality, is often to be purchased out of prize Cargoes, but that is a precarious dependance.
I must refer you wholly to General Greene for the most advisable manner of supplying the Southern Army From my Idea of that matter, it will be impossible with any degree of safety to form Magazines of any consequence, while the enemy have the Command of the Water and a decisive superiority by land. But General Greene has now become so well acquainted with the Country, and is so competent a judge of the measures which it will be right to pursue, that you cannot receive so good information as from him.
I shall give directions to permit Lt. Colo. Hill to go into New York upon parole.
I am informed that the Cloathing sent from hence for the southern Army was still in Philada. upon the 13th. As those troops must be in the utmost distress for want of it, I beg that every exertion may be made to send it forward.
By the inclosed Return it appears that Lieutenants Bull,49 Pemberton50 and Meeker51 and Ensign Reed52 were intitled to promotion some time before the reform of Spencer's Regt. and that they ought, consequently, to be borne upon the half pay list agreeable to the Ranks specified therein. The promotions in the other reformed Regiments were filled up previous to their dissolution and the Gentlemen in question are intitled to the same justice. I have the honor etc.
[Note 49: Lieut. William Bull, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He had been promoted in January, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 50: Lieut. Robert Pemberton of Forman's Additional Continental regiment. He had been promoted in January, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 51: Lieut. Uzial Meeker, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He had been promoted in January, 1780, and retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 52: Ensign John Reed. He had been promoted to lieutenant in February, 1779, and served to April, 1783.]
P.S. The Estimate for the daily issues at Fort Pitt having been thought too low, you will be pleased to add 250 Rations pr diem. Let me entreat the attention of the Board to the supply of the Ordnance Stores lately requested by Genl. Knox.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 21, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your Excellencys Favor of the 15th. of this Month, with its several Enclosures.
By Dispatches from the Count De Rochambeau, dated Providence the 15th instt. I am informed, that he would leave that Place on the 18th. with the first Regiment of his Troops, and that the others would follow by Regiments on the next succeedg Days, untill the whole would be on their march, expecting to reach the North River with the first Regiment in 14 Days from the Time of leaving Providence.
The few Troops which I have in this Vicinity, under my imediate Command, are on the Point of taking the Field; their first Collection will be formed at Peekskill, where an Encampment is marked out, and the Troops are beginning to file off this Day to take their Position on that Ground; at or near which I have an Expectation of formg. our Junction with the Count De Rochambeau and his Troops.
I am sorry to inform Your Excellency, that notwithstandg. my earnest Applications to the several States from N Hampshire to N Jersey, I am at this Time uninformed, how far I am to rely on their Aid and Exertions in Support of the concerted Operations of the opening Campaign. I have the Honor etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 22, 1781.
Sir: On your taking the Command of West point, I wish your attention to the following particulars. Visit the Redoubts twice or thrice a week at uncertain periods. call the Roles regularly, and every Man to be present or satisfactorily accounted for. the Redoubts to be kept perfectly clean and sweet. no officer to be absent without your leave; nor any Soldier without leave from a Field officer. ten days Wood, Water and provisions to be deposited in each Redoubt; the Garrison to sleep within them, and to keep at least, two Senteries upon the parapet. the upper Barracks to be clean'd out and kept for Hospitals, and particular attention will be paid to prevent damage being done either to Barracks or Houses. if there shou'd be provisions in any of the public Magazines, it must be frequently inspected; and the safety of the Magazines of Military Stores will require your particular attention. I shall furnish you with a detail of the number of Men, that I think wou'd be necessary for the defence of each Work; but I wish it not to influence you so far as to prevent your increasing or diminishing the number whenever you think necessary. I am etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of David Cobb. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Friday, June 22, 1781.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
Twelve men from the Garrison ordered for Westpoint to be sent immediately to the Waggon master General's for the purpose of driving Waggons; and four men to the Commissary of Hides to assist him in collecting and preserving the Hides and Tallow; as it is likely those men will continue on the duty they are now ordered for, the present Campaign they are to be taken from the recruits lately joined and such as are least calculated for Field or Garrison duty.
[Note 58: Of the Third Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 22, 1781.
Sir: You will proceed to Sussex County, agreeable to the orders which will be given to you by General Knox to endeavour to procure 12 Barrels of Oil. If the owners of that Article will not accept the terms of payment which the Quarter Mast. General will authorize you to make, you are hereby directed to seize the above mentioned Quantity and bring it with you to the park. If you are under the necessity of making a seizure, you will give Receipts for the Quantity. I am etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 23, 1781.
Sir: Yesterday I received your Favor of the 16th instant. I am much Obliged by your Care and Attention for the Public Service and at the same Time lament the small Probability of Success which you have Reason to expect from the Disposition of the Assembly of Pensylvania; some Favorable Circumstance, or some adverse Fortune, may possibly yet draw forth their Exertions; your Zeal for the Common Cause, I dare say, will induce you to continue your Endeavours for the general Good.
Genl Wayne has given me a similar Return with that you have inclosed to me. I am sorry to observe the Smallness of his Numbers. I hope however they will be soon increased.
Of the Military Stores you mention to have been left at York Town, you will be pleased to Order such as want Repairs, to be sent to the Laboratory at Carlisle, to be immediately put into a State fit for Use; those which are in Order, may rest at York Town, and be Delivered for the Use of the next Troops which may rendezvous at that Place.
It appears somewhat strange to me that our Accounts of the Operations in Virginia, are so vague and uncertain; equally unaccountable seem to me to be the Designs of Ld Cornwallis, from his rapid and devious Movements. It appears by his latter Conduct that the Effect of all his Operations in South and North Carolina are totally lost, and the Enemy are like again to be reduced to the possession only of Charlestown.
The Time of your joining the Army, must depend on the Exertions of the State in furnishing such number of Troops in their Line, as shall give you a suitable Command in the Field; as soon as this shall be the Case, I shall wish you to go on without Delay.
I am sorry to hear the ill State of Health of Mrs St Clair. I have the Pleasure to inform that Mrs Washington is in a fair Way of Recovery.
The Army in this Quarter are now takg the Field; their first Point of Encampment is at Peekskill, where we expect to be joined by the Count De Rochambea, with his Troops, which are on their march from R Island.
I have wrote Genl Irvine on the Subject of his Proposal. I am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Saturday, June 23, 1781.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to direct that in future the Musters of all the Troops as well of the Corps detached from the Main Army, as of those serving under his immediate command, be taken on the first day of every Month or as soon after as Circumstances will possibly admit in order that the Monthly Abstracts and Returns required of the Inspectors may comprehend every alteration that has taken place in the course of the preceding month.
He expects that the returns of arms, accoutrements, ammunition, camp-equipage and cloathing will shew the exact quantity of these several articles on hand at the time of making the last Return. What has been since received, and what remains on hand accounting in the most precise manner for all deficiencies and intermediate alterations. The Return of provisions drawn between the musters should agree with the Muster rolls. To obviate the difficulties that might otherwise arise, the Arms Accoutrements Ammunition cloathing and Camp Equipage in the possession of men on command are to be returned in the same state they were in when the men left their corps, untill by their return, or by official information they are found to be otherwise.
Officers commanding regiments and companies are charged with the Arms, Accoutrements, Ammunition, camp-equipage and cloathing issued to the men under their respective commands and may be assured that every article that is not satisfactorily accounted for will be charged to their private accompt.
As officers having the command of detached parties are to be accountable to the commanding officer of the Corps to which the men respectively belong for all losses of Arms, Ammunition, accoutrements, cloathing or Camp equipage in possession of the men at the time of their taking command; it is recommended to them to take exact lists of the above articles previous to their march.
The General desires that officers commanding brigades and detached corps oblige their issuing Commissaries to make weekly Returns of the issues to their several commands which they are carefully to compare with the weekly returns of the troops and correct any abuse they discover and he strongly recommends it to all officers scrupulously to examine Returns before they make themselves accountable for their exactness by signing them.
[Note 61: Commissary General of Issues of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 23, 1781.
Sir: I had yesterday the pleasure of receiving your favr. of the 16th. In forwarding the Flour which you have purchased by order of Mr. Morris62 you will be pleased to consult the convenience of transportation to the North River, for when we have once got to the Water, it is of little consequence whether it be above or below the Highlands. I think the best general Rule will be to send all from the South side of the Mountain to King's ferry and all from the North to Newburg or New Windsor.
[Note 62: Robert Morris, Superintendent of Finance of the Continental Congress.]
I do not know what may be the extent of your Commission, but I judge from some expressions in your letter that it exceeds one thousand Barrels; and as you desire me to inform you whether we shall probably want more at present than that quantity, I must assure you, that I see little dependance upon any other kind of supply; You will therefore be pleased to forward as much as you possibly can consistent with your orders.
Be kind enough to make my Compliments to Mrs. Lowrey to whose Civilities both Mrs. Washington and myself are much indebted. I am. etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just been favored with your Letter of the 14th. Inst. I can easily conceive the inexpressible disappointment and mortification you have suffered, upon finding the flattering prospects of filling your Line so unexpectedly blasted, by the anxious sensations I have experienced on the same subject. If what has been so often urged, and repeated will not excite the States to the most strenuous exertions in compleating the Continental Battalions I almost despair of success from any thing that I can add to my former representations, Arguments, and entreaties. This however should not relax our unremitting endeavours to serve our Country, to the extent of our abilities, in every possible Way.
The desire you express for active service is very commendable. I beg you will be persuaded that I have not the least inclination to restrain so laudable a passion. You will therefore be at liberty, to attempt to rouse the spirit of the Country and to put yourself at the head of the Cavalry in the Manner you propose; I sincerely wish your efforts may be crowned with success. If the State has not already appointed a General Officer to command the State Troops destined for the southern service, I could wish these Troops might also be put under your Orders. Possibly, it might be well to give an Offer of your services, and to intimate that you have my consent to accept this Command, if the State should think proper to confer it upon you. I am &c.64
[Note 64: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1781.
Sir: I have duly received your Favor of the 19th. instant with its Inclosure.
Be so good as to write me pr. the Chain of Expresses immediately on the Receipt of this, and inform when the Count de Rochambeau leaves Hartford; by what Rout he intends to come on and when he may be expected at my Head Quarters, which he will find at Peekskill. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: In the course of our expected operations we shall stand in need of a species of troops, which are not at present to be procured either in this Army or in any of the States to the Northward of Pennsylvania. They are expert Rifle Men. The use of these Men will be to fire into the embrazures and to drive the enemy from their parapets when our approaches are carried very near their Works. Without this can be done, our loss will be immense when we shall come within Musket Shot. General Lincoln informs me that the enemy made use of this mode at the Siege of Charlestown, and that his Batteries were in a manner silenced, untill he opposed the same kind of troops and made it as dangerous for the enemy to shew their Men as it had been before for him to expose his. The number which we shall want will be about three hundred, and I shall be exceedingly obliged to your Excellency, if you will endeavour to procure so many from the Frontier of Pennsylvania.
Had the quota of Militia from your State come to this Army, I should have endeavoured to have selected the required number from among them. But that not being the case, I think it but reasonable, that the expence of raising the Rifle Men should be Continental. I have written to this effect to Congress and have requested the president to signify their approbation to your Excellency if they think proper to accede to it. I would wish the Corps to be formed into six Companies of 50 each, under the command of a Captain and two subs, the whole to be commanded by a Major. The term of service to the 1st. day of January next. The choice of the Officers I shall leave to your Excellency. If Major Parr formerly of the 7th. Penna. Regt. would engage in such a service, a better Officer could not be found for the purpose. The Bounty cannot now be determined, and therefore it will be with you to procure them on as low terms as possible. But that the business may not be retarded for want of proper encouragement, I would wish you to make yourself acquainted with the Sum which will most probably engage them and offer that, whatever it may be. One of the terms should be that they are to find their own Rifles, as we have none in Store. I shall be glad to hear as soon as possible what probability there will be of succeeding in this undertaking. The greater part of the Men, must be with the Army by the 1st. of Augt. or their services will be useless afterwards. I have the honor etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your Excellency's Letter of the 20th instant, from which I have the Pleasure to observe the progress you make in the march of the Troops under your Command, and your Intention to come on to my Camp in Person, from Hartford. Be assured, Sir, I shall be very happy to see you whenever you arrive. You do not mention the Rout by which you shall come on; you will find me at Peekskill.
In mine of the 19th. instant directed to your Excellency I informed you of the Intelligence I had received of the Arrival of a large Reinforcement from England, at Chesapeak Bay. I have very good Reason now to believe that Information not to have been well founded; having since received Letters from Congress, and others of much later Date, in which nothing of this kind has been mentioned.
My Intelligence from the Southward is too vague and uncertain to communicate to your Excellency. By the Time of your Arrival, I hope to be able to give you some certain Information of our Situation in that Quarter. I have the Honor etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1781.
Sir: The information, I had the honor of communicating to your Excellency in my last Letter, as an extract from Genl. Sullivan's Letter, respecting the arrival of a large Fleet of Transports to Chesapeak Bay, is I believe entirely without foundation. My intelligence of the Enemies operations in Virginia is so vague and uncertain that I am not able to give your Excellency any particular information of their movements. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have advices from N York that Arbuthnot is at the Hook with 7 sail of the Line.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb; the P.S. is in that of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1781.
Sir: Since writing you last, I have very luckily found the Books I had supposed to be lost. I shall not therefore want those which I desired you to procure. as the Work however may possibly be begun, you will be pleased to receive and forward to me, so many as may be already finished, and stop the execution of the Remainder as soon as may be. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am honored with Your Excellency's Letter of the 30th Inst. together with the several Enclosures.
The measures which have been taken by your Legislature to produce a prompt compliance with the requisitions upon the State, are of a good complexion, and afford me great satisfaction. I flatter myself the ample powers with which your Excellency and your Council are invested, will be strenuously exerted to carry those salutary Measures into execution.
I shall be extremely happy to see you at the Army, and am With the highest sentiments of esteem etc.70
[Note 70: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 24, 1781.
Sir: Towards effecting the intended Operations of the ensuing Campaign, I had made a Requisition to the State of Pensylvania for a Number of Militia to join the Army under my imediate Command; but that state having been called upon at the same Time by Congress, for a Number of their Militia for the southern Service, His Excellency the President has informed me that it will not be in their Power to fulfill both Requisitions. I have therefore withdrawn my Request.
In the Course of our intended Operations, I shall have Occasion for a Body of about three Hundred expert Rifle Men, for most necessary and essential Services, and as all those of our Troops, composing the Line of the Army, from whence I could hope to draw such a Corps, are gone southward, so that is become impracticable to supply them here. I have written to his Excellency President Reed, begging that he will furnish me with such a Body of Troops from that State to serve with this Army during this Campaign. If Congress should approve the Measure, I have to request, that they will be pleased to signify their Approbation to Mr. President Reed, and enforce this Requisition; accompanying it with a Promise of Prepayment to the State of whatever Bounty they shall engage, with Pay, Rations and compleat Continental Establishment, equal to the other Troops in the Field, during the Time they are in Service, this measure I deem necessary, because I suppose they cannot be raised as Militia. A Corps of Men composed of such expert Marksmen, being in my Opinion, of so very great Importance in the Execution of our Intensions, I have the most sanguine Hope, that this Requisition will meet with a most speedy Success. I have the Honor etc.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on July 2, 1781.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, Sunday, June 24, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Lieutenant Bradford of Colonel Lamb's regiment of Artillery is Appointed Aid de camp to Major General Lord Stirling and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1781.
Sir: Having Occasion to withdraw from Albany and other posts in the Northern District all the Continental Troops that are now there; I find myself under the necessity to replace them out of the Quota of Militia requested from the State of Massachusetts to the Number of Six Hundred; to be taken from the Counties most contiguous. I have therefore to request that you will be pleased to order the Militia of the County of Berkshire to the Number of Six Hundred; to Rendezvous at Albany; and if that County should not in the proportion assigned to them, amount to the Number I have mentioned; I must beg that you will be pleased to extend your orders (if in your Power) to the County of Hampshire untill you compleat the whole; but in case your command does not reach there, be pleased to communicate this Request to the Officer commandg the Militia in that County and Desire him to fulfill the Number. This Requisition has been communicated to Govr Hancock; but to save Time and to have the Militia in forwardness to move on as soon as possible, I have thot proper to make my Address directly to you, without waitg his Excellencys Orders. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: In a conference this day with the Governor, the Lieut. Governor; Genl. Schuyler and Genl. Ten Brock it has been determined that the Continental Regiments shall be withdrawn from the Northward as soon as a suitable number of Militia shall be sent in to relieve them. I have in consequence directed 600 Men from the Counties of Hampshire and Berkshire to rendezvous at Albany. As they arrive you will dispose of them in the following proportions, 2/3 to Saratoga and 1/3 to the Mohawk River to be under the command of Colo. Willet. I have written to General Starke to repair immediately to Albany and to relieve you. You will therefore as I have before directed hold all the Continental Troops (the Artillery excepted) in the most perfect readiness to move whenever the Militia come in, and should General Starke have arrived by that time, you will come down yourself with the troops. If he should not, you will forward the troops and wait his arrival.
It is not my wish at present to draw off the regular troops untill the Militia have come in, but circumstances may render it necessary. You will therefore keep them ready to move at a moments warning.
The inclosed for General Fellows requests him to send in the Militia, You will therefore forward it to him with the greatest dispatch. I am etc.73
[Note 73: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: Upon finding it necessary for the operations of the Campaign, to recall the Continental Troops from the Northward, I have ordered 600 Militia from the Counties of Berkshire and Hampshire to that quarter, in addition to the Militia and State Troops of New York; and I have now to request that you will take the general Command of all the Troops in that Department, as soon as conveniently may be; I am induced to appoint you to this Command, from your knowledge of, and influence amongst the Inhabitants of that Country.
You will be pleased therefore to repair to Saratoga, and establish your Head Quarters at that place, detaining with you 400 of the Troops from Massachusetts, and sending the other 200 to Colonel Willet, who will remain in command on the Mohawk River, as his popularity in that Country will enable him to render essential services there.
In case of an incursion of the Enemy you will make such dispositions as you shall judge most advantageous for opposing them and protecting the frontier (not withdrawing the Troops from the Mowhawk River). I rely upon it, you will use your utmost exertions to draw forth the force of the Country from the Green Mountains and all the contiguous territory; and I doubt not your requisitions will be attended with success, as your personal influence must be unlimited amongst those people, at whose head, you have formerly fought and conquered with so much reputation and glory.
I request you will be very particular in keeping up proper discipline and preventing the Troops from committing depredations upon the Inhabitants.
Be pleased to let me hear from you from time to time, and to believe me to be etc.74
[Note 74: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.H.H.S.]
[Note 75: Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1781.
Sir: You are to apply to His Excellency Govr. Clinton, who will order a Guard of an Officer and twenty Men from the Militia of Ulster County to attend at Newburg to receive the prisoners of War at present at Fishkill and conduct them to Easton in Pennsylvania. You will direct the Officer to apply at that place for a Continental Guard to escort them to Lancaster, if there are any Continental troops there. If there are not, he is to apply to the nearest Officer of Militia. You will send off the prisoners from Fishkill as soon as possible. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1781.
Sir: As an attempt is determined on to reduce New York to our power, I am under the necessity of calling on your State for an aid of Militia, especially as I cannot dispense with recalling the regular Troops now on the Frontiers, wishing to ease a state so harrassed as yours has been as much as possible consistent with the importance of the intended operation, I can only request 800 men. But as on some critical emergency I may be driven to intreat a farther aid permit me to recommend It to Your Excellency to request of Your legislature, to invest you with adequate powers for the purpose should You not already have them. I am &c.77
[Note 77: From a copy in the writing of Philip Schuyler.]
Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 25, 1781.
Sir: I find I shall be under the necessity of drawing down all the Continental troops which are at present upon the Northern Frontier, and as there is very great reason to apprehend an incursion of the enemy from Canada I shall be obliged to keep a respectacle force of Militia in that quarter, in addition to the State Troops of New York. I have therefore taken the liberty to order the quotas from Berkshire and Hampshire Counties immediately to Albany where they will be disposed of agreeable to the directions of Brigadier Genl. Stark who will take the general command to the Northward. The numbers of Massachusetts Militia destined for Northern service will be 600. If therefore the two before mentioned Counties should not furnish so many, I must make up the deficiency from the others.
The Militia which will be furnished by New York upon the present occasion will be principally drawn from the lower parts and from their perfect knowledge of the Country which will be the scene of our operations will be particularly useful to me. I have for that reason preferred keeping them with the Army to sending them to the defence of their own Frontier. I have the honor etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
New Windsor, June 25, 1781.
Dr. Sir: One of my own Horses which I sent from Camp to be Wintered, together with the Horses which usually carried my Canteens and Portmanteaus, I am informed, are dead. These losses will occasion a call upon you for four, wch. I should be glad to receive as soon as convenient. If there is a number to choose out of, two may be natural pacers (Horses or Mares) the Canteens going easier on them. One of the other two is only to go to the length of Phila. with Mrs. Washington, one of whose Carriage Horses is, I fear, too lame to perform the Journey. To supply his place, a bay, tolerably likely, and used to drawing, would be prefered. If I could get this Horse to day so as to enable Mrs. Washington to leave this in the Morning I could wait a few days for the others. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 27, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Favor of yesterday's Date, and am very sorry to observe its Contents. I can think of no mode more eligible, than to transmit the Letter, with some Observations on the probable Consequences, to the State of Connecticut. This mode I shall pursue, and hope the State, on further Consideration, will do all the justice to their Line, that they have a Right to expect. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Camp near Peekskill, June 27, 1781.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your Excellencys favor of the 23rd. Inst. from Hartford. It would have given me the greatest pleasure could I have made it convenient to have met you at Newtown, but independant of many arrangements which are necessary at the first taking the Field, I am detained by the hourly expection of His Excellency the Chevr. de la Luzerne.
I am pleased to find that your Excellency's Idea of the position which will be proper for the troops under your command coincides exactly with my own, and I shall be happy in giving your Quarter Master General every assistance in reconnoitring and marking out your Camp.
You have inclosed the Copy of a piece of intelligence which I have just received from the Minister, and as it is necessary that the Count De Barras should be made acquainted with it, I have transmitted him a Copy also. I flatter myself that the number of which the reinforcement is said to consist is exaggerated.
Lt. Colo. Cobb one of my Aides de Camp will have the honour of delivering you this, and will return to me with any dispatch or message which your Excellency may wish to communicate; or should you rather incline to come forward from Newtown, before the Army, Colonel Cobb will be proud to attend you.
I will be much obliged to your Excellency, to present the Count De Barras, by the next Occasion you may have to write him, with my sincere Thanks, for the Readiness with which he was pleased to embrace the Proposition I had the Honor to make to him through your Excellency. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Wednesday, June 27, 1781.
Parole New York. Countersigns Bedford, Tappan.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure of announcing to the Army the approach of the troops of his most Christian Majesty under the Command of his Excellency Lieutenant General Count de Rochambeau.
The General assures himself that it would be needless to recommend to the officers and Soldiers of the American Army a cultivation of acquaintance and friendship with our gen- erous Allies; policy strongly dictates the measure but he hopes they will be influenced by a nobler motive, Gratitude.
To the Officers of all ranks the General recommends the strictest attention to their several duties; to those of the day and on guards he particularly enjoins the most pointed observance of the rules and regulations for the establishment of discipline, Independent of the necessity of the utmost care and circumspection at all times. We shall be more than commonly bound to practise them henceforward. We shall be daily under the Eyes of officers of the first distinction improved by long service, and there is nothing which contributes more to establish military character of a people than a performance of their duties with Alertness precision and uniformity.
A General officer and two field officers of the day are to be appointed to regulate and Visit the Guard, and to superintend the police of the army; They will as soon as may be reconnoitre the environs of the Camp and after examining the approaches to the Army they will determine the positions proper for the Guards and report the same to the Commander in Chief.
Chains of Sentinels are to be regularly established from the several camp guards. No Soldiers are to be suffered to go beyond the limits of their Encampments without passes from the commanding officer of the regiment in writing, every Soldier found straggling without such a written permission is to be apprehended and confined and every officer is most earnestly requested to consider it as a part of his duty to see this order invariably carried into execution.
The General expects the strictest attention will be paid to the preservation of the inclosures and to prevent the destruction of every species of private property.
All Deserters and persons from the enemy's lines are to be sent immediately under a small guard to Head Quarters.
Camp near Peekskill, June 27, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit your Excellency the Copy of a piece of intelligence which I have just received from the Minister of France. Should I gain any further account of the number of ships of War which convoyed the transports, or of their destination I shall immediately communicate it. I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Thursday, June 28, 1781.
Parole Army. Countersigns Bakewell, Cookwell.
The Commanding officers of the Picquets and other guards will be particularly attentive in examining the passes of soldiers and in detaining those respecting whose permissions there is any suspicion of deception untill they can be reported to an officer of the Day.
Country people or transient persons coming to or going from the Army if they cannot give a good account of themselves are to be treated in the same manner without having any insult or outrage offered them.
The Rolls are to be called at least three times a day, the men to be all present or satisfactorily accounted for.
The General presents his Compliments to the General and field officers of the day and expects the pleasure of their company at dinner the day succeeding that on which they are on duty.
In order to save the consumption of forage and to prevent the destruction of the property of Individuals without a compensation, the forage masters are to point out the meadows and pastures which are to be appropriated to the use of the army, none are to be taken up for the public or occupied but in this mode.
The Forage Master General will also take measures to have as great a quantity of Grass cut as is practicable for the purpose of preventing waste and extending the use of forage as far as possible.
The Commissary General of Issues will take effectual measures to procure a supply of Hard bread for the Army.
Untill further orders Picquets will mount daily at the places pointed out by Major General Lord Stirling for the purpose of securing the Avenues to Camp.
For the present the Vacancy left in the Centre of the second line for the Park of Artillery &ca. will be the Grand Parade where the Guards are to Assemble every morning at Eight o'clock.
A Baker from each Brigade will be immediately sent to Colonel Stewart Commissary General at Peekskill Landing.
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Sir: The Commissary Genl of Issues is directed to take Effectual measures to furnish the Army with a Quantity of Hard Bread. Six Bakers will be given him for the Purpose from here. I wish you to give him every Assistance within your power that he may need to effect this most necessary Work. I am &c.
P.S. I find, unless vigorous measures are taken to draw all the Boats together immediately, we never shall have them in readiness for use when wanted. I have therefore written most pressingly to Major Darby to have all the Batteaux instantly collected at Peekskill.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.; the P. S. is in that of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: The following is an extract of what I have just received from the Board of War in a letter of the 22d. Inst.
The Board are unhappy to inform you that nothing is yet done in consequence of General Knox's letter: immediately on the receipt of it they made the necessary estimates and applications to Congress for the following Sums: To the department of Military Stores £3794 Specie and for transportation £43,747 Specie but the Money is not yet granted and nothing can be done without it. The Board have been informed that their Estimates were referred to a Committee who were directed to confer with Mr. Morris on the subject.
I am every day more and more dubious of our being able to carry into execution the operation which we have in contemplation, not only from the small prospect of the necessary number of Men, but from an information which I have just received from the Minister of France and which is, that a reinforcement, said to consist of between three and four thousand Men, arrived at Charles town, the beginning of this month. part were landed at Charles town, the remainder were intended for Augustine and New York. You must be sensible that a trifling augmentation of force at the latter place must render our success at least precarious. Under the foregoing circumstances, I am confirmed in what you know has always been my opinion, that it will be wrong to bring more Stores from the Southward than will be absolutely necessary; because, should we be disappointed here, they come so far out of the way. The case is different as to those which came from the Eastward. I have for these reasons, in my answer to the Board of War, desired them to compleat the Estimate at all events if possible, as the Stores will be always valuable, and have referred them to you for directions as to the transportation of such Articles as will be essentially necessary for a commencement of operations; the remainder may either be brought on when we see a certainty of proceeding, may remain where they are if the matter falls through, or may be turned southward should there be occasion. This plan appears to me such an one as does not put a stop to preparations, and yet avoids the great expence, except necessary, transportation. You will therefore, as soon as possible, make out the Returns of what will be first wanted and transmit them to the Board. You see their difficulties and will therefore be pleased to confine them to the essentials. I am &c.
P.S. Be pleased to send down 6 dark Lanthorns and 12°. Rockets83 by the Bearer.84
[Note 83: 12-ounce rockets.]
[Note 84: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Sir: On your Arrival to take the Command of the Troops on the Northern Frontier, you will be pleased to advise with General Schuyler with respect to the Disposition of the Troops destined for the Defence of that Quarter; as that Gentlemans Knowledge of every Part of the exposed Country is very good, his Assistance and Council may be very usefull to you, from this Motive I am induced to give you this Direction.
You will also consult with him85 with respect to furnishing the Means of Subsistence to the Troops under your Command, should you at any Time find the public Stores to be exhausted. With much Regard, etc.86
[Note 85: The draft has "You will also take his advice with respect etc."]
[Note 86: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Sir: I was yesterday favored with a letter from you without Date.
Had not the Enemy made the Movement which you mention, I should by this Time have given you directions to have drawn your Brigade towards this River. In present Circumstances, you will be pleased to draw together, as much as possibly you can the whole Brigade (except the Parties in the Clove) to one Point at Morris Town, where you will wait further Orders, and although it will much interfere with my Intentions, yet considering the present irruption of the Enemy into your State, I shall not at this Time withdraw the Troops under your Comand; but expect to have them in Readiness to be ordered to such Point as eventual Circumstances may most Demand.
I have received no official account of the Promotion of Colo Hazen to the Rank of a Brigadier:87 whoever has informed you of his being recommended by me to that Promotion, with a View to take the Comand of the Troops of N Jersey state, must have been mistaken; to convince you of this, I send you a Copy of my Letter to Congress on the Subject, by Colo
[Note 87: On June 29, 1781, Congress conferred the brevet of brigadier general on Colonel Hazen.] Hazen, from which it will appear that nothing of the kind was mentioned.
If the promotion of Colo Hazen has taken place, Congress would seem to contradict their own Principles established by their Resolutions of the 25th of May, in which they have declared the Mode by which Promotions in future were to take place. Agreeable to these Principles Colo Van Schaick stood first in the Class; untill I am informed from Congress, I know not that Colo Hazen is promoted, nor (if he is) can I say from what Motives or on what Principles such Event may have taken place. I am &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Sir: Yours of this day has been recd. You will be pleased to send me immediately a state of the Detachment under your Commd. specifying particularly the number of Officers and Men, both in the Garrison and on the Water Guard. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Sir: By Command of His Excellency I give you the followg Extract from a Letter just received from Genl Schuyler dated Poughkeepsie 25th June 1781.
As our Boards are all of the Lenth of 14 feet, I find they will work to the best Advantage if the Boats are 32 feet instead of 35 feet long, and that each Boat will require 12 lb. of 20d. Nails; 14 lb. of 10d. Nails, and 8 lb. of 8d.
If the Nails and Oakum arrive in Season and the Weather prove favorable, I am in Hopes to compleat the Boats in Twenty Days after my arrival in Albany; as Mr. Cuyler informs me that 150 Carpenters may be procured at 14/. currency pr Day for the Master Carpenters, and 10/ for the others they findg themselves in Rum, Provisions and Tools.
His Excellency being exceedingly anxious for the Completion of the Boats, hopes that no failure may happen on your Part, to produce any the least Delay to the finishg the Number mentioned by Genl Schuyler, in the Time he has sett. I am etc.90
[Note 90: This letter is in the writing of and is signed by Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: Inclosed your Excellency will receive Copy of a Letter addressed to me from General Parsons, representing the Situation of the Troops of your Line of the Army.
I feel myself so distressed at this Representation, not only as it affects the Troops themselves, but from the Apprehension I have of the Consequences which may, from their feelings, be produced to the general Service; that, altho it is not within my Province to interfere with the Internal Resolutions or the Determinations of the States, I did not think it amiss to transmitt this Letter to your Excellency, and to beg the most serious Attention of the State to its Subject.91 Permit me Sir! to add, that Policy alone in our present Circumstances, seem to demand that every Satisfaction which can reasonably be requested, should be given to those Veteran Troops who, 'thro almost every Distress, have been so long and so faithfully serving the States; as from every Representation, I have but too much Reason to suppose, that the most fatal Consequences to
[Note 91: At this point in the draft, which is also in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., the following is crossed out: "the Subject is so fully displayed therein, that it is needless for me to be particular. How far the State have complied to the strict Rule of Justice, in their Resolutions, is not for me to determine."] your Line will ensue upon the total Loss of any further Expectations than they at present have, of Relief from the State; and how serious will be the Consequence to our present meditated Operations, should any Disturbance arise in so respectable a Body of the Troops composing this Army, as that from the State of Connecticut, I leave the State to reflect; for myself, I lament the Prospect, in its most distant Idea.
If your Legislature should not be sitting, (as I suppose they are not), I leave it to your Excellency to determine whether it is necessary imediately to convene them on this Subject. I have only to wish, that it might have as early a Consideration as may be found convenient, or consistent with other Circumstances, which must be best known to your Excellency. I have the Honor etc.92
[Note 92: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Sir: Col Pickering informs there are now 24 Boats compleatly repaired at Wappingers Creek. Be pleased to send a party to bring these instantly to Peekskill Creek. Let these Boats, and every Batteau at West Point, that is fit for service (including all those now used as ferry Boats, and on every other duty) be hurried to Peekskill with all possible expedition.
The work must not cease, or the Men rest a moment day or Night, until 35 or 40 Batteaux are got down the River. I expect this number will be here by tomorrow Night or the next day Morning without fail. I am etc.
P.S. Heavy Flat Bottomed Boats or those not in good repair may be given to the Ferry and to the other necessary services from which good Batteaux are taken.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's several Letters of the 20th and 21st instant, with their several Enclosures. Sir Henry Clinton has indeed refused to make any Exchange of Genl. Burgoyne in the Military Line, but upon my Consent to put the Prisoners taken at the Cedars upon a footing of Exchange equal with any other Prisoners of War. I know of nothing at present subsisting between Sir Henry and me to prevent a Proposition being made by Congress for the Exchange of Mr Laurens for Genl Burgoyne, in the Mode mentioned by your Excellency. As to Genl Bayleys Memorial, I am persuaded that Congress, from a knowledge of our Circumstances, will be fully sensible that an Expedition into Canada, must be utterly impracticable;94 they may also be informed, that in the present Situation of our Troops, and their Numbers, with respect to our intended Operations, it is equally out of my Power to lend any Aid for the support of that Frontier.
[Note 94: The draft, which is also in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., phrased this as "cannot be undertaken."]
The Regulations of the Cloathing Department, were we in suitable Circumstances, are very agreeable to my Ideas respecting it. But I beg Congress will be pleased to consider, whether at this Time, when there is great Reason to suppose the Loss of the Marquis le Fayette, expected from France, it will not be best to suspend that Part of the Resolution, which abolishes all State Appointments and Regulations, respecting their Purchase or procuring any further Supplies; unless Congress are fully assured of a sufficient Supply by means of their own Resources, without any Aid from individual States, I have great Reason to fear, the Army will fall much short of its real Needs; that part of the Regulations which I have mentioned, will most probably give the States an Idea of the Competency of the Continental Resources independant of their Assistance; and they will be very glad to relax their Attention to this Article, which has already given them much Trouble and Expence to obtain; were your Expectations equal to our Wants, I should be fully satisfied without the Intervention of individual States; but some peculiar Fatality seeming to attend all the Attempts for obtaing. Cloathing from abroad, that have hitherto been made by Congress, I am greatly apprehensive, that, without the Aid of the States, we may, by another Campaign, have an Army literally Naked.
Inclosed I send for the Observation of Congress, Copy of a Letter from M Genl. Schuyler, who has undertaken to build a Number of Boats for Public Use; as this Gentleman has been already particularly serviceable to the public by his Advancements, and his Aid may be further needed in our Operations, I beg, that Congress will be pleased to take the most effectual Measures that he may be enabled to fulfill his Engagements in the Time mentioned by him, so that his Credit may not be injured by his Exertions in Favor of the Public. I have the Honor etc.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favors of the 17th and 22d instant. It ought to be presumed that Mr. Vernor the British Dy. Commy. of prisoners comes to Elizabeth Town no oftener than his business requires, and except there can be proof stronger than suspicion that under cover of his office he carries on a correspondence with disaffected persons in Philada. it will be indelicate to charge him with improper conduct. It is with the enemy to appoint such Characters as they please to fill their several departments, and for us to guard as much as possible against those who may be thought designing or dangerous. I will therefore give Mr. Skinner a hint that the frequency of Mr. Vernors visits gives umbrage and desire him to permit him to come to Elizabeth town no oftener than his business absolutely requires and then to stay no longer than is necessary.
I very much approve of such a Resolve of Congress as General Greene recommends, to prevent our prisoners of War from inlisting into the Enemy's service.
Were our prospects of being certainly able to carry our intended plan of operations into execution more flattering, I should not hesitate in desiring the Stores demanded by General Knox to be brought forward at any expence whatever. But I confess to you this is so far from being the case, that I wish to incur no more in the transportation from the southward to this quarter than can possibly be avoided, because it is far from improbable that the scene of operations may yet be shifted. I have for that reason given Genl. Knox an extract from your letter and have desired him to point out to you such Articles in his estimate as may be essentially necessary to commence operations, the remainder may follow if we are able to prosecute the plan, may remain where they are should we be obliged to desist, or may be turned towards the southward should there be occasion. I would recommend the completion of the order if possible, because the Stores are always valuable. The transportation of the Stores from the Eastward will be continued upon the following principle, that if they are not wanted here they will be so far on their way to the next point of operation. Those States have cheerfully undertaken to furnish the means of transportation.
Upon changing the position of the Army, the Route of the post is changed also. He now passes at Kings Ferry and avoids the Mountains, which I hope will in some degree remove the danger to which he was formerly exposed. But should that not prove to be the case, I cannot, from the present strength of our Cavalry, furnish even the small escort which is required. Sheldon's Regiment consists of but 60 mounted and Van Heers Corps is upon the point of dissolution by the expiration of their service. You may judge how soon so small a Corps as Sheldons would be worn down had they no other duty to do but that of furnishing four dragoons at a time to be constantly riding post, [but these being all the horse I have to depend upon for Military Service the request of the Post Master Genl. is totally incompatible with it.] There are several excellent troops of Volunteer Horse in Jersey and I make no doubt but an escort could be procured from them, if application was made to the Governor and an adequate compensation for their services allowed. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near Peekskill, June 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have reed. your favors of the 15th. and 21st. Your opinion of the absolute necessity of a repeal of all tender laws, before a new species of paper, tho' upon ever so good an establishment, will gain credit with the public, is certainly founded upon reason and justified by experience. I am in hopes that most if not all the Legislatures have at length seen the fatal effects of those laws and have abolished them.
I am extremely obliged to you for the assistance you have already afforded us in the Article of Flour, without that aid, we should have been already distressed, and I must candidly confess to you that I see no prospect of being supplied but thro' your means, as, by the last letters from the president and Council of Pennsylvania, I could expect little or nothing from that quarter. Whether the Assembly, in their present session, have adopted any more vigorous measures to obtain supplies, I have not yet been informed.
Previous to the receipt of your favr. of the 21st. I had written to Mr. Lowrey and had pointed out the most eligible Routes for whatever he might purchase.
General Schuyler a few days ago acquainted you that there were more considerable quantities of Flour upon the North River than he had expected. The ease and cheapness of transportation of any in that situation will undoubtedly induce you to secure what may be in that quarter should you find yourself enabled to extend your purchases. I have the honor etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Friday, June 29, 1781.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Easton, Fairfield.
[Note 1: Of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, He was discharged in October, 1782.]
The Water-guard is in future to be furnished from Major Darby's command which is for that purpose to be augmented immediately with a Captain, two subs, four serjeants, four Corporals and fifty oarsmen. Captain Pray's detachment is to be relieved accordingly, the oarsmen to assemble on the Grand Parade at four o'clock this afternoon and march as soon as possible to join Major Darby.
Head Quarters near Peekskill, June 29, 1781.
My dear Marquis: The last letter I have had the pleasure of receiving from you is dated the 3d. instant. I have since that heard a thousand vague reports of your situation and that of the Enemy, but none of them satisfactory. I fear some of your letters have miscarried; as from your usual punctuality, I am certain you must have written in that time. I hope your next will confirm the accounts which I have this day recd. from Genl. St. Clair, which are that Lord Cornwallis had retreated to the south side of James River.
The Army moved out of their quarters a few days ago and have taken their first position upon this Ground. Count Rochambeau with the Van of the French Army will be at Newtown, 42 Miles from hence, this Night. You are acquainted with our general plan; particulars I dare not enter into before I am assured from yourself that there is no danger of my letters falling among those Clouds of Light Troops which you tell me in your last surround Lord Cornwallis's Army.
I inclose you a paper containing some very agreeable accounts from India. I hope from part of them being published by the East India House in London that they are well founded.
Be assured My dear Marquis that my anxiety to hear from you is increased by my sincere regard for you and by the interest I take in every thing which concerns you. Believe me to be most affectionately etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Saturday, June 30, 1781.
Parole Gilford. Countersigns Hallifax, Ilford.
[Note 3: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. lie was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1785, and served to November, 1783.]
The General expects the pleasure of forming a junction with the French Army in the course of two days and as it is his Wish to have the American Line as full and as respectable as it is in the power of our numbers to make it, he desires that no officer will be absent from Camp except those who are upon Detachment or other unavoidable public duty and directs moreover that the commanding officers of Corps will make a point of it to have all their men in the Line who are not absent in consequence of General orders or upon such other public duty as cannot be dispensed with.
The General flatters himself that it is unnecessary to exhort the officers to be careful in seeing that the men with their Arms, Accoutrements and Ammunition are in good order. But when so happy an occasion presents itself to call forth the ambition of the officer and the pride of the soldier he hopes a bare hint will be sufficient.
Major Platt having resigned the office of Deputy Quarter master to the Main Army, Lieutenant Colonel Dearborne4 is appointed in his room and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 4: Lieut. Col. Henry Dearborn, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He served to March, 1783, and was Secretary of War of the United States from 1801 to 1809.]
The Detachment under Major Porter to be relieved. As these Men will be employed on the Lines it is requested the Detachment may be composed of men who are the most capable of active service.
An orderly serjeant from each Division to be sent to the Adjutant General's Quarters daily.
AFTER ORDERS
The French Army does not come to this ground and as the General is desirous of showing all the Respect in his power to those Generous Allies who are hastening with the Zeal of Friends and the ardor of Soldiers to share with us the fatigues and dangers of the Campaign, He purposes to receive them at some other convenient place and for this purpose will march the whole Line of the American Army now at this encampment at three o'clock on Monday morning next.
The Rout, the Disposition and Order of March will be given to Major General Lord Stirling and as it is possible the march of the French Troops may be impeded by unavoidable accidents the General Desires that Officers and Men will take with them their Blankets and a spare shirt and a sufficiency of Provisions ready cooked to last 'till thursday inclusive especially of Bread.
The Picquets Camp Guards Officers Guards and every man that is able to march will appear in the line except a few of the most indifferent who may be left to take care of the baggage of each Brigade which ought to be drawn into as narrow a Compass as may be, that the least possible number may suffice to Guard it.
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have had the Pleasure to receive your two Favors of the 20 and 25th instant, and am much obliged by the Zeal and Chearful Activity with which you are pursuing the very necessary Reparation of Boats.
I have consulted the Q M G with respect to Oakum and Nails, which he tells me he has the best Reason to believe he can procure and forward within your Time, and have also, agreable to your Desire, written to Congress, and enforced to that Body, the Necessity of their takg the most effectual measures, that you may be reimbursed your Engagements by the Time mentioned in your Letter of the 20th. a Copy of which I have taken the liberty to forward the President.
Inclosed is a Letter for Genl Stark, which I beg you to hand to him, in which I have desired him to apply to you for Advice in the Disposition of the Troops on the Frontier, and for your Advice and Assistance, should he at any Time find himself in any Distress on Acco of the Subsistence of the Troops. I am &c.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just recd your favor of this date.
As the Artillery Men are wanted for a particular purpose, I request you to have them sent down this Night and not wait for the Pieces of Artillery, unless you can immediately find the means of conveyance for the 12 Pounder. Let the Officer report himself at Head Quarters when he arrives. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
Later this same day (June 30) Jonathan Trumbull, jr., wrote McDougall that the "Memorandum...sent you this Morng. for a Captain 2 Subs. fifty Men of Artillery, with two light Peices to be sent to this Place" was to be modified, "you will let one of the Peices be a Twelve Pounder." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 27th and 28th. Inst. and am pleased with the account you give of the perfect readiness in which the Troops are kept for a Movement.
On the receipt of this, you will instantly put the three Regts. of Continental Troops, under your command, in motion for West Point. You will be pleased to have a sufficient number of Vessels for transports immediately procured by hire or impress; and forward the Troops by Regiments, or Detachments of Regts. as soon as possible. It will be necessary for you to remain a little time, to make arrangements respecting the Levies and Militia who are to supply the place of the regular Troops, and to give General Stark, upon his arrival at Saratoga (where he will establish his Head Quarters) every information which will be necessary for the advantage and safety of his future Command. I am &c.7
[Note 7: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[M.L]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Sir: Imediately on the Receipt of this you will be pleased to collect all the Troops of your Brigade [except the Coy8 at Wy]oming and put them in Motion on their March towards Kingsbridge.
[Note 8: Company.]
As the Operations of the Campaign are on the Point of commencing, you will use your utmost Diligence that the Troops come on with Dispatch. It will be very inconvenient to be loaded with Baggage; you will therefore move on as light as possible, giving me Notice of your Movements and Approach, that I may be enabled to give you any further Orders that may be found Necessary. I am &c.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Sir: You will immediately on the Receipt of this be pleased to collect as many Men of your command as you possibly can and march them from the place of rendezvous so as to form a junction without fail with Colonel Sheldon at Clapp's in Kings Street on the second of July by Sunset. You must not exceed that time on any account. You will bring four days provision, and ready cooked. You will receive further Orders at Clapp's. You will carry on no Baggage; the movement to be as light as possible. I must enjoin and I shall depend upon your keeping your movement a profound secret from any Officer under your command.
You will be pleased to inform me by return of Captain Buckley10 with the number of Men which you think you shall probably collect. I am etc.
[Note 10: Capt. Edward Bulkley (Buckley), of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was made brigadier major from February to August, 1782, and served to June, 1783.]
P.S. It will be absolutely necessary for you to send on upon the Roads below you in the Rout to Marinack,11 shall Parties of your trusty Men, and well acquainted with that Country, who may waylay the Roads and prevent any Intelligence going to the Enemy; this must be attended to With the greatest Care and Vigilance; these Parties not to be seen in the Roads, but be concealed in Fields.12
[Note 11: Mamaroneck, N. Y.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P. S. is in that of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: The inclosed Letter to the Count de Rochambeau is of very great Importance, and requires the utmost Secrecy in its Communication. This Idea you will convey to the Count before its delivery, to effect which you will first converse with the Chevalr. Chattalux on the Mode of its Communication. Its object is to inform the Count, that I have in Contemplation a very sudden surprise of some Post of the Enemy which will be of very great importance in our Operations, and which we have very flattering Expectations of obtaing; to cover and Support which if obtained we shall Want the Aid of the French Army; in which Case it will be necessary for the Count to push on his Troops with greater haste than he at present intends, by a different Route from that now in Idea. The Duke's Legion to Advance. The Movements which I would wish to be made by the French Army are particularized in my Letter to the Count which you will see. It will be for you to impress the Gentlemen with the Importance of their Motions to support our Operations, as it will be to little Purpose for us to obtain Advantages which we may not be able to maintain.
As the Count with his Troops is now in a very disaffected part of the Country and the Tories will be very desirous to give every Information in their Power; the most profound Secrecy will be necessary. Secrecy and Dispatch must prove the Soul of success to Enterprise. This Idea you will impress with Energy; using your best Discretion in the Mode. I am &c.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
Filed in the Washington Papers, at the end of June, 1781, are two undated manuscripts relating to this proposed attempt on the north end of York Island: 1. "Questions to be asked British deserters, with answers thereto." Eighteen queries, the first 14 of which are in Washington's writing and the last 4 in that of Humphreys. The answers are in Tilghman's writing and appear to have been obtained from one Quinn and one Middleton. 2. "Enquiries to be made in New York" by secret agents. These are in the writing of Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Sir: On the first day of July (that is tomorrow) you will assemble all the Men of the three Companies of the State Troops of New York, under your Command at Bedford, where you will meet with Colonel Sheldon at or before night from whom you will be pleased to receive your Orders. It will be necessary for you previously to draw four days Provision for the Men and have their Arms, Accoutrements and Ammunition in the most perfect readiness for use. I request in the most earnest manner, that you will not shew this Letter, or mention the subject of it to any Person, or make any extraordinary noise, or give any occasion to a suspicion, either among your own Officers or Men, or the Country People, that you are making preparations for any movement whatever. On your punctual compliance with this Order, your reputation as an Officer must depend. I am &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Sir: I had last Evening the honor of your Excellency's favor of the 28th. with a postscript of the 29th:
The enemy, by sending a detachment into Monmouth County in Jersey to collect Horses, Cattle and other plunder, have so weakened their posts upon the North end of York Island, that a most favorable opportunity seems at this moment to present itself of possessing them by a Coup de main, which, if it succeeds, will be of the utmost consequence to our future operations. I have for this reason determined to make the attempt on the night of the 2d. of July. But as we cannot with the remainder of our own force maintain the advantage should we gain it, I must entreat your Excellency to put your first Brigade under march tomorrow Morning, the remaining Troops to follow as quick as possible, and endeavour to reach Bedford by the evening of the 2d. of July, and from thence to proceed immediately towards Kingsbridge should circumstances render it necessary. Your Magazines having been established on the Route by Crompond it may perhaps be out of your power to make any deviation; but could you make it convenient you would considerably shorten the distance by marching from Ridgebury to Salem and from thence to Bedford leaving Crompond on your right.
There is another matter which appears to me exceedingly practicable upon the same night that we attempt the Works upon York Island and which I would wish to commit to the execution of the Duke De Lauzun, provided his Corps can be brought to a certain point, in time. It is the surprise of a Corps of light Troops under the command of Colo. Delancey which lies at Morrisania, without being covered by any Works. To effect this, the Duke must be at Bedford on the 2d. of July by 12 OClock if possible, where he will be joined by Colo. Sheldon with 200 Horse and Foot and on his march from thence by about 400 Infantry, both Officers and Men perfectly acquainted with the Country. Upon a supposition that the Duke may be at Bedford at the above mentioned time and that he will be ready to carry the design into execution, he shall be met there by particular instructions from me and will find good guides. At any rate, I must request your Excellency to send orders to the Duke this evening to continue his march tomorrow morning and to reach Bedford by the Evening of 2d. of July if he cannot be there by noon. In this latter case the enterprise against Delancey must probably be laid aside, and the Legion with the first Brigade of your Army will be at hand to support the detachment upon York Island should they succeed. I shall move down with the remainder of this Army towards Kingsbridge and shall be ready to form a junction with your Excellency below at some point which shall be hereafter after agreed upon.
I am certain I need not recommend the proper degree of secrecy to your Excellency. One reason which makes it more than commonly necessary in the Country where you are, is, that the enemy will have emissaries in your Camp in the Garb of peasants with provisions and other matters and will be attentive to every word which they may hear drop.
You will much oblige me by letting me know instantly by return of the line of Expresses whether your first Brigade and the Legion can march tomorrow Morning and whether the Duke can be at Bedford by the time first proposed (the 2d. of July at Noon).
Under the foregoing circumstances it becomes necessary for me to march from hence on Monday, and I therefore submit to your Excellency whether it will not be more convenient to both of us to defer our interview untill the Armies shall have proceeded lower down. I shall take care to establish a proper communication between the Columns and to see that a junction is formed before there shall be any danger of an attack from the Enemy. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, near Peekskill, June 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: In fullest confidence I inform you that I intend to make an attempt by surprise upon the Enemys posts on the North End of York Island on Monday night. Should we be happy enough to succeed and be able to hold our conquest the advantages will be greater than can be well imagined. But I cannot flatter myself that the Enemy will permit the latter, except I am suddenly and considerably reinforced. I shall march down the remainder of this Army, and have hopes that the French force will be near at hand by that time. But I shall, notwithstanding, direct the Alarm Guns and Beacons to be fired in case of success, and I have to request that your Excellency will, upon such signals, communicate the meaning of them to the Militia and put yourself at the head of them and march with the utmost expedition towards Kingsbridge, bringing with you three or four days provision at least. In that time, I think we shall have so arranged matters as to have little need of the Militia called out upon the moment.
I have, upon a hope that we shall succeed, ordered Brigr. Genl. Clinton to send down the regular troops immediately. Should circumstances make it necessary, I can countermand the order. I have the honor etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, Sunday, July 1, 1781.
Parole Kendall. Countersigns Lancaster, Monmouth.
The Quarter Master General will order the Billhooks and Hatchets to be sent to King's ferry to the orders of Major Darby who will apply to Head Quarters for instructions.
Colonel Scammell will move with the Light Troops towards the mouth of Croton river to afford Major Darby any assistance that may be necessary in procuring Fascines.
Head Quarters near Peekskill, July 1, 1781.
The object of your present command consisting of two Regiments (formed into 4 Battalions) under the command of Colo. Scammell and Lt. Colo. Sprout, of a detachment of Artillery under the command of Capt. Burbeck;18 of the Corps of Watermen under the command of Major Darby and the Water Guard under the command of Capt. Pray, is to attempt the surprise of the enemy's posts upon the North End of York Island.
[Note 18: Capt. Henry Burbeck, of the Third Continental Artillery. He served to November, 1783.]
My Ideas as to the most probable mode of attaining this object have been minutely detailed in the several conversations which we have had upon the subject, and you have been furnished with such papers as I have been able to collect and upon which my judgment has been formed. But it is not my wish or desire that these should be any restraint upon you. Your own observation and the circumstances of the moment must in a great degree govern.
The success of your enterprise depending absolutely upon secrecy and surprise, it will be wrong to prosecute it a moment after you are discovered, unless that discovery is made so near the Works, that you may, by a rapid movement, gain them before the enemy have time to recollect and put themselves in a posture of defence.
Fort George upon Laurel Hill ought to be your primary object, because success at that place will open a communication with the main; afford an Asylum to the troops which may be disappointed in other attacks, and secure a retreat in case of necessity to the main Body of the Army.
Should you carry Fort Knyphausen and Fort Tryon only; you cannot without infinite risque hold them, as we shall not be in a situation to support you from without. I would therefore recommend your damaging them as much as you possibly can upon a sudden and relinquishing them.
The Artillery Men will be proportionably divided to the three attacks; each party of them will be provided with two Lanthorns and two Rockets, one of which is to be fired in each Work as soon as it is carried.
If compleat success should attend the enterprize, not a moments time should be lost, in drawing the Boats across the Island from the North River into Harlem Creek, and securing them under the Guns of Fort George, [if circumstances will admit of it]. But in case of a disappointment and being obliged to retreat by Water, and not being able to pass the enemy's ship and Boats, the dernier resort must be a push over to the Jersey shore, and an abandonment of the Boats if they cannot be drawn up the Bank and carried off in Carriages.
It will be very essential that I should be made acquainted, and as early as possible, with your success and the extent of it. If compleat; you will announce it by the firing of 13 Cannon at one Minutes interval, after all lesser firing and confusion have ceased. If Fort George only is carried, 6 Cannon are to be fired in the same manner. For Fort Knyphausen or Tryon or both of them you need not give Signals because you are, as before directed, immediately to relinquish them.
The foregoing is upon a supposition that the principal object, the attempt upon the Works on York Island, is carried into execution. But should you, upon reconnoitring the enemy tomorrow, find it unadvisable to prosecute the plan, or should you be obliged to give it over on account of an early discovery by the enemy's shipping or Boats; I would then have you turn your attention to the support of an attempt which is also to be made on the morning of the 3d. by the Duke de Lauzun upon Delanceys Corps laying at Morrissiana. To effect this, you will land your Men at any convenient place above the Mouth of Spiten Devil Creek, and march to the High Grounds in Front of Kings Bridge, where you will lay concealed untill the Dukes attack is announced by firing or other means. You may then dispose of your force in such a manner in view of the Enemy as to make them think your party larger than it is, which may have the double effect of preventing them from coming over the Bridge to turn the Dukes right, and also of preventg. any of Delanceys party from escaping that way. Your further operations must depend upon the movements of the enemy and other circumstances.
I expect I shall be myself in the neighbourhood of Kingsbridge early in the morning of the 3d. with the remainder of the Army. I shall as soon as possible open a communication with you and give you such orders as the general state of matters may require. If you land, send an officer and small party up the main Road to meet me.
In case you land upon the East side of the River above the mouth of Spiten Devil Creek, you will send your Boats up along the East shore. If Major Darby receives no particular directions from me, he will proceed with them to Kings ferry.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 1, 1781.
Sir: I wrote you Yesterday pr Captain Bulkley, directg you to march with all the Troops you can collect under your Comand and form a Junction at Clapps in Kingstreet, with Colo Sheldon, who is to be at that Place on the 2d instant. I am now to inform you that you will also be joined at the Same Time and place by the French Legion under the command of the Duke de Lauzun, who is a Brigadier in the service of his Most Christian Majesty, and an Officer of Distinction, long Service and Merit. The Duke is to command the whole Troops which will be assembled at the Point mentioned; you will therefore be pleased on his arrival to put yourself and Troops under his Orders and Command; he being furnished with my Instructions for his Movement subsequent to meeting you at Clapp's.
As the Duke will be a Stranger to that part of the Country which is to be the Scene of your Operations, it will be in your Power to give him much Assistance and Information, which I have not a Doubt but you will do with the greatest Chearfulness and Alacrity; the service you will be called to, is of great Moment, and will require to be executed with great Precaution, Attention and Dispatch. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 1, 1781.
Sir: Agreable to the Memorandum given Yesterday to Colo Jameson directing the March of the Troops under your Command, I presume you will be at Bedford by the Time given, which is Tomorrow (the 2d) by 12 oClock at Noon; at Bedford you will expect to be joined by the Duke de Lauzun, with the Legion under his Comand, who is to be there at the Time mentioned for your Arrival. But should the Duke, by any accident be retarded in his March and not come up by that Time, you will be pleased to let Lt Colo Jameson proceed with the Infantry and mounted Troops of your Comand agreeable to his Directions of Yesterday on their way to Clapps, which Place they must Reach by Sunsett; yourself, remaing at Bedford untill the Duke Arrives, with whom you will proceed on your march to Clapps, where you will be joined by Genl Waterbury and the Troops under his Comand.
The Duke will have my Instructions, conveyed to him by Colo Hull, to take the Comand of the whole Body of Troops which will be assembled at Clapps and to conduct their subsequent Movements and Operations. You will therefore put yourself and the Troops under his Direction and Orders. As the Duke will be a Stranger to the Ground which will be the Scene of your Operations, you will be pleased to co-operate with him with Chearfulness, and lend him every Assistance, Information, Council and Advice that shall be in your Power. Colo Hull who conveys my Instructions to the Duke, will also accompany him in the Enterprise; his particular Knowledge and late Experience in that part of the Country, will, I hope, be peculiarly useful. I am &c.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Peekskill, July 1, 1781.
Sir: You will perceive by the after orders of yesterday that the Army are to draw four days provision which I imagine will be sufficient to last them until their return to Camp again. But as that may not be the case, and as it may be found expedient after our junction with the French Army to take a position lower down, you will keep all your Stores ready to move at a moments warning by land or Water. The Quarter Master General will furnish the means should there be occasion. You will preserve all the live Cattle now upon hand or which may come in, untill further orders, as they can be expeditiously sent down should the Army have occasion for them below. You will continue the baking of Hard Bread and will form as large a Magazine of salt provision at this place as you possibly can. I am &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 1, 1781.
Sir: I have been Honored with your Favr of last Night, and feel myself much obliged by the Readiness with which you make a Compliance to the Request made you in my last.
The Information conveyed by your Excellency, I had before received, 'tho not in so pointed a View with respect to Numbers. The Enemys Apprehension of our Intentions, and the Probability I had Reason to apprehend that their Force would be collected to the North End of the Island on their receiving Information of our Approach, were among the Reasons that induced me to fall upon this Enterprise and added to other Reasons for the necessity of its sudden Execution, the present Stage of the Moon operated for fixing the Time I mentioned. The Success of the Enterprise depending on a Sudden Surprise of the Posts, which must be attempted by Night Operations, when the Approach can only be concealed; a delay to a fuller Time of the Moon, which would greatly expose our Detachment to a Discovery, could not be admitted. These Reasons I hope will apologize to your Excellency for my Desire to hasten the March of your Troops, which must be fatigued with the long march which they have already performed.
Should we be so happy as to succeed in this Attempt, it would give us exceeding great Advantage in our future Operations, and indeed save us perhaps the Time of good part of the Season to [establish a communication with York Island]. I am obliged, however, to confess to your Excellency, that I am not highly sanguine in my Expectations, altho I think there is a good Probability of Succeeding; so great, that I have thot it expedient to put the Attempt at hazzard.
From my late Information however, and that I may not Risque too much, I have directed the Officer comandg the Detachment (Majr Genl Lincoln, who will Tomorrow be in a Position for the Purpose) that he shall in Person reconnoitre the Scituation of the Enemy, and inform himself by any Means in his Power of their probable Strength and Numbers; from whence he will be able to determine the Practicability of accomplishg his Aim. On this Ground the Attempt will be reduced to a Contingency; General Lincoln having my Instructions to conduct himself eventually agreeable to his own Discoveries and his Judgment of his probable Success or Failure; should he obtain such information of the Enemy's Position and Strength as to oblige him to decline the Attempt on their Posts; he will then, agreeable to his Instructions throw himself into a situation to form a Covering Party to the Enterprise to be conducted by the Duke de Lauzun.
I shall keep myself constantly informed of the Movements of Genl Lincoln, and as the Army under my immediate Command will be moving towards the Point of Operations, I shall be able to give such Instructions and Orders from Time to Time, as Events shall render necessary; of which your Excellency may depend on being regularly advised.
Such Instructions as the present Circumstances will enable me to make out for the Duke de Lauzun, are prepared, and will meet him at Bedford by the Time of his Arrival at that Place. I have the Honor etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 1, 1781.
Sir: I had yesterday the honor of informing the Count De Rochambeau of a Plan I had in contemplation of attempting to surprize some of the Enemy's Posts, before they were alarmed by the junction of the French and American Armies, and requested the aid of your Corps in the execution of that design. In consequence of the answer of the Count, and upon the presumption that you will be at Bedford by 12 OClock tomorrow I have directed Lt Col Hull to repair to that place and communicate to you verbally my wishes and intentions, he being perfectly acquainted with the different parts of my plan, I beg leave to refer you to him.
You will be informed that there are two Enterprises in contemplation, the one under the command of Major Genl Lincoln against the Posts on the No end of York Island, the other an attempt to Cut off Delanceys and other Light Corps of the Enemy at Morrissania, with the Troops under your Command.
The Troops which will compose your command (exclusive of your own Legion) will consist of the Connecticut State Troops, under the command of Brigadier Gen Waterbury, Col Sheldon's Legion and three Companies of the State Troops of New York; with the two latter you will form a junction at Bedford, should you arrive by 12 OClock as is proposed; and with the former (Genl Waterbury) at King Street if you should reach that place by sunset. They have directions to put themselves under your Orders.
As the success of the Enterprize under Major Gen Lincoln, which would be of infinite consequence to us, will depend entirely upon his reaching the point of debarkation, landing his Men and making the attack upon the Enemy's Works before they shall be alarmed; it will be necessary for you to regulate the Movement of the Corps under your Command in such a manner as that you will be at West Chester or in the neighbourhood of it, between the Break of day and Sunrise. By this means you will be at hand soon enough to strike the Blow by surprize, and not so early as to frustrate the expedition under Genl Lincoln. General Waterbury, Colo Sheldon, Capt. Sacket, and Capt Williams of the York Troops having a perfect knowledge of the Country, the route, the distance, and the position of the Enemy, I need only suggest, that it may be expedient to consult with them respecting the Roads, the time of March, the disposition for the attack &c; they will be able to furnish you with good guides and all the necessary information.
Should the object which is to be attempted by General Lincoln, from any circumstances be laid aside, he will land above Kings-bridge to support you, at all events I shall be with the Army in the vicinity of that place, it will therefore be expedient for you when you approach towards Williams's Bridge, to open a communication with the American Troops on the Road near the North River, by sending an Officer with an Escort to that Road.
I am very apprehensive, from the long march you will have to make on the 2d of July and the night succeeding it, that the Infantry of your Legion will not be able to be brought on to Morrissania in time; I would advise in that case, that they should be left behind to come up at their leisure, and that your Cavalry (which will not probably be so much fatigued) should advance with the other Infantry to the attack.24
[Note 24: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "When you make the disposition of your Troops, for carrying the enterprize into execution, I am persuaded you will regard Morrissania as the principal point of attack, making proper Detachments to watch the Enemy at Frogs Neck, West Chester, Delanceys Bridge, as well as to keep up the Communications, and to cut off the Enemy's retreat to York or Long Islands, and that you will send a party as near as may be without being under the fire of their Works to watch the Bridge near the Redoubt Number 8; and another to seize and keep possession of all the Boats on the Harlem River."]
Colonel Hull being an Officer of great merit and perfectly acquainted with the ground at and near Morrissania, and having formerly been employed in a successful enterprise against the Enemy at that place, I take the liberty to recommend him to you as a Gentleman who will be extremely useful in assisting you to make the necessary dispositions, and who will be happy to afford you every aid in his power.
It is unnecessary to recommend that every possible precaution should be used to keep the design a perfect secret from the Enemy, from the Country People, and even from the Troops (except such Officers as it is necessary to advise with) until the moment of your arrival at the Enemy's Lines. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 1, 1781.
Sir: I have not been favored with any Letter from you since General Heath went to the Eastward; from his account and Gen Cornell's I have reason to believe your Excellency's Dispatches for me have Miscarried.
General Cornell informed me the State of Rhode Island has contracted for 30,000 lb of Beef, to be forwarded to the Army in the Month of June and the same quantity in the Month of July; that half the Money was advanced to the Contractor, and that he was laid under heavy Bonds to comply effectually with the terms of the contract. I have now to acquaint your Excellency, that not a pound of Beef has arrived from Your State, and that the Army cannot be subsisted unless the Requisitions upon the States are punctually complied with.
Let me entreat your Excellency that the supply of Beef Cattle may instantly be forwarded from Rhode Island. I have the honor etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 1, 1781.
My Dear Sir: I am obliged again to trouble your Excellency with the Distress we are in for Want of Provisions to feed the Troops; by a Return from the Corny Genl. of Issues, we have received from the 12th of May to this Day only 312 Head of Cattle, and those in the followg Proportions Vizt:
this Supply, with the Help of the Salted Provisions, we have barely subsisted from Hand to Mouth. the Army is now Augmenting, and in the Field; and yet our Prospects of Provisions rather seem on the decline, than otherwise, if we may judge from its actual Arrival; very little having come on lately, and no Knowledge being had of any Supply on the Roads; thus circumstanced, I am obliged to declare, that unless more strenuous Exertions are made by the States to feed their few Troops in the Field, we shall be reduced to the Necessity not only to relinquish our intended Operations, but shall be obliged absolutely to disband for Want of Subsistence; or, which is almost equally to be lamented, the Troops will be obliged to seek it for themselves wherever it is to be found; either of these Circumstances takg Place, will put us into a most distressing Situation on our own Acc. and at the same Time place us in a most shameful Point of View in the Eyes of our French Allies; and unhappily reduce them to a most disagreeable Dilema. Our Expectations lookg altogether to the Eastern States for a Supply of the Meat kind, I must intreat your Excellency, that every possible Measure may be exerted, that your State may furnish its Quota of fresh Beef and that we may have a speedy Earnest of their Intentions. I am informed that the Salted Provisions begins to fail comg on. I hope your Quantity is not yet exhausted. That I may obtain a thorough Knowledge of what is now on Hand, on the Road and in the State, and that I may thereby be enabled to judge what our Dependance may be on that Article; I have desired Colo Stewart the C. Gen of Issues to send on the Road, into the State, one of his most active and intelligent People, to make strict Enquiry, and to obtain a real Return of all he can find, and to urge the Necessity of immediate forwardg. If he should have Occasion to apply to your Excellency, I dare say you will give him every Assistance and Information in your Power. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Mr. Stevens will mention the Necessity of Rum, and the Deficiency from your State, of that Article.27
[Note 27: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.
On July 1 Washington wrote to Capt. John Pray: "You will be pleased to put a Sub or Sergt. with two Boats properly manned under the Command of Capt. Lawrence." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Tarrytown, July 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have this moment received your favor, and have only to express to you my wish that you will cross as soon as possible and take possession of the Heights of Kings bridge so as to support the Duke de Lauzun and prevent the Enemy from attempting to cut him off by that way.
I shall be at Valentines Hill in Mile Square tomorrow Morng if practicable. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: I inform you in full confidence that an attempt is to be made this night by surprise upon the enemy's posts upon the North end of York Island. I move down with the remainder of the Army towards Kingsbridge and expect the French Troops will form a junction with me, or will be very near at hand to support me. In case of success I shall contrive you the most instantaneous intelligence upon which you will cause the Beacons and Alarm Guns to be fired, which are to be signals to the Governor to call out and march the Militia to my support, for I take it for granted the enemy will make every effort to regain their posts. I have already written to the Governor and have prepared him for this matter. But as he may not distinctly see or hear the signals you will dispatch an Express to him upon hearing from me. You will give notice to the parties stationed at the Beacons to set fire to them upon your firing some certain number of Cannon.
There were parties at the Beacons. If there are none now they should immediately be sent. I am &c.
You will be pleased immediately to forward the inclosed to Genl. Knox.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd your favor of the 29th. ulto. The arrangement which you have made for the periods of transportation of the heavy Stores from Philada. agrees perfectly with my Ideas of the matter, as I think we must be certainly able to determine ultimately upon our plan of operations, by the time they are to be in motion.
An enterprize, which I have long had in contemplation, will be executed in the course of this night, if Genl. Lincoln, who commands the operating party, finds the attack advisable upon reconnoitring the situation of the enemy, and he can do it by surprise. The enterprise is against the posts upon the North End of York Island. The remainder of the Army marched this morning towards Kingsbridge. Part of the French Troops were last night at Ridgebury and will be at Bedford this evening. They will, in the course of tomorrow, be at hand to support us should there be occasion. At the same time that the posts upon York Island are attempted, I have planned a surprise upon Delancey's Corps at Morrisania, which is to be executed by the Duke de Lauzun in conjunction with Sheldons Regt. and Waterbury's State Troops.
Should we succeed in the attempt upon the posts, every effort will be made to hold them, and your assistance will be materially necessary. I shall take the speediest method of communicating the event to Genl. Mcdougal at West point, who will fire the Alarm Guns and Beacons as signals for the Governor, who will bring out the Militia to our support. You will therefore take it for granted that we have succeeded, if you see or hear the signals. You will, in such case [come] immediately down, leaving Colo. Stevens [to put] every thing in readiness to follow. I am &c.31
[Note 31: ln the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are missing from the letter sent and have been supplied from the draft, which is also in the writing of Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Tarrytown, Monday, July 2, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
No drum to beat without particular order.
Officers and Soldiers are to refresh themselves and be within call of their Arms which are for the present to be Stacked.
No person not belonging to the Army is to be permitted to pass through the Camp without being carried to the General or one of the field Officers of the day who will examine him or her very critically and suffer none to pass of suspicious Character or who does not give a satisfactory Account.
Peregrine Fitzhugh, Esqr, Lieutenant in the third regiment of Dragoons is appointed an Extra Aid de camp to the Commander in Chief and to be respected accordingly.
Major Platt will for the present do the duty of Aid to Major General Lord Stirling and is to be respected as such.
Peter Taulman Esqr., Lieutenant in late Colonel Spencer's Regiment is appointed Captain Lieutenant in the Corps of Sappers and Miners and is to be obeyed accordingly.
The Commander in Chief cannot but express his satisfaction at the good order and regularity with which this day's march has been executed.
Head Quarters, Peekskill, July 2, 1781.
Sir: I have this Morng received your Excellency's Favr of last Evening. I think it will be very well for your Excellency to proceed Tomorrow to North Castle where you will continue untill you assemble your whole Force, unless you should hear from me within that Time. Being at North Castle will put you in a direct Rout to receive your Provisions from Crompond, and will be in a direct Way for your Troops to advance to White Plains, or any other Point below, as Circumstances shall appear to Demand.
Colo Hull, an active and very intelligent Officer, will have the Honor to deliver this to your Excellency; he is charged with my Instructions to the Duke de Lauzun; and being perfectly acquainted with our intended Movements and with the Scene of Operations, will give all the Aid in his Power to the Duke; this same Gentleman will be able to reply to any Queries your Excellency shall be pleased to put to him. With perfect Esteem etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Valentine's Hill, July 3, 1781, 8 oClock at Evening.
Sir: Count Firchin33 will do me the Favor to deliver this to your Excelly. The Operations of this Day are over, and I am
[Note 33: Hans Axel, Comte de Fersen (Firchin), aid-de-camp to Rochambeau.] sorry to say that I have not had the Happiness to succeed to my Wishes, although I think very essential Benefit will Result to our future Operations from the opportunity I have had in a very full manner, to reconnoitre the Position and Works of the Enemy on the North End of York Island. The particular Events of the Day I shall do myself the Honour to communicate, when I have the Pleasure to join your Excellency.
The American Army, and the Legion of the Duke de Lauzun, will march to Tomorrow to White Plains; if it will be convenient to you, I shall be happy to receive your Excellency with your Troops at that Place on the Day after Tomorrow.
When I shall have an Opportunity to converse with your Excellency, I Conceive I shall be able to give you such Reasons for formg your Junctions at the White Plains in the first Instance, as will fully satisfy your Excellency of the Utility and fitness of the Position for commencing the Preparations for our concerted Operations of the Campaign. I have the Honor etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
"At three o'clock this Morning I commenced my March with the Continental Army in order to cover the detached Troops and improve any advantage which might be gained by them; made a small halt at the New bridge over Croton abt. 9 Miles from Peekskill and another at the Church by Tarry Town till Dusk (9 Miles more) and compleated the remaining part of the March in the Night; arriving at Valentines Hill (at Mill square) about Sunrise. Our Baggage and Tents were left standing at the Camp at Peekskill.
"Being disappointed in both objects [the surprise of the works at the north end of York Island and the surprise of Delancey's corps]...I did not care to fatigue the Troops any more...suffered them to remain on the Arms while I spent a good part of the day in Reconnoitering the Enemys Works."-- Washington's Diary, July 2 and 3,1781.]
Head Quarters, Valentines Hill, Tuesday, July 3, 1781.
Parole Lauzun. Countersigns D'Arrot, Dillon.
The Continental Troops will this Evening lay upon their Arms upon Valentine's hill in their usual order of Encampment.
All detachments are immediately to join their respective Corps and the officers to take their command in the line; Colonel Scammell's detachment excepted.
The Duke de Lauzun and Brigadier General Waterbury will be pleased to place Picquets upon the roads leading from East Chester to Kingsbridge.
The Officers of the day will take care that proper Guards are posted upon the roads leading from our front and right flank to King's bridge being particularly attentive to the North river and roads leading from it.
The Commander in Chief takes the earliest opportunity of expressing his thanks to the Duke de Lauzun, His Officers and Men for the very Extraordinary Zeal manifested by them in the rapid performance of their march to join the American Army. And the General also takes occasion to thank the Officers and Men of the American Army for the Alacrity with which they have supported themselves under the fatiguing March of yesterday and last Night. The Troops who were engaged to day merit his particular Thanks.
The Army will march tomorrow morning at three o'clock. the General will beat at two, the Assemble at half after two, and it is hoped the March will commence punctually at three in order to avoid the heat of the day; the Route and order of March will be furnished by the Quarter Master General.
Colonel Scammell's detachment will follow the American Column and serve as a Rear Guard to it.
The Camp Guards with the Addition of a Captain from each division will form the Advanced Guard to be commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Gray and form three hundred yards in the rear of the second line on the road by which the Army marches on the beating of the General.
Head Quarters, Near Dobb's ferry, Wednesday, July 4, 1781.
Parole Independence. Countersigns America, Glorious.
The Commander in Chief wishes the Army to be persuaded that he is extremely pleased with the regularity and order with which the late movement was performed. He does not recollect to have seen a march where discipline was more strictly observed it afforded him the highest satisfaction never to have seen a straggler from the line of March, and he doubts not they would have exhibited the strongest proofs of patriotism and Bravery had not the Enemy withdrawn themselves at their Approach.
The General positively orders that any Cattle or horses that may have been brought off from near the Enemy's lines by volunteers or any other persons (except properly taken in action) shall be restored to the owners of whatever political Character they are; if the owners names are not known the Cattle to be delivered to the Commissary and the Horses to the Quarter master, to be accounted for. It is Irksome to mention and even painful for the General to Reflect how disgraceful and derogatory it would be to the reputation of an Army who are the Assertors of Freedom as well as of the Rights of Humanity and of individuals should they ever be guilty of plundering in the minutest article.
The Quarter Master General will take particular care that no houses on the other side of the Wood and stream of Water on the left of the encampment are taken up for the officers of the American Army; all on that side are to be appropriated to the officers of the French Army.
Camp near White Plains, July 4, 1781.
Sir: A few minutes after my arrival upon this ground I received your Excellency's favor of this morning. Were I to give way to the anxiety I feel to see the Union between your Army and that of mine I should request you to march tomorrow morning from North Castle, but when I consider the fatigue which your troops have undergone from their long and rapid marches at this very warm season, I am much inclined to wish you to give them one more day's rest in your present quarters and the more so, as there is now no real occasion for making an uncommon degree of haste. I shall however leave the matter intirely to your Excellency's determination, only wishing you to give me notice of your approach that I may have the happiness of meeting and conducting you to your Camp which will be about 4 Miles on this side the Village of White plains. I have the honor &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Near Dobbs Ferry, Thursday, July 5, 1781.
Parole Industry. Countersigns Activity, Attention.
The Hour for issuing the Parole and Countersigns and furnishing the Adjutant General with the daily orders will be Two o'clock: at this time the Commander in Chief expects that all the General Officers and the Heads of every Department will attend at Head Quarters if there are no particular reasons to prevent it, and when they are not, that they will send some persons to represent them; the General officer of the preceding day will then make his Report and he that is of the Day receive his instructions; he will also receive the Parole and Countersigns from the Commander in Chief and immediately give them to the Adjutant General, The General Officers, and Heads of Departments present; at other times they are to be had at the Adjutant General's office where Orders will be issued as usual.
The Regimental Quarter Masters will see that deep Vaults are immediately sunk in proper places and that the Vaults are surrounded with Bushes and covered with fresh Earth every morning.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 6, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform your Excellency that the Army marched from their Camp near Peekskill on the morning of the 2d. without either Tents or Baggage, and reached Valentines Hill about four miles on this side Kings bridge a little after day light the morning following. Genl. Lincoln with a detachment of 800 Men fell down the North River in Boats, landed near Phillips's House before day light on the morning of the 3d. and took possession of the ground on this side Harlem River near where Fort Independance formerly stood. This movement was principally intended to support and favor an enterprize which I had projected against a corps of Refugees under the command of Colo. Delancey at Morrisania and other light troops without the bridge and which was to have been executed by the Duke de Lauzun with his own Legion, Colo. Sheldon's Regt. and a detachment of state troops of Connecticut under the Command of B. G. Waterbury. The Duke notwithstanding the heat of the day of the 2d. marched from Ridgebury in Connecticut and reached East Chester very early the next morning but upon his arrival there finding by the firing that Genl. Lincoln had been attacked and the alarm given he desisted from the further prosecution of his plan (which would only have been executed to any effect by surprize) and marched to the Generals support, who continued skirmishing with and endeavouring to draw the Enemy so far into the Country that the Duke might turn their right and cut them off from their Work on the east side of Harlem river and also prevent their repassing that River in Boats. Genl. Parsons had possessed the heights immediately commanding kingsbridge and could have prevented their escape by that passage every endeavor of this kind proved fruitless for I found upon going down myself to reconnoitre their situation that [all their force except very small parties of observation had retired to] York Island. This afforded Genl. Du Pottail and myself the most favorable opportunity of perfectly reconnoitring the Works upon the north end of the Island and making observations which may be of very great advantage in future.
Finding nothing further could be done, I returned the day before yesterday to this Ground where I expect to be joined this day by his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau who reached North Castle the 2d.
I cannot too warmly express the obligations I am under to the Count for the readiness with which he detached the Duke de Lauzun and for the rapidity with which he pushed the march of his main body that he might have been within supporting distance had any favorable stroke upon the Enemy below given us an opportunity of pursuing any advantage which might have been gained.
Genl. Lincoln had 5 or 6 men killed and about 30 wounded in his skirmish. I have the honor.36
[Note 36: In the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh. The phrase in brackets in the draft, which is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is in the writing of Washington.
"Marched and took a position a little to the left of Dobbes ferry, and Marked a Camp for the French Army upon our left. The Duke de Lauzen Marched to the White pln. and Waterbury to Horseneck.
"Visited the French Army, which had arrived at Northcastle.
"The French Army formed the junction with the American on the Grounds marked out. The Legion of Lauzen took a position advanced of the plains on Chitendons hill west of the River Brunx. This day also the Minister of France arrived in Camp from Philadelphia."-- Washington's Diary, July 4, 5, and 6, 1781.
On July 6 Washington's headquarters were at Joseph Appleby's, on the crossroad from Dobbs Ferry to White Plains, about 3½ miles from the ferry. British spy reports placed him at Appleby's on the Sawmill Road, "2½ miles from Hammond's" (who was Lieut. Col. James Hammond or Hamman, of Westchester County militia). On July 7 Washington shifted his quarters to Thomas Tompkins's "2½ miles this side of Young'a house, on the direct road," and on July 10 he was reported back at Hammond's.--Baker, Itinerary of General Washington, and Sparks.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, July 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: In my last Letter, I requested you to forward all the Continental Troops from the Northward to West Point by Detachment as soon as possible; some circumstances since having made an alteration in the Arrangements of the Army, such of the Troops as shall not have been sent off, before the receipt of this Letter you will be pleased to detain in Albany untill further Orders: Causing the whole of the regular force to be Assembled at that place, and held in the most perfect readiness for embarkation. Transports must also be previously provided, so that the Troops may sail from thence at the shortest Notice. I am &c.37
[Note 37: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, near Dobbs Ferry, Friday, July 6, 1781.
Parole Lewis the sixteenth. Countersigns Luzerne, Rochambeau.
The Commander in Chief with pleasure embraces the earliest public opportunity of expressing his thanks to his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau for the unremitting Zeal with which he has prosecuted his March in order to form the long wished for junction between the French and American Forces. An Event which must afford the highest degree of pleasure to every friend of his Country and from which the Happiest Consequences are to be expected. The General entreats his Excellency the Count to Convey to the Officers and Soldiers under his immediate command the grateful sense he entertains of the Chearfulness with which they have performed so Long and Laborious a march at this extreme hot Season. The Regiment of Saintonge is entitled to peculiar acknowledgments for the Spirit with which they continued and Supported their March without one days Respite.
Dobb's ferry Guard to be relieved.
Lieutenant Colonel William S. Smith is Appointed Aid De Camp to the Commander in Chief and is to be respected accordingly.
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I wish to see you at Head Quarters as soon as possible. You can leave the Superintendence of the Laboratory preparations, without any Injury, to the Care of Your Officers, and come on directly. I have received your letter of 2d of July.39 I shall consult with you on its Subject when you arrive. I am &c.40
[Note 39: Requesting directions respecting moving the park of artillery, laboratory, and artificers from New Windsor and the stores forwarding from Philadelphia.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 30th: ulto. I take it for granted that this letter will meet you upon your march from Morris Town. Should you not have advanced too far towards Kings ferry to turn off towards Dobbs's without much disadvantage you will be pleased to do it, and inform me of your arrival upon the West side, where you will remain 'till further orders. I believe I before mentioned my desire that you come incumbered with as little Baggage as possible. If I did not, I must now request it. While you halt at Dobbs's you will take the proper precautions for the security of your party and Baggage. I am &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Near Dobbs Ferry, Saturday, July 7, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
[Note 42: Maj. Amos Morrill (Morrel), of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
No Sutler to harbour or entertain any persons (not belongingto the Army) without a pass but are to send them to the officer of Police or commanding officer of the regiment or Corps they Suttle for who are to examine them and if they do not give a good account of themselves or if there is room to suppose them of suspicious Characters they are to send them to the General of the day for further examination.
Lieutenant Rogers43 of the second Connecticut Regiment is appointed Aid de Camp to Brigadier General Huntington and to be respected accordingly.
[Note 43: Lieut Hezekiah Rogers. He was appointed captain in December, 1782; transferred to the Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served as aide to Huntington from July, 1781, to June, 1783; retained in Swift's Connecticut regiment in June, 1783; served to close of the war.]
A Fatigue party to parade tomorrow morning at Sunrise the officer commanding will receive his instructions from the Deputy Quarter master who will furnish him with tools.
Three Coopers to be sent this Evening to Commissary Irwin's44 Quarters for a continuance.
[Note 44: Matthew Irvine (Irwin), Deputy Commissary of Issues.]
Twenty Waggoners from the Line to be sent to the Quarter Master General's quarters this evening; the first and second Connecticut brigades will furnish four each, the other brigades three each.
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 7, 1781.
Sir: If you have not already withdrawn the Chain of Dragoons from the upper Road you will be pleased to do it, and establish a Chain from hence to Southington at the following places; two Dragoons at each: Bedford, Danbury, Woodbury, Southington. The French Hussars will be upon the Route from Harford Eastward. You may take, for this purpose, such Men as are not fully accoutred and equipped. I am &c.45
[Note 45: The draft in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Sunday, July 8, 1781.
Parole Paris. Countersigns Brest, Dunkirk.
[Note 46: Maj. Abner William Prior, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781, and resigned in December, 1781.]
For the working party Colonel Greaton, Major Oliver.
The Surgeons who have not yet been furnished with Lint and Bandages will please to apply for them at the Flying hospital one mile in the rear of Head Quarters.
Lieutenant Thomas T. Jackson47 of Colonel Sheldon's dragoons is appointed Aid de Camp to Major General Lord Stirling and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 47: Lieut. Thomas Tredwell Jackson, of the Second Continental Dragoons. He was aide to Lord Stirling, with the rank of major, from July, 1781, to January, 1783.]
The following officers are appointed to do the regimental Staff duty in the Fifth Connecticut regiment vizt. Lieutenant Aaron Benjamin,48 Adjutant from 1st. January 1781 Lieutenant Ezra Lee,49 Paymaster from 22d February 1781. Lieutenant Reuben Anderson,50 Quarter master from 1st. June 1781, and are to be obeyed accordingly.
[Note 48: Of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Connecticut Regiment in January, 1781; served as regimental adjutant of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment from July, 1781, to January, 1783; served to November, 1753.]
[Note 49: Paymaster of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment until he retired in June, 1782.]
[Note 50: Lieut. Thomas (Reuben) Anderson. He resigned in December, 1782.]
A Working party under the command of a Colonel and Major to parade tomorrow morning at eight o'clock on the Grand Parade with their arms and packs; to march to Dobbs ferry there to erect such Fortifications as Lieutenant Colonel Gouvion (who will attend as Engineer) shall point out.
An accurate Return of the number of recruits that have joined the several State lines and the Artillery between the first of June and first of July 1781 to be given in at the Adjutant General's office on Tuesday next specifying what number of them has been rejected as unfit for service.
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 8, 1781.
Sir: I have received your several Favors of the 18th. and 24th. ulto, and am obliged by the Assiduity with which you have attended to the Business committed to your Care. I hope the Exertions of the States may prove equal to your Expectations, founded on the good Disposition which you say is generally prevailing, to give us all the Support in their Power.
I feel myself however at a Loss to Account for the Silence of the Governor of Massachusetts, not having had a Word from him since the Letters I had the Honor to address to him from Weathersfield, dated the 24th. May, nor to several others of Later Date which have been Written to him on Business of great Importance; add to this, I have a Letter from Genl Fellows of Berkshire, dated 2d. of this Month, in answer to my Request that he would Order the Militia expected from the two Western Counties to be sent to Albany, in which he says that "no Orders had then been given for Detaching any Militia;" from this last Circumstance, I fully join with you in my Fears that the Militia of that State will not be raised by the Time, I hoped to have received them.
I hope the States are fully impressed with an Idea of the absolute Punctuality which will be expected from them in the Article of Provisions and other Supplies requested for the Use of the Army. Rum is become an Article of great Necessity; almost none is now with the Army.
I have moved our little Army so near the Enemy as to this Place; where I shall hope soon to collect the whole Force we expect, that we may be enabled to commence our Operations as early as possible. You will therefore on Receipt of this immediately come on to join the Army; in doing wch you will please to take your Rout thro' the States of Rhode Island and Connecticut in such Manner as that you may collect the best and most critical Information of what is doing in each to fulfill the Requisitions made to him; you will also be pleased to make carefull Enquiry on the Roads, and find the Situation and Progress of all such Supplies as are actually on the Communication, coming to the Army, and Use every Effort in your Power that every Article may be hastened on with all possible Expedition. With much Regard etc.51
[Note 51: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 8, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your Favr. of the 23d ulto and feel myself much obliged by the Readiness with which you have complied to, or rather anticipated my Requests for Cannon and Powder. You will be pleased to rest assured of the return of the Cannon as soon as they can be spared from our Operations. If any more Powder should be in your Power, it is very probable we shall be glad to receive a further Quantity. With much Regard etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been informed by Colonel Dearborn and some others, that the State of New Hampshire has procured and put up the greater part of the salted Provisions required by Congress of that State for the use of the Army. Altho I have been so unfortunate as not to have received any exact account or official Return of the quantity that may be expected from thence, yet I will presume upon a considerable supply, as the exertions of the State seem principally to have been confined to that Article. Not more than thirty fat Cattle having been received from your State since the close of last Campaign.
It has now become extremely important that all these salted Provisions (except those on the Connecticut River) should be forwarded as expeditiously as possible to some place within reach of the Army. As it is impracticable to have this speedily effected by land transportation; I must therefore entreat most earnestly that you will be pleased to have Transports provided, and send on the whole of the aforesaid salted meat by Water to Providence in the State of Rhode Island. Let me impress upon you the necessity of this business, of giving every necessary in should be deposited at Providence in the charge of the Comter Master of the State, and taking every possible precaution to prevent its falling into the hands of the Enemy. The provision should be deposited at Providence in the charge of the Commissy, of Issues, State Agent, or some careful Person who must be accountable for it. I wish all the Rum which has been purchased by the State for the Continent may be forwarded in the same manner and to the same place.
The french Army has now formed a junction with us. We have advanced to this place; suffer me to add, that we must depend upon the exertions of the eastern States to furnish the supply of Beef Cattle, that has been called for, in order to enable us to keep the field.
I think it will be adviseable, to transport the Provisions and Rum, in small swift sailing Coasters, the chance of loss by capture will not be so great. The matter ought also to be kept as much a secret as may be.
I shall anxiously expect your answer by the earliest Opportunity. I have the honor etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 8, 1781.
Sir: I have not been honored with an answer to my several letters of the 24th. and 25th of May and of the 2d. 4th. 15th. and 25th. of last Month, and am of course unable to form any certain estimate of what may be expected in consequence of my requisitions. This puts me in rather an awkward situation, as I cannot give His Excellency Count Rochambeau, who has formed a junction with me, that official assurance of support which I had promised upon the faith of the States, when I had an interview with him at Weathers field. It is true General Heath has given me general information of the steps which have been taken to raise Men and supplies and which appear energetic and liberal, but still I cannot with propriety expose those letters to public view.
In my Letter of the 25th. of June I informed your Excellency that I had written to General Fellows to forward 600 Militia from the Counties of Hampshire and Berkshire to Albany. By an answer from him of the 1st Inst. I find that he is out of Commission and that no order for Militia had then been given. I however hope your Excellency will upon the Receipt of my Letter have dispatched the necessary orders, as, depending upon the Militia, I have called down the Continental troops. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Monday, July 9, 1781.
Parole Providence. Countersigns Newport, Hartford.
The Guards and Picquets in front and on the Flanks of the army are not to suffer any person on any pretence whatsoever to pass them into Camp.
If any person appears at either of the above mentioned Guards or Picquets, on pretence of business he or she are to be detained and the Letter or verbal Message the person is Charged with communicated at Head Quarters.
No Person whatsoever is to be allowed to pass out of Camp in front or on the Flanks of the Army without a pass from the Commander in Chief or the General officer of the day.
The Picquets No. 5, 6, 7, and 8 to be commanded by a Major, Who will post a Captain and thirty men at No. 5, a Sub and twenty at No. 6. a Sub and Twenty at No. 7. and a Captain and thirty at No. 8 on the Left.
The Regiment on the left in the second Line will take Post on the Hills in the rear of the Picquet No. 7.
Colonel M. Jackson, Lieutenant Colonel Brooks and Major Throop will repair immediately to West point and take command in the Detachment under General McDougall.
Captain Hasfield White55 of the fifth Massachusett's Regiment is appointed Deputy Waggon Master and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 55: Capt. Haffield (Hatsfield) White. He retired in January.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 9, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favors of the 26th. ulto. and 3d. Inst. the Resolve of Congress to which you refer in the last was not inclosed, but I have received the original from the president. Give me leave to thank you for the attention which you promise to pay to my wants. It is necessary you should be informed, that besides the Articles which it will be in your power to procure and forward from Philada. some specie will be requisite to purchase Country produce; paper money, especially in this quarter, having become intirely useless. You will oblige me by forwarding, as soon as possible, a Hhd or two of Red Wine. Our Allies, with whom we have formed a junction, prefer it at this season to Madeira.
I think you will find, by referring to the Returns which have been heretofore made, that Von Heers Corps have been considered as part of the quota of Pennsylvania. But it will be improper to permit them to count upon them any longer, because the term of their service expires in a very short time. It is true that several of them have been found to be deserters, but as they were inlisted within the State, they passed as part of their quota of it. This has been the case in all the States. These men or so many of them as have been credited to the state are justly intitled by their faithful services to have their depreciation made up in common with the other troops.
I have, since beginning this letter, received your favr. of the 3d. inst. inclosing the Memorial of the Captains and subalterns of the Regt. late procters against the promotions in consequence of Colo. procters resignation. In answer to this, I shall only shortly observe, that previous to the Resolve of Congress of the 25th. of May which has no retrospect. The Officers of the 4 Regiments of Artillery and 4 Regiments of Cavalry rose lineally to the Rank of Field Officers and Regimentally to Captains. And that Colo. procters Resignation having happened previous to the 25th. of May, all promotions in those Corps, up to that date must necessarily be in the mode which had been constantly before practiced under. It is but very lately that I gave the Officers of the Regiment in question a full answer, thro.' His Excellency President Reed, to their objections on the same subject. The Resolve for supplying my Table came inclosed in your last.56 I have the honor etc.
[Note 56: On July 2 Congress directed the Board of War to take order for furnishing the table of the Commander in Chief. The regulations adopted by the Board on July 3 are in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. I have recd yours of the 5th. inclosing letters from two Chaplains of the German Regts. on the subject of their exchanges. I beg leave to inform you that at a meeting of Commissioners last year at Amboy it was stipulated that all Gentlemen of that Function should be mutually released and that they should not be subjects of capture in future. You will therefore signify this to Colo. Wood and desire him to permit not only them but any others to go to New York.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been honord with your Favor of the 2d instant, and have to give you my sincere Thanks for your kind wishes and Offers to do all in your Power to forward our in. tended Operations.
I could wish your Stay in Congress might be continued longer than you intimate, as your Efforts there, from your Knowledge of Military matters, might be of essential Service to our Designs.
The Army is now drawn near to the Enemy. The Junction with our French Allies is formed. I wish I may not be detained, by waitg the expected Reinforcements of Men and Supplies from the several States, from commencing our Operations before the Season is too far advanced.
The Resolutions of Congress augmenting the Powers of Courts Martial, which are mentioned in your Letter, have not yet reached me.
I most sincerely congratulate you, on the favorable Turn, our Affairs seem to be takg at the Southward. I hope our Enemies will soon, have little to boast of in that Quarter. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am favour'd with yours of the 6th. In consequence of my letter of the same date, the 2d. Refit. will be detain'd at Albany 'till further orders. Genl. Schuyler is building a number of Flat Boats for the public; so many of them as are ready when that Regt. is order'd down may be man'd by the Troops, and the Boats loaded with plank or such other materials as may be procur'd.
Orders have been already lodg'd with the Eastern Agents to forward a proportion of Beef Cattle for the Troops to the Northward, but I do not wonder that you have receiv'd none yet, as few or none have been sent to this Army; I will however give directions to the Commissy. General to renew his orders upon that Head, and to take the speediest measures in his power for an immediate supply.
I can give no contenance to any Cartel which may have been settled between the people of Vermont and the Governor of Canada, and so I lately verbally inform'd Mr. Chittenden by an Officer sent down by him to me. I wish there may not be other business transacted, under the cover of Flags from Vermont to Canada, besides the exchange of prisoners. I am &c.59
[Note 59: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 9, 1781.
Sir: In Consequence of my Orders, some of the Troops from the Northern Frontier will soon arrive at West Point; all that arrive at that Post you will be pleased to retain for its Security untill further Orders. I am &c.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, July 9, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 19th. of June. Previous to the acceptation of your Resignation you must lodge Certificates from the pay Master General and Auditor of Accounts that you have no public money charged against you, and you must obtain an approbation of dismission from the Colonel or commanding Officer of the Regt. to which you belong. I am &c.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your several Favors of the 1st. 3rd. and 6th. instant.
Colo Pickering has just informed me, that a Quantity of Nails and Oakum, with ½ Ton of Nail Rods have left Fishkill on the 2d. inst. which must be arrived to you before this; he further informs that he has given Orders Yesterday for another supply of smaller Nails and a Quantity of Oakum and Junk to be sent immediately from Fishkill, where it had arrived from the Southward; from which two Orders he says you will be abundantly furnished agreable to your own Estimates.
Three Hogsheads Rum are ordered to be sent to your Direction, from the Corny Genl of Issues, which will Arrive as soon as they can be got forward.
I think the number of Boats already ordered, will be sufficient. I would not wish you to procure any More to be built; those that are buildg I would have Lined within side, that they may be strong and capable of bearing considerable Weight without Injury.
I informed you in my last, the Measures I had taken to obtain Payment to enable you to fulfil your Engagements and I have a good Hope that I shall succeed with Congress, or Mr. Morris.
The Troops of this State being ordered to remain at Albany and above, for some Time longer, there will be no difficulty in getting down the Boats; those Troops will be able to take them Down the River, when they come on to the Army.
I approve much your procuring a Quantity of Timber for Bridges; the Timber may come on without framing; the Work and Construction may be done on the Spot, as they may be found to be needed. The Timber, with Plank for Bridges, may come in the Boats, and will be very useful and necessary. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, July 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Army having been for some time past in motion has been the reason of my not sooner acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 23d. ulto. The motives on which you quit the service are not only justifiable but honorable, as I think it praise worthy in a Citizen to resign a place which he finds no longer of public utility. Your attention to the business of your station I have always heard much commended, and I shall ever esteem myself under obligations to you for the many acts of civility which I have personally experienced from you. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 64: President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Delegates, respectively, of Maryland.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 9, 1781.
Gentlemen: I am honoured with your favour of the 27th Ulto. As the troops of Maryland compose part of the southern Army now under the immediate command of Major Genl. Greene, I [think there wd. be an impropriety] (as it may interfere with the arrangements of that Army) to give General Smallwood directions to remain in Maryland for the purposes you mention; [but if his doing this is not incompatible with the orders or views of Genl. Greene, I have no objection to his remaining in that State till application can be made to Genl. Greene who] I make no doubt will acquiesce in a measure which seems calculated for the public good, if General Smallwood's service with the Army can be dispensed with. I have the Honor etc.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh. The portions in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington, and his spelling, etc., are followed.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: In consequence of a request from me to Mr. Lowrey, that he would continue to purchase and forward Flour to the utmost extent of his Commission, he informs me that he has compleated the purchase of 2000 Barrels and that he has began upon that of 1000 more; but of this he desires me to give you notice; Meaning I suppose that you may put a stop to it, if it should not meet your approbation. I have the honor &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been lard. with yours of the 24th. ulto. and 4th. Inst. I am pleased to find by the first that the Assembly of Pennsylvania have at length passed a law which seems likely to procure the number of Men voted.
You certainly misunderstood me when you was at New Windsor if you conceived it was my intention that you should serve this Campaign with the Army in this quarter. I at that time foresaw the difficulty there would be in providing commands for the General Officers who were already here and which I have only been enabled to do by appointing General Heath and Lord Stirling to the command of Wings, which are in fact no more than Divisions, and which also have their Majors General attached to them. There would be an indelicacy, as you very justly observe, in sending you to Virginia at present, because you must necessarily supersede the Marquis de la Fayette who has had much trouble, and who appears to be just now reaping the fruits of his labour. I can, therefore only advise you to remain in Pennsylvania a while longer, where you may be very usefully employed in forwarding the Levies under the new Law, and will at the same time have an opportunity of attending to Mrs. St. Clair, whose situation I sincerely lament. Should General Greene come into Virginia, the difficulty would cease and you might go there at once, without any inconvenience. Believe me to be &c67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Teach Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobb's ferry, July 10, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellencys favor of the 19th. June. It is with very great satisfaction I observe the proceedings of the General Assembly of your state which you have been pleased to communicate to me. The exertions of that Legislature have heretofore been laudable and I am exceeding glad to see the same spirit still prevailing. For my own part I have not a doubt but that if the states were to exert themselves with that spirit and vigor which might reasonably be expected at this favorable period they might not only drive from the Continent the remains of the british force now among us but obtain to themselves their Independance with the enjoyment of Peace Liberty and happiness to their numerous Inhabitants, an event which you will be assured I most ardently wish. I have the honor etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 10, 1781.
Sir: For the Benefit of the Army, and the Encouragement of the Inhabitants, you will be pleased to publish the inclosed Proclamation in your useful Paper. I am etc.
PROCLAMATION
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 10, 1781.
Be it known: That Every Day, during the Time the Army remains in its present Position, from Day Break till Noon, Two Markett Places will be open for the Supply of the Army. One near His Excellency's Head Quarters, in the Field just back of the House, and near the Quarters of the Adjutant and Quarter Masters General. The other in the French Camp, near the House of Henry Taylor, which is the Head Quarters of His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau. All Persons, who will bring any Articles of Provisions and Small Supplies for the Use of the Army, may Depend on being protected in their Persons and Property, and shall have full and free Liberty to dispose of their Produce, without Molestation or Imposition, and will receive no Hindrance from the Guards of the Army on their passing to or repassing from the Sd Markett Places. No Person will be permitted to take any Article, without the full Consent of the Owner. It is expected however and will be required that every Person on his or her first coming to the above Markets will be furnished with a Certificate of Recommendation shewg their Attachment to the American Cause and Interest, signed by two civil Magistrates, or two other reputable Persons of known and Approved Characters: that no Injury may arrive to the Army from the Arts of Designing and evil minded Persons.
If the Army should take a different Position, other Places will be named, where the like Liberty and Protection will be given.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. This same letter was sent with a copy of the text of the Proclamation to [Ebenezer] Watson, at Hartford; [Thomas] Green, at New Haven, and [Isaac] Collins, at Chatham, N. J. Watson, however, had died in 1777, and his newspaper in 1781 was published by Barzillai Hudson and George Goodwin.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Tuesday, July 10, 1781.
Parole Versailles. Countersigns Rochelle, Nantz.
Two Field pieces in the Centre of the second line of the American Camp will be fired as a signal of Alarm in case the enemy should attempt to advance in force: the Troops thereupon will immediately form the Line of Battle in front of their respective encampments and be ready to receive orders or act as Circumstances may require.
The Quarter Master General of the American Army will endeavor to procure three intelligent well affected inhabitants acquainted with the Characters of the people in this part of the country to be stationed upon the roads leading into Camp and give passes to those who may be safely admitted.
All Officers holding Brevet or other Commissions and not attached to particular corps or serving in the families of General Officers are to be put upon the General Roster and to take their tour of duty.72
[Note 72: On July 10 Washington wrote briefly to Lieut. John Townes, in reply to his request for a reconsideration of his court-martial sentence, referring him to General Greene, who will order a new trial, if he thinks the former illegal. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 10, 1781.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the Honor done me in the Receipt of your Excellencys Favor of the 3d instant, covering the Resolutions of Congress of the 2d.
The Corps of Rifle Men, requested from the State of Pensylvania, I am anxious to obtain, as I am more and more sensible of the important Benefit we may derive from their Services in our Approach to New York.
Your Excellencys agreable Favor of the 6th, is also received, conveying very important Intelligence from the Southward.
I do myself the Honor to congratulate your Excellency and Congress, on the Happy Turn our Affairs seem to have taken in that Quarter. With great Respect etc.
P.S. Your Excellency's Favor of the 2d instant is also come to Hand before closing this Letter; the Article in the Capitulation of Pensacola, mentioned by your Excellency, appears very extraordinary, not to say alarming; but as it does not seem to come with proper Authenticity, I hope it may not prove to be true.73
[Note 73: The British garrison at Pensacola, captured by Galvez's Spanish expedition, had been allowed to go to New York.]
Inclosed I send a Return of the Recruits which have joined the Army since my last. I have only to observe, that I am very sorry to find the Prospect of filling the Lines of the several States, is so unfavorable.
11th. By authentic information received since writing the foregoing, the Article of Capitulation for the Garrison of Pensacola, about which we have been in Doubt, is fully ascertained; some Part of those Troops being actually arrived at N York, and the remainder soon expected.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on July 17 and on the 23d referred to John Mathews, John Sullivan, and James Madison.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Wednesday, July 11, 1781.
Parole Northcastle. Countersigns Boston, Bedford.
MORNING ORDERS
Major General Lincoln is appointed General officer of this day, vice Major General Lord Stirling indisposed.
Returns of the number of shoes actually wanting in each Brigade regimentally digested, to be given in at the Adjutant General's Office tomorrow at orderly time.
Head Quarters, July 11, 1781, 8 OClock P.M.
Sir: I have this moment received Intelligence from Kings bridge, that the Refugees have been impressing some Horses this day from the Inhabitants; this used to be commonly an indication of their making an incursion towards us. If they have any thing of the kind in view at present, it is, I am persuaded, a design to attack some of our Picquets, or drive off any Cattle which may be exposed to them. I have given the Guards Orders to use extraordinary Vigilance, and have thought it expedient to communicate the information, altho I do not imagine there is any thing very serious to be apprehended. I have the honor etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 11, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's letters of the 24th. and 30th. June and 2d. Inst.
I observe by a late New York paper that your missing transport has been taken and carried into Hallifax.
The reinforcement which arrived at Charlestown, is not so considerable as was at first reported, it may perhaps amount to about 2000 Men. The ships of War which escorted this Convoy have arrived at New York. They are the Warwick of 50 Guns and Solebay Frigate.
I do myself the honor to inclose your Excellency the latest intelligence which I have received of the enemy's sea and land Force at New York. It comes through a Channel in which I place much confidence. I would only observe that if the Royal Oak has gone to Hallifax, one of the seven ships of the line said to be remaining at the Hook must be of 50 Guns. I have the honor etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 11, 1781.
Sir: On Delivery of this Letter it is probable the Count de Barras with the Squadron under his Comand, will have sailed from Newport on an Expedition of much importance. And as our Enemies may possibly think of Improving [ sic] this Opportunity to strike some Blow upon the Stores of our Allies deposited in your State, I have to request from your Excellency, that for the security of the Transports, Stores &c you will be pleased to suffer the French Major of Artillery left with you to have the use of the heavy Cannon of your State, to be disposed of in such manner as he shall think most conducive to his Security on this Occasion.
I could Wish also (if it is not already done) that you will be pleased to establish some mode of communicating Signals by Beacons or other ways as you think best, to the adjacent Country so that in Case of Necessity, the Force of the Country in your and the adjoining States, on any Sudden Occasion, may be most expeditiously collected. I have the honor etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's ferry, July 11, 1781.
Sir: It is his Excellency's request that you will take immediate and effectual Measures, to have such a number of the Beef Cattle from the Eastern part of Connecticut and that part of Massachusetts contiguous to Rhode Island, furnished for the Militia Stationed at R Island, that they may not be under the necessity of consuming a single Barrel of salted Provision, if it can possibly be avoided.
The Salted Provision to be repacked (if necessary) and kept sacredly as a reserve in the Magazine where it now is.
All the Salted Beef, Pork and Fish near Connecticut River, is to be positively collected and deposited in Stores on the Water, so that it may be constantly removed in transports, whenever it shall become expedient and necessary. No more to be forwarded by land without explicit Orders for the purpose.
The General desires an exact Return of what quantity may be transported by Water, should be made as soon as possible, specifying the different places at which it is deposited.
The issuing Posts recommended by the Board of General Officers to be discontinued, are to be broken up without delay. I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys, A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, July 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just been informed the Refugees have been impressing Horses today. If they have any design, it is against our Picquets. This hint will be sufficient to excite unusual vigilance. I am &c.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, July 11, 1781.
Sir: I had the Honor to address your Excellency the 1st. instant, at which time I had heard Nothing from you since mine of the 24th of May last. I have now to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favor of the 7th. June which came to Hand thro' the Channel of the southern Post.
I observe with Satisfaction, the Proceedings of your Legislature, respecting their Troops, Cloathing and Supplies, and most sincerely Hope the Execution of their Measures, may be equal to their Resolutions.
I am just informed from the Comy Gen. I of Issues that 50 Head of Cattle are lately arrived from your State; in Consequence, I suppose of the Contracts mentioned in your Excellencys Letter of the 7th Ultimo. Sensible of the Necessity of an additional Body of Militia for the Security of your State, more than those requested from you, I did in my Letter of ... 80 to Govr Hancock, request 500 Men to be sent from the State of Masstts. for your Assistance. That Body I hope are arrived before this Time. I have the Honor etc.81
[Note 80: June 4, 1781, q.v.]
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs' Ferry, Thursday, July 12, 1781.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Toulon, Brest.
[Note 82: Maj. James Keith, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
Untill further orders the Troops are constantly to be provided with three days allowance of baked bread and two days allowance of cooked beef.
Colonel Scammell's detachment is to be supplied occasionally with Ammunition by the regiments to which the men respectively belong, on Returns from Colonel Scammell or some Field officer of his Detachment.
The Clothier General will furnish Shoes agreeable to the Returns of deficiencies delivered this day: the regimental clothiers will apply tomorrow morning for their several Quota's at Commissary Irwin's Quarters where the Clothier's Stores now are.
Head Quarters, July 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 10th. You will be pleased to let me have, as quick as possible, a Return of the Troops at West Point and its dependencies, as I want to ascertain our total Strength.
If you will make me acquainted with the names of the prisoners under sentence, and the Regiments to which they belong, I will endeavour to find out the Judgments agt. them and either have them put in execution or have them released. I am &c.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, July 12, 1781.
Sir: I have to request that you will be pleased to send one of your Aides de Camp, to give Orders to Brigadr Gen. I Waterbury from me, to put the whole of his Troops in Motion to morrow morning and to march them to Marineck or North Street; at one of which places, he will receive further Orders respecting the position he is to take.
General Waterbury will move at the time appointed without fail and give Orders for the Baggage to follow as soon as may be; as the Corps cannot be of any service while it continues at such a distance as it is at present from the Army. I am &c.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 12, 1781.
Sir: Tomorrow Evening will answer very well for the movement I mentiond to your Excellency Yesterday, and I will arrange matters accordingly: 2000 French Troops besides Lauzens Legion with the Troops I shall order from the American line will be sufficient to make the reconnoitre without hazarding an Insult from the Enemy.
I shall have the honor of speaking more in detail to your Excellency on this subject between this and tomorrow. I am just setting out for Dobbs ferry. I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, July 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of this date. You will remain where you are 'till further orders, but you will make me an exact Return in the Morning of the force which you have brought with you.
However desirable a supply of Cloathing may be, I have no authority to allow it to be procured in the manner which Mr. Caldwell mentions.85 I am etc.86
[Note 85: Caldwell's proposition was to bring out from New York City the clothing captured by the British in the Continental ship Confederacy. He proposed to pledge his own fortune for the same and desired the Commander in Chief's permit to Capt. Nathaniel Camp, at Newark.]
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 13, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 9th., such of the letters as were for the officers of the french army have been delivered to them. Some under the same Packet were for the Minister and Mr. Holker, those I have returned by the same Express.
I cannot find that any packet will shortly sail either from New Port or from Boston I shall therefore send the European letters to Governor Hancock and request him to forward them by the first good private opportunity from Boston. I am much obliged by the communication of the intelligence from South Carolina. I fear that from the West Indies is without foundation as a Vessel in a short passage from Martinique to Boston brings a report that Count de Grasse had gone to Barbadoes but makes no mention of an engagement between the Fleets. I am &c.87
[Note 87: In the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh. From a photostat of the original in the Biblio. Natl., Paris. Mss. Français, 12768.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 13, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your Agreable Favor of the 14th ulto, with the Invoice inclosed. I have also the pleasure to inform you pr this Conveyance, that the Articles mentioned in the Invoice, and which you have been so kind as to present to Mrs. Washington and me, are safely arrived. Be assured Sir, I receive with particular Satisfaction this Mark of your Attention and Politeness; and that it claims my most sincere Thanks.
I have not yet been honored with the particulars of the Subjection of Pensacola to the Arms of his Catholic Majesty; nor with the Terms of its Capitulation; as soon as these shall be within your Power, I am perswaded you will be pleased to give me a Copy. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 13, 1781.
Sir: I am much obliged to you for apprehending and sending One of the Persons who caused the disturbance last night under Guard. He shall be confined and properly examined. Be assured, Sir, every measure shall be adopted to preserve good Order and prevent a repetition of the like outrages in future. With perfect respect etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 13, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 2d. and 5th. Instant have afforded me infinite satisfaction, as the measures you are pursuing for subsisting the Army perfectly accord with my Ideas, and are, I am certain, the only ones which can secure us from distress or the constant apprehensions of it.90
[Note 90: Morris wrote to Washington (July 5, 1781): "You will find enclosed herein the Copy of an Act of Congress of the 4th June whereby I am Vested with Powers to dispose of the Specific supplies required from the several States in such manner as with your Excellency's Advice, I may judge will best promote the Public interest and Answer the purposes of the present Campaign." Morris judged it best to convert such supplies as were on hand at the different depositories into cash (the cost of the transportation of the supplies being greater than their value) and to supply the Army by contract, Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Had Magazines of any consequence been formed in the different States, in pursuance of the late requisitions of Congress, the disposal of the Articles collected at a distance from the Army would have merited your attention, but so little has been done in that way, that I imagine you will not think the matter worthy of notice when I inform you of the trifling Quantity's which remain on hand. Of Flour, no Magazines have been formed at any place; Of salt Meat, none was put up in Pennsylvania, Jersey or New York. There had been, by estimate, seven or eight thousand barrels of Meat and Fish put up in Connecticut, of which between two and three thousand have come forward and the remainder is I believe in motion. Massachusetts put up very little salt Meat and most of it has been consumed upon the communication by the Recruits or transported to Albany. Rhode Island purchased 1000 Barrels, of which about 600 remain at Providence, and I would wish them to be still kept there for a particular purpose. I could never learn with certainty how much was put up in New Hampshire, but I have directed all that was at portsmouth to be transported by Water to Providence, as I wish to form a small Magazine of salt provision at that place, as I mentioned before, for a particular purpose. No Magazines of Rum have been formed, we have been in a manner destitute of that necessary Article, and what we are now likely to draw from the several States will be from hand to mouth. From the foregoing State of facts you will perceive in how small a degree the requisitions of Congress have been complied with, and may form a judgment of the miserable manner in which the Army has been subsisted.
Having lately, at the request of the Board of War, furnished them with my opinion of the Quantity of provision which ought to be laid up at the several posts, they will be able, at the interview which you propose to have with them, to lay before you my Ideas upon the subject of a Contract for supplying the Army.
I beg you to be assured that I never can think your correspondence tedious or troublesome. Duty as well as inclination will always prompt me to listen with pleasure to your observations upon the state of our public affairs, and I shall think myself happy if I can in any manner contribute to assist you in the arduous task you have undertaken.
I shall very anxiously wait for the Visit which you promise to make me. I am etc.
P.S. Will it be possible upon a sudden emergency to procure from 2000 to 2500 Barrels of Salt Beef or Pork at Philada? In such case what may be at providence or in New Hampshire may be disposed of and go towards payment of that in Philada. We have no news of the ship la Fayette; about 3000 Suits of Cloaths have arrived at Boston from Spain but unfortunately the Coats are scarlet.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 13, 1781.
My dear Marquis: Since my last I have received your letters of the 10th, 18th, and 28th. of June. I sincerely congratulate you on the favorable turn of Affairs announced in your last, and I hope you will be enabled to maintain that superiority which you seem to be gaining over Lord Cornwallis. We had a variety of reports of General Greens further successes in south Carolina, by some we are told that both Augusta and Ninety six have fallen, but in a letter which I have just recd. from Monsr. Marbois, he says that Augusta has been taken and the siege of 96 raised.
Count de Rochambeau formed a junction with me at this Camp (about 12 Miles from Kings bridge) a few days ago. We are waiting for reinforcements for the Continental line and of Militia, and are in the mean time establishing our communication at Dobbs's Ferry.
I shall shortly have occasion to communicate matters of very great importance to you, so much so, that I shall send a confidential Officer on purpose to you. You will in the mean time endeavour to draw together as respectable a Body of Continental troops as you possibly can and take every measure to augment your Cavalry. Should the enemy confine themselves to the lower Country, you will no doubt pay attention to the formation of Magazines above. These will be in every case essential, whether the War continues in Virginia, or whether it will still be carried on in South Carolina.
Should General Greene come into Virginia in person you will be good enough to communicate the foregoing to him.
In the present situation of Affairs, it is of the utmost importance that a communication by a Chain of Expresses should be opened between this Army and that in Virginia. They are already established from hence to Philada. and if there are none from you to Philada. you will be pleased to take measures for having it done. You will also endeavour to establish such a communication with the Coast as to be able to know whether any troops are detached by sea from Lord Cornwallis's Army, for it is more than probable that if he finds himself baffled in over running Virginia he will take a strong post at portsmouth [or Williamsburg] and reinforce New York or south Carolina. Should any detachment be made you will transmit me the earliest intelligence. What you say in confidence of the conduct of a certain Officer shall be kept a profound secret, and I will contrive means of removing him from the quarter where he is so unpopular.92
[Note 92: Baron Steuben.]
The Rhode Island Regt. is so thinly officered that Colo. Olney wishes one of the subs of the light Company may be suffered to return when Capt. Olney joins. You will act in this as circumstances may permit.
You have the Compliments and good wishes of all your friends in the French Army. Those of the American are not behind hand with them. With the warmest affection etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs' Ferry, July 13, 1781.
Sir: You will be pleased to take a position for the present somewhere on the left of the White Plains, towards Morineck, or the Sound, so as to keep up a communication with the Duke de Lauzun.
It is a standing General Order to have three days Bread and two days cooked Meat constantly on hand, to which you will immediately as far as possible, pointedly attend, and hold your Corps always in the most perfect readiness for a Movement. I am &c.
P.S. If you have heard any thing respecting the firing on the Sound yesterday, be so good as to communicate the news to me. If you have not, I wish you to send to the Sound and obtain it.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 13, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am just now honored with your Excellencys Favor of the 8th instant informing me of the Offer of a Number of Volunteer Horse Men from your State.
I applaud Sir! this Spirit, which gives me much Pleasure in the Contemplation; the Gentlemen deserve my best Thanks for their Tenders of Service; which I beg leave to present them thro the Hands of your Excellency.
We are so much superior at present in Cavalry, by the Arrival of the Legion of Lauzun, a very good Corps under Colo Sheldon, that I have not Need of any more Troops of that Establishment, and it being also probable that the Gentlemen, in the Course of our Operations, may be very usefull, by joining some Body of Troops which it may be found expedient to form in your State; I think it not best to draw them on this Side of the River; but hope they will be so good as to reserve themselves for any Operations which may be found necessary to commence on your Side.
I will be obliged if your Excellency will be pleased to inform me of the Progress that is made under your late Law, in filling your Continental Battalions. I am anxious on this Head, as I view it an Object of the greatest Importance; an object which if compleated, would in a great Measure prevent the Necessity of Calling for other Assistance. I am &c.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters Dobbs's Ferry, July 13, 1781.
Sir: You will march your Corps to join the Main Army near this place, immediately upon the receipt of this Order. I am &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Friday, July 13, 1781.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersigns Augusta, Bolton.
Captain Timothy Remick98 of the first Massachusetts regiment is appointed to do the duty of Inspector of the first Massachusett's Brigade and is to be obeyed accordingly.
[Note 98: He served to November, 1783.]
Captain Seth Drew99 of the second Massachusetts regiment is appointed to do the duty of Inspector to the second Massachusett's Brigade and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 99: He was appointed major of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June 1783.]
Captain Caleb Robinson1 of the second New Hampshire Regiment is appointed to do the duty of Inspector to General Stark's Brigade vice Major Scott2 resigned that office and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 1: Of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed major of the Second New Hampshire Regiment in October, 1781, and retired in March, 1782.]
[Note 2: Maj. William Scott, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He had been wounded and taken prisoner at Stillwater in September, 1777, and had retired in January, 1781.]
A Surgeon from the third Massachusetts Brigade will this day relieve the one on command with Colonel Scammel.
A Surgeon from each Brigade will attend at the Flying Hospital tomorrow morning at eleven o'clock to receive a set of Capital Instruments for the use of the Brigade.
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 14, 1781.
My Lord: While I am with the detachment of the Army below you will remain in command here. Your principal attention will be paid to the good order of the Camp and the security of the Baggage and Stores left in it. There will be no need of advanced pickets, as you will be fully covered in front. The Camp Guards should be vigilant and the officers commanding them see that the Men are not permitted to straggle or to plunder the Baggage of the officers and Soldiers.
The greatest harmony having hitherto subsisted between the French and American Soldiers, Your Lordship will be particularly careful to see that it is not interrupted by any act of imprudence on our part. And as Major General The Baron Viominel who will command the French Line is older in Commission than Your Lordship, you will take the parole and Countersign from him daily.
It is scarcely probable that the Enemy will make any attempt upon the Camp while so respectable a force is near their own Lines, should they do it, it must be by Water. The Officer commanding the Water Guard will communicate any movement to Col. Greaton3 at Dobbs's Ferry who will give immediate intelligence to you, which you will of course transmit to Baron Viominel.
[Note 3: Col. John Greaton. Washington wrote to him, this day (July 14), requesting that any intelligence of the enemy's movements he received he would transmit "with all possible dispatch to Lord Stirling." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
The party at Dobbs's Ferry being for the purpose of erecting a Work there, They are not to be Withdrawn for Camp duties.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 14, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 10th. I am very sorry to hear the Disturbance which has taken place in the 1st. Regt. especially as the P M Gen. I had just sent on a Sum of Money for the Pay of your Brigade; unluckily it seems to have missed them. On Receipt of their Money, this Murmur I hope will be quieted.
So long as the 2nd Regt. remains in Albany, I approve of your keeping up Gen.I Schuylers Guard to the Number you mention. The Militia will soon arrive; this Guard will then be furnished from them, and the Continental Soldiers must be withdrawn. Whenever you come down with the 2nd Regt. you will collect every Man of the old Regts. that you possibly can (except the Comp. of Artillery) and bring down with you. The Frontier must be left to the Defence of the Militia.
You will continue to hold every thing in the most perfect Readiness to move down with the remainder of the Troops, on the Shortest Notice. Whenever the Militia begin to arrive, you will give me immediate Information.
As the Fort at Herkemers, for Want of Workmen, not being like to be completed, and but a small comparative Force perhaps to be left in that Neighbourhood, the Heavy Cannon and Stores there may be insecure; I have therefore thourt best they should be removed to Albany, reserving only such Kinds and Quantity as may be absolutely needed for the Defence of the Posts in that Quarter; as you will probably be removed from Albany before the Stores can be sent down, I have Written to Col. Willet on this Subject and put the Matter under his Direction. I am &c.
P.S. On Removal of so large a Quantity of Stores and Cannon as will probably be sent down to Albany, Capt. Moodys5 whole Company of Artillery may not be wanted on the frontier You will therefore Order such Number to continue, as you shall find necessary and the remainder you will direct to join the Army below.6
[Note 5: Capt. Andrew Moodie (Moody), of the Second Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 6: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, July 14, 1781.
Sir: I request you will Move with your Corps on the New Rochel Road towards East Chester this Evening, so as to be at the last Mentioned place by day break tomorrow morning. You will then open a communication with the Army, by sending Parties to Mile Square or Valentine's Hill and receive further Orders. I have mentioned the Object I have in view particularly to Major Humphreys,7in confidence; I will therefore refer you to him. I am &c.8
[Note 7: Lieut. Col. David Humphreys.]
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
Later, on this same day (July 14), Washington wrote again to Waterbury: "The Weather is so bad that the Troops will not march this Evening as was proposed; you will therefore halt your Troops, taking the Position that was marked for you to cover the Dukes Left, where you will remain till further Orders." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, July 14, 1781.
Sir: Before retreat Beating you will send off parties to waylay the Roads leading to Kingsbridge, in order to stop all Intelligence going to the Enemy. A few of Sheldon's Horse (if they are thort necessary) may attend the parties, in order to bring back speedy intelligence of any discoveries which may be made.
Between retreat beating and dark, about dusk, your's and Sheldons Corps. will commence a silent March by the right on the North River Road; from these Corps you will take care to communicate with the column on the Saw Mill River Road, and regulate your March by it.
As soon as you get to the hill back of Cortlandts, you are to Halt, see what is in the front between that and the Bridge; reconnoitre Tippetts Hill with small parties; examine the ways leading to it; and see how accessible the Hill is to Cannon, without being discovered from the Block House at the Bridge or the Redoubt at the Mouth of Spiten Devil; particular Attention also, by small Patroles, must be paid to any movements which may be made upon the North River, and at Spiten Devil; to prevent the Enemy's turning our right flank undiscovered.
A Communication must be immediately opened between the light Troops on the right, and the Main Body of the American Army on their left.
If the Troops with you should be attacked, you are not to suffer the enemy to gain your right; because you will be reinforced always on the left, Your position being on the right, you are always to extend that way, to prevent being turned on that flank.
If you get to the Bridge without Discovery or Opposition, you will immediately send Word thereof along the Road, leading to Valentines Hill.
At the Mouth of Spiten Devil, it must be observed whether any Water Craft lies there, whether any Person lives in the house at the point; or whether there are any Boats in the Creek, and of what kind (if any). Observe also what kind of Way leads from the Creek to the Redoubt; also what kind of Carriage Way can be had thro the Fields to the point.
Reconnoitre is the Word, to distinguish between Friend and Foe.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On the evening of this same day (July 14) Washington wrote again to Scammell: "The Weather is so extremely bad that the Move is postponed for this Evening. You will therefore return to your Camp, keeping out only the usual Guards." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 14, 1781.
Sir: I have reed, your favor of the 6th. The dispositions which you are making for the defence of the Country upon the Mohawk River appear to me judicious, as I have ever been of opinion that small stationary Garrisons were of no real utility. By having your parties constantly in motion and ready to unite upon occasion, the small parties of the Enemy will be checked and their Main Body may be suddenly attacked, if they commit themselves too far into the settlements. A proportion of the Massachusetts Militia will be ordered to reinforce your command Upon them and the Levies of New York you must place your dependance, for it will be impossible for me, while our present operations are in hand, to spare any of the Continental Troops.
From your letter and from Major Villefranche's representation I find it will be impossible to construct a new Work; I have therefore desired him to put Fort Herkimer in the best posture of defence. And as the greater part of the Artillery and Stores will, as you observe, in that case be superfluous, you will send down all that are not wanted to the Commy. of Military Stores at Albany. A small magazine by way of reserve may be kept at Schenectady. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 11: Maj. Jean Louis Ambroise de Genton, Chevalier de Villefranche. He was an engineer and served until November, 1783.]
Head Quarters near Dobb's Ferry, July 14, 1781.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your Letter of the 6th Inst. from Fort Herkimer.
Under the present situation of our affairs at the Northward, I do not know what, could have been done, preferable to the measures you have fallen upon. Without materials, or the means of erecting New Fortifications, it was certainly the wistest plan to repair the Old Ones, and to give all the additional strength to them, which we possibly could in our circumstances.
Strong Block Houses, and other fortified Houses will be a great security against the incursion of small parties of the Enemy.
I have written to Gen. Clinton and Col. Willet, respecting the Artillery and Stores you mention. With great regard, I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobb's ferry, July 14, 1781.
Sir: You are to have the Water guard supplied with three days provisions and make preparations instantly to go down the River with all your Light Guard Boats this Evening. You will take effectual care to proceed below in such a manner as to discover with certainty whether the Enemy have any Guard or other Boats, on the Water advanced at any distance from their Shipping.
I mention in confidence to you, that there will be a movement of our Troops this Night for the purpose of reconnoitring the enemy (you will be pleased to keep this to yourself until the Troops have marched). In case there should be any Movement of the Enemy you will immediately communicate the intelligence to the Officer commanding at Dobb's Ferry and to Col. Scammell, who will move on the North River Road, and take his position on Tippetts hill in the Morning. Indeed I shall expect you will open a communication with the latter as soon as may be, whether any thing remarkable would happen or not. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobb's Ferry, July 14, 1781
Sir: General Heath, in a letter of the 4th of July, informs me that the State have about 50 pipes of Teneriffe Wine, which they are willing, if it will answer as well, to send forward to the Army in lieu of Rum. As he thought it more than probable that he would have left Boston before my answer could arrive, he desired me to make it to your Excellency.
Wine can not be distributed to the soldiers instead of Rum, except the quantity is much increased. I very much doubt, whether a Gill of Rum would not be preferred to a pint of small Wine. The cost would therefore be much greater, and the difference of transportation immense; as I imagine 12 or 15 Hands of Rum would go as far as 50 pipes of Wine. If 5 or 6 pipes only can be sent on, they will be agreeable and essentially useful to the patients in the Hospital, who are suffering extreme distress for stores of every kind.
I must request the favor of your Excellency to forward the packet of letters herewith by the first good opportunity to any port of France. I have the honor etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobb's Ferry, Saturday, July 14, 1781.
Parole Burgundy, Countersigns Rochelle, Dunkirk.
[Note 15: Lieut. Col. Calvin Smith, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
The Gentlemen who attend at the Adjutant General's office for Orders are requested to be there precisely at three o'clock P.M. until further orders.
Captain Converse16 of the second Connection out regiment is appointed to do the duty of Inspector to the second Connecticut Brigade.
[Note 16: Capt. Thomas Converse. He retired in January, 1783.]
Captain Warner17 of the first Connecticut regiment is appointed to do the duty of Inspector to the first Connecticut Brigade. Both these Gentlemen are to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 17: Capt. Robert Warner. He was appointed major in the same regiment (First Connecticut) in May, 1782, and retired in January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, July 14, 1781.
Gentlemen: Your agreeable Favor of the 19th ulto. per Gen. Viominil, with its very pleasing Attendant, is come safe to Hand, for which you will please to accept my warmest Thanks.
That our Enemies Consignments are so often diverted from the Point of their Intention, is matter of very pleasing satisfaction to me; and you may be assured Gentlemen that I am particularly rejoiced that Fortune had so often cast her favors into your Lap. With very particular Respect I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Camp near Dobb's ferry, July 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: The moving state in wch. the Army was, at the time your letter of the 12th. Ulto.19 came to hand. The junction of the Allied troops, which was upon the point of being formed; and a variety of matters which have occurred since that period, consequent of this junction rather than a disinclination to continue a correspondence the benefits of which have been in my favor must plead an excuse for my long silence. Unconscious of having given you just cause to change the favourable sentiments you have expressed for me. I could not suppose you had altered them, and as I never suffer reports, unsupported by proofs, to have weight in my Mind I know no reason why our correspondence should cease, or become less
[Note 19: "Although our correspondence has been long interrupted, I hope that our friendship never will, notwithstanding the arts of wicked men who have endeavored to create discord and dissension among the friends of America. For myself, having little but my good wishes to send you, it was not worth while to take up your attention a moment with them. The contents of this letter will I am sure require no apology, because you always approve that zeal which is employed in the public service, and has for its object the public good....It would be a thing for angels to weep over, if the goodly fabric of human freedom, which you have so well labored to rear, should in one unlucky moment be levelled with the dust. There is nothing I think more certain, than that your personal call would bring into immediate exertion the force and the resources of this State and its neighboring ones, which directed as it would be will effectually disappoint and baffle the deep laid schemes of the enemy."-- Richard Henry Lee to Washington, Chantilly, June 12, 1781.
In this letter Lee inclosed a copy of one which he had written to James Lovell, Theodorick Bland, and Joseph Jones, in Congress, in which he proposed that Washington should "be immediately sent to Virginia, with 2 or 3000 good Troops. Let Congress, as the head of the federal union, in this crisis, direct that until the Legislature can convene and a Governor be appointed, the General be possessed of Dictatorial powers, and that it be strongly recommended to the Assembly when convened to continue those powers for 6.8 or 10 months: as the case may be. And the General may be desired instantly on his arrival in Virginia to summon the members of both houses to meet where he shall appoint, to organize and resettle their Government." These letters are in the Washington Papers.] frequent than heretofore, excepting, on my part, that as our affairs became more perplexing and embarrassed the public claimed more of my attention and consequently left me less leisure for private endulgencies. That this has been the case in an eminent degree for some time past, a Gentleman as well acquainted with public affairs as you are, need not be told.
The distresses of Virginia I am but too well acquainted with; but the plan you have suggested as a relief for it, in my judgment is a greater proof of your unbounded confidence in me than it is that the means proposed would be found adequate to the end in view were it practicable to make the experiment; which, at present, is not; as there are insuperable obstacles to my removing from the immediate command of the combined troops; the reasons for this opinion I cannot entrust to paper; at all times liable to miscarriage, and peculiarly so of late.
I am fully perswaded however (and upon good Military principles) that the measures I have adopted will give more effectual and speedier relief to the State of Virginia than if I was to March thither with dictatorial power at the head of every Man I could draw from hence without leaving the important posts on the North river quite defenceless, and these States open to devastation and ravage. When I say this I would be understood to mean, if I am properly supported (and I have asked no extraordinary succours) by the States Eastward of Jersey, inclusive. My present operation and which I have been preparing for with all the zeal and activity in my power, will, I am morally certain If I am properly supported produce one of two things, the fall of New York, or a withdraw [ sic] of the Troops from Virginia; excepting a Garrison at Portsmouth, at which place I have no doubt of the enemys intention to establish a permanent post. A Long land March, in which we never failed to dissipate half our Men. the difficulty, and expence of transportation, and other reasons not less powerful but wch. I dare not commit to writing, decided me in my present plan, and my hopes, I trust, will not be disappointed.
In half an hours conversation I could, I flatter myself, convince you of the utility of my measures; but as I have before observed, I dare not attempt it by letter, because I have already had two or three important ones intercepted in the Mails the sight of which I am perswaded occasioned the retrograde movemts. of Lord Cornwallis, and will be the means of bringing part of his force to New York. to the accomplishment of one part of my plan.
The fatal policy of short enlistments (the primary cause of all our misfortunes; the prolongation of the War; and the source of the immense debt under which we labour) is now shedding its baneful influence upon our measures and I am laboring under all the disadvantages and evils which result from them and the want of Men. It can be no News to tell you, that by the expiration of the terms of enlistment I was left last Winter with a force so much reduced as to be scarcely able to garrison West point; but it may be News, and is not less true than surprising to you, to hear that not half the Men which were required to be with the Army, as recruits for the Continental Battens., by the first day of Jany., last are yet arrived; and of those asked by me from the Militia, not one is come.
But a few words more and I will put an end to this long letter No endeavour of mine has been wanting to obtain a superiour naval force in these Seas, nor to employ that which we have, to valuable purposes; how far I have succeeded in the latter is but too obvious; how far I may see my wishes accomplished in the former, time must discover. with great esteem etc.20
[Note 20: This draft is indorsed by Washington, with the following note: "In copying the inclosed some sentences were transposed, and alterations and corrections made in the direction which time did not allow me to make in this due sentiments however were the same,"]
Head Quarters near Dobb's Ferry, Sunday, July 15, 1781.
Parole Virginia, Countersigns La Fayette, Steuben.
[Note 21: Lieut. Col. James Mellen, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel commandant of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 22: Maj. John Spurr, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
As it has been represented to the Commander in Chief that the quantity of fresh meat lately ordered to be drawn by the troops will not keep during this hot Season, He desires the Commissary General may cause two days allowance of salt beef to be issued to every regiment which is to be put into the care of the regimental Quarter master not to be delivered to the troops but by special order of the Commanding officers of Brigades and that the troops be served daily with fresh beef.
Captain Robert Pemberton23 being appointed assistant Adjutant General Vice Dexter24, promoted and joined his regiment is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 23: Formerly of Forman's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 24: Maj. John Singer Dexter, of Olney's Rhode Island regiment. He had been assistant adjutant general from May, 1779, to July, 1781, and served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I received yours with the returns enclosed. I have desired Gen. Schuyler to forward to west point with all possible dispatch the boats that are at present fit for service.
Immediately upon their arrival at your post I wish you to have them safely moored in some convenient cove and Guarded in such a manner as will effectually prevent any person from using them or the Oars, plank, & etc. that may be sent with them on any pretence whatever. I am & etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters near Dobb's Ferry, July 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have to desire that you will be pleased immediately on Receipt of this to collect all the Boats that are finished, that they may come down the River; you will put into them all the Oars that are on Hand or that can be instantly collected with the Plank and Timber which you have procured; and let them all come down together.
I have written to Gen. Clinton to furnish Men to bring clown the Boats, and hope the matter may be expedited with all the Dispatch possible. I am & etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, July 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have written to General Schuyler to have all the Boats, Oars, and Plank, which he has been able to procure for the Public instantly sent to West Point, and mentioned that you would furnish Men for the purpose.
I have now to request that you will Order exactly a sufficient number of Men properly Officered from the 2nd New York Regt. to bring these Boats immediately down the River; the Boats will be delivered to the Orders of Major Gen. McDougall I am &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On July 15 Humphreys, by Washington's orders, wrote to the commanding officer at Verplanck's Point, informing him that five British vessels passed Dobb's Ferry, going up the river. "No more Vessels or Boats whatever be permitted to come down the river until further Orders. You will be particularly Vigilant at your Post, communicate the same intelligence and instruction to the Commanding Officer of Stony Point, and transmit a Copy of this Letter immediately to Major Gen. McDougall." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Dobb's Ferry, July 15, 1781.
Dr. St: One Losee,28 formerly an Inhabitant of this State, now a Deserter from the Enemy, is sent to your Excellency's
[Note 28: Simon(?) Losee, of Long Island.] disposal. It is asserted by a certain Berrian29 (immediately from the Enemy) that Losee was an Emissary charged with Dispatches for the Enemy at the Northward; I am also told Col. Dayton has received similar information of him. I have the honor etc.30
[Note 29: Abraham(?) Benien, of Queen's County, N. Y.]
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 16, 1781.
Gentlemen: I very much approve and am exceedingly obliged by the Resolutions which have been entered into by the Board for the supply of my Table, and which have been communicate to me by Mr. Secretary Carleton. I have for a long time past seen the advantages which would arise from having a trusty person about me in the character of a Steward, and have endeavoured without effect to procure such an one. The Choice of this person the Board have been pleased to leave to me, but as I see no chance of finding one, properly qualified, in or about the Army, I must request the further favor of them to take measures by advertisement or otherwise, to procure one in Philada. which I think the most likely place. A Man who has served with reputation as Butler to a Gentleman family, or as principal Waiter and Caterer to a genteel Tavern would answer better than one unused to such offices, as setting out a table ought to be part of his business as well as providing for it.31 I have the honor etc.32
[Note 31: The Board of War answered (August 9) that it had appointed John Loveday as steward. Tilghman's indorsement on this letter is: "recommending Mr. Loveday for Steward." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
A rough memorandum, in tile writing of Tench Tilghman, dated July 15, 1781, is in the Washington Papers, giving the rank and file strength of the Continental Army on that date, by brigades, regiments, and detachments. The total is 5,835. The memorandum is indorsed by Washington: "Force in July 1781."]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, July 16, 1781.
Sir: Since mine of the 10th. I have received your letter of the same date inclosing the Copy of the proceedings of the Court Martial held upon you, and the deposition of the Harbour Master of Charles town. My last having informed you the propriety of submitting the matter to Major General Greene's determination, I now repeat my opinion, and return the papers to you, that you may either carry or forward them to him. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Headquarters near Dobb's Ferry, Monday, July 16, 1781.
Parole France. Countersigns Spain, America.
A Captain from the New Hampshire brigade to join the Light Infantry under Colonel Scammell this day.
[Note 34: Thomas McKean, of Pennsylvania and Delaware, had been elected President of Congress on July 10.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 16, 1781.
Sir: I have been duly honored by the Receipt of your Excellency's Favor of the 8th instant, with a Resolution of Congress of the 7th, and an Extract of a Letter from Govern. Greene of the 7th, of June, inclosed.
Your Excellency is not unacquainted with the Measures which had been taken to draw forth the Aid of Militia for the Security of the State of Rhode Island, or the Withdraw of the French Troops from Newport; it is unnecessary for me to recapitulate on that Head.
I have also received a Letter from Goverr Greene on the same Subject, to which I had replied previous to the Receipt of your Excellency's Favor. I have the Honor etc.35
[Note 35: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 16, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency desires you will either go yourself, or send some Gentleman of your Department to the White Plains to examine the Position, number and state of the Ovens at that Place; and to report to him tomorrow morning. where they are, what number there are, what quantity of bread they will bake per day, and what condition they are now in, with as much accuracy and precision as possible. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. H. Humphreys, Aide De Camp."]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 16, 1781.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's Favor of the 7th. I am exceedingly happy to find that the mode of procuring the specific supplies demanded of the state is now upon such a footing that we may hope for a full and regular Compliance in future: and I doubt not but if the other States will follow the example, and appropriate a proportion of their revenue to the Disposal of the Superintendent of Finance, we shall soon see our Affairs assume a new and pleasing appearance. I am convinced that the sole hope of the Enemy has long rested upon the deranged State of our Finance. Indeed all our late Difficulties and Distresses have proceeded from that Source; for I believe it will be confessed, that the Country, since the Commencement of the War, never abounded so much in resources as at present.
The Resolve of Congress of 25th of May having no retrospect, I can put no other than my former Construction upon it, which was, that all Promotions in the Artillery and Cavalry, were to be made up to that Date upon the Principles which had governed for three Years in. those Corps. Is it not strange that the Officers of the Regiment, late Proctor's, should be the only ones who claim a Right to an Exemption from what they very well know has been the Rule of Service? It is but a few days ago, that a Memorial from them to Congress upon the same Subject was handed to me by the Board of War, when I answered it in the same Manner that I had before done to the Council.
Your Excellency cannot oblige me more, than by interesting yourself in raising the Rifle Corps. We experienced the Want of such a Body of Men in a little Affair near Kings bridge the Beginning. of this Month, in which our Troops were galled considerably by the Hessian Jagers, who did Execution at a Distance to which our Musquetry could not reach.
The Proceedings upon Lt. Bigham.37 are transmitted by this Conveyance to the Board of War. Your Excellency can therefore call upon them for a Copy of the whole, or such Extracts as may be necessary. I have the Honor etc.38
[Note 37: Bingham.]
[Note 38: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, Tuesday, July 17, 1781.
Parole Champagne. Countersigns Passi, Lyons.
[Note 39: Capt. Timothy Remick, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief is exceedingly pleased with the Conduct of Major General Howe for marching with so much alacrity and rapidity to the defence of the stores at Tarrytown. and repulsing the Enemy's shipping from thence.
He requests General Howe and all the officers and soldiers of the American and French Armies who were employed on the occasion to accept this public acknowledgement of their Services.
The gallant behaviour and spirited exertions of Colonel Sheldon Captain Hurlbut40 of the second regiment of Dragoons, Captain Lieutenant Miles41 of the Artillery and Lieutenant Shaylor42 of the 4th Connecticut regiment (previous to the arrival of the troops) in extinguishing the flames of the vessels which had been set on fire by the enemy and rescuing the whole of the ordinance and stores from Destruction entitle them to the most distinguished notice and Applause of their General.
[Note 40: Capt. George Hurlbut, of the Second Continental Dragoons. He was wounded in this skirmish on July 15, 1781, and died of his wound in May, 1783.]
[Note 41: Capt.-Lieut. John Miles, of the Second Continental Artillery. He resigned in December, 1782.]
[Note 42: Lieut. Joseph Shaylor. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
The Alacrity and dispatch manifested by the officers and soldiers employed in erecting the works at Dobbs ferry are highly pleasing to the General: he begs that Colonel Greaton and Lieutenant Colonel Gouvion may accept his thanks for their attention and activity on this occasion and that they will be pleased to communicate to the officers and soldiers of the working party and of the Corps of Sappers and Miners employed there the grateful sense he entertains of their services.
A General Court Martial whereof Colonel Putnam is appointed President will assemble tomorrow at 10 o'clock A.M. at the president's Marquee for the trial of Stephen Dodge of the second regiment of Light Dragoons and such other prisoners as may be brought before it.
Lieutenant Colonel Sprout, Major Scott, two Captains, from the first Connecticut, two from the second, two from the first Massachusetts, one from the second, one from the third; and two from the New Hampshire Brigades will attend as Members. All evidences and persons concerned are requested to attend. An Orderly Sergeant from each Division to be sent to the Court.
The Commander in Chief directs that in future all prisoners charged with Capital Crimes be sent to the Provost guard to be tried by a General Court Martial of the line; those charged with crimes, not capital to be confined in the quarter guards of their respective regiments and tried by regimental Courts martial.
Those who Confine Prisoners in the Provost are to note at the bottom of the Charge against them the names of the Witnesses their Rank and the regiment to which they belong.
A Captain and fifty men for three days command to be on the Grand parade precisely at five o'clock this afternoon they are to relieve a like number now on command at Tarrytown.
Four able bodied men from each brigade who understand mowing to be sent early tomorrow morning to the Forage master General's Quarters near Storm's bridge to be employed by him till further orders.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Wednesday, July 18, 1781.
MORNING ORDERS
A Subaltern and eighteen privates for Guard to be on the Grand Parade at two o'clock this afternoon.
Parole Marblehead. Countersigns Salem, Newhaven.
[Note 43: Capt. Seth Drew, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment, He had been appointed brigade inspector on July 13, 1781; major of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.
"I passed the North River with Count de Rochambeau, Gen. de Beville his Qr: Mr. Gen. and Gen. Duportail in order to Reconnoitre the Enemy Posts and Encampments at the North end of York Island; took an Escort of 150 Men from the Jersey Troops on the other side."-- Washington's Diary, July 18, 1781.]
An Active industrious Sergeant is much wanted to serve as Provost Marshal any officer who can recommend a suitable person is requested to send his name and regiment to the orderly office.
Head Quarters, July 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: You have taken a most effectual method of obliging me to accept your Cask of Claret, as I find, by your ingenious manner of stating the case, that I shall, by a refusal, bring my patriotism into question, and incur a suspicion of want of attachment to the French Nation, and of regard to you, [which. of all things I wish to avoid] I will not enter into a discussion of the point of divinity, as I [perceive] you are a Master at that Weapon.
In short, my dear sir, my only scruple arises from a fear of depriving you of an Article that you cannot conveniently replace in this Country. You can only relieve me by promising to partake very often of that hilarity which a Glass of good Claret seldom fails to produce. I am etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 45: The record of this conference between Comte de Rochambeau and General Washington consists of a list of questions by Rochambeau, in the writing of De Sibille, and the answers of Washington, in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The questions and answers are in parallel columns, but are not numbered. The question column is signed by Rochambeau and the answer column is signed and dated by Washington. A copy, in which both questions and answers are in the writing of Trumbull, is in the Chateau de Rochambeau, France. This is signed by Washington.
Rochambeau's questions are not given in the above text, as they are sufficiently indicated by Washington's answers.]
Camp at Dobbs's Ferry, July 19, 1781.
It is next to impossible at this Moment, circumstanced as we are and labouring under uncertainties, to fix a definitive plan for the Campaign: definitive Measures must depend upon circumstances at the Time of the Arrival of the Count de Grasse; particularly on the following:
1st. The Situation of the Enemy at that Moment.
2nd. On the Succours he shall bring with him; or on the Force we shall have collected by that Period.
3rd. On the Operation and Advantages which may be gained by the Fleet in the Moment of its Arrival, and,
4th. On the Continuance of the Fleet upon, and probability of its maintaining a decisive Superiority while it is here.
If the Fleet of Count de Grasse should be late in its arriving to this Coast; if the Count should not think it prudent to attempt forcing the Passage of the Hook, or fail in making the attempt; if he should bring no land Troops with him, and the American Force should not be considerably augmented, I am of Opinion, that under these Circumstances, we ought to throw a sufficient Garrison into W Point; leave some Continental Troops and Militia to cover the Country contiguous to New York, and transport the Remainder (both French and American) to Virginia, should the Enemy still keep a Force there; the Season and other Circumstances will admit of late Operations in that Quarter; to be prepared for such an Event, I think it highly expedient, that Mr. Barras should hold all his Transports in the utmost Readiness to take the Detachment under Mr. De Choisy and the heavy Artillery at Providence, on Board, and sail with them to meet the Troops either in Delaware or Chesapeak, as may be ultimately agreed upon.
But should the Fleet arrive in Season, not be limited to a short Stay; should be able to force the Harbour of New York, and in addition to all these, should find the British Force in a divided State. I am of opinion that the Enterprise against New York and its Dependencies should be our primary object.
To prevent the Enemy from a possibility of forming a Junction, and to lay a foundation for their ruin, I was anxious that Count de Barras, if he thought the Departure of the Royal Oak, had given him a naval Superiority, should sail for Chesapeak; an Event, if the Superiority is on his Side, I devoutly wish, as I am of Opinion that much Good, and no Evil can result from it. The reasons which induce the Count to decline the Measure, have been communicated by him to your Excellency and to me by Letter.
Upon the whole I do not see what more can be done than to prosecute the Plan agreed to at Weathersfield, and to recommend it to the Count de Grasse to come immediately to Sandy Hook, and if possible possess the Harbour of New York at the Moment of his Arrival, and then from a full view and consideration of the Circumstances which exist, form a definitive plan of campaign upon the surest grounds.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Thursday, July 19,1781.
Parole Newport. Countersigns Choisy, Barras.
[Note 46: Lieut. Col. Ezra Newhall, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November 1783.]
The Guards are to be furnished with the Countersigns at Retreat beating and no person suffered to pass into or out of Camp after that time without giving it; or otherwise satisfying the officer of the guard they are stopped by.
The Brigade Quarter masters are to be particularly careful in having the offal buried as the Camp is becoming offensive.
Sergeant Asa Andrus of the first Connecticut regiment is appointed to do the duty of Provost Marshal until further orders and is to be obeyed as such.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Friday, July 20, 1781.
Parole Newport. Countersigns Choise, Barras.
[Note 47: Capt. Caleb Robinson, of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He was brigade inspector in July, 1781; major in October, 1781; retired in March, 1782.]
For the Working Party Major Woodbridge.
The Regimental Surgeons are desired to be punctual in sending the Returns of the Sick of their respective regiments to the flying Hospital every Saturday morning.
Until further orders the Drum and Fife Majors of the several Corps in Camp are to assemble every day at 10 o'clock A.M. in the wood in the rear of the second line to practice under the direction of the Inspector of Music who will attend for that purpose.
A working party under the command of a Major to parade tomorrow morning at eight o'clock on the Grand parade with their Arms and packs to march to Dobbs ferry to erect such fortifications as the Engineer at that Post shall point out.
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, July 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 12th. I imagine before this reaches you the first detachment of Boats will have been sent down. Should they not, you will be pleased to have the light Company of Cortlandts completed and sent down with them. Should the Boats have come away, you will consider whether you can spare the light Company and have a sufficient number of Men left to bring down the remainder of the Boats which are building under the direction of Gen. Schuyler. In that case you will send the Company immediately down and Major Fish with it. If you cannot, you will let the light company man the next Boats that are ready.
Be pleased to let me know whether any Militia from Massachusetts have come in or whether you have heard any thing of them or of Gen. Stark. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 20, 1781.
Sir: I have been favoured with yours of last evening. I could wish that the present situation of the River might be improved to every advantage; whatever Boats you think necessary, may be ordered to Dobbs's ferry; but particular care must be taken in the transportation of Stores across the opposite Country, that they come in small convoys, and no deposits made either at the Ferry or on the road.
I am very sorry that our situation should ever be such as to oblige the impress of any of the property of the Inhabitants, but our present necessity must justify the measure; I therefore only wish, that when Col. Dearborn goes upon that business, he would take the horses from the disaffected of that Country in preference to any other. Expresses may pass that way, I think, with safety. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Saturday, July 21, 1781.
Parole Providence. Countersigns Prudence, Brenton.
Watchword Alliance.
[Note 50: Capt. Robert Warner, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was made major in May, 1782, and retired in January, 1783.]
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Putnam is president, Stephen Dodge, Soldier in the second regiment of Light Dragoons charged with "Desertion and reinlisting in the York Levies" was tried, found Guilty and sentenced to receive one Hundred Lashes on his bare back.
Jonathan Day, Soldier in the above regiment, charged as above, was tried found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his bare back.
Cornelius Corbett, Soldier in the 10th Massachusetts regiment, charged with "Attempting the life of Ensign Moses Carlton,"51 was tried and found Guilty of a breach of Article 5 Section 2nd. of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his bare back.
[Note 51: Of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant in May, 1782, and retired in January, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences.
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, July 21, 1781.
Sir: Your Excellency will have been informed by the Chevr. de la Luzerne of the ardent wishes of these United States to see the Fleet under your command in these Seas; will have been told the advantages which would in all probability be the result of such a movement; how essential it would be to make an early communication of your approach, and that you would be met off Sandy Hook with such details as might be necessary for your Government.
In full confidence that you will be soon upon this Coast, I have the honor to inform you that the allied Armies have formed a junction and taken a position about ten Miles above the enemy's posts on the North end of York Island. Their right at Dobb's Ferry on the North or Hudson's River, their left extending to a small River called the Brunx. The French Force consists of about 4400 men. The American is at this time but small, but expected to be considerably augmented. In this however we may be disappointed. And as the time of your arrival and the succour you may bring are altogether uncertain no definitive plan of operation has been or can be fixed. It must depend upon the situation of the enemy at the moment of your approach, and upon the force we shall be able to oppose to them in any given point.
The Enemy's land force in New York and its dependencies, including some late reinforcements from England, may amount at this time to about 5000 Regular Troops besides Militia, which may be about 3000 more. but they may be reinforced from Virginia, and the event is expected, unless they should be prevented by the arrival of your Excellency upon the Coast or some other intervention. Should they be hindered from effecting a further junction of Force at New York, that City and its dependencies are our primary objects. Your Excellency, by being in possession of the Harbour within Sandy Hook, would give facility if not certainty to the operation, but the practicability of gaining the entrance will be with your Excellency to determine, upon your general knowledge of the place, from your own observation upon the spot, and upon the information you will receive from the pilots who accompany you.
The Enemy's naval force at New York consists at present of only six Ships of the Line. I think two of 50 Guns and a few Frigates. The Royal Oak, a ship of the line, has lately been sent to Hallifax to receive some repairs which could not be done at New York.
The second object, in case we should find our force and means incompetent to the first, is the relief of Virginia, or such of the southern States as the enemy may be found in, by transporting the principal part of our force suddenly to that quarter; and that we may be ready for such an event, preparations are making to facilitate such a movement. But of this I hope there will be no occasion, as I flatter myself the glory of destroying the British Squadron at New York is reserved for the Kings Fleet under your command, and that of the land Force at the same place for the allied Arms.
A Gentleman of the name of Forman,52 who will probably have the honor of delivering this to you, is a person in whom you may perfectly confide and who will forward your dispatches immediately to me.
[Note 52: Brig. Gen. David Forman.]
If you are not sufficiently provided with pilots, some of the most expert and trusty shall be sent to you without delay. I have the honor etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
"I am much obliged by the Favor you have done me in Translating my letter to Count De Grasse and for Cypherg some Part thereof; it is very necessary to keep its Contents from Discovery. Your Goodness I hope will effect this for which you will please to accept my sincere Thanks."-- Washington to De Sibille, July 21, 1781. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, July 21, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 15th. Inst. I have no doubt but the reasons which induce you to decline the removal of the Squadron under your command to Chesapeak at this time are founded in propriety; but I am certain that could the measure have taken place, it would have been attended with most valuable consequences, more especially as from reports and appearances the enemy are about to bring part of their Troops from Virginia to New York.
Although the detachment from your Fleet, under the command of the Baron D'Angely54 did not succeed at Huntington, we are not the less obliged to your Excellency for directing the attempt to be made.55 If that post is maintained, I think an opportunity of striking it to advantage may still be found, and I doubt not but you will readily embrace it. I have the honor etc.56
[Note 54: François Marie Baron d'Angely. He was colonel and aide to Baron de Vioménil.]
[Note 55: An attempt had been made to surprise the Tory post at Huntington, Long Island, but had failed.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 21, 1781.
Gentlemen: I was last Evening favored with yours of the 16th inst. inclosing Copies of two Letters from Brig. Gen. Knox to your Board on the Subject of forwarding Military Stores to the Army. Circumstanced as I am at this moment, with many surrounding doubts and uncertainties, from too many reasons, it is impossible for me to fix on any certain Point of Time, at which I should wish to have the Stores in Camp. I have however to desire that they may all be provided, agreeable to Genl Knox's Request, and held in the most perfect Readiness to be sent on to the Army, at any Point to which Events may determine them, of which you will receive the earliest Notice. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, July 21, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored by your Excellency's three Letters of the 14th and 17th of this Month, with the several Resolutions of Congress, and the Extracts from intercepted Letters, inclosed.
I am much obliged by your Attention in the Communication of the Extracts,58 although I had been favored with them thro' another Channel, previous to the Receipt of your Favor; the Intelligence to be collected from them, if properly improved, I think may turn greatly to our Advantage.
[Note 58: The extracts were from Germain to Sir Henry Clinton, Feb. 7, 1781; Germain to the British Peace Commissioners at New York, March 7; and Germain to Clinton, March 7. They are filed in the Washington Papers with McKean's letter to Washington, July 17, 1781. McKean added at the end of the extracts: "It further appears from these letters, that Arnold has received Bills of Exchange for five thousand pounds sterling on London, which have been paid and the money invested in the Stocks. This was probably the certain reward of his treason, the rest may have been eventual."]
I take this Opportunity most sincerely to congratulate you Sir, on the Honor conferred on you by Congress, in being elected to preside in that most respectable Body;59 happy, as I expect to be in your Correspondence, I dare say I shall have no Reason to complain of the Mode of your conducting it; as from a knowledge of your Character I flatter myself it will ever be performed with great Propriety. I take the Liberty
[Note 59: "I have been honored with your Letter of the 10th instr. informg, that Congress, upon the Retiring of the late Mr President Huntington, had elected The Hono Thomas McKean Esqr to preside in their respectable Body. I shall for the future conduct my Correspondence agreable to this Information."-- Washington to Charles Thomson, July 21, 1781. This draft is in the Washington Papers.] however to request as a particular Favor, that you will be so good as to convey to me, as you have Opportunity, any interesting Intelligence which you may receive, either from Europe or respecting our Continental Affairs; your Situation will put it particularly in your Power to oblige me in this Request, and be assured Sir! that a greater Obligation cannot be conferred, since for Want of Communication in this Way, I have often been left in the Dark in Matters which essentially concern the public Welfare; and which, if known, might be very influential in the Government of my Conduct in the Military Line.
I am happy to be informed by Accounts from all Parts of the Continent, of the agreeable Prospect of a very plentifull Supply of almost all the Productions of the Earth. Blessed as we are with the Bounties of Providence, necessary for our support and Defence, the Fault must surely be our own (and great indeed will it be), if we do not, by a proper Use of them, attain the noble Prize for which we have so long been contending, the Establishment of Peace, Liberty and Independence. I have theHonor etc.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's, July 21, 1781.
Sir: I have received yours of the 17th. And wish it was in my power to render your situation more agreable as to supplies of provision; Rum you say you have but little on hand then the Garrison is more fortunate than the Army for we have none.
The description you give of the troops that compose the Garrison I have too much reason to suppose has a very Sufficient foundation, as the persons employed by the different States to recruit their troops, seem to pay more attention to complete the number required than to furnish able bodied men for the service.
The caution you use in forwarding the stores by Water, is very necessary as the communication for some days past has been totally stopped, at present in consequence of the return of the Ships, on the 18th. it is rendered as free as I can wish, I flatter myself that the injury they received in passing the Battery at Dobbs's ferry will in some measure deter them from making another attempt. one of them was set on fire, supposed to be by a Shell, in the confusion about 20 of her men leaped over board one of which reached the shore and informs they were vastly injured as they passed.
When it becomes necessary to bring stores down the river the Commissarys and Qr. Masters will have particular orders for that purpose. I am &c.
P.S. The Commissary will be ordered to supply you with provision in some more convenient way than he does at present.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters, July 21, 1781.
Sir: The Army will make a movement this Evening. 'You will march your Corps on the same route, and in such time and Manner as to be at East Chester between day break and sunrise; as directed in my Letter of the 14th. Your Troops should be supplied (if possible) with three days cooked provisions, and the Movement of the Army as well as of your Troops must be kept a secret until the Moment you march.
In order to prevent the Enemy from obtaining any intelligence whatever from us, I have ordered small parties to way-lay all the Roads from the North River to East Chester. I must request you will send an Active Subaltern, and 20 Men with good Guides early this Afternoon across the Fields and Woods from Your Encampment to some good position for an Ambuscade, on the side of the road leading from New Rochel to East Chester, as near the latter as may be without hazard of discovery, this party must remain perfectly concealed, with Orders to apprehend all persons going towards Kings Bridge. It is essential your Party should not be seen by any Inhabitant, as this might frustrate the very object of our precautions. You will be convinced, Sir, by your own experience and good Sense that the profoundest secrecy is absolutely necessary in all Military Matters, and in no instance more indispensably so, than in movements towards the Enemy's Lines. I am etc.
P.S. After you have given all the necessary Orders, I could wish you would come to Hd Qrs and dine with me, as I may have many things to communicate personally to you.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, July 21, 1881.
Dear Sir: When I request your particular' Care of the inclosed, it is necessary that I should inform you in fullest confidence, and under the strictest injunctions of secrecy, that the Count de Grasse may be shortly expected with his whole fleet from the West Indies. Whether he will first appear off the Hook or the capes of Virginia is uncertain. You will be pleased immediately, upon the receipt of this, to employ proper persons to keep a look out. The Moment that a Fleet of heavy ships is discovered you will dispatch an express to me, and as soon as you can ascertain whether they are friends or Foes, another. If they prove to be the former you will oblige me by going on board the Admiral and presenting the letter herewith. I have mentioned you to him as a Gentleman in whom he may place the fullest confidence.
That intelligence may be communicated from you to me with the utmost dispatch you will be pleased to take some of the militia Horse into pay and station them at such distances between Monmouth and Dobb's Ferry that they may perform the ride in twelve or fifteen hours. The Horsemen need not know the particular purpose for which they are stationed, but they must be ordered never to be a moment absent from their stages, except when upon duty. The expence attending these and the persons who keep a lookout I will be answerable for.
You will be so good as to give me by the return of this, or in the chain which you shall establish, the present situation, number, strength, and station of the Enemy's Ships; and as particular information of this kind may be very useful and consequential to me and to our French Allies, I beg you will continue to keep me informed from time to time of any alterations which take place, either respecting their increase or decrease of Numbers and strength, their different positions, and particular stations, within or without the Hook, that we may loose no advantages or suffer any misfortune for want of perfect information of the Enemy's strength, Positions, or movements. I am &c.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
[N.Y.H.S]
Head Quarters, July 21, 1781.
Dr. Sir The enclosed for General Forman is of so much importance that I do not care to trust it to a common hand. If there should be an Officer in the Jersey Brigade who has any business in Monmouth he may be sent with it. If there is none under such circumstances, I must request you to send one on purpose. I am &c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's ferry, July 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: You will this evening detach a party of 100 Men to take post upon the Heights at Fort Lee and those above it opposite to Spiten Devil and wherever any shipping may lay. I would wish the Officers to be intelligent and capable of observation, and to make remarks upon the seeming strength of the enemy if they turn out upon an Alarm and how they in such case dispose of their troops. The Business of the commanding Officer will particularly be to attend to any movement of the enemy by water. If he sees any considerable embarkation taking place in Vessels or Boats and they move up the River he will communicate the intelligence by the following signal; a large smoke from the Heights opposite the Mouth of Spiten Devil. The party will move time enough this Evening to be upon the Heights before day. It will go prepared for continuing out three days, unless sooner ordered in.65 I am &c.
[Note 65: Dayton reported the pasturage at Dobbs Ferry exhausted, and asked permission to move his camp on July 23.
"Again ordered about 500 Men to be ready to March at 8 o'clock, for the purpose of reconnoitring the enemy Posts at Kingsbridge and of cut off if possible, such of Delancys Corps as should be found without their lines. At the hour appointed the March commenced, in 4 columns, on different Roads. Majr. Genl. Parsons with the Connecticut Troops and 25 of Sheldons horse, formed the Right column (with two field pieces) on the No. River Road; the other Two divisions of the Army, raider Majr. Generals Lincoln and Howe, together with the Corps of Sappers and Miners and 4 field pieces, formed the Next column on the Saw Mill River Road. The right column of the French (on our left) consisted of the Brigade of Bourbonnis, with the Battn. of Grenadiers and Choissairs, 2 field pieces, and a twelve pounders, their left column was composed of the Legion of Lauzen, one Battn. of Grenadiers, and Choissairs of Soussonnis, 2 field pieces and 2 Howitzers. General Waterbury, with the Militia, and State Troops of Connecticut, was to march on the East Chester Road and to be joined at that place by the Cavalry of Sheldon, for the purpose of Scouting Frogs Neck. Sheldon's Infantry was to join the Legion of Lauzen for the purpose of Scouring Morrissania, and to be covered by Scammells light Infantry who were to advance thro' the fields, waylay the Roads, stop all communication, and prevent intelligence getting to the Enemy....The whole Army (Parsons's division first) arrived at Kingsbridge about daylight, and formed on the heights back of Fort Independence extending towards delancy's Mills. While the Legion of Lauzen and Waterbury proceeded to scour the Necks of Morrisania and Frogs to little effect, as most of the Refugees were fled, and hid in such obscure places as not to be discovered; and by stealth got over to the Islands adjacent, and to the enemys Shipping which lay in the East River. a few however were caught and some cattle and horses brought off."-- Washington's Diary, July 21, 1781,
"The enemy did not appear to have had the least intelligence of our Movement, or to know we were upon the heights opposite to them fill the whole army was ready to display. After having fixed upon the ground, and formed our line, I began, with General Rochambeau and the Engineers, to reconnoitre the enemys position and Works."-- Washington's Diary, July 22. The reconnaissance was completed on July 23, and Washington was at Dobbs Ferry again by July 24.]
P.S. You will send a Captain and 50 to reinforce the post at Dobbs's on this side the River. They will come over this Evening.64
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, July 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your Favor of the 19th. inst. and have to assure you that I am perfectly satisfied with your Care, Attention and Diligence, being fully persuaded that no unnecessary Delay has, or will take Place thro' your Means.
I have too much Reason to apprehend, that from our Circumstances and Situation at the Time, many Irregularities and much Confusion, have crept among the Papers of 1775 and 1776. I am persuaded your Care and Assiduity will reduce them to as much Order as they are capable of.
I think it will be very well to enter particularly the Answers and Opinions of the Genl Officers, together with the Questions stated to them and submitted to their Discussion, which may with propriety be done in a seperate Volume by themselves.66
[Note 66: The Varick Transcripts of the Councils of War fill three folio volumes.]
I am much pleased with the Quarters you have taken at Poughkeepsie, and have not a Doubt of the Security of the public papers and Concerns in your Care. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 21, 1781.
Sir: The same Movement which was mentioned in my Letter of the 14th. will be made this Evening; you will observe the same line of conduct as pointed out in that Letter; using particular vigilance to discover every motion of the Enemy, especially tomorrow night. I shall absolutely depend upon it, that the Enemy cannot move a single Vessel or Boat up the River or have any thing in agitation, without your immediately obtaining and communicating the knowledge of it to the Commanding Officer at Dobbs Ferry, and Col Scammell or the Officer on our Right.
You will please to deliver a Whale Boat to Captain Bushnell or his Order. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Kingsbridge, Sunday, July 22, 1781.
Parole Versailles, Countersigns Lauzun, Le Val.
The Troops will lay on their Arms and the officers will pay attention to their Platoons.
Head Quarters near Kingsbridge, Monday, July 23, 1781.
MORNING ORDERS
The Troops including Colonel Scammell's detachment and Sheldon's Legion to be served with a Gill of Rum pr man or in proportion if there be not quantity enough in Camp to give a Gill.
EVENING ORDERS
Parole New York. Countersigns Morisania, Frog's Neck.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Tuesday, July 24, 1781.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns Jamestown, York.
[Note 69: Capt. Seth Drew, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed major of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
Any persons that have taken up or shall hereafter take up any horses or Oxen in or near Camp belonging to the public are directed to deliver them to Major Cogswell, Waggon Master General immediately after so taking them up on pain of being tried and punished for disobedience of orders.
The Commander in Chief proposes to review the Continental Troops regimentally. The Adjutant General will notify the regiment to be reviewed a few hours beforehand when the Colonel (if not upon duty) and other officers of it and all the Men must be present or satisfactorily accounted for. For this purpose the rolls of each company must be present and called in the presence of the Commander in Chief.
The Major General of the Division and Brigadier or Officer commanding the Brigade to which the regiment belongs are to be present at these reviews and are to be informed of the Time and place accordingly.
The Commanding Officer of Artillery at Dobbs ferry will have a Centinel so posted as to see any movement of Shipping at the Enemy's Posts at King's bridge and is the moment he is certain that a Vessel is coming up the river to fire a Gun as a signal thereof. When lest this should not be heard Colonel Sheldon is to dispatch a Dragoon with the intelligence.
Dobbs's ferry, July 25, 1781.
Dear Custis: Your letter of the 11th, covering certain proposals which were made by you to Mr. Robt. Alexander, came safe by the last Post. I read the latter with attention, and think they are founded on principles of liberality and justice; as far as I can form a judgment without seeing the Mortgage, or having recourse to the original Agreement, and the Missives which may have passed between you.
How far the purchase on your part, and the sale on Alexander's, was a matter of speculation at the time of bargaining, yourselves, and the nature of the agreement, alone can determine. If from the tenor of your contract you were to pay paper money; if this paper money was at that time in a depreciated state; and the difference between it and Specie fixed and known; and if moreover, Alexander like many others, entertained an opinion that it would again appreciate, and a paper dollar become equal in value to a silver one, it might be more just than generous (as the money is in fact worth little or nothing now) to let him abide the consequences of his opinion by paying him in depreciated paper: because the presumption is, that he would have made no allowance for appreciation, tho' the former should be of equal value with the latter, pound for pound. But this as I have before observed depends upon the nature of the Bargain, and the light in which the matter was understood at the time it was made, by both parties.
If the Bargain was unaccompanied by particular circumstances, and had no explanatory meaning, but simply imported that so much Money was to be given for so much land, to be paid on or before a certain period; it is certainly optional in you to discharge it at any time you please short of that period; but I conceive that this can only be done by an actual tender of the money; and that, there is no other obligation. or type upon Alexr. to take your Bond (with any security whatever) but the fear of loosing the original debt, or the Interest of it, by refusing the tender you propose to make him, of £48,000 at this time; because I hold it as a maxim that no Man can be compelled to change the nature of his debt, or alter the security of it, without his own consent.
I have before said, that for want of the Mortgage, and a knowledge of all the circumstances attending your bargain, it is impossible for me to give a decided opinion. Your proposals appear to be fair and equitable; but what views Alexander may have had, and how far he is prepared to support himself in those views by any written, or other valid proof, I am unable to say. As an honest man he ought to be content with Justice, and Justice I think you have offered him.
You may recollect, that I disliked the terms of your bargain when they were 1st. communicated to me, and wished then that you might not find them perplexing and disadvantageous in the end; as I now do that you may settle the matter with honor, and satisfaction to yourself.
It gave me pain to hear that you had been so much afflicted with sickness among your People and that you thought your Son in danger. It would give me equal pleasure to learn that he, and the rest of your family, were restored to perfect health.
That so few of our Countrymen have joined the enemy, is a circumstance not less pleasing to me, than it must be mortifyingly convincing to them, of the falacy of their assertion that 2/3 of the people were in their Intert, and ready to join them when opportunity offered; had this been the case the Marquis's force and the other 1/3 must have abandoned the Country. I am much pleased with your choice of a Governor. He is an honest man, active, spirited and decided, and will, I dare say, suit the times as well as any person in the State.70
[Note 70: Thomas Nelson, jr.]
You were lucky, considering the rout by which the enemy retreated to Williamsburg to sustain so little damage. I am of opinion that Lord Cornwallis will establish a strong post at Portsmouth, detach part of his force to New York, and go with the residue to So. Carolina. I returned yesterday from reconnoitring (with Count de Rochambeau and the Engineers of both Armies) the enemys works near Kings bridge; we lay close by them two days and a Night without any attempt on their part, to prevent it; they kept up a random Cannonade, but to very little effect. I am waiting impatiently for the Men the States (this way) have been called upon for, that I may determine my plan, and commence my operations.
My best wishes attend Nelly Custis (who I hope is perfectly recovered) and the little girls. And my complaints. await enquiring friends. Sincerely and affectly. etc.
Head Quarters, July 25, 1781.
Sir: The Officer by whom I sent my dispatch for Count de Grasse has returned from Monmouth and has brought me an answer from Genl. Forman to whom it is entrusted, and who promises to take the greatest care of it. The following is an extract of a letter from that Gentleman, which your Excellency will be pleased to communicate to Count de Barras, if you think proper.
"Saturday the 21st. of this month Adml. Graves with six or seven ships of the Line sailed from his station off Sandy Hook the Wind at South West. The Fleet steered about South East. Their destination not known, but conjectured to convey Lord Cornwallis from Chesapeak to New York."
General Furman confirms the account of the Royal Oak having gone to Hallifax to refit and adds that it is thought she will not be in condition for sea this season. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in tile writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 25, 1781.
Dr Sir: The Cattle and Horses that your party tooke from Throgs point, West Chester and its Vicinity are not to be considered the property and at the disposal of the party who were employed in that Quarter, but must be appropriated to the public use you will therefore please to deliver the Cattle and sheep to the Order of Colo Stewart Commissary Genl. of Issues, and the Horses to the Qr. Mr. General, who have orders to settle with the owners if they appear to be the property of those who merit indulgence from us. I am &c.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, July 25, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 10th. announcing your resignation of the Chair of Congress and the Election of Mr. McKean to that important Station.
I flattered myself with the hopes of an opportunity of personally acknowledging the attentions which I received from you during your presidency; but as I find you could not with convenience make a visit to the Army on your way home, I am constrained to take this method of returning my thanks and expressing my sincere wishes for the re-establishment of your health.
I am exceedingly happy to hear that our political Affairs begin to assume a new and pleasing appearance, which if continued, will I hope have an influence upon the Military. That department is yet labouring under every difficulty and distress, and there seems to me little chance of its being relieved from the debility to which it is reduced; for notwithstanding my pressing requisitions for men, and the more pressing occasion which there is for them at this moment, I may almost say I have not received one Man since my last demand.
The station which you have lately filled with so much honor has given you an opportunity of making yourself intimately acquainted with our real situation, and a representation from you to your state will naturally have more weight than that of a stranger to public affairs. Be assured sir you cannot employ your time better at home than in constantly impressing all Ranks with the necessity of recruiting and supplying the Army. I have the honor etc.73
[Note 73: The draft, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, is addressed to Huntington at Norwich, Conn.
This same day (July 25) Washington sent a brief note to Maj. Gen. Alexander McDougall, requesting that he regularly report "the number of Militia which shall arrive from time to time at your Post" This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Wednesday, July 25, 1781.
Parole Luxemburgh. Countersigns Bourdeaux, Lisle.
[Note 74: Major John Spurt, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 75: Captain David Smith, of the Eighth Connecticut Regiment. His rank as major dates, however, from March, 1778. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
The Commanding officers of regiments are desired to use every possible endeavour to instruct the recruits in the essential parts of their duty as fast as they join their respective Corps that they may be qualified for actual service.
Lieutenant Kirkpatrick76 late of Colonel Spencer's regiment is appointed Captain Lieutenant in the Corps of Sappers and miners and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 76: Lieut. David Kirkpatrick, of Spencer's Additional Continental regiment. He had retired in January, 1983; was wounded at Yorktown, Va., in October, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received yours of the 23d. You must consider your present post of importance and the nearer you are to the point to be defended the greater will be its security it would therefore be more proper should the ground be eligible to pitch your Camp as near as possible to the Block77 than to occupy a position one or two miles either to the right or left.
[Note 77: The letter sent, which was sold at auction in 1895, had the word "House" at this point.]
The sending your horses to pasture even at the distance of three miles would not render you subject to the inconveniencies and the post to that hazard that might originate from your taking a similar position with the Brigade. I should thank you for information whether the Letter directed to Genl. Forman is forwarded and by whom. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith. The letter sent had the following P. S., which does not appear in the draft: "The officer that was detached to Fort Lee has not forwarded his report." This was Capt. Nathaniel Bowman, whose report, dated July 25, 1781, is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, July 25, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have recd. your favor of the 5th.79 with Copies of letters from Governor Reed to Colonel Hunter80 Lieutenant of Northumberland County and to the Commissioner of purchases for the same County. These letters contain no orders
[Note 79: In the Washington Papers. It is signed in the same hand by John Hurlbut and Hugh Forsemon as "Authority," and by Hurlburt and Jabez Sill, as "Selectmen" of Wyoming, Pa.]
[Note 80: Col. Samuel Hunter, county lieutenant of Northumberland.] of any kind whatever to Capt. Mitchell,81 but barely relate to supplying the present Garrison with provisions, which by arrangements made by me are to be furnished out of the supplies demanded by the Continent from the State of Penna. Capt. Mitchell cannot therefore with propriety draw any thing from Mr. Seward.82
[Note 81: Capt. Alexander Mitchell, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He served to April, 1783.]
[Note 82: --Seward. He was assistant commissary of issues at Connecticut.]
You may be assured Gentlemen that it is my inclination as well as my duty to carry the intent of Congress fully into execution and that I should not scruple to remove an Officer from Command were I to find proof of his having acted with partiality either towards the State of Pennsylvania or that of Connecticut, but as it does not appear, by the testimony which has been produced by you, that Capt. Mitchell has yet conducted himself in a manner to deserve censure, I cannot consistent with military Rule remove him from his present command. I am &c.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Thursday, July 26, 1781.
Parole Annapolis. Countersigns Baltimore, Elk.
[Note 84: Capt. Caleb Robinson, of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He was promoted to major in October, 1781, and retired in March, 1782.]
The Court Martial whereof Colonel Putnam is President will assemble tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock.
Head Quarters, July 26, 1781.
Sir: I am directed by the Commander in Chief to transmit to you the inclosed Copy of Charges made against Major Moreman85 by Capt Billings,86 upon which His Excellency desires you will order Major Moreman under an Arrest. At the Same Time the General desires that Major Moreman's charges against Capt Livermore87 may be transmitted to the Adjutant General, who has Orders to have Livermore put into Arrest, as soon as the Charges are exhibited, as he was not to be seen last Evening.
[Note 85: Maj. Jean Bernard Gauthier de Murnans, of the Continental Engineers. He was brevet lieutenant colonel of the Continental Army in September, 1783, and resigned in February, 1784. Congress passed a resolve expressive of their sense of his abilities and services, Feb. 3, 1784. He was accused of attacking a sentinel on post at Dobbs Ferry; of attempting to take away a boat under the care of the sentry; and of unofficerlike and ungentlemanlike behavior.]
[Note 86: Capt. Stephen Billings, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 87: Capt. Daniel Livermore, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He was dismissed in August, 1781; reinstated that same month; retired in March, 1782.]
A Court will be ordered for the Trial of the Gentlemen upon their several Charges. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J. Trumbull."]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's ferry, July 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have ordered the Light Company of Cortlands Regt. to West Point, as soon as it arrives you will be pleased to send that and the light Company of Van Schaicks to join the Army. And you will also be pleased to make me a Return upon the first of Augt. of the number of Militia which have come in to that time, specifying the States to which they belong. I am &c.
P.S. You will be pleased to be punctual in sending the Return, as I want it for a particular purpose.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, July 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am informed by Captain Pray of the Water Guard that there is a quantity of Forage, lately deposited on the Banks of the North River between Philips's and Kings Bridge, by Order of Col Wurmb,90 for the purpose of being transported by Water to the Enemy. You will be pleased to have a party of Infantry and Cavalry detached, from your Command and Col Sheldon's Corps, to ascertain at what place or places the Hay is, whether it can be brought off, what quantity there is supposed to be, and how many Carts or Waggons will be necessary for the transportation. I shall expect your Report as soon as conveniently may be. With great regard &c.91
[Note 90: Col. Frederich Wilhelm Wurmb, of the First Hessian Regiment, German allied troops, British Army.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobb's Ferry, July 27, 1781.
Sir: I am informed By Colo Dayton that a Number of Militia collecting from the State of New Jersey and Rendezvousing at Morristown, have dispersed to their Homes for Want of Provisions at the Place of their Rendezvous. to prevent Any Misfortune of the like Nature in future, I have to Desire that you immediately march off to Dobbs's Ferry all the Militia which are already collected, and let the Remainder, as fast as they are drawn out, rendezvous at the same Place, or Tappan, where they will join the Jersey Brigade. You will be pleased to give me Information of your Proceedings from Time to Time, as the Collection is made. I am &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Friday, July 27, 1781.
Parole Flanders. Countersigns Calais, Ushant.
[Note 93: Capt. Robert Warner, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was promoted to major in May, 1782, and retired in January, 1783.]
At a General Court Martial held at Morristown 27th June 1781, of which Lieutenant Colonel De Hart was President.
Corporal William Gibbs and John Davis private, both of the First New Jersey regiment were tried for "Marauding" Convicted and sentenced to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves their sentence; but at the intercession of Colonel Dayton in favor of Corporal Gibbs and of the Court in favor of John Davis he is pleased to pardon them and directs that they may be released from their confinement and join their regiment.
John Adam, Deputy Commissary of Prisoners appeared before the same General Court martial charged with sundry offences; but no person appearing to prosecute him the Court are of opinion he ought to be released from his Arrest.
The Commander in Chief is of the same opinion and orders that Mr. Adam be released from his Arrest and return to his Duty.
The Attendance of the Drum and Fife Majors on the superintendent of Music will for the present be dispensed with that they may attend to the instruction of the Drummers and filers of their respective regiments who are to practise from five to six o'clock every morning and from four to five o'clock every afternoon.
Colonel Crane's Band of Music will attend the Grand Parade every Morning.
A General Court Martial whereof Colonel H. Jackson is appointed President will assemble tomorrow at ten o'Clock A M at the Presidents Marquee or such other place as he shall appoint, for the trial of Captain Livermore of the first New Hampshire regiment and all such persons as may be brought before them. Lieutenant Colonels Vose, Olney, Reid, Hamilton and Gouvion; Captain Treadwell of the Artillery; a Captain from Sheldon's Legion. A Captain from the first and one from the second Connecticut Brigades one Captain from the first and one from the second Massachusetts brigades and one Captain from the New Hampshire brigade will attend as Members.
All Evidences and persons concerned are requested to attend the event.
An orderly serjeant from each Division to attend the Court Martial.
On the First of August an exact Return is to be made to the orderly Office of all the Recruits which have joined the different States Lines and the Artillery in the Course of the present Month and whether any or how many have been dismissed.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Saturday, July 28, 1781.
Parole New Windsor. Countersigns Fishkill, Crompond.
The Commander in Chief desires that the General officer of the day may every morning exercise the Troops assembled on the Grand Parade in such manoeuvres and Evolutions as he thinks most necessary to fit the men for immediate Service agreeable to the rules prescribed by the regulations for the discipline of the Army.
That the number may be more Respectable the Camp Guards of each brigade after being formed on their respective brigade Parades will march to the Grand Parade to be incorporated with the Picquets and other Guards usually formed there for Exercise.
Untill further Orders the Guards will be on the Grand Parade precisely at six o'clock A M the Adjutants who accompany the details from the different Brigades to the Grand Parade will remain with them until the Inspector for the day is satisfied that their Numbers are right and that the men are properly dressed and equipt for duty for which the Inspector who first formed them must be accountable.
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, July 28, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys Letter of the 18th inst., and observe with much Pleasure the Train into which the recruiting the proposed Rifle Corps is thrown, and hope they will soon be obtained. As this Body of Men will be exceedingly essential to our Designs, and may be very usefully employed in Detachments, I have to beg of your Excellency that you will be pleased to give Orders, that as fast as they are recruited, they may be marched off for this Camp in small Parties from twenty to thirty in a Party, as they are collected, with proper Officers to conduct the Parties: in this Mode our Operations may not be delayed by waiting for the whole Corps to be completed before we receive the Benefits of their Services.
I am rejoiced to be informed the Prospects you have for filling the Line of your Continental Troops, and most sincerely hope your Success may be equal to your most sanguine Expectations.
The inclosed Letter for Majr Parr, is left open for your Excellency's Observation, and is recommended to your particular Care to be forwarded. I have the Honor etc.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's ferry, July 28, 1781.
Sir: I am pleased to find by a letter from His Excellency president Reed that you have accepted of the command of the Corps of Rifle Men which are to be raised in Pennsylvania and that there is a probability that the Men will be obtained. As their services are immediately wanted, you will be pleased to send them to Camp in parties from 20 to thirty under the charge of an Officer.
I observe by the Recruiting instructions that the Men are to be paid for the use of their Rifles if they bring them into the field; this leaves the matter optional, and if a considerable part of them should come unarmed we shall be put to very great difficulties on that account, as we have but few Rifles belonging to the Continent. You will therefore recommend it to the recruiting Officers to procure as many Arms in the Country as they possibly can. I am &c.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Sunday, July 29, 1781.
Parole Bretaigne. Countersigns Montpellier, Rochfort.
The Commander in Chief requests the Company of the Majors of the Picquet at dinner the day succeeding their tour of duty.
Commanding officers of Corps are desired to see that their Men are provided with stoppers for their Musquets.
Head Quarters, near Dobbs Ferry, Monday, July 30, 1781.
Parole Springfield. Countersigns Kingstreet, Horseneck.
The General observes that it has become a practice in the Army to send the Teams a considerable distance from Camp for the sake of Pasturage during the Night; as it is a circumstance that runs directly counter to his intentions an effectual stop must be immediately put to it; and some plan adopted to furnish the Cattle with Forage at their respective stations there to remain from Retreat beating until Guard mounting in the morning; when they may be returned to Pasture or continued upon Forage as Circumstances may require.
Untill further Orders the Troop is to beat a quarter of an hour after five o'clock for which reason the Music will not practice in the morning until the Grand Parade is dismissed.
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 30, 1781.
My dear Marquis: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favours of the 8th. and 20th. instants. The first relieved me from much anxiety, as I had seen Mr. Rivingtons account of the action at Green Spring, which you may suppose was highly coloured in their favor.
I find by your last that neither my letter of the 29th. of June, or that of the 13th. instant had reached you. I cannot tell the dates of those previous as I have but few papers with me. I will confess to you that I have written much seldomer than I wished to do, but it has been owing to the very great danger to which dispatches were exposed while Lord Cornwallis was in possession of the Country.
You ask my opinion of the Virginia Campaign? Be assured, my dear Marquis, your Conduct meets my warmest approbation, as it must that of every body. Should it ever be said that my attachment to you betrayed me into partiality, you have only to appeal to facts to refute any such charge: but I trust there will be no occasion.
I very much approve of your intention of reinforcing General Greene as soon as circumstances will admit and as strongly as possible. If he can only maintain the advantages he has already gained in the Carolinas and Georgia the British Ministry will make a very different figure in the political scene, to what it is plain they expected from Lord George Germaine's letters of March last.
I refer you to my private letter, which accompanies this, and am, with the tenderest Regard, etc.
P.S. The Maps you mention have not come to hand. Your servant may perhaps have them. He did not come himself to Head Quarters. The Letters were received from an Express.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 30, 1781.
My dear Marquis: I take your private letter of the 20th. of this Month in the light which you wish it; that of an unreserved Communication from one Friend to another; and I should be wanting in Candor were I not to expose my sentiments to you in as free a manner.
I am convinced that your desire to be with this Army arises principally from a wish to be actively useful. You will not therefore regret your stay in Virginia until matters are reduced to a greater degree of certainty than they are at present, especially when I tell you, that, from the change of circumstances with which the removal of part of the Enemy's force from Virginia to New York will be attended, it is more than probable that we shall also intirely change our plan of operations. I think we have already effected one part of the plan of Campaign settled at Weathersfield, that is, giving a substantial relief to the southern States by obliging the enemy to recall a considerable part of their force from thence. Our views must now be turned towards endeavouring to expel them totally from those States, [if we find ourselves incompt. to the seige of N.Y.] The difficulty of doing this does not so much depend upon obtaining a force capable of effecting it, as upon the mode of collecting that force to the proper point, and transporting the provisions, Stores &c. necessary for such an operation. You are fully acquainted with the almost impracticability of doing this by land; to say nothing of the amazing loss of Men always occasioned by long marches, and those towards a quarter in which the service is disagreeable. I should not however hesitate in encountering these difficulties great as they are, had we not prospects of transporting ourselves in a manner safe, easy and expeditious. Your penetration will point out my meaning, which I cannot venture to express in direct terms.
I approve your resolution to reinforce General Greene in proportion to the detachment which the enemy may make to New York. Let your next attention be paid to training and forming the Militia with which you may be furnished and disposing of them in such a manner that they may be drawn at the shortest notice to whatever point the enemy make their capital post, and which I conclude will be at portsmouth. The establishment of Magazines at safe deposits will be in all cases necessary; but above all things I recommend an augmentation of your Cavalry to as great a height as possible. It may happen that the enemy may be drove to the necessity of forcing their way thro' North Carolina to avoid a greater misfortune. A superiority of Horse upon our side would be fatal to them in such a case.
The advantages resulting from a move of the French Fleet from Newport to Chesapeak were early and strongly pointed out to Count de Barras and I thought he had once agreed to put it into execution, but by his late letters, he seem'd to think that such a maneuvre might interfere with greater plans and therefore he declined it. It would now be too late to answer the principal object, as by accounts from a deserter, the troops arrived from Virginia last Friday.
Should your Return to this Army be finally determined, I cannot flatter you with a command equal to your expectations or my wishes. You know the over proportion of General Officers to our numbers and can therefore conceive where the difficulty will lie. General Mcdougal is not yet provided for and the Jersey and York troops are reserved for him, [they are promis'd to him tho'] they have not yet joined.
In my letter to General Greene, which I beg the favor of you to forward, I have hinted nothing of what I have said to you, for fear of a miscarriage. You will probably find a safe opportunity from your Army to him and you will oblige me by communicating the part of this letter which relates to my [expectation] of being able to transport part of this Army to the southward, should the operation against New York be declined.
I wish, as I mentioned in my last, to send a confidential person to you to explain at large what I have so distantly hinted, but I am really at a loss [for want of knowing the Officer better], to find one upon whose discretion I can depend. My own family you know are constantly and fully employed. I however hope I have spoken plain enough to be understood by you. [With every sentimt. of Affectn.] etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, July 30, 1781.
Sir: Yesterday I was honored by the Receipt of your Excellencys Favor of the 28th. Sensible of the importance of supporting the Northern and Western Frontier of your State, Measures were taken for that Purpose, by calling for the Militia of the State of Massa., as early as the Resolution for drawing off the Regular Troops, was adopted, and my letter of the 25th June requesting Governor Hancock to Order 600 Militia from the Western Counties of that State to march to Albany, was forwarded to him without Delay. This Requisition I had Reason to suppose had been early complied with, untill your Favor informed the Contrary. In confidence however that the Orders have been given; but yet that no further Delay may happen, I have this day addressed Governor Hancock again on the Subject, requesting that the Requisition may be fully and punctually complied with.
I am Happy in being well assured of your Zeal and Activity in forwarding the Levies of this State for the Public Service and trust they will be ready by the Time you mention. I assure your Excellency of a most hearty Welcome on my Part, whenever your Convenience will admit your paying a Visit at Camp. I am etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, July 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I with the greatest Pleasure received your Acco. of the Action at Green Spring; as I had just before seen it thro' the Channel of Mr. Rivington, and you may therefore suppose in the most unfavorable light. The Marquis de la Fayette speaks in the handsomest Manner of your own Behaviour and that of the Troops under your Command in the Action.3
[Note 3: Lafayette's letter of July 8, 1781, reporting the action at Green Spring, Va., is not now found in the Washington Papers. Wayne's letter to Washington of the same date, however, fully describing the action, is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Sparks's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, p. 347.]
I think the Account which Lord Cornwallis will be obliged to render of the State of Southern Affairs will not be very pleasing to the Ministerial Eyes and Ears, especially after what appears to have been their Expectations by their intercepted Letters of March last.
I am in hopes that Virginia will be soon, if not before this Time so far relieved as to permit you to march to the Succour of Genl. Greene, who with a handfull of Men has done more than could possibly have been expected; should he be enabled to maintain his Advantages in the Carolinas and Georgia, it cannot fail of having the most important political Consequences in Europe.
Be pleased to make my Compliments to Colonels Butler and Stewart and the Gentlemen of the Line. I cannot but feel myself interested in the Welfare of those to whose gallant Conduct I have so often been a Witness. I am etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, July 30, 1781.
Sir: I did myself the honour to address your Excelly. under the 25th June last, requesting that you would be pleased to order 600, of the Militia of your State, which I supposed to be raising under a former Requisition, to be sent to Albany for the Protection of the Northern and Western Frontier of the State of N York; to this Letter (as indeed to several others of much earlier Date) I have not had the Honor of a Reply, so that I am to this Day uninformed if those Orders are yet given. What leads me to fear they are not, is a Letter I have Yesterday received from Govr Clinton, informng that no Militia from your State had arrived at Albany, and inclosing a Copy of a Letter dated 23d instant from Genl. Fellows to Colo Willet, commanding on the Frontiers in which he mentions that the Orders for raising your Militia were but recently received in that Part of the State; and that no Orders had been received for any Part to march to Albany; under these Circumstances, and from a Consideration of the great Importance of supporting the Frontier by the Aid of Militia, upon the Withdraw of the Regular Troops, (which has in a great Measure taken place) I am induced again to trouble your Excelly with my most earnest Request, that if your Orders in Consequence of my Requisition of the 25th June, have not yet issued, that they may immediately be sent forward. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Camp at Dobbs's ferry, Westchester Cty., July 30, 1781.
My dear Sir: I have received and thank you for your private letter of the ... of June. With much sincerity, and with no less pleasure, I convey to you my high approbation of your conduct, which is not a little increased by knowing that I am not singular in this opinion.
I have a great many things which I want to commit to you, confidentially, to paper I dare not trust them, and if I can, readily, meet with a character out of my own family, that I can unfold myself to, I will send to you in a short time.
Your letters to Mrs. Green I have put under cover, and forwarded. I shall only say that at all times, and under all circumstances, I am etc.6
[Note 6: From the Nathanael Greene Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Tuesday, July 31, 1781.
Parole Montmorency. Countersigns Strasburgh, Havre.
The Light Companies of the first and second regiments of New York (upon their arrival in Camp) with the two companies of York Levies under command of Captains Sackett and Williams7 will form a Battalion under command of Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton and Major Fish.
[Note 7: Capts. William Sackett and Daniel Williams.]
After the formation of the Battalion Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton will join the Advanced Corps under the Orders of Colonel Scammell.
At a Division General Court Martial held by order of Major General Lincoln whereof Colonel Putnam was President.
John Howley, Private in the seventh Massachusetts regiment, charged with "Desertion" was tried found guilty, and sentenced to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence but from the late good behaviour of the Army he is induced to pardon him, expecting his future behaviour will be such as may justify this Act of Clemency.
The Brigade Quarter Masters and Conductors and the regimental Clothiers are called on to deliver in person at the Adjutant General's Office at Orderly time tomorrow an exact account of every Article in their several Departments delivered to and return'd by the different regiments they act for, between the time of making the Last Returns before the Army moved to Peekskill and this day inclusive.
The Brigade Commissaries will at the same time deliver a Return of the number of Rations issued to each regiment between the first of June last, and this day inclusive distinguishing the number drawn in June and that in July.
The Assistant Inspector General will himself superintend the Mustering and inspecting the Regiments of Infantry now in Camp on the following days and in the following order vizt. August 2d. A. M: the first and second Connecticut and first Massachusetts regiments. P. M: second Massachusetts, first New Hampshire and third Massachusetts regiments. August 3d. A. M: the fifth and fourth Connecticut and seventh Massachusetts regiments. P. M: the eighth Massachusetts second New Hampshire and Ninth Massachusetts regiments. August 4th A. M: The third Connecticut, Olneys, and fourth Massachusetts regiments. P. M: the fifth, tenth, and sixth Massachusetts regiments.
The Muster rolls and other accounts are to be prepared accordingly and the regiments excused duty on the days on which they are Mustered.
The Regimental Quarter masters will be provided with Inventories of the several Articles delivered by them and supposed to be in the possession of the Field and staff officers and the different Companies of their respective regiments as they are all to be produced at the time of Inspection.
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, July 31, 1781.
Sir: I have desired Capt Dobbs to assemble at Capt Dennis's at Baskenridge as soon as possible, a number of Pilots, who are to receive their further Instructions at that Place from you. Immediately upon the Appearance of a Fleet near Sandy Hook, and you are satisfied it is the one we are expecting, you will please to give order to the Pilots to repair down, where they may be at Hand to be improved as Occasion and Circumstances shall require.
I am very fearful that you have met with more Trouble in Establishing the Chain of Expresses than was expected, as I have not had the Pleasure of hearing from you since your first Favor of 23rd. inst. And I am informed from N York that a fleet with Part of the Army of Lord Cornwallis arrived at that Place last Friday. My Anxiety to be well and early informed of the Enemys Movements by Water, induces me to wish to hear from you as often and as speedily as any material Circumstance renders it necessary. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's ferry, July 31, 1781.
Sir: On the receipt of this, I wish you to procure a number of those Pilots that you formerly engag'd, and who are particularly acquainted with the Navigation of the Hook and North River, and with them repair as soon as possible to Captain Dennis's at Baskenridge, where you will continue 'till you receive further orders from Genl. Forman of Monmouth County; after you have procur'd the Pilots and sent them forward to Baskenridge, I should think it best for you to come by the way of Head Quarters, where you may receive any further instructions you think necessary.
As you'll naturally conjecture the reasons for this application, I must injoin upon you not to mention your thoughts to any body, and as much as possible, to prevent the Pilots you engage making known their business. I am &c.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, August 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: Inclosed are three plans for settling the mode of succession in the Medical department. They have been submitted to me by the Board of War, but previous to giving my opinion, I shall be glad to be favored with those of the General Officers. You will be pleased to call them together as soon as convenient and report to me which plan they seem to approve, with any amendments which may appear to them necessary.
The Director and Chief Physician of the Army will attend the Board of Officers should they have occasion to ask them any questions upon the business. I am &c.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 11: Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 1, 1781.
Sir: With Pleasure I do myself the Honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favor of 5th of June last, with the two Cheeses and Cask of Porter which accompanied it. Will you Sir, be pleased to do me the Favor to convey to the Commonwealth of Massa. Bay and to Capt. Sampson, my sincere and respectable Thanks for this generous and very acceptable Present. I have the Honor etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in tile writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, near Dobbs Ferry, Wednesday, August 1, 1781.
Parole--. Countersign--.
[Note 13: Major Amos Morrill (Morrell), of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He was retained in the First New Hampshire Battalion in March, 1782, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 14: Capt. Caleb Robinson, of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He was made brigade inspector in July, 1781, and major in October, 1781; retired in March, 1782.]
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Putnam is President.
Micajah Fay a Soldier in the 5th. Massachusetts regiment, and William Connor a soldier of the 3d. Massachusetts regiment, both charged with "Desertion" were tried and found guilty of a breach of Article 1st, Section 6th of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced each to receive one hundred Lashes on his bare back.
John Car of the Seventh and Whitney Shanway of the Eighth Massachusetts regiments, both Charged with "Desertion" were tried and found Guilty as above and sentenced each to receive Fifty Lashes on his naked back.
Mark Noble a soldier charged with "Desertion" from the first Massachusetts regiment and reinlisting in the Rhode Island Regiment was tried, found guilty of a breach of the first and third Articles Section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his bare back.
Sterling Heath of the second New Hampshire regiment, John Smith and Stephen Atkinson of the first New Hampshire regiment charged with "Desertion and attempting to go to the enemy" being convicted, were sentenced each of them to receive one hundred Lashes on his bare back.
James Whitmore soldier in the first New Hampshire Regiment, charged with "Desertion" was tried, convicted and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his bare back.
At the same Court, Ensign Samuel Thompson of the first New Hampshire regiment, charged with "Overstaying his furlough upwards of fifteen months and neglecting and refusing to rejoin his regiment when notified and required so to do by the commanding officer of his regiment, was tried agreeably to a Resolve of Congress of December 6th 1779 respecting absent officers.
The Court are of opinion the charge against Ensign Samuel Thompson is supported and do sentence him to be cashier'd.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences and orders them to be carried into execution immediately.
The prohibitions against plundering any species of Property from the inhabitants of the Country however unfriendly they may be have been repeated so frequently and in such positive terms that the General flatters himself there is no occasion to give any further cautions to the Army on this subject; but he has been inform'd that some of the followers of the Army and Volunteers not under the orders of any officers have taken advantage of the Position and movement of the Army in some instances to seize the Property of the inhabitants for their own use.
In order, to prevent such practices in future and to be in a situation of rendering service to their Country All Volunteers are to be formed into Companies under the Command of an Officer or Officers appointed by the Authority of their State or the Election of the Company: such Officers will report themselves and the State of their Commands to the Adjutant General.
Any persons (except such as comply with the foregoing regulation) found with or without Arms in the front flank or Rear of the army who cannot give a good account of themselves are to be apprehended and committed to the Provost.
Whenever any Cattle or horses are taken in action or recaptured in any manner from the Enemy they are in the first instance to be produced to the Waggon master General of the American Army who will take a description of them in writing, noting particularly their natural and Artificial marks: He will keep possession of them untill he has reported the matter to the Quarter master General and received his instructions.
All applications of people who have Lost Cattle or horses and suppose them to have been retaken are to be made to the Waggon master General whose Register will supersede the necessity of their being permitted to go in search after them through the different Encampments.
The three persons who have been engaged to remain with the Guards to discriminate Characters and to give Passes are to attend at the Orderly Office tomorrow morning.
One of the retained Guides will continue constantly with the advanced Corps and may be sent with the scouting Parties whenever the Commanding officer thinks proper.
EVENING ORDERS
The Court Martial whereof Colonel Henry Jackson is president will assemble tomorrow morning at 10 o'Clock for the trial of Lieutenant Bliss15 of the Artillery.
[Note 15: Lieut. Joseph Bliss, of the Third Continental Artillery. He was transferred to the Artillery Corps in June, 1783; paymaster of same in January, 1784; served to June, 1784.]
All Evidences and persons concerned are requested to attend.
An Orderly Serjeant from each Division and one from the Artillery to attend the Court.
Head Quarters, near Dobbs's Ferry, August 2, 1781.
Sir: Congress will readily conceive the disagreeable situation in which I find myself, when they are informed, that I am not stronger at this advanced period of the Campaign than when the Army first moved out of their Winter Quarters. Justice to my own feelings and Character requires that I should lay before that Honorable Body, a summary of the measures I have taken to obtain reinforcements, and inform them, likewise, of the little success with which my requisitions have hitherto been attended.
I shall not go back to the date of the Requisition of October last to the several States, which was made in consequence of the new regulation of the Army, and went to the number of Men called for by that arrangement. It will suffice to say, that the Recruits sent in were comparatively small in proportion to the deficiencies, as may be seen from the Returns which I have from time to time transmitted to Congress.
I will begin with the transactions subsequent to the Conference I had with Count de Rochambeau at Wethersfield in May, when a plan of operations was concerted, and the inclosure No. 1 written to the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Letters similar to the foregoing were written, upon my return to New Windsor, to the other States as far as Pennsylvania inclusive, from which last, 1600 Militia were required, but it having been found that that State had been called upon by Congress to send 2400 Militia to Virginia, I withdrew my request, and apportioned the number asked of them to the other States, requiring only a Corps of 300 Rifle Men from Pennsylvania.
Being very desirous of getting my force (especially the Continental Troops) together as soon as possible, or in other words, by the time I could prepare Boats, collect Stores &ca. I wrote the letter No. 2 to the States of New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, with this variation in respect to Connecticut, that I desired 800 of her Militia might be sent without loss of time to West point, that I might be thereby enabled to withdraw part of the Continenal Garrison from that post for Field service. And as I found that I should be under the absolute necessity of calling down Hazens and the two Continental Battalions of New York, which had been sent up for the security of the Northern Frontier, I, upon the 25th. of June, wrote to His Excellency Governor Hancock and to the officers commanding the Militia in the Western parts of Massachusetts, and requested that 600 (part of the quota asked for) might be marched without loss of time to Albany, to replace the Continental Troops drawn from that Quarter. Notwithstanding this, by my last letters from Brigr. Gen. Clinton dated at Albany the 20th ulto. not a single Man had come in from Massachusetts, and by a Return from General Mcdougall commanding at West point, only 176 from Connecticut had arrived at that post yesterday. In short, not a single Militia Man from any State has joined the Army, except the few just mentioned, about 80 Levies of New York and about 200 State Troops of Connecticut, both of which were upon the Lines previous to my leaving our Winter Cantonments.
The inclosure No. 3 exhibits a Return of all the Recruits which have joined the Continental Battalions in this Army since the new arrangement of them. The numbers which have joined in the course of last month are particularly designated.
The General Return for June, which I have lately sent by Capt. Roberts to the Board of War, furnishes a state of the Army up to the 1st of July. To this is to be added the Recruits which have joined since, and a deduction is to be made for the Casualties of July. For the better understanding the General Return, it may not be amiss to remark, that the Light Infantry with the Marquis de la Fayette are included in the Column "upon command," as are the Boatmen, Waggoners, extra Artificers, small detached Guards for various purposes, Waiters and Labourers in the Quarter Master's and Commissary's departments, in the same Column, and that designated on "extra service." all which being deducted from the total, exhibits an Army upon paper, rather than an operating Force. I have in vain endeavoured to remedy this monstrous deduction: But the Civil departments having been totally destitute of Money, have been unable to hire or pay the Men necessary for their uses, and I have therefore been obliged to spare them from the Line to prevent a total stagnation of business.
While I think it my duty faithfully to draw this picture, disagreeable as it is, both for the full information of Congress and my own justification, it becomes incumbent upon me to add, that I shall exert my utmost abilities so to improve the means with which I may be furnished, that the present Campaign, if not decisive, may be, not inglorious, but in some degree advantageous to America.
I have again written in the most pressing manner to the States as your Excellency will find by the inclosure No. 4 of equal date with this. I flatter myself it will have some avail; but I am at all events happy in thinking, that one of the ends proposed by the plan of operations concerted at Wethersfield will take effect, that of obliging the enemy to recall a considerable force from the Southward to support New York.
It is with pleasure I assure your Excellency that, by great exertions and powerful aids from the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, the heavy Artillery, Stores & ca., many of which were also lent by these States, have come on to the North River in a manner beyond my expectation. Those from Pennsylvania are halted at Philadelphia 'till my prospects of obtaining Men are more encouraging. I thought it best to do this, that I might not have to transport them back again, or be encumbered with them here, should we not be able to prosecute offensive operations. I have also the pleasure to inform you, that vigorous exertions are making by the four New England States to furnish a competent supply of Beef Cattle. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I informed your Excellency in my last, that by the account of a Deserter, part of the troops had arrived at New York from Virginia. This is contradicted by others who have come out since, who say that troops are expected from that quarter.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter was read in Congress on August 6 and referred to Theodorick Bland, Elias Boudinot, and James Mitchell Varnum. The inclosures were copies of Washington's circular letters of May 24, June 15, and August 2, and a return of the number of recruits who had joined the Army from January 1 to June 30 and from July 1 to July 31, inclusive, signed by Adjt. Gen. Edward Hand. These are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 23rd. ulto. I take the earliest opportunity of informing you that our whole dependence for Flour is upon you. The State of New York it is said has a considerable quantity yet within it, but so exhausted are the resources of the Legislature, that they can command none of it. New Jersey has not either passed laws to draw forth the specific supplies demanded of her, or those laws are not executed, but the fact is, that we obtain nothing. I do not exactly know what number of the three thousand Barrels which Mr. Lowrey is to purchase have been delivered. I believe not quite half. He has sent in none lately and the Army is this day without bread. Expresses are gone to him requesting him to hurry forward the remainder which will not be more than 25 days supply at our present consumption which ought to increase considerably in a very short time; The militia and Levies being daily expected. Thus you see the absolute necessity which there will be of your immediately extending your orders.
I perfectly understood your letter in which you mentioned the good effects which would arise from disposing of Provisions at a distance and purchasing near the Army. I only meant to acquaint you of what I supposed you might be ignorant. That the provision actually provided by the States and deposited in Magizines, was comparatively small. If the States will pay the balance due from them into your hands, it is evident that there will be a vast saving by expending the Money in the way of Contract.
I am much obliged by your remittance of the draft upon Richards and Company for 2500 dollars specie, which I will have negotiated as early as possible, and by your undertaking to enable Gen. Schuyler to comply with his Contract for building Boats. I have the honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
(Private)
[Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 2, 1781.]
[Dear Sir]: The expectation of the pleasure of seeing you has prevented me hitherto from making a communication of a most important and interesting nature. But circumstances will not admit of further delay, and I must trust it to paper. It seems reduced almost to a certainty, that the enemy will reinforce New York with part of their troops from Virginia. In that case the attempt against the former must be laid aside, as it will not be in our power to draw together a force sufficient to justify the undertaking. The detachment which the enemy will probably leave in Virginia seems the next object which ought to engage our attention, and which will be a very practicable one, should we obtain a naval superiority, of which I am not without hopes, and be able to carry a Body of Men suddenly round by water. The principal difficulty which occurs, is obtaining transports at the moment they may be wanted: for if they are taken up beforehand, the use for which they are designed cannot be concealed, and the enemy will make arrangements to defeat the plan. What I would therefore wish you to inform yourself of, without making a direct enquiry, is what number of Tons of shipping could be obtained in Phila: at any time between this and the 20th. of this month and whether there could also be obtained at the same time a few deep waisted sloops and schooners proper to carry Horses. The number of double decked Vessels which may be wanted, of 200 Tons and upwards, will not exceed thirty. I shall be glad of your answer as soon as possible, because if it is favorable, I can direct certain preparations to be made in Philada. and at other convenient places, without incurring any suspicions. There certainly can be no danger of not obtaining Flour in Philada. and as you seem to have doubts of procuring salt Meat there, I shall direct all that which is to the Eastward to be collected at points, from whence it may be shipped upon the shortest notice.
You will also oblige me by giving me your opinion of the number of Vessels which might be obtained at Baltimore or other places in Chesapeak in the time before mentioned or thereabouts. I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 2, 1781.
Sir: I regret being obliged to inform you that I find myself at this late period very little stronger than I was when the Army first moved out of their Quarters. Of the Militia which were required of the State of New Hampshire and which were to have joined me by the 15th of last Month, none have come in, and of the Levies for the Continental Battalions only thirteen in the course of the last Month. The reinforcements from the other States have been very inconsiderable.
I leave you to judge of the delicate and embarrassed situation in which I stand at this moment. Unable to advance with prudence beyond my present position, while perhaps in the general opinion my force is equal to the commencement of operations against New York, my conduct must appear, if not blameable, highly mysterious at least. Our Allies, with whom a junction has been formed upwards of three weeks, and who were made to expect, from the engagements which I entered into with them at Weathersfield in May last, a very considerable augmentation of our force by this time, instead of seeing a prospect of advancing, must conjecture, upon good grounds, that the Campaign will waste fruitlessly away. I shall just remark that it will be no small degree of triumph to our enemies, and will have a very pernicious influence upon our friends in Europe, should they find such a failure of resource, or such a want of enegy to draw it out, that our boasted and expensive preparations end only in idle parade.
I cannot yet but persuade myself, and I do not discontinue to encourage our Allies with a hope that our force will still be sufficient to carry our intended operation into effect, or if we cannot fully accomplish that, to oblige the Enemy to withdraw part of their force from the Southward to support New York, and which, as I informed you in my Letter from Weathersfield, was part of our plan.
You must be sensible, Sir, that the fullfilment of my engagements must depend upon the degree of vigor with which the Executives of the several States exercise the powers with which they have been vested, and inforce the Laws lately passed for filling up, and supplying the Army. In full confidence that the means which have been voted will be obtained I shall continue my preparations: But I must take the liberty of informing you that it is essentially necessary I should be made acquainted immediately on the receipt of this, of the number of Continental Levies and Militia which have been forwarded and what are the prospects of obtaining the remainder.
I will further add, that it will be equally necessary to see that the Monthly Quota of Provision stipulated at the Meeting of the Commissioners at Providence is regularly complied with. I am etc.19
[Note 19: In the writing of David Humphreys. The draft, which is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, varies in a minor detail and has the following note:
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs's Ferry, Thursday, August 2, 1781.
Parole Calais. Countersigns Rouen, Rheims.
[Note 20: Lieut. Col. Ezra Newhall.]
[Note 21: Maj. Billy Porter.]
[Note 22: Capt. Robert Warner, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was appointed major in May, 1782, and retired in January, 1783.]
The General has reason to believe that it is too common a practice in the line of the Army to withhold cloathing from men serving in detached Corps and in some instances not to pay the least attention to them particularly in the distribution of small supplies. He cannot refrain from expressing his disapprobation of this Line of Conduct and requests commanding officers of regiments in future to attend to their men on detached services that their supplies of cloathing &ca. be equal to those immediately serving with their respective regiments as a contrary line of Conduct in future cannot with propriety pass unnoticed.
The Report of the Officer of the day mentions his observing a very wanton and unnecessary destruction of the Cornfields in the vicinity of the Camp. The General considers it extraordinary that not withstanding the repeated and very pointed orders upon the subject that this circumstance is not more particularly attended to.
If anything of the kind should hereafter be observed the officer of the day is requested to investigate the matter and if it should appear to proceed from the inattention of an officer he is to be immediately reported, and if a soldier confined and with severity punished.
Brigade Waggon masters and Conductors are to be particularly attentive that the Horses and Cattle under their immediate care are not permitted to range at large; as they will be considered answerable for any devastation that they may commit upon the Property of the Inhabitants.
Brigadier General Hand having reported that from this day's experience he finds it impossible to muster and inspect the Number of regiments directed in the order of the 31st. ultimo, the Division and Brigade Inspectors will be pleased to take the musters of the regiments they are attached to on the days then appointed, or sooner if the rolls are ready leaving the Inspection untill the Assistant Inspector General can attend which he is desired to do as soon as he possibly can. This Delay of Inspection will cause no alteration in the Inspection rolls as articles received or returned since the 31st. of July are not to be comprehended.
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 3, 1781.
Sir: I this day received a Letter from Count Rochambeau, a copy of which is in closed, respecting the Militia from the State of Massachusetts, that were some time since requested for the Rhode Island department; as they have not arrived agreeable to my expectations I have to request your Excellency to forward them with the utmost dispatch, as it is of the greatest importance that that post is properly secured. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Friday, August 3, 1781.
Parole Weathersfield. Countersigns Danbury, Newtown.
Lewis Seely, Matross in the second regiment of Artillery, Benjamin Harley and Robert Barber, Matrosses in the third regiment of Artillery having been confined in the Provost guard at West Point and under sentence of Death since the 28th. of May last the execution of which for some very material reasons has been postponed. The Commander in Chief ever ready and willing to extend Mercy to Offenders when there is room to imagine that his Lenity will not be abused and being convinced from the good Conduct of the Troops that an example is not necessary and the Prisoners being favored with the recommendation of their officers thinks proper to extend his Pardon to Lewis Seely, Benjamin Harley and Robert Barber hoping that this instance of his Lenity will have the effect intended and not only be a check to any future impropriety but induce them to act hereafter as becomes the Character of good Soldiers.
The Commanding Officer at West Point will order them released and to return to their duty.
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 3, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 25th. ulto. The Count de Rochambeau communicated to me the contents of your letter to him of the same date.
It having been proposed through, and strongly urged by, the Minister of France, that the Count de Grasse should come immediately to Sandy Hook, I should conceive, if your Excellency has received no official account to the contrary, that that will be the first point at which he will touch. In consequence of this opinion I have lodged dispatches for him with General Forman of the Militia of Monmouth on the Coast of New Jersey not far from Sandy Hook, a Gentleman in whom the utmost confidence may be placed. In these I have given the Count information of our position, strength and prospects, as also of the probable force and divided situation of the enemy; and did not fail to express my fervent Wishes that his early arrival might keep them so, or intercept them in endeavouring to form a junction. The important consequences which would result from either of these events taking place are too obvious to need illustration. I have also, from a full persuasion that Count de Grasse will first make his appearance off Sandy Hook, written to Captain Dobbs.24 one of our most experienced pilots, and have desired him to repair with as many more as
[Note 24: On this same day (August 3) Washington wrote to Capt. William Dobbs "The want of money need be no Obstacle to your proceeding upon the Service required, as you will receive a supply for that purpose upon your arrival here." This draft is in the Washington Papers.] he can obtain to a secure place contiguous to the Hook, that they may be ready to go on board the Fleet the moment they are assured it is that of our Ally. Should my expectations be answered I shall make no delay in communicating the agreeable intelligence to your Excellency.
The information received a few days ago by a Deserter, that Troops had arrived at New York from Virginia was premature. Subsequent accounts not only contradict it, but add, that they are not expected before the 15th. of this Month. In the interval, the Harbour of New York remains in a manner open and defenseless. Fortunate beyond expression would it be, could advantage be taken of the opportunity to possess it. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 3, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Favor of the 31st ulto. I most ardently wish that your Orders for reinforcing and supplying the Army, may be carried into execution with a Zeal and Ardor equal to that which, I am persuaded, they are given.
Money for the Pay of the Troops of your Line will be exceedingly welcome, the sooner it arrives the more salutary will be its Consequences.
It will be very difficult for the Q M G unfurnished as he is with Money, or the Means of Transportation, to get on the Cloathing which you are so good as to mention; if the States could find Means to hand it on to us, it would prove a very agreeable Circumstance.
Your Excellency, I fancy, must be better able to judge of the Security of some Place for yourself and Council to sit at in the Western Part of your State than I am; I imagine however that you may be quite secure at Danbury, unless you fear the designs of your own internal disaffected people; from the Enemy at N York or on Long Island, there can be, I think, little or no danger; against the disaffected in the vicinity of Danbury, a small guard will give you Protection. On your coming this way, I flatter myself you will be so good as to do me the Honor of a Visit at Camp; be assured Sir I shall esteem myself peculiarly happy in such an event and I will make it my care to render your stay with me as agreeable as circumstances will permit. I have the Honor etc.26
[Note 26: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
[Note 27: Massachusetts.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 4, 1781.
Sir: On the 25th of June last I wrote to Gen. Fellows whom I supposed then to command the Militia of the County of Berkshire, to desire that he would order the Militia of that County then raising by requisition, to march to Albany as fast as they were collected, requesting him to communicate my desire to the other Western Counties, so far as was necessary to make up the Number of 600 men. This desire was the same day communicated to Gov. Hancock, intimating to him the reasons and necessity of this anticipation of his orders; and desiring him to back my request; since which I have several times reiterated my requisition to the Gov. on this Head. But am still informed at this late Period that your Militia are not gone on to the Point expected, and indeed am made to understand that you are at a Loss where to march.
This therefore Requests you in the most earnest Manner to march with all the Militia of your County which are collected, immediately to Albany, where you will receive further orders; the Necessity of your Arrival on that Ground in Order to relieve a Body of Continental Troops which are expected to assist in my intended Operations, induces me to make this request and hope that you will not hesitate to make a ready Compliance.
If it should be thought proper I wish that this Request may be communicated to the other Counties in such Manner and Extent that I may be assured of the Number of 600 Men to march to Albany with you, agreable to my first Requisition. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 4, 1781.
Sir: I am directed by the Commander in Chief to acquaint you, that information has been conveyed to Head Quarters that a certain person is employed by the Enemy to come out in the Guize of a Spy to make his Observations on the Works at West Point and to obtain Knowledge of our strength and situation at that post. The Person is described to have a Mould under one of his Eyes and a Scar on one Temple, and will appear in the Garb of a common Country man.
How far this Information is to be depended upon, the General is not assured; but thinks it may be improved to induce you to particular Caution and Watchfulness against such Imposition. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Jonathan T[rumbull, jr.]"]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry,
Saturday, August 4, 1781.
Parole Picardy. Countersigns Chantilly, Rochelle.
[Note 30: Maj. Hugh Maxwell, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in August, 1782; transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
The Waggon Master General is to make an immediate return of all Horses and Oxen employed in his Department including the riding horses.
The Quarter Masters of Brigades and separate Corps are to make Returns of all Horses therein and of the names (and ranks if officers) of the persons by whom they are kept excepting those belonging to the Waggon Department.
These Returns are to be made to the Quarter Master General on Monday next. In every case the Public and Private Property are to be distinguished as well as the riding from the draught horses. By that day the Quarter Master General will ascertain the Numbers of Horses kept by all General and Staff officers not attached to Brigades or separate Corps. Every Horse kept by any person belonging to or following the American Army not included in these returns which shall after the time abovementioned be found within the Limits of the Camp or between the Camp and Croton river is to be delivered to the Waggon Master General and employed for the public Service.
No draught or waggon horse is not to be rode on any pretence whatever unless when sent after Forage or to water; any person found riding such horse on any other occasion will be tried by a court martial and punished for disobedience of orders.
Until further Orders General DuPortail's Guard to be furnished from the Corps of Sappers and Miners.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Sunday, August 5, 1781.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Derby, Chester.
[Note 31: Capt. Seth Drew, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed major of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
No Person excepting those belonging to the Army is to come into Camp from the country above or northward of the Camp but by the following roads vizt.
The following persons will be appointed to be constantly at the respective stations hereafter mentioned whose business it shall be to examine the persons passing and if they find them to be of suspicious or dangerous characters they are to be detained until reported to the General of day and further inquiry had. People who are innocently bringing refreshments to camp to be encouraged.
Mr. Isaac Requa will be stationed at Storm's bridge on the road No. 1.
Mr. Joseph Paulding will be stationed on the road No. 2 to Young's, at the first intersection of it by the road from Tarrytown.
Mr. Eden Hunt will be stationed at the Bridge above mentioned on Brunks river near Chattiton's hill road No. 3.
A Commissioned Officer will be posted at each of the foregoing places who will give the following short ticket to such persons as he permits to pass into Camp:
... Storm's bridge ... 1781.
No.1
... The Bearer is
... AB.
Any person found in Camp not belonging to the army without such a ticket is to be taken up as a Spy and conducted to the General of the day.
A Corporal and six men to be at each of the above stations to assist the Gentlemen above mentioned in the execution of their duty.
Three Copies of each of the above mentioned Gentlemen's Tickets should be given to the General and Field Officers of the day that they may not be deceived by Counterfeits those to be handed over to the succeeding officers of the day.
Brigadier General Waterbury will adopt the same line of Conduct on the road leading from the Country to his incampment.
The Rear Guard on the North River road will suffer no persons except such as belong or are attached to the Army to enter the Camp by that route.
Ensign D. Fonda32 of the first New York regiment is appointed Adjutant to the light Corps commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton.
[Note 32: Ensign Douw J, Fondey (Fonda). He served to June, 1783.]
Two Hundred men to be draughted from the Line to assist Colonel Lutterloh a few days in collecting Forage, they will receive orders at his Quarters tomorrow morning eight o'clock.
The General Court Martial of which Colonel Putnam is President will assemble tomorrow morning at ten o'clock.
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 5, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favors of the 17th. and 26th. ulto; the first inclosing three plans for filling the present Vacancies and making future promotions in the Medical Line and which you were pleased to submit to my opinion. That I might obtain as extensive a knowledge as possible of the sentiments of the Army upon this matter, I committed the plans to the General Officers and desired them to report their opinions thereon to me. This, after consulting the Director and Physician General, they have done. Inclosed you will find a Copy of their Report,33 which is principally founded upon the plan No. 1 and which corresponds with my ideas.34
[Note 33: This opinion of the Board of General Officers, dated Aug. 2, 1781, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 34: See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. William Heath, Aug. 1, 1781, ante.]
I must again thank you Gentlemen for your attention to the affairs of my Household. Mr. Morris has furnished me with a draft upon New London for 2500 dollars specie. I have the honor etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: There are 311 barrels of Salt Beef at Portsmouth in New Hampshire, which to save land Carriage, I had directed to be sent to Providence by Water, but Mr. president Weare writes me that the risque is too great, as there are a number of privateers in that quarter. I have therefore informed him that you will dispose of it on the spot and procure a like quantity in Philada: I shall be obliged to you for investing the Money which may arise from this sale in pork rather than in Beef. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, August 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 30th Ulto. also with one from His Excellency Governor Clinton of the 1st. Inst representing the exposed situation of the frontier of this State. I have in consequence, thought it adviseable, that the remaining part of Cortlands Regt. (except the Light Company) should continue at Albany until further Orders. I have also prevailed on Major General Lincoln to set out tomorrow Morning for Berkshire and Hampshire Counties to urge on the Levies with all possible expedition: from General Lincoln's high reputation among those People, and indefatigable industry and zeal in the public service, I cannot but flatter myself this measure will be attended with success. I am &c.37
[Note 37: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's ferry, August 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: I last night received yours of the 3rd. Inst. Graves's Fleet was certainly off Block Island a few days ago. It is supposed they have taken that Station to cover the Quebec ships as they pass along, and at the same time give those which may be expected from Virginia an opportunity of making their voyage safely.
I am not acquainted with the private Signals of Mr. de Grasse, but I think it may soon be discovered upon the appearance of a Fleet whether they are Friends or Foes. If the latter they will immediately send in a light ship, or one will come out to them.
One of the Expresses informs me that their Route from Brunswic is through Woodbridge, Elizabeth Town, Newark, second River and Hackensack which is certainly the most exposed that can possibly be. It will soon be known by the Enemy that we have Expresses upon that communication, and if they are continued upon it, they will undoubtedly intercept some of them. I would recommend it to you immediately to change the Route to the following: from Brunswic through Westfield, Springfield, Wesel or Slotterdam, Paramus and from thence to Dobbs's Ferry. This I believe is rather nearer and is so far up the Country that the Enemy's small parties scarce ever venture so high. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: His Excellency wants to make a reconnoitre upon the North River Road tomorrow: For which purpose, he desires you will move down about five oClock in the morning with all your foot and Colo. Sheldons Horse and Foot, and possess the Roads leading into the North River Road. You will advance parties as far below Phillips's as you can with safety. You will request Colo. Sheldon to leave an officer and 20 dragoons at Dobbs's ferry as an Escort for the General, who will be there about 7 o' clock. I am &c.
[P.S.] You need not go down if it should rain. The party will come up again in the afternoon, therefore taking provision with them is immaterial.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman A.D. C."]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 5, 1781.
Dear Sir: In order to answer the Questions stated in your Memorandum40 to me respecting Tents, His Excellency thinks it necessary, that it should be ascertained, whether there are now a sufficient number of Tents in the several State Lines (including the Tents with their detachments) to cover the Troops of those Lines, if they should be collected and augmented nearly to the Establishment ? If this should be the case, and 515 Tents still remaining on hand, the General is of opinion, you may postpone having the heavy Duck Made into Tents, for the present, on account of the Reasons you Mention, especially at this advanced stage of the Campaign, when they could scarcely be compleated and forwarded in season. But if five hundred Tents cannot be insured to us, under the circumstances above specified, it is His Excellency's request, that you will have the stock of Tents (exclusive of those appropriated to the State Lines) increased to that number, and forwarded to the Army as expeditiously as possible.
[Note 40: Piekering's memorandum is filed with Washington's letter in the Washington Papers.]
The General would have no more Boats kept down the River (below Kings Ferry) than are absolutely necessary to perform the public Service. I am &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphreys, Aide De Camp."]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, August 5, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored by your Favor of the 23rd ulto. Upon your Representation of the Danger of Water Transportation, I have written to Mr. Morris the Financier Genl., and desired him to dispose of the 311 Barrels of salted Beef lying in Portsmouth, and to vest the Amount of Sales in the like kind of Provisions in Philadelphia, which I trust may be done to Advantage of the Public. The 40 Barrels, or whatever Quantity may be in the Western parts of the State, may remain to be forwarded to Albany for the Use of the Troops in that Quarter, if it shall be thot best.
We begin to feel the happy Effect of the Exertions of the States in the Supply of Fresh Beef, and hope this may prove an Earnest of their punctual Continuance of this most necessary Support.
No Rum from your State, has at this Time reached us, and but very little from any other State; there is not now in Camp, I believe, so much as One Cask. This Article is so necessary for the Health as well as comfort of the Soldiery at this Season, that I wish it might be particularly attended to, especially as at this Moment, I fancy, it is uncommonly plenty in almost every State.
I am sensible of and sincerely lament our Embarrassments arising from the State of our paper Currency. I hope we are beginning to emerge from this Difficulty, and were we to divest ourselves as much as possible of all paper, we should perhaps find the Hard Money in much greater plenty than is at present imagined. I have the Honor etc.42
[Note 42: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.H.H.S.]
[Note 43: Of Groton, Conn.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's ferry, August 5, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 24th. of last Month44 and am obliged by the offer which you have made of the Cannon saved out of the Wreck of the Culloden. Such Guns would be valuable to the Continent, but you must know our difficulties in regard to making payment. If you will however let me know your lowest price and longest Credit, I will endeavour to make a Contract with you on terms which will be certainly complied with and in a manner that will not make you liable to loss by depreciation. I am etc.45
[Note 44: Woodbridge's letter of July 24, in the Washington Papers, offered to furnish 16 of the H. M. S. Collodon's upper tier guns, which were 32 pounders.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, August 5, 1781.
Sir: Your Favor of the 1st instt inclosing the Letter of General Schuyler and others, is this Moment come to Hand.
It is not a little distressing to find that the States will not or cannot fill their Continental Battalions or afford the Aids of Militia required from them; but that instead thereof they are expecting from me the few Operating Troops which I have to depend on; the Consequences of this Conduct is too obvious to need any Comment; instead of offensive Measures, a defensive Plan must be adopted; instead of an active and decisive Campaign, which I hoped to have made, we must end our Operations in Langour and disgrace, and perhaps protract the War to the Hazzard of our final Ruin.
In Consequence of your Excellency's former Letter, I dispatched an Express to Governor Hancock, with a reiterated Request that he would Order on the Militia of Berkshire and the other Western Counties, immediately to Albany, and have also addressed the Commanding Officer of the Militia in those Counties Requesting him to march forward to the Orders of General Clinton; what Effect these Requisitions may have, it is impossible for me to say. In the Mean Time I will leave the Remains of Courtlandts Regt. at Albany, trusting that the State will by its own Exertions, enable me to call them down when necessary, by substituting 9 Months Men, if those for three Years cannot be obtained.
In hopes that no farther Delay of the Militia from the Western Part of Massa. may happen for Want of any Exertions on my Part, I have desired General Lincoln, an Officer of that State to proceed to the County of Berkshire, for the Express Purpose of hastening them forward; how little Effect my written Applications have had, I hope his personal Attendance will produce the Aid we expect from those Counties. I have the Honor etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Monday, August 6, 1781.
Parole Marseilles. Countersigns Toulon, Nantz.
[Note 47: Maj. Theodore Woodbridge, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was brigade major and inspector from June, 1779, to July, 1781, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 48: Capt. John Kilby(?) Smith, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Head Quarters at Dobbs's Ferry, August 6, 1781.
Sir: On perceiving that I should be under the necessity of drawing down the Continental Troops from the Frontier of the State of New York, I wrote upon the 25th. June to General Fellows desiring that 600 Militia (part of the Quota required from the state of Massachusetts) might be marched from the Counties of Hampshire and Berkshire and those contiguous thereto to Albany and take their orders from the Officer commanding in that district. I wrote at the same time to His Excellency Govt. Hancock informing of the steps I had taken, assuring him that I had taken this liberty without consulting him, merely to save time. I, in due time, received an answer from Genl. Fellows acquainting me that he was out of Office, and informing me that no orders had been then received to embody the Militia, tho' my requisitions to the State had been as early as the 24th. of May from Weathersfield. Colo. Willet who is now upon the Frontier being very anxious to know in what forwardness the Militia from the Western Counties of Massachusetts were and when they might be expected sent an Express to Genl. Fellows to make the inquiry. He received for answer on the 23rd. of July that the Men from the County of Berkshire were raising with spirit, but that no order had yet been sent by the Governor to direct the place to which they were to march, altho' I so long ago as the 15th. June in a circular letter to the Governors of the different States desired that all the Militia required of them might join the Army by the 15th. of July. Having never had the honor of an answer to the several letters which I have written to Governor Hancock since the 24th. of May I cannot undertake to say whether the necessary orders have been given in consequence of them. I am therefore under the necessity of requesting you to repair to the Counties of Hampshire and Berkshire and those most contiguous to them and if you should find upon your arrival that the 600 Militia before mentioned have not marched to Albany to take measures for putting them in motion as expeditiously as possible.
P.S. You will endeavour to inform yourself in what forwardness the Militia from the other Counties within your reach are; and if you find occasion for it, you will use any means which you may think most proper to hasten their movements to the Army.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Tuesday, August 7, 1781.
Parole--.Countersigns--.
[Note 50: Maj. David Smith, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He was brigade major and brigade inspector from May, 1779, to July, 1781; transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 51: Capt. Caleb Robinson, of the Second New Hampshire Regiment. He was made brigade inspector in July, 1781; major in October, 1781; retired in March, 1782.]
The officers commanding Wings will direct the slaughtering places of the several Brigades to be removed as far as they possibly can be consistent with the convenience and safety from the Line of Encampment.
The Vaults are to be regularly covered every day and all bones and putrid meat burned or buried, in short nothing which can contribute to the wholesomeness of the Camp ought to be neglected at this Season.
It is expected that the officers of Police will particularly attend to the execution of these orders.
Camp near Dobbs' ferry, August 7, 1781.
My dear Sir: Among your numerous friends, none will be found whose congratulations on your appointment to the Administration of the Affairs of Virginia, are offered with more cordiality and sincerity than mine.
It is long since I had the pleasure of writing to, or receiving a letter from you, but as I am conscious that the silence on my part is not a consequence of diminished friendship, I am equally ready to acquit you of a change in yours.
The prest. crisis is important, and valuable uses might be made of it, but the hours are fleeting away much faster than we improve them; in proof of this I have only to add that not one half of the Men that was called for to compose this Army, and which ought by the requisitions of Congress to have joined it by the first of Jany. are yet arrived; nor do I know when they will. After bringing you acquainted with this serious and important fact, I need not detail smaller matters of disappointment and difficulty to shew the irksomeness of my present situation. I have the consolation however to think that, the measures adopted for the operations of the Campaign will effect one part of my plan, namely, the withdraw of part of the enemy's force from the Southwd. and consequently enable those States to manage the remainder with more ease and less expense.
As all new appointments of Officers in the several State lines is vested in the Executive of each, I take the liberty of recommending William Fitzhugh Esqr. third Son of Colo. Fitzhugh of Maryland, for a Commission in Baylor's Dragons. I have not the pleasure of his acquaintance, but am told that he is a promising young Gentleman, well educated, and about 20 Years of age. Such characters are an acquisition to any Corps; and his father, equally with himself, is desirous of his entering the above where he has a Brother already commissioned; but who, at present, is serving in my family as an extra aid de Camp.52 I beg the favour of you to present my respectful Compliments to your lady, and that you would be assured, that with sentimts. of purest esteem and regard etc.
[Note 52: Lieut. Col. Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
August 7, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose (under a flying Seal for your personal) a letter to Governour Greene, wch. I hope will produce the effect your Excellency desires as it is my wish to give perfect security to the Fleet at New port in the present critical moment. With sentiments of Attachmt. etc.
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 7, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency Count de Rochambeau informs me that he has received letters from Brigr. General de Choissy acquainting him that the tour of duty of that Class of your Militia which was sent upon the Island has either expired or is very near expiring, and that he understands no others are to be furnished to replace them. I cannot but think that Mr. de Choissy has been misinformed as to the latter circumstance, but lest such an Idea may have been entertained, I beg leave to represent to your Excellency the dangerous consequences which might ensue from an adherence to it.
The very valuable Fleet of our Allies has been left by them in an exposed situation upon a promise made on our part that we would keep up one thousand Militia at least to act in conjunction with the French Forces under the command of Mr. de Choissy. One half of this number I allotted to you and the other to Massachusetts, and I imagined your quota would have been readily and cheerfully furnished, as they were,53 in consequence of their being employed at home, relieved from the Expence, fatigue and other inconveniences of marching to join this Army.
[Note 53: At this point the draft has the following, which did not appear in the letter sent: "to act in defence of their own state, and as they were."]
It is reported in New York, perhaps not without foundation, that Rodneys fleet may be expected upon this Coast. In such case we may suppose that the Count de Grasse would follow him: But can we say which would arrive first. If it should be Rodney, and he should learn that Count de Barras is not covered by a force upon land, would he not probably make use of his superiority to demolish him. The consequences of such a stroke your Excellency can better conceive than I can describe.
In addition to the above I would further inform you that the Enemy are about recalling part of their troops from Virginia. Their general intention is, I make little doubt, to reinforce New York; but they might be used to improve the opportunity of striking at the Fleet in the Harbour of New port, should we give them an opening.
I am convinced I need bring no further arguments to convince your Excellency that we are bound by Interest and Honor to keep up the stipulated number of Men, more especially at this critical moment, and I have a full dependance that you will not only take measures to relieve the first Class by an equal number, but that you will hold the remainder ready should circumstances render them necessary. I have lately written to Govr. Hancock upon the subject of keeping up the Massachusetts quota. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Ely Collection, Providence, R. I.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 7, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Favor of the 20th ulto. and am very sorry to observe the unfavorable Prospect you give me of the Recruiting the Pensylvania Line; That I may have a decided Knowledge from time to time of the Success of this Business, you will be pleased to give me by every Post a Weekly Acco. of the Numbers recruited in every Week; and that it may be done with Clearness and Precision, you will be very pointed in your Orders to the several Parties in the different parts of the State, that they be very punctual in giving you the fullest and most perfect Returns of their Proceedings every Week.
Colo Nickola, with the Invalid Corps, is arrived at West Point; the Charges against him, inclosed in your last, are received; upon which he will have an Opportunity to make his Defence.
The Movement of Ld Cornwallis, with the Troops under his Command, will probably be soon decided; on the Circumstances of this Event, will hang many of our future Operations, of which, so far as they may relate to your Command, you will be duly noticed. I am &c.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 8, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform Congress, thro' your Excellency, that at a late meeting between the American and British Commissaries of prisoners, it has been proposed by the latter to go into a full exchange of Lt. Genl. Burgoyne and all the remaining Officers of Convention (by composition where Ranks will not apply) for the remainder of our Officers in this Quarter, and after them for those taken to the Southward; one of the terms insisted upon, is that the Prisoners surrendered by the Capitulation of the Cedars to the amount of 443, shall be allowed.
I have not thought myself at Liberty to accede to these proposals without the concurrence of Congress, for the following reasons: That I imagine our Minister at the Court of Versailles has been already directed to propose the exchange of Lt. Genl. Burgoyne for the Honble. Mr. Laurens.56 That I do not know whether it would be agreeable to Congress to release the whole of the Convention Officers, before they have obtained a settlement for the subsistence of those Troops, and lastly, because the refusal of the ratification of the Convention of the Cedars, has never been repealed. I would beg leave to remark on the two last: that the exchange of our full Colonels can never be obtained but by Composition, and that it is better to effect this by a composition for inferior Officers than for Men, because the enemy gain no reinforcement by such mode. To release the full Colonels in this quarter only, and who all but one have been prisoners since 1777, it wou'd take 700 privates. Should the
[Note 56: See Albert Henry Smyth's Writings of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 8, pp. 317--320, and John Bigelow's Franklin's Works, vol. 7, p. 303.] security for the Convention debt still be urged, I would answer that we may perhaps deceive ourselves in supposing that the Ballance upon a general settlement for the subsistance of all prisoners since the commencement of the War will be much in our favour. I am inclin'd to think we shall find it the contrary and owing to this; The British have constantly kept their accounts with accuracy, and have Vouchers ready to support them. We on the other hand, shall be found very deficient on that score, indeed I fear almost totally so, except in the instance of the Convention Troops, and prisoners of War latterly.
Congress will judge of the expediency of repealing their Act, respecting the Convention of the Cedars, upon the present occasion.
Mr. Skinner the Commissary Genl. of prisoners will have the honor of delivering this to your Excellency. I shall be obliged by an answer to several points contained in it, at his return, that I may instruct him accordingly. I have the honor etc.57
[Note 57: the writing of David Cobb. The letter was read in Congress on August 17 and referred to Elias Boudinot, James Mitchell Varnum, and Roger Sherman.]
[Note 58: Of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 8, 1781.
Sir: I was surprised at finding by yours of the 1st. Inst. that you were distressed for want of provision of any kind, as the State of Pennsylvania had engaged to furnish you liberally. I shall immediately write to Mr. Morris the Superintendant of Finance who has undertaken to procure all the supplies required of Pennsylvania and acquaint him with your situation, when I make no doubt but he will take steps to relieve you as soon as it is in his power. You must in the mean time obtain from the inhabitants, in the way least distressing to them, the means of support for your troops. The distance from hence is so great59 that it is scarcely possible to forward supplies so soon as they may be ordered from Philada: I am &c.60
[Note 59: Mitchell was stationed at Wyoming.]
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, August 8, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency the Commander in Chief desires you will take immediate and effectual measures, to ascertain with certainty the quantity of salted Provisions now lying on or near Connecticut River, specifying by actual Returns the kind and quality of it, and the Places where it is deposited; also the quantity now in the Magazine at Providence; and whether the salted Provision has been transported from Springfield to Hartford, in consequence of directions from you, and if it has not been removed to the last mentioned Place, His Excellency requests you will urge that it should be done without delay. I am &c.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's ferry, August 8, 1781.
Sir: I have reed. your favor of the 6th. inclosing Copies of the late letters which have passed between you and Mr. Loring and his proposition for the exchange of Lieut. Genl. Burgoyne and all the remaining Officers of Convention, provided we will allow the Cedars prisoners to be brought into the Account.
I cannot give my assent to this before I have consulted Congress upon the matter, for the following Reasons: They have, I believe, already directed our Minister at the Court of Versailles to make an offer of exchanging Lt. Gen. Burgoyne for the Hon. Mr. Henry Laurens. I do not know whether they would choose to release the whole of the Convention Officers previous to the settlement of the account for the subsistence of those troops as their detention is looked upon as a security in some degree. And as to the affair of the prisoners of the Cedars, you know upon what footing that stands. However, that I may give all possible dispatch to the Business in one way or the other, I have written to Congress on these several matters. You have the letter inclosed and you will be the Bearer of it yourself.
Should the exchange of Convention Officers become so general as to include part of the southern Officers, due attention must be paid to exchanging them according to the course of their capture. I mention this, particularly, because I observe in the list proposed by Mr. Loring that Lieutenant Colonels Neville, Ball, Du Buysson, and Ternant are included. If they are entitled to the preference, there can be no objection; but if they are not, you must substitute those who have the right.
That the enemy may have no reason to complain that we throw obstacles in the way of the release of our privates, you have liberty to order those Men of Delanceys to some convenient place, and inform Mr. Loring that they will be ready to be delivered at the Barrier whenever our prisoners are brought to the place which shall be agreed upon. You are to insist upon the release of Inhabitants taken out of Arms without any compensation. You may inform Mr. Loring that I would not wish to be obliged to seize private persons to obtain the relief of those who are now in New York. I have it at this time in my power to secure every Loyalist in the Western part of Connecticut, in the County of West Chester and in great part of Bergen, but I have not encouraged a practice which I have reprobated in the enemy, and which nothing shall induce me to put in execution, but seeing no other mode of procuring the release of our Citizens. I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp near Dobbs' ferry, August 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I stand indebted to you for two letters, dated the 26th. of April and 29th. of May; the reason why I did not immediately answer so much of much of the first as related to your Son William,63 was the hourly expectation I was in of seeing his Brother the Captain,64 from whom I expected to know what Corps would be prefered. Not doing this till the middle of June, my answer was protracted till I was informed that he had changed his views, and was about to enter the suite of General Smallwood. This rendering an answer to that part of the letter in some degree unnecessary, the moving state of the Army, and the junction which was formed with the Auxiliary Troops immediately after, has been the occasion of my silence till I was informed by the Captain that his Brother had revived his first intention of getting an appointment in the Cavalry which has induced me to write to both Gov. Nelson and Gen. Greene, recommending him to a Commission in Baylors Cavalry. I have no doubt of his succeeding if there is a vacancy in the Regiment.
[Note 63: William Frisbie Fitzhugh.]
[Note 64: Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
There is scarce a stage of the Campaign, or an occurrence that happens in it, that does not exhibit some proof of the fatal policy of short enlistments, and of the immense expence we are involved in by them. The enemy never fail to take advantage in some quarter or another, of the weak state of our Army, which we, if an opening presents itself, have men to raise (by enormous bounties) before advantage can be taken of it, which occasions such a lapse of time that the favourable moment is passed, and the enemy is prepared for us by a transport of their Troops.
The force called for and which I ought to have had by the first of Jany. is not yet arrived, nor do I know when to expect it. the Season is rapidly advancing, and the enemy, if reports and appearances do not deceive us, is in hourly expectation of a reinforcement from Virginia at New York; thus it is we are always labouring, always accumulating expense, and always disappointed of our object.
It is much to be feared that the Campaign will waste away as the last did in a fruitless attempt to get men; who are procured in such a manner, and for such short periods, that the first who came into the field are about leaving it, as the last arrives by which means an enormous expense is incurred, and no benefit derived; as we never have a sufficient force at any period to answer our purposes.
I am clearly in Sentiment with you, that all emissions of Paper money ought to be subject to a supreme direction to give it a proper stamina, and universal credit; and that good and sure funds should be appropriated for the redemption of it; but in this, as in most other matters, the States individually have acted so independantly of each other as to become a mere rope of sand, and to totter upon the brink of ruin at a time when the independancy of them, if the resources which have been drawn forth, had been applied to great objects by one common head, would have been as unshaken as Mount Atlas, and as regardless of the efforts of Great Britain to destroy it, as she is of the unheeded tempests that pass over her.
It was with much concern [I heard of your second loss by the]65 Pirates of the Bay, and of the Insults Mrs. Fitzhugh and yourself had received from them. My Compliments attend her, and with very great esteem and regard I am etc.
[Note 65: Mutilated. The words in brackets have been supplied from the draft, which, also, is in the writing of Washington.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Wednesday, August 8, 1781.
MORNING ORDERS
Major General Howe to be officer of the day vice Major General Lincoln absent.
Parole Languedoc. Countersigns Alsace, Amiens.
At a General Court Martial of the Line held at Camp near Dobbs Ferry July 28th. whereof Colonel Henry Jackson is President.
Captain Livermore66 of the first New Hampshire regiment appeared before the Court charged as follows vizt.
[Note 66: Capt. David Livermore. He was dismissed in August, 1781; was reinstated the same month; retired in March, 1782.]
First: Threatening and insulting Major Murnan of the Corps of Engineers; his superior officer, in a most outrageous manner when in the execution of his duty.
Second: Striking him with his own Espontoon and after having broken that with striking him with that of another officer whereby he received a wound and was otherwise injured.
The Court having maturely considered the first charge against Captain Livermore, the Testimony and his defence are of opinion that it is fully supported in the instance of Captain Livermore without provocation in the presence of several officers and soldiers having threatened Major Murnan being his superior officer and in service at the same Post with him as an Engineer, with kicking him in case he should again Kick any of the soldiers being a breach of part Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of War.
The Court with respect to the second Charge are of opinion that the facts stated in it did take place but as it appears from the general face of the Testimony that Major Murnan recommenced the dispute in the instances to which those facts refer and did the first act of hostility they acquit Captain Livermore of any criminality in these Cases.
The Court for the Charge they have found Captain Livermore guilty of do sentence him to be dismissed from the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing Sentence and thinks it necessary to declare to prevent disputes in future that the officers of the Corps of Engineers not only according to Military rule in other services but by a Resolve of Congress of the 11th. of March 1779 and a General Order of the 6th. of June last shall take Rank and enjoy the same Rights Honors and priveleges with those of other troops on Continental Establishment. Hence it follows that if an Officer of Engineers detached to construct a work or upon other duty should be elder than the officer commanding the working or covering party he may command him in all Cases whatever; should he on the contrary be younger he can only point out to the officer commanding the Party what ought to be done; and if he refuses to execute it he may report him to the Commander in Chief or commanding officer of the detachment with which they are serving.
The above Principles apply to all officers whether of Infantry, Artillery, Engineers or Cavalry when serving together.
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is the Copy of a letter which I have just reed. from Capt. Mitchell commanding the post at Wyoming, representing his distress for provision. As this post was to have been supplied by Pennsylvania, and as you have now undertaken to furnish the supplies required of that state, I must request you to take the speediest means of giving relief to the Garrison. The quantity of provision which I judged necessary was mentioned in the estimate which I transmitted to the Board of War, and which you no doubt have seen. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have written to Capt. Mitchell to subsist his Men by collections from the Inhabitants until a regular supply can be sent to him.
Head Quarters, August 9, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of the 7th. Shoes will be issued to the State Companies under your Command, upon your Return. I will only recommend, that proper precautions should be taken respecting the delivery, and that the men of the State Companies should be made accountable for them: the same mode will be pursued in supplying the other Companies, as has been formerly practiced. I am etc.
P.S. Captain Sacket and Captain Williams Should become responsible to the Clothier, that the shoes are properly accounted for. The Shoes may be drawn and issued through the Channel of the same Person, who is employed by Col. Scammell for the same purpose.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobb's Ferry, Thursday, August 9, 1781.
MORNING ORDERS
Brigadier General Glover is appointed General Officer of this day vice Major General Parsons absent.
Parole Kingston. Countersigns Warwick, Ringwood.
At a General Court martial held at Camp August the 7th. whereof Colonel Putnam is President Captain Abner Dow, of the 9th Massachusetts regiment charged with "not joining his regiment when ordered so to do by the Commanding officer of the regiment" was tried agreeably to a Resolve of Congress of December 6th. 1779 respecting absent officers.
The Court on Consideration are of opinion that Captain Dow has been absent from his regiment without Leave since his regiment accordingly or to give satisfactory reasons for his since been properly notified and directed to join his regiment agreeably to the Resolve of Congress of December 6th. 1779 respecting Absent Officers and that he has neglected to join his regiment accordingly or to give satisfactory reasons for his continuance of absence.
They therefore Sentence that he be cashiered.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing Sentence.
At the same Court August 6th. 1781 John Frazer, Matross in Colonel Lamb's regiment of Artillery charged with "Inlisting into the Rhode Island regiment without having obtained a discharge from said regiment of Artillery and afterwards deserting from the Rhode Island regiment" was tried and found Guilty of a breach of Articles 1st. and 3rd of the Rules and Articles of war and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his bare back.
Corporal Samuel Gray, of the second Connecticut regiment charged with "Desertion and reinlisting in the Massachusetts line" was tried found Guilty of a Breach of Articles 1st. and 3rd of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced to do the duty of a private Centinel and to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
Corporal John Chace, of the first New York regiment Charged with "Desertion and reinlisting in the Rhode Island Regiment" was tried and found Guilty as above and sentenced to do the duty of a private Centinel and to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
Joseph Ross, a Soldier of the late fifth Connecticut Regiment charged with "Desertion and reinlisting in Colonel Sheldon's regiment of Light dragoons was tried found Guilty as above and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked Back.
Peter Moore, Matross in Colonel Crane's regiment of Artillery charged with "Stealing Six Guineas and a Silver watch out of the pocket of a french soldier when asleep," was tried.
The Court on consideration are of opinion the charge against Peter Moore is not supported.
The Commander in Chief Approves the foregoing sentences and orders them to take place.
Peter Moore to be released from Confinement.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Friday, August 10, 1781.
Parole Versailles. Countersigns Dunkirk, Brest.
At a General Court Martial held at Westpoint, July 19th. Edmunde Burke, a Soldier in the first New York regiment charged with "being concerned in the mutiny at Albany on the 6th ultimo" was found guilty, being a breach of Article 3rd. Section 2nd. of the rules and Articles of War and Sentenced to suffer Death.
At the same Court July 21st. Garret Lansing, soldiers in the 1st. New York regiment charged.
First "with Desertion and joining the Enemy, secondly with Changing his Name to John Johnston and reinlisting in the Massachusetts line" was found guilty being a breach of the 1 and 3rd Articles Section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief Approves the foregoing sentences and orders that against Edmund Burke to be carried into execution. But is pleased to remit the Sentence against Lansing who is to be released from Confinement.
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 10, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform your Excellency that by letters from the Marquis de la Fayette dated in Virginia the 26th. and 30th. of last Month, it appears that the enemy had embarked a number of Infantry on board thirty Transports and a detachment of Cavalry on board eight Brigs. They were still lying in Hampton Road, under Convoy of the Charon of 44 Guns and six smaller Frigates. They had pilots for Potowmack River and Chesapeak Bay; but the Marquis imagined this was in order to deceive and that their real destination was New York. He had dispatched a Boat to your Excellency with the foregoing intelligence, but was apprehensive that she would be intercepted.
By a letter from General Forman of the 3rd of this Month, I am informed that Admiral Rodney is expected upon this Coast, and he mentions a circumstance which seems to corroborate the opinion; it is, that a large Store ship is kept at Sandy Hook with provisions and Vegetables.
I enclose your Excellency a Duplicate of my letter of 21st. of July to Count de Grasse. The original is lodged with General Forman upon the Monmouth Coast. Should the Count make his first appearance off Rhode Island, you will be pleased to present the duplicate to him. It is left under a flying seal for your information.
I have several of our most experienced Pilots ready to go on board the Fleet the moment they appear off the Hook. This circumstance you will be pleased to mention to the Count should you be happy enough to see him first. I have the Honor etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 3rd and 6th. instant. The bringing forward the Corps of Invalids from Philada. and Boston was a matter of necessity and not of choice, we must therefore submit to some inconveniencies and put them to duties of the lightest kind.
I have approved the sentences against Burke and Lansing and forward herewith a Warrant for the execution of the former Lansing is pardonned. The Artillery men under sentence were pardoned some days since and I thought Colo. Stevens had sent up for them.
The Quarter Master General has had orders respecting the delivery of the Rations to the Boat Builders.
By accounts from Virginia we may hourly expect a part of the Troops from thence to New York. This makes it necessary to add to our force here. You will therefore be pleased to send down Van Schaick's and Hazen's Regiments with their Camp Equipage as expeditiously as possible. They may come by land or by Water as you may think best. If in the last way, let a detachment from Major Darby's command come down in the Boats to carry them immediately back. I would have Burke executed before the Regiment leaves the point.
Inclosed you have the Copy of a number of Charges which have been exhibited by Captain Woelper agt. Col. Nichola. You will furnish the Colonel with a Copy and as soon as Capt. Woelper arrives at the Garrison, let an arrest take place, and order a trial without loss of time. I am etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, August 10, 1781.
Sir: I have received yours of the 4th. inst. informing [of] your arrival with the Corps of Invalids at West Point, and inclosing a Return of their Numbers. The Difficulties which you apprehend in their Duty and Subsistence at their present Station, I fancy will mostly vanish on Experience.
Copy of the Charges exhibited against you by Capt Woelper, I have transmitted to Gen. McDougall, and desired him to institute a Court Martial thereon, as soon as the Accusant arrives at the Point.
If the proper Charge against Sergt. Carleton for his Desertion, is exhibited, and the Evidences to support it are produced, he may be brought to trial immediately at the Point. I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, August 10, 1781.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of 30th July. The Reason of my mentioning in my first Requisition, a short Period for the Service of your State Militia, was my Expectation at the Time, that the Count de Barras would soon leave Newport with his fleet. But as this Event has not, and may not yet take place, the Service of the Militia for the Security of the Fleet, will be essentially necessary, so long as the Count de Barras shall remain in his present Situation, and it is expected that your 500 Men will be still continued, notwithstandg the Arrival of those Expected from Massa. On this Subject I have already written to Gov. Greene, previous to the Receipt of yours, to which Letter I beg leave to refer you for further particulars. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's ferry, August 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: An anxiety for your Excellency's safety induces me to transmit a report I lately received from New York, though it may not in really have a sufficient foundation, still caution on the subject may not be improper.
I am informed that George Harden, James Kilty, one Bice of Dutchess County and a fourth person whose name is not noted, are promised a very considerable reward if they will seize your person and conduct you to New York. The places to which these fellows resort, (together with Richard Smith (son of Claudius Smith) and Isaac Sissio, a Molatto, who are both traversing the Country are at Patrick McDonalds above the High Lands, Galloway's son in law to Austin Smith, at Fletcher Matthews's and his fathers, at Coleman's Uncle to Richard Smith; and at the Rumneys one or both whom are brothers by Law to Claudius Smith.
Your Excellency will judge of the propriety of having those places watched, as also John Heffering at Murders Creek who it is said serves as a pilot to convey people from McDonalds through the Mountains below Sovereigns Tavern73 on their way to New York. With wishes for your personal Safety I am etc.74
[Note 73: Suffern's Tavern.]
[Note 74: In the writing of William Stephens Smith. From the original in Washington's Headquarters and Museum, Newburgh, N.Y.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Saturday, August 11, 1781.
Parole Baltimore. Countersigns Trenton, Sussex.
[Note 75: Maj. Moses Knapp, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 76: Capt. Seth Drew.]
The Guard at Dobbs ferry is to be relieved daily and is to be visited by the officers of the day who will likewise visit the whole chain of guards from the North river to where our picquets join those of the French Camp.
While the Army remains in its present position Colonel Sheldon will consider himself under the immediate command of Colonel Scammell.
Head Quarters, August 11, 1781.
Sir: Some Convoys are coming on from the Jerseys to Dobbs Ferry; for their Security against the Enemy, you will be pleased, by Order of the General, to throw out some Parties from your Command through Aquacanack to Springfield with Directions to scour below towards Newark, and continue till the Convoys are safely arrived. I am etc. &c.
P.S. In your Command you will include the Militia lately arrived.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J[onathan] T[rumbull, jr.] Secty."]
Head Quarters, August 11, 1781.
Sir: His Excellency the Commander in Chief, is pleased to direct that Lt. Holden78 of Your Regt. should continue to do duty with the Corps of Guards79 until further Orders. I am etc.80
[Note 78: Lieut. John Holden, jr., of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 79: Commander in Chief's Guards.]
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys Aide De Camp."]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Sunday, August 12, 1781.
Parole Provence. Countersigns Paris, Passy.
[Note 81: Maj. James Keith, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 82: Capt. David Smith.]
The Non commissioned Officers and Soldiers to be served with a Gill of Rum per Man this afternoon.
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, August 13, 1781, 10 O.C.A.M.
Sir: I was favored with your Letter dated Saturday Evening9 0Clock, on Sunday about 11 OClock A.M. by your Chain of Expresses.
If the Fleet shall not prove to be from Virginia, with Lord Cornwallis' Troops as you conjecture, I shall expect to hear in the course of this day, agreeably to your intimation. I need not urge again the importance of the present moment, and how anxious I am to obtain the earliest information of every thing that may be interesting to us. With great regard &c.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Monday, August 13, 1781.
Parole Newhaven. Countersigns Fairfield, Stratford.
[Note 84: Lieut. Col. James Mellen (Millen), of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel commandant of the Third Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 85: Maj. Moses Ashley.]
[Note 86: Capt. Robert Warner, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was made major in May, 1782, and retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 87: Capt. Caleb Robinson.]
The Commander in Chief having been informed that various practices have been made use of by the officers of one regiment to inlist for the War men who are engaged for three years in another.
He thinks proper to direct that a stop may be put to such mode of proceeding, but at the same time recommends to the officers to endeavour to engage for the War those men in their own regiments whose services are for any other term without burthering the Continent with any additional expence for their enlistment. By these means the public service will be equally benefitted and the internal arrangement and level of regiments will be preserved.
Two Dragoons from Colonel Sheldon's regiment are to mount daily with the Guard at Dobbs ferry and are to be dispatched by the officer to the General Officer of the day and to Colonel Scammell with intelligence.
Captain Bleeker88 of the first New York regiment is appointed to do the duty of Inspector to the Light troops under the Command of Colonel Scammell.
[Note 88: Capt. Leonard Bleeker. He was brigade major under Lafayette from May to October, 1781, and served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, August 13, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 28th. ulto. and 3d. 7th. and 9th. Insts.
I esteem myself happy in a personal communication with Mr. Morris and Mr. Peters;89 good consequences must certainly result from taking up the affairs of the next campaign at so early a period as the present.
[Note 89: Robert Morris and Richard Peters.]
I shall in obedience to the order of Congress transmit their resolve respecting the treatment of our marine prisoners to the officer commanding the british Fleet at New York; but I think it more than probable that he will have address enough to procure the materials to frame an answer similar to that which was made to the last remonstrance on the same subject. These were no others than ample certificates under the hands of several of our Captains and Mates then remaining on board the prison Ships, that the charges of ill treatment were in every respect groundless.
I have information that a Fleet of twenty sail entered the hook on saturday last. Genl. Foreman, my informant, was of opinion they were from Virginia. I expect to hear from him again every moment, with a certain Account from whence they were. I have the honor etc.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
[Note 91: Georgia Delegates to the Continental Congress.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 13, 1781.
Gentlemen: I am honored with your favr. of the 7th. I can with no propriety give a decided opinion upon the matter which you have been pleased to refer to me, without being acquainted with what has previously passed between the Commissaries of prisoners or Commissioners for settling a Cartel respecting the Rank of Mr. Elbert.92 If he has been heretofore claimed by the Enemy as a Brigadier of Militia and allowed as such by us, he is undoubtedly released by the terms of the Cartel lately established. If on the contrary he has been considered as a Continental Colonel, he must await his exchange. The matter seems to rest upon the determination of the above simple facts. I am unacquainted with any thing relating to the case of Govr. Wright.93
[Note 92: Brig. Gen. Samuel Elbert, of the Georgia Militia.]
[Note 93: Sir James Wright, royal governor of Georgia. It was claimed by the Goergians that he broke his parole.]
It is no small addition to the pleasure I feel upon the favorable turn of affairs to the southward to find that it is the general opinion that this happy change has been wrought, almost solely, by the personal abilities of Major Genl. Greene. My long acquaintance with the merits of that valuable Officer made me certain that his exertions, even if not successful, would justify my appointment. I must confess he has more than answered my warmest expectations. I have the honor etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 13, 1781.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 11th. by Mr. Prevost. I do not think it will be prudent for you or any of the pilots to go nearer the Coast than you are at present, untill you know from Genl. Forman that the Fleet has made its appearance; indeed I do not think it will be quite safe for Capt. Dobbs and the other pilots to remain constantly in the same lodgings, even at Baskenridge. I would recommend it to them to shift every now and then, leaving word where they are, that should an Express arrive they may be found on the instant.
I think it will be best to take up a light Waggon for those who have not Horses already provided, should you be called down to the Coast. I shall furnish money for the hire of that and other Charges. I gave Capt. Dobbs ten Guineas towards defraying Expenses when he went from hence. There will be no danger between Baskenridge and Monmouth Court House, and from thence to the shore an Escort will be easily procured, especially when it shall be found that a French Fleet is off.
Boats will undoubtedly be sent from the Fleet sufficient to carry you off. Genl. Forman will have gone on board before you can get down, and will have informed the Admiral that you are in waiting. I am &c.94
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, August 14, 1781.
Sir: I have reed. your Letter of this date95 respecting Mr. Coldebrugh a forage Master belonging to the Army.
The circumstances of the affair in question, I am totally unacquainted with; but you may be assured, that at the same time I am very unhappy, that any differences should arise between Citizens and Persons belonging to the Army. It is not my wish that any who have been guilty of Crimes properly cognizable by the Laws of the Land should be exculpated, or schreened from justice.
[Note 95: Symmes's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
At this stage of the Campaign, however, it would be very inexpedient to direct a Person to be taken from the Execution of his duty, whose services could not possibly be so essential at any other period as at the present. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, August 14, 1781.
11 OClock A.M.
Sir: I have safely received your favor of yesterday Morning, about an hour ago.
Before the arrival of your Letter, I had not received any particulars of the Fleet lately arrived at N York, but expect Accts. every instant; I shall comply with your request; as it is my most earnest desire, by comparing all the different intelligences to ascertain the state of Matters among the Enemy, with the utmost accuracy and precision. With great regard &c.96
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Tuesday, August 14, 1781.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Burgundy, Champagne.
A Fatigue party of one hundred men under proper officers (for three days) are to parade tomorrow morning at 6 o'clock at Commissary Irwin's Quarters. They will take their orders from Colonel Gouvion. The Quarter Master General will furnish them with Fascine Hatchets.
August 15, 1781.
P.S.97 The sentiments contained in the foregoing letter perfectly accord with my opinion, and I am more inclined to adopt them, as we have seen, in the British Gazettes accounts of a Squadron under the command of Admiral Digby said to be intended to reinforce the British fleets in these Seas. Should this Squadron actually arrive, from a junction with Admirals Rodney and Graves, and find the French Naval force
[Note 97: This postscript was appended by Washington to Rochambeau's letter to Barras, August 15, the "Letter Book" copy of which is in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress. De Grasse's letter to Barras announcing his coming did not order Barras to join him, but left Barras free to act as he pleased. De Grasse was Barras's junior, but had been recently promoted to a higher rank, and it was, probably, some feeling over this which led Barras to decide on an expedition to Newfoundland as soon as he received word of De Grasse's intention to visit the coast of America. Rochambeau's letter of August 15, with Washington's postscript, was effective, and Barras then decided to join De Grasse in the Chesapeake.] seperated, it might, eventually, prove fatal to the fleet of his most Christian Majesty commanded by the Count de Grasse and yourself. I cannot avoid repeating therefore, in earnest terms the request of the Count de Rochambeau that you would form the junction, and as soon as possible, with the Count de Grasse in Chesapeak bay. With much respect &c.
Wednesday, August 15, 1781.
Parole Staten Island. Countersigns Springfield, Chatham.
The Army will hold itself in the most perfect readiness to move at the shortest notice.
Colonel Scammell's detachment is to be immediately completed to its original establishment by men every way qualified to act as Light Infantry; and any men now in the corps who do not answer that description are to be changed without delay. Colonel Scammell will make application to the different corps for their deficiencies and the exchange of such of the men as are unfit for the service he is employed on.
Colonel Gouvion being on Court Martial Captain Rachfontaine will give the necessary directions for the employment of the working party ordered yesterday.
The General Court Martial whereof Colonel Putnam is President is dissolved and another ordered to assemble tomorrow morning 10 o'clock at the President's Marquee, or such place as he may direct for the trial of all such Prisoners as shall come before them. Colonel Swift will Preside. Lieutenant Colonel C. Smith, Major Oliver, two Captains from the first Connecticutt, two from the second Connecticutt, one from the first Massachusetts, two from the second, one from the third and two from the New Hampshire Brigades will attend as Members. All Evidences and Persons concerned to attend. An orderly serjeant from each Division to be sent to the court daily.
Thomas Dean, Esqr. will take Post at Storm's bridge vice I. Requa, and Joseph Youngs Esqr. will be posted at the bridge near Chattiton's hill instead of Eden Hunt mentioned in the orders of the 5th. instant.
AFTER ORDERS
A Working party consisting of a Sub, two serjeants, two Corporals and Thirty privates from Van Schaick's regiment and a like Party from the regiment of Hazen will assemble on their respective parades with their arms and one days Provisions tomorrow morning at eight o'clock: They will receive their Instructions from the Quarter Master General.
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 15, 1781.
My dear Marquis: I have reed. your letters of the 26th. and 30th. ulto. and 1st. Inst. I cannot learn that any troops have yet arrived at New York from Virginia. A fleet of 20 sail came in last Saturday with troops, but they are said to be Hessian Recruits from Europe.
The Concorde Frigate is arrived at Newport from Count de Grasse. He was to leave St. Domingo the 3d. of this month with a Fleet of between 25 and 29 sail of the line and a considerable Body of land forces. His destination is immediately for the Chesapeak. So that he will either be there by the time this reaches you, or you look for him every moment. Under these circumstances, whether the enemy remain in full force, or whether they have only a detachment left, you will immediately take such a position as will best enable you to prevent their sudden retreat thro' North Carolina, which I presume they will attempt the instant they perceive so formidable an Armament. Should General Wayne with the troops destined for South Carolina still remain in the neighbourhood of James River and the enemy should have made no detachment to the southward,98 you will detain those troops untill you hear from me again, and inform Genl. Greene of the cause of their delay. If Wayne should have marched, and should have gained any considerable distance, I would not have him halted.
[Note 98: Cornwallis had taken post at Yorktown and Gloucester, Va., and commenced fortifying those places on August 1 and 2.]
You shall hear further from me as soon as I have concerted plans and formed dispositions for sending a reinforcement from hence. In the mean time I have only to recommend a continuation of that prudence and good conduct which you have manifested thro' the whole of your Campaign. You will be particularly careful to conceal the expected arrival of the Count, because if the enemy are not apprised of it, they will stay on board their transports in the Bay, which will be the luckiest Circumstance in the World.
You will take measures for opening a communication with Count de Grasse the moment he arrives, and will concert measures with him for making the best uses of your joint forces untill you receive aid from this quarter. I am &c.
P.S. I would not wish you to call out a large body of Militia upon this occasion, but rather keep those you have compact and ready for service.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 15 1781.
Sir: The enclosed Dispatches for the Marquis De La Fayette are of the greatest importance. If there is a Chain of Expresses established, that the conveyance may be depended upon in the shortest conceivable time, you will have them instantly forwarded by that mode. If there is no such establishment, I must request you will forward the Letter immediately by a trusty, active Express, with Orders to ride Night and Day and to call on the Magistrates, or Military Officers for Horses and assistance, and to deliver the Letter to the Marquis at the earliest possible period.
You will be pleased to acknowledge the receipt of this, noting the moment when it comes to hand, and informing me of the mode of conveyance by which you have expedited the Dispatches for the Marquis. I am etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On August 15 Washington wrote to Major General Heath, referring the memorial of Udny Hay to a board of general officers, of which Heath was president. The board reported August 16 that Hay was entitled to the rank and emoluments of a "retiring lieutenant colonel." Washington's letter to Heath is in the Massachusetts Historical Society, and the board's report is in the Washington Papers.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
LC
Volume 23
August 16, 1781--February 15, 1782
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312
.7
1931
WASHINGTONIANA
PRINTED
AUGUST, 1937
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 16, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with Your Excellency's several late favors and the Count de Rochambeau has been kind enough to communicate to me the very interesting and important particulars to which they refer. He has also informed you of our joint opinion upon the measures which seemed to us most expedient at the present moment.
I have directed several small Vessels with about 1500 Barrels of Salt provision and some Rum to be sent from Providence and from Connecticut River to Newport, to take the Convoy of your Excellency's Fleet, I hope they may be in time, and I must request your care of them. I have the honor etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 16, 1781.
Sir: I am persuaded you will excuse the liberty I am about to take, when I assure you that the execution of the business which I shall wish you to undertake, is of the utmost importance. It is to ship and put under the convoy of the Count de Barras all the public salted provision at Providence and thirty Hhds of Rum if so many should be left. The Vessels must go prepared for a Voyage of perhaps a Fortnight or three Weeks and if they cannot be procured upon the Credit of the State (which I must again entreat to be pledged upon this occasion) I hope that measures will be taken by Government to procure them by impress. A disappointment in the Provision may frustrate an enterprise of as much importance to these States as has perhaps been ever undertaken. I am in hopes the business may be accomplished before the sailing of Mr. de Barras, if it should not, the Vessels must not be risqued without Convoy; but I trust that every exertion will be used to have them ready. I have the honor etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs' Ferry, August 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have only time to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 8th. Inst.3 and to congratulate you on your fortunate escape; which is attended with the more flattering circumstances, from its being effected entirely by your own presence of Mind.4
[Note 3: Schuyler's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 4: A Tory plot to abduct or assassinate Schuyler had failed, though the raiders carried away two servants and some of the household plate.]
As the remaining part of Col. Cortlands Regt. is now ordered to join the Main Army, I have given directions to General Clinton to leave a small Guard of Men who are the least capable of active service with you.
The Commissy. will have orders to replace the Rum which you have borrowed for the public service as soon as our circumstances will conveniently admit, at present there is not enough to satisfy the most pressing necessities of the Service. With great respect &c.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, August 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: It being of the utmost importance that a quantity of salted Provision, not less than 1000 Barrels should be immediately shipped from Connecticut River to Rhode Island. The Quartermaster General has dispatched Mr. Mix6 an Officer in his Department (who will have the honor of delivering this Letter to your Excellency) to see that business carried instantly into execution. I pray your Excellency therefore to give every aid and assistance in your power to enable him to expedite the transportation of this provision with all possible dispatch; and that you will issue Your Impress Warrant to obtain Vessels for the purpose, if they cannot otherwise be procured.7
[Note 6: Lieut. and Adjt. John Mix, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He was an assistant quartermaster general and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 7: At this point the following is crossed out in the draft: "The indispensable necessity of transporting this provision in the shortest possible time to Rhode Island will excuse the Liberty I have taken, and will, I am persuaded sufficiently interest your Excellency. I flatter myself your Excellency and your Executive Council will devise effectual Measures to supply the few transports which will be necessary."]
This Warrant to be made use of, in case the other Measures which your Excellency shall be pleased to suggest, do not instantly meet with success. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Dobb's Ferry, August 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 9th. Inst. announcing the arrival of General Stark to take command in the northern department and informing that the state Levies were coming in, and the militia from the eastward hourly expected.
You will be pleased therefore on the receipt of this to embark the remaining Companies of Colo. Courtland's regiment, and proceed immediately with them to Kings Ferry where you may expect to receive further orders. I am etc.
P.S. You will be particularly Careful not to leave any Men behind except a Non Commissioned Officer and a small guard of your weakest Men with Genl. Schuyler.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 9th. and am very well pleased with the account you give of the disposition and behaviour of the People of Vermont; the Party you mention to have been captured by them,10 I think must be considered as Prisoners of War, and ought to be closely confined to prevent all possibility of escape, untill they are exchanged.
[Note 10: Tories.]
I hope the Militia have arrived before this time, as I have been obliged to order the remainder of the Continental Troops to join the Main Army.
I am fully sensible of the embarrassments the several Departments labour under for the want of Money, especially to pay the expences of Expresses and Persons employed to carry Intelligence, and after informing the Quarter Master General of your situation in this respect, shall be very happy if he can devise ways and means to remedy the evil in future.
The Commissary will have directions to send a proportion of whatever Rum we may receive, for the use of your Department. I am &c.11
[Note 11: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, Thursday, August 16, 1781.
Parole Ostend. Countersigns Brussels, Dunkirk.
Lieutenant Colonel Johnson is appointed for the day tomorrow vice Lieutenant Colonel Badlam indisposed.
Friday, August 17, 1781.
Parole Kingsbridge. Countersigns Westchester, Morrisania.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Jackson is PresidentLieutenant Bliss12 of the Artillery was tried for "Contemptuous Behavior to Captain Jackson of the 3d. regiment of Artillery while he was officer of the day." found Guilty of the charge exhibited against him in the instance of not saluting Captain Jackson on the Brigade Parade when he was officer of the day and Lieutenant Bliss of the guard being a breach of part of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the rules and Articles of War and do Sentence him to be reprimanded in general orders.
[Note 12: Lieut. Joseph Bliss, of the Third Continental Artillery. He was paymaster of the Corps of Artillery in January, 1784, and served to June, 1784.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
He should not have thought Lieutenant Bliss censurable in so high a degree had he omitted to salute the officer of the day because he doubted the propriety of the measure; but as it appears from the proceedings that the refusal arose from a personal pique to Captain Jackson the General finds himself obliged to express his disapprobation of his Conduct upon that occasion.
Lieutenant Bliss is released from his Arrest.
Agreeable to the ordinance for the Appointment of the Regimental Staff the following Gentlemen of the 5th. Massachusetts regiment are to be obeyed and respected in the respective lines hereafter mentioned vizt.
Lieutenant Henry Marble,13 Adjutant from the first day of February last, vice Lieutenant Smith, resigned.
[Note 13: Of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
Lieutenant Park Holland,14 Paymaster from the 25th of April last, vice Captain Lieutenant Stone,15 promoted.
[Note 14: He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 15: Capt.-Lieut. Jonathan Stone, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He ranked as captain from April, 1781, and retired in January, 1781.]
Lieutenant Ivory Holland,16 Quartermaster from the 25th. of April last, vice Lieutenant Park Holland, appointed Paymaster.
[Note 16: Of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
August 17, 1781.
Sir: Upon a full consideration of all circumstances I am of opinion, that the march of the French Army under your command had better be by the following Route, and on the following days:
Allowing for the common chances of Winds and Weather it may take 'till
I have named no halting day because we have not a moment to lose, and because the Troops17 will more than probably, be detained sometime at Trenton; but if you should think it absolutely necessary, Whippany will be a good place for a halt, as there is a good Road leading from thence through Chatham (five Miles distant) to Elizabeth Town and Staten Island.
[Note 17: At this point in the draft the word "French" is crossed out.]
After crossing the North River, Your Excellency may, if you should prefer it, march by Brigades. With every sentiment of esteem &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
"The want of Horses, or bad condition of them in the French Army delayed the March till tins day; the same cause, it is to be feared, will occasion a slow and disagreeable March to Elk."-- Washington's Diary, Aug. 19, 1781.]
Camp at Phillipsbg., August 17, 1781.
Sir: In consequence of the dispatches received from your Excellency by the Frigate La Concorde it has been judged expedient to give up for the present the enterprise against New York and to turn our attention towards the South, with a view, if we should not be able to attempt Charles town itself, to recover and secure the States of Virginia, North Carolina and the Country of South Carolina and Georgia. We may add a further inducement for giving up the first mentioned enterprise, which is the arrival of a reinforcement of near 3000 Hessian Recruits. For this purpose we have determined to remove the whole of the French Army and as large a detachment of the American as can be spared,19 to Chesapeak, to meet Your Exlency there.
[Note 19: "The detachment from the American [Army] is composed of the light infantry under Scammell, two light companies of York to be joined by the like Number from the Connecticut line, the Remainder of the Jersey line, two Regiments of York. Hazens Regiment and the Regiment of Rhode Island, together with Lambs Regiment of Artillery with Cannon and other Ordnance for the field and Siege."-- Washington's Diary, Aug. 19, 1781.]
The following appear to us the principal Cases which will present themselves, and upon which we shall be obliged ultimately to form our plans. We have therefore stated them, with a few short observations upon each. Your Excellency will be pleased to revolve them in your own mind and prepare your own opinion by the time we shall have the pleasure of meeting you in Virginia.
1st. What shall be done if the Enemy should be found with the greater part of their force in Virginia upon the arrival of the French Fleet?
2d. Should only a detachment be found there?
3d. Should the British force be totally withdrawn from thence?
Upon the first, it appears to us that we ought, without loss of time, to attack the enemy with our United Force.
Upon the second, it appears proper to destine such part of our force as will be amply sufficient to reduce the enemys detachment, and then determine what use shall be made of the remainder; and here two things present themselves for our consideration. The enemy will either have sent the greater part of their force, from Virginia, to New York or to Charles town. If to New York, (which is the least probable under present circumstances) Charles town will have but a moderate Garrison and it may be possible to attack it to advantage. If to Charles town, Then the Enemy will be so superior to General Greene, that they will be able to regain the whole of the State of south Carolina and of consequence, Georgia. We therefore think that in this last case such a force at least should be detached to South Carolina as will enable us to keep the field and confine the enemy in or near to Charles town.
In the third case which we stated, we mean that of supposing the enemy should have totally evacuated Virginia. It appears to us necessary to make a solid establishment at portsmouth, or any other place if more proper, in order to render a Fleet in Chesapeak Bay entirely secure, and to employ the remainder of our land force and such Vessels as may be proper for the service as has been explained in the preceding Article. That is, either in the seige of Charles town, if the Garrison shall be found sufficiently weak to warrant the attempt, or to cover and secure the Country should it be found otherwise.
Returning back to the enterprise agt. New York will depend upon a number of circumstances, the discussion of which we will leave untill we have the happiness of a conference with your Excellency. We have only to observe that the execution of all or any of the plans which we have proposed, go upon a supposition of a decided Naval superiority; except that of marching a reinforcement into south Carolina.
We would beg leave to take up so much of your Excellency's time, as to point out to you the vast importance of Charles town and what advantages the enemy derive from the possession of it. It is the Centre of their power in the south. By holding it, they preserve a dangerous influence throughout the whole State, as it is the only port and the only place from whence the people can procure those Articles of foreign produce which are essential to their support, and it in great measure serves to cover and keep in subjection the State of Georgia. From thence, the enemy can also establish small posts in North Carolina. And if they maintain a post in Chesapeak, they keep up the appearance of possessing 400 Miles upon the Coast and of consequence have a pretext for setting up claims which may be very detrimental to the interests of America in European Councils.
We are not sufficiently acquainted with the position of Charles town, neither is it necessary at this time, to enter into a detail of the proper mode of attacking it, or of the probability which we should have of succeeding. For these we will refer your Excellency to Brigadier Genl. du portail Commander of the Corps of Engineers in the service of the United States, who will have the honor of presenting this. That Gentleman having been in Charles town as principal Engineer during the greater part of the seige, and in the Environs of it as a prisoner of War a considerable time afterwards, had opportunities of making very full observations, which he judiciously improved.
A variety of cases different from those we have stated may occur. It is for this reason that we have thought proper to send General du portail to your Excellency. He is fully acquainted with every circumstance of our Affairs in this quarter, and we recommend him to your Excellency as an Officer upon whose Abilities and in whose integrity you may place the fullest confidence.
We would observe to your Excellency that it will be very essential to the dispatch of the business in contemplation for you to send up to Elk River at the Head of Chesapeak Bay all your Frigates, Transports and Vessels proper for the conveyance of the French and American Troops down the Bay. We shall endeavour to have as many as can be found in Baltimore and other ports secured, but we have reason to believe they will be very few. We have the honor etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was signed jointly byWashington and Rochambeau.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have in confidence imparted to you the alteration of our late plan and made you acquainted with our intended operations. Besides the provision necessary at the Head of Elk to carry the troops down the Bay a very considerable Quantity will be wanted in Virginia. I should suppose three hundred Barrels of Flour, as many of salt Meat and eight or ten Hhds of Rum would be sufficient at Elk. For what will be consumed in Virginia, I imagine the order must be general, as we can neither ascertain the number of Men which will be drawn together or the time they will be employed.
I have written to the Count de Grasse and have requested him to send up his light Vessels of every kind to Elk, but I would nevertheless wish to have all that may be at Baltimore and the upper parts of the Bay secured. I shall therefore be obliged to you to take measures at a proper time for that purpose. When that time will be and when you shall give orders for the deposit at Elk, I will hereafter inform you.
I shall direct the Quarter Master in due season to take up all the small Craft in Delaware for the purpose of transporting the Troops from Trenton to Christeen.21 Should he have occasion for advice or assistance from you upon this occasion I must request you to give him both.
[Note 21: Christiana, Del.]
I am confident it will be necessary to give the American Troops destined for southern service one Months pay in specie. This will amount to about ... dollars. If it will be possible for you to procure this sum you will infinitely oblige me and will much benefit the service. I shall also stand in need of a sum of specie for secret service. I suppose about 500 Guineas.22 I have the honor etc.23
[Note 22: Morris's reply, dated Aug. 22, 1781, was in cipher. Jonathan Trumbull, jr..'s translation of it is as follows: "Money Matters in as bad a Situation as possible. The Exchange by the Concordence of Venders, has run down to five Shillings, and Bills are offered at that Rate, in such great Numbers as to command all the Money which is to be disposed of; so that reducing the Price of Bills still lower would not command Money, or answer any other good Purpose. The Paper of this State is indeed appreciating, but to issue it, at the present Moment would destroy all my Hopes from that Quarter, cut off the only Resource which I have the Chance of Comandg. and shake a Confidence which has been reposed in me, and which the public Interest calls upon me to cherish. I am sorry to observe in Consequence that you must expect to meet with Disappointments; but I can assure you, that I will make every Exertion possible to place you in the Eligible Situation which Means will admit of." Morris's letter and the translation are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs ferry, August 17, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: I have been favour'd with yours of the 31st. ulto. and 6th. inst., and as General du Portail will hand you this, he will be able to give every intelligence you wish relative to my movements in this Department; as he is sent in confidence he will make known to you all my designs. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, August 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to detach from the Brigade under your command upon the receipt of this, a Capt. and 50, with Orders to patrole the Country between Closter and the New Bridge, the Officer must not consider either of these places as his post, but continue to range the intermediate space untill he receives further Orders.
I wish you to be particular in your orders to the officer, that he may take every effectual means in his power to prevent his men from Abusing the Inhabitants, which is a circumstance I am under the painful necessity of Observing, that your troops are too frequently charged with, and I fear not without foundation. By paying particular Attention to their conduct in this particular and punishing with severity offenders a stop May be put to further improprieties. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs Ferry, August 17, 1781. 11 OClock A.M.
Sir: About two hours since, I received your favor of the 16th.
The Accounts from New York respecting the fleet from Europe accord very nearly with the information given in your Letter of the 13th Instant. With great regards &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 18, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 14th. Inclosed is the Copy of the latest intelligence I have recd. from Genl. Forman from which it appears that Admiral Graves was off the Hook on the 16th. Inst. I have the honor etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is ill the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, Saturday, August 18, 1781.
Parole Calais. Countersigns Rouen, Ghent.
[Note 30: Maj. Hugh Maxwell, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in August, 1782; transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
At a General Court Martial held in the Jersey Brigade at Dobbs ferry August 15th. 1781 of which Major Hollinshead was President.
William Clark, soldier in the first Jersey regiment charged with "Sleeping on his Post" was tried found Guilty and sentenced to suffer Death, agreeably to the 6th. Article 13th. Section of the Rules and Articles of War.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
At a Board of General Officers of the American army, held by Adjournment the 17th. instant to consider a dispute of rank between Colonel Swift and Webb of the Connecticut Line.
The Board report their opinion that Colonel Swift ought to take rank of Colonel Webb.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Board.
Major John Porter31 will please to relieve Major Olney32 and take command of the Picquets this afternoon.
[Note 31: Of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment He was discharged in October, 1782.]
[Note 32: Maj. Coggeshall Olney, of Olney's Rhode Island battalion. He served to March, 1783.]
Head Quarters, August 18, 1781.
Sir: Before Mr. Morris left Camp he made a proposal which he desired might be communicated to your Excellency. He informed me that he understood Mr. Tarlé had between two and three thousand Barrels of Flour upon the upper parts of the North River, and as he imagined it could not now be wanted in that quarter he made an offer of supplying you with an equal quantity to the southward, if that above should be delivered to our Commissary General. I shall be obliged by your making Mr. Tarlé acquainted with the above, and if it can be transacted upon the terms proposed by Mr. Morris, I shall be glad to know the exact quantity and where Mr. Tarlé would chuse to have the Flour which is to be given in exchange deposited. I have the honor etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, August 18, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am much disappointed in not having the Boats sent from Wapping Creek to King's Ferry, as requested by Colonel Pickering. You will be pleased, on the receipt of this, to order One hundred and fifty Men to bring thirty of the aforesaid Boats to Kings Ferry; from whence the Men may return immediately to West Point. I am etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs' Ferry, August 18, 1781.
Sir: Congress having, in their late Regulations, respecting promotion, pointed out certain districts in which Battalion Officers are to be promoted to the Rank of Brigadrs by seniority, the senior Colonels in those Districts who suppose themselves, in consequence of that Resolution, entitled to succeed as Brigadiers to the command of the Brigades which are now Vacant, are anxious respecting their present situation. Frequent applications have been made by the General Officers on that subject, and I have engaged to represent the state of the matter to Congress.
I have also thought proper to forward to your Excellency the enclosed representation made on the same subject by the General and Field Officers of the Connecticut and Rhode Island Lines; and beg leave to submit to Congress the propriety and expediency of making the appointments in the several Districts in which there are vacancies, agreeable to the plan prescribed in their act of the 25th of May last. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, August 18, 1781.
Sir: Agreeable to an order of Congress of the 10th. of May last I appointed a Board of Officers to consider and determine upon the Memorial of Udney Hay Esqs. I do myself the honor to inclose a copy of their Report37 and am etc.38
[Note 37: The original proceedings of the board (Aug. 16, 1781) are in the Washington Papers, and a copy is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 38: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs ferry, Sunday, August 19, 1781.
Parole White Plains. Countersigns Northcastle, Pinesbridge.
Two Companies each to consist of a Captain, two Subs four Serjeants and Fifty Rank and File, are to be immediately formed from the Connecticut Line and join the Light troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton it is expected that the companies will be composed of good men engaged either for the War or three years.
Major Gibbs is to join the Battalion of Light infantry commanded by Colonel Vose in the room of Major Galvan whose bad Health obliged him to leave that corps.
Lieutenant Colonel Grosvenor is appointed to do the duty of Deputy Adjutant General to the Troops placed under the immediate command of Major General Heath.
The General Court Martial of which Colonel H. Jackson is President will assemble at Peekskill on Thursday next. It is expected the most punctual attention will be paid to this order.
Head Quarters, August 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: Circumstances have rendered it necessary to change our plan of operation, and I am going myself with a detachment of the Army to the southward. As the troops which will principally compose this detachment are those which were intended for your command, I think it proper to make you the offer of going with them, at the same time desiring you to inform me without reserve if you would wish to decline the command on account of your domestic concerns, or for any other reason. If you determine to go you will join me without loss of time at Kings ferry, or if not, you will inform me immediately that I may appoint another Officer.
I refer you to General Knox for a detail of the business in contemplation.
You will be pleased to direct all the detachments from Colo. Olneys Regt. whether at the point or upon any other duty immediately to join the Regt. at Kings ferry. And you will hold the four Companies of Courtlands ready to move to Kings ferry the moment the others come down the River. Should any small detachments from Van Schaick's or Hazen's yet remain above they are to be sent to Kings ferry likewise. I am &c.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters near Dobbs Ferry, August 19, 1781.
Sir: You are to take the Command of all the Troops remaining in this Department, consisting of the Two Regiments of New Hampshire, Ten of Massachusetts, and five of Connecticut Infantry, the Corps of Invalids, Sheldons Legion, the third Regiment of Artillery, together with all such State Troops and Militia as are retained in Service, of those which would have been under my own Command.
The Security of West Point and the Posts in the Highlands is to be considered as the first Object of your Attention. In order to effect this, you will make such Dispositions, as in your Judgment, the Circumstances shall from Time to Time require; taking Care to have as large a Supply of salted Provisions as possible constantly on Hand; to have the Fortifications, Works and Magazines repaired and perfected as far as may be; to have the Garrison, at least, in all Cases, kept up to its present Strength; to have the minutes Plans and Arrangements for the Defence and Support of this important Post perfectly understood and vigorously executed in Case of any Attempt against it. Ample Magazines of Wood and Forage are to be laid in against the Approaching Winter; the former should be cut on the Margin of the River, and transported to the Garrison by Water; the latter ought to be collected from the Country below the Lines, in the greatest Quantities possible, and deposited in such Places as you shall judge proper.
The Force now put under your Orders it is presumed, will be sufficient for all the Purposes abovementioned; as well as to yield a very considerable protection and cover to the Country, without hazarding the Safety of the Posts in the Highlands; this is to be esteemed, as it respects the friendly Inhabitants and Resources of the Country, an extreamly interesting Object; but when compared with the former, of a secondary Nature.
The protection of the Northern and Western Frontier of the State of N York, as well as those Parts of that and other States most contiguous and exposed to the Ravages and Depredations of the Enemy, will claim your Attention. But as the Contingencies which are to be expected in the Course of the Campaign, may be so various, unforeseen, and almost infinite, that no particular Line of Conduct can be prescribed for them; upon all such Occasions, you will be governed by your own Prudence and Discretion, on which the fullest Confidence is placed.
Altho your general Rule of Conduct will be to act on the defensive only, yet it is not meant to prohibit you from striking a Blow at the Enemys Posts or Detachments, should a fair Opportunity present itself.
The most eligible Position for your Army, in my Opinion, will be above (that is on the North Side) of the Croton, as well for the Purpose of supporting the Garrison of West Point, annoying the Enemy, and covering the Country, as for the Security and repose of your own Troops. Waterburys Brigade (which may be posted towards the Sound) Sheldons Corps, the State Troops of New York, and other light Parties, may occasionally be made Use of to hold the Enemy in Check, and carry on the Petit Guerre with them; but I would recommend keeping your Force as much collected and as compact as the Nature of the Service will admit, doing duty by Corps, instead of Detachments, whenever it is practicable; and above all exerting yourself most strenuously and assiduously, while the Troops are in a Camp of repose, to make them perfect in their Exercise and Maneuvres, and to establish the most perfect System of Discipline and Duty; the good of the Service, and Emulation of Corps, will I am perswaded, prompt the Officers and Men to devote their whole Time and attention to the pleasing and honorable Task of becoming Masters of their Profession.
The Uncertainty which the present Movement of the Army will probably occasion with the Enemy, ought to be encreased by every Means in your Power, and the Deception kept up as long as possible.
It will not be expedient to prevent the Militia which were ordered, from coming in, until the Arrival of the Count de Grasse, or something definite and certain is known, from the Southward, [and even then circumstances may (but of this you will be advised) render it advisable to keep the enemy at New York in check to prevent their detaching to reinforce their Southern Army or to harrass the Inhabitants on the Sea coast.]
The Redoubt on the East Side of Dobbs Ferry is to be dismantlled and demolished, the Platforms to be taken up, and transported up the River, if it can conveniently be done. The Block House on the other Side to be maintained or evacuated and Destroyed as you shall think proper; the Water Guards, and other Precautions to prevent a Surprize, you will be pleased to take into your Consideration, and regulate in such a Manner as you shall judge most expedient. You will be pleased also to keep me regularly advised of every important Event which shall take Place in your Department.
P.S. By the Act of Congress of the 3d. of Octo. 1780, a Return is to be made to them annually on or before the first of Septemr. of the Troops belonging to the several States, that Requisitions may be made for the compleating the same. This you will be pleased to have done by the Troops under your Command.
The Preservation of the Boats is a Matter of very great Importance, to which you will attend; let all the new Boats, and such others as are not absolutely necessary, and allotted to the Service of the Garrison, be hauled up, and put under the Care of a Guard, is that the Person to whom they are committed shall be accountable for every Boat.
The Abuses committed by People belonging to commissioned Whale Boats on Long Island ought to be enquired into, and suppressed, especially as Congress have ordered those Commissions to be revoked.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., The portion in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Washington, and his spelling and capitalization are here followed.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 19, 1781.
Sir: You will march immediately with the Jersey Line and Hazens Regt. to the Heights between Chatham and Springfield. You will take the most eligible position and encamp there.
You will give Colo. Seely orders to remain at Dobbs's Ferry untill Wednesday when he is to march and join you. You will order him, in a very particular manner, to keep scouts and Patroles towards Bergen, and to take every precaution agt. a surprise.
There will be a French Bakery established at Chatham. You are to furnish a small Guard for it, and give them any assistance they may want. I am &c.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, August 21, 1781.
Sir: The almost daily complaints of the severities exercised towards the American Marine prisoners in New York, have induced the Honble. the Congress of the United States to direct me to remonstrate to the Commanding Officer of his Britannic Majesty's Ships of War in that Harbour, upon the subject, and to report to them his answer. The principle Complaint now is, the inadequacy of the room in the prison ships to the number of prisoners confined on board them, which causes the death of many and is the occasion of most intolerable inconveniences and distresses to those who survive. This line of conduct is the more aggravating, as a want of a greater number of prison ships or of sufficient room on shore cannot be plead in excuse.
As a bare denial of what has been asserted by so many individuals, who have unfortunately experienced the miseries I have mentioned, will not be satisfactory I have to propose, that our Commissary General of Prisoners, or any other Officer who shall be agreed upon, shall have liberty to visit the Ships, inspect the situation of the prisoners and make a report from an exact survey, of the situation in which they may be found, and whether in his opinion there has been any just cause of complaint. I shall be glad to be favoured with an answer as soon as convenient. I have the honor etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter was answered August 30 by Capt. Edmund Affleck, of the British Navy, which letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Sept. 4, 1781.)]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 21, 1781.
Sir: I have this Moment the Honor of your Letter pr Monsr Blanchard.43 I am very sorry for the Difficulties and Impediments which fall in the Way of your March, and hope they will decrease as you proceed.
[Note 43: Claude Blanchard, Commissary of the French Army.]
I have the Pleasure to inform your Excellency that My Troops arrived at the Ferry Yesterday and began to pass the River at 10 oClock in the Morng. and by Sunrise of this Day, they were all compleatly on this Side the River. I hope your Army will be enabled to cross with the same Facility when they arrive.44
[Note 44: "During the passing of the French Army I mounted 30 flat Boats (able to carry about 40 Men each) upon carriages as well with a design to deceive the enemy as to our real movement, as to be useful to me in Virginia when I get there. Some of the french Artillery wch. preceeded their Infantry got to the ferry and crossed it also."-- Washington's Diary, Aug. 21, 1781.
The French Army, its baggage, and stores were all across the Hudson on August 25.
"By these maneuvres and the correspondent march of the Troops, our own army no less than the Enemy were completely deceived. No movement perhaps was ever attended with more conjectures, or such as were more curious, than this. Some were indeed laughable enow'; but not one, I believe, penetrated the real design." From the diary of Lieut. Col. Jonathan Trumbull, jr.., under date of Aug. 21, 1781, in the Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, vol. 14, p. 332.]
I have no News worthy Communication from any Quarter. [ sic] Shall be happy in your Company Tomorrow at Dinner at my Quarters and will meet you at the Ferry Tomorrow by 8 oClock, when we will either be furnished with some Cold Repast en passant, or will take you to my Quarters about 3 Miles from the Ferry, where you shall be introduced to a Warm Breakfast. I have the Honor etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 46: Of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 21, 1781.
Sir: I feel myself unhappy in being obliged to inform you, that the Circumstances in which I find myself at this late Period, have induced me to make an Alteration of the main Object which was at first adopted, and has hitherto been held in View, for the Operations of this Campaign. It gives me pain to say, that the Delay in the several States to comply with my Requisitions of the 24th of May last, on which in a great Measure depended the Hopes of our Success in that Attempt, has been one great and operative Reason to lead to this Alteration. Other Circumstances, it is true, have had their Weight in this Determination, and it may in the Course of Events, prove happy to the States, that this Deviation from our main Design has been adopted.
The Fleet of the Count de Grasse, with a Body of French Troops on Board, will make its first Appearance in the Chesapeak; which, should the Time of the Fleets Arrival prove favorable, and should the Enemy under Lord Cornwallis hold their present Position in Virginia, will give us the fairest Opportunity to reduce the whole British Force in the South, and to ruin their boasted Expectations in that Quarter: to effect this desirable Object, it has been judged expedient, taking into Consideration our own present Circumstances, with the Scituation of the Enemy in New York and at the Southward, to abandon the Seige of the former, and to march a Body of Troops, consisting of a Detachment from the American Army, with the whole of the French Troops, immediately to Virginia. With this Detachment, which will be very considerable, I have determined to march myself. The American Troops are already on the West Side of the Hudson, and the French Army will arrive at Kings Ferry this Day. When the whole are crossed, our March will be continued with as much Dispatch as Circumstances will admit. The American Army which will remain in this Department, excepting two light Companys and some few Detachments, consists of the two New Hampshire Regiments, Ten of Massachusetts five of Connecticut Infantry, with Sheldons Legion, Cranes Artillery, the State Troops and Militia, which with proper Exertions of the States, will it is expected, be sufficient to hold the Enemy in Check at New York and prevent their Ravages on the Frontier. The Command, during my Absence is given to Major General Heath, who will have the Honor to communicate with the States, on every Occasion which may require their Attention.
As the Enemys Force in New York has been for some Time past very considerable, and it is reported with a good Degree of Certainty, that they have lately received a very respectable Reinforcement of German Recruits from Europe, it will be necessary still to send forward a great Part, if not the whole of the Militia requested from your State, in the same Manner as 'tho no Alteration had taken Place in our Measures. You will therefore continue to send on at least 400 Men from your State to the Order of Genl Heath, with as much Dispatch as possible, unless you should be informed from him that this Number need not be compleated.
On this Occasion, I cannot omit to repeat to you my Opinion, of the absolute Importance of filling your Continental Battalions to their compleat Numbers, for the War, or three Years. Not only our past Experience for a Course of Years, but our present Scituation should strongly inforce the Necessity of this Measure. Every Campaign teaches us the increasing Difficulty and Expence of procuring short-termed Levies, and their decreasing Utility in the Field. The large Reinforcements which the Enemy have this Campaign sent to America, strongly indicates their Expectations of the Continuance of the War; should that be the Case, the best Way to meet them is certainly with a permanent Force. but, should the War be drawing towards a Close, a permanent and respectable Army will give us the happiest Prospects of a favorable Peace. In every View, a permanent Army, should be the great Object of the States to obtain, as they regard sound Policy, Prudence or Economy. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. August 24, 1781.
By your Letter of 13th inst. which is just come to hand, it seems that mine of the 15th June last, has not reach'd you; from that Letter, had it come to your hand, you wou'd have been acquainted with the time of the March of your Militia to Camp, and an additional number of 250 Men, requested as your Quota, to supply the Deficiency from the State of Pennsylvania, their Militia being ordered to go Southward.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.; the P.S. is in that of David Cobb. From the circular sent to New Hampshire, which evidently was not sent until August 24. Those sent to the other States did not, of course, contain the P.S., and according to the indorsement on the draft the number of men called for was, from Massachusetts, 1,800; Connecticut, 1,400; and New Jersey, 500. The Connecticut circular (in the Connecticut State Library) shows a few verbal variations from the above and adds at the end: "or in a Word, as they wish to see a happy Establishment to their Independence." The circular to Connecticut was dated Aug. 22, 1781.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 21, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have devoted the first moment of my time which I could command (while the troops are halted for the french Army at this place) to give my sentiments unreservedly on the several matters contained in your favor of the 13th Inst.48 this I will attempt to do, with all that frankness, and sincerity,
[Note 48: This letter, signed by Robert Morris and Richard Peters, is in the Washington Papers.] which from your own candor in your communications you have a right to expect, and for doing which with the greater freedom, the importance of the Subject will be my apology. Persuaded that we are influenced by the same motives and anxious in the pursuit of the same object; I am only unhappy, that I should be forced to dissent in a single instance, from the opinion of those, for whose judgment and ability I have the highest deference, respecting the surest and best mode for attaining that object.
But being at the same time, fully sensible of the necessity of prosecuting the War with as much vigor as our circumstances will admit, and of using the strictest oeconomy in the prosecution of it. Upon these very principles, I beg leave to give it as my opinion, that a reduction of the number of Officers and Men as fixed by the last arrangement, or any material alteration of the establishment of the Army for the next Campaign, would not in the present situation of affairs be expedient for the following reasons.
In the first place, because, the Enemy must resolve to prosecute the War, or be disposed to make a Peace, in either of which cases, a respectable Army in the field on our part, will, I conceive, more than compensate the expences of it; and will eventually be the best and most oeconomical system of policy we can possibly act upon. For should the Enemy still be determined to carry on the War with obstinacy, not only policy, but even necessity would urge us to keep up a superior Army as the surest and only means of forcing them to a Peace and freeing us from the calamities and expences of the War, as it is evident from many circumstances that they have relied more for success, on our want of exertions, than upon their own Military prowess or resources, and that this has been one principal inducement of their persevering hitherto. But on the other hand, should they be inclined to a Pacification, a powerful and well appointed Army would both enable us to dictate our own terms at the Negociation and hasten the completion of it.
In addition to this, whoever considers how much more expensive and less serviceable Militia are than Continental Troops, how heavy and repeated a burden on the public their Bounties are, when they are hired; when Drafted, how disagreeable and frequently distressing for them to be torn from their families to a life with which they are totally unacquainted; how precarious and uncertain the aid is, which may be expected from them in such cases. What glorious opportunities have been lost by us, and what almost ruinous advantages have been taken by the Enemy, in the times of our weakness, for want of a permanent force in the field; will I am persuaded be convinced, that we ought to have constantly such an Army as is sufficient to operate against the Enemy, and supersede the necessity of calling forth the Militia, except on the most extraordinary occasions.
I will also beg leave to remind you Gentlemen, of the great reduction of the number of Regts. on the Continental Establishment, viz from 116 to 50 since the year 1777, and to observe, in consequence that, in my opinion, we do not find the Enemy so much exhausted, or their strength so debilitated, as to warrant any farther diminution of our established force; by one of the late intercepted Letters from Lord George Germain, it appears the Enemy considered the number of Men in their Provincial Corps only, greater than the whole number of Men in the service of the Continent, since which time, the reinforcements that have arrived from Europe, amount, by the best accounts I have been able to obtain, to at least 4000 Men.
That the States are able, by proper exertions to furnish the number of men required by the last Arrangement of the Army, may I think rationally be supposed; as the population in many of them have rather encreased than diminished since the commencement of the War; and as the greater part of them do actually, when called upon in an immergency, give a sufficient number of Men for services of short duration, to compleat their Continental Regts; that the Country abounds with supplies of all kinds is acknowledged from all quarters. Whether the men can be obtained or the Resources drawn forth is more than I will presume with certainty to determine; but one thing is certain, that it is idle to contend against great odds, when we have it in our power, to do it upon equal, or even advantageous terms.
There are also several Arguments which I omit to enforce, that might be adduced particularly to prove the impropriety of reducing the Number of Officers, or making any considerable alteration in the system; such as our having found by experience, that the proportion of Officers is not too great for the number of men; that the same or a greater proportion has been esteemed necessary in other more antient services and that the full complement is more indispensably requisite in ours, because there are a larger number of Levies and Recruits to train and discipline annually than are to be found in the Regts. of other Nations; and because a greater number of Officers are taken from the Line to perform the duties of the Staff than in most other Services. It is likewise an established fact, that every alteration in the Military System or change in the Arrangement, unless founded in the most obvious principles of utility is attended with uneasiness among the Officers, confusion with regard to the disposition of the Men, and frequently with irregularities and disagreeable consequences before it can be carried compleatly into execution. Perfect order throughout the whole Army, has but just been restored since the last Arrangement took place. Another innovation, in the present situation might be more mischeivous in its effect.
Thus I have, Gentlemen, from a desire of faithfully performing my duty, from the experience (of whatever degree it is) which I have acquired in the service of my Country, and from the knowledge I have of the present state of the Army, given my sentiments on the first of your queries, which likewise involves the Ansr to the second. With regard to the third, I am of opinion, that the Recruits ought if possible to be engaged for the War or three Years; but if this cannot be done that the Community district, or Class, furnishing a man for a shorter term of service, ought to be compellable to have him replaced by the period, when his time of service expires, and that funds ought to be established (if practicable) for recruiting the Men engaged for short services while they continue with the Army, as it is found by experience, they may be inlisted with more facility and less expence than under any other circumstances. With respect to the 4th 5th and 6th queries, I am in doubt, whether any alteration can be made on those subjects which shall tend essentially (all things considered) to the public Good.49 I have the honor etc.50
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 50: The fourth, fifth, and sixth queries in Morris's and Peters's letter were: "4th What Regulations can be made to modify the Practice of taking Soldiers from the Line as Servants to Officers? On this Head we beg Leave to submit to your Opinion a Copy of a Motion made in Congress on this Subject. 5. What is to be done with Officers by Brevet or those who have no particular Commands? Can they not be placed in the Regiments or retire on Half pay? 6. Would it be practicable consistent with Justice and the Good of the Service to call into actual Service Officers who have retired on half Pay by the former Arrangement to fill Vacancies happening in the Lines to which they respectively belong?"]
Kings Ferry, August 21, 1781.
Sir: I shall not be able to reach Springfield, with the Army, as soon as I expected; for which Reason I desire you will continue to perform the Duties I directed Colo Dayton to enjoin on you, 'till you hear further from me, or from Genl Lincoln by my Order.
When the French Army have crossed the River and the whole are ready to take up a proper Line of March, you will be informed of it, and will be directed to proceed towards Springfield in such a Manner as will best correspond with the general Movement.
I beg you will be pointed in observing these Directions; that you will keep a good lookout, by Land and Water, towards York Island; and inform me of every Thing that stirs worth Notice; and of the Intelligence you may get from thence if it is of Importance sufficient to communicate it by Express. I am &c.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 21, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: Agreable to my Intentions communicated to you the 15th. Instant. The Troops destined for the Southern Quarter are now in Motion. The American detachment is already on the West Side of the Hudson. The French Army I expect will reach the Ferry this Day. Our March will be continued with all the Dispatch that our Circumstances will admit.
Immediately on Receipt of this you will be pleased to inform yourself, as speedily as possible, of the Number of Waggons and Horses which may be collected in Virginia for the use of the Detachment with me, and for the French Army if needed of which, as soon as you have obtained a knowledge you will give me the earliest Information. I have but little expectation that you can collect in Virginia any Covered Waggons on this Occasion, for which reason I shall take on with me a Number of that Kind. In giving me the Information requested, you will extend your Enquiry to the Number and Kind of Waggons, and the Number of Horses which may be collected in a given time.
As it will be of great importance towards the Success of our present Enterprize that the Enemy on the arrival of the Fleet, should not have it in their Power to effect their Retreat. I cannot omit to repeat to you my most earnest Wish, that the Land and Naval Force which you, will have with you, may so combine their Operations, that the British Army may not be able to escape you; the particular mode of doing this I shall not at this Distance attempt to dictate; your own Knowledge of the Country from your long Continuance in it, and the various and extended Movements which you have made have given you great Opportunity for Observation; of which I am persuaded your Military Genius and Judgment, will lead you to make the best Improvement.
You will my Dear Marquis keep me constantly advised of every important Event respecting the Enemy or yourself. I am &c.
P.S. The inclosed for the Count de Grasse is left open for your Observation and committed to your care for its safe Conveyance. If any Water Craft can be procured in the Country where you are, you will be pleased to have them sent to the Head of Elk by the 8th. of September, to facilitate the Embarkation of the Troops which will be there by that Day.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
In the Washington Papers is a memorandum, written and signed by Richard Varick, of an "Invoice of Articles of Baggage of his Excellency Genl Washington left in my Charge June 25th. 1781 and sent to Hd. Qrts. Augt. 21. 1781. 1 Large Chest with Red Oil Cloth Covering. 1 Large round Cover Hair Trunk. 4 Black Leather Campaign Trunks with Leather Straps. 1 Box with a Saddle and I think one or two Bridles. A Pair of Canteens compleat with White Glass Bottles and brass topp'd Coiks &ca. 2 Small Leather Portmanteau Trunks. 1 Tea Box with Cannisters. 1 large Map of South Carolina and Georgia."]
[Note 53: The drafts of both questions and answers are in the writing of Tench Tilghman on separate documents. Rochambeau's questions, where it seems necessary to give them, are condensed and paraphrased sufficiently to explain Washington's answers.]
Kings Ferry, August 22, 1781.
1st. Peekskill may not be an improper place for an Hospital of Convalescents or such persons as may be able to move themselves without the assistance of Carriages, but I should not think a permanent Hospital would be safe there, since we have so large a detachment from the Army. For the same reason I think it an improper place for a deposit of any kind of stores. 2d. Qt. Are any stores to be left at Peekskill?
2d. This is answered under the first Head.
3d. Qr. In event of Genl. Heath being obliged to retreat to Fishkill and West Point, what place should be chosen for the stores?
3rd. At either New Windsor, Newburgh, Fishkill Landing or Fishkill Town. At the two first there are no public Buildings but what are in use, but there are several private Stores which might be hired. At the third there are no public buildings of any consequence. I make no doubt but part of the Barracks or some of the public Buildings at Fishkill town might be spared. At West Point we have not sufficient room for the stores which ought to be constantly kept there.
4th. Qr. Will the route from Boston to the North River via Danbury be safe, especially for the conveyance of money?
4th. The shortest and safest Route from Boston to the North River is through Springfield and to Claverac. At any rate I do not think the Route ought to be below Litchfield and from thence to Fishkill.
5th. I have not yet openly taken measures for procuring Vessels upon the Delaware, altho' I have hinted to Mr. Morris that they will be wanted at a proper time. I would propose that the American Qr. Mr. General should engage all the proper kind of Craft upon the Delaware for the transportation of the troops and Stores from Trenton and that the expence should be paid by the French and Americans in proportion to the number of Men and quantity of Stores transported.
6th. Qr. To what points will the boats carry us?
6. To Wilmington near the mouth of Christiana Creek; to Newport, four Miles above Wilmington, or Christiana Bridge nine Miles above it, as the circumstances of Wind and Weather will permit.
7. The number of Carriages necessary for the transport of the Artillery and Baggage is so much greater than can be procured in the Country between Christiana and Elk, that I would propose that all the teams fit for further service upon our arrival at Trenton should be sent across the Country to Wilmington; the deficiency may be made up in that neighbourhood.
8th. Qt. If the Troops embark at Trenton to go down the Delaware what Road will the Waggons and Horses take: Must they be sent to the Head of Elk to be embarked there, or will they be sent to Susquehannah Ferry to be brought down to Alexandria?
8. They will be sent to Wilmington for the reasons above assigned, which is exactly in the Route to the Head of Elk. It will be determined upon our arrival at Elk whether they are to proceed by land or sent down the Bay by Water.
9. I have every reason to believe that there are few or no vessels at this time at Baltimore or at any place in the upper part of Chesapeak Bay, and for that reason your Excellency will be pleased to remember that we in our joint letter recommended it to Count de Grasse to send up all his Frigates and Transports to Elk River. But as it is a matter of the utmost importance, it may not be amiss for your Excellency to repeat the request either immediately to Count de Grasse or through the Minister of France.
10th. Qr. Ought not hospitals and provisions be immediately provided for the march to the Head of Elk?
10th. It will perhaps be more expedient to delay this untill our arrival at Springfield, lest doing it sooner should expose our design.
[Note 54: Lieutenant colonel of the Regiment Bouillon, and major general and intendant, French Army in America.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 22, 1781.
Sir: You will oblige me by letting me know the Quantity of Flour which you propose to deliver to my Commy. General upon the North River, and where you would chuse to have the like quantity to replace it, delivered, and in what time. This last is particularly necessary to enable me to inform Mr. Morris, that he may make his purchases accordingly. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, King's Ferry, Wednesday, August 22, 1781.
Parole Rochambeau. Countersigns Viomenil, Chattellux.
That part of the Orders of the 19th. of June last which relates to the Transportation of Baggage is so explicit that the General thinks it unnecessary to add anything on the Subject.
Yet as the Detachment now under the particular direction of Major General Lincoln are to consider themselves as Light-troops who are always supposed to be fit for action and free from every incumbrance. He cannot help advising them to take the present opportunity of depositing at West Point such of their Women as are not able to undergo the fatigue of frequent marches and also every article of Baggage which they can in any wise dispence with and expects that Major General Lincoln and the Officers commanding Corps will pay particular attention to this seasonable admonition as they will thereby (in all probability) avoid evils which cannot be hereafter remedied though they may now be prevented.
As great inconveniencies have arisen in the transportation of Baggage from officers commanding regiments procuring a greater number of waggons than is their proportion and from not having the Tents and baggage of the officers conveyed in different Waggons from those that carry the Soldiers tents, to prevent such irregularities in future the Commander in Chief directs the following allowance of Waggons vizt.
To the Field Officer of a regiment, one covered waggon
To the regimental Staff Captains and Subs: two coverd and one open waggons
To every hundred men one open Waggon.
And particularly enjoins it on commanding officers of regiments and corps to see that the tents and Baggage of the officers are convey'd in their proper Waggons and the Waggon Master General is directed to throw away any officers baggage that he finds loaded in those Waggons that are appropriated for the Soldiers Tents.
Head Quarters, August 22, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have to request you immediately to assemble all the Recruits in the State of Pennsilvania at their respective particular places of Rendesvous, where they may be properly equipped, to march on the shortest notice, to the Southward; and those Recruits that are raised in the State of Delaware, I wish you to inform, whoever has the direction of them, that they assemble Wilmington and be in the utmost readiness so as to march when they receive my further orders. I am &c.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, Haverstraw, Friday, August 24, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A Subaltern from Colonel Van Schaicks regiment will join the Light Infantry under Colonel Scammell to do the duty of Quarter Master in that corps.
Head Quarters, Kings ferry, August 24, 1781.
Sir: I take the earliest Opportunity to inform your Excellency, that by a letter which the Count de Rochambeau has received from Newport, The Count de Barras has taken a Resolution to join your Fleet in the Chesapeak; for which Purpose he intended, if the Winds should prove favorable, to depart from Newport on the 21st. instant. This Information is communicated to your Excellency, that you may take such Measures as you shall think proper, to facilitate the intended Junction.
From the Progress already made in our March towards the Chesapeak, it is estimated that the Troops may arrive at the Head of Elk by the Eighth of September.57
[Note 57: Washington himself reached the Head of Elk on September 6.]
That no Delay may retard our Embarkation, I take the Liberty again to urge the Necessity of your Excellency's sending up all your Frigates and Transports to the Head of Elk in such Time that they may be sure of being there by the 8th. of the next Month. I have the Honor etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: Immediately after you left Camp I applied to Mr. Tarlé the French Intendant and requested to know the quantity of Flour which he could spare us and where he would wish to have it replaced. I have not been able to ascertain either of these points, but from a conversation which passed yesterday between Mr. Tarlé and Colo. Stewart on the subject, I do not imagine we shall obtain more than 1000 or 1200 Barrels in this quarter; and as the whole or the greater part which is to be given in return will be wanted to the southward, I think you may with safety prepare a few hundred Barrels in Philada. at which place the French will have a quantity of Bread Baked and the remainder at the Head of Elk and upon Chesapeak. The moment I know with more certainty, I will inform you.
We have been delayed here longer than I expected, by the difficulty of crossing the North River. The American Troops march tomorrow Morning and I hope by the time we reach Springfield we shall hear of the arrival of the fleet in Chesapeak. After that, our design may be unmasked. It will take a very considerable number of Craft to carry us down the Delaware and I shall be obliged to you for keeping in mind my request, that you would assist the Qr. Mr. in procuring them and the Vessels in Chesapeak should he call upon you for that Purpose. I am.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: Colo. Pickering is in want of Three Travelling Forges to compleat the number for the Troops on this side the River, I wish you to supply them from your Command, and have them replaced from West Point, where there is a number that may be fit for service with very small repairs. I am &c.60
[Note 60: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Haverstraw, August 24, 1781.
Dr. Sir: You will please to furnish the Teams required by the Qr. Mr. General without a moments delay; these [same]61 Teams, or some others, may reach you in time to answer the purposes you speak of, I am halted for want of them and have my movements, the success of which depends absolutely upon celerity, impeded.
[Note 61: The word "same" was inserted by Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, in his writing, is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
Colo. Smith will apply for a party to assist the transportation at the ferry which I desire may be furnished immediately. withesteem etc.
Kings Ferry, August 24, 1781.
Sir: The Detachment under your Command is to march to Springfield in New Jersey, by two Routs; the left Column with which you will go, is to be compos'd of the light Troops, and York Regiments (if Courtlands should get up to you in time) and four light field pieces with the Baggage of these sevl. Corps. the right column is to consist of the Parke of Artillery; Ordnance Stores; The Quarter Masters and Commissary Stores the Baggage of the Staff; the Cloathing, Boats, and other things, covered by Colo. Olneys Regiment and the Corps of Saprs. and Mrs.
The left Column will March on the 25th. within 3 Miles of Paramus; 26th. two Miles below Acquakenach Bridge, 27th. to Springfield. The right column will march the same day three miles beyond Suffrans. 26. 5 Miles beyond Pompton on the road to the two Bridges at the fork of Posaic. 27. Back of the Mountain to Chatham.
In these positions the whole will halt till further orders. The Jersey Troops are to be put in condition to march the moment you arrive at Springfield together with Hazens Regiment. [When the march is commenced from Springfield the following will be the Route and distances:]
To bound brooke
to Rocky hill
--Trenton.62
[Note 62: The figures 29, 30, and 31 were prefixed to Bound Brook, Rocky Hill, and Trenton, but afterwards crossed off.]
[And when] our destination is no longer a secret, you will send forward an Officer of activity and resource to Trenton, to arrange matters for passing the covered and such other Waggons as the Qr. Master Genl. shall think necessary, over the River; as also the Artillery, and such of the Ordnance Stores, as Genl. Knox, or the Officer commanding it may choose to send to the head of Elk by Land. The Troops, Common Baggage, and other things are to go by Water, if the means of transportation can be provided; but as this is scarcely to be expected, a due proportion of what is provided must be allotted to the French Army.
The Troops, Baggage and Stores which go by Water are not to halt at Phila. but to proceed immediately to Christiana Bridge; or as near to it as circumstances will admit. Nor is there to be a moments unnecessary delay of any thing that moves by Land to the head of Elk.
The success of our enterprize depends upon the celerity of our Movements; delay therefore, may be ruinous to it.63
[Note 63: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "I have put Colo. Seeley who Commands the Jersey Militia in the vicinity of Dobbs ferry under your orders; it will be proper therefore to direct him to march for Hackensack on the same day that you march for Acqua Kanack; and for the Connecticut Farms the day you march for Springfield where or in that Neighbourhood he is [ sic] remain, keeping constant patroles on the Sound as far as Amboy till the French Army has passed Princeton and then act under the orders he may receive from Governor Livingston."]
I do not hesitate in giving it as my opinion that every horse and Oxen should be Swam over the Delaware. A few Boats above and below the place they are made to enter the River, to give them a proper direction, will remove all difficulty and greatly facilitate the passage across.
Kings ferry, August 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: Be so good as to use your best endeavors to obtain intelligence from York and Staten Island, that we may know what effect our late movements have produced. ascertain the strength of the enemy on Staten Island; and whether any Troops have arrived from Virginia. What Boats could, on an emergency, be procured between New Ark and Amboy for transporting Troops if they should be required. and hold your own Corps and Hazens Regiment provided with teams to move your light Baggage at any moment.
Let your Expresses (if you should have occasion to send any) come from Chatham by the two Bridges at the Fork, to Pompton and thence along the common Road to this place. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Kings ferry, August 24, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: I have sent Major Gibbs to join your Corps in the room of Major Galvan, as you are so well acquainted with the former I need say nothing more respecting him, but that I am persuaded he will equal your most favorable expectations. It was impossible with any propriety to have ordered that Gentleman you Mention'd on that service, after he had been employed the whole of the last Campaign in the Light Corps. With every sentiment of affection etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Kings Ferry, August 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of yesterday. There is nothing in Count de Grasse having arrived at New Port. I imagine the fear of his coming upon the Coast has made Graves run in. You will continue to Watch the Motions of the fleet at the Hook and inform me of any alterations in their situation. I am moving with part of the Army to Springfield. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 9th Inst. together with the enclosure from the Marquis de la Fayette of the 6th. Long before this time, I flatter myself the 3d Regt. and all the Levies and Recruits which have been raised for the Maryland Line have marched to join the Army. If by any accident they have been detained beyond your expectations, I must urge in the most pressing Manner, that they should be ordered to march without a moments loss of time and join the Marquis in the first instance, who has my directions respecting their future Movement.
As to the request of Capt. Hughes,66 I do not think it can be consistently complied with, or that there can be sufficient reason to justify his resignation at this time, he ought therefore to join his Corps without delay, especially as Col Hazen is now promoted and not immediately connected with the Regt. I am &c.67
[Note 66: Capt. John Hughes, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He resigned in November, 1781.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 68: Formerly of the Third Continental Artillery, at this date in the Invalid Corps. He is stated to have served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 24, 1781.
Sir: Congress have been pleased to refer to me a petition from you to them for liberty to go a voyage to sea for the recovery of your Health. To this I consent, and you have leave of absence for Six Months, upon the following condition, that you do not go on board any armed Vessel as a marine Officer or in any character which shall entitle you to a share of prize Money. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 24, 1781.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th inst. is received. As the matter of a second Trial requested by you, was fully considered in my reply to you of the 6th. of April last, I cannot consent to order any Further Proceedings in your Case, and have only to request that this Letter may close the Correspondence on the Subject. I am &c.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Kings Ferry, August 22 [--24], 1781.
Sir: The failure of the necessary Aids requested from the several States, together with some other Circumstances, have determined me to abandon what was held as our first Object in the Operations of the Campaign, and obliged me to an Alteration of my Measures.
A Detachment from the American Troops, with the whole of the French Army, are now on their March to Virginia: I expect to find the French Fleet under Command of the Count De Grasse in the Chesapeak. If the Arrival of the Fleet should prove seasonable, and the British Troops under Lord Cornwallis should continue to hold their present Position, our Expectations of Success against the Enemy, are very promising.
The American Troops which remain in this Department, consist of the two Regiments of New Hampshire, ten of Massa., five of Connecticut Infantry, Sheldons Legion, Cranes Artillery, with the State Troops and militia. the Command of whom, during my Absence, is committed to Majr. General Heath; who will have the Honor to -correspond with the States on every Occasion which may require their Attention.
How far this Alteration in our main Designs may affect the Security of your State, your Excellency will be best able to determine; the other States are requested to send forward to the Orders of M Genl. Heath at least two thirds of their Number of Militia, which have been called for by former Requisition, to come on as tho no Alteration had taken Place in our Operations.
So long as the Count De Barras, with his Squadron, remains in your Harbour of Newport, it will be expected that the Militia will be kept up for his Aid and Security. If those Ships should leave the Island, I submit to your judgment the Expediency of keeping up the Post on Butts Hill, for the Protection of Rhode Island. I confess to you, that in my Opinion, it is an adviseable Step. In Case of an Attempt from the Enemy, a Force of Militia may probably be drawn together in Season for the Security of Providence, as Occasion may require. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. August 24, 1781. Your Excellency's Favr. of 13th inst. is just come to Hand. When I made my first Requisition for 500 Militia from your State to be placed on Rhode Island, it was expected, the Fleet of our Allies would have soon gone to Boston; that Event, had it taken place, would have relieved your Militia from their Tour of Service. The Fleet, contrary to our first Expectation, remaing. at Newport, has been the Reason of the Alteration in my Requisition, desiring the Continuance of your Militia; the same Reason operated to calling on the additional 500 from Massa., it being judged necessary to keep up a Body of 1000 Men, so long as the Fleet of our Allies continued in their present Situation. I can only say, that I am very sorry for the neglect or Inattention of your Sister State, who have been repeatedly requested to send on their Quota.
The State of Rhode Island, I think will be reconciled to my Requisitions, when they consider, that had not this Service turned up within their own State, their Proportion of Militia, with the other States, would have been called for to operate with me in the Field.
PS. Your letter of the 21st. is also this Moment received; should the Fleet have sailed, without your Vessel with the Salted Provisions, you'll please to reland it and put it [sic] Store for further Orders.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From a photostat kindly furnished by Mr. and Mrs. William Ely, of Providence, R. I.]
Head Quarters, August 25, 1781.
Sir: On the 27th. Instant you will commence your March with the Troops under your Command, from Dobb's Ferry on the Road by the New Bridge, thro' Acquacanacke to Springfield, where you will receive further Orders from Major Genl. Lincoln. I am &c.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Kings Ferry, August 25, 1781.
Sir: You will take charge of the Clothing, the Boats, Intrenching Tools, and such other Stores as shall be committed to your Care by the Quarter Master General: With these you are to proceed (in the Order they are mentioned) to Springfield, by the way of Sufferns, Pompton, the two Bridges and Chatham.
When you arrive at Springfield you will put yourself under the Orders of Majr. Genl. Lincoln, or any other (your Senr.) Officer commanding at that place.
You will also, if occasion should require it, alter the above Route agreeably to Orders from either Major Genl. Lincoln or the Quarter M. Genl.
You will be particularly careful to collect all your Men that are in a proper condition to march and will use your best endeavours to prevent destruction.73
[Note 73: Contemporary copy by George Taylor, jr.]
Ramapough, August 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: Yours of yesterday reached me at this place. The Report to which you allude is with my Baggage, but as I imagine you have a Copy of it, you will be pleased to Direct a Board to settle the Ranks of the subalterns who are interested, upon the principles established by the Board at Phillipsburg Camp. I am &c.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Chatham, August 27, 1781.
Sir: By intelligence which I have received since my arrival at this place, I find that the enemy have been throwing Troops upon Staten Island. This circumstance, and a desire of bringing up the rear of the two Armies will induce me to halt the American Troops one day at Springfield, as I pray your Excellency to do those of the French at Whippany.
This [halt]75 will be attended with76 no delay, as I could not, before this period, take measures to assemble the Vessels of Delaware, at Trenton, without announcing the object in view;
[Note 75: The word "halt" has been inserted by Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 76: Trumbull has crossed out "be attended with" and substituted the word "occasion."] but an Express being now gone for this77 purpose, I shall expect to have at least a part of them at that place by Friday next, to commence embarkation.
[Note 77: Trumbull has here substituted "that" for "this."]
I shall set out the day after tomorrow for Philadelphia, and should be glad to know your Excellency's determination respecting your journey thither; if to preceed your Army, we will appoint a rendezvous.
With the greatest respect etc.
Head Quarters, Chatham, August 27, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform Congress, that my Expectation of the Arrival of the Fleet of Monsr. De Grasse, in the Chesapeak Bay, with some other Circumstances, of which Congress were informed in my Letter of the 2d. Augst., and in which very little Alterations have since taken place, have induced me to make an Alteration in the concerted Operations of this Campaign. I am now on my March with a very considerable Detachment of the American Army, and the whole of the French Troops, for Virginia.
As I expect a few Days will bring me to Philadelphia, I shall then have the Honor to open my Motives and Intentions to Congress, more fully than it may be prudent to do by Letter at this Distance. I have the Honor etc.78
[Note 78: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Chatham, August 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: Accounts brought by several Vessels to Philada. and to the Eastward leave little doubt but that the Count de Grasse must have already arrived in the Chesapeak, or that he must be very soon there. The Count de Rochambeau and myself have therefore determined that no time ought to be lost in making preparations for our transportation from Trenton to Christiana and from the Head of Elk down the Chesapeak. I have written by this opportunity to Colo. Miles and have directed him immediately to engage all the proper kind of Craft for the navigation of the Delaware which can be found in Philada. or in the Creeks above and below it, and as your advice may be useful to him, more especially so far as respects procuring the Vessels at a distance from Philada., I have desired him to wait upon you for that purpose.
I shall also be obliged to you for using your influence with the Gentlemen of Baltimore to permit any Vessels which may be in that port to come up to Elk to assist us in transportation. I have little doubt, from the cheerfulness with which they furnished the Marquis last Winter, but they will comply with your requisition on the present occasion. But lest there should be a necessity for the interference of the Executive of the State, I have written to Governor Lee upon that and other matters. I inclose the letter under flying seal for your information, and you will be good enough to forward it by a Chain of Expresses which is established. Any Vessels which may be procured in Chesapeak should rendezvous as soon as possible in Elk River.
You will be pleased to make the deposit of Flour, Rum and Salt Meat at the Head of Elk which I requested in a former letter.
I am very fearful that about 1500 Bbls of salt provisions and 30 Hhds of Rum which I directed to be sent from Connecticut and Rhode Island under Convoy of the Count de Barras would not have been ready when the Fleet sailed from Newport. Should that have been the case, the disappointment will be great. I would wish you to see whether a like quantity of those Articles can be procured in Philada. or in Maryland, if we should find that they have not gone round from the Eastward.
I must entreat you, if possible to procure one months pay in specie for the detachment which I have under my command; part of those troops have not been paid any thing for a long time past, and have upon several occasions shewn marks of great discontent. The service they are going upon is disagreeable to the Northern Regiments, but I make no doubt that a douceur of a little hard money would put them in proper temper. If the whole sum cannot be obtained, a part of it will be better than none, as it may be distributed in proportion to the respective wants and claims of the Men.
The American detachment will assemble in this neighbourhood to day. The French Army to morrow. I have the honor etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Chatham, New Jersey, August 27, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: Your favr. of the 11th. did not reach me till yesterday morning. I so soon expect to see you that I shall defer entering into a particular answer to the Contents, part of which is of a very disagreeable nature and must be handled delicately.
The whole force intended for the southward will be assembled in this neighbourhood to day and to morrow and will proceed to Trenton as soon as Craft can be collected there to Transport them down the Delaware to Christiana. The celerity of their further movement will depend upon the arrival of the Count de Grasse and the means of transportation which it may be in his power to furnish.
Supposing the enemy to be held blockaded in certain positions, it will be necessary for me to know, before hand, what will be the proper place of debarkation for the French and American Troops, that we may steer immediately to that point, and at which there should be a collection of draft Horses and Cattle and some Waggons to move the Artillery and Stores which may be necessary for the immediate commencement of operations. I am endeavouring to send round (but I doubt whether I shall be able to effect it) a small supply of salt provisions. Should I fail, the Troops will have occasion for Fresh the instant of their arrival in Virginia. I would therefore wish, to avoid disappointment, that some Cattle might be prepared at the most probable place of debarkation, and I should also wish to know what are the chances or prospects of our supply while in Virginia.
Your answer to these points will meet me at the Head of Elk or upon my way thither, and as there is a possibility that I may be upon the Bay, you may, if the Navigation is in our possession, send a Copy of your Dispatches to the Head of Elk by Water.
Let me know what position you intend to take after you have formed a junction with the Troops with Mr. de Grasse and whether you do not think that James Town will be a proper place of debarkation for us, supposing the enemy remain in their present position of York and Gloucester? I am etc.
P.S. What number of intrenching tools have you and of what kinds.
Chatham, August 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: His Excellency desires me to inform you that he found the Road by Ogdens Iron Works difficult for the Boats, he therefore wishes you to keep upon the Road from Pompton to Morris Town untill you come to a place known by the name of Dodds Tavern, you there turn to the left and proceed to the Fork of Passaic; from thence you will take the same Road upon which the Artillery moved to this place; it is by the way of Colonel Cooks. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of and is signed by Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 81: Deputy Quartermaster General.]
Head Quarters, Chatham, August 27, 1781.
Sir: In consequence of a total alteration in our Plans, and the movement of a large Body of Troops to the Southward; I have despatched a Messenger for the sole purpose of having Provision made at Trenton, for the Transportation of them to Christiana by Water. You will therefore be pleased to have the greatest possible number of Sloops, Shallops and river Craft of all kinds, fit for the transportation of Men, Artillery and Baggage collected from every quarter where they can be found, and brought to Trenton by the 31st. Inst. at which time the head of the Column is expected to arrive: Let others be procured and ordered to follow to the same place, as fast as may be, untill Orders are received to the contrary.
You will use every exertion to have this business carried into execution without loss of time. I have also written to Mr. Morris on the subject, with whom I wish you to converse and advise respecting the Places Mode &c. of obtaining the Craft; and I am persuaded he will afford you any assistance in his power.
I have delayed having these preparations made until this moment, because I wished to deceive the Enemy with regard to our real object as long as possible, our Movements have been calculated for that purpose and I am still anxious the deception should be kept up a few days longer, untill our intentions are announced by the Army's filing off towards the Delaware.82
[Note 82: Sir Henry Clinton's letter to Lord Cornwallis, of Aug. 30, 1781, with a postscript dated Sept. 1, 1781, shows that the British commander in chief had no knowledge of Washington's purpose on the latter date.]
These Arrangements would have been made through the Quarter Master General, but he having been left at Kings ferry to execute some business in his Department, and the time of his arrival being uncertain, I have thought proper to write to you myself on the subject, and to desire in the most earnest Manner, that neither labour or expence may be wanting in the performance of the important business now committed to you. I am &c.
P.S. Be so good as to obtain Quarters for myself and family (half a dozen Gentlemen) at some convenient Private Lodgings, without mentioning particularly who they are for; if one house will not accommodate the Whole, the nearer the lodgings are the better. Also be pleased to forward the Letters to the Southward by Express.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Chatham, New Jersey, August 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: At the same time that I acknowledge the receipt of your first favour since you was appointed to the Scat of Government, suffer me to congratulate your Excellency on that appointment; and to anticipate the pleasure and advantage of your future official Correspondence and assistance.
A variety of Circumstances having concur'd to induce me to change the plan of operation, which had been concerted for this Campaign; and to strike a blow at the Enemy in Virginia, I am now on my march for that purpose, with the whole of the French and a considerable Detachment of the American Army; The Arrival of the Count De Grasse with a formidable Fleet and Corps of land forces in the Chesapeak (which may every moment be expected) will I flatter myself (with proper exertions on our part) give a moral Certainty of succeeding in the great Object now in contemplation. On so important and interesting an occasion I cannot entertain a doubt of receiving every possible aid and assistance from the State of Virginia; The great Articles of Supplies which will be principally wanted are Salted Provision, Beef Cattle, Forage and the means of transportation; especially we shall be most in want of a Supply of the meat kind, as I fear we shall be disappointed of 1500 Barrels of Salted Provision which I had Order'd to be ship'd at Rhode Island under convoy of the Count De Barras, but am apprehensive the order and Provision arrived too late; in case this has failed, something of necessity must be substituted in the room of it; Let me entreat your Excellency that every exertion may be made to feed and supply our Army, while we have occasion to continue in the State. It is almost unnecessary to suggest that the greatest advantages will, in all human probability result from the Vigor of our present exertions; or an evil proportionably great from the want of it. Supplies, will be the principle thing that is necessary; as I am in hopes, the Regular forces destined for the expedition in addition to the Troops with the Marquis De Lafayette, will be competent to the Object in View without any considerable aid from the Militia.
I wish your Excellency to inform me by the earliest opportunity, what number of Teams and Waggons can be furnishd with the Army of the Marquis, for the use of the troops now on their March from the Northward; and also as it will be necessary to take a Number of Teams on with the detachment of our Army, that magazines of Forage may, be laid in on the route from George Town, above Alexandria, to whatever place the junction is to be formed with the Army of the Marquis. I am etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, Chatham, August 27, 1781.
Sir: Official Accounts which I have received, giving me reason to expect the Arrival of a powerful Fleet of our Allies very soon in Chesapeak, if not already Arrived; this Expectation, together with some other Circumstances not necessary at present to detail to you, have induced me to make a total Alteration in the concerted measures of this Campaign. In consequence, I am now marchg. a very considerable Detachment from the American Army, with the whole of the French Troops, immediately to Virginia. As our Hopes of Success against Ld Cornwallis in a great Measure depend on the Dispatch and Celerity of our Movements, I have to request in the most earnest Manner all the Aid and Assistance from your Excellency that we may have Occasion for and have Reason to expect from your State; among these, the Means of Transportation from the Head of Elk, to the Point of our operations, will be among the most Essential; all the Water Craft, that can be procured suitable for the Carriage of an Army, with their Artillery, Baggage, Stores &c. will be needed, and should be ready at the Head of Elk by the 8th. of Septr. A quantity of Forage will also be necessary for the Cattle which will unavoidably attend the Army. As I shall probably be disappointed of a Quantity of salted Provisions, which cannot with safety be transported from the Eastern States, I must beg your Excellency to pay particular Attention to that Article, if any is to be obtained within your State. Other Aids as well in Provisions as other Articles, will probably be needed, which cannot at this moment be particularly specified. I communicate My Intentions to you, and have Confidence, that I shall receive every Aid and Assistance that is in your Power, towards their Execution. I expect to have no Occasion to call on you for the Aid of Men, further than your State Troops which are ordered to be raised, and which I hope you have already compleated.
Mr Robert Morriss will have the principal Agency in procuring the Water Transportation mentioned in this Letter; perhaps nothing more will be expected from your Excellency in that Article, than to afford Mr. Morriss every Aid of Government which he may stand in need of in the Procurement of the Craft, which I am persuaded you will do with the utmost Readiness and Decision. The Moment is critical, the Opportunity is precious, the Prospects most happily favorable. I hope that no Supineness, or Want of Exertions on our part may prove the Means of our Disappointment. I am &c.
P.S. Our Forage will be principally wanted at the Head of Elk, and from thence on the Route to George Town.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Chatham, August 28, 1781.
Sir: I do not find that the force upon Staten Island is large, or thrown over for any other purpose than that of defence, for which reason it is submitted to your Excellency's judgment to March your Troops in one or two division's as shall be most easy and convenient to them; there [ sic] moving in two divisions succeeding days, will occasion no delay, as the Second will be up by the time the first will have embarked.
As I propose to go the lower Road I shall not have the honr. of joining your Excellency till we arrive at Princeton where I will order dinner to be ready at three OClock that we may lodge at Trenton (12 Miles further). As this will be a journey of 54 Miles from Whippany I would suggest to you the expediency of making part of it this Afternn. Colo. Smith, one of my Aides, who is well acquainted with the Roads will have the honor of attending you to the rendezvous at Princeton.
With great esteem etc.86
[Note 86: This same day (August 28) Washington wrote a second letter to Rochambeau, that he would "agreeable to your request, order a Detachment of Troops for the purpose of covering your Bake house in this place." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Chatham, August 28, 1781.
Sir: The Troops composing the Detachment under your Command may, till they are united with the force in Virginia, be formed into three Brigades, viz: the light Infantry to be commanded by Colo. Scammell on the Right. The two York Regiments under Brigadr. Genl. Clinton on the left; and Hazen's Jersey and Rhode Isld. in the Center.
You will March to morrow at four OClock in the Morning, in two Columns, for Trenton. The left column is to consist of the three Brigades above (if Courtlands Regimt. should join in time) the Baggage belonging to them, and 6 field pieces (two to each Brigade). The right column will consist of the remaining artillery, Boats, Baggage, and Stores of every kind to be escorted by the Corps of Sappers and Miners.
The left column is to March through West field and Lamptown to Rariton landing (above Brunswick): 30th. To princeton 31st. To Trenton.
The right column is to proceed thro' Scotch plains and Quibbletown to Bound Brooke: 30th. to Princeton 31st. to Trenton.
The junction of these two Columns will be at Kingston (three Miles short of Princeton) from whence the right column is to proceed, and be covered by the left.
I have not, as yet, made precise arrangements with the Qr. Mr. General respecting the number of Waggon's and Teams which are to go on from Trenton to the head of Elk, and from thence to Virginia. And it is possible, as he is yet behind, and I shall set out early in the Morning for Philadelphia, that I shall not, for which reason I commit the matter to you, giving it as my opinion, that all the covered Waggons, if no more, will certainly be wanted in Virga.
I foresee a difficulty which will arise from the deficiency of Water transportation from Trenton to Christiana bridge, and that is, how to aportion the Craft equally between the french Army and ours, without avoiding87 delay, as the Vessels will come up as they are engaged, and the American Troops ought to be the advance. Some delicacy must be used in effecting the latter, without the appearance of selfishness, and giving umbrage to our Allies by taking more care of ourselves than them.
[Note 87: Jonathan Trumbull, jr., has crossed off "avoiding" and substituted "occasioning."]
Perhaps one mean of doing it, may be, to let the contents of the covered Waggons go on in them. And the Troops least suspected of desertion and best able, to march by land to the head of Elk. The prospect of procuring Craft in time, and other circumstances, must govern in this case.
The Columns should be provided with guides; for want of these the Artillery Yesterday came along a road which was sufficient to destroy half the carriages that passed over it.
Chatham, August 28, 1781, 7 OClock.
Sir: I am this Moment favored with yours of this Day. Some particular Business calls me for a few Days to Phila. whither I shall set off To morrow Morng. I shall be anxious to know further Particulars of the Fleet you mention; whatever Intelligence you can obtain, you will be pleased to forward to me in Phila. with all the Expedition in your Power. The more minute your Discoveries, the Better.
The Position of Admiral Graves's Fleet I shall be glad to know, whether he still remains at the Hook, or whether any Movements have taken place, and what. I am &c.
If it is possible to get a Letter to Trenton any Time Tomorrow Night, I shall be there, and glad to hear from you, before I leave it.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Chatham, August 28, 1781.
Sir: As the Army will march tomorrow Morning before you will probably have arrived, you will be pleased when you reach Col Cook's to make yourself acquainted with the best Road leading above the Mountains towards Trenton, this you will pursue at least to Bound Brook, and from thence will continue the most direct Route to Trenton, with your Regiment and all the Stores and other Articles which have been committed to your charge. You will keep your destination a perfect secret for one or two days at least. I am etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 90: Of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; made captain in April, 1783; served to November, 1783; commandant of the Commander in Chief's Guard from 1780 to 1782.]
Chatham, August 28, 1781.
Sir: The inclosed are the Instructions which I meant to deliver verbally, with some explanation; but your absence has prevented it!
When business or Inclination (especially on a March) calls you from your Command I should be glad to know it, that I may regulate myself, and orders accordingly.
Your rout, and every thing relative to the inclosed order, is to be kept secret till the nature of the movement discloses itself. I am etc.
P.S. From Trenton you will contrive [to forward]91 Mrs. Thompson92 to Newtown, or such other place as she wishes to go to.
[Note 91: The two words within the brackets have been inserted by George Johnson.]
[Note 92: Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson, housekeeper at headquarters.
"Received Chatham State of N Jersey. 28th of August 1781, from His Excellency General Washington Twenty five Guineas in Specie, being on Account for what is due to me from the Public for my Services whilest in the Family of the Genl. I say received. Elizabeth her X mark Thompson. Teste Jona Trumbull Jur
Secty."
This receipt is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 93: Q. M. Gen. Timothy Pickering was not with the Army during its march to Virginia. He joined it after it had reached Williamsburg. Col. Henry Emanual Lutterloh was the deputy quartermaster general who was with the Army on the march south.]
Chatham, August 28, 1781.
n all cases on the present March, where the Draught Horses or Cattle of the Army shall fail, or where an additional number shall be absolutely necessary, and cannot be procured by hire, or in any other way, except by Military force; You are hereby authorised and directed to impress such numbers of Horses or Oxen as shall be required to perform the public Service, taking care to have it done in such a manner, as to secure the property of the owners as well, and with as little damage and inconveniency as the circumstances will admit.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Chatham, August 28, 1781.
Sir: Some particular Circumstances having produced an Alteration in my Plan of Operations, there will be no Occasion for the Services of the Pilots at present; they may therefore be directed to return to their several Homes as soon as they please.
You will make a Return to me of the Expence incurred by your and the Other Pilots Attendance on this Call, and I will endeavour to procure you Payment as soon as may be. I am &c.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Chatham, Tuesday, August 28, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Henry Jackson was President, Major Murnan96 of the Corps of Engineers was tried on the following charges: 1st. Attacking a Centinel upon his Post, being in the execution of his duty, with a drawn sword, threatning his Life, spitting in his face, and otherwise abusing and insulting him on the twenty fifth of July last at Dobbs ferry. 2d. Attempting to take away a boat which was under the care of the Centinel at the abovementioned time. 3d. For unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior.
[Note 96: Mal. Jean Bernard Guthier de Murnans.]
The instances exhibited under this charge were the following: 1st. Attacking Lieutenant Willard97 on the road, demanding his horse, drawing his sword, and at that instant seizing the Bridle and ordering him to dismount, in 1779. 2d. Deceiving Colonel Badlam in detaining a Taylor of his regiment and refusing to let him return to his regiment though requested last winter. 3d. Attacking Major Bauman's servant with a drawn sword and attempting to take away the wood belonging to the Major's family either in 1780 or 81. 4th. Striking a Soldier belonging to Colonel Swift's regiment with a Club whereby his life was endangered, in 1778. 5th. Attempting to take command of Major Woodbridge, his senior officer, and of a working party under his command without ever enquiring the date of his commission and contrary to a general order of July 20th. For calling Captain Livermore a damned rascal, telling him he would cut off his Nose, drawing his sword and attempting to stab him with it, being in the execution of his duty.
[Note 97: Lieut. Jonathan Willard, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He had been wounded at Stillwater, N.Y., in September, 1777, and resigned in April, 1782.]
The Court having maturely considered the charges against Major Murnan, the Evidence, and his defence are of opinion with respect to the first charge that he drew his sword on the Centry while he was in the execution of his Duty; spit in his face and otherwise insulted and abused him on the 25th. of July last at Dobbs ferry being a breach of part of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of War: They do acquit him of the remainder of the Facts contained in this Charge.
They are of opinion that the second Charge is not supported and do acquit him of it.
They do acquit him of Unofficer and Ungentlemanlike behavior in his Conduct respecting Major Woodbridge. With respect to his Conduct in the instances concerning Captain Livermore they find the following Facts: 1st. That he called Captain Livermore a damned rascal. 2d. That he told him he would cut off his Nose. 3d. That he drew his sword upon him: and 4th. That he made a pass at him when Captain Livermore was in a posture of defence, and in service at the same Post with him commanding a fatigue Party.
They acquit him of any Guilt in the two first instances as the Provocation from Captain Livermore excused the warmth of the expressions which then ensued being in the morning; but they find him Guilty of Unofficerlike behavior in the two latter instances; inasmuch as he in the afternoon unnecessarily revived a quarrel which had subsided in the morning, in the presence of a number of officers and soldiers and to the interruption of Service, being a Breach of part of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of War: they acquit him of ungentlemanlike behavior in these instances for the reason assigned with respect to the two first.
For the charges the Court have found Major Murnan Guilty of they do sentence him to be dismissed from the Service.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court, but as some of the most aggravated Charges (however they might have appeared to the Court) do not seem to him to be clearly supported by the Testimony exhibited in the course of the Trial He is pleased to restore Major Murnan to his former Rank.
In consequence of the warm Recommendation in favor of Captain Livermore, and of the fair Conduct he has ever sustained as an Officer and a Gentleman the Commander in Chief is induced (notwithstanding the impropriety of his Conduct on the 25th. of July) to restore him to his Rank and Command. The Court Martial whereof Colonel H. Jackson was President, is dissolved.
Chatham, August 28, 1781.
Sir: Having been authorized by Congress to proceed upon the Exchange proposed by Mr. Loring at your last meeting, you will as soon as convenient inform that Gentleman that the prisoners taken at the Cedars will be allowed provided a proper allowance is made on his part for the Canadian Officers taken at St. Johns in 1775 and sent in, in 1776. You will be pleased to observe that a dispute hath long subsisted respecting the actual Ranks of those Officers; the enemy alledging that they were not of so high grades as they were called. Congress have now put the matter on the most generous and unexceptionable footing "that their Ranks shall be adjusted according to those specified in their Paroles, except the enemy produce sufficient proof to the Contrary." I know of no more valid proof than a Certificate under the hand of the British Commander in Chief.
You will remark that the allowance of the Cedar prisoners is made to depend upon a proper allowance for the Canadian Officers.
General Burgoyne, as you will see by the Resolve of Congress of which the inclosed is a Copy has been offered for the Honble. Henry Lawrens Esqr. and the proposal may have been acceded to; but an assurance is given in the same resolve, that should such Exchange have taken place, Credit shall be given for the Officers which may be received for him and payment made as soon as the matter is ascertained.
Should the enemy reject the foregoing offer and choose to wave the exchange of Genl. Burgoyne untill the fate of the proposal made by Congress shall be known, you will nevertheless proceed upon the other matters contained in Mr. Loring's last proposal; but you will endeavour as much as possible to include Genl. Burgoyne now.
As we have not yet received any Returns from the Dy. Commy. of Prisoners to the southward. You are not to agree to the Exchanges of any Characters taken in that Quarter. When the returns are obtained preference will be given to those who have been longest in Captivity, except Congress should please to order to the Contrary in any particular instances.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Chatham, August 29, 1781, 4 O.Ck.
Sir: I am just now honored with your Favr. of last Evening. A Detachment of Militia consisting of a Sub: and 25 Men, are already ordered for the Protection of your Bakery; about 400 more Men will lye near this Place which I think will be full Security so long as you mention. I am &c.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Trenton, August 29, 1781.
Dear Sir: I send you the inclosed Letters to be transmitted to the several States, which you will be pleased to do as early as possible. I have delayed sendg. them on 'till this Time, least the Object of our Expedition should be too soon disclosed. One of the Letters is left under a flying Seal for your Observation; from wch you will collect the Proportion of Militia still requested from the States for your Aid, being two thirds the Number originally called for.
It is pretty certain that the British Fleet of 15 Sail of the Line are arrived at the Hook from the W Indies.1 With much Regard etc.
[Note 1: This was the fleet under Rear Admiral Samuel Hood.]
[MS.H.S.]
PS.
[Note 2: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. (See Circular to the States, Aug. 21, 1781.)]
Trenton, August 29, 1781.
Sir: Your Letter of this Day was handed me at 7 oClock. I am much obliged by your Attention to keep me informed of Circumstances respectg the Fleet, and have to thank you for the Advice contained in your Letter respecting the Mode of Attack and the Positions necessary to be taken in that Case.
I must beg you still to keep me advised of every Material Circumstance that occurs, which you will be pleased to do by the Way you propose, unless some more expeditious Rout will bring me Intelligence to Phila. sooner than by this Town. You will please to direct to me in Phila untill you have further Orders from me. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, August 31, 1781.
Dr Sir: Upon Enquiry I have too much reason to fear we shall not be able to procure Craft eno' to embark all our Troops, Stores, Baggage, &c. upon the Water, in which Case some must go by Land. You will therefore be pleased to consult Colo Lamb respectg the Heavy Cannon, Carriages, Stores and Baggage, and find what will be most cumbersome and Heavy to transport by Land and let that have the first Chance in the Transports by Water; the quantity of these you will best judge by the Number and kind of Craft which you will receive; many if not all of the Covered Waggons with some others will possibly be found necessary to go by Land, with the light Field Pieces and perhaps some cannon Carriages; the Heavy Cannon, Mortars and Hoitzs with Cloathg and Entrenchg Tools will most conveniently go by Water; the Cannon to be divested of their Carriages.
Colo Nelson5 at Trenton informed me that he thort a Ford might be found, by which the Waggons and Carriages might
[Note 5: Col. John Neilson.] be easily passed at that Place, and promised to make the Experiment. You will please to consult him on that Subject.
When you are on the Rout from Trenton I fancy there is a Road leading direct to a Ford across the Nesamuny Creek above the Ferry past Bristol; if so it will be most expeditious to pass by that Rout and avoid the Ferry which will be troublesome and occasion much Delay. I passed myself by this Ford, and I think you will find such a Road as I mention.
The Troops which are the lightest and best able to march, and such as are least suspected of Desertion from disaffection, Want of Pay, or any other Cause, will, if Craft should fail, be best to march by Land.
You will send down as soon as the first opportunity presents 100 pickt Men who are acquainted with Water, and who are the most suitable on other Accounts, to assist in Embarkg and forwardg the Stores at this Place.
General Knox's Letter which accompanies this will help you to Determine respectg the Cannon and heavy Artillery Stores.
The Waggons and whatever else goes by Land, will proceed by the Shortest Rout, immediately to the Head of Elk; you will so order the Marches as not to encamp by or near this City; the Troops who march by Land, will move on by slow and easy Marches, so as not to be fatigued.
You will appoint an active Officer to superintend the Embarkation at Trenton, whose Arrangements must be calculated for Dispatch and to save Confusion: another Officer of like Character, must go on with the first Embarkation to Christiana, to superintend the Debarkation; with this Officer some Troops must go down to the place of Debarkation, to assist in unloadg, forwardg the Stores, &c.
You will please to use every Exertion for dispatch in your Movement, as not a Moments Time is to be lost. I am &c.
P.S. Inclosed is a List of Craft sent up.6 The Topsail Vessels will not be sent, and the Wood Craft will be wanted for other Purposes from here. Send Colo Gouvion to me as soon as possible; let him come prepared to go directly to Virginia.7
[Note 6: The list was probably taken from Col. Samuel Miles's list of water craft engaged at Philadelphia, Aug. 30, 1781. This shows 31 craft all told: 4 wood flats, 4 schooners, and 23 sloops. The estimated total carrying capacity of these was 4,150 men, This list is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, August 31, 1781.
Sir: Since my Letter of this Morng, upon Consultation with Count Rochambeau, I find that he is inclined to have the French Troops march by Land from Trenton to Head of Elk, which will give a larger proportion of Craft for the American Baggage and Troops. You will therefore notwithstandg my preceeding Letter, after alotg a Sufficiency for the French Baggage &c. they request first put on Board such Heavy Stores and Baggage, Cloathg Tools Garrison Carriages &c. &c. as Colo Lamb and you shall think proper, and then Embark the Troops on Board the Water Craft and let them fall down the River to Christiana Bridge as soon as possible, reserving only such Number as will be necessary to cross by Land with the Waggons and Baggage that may go on in that Way; and the 100 Men to be sent to this Place.
General Knox has just mentioned that the Artillery Stores and the Pieces may best go on by land without any Change, as they are lightly loaded for the Purpose of easy Carriage and their Shiftg may occasion much Delay; you will think on that Circumstance.
In fordg the Waggons and Carriages you will be particularly Careful that no Accident happens by miscrossing, as that will create much Trouble and Delay.
The Q M G will direct what Number of spare Waggons, open as well as Covered ones, will be wanted to be taken along to the Christiana Bridge, for the purpose of transportation from that Place to the Head of Elk: these will also go on by Land. I am &c.
The Q M G will see the Boats comg on with Colo Cortlands Regt. put in Re, as soon as they Arrive; these will take down the Regt. which accompanies them and perhaps some other Matters.
Desire our A Q M at Trenton to give every Assistance in his Power to the French Troops, in crossing the Ferry, or in any other Circumstance in which they may need his Aid.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, September 1, 1781.
My Dear Marquis: I have this Moment received the inclosed Information of the Movement of the British Fleet; And as I view it a matter of the greatest Moment that the French Admirals should have the earliest Intelligence I have made no delay to communicate it to you.
Our Troops are proceeding with as much Dispatch as possible In our Circumstances; the Van is beginning to arrive at this Place and the whole will follow as fast as they can.
If you can obtain any Vessels from any of the Rivers about you, independant of those already wrote for to the French Admiral, you will be so good as to assemble them at the Head of Elk to aid our Embarkation on the Chesapeak. I am &c.
P.S. At the Moment of writing this Colo Morris arrivd. with yours of 24th ulto. At a Minute of more Leisure I shall make you a Reply.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, September 1, 1781.
Sir: Your favor of the 31st. was handed to me by the Express at 8 OClock this Morng. I thank you again for your unwearied attention in communicating with so much rapidity the advices you receive of the Enemy's Movements.
A report is circulated that some land forces arrived in the fleet from the West Indies; I could wish that matter to be ascertained, as also whether any Troops sailed with the fleet from the Hook. Indeed, Sir, you cannot more essentially oblige me, or serve the Public, than by continuing to transmit every Intelligence you are able to obtain, with the same dispatch and accuracy you have hitherto done. With great regard &c.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, September 1, 1781.
Sir: Brigadier General Duportail has very earnestly solicited the exchange of Colos. Laumois and Cambray of the Corps of Engineers who were taken prisoners at Charles Town upon the principal of the utility which they would be of to the southward should we carry on any operations in that Quarter. Altho I am impressed with the truth of Genl. Duportails observation upon this matter I cannot without deviating from an Order of Congress and an established rule of Exchange give those Gentlemen a preference to others of the same Rank who have been longer in Captivity. I would therefore wish to be favored with the determination of Congress upon the subject. I have the honor &c.11
[Note 11: In the writing of William Stephens Smith. The letter was read in Congress on September 3 and referred to the Board of War.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, September 1, 1781.
Sir: In Compliance to a Resolution of Congress, I take the Liberty to inclose to you Copies of 16 Setts of Bills pr Exchange drawn by British Officers while Prisoners within these States, in Payment of the Allowance of two Dollars pr Week allowed them by Congress, which Bills have been protested and remain yet unpaid, in Consequence of Orders Given by the Officers for that purpose, as appears from the Protests and Letters accompanying the Bills.
This Conduct in British Officers, whose Honour and Integrity was judged a Sufficient Security against such a measure to evade Payment, is deemed the more exceptionable, as the drawg of these Bills was an Indulgence given those Officers, without which they might not have been able to take the Benefit of their Exchange without Delays.
Under these Circumstances, I have to request that your Excellency will take some Measures that Payment may be made to our Comry Genl of Prisoners, of the Several Bills with their attendant Costs and Charges. I make this Request with the greater Confidence, as I am persuaded you are not disposed to suffer the Honor of British Officers to lye under the Imputation of thus Evading the Payment of their just Debts. I have the Honour etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, September 2, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Bearer of this, one of the Stockbridge Indians, has come from the Chief of that Tribe with an offer of their service for part of the Campaign; their application you have inclos'd. In my answer to those Chiefs I have refer'd them to you; and if you think they can be of any advantage you may order them down. but it has ever been my opinion that their services never compensated the expence. You will enquire into the affair relative to the inlistment of that Lad they want a discharge for. I am &c.13
[Note 13: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, September 2, 1781.
Nothing, My dear Marquis could have afforded me greater satisfaction than the information communicated in your two Letters of the 21st. and 24th. Ulto of the measures you had taken and the Arrangements you were making, in consequence of the Intelligence I had given you.
Calculating upon the regular force under your immediate Orders, the Militia which have already been called for and may be expected in the field; the whole of the French Army, and the American Corps now marching with Major Gen Lincoln from the Northward in addition to the land Forces expected on board the Fleet; I flatter myself we shall not experience any considerable difficulties from the want of Men to carry our most favourite Projects into execution. The means for prosecuting a Seige with rapidity, energy, and success, and of supplying the Troops while they are engaged in that service (as they are more precarious) have been and still continue to be the great objects of my concern and attention.
Heavy Cannon, Ordnance Stores and Ammunition to a pretty large Amount, are now forwarding. General Knox, in whose immediate province these Arrangements are, who knows our whole resources, is making every exertion to furnish a competent supply, and will be on the spot to remedy every deficiency, as far as the circumstances will possibly admit.
Having also, from the first moment, been extremely anxious respecting the Supplies of the Army (in which, I comprehended not only Provisions of the Bread and Meat kind &c but also Forage and the means of transportation) I had written pressingly to the Governors of Maryland and Virginia on that subject previous to the receipt of your favor of the 21st of August. I have since reiterated my Entreaties, and enforced in the strongest terms I was capable of using, the Requisitions for Specific Supplies made by Congress, and now again called for by the Superintendt of Finance from the States of Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, and as to the supplies of Pennsylvania, we are to look for them, from the Financier himself. I hope and trust the efforts of these States and of Virginia will be uncommonly great and proportionate to the Magnitude of the object before us.
In Order to introduce some kind of System and Method in our Supplies, to know with certainty what may be depended upon, and to put the business in the best possible train of execution, I shall send forward the Heads of Departments as soon as their presence can be dispensed with. I have spoken to the Surgeon General respecting Hospital Stores and Medicines, all that can be done will be done in that department.
As to Cloathing I am sorry to inform you, little is to be expected, except in the Article of Shoes, of which a full supply will be sent on.
In my progress to the Southward, I shall take care, as far as practicable, to make all the Arrangements necessary for the Operation in view, and to impress the Executives, with an idea of the absolute necessity of furnishing their quotas of Supplies regularly, as we have no other resources to rely upon for the support of the Army, and especially, as I am very apprehensive, that a quantity of 1500 Barrels of salted Provisions which I had ordered to be shipped under Convoy of the Count de Barras, did not arrive in time for that purpose.
But my dear Marquis, I am distressed beyond expression, to know what is become of the Count de Grasse, and for fear the English Fleet, by occupying the Chesapeake (towards which my last accounts say they were steering) should frustrate all our flattering prospects in that quarter. I am also not a little solicitous for the Count de Barras, who was to have sailed from Rhode Island on the 23d Ulto. and from whom I have heard nothing since that time. Of many contingencies we will hope for the most propitious events.
Should the retreat of Lord Cornwallis by water, be cut off by the arrival of either of the French Fleets, I am persuaded you will do all in your power to prevent his escape by land. May that great felicity be reserved for you!14
[Note 14: De Grasse's letter of Sept. 2, 1781, announcing his arrival at Cape Henry, had not then reached Washington.]
You See, how critically important the present Moment is: for my own part I am determined still to persist, with unremitting ardour in my present Plan, unless some inevitable and insuperable obstacles are thrown in our way.
Adieu my Dear Marquis! If you get any thing New from any quarter, send it I pray you on the Spur of Speed, for I am almost all impatience and anxiety, at the same time, that I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I have received your favor of the 25th. Col Laurens has just arrived in this Town from France via Boston, but I know not yet what intelligence he brings.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, September 2, 1781.
Sir: You will proceed immediately to Christiana Bridge at which place I expect you will meet the Boats laden with Ordnance and other stores. You will make the proper general arrangements for the speediest transportation of them across to the Head of Elk. Colonel Lamb, or Lieut. Colo. Stevens will attend particularly to the assorting and forwarding the Ordnance Stores, which ought to be first carried over.
It is of importance that the Road from Christiana Bridge to the Head of Elk, should be put in the best re; you will therefore take a view of it and appoint an active Officer acquainted with such business to go upon it with a party and make the necessary res.
Upon General Lincolns arrival, you will report the progress of the transportation to him and take your further orders from him.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, Sunday Morning, 7 OClock, September 2, 1781.
Sir: Your Favor of last Evening is received at this moment. Your Conjecture of the destination of the British Fleet is doubtless right.17 I had scarcely One Doubt on my Mind at the first Intelligence I received from you. Their course now makes a full declaration.
[Note 17: The fleet under Graves and Hood which attempted to intercept De Barras.]
I have no Certainty of the Arrival of Adl De Grasse in the Chesapeak; what intelligence the British may have of him I cannot say.
I wish, if it were possible, to have it ascertained whether any, and what Number of Troops, came with the British Fleet lately arrived. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, September 2, 1781.
Sir: You will proceed will all convenient dispatch to the Camp of the Marqs. de la Fayette in Virginia, and receive further orders from Genl. Duportail or the Marquis.
You will let your rout be by Christiana bridge, the head of Elk, the lower ferry on Susquehanna, Baltimore, Elkridge landing, Bladensburgh, and George Town. From George Town you will go by the best Waggon road to Fredericksburg by Falmouth avoiding the Ferries of Occoquan and Rappahannock Rivers. And from thence you will take the Road which leads most directly to the above Camp.
From Baltimore, George town, Fredericksburg, and the Virginia Camp you will report the State and condition of the intermediate roads, and the measures proper to re them, and if you could excite the Inhabitants as you passed along to set about this necessary business it would facilitate the movement of our Waggons &ca. which must go by land greatly.
I am perswaded, that it is unnecessary to add any thing, by way of prompting you to the preparation of fascines and other matters which can accelerate our operations and prevent the waste of a single moment.
[Note 19: Of the Massachusetts Militia.]
Philadelphia, September 2, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Letter in Behalf of yourself and sundry other Gentlemen of Berkshire, makg. Tender of your Services with me as Volunteers for a Month. I most sincerely Thank you for the kind Offer, and inform you that the circumstances of the Campaign at present are such as will not probably require your Services. Unless Genl. Heath, who commands the Troops in the Vicinity of N York, should find himself under Necessity of your Assistance; In which Case, upon his Application, I could wish, you will be pleased to render him the same Services, which you have kindly offered to me. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, September 2, 1781.
Brothers: I have received your Letter by your Captain with your kind Tenders of a months Service if needed. In Answer I inform you that the Circumstances of the Campaign are such, that at present I have no Occasion for your Aid; but should Genl Heath find Need of your Assistance, I will be glad you will do him the like Service, as you have offered to me; if he should write to you for that Purpose.
In Answer to your Petition in Behalf of the Young Man, I can only say that his being held in Service will depend on the Terms of his Inlistment, which at this Distance I can have no Knowledge of, and therefore referred it to Genl Heath, who will take Measures to have the Matter inquired into from the Officers, who are now in his Camp. With Thanks for your Offers of Service, I am Brothers &c.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, September 3, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform your Excellency, that the Operations of the present Campaign are tending very seriously to the Southward, and that a large Detachment of the American Army, with the whole of the French Troops, are now on their march for Virginia. As the Article of Supplies for the Army which is collectg., and which will probably be large, will be a Matter of the last Importance in our Operations, I cannot omit to address your Excellency on that Subject.
Mr. Morris the Financier having been kind enough to give me a Copy of a Letter which he had written on this Subject to the several States, requestg. in the most earnest Manner their several Quotas of specific Supplies called for by Congress; It is needless for me to trouble your Excellency any further than to enforce in the warmest Terms, the Application of Mr. Morris, which I now take the Liberty to do, and to entreat your Excellency, that it may meet with all that effectual Attention, which the Importance of the Matter requires, and the urgent Importunity of Mr. Morris can expect or wish.
I will only add that as I am fully persuaded that your Excellency will anticipate the fatal Consequences to the Interest of the States, which must arise from a failure in our Operations; so you will as fully accord with me in Sentiment, that, a Reflection on the Cause of Failure, should it prove to be the one in which I have my strongest Fears, the Article of Supplies, will not fail to fill us with the most mortifying Regret, when we consider that the bountifull hand of Heaven is holding out to us a Plenty of every Article, and the only Cause of Want, must be placed to the Acco. of our Want of Exertion to collect them.
Your Excellency will be pleased to give me the earliest and most decided Information, how far I may rely on your State for the Supplies requested and expected from it, since on that and the like Information from other States, I must ground my Judgment of the Practicability of carrying into Execution the Operations I have concerted. It will be to little Purpose, other than to create an endless and unnecessary Expence, to pursue my Intentions, further than the Aids we can promise ourselves, without fail, to receive from the States, will give us the fairest Prospects to proceed. With great Regards &c.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the letter sent to Gov. Caesar Rodney, of Delaware. The draft, which is also in the writing of Trumbull, shows the following P.S. was added to the letter sent to Gov. Thomas Sim Lee, of Maryland: "Since writing the foregoing I have been honored with your Favor of [August 30] in Answer to mine of [August 27] I assure you Sir, I am exceedingly pleased with the Decision of your Resolutions. It gives me the happiest Presage of the most effectual Support from your State." The dates within the brackets were left blank in the draft.]
[M.L]
Philadelphia, September 3, 1781.
Sir: From the head of Elk, the Cavalry, Carriages and such Artillery as may be sent by Land, will proceed by the following rout: Lower ferry on Susquehannah; Baltimore; Elk ridge Landing; Bladensburg; George Town, on Potomack river. From hence a rout must be pursued to Fredericksburg, that will avoid an inconvenient ferry over Occoquan, and Rappahannock river at the Town of Fredericksburg. The latter may, I believe, be forded at Falmouth (two miles above Fredericksburg) and the latter [former] by leaving the common rout a little upon the left from George Town.
From Fredericksburg, the rout will be by Caroline Court House and Newcastle. I cannot, at this moment, point out the different Marches for want of a sufficient knowledge of the road, and convenient encamping places on it, but Lt. Colo. Gouvion being instructed to reconnoitre these will enable me perhaps to be more particular 'ere the March commences from the head of Elk. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith's account of Washington's traveling expenses (filed in the Washington Papers under Sept. 17, 1781, the date of its settlement shows that the route of Washington and Rochambeau from Princeton, N.J., to Baltimore was to Trenton, Bristol, Philadelphia, Chester, Wilmington, Christiana Bridge, Wormsley's, Susquehanna Ferry, Darling's, Notingham, and Baltimore. An interesting item between the Darling and Notingham entries reads: "to Comfort the Wretched." 8 shillings]
Philadelphia, September 3, 1781.
Sir: I have this Day been favored with your Letter of the ulto24 respecting the heavy Cannon of the Culloden.
[Note 24: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Being on my March with the Army to the Southward; I shall not have Opportunity Myself to compleat the Purchase with you; but have referred your Letter and Proposals to Robt. Morris Esqr. Financier Genl of the States. You may expect to hear from him very soon on the Subject. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, September 4, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to enclose the Copy of a Letter, received last night from the Commanding Officer of the British Marine at New York,26 in answer to mine respecting the treatment of Naval Prisoners; and have to request the decision of Congress, whether an Officer shall be sent in, to inspect the situation of our Prisoners, under the proposed conditions. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 26: Capt. Edmund Affleck, of the British Navy. The original of his letter of Aug. 30, 1781, is in the Washington Papers, and a copy by Humphreys is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 27: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, September 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: Two Days ago, I received your Favors of the 6th. and of August by Colo. Morris: as he does not return immediately, and as I have a favorable Opportunity of writing by a Gentleman, who is recommended by Mr. Bee,28 I will give you a Sketch of our Proceedings, Circumstances and Prospects, without entering into a Detail of Affairs, which however, I will not fail to communicate, as soon as Matters have ripened a little more, thro' Colo. Morris, or some other confidential Person.
[Note 28: Thomas Bee, Delegate to the Continental Congress from South Carolina.]
In the first Place I have to inform you that the Plan of Operations for the Campaign is totally changed; this was occasioned by a Variety of concurring Circumstances, two only of which it is necessary to mention Vizt. the Arrival of a Reinforcement of more than 2000 Germans at N York, and a certain Information that the Count D Grasse, would make his first Approach in the Chesapeak and commence his Operations against the Enemy in Virginia, and that he could not continue a long Time on the Coasts; no Alternative being then left, It was determined to improve the naval Assistance of our Allies in that Quarter to the best Advantage. For that purpose I am thus far advanced on my March with the whole of the french Army, a Detachment of more than 2000 American Infantry, a Regiment of Artillery and such Apparatus for a Seige as we have been able to command.
While these things were in Agitation, and the Enemy totally unacquainted with our real Designs (our Army being then in Motion towards Staten Island, with the professed Intention and universal Belief of co-operating with the french fleet, which was reported by us, to be hourly expected) a British Fleet of 13 Sail of the Line, under Admiral Hood, arrived on the 29th. ulto. at Sandy Hook, from the West Indies, and two Days after sailed (it is reported steering Southerly) in Conjunction with 7 Ships of the Line which lay at the Hook previous to their Arrival. A little before this Time, vizt. on the 24th. of Augt. Count de Barras sailed with his Squadron from Rhode Island, to form a Junction with the Count de Grasse in the Chesapeak, as the latter was expected from his own Account, to be certainly there by the Time the former left Rhode Island. Nothing has since been heard of either of the Fleets; from the circumstances related, you will readily conceive, that the present Time is as interesting and anxious a Moment, as I have ever experienced. We will hope however for the most propitious Issue of our united Exertions.
Among the many Contingencies which may take place, should the french Fleets form a Junction, their superiority will be decided; should the Count de Grasse only fall in with the English Fleet, it will probably be a fortunate Event, as his is stronger than the British by at least 5 ships; should either of the French fleets get possession of the River, and cutt off the Retreat of Cornwallis by Water, he must in all probability, be forced to surrender, unless he should make his Escape by Land; against which Event, I have repeatedly written to the Marquis to take every possible precaution, and to advise you (should the Attempt ever be made) to take such further Measures as you shall think proper on the Occasion.
I shall set out Tomorrow for the Head of Elk, and shall expedite the Movement of the Troops; Ordnance and Stores as much as possible, that not a Moment may be lost, when the fortunate, long wished for Period arrives.
Altho the Land Force which is expected in the fleet, will not, by my Information, amount to more than 3000 Men, yet if Heaven smiles upon us, our united Strength, will be equal to the Attainment of some very important Objects, before the Close of the Campaign.
I will thank you for every Information and Advice, which may be interesting in our Circumstances, and hope that a mutual confidential Intercourse may be facilitated, by diminishing the Distance and Hazard of Interception, which have so much interrupted our Correspondence. I am etc.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Greene Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Chester, September 5, 1781, 3 o'clock.
Sir: With the highest Satisfaction, I do myself the Honor, to transmit to your Excellency, the inclosed Copy of a Letter, announcing the Arrival of the Count De Grasse, with 28 Ships, in the Chesapeak.
With the warmest Congratulations on this happy Event, I have the Honor etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Paris Archives, Affaires Etrang., Meres. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Chester, September 5, 1781, 3 o'clock.32
[Note 32: The draft adds "P.M."]
Sir: With the highest Pleasure, I do myself the Honor to transmitt to your Excellency the inclosed Copy of a Letter from Genl Gist.33 It announces the safe Arrival in the Chesapeake of
[Note 33: The original of Gist's letter (Sept. 4, 1781) from Baltimore is in the Washington Papers. A copy is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] Admiral D Grasse with 28 Ships of the Line. On this happy Event, I beg your Excellency to accept my warmest Congratulations.
I shall proceed myself with all possible Dispatch, forwardg. as I go on, the Troops, Stores &c. with all the Expedition in my Power. On my Arrival at the Head of Elk, if I do not find Water Craft sufficient to embark all the Stores, Baggage &c and the Troops, I shall forward on the former by Water, with as many Troops as can go by that Conveyance, and march the others by Land. With the highest Esteem &c.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On September 5, at 1 o'clock p.m., Humphreys, who had gone on in advance of the Commander in Chief, wrote to General Gist from the Head of Elk: "I have it in command from His Excellency to write to you immediately by Express requesting that you will be pleased to inform him by the most rapid conveyance, what number of Transports (and to what amount of Tonnage) may absolutely be depended upon to be sent from Baltimore and other parts of the Bay, and when they may be expected at this place. As it is of the utmost importance to the General to know with certainty whether sufficient Shipping can be procured to transport the Troops, as well as, Ordnance, Stores, and Baggage, he entreats you to be as explicit and expeditious in your Answer as may be, and that every nerve may be strained to put all the Vessels in Motion, and make them arrive here at the earliest possible period.
"Many of the Stores are ready this Moment for embarkation. The Van of the Army will be in, by 6 oClock this Morning. His Excellency will be here in the course of the day, and will wait with the most earnest impatience for your information, that he may take measures accordingly, either for the embarkation of the Troops, or marching them round by land." Humphrey's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Wilmington, September 6, 1781.
Sir: I thank you for your favour of yesterday. I have to inform, that I am thus far on my way to Virginia; that the Fleet of the Count de Grasse is arrived in the Chesapeak, 28 Ships of the Line and Frigates.
Notwithstanding my distance, if any thing worthy [of] notice takes place under your observation, I shall thank you for its communication thro' the Q. M. Genl., Colo. Miles, at Philadelphia. Your expresses may be discontinued. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head of Elk, September 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: Every Day discovers to me the encreasg Necessity of some Money for the Troops. I hope by this Time you are provided to give a Month's Pay. I find it of the last Importance to hasten forward myself to join the Marquis as soon as possible. I may leave this in a few Hours. I cannot do It however, without intreating you in the warmest Terms to send on a Month's Pay at least, with all the Expedition possible. I wish it to come on the Wings of speed. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Christiana, September 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: Capt. Machin of the Artillery is detached to pursue some deserters from that Corps; he will have occasion for some money for expences. If you can advance him about £10. it will be sufficient, and will oblige the Public as well as Dr SirYours etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head of Elk, September 6, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Letter of 23d Augst. with its Inclosures. Had you adverted to the plain Construction of mine of the 5th of May, you would not have been in Doubt as to the propriety of your holdg the Command at Fort Pitt, while your Trial was preparing and hearg. As you seem to have misconstrued my Meang in that Letter, I have now to request in positive Terms that you do immediately on Receipt of this resign your Command to Colo Gibson, who will immediately There-upon Assume the Same Command as has been committed to you. In the Mean Time I request that this unhappy Dispute may be brot to as speedy an Issue as possible. I am &c.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head of Elk, September 6, 1781.
Sir: Colo Broadhead having been Directed, in my Letter to him of this Date, to resign his Command at Fort Pitt, during the Dependance of his Trial on sundry Accusations brot against him whilst in Command; You will immediately on the Receipt of this Assume the like Command at the Post of Fort Pitt and its Dependencies as has been committed to Colo Broadhead.
Mr. Fowler, who appears to have been a Principal in the Accusation brot against Colo Broadhead, insistg that he has a Right in this Instance to act as Judge Advocate, from his havg been in that Capacity for some Time past, you will, from the Manifest Impropriety in this Case, direct, that Mr Fowler do not appear nor act as D Advocate in taking the Depositions necessary in this Trial, nor in any other Way in the present Case as Judge Advocate; And you will appoint some person whom you shall think proper, to act in such Manner as directed in any Former Letters on this Occasion. In this Way I hope to have this disagreeable Dispute speedily issued. I am &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head of Elk, September 6, 1781.
Sir: Being informed that upon a Construction of my former Letter you have insisted on acting as D Judge Advocate in takg the Depositions and preparing the Necessary Evidence previous to the Trial of Colo Broadhead, on the Accusations brot against him during his Command at the Post of Fort Pitt, in which you have appeared as a Principal; I do hereby direct you, from the Manifest Impropriety of the Case, In the most positive Manner, to desist from acting in the Capacity of D Judge Advocate on this Occasion, and that so far as you are concerned, you will endeavour that this Disagreeable Dispute may be terminated at the earliest Period possible.
I have written to Colo Gibson, who is to assume the Command in the Room of Colo Brodhead, to appoint a suitable person to act in Capacity of Judge Advocate, and I hope soon to see an issue of this unhappy affair. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Elk, September 6, 1781.
Sir: It is of the utmost Importance to the Service that Gent. who are acting at the head of departments should at this present period be with the troops.
You will please therefore upon the receipt of this to join them with all possible dispatch. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith. The same letter was sent to Col. Charles Stewart, Commissary General of Issues of the Continental Army.]
Head of Elk, September 6, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored by your Excellency's Favor of the 2d Instant and do myself the Pleasure to felicitate you on the happy arrival of so formidable a Fleet of his most Christian Majesty, in the Bay of Chesapeak, under your Excellencys Command; this happy Event, I hope will be improved to the most salutary Purposes for the united interests of both Nations.
Expecting to have the Honor of a personal Interview with your Excellency, almost as soon as this will reach your Hand, I shall not give you the trouble in Writing, of a particular Detail of my Designs. Will only inform you, that the Van of the two Armies, the French and American, consistg of about 2000 Men, (there not being Transports for the whole) will be embarked in about two Days, and will fall Down the Chesapeak to form a Junction with the Troops under the Comd. of the Ct. de St. Simon and the Marquis Lafayette and to cooperate in Block up Ld Cornwallis in York River, and preventg him to make his Retreat by Land, or collecting any Supplies from the Country.
This Junction of the Van of our Troops is proposed to be made in James River, unless your Excellency and the Commanders of the land Troops, should judge some other Point of Debarkation to be more favorable to our Intentions, in which Case you will be pleased to meet the Transports while on their Way, with Orders to proceed to any other Point which may be fixed on.
The Remainder of the Troops from hence will be forwarded on with all the Expedition our Circumstances will admit. In the Mean Time, as it will be of the greatest Importance to prevent the Escape of his Lordship from his present Position, I am persuaded that every Measure which prudence can dictate Will be improved for that Purpose, untill the Arrival of our Compleat Force, when I hope his Lordship will be compelled to yield his Ground, to the superior power of our Combined Forces. I am &c.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Head of Elk, September 6, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
It is with the highest pleasure and satisfaction the Commander in Chief announces to the Army the arrivals of the Count de Grasse in the Chesapeake with a very formidable Naval and Land force; at the same time he felicitates them on this auspicious occasion he anticipates the glorious Events which may be expected from the combined Operations now in contemplation. As no circumstance cou'd possibly have happened more opportunely in point of time, no prospect cou'd ever have promised more important successes, and nothing but our want of exertions can probably blast the pleasing prospects before us. The General calls upon all the gallant Officers, the brave and faithful soldiers he has the honor to command to exert their utmost abilities in the cause of their Country and to share with him (with their usual alacrity) the difficulties, dangers and glory of the present Enterprize. The Commanding Officers of Corps are to cause abstracts to be immediately made for a Months pay of their respective Commands, excluding any infamous characters who may have been so far left to the sense of Honor, the pride of their professions and the love of their Country as to desert the standard of freedom at this critically interesting period, those men only are to be comprehended who are present with their several Corps.
Major Platt is appointed Division Inspector to the Division Commanded by Major General Lincoln and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Gentlemen: Agreable to my Promise to you in Phila. I have consulted Doct Craig45 on the Subject of the Hospital Appointments. Inclosed is the Answer I have received, which I do myself the honor to transmit to you, And am Gentn. etc.46
[Note 45: Dr. James Craik.]
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head of Elk, September 7, 1781
Dear Sir: I have received your two favrs of Yesterday No. 1 and 2.
I find myself so pressed by Circumstances, that It will be impossible for me to stay at this Place 'till the Payment of the Money committed to Mr Audibert can be effected. I must leave the Head of Elk this Afternoon or early Tomorrow Morng. I shall however leave Instructions with Gl Lincoln to do all that is necessary on the Occasion.
The Sum of 20,000 Dollars will fall much short of the Sum necessary.
The 500 Guineas on my own Acct. I have received. I have the Honor etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On September 7 Washington wrote another letter to Morris which is not now found in the Washington Papers. It was in response to a letter of September 6 from Robert Morris, from Chester, which began: "Several Worthy People and particularly the Romish Priest and Mrs. Fitzsimmons have interested themselves in favour of a Criminal under Sentence of Death for Desertion, I dont know his Name but he is in Philada. Goal. Your Excy is the best judge of propriety in such cases and I am Sensible of the impropriety of such applications but as I promised to Speak to your Excy and lost the Opportunity I desired Colo. Smith to mention it and now repeat the matter that I may not have to accuse myself of Neglect. this is a Young Man and may become a good Soldier hereafter. tomorrow is fixed for his Execution, therefore if Mercy is extended the order shou'd be instantly sent." On September 10 Morris wrote to Washington from Philadelphia: "The sole intent of the present is to acknowledge the receipt of your two Letters of the 7th. Instant.... The letter respecting the Criminal was too late, the poor Fellow was gone, I am sorry for it." Morris's letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have been favor'd with yours of the 1st inst., and one by Capt. Webb, and am happy to hear that you meet with such little disturbance from the Enemy in your Department. I have it now in my power to congratulate you on the arrival of Count de Grasse with 28 Ships of the Line and some Frigates, in the Chesapeak, with a body of Land forces on board, which he debarked immediately on his arrival. on his passage he took Lord Rawdon, who was bound from Charlestown to England. This arrival, with Colo. Laurens's from France, must fill the United States with the most happy prospects and expectations.
I am thus far on my Way to Virginia with the Troops under my Command, we are now embarking the heavy Baggage, Stores and some of the Troops, the remainder will march by land to Baltimore, as we have not Vessels to convey them from this.
Any small Cloathing that has or may arrive for the Troops of the Connecticut Line, you will forward a proportion to the Detachments of that Line, that are either with Colo. Scammell or the Marquis, under the Guard of a few Men and a trusty Serjeant taken from the same Line.
I must beg of you not to forgit sending the quantity of Beef I requested; as I must, at present, altogether depend on that supply. I am etc.
P.S. I wish your perticular attention for apprehending a number of Deserters that have left this Army and punish them with the greatest severity.48
[Note 48: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 49: This circular was sent to Nicholas Thomas, Richard Barnaby., Col. James Hind man, James Lloyd Chamberlain, Robert Goldsborough, John Braceo, and Christopher Birchead.]
Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
[Sir:] I have the pleasure to announce to you the arrival of the Fleet of his most Christian Majesty in Chesapeak consisting of twenty Eight ships of the line and a number of smaller vessels of war that they brought a large and have already thrown on shore a very considerable body of troops. The fleet from Rhode Island is hourly expected to join them. These are events interesting indeed to America and ought to be improved, for we may not again expect such a concurrence of circumstances as are now combined and give the most rational hopes, if the country are not wanting to themselves that the British force now in Virginia will fall into our hands.
I have therefore to solicit in the most pressing manner your aid and influence with the people of your County that they immediately send to Baltimore all their craft and vessels of different kinds in order to transport the troops down the Bay. The time it will take to march them by land is more than can be spared. So that on the single circumstance of having Vessels or not may depend the success or failure of the present expedition, which though calculated for the general good, must operate, if successful more particularly to the interest of this State and the State of Virginia. I am &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln.]
Head Quarters, Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
I have received with infinite satisfaction, My Dear Marquis, the information of the arrival of the Count de Grasse. And have an additional pleasure, in finding that your ideas on every occasion have been so consonant to my own, and that by your Military dispositions and prudent Measures you have anticipated all my wishes.
Every thing has hitherto succeeded agreeably to my desires and expectations; the want of a sufficient number of Vessels to transport the whole of the Troops, Ordnance and Stores at once, is only a misfortune that could not be avoided.
We shall have Transports enough, I believe, to embark the heavy Cannon, necessary Stores, and the Van of the American and French Armies, consisting of 1000 Men each by to Morrow. No Measure will be left unessayed, no effort unattempted, to get forward the remainder of the Troops, and Stores, and commence the operation as soon as it is possible, in the nature of things, to be done.
I forbear to enter into more particulars, as I will set out for the Theatre of Action to morrow, and hope to have the pleasure of communicating with you personally in a very few days, and of making every Arrangement in conjunction with the Admiral, which may be deemed necessary. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[September 7, 1781.]
Memorandums:
1 A skilful Navigator, and a man of respectable character, should be appointed Commodore, He is to give to each Skipper his orders; fix Signals for the whole to be governed by; To keep them in compact order; Run them to Burwells ferry, or James town on James River, where they are to Debark unless they meet other orders on the passage. And to return with all possible Expedition to Baltimore for the remaining Troops.
2 If all the Siege Artillery and a sufficiency of Ordnance Stores cannot go down in the first Trip, such as will be first, and most wanted, must be preferred.
3 The Intrenching Tools must go without fail, as there is no dependance upon finding any with the Marquis.
4 The Boats would be very convenient to debarke the Troops and Stores, and for crossing the River of York if we should establish ourselves on both sides; but whether they can be got over in time for the first fleet (which ought not to be delayed a moment, unnecessarily) is a doubt.
5 Such necessary articles of Cloathing as are indispensably wanted for the Troops at this moment, or which will be wanted in a short time had better (if it can be done without delay) be deliver'd before they embark as it will answer the calls of the needy, and lessen the transportation.
6 No Moment is to be lost in Baking bread and providing Salt provisions of some kind or other for the Voyage.
7 You will embark by the Right, and will endeavour as much as possible, to keep the Corps compact, the Companies as little divided as possible, and that the Officers are not seperated from their Men. Hazens may be in the first Embarkation.
8 Some field Artillery (in the proportion allotted to the Corps on the March hither) ought, I think, to accompany them by Water (if it be practicable) depending on Horses at the place of debarkation in Virginia.
9 In all cases, let every Corps, and parts of Corps, have their Tents, Baggage &ca with them in the same Vessel that no inconveniency may arise from a seperation.
10 When it is ascertained what Vessels will be here, and the number of Men (exclusive of the Stores) they will carry and do52 moreover assign53 as many to the French Army as will be sufficient to carry the Grenadiers and Chassiers that are to embark with the Infantry of Duke Lauzens legion (amounting to abt. 1000 Men) you will be able to estimate the number of American Troops that can embark with the first division.
[Note 52: Humphreys here corrected Washington's draft by erasing the word "do" and substituting "these are."]
[Note 53: Humphreys here changed the word "assign" to "assignd."] All the rest are to move on to Baltimore to wait the return of the Vessels, or procurement of others to transport them to the point of operation in Virginia.
11 My Guard except a few Men and the Women of it, with my Baggage is to go with the first Troops, and I shall be obliged to you to take care that the whole are put into one Vessel, and a safe one; other things, and Troops may (if the Vessel is sufficient) serve to fill her.
12 The Horses and Carriages which go Round by Land ought (for ease and convenience) to march in Brigades. Some clever fellow as a Waggon Master shd, after having properly Organized them for the March, preceed them, Mark the days Marches, and the places where it may be necessary to give them a days rest, and take the necessary steps to have a sufficiency of forage provided at all of them.
13 Whenever you shall have embarkd the Troops and Stores and the whole have actually weighed Anchor give me an Acct. of it by the chain of Express, and forward an exact return of the strength of each Corps together with a list of Stores. the latter (with a duplicate for me) being made out as they are embarked will be ready at any moment without the delay of taking Copies at the Moment54 they are wanted.
[Note 54: Humphreys has erased the word "moment" and substituted "instant."]
14 If there should not be a sufficiency of Vessels at Baltimore to Transport all the Troops at once, fix with the Baron Viominel (or Officer commanding the French Army at that place) the Corps that shall embark and let them proceed by Corps as fast as Vessels can be obtained as succours of this kind may be of infinite importance to our operations against Lord Cornwallis.
15 You are so well informed, and so fully impressed with the necessity of using every possible means that can promote dispatch, that I shall only add, in one word, that the success, or disgrace of our expedition depends absolutely upon the celerity of our movements.
16 In all things not particularly directed Your own judgment in which I have an entire dependence must govern.
P.S.55 The Tow ropes or Painters of the Boats ought to be strong and of sufficient length otherwise we shall be much plagued with them in the Bay and more than probably lose many of them.56
[Note 55: The letters "P.S." have been inserted by Humphreys.]
[Note 56: The memorandums sent to General Lincoln, which are in the writing of David Humphreys, but dated and signed by Washington, are in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am made happy by the receipt of your Letter of the 2d. Instant and the other Dispatches announcing the arrival of the Count de Grasse.
Nothing now gives me uneasiness but the two things you mention, not hearing from the Count De Barras who sailed the 24th of Augst, and the resolution for the departure of the fleet at a certain time. Our measures must be forced, and every intermediate moment employed to the greatest advantage.
The want of a sufficient number of transports to carry our whole Force and Apparatus from this place at once, is a great Misfortune. We will however hurry on the Troops and Preparations for the intended Operation as much as possible. The heavy Ordnance and necessary Stores will be forwarded immediately, and the Van of the American and French Armies consisting of 1000 Men each will I hope be embarked tomorrow; the remainder of the Army will move by land to Baltimore without delay as you advise; and I shall come forward myself with all possible expedition. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Sir: This will be delivered to you by the Officer of the French Navy, who brought the Dispatches from the Count de Grasse; if before his return to Baltimore, you shall have found a conveyance for the Letter addressed to the Count which was forwarded from hence this morning, the Cutter will remain and act as a Convoy to the Fleet in its passage down the Bay; if on the contrary, those dispatches have not been sent on for the Count de Grasse, the commanding Officer of the Cutter is to take charge of them and proceed directly to the Count. I am etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Arrival of the Fleet under Command of the Count D Grasse in the Chesapeak, gives us the happiest Prospects, if properly improved, of effecting the most interestg Purposes for the Benefit of the United States. Nothing, my Dear Sir! is of more Importance at the present Moment towards forwardg the Troops under my Command at this Place, than the Means of transportation on the Bay. And I may say to you Sir! that our Views are so much dependant on the rapidity of our movements, that I wish to be helped forward with all the celerity that is possible. I have therefore to Request your friendly Interposition and beg you to make use of all your Influence within your Circle, to have forwarded to Baltimore without the least Delay, all the Water Craft suitable for the Occasion. With the highest consideration etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have rec'd yours of the 6th Instant. I feel My self not only personally, but with respect to my Country so much indebted to you for your exertions on all occasions, that I cannot refrain from expressing my obligations on the subject. Be assured Sir it shall always be retained in greatful remembrance; and every oppertunity embraced to convince you of my esteem and friendship.
It is with particular pleasure, I inform you that the Count De Grasse with 28 Sail of the line arrived in the Chesapeak on the 26th. Ult. and occupied the intermediate space between Cape Henry and the Middle Grounds which effectually secures the passage of the Bay; and places them in the most perfect situation of defence. The Count immediately landed 3000 men with orders to join the Marquis De La Fayette so as effectually to prevent the retreat of Lord Cornwallis to the Carolina's, which I flatter myself by the position the Marquis has taken will convince His Lordship of the impropriety of moving. I am Marching with all possible dispatch with the light infantry of the american Troops and the French Army commended by the Count De Rochambeau with an intention of making steady and obstinate advance towards the reduction of his Lordships force which at present occupies the Town's of York and Gloster in Virginia, situated on the South and North Margin of York River fortifying with increased industry. The fleet previous to their arrival, fell in with and captur'd a packett from Charles Town bound to Europe, in consequence of which Lord Rawdon became a prisoner who was on board returning to England.
I have not yet heard what is become of the British fleet commanded by Admiral Hood; the last account was that they were seen on Monday last at 4 oClock P.M. a little to the Southward of Cape Henlopen standing North.
Should any thing of an interesting Nature come to your Knowledge, I wish to receive the earliest account of it by your returning expresses, I will forward the News of the Day and the success of our Movements. I am &c.60
[Note 60: In the writing of William Stephens Smith. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Sir: To avoid the Delay of Ferriage, the Teams and Horses of the Army will proceed from hence to the Bald Friars Ford on Susquehannah, from thence to Bush, to Baltimore, to Elk Ridge Landg, to Bladensburg, to George town. from thence to Falls of Rappahanoc, avoiding Accoquan Ferry, to Caroline Court House, to New Castle, to Williamsburg. On this Rout you will proceed and make the Necessary Preparation of For. age at the several Stages, not preceeding the Army at too great Distance. I have already wrote to the States of Maryland and Virginia on the Subject of Forrage, and have a promising Prospect from their Assurance, that you will be fully supplied in Time at the several Places where it will be wanted; but if unhappily this Resource should fail, you are required, however disagreable the Measure, to use the Power which the Army will afford, to procure the necessary Supplies, in such Manner however as may be least distressing to the Inhabitants. The Occasion is great; our Circumstances are pressing; at any rate the March must not be retarded for Want of any Supplies within your Department.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters at the Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Sir: You being appointed to attend and supply the Horses and Teams of the Army which are to go from the Head of Elk to the Army in Virginia, [by the route given by the Qt. Mr. Genl.] are directed and required to see that they are properly provided with Forage on the March; you will therefore attempt to procure the necessary quantities by purchase, contract, or application to the Authority of the State; but in case every other effort should fail of success, you are hereby authorized and empowered to take by Military impress such quantities of Forage as shall be necessary to support the Horses, Teams and Cattle aforesd untill they join the Army, giving proper Certificates and Vouchers for the receipt of the same, for which this shall be yr Warrant.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The phrase in brackets was added in pencil by Washington and the words afterwards inked over by Humphreys.]
At the head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Sir: Three or four Trusty men, the Woman of the Guard, the Box of papers, and such parts of my Baggage as will be particularly named to you, with all the cover'd Waggons and such others as the Q. M. Genl. shall direct are to go round by Land to the Army in Virginia.
The Guard, Stores and other Baggage, are to be embarked on board of some good Vessel (for which you are to apply to Genl. Lincoln in time) and to proceed with the rest of the Transports to the place of debarkation in Virginia.
The best security for your liquors and other stores which are liable to be pilfered or otherwise wasted, will be to place them in a scituation in the hold where they cannot be got at easily.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb. The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 64: Of the Maréchaussée corps. He served to the close of the war. The name is also given as Mettinger.]
Head Quarters the Head of Elk, September 7, 1781.
Sir: After leaving at this Place with me Two Dragoons, you will immediately proceed on with the others of your Command, over the lower Ferry of Susquehannah, upon the Road to Baltimore; to which latter Place you will go on, and wait my Arrival there, unless you receive further Orders from me.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Head of Elk, September 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: As soon as you have arrang'd Matters, and sent on a Gentleman of your Department to mark out the different stages and Halting Places for the Horses and Teams on the following Route, viz. from hence to Bald Friars, thence to Bush, Baltimore, Elk Ridge Landg, Bladensburg, George Town, from thence to Falls of Rappahannock avoiding Acoquan Ferry, Caroline Court House, New Castle, Williamsburg.
You will come forward yourself as expeditiously as may be to the Army with the Marquis de la Fayette.
Col Lutterloh will see to providing Forage, and is invested with Powers for impressing the same in case of necessity. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head of Elk, September 8, 1781.
Sir: You will please to pay out the Money which you will receive pr Mr Morris Order to the Troops now on their March, agreable to the Directions given by Mr Morris to Mr Audibert.67 You will pay the Money upon the Warrants given by General Lincoln, which Warrants, if necessary, shall be countersigned by me hereafter. After makg the Payment to the Troops, if any Money remains in your Hands, you will deliver it to the care of Majr Genl Lincoln, for my particular Use.68
[Note 67: Philip Audibert. He was Deputy Paymaster General.]
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 71: Colonel and county lieutenant of Fairfax County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, September [9], 1781.
Dr. Sir: Instead of having the Militia of this County, (who I am informed are now assembled) march immediately to join the Marquis de la Fayette; I could wish they might be employed in repairing the Roads from George Town72 [to the Ford of Occoquan. To do this without a moments loss of time is of such essential importance that I cannot but repeat in the most earnest manner my desire to have it done.
[Note 72: At this point the following is crossed off: "towards Colchester and Rappahannack Falls avoiding Acoquan Ferry. As the service is very essential and must be performed either."]
The Waggons of the French and American Armies, the Cavalry, and the Cattle will proceed by that rout and may be expected in a few days; and will not only be retarded but more than probably essentially injured, if this necessary business is neglected or delayed. I depend therefore absolutely upon your zeal and activity for the execution of this business.73 For dispatch let the Militia be divided into several parties, and impress the Officers commanding each with the magnitude of the object and the necessity of compleat res. there will be no Troops with the Baggage Waggons &ca. of the Armies before mentioned, and the Maryland Corps now on their March I wish to join the Troops commanded by the Marquis de la Fayette as soon as possible. With much esteem etc.]
[Note 73: Humphreys has crossed off "this business" and substituted the word "it."]
P.S. It is probable, that the farther service of the Militia on the prest occasion may be dispensed with, if they perform with alacrity and perfectly well, the before mention'd business. I wish you to consult the County Lieut. of Prince William, whether some improvements cannot be made in the Ford of Occoquan and that it may be done if practicable; and also that you will be so good as forward the Letter which accompanies this.74
[Note 74: The draft, which is undated, is in the writing of David Humphreys. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1781.
We are thus far, My Dear Marquis, on our way to you. The Count de Rochambeau has just arrived, General Chattelus will be here, and we propose (after resting tomorrow) to be at Fredericksburg on the night of the 12th.; the 13th we shall reach New Castle, and the next day we expect the pleasure of seeing you at your Encampment.
Should there be any danger as we approach you, I shall be obliged if you will send a party of Horse towards New Kent Court House to meet us. With great personal regd etc.
P.S. I hope you will keep Lord Cornwallis safe, without Provisions or Forage untill we arrive. Adieu.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Waggons of the French and American Armies, the Cavalry, and the Cattle of both are upon their march from the Head of Elk to the point of operation below. The roads, from the specimen I have seen, are very bad, and stand in need of considerable res; I have therefore to beg that you will immediately upon the receipt of this, apply to the County Lieuts. or Civil Magistrates to have them put in order from the Ford at the Falls of Rappahannock to Caroline Court House; And it is my earnest wish that the Ford itself may receive every assistance, that it is capable of in a short time. If proper measures could be adopted by the Counties on each side the River, it certainly might be rendered more practicable and safe for the Waggons (which for the sake of dispatch) must pass it.
I expect the Count de Rochambeau and Gen. Chattelus will be here tomorrow night on their way to join the Troops which are passing from the Head of Elk by Water to York, and that they will be in Fredericksburg the following night. The length of their Journey, their own fatigue and that of their Horses will, independent of the attention due to such Character, render it necessary, if it be practicable, to furnish them with Carriages to carry them 25 or 30 Miles, or fresh Horses if Carriages are not to be obtained the next Morning.
I shall not apologize for this freedom or the trouble it will give you, because I am sure you will take pleasure in shewing civilities to the Representatives of a Nation to which we are so much indebted.
The Gentlemen will have 4 or 5 or more of their Suite with them; whether I shall accompany or precede them I am not yet determined. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 77: Deputy Quartermaster General at Alexandria, Va.]
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1781.
Dear Sir: The Baggage Waggons, Cavalry and Cattle of the French and American Armies are to cross at George Town, where I am told the landing Places are bad. I have desired Colonel Wagener78 (instead of marching the Militia to Williamsburg) to employ them in repairing the Roads from George Town to the Ford of Occoquan and entreat you in earnest terms, to see that the landings on both sides are made good, and at all events encreased; that proper kinds of Boats for the transportation of Carriages and Horses are collected and every thing in readiness to give quick dispatch, as the occasion is pressing and delays may be dangerous; unless the landing places are encreased, and [ sic] number of Boats will be useless, and great delays follow. I am etc.79
[Note 78: Col. Peter Waggoner (Wagener).]
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Mount Vernon, September 11, 1781.
Sir: I intended on passing thro' Maryland, to have done myself the Pleasure to have seen your Excellency; but circumstances pressing upon me as I advanced on my March, and Time slipping from me too fast, I found a Necessity of getting on with such Rapidity that I have been obliged to proceed without calling at Anapolis.
I am exceedingly pleased, to find, as I passed thro your State, that a Spirit of Exertion prevails universally in such Manner as gives me the happy Prospect of receiving very effectual Supports from you.
Great Attention is Necessary to be given to the Article of Supplies. I mention this Circumstance, as I am just informed from below that the Army is in Distress at this Moment for Want of Provisions, particularly Flour; let me intreat your Excellency to give every the most expeditious Relief on this Head that is in your Power. With great Regard etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Mount Vernon, September 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: It is to be feared from the Scarcity of Craft which on the Bay, that you will not be able to embark the whole of our Troops at two Trips. Of this however you will be the best Judge upon a Calculation of the Vessels that carry the first Division and the Number that may be collected at Baltimore by the time of the second Embarkation. If you should find that the whole cannot be embarked on the second Trip, I think it will be adviseable to put the Remainder on the March without waiting the Return of the first Transports; of this however you will please to consult with General Viominil, to whom the Count Rochambeau writes on the same Subject by this Opportunity. The Time is fast slipping away; the most expeditious Mode should be taken to collect our whole Force at the Point of Operation.
You will be pleased to keep me fully informed by the Line of Expresses of every interestg Circumstance that takes place with you.
I have no Accounts from below since partg with you, from which Circumstance it is probable nothing material has occurred.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
Under date of Sept. 11, 1781, in the Washington Papers, is an invoice of stores shipped at Elk Landing for the passage down the Chesapeake. It gives the names of the vessels and the family names of the masters.
On September 12 Washington wrote a brief note to the President of Congress from Dumfries, Va., apologizing for opening a packet of letters on the expectation of finding a letter to himself. "I am pursuing my March from this, and expect to join the Marquis in two Days from this Time." This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.
Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith's account of traveling expenses (Sept. 17, 1781, in the Washington Papers) shows that Washington's route from Mount Vernon to Williamsburg was by way of Colchester, Dumfries, Garrats, Fredricksburg, "Bolling Green," Aylett's, Ruffins, Franks, and Williamsburg, which latter place he reached September 14.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, Saturday, September 15, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--
The Commander in Chief takes the earliest Opportunity of testifying the satisfaction he feels on Joining the Army under the Command of Major General the Marquis de la Fayette with prospects which (under the smiles of Heaven) he doubts not will crown their toils with the most brilliant success. A conviction that the Officers and soldiers of this Army will still be actuated by that true Martial spiritt and thirst of Glory which they have already exhibitted on so many trying occasions and under circumstances far less promising than the present affords him the most pleasing sensations.
The arrival of a powerful Fleet and Army under the Command of His Excellency the Count de Grasse and the Marquis de St Simon desplays a new and striking instance of the generous attention of his most Christian Majesty to the interests of the United States.
In addition to the force already assembled a very respectable body of troops both French and Americans are now on their March from the Eastward and may soon be expected to aid our Operations in this quarter. The Zeal and celerity with which Major General the Marquis de St Simond debarked his troops and Joined the Army under the Command of the Marquis de la Fayette at so critical a Juncture demand his most grateful acknowledgements, which he intreats the Marquis to Accept. He also prays him to have the complaisance to signify to the Officers and soldiers under his Command the high sense the General entertains of the spirit and Ardor they have shewn on that Occasion. He particularly admires the patience with which they supported the scarcity of Provisions that unfortunately existed at the time of their Junction owing to particular circumstances, circumstances which he exceedingly regretts, but hopes are already remedied and that the like misfortune will not be again experienced.
Accurate Returns of the different Corps as well Continentl as Militia now serving here to be given in at Head Quarters Tomorrow Morning at ten oclock, specifying the Number of Militia that are unarmed and that the men returned on duty &ca. be particularly and satisfactorily accounted for.
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 15, 1781.
Sir: Your Excellency has been acquainted, that on Information of the Sailg of the Fleet from the Capes, I had given Orders to the Troops which were embarked to stop their Proceeding. I am happy now to inform your Excellency, that the Count De Grasse is returned to his former Station, having driven the British fleet from the Coasts, formed a Junction with the Squadron of Count De Barras, and captured two British frigates; the Bay being thus secure, I have given Orders for the Troops to proceed with all possible Dispatch to the Point of Operations.
I am Distressed my Dear Sir, to find on my Arrival, that the Supplies for the Army collectg here, are not in that desirable Train, that could be wished; they have already experienced a Want of Provisions, and are greatly apprehensive in future, particularly in the Article of Bread. All the Flour within your Reach, should be immediately forwarded down, which may I think be speedily done, now that the Navigation of the Bay is secured. I beg Sir, that not a Moment may be lost in furnishg us with every Supply within your Power; happily our Prospects of Success are most promising, [if the Fleet will remain with us;] if we are not Wanting in our own Exertions. An Army cannot be kept together without Supplies; if these fail us, our Operations must Cease, and all our high Hopes Will Vanish into Disappointment and Disgrace. I am &c.
P.S. If your Excelly. can assist us in procuring some Axes or Hatchets and Intrenching Tools of all kinds, it will be a great Advantage. We shall have much occasion for tools of this sort, and I find almost a Total want here, it will be difficult to make a Collection from a small Compass.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. The P.S. is not in the draft, but is supplied from a printed copy of the letter sent, in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 47 (1914), P. 465.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 15, 1781.
Sir: I had the Honour to receive your Excellencys Letter of the 4th. of this Month, soon after my Arrival at this Place. I am at a Loss to express the Pleasure which I have in congratulating your Excellency on your Return to your former Station in the Bay, and the happy Circumstances of formg a Junction with the Squadron of the Count De Barras.83 I take particular Satisfaction in felicitating your Excellency on the Glory of having driven the British Fleet from the Coasts, and takg two of their Frigates; these happy events and the decided Superiority of your Fleet, give us the happiest Presages of the most compleat Success, in our combined Operations on this Bay.
[Note 83: Barras arrived in the Chesapeake on August to, (while De Grasse was engaged with the British fleet beyond the Capes) with the French troops under De Choisy and the siege artillery which had been left behind in Rhode Island by Rochambeau. (See Washington's letter to De Custine-Sarreck, Sept. 15, 1781, post.)]
It is with much Regret that I find the Want of Transports on the Bay, has much retarded the coming on of the Troops expected from the Northward.84 If it is possible for your Excellency to give us any Assistance in this Distress, it will be attended with inexpressible Advantage to the prosecution of our Measures, and will be acknowledged with the Highest gratitude.
[Note 84: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "but small proportion of the Troops, with American Stores, are yet embarked."]
Such of our Troops as Could not be embarked at Head of Elk, are marchg to Baltimore, where they are to be put on Board such Transports as may be collected at that Place.
It is very much the Wish of the Count De Rochambeau, as well as myself, to have the Honor of an Interview with your Excellency; but our particular Circumstances render us dependant on your Goodness for the Means of Conveyance; if your Excellency could dispatch some fast Sailg Cutter to receive us on Board and will inform us your Time and place, we will be very happy to attend you, at the earliest Moment you shall fix.
The Count Fercin,85 an Aid to the Count Rochambeau, is sent on to hurry down the Troops embarkg on the Bay, if your Excellency can furnish him the Means of proceeding up the Bay, it will be very agreable. I am &c.
[Note 85: Hans Axel, Comte de Fersen.]
P.S. Since writing the above, I am informed with much Pleasure, that your Excellency has anticipated my Wishes in sendg Transports up the Bay.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 15, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Congress, that I arrived at this place last evening; that soon after my arrival, I receiv'd the pleasing intelligence that the Count de Grasse, who had put to Sea on the 5th. in pursuit of the British Fleet, had returned to his former station at Cape Henry, having driven the British from the Coast, taken two of their Frigates and effected a junction with the Squadron of the Count de Barras.
In consequence of my having been informed of the sailing of the Fleet from the Capes, and being apprehensive that we were not assured of the security of our Navigation on the Bay, I had Ordered the Troops which were embarked at the Head of Elk, to stop their proceeding untill we had further intelligence. Orders are this morning gone on to press them forward with every dispatch possible.
I am distressed to find the supply of the Army collecting here, on too precarious a footing; already they have experienced a want of provisions. Every measure is taking that is in my power, to be better assured of our supplies in future; how far I shall succeed in my endeavours, time must discover. I have the honor etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[Note 88: Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine-Sarreck. He was brigadier general of cavalry and colonel of the Regiment Saintonge.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 15, 1781.
Sir: The Troops embarked, having been stopped on the Sailing of the Fleet from the Chesapeak, I have the Pleasure to inform you that the Count De Grasse, having been joined by Monsr De Barras' Squadron, and having captured two of the British Frigates, is now returned with the whole, and again taken his Station in the Bay. By this Means, the Bay being perfectly secure, you will be pleased to proceed with the Troops under your Command, with all possible Dispatch to James River, where they are to debark at James Town, and receive further Orders. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: Upon information of the Sailing of the Fleet from the Chesapeak Bay, I gave Orders for the Troops, which were embarked, to be stopped. Since my arrival at this place, I am informed that the Count de Grasse has been joined by Count de Barras, and having captured two English Frigates, is returned to his former Station at the Capes; on this pleasing information, I have sent forward Count Fercin to hurry on the Troops with all possible dispatch; every day we loose now, is comparatively an age; as soon as it is in our power with safety, we ought to take our position near the Enemy. Hurry on then, my Dear Genl., with your Troops upon the wing of Speed, the want of our Men and Stores is now all that retards our immediate operations.
Lord Cornwallis is improving every moment to the best advantage, and every day that is given him to make his preparations, may cost us many Lives to encounter.
I am very sensible of your vigilance and Activity; my impatience however, to commence our operations impels me to write as I have.
You will come with your Troops to the College landing in James River, where unless you receive other Orders, you will debark. I am &c.90
[Note 90: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburgh, September 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have to request you, in the most earnest Manner to send forward all the Recruits that are furnished by the State of Pennsylvania for their Line. Let it not be said that those Troops are kept from Service for Want of a few Articles which they could wish to be furnished with, when other Troops doing Duty in the Field are combatting almost every Distress imaginable in the Want of almost every Necessary. If any Thing in the Power of the State, can be instantly done, towards their Equipment, I wish them to be called upon and hope they will furnish without Delay. It is the highest Absurdity in the World, to keep those Troops in a State of Idleness at great Expence, and at the same Time for Want of them, to put the Publick to the same or much greater Charge, by callg in the Aid of Militia, which we are now obliged to do on the present Occasion. I beg you therefore to hurry on those Troops, with all the Expedition in your Power, by Water, down the Chesapeak, embarkg at Baltimore, where Craft can doubtless be found by taking the proper precaution, and their Transportation will be perfectly secure, so long as the Fleet maintains their present Station. The Place of Debarkation will be in James River, probably at the Colledge Landg, unless further Orders shall be given to carry them to any other Place nearer the Point of our Operations.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburgh, September 15, 1781.
Sir: The Army here have already experienced a Want of Provisions, especially of the Bread kind, and I fear that they will be in Danger of greater Distress, when the whole Force I expect is assembled, unless the most vigorous measures are taken to prevent it. I have therefore to request in the most earnest Terms that you will use every Effort in your Power, to send down all the Flour within your Reach in the most expeditious Manner. The Bay is now entirely secured by the Fleet, and no Danger is to be feared on the Water, so long as they remain; procure and load all the Craft you can without the least Delay, and send them to James River, or the nearest place to the point of our Operations.
I beg you also to communicate the Subject of this Letter to the Q Master at George Town; where I am told there is a large Quantity of Flour which should be immediately used, and urge him to forward what is in his Power without the loss of a Moment. I am etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On September 15 Washington wrote also to Chevalier de La Luzerne, forwarding a letter from Comte de Grasse, and announcing that a junction of the fleets of De Grasse and Barras had taken place. This letter is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
[September 16, 1781.]
Gentn: Upon viewing the troops of the Virginia Line this morning I find they are almost totally destitute of Cloathing that is even necessary for the present season in consequence of which upwards of one third93 of them are rendered at present unfit for service.
[Note 93: "Two thirds" was first written and afterwards changed to "one third."]
The importance of present exertions need not be pen'd as I flatter myself you must already be convinced of the necessity of them. You will therefore Gent. oblige me by forwarding to your troops every supply that is within your power to command. I am informed you have in store a Quantity of Cloathing at Richmond or elsewhere; it answers no valuable end to retain them for troops you expect to be raised and let those in actual service suffer.
By forwarding them to the men at present in the field you will comfort the distress'd and Virtuous Soldier and oblige Gent. Your etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburgh, Sunday, September 16, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
As during the present scarcity of Provisions the Quarter Master will take care that a sufficient number of Cornfields be appropriated to the use of the Troops, the Commander in Chief in the most Pointed manner forbids the soldiers entering or taking Corn in any field but those pointed out by the Quarter Master, and hopes that every Officer will exert himself to see this order attended to.
September 17, 1781.95
The noble and generous Support which is given to this Country, by His Most Christian Majesty, does, as it ought, fill the breast of every American with gratitude and Love; The zeal and alacrity with which His Officers strive to carry his Royal intentions into execution, merit our highest admiration
[Note 95: Washington and Rochambeau arrived on the French flagship, the Ville de Paris, at Cape Henry about noon, September 17. The interview with the French admiral took place the same day.] and applause; a recent instance of this is now before us; But the distressed and unfortunate circumstances of these United States, and the dispersed situation of their Troops are such, as do not admit their Military operations to be carried on with that celerity which could be wished, nor place them in that advantageous ground, from which they may reap all that benefit from this generous Aid, that in other circumstances they might expect to receive.
The measures which are now pursuing, are big with great events; the Peace and Independence of this Country, and the general tranquility of Europe will, it is more than probable, result from our Compleat success; disgrace to ourselves, Triumph to the Enemy, and probable Ruin to the American Cause, will follow our disappointment. The first is certain, if the powerfull Fleet, now in Chesapeak Bay or such part of it as will be competent to the purpose, can remain to the close of a regular Operation, which, from various unforeseen causes, may be protracted beyond our present expectation. The second is much to be apprehended, if from the fear of loosing the Aid of the Fleet, the operations by Land are precipitated faster than a necessary prudence and regard to the lives of Men, will warrant; the first may be slow, but sure; the second must be bloody and precarious.
Under this state of matters, General Washington begs, that the Count de Grasse will have the goodness to give him a Resolution of the following Questions. Viz.
QUESTIONS
1st. Is your Excellency restricted to any certain time for the continuance of the Fleet upon this Coast? If any time is fixed, beyond which your Orders will not warrant your stay in this Bay, or if the pursuit of any other object should more attract your attention, be pleased to name the day to which your departure is determined.
2d. If your Excellency should find yourself under a necessity to return the Troops, under the Command of the Marquis de St. Simon, to the West Indies, (however to be lamented such circumstance must be) may I not be assured, that a detachment of the Fleet may be imployed as a Convoy to those Troops, and that the Main Fleet may remain in the Bay to form a sufficient cover to our Operations against the Enemy, to prevent their receiving supplies by water, and to protect us from any attempt from the British to give relief to Lord Cornwallis and raise our Seige; and this Fleet to remain untill the close of our Operations.
3d. Will it, in your Excellency's opinion, be practicable to force with your Ships, the passage of the York River, so as to git above the Enemy?
This measure, if effected, will be attended with almost infinite advantages, not only, as it will secure our Communication on both sides the River, which otherwise must be very lengthy and tedious, but will give us the Navigation of the River, and enable us to draw the supplies of the Country throughout its whole extent; and will also form the compleat investiture of the Enemy's Posts.
4th. So long as the Enemy possesses both sides of the River, it will be necessary to keep up our force on both sides, to aid our efforts in the operation, will it be in your Excellency's power to spare us any number of Men from on board the Fleet, to continue so long as this measure is necessary? if any, what number?
5th. If in the prosecution of our operations, our prospects of success shuld wear a favorable Aspect, I shall be glad to be decided, whether your Excellency will be able to detach some suitable Vessels from your Fleet, sufficient to block in the British Troops at Wilmington, and to possess the Harbour of Charlestown?
6th. If our Operations should be of such a nature as to require it, will your Excellency be able to lend us some heavy Cannon and other Artillery, [Powder also, in what number and quantity?96
[Note 96: A copy, in the writing of David Cobb and signed by Washington, is filed with Washington's letter to Congress, Oct. 27, 1781, in the Papers of the Continental Congress. In the draft, which is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., the words in brackets above are in the writing of Washington. The answers of De Grasse, condensed, were: To question No. 1: His instructions fixed his departure from the Chesapeake at October 15, but he would stay until the end of October. No. 2: St. Simon's troops have a particular destination; but they will stay as long as De Grasse stays. No. 3: Hesitates about sending ships up the York River above Yorktown; but will reconnoiter the situation and then decide. No. 4: Will furnish 1,800 to 2,000 men; but wish they may not be used except in a "Coup de Main." No. 5: The form of the French vessels do not admit of the enterprise against Wilmington and Charleston. No. 6: Can furnish some cannon and powder but only a small quantity of the latter. The answers in the draft are in the writing of Tench Tilghman. A copy, in French, of the questions and answers, signed by De Grasse, is also in the Washington Papers.]
James River, September 20, 1781.
Sir: You will be pleased to make your best Way into Piuncatanck River, where you will disembark your Troops at the most convenient place you can find that shall be nearest to Gloscester Court House. I am &c.
P.S. After Debarkg the Troops mentioned, if any Military Stores are on Board, you will proceed with them to Burrel's Ferry in James River, where you will receive further Orders. Those Vessels as will be fully discharged with the Troops at Glouscester, will proceed immediately to Anapolis, where they will apply to Govr Lee for his Directions to receive Flour to transport to the Army and pursue his Orders.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
On Board the Charlotte,98 James River, September 20, 1781.
[Note 98: The tender Queen Charlotte, in which Washington and Rochambeau went from Williamsburg to Cape Henry to confer with De Grasse. Owing to contrary winds, they did not get hack to Williamsburg until September 22.]
Sir: I have been informed that some American Vessels, with salted Provisions on Board, for the Use of the Troops of my Army, have taken the Benefit of the Convoy of the Squadron of Count de Barras, and are Arrived in the Bay. I Will be obliged if your Excellency will be pleased to order those Transports to proceed up this River, near to Burrel's Ferry and let them report to me, that they may receive my Orders where they shall debark their Provisions.
I cannot omit to express to your Excellency, the high Satisfaction I had in the very cordial Reception I experienced from you on Board the Ville De Paris. I hope ere long to have the happiness to embrace you again with the like Cordiality and Sincere Affection, on the Reduction of Lord Cornwallis and his Army, an Event, which I am sure will convey the greatest Pleasure to each of us. I have the Honor etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
James River, September 20, 1781.
Dr. Sir: The Legion of the Duke de Lauzun is ordered to join the Troops under your Command in Gloucester County, to aid in restraining the Enemy, and preventing their Collection of Provisions and Stores from the Country. This Service, if you are the Seniour Officer, you will endeavour to perform, with all your Diligence, without precipitating your Troops into too great Danger.
You will be very punctual in your Correspondence with me; and communicate every Circumstance that may be of Importance. I am &c.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Williamsburg, September 22, 1781.
Sir: The inclosed letter for Your Excellency and the Copies of others to Count de Rochambeau and myself have this moment come to my Hands. I deem the intelligence they contain of so much importance that I have thought it proper to transmit them immediately to your by the Baron Closen one of the Aides de Camp to the Count de Rochambeau. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 23, 1781.
Sir: On my Arrival at this Place, I found it would be attended with good Consequences for me to see Admiral De Grasse in Person, this Visit I have performed, and met the Count on Board the Ville de Paris at Cape Henry, from whence I am just returned. I am happy to inform Congress, that I found the French Admiral disposed in the best Manner, to give us all the Assistance in his Power, and perfectly to cooperate with me in our present Attempt.
The Vessels from the Head of Elk, are now debarking their Troops and Stores, except some few, which are not yet arrived, but are accounted for from the Dullness of their Sailing, and may be hourly expected.
I still find myself embarrassed for Want of sufficient Stores of Provisions, and means of Transportion; by superior Exertions however, I hope to surmount these Difficulties, and in a few Days to find myself before the Enemys Works at York and Gloucester. I have the Honor etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Williamsburg, September 23, 1781.
Gentlemen: By the best accounts which we can obtain the enemy's Works at York are already more respectable than we had reason to suppose, and as they continue to strengthen them with unremitting labour, we must look forward to a very serious operation. Genl. Knox has for these reasons thought it prudent to increase his requisition for shot and shells. His letter accompanies this and I must entreat the Board to use every exertion to forward the Articles required, and as expeditiously as possible, for should we be under the necessity of slackening our fire on account of the consumption of our stock, the loss to us would be perhaps irretrievable. I have the honor etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
(Private)
Williamsburg, September 23, 1781.
Sir: I hold myself exceedingly obliged to your Excellency for your favor of the 15th. The intelligence it contains is so important, that I immediately transmitted it to the Count de Grasse, whose superiority, even supposing Digby should have arrived with ten ships, will be considerable. I find every disposition in the Admiral to act with vigor and decision.
Want of time obliges me to refer your Excellency to my public letter for an account of the situation of matters in this quarter. I have the honor etc.6
[Note 6: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Williamsburgh, September 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: I received your Favor pr Messenger Kane. I have now to inform you, that I arrived at this Place on the 14th. and findg it necessary to have a personal Interview with the Count de Grasse, I paid him a Visit on Board the Ville de Parris, at Cape Henry, from whence I am just returned, after a very decisive Conversation with the Count, Upon Measures, which may prove very interesting in our present Operations.
The Troops and Stores from the Head of Elk, are this Day disembarkg; the Remainder are soon expected. Our Operations are fast ripening to their Commencement, and in a few Days I hope to find myself before the Works of the Enemy.
By Information, Lord Cornwallis is incessantly at Work on his Fortifications, and is probably preparing to defend himself to the last Extremity; a little Time will probably decide his Fate; with the Blessing of Heaven, I trust it will prove favorable to the Interests of America.
I find great Embarrassments from the Want of sufficient Provisions and means of Transportation; but, with proper Exertions, these Difficulties I hope will be soon removed. With Respect etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Williamsburgh, September 23, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 18th instt came to hand while I was absent on a Visit to the Count de Grasse at Cape Henry, from whence I am just returned.
I am very sensible of your Attention, and am sorry for the Embarrassments you meet with. I hope they will soon be removed.
The Legion of the Duke Lauzun is ordered to join the Troops now under your Command, and you may soon Expect to see them.
I wish you to be exceedingly watchfull upon the Motions of the Enemy on your Side, and to prevent, as much as possible, without risquing too much, the Enemys gaining Provisions or Supplies from the Country, and you will be so good as to give me the earliest Information of any important Circumstance that may take place.
The Duke de Lauzun is a Gentleman of Rank and long Service in the Army of France, a Brigadier at the present Time in the Army under Command of the Count de Rochambeau. You will please to shew him all Respect and Attention that his Character demands. I am &c.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The original is in the Allyn K. Ford Collection, Minneapolis, Minn.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: Inclosed is Copy of a Resolution of Congress of the inst., respecting the Conduct of Major Genl Howe while in Georgia, with Copy of the Instructions of the Genl Assembly of that State, on which is grounded the Resolution of Congress. These Papers I have lately received,9 and are now transmitted to you, that the necessary Steps may be taken to pursue the Intentions of Congress by an Enquiry. With much Regard etc.10
[Note 9: The draft has at this point "from the President of Congress."]
[Note 10: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Williamsburg, September 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: The constant Attention I have been obliged to pay to the March of the Troops, forwarding Stores, procuring Necessaries &c. for the Expedition in Contemplation, with other unavoidable Circumstances, have prevented my Giving an Answer to your private Letter, which I received at Philadelphia, before this Day.
I am very sorry you have taken up the Matter in so serious a Light as seems to appear from your Letter, and that you are so Deeply affected. I can Assure you, that there was nothing like a designed Neglect or Omission in your not being called into this Service; but the Matter turns up merely from the common Rotine of Duty; In the Course of which Genl Heath stood first and therefore took the Command he now has. Lord Sterling, who came next in Course, from his Age and Infirmities, I viewed unequal to the Toils and Fatigues of the March and Consequent hard Duties of the Expedition, on which Ground and a candid Representation of it to his Lordship he perfectly acquiessed.11 Genl Lincoln was the next M Genl on the List; for him no Excuse could be formed; he therefore filled the Command that was necessary.
[Note 11: As first written and later crossed out, the sentence read "he was perfectly contented to be passed over."]
Under this View of the Case, your good Sense with your Knowledge of Military Duty and Service, I dare say, will make you easy with your present Lot, altho you might esteem yourself more happy in another Situation.
Our Operations here are fast Ripening to the Point of their Commencement; a Day or two will carry us before the Works of Lord Cornwallis: Our Prospects are at present fair and promising. What may be in the Womb of Fate is very uncertain; but we anticipate the Reduction of Ld Cornwallis with his Army, with much Satisfaction. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 14th Inst. has been duly received; the intelligence respecting the embarkation at N York and the Arrival of Admiral Digby is very probably founded in reality, but his arrival, under our present circumstances, cannot I flatter myself have any influence on our projects, or in the least retard our operations while there are 36 french Ships of the Line in the Bay.
Every thing has hitherto succeeded to our wishes. Nothing could have been more fortunate than the co-operation of the several parts of this great expedition in point of time. In addition to the Troops which have been landed from the West India and Rhode Island Fleets, almost the whole of the American Troops have arrived by water, with the first Division of the french Army; the remainder may be expected in a very short time. The debarkation and movement of the heavy Artillery and Stores will necessarily occasion some delay; but in a very few days, I hope, the Enemy at York will be compleatly invested. And altho Lord Cornwallis has endeavoured to strengthen himself as much as possible, and has a considerable Army with him, yet the prospects of his reduction, from the superiority of the Naval and land force now employed on that service, are as favorable as could possibly have been expected.
In the mean time, it will be important for me to be informed of every Movement of the Enemy's fleet and Army at the Northward, I must therefore sollicit in the most earnest terms, that you will have the goodness to communicate every interesting intelligence, with the utmost dispatch, in the same manner you have formerly done. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Williamsburg, September 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 12th. You may be assured that should the proposal for the exchange of Genl. Burgoyne be acceded to on the part of the enemy, every attention shall be paid to the rights of the southern Officers; my personal regard for you will make me particularly careful that no injustice shall be done to you.14 You have been misinformed as to any particular officers of your Rank having been set against General Burgoyne. So fearful was I that some irregular steps might be taken by the Commis. of Prisoners was the matter left to him, that I instructed him not to fix upon any
[Note 14: Pinckney, who was colonel of the First South Carolina Regiment, had been taken prisoner on the surrender of Charleston, S.C., and was then a prisoner on parole.] Officer in the southern Army, but to wait till returns could be obtained from Major Hyrne15 the Dtputy. Commissary in that Quarter, specifying the Officers unexchanged, their Ranks and dates of capture. I am etc.16
[Note 15: Maj. Edmund M. Hyrne, of the Second South Carolina Regiment, and Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburgh, Monday, September 24, 1781.
Parole Toulon. Countersigns Villers, Belleisle.
An accurate inspection of the Arms Accoutrements and Ammunition to be made immediately and the deficiencies compleated; also a correct Return of the Troops that are disembarked to be made this day and delivered to the Adjutant General.
The Continental Troops composing the Army in Virginia are to brigaded as follows viz.
First. Colonel Voses, Lieutenant Colonel Barbers and Lieutent. Colo. Gematts Battallions of Infantry will form a Brigade to be commanded by Brigader General Muhlenburgh.
2d. Colonel Scammells regiment and Lt. Col. Hamiltons Battalion of Infantry and Hazens Regiment, a Brigade to be Commanded by Brigadier General Hazen.
3d. Colonels Gaskins17 Virginia Regiment and the two Battalions of Pennsylvania, a Brigade to be Commanded by Brigadier General Wayne.
[Note 17: Lieut. Col. Thomas Gaskins, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
4th. The third and fourth Maryland regiments, a Brigade to be Commanded by Brigadier General Gist.
5th. The two Jersey regiments and the Rhode Island regiment, a Brigade to be Commanded by Colonel Dayton.
6th. The first and second New York regiments a Brigade to be Commanded by Brigadier General James Clinton.
Head Quarters, Williamsburgh, Tuesday, September 25, 1781.
Parole Petersburgh. Countersigns Richmond, Hannover.
All deserters and persons coming from the Enemys Lines are to be sent in the first instance to Head Quarters. No Horses, Arms or accoutrements are to be purchased from them except for the Public services, unless it is specified to the contrary in the written passes which will be granted to them by the Adjutant General, any persons of the above discription found without proper passes, with the Army or in the environs of the Encampments are to be apprehended and sent to the provost Guard.
The Deputy Commissary of Prisoners will report to Head Quarters all prisoners of War immediately after their Capture.
At a General Court Martial assembled at Williamsburgh September 12th. 1781 by order of Major General the Marquis de la Fayette, Colonel Vose President, Captain Wilkin18 of Colonels Stewarts Battalion of the Pennsylvania line, charged by Col Stewart with riotous behavior in his tent at an unseasonable hour of the Night; with disobedience of orders in not desisting when ordered so to do by the field Officer of the day through the Adjutt. Captain Vanhorn and for using language and conduct subversive of good order and Discipline, was tried and acquited.
[Note 18: Capt. Robert Wilkins, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief approves the Opinion of the Court. Captain Wilkin is released from his Arrest.
The several issuing Commissaries will be particularly careful in preserving all the sheep skinns, for the use of the Artillery. They will be delivered on application to Mr. Thomas Jones, Deputy field Commissary of Military stores.
Captain Lieutenant Miles19 is appointed Brigade Quarter Master to the Artillery in the room of Captain Lieutenant How20 deceased, he is to be obeyed accordingly.
[Note 19: Capt.-Lieut. John Miles, of the Second Continental Artillery. He resigned in December, 1782.]
[Note 20: Capt.-Lieut. Baxter Howe, of the Second Continental Artillery. He died Sept. 20, 1781.]
Williamsburg, September 25, 1781.
Sir: I cannot conceal from your Excellency the painful anxiety under which I have laboured since the receipt of the letter with which you honored me on the 23d inst.
The naval movements which Your Excellency states there as possible considering the intelligence communicated to you by the baron de Clossen, make it incumbent upon me to represent the consequences that wd arise from them, and to urge a perseverance in the plan already agreed upon.21 Give me leave in the first place to repeat to Yr Excellency that the enterprise against York under the protection of your Ships, is as certain as any military operation can be rendered by a decisive superiority of strength and means; that it is in fact reducible to calculation,
[Note 21: De Grasse's letter of Sept. 23, 1781, is in the Washington Papers. A translation is in Sparks, vol. 8, p. 528. In it De Grasse proposed that he should leave 2 vessels at the mouth of York River, the corvettes and frigates then blockading the James River and with all the rest of his fleet put to sea in order to secure more maneuvering space. In such case, if he should be forced to leeward, he inquired of Washington what would be his procedure. De Grasse further stated he would sail toward New York, where he might do more, he thought, for the common cause than by remaining an idle spectator at Cape Henry.] and that the surrender of the british Garrison will be so important in itself and its consequences, that it must necessarily go a great way towards terminating the war, and securing the invaluable objects of it to the Allies.22
[Note 22: At this point the following is crossed off in the draft: "The dearest interests then of the common cause, and Your Excellencys personal Glory being thus deeply concerned, nothing I am persuaded can determine Your Excellency to withdraw your cooperation."]
Your Excellency's departure from the Chesapeake by affordg an opening for the succour of York, which the enemy wd instantly avail himself of, would frustrate these brilliant prospects, and the consequence would be not only the disgrace and loss of renouncing an enterprise, upon which the fairest expectations of the Allies have been founded, after the most expensive preparations and uncommon exertions and fatigues; but the disbanding perhaps the whole Army for want of provisions.
The present Theatre of the War is totally deficient in means of land transportation, being intersected by large rivers, and the whole dependance for interior communication being upon small Vessels. The Country has been much exhausted besides by the ravages of the enemy and the subsistence of our own Army; that our supplies can only be drawn from a distance and under cover of a fleet Mistress of the Chesapeake.
I most earnestly entreat Your Excellency farther to consider that if the present opportunity shd be missed; that if you shld withdraw your maritime force from the position agreed upon, that no future day can restore us a similar occasion for striking a decisive blow; that the british will be indefatigable in strengthening their most important maritime points, and that the epoch of an honorable peace will be more remote than ever.
The confidence with which I feel myself inspired by the energy of character and the naval talents which so eminently distinguish Yr Excellency leaves me no doubt that upon a consideration of the consequences which must follow your departure from the Chesapeake, that Yr Excellency will determine upon the possible measure which the dearest interests of the common cause wd dictate.
I had invariably flattered myself from the accounts given me by skilful mariners, that Your Excellys position, moored in the Chesapeake might be made so respectable, as to bid defiance to any attempt on the pt of the british fleet, at the same time that it wd support the operations of a siege, secure the transportation of our supplies by water and oeconomise the most precious time by facilitating the debarkation of our heavy Artillery and stores conveniently to the trenches in York River. It is to be observed that the strength of the enemy's reinforcement announced under Admiral Digby as we have the intelligence from the british, may not only be exaggerated, but altogether a finesse, and supposing the account consistent with truth: their total force it was hoped wd. not put them in condition to attack with any prospect of success.
If the stationary position which had been agreed upon should be found utterly impracticable, there is an alternative which however inferior considered relatively to the support and facility of our land operations would save our affairs from ruin; this is to cruise with Your Excellency's fleet within view of the capes, so as effectually to prevent the entrance of any british Vessels.
Upon the whole, I shd. esteem myself deficient in my duty to the common cause of France and America, if I did not persevere in entreating Yr. Excellency to resume the plans that have been so happily arranged, and if invincible maritime reasons prevent, I depend as a last resource upon Your Excellency's pursuing the alternative above mentioned and rendering the Chesapeake inaccessible to any Enemys Vessel.
However the british Admiral may manoeuvre and endeavour to divert Yr Excellency from the object in view, I can hardly admit a belief that it can be his serious intention to engage in a general action with a Fleet whose force will be superior supposing the most flattering accounts for the british to be true; past experience having taught them to engage with caution even upon equal terms, and forced from them acknowledgements, which prove the respect with which they have been inspired.
Let me add Sir that even a momentary absence of the french fleet may expose us to the loss of the british Garrison at York as in the present state of affairs Ld Cornwallis might effect the evacuation with the loss of his Artillery and baggage and such a sacrifice of men as his object would evidently justify.
The Marquis de la fayette who does me the honor to bear this to Yr Excellency will explain many peculiarities of our situation which could not well be comprised in a letter; his candour and abilities are well known to Yr Excellency and entitle him to the fullest confidence in treating the most important interests. I have earnestly requested him not to proceed any farther than the Capes for fear of accidents shd Yr. Excellency have put to sea; in this case he will dispatch a Letter to Yr Excellency in addition to this. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.
A draft in the Morgan Library, also in the writing of Laurens, with a few interlineations in Washington's writing, shows that this letter was at first cast in the form of instructions to Lafayette.]
[Note 24: Chaplain to the Virginia Brigade. He served to the close of the war.]
Williamsburg, September 25, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Letter of Yesterday. It is a fact, that, by particular agreement with Sir Hry Clinton, the Chaplains both of the American and British Armies, are exempted from Detention by Capture or Parole; pleading therefore that Stipulation I know no reason the Enemy can have for detaing you a Prisoner of War, or holding you under Parole; but should suppose you at your Liberty; several of their Chaplains have been released without any Compensation.
As to Want of Pay, it is the common Misfortune attending the Army, and which cannot at present be relieved by me. Measures are however taking to put the Pay of the Troops upon a better Footing than has for some Time past been experienced.
I have found it very difficult to obtain a few Horses which were wanted for myself and some Gentlemen of the French Army, so that it is not in my Power to afford you Assistance in that Respect. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburgh, Wednesday, September 26, 1781.
Parole Marsailles. Countersigns Ostend, Newport.
The first Brigade of Light Infantry, Waynes Brigade and the third Maryland Regiment are to remove at eight oClock Tomorrow Morning to the encampment advanced of the city.
The field Artillery attached to the Brigades are to be provided with Horses Tomorrow without fail.
Four days Bread (if to be had) or flour and the like quantity of Meat (no more of which fresh than will keep) is to be issued to all the Troops Tomorrow.
General Du Portail will direct the Number of intrenching and other tools necessary to be taken with the Army in the first instance and fix the mode of Transportation with the Quarter Master General. A Corporal and four Dragoons from Colonel Moylands Command to attend dayly at Head Quarters untill further orders.
An accurate Return of the several regiments of Militia on duty here, specifying the Brigades they belong to to be given in at the orderly Office at ten oClock Tomorrow Morning.
While the Army continues in its present position General orders will be issued every day at three oClock P. M. at the orderly Marque in the rear of the American Encampment.
Williamsburg, September 26, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am always unhappy, when by an Act of mine, I make others unhappy; but when I am conscious that it does not result from Design, or any Impropriety in my Conduct, I am consoled. I have ever esteemed you as a Gentleman, and an Officer. I have ever had a Disposition to oblige you, in every thing I could do with propriety. In proof of it, when I found you was uneasy at not being appointed to the Command of one of the three Battalions which marched to this State with the Marquis De Lafayette, I gave you the next Lt Infantry Corps that was formed. I had no Idea of giving more, or that you expected more; the Annexation of Colo Hamilton's Battn. to your Regiment was local, resulting from the then disposition of the Army, the position we had taken, and the Objects we had to attend to; for the same Reason, Sheldons Horse and the York Compas. at one Time composed your temporary Command; but does it follow, that they were not to be separated from it, and that a Change of Circumstances will not occasion a Change in the Disposition of an Army.
In this Place, and to remove the Misconception which you seem to be under, Candor obliges me to add, that if the Operation against N York had continued, the probability was, that upon the Augmentation of the Army, (as was expected) the light Corps would have been increased, and placed under the Orders of a Brigadier; not, I will farther add, because I thought it would have been better conducted, but because it would have been more consistent with our Military practice, and the Expectations founded thereon.
Whether you, or Colo Tupper is the Senior Colo. I did not, nor do I now know. He (I speak from Memory only) commanded the Brigde. in which the Troops of N Hampshire are, while you stood altogether alone with the Regt. of Infantry; this led me to think, that you were either his Junr. or preferred the Command you then had.
Tho' it is extremely inconvenient to me (when I am pressed in point of Time, by a thousand Occurrences) to go into a Discussion of this Matter, my Regard for you induces me, thus hastily to make these Observations; and to wish, that in the great and important Matter before us, the only Contention among us may be, who shall do most to bring it to a happy and speedy Issue. With much Esteem etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 26, 1781.
Gentl: I have recd yours of this date. And know of no other places more eligible to draw to a point the supplies of the two Counties on the eastern shore than those mentioned.27 I am happy to find the affairs in your departments wear so flattering
[Note 27: Cherry Stone was suggested for the location on the eastern shore of Virginia and Snow Hill and Vienna on the Maryland shore, in Blaine and Stewart's letter of Sept. 26, 1781, which is in the Washington Papers.] an aspect. As for your establishing a post at Choptank its situation renders it convenient; and if you find the two mentioned, not fully sufficient, I know of no other more eligible for a third.
Upon inquiry I find the Hide and Tallow departments are not in that state that will enable them to furnish those supplies that we have a right to expect from them. You will therefore please to make such arrangements in them as may appear to you necessary. I am, etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters, September 27, 1781.
Sir: I am much indebted to your Excellency for the instant Communication with which you have honored me, of the Dispositions that you have determined for your Fleet.
The Resolution that your Excellency has taken in our Circumstances proves that a great Mind knows how to make personal Sacrifices to secure an important general Good; fully sensible of those wch your Excellency has made on the present Occasion, I flatter myself, that the Result of the Operations conducted under your Auspices, will compensate them by its Utility to the common Cause.
Your Excellency may depend on every Assistance that the Allied Armies can give relatively to the Battery which you propose at Comfort Point, and that our utmost Exertions will be used in hastening the investment of the Enemy. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am this Moment informed by Deserters, that the Enemy are preparing more fire Ships against your Vessels in the River and that the old Forvey is to be one.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 27, 1781.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency this Morning the Count de Rochambeau and myself have received letters from Genl Weedon and the Duke De Lauzun who are posted near Glocester.
These Officers both represent, in the strongest terms that considering the nature of the Ground, their strength and the facility with which the Enemy may reinforce his post at Glocester, an augmentation of their present Numbers is indispensable, both to enable them to occupy a good Defensive position and to confine the Enemy within his Lines. In those circumstances I am induced to request your Excellency to spare a detachment of six or eight hundred Men from the Garrison of your Ships. This measure I am persuaded will answer the most valuable purposes and it will encrease the obligations under a sense of which, I have the honor etc.30
[Note 30: The copy is in the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: It is of such essential consequence, in my opinion, that the Army should be regularly supplied with rum during the present operation, that I cannot forbear interesting myself on the subject. When we take into consideration how precious the lives of our men are, how much their Health depends upon a liberal use of Spirits in the judgment of the most Skilful Physicians, who are best acquainted with the Climate; how meritorious their Services have been, and what severe and incessant duties and fatigues are expected from them, we cannot hesitate to determine that the Public ought to incur a small expence, to answer the most valuable purposes, and preserve the lives of a great number of Men who have merited extremely well of their Country. I consider it therefore a duty to them as well as to my Country to request, that the 50 Hogsheads of Rum mentioned in the inclosed letter from the Commissys. Genl of Purchases and Issues may be procured and forwarded as soon as it is practicable. I am etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 32: Thomas Jacques de Goislard, Chevalier de Villebresme (Villebresne, Ville Brune). He had been lieutenant colonel of the Musketeer Royal Guard and had volunteered for service in America with the squadron of De Ternay.]
Head Quarters, September 27, 1781.
Sir: As the Count de Grasse has been pleased to signify his desire, that you would make such arrangements for facilitating the operations of the land Army as the Service may require; I have to request that you will be pleased in the course of tomorrow to fall down the River to a convenient anchoring Ground near Mr. Burrells at Martin's hundred on the left hand Shore and remain there untill the point of debarkation for the heavy Artillery and Stores shall be determined upon. This will be designated to you without loss of Time. I have the honor etc.33
[Note 33: The copy is in the writing of Peregrine Fitzhugh.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have recd your favors of the 25th and 26th together with the Examination of the Deserters.
I am now making application to the Count de Grasse for some of the Marines of the Fleet; should they be landed to assist in our Operations (as I expect they will be) they will then be employed on the Gloster side, in that case an Officer senior to the Duke de Lawzun or yourself, will be appointed to the Command, and I have no doubt, you will put yourself under his Orders with great chearfulness. I am etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of David Humphreys. The original is in the collection of Allyn K. Ford, of Minneapolis, Minn.]
Head Quarters, Williamsburgh, Thursday, September 27, 1781
Parole Virginia. Countersigns York, Gloscester.
The Rolls are to be called with the greatest strictness at retreat beating this evening and again at tattoo in presence of the Field Officers, at which time no Officer or soldier in condition to March is to be absent from his Post in Camp. The General confides in the Commanders of Corps for the punctual execution of these orders.
Till circumstances shall render a change of disposition Necessary, the following will be the order of Battle for the Army, the American Troops composing the right Wing will be formed into two Lines, the Continental Forces in the front line, consisting of the following devisions and in the following order viz. Muhlenberghs and Hazens Brigades to form The Division on the right under the Command of the Marquis de la Fayette, Waynes and the Maryland Brigade, the Division of the centre for the present to be commanded by Baron de Stueben, Daytons and Clintons Brigades, that on the Left. The senior Continental Officer will Command the Right Wing and his Excellency Count Rochambeau the Left Wing of which he will be pleased to make his own disposition.
The two Companies of Delaware are for the present to be annexed to the 3d Maryland Regiment.
Stephens and Lawson35 Brigades of Militia will form the second Line, the Park of Artillery, the Corps of Sappers and Miners and the Virginia State Regiment will be posted between the two Lines in the order above Mentioned, commencing from the right.
[Note 35: Brig. Gen. Adam Stephen's and Robert Lawson's brigades of Virginia Militia.]
The whole Army will March by the right in one Column at 5 oClock tomorrow Morning precisely. The particular order of March for the right Wing will be distributed by the Quarter Master General.
The General desires that the Officers will confine themselves in point of Baggage to objects of the first Necessity, that the Army may March as light and unincumbered as possible. The Quarter Master General will have directions to appoint a proper deposit for the effects that will be left, from whence they will be transported to the Army as soon as a parmenent position is taken.
The Quarter Master General will allot a proportionate Number of the Waggons in his possession for the service of the Left Wing.
If the Enemy should be tempted to Meet the Army on its March, the General particularly enjoins the troops to place their principle relyance on the Bayonet, that they may prove the Vanity of the Boast which the British make of their particular prowess in deciding Battles with that Weapon. He trusts that a generous Emulation will actuate the Allied Armies, that the french whose National Weapon is that of close fight, and the troops in General that have so often used it with success will distinguish themselves on every Occasion that offers; the Justice of the cause in which we are engaged and the Honor of the two Nations must inspire every breast with sentiments that are the presage of Victory.
General Muhlenberghs Brigade of Infantry with the Artillery attached to it, preceded by Colonel Lewises36 Corps of Rifle men and the light Dragoons will form the advanced Guard. The present Camp Guards the rear guard under the Command of Major Ried. It will form on the great Road on the left and in the rear of the encampment at five oClock.
[Note 36: Col. Nicholas(?) Lewis, of the Virginia Militia.]
Head Quarters, Secretarys Quarter, Friday, September 28, 1781.
Parole Lewis 16th. Countersigns Seguire, Decasta.
The whole Army, Officers and Soldiers, will lay on thier Arms this Night.
Head Quarters, Williamsburg, September 28, 1781.
Gentlemen: The Inclosed Letter from Doctr Craick of the Hospital,39is of so much Importance, that I cannot omit to transmit it to your Board, and to enforce it with my Warmest Desire that its Request may be complied with in the shortest Time possible. The Exhausted Condition of this State admits no Relief, our only Hope is from you, the Importance of the Soldier's Life to our Service, is too well known to you to need any Comment from me, The Season is fast approachg when, if the poor fellows are not provided, their Lives will be Sported with in the most Distressing Manner. I am etc.40
[Note 39: A copy of Craik's letter to Washington (September 27) is in the Washington Papers. In it he pleads for blankets for the hospital.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Secretarys Quarter, Saturday, September 29, 1781.
Parole Rochambeau. Countersigns Viomenil, Bougainville.
Our ungenerous Enemy having as usual propagated the small Pox in this part of the Country, the Commander in Chief forbids the Officers and soldiers of this Army having any connection with the Houses or Inhabitants in this neighbourhood or borrowing any utensills from them.
Each Brigade in the first line of the right Wing will throw up a small Work in its front for the security of the Camp Guard.
General Duportail will please to order an Engineer to trace out the above Works.
Major William Barber is appointed Inspector to the Division Commanded by Major General the Marquis de la Fayette and is to be obeyed accordingly.
An orderly serjeant from each Division to be sent to the Adjutant Generals Office daily.
EVENING ORDERS
Twelve hundred men to be paraded tomorrow Morning at seven oClock in the front of Colonel Gimatts Light Infantry Battalion to be imployed in such manner as the Engineers shall direct. The Quarter Master General will send to the above mentioned place at the same hour 500 spades or shovels, One hundred Pick Axes, four hundred Axes, hatchetts or bill Hooks.
An Officer with a small Guard is to attend and have particular charge of the Tools. He is to take a Receipt for the quantity and kind of tools delivered to each Officer commanding a fatigue party, and if the tools are not returned in the evening he is to report the Name of the Officer and the Number of deficient tools to Head Quarters; shou'd any of the tools through unavoidable accident be broken in the course of the work in which they are employed, the broken parts are to be delivered to the Officer charged with the reception of the tools who is to make his report of them.
This regulation relative to the care of distribution of the tools to be considered as a standing order.
Head Quarters, Secretarys Quarter, Sunday, September 30, 1781.
Parole Chattellux. Countersigns Lincoln, Steuben.
[Note 41: Capt. Richard Cox, of the Second New Jersey Regiment, He was made major in January, 1783, and served to the close of the war.]
Lieutenant Colonel De Hart to be field Officer of the day in the room of Lieut. Colonel Barber indisposed. Major Cummings42 is appointed to do the duty of field Officer of the day in the room of Lieut Colonel De Hart, absent with leave.
[Note 42: Maj. John Noble Cumming (Cummings), of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Second New Jersey Regiment in December, 1781; lieutenant colonel commandant in February, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
General Muhlenburghs Brigade will consider itself as a reserve Picquet this Night. General Muhlenbergh will take his orders from Baron Steuben, Major General of the day.
A picquet consisting of eight Captains, sixteen subalterns, sixteen serjeants and three hundred Rank and file, to parade immediately in the field between Tarltons Camp and the Works abandoned by the Enemy.
The Brigade Major of the day will inform Baron Steuben when the Picquet is formed and take his orders for their disposition.
AFTER ORDERS
The whole of Hazens Brigade off duty and 2 C., 6 S., 6 S. and 100 Rank and file of Waynes Brigade to be added to the reserve pickett already ordered, they will form with General Muhlenburghs Brigade at sunset and consider themselves under his immediate direction.
The advanced season and various considerations render it indispensibly necessary to conduct the attacks against York with the utmost rapidity, the General therefore exhorts and requires the Officers and soldiers of this Army to pursue the duties of their respective departments and stations with the most unabating ardor; the present moment offers in prospect the epoch which will decide American Independence and the Glory and superiority of the Allies.
A vigorous use of the means in our power cannot but ensure success, the passive conduct of the Enemy argues his weakness and the uncertainty of his Counsels; the Libertys of America and the honor of the Allied Arms are in our hands; such objects must excite a patriotic emulation in the greatest actions and exertions, their consequences will amply compensate every Danger and fatigue.
All Deserters and others coming from the Enemies Lines are to be stopped at the Outposts and reported to the General Officer of the day who is desired to send such as are capable of giving useful information to Head Quarters, the rest are to be disposed of as the Governor or person appointed by him may direct; in the first examination of them at the Outposts the most scrupulous attention is to be used, to prevent any person infected with the small pox from entring either the French or American Camps. All Officers and others are strictly forbid for obvious reasons to wear red Coats.
The General forbids all those who are not required by their station or the Command of a superior Officer to employ themselves in reconnoitring the Enemies works; the curiosity of such persons often interrups the observations of Officers particularly charged with this business; the good of the service requires that each Officer adheres to the duty assigned to him.
Twelve hundred men properly Officered for fatigue Tomorrow. Four hundred of them are to parade near the two Redoubts now constructing, at day break.
The Quarter Master General will have One hundred Axes ready at the same time and place. The remaining eight hundred are to parade at six oClock in front of the Encampment lately Occupied by Colonel Gimotts Regiment where the Quarter Master General will have the Tools employed to day in making fascines and Gabions. The Officer commanding each of the above parties will appoint a commissioned Officer with a small guard to receive and deliver the intrenching tools agreeable to the Orders of yesterday. Stephens and Lawsons Brigades will furnish the above parties.
Camp before York, September 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just received your Favor of Yesterday. Last Night the Enemy evacuated their exterior Works, and left us in possession's43 of Pigeon Quarter and some other Works
[Note 43: The draft has "full possession."] which they had occupied, contracting their Defence near the Town. This Circumstance has created a Jealousy in some Minds similar to what you mention that Ld Cornwallis, may throw himself with his Troops upon the Glosester Side, and endeavour, by a rapid movement, to attempt an Escape. I can hardly persuade myself that this will be his Policy; he ought to be watched however on every point. You will therefore pay the utmost Attention to all their Movements which can fall under your Eye; approachg as near as you can with Safety and prudence, so as not to hazard too much. In Case any Intention of an Escape should be discovered, you will give me the most instantaneous Information, send immediate Notice to the Inhabitants to remove from this probable Rout, all the Cattle and Horses that can be of any Use. And at the same Time, give every Impediment to their March that you possibly can, that I may have Time to throw my Army in their Front.
I am this Day informed that some Troops are crossing the River to Glosesster; whether this is to replace a Corps of Germans which are said to have come from that side Yesterday or for some other purpose I cannot say; three Boats with Men, I saw cross myself. I am &c.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters before York,45 October 1, 1781.
[Note 45: Washington's headquarters were established in the field; his marquee was about 1 mile southwest of Yorktown; Rochambeau's marquee was a short distance to the east of Washington's.]
Dear Sir: I have received your two favors of the 9th. and 12th. of Septr. I am perfectly satisfied with the propriety of the measures you have taken in consequence of the Enemy's Movements and the intelligence you had received.
Directions have already been given to the Quarter Master General for relanding the Provisions, which were shipped with design to be put under the protection of the Count de Barras, and brought to this place.
I have not leisure to give a particular account of our proceedings, it must suffice only to inform you, that, after assembling all the Troops at Williamsburg, and making the necessary Arrangements, the Allied Army moved on the Morning of the 28th Sept. and took post in the neighbourhood of York that night. The Enemy gave us no annoyance on the March; A body of Horse that was paraded in front of their Works retired upon our firing a few shot among them. The 29th. was spent in reconnoitring, and taking a position as near the advanced Works as could be done without placing the Encampments directly in the range of the Enemy's shot; some skirmishing happened between our Riffle men and the Yagers, in which the46 former had the advantage. At night, the Enemy abandoned all their Out Posts (some of which were very advantageous) and retired to the Town. Yesterday Morning we occupied the same ground and last night made some lodgments at a short distance from the Lines. The Horses and Teams are beginning to arrive from the Northward, the heavy Artillery will be brought up as soon as possible and the Seige pushed with vigor; as I have no Idea that Lord Cornwallis will surrender so respectable a force, as he has under his command, unless he is compelled by dire necessity. I am etc.
[Note 46: The draft at this point has the following crossed out: "latter had a few killed, and a dozen or fifteen wounded, without any loss on our side."]
P.S. I am sorry to inform you that Col Scammell, who was Officer of the day, was wounded and taken Prisoner by a party of Horse yesterday, as he was reconnoitring One of the Works, which had just been evacuated.47
[Note 47: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Camp before York, October 1, 1781.
Sir: Last Evening I was honored with your Excellency's Favor of the 21st ulto., with its Inclosure. The Intelligence it contains respectg the British Fleet, is very agreable, and will be immediately transmitted to the Count de Grasse.
In my last, which bore Date the 23d ulto. I informed, that our Preparations for a near Investment of the Enemy at York, were fast ripening to a Point. I have now to acquaint [your Excellency] that I marched from Williamsburg with the whole Army, on the 28th and approached within about two Miles of the Enemy at York, at which Distance a Shew was made of some Opposition [on our Left]. But, upon the Count Rochambeau, who Commands that Part of the Army, his Moving a few peices of field Artillery under Direction of the Baron Viominil, and giving a few Shots, the Enemy retired. On the 29th. the American Troops moved forward and took their Ground in front of the Enemys Works on their Left; no Opposition, except a few scattered Shots from a small Work, by Moor's Mill, on Wormleys Creek and a Battery on the Left of Pigeon Quarter. A small fire all Day from our Rifle Men and the Enemy's Jagers. 30th. in the Morng we discovered, that the Enemy had evacuated all their Exterior Line of Works, and withdrawn themselves to those near the Body of the Town. By this Means we are in possession of very advantageous Grounds, which command, in a very near Advance, almost the whole Remaing. Line of their Defence. All the Expendition that our Circumstances will admit, is using, to bring up our heavy Artillery and Stores, and to open our Batteries, this Work I hope will be executed in a few Days, when our Fire will begin with great Vigor.
The Investment of the Enemy is now fully compleated, and drawn very near to their Lines, except on the River above the Town, where their Communication is still open; to prevent this and to compleat the Blockade a Request is gone to the Count de Grasse, desiring him, to push, if he thinks it practicable, One or more Ships above the Town; this, if effected will answer, many very valuable Purposes.
The Position of the Count de Grasse, is judiciously taken: the Main fleet keeping their Station in Lynn Haven Bay and Detachments made to secure the Rivers; the Determination of the Count is favorably disposed to comply with our Wishes in every necessary Co-operation.
I shall continue to keep Congress advised of such Occurrences s are worthy the Communication. With the Highest Regard etc.48
[Note 48: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, October 1, 1781.
Dr Sir: Col Harrison of the Artillery, who will deliver you this, is going to Philadelphia on public Business, important to the general Service; as the Southern Department to which he belongs has been long destitute of Money, I shall be very glad if you can furnish him with a Sum sufficient for his Expences and that of another Officer who will be necessary on this Occasion. I am &c.
P.S. Being informed that Genl Lincoln did not receive any Money at the Head of Elk, I have at his earnest Request and for his particular Relief, given Warrants for Pay to him and his two Aids for one Month each, which he will inclose to you49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Before York, October 1, 1781.
Sir: I should have had the honor of acknowledging sooner the note which Your Excellency transmitted by the Marquis de lafayette; but an expectation of being able to accompany my answer with interesting intelligence induced me to defer it to the present moment. With regard to the Station which Your Excellency has determined for the main fleet, the reasons which you are pleased to communicate prove that it unites all advantages, and inspire the greatest confidence in the accomplishment of its object.
I have only one proposition to submit to Your Excellency on the subject of naval dispositions, and the objects of it are too essential not to be exposed to you in their fullest light. I mean the stationing two or three Ships above the Enemy's posts on York R; for want of this only means of completing the Investment of their works, the british remain masters of the navigation for 25 miles distance above them, and have by their armed Vessels intercepted supplies of the greatest value on their way to our Camp. The loss is redoubled by diminishing our means and augmenting those of the enemy, at a most critical time.
We are even necessitated for the protection of Williamsburg, and the magazines in our rear to leave a post of seven or eight hundred men in that quarter; a diminution of our force that in present circumstances we can but illy support; but unless this detachment is made, the Enemy might in the greatest security land above Queen's Creek to cover his left flank, and by a very short march effect the most destructive purposes, while the circuitous march which we, from the nature of the Country shd be obliged to make, wld render it impossible to arrive in time to prevent or punish him. We are besides reduced to the impossibility of concerting measures with the Corps of troops at Gloucester, being obliged, in order to communicate with them, to make a circuit of near ninety miles, whereas in the other case it would be both easy and expeditious; but what is still a more decisive consideration, is that Ld Cornwallis has by the River York an outlet for his retreat, and that he may, by embracing a leading wind and tide and stealing a march proceed unmolested to West point, where upon debarking his troops he will have the Pamunky on one flank and the [Mattapony] on the other, and that finally he may by mounting the greatest part of his men and successive forced marches, push his way, with a compact disciplined Army thro a Country whose population is too scattered to be collected for sudden opposition and make it impossible for us to overtake him; many people are of opinion that Lord Cornwallis will embrace this as the only means of safety, and it is certain that unless the investment is completed as abovementioned, he will have it in his power either now or in a last extremity.
Governor Nelson proposes to obviate the abuses which may have prevailed relatively to passports by sending a proper person to reside on board the Ville De Paris, or any other vessel your Excelly. may appoint, with instructions to point out which are legal and genuine. The present position of the fleet and Army perfectly secures us against every enterprise on the part of the Enemy in James River.
Upon the whole I can assure Your Excellency that this seems to be the only point in which we are defective; the Enemy has already abandoned all his exterior works and withdrawn himself altogether to the body of the place, and given us great advantages for opening the trenches. The Engineers have had a near and satisfactory view of his works, without interruption, and we have most to apprehend Ld Cornwallis's escape.
For these reasons I earnestly entreat that your Excellency will be pleased to authorise and enjoin the Commanding Officer of the Ships in York River to concert measures with me for the purpose abovementioned. In this case an additional Ship may be necessary to remain at the Mouth of the River. The Experiment and two frigates if Your Excelly thinks proper would be best calculated for the station above.
If upon mature examination of the passage it should appear too great a risk for the ships, I wd. at least sollicit Your Excellency that the Vessels might advance higher up the River and take a more menacing position with respect to the Enemy on our right; but I must confess to Your Excellency that I am so well satisfied by experience of the little effect of land batteries on Vessels passing them with a leading breeze, that unless the two Channels near York shd. be found impracticable by obstructions, that I should have the greatest confidence in the success of this important service.
Your Excellencys approbation of this measure wd. supersede the necessity of a defence against fire Ships; but the nature of the river besides renders it physically impossible to form an obstruction of the kind proposed.
With regard to the Hospital at Hampton I have desired Governor Nelson to appoint a person of weight and influence in that town to charge himself with the whole business of procuring large and convenient public edifices or others for the accommodation of the sick, and every succour that the nature of the country and our circumstances will afford. The same person will undertake the supply of the sick in the several articles enumerated in the Note. The name of the person appointed is -- Ray Esqr.
I have requested Govr Nelson to write to him in such terms as will excite his most Zealous exertions in a service so interesting to humanity to us and to our Friends.
As soon as the heavy artillery is debarked a business in which we are diligently occupied, the transports shall be dispatched to Your Excellency. It is unhappily impossible for this part of the Continent to afford Your Excellency a single sailor, the Commerce of it previous to the War having been conducted by Scotch Mariners who are no longer with us. I have only to regret that no exertion cd. procure your Excellency an assistance which you wish so much. In answer to the third Article, I beg leave to observe to Your Excellency that the british prisoners at Hampton would interfere with the Hospital; that it would be preferable to leave your sick intirely in possession of it, and to send the prisoners to Baltimore, the Officers on their parole, and the privates to be secured in Fort Frederick, which will greatly facilitate the supplying of them with provisions by the french Commy.
The traffic which Your Excellency is so good as to propose will be very acceptable and flour will be thankfully given in exchange for the Rum at Annapolis.
With regard to the powder although my present circumstances do not require an immediate supply; it may eventually be wanting, in which case I shall be glad to avail myself of Your Excellys goodness.
Your Excellency may rest assured that no time will be lost in transmitting you regular accounts of every thing that may deserve your Notice; it is with peculiar satisfaction that I inclose you the Extract No. I. from the President's Letter. I entreat you to accept my warmest felicitations upon this occasion, and the sincerity with which I share your feelings on this glorious advantage. I have likewise the honor of inclosing you No 2 and No 3 Letters intercepted in an Enemys vessel off Cape Charles.
I entreat Your Excellency to accept the sentiments of respectful attachment, etc.
P.S. When I was closing the within letter, I received that with which Yr Excy hond. me on the 27th Ulto. At the same time that I express all my sensibility for your goodness in granting the detachment of 800 men from the Garrisons of Yr Ships. Give me leave to assure Your Excellency that the request was founded upon what appeared to me the evident good of the service and that I shd. be the first dissentient from any measure that cd possibly commit the honor of your fleet or that of Yr Excelly, which is as dear to me as my own.
I entreat you to accept my best thanks for the communication of your sentiments on the plan to be pursued by us shd. Lord Cornwallis attempt his Retreat by way of Gloucester; but Yr Excelly will perceive by the letter already referr'd to that my principal apprehension is the possibility of his Escape by going up Yrk. River. The nature of the Country dictates this as the most eligible measure shld he determine to save his army by a sudden evacuation of the place.
You will add to the many obligations I already feel myself under to Yr Excellcy. by honoring me with your sentiments on any part of our operations that you may be so good as to think of. I shall esteem myself particularly happy to avail myself of your experience and knowledge.
I shd. be grieved for the reasons Yr Excelly is apprised of, that a too limited time shd. cause a failure in the present Enterprise; the perfect confidence of the Kg and the Ministry in Your Excellcy. and the success with which you must always use a discretionary power is our only dependance. If Your Excelly. will point out which is the part from whence you wd preferably draw the Supplies you mention, I will instantly use my utmost efforts to facilitate your obtaining them: The Eastern shore of [Virginia and] Maryland must abound in provisions. I am perfectly of opinion that the Vessels which Yr Excelly mentions may be spared from James River, while your fleet continues strictly to guard the entrance of the Bay.
It is a pleasure to renew the assurances of respect and attachment with which etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters before York, October 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: I use the present Opportunity to return to you the Bill drawn in my Favour on Messrs. Richards & Compy. of New London, not having had an Opportunity to present it for Payment.
Your Note of the 18th. I have received, with your Letter directed to Major Genl Greene; the first good Opportunity will be improved for its conveyance. With great Regard etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters before York, Monday, October 1, 1781.
Parole France. Countersigns Spain, America.
[Note 52: Capt. Aaron Aorson, of the Third New York Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
The health of the troops is an object of such infinite importance that every possible attention ought to be paid to the preservation of it.
The Quarter Master General is directed to use effectual Measures to obtain a quantity of Straw sufficient for the men to lodge upon.
The Commissaries will endeavour to keep up a constant supply of Rum which is in that case to be issued at the rate of One Gill pr man daily.
It is expected that bread of a good quality will be furnished by Mr. Ludwick, superintendent of the Bakers, nearly sufficient for the Army and the Commanding Officers of Corps are called upon to see that their men are duly supplied with Provisions on all occasions; and particularly whenever ordered on fatigue or any other duty.
Colonels and Commanding Officers of Corps are also requested to have as many of their men present with their Corps as possible: if any who are fit for duty are absent at Williamsburgh or any other place in the vicinity an Officer ought to be sent to bring them on immediately.
A General Court Martial of which Col. Dayton is appointed President will assemble Tomorrow at ten oClock A.M. at the Judge Advocates Marque, about a thousand yards south East of the Bridge over beaver dam Creek for the tryal of Captain Duffy53 of the 4th regiment of Artillery, and such other persons as may come before them. Lt. Colonel Antill, Major Bauman, one Captain from the Artillery, two from Muhlenburghs, two from Hazens, One from Waynes, two from Daytons, One from Gists and one from the York Brigades will attend as Members.
[Note 53: Capt. Patrick Duffy, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. (See General Orders, Oct. 11, 1781, post.)
On October 1 William Stephens Smith wrote to Quartermaster General Pickering that Washington wished to alter "the route of the Express riders instead of its being continued thro' Richmond, they must pass from the Boling Green to todds Bridge and cross at Ruffins ferry." Smith's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
All evidences and persons concerned to attend; an orderly serjeant from each Division will be sent to the Court.
Accurate Returns of the Continental Troops and Militia in Camp to be given in at the Adjutant Generals Office Tomorrow at orderly time.
For Picquet this night the third Maryland regiment, to parade at five OClock in the rear of the works and receive their orders from the General Officer of the day. Covering party General Waynes Brigade to parade at the same time. Fatigue Tomorrow General Clintons Division to parade at the times and places directed yesterday.
Two Captains four subs six serjeants and one hundred rank and file from General Muhlenberghs Brigade for fatigue to parade in front of the Maryland Regiments at six oClock Tomorrow morning and take directions from the Quarter Master General.
Head Quarters before York, Tuesday, October 2, 1781.
MORNING ORDERS
The Commander in Chief having ordered his own Baggage Waggons to be sent to assist in the Transportation of Ordnance and stores, Requests that all the Waggons of the General field and other Officers may be employed on the same service; as it is of the utmost consequence that the heavy Artillery should be brought up without a moments loss of time, the Waggons will Parade in the field near Head Quarters immediately.
Major Fish is appointed member of the Court Martial ordered yesterday in the room of Major Bauman.
Parole Martinico. Countersigns Calais, Dieppe.
[Note 54: Capt. John Hobby (Hobbey), of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in May, 1782, and served to June, 1784.]
The Commanding Officers of Corps are enjoind to exert the utmost vigilence and strictest precautions to prevent their men from straggling out of Camp; almost every House in the vicinity of it being infected with the small pox or some other contagious Malady.
The surgeons of the Army are to be particularly attentive to removing without an instants delay any Soldier in whom the symptoms of the small Pox may appear.
Salt Provision is not to be issued without a General Order but in cases of necessity.
The York Brigade is to be employed in making Facines and Gabions untill further orders, by the particular desire of Major General Lincoln. The duties of the General and Field Officers of the day will commence at the time the Picquetts assemble on the Parade.
For Pickett this evening, the fourth Maryland regimt. to parade at the usual hour.
Covering party General Muhlenburghs brigade, except the hundred men employed this day on fatigue.
Captain John Carlile55 of General Hazens Regiment is pointed an assistant to the Adjutant General, and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 55: Capt. John Carlisle (Carlile), of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in July, 1783.]
Capt. Pike56 of Colonel Scammells regiment of Infantry is appointed to superintend the Military Hospital at Williamsburgh. He will call at the Adjutant Generals Office Tomorrow Morning for his Instructions.
[Note 56: Capt. Robert(?) Pike, of the First New Hampshire Regiment.]
The Gentlemen in the Medical Department from South Carolina are desired to do duty in the General Hospital at Williamsburgh.
Head Quarters, October 3, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your three Letters of Yesterday are received and I feel myself obliged by your Care and Attention.
Some Cannon are already ordered for your Side of the River.
As Genl Choisey is an Officer immediately under the command of the Count Rochambeau, my Orders in future will pass to him thro' the Count.
I shall be obliged to you notwithstandg to keep a constant Correspondence with me, and to advise me of every Occurrence worthy the Communication. With much Regard etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
October 3, 1781.
Sir: I have to thank your Excellency for the letter, with which you honored me the 2d inst: and observe that the deciding reason with Your Excelly. against passing the Enemy's posts on York River is the apprehension of the number of fire Ships which might be employed against the Vessels detached on that service; more especially as your Fleet is illy provided with the means of frustrating attempts of this nature. It is mine to propose, and Your Excellencys part to decide in Naval affairs, and whatever determinations may be taken, it will always be with pleasure that I shall acknowledge the eminent services that you have rendered to the common cause on the American station.
The Count Rochambeau has communicated to me Yr Excellencys proposal to send one or more naval officers to observe the motions of the Enemy in York River, their experience with Yr Excellencys instructions will certainly be very advantageous, and I shall be anxious through their channel and all others to transmit every intelligence worthy your attention, and the sincere expressions of attachment and respect etc.
I do myself the honor of inclosing to Yr Excelly. a letter from Philadelphia and some further accounts of the british naval Loss; Your Excellency's humanity and generosity of sentiment relatively to Yr Enemies claim an Admiration equal to that which is inspired by your military virtues.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters before York, Wednesday, October 3, 1781.
Parole Pennsylvania. Countersigns Carolina, Georgia.
The first Brigade of Light Troops will turn out at six oClock Tomorrow Morning for Fascine making, in the place of the New York Brigade who have this day been on that duty: they will parade in front of their own Encampment, where they will receive further orders.
6 Captains, 12 subalterns, 18 serjeants and 300 Rank and file from Daytons Brigade for Picquet this Night: to parade as usual.
Covering party Hazens Brigade
Working party for the Redoubts, two field Officers, four Captains, Eight subalterns, Twelve serjeants and four hundred rank and file from Waynes Brigade to be at the works by sunset this evening; they will be relieved by an equal Number of Officers and men from the Militia at sunrise tomorrow Morning.
Head Quarters before York, Thursday, October 4, 1781.
Parole Gaudaloupe. Countersigns Dunkirk, Newport.
[Note 59: Capt. Richard Cox, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was promoted to major in January, 1783, and served to the close of the war.]
The order of the 5th of July last respecting the assembling of the General Officers and heads of Departments at Head Quarters at 2 oClock is to be strictly attended to.
The Quarter Master General is now and upon every change of position to furnish the General with the Return of the Quarters of the General Officers (when they are out of Camp) and those of the Heads of Departments, that there may be no difficulty in sending to them.
The order for keeping the men constantly supplied with two days Provisions, especially of Bread, is to be strictly observed.
Every Deserter from the American Troops after this public Notice is given who shall be found within the Enemies lines at York, if the place falls into our hands, will be instantly Hanged.
All fresh parties of Militia and others coming into Camp are to be immediately reported at Head Quarters.
Commanding Officers of Brigades and Corps are desired to make report as soon as may be of the Officers, Non Commissioned Officers and soldiers of their respective Commands that have been killed or wounded since the Arrival of the Army on this ground.60
[Note 60: A return of the killed and wounded of the French Army from September 6 to October 1 is in the Washington Papers, under date of Oct. 2, 1781.]
In future all Officers commanding parties on any kind of duty are desired to make a return of their killed and Wounded to the General Officer of the day as soon as they are relieved, that he may insert the same in his Report to the Commander in Chief.
The General Congratulates the Army upon the brilliant success of the Allied Troops near Gloucester.61 He requests the Duke de Lauzern to accept his particular thanks for the Judicious disposition and the decisive Vigour with which he charged the Enemy, and to communicate his Warmest Acknowledgements to the Gallant Officers and men by whom he was so admirably seconded. He feels peculiar satisfaction at the inconsiderable loss on our part, that no ill effects are to be apprehended from the Honorable Wounds which have been received in this affair, and that at so small an Expence, the Enemy amounting to six hundred Horse and foot were compleatly repulsed and Reconducted to their very lines.
[Note 61: A cavalry sortie attempted by Tarleton, in which he was wounded. A letter from the Due de Choisy to Brig. Gen. George Weedon, Oct. 3, 1781, describing the affair, is in the Washington Papers.]
The Corps of the Allied Army were the Duke de Louzerns Legion and the Militia Grenadiers of Mercer.
The following is the list of our killed and Wounded, and as far as can be gathered of the Enemies. The Duke de Louzerns Legion had three Hussars killed, Captains Billy Dillon62 and Dutester63 with eleven Hussars Wounded (the Officers very slightly, three Horses killed and four wounded.
[Note 62: Robert Guillaume, Baron Dillon(?). He was colonel en second of Lauzun's Legion, and commanded 300 huzzars at Gloucester.]
[Note 63: Balch gives this name as -- Dutertre, but with no additional information to that above.]
The Enemys loss in killed and Wounded exceeds Fifty including the Commanding Officer of the Infantry killed, and Colonel Tarlton badly wounded.
Permission may be granted to the sutlers to sell liquors and refreshments to the Army under such regulations as the Quarter Master General shall establish: upon complyance with which they will meet with due encouragement, and protection in their persons and property.
6 Caps., 12 subs., 18 serjeants and three hundred Rank and file from Waynes Brigade for Picquet this Night.
Covering party the Maryland Brigade, to Parade as usual. For making Fascines tomorrow, Hazens Brigade: to parade at six in the Morning on their own parade, where they will receive orders.
Four hundred men from the Militia properly Officered to parade Tomorrow Morning 6 oClock in front of Lawsons64 Brigade, to make Fascines &ca as they will be directed.
[Note 64: Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, of the Virginia Militia.]
Head Quarters, October 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am much Obliged by the Communication of the Intelligence which you have this day given me; the Information is very pleasing. And the Advantage obtained over the Enemy, as it exhibits a noble Proof of that Ardor and Spirit in the Allied Troops, which has long wished for an Opportunity to display itself, so, in its Consequences, it may prove very interesting in the Course of our Operations.
I wish you will be so good as to consult Genl. Choisey, and determine if there may not a shorter Rout for your Expresses be found, below the Town, to cross the River under cover of the French Ships, than is at present used. I fancy as the Ships now lye, the Distance might be much shortened.
As the Necessity of frequent and expeditious Communications with your Side, will probably increase, and may be of the utmost Importance, it is a Matter of great Consequence to find out the shortest Rout possible for Our Expresses. With great Regard etc.
PS. There will be no Occasion to cross the Horses with the Men.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the collection of Allyn K. Ford, of Minneapolis, Minn.]
Head Quarters before York, October 5, 1781.
Sir: Surrounded as I am with a great Variety of Concerns on the present Occasion, I can yet find Time to answer your Letter of the 20th ulto., which I have received with much Satisfaction; not only as it is filled with such warm Expressions of Desire for my Success on the present Expedition; but as it breathes the Spirit and Ardor of a Veteran Soldier, who, tho impaired in the Service of his Country, yet retains the Sentiments of a Soldier in the firmest Degree.
Be assured, that I most sincerely lament your present Situation, and esteem it a peculiar Loss to the United States, that you are at this Time unable to render your Services in the Field. I most sincerely thank you for the kind Expressions of your good Wishes, and earnestly hope that you may soon be restored to that Share of Health which you may desire, and with which you may again be usefull to your Country in the same eminent Degree, as has already distinguished your Conduct. With much Regard etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters before York, Friday, October 5, 1781.
Parole New Hampshire. Countersigns Pennsylvania, Jersey.
The Officers and men of the following Regiments now on duty to be immediately Relieved by their respective Brigades: Barbers, Scammells, Gaskins, Adams, Ogdens and Courtlandts; the whole of the Officers and men of these Regiments to hold themselves in readiness for immediate duty and be furnished with Provisions agreeable to General orders.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolutions
By the United States in Congress assembled, September 20, 1781.
Resolved, That the present vacancies of hospital physicians and surgeons be filled up by the senior surgeons of the hospital lately deranged, the eldest hospital mates or regimental surgeons, as shall be recommended by the director and chief physician and surgeon to the army.
That all future vacancies of hospital physicians and surgeons be filled by the eldest regimental surgeons and hospital mates, who shall be reckoned of equal grades, who shall upon examination be found qualified and obtain certificate of recommendation from the director and chief physician and surgeon of the army, or of the deputy-collector and chief physician in a separate department: That the persons requisite to fill the highest grades in the hospital and medical departments, be appointed from time to time, by Congress according to merit and abilities: That all surgeons to regiments or corps not belonging to the line of any particular State, be nominated by the director of the hospital, and the chief physician and surgeon of the army, subject to the approbation of the Commander in Chief, and shall be equally entitled to promotion to hospital physicians and surgeons with the regimental surgeons of state lines.
On recommendation of the director approved by the Board of War: Resolved, That Dr. Joseph Young,67 a deranged senior surgeon and doctors Goodwin Willson, Daniel Jenifer, Samuel Edmondson and George Compbell,68 eldest surgeon's mates, be promited to the rank of hospital physicians and surgeons to fill the vacancies occasioned by the resignation of doctors Bloomfield, Scott, Hagan and Jackson,69 and the promotion of Dr. Burnett.70
[Note 67: Doctor Young served to the close of the war.]
[Note 68: Doctors Wilson (Willson), Edmondson (Edmonson, Edmunson), and Campbell served to the close of the war; Doctor Jenifer served to October, 1782.]
[Note 69: Drs. Moses Bloomfield, Moses Scott, and David Jackson resigned in December, 1780; Dr. Francis Hagan resigned in May, 1781.]
[Note 70: Dr. William Burnett (Burnet), Chief Physician and Hospital Surgeon of the Continental Army. He served to the close of the war.]
On the recommendation of the deputy director, approved by the Board of War: Resolved, That doctors Thomas Tudor Tucker, and Vickers,71 be appointed physicians and surgeons in the hospital for the southern department: That Daniel Smith be appointed assistant deputy surveyor, and John Carne72 assistant deputy apothecary, in the southern department.
[Note 71: Doctors Tucker and Samuel Vickars (Vickers) served to the close of the war.]
[Note 72: Both Smith and Carne served to the close of the war.]
In Congress, September 22, 1781.
Ordered, That no appointment be made of mates to supply the places of those promoted in the general hospital by the resolution of the until the farther order of Congress.
Extract from the Minutes
Charles Thomson Secrty
Major General the Marquis de la Fayette and Lt. Col. Harmer are appointed Officers of the day for this day, vice Major General Lincoln and Lt. Col. Adams, on other duty.
For Picquit this night, Olneys regiment.
Covering party Daytons, Courtlandt and Gimatts regiments. The regiments of Butler, Stewart and Roxbury,73 also four hundred men properly Officered from the Militia to parade precisely at six in the Morning in front of the Pennsylvania Line.
[Note 73: The First Maryland Regiment, then commanded by Capt. Alexander Roxburg (Roxbury, Roxburgh).]
The General is surprized to find a quantity of Offal and other offensive matter at the different slaughter yards about Camp remaining unburied; any Commissary who shall in future suffer any thing of the kind will be arrested. There being also a number of dead Horses and other putred bodies about the Camp, the Quarter Master General is directed to apply to the Adjutant General for a party to bury same, to prevent any ill effects that may arise from suffering them to be longer above ground.
AFTER ORDERS
The men and Officers of the first New York regiment which are on duty are immediately to be relieved; and the whole of the Regiment to be held in the most perfect readiness for duty: and to be furnished with Provisions agreeable to General orders. Cortlandts Regiment was this Morning warned to be ready for immediate duty, by mistake, It will therefore consider itself absolved from the injunction then laid on it.
Head Quarters before York, Saturday, October 6, 1781.
Parole York. Countersigns Viomenil, Lincoln.
[Note 74: Lieut. Richard Fullerton, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Lieutenant Colonel Dabneys regiment, the Delaware Detachment now doing duty with the third Maryland Regiment, and One hundred and sixty men which his Excellency Governer Nellson is requested to have selected from the Militia for the purpose, are to assist the Artillery during the present Operations, they will Encamp in the Park and take their orders from General Knox.
The Division Inspectors are to Mount as Majors of the Trenches, with their respective Major Generals.
Brigadier General Elbert75 is appointed Superintendent of the deposit of the Trenches and is to be Obeyed and respected as such in the execution of his functions defined in the 9th and subsequent Articles of the Regulations of this date for the service of the Trenches.
[Note 75: Brig. Gen. Samuel Elbert. He was colonel of the Second Georgia Regiment; commanded a brigade at Yorktown; also brigadier general of Georgia Militia; served to close of the war.]
Major Galvan is appointed division Inspector to the Division Commanded by the Major General the Baron de Steuben.
The Commander in Chief congratulates the Army upon the late victory obtained over the Enemy at Eutau Springs in South Carolina. He returns his warmest acknowledgements to General Greene for his admirable General Plann of operations, his Judicious dispositions on the present Occasion and the exemplary vigor with which he conducted their Execution. He requests him to communicate the most grateful expressions of his Esteem to the Gallant Officers and soldiers of whom he makes such Honorable mention for their conduct on the 8th. of September. The National Military fame encreased by the atchievements of that day, entitle each individual who shared in them to the thanks of their Country.
General Green took upon this Occasion five hundred prisoners including the wounded which the Enemy lost on the field, and he supposes that their loss in killed and wounded exclusive of this, cou'd not be less than six hundred. His own loss in killed and wounded was about five hundred.
REGULATIONS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE SIEGE
1 The service of the siege will be performed by Divisions alternately; the Fatigue men will first be detailed out of the Division and the remainder will form Battalions under their respective Commanders to guard the Trenches; the first night there will be an exception to this Rule; the first regiment of each Brigade will that Night form a Division, Commanded by Major General Lincoln.
2d The divisions shall be warned for the Trenches, the preceding evening, and they are to furnish no guards when they mount the Trenches.
3d No Officer or soldier of a Regiment Commanded for the Trenches will be excused from Mounting unless he be sick; the quarter guard of each regiment will alone remain in Camp.
4th. The Major General of the Division which Mounts, will be Major General of the Trenches, the Brigadiers will Mount with their Brigades.
5th. The General Officers of the Trenches will reconnoitre carefully all the Avenues, places of Arms and advantageous Angles, that he may determine in Consequence the order and position of the Troops, in case of attack.
6 the Inspector of the Division which Mounts, will do the duty of Major of the Trenches. He will make the detail of the service of the troops during the twenty four hours that he shall be there, and attend to the punctual observance of Orders.
7 He will visit before hand all the Posts of the Trenches, and visit them again when the troops are posted there in order to make a state of them, and communicate promptly to each the orders of the General Officer: near whom he is to keep himself to receive them. Each Brigade to send to the General of the trenches an orderly Officer.
8 the Major of the Trenches will be instructed by the General Officers, of the Alarm posts in case of a Sally, and take care to inform the Troops of it.
9th An officer of rank will be appointed by the Commander in chief to act as superintendant of the deposit of the Trenches, for the following important service during the whole siege vizt. To take charge of all the sand bags Fascines, Gabions, Hurdles and other Materials deposited at the place which the Engeneers will appoint and keep an accurate state of them.
10th He is to deliver the sand bags and necessary tools for the work, and take care that the tools are redelivered when they are no longer wanted.
11th. He will take care that there are Litters, and men ready to go with them to bring off the Wounded.
12th He is to count all the Detachments of fatigue men when they enter the Trenches and make a Report to the Adjutant General.
13 He will give Billetts for taking from the deposits of Artillery the Ammunition which the troops in the Trenches may require.
14th He will transmit a daily report to the Adjutant General of all the orders and Certificates that he shall have given, as well as a state of the Deposits which shall have been committed to his care.
15th He will likewise transmit to the Adjutant General a return regimentally digested of the killed and wounded.
16 He will above all watch over every thing which relates to order and regularity in the Trenches, except in the disposition of the Troops, which is the particular province of the Major of the trenches.
17 The Trenches shall be releived every Twenty four hours unless a particular order to the contrary by the General in which case the relief shall be in the rear of the others.
18. The General having fixed the hour for Mounting the trenches, and the parade for assembling the Reliefs to be on the ground sufficiently before hand to give the General Officers and Adjutant General time for inspection.
19th. When the troops shall have arrived the Major of the Trenches shall form them in the order in which they are to occupy the Trenches.
20th Each Brigade previous to entering the Trenches, will form a picquet to consist of one Captain one subaltern, three serjeants and fifty Rank and file to be posted and employed as the General Officers may think proper; the remainder of the brigade will be formed in the common order.
21 The Drums are to be equally distributed in front and rear of the brigade. One only will March with each Picquett that may be detached in the Trenches.
22d Each Battalion will send previous to the Relieving hour an orderly man to the tail of the Trenches to conduct the troops that are to relieve them.
23d The Major of the trenches will distribute the orderly men in such manner as that they may conduct each relieving Corps directly to the post which it is to Occupy.
24th When the relieving Troops arrive, those who dismount will cede them the side nearest the Epaulment.
25 All the troops either relieving or relieved will March with Drums beating Colours flying and carry Arms to the place from whence they are to file off when they will support their Arms.
26 When the Troops shall have taken there post in the trenches, the standard bearrers will plant their standards upon the Epaulments and sentries will be posted with proper intervals, with orders to give Notice of whatever they may see coming out from the place and of the shells that may be thrown by the Enemy, but no notice to be given or any movement to be made for Cannon shot.
27. The sand-bags will be desposed on the Epaulments of the Trenches, to cover the sentries.
28 The officers will cause each soldier to work in his place to enlarge the trench and strengthen the Epaulments.
29th, No honor to be rendered in the trenches when the Commander in Chief and Generl. Officers of the Trenches visit them; the soldiers will stand to thief Arms facing the Epaulment and ready to mount the banquet.76
[Note 76: Banquette; what is now called the fire or firing step.]
30 When the Troops retire from the Trenches, they will March in reversed Columns.
31. When the troops are out of the Trenches, the Commanding Officers of brigades will halt them in order to collect them and give time for the Junction of detached Picquetts.
32 The said Officers will examine whether any person be missing, and reconduct his Command in good and compact order to Camp, suffering no straggler to precede the main Body.
33. The Infantry are to make the number of Gabions &ca. ordered them.
34 The Gabions are to be three feet high including the end of the Pecquetts which are to enter the ground, they are to have two feet and a half diameter and be formed of Nine Picquetts, each of two and a half inches circumference interlaced with branchery, striped of leaves to be equally closed at top and bottom, in order that they may not be larger at one end than the other.
35 Hurdles shall be six feet long and three feet wide and shall be made of Nine Picketts, each of two inches and a half to three inches circumference, equally distant from each other and interwoven with stronger Branchery than that employed for the Gabions.
36 The Fascines are to be sixfeet long and six inches through, to be made of branchery, the twigs of which are to be crossed, to be bound with Withs at each end and in the middle, to each fascine, three pickerrs of three feet long and two or three inches diameter.
37 The Brigades shall always have at the head of their Camp, the stated Number of fascines which they will replace in proportion as they are used.
38 The Commandants of Corps shall be responsible for the observance of the dementions of the Materials employed in the trenches, inattention in this point being very pernicious to the service.
39 Each soldier going to the Trenches either to mount Guard or Work shall take with him a fascine to be left at the Deposit of the Trenches.
40 The Number of fatigue men Ordered shall be punctually furnished, they shall be conducted by an Officer of each regiment to the rendezvous where the brigade Major will see them, and the Officer appointed to superintend the detail of the seige (as mentioned in the 9th & 12th. Articles will see them enter the Trenches and count them).
41 When the fatigue men enter the trenches, the Officers will march agreeably to the Regulations of the Army. Each fatigue man will take his tool at the Deposit and if they are armed they will leave them piled under the Guard of a sentry.
42 Each Commandant of a squad shall be charged with making the soldiers which compose it work, and with keeping them in order; the serjeants shall take care of two squads and the Officers of the Totality, but the Captain shall be more particularly charged with the first and the Lieutenant with the second Division.
43 The fatigue men are to March near each other and Observe the greatest silence when the Engineers place them.
44 The Officers who Command the fatigue parties will be constantly with their detachments and exactly observe the directions of the Engineers.
45 When the work is Commenced they are to walk constantly along their detachments to make the soldiers perform their duty obliging them to cover themselves with alacrity and afterwards to perfect the work.
46 The Officers of covering parties will cause their soldiers to sit down, hinder them from quitting their Musquetts which they are to hold before them, the butt on the ground.
47 The advanced posts of such Detachments as are Commanded by Non Commissioned Officers will remain prostate untill the trench is sufficiently deep to cover a man to the waist; when the Detachment with their advanced Posts will retire into the trenches, to Occupy the Head of the Work which shall have been made.
48 In the saps, Batteries and other places adjacent to the deposits of powder no soldier is to be permitted to smoke.
49 In case of a sally, the Fatigue men are to retire briskly into some part of the Trenches where they may not embarrass the Troops, they are to retire in preference to the place where their Arms were lodged.
50 The Troops will march briskly out of the Trenches and repair to the place of Arms, batteries, Angles and Avenues which shall have been designated to them from whence they may defend it more advantageously and take the enemy in reverse or flank, taking particular care not to occupy the banquet for the defence of the Epaulment: but always to post themselves in the reverse of the Trenches.
51 During the sally all the Batteries will direct their fire upon the front of attack in order to desperse the besieged.
52 When the troops shall have repulsed the Enemy, they are not to pursue them but wait the orders of their General Officers to resume their posts in the Trenches.
53 As soon as the attack is finished, the Officers of fatigue will reconduct their detachments to Work and call the rolle, that any absent soldiers may be punished at return to Camp.
54 At the hour for withdrawing the fatigue, the Detachments are to return in good order and the Officers are to report to the Commandant of the Regiment what has been the conduct of the soldiers.
55 Besides the fatigue men of the trenches a sufficient detachment shall be given to the superintendant of the Deposit in the Trenches whose service shall be for twenty four hours: this officer is to employ them in collecting the tools, in making the different distributions, in going with the Litters, and bringing the wounded to the hospital of first dressings.
Some Rum being arrived an issue of one Jill pr man to all noncommissioned officers and privates will be made this afternoon at three o'clock near Major General Steuben's Marquee on Returns signed by the officers commanding brigades, and one week's allowance of Spirits to officers agreeably to the General Orders of August 1780 will be issued tomorrow morning at eight o'clock on regimental returns to be signed by the respective Colonels or officers commanding regiments at the Magazine near the Commissary General's tents; those who neglect sending proper returns will have only themselves to blame if they lose their dividend on this occasion.
Half after eight o'clock in the morning in future to be the orderly hour, at which time the General Officers and Heads of Departments are to make their Reports at Head Quarters.
The Quarter Masters of Brigades and Corps are to make returns of all their Camp equipage to the Quarter Master General tomorrow.
Camp before York, October 6, 1781.
My dear Sir: I am fully impressed with the justice and truth of every remark contained in your letter of the 12th Ulto. and you may be assured were the means of carrying your wishes into effect under my controul and direction, that they should be applied as soon as circumstances would admit to the end which you propose. I have not time, neither could I with prudence enter into the reasons which I think will operate against carrying your very desirable plan fully into execution. If I mistake not, it was hinted to you in a personal conversation at Philadelphia, but your good sense will naturally suggest what the principal one is if it was not. of this however you may be assured, that after the present operation is closed, and I hope it will terminate well, that every thing which depends upon me, and all the influence I can exert, shall be used towards exterminating the British from the Southern States. If we cannot do it entirely we will at least endeavr. to confine them to so narrow limits that they shall scarcely have enough a claim of possession upon.
We have been hitherto employed in constructing some nec essary advanced Works, in preparing fascines, Gabions &ca and bringing our heavy Artillery and Stores from the landing place on James River. This last has been carried on slowly till within a few days past, when our Waggons arrived from the Northward. The Engineers now think we have a sufficient stock to commence serious operations, and we open Trenches this Evening.
Be so good as to present my compliments to Mrs. Rutlidge and do me the justice to believe that with much attachment, and sincere Affection I am etc.
PS. I most sincerely congratulate you on the late important victory of the American Troops in South Carolina.
[H.S.P.]
October 6, 1781,
Sir: The Letter with which Your Excellency honored me on the 5th. and the intelligence which you are so good as to communicate afford me great pleasure by confirming the Ideas which I had entertained relative to the Hulks sunk by the Enemy in York River. It appears to me a physical impossibility to form effectual obstructions in a Channel so wide deep and rapid as that near York; this consideration and the immense utility which wd accrue to our land operations, induced me so earnestly to sollicit a detachment of Ships to be stationed above the enemy's posts. As Your Excellency has determined this to be ineligible for other reasons, the alternative which I did myself the honor to propose, if Your Excelly adopts it, will add to other eminent advantages that of dividing the Enemys means in artillery which we know are limited; whereas at present they are at liberty to reinforce the front attacked with Cannon from their River batteries.
The difficulty of pilots I flatter myself will be removed by an application to Capt Lilly77 who besides having a perfect knowledge of the River, is a man in whom the greatest confidence may be placed; he perhaps may name some others; this however will not prevent my unremitting search in the mean time, for persons qualified for this service, tho' the policy of the Enemy, in capturing those at Hampton which was their usual Residence, has deprived us of this useful Class of men. I have the honor etc.78
[Note 77: Capt. Thomas(?) Lilly.]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, Camp before York, October 6, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favour without date, but which I suppose to have been written about the 25th ultimo, as the Resolution for sending Genl. Irvine to Fort Pitt bears date the 24th.
Since mine to your Excellency of the 1st. inst., we have been imployed in repairing the Enemy's Works upon Pidgeon Hill, and in constructing a new intermediate Redoubt; These will serve to give security to our Troops in making their approaches. We have been assiduously employed in making Fascines and Gabiens and in transporting our heavy Cannon, Mortars and Stores from Trebell's landing upon James River. In the last we made slow progress untill the arrival of the Waggons and Teams from the Northward; but it being the opinion of the Engineers that we now have a sufficient stock to commence operations, we shall this night open Trenches.
I take a very singular pleasure in congratulating Congress upon the very important and brilliant Victory gained by General Greene on the 8th of September. I have the honor etc.79
[Note 79: In the writing of David Cobb.]
(Private)
Camp before York, October 6, 1781.
Sir: I feel myself peculiarly obliged and honored by your Excellency's interesting communication of the 26th Ulto. That America must place her principal dependence upon her own exertions I have always foreseen and have ever endeavoured to inculcate, and I flatter myself that from the wise system of policy which has been of late adopted and which Congress seem determined to pursue our internal means will be so improved and applied, that with the assistance of our most generous Allies, tho' not operating immediately with us hereafter we shall be enabled to bring matters to a happy and glorious conclusion.
I am not apt to be sanguine, but I think in all human probability Lord Cornwallis must fall into our hands. The smallness of Digby's reinforcement and the deduction from the enemy's former naval strength by the loss of the Terrible and the condemnation of two other Ships of the line leaves them so vastly inferior that I think they will not venture upon a relief.
It is to be wished that your Excellency's plan could be adopted, but there are reasons which operate forcibly against Count de Grasse's dividing his fleet. By grasping at too much we might loose a stake which nothing but the most adverse stroke of fortune can take out of our hands, and which if we attain will give a most fatal stab to the power of Great Britain in America.
I hope your Excellency will excuse my short and imperfect answers to your very full letters. The variety of matter which engages my attention must be my apology. My public dispatch will inform your Excellency of our progress up to this date. With the greatest esteem and respect etc.
Head Quarters before York, October 6, 1781.
Sir: I am much obliged by the Communication you have been pleased to make me in your Favr. of 21st ulto.
My Secretary has taken a Copy of the Cyphers, and by help of one of the Alphabets has been able to decypher one paragraph of a Letter lately intercepted going from Ld Cornwallis to Sir Hy Clinton.
Your Letter for Genl Greene will be forwarded by a good Opportunity by which I expect to write tomorrow. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Camp before York, October 6, 1781.
How happy am I, my dear Sir, in at length having it in my power to congratulate you upon a victory as splendid as I hope it will prove important. Fortune must have been coy indeed had she not yielded at last to so persevering a pursuer as you have been; I hope now she is yours, she will change her appellation of fickle to that of constant.
I can say with sincerity that I feel with the highest degree of pleasure the good effects which you mention as resulting from the perfect good understanding between you the Marquis and myself. I hope it will never be interrupted, and I am sure it never can while we are all influenced by the same pure motive, that of love to our Country and interest81 in the cause in which we are embarked. I have happily had but few differences with those with whom I have the honor of being connected in the Service; with whom, and of what nature these have been, you know. I bore much for the sake of peace and the public good. My conscience tells me I acted rightly in these transactions, and should they ever come to the knowledge of the world I trust I shall stand acquitted by it.
[Note 81: Washington here inadvertently repeated the words "and interest."]
The Baron,82 from the warmth of his temper, had got disagreeably involved with the State, and an enquiry into part of
[Note 82: Baron Steuben.] his conduct must one day take place, both for his own honor and their satlsfaction. I have for the present given him a command in this Army which makes him happy.
I shall always take pleasure in giving Mrs. Greene's letters a conveyance and shd. she persist in the resolution of undertaking so long a journey as that from New England to Carolina I hope she will make Mount Vernon, (where Mrs. Knox now is) a stage of more than a day or two. With much truth and sincere affection etc.
[M.L.]
Head Quarters before York, October 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: In my Letter of the 27th. Septemr, which went by Colo Stewart, I informed you that I expected to open Trenches before York Town by the 1st Octo. A variety of Causes, among which the Want of sufficient Transportation, has been a principal One, has prevented that Event taking Place, 'till this Day; the Trenches will be opened at Night.
The Army moved from Williamsburg on the 28th. and took quiet Possession of their Ground in front of the Enemy's Works; very little Shew of Opposition was made. On the 30th the Enemy abandoned their Exterior Defence, and retired to their Line of Works very near the Town; giving us Possession of very advantageous Ground, in fair View, and a near Advance; little Material has since taken place; on our Part Preparation has been makg for commencing the Operations of the Seiege, and on their Part, a small and sparing Fire on our parties from the Enemy, and an increasg Labor on their Works.
My Letter of the 27th. ulto. informed you also that Admiral Digby was expected from Europe with 10 Ships of the Line to join Admiral Graves. I have now the best Reason to suppose that Digby is arrived, with only 6 ships of Line, and the same Information tells me that Admiral Graves in the Action with Count de Grasse off the Chesapeak, has suffered very greatly; the Terrible of 74 Guns was so disabled that she could not be kept above Water to reach N York, and was either Sunk or blown up at Sea; the Prudent and Robust are condemned as unfit for further Service, and three others very much shattered. In this State of the British Fleet, the French Admiral has nothing to fear from them, being secure not only in a decided Superiority of Numbers, but holding also a most advantageous Position in the Bay.
For further particulars, which may not be proper to commit to a Letter, I refer you to Colo Morris who bears this, and is fully acquainted with Every Circumstance, and with whom I have freely and confidently conversed on future Prospects and Operations.
I have been made happy in receiving your Dispatches of the 17th ulto. which came to Hand Yesterday by Majr Pierce. I most sincerely and cordially congratulate you on the Well fought Battle of the 8th. which does the Highest Honor to you and all the Officers and Soldiers who were engaged; And which, in its Consequences, I trust, will have the happiest Influence on our future Operations. I am &c.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters before York, October 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your several Letters of the 13th, 20, and 21st. of September, have been received.
The Quarter Mastr. Genle's. of the Allied Army will be called upon for their return respecting Forrage used at Phillipsburg, which you request; Our present circumstances may perhaps render it difficult for them to attend to it at so early a time as may be expected.
A Copy of the Report of a Board of Genll. Officers, on the rank of Subalterns is sent you inclosed in this.
Since my writing you last, our operations for want of proper means of transportation, have proceeded rather slowly. The Trenches will be opened this night. Nothing very material has occurred, a very sparing fire from the Enemy, has been kept up, thro' the course of our appearing before their Works.
A Letter for Colo. Enos is inclosed, and left open for your observation, you will please to seal and forward it to him; and continue to correspond with him as occasion may render necessary. I am &c.84
[Note 84: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters before York, October 6, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your Favor of 26th. of Septemr. I should have esteemed it a fortunate Circumstance to have had the Pleasure to have fell in with you on my Rout to Virginia.
The 50 Men engaged for three Years and the War, of the Maryland Line which you mention, I could wish should be moved on as soon as may be; equipped in the best manner you are able to effect, The Nine Months Men are not so necessary perhaps to be sent on immediately. I wish however they may be Equipped and held in constant Readiness to come on if needed. It is impossible at this Moment to foresee all the Events which may render their Services of Importance.
Genl Greene's little Army, having been so much reduced by frequent Battles and Losses, It is of the utmost Importance to recruit the Troops assigned to him in the Speediest Manner and to the fullest Complement possible. I must desire therefore that you will continue your Exertions in Superintendg that Service, especially as were you to join me in the present Enterprise, the several Commands are already so filled, that I should find it very difficult to dispose of you in such manner as I could wish, and as your Merits deserve. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Camp before York, October 6, 1781.
Sir: I yesterday reed. your favor of the 26th. of August and am glad to find that matters are like to be accommodated to the mutual satisfaction of the people of Vermont and those of the neighbouring States; whereby the strength of a numerous Body will be thrown into the general scale, and the enemy disappointed in the hopes which they entertained of a separation of interests.
You will be pleased to correspond with and consider yourself as under the immediate command of Major Genl. Heath, who commands the Army at the Northward. It will be necessary also for you to keep up a communication with Brigr. Genl. Starke who commands at Saratoga and in that district. I am &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Camp before Yorktown, Sunday, October 71,1781.
Parole Bergen op zoom. Countersigns Chattelux, Gloucester.
Major Dexter is appointed officer of the day for this day vice Major Olney indisposed.
The Guards and Fatigue for the Trenches will mount daily at twelve o'clock: they are to parade precisely at eleven on the right of the Marquis de la Fayette's Division.
The Marquis de La Fayette's division will mount in the Trenches this day.
The President and Members of the General Court martial whereof Colonel Dayton is President will attend to that duty untill they finish their Business unless otherwise directed by General Orders.
The Baron Steuben's Division will mount in the Trenches tomorrow.
Camp before York, October 8, 1781.
Sir: There being an absolute necessity of reinforcing General Greene with Cavalry as expeditiously as possible, you will immediately cause every Man of your Regt. who is equipped and mounted to march to Richmond by the way of New Castle and there wait untill they are joined by a detachment of the 4th. Regt. which is preparing here, when the detachments join they will move forward under the command of the eldest Officer of either Corps as it may happen.
You will be pleased to inform me my return of the Bearer how many Men you will be able to send off and when they may be expected to march, and also what prospects you have of compleating the remainder. I am &c.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters before York, Monday, October 8, 1781.
Parole Paris. Countersigns St. Malo, Granville.
Major General Lincoln's Division will mount in the Trenches tomorrow.
For the present the Jersey troops under the immediate command of Colonel Dayton are to be formed into one battalion under the orders of Colonel Ogden, Lieutenant Colonel De Hart, and Major Hollinshead.
The Regiment lately commanded by Colonel Scammell is to be formed into two Battalions, one to be commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Huntington and Major Rice: the other by Lieutenant Colonel Laurens, Aid to the Commander in Chief and Major Cummings.
Lieutenant Colonel Laurens will join his corps whenever it mounts the Trenches.
The Commander in Chief is extremely sorry to see that notwithstanding there is a plenty of wood in the vicinity of the different incampments a practice prevails of burning rails and thereby adding to the distresses of the inhabitants who have sufficiently suffered by the ravages of war. He calls in the most express manner upon the commanding officers of Corps to put a stop to so pernicious a practice.
A Serjeant and twelve from the Militia to be sent to Williamsburgh and put under the orders of Mr. Morris, Deputy Quarter Master for the purpose of procuring Wood for the Hospital and Bakery.
An Orderly man to be sent from each division to the General Hospital they will take their orders from Doctor Craik.
AFTER ORDERS
As the Service of the Trenches unites the double object of defending a post and prosecuting the Works of the Siege, the troops that mount are all in rotation to be employed on Fatigue. The Major General commanding will take care that such dispositions are made that the Labour may be equally shared by the whole: that the fresh succession of fatigue men may enable the Soldier to work with the greater vigour and alacrity, and the several parties may be contiguous to their respective alarm posts, where the men called out for work are previously to lodge their arms in order, that in case of a Sally they may resume their stations in the Line with the greatest promptness and regularity.
The Gabions and other materials for the Siege are in future to be provided by Corps.
The Adjutant General will apportion the number to be required of each corps, which number is to be kept constantly complete. A regimental officer is always to superintend and see that the Dimensions of the several materials required are conformable to the regulation of the 6th instant.
One third of the Militia is to be on duty each twenty four hours, one half of that number to mount at six o'clock in the morning and be relieved by the other half at five in the evening. The officer commanding them to be responsible that the men are regularly supplied with Provisions agreeably to General Orders. They are to Parade in front of the Enemy's old works near the Mill-dam and be employed as tile Major General of the Trenches shall direct.
Camp before York, October 8, 1781.
Sir: There being an absolute necessity of reinforcing General Greene with Cavalry as expeditiously as possible, you will immediately collect all the Men and Horses of the 4th. Regiment and report to me the Articles of Cloathing of which you stand in need that I may endeavour to furnish you out of a few things (tho' not of the proper kind for Dragoons) which are coming from the Head of Elk.
As soon as you can put the detachment in condition to march, you will inform me, when you will receive further orders. I am &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Camp before York, October 8, 1781.
Sir: It is some time since I received yours of the 4th. Augt. inclosing your Commission and desiring a discharge from the service for reasons therein set forth. I expected to have seen you in Philada. and to have informed you that before I could grant such discharge, it was necessary that you should produce Certificates from the Paymaster General and Auditor of the Army and from the Auditor or other proper Officer of the State that all your public Accounts had been settled. These are forms which I make it a rule never to dispense with, and which you will be pleased to obtain and transmit to me. Your Commission will then be returned with a proper indorsement, signifying my acceptance of your resignation. I am &c.
P.S. There is charge made by Majr. Eustis that you took 3 half Johannes's from a Soldier of the Regt. of the name of Harris, to procure an able bodied man in his room which has never been done. This you must also clear up to the satisfaction of the president of the State and procure a Certificate that you have done so.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters before York, October 8, 1781.
Sir: Some Days ago I received your Letter of the 7th. Sept. requestg Employment in the Army now in Virginia.
I feel a Disposition to comply with your Wishes, but the several Commands are already so fully assigned, that I am perswaded I shall not have it in my Power to locate you to any particular Service; so far as you can be employed in the general Rotine of Duty in the Line at large, I shall be glad to gratify you, if you shall think proper to come on to join me. I am &c.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters before York, Tuesday, October 9, 1781.
Parole Boston. Countersigns Providence, Hartford.
The Marquis de la Fayettes division will mount in the Trenches tomorrow.
The General has been informed that there are in the Possession of some officers of the Army, Negroes who have come out of York. If there are any such, Report of them is to be made immediately to the Adjutant General and if any officer should be found after this Notice keeping in his Service a Negroe under the above description he may depend upon being called to the severest account for it. This order is to extend to the officers of militia as well as those of the Continental Troops.
A Return of the shoes actually wanting by the Continental Troops to be made to the Adjutant General this Afternoon at four o'clock and the regimental clothiers to call at the clothier's store near Commissary Irwin's Tent tomorrow morning at eight o'clock for their respective Proportions.
A Return of the Names, dates of inlistments, terms of service and place of abode of the noncommissioned officers and private men belonging to the State of Connecticut now serving in Colonel Lamb's regiment of Artillery and in the Companies of Artificers annexed to the Artillery from Colonel Baldwin's regiment reduced, to be given in at the Adjutant General's office as soon as may be.
Persons whose duty does not call them to the Trenches and who Assemble there merely to indulge Curiosity are to walk on the Reverse of the Trenches that they may not interrupt the works.
The Officer superintending the Fatigue partys is to be particularly attentive to the Execution of this Order.
The regimental Surgeons are to deliver returns of the Sick of their respective regiments at the Flying Hospital every Saturday at twelve o'clock.
AFTER ORDERS
The Engineers having made a demand of a large quantity of materials for the Trenches which cannot be dispensed with without very great prejudice to the Service, the General expects, he need not say more, to induce the commanding officers of Divisions Brigades and Corps to furnish their proportions as hereafter mentioned and have them delivered at the reverse of the Trenches at five o'clock this evening.
Muhlenberg's Hazen's and Wayne's Brigades each to furnish: 60 Saucissons,97 80 Fascines, 200 Palisades, 800 Pickets.
[Note 97: Saucissons were long fascines.]
Gist's Brigade to furnish: 54 Saucissons, 71 Fascines, 190 Palisades, 760 Short pickets.
The Militia to furnish: 67 Saucissons, 89 Fascines, 210 Palisades, 840 Short Pickets.
Head Quarters before York, Wednesday, October 10, 1781.
Parole Rochelle. Countersigns Brest, Antwerp.
Baron Steuben's Division will mount in the Trenches tomorrow.
That a want of materials may not cause an interruption to the present operations the Corps hereafter mentioned are directed (agreeably to the 33d article of the regulations for the service of the Siege) to prepare the proportions now assigned them with the utmost dispatch and to keep that quantity always in readiness by replacing the daily consumption.
The Saucissons are to be from nine to eighteen feet long the Gabions two and a Half feet wide and three feet high; and the Fascines six feet long.
The proportion of these materials to be furnished by the Militia to be apportioned to the several corps by their own Adjutant General.
Untill further Orders a Camp colour man to be sent from each Corps every morning at eight o'clock to the Quarter General's Store at the Barn behind Allen's house for the purpose of repairing the roads and cleansing the environs of the Camp.
The Quarter Master General will furnish them with Tools and give them their directions.
Head Quarters before York, Thursday, October 11, 1781.
Parole Augustine. Countersigns Savanna, Augusta.
Major General Lincoln's Division will mount in the trenches tomorrow.
The Commander in Chief expects the Commandants of Corps will not only see (agreeably to article 38 of the regulations for the siege) that the dimensions of the materials are conformable to the directions given but also pay particular attention that the Saucissons and Fascines are firmly bound; all that are not fit for use will be rejected at the Deposit of the Trenches and the Corps in Default to make up the deficiency without Loss of time.
At a General Court martial of the Line held at Camp before York October 2d and continued by adjournments whereof Colonel Dayton is president.
Captain Duffy99 of the fourth regiment of Artillery charged with "Scandalous and Infamous behavior unbecoming the Character of an officer and Gentleman on the night of the 23d and morning of the 24th. of September last such as drawing his sword on Captain Ballard,1 attempting to stab him and firing a pistol at him when unarmed also for a most disgraceful breach of friendship in seizing from Lieutenant Blewer2 a loaded Pistol and snapping the same at him when attempting
[Note 99: Capt. Patrick Duffy.]
[Note 1: Capt. Jeremiah Ballard, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 2: Lieut. George Blewer, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to the close of the war.] at Captain Duffy's own request an amicable settlement of his (Captain Duffy's') quarrel with Captain Ballard."
Also charged by Lieutenant Colonel John Stewart with 1st. Being drunk. 2d. Rioting in the street. 3d. Abusing a french soldier. 4th. A violation of good Discipline in having "in a seditious and disorderly manner threatned to take a french guard stationed at the Hospital for the security of the sick" was tried.
The Court after mature consideration are of opinion that Captain Duffy drew a sword on Captain Ballard and attempted to stab him when unarmed on the evening of the 23d. of September last and on the morning of the 24th. drew his sword on Captain Ballard he having one by his side.
That Captain Duffy also seized a pistol from Lieutenant Blewer and snapped it at him on the before mentioned evening declaring he would shoot him when Lieutenant Blewer was attempting at Captain Duffy's own request an amicable settlement of his quarrel with Captain Ballard.
It does not appear to the Court that Captain Duffy fired on Captain Ballard or that the pistol Captain Duffy seized from Lieutenant Blewer was loaded.
The Court are of opinion that Captain Duffy's conduct, as found, is a breach of Article 21st. Section 14th. of the Rules and Articles of war and sentence him to be discharged the service.
At the same Court Lieutenant Munday3 of the 2d New York regiment, was tried, charged with "Wilfull disobedience of Orders and Neglect of duty on the 21st. of February last." The Court on mature consideration are of opinion that Mr. Munday is Guilty of the Charge against him in breach of the latter part of Article 5th. Section 2nd. of the Rules and Articles of war and Sentence him to be dismissed the Service. The Commander in Chief Approves the foregoing Sentences.
[Note 3: Lieut. William Munday.]
Camp before York, October 11, 1781.
Sir: I took the liberty of engaging Monsieur de La Villeon4 to explain to your Excellency the circumstances which deprived me of the pleasure of acknowledging sooner the Letter with which you honored me the 8th inst. This Gentleman and Monsr de Grandchain5 have had an opportunity of reconnoitring York River and the position of the Enemy's shipping, the result of which they will probably have communicated. I am extremely sensible of your Excellency's goodness in committing the examination of this important object to officers whose talents and experience have entitled them to your particular confidence, and who in every respect are so worthy of esteem. They appear to me to be sensible of the immense advantages that would arise to us from having ships stationed above the Enemy's posts. Among those formerly enumerated to your Excellency, the following are not the least considerable, viz the securing General De Choisy's right Flank against the enterprises of the Enemy by a sudden descent, to which it is at present exposed. The being able to give the enemy a jealousy on the water side relative to his own posts by keeping a demonstration of transport boats constantly near the detached ships, at the same time that we prevent his procrastinating his Surrender by crossing to Gloucester. Perhaps Your Excellency may think that the operation of passing the Enemy's post is simplified by the destruction of the ship Charon.
[Note 4: Capt. Jean Baptiste François, Comte La Villéon de la Villevaho du Fresch'clos, capitaine de pavillon sur la Ville de Paris.]
[Note 5: Capt. Guillaume Jacques Constant Liberge de Granchain de Sémerville, of the French Navy.]
The Marquis St. Simon finding himself incommoded by the shipping in a particular attack of an exterior work on the enemy's right, fired red-hot shot into the port, by which means the Vessel abovementioned and two transports were totally consumed. There remains no other armed Vessel of consequence but the Guadeloupe frigate of 28 Guns and I submit to your Excellency whether two frigates will not answer all the purposes of the station above York. The batteries of our first parallel incommode the transports so much that I do not think the preparation of five ships could be carried on, besides they appear by corroborating accounts to be deficient in means for constructing engines of this kind; and at all events I am persuaded the frigates may take such a position as will effectually secure them from danger. Captain Lilly is gone to designate the pilots which he thinks qualified for the service. In the mean time the Governor has written to several pilots recommended by him to repair on board of your Excellency without loss of time. The Enemy's conduct has continued passive beyond our expectation the Batteries of our first parallel have been exercised upon them with some success and I propose this Evening to have the second parallel opened the effect of which will I flatter myself be more decisive.6
[Note 6: From a contemporary copy in an unidentified hand.]
Head Quarters, Before York, October 12, 1781.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellency's favor of the 3d. Give me leave to return you my sincerest thanks for your exertions on the present occasion. The supplies granted by the State are so liberal, that they remove every apprehension of Want. Colo. Blaine has gone himself over to the Eastern shore to see that the Cattle from thence are brought down to the proper landings where they will be slaughtered, and the Meat sufficiently salted to be transported by Water; proper measures have been taken by the Commissaries to receive the Cattle of the Western Shore, and to have them driven by Land. Arrangements have also been made to send up the Craft for Flour as fast as they discharged their lading of Stores.
I will desire Colo. Stewart to send up all the empty Flour Barrells that can be made of further use.
We opened our first parallel on the night of the 6th. and established it compleatly with a loss too trifling to mention. Our Shells have done considerable damage in the Town, and our fire from the Cannon has been so heavy and well directed against the embrazures of the Enemy's Works, that they have been obliged, during the day, to withdraw their Cannon and place them behind their Merlens. The Charon of 44 Guns and two large Transports have been burnt by hot Balls. The Guns and Stores had been previously taken out of the Frigate.
We last night advanced our second parallel within 300 yards of the Enemy's Works, without the least annoyance from them. Lord Cornwallis's conduct has hitherto been passive beyond conception; he either has not the means of defence, or he intends to reserve himself untill we approach very near him. A few days must determine whether he will or will not give us much trouble. I have the honor etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MD. H. S.]
Camp before York, October 12, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Favor of the 28th ulto. Its Inclosures for Major Genl Greene, shall be forwarded to him by the first good Conveyance. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr]
[Note 9: Spanish agent to the United States. He succeeded Miralles.]
Head Quarters Before York, October 12, 1781.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your favor of the 2d. It gives me pleasure to find so good a disposition in Don Bernardo de Galves10 to concert his operations in such a manner against the common enemy that the interests of His Catholic Majesty and those of ourselves and our Ally may be mutually benefitted. You must be sensible that, in the present political situation of Affairs, I cannot, with any degree of propriety, in behalf of the United States propose any joint plan of operations to Don Galvez, tho' I flatter myself that difficulty will be ere long removed. Neither can I at this time determine whether we shall be able to act offensively against the enemy in south Carolina and Georgia. That will in a great measure depend upon the Naval assistance we shall be able to derive from our Ally. Of this you may assure Don Galvez that should any offensive plan be formed and which is to be undertaken by the Allied Arms, I will use my influence with the French Commanders to give him due notice, should I not be able to open a correspondence with him myself. In the mean time you may inform him that he cannot make a more powerful diversion in favour of the southern States, than by pushing his Arms agst East Florida.
[Note 10: Spanish Governor of Louisiana.]
I am obliged by the extract of Don Galvez's letter to the Count de Grasse explaining at large the necessity he was under of granting the terms of Capitulation to the Garrison of Pensacola which the Commandant required. I have no doubt, from Don Galvez's well known attachment to the cause of America, but he would have refused the Articles which have been deemed exceptionable, had there not been very powerful reasons to have induced his acceptance of them.
We opened our first parallel on the Night of the 6th.and...11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and David Cobb. The omitted portion is identical with that in Washington's letter to Gov. Thomas Sire Lee, Oct. 1781, q. v., excepting that the distance of the second parallel from the enemy's works is given as 350 yards.]
Head Quarters Before York, October 12, 1781.
Sir: My last dispatch to your Excellency was of the 6th: I then informed you that we should open Trenches on that night; we did so, and established our first parallel within 600 Yards of the enemy's Works with the loss of only one Officer of the Trench Artillery wounded and 16 privates killed and wounded, the greater part of which were of the French line. The 7th. and 8th. we were employed in compleating the 1st. parallel and in erecting Batteries somewhat advanced of it. The 9th. at 3 O Clock in the Afternoon the French Battery on the left of four 12 pounders and six Mortars and Howitzers opened, and at 5 O Clock the American Battery on the right of six 18 and 24 pounders, two Mortars and two Howitzers opened also. We were informed that our shells did considerable execution in the Town, and we could perceive that our shot, which were directed against the enemy's embrazures, injured them much. The 10th. two French Batteries, one of Ten 18 and 24 pounders, and six Mortars and Howitzers; the other of four 18 pounders opened as did two more American Batteries, one of four 18 pounders the other of two Mortars. The fire now became so excessively heavy, that the enemy withdrew their Cannon from their embrazures, placed them behind the Merlins, and scarcely fired a shot during the whole day. In the evening the Charon Frigate of 44 Guns was set on fire by a hot Ball from the French Battery on the left and intirely consumed. Her Guns and Stores had been taken out. By the report of a deserter, our shells, which were thrown with the utmost degree of precision, did much mischief in the course of the day.
Yesterday morning two of the enemy's Transports were fired by hot shot and burnt. This has occasioned them to warp their shipping as far over to the Gloucester shore as possible.
We last night advanced our second parallel within 300 Yards of the enemy's Works with little or no annoyance from them. Only one Man was killed and three or four wounded. I shall think it strange indeed if Lord Cornwallis makes no vigorous exertions in the course of this night, or very soon after.
I cannot but acknowledge the infinite obligations I am under to His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau; The Marquis St. Simon commanding the troops from the West Indies; the other General Officers, and indeed the Officers of every denomination in the French Army, for the assistance which they afford me. The experience of many of those Gentlemen in the business before us, is of the utmost advantage in the present operation. And I am sensible it must give your Excellency and Congress the highest pleasure to know that the greatest harmony prevails between the two Armies. They seem actuated by one spirit, that of supporting the honor of the Allied Arms and pushing their approaches with the utmost Vigor. I have the honor etc.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters before York, October 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your Favor of the 25th. ulto. reached me Yesterday. I am obliged by the Attention you pay to giving me every important Intelligence from your Department. Other Accounts, as well as yours, agree, that the British fleet suffered much in the Action with Count de Grasse, and that, in Consequence of this shattered Condition of their fleet, the Transports had returned to N York, and debarked their Troops on Staten Island.
The naval Engagement between the two fleets appears to have been of much greater Importance than was at first estimated. Digby's Arrival will scarcely reinstate the British, and the French will still be found greatly superior both in Numbers and Position.
In my last to you, of the 6th inst. I informed that our Trenches would be opened that Night, they were so, without Discovery from the Enemy, untill Day Light, and our Approaches were carried within 600 Yards of the Works without Loss. The 7th and 8th were employed in erectg Batteries. On the 9th. two Batteries, one on the Right, and another on the left, were opened; the next Morng. 4 Others being compleated, the whole opened a heavy Fire of Cannon and Mortars, which soon became so warm, as to drive the Enemy from their Guns; their Fire was almost totally silenced, and very little Return has since been made. The Charon with 44 Guns, with one Transport, took fire, from our Shot or Shells, the Evening of the 10th, and were both consumed. Yesterday another Ship was destroyed in the same Manner.
Last Night our second Parallel was advanced within less than 400 Yards of the Enemys Lines; this Approach was also effected without Annoyance; and this Morng. our fatigue Men are securely covered, while they are compleating their Work. The Conduct of Lord Cornwallis is really surprizing; a few Days will probably explain it. With much Regard I am &c.13
[Note 13: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters before York, October 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: A small armed french Brig with some other Vessel being up the River, near West Point, under the Direction of Monsieur De Camus,14 which might be made useful in our Operations in case the French Ships should pass above York; Monsr. de Camus has applied to me to obtain, if possible, some Men from the Army to Assist him on Board the Brig. I have therefore to desire you to endeavour to obtain a Number of the Militia from your side to enter as Volunteers for this Service, which is to continue only during the Time of the Siege for the Purpose of Securing the Navigation of the River, protecting our Boats and keepg the Communication between our two Camps and not to be extended below the Town. I wish also a Number of Oarsmen to be selected, to [ sic] put into the Boats which may be in Metapony and Pamunky Rivers, which are to be collected just above West Point; and may in the Course of Events, be of great Importance. One hundred and fifty Men will answer both Purposes.
[Note 14: Joseph, vicomte de Cambis (Camus), lieutenant in the French Navy. He commanded l'Aigrette in De Grasse's fleet.]
If the Men can be obtained, you will be pleased to inform Mre De Camus by Letter at West Point, and consult Measures with him to answer the Purposes abovementioned, and send an intelligent Officer to see the Boats in the two Rivers collected at the most proper Place for their Security. And in Case the french Ships from Below should pass the Town of York, have the Men immediately employed in the Service proposed in such Manner as may be agreed between you and Monsr. D Camus. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters Before York, Friday, October 12, 1781.
Parole Champaigne. Countersigns Breston, Narbonne.
The Marquis de la Fayette's division will mount in the trenches tomorrow.
The superintendant of the Deposit of the trenches is requested to have the quality of the Saucissons, Fascines and Gabions brought to the Deposit accurately inspected; to reject such as are not fit for use, and Report the Corps that offer them.
[Note 16: Wills or Willis, commanding Virginia Militia near Portsmouth, Va.]
Head Quarters before York, October 13, 1781.
Sir: It being a Matter of Importance that the Works erected at Portsmouth by the Enemy, should be destroyed, I have to request that you will immediately upon Receipt of this assemple the Militia in your Vicinity to effect that Purpose; let them be compleatly levelled and demolished, that no further use may be made of them. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters before York, October 13, 1781.
Sir: You will march with the Detachment of the 4th Regt of Dragoons which are equipped, to Richmond, where you will meet a Detachment from the 3rd; when the Detachments join, they are to proceed, as expeditiously as possible, under the Command of the eldest Officer of either Corps, as it may happen, to the Southern Army, and put yourselves under the Orders of Majr Genl Greene.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters Before York, Saturday, October 13, 1781.
Parole Canada. Countersigns Albany, New Windsor.
Major General the Baron de Steuben's division will mount in the trenches tomorrow.
The Quarter Master General having represented that there is at present a very unequal distribution of Tents among the Continental troops whereby some Corps are exposed while others are more than fully covered in order to remedy this inequality and that troops sharing the same dangers and fatigues may enjoy equal benefits the following Corps are directed to send to the Quarter Master General's store tomorrow by noon the Tents set against their names respectively (being the surplusses of theirdue proportion) vizt.
As General Hazen's brigade will be in the Trenches tomorrow untill Noon they will be excused from sending in their surplus tents untill the morning following.
As soon as the Tents are lodged in the store the Quarter Master General will distribute them among the deficient corps.
The Brigade of Artillery is to furnish one Horseman's tent and twelve common tents to the companies of the Delaware regiment attached to it.
The Brigade Quarter Masters are to be Responsible that a due proportion of good tents are delivered in.
One week's allowance of Spirits to officers of the line will be issued tomorrow at ten o clock near Baron Steuben's marquee on regimental returns sign'd by the officers commanding regiments or corps.
At the General Court martial of the line whereof Colonel Dayton is President.
Captain Park19 of Lieutenant Colonel Gimats Battalion charged with "Ungentlemanlike Conduct in giving a Certificate or Certificates to an inhabitant or inhabitants for money or monies due to them certifying that he was on public business when he was not authorized therefore but on his own private business" was tried.
[Note 19: Capt. William Parke, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was dismissed in January, 1782.]
The Court on consideration are of opinion that Captain Park gave a Certificate at Hartford town in Maryland for monies due from him when he was on his private business certifying he was on public business and that his Conduct in this instance was ungentlemanlike in breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the rules and Articles of War; but as it appears to the Court that Captain Park's conduct was dictated by Necessity and in some measure owing to misapprehension they sentence him only to be Reprimanded in General Orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court against Captain Park and as nothing ought more sensibly to wound the feelings of an Officer than being found Guilty of Ungentlemanlike Behavior He thinks any further Reprimand unnecessary.
Captain Park is released from his Arrest.
At the same Court the following prisoners were tried: John Bemus of Colonel Vose's regiment charged with Desertion and Inlisting in the Maryland line found Guilty in Breach of Articles 1st. and 3d., section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced to receive Twenty five lashes on his bare back four mornings successively amounting in the whole to one hundred lashes.
Nathaniel Harthorne of the same regiment charged as above, found Guilty in breach of the aforesaid Articles of War and sentenced the same.
David Shaw a soldier of the second New York regiment charged with Desertion found Guilty of a breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of War and Sentenced to receive Twenty five Lashes on his naked back four mornings successively amounting in the whole to one hundred Lashes.
John Readman soldier of the second New York regiment charged with repeated Desertion found Guilty of a Breach of Article 1st. Section 6th of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
John Dubée of Captain Gosselin's company in the Canadian Old Regiment charged with striking Lieutenant William Torrey of said regiment while in the execution of his duty found Guilty in breach of Article 5th. section 2d. of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
Richard Jeffers a soldier of the Maryland line charged with Desertion found Guilty of a breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of war and sentenced to receive Twenty five Lashes on his naked back four mornings successively amounting in the whole to one hundred Lashes.
Abel Amos and Ned Blake soldiers of the Maryland line charged with Desertion.
The Court are of opinion the Charges against Amos and Blake are not supported.
The Commander in Chief approves the above sentences of the Court Martial.
The Court Martial whereof Colonel Dayton is president is dissolved and another ordered to Assemble at the Judge Advocates Marquee tomorrow morning at nine o'clock for the trial of Lieutenant Colonel De Hart and such others as may be brought before them: Colonel Cortlandt will Preside, Lieutenant Colonel Van Dyck, Major Rice, Two Captains from Muhlenbergs, two from Hazen's, two from Dayton's, two from Clinton's, one from Wayne's and one from Gists Brigades to attend as Members.
All Evidences and persons concerned are desired to attend. An orderly serjeant from each division to be sent daily to the Court.
AFTER ORDERS
One Captain from Wayne's and one from Gists Brigades exclusive of those ordered this day will attend as Members of the General Court Martial of which Colonel Cortlandt is President, instead of the two ordered from Dayton's Brigade.
Head Quarters, October 14, 1781.
Sir: From a representation made to me by Colo. White of the miserable condition of the Men of the 4th. Regt. of Dragoons for want of Cloathing, I am constrained to apply to your Excellency to know whether it will be possible to procure any for them, even of the commonest kind, as Docr. Rose,20 the Regimental Surgeon, assures me one hundred of the Men are literally naked at this advanced season. Could they be cloathed properly, above 150, who are mounted and tolerably equipped, might march immediately to the southward. A detachment of 100 have moved from Ruffins21 to Richmond; they have nothing but stable Jackets, Shirts and a few Caps, and consequently want Breeches, Boots, Stockings Hats or Caps and either Cloaks or Blankets; perhaps Mr. Ross22 might, by an exertion procure the most necessary Articles if not the whole, for it will be in a manner impossible to move them further than Richmond in their present condition. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 20: Robert Rose, surgeon of the First Continental Dragoons. He was retained in Baylor's Dragoons in November, 1782, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 21: Between Colonel Bassett's and Todd's Bridge, in New Kent County.]
[Note 22: David Ross, Commissioner of Trade for Virginia.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 24: Capt. Joseph Jacques François de Martelli Chautard, of the French Navy. He is noted on the draft as commanding H. M. C. S. Experiment.]
Head Quarters Before York, October 14, 1781.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 25th. of September. I should with the greatest pleasure have complied with your Wishes respecting the exchange of Capt. Segond, could I have gratfied them without deviating from a Rule which I have always observed, and without infringing a positive order of Congress which directs that no Officer shall be exchanged out of his turn.
I flatter myself that the time is not far distant when the fortune of War will put into our hands a sufficiency of prisoners, not only to liberate Capt. Segond but all those who are in the same disagreeable situation. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 25: Of De Lancey's First Battalion, British Provincial Troops.]
Head Quarters before York, October 14, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 11th. instant. It is not for me to interfere with any Directions respecting Prisoners captured on the Seas by Count de Grasse; your Address must be made to that Gentleman for any Favors you may wish to obtain. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., and is indorsed that Greene was "a Prisoner on Board the Conqueror."]
Head Quarters Before York, Sunday, October 14, 1781.
Parole St. Vincent. Countersigns Grenada, Tobago.
Major General Lincoln's Division to mount in the Trenches tomorrow.
The Effects of the late Colonel Scammell will be disposed of at public Sale tomorrow at three o'clock P.M. at Major Rice's tent in General Hazen's brigade.
Head Quarters, October 14, 1781.
Sir: You will be pleased to have the Flat Boats which are in James River mounted upon Carriages as expeditiously as possible and brought in the first instance into the old Field in front of Head Quarters, where they may remain upon their Carriages till wanted. As soon as they arrive you will apply to the Adjt. Genl. for a subalterns Guard for them. I am etc.
You will have the Boats covered with Boughs.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters Before York, Monday, October 15, 1781.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Penobscot, Portsmouth.
Major General the Marquis de la Fayette's division will mount in the Trenches tomorrow.
The Commander in Chief congratulates the Allied Army on the Success of the Enterprize last evening against the two important works on the left of the enemys line: He requests the Baron Viomenil who commanded the French Grenadiers and Chasseurs and the Marquis de la Fayette who commanded the American Light Infantry to accept his warmest acknowledgements for the excellency of their dispositions and for their own Gallant Conduct upon the occasion and he begs them to present his thanks to every individual officer and to the Men of their respective Commands for the Spirit and Rapidity with which they advanced to the Attacks and for the admirable Firmness with which they supported themselves under the fire of the Enemy without returning a shot.
The General reflects with the highest degree of pleasure on the Confidence which the Troops of the two Nations must hereafter have in each other. Assured of mutual support he is convinced there is no danger which they will not chearfully encounter. No difficulty which they will not bravely overcome.
The troops will be supplied with fresh beef to Thursday next inclusive, they will receive three pints of Salt to every one hundred rations for the allowance of Wednesday and Thursday.
Head Quarters, October 15, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favor of yesterday. Whenever you have received your instructions from Congress for the recruiting your Legion, you may be assured that I will, so far as depends upon me, give you every assistance.
I look upon your wish to dismount the few Men of your Legion and to serve with them on foot, as a fresh mark of your Zeal. You have my liberty to do it, and when they are ready, if you will be pleased to make report to me, I will assign you a post. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters before York, October 15, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Letter of Yesterday, assigning the Reasons which had induced you to decline your Command here, and to request Liberty to join your Regiment. Your Reasons are two; in both which I must give my Opinion that you are mistaken. As to the first, you must be sensible, that detached Corps both from military Principle, in their Own Nature, [and from the uniform practice of our Army,] are subject to Alterations in their Command, from a thousand contingent Circumstances wh. may attend them; the Corps to which you have been attached, has suffered several Alterations in the Course of this Campaign, and the One which has now taken place, was not recently resolved upon, [as you may be fully convinced of.] The Ground of your second Reason, an Exclusion from Duty in the Trenches, was never in my Intention to give you, from the Returns of your Corps, I estimated it to contain two compleat Battalions; One of which, I proposed in my mind, for your Command; their Numbers being now found not equal to my Estimation, admits of an easy Remedy; as the same principle which at first forms the Detachment, ordains its being kept constantly full by Drafts from other Corps as often as Casualties happen to reduce their Original Establishment; this would have been the Case in your Instance, and would have preserved your Command compleat.
I am sorry for the Resolution which you have taken; but since it appears to be your fixed Choice I comply with your Request, signified in your Letter of the 9th. instant, and you have my Permission to remain in this Camp, untill the close of our present Operations, at which Time, you will join your Regiment at the North River, or wherever they may then happen to be. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
October 16, 1781.
Sir: I have to thank Yr Excellency for the Letter which you did me the honor to write the 14th. and the communication of Mr. de St. Cosmes30 report from whence it appears that every objection to the station above the enemys posts in York River is removed, except the danger of Fire Ships; and that this might be obviated by attaching to it, a sufficient number of rowingboats to guard in front, and tow off the incendiaries in their approach. Your Excellency will see by the last letter which I had the honor to write you, that I expect under the convoy of Mr. de Camus, a great number of small-boats from the upper parts of York River, as soon as protection can be given them, by the
[Note 30: Sainte Eulalie Saint Cosme, a lieutenant in the French Navy.] presence of any naval detachment superior to the remains of the Enemy's vessels in York. I have besides authorised Genl. Weedon to collect all the boats within his reach, in a creek, near the Army on the Gloucester Side; these last amount accordg. to Genl. de Choisy's account to upwards of twenty, so that I have not the least doubt of furnishing Yr. Excellency with a much greater number of boats and oars than will be sufficient for the service you mention; from these the Officer commanding may select such as he judges best calculated for the purpose. I presume it is yr. Excellencys intention they should be manned from the Ship appointed to the station, as their crews must be composed of experienced Seamen [and none such are at my command] I have ordered a draft of militia to be employed in bringing the boats from above, but I cannot depend upon them for any farther duty. The detail of the means which Yr. Excelly. desires is confined then to the boats and Oars, of which we shall have more than can be employed exclusive of the flat-bottomed boats of the Army, which are [here] mounted on Waggons and ready to be moved down to the River, if Your Officers approve their construction.
I requested the favor of Monsieur de Grandchain to make the inclosed translation for Your Excelly., of a letter which I have just received from Genl. Forman, his intelligence is usually very accurate but I think he is mistaken in the number of Ships at Halifax, where I imagine there is not more than [one ship of the line.] This account agrees with that of Officers, prisoners, and deserters, that Ld Cornwallis places all his hopes in an effort on the part of Digby to relieve him; it does not appear to me however that any port south of Chesapeak wd. be chosen in this case for the debarkation of the enemys troops, on account of the natural difficulties in their march afterwards. I am rather inclined to think that the british Admiral would endeavour to engage the attention of your fleet in a distant combat, while he causes his transports to proceed under this mask to the mouth of the [Piankatank] near Gwyns Island where the troops may be debarked at the distance of Six leagues from Gloucester, and march without obstacles of rivers, or any other impediments of consequence, to force our posts on that side, and relieve the Garrison.
But the projects of the Enemy will be best penetrated by Yr. Excelly. and I am persuaded the wisdom and vigour of your measures will render them all abortive.
I take the liberty of observing that if the Mouth of James River be guarded, there will be no necessity for detaing in their present stations the Vessels that are higher up in that River.
It is with pleasure I acquaint Yr. Excelly that the first combined attack of the allied Arms has proved successful; the night before last two very important advanced redoubts on the enemys left, were carried by assault, one by a detachment of the french troops and the other by a corps of Americans, the Baron de Viominil and the Marquis de la fayette commanded in the trenches. The possession of these two works which we have united to our second parallel gives us infinite advantages for the position of our batteries, and circumscribing the place.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters Before York, October 16, 1781.
Sir: I had the honor to inform your Excellency in my last, of the 12th. instant, that we had the evening before opened our second parallel. The 13th. and 14th. we were employed in compleating it. The Engineers having deemed the two Redoubts on the left of the enemy's line sufficiently injured by our shot and shells to make them practicable, it was determined to carry them by assault on the evening of the 14th. The following disposition was accordingly made. The Work on the enemy's extreme left to be attacked by the American Light Infantry under the command of the Marquis de la Fayette. The other by a detachment of the French Grenadiers and Chasseurs commanded by Major General the Baron Viomenil. I have the pleasure to inform your Excellency that we succeeded in both. Nothing could exceed the firmness and bravery of the Troops. They advanced under the fire of the Enemy without returning a shot and effected the business with the Bayonet only. The reports of His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, The Marquis de la Fayette and Lt. Colonel Hamilton, copies of which I inclose, enter more particularly into a detail of the mode in which the attacks on the part of the French and American Columns were Conducted. We made prisoners in both Redoubts one Major, 2 Captains, 3 subalterns and 67 privates.
The Works which we have carried are of vast importance to us. From them we shall enfilade the enemy's whole line and I am in hopes we shall be able to command the communication from York to Gloucester. I think the Batteries of the second parallel will be in sufficient forwardness to begin to play in the course of this day.
The enemy last night made a sortie for the first time. They entered one of the French and one of the American Batteries on the second parallel which were unfinished. They had only time to thrust the points of their Bayonets into four pieces of the French and two of the American Artillery and break them off, but the spikes were easily extracted. They were repulsed the moment the supporting Troops came up, leaving behind them seven or eight dead and six prisoners. The French had four officers and twelve privates killed and wounded, and we had one serjeant mortally wounded.
I inclose your Excellency a Return of the killed and wounded of both Armies up to the present time. It is much smaller than might have been expected.32 I have the honor etc.33
[Note 32: Copies of Rochambeau's report [October 16], Lafayette's report, [October 16], Hamilton's report, [October 15], and of the French killed and wounded from the beginning of the siege, are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The originals are in the Washington Papers. No return of the American losses is now found in the Washington Papers, but Washington's Diary under date of October 14 contains a tabular statement of them, which fixes the total from the beginning of the siege at 38 officers and men killed and 130 wounded.]
[Note 33: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on October 25 and referred to Edmund Randolph, Elias Boudinot, James Mitchell Varnum, and Daniel Carroll.]
Head Quarters before York, October 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your Favors of the 27th and 30th ulto. I make no Doubt but Sir Hry Clinton will make every Effort in his Power, for the Relief of Lord Cornwallis. His Attempts this Way, I trust, will prove ineffectual, unless very soon executed.
In mine of the 12th inst. I informed, that our second Parallel was opened the Night preceeding. That Day, the 13th and 14th were employed in compleating our Parallel, and constructing our Batteries for this Approach; in doing which, we experienced more fire from the Enemy, than had before been given us, principally from their small Shells, which gave us some Annoyance, and little Loss of Lives.
On the Evening of the 14th, two advanced Redoubts of the Enemy, on their Left, were attacked by Storm, and very soon carried; one Attack was led by Baron Viomenil, who conducted the Grenadiers and Chasseurs of the french Army; the other by the Marquis De Lafayette, at the Head of the American Light Infantry. The Bravery and Firmness of the Troops on the Occasion, guided by a Spirit of Emulation, were admirable. In these two Redoubts, which will prove of great Importance in our Approaches, we took, 73 Prisoners, including 6 Officers, Two Royals were found; and some Hand Granades. Our Batteries are now almost ready to be opened from the second Parallel. A Small and very precipitate Sortie was last Night made by the Enemy; the first they have yet attempted. It proved to very little Purpose on their Side; and was attended with little Loss on either Part.
From all your late Letters, as well as Information received from others, it would seem, that the Enemy are making, not a Detachment only from their Army; but that almost their whole Force from N York, is to be employed in their meditated Diversion; should this prove to be the Case, their remaing. Force will be so small, that it will become a Matter worthy your serious Attention, to make some Attempt upon them in their Defenceless State. The particular Object to which you will direct your Attention, is not for me, at this Distance, to determine; your own Judgment must dictate, according as you shall be made acquainted with particular Circumstances. I am very glad to hear the Quiet and Tranquility that prevails at the Northward, and hope it may continue. With much Regard etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: My Letter of 6th instant by Colo Morris informed you that our Trenches would be opened that Night; they were so, without discovery or Loss at the Distance of about 600 yds; from that time to the 9th. we were employed in compleatg our first Parallel and constructing Batteries; on the 9th and 10th Our Fire from Cannons and Mortars commenced very Briskly and had a very good Effect upon the Enemys Works. During this Time a small and very ineffectual Fire was kept up from the Enemy. The Charon of 44 Guns with two or three Transports took fire and were consumed. On the Evening of the 11th. our second Parallel was opened, with as much Facility and Quiet as the first; from that to the 14th. the Works of this Parallel were compleatg and the Batteries of that Approach were constructing. In this Period, we suffered a more galling Fire from the Enemy, principally from their small Shells, which gave us much Annoyance, and occasioned a more considerable Loss than had been before experienced. On the Evening of the 14th. two very successful Attempts were made upon two Redoubts of the Enemy, which secured their left Flank; and were almost instantly carried, by the irresistable Spirit and Bravery of the Troops who made the Assault; 73 Prisoners, including 6 Officers, were taken in the Redoubts with two Royals. This Success will prove of almost infinite importance in our Approaches, which are carrying on with all the Dispatch possible.
A small and ineffectual Sortie was last Night, for their first Attempt, made upon our Approaches; of little Consequences to either Party.
Our Batteries of the 2d. Parallel, will soon be opened at about 200 and 300 Yards Distance from the Enemys principal Works.
Our Accounts from N York of the British Fleet, continue to place them in an unequal Point of View in Comparison with the Count De Grasse; but that every Exertion is using to put them in the best Condition Possible, and that it is conjectured Admiral Graves and Sir Hry Clinton will put every thing to Hazzard for the Relief of Ld Cornwallis. A little Time, I trust will fix his Lordships Fortune for the present Operations. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters before York, October 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am much obliged by the Receipt of your Favor of the 2d inst. which I received last Evening. I most sincerely thank you for the Care and Attention with which you keep me informed of the Motions of the Enemy at N York.
There can be no Doubt, but that Sir Hry Clinton will Attempt every thing which he may think practicable, for the Relief of Lord Cornwallis; I cannot however imagine, that a Sufficient Fleet can be collected to make any Impression upon the Count D Grasse, who still preserves his Station in the Chesapeak Bay, and will [I presume] continue that Position. No Landg that I know of, can be made for their Troops, near eno' to make a speedy Diversion in Favor of his Lordship, unless they can enter the Bay.
The Army under my Command left Williamsburg on the 28th. of Septr. and without Opposition took our Ground in face of the Enemy; in two Days they retired from their Exteriour Works, to their Line of Defence near the Town. The 6th. of Octo our Trenches were opened within 600 Yards without Discovery or Loss. Our Batteries were erected as soon as possible and opened a very effectual Fire upon the Enemy's Works, until the 11th. on the Evening of which Day we Opened our second Parallel within less than 400 Yards with equal Facility as the first; the Enemy hitherto makg a small and very ineffectual Fire; the 12th. 13th. and 14 were employed in compleatg our Trenches and Constructing Batteries. On the Evening of the 14th. two very successful Attempts were made upon two Redoubts of the Enemy, which were immediately carried with great Bravery and Spirit by the Troops who made the Assault; in these Redoubts which are near advanced upon the Enemy's Left Flank, and will prove very important in our Approaches, we made 73 Prisoners, including 6 Officers; we found also two Royals, some Hand Granadoes &c. &c.
Last Evening the Enemy for the first Time, made a small and very precipitate Sortie upon our Workg Party, did little damage, and were obliged to retire with some Loss.
I beg you will still continue to keep me informed of every important Movement of the Enemy at N York, which will be received with much Gratitude. With great Regard etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters Before York, Tuesday, October 16, 1781.
Parole Domingo. Countersigns Antwerp, Bruges.
Major General Baron de Steuben's division will mount in the Trenches tomorrow.
The Commander in Chief having observed that the Trenches are constantly crowded by Spectators, who by passing andrepassing prevent the men from working and thereby greatlyimpede the operations of the Siege; He therefore Orders thatno officer who is not on duty shall hereafter enter the trenchesexcept General Officers and their Aids. And that no inhabitantor person not belonging to the Army be suffered to enter the Trenches at any time without permission from the Major General of the Trenches.
In future the relief for the Trenches are not to beat their drums after they pass the Mill dam; they are from that place to march silently with trailed Arms and Colours furled untill they arrive at their Posts in the trenches.
Lieutenant Colonel De Hart being releas'd from his Arrest, the Court Martial of which Colonel Cortlandt is President will proceed to the trial of the Prisoners confined in the Provost.
AFTER ORDERS
The Inspector acting as Major of the trenches is desired to be very particular in making a return of the Officers and Men Killed and wounded in the Trenches as well Militia as Continental, during their tour, which they will deliver in to the Superintendant of the Deposit of the Trenches, immediately on being relieved.
Head Quarters Before York, Wednesday, October 17, 1781.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Chester, Wilmington.
Major General Lincoln's division will mount in the trenches tomorrow.
[Note 37: The Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress gives Blair the title of rector of William and Mary College.]
Camp before York, October 17, 1781.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th. has been received. You may be assured Sir, that nothing but absolute necessity could induce me to desire to occupy the College with its adjoing Buildings for Military Purposes. I am very sorry to say that the Number of our Sick and Wounded are increasing so fast that Room cannot be found for their Cover and Convenience. In these Circumstances I am persuaded, that Mr. Bellini38 will be ready to give up the House you mention, especially as I observe many of the Articles are easily removeable, and some of the most Lumbersome may be secured abroad. I flatter myself also that the good People of this Part of the Country will the more readily submit to a partial and temporary Inconvenience, when they have Reason to hope, that the Close of our present Operations will place them in a State of Quiet and Security, which I trust will be lasting. I am &c.39
[Note 38: Charles (or Carlo) Bellini, a professor at William and Mary.]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters Before York, October 17, 1781.
Sir: I had yesterday Evening the honor of receiving your Excellency's favor of the same date. Sixteen Flat Boats will be ready to meet the ships whenever the Wind shall admit their ascending the River. I cannot conceive the Reason why no more Pilots have gone down to you. The Governor sent immediately to those who were recommended by Captain Lilly.
I do myself the honour to transmit your Excellency the Copy of a letter which I have just received from Lord Cornwallis. I have informed him in answer thereto, that I wish him previous to the meeting of Commisss. to send his proposals in writing to the American Lines, for which purpose a cessation of Hostilities for two Hours will be allowed.
I should be anxious to have the honor of your Excellency's participation in the treaty, which will, according to present appearances shortly take place. I need not add how happy it will make me to welcome your Ex in the name of America on this shore, and embrace you upon an occasion so advantageous to the interests of the common cause, and on which it is so much indebted to you.
Should Naval reasons deprive me of this happiness, by requiring Yr Excellys presence on board, I entreat that you will be pleased to appoint an Officer to represent you, and take charge of the Capitulation to be signed by Yr Excellency. I have the honor etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and John Laurens.
"About ten o'clock the Enemy beat a parley [a British drummer appeared on the parapet of the Yorktown fortifications and, under the protection of a white flag, beat the recognized parley measure] and Lord Cornwallis proposed a cessation of Hostilities for 24 hours, that Commissioners might meet at the house of a Mr. Moore (in the rear of our first parallel) to settle terms, for the surrender of the Posts of York and Gloucester. To this he was answered, that a desire to spare the further effusion of Blood would readily incline me to treat of the surrender of the above Posts, but previous to the meeting of Commissioners I wished to have his proposals in writing and for this purpose would grant a cessation of hostilities two hours. Within which time he sent out A letter with such proposals (tho' some of them were inadmissible) as led me to believe that there would be no great difficulty in fixing the terms. Accordingly hostilities were suspended for the Night and I proposed my own terms to which if he agreed Commissioners were to meet to digest them into form."-- Washington's Diary, Oct. 17, 1781.]
Camp before York, October 17, 1781.
My Lord: I have had the Honor of receiving Your Lordship's Letter of this Date.
An Ardent Desire to spare the further Effusion of Blood, will readily incline me to listen to such Terms for the Surrender of your Posts and Garrisons of York and Gloucester, as are admissible.
I wish previously to the Meeting of Commissioners, that your Lordship's proposals in writing, may be sent to the American Lines: for which Purpose, a Suspension41 of Hostilities during two Hours from the Delivery of this Letter will be granted. I have the Honor etc.42
[Note 41: Trumbull wrote "Cessation," but Laurens changed it to "Suspension."]
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters before York, October 18, 1781.
My Lord: To avoid unnecessary Discussions and Delays, I shall at Once, in Answer to your Lordships Letter of Yesterday,43 declare the general Basis upon which a Definitive Treaty and Capitulation must take place. The Garrisons of York and Gloucester, including the Seamen, as you propose, will be received Prisoners of War. The Condition annexed, of sending the British and German Troops to the parts of Europe to which they respectively belong, is inadmissible. Instead of this, they will be marched to such parts of the Country as can most conveniently provide for their Subsistence; and the Benevolent Treatment of Prisoners, which is invariably observed by the Americans, will be extended to them. The same Honors will be granted to the Surrendering Army as were granted to the Garrison of Charles Town. The Shipping and Boats in the two Harbours with all their Guns, Stores, Tackling, Furniture and Apparel, shall be delivered in their present State to an Officer of the Navy, appointed to take possession of them.
[Note 43: Not now found in the Washington Papers; it is, however, printed in Sparks's Writings of Washington, vol. 8, p. 530.
Cornwallis's second letter of Oct. 17, 1781, is in the Washington Papers. Its terms were practically the same as those proposed in 1777 by Burgoyne to Gates at Saratoga and accepted by the latter. The general tone of the letter was that of an unconquered adversary. It is printed, with minor variations from the original, in Sparks's Writings of Washington, vol. 8, p. 531.]
The Artillery, Arms, Accoutrements, Military Chest and Public Stores of every Denomination, shall be delivered unimpaired to the Heads of Departments, to which they respectively belong.
The Officers will be indulged in retaining their Side Arms, and the Officers and Soldiers may preserve their Baggage and Effects, with this Reserve, that Property taken in the Country, will be reclaimed.
With Regard to the Individuals in civil Capacities, whose Interests Your Lordship wishes may be attended to, until they are more particularly described, nothing definitive can be settled.
I have to add, that I expect the Sick and Wounded will be supplied with their own Hospital Stores, and be attended by British Surgeons, particularly charged with the Care of them.
Your Lordship will be pleased to signify your Determination either to accept or reject the Proposals now offered, in the Course of Two Hours from the Delivery of this Letter, that Commissioners may be appointed to digest the Articles of Capitulation, or a Renewal of Hostilities may take place. I have the Honor etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Headquarters Before York, Thursday, October 18, 1781.
Parole France. Countersigns Versailles, Paris.
Major General the Marqs. de la Fayette's division will mount in the trenches tomorrow.
AFTER ORDERS
This day's relief of the Trenches is countermanded untill further Orders.
Headquarters Before York, Friday, October 19, 1781.
Parole Independence. Countersigns Rochambeau, De Grasse.
General Muhlenberg's Brigade will hold itself in readiness for duty tomorrow.
Camp before York, October 19, 1781.
Sir: Late this Evening I was honoured with your favr. of this date; without delay, and in much haste I inclose you a copy of such Articles of the Capitulation as are immediately and essentially necessary for your Government. With much esteem etc.
Head Quarters Before York, October 19, 1781.
Sir: Your Excellencys letter of the 17th. redoubles my affliction at being deprived of the happiness of embracing you on Shore, by informing me, that a violent indisposition is the cause. I entreat Yr. Excellcy. to accept the sincere and ardent vows which I make for your recovery, and the preservation of a Health so dear to our two Nations. I would not delay a moment to wait upon Yr Excellency, and assure you in person of all my regret upon this occasion; if the definitive Signature of the Capitulation which I expect will take place today, did not deprive me of the power.
I have read with attention the intelligence which has been transmitted to Your Excelly thro the Channels of Genl. Heath and Govr Lee; at the same time that I approve the precaution of those Gentlemen in communicating every intelligence that relates to the Enemy's movements; I beg leave to assure Yr Excelly, that I have not the least disquiet on the subject, knowing by experience how doubtful such relations generally are.45 It appears to me above all improbable that an expedition in the Jerseys shd. be undertaken concomitantly with the pretended one against Yr. Excellencys fleet.
[Note 45: The real situation was disclosed in Col. Sylvanus Seely's letter to Washington (October 18), which did not of course reach the Commander in Chief until some days after the surrender: "The Fleet I mentioned in mine of the 14th. Consisting of 24 Ships of the line two 50 and a number Frigates, sail from the Hook Yesterday about Ten in the Morning ... they have undoubtedly taken between two and three thousand of their best Troops on board their Ships of War." Seely's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mr de Grandchain assisted yesterday in digesting the Articles of Capitulation;46 as soon as this business is terminated I propose to do myself the honour of waiting upon Yr Excelly on board.47 I have the honor etc.48
[Note 46: The American commissioners for digesting the Articles of Capitulation were Lieut. Col. John Laurens and the Vicomte de Noailles, brother-in-law of Lafayette. The British commissioners were Lieut. Col. Thomas Dundas, of the Eightieth Foot, and Major Alexander Ross, aide to Cornwallis. "The business was so procrastinated by those on their side...that Colo. Laurens and the Viscount...could do no more than make the rough draft of the Articles which were submitted for Lord Cornwallis. consideration."-- Washington's Diary, Oct. 18, 1781.
"In the Morning early I had them copied and sent word to Lord Cornwallis that I expected to have them signed at 11 o'clock and that the Garrison would March out at two o'clock, both of which were accordingly done."-- Washington's Diary, Oct. 19, 1781.]
[Note 47: According to his "Diary," Washington visited De Grasse on October 21.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, October 19, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor with many congratulations to inform you, that One OClock this afternoon is appointed for the delivery of two of the Enemys Redoubts on the Gloucester Side, one to a detachment of french the other to a detachment of American Troops. The Garrison is to march out at three OClock with shouldered Arms, Drums beating a british or German March, the Cavalry with their Swords drawn, and the Colours of the whole cased; to a place which you will be so good as to appoint, in front of the posts, where they will ground their Arms and afterwards return to their encampment.
You will be so good as to communicate this to Genl. Weedon and to make the necessary arrangements, and desire him to take every precaution to prevent the loss or embezzlement of the Arms, &c. I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters near York, October 19, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform Congress, that a Reduction of the British Army under the Command of Lord Cornwallis, is most happily effected. The unremitting Ardor which actuated every Officer and Soldier in the combined Army on this Occasion, has principally led to this Important Event, at an earlier period than my most sanguine Hopes had induced me to expect.
The singular Spirit of Emulation, which animated the whole Army from the first Commencement of our Operations, has filled my Mind with the highest pleasure and Satisfaction, and had given me the happiest presages of Success.
On the 17th instant, a Letter was received from Lord Cornwallis, proposing a Meeting of Commissioners, to consult on Terms for the Surrender of the Posts of York and Gloucester. This Letter (the first which had passed between us) opened a Correspondence, a Copy of which I do myself the Honor to inclose; that Correspondence was followed by the Definitive Capitulation, which was agreed to, and Signed on the 19th. Copy of which is also herewith transmitted, and which I hope, will meet the Approbation of Congress.50
[Note 50: The Articles of Capitulation, in the writing of Trumbull, signed by Cornwallis and Thomas Symonds, are in the Washington Papers, A rough copy, or draft, of articles 1, 2, 4, 5, and part of article 6, in the writing of Major Ross, is in the Morgan Library. The Articles of Capitulation printed by Sparks's Writings of Washington, vol. 8, p. 533, appear to be from a document signed not only by Cornwallis and Symonds but also by Washington, Rochambeau, and Barras for himself and for De Grasse. B. F. Stevens, Campaign in Virginia (Lond: 1888), v. 2 pp. 199--203, also prints a fully signed capitulation. The whereabouts of this document is unknown to the editor. The negotiations were carded on in Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln's headquarters, which were in the house of Augustine Moore, which then seems to have been owned by his widow.]
I should be wanting in the feelings of Gratitude, did I not mention on this Occasion, with the warmest Sense of Acknowledgements, the very chearfull and able Assistance, which I have received in the Course of our Operations, from, his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, and all his Officers of every Rank, in their respective Capacities. Nothing could equal this Zeal of our Allies, but the emulating Spirit of the American Officers, whose Ardor would not suffer their Exertions to be exceeded.
The very uncommon Degree of Duty and Fatigue which the Nature of the Service required from the Officers of Engineers and Artillery of both Armies, obliges me particularly to mention the Obligations I am under to the Commanding and other Officers of those Corps.
I wish it was in my Power to express to Congress, how much I feel myself indebted to The Count de Grasse and the Officers of the Fleet under his Command for the distinguished Aid and Support which have been afforded by them; between whom, and the Army, the most happy Concurrence of Sentiments and Views have subsisted, and from whom, every possible Cooperation has been experienced, which the most harmonious Intercourse could afford.
Returns of the Prisoners, Military Stores, Ordnance Shipping and other Matters, I shall do myself the Honor to transmit to Congress as soon as they can be collected by the Heads of Departments, to which they belong.
Colo. Laurens and the Viscount de Noiailles, on the Part of the combined Army, were the Gentlemen who acted as Commissioners for formg and settg the Terms of Capitulation and Surrender herewith transmitted, to whom I am particularly obliged for their Readiness and Attention exhibited on the Occasion.
Colo Tilghman, one of my Aids de Camp, will have the Honor to deliver these Dispatches to your Excellency;51 he will be able to inform you of every minute Circumstance which is not particularly mentioned in my Letter; his Merits, which are too well known to need my observations at this time, have gained my particular Attention, and could wish that they may be conored with the Notice of your Excellency and Congress.
[Note 51: On Saturday, October 27, Tilghman wrote to Washington from Philadelphia that he arrived in that city early on Wednesday morning, October 24. "Altho' I lost one whole nights run by the stupidity of the Skipper, who got over upon the Tangier shoals, and was a whole day crossing in a Calm from Annapolis to Rock Hall. The Wind left me entirely on Sunday Evening 30 Miles below Annapolis. I found that a letter from Count de Grasse to Governor Lee dated the 18th., had gone forward to Congress, in which the Count informed the Governor that Cornwallis had then surrendered. This made me the more anxious to reach Philada. as I knew both Congress and the public would be uneasy at not receiving dispatches from you. I was not wrong in my conjecture, for some really began to doubt the matter." Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Governor Lee's letter to the President of Congress (October 20) from Annapolis, forwarding De Grasse's news, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 70, fol. 495. It bears on the cover the following: "To be forwarded by Night and by Day with the utmost dispatch--Lord Cornwallis Surrendered the Garrison of York to Genl. Washington the 17th. Octr." and "Received at 2 O'Clock A.M. Octr. 22d: 1781. pr Thos. McKean."]
Your Excellency and Congress will be pleased to accept my Congratulations on this happy Event, and believe me to be With the highest Respect etc.
P.S. Tho' I am not possessed of the Particular Returns, yet I have reason to suppose that the Number of Prisoners will be between five and Six thousand, exclusive of Seamen and others.52
[Note 52: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on October 24 and referred to Edmund Randolph, Elias Boudinot, James Mitchell Varnum, and Daniel Carrol. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 29, 1781.)]
Head Quarters, October 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: I am extremely apprehensive that if great care is not taken, the Arms and Accoutrements which the British are to lay down this day at Gloucester will be embezzled or exchanged. I shall therefore expect that the strictest Guard may be placed over them from a Corps on which you can depend, the Officer commanding it to be answerable for the number surrendered, untill a Commissary of Stores shall take regular possession of them. In the mean time, let them be put in as secure a place as possible. I am &c.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the collection K. Ford, of Minneapolis, Minn.]
Head Quarters Before York, Saturday, October 20, 1781.
Parole Congress. Countersigns York, Gloucester.
Brigadier General Hazen's Brigade for duty tomorrow to parade at ten o'clock on their own parade.
As a great number of the axes delivered to working parties during the siege have not been returned the Commander in Chief directs that the Commandants of Corps, continental and militia, may have an immediate and strict search made in their respective commands and that all the axes found which have not been issued for their particular use may be returned to General Elbert Superintendant of the deposit of the trenches.
The Provost Guard consisting of one sub, two serjeants, Two Corporals and twenty privates to be relieved by divisions in rotation daily. The Marquis de la Fayettes will furnish it this day; Major General Lincolns division tomorrow, and the Baron's the next day.
AFTER ORDERS
The General congratulates the Army upon the glorious event of yesterday.
The generous proofs which his most Christian Majesty has given of his attachment to the Cause of America must force conviction on the minds of the most deceived among the Enemy: relatively to the decisive good consequences of the Alliance and inspire every citizen of these States with sentiments of the most unalterable Gratitude.
His Fleet the most numerous and powerful that ever appeared in these seas commanded by an Admiral whose Fortune and Talents ensure great Events.
An Army of the most admirable composition both in officers and men are the Pledges of his friendship to the United States and their cooperation has secured us the present signalsuccess.
The General upon his occasion entreats his Excellency Count de Rochambeau to accept his most grateful acknowledgements for his Counsels and assistance at all times. He presents his warmest thanks to the Generals Baron Viomenil, Chevalier Chastellux, Marquis de St. Simond and Count Viomenil and to Brigadier General de Choissy (who had a separate command) for the illustrious manner in which they have advanced the interest of the common cause.
He requests that Count de Rochambeau will be pleased to communicate to the Army under his immediate command the high sense he entertains of the distinguished merits of the officers and soldiers of every corps and that he will present in his name to the regiments of Gattinois and Deuxponts the two Pieces of Brass Ordnance captured by them; as a testimony of their Gallantry in storming the Enemy's Redoubt on the Night of the 14th. instant, when officers and men so universally vied with each other in the exercise of every soldierly virtue.
The General's Thanks to each individual of Merit would comprehend the whole Army. But He thinks himself bound however by Affection Duty and Gratitude to express his obligations to Major Generals Lincoln, de La Fayette and Steuben for their dispositions in the Trenches.
To General Du Portail and Colonel Carney54 for the Vigor and Knowledge which were conspicuous in their Conduct of the Attacks, and to General Knox and Colonel D'Aberville55 for their great care and attention and fatigue in bringing forward the Artillery and Stores and for their judicious and spirited management of them in the Parallels.
[Note 54: Col. Ethis de Corny.]
[Note 55: François Marie, Comte d'Aboville, colonel and commander in chief, French artillery in America.]
He requests the Gentlemen above mentioned to communicate his thanks to the officers and soldiers of their respective commands.
Ingratitude which the General hopes never to be guilty of would be conspicuous in him was he to omit thanking in the warmest terms His Excellency Governor Nelson for the Aid he has derived from him and from the Militia under his Command to whose Activity Emulation and Courage much Applause is due; the Greatness of the Acquisition will be an ample Compensation for the Hardships and Hazards which they encountered with so much patriotism and firmness.
In order to diffuse the general Joy through every Breast the General orders that those men belonging to the Army who may now be in confinement shall be pardoned released and join their respective corps.
Divine Service is to be performed tomorrow in the several Brigades or Divisions.
The Commander in Chief earnestly recommends that the troops not on duty should universally attend with that seriousness of Deportment and gratitude of Heart which the recognition of such reiterated and astonishing interpositions of Providence demand of us.
October 20, 1781.
Sir: I lose not an instant to transmit Your Excellency two intercepted letters from Sir Henry Clinton to Lord Cornwallis; they were inclosed to me by the president of Congress,56 whose letter dated the 14th. assures me the british fleet had not then sailed from New York. Count de barras is so good as to take charge of this, I should have had the honor of accompanying him, but some indispensable arrangements detain me 'till this afternoon, when I shall embark with General Rochambeau, and hasten to renew the most grateful acknowledgements, in the name of America, for the glorious event for which she is indebted to you, and the assurances of those sentiments of respect and attachment, with which etc.57
[Note 56: The President also wrote to De Grasse on October 14 [14?], forwarding copies of these same intercepted letters.]
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, October 20, 1781.
Sir: The surrender of York from which so much glory and advantage are derived to the Allies, and the honor of which belongs to Yr. Excellency, has greatly anticipated our most sanguine expectations. Certain of this event under your auspices tho' unable to determine the time, I solicited Your Excellys attention in the first conference with which you honored me, to ulterior objects, of decisive importance to the common cause. Although your Excellencys answer on that occasion was unfavorable to my wishes, the unexpected promptness with which our operations here have been conducted to their final success, havg gained us time, the defect of which was one of Your Excelly's principal objections, a perspective of the most extensive and happy consequences, engage me to renew my representations.
Charles Town the principal Maritime port of the british in the southern parts of the Continent, the Grand Deposit and point of Support for the present Theatre of the War, is open to a combined attack, and might be carried with as much certainty, as the place which has just surrendered.
This capture wd. destroy the last hope which induces the Enemy to continue the war; for havg experienced the impracticability of recovering the populous northern States, has determined to confine himself to the defensive in that quarter, and prosecute a most vigorous offensive southward, with a View of reconquering States whose sparse population and natural disadvantages render them infinitely less susceptible of defence, altho their productions render them the most valuable in a commercial view. This general naval Superiority previous to Yr Excellys arrival gave him decisive advantages in the rapid transport of his troops and Supplies, while the immense land marches of our succours too tardive [ sic] and expensive in every point of view, subjected us to be beat in detail.
It will depend upon Yr Excelly. therefore to terminate the War, and enable the Allies to dictate the Law in a Treaty. A Campaign so glorious and so fertile in consequences, ed. be reserved only for the Count de Grasse.
It rarely happens, that such a combination of means, as are in our hands at present, can be seasonably obtained by the most strenuous of human exertions.
A decisively superior fleet, the Fortune and talents of whose Commander overawe all the naval force that the most incredible efforts of the enemy have been able to collect. An Army flushed with success and demanding only to be conducted to new attacks, and the very season which is proper for operating against the points in question.
If upon entering into the detail of this Expedition Your Excelly should still determine it impracticable, there is an Object, which tho' subordinate to that above mentioned, is of capital importance to our southern operations and may be effected at infinitely less expence, I mean the Enemys post of Wilmington in North Carolina. Circumstances require that I shd. at this period reinforce the southern Army under General Greene. This reinforcement transported by Sea under Your Excelly's convoy wd enable us to carry the post in question with very little difficulty, and wd. wrest from the british a point of Support in No Carolina, which is attended with the most dangerous consequences to us,58 and liberate another State. This object wd require nothg more than the convoy of Yr. Excelly to the point of operation, and the protection of the debarkation.
[Note 58: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "As it gives countenance and protection to a numerous Settlement of disaffected persons, who being at the devotion [ sic] of the Enemy, and amply furnished with means by them spread rapine and."]
I entreat Your Excellencys attention to the points which I have the honor of laying before You, and to be pleased at the same time to inform me what are your dispositions for a Maritime force to be left on the American station.59 I have the honor etc.60
[Note 59: De Grasse's answer was a note handed to Lafayette (October 23), who remained on board the Ville de Paris after Washington's visit on October 21. The marquis was to have commanded the Wilmington detachment. The original of De Grasse's note is in the Washington Papers. A translation by John Laurens is as follows: "The Count de Grasse would be happy to be able to make the expedition of Charles Town all the advantages of which he feels; but the orders of his court, ulterior projects, and his engagements with the Spaniards render it impossible to remain here the necessary time for this operation. His desire to serve the United States is such that he desires to enter into engagements for a cooperation, during the next Campaign as far as the plans of the Court will permit. The expedition of Wilmington requiring less time, the Count de Grasse would undertake to conduct to that place, the detachment of two thousand Americans. as to the manner of operating, it must be determined according to the particular informations that we are going to collect. It wd be necessary immediately to have pilots and persons well acquainted with the Country, with whom the Count de Grasse would desire to converse as soon as possible, in order to give his word definitively. The American Troops must be furnished with their own provisions, the Naval Army having none to spare. The Count de Grasse gives us leave to make use of the Vessels in York River; The Loyalist, the Queen Charlotte, the Cormorant have been sold to the State of Virginia, but the Count de Grasse does not think he will be able to embark the American troops on board of his Ships of the Line; How then shall we provide Sailors to man the other Vessels. The Count, has 15 American sailors, there are some small armed vessels; if after having seen the persons acquainted with the Coast, the Count de Grasse thinks he will be able to take the troops on board of his Line of battle Ships, and debark them without danger, then it will be useless to take the transports. If frigates can run into a convenient place then the troops will be embarked on board of frigates. The day of departure, the first of November, and if possible sooner." (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Oct. 27, 1781, post.)]
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, October 20, 1781.
Sir: I have received the Letter which you did me the Honor to write this Morng. and am much indebted to you for the Arrangements which you were so good as to make relative to the surrendering Troops.
I have ordered a Continental Officer to go and take charge of the Arms &c. and the persons of the several Departments will receive the Effects that Regard them. I have the Honor etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 20, 1781.
Sir: The Arms Accoutrements &c. which were Surrendered Yesterday, and which Genl DChosiey informs me are in your Possession, are to be delivered to a Continental Officer charged by Genl Knox with their Reception. Other Articles of public Stores will be secured by persons sent from the several Departments; And I request that you will be so good as to give them every Assistance in your power in the Execution of this Business. With great Regard etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, Sunday, October 21, 1781.
Parole York. Countersigns Washington, Rochambeau.
General Wayne's Brigade for duty tomorrow to parade at ten o'clock on their own parade.
Major General the Marquis de la Fayette's division to furnish a corporal and four privates daily as a guard for the Hospital.
Major Graham63 is appointed a Member of the Court martial of which Colonel Cortlandt is President vice Major Rice.
[Note 63: Maj. John Graham, of the First New Fork Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
The Troops are to be in readiness to move at the shortest notice. The regiment under the command of Colonel Craig is to join Wayne's Brigade and Gaskins is to join that of Gist. As it has been represented that there are a number of Deserters from the American Army among the Prisoners taken at the surrender of York and Gloucester it is directed that an Officer from every Corps or State line with a number of noncommissioned officers who know their deserters may attend when the Prisoners are assembled to march: then to point out and apprehend those of their respective corps.
Head Quarters near York, Monday, October 22, 1781.
Parole Bourbon. Countersigns Franklin, Jay.
Gists Brigade for duty tomorrow to parade at ten o'clock on their own Parade.
Head Quarters near York, October 22, 1781.
Sir: I take the Chance of sendg by the Frigate which carries the Duke de Lauzun to France the three Dispatches which Colo Humphry, one of My Aides De Camp, will have the Honor to deliver, with this Letter, to your Excellency: And beg the Favor that you will cause them to be conveyed to the Care of the Duke. Should the Frigate be sailed before the Dispatches arrive to your Hand, I beg that your Excellency will have the Goodness to see them forwarded by the next Opportunity. I have the Honour etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
October 22, 1781.
Sir: The Quarter Master General is authorised by me, to take charge of all the horses Captured at Gloucester, as part of the public property which falls under this department. I request that you will be pleased to give positive orders to prevent the exchange or release of any of them; and in case any horses have been inadvertently removed by either means, that you will be so good as to direct how they may be most easily recovered. I ask your pardon for this trouble, and am with great esteem &c.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Camp before York, October 22, 1781.
My Lord: The Pay Master General of my Army not being at present with me, I have the desire that your Lordship will cause the Military Chest of your Army to be delivered into the care of my Q Master General, who has my Orders to take charge of it.66 I am etc.67
[Note 66: Pickering passed his receipt for contents of the British military chest, which afterwards was found to amount to "1593½ guineas, equal to £1735:2:10¾ 19 half and 3 quarter joes, equal to £38:5:4; 1550 Spanish dollars, equal to £361:13:4 and 1 English half-crown, equal to 25. 6d. in all equalling £2135:4:0¾ which exceeded the sum receipted for by £21: 18:0¾."]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York in Virginia, October 22, 1781.
Sirs: As the transmission of the inclosed paper thro the usual channel of the department of foreign affairs, would on the present occasion probably be attended with great delay, and recent intelligence of Mility Transactions must be important to our Ministers in Europe at the present period of Affairs: I have thought it wd be agreeable both to Congress and Yr Excelly. that the matter shd be communicated immediately by a french frigate dispatched by Adml. de Grasse. annexed to the Capitulation is a summary return of the prisoners and Cannon taken in the two places of York and Gloucester.
I have added upon the principles above mentioned an Extract of Genl. Greenes Report of his last Action in South Carolina. I have the honor etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters near York, Tuesday, October 23, 1781.
Parole America. Countersigns Paris, Madrid.
[Note 69: Capt. Abraham(?) Williams, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment.]
Colonel Daytons Brigade for duty tomorrow to parade at ten o'clock in the morning on their own Parade.
Two Pioneers from each regiment and Corps to be sent immediately to Colonel Pickerings Quarters to be continued on duty from day to day untill dismissed by the Quarter Master General.
AFTER ORDERS
The Biscuit taken from the Enemy is not to be issued without a General Order.
At the General Court martial of the Line whereof Colonel Cortlandt is President, Lieutenant Arthur70 of the 3d Maryland regiment was tried
[Note 70: Lieut. James Arthur. He resigned in April, 1782.]
1st For disobedience of Orders of the 13th. Inst.
2dly Conduct prejudicial to the Service and unbecoming an Officer in returning himself unfit for Duty for some time past when during that period he made frequent and distant excursions on parties of pleasure &ca. where his Conduct and Behavior indicated no real indisposition.
The Court on Consideration are of opinion that Lieutenant Arthur is Guilty of the first Charge against him in breach ofArticle 5th Section 18th of the Rules and Articles of War.
They acquit him of the second Charge against him.
The Court in consequence of Lieutenant Arthur's being Guilty of the first charge sentence him to be Reprimanded in Brigade Orders.
The Commander in Chief Approves the opinion of the Court.
Two Captains, four subalterns, six serjeants, and two hundred rank and file from the Marquis de la Fayette's division to parade tomorrow morning at eight o'clock on their division parade. They are to assist in Collecting and removing the Military stores at York and Gloucester. Major Doughty will attend at the above time and place to conduct them.
October 23, 1781.
Sir: Lord Cornwallis claims with great earnestness the accomplishment of the article of the Capitulation which engages to provide Transports for conveying the General and Staff Officers to New York.
Mr de Grandchain was of opinion that Yr. Excelly. would probably destine to this service two of the Vessels surrendered to the Marine; but that there would be a difficulty in manning them.
In these circumstances I take the liberty of proposing to Yr Excellency that the Crews might be furnished from the british marine prisoners; an equal number of french sailors to be returned for them, or in case there are no french sailors in the possession of the enemy, that you will be pleased to suffer the exchange to be made for an equal number of American seamen. This unhappy Class of men are now languishing under every species of inhumanity in the prison Ships of the british, who pursue this conduct with a view of forcing the men to enter their service, in which purpose by a perseverance in cruelty they too frequently succeed, and make an acquisition of seamen which otherwise wd not happen. The Vessels in this case wd be returned at the port to the person that Your Excelly. shall direct.
This arrangement, if it does not interfere with any made by Yr Excelly. wd. prevent the necessity of sendg Ld Cornwallis and the other officers by land, which wd be attended with political inconveniences, and relieve some of the suffering individuals above mentioned; for which an equal number of Seamen, or other prisoners would be returned, upon the first occasion.
I am sorry to trouble Yr Excelly with this detail; but am happy in the opportunity of renewing the sincerest assurances of respectful attachment with which etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, October 23, 1781.
Sir: I receiv'd your Letter of this date, and it gives me pain to hear of the situation of your department. As many of the Sick as can be provided for must be accommodated in Williamsburg: if additional Houses are wanted for that purpose, the Quarter Master Genl. must provide them, and likewise a seperate House either in or near that place for the reception of your Small pox patients; and if all the Sick cannot be accommodated in Williamsburg, I wish you to apply to the Governor to point out some place that will be most convenient for that purpose.
Such of the Men of Colo. Gaskin's Regt. that are sick in the Hospital or else where, may be discharged, if they have only two Months to serve, but it must be done by the particular desire of themselves or Friends.
Whatever Cloathing is now on hand that can possibly be spared or can be procured by the Clothier, shall be appropriated for the use of the Hospitals, and for the payment of your Horses and other little expenses you may receive Two or Three hundred pounds of Captured Money.
If Mr. Ross can supply you with the Articles that are immediately wanted in your Department, I wish him to do it; but it will be necessary for him to make his propositions in writing, that they may be transmitted to Mr. Morris for his approbation. I am &c.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Near York, October 23, 1781.
Sir: If you have not already engaged in the Purchase of the Salted Provisions which I mentioned to you the other Day; or if you have not proceeded so far therein as not to be able to recall your Doings; It will be very agreable to me that you desist intirely from the Attempt. I find I shall not have occasion for that Quantity I expected when I last saw you. I am &c.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, October 24, 1781.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 20th. inst. Before this reaches you,75 you will probably be informed of the
[Note 75: Sumner was at Halifax, N. C.] great success of the Combined Arms in this Quarter, the particulars of which are in the inclosed Letter to Genl. Greene, which is left open for your perusal; after which you will seal the Letter and forward it to General Greene by the earliest conveyance.
Any movements of the Enemy that take place to the Southward, or any occurrance worth notice, I wish you to inform me of as early as possible. I am etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[Camp near York, October 24, 1781.]
Sir: I cannot suffer you to leave this Country, without testifying my sense of the distinguished services which you have rendered the Allies during your stay.
The Division which you command animated by your orders and deriving every advantage from your dispositions, executed their debarkation and junction with the American troops, with a promptness and security which were essential to that interesting operation.
The military ardour and perfect discipline for which they have been conspicuous in the seperate Attack and during the other operations of the Siege, and your measures, as judicious as vigorous on all occasions, have secured you the esteem of this country; they will at all times claim my particular applause, and I entreat you to accept my warmest acknowledgements.
I request you will be pleased to be the interpreter of my sentiments to your Officers and Soldiers, and to express my thanks to the Baron de St. Simon, for the well concerted and spirited attack which he made upon the Enemy at the commencement of the investment; and the important service he rendered by dislodging the Enemy from their advanced posts.
If any of the horses delivered to you for the Campaign, will be acceptable to you for your [own riding] in the Islands, I request you will do me the honor to accept [two of] them.
I should be happy to be able to mark more particularly the sentiments of esteem and attachment, with which, etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near York, October 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: I wrote you on the 16th. inst., giving a detail of ocurrences to that time; on the next day a proposal was received in Writing from Lord Cornwallis, for a meeting of Commissioners to consult on terms for the Surrender of the Posts of York and Gloucester. This proposition the first that passed between us, led to a Corespondence which terminated in a definitive Capitulation which was agreed to and signed the 19th. In which His Lordship surrenders himself and Troops prisoners of War to the American Army; march'd out with Colours Cased, and drums beating a British march, to a post in front of their lines, where their Arms were grounded; the public Stores, Arms, Artillery, Military Chest, &c. delivered to the American Army. The Ships with their Guns, Tackle, Apparel &c. with the Seamen surrendered to the Naval Army under the Count De Grasse; Lord Cornwallis, with a Number of his Officers, to have liberty to go on parole to Europe, New York or any other American Maritime post in possession of British Forces at their option his Troops to be kept in Virginia, Maryland or Pensylvania; these are the principle Articles. A more particular Account will be transmitted you, when I have more leisure, and a better oppertunity which will probably soon present by Colo. Lee, who will be returning to you. I congratulate you my dear Sir on this happy event, which has been produced at a Earlier period than I had expected. With much Regard etc.
P.S. The number of Prisoners is not accurately collected; but from the best estimation will amount 7.000, exclusive of the Seamen, 74 Brass, and 140 Iron Cannon with 7320 Musquets are already return'd; the Number of Seamen exclusive of those on board the private Ships, will amount to 800, or 900.78
[Note 78: In the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1781.
Sir: You will immediately consult with His Excellency Governor Nelson, upon the best mode to be adopted for the supply of Provisions to the British and German Troops, Prisoners, none marching to the Places of their Destination. And you will pursue such Mode for the above Purpose as shall be agreed upon between the Governor and yourself; taking the best Care you can that the mode adopted shall be effectual and that no Complaints of Want shall be given.
On the Arrival of the Prisoners to the places of their Destination, they will as soon as possibly it can be effected, be supplied under the Direction of the Financier Genl of the United States. In the Mean Time, and untill that Event takes place, if any Defect should be experienced in the Supplies to be furnished by the States, you will take Care, to purchase for them, in your own Name, or that of your Deputy Attendg them, such Quantities of Provisions as may be actually wanting for their full Supply.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1781.
Sir: In Answer to your Queries of Yesterday. The Negroes that have been retaken, from whatever State, whose Owners do not appear, should all be treated in the same Manner and sent into the Country to work for their Victuals and Cloathes, and Advertised in the States they came from. Those from N York, are most probably the property of Inhabitants of that State and N Jersey and should be there Advertised. If any Officers, knowing who the Owners are, will undertake to send them Home, they may be delivered to them. The other Steps taken by you, are proper and Expedient. The Negroes may be furnished with two Days Provisions to carry them to Williamsburg, where there is a State Commissary. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, Wednesday, October 24, 1781.
Parole Holland. Countersigns Adams, Dana.
[Note 81: Lieut. Col. Robert Cochran, of the Second New York Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 82: Maj. John Noble Cummings (Cumming), of the First New Jersey Regiment, He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the First New Jersey Regiment in December, 1781, and to lieutenant colonel commandant in February, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 83: Capt. John Hobby, of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in May, 1782, and served to June, 1784.]
Brigadier General Clinton's brigade for duty tomorrow.
Untill further Orders it is expected that one of the Field officers of the day will stay constantly in York during his Tour to whom the heads of the Staff departments are to apply for assistance in Collecting and securing the Stores in their several departments.
The Officer who remains in York is himself to Visit the several Guards and Fatigue Parties on duty there as often as convenient and order the Inspector of the day who will attend him to do it at other times.84
[Note 84: The British prisoners began their march October 21 and by the 29th all of the surrendered troops had been removed from Yorktown. On October 25 Washington directed the Commissary General of Prisoners to dispose of them as follows: At Winchester: the Artillery, 193; Guards, 467; Twenty-third Foot, 205; Forty-third Foot, 307; Seventy-sixth Foot, 625; 2 battalions of Anspach, 948; Queen's Rangers, 248; Pioneers, 33. In all, 3029. At Fort Frederick, Md.: Light Infantry, 594; Seventeenth Foot, 205; Thirty-third Foot, 225; Seventy-first Foot, 242; Eightieth Foot, 558; Hereditary Prince, 425; Regiment Du Bose, 271; Yagers, 68; British Legion, 192; North Carolina Volunteers, 114. In all, 2,924. This memorandum is in the Washington Papers.]
AFTER ORDERS
Two hundred men from General Muhlenberg's Brigade will parade tomorrow morning at seven o'clock on the right of the first Parrallel to Level the works. They will be commanded by two Field Officers and a proportion of Captains and Subalterns.
Application must be made to the Quarter Master General this evening for tools.
Head Quarters near York, October 25, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your Favor of the 18th. The One Hundred and fifty Nine Months Men, which you mention, will be of very little Use in the future Service Assigned to the Maryland Line, unless they can be immediately sent forward. I should rather think they had better (unless but little part of their Terms is elapsed) be retained in the State, for such Purposes as the State may have Occasion for, than to incur a great Expense on a lengthy march which will perhaps almost consume the Time of their Service, without any real Use or Advantage to the public. such Part of the Number as can be immediately equipped and sent off, you will please to order that they join their Regiments as soon as possible. I am etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, Thursday, October 25, 1781.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Burgundy, Champaign.
[Note 86: Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, of the Third Maryland Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 87: Maj. James Hamilton, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 88: Capt. Richard Lloyd, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in June, 1783.]
Brigadier General Hazen's brigade to furnish the Guards and fatigue Parties for York tomorrow.
The Inspector of the Division which furnishes the Guards for the Day will wait on Major General St. Clair for his Orders.
General Wayne's brigade will furnish the Party for levelling the works tomorrow.
In future the Guards will mount at 8 o'clock.
AFTER ORDERS
It having been represented that many Negroes and Mulattoes the property of Citizens of these States have concealed themselves on board the Ships in the harbor; that some still continue to attach themselves to British Officers and that others have attempted to impose themselves upon the officers of the French and American Armies as Freemen and to make their escapes in that manner, In order to prevent their succeeding in such practices All Officers of the Allied Army and other persons of every denomination concerned are directed not to suffer any such negroes or mulattoes to be retained in their Service but on the contrary to cause them to be delivered to the Guards which will be establish'd for their reception at one of the Redoubts in York and another in Gloucester. Mr. David Ross will have the superintendency and will give passes to enable them to return to their Masters or where that is not practicable will have directions to make other provision for them. Any Negroes or mulattoes who are free upon proving the same will be left to their own disposal.
The Gentlemen of the American Army who have made return to the Orderly Office of negroes in their possession agreeably to the Order of the 9th. instant are desired to deliver them to the above mentioned Mr. David Ross this day or tomorrow.
The General Officer of the day is requested to establish a Guard in York and the Commandant of Gloucester another at that post for the reception of negroes agreeably to the above order.
Discharging of fire arms in the vicinity of Camp is prohibited on pain of immediate and exemplary Punishment.
[Note 89: Mrs. Edmund Randolph (née Nicholas).]
Camp near York, October 25, 1781.
Dear Madam: I have been favored with your polite Note of yesterday, and beg leave to assure you, that your obliging Congratulations are very acceptable to me.
I have also the pleasure to inform you, that measures [are adopting] for making an equitable compensation to the Inhabitants for such Articles as have been taken for the use of the Allied Army. The Governor has engaged to have a valuation made of them. In consequence of which, the Quarter Master Genl. of the American Army [or the State Agent] will be accountable for whatever has been made use of by our Troops; and His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau has been so obliging as to assure me, that payment will be made for that proportion of Forage &c. which has been furnished for the Troops of His Most Christian Majesties [or if a descrimination cannot be made that it shall be done conjointly in proportion to the numbers of the two Armies.] With great respect etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Camp near York, October 25, 1781.
Sir: You may enlist from the Troops of any State, men whose terms of Service will expire on or before the first of Janry next; and if you should find this difficult, you may obtain by Draft (with consent of the Persons) Fifty men in the proportion below.
Colonel Moylan is ordered to take a general Superintendency of all the Cavalry, and will have orders to furnish you with the Horses you require, if they are to be had. When the Infantry of your Corps is raised, Arms and Accoutrements may be drawn for them, or if any part is now actually wanted, they may be drawn immediately.
I wish to be informed at what time and for what purpose, your Saddles, Bridles, Pistols, Swords, and other Articles were taken by the Marquis de la Fayette, and whether it was on these you depended to mount your Dragoons.
As all the Cavalry will move to the Southward, Petersburg will be the place of Rendezvous. The Officers whose exchange you particularly apply for will be released in the manner you mention and I hope the others will soon be restored to their respective Commands by a general Exchange. With much esteem etc.
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1781.
Sir: I have to thank your Excellency for the Letter which you did me the honor to write by the Viscount de Montguyot92 and two others which I have received since; it will make me happy to do every thing in my power to render that Officer's present station agreeable, and to facilitate as much as possible his accomplishment of the objects of it.
[Note 92: Vicomte de Montguyot, a lieutenant in the French Navy and aide to De Grasse, had been sent to Yorktown to handle the embarkation of the troops destined for Wilmington.]
I accept with thankfulness the offer that your Excellency is so good as to make of boats for the use of the Army; your attention to us amid your extensive and important concerns, is a new claim to our gratitude.
I thought it my duty to transmit, without loss of time, the reports of the British Naval preparations, though I must confess they did not occasion me any anxiety. The prisoners of that Nation here, are a great incumbrance, and for political reasons, as I have already had the honour of mentioning to your Excellency, I am extremely desirous to see the departure of their Officers. Lord Cornwallis on his part is exceedingly pressing to be sent away; I have told him, that I expected the final arrangement of your Excellency.
I entreat your Excellency to accept the sincere vows of Friendship, and the inviolable attachment with which I have etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to Your Excellency the inclosed Letter from Lord Cornwallis to the Marquis, with one from the latter to me, on the Subject of the Cartels detained by your Excellency. As the Circumstances of those Vessels have been fully explained to you, I submit the final Determination to Your Excellency.
I take the Liberty also to transmit to you, a Letter Handed to me by One of the Aides De Camp of the Marquis, from the Trade of No Carolina; if it is in your power to comply to the Wishes of those Gentlemen in grantg the Relief they request, it will add to those Obligations which these States are already under to your Excellencys Goodness, and be particularly agreable to me.94 I have the Honor etc.95
[Note 94: The inclosures mentioned are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Camp near York, October 26, 1781.]
[Dr. Sir]: In answer to your letter of the 24th. I [beg leave] to inform you, that as no immediate operation requires your presence in this country, I shall most chearfully second your application to Congress for a Six Months furlough to yourself and Col. Gouvion, for the purpose of arranging your private affairs in france. The other request appears to me to involve difficulties that will deprive me of the pleasure which from a sense of Your merit I shd. feel on every possible occasion, in promoting your views. In the present instance the infringement of the rights of seniority in so many individuals and the pretensions of some who have particular claims upon the country, convince me that your desires could not be accomplished but at the expence of the tranquillity of the Army. I cannot forbear addg at the same time that it will always afford me the greatest pleasure at all times to give the most particular testimony of the zeal, talents and distinguished services of yourself and Colonel Gouvion, and entreat you to be persuaded of my earnest wish that you may receive those rewards from Congress which you desire, at a more convenient opportunity.
Cols. Laumoy and de Cambray will probably be released in a short time under a general exchange. I am &c.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near York, Friday, October 26, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
[Note 97: Maj. Evan Edwards, of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The Maryland Brigade to furnish the Guards and Fatigue Parties for York tomorrow.
The Badness of the weather preventing General Wayne's Brigade from working to day they will consider themselves for that duty tomorrow.
Head Quarters near York in Virginia, October 26, 1781.
Sir: Out of the Captured Horses and Accoutrements, and such others as belong to the Public, and are to be obtained; you are to equip the first, third and fourth Regiments of Cavalry, and Colo. Armands Corps; and prepare the whole with as much Expedition as possible for a march to reinforce the Army under the Command of Majr. General Greene.
Such Men, Horses and Accoutrements as belong to either of the above Corps are to be immediately drawn together at Petersburg or such other convenient place on the communication between this and the Southern Army as will be better able to furnish Forage and other conveniencies; from whence they are to proceed, without waiting further orders, to the Camp of Major Genl. Greene, and place themselves under his Command.
If there should be an insufficiency of any article to comply with the demands; if there should be a choice in the horses, or a difference in the quality of the accoutrements, I shall rely upon your impartiality and justice for equality in the distribution to prevent discontent and complaints. I do not mean by this, that Horses or Accoutrements provided before the Siege or Capitulation of York are to be applied to any other Corps than that for which they were provided but to be considered and allowed for in the distribution of the captured Articles in case of deficiency.
Head Quarters near York, Virginia, October 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: As the Assembly of Your State are now sitting, I cannot omit so favorable an occasion to suggest to your Excellency some measures, which I conceive our present circumstances and prospects require should be immediately adopted.
To recruit the Regiments assigned as the quota of this State, to their full establishment, and put them on a respectable footing, is in my opinion, the first great object, which demands the attention of your Legislature. The Arguments, which have formerly been so frequently urged to enforce the expediency of this Measure, must I presume, have carried conviction with them; but unhappily for us, the situation of affairs, especially in the States which were the immediate seat of War, was so perplexed; and the embarrassments of Government so numerous and great, that there could be hitherto but a partial compliance with the Requisitions of Congress on this subject. Many of these difficulties are now removed, and the present moment, which is certainly very favorable to the recruiting service, ought to be eagerly embraced for the purpose.
I will candidly confess to Your Excellency, that my only apprehension (which I wish may be groundless) is, lest the late important success, instead of exciting our exertions, as it ought to do, should produce such a relaxation in the prosecution of the War, as will prolong the calamities of it. While on the other hand, it appears to me to be our only sound policy (let that of the Enemy be what it will) to keep a well-appointed, formidable Army in the field, as long as the War shall continue. For should, the British Cabinet still persevere in their hostile designs [and the powers of Europe interpose in their98
[Note 98: Washington wrote "her," but Humphreys changed it to "their."] behalf] this is a measure of absolute necessity; or should a negociation soon take place, the small expence which will be incurred by raising and keeping up a respectable force, for a short time, will be more than compensated by the advantages to be derived from it, at the pacification.
Since this State, is at present, intirely liberated from the ravages of War, I must take the liberty of recommending, in the most earnest manner, that every possible aid and assistance may be given by it, to the Southern States which are yet invaded, and that General Greene may meet, with that effectual support, from its resources, which he will now have a right to expect.
Had I not considered the present period, too precious to be suffered to pass unimproved for the public good; and that vigorous and decisive efforts ought to be made without a moment's loss of time, for augmenting our force and reducing the power of the Enemy in the Southern States, I should rather have delayed this address, until the sentiments of Congress could have been communicated to you; but the importance of the occasion, will I flatter myself be a sufficient apology to them and your Excellency, for the liberty I am now taking. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near York, October 27, 1781.
Sir: I take the Liberty to inclose to your Excellency an Extract from a Letter lately received from Major General Heath. I beg you will be pleased to submit it to Congress and if any further Determinations are made respecting the Subject, that they may be transmitted to that Genl. I have the Honor etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, October 27, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have received your Letter of the 13th. respecting the Stores and Cloathg arrived in Boston from France; their Transportation from Boston I think will be attended with too great Risque to be hazarded, as the Fleet of Count de Grasse will probably not remain long on these Coasts after this Time.
Of the Cloathing which is ordered on by Land, such part as is designed for the Troops on the North River and those of the States Eastward of Pennsylvania Should be deposited at New Windsor, where the Materials may be distributed to each Regt. to be made up under the Direction of their respective Cloathiers.
The Ordnance Stores, Arms and other Stores, except such as are particularly Ordered by the Board of War to be bro't on, should be deposited at Boston and in its Vicinity for the present, to wait future Orders, directing them to be put under the Care of some very trusty persons especially charged with them, and who may be responsible for their future Delivery. I have the honor etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 27, 1781.
Sir: I take the Liberty to submit the inclosed Letter to the Inspection of your Excellency. It is from Mr. Morris of Philadelphia, who is sending two of his young Sons to France for their Education, and is takg the Opportunity of one of your Frigates for their passage. Mr. Morris, exclusive of being my particular friend, is a most valuable and important Member of the United States, and their financier General, in which Capacity he has particularly signalized his Character, where his further Exertions promise the most eminent Services to the States.
Permit me to interest myself in Behalf of the Young Gentlemen who will be presented to you, and to Expect that your Excellency will shew them every patronage in your Power to fulfil their Wishes and the Views of their Parents. In doing which, I can promise you the most grateful Acknowledgements of Mr. Morris and Lady; at the same Time that I assure your Excelly that you will do a most acceptable Act to me.
Mr. Ridley the Gentleman who will have the Honor to present this to your Excellency, is the Person mentioned in the Letter of Mr Morris, to whose care the two young Gentlemen are committed, and whom, as a Gentleman of Character and Reputation, I take the Liberty to recommend to your Excellency's Notice and Attention. I have the Honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Camp near York, October 27, 1781.]
[My Lord:] In answer to Your Lordship's letter of this date,4 I can only express my [surprize] that any of your officers object to a clause which is essential in every parole, and repeat that however inclined I am to comply with your Lordships wishes, I find myself in the impossibility of doing so on the present occasion.5
[Note 4: Cornwallis's letter of Oct. 27, 1781, a copy of which is in Force's Continental Army Returns, Washington Papers. Library of Congress, no. 106, fol. 18¾, should be in the Adjutant General's Office, War Department, Washington, D.C.]
[Note 5: The objection was that the British officers "apprehended that they lose the benefit of the Capitulation...by Signing their paroles in the form proposed by your Commissary of Prisoners." A form of parole suggested by Cornwallis accompanies his letter.]
I request therefore that you will be pleased to communicate my final determination to the Gentlemen who have made difficulties on the subject, and exhort them to sign the form of parole which has been already adopted, if they are really desirous of going to New York, and Europe. [I have the honor etc.]6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near York, Saturday, October 27, 1781.
Parole St. Domingo. Countersigns St. Simon, DeBarras.
Those regiments that have not furnished their proportion of men to the sappers and miners agreeable to the Orders of the 28th. of May last are now to do it and the men who have returned to the Pennsylvania line from that Corps are immediately to be replaced.
General Muhlenberg's Brigade to furnish the Guards and fatigue Parties for Yorktown tomorrow; and Clinton's Brigade with Ogden's regiment will be employed in levelling the works.
The Brigade Quarter masters are again call'd upon in the most positive terms to see that all dead carcases &ca. in and about Camp are immediately buried.
A Serjeant and twelve men from the Baron Steubens Division will this day Patrol from their left to the Forks of the road above Head Quarters for the above purpose, they must be furnished with tools from their respective corps.
Like parties will be immediately sent from General Lincoln's and the Marquis de la Fayettes divisions, the former to scour the ground between York town, Tarleton's old camp and the right of the French Camp, the latter in front of their own camp extending to the river and as high up as the east end of York.
AFTER ORDERS
By the United States in Congress assembled, September 28, 1781.
Resolved, That it be and hereby is recommended to the several states of which the general officers of the army are inhabitants, to settle with them for the depreciation of their pay, on the principles adopted in settlements with the officers of their respective lines.
October 27, 1781.
Gentlemen: I accept very kindly the Address of the President and Professors of the University of William and Mary.7
[Note 7: This address is in the Washington Papers under date of Oct. 23, 1781.]
The Reduction of the British Force in this State, for which I feel myself highly indebted to the Noble Exertions of our Brave and Generous Allies, is a Circumstance which gives me great pleasure, not only as it affords a Return of peaceful Security to many of my fellow Citizens; but as it will, I hope, in its event be productive of more extensive good Consequences.
The Seat of Literature at Williamsburg, has ever in my View, been an Object of Veneration. As an Institution, important for its Communication of useful Learning, and conducive to the Diffusion of the true principles of rational Liberty, you may be assured, that it shall receive every encouragement and Benefaction in my Power towards its Re-Establishment.
The Sick and wounded of the Army, which my Necessities have compelled me to trouble you with, shall be removed as soon as Circumstances will permit, An Event which will be as pleasing to me, as agreeable to you.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, October 27, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the pleasure to acknowledge your Favor of the 19th inst. pt. Capt. McClain,9 and thank you for the intelligence you have communicated; the particular mode10 you have adopted to obtain information, I think may be very usefully employed, and is a fortunate expedient; the necessity of its use to our present Operations is happily at an end, if continued, it may be of importance to some future designs. Nothing is yet heard of Admiral Digby and his Fleet on this Coast; if his intention was for the Bay of Chesapeak, I should think it was time he made his appearance, or that having heard the fate of his Lordship, his intentions are diverted to some other object.11
[Note 9: Capt. Allen McLane.]
[Note 10: The words "particular mode" are underscored in the draft.]
[Note 11: "In the Evening of this day Intelligence was received from Count de Grasse that the British fleet was off the Capes and consisted of 36 Ships, 25 of which were of the line and that he had hove out the Signal for all his People to come on board and prepare to Sail. but many of his Boats and hands being on shore it could not be effected."-- Washington's Diary, Oct. 28, 1781. The British disappeared the evening of October 29.]
I have mentioned your wish respecting Capt. McClean to Colo. Armand, who says that so far as he is personally concerned, he should be happy in giving him an admission into his Legion; but that he fears it will be attended with unhappy consequences as it respects his Officers, who will think themselves injured by the Arrangement, and may be induced to take measures which will be very disagreeable if not injurious to the common Service; Capt. McClean being in Camp, will have an oppertunity to be fully acquainted with circumstances, and will probably receive a decisive answer on the subject. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters near York, October 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have safely received your two favors of the 5th and 11th Instant. I thank you for the intelligence you have communicated; and am much pleased with the success of the Enterprize against the Refugee Post on Long Island.13
[Note 13: The capture of Fort Slongo.]
Having already transmitted to you all the Papers I had received, respecting the Enquiry ordered to be made into the conduct of Major General Howe, while commanding in Georgia, I can give no further instructions, until the pleasure of Congress is known, which I will endeavour to obtain at an early period.
There will be no occasion for forwarding on any more beef Cattle from the Northward for this Army. Should there be a greater quantity of Cattle sent from the New England States, than the daily consumption of your Army shall require, I could wish the surplus might be salted (if practicable) at some convenient place on the North River; Otherwise it will be necessary for you to give Orders to the Agents and Commissaries, to prevent their sending more Cattle than you shall have occasion for. I have also to request, that you will take Measures, to have all the salted Provision on Connecticut River (that which was formerly shipped for Rhode Island included) transported to West Point before the Roads become impassable.
You will before this time, probably have heard of our success against Lord Cornwallis, and seen the Articles of Capitulation published by Order of Congress; I omit therefore giving you the particulars.
From repeated intelligence received from the Northward Admiral Digby has been expected, but has not yet been heard of on the Coast. With great regard etc.14
[Note 14: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 27, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have just now been honored with your two Favors of the 17th. and 19th. Instant pt. Mr Ridley, and have had the pleasure to take your two Boys by the Hand and Welcome them to Virginia; for my Countrys Sake, I rejoice in the Sacrifice you are makg to your own feelings for the Education of the young Gentlemen, your Sons, in whose Behalf I have taken the Liberty to inclose your Letter to the Count de Grasse; and have interested myself with him to shew them every Civility and accommodation in his power, which I dare say he will readily do, for your own sake, as well as on my Acco.
The Delay of my Letter requestg the Rum was really unaccountable; it has been exceedingly wanted for the Health of our brave fellows; it may however be of use Still; the poor Naked Lads deserve it, and will be rejoiced when they can receive its Benefits.
The Money from your Draft upon Mr Ross, I have received, the Thirty Dollars from Mr May I have heard Nothing of.
I have already experienced so much Benefit from your Exertions, that I cannot admit a Doubt of your good Inclinations to render the public every good Office. As I know this to be your Wish, I only lament with you that you have it not in your power to render all those Services which your Disposition would lead you to effect. I am etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, Sunday, October 28, 1781.
Parole Paris. Countersigns Brest, Toulon.
[Note 21: Maj. Alexander Roxburg, of the Fourth Maryland Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
General Hazen's Brigade for Guard and fatigue duty in York and General Wayne's Brigade for levelling the workstomorrow.
AFTER ORDERS
Detail of Guards to mount daily in York untill further orders
The above Guards are to be formed on the Brigade parade and posted on the right of the Brigade previous to its marching.
A man to be sent every morning from each guard in York to the Gate by which the guards enter the town to conduct the relief for their respective guards.
At a Brigade General Court martial whereof Major Hollinshead22 is President.
[Note 22: Maj. John Hollinshead, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He resigned in November, 1781.]
George Leadbetter charged with Desertion to and being found in arms with the enemy was tried and found Guilty being a breach of the 6th. Section, Article 1st, of the rules and Articles of war, and Sentenced to Suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence of the Court.
The Court Martial whereof Colonel Cortlandt is President is dissolved and another ordered to assemble at ten o'clock tomorrow morning of which Colonel Ogden is appointed President.
Lieutenant Colonel Barber, Major Wyllys, two Captains from Muhlenberg's, two Captains from Hazen's, two Captains from Dayton's, one Captain from Clinton's, two Captain's from Wayne's and one Captain from Gists Brigades will attend as Members of the Court martial to try such prisoners as may be brought before them.
A Serjeant from each Division to attend, orderly to the Court.
All Evidences and persons concerned are requested to attend.
October 28, 1781.
Sir: Your Excellency did me the honour to mention in one of your letters and subsequently in the note transmitted by the M. de la fayette, that from a desire to serve the U.S. You wd enter into engagements for such cooperation the next campaign, as shd not be incompatible with the orders of your Court. This offer is too essential to the interests of the common cause, not to be embraced by me with the greatest eagerness, while it claims my warmest acknowledgements for the continuance of Yr Excelly's friendly disposition towards America. As it is impossible this distance of time, to determine whether it will be most advantageous for the Allies to open the Campaign with the Siege of New York, and thence proceed to that of Chs Town, or make Charles Town the leading operation, I take the liberty of proposing to Your Excelly the following general disposition as equally applicable to either, viz that Yr Excell. wd assemble a decisive naval superiority in the bay of Chesapeake toward the latter end of May, from which central position we might easily transport ourselves for a reunion of our means against whichever of the maritime points above mentioned circumstances shd render it most advisable to attack first. With Yr Excelly. I need not insist either upon the indispensable necessity of a maritime force capable of giving you an absolute ascendency in these Seas, nor enlarge upon the advantages which must be derived from anticipating the British in opening the Campaign; next to the immediate prosecution of our present Successes with the union of Superior means now in our power and which wd infallibly terminate the war at one Stroke. The plan which I have the honor to submit to Your Excelly is that which appears to me most likely to accomplish the great objects of the Alliance. Yr Excelly will have observed that whatever efforts are made by the Land Armies the Navy must have the casting vote in the present contest.
The Ct of France are convinced of it, and have declared their resolution to give this indispensable succour the triumphant manner in which Yr. Excelly has maintained the mastery of the American Seas, and the Glory of the french Flag, leads both nations to look to you as the Arbiter of the War. Public and private motives make me most ardently wish that the next campaign may be calculated to crown all your former Victories. I entreat your Excelly to be persuaded of my attachment to Yr Glory, and the sincere friendship with which I shall invariably continue, My Dear General &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
October 28, 1781.
I have had the honor to receive Your Excellencys two letters of the 26th. and one of the 27th. inst: I will not conceal from You, My dear General, that the answer relative to the expedition against Wilmington was received with as much concern as disappointment. We cannot but deeply regret that the engagements of the fleet in another quarter are so positive, as to deprive us of the obvious and decisive advantages which wd. result from farther cooperations.
Every motive public and private makes me part with Your Excelly with extreme reluctance; but I flatter myself that you will compensate us as early as possible in the Spring; for the present my dear General give me leave to represent to you that the situation of our affairs requires your protection even here a few days longer; the quantity of Stores, and the number of troops which we have to transport by Water to the Head of Elke will be open to the enterprises of the enemy, the moment your Excelly. leaves the Bay; and that the sudden departure of the fleet wd expose us to the greatest confusion and most irreparable Loss.
Our means of Water transportation are inadequate, and we have demands for them on all sides. Our new acquisition of Artillery &c augments our embarrassments and we have not only our own sick and wounded, but those of the Enemy to dispose of. I take the Liberty of entreating Yr Excellencys attention to these matters.
With respect to the Flags it remains with Yr Excellency to determine what ought to be done, and whatever you decide will be right.
The Signals Yr Excelly is so good as to send me will be transmitted as you direct and I am much obliged by the communication of them.
I cannot hope that the british have such an affection for the interests of the Allies and Yr Excellys glory, as to commit their affairs to the issue of a desperate naval combat as they pretend. It is conjectured by some that they will reinforce Charles Town, which they necessarily consider in imminent danger.
I will not take a final leave of you my dear General, because I hope that I shall have the satisfaction of hearing from you several times before Your Departure. I am much afflicted at hearing the continuance of Yr indisposition; my ardent vows are repeated for your speedy reestablishment. I entreat You to give me intelligence as soon as possible of it and to accept the sincere assurances of the friendship with which I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters near York, Monday, October 29, 1781.
Parole De Grasse. Countersigns De Barras, De Bougainville.
The 3d Maryland and Colonel Ogden's regiments for Guards and fatigue in York town tomorrow and the 4th. Maryland and the 1st New York regiments will be employed in Levelling the works.
The Brigade which furnishes this days guards in York will also furnish three Serjeants and thirty Privates to bury, the Dead bodies and Carcases and cover the other putrid matter in town, the Quartermaster of the Brigade or in his absence one of the regimental Quartermasters will take charge of the Party and be answerable that the duty is performed.
If there be not tools in the Brigade the Quarter Master General will furnish them.
Major Gibbs is appointed Member of the Court Martial of which Colonel Ogden is President in the room of Major Wyllys sick.
The Court to assemble tomorrow morning ten o'clock at the Judge Advocates Marquee.
[Note 25: In Virginia.]
Camp near York, October 29, 1781.
Gentn.: It is of essential importance to the public, that the British sick and wounded should be removed from York and Gloucester to the places of their destination, as soon as possible. To do it wholly by Land (in our circumstances) is impracticable, and the means of removing them by Water is not in my power. The best expedient I can devise is to send them up York river to the nearest point to Urbanna, remove them thence by Land, to the latter place, and afterwards by Water to Fredericksburg, where the Govt. has directed provision to be made for them.
I must rely upon the Magistracy of Essex, and the principle Gentn. of Urbanna, for aid to carry this measure into execution, and to this end is my address to them. The approaching cold season is [not?] among the least important reasons for my wishing to see this business executed with dispatch. I have the honr. etc.
Camp near York, October 29, 1781.
Sir: During the operations against York, Capt. Thomas Shilds26 was sent to the Eastern shore of Maryland, in order to procure plank for the artillery and engineering departments. The exigency was so pressing, that he was directed to spare no measures for procuring it. Part of it he obtained by contract, and the remainder 13,540 feet of inch pine plank he was under the necessity of taking by impress. It was the property of Wm. Adams Esqr. of Somerset County, who has since commenced an action against Capt. Shilds, in consequence of which he is much embarrassed. I have therefore to request the favour of your Excellency to take such steps as you shall think most fit for the relief of Capt. Shilds, he having acted only in conformity to his instructions. I have the honor etc.27
[Note 26: Capt. Thomas Shilds (Shields, Childs).]
[Note 27: A contemporary copy is in the writing of Maj. Samuel Shaw.]
[Note 28: Acring Governor of North Carolina. He was elected Governor this same year.]
Camp near York in Virginia, October 29, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the ... , and am happy that the late acquisition of arms we have received, by the surrender of the Enemy in this quarter, has put it in my power to supply the State of North Carolina with a number, which cannot fail of being very useful. Inclosed is an order on Mr. Jones29 D. F. C. M. Stores, for one thousand arms and accoutrements complete, which he will deliver to your order at Richmond in
[Note 29: Thomas Jones, deputy field commissary of military stores, Southern Department.
On October 29 Washington also wrote to Jones, authorizing him to deliver the above arms. A copy of this note, in the writing of Peter Hughes, one of Varick's transcribers, is in the Washington Papers.] this State, on the application of a person properly authorized to receive them. As we have not the means of transportation for these arms, it will be necessary for your State to make the arrangements for that purpose. I have the honor etc.
P.S. It is to be understood that this Quantity of Arms is not designed to be indiscriminately placed in the Hands of the Militia at large; but is to be considered as a Deposit in the Hands of Government, to be made use of on particular Occasions, and for which the State is to be responsible.30
[Note 30: A contemporary copy is in the writing of Maj. Samuel Shaw; the P.S. is in that of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Near York, October 29, 1781.
Sir: The Count de Grasse having been so good as to submit the Inclosed Signals to my Sight and Improvment; agreable to his Desire, I take this first Opportunity to return them to your Excellency by a Safe Conveyance, and hope they may be of signal Advantage to the Commanders of his Most Christian Majesty's Naval Armies. I have the Honor etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Does., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters near York, October 29, 1781.
Dear Sir: As the Troops belonging to the States eastward of the Delaware are preparing to return from Virginia; and as the season for placing the Army in Winter Quarters is fast approaching, I have thought it expedient, to give you this early notice of thedisposition of the Troops, that preparations may be made for their accommodation accordingly.
The Troops of New Jersey, will remain in that State, near Morris Town, for the protection of the Country, and perhaps the Regts. of New York will be stationed between that place and the North River to secure the communication. The Troops from the eastern States are to furnish a suitable Garrison for West Point, and the remainder of them are to be hutted, in the Vicinity of the River; upon the same principles and for the same purposes, as they were disposed of, the last Winter. In choosing the ground for our Cantonments, the defence of the Post of West Point, and its dependencies, is the first object of attention, and the protection of the Country from the depredations of the Enemy, is to be considered of the next importance; the latter, I think, may be much better effected, by keeping light Parties upon the Lines, than by establishing permanent Posts.
Being fully sensible that you are ever attentive to the health and convenience as well as the discipline and good Order of the Troops, I need not be more particular, than just to mention that the Army should be so disposed of, and accommodated, in their Winter Quarters, as to render them fit for early, vigorous, and decisive action in the Spring.
I shall set out for the Eastward in a few days and in the mean time I am etc.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S]
[Note 33: Of Lee's Legion. He retired in November, 1782.]
Head Quarters, October 29, 1781.
Sir: I request that you will proceed with all possible expedition in your34 boat, to the Capes, and reconnoiter as nearly as is consistent with your safety, the british Fleet, in order to ascertain their strength and disposition; and particularly
[Note 34: The word "pilot" has been crossed off, but not so in the draft.] whether they have any number of transports under convoy; if circumstances should make it more advisable to make your observations from the Shore. You will apply to any militia officers and request their assistance, either for your personal safety, and accomplishing your object, or for transmitting intelligence to me.
You will likewise communicate such discoveries to Count de Grasse as you think deserve his attention.35
[Note 35: In the writing of John Laurens. Both the draft and this letter sent are addressed to Major McLane.
On a copy of this letter from Washington, in the Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress, is the following, said to be a translation of Comte de Grasse's indorsement on the original. "It is ordered to all the vessels of France, actually in the Bay of Chesapeake, not to give any hindrance to the commission of Mr. McLane, and to give him all the assistance at all times in going and returning, which is due to his mission. Le Comte de Grasse. Oct. 30, 1781."]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters near York in Virginia, October 29, 1781.
Sir: The detachment of which you will have the command, for the Southward, is to consist of the Pensylvania, Maryland and Virginia Continental Troops.
You will march them by the most convenient rout, and in the most expeditious manner (without fatiguing the Troops) towards Wilmington in North Carolina; or other Posts in that State of which you will endeavour to dispossess the enemy if their situation from the intelligence you shall receive as you advance shall, in your judgment, render it practicable and advisable. If it does not you will continue your March to the Southern Army, and put yourself under the command of Majr Genl. Greene.
As Wilmington and other places in No. Ca. may cease to be objects, from a change of circumstances in the States to the Southward of this, it will be necessary for you to open an immediate communication by Letter, with General Greene, and govern yourself by his advice and orders; and it may be well to communicate (in confidence) to the Executive of the State of North Carolina the enterprize against Wilmington, that you may procure such information and aid, as it may be in his36 power to give.
[Note 36: Humphreys endeavored to improve Washington's diction by substituting the word "their" for "his."]
For Ordnance and Stores, and for the Means of transportation and other matters in the Quarter Masters department, you will consult Genl. Knox and Colo. Pickering, and will make your Arrangements with the Commissary, or State Agent for supplies of Provision.
P.S. If there are any Men upon Detachment, they are to be called in and marched with their Regts. A sufficient number of Officers must be left to carry on the sick and Invalids as fast as they recover; some good Field Officer should remain to superintend this business.37
[Note 37: The P.S. is in the writing of David Cobb.]
[October 29, 1781.]38
[Note 38: The draft is undated.]
Sir: All the Troops which are about to return to the Northward will be under your Command, and I entreat you to use every means in your power to dispatch them by Land, or Water, or partly by both, as circumstances may require.
The Ordnance, and Stores of every kind, must be dispatched, or in such train for it, as to need no further cover or aid from the Troops, 'ere they can move from their prest. Encampment.
The Ordnance Vessels, and Vessels carrying stores of every other kind, should receive of sick, Invalids and weak Men, as many as they can transport with safety and convenience; after which if there is not Water transportation for the remainder they must be Marched by Land on the Rout the Cavalry, Teams, &ca. did from the head of Elk to this place.
For the reputation of the Troops and preservation of property, you will use your utmost exertions to prevent every species of abuse on the March; destruction of fences is too often among the wanton injuries which are committed; a few axes and strict attention of the Officers may39 infallibly prevent this and I trust it will be done.
[Note 39: Cobb changed Washington's "may" to "will."]
You will be able, after informing yourself of the extent of the Water transportation to determine on the number of Men which must March by Land and make your arrangements with the Quarter Master General accordingly....40
[Note 40: The omitted portion is identical with the P.S. to Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair, of this same date, and is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, October 27[--29], 1781.41
[Note 41: The draft is dated Oct. 26, 1781, under which it is printed by Sparks. Ford prints it under Oct. 27, 1781.]
Sir: I do myself the Honor to inclose to your Excellency, Copies of Returns of Prisoners, Artillery, Arms, Ordnance and other Stores, surrendered by the Enemy in their posts of York and Gloucester on the 19th instant, which were not compleated at the Time of my last Dispatches, [and but this Moment handed to me. A Draft of these Posts, with the plan of Attack and Defence is also transmitted, and]42 24 Standards taken at the same Time, are ready to be laid before Congress.
[Note 42: These returns are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The draft of the posts with the plan of attack and defense is not now found.]
Our Operations against the Enemy in this State being concluded, it becomes my Duty to inform Congress of the Disposition I have made for the future Destination of the Troops under my Command. The Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia Continental Troops are ordered as a Reinforcement to the Army under the Command of Genl. Greene. I shall myself, with the Troops of the States to the Northward of Pennsylvania, return to my former Position on the North River [and the communication with it].43 The first mentioned Division, composing a Body of 2000 Men, under the Direction of Major Genl [The] Marquis De Lafayette, will, on their Way to So Carolina, make an Expedition against the Enemy's Posts at Wilmington in No Carolina; to effect which purpose, they will be transported to a proper point of Debarkation, under Convoy of The Count de Grasse, who encourages me, if Circumstances and Situation of the Water will admit, to give them his Co-operation, so long as shall be necessary to accomplish, [by a Coup de Main] their Object at Wilmington; immediately upon the Reduction of that Post, the Troops will proceed to join Genl Greene.
[Note 43: The letter sent ends the sentence with the word "Communications."]
That I may not, from the above Arrangement, incur the Censure of Congress, or the States, who may have flattered their Expectations with a Prospect of my pushing my Operations further Southward than this State; In Justice to my own Endeavours, and for the Satisfaction of Congress, I find myself obliged to transmit to your Excellency, a summary of the Reasons which have induced my Determinations. In doing this, I take the Liberty to submit to Congress, Copies of two propositions,44 which I have had the Honor to make the Count de Grasse, with his Answers to each. The first, which was made immediately
[Note 44: These are filed with Washington's letter.] on my Arrival at Williamsburg, and is dated 17th Septr.45 will shew, that other Objects than the Reduction of the British Force under the Command of Lord Cornwallis, were early in my Contemplation; and will also declare, what were at that Time, the Sentiments of the french Admiral. The second proposition, made after the Surrender of the British Army, will evince, with how much Reluctance I could bring myself to relinquish a further prosecution of favorite Views. In Addition to these Communications, Congress will scarcely need to be informed, that, having no means of Water Conveyance, the Transportation by Land, of the Army, with all their Baggage, Artillery, Ordnance Stores and other Apparatus necessary for the Seige of Charlestown, would be [Impracticable and]46 attended with such immense Trouble, Expence and Delay, as would (exclusive of the Necessity of naval Co-operation) be sufficient [if it were not]47 to deter me from the Undertaking, [especially as the enemy, after regaining the Naval superiority on this coast, could reinforce, or withdraw the Garrison at pleasure]
[Note 45: The draft gives this date as Sept. 18, 1781.]
[Note 46: The letter sent reads "Charlestown, if not utterly impracticable would be attended," etc.]
[Note 47: The phrase in brackets is omitted from the letter sent.]
The prosecution therefore of the Southern War, upon that Broad Scale which I had wished, being, as I judged, to be relinquished, nothing remained in my Opinion more eligible, than to reinforce Genl. Greene's Army to such a State of Respectability, as that he may be able to command the Country of So Carolina; and at the same Time, if possible, by that Reinforcement, to effect an Accomplishment of the smaller object mentioned. And to march myself with the Remainder of the Army to the North River; where they would be ready, at the ensuing Campaign, to commence such Operations against N York as may be hereafter concerted, or to effect any other purposes that may be judged practicable; add to these Reasons, the Count de Rochambeau, [from the exhausted State of his Stores, and other considerations] seemed inclined to take his Resolutions to remain in this State with his Troops for the Winter, or [at any rate, Six weeks to refresh them]. Upon a full Consideration of the Reasons offered, I flatter myself that my Conduct will stand approved in the Judgment of Congress, whose Approbation I shall ever be sollicitous to obtain.
I inclose also, for the Observation of Congress, a Copy of my Letter to the Ministers of the United States at the Courts of Europe; conveying to them the Intelligence of our Success against the Enemy in this State. The Reasons for my Conduct, as stated in that Letter, I must rely upon, as my Justification with Congress, for the Liberty taken in that Communication.
Unacquainted with the State of Politicks between Congress and the Courts of Europe respecting future Negotiations, whatever our prospects from that Quarter may be I cannot justify myself to my own Mind, without urging Congress, in the warmest Terms, to make every Arrangement that may be found necessary, for an early and efficacious Campaign the ensuing year. Arguments, I flatter myself, need not be adduced to Congress, to impress on them the high Importance of this Idea. Whatever may be the Events of the coming Winter or ensuing Summer, an effectual and early preparation for military Operations, will put us upon the most respectable Footing either for War or Negociation; while a Relaxation will place us in a disreputable Situation in point of peacefull prospects, and will certainly expose us to the most disgracefull Disasters, in Case of a Continuance of the hostile Disposition of our Enemies.
I do myself the pleasure to acknowledge the Receipt of your Excellencys several Letters of the 10th, 13th and 14th instant, and to thank you for the Intelligence communicated in them. Nothing is yet heard of Admiral Digby, with his Fleet near these Coasts; whatever his Intentions, The Count de Grasse, I believe, is ready to meet him. With the highest Respect etc.
October 29th.
P.S. At the Moment of closing my Dispatch, I am favored with the Definitive Determination of the Count de Grasse respecting the Troops I hoped to have transported to Wilmington by Water. The Admirals Ideas are communicated in his Letter to the Marquis De Lafayette, a Copy of which is herewith transmitted.48
[Note 48: A translation of De Grasse's letter to Lafayette, Oct. 26, 1781, in the writing of John Laurens, is in the Washington Papers. It reads: "The more I reflect on the plan which you mentioned to me, the more I see the impossibility of undertaking to transport Troops, baggage, Artillery, and amunition. My ulterior operations require my return to an appointed place at a fixed day. This day approaches, and it would be impossible for me to break my engagement voluntarily. The passage from hence to Cape fear may possibly be accomplished in two days; but it may require more than fifteen, the debarkation of troops and stores may be attended with delays, and expose me to censure. Besides it might happen that from an obstinate succession of southerly winds, I should be obliged to take the resolution of repairing to my rendezvous, then I should be under the necessity of carrying with me during the whole campaign, a detachment of troops useful to the Continent, of which I should be very sorry to deprive it. Thus all that I can do, Marquis, is to promise to escort as well as I can, the Vessels that you may charge with troops; but it will be impossible for me to remain on the coast beyond the 8th of next month; and even this delay must be repaired on my part by the greatest activity. If you are deficient in the means of embarking or debarking, let us think no more of the measure. But do not attribute my refusal to any thing but the impossibility of executing a matter that was agreeable to you." De Grasse also wrote to Washington (October 26), stating practically the same objections. De Grasse's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
In Consequence of this Resolution, and having no Transports, I am obliged to send on the Troops destined for the Southern District, by Land: they will commence their March in a few Days under the Command of Major Genl. St Clair. The Command of the Expedition against Wilmington, had been committed to the Marquis De Lafayette, upon the Contingency of the Troops being transported by Water. On failure of this Event, the Marquis does not proceed with the Reinforcement.
My present Dispatches being important I have committed it to the Care of Colo Humphrey One of my Aides De Camp, whom, for his Attention, Fidelity and good Services, I beg leave to recommend to Congress and your Excellency.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington. His spelling, capitalization, and punctuation are followed. This letter was read in Congress on November 3 and referred to Edmund Randolph, Elias Boudinot. James Mitchell Varnum, and Daniel Carroll.
In the Washington Papers, at the end of 1783, is a certificate, undated, given by Washington to Humphreys, that 100 dollars had been furnished him to defray his expenses to Philadelphia and the North River, from Yorktown. "I did not at the time, nor do I at present conceive that the said sum was more than adequate."]
Head Quarters near York, Tuesday, October 30, 1781.
Parole Annapolis. Countersigns Baltimore, Hampton.
The second Regiment of York and Lieutenant Colonel Barber's Battalion will furnish the Guards and fatigue parties tomorrow.
Vose's and Gimat's Battalions for fatigue for levelling the works tomorrow.
In pursuance of the determination of a Board of General Officers setting forth the means by which the Officers of the Army may receive a general benefit from that Article of the Capitulation which entitles them to a right of pre-emption of the Goods in the possession of the Traders in York and Gloucester at the time of the surrender of these Posts.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to direct that every officer who came here with this Army (coming under the following description) receive on account of his pay to the amount of Twenty pounds (dollars at Six shillings) each vizt.
General Officers and their families and other military staff regimental officers, (the Officers of the Hospital) the Chaplains, (the Quartermaster General the Commissary General and their Deputies. But not to include the Deputies of Deputies.)
That an Officer from each brigade be appointed to take up the Goods from the traders for the Officers of their respective brigades whose receipt shall entitle them to Payment. The officers appointed by the brigades to purchase for them are to be furnish'd with a List of the names of the officers they are to act for and the Specific articles they are to purchase for them Attested by the officer commanding the Brigade which Lists are to be produced to the Commander in Chief as soon as the purchase is Compleated.
General Officers and (Heads of departments not connected with Brigades are themselves to purchase for the persons entitled or give written authority to one person in their respective departments to do it for them) who is to be furnished with Lists similar to those already mentioned.
(The Brigades and Corps having balloted for priority of purchase are to be served in the following Order vizt.)
1st. Dragoons; 2d. Waynes brigade; 3d. Gist's brigade; 4. Hazens brigade; 5. Muhlenbergs brigade; 6. Artillery; 7. Sappers and Miners; 8. Clinton's Brigade; 9. Dayton's Brigade; 10th. The Chaplains, the Quarter's, Commissary's and Hospital Departments.
The General Officers and families to purchase at such times as they think proper.
The Persons appointed to purchase for each brigade and seperate department will have a Certificate of their Appointment from Major General St Clair.
The Person who purchases the Articles wanted by the Left Wing from Count Rochambeau.
The Regimental Paymasters to take receipts from each officer as so much pay and transmit an account of the Aggregate sum to the Paymaster General to be by him charged to the regiment.
Where officers are unconnected with Brigades, their accounts to be transmitted to the Paymaster General by the General Officers to whom they are attached and the Heads of departments to which they belong.
Untill the purchases above authorized are completed and the same announced by a General Order no person whatever is permitted to purchase on private account.
The Troops and British Prisoners except those in the Hospital to draw five days allowance of corned beef, the Commissarys to issue with the Beef half the quantity of Salt allowed to fresh Beef.
One Week's allowance of Spirits to be issued to the officers tomorrow at the Magazine in Yorktown at ten o'clock.
It is expected the Division Inspectors will give a sufficient Reason for their non compliance with the General Orders of the 25th instant requiring their attendance on Major General St Clair and that they will pay strict attention to the same in future.
At the General Court martial whereof Colonel Ogden is President, Gilbert Otter, soldier of the Second New York regiment charged with" Not doing his duty as a Centinel and with assisting in robbing a french officer's Waggon" was tried. The Court on Consideration are of opinion the Charge is not supported.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court and orders the Prisoner released from his Confinement.
Head Quarters, October 30, 1781.
Sir: I have received your Favor of the 10th Octo. accompanied with your Letter addressed to Earl Cornwallis. Before the Receipt of which his Lordship had surrendered himself and Army prisoners of War to the United States, in Consequence of which, it is not in that Gentleman's Power to give you any Relief in Behalf of Govr Burke.
I am very sorry for the unhappy Situation and ill treatment of the Govr. and recommend, that an Application be made to Genl Greene on the subject of His enlargement, perhaps it may be in his power to give him an early Release, or at least to procure him more respectful and convenient Treatment than he now experiences.
If the Legislature of your state is sitting, I beg sir! that you will take the earliest Opportunity to impress on them the absolute importance, of their Improving the present Moment, for the most strenuous Military preparations. The late Success in this State, I fear, will with some, if not too many, be urged as an Excuse for their Relaxation, hoping that its Consequences will extend to a favorable Negociation. At best this Hope, is but a distant Contingence, and the present Occasion should in my Opinion, be seized with eagerness to push our Advantages at a Time when our Enemy is much pressed by a Reduction of their Force, which gives us the prospect of operating against them with great Advantage. Let me urge you therefore to fill your Continental Battalions, for which I think the present Moment is a favorable Opportunity, and to give Majr Genl Greene every Aid in your Power, either in Continental Force, or Militia, as Circumstances and his Requisitions may demand.
I have addressed the State of Virginia on the same Subject, and pressed them to afford their most Strenuous Exertions in Aid of the Southern War. And I hope that I shall not be disappointed, when I flatter myself with Genl Greenes receiving the most effectual Aid from these two States, in prosecution of his future Operations. I have the Honor etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Camp near York, October [30,]51 1781.
[Note 51: The day of the month was inadvertently omitted.]
Dear Sir: Inclosed I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency the terms upon which Lord Cornwallis has surrendered the Garrisons of York and Gloucester.
We have not been able yet, to get an Acct. of Prisoners, Ordnance or Stores in the different departments; but from the best general report there will be (officers included) upwards of seven thousand Men besides Seamen; More than 70 pieces of Brass Ordnance, and a hundred of Iron, with their Stores, as also other valuable articles.
My present engagements will not allow me to add more than my congratulations on this happy event, and to express the high sense I have of the powerful Aid which I have derived from the State of Maryland, in complying with my every request to the Executive of it. The Prisoners will be divided between Winchester in Virginia, and Fort Frederick in Maryland. With every sentimt. of the most perfect esteem etc.52
[Note 52: From the original in the State House, Annapolis, Md.]
Head Quarters, October 31, 1781.
Sir: Impressed with a sense of your important services in the department over which you preside, and the critical aid which your foresight and resources have enabled you to give on particular occasions to the American Army, I embrace the opportunity of an Order which I am giving for a return of the Supplies with which you assisted us, to express to you my warmest thanks [for those Seasonable Succours,] and the great esteem with which I have the honor etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters near York, Wednesday, October 31, 1781.
Parole Holland. Countersigns Seville, Gascony.
General Wayne's brigade for Guard and Fatigue in Yorktown and Hazen's for levelling the works tomorrow.
The Quartermaster General is requested to point out a House in York or elsewhere convenient for a Provost.
Notwithstanding the repeated Orders for that purpose it is reported there are yet many Carcases unburied in the environs of the Camp.
The General therefore desires that the Quartermaster General may send a person to reconnoitre the ground betwixt the French and American camps and in general the whole environs of the American Camp and the town of York, who if he finds occasion will apply for a party and conduct them to the places where the carcases are.
The Order of the 25th. instant prohibiting the discharging of fire arms in the vicinity of Camp not being attended to the General Officer of the day is requested to send out Patrols to detect and apprehend all stragglers with fire arms; every soldier so detected is to receive thirty lashes, on his bare back at the head of the Corps he belongs to without trial, the first time the Corps assembles after his being apprehended.
Colonel White of the first regiment of dragoons being favored with an opportunity by the arrival of the Northern Army to request a hearing by Court martial upon the Charges exhibited against him by Captain Heard54 of the 4th. regiment of light dragoons in the Year 1779 and having obtained the Commander in Chief's permission for that purpose informed Captain Heard officially of his determinations and requested him to prepare his Evidence accordingly.
[Note 54: Capt. John Heard.]
In consequence of which Captain Heard replied that upon investigation he found that his Charges against Colonel White were grounded upon Misinformation and expressed his Wishes to withdraw them.
The General in order that this declaration may have its proper Effect and that Colonel White may be totally freed from the aspersions cast on his Character in consequence of the Charges alluded to Directs it to be Published to the Army.
The General cannot forbear adding that Accusations of so serious a nature should be made with the most scrupulous caution; an Officer's Character being too sacred to be impeached with Levity without a sufficient foundation.
Colonel Vose is appointed President of the General Court martial now sitting, vice Colonel Ogden, ordered out of Camp on particular Duty.
Captain John Bankson55 of the second Pennsylvania regiment is appointed Inspector pro: tem: to the troops under the Orders of Major General St. Clair.
[Note 55: He was transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
He is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
AFTER ORDERS
Major Woodson is appointed for the day tomorrow vice Major Graham indisposed.
Head Quarters near York, October 31, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your Excellency's two favors of Septemr and 5th instant, and am not surprised at the Urgency with which you express your Sentiments on a Subject of so much Importance to yourself in particular, and to the general Interest of the United States. I have only to Lament that it is not in my Power to give you that Satisfactory Reply, which your fond Hopes would lead you to expect.
I can assure your Excellency that every Argument has been used with the Count de Grasse to induce him to continue his Stay on these Coasts, and to aid with his Fleet, the combined Army, in an operation against Charlestown; but without Success. The Advanced Season; the Orders of his Court, and his own Engagements to be punctual to a certain Time fixed upon for his ulterior Operations, forbid a Compliance on his Part, And I am obliged to Submit.
An Attempt to beseige Charlestown, without the Aid of a superior Naval Force, being utterly impracticable; a very respectable Reinforcement of Continental Troops is ordered for the Support of Genl Greene; with which I flatter myself, he will be able to command the Country of So Carolina, and confine the Enemy to the Town of Charlestown, and I fancy to myself a future Day, not far Distant, when they shall be obliged to abandon that place.
As you will, before this can reach you, be fully informed of our Success against Earl Cornwallis, I omit to add any thing on that Subject; but to beg your Excellency to accept my sincere Congratulations on that favorable Event. I have the Honor etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, October 31, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the Honor of transmitting to your Excellency, a Letter from Genl Du portail,57 in which he explains the motives of an intended Application to Congress, for permission to go to France, and for the promotion of himself and other Officers of his Corps. I should conceal Sentiments with which I am very strongly impressed, and do Injustice to very conspicuous Merit, if I did not upon the present Occasion, offer my Testimony of the distinguished Abilities and Services both of Genl. Du portail and Lt Colo Gouvion; their Claim to the particular Attention of Congress, at this Juncture, is founded upon the practice of Europe; a Seige being considered as the particular province of the Corps of Engineers, and as entitling them, when attended with a Success, important in itself, and its
[Note 57: Du Portail's letters of October 24 and 29 were inclosed and are filed with this letter of Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] Consequences, to the great Military Rewards. These Officers besides are supported by a Series of Conduct in the Line of their Department, which makes them not depend merely upon the present Circumstances. For these Reasons I am induced to recommend Genl. Du portails Memorial to Congress for the Grades which he specifies, and the leave of Absence; the latter being by no means incompatible with the good of the Service at the present period, as I am reduced, notwithstandg. all my Efforts, to the Necessity of retiring into Winter Quarters.
The same principles as those above mentioned, forbid me to be silent on the Subject of Genl Knox, who is closely united with Genl. Du portail in the Merits of the Seige; being at the Head of the Artillery, which is the other principal Instrument in conducting Attacks. The Resources of his Genius have supplied, on this and many other interesting Occasions, the Defect of Means: his distinguished Talents, and Services equally important and indefatigable entitle him to the same Marks of Approbation from Congress, as they may be pleased to grant to the chief Engineer. With Sentiments of Respect etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on November 9 and referred to James Mitchell Varnum, Joseph Montgomery, and James Lovell]
Head Quarters near York, October 31, 1781.
Dear Sir: I wrote you the 24th inst. which went on thro' the Hands of Genl Sumner in No Carolina; previous to which, I had permitted Colo. Lee to inclose to you a Copy of the Articles of Capitulation; which were dispatched, with an Injunction that they should not be printed.
I have delayed writing further, waiting the Return of Colo Lee, who, I am informed has taken a Tour to Port Royal. It now becomg uncertain whether I shall see him again or not, I commit my Information to paper by another Conveyance.
Agreable to what I wrote you some time ago, It has been agitated with the French Admiral, to transport by Water, under his Convoy, as far as Cape Fear, the Reinforcement destined for your Aid; and on that Contingence, it was in Contemplation, with those Troops, to attempt, by Coup De Main, to carry the Enemy's Post at Wilmington: an Attempt, which, with the Aid of the Fleet, was judged to be practicable, and the accomplishment of which, however small the Object in itself, would be of great Importance in the Scale of future Negotiation; as it would in Effect, be the Liberation of another State.
After some Days of Suspense, I have just now received from the Count de Grasse, a negative Decision upon this Proposal; in Consequence of which, my Resolutions are altered and the Troops go on by Land.
Every Argument and Persuasive had been used with the French Admiral, to induce him to aid the Combined Army, in an Operation against Charlestown; but the advanced Season, the Orders of his Court, and his own Engagements to be punctual to a certain Time fixed on for his ulterior Operations, all forbid his Compliance; and I am obliged to submit. Nothing therefore remains, but to give you a respectable Reinforcement; and to return myself to the Northward with the remainder of the Troops; for which Arrangement, every preparation is now making with all possible Dispatch.
The Reinforcement for your Department will commence their March in a few Days, under Command of Major Genl St Clair, and will consist of the Pensylvania, Maryland and Virginia Continental Troops including their Cavalry, composing altogether a Body of about Men, which I hope will be sufficient to enable you to command the Country of So Carolina, and confine the Enemy to the Town of Charlestown, unless they should be considerably reinforced from N York; which I do not think very likely to happen, under their present Situation and Numbers.
I inclose you a Copy of my Instructions to Majr Genl St Clair, from which you will collect my Ideas respecting Operations in No Carolina, subject, however to your future Orders, as you shall think proper, from a more intimate knowledge of Circumstances and Events60
[Note 60: The draft has "future Events."]
As a further Aid to your Operations, I have made use of the present Occasion, to urge in the warmest Terms, to the Legislatures of this State and No Carolina, to improve the present Success to the most valuable Purposes: and instead of relaxing their Efforts, from a delusion of a Negotiating Winter, that they should strain every Nerve to spring to military preparations, especially to improve the present Moment to fill their Continental Battalions, and to give you every auxiliary Aid, that Circumstances and your Requisitions may demand.
The Count de Rochambeau will establish Winter Quarters for his Troops at this Place, Williamsburg and the Vicinity; you will be pleased to open a Correspondence with him immediately and continue to keep up such Intercourse with him as particular Circumstances and Operations may require, for which purpose and that you may correspond with Secrecy, on any Occasion, I have furnished him with Copy of Mr Morris' Cypher, which has been already communicated to you.
I have desired Genl Knox to give you a Return of Artillery, Ordnance Stores and Arms which will be conveyed to you by Genl St Clair.
I inclose for your Satisfaction, an Abstract from the Returns of Prisoners, Artillery, Ordinance Stores, Arms and other Stores obtained by the Surrender of York and Gloucester; from which you will form a Judgment of the Importance of our Success over Earl Cornwallis.
Being now in possession of British Officers Prisoners, sufficient to make a full Exchange of all Officers belonging to the United States in the Hands of the Enemy, I have to request that you will as soon as possible, direct a Return to be made to me and to the Commissary Genl of Prisoners, of all the Officers belonging to the united States, who are prisoners in your Department, or on parole; noting the particular Dates of Capture, their Rank and Corps, that Measures may be taken for their Exchange.
The Articles of Capitulation were not closed, when I was informed from Phila. and Genl Forman of Monmouth, on the Wings of Speed, of the immence preparations which were making in N York for the Succour of Earl Cornwallis, and that the fleet consistg of 28 or 29 Line Ships, with many frigates, Fireships and Transports, have on Board Sir Hy Clinton, with 5000 Rank and file would Sail for the Chesapeak about the 18th. inst. Since this Intelligence we have been earnestly expectg their Arrival, till two Days ago, the British Fleet made their Appearance off the Capes. Nothing has yet happened between the two fleets. The Count de Grasse is makg his Preparations for Sailing, and what may be the Intentions of the British upon learng the Fate of Lord Cornwallis, divides our Conjectures. It is possible a Reinforcement of Troops may be dispatched to Charlestown, and the Fleet with the remainder return to N York. Time will make the best Discovery. I am, &c.61
[Note 61: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Greene Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Head Quarters, October 31, 1781.]
Sir: In addition to my orders of the 26th. I have to desire that you will prepare as large a body of Horse as you possibly can, and join (at such time and place, as Major General St. Clair shall appoint) the detachment which he is Marching to the Southward. In this I do not mean to include Colo. Armands Partysan Corps, as it will have a particular place of rendezvous assigned it. But the Infantry of the first, third and fourth Regiments are to be comprehended.
Such Officers belonging to these Regiments, respectively, as you shall conceive necessary, may be left to take charge of, and forward on, the residue of the Corps, the Invalids, Sick, and necessaries appertaining to each. A good and active Officer of Rank should have the general direction of the whole, to prevent confusion, delay, and that misapplication of time and means, which, unhappily, are but too often met with in our Service.
Camp near York, October 31, 1781.
Sir: Colo. Moylan having received instructions respecting the Regiments of Cavalry, or Legionary Corps, you will receive your orders from him, and carry them into effect with all the Zeal and alacrity in your power.62
[Note 62: The same letter was sent to Col. Anthony Walton White.]
October 31, 1781.
Gentlemen: By applying to Major Generals St. Clair and Lincoln, you will know the destination of the American Continental Troops, and make your provision for them accordingly.
I have engaged (if it shall be required) to supply the Flag Vessels bound for New York, with the Paroled Officers, with Biscuit and Salt provision (out of the Magazine which was found in the Garrison) provided Lord Cornwallis will engage to deliver the like quantity, and of good quality, at our Ports at Kings ferry or West point. You will, without delay, ascertain this matter, and supply their wants upon the conditions here mentioned.
After the wants of our own Troops are sufficiently attended to, as also those of the British hospital at Gloucester, which will be removed as soon as possible to Fredericksburg probably by the way of Hobbs-hole, and thence up Rappahannock River by Water; You may with the residue of the Provisions (if any there be) pay the debt we owe the French Army; or if this is already done, exchange it with them for flour more convenient to us. for instance on the North River, or deliver it to them at an estimated value to be paid in Cash to Robt. Morris Esqr Superintendant or his order.
Head Quarters [October 31, 1781.]
From the pointed recommendations of General Du Portail, and from my own particular observation, I feel the highest pleasure in rendering justice to the distinguished military Talents of Lt Colonel Gouvion, and his indefatigable perseverance in the most valuable services: his decisive judgment and spirit of enterprise have been conspicuous on all occasions, particularly in the late siege of York, where the opening of the Trenches, the commencement of the second parallel, a very important lodgement in two of the Enemy's works that were carried Sword in hand, and their connexion with our attacks, were committed to him and executed under his orders with that energy and precision which constitute the great Engineer.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters near York, Thursday, November 1, 1781.
Parole Bermuda. Countersigns Trenton, Fredericksburg.
General Gist's brigade for duty tomorrow.
Head Quarters near York, November 1, 1781.
Sir: Your letter of the 7th. October was received at a time when I was wholly occupied in the seige of York, which will plead my excuse for not answering it by return of Mr. Blue66 who was the Bearer.
[Note 66: A farmer on the South Branch of the Potomac River.]
Your letter of 22d. May last, alluded to in your favor, not being with me at this place, I can only reply from memory. If my recollection is right, that letter informed me of the Resolution of Congress for your being employed in service as I should direct, and intimating your consequent determination not to serve 'till the Stigma under which you laboured should be removed. That being a subject, which I considered as not dependant on me, I received the letter as conveying a piece of intelligence only and made no reply. In the same state the matter still rests. Your circumstance I view as distressing and lament your situation. I sincerely wish Congress would direct some mode to give relief. But this is not for me to dictate.
I thank you very warmly for your kind wishes for my success, and am happy to inform you, that the object of my expedition is compleatly effected. The consequences, I flatter myself, will be extensive and important to the United States. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The text is from a copy by Tench Tilghman. The draft, in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., in the Washington Papers, varies from the above in minor verbal details.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters near York, November 1, 1781.
Sir: During the Time of my being occupied in the Seige of York, I received a Letter from Colo Gibson commandg. at that Time at Fort Pitt, inclosing sundry Proceedings of Courts Martial held at that post, among which are two Capital Cases, on which Sentences of Death are decreed by the Court.
Being informed by Congress that you have been ordered to the Command of that post, I have to inform, that the Sentence of Myndert Fisher, one of the Above, is not approved, and that upon Application of his Friends, and some particular Information respecting him, I have to request that he be liberated from his Confinement.
The Case of John Hinds I know Nothing of more than is contained in his Trial; you will therefore please to order him to Execution, or Pardon him, as you shall think particular Circumstances and the Necessity of Example, may require. I am etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, November 1, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of this date, containing the state and distribution of your regiment, and expressing your desire to return to Philadelphia with a view of engaging the executive of Pennsilvania to exert themselves in favor of this part of their quota.
I cannot conceal from you Sir, that it is with pain I see my instructions answered by applications of this kind. The journey to philadelphia I am so well persuaded will be fruitless as to the principal object that the trouble and expense of it ought to be avoided. The additional motive of ill Health, if yr indisposition is of a nature so serious as to incapacitate you for service, is one of those necessities that must be conclusive.69 I am &c.70
[Note 69: Moylan replied this same day (November 1): "...the representation I have made you of my State of health, is absolutely the truth, if I had thought myself in a Capacity to do my duty, you Sir woud not be troubled with the application." Trumbull answered this, by direction of Washington (November 2): "His Excellency...consents to your going to Phila. where you are to use your endeavours for placing your Regt. in the best State for Service. If any Recommendation from him will be of Service, he is willing to second your Application; altho he has but little Hope of Success from that Quarter. Before your Departure the Genl wishes you to see every Arrangement made that is necessary for the Cavalry moving on to the Southward as expeditiously as possible." The drafts of these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters, November 1, 1781.
Sir: You are hereby authorised to draft from the several Corps and in the proportion specified in my letter of the 25th. Fifty Men whose terms of inlistment are for three yrs or during the War, provided it can be done with the consent of the persons.
You will proceed from hence as speedily as possible to Charlotteville where your Legion is to be quartered, and to remain until it has acquired sufficient consistency to appear in the field.
I rely upon your maintaining the strictest discipline both during the march and in quarters, and upon your taking the most effectual measures to prevent every species of irregularity.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
Head Quarters near York, Friday, November 2, 1781.
Parole Antwerp. Countersigns, Bruges, Rouen.
Colonel Ogden's and the first New York regiments for duty Tomorrow.
The Commander in Chief has been informed there are a number of Public horses in the hands of the Officers of the light infantry; they are required to deliver them immediately to the Quartermaster General.
The officers appointed to purchase Goods for the different Brigades, Corps &ca. are without delay to make their Returns to the Commander in Chief.
Head Quarters, November 2, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor of inclosing a letter from Baron de frey,72 in which after giving me a State of his services, he requests
[Note 72: Charles, Baron de Frey, aide to Lafayette while at Valley Forge. He was captain in Pulaski's Legion in 1778.] either that he may be employed suitably to his rank, or have a recommendation to Congress to facilitate his retiring to Europe. The former being impracticable in the present circumstances of the Army, the alternative cannot be refused him; I therefore do myself the honor of informing Congress that from an inspection of the certificates given him by the several commanding officers under whom he has served, it appears to me that his military conduct has uniformly gained their applause, and that he may retire from the service with the reputation of an officer who has on all occasions done his duty. I have the honor etc.73
[Note 73: In the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 74: Of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters near York, November 3, 1781.
Sir: Colo Moylans Regt. of Cavalry, assigned to the State of Pennsylvania, being Ordered to join the Southern Army under the Command of Majr Genl Greene, many of the Men are reported to me unfit to move for Want of Horses, Arms, Accoutrements and Cloathing. It being of Importance to have those Troops fit for the Service to which they are destined, I have permitted Colo Moylan to return to Phila. to use his Endeavours to have them put upon a better Establishment; And I take this Occasion by him to request that the Legislature of your State will give him every Assistance that he may require for the Purpose mentioned, and that as early as possible.
Permit me to add, that to me it appears impolitic and unoeconomical, to have Men raised at great Expence and kept on public Pay, who for want of proper Equipment, are unable to render any effectual Service, when called to the field. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, Saturday, November 3, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Hazen's brigade to furnish the guards and fatigue in York tomorrow.
At a Brigade General Court martial held at Camp near Yorktown in Virginia, October 26th. 1781, By order of Brigadier General Gist whereof Major Roxburgh was president the following prisoners were tried:
James Stite, William Selwood, Michael Harman and John Stanton, late of the German regiment, severally charged with "Desertion", were found Guilty but from some peculiar Circumstances the Court sentence them to Receive each one hundred lashes on the bare Back.
Owen Curly, late of the same regiment, charged with Desertion, Inlisting with the Enemy and bearing Arms against these United States found guilty in breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of war and Sentenced to be Hanged by the Neck till he is Dead.
James Johnston late of the same regiment charged as above found Guilty and sentenced to be Hanged by the Neck untill he be Dead.
William Timmans late of the first Maryland regiment charged with Desertion, inlisting with the Enemy and bearing arms against these United States, Marauding, and burning the Houses of different inhabitants of the State of Maryland, found Guilty of the whole of the above Charges and sentenced to be hanged by the Neck till he be dead.
Thomas Crawford late of the same regiment charged with Desertion, Inlisting with the Enemy and bearing Arms against these United States, found Guilty of the two last Charges and sentenced to receive One Hundred lashes on his bare back.
Thomas Lesac of the same regiment, charged as above found Guilty and Sentenced to receive One Hundred Lashes on his bare back.
Jeremiah Owings, Thomas Williams and Andrew Warick, all late of the same regiment, severally charged as aforesaid were found Guilty of the two last Charges and sentenced each to receive One Hundred Lashes on the bare back.
Edward Cosgrove late of the first Maryland regiment charged with Desertion, Inlisting with the Enemy and bearing Arms against the United States, found Guilty in breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of War and sentenced to be Hanged by the Neck untill he be dead.
James Reynolds late of the aforesaid regiment, charged as aforesaid found Guilty of the two last charges and sentenced to receive one Hundred Lashes on his bare Back.
John Wise of the Delaware regiment, charged as aforesaid found Guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
Matthias Carry late of the second Maryland regiment, charged with Desertion inlisting with the Enemy and bearing Arms against these United States found Guilty of the whole of the Charges and sentenced to suffer Death.
William Cole late of the same Regiment, charged as above found not Guilty but considered by the Court as a Prisoner of War.
Henry Oston late of the second Maryland regiment, charged as aforesaid found Guilty of the two last Charges and sentenced to Receive One Hundred Lashes on his bare back.
Abraham Erwin late of the second Maryland regiment, charged with Desertion inlisting with the enemy and bearing Arms against these United States, Marauding in one of the Barges in Chesapeak bay found Guilty of the above Charges and sentenced to suffer Death.
Evan Whale charged with Desertion inlisting with the Enemy and bearing Arms against these United States; No Evidence appearing to support the Charges the Court are of opinion Evan Whale should be considered as a prisoner of War.
Richard Ariss late of the third Maryland regiment, charged with Desertion inlisting with the Enemy and bearing Arms against these United States; the Court, after maturely considering the Charges and the Prisoner's defence find him Guilty in breach of Article 1st. and Section 6th. of the Rules and Articles of war and Sentence him to be Hanged by the Neck untill he be Dead.
Patrick Denison late of the 4th. Maryland regiment, charged as aforesaid found Guilty in breach as above and sentenced to be Hanged by the Neck untill he be dead.
Michael Clark late of the 4th Maryland regiment, charged as aforesaid found Guilty of the latter Charges and sentenced to receive One Hundred lashes on his bare back.
Lewis Smith Charged with Desertion inlisting with the Enemy and bearing arms against these United States. No Evidence appearing to support the Charges, the Court are of opinion Lewis Smith should be considered as a Prisoner of war.
Edward Marshall late of the Delaware Regiment, charged with Desertion inlisting with the Enemy and bearing arms against these United States found Guilty of the two last Charges and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing Sentences and orders William Timmans to be immediately executed.
At a General Court Martial held at Camp, October 3th. 1781, whereof Colonel Vose vice Colonel Ogden is President.
Serjeant Selkirk and James Steel of the 2d New York regiment, Charged with robbing a french officer's waggon at Yorktown were tried.
The Court on Consideration are of opinion that the Charge is not supported against either of the Prisoners.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court and orders the prisoners to be released from Confinement and join their Corps.
The Court martial whereof Colonel Vose is President is dissolved.
Lest difficulties may arise in settling and adjusting the accounts of the Merchants who have furnished Goods to the officers of the American Army agreeably to the General orders of the November
The Gentlemen who have purchased for Brigades Corps and Departments are desired to remain in Camp untill the Accounts are adjusted as they are the only persons able to solve any doubts that may arise.
Head Quarters, November 3, 1781.
Sir: The Troops which you will have under your command are to be Marched, after debarking at the head of the Bay, into the States of New Jersey and New York. Those of New Jersey will take Post somewhere in the Vicinity of Morristown, to cover the Country adjacent, and to secure the communication between the Delaware and North River. The two Regiments of New York, unless the situation of our affairs to the Northward, should render it necessary to March them further, may take Post in the Jersey Hurts at Pompton, and send a detachment of Fifty Men to the Block House at the Mouth of Smiths Clove; the remainder of the Troops are to March to the No. River, and are to be disposed of (if I do not arrive there before them) as Majr. Genl Heath shall direct, after the light Companies have joined their respective Regiments. Those of York, and Jersey may do this immediately, if it shall be found more convenient.
Every necessary assistance is to be afforded at the head of Elk in unloading, securing or removg. the Public Stores. And particular attention must be given to the Sick and Invalids to get them forward, or provided for, in the most convenient manner.
[Note 76: Spelled also Jimason and Jameson.]
Camp near York, November 3, 1781.
Sir: I have the honor to inform your Excellency that 46777 of the British and German convalescents marched this day from York under the Escort of Cortlands New York Regiment, which will conduct them as far as Fredericksburg; of this I have apprised General Weedon, and directed him to prepare a sufficient Guard of Militia for the purpose of relieving the Regiment above mentioned, and recieving the prisoners under their care, untill they are in condition to join the Corps to which they belong, when it will be necessary to forward them under Militia Escorts to the respective places of their destination.
[Note 77: The draft has "460."]
There remain in the Hospitals of Gloucester about 1300 Sick and wounded unable to march, the dispositions of the French Winter Cantonments however render it indispensably necessary to have them removed immediately; in these circumstances it appears to me most advisable to have them transported in the first instance to Tods Bridge by water and from thence either altogether by land to Fredericksburg, or across to Hobbs-hole, to be embarked there on board of such small Craft as can be provided, and sent the remainder of the way by water; they must in either case be deposited as those abovementioned at Fredericksburg untill they are sufficiently recovered, to be marched to their Regiments under proper Militia Escorts.
Your Excellency will be pleased to give the necessary orders for collecting Waggons at Tods Bridge for the reception of the said Prisoners. A Guard of Maryland Continental Troops will [aid in] assisting them from hence to Fredericksburg. I have the honor etc.
PS. The Maryland Troops destined for this Service, will not exceed 300. Men whose terms of Service will expire about the first of Next Month. I mention these circumstances for your Excellency's information.78
[Note 78: In the writing of William Stephens Smith. The words in brackets and the P.S. are in the writing of Washington.]
[M.H]
November 3, 1781.
Sir: Four hundred and Sixty british and German Convalescent prisoners marched this day under escort of Cortlands New York Regiment, for Fredericksburg, where they are to remain until sufficiently recruited to join their respective Corps. You will be pleased therefore Sir immediately to make the necessary dispositions for the reception of the said prisoners, and for relieving Colonel Cortland with a sufficient Militia Guard.
I have written to the Governor both relatively to these and the remaining Invalids in the British Hospital at York, who are likewise to be removed to Fredericksburg; arrangements may be made relatively to this object, and for marching the prisoners under proper Escorts to their Corps, as soon as their health will permit. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.]
[Note 80: Deputy Commissary of Prisoners.]
Head Quarters, November 3, 1781.
Sir: After the Vessels, for which you have obtained Passports New York are dispatched, you may suffer the remaining Officers, on Parole, Merchants, and others (included in the Capitulation of York) together with those which have been detained by Count de Grasse and liberated by me, to procure a Vessel for New York, or to Charles Town; and will fill up the blank Passports herewith given you, accordingly.
You will use every means in your power, and all possible diligence, to remove the British and other sick and wounded, from Gloucester to Fredericksburg. You are to apply to His Excellency the Govr. or the Lt. Governor for his direction and aid to accomplish this business; and the mode I would wish to have pursued, is to remove them in the first instance by Water to Todds bridge and from thence to Fredericksburg, by Land wholly, or to Hobbs hole first, and by Water afterwards. Provision must be made at all these places, if they are determind on for their reception.
I shall write to General Weedon of Fredericksburg to make the necessary provision for the reception of these Prisoners at That place, to provide Guards, and to remove them to their respective places of destination as they recover. a Copy of which you are to furnish him with.
A Detachment from the Maryland line will remain at Gloucester for the purposes of guarding, and removing the prisoners to the places beforementioned when the means are provided; the Officer will be instructed to take your directions on this head.
Herewith you will receive a Warrant upon the Qr. Mr. Genl. for the Sum of Twenty five pounds in Specie towards defraying your necessary expenses; an acct. of which you are to render.
Head Quarters near York, November 3, 1781.
Sir: Your Sick, Invalids and weak men; Your heavy Stores, and such other articles, Papers excepted as you may judge proper, are to go by Water under the care of Mr. Holden,81 or yourself, to the head of Elk; where they are to remain till the Waggons and other parts of the Baggage go round, to that place, by Land.
[Note 81: Lieut. John Holden, jr., of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, then serving with the Commander in Chief's guard.]
When the whole are united, you will, if you should not receive further orders, proceed to Philadelphia, and there wait my arrival or definitive directions to govern yourself by.
In this Event the Deputy Qr. Mr. General of Pensylva. will furnish you with what is necessary, and a position on or near the Schoolkill will be better than one in the City.
I shall rely entirely on your vigilance and care, and that of Mr. Holden's for the security of my Baggage, also that no injury jury is done by that part of the Guard which Marches by Land, to the persons or property of the Inhabitants on their Rout, avoiding in a particular manner the destruction of Fences.
Camp near York, November 3, 1781.
Articles wanted for the use of the General Hospital at Williamsburgh.
Malachy Treat, Chief Phis. and Sergn. Genl. Hospt.
Sir: You will be pleased to furnish for the use of the Hospital at Williamsburgh the Above Articles, and proper Measures shall be taken to reimburse the cost of them.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters near York, Sunday, November 4, 1781.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A subaltern from Hazen's brigade to be sent to Williamsburgh Hospital to relieve Captain Pike83 of Muhlenbergs brigade now there. He will take the directions of the Officer
[Note 83: Capt. Zebulon(?) Pike.] ordered to superintend. Lieutenant Blair84 of Muhlenberg's brigade and the Party at present under his command will remain on the duty he is now on at Williamsburgh as long as the Officer superintending the hospital at that place finds his Services absolutely necessary.
[Note 84: Lieut. John Blair, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He served to April, 1783.]
At the intercession of their Officers the Commander in Chief is pleased to Pardon Owen Curly, lames Johnson, Edward Cosgrove, Matthias Catty, Abraham Erwin, Richard Ariss, Patrick Denison, of the Maryland line and George Leadbetter, of the Jersey Brigade, Condemned to suffer Death by the sentence of a General Court Martial of their respective Lines.
After this day the Traders in York and Gloucester are at liberty to open their Stores to all purchasers.
Head Qrs., November 4, 1781.
Dr. Sir: As you know that an enterprise against Wilmington is the first object in view for the detachment which is to march to the Southward, and that it is not more than half the distance of, and in the Rout to General Greene's Army, I shall add no more on the subject, but leave you to act as you have requested, or, if it is more agreeable to you to be absent from the Army for a while, to consent to that also. I am etc.
Camp, November 4, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your Application is not a little distressing to me; and if complied with must have an unhappy influence on the Minds of the detachment which is going to the Southward. Colo. Stewart is already gone, and Colonel Butler on account of his Health is going; three of the first Officers then in rank and consequence in the Pensylvania Line, to be away from their Troops when an important and interesting Service is in view (independant of the succure intended by it to the Army of Major General Greene) will discourage that line, and must subject me to censure for yielding to it. But of the two alternatives proposed by you I shall prefer the first as more consonant to Military propriety, if your wound does not render the March too Obnoxious to it.
Under this exposition of my sentiments I leave you at liberty to follow the dictates of your own Judgment being With much esteem etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
[Note 86: Captain of the Fifth Maryland Regiment; major of the Second Maryland Regiment in November, 1781; retired in April, 1783.]
Head Qrs., November 4, 1781
Sir: The detachment which you command, and which from the short time they have to remain in Service (according to the terms of their Enlistment) cannot with propriety be sent to the Southern Army, is to be employed in guarding the British and German hospital at Gloucester, and aiding their removal to Fredericksburg when means are providd. for this purpose.
As the Deputy Commy of Prisoners Mr. Duree, will have the direction of this business (under the Authority of the Governor or Lt. Governor of the State) you will regulate your conduct by his requests.
After this Service is performed you will March your detachment into the State of Maryland and have it discharged by Genl. Smallwood or other proper authority taking especial care that the Arms, accoutrements and every species of Public property is carefully surrendered.
November 4, 1781.
Sir: I have not a Doubt but that you will take the best Care of all the Articles of Public Stores received by you from the Enemy; many of them will not perhaps be of immediate Necessity to the Army; those which are not, you will convert to the best Benefit for the public Account of the United States; to be appropriated to the use of the Financier Genl. towards discharging the Debts incurred upon him here, by the Purchase of the Goods in York, and other purposes.
You will endeavour to collect all the Flat Boats, bro't with the Troops from the Northward; such of them as are fit for Service, you will deliver to the Q Master General of the French Army if he wants them, and take his Receipt; or if not wanted by him, have them placed in some safe Deposit.
For the purpose of Communicating Intelligence, I have agreed with Count Rochambeau who remains here, to establish a Chain of Expresses from hence to Phila. You will take Measures to furnish your part of the Chain, which is to extend from the Bowling Green to Philadelphia; from the Bowling Green to this Place, extending towards Genl Greene, will be continued by Count Rochambeau.
Govr Nelson will take Care to obtain an equitable Valuation of the Forage taken and Damages done by the Combined Army in this State. And The Count Rochambeau has agreed to make Compensation for such proportion as is justly chargeable to the french Army. To Ascertain this, it will be necessary for you to take Measures with the Q Master Genl of the French Army, and agree with him upon some Mode by which this proportion shall be estimated, and the Manner in which Payment shall be made.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Qrs. near York, November 4, 1781.
Sir: You will have the Road from Williamsburg by the way of Ruffens ferry, King William Court House, and Toddsbridge to the Bolling Green, or its junction with the Hanover Road Surveyed.
You will Survey the Road from Toddsbridge to Port Royal, thence to Hooes ferry; and from Hooes ferry on the Maryland side through Portobacco Piscataway, and the best and most direct Road from thence to Baltimore.
The Road from Bladensburg to Baltimore is also to be Surveyed, and a correct and connected Map of the Roads from Kings ferry to York made out and delivered to me at Philadelphia or the North River.
You will receive a Warrant on the Qr. Master General for the Sum of Twenty pounds in Specie towards defraying your Expences; And all Qt. Masters and Commissaries are hereby requested to furnish you with Provisions, forage and other Aids.
Head Quarters near York, November 4, 1781.
Sir: I have to inform your Excellency, that it is concluded to form a Deposit of all the Arms and Ammunition for Musquetry, bro't with me from the Northward and taken from the Enemy, at Westham in this State, or in its Neighbourhood, from whence Supplies may be formed for the Southern Army, or issued to the State, in Case of another Invasion. If proper Deposits for establishing this Magazine can be found at the place mentioned, I beg your Excellency will have them provided, takg particular Care to avoid the Salt Houses, which will be detrimental to Our Purpose. If Westham will not afford the proper Accommodation, Richmond may be destined for the Reception of the Stores for the present.
A Guard of Twenty four Men will be necessary for the Security of this Magazine; they may be formed from the State Troops or Recruits and will be put under the Orders of Capt. Singleton of Colo Harrisons Regt of Artillery, who is to take the general Charge of the Stores.
A Laboratory is also to be established at the Deposit of the Stores. Capt Irish88 with his Compy. of Laboratory Men and Artificers will stand in Need of some Assistance to remove them to the Place fixed upon. Your Excellency will be pleased to order them the Means of Transportation.
[Note 88: Capt. Nathaniel Irish, of Flower's Artillery Artificer regiment.]
In Case of Danger from the Enemy, or any other Exigence, I must beg your Excellency to give every needful Assistance for the Security or Removal of the Stores, that may be tho't proper; the Expences of which will be refunded by the United States.
The Importance of this Deposit to this State and the United States, will impress itself so deeply on your Excellencys Mind, that it will be needless for me to urge, that every measure may be taken by the Legislature of your State, for its perfect Security and Preservation.
Permit me also to remind your Excly. that in Case of Invasion, or other Exigence if it should be found Necessary for the State to draw upon the Magazine, it will be proper for your Excellency to grant your particular Warrant for the Purpose, by wch. Means the regular Issues may be made, and the State will be responsible for the Articles taken.
Colo Carrington will deliver this and will have the Honor to confer with your Excellency on the necessary Arrangements to be made to fulfill my Intentions. I have the Honor etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters near York, November 4, 1781.
Sir: The character and circumstances of Capt. Mc. Lean, which appear to have interested Your Excellency, are such as incline me to favour his views of re-entering the Service, The vacancy in Armand's Corps has been mentioned as the best opening for him; but the pretentions of the Officers in it, who claim succession were opposed as insurmountable difficulties; To obviate these it has been proposed that Capt Mc. Lean should obtain authority to recruit a Company of Men, and afterwards be annexed with them to the Legion. His coming with such a reinforcement it is said would give him a superior title, that would silence murmurs. This appears to me the most eligible method of reintroducing a valuable Officer to the service; Colo. Armand consents to it upon this footing, as the gain of Men is a powerfull motive with him, and he even says that he will endeavour to make some conciliating arrangements with his Officers.
Capt. McLean on his part gives possitive assurances that he will without difficulty raise the number of Men. It depends therefore upon Your Excellency to procure a motion to be made in Congress, to authorise him in this business, and by this means restore him to the service. I have the honor etc.
P.S. It is not understood that the Men raised by Capt. McLean, should be annexed as an additional Company, but that they should be amalgamated with the Corps agreeably to its present organization, so as to avoid any deviation from the establishment.90
[Note 90: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[Note 91: Addressed to Col. Timothy Pickering, Quartermaster General of the Continental Army.]
Head quarters near York in Virginia, November 5, 1781.
Sir1: It is to be hoped that Forage will be provided at proper places on the Rout by which the Army will march to the Northward to support the Waggon and other Horses which will be necessary; to this matter you will pay early Attention. If your Endeavours should not succeed in obtaing the necessary Supplies from the several States thro' which you are to pass, You are hereby authorized, upon urgent Necessity, to Use the power which the Army will afford, to procure such Forage as you may find necessary in such manner as will be least Distressing to the Inhabitants; and for so doing this shall be your sufficient Warrant.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
November 5, 1781.
Having made my dispositions for retiring into winter-quarters, and being on the point of departure from this place, I am much concerned my dear General that circumstances deprive me of the satisfaction of renewing in person the sincere expression of those sentiments which are inspired by Your Excellencys illustrious services in the common cause, and by my acquaintance with your character and virtues; these have produced too powerful a desire of cultivating your friendship, for me not to entreat Your Excellency in the most earnest terms to preserve me a share in your memory, and to console me in some degree for this Separation by the hope of a correspondence with your Excellency, and the prospect of your returning to decide the War on these Coasts.
The Chevalier De Mollevrier93 is so good as to take charge of two horses, with their provision of forage. I flattered myself with the hope of sending Your Excellency two of a much more conspicuous figure; but I have been exceedingly disappointed.
[Note 93: He is given in Les Combattants Française de la Guerre Americaine, 1778--1783, as a lieutenant on Le Serpent and also as an ensign on Le Conquerant.]
The Enemy in their ravages of this Country which was celebrated for its race of horses, did not spare that useful accessary in war; and it has been impossible to recover such as I should have wished to present to Your Excellency. Such as these are I entreat you my dear General to accept them, and my excuse for their not being equal to my wishes.
The british fleet as I expected declined giving Your Excelly an opportunity for combat; they have been seen standing Southerly and will probably confine their attention to reinforcing and supplying their most interesting maritime posts. Your continued presence here has given a security to our movements, which is an additional obligation to us.
I entreat your Excellency to accept my ardent vows for the speedy and perfect reestablishment of your health, and the sentiments of sincere friendship with which I shall ever remain. Your etc.
P.S. Five Flags with Ld Cornwallis and his Officers bound to N York are ready to proceed from York and will probably fall down to your Fleet this Day.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of John Laurens.
The draft of the passports for the 5 flag vessels, in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., is in the Washington Papers (Nov. 4, 1781). The names of the vessels, etc., were: The ship Cockran, 247 tons, Captain Bolton; crew of 46 British seamen, prisoners to the French; passengers. Earl Cornwallis, with 26 officers and 42 soldiers, prisoners to the United States of America. The Lord Mulgrave, 320 tons, Andrew Eastery, master, 5 seamen, 103 officers, 125 soldiers, servants. The ship Andrew, 250 tons, Francis Todridge, master; 44 seamen, 101 officers, 118 soldiers, servants. The sloop Delight, 40 tons, John Kerr, master; 3 American seamen, 5 commissaries, 1 commissary of prisoners (not a prisoner), 13 merchants. Sloop Molly, 40 tons, Samuel Hicks, master, 5 seamen, 3 officers, 13 merchants. The last two were to go to New York and Rhode Island, the others to New York "and Return with an equal Number of healthy French or American Seamen in Exchange for the present Crews."]
November 5, 1781.
Your Excellency was so good as to write in one of your late letters that there were several persons detained as british prisoners, who alledge that they are Americans,95 and that as their cases were doubtful you would have them delivered up for examination. I have received repeated petitions from several of these people who claim their liberation as Citizens of these States; some of them add that they have Families which depend intirely on their labour for Support. It will be an effect of that humanity which characterizes Yr Excelly to restore these unhappy individuals to their Country and friends if they can be discriminated. I avoided answering particular applications as I thought the matter would be generally decided upon. Whatever measures Yr Excelly may be pleased to adopt for this purpose will be gratefully accepted by Your &c.94
[Note 95: No list of names of these alleged Americans is found in the Washington Papers.]
Colo. Bassetts near Ruffen's ferry, November 6, 1781.
Sir: After getting the detachment for the Southward on its March, (which has been delayed longer than I expected on account of a want of Waggons, and other impediments) and having embarked the greatest part of the Eastern Troops for the head of Elk, getting the whole in readiness for it, and making a distribution of the Ordnance and Stores; I set out yesterday on my return to the Northern Army; but an event which I met with at this place (very distressing to Mrs. Washington)96 will retard my arrival at Philadelphia a few days longer than I expected, which I hope Congress will have the goodness to excuse as I am not conscious that any important public duty will be neglected by it.97
[Note 96: The death of John Parke Custis from a camp fever, contracted at the siege of Yorktown, where he served as a volunteer aide to Washington, without rank or pay.]
[Note 97: The exact date on which Washington left Colonel Bassett's is doubtful. From an expense account in the Washington Papers (filed at the end of July, 1781), in the writing of Trumbull, and one kept by Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith (filed under December 1) in neither of which are the items dated, Washington's route appears to have been from Bassett's to Byrd's, to Hanover Court House, Lynch's, Bowling Green, Garrat's, Dumfries, Colchester, and Mount Vernon. Smith's account lists the expense "attending a detachment of the Genls. family from Colo. Bassett to Mount Vernon," and shows the route to have been by Franks, Ruffins ferry, Slaughter's, Aylett's, Bowling Green, Todd's, Fredericksburg, Garratt's, Dumfries, and Colchester ferry.]
Lieutt. Colo. Cobb one of my Aids, and a very deserving Officer, will have the honor of presenting this letter to your Excellency, and of assuring you, that with every sentiment of respect etc.
Colonel Bassett's, November 9, 1781.
Sir: Colonel Martin will be the Bearer of this, who will present to you three Indians of the Cherokee Tribe, who are men of some Consequence among those people, and an Interpreter. Considering their Circumstances, and the Standg which we would choose to keep with those Tribes, I think it may be policy to make them a present which may be agreable to them. You will therefore please to deliver to each of the four, some Articles of Cloathing such as you shall think proper and which may be acceptable to them and charge the same to this State; with this provision, that if any Objections are made on the Part of the State, that I will engage the Expense shall be born by the United States. I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Mount Vernon, November 15, 1781.
Sir: I have had the Honor to receive the Resolutions of Congress of the 29th. ulto. under Cover from the late President Mr McKean, and have to beg, that you Sir I will be pleased to convey to Congress the high Sense I have of the Honor done me by that August Body, in their Approbation of my Services in the late Operations against the Enemy in the State of Virginia. I shall have particular pleasure in conveying to the Army under my Command, the Sense which Congress are pleased to entertain of their Valor and Conduct on this Occasion. I have the Honor etc.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. (See the Journals of the Continental Congress, Oct. 29, 1781.)]
Mount Vernon, November 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have the Honor to thank you most sincerely for your Congratulations conveyed in your Favor of the 7th Ulto.
That our Success against the Enemy in the State of Virginia has been so happily effected and with so little Loss, and that it promises such favorable Consequences (if properly improved) to the Welfare and Independence of the United States, is matter of very pleasing Reflection. I beg you will be assured that I am etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Mount Vernon in Virginia, November 15, 1781.
Not till the 5th. My dear Marqs was I able to leave York, providing for the detachment that was to go Southerly; Embarking the Troops that were to go Northerly; making a distribution of the Ordnance and Stores for various purposes, and disposing of the Officers and other prisoners to their respective places of destination would not admit of my leaving that part of the Country sooner.
On that day I arrived at Eltham (the Seat of Colo. Bassett) time enough to see poor Mr. Custis breathe his last; this unexpected and affecting event threw Mrs. Washington and Mrs. Custis (who were both present) into such deep distress, that the circumstances of it and a duty I owed the deceased in assisting at his funeral rights prevented my reaching this place till the 13th; and business here, and on the road will put it out of my power to arrive at Philadelphia before the last days of the prest. Month.
As this may extend to a later period than your business in that City may require, I owe it to friendship, and to my affectionate regard for you, My dear Marqs not to let you leave this Country without carrying with you fresh marks of my attachment to you; and new expressions of the high sense I entertain of your Military conduct, and other important Services, in the course of last Campaign; altho' the latter are too well known to need the testimony of my approbation, and the former, I perswade myself you believe is too well riveted to undergo diminution or change.
As you expressed a desire to know my Sentiments respecting the operations of next Campaign before your departure for France I will, without a tedious display of reasoning, declare in one word, that the advantages of it to America, and the honor and glory of it to the Allied Arms in these States, must depend absolutely upon the Naval force which is employed in these Seas, and the time of its appearance next year. No land force can act decisively unless it is accompanied by a Maritime superiority; nor can more than negative advantages be expected without it; for proof of this, we have only to recur to the instances of the ease and facility with which the British shifted their ground as advantages were to be obtained at either extremity of the Continent, and to their late heavy loss the moment they failed in their Naval Superiority. To point out the further advantages which might have been obtained in the course of this year if Count de Grasse could have waited, and would have covered a further operation to the Southward, is unnecessary; because a doubt did not, nor does at this moment remain upon any Mans Mind of the total extirpation of the British force in the Carolina's and Georgia, if he could have extended his co-operation two Months longer.
It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive Naval force we can do nothing definitive. and with it, every thing honourable and glorious. A constant Naval superiority would terminate the War speedily; without it, I do not know that it will ever be terminated honourably. If this force should appear early, we shall have the whole Campaign before us. The Months of June to September Inclusive, are well adapted for operating in any of the States to the Northward of this; and the remaining Months are equally well suited to those South of it: in which time, with such means, I think much, I will add, every thing, might be expected.
How far the policy of Congress may carry them, towards filling their Continental Battalions, does not lay with me to determine, this Measure (before and since the Capitulation) has been strongly recommended by me. Should it be adopted by that Body, and executed with energy in the several States, I think our force (comprehending the Auxiliary Troops now here) will be fully competent to all the purposes of the American War, provided the British force on this Continent remains nearly as it now is; but as this is a contingency which depends very much upon political manoevres in Europe, and as it is uncertain how far we may be in a state of preparation at the opening of the next Campaign, the propriety of augmenting the present Army under the Cored of Count de Rochambeau is a question worthy of consideration; but as it lyes with Congress to determine, I shall be silent on the subject.
If I should be deprived of the pleasure of a personal interview with you before your departure, permit me my dear Marquis to adopt this method of making you a tender of my ardent Vows for a propitious voyage, a gracious reception from your Prince, an honorable reward for your Services, a happy meeting with your lady and friends, and a safe return in the Spring to My dear Marqs., Yr. etc.
P.S. I beg you to present my best respects to the Viscount de Noaille and let him know that my warmest wishes attend him.
Mount Vernon, November 15, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favor. of the 31st. ulto. covering the Resolutions of Congress of 29th. and a Proclamation for a Day of public Prayer and Thanksgiving; And have to thank you Sir! most sincerely for the very polite and affectionate Manner in which these Inclosures have been conveyed. The Success of the Combined Arms against our Enemies at York and Gloucester, as it affects the Welfare and Independence of the United States, I viewed as a most fortunate Event. In performing my Part towards its Accomplishment, I consider myself to have done only my Duty and in the Execution of that I ever feel myself happy. And at the same Time, as it agurs [ sic] well to our Cause, I take a particular Pleasure in acknowledging, that the interposing Hand of Heaven in the various Instances of our extensive Preparations for this Operation, has been most conspicuous and remarkable.
After the Receipt of your Favor I received Official Information, thro' the Secretary of Congress, of the new Choice of their President.2 While I congratulate you Sir on a Release from the Fatigues and Trouble of so arduous and important a Task: I beg you to accept my sincere Thanks for the Pleasure and Satisfaction which I have received in the Correspondence with which you have honored me, and the many Interesting Communications of Intelligence with which you have favored me. I am etc.3
[Note 2: John Hanson, of Maryland, had been chosen President of Congress on November 5 to succeed McKean.
On November 15 Washington wrote briefly to Secretary Charles Thomson: "I have received your Letter of the 5th Instant announcing the Choice of new President of Congress agreable to the Articles of Confederation." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Mount Vernon, November 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: Within a few Days I have been favored with your several Letters of the 24th and 30th of Octo. and the 3d of the present Month, with their Inclosures. And am much pleased to find, that Matters wear so favorable an Aspect at the Northward. The Season being so far advanced, and the Prospects of the Enemy appearing to be on the decline, I hope we shall have but little more Trouble from that Quarter.
The Troops which have been at the Southward, having received in Virginia, they will not be considered in the Distribution of the Cloathing which you mention at Newburgh. I have written to the Board of War, respecting the Materials coming on from Boston, and have desired a Competency to be lodged at New Winsor, for the Troops in that Neighbourhood, to be distributed to the several Regiments, to be made up under their Direction. I hope the Supply will answer our Wants.
A Supply of Meat for the Army, I think must be kept up by Applications to the Committees of the several States, who are engaged for that Article; and Bread I doubt not will be forwarded in sufficient Quantities by Mr Morris.4 The One Hundred Beeves which have been ordered to be sent Weekly to the Southward, you are before this Time informed, are to be discontinued. With much Regard etc.5
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 4: Robert Morris.]
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Mount Vernon, November 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received with much Pleasure your Congratulations conveyed to me in your Favr. of the 4th.
I think, Considering the Length of Time already passed since your Operations in Georgia, that you are quite in the Right to have the Enquiry on your Conduct during that Time, bro't to as early Decision as Circumstances will admit. I can easily conceive your present Situation to be very disagreeable, and wish you may bring this Unhappy Matter to a speedy issue.
I expect soon to have the Pleasure to see you, as I shall be in Phila in a few Days. With much regard etc.5
[Note 6: Recording secretary to the Commander in Chief.]
Mount Vernon, November 15, 1781.
Sir: I have just received your two Letters of the 1st and 6th Octo. previous to which I had anticipated most of your Queries by my Letter to you dated the 10th. of October,7 Covering your Commission, my Instructions and Orders for employing Writers and authorizing the emoluments you are to engage them. Your general Mode of Proceeding I find very agreable: 8 Hours constant successive Writing pr Day is as much as almost any Person is able to bear, and believe you have fixed the Time very properly.
[Note 7: The draft is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I hope some Measures will be found to satisfy the Writers for their Services, tho I cannot at this Time point to any particular mode. I expect to be in Phila. in a Short Time and shall endeavour to make some provision for Money. If I do not have an Opportunity of seeing you soon after my being in Phila. you will hear from me again from that place. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
November 16, 1781.
Sir: I had the Honor to receive your Excellencys last Favor, a few Days before I left my Quarters below. I immediately caused the Enquiries you mentioned, to be made, but with very little Success. Of the Refugees named, none were to be found in the Returns made to me. The Commissy. of Prisoners could only collect, that a Mr French had been with the Enemy at Portsmouth, and had left that place to go to Charlestown, So Carolina. The Case of Mr Middleton,9 I mentioned to the Admiral de Grasse, who promised to do what was in his power for his Relief.
[Note 9: Capt. William Middleton, of the Maryland State navy boat Dolphin. He had been captured by the British in Chesapeake Bay when, at the insistence of the French officer whom he was conveying with a message from Lafayette to De Grasse, he ran alongside of H. M. S. Royal Oak.]
I beg your Excellency will do me the Favor to forward the inclosed Letter for Colo Tilghman by the first Opportunity that may present to Rock Hall.
I promise myself the pleasure to see10 your Excellency at Anapolis or Baltimore, which ever place you may be at, on my Way to Philadelphia, for which place I shall leave this in three or four Days Be pleased Sir! to believe that I am, with very particular Sentiments of Esteem etc.11
[Note 10: The draft, which is also by Trumbull, has " of seeing."]
[Note 11: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MD.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, November 16, 1781.
Dear Sir: I wrote you so fully and freely by Lieut Colo Lee, who left me about the 29th ulto., that I have at this Time but little else to say; than to acknowledge the Receipt of your Letter of the 25th. ulto, which came to hand two Days ago, and by which I am surprized to find that you have received nothing later from me than the 28th. Septemr.
Since my last, the American Troops destined to the Northward, except the 2d N York Regt. who march with prisoners by Land, have all embarked, with their Stores, and are by I fancy this Time arrived at the Head of Elk. Those under the Command of Majr Genl St Clair, who are ordered to join your Army, began their March on the 5th., and I hope are well advanced. The french fleet left the Bay, as I am informed, about the 6th or 7th, and from the last Accounts I have been able to obtain of the British, who were last seen standg Southerly on the No Carolina Coast, there is but a possible Chance of the two fleets meeting.
Ld Cornwallis, with the British Officers going to N York and Europe, fell down the River York on the 4th. The Prisoners who were to remain in the Country are all marched to Winchester and Fort Frederick, except such Sick as remain too bad to remove; of these there are still a considerable Number.
I am thus far myself on my Way to the Northward; I shall remain but a few Days here, and Shall proceed to Philadelphia, where I shall attempt to stimulate Congress to the best Improvement of our late Success, by takg. the most vigorous and effectual Measures, to be ready for an early and decisive Campaign the next Year. My greatest Fear is, that Congress viewing this stroke in too important a point of Light, may think our Work too nearly closed, and will fall into a State of Langour and Relaxation; to prevent this Error I shall employ every Means in my Power, and if unhappily we sink into that fatal Mistake, no part of the Blame shall be mine.
Whatever may be the Winter politics of European Courts, it is clearly my Opinion, that our Grand Object, is to be prepared in every point for War; not that we wish its Continuance, but that we may be in the best Situation to meet every Event.
I am anxious to know whether the British fleet drops a Reinforcement at Charlestown; Before this arrives, you will be informed from my last that a Chain of Expresses will be established from Philadelphia to So Carolina, by which means I hope to have a more frequent Communication of Intelligence than has hitherto been experienced with your Army. With very great Regard etc.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[M.L.]
Mount Vernon, November 17, 1781.
Sir: I learn from Mr. Lund Washington, that the Land formerly belonging to Mr. Manley13 is again about to be offered for sale, and that you and I are like to be the only competitors in the purchase of it. That I often treated with Mr. Manley in his lifetime, and since his death with his Executors for that Tract, is a fact, which cannot be unknown to you: equally true is it, that if the Land is exposed to public sale, I shall bid for it, as far as I think it is worth, but no farther. And as men set different values upon the same thing, according to the lights in which it strikes them, and their own mode of estimating its value; it is not at all unlikely but that you may be the purchaser. In the present case however, I ever was, and still am willing, to give the full value of the Land; and as a proof of it, should have no objection to the price being fixed by three honest and judicious men, to be indifferently chosen. this I wou'd give.
[Note 13: Harrison Manley.]
Having premised this thing, the intention of this Letter is to make you a proposition, and explain my motives for it; which, if acceded to, may smooth every difficulty, and prove convent lent and beneficial to all parties. It is to purchase the reversion of your Land in this neck, at the same time I make that of Mr. Manleys, if it is for sale. You are, doubtless, well acquainted with the circumstance of this tract, held by Mrs. French; but as no man can have a more perfect knowledge of it, than I have; I think myself fully warranted, in asserting that in less than ten years from this date, there will be no support to the Plantation, and that without the aid of my woodland, it cannot be maintained.
If my reasons are asked, I will add; that, to say nothing of the Plantation itself, great part of which is old and much worn, the present fencing cannot last long; that one half of the plantation at this moment, is dependant upon me, for the means of enclosing it; that, though I have not a disposition to be unneighbourly, by depriving Mrs. French, or you, of the use of my fences, yet this may not be the case with those who follow me; that the wood-land for fire and timber bears no proportion to the quantity of cleared Land; and, as has been observed before, will not support the plantation in these articles, but a few years longer, especially if all those long lines of fencing which are furnished by me should be shifted, as is very commonly the case when fields are changed; and, that to depend upon the fencing of another for inclosures, is working land upon a very uncertain tenure, and at too great a hazard to be warranted by prudence; as ill-nature, or even necessity may expose the crops.
That these facts are uncontrovertible, and the reasoning upon them conclusive, none can deny; I mention them to prove, First, that at the same time I discover an inclination to purchase the reversion of your Land, I know what value to set on it; and, secondly, as an indisputable evidence that sooner or later (if you cannot get some of my woodland) you will, for want of Timber and firing, be obliged to part with it to those who have it. And that this must be done to a very great disadvantage, when the period of that necessity is absolutely felt, and the land is more exhausted, is evident to common sense.
It may be asked, why, under these disadvantages, I would choose to be the purchaser? The answer is plain, and I shall candidly give it to you: For besides having timber to supply all the wants of your Land, it is my wish, although it sho'd not fall into my hands immediately, to have in expectation, by reversion, all the Lands in this neck; that I may without loss of time, proceed to the inclosing of it, by a large Ditch, and strong Post and rail fence on the outer boundary of it. This Sir, and the prospect of having the exclusive possession of the whole neck, I declare to you upon my honor, are my motives for buying. It is not the real want of Land, (for I have already more than I have hands to work) nor the extraordinary value of this tract that prompts me to the measure. From a full conviction that I cannot in the course of nature, remain long upon this theater, I have a desire to see such things as are within my reach, accomplished as soon as possible. On this principle it is, I shall go as far to purchase Mr. Manley's Land, as I can conceive it is worth. If the prospect of long life was before me, and I had a mind to play the politician it would be my interest to let Mr. Manleys land fall into your hands without a single bid for it on my part; because having a scarcity of fencing yourself, and his land, I believe, not a stick of timber upon it, it would so much increase the demand upon the little you have, as to involve at an earlier period, the consequence I have foretold.
Having dealt thus freely and frankly in describing the true situation and circumstances of these Lands, and my motives to purchase them, I shall conclude with repeating, that I will take the land of Mr. Manley at the price any three honest and judicious men, indifferently chosen, shall fix upon it. That I will do the same thing with respect to yours, If you incline to sell, or if you will fix the price yourself (having a just regard to the quality and circumstances of the Land) I will give it, without haggling; an allowance being made by men of judgment, conversant in these things, for Mrs. French's life, if she chooses to hold it.
I shall offer no apology for making you these proposals. My meaning is good, and my offers are generous; they will stand the test of examination; and it is my wish, that all the parties concerned (vizt. Mrs. Dulany, Mrs. French and Mr. Triplet Executor of Mr. Manley) may be consulted. If my proposals and observations are good, they will be struck with the force of them; if they are not, my mistake arises from viewing things in a wrong point of light.
I persuade myself, that there is too much liberallity in your way of thinking to suppose, that because I have frankly declared my motives for making these proposals, and have made generous offers towards purchasing your Land; that I shall set no bounds to my prices, in order to obtain it. I as frankly declare that this is not my intention. I will give the full value, but no more; the whole tenour of my conduct hitherto, in this business, must have evinced this; and will more than probable convince Mr. Barry (or rather Mr. Wren his oracle) who was ever afraid to accept the price that was offered for his Land, lest more could be had; of the folly and impolicy of a narrow way of thinking, and give him cause, if I should withhold the same offer in future, to accompany it with repentance. I am &c.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mt. Vernon, November 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: Mrs. Custis, to whom I have spoken on the Subject very much approves of your administring upon Mr. Custis's Estate and thinks, as I do, that you had better undertake it alone, than jointly with her.
If it is necessary to have a Guardian appointed to the Children before the Administration is compleated, and the Estate divided It is much my wish that you (as the Natural friend and nearest relation proper for it) should undertake this trust also. As far as it may ever be in my power to afford you assiste. or share the burthen of it I shall chearfully do it.
I will desire Mr. Lund Washington to have, at all events, a Court in Jany; and Securities ready to engage for your Administration and Guardianship, if it should be adjudged necessary to appoint the latter.
When you come up I wish your time may not be so limited as to prevent your Examining into the situation of Mr. Custis's affairs in this quarter. Every assistance which Mr. Lund Washington can give you in the business, will, I am perswaded be afforded with pleasure. The purchase of Alexander's Land will I fear be the most difficult and perplexing matter of all. I shall commense my journey for the Northward to morrow. Mrs. Washington goes with me, She and Mrs. Custis join in best wishes and sincerest love to you and the rest of our friends around you with Dr. Sir &c.
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1781.
Gentlemen: I have received your Favor of the 9th. Respectg the Cloathing, I think it my Duty to inform you that the Southern Army, from the Supply that has been sent them from York Town and is now going on under the Care of the Detachment under Command of Genl St Clair, with what Genl. Greene has been able to Obtain, will probably go near to be pretty well covered, a few small Articles such as Overhals and small Vests for those Troops who have been on this Expedition and are now going Northward, have also been Issued from what was on Hand and captured; these Circumstances raise a fear, that you are straing your purchases perhaps beyond our absolute Necessities, which I should be sorry should be the Case in the present State of our Finance. I wish it was in my Power to give you the Returns of these Issues; but it is not at present. I expect to see the Comy of Cloathing by the Time I am in Phila. which will be probably in all this Week, when I shall be able to confer with you on greater Certainty.
As I shall so soon be in Phila. I defer Answerg your Request for a Regt to be stationed in that Place untill I have the pleasure to see you there. I am &c.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have to inform you that a very considerable Debt has been incurred upon you as Financier of the United States by an Order for the Relief of the Officers of the Army from the Goods found in York Town; each Officer military and Staff having been authorized to take up on public Acco. the Sum of £20 Virginia Currency, for which Mr Ross, Commercial Agent of this State, is answerable to the Merchants payable in Tobacco. Mr Ross receiving the Amount in Bills upon you to be paid in Six Months from the Time of the Goods being taken; the Returns not being handed in, I am unable to give you the Amount with any precision; your own Calculations will afford you the Sum with a Degree of Certainty.
A Quantity of Goods found on Board a Cartel in York River, and which have been judged to be forfeit, were part suitable for the Army, and part for the Country, the latter which will amount to a considerable Sum, are to be sold at public Vendue and accounted for.
Knowing the State of your Finances, I have studied to keep this Debt within its most moderate Bounds; but in spite of all my Endeavours, I fear you will find it but too large. I hoped to have given you some Assistance from the Military Chest found with the Enemy, but unavoidable Contingencies of the Army, and furnishing the Q M Genl for the So Army, have swallowed up [near one half] of its Contents. A number of Iron Cannon being unnecessary for our Use, I have appropriated as a Fund for Discharge of the Debt incurred and are sent to Head of Elk; this with the other funds may possibly amount to a full Discharge of the Debt. I am &c.
P S. Since writing the above, I am informed by Genl Lincoln who is come up since I left York Town, that the whole Amount of the Goods taken by the Officers and on public Acco will Arise to about £13,000 Stg. and that the Articles sold in York town at public Vendue will be near £6,000.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
November 19, 1781.
Gentn: I accept with peculiar Satisfaction the very kind and affectionate Address of the Citizens of Alexandria; the long acquaintance which in former times I have had of their sincerity and cordiality, stamps it with particular value, and permit me to say, that to make a peaceful return to this agreeable society of my fellow Citizens, is among the most ardent of my wishes, and would prove my greatest comfort for all the toils and vicissitudes which I have experienced during my absence.
The great Director of events has carried us thro' a variety of Scenes during this long and bloody contest in which we have been for Seven Campaigns, most nobly struggling. The present prospect is pleasing, the late success at York Town is very promising, but on our own Improvement depend its future good consequences, a vigorous prosecution of this Success, will in all probability, procure us what we have so long wished to secure, an establishment of Peace, liberty and Independence. A Relaxation of our Exertions at this moment may cost us many more toilsome Campaigns, and be attended with the most unhappy consequences.
Your condolence for the loss of that amiable youth Mr. Custis, affects me most tenderly. His loss I trust will be compensated to you, in some other worthy Representative.
Amidst all the Vecessitudes of Time or Fortune be assured Gentlemen, that I shall ever regard with particular Affection the Citizens and Inhabitants of Alexandria. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: From the original in the possession of Mrs. Robert M. Reese, of Alexandria, Va., who kindly permitted a copy to be made. The draft, in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., is dated November 20.]
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: The late unfortunate death of John Parke Custis Esq, makes it necessary that an Administration of his Estate should be granted to some person. It is proposed that the Honble Bartholomew Dandridge Esq, should take it upon him, and that I should become his security. But as Mr Dandridge is not here at present and is in some measure a Stranger, and I am obliged to go immediately to the Northward, difficulties may occur in the matter, unless You and some Other Gentlemen, My Friends, will be so obliging as to enter into the necessary and usual securityships for him. I shall esteem it a great favor conferred on me, if You and any Other of my Friends will do this, when he comes up to take the Administration [at the Jany Court] and this Letter shall be Obligatory upon me as an indemnity for your and their so doing; and besides, I shall be ready at any moment to enter into Any Counterbond for the better securing You All, for your conduct in the business; [and for your becoming Securities for his Guardianship to the Children, if it shall be adjudged necessary to appoint him to this trust at that, or any other time.] I would do it now, if I knew the Gentlemen who would engage for Mr Dandridge's Administration. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
November 21, 1781.
Sir: I am obliged by the polite and affectionate address of the Citizens of Annapolis. Nothing can be more flattering to me than to know that my general conduct has met the approbation of my Countrymen; it is the most grateful reward of those services which I have ever in the course of my command endeavoured to render them, but which their too great partiality has oftentimes overrated.
That the State in general and this City in particular may long enjoy the benefits which they have a right to expect from their very spirited exertions in the prosecution of this just War is the sincere Wish of Sir Your etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 24: President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Delegates, respectively, of Maryland.]
Annapolis, November 23, 1781.
Gentlemen: I very sensibly feel the honor which has this day been conferred upon me by the vote of thanks of so respectable a Body as that of the General Assembly of the State of Maryland. The regard which they have been pleased to express for me personally; the delicate manner in which they have recalled to view those distant events which, in some degree, led to our present happy situation, and the general approbation which they have generously bestowed upon the whole of my conduct, must ever secure to them my warmest esteem and must at the same time operate as fresh incentives to merit their future good opinion.
It is with the highest degree of pleasure I observe that, a proper allowance has been made for the capital share which the Land and Sea forces of our great and good Ally had in the reduction of the common enemy at York in Virginia. I should deem myself unpardonable were I not upon every occasion, more especially upon such an one as the present, to declare, that to the sound Councils and vigorous exertions of their Excellencies the Counts de Rochambeau and de Grasse much, very much of our success was owing.
While I agree in Sentiment with the Honorable Body over whom you preside that we may entertain a rational ground of belief, that under the favor of divine providence the Freedom, Independence and happiness of America will shortly be established upon the surest foundation; I think it a duty incumbent upon me to observe, that those most desirable objects are not to be fully attained but by a continuance of those exertions which have already so greatly humbled the power of our inveterate enemies. Relaxation upon our parts will give them time to recollect and recover themselves, whereas a vigorous prosecution of the War, must inevitably crush their remaining force in these States or put them to the shameful necessity of intirely withdrawing themselves.
I cannot conclude without expressing my warmest wishes for the prosperity of a State which has ever stood among the foremost in her support of the common Cause. I confess myself under particular obligations for the ready attention which I have experienced to those requisitions which, in the course of my duty, I have occasionally been under the necessity of making. I have the honor etc.
[MD.H.S.]
Philadelphia, November 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have the Honor to acknowledge your Favor of the 6th Instant, and to thank your Excellency with great Sincerity, for the very cordial and affectionate Congratulations which you are pleased to express on our late Success in Virginia.
I most earnestly hope that this Event may be productive of the happy Consequences your Excellency mentions, and I think that its good Effects cannot fail to be very extensive, unless from a mistaken Idea of the Magnitude of this Success, unhappily a Spirit of Remissness should seize the Minds of the States, and they should sitt themselves down in quiet, with a Delusive Hope of the Contest being bro't to its Close. I hope this may not be the Case; to prevent so great an Evil, shall be the Study of my Winters Endeavour, and I cannot but flatter myself that the States, rather than relax in their Exertions, will be stimulate to the most vigorous preparations, for another Active, glorious and Decisive Campaign, which if properly prosecuted, will I trust under the Smiles of Heaven, lead us to the End of this long and tedious War, and sitt us Down in the full Security of the great Object of our Toils, the Establishment of Peace, Liberty and Independence.
Whatever may be the Policy of European Courts during this Winter, their Negociations will prove too precarious a Dependence for us to trust to. Our Wisdom should dictate a serious Preparation for War, and in that State we shall find ourselves in a Situation secure against every Event.
Your Excellency's Wish for some Ships of our Ally to be stationed at N London, I should have been happy to have promoted, would Circumstances have permitted; but the Admiral De Grasse has taken almost all his Ships of War with him, and except a frigate or two left in York River for the Security and Aid of the French Troops who will have their Winter Quarters in the Vicinity of York Town, not a Ship of Force is left upon the American Station. The Supply of Fresh Beef to the Island of Martinico, is certainly a desirable Object to our Allies, and is worthy of Attention; but no Security can be given to its Transportation from the Quarter you mention. I have the Honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, November 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have the Pleasure to acknowledge your two favors of the 2d and 15th. instant, and to thank you most cordially for your very polite and affectionate Congratulations.
Our Success in Virginia, happily effected with little Loss of Time and Blood, cannot fail, if properly pursued, to procure us very extensive good Consequences; my great Fear is what you mention; all my Powers will be exerted this Winter to prevent so great an Evil, and to stimulate the States to vigorous Preparations for another Campaign.
I am very sorry to hear the Account you give of the Temper of the governing Powers of Vermont.27 I had no Idea but the Terms offered them by Congress would have been readily
[Note 27: See Schuyler's letter of Nov. 2, 1781, in the Washington Papers.] accepted, and that all would have been quiet with them. I hope their Delusion will be removed.
I most heartily congratulate you my Dear Sir on the Success of Colo Willet,28 and on the Repulse of the Enemy from your Frontier; the Reception they have met this Campaign, I hope will teach them a needfull Lesson and prevent their future infesting your Quiet. I am &c.29
[Note 28: Col. Marinus Willett. He forced the retreat of a British marauding expedition in Tryon County.]
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, November 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your several Favors of the 9th. 12th. and 17th. instt, with their Inclosures are received.
The Disposition of the Troops for Winter Quarters, I think is well arranged. The New Hampshire Regiments, as they are already on the Ground, had best remain at the Northward, for the Protection of that Frontier. Hazens have already performed a long Tour of March and Duty; and it may seem hard to send them still so much further, and the New Hampshire Regts. I should suppose fully equal to the Purpose of guarding the Northern Frontier during the Winter.
I have conversed with Mr Morris on the Subject of your Want of Flour; he seems surprised at the Circumstance; as he had supposed that a sufficient Quantity had been procured by his Engagement with the State Agent of N York for 5,000 Barrels, and some other Purchases ordered to be made by himself. He will take Care for your better Supply.
Money is an Article of greater Difficulty. I am very sensible of the Distress of the Army, and shall do all in my power, while I remain in this Town, to obtain them a Sum; but the Financier at present gives me but small Encouragement.
The Success of Colo Willet at the Northward, does him great Honor; and I hope will be attended with very good Consequences. With great Regard etc.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 31: Of Pennsylvania.]
November 29, 1781.
Sir: I consider this very polite Address of the Supreme Executive Council, as a fresh mark of that attention which I have ever experienced from them.
My Services I consider as my Country's due, and when they meet the approbation of my fellow Citizens I shall ever esteem myself happy in so agreeable a reward.
The late success of the American arms at York Town in Virginia, so vigorously aided by the noble exertions of our generous Ally, if properly improved, will, I doubt not, be attended with the happiest consequences.
I most sincerely thank you Sir for your kind wishes for my personal prosperity, and beg you to be assured, that a full establishment of Peace, Liberty and Independence to this, and the other United States of America, is the most ardent wish of Sir, Yr Most Obedt.
November 29, 1781.
Gentlemen: I esteem myself highly honored by the address of so respectable a Body as the Representatives of the Freemen of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met. While I confess that it is extremely pleasing to me to know that my conduct in the late successful enterprise against the enemy in Virginia meets the approbation of my Fellow Citizens, I think it a duty incumbent upon me to declare that great part of the merit of that important event was owing to the assistance I derived from the good conduct and bravery of the Officers and Men under my command. The powerful succour which we received from the land and sea forces of our great, good and generous Ally ought to, and I am sure does, make the most grateful impression upon the Hearts of every true American.
In return for your warm expressions of personal regard, permit me most sincerely to assure you that I wish nothing more ardently than the peace and prosperity of the State which you represent.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, November 30, 1781.
Sir: Your very agreeable Favor of the 28th ulto. which I have had the pleasure to receive, and which is filled with such sincere Marks of Cordiality and Affection, could not fail to be very acceptable to me.
I thank you Sir! for your Congratulations on the late Success in Virginia; a Success which must be productive of happy Relief to that State in particular; and I trust if properly improved, will be conducive of very extensive good Consequences to the united States. The very important Share which our great Allies have taken in this Event, ought to endear them to every American, and their Assistance should be remembered with perpetual Gratitude.
I am most sincerely sorry for the Misfortune which prevented me the pleasure of seeing you in Virginia; among the Number of my Friends, who made me happy in their Company while I was in that State, it would have afforded me a peculiar Satisfaction to have added you in the List. With very great Regard etc.33
[Note 33: From the original in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 34: Of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 30, 1781.
Sir: Your Excellency's several Favors of the 10th. 13th. and 24th. instant with their Inclosures were handed me while on the Road to this Town, which has prevented my Reply before the present Moment.
While I Congratulate your Excellency on your Appointment to fill the most important Seat in the United States, I take the same opportunity to thank you with great Sincerity for the very polite Manner in which you are pleased to tender me the Advantages of your Correspondence. As a mutual free Communication cannot fail to be attended with great Satisfaction to me, and will undoubtedly be productive of very useful Consequences to the public Cause, your Excellency may be assured I shall pay very particular Attention to this Correspondence.
I sincerely Accord to your Excellency's Sentiment that Our public Affairs at present assume a promising Aspect; but suffer me to begin the Freedom of our Correspondence, by Observing to your Excellency, that upon our future vigorous Improvement of the present favorable Moment, depend the happy Consequences which we now promise ourselves as the Result of all the successful Events of the last Campaign. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. This letter was a private one.]
[Note 36: Of Rock Creek. A Delegate to Congress from Maryland and at this time chairman of the committee appointed by Congress to confer with the Commander in Chief on the establishment of the Army. The first meeting was to be held "at 11 oClock on Saturday morning, [December 1] in the Committee room of Congress." Carroll had prepared a list of 12 questions for consideration.]
Philadelphia, November 30, 1781.
Sir: I have the Honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favr. of the 28th. The Queries mentioned are so extensive that it will not be in my Power to be prepared with satisfactory Answers to All, at our first Meeting.
I shall do myself the Honor to attend the Committee at the Hour specified, and Am &ca.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, November 30, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your Favor of the 14th inst. and am very sorry to observe the Difficulties and Impediments which have attended the march of the Troops under your Command; they are such as I feared; but such as I trust the Resources of your Genius will be able to surmount.
The Returns you inclose, I am sorry to see so small; the Deficiency in Number must be made up in the Vigour of your Operations.
Your Prospects against Wilmington, I think are not unpromising on the Ground you mention, though there is no accounting for the Events of War. If your Attempts should fail, whatever may be the Censures of the People at the Moment of the Event, yet I doubt not but your Character will eventually Obtain that Justice which I flatter myself your Conduct will ever merit, an Instance of which you have already had in the Course of the present War.
Inclosed you will find Extracts from the Resolutions of Congress on the Occasion of our late Success in Virginia. I transmitt them to you to be communicated to the Troops under your Command; that they may know the Sense in which Congress are pleased to estimate their late Services. With sincere Wishes for your Health etc.
P.S. Colo Febigers Return of Virginia Troops appearg very extraordinary, I fear that a Dislike to the Service in the South, or some other Reasons have operated to lessen the Numbers beyond what ought to be. I beg Sir, that you will write to him in the Most strenuous Manner to bring on every Man, who is engaged for a permanent Term, and who is possibly able to march no excuse will be admitted for unnecessary Detentions.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, November 30, 1781.
My Lord: I have had the pleasure to receive your Lordships Favor of the 20th. inclosing your Correspondence with Colo St Ledger.39
[Note 39: Col. Barry St. Leger, of the Thirty-fourth Foot, British Army.]
I thank you my Lord most sincerely for your Congratulations on the late Success in Virginia; an Event which, if properly improved by the States, I should hope might be attended with the happy Consequences you are pleased to enumerate. My Fear is, that from an Over-rating this Success, a Spirit of Relaxation will take place in our Measures; which, should it be the Case, will prove very prejudicial to our future Operations or Negociations, and may serve to protract a War already too long continued.
I am exceedingly pleased my Lord to find, that the military Operations in the Northern District under your Direction, have been attended with such happy Success; the Consequences I think cannot fail to be very important. With Sentiments of high Esteem etc.40
[Note 40: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Philadelphia, December 2, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Favr. of the 10th ulto. and am much obliged by your kind Condolence on the very heavy Loss which Mrs Washington and myself have suffered in the Death of the amiable youth Mr Custis.
I arrived in this Town on the 27th. ulto.41 where, at the Request of Congress, I expect to remain some Weeks.
[Note 41: The Pennsylvania Journal for Nov. 28, 1781, states that Washington arrived in Philadelphia the afternoon of November 26.]
I am glad to find that your Troops begin to find themselves accommodated, and hope that your Winter Quarters will prove very agreeable to yourself and the Gentlemen of your Army. With very great Regard etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, December 3, 1781.
Sir: I am informed by the Director Genl. that there will be a necessity of establishing a temporary Hospital at Wilmington for the accommodation of a number of Soldiers returning from Virginia whose cases will not admit of their being brought further at this advanced season. Doctor Latimer,43 the Bearer, is
[Note 43: Dr. Henry Latimer, Hospital Physician and Surgeon. He served to the close of the war.] appointed to establish this Hospital, and I must request the favor of your Excellency to furnish him with the proper powers or means to procure a Building or Buildings suitable for the purpose and Carriages for the transportation of the Patients from the Head of Elk. Your Excellency must be sensible that from the nature of the Business upon which I have taken the liberty to trouble you, its execution can admit of no delay without endangering the loss of many brave and good Men. I have the honor etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 3, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to acquaint your Excellency, that proposals have been made by the British Commissary of prisoners, for the exchange of the residue of our Officers taken at Charlestown, for part of those lately taken at York in Virginia. Before I enter upon this Business, I should wish to be informed whether Congress have any objections to the exchange of Lieutenant Genl. Earl Cornwallis. Altho' the British have no Officer of equal rank in their possession, yet, as we must procure the release of our three Brigadiers and several full Colonels by composition, it will, I presume be expected and demanded that Lord Cornwallis shall be set against them. I shall be glad of the determination of Congress upon this matter as soon as convenient. Mr. Skinner is waiting his instructions from me, which I cannot compleat before I am favored with an answer to this. I have the honor &c.45
[Note 45: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on December 3 and referred to Daniel Carroll, Ezekiel Cornell, Samuel John Atlee, Edmund Randolph, and Nicholas Eveleigh.]
Philadelphia, December 4, 1781.
Sir: I take the liberty to inclose to Congress Copy of a letter46 which I have lately received from Major General Greene, on the subject of the promotion of Colo. Williams of the Maryland line to the Rank of a Brigadier.
[Note 46: Of Oct. 30, 1781. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
If it is necessary to add any thing to the recommendation of General Greene, I can assure Congress, that Colo. Williams, as an Officer of merit, has ever stood high in my estimation, and that it is my opinion, that his long services, military abilities and good conduct justly entitle him to the promotion mentioned, provided Congress should think proper, at this time, to fill the vacancy. I also inclose an application from Capt. Provaux47 of the 2d south Carolina Regt., for liberty to go to Cape Francois. I have never undertaken to permit an Officer to go off the Continent without obtaining the approbation of Congress. I shall therefore be glad of their opinion upon the present case. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 47: Capt. Adrian Provaux. He had been taken prisoner at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1780, and was still a prisoner on parole.]
[Note 48: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 49: Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. He filled the office from October, 1781, to November, 1783. Joseph Carleton, Secretary of the War Office, acted from the last date to the appointment of Maj. Gen. Henry Knox in March, 1785.]
Philadelphia, December 4, 1781.
Sir: I beg leave to refer to your attention the inclosed letter from Captn. Swan,50 particularly so much of it as respects the finishing the three hundred sets of Horse Accoutrements which
[Note 50: Capt. John Swan, of the Third Continental Dragoons. Heitman dates his majority in the First Continental Dragoons from October, 1780. He served to the close of the War.] only want Bits and Stirrups to complete them. The swords which are the most essential Weapons for Dragoons with their Belts should also be procured if possible. I presume a certain proportion of Cloathing will be allotted to the southern Army and for that reason I am not anxious to have the Uniforms for which Capt. Swan applies made up here. The Regt. to which he belongs will draw their share below in common with others. Indeed I would recommend that the Horse Accoutrements, Caps, Boots, Breeches and any other Articles which Captain Swan may obtain here may be sent to the order of Major Genl. Greene; That if upon their arrival Baylors Regt. should not require them all, the surplus may be applied to other Corps.
As I have every Reason to believe that the Horse Accoutrements are exceedingly wanted at the southward, I could wish that means might be found, if possible to get them out of the Tradesmen's hands and dispatch them. I have the Honor etc.
P.S. Since writing the above I find by reference to some papers from the Board of War that a number of Bits, Stirrups and swords brought by Colo. Laurens from France have been ordered without loss of time from Boston.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 5, 1781.
My dear Sir: From the tenor of your private letter of this date, I presume you are unacquainted with my recommendation of Genl. Knox to Congress (at the time Genl. Duportail was mentioned to that body by me). If my expressions in his favor were not warm and full, they fell as far short of my intention, as of his merit, and did injustice to both; because I absolutely refused to recommend the latter without the former, who I thought equally, at least, entitled, upon every principle, to promotion. If any thing further can be done by me, it must, I conceive be obtained by some other means than a direct application to Congress. In the mean time, I hope Genl. Knox will take no hasty resolution, or at least suspend the execution of it if he should. I am etc.
Philadelphia, December 5, 1781.
Sir: You will proceed immediately to Elizabeth Town, and, agreeable to Mr. Lorings proposal, endeavour to effect the exchanges of such of our Officers as remain unreleased, for part of the British and Foreign lately taken at York in Virginia.
When a similarity of Rank will not apply, you will proceed, as usual, upon the mode of composition; with this reserve only, that you are, in as delicate a manner as possible, to wave the exchange of Lord Cornwallis for the present.
Should the British Commissary refuse to enter upon the Business on account of the detention of Lord Cornwallis, you will report to me, without loss of time.
General O'Hara, you will observe, is returned as a Brigadier only, when I am pretty confident, that he has been announced in the New York papers as a Major General, by Sir Henry Clintons appointment. You will make the proper enquiry into this matter.
There are sundry Officers and privates remaining prisoners in Canada, whose release I wish to effect, and for which purpose I some time ago wrote to General Haldiman,52 proposing to him to send them to New York, that they might be exchanged from thence; but I have received no answer. I would wish you
[Note 52: See Washington's letter to Abraham Skinner, Aug. 30, 1780 (vol. 19).] to endeavour to fall upon some means of having them includedin the present business.
You will find among the prisoners of York and Gloucester, a number of persons who come under no military description, but who are, by the capitulation, subjects of exchange. You may set them against any persons of the Class of Citizens who may be in the hands of the enemy, or against our marine prisoners. I am &c.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 6, 1781.
Sir: I am induced to mention a subject which has already occasioned many discussions. The situation of those Men ought to be attended to, who, by the chance of War are subjected to the authority of your sovereign or mine. It is much to be wished that all difficulties in Exchanges be obviated, the expences of maintaining prisoners liquidated and solid arrangements made to provide for them in future.
From a sincere desire to accomplish these objects, I will, upon receiving your Excellency's approbation of the plan appoint Brigadier Genl. Knox and Gouverneur Morris Esqr. on the part of the United States to meet Commissioners properly authorised by you either at Elizabeth Town, upon Staten Island or at any other place which may be deemed mutually convenient.
You will find inclosed a Passport for a Gentleman to proceed to Frederick Town and Winchester agreeable to your Excellency's request of the 30th. Novemr. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The draft of the passport inclosed is also in the writing of Tilghman, dated December 6, and grants permission for the agent "to proceed from New York to Frederick Town in Maryland and Winchester in Virginia with Money for the British Officers prisoners of War there by the Route of Easton, Bethlehem, Reading, Lancaster and York Town, and to return by the same when his business is accomplished."]
Philadelphia, December 6, 1781.
Sir: The destination of your Regiment for the Winter will be Lancaster in this State. You will therefore order it to march thither by the shortest Route from the place where this may reach you. If it should be from Christiana Bridge or Wilmington you will probably find Flour Waggons returning which will transport your Baggage upon easy terms; Unless you have a sufficiency of public Waggons with you.
You will upon your arrival at Lancaster, untill you receive more particular orders, mount the necessary Guards over the prisoners of War.
You will either come forward to this place yourself or send one of your Officers with accurate Returns of the Strength of the Regt. that the secretary at War may from them give you a compleat supply of Cloathing, which I have the pleasure to inform you we have now in our power to distribute to the brave and deserving soldiers. I am &c.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Thursday, December 6, 1781.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A General Court Martial will Assemble at ten oclock tomorrow morning at the City Tavern for the Trial of Major General Howe upon the following Charges exhibited against him by the Delegates of the State of Georgia in Congress by order of the General Assembly of the said State.
Major General the Baron de Steuben will Preside.
General Knox, Colonels Stewart, Lamb, Moylan and Hampton and Majors Bauman, Clarkson, Burnet, Moore, McPherson, Galvan and Murnan to attend as Members, and Captain Walker56 as Judge Advocate. 1st. For sacrificing by his Conduct the Capital of the State of Georgia and the Troops of that State on the 29th. day of December 1778 which was the first Cause of the Distresses and Consequences which ensued. 2dly. For crossing the Savanna river the "Day succeeding the 29th. of December 1778 with the Troops that escaped from Savanna and ordering those at Sunbury and Augusta to do the same leaving the State at the mercy of the enemy without any Continental troops instead of retreating to the back Country and gathering the inhabitants. Whereby the Good people of the State were further discouraged and the Country thus abandoned became an easy prey to the British troops they marching up and taking Post at Augusta and sending Detachments to every Part of the State."
[Note 56: Capt. Benjamin Walker, of the Fourth New York Regiment. He had been aide to Baron Steuben with the rank of major since September, 1778; lieutenant colonel and aide to Washington in January, 1782, to close of the war.]
Philadelphia, December 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: I inclose you for acceptance my two drafts on you in favor of Mr. David Ross Commissioner of Trade for theState of Virginia one for £7452.12.0 ½ Sterling; the other for £6035.17.2½ Sterling, which two sums are for the Amount of the Goods purchased of the British Merchants in York and delivered out to the Officers of the Army. Mr. Ross's letter to me which was laid before you this morning explains the manner in which he expects to discount the Bill for £7452.12.½ Sterling. Colo. Tilghman informs me that you expressed a desire to transmit these Bills to Mr. Ross yourself and to write to him on the mode in which you propose to make payment. You will be pleased to do it, and I, in my letter to him, shall refer him to you.
Inclosed you will find an Abstract of the amount of the Goods delivered to the Officers. I daily expect the particulars from Colo. Carrington who had the transaction of the Business. You will from them ascertain the sum in which every individual drew and will be able to furnish the pay Mr. Genl. with the same that he may charge the Officers accordingly.
The Express will return to morrow Morning to Mr. Ross. I have the honor etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 8, 1781.
Dear Sir: A Committee of Congress are preparing a Report in which they wish to ascertain with as much precision as possible the number of Men we shall have remaining by some fixed day the ensuing Spring. In order to effect this, a very accurate Return will be necessary, specifying the term for which every non Commd. Officer and private stands engaged. You will therefore immediately call for such an one from the Troops under your command, made out Regimentally. You will be pleased to direct the Returns to be made as speedily as possible, and transmit them to me the instant they come in. I am &c.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, December 10, 1781.
Sir: I am informed by Admiral Digby that the Ship New Blessing Captain Thomas Craven will be dispatched as a Cartel from New York to Virginia with American prisoners and with Stores, Medicines and Cloathing, for the British seamen in Hospital at Gloucester or elsewhere. Your Excellency or the Commanding Officer of his Most Christian Majesty's ships of War will be pleased to point out the most convenient and proper places for the ship to come to, upon her arrival and permit the Stores, &c. to be landed. I inclose an Inventory of the Cargo as transmitted to me by the Admiral.
By an agreement entered into with the British Merchants at York and Gloucester, the Tobacco in which they were to be paid for the Goods purchased from them on public Account was to be transported to New York under the sanction of a Flag, and I have accordingly granted passports62 for the first Cargo that has been shipped.63 But as applications to me at this distance will be attended with delay and inconvenience I must request the favor of your Excellency to grant passports to any Vessel in future provided you have a Certificate from David Ross Esq. Commissioner of Trade for the State of Virginia that such Vessel is actually laden with Tobacco of the description before mentioned.
[Note 62: A draft of the passport granted by Washington, dated December 10, and in the writing of Tilghman, is in the Washington Papers. It is made out to the brigantine Potomack, to proceed from Virginia "to New York, laden with Eighty five Hhds of Tobacco which have been paid by the Commissioner of Trade for the State of Virginia to the British Merchants of York and Gloucester for goods purchased from them on public account... The passengers whose names are hereunto annexed prisoners of War upon parole by the Capitulation of York and Gloucester are permitted to go to New York in the vessel above mentioned." Washington inclosed the passport in a short note (December 10) to William Hunter, jr., at Alexandria, requesting him to forward it, along with the letters of December 10 to Rochambeau and David Ross. This note is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 63: At this point the following is crossed off in the draft: "Congress having required my attendance in this City to assist in some arrangements which are now upon the Carpet, it will be some time before I leave it."]
I shall be happy to hear from you and to know that your Winter Cantonments are perfectly satisfactory. I have the honor etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 10, 1781.
Sir: I have received your favors of the 22d. and 24th. of November, I am obliged by the attention which you paid to the Cherokee Chiefs.
The Bills which you transmitted have been signed by me and accepted by Mr. Morris, and the times of payment stipulated agreeable to your request. Mr. Morris returns these Bills to you under a letter from himself in which he proposes the mode of payment.
I have granted a passport for the Brigantine Potowmac and have sent it under cover to Mr. William Hunter Junr. of Alexandria, which he informed me would be most convenient as you were going up the Country.
You may give the British Merchants, of whom Goods were purchased, an assurance that passports to New York shall always be granted to such Vessels as are laden with Tobacco received from you in payment of the public debt. And to make the transaction of this business as expeditious and as little inconvenient as possible I have desired His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau to grant passports in future to such Vessels as you shall certify to him are laden with the kind of goods before mentioned. It will lay with the owners to make the British Merchants give them an assurance that the Vessels will be allowed to return under sanction of a Flag. I am &c.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Monday, December 10, 1781.
By the United States in Congress assembled
Resolved, That the legislature of each State raise, at the expence thereof, in the first instance, to be reimbursed by the United States, so many men as may be necessary to complete the quota assigned to such State, out of the number of land forces agreed upon in the resolution of the 3d and 21 days of October, 1780, calculating the deficiency upon the number of men whose times of service will expire on or before the first day of March, 1782.
Resolved, That the legislature of each State be called upon in the most pressing manner, to cause the quota thereof of land forces to be compleated and in the field by the first day of March next, and to provide for replacing those men whose time of service shall expire between the said first day of March, 1782, and the last day of November in the said year.
Resolved, That it be recommended to the legislature of each State, to fill up the quota thereof of land forces by inlistments for three years, or during the war.
Resolved, That such states as now have any non-commissioned officers or privates in any of the regiments of cavalry, legionary corps, artillery, or Hazen's regiment, be credited in their quotas for such men, according to the numbers, from time to time; for which purpose the Commander in Chief is hereby directed to specify such non-commissioned officers and privates to the states to which they formerly belonged, in the returns which he shall make to the states, and in his annual return to Congress.
Resolved, That the Commander in Chief cause returns to be made as speedily as possible, to the legislature of each State, as well of the number of men whose time of service expire before the first day of March, 1782, as of those whose time of service will expire on or before the last day of November in the year aforesaid.
[Note 66: Commanding the British fleet at New York.]
Philadelphia, December 11, 1781.
Sir: The moment I received your Excellency's letter, without date, which reached me a few days ago, I wrote to his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau commanding in Virginia, desiring him to give the Cartel ship New Blessing the proper reception upon her arrival in Chesapeak. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 3d. Inst. inclosing your Resignation which I have delivered in to the Secy. at
[Note 68: McHenry had been elected to the Maryland Senate. His letter of resignation to Washington, dated Dec. 3, 1781, is in the Washington Papers.] War. I am convinced your transition from the Military to the Civil Line will be attended with good consequences, as you will be able to communicate that kind of information to the Body of which you are now a Member which they often stand in need of in times like the present; And as you seem of opinion that my sentiments on public affairs will give weight to your endeavours, I with great pleasure open a correspondence on that subject.
You know it is an old and true Maxim that to make a good peace, you ought to be well prepared to carry on the War. This, the sentiment of our Ally, is not only strongly pressed upon Congress by his Minister here, but by the Gentlemen at the heads of our three great departments, Finance, Foreign Affairs and War. My stay in Town is merely to assist in and forward the several arrangements which are upon the Carpet, and I believe you are sufficiently acquainted with me to suppose that I do not fail to urge vigorous measures. I am happy in finding no want of disposition in Congress to adopt the measures recommended by their Committees and their executive Officers. The requisitions which they have made and which they will shortly make upon the States will evince this. It will afterwards lay with the States to determine whether we are, early in the next Campaign, to take advantage of what we have gained this, or whether we are as usual to suffer the enemy to bring their reinforcements from Europe before we draw ours from the neighbourhood of the Army as it were.
I need not say more to you at this time, indeed I hope you will have no occasion to make use of the hints I have given.69 For I have the highest opinion of the good will and Vigor of your Legislature. I am etc.70
[Note 69: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "Should you find any inclination in your legislature either to delay or to relax."]
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 11, 1781.
Dear Sir: I received yours of the 22d. of Novem. by Capt. Sargent71 and am obliged by the trouble which you took in securing Quarters for me. It is very uncertain when I shall have occasion to use them, as I am detained here at the request of Congress to assist in the arrangements which are making for the next Campaign. As to the plan which you propose, I will only say just now, that there are not the same motives for carrying it into execution [or running risks] that there were last summer. Then we could have maintained our advantage if successful, or could by a diversion have favoured the retreat of our Troops if otherwise. The severity of the season and uncertainty of the Weather are other reasons which operate against an enterprize which would take more than one night to execute.72
[Note 71: Capt. Winthrop Sargent, of the Third Continental Artillery. He was aide to Gen. Robert Howe from June, 1780, to the close of the war; secretary of the northwest territory in 1787; and adjutant general of St. Clair's Indian expedition. He was wounded at the Maumee, Ohio, in November, 1791, and was Governor of Mississippi Territory in 1798.]
[Note 72: Humphreys had written from Peekskill (November 22) suggesting an attempt upon the British at the north end of York Island on the return of the troops from the south.]
Should you not find me upon the North River when you arrive there, you will come on to this place. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 12, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 25th. of November, and return you my sincere thanks for your kind congratulations upon the late important success of the Allied Arms.
I am obliged to you for the trouble you had taken with the prisoners of War, and for the offers which you make of rendering further services in that way: But the Secretary at War, Major Genl. Lincoln, into whose department the charge of that business now falls, had given his directions in the matter to Colo. Wood, who has long had the superintendance of Prisoners upon the Frontier. A very troublesome Business and not to be envied.
What you mention respecting those Soldiers of ours, who, after returning from Captivity, have never joined their Corps, and those who while prisoners inlist with the enemy and then desert, deserves attention. If the terms for which they were inlisted have not expired, they are certainly liable to be called into service, and you will be pleased to look upon yourself as authorised to apprehend all such as cannot make it appear that their times have expired.
I wish you a perfect recovery of your Health and am with Esteem etc.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y. P. L.]
[Note 75: Then the Maryland State commissary of prisoners at Frederick Town, Md.]
Philadelphia, December 12, 1781.
Sir: I reed. your favor of the 2d. Inst. by Colo. Thomas. The Secretary at War, Major Genl. Lincoln, under whose orders the prisoners of War now more immediately fall, convinced that a strict hand will be necessary over the British in particular, is about removing all those to Lancaster and to this City, where they will be closely confined under Continental Guards. The Foreigners, who are more tractable, will be left in the Frontier Towns.
Genl. Lincoln will write to you by Colo. Noarth76 on the subject of assisting in the removal of the British prisoners. You will oblige me by giving every aid in your power. I am &c.77
[Note 76: Lieut. Col. Caleb North, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 12, 1781.
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday's date. After your application to Congress and their acceptance of your resignation, I do not conceive myself at liberty to recommend you to the Rank of Major by Brevet in the American service, because that would imply a new introduction into the Army.
Congress have in their Resolve of the 28th. November expressed their sense of your Merits and have assigned a reason for accepting your Commission which reflects no dishonour upon you. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. In the Washington Papers, under date of Dec. 17, 1781, is the draft of a certificate of service granted to Charles, Baron de Frey, by Washington. It is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 13, 1781.
Sir: From the representation which you laid before me yesterday, it appears that the proceedings of the Court are principally impeded for want of the evidence of General Elbert79 and Colo. Ternant.
[Note 79: Brig. Gen. Samuel Elbert, of the Georgia Militia.]
As to the first it is more than probable that in ten or twelve days the return of the Messenger will determine whether his evidence can or cannot be obtained, and in the same time Colo. Ternant may possibly be relieved from the difficulty under which he at present labors, as the Commissary of prisoners is negotiating an exchange in which he will be included. In consideration of these circumstances, I would think it advisable that the Court should proceed to take such other Evidence as can be obtained on the part of the prosecution and then adjourn for such time as they may reasonably expect to hear from Genl. Elbert. This is merely my opinion, and I would not wish the Court to think themselves bound to follow it. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Friday, December 14, 1781.
By the United States in Congress Assembled
Resolved, That in future no particular warrants issue in favour of any officers in actual service in the line of any State, for pay or subsistence, but that at all times they draw their pay and subsistence with the regiment to which they respectively belong, from the paymaster of such regiment.
Philadelphia, December 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 6th. reached me yesterday. I am sorry that you found the old Huts of the Jersey Line destroyed, but as that mode of Cantonment seems to me absolutely necessary not only for safety but for the preservation of discipline, I must leave it with you to fix upon the nearest piece of Ground suitable for the purpose, with only this general direction, that it be as near as possible to the entrance of the Ringwood Clove. Should the distance from the entrance be such as to require it, you may build a Guard House for a subalterns command at some convenient place in the Gorge of the Mountain, to intercept straglers and suspicious persons.
You will make yourself acquainted with the Country leading towards the enemy and take such precautions for your security as may be necessary. I am &c.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 14, 1781.
Dear Sir: Upon a supposition that this may reach you upon the north River, I am induced to recommend to your particular attention the collection and preservation of the Boats, if steps have not already been taken for that purpose you will consult with General Heath upon the number that will be wanting for the different services of the Garrison and all the remainder are to be deposited in a proper manner at some secure place. Wappings Creek appears to me as safe and convenient as any. I imagine it will be needless to go upon repairs till the spring, but of this, those who are better judges of the matter will determine.
In order that we may know whether the number we shall probably have upon hand at the opening of the Campaign will be sufficient for the demands of it, you will be pleased to bring down with you an exact Return of the present numbers, specifying the state they are in. And it will be well for you to leave directions with Colo. Hughes to enquire the lowest and most advantageous terms on which an additional number may be obtained if wanted.
Perhaps it may be impossible for you to enter upon a large and general provision of the Articles which will be necessary in your department for the next Campaign before you know how far you can be supported by the Financier. But you may be making arrangements and calculations upon the same number of Men that were employed last year, and may be making enquiries before hand where and in what manner you can be best supplied.
You are sufficiently acquainted with the low state of our funds to know that the utmost æconomy is necessary and that this winter should be improved in putting into repair whatever of our old equipage can be again rendered serviceable. I am etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of George Augustine Washington and Tench Tilghman.]
Phila., December 15, 1781.
Dr. Sir: I have particular pleasure in putting the inclosed letter under cover to you and adding, that Mrs. Rutledge and your family are perfectly well. I shall not attempt to give you the politicks of this place, or say any thing of the disposition of Congress; you will get these thro' better Channels. I shall only add, that few people can subscribe themselves with more truth. Yr. most Obedt. etc.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Saturday, December 15, 1781.
By the United States in Congress assembled
Resolved, That the resolution passed yesterday against issuing particular warrants and respecting the mode of drawing for pay and subsistence, be extended to officers of the seperate corps, as well as to those in the lines of the several states.
Captain Nicholas White is appointed to do the Duty of Judge Advocate to the General Courtmartial whereof Major General the Baron de Steuben is President, vice Captain Walker whose indisposition obliges him to retire.
Lieutenant Chandler Burlington83 of the Rhode Island regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Olney, is appointed Paymaster to the same and is to be respected accordingly. His appointment to take place from the 14 day of May last.
[Note 83: Lieut, Chandler Burlingame (Burlington), of Olney's Rhode Island Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Philadelphia, December 15, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 3d and 4th Instants. General Lincoln informs me that he has written to you fully on the subject of Cloathing.
It having been thought necessary by Congress that an escort should accompany the mail from Fishkill to Morris Town, I do not look upon myself at liberty to judge of the propriety of continuing or discontinuing the measure. The duty must be performed by reliefs from Sheldons Regiment as the Quarter Master is not able to furnish the fresh Horses required.
I am in possession of a deal of intelligence similar to that furnished by Capt. Edgar, and am at a loss to know whether the Vermontese are playing a merely political or guilty game. I have reason to think the former. I am now endeavoring to get all our prisoners in Canada exchanged, and if any of them, after they are released, can throw light upon a number of transactions which I confess are misterious, they will be made use of for that purpose.
You will be pleased to introduce the inclosed resolve of the 29th October into your General Orders, addressing it particularly to those Officers and Men who served at the siege of York; it came to my hands after the Army had moved from York, and they have not before been again in so collected a state as to receive the honor conferred upon them by Congress.
I wrote yesterday to Colo. Pickering, supposing my letter would reach him upon the North River, to concert measures with you for the security of all the Boats not wanted for the uses of the Garrison, and to bring down with Him a very accurate return of the number upon hand with their condition. Should my letter not meet Him, you will be pleased to attend very particularly to the first, and direct the return to be made to me.
The Financier having compleated his contract for the supply of West Point and its dependencies with provisions and the Quarter Master having been furnished with the means of procuring Forage. I am in hopes you will soon experience the salutary effects of those measures. I am &c84
[Note 84: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[Ms. H s.]
Philadelphia, December 15, 1781.
My Dear Sir: I have successively received your favors of the 30th. of October and 2d. and 21st. of November. I thank you for your kind Congratulations on an event which is certainly most important considered in a public view, and which adds to my personal satisfaction by finding that it in some degree relieves you from that load of difficulty and distress with which you had so long been contending. The evacuation of the State of North Carolina is another very fortunate circumstance.
I presented your recommendation of Colo. Williams, to Congress, backed by my own. The expediency of filling up the vacant Brigadierships is among other matters, now under consideration, and if thought proper at this time, there is no doubt of Colo. Williams being promoted.
I hope Genl. St. Clair has before or by this time joined you. The enemy have sent no reinforcement from New York to Charles town nor do I learn that any preparations are making for such a measure.
If it should be the opinion that the British Force in south Carolina is adequate to the maintenance of Charles Town, I should not be surprised, if Sir Henry Clinton was to content himself with acting upon the defensive in that quarter, at least untill the pleasure of the Ministry can be known: because an additional force, sufficient to regain and make establishments in the Country, is more than can well be spared from New York. I am informed the English prints of a late date speak of a reinforcement preparing from thence for Carolina and Florida, and I think it not at all improbable; for I fancy Lord Cornwallis's private dispatches after the Battle of Guilford painted his Affairs in no very favorable light.
I am apprehensive that the States, elated by the late success, and taking it for granted that Great Britain will no longer support so losing a contest, will relax in their preparations for the next Campaign.
I am detained here by Congress to assist in the arrangements for the next year, and I shall not fail in conjunction with the Financier, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Secretary at War, who are all most heartily well disposed, to impress upon Congress, and get them to impress upon the respective States the necessity of the most vigorous exertions.
I am sorry that Major Hyrne's85 indisposition has prevented the transmission of the lists of prisoners, as the Commy. General
[Note 85: Maj. Edmund M. Hyrne, of the Second South Carolina Regiment, and Deputy Commissary General of Prisoners.] who is now at Elizabeth Town negotiating an exchange may find himself at a loss for want of them. He is proceeding upon a Return which General Moultrie furnished and which I believe was taken from Major Hyrne's Books. Should it appear that any characters have been omitted, it can easily be rectified, as we shall have a considerable Balance of Officers remaining in our hands.
I really know not what to say on the subject of Retaliation. Congress have it under consideration and we must await their determination. Of this I am convinced, that of all Laws it is the most difficult to execute, where you have not the transgressor himself in your possession. Humanity will ever interfere and plead strongly against the sacrifice of an innocent person for the guilt of another. And as to destruction of property within the enemys lines, it is in fact destroying our own. It will be to the eternal disgrace of the Nation, which drives us to the disagreeable necessity of thinking on means to curb their barbarity. I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Phila., December 15, 1781.
My dear Sir: Your private letter of the 22d. Ulto. came to my hands the day before yesterday, and giving fresh assurances of your attachment and regard for me, was received with affection and gratitude; as I feel myself interested in every thing that concerns you, it is with unfeigned pleasure I hear the plaudits which are bestowed on your conduct by Men of all descriptions, public and private, and I communicate them to you with heart felt pleasure; there is no man that does not acknowledge your eminent Services nor is there any one that does not allow that you have done great things with little means.
I wish the detachment commanded by Genl. St. Clair may not be much reduced before it reaches you; from what I have heard this is much to be feared.
Mrs. Greene is now in this place on her way to So. Carolina. She is in perfect health, and in good spirits, and thinking no difficulties too great not to be surmounted in the performance of this visit, it shall be my endeavour to strew the way over with flowers.87 Poor Mrs. Washington who has met with a most severe stroke in the loss of her amiable Son, and only Child Mr. Custis, is here with me, and joins me most cordially in every wish that tends to your happiness and glory. Most sincerely etc.
[Note 87: On Jan. 3, 1783 (dated inadvertently 1781), Washington gave to Mrs. Greene the following: "Head Qrs. in Phila. January 3, 1781. All Quarter Masters, and Officers in Continental Service are requested to give Mrs. Greene every aid and assistance in their power in her journey to the State of South Carolina." This document is in the Huntington Library.]
Philadelphia, December 15, 1781.
Sir: I was in hopes I should not again have had occasion to have troubled your Excellency on the subject of the Hospital at Wilmington; but our distress on the score of Money renders it absolutely necessary. The sick are suffering; indeed perishing for want of Wood and Straw, which have as yet been partially furnished by the exertions of Doctor Latimer and the humanity of individuals. As your Excellency was kind enough, in your letter of the 4th. to promise any assistance of the State which might be necessary, I must request you will furnish Doer. Cochran with the proper orders for the Articles abovementioned, who will transmit them to Docr. Latimer. I am &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 16, 1781.
Sir: My last to your Excellency was on the 10th. Inst. since that time nothing material has occurred.
It is with pleasure I inform you that Congress shew every disposition to make the most vigorous preparations for the next Campaign, which I sincerely hope may prove as honorable to the Allied Arms as the past. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Sunday, December 16, 1781.
The Town Major is desired as soon as Possible to procure and deliver to the Adjutant General a Return of the Officers of the Continental Army now in this City exclusive of those attached to the Corps stationed here, specifying their Names, Rank the Corps they belong to, their Quarters and the occasion of their being in Town.
Philadelphia, December 17, 1781.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys favor of the 14th. inclosing the requisitions of Congress upon the several States for the deficiencies of their respective quotas of Men.90 I shall without loss of time call for the returns which are required and transmit them to the Executives of the states.
[Note 90: At this point in the draft the following has been crossed off: "I am almost persuaded that if they are properly attended to, the next Campaign may be made almost decisive, except the enemy can furnish larger reinforcements to their Army in this Country, than we have reason to suppose."]
Your Excellency will oblige me by informing me as soon as possible, whether the Resolves have been transmitted to General Greene, or whether it is expected that the returns of the troops composing the southern Army are to be called for by me and forwarded to the States to which they belong. I have the honor etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
December 17, 1781.
Gentn: I return you my thanks for this very polite and affecionate address.92
[Note 92: This address, signed "Plunkt. Fleeson Prest.," in behalf of the Magistrates, is in the Washington Papers.]
As I have ever considered a due support of Civil Authority, essential to the preservation of that liberty for which we are contending, I have from duty as well as from inclination endeavoured as far as possible, to avoid the least violation of it; and I am happy to find that my conduct has met the approbation of those who are appointed Guardians of the Rights of a free people.
I feel myself highly obliged by your assurance that it will be the pleasing employment of the Citizens to render my residence among them agreeable. It shall be my study to merit so kind a mark of their attention.91
Philadelphia, December 17, 1781.
Dear Sir: Your favor of yesterday reached me at 2 OClock this day. I have little doubt but the Fleet which sailed is bound to Europe, but still I should wish to know, with certainty, their destination. It will probably be public in a few days and if you can satisfy yourself on the subject, I shall be glad to hear from you. Be pleased to enquire particularly whether any reinforcement for the southward took convoy and whether the greater part of the Men of War are not bound to the West Indies after seeing the Fleet to a certain Latitude.
I think with you, that considering the advanced season, it will be needless to keep a constant look out upon the sea shore. But if you can contrive, thro' a good Channel, to know what is passing in New York, I shall be obliged to you for doing it and for communicating any thing material. I am with many thanks for the services you have rendered etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 17, 1781.
Sir: The unjustifiable treatment and long detention of Jacob Summer the person mentioned in the inclosed representation deserve attention. You will therefore be pleased to make a point with Mr. Loring of having him exchanged for some of the Characters out of the military line taken at York.
I must again remind you of endeavouring to include the Officers in Canada in your present negotiation. By recent accounts from thence, they are in great distress.
I read a letter from Mr. Durie94 with York Papers inclosed, for which I am obliged.
[Note 94: Thomas Durie, Deputy Commissary of Prisoners.]
General Greene informs me, in a letter of the 21st. ulto. that Major Hyrne was so indisposed by a Fall that he was unable to transmit the State of southern prisoners, which is an unlucky Circumstance. You must proceed as well as you can, upon the Return which Genl. Moultrie furnished. You will make it a Rule where Officers of the same Grade were taken at the same time to give the preference to the eldest Commission. I am &c.
Be pleased to forward the enclosed to Admiral Digby.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing o[ Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 18, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 2d. instant. I am not at all surprised to hear that you found matters in disorder to the Westward; it is generally the case where a dispute arises respecting command, as the parties make it a point to thwart each other as much as possible, perhaps what is past cannot be amended, as Colo. Brodhead may say, that the delivery of ammunition to the County Lieutenants was necessary. But you will judge of the propriety of the measure in future.
I am sorry to hear of the failure of Genl. Clarkes expedition,96 of which I was always doubtful, as it was to be carried on with Militia: But of this I am convinced, that the possession or destruction of Detroit, is the only means of giving peace and security to the Western Frontier, and that when it is undertaken, it should be by such a force, as should not risque a disappointment. When we shall have it in our power to accomplish so desirable an end I do not know. It will depend upon the exertions of the States in filling up their regular Battalions.
[Note 96: Against Detroit.]
I cannot undertake to determine upon the propriety of removing our principal post from Fort Pitt to Shirtus Creek.97 It is a matter in which I suppose a variety of Interests are concerned, and which must therefore be decided upon by Congress.
[Note 97: Chartiers Creek.] Should you obtain leave to come down this Winter, you will have an opportunity of laying the matter fully before them.
I wish you had been particular upon the manner in which the Contractors for Fort Pitt &ca. have been deficient, and had given your reasons for thinking that the Contract, upon its present establishment will not answer. I would immediately have laid them before Mr. Morris. If your representation should not have been made before this reaches you, no time should be lost in doing it.
I have directed our Commissary of Prisoners, who is now at Elizabeth Town negotiating a general Exchange, to endeavour to include the prisoners in Canada. I cannot see what end would be answered by your opening a treaty with the Commandant of Detroit upon that subject as we seldom or ever have a prisoner in our hands upon the quarter where you are.
In my letter of the 1st. of November I acquainted you with my determination upon the cases of Hynds and Fisher. I am &c.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 99: Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.]
Philadelphia December 19, 1781.
Sir: You will have been furnished by His Excellency the President of Congress with the Resolve of the 10th instant calling upon the several States to compleat their respective Quotas of Troops by the 1st. of March next. In order to ascertain the deficiencies, I am directed to transmit to the Executives of the States, Returns, under particular descriptions, of the number of Men each has in service. The Troops of your State composing part of the Southern Army, it would occasion an immense loss Of time were I first to call for the Returns and then transmit them back from hence or wherever I may happen to be. I have for that reason directed Major General Greene to furnish your Excellency with the state of your Line and give you credit for any Men you may have serving in the Legionary Corps or Artillery, deducting that amount from the Quota assigned to you by the arrangement of the 3d. and 21st. of October 1780, will point out exactly your deficiency.
I flatter myself it is unnecessary to impress upon your Excellency the necessity of complying as fully as possible with the requisition of Congress above mentioned. It is a well known fact, that the critical and dangerous situation to which all the southern States were reduced, was owing to the want of a sufficient regular force to oppose to that of the enemy, who, taking advantage of the frequent dissolutions of our temporary Armies, had gained such footing in the four most southern that their Governments were totally subverted or so debilitated, that they were not capable of exerting sufficient authority to bring a regular Army into the Field. Happily the Scene is changed, and a moment is allowed us to rectify our past errors, and, if rightly improved, to put ourselves in such a situation that we need not be apprehensive of the force which Great Britain has remaining upon the Continent, or which she can probably hereafter bring: But the greatest encouragement to a vigorous preparation is, that it will be the most likely method of gaining new Allies and forcing Great Britain into a negociation, which we have every reason to suppose would end in a peace, honorable to the interests and views of America.
I will take the liberty of recommending a matter to your Excellency, which I must sollicit you to urge to the Legislature as absolutely necessary to the filling your Regiments with proper Men, more especially if the mode of drafting should be adopted. It is stationing Continental Officers of the Rank of Field Officers at least at the different places of rendezvous, who shall judge of the ability of the Recruit, and pass him or reject him as circumstances may require. For want of a regulation of this kind, we have had hundreds of old Men, mere Children, disordered and decripid persons passed by Civil Characters appointed for Muster Masters, and have been under the necessity of discharging them the moment they have joined the Army: whereby, the State has been put to a vast expence for an useless Man, and the service has lost a Man for the Campaign, as the districts from whence such have been sent have scarcely ever replaced them. [The Secretary at War will address your Excellency upon this subject, which I can assure you is of the utmost importance to the constitution of the Army.] I have the honor etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the circular sent to President John Dickinson, of Delaware, which is in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N, J., who kindly furnished a photostat. The sentence in brackets is not in the circular sent to Dickinson, but is in the draft, and the circulars to Maryland and Virginia, photostats of which are in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 19, 1781.
My dear Sir: The president informs me that you have been furnished with the Resolves of the loth. instant requiring the several States to compleat the deficiencies of their respective quotas by the 1st. of March next. He also informs me it is expected that I should myself call for and transmit the necessary returns: But as this would occasion an immense delay and loss of time I must request you in the first instance to furnish the Executives of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia with the state of their several lines and give them credit for any Men they may have serving in those Legionary Corps or Artillery under your command. You will be kind enough to transmit duplicates to me. The Returns of the pennsylvania line may be sent to me and I will present them myself.2
[Note 2: Greene's answer to this, dated Jan. 24, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.]
That the Adjutant General may more easily digest the whole into one General return, he has made out a form and forwarded it to the several posts. One set of them you have inclosed, by which you will be pleased to direct your Dy. Adjt. Genl. to guide himself. I enclose you the Copy of a letter which I have written to the States from whence your Troops are drawn, apologizing for not transmitting the Returns myself, pressing a compliance with the requisition, and pointing out the only mode of preventing the imposition of improper Men upon the Army.
The European Fleet consisting of upwards of one hundred Vessels sailed from New York the 15th. I can yet hear of no preparations for the embarkation of any troops from thence, which makes me conclude that they do not think at present of giving any reinforcement to the southward. I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 20, 1781.
Dear Sir: Altho' it seems probable that matters will remain tolerably quiet in New York for the remainder of the season, yet it may not be amiss to keep a Channel of intelligence open, that if any thing material should occur we may have the earliest information. You will therefore be pleased to take measures for the purpose. The principal thing to attend to will be any movement of Troops and their destination. There is a Chain of Expresses from Morris town to this place, by which you may communicate. I am &c.2
Philadelphia, December 20, 1781.
Sir: The inclosed Resolves of Congress4 has been this moment transmitted to me. You will make the proposal therein directed and report to me as soon as possible whether it will or will not be acceded to. I am &c.
[Note 4: Of Dec. 20, 1781, "That the Commander in Chief be informed that it is the earnest desire of Congress that he should take the most effectual measures for procuring the exchange of his excellency Thomas Burke, governor of North Carolina."]
P.S. You may throw out a hint that if the Civil Characters are not permitted to be exchanged in the above mode, we shall be under the necessity of recalling them.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 19th. inclosing A copy of the Contract for supplying the Post of West point and its dependencies; the quæries and observations on it which follow are submitted to you.
1st. Do the Contractors mean to supply only the Garrison of West point and the dependant Posts which may amount to 3000 or 3500 Rations? or will they increase the Supply to any number of Men which may be requisite upon the North River upon due notice being given?
2d. It seems to be implied that the Contractors are to extend their Contract to any number of Rations upon due notice given by the Secretary at War, but in the fluctuating state of our Army how is the strength of it to be ascertained at any future period?
3d. The returns upon which the Rations are to be drawn, and which must be the Voucher from the Contractor to the Secretary at War and finally to the Financier, should be precisely determined to prevent disputes.
4th. The value of Vegetables or other articles in lieu of rum is to be adjusted, in case of dispute, by persons chosen as directed by the Articles of Contract; but would it not be better to fix a general value upon such vegetables as will be commonly furnished. They will be peas or Beans, Potatoes, Turnips, Onions? Suppose it should be in the Contractors power to furnish fresh Fish one or two days pr Week in the Season, what weight of Fish should be deemed equivalent to a pound of Meat?
Inclosed is the best Plan I have been able to devise for the Inspectorate department.6 It will require some dressing, if not alteration. Of one clause I am doubtful, for the reason assigned; tho' I am impressed, at the same time, with the necessity of proper checks. I am etc.
[Note 6: Not now found in the Washington Papers. The Secretary of War transmitted a plan to Congress, Dec. 31, 1781, and Congress adopted a plan, Jan. 10, 1782. (See Journals of the Continental Congress of that date; also Washington's letter to the Secretary of War, Dec. 28, 1781, post.)]
P.S. I have this Instant received your Letter of yesterdays date, with the Inclosure, and think such resolutions as you have suggested to Congress may be attended with salutary effect.
Philadelphia, December 21, 1781.
Dear Sir: The secretary at War, to whom your letter of the 3d. instant to Congress was referred, reported that for a variety of reasons which it is not at present necessary to repeat, it was judged inexpedient to remove the principal post from Fort Pitt to Shirtus Creek at this moment, whatever might be done in future, and that you should be instructed "immediately to employ the Garrison in repairing the old Fort and the Block House7 which commands it, and that when you had made the necessary arrangements you should be permitted to repair to Congress, that the benefit of your advice might be had in digesting measures for the security of our Frontiers." The Report having been submitted to me by Congress, with directions to give order upon it as I should think proper, I have concurred in opinion with the Secretary at War, and must therefore desire you to follow the measures recommended by him.
[Note 7: The draft at this point has the following which was omitted in the letter sent: "on the rising Ground."]
Whether we shall or shall not be in a condition to prosecute an enterprise against Detroit in any short time, I do not know: But as a consideration of that point may be brought on when you come down, it may be well for you to prepare yourself with the necessary information respecting the Strength of the post, that of the Garrison, and the means that ought to be employed to give the expedition a tolerable certainty of success. I am &c.8
[Note 8: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Saturday, December 22, 1781.
Olney's Regiment will tomorrow take the Guards at present mounted by the Militia in this City and keep them up untill further orders.
Philadelphia, December 24, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose your Excellency the report of the Commissary General of Prisoners who has just returned from Elizabeth Town. As it contains a refusal on the part of the Enemy to proceed in the exchange of Officers except Lord Cornwallis is included, I must request the further instructions of Congress upon the subject. I have the honor etc.9
[Note 9: In the writing of George Augustine Washington. The letter was read in Congress on December 24 and referred to the committee appointed to confer with the Commander in Chief.]
[Note 10: President of the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick in Philadelphia.]
Philadelphia, December 24, 1781.
Sir: I accept with singular pleasure the Ensign11 of so worthy a fraternity as that of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick in this City. A society distinguished for the firm adherence of its members to the glorious Cause in which we are embarked.
[Note 11: The gold medal, which was the badge of the society. It was of the value of guineas. On the obverse was the figure of Hibernia, at the right; on the left, America; in the center, Liberty joining the hands of Hibernia and America. Hibernia was supported by a harp, and America was depicted as an Indian. Underneath was the word "Unite." On the reverse was St. Patrick, cross in hand, trampling upon a snake. The motto was "Hiar."]
Give me leave to assure you, Sir, that I shall never cast my Eyes upon the Badge with which I am honored, but with a greatful remembrance of the polite and affectionate manner in which it was presented. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 24, 1781.
Sir: In obedience to the Resolve of Congress of the 20th. instant, I had taken up my pen to make a representation to Sir Henry Clinton upon the subject of the instructions of the Legislature of New Jersey to their Delegates: But the more I have revolved this matter and considered the unjustifiable conduct of our own people, sometimes acting under the authority of individual States, and often times by no authority at all, the more I am at a loss so to ground my complaint that it may not be retorted upon ourselves. In this I am confirmed by a conversation with the Commissary General of prisoners who returned last night from Eliza: Town.
I therefore think it essential before I write to Sir Henry Clinton, that I should have another meeting with the Committee, at which the Jersey Delegates and the Commissary of Prisoners should be present. I will do myself the honor to attend at any time which you may please to appoint. I have the honor etc.13
[Note 13: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 24, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 12th. and 18th. Instant. Doctor Cochran is of opinion that the season is favorable for the innoculation of all those who have not had the small pox. The new Contractors have agreed to furnish Stores necessary for the Patients, and the moment things are in readiness, you will be pleased to have the work begun.
The Cloathing for the Rhode Island Regiment which had been prepared last Summer by the State, has been ordered down here. Should it not have left the North River, the Subalterns party may take it in charge. If it should have come forward, the party must nevertheless join the Regiment.
It is not now material whether the returns called for in mine of the 8th. are transmitted, as others, of a particular description, have been required by Congress, and the Adjutant General has furnished his Deputy with you and the Commanding Officers of the York and Jersey Lines with forms for their Government in making them out.
You will be pleased to inform me what Officer of the New Hampshire Line will take the command upon General Starks retiring for the winter. If he should not be fully competent to the purpose, another must be sent up.
I am glad to hear you are so well supplied with provisions and I hope the Troops are by this time getting on some of their new Cloathing. I may on these accounts venture to hope that you will spend a happy and merry Christmas, a thing that has not happened for some years past. I am &c.14
[Note 14: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, December 25, 1781.
My Lord: I have the pleasure of your Lordships favr. of the 13th. If the accounts which General Schuyler transmits be true, the Enemy have no occasion to boast of their Northern Campaign.
Should your business call you to Princeton and you can make it convenient to extend your ride to Philada: I shall be happy in seeing you.
Mrs. Washington is better than I could have expected after the Heavy loss she met with. Your kind condolance on the occasion adds to the Esteem of Your etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 27, 1781.
Sir: I have been honoured with the Resolve of Congress of the 20th Inst., directing me to make Inquiry into the powers and conduct of the Board of Directors to the Associated Loyalists in New York. I shall pursue such Steps, as will be most likely to promote the ends which Congress have in view.
I have taken the liberty, of inclosing the Copies of two letters of the 23d and 24th Instant, from the Commissary General of Prisoners, setting forth, the debt that is due from us on account of Naval prisoners, the Number remaining in Captivity, their miserable situation, and the little probability there is of procuring their release, for want of proper Subjects in our hands.
Before we proceed to an enquiry into the measures which ought to be adopted, to enable us to pay off our debt, and to effect the exchange of those who still remain in Captivity, a matter which it may take up some time to determine, Humanity and policy point out the necessity of administering to the present pressing wants of a Number of the most valuable subjects of the Republic. Had they been taken in Continental service, I should have thought myself Authorized in conjunction with the Minister of War, to have applyed a remedy, but as the greater part of them were not, as appears by Mr. Skinners representation, I must await the decision of Congress upon the Subject.
Had a System some time past planned by Congress, and recommended to the several States, been adopted, and carried fully into execution, I mean that of Obliging all Captains of private Vessels, to deliver over their prisoners to the Continental Commissaries upon certain Conditions, I am persuaded that the Numbers taken, and brought in to the many ports of the United States, would have amounted to a sufficiency to have exchanged those taken from us: But instead of that, it is to be feared that few in proportion are secured, and that the few which are sent in, are so partially apply'd that it creates great disgust in those remaining; The consequence of which is, that conceiving themselves neglected, and seeing no prospect of relief, many of them enter into the Enemy's service, to the very great Injury of our trading interest. Congress will therefore I hope, see the necessity of renewing their former, or making some similar recommendation to the States.
In addition to the motives above mentioned, for wishing that the whole business of prisoners of War might be brought under one general Regulation, is another of no small consideration, which is, that it would probably put a stop to those mutual complaints of ill treatment which are frequently urged on either part. For it is a fact, that for above two years we have had no reason to complain of the treatment of the Continental land prisoners in New York, neither have we been charged with any improper conduct towards those in our hands. I consider the sufferings of the Seamen for some time past, as arising in a great measure from the want of that general regulation which has been spoken of; and without which there will constantly be a great number remaining in the hands of the Enemy. I have the honor etc.17
[Note 17: In the writing of William Stephens Smith. The letter was read in Congress on December 28 and referred to George Clymer, Ezekiel Cornell, and Richard Law.]
Philadelphia, December 27, 1781
Sir: In reply to your application for leave of absence, I must observe that Genl. Hazen when last in Town signified to me his intention of applying for permission to go to the Eastward about the middle of January, upon business that required his personal attendance, and that Lt. Colo. Antill would also wish to be indulged in Visiting his Family in the course of the Winter. Considering these circumstances should I fully comply with your request the post at Lancaster might be too destitute of field Officers to have the necessary duty properly discharged, I can therefore only grant you leave of Absence untill the Gentlemen above mentioned leave the Post, when upon your being informed of it, I should wish you to join and do duty with the Regt. If these Circumstances should not take place and there will be a sufficient No. of officers with the troops, I have no objections to your Visiting your friends for the Term mentioned. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Philadelphia, December 28, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have perused the Plan of Inspection which you did me the honor to put into my hands yesterday. I have compared it with the draft I sent to you a day or two before, and I return them both with the following observations.
Arte. 2d.
Instead of the words "and the Secretary at War," I ask if it would not be better to substitute "Duplicates of which to be, by them, transmitted to the Secretary at War." My Reasons for it are these. If orders go from the Secretary at War to any Department of the Army without passing through the hands of the Commander in Chief, or Commanding Officer of a seperate Army; or, if reports should come from any department of the Army to the Secretary at War through any other Medium it does in effect render the heads thereof independent; which not only lessens the responsibility of the first Officer in the Army, but may produce discord and confusion by the contrariety of orders and reports which may be given and made.
Art. 5th.
If the reasoning above is good it will apply to the same words which will be found in this article also.
Art. 6th.
If it is not understood that orders for Military Stores are to be drawn upon the Commanding Officer of Artillery, I could wish to see it expressed, for the reasons assigned in my plan Art. 11th.
If it were practicable for the Inspector to Countersign all orders for Cloathing and Camp Equipage, it would, undoubtedly, prove an effectual check upon improper issues, if there are any; but what effect it might have upon the Commanding Officers of Corps, in as much as it would be a deviation from the usual practice and must imply distrust, I cannot undertake to say; nor am I well convinced of the practicability of it with the number of Inspectors which are proposed to be employed for as there is only one Inspector allowed to each Army, and that one is not only authorized but required by Art. 5th. to visit the Hospitals which oftentimes, are at a considerable distance from the Army, what is to be done in their absence; will the Proviso "except in cases which will not admit of delay" apply in this case, properly.
That it is indispensably necessary to authorise the Inspectors to call upon the Qr. Mr. Genl., Cloathier, and Corny. of Military Stores for returns of their Issues (whenever they shall find it necessary to compare it with the Articles which ought to be in the hands of the Soldiery) I do most readily conceive but I see neither the necessity or propriety of their having powers to ask for returns of what is in Store. We are to presume that the head of every department is competent to the duties of his Office, if so, and the means are furnished him he alone incurs responsibility and is answerable for the wants of his department and the calls of the Army in cases of deficiency.
Art. 7th.
If by an Ordinance of Congress it becomes essential for the Inspector General, or Inspector of a seperate Army to countersign all furloughs and discharges in order to give validity to them, public notice thereof shd. be adverd: in the Gazette for the purpose of detection: what then is to be done in case of the absence, or Sickness, of these Gentlemen? Will the expedient of a temporary Inspector for these moments be adequate? and will it be easy to get proper persons to accept, and to discharge the duties of this Office in both, or either of these cases?
Art. 8th.
The Words "and the Secretary at War" again occurring, is subject to the remark already made.
Observns. On Baron de Steuben's genl. Remarks.
It is from my own experience of a year or two, and from the report of others, I have imbibed an opinion that the Inspectorate and Mustering departmts. ought to be separated; but if it is thor. best to continue them in the same hand a while longer I shall readily acquiesce.
Much depending upon the intelligence, activity and Military knowledge of the Gentlemen who are to discharge the duties of this department. As an inducement I could wish that the pay, emoluments, and other encouragements were liberal and handsome; for without these proper characters cannot be obtained, and the business of course must be badly executed. I am &c.
[Note 19: Vice president of the American Philosophical Society.]
Philadelphia, December 28, 1781.
Sir: Permit me, through you, to return my warmest thanks to the American Philosophical Society, for this very polite mark of their attention and esteems20
[Note 20: Their address of December 27, which is in the Washington Papers.]
I have ever set the highest value upon the honor which was conferred on me, when admitted into a Society instituted for the noblest of all purposes that of "promoting useful knowledge," and have long wished for an oppertunity of rendering myself, in some degree, worthy of my election. Happy am I, therefore, in receiving this public assurance from my Fellow Members, that my Services, upon a late important occasion, have contributed to give them "an additional security in their pursuits of Science."
It is peculiarly pleasing to me to observe, how universally, how justly, and with how much gratitude we acknowledge the obligations we are under to the Navy and Army of ours illustraous Ally, for their noble and generous exertions. It will not fail to cement the growing Union between the two Nations, and will be a proof to the Generals, the Officers, and the Men who have so bravely fought and bled in our cause that we are not forgetful of their Merits and Services. I have the honor etc.
[H.S.P.]
Philada., December 29, 1781.
My dear Sir: A few days ago I took up the estimates which you put into my hands for examination, and had made some observations upon them, when finding the calculations run upon 25000 Men instd. of the number resolved on by the late Act of Congress, and that my remarks, as you will perceive by the inclosed specimen were, very unimportant, indeed could not be of much use unless it went to the precise Force Congress meant to keep on foot, I discontinued my examination, and now send you the Papers.
Conversing with General Hand a few days ago on the present mode of paying the Army, and the disadvantages of it in many respects I requested him to submit to paper a plan wch would in his opinion obviate the evils complained of and yet be so guarded as to prevent impositions upon the public, while the pay really due should be secured to the Soldier. Herewith is the result21 on which I wish to know your opinion.
[Note 21: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
It is much to be wished that some mode could be adopted to bring Prisoners, of every description, taken from the enemy, to a genl. Acct. The United States are much injured by a contrary practice, and I know of no method so likely to put an end to the mutual complaints on both sides as that of having all Prisoners given up to the Corny. General to be by him exchanged. I am &c.
[Note 22: Apparently Maj. John Rudolph, of Lee's Dragoons. He died in December, 1782.]
Philadelphia, December 30, 1781.
Sir: I am informed by Joseph Gilpin Esqr. a Justice of the Peace at the Head of Elk, that an inhabitant has been killed by a Soldier, and that the Coroner's Inquest has returned it Murther. You will therefore immediately deliver the Offender up to the Civil Authority; and I shall depend upon your taking all possible pains to prevent any accident of the like kind in future. I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 30, 1781.
My Dear Sir: You have enhanced the value of the Trophies with which Congress have been pleased to honour me in their Resolve of the 29th of October,24 by the polite and affectionate manner of presenting them.
[Note 24: By this resolve Washington was presented with "two stands of colors taken from the British army under the capitulation of York...in the name of the United States in Congress assembled."]
When I consider how much I am indebted for this singular mark of public Esteem, to the exertions of the Generals and indeed all the other Officers who accompanied me to that rich Field of Glory to the Allied Arms, I feel a sensation of gratitude which I cannot express. Believe me sincere when I assure you, that I hold myself under very particular obligations for your able and friendly council in the Cabinet and Vigor in the Field.25 I am etc.23
[Note 25: Lincoln had written (December 28): "It is a peculiar happiness that so great a gratification of my private feelings should be involved with my public duty in transmitting to your Excellency these truly noble proofs of the gratitude of America."]
[Note 26: Justice of the Peace of Cecil County, Md.]
Philadelphia, December 30, 1781.
Sir: I am exceedingly sorry for the accident27 of which you inform me in yours of the 25th. The only reparation I can make, is to order the Soldier to be immediately given up to the Civil authority, for which purpose I inclose a letter to the commanding Officer to the Head of Elk.
[Note 27: The accident was a killing of an inhabitant by a Negro soldier.]
I take it extremely kind of you, Sir, to have made an application to me upon the present occasion. You undoubtedly had a right by Law to have secured the Offender by virtue of your own authority. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia December 31 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favour of the 22d. Instant, and have consulted the Secretary at War upon the manner of disposing of the remainder of the British Cloathing. He is of opinion with me that your proposal of delivering it the 10th. Massts. Regiment, which will remain Brigaded with the New Hampshire line; and to the Jersey and York lines, will be the only way of preserving a compleat uniformity in the three Brigades. You will therefore proceed in the deliveries accordingly. It is to be wished that the Ground was of a proper Colour, but under our circumstances we must wear such as we have upon hand.
Inclosed you have a Copy of the Resolve which passed at the time the State Regiments of New York were proposed to be raised. By this it appears that they were to be subsisted and Cloathed by the public upon certain conditions which have not been comply'd with. I cannot therefore direct a delivery of Cloathing to them: But as I think the Corps an useful one, I would recommend it to the State to make application to Congress on the Subject, and if I should be consulted, I will promote their representation. I am &c.
P.S. I am anxious for the Returns called for by the Adjutant Genl. agreeable to a form transmitted. Be pleased to hurry them. Yours of the 26th. is just come to hand.29
[Note 29: In the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1781.
My dear Sir: Since my last of the 19th. inst. I have recd. information, which does not admit of a doubt, that an embarkation has taken place at New York, it is said to consist of three British Regiments and a detachment of the Hessian Grenadiers. They may probably have sailed by this time, but of this I have no certain accounts. They are to be convoyed by two ships of the Line and two or three Frigates. It is conjectured they are destined for south Carolina. If so, they will in all probability be there before this reaches you.
We have rumours of an action between you and the British near Charlestown, but I do not pay much regard to the report. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1781.
Sir: My last to your Excellency was on the 16th. inst. I have since that recd. information that an embarkation has taken place at New York. It is said to consist of three British Regiments and a detachment of the Hessian Grenadiers. They may probably have sailed by this time, but of this I have no certain accounts. They are to be convoyed by two ships of the Line and two or three Frigates. It is conjectured they are destined to south Carolina.
I have just recd. your Excellency's favr. of the ... 31 which I will take the pleasure of acknowledging more particularly in my next. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 31: Of December 18, which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1781.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 18th. I have no objection to your taking either Mr. Fonda or Mr. Ray33 into employ, whichever you may think most proper for the business, provided the former is not in the Continental service, for I would not take an Officer from the line of his duty.
[Note 33: Neither of these writers was employed.]
The Books34 shall be put in hand and forwarded to you as they are finished.
[Note 34: The blank books in which Varick's copyists transcribed Washington's letters They were folio volumes, approximately 14¾ by 9¾ inches, with approximately 200 to 250 folios in each. They were bound in undressed sheep with blind tooling and laced parchment backs. A few of them have small parchment corners. They were made by William Trickett, stationer and bookbinder, "at his House, in Front-street, facing Black-horse Alley, and in Water-street in the lower Part of said House, Philadelphia."]
If the Writers work eight Hours pr day, agreeable to stipulation and make up for any lost time, it will, I think, be better than making a pecuniary allowance for extra service. It may happen that very material business, or necessary relaxation may now and then require a day. I would not in such case exact a return. You will be a judge how far to extend such indulgence.
I would prefer the Index No. 2. because it will bring the Contents more into general View than No. 1. The Books must be fully written before you can begin to index them, and it will only occasion the trouble of counting how many letters there are in the Volume to the same person and leaving space accordingly.
I shall attend to the Contents of your letter to Colo. Trumbull, who is at present in Connecticut, and endeavour to obtain some assistance for you in the way of Money, from the Financier. I am etc.
P.S. I have since writing the above spoken to Mr. Morris. If you will make out an Acct of the sums now due, I will obtain a payment in part.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1781.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose the duplicate of a letter which I had written to your Excellency on the 6th. of this Month. I have reason to believe the original miscarried between this place and Elizabeth Town. I must entreat such attention to it as the importance of the subject requires.
I have been honored with your Excellency's favr. of the 14th. and should have transmitted the passports therein requested, by this opportunity; but for the following circumstance. It has been determined to make a change of disposition in the Cantonments of the British and German Prisoners of War. The British are all to be collected at Lancaster and Philada. The Germans in the other Towns of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. They are now moving their Quarters and the moment they are settled in them, the passports shall be forwarded. I have thought it needless to renew that mentioned in mine of the 6th. for the reasons just mentioned. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On December 31 Washington signed certificates of service to Maj. William Galvan and Capt. Alien McLane, the drafts of which, in the writing of Tench Tilghman, are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Monday, December 31, 1781.
The General Court Martial whereof Major General Baron Steuben is President is to assemble on Wednesday next at ten o'clock A.M.
Colonel Nicola of the Invalid Regiment and Major Olney of the Rhode Island regiment are appointed Members vice Colonel Humpton and Major Burnet whose duty obliges them to leave the City.
[Note 37: Chittenden had been elected Governor of Vermont by the people in February, 1778, but Washington scrupulously avoided recognizing the title.]
Philadelphia, January 1, 1782.
Sir: I received your favor of the 14th November by Mr. Brownson.38 You cannot be at a loss to know why I have not heretofore, and why I cannot now, address you in your public Character, or answer you in mine. But the confidence which you have been pleased to repose in me, gives me an opportunity of offering you my sentiments, as an individual wishing most ardently to see the peace and Union of this Country preserved, and the just rights of the people of every part fully established.39
[Note 38: Eli Brownson, of Sunderland County, Vt.]
[Note 39: The Varick transcript, which was made from the draft (not now found in the Washington Papers), has "the people of every part of it fully and firmly established."]
It is not my business, neither do I think it necessary, now to discuss the origin of the right of a number of Inhabitants, to that tract of Country formerly distinguished by the name of the New Hampshire Grants, and now known by that of Vermont. I will take it for granted that their right was good, because Congress by their resolve of the 7th August imply it, and by that of the 21st. are willing fully to confirm it: provided the new state is confined to certain described boundaries. It appears therefore to me, that the dispute of boundary is the only one that exists and that that being removed, all further difficulties would be removed also, and the matter terminated to the satisfaction of all parties. Now I would ask you candidly, whether the Claim of the people of Vermont, was not for a long time confined solely, or very nearly, to that tract of Country which is described in the Resolve of Congress of the 21st. of August last, and whether agreable to the tenor of your own letter to me, the late extension of your Claim upon New Hampshire and New York, was not a more political Manoeuvre, than one in which you conceived yourselves justifiable. If my first question be answered in the affirmative, it certainly bars your new Claim, and if my Second be well founded, your end is answered, and you have nothing to do but withdraw your Jurisdiction to the confines of your old limits, and obtain an acknowledgement of Independance and Sovereignty, under the Resolve of the 21st. of August for so much Territory as does not interfere with the ancient established Bounds of New York New Hampshire and Massachusetts. I persuade myself you will see and acquiesce in the reason, the Justice and indeed the necessity of such a decision.
You must consider, sir, that the point now in dispute, is of the utmost political importance to the future Union and peace of this great Country. The state of Vermont, if acknowledged, will be the first new one admitted into the Confederacy, and if sufferd to encroach upon the Ancient established Boundaries of the adjacent ones, will serve as a precedent for others, which it may hereafter be expedient to set off, to make the same unjustifiable demands. Thus, in my private Opinion, while it behoves the Delegates of the states now confederated, to do ample justice to a Body of people, sufficiently respectable by their numbers, and entitled by other Claims to be admitted into that Confederation, it becomes them also to attend to the interests of their Constituents, and see, that under the appearance of Justice to one, they do not materially injure the rights of others. I am apt to think this is the prevailing opinion of Congress, and that your late extension of Claim, has, upon the principles I have above mentioned, rather diminished than increased your Friends; and that if such extension should be persisted in, it will be made a common cause, and not considered as only affecting the rights of those States immediately interested in the loss of Territory, a loss of too serious a nature not to claim the attention of any people.
There is no calamity within the compass of my foresight, which is more to be dreaded, than a necessity of coercion on the part of Congress, and consequently every endeavour should be used to prevent the execution of so disagreeable a measure. It must involve the ruin of that State against which the resentment of the others is pointed.
I will only add a few Words, upon the subject of the negociations which have been carried on between you and the Enemy in Canada and in New York. I will take it for granted, as you assert it, that they were so far innocent that there never was any serious intention of joining Great Britain in their attempts to subjugate your Country; but it has had this certain bad tendency, it has served to give some ground to that delusive opinion of the Enemy, and upon which they in great measure found their hopes of success, that they have numerous Friends among us, who only want a proper opportunity to shew themselves openly, and that internal disputes and Feuds will soon break us in pieces; at the same time the seeds of distrust and Jealousy are scattered among ourselves by a conduct of this kind. If you are sincere in your professions, these will be additional motives for accepting the terms which have been offered (and which appear to me equitable) and thereby convincing the common Enemy, that all their expectations of disunion are vain, and that they have been worsted at their Weapon, deception.
As you unbosomed yourself to me, I thought I had the greater right of speaking my sentiments openly and candidly to you, I have done so, and if they should produce the effects which I most sincerely wish, that of an honorable and amicable adjustment of a matter which if carried to hostile lengths may destroy the future happiness of my Country, I shall have attained my end, while the Enemy will be defeated of theirs. Believe me to be with great respect Sir Your etc.40
[Note 40: A copy is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. A copy of this letter was requested by Joseph Jones, a Delegate to Congress from Virginia, and forwarded by Washington to him in a brief note, dated Mar. 10, 1782. This note was sold at auction in 1907--8.
On January 1 Washington signed a certificate of service to Lieut. Archibald McCallister, of the First Maryland Regiment. The draft, in the writing of William Stephens Smith, is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 1, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Contracts having been made for Supplying the Troops of the United States at various Posts with Provisions, The Officers are in future not to draw any rations on Public Account but will be paid in Money at the Close of each Month the amount of the several rations respectively allowed them by Congress, but for their greater convenience it is agreed that the Contractors shall Supply them with the whole or so many of the rations allowed as they may think proper to draw for, and the Pay master General or his Deputy will at the close of every Month settle with the Contractors and after paying them for such Articles as the Officers have drawn pay each Officer or the Paymaster of his Regiment the balance due him. No officer except such as Command Corps in this City are in Future to draw Wood from the Quarter Master, but at the end of every Month each Officer shall be paid for the Wood he is allowed at the average price paid by the Quarter Master during that Month.
A return to be made immediately to the Adjutant General by each Officer of the Number of Servants they respectively have, distinguishing those who are soldiers from those who are not.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Wednesday, January 2, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Captain Rochfontaine is appointed a Member of the Court Martial whereof Major General the Baron Steuben is president vice Colo. Moylan absent.
An orderly Serjeant to be sent daily to the Court Martial at the city Tavern from the Rhode Island Regiment.
[Note 41: Superintending the hospitals in Virginia.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1782.
Sir: Yours of the 29th. of November did not reach me 'till within these few days, when I immediately laid it before the Director General of the Hospitals, who has written to Doctor Tilton42 who succeed Doctor Treat43 and has required of him an account of the application of the Money put into his hands, and has also called for an explanation of such other parts of the conduct of the Surgeons as appear exceptionable by your representation. I conceive your duty as superintending Officer to be, to keep up a proper degree of discipline among the patients who will not often pay obedience to the Orders of the Officers of the Hospital to make Returns from time to time of the numbers and condition of the sick and to represent, as you have lately done, any matters which appear to you irregular. You cannot have any immediate controul over the Surgeons and Physicians. They must be answerable for their conduct if complaints are lodged against them.
[Note 42: Dr. James Tilton, hospital physician and surgeon. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 43: Dr. Malachi Treat, Chief Hospital Physician. He served to the close of the war.]
I am confident that too little attention has been paid to the security of the prisoners of War. They will soon be all collected and kept in places of more safety than they have been. I am&c.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1782.
Dear Sir: Yours of yesterdays date I have rec'd. and am much Obliged by the Intelligence it conveys. The Letter you refer to advising of the fleet's preparing to sail, must have miscarried, for I do not recollect any such coming to hand.
I have presented your account to Mr. Morris and have the pleasure to inform you that a warrant will pass the Office for a Settlement of it in the course of ten days, when the Amount shall be delivered to your Order.
Could you obtain accurate accounts respecting the situation of the Enemy on Staten Island, specifying their Numbers Cantoonments and State of their Works, without considerable risk or Inconvenience, it might be of service, I have lately received Intelligence from there, and the post in the course of the Winter may possibly merit our attention.
I approve much of your discharging the Horsemen metiond as it is at present a very inactive Season and their being continued in service would be a very unnecessary expense to the public.
I am happy to find that the fellow who joind the Enemy was not capable of striking by his information at your Chain of Intelligence, Should you be possessd of anything material in future, I wish you to continue forwarding to me the earliest account of it. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
[Note 46: Charles Malo François, Comte de Lameth, first aide-de-camp to Rochambeau. The draft is addressed to Chevalier de la Meth, and he so signs himself; but Contenson's La Sociéeté des Cincinnati de France gives Lameth the title of comte.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1782.
Sir: Impressed with a lively sence of your Merits and wishing to give a proof of my favorable opinion of your conduct, particularly at the Seige of York, I thought I could not take a method more acceptable, than that of communicating my sentiments to your Noble Relation the Marechal Duke De Broglio, which I have taken the liberty of doing in the inclosed.
I shall be happy in hearing that you have perfectly recovered your Health and the use of your Limbs, as I am with very sincere Esteem etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 48: François, Marie, Due de Broglie, Marechal de France.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1782.
Sir: I embrace, with very singular pleasure, an opportunity of testifying my sense of the Gallant Behaviour of the Chevalier de la Meth at the Seige of York in Virginia. It having been determined to carry two of the enemy's works by assault on the night of the 14th. of October; The Chevalier sollicited and obtained leave of His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau to act as a Volunteer upon the occasion, with the French Column. He proceeded with the Advance, and, upon the point of entering the Works, received two very dangerous Wounds in his Knees with a Musket Ball. I am however happy in hearing that he is in a fair way of recovery.
If I may be allowed to form a future Judgment from present appearances, I will venture to pronounce that your brave young Kinsman will prove a most valuable Officer to his Country, and an Ornament to the Noble Family to which he is allied. I have the Honour etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to inform Congress that the detachments, supposed to be destined for Charles Town, left Sandy Hook on Thursday last.
From the best intelligence I have been Able to Obtain, it amounted to about twelve or 1500 Men; the fleet consisted of fifteen square riged Vessels and four Sloops and Schooners, convoyed by two Frigates and two Sloops of War. With the greatest respect etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Philadelphia, January 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: The embarkation mentioned in yours of the 26th. Ulto. did take place and has sailed. Supposed for Charlestown.
You need give yourself no more trouble on account of the salt provision at Providence, all our distant Magazines now come under the direction of the Superintendant of Finance, who will dispose of them to the Contractors, or others, if they do not want them.
Every proper indulgence has been granted to the Soldiers of the Connecticut Company raised at Wyoming. When they were removed from thence last Spring, by order of Congress, Colo. Butler had liberty to grant Furloughs to those whose families would be most distressed by their absence, and he did so, If there are others under the same Circumstances, I should have no objection to their being allowed the Same indulgence, a like Number of those upon Furlough being called in: But I cannot consent to the interference of the State in giving discharges. That is a Matter altogether foreign to their power, and if once admitted would lead to disagreeable consequences. I return the papers relative to the affair.
Be pleased to order the 10th. Massachusetts Regt. up to Albany, to be quartered in the Town. as soon as they are Cloathed [which I beg may be as expeditiously as possible] and hold two other Regiments in readiness to move. I particularly mention the 10th, because it will be Brigaded with the two New Hampshire Regiments; You will also give orders to the Officer Commanding at the Northward to keep all the Troops in that Quarter as compact and as ready for Service as possible. I am etc.51
[Note 51: In the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, January 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have recd. yours of the 27th. ulto. It appears by accounts from General Forman that the Fleet with the detachment supposed to be for Charles Town had sailed.
I will leave the intire management of McMichael's52 affair to you.53 There are reasons why I cannot with propriety interfere.54 I am &c55
[Note 52: McMichael was one of Dayton's spies who had been captured in a militia raid and confined in irons as a recognized American deserter. The same thing had happened to him previously, and McMichael had informed Dayton that "it will be impossible for him to make his escape a second time, as it would only serve to render him suspected on the other side." Dayton wrote to Washington (Dec. 27, 1781): "I have been asked whether he could not be exchanged for Pool, Bruin, Woodruff and Blackledge, all of whom have been very serviceable to us, and are now confined in Irons, in their dungeon as criminals. I pretended to be doubtful, whether a Deserter could be exchanged on any terms; however the proposal is made by his friends to General Clinton, whose determination on the subject I expect to hear in two or three days." Dayton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 53: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "If he can be got of in the way of exchange, I shall have no objection to the mode. You must in such case, assign some plausible reason for giving him up."]
[Note 54: On January 12 Dayton wrote: "Bruin, who first gave notice of Sir Harry's correspondence with the Pennsylvania revolters, and whom they have held in irons since that period in New York, I have got enlarged. And McMichael has been permitted to go in, upon condition that he shall also, immediately liberate Pool or return in ten days." This letter, also, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 3, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 29th. ulto. and was pleased to find inclosed so full an acquital of the charge brought against you by Majr. Eustace. That with the other Certificates sufficiently justify me in giving you a discharge from the service.
I wish it were in my power to afford you the assistance you request on the score of Money. You are as well acquainted as I am with the state of our Finances, which do not, at present, allow of doing more than making equitable settlement for arrearages, and giving Certificates for the Amount. Your case is common to hundreds, and I could not interfere in behalf of any individual, without being charged with partiality by the remainder.
You have my wishes for success in the Business upon which you are entering, and I am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 4, 1782.
Sir: Herewith I have the honor to send your Excelly. a letter for the Chevr. De la Meth, in which is another for the Mareschall Duke de Broglie.
In giving these testimonials, I have a twofold pleasure; doing justice to the merits of a gallant young Officer, and complying with your Excellency's wishes; to do which, at all times, will afford me the highest pleasure. I have the honr. etc.
Philadelphia, January 4[--5], 1782.
My dear Marqs: I cannot suffer Colo. Gemat to leave this City, for France, without a remembrancer from me, to you.
I have remained at this place ever since you left it, and am happy in having discovered the best disposition imaginable in Congress to prepare vigorously for another Campaign. They have resolved to keep up the same number of Corps, as constituted the Army of last year and have urged the States, warmly, to compleat them. Requisitions of money are also made, but how far the abilities, and inclinations of the States individually to tax heavily will coincide with the views of Congress is more than I am able, at this early period, to inform you. A further pecuniary aid from your generous nation, and a decisive Naval force upon this Coast in the latter end of May or beginning of June; unlimited in its stay and operations, would, unless the resources of Great Britain are inexhaustible, or She can form powerful Alliances, bid fair to finish the War in the course of next campaign with the ruin of that People.
The first, that is an aid of money, would enable our Financier to support the expences of the War with case and credit without anticipating, or deranging those funds which Congress are endeavouring to establish, and which will be productive though they may be slow in the establishment. The second, a Naval superiority, would compel the enemy to draw their whole force to a point, which would not only disgrace their Arms by the relinquishmt. of Posts, and the States which they affect to have conquer'd, but might, eventually, be fatal to their Army: or by attempting to hold these Posts be cut off in detail. So that in either case the most important good consequences would result from the measure.
General Lincoln has accepted his appointment of Secretary at War; proper plans of oeconomy are adopting in every department, and I do not despair of seeing, ere long our Affairs under much better management than they have been; which will open a New Field, productive it is to be hoped, of a fruitful harvest.
As you will have received, in a more direct channel than from hence, the news of the surprize and re-capture of St. Eustatia by the Arms of France, I shall only congratulate you on the Event; and add, that it marks, in a striking point of view, the genius of the Marqs. De Bouille57 for Enterprize, and for intripidity and resources in difficult circumstances. His conduct upon this occasion does him infinite honor.
[Note 57: François Claude Armour, Marquis de Bouillé, marechal de camp.]
I shall be impatient to hear of your safe arrival in France, and to receive such communications as you know will be interesting to the cause we espouse, and in which we are Actors.
Though unknown to Madam La Fayette I beg you to present me to her as one of her greatest admirers. Be so good also, as to make a tender of my best wishes to Duke de Lauzen and other Gentlemen of the Army of Count de Rochambeau who may be in the circle of your friends, and with whom I have the honor of an Acquaintance.
With sentiments of purest Affection, etc.
Jany. 5th. P.S. Since writing the foregoing, I have had the letter and resolves herewith sent, put into my hands by the Delegates of Virginia in Congress. I have a peculiar pleasure in becoming the channel, through which the just and grateful plaudits of my Native State, are communicated to the Man I love.
By advices just received from So Carolina the Enemy have evacuated all their Posts in that State and have concentered their whole Force in Charles town. Wilmington is also evacuated, and North Carolina freed of its Enemys. The disaffected part of the State are suing for mercy and executing, it is said, some of their own leaders for having misguided them.58
[Note 58: In the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress is a copy, source not given, of a letter dated January 4, addressed to the Marquis de Chastellux. It begins: "I cannot suffer your old acquaintance, Mrs. Custis, to proceed to Williamsburg without taking with her a remembrancer of my friendship for you." The remainder of the letter, with some omissions and a different word arrangement, is the same as that to Lafayette above.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Monday, January 7, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Major Moore being so much indisposed as to be unable to attend the General Court Martial whereof he is a Member, Major Dexter is requested to attend in his place.
That the business of the Court Martial may not be delayed Major Dextor will please to attend immediately.
Philadelphia, January 8, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am sorry to find by your favor of the 16th. ulto. that matters are like to take so disagreeable a turn upon your frontier. I have at different times recd. letters from Mr. Chitenden upon the subject of the dispute, but I have never given him any answer before the one which is now inclosed, and which I beg may be carefully transmitted to him. I was induced to take the matter up just now from an apprehension that things might be carried to extremes and from having received lately a very confidential letter from him, in which here discloses all their political Manoeeuvres, which he protests have been in reality innocent and only meant to alarm the other States. This letter I have shewn to a number of my Friends, Members of Congress and others, and they have advised me to write to Mr. Chittenden, in my private Character, give him my opinion upon the unjustifiableness of the extension of their claim, and advise him to accept the terms offered by the Resolve of the 21st. of last Augt. This I have done fully and forcibly and perhaps it may have some effect upon Mr. Chittenden and the Leaders in Vermont.
I would wish you to keep the purport of this communication to yourself, as I do not wish to have my sentiments publicly known.
Mrs. Carter and Miss Schuyler leave us tomorrow. Be kind enough to make Mrs. Washington's and my Compliments to Mrs. Schuyler, and believe me, etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 8, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your favr. of the 27th. ulto. which with its inclosure I have put into the hands of the Secretary at War to be acted upon.60
[Note 60: On January 8 Washington inclosed Parson's letter of Dec. 27, 1781, respecting disabled Connecticut officers, to the Secretary at War with a brief note. This note is in the Washington Papers.]
I thank you for your kind congratulations upon our late success to the southward, which as you observe, if properly improved, must be attended with most important advantages. I would wish you and every other Gentleman of influence to exert yourselves with the Legislature in obtaining a full compliance with the requisitions for Men and Money. Without that we are wasting ourselves in a lingering ineffectual War. I wish you better Health, and am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 8, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 30th. of Decemr. and 1st. and 3d. instants.
Having no papers with me but those of a late date, I cannot recollect the circumstances of the arrangement of the Captains of the Massachusetts Line, to which you refer. If it was ever made and delivered in, it must be among my papers in the hands of Colo. Varick at Poughkeepsie; you will therefore be pleased to write to him, mentioning the time at which the arrangement was made and by whom, and desire him, if he finds it, to transmit it to you. If it appears compleat and such an one as gives satisfaction, I have no objection to its being acted upon.
The Secretary at War will have, before this reaches you, transmitted the forms of the Vouchers to be passed to the Contractors upon the delivery of Rations; and has written fully to the Cloathier General upon every matter in that Branch. He has particularly instructed him to spare no pains nor reasonable cost in procuring Country Taylors to assist in making up the Uniforms.
I shall attend to the situation of those men left sick at Annapolis.
Inclosed is the Copy of the instructions to Major General Mc. dougal upon taking command at West point last summer.
The command to the Northward may for the present be left in the hands of Colo. Reid or whatever Officer may happen to be eldest in the Brigade. I am etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, January 8, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have lately been informed, that a number of Soldiers, belonging to the Army which had served in Virginia, were, on their return from thence, left sick in Annapolis, and that they are now in a very distressed situation for the want of Cloathing, and other necessaries. I shall direct the Clothier to send such Articles as are most necessary, as soon as may be; and in the mean time will pray your Excellency that any assistance in the power of the State, may be granted to them; and which I am confident will be done, on account of their meritorious services, as well as for the sake of humanity itself which is particularly interested, in the preservation and relief of those pining under the pressure of want and disease. I have the honor etc.63
[Note 63: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MD.H.S.]
[Note 64: Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates.]
Philadelphia, January 8, 1782.
Sir: I have been this day honored, thro' the hands of the Delegates of your State in Congress, with your favor of the 21st December inclosing a Vote of the House of Delegates of the 17th. For so singular and honorable a mark of their attention and Esteem I beg leave through you, Sir, to present my humble thanks; and for the polite manner in which the Resolve was transmitted, I intreat you to accept my warmest acknowledgements.65 I have the honor etc.66
[Note 65: On the same day (January 8) Washington forwarded this letter to Edmund Randolph, requesting him to transmit it to Speaker Tyler. He added: "I am happy in having so good an opportunity, as that which now offers by Capt. la Touche, of forwarding the letter to the Marquis de la Fayette. I am not a judge of the Etiquette upon these occasions, but it really does seem odd to me to present a man with his own likeness." This note is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 8, 1782.
Sir: In my last I barely acknowledged the Rect. of your Excellency's favr. of the 18th. Decemr. I have since been honored with that of the 24th.
I am fearful that the Expresses between this place and Williamsburg are badly regulated, and I shall upon the return of the Quarter Master Genl. from the North River endeavour to have things put in better train.
I am extremely sorry to hear of the loss of the Palace at Williamsburg by fire, and must beg your Excellency, to accept my warmest acknowledgements for your goodness in accommodating our sick who were deprived of their Hospital by the accident. My loss at Mount Vernon was not very considerable, but I was in the greatest danger of having my House and all the adjacent Buildings consumed.
I congratulate your Excellency upon the brilliant success of the French Arms under the Marquis de Bouillié at St. Aesthete and have the Honor etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 10, 1782.
Sir: I am under the disagreeable necessity of inclosing you the Copy of the representation signed by several Officers of the Virginia Line, in behalf of the whole assembled at Cumberland Court, and addressed to Colonel Febiger, on giving them orders to prepare to march with a detachment to join Genl. St. Clair. This was transmitted by Colo. Febiger to Genl. St Clair, in excuse for not sending on the detachment agreeable to orders.
Although it must be confessed that the Officers have reason to complain of the great arrearages of pay, yet it does not follow, that they can be justified in prescribing terms to their Country at a very critical moment. I shall myself write to Colo. Febiger and give him my opinion fully and freely upon the impropriety of their conduct: But I muse at the same time hope, that, as I shall give very peremptory orders to have a detachment formed and marched, the State will make every possible exertion so to equip and provide for the Officers and Men going upon service, that they will have no reasonable ground of complaint. I particularly mention the Officers and Men going upon service; because of the means which may be at the time in hand are applied to those who more immediately want them, a part may be tolerably provided for and sent off, whereas a general distribution would give but a very ineffectual relief to the whole.
I am convinced your Excellency is so fully impressed with the importance of pushing reinforcements to our southern Army, before the enemy can make any considerable addition to theirs, that every exertion will be made on your part to remove the reasonable complaints of Officers and Men. With very sincere sentiments etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Thursday, January 10, 1782.
As it is expected that in the Course of the present Winter many of the Officers and men belonging to the Army of the United States will be indulged with leave of absence from their Corps for a limited time and as it is absolutely necessary the Strictest Punctuallity should be Observed in returning at the expiration of the time for which their Furloughs are granted. The Commander in Chief has thought proper thus early in the season to Signify his fixed determination to all concerned that every Officer or soldier who shall absent himself beyond the limitation of his Furlough (unless he shall be prevented from returning by some inevitable Misfortune or other Casualty which shall be deemed a sufficient reason for his detention) shall for such conduct be brought to Tryal before a Court Martial.
Upon the return of any Officer who may have violated this Order by absenting himself beyond the time of his Furlough report is immediately to be made thereof to the Adjutant General or Deputy Adjt. Genl. who is to represent the same to the General or Commanding Officer, that the necessary Steps may be Taken without delay. The mode of proceeding against absent Officers as pointed out by a Resolution of Congress is to be invariably pursued.
Soldiers are also to be Tryed and punished in the most Summary manner if they will be guilty of a crime so injurious to the Public Service as well as to the Interests and feelings of their Brother Soldiers who may in consequence of the long absence of such delinquent be unavoidably debared the gratification of visiting their friends before the Opening of the Campaigne. The General however cannot but hope by Taking the precaution of causing this Public Notice of his intention to be given to the Army, the Disagreeable Consequences will be prevented which might otherwise have Taken place, for he is pesuaided whoever will give himself the trouble to reflect will find that, as great indulgencies as are consistent with the Public good and justice to individuals are granted in the first instance. That as a certain Number of Officers and Men must be constantly kept in Camp, every Tresspass upon those indulgencies is an act of injustice to the individual who is detained in Consequence of it: and probably in the issue to the Public.
That the most pointed exactness is indispensibly Necessary in all Military affairs, Events unknown and frequently of the greatest Magnitude depending upon it, and that those men who may have attached themselves to the Service of their Country should consider that the public has a constant claim upon their services which can only be despensed with under certain circumstances and for definite Periods of which those intrusted with the regulation of the Army must be supposed to be the most Competent Judges. No Officer or soldier is to be permitted to be absent on Furlough after the Tenth day of April next on any Occasion whatever.
The Musters of the Army are with all possible expedition to be completed to the Thirty first day of December last inclusive, after which period They are to be taken regularly at the end of every Month and the Rolls Transmitted to the Pay Office without delay agreeable to a resolution of Congress of September 25th. 1780.
Philadelphia, January 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: I shall be glad to meet you here tomorrow Evening at 7 OClock on the business of the allowance of servants to Officers. You will be pleased to bring with you any Resolves of Congress or Papers which may be relative to the matter.
Inclosed is a letter from General Mcdougal recommending Docr. Ledyard to a continuance in the New Hospital arrangement. I have no particular knowledge of the Gentleman, consequently have nothing to say agt. him or in his favor. You have also inclosed a Letter from General Hazen to me on the subject of a request from Capt. Barclay69 and Lieut. Hall70 for permission to go to New York. It appearing that Genl. Hazen has written to you on the same subject, I shall be glad to know your determination, that I may answer him accordingly. I am &c.71
[Note 69: Capt. David Barclay, of the Seventy-sixth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 70: Lieut. Zachariah(?) Hall, of the Seventieth Foot, British Army.]
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 11, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 2d. Inst. and am much obliged by your congratulations on the success of the Campaign.
The Papers respecting the case of Doctor Ledyard have been duly laid before the Secretary of War, from whom the following Answer has been received.
"I have no doubt but Dr. Ledyard is a Gentleman of Merit and that with other Men of Virtue he has suffered in the cause of his Country. It would be a felicitating circumstance indeed if all such could be amply rewarded, but it is not now in the power of the States to do it.
An invitation is given to a number of Gentlemen sufficient to fill the Hospital Department upon the late Arrangement. The Seniors in the Department have been invited to continue, the supernumeraries therefore will be the Juniors. This mode I have supposed would be less injurious to the feelings of those who must retire than any other, and as much for the public good."
I am very happy to hear of the tranquility and good humour which prevail in the Garrison, and am particularly pleased with the attention and exertion of the Officers; for the future I cannot but hope, from the regular train in which the business of the several Departments will be placed, that both Officers and Men will be made more convenient in their situation, and find greater reason to be satisfied with the service, than they have hitherto had. With great regard etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, January 11, 1782.
Sir: I had, yesterday Evening, the honor of receiving your Excellency's favr. of the 2d. I am apprehensive that you have misunderstood the full meaning of my letter of the 6th. of December, as I infer from yours that you suppose the meeting of Commissioners is intended principally to facilitate the exchange of prisoners. That will undoubtedly be one of the objects; but the primary one will be "to liquidate the expences of maintaining prisoners and to make solid arrangements for providing for them in future." The mere business of exchange is so well settled and understood that our respective Commissaries are competent to the adjustment of that point.73
[Note 73: Clinton replied (January 23) that he was ready "to send Commissioners...to meet those named in yours, either at Elizabeth Town, or at Amboy...who shall be fully prepared...to liquidate the Expences of maintaining Prisoners, and to make solid Arrangements for providing for them in future, as well as to facilitate their Exchange." Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
As the Commissioners named by me will go fully prepared for the purposes I have mentioned, I have thought it proper to be thus explicit with your Excellency, that there may be no disappointment. I shall await your answer, after which the time and place shall be fixed.
The American Commy. General of Prisoners has directions to send in twenty Cords of Wood for the use of our prisoners. You will be pleased to grant passports upon his application for that quantity and for a person to go in and make proper distribution of it.
I shall forward the packet for the Count de Rochambeau by the first opportunity. I have the honor etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 12, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th. came to hand this morning. The Director General is not in town; but that the business of innoculation may not be unnecessarily delayed, I have desired Docr. Bond to give directions to Doer. Ledyard to take out the Medicine proper for the occasion. I have no directions to give respecting the remainder. I suppose there were good reasons for ordering the whole here: indeed I am told the greater part must undergo a preparation in the Elaboratory before it can be used.
I am so anxious to obtain the Returns called for, that I may transmit them to the States, that I cannot help again wishing you to expedite them as much as possible. You need not call for those of the York and Jersey Lines. They will be transmitted immediately to me. I am etc.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 12, 1782.
Sir: I have received Your favor of the 6th of Janry by Judge Atlee.76
[Note 76: William Augustus Atlee, Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.]
As the Secry at War has given you directions respecting Captain Barclay and Lt Hall who solicited leave to go into New York; I have nothing farther to observe on the subject except that business of this kind will in future go regularly thro the Channel of the War Office; but at the same time, I intirely approve of your precaution, in detaining those Gentlemen until you should receive instructions respecting their destination, from the Minister of War. With great Regard etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, January 12, 1782.
Sir: I was much surprised, on receiving a letter from Genl. St. Clair dated at Taylors ferry on the 26th of November, to find, that instead of being joined by a detachment of the Virginia line, he had received a letter from you inclosing a representation from the Officers assembled at Cumberland Court, amounting to a positive refusal to march except certain terms were complied with by the State.78 The impropriety of suchconduct, to give it no harsher name, is so glaring, that I am inhopes the Gentlemen will upon cool reflection condemn it themselves. What can they expect from their soldiers, when they themselves strike at the Root of Authority and discipline? That they have reason to complain, in common with their Brethren, of the hardships they have indured and the difficulties they labor under for want of their pay, I am ready to allow; but they are mistaken if they think they are the only sufferers. There are Corps in the Army belonging to no particular States, the Officers and Men of which have derived no assistance from any quarter; some States may have done more than others for their Troops, but of this I am confident, that all are yet much in arrear in fact, as the principal satisfaction that has been made, has been a liquidation of Accounts and Certificates granted for the Amount due.
[Note 78: A contemporary copy of this document, which was a memorial of the Virginia officers to Febiger, is in the Washington Papers, dated Nov. 17, 1781.]
There is one reason urged in the representation, which I am sorry to see given by Officers and those too of my own Country, that they look upon our Independance as established, and that therefore their quitting the service can be of no public disadvantage. Do they think the remaining force of the enemy is to be crushed by Words or Blows? I should suppose by the former, or they would never have started an Idea not only ridiculous but of dangerous tendency.
While I think it my duty severely to censure the conduct alluded to, I think I am bound to endeavour to obtain reasonable redress. I have for that purpose written to His Excellency the Governor and have requested him to use every exertion, so to provide for and equip the detachment which is ready, that both Officers and Men may be enabled to go upon service with some tolerable degree of comfort. This I hope he will do; after which I expect and insist, in the most positive Manner, that the detachment shall march. The Officers must and do very well know that it is not in the power of the State to pay them up in good Money. If therefore they continue to make that a plea, I shall take it for granted that disinclination to the service upon which they are going is the real motive. I shall be very anxious to hear from you on this subject, for you must suppose my feelings are particularly wounded on the occasion. When asked whether any and what reinforcements have marched from Virginia, I shall blush when I say none, and more so when I assign the cause. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On January 12 Washington wrote also, briefly, to Col. Elias Dayton to furnish a subaltern's guard to the order of the Secretary at War "to collect the prisoners of War in Jersey and conduct them to this place" [Philadelphia]. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 12[--13], 1782.
Dear Sir: On receiving your Excellency's favr. of the 1st. inst. by Lord Stirling, I immediately set about making the necessary enquiry respecting the post said to be taken by the enemy near Egg Harbour, and had I found the report well grounded, I should have concerted measures to have dislodged them. From the best information I have been able to obtain, particularly from General Forman who is now in Town, no lodgement ever was made upon Osburns Island or at any other place. A constant intercourse is carried on by Water between the Refugees and the Inhabitants, but that, no force which I could spare would prevent, as they would, if kept out of one inlet make use of another for their purposes. It is in vain to expect that pernicious and growing traffic will ever be stopped, untill the States pass laws agt. it, making the penalty death. This I long ago foresaw and recommended. We are I believe the only Nation who suffer their people to carry on a commerce with their enemy in time of War.
It is a pity but that Villain Moody could be apprehended lurking in the Country, in a manner which would bring him under the description of a Spie. When he was taken before, he was in Arms in his proper Uniform with a party, and had his Commission in his pocket. It was therefore a matter of great doubt whether he could have been considered otherwise than a prisoner of War. It was said he had been inlisting Men in the Country but no proof of the kind ever appeared. I have the honor etc.
P.S. 13th:
I have recd. your Excellency's favr. of the 11th. by Colo. Laurence who confirms the accounts I had of the situation of matters upon the Coast and adds that an adequate Water force can alone remove the Evil. I am obliged by your information respecting the intended attempt upon the Mail, which I think probable; I shall give notice of it to the post Master and to public Bodies that they may be careful how they send dispatches of consequence by the post. An Escort of Horse already travels with the post Rider from Kings ferry to Morris town which was thought the most dangerous Stage.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 14, 1782.
Sir: I have received information, that a lurking party of the Enemy is sent out to intercept the mail between Philadelphia and the North River, the place they are to lay in wait for the Post is said to be between Pluckemin and Morris Town; I thought it proper to give Your Excellency this notice of it (altho I cannot positively be answerable for the veracity of the intelligence) that measures might be taken to prevent the success of the attempt, or that other precautions of not committing important dispatches to the Mail, if it was deemed expedient, might be taken. I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, January 14, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit your Excellency a packet which I received under a flying Seal from Sir Henry Clinton. I took the liberty to mention to Colo. Ternant that his exchange was compleated. Captains Bert and Le Brune82 are, I believe, at Charlottville with Colo. Armand. Should your Excellency incline to exchange Lord Rawdon for any American Officer, I would wish you to insist upon his being considered of the Rank of Brigadier General. Sir Henry Clinton confesses he appointed him such and if my memory does not fail me he has acted in that Capacity; and instead of exchanging him by composition for some of our full Colonels, it will be more agreeable to our practice to set him against an Officer of his own Rank; in which case Brigadier Genl. Moultrie of South Carolina will be intitled to the preference. I have the honor etc.83
[Note 82: Berth(?) and Le Brun(?).]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 15, 1782.
Sir: I flatter myself this letter will overtake you before your departure from Virginia. It is the first opportunity I have had of acknowledging your polite favor of the 17th. of December (which only reached my Hands the 11th. instant) and of assuring you that I very sensibly feel the warmth of your expressions of esteem and regard. Believe me, Sir, sincere, when I tell you that your amiable qualities, your distinguished bravery and your zealous exertions upon every occasion have made an impression upon me which will not easily be effaced. I hope your intended visit to France will perfectly restore your health. That your Voyage may be prosperous, and that you may have the happiness of finding your family and Friends perfectly well is the sincere Wish of Sir, etc.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 15, 1782.
My dear Sir: Unacquainted as I am with the cause of my friend Nelson's resignation, I shall say nothing respecting it; but as the event has taken place, permit me to congratulate you, and my Country on your late appointment to the Government; and to assure you, that you have few friends who wish you more honor and satisfaction in managing the reigns of it than I do. You have certainly embarked on a troubled Sea; but as the helm will be in good hands, I shall have no doubts of the Steerage.
I intended to have wrote you a long letter, and had set down with sufficient time for the purpose, but a thousand interruptions has brought me to the hour of the Posts departure, at this stage of it; I cannot, nevertheless, conclude without beseeching you in the most earnest manner to use your influence with the Assembly, to grant the supplys called for by Congress, and to pursue vigorous measures for next Campaign; for be assured My dear Sir, that the capture of the Army in Virginia will be a real misfortune to us if it is productive of relaxation and langor; the blow must be followed up or we have done nothing. Policy, true interest and oeconomy require this, and it is most devoutly to be wished that, the States would make one great effort to put an end to a War which if lingered out, must be ruinous to them, and distressing in the greatest degree to those who are the principal Actors in it. I shall only add that I am etc.
Philadelphia, January 16, 1782.
Sir: In answer to yours of the 14th. I can only say it is my earnest wish you should proceed, if possible, to the southern Army, where you could probably, for some time to come, employ yourself most advantageously; the enemy appearing, by the latest accounts to have left us in possession of the whole Country, except the Vicinities of Charles Town and Savannah. Permitting you to accept the appointment of one the Commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania, to settle the Bounday between that State and Virginia, or giving you liberty to accompany the Commissioners on that Business, does not lay with me. Should it be thought necessary, or that it would conduce to the public good, the previous application must be made to Congress; but I confess to you I think you will with more propriety, still make it your endeavour to get to the southward. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 16, 1782.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellencys Letter of the 8th. and can assure you nothing on my part shall be wanting to induce Congress and the States to make as great preparations as possible for a combined operation and to improve every aid His most Christian Majesty may be pleased to afford to the best advantage.
It was with extreme Satisfaction I heard the joyful News of the birth of a Dauphine, permit me, not only to participate on the general joy which will be diffused thro France as well as every part of the United States, but also to felicitate your Excellency particularly on that happy event, and to assert, With how great esteem etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Friday, January 18, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Operating force of the Army having Suffered great diminution by the Number of Soldiers made use of as Servants by persons of different denominations not immediately connected with the line;
The General anxious to have the Regiments in the most collected State and as respectable as possible at the opening of the ensuing Campaigne, Orders that in future, no person belonging to the civil Staff be permitted to take a Soldier as a Servant, and that those Gentlemen in that Department who now have such, return them to their respective Regiments, or Corps, on or before the first day of April next, by which time he hopes they will be able to provide Themselves otherwise without inconvenience.
Officers Commanding Corps are desired to pay particular Attention to this order, and directed immediately to recall such of their men as are absent without proper authority: especially those with officers who have retired from the Service.
The General is astonished to find by the returns that some of the absentees are accounted for in the manner last Mentioned.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Saturday, January 19, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Commanding Officers of Regiments or Corps are not in future to furnish Servants or Waggoners from their Corps on any pretext whatever, without an express order from the Commander in Chief or Officer Commanding the Army. Officers actually belonging to regiments or Corps and serving with them are to be allowed servants from their respective Corps in the following proportions: Infantry, Artillery and all Corps serving on foot viz.
And to each regimental Waggon is to be allowed one Waggoner without Arms. Field Officers of Regiments or Corps may take one servant with them on Furlough, but no other regimental Officers to take one from their Regiment on any Account.
No Officer or Doctor to take a Convalescent from the Hospital for a servant on pain of being Tryed by a Court Martial.
The General and Military staff and officers not belonging to Corps are to be allowed Servants in the following proportions, and when they are not otherwise provided may take them from the Army viz.
The servants carrying Arms are to be exempt from Guards and other Camp duties, but are to appear under arms whenever the Regimt. Parades and are to Mount guard with the Officer on whom they wait. The Servants without Arms are never to appear in rank and File, except at the Inspection. When a Regiment Marches and leaves its Camp standing One servant to each Company is to be permitted to remain; but on the Camps being struck and the Baggage Loaded they are to join their regiment.
Philadelphia, January 20, 1782.
Dear Sir: Two things appear to me to be essentially necessary as the Basis and foundation of all the Arrangements of the ensuing Campaign, vizt. Effectual measures for filling up the Army, and certain prospects of being able to support it.
As the completion of our Battalions as early as possible is a matter of the utmost importance, and as the success of recruiting them will depend greatly on putting the business in a proper train of execution while the Legislatures are sitting; I take the liberty to ask whether it will not be the surest, speediest and best mode of transacting this business to send an Officer of Rank and Reputation with the necessary Returns and Circular Letters to the four Eastern States, particularly as the bulk of our Recruits is expected from them?
It would, I conceive, have a great tendency to rouse the Legislatures to vigorous and decided measures should an Officer of consideration wait upon them solely for the purpose above mentioned; instructed to point out in the most forcible manner the necessity of a prompt and faithful compliance with the requisitions; to suggest many things that cannot be included in an official letter, and to urge that the Laws for recruiting be as definitive, explicit and efficacious as possible. The appearance of earnestness manifested in sending a Gentleman purposely on the business, will have considerable weight, exclusive of the emulation which he will probably excite between the States if he manages his matters with address. Another advantage to be expected from the measure is that we shall know with a degree of certainty what we have to depend upon. The success of a similar plan for obtaining specific supplies, particularly of Beef Cattle, the last Campaign, will be readily remembered.
Although the requisitions for money and supplies are now properly within the province of the superintendant of Finance, yet the success of all our operations must depend so much upon the exertions of the states in furnishing those Articles, that it will not I think be improper for the same Gentleman who goes upon the business of recruiting the Army, to touch upon the subject of supplies also. I shall in a circular letter to the states strongly second the application of Congress and of the Financier. Could the Financier give an assurance that the first production of the Taxes would be applied to the payment of the Troops, I doubt not it would have an influence upon the States, who are I believe pressingly importuned by both Officers and Men of their respective Lines for Pay.
We are to suppose that we shall obtain a sufficient Army and find the means of supporting it. The other great preparations for the Campaign must therefore be made; for which purpose I have already directed General Knox, and as soon as I see the Quarter Master General, I shall direct him also, to lay before you Estimates of the wants of their respective departments.
A regular supply of Cloathing, and that too in due season, is a matter of such immense importance, that I think it highly necessary to begin the preparations for what will be wanting the next Winter without a moments loss of time, and sure I am that if the summer Cloathing, Overalls in particular, is not immediately put in hand, it will not be ready by the first of May, at which time I could wish to see it delivered. To an Officer as well informed as you are, and who has had an opportunity of judging from his own experience, it is needless to dwell upon the manifold evils which result, both to the public and the soldier, from the irregular mode in which Cloathing has heretofore been delivered. One observation I cannot help making, because I have so severely felt its force. That it is a most mortifying thing to an Officer to see a favorable opportunity for enterprise lost because the troops which he commands are not in a condition to improve it. This observation is not to be confined wholly to the common soldiers. It applies very often to the Officers, who plead, and not without cause, the want of Cloathes as an exemption from duty, and frequently request leave of absence from their Corps under pretence of supplying their wants. I would wish to know whether any or what steps are taking towards procuring the Cloathing voted by Congress to the Officers. It now becomes a very serious matter. Their states formerly furnished them, some liberally, others partially: but since the requisitions of Congress go to a sum which will be adequate to all our expences, the states look upon themselves as absolved from making any further provision. Consequently if the Officer is neither supplied with Money nor Cloathing by the public, he must soon be in a most disagreeable and deplorable condition. Indeed I am informed that many will be really unable to take the field except measures can be fallen upon to give them relief. Untill more ample provision can be made, it would be highly satisfactory and very convenient to the Officers could the Cloathier General obtain a few of the most necessary Articles which they might be allowed to take up on account of their pay. This would remedy one of the inconveniencies I have spoken of, that of preventing Officers from absenting themselves under pretext of procuring Cloaths.
The following are matters worthy of attention and which I beg leave to submit to you, and wish to be informed in.
What method will be taken to supply the Army with provision while they are operating in the Field?
Admitting New York to be the primary object of the next Campaign, but from inability or other Causes we should be obliged to change our plan and turn our Arms agt. Charles town; How will the Army be supplied in that case, especially with as much Salt provision as will be necessary for the Water transportation of it?
Supposing the States should fill their Battalions, or bring them to a degree of respectability and circumstances should point to the necessity of an early Campaign, could money be obtained for the purpose of procuring Forage before the Grass springs?
Is it not time to determine how many and what kind of teams (oxen or Horse) we shall probably want in the approaching Campaign; that measures may be taken to procure them, and whether it will be most advantageous to hire or purchase?
Can the Quarter Mast. Genl. be enabled, and if so, ought he not to be obliged to obtain a sufficient number of Artificers, Waggoners and Labourers for the use of his department that no draught may be made from the Line? This brings to my mind the Regiment of Artificers assigned to Penna. as part of her Quota. The Regt. was reformed and thrown into two Companies: But ought not the State to make up the number of Men in some other way?
What prospect have we of covering for the ensuing Campaign? and by what time can it be provided?
Is the Cloathier Generals provision confined to the Men now in service or does it extend to the Recruits which may be expected? If only to the first, how are the last to be cloathed?
Will it be good policy to issue a proclamation inviting all Deserters from the Continental Army in the service of the enemy to return to their Colours? And would it not also be good Policy in Congress to recommend to the states to pass acts of Grace in favor of such of their subjects in the military service of the enemy as would return by a given time? It is thought this would operate powerfully in reducing their provincial Corps. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received yesterday your two fayours of the 10th Instant; also the Letter of the 14th. inclosing the Returns of the Massachusetts and Connecticut Regiments. I must repeat again, that I am extremely anxious that the state of the Troops, should be collected and transmitted to the several Legislatures, as early as possible, in order to their taking effectual measures to complete the deficiencies; every Moment ought to be improved to the best advantage, to enable us to take the feild early and with a prospect of success.
I am glad to hear the spirit of Enterprise still prevails; and that the attempts in the petit Guerre are attended with success.
I am of opinion it will be policy to encourage desertion from the Enemy, and have it in contemplation to publish a Proclamation of Pardon to the Deserters from our Army; in the mean time, I think it will be expedient to grant a Pardon in the instance you Mention.
There is a Resolution of Congress, respecting the Music of the Army, which the Adjutant General will transmit to you, this prohibits enlisting any More under that Denomination, but does not affect those already in service; You will be pleased therefore to Order Cloathing for them accordingly.
I am pleased that the Making of the Cloathing goes on so well. I should not think it would be improper to let the Country Taylors take the Articles to their Homes to make, under such restrictions as will prevent their embezzlement or loss to the Public. With great regard etc.90
[Note 90: In In the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, January 22, 1782.
Dr Sir: I yesterday received your Letter dated the 4th. Inst. The information you had received respecting an alteration in the establishment of the Army is without foundation. No Door is open therefore to gratify the wishes of those not in actual service, however meritorious they may be; of the zeal, attachment and ability you have always displayed in the service of your Country, especially in the last campaign no one can be more perfectly convinced than Dear Sir, Your etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Tuesday, January 22, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The United States in Congress assembled have been pleased to pass the following resolves.
In Congress December 24, 1781.
Resolved, That in future no recruit shall be inlisted to serve as a drummer or filer. When such are wanted, they shall be taken from the soldiers of the corps in such numbers and of such description as the Commander in Chief or commanding officer of a seperate army shall direct, and be returned back and others drawn out as often as the good of the service shall make necessary.
That all drummers and filers, after being supplied each with a good drum and fife, shall keep the same in repair by stoppages from his pay, in such manner as the commanding officer of the corps shall direct.
Philadelphia, January 22, 1782.
Sir: Although it may be somewhat out of my province, to address your Excellency on a subject not immediately of a military nature, yet, I consider it so nearly connected with and so essential to the operations under my direction, that I flatter myself, my interference will not be deemed impertinent.
Upon applying to the Superintendant of Finance, to know how far I might depend upon him for the pay, Feeding and Cloathing of the Army, for the Current Year, and for the sums necessary to put it and keep it in motion, he very candidly laid open to me the State of our Monyed affairs, and convinced me, that, although the assistances we had derived from abroad were considerable, yet, they would be by no means adequate to our expences. He informed me further, that to make up the deficiency, the States had been called upon, by Congress, for Eight Millions of Dollars for the service of the year 1782, and shewed me the Copy of a circular letter from himself to the several Legislatures, in which he had so fully and clearly pointed out the necessity of a compliance with the Requisition, that it is needless for me to say more on that head, than that I intirely concur with him in opinion, so far as he has gone into the matter. But there are other reasons, which could not be so well known to him as they are to me, as having come under my immediate observation, and which, therefore, I shall take the liberty to mention.
Your Excellency cannot but remember the ferment into which the whole Army was thrown, twelve Months ago, for the want of pay and a regular supply of Cloathing and provisions, and with how much difficulty they were brought into temper, by a partial supply of the two first, and a promise of more regular supplies of all in future. Those promises the Soldiery now begin to claim, and altho' we shall be able to satisfy them tolerably in respect to Cloathing, and perfectly in regard to provision, (if the Financier is enabled to comply with his Contracts) yet there is no prospect of obtaining pay, untill part of the money required of the States can be brought into the public treasury. You cannot conceive the uneasiness which arises from the total want of so essential an Article as Money, and the real difficulties in which the Officers, in particular, are involved on that account. The favorable aspect of our affairs, and the hopes that matters are in a train to afford them relief contributes to keep them quiet; but I cannot answer for the effects of a disappointment.
Enabling the Financier to comply with his Contracts, is a matter of the utmost consequence; the very existence of the Army depends upon it. Should he fail in his payments, the Contract ceases, and there is no alternative left, but to disband or live upon the seizure of neighbouring property. The saving to the public, by feeding an Army by Contract, is too well known to need any illustration, and that alone ought to be a sufficient inducement to the States to find the means of adhering to it.
It will, perhaps, be urged, that the sum called for is immense, and beyond the ability of the Country to pay. There is one plain answer to that objection, should it be made. It is, that if the War is carried on, a certain expence must be incurred, and that such expence must be drawn from the people, either by a partial, cruel and I may say, illegal seizure of the property which lays most convenient to the Army, or by a regular and equitable Tax in Money or specific Articles. Money, if it can be procured, is to be preferred, because it is neither liable to waste, nor is it expensive in the mode of collection or transportation. Whereas, I think I may venture to say, that a great proportion of the specific Articles have been wasted after the people have furnished them, and that the transportation alone, of what have reached the Army, has, in numberless instances, cost more than the value of the Articles themselves.
To bring this War to a speedy and happy conclusion, must be the fervent wish of every lover of his Country, and sure I am, that no means are so likely to effect these, as vigorous preparations for another Campaign. Whether then we consult our true interest, substantial oeconomy, or sound policy, we shall find that relaxation and langour are, of all things to be avoided. Conduct of that kind, on our part, will produce fresh hopes and new exertions on that of the enemy; whereby, the War, which has already held beyond the general expectation, may be protracted to such a length, that the people, groaning under the burthen of it and despairing of success, may think any change, a change for the better.
I will close with a request, that your Excellency will be good enough to take the first opportunity of laying these my sentiments before the Legislature of your State. From the attention they have even been pleased to pay to any former requisitions or representations of mine, I am encouraged to hope, that the present, which is equally important with any I have ever made, will meet with a favorable reception. I have the honor etc.
P.S. The Returns of Troops called for by Resolve of the 10th. of Decemr. is collecting and will be forwarded very soon. The remote situation of some of the Corps has made it a tedious business, but such is the nature of it, that an accurate Return cannot be digested untill the Returns of all the Legionary Corps and those of Artillery are obtained, that credit may be given for the Men serving in them.92
[Note 92: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the letter sent to President Meshech Weare. The P.S. was omitted from the letters sent to Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The original of the letter sent to Pennsylvania and the draft are in the Washington Papers. From the indorsement on the draft the letters to New Hampshire to New Jersey, inclusive, and to Maryland and Virginia went out in the mail of January 23; that for Delaware was "left at Mr. Dickinsons House."]
[N.H.H.S.]
Philadelphia, January 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: The inclosed Paper93 without signature, was a few days since put into my hands. As the information is not such as can be acted upon in a military way, I have thought it adviseable to transmit the same to your Excellency that any use you should think proper might be made of it. I have the honor etc.94
[Note 93: The paper inclosed contained, according to an N. B. on the draft, Information respecting John Smith said to have come to Morris Town for the purpose of communicating intelligence to the Enemy."]
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, January 23, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit the proceedings of the General Court Martial95 upon Major General Howe. In apology for their being sent in so rude a state, I beg leave to
[Note 95: The court-martial proceedings are not now found among the Papers of the Continental Congress.] observe, that it would take some days to make a fair Copy, which would add so much to the detention of the officers who composed the Court, several of whom have remained in Town at a very considerable expence and much inconvenience. As the Court cannot with propriety be dissolved before the decision of Congress is known, I will take the liberty of requesting their determination as speedily as possible, not only for the reasons above given, but because some of the same Members must sit again upon Colonel Brodheads Court. I have the honor at.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 97: Of the Second New York Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Philadelphia, January 24, 1782.
Sir: I am favored with yours of the 19th. instant and it gives me pleasure to see an Officer seeking an opportunity of distinguishing himself and at the same time rendering a service to his Country. I think the enterprise you mention,98 is too remote from your place of Cantonment to be effected by surprise, which is the only mode that could possibly succeed by a small Body of Troops. I am nevertheless obliged to you for your offer of undertaking it. I am &c.99
[Note 98: Hamtranck, who was then stationed at Pompton, N.J., had suggested a surprise of the British fort on Bergen Neck.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 24, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve:
By the United States in Congress assembled,
January 24, 1782.
The proceedings of a General Court Martial upon Major General Howe being read:
"Resolved, That the sentence of the general court martial acquitting Major General R. Howe, with the highest honor, of the charges exhibited against him, be, and hereby is, approved and confirmed."
The General Court Martial whereof Major General the Baron de Steuben is president, is dissolved and another ordered to assemble for the tryal of Colonel Brodhead, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, of which Colonel Lewis Nichola1 of the Corps of Invalids is appointed President. Lieutenant Colonel Wiebert2and Major De Brahm3 of the Corps of Engineers, Major Olney4 of the Rhode Island regiment, Captain Liebert5 of General Hazens regiment, Captain McConnell6 of the 4th. regt. of Artillery, Captain Humphreys7 of the Pennsylvania Infantry, with three Captains from the Rhode Island Regiment and three Captains from the Corps of Invalids are appointed Members.
[Note 1: Col. Lewis Nicola.]
[Note 2: Lieut. Col. Antoine Felix Wuibert (Wiebert), of the Continental Engineers. He had served as a volunteer on the Bonhomme Richard.]
[Note 3: Maj. Ferdinand Joseph Sebastien de Brahm, of the Continental Engineers.]
[Note 4: Maj. Coggeshall Olney.]
[Note 5: Capt. Philip Liebert, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was transferred to the Invalid Regiment in March, 1782, and resigned in April, 1783.]
[Note 6: Capt. Robert McConnell, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 7: Capt. Jacob Humphrey (Humphreys). He was adjutant of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment; transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
The Court will assemble at the Barracks on Saturday at 10 oClock A.M. All evidences and persons concerned are requested to attend. Captain N. White8 is appointed Judge Advocate. An orderly serjeant from the Rhode Island Regiment to attend the Court daily during their setting.
[Note 8: Capt. Moses ("N") White, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He was aide to General Hazen to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Friday, January 25, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Captain Benjamin Walker, of the 2d New York Regiment is appointed Aid de Camp to the Commander in Chief and is to be respected and Obeyed accordingly.
Philadelphia, January 25, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 23d. respecting Capt. Hutchins and shall give you a more definitive answer after I have seen that Gentleman.
By a letter which General Lincoln addressed to me before he went to the Eastward, I find that you approve of my plan of sending Officers to the four New England States, particularly, with the Returns of their deficiencies of Troops, and with instructions to attend upon the Legislatures, and to endeavour to impress them with the expediency and, indeed, necessity of filling their Battalions previous to the opening of the Campaign. He informed me also that you would be glad to give the same Officers some instructions relative to the Business of your department. If so, I could wish you would have your letters ready to go by the next post, by which time I expect to have the returns prepared. I have not yet fixed upon the Gentlemen who will be proper, but you can leave blanks for the insertion of the names of those who may be chosen.
As we may reasonably expect to hear soon again from Sir Henry Clinton on the subject of the meeting of Commissioners, I think it would be well to be preparing the substance of the powers to be delegated to the Gentlemen to whom the transaction of the proposed business will be committed. What I would wish you to prepare, particularly, is so much as will relate to the liquidation of the former accounts of prisoners, and making provision for their maintanance in future. I have the honor etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Saturday, January 26, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Captain Pearson10 of the Pennsylvania Infantry is appointed a Member of the General Court Martial whereof Colonel Nichola is President vice Captain Liebert.
[Note 10: Capt. John Pearson, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the First Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
Philadelphia, January 26, 1782.
My dear Sir: In my last, which was on the 31st. of December, I informed you that an embarkation said to consist of three British Regiments and a detachment of Foreigners was upon the point of sailing, and thought to be destined to the southward. They did sail and I suppose have been long since arrived, but my first intelligence was wrong as to numbers. The British Regiments did not embark and from the best accounts since obtained; the Foreign Troops were from five to seven hundred.
We are very anxiously expecting news from Europe. No definitive plans for the next Campaign can be settled untill we hear from thence. In the mean time we are making every possible general preparation, and if the States afford us a reasonable proportion of the Men and supplies required of them, I flatter myself we shall be upon a more respectable footing than we have been for some time past.
I have recd. no letter from you since that of the 21st. of November. By what we gather from the accounts published by the enemy, we suppose they are within the lines of Charles town and you not very far from them. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 26, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 12th. and am glad to find you have got rid of the person who embarrassed you.
Inclosed you have my acceptance of Colo. D'Harts resignation, which be pleased to deliver to him. I cannot grant that of Major Hollingshead before he himself signifies a desire of leaving the service. When he does that, let him mention the time that he looked upon himself as out of the Army, that his resignation may be dated accordingly.
I am of opinion with you that the most flagrant abuses are committed under the cover of Flags to and from New York, and am willing to adopt any measures to prevent a continuance of them. I have no papers with me but those of a late date, and therefore cannot refer to the instructions formerly given to you upon this subject. If I recollect them they were to put a stop to the practice of Flags going and coming at stated times, and to suffer no persons to go on board or to land from the Boats except those who have proper passports. All letters to be delivered to the Officer on Guard at Elizabeth Town. If you think this mode or one similar to it will answer the purpose, you will carry it into execution and try the effect.
Previous to seeing your letter to Genl. Hand I had heard that there was some uneasiness in the Company stationed at Wyoming, and had determined to relieve it. You will therefore order up a relief as soon as the troops are Cloathed. I have no new instructions to the Officer who is to go upon the command. He will call upon Capt. Mitchell12 for those given to him and follow them. You may give him this general caution, to confine himself to his military duty and avoid intermeddling in the politics of Pennsylvania or Connecticut. I am etc.13
[Note 12: See Instructions to Capt. Alexander Mitchell, Dec. 30, 1780, ante.]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 28, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have occasion to revise the powers and instructions which have at different times been given to our Commissioners for negotiating an exchange of prisoners. The first were given to Colo. Harrison in the beginning of the year 1777. You will be pleased to collect them and send them down to me as soon as possible. The Blank Books are nearly finished. I am etc.13
Philadelphia, January 29, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 15th Inst. has been duly handed to me: I have no doubt from the various and essential services you have rendered your Country, you must be extremely obnoxious to the Enemy; to protect your person against any insidious attempts from them, a Guard was therefore ordered from the N York line; but as it is important the troops should be collected and the Corps be kept together as much as possible this Winter; I should wish all the Men who are able might join their Regts. at Pompton; And in the mean time, I have enclosed an order to the Commanding Officer of the N Hampshire Line to furnish a Guard to replace the former, while those Regts. continue at the Northward. I hope in the Spring there may be such a provision made, of State Troops or Levies, that this Guard may also be relieved or taken off without hazard or inconvenience.
Every information tending to prove that the affairs respecting the Grants may be speedily and happily accommodated, gives me singular Satisfaction. I will flatter myself, both the Articles of intelligence you have recd. are well grounded, and that it will be the unremitting effort of every one who is well affected to the general Cause to prevent the horrors of civil discord in any part of the United States.
It has been intimated that some of the Enemy's shipping and armed Vessels have been detained by the ice in Lake Champlain, in such a manner that they might be destroyed, and the Cannon &c. brought of[; if the fact is so, I will thank you for as early and explicit information as possible, that measures may be taken accordingly. The destruction of those Vessels would I think greatly impede any future incursions from that quarter. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, January 29, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 18th and 19th. instants. I am extremely sorry that there has been a necessity for your taking such disagreeable measures with Major General Mcdougall. The Adjutant General will transmit an order for holding a General Court Martial on the occasion.
Considering the situation of the 10th. Massachusetts Regiment, I would not have them hurried up to Albany. When they are cloathed, and those who are to have the small pox are recovered, it will be time enough. No detachment of the Army need march in their stead.
By a Resolve of Congress, Colonels while commanding Brigades are intitled to the Rations of a Brigadier, consequently, they will be paid for those retained at 9½d Pennsylvania Currency, the price of a Ration by Contract. The same Rule holds good as to all other Officers. I am not acquainted with the pay and Rations of those in the Quarter Masters department; but where they are, by Resolve of Congress, allowed more than one Ration and do not draw them, I take it for granted they are to be paid at the rate above mentioned. The cause of allowing the extra Ration will cease when the Officers are paid their subsistence Money regularly. The Deputy pay Master sets out in a few days, prepared to make those payments from the 1st of February.
I shall shortly issue a proclamation offering pardon to all our Deserters in the service of the Enemy, who will return to their Colours. You may, in the mean time, encourage the practice. I heartily wish the States would publish like Acts of Grace, as I am confident, the New Corps15 might be, by such means, much if not intirely reduced.
[Note 15: The draft at this point has: "of the Enemy."]
If Colonel Pickering has not left the North River, he can inform you whether any or what steps have been taken to procure a Return of the Horses and Cattle of the French Army, which were in the Camp at West Chester. Should nothing have been done, the request will go properly from him to General de Beville the Quarter Master General.
I am obliged by your care in forwarding the information of Colton,16 upon which, however, I do not place much confidence. One circumstance contradicts the whole affair. The conversation alluded to, is said to have happened in September or October last. I was not at that time in Philada, neither did I myself then know that I should make any stay in this City in the course of the Winter. It is not therefore probable that a plan should have been laid to hurt me in Philada.
[Note 16: Isaac Colton, of Springfield, Mass.]
I shall immediately lay a Copy of Messrs. Wales and Davis's17 letter to Major Lunt18 before Congress. It is too delicate a matter for me to decide upon. Untill their determination is known, I would wish the delivery of the State Cloathing to be suspended.
[Note 17: Ebenezer Wales and Caleb(?) Davis, a committee of the General Court of Massachusetts, for purchasing clothing for the Massachusetts troops. Their letter was to Major General Heath, not to Major Lunt.]
[Note 18: Maj. Ezra Lunt, clothier for Massachusetts troops.]
As General Schuyler seems of opinion that he can make a valuable use of Capt. Duncan,19 I have no objection to his being given up to him.
[Note 19: Capt. James(?) Duncan, of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
I will make enquiry whether Major Porter20 obtained leave of absence from Congress. He never had any from me. I am &c.21
[Note 20: Maj. John Porter of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He was discharged in October, 1782.]
[Note 21: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, January 29, 1782.
Sir: On examination I find the Map of the Southern States shewn me by Capt Hutchins much too general to answer any Military purpose I therefore think that Gentlemans presence at the Southward very necessary and should be glad if a necessary sum of Money could be furnished to enable him to proceed there without delay. I am &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On January 29 Washington wrote briefly to the officer commanding the New Hampshire line "to furnish a Sergt. and 12 men, who are least capable of active service, to relieve the Guard from N York Line now with General Schuyler; to remain on that duty, while the N Hampshire Regts continue at the Northward, or until further Orders." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Tuesday, January 29, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
A General Court Martial for the Tryal of Major General McDougall on sundry Charges exhibitted against him by Major General Heath will assemble at West Point as soon as possible. Major General Lord Sterling is appointed President. The Deputy Adjutant General of the Eastern Army will Detail the Members.
AFTER ORDERS
The General Court Martial ordered this Morning for the Tryal of General McDougall may Sett at West Point or some convenient place in its vicinity.
Philadelphia, January 30, 1782.
Sir: I take the liberty to lay before Congress the Copy of a Letter from Messrs. Wales and Davis of Boston to Major Genl. Heath with an extract of his Letter which inclosed it. Your Excellency will perceive that it is the intention of the Legislature to take upon them the Cloathing of their own Troops; how far this is consistent with the present views and plans of Congress, I will not undertake to say, but it appears to me that there is a necessity of immediately determining whether those Troops are to be supplied by the Continental or their own State. Previous to the arrival of the Articles mentioned in the inclosed the Continental Cloathing for the Massachusetts Line had been delivered out and good part of it made up. I shall be glad to be honord with the decision of Congress as early as possible as a distribution of the Articles which have arrived is suspended untill it can be known.
Your Excellency will oblige me by informing me whether Major Jno. Porter of the 6th Massachusetts Regt. obtained leave of Congress to go to France; with great respect etc.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on February I and referred to George Clymer, Samuel Osgood, and James Madison. The signed draft, in the Washington Papers, is dated January 28.]
Philadelphia, January 30, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your Excellency's Letter of the 21st Instant inclosing a Copy of your Correspondence with Genl Haldimand.
It has long since been determin'd that the Prisoners taken upon the Capitulation at the Cedars should be exchanged and we propose as proper subjects for their Exchange so far as they will go the Canadian Officers who were taken at St John's and sent in on Parole in 1776. The enemy now pretend those Gentlemen never held any Military Rank. whenever this proposition is accepted every difficulty on that head will be removed.
The Affair of the People on the Grants is now before Congress I sincerely hope that such measures will be determined on as will restore quiet to that part of the Country or at least prevent those unhappy consequences you seem so justly to dread. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, January 31, 1782.
Dear Sir: The inclosed to Generals Lincoln and Huntington and Colo. Olney contain the Returns of the Troops of the Eastern States, and circular letters to their Legislatures. They have been already delayed much longer than I could have wished, owing to the difficulty of collecting the Returns, some of which have not yet come in. For that reason, I have left under flying seal the letter to General Lincoln, that you may insert the amount of the two New Hampshire Regiments in the Return of the Troops of that State. I think those Returns must be with you, by the time this will reach you: But should they not, you must write a line to General Lincoln and inform him that you will forward them the moment you get them. That these dispatches may go on with speed and security, I must request you to put them into the hands of an active Officer, who will himself deliver them to the Gentlemen to whom they are addressed. The expenses of his journey will be borne by the public. You will charge him to make all possible haste, as I fear some of the Legislatures will be about rising.
Yours of the 26th. instant inclosing Sheldon's Return is this moment come to hand. I am &c.25
[Note 25: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, January 31, 1782.
Sir: It appears to me but reasonable that an Officer under Major Mcphersons circumstances, acknowledged by no State and belonging to no Corps should be put upon the same footing in respect to his depreciation of pay as the Foreign Officers in our service were. I am &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, January 31, 1782.
Sir: Having forwarded, under a flying seal, to your care, Dispatches of immense consequence, on the subject of compleating the Regt. of your State to the Establishment, I must request you will lose no time in delivering them to His Excellency the Governor; and that you will use your utmost influence to have this business put upon such a footing as will be attended with the desired success.28
[Note 28: Huntington was in Connecticut; Olney was in Rhode Island.]
As I am certain, from your experience in service, and the knowledge you have of our present circumstances and prospects, you are convinced that the events of the ensuing Campaign will depend principally upon the exertions of the States, this Winter, in filling the Army and making provision for its support; I have only to authorize and desire you to devote your whole time, attention, and abilities (as far as possible) to the accomplishment of these interesting objects; to consult and advise with the Legislature, or such persons as they may please to appoint for the purpose; to enforce the Arguments I have made use of, and to suggest whatever shall occur to you as obviously calculated to promote the public interest.
To make ample calculations as to the numbers, to establish effectual checks as to the quality of the Recruits, to interest every body in obtaining them by a fixed time, to oblige the Delinquents (should there be any) to pay, in a summary mode, what will be actually sufficient to hire the Men, and to cause those men to be hired instantly, are matters which cannot escape your consideration. It will also be necessary to give every assistance in your power, towards making the Minuter arrangements for collecting and forwarding the Recruits, who are to be sent on to the Army at the expence of the State, by the Resolution of Congress of the 18th of Decr. which I request may be done as speedily as possible after they are inlisted, in any numbers from 10 to 100 or upwards; this will not only tend to prevent desertion but to inure them to a Camp life and give them the habits of discipline before the opening of the Campaign, which we hope will be at an early period.
I have enclosed to you a Copy of the last Letter from the Financier to me, on the subject of Supplies; you will readily percieve this is an object of equal importance with the former; it is the pivot on which the success of our operations must turn. Unless the States should comply with the Requisitions of Congress, you see how our prospects will fade, and all our hopes may be blasted. I wish you to make the best use you can of it, urge, importune, persevere; and be so good as to let me know, as frequently and explicitly as may be, the situation of affairs in your State, and what aid of Men and Money may be expected from thence. I am &c.29
[Note 29: In the writing of David Humphreys. The text is from the letter sent to Lieut. Col. Jeremiah Olney, in which, of course, the word "regiment" is in the singular, Rhode Island having but one regiment. The draft is indorsed: "and to an Officer in N Hampshire left Blank for Gen Lincoln to fill."]
[R.I.H.S.]
[Note 30: Of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, January 31, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor of transmitting herewith31 Returns of the number of Men now actually in service from your State, in order that measures may be adopted for compleating the Regiments to the full establishment agreeably to the Resolution of Congress of the 10th of Decr. I cannot omit so favourable an opportunity of expressing to you my sentiments on this subject, and of entreating in the most earnest manner, that there may be a speedy, pointed, and effectual compliance with those requisitions.
[Note 31: In the draft and in some of the letters the word "accurate" follows the word "herewith."]
It will I flatter myself, be unnecessary to recapitulate all the Arguments I made use of, in the circular Letter I had the honor to address to the several States at the close of the Campaign of 1780, in which it must be remembered, I took the liberty to urge from the knowledge I had of our affairs, and a series of experience, the policy, the expediency, the necessity of recruiting the Army as the only probable means of bringing the War to a speedy and happy conclusion; if those Arguments had any influence at that time; if the consequent exertions were crowned with any success; if the present crisis exhibits new and more forcible inducements for still greater efforts; let me point you and your Legislature to these considerations, and especially let me recommend, in the warmest terms, that all the fruits of the successes, which have been obtained the last Campaign, may not be thrown away by an inglorious winter of languor and inactivity.
However, at this advanced stage of the War, it might seem to be an insult upon the understanding to suppose a long train of reasoning necessary to prove that a respectable force in the field is essential to the establishment of our liberties and independence; yet as I am apprehensive the prosperous issue of the combined operation in Virginia, may have (as too common in such cases) the pernicious tendency of lulling the Country into a lethargy of inactivity and security; and as I feel my own reputation, as well as the interest, the honor, the glory, and the happiness of my Country intimately concerned in the event, I will ask the indulgence to speak more freely on those accounts, and to make some of those observations, which the present moment seems to suggest; that the broken and perplexed state of the Enemy's affairs, and the successes of the last Campaign on our part, ought to be a powerful incitement to vigorous preparations for the next; that, unless we strenuously exert ourselves to profit by these successes, we shall not only lose all the solid advantages that might be derived from them, but we shall become contemptible in our own eyes, in the eyes of our Enemy, in the opinion of Posterity, and even in the estimation of the whole World; which will consider us as a nation unworthy of Prosperity, because we know not how to make a right use of it; that, altho' we cannot, by the best concerted plans, absolutely command success, altho', the race is not always to the swift, or the Battle to the strong, yet without presumptuously waiting for Miracles to be wrought in our favour, it is our indispensible Duty, with the deepest gratitude to Heaven for the past, and humble confidence in its smiles on our future operations, to make use of all the Means in our power for our defence and security; that this period is particularly important, because no circumstances since the commencement of the War have been so favourable to the recruiting service; and because it is to be presumed from the encrease of population and the brilliant prospects before us, it is actually in our power to complete the Army before the opening of the Campaign; that, however flattering these prospects may be, much still remains to be done, which cannot probably be effected unless the Army is recruited to its establishment; and consequently the continuance or termination of the War seem principally to rest on the vigor and decision of the States in this interesting point. And finally, that it is our first object of policy under every supposable or possible case to have a powerful Army early in the field; for we must suppose the Enemy are either disposed, "to prosecute the War" or to enter into a negotiation for peace"; there is no other alternative; on the former supposition, a respectable Army becomes necessary to counteract the Enemy and to prevent the accumulating expences of a lingering War; on the latter, nothing but a decidedly superior force can enable us boldly to claim our rights, and dictate the law at the pacification. So that, whatever the disposition of the Enemy may be, it is evidently our only interest and oeconomy to act liberally and exert ourselves greatly, during the present Winter, to cut off at once all the expences of the War, by putting a period to it.
And soon might that day arrive, soon might we hope to enjoy all the blessings of peace, if we could see again the same animation in the cause of our Country inspire every breast, the same passion for freedom and military glory impel our Youths to the field, and the same disinterested patriotism pervade every rank of Men, as was conspicuous at the commencement of this glorious revolution; and I am persuaded only some great occasion was wanting, such as the present moment exhibits, to rekindle the latent sparks of that patriotic fire into a generous flame, to rouse again the unconquerable Spirit of Liberty, which has sometimes seemed to slumber for a while, into the full vigor of action.
I cannot now conclude this Letter without expressing my full expectation, that the several States animated with the noblest principles, and convinced of the policy of complying faithfully with the requisitions, will be only emulous which shall be foremost in furnishing its quota of Men; that the calculations of the numbers wanted to fill the deficiency may be so ample, as (allowing for all the casualties and deductions) will be sufficient certainly to complete the Battalions; that the measures for this purpose, may be so explicit, pointed and inergetic as will inevitably furnish the Recruits in season; and that such checks may be established to prevent imposition as to the quality of the Men, that no Recruits may be accepted but those who are in fact able-bodied and effective; should any of a different description be sent to the Army, they must be rejected, the expences thrown away, and the service injured, tho' others are required to supply their places; for it is only deceiving ourselves, with having a nominal instead of a real force, and consuming the public Provisions and Cloathing to no effect, by attempting to impose decriped and improper Men or boys upon us as Soldiers.
The Returns before alluded to, being but this moment collected, I regret that it was not possible they should have been forwarded sooner, to prevent miscarriage or delay in so important a communication, I have committed them to Colonel Dearborne32 who will have the honor of delivering these Dispatches and explaining my ideas very perfectly; as he is charged solely with this business he will return as soon as it is negotiated, but he is instructed to wait until he can bear such official Accounts from you to me, as will fully inform me, what aid may absolutely be relied upon from Your State, which in conjunction with the other reports of a similar nature, must serve as a Basis, on which we may build our final plans and arrangements for the ensuing Campaign. I have the honor etc.33
[Note 32: Col. Henry Dearborn.]
[Note 33: In the writing of David Humphreys. The text is from the letter sent to New Hampshire. The last paragraph was omitted in the letters to Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Philadelphia, February 1, 1782.
Sir: The Express has just handed me your letter of the 29th. Ulto. as you do not mention the circumstances under which the persons who came in the Flag are confined it is impossible for me to give any directions in the matter. I have written to Colo. Dayton by this conveyance desiring him to take the proper measures for obtaining you an intercourse with the British Commissary.
Was it not that the business you are on is of some importance, I should not be at all Sorry for any thing that would tend to putting a Stop to the frequent intercourse that is kept up between Eliz Town and Staten Island, as I am convinced it is conducted in a very improper manner.
If I may judge from circumstances Mr. Loring's answer must have been sent soon after the 12th. Inst. Why then did you delay the information untill the 29th. when so many Officers are anxiously waiting the Event of your Mission. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker and Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 1, 1782.
Sir: Mr Skinner the Commissary of Prisoners has informed me that the Communication between our posts and the Enemies is stop'd by the Sheriffs having confined two persons who came in the last Flag. I should not be sorry for this Circumstance was it not of some consequence that the business Mr. Skinner has in hand should be completed. I will thank you to make the necessary Enquiry into the matter and take such measures as may be most proper for obtaining an interview between the two Commissaries of Prisoners. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, February 2, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 26th. Ulto. proposing a plan of providing the Officers with Cloathing. I approve of it generally, and think it will have a happy effect. I will only beg leave to make this remark, that the amount of two Months pay of subalterns will be scarcely sufficient to enable them to purchase a sufficiency of the Articles necessary for the genteel equipment of an Officer, whereas the same Amount of Captains and all others will be competent. I could therefore wish, if it can be done with conveniency, that the Subs may have Notes for three and the Captains and other Officers for two Months pay. This will, I hope, appear reasonable, when it is considered, that the lowest Grades of Officers must appear equally well dressed with their Colonels. I have the honor &c.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am made extremely unhappy by finding that the difference between General Heath and yourself has proceeded to so disagreeable a height. A few days before the receipt of yours of the 27th. ulto. General Heath had furnished me with a Copy of the arrest and charges and desired me to order a General Court Martial, which I did. Lord Stirling is appointed president and the Dy. Adjt. General is directed to detail as respectable a Court as circumstances will admit of. Had I have had any previous notice of this disagreeable Affair, I should as the common friend of both and for the reputation of the service, have offered my private interposition: But matters, when the thing came to my knowledge, had gone too far to be determined in any other line than that in which they now are.
In respect to the request contained in the postscript of your letter. I conceive an impropriety in my interference. Was I to grant the liberty you ask, it would be unmilitary to do it otherwise than thro' the Officer commanding the Army in my absence. I will conclude this subject with observing that as you are both Gentlemen for whom I have a high and equal esteem, I shall be affected by the decision of the Court, in whose ever favor it may terminate.
By the terms of the Contract the Commanding Officers at the posts where Rations are issued have the power of commuting them when they judge proper. I am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 4, 1782.
Sir: It would give me much pleasure in answering your letter of this date, if I could deliver such an opinion as would perfectly accord with the wishes of yourself, and the Gentn. who are had in contemplation as Assistant Inspectors; But despairing of this, I shall submit such an one as candor, and a desire of information may require.
My opinion has uniformly been, that throwing the Inspectorate and Mustering departments into one, was improper, and if my judgment does not mislead me, the duties of the two, if they are accurately and strictly performed, agreeably to the system newly established by Congress, will find ample employment for the Gentn. to whom they are entrusted. But before I give a definitive opinion permit me to request a candid reply to the following questions.
1st. Is it practicable, according to your conception of the duties of your Office, for the Gentn. engaged in it to take (over and above) an equal share in the common rotine of the Army?
2d. If it is not, where can the line be drawn that will not subject the Comr. in Chief or Officer Commanding a seperate Army to the imputation of partiality, and the public Service to those embarrassments which proceed from the complaints of disgusted Officers; who think it hard (having the Ordinary and troublesome duties of their Corps to attend to) to be deprived of the only opportunities by which Military glory is to be atchieved?
3rd. Who is to perform the duties of the Inspectors Office (which are almost incessant) while they are employed on detachment, or other duties of the line? [and
4th. If this indulgence is allowed to the Officers in the Inspectors department will not the same be claimed by those in the Adjutant Generals and the whole Military Staff?]
The New system, although it leaves a discretionary power in the Officer Commanding the Army, to employ the Inspectors otherwise than in the immediate line of their duty, holds up, nevertheless, in a clear point of view the idea of its being sufficient to employ them; however, as I have already observed, before I give a definitive opinion I should be glad of your answers to the questions propounded. I am etc.38
[Note 38: The portion in brackets is in the writing of Tench Tilghman]
Philadelphia, February 5, 1782.
Gentlemen: Permit me to assure you that I very sensibly feel the honor conferred upon me by your Address of Thanks of the 4th of January. The approbation which you have been pleased to express of my past conduct cannot but ensure a continuance of my endeavours to merit your good opinions.
I shall with peculiar pleasure, communicate to the Officers and Men composing the Army of our illustrious Ally the favorable sentiments which you entertain of their conduct. It will, if possible, add to that happy agreement which I hear subsists between them and the Inhabitants.
That the Common Wealth of Virginia may long enjoy that peace and security of which she is at present possessed is the fervent wish of Gentn. etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The reply was inclosed by Washington (February 5) in a brief note to Nathaniel Harrison, president of the Virginia Senate. The draft of this note is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1782.
Gentlemen: I thank you sincerely for your polite Address and Congratulations on the important success which has been obtained, by the assistance of the Troops of our great and generous Ally.
If I have been instrumental in restoring tranquility to any part of the United States, which was suffering under the ravages of the Enemy, I consider the approbation of the Virtuous Citizens of America, as the most ample reward for those services.
Permit me, Gentlemen, to assure you, that the tender concern, you are pleased to express for my future success and personal wellfare, will ever inspire me with the liveliest sentiments of gratitude and respect, whilst I have the honor etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
Washington inclosed the above in a brief note of transmittal to Joseph Prentis, who had forwarded the address of the mayor et al., expressing his "regret that circumstances did not admit of my receiving it personally." The draft of this note is an the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been duly honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 4th of Jany. by Col Carrington.
The disagreeable picture you give of the embarrass'd situation of the finances and other public Matters in your State is the more distressing to me; as I had flattered myself the reduction of the Enemy's force in Virginia would afford a favorable opportunity for reestablishing your affairs, and making more vigorous preparations for prosecuting the southern War.
It is not my business to determine which of the States has sustained the greatest share of the burden of the War, or to decide whether the contingent of Men and Money lately assigned to them has been exactly in proportion to their abilities. Congress whose province it is to judge, ought, from the information they may be possess'd of, to be supposed, competent to the task. but it may not be improper to observe that the advantage derived to any particular State from the present mode of feeding the Army by Contract, depends wholly on the local circumstances which require the Army to be stationed in such State; that very little, if any public Money is paid from the Treasury except on the provision Contracts; and that these Contracts must cease, as I have already explained in my circular Letter of 22d. Jany. unless the Financier is enabled by the States to pay the Contractor regularly.
In my several communications to the States since the surrender of the Enemy at York, I have expressed my sentiments so fully on the necessity of making early and vigorous preparations for the next Campaign, that I have nothing new to add on that subject; I had formed expectations that the reasons for spirited exertions at this crisis would have appear'd as forcible to others as they had done to me, Unless such Measures are adopted I see no prospect of putting a speedy period to the War. With the greatest respect etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 21st. of Janry. enclosing the copy of your Letter of the 22 of Octr to Major Stark,42 which, agreeably to your desire, I return by this conveyance; the arguments and reflections respecting the dispute of the Vermontese, made use of in that Letter, appear so just as well as political, as to be particularly calculated to heal the unhappy disturbances and produce a reconciliation: this is one of the many proofs you have given of your ardent desire to put a period to internal contention, and unite all the seperate and jarring interests in prosecuting the great common cause of America.
[Note 42: Maj. Caleb Stark, aide and brigade major to Gen. John Stark.]
I have shewed yours of the 21St Ulto to, and conferr'd with, the Minister of Foreign Affairs.43 My sentiments, in general, respecting the necessity of perfect unanimity among ourselves, in order to give energy and decision to our collective efforts against the Enemy, are too well known to be insisted upon; for I have had frequent occasion to repeat, that it was my most fervent wish, that all grounds of jealousy and dispute between any districts of the Inhabitants of the United States which were at variance might be removed by an amicable adjustment of their differences; and that, in my opinion, moderate measures [(so long as they can be adopted with propriety)] are much more likely than violent ones to produce such a salutary effect; if therefore my public advice in my late circular Letter, or my private opinion, which has been given without reserve on every occasion can be of any avail, I am confident the consideration of all other Matters would be swallowed up in, or made subservient
[Note 43: Robert R. Livingston.] to the general good of the whole; but as it has ever been a point of delicacy with me, while acting only in a military character, not to interfere in the civil Concerns of the Continent or the Legislatures, except where they are intimately connected with Military Matters; I should not think myself at liberty, without deviating from that rule, to intermeddle so far as to dictate particular modes of accommodation (however earnestly I desire it may be effected) especially on a subject which has been under the immediate consideration of Congress itself; whose directions, it is my duty as well as inclination to be guided by.
I am informed Mr Ira Allen and Mr Fay44 have arrived in this Town from Vermont on some public business to Congress, what the object of their Mission is I know not, should any thing interesting transpire I shall communicate it to you.
[Note 44: Jonas Fay.]
Mrs Washington joins me in presenting her Compliments to Mrs Schuyler and yourself. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1782.
Sir: My knowledge of the goodness of your Excellency's heart, induces me, without hesitation, to request your attention to an affair which is of consequence to a particular Friend of mine, a Colonel Fitzhugh of the State of Maryland. While the common enemy were in possession of the Chesapeak, they committed great depredations upon that Gentlemans property, burning his Houses and carrying away upwards of forty of his most valuable Slaves. Five of those people, in endeavouring to make their escape from York, were taken in the Bay and put on Board the Magnanime; No person appearing, with proper authority, to claim them, they were unavoidably carried off with the Fleet to the West Indies. I take the liberty of inclosing a list of the names and a description of the persons of the Slaves. Should they be still on Board the Fleet I will take it as a very great favor if your Excellency will direct them to be sent back by any Vessel coming either to Virginia or Maryland, or should they have been sent on shore and put under the care of any particular Gentleman, you will oblige me by giving him information to whom they belong and desiring him to Send them back to their Master, who will pay the expences of their passage.
I have heard with infinite pleasure of your Excellency's safe arrival at Martinico, and am now impatiently waiting the result of the great operations under your direction. If the united good Wishes of a grateful people can contribute to your success, your Campaign in the West Indies will be as glorious as that in America. I have the honor etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 8, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 6th. Whether the duties of the assistant Inspectors will or will not admit of their performing other duties incident to Officers of their rank remains yet to be tried. Upon a supposition that they will, I shall consent to their being put upon the General Roster of the Army, and that they shall be, in their turn, eligible to command upon detachment or otherwise with this express proviso, that whenever such tour may interefere with the duty of their appointments as Inspectors, the Commander in Chief or Commanding Officer of a separate Army shall have it in his power to prevent the Inspector from taking it, or when upon command may order him to be relieved if the duties of his Office or the service shall require it. This is the sense and nearly in the Words of your own letter.
I will just observe, that if the Assistant Inspectors should belong to no particular Corps, or if the Corps to which they belong are not serving in the Army to which they are appointed, it will be extremely difficult to find opportunities of giving them commands.
You mention the case of Colo. Williams,47 who acts as Dy. Adjt. General to the southern Army. The Regiment to which that Gentleman belongs is with that Army, and therefore he can occasionally put himself at the head of it without interferring with or giving umbrage to any other Officer. When Colo. Armand's Legion joins the southern Army, Lt. Colo. Ternant can upon similar principles take his place in it occasionally: But Colo. Stewart48 can seldom expect an opportunity of acting out of the line of his Office, for reasons which must be obvious to you who are so well acquainted with the nature of our service. You may nevertheless assure him that when opportunities do offer, and I can indulge him with propriety, I shall be happy in doing it. I am etc.49
[Note 47: Col. Otho Holland Williams.]
[Note 48: Col. Walter Stewart.]
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 8, 1782.
Dear Sir: The letter of which the inclosed is duplicate, and put under cover for you to forward, will, I hope, produce the effect you wish it to have, with Count de Grasse. The original, I shall request the Minister of France to send with his first dispatches to the West Indies.
I thank you for the communications in your letter of--. The present moment will not allow me to add more than my congratulatory Compliments to Mrs. Fitzhugh and yourself on the Marriage of the Captain, to whom and his young bride I wish every immaginable joy. please to make a tender of my best respects to Colo. and Mrs. Plater.50 With much truth etc.
[Note 50: Col. George Plater.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, February 8, 1782.
Sir: As your continuance at the North River, was considerably longer than I expected, I have not had an opportunity of being so explicit as I could have wished respecting the preparations which will be necessary to be made in your department, for the ensuing Campaign.
I wish now to be informed what arrangements you have made with the Secretary at War on that Subject and that Copies of the Returns of file Articles on hand as well as of the estimates of those which will be wanted and such other official information as is requisite to be known, may be delivered to me, that measures may be taken accordingly. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, February 8, 1782.VALUE="1782/02/08" CERTAINTY="certain"
Sir: Upon an application of Capt. Van Heer Commanding the Troop of Marechaussé for Money to recruit his Troop the Superintendant of Finance was of opinion, that as he recruited the Men in this State and as they would consequently be placed to the Credit of the State, the Sums necessary for recruiting should be furnished by them. Should your Excellency agree in this opinion Capt. Van Heer will take your directions.
It has been thought that Men for the Cavalry might be procured on better terms than for the Infantry; Colo Armand has accordingly undertaken to recruit his Corps at Thirty two Dollars pr Man, and I think it equally probable, that Cap Van Heer will be able to recruit his Troop on the same Terms.
Cap. Van Heer will furnish your Excellency with the returns of his Corps and give you any information respecting it which you may desire. I have the honor etc.52
[Note 52: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, February 9, 1782.
Sir: I was extremely sorry to hear some time since, that the march of the Virginia Troops to join Genl Greene, had been unhappily delayed by means of the Officers who belong'd to the Detachment. I hope all the difficulties have been obviated and that the Troops have moved before this time; should that not be the case, you will instantly, on the receipt of this, give Orders to commence the March and see that the Movement is accelerated as much as possible.
I am persuaded, your zeal for the good of the Service, a consideration of the honor of the Troops, and especially the necessity of hastening this reinforcement to the Southern Army (which has been fully explained by Genl Greene to the Executive of the State) will prompt you to do every thing in your power on the occasion. I am etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, February 9, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys favors of the 12th. and 22d. ulto. the last inclosing Copies of General Greenes letter to you and your answer. After informing you, that I concur with you in opinion, that it would not be politic, at this moment, to move a detachment from your Main Body to the southward, permit me to assure you that I very sensibly feel your goodness in determining to advance the Legion54 as soon as possible to the Frontiers of North Carolina. I have only to request that the commanding Officer may have orders to proceed further or not as circumstances may require. The move of the Legion will be perplexing to the enemy, and as it has been heretofore the advanced Corps of your Excellency's Army, you may, I think, give out (and it will carry with it strong marks of probability) that your whole Army is to follow as soon as the weather will admit of the march; supposing the enemy should receive the reinforcement from Ireland, I do not imagine that he will, after the many severe blows he has felt from plunging himself into the Country, march to any great distance from Charlestown, especially if he considers, that, while France has a naval superiority in the West Indian or American seas, a Body of Troops might be easily thrown in between him and the Town, whereby his ruin would be inevitable.
[Note 54: Lauzun's Legion.]
It would certainly be our true interest, if it could be done, to give General Greene such a Force, that he should be able, under all circumstances, to keep the enemy confined to their posts upon the Coasts of south Carolina and Georgia: But should your excellent and valuable Body of Men be made use of for that purpose, it might possibly interfere with the plan of Campaign which we may shortly expect from your Court. Those States, whose Troops compose the southern Army, will be pressed to send forward reinforcements to General Greene as early and as expeditiously as possible.
I am apprehensive your Excellency will think me unmindful of a most agreeable piece of duty which I have been directed to perform by Congress. It is, the presentation of two of the Field pieces taken at York, with an inscription engraved on them expressive of the occasion. I find a difficulty in getting the engraving properly executed, when it will be finished, I shall, with peculiar pleasure, put the Cannon into your possession.
In an address which I have lately received from the senate of the State of Virginia on account of the surrender of York and Gloucester, I am desired to make their most grateful acknowledgments to your Excellency and to the Officers and Men under your command for your eminent services upon that occasion and to assure you that they see with pleasure the harmony which subsists between the inhabitants of the state and their generous Allies. I take the first opportunity of making this agreeable communication.
In my letter of the 14th. of January I requested that Lord Rawdon might be exchanged for Brigadier General Moultrie of South Carolina in preference to any of the Colonels mentioned by Sir Henry Clinton, it being more conformable to our practice than to make exchanges by composition. I now take the liberty of confirming that request. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 10, 1782.
Sir: Upon a view of the difference there will be in the expences between hiring and purchasing Ox Teams for the service of the next Campaign exhibited in your Estimate, I am clearly of opinion they ought to be purchased if it is practicable; but it will be necessary for you to arrange this Matter with the Superintendant of Finance, as well as to take early and effectual Measures to procure the Number of Waggoners and Drivers which may be necessary, so that no Drafts may be required from the Line for this service. I am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Monday, February 11, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
Colonel Olneys regiment will be under Arms for Inspection at Nine oClock on Thursday Morning next in the Barrack Yard. His Excellencys Guards in the vacant Lot between third and fourth Streets near head quarters at 12 OClock on this same day.
Colonel Stewart of the 2d. Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Inspector for the Northern Army, and Lt. Colonel Ternant of Armands Partisan Corps for the Southern Army. They are to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Tuesday, February 12, 1782.
At a general Court Martial held by order of the Commander in Chief at Philadelphia, February 11 Inst. was Tryed James Crab (alias Daniel Shea) for Desertion and reinlisting, Willful Perjury and Defrauding the States of Nine Pounds Specie. Found guilty and sentenced to receive One hundred Lashes, and that the pay master of the 2d Jersey Regiment do stop in his hands Nine Pounds Specie in order to refund the Bounty received by the prisoner.
The Commander in Chief approves the above sentence and orders that he receive his Corporal punishment immediately, and remain a prisoner untill there is an Opportunity of sending him with a Copy of his sentence to the regiment to which he belongs.
Philadelphia, February 12, 1782.
Sir: In my letter to you of the 10th. of Decemr. last I informed you, that to prevent delay, I had empowered His Excellency Count de Rochambeau to grant passports, upon your application, to any Vessels laden with Tobacco for the payment of the goods purchased of the British Merchants at York Town. It has since been suggested that passports for Merchandize of any kind, if granted by any other power than that of Congress or under their immediate authority, may, possibly, not be deemed valid by the Captains of privateers or other armed Vessels. Therefore, to prevent disputes, the applications, when necessary, are hereafter to be made to the Secretary of Congress, who is impowered to grant the passports. I am etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. At the close of the draft file following has been crossed off: "As I shall probably not remain long in this city, you will be pleased to direct your future applications to the Honble. the Secretary at War, who will procure the necessary papers from the proper authority."]
Philadelphia, February 12, 1782.
Sir: In my letter to your Excellency of the 10th. of December last, I requested you to grant passports, upon the application of David Ross Esqr, for any Vessels which might be laden with Tobacco for the payment of Goods purchased of the British Merchants at York Town. It has been since suggested....58 I have written to Mr. Ross to this effect, and should applications of the like nature be made to you through any other Channel, you will be pleased to refer them to the Secretary of Congress.
[Note 58: The omitted portion is practically the same as that found in Washington's letter to David Ross, Feb. 12, 1782, ante.]
I have, since beginning this letter, received your Excellency's favor of the 30th. ulto. I am extremely obliged by your advance of provision to the British Hospital at Gloucester, which I must request you to continue untill Mr. Morris has made a Contract for their regular Supply. You will be pleased to direct an account to be kept of the Amount, and Mr. Morris will repay it either in Money or a return of a like quantity of provision, as you may chuse. This is thought better than letting the Men be dismissed upon the parole proposed by Capt. Richardson. They would certainly, upon their recovery, be immediately put into service again. It is an easy matter to detect the violation of the parole of an Officer, but almost impossible to do it in the case of soldiers, especially if they should be scattered among a variety of Corps. I most cheerfully concur in the exchange of the Convalescents captured on board the Bonetta, for an equal number of those British or Foreign now at Gloucester, and you will be pleased to take the first opportunity of carrying it into execution. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 60: Delegate to Congress from Rhode Island.]
Philadelphia, February 13, 1782.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with yours, accompanied by the proposed form of several Resolves of Congress for the immediate promotion of a number of Brigadiers to the Rank of Majors General and of Colonels to that of Brigadiers. How far your plan would promote the public service, give satisfaction to individuals, (a matter which ought ever to be attended to in some degree), [and not alarm the States] I will not undertake to determine finally. I will only mention some of the inconveniencies which I fear would result from so extensive a promotion as that which you propose.
By your return of Brigadiers to be promoted to Majors General, there are eleven. You must recollect that we already have more Majors General in Commission than we can conveniently employ, consequently, a great proportion of the old, or of the new creation must be sent home upon half pay. The old would think themselves intitled, from their priority, to be employed. The new would, in my opinion, think themselves ill used by having a Grade conferred upon them one day, and by being deranged the next, and that too upon the half pay of their former Rank, [and at the pleasure of a single Man who though never so good may be mistaken and if otherwise may act from caprice, prejudice &c to the injury of the best Officers in the Army].
In your Return of Colonels for promotion there are twenty one and in Virginia, North Carolina, south Carolina and Georgia there will be at least nine more which will make thirty. Calculating upon the strength and mode of arrangement of our Army twenty Brigadiers are sufficient for the service of our Horse, Foot and Artillery. There would therefore be an overplus of ten, to be deprived of Regiments for the nominal Rank of Brigadier, for it would not be considered as more. They too would retire upon the half pay of Colonel only. There is another reason which in my opinion operates against so great a promotion of Colonels without a very sufficient cause, which is, that you take a number of the best Officers in the Army from the heads of their Regiments. Your plan would, I doubt not, be satisfactory to such of the new promoted, as would be retained in service, but I am convinced it would give disgust to the deranged, who would be numerous. I am further apprehensive that so great a promotion, especially when it might be viewed by the public as unnecessary, would give an alarm to those who already look upon the half pay establishment as one of our most grievous Burthens.
Although I have stated the foregoing objections, I can perceive the advantages which would result from the plan. It would give a larger field to select General Officers from, and it would give promotion to some, who are in my opinion highly worthy of the public notice; but who cannot be advanced, partially, without encreasing the uneasiness already occasioned by some late promotions in the line of Engineers.
I feel myself much obliged by your submitting this matter to my opinion before you carried it into Congress. I have candidly given you my sentiments upon it. By comparing them with those which you may have obtained from others, you will be enabled to form a judgment upon the propriety or impropriety of prosecuting the plan. I have the honor etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, February 13, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am favoured with your Letter of the 25th of Janry. and am happy to inform you that Col Ternant and the other Gentlemen of your Corps are exchanged. Arrangements are made with the Financier respecting the remainder of the recruiting Money, of which Col Ternant will give you a satisfactory account, and also acquaint you with the steps that have been taken to procure the greater part of the Horses by Contract.
Col Carrington Qr. Mastr to the Southern Army who is now in this Town, before he returns to Virginia, will be enabled to make such provision for furnishing the supplies required from that Department, as I hope will free you from further trouble on that subject.
The Secry at War will inform you whether the addition of an Officer to each Troop of Cavalry was meant to extend to the Legionary Corps or not.
I have to request that you will not lose a moments time in marching as large a number of your Legion as possible to join the Army under the Orders of Major Gen Greene; by arriving at a critical period the Corps may possibly have an opportunity of signalizing itself, and rendering an essential service to the Public.
Col Ternant who is the bearer of this, will be able more fully to enforce the reasons of my sentiments and wishes. You will perceive that Officer is appointed Inspector to the Southern Army; it is an office of importance and required a Gentleman of ability and activity to perform the duties of it with propriety.
I pray you will be persuaded that I can never be unmindful of the zeal and attachment you have always discover'd for the service and that, I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, February 13, 1782.
Dear Sir: I duly received your favr. of the 14th. ulto, inclosing an abstract of the pay due your writers upon which Mr. Morris has advanced 500 dollars for which sum you have his notes payable on demand in specie. I am informed they are so well established in the Country that you may command the money for them. The whole is charged to your account. You will dispose of it in such proportions as you please, and when you make settlement bring in your Vouchers which will be the receipts of the several individuals.
I do not clearly understand your question respecting the General Index. You will therefore postpone going into it before I see you which will be no great while hence. The Indexes of each Volume should be made upon the last leaves of each Book, otherwise they will be always liable to be lost or misplaced.
I could not procure the dates of the appointments of the several Governors and Presidents of States. The appointments of the different Presidents of Congress you have inclosed.
Be good enough to look to the Books in which the General Orders are recorded and let me know the date of the last Order upon Record. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Wednesday, February 13, 1782.
Parole--. Countersigns--.
The Mustering of the Rhode Island Regiment is Postponed till Monday next and that of the Guards till Saturday.
Philadelphia, February 15, 1782.
Gentlemen: I was last evening favd. with yours of the 13th, by which, I perceive that you are not fully acquainted with the motive which influenced the superintendant of Finance to issue, to the Officers only, promissory Notes to a certain amount, payable in six Months. It was expected, that the arrival of a Store ship from France, would have put it in our power to have supplied the Officers with the necessary Articles of Cloathing; but that ship has unfortunately miscarried. The Financier, upon being informed of this and knowing the distress of the greater part of the Officers, immediately set about devising a plan, by which he could afford relief to their wants, without involving himself deeper in those difficulties with which he is perplexed by the scantiness of public Funds. Upon enquiry, he found Gentlemen of this City, willing to supply a quantity of Goods proper for the Army at their places of Cantonment, upon a credit of six Months and upon as low as they can be purchased elsewhere. He therefore proposed to me the measure which is now about to be adopted; that of giving each Officer a Note for a certain sum payable in six Months, which the owners of the Goods will receive in payment. There is no obligation upon any Officer to take these Notes, or, when he has received them, to lay them out in Cloathing. Should he have supplied himself beforehand, he may keep them untill the time of payment, he may discount them, or he may lay them out in any kind of Stores proper for the Campaign. By this, justice is done to the Officer and no injustice to the Soldier. The public have complied with their contract in furnishing the Soldier with his Cloathing in the specific Articles. They now mean to do the same by the Officers in advancing them a certain sum of Money as a substitute. Should any uneasiness or misconceptions arise in the minds of the soldiery, you Gentlemen and the other Officers, now fully acquainted with the circumstances, may easily quiet them.
I cannot close this letter, without expressing my approbation of the laudable motives by which you were actuated at the time of writing. It gives me pleasure to see Officers wishing to share hardships as well as benefits with their soldiers. I am etc.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 24
February 18, 1782--August 10, 1782
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312
.7
1931
WASHINGTONIANA
PRINTED
JANUARY, 1938
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
MAY 31 1928
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
Philadelphia, February 18, 1782.
My dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 9th. of December from the Round O, inclosing the Copy of your letter of the same date to Congress. I regret that your plan for the surprise of the post of Dorchester did not take full effect. The maneuvre was a masterly one, and, at least, answered the purpose of dislodging the enemy, which was a great point gained.
The Count de Rochambeau has transmitted me a Copy of your letter to him of the 27th. of December and a Copy of his answer. Under present circumstances, he could not do more than advance the Legion of Lauzun towards you, to be ready to support you in case of need. There are many reasons which operate against moving the whole or a detachment of the main Body of the French Army from their present position, at this moment, unless the enemy had really received such a reinforcement as would enable them again to penetrate the Country. The principal one is, that those troops will be so essentially necessary to the great operations of the Campaign, that it would be impolitic to dissipate them, or to march them in a Body either Northward or southward before we hear from Europe.
I am in hopes that a detachment of about four hundred Virginia Continental Troops are, before this, upon their march from Cumberland Court House. I have twice written in the most express terms to Colo. Febiger to put them in motion, and Colo. Carrington tells me they were nearly ready when he left Virginia. A detachment of Armand's Cavalry will march from Charlotteville as soon as Colo. Ternant arrives there.
I approve of paying a proper regard to all intelligence received of the intentions of an enemy, and taking measures to prepare accordingly: but I am inclined to think you will find that of the Troops from Ireland premature, or, that if they do come out, it will not be so soon as you expected. A Frigate has just arrived at New York from England. She was dispatched immediately after the news of Cornwallis's surrender. I have seen the New York prints, and no mention is made of any reinforcement having sailed for America. A circumstance which, had it happened, I think would not have been omitted at this time, when the Loyalists are desponding and looking upon themselves as lost and unsupported. The reinforcement from New York, as I before acquainted you, was not more than six or seven hundred Men.
The Kings speech at the opening of the British Parliament is firm and manifests a determination to continue the War, altho' there is no appearance of his having made any Alliances. This I hope will prove to the States the necessity of complying with the requisitions upon them for Men and supplies. Every argument that I could invent, to induce them to it, has been made use of by me in two sets of Circular Letters.
No part of the intelligence brought by the Frigate has yet transpired. It is no doubt of consequence. If any alteration is to be made in the disposition of the Force remaining in America, it must soon become visible. Untill we hear from the Court of France we can only be making general preparations. Men are the most material of all, and I cannot say that the means of obtaining them, so far as I have yet heard, are efficacious. I am etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[M.L.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, February 18, 1782.
My Dear Laurens: I have had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 10th of Decr. and also the Report of the judicious and successful Movement of General Greene, by which he compelled the Enemy to abandon their Out Posts. This brilliant manoeuvre is another proof of the singular abilities, that Officer possesses.
Since my last Dispatches from So Carolina, I have been informed, via Virginia, of the intelligence Genl Greene had received that a reinforcement was expected from Ireland, of the application he had made in consequence to the Count de Rochambeau and the resolution the Count had taken, of detaching the Legion of Lauzun to his aid. I hope this force, together with the Corps of Armand, will give such a decided superiority of Cavalry, as will prevent the Enemy from re-occupying and ravaging the Country again, should the whole Reinforcement from Ireland arrive and I must confess, I cannot entirely rely upon it, as I have not heard the intelligence from any other quarter, although a Frigate has just arrived at New York with the King of England's speech, and Dispatches from Administration. Nothing however has transpired, except the Speech, from the complexion of which, no decisive Opinion can be formed.
But I think a little time will disclose what the Enemys intentions are, (should they still persist in the prosecution of the War) whether they mean to occupy the two great Posts of New York and Charles Town, or concentre the whole of their force together. In the former case, Reinforcements may undoubtedly be expected, and I know of nothing which can be opposed to them with such a prospect of success as the Corps you have proposed should be levied in Carolina.2
[Note 2: A corps of Negro levies.]
To make the Campaign decisive is our great object, I wish that the States might be impressed with the necessity of taking their measures accordingly, and that the war might not be procrastinated by want of exertion on our part.
Believe me, My dear Laurens, I am convinced, under all circumstances, of your unbounded zeal in the service of your Country. That success may ever attend you in the pursuit of personal glory and public felicity, is the earnest wish of Your etc.
P.S. The Gentlemen of the family request their affectionate Regards may be presented to you.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, February 28, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose Copies of the Reports of the Commissary General of Prisoners, who has just return'd from New York, with Copies of the papers to which he refers. Your Excellency will perceive thereby, that the restriction upon the exchange of Lieut General Earl Cornwallis operates against the liberation of Brigadier General Scot seven Colonels and two Lieut. Colonels, who, upon the principles of the Tariff established between us and the enemy, are equivalent to his Lordship in value.
I also inclose the Copy of a Letter from Sir Henry Clinton, by which it would appear the exchange of the Honble. Mr. Laurens might be effected for Earl Cornwallis, should Congress think proper to accede to the proposal. I beg leave to remark upon that Letter, that there has been some misconception either on the part of Colo. Laurens or Lord Cornwallis as to what passed on the Subject in Virginia. Colo. Laurens asked me, whether, supposing an exchange could be effected between his Father and His Lordship, I should have any Objection to it, I answered none personally, and that as Congress had made no difficulty in offering General Burgoyne for Mr. Laurens, I thought they might now probably offer Lord Cornwallis; but that the matter did not depend upon me. This I find has been construed into absolute consent on my part.
With respect to the policy of prohibiting the exchange of Lord Cornwallis I will not pretend to determine, I cannot however help observing, that it operates disagreably, in giving uneasiness to those Officers of ours who can only be exchanged by composition, and who are by the Enemy set against him, and that it may be considered as a departure from the Spirit of the terms of the capitulation of York.
Mr. Sproat's4 proposition of the Exchange of British Soldiers for American Seaman if acceeded to will immediately give the enemy a very considerable reinforcement, and will be a constant draught hereafter upon the prisoners of War in our hands. It ought also to be considered that few or none of the Naval prisoners in New York and elsewhere belong to the Continental service. I however feel for the situation of these unfortunate People and wish to see them released by any mode which will
[Note 4: David Sproat, British commissary general for naval prisoners.] not materially affect the public good. In some former Letters upon this Subject, I have mentioned a plan by which I am certain they might be liberated nearly as fast as captured. It is by obliging the Captains of all armed Vessels both public and private to throw their prisoners into common stock under the direction of the Commissary General of Prisoners. By these means they would be taken care of and regularly applied to the exchange of those in the hands of the enemy, now the greater part are dissipated and the few that remain are applied partially. I shall be obliged to your Excellency for Obtaining and transmitting me the sentiments of Congress upon these subjects as early as convenient. I have the honor etc.5
[Note 5: In the writing of William Stephens Smith. The letter was read in Congress on February 20 and referred to Elias Boudinot, Ezekiel Cornell, and Thomas Bee.]
Philadelphia, February 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: Yesterdays Post brought me your two Letters of the 8th. and 23th. Instant with a note of General Pattersons inclosed.
The operation of the resolve for allowing an extra ration to certain Officers, ceases under the new System, the inclosed regulation of the Secretary at War will shew what number of rations an Officer of every Rank is entitled to; with respect to allowing an additional Subsistence to the Officers who command on the Lines, and at Kings ferry, it does not lay with me to give any Orders on this matter, but I am of opinion, that to comply with the request would be attended with bad consequences as it would open a door to continual applications of this nature from every Officer who may be detached from his Corps and as to the burthen falling unequally, this may be prevented by relieving from time to time the Officers who command at such Posts.
Colo. Pickering informs me he has written for the returns of Cattle kept by the French Army, and will forward them so soon as they arrive.
As the Auditors have ceased to act, their Certificates must be dispensed with, and those of the Regimental Paymasters and Deputy Pay Mr. Genl., must be sufficient to entitle an Officer to his Discharge.
I am fully of opinion with you that a Brigade Court Martial had no right to deviate from the Law of the State, nor ought Gilchrist6 to be dischargcd 'till he has served the full time prescribed by that Law.
[Note 6: Charles Gilchrist, a Massachusetts soldier.]
With respect to the Rhode Island Hutts, if you are of Opinion that they will not be wanting when the recruits come in, I think the proprietor might be permitted to take them at the Appraisement, for I should suppose that a scarcity of Wood in their Environs will render them useless for any future Cantonment.
I thank you for your attention in removing the Arms to Fishkill, they were, I believe, carried on by the Secy at War and intended to be Stored in the Vicinity of West Point. I have informed General Knox of their arrival and he will give the necessary directions in that matter.
I am pleased also with what you have done respecting the laying up Magazines for the Posts in the Northern District, how so essential a provision came to be neglected in the Contract I cannot say, it was a matter I mentioned as necessary at the time the making the Contracts were forming.
I have conferred with Mr. Morris on that part of your Letter respecting the Officers Rations and he will write you very fully on that Subject by this Opportunity.
I believe I omitted to inform you that Major Porter had not the leave of Congress to go to Europe.
Inclosed is a Resolve of Congress relative to the Massachusetts Cloathing. You will naturally suspend any distribution of it till the determination of the State can be known. with great regard etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, February 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 9th. instant in due time, accompanied by a very particular Return of the Cantonment and strength of the enemy, for which I am obliged.
I directed the relief of the whole Garrison of Wyoming upon a supposition, from the tenor of your former letter, that the Men as well as Officers were anxious to be relieved; but if you think that making a change of Officers only will answer the purpose, I shall be satisfied.
It now becomes extremely essential to us to know what advices the enemy have lately received from Europe; whether any change is to be made in the disposition of the force and whether they expect any and what reinforcements and how soon. In short, every motion ought to be minutely attended to, as from them we may form a judgment of their intentions the approaching Campaign. You will be good enough to attend to the foregoing and communicate intelligence to me as often as possible. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Tuesday, February 19, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --
At a general Court Martial held at Philadelphia February the 18, 1782 by order of the Commander in Chief, William English Soldier in the New Hampshire Line was Tryed for Deserting from the New Hampshire Line re-inlisting in the Pennsy. Line, defrauding the States, and Perjury, found guilty and sentenced to suffer Death. The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence.
Philadelphia, February 20, 1782.
Sir: Since my letter to your Excellency of the 18th. Instt. I have been honored with the public and secret Resolves of Congress of the same date, the first empowering me to appoint Commissioners for the purposes therein mentioned, the last prohibiting the exchange of Lieutt. General Lord Cornwallis by composition, which is the only mode by which he can be exchanged, except for a Civil Character, we having no Military Grade answerable to his.
I find myself so exceedingly embarrassed by the operation of the Secret Resolve, that I hope Congress will excuse me for pointing out the difficulties in which it involves me personally, and the manner in which it affects, as I conceive, the public good. By the public resolve all former restrictions are taken off and I am at liberty to go into a general exchange without limitation. When it therefore shall be found that Lord Cornwallis is still detained, those Officers of ours (particularly our full Colonels most of whom can only be exchanged on composition) who will be sufferers on that account will naturally apply to me for the reasons; I must either submit to their opinions on a conduct so apparently strange, or to justify myself must be under the necessity of betraying a secret vote of Congress.9
[Note 9: The resolve of Feb. 18, 1782, authorized the Commander in Chief to negotiate a general exchange of all prisoners, the settlement of subsistence accounts, and every other disputed point; but the secret resolve provided "That nothing contained in the resolution of this date...be construed to authorize the exchange of Lieutenant General Cornwallis by composition." (See the Journals of the Continental Congress, Feb. 18, and also Feb. 23, 1782.)]
In order more clearly to point out the Manner in which the secret resolve, if adhered to, will operate against the public interest, I must beg leave to request the attention of Congress to a short recital of the reasons which induced me at this particular time to propose a meeting of Commissioners to the British Commander in Chief. On my return from Virginia the Superintendant of Finance informed me, that the Subsistence of the Prisoners of War had now become so serious a matter that there was an absolute necessity of endeavouring to obtain payment of the Money already due to us upon that account, and at all events to fix upon some certain and regular mode of payment for their maintenance in future. In order to effect these, he advised my making propositions to Sir Henry Clinton to appoint Commissioners not only to liquidate the Accounts of prisoners but to endeavour, by the establishment of a permanent Cartel, (a Matter which we have never yet been able to obtain) to adjust a number of points relating to the exchanges and accommodation of Prisoners and for want of which individuals, as well Subjects of the United States as those of Great Britain, are daily Suffering.
Sir Henry Clinton (after several letters had passed upon the Subject) acceeded to the proposition in the most extensive Sense. Commissioners were named, and I only waited for the Authority of Congress to enable me to invest the Commissioners on our part with proper powers. This, by the public resolve of the 18th, is amply granted, but by the Subsequent Secret resolve in a manner done away. The powers of our Commissioners can only have reference to the public resolve, and whatever stipulations are entered into, will be upon a confidence, that no further obstructions will be thrown in the way. The exchange of Lord Cornwallis (as heretofore) would be one of the first things demanded, and should that be rejected, as it must be, the enemy would not only have it in their power to tax us with a breach of faith, but they might recede in turn from any part of their agreements, and it is to be feared that they would pitch upon that respecting the payment of the maintenance of their Prisoners, as it will be a weighty matter to them, and one which they can evade with less inconvenience than almost any other, as we have a very great number of theirs to Support and they few of ours. In addition to what I have said, I have only further to remark that the Gentlemen who have been named by me to execute the Commission, have objection to going upon it, except they can meet those from the British on fair and open terms. This can only be done, either by withdrawing the secret vote entirely, or by adhering publicly to the resolution of detaining Lord Cornwallis, and trying what can be effected under such circumstances. The last would remove my personal scruples (if it should not be deemed a violation of the Capitulation) but I fear, as I before mentioned, that the general interest would suffer by the Measure. We never can expect that such a Cartel as will be really beneficial to us will be acceded to while an Officer of Lord Cornwallis's high rank and Family influence is excepted, or indeed while a power is reserved or implied of being able to deprive of the right of exchange any other Officer who may hereafter, as a Prisoner of War become intitled to the advantages of a stipulation of such a nature as a Cartel.
I ever with diffidence enter into discussions of the above kind, and I am now more than commonly apprehensive that my conduct may appear reprehensible, as Congress have been pleased, upon several late applications, to adhere to their former opinions respecting Lord Cornwallis. Had I not foreseen new difficulties arising from restricting his Exchange, I should have deemed myself as inexcusable in further controverting the will of Congress, as I should have been had I remained silent when I thought my voice might have conduced to the general good. That that has been my only motive for taking up so much of your time I beg you will believe as sincerely as that I am with the utmost respect. Yr. &c10
[Note 10: The letter was read in Congress on February 21 and referred to Elias Boudinot, Ezekiel Cornell, and Thomas Bee. The draft, in the Washington Papers, is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, with several interlineations by Washington. Congress resolved (February 23) that the Commander in Chief be authorized to exchange Cornwallis for Henry Laurens, provided proper assurance was obtained that all accounts for the subsistence of British prisoners of war would be speedily settled and discharged.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, February 21, 1782.
Sir: I have attentively considered the several matters con rained in your Letter, Returns, Estimates and Proposals of the 8th. 15th and 16th Inst.
You already have, in my Letter of the 10th. my opinion of the expediency of purchasing Ox Teams and hiring Drivers for them.
I am glad to find our prospects of Tents and Camp Equipage for the ensuing Campaign are so favourable, any deficiencies of Knapsacks, Camp Kettles &c. ought to be made up without loss of time.
By the Return of public Boats and Water Craft, I find there are upwards of 200 Batteaux either fit for use or capable of being repaired; as this species of Boats will probably be the most essentially necessary, it is my wish that measures may be immediately taken to compleat and keep in constant readiness for service at least two hundred of them, exclusive of those on ordinary duty, and also that two of the Gun Boats which are the best sailors may be fitted for service; what other Boats may be necessary for different services I leave to your determination, as well as the mode for obtaining the necessary repairs, of which I cannot pretend to be a competent Judge.
I will only suggest that an ample Provision of Oars will be necessary, of which a sufficient number for [Fifty]11 Boats ought always to be ready Muffled; and that it will be well to cast in your Mind, the Means for mounting a number of the Boats on travelling Carriages, whenever it may become necessary.
[Note 11: Humphreys had written "forty," which Washington changed to "Fifty."]
Your plan for raising a Company of Artificers for the Campaign,12 think is an eligible one; and also the proposal for having the heavy part of the Smith's Work done by contract, because it will be less expensive to the Public and less troublesome to the Army in the field.
[Note 12: Pickering's establishment of a company of artificers called for an organization of 42, which would cost the United States "1238 1/3 dollars per month or 99062 2/3 dollars for nine months."]
The allowance of Carriages for the transportation of the Baggage of the Officers of the Army as exhibited in your Estimate, appears to me, to be both reasonable, and adequate to the purpose: but as to the question whether they shall be drawn by Horse or Ox Teams, I can only repeat what I before observed to you in conversation; that although Horse Teams would probably be most agreeable to the Officers, yet the ability of the public to provide them must be taken into consideration, and the ultimate arrangements must be made with the Superintendt of Finance. If he can afford the means of supplying Horse Teams for the whole, I shall [have no objection to]13 it; but if he should not be able to furnish Money for the purchase of the whole number wanted, it seems more necessary that the General Officers should be accommodated with Horse Teams than others, as they may frequently have occasion to make more expedition in their movements than other Officers; whereas the Baggage of the Officers of the Staff and the Line will rarely if ever be seperated from the column of Baggage, on a march, and therefore can only move at the same rate with the remainder of the Baggage which will be drawn by Ox Teams alone.
[Note 13: Humphreys had written: "shall be pleased with it," which Washington changed as above.]
I shall certainly approve of any plan which will tend to secure the public property and promote the good of the Service; I shall consequently acquiese in the expedient you propose respecting public Horses in the possession of Officers,14 if some measures more beneficial cannot be devised.
[Note 14: Pickering suggested that the officers entitled to ride be furnished with money to purchase their own horses; if this could not be done, the title in the public horses to be conveyed to the officers and their value, at an appraisement, be charged to the officers' accounts.]
With regard to any alteration or augmentation of pay in the Quartr Mastr Department at this moment, I have to observe; that, after it has been the great object with Congress for a considerable time, to diminish the number of Officers in every Department of the Staff and to oeconomize our affairs as much as possible it might appear extraordinary in me to take any part which would seem to thwart that system of Policy; especially, as I have not thought it expedient to interpose on a similar occasion, in one of the Departments which has been lately reformed; but if any new provision of any kind, shall be found absolutely necessary in your Department for promoting the public service, I beg you will be persuaded that I can have no objection: it should be made accordingly. And in the mean time, as it appears by Col Carrington's Letter inclosed in yours, there has been nothing fixed as to the pay and Emoluments of the Quarter Mastr Department with the Southern Army, I think it highly requisite it should be done immediately; and should suppose the pay of the Depy Qr Mr with that Army ought to bear the same proportion to that of the Qr Mastr Gen, as has been established by Congress between the Depy Commy of the Southern Army and the head of that Department. I should also suppose the pay of the other Officers in the Qr Mastr Departmt serving the Southern Army ought to be the same, as that of the Officers executing the same duties with the Main Army; and that the Commandg Officer should determine if necessary the propriety of paying any extraordinary expences, incurred from local circumstances in that Department.
I wish to know what has been done to put the chain of Expresses between Williamsburg and this place upon a good footing for expediting the communication; and if any thing farther is wanting, that efficacious measures may be used for making the conveyance as certain and rapid as possible.
I cannot close this long Letter without desiring if there is any other Matter of Contingency or of permanent Arrangement within the line of your Office which requires the aid of either Money or Credit to carry it into execution; that you will lay the Estimates forthwith before the Financier, and take such other steps as to you shall seem meet for carrying the same into effect before the opening of the Campaign, which now approaches very fast and for which it behoves us to make the most ample preparations. I am &c.
P.S. I wish you to keep all the great Scows in constant repair, and as they are so convenient for transporting the Army on a sudden emergency, I should be glad to have the number augmented if it could be done without breaking in upon other Arrangements.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, February 21, 1782.
Sir: I take the liberty of laying before your Excellency a Copy of Colo. Humptons return of the number of Recruits which were obtained for the Line of Pensilvania the beginning of this month, so few have been procured in the course of the Winter, the most favorable time for recruiting, that supposing the business will proceed upon the same scale of proportion the number by the opening of the Campaign must be very inadequate to the deficiency of the Line. I have therefore thought it my duty to make this representation to your Excellency with a request that you will lay it before the present session of Assembly in order that they may take under consideration the necessity of adopting more efficacious means for augmenting the Army than what are likely to result from Voluntary inlistments.
The late advices from abroad leave no reason to doubt but that the enemy intend to prosecute the War vigorously; tho' hard pressed by a formidable combination the resources of Great Britain are far from being exhausted, and while she has an assurance that the War will not spread in Europe, she can and will find Men to support the American War. Policy so clearly points out the necessity of bringing our reinforcements in the Field before the Enemy receive theirs, that I flatter myself the State of Pensilvania will contribute every thing in her power to so desirable an end. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing I have been favord with the sentiments of a Gentleman well acquainted with the state of Western affairs and with the intention of the Enemy upon that quarter. They have every inducement to be troublesome to us there, independant of the very considerable diversion which it will make in favor of their operations upon the Coast it will serve to establish and secure their claim to the extended limits of Canada. To bar that an offensive operation against Detroit has long been the object of my wishes but if we cannot effect that we certainly can with common exertions stand so formidably on the defensive that all the country beyond the Mountains may be protected. Could your Regiment, which is stationed at Fort Pitt be compleated that with the Virginia Regt., which I shall also press to have compleated, and the occasional force of the Country would contribute greatly to the latter plan. I mention this matter at this early period because I very clearly foresee that the Army which I shall be able to collect for the probable operations of the Campaign will not admit of Detachments.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, February 21, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favr. of the 5th. instant. To which my Letters of the 9th. and 12th: of this month will have served for an answer.
In my letters of the 14th. of January and 9th. of February I requested the favor of your Excellency to negotiate the exchange of Brigadier General Lord Rawdon for Brig. Genl. Moultrie. I since find that Gentleman has been exchanged by composition for Lieut. Genl. Burgoyne. I therefore now beg leave to request your Excellency to signify the same to Sir Henry Clinton and to propose the exchange of Brig. Genl. Scott of Virginia for Lord Rawdon.
I congratulate your Excellency upon the speedy and safe arrival of the Duke de Lauzun in France. I have good reason to believe that the Andromache arrived safely also, as I have answers from Spain to Letters which went by her. I have the honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, February 23, 1782.
Sir: I have your favor of this day before me. Altho I am not certain the Teams will be wanted so soon as the middle of May, yet I think, all things considered, it will be expedient to make your Arrangements so as to have them either in Camp at that time, or in such a situation as that they might be brought in immediately if necessary. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, February 23, 1782.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellencys favor of the l0th. Inst. I am extremely sorry to hear of the loss of the Diligente.19 The Chevalier Clonard appears to have done every thing that could have been expected from an active and intelligent Officer.
[Note 19: The Diligente was wrecked off Cape Henry. A copy of Clounard's letter to Villebrune, reporting the loss, is in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress under date of Feb. 5, 1782.]
In a former letter I expressed my approbation of the exchange of a number of the British Convalescents left at Gloucester for those taken in the Bonetta. If the 120 sent away with Captain Richardson are incurables, they will be of no service to the enemy, and we are rid of an incumbrance. I must request your Excellency to order a continuance of supplies to the few that will remain, and Mr. Morris will make reimbursement.
I am extremely obliged to your Excellency for your generous donation to our Hospital at Williamsburg of which I have been informed by Lt. Colo. Mentges; who at the same time acquainted me that a Bill which he had drawn upon my Paymaster General for 50 French Crowns had been protested. This matter was unknown to me, untill the Bill had been protested and returned to Virginia. I beg you will attribute this to the true cause, which was my not being acquainted with the circumstance. It shall be paid with all charges upon it to whomsoever Mr. Tarle will be pleased to give the order.
The news which your Excellency has received from St. Thomas's is true in part. The troops under the command of the Marquis de Bouillie escorted by the Fleet of Count de Grasse landed without opposition upon the Island of St. Kitts. The inhabitants capitulated, but the Garrison retired to the strong post of Brimstone Hill, against which the Marquis was throwing up Works. By a Flag of Truce, which arrived the day before yesterday from Antiqua, we are informed that there has been an action off St. Kitts, between Count de Grasse and Admiral Hood. We have no particulars, but from the complexion of the Antigua Gazette, in which the affair is mentioned, we will hope that the Count was fortunate.
Permit me to make my sincere acknowledgments to your Excellency for the honor you have done me in celebrating my Birth day.20 You have thereby made a new addition to the Friendship and Esteem with which I have the honor etc.21
[Note 20: "Tomorrow is Your Excellency's birthday anniversary, I propose to celebrate it, in a great ball which I give on that account."-- Rochambeau to Washington, Feb. 10, 1782. Rochambeau's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, February 25, 1782.
Dear Sir: I received last Evening your favor of the 23d. and thank you for the information contained in it.
As I have made it an invariable practice not to give permission for any Citizens to go within the Enemy's Lines on private business without liberty is first obtained from the Executive of the State to which they belong I must refer the Persons mentioned in your Letter to the Civil Authority for that purpose; upon their obtaining such permission there will be no difficulty in granting Passports to pass and repass our Guards on the Lines. I am etc.
P.S. The situation of the Enemy being extremely critical, the knowledge of every movement on their part will be equally interesting to us. I need not I am persuaded, again entreat that you will give me the earliest and best communications on that subject.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, February 25, 1782.
Sir: I have received intelligence, thro' a good channel, that 19 large Transports sailed from New York, on monday last, for Charles Town; My Informant adds, common Report says that they are only to call at Charles Town, and proceed to Europe; but that it is the opinion of the more Informed that those Transports are sent for the purpose of bringing the Troops off, and that Charles Town will be evacuated. He mentions also as a corroborating circumstance to this opinion, that the Enemy are building Barracks in New York.
Another Correspondent informs, "that the Fleet sailed under convoy of the Rotterdam and one Frigate, and he makes no doubt it is destined for Charles Town."
I thought it proper to communicate this information just as I have received it, and have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, February 26, 1782.
Sir: At the request of Sir Henry Clinton I have promised an escort to a sum of Money which he is to send out for the use of the prisoners of War at Philada. and other places. The Officers having charge of it will apply to you upon their arrival at Elizabeth Town, upon which you will furnish a Guard commanded by a sensible spirited Subaltern, who is to accompany them to Philada. Upon his arrival there and making application to the secretary at War he will be relieved. The nature of the service points out the line of conduct which the Officer is to observe. I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 26, 1782.
Sir: The 15th. of next Month is appointed for the meeting of the Commissioners at Elizabeth Town, by which time you will prepare such papers and matters as may depend upon you.
Upon your arrival at Elizabeth Town, you will secure quarters, not only for our Commissioners but for the British, and as it is possible that Admiral Digby may send Commissioners also, it will be well to have a House held in reserve for such a contingency.
You will immediately forward the letters herewith for sir Henry Clinton, Admiral Digby and Genl. Knyphausen. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 26, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform your Excellency that Brigadier General Knox and Gouverneur Morris Esquire are to meet Brigadier General O'Harra and Colo. Abercrombie.26 at Elizabeth Town on the 15th. of next Month for the purpose of settling all matters relating to the subsistence exchange and treatment of prisoners of War. As I am authorized to enter into a negociation respecting Naval as well as Land Prisoners, I have to propose to your Excellency either to give powers to the two Gentlemen above mentioned or to appoint others to treat with my Commissioners on such matters as relate to the Marine. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 26: Brig. Gen. Charles O'Hara and Lieut. Col. Robert Abercromby (Abercrombie).]
Philadelphia, February 26, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's letters of the 10th. and 11th. instants. I inclose a passport for the Gentleman in the Quarter Master's department who you propose sending with Money for the British and German Prisoners of War at Lancaster &ca. I have left a blank for his name which you will be pleased to fill up. I have no objection to the person for whom the former passport was granted remaining at Lancaster, and other places in the neighbourhood for the purposes you mention, he subjecting himself to a parole of a proper nature. I shall direct Colo. Dayton to furnish an Escort upon the arrival of your Officers at Elizabeth Town, and their application to him.
Upon being favored with the usual descriptions of the Vessels, which you propose sending into the Delaware and Chesapeake with Cloathing and other necessaries for the prisoners of War, passports shall be transmitted to you,27 and directions shall be lodged at the places of debarkation, to permit the Goods to be transported from thence by land to the places of their destination.
[Note 27: See Washington's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, Mar. 14, 1782, post.]
I have appointed the meeting of our respective Commissioners to be at Elizabeth Town on the 15th. of next Month. If I hear nothing further from your Excellency I shall take it for granted that you accede to the time and place. And I would propose, as is usual in such cases, that a cessation of Hostilities should take place, during the meeting from Amboy to Newark, both included.
As my Commissioners will go fully authorized to treat of the Exchanges of Lord Cornwallis and the Honble. Mr. Laurens, I have no occasion to be particular in my answer to your Excellency's letter on that subject, I shall only observe that I apprehend Lord Cornwallis misunderstood Colo. Laurens in the conversation they had upon that matter in Virginia. I could never have given an assurance that His Lordship should be exchanged for Mr. Laurens, the Father of the Colonel, as I had no authority to make any such stipulation. I have the honor etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
Accompanying this draft (in the Washington Papers) is the draft of a passport, also in Tilghman's writing, for a British officer to proceed from New York to Philadelphia, Lancaster, and such other places at which the British and German prisoners of war are confined, with money for the use and relief of said prisoners. "Upon his arrival at Philada. he as to report himself to the secretary at War from whom he will take directions for the prosecution of his Route and will conform to such restrictions as he may think proper to impose upon him."]
Philadelphia, February 26, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favors of the 23d. of November and 21st. of January last. I beg you will be persuaded that there were particular reasons which operated against permitting an Officer to come to Philada. with money for the Hessians prisoners of War there at the time the request was first made. I now inclose a passport, which may be filled up with the name of any other Officer but that of Lieut. Sobbe. The last time that Gentleman was sent upon business of a similar nature there was a difference between him and some of the people here, which is the reason of my objecting to him at present.
As an Officer will be sent out by Sir Henry Clinton with Money for the prisoners of War at their different places of Cantonment, I would recommend it to your Excellency to direct the Gentleman who will be appointed by you to come at the same time. I shall order an escort from Elizabeth Town and he will therefore travel perfectly safe. I have the honor etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
A draft of the passport accompanying this letter is in the Washington Papers. It is similar to the passport sent to Sir Henry Clinton. (See Washington's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, Feb. 26, 1782, ante.)]
[Philadelphia, February 28, 1782.]
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose Capt. Van Heers Estimates of the sums in his opinion sufficient to recruit, mount and accoutre his Corps. Agreeable to your desire I applied the beginning of this month to the President and Council for an advance of a sum of Money for recruiting, upon this principle, that as the Men would be raised in the state and considered as part of its Quota, It appeared to me but reasonable that the State should furnish Money for the purpose. I recd. for answer that Colo. Humpton was recruiting Men for the State at large and that I might at any time, if I thought proper, draft the number of Men requisite to fill Capt. Van Heers Corps, from the line. This would in fact be doing nothing; it would only increase one Corps at the expence of another.
The duty of Capt. Van Herrs Corps is so essential that I wish to see it reestablished by the opening of the Campaign, and I for that reason request that such assistance may be given him as you can afford and as early as possible. I have the honor etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, February 28, 1782.
Dear Sir: At the request of the superintendant of Finance, I beg leave to make you acquainted with the mode by which he proposes to furnish the Officers with a supply of Cloathing, and with the reason which induced him to adopt that mode. These you will be pleased to communicate to the Officers under your particular command as you may find Opportunities, in order to remove any misapprehensions which may have arisen, upon a hasty or partial view of the matter.
Had the valuable Store Ship the Marquis de la Fayette, arrived safe from France, we should have had it in our power to have supplied the Officers with the necessary Articles of Cloathing out of the public Magazine, but she unfortunately miscarried. The Financier upon being informed of this, and knowing the distress of the greater part of the Officers, who had now no right to place any further dependance upon their States; they being called upon for a sum equal to the whole expences of the War, immediately set about devising a plan, by which he could afford relief to their wants, without involving himself deeper in those difficulties with which he is perplexed by the Scantiness of public funds.
Upon enquiry he found Gentlemen of extensive commercial Credit (Mess. Sands & Co) willing to Supply a quantity of Goods proper for the Army at their places of Cantonment upon a Credit of Six Months, and upon as low terms as they could be procured else where. He therefore fixed upon the measure which is now about to be adopted, that of giving each Officer a Note for a certain Sum payable in Six Months, which the owners of the Goods will receive in payment. But there is no obligation upon any Officer to take these Notes or after he has rece'd them, to purchase Cloathing of Mr. Sands; should he have supplied himself before hand, he may Keep them 'till the time of payment, which will be punctually complied with, he may discount them, or he may lay them out in any Kind of Stores for the Campaign; the great object was to procure a Supply of Cloathing of which the bulk of the Officers were undoubtedly in want. Mr. Morris very prudently foresaw that the end would not be answerd except a person could be procured who would engage to furnish a quantity of Goods and to take the promissory Notes at their full Value. In this I flatter myself he has succeeded, as I am informed by those Gentlemen who have taken up Goods from Mr. Sands, that they have been perfectly satisfied with his prices.
It is to be hoped, if the states comply in any degree with the requisitions upon them, that we shall be able to put both Officers and Men upon as good and regular a footing for pay, as they are now for Cloathing and provision, to which it was certainly wise first to attend. The new Taxes cannot be expected to come into use for some time, and therefore the kind of Anticipation which the Financier has hit upon was a matter of necessity, not of choice, and as such I hope it will be received by the Gentlemen of the Army, who will be certainly benefitted by it, with great regard I am &c.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, February 28, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your Letter of the 19th. Inst. I have written to Major Genl Heath to apply to you for the Certified Copy of the Determination of a Board of Officers, respecting the Challenges made against some of the Members of the Court Martial appointed for the trial of General Arnold. You will be pleased to make out the Copy of that or any other Official decision on that subject and transmit the same to General Heath.
The Board of General Officers was held at Middle Brook the spring of 1779.
General Mcdougal calls for a certified Copy of the Council of War held at Mrs. McGowan's on the 12th. Septr. 1776.32 Be pleased to make it out and deliver it to him. I am etc. P.S. Since writing the above I have recd your favor of the 21st Feby. and will cause an enquiry to be made respecting the Minutes of the Councils of War you Mention.33
[Note 32: See footnotes in vol. 6, pp. 27 and 46.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys and Tench Tilghman. The P.S., in the writing of Humphreys, is written on Varick's letter to Washington dated February 21.]
Philadelphia, February 28, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with Your Excellencys favor of the 8th of February, since the receipt of which, letters of a later date from Colo Febiger and Lt Colo Posey have come to hand.
From their reports, (notwithstanding the imprudent steps which had been taken) I am glad to learn, the Officers who had signed the representation were convinced of, and sorry for, the impropriety and unguardedness of the expressions contained in it; and that the Detachment, having received a partial supply of necessaries, was on the point of marching. This, I am persuaded has been done, without the interposition of force to compel them to it. It would have given me the most sensible pain, to have heard there was occasion for such an application to the Count De Rochambeau, as such a measure would have impressed our Allies with very disadvantageous ideas of us, afforded our Enemies an opportunity of making unfavorable suggestions, and possibly, might have been productive of very ill consequences, on other accounts.
I have reason to expect, that, as ample and permanent provision (as our circumstances can admit) will be made respecting the Staff departments at the Southward, before Colo Carrington departs from this place. The arrangement is now in agitation between the Quarter Master General, the Minister of Finance, and the Deputy Quarter Master Colo Carrington, who I trust will be able to give you a satisfactory account, at his return.
The present circumstances are such as render it inexpedient, to order the Virginia Troops stationed at Pittsburg, from thence; that Garrison will not bear a diminution without endangering the loss of the Post, and the devastation of the Frontier in consequence. There can be no probability that the Virginia Troops will be incorporated with the Regiment of Pensylvania. And Your Excellency will recollect, that it is inconsistent with the establishment of the Army, to make the Men belonging to one State, count as part of the quota of another, in consequence of any reformation, or new arrangement of Corps, whatever. I have the honor etc.34
[Note 34: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Thursday, February 28, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
At a general Court Martial held in Philadelphia January 29, 1782, whereof Col Nichola is President, Colonel Daniel Brodhead of the first Pennsylvania Regiment was Tryed on the following Charges viz. first for various specious and unwarrantable attempts on the life, liberty and property of the good people of this Country, highly oppressive and injurious to individuals and detrimental to the common weal, by rendering what is most valuable to free men uncertain and precarious. Second for creating a Monopoly in Trade and Countenancing the savages for private and interested purposes. Third. For forming a Jobbing connection with the Assistant Quart. Master Mr. David Duncan while he, Colonel Brodhead was possessed of public Money. Fourth, for withholding a sum of public Money drawn to the direct and sole use of the eighth Pennsylvania Regiment and for, not accounting and Settling with the Auditor for said sum of Money after application made for that purpose by Advertisment of the 25 June 1779. Fifth for mis-applying and not Appropriating public Money to the purposes intended. Sixth for Sheltering from punishment a most Notorious public delinquent and oppressing and injuring honest inocent and industrious men from Motives equally designing and interested. Seventh, for not attending to the good order and Discipline of the Troops under his Command nor to their Comfort or accomodation, nor puting the Garrison into a state of defence, but allowing it to continue in a ruinous untenable and un Military state, tho a number of Artificers were long employed in the Department at high Wages and a large allowance of Provisions; eighth, for neglecting to cover the Frontiers with small Detachments Cantoned in the Country, while a Number of the soldiers have been improperly employed in the Quarter Masters Department and others unnecessarily retained at his Quarters.
The Court after maturely considering the Charges, evidence and Defence do not find Colonel Brodhead guilty of any attempts on the liberty and property of the good people of the Country near Fort Pitt, and therefore do acquit him of the first charge. They likewise acquit him of the 2d and 3d charges, as to the fourth charge, it does not appear to the Court that Colonel Brodhead was possessed of any public Money for the use of the soldiers of the eighth Pennsylvania Regiment; nor that he could Settle his accounts with the Auditor in consequence of the advertisement, being unprovided with some vouchers left by him on this side the Mountain, and the Auditors not furnished with the account of the sums to be charged him, Therefore do acquit him of the fourth Charge, with respect to the fifth charge it appears to the Court that Colonel Brodhead received a sum of public Money for the recruiting Service, part of which he applyed to the purpose of Supplying the Garrison with Provisions, in which the Court think him Justifiable and acquit him of the fifth charge. The Court are further of Opinion that Colonel Brodhead is not guilty of the sixth, seventh and eighth Charges. Therefore are of Opinion that the Prosecution is malicious and groundless and acquit Colo. Brodhead with the highest honor.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing opinion of the Court and discharges Colonel Brodhead from his arrest.
The Court whereof Colonel Lewis Nichola is president is dissolved.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Friday, March 1, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to Pardon William English, a soldier belonging to the New Hampshire Line now under sentence of Death for Desertion, and orders him to be released from Confinement.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held at the Hutts near Morris Town Feb. 14. Ult. by order of Colonel Elias Dayton, of which Lieut. Colonel Barber is President, James Furry, Soldier in the 2d Jersey Regiment was Tryed, charged with Desertion to the Enemy, The Court find him guilty of Desertion which is a breach of the 1 Article 6 section of the Articles of War and after mature deliberation sentence the said James Fury to suffer Death by Hanging (more than two thirds of the Court Martial agreeing thereto. The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court.
Philadelphia, March 1, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am requested by the Superintendant of Finance to make you acquainted with a mode which he has fallen upon to supply the Officers with Cloathing and to explain to you the reasons why it will operate upon the Officers under your command in a manner different from what it will upon those to the Northward.
Our dependance for Officers Cloathing was upon a quantity expected in the ship Marquis de la Fayette from France, but she having unfortunately miscarried, it became necessary to devise other means, as the Officers could not, as formerly, look up to their respective States, they having been called upon by Congress for a sum adequate to the whole expences of the War.
The Financier, unprovided with present Funds, was obliged to seek means of anticipating the Taxes which he might expect to receive in the course of the year. He therefore sought for and found Gentlemen willing to supply the necessary quantity of Goods upon a credit of six months, which were to be delivered at the different places of Cantonment. And in order to enable the Officers to take up and pay for them he gave each Subaltern a Note equal to three Months of his pay and to each Captain and all others of superior rank a note equal to two Months pay, payable in six Months. These Notes the owners of the Goods are to take at their full Value. But there is no obligation upon any Officer to receive them, or after he has taken them to lay them out with the public Agent. Should he have already provided himself with Cloathing, he may keep his Note, or dispose of it in any manner he may think proper. The foregoing relates to the Officers in the Northern Army.
The Financier proposes furnishing the Officers under your Command with Notes of similar nature, but no Goods will be sent to the southward, as by your information, subsequent to having sent off Majr. Burnet, you had had an opportunity of providing a Quantity sufficient for the supply of your Officers.
As the Notes will be most punctually paid in 6 Months after their date, I would wish you to recommend to the Officers who accept of them, not to part with them but at their real value. Any persons wanting to make remittances to the Northward ought gladly to purchase them up; and those Gentlemen who have connections at this place or at Baltimore may lodge them with their Friends and Order down the specie or any kind of Clothing or Stores. It is possible, but of that I cannot give an assurance, that specie may be sent to the southward to redeem these Notes at the stipulated time.
I have been thus full upon the subject that the Officers under your command may know that they are put upon the same footing with the Officers in this Quarter, and that measures would have been taken to have sent Goods from hence, had not you, as I have before mentioned, informed the Financier that you had luckily procured a supply upon or near the spot. I am &c35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 1, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 22d of Febry enclosing the Proceedings of a Court Martial on James Fury, a Soldier of the 2nd Regt of Jersey, who is sentenced to Death for desertion. I have approved the sentence, without appointing the time for his Execution; should it upon further consideration, be deemed necessary that an example of this kind should be made at the present time, and that the person now under sentence is a proper subject for such an example, you will be pleased to signify the same to me and a Warrant will be made out accordingly; otherwise the punishment may still be remitted.
I had heard thro another channel of the sailing of the Fleet you mention, but am not perfectly satisfied with regard to the supposed object of it, should that be ascertained, or any other movement take place, I shall be glad to be advised thereof as soon as may be, and also whether there is any truth in the Report that Barracks are building in New York and preparations making for the reception of Troops, which would be a strong circumstance to corroborate the opinion that the Fleet is destined to CharlesTown. If the fact is so (that is respecting the preparations) it must be a matter of such public Notoriety, as cannot escape the most cursory or superficial observation. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, March 1, 1782.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the recet. of your two Letters of 26 Dr. and 9th feby. and to thank you for your care and attention to the Hospital Department. I am sorry that you have had so many difficulties to Struggle with in the execution of that duty, they were the unavoidable consequences of the deranged state of our affairs in that State.
It was entirely owing to my being unacquainted with your having drawn on the Paymaster Genl. that your Bill was protested. I have given orders for its being paid and have acquainted Count Rochambeau therewith.
A small supply of Cloathing is ordered on to you, but should it not arrive before the Hospital is broke up you will take the proper measures to have it Sent on to the Southward.
From your last letter I should suppose the number of Sick at this time to be very small and if the Hospital could be entirely broke up it would be a pleasing circumstance. Those Convalescents who belong to the Northward might be sent by water to the Head of Elk and those of Virginia to the Genl Rendezvous at Cumberland old Court House.
I cannot say I approve of furloughing the Sick when it can possibly be avoided, in general it is so many men lost to the Service for few of them Join their Corps when recovered. I am &c37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, March 2, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 10th. ult. and am happy to find that the Officers had been sensible of the impropriety of the manner and stile of their representation and that the detachment had marched to the southward.38
[Note 38: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "Necessity must sometimes justify going somewhat out of the regular line of proceeding."]
From the situation in which matters were, I cannot blame you for the prompt execution of Hawkins?39 The necessity of the case, especially in military concerns, must often justify what is in fact an irregular mode of proceeding.
[Note 39: Joseph Hawkins, a mulatto soldier in Major Posey's department.]
Lt. Colo. Carrington is now here, making arrangements for the regular support of the Quarter Masters department in the state of Virginia and will be down before another detachment can be ready to march; you will therefore I hope have no further difficulties upon that score; And I shall direct the Cloathier General to have three or four hundred suits of Cloathes dropped at the place of General Rendezvous in Virginia, to equip the Recruits as they may come in. The supply can be occasionally kept up. The Cloathing will go to the care of you or whoever may be the superintending Continental Officer and it must on no account be issued but for Continental use.
I wish it were in my power to give you and the Officers remaining in Virginia any immediate hope of Money. The superintendant of Finance is making every effort so to arrange the affairs of his department that he may make regular payments to the whole Army. In order to this he is obliged totally to suspend, for the present, all partial payments. His dependance is upon the compliance of the states with the requisitions of Congress, and the moment they furnish him, either with Money or Money's worth he will commence his payments. We have long struggled with difficulties which seemed almost insurmountable, but I am confident if the Officers will have patience to wait for the operations of the systems which have lately been introduced, that they will no longer have the same reasons of Complaint, that they have formerly had.
You will let me hear from time to time what success you have in recruiting. I am &c.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 2, 1782.
Sir: I received yesterday your Letters of the 8th and 9th of Feby. and have duly noticed the contents of them.
Altho the first Orders for holding the Court Martial for your trial directed the Court to assemble at West Point, yet by an after Order of the same day (which, I am informed was regularly transmitted from the Orderly Office) permission was given for it, to be holden at West Point, or some convenient place in its vicinity. This was done solely for the greater convenience of all concerned; and I hoped the spirit of accommodating one another, would have prevailed so far as to have prevented any trouble on that account.
I have written to General Heath to cause Copies of such Returns and Official Papers to be furnished to you, as may be necessary in the course of the trial; by this means the difficulties on that head will be obviated.
It would be a matter of great concern to me, that a practice should prevail of publishing to the World the opinions which are given in Councils of War, as I have always considered the transactions on such occasions to be, under the inviolable sanction of secrecy and honor; however if you judge a Copy of the Minutes of the Council of War, which was held on the 12th of Septr 1776 essential to your defence, I shall comply with your request; and have given directions to Colonel Varick my Recording Secretary, for that purpose. I am etc.
P.S. I have recd your Letter of the 24 of Feby.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, March 2, 1782.
Sir: I have to reply to your favor of the 2nd feby. With respect to the proposition of the Prisoners, tho' in some instances it might be attended with advantage yet if once the precedent is established the applications of that nature will [it is to be feared] become general and [that] the far greatest part of them would have no other intention but to return to the Enemy especially the British; besides, tho' from the present appearance of things we are not likely to want them as objects of Exchange, the events of War are uncertain and it would not be proper to put them intirely out of our power, however a very good judgment may be formed of the inclinations of many of them and such as fully evince a desire of remaining in the Country may be distinguished from the rest and kept with us till the last [for I only want to have something evincive.]42
[Note 42: The remainder of this draft is missing. It is in the writing of Benjamin Walker; the words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 43: Of the Eightieth Foot, British Army.]
Philadelphia, March 2, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 25th feby requesting permission to go to Maryland on a Visit. It will always give me pleasure to grant every possible indulgence to Gentlemen in your situation that can be granted with propriety and I am extremely sorry the request you now make cannot be considered of that nature. I am &c.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 45: Maj. William Jackson.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 2, 1782.
Sir: The inclosed petition in behalf of Ezekiel Addams, an Orphan, whose Parents both died in the public Service, in my opinion merits attention. Being convinced of the truth of the Facts set forth in the sd Petition, from Genl Moultrie's Certificate and other enquiries that have been made, I cannot help46 recommending that measures may be taken for furnishing at the public expence, a support for the Orphan abovemention'd agreeably to the tenor of the Petition. I am etc47
[Note 46: At this point the word "strongly" is crossed out.]
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Philadelphia, March 4, 1782]
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 16th. ulto. and am extremely obliged by the pains you have taken to ascertain the matter respecting the Vessels said to be in the Ice in Lake Champlain. The season is so far advanced without hearing any thing further of the thing, that I imagine it will be too late to make an attempt upon them, supposing they had been caught in the Ice in the course of the Winter: But that no time may be lost, should you, upon the return of the scout, think the measure still practicable, I have written to General Heath to furnish a proper party upon your application, equipped as you shall direct.
Congress have come to some determination upon the Affair of Vermont. I have not seen the Resolve, but from what I hear, it will not be agreeable to the people of the Grants. I am very apprehensive that we shall experience trouble in that Quarter in the course of the approaching Campaign. I am &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 4, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th. Inst with the several inclosures has been duly received.
I cannot but hope your decision respecting the soldiers under sentence for desertion will be attended with beneficial consequences.
It is a fortunate circumstance that the Troops will be recovered from the small Pox at so early a period as will afford time for establishing Discipline and making preparations for the Field before the opening of the Campaign; not a moment should be lost in having the recruits drilled and instructed in their duty as soon as they arrive and in having the Corps as much collected and as perfectly disciplined as the state of the Service will admit. The former discouragements and difficulties arising from the want of Cloathing I flatter myself will be removed and a new Stimulus will therefore be given to the ambition of both Officers and Men. I wish it may also be impressed on them that the Regiments being now on an equality with respect to the Articles received of the public; whatever difference of appearance there shall be discoverd in different Corps, must be owing to the superior attention of the Officers and Emulation of the Men, in those Regts. which shall be found to make the most Soldierline appearance; and cannot fail to attract the notice and applaus of their Generals, as well as gain that just preference in the eyes of their Allies which must be extremely flattering to them as Military Men.
To a determination on the objections which Major General McDougall has made to the President and three of the Members of the Court Martial appointed for his Trial, recourse must be had to the precedent established on a similar occasion in the trial of General Arnold in which the validity of Challenges is ascertained. You will be pleased therefore to apply to my recording Secretary Colo Varick, in whose possession I believe the original Paper is for a Copy of it that the present dispute may be decided upon the principles there laid down. I inclosed a line to Colo Varick for that purpose. I am etc.
P.S. I wish you to furnish Genl McDougall with the Copies of such Returns and Official papers as may be necessary in the Course of his Trial.
Your letter of the 24th is just come to hand.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, March 4, 1782.
Dear Sir: Upon an intimation that the Enemy's Vessels had been caught in the Ice at Lake Champlain in returning to St. John's last Fall, General Schuyler sent a scout of Indians to ascertain the fact, and I had determined, had they returned in time with a favorable report, to have attempted the destruction of the Vessels. Not having yet heard any thing more of the matter, I have little doubt but it will be too late to make the attempt, supposing the situation to have been as represented. But as I would wish not to have missed an opportunity of striking a stroke so very detrimental to the Enemy, I have desired General Schuyler to communicate his information to you, and if the thing should be deemed yet practicable to make you acquainted with the strength of the party necessary for such an operation and with the manner in which it ought to be equipped. You will give the Officer such instructions as shall be concerted between General Schuyler and yourself. I am &c.50
[Note 50: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Monday, March 4, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Four Subalterns and one surgeon from the Pennsylvania Line are immediately to proceed to Fort Pitt to replace a like number of Officers of that line who were left out by the late Arrangement of the Army.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 4, 1782.
Sir: In reply to your Letter of yesterday I have to observe; altho I am not so particularly acquainted with the different uses and conveniencies of different kinds of Water Craft, as to able to judge with accuracy of their respective utility from my own knowledge; yet from the reasons you have given, I am induced to believe that the advantage of Pettiaugers over Batteaux and Flat-bottomed Boats, in certain services will more than counterbalance the difference of expence, and that it would be expedient for them to be made use of in the manner you propose, at West Point and Kings Ferry.
I am also of opinion, that all things considered, it will be a saving to the public in the end; to raise a Company of Watermen, for the purposes you suggest, to be employed under the care of an active, faithful, and skilful Superintendant, who shall be immediately responsible for the preservation and repair of the Boats in Ordinary use as well as others. That measure will therefore meet the approbation of Sir Your etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 52: Jean Louis Ambroise de Genton, Chevalier de Villefranche, major of Continental Engineers.]
Philadelphia, March 4, 1782.
Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 24 feby. inclosing the Several plans therein mentioned and I beg you to accept my thanks for your Services in constructing the Several Works on the Mohawk River.
Your representation respecting your Rank and claim of promotion is also come to hand. I am very sensible of the Zeal, professional knowledge and Activity you have shewn during your Services in this Country and should be happy in contributing to your advancement; but it is a matter in which I have not in the least interfered those Gentlemen of your Corps who have obtained promotion owe it intirely to their good fortune in having assisted at a successful Operation and to the representations which were made to Congress by General Du Portail in consequence thereof.
That you had not the good fortune to share in that success was not your fault; nor can the Minister of France or any other person on that account take up any Idea injurious to your reputation as an Officer. Your Character in the Army will always command such Testimonials as will not only remove every such Idea but will in France give that just Value to your Services which they Merit. I am &c.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, March 4, 1782.
Sir: Well knowing the difficulties in which you are involved it ever gives me pain to make application to you on the score of Money. But as I cannot give the Baron Steuben an answer without knowing whether it will be in your power to comply with the terms he asks, I am under the necessity of inclosing his letter to me on the subject of the arrearages of his Pay.55 I am etc.56
[Note 55: Steuben's letter of February 28, praying Washington to support, with his recommendation, his claim for the pay due him, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 5, 1782.
Captain Mc. Lane having informed me that he and some of the Officers who acted under him have had suits brought against them for the seizure of Horses and sundry Articles of provision near the lines of the Enemy while they had possession of this City. I think it but Justice as well as my duty to declare that from the Month of November 1777 untill the evacuation of this City in June following Capt. McLane commanded a Body of Light Troops upon the Lines and that his Orders particularly were to stop all improper intercourse between the City and Country and to seize supplies of every kind going from the Country to the City; in doing which, I was not only authorised by the usage and custom of War but by virtue of Resolves of Congress passed specially for that purpose. And I do further certify that to the best of my knowledge Capt. McLane made no improper use of the powers with which he was vested but confined his seizures intirely to the objects of his Commission.
[N.Y.H.S.]
[Note 57: New Hampshire to Maryland, inclusive.]
Philadelphia, March 5, 1782.
Sir: The operations of next Campaign being contingent, depending in a great degree upon measures which are not within my controul, and very much upon the plans of the Enemy and their efforts to carry them into execution, it is impossible for me, at this time, to say whether any, or how many Militia the States in this part of the Continent may be called upon [to furnish] for the purposes of the Ensuing Campaign: but as I persuade myself it is the wish of every one of them to see a vigorous offensive plan prosecuted with a view of terminating the War honorably and speedily; it becomes my duty to [inform them] that, the Continental force [(admitting the Battalions should be compleated)] aided by any auxiliary Troops that I have any expectations of, [is] totally inadequate to the first and great object which presents itself to our view; and therefore it may be essential to my future plans that the Executive powers of the States should be, if they are not so already, vested with sufficient [authority]58 to call forth, properly equipped, such a body of Militia as the exigencies of Service may require; the demand will not be made but in case of necessity, and will be [postponed]59 as long as possible; the consequences therefore of a want of such powers, or of [the] delay, occasioned by calling an Assembly, [on such an emergency,] might prove fatal to our operations, and injurious to our Cause.
[Note 58: Washington wrote "powers," which Humphreys changed to "authority."]
[Note 59: Washington wrote "protracted," which Humphreys changed to "postponed."]
I need not add how much it is my wish and desire, and how much the public interest will be promoted by it, that the Continental Regiments should be compleated, every man, of which these are deficient, will add to the draught of Militia, and doubly to the public expences; [while these Troops] will not be so competent to the purposes for which they are wanted, to say nothing of the disadvantages which Agriculture and Manufactures will sustain by [having] the labourers and Artisans [called off] from their Work.60 I would beg leave to suggest
[Note 60: Washington wrote "by calling off the labourers and Artisans from their Work," which Humphreys changed as above.] that the longer term Militia can be drawn out for the more benificial and less expensive will their Services be [and that in case of a seige, they ought to be engaged during the continuance of it, or untill relieved by an equal number, so that the operating strength may not be diminished at a critical moment when it may be most wanted].61
[Note 61: Washington wrote: "At any rate it ought not to be less than two Months from the time they join the Army," which Humphreys changed as above.]
FOR PENSYLVA. ONLY
In the course of last year, when an operation against New York was in contemplation, I took the liberty of applying to the State of Pensylvania for a Corps of Riflemen; then believing, and afterwards (at the seige of York) proving, the vast utility of them. I am induced thus early to renew my application on this head, that in case the State should be called upon for Militia, at least 300, properly Officered, may be of the Class of Riflemn.62
[Note 62: The letters sent varied in minor verbal details from the above autograph draft. That to Governor Trumbull, of Connecticut, in the writing of David Humphreys, has the following P.S.: "I have the honor to receive your Excellencys Letter of the 21st Febry 1782."]
Philadelphia, March 7, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 5th Inst has just come to hand. Exclusive of the objection I have, to the establishment of a precedent, for granting Passports to Citizens, without the interference of the Civil Authority of the States to which they belong, I think, the circumstance of my deviating from a fixed Rule, might in the present instance, be an occasion of suspicion to the Enemy and frustrate the ends you have in view. I cannot therefore consider it adviseable or consistent with the line of conduct I have adopted, to grant the Passport in question, but I have written to Governor Livingston on the subject, and doubt not if there are no particular reasons of policy operating against it, that the business will now be put in an easy and proper train of execution.63 I am etc.64
[Note 63: Forman's application was for a passport for "Mrs. Provoorst" to go into New York City. She was to be accompanied by a gentleman through whom Forman expected to obtain valuable information and who would also "Establish a line of intelligence."]
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, March 7, 1782.
Sir: General Forman has applied to me for permission for Mrs. Provost to go into New York, in search of some property she has there, taking with her some person whom he would chuse, and from whom he makes no doubt of obtaining some very useful intelligence on his return.
As Mrs. Provoost and the Gentleman intended to go with her are both Citizens of New Jersey and as the ostensible reason of their going in is of a civil nature I have referred General Forman to your Excellency for the permission he requests, and if there are no particular reasons against your granting it, I think from what I know of General Formans Character he will make it subservient to our Interest.65 I have the honor etc.66
[Note 65: Livingston wrote to Washington (Mar. 8, 1782): "I have received your Excellency's Favour of yesterday, in consequence of it I forwarded to General Forman by the same Express the passports requested." Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 7, 1782.
Sir: The alteration which has lately been made in the system of the Inspectors Department, having left the Department of the Adjutant General, which was blended with it, in a vague and deranged state, it has become necessary that some new regulations and appointments should be made; for this purpose, I wish the enclosed Plan, may thro' the channel of the War Office, be proposed for the consideration of Congress, and that a determination may be obtained as speedily as possible; because many of the Officers now doing duty in that Department, are acting in consequence of their former appointment, without being comprehended, at this time, in any establishment whatever, which if continued, may be very prejudicial to the Service. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 8, 1782.
Sir: You will proceed with all convenient dispatch to Fort Pitt, the object of your command, and you will take such measures for the security of that post and for the defence of the Western Frontier as your Continental Force combined with the Militia of the neighbouring Country will admit of. Under present appearances and circumstances, I cannot promise any further addition to your regular force, than a proportion of Recruits for the Virginia and Pensilvania Regiments which are already upon the Western Station, consequently offensive Operations, except upon a small scale, cannot just now be brought into contemplation. You may however still continue to keep yourself informed of the situation of Detroit and the strength of the Enemy at that place.68
[Note 68: In a very brief note, dated March 7, Washington ordered Lieutenant Colonel Wuibert to Fort Pitt to take orders from Irvine. The draft of this note is in the Washington Papers.]
With respect to the subject of the Letters which you have lately received from Colonel Gibson, I can only repeat what I have said to you personally: You must endeavour to convince both Officers and Men, that measures are actually taking to put them upon such a footing with regard to their provisions, Cloathing and pay, that it is to be hoped they will e're long have no reason to Complain. They will have already found the difference between the past and the present mode of obtaining Provisions and Cloaths, and they cannot therefore doubt, that the only remaining difficulty, which is on account of Pay, will be removed as soon as the Financier can reap the advantages of the Taxes for the current Year, which are but just laid and cannot therefore come yet into use. The Officers and Men must on a moments reflection be convinced of the Wisdom of applying the public Money in hand, to procuring Victuals and Cloaths, they cannot be dispensed with even for a day, and when both are assured that, Certificates of pay due to the first of the present Year, will be given with Interest, and that pay thence-forward will be more regular, and as frequent as the public Treasury will admit, they ought to be satisfied.
Should the Troops composing the Western Garrisons be discontented with their situation and think that they are partially dealt by, you may make them an offer of being relieved and of taking their chance of the emoluments which they may suppose accrue to those serving with either the Northern or Southern Armies, there may be policy in this offer, because, if I am not mistaken, most of the Men who have connections in the upper Country would rather remain there at some disadvantage than be brought away from their families.
You will make such arrangements, as shall comport with the above Instructions, and the strictest principles of (oeconomy with General Knox and the Quarter Master General respecting Military and other Stores necessary for the posts under your Orders and will I am persuaded use every means in your power to prevent any waste or embezzlement of them.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 70: Delegate to the Continental Congress from South Carolina.]
Philadelphia, March 8, 1782.
Sir: I have given the Resolves herewith inclosed,71 all the consideration I am capable of. The first is warranted by the usage and custom of other Services. But whether the adoption of it at this time may not carry with it an appearance of instability in our public Councils, and how far it will be productive of discontent, and future representation to Congress, is more than I can undertake to determine not having heard the Sentiments of the Army upon it. With respect to the Second, I entertain the same opinion of the matter now, that I ever have done, which is, that Generals Knox and Duportail standing, in my judgment, upon the same ground (with this difference, that the public was infinitely more indebted to the first than the last) ought to have shared the same fate; and I am clearly of opinion, for reasons wch. I had the honor of detailing to you yesterday, that the promotion of Genl. Knox singly, will involve fewer disagreeable consequences than any other method which I have yet heard proposed; for perswaded I am, that, no Officer (Senior to himself) as well acquainted as I am with his extraordinary exertions to prepare, without proper means, the Siege Artillery for last Campaign, the dispatch with wch. he transported it, and his uncommon assiduity and good management of it at York, would think his promotion an improper reward, or any reflection upon his merit.72 If extraordinary exertions do not meet with particular attention, their is no stimulus to action, and an Officer has little more to do than to steer clear of Courts Martial.
[Note 71: No copy of these proposed resolves is now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 72: Knox was promoted to major general by a resolve of Congress of Mar. 22, 1782, to rank as such from Nov. 15, 1781.]
On the propriety of the third Resolve, I have nothing to add in this place, because I have already taken the liberty of communicating my sentiments to Congress thereon. With great esteem and respect etc.
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, Sunday, March 10, 1782.
The Baron de Steuben will inspect the Guards at Nine oClock on Wednesday next, and the Rhode Island Regiment at eleven oClock on the same day.73
[Note 73: The Varick Transcripts here contains the following: "NB. No General orders were issued from the above date untill the 4th. of April, 1782."]
Philadelphia, March 10, 1782.
Sir: If your application is not to Congress, directly, I think it had better pass through the hands of the Secretary at War, than mine, because the74 enquiry into your conduct was instituted in consequence of an Order of Congress and was once before the board of War; and because your coming to this place was by no order of mine, and75 the necessity of it unknown to me. The Accts. will, no doubt, be referred to the board of treasury or Auditors for Settlement, and for such76 information respecting the necessity of your coming to this City, and continuance in it after the Sentence of the Court was approved, as you alone can give. I am etc.
[Note 74: The autograph draft has been altered in several places by Tench Tilghman. This first sentence as changed by him reads: "If your application is not to Congress, directly, it must be through the Secretary at War agreeable to a Resolve of Congress. The enquiry Etc."]
[Note 75: Tilghman here inserts the word "consequently."]
[Note 76: Tilghman here crossed off the words "for such" and substituted the word "the."]
Philadelphia, March 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: I sincerely sympathize with you, in the arduous task imposed upon you as first Magistrate of the State of Virginia, in consequence of the present distressed and embarrassd situation of affairs; which you so pathetically describe in your Letter of the 15th. of Feby. For it is well known from experience, that in times of War and public Calamity, whoever is engaged in the management of public affairs, must share largely in the perplexities and troubles of them, but at the same time it must be remembered, besides the gratification which results from a consciousness of having done our duty faithfully, that to struggle nobly with misfortunes, to combat difficulties with intrepidity, and finally to surmount the obstacles which opposed us, are stronger proofs of merit, and give a fairer title to reputation, than the brightest scenes of tranquility, or the sunshine of prosperity could ever have afforded.
By my Letter of the 28th of Feby you will see that measures were in agitation for supplying the Staff Departments at the Southward. The Clothier General (out of our little Stock) will send on three or four hundred Suits of Cloathing to the care of the Officer superintending the recruiting Service, for the recruits that may be raised. Such other provision as our circumstances will admit, and the Service may require, will I have no doubt be made in such a manner, as to prove that no designed system of partiallity could have influenced Congress or the Ministers of the great Departments in any of their Arrangements.
I have the honor to inclose to your Excellency the Copy of a Letter of this date from General Knox; if the State will agree to let the Public have the Cannon or the loan of them as suggested in Gen. Knoxs Letter I shall be glad to be advised of it by the earliest conveyance that measures may be taken without loss of time for putting them in a condition for service before the opening of the Campaign. It is unnecessary, I am persuaded, to observe as an inducement for granting the use of them to the public, that similar applications to some of the Eastern States for Iron Ordnance Powder &c last Campaign were attended with success; with the highest sentiments of esteem etc.77
[Note 77: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[V.S.L.]
Philadelphia, March 11, 1782.
Whereas a proposition was made by me on the 6th. day of December last to General Sir Henry Clinton to the following effect "That Commissioners mutually appointed should meet at such time and place as might thereafter be agreed upon for the purpose of obviating all difficulties in exchanges; for liquidating the expenses of maintaining prisoners, and for making solid arrangements for providing for them in future" which proposition was acceded to as will appear by letters from him the said General Sir Henry Clinton bearing date the 2d. and 23rd. of January last.
In order to carry the said proposition into effect and to make the most liberal, permanent and extensive provision for the exchange release and accommodation not only of prisoners of War but of Citizens who by the fortune of War may fall into the hands of either party.
You Brigadier General Henry Knox and Gouverneur Morris Esqr. are hereby appointed and authorized to meet such Commissioners as shall come duly authorized on the part of His Excellency General Sir Henry Clinton at Elizabeth Town in the State of New Jersey on Friday the 15th. day of this Month or at any other time and place afterwards to which it may be thought proper to adjourn; with them to treat, confer, determine and conclude upon a Cartel or Cartels either general or special stipulating for the subsistence, safe keeping, exchanging, liberating and better treatment of all land prisoners of War in such manner and on such terms as you may judge expedient and beneficial to the United States: to take such measures for the liberation of Citizens who have not been captured in Arms as may seem expedient, or to negotiate any separate treaty concerning such Citizens for the mutual prevention of any future Captures; provided such Cartel, Cartels and agreement establish Rules for the similar treatment of Prisoners of War and Citizens captured by either power in all cases whatever. You are likewise authorized and empowered to liquidate and settle all past accounts respecting the maintenance and support of Prisoners of War or of the Prisoners under the Convention of Saratoga; and whereas numberless inconveniencies and distresses have mutually arisen and happened for want of some permanent establishment for subsisting, safe keeping and exchanging Marine Prisoners, I have by letter of the 26th. of February last proposed to His Excellency Robert Digby Esqr. at present commanding His Britannic Majestys Ships of War upon the American station, to send Commissioners at the time and to the place before mentioned properly authorised and empowered to treat, confer, determine and conclude upon a Cartel for the exchange and accommodation of all persons in the Naval Line. Should therefore Commissioners come properly authorised and empowered by him the said Robert Digby Esqr. or other senior Officer commanding His Britannic Majestys ships of War upon the American Station, you are authorised and empowered to treat, confer, determine and conclude upon, with them, a Cartel or Agreement either general or special for the subsisting, safe keeping, and exchanging all Marine Prisoners of War; provided such Cartels or Agreements establish Rules for the similar treatment of marine Prisoners captured by either power in all cases whatever.
For all which this shall be your Warrant and your engagements being mutually interchanged shall be ratified and confirmed by me.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
INSTRUCTIONS TO
BRIGADIER GENERAL HENRY KNOX AND
GOUVERNEUR MORRIS
Philadelphia, March 11, 1782.
Gentlemen: The powers of equal date herewith authorise you to proceed to Elizabeth Town in the State of New Jersey in order to meet Commissioners on the part of the enemy on Friday the 15th inst for the purposes in the powers fully recited.
You will consider the settlement of accounts, for the subsistence of Prisoners of all descriptions from the commencement of the War, to ... ; obtaining payment or security for the payment of the large Balance which it is presumed was due to the United States at that period, and establishing some certain arrangements or the regular payment of the subsistence of Prisoners from that time forward as the principal objects of your Commission.
From the want of an appointment of a Commissary of Prisoners, untill some time after the commencement of the War from the variety of hands to which the charge of prisoners was committed, and from the little attention which was for a long time paid to the Sums expended for their support, I fear, it will be difficult for you to collect the materials necessary to form an account sufficiently accurate to satisfy yourselves, or to gain credit with the Commissioners on the part of the enemy: And it is also probable, that the accounts, which will be produced by them, will be alike subject to many objections for want of proper Vouchers and other causes. You are therefore at liberty, if you find no probability of being able to make a regular settlement, to compound the matter, by fixing upon such a sum as shall appear to you reasonable, which sum shall, upon payment, be looked upon as a full and final discharge of all demands on the part of the U.S. from the commencement of the War to the time which you shall specify. You are then, in Order to prevent all future disputes, to determine, of what a Ration for the support of a Prisoner of War shall mutually consist; the value of that Ration not only in whole but in its component parts; what Vouchers shall be esteemed mutually valid, and obtain and give proper assurances for the regular monthly, quarterly &c. payment of the balances as they may respectively become due.
Before you proceed to the negociation of exchanges, you will pay due regard to the Resolve of Congress of the 23rd. of February last (with Copy of which you are furnished) which authorizes the exchange of Lieut. General Earl Cornwallis only, upon certain conditions therein specified. By the word liberated, in the Resolve referred to, it is not to be understood, that Mr. Laurens is to be given up without any equivalent; At what the enemy will rate him is uncertain. Congress once offered a Lieutenant General for him, and if the same should be demanded now and insisted upon, you are at liberty to comply. If circumstances should render the exchange of Lord Cornwallis impracticable, the respective Commissaries of prisoners may proceed to the exchange of other Officers; and if the enemy should persist in their resolution of detaining a certain number of our Officers of Rank as a counter security to our detention of Lord Cornwallis, it may be submitted to, upon the following principle, that it will be better for four or five Gentlemen (the number who will be involved) to remain in Captivity, than the whole; amounting to considerably above one hundred.
In compliance with a Resolve of Congress of the 20th. of Decemr. last (Copy of which and some papers relating to it you have herewith) you will enter into a discussion with the British Commissioners upon the Powers and conduct of the Board of Directors to the associated Loyalists in New York, and you will endevour to devise some means for the prevention of that kind of depredation which is complained of. On this subject you will do nothing conclusive, but report to me the substance of the measures which may have seemed to the British Commissioners and yourselves most likely to answer the end.
I recommend to your particular attention, the case of one Summers a native of Pennsylvania taken in 1778 and yet detained upon Long Island notwithstanding every reasonable offer has been made to procure his exchange; the Commy. of Prisoners can inform you fully of his situation and circumstances.
Should you enter into either a general or special Cartel you will endevour to stipulate that, in future, Citizens not in Arms shall not be considered as subjects of Capture, but in particular cases; such as for instance, for Guides; for intelligence, and such like purposes; that they shall be well treated and discharged after the ends for which they were captured are answered.
Should the Admiral accede to my proposition of sending Commissioners to meet you on the subject of the treatment and exchange of Marine prisoners, you will endeavour in the first place to obtain a change in the mode of keeping our seamen confined. The daily complaints of the miseries incident to confinement on board prison ships will authorise you to remonstrate warmly on that Head and to insist upon an alteration of conduct. In respect to the support and mode of payment for the subsistence of seamen you will be guided by the instruction relating to the Rations of Soldiers.
You are acquainted with the difficulties under which we labor as to the means of procuring the exchange of the American seamen who fall into the hands of the enemy. It but rarely happens that those captured by private Vessels of War are given up to the Continental Commissaries; some. are taken into our service, many escape thro' negligence, and therefore it is that the Balance of Marine prisoners has been generally greatly against us. The mode proposed by Admiral Digby, of giving up Land prisoners for seamen, is altogether inadmissible. It would prove a constant source of reinforcement to the enemy. Under present circumstances, I do not see that you can come to any final determination upon the mode of exchanging or liberating seamen; should Commissioners meet you on that subject, you will, in conjunction with them, form a plan which may be deemed mutually equitable and convenient and report upon it.
You have herewith the Copies of the letters which have passed between the British Genl. and Admiral and myself upon the subject of your Commission. The superintendant of Finance will furnish you with materials for stating our Claims for subsistence of prisoners so far as he has been able to obtain them; And the Commissary of Prisoners will furnish you with any Official papers which may be in his possession and which may be found necessary to the accomplishment of a general or special Cartel.
Since the above I have been furnished by Congress with a number of representations respecting the treatment of our Marine prisoners. I have thought it proper to put them into your hands, that you may make the necessary use of them.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 12, 1872.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your several letters of the 23d. 27th. and 28th. ulto and 5th. and 6th. instants.
I approve of your having sent a detachment to possess the Huts of the Connecticut State Troops, untill a Body of Militia could be again assembled for that purpose. I am glad to hear that the greater part of the Stores have been removed from Claverack, and I will see that means are provided to comply with General Schuylers promise of pay to the Militia who guarded them.
Supposing that all possible care has been taken to make an equitable arrangement of the Subalterns of the Massachusetts line, I approve of it, and desire it may be published accordingly.
General Pattersons information respecting the Indian Chief, is yet so vague, that there is no coming to any determination upon it. He may desire his Friend to prosecute the enquiry, and if he finds there are good grounds to believe the Indian sincere, measures may be taken to bring him over.
I perceive you had not, upon the 27th. ulto., received Mr. Morris's letter explaining the reason of the Contractors charging a seeming advanced price upon the Officers extra Ration of Rum. But as you must have gotten it since, I shall say no more upon that subject. I cannot conceive how any difficulty should arise upon the prices of the other Articles, which are expressly specified in the Contract. Lord Stirling appears not to have had a Copy before him, as the prices, at which he says the Articles were to have been furnished, do not agree with those stipulated in the Contract, extracts from which I inclose. The Officer is upon the safe side. He draws his Rations, and if the Contractor charges more than he is intitled to do by his agreement, the appeal will go to the Superintendant of Finance, who will oblige him to do justice.
Those Artificers who, by the terms of their engagements, are to have an addition to the common Ration, must undoubtedly draw it; and it will lay with the commanding General to order an addition to Fatigue Men or to those upon extra duty when he sees occasion.
I am pleased to hear of the several partizan strokes upon the enemy's light Corps. It is a spirit which I would wish to see encouraged. You will be good enough to present my thanks to the Officers concerned. I have had information similar to Capt. Prays tho' other channels, and have communicated that and the several matters contained in your last letters to Congress. I am &c.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 12, 1782.
Sir: The Adjutant General informed me some little time ago that you had written to him to know whether you were to go on to the southern Army or remain in Virginia. I desired him to acquaint you that you should remain there 'till further orders.
By a late letter from his Excellency The Governor I find that a Bill has passed for recruiting the Line, and as there cannot be at present any command for you in the southern Army, you cannot be so well employed as in superintending the recruiting service, which I desire you will undertake. I write to Colo. Febiger,81 who formerly had the direction of that business, to take his orders in future from you. The recruiting Law having been mislaid, I cannot proceed to point out your line of conduct particularly; I can only recommend a strict conformity to the Law, and make an earnest request that the Recruits may be drawn to the place of General Rendezvous as soon as possible after they are raised; [for want of which heretofore, the Men after they were raised, have] been [dissipated and lost to the injury of the Service and burthen of the State].
[Note 81: A draft of this brief note to Colonel Febiger, dated March 12, is in the Washington Papers.]
I had directed three or four hundred suits of Cloathes to be sent to Colo. Febiger; You will upon their arrival receive them and see them carefully and properly distributed, [and regular accts. kept thereof]; should your success in recruiting be rapid, a further supply can be forwarded.
Lt. Colo. Carrington will, before he leaves town, make the necessary arrangements for the support of whatever post may be fixed upon for the General Rendezvous, which will remove many former difficulties.
You will inform Major General Greene of the duty which you are upon. You will acquaint him from time to time of your proceedings and take his directions for the manner of forwarding the Recruits; and for any other matters respecting the arrangement of the Line, as it falls under his immediate command. You will only observe that a proportion of the Recruits are to be reserved and destined for the Regiment of the state which is at Fort Pitt.
You will also keep me advised of your progress in the business upon which you will be employed. [I shall expect these advices once a fortnight by Post.] I am &c.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, March 12, 1782.
Sir: Major Barber,83 who now holds a Commission in the Line of the Army at large, informs me that if the State of New Jersey, to which he belongs, will grant him the Commission of Captain in one of their Regiments, he can prevail upon Captain Anderson84 to resign in his favor, and that he can obtain the consent of all the Captain's junior to Capt. Anderson to his being admitted into his place.85 If Major Barber can effect the latter, I would take the liberty of warmly recommending the measure, because permanent provision will be made for a very meritorious Officer for whom it will be difficult otherwise to find employ. Should your Excellency's influence with the Legislature be necessary to forward this matter, you will oblige me by using it upon the occasion. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 83: Maj. William Barber, aide to Lord Stirling. He had been wounded at Yorktown and served to January, 1783.]
[Note 84: Capt. Joseph Inslee Anderson, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 85: Captain Anderson and the other officers objected to this proposed arrangement; it was not carried out.]
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 12, 1782.
My dear Sir: The fair hand87 to whom your letter of the 20th. of Jany. was committed presented it safe, and as you rightly observd, the value of it was enhanced by it.
[Note 87: Mrs. Richard Benjamin Lloyd.]
Good Laws, ample means, and sufficient powers, may render the birth of your Intendant88 a public benefit; and from the
[Note 88: "We are just about closing our session. The only novelty which it has given birth to, is a man called an Intendant, whom we have vested with great powers, and who is to destroy that disorder in our affairs which has arisen chiefly from a bad money and want of money."-- McHenry to Washington, Jan. 20, 1782. McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers. Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer had been appointed the Intendant.] Spirit of your people I hope these are provided; without them the appointment must be nugatory. Never, since the commencement of the present revolution, has there been, in my judgment, a period when vigorous measures were more consonant with sound policy than the present. The Speech of the British King, and the Addresses of the Lords and Commons are evincive proofs to my Mind of two things, namely their wishes to prosecute the American War, and their fears of the consequences. My opinion therefore of the matter is, that the Minister will obtain supplies for the current year, prepare vigorously for another Campaign, and then prosecute the War or treat of Peace as circumstances and fortuitous events may justify; and, that nothing will contribute more to the first than a relaxation, or apparent supiness on the part of these States. The debates upon the Addresses evidently prove what I have here advanced to be true. For these addresses, as explained, are meant to answer any purpose the Ministers may have in view. What madness then can be greater, or policy and oeconomy worse, than to let the enemy again rise upon our folly and want of exertion? Shall we not be justly chargeable for all the blood and treasure which shall be wasted in a lingering War, procrastinated by the false expectation of Peace, or timid measures for the prosecution of it? surely we shall, and much is to be lamented that our endeavours do not at all times accord with our wishes; each State is anxious to see the end of our Warfare accomplished, but shrinks when it is called upon for the means! and either withholds them altogether, or grants them in such a way as to defeat the end. such, It is to he feared, will be the case in many instances respecting the requisitions of Men and Money.
I have the pleasure however to inform you that the Assembly of this State,89 now setting, have passed their Supply Bill
[Note 89: Pennsylvania.] without a dissenting voice, and that a laudable spirit seems to pervade all the Members of that body but I fear notwithstanding, they will be deficient of their quota of Men. It is idle at this late period of the War, when enthusiasm is cooled if not done away; when the Minds of that class of men who are proper subjects for Soldiers are poisoned by the high bounties which have been given; and the knowledge of the distresses of the Army so generally diffused through every State, to suppose that our Battalions can be compleated by voluntary enlistment; the attempt is vain and we are only deceiving ourselves and injuring the Cause by making the experiment; there is no other effectual method to get Men suddenly, but that of classing the People and compelling each class to furnish a Rect., here every Man is interested; every Man becomes a recruiting Officer. If our necessities for Men did not press, I should prefer the mode of voluntary Enlistment to all others to obtain them, as it does, I am sure it will not answer. and that the Season for enterprise will be upon us long e're we are ready for the Field.
The anxious state of Suspense in which we have been for some time, and still remn., respecting the Naval engagement in the West Indies and attempt upon Brimstone hill in the Isld. of St. Kitts, is disagreeable beyond description; the Issue of these must be very interesting and may give a very unfavourable turn to affairs in that Quarter and to America in its consequences. With much sincerity and Affection, etc.
Philadelphia, March 13, 1782.
Gentlemen: Messrs ... are delegated by the Merchants of this City to apply a sum of Money which has been raised by subscription to the relief of the Marine Prisoners in New York belonging to the Port of Philada. They are directed to consult you upon the most proper and efficacious mode of answering the benevolent intentions of the subscribers. The Gentlemen do not propose going themselves into New York. The Business may possibly be negotiated through the British Marine Commissary. I am &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 14, 1782.
Sir: I think it necessary to inform your Excellency, that I have granted permission to the sloops Mary and Leith to proceed from New York to Baltimore, with Cloathing and Necessaries for the British and German Prisoners of War at Frederick Town and other places in the state. Should there be any impropriety in those Vessells going up to the Town, you will lodge orders to have them stopped at any convenient place below it. The Officers who have the Goods in charge will have occasion for Waggons to Transport them from the place of debarkation to the places of Cantonment. They will pay for the hire of them, and I could wish that no imposition may be put upon them and that they may have passports under your Excellencys authority for their safe conduct thro' the Country. I have the honor etc.91
[Note 91: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 14, 1782.
Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 4th. and also, (in the absence of General Irwin) the Letter of the same date addressed to him.
I am sorry to hear the success of the recruiting service is not so great as could be wished or reasonably expected. I have reiterated the direction before given to Col Humpton, to have the recruits as soon as may be assembled at Carlisle, and I am informed there will be two Hundred Suits of Cloaths, with an equal number of Arms and accoutrements, ready to be forwarded to the same place in a few days; Instructions are also given to the Quarter Mastr Genl to have Carriages and Camp Equipage provided for the Detachment as soon as may be necessary for the movement; he will likewise make arrangements with Col Carrington the Depy Quarter Mastr for the Southern Army (now in this Town) for the accommodation of the Troops in the March.
I wish every exertion may be made to augment the detachment to the greatest possible number, and to put it upon the most respectable footing. But from a consideration of the present circumstances, I would not have the Troops move untill you receive further Orders, in the mean time, nothing should retard the preparations, or prevent their being held in the most perfect state of readiness for a Movement. I am etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 14, 1782.
Gentlemen: I inclose to you, an Extract of a Letter of the 7th. Inst. from Sir Henry Clinton, by which it appears, he had for certain reasons, thought proper to nominate different persons for Commissioners from those he had first named; and that he wished to postpone the time of the meeting untill the 10th of April; I have written to him respecting the inconveniences which will be occasioned by delaying the meeting, and have proposed that his New Commissioners should meet you at an earlier day. That Letter I request you will cause to be forwarded; and at the same time, that you will address him on the same subject, in order to your determining the expediency of waiting their arrival or returning as soon as you shall receive an Ansr from New York.
I have sent you also under cover, a Copy of Admiral Digby's Letter of the 5th which you will observe he has only partially acceded to the proposal I had made to him. With great regard etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, March 14, 1782.
Sir: I yesterday desired you to have as many of your troop as you could equip and mount at Burlington in New Jersey by Tuesday next. I now repeat it, with a further request that they may be punctual, as I propose setting off from hence on Wednesday Morning; should you find that they cannot be there at the time abovementioned, you will let me know it beforehand. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 14, 1782.
Sir: I late last evening recd. your Excellencys letter of the 7th. My Commissioners had set out for Elizabeth Town on Tuesday. As it will be inconvenient for them to remain in that neighbourhood until the 10th. of next Month, the time to which you wish the meeting may be postponed, and as returning and having the journey to repeat at this season of the year will be a disagreeable circumstance, I am to request you to endeavour to make the meeting so much the earlier that the Gentlemen may find it more advantageous to remain in Jersey to that time than to return. You will be pleased to inform them of your determination that they may take their measures accordingly.
Inclosed you have the passports for the Store Ships for Delaware and Chesapeak. I have fixed upon Wilmington and Baltimore as the places most convenient to the Cantonments of the prisoners.95 I am etc.96
[Note 95: Accompanying the draft is a draft of a passport, dated March 14, to brigantine Dolphin, about 147 tons, Charles Cook, master, and eight seamen, to proceed from New York to Wilmington, Del., with clothing, stores and necessaries for the British and German prisoners of war. Mr. John Tayliour, a subaltern, and two noncommissioned. British officers were allowed to take care of the clothing. The same passport was issued for the brig Duncan, Jeremiah Picker, master; and also for the sloops Mary and Leith, Thomas Smith and Edward Ross, masters, respectively, to go to Baltimore.]
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 97: Col. Francis(?) Johnston.]
Philadelphia, March 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: You will very much oblige me by giving information whether any, or what measures are necessary to be pursued by Land holders in cases.
"Where Lands have been Surveyed and patented under the Authority of the State of Virginia, and the charges accruing thereon paid to the proper Officers of that Government; but, upon the late settlement of boundary between the two Commonwealths, and extension of the Western line, are found to be within the limits of Pensylvania"?
Many cases of this sort are within my view, and a Gentleman of my acquaintance has requested me to make the above enquiry. You will excuse the trouble of it, and believe me to be with great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, March 15, 1782.
Sir: Major Genl. Baron Steuben proposes to leave Town next Week, and has again applied to me on the subject of his former Letter. I think his situation peculiar and such as to call for some attention to his request and I would wish you to comply with it, so far as is consistent with your other arrangements. I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, March 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 28th. ulto. in answer to my letter from Mount Vernon in Novr., came to my hands by the last post, but not in time for me to reply by the return of it.
Delaying your answer 'till all parties had made up their minds upon the subject matter of that Letter, was more pleasing to me than an earlier communication which would have been indecisive; because it is much my wish (for reasons already given you) to bring the affair to an issue, as soon as it could be done, consistently.
If there are Lands for which Mrs. French and you are disposed to barter your tract on Dogue-run; and these lands can be had upon reasonable terms; it will in the end be the same thing to me as a direct purchase. I have such reliance on the honor and judgment of the Gentlemen you have named, as to leave the valuation of the Lands, and the terms of exchange, entirely to them; and you may rest assured, will abide religeously by their determination, be it what it may.
Mr. Lund Washington, to whom I have transmitted a copy of your letter, will converse fully and freely with Mrs. French and you on this business, and consult you on the best mode of carrying it into execution. Whatever he does on my behalf shall be as binding upon me, as if the business had been transacted under my own hand and Seal.
My best respects attend Mrs. French and Mrs. Dulany, in which Mrs. Washington joins me. With great esteem, I am, etc.99
[Note 99: "Letter Book" copy. Dulany's letter of February 28 ( Washington Papers) says: "Mr. Manley's Land mentioned by you, is entirely at the disposal of Mr. William Triplett the Executor" and that Mrs. French would exchange her land on Dogue Run for land near where she lives. Lund Washington, Humphrey Peake, William Triplett, and Charles Little were the gentlemen named to settle the exchange. Dulany closed his letter with an illuminating remark: "Old Folks are not easily satisfied and especially Widows."]
[Note 1: Captain in the Fourth Continental Artillery. His majority ranked from October, 1781; served to June, 1783.]
Philadelphia, March 16, 1782.
Sir: Brigr. Genl. Knox having laid before me the respective claims of Capt. Porter2 and yourself signed by each of you, I am of opinion, from a consideration of all circumstances, that Captain Porter is entitled to that Rank in the Line of Artillery, which the Board of Officers appointed to arrange it, conferred upon him. I am etc.3
[Note 2: Capt. Andrew Porter, of the Fourth Continental Artillery. His majority ranked from April, 1781. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in January, 1782, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 16, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have only leisure to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 6th by the return of Mr Renselaer; and to thank you for your attention, in keeping me so constantly and minutely advised, of the matters in agitation, as well as the general system of policy in your quarter. I have the pleasure to congratulate you, on the capture of St. Christophers, Nevis and Monserat by our allies; Although there is no official intelligence of this success, it comes in such a manner as that I have no doubt of the authenticity of it. With every Sentiment &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 20th. of February, by which, I am surprised to find that my letter of the 1st. of November from York in Virginia, in answer to yours of the 22d. of May and 7th. of October last, had never reached you. I take the liberty of inclosing a Copy of it.
You will perceive by a Resolve of Congress of the 19th. of December last, of which I inclose you a Copy, that after the arrangements of the Campaign are made, it will lay with the Secretary at War to nominate the General Officers for service, and to give them the necessary notice. You may therefore expect to hear shortly from him. Had not General Lincoln been called to Boston, from whence he only returned last evening, the business would have been determined before this time. It will however be settled before I leave town which will be in two or three days.
I return you thanks for your congratulations and kind wishes, and have the pleasure to inform you that our affairs, especially in Europe, wear a most favorable aspect. Our own exertions, in which I hope we shall not be wanting, seem only necessary to insure us the reward of our toil and labor. I am etc.6
[Note 6: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
My Dear Sir: I have your favr. of the 24th. of January and your public and private letter of the 7th. of February. It gives me the more pain to hear of your distresses for want of Cloathing or other necessaries, as you are at so great a distance that you cannot be suddenly relieved, even if we had the means. I am not however without hopes, that should the War be continued to the southward (of which I have my doubts for reasons which I shall presently give) matters will be put into much better train than they have hitherto been. The arrangements made already by the superintendent of Finance have been attended with infinite public advantages, and he is extending those arrangements as fast as circumstances will possibly admit. I am sorry to see a jealousy arising from a supposition that there has been a partiality of conduct. I am certain there has been no such intention, and that instead of a charge of having done too little, it will soon be a matter of wonder how Mr. Morris has done so much with so small means. As I know he corresponds with you on the affairs of his department, I shall content myself with saying, that before Colo Cartington leaves town, measures will be taken to enable him to make provision in future, for the ready transportation of Stores, and for the accommodation of Troops moving to the southward. It is agreed that the Elaboratory shall be removed from Richmond to New London.
In my former letters upon the subject, I acquainted you with the reasons which operated against Count de Rochambeau's detaching more than the Legion of Lauzun towards South Carolina, upon your requisition for a reinforcement. Altho' my instructions to you did not mention a power to call upon the Count for assistance, yet I look upon it as implied in my desire to you to correspond with him. The circumstances of the moment must determine whether any or what can be spared by him.
By late advices from Europe and from the declarations of the British Ministers themselves, it appears, that they have done with all thoughts of an excursive War, and that they mean to send small if any further reinforcements to America. It may be also tolerably plainly seen, that they do not mean to hold all their present posts, and that New York will be occupied in preference to any other. Hence, and from other indications, I am induced to believe that an evacuation of the southern States will take place. Should this happen, we must concentre our force as the enemy do theirs: You will therefore, upon the appearance of such an event, immediately make preparations for the march of the Army under your command to the Northward. What troops shall in that case be left in the southern States will be a matter of future discussion.
No other reinforcement went from New York to south Carolina than that of the 400 which had arrived. Letters, which you had not received when you last wrote, will have informed you, that our first intelligences respecting the number of Men embarked were false. With the highest sentiments etc.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: As the Season for Opening the Campaign now approaches, it becomes necessary that you collect and keep together the Officers and Men of the Regiment under your Command and hold them in readiness to March on the Shortest warning. I must also request that you will embrace every Opportunity the Weather affords to perfect the Regiment in its Discipline and Exercise. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: You will immediately have all the recruits raised for the Pensilvania Line collected at the General Rendezvous and Armed and Equipped for the Field, and as fast as any more are recruited you will have them Collected and Equipped in the same manner.
You will embrace every Opportunity to Exercise and Discipline the recruits and have them held in readiness to March at the Shortest warning. I am &c.9
[Note 9: This same letter was sent to the officer commanding the Rhode Island regiment.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: In consideration of the Situation of your private affairs as mentioned in your Letter to me of the 1st Mch and of General Lincolns representation on your behalf I consent to your remaining absent from Camp 'till the 10th. of May but must desire you to be punctual to that time. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to enclose the Copy of a Return of the Non Commissioned Officers and Privates of the Pennsylvania Line now serving with the Southern Army; your Excellency will observe by the Note annexed to it, that the Return is not so compleat as could have been wished; but General Greene having proposed sending a perfect Return, as soon as it could be obtained, it will be communicated by the earliest opportunity. I have the honor etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: I have to acquaint you that I propose leaving Town on Wednesday or Thursday next, and as I would wish to have you at the Army as soon as you have made the necessary Arrangements for your Department I must desire you to acquaint me when you think you will be able to follow me. I am &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Dr Sir: I have given The Adjt. General the necessary orders respecting the matter you mentioned to me to day, and he will direct the officers Commanding at the Barracks; Colonels Humpton and Nicola, and Mr. Colfax15 (of my Guard) to be particularly attentive to the Men under their respective Commands. In confidence, I have mentd the reason to Genl. Hand, but he will assign none to the Officers to whom he gives the order, excepting that it is to prevent any kind of Riot or tumult; altho' I would fain perswade myself that no insult16 will be offered to you this day, yet under the bare possibility of it, it is best for Mrs. Washington to deprive herself of the pleasure she proposed of drinking Tea with you this afternoon, and I beg the favor of you to excuse her to Miss Reed. I am etc.
[Note 15: Lieut, William Colfax, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He was detailed to the Commander in Chief's Guard; promoted to captain of the Second Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
[Note 16: On account of the local Philadelphia political tension at that time.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: I propose leaving Town in a day or two and before I set out I would wish you to acquaint me how far the Army are Supplied with Cloathing what quantity of that Article you have on hand, and what are your prospects for the summer Cloathing. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: I intend in a day or two to set out to join the Army on the North River and wish you at the same time to forward your Official papers and send on some of the Gentlemen of your Office; but as the Adjutant Generals Department is not yet Arranged you are yourself to remain in Town untill it is compleated or untill you hear further from me. I am &c.
P.S. I could wish your stay in this City may not exceed 12 or 14 days.18
[Note 18: In an unidentified writing, in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 78, XII, fol. 209. The P.S. is in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 19: Comte Maurice Auguste de Beniowski.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: I am honord with your Letter of this Morning.
It would give me very great pleasure to recommend to Congress an Officer of your Rank and Abilities, could I suppose that such a recommendation would have any weight in inducing them to accept those offers of Service which you Sir so generously make to this Country; but I am sorry to say that the situation of our affairs at this time is Such that a considerable reduction has lately taken place among our old Officers by which some very valuable General Officers who have Served their Country during the whole of this Contest and who wished to remain in service, will be obliged to retire.
I sincerely lament, that your arrival in America was not at an earlier period when this Country could have employed you in a manner suitable to your Rank and thereby have recd essential benefit from that Military Experience which a length of Service must have given you. I have the honor etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1782.
Sir: The Secretary of War [having] arrived from the Eastward, I expect to be able to finish my business with him in the course of a day or two, and shall be ready, if Congress see no farther occasion for my stay in this City, to set out for the Army on the North River on Wednesday or thursday next.
[I request the favr. of your Excellency to honor me with the determination and commands of Congress.] I have the honor etc.21
[Note 21: The words in brackets are in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter sent, in the writing of Tilghman, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It was read in Congress on March 20 and an audience granted the Commander in Chief on March 21.]
Philadelphia, March 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday favoured with your Letter of the 11th of March, on the subject of your retiring from service on certain conditions therein Mentioned.
I have without delay referred your application to the Secretary at War; which is now the only proper Channel through which all business of this kind can be negotiated; In two or three days I shall set out for the North River, where I shall expect the pleasure of seeing you in a short time; and in the interim I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, March 19, 1782.
Gentlemen: Your favor of the 16th. reached me last Evening. I do not see that any alteration is necessary in your instructions relating to Mr. Laurens. From what we yet know, he is not at liberty to leave England and therefore as much a prisoner in fact as before the extension of his limits. I am etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your several Letters of the 9th and 18th of Febry and 8th. of March. I am much obliged by the particular information you have communicated in them; it is from such reports alone I can be enabled at present to form any judgment of the force which may be calculated upon, for the Campaign.
If you judge it necessary, that the Officers, who are on the Committee for settling the accounts of the Connecticut Line, should remain in the State after the 10th of April; you are at liberty to retain them. You will also be pleased to direct two Officers to be stationed at the places you mention for the purpose of mustering and superintending the Recruits. Was I not fully convinced of your zeal for promoting this service; I should reiterate (in the strongest language) all my wishes, anxieties and expectations on that subject; but I will confide in your ardor, and activity in doing every thing that is possible to be done, to have the Recruits obtained, collected, and forwarded as soon as possible. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 25: Of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel commandant in February, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Philadelphia, March 19, 1782.
Gentlemen: I have recd. your favor of the 13th: Inst.26 At the request of Major Barber and Captain Anderson I wrote to the Legislature of New Jersey expressing my approbation of the Exchange which was in Negotiation between those two Gentlemen, but it was upon the following condition, that the consent of all the Officers junior to Capt. Anderson, and who would be affected by the exchange, should be obtained. You have therefore only to make your disapprobation of the measure known to the Legislature should the matter be carried before them. I am etc.27
[Note 26: Cumming and 12 others signed the protest of March 13 against the proposed exchange. This protest is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 19, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 27th. ulto. Under present appearances I think General de Choissy should not move beyond Charlotte Court House. There are several reasons to induce a belief that the enemy mean to evacuate south Carolina and Georgia. If such an event is to take place we must soon know it.
I requested His Excellency the Minister of France to inform you that whenever it became necessary, I would meet you at this place. Mount Vernon, exclusive of the happiness of entertaining you at my own House, would be very agreeable to me, but I could not at the opening of the Campaign go so far from the Army.
I congratulate your Excellency upon the total surrender of the Islands of St. Kitts and Nevis, which is fully confirmed. Montserrat must I think fall of course. I have also the pleasure to inform you that the Marquis de la Fayette and the Gentlemen who went with him all arrived safe in France after a passage of 22 days. I have the honor &c.
P.S. I set out for the Army tomorrow.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 20, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. your favour of the 5th. instant accompanied by a letter from Colo Ternant inclosing the Inspection Return of your Legion for the present Month.
When I sent you the order to march the Legion by detachment, to join the southern Army, it was from an apprehension that the enemy intended to reinforce their Army largely in Charles town from Europe as well as from New York; But as that does not appear to be the case, you will remain where you now are, taking every method to get compleatly equipped and ready for service. However, should circumstances make it necessary for Genl. Greene to call upon you for assistance, you will, in such case, look upon yourself obliged to march by detachment without hesitation. You will acquaint Genl. Greene with what I have said upon the subject, and inform him, that for the reasons you have given me, you would not wish to move until you can carry forward your whole Legion in proper order.
It really gives me pain to hear you so often mentioning a subject in which I cannot interfere for reasons which I have given you at full in my several late letters.29 As to an Officer of Horse, elder than yourself, going to the southward, it will be a thing inevitable should the War continue in that Country. Colo. Moylans own Regiment and the Bulk of the Cavalry are already there, and that Gentleman would certainly have a right to complain should he be deprived of his command.
[Note 29: Armand had complained of having been passed over in promotion.]
Measures necessary for the compleat equipment of your Corps, may not go on as rapidly as you could wish, but I assure you every thing that can be done for you, is doing. You know and must make allowance for the embarrassed situation of our affairs. We are just emerging from a mass of confusion and a little time will be necessary to put things in regular order. Believe me to be etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Philadelphia, March 20, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of this Morning. I will make an experiment with your drafts upon Mr. Swanwick31 which I doubt not may be disposed of among the trading people in New York and New Jersey. The smaller the Bills are the more easily will they be negotiated. The sum of 4000 Dollars will be sufficient, at one time.32 I have the honor etc.30
[Note 31: John Swanwick. He was secretary to the Superintendent of Finance.]
[Note 32: Money for headquarters expenses.]
[Philadelphia, March 21, 1782.]
I feel very sensibly, this fresh assurance of the esteem and confidence of Congress; and thank them most cordially for their good wishes and recommendation of me to the protection of divine Providence.
I beg leave to repeat, that nothing within the compass of my abilities, and which depend upon the closest attention, shall be wanting on my part to answer the expectation of Congress the ensuing Compaign.33
[Note 33: The address of Congress, which was delivered by the President from the chair, is in the writing of John Hanson, in the Washington Papers, as follows: "Congress have been informed by your letter of the 18, that you judge it necessary to Set out for the Army on the North River. They have nothing in particular to give you in Charge, and have appointed this Audience only to assure you of their esteem and Confidence, to recommend you to the protection of Divine providence and wish you happiness and Success."]
Philadelphia, March 21, 1782.
Sir: In conformity to a Resolve of Congress of the 19th. of December last I am to make known to you the number of General Officers which I shall judge necessary to be in the Field in the Main and separate Armies and in different parts of the United States.
This at the present moment considering the uncertainty of the operations of the Campaign which will depend not only upon the dispositions of the enemy but upon the advices which we may expect from our Ally in Europe is a matter of no small difficulty. I shall however proceed upon a supposition that we shall continue to keep two Armies in the Field. That under my own immediate command and that under Major Genl. Greene to the southward; And in making my present arrangement, I shall confine myself to the Army under my immediate command, because I am not fully enough acquainted with the nature of the southern service to determine what General Officers are requisite and because some of those States, which now have few or no Men in the Field, may, by calling out temporary Bodies of Men or recruiting their continental lines, make up commands for the General Officers belonging to them.
The Infantry under my immediate command consists of the Battalions of the States from New Jersey to New Hampshire both included which, with Hazen's Regt, compose Eight Brigades, and which, under the mode in which the Army has been heretofore formed would require Eight Brigadiers, and Six Majors General. Four for the Division and two for the Wings: But as the Resolve referred to seems to have been founded upon a desire to oeconomize as much as possible and as the Wings of the Army will be so contracted as not absolutely to require more than one Major General to each, I will call for only Three Majors General for the Main Body of the Army Two for the Wings and one for the Reserve or second Line.
We are already deficient in Brigadiers and therefore the Duties which I shall now point out must be performed by Majors General and if any reform takes place it must be among the Officers of that Grade.
The Light Corps will require a General Officer. West point from its importance can never be left without a General Officer, and one in whose Ability the utmost confidence may be placed.
And from the difficulties which we have good reason to expect upon the Northern Frontier a General Officer should be reserved for that contingency.34
[Note 34: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "General Knox and General Duportail being absolutely necessary at the Heads of their departments remain in service of course."]
Upon the preceding arrangement we shall want
Should we carry on an offensive operation a very considerable Body of Militia must be called in upon the occasion, and as it would be necessary, to make them useful, to put them under the command of General Officers of experience, we ought to endeavour to reserve one or two for such an event. I know it may be said, in answer to this, that the General Officers, who may be deranged at present, may, under the Resolve, be called again into service, if wanted: But upon considering that matter properly we shall find that no great dependance can be put upon the services of an Officer for the remainder of the Campaign who has been deranged at the commencement of it. He will have retired home; He may have made dispositions for remaining at home, and he might think it hard to be called off suddenly from plans which he may have entered upon, upon a supposition that his services would not be again required, at least for the Campaign.
Let us now, upon a comparative View of the number of General Officers not assigned already to particular duties, with the number required upon the lowest calculation, see whether any reform can be admitted, and whether, if any, it will not be so small as not to merit the public attention:
From the foregoing it appears that for the Army under my command Six Majors General and Eight Brigadiers are wanting upon the lowest Calculation and that we have Eight Majors General and six Brigadiers not already attached to particular duties. Whether therefore, all circumstances considered, the two supernumerary Majors General may be dispensed with is left with you to determine. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Brigadier General Irwine commands at Fort Pitt by order of Congress.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Philadelphia, March 21, 1782.
Sir: I propose setting out for the North River in a short time, and wish you to detach a Captain and 40 Men of the Jersey Brigade so as that the party may be at Somerset Court House by Monday night next without fail; it will be expedient for them to be furnished with three or four days provision, to provide against any contingency of bad Weather or unforeseen delay. I am etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, March 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to make yourself acquainted as accurately, but with as much secrecy as possible, with the nearest and best Route from Fort Pitt to Niagara. Whether up the Allegany River and from thence thro' the Woods, or by the River La Beuf and along the side of the Lake. You will, in both cases, mention the different distances of land and Water transportation.
The Indians and Traders, who have been used to traverse the Country above mentioned, must be well acquainted with it. In order to deceive those of whom you inquire, appear to be very solicitous to gain information respecting the distances &c. to Detroit. The other matter you may converse upon as if curiosity was your only inducement.
I shall leave town this day to go to the Army upon the North River. Your letters to me may be put under cover to the Secy at War. I am &c.37
[Note 37: In the writing of Tench of Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, March 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: Necessity obliges me to give you my promissory Note instead of the deposite of a hundred Guineas. I will take it up as soon as I can.
Permit me to recommend my Nephew38 to you; not only as a Student requiring your instruction, but to your attention as a friend. His youth and inexperience may require it, and I perswade myself his sensibility and gratitude will make you every return which may be in his power.
[Note 38: Bushrod Washington, who studied law under James Wilson.
On March 22 Washington wrote to John Laurens: "I shall with great pleasure, pay the further sum which may be due for the articles you brought from France for me, when called upon. I am sorry that the raising of the black corps, hung in suspence when you last wrote; but hope if your Assembly then about to sit adopted the measure, it is now in a degree of forwardness, and may be useful to the public cause. ... I am within an hour of setting off for the Army on the No. River, and surrounded with visitors." This letter was sold at auction in 1895.
On this same day (March 22) the deputy quartermaster at Philadelphia receipted to Lieutenant Colfax for a quantity of furniture and household utensils returned by the Commander in Chief. This receipt is in the Washington Papers.
On March 23 Washington was at Burlington, N.J.]
If the funds, which his Father has provided for him, should fail, and he stand in need of Money, I will see any sum which can be borrowed for his use repaid with Interest. With much truth I am etc.
Trenton, March 24, 1782.
Gentlemen: I received last Evening at this place, your favor of the 22d. with several Enclosures; it gives me satisfaction to find that you are so soon to proceed upon the business of your commission;39 in the mean time, I propose being at Morris Town on the 26th Inst. where I shall probably have the pleasure of seeing you. I am etc.40
[Note 39: Sir Henry Clinton appointed March 28 for the meeting of the exchange commissioners at Elizabethtown.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Morristown, March 28, 1782.
Gentlemen: I have had intimations, that under the idea of the cessation of Hostilities within certain limits, a number of People intend to come over from New York to our Lines; to prevent all intercourse of this kind is the principal design of this Letter. Sir Wm Howe on a former occasion proposed that a neutrality should take place to a certain distance from the spot where our Commissioners were to assemble, in order that they might not meet with any interruption in the transaction of their business, from the hostilities and alarms which might otherwise have happened in the Neighbourhood of them. It was upon this principle and for this reason, the present proposal was made on my part; nor was it indeed or could be construed to extend any farther.
It is therefore my particular desire that no Persons coming from the Enemy be permitted to land, except the Commissioners and those immediately connected with them.42 And as I think it expedient not only to prevent new Channels of communication with the Enemy from being opened; but as far as practicable to shut the former; I could wish you would take the trouble to inform yourselves of the practice of sending and receiving Flags on the Lines and point out such alterations and regulations as you shall deem proper to prevent the evils which have been complained of, as resulting from too frequent an intercourse with the Enemy.
[Note 42: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "and that no Flags should be suffered to pass or repass, except such as may be employed on the business of the Commission, to which every facility and aid ought to be given."]
I have been informed by the Commissy of Prisoners, that the Enemy are preparing to send out a considerable quantity of goods under the sanction of passports granted by me for bringing out Cloathing and necessaries for the use of their Prisoners. This is so contrary to my intention, and may be productive of such ill consequence, that I have sent Col Smith43 to explain the matter to you and to request you will examine the List and signify what Articles should be considered as necessaries and what
[Note 43: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith.] quantity ought to be permitted to be sent out. Mr. Skinner is directed to give you the necessary information; he will also explain to you the mode which has prevailed of making partial exchanges, this subject I need not recommend particularly, as it is comprehended within the limits of your Commission. I have the honor etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Morristown, March 28, 1782.
Sir: The spirit of enterprise so conspicuous in your plan for surprising in their quarters, and bringing off the Prince William Henry and Admiral Digby, merits applause; and you have my Authority to make the attempt; in any manner, and at such a time, as your own judgment shall direct.
I am fully perswaded, that it is unnecessary to caution you against offering insult or indignity to the persons of the Prince, or Admiral, should you be so fortunate as to capture them; but it may not be amiss to press the propriety of a propr line of conduct upon the party you command.
In case of success, you will, as soon as you get them to a place of safety, treat them with all possible respect, but you are to delay no time in conveying them to Congress, and reporting your proceedings with a Copy of these Orders.
Note: Take care not to touch upon the ground which is agreed to be Neutral, viz from Newark to Raway, and four miles back.45
[Note 45: On the letter sent, which was sold at auction in 1920, is an indorsement by Robert Gilmor that he secured this letter from Louis McLane, then United States Minister to Great Britain, who at one time showed it to the King (formerly Prince William Henry and then William IV, of Great Britain), who had remarked: "I am obliged to General Washington for his humanity, but I'm damn'd glad I did not give him an opportunity of exercising it towards me."]
Morristown, March 28, 1782.
Sir: It is long since I have been extremely solicitous to cut off all communication with the Enemy as much as is practicable, and to regulate the affair of sending and receiving Flags so as to prevent all improper intercourse thro that channel; but not having yet been able fully to digest a plan for the purpose (the matter being now before the Commissioners) I can only repeat that it is my earnest wish, that the number of Flags which pass and repass may be as small as possible; and that every attention may be paid to prevent their being abused to illicit purposes. And in the mean time you will consider it as a positive standing Order, that no person coming from the Enemy's Lines in a flag of truce shall be permitted to land or remain on shore, or to go from us into their Lines without liberty is first obtained from the Executive of the State, the Secry at War, or myself; And indeed I have made it an invariable rule, that liberty should be obtained from the Civil Authority, previous to my granting passports for any Citizens, or Civil Characters to come within our Lines or go into the Enemy's. I am etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Morristown, March 28, 1782.
Sir: Upon the application of the Magistrates of Morris County in 1780, soliciting that repairs should be made to the Court House, which had been made use of as a Guard House, and considerably injured by the public service; I gave them encouragement, that the damages would be examined into, and such compensation should be made, as justice required and the state of the public Finance would admit of. I have now to request, that you will cause the damages done by the public to that building to be estimated as equitably as may be, that measures may be taken, whenever the Finances of the Continent will allow of it, to repair the injuries, or make compensation in some other way. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Morris Town, March 28, 1782.
Sir: I lately gave permission for two Vessels to proceed as flags of Truce from New York to Wilmington with Cloathing and necessaries for the British and Hessian Prisoners confined in Philadelphia and Lancaster. I thought proper to give your Excellency this information that such measures as you may think necessary, may be taken to prevent any improper intercourse between the Flags and the Inhabitants.
The Persons who have charge of the Cloathing &c. and who are named in the Passports will I suppose want Waggons to transport it to the places of delivery; they will pay the expences and I could wish that they might not be imposed on in this respect. I am &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Morris Town, March 28, 1782.
Dear Sir: Upon my arrival at this place, I found complaints that the Jersey Brigade had not been regularly supplied; and was informed by the Commanding Officer that the Person to whom the contract is farmed out, attributed this irregularity to the want of money; I accordingly called upon Mr. Logan.49
[Note 49: John Logan, contractor in the State of New Jersey.] the Subcontractor (and only ostensible character here), to give me his reasons in writing why the troops were not more regularly furnished with provisions. Altho his Answer does not appear to be very accurate, or to inform from whence the want of Money originates; I thought it my duty to inclose it to you; especially as I am informed the New York Brigade, has not been so regularly supplied as the Jersey Troops; and as I know it is your fixed determination to make good the terms of the contract on your part, and to compel the contractors to comply with it punctually on theirs, in such a manner as that there shall not be the least ground for complaint in the Army. I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
Washington left Morristown on March 28, and was at Pompton March 30. He passed through Ringwood on the way to Newburgh, which he reached March 31.]
York Hutts,51 March 30, 1782.
[Note 51: The draft has "near Pompton."]
My dear Sir: You are too well acquainted with my opinion of certain characters in this State, especially one whom I am told is now an attendant on you at Elizabeth Town, to need a repetition of it at this time; but I wish it were possible for you to guard your colleague against the arts, and the disadvantages which certainly will result from a free intercourse of Sentiments with the person I allude to, on points, the knowledge of which, can avail the B. Commissioners.
I have every reason short of positive proof, to believe the person here meant, is a traitor to this Country; that he is in pay of the enemy; and that every piece of information which he can extract from Mr. --52 will be communicated to the Comrs. on the other side, judge then how far you will be able
[Note 52: Gouverneur Morris.] to carry points that depend upon secresy, address, and good management.53
[Note 53: At this point the draft, which is also in the writing of Washington, has the following, which was omitted in the letter sent: "You will be, I have no doubt, attended by other persons of similar characters; but none, for obvious reasons, so dangerous."]
You will readily perceive that this is a confidential letter, written for the best of purposes. I need not add how much I am etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Pompton, March 30, 1782.
Gentlemen: Your favor of yesterday's date came to my hands just as I was leaving Mr. Lots54 house; your Messenger came on with me to be the bearer of this.
[Note 54: Abraham Lott.]
Altho the information I had recd and communicated in my Letter of the 28th that a number of people intended coming over from the Enemy's Lines under the idea of the cessation of hostilities, might not be well founded when it is understood of characters indiscriminately friendly as well as unfriendly to our interest, and its utmost extent may not be well founded; yet I thought there was sufficient ground for taking precautions to prevent an unlimited opportunity for that kind of intercourse, which has ever been considered as greatly detrimental to us. For in the first instance, I know that no Persons could come out except by permission, and in the next place, I was well persuaded that none could obtain permission from the British General or Admiral, who were considered as violently opposed to their interests, and consequently that the greater part of those who should come without any public business, would be sent for illicit or insidious purposes; And on the other hand, it was evident, we could not (after countenancing such communication) on our part restrain the ignorant, the designing, or the disaffected from going to Elizabeth Town and conversing or negotiating any private matters with them without interruption.
Notwithstanding there might be some advantages resulting from the measure at this time, and altho there is less danger of the Enemy's seducing the Citizens of America, than at any former period, yet perhaps there never was an occasion, when the Mischiefs arising from illicit commerce, and improper transferences of property ought to be guarded against more rigidly than at present. I might also mention, that every new interview and channel of intercourse tend insensibly to wear off the sentiments our people formerly entertained of the Enemy, and to substitute different dispositions and passions in the room of them.
These were some of the reasons which induced me to write to you Gentlemen on this subject, and in which it appears to me there is considerable weight; but as you on the spot will be able to judge much better of the propriety of the measure than I can at a distance, and as I have the highest opinion of your judgment, I shall confide very much in your discretion, and that whatever indulgences may be granted Measures may be taken as far as may be to guard against the evils, I had apprehended. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 1, 1782.
Sir: I received on my way from Philadelphia your favor of the 23d of March respecting the allowance of Servants to Officers in your Department. I have taken the earliest opportunity of communicating to the Secry at War my sentiments on that Subject; and am etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newbourg,57 April 1, 1782.
[Note 57: The headquarters at Newburgh were in what is known as the Hasbrouck House, which had been built by Jonathan Hasbrouck in 1750, who added the western half of it in 1770. Jonathan, who died in 1780, was a grandson of Abraham Hasbrouck, one of the founders of New Paltz.]
Sir: Majr. Genl. Heath has made no application for leave of absence. The other parts of your letter (of this date) I shall be better able to decide upon when the reasons and charges which are proposed as the subject of another letter are exhibited. I am etc.
[Note 58: President of Yale College.]
Newburgh, April 1, 1782.
Sir: On my way from Philadelphia to this place, I had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 20th. of March, covering an Oration delivered by Mr. Tutor Meigs59 on the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. I entreat you will make that Gentleman sensible of the high gratification I have received from his ingenious performance; and that you will be convinced of the ardent passion I have for the promotion of the cause of Literature in general, and especially of the pleasure I feel in the encreasing reputation and utility of the Seat of Learning under your immediate direction. With every sentiment of personal regard etc.
[Note 59: "An oration pronounced before a public assembly in New Haven on the 5th day of November, 1781" by Josiah Meigs. (New Haven: 1782.) A copy of this oration is in the Library of Congress.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 1, 1782.
Sir: I thank you for the trouble you have taken in forwarding the intelligence which was inclosed in your Letter of the 11th of March. It is by comparing a variety of information, we are frequently enabled to investigate facts, which were so intricate or hidden, that no single clue could have led to the knowledge of them in this point of view, intelligence becomes interesting which but from its connection and collateral circumstances, would not be important.
I am much obliged to you, for your good wishes and am etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburg, April 1, 1782.
Dr Sir: I have to reply to your favor of the 26th March which was handed me on my way to this place.
When the matter respecting the number of servants to be allowed to the Officers of the Army, was taken up by the General Officers, If I am not mistaken, it was the general Sentiment that the indulgence ought to be confined to the Officers of the Line, that as the Staff were in general allowed a pay superior to them, they ought to provide themselves with Servants and receive therefor the allowance of Cloathing &c regulated by Congress. It was upon this principle the regulation was made, and I cannot help thinking that if we depart from it, instead of lessening the evil we have increased it, for if the indulgence is granted to any one of the Staff Departments it must be granted to all and the object of the regulation is then entirely lost. Whether necessity will oblige us to this, you Sir must Judge and make the necessary regulation accordingly.
As I passed the Artillery at Burlington Colo Stevens informed me that the Men who were taken from the Regiment and employed as Artificers had formerly been promised some compensation for their extraordinary Services and that those promises having never been complied with, they grew dissatisfied and it was with great reluctance that they continued to work: their services are very important and motives of policy as well as Justice requires that some trifling compensation should be paid them to encourage them to continue; their number is but small and I suppose a half Joe given to each of them would answer the purpose.
Genl. Smallwood writes me that he has near two Hundred Men who want Cloathing and Equipment to prepare them for Service and that it would favor the Recruiting Service greatly, if Cloathing could be furnished the Recruits as they are raised. I would beg leave to recommend it to you to send on such a supply as our circumstances will afford. I am &c.
P.S. I am not certain whether those Officers of the Staff who have rank in the Line were not to be allowed Servants agreable to that Rank: I think they were but wish Genl. Hand Baron Steuben Gen Knox or any of the Genl. Officers before whom this matter came and who may be in Phila. could be enquired of respecting the Sentiments that governed at the time.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Newburgh, April 2, 1782.
Dr. Sir: After I wrote to you from Morris Town, I received information that the Sentries at the doors of Sir Henry Clinton's quarters were doubled at Eight O clock every night from the apprehension of an attempt to surprize him in them. If this be true it is more than probable the same precaution extends tends to other personages in the City of New York, a circumstance I thought it proper for you to be advertized of.
It is of great importance that I shou'd know the exact strength of the enemy's Corps in New York and its dependencies, and how they are disposed of. Either of the persons whose names you mentioned to me when I was at your house can, if they are inclined and would be faithful, give very good information in these matters; and it is very much my wish that they should do it speedily and with accuracy.
The list which you, and another which Colo. Dayton sent me sometime ago, were both incorrect as some Corps were inserted that were in the West Indies and others omitted which were known to be here. No man in the Military line, of common abilities and who has access to New York, can possibly be at a loss to know the total number, and the names of the Corps in the department where he himself is. To ascertain the strength of each, I acknowledge is more difficult; but by no means impracticable with a little address, to accomplish in a short time. To keep me regularly advised of the Enemy's strength, and how it is disposed of; of their reinforcements, and detachments, and of the state of the Kings Ships in and belonging to the Harbour is of great importance, and it is my earnest wish that you would impress this upon the persons in whom you seem to place confidence, urging them to be pointed, regular and accurate in all their communications. No service can be greater than this, if it is well performed; these, with an acct. of the nature and progress of their public works is of infinite more consequence than all the chit-chat of the Streets and the idle conjectures of the Inhabitants respecting the policy and mode of carrying on the War, &ca. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, April 4, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Commander in Chief having returned and resumed the Command of the Main Army, presents his thanks to Major General Heath and the Troops which have been employed under his orders, for having preserved the important Posts committed to their Charge and covered the Country so successfully against the depredations of the Enemy during the Absence of the General. All the present Arrangements of Command and interior regulations of the Army will continue in force unless where alterations are made by some particular order for the purpose.
The General proposes to review the whole Army by Brigades as soon as conveniently may be. On the days appointed for the review all the men are to be present with their Corps except such as are prevented by Detachments, Sickness or other Sufficient cause. Accurate regimental Rolls are to be exhibited on the Occasion and all absentees Satisfactorily Accounted for. The first Massachusetts Brigade will be reviewed on Saturday the 6. Instant at eleven oclock A.M. The 2d Brigade on Monday and the 3d on the Tuesday following at the same hour.
The Honorable the Congress has been pleased to pass the Following Resolve.
By the United States in Congress Assembled March 19th, 1782.
On a report from the Secretary at War. Resolved, That so much of the Act of Congress of the 30 of September, 1780, as establishes the pay and rations of the regimental surgeons and their mates, be, and hereby is, repealed: That in future the pay of a regimental surgeon shall be fiftynine dollars per month, and that he be entitled to draw three rations per day, and forage as heretofore; and that pay of a regimental surgeon's mate be in future forty-two dollars per month, and he be entitled to two rations per day.
[Note 63: Maj. Hugh Maxwell.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 4, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to grant Flags of truce to Mr John Lister, Mr. Jacob Hendrickson and Mrs. Jacoba Carman, agreeably to the permission of His Excellency Governor Clinton which will be handed to you herewith. I am etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On or about April 4 Washington granted a passport to Mrs. Francisco Pitner and her daughter, with their baggage, to come out from New York to reside with her brother-in-law, Dr. James Latham. The draft of this passport is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 4, 1782.
My Lord: Having been informed that the Court Martial for the trial of Major General McDougall, whereof your Lordship was appointed President has been hitherto prevented from sitting, by Challenges having been made to the President and some of the Members of the Court; and finding no Rule established in our service for the determination of the matter; I shall be constrained to submit the decision of the point in question to Congress or a Board of General Officers; but as a reference to the former would occasion considerable delay (if the present prosecution is to be suspended in the interim), and as it would be impracticable at this time, to have a determination in the other mode, by reason of the absence of many of the General Officers; I would take the liberty to propose, whether it might not be for the good of the service (without entering into the principles of the main question at all) for your Lordship to hint a desire of being excused from sitting on the Court Martial. The business might then proceed without farther embarrassment; And this need not be considered as forming any Precedent, or affecting the merits of the matter in dispute in any way whatever; Otherwise I fear some new difficulties may be involved, by the inevitable delay, which will be occasioned before a decision can be had as to the mode of practice in case of Challenges.
I beg your Lordship will favor me with an Answer as soon as is convenient, and believe that I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 66: Wife of Philip Schuyler (née Van Rensselaer).]
Newburgh, April 6 1782.
Madam: I have been honored with your favor of the 2d Instr. as it is your wish to retain the old guard in preference to the New one ordered, I will direct Genl. Clinton to suffer them to remain till further orders from me, or till circumstances may render it necessary to recall them.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to you, Mrs. Hamilton &ca. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, April 7, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Tryall of Major General McDougall having been delayed by his objecting to the president and some of the Members of the Court Martial which was constituted for the purpose of trying him; and there being no rule yet established by our Military Code of Laws by which the right or limitation of Challenges is ascertained; but the President and Members excepted against having expressed a desire to be excused from that duty, It is therefore ordered that Major General Howe Preside at the said Court, and that other Members be appointed in the places of those who have been Challenged and declined Serving, as also of those who may be absent. The Court will assemble at West Point or some convenient place in the vicinity of it on Wednesday next. The Commander in Chief will review the first and Second Connecticut Brigades on Thursday next at eleven oClock.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 9, 1782.
Dear Sir: Colo Trumbull handed me your Favor of the 30th ulto. Mustering Officers for the several rendezvous within the State of Connecticut, will be sent on by Colo Swift, agreeable to your Request.
It will doubtless be for the Benefit of the service to have suitable Officers and Serjeants to conduct the Recruits to Camp; but as no particular provision appears to be made by the Resolutions of Congress, I am at a Loss how the Expence which will be incurred by this mode, is to be defrayed; unless it may be comprehended under the general Expression of the States supplying the respective Recruits untill they reach Camp, and the Individual States take it upon this Ground. You will be pleased to be particularly Careful on this Head. The State of the public Finances requires that we manage them with the greatest oeconomy, and the Military Chest can afford no Money for the support of this Expence. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 9, 1782.
Sir: Your two letters of the 26th of Febry and 19th ulto. have been received.
I am so well persuaded of your Care and Attention to the Business committed to your charge, that no Arguments are needfull to press your utmost Diligence.
The Recruits as they are forwarded, may be directed the nearest Rout to peekskill, where on their Arrival, they will report themselves and receive further Orders.
The Time of your comg on to Camp dependg on your Success in Recruitg, and other Circumstances not as yet decided, you will be duly noticed of the period at which you are to join your Regiment. I am &c.67
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: His Excellency has received your Letter of this date by Major Tallmadge, and has given it in charge to me to inform you he has no objection that the Detachment under Major Maxwell should continue at Stamford untill the 25th Inst. by which time he hopes the State Troops will have arrived,68 and beyond which, the Troops cannot be dispensed with from their Corps. The Gen desires you will therefore be pleased to give peremptory Orders that they shall return accordingly. I have the honor etc.69
[Note 68: The militia had not arrived in any number and the inhabitants of Stamford feared a lack of protection when the Continentals left.]
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys ADC."]
[April 10, 1782.]
Sir: You will upon application from the Regimental Paymasters of the Massachusetts Line, deliver them such Species and quantities of Clothing as shall be directed in General Orders, taking temporary receipts for the same; And when it is finally determined whether the Troops shall receive the Clothing through your hands, or from the Clothier General, The proper persons shall account to you for what you deliver in consequence of this Order. I am &c.70
[Note 70: A contemporary copy is in an unidentified writing.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, April 10, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The regimental Pay Masters of the Massachusetts Line will apply immediately to Mr. Lunt their State Clothier for as many Uniform Coats as will complete the respective Regiments; and put them into the hands of the regimental and other Taylors employed by the public, that they may be fitted to the men without loss of time.
The Commanding officers of Regiments in the Massachusetts Line will be pleased to determine by Lott or otherwise which four Regiments shall be compleated with Breeches from the Supply in the hands of their State Clothier, The pay masters of the Regiments to whose lott they fall will apply and receive them with their Coats; The remaining regiments and the Connecticut Line will make application to the assistant Clothier General for the Cloth and Trimmings for their Breeches.
The General is exceedingly concerned to observe the distressed State of Several Corps for the want of clothing. He hopes the imbarrassments they have laboured under on that account are nearly removed, he earnestly entreats and exhorts officers of every discription to use their utmost exertions to have the clothing finished and distributed as early as possible, and particularly that they will pay the greatest attention to have every article exactly Suited in Size and shape to the individual for whom it is designed, Nothing can be more essenttial than this to the good appearance of the Troops and nothing more detrimental than the want of it.
All deserters and persons coming from the Enemys lines are to be sent immediately to Head Quarters.
Newburgh, April 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 26th of March from Lancaster came very safe, and I thank you for the sentiments contained in it; which appear to me to be well digested, and the result of close thinking. I can only repeat what I observed to you at Philadelphia, that the end of all these enquiries is to obtain a perfect knowledge of the vulnerable parts of the enemy; that when the means of attack are unfolded to me, and put into my hands I may know how to direct them. Upon this principle it is I wish to have your answers to the following quæries, most of which have resulted from your letter.
1st. How far is the enemy's advanced Post at Detorms Mills on Yamasco Rivr. from St. Dennis; From St. Johns, and from Sorrel?
2d. If the Road is directed to St. Dennis how far will it (in the nearest place) leave St. Johns on the left?
3d. Will not a road West of the Green Mountain have its left flank much exposed to any force which may be Embarked on the Lake? and will not the communication be open and exposed that whole distance, and even from Hudson's River, to the Indians in the vicinity of Niagara? Is it not probable that as these Indians (the Six Nations I mean) have already joined the enemy that they will continue to aid them?
4th. What kind of a Country will this road, if opened, pass through? What would be the difficulty of opening it? and what would be the general distance of it from lake Champlain?
5th. Would it not be better to pass up Hudsons river to Fort Edward, from thence to Wood Creek, and from thence to Ticonderoga or Crown point (establishing a Post at one or the other of those places for the benefit of Water carriage to it) than to March by the way of Benington to Manchester?
6th. How far from St. Johns, and at what place would the two Roads unite?
N B. By Hollands Map it does not appear to be more than 45 Miles from Lake Champlain, North of Otter Creek, to Co'os, and that the Roads from those two points would continually incline towards each other till they formed a junction near the Canada line at, or above the No. Et. end of Michiscoui bay. But as Maps which are not laid down from actual Survey are deceptious, and Swamps or Mountns. not accurately defined render even those that are uncertain I should be glad to have your opinion upon the two quæries last stated.
7th. Is it not probable that the enemy, if they find a force advancing into the Country which they are unequal to oppose, will destroy all the Grain and forage (as well as Mills) which cannot be removed that we may derive no benefit from them?
8th. Does Lake Champlain always freeze, so as to compel the Armed Vessels to lay up, during the Winter Season? What port is it likely they will go into during the Frost in case of our having a Superior force in Canada at the time of it? And can these Vessels be secured against an Enterprize while they are fast in the Ice?
9th. If there should not be a co-operation by Sea, thereby preventing reinforcements to the British in the Spring; as also supplies of Provisions, Ordnance Stores, &ca., what chance is there of reducing Quebec with the Garrison that now is, or may be thrown into it?
10th. If the enemy remain in possession of so important a Post, how is the Country to be held without maintaining a force at least equal to theirs? And can this be done? or is it not more probable that we shall be obliged again to quit the Country after having incurred a heavy expence and involved our friends in inevitable ruin?
Your opinion respecting the uselessness of the British fleet in the Conquest of Quebec, drawn from the immediate surrender of that place after the battle with Montcalm and, the Investiture of it, is, in my judgment founded upon wrong principles; the true light to consider it in, I think, is this: The field was lost by the French. The Town (by Land and Water) was Invested by the English. The hope of succour was cut off, and their resources were at an end; to what purpose therefore was opposition? But supposing the French then, or the British now to be in possession of the Works with a sufficient, or even such a Garrison as is in it at present that they were well furnished with provision and Stores to carry them through the Winter; and knew that the River St. Lawrence was open to them; what would, or probably will, be the case under these circumstances?
It never was intended that your Regiment should continue longer upon the duty in which it is now engaged than till the opening of the Campaign. Whenever therefore the Troops quit their respective places of Cantonment, that Regiment, for aught I know to the contrary, as well as others, will be drawn into the field. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have devoted almost my whole time and attention since leaving Philadelphia to reviewing and examining into the particular state of the Troops which compose the Army, under my immediate command. It gave me equal surprise and concern to find that several Corps had not been able to get the new Cloathing compleated, so as to be delivered to the Soldiers, and that the men were actually in the most naked and distressed situation that can be conceived. Under these circumstances, I could not hesitate, to Order the Uniform Coats and Breeches in the hands of the State Clothier of Massachusetts to be immediately issued and to press the completion of the Cloathing by every possible means. I inclose you the Copy of my Order to Mr. Lunt, by which you will observe the mode of delivery or transference is yet to be decided.
And now that I am speaking of Cloathing, I conceive it necessary for you to be informed, that there will be a very considerable deficiency of Hats; through the want of which the beauty and uniformity of the other Articles will be in a great measure lost (whenever they shall be completed, which I hope will be effected in a few Weeks) and the Troops can never make a military appearance. Let me entreat that the Clothier may be enabled to procure immediately a quantity sufficient to make up the deficiency, that the Army may once be cloathed in complete uniform.
From the present condition of the Army in the Article of Shoes, the small quantity on hand, and the continual and great consumption of them, I am also under very painful apprehensions that the Troops will again be reduced to suffer the same calamities they have formerly experienced and the service be impeded on that account. it is therefore my earnest desire, that such early and effectual measures may be adopted respecting the Contracts for shoes, as will prevent the evils above mentioned.
You will recollect that I mentioned in my Letter of the 20th of Janry. the subject of Summer Cloathing, and communicated my wish that it might be in readiness for delivery by the 1st of May, that period is now near at hand. I request to be made acquainted in what state of preparation the summer Cloathing is, and when it may be expected to be issued. I am informed by the Asst Clothier at this Place, a very considerable quantity of Cloth now in the Store, proper for overalls, is prevented from being made by the want of thread; and that the completion of the Woolen Cloaths is likewise delayed for the want of metal suitable to make Buttons for them.
I am extremely sensible, from the late deranged state of our affairs, that it was not possible, for the irregularity of the issues of Cloathing to be prevented at once, but cannot at the same time, forbear hoping and expecting that more regularity and system may be introduced in future; for this purpose, I think it highly necessary, that provision should be making at this very moment, for the Cloathing of the Army the next Winter; as I observed very fully in my Letter of the 20th of Janry. and which I beg leave to recommend again in the most earnest manner. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On April 10 Washington wrote also to Knox, inclosing an extract of a letter from Gov. Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, on the subject of heavy brass cannon belonging to Virginia which that State was willing to exchange for an equal number of pounds of field artillery: "I wish you to take up the matter so as to get them in our possession as quick as possible." The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Newburgh, April 12, 1782.
Sir: The propositions of Count Beniowsky which you put into my hands for consideration, I have read, and beg leave to observe thereupon, that the utility of his plan for introducing a Legionary Corps of Germans into the Service of the United States of America, depends, in my opinion, upon the Political state of Affairs in Europe, the probability of the Wars continuing, and the mode of conducting it. As also, on the time which will be required to bring this Corps into Action.
Of the first I have not the means of judging, but I think the second is not so problematical as to induce Congress to reject a contract, which with some alterations, and a surety of receiving the Men in twelve Months from this date, may be attended with considerable advantages.
Political considerations must, no doubt, have their influence in determining upon a plan of this nature, and magnitude, and there may be an impropriety in my hazarding an opinion, too pointedly, on the policy of it. but, at your request, and the desire of His Excellency the Minister of France, I shall offer my sentiments on the several articles in the order they stand, in the plan before me.
The expence of 518,000 Levres for raising, cloathing, Arming, equiping, and transporting to America, a Corps of 3483 Men is moderate indeed, but the
First Arte. Is too indefinite, as there is no knowing what may be comprehended under it. and the
Secd. Arte. May, ultimately, make this Corps exceedingly expensive, and I do not think it can, or ought to be agreed to, so far at least as respects the Non Commissiond Officers and private Soldiers.
3d. and 4th. Articles I think reasonable and proper. So is the 5th. Article, if I comprehend the true import of it, viz, that no pay Shall be drawn except for those who are actually in service, and shall appear on the Inspection or Muster Roll's; but to effect this, there must be an assignment of pay to the different grades of Officers, and to the privates, as the 8th. Art. requires a lumping sum for the pay and Subsistance of the whole Legion; and the 9th. a further Sum for the Staff thereof.
Art. 6th. If confined to the recruits which may be necessary to compleat the Corps from time to time (after it is established and in the actual Service of the United States) would be reasonable, and it may be necessary to advance the three Months half pay for the purpose mentioned; but, if it is intended as a fund for defraying the expenses of the passage of the Legion in the first instance, I do not believe that the present finances of the United States could afford such an advance, or, that Congress would make it, unless the Men could absolutely be insured.
Art. 7th. If Count Beniowsky should be required to help his Legion compleat, and the recruits intended for that purpose should be taken on their passage, he ought, I think, to be allowed full pay for those which are actually taken. Provided a suffit. convoy is obtaind for them; without which the hazard would be too great, as there can be no doubt of an attempt on the part of G. B. to intercept them; and six months to replace them, is as short a time as can well be asked.
Art. 8th. and 9th. Are, in my opinion, inadmissible; because it would be giving a certain quantum of pay and subsistance pr. Month to a Corps which may by Deaths, desertions, and other casualties, be rendered very incompleat; it is, besides, repugnant to the ideas I had conceived of the equity of the 5th. Article, and would have a tendency to place the interest of Count Beniowsky and that of the United States in opposite Scales; which policy forbids, tho' I am persuaded no improper motives ed. influence the conduct of the Count.
Art. 10th. It would undoubtedly be proper, that the Horses which may be wanted for the Cavalry and Artillery should be provided at the cost of the United States; But I shall add, in my observations on this Article, that if the Enemy have in contemplations to change their mode of conducting the War, and mean by establishing strong Posts to commence a defensive one by Land, we shall have but little occasion for Cavalry, consequently the number of Squadrons (which are designed to compose the Legion) ought to be reduced, or, which may be still better, an express stipulation made with the Dragoons that they shall act as Infantry, or Cavalry, not only temporarily but permanently, as circumstances may require.
Art. 11th. I think 24 Livres would be a moderate demand for each recruit; but where is the propriety of allowing 50 livres for every Man that is killed? rather than both should be established as a Recruiting fund, would it not be better to encrease the former? To compleat the Legion every Six Months is as often as could be expected; more I fear than would be accomplished.
Arts. 12, 13, and 14th. are quite reasonable and proper.
Art. 15th. How far this may interfere with the expectations of Colo. Armand ought to be considered, as he is not a little tenacious of the rights of the Corps he commands.
Taking the Oaths of fidelity and Allegiance will be the natural consequence of Commissions and employments.
A pressure of other matters would not allow me to be more explicit; the sentiments I have offered are candid and free, tho' they may be a little indigested. With much esteem etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 12, 1782.
Sir: Immediately on the Receipt of this, you will be pleased to march with the Corps of Sappers and Miners under your Command to the Garrison of West Point, where you will receive further Orders. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 12, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have this Moment received your two Favors of the 8th instant pr. Messrs. Edwards and Phelps.73
[Note 73: Timothy Edwards and Oliver Phelps, of Massachusetts, two of the contractors for supplying the "moving army" with provisions.]
Respecting the Requisitions of Colo. Carrington, as you are at the Fountain of Intelligence, you are probably better informed than I am and therefore more able to decide on those Estimates than I can at present determine.
The Nature of our Operations, you are sensible, must depend greatly on the Views of the Enemy and the particular Mode of War which they shall in future adopt. Whether an Evacuation of Charlestown will take place or not, or whether the Enemy will cease their Efforts in whole or in part in the southern Quarter, I am unable to decide; and agreeable as this Determination shall fix, must be my ultimate Resolutions.
At present, my Expectations respectg the Army necessary for the Southern Department, do not extend beyond the Troops composed of the Lines of the States South of and including Pennsylvania, and Armands Corps, with the Recruits raising in those States, and untill I am better informed than I am at this moment, I shall not be anxious that the Recruits should be hurried on, least they might be subjected to an unnecessary March.
From the above Observations you will perceive the State of Uncertainty in which I am placed. Armands Corps, I think should be completed to its full Number of Horse or not, according to the Necessity there may be of opposing the Enemy in that particular Mode of War; should they pursue the plan of War that has been lately imagined and take up the Desultory naval War, we shall have less Occasion for the Horse. Untill we are better informed of the Operations of the Campaign, I can only say in general, that it will be prudent for us to be provided for the worst in every Instance, as far as our Circumstances will possibly permit. But in Case the Compleatg Armands Corps, should operate to defeat any other more important plan, I have no wish that it should take place at such Expence. I am &c.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Fryday, April 12, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The first Massachusetts Brigade will be inspected and Mustered on Monday next. The first regiment at 9 OClock, the 4th, regiment 11 o Clock and the 7th. at One o Clock, The necessary blank returns and Muster Rolls will be previously delivered them by the Inspector General. All guards and parties from that Brigade within a days March of Camp are to be relieved by the 2d Brigade, and no man to be absent from the Inspection that can possibly attend.
The general Court Martial whereof Major General How is President will assemble at West Point Tomorrow.
A list of all the Officers of the different Regiments and Corps digested in regimental order to be sent to the Adjutant Generals office as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, April 13, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Commanding officer of Engineers is without loss of time to lay before the Commander in Chief a State of the Works at West Point Together with an estimate of the species and quantity of Materials, and the Number of men necessary to put the Fortifications in a State of defence that the most essential repairs may be effected before the Army shall take the field. As it is the intention of the General that the Troops shall (as soon as the Season will admit) be drawn together and encamped in tents for the purpose of affording an equal Opportunity to every Corps for perfecting itself in discipline and Maneuvres.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 13, 1782.
Dear Sir: I send you inclosed a Copy of a Letter which I yesterday received from the Minister of War.75
[Note 75: Secretary at War.]
You will be pleased upon its Receipt to convene the principal Officers of the several Regiments, and collect their Opinion how far it will be agreeable to the Army that the Commutation mentioned should take place. I wish to make the Contracts as acceptable and easy to both parties as Circumstances will permit, and hope, from the Characters of the Undertakers, that this Contract will be conducted in such a manner as to give mutual Satisfaction.
The Opinion of the Officers on this Subject when collected, you will be so good as to transmit to Mr. Phelps at Grenville, who wishes to receive an Answer as soon as possible. With Esteem etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 14, 1782.
Dear Sir: The inclosed paper, consistg of Copy of a Letter from Mr Morris Copy of the Contract made between the Superintendt of Finance and Mr. Duet77 for Supply of the Posts Northward of Poughkeepsie; Extract of Letter from Majr Genl Heath respectg Magazines of Salted provisions to be laid in for supply of sd posts, where necessary, and Letters from Mr Duet on the Subject, I have just received from the Financier with a Request which you will find contained in his Letter.
[Note 77: William Duer, one of the contractors for supplying the Army.]
Your knowledge of those posts which are included within the Description of this Contract, is so perfect, and their relative Situation and Necessary provision so intimately known to you, that I take the Liberty to submit these papers to your Consideration, and to request that you will be pleased to make the necessary Determination respectg the Quantities of salted provisions which shall be kept at any of the several posts and the periods to which they shall Extend. And also to agree with the Contractor and fix upon such Compensation as shall be tho't reasonable for the Services which he shall render, in Consequence of your Determination, over and above the Terms of his Contract.
If this Business should prove too troublesome for you to undertake, will you be pleased to fix upon and Authorize some suitable person for the purpose, and your Determination and Argreement in either Case, transmitted to me, will be conclusive and bindg on the Financier.
I am very sorry to give you this Trouble; but the full persuasion I have of your ardent Zeal in and readiness to serve the common Cause, I hope will apologise for the Liberty I take. I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, Jr.]
[Note 79: Of Stamford, Conn.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 14, 1782.
Sir: I have just received your favor of the 12th Inst by Mr Baldwin, previous to which I had given direction for Major Maxwell80 to continue with his Detachment at Stamford, until the 25 of April; I have now consented that he should remain there with his Command until the first of May; at which time he is positively to join the Army; as the state of the service will not permit Detachments to be absent beyond that period, on any account whatever.
[Note 80: Maj. Hugh Maxwell, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. David Humphreys wrote him (April 14), by direction of Washington, that his detachment could remain at Stamford until May 1. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I cannot but hope the State Troops destined for the defence of your frontier will have arrived before the first of May, because under whatever circumstances you may be at that time, it will be impossible for me, consistent with the general Arrangements, to afford any further aid of Continental Troops. With great regard etc.81
Head Quarters, Newburg, Monday, April 15, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The officers appointed as Members of the General Court Martial whereof Major General Howe is president are to attend to that duty in preference to any other untill the business before them is finished.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your Favor of the 19th ulto came to Hand as I was on the Road from Phila to this place.
Immediately on my Arrival here, in a Letter I had Occasion to write to the Secty of War, I took the Liberty to mention your Request for Cloathg and Equipments for the Recruits of your Line, and desired him to send on such Supplies as our Circumstances will admit; you may expect to hear from him on that Subject.
As soon as the Rendezvous at which the Recruits are to be assembled, shall be fixed upon, you will be pleased to point out such active, intelligent Officer or Officers, as may be needed, for the purpose of Musterg, receivg and forwardg them to the places of their Destination, agreable to the Act of Congress of the 18th Decmbr and assign them to that particular Duty.
The Uneasiness which you mention to have Arisen in your Line on Acco of Pay, Is I fancy, built upon a mistaken Ground
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.] no pay havg been lately given to the Troops of any State, from the United States funds; whatever has been given to any of them, has been by the Advancement of their particular States, and even this but in few Instances, and to very small Amount. As soon as the financier shall be enabled to take up the pay of the Army upon a general Scale, I trust you will find no Occasion for Complaint on the Score of Partiality but every State's Troops will receive their proportions agreeable to his Ability for Payment. I am &c.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, April 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 2d. Instr. and thank you for the several articles of European intelligence contained in it. permit me to solicit a continuation of such advices as you may think interesting respecting the Military or political manoeuvres of foreign powers.83 Such communications will not only be a private gratification, but may produce public good; as a perfect knowledge of these matters will enable me to decide with more certainty and precision on doubtful operations which may be had in contemplation than I possibly can do without. With great esteem etc.
[Note 83: Lee's letter of April 2 (in the Washington Papers) recounted political news entirely; but he also stated, on the authority of the Governor of Virginia, that De Grasse had completely defeated the British fleet, which was the direct opposite of the fact.]
Newburgh, April 15, 1782.
The Commander in Chief states to the General Officers
That, from the best information he has been able to obtain, the regular force of the enemy in New York, at this time, including their established Provincial Corps amounts at least to Nine thousd. Men.
That the City Militia, Volunteer Companies, Rangers, and some other small Corps in the Town, amounted by a report made to the Secretary of State84 in the Winter of 1780 (when the enemy apprehended an attack on N York and were preparing for defence) to 3390 Men, exclusive of Sailors and Marines, and that this is the best criterion by which he can form a judgment of their present strength.
[Note 84: Secretary for Foreign Affairs.]
That the enemys force in Charles Town by the last information, and estimation of it, consisted of 3300 Men.
That the Garrison of Savanna in Georgia, he conceives, cannot be less than 700 Men.
That even among men of political knowledge and judgment a diversity of Sentiment prevails respecting the evacuation of the Southern States. That if this event should take place, and the whole force of the enemy shd. be concentred at New York, it will stand thus.
Under this state of the Enemys force the Commander in Chief requests the opinion of the Genl. Officers seperately, and in writing, upon the following hypothetical questions.
First. Supposing the enemys force at New York to be as above. That they retain possession of the Harbor of New York, and that, they have a Naval superiority upon this Coast.
Secondly. Supposing the same force; that they keep possession of the harbour; but loose their superiority at Sea.
Thirdly. That they shall have the same force in the City; but shall loose the command of the Water both in the harbour and at Sea.
Is there, it is asked, a probability in all, or either of these cases that we shall be able to obtain Men, and means sufficient to undertake the Siege of New York?
What efficient force will be necessary for the enterprise in the cases wch. may be deemed practicable? And what number of Militia ought to be demanded to secure this force? If the enemy should not re-inforce New York with their Southern Troops, and none should arrive from Europe, their force at that place will then be
The Commander in Chief propounds the same questions, identically, on this number as he did on the larger one (of 16390) and requests that they may be answered accordingly; numbers only making the difference of the cases.
That every information may be received, which is in the power of the General to give, to form a judgmt. on these questions, he adds,
That the Northern Army will (at present) be composed of the Regiments from New Hampshire to New Jersey inclusive, also of Hazens; Lambs and Cranes Regiments of Artillery; and the Sheldons Legionary Corps.
That the total number of R. and File in the above Regiments of Infantry, by the last Genl. return in his possession, amounts to [8005]; but from this the deductions incident to all services, and peculiar to ours, are to be made, to come at the efficient strength.
That it is not in his power to inform what strength these Regiments will be brought to in season for an operation against New York; he can only [say], that every argument he was master of has been urged to the respective States to have them compleated to their full establishment.
That in case the enemy shd. evacuate the Southern States, the Continental Troops in that Qr., as far at least as North Carolina, will be ordered to rejoin the Main Army; but their numbers being small, and the March great, the support from them cannot be much. 2500 Men is the most that can be expected.
That in the month of [March] last, he apprised the States from Delaware Eastward, that the Plans, and operations of the Campaign might require a considerable aid of Militia; and entreated that the Executive of each might, to avoid delay, be vested with sufficient powers to order them out for three Months Service, to commence on their joining the Army. and.
That the French force on the Continent at this time, does not, he believes, exceed 4000 effective Men, whether any, or what further succours are to be expected from our Allies is as yet, unknown to him.
[The Comandr in Chief concludes the above State of Matters]85 with the following observation, that offensive operations, of whatever kind they may be (being generally the result of choice) ought to be undertaken with due consideration of all circumstances and a moral certainty of succeeding; for besides involving the Public in a heavy expence, wch. the situation of our Affairs can illy afford, disgrace and censure scarce ever fail
[Note 85: Washington's original draft read: "This state of matters is concluded with the following etc."] to attend unsuccessfull Plans, while the enemy acquire spirits by, and triumph at our Misfortunes.86
[Note 86: The words in brackets are in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. Washington's draft is marked by him for a different arrangement of the paragraphs: but the above order is that of the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress and also of the document sent to Major General Heath, which is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.
The opinions of the general officers in response to these queries were: Stirling (submitted April 20): Favorable to an attempt. Paterson (April 26): Was opposed, but inclined to think that in the event of the third contingency, the seige should be undertaken. Heath (May 6): Opposed. Howe (May 8): Difficult, but not impossible. Hand (May 9): Doubtful. Steuben (June 10): Impracticable. All the opinions discussed the problem at length and were, more or less, contingent upon the size of the attacking force. The possibility of raising the sufficient number of men was considered doubtful. The original opinions are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, April 16, 1782.
Dear Sir: The Fish mentioned by the Secretary at War, are doubtless meant to be those of the Season, as Shad or Herring; whether Salted or fresh I cannot determine, perhaps both.87
[Note 87: The fish were proposed by the contractors as a part of the ration. At a meeting of the field officers of the main Army, April 16, it was decided "that it will not be agreeable to the army to receive any fish as part of their rations." This paper is in the Washington Papers.]
On the subject of your request for leave of absence, Major General McDugal has so early as the first of this month entered his caveat against your obtaining it; his reasons are assigned in the inclosed copy of his Letter to me; which is transmitted for your observation.
I am unacquainted on what principles or by what Authority the Arrangement of the Captains of the Massachusetts Line has been established agreeable to the List you was pleased to send me. Whatever the principles may have been, I wish the matter may be satisfactorily conclusive and that no further uneasiness may subsist in the Line on account of the disposition of rank. I am &c.88
[Note 88: In the writing of George Augustine Washington.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 16, 1782.
Sir: Your Favor of the 3d Instant inclosing Mr Duers Contract, and papers relative thereto, I have received; and have transmitted the same to Genl Schuyler at Albany with a Request that he will see its Object fully attained. The intimate Knowledge of those Posts which Mr Duer is to supply, and his careful Attention to a rigid Oeconomy, the Necessity of which he is fully apprized of, renders him in my Opinion a very suitable person to be intrusted with your Commission.
Inclosed you will find a Letter to me from Lieut Colo Varick who is employed as Recordg Secretary of Head Quarters. The Subject I know will not be the most agreeable, and strongly impressed as I am with Your Situation respecting the public Monies, I should not trouble you, did I not know the Necessity to which Mr Varick is reduced, and the importance of his being furnished. I wish therefore you will be pleased to pay Attention to his Request at as early a period as may be. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The date line is in that of Richard Vanck.
On April 16 Trumbull sent to Brig. Gen. Elias Dayton "three Letters for Lord Fairfax and two others for the Reverend Denny Martin of Leeds Castle in Scotland which His Excellency requests You to send to New York by the First Flag." A copy of Varick's note is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 16, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received a Letter from the Secretary at War respecting the complaints which have been made against the Contractor for the Post of West Point, of which the following is an Extract.
The terms of the Contract prescribe the mode of trial in cases of delinquency; it is wished that your Excellency would be pleased to take the matter up, and give the necessary directions for an Enquiry.
Mr. Sands (who says he is conscious of having in every instance demeaned himself properly) is willing to submit an investigation of the whole business to any impartial persons, not of the Army, who may be appointed for the purpose.
Mr. Morris, who is the Contractor, says it could never be supposed, that an issue of Salt should be made with salted provisions, nor can it be done; so that this will not come under consideration.
Altho the Copies of the Letters and Papers which have passed on this subject, have been transmitted to me; the matters in dispute do not appear to be stated together, in a manner sufficiently explicit to found an investigation upon; it is therefore my desire that the Charges against the Contractor may be exhibited in one point of view, in such a manner, as that the question of Duty on his part, and of right on the part of the Public, as grounded on the Contract itself, may be drawn into a fair discussion, and ascertained by an equitable decision.
It may not be improper to observe, that, at the same time, it should be the great object, to have the Enquiry instituted on such principles as that ample justice may be obtained for the Troops; No Matters unimportant in themselves, or foreign to the spirit of the Contract should be brought into disquisition, as any complaints not well grounded must of course recoil upon those from whence they originate.
I need not impress upon you, who are so well acquainted with the matter, the vast Utility of the Contracts to the Public at large, the great advantages which must eventually result to the Army from being subsisted in that mode, and the necessity of putting the execution of it on a just footing. These are objects of such interesting and momentuous consequence to the service, that I shall spare no trouble or pains on my part, to have the business properly adjusted and executed. With great regard etc.
P.S. I have just recd. your favor of the 15th.90
[Note 90: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: The enclosed state of Queries I transmit for your consideration and beg to have your observations thereon as soon as may be convenient; an early period will be most agreeable, as it is impossible for me to say how soon I may be obliged to make use of them. You will be pleased to communicate the same to Major Genl. Howe, and Brigadier Gen. Patterson, that I may also be favored with their opinions on the subject. [Let me add also Baron De Steuben, who I believe is at West Point.]
I have not yet seen the Contract of the moving Army, but am told by the Gentlemen concerned, that the Places for the Deposit of Magazines, are to be determined by me; as also what are to be deemed the Dependencies of West Point. That I may be enabled to decide on these two points, I shall be much obliged by your opinion and that of the General Officers above mentioned. In giving your sentiments on the former, many contingencies of the Campaign are to be taken into consideration; the latter may be ascertained with precision. I am etc.
PS. It is necessary to premise that, the Contracts for West point and its Dependencies, and the other for the moving Army, are in different persons, which creates the distinction, and the necessity of determining; which I am called upon to do.91
[Note 91: In the writing of David Humphreys. The P.S. and also the words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Newburgh, April 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have heard, and sincerely lament, the death of yr. Father;92 and my concern is encreased by the information in your letter of the 24th Ulto. of his dying much indebted.
[Note 92: Col. Fielding Lewis, of Fredericksburg.]
So far as I am interested in the Lands which he has directed, by his Will, to be sold I consent to the disposal of them on twelve Months credit. The necessity however of selling them, at this time, is to be regretted; as Lands, except such as happen to be under peculiar circumstances must sell to a disadvantage when they are not in general demand, and when there is a dearth of money, especially those which have been, and may again be exposed to the invasion of the enemy, as is the case of the Lands purchased of Doctrs. Wright and Jones.93 I mean this as a general observation, not to oppose it to the Sales you have in contempln. For I am convinced from experience, that Lands far removed from the proprietors of them, however valuable in themselves, are very unprofitable; and because I, as well as your Fathers Estate stand in need of the money which my part of them will fetch; when I say this, I take it for granted, that you do not mean to sell these Lands unless you can get the value of them, or near it; because this would not only defeat the end you have in view but do injustice to Doctr. Walker94 and myself.
[Note 93: Dr. John Jones.]
[Note 94: Dr. John(?) Walker.]
I have not a sufficient recollection of them (especially the Tracts in which Doctr. Walker holds a share) to describe any of them accurately. With respect to Norfleets, it is in No. Carolina, near the line, and upon the great road leading from Suffolk to Edenton; abt. 16 Miles from the former; which is, or was a place of very extensive trade; there ought to be (if my memory serves me) upwards of a thousand acres in the tract, for which, I think, we gave £1200 and sunk a great deal more by keeping it two or three years in our own hands. The Land is level, and I believe well timbered, capable of great improvement, there being upwds. of 400 Acres of exceeding rich and open meadow ground belonging to the Tract, a great part of which is, or was ditched, and in grass and other kinds of cultivation. The Lands purchased of Jones and Doctr. Wright lye betwn. Norfolk and Suffolk, 6 or 8 M from the latter and on or near Nansemond River. They are if I recollect right, well timbered and of good quality; level (as all the Land thereabouts is) and capable of being rendered exceedingly valuable. I do not remembr. what kind of buildings are on the last mentioned Tracts; the other (Nor fleets) had a good dwelling House and Kitchen with Brick Chimnies, and a Barn; but as it is at least ten or twelve years since I have been in that part of the Country, great changes may have taken place since. A large slipe of the Meadow land has, I am told, been taken from us; whether by legal process, or not, I am unable to say.
I have directed Mr Lund Washington to furnish you with all the Deeds and other papers which may be in my possession relating to any of these Tracts. I pray you to give my best love to my Sister and the family. My Complimts. to Mrs. Lewis and believe that I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 9th. The same Observations I think will apply to Colo Sheldon's Requisition, as were made to you in mine of the 12th. respectg Colo Armands Corps. If the Circumstances of the Campaign (wch are yet to be known) should require the full Complement of Horse, we shall be as able perhaps to procure them some Time hence as at present. I am &c.
[P.S.] The subject of servants will be attended to, by the next conveyance.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.; the P.S. is in that of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, April 17, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
At a general Court Martial held at Carlisle by order of Brigadier General Irwine whereof Colonel Richard Butler is President.
John Harling, Soldier in the 2d. Pennsylvania Regiment, charged with deserting a Detachment from the same regiment at Lancaster and being since taken in the Service of the Enemy, was Tried and found guilty, in breach of the first second and third Articles, Sixth Section of the Articles of War and Sentenced (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing Sentence.
At the same Court, William Campton, soldier in the 2d Pennsylvania Regiment, charged with Deserting from the same and inlisting in another Corps, was tryed, found guilty and sentenced to receive One hundred lashes on his bare back, to be inflicted in the manner following viz. 50 lashes the first time, 25 lashes the second time and the remaining 25 lashes the third day. Also Hugh Smith, a Recruit belonging to the Pennsylvania Line charged with having used Traiterous and disrespectful expressions against the United States tending to promote Desertion among the soldiery, was Tryed and found Guilty in breach of the first Article, second section and fourth Art. 6 Sect. of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive One hundred Lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief approves these Two sentences and orders them to be put in Execution at such time and place as the Commanding Officer at Carlisle shall find convenient.
In future no man is to be discharged from the Army but by the Commander in Chief, when any men either from inability, or any other cause; are to be discharged they are first to be reported to the Inspector who will apply at Head Quarters where proper printed discharges will be given.
From this time untill further Orders no furloughs are to be granted but in very particular cases, when such exist, the Commanding Officer of the Regiment will apply through the Brigadier to Head Quarters and will be answerable that the case is extraordinary and absolutely requires the indulgence.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, April 18, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The repairs most necessary at the post of West Point (agreeably to the report of Major Villefranch Commanding Engineer there) are to be sett about immediately and executed with the greatest dispatch.
The Company of Artificers lately raised under the direction of the Quarter Master General is immediately to be employed in this duty except such Men as may be indispensible for other services.
The Artificers from the line now with the Engineers are to remain with them till further orders, such others and the Number of Fatigue Men which may be Necessary to Complete the Works with despatch Major Villefranch is to apply to the Adjutant General for.
As it is essentially necessary that these repairs should be done before the Army assembles in the field the General desires and expects that the Commanding Officers of Corps will be particularly attentive that the Artificers they furnish are good, allowance is to be made to the Corps that have already furnished.
The Quarter Master General will furnish the Timber, boards and Nails called for by Major Villefranche.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your three several Letters of Yesterday.
I do not certainly recollect the reports of M Genl Lincoln on his Return from Boston, but have supposed that he took the necessary Measures to forward the recruitg service in that State. Indeed this appears to me to be the Case by Majr. Pettingells Letter to you; who says that Lieut Colo Badlam was appointed, by Genl Lincoln's Orders, to supersede him, as Superintendant for that State.
I inclose for your Information, a Copy of the Resolutions of Congress respectg. the recruitg. Service, which were regularly forwarded to Massa. What Resolutions that State have taken on the Consequence, I am unacquainted with; not having been favored with a Line from Govr Hancock since the transmission of the Resolves of Congress.
By the Doings of Congress you will see that the States are to point out the Rendezvous at which the Recruits are to be collected, and that Mustering Officers from the Army are to be sent to muster, receive and forward them. I cannot think that Genl Lincoln has made any Omission in any part of so important a Service; but least any Mistake may have happened. I think it will be very well for you to write to Colo Badlam, and give every Instruction that may be needfull to compleat the Business; the Recruiting Service is a point of too great Importance to suffer any Delay, or to be obstructed by any Impediment in our power to remove.
If Capt Bannister is not retained as a Mustering Officer, I think it will be very well to order him to join his Regiment.
The powder may be removed, under direction of Colo Crane as soon as possible. With much Regard etc.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 18, 1782.
Sir: I have recd your favor of the 28th. March with its inclosures and now transmit you copy of the General Orders approving the several sentences of the Court Martial held at Carlisle.
I also inclose you a Petition and Letter, which will shew you that application has been made to me in behalf of Harling. I did not however chuse to determine finally on the matter but refer it to you. From a more particular knowledge of the circumstances attending the Affair and of the parties, you will be best able to Judge if Mercy can be extended to the Prisoner without prejudicing too much the public Interest.
I have only to repeat my request that you will Collect Equip and Discipline the Recruits and hold them in readiness to move when circumstances may require it as to the Artillery and Dragoons they ought to be held in readiness, it is probable the whole will move together. I am &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, April 19, 1782.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
The Commander in Chief, requests the General Officers, Commanding Officers of Brigades and regiments will assemble at Major General Heath's Quarters at 12 oClock this day or as soon after as may be, before 3 oClock on business of very interesting Concern to the Army.
April 19, 1782.
The Commander in Chief submits the papers accompanying this, containg the Case of Capt Joshua Huddy98 lately hanged within the County of Monmouth in N Jersey State, by a party of the Enemy, to the Consideration of the Genl Officers and Commandg Officers of Brigades and Regiments. And thereupon requests from them, seperately and in Writing, a direct and laconic Reply to the followg Queries: Vizt:99
[Note 98: Of the New Jersey State artillery, according to the affidavit of Daniel Randolph, Apr. 15, 1782, sworn to before Brig. Gen. David Forman (who was also a judge of the court of common pleas of Monmouth County). He was captured at Tom's River by a body of Refugees on March 24; carried to New York and kept in irons until April 8, when he was put on board a sloop and carried to Sandy Hook and there confined on a guard ship until April 12. On that date Captain Huddy was hanged by the Refugees, who accused him of having killed the Refugee, Philip White. White, by Refugee affidavits, was killed on March 30, while Huddy was a prisoner in irons in New York. The first information Washington received of Huddy's death came in a letter from the Exchange Commissioners, Knox and Morris, at Elizabethtown, April 16, which was brought to the Commander in Chief by General Forman, who brought, also, sundry affidavits respecting Huddy's death.]
[Note 99: Heath's Memoirs state that the officers answered the queries in writing without conversing on the subject, until all the answers had been signed, sealed, and sent to the Commander in Chief. Twenty-five officers sent in their opinions and all 25 agreed that retaliation was "justifiable and expedient." Twenty-two were in favor of a representation to Sir Henry Clinton before acting. It was the unanimous opinion that the leader of the party of Refugees who had hanged Huddy should be demanded from the British and be made the subject of retaliation. The 25 opinions, dated Apr. 19. 1782, are in the Washington Papers.]
1st. Upon the State of Facts in the above Case, is Retaliation justifiable and expedient?
2d. If justifiable, Ought it to take place immediately? Or should a previous Representation be made to Sir Hy Clinton, and Satisfaction demanded from him?
3d. In Case of Representation and Demand, who should be the person or persons to be required?
4th. In Case of Refusal, and Retaliation becomg necessary, of what Description shall the Officer be on whom it is to take place; and how shall he be designated for the purpose?1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 20, 1782.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
The regimental paymasters are to apply to the Assistant Clothier Genl. for such a Number of shoes as are actually wanting in the several regiments, the Strictest Oeconomy must be made use of in this Necessary Article.
The Armourers and men who have been employed in making Cartridges under the direction of the Commandant of Artillery are to be still continued in that service. No Artificer from the line is to be retaind by the Quarter Master of West Point, except he first obtains a certificate from the Commanding officer of the Garrison that such an Artificer is absolutely requisite for such a particular purpose, in which case Major General Heath will be pleased to give the necessary order for a limitted time only.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 20, 1782.
Gentlemen: I have been favored with your Letter of the 16 of April by General Forman. Convinced, from the state of facts which has been exhibited to me, that justice, expediency and necessity require that satisfaction should be obtained for the Murder of Captn. Huddy; I have in the first instance made a representation to Sr. H Clinton and demanded that the Officer who commanded the Party or if he was not a Captn such a number of Agents in the execution, as are equal by tariff to that rank should be delivered up to condign punishment. In case of refusal, I have formed the resolution that retaliation shall take place upon a British Officer of equal Rank. It therefore remains with the Enemy alone to prevent this distressing alternative; for having2 formed my Opinion upon the most mature reflexion, and deliberation I can never recede from it. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 2: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "confirmed my own Opinion with the concurring sentiments of all the General Officers, Commandg. Officers of Brigades and Corps, I can never recede from it."]
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 20, 1782.
Sir: I have been informed that a certain Col Asher Holmes4 of Monmouth County has been concerned in making partial exchanges, sending and receiving Flags, giving indulgence to People within the Enemy's lines, and obtaining Paroles in consequence for some of our People in the power of the Enemy; and that when questioned for so doing by the Executive of the State he attempted to exculpate himself by asserting he acted under proper authority derived from your Department. As I know you have frequently made complaints (and not without great occasion) respecting such irregularities; I request to be informed explicitly, whether Col Holmes has received any authority from you, or any Person acting under you, and in that case, of what nature, and under what limitations or restriction
[Note 4: Colonel of Monmouth County militia.] it was. In order, that if any thing improper has been done, it may be amended; or if otherwise, the report may be refuted.5
[Note 5: Skinner replied (April 22): "I know not how Colo. Holmes cou'd assert that he acted under Authority from my department in the making partial Exchanges; he has no such Authority from me and I have written to him on the Subject." Skinner's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
You will be pleased to collect and transmit to me as early as possible, a List of the Officers belonging to the Enemy's Army who are Prisoners to us; noting particularly together with the Names and Rank, whether they are unconditional Prisoners of War, or under any Convention or Capitulation; and mentioning the Places, at which they are now confined or paroled. This is not meant to comprehend those who are absent from the continent or within the Enemy's Line. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Holmes,]
Newburgh, April 20, 1782.
Dear Sir: Since my last to you from Philadelphia I have been favoured with your Letter of the 20th. Ulto. from New Kent.
How far it is proper, or improper to delay the appointment of a Guardian, or Guardians to Mr. Custis's Children I shall not take upon me to decide but this I am clear in, and beg leave again to urge it, that whenever the necessity for it arrives you shou'd take upon yourself the trust.
I confess to you candidly that I see very little prospect of the Wars ending with this Campaign; or, if it does that I shall have leizure to engage in New matters. My own affairs will, I am convinced, be found in a very perplexed condition. All my Book Accts. Bonds &ca stand as I left them (except those which have been discharged with depreciated Notes). But this is not all; matters which relate immediately to myself, is the least of my concern, unfortunately for me; I became, much against my inclination, but at the earnest request of Colo. Thos. Colville, one of his Executors to an Estate which was left under the most peculiar circumstances imaginable, as it was intricately involved with an Estate of his Brothers (who had died before him), and in Legacies to people in England; not by name, but by description and descent almost from Adam; who had given infinite trouble before I left Virginia by their claims, unsatisfactory proofs of their descent, discontents, &ca. The other Executor, a Mr. West,7 whom it was intended by the Testator, should, and who ought to have had all the trouble, died three or four years ago, and from an indolence of disposition, inattention to business, and bad accts; has, I fear, made that which at best would have been exceedingly troublesome in a great degree perplexing and difficult; so that I have not only all these difficulties to encounter, but shall think myself very fortunate if I escape without loss. Besides this business, I stand alone in another, which is also under very peculiar circumstances; I mean my transactions under a power of attorney from Colo. Geo: Mercer and his Mortgages to Colo. Tayloe and myself; in which I disposed of his Estate to the Amt. of £14,000 payable the Novr. succeeding my leaving home, and left the business with Colo. Tayloe to finish, but this Gentn. never took one single direct or proper step in it while he was in a condition so to do, and died insane; so that, that matter stands on a most wretched and ruinous footing. Add to this, that yielding to the pressing solicitation of my Neighbour Colo. Fairfax, when he was about to leave the Country, I accepted of a power of Attorney authorising me to direct his business, which when I left Virginia, was (after selling good part of his personal Estate) left at Sixes and Sevens.
[Note 7: John West.]
In a word, I see so many perplexing and intricate matters before me, which must be the work of time to arrange and bring to a conclusion, that It would be injurious to the Children, and madness in me, to undertake as a principle a trust which I could not discharge. Such aid however, as it ever may be with me to give to the Children, especially the boy, I will afford with all my heart, and with all my Soul, and on the assurances of it you may rely.
Inclosed you have a copy of my acct. with Mr. Custis, settled by Colo. Mason as the mutual friend to us both. I have no doubt but that every Article of Debit and Credit contained in it, is right; but that there is a deficiency in the acct. is obvious from the face of it, when compared with known facts. This acct. carries with it, the appearance of a final settlement, comprehending all our dealings up to the date, to wit, the 28th. of June 1778; Whereas the fact is, that all articles of charge, or credit betwn. that period and the settlemt. with the Genl. Court on the 4th. of Novr. 1773 are omitted; many of which may be important, one I know to be so, and that is the rent of the dower Estate near Wmsburg during that Interval. This imperfection in the settler. I can only acct for by their having, (as I directed for Colo. Mason's satisfaction) recourse to certified copies of the last settled accts. as vouchers with the Genl. Court, and their not attending, or perhaps knowing of the open one on my Books by which means the whole of it is excluded. I shall write Mr. Lund Washington (by this conveyance) for a copy of the open Acct, subsequent to the date of that settled with the Court, and previous to my leaving Virginia in May 1775; as also for any Acct. which he on my behalf may have raised since, and will send them both to you.
You also have inclosed, a Copy of Mr. Custis's Bond to, and agreement with me, at the time I relinquished all my right to and property in the Dower Estate except the Negroes under that description which I had on my Estate of Mount Vernon. At the time of Bargaining, I gave him all the Horses and impliments of Husbandry at the Plantation; but he was to pay for the stock of every kind which should be found thereon, at such rates as Colo. Bassett might affix to them; 47 of the Cattle however he removed to his seat in Fairfax before any valuation was made; the remainder was appraised by Colo. Bassett, on the 21st. of December in that Year (1778) in the manner, and to the Amount of the inclosed list. the 47 head also included in this list, was valued the September following at the rate of £40 pr. head by Colo. Bassett, in consequence I suppose, of the depreciation; but to this Mr. Custis objected, on account he alledged of the extravagent price which by the by appeared only so in sound; however, as I wanted nothing more than the real value, and was perswaded he meant to do me justice, I wrote him that the matter might be settled in any manner consistently with these views. so the matter (I believe) has rested ever since.
Thus my dear Sir have I given you every information in my power respecting the State of my Acct. with Mr. Custis. When I get, and can send you the Accts. which I am now writing to Mr. Lund Washington for, you will have the whole matter as fully before you as it is in my power to place it.
If the Legislature of Virga. will not put it in the power of Individuals to recover Debts, it would be extremely hard upon Mr. Custis's Heirs to have their property sold to discharge his; when there are such ample means to do it without; if they could be got at. and when, if property was to be sold on credit, there might be the same difficulty to obtain the money arising from the Sales, as there is to come at that wch. is already due. As the Assembly has called in all the Paper Money, it can no longer I presume be a tender; but if the case had been otherwise the mere attempt to do it is so incompatible with my ideas of common honesty, and is of so fraudulent a nature that I should have advised the refusal of it in every instance. The Articles which you propose to sell, to wit, Horses and Mares, can well be spared; for I think they contribute more to the amusement than profit of the raiser at any time, and without the latter their can be no plea for the former in the Instance before us. without the Household furniture Mrs. Custis cannot do, this therefore ought not be sold.
I had no particular reason for keeping, and handing down to his Son8 the Books of the late Colo. Custis, saving, that I thought it would be taking the advantage of a low appraisement to make them my own property at it; and that to sell them was not an object, as they might be useful to him. how far these considerations should weigh at a time when money is wanting, you are the best judge of.
[Note 8: George Washington Parke Custis.]
I am exceedingly glad to hear that you found your family well on your return from Fairfax, and that yr. own health was improved by the Trip. Yr. Sister9 joins me in the most Affecte. manr. to all Friends, and I am etc.
[Note 9: Mrs. Martha Washington.]
Memorandm.
NB. The above is copied literally from a Paper inclosed in Colo. Bassetts Letter to me of the 8th. of Sep: 1779.
The following is Mr. Custis's list of the above 47 head of Cattle. Inclosed in his Letter of the 7th. of October 1779.
Observations
The prices of the Articles on the other side according to the Continental Scale of depreciation will stand thus.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 20, 1782.
Sir: The inclosed papers which I have the Honor to transmit to your Excellency, contain a State of Facts, with their Testimonials,10respecting the Death of Capt. Joshua Huddy, who after being a prisoner some Days with the Enemy in N York, was sent out with a party of Refugees, and most cruelly and wantonly hanged on the Heights of Middletown.
[Note 10: The testimonials inclosed were copies of: (1) Proceedings of a meeting of upwards of 400 inhabitants of Monmouth County, April 14. (a) Daniel Randolph's affidavit, April 15. (3) John North's affidavit, April 15. (4) Aaron White's affidavit, April 15. (5) John Russell's affidavit, April 15. (6) William Borden's affidavit, April 15. (7) Placard pinned on Huddy's body. (8) William Borden's affidavit, April 19, and David Forman's certification, April 19. Also a copy of Washington's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, April 21. Copies of (1) to (8) are also in the Washington Papers.]
This Instance of Barbarity, in my Opinion, calls loudly for Retaliation; previous, however, to adopting that Measure, and for my own Justification in the Judgment of an impartial World, I have made a Representation by Letter, (Copy of which is herein transmitted) to Sir Hry Clinton, and have demanded from him the Actual perpetrators of this horrid Act.
If by Sir Henry's Refusal, I should be driven to an Act of Retaliation, a British Officer of equal Rank, must atone for the Death of the unfortunate Huddy.
Happy, if I find that my Resolutions meet the Approbation of Congress,11 I have the Honor etc.12
[Note 11: On April 29, on report of the committee on Washington's letter of April 20, Congress resolved "That Congress having deliberately considered the said letter and the papers attending it, and being deeply impressed with the necessity of convincing the enemies of these United States, by the most decided conduct, that the repetition of their unprecedented and inhuman cruelties, so contrary to the laws of nations and of war, will no longer be suffered with impunity, do unanimously approve of the firm and judicious conduct of the Commander in Chief in his application to the British general at New York, and do hereby assure him of their firmest support in his fixed purpose of exemplary retaliation."]
[Note 12: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on April 29 and referred to Elias Boudinot, John Morin Scott, and Thomas Bee.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 21, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am this moment favoured with your several Letters of the 18th 19th., 20th. Inst. and of this date.
I approve of your relieving Major Maxwell for the purpose you mention.
I fear you have not received my Letter of: the 16th respecting the Contract, as I do not find it acknowledged in any of Yours, I wish to be informed, and am, etc.13
[Note 13: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H. S.]
Head Quarters, April 21, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Favor of the 19th. inst. A variety of Circumstances at present operate to prevent my being able to decide on the places of Deposite for your Salted provisions and as the Season is at this Time unfavorable for their Movement, I suppose it will be agreable to you that they rest at the Several places where they are purchased, till I am better able to give you my Decision.
I have not yet received a Copy of Your Contract, which forms an additional Reason against my Deciding at this Time on the places of Deposite. I am Sir.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 21, 1782.
Sir: The inclosed Representation from the Inhabitants of the County of Monmouth, with testimonials to the facts, (which can be coroborated by other unquestionable Evidence) will bring before your Excellency the most wanton, unprecedented and inhuman Murder that ever disgraced the Arms of a civilized people.
I shall not, because I conceive it altogether unnecessary, trouble your Excely, with any Animadversions upon this transaction.
Candor obliges me to be explicit. To save the innocent, I demand the guilty. Captn Lippicot15 therefore, or the Officer who commanded at the Execution of Capt Huddy must be given up; or if that Officer was of inferior Rank to him so many of the perpetrators as will according to the Tariff of Exchange be an Equivalent.
[Note 15: Capt. Richard Lippincott, of Associated Loyalists, British Provincial Troops.]
To do this will mark the Justice of your Excelly's Character. In Failure of it, I shall hold myself justifiable in the Eyes of God and Man, for the measure to which I shall resort.
I beg your Exccy to be persuaded, that it cannot be more disagreable to you to be addressed in this Language, than it is to me to offer it; but the Subject requires frankness and decision.
I have to request your speedy determination, as my Resolution is suspended but for your Answer. I have the Honor etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have occasion immediately for the sentiments of the General Officers on the question mentioned in a former Letter, viz, what are to be considered the subordinate Posts or Dependencies of West Point?
Respecting the salted Provision of which you enclosed me a survey in your Letter of the 20th, I have to observe, it should be demanded immediately of the Contractors what proportion of it, they will receive from the Public. That which is fit for use should be issued before it is spoiled by the approaching Warm Weather; if there is any remaining so tainted as to be improper to be issued, and yet such as may be applyed to some other purposes, it should be disposed of in such manner as will be most beneficial to the Public. That which has become nauseous and is too bad for any use, should be buried instantly. I am etc.
P.S. Mr. Elias Hosbrook17 complains, that after the Army left the White Plains, last Campaign, the Guard under Captain Pray took a large quantity of Cyder belonging to him from Tarry Town, which they refused to deliver to the owner. I wish the matter may be investigated, and justice done in the case, upon his application to you.18
[Note 17: Elias Hasbrouck (Hosbrook), colonel of Ulster County militia.]
[Note 18: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Newburgh, April 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received since my arrival at these Quarters, your favor of the 12th. of Feby. respecting the exchange of your Honble. Father for Lord Cornwallis: I am sorry to inform you, that upon my arrival at Philadelphia and for a long time after I had been there I experienced the greatest disinclination in Congress to the exchange of Lord Cornwallis; upon any terms; and that, it was not till after I had combated their objections in different ways, and at several meetings of their Committees, that I got the matter placed upon such a footing as to leave me at liberty to negotiate the exchange of that Officer, at any rate; The principal difficulties are now so far removed, as to admit Commissioners on each side to meet (and they are now sitting at Elizabeth Town) for the purpose of exchanges, in which Mr. Laurens's is particularly given in charge; for settling of Accounts, &ca. and I hope, unless some untoward impediment shd. intervene in the prosecution of this business, that you will soon meet the accomplishment of your wishes.
It has been my uniform opinion since the capitulation of York Town, that unless the enemy can send such reinforcements to this Continent as will, in their judgments, place their two principal Posts of New York and Charles Town in a state of perfect security; Or, that they are sure of having a Naval superiority on this Coast, during the operations of the Campaign, that they will concentre their force at one of those points. and further, it has as invariably been my opinion, that New York will be the last hold they will quit in the United States. If I am mistaken in the first, I shall believe that a Negotiation of Peace or a Truce, is near at hand and that they hazard much for the Uti-possidetis, which from present appearances, and my conception of the views of the British Government I have not the smallest idea of. I mean peace this Year. With the greatest truth etc.19
[Note 19: A note by Washington at the end of this letter says: "The Words, with lines drawn under them, were intended to have been wrote in Cypher but time not permitting no part was cyphered." These words are shown above in italics.]
[Note 20: Amsterdam merchants and agents for refitting John Paul Jones's squadron.]
Head Quarters of the American Army, April 22, 1782.
Gentlemen: The very favorable sentiments you are pleased to express in your polite Letter of the 10th of August last, have added infinitely to the value of the agreeable Present you intended for me:21 and I wish you to be assured, that the detention of that Present by Captain Gillon,22 has not diminished my sense of the obligations I am under to you. Major Jackson23 has explained the matter fully, and has delivered an elegant Perspective Glass calculated to be used in the day or Night time.
[Note 21: A letter press-copying machine, which was shipped with Gillon in August, 1781, and forwarded by him from Havana in March, 1782. (See Washington's letter to Commodore Alexander Gillon, June 17, 1782, post.)]
[Note 22: Alexander Gillon, commodore, South Carolina navy.]
[Note 23: Maj. William Jackson.]
I entreat you will be pleased to accept my thanks for those marks of your regard, and believe me to be etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: The inclosed List of Officers of the Staff25 a, who were not allowed Servants by the late Regulation, is the best I have been able to form; the number of servants annexed to each appears to be reasonable; it may not comprehend the whole, in which case you can make the necessary addition. I have the honor etc.26
[Note 25: The list inclosed is a separate memorandum in the writing of Benjamin Walker and David Humphreys, and is as follows:
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, April 22, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The United States in Congress Assembled having been pleased by their Proclamation, dated the 19th March last, to appoint Thursday next the 25th. Instant to be set apart as a day of Fasting, humiliation and Prayr for certain special purposes therein Mentioned: the same is to be Observed accordingly throughout the Army, and the different Chaplains will prepare Discourses Suited to the Several Objects enjoin'd by the said Proclamation.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your Favor of the 8th. of Febry was acknowledged in mine of the 18th. of March. I have now received yours of the 9th. Ulto from Ponpon, covrg the Correspondence you have had with the Count de Rochambeau, and a Genl Return of your Army.
Your Apprehensions, in Consequence of the Movement of the Legion of Lauzun, need not be much alarmed the present Situation of the Enemy in NY I am persuaded will not afford any Reinforcements to your Quarter.
The Recruits raising in the States from whence your Army is composed, are compleating as fast as Circumstances will admit and (if needed) will be ready to go on to you as early as the Operations of the Campaign are decided; which at present, from a Variety of Circumstances, ( among which a Want of Intelligence from Europe is not the least), are held in a State of Uncertainty. The State of Maryland had some Time ago, about 300 Men inlisted, and waiting only for their Cloaths, which have been sent on from Phila. a Number also are collected in Pennsylvania. But untill our Information respecting the Enemy's Intentions, and their future Mode of War is more clearly ascertained; as well as Our knowledge of the Support and Assistance which we expect from our Ally, it may not be well to hasten on the29 Recruits to your Army. You are not insensible of the Disadvantages we have ever experienced in Attempts to Reinforce at your Distance by Land; it having hitherto proved a Weakening of the Main Army, without any essential Augmentation to yours.
[Note 29: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "these Reinforcements which at present are allotted."]
In present Circumstances, without the Aid of Naval Force and Water Conveyance, your own Experience and the general Knowledge you have of the Country, will readily decide upon the Impracticability of transportg by Land such heavy Stores and Artillery as would be necessary for great Operations. So that you have only to content yourself with such a Force as will be competent to the purpose of confining the Enemy to their Lines, and prevent them from carrying their Ravages into the Country.
I wait with Impatience for intelligence which will decide the Intentions of the Enemy, and fix the Operations of the Campaign on our part; this I hope is not far Distant. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., and has the following note by Washington: "Such parts of this letter as are marked with lines were written in Cypher." These are shown above in italics.]
[Note 31: Contractors for supplying the Army with provisions.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 23, 1782.
Sir: Having just received a Copy of the Contract for supplying the moving Army,32 and conceiving (from what was observed when I saw you and Mr. Livingston33 together) it will be necessary for the Company engaged in that Contract, as well as for the Contractors for furnishing the Garrison of West Point &c. to be apprised of the particular Troops to be supplied under each Contract on the first of May; I have taken the earliest occasion of giving you my Opinion fully on that Matter. Previous to which, I think it expedient you should be informed, that it may be difficult and even impossible to ascertain any length of time beforehand with any degree of precision, what the Garrison of West Point, and its dependencies will consist
[Note 32: In the Washington Papers, under date of Apr. 6, 1782.]
[Note 33: Walter Livingston.] of. The strength of that Garrison must and will vary according to circumstances, or as the general Plan of operations for the Campaign may require; which depends upon so many contingencies, that I cannot possibly take upon me to inform you now, what number of Rations you will have to supply after the Main Army takes the Field; as it is obvious the number of Men requisite for the security of those Posts will depend entirely upon the position of the remainder of our Army for covering them and the state of the Enemy at that time. All I can say further on this subject is, that the last Campaign the Garrison was composed of two Garrison Regts. which were made up, by detachments of the weakest Men from the whole line of the Army, together with some artillery and Militia; and that in future, the good of the service, not the interest of any Individuals whatever, will point out the line of Conduct, I shall pursue respecting the dispositions of the Troops.
It is because, I fear, some difficulty or foundation for dispute, or obstructions to the Public interest, in consequence of this fluctuation of the number of Rations to be issued, may arise between the Contractors for supplying the Moving Army and those for furnishing the Garrison, that I mention these things; and I would take the liberty to suggest, whether it might not be the best way, for removing all grounds of disputes and Altercations, to have some mutual agreement between the different Companies of Contractors,34 (if it could be found practicable and convenient to them), so that the whole business might be executed upon one great scale.
[Note 34: Tench Francis and Comfort Sands & Co., of Philadelphia; Thomas Lowry, of New Jersey; Oliver Phelps and Timothy Edwards, of Massachusetts; and Walter Livingston, of New York.]
In the mean time untill the Army takes the field, I shall consider the Garrison of West Point as being composed of the 1st & 2d Massachusetts Brigades, the 3d Regt of Artillery, and such small Corps or parts of Corps as are now, or may be occasionally employed there.
The immediate Dependencies of West Point at present are, the Posts in its vicinity on the eastern side of the River, the Posts of Kings Ferry, Dobb's Ferry, and Fishkill, and there must be one at Newburgh or New Windsor.
The Commandt at West Point, upon application to him, can from time to time inform you nearly of the Number of Rations to be issued at the aforesd Posts.
The remainder of the Troops I shall comprehend under the general idea of the Moving Army; and they are to be supplied accordingly; but as before suggested I think it would be much more advantageous to the Contractors as well as the Public, that a Union of interests, or mutual agreement, should supersede the necessity of discrimination. I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 36: Robert R. Livingston.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge, and thank you for your favour of the 16th, which covered a Letter from the Marquis de la Fayette dated the 30th of Janry. that Letter does not contain any News of considerable moment relative to public affairs. Altho the Marquis does not pretend to speak of the plan of the Campaign; his sentiments in general appear to be, that Britain will make a desperate effort to prosecute the War, that neither N York or Charles Town will be evacuated, that France is perfectly well disposed towards the United States, that no pecuniary aid must however be expected from thence, that it is "generally thought, the exertions of America are not equal to her abilities, and that nothing could operate so much for further assistance, as pointed assurances of a good Army for the War"; great deference I think is due to his opinion, not only from his singular assiduity and sagacity in collecting and combining circumstances, but also on account of his favorable oppertunities for the purpose. [he adds that the report of Cardinal de Bernis being nominated as prime Minister was mere rumour for it appeared that the King seemed disposed to be first Minister himself.]
I have little doubt, for my own part, of the Enemy's first determination to prosecute the War; but have greater hesitancy in believing that they will attempt to hold both N York and Charles Town, unless they expect to have a decided superiority on this Coast thro the Campaign, or intend to send out large reinforcements of land Troops from Europe; leaving their own defence, to the Militia and Volunteers of Britain and Ireland.
I am not at a loss to decide what ought to be our line of policy; I wish I could say, that the States were making all the efforts, our situation demands, and which our Allies have a right to expect from us. My endeavour to excite that spirit of exertion has not been wanting; My addresses to the States, since the close of last Campaign, have been importunate and incessant.
You will have many opportunities of communicating intelligence to me, which, I shall not be able to obtain thro' any other Channel; I shall be happy in a continuation of your Correspondence, and am etc.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored by your Excellency's Letter of the 6th instant, and thank you for the Communication of Genl Green's of the 10th. ulto.
I think he need not be much alarmed on Account of the Movement of the Legion; from the present Situation of the Enemy, I am persuaded no Reinforcements will be sent from N York to Carolina.
I am equally impatient with Your Excellency, for Intelligence from Europe, and shall be ready to meet you, as proposed, the Moment the Occasion shall call.
Some Transports and Vessels are lately arrived at New York from Charlestown; but have brought no Troops, unless a few Remnants of some broken Corps, which were principally captured with Lord Cornwallis.
I can scarsely imagine the Enemy have any Intention of taking another post; in my Opinion, such an Event will be rather desirable for us than otherwise. With Sentiments of very great Regard &c.38
[Note 38: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, April 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the Receipt of your Favor of the l0th instant, inclosing the Resolves of Congress respectg the Pay Master Genls Department.
I never had in [ sic] Idea when we conversed on the Subject of Contingencies in the Army, and Warrants being drawn by the Commander in Chief for their payment, that it was to have a Retrospect beyond the Commencement of the present Campaign, or that it was to extend to all the Contingencies which might happen in the various Departments of the Army. If this is to be the Case, I may at once sett myself Down as an Auditor of Accounts, and find full Employ. I imagine Accounts of that Nature are still numerous in the Hands of Officers for almost every Campaign of the War. My Idea extended only to checkg the Expences of Officers who on extraordinary Occasions were employed out of the particular Line of their Duty, and would need perhaps to be furnished with Money for their Purpose, and for Secret Services and other Contingencies which fall immediately under the Direction of the Commander in Chief. I beg this Duty may not look back beyond the period of the 1st Janry 1782.
On these principles and thinkg Lieut Wheatons39 Vouchers are not so compleat as they ought to be, I have returned his papers to you again. I am &c.40
[Note 39: Lieut. Joseph Wheaton, of Olney's Rhode Island Battalion. He served to December, 1783.]
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 23, 1782.
Sir: Upon application of the Contractors for supplying the Garrison of West Point &c with Provisions, you will from time to time inform them as exactly as you are able, of the number of Rations that will be required for the Garrison of West Point and the Posts in its vicinity on the eastern side of the River, the Posts of Kings ferry, Dobbs Ferry, Fish Kill, or New Windsor and Newburgh. I am &c.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys, and addressed to the commanding officer of the garrison of West Point.]
Head Quarters, April 23, 1782.
Sir: I am obliged to you for the Copy of the Contract42 you have been pleased to send me under cover of your Favour of 15th Instant. It came very opportunely, as have already been applied
[Note 42: A copy of the contract, dated Apr, 6, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.] to for a Determination upon the points which are submitted to my Decision.
I am very glad to find that an Intendant, appointed by you, is to attend the Army, and to hear and decide on Causes of Complaint or Uneasiness which may arise between the Army and the Contractors. As we are still to gain knowledge by Experience, other complaints than those which have already occurred, may yet arise; and shall be very happy to be relieved from those Troubles as much as possible. I wish you may be fortunate in the Appointment of this person and that he may be with the Army at an early period.
You may be assured that I am fully persuaded of the Importance and Utility of the present mode of feeding the Army and that I shall take every Occasion to impress the same Ideas upon the Minds of the Officers. I am pleased to find, that saving the Complaints which have arisen in their Execution, they are generally inclined to acquiesce and promote the Contracts. And you may depend that I shall take pleasure in giving the Gentlemen concerned in our Supply, every Assistance and protection in my power, consistent with that Justice which I think is due to the Army. I have the Honor etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, April 24, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Favor of Yesterday, and have to lament the Situation in which I am placed between the Resolves of Congress and the Transactions of this State. It is particularly unfortunate, as Genl Schuyler in answer to his Queries when here, was informed, that I did not conceive myself authorized to issue provisions to the Levies of the State untill they were received into Service. In Consequence of which, I was in hopes the Legislature would have made provision for their Subsistence: But this not being done, and to avoid the disagreeable Consequences which you justly apprehend, I must consent that the Contractors shall issue provisions to those collecting at the lower Rendezvous, untill the Matter of their Subsistence shall be decided by Congress. The Levies at the Northern posts, I wish to have collected as soon as possible, that they may be ready to relieve the Troops of N Hampshire, which are now I perceive, exceedgly Scattered, and whom I shall want to draw together very soon for the general purposes of the Campaign. I am &c.
P.S. Your Excellency will be sensible that Regular Measures must be adopted for the Issues to the Levies, that no impositions may be practiced upon the Contractors or the public.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newbergh, Wednesday, April 24, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolutions:
By the United States in Congress Assembled.
Monday, April 8, 1782.
On a report from the Secretary at War, to whom was referred a plan of the paymaster general, for the better regulation of the pay of the army:
Resolved, That as all returns necessary to check the accounts of pay and rations, and to give full information of public issues of cloathing and stores, are lodged at the war office, the Secretary at War is hereby empowered and directed to issue his warrants on the paymaster general, in favour of each regimental paymaster, for the pay and rations which shall appear on adjustment of their accounts to be due to the regiments respectively, and to the head of each department for the pay and rations due to such department; that the accounts for pay and rations of each regiment, and of each department in the army from January 1st, 1782, shall be made out at the end of every month and be transmitted to the war office for examination and warrants:
That the manner of making the payments, of keeping the accounts, and the returns of the regimental paymasters, be regulated by the Secretary at War:
That the paymaster general shall pay on the warrants of the Secretary at War, from such monies as shall be put into his hands for the pay and rations of the troops, and to the orders of the Commander in Chief, or officer commanding the southern army, from such monies as shall be placed in his disposal for contingencies.
Resolved, That all resolutions heretofore passed, empowering general officers to draw warrants on the paymaster general, except that empowering the officer commanding the southern army, be, and the same are hereby repealed.
Resolved, That there be one deputy paymaster for the southern army: That there shall be one assistant allowed to the paymaster general, who shall do the duties of a clerk.
That the paymaster general be, and he is hereby authorised to appoint his deputy and assistant.
That the paymaster general immediately give bonds with two sureties to the Superintendant of finance, in the sum of fifteen thousand dollars, for the faithful performance of his office.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 24, 1782.
Dear Sir: I take the liberty to inclose you a Letter from Colo. Van Schaack of the 1st New York Regiment, asking a continuation of that leave of absence which Congress before granted him; what that leave was I know not, but I think it absolutely necessary that something should be determind on in this matter, as Colo. Van Schaack has already been absent from the Army near a twelve month. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 24, 1782.
Dear Sir: The inclosed Copy of a Letter from Governor Clinton, with my Answer to him,46 you will be pleased to submit to the Consideration of Congress: the Subject will be disclosed by a perusal, from whence you will also observe the Importance of an early Decision.
[Note 46: Clinton's letter of April 23, is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Gov. George Clinton, Apr. 2S, 1782, post.)]
The Necessity of the Case only, grounded on the Govrs. Representation, could have induced me to consented so far as I have done, and this I hope will apologize for me with Congress.
On this Subject it may probably be well to consult the Superintendt. Finance, I know not how far the feeding the Levies of any of the States have entered into his Estimates on which he has grounded the Calculations of his Contracts. With great Regard etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 25, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to issue provisions for the Subsistence of the Levies of this State, which will be assembled at Fishkill in a few Days in Consequence of the Orders of Governor Clinton, takg care that your Issues to them be made under the same Restrictions and Regulations as are established for your Government in the Issues made to the Continental Troops and particularly observing that no Man is to be furnished until it is certified that he is regularly mustered and received, agreeable to the Orders of the Governor. I am &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On April 25 Washington wrote to William Duet practically this same letter, ordering him to supply the New York levies assembling at Albany. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 25, 1782.
Sir: It appears to me, upon further consideration essentially necessary, that the Levies of this State should be collected immediately, to some of the Posts where issuing Stores are established by the Contractors, otherwise I apprehend, it will be impossible they should be fed in the manner proposed. I have directed Mr. Sands to issue to all the Levies which may be assembled at Fishkill upon their being duly mustered and returned for Provisions. The inclosed contains a similar Order to the Contractors in the Northern Department to supply all such as may be collected at Albany, or any place where they have an issuing Store. I have made this communication to prevent Mistakes and have the honor etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original at Washington's Headquarters and Museum, Newburgh, N.Y.]
Newburgh, April 25, 1782.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's favor of the 18th. Instt. by Count Beniowsky, and [do myself the pleasure to] congratulate you on your safe return to Philadelphia in good health.
The Plan which the Count means to offer to the consideration of Congress [appears to be projected] upon a liberal scale; and with some explanation, and perhaps alteration, [may be] well worthy of their attention. This Gentn. is fully possessed of my Sentiments on the subject of his proposals; and is at Liberty to make such use of them, [as] he thinks proper. He will have the honor of communicating them to your Excellency and of informing you, that as they involve political [as well as Military] considerations, I have confined my opinion to the military parts only, of the plan.
I shall take an early occasion to address your Excellency on the subject of your other Letter of the 18th. in the meantime I pray you to be assured that, with every sentiment of the most perfect esteem etc.50
[Note 50: The letter sent, in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6. It varies in minor verbal details from the above draft, in which the words in brackets are in the writing of Trumbull.]
Newburgh, April 25, 1782.
My dear Sir: Your private letter of the 2d. Instt. came to my hands the 20th. by Doctr. Craik. I am much indebted to you for the sentiments and calculations contained in it. You have however, if my information and estimation of the Enemys strength in New York is right, fallen a good deal short of their numbers, and if I may be allowed to ground an opinion upon present appearances, information and past experience, I should think you have greatly over-rated our prospects. consequently, that which seems to be a matter of no doubt in your mind, constitutes all the difficulty in mine, in pointing the operations of the present campaign towards New York.
I am perswaded the enemy have not, at this time, less than 9000 regular Troops in New York and its dependencies; including their established Provencial Corps. and by a report from the Commandant of that place to Lord George Germain in the Winter of 1780, when they expected an Attack from us, it appears that of City Militia, Volunteer Companies, and some other small Corps which were named; enclusive of Marines, Sailers and Delancys Refugees; they had in Arms, regularly organized for defence of the Town 3390 Men. These added to their regular forces make a body of 12,390 independent of their Southern Army; which I estimate at 4000 more; making altogether 16,390 besides Sailors and Marines. But, as an augmentation of the force in New York is, as yet, only problematical, I will suppose that the Enemy do not mean to with draw their Southern Garrisons, and that no re-inforcements will arrive from Europe, which is the most favourable point of view the matter can be placed in; we still have (besides Sailors and Marines which always will be more, or less, accordingly to the number of Ships in the harbour) 12,390 Men opposed to us, in Works which are growing into consistency and strength every day.
You think, and I very readily concur with you in opinion, that the Besiegers ought to be at least three times the number of the besieged, upon European principles, if New York was regularly fortified, we ought to have as 5 or 6 to 1. but I will set it at the lowest; and without demanding any thing for Marines or Sailors, the number of Men required will be 36, 170.
How to obtain them is the next enquiry. Our present strength by the last returns is
The column on the right, exhibts the total number of R: and file in the line of each state; the other, supposing the sick to keep the same ratio, and it is not great, gives every man that is to be expected from Regiments of the strength that ours are.
Having shewn the actual strength of the line, I shall next give the information upon which my opinion of recruits for it, is founded.
New Hampshire.
A Letter from Colo. Dearborn dated March 10th., says: the Assembly at their last meeting had done nothing; that they were to meet again the 15th; that he fears it will be too late for them to do much; that there does not appear a disposition to great exertions; that the Men in power dispair of raising either Men or Money "to any considerable amount". and therefore he fears, they will not take the matter up with as much spirit as he could wish, and concludes, if Men can be had, he is convinced Mr. Morris will receive very little of the Supplies, unless he will take it in specific articles.
Massachusetts bay:
Your knowledge of matters in this State much exceeds mine. All the official information I have received from it, has been through you; not one of my Letters to the Governor has been acknowledge; nor do I know whether any of them ever got to hand, except the one wch. you speak of as having been laid before a Comee. of the Assembly. One fact however is certain, and it is important. Viz, of 2994 Men returned to the State as its deficiency the Assembly voted 1500 only; when it must be obvious to every considerate mind, that these deficiencies encrease daily, and in the nature of things must continually do so, while deaths and desertions are incident to Armies.
Rhode Island
Altho' Colo. Olney speaks of some difficulties, this State, will I expect, go near to compleat its Regiment with 9 Months Men, (the term for which they are enlisted), to commence from the time of their passing Muster by which means many of them will be discharged in Novemr, and near all of them in Decembr.
Connecticut,
Instead of 1475 Men wch. by returns from the line of the State they were deficient of Jany. last, is about to give 700; five hundred of these Genl. Huntington in a letter of the 10th. Instt. writes me he thinks will be got by the end of May, and that two thirds of them will have to serve till the first of Jany. or for one year only.
New York.
Will, I believe, go near to compleat her quota, by Drafts to serve till the first of Jan: next
New Jersey.
Has not the most distant prospect that I can see, of doing this; her recruiting depends upon voluntary Enlistments, at a small bounty, by which a man now and then only is obtained. Pensylvania, Delware and Maryland.
Pursue the same mode of Jersey, and I dare venture to pronounce will have the same success. But as the Troops of these States by a resolve of Congress are designated part of the Southern Army, I do not see how the recruits of them can be brought into this estimate, unless by the evacuation of Charles Town our force to the Southward should move this way; in which case and upon the principle here established, it ought to consist of 12,000 Men, to counterpoize the Enemy's 4000; but admitting they should join the Northern instead of the Southern Army, their numbers from everything I can hear, do not exceed 600.
Under this state of matters, and the experience of two years; particularly the last, when a favourite enterprize was fairly announced, and every argument which my invention could suggest was urged in vain to induce the States to compleat their Ballns; I have not a single ray of hope that more than what follows will be obtained, each State line and Corps then will stand thus.
It now remains to be determined:
[Note 51: See Circular to the Eastern and Middle States, Mar. 5, 1782, ante.] that it was highly probable the operations of the Campaign would make the
aid of Militia necessary, and requesting very urgently that the
Executive might be vested with ample powers to call them out,
properly equipped for three Months, the time of Service to commence
from the period at which they join the Army.
With respect to the first question I am clear that 24,100 cannot be had.
In answer to the 2d, if the Enemy continue divided, and we cannot (when all the Aids which are intended us, are disclosed) attempt something important, and more certain in another quarter, I should be disposed to undertake the Siege of New York with double the Enemys numbers, provided a Naval superiority comes early to our assistance, and will engage to cooperate during the siege; because I should hope that time and spirited exertions might effect (tho' with more toil and hazard) what numbers alone are generally thought competent to.
On the 3d. question I must obeserve that as the States have been prepared for a call of their Militia nothing further can well be done at this time, under our present State of uncertainty, nor do I believe that anything but expence wd. result from the measure; for while the mass of the People, or the Executives of the States, take upon them to judge of the time proper for drawing out their Militia and will wait till the necessity for it is obvious to the common and uninformed understandings of the multitude, it is of little avail to make requisitions of this sort, as the mischief resulting from it is as influential upon any plan which may be in contemplation as inability, or want of inclination possibly can be.
Upon the whole, altho' I have not made up my mind fully the impracticability of attacking New York, I am inclined to believe that without the aid of 5 or 6000 French Troops, in addition to those in Virginia, we should find the conquest of New York an arduous task, and that if the enemy concentre their force at that point it will be scarcely possible with any means I have a knowledge of at prest. However as these thoughts are thrown together more for your animadversions upon them than as expressions of my opinion, I shall be obliged to you for your remarks with the utmost freedom and candor; as it is by discussions of this sort the judgment is informed, and plans become properly matured.
I shall not in this letter give any opinion respecting either of the other objects mentioned in yours. they are subordinate, and must all yield to New York, if means can be found to attempt that plan, upon a well grounded hope of succeeding; it is for this reason I wish to have everything relative to it, well considered before the enterprize is either adopted, or rejected. With the most perfect esteem etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, April 27, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
At a General Court Martial whereof Major Darby52 is president, Lieutenant Robert Muzzy53 of the 2d Massachusetts Regiment, charged with exceeding his Furlough eighty six days, was Tryed.
[Note 52: Maj. Samuel Darby, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 53: Lieut. Robert Muzzey, who resigned on Apr. 30, 1782.]
The Court having duly Considered the Charge and Lieutenent Muzzeys Defence are of Opinion that the reasons offered by the said Lieut. Robert Muzzey are not sufficient for his over staying the time limit in his Furlough, for altho it does not appear to the Court that his circumstances at Home were so peculiar that they required his Attendance, yet it was his dutly to have Complyed with his furlough or made application to have the limitts of his furlough lengthened, and do sentence him to be Mulcted of his Pay and Subsistence for the said eighty six Days.
The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence of the Court Martial.
The Quarter Master General will as soon as may be furnish the Commander in Chief with an exact Return of all the Artificers in his Department; whether they be inlisted Soldiers or hired Men, specifying where they are and how they are employed.
Head Quarters, April 27, 1782.
Sir: Tho' it is by no means my Opinion that the Enemy will divide their force and again take possession of Rhode Island, there are some circumstances which seem to carry such an Appearance; I therefore think it would be highly imprudent on our parts to leave any Fortifications standing on the Island [of Rhode Island] which may be of any use to them on such an Event. The Works round Newport can under no circumstances be of any advantage to us and I must therefore request your Excellency to cause them to be levelled immediately.
I am not well enough acquainted with the Situation and nature of the Work on Butts's Hill, to determine positively whether it ought to be destroyed or not; it appears to me that in case the Enemy should reocupy the Island it would be important for us to have possession of that ground; but whether on such an event possession could be kept your Excellency must determine. I have no troops to spare to Garrison it. If the Work is tenable might not a small Guard be kept in it and such Arrangements be made that (at the first Signal of the appearance of a Fleet) a number of Militia might be thrown in sufficient to keep possession of it? should you think this impracticable I would wish the Works to be destroyed.
I take the liberty to inclose a Letter from Count Rochambeau to Mr de Quemy54 Commanding the Emerald frigate. I beg Excy to forward it with all possible dispatch to that Gentleman. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 54: Pierre Claude, Marquis du Quesne.]
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, April 27, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter without Date56 with a packet from Sir Hy Clinton.
[Note 56: In the Washington Papers under the assigned date of April 23. Dayton, who was then stationed at Elizabethtown, wrote of the capture of Minorca by the French, and of a treaty between France and Holland.]
You do not inform the Channel through which you have obtained the important Intelligence you mention; But from the positive Manner in which you transmit it, I hope it may be depended on.
It has been rumoured to me that a large Fleet has lately been seen near the Hook; but who they are or from whence they arrive is not known. I wish you to be active in collecting every Information in your power respecting the arrival or departure of their Fleets, and other important movements of the Enemy, and to be early and punctual in the conveyance of any particulars which you deem proper to be sent to me.
It will be very well for you to detain the two British Officers you mention, untill something further is determined respecting Lieut Thomas.57 I am &c.58
[Note 57: Lieut. Edmund Disney Thomas, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to September, 1783.
Sir Henry Clinton wrote to Washington regarding Thomas: "Being this Morning informed that an Officer under a Flag of Truce has been detained, and sensible that all Persons so circumstanced are to be held Sacred; I have, without enterring into a Discussion of the Pretence for his Detainer, directed that he be set at Liberty." Clinton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 58: The draft is the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, April 27, 1782.
Sir: I have had the Honor to receive your Excellency's Favor of the 22d instant pr Captain le Enfant.
I beg your Excellency to be assured that I feel myself happy in an Opportunity at any Time to gratify your Desires; more particularly so on the present Occasion, which I view as diffusive of the most sensible Joy to the allied Nations of France and America.
I most chearfully comply with your Excellencys Request for Capt. L'Enfant to return to Philadelphia, and to remain in that City for the Time you mention; and hope he will approve himself of great Utility to your Designs?59 With the highest Sentiments etc.60
[Note 59: To aid in celebrating the birth of the Dauphin.]
[Note 60: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang. Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol, 6.]
Head Quarters, April 27, 1782.
Sir: I take pleasure in acknowledging the Receipt of your Favor of the 18th. instant, which was presented by the Count Beniousky.
The kind concern which you express for mine and Mrs Washington's personal Safety is particularly gratefull to me, and I beg you will accept my sincerest Thanks for the obliging manner, in which you have conveyed these Sentiments.
From the prospects which are presenting to View in the West Indies, we have Reason to expect Intelligence of interesting Importance from that Quarter. And as Events which take place there, may arrive to your knowledge at an early hour, and with great certainty, I shall at all Times hold myself obliged by the Communication of such Intelligence as you shall think proper to convey. I need not to assure you, that I shall feel a very particular Satisfaction in any Success which shall attend the Arms of his most Catholic Majesty. With very sincere Regard etc.
P.S. Permit me, in this first letter I have had the honor of writing to you since my departure from Philadelphia, again to express my sensibility of the obligations you laid me under during my residence in that City, and to assure you, that it will ever be a first pleasure with me to acknowledge them, and upon all occasions to give you proofs of the esteem etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr; the P.S. is in that of Washington.]
Newburgh, April 27, 1782.
[Sir: At your request, and in consequence of a Letter from His Excellency the Chevr. De la Luzerne I have given the plan which you propose to present to Congress and of which the foregoing is a translation, all the consideration I am capable of, and beg leave to observe thereupon. That] &ca.62
[Note 62: At this point the draft ends with the following N. B. in Trumbull's writing: "for the Remainder of this Letter, see mine of the 12th of April 1782 to Baron Steuben; it being the same (mutatis mutandis) as that communicatg my Sentiments on the plan of Count Beniousky, to the Baron."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 27, 1782.
Dear Sir: Finding the Commissioners, appointed to liquidate the accounts of Monies due for the maintenance of Prisoners, and make permanent provision for their future support, have seperated without accomplishing any thing; I think it highly expedient that measures should be adopted, at this moment, for taking the German Prisoners of War into our service: As this measure has been considerably agitated, I shall not amplify upon the justice and propriety of it, which to me seem very obvious. I am equally well persuaded of the policy there will be in augmenting every Compy with at least ten of these Men, or more if they can be obtained; for I am convinced, that by such an incorporation, they will make exceedingly cheap and valuable Recruits, and being able bodied, and disciplined Men will give a strength and solidity to our Regts which they will not otherwise acquire this Campaign. All my accounts respecting the recruiting service are unfavorable; indeed, not a single recruit has arrived, (to my knowledge), from any State except Rhode Island, in consequence of the Requisitions of Congress in Decr last.
Should the plan be adopted by Congress, the sooner it is carried into execution the better. In that case, I think, the Men ought to be recruited for the Continent and not carried to the credit of the States quotas, with whose lines they are to serve. For without making any alteration in the Establishment, they may be annexed to the Regts. in such a Manner as that they can be formed into distinct Corps, whenever their fidelity and attachment shall be sufficiently evinced, if circumstances should then require. All the Matters of Bounty and Encouragement being arranged with the Financier, and the particulars of the Scheme adjusted: As soon as provision shall be made for their subsistence on the journey, I would detach a Captn. and Subn. from every Regt to receive and conduct them to the Army, so as that they may certainly join the respective Regts at farthest by the first of June. In the interim, I would beg leave to propose, lest the Enemy should attempt to counteract the design, that the business should be kept secret, until it is ripe for execution; and then be negotiated by some Gentleman of address appointed for the purpose. I request an ansr as speedily as possible. I have the honor to be &ca.
P S. I am just favored with your Letters of the 20th and 23d Inst. I think it would be well to permit such of the Prisoners mentioned by you, to return to their Regts. as can procure testimonials in their favor. I submit the matter to your discretion.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On April 27 Humphreys wrote to Col. John Crane, to remind the commanders of regiments that armorers employed under Crane's direction are to be continued in that work, and their names reported to Headquarters. "The Commander in Chief does not mean to repeat an Order twice, before it can be carried into execution." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Newburgh, April 28, 1752.
Dear Sir: I have received your several Fays. of Yesterday. I beg you to close the matter of the damaged provisions with Messrs. Sands's; they will doubtless take them at what they may be worth, and pass them to the Credit of the United States.
I am sorry the recruitg. Service in your State wears no better an Aspect. Lieut Robinson may remain at present as an Assistt. to the Musterg Service.64
[Note 64: The draft has "to Colo. Badlam."]
If any number of Recruits should be collected at the different Rendezvous Colo Badlam I fancy must yet want additional Assistance. I am etc.65
[Note 65: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, April 28, 1782.
Sir: I am honord with your Excellencys Letter of the 20th. Inst inclosing Copy of a Letter from Count Rochambeau to you, and a Letter for Mr. de Quemy commanding the Emerald Frigate. The latter I sent immediately by Express, under cover to the Governor of Rhode Island, requesting him to send it without any delay to Mr. de Quemy.
Altho' I can hardly think that the Enemy will divide their Force and take possession of Rhode Island, I nevertheless thought it prudent to order all the Works at that place to be destroyed and accordingly Orders were sent for that purpose.
The Treasure which came in the Frigate66 passed this place yesterday escorted by a Detachment of about 80 French Troops commanded by a Major of Royal Deux Ponts, but I am sorry to have been informed that the Effects of the Officers were sent round in two small Vessels both of which were taken.
[Note 66: Part of the last loan from France, about which secrecy was considered necessary, to prevent increasing the lethargy of the people toward supporting the war.]
Mrs. Washington begs me to present to you her sincere respects. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Newburgh, April 28, 1782.
Sir: I receive with much gratitude the remembrances, and compliments of the principal Officers of the French Army in Virginia; and thank your Excellency for the trouble of being the bearer of them to me, and the letter from Count Rochambeau.
With equal sensibility and pleasure, I received, and do now acknowledge, my obligations to your Excellency, for the communications from your Court; which, tho' not decisive, are nevertheless important. the late instance of their generous aid, hinted at by your Excellency and particularized by Mr. Morris, is one, among a variety of important considerations, which ought to bind America to France in bonds of indelible friendship and gratitude; never, I hope, to be broken asunder. Induced by that entire confidence which I repose in your Excellency, and a full conviction that a Nation, which combines her force with ours for purposes, of all others, most interesting to humanity, ought not to be deficient of any information I can give, to point objects to mean; that an accordance of them may be inseperable; I shall, without hesitation, give you the state of our present force and my ideas of the increase of it by recruits, from the best view of it which lyes before me.
It can scarcely be necessary to inform your Excellency, that our Military establishment for the present year consists of 4 Regts. of Artillery, 4 legionary and 2 partisan Corps, and 50 Regimts of Infantry; besides the Corps of Invalids. Or, that Congress have called, in pointed terms, upon each State to compleat its Regiments to the Establishment; the agregate of which, if complied with, would amount to 34,308 Men, exclusive of Commissioned Officers, Sergeants and Music; Hazen's Regiment and the Corps of Invalids. Of this force, 1 Legionary Corps, 2 Regiments of Artillery, and 22 of Infantry; besides Hazens Regiment and the Invalids; compose the Northern Army; but as Hazens Regiment is fostered by no State, discouraged from recruiting by all, and without funds if the case was otherwise, it must soon dwindle to nothing, being now very weak.
The present totallity of the rank and File, exclusive of Sergeants, of those Regiments which compose the Northern Army, amounts to 9,146; from this number the Sick Men in different branches of the Staff department, and such as are employed on other extra duties (which the peculiarity of our circumstances compells me to furnish from the Army) being deducted, will reduce the efficient operating force of these Corps to 7,553 Rank and file. and I should be uncandid if I was not to acknowledge, that I do not expect it will be encreased by Recruits, in the course of the Campaign, to more than 10,000 fit for duty in the Field. This Sir, in my opinion, will be the full amount of the established Regiments of the States East of Pensylvania. To ascertain the number of Militia which may be assembled for occasional offensive operations, is more than I can do; the general opinion is, that there will be no want of Militia for any enterprise we can have in view. Be this as it may, this one thing is certain, that this class of Men are not only slow in their movements, but, undertaking to judge likewise of the propriety of them in point of time, will wait till the necessity for it, strikes them; which, in most cases, is as injurious to the Service as inability or want of inclination; disappointment being the consequence of delay. This observation I could not refrain making, because in all combined operations, especially those which may depend upon the Season, or a limited period for their execution, it is of the utmost importance to be known.
The inclosed return, which is a copy of the last state of the force under the orders of Major Genl. Greene (which has come to my hands) will give your Excellency every information in my power respecting the State, and condition of that Army; which was to be augmented by the Partizan Corps of Colo. Armand, consisting of about 200 horse and foot. Independent of these, there are two small Regiments at Fort Pitt; one from the State of Pensylvania, the other from Virginia, which are included in the general establishment of the Army, but no particular return is here had of them.
What measures are adopted by the States of Georgia and North and South Carolina to recruit their Regiments I know not. Virginia marched about 400 Men the latter end of Feby. for the Southern Army; and by an Act of the Legislature, passed at their last Session; resolved to raise ... Men more; but in what forwardness they are, or what is to be expected from the act, I am equally uninformed. Maryland and Pensylvania depend upon voluntary enlistments; and are proceeding very slow in the business of recruiting; especially the latter. It is impossible for me therefore to say, to what number that Army will be increased.
This Sir, is an accurate state of the force we have at present; and my expectation of what it may be, independent of Militia.
The Enemy's Force from the best information I have been able to obtain of it, may stand thus.
The above estimate, so far as it respects New York, Charles Town and Savanna, is, I believe, to be depended upon. The force of Canada by some accounts is more, by others less than 5000; the regular British and German Troops in that Country cannot exceed 4000; but in addition to these, are the Corps of Sir Jno. Johnson and others; which I am told have been considerably encreased by the disaffected of this and other States, who have fled to Canada. but it is to be observed, that this force, be it what it may, is employed in the occupation of Posts from Quebec to Michillimakinac; and on the Lake Champlain, through an extent of not less than 7 or 800 Miles; and that, all these Posts are dependent upon the former for Provision and supplies of every kind. I am less certain of the Enemy's force in Nova Scotia than elsewhere. the number here given is not from recent intelligence, and may be erroneous, as their Garrisons are weakened or strengthened according to circumstances. Cumberland, Windsor, Annapolis, St. Johns River, &ca. are Posts dependent on Hallifax, and included in the 3500 Men here mentioned.
If this state of matters can be satisfactory to your Excellency or useful in the formation of any plans against the common enemy, I shall be very happy in having given it.
Permit me now Sir, to express the high sense I have of the honor you have done me in communicating the favorable Opinion entertained of my conduct by the Court, and Nation of France; and to acknowledge my obligations to those Officers who have inspired these sentiments. To stand well in the eyes of a Nation which I view as one of the first in the World; and in the opinion of a Monarch, whom I consider as the supporter of the rights of humanity; and to whom I am personally indebted for the command he has been pleased to honor me with; is highly flattering to my vanity, at the sametime it has a first claim to all my gratitude.
It is unnecessary, I hope, to add fresh assurances of the respect and esteem with which etc.68
[Note 68: From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol 6.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, April 29, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Contractors for Supplying Provisions to the Garrison of West Point and its Dependencies are, after the first of May, untill some Alteration is made in the disposition of the Army, to issue to the first and Second Massachusetts Brigades, the third Regiment of Artillery and such other Corps or parts of Corps as may occasionally be Stationed at West Point; they are also to supply the troops at the posts on the Eastern side of the river in that vicinity, the posts of Kings Ferry, Dobbs Ferry and Fish Kill. An issuing Store must also be established by them at Newburgh or New Windsor. The remainder of the troops are to be supplyed under the Contract for furnishing the moving Army.
The Commanding Officer of the Garrison of West Point will upon application of the Contractors give such information as may be necessary of the Number of Rations to be issued from time to time at the Posts above Mentioned.
The System on which Provisions are in future to be issued, First. When a regiment, independent Corps or Detachment, are to draw Provisions, their proper Quarter Master or some Commissioned Officer appointed in orders to do his duty, shall make out and sign a Provision Return Setting fourth in Colums the Number of Persons, with their Ranks Or Stations, the Number of pays to be drawn for, the commencing and ending of the time, both days included, and the number of rations, this Return to be Countersigned by the Commanding officer of such regiment, Corps or detachment; When the Contractors shall have issued the Provisions and have taken a receipt signed by the proper Quarter Master, or officer doing his duty, by the Commanding Officer of a Detachment, Quarter Master Serjeant or some person in his absence, not under the rank of Serjeant, This return and receipt so executed shall be admitted at the Treasury as a sufficient voucher for the Contractors.
2ndly. All orders for Provisions for General Officers, and the Quarter Master General, and their families, shall be signed by themselves, or one of their Aids or Assistants; and a receipt signed by the Servant who shall receive it shall be a Sufficient voucher for the Contractors.
3rdly. No person whatever, in the departments of Quarter Master Genl. and of Millitary Stores shall sign any order or return for Provisions, excepting the Heads of those Departments, or such persons as shall be respectively appointed by them to perform this business; of such appointments the Contractors are to have Notice in Writing. No returns are to be made for any but those who are Necessarily employed in the said departments and who do not draw Provisions in any other Character. The rations, allow'd to each individual must be fix't and the returns must Specify the Number, Stations or occupations of the persons, the Numbr. of days to be drawn for, the Commencing and ending of the time, both days included, and the Number of rations in the whole; This return with proper receipts shall be sufficient vouchers for the Contractors. No fatigue rations to be issued in either of the departments of Quarter Masters Generals or Military Stores but by the particular Authority of the Superior Officer, a copy of whose orders must be Transmitted Monthly, with the Contractors Amounts.
4thly, Hospital: No officer or other person whatever, belonging to the General Hospital, shall sign or Countersign any orders or returns for Provisions, or Hospital Stores excepting the Superior Officer of that department at the post or place where such Provisions or stores are Necessary to be drawn; such Superior officer shall make out and sign two returns as follows viz. One return for all the Sick and Convalescents under his care, setting forth the Number of persons, the Number of days to be drawn for, with the commencing and ending of the time, both days included; the Number of rations, and at what allowance p. day for each class of sick or Convalescents; also pointing out by different lines, what regiments or Corps the persons belong to. This return with a proper receipt, signed by the Steward of the Hospital will be a voucher; he shall make and sign another return for himself and all the Officers and others under his Command or direction, setting fourth the Number of persons with their rank or stations, in distinct Columns, the Number of days to be drawn for, with the Commencing and ending of the time, both days included, and the number of rations; This return with a proper receipt or receipts will be a voucher. When such superior Officer draws an order for Hospital stores he shall express the Articles in Words at full length, and the Steward of the Hospital shall sign a proper receipt for them in like words also. No fatigue rations to be allowed any person in the department, except by order of the Physician or Surgeon Genl., a Copy of which order to be Transmitted with the Contractors Accounts.
5thly. All orders or returns for Provisions, for Prisoners of War at settled Posts must be signed by the Commissary of Prisoners or Town Major, if none, to be Countersigned by our Commanding Officer if any. These returns must shew in proper Columns the Number of each rank and station as also the Women and Children allowed to draw with the Number of rations to be drawn, the Number of days, with the Commencing and ending of the time. No prisoners are to draw more than two thirds of a ration, and that without liquor, saving such who are allowed otherwise by Capetulation; where whole rations are allowed, Vegetables and other Articles are to be Substituted for the liquor. In no returns is liquor to be drawn for the women with the prisoners, or any Compensation made for it. No Provisions to be drawn for any Prisoners who are out at Work.
6thly. The Commanding Officer of any Corps passing a post, shall sign the Orders for Provisions for such Corps, to be Countersigned by the Commanding Officer of the Post if senior; but for Detachments not Commanded by a Commissioned Officer, the Order must be signed by the Officer then Commanding at the post.
7thly. All soldiers acting as Servants with Arms, shall draw with their Corps, and all such soldiers who are annexed to Officers and are without Arms shall be drawn for by the Officers respectively with whom they serve.
8thly. As all victualling Returns are to be examined and checked at the War Office, in all the returns of Regiments and independent Corps, the absentee will be accounted for on the back of the returns.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 30, 1782.
Gentlemen: It is with great pleasure, I make use of the earliest occasion to acknowledge the receipt of your several Dispatches, by Col. Smith, which contain an ample account of your Proceedings in consequence of the Commission you were charged with by me. I have also received from Sir Henry Clinton an abstract of the same negotiations as stated by his Commissioners. From the whole Aspect of the matter, I have little doubt, the reasons you mention as the operating principles with the Enemy; have been the real cause of defeating the success of a Negotiation so desirable in itself and which promised to be so beneficial in its consequences.
I have transmitted to Congress a Copy of your Report, and have submitted solely to their decision the subject of future Exchanges not less lamenting the unreasonableness of our Enemies, than regretting the Miseries of War, which may be augmented and protracted by such unreasonable conduct.
I should do injustice to my own feelings on this occasion, if I did not express something beyond my bare approbation of the attention, address and ability exhibited by you, Gentlemen, in the course of this tedious and fruitless Negotiation; the want of having succeeded in the great objects of your Mission, does not however lessen, in my estimation, the merit which is due to the unwearied assiduity for the public good and the benevolent zeal to alleviate the distresses of the Unfortunate, which seem to have actuated you on every occasion, and for which I entreat you will be pleased to accept my most cordial thanks, and at the same time believe, that I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 30, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your two favors of yesterday, with their enclosures, were duly delivered to me.
I do not think any considerable alteration, need be made, respecting the out Posts, I approve your holding the Troops you mention, in readiness to support them; but it would not be eligable, to advance any more Artillery at present. The Detachments on the Lines, ought to be extremely vigilant. I have written to Mr. Sands, to furnish the Reserves, agreably to your requisition of the 6th. of Feby. last, and have no doubt of his compliance. I am etc.70
[Note 70: In the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, April 30, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A return of public boats specifying the different Species, condition, where and in whose Possession or care they are, is positively to be given in by the 6th. of May. The acting Quarter Master with the Army is directed to have all the Boats from Kings ferry to Wappings Creek inclusive collected immediately at the last mentioned place, except such as are so Necessary for the common purposes of the Army, that the duty cannot be done without them; He will Consult with Major General Heath and the Commandant of West Point to determine this, the preservation of the Boats in use must be attended to more strictly and the Officers or persons in whose charge they are left, must give their receipts, and will be held personally responsible for them; such flatt bottomed boats and Batteaux as are not fit for service are to be repaired without loss of time.
It is expected the Company of Watermen under the direction of the Quarter Master will at least be Competent to take care of the Boats; If more aid is necessary it will be granted, but no excuse for Negligence or Waste in such an important Article shall in future be admitted.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve.
By the United States in Congress Assembled, April 22, 1782.
Resolved, That from and after the first day of May next, all resolves of Congress, heretofore passed relative to rations, subsistence or allowances to officers over and above their pay, and what they are intitled to from the quarter master department, except the allowance to the general commanding the southern army, be, and they are hereby repeal'd: that from and after the first day of May next, each officer shall be intitled to draw daily the number of rations, and to receive monthly as subsistance the number of dollars and parts of dollars, affixed to their several ranks, viz.
All officers in the line of the army employed in any of the staff departments, shall be entitled, while acting therein to draw the same number of rations and like subsistance to which they are entitled by their ranks in the army; and when any persons, not in the line of the army, are employed in any of the staff departments, they shall be entitled to draw the same number of rations and subsistence as officers of the line, acting in similar stations in the staff with them, are entitled to draw. No compensation shall hereafter be made to those officers who shall neglect to draw rations to which they are entitled.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 30, 1782.
Sir: As the Contractors for supplying the Garrison of West Point &c are to keep constantly on hand a sufficient quantity of the Articles composing a Ration, for one Month's supply of such Posts falling under this Contract as shall be pointed out to them, by the Secry at War or Commandg Officer &c. I must therefore request you will pay the most pointed attention to the Requisition of Major Genl Heath on this subject, as stated in his letter to you of the 6th of Febry last. I need not inform you, that the want of compliance might be attended with very serious consequences; I am therefore persuaded you will constantly make such Arrangements as will render any future applications unnecessary. I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Headquarters, April 30, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to your Excelly. Copies of the Minutes of proceedgs. and Report of my Commissers. appointed to meet Comers. on the part of the British Genl Sir Hy Clinton, for the purposes mentioned in their Instructions (Copy of which is herewith communicated).
A private Letter from my Commissioners, and a Letter from Sir Hy Clinton, both written in Consequence of this Negotiation, are also inclosed for the Observation of Congress.
After this Display of the Subject, it is unnecessary, and it might be improper for me to make any Observations on these papers. I submit them to the Wisdom of Congress; and have only to Beg, for my own Direction, that I may be early informed of their Determination, how far any future Exchanges of prisoners of War shall be continued, under the practice which has been formerly adopted for that purpose.
I beg leave to point the Attention of Congress particularly to that part of the Commissrs Letter to me which mentions the Extension of a pardon to the Refugees in Service of the Enemy. Their Ideas on this Subject are so perfectly consonant to my own, formed on the principles of Policy and Expediency, that I cannot omit to notice it; and to Submit to the Consideration of Congress, whether the adopting this Measure, under proper Restrictions, may not be attended with happy Consequences to our Cause, and be equally productive of Ruin and Confusion to the British Interests in America.
Lamenting that the Benevolence of my Intentions, has been so totally defeated by the unhappy and fruitless Issue of this Negotiation, I have only to add that with the most perfect Regard etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 1, 1782.
Sir: You will issue Provision to the People employed in the Departments of the Quarter Master Gen and Comissy of Military Stores, upon the Returns of the Principals of those Departments now with the Army, until Notice of the new system of issues can be given by them to the Quarter Master Gen and Commissy of Military Stores, and their directions transmitted to the Contractors. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
May 1, 1782.
Sir: The inclosed Observations on the Nature and practice of Challenges, have been produced in Consequence of the Trial of M. Genl McDougall upon the Arrest of M Gl. Heath.
On this Occasion M Genl McDougal havg made Objections to several Members composing this Court, and no rules having been prescribed by Congress for the Regulation or Extent of these Objections, much Delay and some Difficulty have been74 experienced.
[Note 74: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "occasioned in the Formation of a Court Martial for the Above Tryal."]
For my future Government in Cases of this Nature, I wish you to submit the Matter to Congress and to obtain their Determination how far the practice of Challenges in Courts Martial shall be allowed, and to what Extent and for what Reasons, they shall be admitted.
You are sensible that By the Inspection Regulations, the Department of the Adjutant Genl is just afloat; this Matter was mentioned by me before my Departure from Philadelphia and a plan proposed. Genl Hand, on his Arrival informs me that nothing has been yet done to put it upon its proper Footing. You will readily perceive the absolute Necessity of takg up this Matter, and I beg you will take the earliest Opportunity to call the Attention of Congress to this Arrangement.
Much Uneasiness, I perceive is like to arise from the late Regulations for the Issues of Rations to the Officers after the 1st of May; in many Instances the Gentlemen conceive the Number assigned them inadequate to their Necessities, and their Circumstances will not admit their procuring provisions in any other Way: And this Grievance will be increased in their Apprehension, by an Order to remove the Pay Office from the Army to Phila. by which Means the Delay and Expence of procuring their Subsistence Money will be severely felt by them. If an Alteration in this ordonnance could be effected in Congress, it would be very agreeable to me. What these Alterations should be, your own knowledge of the Circumstances and Situation of our Officers, will as readily suggest, as I can dictate; but if it is not absolutely necessary, that a precise Number of Rations should be assigned them, I should suppose it would be better, under proper Restrictions, to revert to the former Mode, of their drawg. upon Option, not exceedg their several Allowances.
If the Pay M Genl is to have no Office or Money in Camp, how are my Warrants for Contingencies to be paid? or how is the Expence of Regimental P Masters or Agents to be borne while attendg their Settlements in Phila. and obtaing their Money. In the former Case, in many Instances, the Expence of gettg the Money, may exceed the Sum of the Warrant. I am &c.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 1, 1782.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Letter of the 22nd of April respecting the interference of the Contract for the Moving Army with the Contract for supplying the Troops in Jersey. I am happy to find your Ideas coincide so well with my own. And as no application has been made to me on the subject by the Contractors, I hope and expect these matters will be settled without coming before me.
By the enclosed Copy of a Letter to Mr. Sands you will be made more fully acquainted with my sentiments on the interference of the Contracts; I have besides informed some of the Contractors in conversation, that I cannot and will not, after that warning, be embarrassed by an attention to the interest of Individuals, so as to prevent my disposing of the Troops under my command in the most advantageous manner I am able. They seem to be sensible of the propriety of my observations, and disposed to do every thing that is just and equitable in the premises, remarking only that it would take some time, where there are so many seperate interests concerned, to bring about an Arrangement upon so large a scale. I have the honor etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, May 2, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Returns of the Number of recruits Joined the Several States Lines to the 30th, of the last Month inclusive, in consequence of the requisition of Congress of December last are to be made to the Adjutant Generals Office as soon as possible.
Untill further orders Returns of a Similar Nature are to be given in on the first of every Month, setting forth the Number of Recruits Joined the preceding Month.
At a Brigade General Court Martial held at the Jersey Hutts near Morristown April the 4th 1782 by order of Elias Dayton whereof Lieutent Colonel John Noble Cummings is President; Captain Abel Wayman,84 Ensign Jacob Hyer85 and Doct. Moses G. Elmer86 of the 2d Jersey regiment were tried being severally charged with a Scandalous and disorderly Conduct, such as is unworthy the character of an Officer and Gentleman.
[Note 84: Capt. Abel Weyman (Waymen), of the First New Jersey Regiment. He served to April, 1783.]
[Note 85: Of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to April, 1783.]
[Note 86: Surgeon's mate. He served to November, 1783.]
"The Court having duly considered the evidence against Captain Wayman, Ensign Hyer and Doct. Moses G. Elmer with their defence are of Opinion that Captain Wayman is not Guilty of the charge exhibitted against him and do acquit him; but find Ensign Hyer and Doctor Moses G. Elmer Guilty and according to Art. 5th. Sec. 18th. of the rules and Art. of War sentence them to be reprimanded by the Commander in Chief in General orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court Martial. He thinks the conduct of Ensign Hyer and Doctor Elmer in the highest degree reprehensible and that the Court has Treated them with great lenity.
Captain Weyman, Ensign Hyer and Doctor Elmer are released from their Arrest.
At a General Court Martial whereof Major Darby is President, Ensign Philip Corey,87 of the tenth Massachusetts regiment, charged with disobedience of the Orders of the Commander in Chief with respect to furloughs and exceeding the limitts of his furlough ten days.
[Note 87: He resigned in May, 1782.]
The Court after mature consideration are of Opinion that the reasons offered by Ensign Corey in his defence for exceeding the limitts of his Furlough are insufficient and do sentence him to be mulcted of his pay and subsistence for the ten days which he exceeded the limitts of his furlough and to be repremanded in General Orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court. Ensign Corey should not have overstayed his leave of absence without applying for and obtaining leave.
Ensign Corey is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, May 3, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The following Arrangement of the Captains in the Massachusetts Line being fixed by a board of General and field Officers duly authorised, is approved of by the Commander in Chief and is to be considered as conclusive:88
[Note 88: The arrangement of the 86 captains, showing rank number, regiment number, and date of commission, is given in tabulated form in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, but is omitted here.]
Head Quarters, May 3, 1782.
Sir: The Enemy, persisting in that barborous line of Conduct they have pursued during the course of this War, have lately most inhumanly executed Captain Joshua Huddy of the Jersey State Troops, taken Prisoner by them at a Post on Tom's River, and in consequence, I have written to the British Commander in Chief, that unless the Perpetrators of that horrid deed were delivered up I should be under the disagreeable necessity of Retaliating, as the only means left to put a stop to such inhuman proceedings.
You will therefore immediately on receipt of this designate, by Lot for the above purpose, a British Captain who is an unconditional Prisoner, if such a one is in your possession; if not, a Lieutenant under the same circumstances from among the Prisoners at any of the Posts either in Pennsylvania or Maryland. So soon as you have fixed on the Person, you will send him under a safe Guard to Philadelphia, where the Minister of War will order a proper Guard to receive and conduct him to the place of his Destination.
For your information respecting the Officers who are Prisoners in our possession I have ordered the Commisry of Prisoners to furnish you with a List of them; it will be forwarded with this. I need not mention to you that every possible tenderness, that is consistent with the Security of him, should be shewn to the person whose unfortunate Lot it may be to suffer. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 4, 1782.
Dear Sir: By the Letter to Brigdr General Hazen,90 which I have enclosed to you under a flying seal for your inspection you will observe the distressing alternative to which we axe at last reduced; I must request you will give that Letter a safe and speedy conveyance.
[Note 90: See Washington's letter to Brig. Gen. Moses Hazen, May 3, 1782, ante.]
As soon as the British Officer, whose unfortunate lot it is to be designated as the object of Retaliation, shall arrive in Philadelphia, it will be necessary to have a sufficient Escort, under the command of a very discreet and vigilant Officer in readiness to receive and conduct him to the Cantonment of the Troops of New Jersey; I pray you will be pleased to give the Orders proper for the occasion and direct the Officer Commanding the Party to apply to the Commandant of the Jersey Line, who will have final instructions respecting the matter.
Keenly wounded as my feelings will be at the deplorable destiny of the unhappy Victim; no gleam of hope can arise to him but from the conduct of the Enemy themselves. This he may be permitted to communicate to the British Commander in Chief; in whose power alone it rests to avert the impending vengeance from the innocent, by executing it on the guilty; at the same time it may be announced, that I will receive no application nor answer any Letter on the subject, which does not inform me that ample satisfaction is made for the death of Capt. Huddy on the perpetrators of that horrid deed.
Mr. Hiwell,91 Inspector of Music, who is charged with these Dispatches, will lay before you the state of the Drums and Fifes of the several Regts in this Army; the duty can scarcely be done for the want of them; it is therefore of importance the deficiency should be made up immediately; if Mr. Hiwell can be of any service in selecting or procuring the instruments, he may be detained until the business can be effected, if you think his services will compensate the expence to the public, if not he will return after furnishing you with all the information necessary to put it in a speedy train of execution. I have the honor etc.
[Note 91: Lieut, John Hiwell (Hivell, Hyewell), of the Third Continental Artillery. He was Inspector, or Superintendent, of Music of the Continental Army. On May 5 Humphreys wrote to Hiwell ordering him to proceed to Philadelphia by way of Elizabethtown, N.J., deliver the letter [May 4, q. v.] to Commissary of Prisoners Skinner, receive his letter for General Hazen and deliver that and Washington's letter [May 4, q. v.] to the Secretary at War, in Philadelphia; and receive further instructions from him. The draft of Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. Mr. Hyervell is furnished with twenty five Dollars for his Expences; all the Money that could be raised.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys; the P.S. is in that of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, May 4, 1782.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your Letter of the 1st Inst.93
[Note 93: "A commission from the King appointing me Commander in Chief of his forces in this Country having arrived by a late conveyance; I make it one of my first cares, to convince you of my wish to carry on the war agreeable to rules which humanity formed and the example of the politest nations recommends."-- Robertson to Washington, May 1, 1782. Robertson's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Sir Henry Clinton's resignation had been accepted and he had been so informed the last week in April. Sir Guy Carleton was appointed his permanent successor, and Robertson's commission was in force only for the short time that intervened between Clinton's resignation and Carleton's arrival in New York.]
Your Excellency is acquainted with the determination expressed in my Letter of the 21st. of Apr. to Sir Henry Clinton. I have now to inform you that so far from receding from that Resolution, Orders are given to designate a British Officer for Retaliation. The time and Place are fixed; but I still hope, the result of your Court Martial94 will prevent this dreadful alternative.
[Note 94: A court-martial had been ordered by the British on Capt. Richard Lippincott, who had commanded at the execution of Huddy. It convened on May 3.]
Sincerely lamenting the cruel Necessity which alone can induce so distressing a Measure in the present instance, I do assure your Excellency, I am as earnestly desirous as you can be, that the War may be carried on agreable to the Rules which humanity formed and the example of the politest Nations recommends and shall be extremely happy in agreeing with you to prevent or punish every breach of the Rules of War within the spheres of our respective Commands.
I am unacquainted with the circumstances of the detention of Badgely and Hatfield;95 the matter shall be examined into and Justice done; but I must inform you that in my Opinion, Deserters or Characters who for Crimes they have committed, are Amenable to the Civil Power, cannot on either Side, be
[Note 95: Abner Badgely and John Smith Hatfield. Badgely was from Monmouth County and Hatfield from Elizabethtown, N.J.] protected under the Sanction of a Flag. I do not pretend to say the above mentioned persons are in that predicament.
Recriminations would be useless. I forbear therefore to mention numerous instances which have stained the reputation of your Arms, marked the progress of this War, with unusual severity, and disgraced the honor of human Nature itself. While I wave this ungrateful discussion, I repeat the Assertion, that it is my most ardent desire, not only to soften the inevitable calamities of War, but even to introduce, on every occasion, as great a share of tenderness and humanity as can possibly be exercised in a state of Hostility. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, May 4, 1782.
Sir: I expected, in obedience to my order of the 20th. and agreeable to your Letter of the 22d. Apl that a Return of the Officers Prisoners in our possession would have been transmitted me immediately, and I cannot account for your delay. You will now inclose it to Genl Hazen and deliver it to Lieut Hywell who will be the bearer of this, and you will be particular in distinguishing in it such as are unconditional Prisoners and such as are taken under any Convention or Capitulation with the places where they are.
I must also desire that you will immediately Join the Army, prepared to continue bringing with you a Copy of the above Return. I am &c.
P.S. Be pleased to give me the circumstances of the detention of Badgly and Hatfield who are said to have been apprehended when under the sanction of a Flag.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker; the P.S. is in that of George Augustine Washington.]
Head Quarters, May 4, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to issue provision to the Taylors employed in making Clothing for the Army, upon Provision Returns signed by the Assistant Clothier General, specifying the person to whom, the Number of Rations, and the Number of Garments to be made by the person in whose favour the Order is drawn. This order to continue in force only until application can be made to and directions received from the Secry at War. I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of David Brooks and David Humphreys, and on it the following is entered by Brooks: "The above is the term of an order which the Contractors conceive will be the best on this occasion, as I cannot well specify the Number of days in the Return. D.B."]
[Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 5, 1782.]
[Dear Sir:] The subject of your Excellency's favor of the 23d of March was immediately referred to Major General Knox, who has direction to negotiate that business, so as to obtain the Brass Artillery, belonging to the State of Virginia, as soon as possible.
It is probable His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau will soon put the french Troops in motion; tho as yet, the Objects of the Campaign are not so decided, as to enable me, to inform you for what quarter. Whenever this movement shall take place, considerable quantities of the Equipage, Stores, and Artillery of that Army will be left behind; for the protection of which, the Count sollicits a Body of Militia may be stationed at the Posts of York and Glocester. I have the honor to inform your Excellency also, that we were obliged at the close of last Campaign, to leave some of our Artillery of Seige and Stores in that part of the Country, for want of the means of conveyance, these will now be totally exposed to loss, or destruction, unless steps are taken to prevent it.
Notwithstanding I am fully sensible of the Expences and Difficulties of calling Militia into service, and wish it may be avoided whenever it is not essential; I think in the present case some measure of this kind will be extreamly necessary, and have therefore to request Your Excellency's attention to, and compliance with the Requisition of the Count de Rochambeau. I have written to the Count stating the embarrassments, and praying that his Estimate of the Numbers wanted may be as moderate as possible, and have the fullest confidence that his application will be calculated accordingly. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: In the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are missing from the letter sent, but are supplied from the draft in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 5, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Excellencys Favr. of the 3d.
The Commissioners appointed by me to meet Commissioners from the British Commander in Chief, have unfortunately separated, without effecting the desirable purposes of their Mission, In consequence of which no Exchanges will at present be admitted untill I have the Direction of Congress for the Regulation of my future Conduct in this Respect. I have the Honor etc.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, May 5, 1782.
Sir: I should have done myself the honor of sending the letter herewith inclosed, earlier, but having no cypher established with your Excellency I was affraid to entrust it to the care of a common Express. It now goes by Baron Clossen and I trust will get safe to your hands. I shall again repeat, that with much consideration and great personal attachment etc.2
[Note 2: From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Does., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, May 5, 1782.
Sir: Your Excellency's favor of the 29th. of Apl. by Baron Closen arrived at my Quarters last Evening.
If the Enemy ever had an intention to evacuate Charles Town, that Idea I believe is now given up. Great revolutions in the British Councils have lately taken place; the particulars which are brought by the March Packet, will be conveyed to you by the inclosed New York Gazette which I send for your perusal. General Robertson who has for some time been Governor of New York, is lately appointed Commander in Chief in America; this information I have from his own Letter.
Port Mahon and the whole Island of Minorca is certainly surrendered to his Catholic Majestys Arms; this event is declared in N York; but I am posessed of but few particulars of the Capitulation.
My most cordial Congratulations attend your Excellency and the Officers of your Army upon the favors3 which you inform me have with so much Justice, been conferred by his most Christian Majesty. Be assured Sir I shall ever feel the most
[Note 3: This word in the draft is in the writing of Washington.] sensible interest and pleasure in every Event which bestows Honor or Emolument on such deserving Characters. The favorable mention which the King is pleased to make of me demands my warmest and most particular acknowledgments; this Honor done me will form an additional Tie to that indelible Gratitude, which4 binds me to the Person and Interests of his Majesty.†
[Note 4: The draft has the word "already."]
Convinced that the [Works at Newport would be of no Use to us; and that they might be of infinite Importance to the Enemy, should they have an intention to establish a Post there; from a bare apprehension of such an Event, I have requested the Governor of R Island to have them levelled; pointg him at the same time to the Necessity of preserving and maintaing Butts Hill if possible.
The Plans for the Campaign, depending so entirely upon the Succours which will be sent by his most Christian Majesty, I can do nothing more than form Opinions upon certain Hypothesis. If we should have a Naval Superiority and a Force sufficient to attempt N York, and you have not a secure Means of transporting your Troops by Water, for their greater Ease, to the Head of Elk, the Route you propose for their March by Land, is I am persuaded, the best that can be. It is to be feared that the maneuvre your Excellency proposes will hardly have its intended Effect, as it will be performed in so short a space, as to give no Time for its Operation before the Deception you propose would be disclosed.
If your March should take place before our intended Interview, the Time of its Commencement must be determined absolutely by your Excellency, in Consequence of Advice you shall receive from your Court and knowg the Epoch at which the Succours may be expected on this Coast; to delay it beyond this point, would waste the Campaign, and to commence at an earlier period, would disclose our plans and prepare the Enemy for our Approach.]
Every attention consistent with my means has been bestowed [on the Boats] and I hope to be tolerably provided with them.
I shall by this Opportunity communicate your request [for militia, to Govr Harrison.] I persuade myself that knowing [how expensive the Militia are, and with what difficulty they are drawn out, you will be as moderate as possible in your Requisition; and that you will leave nothing, that can well be avoided, to their protection.] With the greatest Esteem &c.
P.S. My letter to Governor Harrison is herewith Inclosed, under a flying Seal to your Excellency's care; to be sent whenyou see cause.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Benjamin Walker; the P.S. is in that of Washington. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress. The parts within brackets are in cipher, and the draft, in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., has the entire text from the † to the end of the letter marked to be put into "Mr. Morris Cypher."
On May 5 Humphreys wrote to Chaplain William Lockwood, of the First Massachusetts Brigade: "General Washington presents his Compliments to Mr. Lockwood and requests the favor of his Company at dinner on Wednesday next." The original of this is in the New York Public Library. A similar invitation was extended to Lockwood, on June 20, 1783, at the time of his retirement, and also one on an unidentified date Both of these letters are in the New York Public Library.]
Head Quarters, May 6, 1782.
Sir: On receiving information, by a representation from the Inhabitants of Monmouth County, of the cruel Murder of Captain Joshua Huddy of the Jersey State Troops by a party of Refugees from New York. I immediately informed the British Commander in Chief, that unless he delivered up the perpetrators of that horrid deed I should be reduced to the disagreeable necessity of Retaliating.
In answer to my Letter the British General informed me, that a Court Martial is ordered for the trial of the persons complained of; but at the same time says that those people offer in Justification of the fact, a number of instances of Cruelty committed by us and particularly in Monmouth County; tho' this is by no means admitted; but on the contrary orders are given to designate and send to Camp a British Officer, who, if my demand is not complied with, will be executed. Yet I cannot forbear observing to your Excellency that whilst I demand Satisfaction from the Enemy for the Violences they commit, it becomes us to be particularly careful that they have not the like claim on us, and I must beg you to make it known to all persons acting in a military capacity in your State that I shall hold myself obliged to deliver up to the Enemy or otherwise to punish such of them as shall commit any Act which is in the least contrary to the Laws of War. I doubt not of your doing the same with those who come under the Civil power.
The Enemy also complain of the detention of Hetfield and Badgely who they say were out, by direction of our Commissary of Prisoners, under Sanction of a Flag. I must beg your Excellency to inform me as soon as possible of the Circumstances attending their Capture and the causes of their detention. If those causes are not strictly just I could wish they were sent in.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
May 6, 1782.
Sir: I have this moment received your Letter of this morning, and am exceedingly obliged to you for your care in preventing the dangerous commotion which was threatened in your line.7
[Note 7: The Connecticut line mutiny was discovered and suppressed by Colonel Swift before it could come to its planned head. Two sergeants, Bunce and Parker, of the Third Connecticut Regiment, were arrested as the ringleaders.]
I have now to desire that you will apply to Major General Heath to appoint a Court Martial for the immediate Trial of the two Serjeants who were the Ringleaders and report their proceedings to me.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
May 7, 1782.
Sir: I have had the Honor to receive your Excellency's Favor of the 5th. Communicatg Intelligence from St. Croix, for which I beg you to accept my Acknowledgements and thanks.
It seems we are comg to a period when we are exceedgly in Danger of being imposed upon by the Insiduous Measures of our Enemy. You have doubtless seen the Intelligence from N York and the Debates in Parliament upon the American War, which the Country it seems are catching at as a prelude to a Speedy peace, upon principles of Independence. I will only mention to your Excelly that I have perused the several Motions which have been Made and the Debates thereon with great Attention, and upon serious Consideration am obliged to say that the whole appears to me merely delusory, calculated to quiet the Minds of their own people, and to lull the Exertions of ours, and that findg themselves hard pushed in other Quarters, they want to amuse us in America, whilst they attend to other parts of their Empire; which being secured, they will have Time and Means to revert to this Continent again, with hopes of Success.
An Idea of American Independence on its true principles dont appear thro' the whole Debates; but an Idea of reconnecting us to the British Nation, by dissolving our Connexion with France is too prevalent. I am etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, May 7, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The different Brigades and Corps composing the Army in the Highlands and New Jersey, will be inspected and Mustered on the following days viz. The New Jersey Brigade on the 10th. the York on the 12. The first Massachusetts Brigade on the 18th. the 2d Brigade and Cranes Regiment of Artillery on the 19th, and the 3 Massachusetts Brigade on the 20th. The 10th Massachusetts regiment on the 21st. The first Connecticut Brigade on the 22d. The 2d Connecticut Brigade on the 23d and the Commander in Chiefs Guards on the 24th Instant.
The several Corps are to be excused duty on the days they are Mustered, if the nature of the service they are employed on will possibly admit of it.
The Artificers and the Water Guard under Captain Prey10 are to be allowed one ration and a half pr. day when Actually employed.
[Note 10: Capt. John Pray (Prey), of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He was in command of the water guard on the Hudson River at Dobbs Ferry, and served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 7, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 6th. and am obliged to you for the Papers and Intelligence contained therein. Altho I can by no Means imagine the Enemy will give over an Offensive Naval War, or that all the Reports respecting their granting Independence, have any other design or tendency than to lull us into a state of more profound security and activity, if possible.
Some time ago the Proceedings of a Court Martial held in the Jersey Brigade were sent back, on account of their wanting that formality which is requisite in Capital Cases. I have since received certain Proceedings in form of a Letter but without signature, which I return by this conveyance, and cannot but observe that such things carry too great an appearance of negligence and inattention.
Urged by public duty and private friendship, I must take the liberty of telling you, that reports unfavorable to the attention of some of the Officers of the Jersey Line have prevailed, and that the discipline of the Troops is in consequence much relaxed. I am very sensible of the difficulties which attend the Command of Troops when Cantoned in their own State and of the causes which conspire to dissipate their Morals and ruin their discipline; but let me entreat you, Sir, that the utmost care may be bestowed in preparing and training the Men for the field; and that no officer of any rank whatever may be a single Moment absent from his Corps, without there shall be the most pressing and indispensible necessity for it. Col Stewart is now setting off to inspect the York and Jersey Brigades, I expect a particular Report by him. I am &c.
[P.S.] When did Sr. Henry Clintons Letters come within our Lines? they are dated so long back as the 25 and 27.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys; the P.S. is in that of Benjamin Walker.]
Newburgh, May 8, 1782.
Sir: As the plan of Campaign must depend entirely on the means that are put into my hands, of which I have scarcely a conjectural knowledge at this time, and, on the force of the Enemy at their different Posts, I shall be obliged to your Excellency (as the communication between Boston and Hallifax is open to Flags, which frequently pass) for the most accurate account which you can obtain, covertly, of the enemys Numbers at Hallifax and its dependencies, strength of their Works, temper of the Inhabitants, and such other intelligence as may be useful in a Military point of view; the same of Penobscot. I want, if possible, to have the whole before me at one view, that I may point my operations to such objects as I have means to accomplish; your compliance with this request and as soon as it is convenient to you will very much oblige, Sir, Yr. etc.12
[Note 12: The letter sent, in the writing of Benjamin Walker, is in private hands (1933). A photograph, kindly presented by George Dudley Seymour, of New Haven, Conn., varies in minor verbal particulars from Washington's draft.]
Head Quarters, May 8, 1782.
Sir: I had the Honor to receive your Excellency's Favor of the 24th of April, inclosing a Copy of your Letter to Congress on the Subject of American prisoners confined in England; with your Sentiments on the Necessity of Retaliation.
I am sorry to inform your Excellency, that a Meeting of Commissioners which had, Among other matters, been concerted for the purposes of a general Exchange, comprehendg. that a release of our Countrymen prisoners in Europe, as well as others, has been unhappily dissolved, without effecting any One of those benevolent purposes, which, on our part, were the Object of their Mission. This Circumstance I fear, will place any future Exchanges, at a great Distance. no means however in my power, will be omitted to effect so desirable an Event.
I have the Honor to concur fully with your Excellency on the Subject of Retaliation, and to inform, that the Circumstances attendg. the Death of Captain Huddy, are like to bring that Object to a point. A Demand has been made by me for the perpetrators of that horrid Deed; the Reply to this Demand, received from Genl Robertson, is not satisfactory; I have informed him therefore, that Orders are given to designate by Lot, a British Officer of the Rank of Capt Huddy, for Retaliation; that the Time and place for his Execution are fixed, and that nothing can stay my Resolution from being carried into compleat effect, but a strict Compliance with my first Request. I expect Genl. Robertsons next Answer will bring this ungrateful Business to an Issue.
I am Obliged by your Hint respecting the powder;13 Genl. Knox, in whose Department it is, shall be informed, when he arrives from Philadelphia.
[Note 13: In Connecticut available as a loan to the Army.]
If the Demands of the Campaign, which is not yet fully decided, should require for the powder of your State, it will be thankfully received. With great Sincerity etc.14
[Note 14: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 8, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your Dispatches of yesterday have been handed to me.
I am astonished to hear the Recruits which have arrived from Massachusetts are so very improper for service, after all the precautions and pains that have been taken to avoid a repetition of such horrid impositions on the Public; unless there are some circumstances that I am unacquainted with, and cannot conceive of, I think the Officer who mustered them ought to be instantly relieved, ordered to Camp, and arrested upon his arrival; the two french Deserters should be sent back if there is an opportunity, if not, they may be confined until they can be returned, or delivered over to some of the Commanders of His most Christian Majesty.
I wish to know what Arrangements you have lately made respecting the Recruiting Service in Massachusetts, and that you would give any additional Orders you may think necessary.
An Order was issued yesterday that Artificers while actually at Work, and Capt Prays Water Guard, should be supplied with a ration and a half pr day. I cannot conceive there is any necessity for extending the order to my own Bargemen, or any common Watermen on the River.
The matters in dispute respecting the Contract are under consideration. Most of the difficulties as to the mode of issues complained of since the first of May, appear to result from the Contract itself. 'Tho it were much to be wished, I do not very well see how the Commissys under the Contractor are to be prevented from becoming acquainted with the strength of the Troops to which they issue;15 they will at least know very nearly the efficient force, by the number of rations delivered.
[Note 15: The draft at this point has the following crossed out: "and all possibility of imposition at the same time avoided."]
Your regulation concerning the small Pox is perfectly satisfactory. There is no mode pointed out for returning Invalids, who have recovered, to their former Corps; but I will advise with the Inspector upon it.
I would not have the New Arms broken in upon, so long as there are old Ones in the Store fit for use, when there are not, new ones must be drawn for the Recruits; but those out of repair, are by no means to be exchanged for New Arms. I am etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of David Humphreys.
On May 8 Washington wrote briefly to Lieut. col. Samuel Canfield, commanding the Connecticut levies at Stamford, to allow Mrs. Brinkerhoff and Mrs. Adriance, attended by Mr. Wycoff, to visit their relations in Queens County on Long Island. Mrs. Close was also to be passed through. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (May 8) Washington wrote briefly to Philip Schuyler that circumstances prevented accepting his invitation to visit Albany. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 17: From New Hampshire to Virginia, inclusive.]
Head Quarters, May 4[-8], 1782.
Sir: I find myself arrived at that period at which I hoped to have seen the Batallions of the several States compleated to their Establishment in conformity to the requisition of Congress of the 19th December last.
The inclosed returns of Recruits which I have caused to be made up to the 1st Inst. will shew how totally short of my expectation the Exertions of the States have fallen; from your State you will find that none18 have joined the Army in consequence of the above requisition.
[Note 18: This phrase, of course, varied in each circular; e.g., that to Connecticut read "only Eight Recruits have joined etc." and that to Maryland substituted for this paragraph: "From the Returns which I have been able to obtain of Recruits furnished by the several States, I am very sorry to observe that there Exertions to this Time, are almost totally short of this expectation."]
All my Accounts from Europe concur in declaring that the19 Ministry of England are still determined to prosecute the War. It becomes therefore our decided duty, to be prepared to meet their hostile intentions, in whatever way they are to be carried into Execution, to do which our utmost Exertions are now called for. You will suffer me therefore to intreat, that if your State have any expectations from the Military Operations of this season, not another moment, may be lost in providing for and carrying20 into execution, the full completion of their Batallions. It is scarcely necessary to inform you that on this expectation all our calculations must be formed and on this Even must rest the hopes of the ensuing Campaign.
[Note 19: The draft in the Washington Papers reads "the British King and Ministry" and some of the circulars so read.]
[Note 20: The draft at this point reads: "into most effectual execution." The circular sent to Pennsylvania also contains these words.]
My intelligence of the actual Aid we may expect from our Allies, is not yet so explicit, as will lead me to decide absolutely on the mode of Operation for this Campaign; but were our expectations of Support from that quarter ever so promising, yet from the Negligence and Languor of the States, from whence our own Exertions are to Spring, I am not at this day enabled to give any Assurance of our being prepared to Co-operate with our Allies in any great Objects, equal to their Expectation or our own abilities. I am sorry to say I have the best authority to assure your Excellency, that the Court of France is much dissatisfied with the want of Vigour and exertion in the States, and with that disposition which appears willing at least, if not desirous, to cast all the burthen of the American War upon them. Waving the Injustice and Impolicy of such a temper (which to me appears very conspicuous) how humiliating is the Idea, that our dependance for support should rest on others beyond that point which absolute necessity dictates? how discouraging to our Allies, and how dishonorable to ourselves, must be our want of Vigour and utmost Exertion, at a time when if we are not wanting to ourselves, our prospects are the fairest, that our wishes could extend to.
I find from the proceedings of the several States, that their Calculations of Deficiencies, formed on Application to the several Towns who furnish the Men, are greatly different from the returns sent from the Army. I forbear mentioning many reasons, which might be assigned for this difference, and which in my opinion Originate principally within the State; and will content myself with this one observation, That should the States deceive themselves in this respect, and fail to furnish the expected Force in the Field, they will not only cast an essential injury upon the Army, but the unhappy consequences of a failure in their expectations, from Military Operations, will reverberate upon themselves, whilst recrimination can have no effect towards alleviating our protracted Misfortunes and Distress.
Altho' Money matters are not within the Line of my duty yet as they are so intimately connected with all Military Operations, and being lately informed by the Financier, in Answer to some small requisitions on him, that he has not yet received, one penny in Money from any one State, upon the requisition of Congress for the 8,000,000 Dollars, whilst on the contrary some of the States are devising ways, to draw from him, the small sums he has been able otherwise to establish and that he is at this time barely able to feed the Army, from hand to Mouth; I cannot forbear to express my apprehensions on that head; and to urge, with the warmth of Zeal and earnestness, the most pointed and Effectual attention of your State to the actual raising and collecting their proportion of the mentioned requisition. Upon the present Plan of Non Compliance with requisitions, for Men and Supplies, let me seriously ask your Excellency, how it is possible for us to continue the War? how is it possible to support an Army, without Money or Recruits? to what a wretched State must we soon be reduced? how dangerous is it to suffer our affairs to run at hazard, and to depend upon contingencies? to what do the present Measures tend, but to the utter ruin of that cause which we have hitherto so long and so nobly supported? and to crush all the fair hopes which the present moment places before us, were we only to exert the power and Abilities, with which Providence has bountifully blessed this Country. But if the States will not impose, or do not collect, and apply, Taxes for support of the War, the sooner we make Terms the better; the longer we continue a feeble and ineffectual War, the greater will be our distress at the hour of submission. For my own part I am fully convinced, that without the means of execution, no Officer, who ever he may be, that is placed at the Head of the Military Department, can be answerable for the success of any Plans he may propose or agree to.
Upon this subject I will only add, that from past experience, and from present prospects, I am persuaded, that if the States would furnish the supplies agreeable to the late requisition, and would suffer the Pay, Cloathing, and subsistence, of the Army to go thro' one common Channell, two thirds of their former Expences would be saved; and many partialities, discontents, and Jealousies, which now subsist, would be removed and cease and an establishment of Order, regularity, and Harmony, in our general Affairs, would be experienced, which cannot from the present disjointed and different Systems of Finance, adopted by seperate States arise.
While acting in my Military capacity, I am sensible of the impropriety of stepping into the line of civil Polity; my anxiety for the general good, and an earnest desire to bring this long protracted War to a happy Issue, when I hope to retire to that peacefull state of domestic pleasures, from which the call of my Country has brought me, to take an active part, and to which I most ardently wish a Speedy return; I hope will furnish my excuse, with your Excellency and the Legislature, while I request your pardon for this Trespass.
[If I should have occasion for the Militia of your State, the Call will be Sudden; and their Movements must be rapid, otherwise great expence will accrue, and only disgrace and disappointment will follow. For these reasons I beg leave to recall your Excellency's attention to my Letter of the 5th. of March last and to pray most earnestly that every previous Arrangement may be taken to facilitate their March when requested.] I have the honor etc.
P.S. May 8th. 1782.
Since writing the above, I have been furnished with sundry English and New York Papers containg the last Intelligence from England, with the Debates of Parliament upon several Motions made respecting the American War; least your Excellency may not have been favoured with so full a Sight of these papers as I have been, I take the Liberty to mention that I have perused these Debates with Care and Attention, with a View, if possible, to penetrate their real Design: And upon the most mature Deliberation, I am obliged to declare it as my candid Opinion, that the Measure, in all its Views, so far as it respects America, is merely delusory; having no serious Intention to admit our Independence upon its true principles; but is calculated to produce a Change of Ministers, to quiet the Minds of their own people and reconcile them to a continuance of the War; while it is meant to amuse this Country with a false Idea of Peace, to draw us off from our Connection with france and to lull us into a State of Security and Inactivity; which takg Effect, the Ministry will be left to prosecute the War in other parts of the World with greater Vigour. Your Excellency will permit me on this occasion to observe, that even if the Nation and Parliament are really in earnest to obtain peace with America, it will undoubtedly be Wisdom in us, to meet them with great Caution and Circumspection; and by all means to keep our Arms firm in our Hands; and instead of relaxing One Iota in our Exertions, rather to spring forward with redoubled Vigor, that we may take the advantage of every favorable Opportunity, untill our Wishes are fully obtained. No Nation have ever yet suffered in Treaty, by preparing, even in the Moment of Negotiation, most vigorously for the field.
The Industry which the Enemy are using to propogate their pacific Reports, appears to me a Circumstance very suspicious, and the Eagerness with which the people, as I am informed, are catchg at them, is in my opinion, equally dangerous. I am etc.21
[Note 21: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The P.S. is from the circular sent to Maryland, and is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The paragraph in brackets was omitted from the circulars sent to Maryland and Virginia, There were minor verbal variations in word arrangements, etc., in nearly all of the circulars as sent. In addition to photostats of this circular as sent to various of the States, there is in the Washington Papers the draft of the circular and the original of the one sent to Pennsylvania. Both Sparks and Ford print this letter under date of May 4, omitting the paragraph in brackets.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 10, 1782.
Sir: I have given the most peremptory orders that no Flags from the Enemy shall be received at any other place or post but Dobbs's ferry on any business or pretext whatever, and that no flag from us to them shall (for any reason however pressing) be permitted to pass to the Enemies Lines, except from the same place.
This I thought essentially necessary for many Reasons, which I doubt not will occur to your Excellency, and therefore request your aid in carrying the measure into effect, and that you will be pleased to communicate your orders to all persons who may have occasion to be acquainted with the matter in the State over which you preside.
These Orders, are given to all officers commandg. on the lines in the several States contiguous to Posts occupied by the British, which I shall cause to be rigidly obey'd and hope for the concurrence of the civil Power in preventing all other intercourse with the Enemy. I have the honor etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 10, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to enclose to Your Excellency, the Copy of a Letter of this date to Colonel Canfield, prohibiting the practice of sending Flags from, or receiving them at any place except the Post of Dobbs' Ferry. This I thought essentially necessary for many reasons, which I doubt not will occur to your Excellency, and therefore request your aid in carrying the measure into effect; and that you will be pleased to communicate your Orders to all Persons, who may have occasion to be acquainted with the matter, in the State over which you preside.
Orders similar to those of Colonel Canfield are given to all the Officers Commanding on the Lines, in the several States contiguous to Posts occupied by the British; which I shall cause to be rigidly obeyed; and shall hope for the concurrence of the Civil Power, in preventing all other intercourse with the Enemy as far as possibly can be done. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. This same letter was also sent to Gov. William Livingston, to which was added the following P.S.: "I am told there is quite an open intercourse between the City of New York and the County of Monmouth, by means of prostituted Flags of Truce."]
[Note 24: Surgeon general of the Eastern Department, Continental Hospital.]
Newburgh, May 10, 1782.
Sir: Your letter of the 12th. of April was long on its passage to me. I have endeavoured to recollect every circumstance respecting my employing--Hatfield for the purpose of obtaining intelligence, while the Enemy were at Elizabeth Town in the spring of 1780; what follows is the result.
The Morning after I marched the Troops from their Hutts near Morris Town, to oppose the advance of the enemy; and while we lay at the pass near Springfield; a person of the name of Hatfield (I suppose, and believe it was Moses) was brought to me (either by Colo. Dayton, Colo. Ogden or the deceased Mr. Caldwell, or perhaps Colo. D'Hart) with intelligence of the enemy's strength, and what he had seen of their movements the preceeding day; adding that, it was in the power of him, (Hatfield) to go into, or communicate with People in Elizabeth town and bring me further information. being suspicious of the name, I expressed my apprehension to the Gentleman who introduced him to me, that he was rather sent by the enemy to our Camp for, and would carry intelligence, than bring such as would be serviceable to us: but having my fears quieted on this head, by assurances that he wished us well; and had it more in his power (by means of his connections) to be useful in this way than most others, I engaged him to get into the enemy's rear (for at that time we supposed them to be at the Connecticut Farms) and ascertain more particularly their strength and designs, either from observation or enquiry, whether any particular mode was pointed out to him by which he was to attempt this. whether it was proposed by, or expected of him at the time, to go upon Staten Island, I do not recollect; nor can I charge my memory with having had any transaction with him since.
I wish most sincerely, that in a matter which nearly concerns the essential interests of any individual, I could be more explicit; but what I have hear said is the substance of my best recollection. I am etc.
Head Quarters, May 10, 1782.
Sir: I had the Honor last Evening to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 7th, with the several papers inclosed.
Ever since the Commencement of this unnatural War, my Conduct has borne invariable testimony against those inhuman Excesses, which in too many Instances, have marked its various progress.25
[Note 25: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "and stained the Reputation of Briton's."]
With respect to a late Transaction, to which I presume your Excellency alludes, I have already expressed my Resolution, a Resolution formed on the most mature deliberation, and from which I shall not recede.
I have to inform your Excellency, that your request of a passport for Mr. Morgan26 to go to Phila. shall be conveyed to Congress by the earliest Opportunity; And I will embrace the first Moment I have it in my power, to communicate to you their Determinations thereon.
[Note 26: Dr. Maurice Morgann, secretary to Sir Guy Carleton.]
Many Inconveniences and Disorders having arisen from an improper Admission of Flags at various posts of the two Armies, which have given rise to Complaints on both Sides; to prevent abuses in future, and for the Convenience of communication, I have concluded to receive all flags from within your Lines, at the post of Dobbs Ferry and no where else; so long as the Hd Qters. of the two Armies remain as at present. I have the Honor etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Friday, May 10, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Untill further orders no flagg from the Enemy at New York is to be received at any other place or post but Dobbs ferry on any business or pretext whatever, nor is any Flag from us to them to be sent from any other place. Officers or others bringing despatches from the Enemy are to be Stoped at Dobbs Ferry and their despatches immediately forwarded to Head Quarters. It is expected that all Officers Commandg on the lines or else where will pay the strictest attention to this order.
Head Quarters, May 10, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency the inclosed papers No. 1. to 4. inclusive28 they contain a continuance of the Correspondence which has been produced between me, General Robertson and Sir Henry Clinton in the case of Capt. Huddy; that from Sir Henry Clinton did not come to hand, till some days after the receipt of General Robertsons Letter and after my reply to the latter. I am in daily expectation of an Answer from General Robertson, which I hope will bring this ungrateful business to a conclusion.
[Note 28: No. 1 was a copy of Robertson's letter to Washington, May 1; No. 2, a copy of Washington's reply, May 4; No. 3, a copy of Sir Henry Clinton's letter to Washington, April 25; No. 4, a copy of Clinton's letter to Washington, April 27. The originals of 1, 3, and 4 are in the Washington Papers.]
I take this Opportunity to convey to Congress sundry English and New York Papers which have within a few days past been put into my hands, their Contents are new and interesting and I take the earliest occasion to present them to Congress.
Altho' I view the Debates so far as they convey proposals of pacification to America to be idle and delusory yet I cannot but express my fears for the effect they may have upon the Exertions of the States which are already too feeble and void of energy. The People, so far as I am informed are catching at the Idea of Peace with great eagerness. And the Industry which the Enemy are using for its propogation is to me a very suspicious Circumstance. For my own part I view our situation such, that instead of relaxing we ought to improve the present Moment as the most favorable to our Wishes. The British Nation appear to me to be staggered and almost ready to sink beneath the accumulated weight of Debt and Misfortune; if we follow the blow with vigour and energy I think the game is our own.
Just as I was closing these Dispatches a Letter from Sir Guy Carleton is handed me, covering sundry Printed Papers, a Copy of which with the papers I have now the honor to inclose to your Excellency together with the Copy of my answer to him and flatter myself my conduct thereon will be agreable to the wishes of Congress.29 I have the honor &c.30
[Note 29: The other inclosures were: Copy of extracts of information laid before Sir Henry Clinton of acts of cruelty and barbarity committed by Americans; copy of affidavit of William Mullock as to the hanging of Daniel Current by Lord Stirling; copy of affidavit of Isaac Alyay as to same; copy of affidavit of Aaron White as to the killing of Philip White; copy of Carleton's letter to Washington, May 7; copy of Washington's letter to Carleton, May 10.]
[Note 30: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have enclosed to your care Letters for Col Canfield, and Major Woodbridge (the latter under a flying seal) forbidding Flags of Truce to be sent or received except by way of Dobbs Ferry. Similar instructions are given to the Commanding Officer in Jersey. And you will perceive that the same prohibition is announced to the Army in the Orders of this day. I am etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 10, 1782.
Sir: I have given the most preemptory Orders, that no Flag from the Enemy shall be received at any other place or post but Dobbs ferry, on any business or pretext whatever; and that no Flag from us to them shall, (for any reason however pressing), be permitted to pass to the Enemys Lines, except from the same place.
You will take measures for carrying this Order effectually into execution, so far as relates to the Posts in Jersey within the limits of your command, and the Places at and from which Flags have been received and sent, by immediately putting in Arrest any Officer who shall presume to contravene the intention of this Order on our side; and by detaining as Prisoners all persons who may come from the Enemy with Flags, after this regulation has been announced in such a manner as that the British Commander in Chief may give directions for the prevention of this practice in future. I have written to Sir Guy Carleton on the subject, and presume the Letter will reach him by the time this is delivered to you.
[A Copy of this I have also communicated to Governor Livingston, whose concurrence and assistance in the execution of the measure I have solicited]. I am etc.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. This same letter, omitting the part in brackets, was sent to Lieut. Col. Samuel Canfield and Maj. Theodore Woodbridge.]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor of Yesterday accompanied with Dispatches from Sir Guy Carleton and a note from Major Scott.33
[Note 33: Pray, in his letter of May 9, calls Scott a brigade major.]
I cannot omit to express to you the pleasure I have experienced from the propriety of your Conduct in stopping Majr Scott at your post, and forwardg the Dispatches by an Officer of our own. And I beg you will accept my sincerest Thanks on this occasion.
The inclosed packet contains my Reply to Sir Guy Carlton, which you will be pleased to deliver to the Officer bearing the flag, and let him depart as soon as possible. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1782.
Sirs: We have received your proposals of Yesterday; In consequence of which we now send you Heads of the several Complaints which the Officers have exhibited to the Commander in Chief against your Execution of the Contract. We wish you to examine them severally, and to give us your Ideas upon each seperately, specifying to us under which Mode of Settlement proposed by you, each Article of Complaint shall be ranged, and how far your proposals will apply to each. Upon this ground we will make our further Reply to your proposals. Only observing that your proposition for layg the Army under Bonds, we fear, if insisted upon, will cast an insuperable Bar against a Composition in this Way. Because the Army, not being the contractg party, will not conceive themselves under any Obligation to come into such a Measure.
To shew you what Sentiments the Secty at War has conceived respectg a Mode for settling the Difficulties complained of, we now inclose you an Extract from his Letter of 3d. Aprl. to the Commandr in Chief,35 on this Subject: you will make such improvement of it as you think proper. We are &c.36
[Note 35: The letter (April 3) from the Secretary at War is in the Washington Papers. The extract was: "Mr. Sands (who says he is conscious of having in every instance demeaned himself properly) is willing to submit an investigation of the whole business to any impartial persons, not of the army, who may be appointed for the purpose."]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., and the letter sent was signed by Humphreys and Trumbull.]
Head Quarters, May 11 1782.
Sir: My present uncertainty respectg the Operations of the Campaign prevents my giving you at this Time a decided Answer to your Request respecting the Invalids you mention being in Phila. If your Regt. should be ordered to Pennsylvania (as is possible) it would subject the poor fellows to a very needless and tedious March. This Indecision I suppose will prevent your sending at present for your Family. I am &c.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 38: Jean Louis Ambroise de Genton, Chevalier de Villefranche, major of Continental Engineers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 12, 1782.
Sir: After making the proper Estimates of Plank which will be necessary for Platforms in the Batteries in case of the seige of New York, I have to request you will without loss of time arrange that business with the Quartr Mastr Genl or his Asst with the Army, and that you will inform him in writing specifically, of all the Articles which will be required of that Department, that measures may be instantly taken for Providing them.
You will be pleased to advise me as soon as may be, of the result of this Arrangement. I am &c.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, May 12, 1782.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
A board Consisting of Major General Lord Stirling, Brigadier General Hand and Colonel Nichola will assemble at such time and place as may be agreed by them, to examine into the principles of the late Arrangement of the Subalterns in the Connecticut Line and to report their Opinion whether the principles are Consonant to those pointed out as the basis of such settlement by the board of General Officers convened at Dobbs ferry in August last, and whether the said Arrangement ought to be conclusive or not. The papers relative to this business at Head Quarters will be laid before the board and all persons concerned are notifyed to exhibit such other representation and testimony as they shall think proper.
A state of all the guards and Detachments from the different Regiments is to be delivered in at the orderly Office by Wednesday next, in order to observe whether any alteration of the position and strength the guards &ca is Necessary, and to make provision for doing duty by Corps.
The regimental Surgeons are desired to make regular Weekly returns of the Sick of their respective regiments to Doctor Craick, Chief Physician with the Army.
AFTER ORDERS
At a General Court Martial held at West Point by order of Major General Heath whereof Colonel Greaton is president, the following Prisoners were tryed:
George Willson, a soldier belonging to the late 12 Massachusetts Regimentt, charged with deserting from a Detachment when on Command at White Plains.
The Court adjudge the prisoners guilty of the charge against him in breach of Article 1st sect 6 of the rules and Articles of War, but as the prisoner surrendered himself under the Proclamation of his Excellency the Commander in Chief offering pardon to Deserters, they are of Opinion he should be excused from punishment and released from confinement.
Elijah Kelly a recruit raised for the Massachusetts Line charged with Desertion, found Guilty in breach of the above mentioned Articles of War and sentenced to receive One hundred Lashes on his bare back.
Serjeant Gerred Bunce and Wyman Parker of the third Connecticut Regiment and Lud Gaylord, soldier of the first Connecticut regiment charged severally with endeavouring to excite a Mutiny in the Connecticut Line and also not discovering an intended Mutiny to their Officers when they knew a plan was laying and a Combination forming to carry it into execution.
The Court having Considered the Charges and Evidence against the Prisoners, serjeant Gerred Bunce, are of Opinion that the charge of endeavouring to excite a Mutiny in the Connecticut. Line is not supported and do acquit him of it. They are also of Opinion that the Evidence respecting the Charge against him of not discovering an intended Mutiny to his Officers when he knew a plan was laying and combination forming is insufficient to Convict him of it and they do acquit him of it.
The Court respecting the Charges against sergeant Wyman Parker are of the same Opinion that they are of respecting serjeant Bunce and do acquit him of the Charges against him.
The Court having considered the Evidence respecting the Charges against Lud Gaylord are of Opinion that he is Guilty of endeavouring to excite a Mutiny in the Connecticut Line, and that he is also guilty of not discovering an intended Mutiny to his Officers when he knew a plan was laying and Combination forming to carry it into execution, which is in breach of the latter part of Art. 4. Section 2d. of the rules and Articles of War and the Court (upwards of two thirds agreeing) do sentence him to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the Opinion of the Court Martial and orders the execution of Lud Gaylord on Monday the 13th of May instant.
Serjeants Jerred Bunce and Wyman Parker and George Willson to be released from Confinement.
Elijah Kelly to receive his punishment at such time and place as shall be convenient to the Officer Commanding the regiment he belongs to.
Head Quarters, May 12, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to settle with the Engineer what number of plank and other materials will be necessary for the proposed Operations of the Campaign; and as soon as this is ascertained you will make immediate and effectual provision for obtaining them in the earliest and best Manner.
You will also take Measures to inform yourself what Number and kinds of public Boats there may be remaing in any part of Connecticut and on the Sound, of those which were provided in that Quarter in the Year 1780, or at any Time since, and make your Report to me as soon as possible. I am &c.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, May 13, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Mr. Nathaniel Sackett has obtained permission from the Commander in Chief to suttle to the Army untill further orders, upon conforming to the regulations for Conducting that business which will be pointed out to him by the Quarter Master General.
Head Quarters, May 13, 1782.
Sir: In Consequence of [Majr. Genl Heaths representn. to you, before my arrival at this place and] your Letter of the 3d. of April. [I wrote a letter of which No. 1 is a Copy to Maj. Genl. Heath and obtained a specification of complaints made by the Officers against the Contractors No 2]
Upon Receipt of this Colos. Humphry and Trumbull held a Conference with Mr Sands [at my desire] and inclosed is their Minutes of the Conversation, No. 3.
The papers No 4, are Messrs Sands Letter to Colo H and T. inclosing proposals, which followed the above Conversation.
No 5. Contains the Answer to the above proposals, and transmitted the Heads of Complaint to Mr Sands.
The Reply to this you will find in No 6, which appears plausible; but yet puts the Matter upon such footg that I see no probability of closing the Matter here to any Satisfaction. I therefore transmit the whole to you, [praying they may be laid before the Financier] that such future Measures may be taken as shall [be thought] proper.
Only observing that this State of Complaints respect the first Contract only, and that other Complaints against the Moving Contract, which are now formg by the Officers, will soon be transmitted.
You will notice particularly in the Minutes No 3, that Mr Sands disclaims all connection with the Army, and holds himself independent of any other person, but Mr Morris, and that his Tie upon him is but very slender. If this is really the Case, many Inconveniencies will doubtless arise, and the Army may be reduced to a deplorable Scituation.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 13, 1782.
Dear Sir: In reply to your favors of the 8th. 10th. and 11th. I have to observe: that Mr. Parker42 ought to be transferred; that
[Note 42: Lieut. Levi Parker, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in May, 1782, and retired in January, 1783.] the subject mentioned in your private Letter of the 10th. should excite particular vigilence on the part of the Officers; that Lieut Col Badlam should be relieved; that as General Glover (an extract from whose Letter I enclose) has at the request of the General Court appointed Mustering Officers, the necessity of sending others to the different places of Rendevouz will be superseded, unless you think you can send more suitable characters, in which case you are at full liberty to do it; that it will be certainly best to send on the Sergeants you propose to conduct the Levies; and also the Subalterns, upon condition they will go at their own choice and expence, or that the State will support them: for Congress having Resolved that the Recruits shall be brought on at the expence of the States to which they belong, no money can be allowed, by the public, for the purpose. I wish you to consider yourself authorized to take any further measures in this business you may deem expedient.
I approve your sending the french Deserters to the Consul at Philadelphia.
As soon as the season will possibly allow it with safety, the first Mass. Brigade may go into Tents.
I am making Regulations respecting the commutation of Rum or Whiskey, which will be published in Orders.
By the Orders of the 30th. Ulto. all Troops except those composing the Garrison of West Point, or actually stationed at the enumerated Posts dependent thereon, were meant to be comprehended under the general idea of the moving Army; and consequently the Connecticut Line, 3d Mass. Brigade and 10th. Regt. were to be supplied under the Contract for the moving Army. I did not suppose the Contractors for West Point were compellable to supply any Troops except those at the above mentioned Posts, without their own particular concurrence, after the other Contracts took place; altho I was sensible there would be a discrimination in the issues. I am etc.
P.S. I am favored with yours of this day; the Deserter from the York line is sent back to the Provost of West Point.43
[Note 43: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 13, 1782.
Sir: I transmit you herewith, a complaint of Lt. Allen44 against the settlement of Rank as fixed by the Board of Officers for the Massachusetts Line.
[Note 44: Lieut. Nathaniel Colt Allen, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was made captain of same in October, 1782; transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regimentin June, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
It signifies very little to appoint Boards of Officers for these matters, if their determinations are not to be final, and am to be eternally troubled on the subject. If, thro' any mistake or otherwise, manifest injury is done to any individuals by the late Arrangement, those mistakes should be rectified by the Board, or at least such steps taken, as will for once put a final Stop to disputes of this Nature. I am &c.45
[Note 45: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On May 13 Humphreys wrote to Pickering, by order of the Commander in Chief, to furnish hospital tents and other articles for the accommodation of the sick in the field, agreeable to the requisition of the Chief Physician of the Army. Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, May 14, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The pay Masters of the several regiments will apply to the assistant Clothier General for shirts and Harts. As there is not at present a full Supply of Harts for the Army, two regiments in the Massachusetts Line and one in the Connecticut must remain unsupplied untill Hatts can be procured: which will be as soon as possible. The Commandants of regiments are to determine by Lott or consent what regiments shall receive the Hatts in store. The regiments of the Massachusetts Line which have lately received shirts and Harts from their state Clothier are not to be considered in the present distribution.
As there may be some little difference in the size of Hatts the several regiments which are fortunate will cast Lotts who shall have their first choice. It is expected the Commanding officers of the Corps which shall be completed with Hatts will be extremely attentive to give them a military and Uniform appearance by cutting, cocking or adding such other decorations as they think proper. The Clothier will use his utmost efforts to obtain Harts or caps for the three Regiments which cannot be furnished from the stock now on hand.
Previous to every inspection, the Clothier General or his assistant will furnish the inspector with an abstract of the cloathing which has been issued to each regiment since the last inspection: that by comparing these accounts with the Company Book and the Articles actually in possession of the soldier, the oeconomy of the regiment may be evinced; and all kinds of negligence or irregularity be prevented.
The Clothier is, if practicable, to obtain worsted shoulder Knotts for the Non-commissioned Officers. The serjeants are to be distinguishd by one on each shoulder, and the Corporals by one on the right. In the mean time it is proposed that a piece of white Cloth should be substituted by way of distinction.
Major Bailies46 is appointed an Extra Aid de Camp to the Commdr. in Chief, and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 46: Major Hodijah Baylies.]
Head Quarters, May 15, 1782.
Sir: The inclosed additional Contract formed by Genl Schuyler with Mr. Duer, came to Hand a few Days ago. I transmit it to you together with an Extract of the Letter which accompanied it, and hope the transaction may meet with your Approbation. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On May 15 Washington wrote briefly to Philip Schuyler acknowledging "the Counterparts of an Additional Contract with Mr Duer....I am much obliged by your Care and Attention to this Business." The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Newburgh, May 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: I should be glad to know whether Colo. Pickering is detained in Philadelphia by proper authority, or whether his remaining there is to answer any valuable purpose?
I am sorry to add, but I cannot well avoid it, that for any good, or even knowledge I derive from this Gentleman, in his Office, I might almost as well act without a Qr. Mr. Genl. When I arrived at Phila. in Novr. last and found I was to be detained there by a vote of Congress, I informed Colo. Pickering of it, and that it was necessary I should have the heads of departments with me, to make the arrangements for the ensuing Campaign. He replied, that his papers had gone on to New Windsor, that some matters called him there for a few days; but that he would return emmediately. Instead of this, I saw nothing of him for three months, and had only one or two Letters from him during his absence. When I was about to leave Phila. I requested to know when he would be on, having many matters to settle with him) his answer was, in ten or twelve days; near 60 have elapsed, and now I hear (not from himself) that he does not expect to be here in half as many more.
The consequence of expecting every hour to see him, has prevented many orders, and caused much delay in essential preparations. In a word, I am left totally in the dark with respect to every matter, and thing in his department, and do not know at this hour when the Army will be able to take the field, or whether it can be done at all. I am etc.48
[Note 48: Lincoln answered (May 21): "Colonel Pickering is at his Home at the falls of Schuylkill where he has been for some days, I have repeatedly asked him when he should go to Head Quarters and always received for answer that he was at any time ready whenever he could be supplied with the necessary cash to enable him to discharge the duties of his office on his arrival; without that he could not go.... It is the opinion of Mr. Morris as well as of Colonel Pickering that he had better be absent from Camp than be there without money. I am myself of a different opinion. Nothing will I think bring him to Camp but an intimation from your Excellency that he must leave this place whether he receives the money he wishes for or not." Lincoln's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, May 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have to reply to your several favors of the 6th and 7th Instant.
I have taken measures to obtain the sentiments of the Officers respecting their Rations so soon as I am favored with them they shall be communicated to you.
When a furlough was granted to Major Woodson49 for three Months, it was determined that he should join his Regiment at the expiration of that time or should resign; he may therefore be considered as no longer in Service. Major Reid50 is not in that predicament; the Resolves of Congress point out
[Note 49: Maj. Tarleton Woodson, of the Second Canadian Regiment. Heitman states that he resigned in March, 1782.]
[Note 50: Maj. James Randolph Reid.] the mode of procedure against Officers who neglect to Join their Corps.
I have ordered the Rhode Island Regiment to Join this Army immediately except such a party as it may be necessary to leave for the purpose of escorting to the Jersey line, the British Officer on whom I am unhappy to say I fear we shall be obliged to retaliate.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, May 15, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 23d of April, with the several Returns inclosed.
It being very necessary that the utmost Care should be used in the Disposal of our Military Stores; I shall be glad to be informed by whose order and for what purpose, the 1060 Muskets mentioned in the Return, were delivered; also the 2 Brass pieces of Ordnance, the Bayonets Cartridges and other Stores.
As these Deliveries are since the first of febry last, I can scarcely think that the Muskets mentioned can be those I directed last Fall to be delivered to the Order of the State of N Carolina, and cannot well conceive for what other purpose they could have been delivered. I am &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, May 15, 1782.
Sir: If you are not detained in Philadelphia by unavoidable means, and for valuable purposes, it is much my wish that you should repair to this place as soon as it can be done, conveniently.
I am in total ignorance of your powers, and prospects of carrying the Army into the Field; and indeed of many other matters which are essential for me to know. The hourly expectation which I have been in, of seeing you with the Army, has prevented me from issuing some very necessary orders, and caused delays which I fear will be injurious to the operations of the Campaign.
I am induced to write thus, as I learn from your assistant, that it may yet be sometime before you arrive at this post.
[Your two Letters of 23d and 30th April have been received. A Daily expectation of your Arrival has prevented their being acknowledged before this.53 I am &c.]54
[Note 53: Pickering answered (May 29): "I have been favoured with your Excellency's letter of the 15th instant, which would have been acknowledged by the subsequent post, had I not been made to expect a small supply of money the same week, by the bearer of which I meant to write to your Excellency: but in this expectation also I was disappointed." Pickering then relates what measures he has taken and how he is forced to remain in Philadelphia until he can obtain a supply of money with which to satisfy, to an extent, the creditors of the Quartermaster Department. Pickering's letter is in the Washington Papers, indorsed by Trumbull: "Excuse for remaing in Phila."]
[Note 54: The portion in brackets is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 15, 1782.
Sir: Immediately upon the receipt of this, you will put the Rhode Island Regt. in motion, and conduct it by easy marches and the most convenient route, to join the Army on the North River. You must take care to bring on with you every man who is able to march, except such a Detachment as the Secry at War may think proper to order as an Escort for the British Officer who is to be sent to the Jersey Line for the purpose of Retaliation; this detachment which ought to be composed of picked Men under a careful Officer to join the Regt. wherever it may be as soon as that duty is performed.
You will pay particular attention to the discipline and regularity of the Regt while on the March, seeing that the Men do not straggle from the Corps, destroy fences for fuel, or commit any other outrages whatever against the persons or property of the Inhabitants. I am etc.
P.S. You will come by the way of Kings ferry and give me notice two or three days before your arrival there.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, May 15, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter1 by the Baron Steuben; and take the earliest opportunity to return the Enclosure. I could easily have excused your sending it to me; as I have so bad an opinion of the Writer of that Letter to you, that I wish never to hear or see any thing more of so infamous a character.56 I am etc.57
[Note 56: Tallmadge's letter to Washington of May 9 says: "I have just received a Letter from Mr. Silas Deane, which at the request of its Author, I beg leave to present to Your Excellency." Tallmadge's letter Is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, May 16, 1782.
Sir: When I conversed with you last on the subject of an Issuing Store at this place, or New Windsor, it was suggested that one might be so placed as to supply the Post at fish Kill, the Hospital &c. without much inconvenience, and for this purpose I requested a return of the Number of Rations which were deliver'd for each that I might be enabled to judge with more propriety of the expediency of the Measure.
Upon more Mature consideration of this Matter, resulting from the frequent complaints of the Hospital, and other department for want of an Issuing Post on this side of the River, where they can be furnished with more ease and less loss I am convinced of the absolute necessity of two, and therefore desire in pointed Terms, that you will no longer delay to establish them accordingly.
Alth' the Weather hitherto has been remarkably cool, the Meat of the last Issues to the Hospital I am informed was spoiled before it could be used; the same has happened in other instances. That justice therefore, which is due to the Army, must be attended to, as well as your particular convenience and Interests; a Contract not conducted to the reciprocal advantages of both parties must dissolve itself or dissolve the Army; it is unnecessary therefore to add any thing more on the subject unless it is, that if you can substitute any other mode that will give satisfaction to the parties concerned it will be agreable to Sir, etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, May 16, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The General is extremely concerned to learn that an Article so salutary as that of distilled Liquors was expected to be when properly used, and which was designed for the comfort and refreshment of the troops has been in many instances productive of very ill consequences. He calls the attention of officers of every grade to remedy these abuses and to watch over the health of their men, for which purpose he suggests the expedient of keeping liquor Rolls in every Corps, from which the Name of every soldier shall be struck off who addicts himself to drunkenness or injures his Constitution by intemperence; such soldiers as are Struck off are not to draw liquor on any occasion, but are to receive other articles in lieu thereof. The Quarter Masters upon receiving such commuted Articles are to receipt for the full amount of the rations included in the returns: that there may be no irregularity in the Accounts.
The vile practice of swallowing the whole ration of liquor at a single draught is also to be prevented by causing the Serjeants to see it duly distributed daily and mixed with Water at stated times; in which case instead of being pernicious it will become very refreshing and salutary. An object so essential to the health of the Men ought not only to be super-intended by the Officer of Police, as it is worthy to attract the attention of every Officer who is anxious for the reputation of the Corps to which he belongs, the welfare of individuals and the good of service. But it rests principally with the Commandants of Corps to have so useful a regulation carried effectually into execution, as well as to preserve cleanliness, Oeconimy and good order, within the spheres of their respective commands.
Major General Heath will be pleased to settle with the Brigadiers and Commanding Officers of Brigades the quantity of liquor proper to be drawn in kind by the troops, after which he is authorized to commute by agreement with the Contractors the rations of Whiskey or such proportions of them as may be Judged Necessary, for Vigitables or other articles agreeably to the prices fixed in the Contracts to the component parts of rations.
Head Quarters, May 16, 1782.
Sir: As soon as you have concluded with the Officers, the Quantity of Rum or Whiskey which will be best to be commuted, agreeable to the Orders59 of this Date, you will be
[Note 59: The draft reads "General Orders."] pleased to notify Mr. Sands (who if necessary will attend you for the purpose) and agree with him upon the particular Articles in which the Compensation shall be made. With Regard etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, May 17, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Commander in Chief proposes to take an early Occasion of reviewing the Army again; previous to which the Commandant of Artillery will have a sufficient Number of blank Cartridges made to give ten rounds to every man.
Major General the Baron Steuben will be pleased to point out the Manoeuvres to be performed and give the Necessary directions to the Troops Accordingly. The Light Infantry Companies are to be completed to the establishment out of the First Recruits of a proper discreption for that service which shall be received in the several State Lines. None but men enlisted for the War or three years are to be comprehended in this order.
Head Quarters, May 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with yours of the 13th. instant. Disagreeable to me, as the Measure is, I am compelled by necessity to give Orders to Genl Hazen to select an Officer from among those under Capitulation or Convention; inclosed are my Instructions to him, which you will be pleased to forward.
I think it necessary and expedient that the Aide's D Camp, to the Brigadiers, and the Brigade Majors, should both be kept in Service; the latter with the additional pay formerly allowed them. Under proper Regulations and Restrictions, I am persuaded the Measure of Regimental Hospital Tents will be very useful and salutary. I have desired Doctrs Corkran and Craik to give me their Sentiments on the plan for Execution,61 which I have thought best to inclose for your consideration. I am &c.62
[Note 61: In the Washington Papers under date of May 18, and signed by Drs. John Cochran, James Craik, and Henry Latimer.]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your two favrs. of the 16th and this Day. In Reply to the postscript of the first, I can only say, that the Report of the Commissioners who met at Elizabeth Town, has been sent on to Congress, with a Submission to them, how far Exchanges in future shall be practiced. However desirable all Exchanges may be, nothing further can be done untill I am furnished with the Determination of Congress to govern my future Conduct in this matter. I am &c.
P.S. Col Swift may be absent as requested.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.; the P.S. is in that of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 18, 1782.
Sir: It was much my Wish to have taken for the purpose of Retaliation, an Officer who was an unconditional prisoner of War. I am just informed by the Secy at War, that no one of that Description is in our power. I am therefore under the disagreeable necessity to Direct, that you immediately select, in the Manner before prescribed, from among all the British Captains who are prisoners either under Capitulation or Convention, One who is to be sent on64 as soon as possible, under the Regulations and Restrictions contained in my former Instructions to you. I am etc.65
[Note 64: From Lancaster, Pa.]
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 18, 1782.
Sir: Yours of the 14th. Instant, I have rec'd and am obliged to observe that the proceedings of the court martial of which Lt Colo. Cummings is president are executed in such a manner as to carry the strongest marks of hurry and inattention. The opinion of the Court is noted in a most singular Manner, viz "The Court are of opinion, after the most mature deliberation that three of the Prisoners are Guilty of the Charges exhibited against them and sentence the five to suffer Death," not in consequence of their being Guilty of a breach of any of the Articles of War by which Courts Martial are to regulate their opinions, but according to what they stile the Customs of War and usages of Nations in similar Cases.
Congress having been particular in pointing out the Cases wherein Courts Martial may pass sentence of Death, any opinion given upon different Principles be the crimes ever so notorious cannot with propriety meet with my approbation. I must therefore dissolve the Court and wish that the Civil Power may take such steps for the punishment of the Offenders as may seem to them proper.
I am of opinion that the Court could not, consistent with the strict Letter of the oath as contained in the Article of War submit their proceedings to any other than the General Commanding a separate department or the Commander in Chief; though the Custom of our army has in many Instances been different. I am &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.
In the William Ely Collection, Providence, R. I., is an interesting memorandum, headed "Notes for Genl. Washington." It is indorsed with the date May 18, 1782, and was found among Baron Steuben's papers. It is a list of 8 things suggested as needing attention since Steuben's Regulations were put in practice. The eighth item reads: "When the regulations were published the Establishment of the Army was three serjeants and three Corporals to each Company but the Establishment having been since altered to five Serjeants and three Corporals, insted of the former method of posting the N. Comssd. Officers the following is for the future to be Observed: A Serjeant to cover the Captain. A Serjeant to cover the Lieutenant. A Serjeant to cover the third file from the right of the 1st. platoon. A Serjeant to cover the 3d. file from the right of the 2d. Platoon. The first serjeant to cover the third file from the left of the 1st. Platoon. The first Corpl. to cover the third file from the left of the 2d. Platoon. The other two Corporals in Rank and file on the left of the Company agreeable to the following Plan of the formation of a Complete Company:A photostat of this document is in the Washington Papers, kindly furnished by Mr. Sly. The lieutenant symbol is reversed in the original.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, May 18, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Upon a late visit to the Hospitals the General was pleased to find them in such good order. He is happy in persuading himself the most tender and assiduous attention will continue to be paid to the sick and wounded; and that the circumstances of the Public will enable them to be amply Supplyed with Medicines, refreshments and accomodations.
May 19, 1782.
Sir: The inclosed papers have been produced to me to prove the term of inlistment of John Chamberlayne of your Regt.67 By these papers it appears that his time of Service expired some time since.
[Note 67: Second New York Regiment.]
I desire you would have an enquiry made into this matter and acquaint me with the result. Chamerlayne has my permission to remain at home 'till the affair is determined. I am &c.
P.S. Two Judicious Officers must be immediately Sent on to receive the proportion of Levies destined for your Line; they will call on me for Orders.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb and Hodijah Baylies; the P.S. is in that of Benjamin Walker.]
May 19, 1782.
Sir: I have recd your favor of yesterday. Orders shall be given to the Contractors at the upper Posts to furnish Provision for the Levies in those parts in such quantities and to such persons as the Governor shall direct. The Levies at Bedford may draw from the nearest Continental place of Issue and those at Orange Town from Dobbs ferry. Orders will be given accordingly.
I have given Capt. White69 an Order for the Ammunition necessary for the troops to go to the frontier. I am &c.
[Note 69: Capt. Andrew White, of Weissenfels' New York levies.]
N.B. The order was for 24 Rounds Cartridges and flints for 300 Men.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker and Hodijah Baylies.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 20, 1782.
Sir: I have recd your Letter of the 11th. Inst and another without date the former inclosing the proceedings of a Court Martial held for the Trial of Shem Kentfield.71 Inclosed you have copy of the General Orders approving the proceedings and a Warrant for the Execution of the Prisoner. The place of Execution is left to you; the necessity of the Contractor's furnishing Hard Bread when required has been mentioned to Mr Morris who will doubtless take measures accordingly. I am &c.72
[Note 71: Private in the First New Hampshire Regiment.]
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, May 20, 1782.
Sir: It has been suggested to me that a considerable number of the Levies raised by the State73 for 8 Months, might be Inlisted into the Continental Regiments for longer periods, provided such a measure was encouraged by their Officers.
[Note 73: Of New York.]
When it is considered of how little Service these Men are, when detached for so short a time, and what Essential benefits will accrue, not only to the public at large but to this State in particular, from their being Inlisted into the Continental Regiments of this State; I cannot but be persuaded, that you will do all in your power to forward it; but as much will depend on the Encouragement given by the inferior Officers, who are more intimately connected with the Men, It would not be amiss for you to explain to those Gentlemen, the very Essential Service they will render Country by encouraging these Inlistments, and as the Continental line must be compleated it will make no difference in their Commands whether we Inlist them or they are obliged to send them by Detachmt.
In conversation with Governor Clinton I was glad to hear he had already recommended this matter to your attention, I wish you to follow any directions he may have given you. I am &c.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 75: Contractors for supplying the moving Army.]
Head Quarters, May 20, 1782.
Gent: I think it proper to acquaint you that such of the Levies of this State as shall be directed to serve in the lower parts of this State are to be considered as part of the moving Army and are to be supplied accordingly.
A Detachment of them is ordered to Bedford and another to Orange Town.76 I have directed them to draw from the nearest place of Issue to their respective Posts. You will be pleased to give the necessary orders to your Commissaries accordingly. I am &c.74
[Note 76: These detachments were composed of New York levies.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, May 20, 1782.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
The General did not make any public remarks on the last inspection Returns, because at that time several Corps had not received their New Cloathing and consequently a difference of appearance was unavoidable. He cannot however conceal the pleasure he received from finding the Two regiments of New York in the best order possible: by the report of the inspector General, which also concured with his own observation.
As on the one hand it will afford the highest satisfaction to the Commander in Chief to have frequent opportunities of giving honorable Testimony to Military merit, so on the other, he is convinced the good of the service and the faithful discharge of his duty requires that every remarkable instance of demerit, want of attention, or Negligence should meet with reprehension. He will not therefore hesitate to commit to the Records of the Army what shall appear to him to be the destinguishing characteristick of any particular Corps.
[Note 77: Contractors for supplying the Northern Department.]
Head Quarters, May 20, 1782.
Sir: I think it proper to inform you that Such of the Levies raised by this State as may be ordered to serve in the upper Country are to be supplied under your Contract.
You will please to take Govr Clintons directions to whom you are to issue and Should any of the Levies be detached on the Frontiers to places so remote as to render it impossible for you to issue to them, the Governor will in that case draw on you for such quantities of Provision as will be necessary and appoint proper persons to Issue it. I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On May 20 Washington wrote to Maj. Gen. William Heath granting permission to send a sergeant to Boston to assist in forwarding hats for Colonel Greaton's regiment "provided no charge is to be brought against the public therefor." This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, May 21, 1782.
Sir: I take the earliest Moment to inform your Excellency, that your Request of a passport for Mr Morgan to go with Dispatches to Philadelphia, is disagreeable to Congress and cannot be admitted.
A Number of the Inhabitants of the State of So. Carolina, principally Women and Children, having under the British Administration, been sent from Charlestown to Pennsylvania; I have the Honor to propose that proper passports may be given from Your Excellency for their Safe Return, with their Baggage to the State of So Carolina. And as these unfortunate persons have been removed by Orders of the British Commanders, I am directed further to propose, that the Expence of their Transportation shall be borne by the King of G Britain, and that your Orders may be given for that purpose.
Your Excellency will oblige me by giving an early reply to this proposal; the persons havg been long absent from their own State and Friends, are anxious to return to their Homes, in the most easy and expeditious Manner. I am &ca.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 21, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 18th. by Mr. Skinner, from whom I have also learnt that a flag which lately arrived with Prisoners from New York, has been detained in conformity to my orders on that subject until further directions should be received; in which you have acted very properly. But you will on the receipt of this suffer the flag to return, informing the Officer that no more flags are to be sent from or received at Elizabeth Town, and that any Persons coming from the Enemy to that place with a flag hereafter, will be considered and held as Prisoners. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, May 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: While the Qr Mr. is endeavouring to furnish the bearer (who is said to be charged with important dispatches for Congress, from France) with a fresh horse; I set down to acknowledge, in haste, the receipt of yr. favor of the 30th. Ulto; and to thank you for the information which it contains.
We wanted no fresh opiate to increase that stupor into which we had fallen, but I much fear that the idle, and delusive offers of Peace with which the Country resounds, will, if it is not powerfully counteracted, be exceedingly injurious to us; not (I apprehend) from any disposition in the people to listen to improper terms, but from a misconception of what is really meant, and the arts which are used to make them believe that Independence, and what not, are proffered to them. Under these ideas they ask, why need we be taxed, or why need we be put to the expence and trouble of compleating our Battalions?
It is to be hoped, that the dispatches which are now on their passage to Congress, will announce the aids wch. are intended for us by the Court of France, as it is high time the plan of Campaign was known, which cannot be the case till we have materials to project one. Would to God there may not be too much truth in the British account (in the York Gazettes) of the advantages gained by her in the Naval Action off Gaudaloupe; it may be productive of a total derangement of the plans of the French Court, this Campaign.
If there should be any Letters for me, from the Marqs. De la Fayette under cover to you, or Congress, I shall be thankful to have them forwarded by the return of the Express, or any other safe and speedy conveyance, as I wish much, to be relieved from my present state of suspence with respect to many matters which I presume will be the subjects of the Letters he may write. I have the honr. etc.
Newburgh, May 22, 1782.
Sir: With a mixture of great surprise and astonishment I have read with attention the Sentiments you have submitted to my perusal. Be assured Sir, no occurrence in the course of the War, has given me more painful sensations than your information of there being such ideas existing in the Army as you have expressed, and I must view with abhorrence, and reprehend with severety. For the present, the communicatn. of them will rest in my own bosom, unless some further' agitation of the matter, shall make a disclosure necessary.
I am much at a loss to conceive what part of my conduct could have given encouragement to an address which to me seems big with the greatest mischiefs that can befall my Country. If I am not deceived in the knowledge of myself, you could not have found a person to whom your schemes are more disagreeable; at the same time in justice to my own feelings I must add, that no Man possesses a more sincere wish to see ample justice done to the Army than I do, and as far as my powers and influence, in a constitutional way extend, they shall be employed to the utmost of my abilities to effect it, should there be any occasion. Let me conjure you then, if you have any regard for your Country, concern for yourself or posterity, or respect for me, to banish these thoughts from your Mind, and never communicate, as from yourself, or any one else, a sentiment of the like Nature.81 With esteem I am.82
[Note 81: The above letter is the answer to Nicola's letter of May 22, 1782, from Fishkill, which inclosed an unsigned, 7-page document, in the writing of Nicola, which, after discussing the plight of the Army, its hardships, lack of pay, suffering, etc., entered into a discussion of the various forms of government, the inefficiency of Congress and then proposed a "scheme" for obtaining the just dues of the Army. "This war must have shewn to all, but to military men in particular the weakness of republicks, and the exertions the army has been able to make by being under a proper head ... it will, I believe, be uncontroverted that the same abilities which have led us, through difficulties apparently unsurmountable by human power, to victory and glory, those qualities that have merited and obtained the universal esteem and veneration of an army, would be most likely to conduct and direct us in the smoother paths of peace. Some people have so connected the ideas of tyranny and monarchy as to find it very difficult to seperate them, it may therefore be requisite to give the head of such a constitution as I propose, some title apparently more moderate, but if all other things are once adjusted I believe strong arguments might he produced for admitting the title of king, which I conceive would be attended with some material advantage. ... Republican bigots will certainly consider my opinions as heterdox, and the maintainer thereof as meriting fire and fagots, I have therefore hitherto kept them within my own breast. By freely communicating them to your Excellency I am persuaded I run no risk, and that, tho disapproved of, I need not apprehend their ever being disclosed to my prejudice." This document and its forwarding letter are in the Washington Papers.
Nicola's agitation at receiving Washington's rebuke was such that he wrote three times (May 23, 24, and 28, which letters are in the Washington Papers) to the Commander in Chief, apologizing for making the suggestion. These letters are manly compositions, indicative of the relations subsisting between Washington and his officers. In the letter of May 24 Nicola said: "I solemnly assure your Excellency that I have neither been the broacher, or in any shape the encourager of the design [for the army] not to seperate at the peace 'till all grievances are redressed, but have often heard it mentioned either directly or by hints."]
[Note 82: At the close of this draft the following note, also in the writing of Washington, is added: "The foregoing is an exact Copy of a Letter which we Sealed and sent off to Colonel Nichola at the request of the writer of it. D. Humphreys Aid. de. Camp. Jona. Trumbull, Junr. Secty."]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your Favor of the 15th. is received, with its several Inclosures.
The Resolution of Congress respectg. the Inhabitants of So Carolina, would have been communicated to the British Commander in Chief in N York, before this Time, but for the disagreeable Circumstance of Retaliation which has intervened; the purport of that Resolve is transmitted in my Letter of Yesterday to Sir Guy Carleton.
Inclosed is an Extract of a Letter from B Genl Irvine at Fort Pitt, respectg a Number of unfortunate friendly Indians, whose Circumstances are distressed, and who ought to be provided for; I transmit it for your Consideration, and request that Measures may be taken for their comfortable Relief. I am &c.
P.S. I inclose to you a Copy from the Genl Orders of last Year respectg Promotions in the Corps of Sappers and Miners, and have to desire that Commissns may be sent forward agreeable to the several Appointments. The Letters Inclosed you will please to forward by the first favorable Opportunity.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Favor of the 13th. communicating to me the formal Annunciation to Congress, by the Minister of France, of the Birth of a Dauphine.
Measures are ordered to convey to the Army the News of this happy event, wch. will be celebrated with such Demonstrations of Joy as the Occasion requires and our Circumstances will admit.
This Information will be transmitted to Genl. Greene that the Army, under his Command, may participate in the general Joy. I have the Honor etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Hodijah Baylies.]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1782.
Sir: I have been bond with your Excellys two Favrs. of the 15th. of March and 11th. of April.
I am happy to Observe the good Disposition of the State over which you preside; their Exertions seem to rise in proportion to the Distresses in which they have been involved. The Act for Recruitg your Line I hope may be attended with happy Consequences.
Our Affairs at this moment are placed in a most critical Situation, a Situation which claims all our Wisdom and Vigor. The Enemy are again trying the Arts of Delusion and Seduction. A total Revolution in their Ministry will be announced to you; this will probably produce a Revolution in Measures, not, I fear, favorable to a speedy Restoration of Peace. Sir Guy Carleton is arrived at N York with propositions of Conciliation similar to those [made?] in 1780.85 Ostensible and Delusory, the Consequences [mutilated] Time must disclose.
[Note 85: See the letters of John Adams to the President of Congress, Mar. 23 and Mar. 24, 1780, and the resolves of Congress of Oct. 18, 1780.]
I feel myself honored by the very polite Claim which you are pleased to make upon my friendship and shall ever be happy in an Occasion to manifest to your Excellency the Esteem with which you have impressed me, and to convince you thereof by any Communications worthy of Notice in your public Capacity. I have &c.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1782.
Sir: Your two favors of Yesterday have been received.
The General just going out, directs me to reply, that it is his Desire that upon the Arrival of Colo Badlam, you should Order him immediately in Arrest, producing such Charges against him as you find can be properly supported, for which purpose at will be necessary perhaps to take an Examination of the Recruits who are rejected.
The Baron will be inspectg in a few Days and will determine what shall be done with the Men you mention. It is his Excellencys Opinion, that they should be sent back at all Events, even if we never get a Man in their place; retaing them with the Army will be insuring an expense without any real Service.
The Intentions of the Enemy, be they what they may, should sping [sic] the Officers in general and those on the Lines and Out post more particularly to double Vigilence and Activity; the lulling Opiates lately handed out to us from the Enemy, have not been administered without Design. I hope they will fail to produce the Effect Desired.
The inclosed Letter for Sir Guy, the Genl Desires may be forwarded to Capt. Pray, who may be furnished with a Flag for its Conveyance, at a convenient Opportunity. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J. Trumbull Jr."]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your three Favors of the 7th. 13th and 15th of April are received, with their several Inclosures.
A Variety of circumstances at this Time conspire to prevent an ultimate Decision upon the Operations of the Campaign.
Before this can reach you, a total Change of Men and Measures, which has taken place in G Britain, will be announced to you; what will be the consequences of this Revolution, cannot with certainty be declared. Already, Sir Guy Carleton is arrived at N York, charged, as he says, with a Commission of peace, in conjunction with Admiral Digby; his Terms of Conciliation, which have been sent to me, bear the Aspect of those brot by former Commissrs. in the Year 1780, merely ostensible and Delusory.
As soon as our plan of Operations is fixed, which I hope will soon be done, you will be informed of every Measure necessary to be communicated to you. In the mean Time I forbear entering into any particular Details.
Genl St Clair is not yet arrived at my Camp. I shall defer makg any reply to your proposed Regulations of the Army till I have seen him.
I am very glad to hear of the safe Arrival of Mrs Greene at your Quarters, and most sincerely give you Joy of the Event. Mrs Washington joins me in most cordial compliments to Mrs Green, and our hearty good Wishes for her and your Health and happiness.
Within a few Days the happy Event of the Birth of a Dauphin of France, has been formally announced to Congress by the Minister of France; its Celebration has been observed in Phila and is directed to be noticed in the Army, with such demonstrations of Joy as are thought proper for the Occasion. This will be done here, and I now make the Communication to you, that the Officers of your Army may take an Opportunity to participate in the General Joy. I am &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1782.
Sir: Yours of the 27th. Ulto. I have received. The Artillery stationed at the post at Stoney Point, is considered as barely sufficient for its defence; should any detachment therefore be made for the purpose mentioned it might be exposed, as the ships should they make their appearance, favour'd by a small breeze, would be able to pass the fort before it would be possible to return the piece to its station. I cannot therefore with propriety give the order you request.
I must acknowledge myself obliged for your spirited offer, and if it does not interfere with the arrangements of the Artillery that Genl. Knox may make upon his arrival, a piece shall be station'd at the fort for the purposes alluded to in yours.89 I am etc.90
[Note 89: Hay had requested the loan of a cannon for Haverstraw with which to oppose British craft that came up the river occasionally. Hay's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1782.
Sir: I have received your two favrs. of 30th Apr. and 4th instant.
It was very well, in the Situation of the Recruiting Business in your State, that you interposed to put it on a more promising footg. I wish it may now proceed with better Success and more Dispatch than has hitherto attended it.
In the Situation of your Health, as described by you, it would I think be impossible for you to attend your Duty in Camp. It would therefore be useless for you under such Circumstances to join the Army. But, altho I have no reason to doubt your Report, yet as the absence of Officers of your Rank from active Service, is apt to be particularly noticed, and is liable to be construed into partial Indulgence [unless there is evident cause for it,] I must request, for my Justification, as well as your own sake, that you will attend to the general Regulations prescribed in Cases like yours, and send me the necessary Certificates of your Physicians, of your State of Health. As soon as it shall be judged that your Health will permit, I shall expect that you will immediately join the Army without loss of Time. I am &c.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 22, 1782.
Sir: I have been favored with your two Letters of 20th April and 2d May, and am much obliged by your Vigilence and Attention.
An Extract respecting the removing and Support of the Indians, I have transmitted to the Secty at War, and desired him to take measures for the relief and Comfort of those distressed wretches.
Any further particulars you can obtain of the Route to Niagara and its practicability, you will please to forward to me as early as possible; the more minute and circumstantial the better. I am &c.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, May 22, 1782.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
At a General Court Martial held in Albany the sixth day of May instant by order of Col. Tupper, whereof Major William Scott93 is President, was Tried, Shem Kentfield soldier in the first New Hampshire Regiment. For desertion and bearing Arms in the service of the King of Great Britain against these United States.
[Note 93: Of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He had been wounded at Stillwater N.Y., in September, 1777. Heitman states that he retired in January, 1781.
On May 23 Col. Benjamin Tupper, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment, commanding at Albany, N.Y., wrote to Washington that Shem Kentfield had disclosed that General Haldimand had sent two men from Canada to Portsmouth, N.H., to burn the Continental ships at that place. One was a Lieut. Simpson Jenney and the other, one Balding. Washington forwarded this information to President Meshech Weare in a brief note dated May 27, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers.]
The Court having duly considered the charges, with the circumstances for and against the Prisoner, are unanimously of Opinion that the prisoner Shem Kentfield is guilty of the charges exhibited against him being a breach of Art. first sect. 6 of the Articles of War and do sentence him to suffer Death, by Hanging by the Neck untill he is dead.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the above Court Martial and orders it to be put into execution at such time and place as may be ordered by the officer commanding at Albany.
Head Quarters, May 23, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Letter of Yesterday, with its Inclosures respecting Mr Murson.94
[Note 94: Benjamin Woolsey Muirson, of Long Island.]
Sensible of the Impropriety of suffering persons of his Character to remain in the Country at this Time, I inclose to your Excellency a permission to Capt Pray who commands at Dobb's Ferry, to pass Mr Muirson within the Enemy's Lines. The Time for his going in I submit to your Excellency knowing that you will not wish his Continuence longer than is necessary.
It was my Expectation that your Levy Recruits would have been delivered by the State to their Regiments. But two officers having been ordered on to Receive those at Fishkill from Colo Weizenfelts, I think it will be best for those from Colo Willets Regiment to be delivered at the same place. I have the Honor etc.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
May 24, 1782.
[Sir:] You will proceed to Fishkill and there apply to Colo. Weissenfels for the proportion of the Levies destind for your Line one half of which are for the Regiment of Artillery and the other half for the two Regiments of Infantry.
You are to receive no Men but such as are able bodied and every way fit for Soldiers.
So soon as you have received your proportion of Colo. Weissenfel's Regt. you will send them on to the Regiments for which they are destined under the Care of an Officer and the remaining Officers will wait at Fishkill to receive those which will be sent from Colo Willets Regiment which are to be divided in the same manner.
Before you send away the Recruits you will make a Return to me of the number you have reced. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The same letter was sent to Lieut. John Furman, of the First New York Regiment, and Ensign Bernardus Swartwout, of the Second New York Regiment.]
Head Quarters, May 25, 1782.
Sir: After the conversation between Cols Trumbull and Humphrys and yourself on the 6th of May (which was reported to me in writing) and the subsequent Papers which passed between them and you, to your Letter of the 11th inst. inclusive; I am astonished beyond expression to find the following Words in a communication from you to the Field Officers of the Army dated the 14th of May, viz, "we have offered the Commander in Chief to submit all disputes in any equitable mode which he may direct." An assertion so diametrically opposite to the fact, and which carries so strong marks of willful equivocation (as all these transactions were so recent they could hardly have escaped your memory) that I am at a loss on what principle to account for this preposterous conduct; unless you meant to exculpate yourself, by an appearance of candor and fairness on your part, and to insinuate to the Army, that if all matters in dispute were not speedily terminated, I must be considered as the sole cause of it, because you had offered that all of them should be decided in any equitable mode I might direct. Whether this was the principle or not is very unimportant to me; it is enough, that this was the apparent tendency of your assertion, and that all the Papers necessary to elucidate the entire proceedings are still in existence.
And now, Sir, in order to refresh your Memory, I must beg leave to draw your attention to two simple facts; did I not propose to you thro Cols Humphrys and Trumbull immediately upon my receiving the Complaints of the Officers against you, to have all those charges candidly and fairly examined into and decided by three judicious impartial Persons, not belonging to or connected with the Army, one to be appointed by you, another by me, and the third to be nominated by the two chosen as beforementioned? And did you not positively refuse any such reference without you were allowed to dictate your own conditions and restrictions, and did you not even obstinately persist in such terms of settlement as in my opinion defeated the whole object of the reference? but the truth is incontestable, and your answer to these points unnecessary.
In consquence of this, and to avoid any farther altercation or shifting of ground, I transmitted the whole Proceedings to the Secretary at War, on whose decision the matter now rests.
But, Sir, if you have not again altered your mind on this subject; I wish to be informed in very clear and explicit terms which cannot admit of misconstruction or misconception, whether you do now offer to the Commander in Chief, to submit all disputes respecting the Contracts to be decided in any equitable mode which he may direct. I shall expect your answers to this question and am etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, May 25, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The First Brigade of Massachusetts is to Encamp on the ground formerly occupied by the Pennsylvanians near Moores House. The Deputy Quarter Master will furnish straw for the Troops when they go into Tents.
Head Quarters, May 25, 1782.
Sir: After maturely considering the Circumstances that attend, the communication with Mr. -- and the little advantages that have originated from it, I am Induced to believe that he is acting a double Part for private and self interested Purposes, if nothing more in View by it and that he is conducting it in such a manner as to render it almost impossible for you to detect him, this with other particular Reasons induces me to think it most advisable to bring his affairs to a Crisis by availing myself of his offers and the advantages that present themselves for the purpose.
Colo. Ogden has forwarded to me a Plan to accomplish the matter referr'd to which has met with my approbation and he has recd my order to carry it into execution; you will therefore please to permit him to march his Regt. from your Camp at such Time and in such Manner as may appear to him most proper, and that you will afford him every other assistance that may be in your power and consistent with the good of the service. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Newburgh, May 25, 1782.
Sir: I have this moment received a Letter from General Heath of which the inclosed is a Copy. Why Sir are the Troops without Provisions? why are the deposits which have so often, and so long ago been required by General Heath, and pressed by myself, neglected? Why do you so pertinaciously adhere to all those parts of the Contracts as are promotive of your own Interest and convenience (several of which from the plain import, and natural meaning of the Words, and were these out of the question, from usage and custom in like cases) you cannot be justified by, and at the same time disregard the most essential claims of the public; thereby hazarding the dissolution of the Army, and risking the loss of the most important Post in America? Is it because it is a little more expensive to keep a stock of Cattle on hand at Pasture than to slaughter them one by one as they arrive? Is it because it suited your interest and convenience better to delay making the deposits of Salt Provision &c. at West point to a more convenient season that important Post has stood, and now stands in jeopardy? and is it to these causes I am to attribute the want of Vinegar (so essential to the health of the Army) and other breaches of your Contract?
I am very sorry to find myself under the necessity of informing you, that there are two parts to these contracts, and that while you seem so well disposed to exact, with great rigidness, the fulfilment of the one, it becomes my duty to look to the performance of the other. I am further to observe to you, that the Contract for the moving Army does not exonerate, the Contractor for West point and its dependencies from the performance of any, and every clause which was designed for the benefit of the Garrisons of them. I mention this, because I am informed your Issuers are disposed to apply all the advantageous parts (for the Contractor) of the Contract for the moving Army, to the injury and inconvenience of those who are to be supplied under the latter; which can be attempted under no rule of reason or Justice that I am acquainted with and must be the effort of an improper spirit. I am etc.
Head Quarters, May 25, 1782.
Sir: The Plan as proposed to me by you thro' Capt Ogden2 appears Eligible, you have therefore my Permission to carry it into execution.
[Note 2: Capt. Aaron Ogden.]
Colo. Dayton has my Order to permit you to march your Regt from Camp at such Time and in such a manner as may appear to you most eligable.
Capt Ogden will deliver to you my sentiments upon the affair more fully than it would be proper for me to commit to paper.
I can only request you to be particularly guarded against deception, and hope the Plan may succeed to your wish. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of William Stephens Smith.]
Head Quarters, May 17 [--25], 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Favor of the 23d of April. The Information it contains, is in some Respects, pleasing and important. I thank you for the Communication; and need not assure you, that your Confidence shall never be abused by me.
[In a circular Letter which I have lately written to the States, I have taken Occasion to mention, the failure you experience from them, in their non-payment of the Sums demanded by the Requisition of Congress for the 8,000,000 Dollars. I have represented in the most pointed terms I could use, the ill Effects this failure must have upon our military Operations; and have urged them, with the warmth of Zeal and earnestness, to a full and speedy compliance with your Expectations. I wish this Application may have its desired effect.]
I am experiencing much Trouble from Complaints of the Army against Mr. Sands's execution of his Contract. By last post I transmitted to the Secretary at War, Copies of proceedings respecting the Contract for West Point and its dependencies, and inclosed you will have those under the Contract for the moving Army. It appears pretty evident to me, that the Contractors for the latter have availed themselves of Mr Sands's knowledge and Experience, to reject every thing in the new One, that did not immediately tend to his ease and emolument in the old one; and which like every thing else of the kind, that is not attended with mutual convenience, must effect its own reformation or destruction. [For it cannot be expected, that an Army, which has suffered every species of hardship and distress, that could arise from want of pay, deficiencies in their rations, and (till now) want of Cloathing, will submit, contentedly, to a measure which is not warranted by the Usage and customs of any other Army, merely because it is convenient and beneficial to the Contractors.] Every Man must know and Mr. Sands acknowledges it, that issuing to a Regiment at one Draft, does not give to each Man the Ration which is prescribed for him by the Contract; and to compel the Officers who may wish to corn a little Beef or, by way of change, to furnish their Tables with Poultry, or the smaller kinds of Meat, or who may sometimes be from camp or Quarters, and at other Times wish to entertain a friend, to take their Allowance in the same draft, and at the same time with the Men, whether their necessities call for more or less; or forfeit it, is not only unusual, but extremely hard and disagreeable to them; and will, if continued, be productive of serious Consequences; not only from their disquietudes, but the Jealousies which will prevail among the Men, who, with or without cause, will suspect that the Officers not only take their full Allowance, but will have it of the choicest pieces, leaving them to share the deficiency in that which is more indifferent. Besides, as the Contractors seem to think themselves under no legal Obligation or controul to fulfill their Contract, and are determined to encounter no Expence which they can possibly avoid, I may be thwarted by and by in my Disposition of the Troops; because, by increasing their Clerks, it will add to their Expence. These Considerations, and the incessant Complaints which I am obliged to hear, and which engages a large portion of my Time, induces me to urge again, that the person, who is to be the Arbiter of them may come forward without delay.
I have not made these observations from a disinclination to support this Contract, or any other System by which the public interest can be promoted; and I should do injustice to the Officers of this Army, was I not to declare, that as far as my oppertunities have gone (and I have conversed freely on the subject from the General to the Ensign) they seem equally well disposed to carry it into execution; but they can see no reason why the Contractors should pocket the benefits which flow from their distresses.
[If the Officers could receive their pay, or even their subsistence regularly, more especially, if they could, as I am told is the Custom with the British Service, have always a month of the latter in advance, it is possible they would renounce both Sands and his Issues; but having none of the former, and with difficulty come at the latter, it is both inconvenient and mortifying to them to be tyed up as they are, when it does not appear that the public interest is advanced by it; but admitting it is so in a small degree, we may spin the thread of Oeconomy 'till it breaks. Minds soured by distresses are easily rankled; as a specimen of it, the privates of the Connecticut Line were the other day upon the eve of a general Mutiny; the vigilance of the Officers discovered it a few hours before they were to parade, and the ring leaders have been tryed and executed; besides this, desertions are more prevalent than ever; by the last Returns a greater number went off than ever did in the same space before, and tho' I know how much you have laboured for the means of paying the Army, and how inapplicable the remark is to you, 'till you are furnished with these, I cannot help adding, that it is very difficult if not impracticable to convince Military Men whose interests, feelings and wants are continually goading them, that people holding Civil Officers are better intitled to receive the wages of service punctually than they are. I mention these things, my Dear Sir, not so much because I think it in your power to afford redress, as because I think you should be acquainted with the temper that prevails.]
I might have mentioned too in a more proper place, that while Mr. Sands was saving fifty or an hundred pounds in the establishment of his Issues, the public have expended, from the information I receive, at least 4000 pair of shoes and 1000 blanketts extraordinary in transporting, two or three miles over rugged roads, the provision from these places on men's shoulders; however I do not blame Mr. Sands more for this,than the Officer who permitted it.
May 25.
I had written the foregoing part of this Letter before I received the inclosed complaints, from which it appears that the Officers do not agree in sentiment with me in receiving their subsistence in money and purchasing their own provisions;4 but placg the matter as they do upon the footing of Right, their Observation shews that without their concurrence, the difficulties cannot be compounded in that way.
[Note 4: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "their observation will perhaps, apply to the moving Army, but in Garrisons and fixed posts, I still hold to my opinion because in such situations, markets may be established which would afford full and cheap supplies."]
Upon the whole matter, that the Army may not appear to be forming complaints without pointing to a remedy,5 I have
[Note 5: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "I have inclosed, for your consideration the general outlines of a System of Issues, which appear to me to be equitable and satisfactory; should this be adopted, it will or will not, according to the terms of your present Contract, cause an additional expence to the public in carrying it into effect; but will not this expence be better incurred, than to injure the Army in any part of their dues? or to hazard an increase of uneasiness, Jealousy and distrust, which has already arisen to an alarming point. For myself, I am very sorry to observe to you that some parts of Mr. Sands's Conduct has shaken my Confidence in his Integrity and Regard for the public good."] prepared the general Outlines of a System of Issues, which if adopted, would in my Opinion, be equitable and satisfactory. This I intended to have sent to you by this Conveyance, but, to save Trouble and Delay, have concluded it will be best to take the Sentiments of Mr Sands and some of the most sensible and judicious Officers upon it; that all parties here may be agreed previous to communicating it for your Approbation. Altho Mr Sands has been repeatedly urged to furnish the stipulated Deposits for West point, yet that important post is now almost without a Barrel of salted provisions; by which means it is in a most alarmg Situation, not being able, were the Enemy to make a sudden Attempt upon it, to hold a siege of three Days.] Add to this Omission, the whole Army have been without Meat of any kind, for three or four Days past. I am at a Loss to account for these Neglects. I can only tell you the serious truth, and ask what Remedy is provided in such Cases? how is Mr Sands to be compelled to perform his Duty? and where is the compulsory power lodged?
I fear you will think this Letter very tedious; but the Subject required much to be said. I have mentioned to the Sectry at War, this Communication, and have desired him to assist you in its Consideration. I hope, that on Consultation, you will afford us speedy Relief, as I know not to what Extremities the present Uneasiness may push us. I am &c.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., and David Cobb. The portions in brackets were ciphered.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 26, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of the 25th containing the Dispatches from Sir Guy Carleton, and the other Papers mentioned therein; I return those belonging to the British Officers on Parole at Dobbs Ferry, who may be permitted to go into the Enemy's Lines.
In future you will be pleased in the first instance to grant Flags to all such Persons as shall have Passports for the purpose from Congress, the Secretary at War, or the Executive of any of the States; all other applications are to be referred to me.
Colonel Putnam may send a Serjt. to Massachusetts as requested, but his expence is not to be derrayed by the Public.
Mr. Aaron Olmsted (who goes down the River by this conveyance) has permission to proceed with a Flag to the Enemy's Lines to enquire for and obtain the release of his brother who is on board a prison ship at New York; it rests with the Enemy to suffer him to go in, or not.
Yours of this day, and the German Deserter have just arrived. I am etc.7
[Note 7: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 27, 1782.
Sir: I requested Colo Smith8 to reply to yours of Yesterdays Date, by the Return of Lieut. Rhea.9 I cannot see into the Necessity for the Removal of the party under Major Hay,10 for the purpose mentioned, for if you have been able to keep up the Communication hitherto without his Knowledge, it surely can be carried through with the same Address, until brought to the last Stage, when I think he may be of Service. The very act of removing them will give suspicion. Should Mr. --11 be apprehended, I would recommend that you treat him with every Civility in your power consistent with his security, and that you
[Note 8: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith.]
[Note 9: Lieut. Jonathan Rhea, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 10: Maj. Samuel Hayes(?), of the New Jersey Militia.]
[Note 11: Pierre de Peyster, loyalist of Essex County, N.J.] remove him immediately to the Jersey Huts, forward a particular State of the Circumstances, with Copies of the original papers to His Excellency Govr. Livingston, and as -- is a Citizen, and a subject of the State over which he presides, take his further Orders respecting him. If it should be, to subject him to a Trial by Law-martial, let him be sent to Major Genl. Heath, with all the Papers and proofs necessary to it.
With respect to the other matter, should it turn out agreeably to your Expectations, the sooner you retire to the Hutts the better. Lodge the prisoners in a place of Safety and forward to me the earliest Intelligence of your Success, and the Number of prisoners, the Circumstances attending them and the Enterprise; when the necessary steps will be immediately taken for their further Security.
The sooner you bring this matter to a Close the more agreeable it will be to me, and I have great Reason to believe the more advantageous to the public at large. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Hodijah Baylies.
On May 27 William Stephens Smith wrote to Postmaster General Ebenezer Hazard, in reply to Hazard's query, that Washington did not consider Kakiat, N.Y., a safe place for the mails to remain over one night, "the risk being evidently too great as it is considerably advanced of any post that we occupy in that Part of the Country." The draft of Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, May 28, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor of your Letter of the 13th of this Mo.
Since the Information I conveyed to your Excellency by the Baron Closen, the Amusement of peace held out by our Enemies has been much augmented by the Arrival of Sir Guy Carleton in N York, who announces himself as Commander in Chief in America, with powers of Conciliation to these States. These Ideas, pleasg as their first prospect might have been, are now I believe, beginning to be generally viewed in their proper Colours; as merely delusory and vain, and I hope will not be attended with such Consequences as the Enemy seem to flatter themselves with.
The Alliance Frigate you will hear is safe arrived in N London; a Cutter also from france, in 25 Days passage, is in at Salem; her Dispatches are gone to Congress; you will probably know their Contents as early as I shall.
Our Accounts of the Action in the W Indies between the two fleets remain very uncertain and vague. From repeated publication in N York, compared with those collected from other parts, I confess I form too many Reasons to fear, that the Matter has not passed so favorably to our friend the Count de Grasse as you seem to imagine; a little Time will disclose the whole to us, and I sincerely hope it may dispel my Apprehensions. I am &c.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 28, 1782.
Sir: In reply to your Excellencys favor of the 15th Inst. I have to observe, that considering the several important circumstances which have occurred in public affairs and the uncertainty of the operations of the Campaign; I should not think it advisable that the Recruits from your state should march to join the Southern Army, until further Orders. In the mean time the number ought to be augmented as much as possible, and the preparations such as that they could move at a Moment's warning.
Should it be more convenient for supplies, to have your recruits attached to those of Pennsylvania or Maryland at the nearest Rendevous in either State, I shall have no objection to it. With great respect etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, May 28, 1782.
Sir: That Congress may be possessed of such Information as I have been able to obtain from New York at this critical Moment, I do myself the Honor to transmit to your Excellency, the inclosed Extracts from sundry Letters of Intelligence which have been lately handed to me from different Quarters.15 With great Respect etc.16
[Note 15: These extracts of intelligence are filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 16: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 28, 1782.
Dear Sir: I mentioned to you my Intention to submit the Complaints of the Officers against the Contract for the movg Army to the Superintendt of Finance; they now go to him by this Conveyance. I refer you to his Letter for a Disclosure of their Subject, and the very serious and alarming Circumstances which we are now bro't to from that Quarter; serious indeed they are, and of such Importance as to demand your most earnest and instant Attention. I beg you to consult with Mr Morris and give every Aid in your Power to the Means of obtaing that Relief which is expected by the Army. The Officers placing the matter of their Subsistence on the footg of a Contract with Government, of equal Solemnity with that of their pay, seeing no prospect of the latter, and findg the former, which is now almost the only means of their Support, not only placed upon very disadvantageous grounds, but the mode of obtaing it subject to continual Changes without their Knowledge or Consent, are exceedingly hurt and alarmed at their Situation. This Consideration Sir, with a persuasion (which some how has taken deep Root in their Minds) that they are the most neglected and injured part of Community, which affects them the more, while they are conscious of havg been obliged, not only to fight the common Battles of their Country, but often to place themselves between it and the soldiery to suppress Mutiny and Discontents from their Want of Pay and Provisions; makes it necessary that such Measures should be adopted as will give them no Occasion to conjecture, that they are curtailed in any part of their Pay. I am exceedgly impressed with the Necessity of Oeconomizing the public Monies; but we must not spin this Thread so fine as to break it, nor should this Oeconomy seem to bear hardest upon those who have already experienced a double Share of all the Distresses which have been felt.
You will notice particularly the Anxiety I must be in from a Want of the necessary Deposits for the Garrison of West point. This is an alarmg Circumstance, particularly at this Time, when we know not the Intentions of the Enemy; but from too many Circumstances, and the Appearance of Intelligence, we have reason to fear the worst from them. Were they to know out Situation, and make a sudden Attempt, what is there to save this important post.
Inclosed is Sir Guy Carleton's Reply to my Request respecting the So Carolina Inhabitants. The facility and ease with which (passing over every other part of my Letter to him) he has made a full Compliance to the Requisition, strikes me in a very disagreeable point of Light. I transmit it to you, to be presented to Congress, that such Measures may be taken thereon as they shall think proper to direct; for my own part, I confess, I am not disposed to seek favors of, or Submit to an Idea of being under Obligation to Sir Guy, at this Moment of concilitary War.
To your Question respectg the Hospital in Virginia, conveyed in your Letter of the 16th, I reply, that I had no Idea of an Establishment there upon any extensive plan. The Recruits collecting in that State, with those from Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania, which are destined for the Southn Army, I considered to be the Subjects of that Establishment; the Numbers of these Troops you are as good a Judge of as I am, from whence you will form your Estimates of the Quantity of Stores and Medicine that will be wanted. I fear Doctr Tiltons Ideas are naturally formed upon too extravagant a Scale.
Captn. Morttour,17 when he arrives, will be attended to; I care not how long he is kept off my Hands; I expect he will be very troublesome. I am &c.18
[Note 17: Capt. John Montour, an Indian chief, the son of the half-breed, Andrew Montour.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 28, 1782.
Dear Sir: In Addition to the Instruction I gave in my Letter of the 26th. respecting Flags, I think necessary to observe, that no persons ought to be permitted to pass or repass under Cover of Flags, except those whose Names are properly inserted: as it is reported, that some people having availed themselves of such Opportunities, have formerly come into Jersey without any legal permission.
By the Contract for the Moving Army, all Stores and other Apparatus made Use of by our Issuing Commissaries were to be furnished to the Contractors, they being responsible that the public Property shall not be wasted or destroyed.
I am taking every possible Measure for replenishing our Magazines.
Mr. Sands, I know, is very much occupied, at present, in making preparations for the Celebration of the Birth of the Dauphin. I hope as soon as that is over, he will settle with you the Commutation of Articles to your Satisfaction. If he will not do it agreeably to the principles of the Contract, I beg you to inform me of it, and believe that I am etc.
P.S. Your Letter of the 23d. respecting the Forage consumed in the County of West Chester shall be attended to, as soon as I can get Leisure for the purpose.
As a further regulation of Flags, I wish the following may be adhered to, and considered as a standing Order.
No Person coming from the Enemy's Lines with a flag, is to be permitted to come within our Lines, or proceed into the Country, without having first obtained permission in writing for the purpose, from the Executive of the State to which he or she wishes to go. No Persons coming from the Enemy on business of a Military Nature are to be suffered to advance within the out Post, unless liberty shall be first obtained from the General Commandg the Army at the time.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Hodijah Baylies; the P.S. is in that of Baylies and David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 28, 1782.
Dear Sir: In the conversation I had with you, when I saw you last at Head Quarters, you appeared to be so unalterably fixed in the determination of leaving the Army at all events, that I had in my own mind made the arrangements accordingly, and to prove that I was not precipitate in my judgment, the whole Army had formed the same opinion of your intentions from your repeated and unequivocal declarations on the subject. Since which I have received your favor of the 17th of May, in which you solicit leave of absence until called for; happy in your further services, I should with pleasure grant you any indulgence, I judged consistent with my duty, which I cannot suppose will permit me to give leave of absence for an unlimited time; if you persist in that idea, your application must be to the Supreme Authority of the Continent, who I believe are alone competent to the gratification of your wishes.
If your request had been for permission to continue absent a month or Six Weeks or the establishment of your health; I should have consented to it, but, as I observed before, I do not think myself warranted in doing it, on the footing you have placed the matter. I am &c.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, May 28, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Commander in Chief, happy in the Opportunity of announcing to the Army the birth of a Dauphin of France and desirous of giving a General Occasion of testifying the satisfaction which he is convinced will pervade the breast of every American Officer and soldier on the communication of an event so highly interesting to a Monarch and Nation who have given us such distinguishing proofs of their attachment, is pleased to order a fue de joye on thursday next and requests the Company of all the General, Regimental and Staff Officers of the Army (who are not Necessarily detained by duty) at West Point on that day at four OClock. Commanding Officers of Brigades and Corps will receive particular instructions for their Government.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, May 29, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The troops are to be supplied with an extra Jill of rum pr. man Tomorrow.
Head Quarters, May 29, 1782.
Sir: Colo Varick being in great Distress for his Money, and fearing from an Expression of yours of 23d ulto, that its Delay is owing to his not havg sent forward a Receipt, has left one with me for the Sum of 800 Dollars, which I now transmit and beg that he may receive the Money pr the first safe Conveyance. I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 29, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have the honor to inclose the resignation of John Lawrence Esqr, Judge Advocate Genl for the determination of Congress thereon, and to solicit, upon its being accepted a successor may be appointed to him. I have further to inform you that Mr. Edwards25 a Lieut. in the 9th Mass. Regt. is now the only Depy Judge Advocate with the Army, of whose capacity
[Note 25: Lieut. Thomas Edwards. Lieut. Col. James Innis, of the Fifteenth Virginia Regiment, was appointed Judge Advocate of the Continental Army, July 9, 1782, and served to September. Edwards was then appointed Judge Advocate in October, 1782; retained his rank in the line; was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.] to fill the Office as a Principal, I am not competent to determine; being very little acquainted with him; but I beg, when the matter is submitted to Congress, the dignity and importance of the Office may be duly explained. I have the honor etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, May 29, 1782.
Sir: I think it best under present Circumstances that you should remain in your present Command, untill the Arrival of Colo Reed, or the Removal of the Troops from Albany. I wish it was in my power to comply with your request, for an additional Allowance of Rations, so long as you remain. I think it perfectly reasonable, but a pointed Resolve of Congress absolutely forbids it. It is equally out of my Ability to furnish you any Money for the Completion of the Block House at Fort plain.27
[Note 27: Now the town of Oquago, on the Mohawk River, in Montgomery County, N.Y.]
I approve your Conduct in forwardg the N York State Levies to the upper posts as fast as possible and collectg the Continental Troops together as much as you can; that they may be reinstated in their proper Discipline, and be ready for any compact Service. I am &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, May 30, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The celebration of the birth of the Dauphin of France which was to have taken place this day is postponed till tomorrow the 31st. Instant.
AFTER ORDERS
The tenth Massachusetts Regiment is to go into tents as soon as possible on the most convenient ground, near Nellsons Point.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, June 1, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The inspection and Musters of the different Corps composing this Army will take place for the Month of May on the following days viz. The New York Brigade on the 4th. June; The Jersey Brigade and the first Massachusetts on the 6th; The York Artillery and Corps at Burlington on the 9th; The Rhode Island regiment and Corps at Phila, the two New Hampshire regiments and the tenth Massachusetts regiment on the 12th; The Second Massachusetts Brigade on the 8th; The third Massachussets Brigade on the 10th; The first Connecticut Brigade on the 14th; The Second Connecticut Brigade on the 16th; The Massachusetts Artillery on the 18th and The Corps of Invalids for the Months they have not been Mustered on the 23d. Instant.
The Officers in making out their Rolls will be careful not to insert in the Column of Mustered any men but those who will actually be present and the Adjutant will make out the proof from that Column alone. It is expected the Books of the different regiments by that inspection will be compleatly Opened and the different entries made as were directed last year.
Rolls scratched and blotted in future will not be received and the different returns directed to be made are to be handed to the Inspector, on the parade signed and ready for examination.
Head Quarters, June 2, 1782.
Sir: I have to reply to your three favors of 29th May and 1st Instant.
The private Soldiers paroled by Sir Guy Carleton, must be ordered to join and do Duty in their Regiments. I have given Directions to the Comry of Prisoners to inform the British Comfy. that such will be my Orders in all such Cases, and that they will be credited in their Account.
Capt Ray is directed to send in the Officers Servants, and measures will be taken to direct those Matters in future; a Deputy Comry. of Prisoners will reside in the Neighbourhood of Dobb's.
The Soldier Gilbert may be accepted to join his Regiment.
The Judge Advocates Resignation is inclosed to the Secty at War to be laid before Congress. And I have desired that a New Appointment may be made as soon as possible.
One Regiment of the 2d Brigade of Massachusetts will be Ordered to encamp. I am &c.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On June 3 Trumbull wrote to John Ruddock, deputy commissary of military stores at Fishkill, who pleaded the Commander in Chief's orders for having detained 1,000 stands of arms directed to be sent to Philadelphia. "The Commander in Chief, not recollecting any such Order, will be glad to be informed from you immediately, the particular Order under which you suppose yourself to he justified in this Detention." The draft of Trumbull's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburg, Monday, June 3, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
One regiment of the second Massachusetts Brigade is to Encamp on some convenient ground on the West side the river, to make room in the Barracks. Two Artificers from each Regiment are to be employed under the direction of the Brigade Quarter Masters in repairing the regimental Waggons.
June 4, 1782.
Dear Sir: General Hazen in the same Letter which acquaints me of the Designation of Capt Asgill of the Guards for the purpose of Retaliation, also informs that there are two persons in our power at York and Winchester, who come under my first Description. I have therefore immediately given him the inclosed Orders, which you will see, and which I beg you will cause to be conveyed to him.
If Lieut. Turner30 or any other Officer in Consequence of these Orders should be sent on to Phila. you will be pleased to direct that he be conveyed under proper Escort to the Jersey Line, which is the place destined for the Execution.31
[Note 30: Lieut. Thompkins Hilgrove Turner, of the Third Foot Guards, British Army.]
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 4, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favr of the 27th May and am much concerned to find that Capt Asgill has been sent on notwithstandg the Information which you had received of there being two unconditional Prisoners of War in our possession. I much fear that the Enemy, knowg our Delicacy respectg the propriety of Retaliating upon a Capitulation Officer in any Case, and being acquainted that unconditional prisoners are within our power, will put an unfavorable Construction upon this Instance of our Conduct. At least, under present Circumstances, Capt Asgills Application to Sir Guy Carleton will, I fear, be productive of remonstrance and Recrimination only, which may possibly tend to place the Subject upon a disadvantageous footg.32
[Note 32: Hazen had written (May 27) that when the lots were drawn, in the presence of Major Gordon and all the British captains, "the unfortunate Lot had fallen on the Honourable Capt. Charles Asgill, of the Guards; a young Gentleman seventeen Years of Age; a most amiable Character; the only Son of Sir Charles Asgill; Baronet; Heir to an extensive Fortune; an honourable Title; and of course he has great Interest in the British Court and Armies. The British Officers are highly enraged at the Conduct of Sir Henry Clinton; they have solicited my leave to send an Officer to New-York on this Occasion, or that I would intercede with the Minister of War to grant it. Being fully convinced that no Inconvenience could possibly arise to our Cause from this Indulgence, but en the contrary, that good Policy and Humanity dictates the Measure, I was pleased at the Application, and with Cheerfulness have recommended to the Minister of War to grant the Honourable Capt. Ludlow, Son to the Earl of Ludlow, leave to carry the Representations of those unfortunate Officers, who openly declare to have been deserted by their General, and given up to suffer for the Sins of the Guilty." Hazen's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
To remedy therefore as soon as possible this Mistake, you will be pleased immediately to Order that Lieut Turner, the Officer you mention to be confined in York Goal, or any Other prisoner who falls within my Description may be conveyed on to Phila. under the same Regulations and Directions as were heretofore given, that he may take the place of Capt Asgill.
In the mean Time, least any Misinformation respectg Mr Turner, may have reached you, which might Occasion further Mistake and Delay, Capt. Asgill will be Detained untill I can learn a Certainty of Lieut Turners or some other Officers answerg our purpose; and as this Detention will leave the Young Gentleman now with us in a very disagreeable State of Anxiety and Suspence, I must Desire that you will be pleased to use every Means in your power, to make the greatest Dispatch in the Execution of this Order. I am &c.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 4, 1782.
Sir: I am just informed by the Sectry at War that Capt Asgill of the British Guards, the unfortunate Officer who is destined to be the unhappy Victim to atone for the Death of Capt Huddy, was arrived in Philadelphia, and would set off very soon for the Jersey Line, the place assigned for his Execution. He will probably arrive as soon as this will reach you, and will be attended by Capt Ludlow, his friend, whom he wishes to be admitted to go into N York, with an Address to Sir Guy Carleton in his Behalf.
You will therefore give permission to Capt Ludlow to go, by the way of Dobb's Ferry into N York, with such Representation as Capt Asgill shall please to make to Sir Guy.
At the same Time I would wish you to intimate to the Gentlemen, that altho I am deeply affected with the unhappy Fate to which Capt Asgill is subjected, yet that it will be to no purpose for them to make any representation to Sir Guy Carleton which may serve to draw on a Discussion of the present point of Retaliation; that in the Stage to which the Matter has been suffered to run, all Argumentation on the Subject is entirely precluded on my part, that my Resolutions have been grounded on so mature Deliberation, that they must remain unalterably fixed. You will also inform the Gentlemen, that while my Duty calls me to make this Decisive Determination, Humanity dictates a Fear for the unfortunate Offering, and inclines me to say that I most devoutly Wish his Life may be saved; this happy event may be attained; but it must be effected by the British Commander in Chief. He knows the Alternative which will accomplish it, and he knows that this Alternative only can avert the dire Extremity from the Innocent, and that in this Way alone the Manes of the Murdered Capt Huddy will be best appeased.34
[Note 34: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "I wish you also to inform Capt. Asgill, with all the tenderness possible, that no Address from him or any of his Friends can be admitted from them directly to me; that I can attend to no Application but such as shall be made by the British Commander in Chief."]
In the Mean Time while this is doing, I must beg that you will be pleased to treat Capt Asgill with every tender Attention and politeness (consistent with his present Situation) which his Rank, Fortune and Connection, together with his Unfortunate State, demand. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, June 4, 1782.
Sir: I should have taken an Opportunity of expressing in public Orders how much I was satisfied with the Gentlemen who were so kind as to assist in preparing for the celebration of the birth of the Dauphin, but the matter being not altogether of a Military nature, I thought it best to communicate my sentiments in this manner.
You will therefore be pleased to accept my thanks for your exertions on that occasion [and present the same to the Officers of your Regt. who assisted you on that day], and believe me, Sir etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The same letter, excepting the phrase in brackets, was sent to Col. Hugh Hughes, Col. Henry Emanuel Lutterloh, and Comfort Sands.]
Newburgh, June 4, 1782.
Sir: I take this early Opportunity of Expressing to you the high Satisfaction I reced at the taste [ sic] Elegance displayed in the preparations you made for the Celebration of the birth of the Dauphin; the very great part you had in contributing to the pleasures of that day deserves my warmest acknowledgement and I beg you to receive this Testimony of my thanks for your exertions on that occasion. I am &c.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, June 4, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The detachment on the Lines is to be releived by entire Companies of Light Infantry in rotation; all other Guards and Detachments (except the Water Guard) are to be furnished by Corps as far as the nature of the Service will possibly admit.
All Guards and Detachments are to draw Provisions with their Regiments sufficient to serve them during their Tour if possible; when Provisions will not keep the length of time they are detached for, or when there is a probability of their being victualed at any other Post; they are to carry with them certificates shewing the time they have been victualed to with their Regiments, and carry back to their regiments Certificates shewing for what time they have been victualed during their absence.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, June 5, 1782.
Parole --. Countersign --.
By the last inspection Returns the Commander in Chief with pleasure Observes the Army is in a much better state than it was in the preceding Month. The Regiments of the New York Line, the first regiment of Jersey commanded by Colonel Ogden, the third Regiment of Artillery Commanded by Colonel Crane and the seventh Regiment of Massachusetts Commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Brooks, are reported to be in excellent order. The General hopes any little irregularities which have crept into service may be immediately remedied; and that the few regimts. which are reported to be deficient in attention, Method of Discipline will by unremitted exertions prevent their being Noticed in an unfavorable manner at the succeeding inspection, and in consequence thereof held up to view in a disagreeable point of light.
At a General Court Martial held at Lancaster the 23d. May 1782 by order of Brigadier General Hazen, Lieutenant Colonel North38 president, Captain VanHeer39 was tried for "unofficer like behavior, for immoderately beating Owen McLaughlin, a soldier under Captain Selens40 immediate Command without sufficient cause to Justify such correction.
[Note 38: Lieut. Col. William North.]
[Note 39: Capt. Bartholomew von Heer.]
[Note 40: Capt. Anthony Selin.]
The Court after considering the Evidence for and against Capt. Van Heer, of the Light Dragoons, are of Opinion that he is guilty of the latter part of the charge "Beating Owen MGlochlin, a soldier under Captain Selens immediate Command, without a sufficient cause to justify such correction, being a breach of Art. 5th. section 18th. of the rules and Articles of War and sentence him to be reprimanded in General Orders.
The Court acquit him of the preceding part of the charge.
The General approves the sentence and at the same time he expresses his dissatisfaction at any instance of conduct where violence is made use of without sufficient cause, he is sensible that the laudable motive of preserving the public property from abuse which seems to have influenced Captain VanHeer is a palleation for the Deed.
Captain VanHeer is released from his Arrest.
At a general Court Martial held at the Barracks in Philadelphia May 18 1782 by order of the Honorable Major General Lincoln, Minister of War, Major Olney president, were tried William Robinson aleas Taylor for "repeated desertion and reinlisting.
The Court are of Opinion the prisoner is guilty of the charges against him in breach of Art. first section the 6th of the Art. of War and do sentence him to suffer Death, two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
Corporal James Bruce, of the Artillery Artificers, for "exciting Mutiny in said Corps.
The Court are of Opinion the prisoner is not Guilty of the charge and do acquit him.
Serjeant Samuel Castleton of the 6th Pennsylvania regimt. for "re inlisting John Pierce who he knew was inlisted some Weeks before, and for Neglect of duty.
The Court are of Opinion the prisoner did not know that John Pierce was inlisted before by Colonel Humpton, therefore do acquit him of the first charge, but are of Opinion that he is guilty of disobedience of Orders and do sentence him to be reduced to the Ranks.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences.
At a General Court Martial held at Philadelphia by order of the Honorable Major General Lincoln, Minister of War,--May 21st. 82 Major Olney President, was tried Sharp OGamie, soldier in the Rhode Island regt., charged with "Quitting his Post, Deserting unto the Enemy and entring into their service.
The Court are of Opinion the prisoner is Guilty of the charges alledged against him, which they are of Opinion are a breach of the 12 Article of the 13th. section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to suffer Death, two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto.
The Commander in Chief approves the Opinion of the Court.
At the same Court were tried James Marrines, soldier in the Delaware regiment, charged with "Desertion, Joining the Enemy and passing by a wrong Name.
The Court are of opinion that the prisoner has been Guilty of a breach of the first Article of the 6 section of the Articles of War. The Court in consideration of the Youth of the Prisoner at the time of his Desertion only sentence him One Hundred Lashes.
Michael Moran, charged by Lieutenant Dungan41 with "Taking of Money from the recruiting Serjeant to inlist and declaring himself a British Deserter by which means he got clear, but afterwards inlisted in Colonel Moylans Regiment and taking the Oath as prescribed in the Pennsylvania inlistments, thereby imposing on Recruiting Parties, and committing perjury." The Court are of Opinion the prisoner is Guilty of a breach of the 5. Art. of the 18 section of the Art. of War and sentence him One Hundred Lashes.
[Note 41: Lieut. Thomas Dungan, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was transferred to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
James Haines a Recruit of the Pennsylvania Line for "Desertion." The Court are of Opinion the prisoner has been Guilty of a breach of the first Art. of the 6. section of the Articles of War and sentence him One Hundred Lashes.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences.
Head Quarters, June 5, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor of conveying to your Excellency, the inclosed address of the Officers of the American Army under my immediate Command, on the auspicious Birth of a Dauphin.
Happy in this oppertunity of presenting to you this United testimony of respect and veneration for your royal Master, I pray you to believe, that I enjoy the highest satisfaction in having such an occasion of manifesting to your Excellency the very particular pleasure I feel in every event which affects the happiness of his Most Christian Majesty, especially in one which is so interesting and important to his domestic felicity, and so pleasing to his people. I have the honor etc.42
[Note 42: From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
The Address of the Commander in Chief; the Generals
and Other Officers of the American Army on the Banks
of the Hudson
June 5, 1782.
Sir: Amid the general expression of Joy, on the auspicious birth of a Dauphin, permit us, the Officers of the American Army, to offer more than a silent approbation of these Sentiments and Congratulations, which have been presented by Congress, the representative body and sovereign power of the United States, through you, to our great and illustrious Ally, on this happy event.
There are circumstances, Sir, which render that, which in a degree is pleasing to all, peculiarly so to some; The harmony and friendship which subsisted between the Troops of your August Sovereign and us, during the last Campaign (when the only contention lay in endeavours to exceed each other in acts of emulation, and brotherly kindness), give us this preeminence.
The Blood freely offered on both sides, and which was spilt in the same Trench, and often mixed in a common stream for the support of those rights which are interesting to the feelings of humanity, and the previledges of freemen; is such a cement to the friendship of the two Nations, as nothing, but a departure from the principles of the Union, which Heaven avert! can ever dissolve.
Not to participate then, in the general satisfaction occasioned by an event, which adds to the felicity of a Monarch who may be viewed in the same moment as the father of his own Nation and protector of the liberties of others; and which contributes so much to the happiness of a People, to whom we are Allied in interest and Affection, would be an argument of great insensibility on our part.
That divine Providence may shed its choicest blessings upon the King of France and his Royal Consorts, and favor them with a long, happy and glorious reign. that the Dauphin may live to inherit the virtues, and the Crown of his illustrious Progenitors; that he may reign over the hearts of a happy and generous people; and be among the happiest in his Kingdom; is our sincere and fervent wish. In behalf of the Army.43
[Note 43: The letter was signed by Washington. The address sent, in an unidentified writing and signed by Washington, is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6. Washington inclosed this address to the Secretary at War in a brief note (June 5) suggesting that, if the Secretary concurred "and wish to pay a particular Compliment to the Minister on this Occasion, you will be pleased to present it with Your own Hand." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Newburgh, June 5, 1782.
Dear Sir: I was honoured with your favor of the 27th. Ulto. by the last Post. The extract from the Marqs. la Fayettes letter (which you were so obliging as to inclose) is in substance, the same as the one he has written to me himself; on some points he is more particular in his letter to you, on others mine is more full; a copy of which, if I had a Cypher established with you, I should have sent; but am affraid to entrust it without, either to the Mail, or a common Express.
What may be the real intention of the present Ministry, respecting America, or what effect the Naval action in the West Indies may have upon the intended operations of this year; and consequently upon the conduct of the Powers at War, is difficult to say. there is however one plain line chalked out for us; by pursuing which, we cannot err; and it gives me pleasure to hear that Congress are inculcating this by a deputation from their own Body.44 If Rodney's45 victory is as decisive and important as the New York Gazettes endeavour to make it; and the New Ministry should not be too much buoyed up by it; there is no measure so likely to produce a speedy termination of the War, as vigorous preparations for meeting the enemy in full expectation of it if they are only playing the insidious game. This will make them think of Peace in good earnest.
[Note 44: Livingston had written (May 27): '... on the danger which may attend a form'd belief that peace is at hand. This delusion should be combatted. ... Congress have, upon this principle, directed two delegates to go to each of the States, in order to urge them to timely and vigourous exertions." Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 45: Vice Admiral George Brydges Rodney, Commander in Chief, British Navy in the West Indies.]
We had the pleasure of Mrs. Livingston's and Mrs. Montgomery's Companies a few days last Week; they left us early on Sunday Morning in perfect health.
Mrs. Washington presents her best respects to yourself and Lady, to which please to add those of Dr Sir etc.
Head Quarters, June 5, 1782.
Sir: By a Parole granted to two Gentlemen, Messrs. Osborn and Bowen, I perceive that your Excellency has granted them permission to come to me with a Representation of the Sufferings of the American naval Prisoners at N York.
As I have no Agency in naval Matters, this Application to me is made on mistaken Grounds. But Curiosity leading me to enquire into the Nature and Cause of their Sufferings, I am informed that the principal Complaint is, that of their being crouded, especially at this Season, in great Numbers on Board of foul and Infectious prison Ships, where Disease and Death are almost inevitable. This Circumstance, I am persuaded needs only to be mentioned to your Excellency, to obtain that Redress which is in your power only to afford, and which Humanity so Strongly prompts.
If the fortune of War Sir! has thrown a Number of these miserable people into your Hands, I am certain your Excellency's feelings for fellow Men must induce you to proportion the Ships (if they must be confined on Board Ships) to their Accommodation and Comfort, and not, by crouding them together in a few, bring on Disorders which consign them by half Dozens a Day to the Grave.
The Soldiers of His Britannic Majesty, prisoners with us, were they (which might be the Case) to be equally crouded together into close and confined prisons, at this Season, would be exposed to equal Losses and Misery. I am &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 5, 1782.
Sir: I have made Enquiry respecting the 1000 Arms you complain of being Detained. No Orders of mine are or can be produced to justify this Detention. I can't absolutely ascertain the true Reasons, but believe the failure has happened thro Mr Ruddock, the D Comy of Military Stores, who says he had conceived an Idea that 1000 Stands only were Ordered, and that Number are gone on.
I forward to you a Representation which has this Day been handed to me from our naval Prisoners in N York, which was presented by two Gentlemen, Prisoners themselves, who were permitted to come out on parole With this Application. Considering myself to have no Authority in naval Matters, I have told these Gentlemen that their Representation should be conveyed to you. I have however, from a Commiseration of their Suffering, taken upon me to write to Admiral Digby on the Subject: a Copy of which Letter is inclosed for your Observation. "The Complaints of these unhappy, miserable, people have been so often reiterated to us, that I feel myself exceedgly interested for their Relief.47
[Note 47: On June 5 Washington wrote to Abraham Skinner, ordering him to proceed to New York "and examine into the State and accommodation of our prisoners, and report on your return." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Will you take this Matter into your most serious Consideration? and procure some speedy and decisive Measure to be taken whereby the Sufferings at least may be abated, if an Exchange cannot be effected. I much fear that the Departments of naval prisoners is not under the best Regulation, especially in the different States and in Europe, by which means many Prisoners captured on our part, are lost and not applied to the purpose of Exchange. I am &c.
The Clothier Genl should be directed to send on the Frocks for the Army as soon as possible, or the Season for them will be lapsed.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburg, June 5, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of yesterday has been duly received. A Deputy Commy of Prisoners for the post at Dobb's Ferry, has been already ordered, who will, I hope, liberate you from those constant applications from that post; and as Capt. Pray's duty must be encreased at that post, I wish you to grant him what additional Boats and Men you may think necessary.
I must depend upon your constant attention to the recruiting service of Masstts, and highly approve your sending Lt. Colo. Popkin to relieve Majr. Pettengail at Boston, and let Colo. Popkin be informed, that I wish him to write to the several Mustering Officers in that State, that I expect their constant attention to their duty, and that they may' depend on being bro't to a Court Martial for any deficiencies.
Mr. Gardner49 may pass to the Enemy's Lines with the prisoner he has with him.
[Note 49: Thomas Gardner (Gardiner), of Cornwall, Conn.]
The Recruits that have been mustered out by the Baron, must remain where they are for the present. I am etc.50
[Note 50: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 5, 1782.
General Washington's compliments to Mr. Governr. Morris.
If Mr. Morris shou'd have postponed his report, respecting the business entrusted to him by Mrs. Lloyd, 'till information could be had from hence, of the conveyance of her packet to Mr. White; the General prays him to present his compliments with it, and assure her, that the packet went by a returng. Flag in less than 24 hours after it came to his hands.
The General entreats Mr. Morris to add further, that nothing will give him more pleasure than to be honored with the commands of that Lady, whenever she shall find occasion to write to England. Her letters by Post, under cover to the General, will be more certain of a safe passage to New York, than by any other conveyance; and he shall be happy in becoming the means of facilitating her wishes.51
[Note 51: The text is from the "Letter Book" record.]
[Note 52: Of the Second Connecticut Artillery. He was wounded in December, 1782, in an encounter with British armed boats on Long Island Sound. Captain-Lieutenant Brewster received and conveyed the intelligence from the Culpers to Major Tallmadge.]
Head Quarters, June 5, 1782.
Sir: His Excellency commands me to acknowledge the Rect of the Dispatches addressed to John Bolton Esqr.53 by the bearer of this: and also to request that you will keep up the communication, and give him regularly every information in your power. I am etc.54
[Note 53: John Bolton was the alias of Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge, under which he corresponded with Samuel Culper, sr. and jr.]
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys Aide de Camp."]
Head Quarters, June 6, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to your Excellency, for the Observation of Congress, the inclosed Correspondence, which passed between Sir Guy Carleton and myself, in Consequence of the Resolution of Congress, conveyed to me by the Minister of War, refusing a passport for Mr. Morgan to go to Philadelphia with Dispatches from the British Commander in Chief.
No mention of his dispatches has been made since mine of the 21st of May, nor anything passed between us since Sir Guy's Letter to me of the 23d. It may be in the power of Congress to account for this silence better than I can. With great Esteem etc.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on June 13 and referred to John Morin Scott, Elias Boudinot, and David Ramsay.]
Head Quarters, June 6, 1782.
Dear General: I have recd. yours of Yesterday. I am sorry to hear that Desertion still prevails. To render this practice less frequent, I wish you would order the Officers commanding at the different Rendezvous in Massachusetts to give Directions to those Officers, who are charged with the Conducting of the Recruits to Camp, in Case of Desertion on the March, to return to them immediately discriptive Lists of the Deserters, that they may take Measures for their Apprehension.
It gives me much pain to hear that the Distresses of the Army, from the Want of provisions, yet continue, although I have done every Thing in my power to prevent them. I am just informed by Colo. Stewart that Beef has arrived, which will afford you Relief for the present; and I hope that in future you will not experience any want of that Article. I have the Honor etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, June 8, 1782.
Sir: Inclosed is the System of Issues58 which I mentioned in my last. It has been submitted to some principal Officers of the Army, is agreeable to them, and in the Absence of Mr Sands has been fully and freely consented to by Colo Chas. Stuart in
[Note 58: See Washington's letter to the Superintendent of Finance, May 24, 1782., ante.] the Name and on Behalf of all the Contractors. It remains only to obtain your Approbation; if that is given, and the System takes place, I hope most of the present Uneasiness on the Score of provisions will subside. All the Difficulties complained of in a former Letter to the Sectry at War, are agreed by Mr Sands "to be Submitted to such equitable mode of Decision as I shall direct;" to Effect this Determination, I propose to lay the whole Matters of Complaint before three judicious indifferent Men, chosen agreable to the Mode proposed in the Contract, and shall endeavour to have the Matter closed as soon as possible.
I am obliged to Mention again to you the Want of Beef to the Army, this Failure has again experienced since my last Writing to you. Mr Sands being now in Phila. you will have an Opportunity of full Conversation with him on the Subject. No Magazines of Salted provisions have yet been placed in the Deposits of West point. I am &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, June 8, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The General was highly pleased with the appearance of the first Massachusetts Brigade yesterday under Arms, and was very well satisfied with their Manoeuvering: the firing might have been better, and he fears the Locks or flints of the Musketts were in bad order, as many of them missed fire; the Officers commanding the Light Infantry should impress upon the men the necessity of taking deliberate Aim whenever they fire and see that they do it when it is in their power. It is the effect of the shot not the report of the Gun that can discomfort the Enemy and if a bad habit is acquired at exercise it will prevail in real Action and so vice versa.
[Note 60: Deputy Paymaster General.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 8, 1782.
Sir: I have it in charge from His Excellency the Commander in Chief, to direct that you should remove your Office to West Point, as soon as room can be made in the Barracks for your accommodation, by the Officers going into Tents. A principal object is to prevent detachments and reduce the number of Guards as much as possible. A Single Sentinel from the Main Guard at West Point will then answer all the purposes for which six Men or More will otherwise be required. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys, A.D.C."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, June 9, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Some doubts having arisen respecting the nature and extent of Major General Heaths Command since the order of the 4th of April last, the General thinks proper to direct that all the troops in the State of New York, at and below Fish Kill, are to be considered as under the immediate orders of him or the senior Major General present, till the Army is drawn together and the order of Battle formed.
Head Quarters, June 9, 1782.
Sir: I take the liberty to inclose the within representation of Colonel Nichola for your directions, as it relates to Orders issued from the War Office.
Some of the Prisoners who came on with your Passports to go into New York seem to Expect that they are to carry in their Horses; to prevent any discussion of this matter when they arrive, I would wish it to be mentioned in the Passports whether they are to carry their Horses with them or not; at the same time I would observe that if permissions of that nature are granted indiscriminately, the best Horses in the Country will be carried to the Enemy.
Major Villefrance has represented to me the absolute want he is in of proper Instruments for executing his duty as Engineer, having lost all those he has hitherto used which were his own property; there is a set to be had at Albany for about Fifteen Guineas, and I could wish he might be enabled to purchase them.
The Musters and Inspections for the Months of March and April will come to you by this Conveyance. I have also inclosed to the Superintendt. of Finance, the general plan for a System of Issues which has gained the Approbation of the Army and Contractors. I wish you will exert your Influence to have it bro't into effect, as speedily as possible, that the uneasiness which we have so alarmingly experienced, may subside. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker and Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 10, 1782.
Sir: In compliance with my promise made to Lieut General Robertson in my Letter to him of the 4th of May, Enquiry has been made into the circumstances of the Detention of Hetfield and Bagely. The result of which, I do myself the Honor to transmit to your Excellency, and is contained in the inclosed Copy of a Report made by Chief Justice Brearly of the State of N Jersey, to His Escellency Governor Livingston,63 explaing the Reasons which have induced the civil power of that State to apprehend and detain those persons; an Extract of the Governors Letter to me, also accompanies this Report.
[Note 63: A copy of Brearley's letter to Gov. William Livingston, May 13, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.]
As these persons have not been taken, nor are holden under the Military power, it is unnecessary for me to make any Observations on the subject. My general Opinion however on Cases of this nature, is contained in my Letter of the aforementioned Date, to General Robinson, an Extract of which, so far as relates to this Business, is inclosed for your Excellency's Observance. I am &c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, June 10, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The General was as well satisfied with the appearance and Manoevring of the 2d Brigade of Massachusetts as he was Two days before at the review of the first Brigade. He does not think he ever saw men in any service make a more respectable and soldier-like figure than the Light Company of the eighth Regiment did under Arms.
At a General Court Martial held at Carlisle the 16th of May 1782, Colonel Richard Butler president, Thomas Glenn, soldier in the first Pennsylvania Regiment, charged with repeated Desertions was tried and found guilty in breach of the first and third Art. 6th. section of the rules and Articles of War and sentenced to suffer Death, (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto).
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court.
Head Quarters, June 10, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of this Date. Not having been furnished by Colo Dayton with Copies of what has passed between him and the Civil power of your State respectg your Case, I shall suspend all proceedings with you, untill I shall receive those papers, and have already written to Colo Dayton for them. In the mean Time, you will be indulged to remain in your present Situation. I am etc.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 10, 1782.
Sir: I had the honor to address you the 4th Instant covering a Letter to Genl Hazen ordering him to send on a certain Prisoner now in York Goal. I have reasons for countermanding the order and wish to stop it if possible before it gets to General Hazen; but should this not arrive in time for that I must beg you to send an Express to Genl Hazen directing him not to carry the order into execution or even to make it public 'till he hears further from me. I am &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, June 10, 1782.
Sir: In reply to your Favor of the 4th. I inclose you, Copies of the Resolutions of the House of Representatives of the State of So Carolina, the consequent Resolve of Congress thereon, and my Letter to Sir Guy Carleton on the Subject of the So Carolina Inhabitants.
These Resolutions not appearing to me to be sufficiently explicit, as to the Manner in which those persons had been removed from Charlestown, I was obliged, in order to put the Matter on a tolerable footing, to extend the Idea, by saying that they were sent off by Orders of the British Commanders; without knowg the particular Reasons the Enemy would assign for this Treatment, or being acquainted with the real Circumstances under which the Inhabitants left their State. But supposing that it would be alledged, that they were sent off as persons factious, disaffected and dangerous to the British Government, they would think the request of a very extraordinary Nature, and would consider their Compliance in the Light of conferring a high Obligation, especially by bearing the Expence of their Transportation. On this Ground I considered the Request as asking a Favor; and in that View of the Subject, I made the Observation you allude to. And I think, from Sir Guys Letter, and his Ease of Compliance, I was not mistaken in my Ideas of the Light in which the British Commander has viewed this Requisition. I have the Honor etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From a photostat of the letter sent kindly furnished by Charles S. McKnight, of Niagara Falls, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, June 10, 1782.
Sir: It is extremely painful to me to have continually to remark on the irregular manner in which business seems to be conducted at your Post.
In my Letter of the 27th. May I directed Colo. Ogden to transmit Governor Livingston a particular State of the Circumstances respecting Mr De Peyster and take his Orders and that if the Governor directed him to be delivered to the Military he should be sent with all the Papers to Genl Heath. Instead of this being complied with, the Prisoner is sent to Head Quarters, without even a Line from any body, or a Single paper respecting the matter; whilst the Prisoner alledges that the Civil Authority has taken the matter up, and did actually Issue an Habeus Corpus which Colo Ogden refused to pay any regard to. I must request Sir that you would immediately transmit me Copies of all the papers that have passed between you and the Civil authority of the State on this occasion, with every other information you have. In a matter of so serious a nature as the Trial of a Citizen for his Life, it is certainly necessary that we should be well assured of the legality of the proceedings, and till this is the case nothing can be done in the affair. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, June 10, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Favor of the 1st. with the several proceedgs of the Court Martial. In Consequence I inclose to you Copy of the Genl Orders approvg the Sentence of the Court against Thomas Glen, with a Warrant for his Execution. Accompanying these, you will find the petition of Glens Father in behalf of his unhappy Son. I feel much for the poor old Man, but the Son seems to have been an Adept in Villainy. However in Consideration of the parents Distress and Character, I submit to the Determination of yourself and the principal Officers at the post, the expediency and necessity of carrying the Warrant into Execution or not. Upon your Decision therefore, takg all Circumstances into Consideration, I consent that Glen may be pardoned or executed, as you shall think proper to direct.
The Trial of Capt McCurdy69 I have not had Time fully to consider; at first reading however it appears singular in all its parts; I shall take time to give it a more attentive perusal and inform you my Opinion. I am etc.
[Note 69: Capt. William McCurdy, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
P.S. I inclose to you the Depositions in Case of Reed;70 it is impossible for me to decide upon it; you will call a Court of Enquiry to determine upon his inlistment, And if it appears he has a Right to his Discharge you will give it him. I send you a Blank for that purpose.
[Note 70: Thomas Reed, private in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Serjeant Andw Nelson,71 I wish you to prevail upon him, to remain in Service if possible; your Recommendation of him as a good Soldier is very pleasing, and forms a Reason for me to wish him to be retained, but if no persuasions will prevail upon him you will give him a Discharge which I have inclosed.
[Note 71: Sergt. Andrew Nelson, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
The prisoner John Glover, who is recommended by the Court, I consent should be pardoned.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 11, 1782.
Sir: After Writing to you Yesterday, your Letter of the 8th. came to me, a Letter from Justice Symes, remandg Mr Depeyster to be delivered over to the civil power, accompanied yours.
I more and more lament the Conductg of this Matter; your knowing that a habeas Corpus was taken out to rescue the prisoner from the Military, ought at least to have Occasioned your delaying to send on Mr De peyster, until you had obtained my further Instructions; some fatality seems to attend this Business, and I fear is such, as will prevent any thing being effected for the Detection of Mr De peyster in his Correspondence. On Enquiry I can learn nothing of Cadmus, unless it is that he has been so loosely kept, that he is suffered to be taken off, by which means your principal proof will be defeated.
Mr. De peyster is now delivered over to the Civil Authority of the State that he may be bro't to his Trial upon a civil process. It rests therefore upon you and Colo Ogden to use your utmost Industry and Vigilance to obtain and produce every Evidence in Support of the Charge that can possibly be come at. This I shall rely upon.73 The paper said to have been taken from the prisoner, and which you sent to Majr Genl. Heath, is now returned to you by Ensn Hopper.74
[Note 73: At this point the following is crossed off in the draft: "This will become your and Colo Ogdens particular Duty in support of your own Honors and Characters; since, if nothing can be adduced in Support of the Charges against Mr Depeyster, your Apprehension of him, will appear at least in a most ridiculous Light, if nothing more."]
[Note 74: Ensign John Hopper, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
You will inform me as early as possible the present Situation of Capt Asgill, the prisoner destined for Retaliation, and what prospect he has of relief from his Application to Sir Guy Curleton, which I have been informed he has made through his Friend Capt Ludlow. I have heard nothing yet from N York in Consequence of this Application. His fate will be suspended 'till I can be informed the Decision of Sir Guy; But I am impatient least this should be unreasonably delayed, the Enemy ought to have learnt before this, that my Resolutions are not to be trifled with. I am &c.
P.S. I am informed that Capt. Asgill is at Chatham, without Guard, and under no constraint. This if true is certainly wrong. I wish to have the young Gentleman treated with all the Tenderness possible, consistent with his present Situation. But untill his Fate is determined, he must be considered as a close prisoner and be kept in the greatest Security. I request therefore that he be sent immediately to the Jersey Line, where he is to be kept close prisoner, in perfect Security 'till further Orders.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 76: Of the Second Massachusetts Regiment and aide-de-camp to Maj. Gen. William Heath. He served as such to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 11, 1782.
Dear Sir: In answer to your favor of the 9th. (which is just come to hand) I am directed by the Commander in Chief to inform you, that when it was proposed Lt Col Popkin should go to Boston to superintend the recruiting Service, the General conceived it would be at the same time a matter of private convenience as well as of public utility; that as he does not know that he is authorized to promise any public Money for the expences of the Recruiting Service, and not having given any pecuniary encouragement to the other Officers employed in any branch of that duty, he cannot think himself at liberty to do it in the present instance; if therefore Col Popkin does not choose to go without looking to the Public for Payment of his extra expences, another Officer may be appointed for the purpose.
The General further observes that he believes it will be impossible for the Quarter Master to furnish a bat-horse, both on account of the scarcity of public Horses, and the appropriation of those on hand to other Services.
As to the size of Recruits, His Excellency is of opinion that none ought to be accepted under five feet two inches high; and that Boys of that stature, whose limbs have not spread and who not acquired strength and firmness to perform the exercises and bear the fatigue of service are by no means proper subjects to make Soldiers of, therefore much must be left to the judgment and discretion of the Mustering Officer, to whom it is His Excellencys wish that Gen Heath will give such further Instructions as he may think proper. I am etc.
P.S. Pray what directions did you give respecting sendg back the Dragoon who comes with a flag to Croton.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 11, 1782.
Sir: I am informed by casual report that a Captain78 of the 57th Regt British, lately taken by Captain Hyler79 at the Light House, is on his parole at Elizabeth Town, or in that vicinity, as it is improper he should remain at any place so near the Lines, and as I am informed he is wounded in such a manner as to be incapable of being removed to a distance, I wish you to pay immediate attention to the Matter and to have him without loss of time taken into safe custody, conveyed to the Jersey Line or some other place of security, and guarded in such a manner as that he cannot possibly make his escape, at the same time that you must be answerable for his safe keeping you will be pleased to have him treated with every species of tenderness and delicacy his circumstances may require, and his situation will admit. I am &c.80
[Note 78: Capt. John Schaak, of the Fifty-seventh Foot, British Army. He had not been wounded.]
[Note 79: Capt. John Hyler (Huyler), of the Bergen County (N.J.) militia.]
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 12, 1782.
Sir: Your Letter to me of April last was transmitted to the War Office to be laid before Congress for their Order.
Inclosed is the Report of the Secretary at War thereon, from whence it appears that no promotion has taken place, nor Liberty granted for your retiring.
It not being in my power to permit your Absence any longer, I have to request that you immediately return to your Duty in the Army, and take Command of your Regiment. I am &c.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, June 12, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Board of Officers assembled pursuant to the orders of the 12th. of May last to examine into and report on the principles of the late Arrangemt. of the subalterns of the Connecticut Line, have made the following Report, which the Commander in Chief approves of. He therefore directs that the officers who constituted that board proceed as soon as conveniently may be to a final determination of the relative rank of the subalterns of the Connecticut Line agreeably to the principles laid down in their late report; to facilitate this business it is ordered that a return wherein the dates of the several Commissions by which the subalterns of that line have served shall be specified in the proper hand writing of each individual and which the Commanding Officer of the Line shall certify to be correct, be without delay made to Major General Lord Sterling. The Adjutant General will furnish the form of the return.
The board of Officers appointed to examine into the principles of the late Arrangement of the subalterns in the Connecticut Line do report it as their Opinion that the principles followed by the board of Feld Officers in forming that Arrangement are widely different from those pointed out as the basis of such settlement by the board of General Officers convened near Dobb's ferry in August last, and which they apprehend the said field Officers mistook the meaning of; as they have disregarded the distinction between first and second Lieutenants, intended to have been kept up by the Arrangement of June 1778 and which the General Officers were of Opinion should not be departed from. this Board are therefore of Opinion that the said late Arrangement ought not to be conclusive but that it ought to be revised and made consonant to the principles laid down by the General Officers in August last, by which this Board do not conceive it was intended that the rank of Second Lieutenants continued by Brevet should Operate after promotion to a Lieutenancy, except in cases where a second Lieutenant and Ensign have been promoted on the same day.
Altho the third Brigade of Massachusetts which was yesterday reviewed did not in all respects make so good an Appearance under Arms as the other Brigades have done yet the Commander in Chief is disposed to give every favorable allowance on account of the circumstances. He does not impute it as a fault to the third regiment that the men are not supplied with Hatts without which it is impossible for a regiment to make a truly Military figure, he attributes want of exactness in performing some of the Manoevres of the Brigade to the badness of their position in the Mountains which has prevented their exercising except in detail, he remarked however with pleasure that the Platoon and Batallion firings were performed with more regularity than in the other regiments, and he flatters himself he shall have Occasion at a future review to give the testimony of applause to which the unceasing efforts of both Officers and men shall justly entitle them.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to promote Brigadier General Knox of Artillery to the rank of Major General in the Army, to take rank from the fifteenth of November last.
Captain Lillie82 of the third regiment of Artillery is appointed Aid de Camp to Major General Knox, Captain Shaw,83 his former Aid de Camp, is continued as such, they are to be obeyed accordingly. Lieutenant Hunt84 by mistake appointed to the 9th will join and do duty in the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
[Note 82: Capt. John Lillie. He was aide to Maj. Gen. Henry Knox to the close of the war.]
[Note 83: Capt. Samuel Shaw, of the Third Continental Artillery. Heitman gives his appointment as aide to Knox as of June, 1782.]
[Note 84: Lieut. Ephraim Hunt. He served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, June 12, 1782.
Sir: It appears that Mr. Johnson85 made an irregular application to resign and his Commission not being accepted he was guilty of indecent behaviour towards the Secretary at War and finally broke his Arrest and went off. The Secretary at War is willing to pass over his Conduct towards him, but such a wilful disobedience and Contempt of Orders as Mr. Johnson has been guilty of, besides breaking his Arrest cannot be excused.
[Note 85: Ensign Reuben Johnson.]
If Mr. Johnson is Sensible of the Impropriety of his Conduct and will immediately Join his Regiment to answer the Charges against him you may release him from his Confinement but if you think that he will persist in his contempt of Orders and will not Join you may send him under Guard to his Regiment in Camp.86 I am &c.87
[Note 86: Washington had written briefly to Lieutenant Colonel Olney (June 5) that he had written General Lincoln on the subject of Ensign Johnson; "so soon as I receive the necessary information from him, proper directions shall be sent to you," This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 88: Of the Continental Navy, then commanding the Continental frigate Alliance.]
Head Quarters, June 12, 1782.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your favour of the 30th of May. It has ever been my Wish to mitigate in every respect as far as in my power the disagreeable Circumstances attendg a State of War; this general Disposition, as well as a Desire to oblige you, would operate strongly in favor of a Compliance with your Request in behalf of your Friend; but unhappily some Disputes between the Contendg Parties, at present prevents all Exchange; but upon principles inadmissible on our part.
The Case of Capt Austine has been committed to the Comy of Prisoners, who, I am informed has written to Gov Trumbull on the Subject.
I have no Advice of the french fleet mentioned by you, but what is contained in your Letter; no Notice of their Arrival in the Chesapeak has reached me. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 12, 1782.
Sir: I am directed to authorize you to exchange forty of the Prisoners now in our possession at Fish-kill or West Point for an equal number of our Men now in confinement in the Sugar House at New York, provided there are so many subjects of Military exchange at that place of which you will be well assured before you consent to the exchange, for even the bare assertion of Men languishing for liberation from captivity may perhaps not be sufficient to prove they were actually taken in arms.
As this exchange can not be considered as a Matter of right you will be pleased to put it upon the footing of affording more convenient accommodation for our Naval Prisoners, to whom the General is anxious every possible attention should be paid.
You will apply to the Adjt General for an escort, to the Qr Master for the Means of conveying them by Water, to Dobbs Ferry, and you will be particularly careful to prevent any imposition or deception from the Enemy, by retaining the Prisoners in your hands until the exchange can be fairly carried into execution.90 I am etc.91
[Note 90: The Secretary at War had written to Washington (June 12): "The state of our naval prisoners is pitiable indeed, and ought to claim every attention. Their distresses are from several causes; to obviate them and if possible give perfect relief, is now the subject of the deliberations of Congress. The Matter has been sometime before them. They find many embarrassments in the Way of a system which will answer their wishes. Indeed until the several States will throw the whole matter into the same hands, under the direction of Congress, and our masters of vessels will, with more punctuality, bring in their prisoners, and until an Agent or Agents are appointed in Europe to receive and support the prisoners landed in the several ports, I see little prospect of matters becoming much better. Your Excellency is mistaken with respect to the power I have over marine prisoners; to safe keep is all the connexion I have with them." Lincoln's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of and is signed: "D. Humphrys A. D. Camp."]
Head Quarters, June 13, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favr. of the 30th of May pr Capt Bayley, with other Letters and papers which accompanied it.
The Information given by Capt Johnson92 is of a very serious Nature. The insidious Designs of the Enemy, I believe, are not to be doubted; but the Evil he mentions has not, I hope, reached the Minds of the people at large, however it may have influenced the Conduct of some Individuals.
[Note 92: Capt. Thomas Johnson, of the Vermont Militia.]
In present Circumstances, I can afford no further Assistance than is already given; the Brigade of New Hampshire Troops, with one Regiment of the N York Levies, are now on the Western and Northern frontiers. Their duty will extend to keeping a watchful look out upon the Motions of the Enemy in that Quarter and on the Lakes. I can only advise you to attend very critically to the Movements of the Enemy on your Borders, and to the internal Machinations of evil Men and Emissaries who may be sent among you, or be contained in your own Bosoms. And to counteract them by every Means in your power; And at the same time to keep the Exertions of the people active and alert, and always prepared for speedy Action, in Case of an Appearance of the Enemy on your frontiers.
It is surprising to me, if the Enemy are establishing a post in force at Crown point, that I have not been informed of it from Albany. Colo Reid93 who Commands there, in a Letter of the 8th June mentions nothing of it; And Colo Tupper in a Letter of the 30th May says "that the Enemy's Shipping were arrived at Crown point, but dont learn that they have any Troops with them."
[Note 93: Lieut. Col. George Reid, of the New Hampshire Regiment. He served to November 1783.]
Was it in my power to effect the Exchange of Capt Johnson, it would be very agreeable to me; but the Commissioners of the two contendg powers, who met at Elizabeth Town this Spring, to negotiate a general Exchange of prisoners (in which your people among others were to have been included) have unhappily seperated without being able to agree to any thing, by which Means my benevolent Intentions have been entirely frustrated, and all Exchanges at present are at an End. If any Mode can be pointed out by you, to attain Mr Johnson's wishes, in which I can be influencial, I shall be glad to afford every Assistance in my power, that may be consistent with my Duty.
I wish you to be industrious to obtain every Intelligence you can, and to communicate whatever you shall think of Importance. I am &c.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 14, 1782.
With your Regt. you are to relieve the Garrison's of the Posts at Dobb's and King's Ferries; those at the latter, viz. Stony and Verplanks points, are to be relieved by whole Companies, consisting, as nearly as may be, of the same number of Men which are now stationed there; with these you will leave a Field Officer; and proceed yourself with the remainder of the Regt. to the Post of Dobb's ferry, where you will relieve the Garrison of the Block House in such manner as you shall judge proper,95 and encamp the rest of your Regt immediately under the cover of the Block House.
[Note 95: At this point the following is crossed off in the draft: "and if you cannot cover the rest of the Men conveniently in the neighbouring Buildings, I think it will be advisable for you, to"]
As the mode of doing Duty by Corps enables an Officer to have his Men constantly under his own eye, and to be responsible for their behaviour; I must recommend that you will be particularly attentive to the discipline and good Order of your Regt., that when it is impracticable to exercise and manoeeuvre the Men collectively, you will have them instructed and practised in the use of Arms by detail.
To keep up the reputation of the Corps, it will be essential to preserve the utmost regularity, to prevent any abuses of the persons or property of the Inhabitants, and to restrain the Soldiers from straggling, without permission, from their Quarters. Every possible precaution should be made use of to prevent desertion; if it should begin to prevail, the Rolls must be called every hour in the day time, and the Quarters or Tents must be visited by an Officer or non-commissioned Officer, every Hour in the night; besides which patroles and small Scouts of trusty Men, should be frequently sent out, as well for the sake of apprehending Deserters, as to prevent surprise from the Enemy; For notwithstanding all the pacific expressions of the British, you are hereby strictly directed to make use of the utmost vigilance, and not put any confidence in their pretended plan of defensive War; for should there be an oppertunity of making a stroke at you, with a probability of success, you may depend upon it the Enemy would instantly seize the occasion.
As the post of Dobbs ferry is now the only avenue of intercourse with the Enemy, by Flags, and as there is great danger the same illicit practices may prevail there which have taken place at other posts of the same kind; a principle object of your Command is to prevent, absolutely, all kind of commerce or illegal communications with the Enemy.
All Flags from the Enemy are to be stopped at your out post, the dispatches there received from them, and the Flags sent back as soon as the business is performed; a Guard with an Officer or non-commissioned Officer should always, in the mean time, be kept on board.
No Military Character from the Enemy, is to be permitted to land, nor is any Citizen or private person to be suffered to come within our Lines, untill permission, in writing for that purpose, shall be obtained from the Executive of the State into which he or She is desirous of passing.
No passport is to be deemed sufficient for granting a Flag to pass to the Enemies Lines, but from Congress, the Secretary at War, the Executives of the States or Major Genl Heath; except you shall receive particular Instructions from me to the contrary.
Capt. Pray who has long commanded at that post, and who has acquitted himself, in that service with great reputation, is still to retain the command of the Water Guard; he will undoubtedly be able to give you very useful information respecting the state of the Country, the disposition and character of the individuals, and the sources of intelligence from the Enemy; I wish you on the other hand to give him every aid in your power for promoting the service, and if necessary, that you will furnish him with some oarsmen for the additional Boat or Boats he may be supplied with; these Men to remain on that duty only untill your Regt. shall be relieved.
On any emergency, for which particular directions cannot be given, you are to act agreeably to the best of your discretion.
You will be pleased to communicate to me immediately, every extraordinary occurrence, together with any intelligence particularly of the State, strength or movement of the Enemy, which you may obtain.
Upon your being relieved, you will deliver over these to the relieving Officer, as a standing Regulation for the direction of the Commandant of the before mentioned posts; and on your arrival in Camp, will make a general Report to me in writing, of your Command, noting the casualties and every other remarkable event within the sphere of your observation.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, June 14, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor pr Capt Baily, and thank you for the Information contained, and would beg you to continue your Communication whenever you shall collect any Intelligence you shall think of Importance.
It would give me real pleasure to have it in my power to effect your Exchange; but some unhappy Circumstances have lately taken place, which for the present cut off all Exchange. If you can fall upon any Mode to accomplish your Wishes in which I can with propriety give you my Assistance, I shall be very glad to afford it. I am etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 14, 1782.
Sir: His Excellency directs me to put the inclosed under Cover to you, and to inform that the passports of your Deputy will not be sufficient for Prisoners to go within the Enemy's Lines upon parole. But in the present Instance you can exchange the persons in Question on the Spot. I am &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, June 14, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Great credit is due to the Officers and men of the tenth Massachussetts Regiment for their attention to the preservation of their cloathing, and for the Military appearance they made yesterday under Arms. The Light Company attracted the Generals particular Notice.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 15, 1782.
Gentn: Under the present prospect of the Campaign, and a full consideration of all Circumstances, I do, agreeably to the powers vested in me by the Contract for the Moving Army, fix upon West point as a Magazine of Provision, and wish you to exert yourselves in laying them in accordingly, [(except the Salted Meat)]99 at that place.
[Note 99: The phrase in brackets has been added by Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
I think it incumbent on me to advertise you, that your estimate of fourteen thousand Rations daily, I conceive to be inadequate to our certain wants; and may, eventually, be greatly short of the demand, if the Army should be encreased for offensive operations in this Quarter. I am etc.
Head Quarters, June 15, 1782.
Dr Sir: It was a very unlucky Circumstance which you mention in your Favor of the 10th June, and has taken place without any order from me, or Concurrence of mine.1
[Note 1: "The Assembly resolved to issue Execution against the delinquent Classes for the Recruits not procured by the 20th. of this Month; since that Resolve the lowere House have taken great Offense that some Recruits who had been received by the Continental Mustering Officers (appointed for the Purpose here) and their Bounty paid, should be mustered out at Camp; it unluckily happened that one of them had served 3 Years to good Acceptance, others had served one or two Campaigns, wanted only an Inch or two of the Standard; the Indignation of the House has carried them so far as to suspend the Publication of the Act for levying Execution against the delinquent Classes, and to resolve that the Classes which have procured Men to the Acceptance of the Continental Mustering Officers in the State, shall be exempt from any Penalty, and that, in the future, the Sanction of the Colonels of Militia shall be an Exemption; the Governor will endeavour to prevent these Resolutions passing the upper house; he has his Fears, and wishes that the Men, who have been approved by the mustering Officers here, might be accepted, except where there has been some Imposition. The exact Height required by the Inspector General is now attended to, though I could wish, considering the Difficulty of geting Men, some Latitude was given to the Discretion of the mustering Officers."-- Huntington to Washington, June 10, 1782. Huntington's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am sorry however that the Assembly have taken such hasty Offence at the Measure, and have carried their Resentment so far as you inform. It could never be my Intention to call for, or Expectation to receive, other Men in the Room of those who have been rejected after being passed by our own Mustering Officers; neither can any blame of deficiency fall upon the people or the Classes after having furnished Men to the Acceptance of the Muster Masters from the Army. I am sorry that the latter in many Instances have been so little attentive to their Duty, which I am sure, is by this Time, made very plain and explicit to them.
To remedy, as much as may be this unhappy Mistake, I think it may still be well, if it can be done, to send on the rejected Men again to Camp, [who are engaged for a suffct. length of time]: unless there may be some, who thro Imposition have been accepted, and are too notoriously insufficient; such I think will be but a Burthen upon the Army; others, altho they may be small, yet may be put to many Duties where they will render Service, and give us good Men to the field.
The Size that is fixed, is very small and it would seem almost impossible, that a person under that, could be by any Means competent to the Duties of a Soldier; the Instances, if any, must be very extraordinary. You will please therefore to direct the Officers that in future they attend very strictly to the rules given them, as it is better to save Expence to the Public, by havg no Recruits, than by takg. such as are unable to render the Service expected from them.
I am glad to hear that your State have passed the 5 pr Cent Impost, and that they are makg the provision of Taxes for the Supply of Mr Morris's Requisition. It is of the utmost Importance, that they not only lay the Taxes, but that they should also be vigorous and punctual in their Collection. I fear the greatest failure lies in the latter part of the Duty.
Considering that your Line has been a long Time without any Genl Officer, and supposing that you have by this Time probably done all in your power to forward the Recruitg Service, I must request that you will please to repair to the Army as soon as your Convenience will possibly admit. I am &c.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 3: Lieutenant colonel commandant of the New Hampshire battalion then stationed at Albany, N.Y. He served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, June 15, 1782.
Sir: I have been favord with your Letter of the 8th. instant. I have directed your Wants both in the Military Stores and Quartermasters Department, to be supplied, and you will soon receive a Quantity of Cartriges from General Knox's Order.
I am sorry for the Misfortune you suffered from your fall, and am glad that you are so far recovered as to be able to return to your Duty.
I must recommend to you to be very active and vigorous in your Command, and to give particular Instructions to your Scouts to be watchful and Alert in their Duty; not only to prevent Surprises from the Enemy; but to gain every Intelligence possible of any Movements or Approach of the Enemy, either from the Westwd or Northwd. I have been lately informed, from high up Connecticut River, that the Enemy are coming in force across the Lake Champlain to take post at Crown point; you don't make mention of any Discoveries from that Quarter: have any Scouts lately been on that Rout? I wish you to be punctual in giving me every Intelligence of this Nature that you can obtain and that you think may be depended on.
[I am to desire that you will, as far as it is practicable in your dispersed situation, attend closely to the disciplining and training the Men of the New Hampshire Regt, make the rules and regulations for the governmt. of the Army your guide, that uniformity may prevail in the Army, however seperated and dispersed the sevl. parts of it may be. I am &c.]4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 15, 1782.
My dear Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 25th. Ulto. Inclosing sundry resolutions of your Assembly respecting the insidious Manoeuvres of the enemy, who, it is evident, cannot mean well, because they take indirect steps to obtain that, to which a plain road is opened; and every good Man is desirous of obtaining upon honourable terms.
I thank you my good Sir for the resolves wch. you did me the honr to inclose; they breathe a proper spirit, and with others of a like kind in the different Assemblies will, it is to be hoped, convince the enemy that it is both their interest and policy to be honest.5
[Note 5: The Virginia Assembly resolved, among other things (May 25, 1782) "that a Proposition from the Enemy for treating with any Assembly or Body of Men in America, other than the Congress of these United States is insidious and inadmissible" and "that this Assembly will not listen to any proposition nor suffer any Negociation inconsistent with their National Faith and Federal Union." An attested copy of these resolves is in the Washington Papers.]
I very sincerely condole with you on your late heavy loss,6 but he that gave has a right to take away, and it is the duty of us all to submit to his Will, altho' we cannot but feel the strokes we sustain.
[Note 6: The death of Mrs. Archibald Cary, who was Mary Randolph.]
I should have been very happy to have seen you while I was in Virginia, if it had been but for a moment; indeed the pleasure must have been momentary, for my hours all the while I was in that State were so occupied by the constant duties of my station that I could devote no part of them to the enjoyment of my friends which was not only mortifying to me, but, probably displeasing to some of them.
It gives me much pleasure to learn from so good authority as your pen, that the Assembly of Virginia is better composed than it has been for several years; much I think may be expected from it; the path we are to tread is certainly a plain one; the object is full in our view; but it will not come to us, we must work our way to it by proper advances and the means of doing this is Men and Money. In vain is it to expect, that our aim is to be accomplished by fond wishes for Peace, and equally ungenerous as fruitless will it be, for one State to depend upon another to bring this to pass; or if I may be allowed to speak figuratively, our Assemblies in Politics are to be compared to the Wheels of a Clock in Mechanics; the whole for the general purposes of War shd. be set in motion by the grt. Wheel (Congress) and if all will do their parts the Machine works easy; but a failure in one disorders the whole, and without the large one (wch. set the whole in motn.) nothg can be done; it is by the united wisdom and exertions of the whole, in Congress, who, I presume, do justice to all (but if they fail by being disproportionate in the first instance it should in my opinion be sought for and remedied in the Second rather than derange the whole business of a Campaign by the delays incident to contention) that we are to depend upon. without this we are no better than a rope of Sand and are as easily broken asunder.
I write this openly, and freely to you my dear Sir, because I pant for retirement and am perswaded that an end of our warfare is not to be obtained but by vigorous exertions; the Subjugation of America so far at least as to hold it in a dependt. State is of too much importance to Great Britain to yield the palm to us whilst her resources exist, or our inactivity, want of System, or dependence upon other powers or upon one another prevail. I can truely say that the first wish of my Soul is to return speedily into the bosom of that Country which gave me birth and in the sweet enjoyment of demestick pleasures and the Company of a few friends to end my days in quiet when I shall be call'd from this Stage. With great truth and sincerity etc.
Head Quarters, June 16, 1782.
My Dear Sir: Your two favors of the fourth Instant were delivered to me by General Lincoln; it is an easy matter to perceive by the tenor of one of them you have imbibed an Opinion that the Officers of this Army are captious and that by attempting to remove one complaint a Door is opend to others. I am not much Surprised at this. You have probably adopted it from the Representation of Mr. Sands of whom without doing him injustice it may be said he is extremely plausible extremely narrow minded, disingenuous, and little abounding in a temper to conciliate the good will of the Army or to adopt any measure for the convenience and accommodation of the Officers. These traits of Mr. Sands's Character are not drawn by a pen under the influence of prejudice or of one improperly biased in favor of the Army they are facts of which I have and can produce proofs and 'till the happening of which I upon the spot was deceived.
Mr. Sands, Sir, if I have not formed a very Erroneous opinion of him is determined to make all the money he can by the Contracts. Herein I do not blame him, provided he does it honestly and with a reciprocal fulfillment of the agreement. Of a want of the first I do not accuse him but his thirst of Gain leads him in my opinion into a mistaken principle of Action. He is very tenacious of all those parts of the Contracts which point to the convenience and Emolument of the Contractors, and till very lately was determined to be his own Judge of them but is regardless of other parts, which Enjoin certain requisitions upon them. To these causes, and these only is to be ascribed I conceive the present deplorable state of the Magazines and the dangerous consequences which may flow from it. Our frequent want of daily food and the little prospect of better supplies and the inconveniences which the Army experience in the mode of issuing. He cannot I presume charge these neglects to a failure on your part and sure I am he cannot do it to the scarcity of Provisions, for the Country is surcharged with all kinds of it; but in expectation it is Said of reducing the price of Salt Meat (which unfortunately it seems has risen upon him). He notwithstanding the contract and repeated calls and the consequences of a failure has neglected it to this moment and to avoid the expence, it is moreover added, of Pasturage (for how else is it to be accounted for?) and perhaps a little diminution in the weight which all Armies and all Contractors in the World are obliged to submit to, this Army became the Sport of and Suffers by every accident or delay which happens to the droves of Beef Cattle.
I should not my Dear Sir have given you who I know have business and perplexities enough without the trouble of reading these observations (after being told that the secertary at War would enquire into and redress grievances) but from a love of Justice and a desire that every Man and description of Men should be known and rewarded or punished according to their deserts and because it would seem that your opinion has been founded on the representations of Mr Sands who yielding nothing himself requiring every thing of others and failing in the most essential parts of his Contract adopts, as is too commonly the Case with little minds the policy of endeavouring to place the adverse party in the wrong, that he may appear in a more favorable point of View himself.
The very thing which you and every body else points out as so easy to do, is not done and is the principal hardship complained of by the Officers who think it surprising that they cannot enjoy a benefit which is essential to themselves and costs the public nothing because it will give a little trouble to the Contractors.
Those Officers who claim the Specific ration as a matter of right could not in justice and I persuade myself would not in decency complain if they should be compelled to draw or forfeit them but the question in my Opinion is whether they ought to be compelled to draw them (whether they want them or not) and whether (as it costs the public no more to give them the alternative of drawing the Specific Ration or its value) it is not reasonable, especially under the depreciation of pay, to gratify them in it, as it is all they have to live upon.
I shall beg your indulgence but a little while longer till I subscribe fully to your observation that without a Civil list neither Civil nor Military Men can exist but I must beg leave to add to it as my own that if the Military should disband for want of Pay (while the War continues to rage) a period will very soon be put to the Civil Establishment under our present Constitution; the Civil and Military then having a reciprocal dependance upon each other taxation of the property of one being equal to that of the other and the wants of both the same it is worthy of some consideration whether the first is to receive all and the other no part of their pay.
These Sentiments my dear Morris are between ourselves and tho freely communicated to you are concealed from the Officers of this Army on whom I am constantly inculcating patience and forbearance adding that their relief must flow from the Taxes and that it is incumbent upon all and Every of them to impress the necessity of Taxation upon their Several Connections and Friends as the only Source of redress, for that you are totally unsupported and cannot work Miracles.
As I never say any thing of a Man that I have the smallest scruple of saying to him I would not be understood to mean by this being between ourselves that any part of it that respects Mr. Sands should be hid from him, you are perfectly at liberty, if you think it necessary, to communicate these my Sentiments to him.
I hope some good will result from the deputation of Congress to the several States. Inclosed I send you a Copy of my Letter to them of the 4th. of May and should have done it sooner if I could have trusted the conveyance without putting the Letter in Cypher. I pray you to make a tender of my best respects in which Mrs. Washington joins me most cordially to Mrs Morris and Miss Livingston and to believe that with every Sentiment of esteem etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, June 16, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The first Connecticut Brigade appears to be composed of as fine a body of men as any in the Army, but as they have laboured under the same disadvantages for want of proper ground to exercise upon as the third Brigade of Massachusetts, the General suspends his final Judgement of their comparative Merit with the rest of the Army untill a fairer Opportunity of establishing their Discipline can be afforded, by collecting the whole together in the field. The General in the mean time is pleased to declare that some of the Manoevers were yesterday performed with precision, but he is sorry to find Notwithstanding the recomendation contained in the order of the 8th. instant that the men of the Light Companies do not take so good aim as he expected; he hopes by great attention and frequent practice so useful a habit will soon be acquired. The General cou'd not avoid feeling some concern that all the cloathing did not appear to be perfectly fitted to the men; particularly the Overhalls; he wishes these defects may be remedied as early and fully as possible.
Head Quarters, June 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: When pressed by Necessity to adopt a Measure, a Choice is scarcely left us. In answer therefore, to your Letter of the 12th instant, I am obliged to observe, that the Tardiness of the States will compel us to that, which in my Opinion, policy forbids.
At this critical Moment, Inclination would not lead me to consent to disbandg any Corps of the Army; But if the States cannot, or what is the same, will not, recruit the Regiments which are quotaed upon them, nor furnish the Supplies which are necessary for their Support, we must next consider what kind of Troops, under the present View of the Matter, can best be dispensed with; in doing which, I cannot hesitate to declare that, Cavalry, in present Circumstances and the probable Operations of the Campaign, will be least useful, and for that reason, ought to be the first to be reduced. But how to effect this purpose, appears difficult, the Corps being very much dispersed, and the Sentiments of the Officers quite unknown to me. I confess I am at a Loss how to point out any particular Mode. To make it a Matter of Arrangement with the Officers, to determine among themselves who should go out, and who should remain in Service, would be a Work of Time. To select the best, from among the whole, is not only an invidious Business, but requires a perfect Knowledge of each individual Character; a knowledge, which with a few Exceptions, I confess myself unpossessed of. And to retain the Corps, or Officers by Seniority, may, and I am sure in some Instances would, give the most indifferent Officers in the whole Line of the Cavalry. Not being able to hit on any Method which is satisfactory to myself, I submit this point to your Decision.
If the Regiments of Artillery allotted to the States of Pennsylvania and Virginia, cannot be compleated, an Event of which I see but little prospect, however inconsistent it may be with policy, and whatever Consequences it may involve, I readily subscribe to the Opinion of Blending the two into One; nothing surely can be more inconsistent with every principle of Oeconomy, than to keep up whole Corps of Officers for the sake of a few or a handful of Men.
There cannot, I think, be a Doubt of the propriety of reducing Hazens Regiment. The Canadian part of it, may be formed into one or more Company's, according to their Number, and be employed as Watermen, or in other Services suited to their Circumstances; the remainder to be turned over to the States to which they respectively belong.
What prospects the States South of the Delaware have of getting their Regiments filled under the several Modes adopted by them, I know not; therefore can give no Opinion respecting them; but am certain that no Regiment of Infantry belongg to any State North of the Delaware ought to be reduced.
Most of the Staff Departments of the Army have undergone a recent Change; those I presume, cannot want to Revision. The Qr Masters Departt. has been regulated without any participation of mine, and I know too little of its present Constitution to form any Judgment upon it. The same is the State of my knowledge respecting the Clothiers Department; I can only observe to you, that upon an Application to me from the Assistant Clothier here, for provisions it appeared to me, that he had more persons Employed under him than I tho't necessary, and on that Principle I refused to give him an Order for his full Request.
Thus Sir! I have given you my Sentiments on your Queries. If they shall prove of any use in effecting the salutary purposes you wish, I shall think myself happy in contributing in this Way to the genl Weal. I am &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: I inclose to you Copy of a Letter I have received from Major Genl Heath on the Subject of the Appointment of a Brigadier in the Line of Massachusetts. I approve the proposal; but as that is not the only Line of the Army in which promotion is become necessary, I think it will be best to be taken up on a general Scale, so far as circumstances demand.
The two Brigades of Connecticut Troops have for a long Time had but one Brigadier, owing to particular Circumstances. Colo Durkee who was the Senior Colo in that Line, having been removed by Death, Colo Swift, who I esteem a very good Officer, has now the precedence, and Stands fair for promotion to the Rank of Brigadier.
The Line of N Jersey is also without a Brigadier. I am not so decided on the Expediency of the like Appointment from that State; but should it be tho't best (as I dont know but it may be) Colo Dayton is an old Officer, and may justly claim the Rank.
These are all the promotions to the Rank of Brigadiers that I think necessary, should they meet your Approbation, I think they ought to take place at the same Time, to save uneasiness, or any Idea of partiality or predilection. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have to reply to your three favors of the 15th. A Copy of your Application in favor of Colo Greatons Appointment to be a Brigadier, is submitted to the Consideration of the Sectry. at War, with my Approbation, and the promotion will probably take place.
The Commandg Officer at the post of Dobb's Ferry should undoubtedly be furnished with a public Horse for the purpose of sendg by Land such Dispatches as he may have Occasion to convey in that Manner. You will please to give an Order for the purpose.
I had written thus far, when your Letter of the 17th. arrived. I know nothing more respectg the Forage used by the french Army in this State, than I did when you wrote me upon that Subject. I now return you the Letter from Genl Beville; with this Observation, that I do not recollect any thing more than a cursory Conversation with Genl Rochambeau on that Head; nothing determinate respectg Pay for it was ever said, that I remember; the Idea, when we arrived on that Ground was not that I know entertained by any one. But the Orders of Congress must be attended to. If the Arbitrators are driven to a Decision under present Circumstances, they must make the best Estimates they can; I have no Directions to give. I dont at present see anything to prevent Colo Hulls Attendance on the Arbitration. If any Danger or Inconvenience should be observed, it may be remedied on its Appearance.
Lieut Frye must remain in his present Situation untill some Determination can be made respectg him; his Case will be laid before the Secretary at War. I am &c.
PS. If Genl Beville's Letter is communicated to the Arbitrators, I beg you will let my Observation upon it be laid before them also.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 10: Of the South Carolina State navy, then at Philadelphia.]
Head Quarters, June 17, 1782.
Sir: I have received by the post your two favors of the 4th March and 6th of June.
I feel myself much obliged to you for the Care and Attention you have paid to the two Boxes sent on Board your Ship at Amsterdam; they contain a Press for Copying Letters, and were ordered on Board by Messrs De Neufville and Sons, and designed as a present from them to me.
If you will be pleased to deliver the Boxes to the Order of the Sectry at War, who will take charge of their forwardg to me, it will add to the Obligation I am already under to your Care. With much Regard etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1782.
Sir: It appears to me that keeping up an Hospital at Boston is a very needless expence to the Public; the only pretext that could be offered for it, was the Corps of Invalids being there; that Corps being now removed and no Continental Troops remaining or likely to be there, I see nothing to prevent the Hospitals being broke up immediately and I desire you to take measures accordingly. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 13: Attorney general of New York; commissioner to superintend British evacuation of New York, 1783; New York Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1784; Member of Congress, 1789--93.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1782.
Sir: Some Disputes having arisen between the Army and Mr Sands in the Execution of his Contract; It becomes necessary to have them decided in the Mode prescribed in the Contract, which is by the submittg them to the Decision of three Indifferent Men not of the Army. One to be chosen by the Army, the second by Mr Sands, and the third by the other two.
Havg named you on the part of the Army, as one of the Arbitrators, I have to request the favor of you to inform me whether it will be convenient for you to undertake this Business, and when it will best suit you to attend; begging leave to observe that the earlier you fix the Time, in case of Acceptance, the more agreeable to me, and the more Beneficial to the public and the Army. I am &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 18, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Excellency's Favor of the 31st. of May, covering your Letter Addressed to Sir Guy Carleton.
As your Letter, with the Depositions which accompany it, contain every thing that is to be said on the Subject, it is needless for me to impress it with any Observations of mine.15
[Note 15: This letter made the complaint that an American sloop was seized by 5 seamen, said to have deserted from a British flag brig. As the sloop was believed to have been carried into New York, the illegal connivance of the captain of the flag was suspected. Harrison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Letter to Sir Guy, is forwarded by a flag to N York, and any Reply he may be pleased to commit to my Care, shall be transmitted to your Excellency by the first Conveyance. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, June 18, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The General informs the Army he had great Occasion to be satisfied at the review of the second Connecticut Brigade yesterday, especially with the soldierlike veteran appearance of the men and the exactness with which the Firings were performed; he felt a particular pleasure in observing the cleanliness and steadiness of the second regiment under Arms. The activity and emulation displayed by the Detachments of Artillery during the late reviews deserve encouragement and applause.
The review of this Army by Brigades being now completed the Commander in Chief is happy in having this Opportunity to present his thanks to Major General the Baron Steuben for the indefatigable assiduity and singular attention exhibited in the late Inspections and reviews, and for his eminent services in promoting the discipline of the Army on all Occasions, and at the same time to express his approbation of the present laudable disposition and pride of Corps which seem to be diffused throughout the Army. From this spirit of emulation and a consideration of the amazing contrast between the past and present appearance of the troops the General anticipates the happiest consequences: but being persuaded that appearance alone is not sufficient to establish the reputation and ensure the success of our Arms, and that frequent and repeated Exercise is absolutely necessary to constitute the perfection of Discipline, he requests in the most pointed terms that the Commanding Officers of Divisions and Brigades will punctually exercise the troops alternately every other day in brigade and by detail. In the course of the Exercises the Officers are permitted to vary the manoevres as time, circumstances and inclination may prompt: provided they do not deviate from the established principles, but in all cases the General intreats the Officers to pay the most minute attention to the soldiers method of priming and loading as well as of levelling and taking aim, this is an article of the greatest consequence, he hopes therefore that the utmost pains may be taken to instruct every individual in this essential part of his professions. The honorable the Secretary at War has requested the Commander in Chief to communicate to the Army the very singular satisfaction he enjoyed in the Military appearance and regularity of disciplinee so observable in the troops he had the honor to review; and at the same time assure the Army he will not fail to represent their distinguished merit to Congress.
By a General Court Martial held at West Point the 15th instant Captain Williams,17 Brigade Major of the 2d Massachusetts
[Note 17: Capt. Abraham Williams, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.] Brigade, was tried for not furnishing a man for General Heaths Barge when detailed on the 6th. instant by Captain Haskell,18 on General Heaths express orders for that purpose. The Court are of opinion that Captain Williams is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him and that he be honorably acquired.
[Note 18: Capt. Elnathon Haskell, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He was aide to General Howe in September, 1782, and served to June, 1784.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence, Captain Williams is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, June 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: I perceive by your Excellency's letter of the 10th that I have not been fully understood by Mr Lott. When that Gentn. applied to me for permission for himself, and Son in Law Mr. Livingston, to go into New York, My answr. as nearly as I can recollect, was "I thought he had been well acquainted with my determination not to give passports to Citizens, unless they should previously have obtained permission from the Governor or Executive of the State to which they belonged." He confessed he knew this had been the practice but supposed, as all Flags were confined to Dobbs's Ferry and your Excellency had forbidden any other by proclamation that his application ought to come immediately to me. "I assured him, as I thought, very explicitly, that nothing more was intended, by these changes, than to prevent abuses; and those evils which had proceeded from a loose and indiscriminate intercourse with the enemy; that I never had it in contemplation to lay the least restraint upon the Executive of any State to grant permission to any Subject they thought proper to go within the Lines of the Enemy through that Channel; and that all the Agency I had in the matter was to give a permit as a mere official piece of duty. That I did not in the first instance conceive the right was in me, to grant passports to Citizens for Civil purposes, and moreover that if such a right did exist I should not exercise it without a recommendation from the Executive of the State from whence the applicant came as it was not to be supposed that I could have a general knowledge of characters or that I would enter into an inviduous distinction of them by granting to one and refusing another.
This Sir is the substance, if not the very words of my conversation with Mr Lott, and I have only to add to them that my Instructions to the Officer commanding at the Post of Dobb's Ferry (now Colo. Greaton) is, to permit no Person to go into, or come out of New York unless they have regular passports from Congress, the Executive of any State, the Secretary at War, or myself nor to grant Flags under any other Orders.
If your Excellency chooses to give permission to Mr. Lott and his Son in Law, whose characters and principles you have better oppertunities to judge of than me to go into New York the door in this case, as in all others, is open to your Orders. I have the honr. etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, June 19, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Court of enquiry held at the Barracks of Philadelphia 11 May 1782. by order of the honorable Major General Lincoln, Secretary at War, to enquire into the cause of a complaint exhibited by the Citizens of the State of Pennsylvania against the Officer and soldiers belonging to a Guard boat going to a flagg of truce in the Delaware by special orders from the Minister.19
[Note 19: Of France.] Whereof Brigadier Genl Williams was president, are of Opinion that Lieutenant Hubbert20 could not consistently with the orders which he had received have permitted the said Boat to have passed without examination and therefore think his condition Justifiable. The Commander in Chief approves and accepts the report of the Court.
[Note 20: Hubbard(?).]
The Commander in Chief having at the United sollicitation of the Officers of this Army presented the following Congratulatory Address to his Excellency the Minister of France...21
[Note 21: The text omitted here does not vary from the original. (See Washington's letter to Chevalier de la Luzerne, June 5, 1782, ante.)]
To which his Excellency the Chevalier de la Luzurne was pleased to return an answer of which the following is a Translation
To His Excellency General Washington, Commander in Chief: The Generals and other Officers of the American Army on the Hudsons River Gentlemen: I shall transmit to his Majesty the Address you have been pleased to send me on the birth of an Heir to his Crown. It will afford him infinite satisfaction to find with what joy this event has inspired you, and he will see with pleasure that the same Army which has Given so many proofs of courage and Patriotism, and which has in the most perfect harmony and concert with his own Troops fought the common Enemy now hastens to shew that nothing which affects the French Nation can be indifferent to them. The young Prince whose birth is the object of your congratulations will from his infancy hear recounted the glorious actions by which you have effected the independence and happiness of a vast Continent, and when they wou'd cite to him examples of disinterestedness, Constancy, Courage and every other Military virtue they will repeat to him the names of your illustrious Chiefs.
He is born at a moment when victory has Crowned both our Nations. This circumstance is a happy presage of his future glory and promises that he will one day be the support of your Independence as well as of the alliance which unites France with the thirteen United States. The venerations that your Actions and your Virtues have inspired me with Gentlemen augment the pleasure that I have in conveying your sentiments to the King my Master. I beg you to be persuaded that no one is with more sincere respect Gentlemen Yr. very Hble and very Obt. Servt. Le Chevalier de la Luzerne.22
[Note 22: The original, in French, and a translation by Benjamin Walker, are in the Washington Papers under date of June 10, 1782.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have the honor of inclosing the Extract of a Letter from Col Nicola Commandant of the Corps of Invalids, proposing some alterations and amendments in the Establishment of that Corps; and wish you a decision thereon. I likewise transmit an Extract of Genl Heaths Letter of the 17th Inst to me, covering a Letter from Lt. Frye23 (which is also inclosed) and have to request that not only a determination in the present instance, but a Rule which will operate in similar cases for the future, may be obtained.
[Note 23: Lieut. Nathaniel Frye, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
I was happy to learn from you that an adequate provision has been made by Congress for the Maintenance of Invalids who are rendered totally incapable of service and have become an incumbrance to the Army, and intreat you will be pleased to forward that Resolution as soon as conveniently may be. I have the honor &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, June 19, 1782.
Sir: His Excellency the Commander in Chief directs me to reply to your Favor of the 30th May, and inform you, that considering the Footg on which your Arrest stands,25 and upon a View of all Circumstances attendg it, it is his Opinion that your Trial should be deferred until an Opportunity presents of havg a Court formed from the Line of the Army. I am &c.26
[Note 25: Reid had been arrested by General Hazen for disobedience of orders, unmilitary conduct, and ungentlemanly behavior.]
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of and is signed by Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 12th27 I was honored with last night, and not chusing to trust my Sentiments on the subject of it to paper, I communicated them freely to General Lincoln, who set off at 4 oClock this morning on his return to Philadelphia, with a request that he would convey them to you. When I am favor'd with the Cypher which you have promised me, I will convey my Opinion upon your proposition in my own words, with my reasons for it; In the mean while I remain with every sentiment of esteem etc.28
[Note 27: Livingston's letter of June 12, 1782, is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, June 19, 1782.
Sir: I feel myself much Obliged by the friendly Communication of your Sentiments to me on the Subject of Retaliation, conveyed under your Favr. of the 30th May;29 a Subject truly disagreeable and distressing to me.
[Note 29: Dickinson's letter of May 30 is in the Washington Papers. His doubts respecting the retaliation were based entirely upon the legal aspects of the matter.]
The horrid Circumstances of Barbarity which introduced the Instance which now gains our particular Attention, came to me under the Representation of so respectable a Body of Citizens, that they could not but gain my Notice and Interposition especially from a Consideration that if it was not taken up in this Line, the people, strongly provoked by their feelings on the Occasion, would probably have assumed the Matter upon their own Decision and bro't it to an issue under their own power, which mode of Proceedg, if permitted, would have involved Circumstances still more lamentable and calamitous.
In takg my Resolutions I also found myself supported by many repeated Declarations of Congress on this Subject. And, after my Resolutions being taken, have had the Satisfaction to receive the fullest and most Decided Approbation of that Hono Body on this particular Instance.
But under all these Circumstances, altho I never had a Doubt on the general propriety of the Measure, yet It was not my Intention, could it be avoided, to have taken as a Subject of Retaliation, an Officer under Sanction of Capitulation or Convention; and my first Orders were issued agreeable to that Idea, but unfortunately, it was reported to me that no Officer of an unconditional Description, was in our possession, which laid me under a Necessity of givg further Orders, exceedg my original Intentions; in Consequence of which the unhappy Lot is fallen upon Capt Asgill, a prisoner under the Capitulation of York Town.
I feel myself exceedgly distressed on this Occasion; but my Resolutions, having been taken upon the most mature Deliberation, supported by the Approbation of Congress, and grounded on the general Concurrence of all the principal Officers of the Army, who were particularly consulted on the Subject, cannot be receded from. Justice to the Army and the Public, my own Honor and I think I may venture to say universal Benevolence, require them to be carried into full Execution.
It rests therefore on the British Commander in Chief to prevent this unhappy Measure takg effect. An Application is gone to Sir Guy Carlton from Capt Asgill, begging his Interposition to avert his Fate; the Matter is now in Agitation and I am told that a Strict Enquiry is makg into the Conduct of Lippincot, who is charged as being the principal perpetrator of the cruel Murder of Capt Huddy.
Should this Enquiry lead to giving Satisfaction by a Compliance with my Original Demand to Sir Henry Clinton, my feelings will be greatly relieved, and I need not assure you that I shall receive the highest pleasure from such an event. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 20, 1782.
Sir: I am directed by the Commander in Chief, who went to Poughkepsie early this morning, to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 18th. and 19th, and to inform you that he has placed the Contract on such footing, that in future, he hopes, no complaint will arise from a want of provision, or from the Officers not having their wishes gratified by the mode of Issues; the alteration of the Contract only waits for Mr. Morris approbation and that the pay of the Army depends altogether on the compliance of the several States with the requisitions of Congress, without which it is utterly impossible for Mr. Morris to give the Army a farthing.
Inclosed is a furlough for honest Jones31 of the 9th. Regt, the place of his abode must be mentioned and the furlough registered in the Books of the Regt.
[Note 31: Abel Jones, private in the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Your private Letter32 which the Genl. has recev'd will be answered when he returns from Poughkepsie. I am &c.33
[Note 32: Heath's letter to Washington (June 19) bears the following indorsement by Jonathan Trumbull, jr.; "furlough for Soldier of 9th. to repair the Injury done his Sweetheart last Winter--granted."]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, June 21, 1782.
Sir: The thousand Barrels of salted provisions which the Contract obliges you to furnish, I conceive to be intended for the contingent purposes of the Army, dependg on particular Operations, and not for immediate Issues; previous therefore to replying to your Question respectg the places of Deposite, I will be glad to know, whether the Contractors for the movg. Army, mean to supply any Quantity of salted provisions for immediate Issue, or occasional Expenditures; for the latter, should it be your Intention, I have no hesitation to give you an instant reply, and upon a resolution of that point, I shall be enabled better to determine the former. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, June 22, 1782.
Sir: I have received your two Letters of the 17 and 18 Inst. The only object I had in view in ordering Capt Asgill to be confined at the Hutts was the perfect Security of the Prisoner; this must be attended to; but I am very willing and indeed wish every indulgence to be granted him that is not inconsistent with that. The same with respect to Captain Schaack.
When I ordered on an Officer for the purpose of retaliation I mentioned my willingness that he should make any application he thought proper to the British Commander in Chief in whose power alone it lay to avert his destiny but I at the same time desired it to be announced that I would receive no application nor answer any Letter on the Subject, which did not inform me that Satisfaction was made for the death of Capt. Huddy. I imagine you was not informed of this circumstance, or you would have prevented Majr. Gordon's applications on the subject. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 37: Contractors for the moving Army.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: Since my conversation with you yesterday, I have been informed that the terms proposed to you by the State of Connecticut for taking their salted provisions, are grounded on an expectation of their being delivered at this River,38 and that their price is fixed on that ground; in which case, I suppose, an additional sum is fixed beyond that which could be proposed upon a certainty of its delivery at Connecticut River, only sufficient to cover the expence of its transportation; if this is the case, unless you have something in view more than is in my Mind, perhaps there is no necessity of fixing, at this time, on the places of Deposit for the moving Army, as the expence of transportation will be no more by and by than at present. You are fully acquainted with the difficulties on my Mind, which prevent my being able to fix on the places where it will be best for the provision to be lodged; If therefore my information is well founded, and my observations thereon appear to you in the light they do to me, I think it is necessary at this Time only for you to decide on taking the provisions from the State, fixing the price on a supposition of their being deposited at Connecticut River, and leaving the contingent transportation to a future determination as circumstances may turn up.
[Note 38: The Hudson.]
But if your objections to this proposition should be insuperable; then fix on West Point as a place of Deposit for the 100 Barrels of provisions mentioned in the moveing Contract. I am etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, June 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: As the Referees, who are to settle the disputes between the Army and Mr. Sands & Co., will sit for that purpose in a few days, it will be necessary for the Gentn. of the Army to appoint some Person to attend in their name to conduct the business; I wish you therefore to make it known to the Army under your Command, that such person may be appointed, and that he properly prepare the necessary papers, in defence of the Charges, against the meeting of the Referees, the time and place of their meeting will be notified to you. I am etc.40
[Note 40: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Newburgh, June 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: In answer to your private letter of the 19th, I have to observe, that it was not my intention by the Order of the 4th. of April, to call in question, or deprive you, of any part of the Command which was confirmed in the subsequent one of the 9th. Instt. The Order of the 9th. (last mentioned) did not proceed from any doubt in my mind of the meaning of the first, but because different interpretations was put on it by others; because confusion and disorder was about to ensue, and because I had understood from the Adjutt. Genl. that you, yourself, required an explanation of it to the Army; to prevent those evils which were resulting from misconception; had I known that Captn. Williams was in arrest, and to be tried on the merits of that order, I certainly should not, at the time I did, have issued the explanatory one of the 9th.; which was, in some measure, prejudging for the Court; as it was upon the construction of the order of the 4th. of April that the matter, ultimately, would rest.
As you are pleased to ask my opinion on the propriety of dropping, or prosecuting the point in dispute, I shall give it in favor of the latter; because I have too good an opinion of Colo. Putnams sense, and knowledge of Discipline, to suppose he would have forbid the Brigade Majr Williams to comply with your order (thereby incurring responsibility) unless he had conceived himself justified under the order of the 4th. of April. I am, etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of yesterday and of this date by Major Lyman. I can have no objection to the assembling of the Officers of the Masstts. Line for there obtaining, in a decent manner, the regular settlement of their Just dues, but am very sorry there should be any occasion for such proceedings; I supposed that Congress had passed Resolutions, directing the several States or Mr. Morris to adjust all the Accounts of the Army up to the year 1782, and believe I mentioned that circumstance in a Letter to you last Winter; and had no doubt but a settlement had taken place accordingly.
It is very indifferent with me what Court Colo. Badlam is tryed by, so long as the truth of his proceedings are made known, I shall therefore leave it at your discretion. I am &c.43
[Note 43: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, June 22, 1782.
Sir: Your Favor of the 20th June I have had the Honor to receive.
Could I view your Excellencys proposal for a meeting, as intended to involve Objects of a military Nature, I should have no Objection to complying with your Request; but if its purpose embraces (as would seem from your Letter) only points of civil Discussion, I conceive it wholly unnecessary for me to accede to it.
As I had the Honour in my last, transmitting the Circumstances relating to Hetfield and Bagely, to inform you, that findg them entirely in the Hands of the Civil power, It was not within my Line to say any thing further on the Subject; so, from the Tenor of your Letter, it becomes necessary for me now to be very explicit in mentioning to your Excellency, that in matters of civil Resort I am not authorized in any Case to make the least Interference. The Civil Laws, within the several States, having been passed without any Agency of mine, I am equally excluded from any Part in their Execution; neither is it to be supposed, that they are under any Controul or Influence from me. The Civil power therefore of the States only, being competent to the Discussion of civil points, I shall leave them solely to their Consideration; being determined to confine myself to the proper Line of my Duty, which is purely military.
Previous therefore to a Closure with your proposal, I have to request that your Excellency will be pleased to declare, whether it was your Intention, that the Gentlemen whom you wished to meet together should be convened in Military Capacity only and be confined solely to the Discussion of Military points. If so, I shall immediately on Receipt of your Answer, nominate one or more Gentlemen, who shall be authorized to attend such persons as may be appointed on your part, at Dobb's Ferry, the most convenient intermediate post for both parties, and shall feel myself very happy, if by a Discussion of any military points which may then be proposed, any Measures can be adopted for humanizing as much as possible the Calamities attendant on a State of War. I am &c.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, June 22, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Troops may go into Tents as soon as the Quarter Master can furnish the necessary Camp Equipage, at such convenient places as Major General Heath shall direct, who in pointing out the position for encampment will be pleased to have regard to the conveyance of supplies by water as well as to the ground for Manovring in the vicinity. Those Corps which are most incommoded in their present quarters will take the field first. Great attention must be paid to the preservation of private property, to prevent throwing open inclosures or the wanton distruction of Grain, Grass or any other produce whatever.
The Commanding Officers of Brigades and Regiments will make return of all officers who were on furlough last winter and have not return'd to their duty, specifying the reasons (if any are known) for their absence.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, June 23, 1782.
Parole --.Countersigns --.
There having been great irregularity in the mode of bringing Captain McCurdy of the Pennsylvania Line before the Court Martial holden at Carlisle the 16th. of May last, whereof Col. Richard Butler was President, the General disapproves the proceedings and orders the Court to be dissolved.
The honorable the Secretary at War has been requested to order a Court Martial at Philadelphia for the tryal of Captain McCurdy45 as soon as circumstances will admit.
[Note 45: See General Orders, Nov. 21, 1782, post.]
At a Brigade General Court Martial held in the Jersey Line the 13th. instant, Major Forman President, George Cook a soldier in the 2d Jersey Regiment was tried for Desertion, found Guilty being a breach of the first Article of the 6th. section of the Articles of War and sentenced to suffer Death.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: By the inclosed Extract from General Orders (which I have the honor to request after perusing, you will be pleased to seal and forward) my determination respecting the proceedings of the Court Martial of which Col Richd Butler was President in the case of Capt McCurdy, will be made known to you. As I do not consider Brig General Hazen as commanding throughout the State of Pennsylvania and consequently capable of Ordering Officers from the various parts of the State to attend at whatever place he may think proper; and as I have great reason to apprehend a spirit of faction and other ill consequences will be produced by the clashing sentiments of the different Officers concerned in the dispute, to the great detriment of service, unless measures are taken to prevent it; I have therefore taken the liberty to trouble you with my request that you will appoint a Court Martial for the tryal of Capt McCurdy whenever the circumstances may be convenient.
I suppose it will not be necessary to hasten this business at the present moment, because I do not see how the Court could proceed without some person to support the charges, which cannot be the case with the Gentleman at whose instance the prisoner was put in arrest; should the circumstances of Captain Asgill the Complainant (who you are sensible is now prevented from attending) finally debar him from carrying on the prosecution; I should presume the charges will Lie of course, and Capt McCurdy must be released from his arrest: this will probably be ascertained in the course of a short time.
I do not enlarge on the subject, or apologize for the trouble, I am giving you; because I know you are perfectly acquainted with the matter, and are always ready to incur any personal trouble which will contribute to the public good. I have the honor &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, June 23, 1782.
Sir: Your Letter to the Commander in Chief was received some time since, but for want of a judge Advocate to conduct a Court Martial, an answer was delayed; since then the Adjt. Genl. has been requested to obtain some person to act in that Character, if this can be effected, your Trial may come on immediately, as it is his Excellencys opinion that no person ought to be kept in arrest at the pleasure of the Arrestor. I am etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, June 24, 1782.
Sir: You will observe by the inclosed papers, that Lt. Colo. Smith and Majr. Clarkson have applied for leave to join the combined Armies in the West Indies. As it is not with me to grant the permission, I have referr'd it to you, that you may grant their request or if that is not in your power, may make the necessary application to Congress in their behalf. I am &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 24, 1782.
Sir: I enclose you the Copy of a Letter from His Excellency Governor Livingston to me, informg that two Persons coming from N York in a private manner to Elizabeth Town have been suffered to pass from thence by Captain Dayton; this (whatever the particular circumstances might be) is so diametrically opposite to the spirit of my directions expressed in my Letter of the 10th. of May to you, that I must confess I was not a little surprised to hear of it. When I prohibited all intercourse at that Post by Flags, it was impossible for me to conceive that a door of private communication would be opened, by the knowledge of our Officers, and therefore could not think it necessary to take particular precaution against it; But Sir, you will now consider it as my most positive Order, that none of our Prisoners or any other characters of any discription whatever shall be permitted to pass in any way whatever to or from the Enemy with the privity of any Officers commandg under you. And if you should find Captain Dayton or any other Officers not disposed to carry this Order zealously into execution, you will have them relieved by others who will pay the strictest attention to it, and to put a total period to all kind of intercourse whatever with the Enemy. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters of file American Army, June 24, 1782.
Lieutenant Colonel William S. Smith entered the Service of the United States at the Commencement of the present War; in August 1776 he was appointed an Aid de Camp to Major General Sullivan with the Rank of Major in the Army, on the 1st day of January 1777 he was promoted to be a Lieutenant Colonel in one of the additional Battalions raised by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; after which he had the honor of serving as Inspector and Deputy Adjutant General to the Corps of Lt Infantry, under the Command of Major General the Marquis de la Fayette in the Campaign 1780; and in the Month of July 1781 he was appointed Aid de Camp to the Commander in Chief of the American Army; in all which several Military Stations, We hereby Certify he has behaved with great fidelity, bravery, and good conduct.
During the course of Service Colonel Smith has had many opportunities of signalizing himself by his gallantry, intelligence, and professional knowledge, in the several Enterprizes, Battles, and Seiges at which he has been present; particularly in the Actions of Long Island and Harlem Heights, at the Seige of New Port, in the expedition under the Orders of Major Genl Sullivan, against the Savages, in the Battle of Springfield, where he commanded a Regt. at the successful Siege of York in Virginia, where the Army of Lord Cornwallis surrendered Prisoners of War, and on many other important occasions. In consequence of which he hath merited my approbation and this Testimony of his being a Brave and valuable Officer.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, June 24, 1782.
Gentlemen: I have this Moment received your Application to me requestg Liberty to join the combined Armies in the West Indies, for this Campaign.
I applaud Gentlemen the noble and generous Ardor displayed on this Occasion. But having never taken upon me to grant Leave of Absence to Officers in the American Army, without permission of Congress, your application shall be conveyed to that Hono Body for their Approbation.
If your Desires should be gratified in obtaing the Leave you ask, I most sincerely wish you every Success your Military Genius and good Intentions demand; and that you may return again to your Country, crowned with Laurels, to enjoy the Honor and Satisfaction of your generous Services.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 24, 1782.
Major Matthew Clarkson commenced his Military Services as a Volunteer early in the present War. In the Year 1777 recd a Majority in the Army of the United' States and was present at the Surrender of Lt. Genl Burgoyne at Saratoga having been active in all the principal antecedent Engagements that produced that Event. In the Year 1779 was appd A D C. to Majr. Genl. Lincoln (now Secretary at War) then commanding Officer in the Southern Department. In that Character he served at the Siege of Savannah. In 1780 He acted as a Major of a Corps of Lt. Infantry during the Siege of Charles-Town; In 1781 he returned to his former Situation as A D C. to Mr G Lincoln and was present at the Reduction of the British posts of York and Gloucester under the Command of Lt. Genl. Earl Cornwallis. Soon after this when Major Genl. Lincoln became Secretary at War, he was appd his Assistant. In all which Stations from my own Knowledge and the Report of the General officer under whose immediate Orders he has Served I am authorised to declare that he has acquitted himself with great Honour.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Hodijah Baylies.]
State of New York, June 24, 1782.
Sir: The Gentn. who will have the honor of presenting this Letter to your Excellency, is Lieut. Colo. Smith, an Officer in the Service of the United States of America, and lately one of my Aid de Camps.
The Certificate53 which I have given him of equal date with this Letter, is a tribute justly due to his merit.
[Note 53: The draft of the certificate mentioned is in the Washington Papers, June 24, 1782. Smith's in the writing of David Humphreys and Clarkson's in that of Hodijah Baylies.]
His wish to see foreign service, and desire of improving in the art of War under the auspices of your Excellency has induced him to make a tender of his services as a Volunteer at the expected invasion of Jamaica.
He will do me the favor to assure you, personally of my high respect, and ardent wishes for your success. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb. Practically the same letter, but much briefer, was given to Maj. Matthew Clarkson.]
Head Quarters, June 24, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Excellencys Letter of the 18th. and being much concerned for the Occasion, I am much Obliged by a Communication of its Contents.
My Instructions to Colo Dayton were very pointed, strict and positive to prevent every Intercourse with the Enemy by Way of Elizabeth Town, or any of the Jersey posts; informg him that no Communication was to be held with the Enemy but by the Way of Dobb's Ferry. No private Orders have been given by me to Capt Dayton or any other person, giving any Indulgence deviating from my general Orders, and whatever he has done on this Occasion, contrary to what was communicated in my Letter to your Excellency is absolutely contrary to my Mind and Intention.
I have written to Colo Dayton pr this Opportunity and inclosed Copy of your Letter to me, and have renewed my Instructions to him, that he take every Caution to prevent any Contravention of my Orders.
I am much obliged by your Excellencys Attention to this Matter and beg that you will continue to join your Exertions with mine, to endeavour as much as possible to break up this undue practice of holding Intercourse with the Enemy by any other way than that established at Dobb's Ferry.
If any Information against " that Post55 relative to a more serious Matter," can be produced and well supported, I will be much obliged if your Excellency will be pleased to have it forwarded to me as soon as possible, with the proper Documents. I have the Honor etc.56
[Note 55: Dobbs Ferry.]
[Note 56: he draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Hd. Qrs. Newburgh, June 24, 1782.
Sir: I was in the moment of sending off a dispatch to Count de Rochambeau, of which I have the honor to inclose a Copy, when your Excellencys Letter of the 14th. Inst. arrived.
I have only to refer you to my Letter of the 28th. of April for a perfect state of matters in this Quarter; and as little alteration has taken place since that period your Excellency will readily perceive the impracticability of the movement expected by Congress (and mentioned in your Letter to Count de Rochambeau) especially too when you consider how unprepared we are to encounter any expence that can possibly be dispens'd with.
My Ideas on this57 head; The removal of the French Army in our present State of uncertainty; The consequent call of the Militia to occupy the Posts they would leave and cover the Stores, Shipping &ca. wch. must necessarily remain, and on the general posture of our Affairs were communicated fully to the Secretary at War when he was here with a request that he would unfold them to your Excellency as I could not commit them to Paper without a Cypher.
[Note 57: This and the following italicized words are underscored in the letter sent, but not in the draft.]
The Enemy, from the best intelligence I get from New York, have made no detachment; things remain there in Statu quo; they seem to be suspended, and are waiting for orders from their Court; which I hear they anxiously expect. As I am just stepping into a Boat for Albany, and dare not commit more to paper, I have only to give a fresh testimony of the respect and esteem with which etc.58
[Note 58: The letter sent is in the writing of Benjamin Walker and varies from the draft in capitalization and italicized words. It is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 24, 1782.
I have looked with anxious Impatience, my dear Count, for those Dispatches from your Court, the Arrival of which to you was to be the Basis of our Interview at Philadelphia. I have been in such daily Expectation of this Event that I have not ventured more than 15 Miles from this place, lest your Summons should arrive here in my Absence.
The Season for operating in this Quarter is flying away rapidly, and I am more and more embarrassed in determining on the Measures which are proper to be pursued. If the Aids, which are designed for us by your generous Nation, are sufficiently powerful and arrive in Season to warrant the Enterprise of New-York, not a Moment should be lost in commencing your March this Way. On the other Hand, if the naval Superiority destined by his most Christian Majesty for this Coast should be late in Coming; or if when it does arrive, our Force should be judged inadequate to the Seige of New York and our Arms are to be turned against Charles-Town as the next Object of Importance, every step which the French Army under your Excellency's Command make this Way, not only serves to fatigue them; but the Baggage Teams and Artillery Horses which are provided for the Service of the Campaign would, by such a Movement, be rendered unfit to perform a March to South Carolina; and every other Expense incident to this Manoeuvre would be needlessly increased.
In this State of Uncertainty, which may also be accompanied by unexpected Embarrassments occasioned by the late Events in the West Indies, I find myself at a loss to determine upon any Thing; and could wish our Interview to take place, even under these Circumstances, that we might, by a free Intercourse of Sentiments upon certain Hypothesis, mature Matters in such a Manner, as to facilitate any Operations to which our Force shall be adjudged competent (having regard to the Season) when the plans of your Court are announced to us.
If your Excellency approve of such a Meeting, before you receive your Dispatches, you have only to inform me of it, and I shall attend to your Time at Philadelphia, or any other place at the shortest Notice.
I am at this Moment on the point of setting out for Albany on a Visit to my posts in the Vicinity of that place. My Stay will not exceed 8, or at most ten Days, and will be shortened if any Dispatches from you should be received in the Mean Time. I have the Honor etc.59
[Note 59: The text is from a copy by Hodijah Baylies in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6. The original, entirely in cipher in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., is in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, June 24, 1782.
Dear Sir: At the moment of sending off the inclosed Letter to you of this same date; Your favor of the 8th. of this Month, which had been long on the way, came to hand.
Your Idea of not moving the French Troops, in our present state of anxious uncertainty, is quite coincident with mine; but it is left entirely to your Judgment to maintain or alter that opinion as you may find necessary on further consideration, or from any good reasons, which may occur from further intelligence or Information you may receive.
I have no reason to suppose that the news you have from the Flag Vessel of the evacuation of Charlestown and Savanna, is well founded; on the contrary I have every reason to imagine that the Enemy mean to hold what they at present possess.
If you accept the proposal of an interview, I have many things to communicate which may be unsafe to trust to paper. I am etc.60
[Note 60: In the writing of David Cobb. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 24, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am this moment setting out for Albany, and shall be absent a few days; I give you this information for the Regulation of your own conduct; and request in the mean time, you will give me any intelligence you may receive, which you shall deem of sufficient consequence for communication by Express. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 24, 1782.
Sir: I am much distressed at the Languor and Inertion of the several States in sending on the Recruits to the Army, which have been requested.
The inclosed Return62 will shew the number which have been received from them to the 1st. of June. Unless greater exertions are experienced, Congress will easily perceive, that we can have but very little prospect of any serious operations this Campaign.
[Note 62: This return, signed by Adj. Gen. Edward Hand and filed with this letter from Washington, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It shows that the total number of recruits received from January 1 to May 31, inclusive, was 1,178.]
From all the intelligence I can obtain from New York, the Enemy continue in the same state as they have been in for some time past, no Intentions are indicated of any Detachment; strict Oeconomy and renewed and increasing Discipline seem to be their present objects. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am this Moment stepping into a Boat for Albany, to visit the Posts in that Vicinity My Stay will be short I expect to return in 8 or 10 days.63
[Note 63: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., and David Cobb.]
[Note 66: Contractors for supplying the garrison of West Point.]
Poughkeepsie, June 24, 1782.
Sir: I think it proper to advise you, that Mr. Benson, the Attorney Genl. whom I had nominated as one of the Referrees to decide the disputes between the Army and yourself, has signified his intention to undertake that business, and has mentioned the 8th day of July as the earliest period, at which he can enter upon it. In the mean time he proposes agreeing with Mr Melanchton Smith the Referree on your part, on a third person, according to the mode of Settlement, which has been adopted. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Qrs., Newburgh,68 June 25, 1782.
[Note 68: Intentionally, or inadvertently, Washington dated this Newburgh, when he had already reached Poughkeepsie on his way to Albany.]
Dear Sir: Mr. Lund Washington having furnished me with Copies of the Accts. with Mr. Custis, I have drawn the whole into one view and send it herewith. I could not Balle the Acct. because of the blank Articles in it; and because there may be, on Mr. Custis's books, some charges against me of which I have no knowledge. with regard to the first, I have it to you to extend the Sums in any manner you shall think just and reasonable. Mr. Custis complained heavily of, and objected to the valuation of the Stock &ca. as fixed by Colo. Bassett (as may appear by his Letters) and was answered, that it might be settled in any other way, as I wanted nothing but justice, and had no doubt of his being actuated by the same principle. The rate of Exchange between Stirling and Curry. I leave also to you to extend; as you know how this kind of business is regulated at this time, in Virginia; I do not. nor how much Curry. £100 Stirlg. will fetch. When you have settled these matters, and have ballanced the Acct. be so good as to transmit me the sevl. sums; that I may make the Copy of the Acct. (which I have kept by me) corrispond with the one sent, when the blanks filled up.
I perceive your unwillingness to undertake the Guardianship of Mr. Custis's Children; and tho' your reasons have weight in them, and some trouble must ensue consequent of the trust; I cannot help, once more, expressing my wish to see you vested with it. Indeed I know of no other in whom it can be placed with any degree of propriety; or whose situation and proximity to the Estate, and General Court, will enable him, or them to discharge the duties required with more convenience and ease. When the business of the Administration is closed, the principal trouble will be to settle annual Accts., and provide a good Steward; the last of which must, situated as the Estate is, be under your immediate eye. the advantage of which, every person who has had any thing to do with Overseers, and Plantations at a distance, must be amply convinced of.
If your conjectures of Posey be true, it will be an unfortunate circumstance indeed; and I confess, there is but too much reason to apprehend it. I conceived a bad opinion of him from the agreement I heard he had made with Mr. Custis; and it was encreased, when I came to talk with him on the subject, in my way up.
I am clearly in sentiment with you respecting the propriety of removing the Negroes and Renting the Eastern shore Estate till the Heir comes of Age; but till peace and tranquility is restored, I think it had best be rented from year to year only. With respect to the Annual value of it I can give no opinion; but should conceive the best mode of renting it high, will be to advertise it, not only in the Public Gazettes of Virginia and Maryland, but at the Court House of the County it is in, and the one next adjacent; desiring all Persons who incline to rent, to give in His or her proposals before a certain day, on which it will be let to those who have made the best offer previous to it.
It gives me much pleasure to hear that you, family and friends are well; pray offer my best respect to them in wch. your Sister joins, and believe me to be etc.
Albany, June 27, 1782.
Gentlemen: Your congratulation on my arrival in this City I receive with pleasure and gratitude.
If in attempting to discharge those duties which every good Citizen owes to his Country, I have been so fortunate as to merit your approbation, and the good wishes and benedictions of the antient and respectable City of Albany, it will contribute not a little to my happiness.
I accept the freedom of the City with thankfulness, and shall retain a just sense of the honor done me by it.69
[Note 69: "The Freedom of the City of Albany" is in the Washington Papers. It is a vellum slip 13 by 2 3/8 inches, signed by Mayor Abm. Ten Broeck, with the city seal pendant. The text is: "Know all men by these Presents that the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Albany, in Consideration of his distinguished Services and exalted Merit, do by these Presents admit and receive his Excellency George Washington Esq. General and Commander in chief of the American Army &c. a Freeman and Citizen of the said City. To have and to hold use and enjoy all the Rights Liberties and Privileges granted or belonging to the said City. In Testimony whereof we have caused the public Seal of the said City to be hereunto affixed and the Name of the said Mayor subscribed this 27th. Day of June and in the sixth Year of the Independence of this State."]
Head Quarters, June 27, 1782.
Sir: Your favor of the 23d inst. has beer duly received. The Commander in Chief having gone up the River to view the Posts at Albany and its vicinity; I can only observe that the alteration made in the mode of Issues will give general satisfaction, if the Issuer behaves with the least decency; As you are sensible that it is not altogether the badness of the Contract, but the mode of its execution that has heretofore given uneasiness. Colo Stewart, I have no doubt, will give peace, but I am as certain, the present Issuer would raise a mutiny in heaven. The pound of flour which was to be issued in lieu of bread, when there was none in Store is still delivered out at 13 ozs. for the pound, tho' I am certain it was Colo. Stewart's determination that it should be altered. The General will return in five or six days from this. I have the honor &c.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, June 28, 1782.
Sir: I have just received your Letter with the inclosed intelligence from Dobbs ferry;71 if it is true, you will have further information; and as I think there is some doubt of the certainty of it, if it is agreeable I will defer the Express 'till tomorrow afternoon.
[Note 71: Heath's letter, dated June 28, is in the Washington Papers. It is indorsed by Cobb: "Supposed evacuation of Staten Island--premature."]
Mr. Sands, I suppose, is the Issuer to all the Army, untill Colo Stewart makes further arrangements. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Cobb."]
Albany, June 28, 1782.
Gentlemen: I am extremely happy in this opportunity of blending my public duty with my private satisfaction, by paying a due attention to the Frontiers and advanced Posts of this State, and at the same time visiting this antient and respectable City of Albany.
While I consider the approbation of the Wise and the Virtuous as the highest possible reward for my services, I beg you will be assured, Gentlemen, that I now experience the most sensible pleasure from the favorable sentiments you are pleased to express of my Conduct.
Your benevolent wishes and fervent prayers for my personal wellfare and felicity, demand all my gratitude. May the preservation of your civil and religious Liberties still be the care of an indulgent Providence; and may the rapid increase and universal extension of knowledge virtue and true Religion be the consequence of a speedy and honorable Peace. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Schenectady, June 30, 1782.74
[Note 74: Washington seems to have been at Saratoga on June 29.]
Gentlemen: I request you to accept my warmest thanks for your affectionate address.
In a cause so just and righteous as ours, we have every reason to hope the divine Providence will still continue to crown our Arms with success, and finally compel our Enemies to grant us that Peace upon equitable terms, which we so ardently desire.
May you, and the good People of this Town, in the mean time be protected from every insiduous or open foe, and may the complicated blessings of Peace soon reward your arduous Struggles for the establishment of the freedom and Independence of our common Country.73
Schenectady, June 30, 1782.
Gentlemen: I sincerely thank you for your Congratulations on my arrival in this place.
Whilst I join in adoring that Supreme being to whom alone can be attrebuted the signal successes of our Arms I can not but express gratitude to you, for so distinguished a testemony of your regard
May the same providence that has hitherto in so remarkable a manner Envinced the Justice of our Cause, lead us to a speedy and honorable peace; and may its attendant Blessings soon restore this once flourishing Town to its former Prosperity.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker with a later correction by David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, July 2, 1782.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 23d. ulto. and have given Direction to the Qr. Master to furnish all the Materials in his power to put Fort Plain in a state of defence as well as for the Reparation of its Magazine. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Hodijah Baylies.
Washington reached Newburgh July 2.
On July a Washington wrote to Nicholas Quackenbas, the deputy quartermaster at Albany, of the bad state of Fort Plain and the magazine at that place. "As it is of the greatest Importance that they should be repaired, I must request you to make every possible Exertion to supply the necessary Materials." The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, July 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several Letters of the 18th. 19th. 23d. 26th and 28th June. Your Passport to Dr Smith of the British Hospital to go to New York is agreable to me.
Upon consideration of General Greens plan, I think it the best that can be adopted, for the Troops South of Jersey, but I would not have it extend to the Regiments North of Pennsylvania, while they remain so respectable as they are at present.
The non-appointment of a Judge Advocate is extremely injurious o service, and if the Adjutant Generals Department is not fixed on without further delay, we shall have no person to discharge that duty (It being now done by Courtesy) and the whole Army will be in confusion.
Colo Cortlandt informs me that by a late resolve of Congress only Ten Lieuts are to be continued in each Regiment, by which he shall loose three good Subalterns and asks if they cannot be retained doing the duty of three Ensigns which are vacant. The Official information of this Resolve not having been yet transmitted me, I could only direct him to defer doing any thing in the Matter for the present. There is scarce a Regiment in Service but what is very deficient of Ensigns, had not the Lieutenants which are intended by Congress to be deranged, better continue in lieu of new appointed ones? The expence will be much less considering they are to go out on half pay, besides it is an irksome and disagreeable business to derange the Lieutenants, and it is equally difficult to procure Ensigns, unless they are taken from the Serjeants, which rarely succeeds, a little time, and they will be reduced by Death and resignations (if no more promotions take place) below the number pointed out by the resolve without discharging any; the very act of doing which hurts even the Man who would otherwise have resigned.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 3, 1782.
Sir: Upon my return from Albany [and our upper Posts] last evening, I found your two favours of the 21st and 22nd of June. I have given directions to the Commissy. Genl of Prisoners, to have the amount of Money due from our Officers (who have been Prisoners of War) to Persons within the Enemy's Lines, particularly ascertained; and to transmit an abstract thereof to you as soon as may be.
Confident that the partial failure of Provisions could not be attributed to the want of performing the Contract on your part, I am the more happy to find you now call on the Contractors in so decided a tone to perform the stipulation on theirs, as they will not have any excuse to urge for their future deficiencies.
As the Contractors have mentioned in their Letter of the 17th Ulto. to you, that I had that day fixed on West Point as the Magazine of Flour for the Moving Army, I think it expedient to inform you that my principal reasons for assigning that place were, its safety, and convenience for drawing the supplies by water from thence to the Army, while stationed any where on the banks of the River; as well as to make [ample provision for the Post if it should remove to any other Quarter]; and as they were importunate to have the place appointed, before the objects and plans of the Campaign could be fully disclosed, and as the expense of transportation from the deposit I should appoint must be borne by the Public, I could not think of any other spot so eligible as that I have named; especially upon taking all the possible contingencies of the Campaign into consideration, as far as I was able.
[From the acct. of the Gentlemen themselves I clearly foresaw there was no prospect of accumulating a large Magazine, in a short time, at the place assigned them; and well knowing (as the Flour is to come from Pensylvania and Jersey) that it would always be their Interest to save the expence of transportation to West point there would be no difficulty, in case the Army should move Southerly to change the rout of the Surplusage for the Garrisons on this River to the Delaware I could not as I have before observd with a view to the public Interest name any place so properly as West point in my present state of suspense.]
The Secry at Was has given information that you have agreed to the system of Issues proposed by me, which at his request, hath been carried into execution during my absence. I have the honor &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 3, 1782.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 27th. ulto.
The late Resolution of Congress deranging three Lieuts. from each Regt. I have not received officially, and therefore do not think myself at liberty to put it in execution; the Regts. will remain as they are at present, 'till further information is received from the Secrety at War.
On your Application the Q. Master will deliver Tents for your Regts. which may be encamped on any convenient place near your present position. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 3, 1782.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 16th. of June, with the enclosures.
I am much pleased with the narration you have given me of the part you acted while a prisoner in New York; and cannot conceive there was any impropriety in your giving a Parole as a Lt Col in the Army, at a time when you had the commission in your pocket and could not be acquainted with the Resolves of Congress of the 31 of December 1781 and 21 Janry 82. Under these circumstances, I should suppose you ought to be considered and exchanged as such; but in the mean time I think it would be proper to report the Matter to the Secry at War, and likewise take his opinion thereon. I am etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 3, 1782.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 21, of June.
Captain Johnson,81 who was the Bearer of it, had permission granted to him to go to the Enemy's Lines for the purpose of carrying money to the prisoners.82
[Note 81: Capt. Edward Johnson.]
[Note 82: Connecticut naval prisoners. The draft of Captain Johnson's passport dated June 27, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.]
That your Excellency may be fully informed on what footing the Exchange of naval prisoners now stands, I have directed the Commissary of prisoners to report to you, what he has done in that Business.
Not having any Agency in the Exchange of naval prisoner I cannot give the Directions your Excellency requests; and is deed was this not the case, I should be extreamly unwilling to give any Sanction to partial Exchanges, it having been always my Opinion that this Business should be conducted on a more general Scale; the irregular and partial Mode has beenadopted has been pregnant with Many Evils. I have the Honor etc.
July 30, 1782.
Sir: The foregoing was put into the post Office agreeable to its Date, to be conveyed to your Excellency, but thro' the Inattention of the post master was made up in the Southern Mail. And on its return from Philadelphia by the Eastern post, was captured with his Mail and carried into N York, which forms a Necessity of transmitting this Duplicate. With great Regard etc.83
[Note 83: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull. jr. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 3, 1782.
Sir: From the inclosed information of Captain Stevens, there is reason to apprehend, the business of driving Cattle to the Enemy is carrying on with great art and assiduity; it would be a happy circumstance if the Villains concerned in it could be detected; I have therefore to propose to your Excellency that you will be pleased to take such precautions as you shall judge best calculated to learn whether any such Cattle are passing in droves or small parcels (for they may be divided on the road) to the Enemy.
If you should hear of them before they turn off towards New York, I think it would be adviseable to employ some trusty Man or Men to dog and follow them privately until the fact is ascertained, otherwise it is to be feared, no positive proofs of the intention of the People engaged in this infamous trade can be obtained.
I sincerely wish every practicable plan may be attempted for seizing the cattle and apprehending and bringing to condign punishment the Men; as this would tend essentially to frustrate the insidious Schemes of our Enemies as well as deter their other Agents from similar practices. I am &c.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The same letter was sent to Brig. Gen. Elias Dayton and to Lieut. Col. Philip Van Cortlandt, changing, of course, the phrase "I have therefore to propose to your Excellency that you will be pleased to take" to "I have therefore to request you will take."
On July 3 Cobb acknowledged Mrs. Rachel Holly's letter of June 21 from New Haven and stated that Washington had no objection to her visiting her son, who was a prisoner in New York, "if permission is obtained from Govr. Trumbull" and that she enters New York by way of Dobbs Ferry.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, July 3, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve:
In Congress, April 23d, 1782.
Resolved, That all sick and wounded soldiers of the armies of the United States, who shall in future be reported by the inspector general, or the inspector of a seperate department, and approved by the Commander in Chief, or commanding officer of a seperate department, as unfit for farther duty, either in the field or in garrison, and who apply for a discharge in preference to being placed or continued in the corps of invalids, shall be discharged, and entitled to receive as a pension five dollars per month, in lieu of all pay and emoluments.
Resolved, That it be, and is, hereby recommended to the several states to discharge such pensions annually, and draw on the superindant of finance for the payment of the money.
In order to prevent unwarrantable and fruitless Applications in consequence of the foregoing Resolve, the Commander in Chief informs the Army that those men only who have been maimed, or who have actually contracted infirmities in the service of the United States will be admitted to the benifit of the Pension which Congress have been pleased to grant to discharged Invalids.
Tomorrow being the Anniversary of the Declaration of the Independence of the United States of America, the Commander in Chief is pleased to order that the remembrance of that auspicious Event shall be Celebrated by a Fue de joye. The Adjutant General will communicate the necessary Directions, the Army is to be served with an Extra gill of Rum per man on the Joyful Occasion.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, July 4, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
It is with no small degree of astonishment the Commander in Chief has heard, since his return from the Northern Posts that he issuers of Provisions to the Army still give a short allowance of flour when they do not issue bread. The continuance of this practice is not less unacountable than it is astonishing after Mr. Sands's acknowledgiment in his presence to the Secretary at War that it was well understood at the time of Contracting that where bread cou'd not or was not delivered a full sound of flour was to be issued in lieu of it, the General in possitive terms orders that this shall be the case invariably, and that the ration of spiritt where it is not commuted by mutual agreement be regularly served; also Vinigar agreeably to the engagements which the Contractors have entered into with the Public.
All returns for Arms, Accoutrements and Ammunition areto be countersigned by the Inspector General, or the Inspector of this Army. Returns for six days Oats for all the riding Horses of the Army to be sent to the Forage Magazines at Newburgh Tomorrow. Bags are to be sent and the Brigade Forage Masters to attend the drawing.
To prevent the accidental communication of fire to the powder Magazines which would endanger the lives of many persons and total demolition of the fortifications, besides the inconvenience that must arise from the loss of the Powder, the Commander in Chief directs that the Quarter Master or Commissary of Military stores may as soon as possible have grates fixed to the air holes of the Magazines and that Lantherns made of Transparent horn or Glass be immediately provided instead of those made of pierced tin which are at present very imprudently used. Untill the horn or glass lantherns are provided the greatest care is to be taken not to open the door of the lantherns in the Magazines, and at all times to have water in the bottom to extinguish sparks. It is moreover positively ordered that no person whatever be permitted to enter a Powder Magazine without first pulling off his shoes.
The General having observed inconveniency and loss of Ammunition to attend the practice of carrying Cartridges loose or in bundles in the men's pocketts or in the bottoms of their Cartridge boxes, directs that the troops carry about them no more ammunition than the number of cartridges their boxes are pierced for, in general twenty Nine rounds, except when parties or Corps are ordered on a particular service detached from their Ammunition Waggons. He persuades himself this rule will not be attended with any bad consequence as men cannot be considered unprovided with Ammunition when the Conductor has a sufficiency in Camp ready to issue at a moments warning.
The Brigade Conductors, and Quarter Masters of Corps that have not Conductors are hereby called on to pay due attention to the instructions laid down in the regulations for the order and Discipline of the troops (Page 120 and 121) on this subject proportioning the quantity of spare Ammunition to the number of Men to be supplied.
The first Massachusetts Brigade will be inspected and mustered for the month of June the 10th. instant; the second Massachusetts Brigade the 12th; the 3d Massachusetts Brigade the 14th; and the 10th. regiment of Massachusetts the 15th. instant. The first Connecticut Brigade the 16th, the second Connecticut Brigade the 18th, and the third or Massachusetts regiment of Artillery and the Corps of Sappers and Miners the 20th. instant.
Head Quarters, July 4, 1782.
Sir: I am informed that some uneasiness has arisen from a late Regimental order issued by you, requiring the Surgeon and Mate of the Regiment you Command to attend the Parade at every Roll Call and to Post themselves in a line with the Company Officers on the right of the Batallion.
It is certainly right in you, Sir, as Commanding Officer of the Regiment to see that those Gentlemen are always at hand to attend to the duties of their Office, nor can it admit of a doubt, that you have a right to order their attendance on the Parade whenever you may think their presence there necessary; but as it has not been the Custom in our Army for them to attend and take post at Roll Calls with the Company Officers and as it is not necessary to the Service the introducing that custom now can answer no good purpose and may be productive of disputes. Viewing it therefore in this light I think it will be best not to insist on it in your Regiment. I am &c.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, July 4, 1782.
Sir: Agreeably to your Excellency's favor of the 23d of May last, I have now the honor to inclose to you Returns of such of the Inhabitants of South Carolina, as have been removed from thence by Order of the British Officers commanding in that Department, and who now wish to return to the place specified in the Enclosures. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 4, 1782.
Sir: The Superintendant of Finance hath informed me, "that several of our Officers have left behind them in New York considerable sums of Money unpaid, which had been advanced to them while they were prisoners. The humanity of those who have made such advances; as well as the principles of Justice, require that they should be repaid." In consequence of the foregoing information, and at the request of the Financier, you will take immediate measures to have the amount of those Debts particularly ascertained; and if you shall find it necessary you will proceed without delay to the British Lines for the purpose I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 5, 1782.
Sir: I have received a Letter of the 1st. Instant from Captain Dayton, informing me that Lt. McDonald88 of the 71st. British had come from the Enemy. Many reasons may be alledged to justify the Desertion of a Private Soldier, but such a Conduct in an Officer cannot but impress a very unfavorable opinion of his Character. Experience has proved that I am right in my suspicions of such People, and therefore I wish them always removed as soon as possible from every part of the Army or indeed any other place where they can do any Mischief.
[Note 88: Lieut. Angus McDonald, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
As he will not be suffered to come here he will probably go to Philadelphia; should that be the case, it will not be amiss to drop a line to the Secy at War that such a Character is gone on, that he may have an Opportunity of watching his Conduct in that place. I am &c.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 5, 1782.
Sir: I have learnt by accident, that there may probably arise some difficulty in the command at Dobbs Ferry, unless an early measure is taken to prevent it.
You cannot be ignorant, Sir, that when two Officers come in contact in the course of service, the senior must always command. And you will please to understand that your being entrusted with the immediate command of the Water Guard, (with which, as to its internal regulation and duties the Commanding Officer of the Post has not I presume attempted to interfere) could not exempt you from the general direction of the Officer Commanding at the Post. But I consider it entirely unnecessary to point out your particular line of duty, as I am persuaded your knowledge of Military Order and subordination, and Zeal for the service will prevent my hearing any thing Officially on the subject; than which nothing could be more irksome. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 7, 1782.
Dear Sir: Mr. Benson and Mr. Smith have nominated Judge Hobart91 as a third person to determine with them the Disputes between the Army and the Contractors. The Gentlemen will
[Note 91: Egbert Benson, Melancton Smith, and John Sloss Hobart.] attend to the Business on Wednesday next, and wish it may be accomplished at Poughkeepsie as that place will be much more convenient to them than any other; but if it should appear necessary that a large Number of Witnesses must attend from the Army, they will forego their own Convenience for the Sake of accommodating those concerned, by meeting at Fish Kill. As this is a Matter of Delicacy on their part, I could wish the Gentlemen, who have undertaken to settle the Disputes, may not be put to more Trouble than is absolutely necessary. I am etc.
P.S. It will be proper for a Gentleman from the Army to go to Poughkeepsie on Wednesday next, where the Referees will assemble that Day, in Order to fix upon the place and mode of proceedings.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Hodijah Baylies.
On July 7 Washington wrote to Maj. Theodore Woodbridge: "Capt. Pray has been wrote to on the subject of his Command, which I hope will remove your present discontents. Your Letter shall be particularly answered by the next oppertunity." This draft is in the Washington Papers.
In the museum of Independence Hall, Philadelphia, is a brief note in the writing of Washington, dated July 7, 1782, to an unknown officer (possibly Brig. Gen. James Clinton), introducing Francisco Rendon, John Holker, and a Mr. Terresson, who wished to visit the Saratoga battlefields. "I desire you will give them such guards, or dispose the Troops ... to give them security in their jaunt."]
[MS. H. S.]
Head Qrs. Newbg, July 8, 1782.
Dr. Sir: Altho' the Levies of Maryland are considered as part of the Southern Army, and you an Officer under the immediate Orders of Major Genl. Greene It is my wish, nevertheless, to receive regular reports of the Progress you make in the recruiting Service, and every other matter and thing relative to your Command; without these reports I am unacquaintd with my own strength, and do not know how to make that disposition of the troops which may be adjudged necessary and which the good of the Service shall require.
You will be pleased therefore and as the Plan of Campaign must speedily be determined on to give me a return of your Troops, the appointment of them, how Armed, Cloathed &ca. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, July 8, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
That the invalid regiment may be enabled to keep up the Detached guards lately assigned them, the men of that Corps on duty at West Point except such as are necessarily imployed as Artificers are immediately to be relieved.
Head Qrs. Newburgh, July 8, 1782.
Sir: By the receipt of a Mr. White your Assistant
Were left in his care to be sent to me when ordered; but in lieu thereof, consequent of the Order, I have received the following.
The deficiency I expect to receive by the first oppertunity, if they are not already on their way. Only two Plates were found broken in the Package that came to hand. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 9, 1782.
Sir: Having found a moment's leisure to examine myself into the situation of affairs on the frontiers of this State, I have lately made a journey up the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers as far as Saratoga and Schenectady. Just before my arrival there, a Party of three or four hundred of the Enemy consisting of British, Refugees, and Savages had made an incursion down the Mowhawk, attacked, and captured (after a gallant defence) a small guard of Continental Troops, who were stationed at the only remaining Mill in the upper settlements, which they also destroyed.
By a deserter from this Party, we are informed that the Enemy are taking post at Oswego, and are either rebuilding the Old, or erecting new fortifications there. Whatever the design of the Enemy may be by thus occupying a new post, and extending themselves on our frontier, I consider it my duty to inform Congress thereof, and have, for that purpose, taken the liberty to forward this by the first safe conveyance, since my return from the Northward.
I have the honor to inclose to your Excellency Copies and Extracts of sundry Letters93 which have lately passed between the British Commanders in Chief and myself. The subjects contained in them being principally of a civil Nature, I must
[Note 93: The copies and extracts inclosed with this letter were: Robertson to Washington, May 1; Washington to Robertson, May 4; Washington to Carleton, June 10; Governor Livingston to Washington, May 14; Brearley to Livingston, May 13; Carleton to Washington, June 20; Washington to Carleton, June 22.] beg leave to submit them to the consideration and direction of Congress. I think it only necessary to remark, that notwithstanding the plausibility of the terms on which Sir Guy Carleton proposes the exchange of American Seamen for British Soldiers in his Letter of the 7th Inst. it must still be obvious, that it would amount to nearly the same thing to have the Prisoners so exchanged employed against our Allies in the West Indies, as it would to have them acting against ourselves on the Continent. I have the honor etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of David Humphreys. The letter was read in Congress on July 15 and referred to John Witherspoon, James Madison, and John Rutledge.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, July 9, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
By a General Court Martial of which Colonel Butler is President, Lieutenant Crocker Sampson95 of the 7th Massachusetts regimt. was tried on the following charges viz: first."For being absent from his Company (being the only Officer in it) when it was ordered to parade and march to the Colonnade for inspection 2dly. "For being absent from roll-call this morning (June 7th.), thirdly "for taking a soldier from the regiment with him into the Country when he Lt. Sampson had leave of absence two days and keeping him that period, (that is from the 24th. to the 26th. day of May last.) without the consent of the Commanding Officer of the regiment.
[Note 95: He served to June, 1783.]
The Court are of opinion that Lieutenant Sampson is guilty of the first and second charges in breach of Article 4th. sect. 13th. of the Articles of war for which they do sentence him to be reprimanded in General orders. The Court are of opinion the third Charge is not supported and do acquit him of it.
The General approves the sentence and is extremely sorry to find when officers of all ranks appear to be vying with each other in attention to duty and every military virtue there should be a single exception from such a laudible line of conduct.
Lieutenant Sampson is released from his Arrest.
Amos Bennett of the 1st. Connecticutt regiment was tried by the above court for "repeated desertion and going to Long island and joining the enemy" found guilty of repeated desertion and going to Long island and sentenced therefor to suffer Death. The Court are of opinion that part of the charge of the prisoners going to the Enemy is not supported and do acquit him of it.
The Commander in chief approves the sentence.
Head Qrs., July 9, 1782.
Dear Sir: Baron de Steuben, who will have the honor of presenting this Letter to you, feeling himself in a disagreeable situation, has made a representation of it to Congress, in expectation that that Honble. Body will releive him from present distress, and place him, especially with respect to half pay, upon a more permanent footing than the thing appears to be with him at present, having no State to resort to (being a Foreigner) as other Officers have.
The Barons representation is full, and will speak for itself; I have only to add therefore that, the United States are exceedingly indebted to him for the advantages which they have derived from his Zeal abilities and experience and that I should be happy to see him satisfied as far as it can be done consistent with public justice beyond which I perswade myself he has no aim. With great esteem etc.96
[Note 96: This letter was addressed to Duane and "also to Colo. Bland."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 9, 1782.
My dear Sir: Your Letter of the 22 Of April also your twofavors of the 19th of May, with the Returns of the Army under your command, have been duly received; but having been in momently expectation that intelligence would arrive from Europe, or some other event turn up, which might disclose the intentions of the Enemy, and give a clue for the final determination of the Operations of the Campaign, I have delayed for a few days, giving you my answer. Notwithstanding I am at this hour as much in the dark as ever, I can defer no longer the pleasure I always experience from indulging myself in a free communication and interchange of sentiments with you. To participate and divide our feelings, hopes, fears, and expectation with a friend, is almost the only source of pleasure and consolation left us, in the present languid and unpromising state of our affairs.
It gives me infinite satisfaction to find that by your prudence and decision, you have put a period to the progress of a dangerous Mutiny; and by your example of patience and firmness reclaimed the Army amidst all their aggravated sufferings to that good disposition, which it has been your great merit to preserve in your command, through the Worst of times. Their distresses are truly deplorable; and while the almost insurmountable difficulty of transporting Cloathing and the smaller Supplies (which General St Clair reports are still detained on the road for want of the means of conveyance) gives me the most sensible pain and anxiety; it but too clearly proves the impracticability of removing by land, under our present prospects of Finance, the Artillery of Seige and immence quantity of Stores necessary for a serious operation against Charles Town.
The disastrous event of the naval action in the West Indies may indeed, and probably will now give a total alteration to the complexion of the Campaign: this will in all human probability operate more than any other circumstance against the Evacuation of the Southern States; for what would have before been a very hazardous line of conduct, and would have exposed the Enemy to a fatal blow in case of a naval co-operation on this Coast, may now be considered as a rational and prudent measure on their part. But the mode of defensive War (which the Enemy affect to have adopted, in which I would however place but very little confidence) and especially the detachment from Charles Town, which must have weakened them considerably; will I hope enable you, in all events to hold your own ground, untill the Southern and Middle States shall have made some efforts for your reinforcement; and untill the pecuniary affairs of the Continent in general shall be put in a better situation; some little I flatter myself will be done, although I must confess my expectations for the Campaign are not very sanguine. I feel with you, my dear friend, all the regret and mortification, that can possibly be conceived, from a consideration that we shall be able to avail ourselves so imperfectly of the weakness and embarrassments of our Enemy. While on the other hand, I think there is reason to apprehend from some late indications the Enemy have given, by taking Post at Oswego and extending themselves on the frontier, that they Mean, availing themselves of our languor and looking forward to the hour of pacification, to occupy as much territory as they are able to do, before a negotiation shall be entered upon. I wish we may be in a capacity to counteract their designs.
I have given my opinion to Congress through the Secry at War, that it will be adviseable to make a permanent incorporation of all the Troops southward of the Delaware in the manner you propose; but as the observations did not apply to the other Troops, these Regts ought to remain on their present Establishment.
As to the movement and disposition of the french Army, I will tell you exactly my idea and plan respecting it, and how the matter now rests. While we continued in the state of uncertainty which has so long perplexed and prevented us from forming any projects whatever; I wished to have the Corps of the Count de Rochambeau remain in a situation equally capable of looking either way as circumstances might eventually require; being well persuaded in my own mind, that with their assistance ( without the aid of a Naval force) we should not, at this time be able to do any thing effectual against New York defended by its present Garrison; and presuming still greater difficulties would oppose themselves to an attempt against Charles Town, I proposed to postpone my final resolution untill we should hear from the other side of the Atlantic. For allowing your Army in conjunction with the french Troops to be compleatly competent to the object, the transportation by land of heavy Artillery, Stores and Apparatus appeared to me an inevitable obstacle; which I have fully explained in my letter of the 23d of April last. Besides the diminution of an Army in so long a March, and the innumerable advantages the Enemy must derive from the command of the Water, were considerations with me. And as I flattered myself we might be able to keep the Enemy in check with our present force, both in the Northern and Southern Departments; I therefore thought it expedient, that the select Corps of our Allies in Virginia should continue unimpaired as a Corps de Reserve in that State, untill new information or circumstances should produce New Orders from me; unless the Count de Rochambeau should first be apprized of some contingence or event, which should render a movement, in his opinion proper; in which case the matter was left to his determination. I have this moment learnt from his Excellency the Minister of France that the Count has already commenced his March Northward; what circumstances have led to this, I am unable to say; but expect to see the Count himself in a few days ( by appointment) at Philadelphia, where it is proposed to enter into a discussion of the possible objects and views of the Campaign, so far as our general and imperfect knowledge of affairs will admit, and from whence I shall have the pleasure to inform you of any thing of Moment, that may in the mean time take place, or ultimately be in contemplation.
Under an idea, that the french Troops would certainly be withdrawn from Virginia at some moment of the Campaign and perhaps unexpectedly, I have long since written to Govr Harrison on that subject, and requested that a body of Men might be in readiness for the defence of the state on that occasion. Indeed I have written almost incessantly to all the States, urging, in the most forcible terms I could make use of, the absolute necessity of complying with the Requisitions of Congress in furnishing their Contingents of Men and Money and am unhappy to say the success of these applications have not been equal to my expectation.
I am happy to assure you there was no foundation for the report of my having had a narrow escape in passing the Clove. In return we have had a similar account respecting yourself, which I hope was equally groundless. Believe me, My dear Sir, I shall always consider myself deeply interested in whatever concerns you; and shall ever rejoice at your health, safety and felicity.
Mrs. Washington, who is just setting out for Virginia joins me in her most affectionate regards to Mrs Greene and yourself. I am etc.
P.S. Although the Campaign does not promise much activity, Yet I shall wish you to keep me as regularly and accurately informed of the state of your Department as possible, noting the strength, movements and position of your own Army, and that of the Enemy; it may also be essential for me to be made acquainted with the Resources of the Country and every thing of a Military or Political Nature, which may be interesting to our future plans and operations.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys; the parts in italics were so marked for putting into cipher in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, July 9, 1782.
Sir: In answer to your Letter of yesterday date containing the following queries.
"Is the Department of Inspector General necessary in the Army, or is it not?" "Has this Department been conducted during the Course of five years agreable to your wishes, and have the consequences resulting from my exertions as Chief of the Department answered your Expectation?"
I give it as my clear Opinion that it has been of the utmost utility and continues to be of the greatest importance for reasons too plain and obvious to stand in need of enumeration; but more especially for having Established one uniform System of Manoeuvres and regulations in an Army composed of the Troops of thirteen States (each having its local prejudices) and subject to constant interruptions and deviations from the frequent changes and dissolutions it has undergone.
It is Equally Just to declare that the Department under your auspices has been conducted with an intelligence, activity and Zeal not less beneficial to the Public than honorary to yourself and that I have had abundant reason to be satisfied with your abilities and attention to the duties of your Office during the four Years you have been in the Service. I have the honour etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 9, 1782.
Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit to you a Copy of the contract for supplying the garrison of West point and its dependencies, also the hospital contract; together with the charges exhibited by the officers of the army against Comfort Sands Esqr. & Co. respecting the execution of those contracts; with sundry other papers relative to the same subject: and have to request of you, Gentlemen, that you will be pleased to examine into the matters in dispute in such time, place and manner as you shall deem proper, and report your Opinion thereon as soon as convenient. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I will thank you Gentlemen for the return of the papers committed to you, with your report.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Hodijah Baylies; the P.S. is in the draft, but not in the letter sent.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 9, 1782.
Sir: I am much obliged to your Excellency for your two favours of the 28th. of June, and 3d. of July, which I have had the honor to receive, since my return from the frontiers of this State, where I have been in company with Governor Clinton, to visit and regulate my advanced Posts.
As the business of the Army had accumulated greatly in my absence, and as I am exceedingly occupied in making some arrangements, and putting the affairs of this Department in such train, as that I may commence my Journey to Philadelphia,1 the moment I shall receive the necessary information from the Count de Rochambeau; I beg you will excuse my writing in such haste, and believe that, I am etc.
[Note 1: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. William Heath, July 11, 1782, post.]
PS. Your Excellys. private letter of the 20th. of June2 I also found at this place upon my return from Albany. I thank you for the Communication; the Contents shall remain with me alone.3
[Note 2: This letter informed of the possibility of the arrival of De Vaudreuil and the whole French fleet on the American coast in July or August. Luzerne's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 3: In the writing of David Humphreys; the P.S. is in that of Washington. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, July 9, 1782.
Sir: I am favord with your polite Letter of the 2d. Inst. It would have given me great pleasure to have had the opportunity of congratulating you personally on your late Promotion, but your business not permitting that, I am happy in this Opportunity of doing it, at the same time assuring you that your Merit more than any Interest of mine influenced Congress in your favor.
I sincerely hope your applications to the Legislature in behalf of the Sick and Wounded Soldiery of your Line may have been attended with Success; nothing surely could be wanting to excite the gratitude of the People, but the bare mention of their distress.
Tho' the present inactive State of Affairs does not render your presence here necessary; should circumstances change I shall be very happy in availing myself of them [if I can do it with propriety] and in the mean time I remain etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.
On July 9 Washington wrote Maj. Gen. William Heath a brief note that the two French deserters, who had been sent on by Massachusetts, as recruits, could be attached to one of the regiments, as Marbois consents, "until they are demanded." This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
[Note 5: Of the Rhode Island Militia.]
Head Quarters, July 10, 1782.
Sir: Colonel Olney delivered me your favor of the 23 June. I am much indebted to that Gentleman for his close attention to the good of Service whilst in your State. He has certainly proved himself a valuable Officer.
Though your State has not fully complied with the desires of Congress, some credit is due them for what they have done: I am sorry I cannot say so much of the other States, but tho' the conduct of the people at large is truly alarming, I cannot consent to view our situation in that distrest light in which you seem to do. I still hope that some fortunate Crisis will arrive, when those destructive passions, which I confess too generally pervade all Ranks, shall give place to that love of Freedom which first animated us in this contest.
From the Deposition you inclosed me, it appears, that the negro was hired for three Years, and the person who hired him took the Bounty and sent him to the Army. If his Term of Service in the Army is not longer than that for which he was hired I do not see that the owner of the negro suffers by it; at all events it would be an injustice to the Country to discharge a Man who it appears has cost them three hundred Dollars. If the sending him was illegal, recourse should be had against the Class that sent him, and they should be obliged to furnish another Man in his place, without which he cannot be discharged. I am &c.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, July 10, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit you, Copy of a Letter I have received from Brigadier General Glover, which you will observe he desires may be submitted to Congress.
Was I to give my Opinion on this matter, it would be that his request should be complied with, for I think it pretty evident that the Country will reap very little benefit from any future services from him; his Age and Infirmities are such, that he will ever be absent from the Army, and therefore, if he is not permitted to retire on half pay, he must either be dismissed (which I dare say no one will think just) or he will receive the full pay and Emoluments of his rank without rendering any Service.
The same reasons urge me to recommend that General Parsons may also be permitted to retire, his situation is exactly similar to General Glover's, and the same provision must, I should suppose, be made for both. Whatever may be the determination of Congress on this matter, I beg you to make me acquainted with it.7 I am etc.8
[Note 7: The same day (July 10) Washington wrote to General Glover that he had "forwarded a Copy of your Letter with the corroborating Evidence of the physicians, to the Secretary at War, and recommended a Compliance with Your Desire. That you may soon be restored to your former State of Health is the sincere Wish of Etc." A draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.
On July 30, in brief identical notes, Washington forwarded to Glover and Parsons the resolution of Congress (July 22) retiring them from service. This draft is in file Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: In the writing of Benjamin Walker, in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, vol. X, fol. 599.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 10, 1782.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 16th. June,9 apprizing me of the Disaster that befel the Militia at Sandusky.10 I am persuaded you did every thing in your power to insure them Success. I cannot but regret the Misfortune and more especially for the Loss of Colo. Crawford, for whom I had a very great Regard. I am etc.11
[Note 9: Irvine's letter with its inclosures is in the Washington Papers. Another letter from him (July 11), telling the story of the torture of Colonel Crawford by the Indians, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 10: Ohio.]
[Note 11: The draft is in the wilting of Hodijah Baylies.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am favored this moment, with your Letter of the 2d. Inst. The intelligence communicated therein appears to me to be vague and not perfectly founded; it ought however to have so much influence upon our conduct as to excite unusual vigilance and preparation in order to baffle any of the barbarous designs of the Enemy should they attempt to carry them into execution. For my own part, I am more apprehensive for the safety of the Country on the Mowhawk River than for any other part of the frontier; because I think from circumstances, the principal effort (should there be any invasion) would be made against it, and therefore it seems to me, that withdrawing the Companies of State Troops from Saratoga and that Quarter (where they cannot be very necessary) and extending them together with the other Levies on the frontier of the Mowhawk, and at the same time concentring your Regt to the neighbourhood of the place you mention, would be a judicious plan; 'tho I do not pretend to be myself sufficiently acquainted with the local situation, to determine with absolute certainty on the expediency of this disposition, it will, in my opinion, be adviseable to consult and arrange this matter with Colo Willet, who is particularly well informed of the Geography of the Country. Any little dispute about Rank or command, I am persuaded will not, on such an occasion, or any other where the public good is concerned, intervene to prevent your consulting and acting together for the promotion of the service. These disputes, as I before observed, may be determined whenever the claims and documents of both parties are handed in.
If there are any public Boats at Albany, I have no objection to your having some of them got up the Mowhawk. Of the other Articles you are in want, there should be a specific Return made to the Quartr Mastr. that he may furnish in proportion to your necessities, and the stock on hand.
As to Cartridge Boxes for the Levies, it will be impossible to supply them from the public Store; because we have not more than are absolutely necessary for our troops; the best substitute that can be devised, must therefore be made use of; and I have a confidence, that you and the other Officers commanding on the frontiers will Oeconomize the means in your possession to the best advantage; and exert all your zeal and activity in the public service. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Q[uarters, July 10, 1782.]
Dear Sir: The inclosed (one for yourself and the other for Major Clarkson) comes in consequence of Generl Knox's application. To give you such Letters, was my first intention; but not knowing who was to command the Forces destined for the Invasion of Jamaica, I had resort to the Certificates with which you were furnished; conceiving it would appear odd to write, and not be able to direct. Or to direct to the General otherwise than by name.
The direction is now left to yourself when the knowledge is obtained. You have, both, my best wishes, and I am etc.13
[Note 13: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by E. F. Bonaventure, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 10, 1782.
Gentlemen: The Commander in Chief sensible of the immense importance of preserving the Horses and Teams of the Army in good condition for service through the Campaign, and considering that the movements, supplies and success of an Army frequently depend on this Article alone, hath commanded me to request, from you Gentlemen in writing, a joint Report on the following Points, viz What number of Horses and Teams have arrived, What number more are expected, when, and from whence? In what condition are they? where disposed of, or how employed?
How, or by what means are they now supplied with forage? What are the prospects of the Campaign in this article? In case of deficiency of Money, and public supplies, what provision is made by the laws of this state for furnishing Grass, or any other species of Forage?
His Excellency directs, besides the report on the forementioned Questions, that you do also as soon as may be, give in an Estimate of the quantity of forage necessary for this Army, together with your sentiments of the best practicable Plan under our circumstances, for keeping up the supply, particularly of pasturage, through the Campaign.
The General is the rather induced to give this order, at this time, in so explicit a manner; that, if the present means are not adequate to the object, Measures may be taken while the Legislature is sitting, to prevent the public Cattle from suffering and the service from being essentially injured on the one hand; as well as to supersede the necessity of an arbitrary seizure of private property (without compensation) for their subsistence, on the other. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys Aide de Camp."]
[Note 15: Of the First Foot Guards, British Army.]
Head Quarters, July 10, 1782.
Sir: The Inclosed came under cover to me; I shall be happy when oppertunities offer to show you Civilities. I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 10, 1782.
Sir: I think it necessary to communicate to your Excellency, the following remarks of the Inspector General, which are annexed to the last Inspection Return of the Rhode Island Regiment:
"This Regt. wants 7 Ensigns, 9 Sergts, 5 Musicians, and 75 Privates to compleat it. The Regiment is in good order and disciplined, notwithstanding one third of the Men are Recruits. If it should happen to be deficient in this point, it might be justly attributed to the want of Officers. The Regiment can at present form two large Battalions, but there are scarcely Officers enough to command One. If the State does not fill up the vacancies the Commander in Chief must be requested to appoint Officers from other Lines to command in the Regt." I have only to add my earnest wish that a matter of so much importance to the service as that of having a sufficient number of Officers in the Field to command the Men, may be attended to, by your State as soon as circumstances will permit. I have the honor etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 10, 1782.
My Dr. Sir: The last Post brought me your Letter of the 19 May. I must confess that I am not at all astonished at the failure of your Plan. That spirit of Freedom which at the commencement of this contest would have gladly sacrificed every thing to the attainment of its object has long since subsided, and every selfish Passion has taken its place; it is not the public but the private Interest which influences the generality of Mankind nor can the Americans any longer boast an exception; under these circumstances it would rather have been surprizing if you had succeeded nor will you I fear succeed better in Georgia.17
[Note 17: In his scheme of raising a regiment of Negro slaves in South Carolina.]
In the present moment there is very little prospect of the Campaign being much more Active in this quarter than in yours; however little can be positively determined on, till we have some advices from Europe, which I am anxiously waiting for, when they arrive I shall be better able to tell you what we may expect.
[Sir Guy Carleton is using every art to sooth and lull our people into a state of security. Adml. Digby is Capturing all our Vessels, and suffocating all our Seamen who will not enlist into the Service of His Britanic Majesty as fast as possible in Prison Ships. And Haldiman (with his Savage Allies) is scalping and burning the Frontiers. Such is the line of Conduct pursued by the different Commanders, and such their politics. You have my best wishes always, being sincerely. Yrs. etc.]18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The part in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Qrs., Newburgh, July 10, 1782.19
[Note 19: Ford dates this letter July 9, 1782.
On July 10 Washington ordered Colonel Sheldon, or the officer commanding the Second Light Dragoons, to hold them in readiness to march to the Army on the shortest notice. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
My dear Sir: 'Till your Letter of the 28th. Ulto. (which is the first from you, and the only direct acct. of you, since we parted at Philadelphia) arrived, we have had various conjectures about you. Some thought you were dead, others that you were Married, and all that you had forgot us. Your Letter is not a more evident contradiction of the first and last of these suppositions, than it is a tacit confirmation of the Second; and as none can wish you greater Success in the prosecution of this, if it is the plan you are upon than I do; so believe me sincere, when I request you to take your own time to accomplish it, or any other business you may have on hand. at the same time permit me to assure you, that you have no friend that wishes more to see you than I do.
I have been in constant expectation ever since my arrival at this place of a Summons to meet Count Rochambeau at Philadelphia, to settle a plan for the ensuing Campaign. The nonarrival of the dispatches from his Court has hitherto prevented it. but the absolute necessity (to avoid delay after they do arrive) has induced me to propose a Meeting at all events; that we may settle such hypothetical plans as will facilitate our operations without waiting for this meeting afterwards. I shall know the result of this proposition in the course of a few days, as my dispatches left this the 24th. Ulto.
We have nothing New in this Quarter. Sir Guy, gives strong assurances of the pacific disposition of his most gracious Majesty, by Land. Sir (that is to be) Digby, gives proofs, if he is deficient in assurances, of his Most gracious Majestys good intention of capturing every thing that floats on the face of the Waters; and of his humane design of suffocating all those who are taken thereon, in Prison Ships, who will not engage in his Service. To an American whose genius is not susceptable of refined Ideas, there would appear some little inconsistency in all this; but to the enlarged and comprehensive Mind of a Briton, these things are perfectly reconcilable. But whether they are right, or whether they are wrong time will determine.
I am just returned from a visit to our Northern Posts; in which Albany, Schenectady, Saratoga, the Cohoes, and the Fields of Burgoyne were visited.
Mrs. Washington, who sets out this day for Mount Vernon, thanks you for your kind recollection of her, and wishes you as I do, as much happiness as you can do yourself. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, July 10, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Commander in chief is singularly happy to be confirmed in the favorable opinion he had entertained of the rapid progress which would be made in the decipline of this Army, by the Inspection returns which are just handed to him by the Baron Steuben; from which it appears that the troops in general have greatly improved since the preceeding inspection in order and discipline; and that the spirit of emulation, which is universally to be seen among all ranks of officers and soldiers leaves no room to doubt but that the few regiments which are yet a little defective will by following the laudable example before them, soon attain an equal point of Military perfection.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, July 11, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Inspector General having reported that many of the locks where the flints are good and well fastened do not give fire and that the fault is in the softness of the Hammers, which must be remided by having them properly hardened. The Touch holes of some of the new arms require also to be enlarged. Commanding officers of regiments and companies will see that these, and any other small repairs which may be necessary are immediately effected, and that the arms are put and kept in the most perfect order for actual service.
To accomplish these purposes the regimental Armorers now retained at work in the publick shops are without delay to join their respective corps and to be employed under the direction of the brigade Quarter Master to whose particular charge the Travelling Forges are committed and who are ordered in the most explicit and positive manner to consider themselves responsible that the Armorers are made use of in no other business whatever but the reparation of Arms.
The Board to whom was recommitted the dispute of rank between Captn. Lieutenant Jonathan Carey,20 and Lieutenant
[Note 20: He retired in April, 1783.] Nathaniel C. Allen21 of the 10th. Massachusetts regiment, Report:
[Note 21: Capt.-Lieut. Nathaniel Coit Allen. He was promoted to captain in October, 1782; transferred to the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783; served to November, 1783.]
That Lieutenant Nathaniel C. Allen is entitled to the rank of Captain Lieutenant from the 30th. of October 1779 and that Captn. Lieutenant Jonathan Carey ought only to be considered as a Lieutt. and take rank from the date of his Commission.
The Commander in Chief approves the report and Major General Heath will be pleased to direct that the Lieutenants of the Massachusetts line may be numbered accordingly.
AFTER ORDERS
The farther Inspection and Mustering of this Army is postponed untill Monday the 15th. instant, when it will recommence with the 2d. Massachusetts Brigade, the 3d. Brigade on the 17th. and the 10th. regiment on the 19th. The 1st. Connecticut Brigade the 21st., the 2d. ditto the 23d. and the 3d. regiment of Artillery and Sappers and Miners, the 25th.
The Inspector will see the troops Manoeuvre the morning after their Inspection.22
[Note 22: The Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress here notes: "No Orders were issued from Thursday July 11th. untill Tuesday, July 30, 1782."]
Head Quarters, July 11, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have this moment received a Letter from Count De Rochambeau (by one of His Aids in five days from Williamsburg) informing me that he is on his way to Philadelpha; that he will be there the 13th. or 14th, and wishes for an Interview with me, for this purpose I shall set out in the Morning very early, and have only to request your usual attention. I am etc.
P.S. I entreat that great diligence may be used in Manoeuvering the Troops. If Genl. Carleton should, in my absence, send out the proceedings of the Ct. Martial on the case of Lippencut let them be forwarded to Head Qrs; that they may follow me. Accompany them with your own, and the opinion of the General Officers whom you can readily consult; as my measures must be taken so soon as these proceedings come to hand and my stay in Philadelphia for ought I know at present will be very short. Yrs. as before
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 11, 1782.
Sir: This will be handed to you by Captain Montour, who is going to Schenectady on a Visit to his Friends, the Oneidas and Tuscaroras. He has heretofore been employed in the Indian Service on the Frontiers of Pennsylvania. During his stay it will be necessary that he should have a Subsistence, you will therefore be pleased to direct that he receive three Rations pr. day, and show him Some Attention so long as he may choose to remain with you. I am etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Hodijah Baylies.]
Head Quarters, July 11, 1782.
Sir: The Resolve of Congress relative to the Forage belonging to this State, which was used by the Army during the last Campaign, was particularly addressed to you; and as that matter has hitherto been wholly under your direction, I return you the Report of the Arbitrators, and request you to bring this matter to a conclusion agreeably to the Instructions that have been given.
I also return you the report of the Board which sat to enquire into the reasons of the absence of sundry Officers, you will please to take the necessary steps therein. With respect to Genel. Glover, he has sent on the necessary Certificates of his incapacity to take the Field on account of his health, and that matter is now before Congress. I am etc.
P.S. The inclosed to Lt. Genl. Lossberg you will be kind eno' to forward by the first opportunity.24
[Note 24: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, July 11, 1782.
Sir: Passports having been granted by me for Genl Losberg to send out of N York One Q Master and two Non-commissioned Officers havg charge of Money, Cloathg and Medicine for the Use of the Hessian prisoners in Phila. You will receive them at the post of Elizabeth Town, and suffer them to pass on by the nearest Rout to philadelphia, agreable to the Tenor and strict Expression of their Permission, which they will produce to you, takg particular Care that no abuse is practiced by bringing out any Article not absolutely warranted by the passport. You will observe that their return is prescribed to be by the post of Dobb's Ferry I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Qrs. July 11, 1782.
Sir: Notwithstanding the pointed orders which have been issued against receiving Flags at Elizabethtown, and the subsequent one, which appeared to me, before, altogether unnecessary; as the first certainly included the other, that no Persons should come from, nor communication be had with New York, I am informed that People are daily coming out and the intercourse as open with the City, as ever. I have now to order that Captn. Dayton26 be relieved from that Post; that all correspondence with Ward Charmichael and every other Person within the Enemys lines do positively cease; and that you hold the Brigade in readiness to move at the shortest notice. I am etc.
[Note 26: Captain Dayton wrote to Washington (July 12): "The persons ... permitted to pass contrary to the spirit of the orders, are, I trust, (for I have seen no others) two officers who declared they had by stratagem effected their escape from the prison ship. ... The lines about this place are so very extensive as to admit numbers to come privately from the other shore and make their way undiscovered into the country." Dayton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 11, 1782.
Sir: Colonel Lutterloh, Commissy Gen of Forage waits upon your Excellency to represent the state of the Army respecting forage, and to sollicit such aid from your Legislature as may be necessary for keeping up the supplies, untill the Financier shall be enabled to take more effectual measures for the purpose.
Give me leave to inform your Excellency that the Horses and Ox Teames of the Army are arriving daily in considerable numbers, that the Commissy of Forage is not possessed of Money for the purchase of subsistence for them, and that the Laws of the State are reported to be inadequate to procure the supplies that are absolutely requisite. The inevitable consequence of which will be that the public Cattle must perish or the forage be wrested by violence from the Possessors.
To remedy these evils, I have taken the liberty to trouble you with this, and to entreat that your Excellency will have the goodness to use your assistance and influence in devising some efficacious mode for furnishing Forage, without imposing upon the Public, or injury to the owners; taking care at the same time, that the value of the property taken may be justly ascertained in such manner, as that the debt shall be equitably paid by the Public, without breaking in upon the present arrangements of the Financier, which ought to be supported and maintained inviolably sacred, as we regard the safety and preservation of our Country. I have the honor, etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 28: Lieut. Gen. Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron von Lossberg, Hessian allied troops, British Army.]
Head Quarters, July 11, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Favor of the 1st July. Being informed that many abuses have been practised under Cover of passports granted for the relief and Support of the prisoners of War in the united States, many Articles of Merchandize having been carried out under the Denomination of Necessaries; I have complied with your Request so far as extends to Money ready made Cloathing and Medicine for the Use of your prisoners in Phila. The Passport therefore I do myself the Honor to inclose to you and am Your etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. A draft of the passport, dated July 11, is the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 12, 1782.
Sir: Since his Excellency wrote to you on the 10th. he has learned from the Commandant of Artillery, that there are a number of damaged Cartridge Boxes in the Store at Fishkill; an Order is given to deliver 400 of them for the use of Col. Willets command; they will be forwarded by the D. Q. M. as soon as may be; and addressed to your care.
The Commander in Chief having this day set out for Philadelphia, I give you this information, that your arrangements may be made accordingly. I have the honor etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys, but the letter sent was apparently signed by David Cobb.]
Philadelphia, July 15, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform Congress that I arrived Yesterday in this City. That the Occasion of my Visit is to meet and hold a Conference with the Count De Rochambeau, with whom I had made a previous appointment for the Purpose.
If Congress have any thing in Charge to communicate to me, I shall be happy to conform myself to their Commands. With great Respect etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, July 16, 1782.
Dear Sir: In a Letter which I have this Day received from the Secretary at War, is the followg paragraph: "When our Troops retird from York Town in Virginia, a large Quantity of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores were left for the Use of the French Troops, who were to occupy that post. As the french Troops have left Virginia, I suppose our Artillery and Stores will be no longer wanted, if they are not, I think it will be proper to remove them: for the facility of destroying them will make the Attempt an Object with the Enemy, and the Loss which will be sustained by the United States, should they be destroyed will be very considerable and not to be repaired this Year. As this Ordnance and Stores are in my immediate Charge I cannot satisfy myself that it will be proper to leave them there, unless Your Excelly should deem it necessary; in which Case I shall have no Doubt of continuing them there."
In Consequence of the above I have to request that your Excellency will be so good as to inform me, whether those Ordnance and Stores will be of any further [essential] Use to the French Army under your Command. If not, it will certainly be of Importance to the United States that Genl Lincoln should take Measures for their [immediate] Removal. I am &c.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, July 17, 1782.
Sir: In Reply to your Letter of Yesterday respectg the Ordnance and Ordnance Stores in Virginia, I transmit to you Copy of a Letter from the Count Rochambeau, to whom I had submitted your Quere and requested to know from him what future Services he expected from those Stores for the Use or Security of the French Camp.33
[Note 33: Rochambeau had written to Washington (July 17) that he thought "the quantity of American Artillery left at York is much greater than is necessary for the conservation of that post and that at Least, one half may be taken away whenever your Excellency shall think fit. ... One battery of Eight pieces at York, and another of six at Gloucester will be Sufficient to protect the harbour ... the rest amounting to 30 pieces and upwards, according to the best of my knowledge, may be removed." Rochambeau's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I think it will be well for you to take, your Measures for the Removal of such as are not retained, as speedily as possible. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1782.
Having no data, upon which a plan of Campaign can be determined, I could only give opinions upon certain Hypothesis. These His Excellency Count De Rochambeau has had an oppertunity of examining, fully.
New York, in my judgment, has ever been, and ought to be, the primary object of our Arms. Chs. Town, for certain political considerations (wch. I have stated at large) may come in as the second. But as the first will be very difficult, if at all practicable, without a decided Naval superiority; and the second morally impossible, unless our Siege artillery, Ordnance and other heavy Stores, cou'd be transported by Water, we are reduced to the alternative of threatening New York, to prevent them from detaching; or, to Enterprise (upon the principles I have ennumerated in my statement of matters) an offensive operation, into the Bowels of Canada.
For either of these purposes, or indeed for the better, and more effectual cover of the Country, a junction of the two Armies on the No. River is necessary.
For these reasons it is, as the French Corps has already left their Cantoments, and proceeded to Maryland; and because Baltimore is not within supporting distance of York Town, and west point in Virginia. and too far from the Enemy's principal post of New York, to prevent detachments; that I have advised Count de Rochambeau to continue (by slow and easy movements) his March to the No. River.
It is for these reasons also, I readily assented to the propriety of removing the Artillery and Stores from York Town, and West point, and to the evacuation of those Posts.
I am perfectly in sentiment with Count de Rochambeau when he says, that our means must be competent to the end; or, that the Enterprise against Canada would recoil upon ourselves, and terminate in disgrace, perhaps in ruin.
I am also clear, that the attempt, upon my plan, must be as rapid as it is secret. In a word, that the annunciation, and the execution, should be in the same moment; or the enemy in that Country, would no longer be in a state of seperation; but be prepared to meet us with their whole force at one point. It was not my idea therefore, to announce this project till the moment of its execution. and if Count de Rochambeau had conceived himself at liberty to cooperate in this Expedition, there would have been no necessity for it. As he is not. the delay, consequent of his application to his Court, will, in all probability, plunge us too far into the cold season, and will deprive us of the advantages which I proposed from secrecy and a sudden manoeuvre.
If such an Expedition as this, had been the ultimate project, or denier resort of the Campaign, after our resources should have been unfolded, I should, in that case, have entreated Count de Rochambeau, and the Chevalier de la Luzerne, to have employed all their influence at the Court of France to obtain a Naval superiority, that reinforcements of Men and Means to the enemy, might be cut off from them in the Spring.38
[Note 38: This document is arranged in two columns--Washington's statement on the left and Rochambeau's on the right. Rochambeau's statements are translations in the writing of Benjamin Walker. A condensation of them follows: It was Washington's desire that the French troops form a junction with the Americans on the North River in a position to threaten New York. After the junction Washington would be better able to attack the upper parts of Canada. Rochambeau must await authorization from the French court before cooperating against Canada. Extraordinary funds would be necessary to subsist the French and American Armies in Canada. Rochambeau had not the least objection to a junction of the allied armies on the North River, or to the removal of the stores from Yorktown. A duplicate of the document, also signed by Washington, with the right-hand column in the writing of Rochambeau, is in the Chateau de Rochambeau, France.]
Philadelphia, July 22, 1782.
Sir: I have not received the Return of Stores &c. mentioned in your Favor of the 3 instant, which Circumstance gives me reason to suppose your Conjecture to be right, that they have fallen into the Hands of the Enemy. You will be pleased to send me a Duplicate of that Return.
I shall be sincerely rejoiced if any Circumstance takes place to facilitate the Recruitg in Virginia.
The present State of intelligence and uncertainty prevents an Order for your Recruits to be put in March; as soon as this is removed you will be furnished with Instructions. I am &c.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
Washington wrote again (July 22) to Muhlenberg, approving his conduct in executing deserters: "The Benefit resulting from a promtitude of Execution and the Necessity of Example, in this Case, serve to plead your Justification." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 22, 1782.
Sir: The Count de Rochambeau havg come to a Resolution to remove the Garrison of French Troops, with their Artillery and Stores from Virginia, I think it necessary to inform you of this Event, and that it will be no longer necessary for the Militia of your State to be kept up for their Guard.
It is also my Opinion as well as of the Count, that upon Removal of the Garrison and Stores it will be best that the Works at York, Gloucester [and West point] should be levelled, that the Enemy may have no object to attempt in that Quarter more than in any other part. This however I give you as a hint of my Judgment. The State perhaps may judge differently and will do whatever they think proper, [not only with respect to the Works, but retaining the Militia or part of them in Service.]40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, July 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: Just before the receipt of your Favor by the post, I had written your Excellency by a private conveyance, which will in a great measure anticipate the necessity of this.
The removal of the french Garrisons from York River, with their Stores will relieve your Militia from the Service they were particularly called on for by the Count de Rochambeau, and will effectually relieve you from the Embarrassment you apprehended respecting the Command.
The Intelligence from Holland is indeed very important. I wish however to be ascertained what Exertions those States will make on this Occasion.
I have no Objection to the Exchange of Mr. Crew,41 provided it be done on proper principles.
[Note 41: Robert Crew, a Virginia merchant.]
I am rejoiced to hear of the Act for recruiting your Line, and sincerely wish that the provisions of the Act may be such as to produce the desired Effect. In some Instances the Execution has fallen short of the Intention. Joined with the Men, an effectual Collection of your Taxes, is a Matter of the utmost Moment; but of this I think you are so fully persuaded, that I flatter myself, that no Exertions within the compass of your power will be wantg, to give us that essential Relief, which our Situation in that respect so much requires. With great Regard etc.42
[Note 42: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 43: Annis Boudinot Stockton.]
Philadelphia, July 22, 1782.
Madam: Your favor of the 17th. conveying to me your Pastoral on the subject of Lord Cornwallis's44 Capture, has given me great satisfaction.
[Note 44: Neither Mrs. Stockton's letter nor her pastoral are now found in the Washington Papers.
On July 22 Washington wrote to Capt. Bartholomew von Heer to send a sergeant and 12 of his best men to Easton, Pa.; and to march the remainder of the Maréchaussée corps to the Army. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Had you known the pleasure that it would have communicated, I flatter myself your diffidence would not have delayed it to this time.
Amidst all the complimts. which have been made on this occasion, be assured Madam, that the agreeable manner, and the very pleasing Sentiments in which yours is conveyed, have affected my Mind with the most lively sensations of Joy and satisfaction.
This Address from a person of your refined taste, and elegance of expression, affords a pleasure beyond my powers of utterance; and I have only to lament, that the Hero of your Pastoral, is not more deserving of your Pen; but the circumstance, shall be placed among the happiest events of my life. I have the honor etc.
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, July 28, 1782.
My Lord: I am directed by the Commander in Chief, who returned last evening from Philadelphia, to present his Compliments to your Lordship, with a tender of any thing which Head Quarters can afford, that may in the least, contribute to the restoration of your Lordships health, being happy to hear that your Lordship has so far recovered from a dangerous illness and that he will do himself the pleasure of calling on your Lordship in a few days; in the mean time he begs your Lordships acceptance of half a dozen Lemons. I have the honor etc.45
[Note 45: In the writing of and signed "David Cobb Lt Colo. Aide de Camp."]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 28, 1782.
Sir: You are to commence the March of your Regt. as soon as may be after the receipt of this Order; you will proceed to New Town, Danbury, or some other convenient place in the State of Connecticut, on the route to the Army, where forage and accommodations may be best supplied, and where you will halt untill further orders.
You must move by easy Marches (as I expect the Regt will come into the field in perfect Order) taking care that no excesses or depredations are committed on the March.
When you have halted you will report to me the place you are at, the State of the Corps and any thing farther respecting the service which ought to be known. I am etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 30, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your several Favors of the 4th. 5th. 9th. 10th and 16th of July; their respective Subjects are attended to.
As you do not mention them I am at a loss to collect the particular Instances of Difficulty which occur to you in formg a system for the new Arrangement of the Invalid Corps, and therefore refer the Subject to you again; the same Difficulty occurs respectg the Dispute of Rank between Colo Lee's Legion and the other Corps of Horse serving with Genl Greene; as I do not know the Objects of Dispute, it is impossible for me to make any Observations upon them or give any Decision thereon. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 30, 1782.
Dear Sir: For your Information, and that you may know the Object of your Mission, I inclose you a Transcript of my Letter to Sir Guy Carleton, which is herewith committed to your Care to be forwarded as soon as possible.
Before the Time of your going to Phillips's House, I shall have the pleasure of seeing you, or communicating in Writing, my Sentiments more fully on the subject of your Meeting. With great Regard etc.48
[Note 48: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[M.S.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 30, 1782.
Sir: Since my arrival here General Heath has put into my hands, the Letter from Messrs. Sands & Co (of which the enclosed is a Copy) in answer to one from the Genl to the Contractors, on the subject of repeated deficiency in the supply of provisions, during my absence [and the great distress of the Troops consequent thereof.]
As the Representation contained in this Letter differs materially from the idea of the state of facts, which I had conceived from my conversation with you, I thought it essential to transmit it, in order that my mistake might be remedied, in case I had misunderstood your Meaning.
I know, Sir, full well the innumerable embarrassments with which you are surrounded on all sides; and therefore if there is unavoidably a deficiency in complying with the Contract on the part of the public, I would wish not to push the Contractors, but on the other hand to make every thing as easy with the Army as possible: Altho it is certain the service is much impeded, desertion vastly encreased, and the disposition of the Troops extremely soured, by their frequent want of Provisions, [and being sometimes 2 or three days too without, and some Corps a whole Month without a drop of spirits either to Officers or Men.] But if the failure has happened through the fault of the Contractors, when they were actually furnished with the means of effecting the necessary purchases, their Conduct is infamous beyond description or parallel, and deserves the severest reprehension and punishment.
Sincerely disposed to interpose all my influence in promoting your momentous Plans, I entreat you will give me an Answer.49 by the bearer and believe that I am etc.50
[Note 49: Morris answered (August 5). His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, July 30, 1782.
Sir: In Reply to your Letter of the 25th. I have to inform your Excellency, that Major General Heath, second in Command, with two Aides-De-Camp, will have the Honor of Meeting an Officer of equal Rank, of your Excellency's Appointment, at the House of Mr. Phillips on the 5th. day of Augst next. At that Time Genl Heath will receive from your Officer, the proceedgs. of the Court Martial on Capt Lippincut for the Murder of Capt Huddy, together with such other Documents as you shall think proper to communicate.
The Assurance which your Excellency has given me of the fullest Satisfaction in this Matter is as pleasing as it is interesting.
Your Excellency s propositions, contained in your Letter of the 7th, have been communicated to Congress, and are now under the Consideration of that Hono Body. As soon as I am favored with their Determination, your Excellency may be assured I will do myself the Honor to communicate it to you. I have the Honor etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 30, 1782.
Sir: I have a few Days ago received your Letter of the 3d of last Month, inclosing Copy of your Letter to the Secretary at War on the Subject of Captain Sigourne's52 Resignation.
[Note 52: Capt. Louis de Sigougné, of Armand's Legion.]
I am much pleased to find that your Cavalry is so nearly compleated and that the Men are so constant to their Engagement. I wish it was more in our power to compleat your compliment of Horses, but I fear our finances will not admit it at present. The Secretary at War and the financier will do every Thing in their Power, consistent with other necessary and essential Demands for the general Service. In the Mean Time I am to acknowledge your Care and Attention to the Establishment of the Corps, without which, I am persuaded it would not be found in so respectable a Condition. I am &c.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 30, 1782.
Sir: Lt. Heard54 of Lt Colo. Lee's Corps informs me that a process is issued against him for the seizure of a Horse the property of Mr. Anderson in Monmouth County in the year 1780. As he says that he acted in this matter under orders from Majr Lee and that those orders were founded on my instructions, I have had recourse to my Papers and agreable to my promise to Mr. Heard inclose a Copy of the Instructions that your Excellency may Judge how far they will Justify the Seizure in question. I am &c.55
[Note 54: Lieut. James Heard. He ranked as captain from March, 1782, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 55: The draft is in an unidentified writing.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 30, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys favor of the 24th enclosing the Copy of a Letter from Col Wilier: From which I have learnt with great concern the repeated depredations that have been committed on your Western frontier, and should be extremely happy (were it in my power consistent with the general state of affairs) to afford a sufficient Detachment from this Army to cover the whole Country; but I dare say you must be sensible this is not the case. How far it may therefore be expedient to call forth an additional aid of Militia, I shall submit to your Excellencys judgment, as you are better acquainted with the circumstances of the frontier, the strength of Willets command, and probably the state of the Enemy at Oswego, than I am. In the mean time, I wish to be informed as far as may be in your power, of the force of Willet's Corps now assembled on the Mohawk, also of the strength of the Enemy at Oswego, of which I have as yet had only vague and unsatisfactory accounts.
Since the date of Col Willets Letter, he has, I suppose received four hundred Cartridge Boxes, in which Article his most essential deficiency consisted: in consequence of which I cannot but hope, that Corps in conjunction with the Continental Regt stationed in that quarter will be able to give a better protection to the Country than has lately been the case, and to chastise the insolence of the Enemy in any future incursion, especially since they are now likely to be supplied with hard bread and salted Meat. Of which Articles however, I apprehend there will not at present be such quantities accumulated, but that they may be preserved from spoiling by temporary sheds, or Cellars covered with good thatch, or substantial well-wrought shade of Boughs, which may be constructed by a little care and attention of the Officers and labour of the Soldiers.
This is upon a supposition that the public will not be enabled to erect Stores for the purpose; for notwithstanding the order I have sometime since given to the Qr. Master, to furnish materials for the buildings necessary at the posts on the Mohawk, I fear he will not have it in his power to do it for want of money. I have the honor etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys and David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, July 30, 1782.
Sir: In pursuance of an Act of Congress directing me, "to remand immediately Lieut Genl Earl Cornwallis to the United States, unless the Hono Henry Laurens be forthwith released from his Captivity and furnished with passports to any part of Europe or America at his Option, or be admitted to a General parole." I have to request your Excellency that Orders for this purpose may be communicated to Lieut Genl Earl Cornwallis by the first Conveyance, informg him, that, as this Order is strictly conformable to the Tenor of his Parole, I have the fullest Expectation of his immediate Return to the United States, unless the Conditions mentioned in the Act of Congress are speedily complied with. I am &c.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, July 30, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolves.
By the United States in Congress assembled April 23, 1782
Whereas the most strict economy in the public expenditures is absolutely necessary for a vigorous prosecution of the war; and whereas to that end it is requisite to discontinue the practice of filling some of the places in the staff departments with persons not of the line of the army, which places may, with great savings to the public, be filled by supernumerary officers from the line.
Resolved, therefore, That in future there be only ten lieutenants to each regiment of infantry, to be employed in the regimental line and staff, the regimental paymaster to be considered as not attached to any company.
That the supernumerary junior lieutenants, beyond the number of ten in each regiment of infantry, be reduced; unless the officers of the regiment shall otherwise agree, as to those that shall retire according to the resolutions of the 3d and 21st of October, 1780, and shall accordingly retire on, or before the first day of June next, if in the main army and the first day of July next, if in the southern army, except such of them as shall accept of employments in the staff departments, with the approbation of the heads of the respective departments, in which case they shall severally retain their respective ranks in the army and be entitled to the full pay and subsistance belonging to their rank in the line, as a compensation for their respective services in the staff, without any other allowance whatsoever: provided always, that nothing contained in the above resolution, shall effect the pay or rank of any officers in captivity during such captivity.
In Congress July 11, 1782.
Resolved, That junior lieutenants, who were to retire agreeably to the act of Congress of the 23 day of April last, may at their option be retained in their present pay and rank as far as there are vacant ensigncies in their respective corps.
The regimental surgeons are to make a return immediately to the Physician of the army of all the medicines and instruments on hand likewise a return of such Medicines as they want that orders may be issued for their being supplied so far as the stock on hand will admit.
Returns are to be made by the regimental paymasters to the Assistant Clothier general of the Hunting shirts actually wanting in the several regimts. that an equal distribution may be made of those which are expected, in case there should be a deficiency. It is expected that those corps which received a proportion last fall, or have drawn a partial supply from their states will not include the men who are at present supplied in a tolerable manner in these returns. Should there be a sufficiency, the remainder will afterwards be issued.
As long as the army remains in its present position or untill a more convenient communication of orders can be established, the Adjutant general or one of his Assistants will every day attend at Westpoint between eleven and one o'clock to distribute General orders to the several Brigade Majors, the Adjutants of corps not brigaded and Aids de Camp to General officers, who are punctually to assemble at the Collonade for the purpose.
Major General Heath and the Commandant at Westpoint will be pleased to transmit their orders to the Adjutant general or officer attending for him at the above time and place who will take the trouble of making them public; extraordinary orders they must communicate to the corps they respect by their Aids de camp or in such other manner as the nature of the order may require.
Officers of the Line and Staff of every denomination are to make themselves perfectly acquainted with all General Orders. The plea of ignorance, so far from being admitted as an excuse for their noncompliance with them, will be considered as an aggravation; it behoves every officer therefore who is in Camp to read the orders daily; and those who are absent to call for and read them the moment they return.
All orders are to be read to the soldiers at the first evening roll call after they issue in the presence of an officer of each company; and properly explained to, and inferred upon them. The Colonel or officer commanding the regiment is to be responsible that this order (which is to be considered as a standing one) is punctually complied with.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, July 31, 1782.
Parole America. Countersigns Boston, Charlestown.
The field officer of the day for the Garrison of Westpoint is requested to send a Duplicate of his report of the guards tomorrow at orderly time, to the Adjutant General, for the inspection of the Commander in chief.
The third Connecticut regiment to relieve the detached guards tomorrow to continue on that duty seven days.
For Fatigue tomorrow 2d. Connecticutt regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 31, 1782.
Dear Sir: Being very confident of your attention to the several objects entrusted to your care during my absence; in reply to your favor of the 28th., I have only to observe that I think it but reasonable that the Officers who have been prevented, by their attendance on the Court Martial for the tryal of Majr. General McDougall, from visiting their Families, should be indulged with leave of absence for a short time, and that it is also expedient an Officer should be sent after the Deserters you mention, whose absolute necessary expences will be defrayed by the public, in Order to which, an exact account must be kept of his expences, accompanied with the necessary vouchers and receipts.
I approve of the Order for furnishing hunting shirts to the Light Infantry Companies on the Lines, the remaining Companies can draw as soon as they please: the transportation of the remainder of the Summer cloathing was urged in the strongest possible manner when I was in Philadelphia, but that almost insuperable bar58 in all our affairs has hitherto prevented it, yet I cannot but hope the frocks will now be on speedily.
[Note 58: Lack of money.]
As to the cloathing &c, lost by fire in the 2d. Masstts. Regt., let a report and return be made by the Commanding Officer, and such measures will be taken as the nature of the case shall appear to justify. I am etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 31, 1782.
Sir: I informed you verbally by the Return of your Messenger from Phila that I should make a Reply to your Letter of the 11th on my Arrival at Newburgh.
I am equally Sorry with you for the Occasion of so much Business for Courts Martial as you mention, but the Necessity of the Circumstance must be submitted to. You are therefore hereby authorized to appoint, from Time to Time, as Occasion shall require, such General Courts Martial as you shall judge proper, whenever there shall be sufficient Number of Officers for composing the Court; allways sendg to me all proceedgs and Sentences on Capital Cases, before they are carried into Execution; the smaller Matters to be approved and carried into Execution or not by yourself as you shall think proper, consistent with the Rules and Articles of War in their particular Cases.
The Sentences against John Connor, George Mason, Peter Huston and Danl Gallaher, were not attended to at the Time of my last Letter. I now submit to your Judgment the carrying into Execution their Sentences, or remitting them as you Shall find best; except that in the Case of Gallaher, the punishment of the Gantlope Assigned him is unconstitutional and inadmissible, and cannot therefore be approved.
I am much pleased at your Report of the good Discipline and Manoeuvres of the Troops assembled under your Command; and have Confidence in the Continuance of your Exertions.
I am very sorry for the Occasion of Uneasiness in the Minds of the Men for Want of pay; but it is not in my power to remove it; neither will it be in the power of the Financier unless the States are more punctual in the payment of the Taxes required from them.
In the present Circumstances, It will be best to continue the Recruits under your Orders, collected together, without makg any particular Distribution or Allotment of them until further Orders. I am &c.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 31, 1782.
Sir: I was not till last Evening honored with your Letter of the 3d of this Month, accompanied by one from Genl. Bailey, and another from Captn. Johnson.
I am exceedingly pained at the reiterated Accounts of the Distress which subsists in the Territory of Vermont, the more so as I feel myself incompetent to giving any Relief. These Troubles, my dear Sir, appear to me to take their Rise from the Dispute which subsists respecting the Territory of Vermont, as it gives Occasion not only to parties and Divisions within themselves, but also encourages the Enemy to continue their Attempts and Designs among them, which will undoubtedly be aided by artful Men within that Territory so long as the Occasion exists. This Sentiment evinces to my Mind the great Necessity of some Measures being adopted to determine this Dispute, which only can be done by Congress or the concurrent Agreement of the States concerned. So long as this Dispute of Territory subsists, the parties, Divisions and Troubles, both external and internal, will, I imagine encrease. Are there no Means my dear Sir, of bringing this troublesome Matter to a Conclusion? If possible, it should be terminated in some Way or another, the particular mode is not for me to mention, I only give it as my Opinion, that this Measure will prove the greatest Remedy I can devise to allay the Troubles which now exist.
My Sentiments on Captn. Johnson's Situation were given to him in a Letter I wrote to him some Time ago.61 I am still willing to concur in any consistent means for Exchange that can be devised, but at present I have none within my Reach. I have the Honor &c.62
[Note 61: June 14, 1781, q. v.]
[Note 62: In the writing of Hodijah Baylies.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, August 1, 1782.
Parole Holland. Countersigns Amsterdam, Rotterdam.
Major General Howe and the Members of the Courtmartial of which he is president, are to return to their duties in the line untill further orders.
A return of the officers in Arrest who have not had their trials to be given in at orderly time tomorrow specifying the charges exhibited against them.
Captain Lieutenant Freeman,63 of the Massachusetts regiment of Artillery, arrested by Colonel Crane for "Neglect of duty and disobedience of orders in not attending the roll call of the regiment on the evening of the nineteenth of July last, notwithstanding a possitive order for a strict attention to that duty" was tried by the general Courtmartial of which Colonel Putnam is president. The Court find that Captn. Lieutenant Freeman was absent from roll call on the evening of the 19th. of July; but are of opinion his reasons are sufficient and do therefore acquit him of censure; the Court are further of opinion that the Arrest was unnecessary and trifling with discipline.
[Note 63: Capt.-Lieut. Constant Freeman, of the Third Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
The Commander in Chief releases Captn. Lieutenant Freeman from his Arrest altho' he does not agree in sentiment with the Court; to do so, would be giving his sanction to the disobedience of a very necessary regimental order where no sufficient cause is assigned for it; an order too, recently reiterated. Whether the Commandant of a regiment does invariably pursue a steady line of conduct in the government of his corps or not, an officer under his command can by no means exculpate himself thereby, for neglect of duty or disobedience of orders. At the same time that the General considers a disposition to carry orders into execution as very laudable he wishes the frequency of arrests may not destroy the efficacy of them.
Lieutenant W. Lament64 of the Corps of Invalids charged with "Behavior unbecoming an officer and Gentleman," was tried by the same General Courtmartial and sentenced to be discharged the service.
[Note 64: Lieut. William Lamont (Lemont).]
The General confirms the sentence and orders it to take place accordingly.
At a General Courtmartial assembled at Westpoint by order of Major General Heath: Colonel Zebulon Butler, president, Lieutenant Colonel Ezra Badlam of the 8th. Massachusetts regiment charged with "Neglect of duty and unofficerlike conduct in mustering and forwarding to the Army as Recruits for the Massachusetts Line several persons precluded by the Laws of the State and others unfit to perform the duty of soldiers in the field particularly John Costillow and Frederic Sitze, lately deserted from the enemy; John Hoitt and Peter Godfrey, Deserters from the french service; Richard Avery, Benjamin Taylor, Hugh Munroe, and Amos Round, boys undersized; George West an idiot; Cæsar Wyman, a negroe lame in the ancle; Andrew Hobert, and Gilbert Garland, foreigners, who deserted on the road; also with mustering as recruits for the army Samuel Pelham, Jonathan Robins, and William Osborne; was tried, and found guilty of neglect of duty and unofficerlike conduct in mustering and forwarding several persons precluded by the Laws of the State and others unfit to perform the duty of Solo diets in the field particularly John Castallow and Frederick Sitze, deserters from the enemy; John Hoitt and Peter Godfrey, deserters from the French service; Hugh Munroe and Amos Round, boys undersize; Cæsar Wyman, a Negroe lame in the ancle; and that he is also guilty of the additional charge Vizt. Mustering Samuel alias Darius Pelham, Jonathan alias John Robins and William Osborne; for which they do sentence him to be dismissed the service of the Army of the United States.
The Court are of opinion that, that part of the charge respecting the other persons is not supported and do acquit him of it.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the court.
Brigade Quartermasters and Quartermasters of seperate corps will apply to the store at Fishkill landing on Monday next at Eleven o'clock where they will receive Canvass for the purpose of walling the new French horsemans tents which they have drawn this summer.
For Fatigue tomorrow 1st. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, August 2, 1782.
Parole France. Countersigns Paris, Bourdeaux.
Before baggage teams are allotted to the different regiments the general thinks it expedient the officers should be informed that he expects the baggage of the army will this Campaign be contracted in size and weight as much as possible. He intends his own personal baggage and Cloathing shall be contained in a portmanteau. Commanding officers of regiments and corps will be pleased to pay attention to this article and see that no unnecessary lumber is crouded into the Carts and waggoons assigned to the Troops under their Command; sudden and rapid movements may probably disclose how thoroughly this order is carried into execution; should any of the officers immediately concerned be found delinquent they must not be disappointed to see their regiments recorded for disobedience of orders and themselves noticed by name.
Some of the huts may be made use of as deposites or upon application to the Quartermaster with the army stores will be provided where the superfluous baggage may be safely placed untill the close of the Campaign.
The Men belonging to the marching regiments now imployed in the Laboratory are untill further orders to join their corps a sufficient number of the Recruits joined Captn. Moodies company of Artillery will replace them.
Lieutenant Colonel Vose will immediately repair to the Lines to relieve Major Keith in the Command of the Infantry. Major Keith is to return to Westpoint as soon as he is relieved.
For Fatigue tomorrow 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 2, 1782.
Sir: As it is highly essential to the Discipline, as well as the Appearance of the Troops that they should be furnished with Colours, I could wish they might be forwarded as soon as possible, for I am informed they are already purchased. There is a Deficiency of about 30 Drums and 20 Fifes (as you will perceive by the Inspection Returns) which should likewise be supplied.
The Bearer is charged with the General Return of the Army, the Inspection Returns and Musters for the Month of June. I have the Honor &c.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Hodijah Baylies and Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1782.
Sir: Herewith I have the Honor to transmit to Congress, proceedings of a general Court martial on the Tryal of Major General McDougall.
The uniform practice which I have heretofore adopted in similar Cases, together with some other Reasons, which Congress will collect from a perusal of the papers, give Occasion for this transmission. With great Respect etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency, Copies of the Correspondence which has passed between me and Sir Guy Carleton since my return from Philadelphia.
I pray you Sir, to lay them before Congress, for their observation and Determination, and as they involve objects of Moment, I beg that I may be favord with an early decision on the Subject, for my government in my future Communication with the British Commander in Chief. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on August 7 and referred to John Morin Scott, Theodorick Bland, and James Madison.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1782.
Sir: His Excellency Sir Guy Carleton having requested a Passport for Chief Justice Smith to repair to the Head Quarters of the American Army, in Order to lay before me the proceedings of a Court Martial on the tryal of Capt Lippencut for the Murder of Capt Huddy, with other Documents and Explanations which he says "he has no doubt will give full Satisfaction."
I do therefore, from an earnest desire to proceed with Candor and deliberate Justice, appoint you to meet an Officer of equal Rank at the house of Colonel Phillips68 on Monday the 5th instant, or at any other time or place which you may think more convenient, for the purpose of receiving the proceedings and Documents abovementioned; with such Explanation in Writing as he may think proper to communicate. The Papers
[Note 68: Col. Frederick Philipse. His house is in what is now Yonkers, N.Y.] you shall receive you will transmit to me as soon as your business is concluded, together with a report of your proceedings therein.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1782.
Sir: Having desired you to meet an Officer from Sir Guy Carleton for the purpose mentioned in your appointment and authority, you will proceed to execute said business. In the course of which, you may inform the Officer you meet, that as I have no connection with, or controul over any Person in the Line in which Mr. Smith walks; as the question before us is, in my opinion, purely of a Military nature and reduceable to this single point, whether the perpetrator of the wanton and cruel murder of Huddy is to be given up, or a British Officer to suffer in his place, that I could see no propriety or necessity in an interview with the Chief Justice.
If you should find that the design of Sir Guy Carleton, is to procrastinate this business, to envelop it in as much intricacy and difficulty as possible, or that he means to justify it by recrimination and Law Cases, thereby attempting to avert our purposes of Retaliation, you may assure him (unless you shall judge it expedient to leave me more at liberty), if not explicitly, at least by strong insinuation, that he will miss his Aim; and that my deliberate and dispassionate proceedings in this case are intended to give him, as he now has had, full time to determine whether the guilty person, or an innocent Officer, shall be made the subject of Retaliation.
You will be particularly cautious, that whatever passes in the conference you are to have, which is to be considered as official, be committed to writing; that no omissions or misconceptions may be plead hereafter; and you will inform the Officer in explicit terms, if you find the matter is not likely to end as justice dictates, and we could wish, that all oral conversation will be excluded from the official report of these proceedings now, or any share in the Account of them hereafter; or the recital of them will be considered as unfair, and an evident departure from that line of rectitude which we have wished to pursue for an unbiassed World to judge by.
If notwithstanding my Letter to Sir Guy Carleton, requesting his appointment of an officer of your Rank to meet you on this business, he should send Mr. Chief Justice Smith, you may at your discretion, either receive the proceedings of the Court, and such other documents as he is merely the bearer of, without going into any explanation with this Gentleman, or refuse the whole, as circumstances of the moment shall dictate to you; Or if this Gentleman should be an attendant on the Officer aforementioned, you may refuse to admit him at your conference, in the first case, you may either return, with the proceedings &c, or you may write Sir Guy Carleton that you will wait a given time for an Officer, agreeable to the purport of my Letter to him of the 30th. of last month.70
[Note 70: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 3, 1782.
Sir: By the last Inspection Returns of the Army I find, that the Men in general are possessed of but one Shirt each, and that in a short Time they will be totally destitute of that necessary Article, unless a Supply is immediately provided. I wish therefore to point and fix your Attention immovably to this Subject. Let every Exertion be used, and every Resource be tried, for procuring such a Supply of Shirts as that two may be issued to every Soldier at the next Delivery, which must be as early as possible. This is not only essentially necessary for the Comfort of the Troops, but will be found eventually the most Substantial and best Oeconomy. The Difficulty of obtaining Supplies and the Embarrassments of the publick for Want of Money are generally known and considered; but should it notwithstanding be discovered by the Army that any of the States had in possession a Quantity of Linen suitable for Shirts, and that no Efforts were made to obtain it for the publick, it will probably excite great Uneasiness, and may be attended with very pernicious Effects, especially when the Men find themselves exceedingly distressed for Want of a Single Shirt. This you will represent to those who are competent to have the Business put in a Train of Negotiation, if they should judge proper; and you will inform me of the Result.
I must again urge that the Remainder of the Hunting Shirts should be sent on without Delay, if possible, or the Season proper for wearing them will have elapsed. I am etc.71
[Note 71: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: By the Contents of Sir Guy Carletons Letter which came inclosed in yours of this Day, I find it is unnecessary for you to proceed to Phillips's House. As Sir Guy being disappointed in not obtaing Passports for M Chief Justice Smyth72 to come out, he will not, he says, trouble an Officer of your Rank
[Note 72: Frederick Smyth, royal chief justice of New York.] to be the Bearer of a Bundle of papers only; but adds that they shall be sent out in the ordinary course of Conve[yance. Your] Letter to Colo. Trumbull, covering the new adopted System of Issues &c. is received. With much Regard etc.73
[Note 73: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 3, 1782.
Sir: Agreeable to my promise I now inclose to your Excellency the Route by Coriell's Ferry; the particular Stages and Distances I have noted, from which you will form your own Estimation for each Days march.
I was Yesterday favored with a Philadelphia paper of the 30th. of July, wch mentions the Arrival of 13 Ships of the Line 2 frigates and a Cat under Cored of Monr Vaudreuil at the Capes of Virginia; also the Arrival at Surrinam of 16 Dutch Ships of the Line; and their success on their passage against the English; how much Reliance may be placed on this Intelligence, I am in doubt. With very great Regard etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, August 3, 1782.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns York, Glouster.
While the Annals of the Army shall exist, it is the Generals intention it shall be known that he had great reasons to be satisfied at this period of the war with the troops under his command. The inspection rolls for the last month which are now before him, corroberate the favourable sentiments which he had already imbrac'd of the officers and men who composed this army; and afford fresh occasion for bestowing well meritted applause. The Inspector reports that the proficiency in appearance and decipline continues to be surprizingly rapid; that the spiritt of emulation, bordering on enthusiasm, which prevails so remarkably throughout the army has almost removed all preference and distinction, of corps, and superseeds (at this time) the necessity of discrimination. The troops are more collectd., and there appears to be fewer irregularities of any kind at this moment than at any former period. Happy to find that those regiments which have been noticed as being in excellent order instead of relaxing their exertions continue to improve, and that those which were formerly reported to be in not so good a state, have by uncommon efforts carried their improvements beyond all calculation; the General wishes to convince the troops of his entire approbation and that nothing can tend more to their reputation and the service of their country than the present good dispotion which is so conspicuous throughout the whole Army.
Docter Cochran, directer of the hospital, or Doctr. Craik, physician to the army, with two hospital surgeons, will constitute a board to convene at such time and place as shall be agreed between them and the Inspector of the Army; for the purpose of inspecting all the invalids and debilitated men now in service. They will divide the subjects of their inspection into three classes and report their opinion on each individual accordingly, whether he ought to be discharged without any compensation or suffered to retire on the late provision of congress, or be transferred to, or continued in the corps of invalids, as the time of his service, the occasion and nature of his inability and other circumstances shall dictate. This business to be compleated in the course of the present month, and the report to be given in with the next inspection returns.
Regimental surgeons are to attend the board with the men of their regiments, and commanding officers of corps are requested to give any information they may judge proper.
The Army will be inspected and Mustered for the month of July upon the following days: the Artillery regiment, Moodies75 company and Detachment, Sappers and Miners, and Artificers on the 5th. instant; the 1st. 2d. 3d. and 4th. Connecticut regiments the 6th; the 3d. Massachusetts brigade and 10th. regimt. the 7th; the 1st. Massachusetts brigade the 12th. and the 2d. Massachusetts brigade the 14th.
[Note 75: Capt. Andrew Moodie, of the Second Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.]
The Gentlemen who fill up the Inspection returns are requested to pay more particular attention to the instructions given them for that purpose in April last.
As some of the regiments will shortly after inspection go upon duty, the time for Manoevering will be appointed in a subsequent order.
Head Quarters, August 4, 1782.
Sir: Before the departure of his Excellency the Commandr in Chief for Philadelphia, he wrote a Letter to you, dated the 11 of July, of which he has recd no acknowledgement, and therefore suspects it may have miscarried. The purport of it was to relieve Capt Dayton, to stop all Correspondence with Ward McMichael and every other Person within the Enemy Lines, and to hold the Brigade in readiness for movement. These things he desires may be immediately done, if they have not already been attended to, and that you will inform him whether the beforementioned Order has been recd or not. I have the honor.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 4, 1782.
Sir: I have to request that you will Report to the Commander in Chief in writing without loss of time, the general state of the Department at this moment, so far as relates to this Army with regard to Camp Equipage, Quarter Mastrs Stores &c. Noting as far as may be, the quantities and species in possession of the Troops, the deficiency of every Article according to the stated allowance, and the Stock now on hand. You will also mention by what time you can have the Means of transportation, either by land or water, ready for carrying the whole Baggage of the Army &c into the field, supposing the Encampment to be in the neighbourhood of Peekskill. You will be accurate in your calculation of the number of Teams, Waggons &c necessary; and the number that can be furnished compleat by the given time you shall fix upon.
The same information you will also please to give respecting Boats, in case conveyance by Water should be preferred. I am &c.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys Aid de Camp."]
Head Quarters, August 4, 1782.
Sir: I want an acct. of all expenditures, from the time we arrived at this place, till the first day of this Month. Also of every thing drawn from the Contractors during that period.
I likewise desire, to have an acct. of every thing else which may have been had from other Quarters, if any there be; As well Provision, Liquors, and Stores, as necessaries from the Quarter Master; these as before, from our arrival at this place till the first Instt.
After this it is my wish to have regular accts. of a like nature, the first day of every month; of the expenditures, and draughts of the preceeding Month. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, August 4, 1782.
Parole Hartford. Countersigns Danbury, Newhaven.
The Commander in chief is so anxiously concerned for the preservation of the health of the Troops (especially at this sultry season) and for the accommodation and recovery of the sick and wounded that he cannot forbear to entreat and enjoin it upon officers of every denomination to pay a paternal and affectionate regard to the men in these interesting points: Cleanliness, prudence in bathing, regularity and Oeconomy in the mode of cooking and manner of living are objects which require attention. Officers should every day visit the tents and kitchens, observe and regulate the Cookery, see the soldiers at their meals and take care that they mess and live properly together.
When sickness cannot be prevented it becomes our duty to alleviate distresses and lull the breast of pain with all the little offices of humanity and kindness in our power. The convenience of hospital tents, which are intended for the accommodation of the sick in the field, and the supply of refreshments and small meats which will be furnished on the hospital contract, give a better oppertunity for exercising these benevolent acts of tenderness than ever we have had before.
In justice to the Medical department the general declares whenever he has lately inspected the Hospitals he has received from the patients themselves the most satisfactory accounts of the humane treatment and comfortable accommodations they have invariably experienced.
Colonel Greaton and Lieutenant Colo. Olney are annexed to the board ordered yesterday for the inspection of the invalids and debilitated men now in service.
The Rhode island regiment for fatigue tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, August 5, 1782.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Princetown, Brunswick.
The following alterations in the mode of issues having been agreed upon between the superintendant of Finance and the Contractors for supplying the moving army, are approved of by the Commander in chief and ordered to take place accordingly.
General Officers for themselves and families to draw provisions and stores on their own returns, or those of their Aids de Camp, and to draw any number they think proper not exceeding the number of rations allowed them; their accounts with the Contractor to be closed at the end of each month and the paymasters to pay the ballance of subsistance money, if any due, on the certificate of the Commissary from whom they have received provisions for the preceeding month.
The officers of regiments to draw as many rations as they are entitled to, if they please, but to draw together, and on the usual days of issues, three pr. cent to be allowed in order to make the weight hold out: the same allowance to extend to soldiers and every person entitled to draw. Regiments and corps to be serv'd in as many draughts as there are Companies and the Contractors to have an allowance of two pr. cent as a compensation for the encrease of draughts.
The issuing commissary shall give to the regimental Quartermasters a return of the number of rations issued to the officers of each regimt. for the preceeding month and the Quartermaster shall be entitled to receive the ballance of the subsistance money due the officers of the paymaster and pay it to the officers entitled to it.
When in the course of service on Detachments officers cannot draw provisions with their regiments, the returns when they do draw shall specify their rank and the corps to which they respectively belong.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolves:
By the United States in Congress assembled July 24th. 1782.
Resolved, That the act of Congress of the 11 day of February, 1778, and all subsequent resolutions, so far as they respect the department of the commissary general of military stores, be and they are hereby repealed.
Resolved, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, empowered to appoint, from time to time, a commissary of military stores, who shall be subject to his orders and instructions, and shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per annum:
That the Secretary at War be further empowered to appoint, from time to time, so many officers, to be taken from the officers of the army, if agreable to them, as he may find necessary to superintend the business in that department.
The Light companies of the 1st. Connecticut, Rhode island and the 3d. 6th. and loth Massachusetts regiments will march on Thursday the 8th. instant under the command of Major Ashley to relieve the infantry now on the lines.
The 1st. Connecticut regiment will march the same day to releive the 9th. Massachusetts regiment at Dobbs ferry, Stoney and Verplanks point.
For fatigue tomorrow at Westpoint &c. the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Quartermasters of Brigades and Corps are immediately to make their returns for the present month to the Quartermaster generals office agreable to the directions and forms they have heretofore received from him. They will also turn in to the waggon Master general, all the public waggon horses in their respective corps except those for general officers.
Head Quarters, August 5, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to your Excellency the Copy of a Letter which has just now been received from Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby.79 I do not Delay a Moment to convey it to the Eye of Congress; and beg that I may be furnished with their Directions for my Government.
[Note 79: Dated August 2. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
The inclosed passport from the Hono Henry Laurens80 accompanied the Letter from the British Commanders, in Consequence of which, Directions are given to the Commanding
[Note 80: Laurens's passport is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] Officer at Dobbs Ferry to suffer the Person of Mr. Blake81 to come out for the purpose of passing to Philadelphia, where Congress will have an Opportunity to judge of the propriety of granting him the further Indulgences Mr. Blake wishes. With very great Regard etc.
[Note 81: William Blake, of South Carolina.]
PS. a few Days ago I received Intelligence from N York, that a considerable Detachment of Troops was makg; said to be for Charlestown; whether for a Reinforcement to that Garrison, or as a Relief to the Troops already there was not known82
[Note 82: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress and referred to Arthur Lee. John Witherspoon, and John Rutledge.]
Head Quarters, August 5, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose you a Letter from Colo. Olney83 with some other Papers relating to a soldier84 of the Rhode Island Regiment who has been in confinement in the state of Maryland since last Winter.
[Note 83: Col. Jeremiah Olney's letter of Aug. 4, 1782, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 149, 2, fol. 563.]
[Note 84: A Negro by the name of Fortune Stoddard, who had been convicted of manslaughter by the civil power, although the act was committed in the line of duty.]
As it will be extremely unjust and cruel that the Soldier should be any longer confined or should be sold to pay the Charges of his Prosecution I request you to take the matter up as soon as possible and procure his release. I have the honor &c.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 149, 1, fol. 561.]
Head Quarters, August 5, 1782.
Sir: On my Return from Phila. I found many Complaints against Mr Sands for frequent want of provisions, as well as Badness of Quality in what he did furnish; both these Grievances have subsisted till the present Time and the Troops have been without their Rations for several Days at various Times. In Castg about for a Remedy, I find, none is provided in the Contracts, but what is to be applied by the Superintendant who is to be appointed by you. I have therefore to request most earnestly, that you will appoint this person without Delay, and that he may repair to the Army as soon as possible. Mr. Sands's Disposition is such, that I have not the least hope of Relief from him, so long as he can impose upon the Army and thereby serve his own Interest, with Impunity I am persuaded he will continue to do it. I am &c.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 5, 1782.
Dr. Colo: The Commander in Chief directs that the American prisoners, who are now at your Post on Parole, should be allowed to pass to their respective homes; and in future 'till a D. Commy of Prisoners resides at the Post as was directed, all persons coming out under the same circumstances may be permitted to pass. This is to be considered as a standing Order and will be delivered to your relieving Officer. I am &c.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "David Cobb, Aide D Camp."]
Head Quarters, August 5, 1782.
Gentlemen: I have to acknowledge the Honor of your joint Letter of the 2d. of Augst which was received last Evening.
Not a Moments Time has been lost in conveying a Copy of it to Congress. As soon as I am furnished with their Instructions, I shall do myself the honor to transmit their Sentiments to you as Early as possible. I have the Honor etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 5, 1782.
Sir: Perswaded that your desire to visit Captn. Asgill at Chatham, is founded in motives of friendship and humanity only I enclose you a Passport for the gratification of it.
The inclosed Letters for that Gentleman, came to me from New York, in the condition you will receive them. You will have an oppertunity of presenting them with yourself. Your own Letter came under cover to me via Ostend. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 89: The draft of a passport for Captain Ludlow, in the writing of Washington, accompanied the letter and is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1782.
Dear Sir: Colonel Armand in a Letter of the 3d June last inform'd me that his Cavalry is compleat to within five Men of his established number; but that Sixty Horses are still wanting. I imagine there is very little probability that our means will admit of furnishing him any more Horses, and as his Corps may be of essential service in the So. Army, I will be obliged to you to transmit him Orders to March and put himself Under the command of General Greene. I thought it proper to transmit this order thro' you, as you will be able at the same time to point him to the means of moving his Corps to the Southard.
Considering the circumstances under which this Gentleman procured the Equipment of his Corps, I have no doubt he will complain heavily at its not being compleated with Horses; indeed nothing ought to have prevented it but the absolute defficiency of means and I think it is due to his Exertions to Explain this matter to him as fully as possible.
Some intelligence from New York speaks of an Embarkation of Cavalry from that place destined for Charles Town. Should this be true, no time should be lost in putting the Legion in motion.
I take the liberty to inclose you Copies of two Letters from Colo. Willet. I entirely coincide in Opinion with that Gentleman with respect to the Indians; nor is it inconsistent with our strictest plans of Oeconomy, for it will be much less Expence to gain and to keep the friendship of these People than to oppose them in the field.
With respect to the Levies raised in this State for three Years, the resolve of Congress under which they were raised will shew how far they were promised Pay Cloathing &c by the Public; the time for which they are Engaged and the nature of their Services render them almost equally Valuable with the Continental Troops, for tho' they are not to go out of the State, they may be ordered to any part of it, and in case of a movement of the Army will supply the place of the same number of regular Troops who must otherwise be left. Their Continental Regiments tho not quite Compleat are on a more respectable footing than those of any other State. On these Accounts I am fully of Opinion that all possible attention should be paid to their Wants; a return of which I have now the honor to inclose.
I should be glad to know the determination respecting Hazens Regt whether it is to be reformed as was in Agitation, or to remain on its present footing; if the latter, is it your intention that it shall remain at Lancaster as a Guard for the Prisoners? or is it to be ordered on to the Army?90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 6, 1782.
My dear Sir: In my last Letter of the 9th of July, in which I acknowledged your several favors of the 22d of April and 19th of May, I mentioned my expectation of soon meeting the Count de Rochambeau in Philadelphia, and my intention of writing you from that place in case any thing of Moment should turn up in the mean while. But as our hopes, that public Dispatches would have arrived from France before our Meeting, have been disappointed; I can only inform you that matters now rest in the same situation, as discribed in my former Letters; except with regard to the negotiations, which are said to be carrying on by the belligerent Powers in Europe.
Indeed I hardly know what to think or believe of the disposition of the Court of Britain. Certain it is the new Administration have made Overtures of Peace to the several Nations at War, apparently with a design to detach some one or another of them from the general combination; but not having succeeded in their efforts for a seperate Negotiation; how far the necessity of Affairs may carry them in their wishes for a general Pacification upon admissible terms, I cannot undertake to determine. From the former infatuation, duplicity and perverse system of british Policy; I confess I am induced, to doubt every thing; to suspect every thing. Otherwise I should suppose, from the subsequent Extract of a Letter from Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby to me dated the 2nd inst; that the prospects of and negotiation for a general Peace would be very favorable.
We are acquainted, Sir, by authority, that Negotiations for a general Peace have already commenced at Paris, and that Mr. Grenville is invested with full Powers to treat with all Parties at War, and is now at Paris in the execution of his Commission. And we are likewise, Sir, further made acquainted, that his Majesty, in order to remove all obstacles to that Peace which he so ardently wishes to restore, has commanded his Ministers to direct Mr. Grenville, that the Independency of the Thirteen Provinces should be proposed by him, in the first instance, instead of making it a condition of a general Treaty; however not without the highest Confidence, that the Loyalists shall be restored to their Possessions, or a full Compensation made them for whatever Confiscations may have taken place.91
[Note 91: The extract is from Carleton and Digby's letter of August 2.]
These communications they say had just arrived by a Packet. They further add that Mr Laurens was enlarged from all engagements, and that Transports were prepared for conveying all American Prisoners to this Country to be exchanged here. Whatever the real intention of the Enemy may be, I think the strictest attention and exertion which have ever been practiced on our part, instead of being diminished, ought to be encreased thereby. Jealousy and precaution, at least, can do no harm, too much confidence and supineness may be pernicious in the extream.
There having been a vague report that a small embarkation of Cavalry and Infantry was to take place at New York, to relieve part of the Garrison of Charles Town, I have made use of the occasion to desire the Secretary at War, to put Armands Legion immediately in motion to join you, and have requested he will use his endeavours to have the means afforded to facilitate and expedite the Movement.
A Mail has lately been intercepted by the Enemy between Philadelphia and Trenton, in which, I am informed there were Letters from you to me, these by the time of their capture were probably of the same date as your Dispatches to Congress, wherein the Correspondence between General Leslie92 and yourself was enclosed. I mention these circumstances, that you may forward Duplicates in case you should judge it necessary.
[Note 92: Brig. Gen. Alexander Leslie, of the British Army, with the rank of major general in America.]
You will, I imagine, have heard before this reaches you, of the arrival of M. Vaudreuil with a fleet of 13 Ships of the Line on this Coast; I can give you no particulars, as I have no Official account of his arrival.
The Army of the Count de Rochambeau having, as I advised you in my last, marched towards the Northward, at our Meeting in Philadelphia, it was concluded (upon a consideration of all circumstances) that this Corps should proceed to join the Army on the Hudson; they were at Baltimore by the last intelligence from that quarter.
Since the receipt of the Letter from the Commissioners Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby; I have seen a New York Paper of the 3d. in which is a Speech of General Conway93 and some other Articles, which appear to be designed to propose Independence to America on certain conditions not admissible: viz that the Legislature of America should be totally independant of the Parliament of Great Britain, but that the King of England should have the same kind of supremacy here as in Ireland. I have not information sufficient to determine whether this is the species of Independence alluded to in the Letter of the Commissioners or not. I wish my suspicions, however, may be ill founded.
[Note 93: Maj. Gen. Henry Seymour Conway, commander in chief of the British Army.]
Wishing you all the success and happiness you can desire yourself, I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1782.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the Receipt of your two Letters of the 1st. and 11th. of July, the former containg. the plan of a proposed Expedition, of which you mention you are solicited to take the Command, and covering a Copy of your Letter to the Secretary at War on that proposition. I have not given you my Ideas on this Expedition, as the plan, if adopted, must probably have began its Execution, before my Letter would have reached you. If attempted, I have only to give you my good Wishes for its Success.95
[Note 95: A second expedition against the Sandusky Indian towns.]
I lament the failure of the former Expedition, and am particularly affected with the disastrous fate of Colo. Crawford: no other than the extremest Tortures which could be inflicted by Savages could, I think, have been expected, by those who were unhappy eno' to fall into their Hands; especially under the present Exasperation of their Minds for the treatment given their Moravian friends.96 For this reason, no person should at this Time, suffer himself to fall alive into the Hands of the Indians. With great Regards etc.97
[Note 96: The cold-blooded and inexcusable massacre of nearly 100 Moravian Indians in March, 1782.]
[Note 97: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1782.
Sir: Your Letter of the 16th June last reached me but a few Days ago, containing Intelligence from Canada similar to what I have received from that Quarter, thro various other Channels. As I am desirous to obtain every Information of the Motions and probable Designs of the Enemy that can be collected; I am obliged to you for your Attention in this Respect.
I am very sorry for the Situation of the prisoners who have been carried into Canada; some Circumstances which took place last Spring respectg a general Exchange, in which my Wishes were much disappointed, prevent at present my being able to give them any Relief. I hope however that the Time is not far distant when their Exchange may be effected on proper principles. Wishing you a Restoration of Health and Usefulness, I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your two favors of Yesterday respecting your Brother, who you think, wishes to become an Inhabitants of the United States.99
[Note 99: On August 9 Trumbull, by Washington's direction, wrote to the commanding officer at Dobbs Ferry, that Colonel Stewart's brother was to be permitted to come on shore with his servants, etc., "and to proceed into the Country, or attend his Brother." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
I know you are sensible of the Delicacy of Situation in which I am placed, and you are equally sensible of the impropriety of the Channel through which your Brother, has presented himself for Admittance as an Inhabitant. At the same time I trust you are persuaded of the Disposition I have to oblige you in every Thing that I can consistent with my Duty and you cannot be insensible that it is necessary for me to observe some general Rules in Cases of this Nature.
I have therefore to desire, that you will, previous to his comg out, either do it yourself, or take means to obtain from your Brother, the particular Views and Intentions with which he comes to this Country, with the Reasons of his comg thro' the Channel of N York, as also the Mode by which, he obtains permission from the Enemy to pass among us. Upon information of which, if satisfactory, no Difficulty will be opposed to his comg out.
Tho I have no particular Reasons to suspect your Brother of any evil Intentions, yet 'tis necessary on all Occasions to be guarded against the least Apprehension of Imposition.
If he does come out, his becoming a Resident does not depend on me; his Mode, I suppose, will be to apply to the Executive Power of the State where he means to reside. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1782.
Sir: I have received your two Letters of the 9th. and 21st. of July, the first of which reached me but last Evening by the Hand of Mr. Ten Eyck.2
[Note 2: Lieut. Abraham Ten Eyck, of Willet's New York State regiment.]
On the Subject of the Indians, I am at a loss what to reply to you; the matter has been often under the Deliberation of Congress, at times much more favorable for conciliating the affections of that people, but, either the Means of carrying the Measure you mention into execution, have not been in their power, or the Measure itself has not been tho't proper to be adopted. At the present time, I am persuaded, that the finances of the united States are not competent to the Object, in the Extent in which you view it. In the mean time it may be well to make the best we can of the favorable disposition of the tribe3 now under our immediate protection; but it is not in my power
[Note 3: Delawares(?).] to give you the Means; the Subject shall be mentioned to the Secretary at War; to whom your Ideas shall be communicated, with my Approbation of your Sentiments.
Not considering it to be within my province to give Directions for the Issue of cloathing to your three Years state Troops, I will transmit your Letter and Return to the Secretary at War, under whose Directions all Issues of Cloathing are to be made, and desire him to give Instructions respecting that Subject. With much Regard etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 3rd. Comparing the Resolution of Congress of the 18th. of Octo 1781. with that of the 10th. of Augst. 1776. to which it refers, it would seem that the Canadian Refugees as well as Volunteers, are included in that Resolution Under which the Commissaries have stopped issuing Rations to them. Genl Schuyler however is best able to give you information in this point, as the provision for those people has been committed to his Direction. Hard as it may appear, that those poor Refugees, who have been driven from their Country for their Adherence to our Cause, should be denied the pittance of provisions for their Subsistence, yet it is not in my power to contravene direct Resolutions of Congress.
If the Militia should be called into Service (of which I know nothing at present) they must probably be supplied with provisions by the Contractors, so long as in actual Service, unless the State should provide for them, which I have no Expectation will be the Case.
Genl. Stark has had no Orders from me to take Command at the Northward, nor have I any Intimations from him of his Intentions.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1782.
Sir: I was informed by Genl. Paterson, that the place assigned by Majr. Genl. Knox and others for erecting the Magazine, was in your opinion, very unfit for the purpose; if this is the case, I wish you to point out some other place on West Point; and give your reasons in writing, as soon as possible, why you prefer it to the place first mentioned. I am etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, August 6, 1782.
Parole Westpoint. Countersigns New Windsor, Fishkill.
Lieutenant Boss7 of the corps of Invalids tried by the general courtmartial of which Colonel Putnam is president; "for behaving disrespectfully to Colonel Nicola and on many occasions unbecoming a gentleman and for disposing of public flour for his private use" is acquitted and released from arrest.
[Note 7: Lieut. George Boss, formerly of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment. He was discharged in September, 1782.
On August 6 Washington wrote to Lieut. Col. Felix Antoine Wuibert, ordering him to Fort Pitt. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
A return of the number of men now serving in the different State regiments who are engaged for this Campaign only, to be given in at the Orderly office without delay.
The General Courtmartial of which Colonel Putnam is president will meet at Westpoint tomorrow morning 9 oclock for the trial of such prisoners as may be brought before them.
The Commander in chief desires that the soldiers confined in the provost guard who have not yet had their trials may be brought before a Courtmartial with as much expedition as the nature of their cases will admit.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolves.
By the United States in Congress assembled July 23d, 1782.
Resolved, That in conducting the business of the general hospital, there shall be an invariable standard of prices established, by which the apothecary shall be charged with every article he shall issue the standard to be established by the medical board, or such person or persons as they shall appoint, which shall only be considered as a certain ratio whereby to keep the accounts; but that, in the settlement of all accounts in that department, all deficient articles, not issued or returned, shall be accounted for at such real value as shall be estimated by the medical board, and approved of by the Secretary at War.
An account shall be taken as soon as possible, of all the medicines, instruments and property in the apothecary's department belonging to the public, in the hands of the apothecary, the deputies, assistants, and mates, the surgeon of hospitals and surgeons of regiments, for which they shall severally be charged at the standard value as ascertained by the board as aforesaid, and for all they may hereafter receive, but to account for deficiencies at the real value, to be estimated as aforesaid.
The apothecary shall be accountable for all articles in his department to the purveyor throughout the states, until they come into the hands of the prescribers; and all deputies, assistants, and mates, shall make returns, and be accountable to the apothecary for the medicines, instruments, and other property belonging to the public in the department, now in their hands, and of such as they may hereafter be possessed of.
The apothecary shall make up his accounts at the expiration of every year, and settle them as soon after as possible, and before the expiration of six months. He shall, at the same time, make out two returns for the directors of the hospital, one specifying what has been receiv'd and issued, and the amount of what remains on hand; the other exhibiting a particular amount of the value of the medicines, and other public property, each prescriber has received within the year.
All losses which may happen by the events of war, and other circumstances unavoidable, shall be borne by the public. In cases of losses by fraud or neglect in any deputy, assistant or mate, the apothecary shall not be accountable for such losses, provided the delinquent be convicted thereof before a court-martial appointed to try the same.
The hospital prescribers shall be supplied, upon their own application, with medicines, and instruments necessary for the sick and wounded under their care.
Every regimental surgeon shall receive yearly from the apothecary a supply of medicines to such amount, by the above standard, as the medical board shall judge necessary.
Every prescribing surgeon or physician, either in hospital or with the army, shall be supplied by the apothecary with such a set of capital instruments as the medical board shall judge necessary, and shall be accountable for all losses in the medicines and instruments not arising from the events of war and other circumstances unavoidable. Duplicates of all returns made by the apothecary to the director, shall be lodged in the war office.
Resolved, That in the army of the United States, excepting the southern army, at present under the command of Major General Greene, the offices of assistant purveyor, and assistant apothecary, and the stores keepers under the purveyor and apothecary (except one storekeeper under the purveyor to keep a store near the army, and all clerks, except two to the purveyor, shall be hereafter discontinued.
That all surgeons of the hospital shall take rank after the director of the hospital, deputy director and physician to the army, in the following order, viz. those surgeons of the hospital, who have been either deputy director, physician general, surgeon general, chief physician or chief surgeon to the hospital or army, shall take rank next to the above mentioned officers: and their relative rank to each other shall be accordingly to the date of their respective appointments to either of the above offices.
That all such as were regimental surgeons, when appointed senior physician or surgeon to the hospital, shall take rank with such senior physicians and surgeons, agreeable to the date of their first appointment, whether to the regiment or hospital.
All surgeons, the date of whose first appointments, either to regiments or hospital, shall have been on the same day shall decide their rank by lot.
That for the more convenient subsistance of the officers of the hospital department, they be allowed, including their former allowance of rations and forage, as follows:
The director of the hospital, four rations a day for himself and servants, forage for two horses and twenty-five dollars per month subsistance.
The deputy director and physician, each three rations a day for himself and servants, forage for two horses, and twenty dollars per month subsistance.
Hospital surgeons, each two rations per day, for himself and servant, forage for two horses, and fifteen dollars per month subsistance.
Deputy purveyor and deputy apothecary, each one ration per day and forage for one horse, and ten dollars per month subsistance.
Hospital mates, each one ration per day, and five dollars per month subsistence.
Stewards, each one ration per day, and five dollars per month subsistence.
Ward masters, each one ration per day, and three dollars per month subsistence.
That the above allowance of rations, forage, and subsistance to the officers of the hospital department, over and above what they severally were entitled to, at the time of passing this act, shall be charged to them respectively, as advances in part of their monthly pay.
That in future the pay and allowance of the purveyor and apothecary be the same each as that of a hospital surgeon.
That none of the aforesaid officers, or other persons employed in any of the hospitals, be entitled to rations, forage or subsistence, when on furlough.
That the regulation respecting officers' servants, contained in the Act of Congress of 11th day of March, 1780, shall not be construed to extend to the hospital department.
For fatigue tomorrow the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, August 7, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of yesterday has been duly received. I think it proper that the trial of Major Heith should commence as soon as possible. The affair of the Cartridge Boxes, together with the appointment of a Conductor to the 3d. Masstts. Brigade, have been referred to Genl Knox.
If Capt. Dorence8 is unfit for the Duty of the Field, it would be best for him to relieve Capt. Benton9 at the Hospitals, as I know of no stationary Command he can be appointed to; however, if it is very disagreeable to Capt. Dorence, I wish you to conduct as you think best. I am &c.10
[Note 8: Capt. David Dorrance (Dorence), of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to die Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 9: Capt. Selah Benton, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 10: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 7, 1782.
Sir: In reply to your favor of Yesterday, I have to inform you; I am directed by the Commander in Chief to write to Colonel Hughes D. Q. M, that ways and means may be devised by him if possible for payment of the expense of Forage furnished your Waggon Horses the last Winter; and in case he is not able to pay the Money, that he should adjust the account and cause the payment to be secured in the most speedy and effectual manner in his power. This is all the Genl can do on the subject. I have the honor etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphreys A D C."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 7, 1782.
Sir: I have just been favoured with your Letter of the 5th instant; and am happy to find your Regiment in so compact a State and so well prepared for the Duties of the Field. As your present Situation admits of great Attention being paid to the Discipline of the Corps, I have no Doubt but they will emulate the astonishing proficiency made by the rest of the Army.
I must recommend great Caution to you to prevent such Intercourse with the disaffected Inhabitants as may have a Tendency to poison the Minds of the Troops with their baneful principles.
Your pay master can obtain a Supply of Shoes and proportion of Blankets, by making Application to the Clothier at this post. In these Articles however there must be the greatest Economy.
I approve of your apprehending Smith.12 He should be reported to the Comy. of prisoners, and continued in Confinement until his Directions shall be received respecting him. I am &c.13
[Note 12: Thomas Smith. He was captain of a whaleboat from Lloyds Neck.]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Hodijah Baylies.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 7, 1782.
Sir: I have received and laid your Letter before the Commander in Chief, who is very desirous a field Officer, or Officer of singular experience and vigilance should command at Dobbs' Ferry, for which reason he would have had you relieved from the Court Martial, had he not been informed the Court were in the midst of the tryal of Doctr Ledyard, on which account he thinks it improper; but wishes that you would use your endeavour that an Officer of due consideration may be entrusted with the advanced Post. I have the honor etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys Aid de Camp."]
Head Qrs. Newburgh, August 7, 1782.
Dear Sir: I asserted pretty roundly to you, but not more confidently than it was asserted to me, that General Dalrymple had Sailed for England.
Since my return to this place I have seen a letter from him to Genl. Knox which, at the same time that it contradicts both assertions, announces his speedy departure for the Albion shore. If he should remain in New York after this, charge it to his acct., not mine, and give me credit for the ingenuity of my recantation.
Present me respectfully to Mrs. Morris and Kitty Livingston, to Mr. Morris16 also. It is unnecessary to assure you, how much I am etc.
[Note 16: Lewis Morris (1726--1798).]
Head Qrs. Newburgh, August 7, 1782.
Sir: Mrs. Washington, in a letter which I have just receivd from her, expresses her sensibility at your polite attention in calling upon her at Mount Vernon. She informs me also of the obligation you have laid me under, in a present of elegant China,17 which, as the product of your own Estate, I shall consider as of inestimable value knowing, as I do, the favourable Sentiments which accompanied it.
[Note 17: A cup and saucer of this china set is now at Mount Vernon.]
I have the honr. etc.
Head Qrs. Newburgh, August 7, 1782.
Sir: With a mixture of surprize, concern, and even horror; have I heard of your treatment of the deceased Mr. Custis; in the abuse, and misapplication of the Estate which he had committed, with much confidence I am sure, and I believe personal regard, to your management.
If what I have heard, or the half of it be true, you must not only be lost to the feelings of virtue, honor and common honesty; but you must have suffered an unwarrantable thirst of gain to lead you into errors which are so pregnant with folly and indiscretion, as to render you a mark for every mans arrow to level at. Can you suppose Sir, that a Manager, can dissipate his Employers Estate with impunity? That there are not Laws in every free Country by which justice is to be obtained? or, that the Heirs of Mr. Custis will not find friends who will pursue you to the end of the Earth in order to come at it? If you do, you are proceeding upon exceedingly mistaken principles. but, for a moment only let us suppose that you have taken the advantage of an unsuspecting friend; for such I am sure Mr. Custis was to you. and, that you have acted so covertly, as to elude the Law; do you believe that in the hours of cool reflection, in the moment perhaps, when you shall find that ill-gotten pelf can no longer avail you; that your conscience will not smite you severely for such complicated inequity as arises not only from acts of injustice, but the horrors of ingratitude; in abusing the confidence of a man who supposed you incapable of deceiving him, and who was willing, and I believe did, in a great degree, commit his whole property to your care?
But this by the by, I do not mean to put this matter upon the footing of Conscience. Conscience, must have been kicked out of doors before you could have proceeded to the length of selling another Mans Negros for your own emolument and this too after having applyed the greatest part, or the whole of the profits of his Estate to your own benefit. Conscience again seldom comes to a Mans aid while he is in the zenith of health, and revelling in pomp and luxury upon ill gotten spoils; it is generally the last act of his life and comes too late to be of much service to others here, or to himself hereafter. But Sir, the footing I expect to see you put this matter upon, is, to settle without delay, such Accts. with the Administrator of Mr. Custis's Estate, whose duty it is to have it done, as you can support by authentic vouchers. That you will show by what authority you have sold any of his Negros, and to what purposes the money has been applied. and lastly, what Crops you have made, what Stocks you have raisd and how they have been disposed of. A settlement of this kind, altho' it should appear by it, that you have applied the greatest part, or even the whole of the money arising fm. the sales of them to your own purposes, will be the next best thing to never having committed the wrong.
How far Mr. Dandridge, as an Administrator, may chuse to push matters, I cannot undertake (never having heard from him on the subject) to say. but this you may rely on, that this affair shall be most critically investigated, and probed to the bottom; let the trouble and cost of doing it be what it may; as a Man therefore who wishes for your own sake as well as that of an injurd family to see you act properly, I advise, and warn you of the consequences of a contrary conduct, being Sir Yr. etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, August 7, 1782.
Parole Winchester. Countersigns York, Lancaster.
Honorary Badges of distinction are to be conferred on the veteran Non commissioned officers and soldiers of the army who have served more than three years with bravery, fidelity and good conduct; for this purpose a narrow piece of white cloath of an angular form is to be fixed to the left arm on the uniform Coat. Non commissioned officers and soldiers who have served with equal reputation more than six years are to be distinguished by two pieces of cloth set in parellel to each other in a simular form; should any who are not entitled to these honors have the insolence to assume the badges of them they shall be severely punished. On the other hand it is expected those gallant men who are thus designated will on all occasions be treated with particular confidence and consideration.
The General ever desirous to cherish virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as well as to foster and encourage every species of Military merit, directs that whenever any singularly meritorious action is performed, the author of it shall be permitted to wear on his facings over the left breast, the figure of a heart in purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.18 Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way shall meet with a due reward. Before this favour can be conferred on any man, the particular fact, or facts, on which it is to be grounded must be set forth to the Commander in chief accompanied with certificates from the Commanding officers of the regiment and brigade to which the Candadate for reward belonged, or other incontestable proofs, and upon granting it, the name and regiment of the person with the action so certified are to be enrolled in the book of merit19 which will be kept at the orderly office. Men who have merited this last distinction to be suffered to pass all guards and sentinals which officers are permitted to do.
[Note 18: This decoration, now known as "The Purple Heart," was revived by the President of the United States, Feb. 22, 1933, and thrown open to all who served in the Army of the United States. As established by Washington, "The Badge of Military Merit" was unique, in that it was obtainable only by privates and noncommissioned officers.
On August 7 Washington wrote to David C. Claypoole, requesting him to send a "sett" of The Pennsylvania Packet and General Advertiser to "Mrs. Washington, at Mount Vernon in Virginia." This draft is in the Washington Papers.
On this same date (August 7) Washington also wrote to Brig. Gen. John Glover that as he had retired "the servants, public Waggons &c. allowed you whilst in the Army will now no longer be necessary I have to desire you to order them on to the Army as soon as possible." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: This "Book of Merit" is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
The road to glory in a patriot army and a free country is thus open to all. This order is also to have retrospect to the earliest stages of the war, and to be considered as a permanent one.
A surgeon from the 2d. Connecticutt and a mate from the 3d. Massachusetts Brigades to march with Major Ashleys20 command tomorrow.
[Note 20: Maj. Moses Ashley.
On August 7 Washington wrote briefly to the Secretary at War, forwarding Dr. John Cochran's letter of August 6, detailing the hospital wants. "You are too sensible of the Importance of having Hospitals supplied with every Necessary to need a single Argument of mine to recommend his Request to your Attention." This draft and Cochran's letter are in the Washington Papers.]
The 6th. Massachusetts regiment will give the guards and fatigue parties on the east side of the river for seven days commencing tomorrow.
For fatigue tomorrow at West point &ca. the 10th. Massachusetts regiment.
A captain from the 10th. Massachusetts regiment will attend the court martial of which Colonel putnam is president, as a member tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 8, 1782.
Parole Providence. Countersigns Bristol, Greenwich.
The Inspector of Music will see that exact uniformity in the different beats prevail throughout the army. The signals of the drum as pointed out in the regulations are to be continually made use of and pointedly attended to; the Drum and fife majors of the several corps composing this army will every day assemble to receive the instructions of the inspector of music at such convenient time and place as he shall point out. This order to continue in force untill the inspector of music shall report them perfect in their duties.
To keep the horses and teams in perfect condition for service through the Campaign is an object of great consequence; as on this single circumstance not only the supplys and movements but even the success of any army may depend. The Waggon master general and all the Conductors must be answerable that the cattle21 meet with good usage, that they are not worn down by excessive fatigue, if it can be avoided, that they are not driven
[Note 21: That is, the horses.] in the heat of the day, when the labour assigned can be performed early in the morning or at night; and that there is the gratest care bestowed in furnishing them with a plenty of good forage.
Major Cogswell, Waggon Master General will make a weekly representation to the Quartermaster general or acting Qr. Master with the army, who will report to Head Quarters, the number, condition, casualties, employment and station of all the teams of the army; and also a return of the waggoners and drivers under his direction.
For Fatigue tomorrow the 5th. Massachusetts regt.
Head Quarters, August 8, 1782.
Sir: The Army under my Immediate Command is on the point of takg the field. Your Services will be necessary. You will therefore be pleased to repair to this Department as soon as possible where a Command will be allotted to you. I am &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 8, 1782.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of this date. It is my opinion that Major Porter be bro't to a Court Martial immediately, as I have no idea of an Officer being absent, in the manner he has, without being made a public example of. Whatever shoes are wanted for the use of the men, over the number assigned them, may be drawn for and charged to their respective Accounts.
I am much obliged by your mentioning the state of the Roads between Robinson's Farm and Peeks Kill, and I wish you to order immediate repairs to them, as they will be used in the course of a few days.
The Serjeants you mention for the use of the Rendezvous at Springfield, may be detached, whenever you think necessary. I am &c.23
[Note 23: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 8, 1782.
Sir: In your last Conversation with me on the Subject of Resigning your Commission as Brigr Genl. you concluded to take the Matter into further Consideration and to inform me of your Resolutions.
The Army is now on the point of takg the field; in which case it becomes necessary for me to form my Arrangements for the Several Commands; supposing therefore that you have had Time to bring your Mind to a Conclusion, I have to request that you will be pleased to communicate to me, as soon as possible, your final Determination; whether you mean to continue in Service or not.
For your satisfaction I have to inform you that Brigr Genl. Mcintosh has declared his Intention to continue in Service; and B Genl Moultrie had not signified, a few Days ago, any Resolutions to resign. I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, August 9, 1782.
Parole Jersey. Countersigns Trenton, Princetown.
The acting Quartermaster with the army will have a sufficient number of Espontoons made to furnish each platoon officer who has never received one.
Commandants of corps will make returns of that deficiency immediately. The general expects those officers who have once been supplied will keep themselves equipp'd with that useful and ornamental Weapon.
For Fatigue at Westpoint tomorrow 7th Massachustts regiment.
The regiment which is on garrison duty, will in future furnish the orderly serjeants for the Courtmartial on West point.
Head Quarters, Newburgh August, 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: The season being now come, when the frequent arrival of Ships and perhaps Squadrons may be expected on the American Coast, and it being highly necessary that I should be constantly and perfectly informed of the state of the Enemy's Naval force in these Seas, and particularly at New York; I must again request you will take upon yourself the management of this very interesting and important business. I am the rather induced to trouble you with this Commission, from the convenience and opportunities afforded by your situation for executing of it successfully, from the specimen you have formerly given of address intelligence and discretion in discharging the functions of it, and especially from the ardent desire I know you are possessed of to advance the interest of your Country essentially, in every possible way; and I take the liberty to add you can never do it more opportunely or effectually than at the present moment, in the way I have suggested.
Without farther apology, I will therefore entreat you to make me minutely acquainted with the number, names and rates of all the Armed Vessels now in the Harbour of New York, to keep me continually advised of these things; as well as of the arrival or departure of all ships of War, or other fleets; together with any other information you shall be able to acquire, respecting embarkations, debarkations, convoys, transports, movements, and in short every thing that can be interesting in a military or naval point of view. At the same time be so good as to discriminate distinctly whatever intelligence is obtained by occular observation, from what is derived through hearsay or other channels, and note the degree of credit you think the latter may desire.
You will have the goodness to communicate by Express with the utmost celerity, every thing that comes under the foregoing description of intelligence, and whatever else you may judge proper. You will be pleased to keep exact accounts of the persons employed, the time for which they ought to be paid, the necessary expenditures of Money, and your other services, which debts shall be faithfully discharged; but as our Allies may be concerned in the payment, I beg leave to recommend perfect correctness in the Accounts, and oeconomy in the expences, so far as may consist with the thorough execution of the important business in hand. ! am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, August 10, 1782.
Parole Hudson. Countersigns Hackensack, Passaic.
Commanding officers of the several state lines which compose this army will cause descriptive Lists of all the men who have deserted from the regiments of their lines since the commencement of 1777 to be made out, so as to designate the deserters as accurately as can be done, at this time, noting particularly the places they belong'd to, towns they enlisted for and the time they deserted; these lists are to be by them transmitted to the Governors of the states with such further particular information as may be necessary for recovering those men. The general will also use his influence with the Executives of those States that effectual measures may be taken for reclaiming the Deserters within their limitts. Duplicates of the descriptive lists must be lodged at the orderly office.
The attendence now given by the Adjutant general having superseded the necessity of a Deputy for this Army, leaves Captn. Haskell at liberty to attend solely to the duties of the Garrison of Westpoint as formerly.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 10, 1782.
Sir: I find it very important, from a variety of considerations, to have the most definite and regular information of the state of the Enemy at New York, which can possibly be obtained; particularly with regard to the Naval Force which now is in that harbour, or shall be there in the course of the Summer or Autumn. As the communications which have formerly been made under your auspices, have been very much interrupted since I went to the southward last Campaign; I wish you without delay to open again, or at least to renew effectually, the channel of Intelligence through the C--s26 or any other friends you can rely upon, in such a manner, as to keep me continually and precisely advised of every thing of consequence that passes within the Enemy's Lines.
[Note 26: The Culpers, senior and junior.]
I do not repeat what I have often said, of the general and particular species of Intelligence which alone can be interesting and necessary, because you are well acquainted with my ideas on that subject; but I think it expedient to inform you explicitly that the great object, of which I desire to be perfectly ascertained at this period, is, "the number of Ships of War and armed Vessels now in the harbour of New York, together with the Names, Rates and condition of the Ships" &c. This will be useful for the moment; but it is essentially necessary also that this information should be kept up, without intermission, for which purpose every fluctuation in the state and number of the Fleet, every arrival and departure of Ships of War, Transports &c. should be exactly observed and reported; and I must re. quest your Correspondents may be impressed with the necessity of acquiring their information from actual observation and the best possible sources of knowledge, instead of relying at all on vague reports and the misinformation of others. I know your correspondents have herefore, in general, been well informed; and that the only great difficulty has been in the circuitous route of communication; for which no other remedy can be applied but the greatest diligence and dispatch. Let that be attended to, let me hear from you soon and often on these points, and believe me to be, With great Regard etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Qrs. Newburgh, August 10, 1782.
My dear Chevr: I love and thank you for the Sentiments contained in your letter of the 5th.28 I look forward with pleasure, to the epocha which will place us as conveniently in one Camp, as we are congenial in our sentiments. I shall embrace you when it happens with the warmth of perfect friendship.
[Note 28: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
My time, during my Winters residence in Philadelphia, was unusually (for me) divided between parties of pleasure, and parties of business. The first, nearly of a sameness, at all times and places in this infant Country, is easily conceived; At best, is too unimportant for description. The Second, was only deversified by perplexities, and could afford no entertainment. convinced of these things myself and knowing that your intelligence with respect to foreign Affairs was better and more interesting than mine, I had no subject to address you upon; thus then do I account for my silence.
My time, since I joined the Army in this Quarter, has been occupied, principally, in providing for, disciplining, and preparing, under many embarrassments, the Troops for the Field. Cramped as we have been, and now are for the want of money, every thing moves slowly; but as this is no new case, I am not discouraged by it.
The enemy talk loudly, and very confidently of Peace; but whether they are in earnest, or whether it is to amuse and while away the time till they can prepare for a more vigorous prosecution of the War, time will evince; certain it is, the refugees at New York are violently convulsed by a Letter which, 'ere this, you will have seen published from Sir Guy Carleton and Adml. Digby to me, upon the subject of a general pacification and acknowledgment of the Independency of this Country.
Adieu my dear Chevr., a sincere esteem and regard bids me assure you, that with sentimts. of pure affection, I am etc.
[Note 29: Continental agent at Nantes, France.]
Head Qrs., State of New York, August 10, 1782.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 6th. of June, and to thank you for a very handsome pair of Epaulets, presented in your behalf, by Major Franks. I receive them Sir as a testimony of the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express of me, and am particularly indebted to you for the polite manner in which they are offered. I have the honor etc.
[Note 30: Elkanah Watson.]
State of New York, August 10, 1782.
Gentn: The Masonick Ornaments which accompanied your Brotherly Address of the 23d. of the first Month, tho' elegant in themselves, were rendered more valuable by the flattering sentiments, and affectionate manner, in which they were offered.
If my endeavours to avert the evil, with which this Country was threatned, by a deliberate plan of Tyranny, should be crowned with the success that is wished; the praise is due to the Grand Architect of the Universe; who did not see fit to Suffer his Superstructures, and justice, to be subjected to the ambition of the princes of this World, or to the rod of oppression, in the hands of any power upon Earth.
For your affectionate Vows, permit me to be grateful; and offer mine for true Brothrs. in all parts of the World; and to assure you of the sincerity with which I am etc.
Head Quarters, August 10, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to address you, at the particular Request, and in Consequence of a Letter which I have just received from His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, inclosing to me the Copy of a Correspondence between him and you relative to the Operations of the Fleet under your Command on the Coasts of N. America. Wherein you mention to him a Wish, that while your Fleet should remain in the Neighbourhood of Boston, you might be enabled to make a Stroke at the Enemy's post of Penobscot, and in the Discussion of which point the Count de Rochambeau has referred you to my Opinion upon that Enterprize.
While I applaud, Sir, the generous Disposition declared in your Intentions for our Assistance, Candor requires me to be very explicit upon the Subject. I am obliged therefore to say that it is my decided Opinion, that, considering the Hazards that will attend the Enterprise, the Object is by no Means equal to the Risque that will attend the Attempt.
Among many Reasons, which influence my Mind in forming this Opinion, The great and very principal one appears from your own Letter to Count de Rochambeau, where you mention to him that you expect immediately to be followed into these Seas by a superior British Fleet. Admitting this event to take place, and that your Fleet should have proceeded to Penobscot (which is near one hundred Leagues from Boston, the only secure Harbour which you will find upon all those Eastern Shores) which lies almost at the Bottom of a deep Bay, it appears to me that your Fleet will be placed in the greatest Hazard of being totally destroyed; for in that Situation they will be completely embayed and a brisk So. Westerly Wind, which will be most favorable for the British Fleet from New York and which would bring them into the Bay in a short Time, would be directly opposed to your Escape, so that was you to receive the earliest Intelligence of the Enemy's Fleet leaving New York, under such Circumstances, yet you could not avail yourself of the Information, and at the same Time would be placed in a position where no Harbour or Fortification could give you any protection or Shelter.
Was this Argument of Danger to His Most Christian Majesty's Ships not sufficient to govern your Mind, I could mention that the Time that must be employed on this Attempt, will probably be much greater than you seem to apprehend. A Month is as short as I should estimate, taking together all the necessary preparations and little cross Events that must probably interpose; for I have not an Idea of the Object being to be attained by a Coup de Main; as I am lately informed by good Intelligence that the Fort is the most regularly constructed and best finished of any in America, is well situated, and garrisoned by the 74th. Regiment, consisting of 800 Men, which will require a regular Siege, to be conducted by cautious Approaches, a considerable Addition of Men to the Number of Troops which are on Board your Fleet, with their necessary Cannon and Mortars, Stores &c. the whole of which in all probability, was the Siege to be undertaken, and your Fleet obliged to make a sudden Departure, must all be sacrificed, as their Retreat by Land (as has been heretofore experienced) would be almost totally impossible and impracticable, to be effected through a Country which is as yet a mere Wilderness of large Extent, and difficult passage.
Even supposing the best, that the Attempt should succeed and the Object be gained, I am much in Doubt, whether, without a superior naval Force, to be maintained on those Coasts we should be able to retain the post; as it would ever be subject to a renewed Attempt from the Enemy, in case we should keep up a Garrison there; or in Case of Evacuation, they might at any Time repossess the post, and continue the same Annoyance that they now give us.
Under these Considerations (without giving you any further Trouble) it is my decided Opinion that the Object in Contemplation is not of Importance, sufficient to justify the Hazards and Risques, which must probably be encountered in the Attempt to obtain it.31
[Note 31: On July 30 Rochambeau had already written to De Vaudreuil, stating the impossibility of furnishing French troops to cooperate with him in an attempt on Penobscot. A copy of Rochambeau's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
While I offer you this Opinion, Sir, I beg you will esteem it as coming from a Heart not only candid, but at the same Time penetrated with a Sense of the highest Gratitude to you for the noble Offer of your Assistance, which it is our Misfortune, that, under present Circumstances, we are not able to avail ourselves of.
After giving you the foregoing Opinion upon present Appearances, I have only to add that in Case Circumstances should turn up so differently to our present Ideas, that you should, with the Advice of General De Choissy, think the Attempt practicable, I can only refer you to the State of Massachusetts for such Aid in Men, Cannon, Mortars and Stores, as you shall judge necessary, it being the only practicable Mode in which I can co-operate with your Designs; and this Recommendation shall be most cheerfully given.
The Chevalier de la Luzerne has requested me to establish a regular Chain of Communication between my Head-Quarters and Boston, for the purpose of giving you the earliest Intelligence of every minute Circumstance that may occur respecting the Arrival or Operations of the British Fleet at New-York; and for the purpose of free Intercourse with you on any other Circumstances that may turn up. You may depend, Sir, that this Establishment shall be immediately formed; and that every Service I can possibly render you in this, or any other Way in my power, shall be most cheerfully afforded. With the purest Sentiments of Respect etc.32
[Note 32: The text is from the copy in the writing of Hodijah Bayhes, which is initialed by Washington and is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1782.
Sir: Your Excellency will permit me to introduce to Your particular Notice Majr Genl. De Choissey who will have the Honor to present this Letter to you.
As an Officer, old in Comd. and eminent for his Services, he has the Honor to be placed at the Head of the Troops destined for an Expedition proposed by the Marqs. De Vaudruiel against Penobscot, provided that Enterprise should be attempted.
Any Civilities which your Excellency shall be pleased to shew him will be no more than his Merits Demand, and will be most gratefully accepted by Your etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1782.
Sir: Your Excellency will be informed by B Genl Choisey, who does me the Honor to be the Bearer of this, that the Marquis De Vaudruiel with a fleet of his Most Christian Majesty's Ships of War, may be soon expected in the Harbour of Boston.
By a Correspondence which has passed between the Marquis and the Count De Rochambeau (a Copy of which I have been favored with by the latter) I am informed that the French Admiral has it in Contemplation to strike a Coup de Main upon the Post of Penobscot, while his Ships are. to continue in your Neighbourhood, requestg the Opinion and Advice of the Count upon the practicability of the Enterprise. It appears also from the same Communication that the French General has given him a partial, yet pretty plain disapprobation, of the Attempt, and has referred him to my Opinion on the Subject, which the Count De Rochambeau in his Letter to me, particularly requests me to communicate to the Marquis on his Arrival.
However desirable the Object may be, to dispossess the Enemy from that troublesome post, yet, under present Circumstances and prospects, I have not judged the Attempt to be advisable, and have therefore given the French Admiral my Opinion decidedly against it. My particular Sentiments on the Subject will be conveyed to you in the Copy of my Letter to the Marquis, which I do myself the Honor to inclose to your Excellency for your own observation and that of the Executive of your State.
If, notwithstanding my Sentiments and present Appearances, other more favorable Circumstances should turn up, or prospects should so alter as to make the Attempt appear practicable in the Judgment of the French Admiral and Genl De Choisey, as also in the Opinion of your Executive, I have no Doubt but that your State will afford every Assistance in the most Expeditious Manner, in Men, Cannon, Mortars and Military Stores, that may be found necessary to carry the Operation into Effect. The Distance of the Army from Boston, with other Circumstances, will render it impossible to give any timely Aid from this Quarter. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull jr.]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1782.
Sir: The Regiment raised by your State being principally composed of Men whose Times of Service will expire with the Campaign, you will probably very soon begin to think of some method of recruiting it. I am informed by Colo. Olney that many of these Men could now be engaged for three Years or the War for a much smaller Bounty than they can be raised for in the State. Of this, it appears to me, there cannot be a Doubt, for long Experience has proved that Soldiers are more ready to inlist while in the Field than when at Home. And in this Way besides a very considerable Expence, we shall save the Time and Trouble of raising and training the Recruits, and prevent the Detriment that may be sustained by the Weakness of the Corps during that period. These Reasons induce me to second the Application of Colo. Olney, and earnestly wish it Success; and that Major Olney who goes to Rhode-Island for this purpose, may be enabled to carry it into Execution. I have the Honor etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Hodijah Baylies.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
LC
Volume 25
August 11, 1782--December 31, 1782
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312
.7
1931
WASHINGTONIANA
PRINTED
APRIL, 1938
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
APR 17 1939
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
LC
Head Quarters, August 11, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 5th. by Monsr. de Choissy who crossed the North River, yesterday day Evening. For my opinion respecting the operation which the Marquis de Vaudreuil had in contemplation I beg leave to refer you to the inclosed Copy of my letter to that Gentleman.
Your Excellency may be assured that I undertake, with the greatest pleasure the procuring the necessary intelligence respecting the arrival &c. of any Squadron of the enemy upon this Coast, and that Monsr. Vaudreuil may have the earliest notice of such matters from me, and may have the means also of corresponding safely and speedily with me. I shall immediately establish a chain of Expresses between this and Boston. Your Excellency as you desire shall be made acquainted in due time with the expenses which may be incurred in procuring intelligence, and I shall not fail to make you regularly acquainted with whatever advices I may obtain thro' the different Channels which I shall open.
There does not appear to me any necessity of corresponding with the Marquis Vaudreuil in Cypher as the communications which I shall probably have occasion to make to him will be of such a nature that they will be of no advantage to the enemy should they fall into their hands. Should any new plans be in agitation and which may require secrecy, a Cypher may be used between us.
I am sorry to hear of the accident which has deprived us of the pleasure of seeing the Duke de Lauzun and the Gentlemen who accompany him so soon as might have been expected.1 I hope their next attempt will prove more fortunate. I have the honor etc.2
[Note 1: The Duc de Lauzun and others were returning to America from France, when a storm obliged them to put back to port.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 11, 1782.
Sir: I inclose you Copy of the General Order confirming the sentences on Gibbs and Young.3 You have also a blank Warrant, which you will fill up with the name of either of the Prisoners whom you may think it best to make an immediate Example of.
[Note 3: Corporal William(?) Gibbs and Private Sylvester Young, of the First New Jersey Regiment. (See General Orders, Aug. 11, 1782, post.)]
You will have your Brigade in as collected a State as possible and held in readiness to move at the shortest Noticte. I am &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 11, 1782.
Sir: Having been informed that Major Genl Gates is now in Philadelphia, and being now about to make my ultimate Arrangement for the Campaign, I take the liberty to request you will be pleased to inform me by the earliest conveyance, whether he wishes to be employed in this Army or not.
As it is now in my power to give Gen Gates a command suitable to his rank, and as I have not heard from him, since I wrote to him on the 18th of March last, I trouble you with this request that I may be still made acquainted with his determination before the disposition of commands is finally concluded.5I have the honor &c.
[Note 5: Congress resolved (Aug. 14. 1782) that the resolution of Oct. 5, 1780, directing a court of inquiry to sit on the conduct of Gates at the battle of Camden, be repealed "and that he take command in the main army as the Commander in Chief shall direct." (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, Aug. 27, 1782 post.)]
P.S. I wrote you on the 6th respecting Hazens Regt. I wish to be made acquainted with the determination respecting it, and whether Genl Hazen himself is to be expected here.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 7: Lieut. and Adjt. John Mix, of the Second Connecticut Regiment. He retired in June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 11, 1782.
Sir: You will proceed forthwith to establish a Line of communication between Kings ferry and Boston; You will wait upon Col Sheldon with the inclosed Order for 12 Dragoons to form the Chain from Kings ferry to Hartford inclusive; these you will post at or in the neighbourhood of the places mentioned in the Margin (two at each), and will make effectual provision for their accommodation and subsistence.
From Hartford to Boston you will continue the line of Expresses by persons retained for the purpose by the Qr Mastr Department. These you will station at the distance of 15 or 18 Miles from each other as the state of the roads and other circumstances shall point out; and you will make efficacious Arrangements with the Dy Qr Mastrs of the States in which the Expresses are stationed, for paying and supporting them while in service, or at least for securing, in a satisfactory manner the future payment, to them. Should any difficulties arise on this account I will ultimately see that these expences are defrayed.
You will after having made proper provision for the Dragoons and Expresses abovementioned, give each post of them a Copy of the instruction accompanying this, certified by you and inforce the strictest attention to their duty. On your return you will make a Report of your doing to Head Quarters. I am etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 11, 1782.
Sir: I have received by Colo Tilghman your Letter of the 5th. instant, with a particular State of your Accounts with the Contractors for Money advanced them.
I am much obliged by this Communication, as it will enable me to combat the Constant Assertions which are made by Mr. Sands, that the Contract is not fulfilled on your part.
I am very glad to find that Mr. Edwards,9 one of the Beef Contractors, is gone on to Phila. for the purpose of investigating with certainty the true Causes of the failure which they experience in the Article of Money. Your free Conversation with that Gentleman will I hope bring on an Explanation that may prove very useful in the future conducting the Contracts.
[Note 9: Timothy Edwards.]
For the Satisfaction of the Comptroller I have the Honor to inclose you Copy of my General Orders respecting Issues to be made under the two Contracts. I have the Honor &c.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 11, 1782.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellency's Letter by Genl de Choisey inclosing Copies of your Correspondence with the Marquis de Vaudreuil on the subject of his proposed Expedition, and requesting my opinion upon that enterprise, to be transmitted to the Marquis on his arrival at Boston.
A Copy of my Letter to the Marquis de Vaudreuil which is inclosed, will shew your Excellency my sentiments on the attempt proposed.
Genl. de Choisey who left my Quarters last evening to proceed on his Journey, did me the honor to be the bearer of my Letter, which was accompanied by one to Governor Hancock, on the same subject; a Copy of which I also inclose for your observation.
I am very sorry for the appearance of sickness among your Troops, but hope, with you, that their repose at Baltimore, will be an effectual means of its removal.
We have much talk, out of New York, of a Negociation on foot in Europe, for a general pacification; how far we may rely on these reports, a little more time will be necessary to disclose. With the highest regard etc.12
[Note 12: In the writing of David Cobb. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, August 11, 1782.
Sir: Your Excellency's Letter of the 29 July came to hand only the day before yesterday. The intention of confining the Flags to Dobbs ferry was to prevent the disadvantages arising from the continual and unrestricted intercourse that was kept up with the Enemy from Various parts of the Continent and more particularly from Eliz. Town. I have no manner of objection to your Excellency's giving passports to any of your Citizens under the circumstances you mention,13 being convinced that you will suffer no person to go whose character and views in going you are not perfectly acquainted with. With great regard etc.14
[Note 13: Livingston wished to pass one Moses Tapping to Staten Island, as Tapping thought he could borrow money there to erect a "slitting" mill in New Jersey.]
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, August 11, 1782.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Belhaven, Cumberland.
In order to prevent misapplication of the honorary badges of distinction to be conferred on the Noncommissioned officers and soldiers in consequence of long and faithful service, through any mistake or misapprehention of the orders of the 7th. instant the general thinks proper to inform the army that they are only attainable by an uninterrupted series of faithful and honorable services. A soldier who has once retired from the field of glory forfeits all pretentions to precedence from former services; and a man who has deservedly met an ignominious punishmt. or degredation cannot be admitted a Candadate for any honorary distinction, unless he shall have wiped away the stain his reputation has suffered by some very brilliant achievement, or by serving with reputation after his disgrace the number of years which entitle other men to that indulgence. The badges which Noncommissioned officers and soldiers are permitted to wear on the left arm as a mark of long and faithful service are to be of the same colour with the facings of the corps they belong to and not white in every instance as directed in the orders of the 7th. instant.
The pay rolls of the army are in future to be sent in regularly with the Musters; and those corps which have not already sent in their pay-rolls for past musters are to do it immediately.
AFTER ORDERS
At a general courtmartial held the 2d. instant near Morristown by order of Colonel Dayton, Corporal Gibbs of the 1st. Jersey regiment was tried for desertion. For selling and spoiling some of his regimental cloths, and for forging or procuring a forged discharge: found guilty, and sentenced to suffer death by hanging.
Sylvester Young soldier of the 1st. Jersey regiment was tried at the same court, for Desertion, and for spoiling a part of his regimental Clothes found guilty and sentenced to suffer death by hanging.
Commander in chief approves the foregoing sentences.
The Muster rolls expected for the army not having arrived the further inspection and muster of it for the month of July is postponed.
The board appointed for the inspection of Invalids will meet on tuesday the 13th. instant at 9 o'clock under the Collonade, at which time and place the surgeons of the different regiments in the first and second Massachusetts Brigades and the Artillery will assemble the men of their respective corps who come under the cognisence of the board; they will also obtain the best information they can of the character and circumstances of every individual.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, August 12, 1782.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Essex, Falmouth.
The General notices with great complacency that strict obedience which has been paid to his recommendations, respecting fitting and putting on the clothing, cocking and decorating the hats, as well as giving almost every other article a martial and uniform appearance. Notwithstanding the troops are verging so near to perfection some small improvements may yet be made; to wear the hair cut or tied in the same manner throughout a whole corps would still be a very considerable ornament. Where it cannot be done in a regiment simularity in a company would add extremely to the beauty of it.
At general inspections and reviews two pounds of flour and half a pound of rendered Tallow per hundred men may be drawn from the Contractors for dressing the hair, upon returns of the number and certificates of the use, signed by commanding officers of brigades, countersigned by the inspector, and an order given thereon by the general next in command to the commander in cheif, shall be a sufficient voucher for the Contractor for the delivery. This gratuitous supply to cease when ever the troops shall be enabled to procure it in another way.
For Fatigue tomorrow the 9th. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 12, 1782.
Sir: You will please to furnish twelve Dragoons, who are well mounted to form a Chain of Communication from Hartford to Peekskill. Mr Mix who is the bearer of this, has Orders to post them and make provision for their accommodation and subsistence. The service is temporary, and if the Horses are well supplied with forage and taken proper care of, they may be kept in good condition for the future purposes of the Campaign; [as it is not probable they will perform much duty on the Service they are order'd upon]; you will also have it at your option to relieve them as frequently as you judge proper. I am etc.
P.S. Untill you shall hear that my Head Quarters are removed from this place, you will send the Dispatches which may be brought from the Eastward by the chain of Expresses, by a Dragoon directly to Newburgh.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, August 12, 1782.
Sir: I am just favored with your Letter of the 24 July informing me of your Exchange on which occasion I Sincerely congratulate you.
The French having had the generosity to give up to us the Prisoners taken by them, it is to them you are indebted for your Exchange.
You will please to report yourself to General Greene, and take his Orders, and in the mean time you will afford any assistance in your power to General Muhlenberg, who Superintends the recruiting Service in your State. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, August 12, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 30th. ulto. covering extracts of the several Laws passed by your Legislature for compleating their Line and Rolls of the Men recruited in consequence. I entertain not the least doubt of your exertions or of those of the Gentlemen who have been employed under you. It is only to be lamented that the circumstances of the times neither enable us to make prompt and proper satisfaction for past services or to hold up substantial encouragements to those who now engage. As you observe, things may alter for the better as they cannot grow worse.
I am really at a loss what Orders to give you at the present moment. If accounts from the Southward and appearances are to be depended upon the enemy mean to evacuate not only Georgia but South Carolina. Should the latter event have taken place, the March of the detachment at Annapolis will be altogether unnecessary. At any rate, the season for moving will be so very unfavorable for this and the succeeding Month, that you had best remain for that time, where you now are, except you receive positive orders to the contrary from Majr. Genl. Greene, continuing to prepare for a march either one way or the other as circumstances may require. By that time we shall certainly be able to form a more competent judgment of the intentions of the enemy. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 12, 1782.
Sir: I have recd your favor of the 22d. July. Nothing gives me greater pleasure than to find any of the Officers whom I have the honor to command turning their thoughts and attention to matters which will promote the regularity and good of the service, and that for that reason you have my thanks for the hints you have taken the trouble to furnish me with for the better formation and composition of the Cavalry. I have ever lamented the want of an uniform and regular system of manoevre and discipline for that useful Body of Troops. The principal reason perhaps why one has never yet been formed, has been the small prospect we have ever had of being able to carry it into practice from the necessarily dispersed situation of the Cavalry. Were the Horse all acting together or nearly so, your plan of a place of general rendezvous, or that of drawing a Troop from each Regiment for the purpose of instruction would certainly be eligible; but when you consider that the service requires the Horse to be dispersed from Connecticut to South Carolina, and that even Regiments or Corps cannot be preserved intire, you will see the impossibility of the measure. The same reasons operate against the formation of Grand Divisions of Horse recommended in the latter part of your plan.
Under present circumstances therefore, and untill a plan of manoeuvre and discipline for the Cavalry is formed, I can only recommend to the Gentlemen commanding those Corps to fit them for service either by Rules founded upon their own experience or agreeable to the directions of the best Masters upon that subject. The Regulations already established for the discipline of the Infantry will apply to the Companies of Foot attached to the Corps of Horse.
I do not think it necessary at this time to transmit a Copy of your plan to the Secretary at War. At some future day the matter will be agitated, and then yours with others which have been proposed will be taken into consideration. I beg you to be assured etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 12, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have this Day received your Excellency's Favor of the 26th of July, covering a Letter directed to Sir Guy Carleton, which has been immediately forwarded to him.
From whatever principle it may be, Sir Guy appears to be disposed, in every Instance, to make himself perfectly agreable to the people of America. A late Letter of his to me announces a "Negociation havg been opened at Paris, for the purpose of a general pacification; and that the British King had given Instructions to his Plenipo. to acknowledge the absolute Independence of America, as the Basis of the Negociation. In full Confidence however, that the Loyalists should be secured in their property, or be refunded for any Confiscations which have been made."
Whether this, Negociation is really intended to embrace the compleat Object we have in view; or whether it is designed as a temporary Amusement, cannot at present be fully determined; past Experience, in my Opinion, should teach us the most jealous caution. With great regard etc.19
[Note 19: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[V.S.L.]
[Note 20: Of the U.S. Navy. He was also a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army and served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, August 13, 1782.
Sir: Your Letter of the 8th. ulto. only reached me a few days ago. You may very well suppose that it is impossible for me, amidst the great variety of business which comes before me, to remember, with any tolerable degree of accuracy, what passed only verbally so long as the times to wh. you refer. It is more than probable that I did, upon your expressing a Wish to be employed in the marine if you could not in the land service, signify my approbation so far as it depended upon me. But I am confident I could never have given you that liberty positively; because I had ever made it a rule, to refer the applications of those Officers in the Land service, who wanted to take a Voyage on account of their healths, to Congress; not looking upon myself authorized to grant a permission to any Officer under my command to go without the limits of the United States. Indeed your proceeding to Philada. after you saw me at Morris Town in February 1780, and there making application for employ in the Marine, to the only persons who could with propriety grant it, seems to me a proof of what I have above mentioned, that you had my approbation conditionally only.21
[Note 21: Talbot had been captured by H. M. S. Culloden, and sent to England. After being exchanged and returned to America he, with some others, were retired as supernumerary officers. He requested a certificate from Washington that "You did Verbally give me liberty to gow into Sea Employ, but not till after I had made Frequent Applications to be Employ'd in the Army, this I want to make use of in acquiring my Wages." Talbot's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I know not what difficulties you find in obtaining your pay up to the time of your discharge from the service, but I do suppose they arise from your having taken the command of the private Ship of War the Washington. If such an objection is made, I can give no certificate that will invalidate it. It would probably operate against you, because it must set forth that you had only a conditional license from me for taking such a step, and it would then be incumbent upon you to produce the authority by which you took such command.22
[Note 22: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "You may be assured I shall ever take pleasure in rendering services and obtaining justice for those Officers who have signalized themselves and suffered in the Cause of their Country."]
If you found your claim to this indulgence upon your merits and services, they are too well known and recorded to need any recommendation from me. I am etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 13, 1782.
D Sir: In Consequence of the earnest Application of Colo Stewart on the part of the Contractors, and agreeable to what appeared to be your Wish, I have suffered a Number of public Teams to be sent into Jersey to bring on Flour for the Army. I hardly know on what footg this Business is placed; whether the Contractors are to be charged the Amount of the Service, or whether it is intended as a Gratuity to them. I am not persuaded of the propriety of the latter; for while the Contractors are makg by general Estimation, great profits by their Contract, and at the same Time manifesting no Disposition to oblige the public or the Army, I know no Reason why the public should grant this Favor, wear down their Teams and disable them for the general Service of the Campaign. I should think, if they could be spared for extra Duty's, that rather than grant this Indulgence they might be more usefully or oeconomically employed in bringing on from Phila. many Stores Cloathing &c which have been long waiting the Means of Transportation from thence, and some of which, particularly the light Cloathg, if it does not arrive soon, will pass the Season for this Years Usefulness. If the Services of the Teams are to be Charged to the Acco of the Contractor while employed by them, I shall be more content to afford them such Assistance as the Circumstances of the Campaign will admit. I am etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, August 13, 1782.
Parole Georgia. Countersigns Hanover, Ireland.
The 4th Connecticut regiment will give the guards &ca. on the east side the river for seven days, commencing the 15th instant; the same regiment will furnish the fatigue parties tomorrow.
Newburgh, August 14, 1782.
Dear Sir: Inclosed is a continuation of Mr. Morris's25 furlough for two Months; at the expiration of this period, it may be well for him to consider that, the Regiment to which he belongs is now very full of Men, and that the Officers of it will think it hard especially, at a time when Congs. are discontinuing Regimental offirs. wch. can scarcely be dispensed with to perform his duty therein, while he is in the exercise of a more agreeable Civil appointment. It is necessary, for the sake of Military rule and propriety, that he should report the continuation of his Furlough to the Officer Commanding the Regiment.
[Note 25: Ensign Lewis R. Morris, of the Second New York Regiment. He resigned in November, 1782.]
If, as the Marqs. De Vaudruil expects himself, a superior British Fleet shd. immediately follow him to this Coast,26 it will save you the trouble of making arrangements for the purpose of employing him, to the greatest public advantage.
[Note 26: These italicized words, and those following, are so marked in the draft to be put into cipher.]
'Ere this can have reached you, you will have seen the letter of Sir Guy Carleton and Adml. Digby to me, transmitted to Congress on the 5th. If this letter does not breathe a great deal of disengenuity, there is a solid basis for our Commissioners to work upon; laid long after the News of Rodneys Victory had arrived in England. but if the present Ministry, by Independency, mean what Genl. Conway has Expressed in the House of Commons, when he moved for leave to bring in a Bill, to enable His Majesty to grant Commissions for raising Corps of Volunteers for the defence of their Coasts, during the present War; it is an evident proof that they are endeavouring to amuse the Belligerent powers; Us in particular, till they can appear with more force at Sea; for it is impossible, that they can have serious expectation of our negotiating upon those terms. and if their Land and Naval Commanders here, are intrenched in this manner, their letter will exhibit but a bad specimen of candid minds. One thing however, is certain, but how it came to pass, is not so well understood; and that is that their letter to me is published in New York and has spread universal consternation among the Refugees; who, actuated by different passions, or rather by the same passion in different degrees; are little better than a medley of confused, enraged, and dejected people. Some are Swearing and some crying; while the greater part of them are almost speechless.
But how does it happen, that all our information of what is transacting in Europe, should come through indirect Channels, or from the Enemy? or does this question proceed from my unacquaintedness with facts?
Be so good, when an oppertunity offers, to forward the letters which I herewith Inclose. Assure yourself, that with much affection, and sincere attachment, I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, August 14, 1782.
Parole Lancaster. Countersigns Monmouth, Norfolk.
The several regiments and corps composing this army under the immediate direction of the Commander in chief, are desired to send their Annual returns to the orderly office without delay agreably to the forms which the Adjutant general will furnish, that a general return may be made to congress by the 1st. of September next conformable to their order.
The 5th Connecticutt Regiment for fatigue Tomorrow.
[Note 27: Commanding the Water Guard at Dobbs Ferry.]
Dobbs Ferry, August 14, 1782.
It is of great importance at this Crisis, to have the best possible information of the state of the Enemy's affairs at New York, His Excellency the Commander in Chief has commanded us therefore, to inform you, it is his wish that you will use your utmost endeavours to obtain such information, and that you will devote all the time and attention you can spare from your other Duties, to this very essential object.
The first great article of which the General requires to be ascertained is, the state of the British Naval Force at New York; and the arrival or sailing of any Fleet, Transports, Armed Vessels or single Ship of War, this information must, if practicable, be kept up constantly, untill further Orders.
In order to obtain this intelligence with certainty and accuracy (without which it will be worth nothing at all) you should have some trusty and intelligent Person or Persons ready in the City to give the earliest notice of any Movement or alteration in the shipping, by express or some other way, to one of your Emissaries above the Enemy's Lines, who must communicate instantly to you. Money will be furnished for the payment of the actual expences and other absolutely necessary purposes; But it is expected that the greatest compensation and reward which can be given to well disposed persons within the British Lines, who mean to remain after the Enemy have abandoned New York, will be the promise of favor and security to those who shall recommend themselves in this way; It must also be impressed upon all those agents, that they should be exceedingly exact and accurate in their accounts, that they should see every thing themselves and make a business of it at this last hour, that they have intelligence thro' many different Channels and can detect any inacuracy or falsehood, and that you have authority to promise attention and protection only in proportion to the fidelity, ability and precision discovered in the prosecution of this necessary duty. The Person who gives the first intelligence of the arrival or sailing of a Fleet &c, will deserve particular notice.
The other objects to which you should attend unweariedly, are the number, state and disposition of the Troops, so far as these things can be ascertained; embarkations, arrivals, movements of any kind, indications of remaining in or evacuating the Garrison, European advices, domestick or other intelligence contained in the News papers, which might and should be obtained every day; To these should be added the British Orders and every thing else that can be interesting in a Political, Military or Naval light, The manner of effecting these things have been explained verbally, should any thing further be wanting, you may receive more particular Instructions when you shall be at Head Quarters, two or three days hence; We have only to add, by way of inducement, that you cannot more effectually serve your Country at this time than by deligence in this line of duty; while we remark, Your Reputation will be much concerned (from your advantageous situation) in giving the earliest, most particular and authentic intelligence of any person whatever.28
[Note 28: In the writing of and signed "David Cobb, Lt Colonel A D. Camp"; it is also signed "D. Humphrys Lt Colo Aide de Camp."]
Head Quarters, August 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 8th of August is come to hand, covering a new Arrangement for the Army.
I know no preference which Lee's Corps is entitled to, but what will arise from the Date of its Establishment.
Doctr Vacher's Complaint, when presented, will be attended to.29 I am &c.30
[Note 29: The draft, at this point, has the following crossed out: "The Arrangement of the Army I fear, has arrived at a very unfavorable Moment, and may be attended with many disagreeable Circumstances."]
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Hd. Qrs. Newburgh, August 15, 1782.
Sir: Inclosed is a duplicate of my last. As I have neither received the Articles ordered, nor an acknowledgement of my Letter, I take it for granted that the latter has miscarried.31
[Note 31: Miles wrote (August 19) from Philadelphia, that he had been out of town for "upwards of six weeks past, on Accot. of my Health" and did not receive Washington's letter of July 8 until his return "last Thursday" (August 15). Rendon had given an entertainment "a day or two after you [Washington] had left the City, and...his Stewart had made use of those dishes, plates &c. and had also lent part of them to the Minister of France's Stewart, they' are, however, I am informed, all return'd and forwarded, except one dozn. plates." Miles's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have requested the Secretary at War to let one of the Gentlemen in his Office put this into your own hands. I am &c.
Newburgh, August 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: I avail myself of your frequent friendly offers to assist me in the purchase of any little matters I may have occasion for at Philadelphia to request the favour of you to send to Alexandria for my use 200 Wt. of white, and 100 Wt. of red Lead, ground in Oil.
If the conveyance, by Water, to Alexandria is rare, or the hazard (for I do not know in what state of security Chesapeake Bay is now in) should be deemed too great to go round into Potomack, I shall, in either of these cases, as the paint is much wanted, thank you for sending it to Baltimore by the way of Christeen and Elk accompanied by a Line to Mr. Lund Washington, informing him to whose care, in that place, you have directed it, that he may send for it by a Land transportation from my House.
Inclosed I send you £27.10 State money of Pensylvania wch. you will please to give me credit for at whatever it may pass in the City.
Being altogether a stranger to the prices of the Articles here required and to the Acct. as it now stands between us I can only add that I shall be always ready to discharge whatever I may fall in debt when called upon. My Compliments to Mrs. Mitchell. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, August 15, 1782.
Parole Oporto. Countersigns Portsmouth, Quebec.
For fatigue tomorrow, third Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, August 16, 1782.
Parole Rochambeau. Countersigns Viominel, Chattellux.
Two captains, four subalterns, eight serjeants and one hundred rank and file from the Rhode Island regimt to march this evening to Fishkill to assist in removing the Barracks. They will receive their instructions from Colonel Hughes Deputy Quartermaster; and continue on this duty untill relieved.
The Quartermaster of Brigades are to make a return immediately to the waggon master general of all public horses, waggons, carts, Tumbrills, and travelling forges with their respective brigades, noting in whose possession the public horses are, also distinguishing the covered Waggons, open ones, carts, tumbrills, two horse waggons and travelling Forges each in seperate collumns. And also a return of the waggoners of their Brigades, noting whether enlisted as such or draughted from the Line, and how employed.
The regiment which mounts the weekly guards on the east side of the river will also furnish a fatigue of one serjeant, and eight privates for the well and one corporal and six for the hospital hutts; they will continue on that duty untill relieved.
For garrison fatigue tomorrow the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, August 16, 1782.
Sir: I am directed by the Commander in Chief to acknowledge the recet of your Letter of the 12th.
It is but very lately that a pointed order was issued directing the forges to be set at Work; file General is unacquainted why that order was disobeyed.
The General directs that no new Arms should be furnished the Recruits whilst they can be supplied with repaird ones.
The reason why the Order relative to the belts was not issued was because on further enquiry it was found that there was not a Sufficiency for the purpose. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "B[enjamin] W[alker]."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 16, 1782.
Dear Sir: By the Act of Congress of the 1st of August (which was forwarded from the War Office in your absence) for arranging the Adjutant General's Department, it should seem to have been understood by that Honble Body, that there is now in existence an Establishment, which should continue in force, untill the first day of Janry next; but by adverting to the Resolutions of the 25th of Septr. 1780, and of the 10 of January 1782 it will appear, that this is not the case, that the Orderly Department which was connected with the inspectors had been deranged by the last mentioned Resolve, and that there is at present no such Officer known in our Army as a Major of Brigade; I take the first occasion to mention these circumstances, that a representation thereof may be made to Congress, in order that such measures may be taken to remedy the evils which will result from the present loose and unsettled state of the Orderly Department (the whole duty of which is now done by courtesy) as they shall deem proper.
I shall have no objection to the exchange of the foreign Officers you mention in your favor of the 10th Inst. provided it does not contravene the spirit of the Resolution of Congress which directs Exchanges to be made according to priority of capture. Nor for my own part, shall I make any difficulty in acceeding to a late proposal of Sir Guy Carleton, for considering Chaplains, Surgeons, and Hospital Officers in future as not proper Subjects to be retained as prisoners of War, unless any of them should hold Commissions in the Line; indeed, I do not see that any very ill consequences would ensue from liberating those already in our possession. I submit therefore this matter to your discretion, and have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 16, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 13th. by Mr. Louberdiere37 who made so much dispatch that he delivered it last night about 11 o'Clock.
[Note 37: Louis François Bertrand du Pont d'Aubevoye Lauberdière, captain of Royal Normandie cavalry and aide-de-camp to Rochambeau.]
Were we certain that a pacification had advanced so far as Your Excellency thinks it has, or could we be assured that the British Ministry were really sincere in their offers which have been communicated through their Commander in Chief Sir Guy Carleton, I should think your Excellency might without any inconvenience or danger await the Orders of your Court where you now are,38 and dismiss all your Waggons; but when
[Note 38: At Baltimore, Md.] we consider that negotiations are sometimes set on foot merely to gain time, that there are yet no offers on the part of the Enemy for a general cessation of Hostilities, and that although their Commanders in this Country are in a manner tied down by the Resolves of their House of Commons to a defensive War only, yet they may be at liberty to transport part of their force to the West Indies; I think it highly necessary, for the good of the common cause, and especially to prevent the measure which I have last mentioned, to unite our force upon the North River: and in this opinion I am confirmed by the sentiments contained in a Letter from His Excellency the Minister of France to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, which he has been good enough to leave open for my inspection; they are as follows, "From the different accounts I can collect it seems to be the design of England to make a general Peace, but the demands on one side and the other will render a conclusion extremely difficult, and in that case, that Power will spare nothing to effectuate a peace with the United States, and turn all their efforts against us. As to a seperate peace with the United States it will not take place. I am certain they will not make peace but in concert with us." The Minister also says to me "You will judge better than us if it is proper to march the French Army or not. It is certain that it will be necessary if the English shew any disposition to detach any considerable force to the West Indies." What are the intentions of the Enemy in this respect, it is impossible for me precisely to determine. Accounts out of New York, but they are not of very good authority, still continue to mention an embarkation to the West Indies. The Garrison of Savanna has arrived at New York, and there are some grounds for believing that Charlestown will be evacuated; should that event take place, and the Garrison come to New York also, they might without danger detach considerably, should our force continue divided.
Upon the whole, Sir I hardly imagine you will think it prudent to dismiss your Carriages under present appearances and circumstances, and if you do not, the Cattle will be as easily and cheaply subsisted upon a March as in settled Camp; should an accommodation take place, and should the Orders of your Court call you from the Continent, your embarkation might he as easily made upon the Delaware or the Hudson, as upon the Chesapeak. From the foregoing therefore, I am of opinion that no good consequences can result from your remaining at Baltimore, but that many advantages may attend your marching forward and forming a junction with this Army. Actuated by no motives, but those which tend to the general good, I have taken the liberty of giving Your Excellency my sentiments with that freedom with which I am convinced you would ever wish me to deliver them.
I beg leave to return your Excellency my thanks for the attention you have paid, not only to the exchange of Colonel Laumoy, but to several others of our Officers. I have the honor etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of David Cobb. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.
On August 16 Washington wrote also to Chevalier de La Luzerne, that he had forwarded Luzerne's letter to Vaudreuil by the chain of expresses to Boston. Washington's letter (as above) was sent to Luzerne to forward and "After reading it, you will be so obliging as to seal and forward it by Mr. de Loubediere, who will go on without delay." This letter is in the Paris Archives. Aff Etrang,. Meres. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, August 16, 1782.
Sir: Agreeable to your Request, I have the Honor to inclose to your Excellency a passport for Mr Landeg40 of the General Hospital at New York to pass to Lancaster with Medicines for the Prisoners at that place and York.
[Note 40: Philip Landeg, of the British General Hospital, at New York. The draft of a passport for Landeg, dated Aug. 17, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.]
Your Excellency's Letter of the 13th. accompanied by the Proceedings41 of a General Court Martial on the Tryal of Capt Lippincot and other Documents which you have been pleased to send me, were received Yesterday.
[Note 41: These Proceedings in the Washington Papersattested by Stephen Payne Adye, Deputy Judge Advocate General, British Army in America, with accompanying papers, a schedule of which follows the above draft, were submitted by Washington "to the Consideration of the General Officers the 16th August 1782."]
After giving these papers the most serious Consideration, I shall have the Honor to give your Excellency a Reply. I have the Honor etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On August 16 Washington wrote briefly to Lieut. Col. Jean Baptiste Joseph, Chevalier de Laumoy, of Engineers, who had been taken prisoner at Charleston, S, C., congratulating him on his exchange and ordering him to join the Army. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, August 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: Annexed you have extracts from a letter of the 12th. from the Secretary at War, relating to the proposed arragement of the office of Field Commissary of Military Stores. It being a matter intimately connected with your department, I would be glad of your opinion, and that as early as possible, that I may frame my answer without loss of time. That we may make a regulation, as nearly as may be, consonant to the wishes and opinions of the Brigadiers and officers commanding Brigades; keeping in view what seems now the grand object, Oeconomy, it might be well for you to consult them after you have digested your own thoughts upon the matter. I am &c.43
[Note 43: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The original of the letter from the Secretary at War is in the Washington Papers.]
EXTRACT
I should be happy to have your Ideas the number of persons to beemployed in the department of Field Commisary of Military Stores. If I remember right, it was your Excellency's opinion that the conductors to Brigades might be dispensed with, and that the care of the Stores might safely be committed to the Brigade Quarter Masters, as also the travelling Forge and Armourers.
I take the liberty to submit to your Excellency the following plan for the Field Commissary's department.
[Note 44: French consul at Boston.]
Head Quarters, August 17, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 10th. without Name informg the Arrival of Monsr Vaudrieul at Nantasket. Your Express who carried Letters for M D Rochambeau, was directed the safest Route to Philadelphia, and left this the 14th. at Evening. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, August 17, 1782.
Parole Richmond. Countersigns Somersett, Taunton.
Doubts having arisen how far a Colonel, or Lieutenant Colonel Commandant, is supposed to give up the superintendence or command of his own regiment or Corps while commanding a brigade as senior officer of it, detach'd upon a temporary duty, upon courtmartial, or absent upon Furlough. The Commander in chief is pleased to make the following determinations which are to be observed in future:
While a colonel, or Lieutenant colonel commandt. commands a brigade in which his own regiment or corps is included, he is to issue his regimental orders as usual; he is to sign all regimental returns and is to order and make all general regulations for the internal police of the regiment or corps so far as they may be consistent with the regulations for the order and Disipline of the troops of the united states. The same will apply when a colonel, or Lieutenant colonel commandant is upon courtmartial in camp or garrison with his regiment or corps, but when a colonel or Lieutenant colonel commandant is detached upon a temporary duty, or absent upon furlough the command of the regiment or corps will naturally devolve upon the next senior officer, who will issue regimental orders and sign all returns which may be called for in the absence of his Colonel, or Lieutenant Colonel commandant; but he shall on no account whatever presume to make any material alteration in the police which may have been established for the internal goverment of the regimt. or corps: without first consulting his colonel or Lieutt. colonel commandant, except he should be detached to such a distance, or absent for such time and at such a distance that he cannot communicate with him without permitting the regiment or corps to suffer for want of such alteration in the mean time. The same rules may in some degree apply to the conduct of general officers under simular circumstances: should a Major General commanding a division be necessarily absent, the eldest Brigadier will of course command the division during his absence; but he is notwithstanding to retain the superintendence of his own brigade, issue Brigade orders and sign all returns relating to it.
Untill further orders there is to be no exchange of arms but such as may be condemned at the monthly inspection, the inspector will then give orders for such numbers to be exchanged as may appear to him unfit for service; the inspector general will review two regiments of the ist. and one of the 2d. Massachusetts Brigades on monday the 19th. instant, they are to be under arms for that purpose on the green at Westpoint by eight o'clock in the morning.
The Invalid regiment will be examined by the board of Inspection on tuesday next 10 o'clock.
A serjeant, corporal, and 12 men for fatigue to be sent from the fourth Connecticut regiment to the engineer this day also a corporal and four men for fatigue to be sent to Mr. Buchanan, these parties to remain on duty till relieved.
Head Quarters, August 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favr. of the 12th. inclosing sundry Resolves of Congress to which due attention shall be paid.
Your proposed arrangement of the department of the Field Commissary of Military Stores is under consideration; the principal doubt is whether the Brigade Quarter Masters can or will undertake and execute the duty of Brigade Conductors also; General Knox seems to be of opinion that a Dy. Field Commy. and two Conductors or Clerks will be absolutely necessary at West point when that shall become the grand deposit of our Stores, and which it will be when the Magazine of Fishkill is broken up. I shall return you my opinion at full, as soon as I have collected those of some of the Officers upon the subject. I am &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: Congress having again directed me to propose to the British Commanders in Chief at New York the appointment of Commissioners to settle forthwith a General Cartel for the exchange of prisoners, taking care that the Liquidation of accounts and settlement of the Balance due for the maintenance of prisoners be provided for therein. I have this day communicated their resolution to Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby.
If the meeting now proposed should be acceded to, the principal parts of the business which was agitated and discussed at the former will be involved in it, and therefore the Gentlemen who were before appointed by me would be more proper than any others, as being more fully acquainted with the several points in controversy, to manage the conference upon our parts. For this reason it would be highly agreeable to me to appoint you in conjunction with Major Genl. Knox and perhaps a third should it be deemed necessary, could you make it convenient to attend.
I shall be glad of your answer as soon as possible, that I may be prepared to meet that of the British General and Admiral who I make no doubt will accede to our offer. I am &c.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 18 1782.
Sir: I perceive by the written Report you have forwarded to me by Colonel Humphrys that you have inadvertently suffered Mr. William Livingston to pass to the Enemy's Lines to attend his Father in Law, Mr. Lott,48 who had a Passport from the Governor of N. Jersey; the Sd Livingston having no legal permission for the purpose. I am disposed, from your character and the circumstances to consider this as an error, and misconstruction of your Orders, rather than a willful violation of them: wherefore I have only to caution you to avoid such mistakes
[Note 48: Abraham Lott.] in future, and to declare that it was my intention and is my positive Command; that after Passports are obtained in the Manner specified in my Instructions of the 14th. of June 1782 to the Officer Commanding at Dobbs' Ferry; No Person or Persons, besides those mentioned in the Passports, the Flag Officer, and those under his immediate Orders shall be permitted to go to the Enemy's Lines under Sanction of such flags, or to attend either on any pretext whatever; except such Prisoners of War as may have Certificates of their Exchange from the Commissy Genl of Prisoners, or one of his Deputies. Those Prisoners to pass by the first flag that offers, unless upon application one shall be granted for the purpose.
The foregoing to be considered as a permanent Regulation, and this Order is to be delivered with the other Instructions to the Relieving Officer.
The Prisoners who were reported by Cols Cobb and Humphrys to have been at Dobbs' Ferry when they were there may be forwarded by the first flag. Receipts should be taken for them and delivered to the Commissy of Prisoners on his Return; the Wives of these Prisoners may also go in. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: After I have seen the troops maneuvered upon the point tomorrow morning, I shall go down to Peekskill to look at the Guard in that neighbourhood. You will be pleased to order a Company of light Infantry to march to Peekskill tomorrow morning by break of day and there wait my orders. They must go provided with two day provision. I am &c.50
[Note 50: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
(Private)
Head Quarters, August 18, 1782.
[My dear Sir]: I have had the pleasure of receiving your private letter of the 12th.51 I cannot but think the conduct of -- respecting the release of Lord Cornwallis very extraordinary. Is it reasonable that Mr. Laurens should be at full liberty and acting as a Commissioner in Europe while Lord Cornwallis for whose liberation he pledged his own and consequently, as a public Man the honor of the States is held bound by his parole? Either disavow the propriety of Mr. Laurens's conduct and let him be remanded by the British Ministry, or set Lord Cornwallis at equal liberty. I am placed in a very delicate situation; Sir Guy Carleton has given me official information of the transaction and has called for a confirmation of Mr. Laurens's act. I have referred the matter to the proper place, and I can obtain no answer. In my letters to Genl. Carleton I am obliged to be for the present silent, but I certainly must expect to hear from him again. Do my good Sir endeavour to obtain a decision upon this matter.52
[Note 51: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 52: In Charles Thomson's Notes of Debates, New York Historical Society Coils: Rev. Papers, I, 105, the Committee of Congress which reported on the letter from Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby to General Washington recommended (August 12) that Lord Cornwallis be released "from his parole, in return for the indulgence granted to Mr. Laurens. But Mr. Rutledge, one of the Com'tt, inveighed against this with so much warmth and indignation that it was rejected with a loud and general no from every part of the house." But on June 28, previous, Benjamin Franklin had already sent to Cornwallis, from Passy, France, a release from parole, and in his letter to Livingston, June 28, 1782, in Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence, vol. 5, P. 525, he states: "I see by the English Papers. that his lordship, immediately on receipt of it, appeared at court, and has taken his seat in the House of Peers, which he did not before think was warrantable."]
Your public Letter of the 12th.53 covers a Resolve of the same date authorizing me to propose a meeting of Commissioners
[Note 53: In the Washington Papers.] for establishing a Cartel &c. [Here again] I am somewhat embarrassed, never having yet received either the approbation or disapprobation of Congress upon the proceedings of the former Commissioners, Genl. Knox and Mr. Gouverneur Morris altho' they were transmitted so long ago as the 30th. of April last. It appears by the Report of those Gentlemen that the negociation was principally broken off on account of the disposition which plainly appeared on the part of the British Commissioners to procure the exchange of their soldiers in our hands without settlement of accounts making any payment or giving any security for the payment of the large sum which we conceive is due. Now Congress in the Resolve of the 12th. to which I have just referred, make no reference to any former transaction but authorize me to settle a Cartel "taking care that the liquidation of accounts and settlement of the Balance due for the maintainance of prisoners be provided for therein." From this, it may possibly be said, it may be inferred, that they do approve the former proceedings and mean to make the settlement of accounts a preliminary. But this is an inference only and may be a false one. And therefore I would wish you would be good enough to endeavour to find out the true meaning of the House and to procure a determination upon the former proceedings. The same Commissioners will probably be appointed upon our part, and could they be assured their former principles were thought good, they would proceed with more confidence upon a future occasion. I confess to you I have found so many difficulties thrown in the way of all former transactions of this nature, that I could ever wish Congress to be as full and explicit as possible as to the points which they would have either conceded or demanded. I would prefer that mode on many Accounts, as you may easily conceive, to unlimited powers. But what I principally now want to be assured of is whether they do or do not approve the conduct of the former Commissioners and the principles which they seemed desirous of establishing. [With much truth and affectn. I am &c.]54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 18, 1782.
Revd Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 8th. Ulto. by Colo. Tilghman, who arrived here abt. ten days ago, and to whom I have committed the charge of forwarding this answer.
To the Gentlemen who moved the matter, and the assembly for adopting it, I am much indebted for the honor conferred on me, by giving my name to the College at Chester. at the same time that I acknowledge the honor I feel a grateful sensibility for the manner of bestowing it; which, as it will remain a monument of their esteem, cannot but make a deep impression on my Mind; only to be increased by the flattering assurance of the lasting and extensive usefulness of the Seminary.
If the trifling sum of Fifty Guineas will be considered as an earnest of my wishes for the prosperity of this Seminary, I shall be ready to pay it to the order of the Visitors whenever it is their pleasure to call for it; it is too trifling to stand in any other point of view, nor would I wish it to do so.55 with much pleasure should I consent to have my name enrolled among the worthy Visiters and Governors of this College, but convinced as I am, that it never will be in my power to give the attendance wch. by Law is required, my name could only be inserted to the
[Note 55: "I have by a resolve of the Visitors and Governors of the College, laid out your Present of fifty Guineas in the Purchase of an Elegant Air-Pump and some optical Instruments, as the Beginning of a Philosophical Apparatus, which we have mark'd as your Excellency's Gift to the Seminary."-- William Smith to Washington, Dec. 23, 1782. Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers.] exclusion of some other, whose abilities and proximity might enable him to become a more useful member.
When that period shall arrive when we can hail the blest return of Peace, it will add to my pleasures to see this infant Seat of learning rising into consistency, and proficiency in the Sciences under the nurturing hands of its founders. I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, August 18, 1782.
Sir: In reply to your Excellency's propositions contained in your Letter of the 7th of July, and that of the 2d of Augst. in which you was joined by Rear Admiral Digby, both which, you have been informed, were submitted to the Consideration of Congress, I have the Honor to transmit to your Excellency the inclosed Resolutions of that Hono. Body.
To that which respects the appointment of Commissioners for the Settlement of a general Cartel, I beg your Excellency to give me your early Answer; And request that you will be so good as to communicate the Resolution to Rear Admiral Digby, that he may, if the proposition is adopted, join us in the Commission.
That part of your Letter of the 7th. of July, which respects the Situation of Clergymen, Surgeons, Physicians and Apothecaries will become a Matter of Discussion at the Meeting of the Commissioners.
I will only observe that with respect to Clergy men, those Gentlemen, by a Stipulation entered into by Commissioners at Amboy, were exempted from being considered as prisoners of War on either Side; and those then in Captivity were and have been Since mutually released. I have the Honor etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, August 18, 1782.
Parole Newark. Countersigns Princetown, Brunswick.
The General has the pleasure to inform the army of the total recovery of the state of Georgia from the hands of the enemy.
On the 11th. July the British evacuated Savannah leaving the town and works uninjured.
Of the Citizens who have returned to their Allegiance near two hundred immediately inlisted in the Continental Battalion of Georgia, and it was expected the corps would soon be compleated without any expence.
Brigadier General Wayne who commanded in that State appears to have merited great applause by his conduct there.
The regimental paymasters will apply to the Assistant Clothier general for a further supply of Hunting shirts.
The Inspection and muster of the 9th. Massachusetts regiment will take place tomorrow morning at nine o'clock.
The second Connecticut regiment for fatigue tomorrow.
The Officer who mounts at the East ferry will see that the ferry boats are worked by the party under his command as usual.
Agreeable to Major General Heaths order of yesterday the following brigades and corps will furnish as under:
2d. Massachusetts brigade three smiths and three carpenters, 3d. Massachusetts brigade three Carpenters; 10th. Regiment, four Colliers.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 19, 1782.
Sir: Congress have been already furnished with Copies of all letters which had passed between the Commander in Chief of the British Forces in New York and myself, respecting the murther of Capt. Huddy, previous to the last of July. I have now the honor to inclose Sir Guy Carletons letter of the 1st instant, (in reply to mine of the 25th ulto.) and that of the 13th. which accompanied the proceedings of the General Court Martial for the trial of Capt. Lippincot. The proceedings, together with such other documents as relate to that unfortunate transaction, I also transmit by this opportunity.
As Sir Guy Carleton, notwithstanding the acquittal of Lippencot, reprobates the measure in unequivocal terms, and has given assurances of prosecuting a further enquiry, it has changed the ground I was proceeding upon, and placed the matter upon an extremely delicate footing.
It would be assuming in me, to ascribe causes to actions different from those which are ostensibly and plausibly assigned; but admitting that General Carleton has no other object but to procrastinate, he has, by disavowing the act, by declaring that it is held in abhorrence, by not even sanctioning the motives which appear to have influenced Lippencot to become the executioner of Huddy, and by giving the strongest assurances that further inquisition shall be made so far manifested the appearance of an earnest desire to bring the guilty to punishment, that I fear, an act of retaliation upon an innocent person, before the result of his inquisition is known, would be considered, by the impartial and unprejudiced World, in an unfavorable and perhaps an unjustifiable point of view, more especially, as the great end proposed by retaliation, which is to prevent a repetition of injuries, has been in a manner answered: for you will please to observe, by the extract of General Clintons letter of the 26th. of April to Governor Franklin,57 that he had expressly
[Note 57: Gov. William Franklin, royal governor of New Jersey and president of the board of directors of the Associated Loyalists. The court-martial proceedings on Lippincott showed that Franklin was primarily responsible for Huddy's execution.] forbidden the Board of Directors to remove or exchange, in future, any prisoners of War in the custody of their Commissary, without having first obtained his approbation and orders.
The same reasons which induced me to lay the first steps I took in this affair before Congress, urge me to submit it to them at its present stage. It is a great national concern, upon which an individual ought not to decide. I shall be glad to be favored with the determination of Congress as early as possible, as I shall suspend giving any answer to Sir Guy Carleton, untill I am informed how far they are satisfied with his conduct hitherto.
I cannot close this letter, without making a remark upon that part of Sir Guys, in which he charges me with want of humanity, in selecting a Victim from among the British Officers so early as I did. He ought to consider, that by the usages of War and upon the principles of retaliation, I should have been justified in executing an Officer of equal rank with Capt. Huddy, immediately upon receiving proofs of his murther, and then informing Sir Henry Clinton that I had done so. Besides, it was impossible for me to have foreseen that it would have been so very long before the matter would be brought to some kind of issue. I have the honor &c.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. This letter was read in Congress on August 26 and referred to John Rutledge, Thomas McKean, and James Duane. On October 15 John Witherspoon and Turbutt Wright were added to the committee.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, August 19, 1782.
Parole Ringwood. Countersigns Dresden, Meathe.
The honorable the Congress having thought it necessary at this juncture to pass the following resolutions, the Commander in chief takes occasion to communicate them to the Army:
By the United States in Congress assembled, August 12th. 1782.
Whereas from the late publications the people throughout the United States may be induced to believe that Congress have received authentic communications upon the subject of an approaching peace:
Resolved, That the letter of August the ad, 1782, from Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby to the Commander in Chief be made public.
Resolved, That Congress consider the above letter as mere matter of information, inexplicit as to the nature and extent of the independency directed to be proposed by the British plenipotentiary; and as Congress have received no information on this subject from their ministers for negotiating a peace, therefore no public measures can or ought to be taken upon it in its present form.
Resolved, That it be, and it is hereby recomended to the several states in the union, not to remit of their exertions for carrying on the war with vigor, as the only effectual means of securing the settlement of a safe and honorable peace.
The sentiments contained in the foregoing are too just and obvious to need discanting upon; the General therefore flatters himself that both officers and soldiers so far from relaxing in the least from that laudable spirit which at present actuates them, will rather increase their endeavors to render themselves perfect in the duties of their respective stations. They may be assured, that the readiest way to procure a lasting and honorable peace is to be fully prepared vigorously to prosecute War.
NB The Letter alluded to in the above resolutions is that of the 2d. of August from Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby to the Commander in Chief which having been already published in most of the Newspapers it is thought unnecessary to transcribe into General orders.
Two Captains, four subs, eight serjeants and one hundred Rank and file from the 10th. Massachusetts regiment will tomorrow releive the fatigue party from the Rhode island regiment now assisting Colonel Hughes, Deputy Quarter Master, in removing the Barracks from Fishkill; they will continue on that duty untill the work is compleated or untill relieved.
The Rhode island regiment to hold itself in readiness to march on Thursday the 22d. instt. for the relief of the posts of Dobbs ferry, Stoney and Verplanks points.
The Light Companies of the second, third fourth, and fifth Connecticut and eighth Massachusetts regiments to march for the relief of the infantry now on the lines the same day. Lieutenant Colonel Newhall will command them. A surgeon from the first and a Mate from the second Massachusetts Brigades will march with this party.
Joshua Warren of the 5th. and Ebenezar Bird of the 9th. Massachusetts regiments artificers are to be sent to the Engineers in the room of Zebidiah Wallace and John Curtis of the same regiments discharged from the works.
For fatigue the first Massachusetts regimt.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, August 20, 1782.
Parole Westpoint. Countersigns Peekskill, Verplanks.
At the general court martial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president, Ensign Abbott59 of the 10th. Massachusetts regiment was tried for ungentlemanlike behavior in casting reflections on a late regimental court martial whereof Captn. Lunt60 or Captn. Taylor61 was president; in particular in saying that a certain soldier who was brought before the Court would have been punished if there had not been partiallity used (meaning by the members of the said court).
[Note 59: Ensign Josiah Abbot. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 60: Capt. Daniel Lunt, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the First Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 61: Capt. Othniel Taylor, of the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The court on consideration are of opinion that Ensign Abbott in conversation said that a certain soldier who was brought before a courtmartial would have been punished, had there not been partiallity used. And that in so saying he conveyed a reflection on the courtmartial which tried the said soldier, which from the evidence appears to have been the Court of which Captn. Taylor was president, in breach of article 5th. section 18th. of the rules and articles of war, and sentence that Ensign Abbott be repremanded in regimental orders.
The Commander in chief approves the sentence of the Court. It is to take place accordingly.
At the same Court Ensign Daniel Parker62 of the eight Massachusetts regiment was tried, charged with exceeding the limits of his furlough or leave of absence four hundred and eighty five days from the expiration, and neglecting to join his regiment when called upon so to do agreable to a resolve of Congress in such case made and provided.
[Note 62: Ensign Parker had been transferred (according to Heitman) to the Tenth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1781.]
The Court on consideration are of opinion that the charges against Ensign Parker are supported, that he has been notified agreable to the resolve of Congress of Dec. the 6th. 1779, to join his regiment and that he has neglected so to do, or to give satisfactory reasons for his remaining absent therefrom and therefore sentence him to be cashiered.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and directs that Ensign Parkers pay cease from the expiration of the date of his furlough.
At the same Court Stephen Witt a soldier was tried charged first with having deserted the three years service, being inlisted and mustered as one of the Massachusetts quoto in Colonel Lee's63 regiment in 1777. 2d. Reenlisting in the Massachusetts
[Note 63: Col. William Raymond Lee's Additional Continental regiment.] Levies for nine months in the 1778. 3d. Not joining the regiment to which he was assigned when ordered in the year 1778. 4th. Deserting the service in the year 1778 after being mustered and received among other Levies by a Continental officer at Fishkill.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that the several charges against the prisoner are supported and that he is guilty of a breach of the first and third articles of the 6th. section of the rules and articles of war, and sentence him to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back, and that he undergo stoppages, not exceeding half his pay till he pays the sum of Fourteen pounds eleven shillings and four pence Massachusetts Currency, being the expence which incurred in apprehending and bringing him to trial.
The Commander in chief approves the sentence and orders it put in execution.
The 3d. Massachusetts regiment will releive the guards and fatigue parties now on duty from the 4th. Connecticut regiment for seven days commencing the 22d. instant.
For fatigue tomorrow the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
A subaltern and twenty men to be sent from West point this day to remove the barracks from Fishkill landing and two gun boats from Wappings creek, the Garrison Quarter master will give the necessary directions.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, August 21, 1782.
Parole Danbury. Countersigns Milford, Nile.
The Light infantry of this army is to be organized and commanded in the following manner:
The four flank companies of Massachusetts from the 1st. to the 4th. regiment inclusive to compose a battallion under the orders of Major Oliver, four others from the 5th. to the 8th. to compose another battallion under the orders of Major Ashley; these two battalions to form a regiment and to be commanded by Colonel Henry Jackson.
The two remaining flank companies of Massachusetts, the flank company of the 5th. Connecticut and that of Rhode Island is to form a Battalion under the command of Major Dexter.65 The four companies of Connecticut from the first to the 4th. inclusive to compose another battalion under the command of Major Smith66 and these two battalions to form a regiment under the command of Colonel Webb.67
[Note 65: Maj. John Singer Dexter.]
[Note 66: Maj. David Smith.]
[Note 67: Col. Samuel Blatchley Webb.]
The four light companies of the York and Jersey line to form a battalion under the command of Major Forman.68
[Note 68: Maj. Jonathan Forman, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was made lieutenant colonel of the Second New Jersey Regiment in February, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
Those of the Newhamshire and the Canada regiment will do duty with their respective regiments untill further orders.
The Corps of Light infantry to encamp forthwith on the high ground in front of Peekskill and to be commanded by the senior officer 'till further orders.
The duty on the Lines is to be done by them as usual.
Major General Knox will be pleased to annex two pieces of Light artillery to this corps.
The Brigades of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey are to hold themselves in readiness to march at an hours warning. Those at Westpoint and in the vicinity of it will move by water.
The Quartermaster General will without Loss of time make a proportionate distribution of all the boats in repair (and not appropriated to other indispensably necessary uses) to the several brigades according to their strength, the Quarter masters of which are without delay to remove them to the nearest convenient Landing to their respective brigades, place guards over them, and are to be responsible for the safe keeping and care of them till further orders; so soon as this order is complied with report thereof is to be made at Head quarters, together with the number and kind of boats delivered to each brigade. In this distribution the brigades of York and Jersey are to receive a due proportion.
The relief of the infantry on the Lines is postponed untill it can take place agreable to this days orders of which Major Ashly is to be informed.
The Commanding officers of Infantry regiments will please for the present to appoint an Adjutant and Quartermaster to for their respective regiments from the subalterns of the infantry.
The Director of the hospitals or Physician to the Army is requested to appoint a Surgeon and Mate to each regiment of infantry from the regimental surgeons and Mates.
Such men of the Invalid corps as have not been Inspected will be collected on fryday next by eight o'clock in the morning at Fishkill landing where the Gentlemen composing the board will be.
Colonel Nicola will releive the guards at Wappings Creek.
For fatigue tomorrow 2d. Massachusetts Regiment.
Head Quarters, August 21, 1782.
Sir: I inclose to you Copies of two Letters which I have received from Brigr. General Hand in Consequence of the late Arrangement of the Adjutant Genl's. Department.
When I wrote you the 16th. instant, I did not know that Genl Hand had obtained any knowledge of the Arrangement, nor did I intend to have communicated it to him, untill I had [ submitted those inconveniences which appeared to me to have escaped the attention of Congress.]
At the same Time that I pray you to lay these Letters before Congress, I cannot refrain to observe, that it is with the highest regret that I am brought to part with an Officer of Genl Hands Abilities from the Office of Adjutant General; an Office which, so long as he has Sustained it, he has exercised with very great [accuracy,] Attention and professional Knowledge.
However necessary and desirable it is, to practice the strictest Economy69 in all our Affairs, yet great Care is requisite in its Exercise. If Economy is the governing principle in the present Arrangement of the Adjutant Genl's Department, we should do well to consider, whether, while we are makg. provision for one of the most important Departments of the Army, we shall act consistently with our professed principles, by placing [(contrary to the practice of all other Armies)] the Emoluments on such a footing, as, instead of formg inducements to Gentlemen of the first Abilities to accept the Office, we only obtain those whose Capacity is equal only to the Acceptance of the Office without an Ability to discharge its Duties, [consequently by attempting to save a few dollars in the pay and emoluments involve the public in expences of a much more serious nature and the whole Army in disorder and confusion from a want of knowledge or inattention for I need not observe to you Sir that it is not every good Man or even good Officer that can make a good, Adjutant General]
[Note 69: In this and the same word in the next sentence Trumbull's "speed" writing caused him to spell economy according to modern usage.]
To an officer of your knowledge and Experience in Military Service, it is unnecessary for me to mention, that an Adjutant General, whose Duties are of the [highest trust, and of the] most interesting and important nature to the Army, cannot be taken from too high a Grade of Officers. And this Observation may perhaps bear a particular Application to the Army of the United States.
If the Ideas of Congress in this Arrangement are not unalterably fixed, I could wish Measures might be adopted, that would retain Genl Hand in his present Office. With much Regard etc.
Private
P.S. What can Induce Congress to restrain the Issues of the full Numbers of Rations to any Officer in the Army which his Rank entitles him to? when, if they mean fair, it is to the public a mere Matter of Moonshine, whether the Financier pays the Value of them to that Officer if he does not draw them, or to the Contractors, if he does?
Can these things fall to irritate, and irritating, are they not pregnant with mischief? Is it policy, is it Justice to keep a Sore, constantly gangreened, when no good End is, or possibly can be answered by it? Should men, who have endured more, and received less of their pay than any other Class of people in public Service, have so little Consideration or Attention paid to their Interests or Comforts?
Would to God, false policy, Inattention or something else, may not be productive of disagreement which will prove irreconcilable.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 21, 1782.
Dear Sir: In posting Officers to the Light Infantry for this Campaign, I neither forgot, nor meant to neglect you; so far from it, I intend to convince you of my sense of your Merit by this proof of my attention [and an assurance that under a comparitive view of all circumstances the arrangement as now made appeared most likely to promote the Public service in generl.]
At the same time, that I was conscious you had a kind of claim to the appointment from your rank, character, zeal for the service in general, and proper behaviour the last year; I thought your continuing with your own Regt. would be more beneficial to the public Interest, and full as reputable to yourself, as a command in the Light Corps; because if we should come to serious operations of any kind the Brigade to which you belong would in all probability be drawn together, and commanded by you, [for ought I know to the contrary at present] and in the mean time, your Regt. being detached, will require your presence much more than it would otherwise do; your command being thus in some measure seperate will always be respectable and may be important; perhaps too, circumstances may require that you should be employed at the Northward, I do not here speak of this as a certainty, but as a contingency which may happen.
I thought proper to give you this explanation of my Motives of conferring the command on another, when you might, from what was said last year, have had some occasion to expect it yourself, and to assure you that I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 21, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to furnish the Bearer Mr Richard Wells of Philada. who has permission to go into New York, with a Flag to the enemy's advanced Water Guard. And upon his return you will receive him with whatever he may bring with him and send him up to Head Quarters in one of Captain Prays Boats. You will deliver this to the officer who relieves you, that he may be prepared to give Mr Wells the proper reception. I am etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your Favor of Yesterday, and return you Major Ashley's Letter, with Daking's73 paper. You will direct Major Ashley to order the Flag with Mr Daking to return immediately to the Enemy's Lines.74
[Note 73: William Darking (Daking), formerly a sutler in the Second Battalion, British Light Infantry.]
[Note 74: On August 26 a passport was made out permitting Darking to go to Lancaster to settle his accounts. It bears the note: "Sent down to the Comg Officer at Dobbs ferry to be given to Mr Dorking." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
As this is the second instance in which Genl Birch75 has contravened my Intentions, in granting Flags to come from the Enemys Lines by other routes than that of Dobb's Ferry; you will be pleased to write to that Gentleman and inform him, that if any other flags are sent out by any other Way than the established post of Dobb's Ferry, they will be positively detained as prisoners.
[Note 75: Brig. Gen. Samuel Birch, commandant of New York. He was colonel of the Seventeenth Light Dragoons and a brigadier general of the British Army in America.]
The inclosed Letter you will be pleased to send to Dobbs Ferry to be forwarded to N York. With much regard etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 22, 1782.
Sir: Upon your application to the Adjt. General for a number of Men from the Marching Regts to be employed as Blowers77 in the Works under your direction, the Men are ordered to be furnished accordingly, that the Works may not stand still for want of their assistance; but I must inform you, Sir, it was my
[Note 77: Followers of the art in gunnery practice of fixing time-fuse plugs in shells so as to blow them out without bursting the shell.] full expectation, that this species of business would always have been performed by the Corps of Sappers and Miners; if their experience prevents them at this time from accomplishing this necessary part of their duty, you will be pleased to have them, without loss of time, so far instructed in it as in future to supersede the necessity of Draughts from the Line for this or for simular purposes.
I need scarcely add that it was with a particular view of their utility in Works of this kind, that the Corps was instituted, and allowed greater pay than the Regts of Infantry are intitled to. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 22, 1782.
Sir: To prevent any confusion and irregularity in the Department of Commissy of Prisoners, which might ensue upon your leaving the Office abruptly in consequence of the late arrangement of that Department; it is my request you will continue to perform the functions of the Office of Commissy Genl of Prisoners, untill the accounts can be settled, and the business and Papers of the Department so arranged as that your retiring from it, will not be attended with any ill consequences on the part of the Public. I am etc.78
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, August 22, 1782.
Parole Massachusetts. Countersigns Boston, Salem.
Corporal Henry Beels and James Hill of the 1st Massachusetts regiment Lemuel Smith 2d. do. Thomas Fisher, James Clark, and James Anderson 3 do. Barnabas Potter, and Daniel Blanchard 9th. Massachusetts regiment, Blowers, are to be sent to Major Villefranche commanding Engineer at Westpoint to follow his directions untill further orders.
A surgeon from the third and a Mate from the second Massachusetts regiment will join Colonel H. Jacksons regiment of Light infantry.
A Surgeon from the 5th. Connecticut regiment, and a Mate from the 1st. Massachusetts Brigade will join Colonel Webbs regiment.
The Mate of the 1st. New York regiment will join Major Formans Battallion of Light Infantry.
The 5th. Massachusetts regt. for fatigue tomorrow.
Head Quarters, August 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: Mr. Wells, who handed me your several Favors of the 8th. 9th and 13th, arrived here on the 21st. and was immediately furnished with Passports from me to proceed to the Enemy's out posts.
If he succeeds in his purposes and brings out any thing to my Care, I shall most cheerfully comply with your Request in receiving and disposing of it.79
[Note 79: Morris hoped Wells would be able to bring out considerable sums of money from New York.]
Colo. Tilghman communicated to me your Ideas respecting the appointment of an Inspector to the Army. I agree with you that as the Office will be of the highest importance and trust, the Officer should be a Man, not only of Ability, but of the most established character in as much as very much would depend upon his decisions, especially between the Contractors and the Army. I am of opinion that if a civil Character could be found, he would answer better than a military one, as the Contractors would perhaps think a military Man prejudiced in favor of the Army. A Civil Character well acquainted with business would on many accounts answer better than a military, for instance where purchases are to be made to make up the deficiencies of the Contractors, or to lay up Magazines should the Army have occasion to march suddenly and secretly out of the limits of the Contractors for the moving Army. This you will observe is given as mere matter of opinion, and not with a wish to influence your choice. Could I recommend a proper person I would chearfully do it, but as I have no such at present in my view I shall be fully satisfied with any Gentleman whom you may think qualified. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., and Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 81: This document is titled by David Cobb: "The Opinion of the Commander in Chief given at the request of the Court Martial whereof Colo. Mil. Jackson was President."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 23, 1782.
The first and second Questions could only be answered generally, not as applying to the present case; the Proceedings of the Court of Enquiry produced to the Court Martial not being dated, approved or disapproved by Colo. Cortland who ordered it.82
[Note 82: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "General Answer to Quest. 1st: A Court of enquiry is not final and therefore an officer tho acquitted by such a Court may be brought to trial before a Court Martial. The acquittal before a Court of enquiry will Certainly operate much in the prisoners favor. do. Quest. 2d: While the conduct of an Officer is under enquiry by order of a superior Officer, no inferior has a right to arrest him for the same crime while his conduct is under consideration."]
Upon the last Question the Commander in Chief is of opinion: That the Court ought to proceed against Ensign Bloodgood83 upon the charge of behaving in an infamous and scandalous manner on the last of January or beginning of February last &c. &c.
[Note 83: Ensign William Bloodgood, of the First New York Regiment. He resigned in December, 1782.]
But he is of opinion that he cannot be tried by this Court upon the other charge; it appearing to him that the crime alledged against him was committed before he entered the Continental service.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, August 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's favor of the 21st. and am obliged by the communication it contains; so much time hath elapsed since the party under Brandt is said to have set out, that I am inclined to think the report either false or that they must have been recalled, as they would had they proceeded, have been down at Conojohary long since.
I have recd. nothing from Sir Guy Carleton in the political line, since his letter of the 2d. and I believe nothing has been yet communicated by our own Commissioners in Europe or to the Minister of France from his Court on the subject of pacification. I have the honor etc.84
Head Quarters, August 23, 1782.
Sir: Lieut. LaMont85 late of your Regiment having represented to me, that in consequence of his Dismission from the Service, and being in an advanced Stage of Life, he is reduced
[Note 85: Lieut. William Le Mont (La Mont), of the Invalid Regiment.] to a precarious prospect of future Support for himself and Family: and praying that I would recommend him to the public for Half-pay. I am obliged to inform him, that considering the cause and circumstances of his dismission, it would be highly improper, yea impossible, for me to comply with his request.86
[Note 86: Le Mont had been dismissed on Aug. 1, 1782. His letter to Washington (Aug. 18, 1782)) is indorsed by Trumbull "cant be done. Col. Nicola to order Rations for one Month." Le Mont's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
But, as he may have some Concerns to settle, and some Arrangements to make previous to his retiring to his Home, I have to desire that you will be pleased to Order that he may draw his Rations, so long as he remains about Camp, not exceeding one Month from this date; in which Time it is probable he will be enabled to retire from the Army. I am &c.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, August 23, 1782.
Parole Rhode Island. Countersigns Providence, Newport.
The Army being now to assemble and take the field in the immediate presence of their general, He announces his resolution that perfect dicipline shall be observed, as well on parade, in the duties of the Camp and service of the guards, as in the general oeconomy and order of the Line.
The General expects the same unabating ardor and attention will be seen in perfecting the troops in their exercise and Manoevres which have already been productive of such astonishing effects; relying on the ability, experience and zeal of his officers, the patience docility and fortitude of the soldiers, he promises himself the good conduct of this army will hereafter be cited as a pattern of imitation for Military men, and that their past service and atchevements are but a presage of a richer harvest of glory in prospect; under such auspicious circumstances he contemplates with infinite pleasure the moment which shall again unite our standards with those of our generous and gallant Allies in the face of the common enemy; that happy moment he flatters himself is not far distant.
The General courtmartial of which Col. Putnam is president is dissolved.
For fatigue tomorrow 8th. Mass Regt.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 24, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Major General Knox will please to order a field piece to each brigade The Light infantry are to receive no more notwithstanding the order of the 21st. for two.
No more Artillery is to be taken into the feild, 'till further orders. But the remainder of that corps, the Sappers, and Miners, 10th. Massachusetts regimt, and corps of Invalids are for Garrison and other duty at Westpoint the command of which for the present is given to Major General Knox.
The 10th. regiment and regiments of invalids are to remove to the point; the guards of the latter are to remain 'till releived from the Garrison. When the Army march the regiment then next for fatigue is to remove to Westpoint to be relieved weekly, and as the object of it is to aid the Garrison in the execution of the very necessary and important works which are carrying on at that place, the Commander in Chief most earnestly exhorts the Commanding and other officers of it and those which follow in succession to use their best endeavours to facilitate them as the season is advancing fast when the work must cease.
As the Troops at and in the vicinity of West point are to move by water the general desires that as few horses as possible may be brought to the Army because it will be very difficult as well as expensive to provide for them, and those which must of necessity be there will be injured in proportion as the number is encreased. This restriction extends also to Waggons of which there can be occasion but for very few as the Camp will be near the water.
The Quarter Master General will provide Straw for the Army and have it deposited (under a Guard) at Verplanks point without delay.
Head Quarters, August 24, 1782.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your two Favors of the 23d. Your Resolutions respecting the prosecution of Major Genl Heath, are very agreable to me; your reasons are good and do honor to your own Heart.
I am much obliged by your Sentiments on the mode of getting Wood for the Garrison of West Point; your Observations, founded in knowledge and Experience, will prove useful. My attention has been for some time past turned to this necessary Provision, which will begin to be executed immediately on the Collecting the Army together, and I hope will be compleated with Dispatch and to good Effect. I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On August 25 Washington wrote to Heath that General McDougall had dropped the prosecution of his charges against Heath and, as "there is little probability of any active service in the Field," granting Heath leave of absence to go to Boston. This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 24, 1782.
Sir: The Commander in Chief having determined to seize the first Moment, after the Troops have taken their new position, to employ a number of them in cutting Wood for the Garrison of West Point; and as the summer is now far advanced, he wishes this necessary business may be accomplished as early as possible: to effect this he requests you to have the Axes immediately fitted with Helves and conveyed to Ver Planks Point, where they should be lodged in the care of the Officer Commanding the Garrison, untill called for. Grindstones will also be requisite at the same place.
The General farther commands me to advise you, he considers it highly expedient that Sloops and water Craft sufficient for the transportation of the fuel to the Garrison, should be provided by the time the Wood can be cut and hauled to the bank of the River; the execution of this business he the rather urges may be instantly entered upon with spirit, because the Navigation up the River will become every day more precarious and difficult, after the Northerly Winds set in, which commonly prevail through the Autumn as well as Winter. His Excellency therefore desires you to take the whole execution of this business, which he considers as very important, under your immediate direction and superintendance. I am etc.
P.S. His Excellency suggests whether it will not be eligible to contract for the transportation of Wood at a certain stipulated rate pr Cord.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A. D. C."
On August 24 Washington wrote briefly to Maj. Gen. William Heath, approving his suggestion of having 4 light infantry Companies "doing the Duty of the Lines" instead of 5. This letter is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
Head Quarters, August 25, 1782.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 18th. and am much obliged by the readiness and Zeal you manifest in your Endeavours to obtain the Intelligence I wish to receive from N York.
It is really very extraordinary that no British fleet has yet appeared upon our Coasts, in pursuit of the french squadron, which are now safely arrived in Boston Harbour.
Your Chain of Expresses may extend to Morris Town, where the Q Master will be directed to receive and forward your Dispatches without Delay; the particular Route to Morris Town you will judge better than I can; my only preference would be given in favour of Safety and Expedition. With much Esteem etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 25, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to commence the March of the Jersey Brigade by the left on thursday Morning the 29th Inst. towards the Hudson. Your movements will be conducted so as to reach King's Ferry on the Evening of the third day's March: the Route will be by Dodds', Suffrans, and Kakeate, near the first mentioned place you may halt the first night, and in the vicinity of Suffran's the second; this will nearly divide the distance and make your Marches regular and easy. On your arrival at your destination, you will send an Officer to Head Quarters and receive further Instructions.
No officers or Soldiers capable of marching are to be left behind; except 20 of the Invalids or Weakest Men from both Regts, with a proportion of Non Commissd Officers, who are to remain under the Orders of a vigilant Subaltern Officer, for the preservation of the Huts, and other public property, or Regimental Baggage. Captain Schaack will be left in charge of this Officer, who will be answerable for his safe keeping.
Relying on the discipline of your Troops, and the regularity of your Order of March; I do not think it neecssary to give you particular Orders to prevent your Men from straggling, committing depredations, or injuring the good People of the Country thro' which you will pass; I shall therefore only recommend to the Corps a strict attention to military propriety in every respect, and wish them an agreeable March to join the Army. I am etc.
P.S. You will leave Capt Asgill on Parole at Morris Town untill further Orders.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 25, 1782.
Sir: On thursday Morning the 29th Inst you will march the New York Brigade by the left, towards Kings Ferry, at which place you will arrive on the Evening of the 2d. day's march, having divided the distance in such a manner as will be most convenient to the Troops, as well as the Teams. You will report to Head Quarters thro' an Officer immediately on your arrival at Kings ferry, and receive farther Orders.
You will bring on every Officer and Man of the Brigade who is not detained by Sickness or inability, except a Sub. and 20 of the Levies (from the two Regts) who are to be left as a Garrison for the Block House in the Clove during the Campaign. The Baggage not absolutely necessary for the field may be left in charge of this Officer or in any other place of safety.
The high reputation of the New York Brigade for regularity and discipline, assures me the March will be conducted in the best Order imaginable; wishing it may be agreeable I am, etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 25, 1782.
Sir: You will move your Legion from their present Cantonment, by the directest route to Pines Bridge or the nearest convenient place for forage on this side the Croton; Calculating your distances, and making your stages in such a manner as that you will arrive at the point of destination, on Saturday the 31st Inst without failure. You will send notice to me of your arrival, and receive farther Instructions.
Some previous arrangements respecting Forage may be necessary on your route, to prevent inconveniencies and irregularities. I shall rely on your attention to have the march conducted in the most military and soldierlike Manner, and am, etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 25, 1782.
Sir: I am directed by the Commander in Chief to inform you, that the York and Jersey Brigades are ordered to march to Kings Ferry. This communication is made with a view of giving you an opportunity of regulating your Measures according to the circumstances, in case any thing new should be necessary in your department, in consequence of the Movement.
The General proposes going to Ver Planks Point to morrow morng, if he should not receive Letters by the Post to day, which shall detain him; he will wish you to accompany him, and will have a seat vacant in his Barge for you.
His Excellency likewise wishes you to provide sixteen small flags as signals for the Boats, viz, eight of white cloth, of any size you think proper from 18 Inches to 3 feet square; and eight others of blue, red, or green. These flags he would have fixed each upon a convenient staff, to be made use of for the purpose abovementioned. The cloth may be of almost any quality provided the Colors are such as can be readily distinguished. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 25, 1782.
Sir: In my Letter to you of the 22d I had no Idea of casting any Reflexion, upon you, for the want of knowledge of the Sappers and Miners, in the Art of Blowing. I meant only to convey to you my Expectation of that being a particular Branch of their Instructions, and that, if they were not already informed in that necessary part of their Duty, they might be instructed.
The latter part of my Intentions, I am glad to find, you are engaged to fulfil, that they have not been heretofore informed in the Branch, I do not lay to your particular Charge, having ever viewed your Services in a very favorable Light. I am &c.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 25, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 25th. expressing your Sentiments respecting the Appointment of Brigadiers to the Massachusetts Line.
Notwithstandg the Delay of Congress in making the promotions to that Rank, which I have recommended some Time ago, yet I do not despair of their Doing it when they have Leisure to attend to its necessity. I would therefore beg you not to be hasty in your Conclusions on this point; but exercise patience, and give Congress Time, among their other numerous and important Affairs, to attend to this.
But were your Resolutions fixed, and your Mind determined, to leave the Army immediately, I should not conceive myself justifiable in granting a Discharge to an Officer of your Rank and Merits, without a particular reference to Congress. With much Regard etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 25, 1782.
Gent: I think it necessary to give you notice, that the whole Army, the Garrison of West Point excepted, will move down and take a position upon Verplank's Point in the course of the present Week. The Brigades of New York and New Jersey from Pompton and Morris Town will be ordered to assemble there likewise. You will therefore be pleased to make the necessary arrangements for furnishing them with provisions agreeable to Contract.
The Troops on the lines will be encreased by Sheldon's Legionary Corps which will call for between three and four hundred Rations pr diem. I am etc.
P.S. A subalterns Guard will be left at the Jersey Huts near Morris Town and another at the Block House in the Clove. You will take measures for having them supplied.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, August 25, 1782.
Parole Poland. Countersigns Holland, Denmark.
The Board of officers appointed to settle the rank of the Subaltern Officers of the Connecticut Line have reported the following Arrangement, which the Commander in chief is pleased to approve and declare to be final.98
[Note 98: The names of 79 lieutenants in the order of the rank and the number of their regiments follow, but is here omitted.]
Doctor Noyes99 surgeon of the 4th. Connecticut regiment will join the regiment of Light infantry commanded by Colonel Webb, instead of the Surgeon of the 5th. Connecticut regiment ordered on that duty the 22d. instant.
[Note 99: Dr. John Noyes. He served to November, 1785.]
Those regiments that have not already compleated their infantry companies to three Commissioned officers are desired to do it immediately.
For fatigue tomorrow the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, August 26, 1782.
Parole New York. Countersigns Albany, Poughkeepsie.
The Inspector of the Army having reported that the shoes delivered the troops are of very bad quality; the Clothier general thinks himself aggrieved thereby and has solicited that an inspection of the shoes now in store may take place. The Commanding officers of regiments and corps will therefore assemble at the Colonade tomorrow at 10 o'clock and appoint three persons for that purpose; the gentlemen appointed will attend to that business immediately, they may call in to their assistance any shoemaker or other persons acquainted with Leather and not interested in the Contract and the Clothier may do the same.
The report of the Inspection to be made to Head Quarters before the Army moves.1
[Note 1: Col. Walter Stewart had written to Washington (August 22) complaining of the poor quality of shoes furnished the army and inclosed copies of similar complaints, from seven officers. Stewart's letter and the complaints are in the Washington Papers.]
For fatigue tomorrow 3d. Connecticut regiment.
Head Quarters, August 27, 1782.
Sir: Doctor Vache2 formerly Surgeon to the 4th. New York Regiment has made application to Congress, alledging that he was in justly deranged from the New York Line notwithstanding he was Eldest Surgeon of the line and had signified in proper time, his desire of remaining in Service: As the Secy. at War has referred the matter to me I must desire you to acquaint me fully, what were the reasons for which he was deranged and younger Surgeons appointed to the Regiments. I am &c.
[Note 2: Surg. John Francis Vache (Vacher, Vasche). He was deranged in January, 1781.]
P.S. To prevent any misunderstanding I must request your explicit Answer in writing to my Letter of the 8th Inst. that I may be able to make my arrangements previous to the Army taking the field.3
[Note 3: The drab is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 27, 1782.
Sir: The Army will move to Ver Planks Point in the course of this week; a provision of Forage must be made for the Riding Horses of the Army and others which will be necessarily employed there with the Artillery, Stores, Baggage, &c. The number will be small; but as the Hay as well as grain must be brought from some distance, it behoves you to make your Arrangements accordingly under the direction of the Qr Mastr Genl. and without a Moments loss of time to lay in a temporary Magazine either by land or Water as you shall judge best. I am &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 27, 1782.
Sir: On receipt of your Letter of the 17th. covering the resolution of Congress of the 15th. and informg. your readiness and zeal to share a part in Active military Duty, I have assigned to you a Command in the Army under my immediate Direction, which is now on the point of entering the field.
As soon therefore as you have adjusted your Concerns in Berkley, and prepared yourself for the Campaign, you will be pleased to proceed to join the Army on the North River. With Regard etc.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 27, 1782.
Sir: The Letter of which the inclosed is a Copy, is this Moment come to my Hand. Altho it is not perfectly authentic, yet so far as it depends on the Gentleman who gives me the Information, I am confident of his Intelligence, and therefore do not make any delay to convey this to you immediately.
Any further Information I can collect you may depend on receivg as early as possible.
I had the Honor of your Letter of the 18th6 and am much concerned for the Misfortune which has attended the Magnifique; but hope it may not prove so fatal as your fears suggest.7
[Note 6: Vaudreuil's letter of August 18 is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 7: The Magnifique, a French 74, had been run aground in Boston harbor by a Boston pilot. Congress, on September 3, resolved that the America, a Continental 74, then building, should be presented to France, through La Luzerne, as a mark of friendship.]
I am much flattered with the idea which you entertain of paying me a Visit at my Quarters. If it should be in your power, I should think myself very happy in receiving this Mark of your Respect. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Tuesday, August 27, 1782.
Parole Bermuda. Countersigns St. Kitts, Nevis.
The Brigade and regimental Quartermasters except those for Garrison duty with the Camp colour men are to meet the Quarter master general at Verplanks point tomorrow morning at nine o'clock with such tools as he shall direct.
An Engineer will attend to measure the ground and make a sketch of the camp. The Quartermaster general will be furnished with the order of encampment.
Each brigade is to have a seperate landing, within the point, in the order of their encamping to which boats at all times of the tide can have free access, with these landings they are to open good communications for the purpose of removing their baggage and embarking and debarking the troops with facility.
The Brigade Quarter Masters will make a proportionate distribution of the boats which they have received to the regimental Quartermasters, and these again to the respective companies that every thing may be properly arranged previous to the order of embarkation. The Brigadiers will assign four good oarsmen to each boat, and an officer who has some skill in the management to take charge of them till further orders. They will see that scoops are provided for freeing the boats of water in case they prove leaky.
The boats designed for the Jersey and York brigades may be lent to other corps which require them most but must be delivered up when the army gets to its ground.
The amunition in the hands of the brigades is to be critically examined and compleated; the bad and indifferent to be exchanged.
Each soldier is to have a good flint in his musket, and another in his Cartouch box; this order extends equally to the Light infantry.
The regimental sick (unable to march and improper to be taken into the field) are to be reported to the director general who will order them to proper Hospitals.
Before the troops remove to their new position it will be proper for the mens baggage and effects to be thoroughly inspected and the articles pointed out which they are to carry with them; they may take all their regimentals into the field; but when they are compleated with hunting shirts it is expected the uniform coats will not be worn so long as the warm season continues, except on particular occasions, such as on guards formed on the grand parade, Inspections, reviews &c.
To keep the Cloathing in the best possible order has become an object of so much attention that the general thinks it almost superfluous to repeat his recommendations especially as it is now universally considered that not only the comfort and conveniece but even the reputation of a corps depends essentially upon keeping every article belonging to the soldiers in the most perfect state both for service and appearance.
The Quartermaster general, the Engineer, and the person having the superintendence of the public Armoury at Westpoint are called on to make immediate return of the men drawn from the infantry regiments to serve as Artificers, Lime burners, colliers, blowers, &ca. in their several departments, specifying their names, the regiments they belong to, how long they have been under their direction, when and how employed.
Congress having by an act of the 23d. of July last made a new arrangement of that branch of the Medical department in which Docter Ledyard was employed and that Gentleman being by such arrangement no longer in public service is not subject to trial by court martial. All further proceedings against him are therefore to cease and the court are immediately to proceed to the Trial of the officers in Arrest.
All prisoners in provost whose Crimes in the opinion of the judge Advocate are cognizable before a regimental Court martial are to be ordered to their respective regiments for trial.
The Adjutant general having agree'd to spare Captn. Carlile9 of Hazens regiment, one of his Assistants to do the duty of brigade Major to the Corps of Light infantry, he will immediately enter on that service and is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 9: Capt. John Carlisle (Carlile), of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
The Commanding officers of Light infantry Companies while they are detached are directed to make regular weekly returns, on thursdays, of the state of their companies to the Commanding officer of the regiment they are draughted from.
For fatigue tomorrow the 9th. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, August 28, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform your Excellency, that in obedience to the Resolve of Congress of the 12th. instant, I proposed a meeting of Commissioners, for the purpose of settling a general Cartel, to Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby, which has been acceded to upon their parts, as your Excellency will perceive by the inclosed extract from Sir Guys letter of the 23d. instant.
Previous to the meeting of the respective Commissioners, and before I can instruct those who shall be appointed in behalf of the United States, it is absolutely necessary that I should be made acquainted with the determination of Congress upon the following points: Whether I am to confirm the exchange of Lord Cornwallis for the Honble. Mr. Laurens? And, whether it is their intention that the proposal contained in the letter of Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby of the 2d. of August "to exchange Soldiers for Sailors" on the conditions mentioned by those Gentlemen, should be acceded to? The last, should we be fortunate enough to obtain a liquidation of accounts, (and which we must go prepared to suppose we shall be able to effect) will be the great point in controversy, and as it is one of vast political importance, I wish to be explicitly instructed by Congress upon it. As I cannot proceed further in the business, before I am favored with answers to the foregoing, I must request your Excellency to be kind enough to furnish me with them, as soon as Congress shall have decided upon the several matters. I have the honor &c.
P.S. I reced. your Excellency's favr. of the 13th. inclosing Copies of the last advices from the southward.10
[Note 10: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on September 3 and referred to Theodorick Bland, James Duane, and Ezekiel Cornell.]
Head Quarters, August 28, 1782.
Dear Sir: Since my Letter of the 18th. I have taken an opportunity of consulting some more of the Officers upon the propriety of annexing the duty of Brigade Conductor to that of the Brigade Quarter Master and they are of opinion that he will be able to execute both. This annexation therefore with the addition of a Dy. Commissary and two Conductors or Clerks for the post of West point (which are necessary for the reasons given in mine of the 18th) to the number proposed in yours of the 12th. will I think, be competent to the business of the department. The sooner the arrangement is compleated the better. I have the honor &c.
P S. Your Letter of 16th. inclosing several Resolutions of Congress came to hand a few Days ago.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 28, 1782.
Sir: I have been favored with your private Letter of the 26th. In forming my Arrangement of Commands for the Army's taking the field, not knowg how long the Proceedgs of Congress on your Trial might be delayed, and not findg any other Command so proper for M Genl Knox, under present Circumstances, as that of West point, where the Corps of Artillery, [ordnance and Mility Stores] are to remain, and where his Attention in the particular Line of his Duty may be usefull, I concluded to assign that post to him.
The Resolution of Congress on your Trial, being now come to Hand, and to be published in this Days Orders, I have assigned to you the Command of One Division of the Army composed of [the 2 Connt Brigades] which I hope will be agreeable to you.
I am very sorry for the disagreeable Situation in which you find your private Affairs; but as the Army will take their first position on Verplanks point, where they will probably remain for some Time; and as the Operations of the Campaign will probably be rather inactive, you may have the Opportunity for some Time at least, of drawg from your Farm at Robinsons, all the Advantages for your Support at Verplanks, that you would receive at West point.
If your Health is on such a footg as not to admit your takg the Field, I should not expect, nor do I wish you to move with the Army; in which Case you will be at Liberty to remain in such place as you shall think most beneficial and convenient. [I am &c.]12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 28, 1782.
Sir: I was yesterday favored with your Letter of the 25th. I am much obliged by the intelligence you have forwarded. The List you inclosed appears to have the marks of authenticity, should you find there is any alteration in the state of the Enemy's shipping, or should you obtain any other important information I shall expect to hear from you by an early conveyance, in the meantime, I am, etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 28, 1782.
Sir: Upon mentioning the subject of your favor of the 27th to His Excellency, he was pleased to direct me to inform you, that, as the service of many Engineers will not be necessary in the Camp we are about to take, which indeed is but a change of Position, and as you are so perfectly acquainted with the plan of the Works now carrying on at West Point and its dependencies, he would have you at present continue to superintend them; but in case we should come to serious operations in the field, he will not be unmindful, in making his Arrangements, of employing your Talents in such a manner as will be useful to the Public and reputable to yourself. In the mean time, the General proposes that all the Engineers, (except Col Lamoy and one other who will be named by him) shall be employed under your Orders in carrying the Works now in hand into execution. I am &c.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys.]
[Note 15: Colonel and commandant of Engineers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 28, 1782.
Sir: The Army is about to take a position in the field: it is my wish you would attend it yourself as Chief Engineer, and take one other Officer of that Corps with you. The remainder of the Gentlemen belonging to it, in this Department, you will be pleased to Order to West Point, to assist Major Villefranche in superintending and carrying into execution the Works now erecting at that Garrison and its dependencies. I am, &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 28, 1782.
Sir: I have rec'd your Letter of Yesterday requesting that the Court Martial may be ordered to proceed on your trial, notwithstanding you are dismissed from the Service.
However it might be my wish, it is not in my power to comply with your request; for being no longer in the Service, it would be illegal for a Court Martial to exercise any Jurisdiction over you; and the Trial so far as it has proceeded, must be for that reason considered as Null and Void.
Your Dismission from the service under your peculiar circumstances is certainly unfortunate, but as that Dismission proceeded, only from the Office you held being abolished it cannot convey any Censure on your Conduct. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, August 28, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to your Excellency, Copies of the Intelligence I yesterday received from General Forman in Monmouth County New Jersey.
Altho there does not appear to be perfect Authenticity in the Acco. which respects the Arrival of the 25 Ships of the Line under Sir Saml Hood's Command, yet the probability of such an Event, gives it great credibility. The List of Ships already on the New York station, bears all the Marks of good Information.
Copies of this Intelligence were dispatched from my Quarters at 6 oClock last Evening, for the Marquis de Vaudreuil. With the highest Sentiments etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Paris Archives Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, August 28, 1782.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersigns Upton, Warwick.
At a General court martial whereof Major general Howe is president held at Westpoint by order of the Commander in chief:
Major General McDougall was tried on the following charges Vizt.
1st. For Ordering the distribution of a quantity of boards (said to be about 1300 which were brought to Westpoint the 6th. day of December last in a sloop commanded by Captn. Van Alstyne, designed for the use of the department) to the Troops at Westpoint only when their arrival ought to have been reported to the Commanding general, or Deputy Quartermaster of the Department, that an equal distribution might have been ordered, and other troops, who equally needed them, some of whom were suffering with the small pox, might have received relief.
2d. For not reporting to the Commanding general the escape of upwards of 30 prisoners from the provost at Westpoint on the night of the 4th instant that orders might have been sent to the outposts to take measures to interupt them on their way to the enemy, and it being an occurence which ought to have been reported.
3d. For drawing Orders on the Clothing store at Newburgh particularly on October 2, 5, 8, 11, 18, 19, 27, 28, 29, and November 7, 10, 12, and 18, and one for a servant of Ensign Davis19 without date, which is the perogative of the commanding general only, and which he signified to General McDougall in a Letter of the 26th. September last such his orders, besides invading the right of the Commanding Genl. have involved some of the paymasters in embarrasments in their accounts particularly the paymaster of the 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
[Note 19: Ensign Ebenezer Davis. of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was brigade quartermaster to January, 1783; lieutenant to March, 1783; served to June, 1783.]
4th. For writing a letter to the Commanding general on the 16th. of December last injurious to command and unbecoming an officer, the Letter as follows
West Point, Dec. 16, 1781 7 P. M.
Sir: To be prepared for every contingency which might happen on the river, to intercept our transportation Colonel Putnam was out several Days to reconnitre the country on both sides the river for the most practicable routes to open roads to bring in our provisions and forage; he had not compleated it when he was ordered on Court-martial altho he was for that important object kept of duty in garrison. The distress we now suffer is owing to his not being able to complete his observations there being a supply of flour above the mountains, but neither the roads nor the river was practicable.
This is one of the disorderly effects of detailing the officers of tiffs garrison with the Army, nor is this the only instance of disorder from that Practice. An Officer who was on Main guard for a week was detailed for other duty; I shall not enter into any further discussion on this subect 'till the Commander in chief comes on, when I shall apply to him to have this and several other unmilitary practices determined in a more solemn manner that can now be obtained, For sir, give me leave to tell you I know my own rights and those of the Garrison, not in speculation, but in as long and as attentive service as my superiors. In the mean time sir that service may not be injured and that the distressing and pressing calls of humanity may be relieved I beg Colonel Putnam may be relieved and suffered to go on that service, I have the honor to be sir, etc. Alexr. McDougall.
Major Generl. Heath.
5th. For directing Colonel Crane commandant of Artillery in this department to deliver arms and accoutriments on the 16th. instant contrary to the general order of the 4th. instant and threatning to send him to the provost in case of refusal.
6th. For conversing before the Field officers of the several Corps stationed in the Garrison of Westpoint who were convened his request on the 16th. January last, and in a manner unbecoming an officer, by bringing into question General Heaths right to command the garrison of Westpoint, representing his orders as unmilitary, saying that an officer was not bound or obliged to obey orders if he thought them improper or unmilitary, telling Colonel Crane that he had ill advisers, he believed that General Heath had advised him; desiring Col. Crane to take the advice of the officers present who he said were his Countrymen and many other things in the course of the said conversation, tending to excite sedition create divisions, subvert good order and decepline and wound the service.
7th. For conversing before officers of different ranks particularly on the evening of the 7th. January last in a manner unbecoming an officer saying that General Heaths orders were subversive of all good order and Discipline and enjurious from the Centenel to the eldest Major Genl. in service, that he sent private commands to Colonel Crane without enforming him (General McDougall) for the removal of a considerable quantity of Amunition from the Magazine and that if such a practice prevailed in the army it would be in the power of an Arnold at any time to dismantle and sell the Garrison and publicly relating some matters that passed at a Council of war at Mr. McGowans20 1776 respecting the retreat from New York and saying that none were opposed to it but a fool, a knave, and an obstinate, honest man; that general Heath was the knave and many other things in the course of the said conversation, such conversation tending to lessen confidence in the Commanding officer; to limit command, bring orders into cow tempt and distroy that due subordination which is the life of decipline and the only barrier against confusion and disorder. Lastly For ordering two public buildings near Fishkill Landing to be pulled down in the months of November and December last vizt. a bake house and one other building which Mr. Guye Fisher was ordered to pull down on the 18th. December last and the materials to be removed to Westpoint, making additions and erecting buildings at Westpoint without the knowledge or consent of the Commanding general particularly
[Note 20: John(?) McGowan.] the additions to the house in which General McDougall quarters and the building for the provost Guard when General McDougals command at the post was of a temporary nature only and such measures not warranted either by his instructions or Military principles.
The Court on mature consideration of the charges against Major General McDougall, the evidence in the case and the observations both by General McDougall and the Judge Advocate, are of opinion:
On the first charge that Major General McDougall did order the distribution of the boards mentiond in the charge to the troops of Westpoint only, and that he is justifiable in so doing, because though the boards in the first instance might have been designed for the army at large, yet as the manner in which they were applied for the Quartermaster was agreable to the custom of commandants of Westpoint and specified the particular purpose for which the boards were intended, were sent to the post on such application and receipted for by the officer who received them to be delivered at Westpoint, he was warranted in such distribution, without a report being made to the Commanding general or Deputy Q. M. of the Department.
On the second charge it appears to the court that general McDougall is justifiable in not reporting the escape of the prisoners to Major General Heath because the provost martial of the army was at the post by order of General Heath whose duty it was to make such report.
On the third charge it appears to the court, that General McDougall did draw orders on the Cloathing store on October 8th. 18th. 19th. 28th. November 7th. and 10th. and an order for cloathing or Ensign Davis's servant and that he is justifiable in so doing because it has been customary and was requisite to service for officers of different grades to draw Cloathing from the Cloathing store for necessitous soldiers, detached issues have been accordingly constantly made and there has appeared to the Court no orders to the contrary; it does not appear that General McDougall drew the other orders mentioned in charges.
On the fourth charge the Court are of opinion that General McDougall is justifiable.
On the Fifth charge it appears that General McDougall did order Colonel Crane to deliver arms and accoutrements on the 16th. January last, and threatned upon his refusal to send him to the provost, or confine to his room. But as Colonel Crane was a member of the Garrison, and being senior officer of Artillery at that time had the Keys of the Military stores for the defence of the Garrison, and under the orders of General McDougall as Commandant thereof; the Court are of opinion that General McDougall was justifiable for giving the orders and threatening to confine him for a disobedience of them notwithstanding the orders of General Heath of the 4th. of January last, relative to the Grand Magazine.
On the sixth charge the embarrassments Major General McDougall laboured under by the order of Major General Heath of the 4th. of January last and other orders mentioned in evidence, his official rights as Commandant of the Garrison being thereby invaded the Magazine shut against his orders which disenabled him from drawing forth the necessary means for its defence in case of any emergency, the garrison officer, through whom, Arms, Ammunition &ca. were attainable, refusing obedience to his legal orders, and directing no returns to be made to Major General McDougall of the state of the Magazine, where stores were deposited for its defence, are in the opinion of the court, sufficient to justify Major General McDougall in convening the Field officers of the several corps stationed in the Garrison on the 16th. Jany. last and for the whole of his conversation with them at that time; that part of the charge bringing in question Major general Heaths right to command the Garrison of Westpoint, saying that an officer was not bound or obliged to obey orders if he thought them improper or unmilitary is not supported.
On the seventh charge the Court find that General McDougall did converse before officers of different grades accidently met at his quarters on the 7th. of January last and did say that General Heaths orders were subversive of all good order and discipline, and injurious from the Centinel to the eldest Major General in service; that he sent private commands to Colonel Crane without informing him (Genl. McDougall) for the removal of a considerable quantity of Amunition from the Magazine; and that if such a practice prevailed in the Army, it would be in the power of an Arnold at any time to dismantle and sell the Garrison and publicly related some matters that passed at a Council of war at Mr. McGowans in 1776 respecting the retreat from Newyork and said that none were opposed to it but a fool, a Knave and an obstinate, honest man and that General Heath was the Knave." and are of opinion that the time, the place, the manner of expressing what is set forth in the charge and the persons before whom he did express it, render such conversation unjustifiable and in breach of Article 5th. sectn 18th. of the rules and articles of war.
On the last charge it appears to the court, that the Bake house was pulled down on an application from Major General McDougall to Colonel Hughes the Deputy Qr. Master by his direction, that the other building was ordered by General McDougall on the 18th. Decr. last to be pulled down, but was not pulled down on that order, but by order of Colonel Pickering Quarter Master General and that the materials were removed to Westpoint. That General McDougall did erect a building for a Provost Guard and made additions to the house in which he quartered but it appears to the Court from a Letter produced in the case, that General Heath knew and approved the building the provost guard house; therefore that General McDougalls erecting the same was not as is said in the charge without the knowledge or consent of the Commanding general. The Court are of opinion that from constant usage of Commandants of Westpoint never yet interdicted General McDougall is justifiable in making additions to the house in which he quarters.
The Court agreable to their opinion on the several charges, do fully acquit Major Genl. McDougall on the first, second, fifth and sixth charges, on the fourth they acquit him, on the third and last charges they fully acquit him, and think the charges vexatious.
On the seventh they sentence him to be repremanded by the Commander in chief in General Orders.
By the United States in Congress assembled
August 15th. 1782.
The Proceedings and sentence of a General Courtmartial on the trial of Major General McDougall having been ready, Resolved, That Congress approve the sentence of the said court.
It is with extreme reluctance the Commander in chief finds himself under the necessity of carrying the sentence of the court upon the seven fix charge into execution more especially as it concerns an officer of so high rank and generally acknowledged merit.
The ill consequences arising from a too free censure of the conduct of officers of superior by those of inferior rank are too obvious to need enumerating. The Commander in cheif cannot however help remarking particularly upon the impropriety of one Member of a Council of war divulging the opinion of another (except in cases of criminality which could not fail of being imediately noticed) and undertaking to reflect publicly upon him for it; such a liberty if allowed, would very often tend to prevent an officer of coolness and deliberation from giving his opinion in favour of cautious measures, lest the army and the world at large should attribute his reasons to other than the real motive.
Major General McDougall is released from his arrest.
The General court martial of which Major General Howe is president is desolved.
The second Connecticut regiment will releive the guards and fatigue parties now on duty from the 3d. Massachusetts for seven days unless sooner releived commencing tomorrow.
For Fatigue tomorrow the 4th. Connecticut regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, August 29, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve.
By the United States in Congress assembled August 14th. 1782.
Resolved, That the resolution of the 5 day of October, 1780, directing a court of enquiry on the conduct of Major General Gates, be repealed; and that he take command in the main army, as the Commander in Cheif shall direct.
The general order of Encampment, and the order of Battle for the Main army this Campaign will be in one Line, with a reserve, organized and commanded as follows:
The Reserve for the present to consist of the second Connecticut and third Massachusetts Brigades commanded as above. They are to encamp when the ground will admit of it 200 paces in the rear of the line.
The park of Artillery with the corps of Sappers and Miners (on their left) between the two brigades which compose the reserve.
When the reserve for want of depth of ground is obliged to encamp in the center of the Line the park and Corps of Sappers will do the same.
The Light infantry and Sheldons Legion will have no particular places assigned them in the general order of encampment or in the order of battle, the orders of the general will point these out occasionally.
As Colonels Greaton, Dayton, Sheppard and Swift are to have permanent commands of the brigades to which they belong and as Colonel Cortlandt will have the same of the York brigade 'till a senior officer of that State shall join it, they are therefore releived during such permanent command from executing the regimental duties of their respective regiments as pointed out by the order of the 17th. instant. They are notwithstanding to retain the general superintendence of them.
Major General Lord Sterling will be pleased to repair to Albany and take the immediate command of that brigade of his Division which is to the Northward together with the state troops in that quarter.
The Non commissioned officers and soldiers of the several regiments who have been invalided by the late board of officers and surgeons are not to take the field with their respective regiments but to join the corps of invalids. They will receive proper certificates for that purpose from the inspector of the Army, who will also furnish Colonel Nicola with a List of them.
For Fatigue tomorrow the 5th. Connecticut regiment.
At a general courtmartial held at Philadelphia 27th. July 1782 by order of the Honorable the Secretary at War, Major Thomas L. Moore President.
Serjeant Nicholas Bourge of the Pennsylvania line was tried for Desertion and advising others to desert found guilty of both charges and sentenced to suffer death.
The Commander in cheif approves the above sentence, but in consideration of the recommendation of Colonel Humpton he is pleased to pardon the said Nicholas Bourge.
Head Quarters, August 29, 1782.
Dear Sir: Altho I must confess that it appears to me rather surprizing to have a request for so many Gentlemen, and of such Rank, to be absent from their Commands, at this Time of the Campaign, on Business to their State;21 Yet as it is the particular Desire of the Officers of your Line, I give my permission as requested, for all the Gentlemen except Major General Knox; who cannot by any means be spared from the Command which is given to him: and besides that, I have an Expectation of employing him soon on another very important business, which cannot be dispensed with.
[Note 21: Heath had written (August 28): "In the present stage of the war, the officers of the Massachusetts line have thought it an object highly interesting to them to know whether their state will conform to an ordinance o[ Congress of October 1780, granting halfpay for life to the officers who should continue in service to the end of the war....They have...prepared a memorial to the legislature...and instructions to a committee to be sent...and have requested me...to sollicit your permission that the officers chosen may proceed to Boston." Heath's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Surgeon22 mentioned may have permission to go to Philadelphia, agreeable to request. With Esteem etc.23
[Note 22: The surgeon's name is not given in Heath's letter of August 28. His errand was to obtain payment for the officers on Paymaster Gen. John Pierce's notes.]
[Note 23: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, August 29, 1782.
Sir: Agreeable to your desire Enquiry has been made into the reasons of Dr. Vache being deranged from Service.
Inclosed is a copy of General Clintons Letter on that Subject.24 From that and from what I can learn it appears that the Doctor had been absent from his Regiment a very long time before the Arrangement took place and that his ill State of Health rendered him unfit to continue in Service; these reasons it seems influenced the Officers of the Line in deranging him and tho he at first objected, yet from what Genl. Clinton says, it was afterwards understood that he Acquiesced, and his going home immediately and remaining there to this day without any application whatever, serves to confirm this opinion. I am &c.25
[Note 24: The original of Gen. James Clinton's letter to Washington of August 29 is in the Washington Papers. A copy of it was inclosed in the above letter to the Secretary at War.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, August 29, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your Letter of this Day, accompanied with one from Colo. Canfield at Stamford, informg. the Detention of McCorne26 and others as Prisoners.
[Note 26: Peter Corne, Gilbert Fowler, James Jenkins, "and a Mulatto Fellow" who came from New York with a flag of truce.]
I am pleased with the Conduct of Colo Canfield and his Attention to his Duty; and as it seems there is no other Way to reduce Genl Birch to an Observance of the Convention respectg the Place where Flags are to be received, than by the Detention of such as shall come in any other Way than by the Post of Dobb's Ferry. You will be pleased to order the persons sent to you by Colo Canfield to be kept as close prisoners untill further Orders can be taken respecting them. With much Regard etc.27
[Note 27: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 29, 1782.
My Lord: Agreeably to the Orders of this day your Lordship will be pleased to repair to Albany, as soon as is convenient, and take the command of all the Troops in that Department; after which Colonel Reid will join his Regt on the Mohawk River.
In case of any dispute respecting command between Lt Col Commandant Reid and Col Willet, you will, my Lord, enquire into the Matter, ascertain their claims of rank and the Commission under which they act, and settle the dispute if practicable; if it appears that Wilier is now acting in the field as full Colonel, he will, I suppose, take rank according to the practice established in such cases; if otherwise, the decision may probably be made at once upon the principles already adopted; but in every case I shall confide the accommodation of this dispute, to your Lordship's discretion, as well as all the Minuter dispositions of Command and arrangements of the Department.
One thing however, I must particularly recommend, that all superfluous and unnecessary Posts (if upon a strict examination any such there should be) may forthwith be discontinued and broke up.
Major General Knox has instructions to draw from the Northward all the Ordnance, Stores, &c. which are not absolutely necessary there. The Qr Mastr Genl will also have directions to transport some of the public buildings from Albany, where they are useless, to W Point, where they are much wanted.
As there is a considerable Corps of state Troops serving in the Northern Department, it is my wish that the outposts may be garrisoned and the detached duties performed by these Troops, so far as circumstances anti the nature of the service will admit; in order that the Continental Regts may be kept as compact as possible, and held in a state of readiness to remove, should it become expedient to order them elsewhere at a short Warning.
I have only further to request your Lordship to point your attention, to the re-establishment of discipline in the regular Corps, to the protection and security of the frontiers, as well as to the general order and oeconomy of the Department, especially in the issues of ammunition; as there have been great abuses in the consumption of this Article by the Militia and Irregular Troops at the Northward, notwithstanding all the measures which have been taken to prevent it, you will please therefore, my Lord, to suffer none to be issued, but upon your own Orders, in cases where it shall be judged essentially necessary.
Whatever of importance shall occur during your command, and whatever intelligence shall be obtained from Canada Your Lordship will take the trouble to communicate to me by the first conveyance.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 29, 1782.
Sir: The Sergeant has delivered Your Letter of the 21st. inclosing two Courts Martial, and the Returns of Recruits in Phila.
Inclosed is an Extract from Genl Orders respectg Sergt Bourge, who upon your recommendation is pardoned.
The proceedgs of the other Court Martial are returned to you. The Court have tried and sentenced Wm Taylor to Death. In your Letter you mention him under the Name of Wm Robinson, as a person proper for an Example, because he is the same person who had been pardoned by me, for a like Offence when I was last in Phila. You will be pleased to explain this Matter. I fancy the Man has an Alias Name which has not been noted in the proceedings of the Court. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 29, 1782.
Sir: You are hereby appointed to the command of West point and its Dependencies. But as the Army will lay for some time upon Verplanks point, you will consider yourself as relieved, 'till further orders, from the care of attending to that post, Stoney Point and Dobbs's Ferry, which are part of the dependencies, except so far as relates to their being constantly supplied with the proper quantity of Ordnance Stores.
I have so thorough a confidence in you and so well am I acquainted with your ability and activity, that I think it needless to point out to you the great outlines of your duty; I recommended the following matters to your attention.
To visit the Redoubts frequently; see that they are kept in proper order; that the Garrisons allotted to them are alert, and that they make it an invariable Rule to sleep within the Works. They should each be furnished constantly with ten days Wood and Water, and if the Contractors keep up such a Magazine of Salt provision upon the Point as they ought to do by Contract, the detached Works should be provided with ten days provision also.
The Rolls to be frequently called. No Officer to be absent without your leave, and no non Commissioned Officer or soldier without the leave of a Field Officer.
The Quarter Master having reported a scarcity of Tents, you will be pleased to remove the 10th. Massachusetts Regt. into the Barracks, that their tents may be delivered up.
No Buildings either public or private to be erected without your knowledge, and when applications are made to you for that purpose, you will, if the applications are admitted, direct the commanding Engineer to point out the situations, that they may not interfere with the defences of the place.
The public Buildings now carrying on, and the alterations and repairs of the Works will engage your particular attention. You know the necessity of bringing them to a certain state before the Frost sets in.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 29, 1782.
Sir: The Commander in Chief has made an alteration in the disposition of the Brigades on the left of the Line, from that contained in the Order of Encampment given to you two days ago. The first Massachusetts Brigade occupies the ground on the flank, vice Pattersons, which takes the place of the 1st. Brigade, and in which the Senior Regt is posted on the left, the next oldest on the right &c. This change of disposition His Excellency desires you will immediately make known to the Quarter Masters of the Brigades concerned, that the ground may be taken accordingly. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys Aid de Camp."
Trumbull wrote also to Pickering (August 29): "that the Oars are arrived...a Distribution of them may be made Tomorrow without fail, as the Troops must move on Saturday." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.
On August 29 Washington wrote also to Lieut. Col. Jeremiah Olney directing him to give Lieut. Joseph Wheaton, of the Rhode Island Regiment, a passport to enter the enemy's lines; and to Captain von Heer to put the Marechaussée corps in motion immediately for Crompond, by way of Newburgh and Fishkill which he must reach by Saturday evening. "Upon your Arrival there you will report to me at Verplank's point." These drafts are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, August 30, 1782.
Sir: In my letter of the 25th. I desired you to send an Officer to Head Quarters to report your arrival at Kings Ferry. The Encampment upon Verplanks point being marked out, you will have no occasion to send up the Officer, but upon your arrival at Stoney Point send over your Brigade Qr. Masr. to Verplanks. He will there find Mr. Demler32 an Asst. of the Qr. Masr Genl. who will shew him the Ground for the Brigade. As soon as he has made the necessary arrangements you will cross and encamp.33
[Note 32: Henry(?) Demler.]
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, August 30, 1782.
Parole Congress. Countersigns Successful, Campaign.
Precisely at five o'clock tomorrow morning the general is to beat, on which the tents and baggage of the two Connecticut, and three Massachusetts Brigades are to be put into the batteaux; at seven o'clock the assemble will beat, when these brigades are immediately to march and embark by the right, proceeding in one Collumn to Verplanks point in the following order: First Connecticut, Second Connecticut, Third Massachusetts, Second Massachusetts, First Massachusetts.
The leading regiment of the first Connecticut Brigade is to advance two hundred yards as a Vanguard and detach one company, which is to keep about a hundred yards in front of it.
The boats of each regiment are to keep a breast and far enough a part to prevent interference; the Companies will embark as they are formed on the parade, and observe that order. The Colonel to be on the right and the Lieutenant Colonel on the left.
Between each regiment there is to be a space of seventy five yards; between the brigades one hundred and fifty yards; and between the Divisions two hundred and fifty yards. The General and officers commanding Divisions and Brigades are to be at the head of their respective corps; the Major General fifty yards and the Brigadiers twenty five advanced of them.
As soon as the troops have embarked and taken their distances (the Van being nearly opposite to little Dicks ferry or Meig's redoubt) the rear brigade will beat a march which will be repeated to the front as a preparitive; three Cannon will then be fired from the park at Westpoint and the Collumn will immediately get in motion; the Musick of different regiments playing alternately, if the situation of the boats will admit of it: the inspector of Musick will regulate the beats.
If any boat shall prove too leaky or break its oars, or from any other cause is unable to keep the line it is to turn out and follow after in such a manner as the prudence of the officer commanding it shall judge best. No batteau is to be without a commissioned officer in it.
The General Staff of the army except the inspector, Adjutant, and Quarter Master generals who may assist in preserving regularity and order in this movement and all the baggage that is not in the batteaux with the troops are to follow at the distance of half a mile in the rear agreably to orders which they may receive from the Quarter Master general.
General and Staff officers Guards are not to join their corps on this movement but may assist in transporting the baggage by water in order to prevent the necessity of waggons, this by no means to be drawn into president in future. No women to be admitted into the boats with the troops on any pretence whatsoever. If the boats are ensufficient to transport the troops (with their baggage) without crouding or overloading them the surplusage must march by land under proper officers. The soldiers will take care to fill their Canteens before they embark as there will be no landing for water afterwards. The Artillery annexed to the brigades will proceed by land and join their respective corps at Verplanks point.
SIGNALS (BY DAY)
1st. If any Brigade or regiment in the rear is unable to keep up, the Brigadier commanding it, is to be informed of it, and will cause a white flag to be hoisted in the boat where he is; which is to be repeated by every brigadier a head, on which the leading Brigade is to move slower.
2d. If the rear would have the front move faster a blue flag is to be hoisted and repeated as above.
3d. For landing the regimental colours will be hoisted by the leading regiment; repeated thro' the line, and kept displayed untill the landing is effected, and the troops get to the ground.
4th. If a halt should be found neccessary on the passage by the Commander in chief, or officer at the head of the Collumn, it will be communicated by hoisting both flags (the white and blue) on board the boat of the brigadier a head, so as to be distinctly seen, and repeated as quickly as possible to the rear. Upon which the boats will lye upon their oars, and take great care to preserve their places, and distance in the line.
SIGNALS BY NIGHT
1st. For moving slower: a musket is to be fired and repeated by the brigadier as in the day signal; allowing a minutes interval between each discharge.
2d. For moving faster; two guns in like manner.
3d. For landing three Do.
4th. For halting; a halt must be called begining in the front and repeated from one Colonel to another distinctly, three times to the rear, to prevent mistakes, and the confusion which would consequently follow.
When the signal for landing is given, the boats are to close up without crouding and row for the shore, falling in upon the left of each other, in which order they are to debark at their respective landing places, ascend the bank, and form as fast as they get up into brigade Collumns. In this order the head of each Collumn will be conducted by the brigade Qr. Master to the right of its encampment, where it will display to the left, and each regiment take its own ground, Stack their arms, bring up their tents and baggage and establish their camp.
The Quartermaster General will furnish the Commanding officers of brigades with the signal flaggs; which are to be carefully preserved by the Brigade Quarter masters.
The General persuades himself that the officers will exert themselves to have this movement made with great order and regularity.
Major General Knox will be pleased to direct all the boards, bunks &ca. which have been removed out of the barracks, and used by the officers and soldiers to lay upon, to be collected this afternoon and deposited safely. If any Sutler or trader is found purchasing any of the foregoing articles from the soldiers they may depend upon not only having their licenses taken from them but being otherwise punished.
For Fatigue at Westpoint &ca. for seven days commencing tomorrow the 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Verplanks point, Saturday, August 31, 1782.
Parole New York. Countersigns Verplanks, Stoney point.
The Commander in cheif cannot help expressing his thanks to the officers commanding divisions, brigades, and corps, and to the Adjutant and Quartermaster generals for their very punctual attention to the orders of yesterday, by which the first considerable move that has been attempted by water was made with the utmost regularity and good order.
The Brigade Quarter masters will see that the boats of their respective brigades are moored at their own landings in such a manner as to be perfectly safe in all weather. The stakes to which they are fastened, must be so well driven as to yield to no wind.
The Quartermaster general will furnish materials for repairing the boats, and the Brigade Quartermasters are to see that it is immediately done by men of their own brigades.
The rear guards of the Camp are to have a charge of the boats and not to suffer any of them to be used without orders in writing from the brigade Quartermasters, countersigned by the Brigadier, or officer commanding the brigade. All persons to whom boats are delivered agreable to these orders are to be responsible for them.
No Noncommissiond Officer or soldier except those having the badge of Military merit is to go off the Island or peninsula on which we now are encamped without a pass in writing from the Commanding officer of the regiment to which he belongs. If any should be found off it contrary to this order they are to be deemed Deserters and tried accordingly; or if any soldier is discovered attempting a passage over the Creek any where but at the bridges on the public roads leading to Peekskill and Tellers point it will be considered as disobedience to this order, and he will be punished accordingly.
Twenty men properly officer'd are to be placed as a picquet at each of the above bridges and will see these orders duly executed: after the publication of which it is hardly necessary to forbid marauding or injury of private property in any shape whatever; but if there are soldiers so lost to all sense of duty and the rights of Citizens, that they will in defiance of orders attempt these things they may rest assured of being brought to a summary trial and exemplary punishment.
This order is to be read at evening roll call every saturday during the Campaign.
The Light infantry are to advance in front of the army, and take the best ground at or near the fork of the roads leading to this place and peekskill, they will keep out proper picquets and small scouts to patrol as far as Croton independent of the battalion on the lines.
A Sub serjeant, two corporals, a drum and fife and twenty privates from the first Connecticut regiment for picquet at the bridge on the right: the same from the first Massachusetts regiment for Picquet at the bridge on the left.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 1, 1782.
Dear Sir: I was yesterday honored with your favors of the 19th. and 22d. ulto. I shall order a particular enquiry to be made into the Auditor and Comptrollers observations upon the issues of provisions and shall inform you of the result.
I think it necessary to inclose you the Copies of Letters which I have lately received from Brigadier General Clinton and Colo. Shepard on the subject of the promotions to which they conceive themselves intitled, with my answer to the latter.34 You will perceive, that they put their continuance in service upon the determination of Congress to promote them or not. It is therefore much to be wished that such determination could be had, that they might either be satisfied or know at once that their expectations are in vain. Colo. Van Schaick of the York line keeps himself out of service upon the same principles.
[Note 34: From Clinton, August 30; from Shepard, August 25 and 28. The originals of these letters and in the Washington papers. Far answer to Shepard see Washington's letter to Col William Shepard, Aug. 25, 1782, ante.]
These matters put me into a disagreeable situation; I am loth to force an Officer into service who concieves himself injured in his Rank, and I cannot at the same time look upon myself justified in permitting him to remain at home 'till his case may be decided upon.
I inclose a Copy of a final and complete arrangement of the Captains of the Massachusetts line, confirmed in General Orders of the 3d. of May last. Be pleased to order new Commissions to be issued agreeable to the several Numbers and Dates.
The late New York papers announce the evacuation of Charles town as a matter which would certainly take place soon after the 7th. of August. I have upon this information written to Major Genl. Smallwood35 and Colo. Butler36 to send forward to this Army the Recruits of Maryland and Pennsylvania which are at Annapolis and Carlisle. I inclose the letters under flying seals to you, that you may take the sense of Congress upon the matter before the orders are carried into execution.
[Note 35: The draft of the letter to Smallwood is in the Washington Papers, dated September 1: "Your own presence I conceive will be still necessary in Maryland to superintend the recruiting service."]
[Note 36: The draft of the letter to Col. Richard Butler is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Congress having determined what troops should compose the Southern Army, I do not think myself absolutely at liberty to withdraw those which are already there or to stop the reinforcements intended for them without first consulting Congress and which I mean to do thro' you. So long ago as the 18th. of March last, I calculated, from appearances, upon the evacuation of the southern States and I then wrote to General Greene to hold himself in readiness to march to the Northward the moment such an event should seem certain. In my Idea the Infantry apportioned to the two Carolinas and Georgia will be sufficient to be left in the southern Quarter. The South Carolina Regiment of Artillery having been reformed, it may be thought necessary to leave the small remains of Harrison's and late Procters there. It will be necessary also to consider what Corps of Horse shall remain. If Armands Legion have not yet moved from Charlotteville, They certainly ought not to proceed. After having consulted Congress and made the proper arrangements you will be good eno. to inform Major Genl. Greene of the result that he may govern himself accordingly. The difficulty and enormous expence of supporting Troops to the southward are sufficient inducements to draw off as many from thence as we possibly can.
The whole Army, the Garrison of West point excepted, which is left under the command of Major Genl. Knox, moved down to this Ground yesterday. I have sent Major Genl. Lord Stirling to Albany to take the command of the two Continental Regiments and the State Troops upon the Northern Frontier. The York and Jersey lines have joined me here. I have the honor &c.
I have recd. yours of the 28th. ulto. inclosing a list of The passengers wanting to go to so. Carolina. I shall make the necessary application to Sir Guy Carleton.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks, September 1, 1782.
Sir: His Excellency directs me to reply to your Letter of the 30th. ulto which was received Yesterday at this place.
Your Arrangements for forage must be made with the Quartermaster Genl and forage Master, who will make the best Supplies in their power.
As your Corps is considered as part of the Main Army, your provisions must be furnished by the Contractors for the Moving Army; to whom you will apply immediately, they have already been informed that you are to compose part of the Troops which will be on the Lines.
The Dragoons which have been posted at Luddingtons, may now be withdrawn from thence and placed as in the first Establishment of the Chain, pointg to Kings ferry. I am &c.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J[onathan] T[rumbu]ll."]
Head Quarters, Verplanks point, Sunday, September 1, 1782.
Parole Bedford. Countersigns Northcastle, Phillipsburgh.
Regiments and corps which have lately Joined are to make themselves acquainted with all standing and other orders issued in their absence that may be interesting to them.
The General is desirous the troops should make themselves as comfortable as possible while in the field; the encampment itself is very pleasant and healthy, straw will be issued at the rate of two bundles pr. tent, of this with the flaggs and leaves which may be procured, convenient Matts or bedding may be formed; shades or bowers should also be erected in front of the tents in the construction of which regularity will be extremely pleasing to the eye. Vaults must be made in the rear of the line and covered every day. The slaughtering penns must be placed at a proper distance; and every other precaution should be taken which may contribute to cleanliness and health. No soldier or other person is to bathe at the public ferry or within the basin contiguos to it on either side the river. The sentries at the ferry stairs will see this order executed. The men are not to be suffered to go into the water at other places between the hours of nine o'clock A.M. and five in the afternoon; nor are they at any time, to continue in but a few minutes.
At the general court martial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president, Captn. Thomas Arnold39 of the corps of invalids, was tried the 22d. August last, for disobedience of General orders, in not joining his regiment till the 20th. of July: altho he had the following extracts sent him as early as the 26th. of march last,
[Note 39: Formerly of the First Rhode Island Regiment. He had been wounded at Monmouth land served to April, 1783.]
Extract from General Orders Philada. Jany. 10th. 1782.
No officer or soldier is to be permitted to be absent on furlough after the 10th. day of april next on any occasion whatever. The court finds that Captain Arnold did not join his regiment agreable to general orders; but considering his peculiar situation, do acquit him of criminality.
The Commander in chief approves the opinion of the court. Captain Arnold is released from his arrest.
A general and two field officers of the day are to be appointed, they will with the Adjutant and Quarter master general be pleased to reconitre the approaches to this Encampment and the whole extent of the creek: They will report what picquets and guards they think necessary.
The Commander in Chief expects the pleasure of the company of the officers of the day at dinner, the day they are relieved from duty.
The inspector of music will be answerable that the different beats of the drum are performed agreable to the 21st. Chapter of the regulations for the order and decipline of the Army.
For the present the Troop is to beat at 8 o'clock A.M. and the Tattoo at 8 oClock p.m.
The Grand parade in front of the first Connecticut brigade.
The orders of the day will be issued at the Adjutant Generals Markee at 11 o'clock A.M. untill further orders.
The first New York regiment will relieve the picquets at the bridge on the right this evening.
The 7th. Massachusetts will relieve the picquets at the bridge on the left at the same time.
Head Quaretrs, September 1, 1782.
Sir: I have received your two favors of the 21st. of Augst with their Inclosures.
All Letters coming from N York to Dobb's Ferry, are to pass to Head Quarters for Inspection. No Letters are to be admitted into N York, but such as pass thro Head Quarters, except those which may be franked by the President of Congress, the Secty at War, or the Governors or Executives of the different States; this to be a standg Instruction at your Post, and to be delivered over to the Officers succeedg in that Command.40 I am &c.41
[Note 40: A last paragraph, crossed out in the draft, reads: "Should Colo Wm Livingston of N Jersey, who lately passed by Imposition into N York, apply to return thro your post, you will please to detain him, until Information can be given. and Orders be received from Head Quarters. respectg him."]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On September 1 Trumbull wrote to Maj. David Smith, who had stationed a light infantry company at Pine's Bridge that as Colonel Sheldon would be posted in the neighborhood of Bedford, Smith should withdraw his company "to your Command and keep up a Communication with Colo Sheldon for the purpose of Assistance and Intelligence By His Excellencys Command." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (September 1) Humphreys wrote to Capt. David Hunt, of the New York Levies, to put himself under the orders of Colonel Sheldon "who is appointed to command at Bedford and in that quarter." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (September 1) Washington wrote briefly to Capt. William Van Duerson, a sea captain, acknowledging the receipt of a book which the captain had brought from John Hanson, of St. Croix, West Indies. "I am much obliged by the Care you have taken in the Conveyance of the present to me, and for the Information you are so kind as to give me of that Gentlemans Health." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Verplankspoint, Monday, September 2, 1782.
[Note 42: Capt. Benjamin(?) Hicks, of the First New York Regiment.]
Parole Penobscot. Countersigns Hallifax, St. Johns.
The Jersey and York brigades are immediately to send for the boats assigned them.
Three Cannon fired successively from the Block house will be the signal of an alarm, at which the troops will parade under arms in front of their respective Encampments and wait the orders of the Commander in Cheif.
The troops will hasten to complete their bowers and accomodations as soon as possible; untill thursday next their time may be devouted to this purpose. The general by frequently passing along the line will have an oppertunity of Judging which corps are most remarkable for their attention to regularity and even elegance.
The Vaults should be shaded with interwoven boughs so as to cover them as much as possible from view.
Brigade and regimental Quartermasters will wait on the Quartermaster general tomorrow morning at nine o'clock, they will make a thorough examination of the springs about camp and report whether there will be a sufficiency of water for the army.
Captain Haskell43, of the 4th. Massachusetts regiment is appointed pointed Aid de camp to Major General Howe and is to be obeyed accordingly.
[Note 43: Capt. Elnathon Haskell, aide-de-camp to General Howe to November, 1783. He served to June, 1784.]
The 1st. Jersey regiment will relieve the picquet at the bridge on the right and send a guard of a Corporal and six men to the Quartermaster generals this evening.
The 4th. Massachusetts regiment will relieve the picquet at the bridge on the left; and the guard at the forage magazine at the same time.
All the Drummers and fifers off duty will assemble on the grand parade tomorrow morning 9 o'clock to receive the instructions of the Inspector of Music.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 2, 1782.
Dear Sir: Since my letter of yesterday which will accompany this, I have recd. your two favors of the 28th. ulto. by General Potter and Colo. Magaw. From them, and on account of a letter which I have received from the Delegates of South Carolina, there is an indispensable necessity for your making the application to Congress, which I recommended, in order to know, whether any and what part of the Army shall be removed from the southward in case the enemy evacuate Charles town.
In my answer to the letters from the Council and Assembly of Pennsylvania44 which were brought by the Gentlemen appointed to confer with me, I have informed them generally, that I have no objection to the employment of the Pennsylvania Recruits and Hazens Regiment, upon the service for which they are requested, provided the first is agreeable to Congress, and you can be furnished with a relief for the last, to guard the prisoners at Lancaster. I have also informed them, that if Congress agree to the expeditions in contemplation, you will furnish such necessary Stores as are under your direction, and that you are at liberty to concert, with Gentlemen who may be acquainted with the Country which it is proposed to penetrate, a plan of operations and to give directions to the commanding Officers accordingly. I have, after this, taken the liberty of telling them candidly, that I foresee an insurmountable difficulty to putting the expeditions in motion, which is, a want of Money, provided it is to come out of the Continental treasury, and which I plainly perceive is their expectation ultimately if not immediately. You are too well acquainted with our distresses on the score of Money to enumerate them. Had it not been for this, I should have been for carrying into execution, what you call the Northern Expedition, and which, if successful, would have struck at the root
[Note 44: Both were dated August 28; one from William Moore, President of Pennsylvania, and one from Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, speaker of the assembly. They urged expeditions into the Indian country by way of the Susquehannah to the Genesee towns and by way of Fort Pitt. These letters are in the Washington Papers.] of the evil we are now experiencing. But alas, how was that to be done, when we could hardly find means of moving the Army from the Highlands to this place by Water, and now we are here, with scarcely a Horse attached to us, we shall find it difficult eno' to subsist. I do not imagine you will be able to get the troops in question further than the Frontier. That alone may afford temporary relief and protection to the inhabitants.
I cannot at present promise the cooperation, or rather diversion which you recommend upon the Mohawk River. The troops in that Quarter, consisting of the two New Hampshire Regs and one State Regiment of New York, are rather for defence than offence. Major Ross,45 with a Party of three or four hundred British and a numerous body of Savages and Irregulars is at Oswego, and would not fail to meet any number of Men which we might advance so far up the Mohawk as to give any jealousy. However, if the Western expeditions are prosecuted, and the troops to the Northward should be then continued in that quarter (which they will not be should there be any occasion for them below) I will endeavour to make any practicable diversion with them.
[Note 45: Maj. John Ross, of the Thirty-fourth Foot, British Army.]
The letter from the Delegates of south Carolina, to which I alluded, goes to a request, that the whole Army in south Carolina may be left in that State, even should the Enemy evacuate it. The request is grounded upon a representation of Govr. Mathews, in which he sets forth the dangers to be apprehended from the number of disaffected and dissatisfied people in the State. It will be with Congress to determine how far a compliance will be deemed reasonable; And you will be pleased to communicate their determination to Majr. Genl. Greene. I have the honor etc.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 2, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your Cypher of the 17th. and letter of the 20th. ulto. Should the Money alluded to in the first, be paid into my hands, it shall be applied as you direct.47
[Note 47: This was the money which was to come out of New York City. It was to be held subject to Morris's order.]
I should have had hopes from yours of the 20th. that all difficulties between you and the Contractors had been settled, had I not received a letter from Mr. Walter Livingston dated at Morristown the 31st. of last Month48 and in which he informed me that Mr. Sands had gone forward to Philadea. with fresh Complaints, and that he was very apprehensive of the consequences; I can only hope his fears are ill grounded.
[Note 48: Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mr. Gouverneur Morris having signified to me that it will be inconvenient to him to attend as one of the Commissioners at the proposed meeting, I shall be under the necessity of appointing some Gentleman of the Army in his stead. As the matter relating to accounts will probably be the first entered upon, I shall be glad to know whether those depending upon us, are in any more forwardness than they were before, and whether Mr. Skinner is possessed of them. If he is not, he, or some person who has been conversant in them, should be prepared to attend the Commissioners. Skinner would be preferable to any other, because he will be at the same time perfectly acquainted with all transactions in the department of Commy. of Prisoners. I imagine he is at this time in Philada.
If you have any fresh matter which you would wish inserted in the instructions which I am to draw for the new Commissioners, be pleased to furnish me with it as soon as possible. I only wait an answer to some points which I have proposed to Congress, to enable me to fix the time and place of meeting. I have the Honor etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 50: John Rutledge, Ralph Izard, David Ramsay. Arthur Middleton, and John Lewis Gervais.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 2, 1782.
Gentlemen: I was yesterday honored with your favor of the 17th. ulto. accompanied by a representation from His Excellency Governor Mathews of the disagreeable situation of civil affairs in the State of south Carolina, and requesting that, in consequence thereof, the orders given to Major Genl. Greene in March last, may be suspended.
You do me justice, Gentlemen, in saying you are satisfied my attention extends equally, to each of the United States. My letter of the 18th. of March last to General Greene, a Copy of which I inclose, will I flatter myself, convince you, that your opinions were not ill founded. For the reasons given at large in that letter, I directed General Greene, immediately upon the indication of an evacuation of Charles town, to prepare to march the Army then under his command to the Northward, I added, what troops shall, in that case be left in the southern States will be a matter of future discussion. I had not then the least doubt but by the time in which I looked for an evacuation, the States of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia would have such a force in the Field as would, with the addition of perhaps a few Cavalry and Artillery, be sufficient for their immediate security and those were the Troops which I had it in contemplation to leave to the southward. It was impossible for me at that time to have foreseen that the three southern States would have had so few Men in the Field, or that South Carolina would have had so disagreeable an occasion for a standing force after the removal of the enemy.
Whatever may be my inclination to gratify you in the request now before me, I do not look upon myself at liberty to direct so large a part of the force of the Union to be left to the southward, after the Foreign Enemy has abandoned those States, without the concurrence of Congress, more especially as that Honorable Body have from time to time determined what troops should be assigned to the service of that Quarter. Upon the first intelligence from New York of the intended evacuation, and before the receipt of your letter, I had, through the secretary at War, submitted to Congress the propriety of withdrawing the Troops, from Virginia to Delaware inclusive, from south Carolina, and I now take occasion of repeating the matter, thro' the same Channel. You will then have an opportunity of urging Governor Mathews's request. I have the honor &c.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 2, 1782.
Sir: I was yesterday honored with your Excellency letter of the 28th. ulto. by General Potter and Colo. Magaw and am very sorry to hear that the Indian Ravages upon your Frontier have become so extensive and of so alarming a nature. I beg you to believe that every thing that depends upon me shall be done to check them. For this purpose I have agreed that the Pennsylvania Recruits collected at Carlisle if it meets the approbation of Congress, under Colo. R. Butler and Genl. Hazens Regiment at Lancaster shall be put upon the service you request, provided the Secretary at War can be furnished with the means of safely guarding the Prisoners of War at Lancaster. I have written to him to this effect, and have requested him to furnish such necessary Stores for the expedition in contemplation as may be under his direction and, in short, to accede to such plans of operation as may be concerted between himself and Gentlemen acquainted with the Country which it is proposed to penetrate. My ability extends no farther. Candor now obliges me to inform your Excellency that I foresee infinite difficulties attending the putting the expeditions in motion and all arising from one source, want of Money.52 It is with the utmost difficulty we now find means of subsisting the Army lying still in the Field and upon the bank of the Hudson, where supplies are easily transported by Water.
[Note 52: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "The application on this head will go from the Secretary at War to the Superintendent of Finance, but except he has been more fortunate in his receipts of Taxes from the States very lately than he was some little time ago, I am almost convinced it will be out of his power to supply the necessary funds."]
I cannot form a judgment of the expence which will probably be incurred as the Gentlemen appointed to confer with me did not bring with them the estimates which arc alluded to.
As I have given my sentiments to the Gentlemen above mentioned in a fuller manner than I have expressed them herein, I beg leave to refer your Excellency and the Council to them for a more particular detail. I have the honor etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. This same letter was also sent to Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Assembly of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, September 3, 1782.
Gentlemen: I have concluded to name you on the part of the United States, as Commissioners, to meet those of Six Guy Carleton, for the purpose of settling a general Cartel &c. agreeable to the inclosed Resolution of Congress.
I have therefore to desire you Gentlemen to undertake this Business, and if any previous preparation is necessary that you will be pleased to attend to it as early as possible, as I wait only for a reply from Congress to some Queries put to them, before I make out your Instructions, and appoint the Time and place of the Meeting, which are to be announced from me to Sir Guy Carleton.
The proceedings and Report of the late Commissioners are sent you by this Conveyance, and will be at your Service, by way of preparation, or in Course of transactg the Business. I am &c.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., who has addressed it to McDougall and Knox.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 3, 1782
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favors of the 28th. ulto and 1st. Inst; your accounts of the embarkation of the Foreign Troops correspond exactly with others immediately from New York. I had not before heard of their sailing. I hope no accident will befall your emissaries.
General Carlton sent me out the proceedings of the Court Martial upon Lippencut, by which he was acquitted, on proving to the satisfaction of the Court that he acted under the orders of the Board of Directors to the associated Loyalists. General Carleton does not however justify the proceeding upon the acquittal of Lippencut, he on the contrary reprobates in the most unequivocal terms and says he has given orders to prosecute the enquiry still further. I have given him no answer, but have transmitted a Copy of the proceedings to Congress, and await their determination before I take any further Steps: I, in the mean time, keep a British Captain in close confinement I am &c.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 3, 1782.
Sir: I am directed by His Excellency to reply to your Letter of Yesterday.56
[Note 56: Olney's letter (in the Washington Papers) is indorsed by Tilghman: "Mrs. Jonson to have her things and report them to the Govr. Lieut. Wheaton to have his Hamper." Mrs. Elizabeth Johnson, of Monmouth County, N.J., had come out of New York City with necessary clothing, on a pass from the British (she was to report to Governor Livingston), and Lieut. Joseph Wheaton, of the First Rhode Island Regiment, had returned from seeing his parents in New York.]
The General is pleased with your Attention and Vigilence. Genl Hazens Permit is without the Mode prescribed in the Genl Instructions at your Post, and inadmissible on its own ground.
You will please to pass Mr Taylor57 agreably to his Passport from Genl Hazen, and suffer the packet of Letters to go in with him. The Horses are not to be admitted to pass into N York. I am &c58
[Note 57: John Taylor, Commissary of Clothing, British Army.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of and is signed: "J[onathan] T[rumbu]ll."
On September 3 Washington wrote to Mrs. Anne De Visme, of Paramus, N.J., who had requested permission for her daughter and herself to meet her son on the flagboat at Dobbs Ferry, that he could not comply with her request "without the concurrence of His Excellency Governor Livingston." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, September 3, 1782.
Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 28 August, which was delivered me by Lt Bull together with Mr. Corne and three other prisoners who came out in a flag to your Post contrary to the regulations in that respect.
As it appears that Mr. Come was ignorant that flags were confined to Dobbs ferry and as he has otherwise a very good character I have thought proper to permit him to return with the other Prisoners and the sloop which you will please to order to be delivered to him.59
[Note 59: Washington wrote briefly to Knox (September 3) respecting Corne: "you will please to send them [Come and the other prisoners] with a Serjeant and the enclosed Letter to Colonel Canfield who commands at Stamford." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
I must at the same time express to you my thanks for your Conduct in this affair and am, etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, September 3, 1782.
Sir: At the Desire of the Secretary of War, I transmit to your Excellency a further List of the Citizens of So Carolina, who wish to be returned to their Homes in Flag Vessels to be furnished by you.
Your Excellency will recollect that in the List inclosed to you in my Letter of the 4th of July, there was mention made of a further Number, who would be desirous of being provided for, in the same manner in the fall. I have the Honour etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 3, 1782.
Sir: I am just favored with your Letter of yesterday mentioning a certain Person62 you propose to be employing in communicating intelligence from N York; though I cannot say I rely
[Note 62: This person, whose name is not given in Tallmadge's letter of September 2, is there described as "formerly an Officer in one of the Refugee Corps, and who is exceedingly intimate at Head Qrs."] perfectly on any of the Class to which this person belongs, yet as you appear to be acquainted with him and his circumstances, I shall submit the arrangement of the matter entirely to your discretion; Only remarking, that as we appear to be on the eve of some great Event, it is important that I should be furnished with as early and important information as can be possibly obtained. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Verplanks Point, September 3, 1782.
Sir: I had the pleasure to receive your Excellency's Letter of the 23d ulto. at this place, where the American Army took their Encampment on the 31st.
I am perfectly satisfied with the Route your Excellency has resolved to take in marchg your Army to the North River; and wish you to pursue it in the mode that is is most agreeable to yourself.
I am glad to find you mention nothing of your Fever and Ague; I hope the Disorder has ceased its Attack upon you; [a Detachmt. of 1500 or 2000 Troops Sailed from New York, said to be for Hallifax, on] Saturday [last. I have communicated the information to the Marqs. De Vaudreuil.] With great Respect etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, September 3, 1782, 2 OClock P.M.
Sir: The followg Information, is this Moment come to my Hand, from the best Authority Vizt "On Friday Evening the 30th. The Warwick of 50 Guns, with 5 large Transport Ships, with 1500, or 2000, Troops on Board sailed from N York Harbour bound for Hallifax; And at ten oClock the next Day, 6 Ships supposed to be the same were seen from Middle town, near Sandy Hook standg to the Eastward with the Wind at West."
I make no Delay to transmit this Intelligence, that your Excellency may judge if it is possible for you to intercept these Ships on their passage.
At the Time of the above, no Information was received of the Arrival of any British fleet from the West Indies. I am &c.65
[Note 65: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplank's point, September 3, 1782.
Parole Westmoreland. Countersigns Bergan, Tappan.
[Note 66: Maj. Joseph(?) Walker, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
For the greater security of the present encampmt. the Commander in chief directs that in addition to the picquets Posted at the two bridges, one of equal strength be posted on the Isthmus between the heads of the two Creeks and a chain of sentinels form'd from the beach on Haverstraw bay passing in Front of Head Quarters near the Marsh as far as the ground is open, thence along the heights on the Margin of the cleared land untill the Line strikes the road leading to Lents bridge; thence through a small orchard and road in the wood to a Landing on the North river. When the number of men necessary to form and keep up the Chain of Centinels round the Camp is ascertained they are to be formed into picquets properly officered and posted at convenient distances.
The second Newyork regiment will give the picquets for the bridge on the right and the Isthmus tomorrow; it will also furnish the Quarter Master Generals guard; the guard for the Quarter master generals stores and half the picquets necessary to form the Chain round the Camp. The eight Massachusetts regiment will give the Picquets at the bridge on the left the guard for the forage yard, half the picquets for the Chain, and a serjeant, corporal and twelve fatigue for the enspector. The whole of these regiments except the fatigue which may march from the regimental parade will form on the grand parade immediately after troop beating: from the grand parade, having first detached the established guards and picquets, they will march, the second Newyork regiment to the place where the Chain begins on the right and the eight Massachusetts to where it strikes the north river on the left. Colonel Greaton and Lieutenant Colonel Van Dyck who yesterday rconitred the ground are requested to conduct them till they meet in the center, posting sentinels at proper distances as they goe on; having ascertained the number of men necessary to complete the chain; the officers of the day with the Adjutant genl. will draw a picquet or picquets in proportion from each regiment sufficient to keep up the chain and post them as already directed, after which the remainder if any there be may return to camp.
Returns of all horses public and private with the army to be made to the Quartermaster general tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock. No forage will be issued for any horses not mentioned in these returns.
The Inspection and Muster of the Army for the month of August to take place on the following days. Jersey Line the 6th. instant; York do. 7th.; 1st. Connectt. Brig. 8th.; 2d. Connectt. do. 9th.; 1st. Massa. do. 10; 2d. do. 11th.; 3d do. 12th. The regimental mental Quartermasters to call at the inspectors Marque (upon the right of the army) for the necessary rolls.
[Note 67: Loyalist merchant.]
Head Quarters, September 3, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Application dated N York 24th Augst.68
[Note 68: Hoakesly had requested permission to return to Yorktown, Va.]
From a Consideration that you was allowed your own Time at York Town, for settling your Affairs, and that your former Character and Conduct have afforded no Encouragement for Indulgences of the Nature you mention, I must inform you that your Request cannot be granted. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Wednesday, September 4, 1782.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Orange, Ulster.
At a general courtmartial held at Westpoint whereof Colonel Michael Jackson is president the following prisoners were tried:
Dennis Clemeshaw, a soldier, charged with Desertion from the regiment late Colonel Lee's, also Job Repley of the 3d Massachusetts regiment, Jason Makepeace of the 5th. Massachusetts regiment; Thomas Grant, and James Johnson, recruits for the Massachusetts Line: severally charged with "Desertion" were found guilty and sentenced each to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
Caleb Fetch, soldier of the 2d. Connecticut regiment, charged with desertion found guilty and sentenced to receive Twenty-five lashes each morning for four mornings successively amounting to one hundred lashes on his naked back.
Job Smith of Colonel Lee's Legion for "Desertion and joining the enemy" found guilty of Desertion but acquitted of joining the enemy sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
Timothy Becket of the 5th. Connecticut regt. charged with "deserting and attempting to go to the enemy." The Court on consideration arc of opinion he is guilty of the charge yet considering his youth and former good behavior they only sentence him to receive twenty five lashes each morning four mornings successively amounting in the whole to one hundred lashes on his naked back.
Hugh Jones of the 3d. regiment of artillery, charged with deserting to the enemy in December 1779. The court are of opinion the charge is not supported and do acquit him.
The Commander in chief approves the opinions of the Court martial and orders that the prisoners belonging to the regiments now on this ground be sent for, and brought to their respective regiments, and their sentences executed at such time as their respective commanding officers shall direct.
Hugh Jones to be released from confinement and return to duty in his regiment.
The Commander in chief upon visiting the different landing places yesterday was sorry to see the General orders of the 31st. ultimo respecting mooring the boats totally neglected by the Jersey, York, and 1st. Connecticut brigades, and but partially attended to by all the remainder except the first Massachusetts; the Jersey and New York brigades having but just received their boats were somewhat excusable; he is pleased to direct that the following mode of mooring be hereafter observed: each boat by both head and stern, to a strong well driven stake, at such distance from the shore that they cannot ground at low water. This will prevent them from falling foul of each other in rough weather. The Quartermaster General will furnish rope for the purpose; till it can be obtained, Grape vine or hickery withs may be used. The General expects an immediate and punctual compliance with this order and assures the Brigade Quarter Masters that if he again finds it neglected he shall call upon them in a more disagreable manner.
The Boats are not to be taken from the landing places but upon the most emergent and necessary occasions.
Untill further orders the Camp guards may be discontinued and in their room such small guards established as the officers commanding brigades and Divisions find necessary for the security of their boats, furnishing Sentries for their Colours, Commanding officers of corps &ca.
As there is such a scarcity of water in the camp all persons are forbidden to wash or cook at the springs in front of the line. These may be done with equal if not greater convenience in the river.
A Noncommissioned officer and eight Dragoons from Captn. Vanheers Corps will mount every day with the guards untill further orders, for the purpose of scouring the environs of the camp, the Noncommissioned officer commanding the party will receive particular instructions from the Adjutant general.
As the Commander in cheif proposes reviewing the Line on Saturday next, the relief for Dobbs ferry and the fatigue at Westpoint will not march untill Sunday.
For duty tomorrow: 5th. Connecticut and 5th. Massachusetts regiments.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 4, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform your Excellency that the whole Army, the Garrisons of West Point and its dependencies, and two Regiments to the Northward excepted, assembled at this place on the 31st ulto. I have appointed Majr. General Lord Stirling to the Command of the Continental and State Troops at the Northward, and Majr. Genl. Knox to that of West Point, at which place most part of the Corps of Artillery are left for the present. The principle part of the Troops from the Highlands were brought down by Water; this I did, not only to save land transportation, but to try in what time a large number of Men could embark, debark, and move a given distance by Water.
I have chosen this position on account of its convenience for Wood cutting, a very great quantity of which will be wanted for the Winter firing of the Garrison of West Point, and to avoid the expence of keeping a number of Horses in the Field, our supplies being principally brought to this Camp by Water.
I have received intelligence, which may be depended upon, that five Transports, supposed to have on board about 1500 foreign Troops, sailed from New York on saturday last, under convoy of the Warwick of 50 Guns; it is said they are bound to Halifax. I have the honor etc.70
[Note 70: In the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, September 4, 1782.
Dr Sir: Yesterday Colo Olney transmitted to me from Dobb's Ferry, a passport given from Gen Hazen, admitting Mr. Taylor, a British Commissary of Cloathg to pass from Lancaster into N York and with his Servants anti Horses, mentiong ill his passport that Liberty had been given by the Secty at War for this purpose.
My Genl Instructions at that post mentiong that no passports arc sufficient, but such as are signed by the President of Congress, Secty at War, or Govrs or Executives of the several States, admission could not be given without sendg to Head Quarters.
I take the Liberty to mention this Circumstance to you, and beg when Permission is given to any prisoners of War to go into N York, that their passports may be signed by yourself, and the going in of Horses may be particularly attended to by you, and permitted but in very extraordinary Cases. I am &c.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 4, 1782.
Dear Sir: Previous to the meeting of our Commissioners, who will be Majors General Heath and Knox, I am under the necessity of applying to you to provide the means of their support while they are upon the Commission. I shall propose Orange town as the place of meeting. I should suppose five hundred Dollars, and that in specie (as they will be in a part of the Country where Paper will not be negotiable) will be as little as can be calculated upon, as they can derive no assistance from public Stores. The time of meeting will be in ten days from hence at farthest; I shall therefore be much obliged to you for furnishing the above sum before that period, indeed it will be indispensable, as our Gentlemen cannot possibly proceed without it. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I forward a packet by Mr. Wells72 which I reced. from Mr. Lovell,73 The sum of Money brought out by Mr. Wells is so short of your expectation, and that in Gold, that I have thought it most advisable to send it forward by him74 It would not answer the payments you directed and I did not look upon myself at liberty to average them.75
[Note 72: Richard Wells.]
[Note 73: James Lovell.]
[Note 74: On September 5 Washington wrote Wells a brief acknowledgment of the receipt of the packet. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman]
Head Quarters, September 4, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am under the necessity of inclosing you the Copy of a letter I have this day received from Mr. Walter Livingston, with that of one from him to Mr. Richardson Sands. From these you will perceive to how precarious a situation we are reduced in regard to the Article of Flour. The Quantity for which Mr. Livingston calls upon Mr. Richardson Sands is so very trifling, that it is scarcely worth attention, and I clearly foresee, that if some of the Gentlemen concerned in the Contract besides the Mr. Sands's, do not interfere, the Army will shortly be out of Bread. In my opinion, except you are convinced that some of the Contractors besides the Sands's, will undertake to procure the Flour, you had best direct the purchase yourself.
The Contractors seem long since to have dropt the Idea of issuing Rum or any kind of Spirit, You will see by Mr. Livingston's letter that he had purchased 53 Tierces of French Rum, but that there were no other prospects. The Army are now going upon a very heavy fatigue; that of cutting six thousand Cords of Wood for the Winters firing of West point. The soldiers already complain of the stoppage of their Rum when only upon common duties. With how much more reason will they do it, when it will become really essential to carry them thro the hard service upon which they will be put.
It gives me pain to be so often under the necessity of applying to you upon matters with which in reallity you ought never to be troubled; but as I can scarcely ever lay my Eyes upon any of the acting Contractors, I am obliged to make our distresses known in time, that you, having the staff in your hands, may apply the remedy and make the stoppages accordingly. I would beg your attention to the Article of Rum as well as Flour, Vinegar, an almost equally essential Article, is hardly ever issued, or if it be, it is of so vile a quality, that it is not much better than sour Water. In short, I must say, that Mr. Sands's whole conduct too plainly indicates an intention to make every thing to himself at the expence of the Army and the public. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 4, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 21st ulto. accompanied with sundry papers, tendg shew the Impositions which are attempted on Musterg Officers; that such Deceptions would be practiced I have ever been aware, and have viewed it as an argument which should induce the Officers to the greater Vigilance and Attention.
Such Impositions as are attempted by subjects, apparently fit for Service, and pushed by every Art of Deception which can be invented, may in some Instances succeed. But where an Officer passes a Man, who is visibly unable to discharge the Duties of a Soldier, his Want of Attention, and Obedience to Orders, to say nothing more of it, is certainly unpardonable. I am &c.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull. jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 4, 1782.
Sir: The Commander in Chief commands me particularly at this time to repeat to you the directions formerly given, that the utmost precaution and vigilance should be used to prevent surprize, and to announce instantaneously to him any sudden Movement of the Army.78 For this purpose you will give the most pointed Orders to the person commanding your Guard Boats on duty, and will inform Col Olney or the Officer Commanding at Dobbs' Ferry of any Movement, that the concerted Signals may be made accordingly, at the same instant you must dispatch a Boat with the intelligence to Head Quarters. The General has particular reasons for giving these Orders at this Moment. I am etc.79
[Note 78: An error in copying from the draft, which has, correctly, "Enemy."]
[Note 79: In the writing of and signed: "D Humphreys Aid de Camp." Both draft and the letter sent are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 4, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform you that Signals were yesterday made at New York for the appearance of more than ten ships of the Line off the Coast. I expect every moment to hear from the look out which I have established upon the Coast of New Jersey, by which I shall be able to ascertain the size of the Fleet; I will then instantly communicate the intelligence to you. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 4, 1782.
Sir: Miss Delancy has this Day made pressing Application to me to get into N York. I have informed her that no admission from me can be granted to any Persons in civil Capacity without the Approbation and consent of the Executive of the State to which they belong.
Miss Delancy is therefore referred to your Excellency; if your permission is given her my Duty will be merely Official. I am &c.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Qrs. Verplanks Point, September 4, 1782.
Madam: A mind susceptible of disappointments, and pained by suspense, can readily enter into the feelings of others, under similar circumstances. Be assured then, that your Letters shall suffer no delay, no disappointment in my hands. Nor will I keep you one moment in suspense, with respect to the receipt, or delivery of them.
Actuated by these motives, I have the honor to inform you, that the last Post brought me your favor of the 20th. ulto., and that the packet for Mr. White82 has passed my lines, for New York.
[Note 82: Henry(?) White, of New York.]
I pray you to be assured, that nothing which can contribute to the happiness of Mrs. Lloyd, will be deemed a trouble, by her Most hble. and Obedient servant.
PS. Be so good as to present me to Mr. Lloyd and let him know that his Letters to Major Murray,83 and Mr. Watson went in, some days ago.84
[Note 83: Major Daniel(?) Murray, of the King's American Dragoons.]
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, September 5, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform your Excellency, that since my Letter of yesterday, I have received intelligence, that seven British Ships of the Line and three Frigates arrived off the Hook, on the 3d instant. It is said they are part of 14 Sail under the Command of Admiral Hood. It should seem by a York Paper of the 4th, which I have transmitted to the Marquis de Vaudruiel, that Admiral Pigot with the remainder of the Fleet, that sailed from the West Indies, had parted with Admiral Hood, and was not expected immediately upon the Coast. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I have received your Excellencys of the 1st. instant.85
[Note 85: In the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 5, 1782.
Sir: I enclose you Extracts of Observations made by the Clerks of Accounts &c. on the Accounts of the Contractors respecting Issues. You will be pleased to state the matter properly so far as it relates to your Agency in the Departmt.86 for the
[Note 86: The Department of the Clothier General.] satisfaction of those concerned and in order to shew that no more provisions have been drawn than were necessary for the intended purposes. I am etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On September 5 Washington wrote, also, practically this same letter to Pickering, stating that the Observation had been transmitted by the Secretary at War, and requesting Pickering "to consider them and give me your Sentiments." This draft is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (September 5) Washington also wrote to Dr. James Craik, sending these same Extracts from Observations. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, September 5, 1782.
Dear Sir: The Arms of the Army are daily getting out of repair without any possibility of remedying it there are no travelling Forges here and if there were I am informed they could not be set at Work for want of some Articles which are absolutely necessary such as Borax, salt &c. can any of the Armourers and necessary materials be spared from West Point to come here with some travelling Forges and repair the Arms whilst we keep this position? or what other method will it be best to adopt. I am &c.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S]
Head Quarters, September 5, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the Honor to transmit to your Excellency, the substance of Intelligence which I have lately sent to the Marquis de Vaudreuil.
Vizt. On the 3d Septemr I informed him that "On Friday Evening the 30th of Augst. the Warwick of 50 Guns, with 5 large Transport Ships, with 1500 or 2000 Troops on Board, sailed from N York Harbour, bound for Halifax; and at 10 oClock the next day, six Ships, supposed to be the same, were seen from the Highlands of Middletown near Sandy Hook, standg. to the Eastward, with the Wind at West."
On the 4th. I mentioned to him "That Signals were Yesterday made at New York for the appearance of more than 10 ships of the line off the Coast."
Since sendg off the foregoing I am furnished with a N York paper of the 4th. which gives the followg Intelligence, which I have extracted for your Excellency's Information; (the Paper being sent to the Marquis) Vizt.
Yesterdy arrived his Majesty's Frigate Champion of 24 Guns, Capt Thomas Wells, who proved the welcome Harbinger of a part of the British fleet from the West Indies, under the Command of the Right Hono Lord Hood.89 The whole fleet left Jamaica on the 26th of July, protecting the annual fleet of Merchant Ships (with a strong Convoy from that Island) for Great Britain, untill they had passed the Havanna. Off the Island of Cuba, some rich spanish Vessels were taken by the British, amounting it is asserted, to a very large Sum. The whole British fleet, consisting of twenty two sail of the Line, came altogether to this Coast: but His Excelly Hugh Pigot Esqr. Admiral of the Blue, and Commander in Chief, in the Formidable, with the rest of this large royal Squadron, is at present on a Cruise, and not immediately expected in port.
[Note 89: Rear Admiral Samuel Hood, of the British Navy.]
From Monmouth I am just informed under the 3d Septemr. That "this Day Seven Ships of the Line and three frigates arrived". The Informant further adds, "that the Capt of a privateer which had been chased a shore by the above Ships mentions that they were part of 14 Ships of the Line besides Frigates." I have the Honor etc.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.
On September 5 Washington also wrote to De Vaudreuil, sending him a copy of the letter from Gen David Forman, dated September 3, which is in the Washington Papers: "From that, and from the inclosed New York Paper, it would seem as if the whole of the British Fleet that sailed from the West Indies, were not intended to remain upon this Coast." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Thursday, September 5, 1782.
Parole Sussex. Countersigns Easton, Bethlehem.
[Note 91: Brig. Maj. Nathaniel Cushing, of the Massachusetts brigade. He served to the close of the war.]
For duty tomorrow 3d. Connecticut and 9th. Massachusetts regiments.
The Quartermaster General will establish such regulations as he thinks proper respecting sutlers and persons who sell Liquors to the army; taking the Licenses from such as do not conform to them, and surpressing all tipling houses in the neighbourhood of camp which by their irregularities shall prove detrimental to service. He will also point out one or more market places at which and no other Boats bringing Vegetables, and other useful articles to dispose of to the army, will be suffered to land and expose their Cargoes to sale.
The Forage master will point out pastures to which the draught and other horses not immediately employ'd may be sent to feed; the Artillery horses must always be brought back to camp in the evening.
The Picquets posted at the bridges and on the pass between the heads of the two creeks are to prevent horses or cattle straying out of camp.
Captain Vanheers corps of Cavalry, the Commander in chiefs guard the corps of Light infantry (except a small guard for the security of their Camp) and the several regiments now in camp will be review'd by the Commander in Chief on Saturday next, the whole to be drawn up as shall hereafter be directed, ready to receive the general precisely at seven o'clock in the morning, the Artillery annexed to brigades will form with them.
All the Colours presented by Major Gen. the Marquis de la Fayette to the Light infantry are to be emmediately lodged at the Orderly office.
Captain Reily92 of the Invalid regiment tried the 30th. ulto. by the General Courtmartial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president, is acquitted and released from his arrest.
[Note 92: Capt. John Reiley, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment He had been wounded at Bonhampton, N.J., in April, 1777; transferred to the Invalid Regiment in August, 1780; served to June, 1783.]
The Invalid regiment will furnish a Captn. to sit as member of the General courtmartial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president, vice Captn. Story93 of the 8th. Massachusetts regiment indisposed.
[Note 93: Capt. William Story. He served to January, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Friday, September 6, 1782.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Wilmington, Chester.
[Note 95: Brig. Maj. Abraham Williams.]
For duty to morrow 2d. Connecticut and 6th. Massachusetts regiments
The regimental Surgeons to send the returns of the sick every saturday to the flying hospital where on application they will receive a proportion of bandages and degestive ointment.
The Commandery officers of Divisions and Wings are desired to meet the Inspector and Adjutant general at 4 o'clock this afternoon on the grand parade.
The Brigade Majors are expected to dine at Headquarters the day they are relieved from duty.
Head Quarters, September 6, 1782.
Sir: So much time hath elapsed since I saw you at Albany, that I should suppose you have, 'ere this, made yourself acquainted with the determination of Congress respecting your sollicited promotion. Whether you have or not, I can no longer look upon myself at liberty to suffer you to remain from your Regiment, under your former plea, and am therefore obliged to call upon you to join without delay. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 7, 1782.
Dear Sir: I, a few days ago, recd. your favor of the 28th. of Augt. from Pompton. You certainly cannot be deemed reprehensible for making use of this time of leisure to pay a visit to your family and friends after so long an absence.
When I mentioned you to the Commander of the comb'reed Forces in the West Indies, in the terms to which you allude, I confess I did not imagine you had any intention of returning to my Family again. I am persuaded you will attribute the expression to the real motive, that of wishing to recommend you in the strongest manner to a Gentleman intirely a stranged to me, by acquainting him that you had served in a character of the first importance and confidence.
You know too well the difficulties attending the appointment of an Officer to a command, who is not of the Line, to wish to interrupt the harmony of the Army by accepting such an appointment; indeed the Light Corps which could afford the only opening, is compleated. There is but one thing at present in my nomination which would be worth your acceptance: it is that of Commy. of Prisoners; but perhaps you may not think it so, when you see, by the inclosed extract from the new arrangement of the department, that you are not to be allowed a Deputy or even Clerk to assist you. The Official Business will be weighty and will require constant attention and the utmost accuracy. If, however, you will undertake it upon its present terms, I shall with pleasure confer it upon you. I shall be glad of your answer without loss of time.
If you accept, I think it will be well for you to attend a meeting of Commissioners which is to commence at Tappan the 18th. of this Month. You would there probably gain an insight into the Business of the Office which would be extremely useful to you in future. I am &c.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplank's Point, Saturday, September 7, 1782.
Parole Heath. Countersigns Howe, Steuben.
For duty tomorrow 4th. Connecticut and 1st. Massachusetts regiments.
The appearance of the army to day afforded the Commander in chief the most sensible pleasure. He cannot too often repeat his thanks to the officers of all ranks for their unremitted care and attention to their respective duties.
Untill further orders there shall be a brigade Quartermaster of the day whose duty shall be to see that the duties enjoyned the regimental Quartermaster by the 18th. Chapter of the regulations for the order and Decipline of the troops are duly attended to, and that all dead carcasses and every other nuisance in the environs of camp be removed. He must see that good communications be opened between the guards and picquets of the Camp and have a general superintendence of all fatigues ordered for general purposes in or near camp, he may call on the Adjutant General for such fatigue parties as he finds necessary and draw tools from the Quarter master general occasionally but he must before he is relieved return the tools at the place they were drawn from or deliver them to the Quarter master who relieves him taking his receipt which is to be lodged at the Quartermaster generals office. The Quartermaster of the day will attend the grand parade every morning and report to the General officer of the day. He is requested to dine with the general the day he is relieved from duty.
The first Jersey regiment will tomorrow relieve the 3d. Massachusetts regiment on fatigue at West point; it will also relieve the small fatigues from the 2d. Connecticut regiment employed at the New hospital if their continuance be necessary. This tour is for seven days exclusive of the day the regiment marches.
This days review having prevented the Inspection of the New York brigade, it will be enspected tomorrow and the other brigades in succession a day later than directed by the order of the 3d instant.
A fatigue for cutting wood for the Garrison of Westpoint is to commence on monday. The Quarter master Genl. will apportion the quantity demanded and distribute the axes on hand to the several brigades according to their strength. Commanding officers of brigades are requested to have the wood cut, transported to the river and loaded on board of vessels, or boats, if sufficient can be procured or otherwise corded at the landing places in the shortest possible time. The waggon master general will furnish teams for hailing the wood. The Quarter master general will be pleased to make the Quarter masters of brigades responsible for the return of the axes delivered to them, he will also have an officer of his department to see the wood measured before it is put on board the water craft, whose certificates that the full quantity assigned has been procured shall excuse any brigade from further fatigue.
Lieutenant Osgood Carleton98 of the Invalid regiment is appointed Quartermaster to the same vice Lieutenant Honeyman99 who resigns that office.
[Note 98: Lieut. Osgood Carlton (Carleton), of the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to Invalid Regiment in December, 1778, and served to April, 1783, as regimental quartermaster.]
[Note 99: Lieut. William Honeyman, of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Iron Hill, Del., in September, 1777, and was transferred to the Invalid Regiment in July, 1778. Heitman dates his resignation as July, 1781.]
AFTER ORDERS
A detachment from the 1st. New York regiment will relieve that from the Rhode island regiment stationed at Stoney point, tomorrow after the inspection, to remain on that duty seven days.
Head Quarters, September 8, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to reply to your Excellency's Letter of the 23d of Augst. and to inform you, that Majors Genls Heath and Knox are nominated by me, to meet Lieut Genl Campbell1 and Mr Elliot,2 as Commissioners for the purpose of settling a general Cartel for an Exchange of prisoners.
[Note 1: Maj. Gen. John Campbell. He was a lieutenant general in the British Army in America.]
[Note 2: Andrew Elliot, royal chief justice and lieutenant governor of New York.]
I propose Sir, that the Meetg be held at Tappan, as an intermediate and convenient place, and that it commence on the 18th Day of this Month, at which time my Commissioners will attend, and will be accompanied by the Commissary of prisoners.
Your Excellency's Favor of the 29th, inclosing a Copy of Governor Livingstons Letter to you of the 10th, came in due time to my Hands. I am at a loss to discover for what purpose it was communicated to me; especially as I have more than once observed to you, that, in matters of civil resort, I have ever avoided any, the least, Interference; and have transmitted to you the Approbation of the Sovereign power of these United States for my so doing; And of this Nature appears to be the Case of Ezekiel Tilton, who is the Subject of your Correspondence with the Governor. I cannot help remarking, that your Excellency has several Times lately, taken occasion to mention that "all hostilities stand suspended on your part." I must confess, that, to me, this Expression wants explanation. I can have no Conception of a suspension of Hostilities, but that which arises from a mutual Agreement of the powers at War; and which extends to naval as well as land Operations. That your Excellency has tho't proper, on your part, to make a partial suspension, may be admitted; but whether this has been owing to political or other motives, is not for me to decide. It is however a well known fact, that, at the same Time, the British Cruizers, on our Coasts, have been more than usually alert, and while Americans are admitted to understand their real Interests, it will be difficult for them, when a Suspension of hostilities is spoken of, to seperate the Idea of its extendg to Sea, as well as land.
I cannot ascribe the Inroads of the Savages upon our North Western Frontier, to the Causes from whence your Excellency supposes them to originate; neither can I allow that they are committed without the directions from the Commander in Chief in Canada; for by prisoners and Deserters, it is apparent that those ravaging parties are composed of white Troops under the Command of Officers regularly commissioned, as well as Savages; and it would be a Solecism to suppose, that such parties could be out, without the knowledge of their Commander in Chief I have the Honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
Carleton's letter of August 29, in the Washington Papers, respecting Governor Livingston's letter, also said: "If these Indians come not solely to revenge the cruelties ties practised on their Brethren, their motives are to me wholly unknown. To my knowledge, they cannot have directions from the Commander in Chief on that side; and these proceedings not only have my disapprobation, but I shall very willingly assist in restoring tranquility on that frontier also." This letter was sent to Congress by Washington on September 30.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Sunday, September 8, 1782.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Dumfries, Colechester.
[Note 4: Capt. Richard(?) Cox.]
For duty tomorrow 2d Jersey and 7th. Massachusetts regiments
The present mode of encampment, tho' extremely ornamental and convenient, may, without the utmost care subject us to the loss of our tents by fire. The Boughs of which the Colonade is composed being so very dry, that a spark of fire or a candle falling among them would not fail to set them instantly in a blaze. The Commander in chief therefore recomends the gratest circumspection to the officers in their Masques and tents, and directs the officers of police to see that the soldiers do not make use of fire or Candles carelessly in theirs.
As there is many orders for checking irregularities with which the women, as followers of the army, ought to be acquainted, The serjeants of the companies to which any women belong, are to communicate all orders of that nature to them, and are to be responsible for neglecting so to do.
That out posts and guards may be reduced as much as possible, and the expences and abuses attendant upon them reformed, the Commander in chief orders that the public stores of every kind in this state shall be collected and deposited at Westpoint and Newburg, except such as may be indispensably necessary at Albany for the support of the Northren military posts. If circumstances require the continuance of magazines at any other places than those above mentioned, the Departments concerned are to report, with their reasons at large to the Commander in Chief.
A court of enquiry of which Colonel Tupper was president, sat at Westpoint by a Garrison order of the 4th. instant to enquire into the sufficiency of the reasons alledged by Lieutenant Barber5 of the Massachusetts regiment of Artillery for overstaying the term of his furlough, and have reported that he produced a certificate shewing that he was detained by sickness which in their opinion exculpates him.
[Note 5: Lieut. Isaac R. Barber, of the Third Continental Artillery. He resigned in October, 1782.]
The Commander in chief accepts and approves the opinion of the Court.
Head Quarters, September 8, 1782.
Sir: The inclosed News-Papers,6 containg very important Intelligence, came to my Hands this morning. I do my self the Honor to transmit them by Express, for the Observation of Congress. I am &c.7
[Note 6: The newspapers are noted as a New York paper of September 7 and a "Boston Paper." By an extract from the New York paper, sent to De Vaudreuil, in a brief note, September 8, "it appears that Admiral Pigot arrived at Sandy Hook on Tuesday last with 22 sail of the Line." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 7: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 9, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have your favor of the 7th. Altho there may be an impropriety in employing a compa of the German prisoners in the Garrison of West point as Armourers yet I think it may safely be done at Newburgh, where a Buildg may be appropriated for a Work Shop. It seems our only expedient, and I have a little Doubt, but if those people were promised their Liberty upon workg faithfully twelve Months, or some stipulated time, they would perform their agreement.
We cannot constitute a Court for the tryal of Sergeant Spinoza,8 as one third must be composed of Levy Officers. You had best therefore order him to his Corps. If his Captain can prove treasonable practices against him let him turn him over to the civil Authority.
[Note 8: Sergt. Peter Spinosa (Spinoza), of the New York levies.]
I inclose you a Copy of the new Arrangement of the Department of Commissy of Military Stores; will you be pleased to nominate the proper Officers, that I may confirm them, and set the System in motion.
Will it be possible to get the field pieces directed to be presented to the Count de Rochambeau, engraved with the proper inscriptions here, or must the Secretary at War endeavour to have it done in Philadela. Remember the pieces must be of those taken at York Town; I would wish, for particular reasons, that it might be done soon. With much Regard etc.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On September 9 Washington wrote to Brig. Gen. David Forman "to obtain any particular Account from N York since the Arrival of the last Packet from England, that may fall within your power." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Monday, September 9, 1782.
Parole Charlestown. Countersigns Georgetown, Savanna.
[Note 10: Lieut. Col. Ezra Newhall, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
For duty tomorrow 1st. New York and 4th. Massachusetts regiments
The General in visiting the landing places to day was perfectly satisfied with the manner in which the boats are now moored.
The regiments warned for duty are to have their Arms, accoutriments &c. inspected on the regimental parade before troop beating, so as to march immediately after, to the grand parade.
The Inspector General (or in his absence the inspector of the Northern army) the Adjutant general, Brigadier General Huntington, Colonel Greaton and Lieutenant Colonel Barber or any three of them are appointed a Board, to examine the pretentions of the noncommissioned officers and soldiers who are Candidates for the Badge of Merit. The Board will report their opinion to the Commander in chief.
All Certificates and recommendations will be lodged with the Adjutant General, who will occasionally summon the board to assemble.
The Commander in Chief recommends to the officers to pay particular attention to the carriage of their men either upon parade or marching, more especially in the latter as the time of passing the reviewing officer or the officer of the day, nothing contributes so much to the appearance of a soldier, or so plainly indicates discipline, as an erect carriage, firm step, and steady countenance.
At the particular interception of Colonel Putnam, the Commander in Chief is pleased to pardon Jason Makepeace soldier in the 5th. Massachusetts regiment now under sentence of Courtmartial and order him to join his regiment.
The Quartermaster general in compliance with the order of the 5th. instant has fixed on the ferry landing at Verplanks point, and the landing on the left of the line a little in the rear of the 1st. Massachusetts brigade for market places, at which alone, boats bringing vegitables and other useful articles may dispose of them to the army. Marketing brought by the Causway on the left of the camp is to be disposed of in front of the 2d. Massachusetts brigade, and that brought by the bridge, on the right, at the ferry landing.
The officer commanding the guard at the blockhouse on Verplanks point will be answerable that the orders of the 5th. instant, so far as they respect the regulation of the Markets be complied with at the ferry landing. The officer commanding the Picquets in front of the second Massachusetts brigade will do the same at the Market held near his post. A subaltern will be appointed purposely to attend to that held at the landing on the left, and the Noncommissioned officers commanding the contigious Boat and Commissarys guards are directed to give him the necessary assistance.
Head Quarters, Verplanks point, Tuesday, September 10, 1782.
MORNING ORDERS
Major Darby11 is appointed officer of the day this day vice Lieutenant Colonel Newhall indisposed.
[Note 11: Maj. Samuel Darby, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
Parole St. Albans. Countersigns, Bagshot, Carlile.
For duty tomorrow 2d. New York and 2d. Massachusetts regiments.
The Commander in Chief directs that when General or Field officers, Majors of Brigade, and Brigade Quartermasters obtain leave of absence they inform the Adjutant General of the time they are to leave camp and immediately on their return acquaint him of it. Field officers are to give like notice to their Major of Brigade, and company officers to the Adjutant of their regiments.
As serjeants and corporals are sufficiently distinguishable by the badges of their respective Grades, when the latter are under arms and not in rank and file they are to carry their arms as the serjeants do.
The Assistant Clothier General at Newburgh will continue to issue shoes to the regiments which have drawn the proportions allowed them by the public charging the same to their accounts. The general is persuaded the greatest oeconomy will be made use of in this article according to his former recommendations.
The Board appointed for the inspection of Invalids will meet on tuesday the 17th. instant at nine o'clock A.M. at Colonel Olneys Marquee.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 10, 1782.
Sir: I had last evening the honor of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 7th. from Princetown containing the agreeable intelligence of your approach.
I have immediately forwarded your letter to Monsr. de le Tombe by our Chain of Expresses.
I have constantly kept the Marquis de Vaudreuil advised of Admiral Pigots motions, from the first information of his arrival upon these Coasts to his arrival at the Hook.
I very impatiently await the time of welcoming your Excellency upon your again forming a junction with the American Army. I have the honor etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On September 10 Washington wrote to Mons. de La Tombe, forwarding a letter and thanking him for his care and zeal in transmitting letters. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, September 11, 1782.
Sir: I inclose to you Copy of a Letter from the Dy Judge Advocate.
If the Appointment of a Judge Advocate has not already been made, I wish it may be speedily attended to. Lt Edward's Duty, since the Resignation of Judge Lawrence, has been severe, and it may justly be deemed a Hardship for him to continue to discharge the Duty of the whole Departt, upon his present pay and Emoluments.
Your two letters of the 2d. and 3d. of Septemr with their inclosures, have been recd. and will be attended to. Genl Knox informs me that he thinks he shall find a person here, who will be able to put the engravg upon the two pieces to be presented to Count de Rochambeau. If he should find himself disappointed, you will be informed as soon as I am made acquainted with the circumstance. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 11, 1782.
Dear Sir: When applications, of a similar nature to the inclosed,14 are made to me, I am under the necessity of referring them to you. I know your distress on the score of public Money and can therefore only request that you will assist Col. Varick in whole or in part of his present demand as soon as circumstances will admit. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 14: The inclosure was a copy of Richard Varick's letter of September 3 to Washington requesting pay for his writers and himself. There was then a balance of $800 due from the first of March, and one of the writers had received no pay at all.]
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 11, 1782.
Dear Sir: I wrote on the 2d instant to Mr. R. Morris and requested that the accounts relative to the subsistence of Prisoners might be collected and forwarded. General Knox has since desired me to write to you for those particularly which were in the possession of yourself and him upon the former commission, and for the Calculations made by you at Boontown of the probable balance due America with any other Vouchers which may in any degree elucidate the subject. If these should not have been already sent forward in consequence of my letter of the 2d. be good enough to let it be done without loss of time, as the Commissioners are to meet on the 18th Inst. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 11, 1782.
Sir: I have recd your favor of the 8th. respecting the Boats Crew which came from Long Island to bring certain of our Prisoners to Norwalk. As this is the first instance of the kind I have heard of and may perhaps have been fallen upon inadvertently for humane purposes, you will be pleased therefore to let the People return and at the same time inform the Commandg Officer at Loyd's Neck,17 that you have reed the most positive Orders to prevent all kind of intercourse by flag, or otherwise, except thro' the Channel of Dobbs' Ferry, and that you shall rigidly carry them into execution, by confining and holding as Prisoners every Person or discription of Persons, you shall find attempting to deviate in future from the spirit of those Orders.
[Note 17: In Long Island.]
I have left open the Letter to the Executive Authority of Norwalk for your inspection; and am, Sir etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 19: The draft is addressed "To the Civil Authority and Selectmen of Norwalk," but the letter to Washington, dated September 9, is signed by Thaddeus Betts, Stephen St. John, 2d, and Eliphalet Lockwood, Justices of the Peace, and John Lockwood, James Richards, and Ozias Mervin, Selectmen.]
Head Quarters, Veplanks Point, September 11, 1782.
Gentlemen: I am favored with your Letter of the 9th Instant, and much applaud the spirit you have manifested to assist in cutting off all kind of intercourse with the Enemy except at Dobbs Ferry.
With respect to the Persons who lately came without a Flag from Loyd's Neck to Norwalk,20 I have to observe, that as this is the first instance that has come to my knowledge, I have not thought it absolutely necessary to detain them, but have advised Col Canfield to write in the most pointed terms to the Commandt of Loyds Neck, that in case any other instance of this kind shall happen or if any flag should in future be sent to that quarter under any pretext whatever, the Persons coming from the Enemy will be considered and held as Prisoners of War.
[Note 20: These were American seamen returned from confinement in one of the prison ships at New York, by a boat and crew of loyalists from Lloyd's Neck, which, by Washington's direction, was allowed to return.]
And with regard to Lieut Quintond21 and other Prisoners who came out on Parole, I must inform you, Gentlemen, that at the same time, I do not consider myself authorized to interfere immediately in Naval Exchanges,22 I cannot object to the exchange of the Persons in question thro' the usual and proper
[Note 21: Lieut. James Quintand (Quintond), commander of a Connecticut(?) armed boat.]
[Note 22: Lieutenant Quintand and his crew brought with them a letter from the British commandant at Lloyd's Neck, proposing certain men (American prisoners) for exchange.] channel. If the two Persons you mention23 are now in the Provost at West Point, they will soon be sent in with some other Prisoners to be accounted for.
[Note 23: Isaac Raymond and Thomas Selleck.]
As to the intercourse you speak of, between Civil or other Characters and the Enemy on Long Island, I think it essential to acquaint you explicitly, it is my fixed opinion, that No reasons of oeconomy or expediency can warrant the Measure; and that every judicious and practicable plan should be devised to prevent it.24 I am etc.25
[Note 24: This intercourse consisted of those British paroled prisoners who came over to Connecticut from Long Island to answer their paroles at intervals and who sometimes brought others with them, "Refugees from Long-Island and Gentlemen of Eminence come out of the State of Norwalk and Contract with some Boat to set them across the Sound, of this Rank are sundry now at Long-Island and by what Authority we cannot tell, our People also on Parole on Long-Island cross the Sound and for Excuse say they had no Money to Defray the Expences of a Journey by Dobbs Ferry." This letter, dated Sept. 9, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Wednesday, September 11, 1782.
Parole Dartmouth. Countersigns Eaton, Fairfield.
For duty tomorrow 1st Connecticut regiment and 5th. Connecticut for 8th. Massachusetts
Captain John Doughty26 of the 2d. regimt. of Artillery is appointed Fort Majer for the Garrison of West Point untill further orders and is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 26: Of the Second Continental Artillery. He served to the close of the war; was major of U. S. Artillery in August, 1784, and September, 1789; appointed lieutenant colonel of the Second U.S. Infantry in March, 1791, which he declined, and retired from the service.
On September 11 Washington wrote to the President of Congress inclosing "the Return of Recruits which have joined the Army up to the 31st of August last." This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The return, which accompanies it, shows a total of 1,958 recruits.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Thursday, September 12, 1782.
Parole Gosport. Countersigns Darnford, Illford.
The post for the Southward will set out every Thursday morning at 11 o'clock and return from thence every Sunday at one o'clock P.M.
The post for the Eastward and Northward will set out every wednesday morning at 11 o'clock, and return from thence every Thursday at Twelve.
Head Quarters, September 12, 1782.
Dear Sir: As soon as the french Army arrives, which will be on Saturday and Sunday next, I will contrive to know whether the field pieces or royal Howitzers, will be most acceptable to Count de Rochambeau, and will inform you. I think with you, that the Inscription had best be in Latin. If the Person belonging to the Artillery can do the engraving, I will send down the proposed Inscription (a copy of which I inclose) to Phila. and have it translated into elegant Latin.
Capt Doughty, is by general Orders, appointed fort Major of West point and its Dependencies. With much Regard etc.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On September 12, according to a newspaper clipping in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress, Washington wrote again to Knox on the death of his son: "I sincerely condole with Mrs. Knox on the loss you have sustained. In determining to submit patiently to the decrees of the Allwise disposer of Human events, you will find the only true, and substantial comfort under the greatest of calamities. In addition to this, the lenient hand of time will no doubt be necessary to soothe the keener feelings of a fond and tender Mother. My best respects are offered, and be assured that with much truth I am etc."]
[MS.H.S]
Verplanks point, September 12, 1782.
My dear Sir: I am pained to find by your letter of the 30th Ulto., that you cannot get rid of your fever. Try change of Air; come to the Camp, anything to remove a disorder which seems to pursue you with unabating obstinacy, and may, if suffered to run on you any longer, become too powerful for Medicine. The Army has at length taken the Field, and is Encamped at this place; waiting a junction with the French Corps; which will, I expect, take effect in the course of this Week.30
[Note 30: On September 13 Washington wrote a brief note of welcome to Comte de Rochambeau: "I send Colo Tilghman, one of my aides de camp, to meet and attend your Excellency to my Quarters." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Our prospect of Peace is vanishing. The death of the Marquis of Rockingham has given a shock to the New Administration, and disordered its whole System. Fox, Burke, Lord John Cavendish Lord Heppel (and I believe others) have left it; Earl Shelburne takes the lead as first Lord of the Treasury; to which Office he was appointed by the King, in the instant the vacancy happened by the death of Lord Rockingham. This Nobleman, Lord Shelburne I mean, declares that, the Sun of Great Britain will set, the moment American Independency is acknowledged, and that no Man has ever heard him give an assent to the measure. On the other hand, the Duke of Richmond asserts, that the Ministry, of which Lord Shelburne is one, came into Office pledged to each other, and upon the Express condition that America should be declared Independent, that he will watch him; and the moment he finds him departing therefrom, he will quit Administration, and give it every opposition in his power. That the King will push the War as long as the Nation will find Men or Money, admits not of a doubt in my mind. The whole tenor of his conduct, as well as his last Proroguing Speech on the 11th of July, plainly indicate it; and shews in a clear point of view the impolicy of relaxation on our parts. If we are wise, let us prepare for the worst; there is nothing which will so soon produce a speedy and honorable Peace as a State of preparation for War, and we must either do this, or lay our acct. for a patched up inglorious Peace, after all the Toil, Blood, and treasure we have spent. This has been my uniform opinion, a doctrine I have endeavoured, amidst the torrent of expectation of an approaching Peace, to inculcate; the event, I am sure, will justify me in it. With much truth I am etc.
[H.L.]
Head Quarters, September 13, 1782.
Dear Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose a Copy of Lt. Col. Huntingtons31 remarks upon the claim of Rank preferred against him by Lt. Colo. Gray. By which it will appear that Lt. Colo. Livingston's32 pay was stopped from the 10th of October 1778 and returned to the Pay Mr. General. It remains for me to account for the reason of Lt. Colo. Livingstons resignation being registered by me as having been accepted on the 10th. of October 1778.
[Note 31: Lieut. Col. Ebenezer Huntington.]
[Note 32: Lieut. Col. William Smith Livingston, of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.]
Lt. Colo. Livingston left his Regt. then in Rhode Island, sometime in Augst. 1778, and upon the 10th. of October following wrote to me, desiring liberty to resign. My answer to him was, that as soon as he produced Vouchers of having settled his public Accounts his resignation should be accepted. He remained with his family in Jersey, without taking any steps to make the necessary settlements, nor, from what I can recollect at this distance of time, did he seem inclined to do so. It was therefore determined at length to take his resignation and to date it from the 10th. of October 1778, the time at which he requested it, because he had never from that period returned to his duty, nor could any precise time but that be affixed for so doing. I cannot now ascertain the exact time at which this was signified to Lt. Colo. Livingston, but it appears from extracts of letters from him to then Major Huntington who commanded the Regiment (Colo. Webb being prisoner of War) that he was not anxious to have it known he had quitted the service. But as soon as Major Huntington was regularly informed that his resignation had been accepted as on the 10th. of October 1778, he directed him to be struck off the Rolls, and his pay to be stopped from that time and returned to the Pay M. Genl. which was done, as appears by Mr. Beers's33 Certificate. When the promotions in the Regt. then one of the 16, were made; Major Huntington succeeded to Livingston's vacancy, fixed at the 10th. of October 1778, and the other Officers accordingly.
[Note 33: Nathan Beers, paymaster of Webb's Additional Continental regiment.]
I would beg leave to remark, that there were at the time substantial reasons for affixing Livingstons resignation to the 10th. of October 1778, and if that period is now departed from, it will affect the Commissions of a number of Officers who date their Rank from thence.
It has been thought that a latin inscription upon the Pieces to be presented to Count de Rochambeau will be more proper, as being an universal language in Europe, than one in English. I must therefore request the favor of you to get the inclosed elegantly translated. It may be done by applying to one of the professors of the College of Philada. I believe a Man belonging to the Artillery can do the engraving. The pieces are with the park at West point. You will be good enough to return the inscription translated as soon as possible.34
[Note 34: No copy of this inscription is now found in the Washington Papers.]
In my letter of the 4th. instant, I requested, for the reasons therein given, that all Passports, for Officers going from the Prisoners of War into New York, might be signed by yourself. The necessity for this is every day more apparent. I have detained a Mr. Garden35 of the 23d Regt. who was proceeding upon the inclose passport given by Colo. Gibson and countersigned by Genl. Hazen, without even specifying that your consent had been obtained. If you think it proper that he should go into New York be pleased to signify it. If you do not, he shall return to Lancaster.
[Note 35: Alexander Garden, quartermaster of the Twenty-third Foot, British Army.]
I inclose you a Certificate of M. Barlow,36 Chaplain to the 3d Mass. Brigade. He wishes to be favored with your Warrant. With Regard etc.37
[Note 36: Joel Barlow. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Friday September 13, 1782.
Parole Kendall. Countersigns, Leeds, Malden.
For duty tomorrow 3d. Connecticut and 3d. Massachusetts regiments
At a General Courtmartial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president:
Lieutenant Boss,38 of the Invalid regiment charged with conducting himself in a manner unbecoming an officer and gentleman on the 29th. June last and since by being repeatedly drunk
[Note 38: Lieut. George Boss, formerly of the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment.] for two or three days at a time, reflecting on the American service and treating the officers with very insolent and abusive language, was tried September 3d. 1782.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that, that part of the charge against Lieutenant Boss "being repeatedly drunk for two or three days at a time" is not fully supported, yet they think he has been repeatedly drunk. They are of opinion that the other parts of the charge are supported and that he is guilty of conducting himself in a manner unbecoming an officer and gentleman in breach of article 21st. section 14 of the rules and articles of war, and sentence that he be discharged from the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the court.
By the same General court martial, Ensign Bloodgood,39 of the first New York regiment was tried for behaving in a scandalous and infamous manner in the latter end of January on the begining of February in taking money out of the Drawer in the Barroom room of the widow Charity Jacobus in a Clandestine manner and when publicly charged therewith, not to clear up his Character to the officers of the regiment when brought to an account for such conduct. The Court on Consideration are of opinion that Ensign Bloodgood did take some money from the widow Jacobus without her knowledge and consent and though they do not think he took it with an intention ultimately to defraud her of it yet they his conduct highly reprehensible and unbecoming the Character of an officer; On the other part of the charge the court are of opinion that Ensign Bloodgood took the measures that were in his power to clear up his Character to the officers.
[Note 39: Ensign William Bloodgood. He resigned in December, 1782.]
The Court sentence Ensign Bloodgood to be repremanded by the Commander in chief in General orders.
From a consideration of the circumstances the Commander in chief cannot but think Ensign Bloodgood is much indebted to the lenity of the court for the mildness of their sentence he hopes this will prove a warning against practices of the like nature in future which tho perhaps committed without a criminal intention have too much the appearance of it.
Ensign Bloodgood is released from his arrest.
By the same General courtmartial, Captn. McFarland40 of the Invalid regiment was tried for "Disobedience of orders in not joining his regiment 'till the 20th. of July last although he had the following order sent him for that purpose from Colonel Nicola.
[Note 40: Capt. Moses McFarland, formerly of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He had been wounded at Bunker Hill in June, 1775; transferred to the Invalid Regiment in March, 1779; served to close of the war.]
Fishkill, April 21st. 1782.
In consequence of his Excellencys the commander in chiefs order communicated to me by Maj. Genl. Lord Sterling I am to direct you to march all the Invalids under your command to this place, and expect you will commence your march in forty eight hours after the receipt of this.
Fishkill 19. June 1782.
As your disobedience a second time upon express order to march here will probably be much construed to your disadvantage and when enquired into which it certainly will when you arrive your reasons may not be thought valid, you must be mustered and returned absent without leave and that I may not be censured am under the disagreable necessity of ordering you to loin the regiment immediately.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that Captn. McFarland is not guilty of the charge against him and do acquit him.
The Commander in chief approves the opinion of the court.
Captn. McFarland is released from his arrest.
At the same Genl. courtmartial, Nathan Potter, a soldier of the 3d. Connecticut regiment was tried for "Desertion." The Court upon consideration are of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of a breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and do sentence him to receive fifty lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court and directs that Nathan Potter receive his punishment at the head of the regiment he belongs to at such time as the commanding officer of it shall direct.
The first Massachusetts regiment to releive the first New Jersey regiment now on fatigue at Westpoint on Sunday next the 15th. instant for seven days exclusive of the day it marches.
AFTER ORDERS
At half after seven o'clock tomorrow morning the several Brigades will parade in front of their respective encampments, wheel to the right by platoons, and (except the second Jersey regiment which is to stand fast) march to the right in open Columns untill they have their distances, when they will halt; Order firelocks, and wait for orders.
As the intention of drawing out the troops tomorrow is to complement his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau; The troops as he passes them will pay him the honors due the Commander in chief. On this occasion the tallest men are to be in the front rank.41
[Note 41: In the Historical Register for May, 1858, p. 132, is printed a brief note from Washington, undated, but written Sept. 14, 1782, to Lieut. Levi Holden, of the Commander in Chief's Guard: "Mr. Holden: Have the Guard clean and ready to receive Count de Rochambeau who is to be here to breakfast this morning" and also, another brief note, dated "Saturday", which was September 14, "The barge is to go over for the Count. One of the gentlemen of the family will go over with it. You will therefor know when he is coming." Copies of these notes are in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.
The Comte reached Washington's quarters on September 14. Rochambeau in his Memoires states that out of respect and gratitude for France the Comte was received through a double line of troops, equipped, armed, and clothed partly from supplies brought from France and partly from the British stores captured at Yorktown, which the French had generously given up to the Americans. General Washington had his drums beat the French march during the whole time of the review. Thatcher's Military Journal thus describes the occasion: "The whole army was paraded under arms this morning (September 14) in order to honor his Excellency Count Rochambeau on his arrival from the southward. The troops were all formed in two lines extending from the ferry where the Count crossed, to his quarters. A troop of horse met and received him at King's ferry, and conducted him through the line to General Washington's quarters, where sitting on his horse by the side of his Excellency, the whole army marched before him and paid the usual salute and honors. Our troops were now in complete uniform and exhibited every mark of soldiery discipline. Count Rochambeau was most highly gratified to perceive the very great improvement which our army had made in appearance since he last reviewed them, and expressed his astonishment at their rapid progress in military skill and discipline."]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Saturday, September 14, 1782.
Parole Kingston. Countersigns Lynn, Margate.
[Note 42: Maj. John Spurr. of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to January, 1783.] and Majr. B. Porter
For duty tomorrow 2d. Connecticut and 9th. Massachusetts regiments
The 2d. Newyork regiment will relieve the men of the first on duty at Stoney point and Kakiat tomorrow.
One hundred men from the several Brigades properly officerd to be at the Quartermaster generals office precisely at seven o'clock tomorrow morning for fatigue.
The general Courtmartial whereof Col. Micheal Jackson is president is disolved.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Sunday, September 15, 1782.
Parole Louis 16th. Countersigns Rochambeau, Chattelux.
[Note 43: Maj. Samuel Reading, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 44: Ensign Joseph(?) Morrill, of the First New York Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
For duty tomorrow 4th. Connecticut and 6th. Massachusetts regiments.
A Field officer, two captains, two subs, eight serjeants, one Drum one fife, and one hundred and twenty rank and file to be at the ferry on the right tomorrow morning by sunrise they are to man the boats and assist in crossing the French army. The first Newyork regiment for this duty to be relieved by the second Massachusetts regiment tomorrow at sunset.
Head Quarters, September 15, 1782.
Dear Sir: The Appeal contained in your Letter of the 11th instant, is equally unexpected and surprising.45
[Note 45: Reed's letter of September 11 is not now found in the Washington Papers. Several pamphlets, pro and con, were published at the time and were collected and republished by J. Munsell, Albany, 1868, under the title "A reprint of the Reed and Cadwallader pamphlets? Sparks has the following note to the above letter: "Reed had become engaged in an acrid political controversy with General Cadwallader, in which it was charged that in December, 1776, he had meditated going over to the British. He asked Washington for 'a few lines expressive of your sense of my conduct in the fall and winter of 1776,' and to give his sanction to using the letters Washington had written to him at that time."]
Not knowing the particular Charges which are alledged against you, it is impossible for me to make a specific Reply, I can therefore only say in general Terms, that the Employments you sustained in the Year 1776, and in that period of the Year, when we experienced our greatest Distress, are a proof that you was not suspected by me of Infidelity or Want of Integrity, for had the least Suspicion of the kind reached my mind, either from Observation or Report, I should most assuredly have marked you out as a fit Object of Resentment.
While on Our retreat thro' Jersey, I remember your being sent from Newark, to the Assembly of N. Jersey then sitting, to rouse and animate them to spirited Measures for our Support; And at the same time Genl Mifflin was sent to Pennsylvania for the same purpose. This Employ was certainly a Mark of my Confidence in you at that Time.
Your Conduct, so far as it came to my immediate notice during the short period we lay on the West [bank] of the Delaware, appeared sollicitous for the public Good; And your Conduct at Princetown evidenced a Spirit and Zeal, which to me appeared laudable and becomg a Man well affected to the cause we were engaged in.
It is rather a disagreeable circumstance, to have private and confidential Letters, hastily written as all mine of that Class are, upon a Supposition that they would remain between the parties only, produced as Evidence in a Matter of public Discussion; but conscious that my public and private Sentiments, are at all times alike; I shall not withhold the Letters, should you think them absolutely necessary to your Justification.
If I have in my possession any such Letter as you particularly allude to, it is not at present with me; being in the field, perfectly light, I have divested myself of all Papers public and private, but such, of late Date, as I tho't might have occasion, in my present Situation, to refer to; the others remain at a considerable Distance from me. I am &c.46
[Note 46: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The word in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inform your Excellency, that Wednesday next, the 18th. of this month, had been fixed upon for the meeting of Commissioners to settle a General Cartel and for other purposes: But I have been obliged to request Six Guy Carleton, that it may be postponed a Week longer, as I have not yet been favoured by your Excellency, with an answer to my letter of the 28th. of August, which is so essential, that untill I obtain it, I can neither make out powers or instructions to the Commissioners on the part of the United States.
Your Excellency can readily conceive, how disagreeable it will be, to be under the necessity of putting off the time of meeting beyond the period which I have now appointed. I therefore most earnestly request, that I may be furnished with the answer of Congress, so far previous to the 26th. of this Month, as will afford me time to make out the necessary powers and instructions. I have the honor etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding your letter of the 28th. of August, in which you mentioned that Congress had taken up the proceedings of the former Commissioner, and a most pressing letter of my own to the President of the 28th. of last Month, requesting to know whether Congress would confirm Lord Cornwallis's exchange for Mr. Laurens, and whether they would consent to Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby's proposition of exchanging seamen for Soldiers, I have not received a Syllable in answer. This has put me under the disagreeable necessity of requesting that the meeting which was to have been held at Tappan on Wednesday next, may be postponed to Wednesday the 26th. I have written by this opportunity to the President on the subject. But as you know the delicacy which must be used in urging a matter to that Body, I must request you to hint my embarrassed situation to such members as you may have influence with, and request them to push the matters before them forward. It will appear to Sir Guy Carleton and to the World trifling and ridiculous to postpone the meeting again, but this I shall be obliged to do, or send down our Commissioners in no wise prepared, if I do not hear from Congress.48
[Note 48: Before this letter was received Congress had, on September 16, agreed upon a commission authorizing Washington to negotiate an exchange of prisoners, and forwarded warded the same to the Commander in Chief. (See the Journals of the Continental Congress, Sept. 16, 1782.) This commission, the signed and sealed parchment original of which is in the Washington Papers, was inclosed in the letter from the Secretary at War to Washington, Sept 17, 1782, which is in the Washington Papers.]
Since my letters to you of the 1st. and 2d. instant I have received dispatches from General Greene of the 12th. of Augt. in which he informs me that conformable to my orders of the 18th. of March last, he shall, in case the Enemy evacuate Charlestown, put in motion toward the Northward, the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware Lines, the 1st. and 4th. Regs. of Cavalry and Lee's Legion under the command of Genl. Wayne, Remaining himself with the Virginian, North and South Carolinians and Georgians and 3d. Regiment of Dragoons. The Virginian Recruits will be ordered to remain in the State. The Force to be left to the southward will upon General Greenes lowest calculation, amount to 1500 Infantry, 150 Cavalry and 100 Artillery, all Continental, of these 800 were expected shortly from No. Carolina, but had not come in. And supposing the States of south Carolina and Georgia should be fortunate in filling their Battalions to several hundred more; for at the time of his writing south Carolina had only 60 or 80 Men engaged and Georgia about 150.
General Greene wishes to know whether this arrangement would be agreeable and as the matter has been, thro' you, submitted to Congress, I shall be glad to know whether any thing and what has been determined upon, and whether instructions have been forwarded to him. I am etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Dear Sir: Partly for want of answers to my letters to you of the 2d. and 4th. instants, requesting Money for the use of our Commissioners and the accounts for the maintenance of Prisoners, and partly for want of answers to some matters proposed by me to Congress, I have been under the necessity of deferring the meeting, which was appointed on the 18th., to the 26th. of this month.
It will be extremely disagreeable to me to be obliged again to defer the proposed meeting, I therefore most earnestly request, that so much of the business as depends upon you, may be forwarded warded to me between this and the 26th.; as much before as possible.
I take the Liberty to inclose to you a Copy of the Contractors Instructions to their Issuers in West point, and to quere, whether they are authorized by you, to take all their Receipts for their Issues, as delivered under the Contract for the moving Army? I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman and Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Dear Sir: In reply to your Letter of the 10th. instant, which I received yesterday by post, I send you inclosed, a Copy of my Letter to you of the 8th. of last Month, which went to Phila under Cover to the Secretary at War, who was desired to see it forwarded to you. By what misfortune it has failed, I cannot say; but rather suppose it must have been sent into the Country, while you have been absent from Town, and by that means has miscarried.
Your Command is waiting your Arrival, and I shall be glad to see you in the field as soon as possible. I am &c.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplank's Point, September 16, 1782.
Gentn: By my Letter of the 25th. ulto informing you that the Army was about to take the Field and pointing out its disposition; I imagined you would have understood that a proportion of Hospital Stores was as necessary as that of other Species of supplies and that a Magazine of them would have been established in the Vicinity of the Main Army, not only for the accommodation of the sick in the Field, but for that of Officers who may chuse to commute their Rations. I am informed that this is not the case, and that the nearest issuing Stores of Hospital supplies is at New Windsor. I am therefore, as I am authorized by the tenor of the Contract for the moving Army, to desire you to bring down a proper supply of those Articles to a place as near and convenient to the Main Army as possible. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Sir: Complaint having lately been made to me, by the Marquis de Vaudreuil commanding the Fleet of His Most Christian Majesty in the Harbor of Boston, that numbers of his seamen and soldiers have deserted, and that he has reason to believe many of them are engaged in the Continental service. These are to direct you, to make immediate enquiry among the Recruits which may be assembled at your place of rendezvous, and if you discover any, either soldiers or sailors, belonging to the service of France, you are to send them immediately under proper guard to Monsr. de la Tombe Consul of France at Boston. And you are in future on no account whatever, to pass any Foreigner, except he can produce full and satisfactory proof that he does not belong to the Army or Navy of France. I am &c.
P.S. Enclosed are Letters for the Officers at Springfield and Wells, similar to yours, which I request you to forward, previously addressing the one for Wells.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P.S. is in that of Hodijah Baylies. The same letter, minus the P.S., was sent to Capt. Seth Bannister at Springfield and to Capt. -- at Wells, Mass., now Maine.]
Verplanks point, September 16, 1782.
Dr. Sir: I should have answered your Letter of the 21st. ulto. before this, if a good oppertunity of forwarding the Balle. due you, had presented, as I intended that both the Letter and money should go together. By the statement in your letter, there appears to be £42.0 8 due you, which I now send by Colo. Steward. Arising from the old Ballance of £3, and £48.4 for the paint, lately sent; credited by £9.3.4 State Paper. If there is any mistake you can correct it; and I could wish you to examine your former Accts. and see whether some error may not have happened in the charge of freight. Mr. Lund Washington wrote me that he had paid it to Mr Hepburn (the Person who took charge of, and carried the Oil you were so obliging as to purchase for me in the Winter, and) who assured him that the transportation (by Land from Christiana to the head of Elk) and freight, had been paid by him, Hepburn. When your leizure suits be so good as to furnish me with the Acct. as it stands between us at present; permit me to thank you for the trouble I have given you in this business.
I heartily wish that the general prevailing ideas of Peace may not be injurious to us; the appearances, in my opinion, are very equivocal; but one thing we are sure of, and that is that being in a state of perfect preparation for war, is the only sure and infallible means of producing Peace.
How far the necessities of great Britain may compel her to grant unconditional Independence to this Country, I shall not take upon me to determine; but I have no doubt on my Mind of the Kings wishes to prosecute the War (in order to avert this measure) as long as the Nation will vote Men or Money to carry it on. My Compliments to Mrs. Mitchell. I am etc.
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to reply to two Letters of your Excellency, one of the 9th. and the other 13th. instant; the latter of which came to my Hands last Night.
The Circumstance of your Seamen inlistg into the Service of the United States, which is mentioned in your Letter of 9th. is contrary to Instructions already given to my Recruitg Officers. I by this Conveyance, renew my positive Orders to them to prevent in future any Mischiefs of that nature, if they have been practised, and have given them Orders to make the strictest Search for any Recruits which may have been inlisted from the french Navy or Army; and if any are found, to have them immediately returned.
I shall have the Honor to forward your packet to the Chevr de la Luzerne by an Express which leaves my Quarters this Day for Phila. The Count de Rochambeau, who arrived with his Army on Saturday, on the opposite Side of the River to me, will receive his Letter immediately.
No Intelligence of the Movements of the British fleet in N York, has reached me, since the Information I gave of the Arrival of Admiral Pigot with his Division. I have the Honor etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Sir: The present superiority of the British Fleet upon this Coast, naturally makes the Marquis de Vaudruiel apprehensive for the safety of that under his command in the Harbor of Boston. Should the enemy make an attempt upon him, a land force, superior to what he possesses, will be necessary for his defence, and for that he must depend upon the Militia in the neighbourhood of Boston. I am certain that to mention this circumstance, is all that is wanting, induce your Excellency to give orders, for the assemblage of such a number as may be deemed necessary upon the requisition of the Marquis de Vaudruiel. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On September 16 Washington wrote also to Comte de Rochambeau (who had requested that the above application he made to Hancock) that the application had been made. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 9th. instant solliciting my favor for a certain Mr George Joy with the Enemy.
Should I be so happy as to enter N York, so early as you mention is the Expectation of the people of Boston; which Event, to me, I must Confess does not appear so promising as they seem to imagine, It will not be for me to determine upon the Merits or Demerits of Individuals, who may think proper to remain in that City; this decision will be left to the civil power of the several States to which they may belong.56 I am &c.57
[Note 56: Lovell had written that New York was to be " speedily evacuated," and that Joy had befriended him when a prisoner in Halifax in 1776. Lovell's letter of September 9 is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Monday, September 16, 1782.
Parole Paris. Countersigns Brest, Nantz.
[Note 58: Maj. Joseph Allyn Wright, of the second Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 59: Maj. Robert Warner, of the First Connecticut Regiment.]
[Note 60: Capt. David Judson, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the First Connecticut Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
For duty tomorrow the Rhode Island and 7th. Massachusetts regiments
A Field officer, two captains, two subs, eight serjeants one drum one fife and one hundred and thirty rank and file from the 1st. Connecticut regiment to relieve the party on fatiugue at the ferry from the 2d. Massachusetts regiment at sunrise tomorrow morning; to be relieved by the like number from the 3d. Massachusetts regiment at Sunset tomorrow evening.
A General courtmartial whereof Col. Cortlandt is appointed president to assemble tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock at the Judge Advocate Marquis Lieutt. Colonel Johnson, Major Maxwell, one Captain from the Jersey, one Captain from the York, one Captain from each of the Connecticut and two Captains from each of the Massachusetts brigades are to attend as members.
All evidence and persons concerned are requested to attend.
An orderly serjeant from each Division to attend the court martial daily.
Untill further orders the Drummer and Filers of the different regiments will every day practise between the hours of ten and twelve.
Head Quarters, September 16, 1782.
Sir: Your Excellency's Letter of the 12th. came to my Hands Yesterday.
The Want of some very necessary papers, which were expected from Phila by Yesterdays Post, puts me under the necessity of proposing to your Excellency that the Meeting of the Commissioners may be postponed, untill Wednesday of next Week at which time, I hope, we cannot fail to be ready to proceed to Business. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Tuesday, September 17, 1782.
MORNING ORDERS
Five flatbottomed boats man'd with five men each, from each brigade except the Jersey which will furnish three boats man'd as above, to be sent immediately to Kingsferry and there wait for orders.
Parole Boston. Countersigns Newport, Providence.
For Duty tomorrow 1st. Jersey and 4th. Massachusetts regimts.
The 2d. Connecticut regiment to furnish the relief for the fatigue from the third Massachusetts regiment at the ferry, tomorrow morning at sunrise, to consist of a Field officer, two captains, 2 sub, 8 Serjeants, one drum one fife and one hundred and thirty rank and file, to be relieved by the like number from the 8th. Massachusetts regiment tomorrow evening at Sunset.
A serjeant, corporal and twelve men for fatigue tomorrow to parade at troop beating at the Quarter master generals where they will receive directions.
The same number of flatbottomed boats from each brigade man'd as directed by the morning orders of this day to be at the ferry on the West side of the river tomorrow morning at nine o'clock precisely.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolves.
By the United States in Congress assembled.
September 3, 1782.
Resolved, That all resolutions heretofore passed respecting the pay and emoulements of the field Commissary of military stores, his deputies, conductors, and clerks, be, and they hereby are repealed.
Resolved, That the pay and emoluments of the field commissary of military stores shall be fifty dollars per month, two rations per day, forage for two saddle horses, and one bat horse. He shall also be allowed six dollars and two thirds of a dollar per month for a servant, for whom he shall be entitled to draw one ration per day and the cloathing allowed to a private soldier.
That the pay and emoluments of a deputy field commissary of military stores for the southern army, shall be forty dollars per month, two rations per day, forage for two saddle horses and one bat horse. He shall also be allowed six dollars and two-thirds of a dollar per month for a servant, for whom he shall be entitled to draw one ration per day and the cloathing allowed to a private soldier.
Resolved, That the pay and emoluments of the deputy field commissary of military stores at West Point, shall be forty dollars per month and two rations per day.
That the pay and emoluments of the conductors or clerks shall be thirty dollars per month and one ration per day.
Resolved, That there shall be one field commissary of military stores and two conductors or clerks, for the main army in the field; one deputy field commissary of military stores and two conductors or clerks for West Point; one deputy field commissary of military stores and two conductors or clerks, for the southern army; and one conductor for the post at Fort Pitt, who shall be appointed by the commanding officer of the artillery, with the approbation of the Commander in Chief; excepting for the southern army, in which department the appointment shall be made by the commanding officer of artillery there, with the approbation of the commanding officer of that department.
The American officers of every grade will endeavor to make themselves acquainted with the persons of the general officers of the french army, in order that the honors due to their respective ranks may be paid to them. Sentinels must be extremely vigilent and attentive on their post and guards very alert in parading. The officers of the day will be pleased to see that all picquets and guards are properly posted and that sentries when they salute front in the same direction as their Guards; they will also see that the regulations in this Article are strictly attended to with respect to the officers of the French as well as the American Army. Report is to be made immediately to the Judge Advocate of all prisoners whose crimes are cognizable by a General Court Martial.
In consequence of the foregoing Resolve of the Congress Major General Knox having appointed Richard Frothingham, Field Comy. of Military stores for the Main Army; Asa Copeland, conductor; John Hoff, clerk; John Ruddock, Deputy Comy. at West Point; John Banks, conductor; William Herriot, clerk and Mathew Parvin, conductor at Fort Pitt.
The Commander in cheif is pleased to approve the above appointments.
Head Quarters, September 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 16th. Inst. Things being circumstanced as they are, I consent to the work upon the Magazine being stopped, and the Workmen employed upon the Barracks in the Garrison. I shall inform the Secretary at War, who seemed to have the completion of the Magazine much at heart, of the reasons which have hindered us from proceeding.
I shall approve your nomination of Commissaries &c of Military stores, in the orders of the day. I am etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, September 17, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. yours of the 1st. instant. The steps you have taken to prosecute your claim to the Majority which you say is your due, are totally irregular. If the Vacancy happened at any time previous to the 25th. of May 1781, at which time promotions in the Cavalary and Artillery were made Regimental, your Rank with respect to Captain Swan, or any other should have been settled either from the dates of your Commission, registered in the War Office, or by a Board appointed by the Commanding General of the Army in which you and the Officer with whom you had the dispute were serving. Neither the State of Virginia or any other could interfere.
If the Vacancy happened after the 25th. May 1781, you had no claim to it, as by the mode of promotion then instituted the eldest Captain of the 1st. Regmt. would be entitled to it.
I have been thus particular to put you in the proper way of prosecuting your claim, should there be any foundation for it.
I know not by what authority you have been so long absent from your Regiment; but I should suppose it cannot be without proper leave. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 17, 1782.
Sir: Captain Machin being under Arrest there would be an impropriety in his transacting any public business, or in granting him leave of absence from Camp. His Trial must soon come on in course, if that terminates in his favor I shall then have no objections to granting the leave requested, and if in the mean time any business of the Corps requires that an Officer should go to Philadelphia, leave shall be granted to any other you may think proper to send. I am &c.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Verplank's Point, September 17, 1782.
Sir: His Excellency the Commander in Chief has reed your favor of this date, and directs me to signify his approbation of the conduct of Captn. Lawrence65 and yourself in communicating the information contained therein.
[Note 65: Capt. Jonathan Lawrence, jr., of the Sappers and Miners.]
I have further to inform you, that the reference to the Civil Authority was very proper, as it was from the Executive of the State Mr. Lott obtained permission to go into N York, and consequently if he has been guilty of any illicit conduct, to them he is answerable. Should any thing further be developed by the search after the Portmantau, you will please to give information of it to the General, as well as to the Civil Authority. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys, Aid de Camp."]
Head Quarters, September 18, 1782.
My Lord: I have received your favors of the 7th. and 14th. Instants. However desirable the plan you mention may be, there are insuperable obstacles to our undertaking it at present, or any other which would require the transportation of a Magazine of Provisions. Mr. Duer has no doubt informed you upon how precarious a footing our subsistence stands even in a Country full of supplies. We are as quiet here as you are in your Quarter. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 18, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 16th. inclosing the proceedings of a Brigade Genl. Court Martial held at Burlington upon Salmon and Brown of the 2d. Regt. of Artillery. It does not appear in the face of the proceedings by whom the Court was constituted, at any rate it must have been illegal, as a General Court Martial can only be held by order of the Commander in Chief, The Commanding Genl. in any of the States, or the secretary at War in the place where Congress may reside. I am therefore under a necessity of disapproving the sentences on account of the illegal constitution of the Court, but I shall direct a new trial before a proper Court. I am etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 18, 1782.
Sir: Your Favour of the 13th. covering Copy of yours of the 6th. to Mr. Morris, is really alarming; I cannot however but hope that he will find Means of extricating you from the Difficulties in which you are involved on the public Account. If he cannot, I know of no Means of subsisting the Army but reverting again to the ruinous and expensive System of calling upon the States for specific Supplies. I trust you will endeavour to keep the Troops supplied until you hear from Mr. Morris. If he does not comply with your Terms, and you throw up the Contract, I must beg of you to give me so much Notice that I may either draw the Troops down here, or stipulate with the State for their Support where they are. I am etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Hodijah Baylies. From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, September 18, 1782.
Sir: I have the pleasure to acknowledge your favor of the 7th. instant, informg of your proposal to present me with fifty Copies of your last publication,70 for the Amusement of the Army.
[Note 70: Probably No. XIII, of "The Crisis," which was dated May 31, 1782. It was addressed to Sir Guy Carleton and dealt with the murder of Captain Huddy and the fate of Captain Asgill. Among other things, Paine wrote:
"I fully believe we have seen our worst days over....I draw this opinion, not only from the difficulties we know they [the British] are in...but from the peculiar effect, which certain periods of time have more or less upon all Men. The British have accustomed themselves to think of the term of seven years in a manner different to other periods of time. They acquire this partly by habit, by religion, by reason and by superstition. They serve seven years apprenticeship; They elect their parliament for seven years; They punish by seven years transportation, or the duplicate, or triplicate of that term; Their leases run in the same manner; and they read that Jacob served seven years for one wife and seven years for another; and the same term likewise, extinguishes all obligations (in certain cases) of debt or matrimony; and thus, this particular period, by a variety of concurrences has obtained an influence in their minds superior to that of any ether number.
"They have now had seven years war, and are not an inch farther on the Continent than when they began. The Superstitious and the populous part will conclude that it is not to be; and the reasonable part will think they have tried an unsuccessful scheme long enough, and that it is in vain to try it any longer." Paine's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
For this Intention you have my sincere thanks, not only on my own Acco, but for the pleasure, I doubt not, the Gentlemen of the Army will receive from the perusal of your Pamphlets.
Your Observation on the Period of Seven Years, as it applies itself to and affects British Minds, are ingenious, and I wish it may not fail of its Effects in the present Instance.
The Measures and the policy of the Enemy are at present in great perplexity and Embarrassment. But I have my fears, whether their Necessities (which are the only operating motive with them) are yet arrived to that point, which must drive them unavoidably into what they will esteem disagreeable and dishonourable Terms of peace; such for Instance as an absolute, unequivocal Admission of American Independence, on the Terms upon which she can accept it.
For this Reason, added to the Obstinancy of the King, and the probable consonant principle of some of his principal Ministers, I have not so full Confidence in the Success of the present Negotiation for peace, as some Gentlemen entertain.
Should Events prove my Jealousies to be illfounded, I shall make myself happy under the Mistake, consoling myself with the Idea of havg erred on the safest Side, and enjoying with as much Satisfaction as any of my Countrymen, the pleasing Issue of our severe Contest.
The case of Capt Asgill has indeed been spun out to a great Length. But with you, I hope, that its termination will not be unfavourable to this Country. I am &c.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 18, 1782.
Sir: His Excellency the Commander in Chief, having reed intimations that the Enemy have in contemplation to make some movement to the Eastward, has directed me to request you will keep a vigilant look out and upon any appearance of their being in Motion either by land or Water that you will give immediate intelligence to Col. Sheldon who will communicate it to head Quarters.72
[Note 72: On September 18 Trumbull wrote to Capt. John Pray, thanking him for the intelligence sent. "The General has some very particular Reasons to desire that you would be more than usually active in your Endeavours to obtain all the Information you possibly can of the Enemy's movements among their fleet, their Transports and their Troops; whether any Embarkation of Troops is makg. and where their probable Destination; Whether Eastward or elsewhere. Your Activity in this will be particularly agreeable to the Genl." Trumbull's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The General requests your particular attention to the Sound, because he is confident in that case no Ships can pass without your knowledge, nor anything remarkable escape your early notice. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys, Aid de Camp."]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Wednesday, September 18, 1782.
Parole Marseilles. Countersigns Ostend, Dunkirk.
[Note 74: Maj. Nathan Rice, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 75: Lieut. Hezekiah Ripley, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He was regimental quartermaster in June, 1779, and served to June, 1783.]
For Duty the 2d. Jersey and 2d. Massachusetts regiments.
The fifth Connecticut regiment to furnish the relief for the fatigue, from the 8th. Massachusetts regiment at the ferry tomorrow morning at sunrise.
A serjeant and ten men to be sent daily on fatigue to the flying hospital untill further orders.
At a Brigade General courtmartial held at the Park of Artillery at Burlington, August 8th. 1782, whereof Major Bauman was President, William Salman and John Brown in the 2d. regiment of artillery were tried for desertion and attempting to go to the enemy; found guilty in breach of Article 1. Section 6 of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to suffer death, two thirds of the court agreeing thereto.
The Commander in chief is under the necessity of disapproving the proceedings on account of the illegal constitution of the court, it being neither held by his order nor by that of a General officer commanding in the state of New Jersey; a new trial is ordered before a proper court.
From particular intercession and in consideration of peculiar circumstances attending his crime. The Commander in chief is pleased to remit the punishment assigned to Nathan Potter a soldier in the third Connecticut regiment, and orders him to be released from confinement and return to his duty.
The flat bottomed boats furnished by the several Brigades to assist in transporting the French army are to be continued untill further orders.
There will be a general review on saturday next: no officer (or soldier who has a uniform suit and ought to appear in the ranks) is to be absent. The commander in chief gives this early notice that the men may appear clean and to advantage. The general has discovered at some of the late Manoeuvreings in some instances an inattention in marching; for, besides the loss of step, which alone is sufficient to give an awkward movement, to a division or platoon, he has remarked that many of the soldiers do not step boldly and freely; but short and with bent knees. The officers commanding platoons and divisions will see that these defects are remied and that their men while marching by the reviewing officer carry their bodies erect, look well up, incline their heads to the right and look full in the face of that officer; this last to be considered as a standing order.
Head Quarters, September 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: I inclose to you Copies of a Report of the Engineer Maj. Ville franche and a Representation of Maj Genl Knox, respectg the Magazine which was proposed to be erected on Constitution Island.
Immediately upon the Plan being determined on, Fatigue Parties from the Army were ordered to be employed on the Work of Digging and preparing for the foundation as often as they were applied for by the Engineer, which was very constantly attended to 'till the Work was compleated to its present State. By the Enclosed papers you will see there has been a total failure on the Part of the Q Masters, both in point of Masons and Materials, by which means, and the advanced season, the probability of effectg any thing to any purpose this year, is totally lost.
Under these Circumstances, and agreeable to Genl Knox's Representation, I have directed the work to cease for this Season, and to apply our Attention to preparing for the Accommodation of the Troops which will be assigned to that Garrison, as soon as the Army retires to its Winter Quarters.
Inclosed you will also find Copy of the Nomination and Appointment of Field Commissaries of Military Stores, agreable to the late Regulation. I am &c.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Verplanks point, September 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 11th. The political intelligence which we have lately had from Europe is so contradictory that little dependence can be put upon it, more especially as we have it principally thro' the channel of an Enemy's Paper, which I take it for granted shews as fair a side as possible in their own favor.
Why we have nothing from our own Ministers is, as you observe, truly unaccountable. In the Parliamentary debates consequent of the death of the Marquis of Rockingham, and the resignation of Fox Burke &ca., one side assert and the other deny matters so confidently that there is no probability of forming an accurate judgment. I cannot but look upon Lord Rockingham's death however as a most unfortunate event and that, at best, the Negociation if not broken off, will be spun out to a considerable length. This however will be soon known, for if the Ministry are seriously disposed to Peace upon such terms as we can accept their acts must soon evince it. In the mean time it will be our policy to proceed as if no negociations were on foot.
I am extremely glad to hear from good authority that the Dutch Fleet had put to Sea. The arrival of Public Cloathing from Holland is an interesting event; as the Army is more in want of Linnen just now than of any other article, except money.
The French Troops have crossed the Hudson, and are, for the present, taking ground at Peekskill. An Embarkation, from some accts. is taking place at New York (said to consist of about 2500 Men); the intelligence is not yet clear; conjectures are uncertain respecting the destination of them. The Men of War are Wooding and Watering. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Thursday, September 19, 1782.
Parole Louis 16th. Countersigns Rochambeau, Chattelux.
[Note 77: Brigade Maj. David Smith.]
For duty tomorrow 1st York and 8th Massachusetts regiments.
The Board of officers appointed in the orders of the 9th. of Septr. to examine the pretentions of the Candidates for the badge of Merit will be pleased to inquire into the grounds on which the badges for long and faithful services have been conferred in the different corps; they will correct any errors they shall discover to have taken place, and ascertain the most unexceptionable rules for introducing uniformity of principal and practice in extending these honorary distinctions to all who merit them and to no others agreeably to the original intention. The Board will decide any questions that may be referred to them on the subject and report their proceedings from time to time to the Commander in Chief.
Captain Vanheers troop will give a noncommissioned Officer and four Dragoons only for the Grand parade.
Verplanks point, September 19, 1782.
Sir: By a letter which I reced. from Mrs. Washington (at Mount Vernon) by the last Post, I am informed that the Week after I requested you to forward your Gazettes to her, she received them; but has got none since. We are both at a loss how to account for this, unless my meaning was incorrectly expressed to you. I have now to request, that your weekly publications may be sent regularly to her, by every Post. I shall see you paid for them and am Sir etc.
Head Quarters, September 20, 1782.
Dear Sir: Sergeant Morris of your Regiment has applied to His Excellency for a discharge upon procuring another Man in his room. This is a practice that His Excellency would not wish to tolerate, but as Morris seemed much discontented and is of ability to do mischief in the Corps, by stirring them up by a frequent recapitulation of their grievances, he thinks it best to get rid of him upon the terms he offers. You will therefore give orders to the Commanding Officer at the place of rendezvous to discharge him upon procuring an able bodied and otherwise good Man in his stead.
Be good enough to make my Complements to Mrs. Moylan anti all the family at Phils hill. I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. T[ilghma]n."]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Friday, September 20, 1782.
Parole Rochambeau. Countersigns Bourbonnois, Soissonnois.
[Note 79: Lieut. Col. James Mellen.]
[Note 80: Lieut. Abraham(?) Appletin, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
For duty tomorrow the Levies of the New York, first and second Connecticut regiments.
The second Jersey regiment will relieve the first Massachusetts regiment on Fatigue at Westpoint the 22d. instant.
The Rhode island regiment will relieve the men on duty at Stoney point and Kakiat at the same time.
AFTER ORDERS
The troops are to be peraded and ready to receive the general precisely at nine o'clock tomorrow morning. As the ground between the New York and first Connecticut brigades is very uneven, the latter will not close up to the former untill the general has passed the line; but as soon as he has passed the left of the line the interval left between these two brigades is to be filled up and the line ready to wheel on the signal.81
[Note 81: The "Disposition for the Manoeuvre," in the writing of Hodijah Baylies, is in the Washington Papers, under date of Sept. 21, 1782.]
Head Quarters, Verplank's Point, September 20, 1782.
Sir: I enclose you the Copy of a Complaint exhibited by Mr. Orser, respecting some outrages and abuses recd from a part of your Corps. I need not inform you, it always gives me pain to hear of any Misunderstanding between the Inhabitants of the Country and the Army; how well or ill founded the Complaint is in the present instance I do not pretend to determine; should there be any ground for it, I hope you will not fail to have compleat satisfaction made to the Complainant, that I may hear no more of it; if otherwise you will please to give me a state of the matter, and take such precautions as to prevent in future if possible, the least appearance of uneasiness or disturbance between Soldiers and Citizens.
Should you, or Majr Tallmadge obtain any intelligence of consequence from the Enemy, I wish at the same time you send it to me, that it may be communicated to the Commandg Officer of the Legion of Lauzun who will immediately hand it to Count de Rochambeau. I am etc.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On September 20 Tilghman wrote to Colonel Nicola that "His Excellency thinks it will be better to defer the meeting of the Referrees on the part of the Army and Mr. Sands untill Mr. Benson can attend, than to appoint a new one in his place. You will in the mean time be making every necessary preparation on behalf of the claims of the Army agt. the Contractors." Tilghman's draft is in the Washington Papers.
Also, on this same day (September 20), Trumbull wrote to the commanding officer at Dobbs Ferry, that as Governor Clinton had consented, he would please allow Gerrit H. Van Wagennen to have an interview with his father, Huybert Van Wagennen, in the neighborhood of Dobbs Ferry, "By His Excellency's Command." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.
Also, on this same day (September 20), Humphreys wrote to Capt. Jonas Orser, of tire Westchester militia, at Crompond, that his charges against Colonel Sheldon had been laid before the Commander in Chief.]
Head Quarters, September 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 12th.83 and am exceedingly happy to find that General Cornell84 has accepted the Office of Inspector of the Contracts &c. I wish to see him as soon as possible, as his presence becomes every day more and more necessary.
[Note 83: "General Cornell has agreed to accept the Office of Inspector of the Contracts &c. for your Army and will soon proceed on the Business of his Department. I hope you may find Relief from this Appointment, and that it may prove perfectly agreable to you."-- Morris to Washington, Sept. 12, 1782. Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: Brig. Gen. Ezekiel Cornell.]
Mr. Mullins85 delivered me 480 dollars he having taking 20 to defray his expences. This he says was by desire of Mr. Swanwick. I have yet received no Instructions from Congress, altho' they are most essentially necessary to the Commissioners. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 85: James Mullins, clerk in the office of the Superintendent of Finance.]
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 22, 1782.
Sir: By Virtue of the powers vested in me by the Honble. the Congress by their Resolve of the 24th. of July last I have appointed Lt. Colo. Smith Commissary of Prisoners to the Army in this Quarter. You will be pleased therefore to deliver over to him all the Official papers of that department which may be in your possession.
There is to be a meeting of Commissioners at Tapan on the 26th. of this month at which the British commissaries of Land and Marine Prisoners are to be present. As the business which has been transacted between you and those Gentlemen may be brought into question, and as it may be impossible for any other than yourself to clear up any points which may need explanation, I think there will be a propriety and indeed necessity for your attending for some part at least if not the whole of the time. I am etc.
P.S. I do not conceive myself at liberty to give you an assurance of being continued in public pay, beyond the time of delivering up the public papers to Colo. Smith; that will lay between you and the Secretary at War, but I think it reasonable that you should be continued in pay for the time you may attend the Commissioners and for that I shall recommend you, should it be disputed.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 22, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to forward to your Excellency a Letter which I have this Moment received from the Marquis de Vaudreuil.
At the same Time I transmit you a Copy of the late Information with which I have furnished the Marquis, altho I cannot vouch for the perfect authenticity of this Intelligence, yet the Channel thro' which I obtain it, is a very good one.88
[Note 88: This same information from Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge, under date of September 19 (in the Washington Papers), was forwarded to the Marquis de Vaudreuil in a brief note (September 20, draft of which is in the Washington Papers) and also to the President of Congress, September 22. "It is the most direct and perfect Information I have been able to obtain." This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I have constantly kept the Marquis informed of every particular I could procure relative to the marine Movements of the Enemy at N York; which have been pretty frequent; tho I have not tho't it necessary to transmit every Circumstance to your Excellency, as the Communication between this and Philadelphia is not so convenient or safe, as the other. With perfect Respect, etc.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Sunday, September 22, 1782.
Parole France. Countersigns Paris, Brest.
[Note 91: Capt. Edward Bulkley, of the Third Connecticut Regiment. He was made brigade major from February, 1782, and served to June, 1783.
On September 22 Washington wrote to the Secretary at War, forwarding the muster rolls of the New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts lines for July and August. "I have this day appointed Lt. Colo. Smith Commy of Prisoners to the Army in this Quarter." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
For duty tomorrow 1st Connectt. and 3d. Massa. regiments.
By virtue of the powers, vested in the Commander in chief by the resolve of the honorable the Congress of the 24th July last. Lieutenant Colonel Wm. S. Smith is appointed Commissary of prisoners to the Army in the quarter and is to be respected as such.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Monday, September 23, 1782.
Parole America. Countersigns Philadelphia, Wilmington.
[Note 92: Capt. David Judson, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment. He was appointed brigade quartermaster from December, 1778.]
For duty tomorrow 5th. Connecticut and 9th. Massa: regiments.
The Brigade Conductors of military stores having been deranged by the late orders of Congress, the Stores, waggons, forges, Tools, &c. in their procession are to be delivered to the Brigade Quartermasters who are in future to be responsible for this duty. A serjeant from each brigade must be appointed to have the special charge of the Forges and stores and to act under the orders of the Brigade Quartermasters. When any arms, Ammunition or accoutriments are wanting regimental returns in the manner prescribed in the regulations are to be made to the Brigade Qr. Masters who will form them into a brigade return and obtain the signature of the commanding officer of brigade and the Inspector general, or Inspector. The commanding officer of artillery will upon this return order the Field commissary of Military stores to make the issues required.
At a general court martial held at the barracks at Carlile, August 13th, 1782, by order of Col. Richard Butler, whereof Lieutenant Colonel Commandant William Butler is President.
Christian Casner of the Pennsylvania Line charged with Desertion and enlisting with and receiving the bounty from Capt. Bush,93 Captain Lieutenant McGuire94 and Captain Webster,95 and John Johnston, a Recruit charged with Deserting from Captn. Hughes independent company and Reenlisting in the Artillery and receiving the Bounty, Deserting from them and Reinlisting with a Recruiting party at Yorktown and receiving the Bounty there also were tried and each found guilty of each and all charges in breach of the first and third Articles sixth section of the Articles of war and each sentenced to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreing thereto.
[Note 93: Capt. John Bush, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He retired in January, 1781.]
[Note 94: Capt.-Lieut. Matthew(?) McGuire.]
[Note 95: Capt. John B.(?) Webster.]
The Commander in Chief approves the sentences of the Courtmartial.
Head Quarters, September 23, 1782.
D Sir: When Genl Potter and Colo Magaw were with me from the State of Pennsylvania solliciting my Approbation and Assistance in the Expedition proposed to be carried on by that State against the Savages, I frankly and freely gave them my Opinion respecting their Projections, which was entirely opposed to the Idea suggested; and gave them my Reasons.
Since those Gentlemen left me, the Information mentioned in the inclosed Letter to the President (which is left open for your Observation) came to my knowledge, and confirming me in my first Opinion, has suggested the Idea of writing as I have done.
You will therefore be pleased (if the Matter has not already gone too far) to present my Letter to the President of the State, and if my Opinion meets your Approbation, back it with such additional Arguments, as your own Mind shall suggest in the Course of Conversation on the Subject, to dissuade them from the project. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters at Verplanks Point, September 23, 1782.
Whereas the Honorable the Delegates of the United States in Congress assembled have been pleased to authorize and empower me by Letters patent under the Great Seal bearing date the 16th. day of September Anno Domini 1782 and in the seventh Year of their Sovereignty and Independence, for them and in their name to negociate, accede to and establish in the proper forms and in the usual solemnities a General Cartel between the United States in Congress assembled and the King of Great Britain for the exchange subsistence and better treatment of all prisoners of War as well land as naval prisoners, giving and granting to me full power and authority ultimately and on all points to adjust and conclude the principles terms and conditions of the said Cartel and in general to do and perform every matter and thing which shall in any wise be necessary to the final and perfect accomplishment thereof. And have been pleased, the better to enable me to execute the trust reposed in me by these presents further to authorize and empower me from time to time by Commission under my Hand and Seal to nominate and constitute such and so many Commissioners as I may judge necessary to meet treat confer and agree with Commissioners to be appointed and competently authorized on the part of the King of Great Britain touching the terms conditions and stipulations for subsisting better treating and exchanging all prisoners of War as well as for liquidating and settling all accounts and claims whatsoever respecting the maintenance and subsistence of prisoners of War on either side: And to declare that the engagements concluded upon by me in the premises being mutually interchanged with the party contracting on behalf of the Crown and Nation of Great Britain shall be binding and conclusive on the United States of America.
Now therefore know ye, Major General William Heath and Major General Henry Knox, that reposing high confidence in your wisdom prudence and integrity I do by virtue of the before recited powers nominate and constitute you my Commissioners to meet Commissioners appointed and competently authorized on the part of the King of Great Britain at Tapan in the County of Orange in the State of New York on Wednesday the 25th. of this Month September or at any other time and place afterwards to which it may be thought proper to adjourn and with them to treat confer and agree for the purposes and touching all matters and things contained in the premises.
For all which this shall be your Warrant and your engagements being mutually interchanged shall be ratified and confirmed by me.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 23, 1782.
My dear Sir: Since my last of the 6th. of August, I have recd. your favors of the 6th. of June 11th. of July and 12th. of Augt. I hope before this reaches you, you will be in possession of Charles town, and will have found a glorious end to your difficulties and distresses in the southern Quarter.
An application from the Government of south Carolina produced the Resolve of which the inclosed98is a Copy, and which I doubt not was immediately transmitted to you. From your being upon the spot, and from your thorough knowledge of southern Affairs, I shall leave the execution of the Resolve in a great measure to your own judgment. As you observe in your Letter of the 12th. of August, when my directions of the 18th. March last were given, they were upon a presumption that the enemy might evacuate Charles town in such season, that the Troops destined to return to the Northward might be here time enough to render service before the close of the Campaign: but that not being the case, their immediate removal does not become so essential, and therefore I leave it with you, either to retain the Corps which you may ultimately determine to send Northward, untill the Weather becomes favorable for marching in the Spring, or to send them forward immediately, [as far as Virginia at least], if you find their subsistence more difficult and expensive than it would be in the middle States. I will just give you a hint, that I fear subsistence will be upon a very precarious footing here during the Winter; And you know the inconvenience of having troops arrive at the Cantonments late in the Season.
[Note 98: Resolve of Congress of Sept. 9, 1782, respecting the southern army.]
The arrangement made by you for the distribution of the southern Army, agrees perfectly, in the main, with my own judgment, I think, for the following reason, that the 1st. and 3d. Regiments of Cavalry had best be left in Carolina. They both belong to Virginia and will more than probably be incorporated the next year; their separation therefore would render the incorporation difficult. And as Cavalry are of no great use in this Quarter [in offensive operations] and more easily subsisted southward than here, I am not anxious to have Lees Legion; but with this you will do as you think best. Armands Legion will not advance; I shall recommend their wintering in Virginia, as Forage will be extremely scarce in all this Country, owing to the severest Drought ever known.
By the Resolve before alluded to, I am directed to make the necessary enquiry into the circumstances of the southern States, and to employ such force therein as I may think proper, and to direct you, whilst in the southern department, to employ the Troops under your command offensively or defensively in such manner as may be most conducive to the interest of the United States.
The execution of the foregoing, I must for the reasons mentioned in the beginning of my letter, leave also to you. Should the enemy evacuate the southern States, I know of no offensive operations but against St. Augustine, or the Savages. The first I believe is out of our power, even were we authorized to undertake such an expedition, and the last must depend upon contingencies I do not apprehend much danger from the Savages when the British are expelled from the sea Coast.
You will perceive it is the intention of Congress that you should remain personally at the southward untill further orders. You will, I doubt not, use every Argument to induce those States to exert themselves in raissing a permanent Force for their own defence. They cannot expect, that if the enemy [evacuate the Southern States and] keep a footing at New York and at other places to the Northward and Eastward, that the Force of almost half of the Union should be kept in the southern States for defence only.
The situation of politics, I mean European, is upon so precarious a footing, that I really know not what account to give you of them. Negociations were still going on at Paris the middle of July; but the prospects of a peace were checked by the death of the Marquis of Rockingham. Doctor Franklin's Laconic discription of the temper of the British Nation seems most apt. They are, says he, unable to carry on the War and too proud to make peace.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, September 23, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Favors of the 24th. of August. In the present State of the Army, and the Difficulty attendg the Recruitg Service in all the States, it is impossible for me to comply with your Request for discharging your two Servants, Soldiers in the Massa Line.
Neither, for the same Reasons, can I consent to their remaing longer out of Service. You will therefore please to order them immediately to join their Regiments or send on two others of equal goodness and to the Acceptance of the Musterg Officers, as Substitutes to take their places. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 23, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to Your Excellency, the Substance of the latest Intelligence from N York, which I received Yesterday, and is as follows, Vizt.
Twelve Sail of the Line were to sail on the 24th. and Report says they were to take Transports under their Convoy.
Transports have been watering at every watering place from Staten Island to White Stone. Yesterday (the 21st) they were called together at new York.
Vessels were ready to carry the Refugees to Halifax. Wards4 Corps received New Cloathes and were to embark. A very hot press for Seamen in New York. With much Regard &c.
[Note 4: Capt. Thomas Ward, of the Westchester Refugees, British Provincial Troops.]
P.S. Your favor of 20th Sepr reached me in due time.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 23, 1782.
Sir: Having received Yesterday from the Secretary at War, a Resolution of Congress of the 13th inst. wherein he is "directed to take Order for carrying into Execution the Expedition projected by the State of Pennsylvania against the Savages infestg their Frontier, so far as the Commander in Chief has approved of employing therein the Recruits of that State, or other continental Troops," I think it proper to communicate to your Excellency, the followg Paragraph of a Letter which I have lately received from Sir Guy Carleton, dated N York 12th Septr. Vizt. "As to the Savages, I have the best Assurances that from a certain period, not very long after my Arrival here, no parties of Indians were sent out, and that Messengers were dispatched to recall those who had gone forth before that Time; and I have particular Assurances of disapprobation of all that happened to your party on the Side of Sandusky, except so far as was necessary for self Defence."
By repeated Accounts from our Northwestern Frontiers, which are all quiet and Still from any inroads of the Savages, or Enemy of any kind, I am induced to view the above Information of Sir Guy Carleton as grounded on the fullest Matter of Fact.
This being the State of Matters at this Moment, I beg leave to submit to your Excellency's Consideration, whether the proposed Expedition, has the same motives for its Execution, as before we were informed of these facts, and whether the best means for securing the peace and Tranquility of your frontier from the Depredations of a Savage Enemy, will not be to leave them to the Direction of their British Managers, who at present seem disposed to keep them in a State of Quiet and Tranquility. For my own part I give it as my candid Opinion, that it will be best under the Circumstances to decline the Expedition; least, instead of giving security to the Inhabitants on the Frontiers, we should again rouse, their savage Neighbors to acts of self Defence and Revenge, in which, it is more than probable the English not considering themselves as Parties will not attempt to restrain their Rage and Fury.
Indeed this was my Opinion at the Time your Messengers first Communicated to me the wishes of your State respecting this projected Expedition; but I am more fully assured of its propriety, since I have been informed of the Facts, which I have now mentioned, and which came to my Knowledge some Time after the Gentlemen had left me.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 24, 1782.
Sir: I have reed. your favors of the 15th. of Augt. and 5th. instant, and am extremely sorry to hear that your prospects of recruiting are so unpromising, I imagine you will have received orders from Major General Greene, before this reaches you, to remain in Virginia with the Recruits of that State. Should you not, you will look upon this as an order for that purpose. You will take all possible pains to have the Recruits instructed in their duty and fitted for service. Your wants you will from time to time make known to the Secretary at War, and report to me every now and then, once a Month at least, the progress you make in recruiting. I am &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, September 24, 1782.
Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 12th. instant, and am much obliged to you for the Transcript of Mr. Adams's Letter, which you have been so good as to communicate.
The Accounts we receive from Europe, of the Negociations at Paris, are so various, and of such a contradictory Nature, that it is next to impossible to form any consistent Judgment upon them, or to determine what are the real Intentions of the British Nation with regard to America. Indeed, from what I have been able to collect I am disposed to believe they are not fixed in their own Cabinet.
In one Opinion however I am most firmly fixed; that in the present Situation it is our Duty to be preparing in the best manner possible for a Continuance of the War, and to exert our utmost powers to bring to a happy Conclusion, in the Way we have hitherto pursuied it, a Contest in which we have so long been engaged, and in which we have so often, and conspicuously experienced, the Smiles of Heaven, and in this Circumstance, to wait the Issue of Events.
I am much indebted for your good wishes for my personal Happiness and Wellfare; And am with Great Respect etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 24, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 17th. and 18th. Instants, with their inclosures. I have forwarded a passport to Mr. Garden.
I inclose you, under flying Seals My letters to General Greene and General Muhlenburg by which you will perceive that I have in a great measure left the execution of the Resolve of the 9th. to the discretion of the former. The latter I have ordered to remain in Virginia with the Recruits of that State. This I believe had been previously done by General Greene upon finding an evacuation of Charles Town probable.
I am authorised to call Armands Legion to the main Army if I think proper. But as they would be of no use in this Quarter, and as I imagine they may be more easily subsisted in Virginia this Winter than here on account of the scarcity of Forage from the drougth, I would wish, if you agree with me in opinion, that you would give Colo. Armand orders to remain in Virginia and take measures for having him supplied. I have the honor etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 10: Of the Rhode Island battalion. He served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, September 24, 1782.
Sir: You will please to permit the British Commissioners, (with their Suite) who are to meet Commissrs from me at Orange-Town tomorrow to pass to that Place; the Gentlemen will land at Tapan or the Store landing. Boats are also to be permitted to pass to and from the Enemy, on the written Passports of Major Genls Heath or Knox, during the sitting of the Commissioners, to whom Guards are to be furnished when applied for by our Commissioners. The additional Company of Lt Infantry is sent to enable you to perform this; and you will pay due attention to any other requisitions of those Gentlemen which may tend to promote the public service, without waiting until reference can be made to me.
The papers respecting an interview between Mr. Van Wagenen and his Father may be sent into New York by the first Flag. I am etc.
P.S. Gentlemen having permission from the Executive of any State to go to the Enemy's Lines, may be suffered to send an open Letter to N York previously to obtain liberty for the purpose.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, September 24, 1782.
Sir: Sundry Accounts from New York, having reached me, informg that the British were more than meditating an Enterprize against the squadron of the Marquis De Vaudreuil, which the Enemy have learnt are now in two Detachments, in Boston and Portsmouth Harbors; and that preparations were makg for the purpose; I have made the Marquis acquainted with this Intelligence, and the probabilities of such Event takg place.
At the same Time that I gave this Information to the french Admiral, I have written a Letter to Governor Hancock, requesting that Arrangements might be made with the Militia of his State, in such Manner, as to give immediate and effectual Support, in Aid and protection of his Most Christian Majesty's Ships, in Case an Attempt should be made upon them.
The like Information I shall give to the Governor of the State of New Hampshire, and requests similar Assistance from him, in case the Enemy should appear at Portsmouth. With the highest Respect etc.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 24, 1782.
Parole Martinico. Countersigns Fort royal, Basseterre.
For duty tomorrow 3d. Connecticut and 6th. Massa. regiments.
When Guards march by Platoons it is to be observed as a General rule, that the Drummers and fifers if there be any, dress with the front rank of the first Platoon, the Drumr. on the right of the Serjeant, and the filer on the right of the Drummer.
Head Quarters, September 25, 1782.
Sir: On friday next you will move from your Quarters (wherever they may be) with your whole Corps, at such time and manner, as to be at the White Plains positively between sunset and dark; your Men will require provisions for saturday and may be perfectly light.
I send you the Paroles and Cr Signs untill the 29th inclusive, you will keep them sacredly to yourself, except when they are to be delivered to the Officers entitled to them, on the several days they are designed for. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On September 25 Washington wrote also to Captain von Heer to be, with the whole of his corps, with 2 days' provisions, at the Light Infantry camp at 9 a.m., on Friday next. "You will remain there until you receive further Orders." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 25, 1782.
Parole New hampshire. Countersigns Portsmouth, Piscataqua.
For duty tomorrow 2d. Connecticut and Rhode Island regiment.
By the General Courtmartial of which Colonel Courtlandt is President, September 19th. 1782, Lieutenant Deniston14 of the 2d. New York regiment charged with"Absenting himself from Camp the 9th. instant and remaining out of Camp untill the 10th. instant without permission" was tried.
[Note 14: Lieut. Daniel D. Denniston (Deniston). He served to June, 1783.]
The Court are of opinion that the Charges against Lieutenant Deniston is supported and that he is guilty of a breach of Article 2d. section 13th. of the rules and Articles of war and sentence him to be repremanded by the Commander in Chief in General Orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court.
Under the circumstances stated in the trial it is not to be doubted but that Mr. Deniston might have obtained Leave had he applied for it, his leaving Camp without such application shews an indifference to order which is highly reprehensible.
Lieutenant Deniston is released from Arrest.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to pardon Sylvester Young, soldier in the first Jersey regiment under Sentence of Death for desertion &c. and directs that he be released from Confinement and join his regiment.
Six Captains, six Subalterns, twelve serjeans, twelve Corporals, and three hundred privates, are immediately to be draughted, and put under the direction of the Quartermaster General for the purpose of transporting fewel to Westpoint; for the use of the Garrison. The officers and Noncomd. officers are to be taken from the line; the privates are all to be new levies and taken in equal proportion, from the brigades which have men of that description.
Head Quarters, September 25, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have the Honor to acknowledge your favor of 20th. instant, and to thank you for the Communication of the Intelligence you have received from Canada.
I have no particular Instructions to give your Messenger on his Return; I wish only to be as often and as fully informed from that Quarter, as possible of all that passes respecting our public Concerns.
The Information you have recd. appears very good, as in some particular Instances it tallies very well with my Intelligence received thro other Channels.
It is more than probable that the foreign Troops which arrived sometime ago at Halifax, were part (if not the whole) of the 4,000, mentioned to be destined for Canada from Europe; a Body of foreign troops have also left N York; reported to be going to Halifax or Canada.
I have also been informed from Sir Guy Carleton, that the Inroads of the Savages, have been checked, upon our frontiers.
I am rejoiced at the Recovery of your Health, and shall be very happy to see you on a Visit at my Quarters whenever you shall find it convenient. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 25, 1782.
My Lord: I have had the pleasure to receive your favors of the 18th. and 21st. Inst. with the several Enclosures. Your Lordship may rest assured, I am highly satisfied with the measures which have been taken for reducing the number of Posts on the frontier, removing the superfluous public Buildings and Stores, establishing discipline, and holding the Troops in perfect readiness for marching. With sentiments of Regard etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, September 25, 1782.
Sir: You will cause two days Provisions to be drawn and cooked for the Light Infantry by tomorrow night; and hold that Corps in perfect readiness to march at Day break on friday Morng. You will select a sufficient Number of men, least capable of marching, or others, to take care of your Camp. I am etc.16
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, September 25, 1782.
Sir: I am extremely pleased with the information contained in your Letter of the 13th. respecting the arrival from Holland. Nothing could be more opportune nor any Article more necessary than such a supply of Linnen to make Shirts for the Army; but I fear in the present state of public Finances and Credit, much time must be lost before the Shirts can be compleated and forwarded to the Troops, unless the Ladies who have given such decided and repeated proofs of patriotism and zeal for the Cause of their Country, could be induced once more to resume the task of making up the Linnen gratuitously for their brave Countrymen, who are now suffering in the Field, and who can scarcely expect a speedy relief, but from the Hands of their fair Countrywomen.
I mention this as a Resource, in case all others should fail, which I am convinced may be tried with success, if some Ladies of Influence will undertake to promote the business, by shewing the necessity of it, by obtaining Subscriptions for making the Shirts, cutting them out, distributing the Linnen and indeed by taking a general superintendance of the affair. I think you cannot be so advantageously employed yourself at present, as by exerting yourself to the utmost of your ability to accelerate this supply to the Army.
The Articles of Cloathing (exclusive of Shirts) which will be more immediately necessary for the Winter, are, Blankets, Woolen Hose, and Cloth for one pair of Overalls pr man. A proportion of Watch-Coats and Woolen Mittens will also be essential. No opportunity should be lost of sending forward these, or any other Articles that may be intended for the use of this Army before the Autumnal Rains set in, and the Roads become so broken up, as to prevent transportation.
I flatter myself, if we make the best use of the means now in our power, the Troops will be better prepared to support the cold of the approaching Winter than ever they have been, especially if a sufficient contract for Shoes is kept up, which I hope will be the case. Altho I imagine the coats now in use, will last tolerably well thro' the Winter, with the assistance of some cloth and thread to mend and turn them; yet this ought by no means to prevent the necessary Measures from being still pursued to obtain the Next Years supply. I am etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, September 26, 1782.
Sir: The following Intelligence18 I rec'd yesterday from Canada. It being of great importance to the United States and in my Judgment bearing the marks of great Authenticity I think it proper to communicate it to your Excellency and Congress.
[Note 18: In Schuyler's letter of September 20 to Washington. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Septr. 3, 1782, Dispatches are lately received by General Haldimand from the Ministry; the following is what I have collected of the Contents. That a reinforcement of between 3 or 4000 Men might be soon expected from Europe and about 1500 of the Foreign Troops from New York. That the Posts in the Upper Country will be reinforced and strengthened. That the fortifications in this Province are to be put in the best State of Defence possible. That it was in Contemplation to point the whole force of the Nation against the French and Spanish Settlements in the West Indies. That incursions into your Country by the Indians and small Parties were no longer to be permitted. Since the arrival of these Dispatches, large quantities of Flour and Military Stores are to be sent to the Westward. Beef and Pork they have none to send, at present but a fleet from Ireland is soon expected with a large Supply.
A number of Indians left this a few days ago. They were told by Campbell19 they must not go to War, as the King had compassion on his American Subjects they having expressed their sorrow for what they had done. The Seneca Sachem replied, that the Americans and French had beat the English, that the latter could no longer carry on the War, and that the Indians know it well, and must now be sacrificed or submit to the Americans. That it was time to attend to their own concerns and listen no longer to his lies. Campbell tried to sooth them, but in vain. I was present at this Conversation, which took place in presence of all the Indians and many of the Inhabitants. The Indians after receiving considerable presents went home little satisfied with their Situation.
[Note 19: Maj. Donald(?) Campbell.]
I have the honor etc.20
[Note 20: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on September 30 and referred to Elias Boudinot, James Duane, and Hugh Williamson.]
Head Quarters, September 26, 1782.
Sir: The Commander in Chief has directed me to inform you he would have you to commence the March of the Light Infantry at day break tomorrow Morng, and proceed on the route by the River to the Fork of the Road just above the Redoubt at Dobbs's ferry (where Sheldons Legion was quartered last Campaign) from whence you will please to detach one Battalion to the height immediately above the Redoubt on the left side of the Road; this Battalion is to post Sentinels and keep lookouts on the most advantageous Places; besides these a small scout is to be sent down that Road at least a Mile.
With the remainder of the Corps the General desires you will proceed to the Height near the small House where you begin to descend the Hill to the Bridge between Dobb's Ferry and our old Encampment, from thence Sentinels are to be kept out, and a party advanced a Mile or more on the Saw Mill River Road. A Party is also to be sent a long the Road leading to the Camp occupied by the French last year, as far at least as Lord Stirlings Quarters. The Movement and disposition should not be made a matter of Notoriety beforehand; you may expect to receive his Excellencys farther Orders, at your positions. With great respect etc.21
[Note 21: the draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys Aid de Camp."]
Head Quarters, September 26, 1782.
Dr Sir: The second Request of the Inhabitants of South Carolina, to Sir Guy Carleton, for Means of Conveyance to their State, contained in your Letter of the 28th. of August, was transmitted by me to the British Commander in Chief in my Letter dated the 3d. of Septemr.
As I have not yet heard a Single Word from Sir Guy in Answer to this Application, and fearing that the Impatience of the Applicants may attribute this Delay to some Neglect on my part in the transmission of their Request, I think it proper to convey this Information to you, that you may be enabled to do me Justice in reply to any Queries that may be made respecting the Matter. I have the Honor &c.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 26, 1782.
Sir: Instead of being with your Corps at the White Plains between sunset and dark tomorrow Evening, as mentioned to you in the Commander in Chief's Letter of Yesterday's date; it is his pleasure that you should be with your Legion by 2 oClock P.M. tomorrow at the House where Lord Stirling quartered the last Campaign, (the name of the Family I know not, but you will readily recollect it to have been between the 1st. and 2d. Lines of the American Army.)
The General having rode out, has left it in charge with me, to communicate this Order, and to desire you will be punctual in the Execution of it, as to time and place. I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphreys Aid de Camp."]
Head Quarters, September 26, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 10th. with the several Inclosures.
I now inclose to you two Warrants for the Execution of the two persons capitally convicted by the Court Martial held under your Orders. It is left to your Judgment to execute one or both as you may think the necessity of Circumstances and Example require.
Your Conduct in Consequence of the Depredations of the Savages on the Frontier, is fully approved by me.
It is not in my power at present to give you the Information you wish, respectg the Number of Men in your Line and the probable Number of Regiments they will form upon the new Arrangement. I approve much the Spirit manifested in your Letter toward a Continuance in the Service, and most sincerely wish that Circumstances may permit your remaing.
I thank you most sincerely for the personal Attachment and Esteem you are pleased to mention toward me. I can only say, that I fear, in Consequence of the New Arragement of the Army, I shall have occasion to regret the Loss of many brave Officers from our Service, for whom I have ever entertained a high Esteem and Regard.
You will be so good as to present my Compliments to your Brother and thank him in my Name for the kind Attention shewn by him to me. I am &c.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Thursday, September 26, 1782.
Parole Burgundy. Countersigns Dunkirk, Toulon.
For duty tomorrow the 4th. Connecticut and 1st. Massa. regiment.
Ezra Gasco, a soldier of the 2d Massa. Regiment, tried by the General Court martial of which Col. Cortlandt is president, for Deserting from Guard is found guilty of breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
Caleb Howard soldier tried by the same General Courtmartial for deserting from the regiment late Colonel Lee's and reinlisting in the 1st. New York regiment is found guilty of a breach of Article 1st. and 3d. Section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
Noah Thresher, soldier, tried by the same Genl. Courtmartial for deserting from the late 16th. Massa. regimt. is found guilty of a breach of article 1st. Section 6th. of the rules and articles of war, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
John Frint, soldier, tried by the same Genl. courtmartial for Deserting from the 9th. Massa. regiment is found guilty of a breach of Article 1st. section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
Nicholas and Dennis Plugh, soldiers, tried by the same General courtmartial for Deserting from the 2d. Newyork regiment, are found guilty of a breach of Article 1st. Sectn. 6th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each on his [ sic] naked back.
John Lathbee, soldier in the 2d. Massa. Regiment, tried by the same General courtmartial for desertion, going to the enemy and selling or otherwise disposing of his regimental Cloathing, is found guilty of a breach of article 1st. Section 6th. and Arte. 3d. Section 12th. of the rules and articles of war, and sentenced to receive twenty five lashes on his naked back, four successive mornings, amounting in the whole to one hundred lashes.
The Commander in Chief approves each and every of the foregoing sentences and orders that the punishments be inflicted, at such times, as the Commanding officers of regiments the Delinquents belong to shall direct.
The Commanding officers of the brigades from which the Levies were yesterday drawn for the Quartermaster generals service are requested to see, that their arms, accoutriments, and Ammunition are delivered to the Field Commissary of Military Stores.
Head Quarters, September 27, 1782.
Sir: On the 25th instant a Doctr Shields and Mrs. Beck from Lancaster, arrived at Dobb's Ferry, with Genl Hazens passport to go into N York; agreable to Genl Orders, they were stopped and reported at Head Quarters. The Genl has ordered them to be detained untill information can be had from you respectg them.
As these people are very impatient to go in, you will be so good as to give the Genl Notice as soon as possible whether it is with your knowledge or with your Approbation, they are come on.
His Excellency being absent when this Opportunity presented, is the Reason of my writing to you in my own Name. With great Respect etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J T[rumbu]ll."]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Friday, September 27, 1782.
Parole Massachusetts. Countersigns Boston, Salem.
For duty tomorrow the 1st. Jersey and 4th. Massa. regiments.
The seventh Massachusetts regiment will relieve the second Jersey regiment on fatigue at Westpoint the 29th. instant.
The 1st. New York regiment will relieve the men of the Rhode island regiment on duty at Stoney point and Kakiat at the same time.
Head Quarters, September 28, 1782.
Sir: By repeated Information from N. York, the Enemy have in contemplation an Attack either upon the ships of his most Christian Majesty at Boston, or those at Portsmouth, or perhaps both. Those at Portsmouth being in the most defenceless situation, may perhaps engage their attention. These reports may be groundless, but it nevertheless behoves us to be ready to give our generous Ally every Assistance in our power, should there be occasion. I would therefore wish you to warn the Militia in the neighbourhood of portsmouth to be ready to turn out at a moments warng, at the appearance of an Enemy upon the Coast. I had some time ago made a similar request to the Governor of the State of Massachusetts. With great regard etc.26
[Note 26: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Saturday, September 28, 1782.
Parole Virginia. Countersigns Maryland, Delaware.
For duty tomorrow 1st. New York and 2d. Massa. Regiments.
Head Quarters, September 29, 1782.
Sir: I am favored with your several Letters of 19th Augst and 19th Septemr. and one from Mr. Johnson; And am much obliged by your Attention to the public Interests of the United States.
As to the military Intentions of the Enemy, whatever they might have been some Time ago, I believe they are now suspended on your Quarter as well as in other parts. By information I am rather induced to think, they are establishg a post at Isle a Noix than meditating any Incursion upon these States.
Respecting the civil Contentions and Disputes in Vermont, I think it rather a Matter of Representation to Congress than to be noticed in any other Way. If instead of vague and random Information of Insidious Designs of the Aliens, any positive Direct proofs could be adduced against them, there are means sufficient to Check their Attempts. I should recommend your Accusations, if they can be pointed, to be made to Congress, who I doubt not will take the Measures to prevent their effecting any mischievous Designs.
The Matter of Exchanges is in the same disagreeable Situation as when I wrote you last, if not worse; a late Meeting of Commissioners on the Subject of a general Cartel, has issued as unsuccessfully as that of last Spring.
It is impossible for me to gratify your Wish respectg your Accounts; all public Accounts at present are settled by Commissioners in Philadelphia. Your Members of Congress perhaps may be able to do what is necessary for you there. I am &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Sunday, September 29, 1782.
Sir: I did myself the honor to call at your Excellency's Quarters this morning upon my return from an excursion as far as our old Camp at Philipsburg, but had not the pleasure of finding you at home. I wished to have communicated to you, personally, my observations upon the state of Forage in that Country, and the reasons which induce me to think a change of position may be attended with advantages, provided we can find means of subsisting the Horses and Cattle of the Army.
I will first make your Excellency acquainted with the situation of the Country in respect to Forage, so far as it came under my own observation. In the vicinity of the Camp at Philipsburg there is a very considerable quantity of Grass; A sufficiency, I think, for the pasturage of the draft Horses and Cattle of the Army in the day time. But I saw little or no Hay. I was informed that there were considerable quantities lower down, particularly in the neighbourhood of New Rochelle, East and West Chester and near Kingsbridge, and that crops of Oats in the lower Country had been good. Should this information prove well founded, we shall not have to draw our Forage further than we have at present and the Roads are better.
Should it be found, that we can subsist the Horses and Cattle of the Army the following Benefits will accrue.
We shall consume that Forage which otherwise the Enemy will possess themselves of.
We shall in a great measure obstruct a very pernicious traffic which is carried on between the Country and New York. And we may either put a temporary stop to any detachments which the Enemy may be about making to the West Indies (a matter perhaps of importance while Mr. Vaudreuil is detained upon this Coast) or we may be at hand to take advantage of any opportunity which their weakened Force may afford. I will just remark that should the move be deemed practicable and eligible, I cannot be in readiness, owing to the employ of the greater part of the teams of my Army in drawing Wood to the Bank of the North River, before the latter end of this Week or the beginning of next. I have the honor etc.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Sunday, September 29, 1782.
Parole Rhode Island. Countersigns Bristol, Providence.
For duty tomorrow 2d. New York and 8th. Massachusetts regiments.
The adjournment of the General courtmartial of which Colonel Cortlandt is president, is continued untill Wednesday, the 2d. of October next when it will meet at the usual place and hour.
Head Quarters, Verplanks point, Monday, September 30, 1782.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Cherburgh, Calais.
For duty tomorrow the 1st. Connecticut and 5th. Massachusetts regiments.
The Levies detached for the purpose of transporting the wood will receive from the regiments to which they belong their proportion of Tents, and encamp at the Landing places to which they are assigned or wherever the Quarter Master General shall direct. They are untill further orders to be excluded in the provision returns of the regiments they served in, and to draw on Returns signed by the Quartermaster genl. or such person as he shall authorize.
By a General courtmartial held at Verplanks point Septr. 23d. 1782, whereof Colonel Cortlandt is president Captain Matchen of the 2d. regiment of Artillery, charged "1st. with Inlisting a Soldier belonging to the 2d. Connecticut regimt. on the 15th. or 16th. of August last and sending him to recruit for him, without the knowledge of the Commanding officer of his regiment 2dly. With Inlisting several men unfit for further Service, particularly Fineas Fountain and John Crump" was tried.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that the first charge against Captain Machin is supported, yet think Capt. Machin did not know that the Soldier did belong to the 2d. Connecticut regiment, but as it appears to the Court that Captain Machin did not take the measures in his power for proper Information they think him guilty of a neglect highly reprehensible.
On the 2d. charge the Court are of opinion that Captain Machin did Inlist two men Vizt. Fineas Fountain and John Crump unfit for service, yet from the circumstances in evidence they think Captn. Machin might have been deceived with respect to Crump and therefore as to inlisting him, they think Captn. Machin excusable, but in enlisting Fountain they think Captn. Machin Guilty of a breach of his recruiting instructions.
The Court Sentence Captain Machin to be repremanded by the Commander in Chief in General orders, to be recalled from the recruiting service and that he be at all the expence incurred by the enlisting and subsisting Fountaine while in service.
The Commander in Chief approves the above sentence.
The paymaster of the 2d regiment of Artillery is to make a stoppage from Capt. Machins pay equal to the expence of Inlisting and subsisting Fountaine while in service.
The Judgement of the Court carries with it so full a censure upon the impropriety of Captn. Machins Conduct while in the execution of one of the highest trusts that can be reposed in an officer that he thinks it unnecessary to add a further reprimand.
At the same General courtmartial, John Williams and Henry Jones, alias Thos. Rock, recruits for the Massachusetts line and Zachariah Custis, a Soldier of the 10th. Massa. regt. severally charged with Desertion were tried and found guilty in breach of Article 1st. section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and each sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in chief approves the sentence of the Court.
In the orders of the 8th. instant the Commander in Chief pointed out the danger of a carless use of fire in Camp. He now directs that officers on guard may prevent their sentinals or others from making fires in the woods where there is no encampment; and after the publication of this order it is expected that the Field officers and the Quarter Masters of the day will see that all fires made in or about the Camp except at the usual and necessary places of Cooking and Washing be immediately extinguished, and those who make them confined and brought to trial for disobedience of orders.
Commanding officers of brigades are requested to point out the places where their brigades are to wash and give strict orders that fires made for that purpose are not left burning when the persons who make them return to Camp.
Head Quarters, September 30, 1782.
Sir: That Congress may be fully informed of all that passes between the British Commander in Chief and myself, I have the Honor now to transmit to your Excellency, Copies of all the Correspondence I have had with Sir Guy Carleton since the 18th of August last, to the present Time, the preceeding having been communicated up to that Day. I have the Honor &c.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, September 30, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to you a Copy of the proceedings of our Commissioners at their late Meeting at Tappan, with Copies of the powers presented by the British Commissioners, and the several papers which passed between them 'till their Separation on the 28th. by which you will see their Business has been brought to a speedy and undecisive Issue.
Inclosed are Copies of Letters which passed between the two Commissrys of prisoners on the Subject of partial Exchanges. You will be pleased to lay the whole before Congress and obtain from that Hono Body as soon as may be their Determination for my future Government on this Subject, particularly respectg the proposition of the British Commy of prisoners contained in the last mentioned papers.
The Commiss's on the part of Sir Guy Carleton, having tho't proper to reject the Remonstrance and protest of our Commiss's on the Treatment experienced by the United States in the Support and Maintenance of their prisoners of War in our powers, I shall take an early Occasion by Letter to convey to the British Comm. in Chief the Sentiments of Congress on that Head, a Copy of which will be sent to you. I am &c.
P.S. The Marquis de la Fayette having informed me that in Consequence of the Exchange of Lord Cornwallis, he had made a Conditional Exchange of his Lordships Family, grounded on the approbation of Doctr Franklin and the practice of the British in the Case of yourself; I wish that if his lordships Exchange should be confirmed by Congress, that those of his Family may also be approved. I think it not only a Respect due to the Character of the Marquis, but that it may be best also in a political View.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Verplanks point, September 30, 1782.
Dear Sir: I shall be obliged to you, or some friend in Congress, to inform me what has been, or is like to be done, with respect to my reference of the case of Captn. Huddy?
I cannot forbear complaining of the cruel situation I now am, and oftentimes have been placed in, by the silence31 of Congress in matters of high importance, and which the good of Service, and my official duty, has obliged me to call upon them (as the Sovereign power of these United States) to decide. It is only in intricate and perplexing cases I have requested their orders; being always willing to bear my proportion of public embarrassments, and take a full share of responsibility, conscious; that I have treated that Honble. Body, and all their measures, with as much deference and respect as any Officer in the United States, I expected this aid.
[Note 31: At this point the draft has the following crossed out: "to call it by the softest name".
On September 30 Washington sent to the Secretary at War, "the Annual Returns of the Men engaged in the Service of the U States from each State composing the Army under my immediate Command. You will be pleased to lay them before Congress." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Why then, if policy forbids a decision upon the difficult points I refer I am not to be informed of it, is beyond my conception; unless I was to ascribe it to causes which I flatter myself do not exist.
When I refer a matter to Congress, every proceeding on it, on my part, is suspended till their pleasure is transmitted; and for this it is well known I have waited with unexampled patience. But when no notice is taken of my application. When measures, which I might otherwise adopt, are suspended. When my own feelings are wounded, and others perhaps are suffering by the delay, how is it possible for me to forbear expressing my disquietude?
The particular cause of it at this time, arises from two things; first, while, I am totally silent to the public, waiting the decision of Congr. on the case of Huddy, I see publications on this head (importing reflection) in one of the Pensylvania Papers, which no man could have made, that had not access to my Official letter of the 19th. of August to Congress; and secondly, because I feel, exceedingly, for Captn. Asgill; who was designated by Lot as a victim to the Manes of Captn. Huddy. While retaliation was apparently necessary, however disagreeable in itself, I had no repugnance to the measure. but, when the end proposed by it is answered (by a disavowal of the Act, by a dissolution of the Board of Refugees). By a promise, whether with, or without meaning to comply with it, I shall not determine; that further inquisition should be made into the matter. I thought it incumbent upon me to have the sense of Congress, who had most explicitly approved, and impliedly indeed ordered retaliation to take place, before I proceeded any further in the matter. To this hour I am held in darkness.
The letter of Asgill (copy of which I inclose) and the situation of his Father which I am made acquainted with by the British prints, work too powerfully upon my humanity, not to wish that Congress would chalk a line for me to walk by in this business. To effect this is the cause of the trouble you now receive from Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
Head Quarters, Verplank Point, Tuesday, October 1, 1782.
Parole Newhaven. Countersigns Fairfield, Newtown.
For duty tomorrow the 5th Connectt. and 3 Massa. Regiments.
At the General Courtmartial of which Colonel Cortlandt is President, Major James Keith of the 8th Massa. Regiment was tried.
First: For presuming to detach a party of armed men from the Garrison of Westpoint, without the consent or knowledge of the Commandant and putting them under the direction of a person who was not an officer, to the prejudice of good order and military decipline. Secondly: For a palpable contempt and disobedience of General Orders, having connived at and assisted in a pernicious and illicit intercourse of traffic with the Enemy, by furnishing Joseph Brown with a Military Guard, which he made use of for the protection of stores and Merchandise, brought from within the Enemys lines.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that Major Keith as Commanding Officer of the 8th Massa. Regt. had the permission of the Commandant of the Garrison of West Point to detach men as he thought best for feathers, that Major Keith did detach a party for the purpose, with directions at the same time to guard some stores in for the use of the Army which was without the consent or knowledge of the Commandant and that he put the party under the direction of a person who was not an officer to the prejudice of Good order and Military Decipline in breach of Article 5th. section 18th. of the rules and articles of war.
The Court on the second charge are of opinion that Major Keith did furnish Joseph Brown with a Military Guard which he made use of for the protection of stores and Merchandise brought from within the enemys Lines and think, agreable to their opinion on the first charge, that Major Keith is responsible for the use to which the Guard was put by Mr. Brown and of consequence that Major Keith is guilty of the second charge against him in breach of article 5th. Section 18th. of the rules and articles of War.
The Court Sentence Major Keith to be discharged the service.
The Commander in chief approves the sentence of the Court.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Wednesday, October 2, 1782.
Parole Champaign. Countersigns Antwerp, Ostend.
For duty tomorrow the 3d. Connecticut and 9th Massa. regiments.
The Commander in Chief forbids the sending or permitting Boats to go down the river, from this Camp without his leave; Non-commissioned officers or soldiers, who are detected in going down the river by Water, or below the advanced posts of the army, by land without proper authority will be severely punished.
Lieutenant Bradford32 of the 2d. regiment of Artillery is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 21st July last, vice Lieutenant Giles33 resigned.
[Note 32: Lieut. James Bradford. He served to June, 1784; was made captain of U.S. Artillery in September, 1789; killed in action with the Indians on the Maumee in Ohio, in November, 1791.]
[Note 33: Lieut. James Giles. He had resigned in August, 1782.]
Lieutenant John Welch34 is appointed Quartermaster to the Rhode island regiment from the 1st of May last vice Lieutt. Sayles35 promoted.
[Note 34: Lieut. John Welch (Welsh). He retired in June, 1783.]
[Note 35: Lieut. David Sayles. He had been promoted to a captaincy in May, 1781, and retired in March, 1783.]
Lieutenant Greenman36 of the Rhode island regt. is appointed Adjutant to the same from the 1st of september last vice Lieutenant Rodgers37 resigned that office.
[Note 36: Lieut. Jeremiah Greenman. He served to December, 1783.]
[Note 37: Lieut. John Rogers (Rodgers). He served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, October 2, 1782.
My dear Sir: Painful as the task is to describe the dark side of our affairs, it some times becomes a matter of indispensable necessity. Without disguize or palliation, I will inform you candidly of the discontents which, at this moment, prevail universally throughout the Army.
The Complaint of Evils which they suppose almost remedies less are, the total want of Money, or the means of existing from One day to another, the heavy debts they have already incurred, the loss of Credit, the distress of their Families (i e such as are Maried) at home, and the prospect of Poverty and Misery before them. [It is vain Sir, to suppose that Military Men will acquiesce contently with bare rations, when those in the Civil walk of life (unacquainted with half the hardships they endure) are regularly paid the emoluments of Office; while the human Mind is influenced by the same passions, and have the same inclinations to endulge it cannt. be. A Military Man has the same turn to sociability as a person in Civil life; he conceives himself equally called upon to live up to his rank; and his pride is hurt when circumstans. restrain him. Only conceive then, the mortification they (even the Genl. Officers) must suffer when they cannot invite a French Officer, a visiting friend, or travelling acquaintance to a better repast than stinking Whiskey (and not always that) and a bit of Beef without Vegitables, will afford them.]
The Officers also complain of other hardships which they think might and ought to be remedied without delay, viz, the stopping Promotions where there have been vacancy's open for a long time, the withholding Commissions from those who are justly entitled to them and have Warrants or Certificates of their Appointments from the Executive of their States, and particularly the leaving the compensation for their services, in a loose equivocal state, without ascertaining their claims upon the public, or making provision for the future payment of them.
While I premise, that tho' no one that I have seen or heard of, appears opposed to the principle of reducing the Army as circumstances may require; Yet I cannot help fearing the Result of the measure in contemplation, under present circumstances when I see such a Number of Men goaded by a thousand stings of reflexion on the past, and of anticipation on the future, about to be turned into the World, soured by penury and what they call the ingratitude of the Public, involved in debts, without one farthing of Money to carry them home, after having spent the flower of their days [and many of them their patrimonies] in establishing the freedom and Independence of their Country, and suffered every thing human Nature is capable of enduring on this side of death; I repeat it, these irritable circumstances, without one thing to sooth their feelings, or frighten the gloomy prospects, I cannot avoid apprehending that a train of Evils will follow, of a very serious and distressing Nature. On the other hand could the Officers be placed in as good a situation as when they came into service, the contention, I am persuaded, would be not who should continue in the field, but who should retire to private life.
I wish not to heighten the shades of the picture, so far as the real life would justify me in doing, or I would give Anecdotes of patriotism and distress which have scarcely ever been paralleled, never surpassed in the history of Mankind; but you may rely upon it, the patience and long sufferance of this Army are almost exhausted, and that there never was so great a spirit of Discontent as at this instant: While in the field, I think it may be kept from breaking out into Acts of Outrage, but when we retire into Winter Quarters (unless the Storm is previously dissipated) I cannot be at ease, respecting the consequences. It is high time for a Peace.
To you, my dear Sir, I need not be more particular in describing my Anxiety and the grounds of it. You are too well acquainted, from your own service, with the real sufferings of the Army to require a longer detail; I will therefore only add that exclusive of the common hardships of a Military life, Our Troops have been, and still are obliged to perform more services foreign to their proper duty, without gratuity or reward, than the Soldiers of any other Army; for example, the immense labours expended [in doing the duties of Artificers] in erecting Fortifications and Military Works; the fatigue of building themselves Barracks or Huts annually; And of cutting and transporting Wood for the use of all our Posts and Garrisons, without any expence whatever to the Public.
Of this Letter, (which from the tenor of it must be considered in some degree of a private nature) you may make such use as you shall think proper. Since the principal objects of it were, by displaying the Merits, the hardships, the disposition and critical state of the Army, to give information that might eventually be useful, and to convince you with what entire confidence and esteem.38 I am etc.39
[Note 38: Secretary Lincoln answered this (October 14) in a private letter, which is in part as follows:
"You mention as a ground of complaint that the compensation to the Army for their services is left in a loose, equivocal state etc. Of this I am fully convinced and from the knowledge I have of the temper of Congress I have little expectation that the matter of half pay, to which I suppose you allude, will be in a better situation than it now is until it shall be recommended by Congress to the several States to provide for their own Officers which I am apprehensive will not be done unless Congress know, in some way or other, that it is the wish of the officers that they would do it.
"You know sir that no moneis can be appropriated but by the voice of nine States There were not that number in favor of half pay when the vote to grant it passed in Congress which was a vote before the confederation was signed and practiced upon but is not now. I see little probability that a sum equal to the half pay will be appropriated to that purpose and apportioned on the several States. Massachusetts is one of those States who have always been opposed to the measure indeed there is but one State east of this which agreed to it in the first place there is too great a part of the Union opposed to the haft pay to think of carrying it through, the States in the oposition cannot be coerced. They say they are willing to make a handsome compensation by compromised; that they will give a sum which shall be just and honorable from this it will be difficult if not impossible to persuade them to depart. I am my self fully in opinion that it will be much the best for the army to be referred to their several States and that their expectations will end in Chagrin and disappointment if they look for half pay from Congress. Let us for a moment reflect how Congress will avail themselves of money to discharge this debt they cannot appropriate any part of the sum, to this use, which shall be annually apportioned on the several States, for the reasons I mentioned before there are not nine States in favor of it. Should it be said that it may be paid out of the revenue of some general tax it will not remove the objection the money arising from these general taxes must be appropriated also if such taxes were passed no one of those proposed has yet passed and I see little probability that any of them will soon if ever."]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, October 2, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 21st ulto. covering a Letter to the president of Congress, which was sealed and sent on by an early opportunity.
I am quite in Sentiment with you, respecting the Expediency of an Accommodation with the Indians; and that this is perhaps a most opportune time for the purpose, and sincerely wish it may be in the power of Congress to find the Means of doing it; the Inclination I have reason to think will not be wanting.40 I am41
[Note 40: On October 12 Congress resolved that the commissioners, of Indian affairs for the Northern Department be instructed to avail themselves of the change reported to have taken place in the temper of the northern Indians.]
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 2, 1782.
Dear Sir: Though it is not my wish or design to wound you with fruitless complaints, of which I know you are not the cause, and for the consequences of which you cannot be responsible, yet I have judged it expedient you should be made acquainted with the actual temper and disposition of the Army; a sketch of which is given without diminution or exageration (to the best of my knowledge) in the enclosed Copy of a Letter to the Secry at War. I confess it seems to me not only an act of policy but of justice, instead of irritating the Minds of our Officers and Men, to soothe and accommodate them in all their reasonable wishes and expectations so far as the circumstances will admit. I am sensible you coincide entirely in the same sentiment.
In the Store Ship, which has lately arrived from Amsterdam, I am informed (tho not thro' a proper channel) there was a considerable quantity of Linnen and Hose for Officers. These or any other Articles proper for them, I should think it would be expedient to have forwarded and delivered upon account of their pay. I have written by this conveyance to the Clothier Genl on the subject; and pressed him to use his utmost exertions to send on the Cloathing, particularly the Soldiers shirts; respecting which, I had previously given him my sentiments; that Letter, he has probably communicated to you, for the purpose of obtaining the Means of transportation, &c.42 I have the honor, etc.43
[Note 42: Morris answered (October 15): "There is no man in America more heartily disposed than I am to remove from the Army and from all others who have Claims on the Public every just Ground of Complaint. But with the Means in my Power, how is it possible? I have been obliged to submit to Cancelling one Contract and forming another at one third Advance on the former Price, for the want of a meer Trifle compared with what we had a Right to expect. I am in Advance on Credit to an Amount which you can scarcely form an Idea of altho I have declined every Expenditure not indispensible. That Part of the late arrival of Cloathing which is unfit for Soldiers Use is now, Selling to pay off Debts contracted by the Cloathing Department during my Administration. Among these Debts are twelve thousand Dollars for needle Work done by People in extreme Indigence. The Cloathing which arrived fit for Officers wear was inadequate to the Purpose of Cloathing them all. The Division must have created Confusion and raised Disputes. If this had not been the Case still it would have been liable to the Inconveniences attending partial Payments, and we should have been justly Reproached for having broken repeated Promises that no such Payments should take Place. Congress have done all in their Power to procure Money for the Army. My own Efforts I shall not dwell upon. If money is obtained that will produce Satisfaction. I am sure that nothing else will. My Credit has already been on the Brink of Ruin. If that goes, all is gone, but if it can be preserved there will in the last Necessity be some Chance of making advances on Credit to the Army as well as to others. Thus Sir you will see that I look forward as far as my distressed Situation will admit; but after all if the States cannot be prevailed on to make greater Exertions it is difficult to foresee where the Thing is to terminate." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, October 2, 1782.
Sir: Your Excellency will have been informed by your Commissioners, of the causes which obstructed their proceeding upon business at the late meeting at Tappan.
The Commissioners on the part of the United States laid before those appointed by your Excellency and Admiral Digby a remonstrance on the subject of the immense expence arising from the support of so great a number of British Prisoners as we now have in our possession, without any present compensation or proper security for the payment hereafter. This remonstrance your Commissioners did not think themselves at liberty to accept, I am therefore under the necessity of furnishing your Excellency with a Copy of it44 and of assuring you agreeable to my instructions from the Honble. the Congress of the United States "that if this like former representations should produce no effect it will be high time to take measures however disagreeable for diminishing a Burthen which is become intolerable." I have the honor etc.45
[Note 44: The report of the Exchange Commissioners at Tappan. Not now found in the Washington Papers or the Papers of the Continental Congress. Copies of sundry documents on which this report was based are, however, in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 149, vol. 2, fols. 7--47.]
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 3 Washington sent a copy of this letter to Carleton, the Secretary at War, in a brief note, requesting that it "be laid before Congress." Carleton answered (October 25), and Washington forwarded a copy of the answer to Congress in a brief note dated Nov. 1, 1782. These drafts are in the Washington Papers.]
Verplanks Point, October 2, 1782.
Madam: The card I have the honor to enclose you will, I trust, give you a satisfactory account of the letters I forwarded to New York. I shall be happy if the packet which I now send to Mr. Lloyd, is productive of others from your friends in England.
If these conjectures should correspond with my wishes, I shall felicitate myself on the auspicious beginning of my Agency; and shall hope from that cause, (I have no other to rest it upon) that I may be honored with a continuance of your correspondence.
As I do not pretend to more disinterestedness than others, of your Admirers, I shall frankly declare to you, that this was a contemplated pleasure, when I proffered my services to you. No good proof, you will say, of generous, or ingenuous mind; but a very strong one it would seem, of what it would be a folly to deny; that selfish considerations are not without their influence on all our actions; and in spite of the boasted philanthropy of mankind, is found to be the governing spring of them.
As I am not exempt from this foible of humanity, the honestest part I can act is, to make an ample confession of it, at the same time that I assure you of the high respect and admiration of Madam, Yours etc46
[Note 46: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Verplanks Point, October 2, 1782.
Sir: The packet herewith enclosed came by the last Flag from New York; and this, first post since, conveys it to you. I hope it contains Letters from England, and will give Mrs. Lloyd a pleasing account of her friends in that quarter.
I do not know under what description of character Mr. White falls; but if he is of a class to render his departure from New York necessary, it may not be amiss for Mrs. Lloyd to pass her letters through some other channel than this, to prevent a circuitous rout and the delay and accidents consequent of such a removal. I take the liberty of offering this hint, from information (which I believe may be depended upon) that the Refugees and Loyalists are preparing to leave New York. Should he be of this number her letters under cover to him, will run a hazard of being lost. Mr. B. Watson,47 or Major Murray48 to whom you have already written on the subject will probably remain there while the enemy hold a footing in the city. I have the honor, etc.49
[Note 47: Brook Watson, later lord mayor of London.]
[Note 48: Maj. Daniel Murray, of the King's American Dragoons, British Provincial Troops.]
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On October 2 Humphreys wrote to Capt. John Pray: "You may be assured, nothing can be more acceptable to the Commander in Chief, than your continuing to obtain and forward the earliest and best Intelligence. The sailing or arrival of Fleets is an object of the first consequence." Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Thursday, October 3, 1782.
Parole New York. Countersigns Albany, Newburgh.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Connecticut and 6th. Massa. regiments.
Head Quarters, October 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have this Day received your favor of the 27th. ulto. Before this reaches you, you will have received my Letter, covering one to Major General Greene, which was left open for your observation. In my Letter to Genl Greene, reference being made to his own Disposition of the Troops, without mentioning the particular Corps he intended to put in motion to the Northward, I will only observe to you, that the Troops he meant to put in motion, were those of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland, which accords fully to your Idea; this disposition was approved by me.
I approve fully your Suggestion respectg the Troops of Pennsylvania to guard the Prisoners of War, and Hazens to be relieved, and wish you to give the Orders accordingly, and that Hazens Regiment be ordered to join my Army as soon as possible.
It has been mentioned to me that great Irregularity prevails in giving passports for Officers going into N York, with their Servants &c.; several Instances have happened in which, Officers under Genl Hazen's passports, have been admitted to go in with unlimited Number of Servants, by which Means some have carried in four, some three Soldiers, Servants; this Circumstance wants remedy. I wish therefore that all passports under Genl Hazens Authority may be stopped immediately and that in future, the Number of Servants to pass, may be particularly specified, and that proper Accounts may be kept of all persons who are suffered to pass.
I am under Necessity to cover one more Letter to you addressed to Genl St Clair,50 and beg it may be sent to him by a special Messenger. I have no knowledge yet of his receiving either of two Letters which I have lately sent to him. I am &c.51
[Note 50: The letter which was inclosed, and dated October 3, briefly requested General St. Clair to "proceed to and assume the Command assigned to you in my Army." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with three of your letters bearing date the 19th. and one the 25th. of September. Inclosed you have Colo. Varicks rect. for 800 dollars.
General Cornell is at present at Fishkill at a meeting with the contractors. You may be assured he shall have all my countenance and assistance in the execution of his business. I hope he will be able to make it unnecessary for me to address a circular Letter to the States.
The Commissioners did but meet and break up. The dissimilarity of their powers was a bar to business. I have, agreeable to the instructions of Congress, informed Sir Guy Carleton that it will be impossible for us to go on with the subsistence of prisoners without an immediate compensation, or a proper security for the payment of what we advance.
The Commissioners have returned me Eight and one quarter dbb loons, five Moydores, four half Johannes, twenty one Eng. Guineas and five French Guineas, which I shall apply to the use of my Family and account for. The remainder of what was delivered to me by Mr. Mullins was expended by the Commissioners and is to be charged to that account. I have the honor etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 3 Trumbull wrote to Maj. Robert Oliver, that Washington "consents that Doctr Shields. Mr Garden, and Mrs. Beck go into N York with their Servants; but at same time request you to take a particular Acco. of each persons Servants, whether Soldiers or in mental Capacity; and distinguish each, that an Acco. may be kept by our Comry of prisoners; this Note you will please to transmit to Head Quarters." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Friday, October 4, 1782.
Parole Marseilles. Countersigns Toulon, Narbonne.
For duty tomorrow the 4th. Connecticut and Rhode Isld. regiment.
The 2d. New york regiment will releive the men of the 1st. on duty at Stoney point and Kakiat tomorrow:
The 1st. New York regiment will releive the 7th. Massachusetts, on fatigue at West Point the next day.
One trusty able bodied man who is a good oarsman, from each of the Massachusetts brigades, is to be immediately sent to join Captn. Prays command, to replace a like number returned sick.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Saturday, October 5, 1782.
Parole Burlington. Countersigns Brunswick, Chatham.
For duty 1st. Jersey and 1st. Massachusetts regiments.
Lieutenant Colonel Vose is appointed a member of the General courtmartial of which Colonel Cortlandt is President, vice Major Maxwell.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Sunday, October 6, 1782.
Parole Bordeaux. Countersigns Rochell, Rockfort.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Jersey and 4th. Massa. regiments.
The regimental Paymaster will apply to the Assistant Clothier General at Newburgh for their proportion of the blankets now in Store.
A return of the New Levies serving in the several brigades which compose this army over and above the number lately drawn out for the Quartermaster Generals service to be made to the Adjutant General by 8 o'clock tomorrow morning.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Monday, October 7, 1782.
Parole Lancaster. Countersigns York, Carlile.
[Note 53: Lieut. Col. Calvin Smith, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
For duty tomorrow 2 New York and 2d. Massachusetts regiments
At the General courtmartial of which Colo. Coutlandt is president, Lieutenant Hunt54 of the 4th. Massa. regt. was tried on the following charges:
[Note 54: Lieut. Ephraim Hunt. He served to the close of the war]
1st. Neglect of duty in not attending the parade on the morning of the 21st. of September last agreable to the Genl Orders of the 18th. of that month directing that no officer should be absent on that occasion.
2dly. With unofficer and ungentlemanlike Conduct in pretending to be unfit for duty by reason of Lameness on the 21st. September last when on that day, and the preceeding day he did walk through the Encampment of the Army and to Peekskill for his pleasure.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that Lt. Hunt is guilty of the Charges against him in breach of Article 4th. Section 13th. and Art. 5th. section 18th. of the rules and Articles of war, but as the Court think Lieutenant Hunt had some grounds for his pretence though not sufficient to excuse him, they sentence him only to be repremanded by the Commander in chief in Genl. orders.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
It appears to him from the face of the proceedings that Lieutenant Hunt was probably incapable of undergoing the fatigue of a field day on account of the boil upon his Thigh, and that there was an implied leave of a absence from duty in the manner of Lieutenant Colonel Mellons expressing himself. Mr. Hunt however ought after what had passed between Lieutenant Colonel Mellon and himself to have obtained a more explicit answer in order to have fully justified his leaving his Command.
Lieutenant Hunt is released from his arrest.
The honorable the Congress of the United States having been pleased by their resolution of the 2d. October to appoint Lieutenant Thomas Edwards55 of the 9th. Massachusetts regiment to be Judge Advocate to the Army he is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 55: He served as Deputy Judge Advocate since April, 1780, and also served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your two favors of 30th Sept. One from you by post, inclosing Copies of papers from Genl Greene, and several Letters by Mr Carter56 who arrived this Morng.
[Note 56: --Carter, of the firm of Wadsworth & Carter, contractors for supplying the Army.]
I agree with you perfectly, that the Virginia recruits, all but a sufficient Guard, for the protection of the Military Stores, should be marched to Winchester, where they may easily be supplied, and where their Services may be rendered more usefull, than at their present rendezvous. Order for this Movement will be given.
It is not for me to determine how far partial Exchanges of prisoners of War, or whether any, shall be admitted, since a general Cartel is not likely to be effected. This point I expect Congress will direct in, and could wish to have it soon decided. I will only make one Observation, which policy seems to me to dictate; that is, that a partial Exchange will probably operate in favor of our Enemies, who are constantly pressing to obtain, their principal and most influencial Officers, which Circumstances, if gained, not only casts a weight into the Scale against us, but removes one very great Motive which should operate upon the British, to bring them to a Compliance with our Terms.
I am very glad to hear you mention an Intention of comg on to Camp, several important Reasons are on my Mind, but of such nature (particularly one of them) that I do not care to risque them to you in Writing, which strongly urge the Necessity of your presence with me in the Army. I wish therefore that you will determine to come on immediately; the sooner the better.
Before the Receipt of your Letter respectg Doctor Shields and Mrs. Beck, their Impatience and the Doctr's producing a Certificate of his Exchange, had induced me to permit their going in; they have been gone some Days.
I dont know what Reason we have to wish the British Officers to remain in the Country, so long as we have their paroles and proper Accounts are kept of them, I rather think them better, for us, within the Enemy's Lines, than in our own Country.
The case of Capt. Asgill is now before Congress. I can only say, that I would wish an early decision respectg him; as well as upon the proceedgs of the British Court Martial upon the Trial of Cape Lippincut; the delay of Congress in the last Instance, places me not only in a very delicate, but a very awkward Situation with the expecting World, Was I to give my private Opinion respectg Asgill, I should pronounce in favor of his being released from his Duress and that he should be permitted to go to his Friends in Europe. I am &c.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1782.
Sir: I duly recd your favor of the 12th ulto. covering a Return of Military Stores in Virginia.
The Secretary at War having informed me that the Recruits of Virginia may not only be subsisted by Contract at Winchester, but that they may be usefully employed in guarding the prisoners of War at that place, you fill immediately on the rect of this remove all the Recruits from Cumberland Old Court House, except the necessary, Guard for the Military Stores, and make Winchester the place of General Rendezvous in future.
You will obey the orders of the secretary at War respecting the safe keeping of the Prisoners. I am &c.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1782.
Sir: Applications are makg to me from the States individually, respectg the Exchanges of marine prisoners, which are in their respective possessions.
As I consider myself to have no Agency in this Matter, and must expect to be constantly teized in this Business, unless it is put into a more Systematical Train than at present. I must beg that you will be so good, as to relieve me in this instance, by sendg on some person from you, or authorizing some one here, who may under your Instructions have the general Superintendance and direction of these proposed Exchanges I am &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1782.
Sir: I wrote you some days ago respecting the making up and forwarding the Soldiers Shirts. This, I must still urge you will use all your exertions in effecting; as the Necessities of the Troops becomes every day more and more pressing. Should there be any Linnen or other Articles designed for the use of Officers, you will endeavour to have them forwarded without delay, together with whatever Blankets may have arrived at any Port, and the Articles I mentioned in my former Letter. I am, etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
(Private)
Head Quarters, October 7, 1782.
Sir: I was surprised to learn that a Compy of Light Infantry, being down the River yesterday without proper Orders, and without giving Notice to the Commanding Officers of the Post or Water Guard, had Occasioned an Alarm in that Quarter; especially after the General Order of Wednesday last was issued in consequence of your representation of the evils which would arise from such practices.
Altho Captain Webb61 might have left Camp before the Order above alluded to was made public, yet as you were well apprized of the impropriety of such proceeding (as appeared by your representation) I cannot think the conduct by any means Soldierlike or conformable to good discipline. A repetition of it I am persuaded will not happen, as I have given positive Orders to Captain Pray62 to apprehend and send to Head Qrs under Guard, All Persons, who may hereafter be found down the River in the same Predicament.63
[Note 61: Capt. George Webb, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
[Note 62: On October 7 David Humphreys wrote to Capt. John Pray: "The Commander in Chief was surprized to hear that Boats were down the River in the manner you relate in your Letter of yesterday. In future he directs, that you should apprehend any People you find in the same predicament, and send them under guard to Head Quarters." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On October 11 Washington wrote to Pray that "The Order from Head Quarters of the 7th. Inst. was not meant to prohibit you from giving passes to Citizens to fish, in the manner formerly practiced, it related entirely to the Army." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1782.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your favor of the 27th of Septemr.
The Circumstances which produced, in the first Instance, your unfortunate Situation, having in some Measure changed their Ground, the whole matter has been laid before Congress for their Directions: I am now waiting their decision.
I can Assure you I shall be very happy should Circumstances enable me to announce to you, your Liberation from your disagreeable Duresse. I am &c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 65: Physician General to the French Army in America.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1782.
Sir: Your humane attention to the American Hospitals which were established at Williamsburg after the seige of York has been properly represented to me. I beg you to be assured, Sir, that I entertain a due sense of your kindness upon that occasion, and take this opportunity of testifying how much I think myself and the public obliged to you. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 7, 1782.
Sir: Circumstances have rendered it essential that Messrs. Wadsworth and Carter should take up the Contracts for the supply of the American Army with provision. They were the more readily induced to this, from a conviction that their engagement with us so far from being detrimental will prove beneficial to those which they are at present under for the supply of the Army of France with the same Articles. For they having now the sole direction of purchases, will have it in their power, in a manner, to regulate prices, and to prevent those advantages which individuals will ever take, when they find a number of persons bidding for the same species. Besides, these Gentlemen being bound, by their Contracts with us, to supply at a fixed price, will find it their interest to keep down the prices of provisions as low as possible.
It being your province, Sir, to superintend and regulate the purchases for the supply of the Army of His Most Christian Majesty in these States, Messrs. Wadsworth and Carter wish you to be convinced that the interests of His Majesty will not be affected by their engagement with us, and have therefore requested me to give you my opinion on the subject.
I think, from the reasons before mentioned, that the advantages arising from this Union of purchases are manifest, and it will make me happy to find that you agree with me in sentiment. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 8, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of Yesterday. From the ill success which I have lately experienced in Attemptg to obtain Alterations in some Arrangements made by Congress I have very little Encouragement to hazard another. The best Advice I can give you therefore, is to wait the Arrival of the Secretary at War, who is expected here in a short Time; and make your Application to him. As he is in fact, I believe, considered to be Head of your Department, he will be able to give you all the Satisfaction, perhaps, that you will be able to obtain from any other Quarter. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 69: President of College of New Jersey; later Princeton University.]
Head Quarters, October 8 1782.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 3d instant.70
[Note 70: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Since the settlement of a general Cartel is not likely to be effected, I do not consider myself at Liberty to enter into the practice of partial Exchanges, without the Direction of Congress, to whose Consideration it has been submitted.
I shall Wait this Decision; should it be in favor of partial Exchange, I know nothing at present, but that Capt. Graham may as well be indulged as another. I am &c.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Tuesday, October 8, 1782.
Parole Providence. Countersigns Alps, Bruges.
For duty tomorrow 1st. Connecticut and 8th. Massa. regiments.
At the General courtmartial whereof Colonel Cortlandt is President, Captain Staunton72 of the 2d. regiment of Light Dragoons charged with Cowardice on the morning of the 3d. of July 1781 near Williams's bridge in West Chester County in the State of New York, in shamefully refusing a command of honor and supposed danger when ordered by Colonel Sheldon, and suffering a Subaltern officer to take it and requesting leave to retire in the rear of the regiment at a time it momently expected Action: was tried.
[Note 72: Capt. William Stanton (Staunton), of the Second Continental Dragoons. He served to the close of the war.]
The court on consideration are of opinion that the charge against Captn. Stanton is not supported and is groundless, and they doe acquit Captn. Stanton.
Commander in chief approves the opinion of the Court.
Captn. Stanton is released from his arrest.
As the Weather has become so cool that the Shades in front of the tents can be of no further utility they are to be taken down--the Leaves and rubbish must be removed and the wood may be made use of for fuel. This is not meant to extend to detached bowers which do not join the tents and which will not endanger them from fire.
The Paymaster of those regiments which have recruits for three years or the war yet uncloathed are immediately to apply to the Deputy Clothier for cloth and materials. If they can be obtained the Commanding officers of the regimts. are desired to direct their Taylors to make up the Cloathing.
The Inspection for the Month of September will take place on the following days Vizt. Jersey and 1st. Massa. brigades the 11th. Instant; 1st. Connecticut and 2d. do. do. 13th; 2d. do. and 3 do. do 15th; York brigade and Command. in chiefs Guards, 16th.
In addition to the Levies already in the Qr. Mr. Generals service the New York brigade will furnish four, the first Connecticut forty four and the second Connecticut brigade Sixty eight; to be commanded by two Captains, two Subalterns four serjeants and four Corporals taken from the Line and employed as the Quarter Master General shall direct: they are to receive a proportion of Tents from, but excluded in the provision returns of their regiments.
The Brigades detailed for officers and noncommissioned officers to command this and the former draughts of Levies, may releive them at their pleasure.
AFTER ORDERS
Lieutenant Colonel Sherman is appointed officer of the day tomorrow, vice Lieutenant Colonel Mellen.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Wednesday, October 9, 1782.
Parole Bethlehem. Countersigns Easton, Darby.
For duty tomorrow 5th. Connecticut and 5th. Massa. regiments.
The honorable the superintendant of Finance having by the following Commission,73 appointed Ezekiel Cornell Esqur. Inspector for the Main army for the purposes therein mentioned. He is to be respected and obeyed accordingly.
[Note 73: The text of this commission, which is dated Sept. 19, 1782, is quoted at large in this General Order, but is omitted here.]
The Commander in Chief desires that Chimneys may not be built to the tents in the Line untill his further direction shall be made known.
Head Quarters, October 9, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your Lordships Letter of the 6th. inclosing Copy of General Sullivans to you.
I have never tho't it well to despise Information of an Enemy's Designs; but I must freely confess to your Lordship that I have no great Apprehensions of Danger from the Quarter of Canada. The Advanced Season of the Year alone, were no other obstacles in their Way, I should judge sufficient to deter the Attempt mentioned. But in fact, I have very different Ideas of the Intentions of the Enemy, from their appearance in the upper Country, than what Genl. Sullivan suggests; their designs I fancy, are more for their own security and establishment in that part of the Country and their upper Posts than calculated for any offensive Operations against these States. But, Let whichever be the real Design, it is best for us to keep a watchful Eye upon their movements. With Regards etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 9, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have the honor of your Excellency's letter of yesterday; similar intelligence to that contained in it had been transmitted to me by General Bayley himself. Altho' I make it a rule never to despise any information, yet, I think with you; that no more is necessary at present than to order the force to the Northward, both regular and Militia to be prepared. The advanced season is, in my opinion, alone, an obstacle to such an expedition as General Bayley mentions; besides, can it be supposed that the Commr. in Chief in Canada would commit his whole Force to a Route which had already proved fatal to a much superior Army, and at a time when Sir William Howe was able to make so powerful a diversion in Pennsylvania. I have the honor etc.
I return your Excelly the inclosures contained in yours.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 9, 1782.
Sir: Lt. Colbreath76 quarter Master to the 2nd New York Regiment informs me that a suit is carrying on against him for a Trespass in taking some cattle which he impressed under your Excellency's Warrant in consequence of which I am under
[Note 76: Lieut. William Colbreath, of the Second New York Regiment He served to June, 1783.] the necessity of granting leave to Lt. Colo. Cochran77 and several other persons to go from the Army to Albany as evidences on the part of Mr. Colbreath.
[Note 77: Lieut. Col. Robert Cochran, of the Second New York Regiment.]
I need not observe to your Excellency how exceedingly injurious such vexatious suits, as this appears to be, are to the public Service, and how peculiarly hard it is on the officer to be put to so much trouble and expence for doing what indeed he is obliged to do. Your Excellency will I am persuaded do every thing that lays in your power to assist and relieve Mr. Colbreath in this affair. I have the honor, etc.78
[Note 78: From a copy of the original kindly furnished by Mrs. Ernest L. Ives, of Pretoria, South Africa. The draft, dated Oct. 10, 1782, and in the writing of Benjamin Walker, differs from the above text in minor verbal variations only and is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 10, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to grant a Flag to Mr. Prentino Aide de Camp to Genl. Viominil to pass with his Servant to the Enemy's Lines, you will also be so good as to call on Capt Pray to furnish a convenient Boat for the purpose, and give any other assistance to the bearer that may be in your power. I have the honor etc.
P.S. If Mr. Prentino should have occasion to send a Letter before he goes himself, it is wished you would expedite it as much as possible.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, October 10, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 16th. ulto. In consequence of reports which I recd. from New York, that the enemy mean an attack upon the French ships either in Boston or portsmouth Harbor, I advised the Marquis de Vaudreuil to keep upon his Guard, and have requested the Govs. of Massachusetts and New Hampshire to hold their Militia in readiness, should there be occasion for them. I cannot think your posts in any danger for the following Reasons: There is no object in them, and as the enemy could only effect their designs further Eastward by a Coup de Main, they would never, I think, give the Alarm by commencing an attack upon you. The Caution you have taken of holding your Militia in readiness, is, however a proper measure in my opinion. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Thursday, October 10, 1782.
Parole Alsace. Countersigns Montpellier, Breston.
[Note 81: Maj. Benjamin Throop, of the Fifth Connecticut Regiment.]
For duty tomorrow 3d. Connecticut and 3d. Massa. Brigades.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, October 11, 1782.
Parole Bethlehem. Countersigns Easton, Darby.
For duty tomorrow 2d. Connecticut and 9th. Massa. regiments.
At a General courtmartial held at Philadelphia Barracks, August 15th. 1782 by order of the honorable the Secretary at War whereof Major McPherson was President.
William Taylor soldier in the Pennsylvania Line charged with Desertion and forgery was Tried.
The court after maturely considering the nature of the Crime, the evidence and prisoners defence do find him guilty of the first part of the charge in breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the Articles of war and do sentence him to suffer Death, more than two thirds of the court agreeing thereto, and acquit him of the latter part of the charge, no evidence appearing to support it.
The Commander in chief approves the sentence of the court.82
[Note 82: On October 12 Tench Tilghman wrote to Col. Richard Humpton: "Inclosed you have the approbation of the sentence against Taylor, which His Excellency does not however intend shall be carried into execution; but whenever you think proper you are to deliver him over to any Continental or public Vessel of War." The draft of Tilghman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
At a General courtmartial held at Verplanks point, October 2d. 1782 of which Colonel Cortlandt is President John McCoy Soldier of the 2d. Connecticut regiment charged with Desertion was tried and found guilty in breach of Article 1st. Section 6th. of the rules and articles of war, and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
At the same court Wilhelmus Keator of the first New York regiment charged with Desertion was found guilty as above and sentenced to receive fifty Lashes on his naked back and twenty five Lashes each morning after till he shall have received in the whole one hundred Lashes.
John Condrick, charged before the same Court with Deserting from the 2d. Connecticut regiment and Inlisting in the 1st. Jersey regiment, was found guilty as before mentioned and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
Micheal Cassady, soldier of the 1St. Massachusts. regiment, charged with Desertion was found Guilty in breach as aforesaid and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in chief approves the foregoing Sentences and desires they may be carried into execution at such times as the Commanding officers of the regiments the Prisoners belong to shall direct, except the sentence against John Condrick of the 2d. Connecticut regiment who the General by particular intercession is pleased to pardon; he is to be released from confinement and Join his regiment.
The Board appointed the 9th ultimo to examine the pretentions of the Candidates for the Badge of Merit are requested to meet tomorrow morning 10 o'clock at the Inspector Generals Marque.
Head Quarters, October 12, 1782.
Sir: Your letter of the 19th. of August never reached my hands untill yesterday. Col. Richard Butler's remaining at Carlisle was owing to the peculiarity of our circumstances, and not to any design of superseding you. It was imagined when he went from Philada, early in the Spring, that a detachment of the Recruits might soon have been got in readiness to march to the southward under his command, but that not having been the case, and accounts from the southward having, for a long time past, intimated a determination in the enemy to evacuate that Quarter, the sending down reinforcements was in consequence suspended. Hence Colo. R. Butlers stay at Carlisle became a matter of expediency and while he was there, he could not be commanded by a junior Officer. Of this you may rest satisfied, that no part of your conduct has ever merited my disapprobation.
The Recruits of the Pennsylvania Line having been ordered upon duty, as a Guard to the Prisoners in the State, I shall consult the secretary at War, whom I expect to see in a few days, upon the necessity of making Carlisle, under present circumstances, any longer the place of general Rendezvous.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Saturday, October 12, 1782.
Parole Lyons. Countersigns Mardyke, Boulogne.
For duty tomorrow 4th. Connecticut and 6th. Massa. Regiments.
Major Porter of the 6th. Massachusetts regiment charged, first, "With going beyond Sea without first obtaining proper authority for so doing.
2dly. With Disobedience of the General Orders of the 16th of January last by absenting himself from his regiment beyond the time limited by the Commander in chief in the orders of that day" was tried by the General Court martial of which Colonel Cortlandt is president and found guilty in breach of Article 5th. section 18th of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to be discharged the service.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Sunday, October 13, 1782.
MORNING ORDERS
The Fourth Massachusetts regiment will relieve the 1st. New York regiment, on fatigue at West Point this day.
Parole Georgetown. Countersigns Port Tobacco, Bladensburg.
For duty tomorrow the Rhode Island and 1st. Massa. Regiments.
The 2d. Massachusetts regiment will relieve the men of the 2d. New York regiment on duty at Stoney point and Kakiat tomorrow.
Head Quarters, October 13, 1782.
Dear Sir: My being obliged to go down the River early yesterday morning, prevented my answering yours of the 11th. yesterday.
I can say nothing decisive respecting the Invalid Regiment, untill the arrangements for the Winter are made: But I cannot conceive any duty more proper for them than that of Constitution Island will be, or where it will be more light. They will have occasion for very few Centries, and those may be under cover. They will have comfortable Barracks and Fuel at hand. And the greater part of the Men, who were turned over to the Corps by the last Inspection, are as fit for stationary duty as any Men in the Army. Were there any accommodation for the number you mention at Newburgh; Their duty would be dispersed, hard and exposed.
You may keep Van Schaick's Artificers, and the further number requisite shall be drawn from the line; perhaps there may be some Carpenters and Masons among the Levies allotted to the Wood service. If there are, you may draw them from thence and replace them with Men who are not artificers.
I should have thought the Quarter Master could have furnished the Teams necessary for the transportation of the materials from Fishkill, especially as he had been informed that there would be no call for them for the purpose of removing the Army.
I had always understood that the old Barracks on the Point had held 1300 Men. They might perhaps have been too much crouded with that number. You now say that the Barracks on the point, exclusive of that in Fort Clinton, will not hold 900 Men. I would wish you to explain this.
I should have no objection to sending the prisoners of War taken to the Northward, to Albany, were there any means of keeping them there. There are no troops there except, perhaps, a small Guard to Lord Stirling. I cannot consent to send them to New York, as with an old Balance and those who have gone in with paroled officers, the enemy already owe us 900 Men. They ought however to be removed from West Point to Phila. by the first opportunity. The Germans, notwithstanding what they may say, are prisoners of War. I am &c.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, October 14, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favors of the 8th. 9th. and 10th. Instants. I am obliged by the sketches respecting Canada.85 They may be of use. In my letter of the 7th. which had not reached you, I gave you my opinion upon the propriety of permitting the officers taken at York to go into New York.
[Note 85: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
It is very much my wish to have the Company from the Jersey line stationed at Wyoming withdrawn from thence; but as they were posted there by particular direction of Congress, I would not withdraw them without their approbation. You will therefore be pleased to know whether the measure would be agreeable to them. The Officers and Men wish to be relieved.
I shall appoint a Board of Officers to settle the Rank of Lt. Colo. Huntington and Gray in obedience to the Resolve of Congress. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 14, 1782.
Sir: The Dragoon handed your Letter of Yesterday respecting the four Refugees lately captured from the Enemy by your Corps.87
[Note 87: The 4 refugees captured were said to belong to DeLancey's Corps. Tallmadge's letter to Washington, Oct. 13, 1782, states that "as an Exchange of those Men only gives them a Licence to pursue their praedatory practices, and serves rather to encourage than Deter them from similar pursuit, at the Request of the Authority and Many of the Inhabitants, I wrote to His Excellency Govr. Clinton...Your Excellency's Instructions will govern in the Case." Tallmadge's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Considering present Circumstances, I think it best to deliver them to the Civil Authority. You will therefore be pleased to have them disposed of agreable to the Direction mentioned in the Close of Governor Clintons Letter to you, that they may be tried by a Court of Oyer and Terminer instituted by the Executive of the State, or otherways dealt with as the Civil power shall judge their Merits deserve. I am &c.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 14, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with yours of the 5th. covering Copy of the Resolve of the 1st.89 and of your circular letters to the Executives of the States90 and your Receivers.91 I am in hopes they will have the desired effect and I shall take every proper opportunity of making the use of them which you request. I am &c.92
[Note 89: The resolve of Congress of Oct. 1, 1782, provides "that no moneys paid by any of the states to the officers and soldiers of the army of the United States, as pay for the year 1782, be considered as advanced in behalf of the United States, and that the same be not credited to the State by which the advance shall have been made." It was also resolved that same day that the States be required to make speedy payment of their quotas to the United States Treasury, so that Congress might be able to pay the Army.]
[Note 90: Copies of Morris's circular letters are in the Washington Papers, dated Oct. 5, 1782. He sent them to Washington in order "that you may have an Opportunity at every convenient Season to shew the military Servants of the Country that their Soverign is attentive to their just Claims. I have added Copies of my letters that you apprise any such Officers of Influence and Discretion as may be about to pass from your Army to the LegisLatures, of the whole of what has passed on this Subject so that the Views and Efforts of all the public Servants being directed to the same Object may produce the desired Success."]
[Note 91: Continental receivers of State taxes.]
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 93: Lieut. Louis Antoine Jean Baptiste, Chevalier de Cambray Digby, of the Continental Engineers. He was present at the battle of Monmouth and at the siege of Savannah; taken prisoner at the surrender of Charleston; exchanged in 1783.]
Head Quarters, October 14, 1782.
Sir: You have my permission, so far as it depends upon me, to go to France. Your application for liberty to go beyond sea must be to Congress. I can only recommend that indulgence, but have no authority to grant it. You may make use of this letter to shew my approbation of your request.
I inclose you a Certificate of your services I should have been happy had I been able to have spoken of them from my own immediate knowledge. But the other Testimonials of which you are possessed are so ample and honorable that I think they cannot fail of procuring you as favorable a reception at your own Court, as you, in my opinion, deserve. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. A draft of the certificate is entered on the verso of the draft of this letter.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Monday, October 14, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
For duty tomorrow 1st. Jersey and 7th. Massa. regiments.
Major Generals Gates, Heath, and St. Clair and Colonels Greaton, and Ogden are requested to meet at General Gates's Marque tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock in order to settle a dispute of rank between Lieutenant Colonels Huntington and Gray. The Parties are desired to attend and the necessary papers laid before the Board. They will make their report to the Commander in chief.
For a Monoevre to be performed on Thursday next, the disposition for which will be hereafter communicated.95
[Note 95: A "Disposition for the Manoeuvre, October 17th 1782" is in the Washington Papers.]
The Jersey Line will give one, the York line two, the Connecticutt line including the Rhode island regiment two, and the Massachusetts line three battallions; each battallion to consist of two Field and twelve Platoon officers, twenty five Noncommissd. officers, and eight Platoons of fifteen Files each. Four field Pieces to be attached to this Corps.
The Jersey battallion to be furnished with 12, the two Connecticutt and that battalion of Massachusetts which forms immediately on the left of the Connecticut, with four rounds of blank cartridges per man. The Field pieces with ten rounds each the battallions to be provided with colours.
At the General courtmartial of which Colonel Cortlandt is president, Ensign Covel96 of the 4th. Massachusetts regiment, charged with "absenting himself from his regiment beyond the time limited in his furlough, and when notified agreable to a resolve of congress of December 6th. 1779, to join his regiment, neglecting so to do or to give satisfactory reasons for his continuance of absence" was tried agreable to the resolve of congress of Decr. 6th. 1779, respecting absent officers.
[Note 96: Ensign Thomas Covel (Covell, Covill).]
The Court on consideration are of opinion that Ensign Covel has exceeded the limits of his furlough; that he has been notified to join his regiment agreable to the resolve of congress of Decr. 6th. 1779, respecting absent officers, and that he has neglected to join the regiment accordingly or to give satisfactory reasons for his continuance of absence and they sentence that he be cashered.
The Commander in chief approves the sentence of the court.
At the same Court Samuel G. Dyer of the Rhode Island regiment, "charged with Desertion from the regiment in April 1781, and joining the enemy, was found guilty in breach of article 1st. section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to suffer Death (more than two thirds of the court agreing thereto).
The Commander in chief approves the sentence of the court.
Head Quarters, October 15, 1782.
Sir: Mr. Smith97 has been to West point and on Enquiry, finds that the two Men, Isaac Raymond and Thomas Silleck, who he was seeking are now at the Provost.
[Note 97: Joel Smith.]
His Excellency therefore directs that you will be pleased to have them sent into N York as soon as convenient, that they be accounted in Exchange for Henry Chiciester and Joel Smith, who are already sent out by the Enemy in that Expectation.98 I am &c.99
[Note 98: On October 15 Trumbull wrote to Thaddeus Betts, Stephen St. John, 2d., Eliphalet Lockwood, John Lockwood, James Richards, and Ozias Merwin, that the 2 men (Raymond and Silleck) had been ordered sent into New York. "No further Mistake I hope will take place." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J. Trumbull."]
Head Quarters, October 15, 1782.
Sir: Your favor of yesterday has just been delivered to me, with the intelligence inclosed therein. Tho' I should consider it a very desirable thing, for the Corps of Cavalry which has gone to the East end of Long Island to be cut off1 yet under the peculiar circumstances of the present Moment I should not wish the Enterprise to be undertaken, unless there should be almost a certainty of success. With such a prospect I will by no means discourage the attempt.
[Note 1: Tallmadge had suggested an attempt on Col. Benjamin Thompson's (later Count Rumford) corps of King's American Dragoons.]
I must therefore advise you, Sir, before you think seriously of undertaking it, to digest the Plan thoroughly, to obtain the minutest intelligence of the strength of the Corps, the situation and position where you can make the stroke, and the same time to estimate and consider well the number of Men that will be necessary to insure success, and above all the number of Boats that will be wanted and the practicability of obtaining them in time and with secrecy. You will after making yourself as perfectly master of the subject as possible, and calculating the chances of succeeding or miscarrying in the execution of the Project, (if you should think it eligible to prosecute the affair) give me your farther sentiments thereon and expect to hear from Sir, Yours etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On October 15 Trumbull wrote, in the third person, a brief note of thanks for Washington to Nathaniel Sackett for a cheese. This note is in Washington Headquarters at Newburgh, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Tuesday, October 15, 1782.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns Richmond, Hampton.
The Jersey and 2d. Massachusetts Brigades will give the Guards &ca for the day tomorrow.
The days being much decreased in length and mornings growing colder, the troop untill further orders is not to beat 'till 9 o'clock.
The Commander in chief directs the army to be informed that in consequence of instructions from the superintendent of Finance, the honorable Mr. Cornell hath entered into a Contract with Messrs. Wadsworth & Carter to supply the Main army, the Garrison of West Point and its dependences with rations of provisions from the 16th. instant until the last day of December next inclusive.
All applications for provisions are therefore to be made to them or their agents; and no receipts, or vouchers for the Delivery of Provisions are to be given except to them or persons issuing under their authority. The aforesaid Contractors Wadsworth & Carter are to have the use of all Commissarys store houses, Scales and weights belonging to the public in this department, they taking care that the property of the former Contractors be as little injured thereby as possible.
Head Quarters, October 16, 1782.
Sir: I inclose to you the Paroles and Countersigns from this Day to You will keep them sacredly to yourself untill they are delivered to your Corps; and when they are expired you will send to Head Quarters, and they will be continued for a further Time. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 4: Then in Boston.]
Head Quarters, October 16, 1782.
Sir: I am extremely obliged by the information contained in yours of the 10th. I immediately forwarded your letters and the papers to Mr. Morris by Express.
I am convinced we have nothing to expect from Great Britain but what her necessities shall oblige her to give up. She is somewhat like a person in desperate circumstances. She can scarcely be in a worse condition, and by persevering something fortunate may turn up. Upon this plan, I believe, she prosecutes the War. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Wednesday, October 16, 1782.
Parole Paris. Countersigns Passy, Villers.
The New York and 2d. Massachusetts Brigades will furnish the Guards &ca. tomorrow.
Thirty Masons and twenty Carpinters to be sent from the several brigades to Westpoint tomorrow morning.
The board to whom were referred the settlement of the dispute of rank between Lieutenant Colonels Huntington and Gray, report, that,
Having examined all the papers referred them by the Commander in chief and having heard every thing that Lt. Col. Gray and Lieutenant Colonel Huntington had to urge in support of their respective claims are unanimously of opinion, as the Commander in chief ordered Colonel Livingstons resignation to be fixed to the 10th. of October 1778, in consequence of his improper conduct in neglecting to procure the proper vouchers of the settlement of his accounts that Lieutenant Colonel Livingston's Commission became vacant that day and of course Lieutenant Colonel Huntingtons Commission is regularly dated, and ought to give rank from the date thereof.6
[Note 6: On October 17 Washington forwarded this report in a brief note to the Secretary at War. The draft of this note is in the Washington Papers.]
As the manoeuvering battalions will occupy the Grand Parade tomorrow morning, the Guards will be formed on the rising ground between Head quarters and Engineers Marque.
Verplanks Point, October 17, 1782.
My dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive a few days ago, your private Letter, by the same conveyance which brought your public Dispatches of the 26th and 29th of August. I seized the first safe conveyance to forward the family Letters to the care of Governor Greene.
In answer to your request, that I would give you my sentiments on the future Plans of the Enemy, I need scarcely premise, that in the present fluctuating state of British Councils and measures, it is extremely difficult to form a decisive opinion of what their real and ultimate objects are, but the enclosed Extract of a Letter from Mr John Adams will give you the most recent and satisfactory account of European affairs that we are possessed of; and for my own part, I must say, I am not in the least disappointed, that the Negotiations have not as yet been brought to any favourable issue, for notwithstanding all the pacific declarations of the British, it has constantly been my prevailing sentiment, the principal Design was, to gain time by lulling us into security and wasting the Campaign without making any efforts on the land, and in the interim to augment their Naval Force and wait the chance of some fortunate Event to decide their future line of conduct. Nor can I now see any good reasons for changing my sentiment of their intention. Perhaps the British Administration may be compelled, by the perplexity and embarrassment of their affairs to wish seriously for a Peace in the course of the Winter and to act accordingly; but we may be assured that Necessity alone will produce that desirable Event, if it should take place at all.
Your observations on the situation of our Finances and public matters, accord exactly with my own. And it is a melancholy truth, that there is but too much justice, in the picture you give of the temper and disposition of the People at large and the Defects of the Confederation.
Upon a general view, therefore, of our own circumstances, and those of our Enemy, I am sorry I cannot give you my advice respecting the arrangement of your private concerns in a more definite and satisfactory manner.
Before this day, I presume the southern States are abandoned by the Enemy, if they mean to evacuate them this season; and I cannot help remarking, if the British are once forced to relinquish all their possessions in that quarter, I do not apprehend, they will ever attempt again to occupy them and over run that Country, except some very new and unforeseen accidents should turn up, which will entirely change the whole face of affairs. And however vulnerable they might once have considered the southern States, I can by no means think, after their repeated losses and disgraces, they will resume the idea of conquering them, unless they should revive again the mad Plan of total conquest. From these considerations I should imagine your property will be as safe there as in any other part of the Continent; but as I observed before, I can scarcely form a conjecture of what they will or will not finally resolve upon. It is our business to be prepared for all Events.
Should I hear any thing respecting your friends, or any thing in which your happiness is concerned, I shall not fail to communicate it. [I pressed Mrs. Green to leave my namesake behind her; and I afterwards pressed Pettitt to Send him to Princeton, where he now is and was very well eight days ago; he is in the family of Doctr. Weatherspoon, but more particularly, I am told, under the care of a Mr. Montgomery; he is a fine boy, and I dare say with proper attention, if he lives, will be an ornament to his Country; as his infant genius promises much from mature age.
Mrs. Washington had not, I am persuaded, received a letter from Mrs. Greene before she left my Qrs. at Newburgh in the first week of July; what she may have done since I know not: despairing of seeing my home this Winter, I am now writing to her to make her annual visit. I am very sorry to find Mrs. Greene has occasion for the Sea air; I hope it has perfectly recovered her. My best respects and most affectionate Compliments attend her. I am &c.]7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The part in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Verplanks point, October 17, 1782.
My dear Sir: In a visit to the Post of Dobbs's Ferry last Saturday, I accidentally met with Majr. Lynch at that place and received from him your letter of the 30th. Ulto.
In a time like this, of general uncertainty with respect to the designs of the British Court, It is not at all wonderful to find men enquiring at every corner for News; the North sends to the South, and the South to the North, to obtain it. but at present, all, I believe, are equally ignorant. My opinion of the matter is, that you could learn nothing decisive from the Cabinet8 itself. I have long thought, and still think, they are trying the
[Note 8: Of Great Britain.] Chapter of Accidents; and the good or ill success alone of this Campaign, will fix their Councils. If they can obtain any advantages at Sea or in the Indies, East or West no matter where, I am of opinion they will continue the War; if their affairs on the other hand stand still, or continue to retrograde, their stomachs will come to, and they will think seriously of Peace.
In a long letter I had from the Marqs. De la Fayette of the 29th. of June, nothing more could be collected than that doubts and darkness prevailed; that the business of Mr. Greenville9 seemed to be that of procrastination. In a word, that nothing was fixed; and that the cause of his stay was to see matters in such a train as to see his way clear before he left France.
[Note 9: Thomas Grenville.]
In New York they are as impatient as us for News, expecting the August Packet to remove all their doubts; but herein they will be mistaken, as later advices than the Packet will bring, leave the Negotiations at Paris in as doubtful a state as ever. A letter which I have just received from Boston gives me the Inclosed as an extract of a letter from Mr. Adams of the 20th. of Augt. at the Hague; the Boston Gazette says the combined Fleets had left the Channel, and that the Jamaica fleet got in four days after. it also gives an Acct. of an Action in the East Indies between the French and British fleets; in wch. it is said to have been a hard fought battle, but in favor of the English. this however being the British Acct. acknowledging that Admiral Hughes10 was unable (from the shattered condn. of his Ships) to pursue, not much I think, is to be feared from it.
[Note 10: Sir Edward Hughes, vice admiral, British Navy; second in command in the East Indies.]
You will recollect the opinion I gave you upon the receipt of Carletons letter of the 2d. of Augt; subsequent events, as far as they have come to my knowledge, prove it was well founded, and I wish future ones may not evince, that to gain time, was all that the British Ministry had in view. the impolicy therefore of suffering ourselves to be lulled by expectations of Peace, because we wish it, and because it is the Interest of great Britain to hold up the idea of it will, more than probably, prove the ruin of our cause; and the disbanding of the Army; for it really appears, from the conduct of the States, that they do not conceive it necessary for the Army to receive any thing but hard knocks; to give them pay is a matter wch. has been long out of the question and we were upon the very point of trying our hand at how we could live without subsistence, as the Superintendant was no longer able to fulfill his Contract with the Victuallers of the Army, and they relinquishing it, till fortunately for us, we met with Gentn, who for an advanced price pr. Ration, have saved us from starvation, or disbandment, by giving a credit; our Horses have long been without every thing their own thriftiness could not supply.
Let any Man, who will allow reason fairplay, ask himself what must be the inevitable consequences of such policy. Have not Military Men the same feelings of those in Civil line? why then shd. the one set receive the constant wages of Service, and the other be continually without them? do the former deserve less for their watchings and toils, for enduring heat and cold, for standing in Sunshine and in Rain, and for the dangers they are continually exposed to for the sake of their Country, and by which means the Man in civil life sits quiet under his own vine and his figtree solacing himself in all the comforts, pleasures and enjoyments, of life, free and unrestrained? let impartiality answer the question. These are matters worthy of serious consideration, the patience, the fortitude, rite long and great sufferings of this Army is unexampled in History; but there is an end to all things, and I fear we are very near one to this, which, more than probably, will oblige me to stick very close to the Troops this Winter and to try like a careful physician to prevent if possible the disorders getting to an incurable height. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Thursday, October 17, 1782.
Parole Edenton. Countersigns Hallifax, Newburgh.
The Guards &ca. for tomorrow will be furnished from the Line of the Army.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Friday, October 18, 1782.
Parole Versailles. Countersigns Ushant, St. Malo.
The Guards &ca. for tomorrow to be furnished as this day.
Head Quarters, October 18, 1782.
Sir: I take the Liberty to inclose to your Care a Letter for the Chevalier de La Luzerne on the Subject of Expence, which at his Request, I have incurred for the purpose of forwarding Intelligence of the Movements of the Enemy at N York, to the Marquis de Vaudrieul.
If our Circumstances would admit, I should be very glad that this Expence should be defrayed by the United States; it is infinitely Short of the Debt which Gratitude imposes on us. I submit therefore to your Judgment, whether to deliver the inclosed, or to send forward the Money from your own Funds, agreable to the Monthly Estimate sent to the Minister.
The Chain of Expresses was instituted about the middle of August, and will probably be continued till the sailing of the french fleet from Boston. I am &c.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you I have received yours of the 26th. of August, covering a Duplicate of one of the 12th. At the same time came to hand yours of the 29th Augst. informg me of the Excursions of the Enemy, for Rice, and inclosing Copy of General Gists Letter to you of the 27th.
In my last, which was the 23d. of Sepr. and which was forwarded under the Care of the Secretary at War, I gave a Compleat Answer to that of the 12th. and wish it may come safe to your Hand, and find you in full possession of Charlestown.
The Death of Colo Laurens I consider as a very heavy misfortune, not only as it affects the public at large; but particularly so to his Family, and all his private Friends and Connections, to whom his amiable and useful Character had rendered him peculiarly dear.
The Campaign in this Quarter is coming to a Close, without any Events of great Importance. The Intentions of the Enemy at N York, still remain undecided; their Fleet continues in the Harbour, makg every preparation for sailing; which I fancy is delayed in Expectation of the Arrival of the Packet, which is hourly looked for. It is not yet known but strongly conjectured that a Detachment of Troops will go from N York to the West Indies with the fleet. Sir Guy Carleton has Called in most of his out posts, contracted his Lines near the City, and is makg his Garrison of York, as compact as possible. Many have flattered themselves that an Evacuation would take place before Winter, but I have no such Idea. With much Regard etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with two Favors of your Excellency; One presented by the Count de Segur, of the 2d. of April, the other delivered by the Prince de Broglie, of the 8th. both which were rendered doubly agreeable, by the pleasure I had in receiving them from the Hands of two such amiable and accomplished Young Gentlemen.
Independent of my Esteem for your Excellency. Be assured Sir! that my respect and Regard for the french Nation at large, to whom this Country is under so great Obligations, as well as the very favorable Impressions I have conceived for their particular Characters, will secure my warmest attention to the persons of these distinguished young Noblemen.
I am much obliged by the political Information, which you have taken the trouble to convey to me; but feel myself much embarrassed in my Wish to make you a Return in kind. At the first of the Season, the Expectations of America were much raised, in Consequence of the Change of the British Ministry and the Measures of Parliament; but Events have shewn, that their Hopes have risen too high. The Death of the Marquis of Rockingham, the Advancement of the Earl of Shelburne, and the Delays of Negotiation, have given us very different Impressions from those we at first conceived. We now begin again to reflect upon the persevering Obstinacy of the King, the wickedness of his Ministry, and the haughty Pride of the Nation, which Ideas recall to our Minds very disagreeable prospects, and a probable Continuance of our present Trouble.
The military Operations of the Campaign, are drawing to a Close, without any very important Events, on this Side the Water, unless the Evacuation of Charlestown, which is generally expected, but not yet known to me, should take place and form a paragraph in the Page of this Years History.
The British Fleet from the West Indies, still continues in N York. I have not been able yet to decide on the Enemy's Intentions there. It is generally tho't that a detachment of their Troops will sail with them when the fleet returns to the West Indies, where it is conjectured their Efforts for the Winter, will be prosecuted with Vigor. [I have the honr] etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 14: Louis Marie, Vicomte de Noailles, mestre de camp en second, Regiment Soissonais. and brother-in-law of Lafayette.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have the Honor to acknowledge your favor of the 10th. May. Be assured the Receipt of that Letter afforded me much pleasure, as it gave me the Satisfaction to be informed of your Health and Welfare, as from your own Mouth.
I am happy Sir! to hear of the favors your Services in America have obtained from his Most Christian Majesty, and I most sincerely congratulate you on the pleasing Occasion.
The kind and generous Offices which your Nation have rendered to this Country, will I hope forever endear them to us, and be a Means of cementing an everlastg Friendship between France and America. I assure you, I shall ever cherish a particular Regard for your person and Character, and shall at all Times be happy in an Assurance of your Happiness and Glory. I have the Honor etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Verplanks Point, October 18, 1782.
Dr. Sir: Not having received from your Excellency, during the last Winter or summer, the acknowledgment of any Letters, except of my public Dispatches of Octr. last; I apprehend that some private Letters which I have had the pleasure of addressing to you since that time, have miscarried; I resume my Pen, therefore to repeat the thanks, which were contained in one of them for the Wine you had the [goodness] to present me with, and to assure you that I entertain the freindly sentiments toward you, which I have ever experienced since our first acquaintance.
We have now passed another Campaign, and no very important occurrence has intervened on this side the Atlantic. The Evacuation of Charles Town was considered by Genl Greene in his last Letters to me, as an Event that would certainly take place; and from other circumstances I am induced to believe it is effected by this time. Part of the Garrison (the British Troops) will probably go to the West Indies, and the Germans to the Northward. Admiral Pigot is now in New York Harbour with 26 Heavy Ships, ready wooded and watered for Sea; but the present circumstances, 'tho somewhat equivocal, do not indicate that New York will be abandoned this year, notwithstanding there have been many reports and conjectures of the kind some weeks ago.
The Marquis de Vaudreuil is in Boston Harbour with 12 sail of the Line [(except 3 at Portsmouth)] having unfortunately stranded and lost the Magnifique in entering that Bay; but Congress have presented to His Most Christian Majesty the Ship America of 74 Guns built at Portsmouth, and now nearly fit for Sea.
The changes of the British Ministry and the fluctuation of their Councils are the Subjects of universal speculation. We wait with patience to hear the result of the Negociations: and not being very sanguine in our expectations, endeavour to hold ourselves prepared for every Contingency. I am certain it will afford you pleasure to know, that our Army is better Organized, disciplined, and cloathed than it has been, at any period since the commencement of the War. This you may be assured is the fact.
I shall always be happy to hear from you, especially at the present important Crisis of European Politicks; and beg you will be persuaded, I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, October 18, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to inclose to your Excellency a copy of an Estimate of Expences incurred by the Conveyance of Information, which I have had the honor at your Request to transmit to the Marquis de Vaudreuil.
It has been communicated to me from the Q Master General, who was instructed by me to institute the Chain of Expresses; and at the same Time it is intimated to me, that he shall be obliged, in a short Time to call on me for Money to defray the Expence. I have the Honor etc.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On October 18 Washington wrote again to La Luzerne, sending "your Excellency a packet which was this Morng received by the Chain of Expresses, from the Marquis de Vaudrieul at Boston." This draft is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (October 18) Trumbull wrote two letters to the officer commanding at Dobbs Ferry. One, granting permission for Samuel Ogden, of Booneton, N.J., to have an interview with his brother Isaac Ogden, who would come out from New York; the other, ordering the release of [Hamilton] Chalmers, formerly an adjutant in the British Army, who had resigned therefrom and wished to enlist in the French Army. These drafts of Trumbull's letters are in the Washington Papers.
On November 4 Washington again granted Ogden permission to see his brother, the first meeting having failed to materialize. The draft of this is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 19, 1782.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 15th Inst. with the Enclosures, and tho' at the same time it is true, I have the General command of the allied Army, as to all its movements operations &c. yet I have never considered myself as having an absolute right to interfere with the internal police and regulation of the French Army under the immediate Orders of His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau; with which Army it appears the Persons mentioned in the papers contained in your Excellency's Letter are connected.18 I have however, in order to
[Note 18: Daniel Woolsey, a citizen of Westchester County, brought a damage suit against Jehosiphat Starr, a foragemaster for the French Army, under Col. James Wadsworth, contractor for supplying that army; and William Dean, a constable attempting to serve a warrant for the arrest of Starr, was, by him, sent to the provost and, later, ordered out of the French camp by Colonel Wadsworth. Samuel Drake, Westchester justice of the peace, forwarded the complaint to Governor Clinton, whose letter of October 15, with the letter from Drake and an affidavit of Dean, are in the Washington Papers.] produce an amicable settlement of the matter, communicated the Contents to Col Wadsworth, and requested him to use his utmost endeavours to prevent any Altercations and quarrels between the Citizens of this State and the People employed by him. As he has engaged that they will not impede the due execution of the Civil Authority, and as he writes to your Excellency by this conveyance, I cannot but hope matters will be explained to your satisfaction.
For my own part I shall still continue to exert all my influence and authority to prevent the interruption of that harmony which is so essential, and which has so generally prevailed between the Army and the Inhabitants of the Country; and I need scarcely add that in doing this, I shall give every species of countenance and support to the execution of the Laws of the Land.
In the present quiet state of the frontiers and assurances from Sr Guy Carleton that the Incursions of the Savages are stopped by Authority, I have it in contemplation to withdraw the continental Troops from the Northward. There are many reasons which will make that measure eligible; unless the Troops which have been raised on purpose for the defence of the frontiers of this State, should be thought incompetent to the duty, even taking into consideration the inactivity of the season and the situation of affairs: for indeed I confess, I do not consider the late Reports of the Enemy's being in force at the Isle au Noix, to indicate any thing farther than an attention to their own security, the severity of the approaching season and every other circumstance appear to me, to militate against an attack upon our possessions this Winter. And we shall not be at so great a distance but that succor may be afforded as early in the spring as shall be necessary. At any rate some measures must be immediately taken relative to the Troops now there; I should be happy in receiving your Excellency's sentiments as soon as may be, and am With great Esteem etc.
I should be much obliged by an ansr at the return of the bearer.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Saturday, October 19, 1782.
Parole Charlestown. Countersigns Beaufort, Edith.
For duty tomorrow the 1st. Connecticut and 3d. Massachusetts regiments.
The 2d. New York regiment to relieve the 4th. Massa. regiment on fatigue at West Point tomorrow.
The Commander in Chief not only takes occasion to express his own approbation of the performance of the Manoevre this morning; but has the satisfaction of acquainting the officers who commanded, that the french Gentlemen who were present, have passed the highest encomiums upon their exact attention to, and knowledge of every essential part of Discipline.
Verplanks point, October 20, 1782.
My dear Marqs: Whilst I thought there was a probability of my letters finding you in France, I continued to write to you at Paris; after that, I ceased to do so, expecting the more agreeable pleasure of embracing you in America. Your favor of the 29th. of June, placing the time of your departure from thence on a contingency, and our latest advices from Europe, reporting that Negotiations for Peace were nearly in the same state as at the commencement of it, I shall renew my correspondence.
I approve, very highly, the motives which induced you to remain at your Court, and I am convinced Congress will do the same.
The Campaign, as you supposed has been very inactive. We formed the junction with the French Corps (whch. is now Encamped on our left, ten miles distant) the Middle of September; and have remained in perfect unison with them ever since their arrival. It may I believe with much truth be said, that a greater harmony between two Armies never subsisted than that which has prevailed between the French and American since the first junction of them last year. I had prepared a beautiful Corps for you to command, that would not, I am convinced either in their appearance or action, have discredited any Officer, or Army what ever. It consisted of all the light Infantry of the Northern Army, to which Sheldon's Legion would have been added. But we have done nothing more than to keep a watch upon the enemy this Campaign except restraining them from detaching; which I believe has been the consequence of our junction, and lying here. A few German Troops, and Refugees have been sent to Hallifax; from thence it was supposed they were to proceed to Canada; this took place before I came into the Field, which was on the last day of August. The Cold weather puts us in mind of warm firesides; and the two Armies will seperate for this or some other purpose, in the course of a few Days. The French Army will go Easterly, we Northerly, and shall fix our Cantonments in the Vicinity of West point.
The Enemy in New York make no scruple of declaring their intention of evacuating Charles town; many Transports went from the former about a Month ago; with design, it was said, to take off the Garrison; but whether it is to be brought to the last mentioned place or carried to the West Indies is mere matter of conjecture; very probably the British Troops may go to the Latter, and the foreigners to the former. time only will shew this, as indeed it may another thing, viz: that the late changes in the British Councils may prevent the evacuation of it at all. With respect to New York, various opinions have prevailed; some thought the speedy evacuation of it inevitable, others, that it would be delayed till the spring, while a third set, less sanguine than either of the other two, believed that nothing short of a Military force would ever free the City of them; their whole design being, to amuse the Belligerent Powers, and deceive America till they could put their Marine and other matters in a more prosperous train for prosecuting the War; the first, it is certain were in an error, because the Troops are still at New York, but wch. of the other two may be right your knowledge from what is transacting in the European theatre enables you to judge better of than I. certain it is, the loyalists and Refugees in New York are very much alarmed, and know not what to expect; as certain it is Sir Guy Carleton holds himself in readiness to evacuate, or perform any other movement with his Army, while he endeavors assiduously in the mean while to propagate the favourable disposition of Great Britain to grant every thing America can require. Their Transports have Wooded and watered, and lay ready for any Service, so have the Ships of War, under Admiral Pigot; but I believe they are designed for the West Indies, with part of the Troops at New York, more than for any other purpose.
You will have heard before this Letter can reach you, of the loss of the L'Eagle; it will be unpleasant therefore to repeat it, every body laments the misfortune, and pities poor L'Touche.20 Duke Lauzun as been very sick but is now recovering fast, tho' very thin, and pale.
[Note 20: La Touche-Treville, Louis René Madeline Lavassor, Vicomte de. He was captain in the French Navy, and had been captured by the British in September.]
Poor Laurens is no more. He fell in a trifling skirmish in South Carolina, attempting to prevent the Enemy from plundering the Country of rice. Genl. Lee is also dead, he breathed his last at Philadelphia about a fortnight ago. Your Aid G W--21 has had an intermittant fever ever since April and by the last Accts. of him from Mount Vernon where he is, he was very low and weak.
[Note 21: Lieut. George Augustine Washington, of the Second Virginia Regiment.]
As I despair of seeing my home this Winter I have just sent for Mrs. Washington who will think herself honored by your and Madm. La Fayettes notice. Make a tender of my best respects to her, and offer a blessing in my name to your Son, and my Godson. present me also to Counte Charlux22 and others with whom I have the honor of an Acquaintance. the Count de Noialles will have the trouble of reading a letter from me.
[Note 22: Armand Charles Augustine, Comte de Castries de Charlus. He was colonel en second of the Regiment Saintonge, French Army.]
Adieu my dear Marqs; believe me to be, what I really am, your etc.
[Note 23: Surgeon of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment.]
Verplanks point, October 20, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. and thank you for the 2 Copies of your narrative of a discovery for the cure of Cancers; one of which agreeably to your request I have transmitted to Mrs. Washington. The discovery is as beneficial to Mankind as it wd. be regretted by them if the Secret, being only known to one man, should die with him. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Sunday, October 20, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns Ostend, Dieppe.
For duty tomorrow 5th. Connecticut and 9th. Massa, regiments.
The 1st. York regiment to relieve the men on duty at Stoney point and Kakiat from the 2d. Massa. regiment tomorrow.
All Warrants or Certificates for Commissions from their respective states, of which officers are at present possessed are immediately to be lodged with the Adjutant General, and a return of all those Warrants or Certificates which have been forwarded to the War Office and upon which Commissions have not been issued is to be made to the Adjutant General immediately also.
The Secretary at war has been kind enough to undertake to carry down with him these warrants and returns, and send the Commissions due upon them to the Army.
Head Quarters, October 21, 1782.
Dear Sir: The Bearer, Mr. Ransalaer,24 having obtained the permission of Govr. Clinton, will write to New York to endeavour to procure an interview with his Mother at Dobbs
[Note 24: John Van Rensselaer.] ferry. You will send down a Flag with Mr. Ransalaers letter and should he obtain his request you will permit the Lady to Land, upon her arrival. Her connections among us will intitle her to attention and respect from yourself or the Gentleman who may relieve you. Be good enough to forward the letters herewith by the Flag. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T. Tilghman A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Monday, October 21, 1782.
Parole Georgia. Countersigns Savanna, Ebenezer.
For duty tomorrow the 3d. Connecticut and 6th Massachusetts regiments.
The hospital and regimental surgeons will immediately make to the Director exact returns of all the Medicines, Instruments and Charts, on hand.
[Note 26: Major Lansdale was major of the Third Maryland Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, October 21, 1782.
Sir: You will halt the detachment under your command at Pompton as near what is called the Yellow House (Curtis's) as possible. If you have not tents you must get your Men under cover in as compact a manner as the nature of the neighbouring farm Houses will admit. You will detach a Capt. and 50 Men to the Block House in the Clove a little beyond Sufferans, and give him orders to relieve the party now there belonging to the New York Line, who are to join their Regt. The relieving Officer will take the directions for his duty from the Officer relieved. Be pleased to make me a return by the Bearer of the Strength of your detachment. I am etc.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: Upon your return to Philada, I beg leave to request your particular attention to the following matter, as I look upon myself bound to procure the Gentleman interested a full compensation for his services while in my Family.
Mr. McHenr'y, formerly one of my Secretaries, writes me, that upon application to the Auditor of the State of Maryland, of which he is a citizen, to settle his arrearages of Pay and depreciation, he refused to do it, upon a supposition that the Resolve of Congress recommending to the States to make settlements of that kind only extended to Officers properly belonging to their respective Lines. This has involved Mr. McHenry in the following difficulty. Upon a presumption that the State would settle with and give him Certificates as to their Officers, he purchased a quantity of Lands appropriated by the State to making good arrearages of Pay and depreciation and which were to be paid for in Certificates. He now finds himself like to be excluded from this Benefit, for want of the Certificates. If he cannot procure them he must give up his purchase. As there seems a doubt whether Mr. McHenry, as one of my Secretaries, is included in the recommendatory Resolves already passed, I could wish, should it not be deemed improper, that you would apply to Congress to pass a short Resolve in His favor, recommending to the State to make him the same allowances as to Officers of their Line. I have the honor &c.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On October 22 Jonathan Trumbull, jr., wrote to Richard Varick requesting that Washington's letter to either John Sullivan or "a Committee of Congress upon the subject of the most unexceptionable mode of promoting General Officer...as it is wanted immediately do not detain the Express to take a Copy." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.
The paper wanted was "Remarks on report of a Committee of Congress on Washington's Letter of Dec. 20, 1780," dated Apr. 3, 1781. q. v., which was inclosed in Washington's letter to Sullivan, Apr. 4, 1781. The draft of this letter was in the writing of Washington, but the draft of the "Remarks", which was the record in Varick's possession, is entirely in Tilghman's writing. The "Remarks" sent to Sullivan, however, were partially in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Tuesday, October 22, 1782.
Parole Viominel. Countersigns Chattellux, Laval.
For duty tomorrow the 2d Connecticut and Rhode Island regiments.
The Army is to Manoevre on Thursday next the dispotition for it will be previously given out and the troops are to be served with an extra gill of rum pr. man on that day.
The Army is to be in readiness to march at the shortest notice. As the baggage will be transported by water no Waggons or horses are to be brought to camp for the purpose.
In future the serjeants guards for the bridge at the right is to be detached from the Captains Guard on the right of the Chain.
Head Quarters, October 23, 1782.
Sir: A few Days ago I received your favor dated the 23d of Septemr last, giving the Reasons of your Detention from Camp.
As the Season is now so far advanced, without a prospect of immediate Service, and your Health is not yet fully established, I do not wish or expect you should join the Army this Fall.
I am much obliged by your kind Wishes for my personal Happiness, and sincerely hope for a full Restoration of your Health and Usefulness. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 23, 1782.
Sir: By a Resolution of Congress of the 7th. of August last, a Reform of the Regts. now in the Army, is to take place on the 1st Jany next and a Reduction of their Number to be made, so as to form complete Regts. of 500 or 612, Rank and file as the Secretary at War considering the circumstances shall judge most conducive to the good of the general Service.
On comparing the Number of Men in your State Regts. they will not come up to the Complement of two Regts. upon the smallest Scale, which Number the Secry at War, as well as myself are very Desirous to keep them at.
I have therefore to request that your Excellency will be pleased to lay this Circumstance before the Legislature of your State, and to urge, that Measures may immediately be adopted, to recruit the Line of your State, in such Manner as to form two Compleat Battalions of at least 500 Each, rank and file.30 Colo Ogden will present this to your Excellency, and will be able to give you a State of their present Numbers.
[Note 30: In a letter to President Meshech Weare of New Hampshire, instead of the sentence beginning "Colo Ogden" the following was used: "to do this about 200 Men will be wanted, to be raised as Recruits."]
You will suffer me Sir to add, that my Opinion, grounded on the last Intelligence from Europe, and the State of British Policy and Views, is fully in favor of this Measure; It being more than probable that the Negotiations of the British Court are merely delusory, and that a Continuation of the War is still to be expected, in which Case, a greater Number of Troops than are now on foot will undoubtedly be wanted.
But admitting that Affairs should take a more favorable Turn, and a peace should prove to be the Event, yet the Expences attending this Measure should it be carried into Effect will bear no Comparison to the Benefits which will result from it, in the other Case.
This Requisition is not Singular to your State, but is also extended to the State of N Hampshire, whose Regiments are on a similar footing with your. I am &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
The letter sent to President Weare, which is the same as this draft, with the exception noted, is also in the writing of Trumbull, and is in the New Hampshire Historical Society.]
Verplanks point, October 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 2d. Instt. and thank you for the extract of Mr. Adams's letter.
I never was among the sanguine ones, consequently shall be less disappointed than People of that description, if our Warfare should continue. From hence (it being the opinion of some Men that our expectations have an accordance with our wishes) it may be infered that mine are for a prolongation of the War. But maugre this doctrine, and the opinion of others that a continuation of the War till the Powers of Congress, our political systems, and general form of Government are better established, I can say, with much truth, that there is not a Man in America that more Fervently wishes for Peace, and a return to private life than I do. Nor will any man go back to the rural and domestick enjoyments of it with more Heart felt pleasure than I shall. It is painful to me therefore to accompany this declaration with an opinion that while the present King can maintain the influence of his Crown, and extort Men and Money from his Subjects, so long will the principles by which he is governed push him on in his present wild career. The late change in his Ministry is an evidence of this; and other changes which I suspect will soon take place, will convince us, I fear, of the falacy of our hopes.
It appears to me impracticable for the best Historiographer living, to write a full and correct history of the present revolution who has not free access to the Archives of Congress, those of Individual States, the Papers of the Commander in Chief, and Commanding Officers of seperate departments. Mine, while the War continues, I consider as a species of Public property, sacred in my hands; and of little Service to any Historian who has not that general information which is only to be derived with exactitude from the sources I have mentioned. When Congress then shall open their registers, and say it is proper for the Servants of the public to do so, it will give me much pleasure to afford all the Aid to your labors and laudable undertaking which my Papers can give; 'till one of those periods arrive I do not think myself justified in suffering an inpection of, and any extracts to be taken from my Records.
You will please to accept my sincere and grateful thanks for the kind wishes, and generous Sentiments you express for me. My best respects to Mrs. Gordon. I am etc.
Verplanks point, October 23, 1782.32
[Note 32: The draft, also in the writing of Washington and in the Washington Papers, is dated Oct. 24, 1782.]
My dear Sir: I am pained because I cannot answer the expectation and request of your letter of the 10th. Instr., which only came to my hands on Sunday by the Post, to your satisfaction. To make such an application as you require to the Financier, would, I know, be unavailing, first, because he has most decidedly, refused to adjust, and discharge the claim of any Officer who is a resident in, and the subject of the United States; and secondly, every other consideration apart, what would alone be a sufficient bar; because he has not the means of doing it. The States are so tardy in collecting the Taxes, that the most trivial sum cannot be obtained for the most pressing purposes; and in one sense it may be said, that the officers of the Army are actually starving for want of a small portion of their pay; the Horses of it, for want of money to procure forage, are actually in this condition. In a word Sir, for want of a little money to pay the transportation of some very essential Articles, the Troops have suffered, and continue to suffer amazingly; and for want of this said money, we have been obliged to relinquish a Contract for subsisting the Army at 10d a Ration and give 13d. for the sake of three Months credit.
There have been instances I know, where same foreign Officers, who had no State to resort, and who were reduced to the last extremity, having received a small part of their pay, but trifling in comparison of their demands, or dues.
Judge ye therefore under these circumstances, how fruitless would be any application to the Financier for money.
The only mode I am told, by which you can be relieved, is for me to apply to Congress to recommend your case to the State of Maryland; that you may be included among the Officers belonging to it; this I have accordingly done (as you may see by the Inclosed) through its proper channel, the Secretary at War; who is now here, and on whom I shall enforce the measure in terms which I persuade myself will give facility to an official act.
We have been at this place, Verplank's point, ever since the last day of August, and are upon the point of retiring into Winter Quarters.
The French Army (except the Legion of Lauzen) have Marched Eastward for theirs; We go Northward, to the Vicinity of West point. We have long expected to hear of the evacuation of Charles Town, as the Enemy in New York do not scruple to say it is a measure determined on; but how far a change of Men may produce a change of measures, you can judge as well of as I. No Man on this side of the Water I believe (not even Sir Guy Carleton himself) knows the result of the British Councils. My opinion of the matter is that they are yet dependant upon the events of the Campaign. You will readily infer from hence that I have no idea of a speedy evacuation of New York.
Mr. Greenville has certainly left Paris, but he is succeeded by a Mr. Fitzherbert; and the Negociations are yet going on, but limping. I am etc.
PS. Since writing this letter I have conversed with the Secretary at War on the Subject of it who assures me there will be no difficulty at all in the way.
[H.L.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Wednesday, October 23, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
For duty tomorrow 4th. Connecticut and 1st. Massa. regiments.
Head Quarters, Verplanks point, Thursday, October 24, 1782.
Parole Paris. Countersigns Passy, Brest.
For duty tomorrow 1st. Jersey and 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
The tents being too cold for the accomidation of the sick, the regimental Surgeons will send no more to the Flying hospital, but have such as are hospital patients sent to the hutts at New Boston.
At the General court Martial of which Colonel Cortlandt is president, Ensign Beckworth,33 of the 1st. Connecticut regiment charged as follows.
[Note 33: Ensign Phineas Beckwith.]
For that in the month of February last he gave a receipt to Captain Stephen Smith, of Lyme for Benedict Minard, a recruit inlisted to serve three years in the Continental army by the hire and procurement of a class of which Smith was head and then for a hire and reward discharged Minard from Service or permitted him to remain at home and not join the army "Thereby excusing the Class and defrauding the Public of the service of a Soldier," was tried.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that the charge against Ensign Beckworth is supported; they are also of opinion from what has been offered by Ensign Beckworth that at the time he permitted Minard to remain at home and received the hire which was for Minard that he had a son mustered in service for during the war, and that he intended his said son should serve for Minard but that on his return to Camp, when he was in. formed his son was discharged that he did not give the Commanding officer of the regiment information of his conduct respecting Minard and therefore think him not justifiable but guilty of a breach of Article 5th. Section 18th. of the rules and articles of war and sentence him to be discharged the service.
The Commander in chief approves the opinion of the Court At the same Court, George Ledween of Captn. Vanheers corps was found guilty of Desertion in breach of article 1st. Section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
The General approves the sentence of the Court but in consequence of the recomendation of the Duke de Lauzun and Colonel Dillon of the Legion of Lauzun he is pleased to remit the punishment he will join his corps.
Before the Army marches from this ground the Commander in chief Orders it to be signified to the several corps which have been in the field, that he has been particularly satisfied with ~he internal Police and order the Encampments as well as the perfect regularity with which every species of duty has been performed the present Campaign. The alacrity and dispatch the troops have shown in procuring fuel for Westpoint and its dependences are extremely satisfactory to him.
The honorable the secretary of war having expressed his entire approbation of the splendid and soldierlike appearance the army exhibited this morning in passing in review and performing all the Manoevres with the gratest exactness and celerity, and having requested it might be made known to the officers and men that he entertains the highest sense of their attention, perseverance and zeal, in making such astonishing proficiency in their profession since he had last the pleasure of seeing any part of them under arms. The Commander in chief directs the Communication to be made and at the same time is pleased to add, he cannot conceal the satisfaction he experiances in observing that the last Grand Manoevre that will be performed this Campaign surpassed every other exhibition of the kind that has been made in the American army.34
[Note 34: In the Washington Papers is the "Order of Battle for the Manoeuvre October 24th 1782," in the writing of Maj. John Singer Dexter.
On October 23 Trumbull wrote to Lieut. Joseph Shaylor, of the Fourth Connecticut Regiment, who had captured a British navy lieutenant and 4 seamen near Nyack, N.Y., and begged that the officer might be sent into New York at once in exchange for a lieutenant "Brainerd who hath been a prisoner for a Long time on board the guard ship at New York," that Shaylor should send all his prisoners into New York "takg Care to have a Receipt for them, to be accounted for, with our marine Comry of prisoners." Trumbull's draft and Shaylor's letter are in the Washington Papers. Lieut. Joseph G. Brainerd also belonged to the Fourth Connecticut Regiment.]
Head Quarters, October 24, 1782.
Sir: The Secretary at War has been consulted on the subject of your Letter and it is concluded for the present that the Dragoons shall continue to carry' the Mail as they have done for some time past.
The Head Quarters of the Army will move in a day or two to Newburg; I desire therefore that the Mail may in future be sent by Morris Town, from thence by the most direct road to Colonel Sewards, then thro' Warwick and Chester to Newburg except the Route thro' Hackers town to Sussex, Warwick &c. which would be inconvenient to the People of Jersey, the one now proposed is the most direct and the safest that can be taken; it has been proposed before, but has always been opposed by the different Post Masters on account of distributing their News papers. If however it should not be thought proper now to take that Route I cannot nor shall I confide in the Post for any Dispatches coming to or going from Head Quarters; nor can the Dragoons be furnished as an Escort.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Verplank's Point, October 25, 1782.
Sir: After the right Wing of the Army has marched; on Sunday the 27th inst you will remove the Camp of the Light Corps to a convenient and Warm position just in the rear of the Continental Village, where you will remain untill further Orders continuing to do the duty of the Lines and advanced Posts in the following manner: One compleat Company to mount at the Post of Dobbs Ferry, One Company to be divided between the Block Houses of Vet Plank's and Stoney Point's, and two Companies to be kept constantly in your front on this side the Croton, these latter should be continually removing from place to place, and keeping up Patrols incessantly in such manner as you shall think best calculated to cover the Country and prevent surprize.
The Garrisons of Vet Plank's and Stoney Point must be relieved before seven OClock on Sunday Morng next, and all your detached Commands may hereafter be relieved Weekly.
You will keep up, as far as your situation will admit, a communication with Col Sheldon who commands at Bedford, and send out Scouts towards the Enemys Lines whenever you may judge there is occasion; reporting to me every remarkable occurence which shall come to your knowledge and sending all Deserters who may arrive at any of your Posts to Head Quarters. I am etc.
P.S. Although there will not be field officers Command at Dobbs Ferry, yet the importance of the Post renders it essential, that the Major whose Battalion is on duty, should be there to superintend the general business of that Post.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On October 25 Humphreys informed Captain Von Hoer that his corps was to remain in its present location "until the right Wing of the Army has moved" after which he was to march to Newburgh. there to receive further orders. Humphrey's draft in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to your Excellency the Copies of two Letters which were written to me by the Count de Vergennes, sent out in the Packet from England, and have just come to my Hands by a flag of Truce from N York; they contain a very pathetic and affectionate Interposition in Favor of the Life of Capt Asgill.37
[Note 37: The inclosures were a copy of Lady Asgill's letter to Vergenne's July 18. 1781, and a translation of Vergennes's letter to Washington, July 29, 1781. in the writing of Hodijah Baylies. Another copy of the first and the original of the last is in the Washington Papers.]
I lose no Time to forwardg them by a special Messenger, to Congress, without Observations, being persuaded that Congress will not hesitate to give an early and decisive Determition respecting the future Treatment of that unfortunate Young Officer; as well as the matter at large, which has involved his present Situation.
The inclosed news paper contains all the Intelligence from Europe that I have been able to obtain since the Arrival of the Packet at N York. With great Respect, etc.38
[Note 38: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on October 29 and referred to John Rutledge, Samuel Osgood, Joseph Montgomery, Elias Boudinot, and James Duane.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1782.
Sir: The inclosed Letter,40 which I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency, was received this Moment by a flag of
[Note 40: A letter dated Oct. 25, 1782, from Sir Guy Carleton to Washington concerning payment for the maintenance of British prisoners. The original in the Washington Papers.] Truce from New York. It was accompanied by one addressed to me from the Count de Vergennes, on the same Subject.41
[Note 41: Vergennes's letter, dated July 29, 1782, related entirely to the Asgill case.]
The Case of Capt Asgill having, before the receipt of these Letters, been submitted to Congress, I have immediately transmitted to that Hono Body, Copy of the Counts Letters to me, and have permitted myself to sollicit from them, an early decision of his Fate; which, judging from my own feelings, I persuade myself cannot be an unfavorable one.
I send your Excellency a transcript of Intelligence which I have this Day forwarded to the Marquis De Vaudreiu With the Highest Respect etc.42
[Note 42: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull jr. From the original in the Paris Archives. Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1782.
Sir: The packet arrived at New York last Monday. Nothing has yet transpired but what is contained in the inclosed Paper. I likewise inclose your Excellency an extract from the latest intelligence which I have received from New York, but you will observe that it is prior to the arrival of the Packet. Accounts by Deserters confirm the intended division of the British Fleet.
I beg the favor of your Excellency to forward the letter for the Marquis de Vaudreuil by the Chain of Expresses, and to cause the packet for the Baron Viomenil to be delivered to him.
I wish you an agreeable march and have the honor etc.
P.S. Some Naval prisoners who came up in a Flag mention the sailing of the whole of the British Fleet (except three or four Ships) in two divisions, one on Tuesday, the other on Wednesday.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 25, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge two favors from you, dated 10th. and 15th. Octo.
I have had no Intelligence of Importance eno' to convey to your Excellency, until now: The inclosed is the Substance of what I have just received44 thro' a very good Channel; and that part of it respectg the Division of the fleet is confirmed by the Acco. of two Deserters, from the St. Margarita, who left N York on Tuesday Morng last; and add that they were told one Division had gone down to the Hook in order to sail to the West Indies. I am &c.
[Note 44: Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge's report of October 22. It is in the Washington Papers]
P.S. Just at closing this Letter I am informed, that some naval prisoners, who came to Dobb's yesterday, mention that the whole British fleet (except three or four Ships) had sailed in two Divisions; One on Tuesday and the other on Wednesday.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Friday, October 25, 1782.
MORNING ORDERS
The Army will march by the left, by wings; the left wing will march at seven o'clock tomorrow morning and the right wing at the same hour the next day.
The Quarter Master General will give the route and appoint persons to conduct each State Line to its ground or Quarters. The baggage, Sick, and Invalids will move by water.
The Light Infantry, Sheldons Legion and Vanheers Dragoons will receive particular instructions and the officers commanding them will apply at Head Quarters accordingly.
The troops to be supplied with three days provisions when they march.
The General courtmartial of which Colonel Cortlandt is President is desolved.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Jersey and Rhode Island regiments.
That the present disposition of the Guards may not interfere with the approaching movement of the army the Isthmus picquet and the picquets forming the Chain are to be withdrawn as soon as may be and from the proportion which the first Jersey regimt. furnishes for those duties; a picquet for the bridge on the right and another for the bridge on the left are to be formed and mounted this afternoon. The several brigades will at the same time mount such Camp Guards as may be necessary.
As it has been reported to the Commander in chief that Captain Strong46 of the 2d. Connect. regimt. who commanded the picquet on the left of the Chain the 23d. instant was very remiss in his duty and his guard in bad order. He directs that a field officer from the Jersey one from the York and one from the Connecticut Lines will meet at 10 o'clock tomorrow at the Judge advocates Marque to inquire into the conduct of Captain Strong on that occasion and report their opinion to him.
[Note 46: Capt. Caleb Strong. He retired in January, 1783.]
Major Gibbs,47 Captain Strong and the parties concerned will attend.
[Note 47: Maj. Caleb Gibbs.
On October 25 (the date is assigned), Trumbull wrote to Lieut. Col. Comdt. Calvin Smith, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, that the Commander in Chief had considered the petitions for the restoration of Maj. John Porter, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, who had been dismissed by court-martial for overstaying his leave of absence, and that "the prayer thereof cannot be granted, consistently with military Discipline and Order." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (October 25) Washington wrote to the Secretary at War, forwarding Baron Steuben's idea of the formation of a regiment: "I agree with him as to the propriety of having the number of Officers to a Regiment of two Battalions which he mentions" This draft is in the Washington Papers, as is also the document giving Steuben's idea.]
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, Saturday, October 26, 1782.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
As soon as the New Garrison shall arrive at Westpoint the 10th. Massachusetts and 2d, New York regiments will march to the Cantonments of their respective State lines. All the Artificers and other draughts from the Line (except the Levies who are engaged for the Campaign only) now employed at the Garrison of Westpoint are also to join their several regiments.
AFTER ORDERS
The weather being wet and uncomfortable and likely to continue so; the right will not march tomorrow.
EVENING ORDERS
For duty tomorrow 1st. New York and 4th. Connecticut regiment.
Head Quarters, Verplanks Point, October 26, 1782.
Sir: You will remain with your Legion on the Lines untill further Orders. While you continue to do duty there, you need not keep a fixed position, but may remove your Corps from place to place, as you may think necessary for the purposes of obtaining forage, coverg the Country, and securing yourself from surprise. It will be expedient to keep up a communication with Col Webb who commands the Light Corps; and transmit to me whatever Intelligence of importance you may obtain from the Enemy.
The Chain of Dragoons from your Regt is to be removed from its present position and posted on the route from Fishkill thro Litchfield to Hartford. Whenever you shall receive Order to march your Corps you will proceed by the nearest and best route to Newburgh, where you will apply to Head Quarters for further Instructions. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 49: Of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, October 26, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your letter of the 19th. instant. The subject, upon which it is written, has never, as you mentioned, been referred to me by Congress; and should it be, I shall be extremely averse to deciding upon it, for reasons which must be obvious to you.50
[Note 50: Connecticut's claim to the Wyoming country.]
Some little time ago, the Secretary at War made a question upon the expediency of continuing the Garrison at Wyoming. My answer was, that it was my wish, for the sake of discipline, to have it withdrawn: But that it having been placed there by the immediate order of Congress, I did not look upon myself at liberty to withdraw it without their express direction. The propriety or impropriety of the measure therefore had best be discussed before that Honorable Body. I have the honor etc.51
[Note 51: In the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
[H.S.P.]
Verplanks point, October 27, 1782.
Dear Sir: By Colo. Walter Stewart I sent you fourteen half Joes, which appeared by the general statement of our Acct. in your letter of the 21st of Augt. last to be about the Balle. which was due to you; since then I have received your favr. of the 19th. of Septr. inclosing an Acct. Currt. by wch (allowing the state Paper at 1 for 4) I am yet in arrears £6.9.3. which sum shall be sent to you by the first safe conveyance. I cannot help informing you however that the person or persons of whom you purchased the Paint and Oil, has imposed upon me exceedingly, as you will perceive by the following extracts from Mr. Lund Washington's Letters. "The paint sent by Colo. Mitchell is a very hard bargain, and will go but a little way in our work. It is so thin that it will pour out of the Cask; in short it requires very little Oil to make it of a proper consistency for painting. Casks of the same size which you sent me from York Town (Virginia) would go five times as far." With respect to the Oil, he says "One Tierce of the Oil which you sent from Philadelphia had at least 12 or 15 Galls. of water in it." I have no other motive for communicating this matter to you, than merely to bring you acquainted with persons who are capable of such impositions, knowing as you do from whom they were purchased. I am perfectly satisfied you did for the best, and I have a grateful sense of the favor you conferred on me in purchasing and forwarding these things to Baltimore. My complimts. to Mrs. Mitchell. I am etc.
Head Quarters, October 28, 1782
Sir: The Commander in Chief has desired me to acquaint you that immediately on the arrival of the Troops at their places of Cantonment, much uneasiness arose on hearing their Artificers were not instantly to join them; alledging that they cannot commence their hutting 'till they get their Carpenters to direct the Work. It is therefore the Generals wish that neither they nor the Masons may be detained one moment after the time agreed on, and that such of them as can possibly be spared may even be sent on before that time. I am &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "B[enjamin] W[alke]r."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday October 28, 1782.
Parole Peekskill. Countersigns Croton, Crumpond.
As it is expected the troops will have sufficient time to cover themselves commodiously before the setting in of the winter; the General directs that regularity, convenience, and even some degree of elegance should be attended to in the construction of their hutts; the plan and dementions of which will be furnished by the Quarter Master General, as soon as the positions for the several corps shall be fixed upon. Any huts that shall be built irregularly, in violation of this order will be demolished.
Colonel Olney's regiment is to prepare to move to Albany. The Colonel will apply to the Quartermaster General for the means of transportation.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, October 29, 1782.
Parole New york. Countersigns Newburgh, New Windsor.
The troops are allowed to put Chimneys to their tents, and make themselves comfortable in them 'till their hutts can be built.
The Quartermaster General will have all the flat boats which now are or can easily be put into repair, secured at some convenient place in Murderers Creek; He is to call upon the Adjutant General for such aid and such guards as are necessary to carry this order into effectual execution: The remaining boats may be sent to Wappings creek and be repaired there.
All the Levies and draughts from the Rhode Island regiment are to join that corps near Newburgh immediately. They will bring their tents and baggage with them.
During the present defused state of the Quarters of the General officers and heads of departments. Their daily attendance at Head quarters will be dispensed with.
Head Quarters, October 29, 1782.
Dear Sir: His Excellency wishes to see you as early tomorrow Morning as Weather and other circumstances will permit. It is upon the business of the reform of two Regiments of your Line. You will meet General Heath here upon the same matter. The Commander in Chief is desirous of having some General principles adopted upon the occasion, and if you can collect the sentiments of the Officers as to the mode that would be most agreeable, you will be pleased to come prepared with them and your own. I have the honor etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "T Tilghman A. D. C."
On October 29 Humphreys wrote to Maj. John Singer Dexter that as the Rhode Island Regiment was ordered north, Washington thought it necessary for Dexter to precede it to make provision for their arrival. "It is on this account the Adjt. Genl will send an Officer to relieve you; of which His Excellency directed me to give you Notice." Humphrey's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1782.
My Lord: I have been honored with your Lordships Letters of the 23rd and 26th instant with their Enclosures; and am much pleased to hear that every thing is quiet in your Quarter.
The Army having seperated for its Winter Quarters, the principal part of the Troops have removed to their hutting Ground in the Neighbourhood of N Windsor. In makg the general Disposition for the Winter, I have judged best, as the New Hampshire Regiments have been long absent from the Army, that they should be relieved from their present Duty; for which purpose the Rhode Island Regiment is ordered as soon as possible, to go to Albany. It being probable that the Frontiers will enjoy their present state of Quiet, during the Winter, this Regiment with the State Troops will be sufficient to keep up the Idea of Defence and calm the Apprehensions of the People.
The particular Disposition of the Troops, which will remain under your Comd, I shall leave to your Lordships Judgment, only wishing that Colo Olneys Regt. may be kept in as collected a State as circumstances will admit. I would suggest whether Colo Willets Command will not be sufficient for the Mohawk River, and Colo Olney be sent to Saratoga.
As the Troops which are to come down the River, will have their Huts to build after their Arrival on the Ground, your Lordship will see the Necessity of their being here as early as possible. You will therefore be pleased, immediately on Receipt of this Letter, to give your Orders that Arrangements may be formed, for the two Regiments of N Hampshire to be removed to Newburg as early as Circumstances will possibly admit. No time will be lost in sendg Colo Olneys Regt. up the River, so that the others may immediately be put in Motion to come down.
The Army being principally collected in this Neighbourhood, and many General Officers being to be accommodated with Quarters, which your Lordship knows are not plenty in this Country, I have thought that you will be much more conveniently lodged in Albany during the Winter, than here. You will therefore be pleased to remain in your present Command, which is as respectable as could be assigned you, was Your Lordship to repair to the Army. With great Regard etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1782.
Sir: I find myself under the disagreeable necessity of furnishing you with the Copy of a Report made to me yesterday by Major General Heath. In consequence of this I am obliged to call upon you for your Reasons of absenting yourself from your Division on the march from Verplanks Point to this Ground.55 I am.56
[Note 55: Howe answered the same day. Illness of himself and horse was the main reason of his absence. He thought that General Heath should "have demanded the reasons of my conduct of myself previous to his reporting me to my General?' Howe's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, October 30, 1782.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the recet of your Letter of the 10th September. I am extremely sorry that the situation of things has been such as to render it necessary for you to make such large advances to your Corps. The Zeal you have shewn for the good of the service, your exertion on this and every other occasion deserve my thanks and you may be assured that I shall be happy in doing every thing in my power to contribute to the reputation of your Corps, whenever an opportunity mayOffer.
In inclose you a Letter from Capt Segond. I will be obliged to you to acquaint me with the circumstances relating to that affair that I may be able to judge of the propriety of his claim.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On October 30 Washington wrote to Captain Segond that as soon as he heard from Colonel Armand he would acquaint him. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, October 30, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform Congress that, the Objects of the Campaign being at an End, and it being of Importance to the Health, ease and comfort of the Troops, as well as oeconomical on many Accounts, that they should be early put into Quarters for the Winter, the Army has removed from Verplanks Point, and are taking their Winter Cantonments.
The Connecticut Troops, with 2d and 3d Regiments of Artillery, the Invalids and Sappers and Miners, are destined to West point; the Lines of Massachusetts, N York and New Jersey, are hurting in the Neighborhood of this place, and the Rhode Island Regiment is going to Albany, to relieve the New Hampshire line, which will be bro't down to this Cantonment.
By Intelligence this Day received I am informed, that part of the British fleet, consisting of 14 Ships of the Line, 1 of 40 Guns, 7 frigates and 14 Transports, sailed on the 26th from New York; supposed for the West Indies, no mention is made of their takg on Board any Troops. The same Information mentions, that, two Vessels were dispatched for Charlestown immediately on the Arrival of the last Packet. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, October 30, 1782.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform your Excellency, that in formg the general Arrangements of Winter Cantonments for the Army and in Consequence of your Representation; One Regt. has been alloted to the Defence of the Northern frontiers of this State. Colo Olney with the Rhode Island Regiment is Ordered to repair to Albany and the two N Hampshire Regiments will join the Army, who are takg their Hutting Ground in the Neighbourhood of N Windsor.
This Regiment, which is a strong one, with the State Troops under Colo Willetts Command, I fancy will be fully sufficient to keep up the necessary Defence of the Winter, and to calm the Apprehensions of the Inhabitants.
My Lord Sterling will remain during the Winter in his present Command. I am &c.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On October 30 Washington wrote to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, inclosing copies of General Forman's information of October 24 and 26 and forwarded the letter through Comte de Rochambeau under a flying seal for his information. Drafts of these letters are in the Washington Papers, as is also Forman's intelligence.
On this same day (October 30) Trumbull wrote a certificate for Capt. William Popham, granting him permission to remain in Albany. Trumbull's draft as in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, October 30, 1782.
Parole Canada. Countersigns Quebec, Montreal.
The General having great reason to believe that a custom begins to prevail among the Soldiers of firing away their amunition at Game he therefore thinks proper to enjoin it upon the officers to prevent so pernicious a practice in the begining. An accurate examination is to be made immediately into the situation of the amunition, and a report will be given in on Saturday next to the orderly office, of the number and state of the Cartridges now actually in possession of each regiment specifying whether they are perfectly fit for use or if otherwise, whether any powder has been taken out of them, or by what means they have become unfit for service. Duplicates of these reports arc to be furnished by the Commanding officers of corps to the Commandant of Artillery, that the regiments may account properly for the Amunition now on hand before any more shall be drawn.
The Inspecter will have an opertunity of comparing his monthly inspections of this article with the reports at the Orderly office.
It is with sensible pain the General finds the country covered, and the Farm houses crowded with soldiers who are committing wanton instances of plunder and outrage, to the great inconvenience and injury of the Inhabitants as well as relaxation of decipline. He expressly forbids these unsoldierly practices and calls upon officers of every rank and corps to put a stop to them by causing prompt and exemplary punishment to be inflicted on the Guilty.
All regimental officers are to encamp and Hut with their respective Corps.
A guard of a corporal and six men from the second Massachusetts regiment to be sent immediately to the Contractors Magazine at Newburgh to continue for two days. Colonel Stewart will give them directions.
The court of inquiry held at Vetplanks point Octr. 26th. 1782, whereof Lieutenant Colonel Sherman was president to enquire into the conduct of Captain Strong of the 2d. Connecticut regt. who commanded the Picquet on the left of the Chain the 23d. instant reported to have been very remiss in his duty and his guard in bad order; report
That having previously viewed the ground where the guard was posted: the rout by which Major Gibbs approached the guard and the dispotition of the Sentinels, they are of opinion that tho Captain Strong may have been in some degree remiss and perhaps in a doze at the instant the rounds came, yet considering the whole of his Conduct while on Guard, visiting his sentinels &c. he was not in such a degree remiss as to render necessary his being brought to a Courtmartial.
The Commander in chief approves the opinion of the court.
AFTER ORDERS
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following act
By the United States in Congress assembled, August 7, 1782.
Resolved, That the Secretary at War, on or before the first day of January next, cause the non-commissioned officers and privates belonging to the lines of the respective States, including soldiers prisoners with the enemy, to be arranged in such manner as to form complete regiments agreeably to the acts of congress of the 3 and 21 of October, 1780, or regiments of not less than five hundred rank and file as circumstances and the good of the service may in his judgment require. That for this purpose the junior regiments shall be draughted to fill the senior regiments, and the surplus, should any remain after such draughts, shall be formed into a complete company or companys, as near as may be according to the said establishment, with a proper allowance of field officers to two or thoro companies; the said regiments and companies shall be commanded by officers belonging to the respective States, to which the non-commissioned officers and privates so arranged shall belong.
Resolved, That the Commander in Chief, and commanding officer of the southern army, directs the officers of the line of each State respectively to meet together, and agree and determine upon the officers, who shall remain in service to command the troops arranged as aforesaid; provided that where it cannot be done by voluntary agreement, the junior officers of each grade shall retire so as to leave compleat corps of officers in proportion to the number of men, and to be adjusted upon the principles of the acts of the 3 and 21 of October 1780, and the 5th resolution of the act passed the 23 day of April, 1782.
Resolved, That the Commander in Chief, and commanding officer of the southern army, as soon as the said arrangement shall have taken place, transmit to Congress a list of officers whom they may deem proper to be employed in the several staff departments and other necessary duties in the army, to be taken from the list of retiring officers and upon being approved of by Congress, and accepting such appointments, such officers shall retain their rank in the army with the pay and emouliments therto annexed.
Resolved, That the officers retiring under the foregoing resolutions, and not employed in the staff departments as aforesaid, shall, until called into service with their proper command, be entitled to all the emoulements to which the officers are entitled, who retired under the resolutions of the 3d and 21 of October, 1780; that the said officers shall retain their rank in the army, and be called into the service, from time to time, according to seniority, in case of deficiencies of officers, upon the principles of the foregoing resolutions.
Resolved, That in arranging the non-commissioned officers and privates of the army, each Stare shall be credited for all the men, except deserters and such as may have died, who shall have been duly mustered to serve during the war, or for three years. in compliance with the requisitions of Congress of the 3d day of October, 1780, or the 10th of December, 1781.
Resolved, That the preceding arrangement shall take effect on the 1st day of January, 1783, and that copies thereof be immediately transmitted by the Secretary at War, to the executive authority of the respective States.
The honorable the Secretary at War has given the following explanation of the 4th. resolve of the above act, that the deranged officers are not to be called into service in order to fill vacancies which may happen in the regimts. which remain in service: But that should the States to which they belong hereafter augment the number of their regiments the deranged officers shall in that case have a preferance in officering such regiments. It is to be considered and acted upon accordingly. And he has thought proper for the present only to extend the operation of the above act, in the Northern army to the Lines of Massachusetts and Connecticut; the first of which is to be reduced to eight regiments of five hundred rank and file each or as near as may be to that number, and the last to three regiments consisting of the like number officerd as follows
Three field officers, Nine captains, Nineteen subalterns, One surgeon and One Mate to each regiment.
The reason why the foregoing act does not at present operate upon the Lines of New Jersey, New york, Rhode Island, and Newhampshire are That the Line of Newyork already forms two regimts. of five hundred rank and file each.
The others are so near that number that it is hoped their respective States which are pressingly called upon to fill them up will do it. The reform of them is therefore suspended untill the further pleasure of congress be known.
All regimental Promotions in the Lines of Massachusetts and Connecticut are to be considered as compleated up to this day.
Major General Heath and Brigr. Genl. Huntington will be pleased to cause the reform of their respective Lines agreably to the second resolve of the before recited act to be carried into execution by monday next, and make report to the Commander in chief.
The deranged officers will be at liberty to retire immediately if they think proper: they will never the less be considered as entitled to full pay and subsistance up to the first of January next and to prevent irregularity or confusion, in the Musters they are to be borne upon the rolls of the first regiment of each line untill that time.
Head Quarters, October 31, 1782.
Sir: I recd Mr. Howells60 of the 15th. and am glad to hear that the Shirts are in so good train. They are so exceedingly wanted that I wish to have them forwarded as fast as they are made up. Many Soldiers have not a single one. And the same may be done with the Woolen Overalls and every other Article which is to come here. The advanced Season requires the utmost dispatch. The Secretary at War agreed to furnish immediately thirty Watch Coats to a Regiment. If he has not given orders for them I would wish you to remind him. And pray do not lose sight of the Contract for shoes.
[Note 60: Jacob S. Howell, Deputy Clothier General.]
The Coats of most part of the Army are yet exceedingly good, and if thread can be furnished to mend them this Winter, they will still be serviceable in the Spring. You will be pleased to use your utmost endeavours to procure and send up Thread. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, October 31, 1782.
Dear Sir: As the Contracts for the ensuing Year will shortly be made, I take the liberty of suggesting several matters which appear to me necessary either to be inserted in the Body of the Contracts themselves, or to be provided for by special stipulations with the Contractors.
Under the former arrangement, If the contractors made an offer of provisions which should be deemed intirely bad or not of so good a quality as they ought to be, there was a right of rejection, and of purchase in the neighbourhood of the Army. The following inconvenience will ever attend this mode; Tho' the provision should be found of inferior Quality yet rather than let the Troops go without, it will be received and Vouchers passed for it, as good, for the Inspector will find it impossible to purchase at a moments warning, the supplies of one or two days. And the Contractor, if he is a designing Man, (and such we have had to deal with) will find it to his advantage to keep on hand Articles of inferior price and Quality, finding he can get them off at full price. This I conceive may be remedied in the following Manner; The Inspector, upon complaint, to be the Judge of Quality.; If he finds the provision not unwholesome, he may order it to be issued, but at under price. The deficiency either to be made up by giving a due Bill for it, or an addition in some other Article. This would make it the interest of the contractor to keep a supply of good and wholesome Articles.
In the Contract for Garrisons a certain quantity of salt provision is specified; but in that for the moving Army, it is optional in the Contractor to furnish it or not. There are many occasions upon which salt provisions are most essentially necessary. An opportunity of striking a post might present itself if a Body of Men could march suddenly with three or four days provision. Salt Meat will only answer the purpose in warm weather; and in the course of the War, many advantages have been lost merely for want of this Article. t would therefore wish that the Contractors might be obligated to keep a Magazine of at least 200 Barrels of Salt Meat in the Vicinity of the Moving Army; as much more as they please.
Hard Bread is another Article often wanted for the purposes before enumerated. An agreement for a certain quantity of that would be found advantageous. As the Contractors will have Ovens in the Vicinity of the Army, The necessary Quantity might from time to time be demanded by the Commander in Chief or Commanding Genl. not more at a time than 150 or 200 Barrels.
Were we always certain of having Men of honor and of liberal principles in the Contracts there would not be so much need of the foregoing and many other Guards; But we have experienced so many inconveniencies from a Man of contrary conduct62 that too much care cannot be taken in future. I have the honor etc.
[Note 62: Comfort Sands.]
P.S. In ascertaining the prices of the component parts of a Ration care should be taken that a less value is not put upon the smaller species than they can be really purchased for, otherwise the Contractor will find it his interest to give the troops due Bills for these Articles, instead of the Articles themselves, which would be a grievance, and a heavy one. I wish a particular attention might be paid to the Article of Vinegar.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 1, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to halt the Regiment under your Command at Pompton, as near the House called the Yellow House (Curtis's) as may be convenient.
You will detach a Captain with 50 Men to the Block House in the Clove, a little beyond Sufferans, and give him Orders to releive the Party now there, who are to join their Regt. as soon as possible. The releiving Officer will take Directions for his Duty from the Officer relieved.
By Return of the Bearer, you will be pleased to make a Report of the Strength of your Regt. and your proceedings. I am &c.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On November 1 Humphreys wrote to Capt. John Pray, that "I have his Excellency's direction to give Orders on the Clothier at this place to deliver Caps and Mittens for the Men under your Command, agreeable to your Return, if any are in store. I wish you still to persist in using every Means in your power to obtain the most Authentic Intelligence of the State of the Enemy, particulary what their exact strength and situation are, on the North End of York Island." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, November 1, 1782.
Sir: Instead of halting your Detachment at Pompton as directed in my Orders of the 21st of October, you will continue their march towards the North River, until you come within three or four Miles of N Windsor, where you will receive orders to move to your hutting ground.
Should you have relieved the Block House at the Clove, with a detachment of your Men, and Genl Hazens Regt. should not be arrived, you will proceed on your Route, leaving that Detachment with Orders to follow you, as soon as they shall be relieved by a Party from Hazen's. I am etc.64
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, November 2, 1782.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Essex, Falmouth.
The Commander in chief requests the officers to be very attentive in seeing that the tops of the Chimneys are carried above the tents, to prevent their being scorched by the heat or fired by the Sparks.
There being a necessity for keeping the Light Companies of the Army advanced, the regiments to which they belong are to make provision for building hurts for them.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 3, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your letter of the 30th. ulto. from Hartford. In my last I informed your Excellency that 14 ships of the Line and 7 Frigates had sailed the 26th. ulto from New York. I have not yet heard whether the remainder have sailed; neither have I received any intelligence respecting the evacuation of Charlestown. Your Excellency may be assured I shall give you instant information when I do.
The September Packet has arrived at New York; nothing more has transpired than what is contained in the inclosed papers.
I take the liberty of committing a number of letters to your Excellency's care; among them one for the Marquis de Vaudreuil,65 which I beg you to forward to him. I have the honor etc.66
[Note 65: Washington's letter in Vaudreuil was dated November 5 and merely inclosed a copy of the intelligence received from Major Tallmadge on November 3. This draft and the original of Tallmadge's letter are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 66: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library, of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, November 4, 1782.
Parole Kingston. Countersigns Leeds, Malden.
The Jersey Brigade will be mustered for the month of october the 5th; the York line the 6th; the first Massacht. the 7th; the second the 8th and the 3d Brigade the 9th inst.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 5, 1782.
Sir: I must request your Excellency to make it a Rule in future, when persons apply for Liberty to go to or within the Enemy's Lines, to insert in your passports that they shall repair to Dobbs's Ferry, which is the only post from whence Flags are sent, or at which they are received. This is absolutely necessary to prevent that illegal Intercourse and Traffic, which are now carried to so great a Height. I am induced to mention this to your Excellency, because Mr. Buchanon, who lately obtained a passport from the Executive of the State, came first to Dobbs's Ferry and waited a Day or two. He went from thence to Eliza. town or some place in that Neighborhood, and then passed to New York by some Conveyance not properly authorized, and came out the same Way. I do not mean to charge Mr. Buchanon with any sinister Intention in going in the Manner above mentioned. It might have proceeded from Inadvertence or Ignorance. But if Dobbs's Ferry is particularly specified in the passports, the persons, who infringe them, cannot make use of either of the foregoing pleas to justify themselves. I have the Honor etc.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Hodijah Baylies. The same letter was written to President Dickinson, of Pennsylvania; the person who ignored the regulation in this case being a Mr. Craig.]
[MD.H.S.]
Newburgh, November 5, 1782.
Dear Sir: By Doctr Craik 1 send you four half Joes, £6.9.3 of which appears to be the Balle. due you, allowing the Pensa. State Paper (in yr. hands) at one for four.
I pray you to get me made by the measure inclosed a pair of the nearest and best Leather Breeches. I know not at this time who is esteemed the most celebrated Workman, or I would not trouble you in so trifling a matter. Formerly there used to be a skin called I think, the Carrabous, of which very neat Breeches were made; whether they are yet to be had I know not, nor do I know the price of Leather Breeches at this day, but if the money sent is insufficient the deficiency shall be paid on demd.
I would beg to have them sent to me as soon as possible, and I shall thank you for reiterating my request that they may be made roomy in the seat and not tight in the thigh. They generally make them so strait that it is with difficulty they can be drawn on, to which I have an utter aversion. the measure gives the size I would have them, not what they can be brought to by stretching. My Complimts. to Mrs. Mitchell. I am etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, November 5, 1782.
Parole Newark. Countersigns Oxford, Plymouth.
A Sub, serjeant, corporal, drummer and filer and twenty four privates from the 1st Jersey regiment to parade at Ellis's Wharf, New windsor, at eleven o'clock on thursday, the 7th. instant to conduct Prisoners of war to Philadelphia.
The officer commanding will receive his instructions from the Adjutant General.
That part of the Connecticut line encamped on the east side the river are to consider themselves under the immediate orders of Major General Knox untill further orders.
Four men from the 10th. Massachusetts regiment to assist Major Rochfontaine in surveying the environs of the Camp; they will be sent to the Adjutant generals quarters tomorrow morning at 8 o'clock.
Head Quarters, November 6, 1782.
Sir: Your Excellencys favor of the 25th. ulto. only reached me yesterday. The Treasurer of the French Army68 has remitted 537 dollars to our Quarter Master General according to your direction.
[Note 68: César Louis de Baulny, principal treasurer of the French Army in America.]
The principal Channel, by which I have gained certain information of the motions of the enemy's Fleet, has been thro' General Forman of Monmouth in the State of New Jersey, and before I call upon him for the account of the expences which have been incurred in procuring and forwarding his intelligences, I would wish to know, whether your Excellency would have him discharge those persons who are in his employ, or keep them in pay untill the Marquis de Vaudreuil shall have sailed from Boston. Your Excellency will be pleased to observe, that the actual procurance of the intelligence will be much the least part of the expence to you, as the means, which I constantly employ for that purpose, have generally furnished me with such as you desired to be informed of; keeping up the communication with Mr. de Vaudreuil has been and will be the heaviest charge.
There is no such Corps in America as the 75th. Regt. of Grenadiers; nor even the 75th. Regt. of Foot.
As I informed your Excellency on the 25th. ulto. that a Division of the British Fleet had fallen down, I did not again advise you that this division consisted of 14 Sail of the Line, 7 Frigates and ten or twelve Transports: But I forwarded the advice to the Admiral.
Inclosed is the substance of the latest intelligence which I have received from New York.
The letters which your Excellency committed to my care a few days ago were immediately forwarded. I have the honor etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Paris Archives. Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., Supl. v. 4.]
Head Quarters, November 6, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your letters of the 28th. and 30th. ulto. with the several inclosures referred to in them.
I can not without the positive direction of Congress for the reasons below withdraw the Garrison from the post at Wyoming, notwithstanding the keeping it up, is of material injury to the discipline of the troops stationed there. Upon a bare apprehension of such a matter, I received a warm remonstrance from the Executive of Pennsylvania, setting forth, that if the Garrison should be withdrawn while the dispute between them and Connecticut was in agitation, The setlers from Connecticut would seize the post, and hold the Country altho' the determination of the Referrees should be against them. You see from this, the impropriety of my taking upon myself the decision of holding or abandoning the Post.
I am truly anxious, both for public and private reasons, to have a final settlement of Asgills affair. The interference of the Court of France, must, I think, bring it to a speedy issue.
As the Resolve of the 30th. of October, founded upon the representation of the Minister of France respecting the supply of provisions which goes to New York from New Jersey, directs me to take "speedy and effectual measures to suppress the said pernicious, clandestine commerce," I think myself bound to make the following remark: That the allotment of the whole Continental Army to that duty would not prevent the practice. It will never be checked unless the States contiguous to New York will pass laws making such commerce punishable with death upon conviction. It is what all other Nations at War do, and I have repeatedly recommended such a measure to Congress and they I believe to the States, but without effect. I shall however continue, as I have ever done, to discountenance it by every mean in my power, especially between the Sound and the North River, where the parties which attend to the motions of the enemy, prevent intercourse; but to guard the extensive Frontier of New Jersey is out of my power.
Small Guards are not only subject to be cut off, but the Centinels are liable to be bribed by individuals concerned in the traffic, as I have too much reason to believe has somtimes been the case.
I inclose you an extract from the General Orders of the 30th. ulto. containing the explanation which you authorized me to give of the 4th. Resolve of the Act of the 7th. of Augt. This was absolutely necessary to quiet not only the Officers remaining in service, but those who retire. A new Resolve will be necessary to confirm the explanation as it now stands, and the sooner it is done the better; I am in hopes the reform of the Massachusetts and Connecticut Lines will be effected without difficulty.
If it should be determined to change the facings of the whole Army to Red, will it not be best, to signify the same as soon as possible, That the Officers may make their arrangements accordingly. I would be glad to know what are our prospects of Uniform Cloathing for the next Campaign and if the materials are on hand, whether any steps are taking for making them up. The Coats of some Corps will be intirely worn out in the course of the Winter, and none will be fit for service at the time which the Army may be expected to take the field.
A Mr. McDonald a Volunteer of the 76th. Regt., has come on to Dobbs's ferry from Lancaster, with General Hazens Pass only. He is detained until it is known whether you are consulted in the matter and whether you approve of his going into New York. I have the honor etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November, 6, 1782.
Dear Sir: Being about to make a general disposition for the command of the Army during the Winter, and having it now in my power to place a Division of Troops in this Cantonment under your Orders; I must request to be informed by you, as soon as possible, whether your state of Health will enable you to accept that Command, or not.
At the same time, I shall be happy to give you a command suitable to your rank, I think it proper also to inform you, that the situation of the service will, in case your health requires your be'rag absent to reestablish it, admit of that indulgence without essential injury; so that my only wish is, that in making your option, you may act perfectly agreable to your own inclinations. I am etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, November 8, 1782.
Sir: As the 4th. Connect. Regt., under the expectation of being soon drafted into the other Regts, is not now employed in hutting, or any other public duties; it is my wish, that this Corps may be occupied in cutting and laying in Wood for the Hospital on the east side of the River. The importance of this business is so great and so obvious, that I scarcely need express the earnestness of my desire, that the Troops abovementioned may be effectually employed in it, untill the Arrangement finally takes place, or untill they shall become essentially necessary for other purposes. I am etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, November 8, 1782
Parole Xerxes. Countersigns Yarmouth, Zeland. For duty tomorrow the Jersey brigade.
The Quarter Master general having represented his inability to procure forage during the Winter for the whole number of horses allowed to the General and other officers of the Line and Staff who remain with the troops in the New Windsor Cantonments, has proposed to supply in the following proportion, which has been approved by the Commander in Chief: To a Major Genl. Rations for three horses; each of his Aides, 1. Brigr. and Adjutant Genl., 3. Brigr. General, 2, His aid, I. Inspector of the Northern army and Assistant Inspector, each 2. As they will have to visit and Muster Detachts. Each field officer, 1. Captain of Engineers, 1. Brigade Major, 1. Brigade Qr. Master, 1. Regimental Pay Master, 1. Assistant of Adjt. General etc, 1. Geographer and Assistt. together, 1. Judge Advocate, 1. Director of Hospitals, 2; each hospital Physician, 1. Apothecary, I. Purveyor or Steward, 1. Chaplain, 1. Commissary of Prisoners, 2. His business often requiring his absence. Quarter Master Genl., 2. Each of his Assistants, 1. Commissary of forage, 2; each of his Assistants who are employed riding in the country, 1. Waggon Master Genl., 2; Each of his assistance employed on duty of riding, 1.
It will be optional in those who are entitled to keep a greater number of horses than are allowed in the foregoing, to deliver up the surplus to the Quarter Master General who will send them to some distance from Camp and keep them at public expence, or they may keep them at their own charge and he will pay them the amount of the rations which such horses would have drawn had they remained with the army.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, November 9, 1782.
Parole Andover. Countersigns Bath, Cambridge. For duty tomorrow the 1st. Newyork regiment.
Brigadier General Patterson, Cols. Greaton and Shepard, will be pleased to meet at General Pattersons Marque tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock in order to settle a dispute of rank between Ensigns Sawyer75 and Frie76 of the Massachusetts Line. They will report their opinion to the Commander in chief: the parties with their Witnesses will attend. The Board will make particular enquiry into the circumstances of Mr. Sawyers allegation of Mr. Frie's having taken a bounty as a Continental soldier after the date of his appointment as an Ensign, and report as above.
[Note 75: Ensign James Sawyer, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to June, 1784.]
[Note 76: Ensign Frederick Frye (Frie), of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
The Army in Quarters will be commanded as follows: "The Cantonment in the vicinity of Newburgh will be under the orders of Major General Gates.
Major General St. Clair will command the Troops of Marylang, New Jersey, New York, and New Hamshire.
Major General Howe those of Massachusetts.
Major General Lord Sterling will command the Continental and State Troops at and above Albany on the Hudson and Mohawk rivers.
Major General Knox will command the Garrison of West Point including the works on both sides of the river in that vicinity and the Connecticut troops advanced of them."
As the duty upon the Lines and at Verplanks and Stoney points and Dobbs ferry will be done by rotine by troops from the Cantonment of Newburg after the Light Infantry are withdrawn, the releived officer will always make his report to the Commander in chief of all occurrences which happen during his tour of duty and of the state of the Amunition and stores in those posts. But the Commanding officer of the advanced troops and those commanding either of the three posts below will make it an invariable rule to communicate with the greatest dispatch any information they may receive of movements of the enemy or intelligence of designs which may affect the posts of West Point or its dependencies to Major General Knox or the commanding officer at Westpoint.
This is to be considered as a standing order while the Army remains in its present position.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 10, 1782.
Sir: In giving permission of absence to Officers for the recovery of their health, I have supposed the experiment of change of air and diet might be made in a few Weeks as well as in any length of time; I must therefore consider the indulgence given to you for the purpose, as limited to eight Weeks from the date hereof, at the expiration of which time, I shall expect you will return to the Army.77 I am etc.78
[Note 77: At this point the following is crossed of[ in the draft: "where. I hope proper Hospitals will by that time be prepared [or the reception of those who are unfit for duty."]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, November 10, 1782.
Sir: As there has been no official Report made to me of the Arrangement of the Connecticut Line, I cannot interfere in the matter; nor [would I choose] to make alterations in it [before the first day of Jany (when it is to become final)] if there does not appear to have been some deviation from the principles contained in the Act of Congress of the 7th of August [or injurious to the public Interest.] The good of Service, I hoped, would have been the governing principle in arranging the Officers; and I cannot but flatter myself, the agreements among the several grades of Officers may yet be rendered subservient to that end.
As soon as Colo. Jackson shall be able to join the Light Corps (which it is expected will be the case in a few days) I shall have no objections to your attending to the particular interests of your Regt. in the line. I am etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. Printed under date of Nov. 11 1782, in the Correspondence of Samuel B. Webb, edited by Worthington C, Ford.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, November 10, 1782.
Parole Deal. Countersigns Exeter, Farmingham.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Newyork regiment.
One active trusty man from each regiment in this Cantonment (who is an old soldier) to be sent to the Adjt. Generals Quarters at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning to be employed in conveying orders to Westpoint, and in such other manner as he finds necessary, they are to bring their arms and necessaries with them.
The Maryland Detachment commanded by Major Lansdale is annexed to the Jersey brigade.
A Captain from the 10th. Massachusetts regt. will releive Captn. Benton80 of the Connecticut Line as Superintendent of New Windsor hospital tomorrow.
[Note 80: Capt. Selah Benton.]
Head Quarters, November 11, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 31st. ulto. You cannot be too pressing in your endeavours to procure Blankets, which will be as much wanted as you can imagine; nor is any time to be lost in forwarding the other Articles ordered by you.
Colo. Dayton is so exceedingly uneasy, on account of the promotion which he has long conceived himself entitled to, that he has come to a resolution to resign, unless he sees a certainty of obtaining it. For this purpose, he has procured liberty to go to Philada. I could not give him a particular recommendation because it might have been interfering with the plans which may have been adopted in consequence of the report which you may have made since your return from the Army, and because I would not wish to interest myself in behalf of an individual, when a number of others, under similar circumstances, are waiting the determination of Congress. Thus much I cannot help saying, that as not only Colo. Dayton, but most of the other Gentlemen who have like pretensions, are Officers of merit, and entitled to public notice from their long standing, it will give me great pleasure to see such a system adopted, as will make provision for them all, in a manner agreeable to their wishes. I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 11, 1782.
Sir: The reason for my directing the 4th. Connect. Regt. to procure Wood for the Hospital on the east side of the River, was, because I found that Corps idle, while all the rest of the Army was employed. As the incorporation will now supersede this reason; you may either have the fuel cut by Detachments from the Troops under your Orders, or by the Levies now employed in the transportation service, if you think that business can be effected without them.
As it is determined to send no more Sick to the Hospital of Dr. Eustace, a smaller provision of fuel will be required than was expected. And I shall be satisfied with the certainty that the supply will be kept up, until that Hospital is cleared of its present Patients; even with demolishing the Huts as they become evacuated; since it is not probable those Buildings will be of any farther utility. I am etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of David Humphreys.
On November 11 Washington wrote briefly to Chevalier La Luzerne that from a letter received from Marquis de Vaudreuil, "the first division of the British Fleet, which lately left New York, had been seen off St. Georges Bank and Cape Sable." This letter is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etran., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, November 11, 1782.
Parole Gravesend. Countersigns Hampton, Ireland.
For duty tomorrow 1st. Massa. Regiment.
Head Quarters, November 12, 1782.
Sir: I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter from Bolton83 in due time. The packet for the Minister of France which accompanied it was forwarded immediately.
[Note 83: Bolton, Conn.]
We have no intelligence of the actual evacuation of Charlestown town, but from some circumstances which have appeared in the New York Paper of the 5th. instant, I think it probable that that event has taken place.
The moment I receive any information which may be depended on, I shall transmit it. I have the honor etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, November 12, 1782.
Dear Sir: I wish to take a ride as far as Kingston, and if your Excellency should be disengaged, and can accompany me,85 I will do myself the pleasure to call upon you on Thursday, and go up on Friday. I would wish to return on this side the River by the Wall Kiln. I shall be glad of an answer by return of the Bearer. I have the honor etc.86
[Note 85: The Governor did not accompany Washington on this trip.]
[Note 86: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, November 12, 1782.
Parole Kingsbridge. Countersigns Lincoln, Manchester.
In order to prevent irregularities in the proceedings of Courtsmartial which may be held at a distance from the Main army, the Commander in chief orders, that in future the Proceedings of all such General courts martial as shall be referred from any of the different Cantonments, Garrisons or posts of the army to his dicision shall in the first instance be transmitted to the Judge Advocate, who will as soon as may be, report them to the General, with his opinions in writing, Whether the court has been properly constituded, and whether the proceedings appear by the records, to have been consonant to the Articles of war.
The General flatters himself the occasion for Courtsmartial will be daily diminished in proportion as the principles of decipline become better understood and practic'd he hopes for the honor of service there will be no instance where vexatious charges shall be exhibited by one officer against another through petulance or personal animosity.
While the General considers it essential to the existance of an army that the severest and most exemplary punishments should be inflicted on atrocious offences, He wishes that a proper distinction may always be made between enormous and premeditated crimes and slight offences, which are committed through Levity and inconsideration.
To correct the latter and reclaim those who are not lost to all sense of virtue and military pride, it is conceived that modes of punishment may be introduced which by awakening the feelings of honor will have a better influence than corporal.
Lieutenant Samuel Cogswell of the 9th Massachusetts regiment is appointed Deputy Judge Advocate and is to be respected accordingly.
Major General Knox will be pleased to order a General courtmartial to set at the Garrison of Westpoint on friday the 15th instant for the trial of all such prisoners as shall be brought before them. All persons concerned will attend.
The Deputy Judge Advocate will also be present and conduct the prosecutions, and is to reside at Westpoint untill further orders.
Lieutenant Crook87 of the 10th. Massachusetts regiment is appointed to superintend the hospital at New Windsor vice the Captn. ordered for that duty the 10th. inst.
[Note 87: Lieut. Joseph Crook. He was transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to November, 1783.
On November 12 Washington wrote briefly to Marquis de Vaudreuil that he had forwarded his letter to Las Luzerne. "I regret exceedingly, that during your stay in this Country no opportunity has offr'd of personally assuring you of the esteem and regard with which I have the honor etc." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
A serjeant and ten men for a three days tour of Fatigue to put up a Penn and slaughter house at Newburgh. They are to be at the Contractors Magazine at Newburgh by 10 o'clock tomorrow and take their instructions from Mr. Vansandt.
For Duty tomorrow the 7th. Mass. Regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, November 13, 1782.
Parole Newbury. Countersigns Oxford, Pembrooke.
For duty tomorrow the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
In the absence of the Quartermaster General the Assistant Quarter Master with the advice of the General officers and commandants of brigades will fix upon a spot for erecting a Provost guard house and also a hut for the Provostmartial. He will likewise settle with the Judge Advocate the place for building a courtmartial room.
Detachments are to be made from the Line for compleating these buildings as early as possible.
The Assistant Quarter Master will give the Dimentions and furnish such materials as may be in his power for the speedy execution of the work.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 13, 1782.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's letter of the 6th instant, on a subject not more distressing to you, Sir, than myself. I have at various periods of the War written to Congress and to the States, endeavouring to convince them of the necessity of passing the most rigorous Laws to prevent the Inhabitants from furnishing the Enemy with Provisions. I will write them again, and will use every argument I am master of for that purpose. In all other Nations, I believe, the persons guilty of that crime are punished with death, and without the States on this Continent will pass similar laws, I see no means of putting a stop to that destructive practice. Any thing the Military could do in that matter would be in vain; to post so many guards as would be necessary, would be destructive to the Army, as those Guards would be continually liable to be cutt off by the Enemy, indeed the whole Army would not suffice to Guard the extensive Coasts from whence this illicit Commerce is carried on. With much esteem etc.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, November 13, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose you the extract of a letter,89 which I have lately received from His Excellency the Minister of France, on the subject of the amazing quantities of provisions which the enemy draw, from the States contiguous to New York. The evil complained of has been long growing,
[Note 89: This letter, dated Nov. 6, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.] and has at length arisen to a height truly alarming. I persuade myself no arguments will be wanting to induce the Legislature of your State, at their next sitting, to pay that attention to the matter, which its importance deserves.
I have ever been of opinion, and every day's experience convinces me more and more of the truth of it, that nothing short of Laws making the supply of the enemy with provisions or stores, or holding any kind of illicit intercourse with them, Felony of Death, will check the evil so justly complained of. A moments reflection must convince every thinking mind, that four such Armies as I command, would be inadequate to the purpose. The attempt by military coercion alone might prove ruinous. For, to guard the immense length of communication from the Coast of Monmouth in Jersey Eastward, would so dissipate my force, that every detachment would invite and be at the mercy of the enemy. This observation is too striking to need urging, and shews in the clearest point of view, that rigid Laws, rigidly executed, are the only remedies that can be applied, next to a sufficient Force to invest the enemy in their post of New York. I have the honor etc.90
[Note 90: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Newburg, November 13, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 25 Ulto. and have the pleasure to inform you that all the Prisoners taken and carried into Canada have been lately released upon what terms I do not know; about 170 mostly Women and Children may be expected here every moment by way of the Lakes about 400 more mostly Men are sent round to New York by Sea.
I shall immediately write to General Muhlenberg and direct him to call any Officer who may presume to place their recruiting money to their own private Credit for arrearage of Pay to a severe account but I hope no other instance will be found but the one you mention.
Your Excellency has been truly informed as to the discipline of the Army under my immediate Command which has arrived to a perfection that reflects the highest honor upon the Officers and Men; I wish I could say you had been as rightly informed as to their numbers consider by dear Sir, I have with me only the Troops from New Jersey to New Hampshire inclusive and were the Regiments all compleat they would make far from a numerous Army.
The southern States are, I immagine by this time intirely rid of an Enemy, and I flatter myself that their exertions will not be wanting to send their quotas of Men into the Field,91 [but how is the Army to be supported, if the States do not furnish the means?] with very great regard etc.92
[Note 91: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "Should the War continue it will be to the eternal disgrace of the States, should the enemy be permitted to keep possession of New York with their present numbers."]
[Note 92: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[V.S.L.]
Head Quarters, November 13, 1782.
Sir: It affords me singular pleasure to have it in my power to transmit you the inclosed Copy of an Act of Congress of the 7th. instant, by which you arc released from the disagreeable circumstances in which you have so long been; supposing you would wish to go into New York as soon as possible. I also inclose a passport for that purpose.
Your letter of the 18th. of October came regularly to my hands; I beg you to believe, that my not answering it sooner, did not proceed from inattention to you, or a want of feeling for your situation; I daily expected a determination of your case, and I thought it better to await that, than to feed you with hopes that might in the end prove fruitless. You will attribute my detention of the inclosed letters, which have been in my hands about a fortnight, to the same cause.
I cannot take leave of you Sir, without assuring you, that in whatever light my agency in this unpleasing affair may be viewed, I was never influenced thro' the whole of it by sanguinary motives; but by what I conceived a sense of my duty, which loudly called upon me to take measures however disagreeable, to prevent a repetition of those enormities which have been the subject of discussion. And that this important end is likely to be answered without the effusion of the Blood of an innocent person is not a greater relief to you than it is to Sir Yr. etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 13, 1782.
Sir: I am persuaded that the importance of the inclosed Act of Congress of the 30th Ulto. and extract of a Letter from His Excellency the Minister of France on the subject of it, will most seriously call the attention of the Legislature of your State to the matter therein mentioned. The evil complained of has been long growing, and has at length arisen to a height truly alarming.
I have ever been of opinion...94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman. The omitted portion is almost identical with Washington's letter to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, Nov. 13, 1782, q. v.]
Head Quarters, November 13, 1782.
My Lord: I have been lard. with yours of the 2d. and 8th. instants. Colo. Dearborn's Regiment have all arrived and Colo Reids may be hourly expected.
I have lately given orders for a delivery of Arms Accoutrements and Quarter Masters stores for the New York state troops. I must request your Lordship to direct that they be only applied to the three years Men and not to the levies for the Campaign. I am etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Newburgh, November 13, 1782.
Dear Sir: In answer to the several points contained in your private letter of yesterday I have to observe; that I shall not be able finally to adjust a system of Signals, until I have seen Governor Clinton, which I expect will be in a few days; in the mean time I would have the Guards continued at the Beacons as at present. The Rockets you propose to have made will be necessary.
As to the Guard of General McDougal, I apprehend it will not be 1st to withdraw it intirely: But considering the circumstance of his not being with the Army, or able to perform his Military functions, I could wish it to be lessened as far as might be done with conveniency. I imagine your intimacy with Genl McDougal will warrant your proposing the matter in a friendly manner and arranging with him whether to furnish a small Detachment of Connect Troops, or Invalids, in such manner as may be judged best. The reason which formerly operated against furnishing the Guard from the latter, will now cease from the local situation. And the Army is too far distant to have this duty done conveniently, by general detail from it.
Yesterday I wrote you my sentiments fully respecting Wood for the Hospital. Col Pickering, has I am pretty well assured no Levies who are not necessarily employed.
Upon mature consideration, I think it will be much more difficult to preserve and regularly account for the Watch Coats, when appropriated to particular Posts, than it would be, if they were delivered to the several Corps, who will then become responsible for them. Should the Secretary at War cause the quantity to be sent forward to the Army, which was concluded upon by him, there will be a larger number for your Troops. than you have required. Whether there are any now in Store, I know not; but if there are the Clothier shall have Orders to issue a full proportion to your Garrison: [in the mean while, enquire after those which have been issued.]
It is only to be lamented at this time that there has been such a misconception of ideas, in hutting the Troops on the East side of the River. [In the distribution of the Troops for Winter Cantonments I resolved to break up the Hospital at the Boston Hutts and that the 2d. and 4th. Cont. Regiments should go into them; after this upon representation that those Regts had rather build than occupy those Hutts, and that less time was needed to do this than to remove the Sick and cleanse the Houses.] I recollect very particularly in conversing with some of he Gentlemen concerned. (I cannot now call to mind with certainty who it was) to have expressed my intention that those Troops should be cantoned as near the Redoubts as possible; and I am equally certain I never gave Orders to the contrary; but as it is now too late to remove them, we must take the best precautions in our power to prevent any ill consequences from the Arrangement. I am &c.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.
An N. B. by Humphreys states that a "Copy of Major Smith's Letter of 14th Octr. 1781 on Signals established &c enclosed." Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers, and gives the alarm signals agreed upon in case the enemy's vessels passed up the Hudson. It is indorsed by Trumbull "...at Posts below Verplanck's?"]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 13, 1782.
Sir: You will be pleased to furnish me, by the 18th inst. or sooner if practicable, with an accurate Return of the Invalid Regt. specifying the Names of all who are now borne on the Rolls of it; shewing what were the pretensions of the Officers and Men for admittance into the Corps, and what their particular situations now are. I am etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 13, 1782.
Sir: Governor Harrison informs me in a letter of the 25th. Ulto. that an Officer of the Virginia Line, whose name he says he has pointed out to you, has received a sum of Money for the recruiting service, which he declares he will apply in the first instance to the payment of his own arrearage of Pay, and the Balance, if any, to the purposes for which he drew the sum. The Governor further informs me, that he has furnished you with proofs of the fact, and has desired you to call the Officer to a proper account. I can have no doubt of your not only immediately doing this, but taking steps to put a stop to a practice of the like kind by others. Tho' I hope no other will be found so lost to all sense of honor and honesty as to attempt it.
It will be necessary for you, not only for information, but to prevent misapplication of public Money, to call upon the Recruiting Officers very often for returns, and if Men are not sent in agreeable to Returns, you may well suspect improper Conduct. You will as before directed, make me monthly returns at least. I am &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Newburgh, November 14, 1782.
Sir: I am upon the point of setting out for Kingston, by way of Poughkeepsy; possibly I may not return before Sunday. I therefore inclose you the Paroles and C Signs to that day Inclusive that there may be a corrispondence (as usual) with those which have already been deliverd to Genl. Knox. The orders of this day are Issued and I will thank you for a pointed attention to them. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, November 14, 1782.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Rockingham, Shrewsbury.
For duty tomorrow the v.d. Massachusetts regret.
The enormities which have been committed, and daily committing by the soldiery since we have quitted the Field are scandalous beyond description and a disgrace to any army; they must and shall be corrected, or the greatest severity take place. To effect this purpose the commander in chief desires that Major General Gates, the other General officers and commanding officers of brigades, in this Cantonment, will meet at General Gates's quarters tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock and having examined the situation of the camps they will establish such Picquets and Guards, and order such patrols as in their Judgment shall be sufficient to restrain the Soldiers within proper bounds, and every officer from the Major General, to the lowest grade is hereby called upon, for his own credit, as well as the reputation of the service to exert all his abilities to check an evil which is not less dishonorable to tile troops than oppressive to the Inhabitants.
The disorderly custom of suffering soldiers for whose conduct the officers cannot be responsible, to ramble about the country contrary to tile practice of all well regulated Armies, must be abolished; and the mode of giving passes restricted and put upon a proper footing. none are to be from Camp after retreat beating.
The rolls are frequently to be called at irregular hours during the night.
A Grand provost will be appointed by the General and there will be two field officers of the day to superintend the police of this army, who will see that the duties here enjoyned are regularly performed and that summary and exemplary punishments shall be inflicted on offenders. This order is to be read at three several evening roll callgs, and the Colonels or Commanding officers of regiments will be responsible that every soldier under their orders, is made acquainted with it that none may plead ignorance. It was much the Generals wish to have made the duty, not only while the hurts were in building but through the winter as easy and light as possible to the troops; they must therefore consider that this depends entirely upon their own behavior, for they alone must abide the consequencies, if their irregular conduct shall render an increase of duty and rigour indispensable.
Congress having been pleased to set a part Thursday the 28th. instant as a day of Solemn thanksgiving to god for all his Mercies, The General desires it may be most religiously observed by the army; and that the Chaplains will prepare discourses suitable to the occasion.
The regimental Surgeons are desired to make weekly returns of their sick, to Doctr. Townsend1 at the flying hospital, New Windsor on Saturdays.
[Note 1: David Townsend, Hospital Physician and Surgeon of the Continental Army. He served to the dose of the war.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, November 15, 1782.
Parole Torrington. Countersigns Uxbridge, Winchester. For duty tomorrow the 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
Kingston, November 16, 1782.
Gentlemen: I receive with peculiar pleasure, the affectionate Address2 of the Trustees of the Freeholders and Commonalty of the Town of Kingston. Your polite and friendly reception of me is a proof of its sincerity.
[Note 2: This address, in the Washington Papers, is unsigned; but the Rev. W. N. P. Dailey, of New York City, is authority for the statement that the address was presented by the president of the trustees, Maj. Henry J. Sleight.]
While I view with indignation the marks of a wanton and cruel enemy, I perceive with the highest satisfaction that the heavy Calamity which befel this flourishing Settlement seems but to have added to the Patriotic Spirit of its Inhabitants; and that a New Town is fast rising out of the Ashes of the old.
That you and your worthy Constituents may long enjoy that Freedom for which you have so nobly contended is the sincere wish of Gentn. Yr. &c.
Hurley, November 16, 1782.
Gentlemen: I return you my thanks for this very flattering mark of your Esteem, and exceedingly regret that the duties of my station will permit me to make but so short a stay among a people from whom I have received the warmest proofs of regard and for whose Characters I entertain the highest respect.
It is peculiarly pleasing to me, to find that my conduct has merited the approbation of my fellow Citizens. If my endeavours shall have contributed to the Freedom and Independence of my Country, that consideration will more than amply repay all my Labors.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
The address of the trustees of the freeholders and inhabitants of Hurley, signed by Matthew Ten Eyck, Speaker, is in the Washington Papers.]
Kingston, November 16, 1782.
Gentlemen: I am happy in receiving this public mark of the esteem of the Minister, Elders and Deacons of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in Kingston.4
[Note 4: The original address of the ministers, etc., is in the Washington Papers. It is signed "George J: L: Doll. V. D. M."]
Convinced that our Religious Liberties were as essential as our Civil, my endeavours have never been wanting to encourage and promote the one, while I have been contending for the other; and I am highly flattered by finding that my efforts have met the approbation of so respectable a body.
In return for your kind concern for my temporal and eternal happiness, permit me to assure you that my wishes are reciprocal; and that you may be enabled to hand down your Religion pure and undefiled to a Posterity worthy of their Ancesters is the fervent prayer of Genre. Yrs. &c.5
[Note 5: From a facsimile of the original (said to be hanging in the vestibule of the Dutch Reformed Church at Kingston) kindly furnished by Rev. W. N. P. Dailey, of New York City, who states that Washington spent the night of November 15 at Col. Cornelius Wynkoop's, having come up through Rondout Valley to Stone Ridge; "the following morning he started out for Kingston passing thro the village of old Hurley to which the people of Kingston had fled when the British burned Kingston." While in Kingston Washington stayed at the public house of Evert Bogardus, dined at Judge Dirck Wynkoop's and appeared at a levee in his honor in the Bogardus ballroom the night of November 16.
The entry in Washington's "Accounts of Expences as Commander in Chief" is: "To the Expences of a Tour to Poughkeepsie; thence to Esopus, and along the Western Frontier of the State of New York" £43.10.4. The frontier could not have been much farther west than the eastern slopes o[ the Catskill Mountains, as Washington seems to have been hack is Newburgh by November 18.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, November 16, 1782.
Parole Xenophon. Countersigns Yerk, Zembla.
For duty tomorrow the 5th. Massachusetts regiment.
The 10th. Massachusetts regiment will be inspected and mustered on monday next the 18th. instant and the Newhamshire Line and Maryland Detachment the next day.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, November 17, 1782.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Bedford, Colchester.
For duty tomorrow the 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, November 18, 1782.
Parole Dartmouth. Countersigns Hartford, Inverness.
For duty tomorrow the 9th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Board appointed to settle a dispute of rank between Ensign Sawyer and Frie of the Massachusetts line whereof Brigadier General Patterson is President, Report: That it appears that Mr. Frie was returned and accepted for as a recruit for the town of Andover, but that his being returned was without his knowledge and his being receipted for was contrary to his consent. It does not appear that he ever enlisted or took a bounty. The board are therefore of opinion that Mr. Frie is entitled to his rank from the date of his Warrant.
Headquarters, November 18, 1782.
Sir: When Captain Prye6 arrived at this place with your letter of the 15th. I was absent. Your quartering this Winter in the neighborhood of Morris Town, would interfere with my general arrangements, you will therefore canton the bulk of your Regiment, as compactly as possible for the present in the neighbourhood of Pompton. You may increase the command near Sufferans to one hundred. The Men that cannot be accommodated at the Block House may be quartered in the nearest Houses.
[Note 6: Capt. Thomas Pry (Prye), of the Second Canadian Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Your Return for Ammunition must be sent to Major Genl. Knox at West Point. The most convenient manner will be by way of Kings ferry.
I have recd. information that considerable numbers of Cattle cross the North River and are driven down towards Elizabeth Town and Newark, from whence they are sent to New York. I would wish you to take every method of stopping this pernicious intercourse. Governor Clinton, who is now here, tells me there is a line pointed out by a law of this state below which no Cattle can be driven without incurring a suspicion that they are going to the enemy. You may perhaps gain more particular information on this matter by applying to some of the neighbouring Magistrates. I am &c.
P.S. You will keep Patroles towards the Enemy not only for your own security but to prevent the intercourse before mentioned.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 19, 1782.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 12th. of this month inclosing Copies of your two letters to General Carleton. It was not necessary you should apologize for sending in your dispatches by way of Elizabeth Town; under the circumstances you mention, there could be no impropriety in it. The moment I receiv'd the resolution of Congress in favor of Captain Asgill, I transmitted it to him, and at the same time sent him, my passport to go into New York; it will depend on him to go to Europe if he pleases, his Parole not being limitted.
Tho' every account leads me to believe that Charles Town is evacuated I have not yet any thing certain on that head.8
[Note 8: On November 19 Tench Tilghman wrote to Captain Pray that his excellency wished to obtain a New York newspaper giving an account of the actual evacuation of Charleston, S. C. "If you can obtain a paper...be pleased to send it immediately up." Tilghman's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
I last night received intelligence that a Vessel had arrived at New York from Charles Town, with News of the evacuation, and that the British Troops had gone for the West Indies and the Germans for Hallifax; but this is from a quarter on which I do not put intire dependance; with very great esteem etc.
P.S. I have this moment received your Excellencys favor of the 14th.
There might have been 22 Ships of War of all kinds at New York on the 5th. but you may be assured that only 12 or 13 of them were ships of the Line. And I have reason to believe that they are very near sailing, if they are not already gone, as most of them had fallen down to the Narrows a few days ago.
A Fleet of 25 sail of Transports arrived very lately at New York from Quebec. What is remarkable, all those Ships were fitted with Births for the reception of Troops previous to their leaving Quebec, as I am informed by Persons who came passengers in them; and I have received advice that an embarkation began at New York, three days ago: But I have it not yet from such authority that I can vouch for the truth of it. I have communicated the foregoing to the Admiral.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Benjamin Walker; the P.S. is in that of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, November 19, 1782.
Sir: Permit me sincerely to congratulate your Excellency upon your election to the Chair of Congress.10
[Note 10: Elias Boudinot was elected president of Congress on Nov. 4, 1782.]
I do myself the honor to transmit you the Copy of an information which has been sent to me by the Honble. Lieut. Govr. Bowen of Rhode Island. I am fully of opinion that the information is well founded, but considering the peculiar situation of the people of Vermont, I do not know how far my interference, without the immediate order of Congress, would be deemed proper. If any measures are to be taken to secure the Characters who are mentioned by Osgood,11 your Excellency will see the necessity of enjoining secrecy untill they shall have been carried into execution.12
[Note 11: Christopher Osgood, of Brattleborough, Vt.]
[Note 12: A copy of Osgood's affidavit taken at Providence, R. I., Nov. 13, 1782, is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. It sets forth, at length, that he carried letters to and from William Smith, formerly royal chief justice of New York, to and from Luke Knowlton, judge and town clerk of Newfane, Vt., and Col. Samuel Wells, of Brattleborough, when Smith was in New York City. Many other names are mentioned circumstantially in the affidavit, which is indorsed by Charles Thomson: "To be kept secret. Referred to Mr Osgood Mr Carroll Mr Rutledge. Decr. 13, 1782 Injunction of Secrecy taken off."]
We have a report that a Vessel has arrived at New York from Charles Town, with an account of the evacuation of that place, and that the British Troops are gone to the West Indies and the Foreign to Hallifax, but it is not so direct as to merit full credit. I have the honor etc.
P.S. By information, the remainder of the British Fleet are about leaving New York. Within a few days a Fleet of 25 sail of empty transports arrived at New York from Quebec. They brought a few of our people who had been prisoners in Canada. What is remarkable, The Ships were all fitted up with Births for the reception of Troops before they left Quebec, and I have just recd. information thro' two Channels that an embarkation began at New York three days ago. I cannot however vouch for the truth of it.13
[Note 13: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. The letter was read in Congress on November 25 and referred to Samuel Osgood, Daniel Carroll, and John Rutledge.]
Head Quarters, November 19, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your several favors of the 7th. 8th. 9th. and 11th. instants. The Return of the Invalid Regt. is called for and shall be transmitted as soon as it comes to hand.
I am of opinion that no inconvenience can now arise from the promotion of the Lieutenant Colonels Commandant to the Rank of full Colonels, but it had best be delayed untill after the 1st of January. The new arrangements will then have been compleated and we shall know with certainty what Officers remain in service.
To be candid with you, I think there would be a degree of impropriety in pressing Sir Guy Carleton further upon a matter to which he has already given an implied refusal, by not even noticing the request. It would be less embarrassing, had not the tenor of my correspondence with him, since he came into command, been of a disagreeable nature, and I am now bound by the Resolve of the 8th. to make a new demand respecting the Affair of Capt. Huddy.14 To be asking favors with one hand and using threats with the other, seems to me rather incompatible. I shall therefore suspend the application, at least, until I hear from you again. I have the honor etc.15
[Note 14: The resolve instructed Washington "to call in the most pointed terms in the British commander in New York, to fulfill his engagement contained in his letter of the 13th day of August last to make further inquisition into the murder of Captain Huddy and to pursue it with all the effect which a due regard to justice will admit."]
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 19, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your letter of the 13th. inclosing the examination of Osgood. You will be pleased to keep him closely confined untill you hear further from me on the matter and if possible prevent the information which he has given from taking wind; otherwise the characters mentioned by him may make their escape.
Considering the peculiar situation of the people of Vermont I do not conceive my self at liberty to interfere without the direction of Congress. I have transmitted the intelligence and shall wait their order.
The determination of the state to make every filing agreeable to the Army of our Ally is truly laudable. I have the honor etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 19, 1782.
Sir: In conducting the common business, at the Post of Dobbs' Ferry (of which you will have the superintendance), you will cause the Orders and Regulations contained in the several written Instructions, which will be delivered to you by the present commanding Officer, to be duly attended to and observed; but I have thought it necessary to give you this private Instruction, hereby authorizing you to take such further Measures for reconnoitring the Enemy's Posts and obtaining Intelligence as you, in your discretion shall think adviseable, taking care to mask your real designs, and to use all the prudence and ability you are possessed of, to accomplish the business I have particularly committed to your Managament.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 19, 1782.
Sir: As Lieut Col Smith is to reside near the Post of Dobbs' Ferry, for the purpose of transacting the business of his Department with more accuracy facility and dispatch; he will of consequence have the charge of sending and receiving Flags; and therefore the presence of the Major of the Battalion of Light Infantry on duty, will not be necessary in future at that Post. You will be pleased to direct the Major on duty to take the immediate superintendency of the 3 Companies posted at Kings Ferry and on the Lines, in such manner as you shall judge expedient, and also give directions to the Captain of the Company stationed at the Block House at Dobbs' Ferry to consider himself under the Orders of Lieut Col Smith. I am &c.
P.S. In future the relieving Officer, will receipt to the Captn. Commandg at the Post for all the Provisions public Stores &c. and deliver a duplicate to Col Smith. The present Commandg Officer will likewise in the first instance deliver to him the Papers relative to the Command of the Post. After the next relief Col Smith will regularly report to Head Quarters.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, November 19, 1782.
Parole Goshen. Countersigns Hartford, Inverness.
For duty tomorrow the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
To suppress the practice of marauding which has of late so scandalously prevailed in this Cantonment. The rolls are to be called at least four times in every twenty four hours not at any stated hour but as the commanding officers of regimts. shall direct. If the Commanding officer of a regiment suspects that soldiers have left their companies in the night to go marauding he will order a Catchroll to be called turning all the men out upon the regemental parade, such as are absent to be punished at troop beating.
The Granting passes permitting noncommissioned officers and soldiers to goe beyond the limits of the camp to be confined to the Generals and officers commanding regiments.
The commanding officers of regiments lately arrived in this Cantonment will be answerable that all the orders issued since the army left Verplanks point be read to their respective corps.
Each brigade will furnish a Patroll consisting of one Captain one Subaltern two Serjeants and twenty four rank and File one half to march to the right the other to the left. The officers to agree where they are to rendesvous upon the rounds they take. When all the prisoners they have apprehended are to be examined and if found delinquent punished immediately on the spot with any number of lashes not exceeding one hundred to each Delinquent: Such as are detected with the Goods and property of the Inhabitants in their possession are to be reserved to be tried for their Lives by a General Courtmartial.
The officers commanding these patroles are as soon as relieved to report to the Field officer of the day.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 20, 1782.
Sir: The Credentials with which Mr. Wheelock19 is furnished, are so ample and so fully set forth the benevolent purposes of the Institution over which he presides, that I am confident nothing more is necessary for me, than barely to introduce him to you and to recommend him to your patronage and Friendship. Under them he will be sure to meet with a favorable reception among the Wise and Good. I have the honor etc.20
[Note 19: John Wheelock, president of Dartmouth College.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 14th. I shall endeavour to gain information of the several matters which you recommend to my notice, but I fear it will be difficult to ascertain them. I think you may rest assured that the Fleet which sailed the 26th. of last Month had no troops on board.
We have yet no official accounts of the evacuation of Charles town, but I am inclined to think it has taken place.
By information from New York, the remainder of the Fleet...21 I have the honor etc.22
[Note 21: The omitted portion is identical with that in Washington's letter to Comte de Rochambeau, Nov. 20, 1782, q. v.]
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with Your Excellency's favors of the 9th. 13th and 15th. instants. We have yet no official accounts of the evacuation of Charles town, but there are a variety of reasons for believing that it has taken place.
I never could learn that any troops embarked on board the Fleet which sailed the 26th. of last Month.
By information from New York the remainder of the British Fleet are very near sailing if not already gone; most of them had fallen down to the Narrows a few days ago. A Fleet of 25 sail of Transports arrived very lately at New York from Quebec. What is remarkable, all those ships were fitted up with Births for the reception of Troops previous to their leaving Quebec, and I have just received advice that an embarkation of Troops had began at New York three days ago, but I cannot yet vouch for the truth of the last. The fitting of the transports I have from Persons who came passengers in them.
All the letters committed to my care have been forwarded. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, November 20, 1782.
Parole Kendal. Countersigns Lancaster, Montmouth.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonels Barber and Sprout.
For duty tomorrow the 10th Massachusetts regiment. Lieutenant Reab24 of the 7th. Massachusetts regiment is appointed Quartermaster to the same from the 14th. instant.
[Note 24: Lieut. George Reab. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 25: At this time agent for the contractors.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 20, 1782.
Sir: I expect as soon as the Huts are compleated, which will be the case in a few days, to relieve the Light Infantry now on the Lines, with a considerable Detachment from this Army; it will therefore be expedient and even essentially necessary that there should be a quantity of hard Bread on hand for these Troops and for the advanced Posts, because the supply of bread will otherwise be precarious, and the Troops in their moving state frequently destitute. I have therefore to request that you will not fail to have a ten day's supply immediately provided for an equal Number of Men to those now on the lines, that is to say, from 12 to 1500 Rations Pr day, or more if it should be convenient; you will not I presume, hesitate in complying, as the good of the service is extremely interested, and as the difference between this and other Bread, will certainly be paid to the Contractors, by the Public.26 I am etc.27
[Note 26: Hubbard answered (November 21) that they had no hard bread on hand but would have 15,000 weight at West Point on the 28th of November, and 1,500 weight at New Windsor. "The Bakers will continue the making of hard Bread if your Excellency shall think best." Hubbard's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, November 20, 1782.
Sir: Your Excellency will have been informed before this reaches you of the liberation of Capt. Asgill. I am, notwithstanding, directed to recall your attention to that part of your letter of the 13th. of August last, in which you say "I have given orders to the Judge Advocate, to make further inquisition, and to collect evidence for the prosecution of such other persons as may appear to have been criminal in this transaction."
In full confidence, that measures have been taken to carry your Excellency's intentions into execution, I am to request the favor of you to inform me, what probability these is, that the persons, who have been really guilty of the action which has been the subject of former discussion, will be brought to a proper account. I have the honor etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 20, 1782.
Sir: Colonel Smith, who is to remain at Dobbs Ferry, for the sake of transacting the business of his Department, will also have the superintendance of that Post; he will have the charge of receiving and granting Flags, he will send only such as are proper and necessary; The General desires therefore you will furnish such Boats for the purpose as he shall have occasion for; and co-operate with him in any other Measures which will be conducive to the Public Good. I am etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys ADC."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, State of New York, November 21, 1782.
Sir: After I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter of the 29th. of July, I lost not a moment in transmitting it to Congress, who had then under deliberation, the proceedings of the British Court Martial upon Capt. Lippencot for the Murther of Capt. Huddy, and the other documents relating to that inhuman transaction. What would otherwise have been the determination of that Honorable Body I will not undertake to say, but I think I may venture to assure your Excellency that your general interposition had no small degree of Weight in procuring that decision in favor of Capt. Asgill, which he had no right to expect from the very unsatisfactory measures which had been taken by the British Commander in Chief, to atone for a crime of the blackest dye; not to be justified by the practices of War and unknown at this day amongst civilized Nations. I however flatter myself that our enemies have been brought to view this transaction in its true light and that we shall not experience a repetition of the like enormity.
Capt. Asgill has been released and is at perfect liberty to return to the Arms of an affectionate parent whose pathetic address to your Excellency could not fail of interesting every feeling heart in her behalf.
I have no right to assume any particular merit from the lenient manner in which this disagreeable affair has terminated. But I beg you to believe, Sir, that I most sincerely rejoice, not only because your humane intentions are gratified, but because the event accords with the wishes of his Most Christian Majesty and his Royal and Amiable Consort who by their benevolence and Munificence have endeared themselves to every true American. I have the Honor etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
November 21, 1782.
Sir: The Commander in Chief directs me to inclose to you the Papers respecting Sergt. Gilbert that any investigation may be made into the circumstances of the case which you shall think proper. At the same time I am directed by him to remark, that he considers it an extraordinary thing when an officers Certificate and Muster Rolls disagree essentially; that where the Enlistments can be found, they must be considered as the best Evidence, and that where they cannot the Original Muster Rolls ought to be considered as next in validity; which must in common cases be the Criterion for ascertaining the fact; and from which the General is determined not to deviate, but upon the clearest and best Evidence. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys, A. D. C.]
Newburgh, November 21, 1782.
Dear Lund: My last letter would have informed you, that I was disappointed in my application at Philadelphia, for money, and that I had given up all thoughts of purchasing Dows' Land. Since then, I have met with an offer of £2000 York Currency, for which, if I take it, I shall have to pay at the rate of 7 pr. Ct. per annum, interest.
Under this disadvantage and the difficulty I may experience in procuring money for repayment of the Loan, I would have you, before any conclusion is come to with Dow & Comy., wait upon Mrs. French and Mr. Dulany for the last time, and know decidedly of them, whether, if a bargain is struck with Dow, they will make an even exchange Tract for Tract.33 You may inform them, as an apology for this application, that my reasons
[Note 33: This land was owned by the Alexandria firm of Robert Adam, Dow & McIver. Mrs. Daniel (Penelope Manley) French, the mother-in-law of Benjamin Dulany, who, as a widow, had a life interest in the land which Dulany was to exchange "Tract for Tract" for the Adam, Dow & McIver holding.] for requiring a definitive answer to this question, are, that no man is better acquainted with their Land than I am, so consequently, no person can be more fully convinced that £2000, is the full value of it; more indeed, than I ever expected it would cost me, in case I should become the purchaser. That as this sum is the price fixed upon Dow's land, and two or three purchasers are ready to strike; and the sale of it is only suspended on my account, from a disposition in Mr. Adam to give me the preference, I cannot avoid deciding thereon immediately. That as Mrs. French is unwilling to part with her Land without having the value of the two Tracts ascertained; it is an evidence in my mind, that she has reason to believe, hers will be highest valued. And lastly, if this should be the case, and I, in addition to the £2000 shou'd have a further sum to pay, it would advance the price of her Land in the neck so much beyond its real value, that I think it most prudent to forego the purchase of Dow's land as the means of affecting the exchange for hers, rather than run the hazard of paying too severely for the gratification of a mere fancy, (for it is no more) of putting the whole neck under one fence; as it is well known that I stand in no need of Land, or meadow for all my purposes.
In my letter of the 15th. of March last to Mr. Dulany, I observed: "If there are Lands for which Mrs. French and you are disposed to barter your tract on Dogue run, and these Lands can be had upon reasonable terms, it will in the end, be the same thing to me, as a direct purchase." Whether the price fixed upon Dow's land is reasonable or not; I, never having seen or heard of it, shall not take upon me to determine: but as it is much higher than I conceived any Tract of its size, adjoining the Land on which Mrs. French lives, could possibly be rated; I have no doubt of its being optional in me to purchase it or not, as my abilities and inclination shall decide. If Dows land contains half the improved, and improvable meadow which he says it does, and the difference could be determined by northern men, or men experienced in the worth of Grass Land, I should be sure of having it valued to considerably more than Mrs. Frenches; and this you will readily believe when I tell you, that improved meadow in this part of the country, many miles from any large town, sells from thirty to sixty pounds an acre. but my countrymen are too much used to corn blades and corn shucks; and have too little knowledge of the profit of grass lands to estimate Dow's meadow (if it is really good) at one quarter of its value; and as the rest of the tract may be but ordinary, or at best midling forest land, I should not be candid, if I did not declare my apprehension that this tract would be undervalued, not designedly, but for want of a practical knowledge of the advantages which are to be derived from meadows. I therefore think it more consistent with common prudence, if there cannot be an even exchange, to relinquish all hope of getting Mrs. French's land, than to run the hazards of paying infinitely more than the worth; especially, as I observed before, when I should only please my fancy, and that at the expence of my judgment, by getting in return Lands which are very much worn, without meadow, or ground capable of making it; little Timber or firewood, and both very inconvenient; decayed Fences, and some inclosures already dependent upon me for their security; and this too, when I am conscious, that Dow's meadow alone, if it is as large and as good as he represents it, would yield more nett profit annually, than the labor of a dozen negroes on Mrs. French's Farm would do, well managed.
I have been thus particular that you may know my ultimate determination, and the reasons upon which it is founded. You have nothing more to do therefore, than to ask Mrs. French and Mr. Dulany, simply, whether they will take Dow's land for theirs, Tract for Tract. If they agree to it, then strike the bargain with Dow & Co., get writings suitable to the purpose of all parties, executed, and draw upon me for the money. On the other hand, if they do not agree to it, acquaint Dow & Co. therewith and thank them for the preference given me; and inform me as soon as possible of the final conclusion of the business, that the Gentleman34 who has offered me the money, may not be held in suspense. If I could get the money upon better terms than is offered, or if I knew how, or when I could replace it, I should have no objection to speculate in Dow's land, if it has the quantity of meadow described, for I am sure, so near Alexandria as it lies, it will become immensely valuable. Remember me kindly to your wife and all friends. I am, &c.35
[Note 34: Gov. George Clinton.]
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Newburg, November 21, 1782.
Dear Lund: The Letter which will be enclosed with this, will inform you, that since my letter by the last Post, I have had the offer of £2000 York Currency, and the terms of it. But before you strike any bargain with Dow & Co. for their Land, I would have you view it critically, and form your own judgment of the quality of it. To do this with any degree of accuracy, you must estimate the quantity of improved and improvable meadow; the nature of it; the quantity of Hay the first will yield; and the expence which will attend the cutting and making of it. How much of the latter can be added, and the cost of doing it; these things with a proper valuation of the other parts of the Tract, will shew you whether I shall be safe in giving the price asked. Or if Dow will pay such a rent as he once said he would give to whomsoever should be the purchaser, there need be no hesitation in that case neither; because the rent will amount to more than the interest of the money. If the price of this Land will not stand the test of the first mode of valuation; and the second, as I suspect was nothing more than a mere puff, and it shall appear that there is some collusion or finesse in Dow & Co. to extort a high price from me, I know of but one other method by which you can proceed with propriety and safety, and that is, to pursue the mode which I have pointed out in the letter herewith enclosed, and which I have made a seperate one, that you may as from yourself, candidly let them see, consider, and determine on it.
If all these expedients fail, (as of your own motion) you might suggest the following proposition of it, vizt: Let the four persons, named by Mrs. French to ascertain the value of the two Tracts, agree upon the choice of a fifth, (an odd member is essential, in case of a diversity of opinion, to give a deciding voice; it is also necessary for another reason which I shall not name, but which is too obviouts not to strike you.) Let these five ascertain, after a thorough review of both Tracts, and due consideration given to the local situation of each, the advantages and disadvantages attending both, the quantity of the Land &c. &c., the value of each Tract, as a Tract. Let both parties be at liberty to agree or disagree to this valuation; but let Mrs. French and Mr. Dulany declare explicity if they are satisfied with the valuation and difference which shall be adjudged by these five persons, that it shall be a bargain on their part, if I agree to it, and you to give me immediate notice of it, that I may also say, yea, or nay.
You will have it in your power to inform Mr. Dulany, and may do it very truly, that I look upon £2000, to be a great price for his Land; that my wishes to obtain it, do not proceed from its intrinsic value, but from the motives I have candidly assigned in my other letter. That to indulge this fancy, (for in truth there is more fancy than judgment in it) I have submitted, or am willing to submit, to the disadvantage of borrowing as large a sum as I think this Land is worth, in order to come at it; but that, rather than go beyond this, as he and Mrs. French, for some reasons unknown to me, certainly expect their Land will be valued higher than Dow's; I choose to forego the purchase of the latter and relinquish thereby all prospect of obtaining his land, through that means.
As the Gentleman of whom I am to borrow the money will be held in suspence until I get a definitive answer from you; you will readily see the propriety of bringing the matter to issue, some way or another, as soon as possible, and giving me notice of it.36 I am, &c.37
[Note 36: See Washington's letter to Gov. George Clinton, Dec. 23, 1782, post.]
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 21 Tench Tilghman wrote to Lieut. Jonathan Rhea, of the Second New Jersey Regiment, directing him to join his regiment with his detachment, and to send Captain Schaiak (Schaak) to Dobbs Ferry, where he would be paroled and permitted to go into New York. Schaiak was the other British officer selected with Asgill for possible retaliation for the murder of Huddy. Tilghman's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, November 21, 1782.
Parole Norwalk. Countersigns Overton, Pompton.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Shepard and Major Scott.
For duty tomorrow the Maryland Detachment.
The Commander in chief in consideration of the long and disagreable restraint he has laboured under and the many difficulties which would attend the assembling a General Courtmartial for his trial is pleased to release Captn. William McCurdy of the Pennsylvania Line from his arrest to return to his duty. He at the same time thinks proper to declare that Captain William McCurdy is as free of any imputation of misconduct as if his arrest had not taken place, or had been acquitted on the fullest investigation of his case by a General Courtmartial.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, November 22, 1782.
Parole Quibbletown. Countersigns Roxbury, Somerset.
For duty tomorrow the 1st. New Jersey regiment.
Captain Jeremiah Fogg38 of the 2d. Newhampshire regiment is appointed brigade major to the Newhampshire Brigade from the 11th. instant vice Captn. Robinson39 and is to be respected accordingly.
[Note 38: He served to June, 1783. (Heitman states that Fogg was transferred from the Second to the First New Hampshire Regiment in March, 1782.)]
[Note 39: Capt. Caleb Robinson. He had retired in March. 1782. (Heitman states he ranked as major of the Second New Hampshire Regiment from October, 1781.)]
On account of the distance of head quarters from Camp, the Commander in chief dispenses with the attendance of the Field officers of the day, the day they are on duty; but expects the pleasure of their company the day they are relieved: when they may give in their reports.
The several Brigades are desired to open the front of their encampments, and the communications by which they are to receive their provisions and other stores, as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, November 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose you the Returns of the Invalid Regt. accompanied by the Copy of a letter from Colo. Nicola on the subject of reforming the Corps. That part of it which respects the inexpediency of reducing it wholly at this season of the year is worthy of attention.
There is a detachment in Philada. who are not included in the Returns now sent, you will be pleased to call upon the Officer to furnish you with similar ones of those Men. I have the honor etc.40
[Note 40: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On November 22 Washington forwarded this letter to La Luzerne, in a brief note, asking him to send it with his first dispatches from Philadelphia on the Chesapeake, "as I shall send a duplicate by the Frigate which the Marquis de Vaudreuil proposes sending from Boston the beginning of next Month." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, November 23, 1782.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersigns Ulster, Windsor
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Reid and Major Darby.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Jersey regiment.
At a General courtmartial held at Westpoint. By order of Major Genl. Knox, the 18th. instant. Lieutenant Colonel Huntington, President:
John Abel, John Cogdon and Philip King, soldiers belonging to the 1st. Newyork regiment charged with being out of camp at an unseasonable hour and killing an ox belonging to an inhabitant, on the night of the 11th. instant, were tried and found guilty in breach of article 1st. section 13th. and Article 5th. section 18th. of the rules and Articles of war and sentenced each to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
The commander in chief approves the Sentence of the court.
It is observed that there are a number of Hutts erecting for Sutlers in the vicinity of the camp, some of whom for improper conduct have already been driven from the Post of Westpoint. The General requests Major General Gates will be pleased to call upon the Commanding officers of brigades (who are previously to consult the commanding officers of regiments) and fix with them upon the number and names of those who are to be allowed to suttle that they may be reported to the Quarter Master Generals office and regularly licensed. Any persons presuming to retail Liquors to the soldiers without such Lincense will have them seized and confiscated for public use, and their houses, if they have any, instantly pulled down, upon conviction before the field officers of the day, who are authorised and directed to attend to the execution of this order.
The Assistant Inspector having reported that officers and others who have drawn men from the Line for Servants and other purposes do not send them to their corps to appear at the Monthly inspection although they are sufficiently near the army to do it. The Commander in chief directs in the most positive manner that it be complied with in future when the distance will admit and desires the Inspector, or Assistant to report the names of those who do not pay a proper attention to the order.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, November 24, 1782.
Parole Xantippe. Countersigns Yelverton, Zebulon.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Newhall, Majr. Knapp.
For duty tomorrow the first Newyork regiment.
AFTER ORDERS
A Serjeant, Corporal and twelve men from the 10th. Massats. regiment to be sent to Fishkill landing tomorrow morning to assist in removing Military stores from that place and Fishkill to Westpoint. They will receive Instructions from Mr. John Ruddock D. C. M. S. and are to carry with them what provisions they have on hand as it is likely they may be kept on that duty five, or six days.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, November 25, 1782.
Parole Arlington. Countersigns Baltimore, Chatham.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Vose, Major Graham.
For duty tomorrow 2d. Newyork regiment.
The order of the 2d. instant respecting making Provision for covering the companies of Light infantry having been differently understood, the General directs that the respective regiments shall go on compleating the hutts of their Light companies.
This cannot be looked upon as a hardship as those troops continue to undergoe severe duty on the Lines. As soon as the hurts are in a greater degree of forwardness the Light Troops will be releived from the Lines.
Head Quarters, November 25, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor of your Excellencys Letter of the 22d. The Packet for the Minister was immediately forwarded.
We have yet no advices directly from Charles Town.
I enclose your Excellency some of the latest New York, and Philadelphia Papers. After you have read them be pleased to forward them to the Admiral. By the first it appears that Lord Howe's Fleet had met with a severe gale of Wind, after they left the English Channel; and in the last there are some Reports of the surrender of Gibralter, but not sufficiently authentic to Merit full belief.
I think it may be depended on that several British Regiments are under Orders for embarkation at New York. My accounts say four.
Your Excellency can need no assurances of the happiness I shall have in seeing you at my Quarters. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, November 25, 1782.
Sir: You having been so kind as to inform me that you should dispatch a Frigate for France the beginning of the next Month, I have taken the liberty of recommending the inclosed to your care.
Admiral Lord Hood commanded the division of the British fleet which sailed the 26th. of October. The remainder of the Fleet had not sailed by my last accounts from New York, but it was said they were busily preparing for it in consequence of some alarming accounts from Jamaica. My Accounts also say that four British Regiments are under orders to embark.
The Count de Rochambeau will be good enough to forward to you some of the latest New York and Philada. papers; by the first it appears that Lord Howes Fleet had met with a severe Gale of Wind after they left the English Channel and by the last that Gibralter surrendered on the 17th. of Sepr. but I do not think it is to be depended on. I have the honor etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Newburgh, November 26, 1782.
Dear Sir: Colo. Varrick delivered me your Excellency's favor of the 22d. I thank you for the trouble you have taken to obtain information on the points we conversed at our last meeting. I have done the same, and still keep the matter full in view.
That the Enemy are about to make a detachment from New York does not admit of a doubt; but to what extent, or when it will take place is more uncertain. Four Regiments (British) will, I believe, certainly go. I am etc.43
[Note 43: From the Washington Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Newburg, November 26, 1782.
Madam: I have the honor to forward the enclosed Letters to you, and am respectfully your, etc.
P.S. I was upon the point of sealing the packet which contained the above when your favour of the 5th. inclosing letters for your friends in England was presented to me. I have put the latter under cover to Major Murray of New York, and have no doubt of their being in his hands in the course of a day or two, as it rarely happens that three succeeding days go over, without a Flag's passing between the advanced posts of the two armies.
I felt a pleasure at being informed by you, that your friends were all well, when you last heard from them by way of France. The letter which I now have the honor to send you, will I hope convey acco'ts equally pleasing, and of more recent date.44 I am, etc.45
[Note 44: Washington wrote also to Richard Bennett Lloyd (November 26), acknowledging his letters for England and stating that they had been forwarded along with Mrs. Lloyd's to Major [Daniel] Murray, of the King's American Dragoons, in New York, To Major Murray Washington also sent a brief covering note accompanying the letters. These letters are entered in the "Letter book."]
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, November 26, 1782.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Caton, Fairfield.
For duty tomorrow the 1st. Newhamshire regiment.
The Honorable the Congress of the United States having been pleased to pass the following resolve confirming the explanation given by the Secretary at War of the 4th. section of the resolve of the 7th. of August last published in the after order of the 30th. of October and making an addition to the number of Subalterns allow'd by the resolve of the 7th. of August, the same is to be observed in compleating the arrangement of Massachusetts and Connecticut Lines.
By the United States in Congress assembled, Novr. 19, 1782.
On the report of the Committee to whom was referred a report of a Committee on a Letter of the 30th. of October from the Secretary at War.
Resolved, That the senior officers of each grade, sufficient to form corps agreable to the act of the 7th of August last, (the regiments to have their compliment of officers, as established by the acts of the 3 and 21 of October, 1780, except as to the therein proposed supernumerary subaltern for receiving the recruits, who shall be omitted,) shall be retained in service for the command of the said corps; and the redundant junior officers of the several grades shall retire from immediate service, agreeably to the said first recited act, but the said junior officers, so retireing shall retain their rank in the army, and be liable and entitled to be called into actual service, only when regiments or corps shall be raised for them by their respective states. But any senior officer, entitled to remain in service, shall have the liberty of retiring, with the emouliments of officers retiring under the acts last recited, for reasons satisfactory to the Commander in Chief, or the commanding officer of the southern army, on such retiring officer relinquishing his command and future right of promotion in the army, and signifying the same, on or before the 1st day of January next, to the Commander in Chief or the commanding officer of the southern army, who shall duly transmit lists of such retiring officers to the Secretary at War; any act or resolution of Congress to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.
Senior officers who are entitled to remain in service but who may choose to retire with the emoulements allowed by the before recited resolve will return themselves as directed on or before the 1st. day of January next.
The army will be mustered for the month of November upon the following days: Maryland and Jersey troops, 30th. Inst.; York, 1 December; 1st. Massachusetts brigade, 2d; 2d. do. and 10th. Regiment, 3d; 3d. ditto, 4th; Garrison at Westpoint, 5th. and 6th; Newhampshire, 8th.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, November 17, 1782.
Parole Gibraltar. Countersigns Hannover, Ilchester.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Hull, and Major Morrill.
For duty the 2d. Newhampshire regiment.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve.
By the United States in Congress assembled November 12th. 1782.
Whereas no provision has been made by Congress for the geographers to the armies of the United States; therefore,
Resolved, That the geographer to the main army and the geographer to the southern department, be each of them allowed sixty dollars per month, three rations per day, forage for two saddle horses, one two-horse covered waggon, six dollars and two-thirds of a dollar per month for a servant, for whom they shall be entitled to draw one ration per day, and the cloathing allowed to a private soldier.
That the assistant geographers if such officer shall be judged necessary by the Commander in Chief, be allowed thirty dollars per month, one ration per day, and forage for one saddle horse.
That when chain-bearers shall be employed, not being soldiers, they shall each be allowed half a dollar per day.
The Cloathier general having reported that he can make a distribution of shoes, stockings, and a few blankets to the troops, the regimental Paymasters are directed to call for their respective proportions.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure of announcing that a delivery of two shirts per man will shortly be made to the whole Army.
Tomorrow being thanksgiving day a Gill of West India rum per man is to be delivered to the troops.
The Fatigue party from the 10th. Massa. regimt. employed in removing Military Stores from Fishkill landing and Fishkill are to be relieved this afternoon by a like number from the 9th. The 10th. regiment being to march to Verplanks point tomorrow to assist in repairing the Fortifications at that post. Colonel Tupper will please to apply at Head Quarters this evening for instructions.
Head Quarters, November 27, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 20th. covering a Resolve making provision for the Geographers of the Army and another explanatory of the Resolve of the 7th. of Augt. A Question has been made whether The Liberty for senior Officers intitled to remain in service, to retire upon half pay, is confined to those Lines which are now to be reformed or whether the allowance is general. Be pleased to answer this as soon as possible, as I expect applications.
I have yet heard nothing from New Hampshire, New Jersey is taking measures to fill her Battalions to 500 Rank and File.
Hazens Regt. is so respectable at present that I should not think a reform expedient at this time. He probably may have more Officers than the establishment requires; if so, the supernumeraries may be put upon the footing of those in other Corps.
I pray your attention to the Shirts for the Army. They are extremely wanted, and I wish an answer to my letter of the 6th. Inst. respecting the general supply of Cloathing for the next Year.
I have granted a permit for the Ship Amazon to proceed from New York to Wilmington with Cloathing &c. for the Prisoners of War in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. I inclose you a Copy of it. I have informed Sir Guy Carleton of the consequences of putting other Goods than those really intended for the prisoners, on board the Flag, and have desired him to direct Capt. Armstrong46 to make you a Return upon his arrival at Wilmington of the number of Packages under the
[Note 46: Capt. Thomas Armstrong, of the One Hundred and Second Foot. He was assistant deputy quartermaster general, British Army in America.] Care and their Contents. You will then be pleased to furnish him with the necessary passports to the interior Country. I have the honor etc.
P.S. We have such a great number of Arms become useless for the want of small repairs, that I am very anxious some measures should be fallen upon this winter to make our stock good. I submit to you, whether a Company of German Artificers. a Contract for repairing Arms, or some other immediate and effectual expedients, are not essential to the success of our future prospects.
The Inspector has represented the necessity of having Company Books sent on before the close of the year, as it will be impossible to have the accounts kept regularly without them; it is for that reason I wish it might be done.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman; the P.S. is in that of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with you Excellency's letter of the 23d. Supposing it would be more agreeable to you, as it will be to me, that Capt. Armstrong and two other Gentlemen, should accompany the supplies proposed to be sent to the Prisoners of War, I have included them in the Passports for the Amazon. Upon Capt. Armstrongs arrival at Wilmington, he will be pleased to report himself to Major Genl. Lincoln, Secretary at War, at Philada. and furnish him with an exact Return of the number of Packages under his care and their Contents. The Secretly at War, to whom I have written, will then furnish him with passports for the safe conduct of the Goods to the interior country.
I must request the favor of your Excellency to give strict order that no Goods besides those really proper and necessary for the Officers and Men be covered under the Flag; such practices have prevailed, in some instances, before your Excellency came into command and very disagreeable consequences have followed. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman, and is followed by a draft, also by Tilghman, of the passport for the ship Amazon, John Floyd, master, to proceed from New York to Wilmington. The passport is dated November 27.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1782.
Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 24th. with Copy of Capt. Duncans letter to you and your answer. I approve much of your directing him to remain with his Men. I hope a very little time may render the Quarters of the Officer who commands at the Block House more comfortable than they are at present. I directed the fifty additional Men to be sent to the neighbourhood of Sufferans, upon a supposition that you were pressed for room at Pompton, but if you can accommodate the remainder of your Regt. there, you need not increase the detachment at the Clove beyond 50.
Be pleased to order Capt. Duncan to enquire whether any Saw Mill convenient to the Block House could furnish the quantity of Boards necessary to repair it. If it can I will direct the Qr. Master to endeavour to procure them. In the meantime, let him be doing what he can to make himself and Men comfortable, and if you will send up a light Waggon with a Return of shoes and Qr. Masters stores wanting, they shall be sent to you. You must make your arrangements with the secretary at War for other Cloathing, as we have it not here. I presume you have sent up to West Point for Ammunition in consequence of mine by Capt. Pray.
Be pleased to send an intelligent Officer to Ringwood with directions to see whether a number of Men might not be accommodated in the Buildings there, with some Repairs to them. I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am extremely obliged by the information contained in your two favors of the 14th and 25th Inst. Your channel of Intelligence seems to be so direct and accurate, that I cannot but press you to avail yourself of it. I shall thank you still to make your enquiries respecting the Cantonment and state of the Enemy's force; the embarkation of Troops; Sailing of the Fleet &c. as minute, and at the same time as extensive and pointed as possible. I am etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1782.
Sir: You are to proceed according to the General Order of the day, with your Regiment to Verplank's Point, in order to assist in repairing the Work at that place. You will take your Tents with you, and in the first place attend to the comfort and conveniency of your Men, by building Chimneys to the Tents. You will take your directions, as to the repair of the Works, from Major Rochefontaine the Acting Engineer. When you are relieved, which will be in one Week, you will leave your Tents standing for the relieving Regt. The Huts will be ready for the Men when they return. The Qt. Mr. General will furnish the necessary Tools. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, November 27, 1782.
Sir: Yours of the 25th. with its enclosures came safe by the Dragoons yesterday; I had occasion to delay writing untill this Morg. which will account for their not returning so soon as you expected.
I very much approve the plan52 you suggest, but cannot agree with you respecting the time; I should think it ought to be, at the instant when the Troops on the Lines are relieved; you may make your calculations accordingly, and two Companies of Lt Infantry will in that case be sent to Bedford. But as I am not certain when the relief will be ordered you will do nothing final until you hear farther from me. Do not fail to accomplish what I desired. I am etc.
[Note 52: For an attempt upon Col. Benjamin Thompson's corps, which was then stationed at Huntington, Long Island.]
P.S. The Relief will not be postponed beyond the 8th or 9th of Deer.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, November 28, 1782.
Parole Kellington. Countersigns Litchfield, Marblehead.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colo. Cochran, Major Wait.54
[Note 54: Maj. Jason Wait, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He resigned in December, 1782.]
For duty tomorrow 1st. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, November 29, 1782.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 28th, and in reply to the request contained in it, I have to observe; that, as you have been so fully and repeatedly made acquainted with my sentiments respecting your leaving the Service, I shall not attempt to interpose any farther in the Matter; and as you seem to have formed your resolution upon long and mature consideration, I do acquiesce in your retiring from the Army upon the principles of the Resolution of Congress of the 19th instant.
It only remains for me then, to desire, in case any thing new should turn up to occasion an alteration of prospects or sentiments, that you will not impute the dissolution of your connection with the Army, to any agency of mine; but on the contrary recollecting what I have said and written on the subject, you will do me the justice to believe, that having ever considered you as a valuable Officer, I now part with you, with much regret, being with sentiments of regard etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, November 29, 1782.
Parole Newhaven. Countersigns Ormond, Petersborough.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Cummings, Lt. Col. Maxwell.
For duty tomorrow the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following resolve.
By the United States in Congress assembled, Novr. 20, 1782.
Resolved, That commissions issue, on promotions properly certified, for all regimental officers entitled to fill vacancies happening before the first day of January next, excepting vacancies occasioned by senior officers retireing, agreeably to the resolve of the 19 instant, any resolution of Congress to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.
By a General courtmartial held in Lancaster the first of November last, of which Colonel Richard Butler was president, Serjeant Louis Soso, of General Hazens regiment, was tried "for drawing his sword on Lieutt. Sullivan56 of the 4th. regiment of Light Dragoons and for attempting to kill him when in the execution of his duty"; found guilty of the charge, being a breach of the 5th. article Section ed. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to be reduced to a private Sentinel and receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
[Note 56: Lieut. John Sullivan, of the Fourth Continental Dragoons. Sullivan was one of file prime movers in the Pennsylvania mutiny of 1753, and on June 27, 1786, Congress approved the action of the Paymaster General of the Continental Army in refusing to comply with Sullivan's request for his pay and commutation, he having "left the service in June, 1783, without leave."]
The Commander in chief approves the Sentence but in consideration of all circumstances is pleased to remit the corporal punishment.
Head Quarters, November 30, 1782.
Sir: By information thro' several Channels and by the account of a very intelligent Deserter, the second Division of the British Fleet sailed on Friday the 22d. inst. It consisted of 13 ships of the Line. The number of Frigates is not mentioned or whether any. No Troops went with this division, neither do I hear any thing more of the embarkation mentioned in my last. Admiral Digby remains at New York. His Flag is on board the Centurion and it is said there are three other ships of the Line with him. But I do not think it can be possible as the whole Fleet at New York consisted of but 26 or 27 ships of the Line. It is also said that one of those ships is shortly to sail for England. I cannot account for my not hearing from General Forman, (upon the Coast of Monmouth) respecting the sailing of this last division of the Fleet, otherwise than by supposing that he has been under the necessity of being absent, to attend upon the Legislature of New Jersey.
We have yet no official accounts from Charlestown, but I am led to believe that the evacuation took place about the 10th of this Month. I have the honor etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, November 30, 1782.
Parole Queenhope. Countersigns Richmond, Sheffield.
For the day tomorrow Major Lansdale,58 Major Reading.59
[Note 58: Maj. Thomas Lansdale, of the Third Maryland Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 59: Maj. Samuel Reading, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
For duty tomorrow the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 1, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your two favors of the 27th. and 29th Ulto. I am very well satisfied with the account contained in the former; and approve of your conduct respecting the detention of the Flag as reported in the latter; but it will be best under our present circumstances, for you to send back Mr Gardener60 with his Flag Vessel, at the same time making a representation of his conduct to the Commissy of Naval Prisoners, and desiring that similar practices may be prevented in future. As to Baxter61 you will keep him in close confinement, until you can send him by some safe conveyance to the provost Guard at West Point.
[Note 60: Richard Gardner (Gardener). He was captain of a British flag of truce boat and landed his American prisoners, which were exchanged, some miles below Dobbs Ferry, and some of them went into the country without informing Smith.]
[Note 61: Baxter. He was suspected of being a British spy.]
I should not advise you, for certain reasons which have occurred to me, to go by Water to the place you proposed. [If you can without incurring suspicion make another reconnoitre by next Tuesday or]62 Wednesday, I think it will be of very good consequence.
[Note 62: As the draft is mutilated, the words in brackets have been supplied from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
When I have a direct and safe Opportunity I will send you a few Guineas for the purchase of forage, as I know the Forage Mastr has no public Money.
In expectation of hearing from you again as soon as may be, I remain etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
In the Washington Papers, under date of December, 1782, is a plan by Lieutenant Colonel Smith for an attack on the British posts at the north end of Manhattan Island.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, December 1, 1782.
Parole Torrington. Countersigns Underwood, Wakefield.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Greaton, Majr. Fish.
For duty tomorrow 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
Brigadier General Patterson is appointed to the command of the first Massachusetts brigade; the other brigades in that line are to be commanded by the senior Colonel in each.
Newburgh, December 2, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your Excellys. favor of yesterday's date came to my hands abt. an hour ago. The Fleet (from all Accts.) has Sailed from New York, and no Troops are gone with it. If you cd. make it convenient to ride down here to morrow (the earlier the better if the suddenness of it should not create suspicion) I should be happy in an oppertunity of conversing with you on a particular matter which will not permit me to leave home at this time. With the great esteem etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 2, 1782.
Sir: I am informed that you have had thoughts of retiring from service, upon the Arrangement which is to take place on the 1st. of Janry; but as there will now be no opening for it, unless your reasons should be very urgent indeed; and as there are some prospects which may perhaps make your continuing more eligible than was expected, I have thought proper to mention the circumstances in expectation they might have some influence, in inducing you to remain in the Army.
Colonel Shepard having retired, and Brigadr Genl Paterson being appointed to command the 1st Brigade; you will of consequence be the 2nd Col in the Line and have the command of a Brigade, while the Troops continue Brigaded as at present; besides I consider it expedient you should be acquainted that the question is yet before Congress, whether there shall be two Brigadiers appointed in the Mass Line? should you continue you will at least be a Candidate for this promotion. (The Secr at War is of opinion this promotion will soon take place) Whether it will or not I am not able to determine and therefore I would not flatter you too much with expectations, which it is not in my power to gratify; but if upon a view of these circumstances and prospects, the state of your affairs will permit you to continue in the present arrangement (which must be compleated immediately) it will be very agreeable to Sir etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, December 2, 1782.
Parole Antwerp. Countersigns Bladensburgh, Chester.
For the day tomorrow Lieutt. Colo. Brooks,65 Major Scott.66
[Note 65: Lieut. Col. John Brooks, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 66: Maj. William Scott, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He retired in January, 1783.]
For duty tomorrow 9th. Massachusetts regiment.
The General being informed that the Patroles have in some instances been guilty of irregularities in the houses where they rendezvous: desires that the officers commanding them may not halt at houses or suffer any of their Party to go into them except merely to search for Soldiers that may be concealed there and that such search may be always made under the direction of a Commissioned or Noncommissd. Officer.
Head Quarters, December 2, 1782.
Dear Sir: You will be pleased to order two compleat Compys of Light Infantry, to march on tuesday the 3d Inst to Bedford to assist in covering a Foraging Party, they will remain at that place, untill they receive Orders from Majr Tallmadge, who has directions for the purpose; the Men that are detached on that service should have 3 or 4 days provision; and I think it will be best to send the two Companies who are stationed near the Croton, as the Corps of Light Infantry will be relieved some time the latter part of this Week. I am etc.
P.S. it will not be necessary for the Major of the Battalion which is on duty to go to Bedford with the two Companies.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburg, December 3, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to transmitt your Excellency the information I have just received from General Forman; it has somehow been a long time on the road but I had before transmitted the Marquis de Vaudreuille the very same intelligence which I received by another channell, and I now send him this confirmation.
"Friday Nov. 22. The Admiral's Ship fired three Guns and the fleet got under way; there were 13 large Ships of the line, 1 of 50, 2 of 44 Guns 8 Frigates and 8 Transports; they stood to Sea with the Wind at W S W."
By the account of a seaman who left New York after the fleet Sailed there remained with Admiral Digby the Centurion 50 Guns and the Warwick of 50 Guns with 3 or 4 frigates.
I have the honor etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang, Mems. et Does., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, December 3, 1782.
Sir: Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 30th. ulto. I have recd. a letter from General Forman, confirming the sailing of the British Fleet on the 22d. ulto. General Formans letter had been delayed by some accident upon the Road. The following is an extract from it...69
[Note 69: The omitted portion is the same as the last half of Washington's letter to Chevalier de La Luzerne, the same date as this letter, q. v.]
It appears by a late New York paper that a Vessel had arrived from St. Lucia with an account that two ships of the Line and a 50 had arrived at Martinico with a number of Transports having on board 5000 Men. I have the honor etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 21st. Septemr. and 24th. and 26th. October came regularly to hand; as they only contained intelligence of the movements of the enemy's Fleet and required no particular answer, I did not think it worth while to give the Chain of Expresses the trouble of riding the whole way back to you.
Your letter of the 26th. of September, directed by favor of Count de Breuille,71 never reached my hands untill the 4th. of November and then it came from the Eastward. How this delay happened I cannot say; But I beg you to believe that had the letter have come directly to me, I should not have failed to have given you the information you requested.72
[Note 71: Comte de Breuille, aide-de-camp to Rochambeau.]
[Note 72: Forman's letter of September 26 stated that a respectable body of Whig inhabitants requested him to ascertain the truth of the report that Carleton had pledged his word to prevent all British plundering parties coming into the American lines for the purpose of plundering "and man stealing." Forman's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
You must have the Resolve of Congress by which Capt. Asgill was released. All things considered, I question whether the determination of Congress upon the proceedings of Lippencots Court Martial would have been different from what it has been, had not the Court of France interceded warmly in Captain Asgill's favor: but after a request made by the prime Ministers, in which he expresses the wishes of their Majesties, that Capt. Asgill's life might be spared, there was scarcely a possibility of refusing, more especially, as Sir Guy Carleton had promised to prosecute still further the persons who might be found guilty of Capt. Huddy's Mutther. I have lately written to him and desired him to inform me what Steps he has taken. The report that General Carleton had pledged his Word, that during his command no small parties should come within the American lines or to any part of our shores, is not literally true. But I have reason to believe that he has taken measures to discountenance and discourage all Acts of Violence on the part of the Refugees. Indeed we had an instance of it a few days past. Two of Sheldons Dragoons were taken off their post by a party of Refugees from Morrisania and carried to Kingsbridge. They were immediately returned with their Horses, Arms and Accoutrements with a message to Colo. Sheldon intimating that as they had been captured without proper Authority, it was not thought justifiable to detain them. Upon the whole, Sir, I cannot help hoping that the savage kind of desultory War which we have long experienced is at an end. But still how safe it will be for Gentlemen, who by their activity and influence have made themselves obnoxious, to go too near the shore I will not undertake to say. Altho' there may be no danger of capture and cruel treatment from Refugees, Regular parties may make them prisoners.
Your favor of the 22d. ulto. only reached me last Night, owing to the delay of Expresses. I am obliged by your accuracy in stating the number of the Fleet which sailed on that day. I had before heard of that event, but not in so particular and satisfactory a manner.
There will be no occasion for your any longer keeping so strict a look out upon the Coast, or a communication with Morris Town. But should there in future be any uncommon arrival at New York either of ships of War or Transports with Troops, or should an embarkation of any consequence take place, you will very much oblige me by sending a particular Express. You will now be pleased to furnish me with an account of all the expences which have been incurred by you in this Business and it shall be repaid with thanks by Sir Your etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have reed. your favor of the 29th. ulto. and am obliged by the intelligence which it contains.
You will be pleased to put your two Companies of Infantry and fifteen of your dismounted Dragoons to be commanded by Lieut. Seymour74 under the orders of Major Tallmadge. You will readily perceive the reason of not entrusting the object of this detachment to paper as the Express has to pass thro' an inimical part of the Country.
[Note 74: Lieut. Horace Seymour, of the Second Continental Dragoons. He served to the close of the war.]
The inclosed to Colo. Canfield directs him to put himself under your command. You will yourself march with the mounted of your Regiment; Colonel Can fields State Troops and the York State Companies in such time that you may certainly arrive in the vicinity of Dobbs's Ferry by Friday Morning at day[break]. Upon your arrival near that place you will conceal your whole party behind the Hill so as to be out of sight of the River and there wait for Orders. You will post a Centery at the Work at Dobbs's to conduct any person to you with orders.
Circumstances require that this movement should be made with as much secrecy as possible, and you are not to hint to your Officers that you are ignorant of the design; on the contrary make it appear as if you were acquainted with it, and they will be the less suspicious and inquisitive. You will endeavour to have the whole provided with three days provision. I am etc.
P.S. You will not send Colo. Canfields letter to him one moment before the time in which it will be absolutely necessary for him to prepare himself; let him bring at least 3 days provision with him.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing the Tench Tilghman. The word in brackets has been added by Washington.]
Head Quarters, December 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: I find it expedient to countermand the Order I gave this Morng for the march of the Mounted Men of your Regt. and the State Troops of Connecticut and New York. You will therefore make no movement in consequence of that Letter, and either suppress the Order to Col Canfield, or countermand it, if it has been already communicated.
As I have an earnest desire that the Enterprise committed to Major Tallmadge, may succeed in its utmost latitude, I have to request that you will add to the Detachment which has been put under his Orders, 15 or 20 more dismounted Dragoons (i e Dragoons whose Horses are unserviceable) and that you will give every other aid and facility in your power, to the execution of the project.76 I am etc.77
[Note 76: On December 3 Washington wrote also to Lieut. Col. Samuel Canfield to put himself under the command of Colonel Sheldon, and when ordered to march "to take with you as many Men as you possibly can" This draft in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 28th Ulto came duly to hand. I have been under the necessity of delaying an Answer until this time.
The Relief for the Lines is to move from Camp this Morning. Col Webb has directions to send two Companies to Bedford, who will be there this Evening or tomorrow Morning, and wait untill they receive your Orders. The necessary advices respecting the Infantry Companies and Dismounted Dragoons are also given to Col Sheldon by this conveyance.
You will therefore attempt to carry the proposed Plan into execution, on thursday night the 5th inst. unless some accident should intervene to prevent it. In conducting the business, you will be governed entirely by your own discretion; should any thing happen to render the Enterprise impracticable, you will join Col Sheldon; or if he shall have marched you will follow with the whole Party to Dobbs Ferry. I am etc.
P.S. if any intelligence should arrive you will have it instantly forwarded to me, and leave the same word with Col Sheldon.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, 1 OClock P.M. December 3, 1782.
Dear Sir: The Relief has been countermanded entirely; but your project is to go on, without being confined precisely to the time before limited. You will however seize the first good opportunity within a Week or ten days, beyond which the Party cannot be kept on the Lines; in the mean time you will communicate your Orders to the two Companies of Lt Infantry at Bedford, and take every precaution to make the enterprise as successfull as possible.
I have written to Colonel Sheldon to add 15 or 20 more Dismounted Dragoons to the Party and to give you all the assistance in his power. I am etc.
P.S. Let not a syllable transpire, of what I mentioned in Conversation when I saw you last.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On December 3 Washington signed a certificate of service certifying that Major Villefranche, of the Continental Engineers, was justly deserving of "the character of a brave and deserving officers." This certificate is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 41, v. 10, fol. 285.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, December 3, 1782.
Parole Denham. Countersigns Epsom, Falkland.
For the day tomorrow Major Trescot, Major Darby.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. instead of the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
A General courtmartial, of which Colonel Greaton is appointed president, will assemble tomorrow morning at the Presidents Quarters, or such place as he may appoint, for the trial of all prisoners that may come before them; the Judge Advocate and all persons concerned to attend.
Lieutenant Colonel Mellon, Major Scott, one Captain from the Jersey brigade, one from the York brigade and two from each of the Massachusetts and Newhampshire brigades will attend as members.
The Abstracts of the subsistance of the army, up to the time the Contracter settled with the officers (whose certificates is then to be taken) are to be sent to the Deputy paymaster at the Forge near Murderers creek, as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, December 4, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am to acknowledge the rect. of your Excellencys favor of the 27th Novembr. and to thank you for the very polite manner in which you are pleased to express yourself, with respect to the correspondence between us, be assured, Sir, that nothing will give me more pleasure than to communicate any thing to you that may occur worthy your Notice.
The apprehending of the persons mentiond in the resolve of Congress, being a matter that requires some caution, I shall, before I make any communication of the matter to the Executive, endeavour to put matters in such a train as to ensure success. With the greatest regard etc.
Just as I am closing this your favor of the 30 November is come to hand and I thank your Excellency for the intelligence it contains. A Brig which sailed from Cadiz on the 28 of October and arrived at Portsmouth the 25th. of November brings an account that the English Fleet had penetrated the Road of Gibralter by a Gale from the S. which had drove off the combined Fleet. A Spanish Ship the St. Michael had been taken and another is gone on shore. The floating Batteries had been set on Fire. The Count D'Artois had gone to Cadiz with the French Troops. The Brig passed thro' the Combined Fleets which were going into Cadiz.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Benjamin Walker and Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 4, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favors of the 22d. and 27th ulto. I cannot see upon what principles Colo. Swift should be promoted and not Colo. Dayton. There being already a Brigadier to the Connecticut Line and none to the Jersey. Colo. Shepard has resigned under the Resolve of the 19th. of November.
There is, I believe, no occasion of publishing your report respecting the reform of the Invalid Corps. It is a matter in which the Army have not interested themselves, and by a letter which I reed. yesterday from Colo. Nicola he seems more reconciled to the plan.
Many Officers have been applying to me to know whether the Facings of the whole Army are to be Red, as they want to make their arrangements accordingly if it is to be so. Be pleased to inform me, if you should not have done it, before this reaches you. I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, December 4, 1782.
Parole Garland. Countersigns Hadley, Islington.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Reid, Lt. Colonel Newhall.
For duty tomorrow the 6th. for the 2d. Massachusetts regt.
The first Jersey regiment will march for the relief of the Infantry on the lines tomorrow; the Commanding officer will please to call at Head Quarters for Orders, and apply to the Deputy Quarter Master for boats.
The Infantry companies when relieved will join their respective regiments.
A Courtmartial room with Quarters for the Judge Advocate, a Provost guard-house with an officers Guard room and quarters for the Provostmartial are as soon as may be to be erected.
The troops composing Major General St. Clairs command are to build the Courtmartial room and Judge Advocates quarters, those of Major Generals Howe's the Provost Guard house, the officers guard room, and quarters for the Provost-martial.
The Deputy Quarter Master will on application furnish tools &ca. and shew the Ground on which the buildings are to be erected. His plan is to be seen at the Orderly office.
AFTER ORDERS
Major Graham is appointed Field officer of the day for tomorrow vice Lt. Colonel Newhall indisposed.
[Note 82: These directions are indorsed by Tench Tilghman: "Standing Instructions to Officers commanding during the Winter upon the Lines."]
Head Quarters, Newburg, December 4, 1782.
Sir: You will proceed with the first Regt of New Jersey to relieve the Corps of Light Infantry on the Lines. One entire Company is to be posted at the Block House of Stoney Point, another Company is to garrison the Works of Vet Plank's point, and the remaining seven Companies (the Lt Infantry having joined) are to be stationed near the Croton, in such manner as shall be best adapted to prevent surprize and cover the Country from the incursions of the Enemy; for these purposes you may either extend your Patroles to Bedford, or post one of the Companies at that place; and keep such Scouts and Patroles continually in front, as you shall judge necessary.
To cut off, absolutely, all manner of illicit intercourse and commerce between the Citizens of this State and the Enemy, is an object of much importance, to which you will please to pay the greatest attention; and I wish you to use your endeavours to detect and apprehend all Persons whatsoever, who are concerned in driving Cattle; or furnishing supplies to any of the Enemy's Posts.
It is my wish, in cantoning the Corps, that you will keep each Company as compact as may be, changing the position very frequently, and taking every precaution to prevent the Enemy from making a stroke at any of your Detachments. At the same time you will be particularly careful not to suffer your Men to be guilty of any instances of abuse to the Inhabitants, or violation of private Property. In a word, I rely upon it that uncommon vigilance, and the strictest discipline, will be maintained while the Regt. is on this command.
You will be pleased to send all Deserters and Persons coming from the Enemy directly to Head Quarters; and to forward to me the earliest information you shall be able to obtain of any remarkable occurrence on the part of the Enemy; keeping an exact account of your Proceedings and making a general Report, as soon as you are relieved; at which time you will deliver over these Instructions to the relieving Officer for the government of his conduct.
P.S. Should you receive intelligence of any Movement of the Enemy, which may effect the Posts in the Highlands, you will not fail to communicate it instantly to Genl Knox at West Point.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On December 4 Washington wrote to Charles Joseph Hyacinthe du Houx, Comte de Vioménil a polite note of acknowledgment: "Believe me sincere when I say that you, Sir, stand among the foremost in the Esteem of Sir etc.'" This draft is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (December 4) Washington also wrote a brief note to John Sullivan, at Durham, N. H., acknowledging letters to be seat into New York. This draft is in the Washington Papers. Sullivan had written (November 16): "having taken any Leave of political and Military worlds your excellency can expect nothing interesting or entertaining from my Pen, I shall therefore only beg Leave to assure you that I participate in all your Successes rejoice at every Smile of fortune on your Exertions and most ardently pray that your Life and health may be continued as the greatest blessing to that Country whose righteous Cause you have espoused." Sullivan's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, December 5, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 30th. ulto. I sincerely regret the disappointment of the Allies before Gibralter, more especially as it will serve to keep alive the spirits of the English.
I inclose you the Copy of a letter which I received last Night from the president of Congress. By this it appears that the evacuation of Charles town would take place as soon as the Transports returned from Augustine.
The Express which carries this will deliver you a packet from the Chevalier De La Luzerne.
I wait very impatiently your Excellency's arrival. I am never happier than when I have it in my power to testify how sincerely I am etc.
[P.S.] By an arrival at New York from Charles town the place was not evacuated the 20th. ulto.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 5, 1782.
Sir: I am honored with your favor of the 25th. Ulto. by Lt Col Johnson. I have no doubt but there has been a great deal of illicit Intercourse between some of the Inhabitants of Vermont and the Enemy in Canada; but as the Gentleman you referred to could not state the transactions in so explicit a manner, as to fix the charge on Individuals, so that they might be proceeded against; I have desired him, upon further recollection to make his information as pointed and definite as possible, and to Communicate the Result to, Mr Peabody or yourself.
Whenever the apparent circumstances and proofs are such as will justify my interference, I shall not fail to use every means in my power to stop the progress of any pernicious negotiations which may be carrying on between any of our Countrymen and the British, and to have the Authors of them brought to condign punishment. I have the honor etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, December 5, 1782.
Parole Kent. Countersigns Lemerick, Morefields.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Vose, Lt. Colonel Dearborne.
For duty tomorrow the 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 5, 1782.
Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 27 of Novr.
For some time past, I have been fully persuaded, that the British, had been tampering, by their Emissaries with some Individuals within our Lines, and that a very improper and dangerous communication had been kept up between the Enemy in Canada and the District of Vermont. I was in expectation that Lt Col Johnson could have fixed the charge incontestably on particular Characters; but as this is not the case at present, I have requested him to give any farther, or more specific information he may recollect or obtain to President Weare or yourself; that, upon full proof being had of the transactions and of the Agents in this business, adequate measures may be taken to put a period to such unwarrantable practices as those alluded to; as well as punish the Perpetrators.
Whenever any certain demonstration of facts is made, I shall be glad to be informed, and in the meantime I am etc.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The original letter sent is in the possession (1934) of Frank H. Stewart, of Woodbury, N.J.]
Head Quarters, December 4[--6], 1782.
Sir: I have reed. your favor of the 29th. ulto. It will be some time before Major Barber, the only Assistant Inspector at present with the Army, can attend upon you; perhaps not till toward the latter end of the Month. By a letter from Colo Stewart, he may be expected the beginning of this, and will, I dare say, call upon you agreeable to his promise. If his health should not permit him to come on, Major Barber will go down as soon as his engagements will admit.
I have determined upon the following arrangement for the Winter Quarters of your Regt. One Company at the Post at Dobbs's Ferry; one at the Block House near Sufferans, and one at Ringwood. The remainder to be cantoned as compactly as possible near the Yellow House at Pompton. You will immediately detach the Company for Dobbs's Ferry. The Captain will put himself under the orders of Lt. Colo. Smith the Commandant of the Post. This Company is to be relieved every Fortnight. Those at Sufferans and Ringwood as often as you think proper. Their object will be to stop all straglers and suspicious persons.
I must again beg your own particular attention to endeavouring to prevent the intercourse with the enemy. By a little management you may perhaps make yourself master of the chain of communication and then give the trade a heavy Blow.
When the Inspector visits you, he can easily go round to the detached companies. I am &c.
P.S. 6th. I have since writing the above reed yours of the 5th. There appearing to be no cover at Ringwood you will canton the Company intended to have been stationed at that place with the main body of the Regiment. Lieut Torrey will apply to the Qt. Master for such of the stores in his department as he will be able to furnish. Nothing more than the shoes can be had from hence. Your Regiment will certainly have equal justice with others in regard to Cloathing; but as I wrote you before, your applications must be made immediately to the Cloathier General and if you apprehend he does not deal properly by you, to the Secretary at War.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 6, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 30th. ulto. You may be assured I shall continue, agreeable to your desire, to communicate any material occurrences respecting the enemy's naval Force at New York.
I expect the Count de Rochambeau tomorrow. When I shall deliver into his hands, the packet which accompanied your Excellency's note of the 2d. inst.
Chevalier Chattellux is now here and sets out tomorrow morning for Philadelphia by the way of Bethlehem. I have the honor etc.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Tench Tilghman. From the original in the Paris Archives. Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, December 6, 1782.
Sir: In consequence of a request from the Executive of the State of Pennsylvania, I must beg the favor of your Excellency to procure and transmit me a passport for the Sloop Cohansey, John Kemp Master, navigated by four Seamen, from Philada. to New York and back, with about 200 Barrels of Flour and 100 Bushels of Potatoes for the use of the Marine prisoners belonging to the State of Penna.
The season is so far advanced that I would wish to receive the passport as speedily as possible. I have the honor etc.
I beg pardon for troubling your Excellency with the inclosed, which respects the consignment of the Articles before mentioned.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.
On December 6 Washington wrote briefly to President John Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, that he had made the above application to Sir Guy Carleton. This draft is in the Washington Papers.
On December 15 Washington wrote again, briefly, to President Dickinson that Carleton had immediately granted the desired passport in "a very polite Letter...which I now have the pleasure of enclosing." The original of this letter Is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, December 6, 1782.
Parole Nantucket. Countersigns Oporto, Portsmouth.
For the day tomorrow Major Pettengill, Major Morrill.
For duty tomorrow the 5th. Massa. regiment.
The Honorable the Secretary at war having been pleased to direct that the Uniform of the American Cavalry and Invantry shall in future be blue ground with red facings and white Linings and buttons; The General gives this early notice that provision may be made accordingly before the army shall receive their cloathing for the present year. the Corps of Artillery is to retain its present uniform, and the Sappers and Miners will have the same.
Head Quarters, December 6, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am happy to find by your favor of the 2d. that Mrs. Carter and Miss Schuyler are so far recovered as to bear a removal to Albany.
Upon a supposition that you will procure a passport from Sir Guy Carleton I shall lodge orders at the post of Dobbs's ferry to permit the Sloop to pass by; I shall expect you will drop Anchor before Newburg.
Be pleased to make Mrs. Washingtons and my Compliments to Mrs. Schuyler and the other Ladies. I am &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 6, 1782.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your two Letters of the 2d and 3rd inst. and to inform you that the matter which has been in agitation is suspended for the present. Notwithstanding which, I wish you to continue your efforts to obtain the best and most particular information in your power.
A Command from Hazen's Regt will be sent in a few days to relieve the Light Infantry Company at Dobbs' Ferry.
General Schuyler is about applying to Sir Guy Carleton for a Passport to bring his Daughters in a Vessel from Elizabeth Town to Albany; should such a Vessel arrive at Dobbs' Ferry, you will give permission for it to pass immediately.
Baxter and the Refugee Prisoner you directed to West Point have been sent here by mistake. The latter may be sent in on Parole for one of the Militiamen lately taken below, should this be agreed on, you can apply for him at West Point, where he will be confined and send him into the Enemy's Lines accordingly. I am, etc.
P.S. The Letter for New York you will please to forward by Flag.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 7, 1782.
Sir: I am this morning favored with your Excellency's letter of the 29th which Count Rochambeau did me the honor to deliver to me on his arrival here.
I am much obliged to you for the News you did me the honor to communicate. It has not a very agreable appearance but if it will induce the Spanish Court to act with energy against the Enemy in another quarter we may hope the most happy consequences even from this failure.
Should your departure from this Continent be so speedy as to prevent my having the pleasure of addressing you again I must entreat you to accept my sincere wishes for safety and success and to believe that it gives me great regret that during your stay I have had no Opportunity of assuring you in person of the very great respect and esteem etc.
P.S. At the moment of closing this your Letter of the 3d. Decr. came to hand; the Packets will be forwarded immediately by express. I had before advised the Chevalier de la Luzerne of the departure of the British fleet.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 93: Antone Charles du Houx. Baron de Vioménil. lie was lieutenant general and second in command to Comte de Rochambeau.]
Head Quarters, December 7, 1782.
Sir: The Count de Rochambeau, who arrived here this Morning did me the honor to deliver me your letter of the 29th. November.
As your destination was not public when I last had the pleasure of seeing you I could not embrace the opportunity to express to you the very great regret I felt at the prospect of our separation: I must therefore beg you to accept this testimony of that regret, as well as of the gratitude I feel in common with every virtuous Citizen, for the essential services you have assisted in rendering this Country. At the same time I must entreat you to believe that the many great and amiable Qualities which you possess have inspired me with the highest Sentiments of esteem for your Character, and that wherever you may be nothing will add to my happiness more than to hear from you and to communicate to you any thing that may occur in this part of the World worthy your Notice.
I have only now to assure you of my sincere Wishes for your safe and speedy arrival at the place of your destination and for your success and personal Glory in whatever you may undertake. With every sentiment etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, December 7, 1782.
Parole Quantico. Countersigns Raway, Salem.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colo. Hull, Lieutt. Colo. Cochran.
For duty tomorrow the Maryland Detachment.
At the General courtmartial of which Lt. Colonel Huntington is President, Novr. 10th., William Salmon, Matross in Captain Reids95 company of the Newyork regiment of Artillery "charged" with deserting from his quarters at Burlington with an intention of going to the enemy was found guilty of a breach of Article 1st. section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to suffer death. At the same court John Brown, Matross in the first company of the Newyork regiment of Artillery "charged with Desertion on the 21st. of July last and attempting to go to the enemy" was found guilty of a breach of article 1st. Section sixth of the rules and articles of war and sentenced to suffer death.
[Note 95: Capt. Jacob Reed (Reid), of the Second Continental Artillery. He secured to June, 1783.]
The Commander in chief approves the foregoing sentences.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, December 8, 1782.
Parole Truro. Countersigns Upton, Wallingsford.
For the duty tomorrow the 2d. Jersey regiment.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Cummings, Major Wait.96
[Note 96: Maj. Jason Wait, of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He resigned in December 1782.
Major General Gates certified to the service of a Major Dubouchet, who was his aide-de-camp during the Saratoga campaign. Washington added to this certificate one o{ his own in general terms, as "an officer of Zeal, Intelligence and Bravery." This and Gates's certificate are both dated Dec. 8, 1781, and are in the possession of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
The General desires that the 10th. Massachusetts regt. and Light Infantry companies may deliver the boats they brought up with them to the Assistant Quarter Master and that he may have them put under the care of the boat guard, and drawn up so as to be perfectly secure.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 9, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to enclose to you an Extract of the Deposition of Christopher Osgood of Brattleborough &c taken before the Honble Chief Justice Mumford,97 on the 13th of Novr last; also the Copy of a Resolution of Congress of the 27th of November 1782;98 in obedience to which, I have caused the Persons therein named to be apprehended.99 I am etc.1
[Note 97: Chief Justice Paul Mumford, of the Superior Court of Rhode Island.]
[Note 98: The resolve of November 27 empowered Washington to apprehend Luke Knowlton (Knoulton) and Samuel Wells.]
[Note 99: Ensign Ebenezer Macomber. of the Rhode Island Regiment. was sent to apprehend Knowlton and Wells. Jonathan Arnold, Delegate to the Continental Congress from Rhode Island, warned the a men, and they fled. Macomber faded in his effort to make the arrest.]
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 9, 1782.
Sir: I do myself the honour to inclose you a letter from Governor Harrison of Virginia. Should your Excellency see proper to send out the Money2 mentioned by the Governor, Lieut. Colo. Smith who Commands the Post at Dobbs's ferry will have orders to receive it. I have the honour etc.
[Note 2: The money, amounting to £262.16.0, was to settle the damages on account of the vessel captured in Hampton Roads by the crew of a British flagboat. (See Washington's letter to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, June 18, 1782, ante.)]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 9, 1782.
My Lord: I have been duly favored with your two Letters of the 12th. and 23 of Novr.
By a Resolution of Congress of the 27th. Ulto. I am directed "to take immediate measures for apprehending and securing Luke Knolton of Newfane and Samuel Wells of Brattlesborough both of the District commonly called the New Hampshire Grants west of Connecticut River;" Whereupon, I have thought proper to commit the execution of this business to your Lordships discretion, and to desire that you will detach a sufficient party from the Rhode Island Regt. for the purpose, giving such private Orders and taking such prudential steps as shall be thought expedient for accomplishing the object with the least hazard, disturbance and inconvenience possible; as you will readily conceive, my Lord, this is a delicate affair, which will require much address and good management in the conducting of it. I will leave that altogether to your prudence, only suggesting whether it will not be necessary to mask the movement under pretext of sending the party to Coos, or something of that kind, and to secure their return by good arrangements and a rapid march; or perhaps if a few Horses could be procured to mount a small Detachment it would be the most effectual mode for them to arrive at the places without suspicion by different Routes and to retire very expeditiously.
In apprehending the Persons in question, the Officer Commanding should suffer no insults, or unnecessary violence to be committed, he must also be careful that the Prisoners shall be properly treated, and safely conveyed to Albany; from whence you will be pleased to have them sent in the same manner to this place.
I inclose to your Lordship under a flying seal, a Letter for the Honble Mr Chittenden, which you will be so good as to have sealed and delivered to him, as soon as conveniently may be, after the Persons named therein shall be apprehended and conveyed to a place of safety. I am etc.
P.S. Should the Enemy send from Canada, any Negroes belonging to a Mrs Laforce who lately came from thence, I pray your Lordship to have them taken care of and sent on here, that they may be forwarded to her in Virginia.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 9, 1782.
Sir: Captain Duncan4 of your Regiment has preferred a Complaint of Injustice done him by an Arrangement made in Regimental Orders of the 1st. of Jany last wherein Captains Goslain,5Lee6 and Selin7 are appointed to the Command of Companies, though younger Officers than himself. I shall be glad you will inform me of the principles on which this Arrangement was made that I may be able to judge of the propriety of the Complaint. I am etc.8
[Note 4: Capt. James Duncan, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in June, 1783]
[Note 5: Capt. Clement Gosselin (Goslain). He had been wounded at Yorktown, Va., in October, 1781, and retired in June, 1783.]
[Note 6: Capt. Noah Lee. He served to June. 1783.]
[Note 7: Capt. Antony Selin. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, December 9, 1782.
Dear Sir: The Bearer Mr. Cutts, upon the recommendation of General Sullivan, has permission to endeavour to get admittance into New York to relieve a Mr. Lord a prisoner there. You will be pleased to send his letter by a Flag and permit him to go in should he obtain liberty to do so, or to have an interview with any Gentleman, should that mode be proposed.
You will at the same time forward the letters herewith for Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby. That to Sir Guy contains a letter from Govr. Harrison of Virginia, concerning a sum of Money which he expects will be paid for a Vessel and Cargo cut out of Hampton Road by a Flag Vessel. Should General Carleton comply with this demand and send the Money out to you, you will be pleased to receipt for it, and I will give you directions how to dispose of it.
Be pleased to inform me whether Mr. Skinner delivered over to you the official papers respecting the Marine as well as Land Prisoners. I am etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, December 9, 1782.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Brattleborough, Colchester.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Maxwell, Major Lansdale.
For duty tomorrow the 1st. Newyork regiment.
At the General Courtmartial of which Col. Greaton is President, Dec. 6th. Captn. Ebenezer Frye of the 1st. Newhampshire regt. "charged with absenting himself from his regiment beyond the limitation of his furlough and neglecting to join his regiment after being notified so to do, or to give satisfactory reasons for his continuance of absence." was tried, found guilty and sentenced to be Cashierd.
At the same Court James Patten, a soldier "charged with absenting from the 2d. Newhampshire regimt. and reenlisting as a recruit for the Massachusetts Line, and deserting from the same" was tried, found guilty of a breach of Article 1st. and 3d. Section 6th. of the rules and articles of war, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing Sentences.
Lieutenant Colonel Sproat, Lt. Colo. Cummings, Major Fish, Doctr. Cochran, Director of the hospitals, with an Hospital Surgeon, will constitute a board to meet at such time and place as they and the Assistant Inspector of the Northern army shall agree on to examine a number of men transferred to the corps of Invalids in the course of last Campaign and also those returned unfit for service in the several regiments, and report their opinion on each Individual whether he ought to be discharged without any recompense or suffered to retire on the late provisions of Congress.
Regimental surgeons are to attend the board with the men of their regiments and Commanding officers of corps are requested to give any information they may Judge proper.
The General is very well pleased with the Industry and dispatch of the 10th. Massachusetts regiment in compleating the repairs of the works at Verplanks point, and orders that the regiment be served with an Extra Gill of rum Pr man.
Head Quarters, December 9, 1782.
Sir: Your favor of the 27th. of November was delivered to me on the 7th. instant. The dispute between the States of Connecticut and Pennsylvania is now before Commissioners appointed to settle it, who I hope will soon come to a determination. Be their decision whatever it may, I apprehend there will be no occasion for keeping a Garrison at Wyoming afterwards. But should it be still deemed expedient by Congress to continue it, I shall relieve you and the troops under your command. You may therefore be assured of being withdrawn or relieved ere long.
I shall immediately write to Philada. respecting the supply of the post and endeavour to have the matter put upon a regular and certain footing. I am &c.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, December 10, 1782.
Parole Dover. Countersigns Enfield, Farnham.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Van Schaick, Lt. Colo. Brooks.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Newyork regiment.
At the General Courtmartial whereof Colo. Greaton is President, Corporal Dun of the Maryland Detachment charged with having premeditated a plan to Desert endeavoring to get others to go with him was tried.
The court on mature consideration are of opinion that the charge against the prisoner is not supported.
Corporal Dunn is ordered to be released from confinement and join his corps.
Levin Clarage and Joseph McCallister, soldiers belonging to the same corps charged with plotting and persuading a Soldier to desert, were tried.
The Court on mature consideration are of opinion the charge is not supported against either of the prisoners.
They are to be released from confinement and join their corps.
Lieutenant Colonel Farnald and one Captain from each of the Massachusetts brigades will attend as members of the General courtmartial of which Colonel Greaton is President vice Lieutenant Colonel Mellon, Captains Dix,11 Tisdale,12 and Fuller,13 challenged by Captain Bowman.14
[Note 11: Capt. Nathan Dix, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 12: Capt. James Tisdale, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 13: Capt. John Fuller, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June. 1783.]
[Note 14: Capt. Phineas Bowman, of the Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
(Private)
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 4 December accompanying one from Mr. Morris.15 I have acquainted that Gentleman by this conveyance that his resignation is accepted.16
[Note 15: Ensign Lewis R. Morris, of the Second New York Regiment.]
[Note 16: Washington wrote Morris (December 10): "I am always sorry to see those Officers quit the Army whose abilities may do credit to themselves and to the Service, but the masons you give are such, that I cannot refuse your request." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Tho' I regret exceedingly the occasion which brings you from Philadelphia,17 I shall be happy in seeing Mrs. Livingston and yourself at this place on your way to the Manor. Mrs. Washington joins me in praying you to make our respects to Mrs. Livingston. With very great regard etc.18
[Note 17: Resignation as Secretary for Foreign Affairs.]
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 10, 1782.
Sir: It being now time for your Corps to retire into Winter quarters, I propose posting the two Companies of Infantry under the Orders of Major Tallmadge contiguous to the Sound; and should be very well satisfied with having the Cavalry cantoned in either of the Towns of Ridgefield, Danbury, Reading, or New Town (but not farther eastward) if convenient quarters, and a supply of Forage can be obtained for them. To ascertain this point, I wish you immediately to take a ride to those Towns and get the best information on the subject in your power. If upon proper inquiry you shall be persuaded that the Horse can be accommodated so near the Infantry (which will be attended with considerable advantage, as they will both be under your own eye) you may remove them to the place you shall fix upon for quarters as soon as the necessary provision can be made.
The Asst. Quarter Master has written to Mr Pomeroy desiring him in case you quarter in Connecticut to take the Superintendency of the Supplies, and requesting to know what reliance he thinks may be placed upon them; with this you will be made acquainted in a few days, as Mr Pomeroy is to write directly to you on the subject.
If upon a full examination you judge there is no prospect of providing for your Cavalry there; you will be pleased to come as soon as may be to this place, from whence the Commissy. Genl of Forage will accompany you to Esopus to see what can be done in that quarter. I am etc.
P.S. Should your Corps all take Quarters in Connect. you will inform me of it so long before the Cavalry moves, that the proposed Inspection may previously take place. Yours of the 5th was duly recd.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 10, 1782.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 8th last evening by Express.20 'Tho you have not met with the success you deserved,
[Note 20: This letter is in the Washington Papers.] and probably would have obtained had the Enterprize proceeded, yet I cannot but think your whole conduct in the affair was such as ought to entitle you still more to my confidence and esteem, for however it may be the practice of the world, and those who see objects but partially, or thro' a false medium, to consider that only as meritorious which is attended with success, I have accustomed myself to judge of human actions very differently, and to appreciate them, by the manner in which they are conducted, more than by the Events; which, it is not in the power of human foresight or prudence to command. In this point of view, I find nothing irreparable, and little occasion of serious regret, except the Wound of the gallant Captain Brewster, from which I earnestly hope he may recover. Another time you will have less opposition from Winds and Weather; and success will amply compensate for this little disappointment.21
[Note 21: High winds and storms held Tallmadge on the mainland several days. Colonel Thompson had sent over several boats and 3 of them were forced on a small island near the Connecticut shore. Six of Tallmadge's boats attempted a capture and in the ensuing fight Captain Brewster was dangerously wounded. One of the British boats escaped.]
I have almost determined to post you, with the Infantry of the Legion, contiguous to the Sound; in which case I shall expect you to persevere in your endeavours, to keep me perfectly advised of the State of the Enemy; and perhaps some favourable moment may yet occur. I am etc.
P.S. Your Letter of the 5th with the inclosures were safely delivered to me.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 11, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your two Letters of the 2d and 4th inst. In what manner the new mode proposed respecting the Officers subsistence will be considered by them, I am not yet competent to determine; 'tho I am sensible that almost every innovation is in danger of being viewed in a disadvantageous point of light in the present state and temper of the Army, yet for my own part, I see no inconveniencies that can result from the Plan in contemplation.
The Commissioners being now assembled at Trenton to determine the dispute between the States of Pennsylvania and Connect respecting the Wyoming affair, I hope the necessity of keeping a Garrison of Continental Troops at that place will soon be removed, otherwise the Detachment from the Jersey Line now there must be relieved from some other Troops, as their situation has become extremely disagreeable and distressing; I shall be much obliged to you therefore, for the earliest advice you can give of any circumstances that may happen, which will be a sufficient ground to me for the government of my Conduct in this matter. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I request you will be pleased to forward the Letter which accompanies this to Brig Genl Irwin,23 by the first safe conveyance. The bearer will deliver at the War Office the Muster Rolls for the Month of Oct last.24
[Note 23: Irvine.]
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 11, 1782.
Sir: I inclose to you the Arragmt of Field Officers in the Mass Line; but as it is not final and may be subject to alteration from various contingency, I have not thought proper that it should be announced in the General Orders; but it will be necessary for you to post the Field Officers to the Regts agreeably to that arrangement, until further Orders that they may take their Commands accordingly; at the same time I wish it expressly to be understood and inculcated, that nothing is to be considered as final and conclusive in the Arrangement, until the first of Janry. next. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 26: Robert Morris. He was also the Continental Agent of Marine.]
Head Quarters, December 11, 1782.
Sir: I have been honored with your two favors of the 30th. ulto. and that of the 3d. inst. Upon a supposition that Mr. Skinner may have delivered up the papers respecting the Marine prisoners to Lt. Colo. Smith, I have written to him and desired to be informed whether it be so or not. If he is not possessed of them, I will write to Mr. Skinner and direct the delivery to Mr. Turner.27
[Note 27: George Turner, Commissary of Marine Prisoners. Morris called him "Major Turner."]
Upon a full consideration of Mr. Turners plan for supplying the Marine prisoners with Wood and for procuring their exchange; I am of opinion as to the first, that many inconveniences and impositions would result from permitting the enemy to cut the Wood within our Lines or upon Long Island. If within our Lines, it would, notwithstanding every endeavour to prevent it, enlarge that intercourse between our people and them which is already too extensive: and if the Wood should be procured and transported by them, from either within or without our Lines, it would afford them an opportunity of charging whatever price they may think proper, so that what might appear oeconomy at first view, might turn out very much the contrary; And that this would be the case, I am induced to believe from Mr. Sproats great anxiety to have the matter under his own direction. Indeed he confessed to General Knox that it would be an handsome perquisite of Office. If Mr. Turner can ascertain the quantity and can procure the Wood, I will from time to time make a demand of the necessary Passports from the Admiral or General, which I presume will not be refused, as they are constantly granted them, upon request, to carry necessaries for their Troops to all the places of confinement. The season is so far advanced that no time should be lost in taking some steps in the matter.
As to the proposed mode of exchange, by composition for Soldiers, I am, as I ever have been, utterly averse to it, and for Reasons with which you have been made acquainted in our several conferences last Winter upon the subject. I can see no objection to endeavouring to ransom our seamen when we have none to give in exchange. But would the enemy consent to this without asking a like indulgence on the part of their Soldiers? We know, in the present situation of their affairs, that there is scarce any price which they would not give for their veteran Troops now prisoners, and we ought to reflect that no price ought to tempt us to part with them for the purpose of rejoining their Colours. If the one can be effected without the other, we shall be gainers by it, but not otherwise.
Colo. Wadsworth has informed me that Mr. Parker and Dr. Duer28 have taken the new Contract and speaks very favorably of them, and of their ability to execute it. I have yet seen neither of the Gentlemen nor any person concerned with them at which I am somewhat surprised, as the Magazines with the Army or at West Point are only sufficient for this Month, and if they (of Flour especially) are not replenished before the River is obstructed with Ice and the Roads broken up, it will be extremely difficult to keep up the supply.
[Note 28: Daniel Parker and William Duer.]
I have received a letter of the 27th. ulto. from Capt Weyman commanding at Wyoming, in which he complains that he had been very badly supplied for three months past, thro' the negligence of a Colo. Cooke, who had engaged to furnish the Garrison. That Cook's engagement had expired the 1st. of Novemr. and that the troops were living upon the Country. I imagine from Weyman's letter that the post had been supplied by Contract. If so, I must request you to give order in the matter. I have the honor etc.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 11, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have received your Excellencys Letter of the 23 November inclosing one to Sir Guy Carleton which I have forwarded to New York and I have directed Colonel Smith our Commissary of Prisoners to receive any monies that may be sent out on that account.
I am sorry to hear that the ragged state of your Soldiers in the line, should prevent your recruiting, it cannot be attributed to any partiallity in the Secretary at War. I know that very considerable appropriations of Cloathing have been made for the Southern Army, but such is the difficulty of getting it transported thro' the Southern States, that it is generally many Months on its passage and very often great part of what is sent never arrives. When I directed General Muhlenberg to remove to Winchester I at the same time directed him to make his Arrangements with the Secretary at War for the necessary supplies for the Recruits that should come in, and I have no doubt the Secretary at War will pay every attention to his applications, that is in his power to do. With very great regard etc.30
[Note 30: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[V.S.L.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 11, 1782.
Sir: 1 have recd your Letter of yesterday's date. Altho I cannot not consider the Arrangement of Field Officers in the Mass. Line as final, because of the alterations which may happen between this and the first of Janry; and because I have always held up the Idea that nothing was to be deemed conclusive until that time; yet I have authorized Major General Howe to post the Officers in the mean time agreeably to the Arrangement you inclosed to me, which is all that can be necessary to be done on that head before the final completion of the Arrangement. I am etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 11, 1782.
Sir: Your Letter of the 29th October came to hand a few dayssince.
Viewing the matter on every side I think it is best the Expedition was laid aside; your reasoning on the subject is very just; such execursions serve only to draw the resentment of the Savages, and I much fear that to the conduct of our people may be attributed many of the excesses which have been committed on our frontiers.
I am obliged to you for the plan you suggest. I wish always that you would propose to me any Enterprizes you may think of advantage, and my endeavour shall not be wanting to promote them when our circumstances will admit.
The Expedition to Lake Erie is far above any means we have in our power; we cannot advance a single farthing, and to undertake it without any prospect of success or advantage we should have such a command of money as to induce a number of Ship Carpenters to accompany a sufficient Detachment, otherwise it would be impossible for us to build Vessels there without the Enemies knowledge and then they could and doubtless would build Vessels, with heavier Metal, as fast as we.
As to laying in a Magazine of Salted Provisions, that should be done whether an Expedition is undertaken on a large Scale or not, and the Contractors should take measures for that purpose. I shall be glad to hear from you when you have explored the Country you mention.
From every appearance, I do not imagine our frontiers will be disturbed during the Winter, and as your Command will be continued, if your private Affairs require your presence, I shall have no objection to your visiting your family for a reasonable time, whenever the situation of your Post will admit it; of that you can best judge. with great regard &c.32
[Note 32: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[H.S.P]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, December 11, 1782.
Parole Gloucester. Countersigns Halifax, Ilford.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Mellen, Major Trescot.
For duty tomorrow 1st. Newhamshire regiment.
A proper attention to the police and decipline of the troops (which is not to be effected without a sufficient number of officers) is, as it ought to be, the first object of the General; that of allowing them every indulgence conformably thereto is his next wish and warmest inclination: the following proportion of officers and soldiers may therefore be absent on furlough and no more at the same time, between this and the 15th. of April next, beyond which no furloughs are to extend, vizt.
One Field officer from a regiment; One officer, one Noncommissioned officer (Serjeants corporals and musick being included in that denomination) and two privates from each Company. Regimental Staff only when they procure an officer to do their duty from a company with which there are actually two officers present.
In granting furloughs to noncommissioned officers and privates the General recommends that preference should be given to those who have merited the badges of distinction for long and faithful services, and that the intention of this order may not be eluded under the idea of passes (as has heretofore been practiced in some instances) after the full proportion of furloughs have been granted in the regular mode he declares that upon the discovery of any such attempt the officer concerned shall be arrested and tried for disobedience of orders.
Furloughs to officers are to be granted by Majors Generals Gates, Lord Sterling, and Knox and Brigadier Hazen in their respective commands. Printed furlough s (the blanks for which are to be furnished by the Quarter master) will be given by the Commanding officers of brigades to the noncommissioned officers and privates in their commands.
Agreeably to the foregoing regulations the officers may accomodate each other with respect to the time and length of their Furloughs: but if they cannot agree on those points themselves the General officers commanding the different Cantonments or posts are to determine for them according to circumstances.
The Furloughs of officers whose names are upon the General roster, are to be registered at the Orderly offices. All others together with the noncommissioned officers and privates are to be entered in the regimental books; a strict compliance with the terms of absence will be expected from all.
The Board of officers appointed for Inspection of the Invalids of the army will meet at the hospital hutts near New-Windsor tomorrow at eleven o'clock for the examination of the Invalids of the Massachusetts infantry regiments and patients of the hospital. They will meet on Friday at the same hour at the York brigade for the examination of those of that line Maryland, Jersey and Newhampshire. And on Saturday at Westpoint. The persons concerned to attend the board at the several places mentioned.
The Light companies of the Massachusetts line to be prepared for Muster tomorrow, and those of the York the next day.
Head Quarters, December 12, 1782.
Sir: I was honored last Evening with your letter of the 8th. The packet for the Chevr. de La Luzerne has been forwarded this Morning.
It appears by a New York paper of the 5th. that 42 sail of Transports had arrived there from Hallifax on the 3d. under Convoy of the Renown, Amphion and Cyclops.
The British seem to be drawing together a great number of Transports at New York. They must have now there, at least 150 sail. In my opinion, they are preparing for the result of the determination of the Parliament, as to the continuance of the War upon the Continent of America.
I am not without my hopes that this Winter will put an end to the War, but should events render another Campaign necessary, and it should please his Most Christian Majesty to send a Fleet to aid us in our operations, it would afford me a very singular pleasure to be assisted by an Officer of your acknowledged experience and bravery. In case of a co-operation the next Campaign, you must be sensible of the advantages which will attend the most early communication of such intention. I wish you a favorable passage and have the honor etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, December 12, 1782.
Parole Kidderminster. Countersigns Leith, Maidstone.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Cortlandt, Major Darby.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Newhampshire regiment.
At a General courtmartial of which Colonel Greaton is president, Silas Rodgers a soldier of the 3d. Massachusetts regt. charged with desertion from the said regiment and John Murrow, soldier of the 9th. Massachusetts regiment also charged with desertion, were found guilty in breach of arte. 1st. Section 6th. of the rules and articles of war and sentenced each to receive twenty five lashes each morning four mornings successively, amounting in the whole to one hundred lashes on his naked back;
Also Benjamin Fisk, soldier of the 9th. Massachusetts regiment, was found guilty of Desertion and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in chief approves the sentences of the Court.
The Levies for the Campaign who have cornpleated the task assigned them by the Quartr. mastr. Genl. and obtain'd Certificates thereof from his office, are to be discharged by the commanding officer of the line to which they belong.
Head Quarters, December 12, 1782.
Sir: The Reasons which prevented me from taking a public leave of your Excellency, operated equally against my signifying to the Army, now under your command, not only the reluctance with which I parted with them, but the grateful sense which I entertained of the very essential services they had rendered to America. Your destination being no longer a secret, permit me to request the favor of your Excellency to make the necessary Apologies for me: to express to both the Officers and the Men how warmly I feel myself interested in whatever concerns their honor and glory, and to assure them it is my ardent Wish that Victory may attend them wherever the orders of their Sovereign may direct their Arms.34
[Note 34: Vioménil had written to Washington (December 13) from Boston: "Our little Army has embarked on board the fleet of Mr. the Mr. de Vaudreud without any accident and in the greatest order but from contrary winds...I do not think the fleet will be able to sail before the ... of this Month." The translation of Vioménil's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Accept once more, my thanks for the very many polite marks of attention I have received from you, and believe me etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, December 13, 1782.
Sir: By a Resolution of Congress of the 7th. of August last, there is to be, upon the 1st. of January next, a reform of all Regiments in the Continental Army, which do not at that time consist of at least 500 Rank and File. But this being left somewhat at the discretion of the Secretary at War, he would wish, before he carries the Resolution into execution, to give those States, whose Corps are not a great way below the proposed establishment, an opportunity of endeavouring to compleat them; upon a supposition that they would rather exert themselves to effect this salutary purpose, than suffer a number of valuable Officers, whose inclination it is to remain in service, to retire upon half pay.
The Regiment of your State will, upon the 1st. of January, consist of about 300 Rank and File, which will at most form five Companies. Consequently should there be no prospect of recruiting it, a great proportion of the Officers must be dismissed upon half pay. Before Colo. Olney marched to the Northward, he shewed me an Act of the Legislature of the State, for raising 200 Men, but the object of that Act seemed to be the reinlisting the Levies who had been engaged for the Campaign, and as the Bounty money was not sent forward, Colo. Olney seemed of opinion, that very few of those Men would be retained. But I imagine he will have informed you of his success and prospects.
I must request your Excellency to lay this matter before the Legislature, and to endeavour to prevail upon them to make adequate provision for recruiting their Regiment to 500 Rank and File at least, should the former Act prove insufficient. And as the Secretary at War only waits the determination of the House upon this point, that he may regulate his conduct accordingly. You will be pleased to furnish me with their decision, as soon as it is known.
I would just beg leave to observe, that from the present situation of Affairs, we have no reason to conclude that an addition to our present force will not be necessary next Year, and that making an early provision for such addition, can be attended with no real inconvenience or Expence, as, the Fund appropriated to this purpose, can with ease be converted to other uses before the Men are raised, should we happily have no occasion for them.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, December 13, 1782.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Okeham, Pool.
For duty tomorrow the 1st. Massachusetts regiment.
For the day tomorrow Colonel H. Jackson, Lt. Colonel Reid.
Newburgh, December 14, 1782.
Dr. Sir: I recollect subscribing, when I was in Philadelphia last Winter, Twenty, or 25 Guineas towards the support of the Children of the late Revd Mr. Caldwell. No person has called upon me since for this Money; I therefore take the liberty (as the Paper was in your hands) of asking you to whom I am to pay it?
Mrs. Washington who is now with me offers her Affectionate Compliments to Mrs. and Miss Boudinot, to which permit me to add those of Dr. Sir, etc.
Newburgh, December 14, 1782.
I cannot, My dear Genl., permit you to depart from this Country without repeating to you the high sense I entertain of the Services you have rendered America, by the constant attention which you have paid to the Interests of it.
By the exact order and discipline of the Corps under your Command, and by your readiness, at all times, to give facility to every measure which the force of the Combined Armies was competent to.
To this testimony of your Public character I should be wanting to the feelings of my heart, was I not to add expressions of the happiness I have enjoyed in your private friendship. The remembrance of which, will be one of the most pleasing Circumstances of my life.
My best wishes will accompany you to France, where I37 have no doubt of your meeting the Smiles and rewards of a generous Prince; and the warmest embraces of Affectionate friends.38 I have the honor etc.39
[Note 37: The draft, which is also in the writing of Washington, has at this point: "sincerely hope and."]
[Note 38: The draft has at this point: "Adieu."]
[Note 39: From the letter sent in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Newburgh, December 14, 1782.
My dear Chevr: I felt too much to express anything, the day I parted with you; A Sense of your public Services to this Country, and gratitude for your private friendship, quite overcame me at the moment of our seperation, But I should be wanting to the feelings of my heart, and should do violence to my inclination, was I to suffer you to leave this Country, without the warmest assurances of an affectionate regard for your person and character.
Our good friend the Marqs. de la Fayette prepared me (long before I had the honor to see you) for those Impressions of esteem which oppertunities, and your own benevolent Mind has since improved into a deep, and lasting friendship, a friendship which neither time nor distance can ever eradicate.
I can truly say, that never in my life did I part with a Man to whom my Soul clave more sincerely than it did to you. My warmest wishes will attend you in your voyage across the Atlantic; to the rewards of a generous Prince, the Arms of Affectionate friends, and be assured that it will be one of my highest gratifications to keep up a regular intercourse with you by Letter.
I regret exceedingly, that our circumstances should withdraw you from this Country before the final accomplishment of that Independence and Peace which the Arms of our good Ally has assisted in placing before us in so agreeable a point of view. Nothing would give me more pleasure than to accompany you in a tour through the Continent of North America at the close of the War, in search of the National curiosities with which it abounds, and to view the foundation of a rising Empire. I have the honr etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, December 14, 1782.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Radnor, Salthill.
Officers for tomorrow Colonel J. Vose, Major Graham.
For duty tomorrow the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
One Captain from the first Massachusetts brigade to attend the Courtmartial of which Colonel Greaton is President in the place of Captain Hastings40 absent by leave.
[Note 40: Capt. John Hastings. of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
Newburgh, December 14, 1782.
Dear Sir: In the course of a few days Congress will, I expect, receive an Address from the Army on the subject of their grievances.41
[Note 41: This "Address and Petition." dated December, 1782, from "Cantonments, Hudson's River," is signed by the ranking officers of all the line troops. It was, apparently, received by Congress, January 6, and read that same day, though no notice of it appears in the Journals of the Continental Congress. It was referred to a grand committee of one member from each State, and Charles Thomson has indorsed on the petition "to meet this afternoon at 6 o'Clock." (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Jan. 25, 1783.) The "Address and Petition" is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 42, vol. 6, fol. 61.]
This Address, tho' couched in very respectful terms, is one of those things which tho' unpleasing is just now unavoidable; for I was very apprehensive once, that matters would have taken a more unfavourable turn, from the variety of discontents which prevailed at this time.
The temper of the Army is much soured, and has become more irritable than at any period since the commencement of the War. This consideration alone, prevented me (for every thing else seemed to be in a state of inactivity and almost tranquility) from requesting leave to spend this Winter in Virginia, that I might give some attention to my long neglected private concerns.
The dissatisfactions of the Army had arisen to a great and alarming height, and combinations among the Officers to resign, at given periods in a body, were beginning to take place when by some address and management their resolutions have been converted into the form in which they will now appear before Congress. What that Honble. Body can, or will do in the matter, does not belong to me to determine; but policy, in my opinion, should dictate soothing measures; as it is an uncontrovertible fact, that no part of the community has undergone equal hardships, and borne them with the same patience and fortitude, that the Army has done.
Hitherto the Officers have stood between the lower order of the Soldiery and the public. and in more instances than one, at the hazard of their lives, have quelled very dangerous mutinies. But if their discontents should be suffered to rise equally high, I know not what the consequences may be.
The spirit of enthusiasm, which overcame every thing at first, is now done away; it is idle therefore to expect more from Military men, than from those discharging the Civil departments of Government. If both were to fare equally alike with respect to the emoluments of Office, I would answer for it that the Military character should not be the first to complain. But it is an inviduous distinction, and one that will not stand the test of reason or policy, the one set should receive all, and the other no part (or that wch. is next to it) of their pay. In a word, the experiment is dangerous, and if it succeeded would only prove that, the one is actuated by more Zeal than the other, not that they have less occasion for their money.42 I am etc.
[Note 42: Jones did not answer this letter, on account of illness, until Feb. 17, 1783. Then, after a long discussion of the efforts of Congress to raise money, the failure of the States to furnish it and a mention of the impost duty, he wrote: "Congress have the purest intentions towards the public Creditors...such is their opinion of the merit and services of the Army that did it not wound the sense of justice, they want not the inclination to give them the preference to any other class of Creditors but equity and sound policy forbid discrimination and partial distinctions. One ground of discontent in the Army, and on which they found the opinion, that justice is not intended to be done to them, is the delay in complying with their requests: but with those acquainted with the deliberations of public bodies, and especially of so mixed a Body as that of Congress, allowance will be made for slow determination. Every class of public Creditors must know tire inability of Congress to pay their demands, unless furnished with the means by the several States, and the exertions of that body have not been wanting, heretofore. to obtain the means though they have not produced the desired effect...Reports are freely circulated here that there are dangerous combinations in the Army, and within a few days past it has been said, they are about to declare, they will not disband until their demands are complied with. I trust these reports are not well founded, and that the Army will exercise awhile longer at least, that patient forebearance, which has hitherto so honourably distinguished them; to you it must be unnecessary to observe, that when once all confidence between the civil and military authority is lost, by intemporate conduct or an assumption of improper power, especially by the military body, the Rubicon is passed and to retreat will be very difficult, from the fears and jealousies that will unavoidably subsist between the two bodies. to avoid therefore the adoption by the Army of any such rash measure, should employ the attention, and draw forth the exertions of every worthy officer in it; for from these alone can opposition be expected. The Ambitions of some and the pressure of distress in others, may produce dangerous combinations founded on the pretense that justice is delayed, and will be refused to them; the pretext is plausable and ensnaring, and may draw into engagements the unsuspecting honest Soldier, from which it will be difficult to extricate himself, even when he sees the dangers they lead to. If there are Men in the Army who harbour wicked designs, and are determined to blow the coals of discord, they will gradually endeavour to hurt the Reputation of those, averse to their projects, and by sinister practices lessen their weight and influence among the Soldiery. I have lately heard there are those who are abandoned enough to use their arts to lessen your popularity [Washington has here interlined the word "reputation"] in the Arms' in hopes ultimately the weight of your opposition will prove no obstacle to their ambitious designs. If this be true, and they are likely to succeed, I own it will prove a bad prognostic of the future and I shall be among the number of those who entertain fear of the Army, and doubt that peace will not be followed by its usual blessings to America. Whether to temporize, or oppose with steady unremitting firmness, what is supposed to be in agitation of dangerous tendency, or that may be agitated, must be left to your own sense of propriety, and better judgment." Jones's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, December 15, 1782.
Parole Thomas. Countersigns Uppingham, Warwick.
Officers for tomorrow Colo. Tupper, Major Pettingill.
For duty tomorrow 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
By the order of the 6th. instant respecting uniformity of cloathing for the army the General did not propose that the coats should all be made in the same mode; on the contrary he wishes Commanding officers of the different lines and corps would agree among themselves on such distinctions as may be deemed proper in the fashion of the Lapels, Cuffs, buttons, &ca.
The Board appointed to inspect the Invalids of the Army not being able to meet at Westpoint the 14th. agreable to appointment will attend there on Wednesday next.
Major General Knox will be pleased to order a Field officer from his command to sit on the board, vice Lieutenant Colonel Sprout who has obtained leave of absence.
Head Quarters, December 15, 1782.
Sir: I had, last Evening, the honor of receiving your Excellencys favor of the 11th: and immediately forwarded the Packets for the Marquis de Vaudreuil and Monsr. de L'Etombe.
I am happy to hear that your Excellency has recommended a plan for the protection of these Coasts, it will be of infinite advantage to the common interest, should effectual measures be taken to cover them from the depredations of the Enemy. I have the honor etc.43
[Note 43: In the writing of Tench Tilghman in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Newburgh, December 15, 1782.
My dear Marqs.: In my last of the 20th. of Octobr I informed you that the Armies were about quitting the field, and that the French Troops were going to the Eastward, they have since embarked at Boston (except the Legion of Lauzern which is at Burlington), for the West Indies; and by a Letter which I have recd. from the Marqs. de Vaudrueil, will sail about the 20th. Instt.44
[Note 44: The fleet sailed from Boston harbor on December 24.]
The Count de Rochambeau, to whose care I commit this Letter; The Chevalr. Chartellux, Genl. de Beville and several other French Gentlemen have passed this on their rout to Philadelphia, where, or in the Chesapeake, they mean to Embark for France. I should do injustice to the feelings of my heart, was I to suffer such characters to depart from this Country without carrying with them that testimony of my gratitude and friendship which Men of their Merit and Services are entitled to from every individual of it.
I could not have bid a Brother farewell with more regret than I did the Chevr. Chartellux, than whom no Man stands higher in my estimation.
Our Summer was inactive, and more than probably, the Winter will be tranquil. Our eyes are turned towards the Negociators at the Court of Versailles; but we are not so sanguine to expect any thing conclusive 'till the meeting of the British Parliament; by which time it is presumed that Lord Shelburn will be able to know on what ground he stands, and will govern himself accordingly.
Charles Town was not evacuated on the 22d. of last Month, but every thing was in a state of preparation for the event. Some Provencial Corps had been sent to St. Augustine, and the 4th. Battn. of the Royal Americans withdrawn from that Fortress; the prevailing reports and opinions are, that the British Troops at Charles Town will go to the West Indies, and the Foreigners to Hallifax. The British Fleet has left the harbr. of New York, the first division of it consisting of 13 Ships of the line, and several frigates, under the orders of Lord Hood (who had on board the Prince, William Henry) Sailed from Sandy hook the 26th. of October; the Second division commanded by Admiral Pigot consisting of an equal number of Ships of the line left the Harbour the 22d. of last Month; since which neither has been heard of. Admiral Digby with two Fifties and some frigates, compose the Naval force of the Harbour, at this time.
There has been much talk of a detachment of British Troops from New York to the West Indies, but none have embarked yet, tho' four Regiments have been under Embarkation orders near a Month. certain it is the Enemy are collecting a great number of Transports at that place, not having less, at this time, than 150 large ones in that harbour. The opinion however among the best informed in the City is, that the total evacuation of New York depends upon the determination of Parliament, to whom, add they, Lord Shelburn is resolved to submit the great question respecting the Independency of America; on the decision of which, this matter depends; but why they should delay the detachment for the West Indies, is not so easy accounted for, unless they think it unsafe to weaken the Garrison while the French Troops are in America.
Your Aid G: A: Washington, by the last Accts. I had of him, was in a very declining State of health; supposed to be in a consumption. I have advised him to a trip to the Southward, and but for the danger of captivity wch. might prove fatal to him in his present weak state I should have recommended a voyage to the West Indies, as the Doctrs. think it might be of Service to him.
Mrs. Washington who is now here, offers her best wishes and most respectful compliments to Madam La Fayette and yourself; mine are added with great sincerity, as no Man is more warmly attached by all the ties of friendship and Affection to you than is, My dear Marqs etc.
Head Quarters, December 16, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit to you Copy of a Letter45 from Guy Carleton together with Copy of Lt Reinking's46 Memorial47 respecting the ill treatment of the German Prisoners.
[Note 45: Of Dec. 11, 1782, which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 46: Carl Reinking, of the Brunswick regiment, German allied troops.]
[Note 47: This memorial, dated Dec. 10, 1782, is in the Washington Papers. It instances three charges: 1. That German prisoners of war were forced to work for inhabitants at Reading, Pa., as slaves at a wage of £30 for 3 years. 2. That the German prisoners were forced into service with American troops. 3. That some of the prisoners were closely confined in goals and barracks at Reading and Lancaster and not supplied with sufficient provisions.]
Such part of General Carletons Letter as respects our Naval Prisoners I have communicated to Mr Morris and I will be obliged to you to give me such information respecting the Prisoners as will enable me [by a transcript thereof] to give Sir Guy Carleton a [full and compleat] Answer.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1782.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 11th instant. I thank you for the information communicated therein, and shall take measures for forwarding the Letter which was enclosed, by an early and safe conveyance.49
[Note 49: The inclosure was the letter of December 11 from the President of Congress to Thomas Chittenden, with the resolve of Congress of December 5, concerning matters in the New Hampshire grants.]
In conformity to the pleasure of Congress, expressed in their of the 8th. of Novr. I wrote to Sir Guy Carleton on the 20th. A Copy of that Letter, together with Copies of his answer, and the Report of the Depy Judge Advocate, of the British Army,50 I have now the honor of transmitting to your some time previous to the receipt of Sir Guy's Letter, directions had been given to the Commissy. of Prisoners to send Captain Schaack, on parole, into the Enemy's Lines. I have the honor etc.51
[Note 50: The originals of Sir Guy Carleton's letter of December 11 and of Deputy Judge Advocate Stephen P. Adye's letter to Carleton of November 30, are in the Washington Papers. Adye reported, on further investigation of the "death" of Captain Huddy, that he had not "been able to gather any further information relative to this transaction that could give me hopes of prosecuting any other person with effect." Carleton, in his letter (December 11), after advising that the Board of Associated Loyalists had been dissolved by his order, wrote: "I do not wish, Sir, to use the language of Recrimination in any other view than for prevention, but many proofs are before you of acts which have perplexed the course and principles of Justice, and I could wish. Sir, from the best motives, that they may be mutually forgotten, and that no directions be further given your Excellency or recommendations made to the civil powers in the different provinces, by which asperities may be renewed in bosoms, which ought, in my judgment at least, to cherish milder thoughts."]
[Note 51: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 52: Robert Morris.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 16, 1782.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to you on the 11th inst. I have received a Letter of the same date from Sir Guy Carleton; of which the following is an Extract.
On this occasion I cannot help suggesting, that your Naval here are in want, as I am informed, of many necessaries to protect them against the inclemency of the Winter. If it is not held proper by Congress that any exchange should take place, it seems however necessary that their confinement may be made as comfortable as the nature of the case will admit of. So much I cannot but observe, tho' this matter does not properly belong to me.
Supposing the direction and management of the business to come within your province; I have taken the first opportunity of communicating this representation; and have the honor etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 16, 1782.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 12th. Instant was delivered me yesterday with its several inclosures and I am to thank you for the intelligence it contains.
I have myself seen the Work at Dobbs ferry but cannot agree with you as to its indefensible State it never was calculated to withstand a serious attack but has always been supposed equal to any small party that might attempt it by a Coup de Main; and as that Post is assigned for the only communication we have with the Enemy it appears [if not] the only [at least the best] place where the duties of your Office can be performed.
That intercourse which you say is daily increasing between the Inhabitants of the lower Country and the Enemy is indeed alarming and if possible should be broke up. I wish as you are on the spot and acquainted with the circumstances and nature of it that you would suggest the measures which you think will be most effectual for that purpose [and I will give them every support in my power].
The refugee you mention is at West Point; you may send him on Parole if he cannot be exchanged.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, December 16, 1782.
Parole Annopolis. Countersigns Brunswick, Cadiz.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Hull, Major Morril.
For duty tomorrow 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
A Board of General officers consisting of Major Generals Gates, Howe and Knox and Brigadiers Patterson and Hand, to meet at Hortons, near Murderers Creek on thursday next at eleven o'clock A.M. to decide the dispute respecting numbering the regiments of Connecticut in the reformation of that line which is to take place on the first day of January 1783. The Papers relative to the matter in dispute now in possession of the Commander in chief will be laid before the board; and the parties concerned may attend to give any further information they shall think proper; the report of the board is to be delivered at Head Quarters as soon as conveniently may be.55
[Note 55: On December 18 Humphreys wrote to Brigadier General Hand that "The Commander in Chief is pleased to authorize any three of the Board...to proceed to the decision of that dispute, and to report accordingly." Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, December 17, 1782.
Sir: I am favored with your Excellency's Letter of the 7th of this Month.
I should be very happy in using every endeavour in my power to procure the release of Mr Reading56 and would apply to Sir Guy Carleton in his behalf, if such an application was like to be attended with the desired effect; but Sir Guy's Command does not extend to Canada, on which the Posts in the back Country are dependant. General Haldimand is the proper person to be applied to on this occasion and with him I have no communication. I never wrote him but one Letter which he did not Answer. As Mr Reading is not a Military Man there will be no impropriety in your Excellency's applying in his behalf and if you are of this opinion I will endeavour to transmit your Letter.
[Note 56: Livingston's letter calls him Thomas Mullan Roading. He was captured by the Indians in June, 1781.]
If however you think that an application from me will be best I will write General Haldimand on the Subject and in either case I will seek an Opportunity to convey the Letter to him which at this season will I fear be something difficult; the only public communication between this Country and Canada has been by means of the Enemies Vessels Station'd in the Lakes which must now be frozen over. With the etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 17, 1782.
Dear Sir: It was not until the arrival of the last eastern Mail, that I was favoured with your Letter of the 29th Novembr.
Of the Prisoners you mention to have returned from Canada, not more than five have come on to Camp; nor do I know what has become of the remainder of them; I wish (if it can possibly be avoided) that they may not be lost to the public.
The report of the relief of Gibralter has proved but too true, as it is confirmed by a late arrival from Cadiz at Philadelphia; what effect this event will have, in accelerating or retarding a general pacification; time alone must determine. By a recent account from Mr. Harrison58 our Commercial Agent at Cadiz it appears that M. de la Perreuse59 of the Sceptre, had with that Ship, and two Frigates returned from a successful Enterprize against the Enemy's possessions in Hudsons Bay, having entirely destroyed the Establishment and Property of the English on that Coast, estimating the damage at 10 Millions of Livres.
[Note 58: Richard Harrison. He was Continental agent at Cadiz.]
[Note 59: Jean François de Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse, captain of the French Navy.]
The preparations for the derangement of the Massachusetts, and Connecticut Lines go on as well as I expected. No promotions have yet been made by Congress; nor have we any intelligence of importance from any quarter. I am &c.60
[Note 60: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, December 17, 1782.
Sir: The Dragoon brought me your Letter of the 13th. Yesterday. A Supply of Shirts sufficient to give each man two, will be sent here as fast as they can be transported from Philadelphia. Six thousand have already arrived and I only delayed the issue of them 'till there should be enough here to give each man one however if more do not arrive in a few days I shall order these to be issued by lot; so that the Corps who draw them may have one pr man. The Clothier has orders to acquaint you the moment he has your proportion ready to issue. Shoes may be had on application. I am etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On December 17 Washington wrote also to Lord Stirling: "I entirely approve of the Orders your Lordship has given for furnishing the Levies with provisions to the first of Janry. as I think it will be necessary for the reason suggested to keep them in service untill that time." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, December 17, 1782.
Parole Danbury. Countersigns Easton, Frederick.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Cochran, Major Lansdale.
For duty tomorrow 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
The first Massachusetts regiment to relieve the first regiment of Jersey on the lines tomorrow. The Quarter Master Genl. to furnish boats on application from the Commanding officer.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolves
By the United States in Congress assembled, December 3d. 1782.
In the report of a committee to whom was referred a letter of the 22 November from the Superintendant of Finance and Secretary at War:
Resolved, That after the last day of December instant, in lieu of the rations hitherto allowed to the officers of the army, including those for servants, they shall be allowed subsistance money at the rate of four dollars per month for each ration; provided, that where circumstances in any case shall not permit the payment of such subsistence money, they shall draw their rations as heretofore.
Resolved, That after the fore-mentioned period, in lieu of the pay and rations allowed to the officers of the hospital department, including rations for servants, they shall be entitled to the following monthly pay and subsistance; provided in like manner, that where the said subsistance money shall not be paid, they shall be entitled to draw an equivalent number of rations, at the rate of four dollars for each ration per month, viz.
The director, one hundred and two dollars pay and sixty dollars' subsistance.
The deputy director, and physician, each one hundred dollars pay and forty-eight dollars subsistance.
The surgeons, each ninety dollars pay and forty dollars subsistance.
Apothecary and purveyor each ninety-two dollars pay and thirty-two dollars subsistance.
Deputy apothecary and deputy purveyor, each fifty-nine dollars pay and sixteen dollars subsistance.
Mates, each forty-two dollars pay and twelve dollars subsistance.
Stewards, each thirty-one dollars pay and eight dollars subsistance.
Ward masters, each twenty-one dollars pay and eight dollars subsistance.
Newburgh, December 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 5th. of last Month came safe to my hands, at this place; in the vicinity of which the Army is cantoned.
I am fully perswaded, from all Accts. that in Posey62 you have to deal with a most consummate villain; and from your own, that you have pursued the most prudent method of managing him, and for obtaining that justice wch. is due to Mr. Custis's Estate. I am clear in Sentiment with you, that he
[Note 62: Price Posey.] should be removed from his present Stewardship as soon as it can be done with any degree of propriety; for be assured Sir that a Man so devoid of principle as he is to be guilty, not only of the barefaced frauds with which he is accused; but the abominable Sin of ingratitude, will neglect no oppertunity of converting to his own use when he can do it with impunity every species of property that is committed to his care; and will do it the more readily after his reputation will have Suffered, than before. The most hardened villain, altho' he Sins without remorse, wishes to cloak his iniquity, if possible, under specious appearances; but when character is no more, he bids defiance to the opinions of Mankind, and is under no other restraint than that of the Law, and the punishments it inflicts. Posey, I am perswaded, will be no exception to this rule; and that the sooner the Estate can be taken out of his hands the less it will suffer; as it cannot be in worse.
With respect to the valuation of the Stock, if upon an investigation of the matter, and comparing it with the Scale of depreciation as settled by Congress, it shall be found, when reduced to specie value, that the sum amounts to more than the number and kind of Cattle had of me are worth, let a just value be placed on them, and it will meet my entire approbation. Mr. Custis, as I wrote him, was alarmed at the nominal, without attending to the real price of the Stock; for if 20 paper Dollars in those days, was valued at, and would purchase no more than one Silver D, valuing any article at £6. Currency, was neither more nor less than fixing it at a Dollar specie. If therefore the valuation of Colo. Bassett when estimated by this rule, and fixed upon this principle, is not too high, there certainly can be no cause of complaint; and upon this footing I am willing to place the matter. A Dollar in specie may be a hundred pounds according to the scale of depreciation, but if no Man will give more than Six shillings for it that sum is most certainly the intrinsic Worth of it. It never was, nor is it now my intention to put the Estate of Mr. Custis to the least inconvenience to pay the Debt it owes me. On the contrary if I ever get it at all, to receive it at such a time, and in such a manner as to occasion the least possible distress is all I aim at; therefore as it seemed to be your opinion, and it was clearly mine, that the Stud, and other Horses belonging to that Estate (which were not wanted for immediate use) had better be sold; and as I really wanted one, and could have made it very convenient to have taken both of his covering Horses, I directed Mr. Lund Washington to get them in discount of my Debt but, if I can obtain neither without advancing the Money as an indifferent purchaser, I shall certainly decline, this mode of gratifying my wants, as I have no more idea of advancing money (in truth I have it not to advance) to an Estate that owes it to me, than I have of demanding it from one that cannot, with convenience pay it. If therefore you cannot let me have one of the Stud horses upon the above terms, I must not only do without him but any other as I have not the means of purchasing.
The French Army have Embarked at Boston for the West Indies; but had not Sailed when I heard last from that Quarter. Lord Howe has relieved Gibralter. The French have taken and Destroyed the British Interest in Hudsons Bay, to the amount, it is said, of 10,000,000 of Livres. The British Fleet have left New York in two divisions and a detachment of Troops it is reported are going from that place to the West Indies; but when they will embark is uncertain. A number of Transports are collected there but I believe they are only waiting for decisive orders from their Court; which in my judgment, would not Issue till after the meeting of Parliament, when the Parties for and against the American War will try their strength. we shall then know whether we are to set down under our Vines and fig Trees in Peace, or prosecute the War.
It gives me much pleasure to hear that your good Mother, yourself Mrs. Dandridge and Family, are well. My affectionate regards are presented to them all, in which your Sister, who arrived here the 30th. of last Month, joins. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 18, 1782.
My Dear Sir: By the southern Mail of last Week I received your Letter of the 4th. of Octr enclosing the Returns of your Army: and I am just now favored with that of the 11th of Novr. covering the Returns for the Month of Octr: as I find by the latter, you had reed mine of the 23rd of Septr. I can have no occasion to suggest any thing farther at this time respecting the disposition of the Troops after the Enemy shall have abandoned the southern States; the latitude already given, will in a sufficient manner I believe, enable you to act for the public good, as the state of affairs may then seem to demand.
There had been during the summer much speculation and many conjectures that New York would be evacuated before winter, as I informed you in my last letter, which was dated the 18th of Octr; but at the same time I mentioned "I had no such idea"; and the event has justified my opinion. I am not without expectations, however, that a detachment will be made in the course of the Winter to the West Indies: indeed many appearances strongly indicate this, or at least that some Orders of embarkation are expected, such as the great preparation of Transports, there being now about 120, collected from various quarters, lying in the east River, compleatly fitted for sea; and Reports still continue to assert that several thousand British Troops will yet be detached.
The sailing of the Fleet: from New York in two divisions, I suppose must have been well known in Carolina, as in all probability the last squadron served to convoy a part of the Garrison of Charles Town to the W Indies agreeably to your expectation. But, I imagine you could not have learned, (it having been a secret to this time, which it was not prudent to commit to paper) that the Orders of the Court of Versailles to the Count de Rochambeau (who is himself about to sail for France) were that the Corps under his Orders should go to the West Indies, in case the evacuation of New York or Charles Town should take place. In expectation that the latter would happen, the French Army marched into the eastern States, towards the last of Octr, under pretext of taking winter Quarters there; but in fact, with the design of embarking on board the Fleet of the Marquis De Vaudrieul at Boston, whenever the event on which their ultimate movement depended, became sufficiently ascertained.
From the general concurrence of intelligence and a variety of circumstances the Enemy's intention to leave Charles Town has approached so near to a certainty, that all the Army of His Most Christian Majesty (excepting the Legion of Lauzun which remains behind) have embarked and are to sail in two day's from this time.63 As soon as this Fleet is clear of the Coast, and the destination of the Troops shall be positively known at N. York, (as I observed before) it appears not improbable a considerable Corps of British will be sent to Jamaica; for the
[Note 63: Greene's letter of December 19 to the President of Congress, a copy of which is in the Washington Papers, stated that the British evacuated Charleston December 14 and that their fleet put to sea Dec. 17, 1782.] safety of which Island the apprehensions of the Enemy appear to be very much alarmed, on account of the large force at the Havanna and the arrival of the Marquis de Bouillé with a reinforcement from France. How far the Combined Powers will in reality prosecute a serious Operation in that Quarter, since the failure of the attempt against Gibralter (of the relief of which by the Fleet under Lord Howe, you will, I dare say, have heard before this reaches you), or how far the last mentioned circumstance will tend to hasten or retard a general Pacification, I cannot undertake to determine with certainty. Many Politicians imagine, that the fewer capital advantages either of the Belligerent Powers in Europe has over the other, the smaller will be the obstacles that will present themselves in the course of the negociation for Peace; but almost every thing respecting this business, in my opinion, will rather depend on the strength or weakness of Shelburne's and Fox's Parties in the British Parliament.
To wait Events, and profit by the Occasions which may occur, I have concentred the Army to a point as much as possible. At West Point and the Cantonment 4 Miles from this place is our whole force, except the Rhode Island Regt at the Northwd and one or two Corps on the Lines. This Army indeed is not numerous, but the efficient strength is greater in proportion to the total Numbers, than ever it has been; the Troops are tolerably well appointed, and have improved very much in their discipline during the last Campaign.
The Enemy's force in New York I compute to be between ten and eleven thousand. Should they weaken themselves by a detachment of 4 or 5000 Men and still attempt to hold that Garrison another Campaign, it would be an indelible blot to the reputation of this Country, not to furnish sufficient means for enabling us to expel them from the Continent. And yet I am free to confess, I have accustomed myself not to be over sanguine in any of my calculations, especially when I consider the want of energy in government, and the want of that disposition in too many of the People, which once influenced them chearfully to yield a part to defend the remainder of their property.
Thus, My dear Sir, have I given for your own private satisfaction, a pretty general detail of the affairs of our Allies, Ourselves, and our Enemies, in this part of the Continent. Hoping and expecting the southern States will be restored to perfect tranquility before this is delivered to you; I have only to add that Mrs Washington joins me in requesting Mrs. Greene and yourself to accept our best wishes and compliments; it will ever give me pleasure to hear from you on matters of business or friendship; being etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, December 18, 1782.
Parole Gosport. Countersigns Halstead, Illinois.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Van Schaick, Major Reading.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.
Newburgh, December 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 29th Ultio. from Albany, came safe to my hands. I am glad to find you enter so readily into a measure which appears very practicable in my eyes, provided the Troops for the Enterprise65 can be properly accommodated.
[Note 65: Against Oswego, N.Y.]
I have again written to the Secretary at War respecting clothing for the York State Troops, and desired Colo. Tilghman, who left this on Sunday last for Philadelphia to enforce it,66 not only on him, but on the Clothier General also; that, if it can be had, it may be sent up without delay. From the Deputy Clothier's Store at this place, I could furnish Vests and Woolen hose enough for the State Troops, and Woolen Caps, Socks, and Mitts sufficient for the whole party. Indian Shoes or Moccasons, I must depend upon you to procure; as also the Snow Shoes, of which I do not see the necessity for each Mans having a pair; tho' some may be indispensably necessary I well remember to have directed (two years ago) a number of Snow Shoes to be made; and if I mistake not it was done; but I do not suppose any dependence is to be had on them at this time. It may not be amiss however, to enquire of General Schuyler (to whom I think I wrote on this subject) the Qr Master, or any other who may be likely to give information, whether they are yet in being. To provide and carry Scaling Ladders from the Settlement would at once announce your design, and more than probably defeat the Enterprise; at any rate they would be troublesome to transport, and must impede the rapidity of your movement, on which every thing depends. it appears to me therefore that the attempt would be improper, and that the difficulty may be surmounted by carrying a few Tools (to wit Axes, Saws, Augers and a Gouge) with which at a convenient time and place, a sufficient number of Ladders might [soon and easily be made].67
[Note 66: At this point the draft has the word " strongly."]
[Note 67: Mutilated. The words in brackets in this letter are supplied froth the draft, which is also in the writing of Washington.]
The mode you p[ropose for obtain]ing the Sleighs, and assembling [the Troops, I] approve of preferably [to the Qr Masters] having any Agency in the [business as] I do of the time named for th[e execution if the] Clothing can be got to you [in Season, but] having doubts on this hea[d I should be glad] to know to how late a perio[d can be delayed with safety, on Acct. [of the] Ice on the Oneida Lake. and goodness of the Sleighing. If there is a necessity for a Party to preceed the Sleighs a day or two, to mark the rout, it ought to consist of picked men of tried fidelity; and even then, the chance of discovery is greater than it otherwise wd. be.
The strength of your Party should be proportioned to that of the Garrison you attempt, for which reason every possible means should be used to obtain the most accurate acct. of it. If you have men to set the enemy at defiance, in case of their discovering you previous to the Assault, or miscarriage therein, it is all that is necessary; more than these would render [your movements unwieldy] and slow; conse[quently mor]e liable to discovery in your [preparatio]n and on the March.
[I s]hould be glad to hear from you [again on th]is head by some safe conveyan[ce; and if matte]rs can be properly prepared f[or the Enterpri]se, and nothing more than I kno[w of at this ti[me to hinder it, I will be at Al[bany when you] March, that I may be at hand to remove difficulties if any should occur. With great esteem etc.
P S. It will be essentially necessary to fix your Eyes upon some one or more persons (deserters or otherwise) who have been in and are well acqd. with the Enemies works, and seize them at the moment they are wanted that you may have them as guides.
[M.L.]
Newburgh, December 18, 1782.
Dear Sir: From a letter which I received from home, by the last post, I expect, tho' the matter was not finally concluded, to call upon your Excelly. for the £2000, (reckoning Dollars at six shillings) which you were so obliging as to assure me you could procure me the loan of.
When the Bargain is concluded, which the Gentleman68 who has charge of my business expected would be the week he wrote, he was to draw on me for the money. I, in consequence shall apply to Your Excellency.
[Note 68: Lund Washington.]
With the greatest esteem, etc.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, December 19, 1782.
Parole Kittlerwell. Countersigns London, Malwood.
For the day tomorrow Major Fish, Major Oliver.
For duty tomorrow the 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
At the General courtmartial of which Colonel Greaton is President, Lieutenant Meacham70 of the 3d. Massachusetts regiment was tried "Charged with absenting himself from his regiment beyond the limitation of his furlough and neglecting to join it when notified so to do agreable to the resolve of Congress respecting absent officers." The court on mature consideration are of opinion that Lieutenant Meachem has exceeded the limitation of his Furlough, that he has been notified to join his regiment agreable to the resolve of Congress of December 6th. 1779 respecting absent officers; and that he has neglected so to do, or to give satisfactory reasons for his continuance of absence, and sentence that he be cashired.
[Note 70: Lieut. John Meacham (Meachem).]
The Commander in chief approves the opinion of the Court.
Head Quarters, December 20, 1782.
Sir: In consequence of a Resolve of Congress I some time since directed an inscription, with some devices to be engraven on the Cannon to be presented to Count Rochambeau and inclosed is a Certificate of Genl Knox relative to the execution of the work and its price.
In answer to Mr. Billings71 application to me for his pay I informed him I would write you on the subject and did not doubt you would order Payment to be made. I have the honor etc.72
[Note 71: Andrew Billings(?), of Poughkeepsie, N.Y.]
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, December 20, 1782.
Sir: Apprehensive that the passage of the North River, will soon be obstructed, if not totally shut up by the ice; so as to render it impossible to transport Cattle or other supplies from the eastern side to this Army. I have thought it necessary to mention the circumstance, in season, that you might be provided against the contingency, and fall upon some resource to insure the supplies thro' the severity of the Winter. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, December 20, 1782.
Parole Newcastle. Countersigns Orangetown, Philadelphia.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Putnam, Lt. Col. Mellon.
For duty tomorrow the 5th. Massa. regiment.
All the Marques, Wall and other tents in the line are to be delivered to the Quartermaster General as soon as the troops have removed into their hutts; particular attention must be paid by the regimental Quartermasters to see that the Marques and tents are perfectly dry and in good order when they are returned in. The Quarter Master General will make an exact return by the 20th. January to Head Quarters of the number and quality of the tents issued last Campaign to the several regiments reporting at the same time the number and condition of those returned in by each corps; measures are then to be taken to repair them compleatly for the next Campaign.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, December 21, 1782.
Parole Quakertown. Countersigns Ringwood, Simsbury.
For the day tomorrow Major Trescot, Majr. Gibbs.
For duty tomorrow, the Maryland Detachment.
Head Quarters, December 22, 1782.
Dear Sir: I am favored with yours of the 20th. The Money you have recd. for Governor Harrison, agreeable to his desire, you will be pleased to remit to Mr. Saml Inglis of Philadelphia, or inform him it is in your hand, subject to his Orders.
I have also to request you will inform Messrs John Channing, Peter Taylor and Aaron Loocock,74 whose Petition you
[Note 74: Of South Carolina. Their petition, dated Dec. 18, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.] inclosed to me, that Congress having recommended that no "Subjects of His Britannic Majesty coming directly or indirectly from any parts of the British Dominions be admitted into any of the United States during the War"; therefore no Power inferior to that Honble Body will grant the indulgence they solicit. if, however these Gentlemen choose to apply to the Executive of the State to which they formerly belonged, or to the Delegates from that State now in Congress to make interest for them, Letters for the purpose may be forwarded; but until permission is obtained from the Sovereign Power as before mentioned no Passports will be granted.
As I mentioned in a former Letter, I will send you by the first good opportunity, three or four Guineas to procure Forage; after which you will make the best Arrangement in your power with the Qr Mastr for a further supply. I am etc.
P.S. I wish you to ascertain the number of Vessels in the fleet destined for England; and whether there are any Men except Invalids on board.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, December 22, 1782.
Parole Tavistock. Countersigns Unity, Windham.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Cortlandt, Majr. Darby.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Jersey regiment.
Colonel Putnam, Colonel H. Jackson and Major Gibbs are to constitute a board and meet tomorrow at such place as shall be agreed upon by them, for the purpose of ascertaining the facts relative to an agreement said to have been made between Captain Jackson76 of the 3d. and Captain Pillsbury77 of the 6th. Massachusetts regiments in consequence of the resolution of Congress of the 7th. of August and previous to the 26th. ultimo, by which the former (as is alledged) was to have continued in service in the room of the latter.
[Note 76: Capt. Simon Jackson. He was transferred to the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783; served to June, 1784.]
[Note 77: Capt. Daniel Pilsbury. He retired in January, 1783.]
All concerned are directed to attend. The Board will report the circumstances, and their opinion thereon before the 25th. instant.
A party proportioned to the number of Tools which the Quarter Master General can supply is to be employed daily in opening a communication between Head Quarters and Camp, untill that necessary business is compleated. The Assistant Quarter Master with the army will direct a proper person to superintend the work.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, December 23, 1782.
Parole Aylesbury. Countersigns Brookland, Coventry.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Tupper, Major Graham.
For duty tomorrow the first Newyork regiment.
The board of General officers appointed in the orders of the 16th. instant to determine the dispute respecting numbering the regiments of Connecticut in the reformation of that Line which is to take place on the first day of January next, having reported unanimously as their opinion that the rank of the regiments ought to continue the same it has been since the first of January 1780.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the board.
Returns are to be immediately made to the Assistant Clothier of the number of men entitled to cloathing for the year 1783, agreably to the resolution of Congress of the 18th. June 1781. The returns are to be very accurate and seigned by the Paymaster, and countersigned by the officers Commanding the regiment and brigade. The men whose term of service expires before the first of November next to be enserted in three seperate Collumns, the first containing the men who have three, the second who have six, and the third such as have nine months to serve from the first of November last.
The difficulty of transportation having delayed a considerable proportion of the Shirts which are ready made in Philadelphia and which may now soon be expected; those which have arived are to be drawn for by lot, by the several regiments, for which purpose the regimental Paymasters will attend with their returns at the cloathing store in Newburgh at three o'clock on Wednesday next. The Assistant Clothier has instructions on the subject.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 23, 1782.
Sir: Altho' I cannot help feeling an extreme reluctance at parting with the veteran and faithful Officers of the Army I have the honor to command, before the conclusion of the War; yet when I am convinced by any of them, that their constitution is entirely ruined; and their impaired state of health such as renders them unfit for further duty, I cannot think it justifiable to urge them to continue, especially when there is such a provision for them to retire upon as at present; it is therefore only in consequence of the representation contained in your Letter of the 22d inst. that I am induced to acquiese, and do hereby consent to your request for retiring upon the Emoluments of the Act of Congress of the 19th of Novr last.
I beg you will be pleased to accept my sincere wishes for the recovery of your health and believe that I am etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of David Humphrey's.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 23, [1782].
Sir: You will proceed as expeditiously as may be, with the Letter now committed to you, addressed to Thomas Chittenden Esqr. of Bennington; and deliver the same to him, you will be careful to take a receipt for the delivery of the Letter, and return directly to Head Quarters with it.78
Newburgh, December 23, 1782.
Dear Sir: By yesterday's Post, I received advice of the completion of the Bargain mentioned in my last letter to your Excelly., and that I should be drawn upon in a few days for the amount viz: £1880 Virginia currency, which differs from the curry. of this State, one third; Dollars in Virgia. passing for no more than six shillings.
I shall take the liberty of calling upon your Excellency with my Bond for this money in the course of two or three days, lest any impediment in the river should occasion a disappointment.
The Gentleman to whom the money is to be paid, wishes to have it lodged in Philadelphia. If your Excellency knows any person on whom dependance can be placed, that would receive the money here and give a draft for it there, I shall thank you for mentioning it, when I have the pleasure of seeing you. I am, etc.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, December 24, 1782.
Parole Derby. Countersigns Epping, Fredericksburgh.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Col. Hull, Major Morrell.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Newyork regiment.
The Board assembled for the purpose of ascertaining the facts relative to an agreement said to have been made between Captains Jackson of the 3d. and Pillsbury of the 6th. Massachusetts regiments, report it as their opinion that an exchange was fully effected before the promulgation of the resolution of Congress of the 19th. November last; and that Captain Jackson ought to continue in service in room of Captn. Pillsbury.
The Commander in Chief, approves the opinion of the Board.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 24, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's Letter of the 18th of this Month with one for the Marquis de Vaudreuil which was sealed and forwarded by express immediately, and I am exceedingly obliged to your Excellency for the communication of its contents. As the Marquis informs me he should sail the 22d. I am fearfull that Baron Fuchs, who passed here the 23d in the morning will not arrive in time.
The British have a Packet arrived which left England the 3d or 4th of November, the papers published since her arrival give us nothing new, with much esteem etc.80
[Note 80: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Newburgh, December 24, 1782.
Sir: As it was your opinion when you honored the Army with your presence in October last and [was] clearly mine, that the two Regimts. of New Jersey and New Hampshire and the Regt. of Rhode Island, had better remain [entire Corps]81 [un]till the States to which they respectively belonged should (on application [being made to them]) determine whether they would recruit [these Corps]82 to the number required by Congress or not, and as the States of New Jersey and New Hampshire [have] resolved to Recruit their said Regs. to 500 Rank and file each, [I am now more fully convinced that]83 we ought [at least] to wait the Issue of [these measures before a reduction shall take place.]84 Policy, true Interest and every other consideration point so strongly to the [expediency of this]85 that I hope there can be [no hesitation in complying with it.]86 To you Sir, who know the disadvantages of broken Corps in all Military arrangements and dispositions [especially]87 how expensive they are; how impracticable it is to establish good oeconomy in them; keep up a proper police; and prevent them from mouldering away; no Arguments can be
[Note 81: Washington had written "as they were," but Humphreys crossed this off and substituted the words in brackets.]
[Note 82: Washington had written "them."]
[Note 83: Washington had written "it is clearly my opinion that" which Humphreys crossed off and substituted the words in brackets.]
[Note 84: Washington had written "it."]
[Note 85: Washington had written "measure."]
[Note 86: Washington had written "no doubt of the measure."]
[Note 87: Washington had written "of an Army."] necessary and I perswade myself that on your representation of the matter, Congress will suffer them to remain and take the Chance of Recruiting. [After all events in the present temper of the Army, there appears to have been good policy in postponing the reduction of these Regts. until the derangement of the larger Lines was effected.]
In the [Lines]88 of Massachusetts and Connecticut, where the reduction could be made without involving the evil of broken Corps the arrangement has taken place; [the 10 Regiments] of the former having [been] reduced to 8, the [5 of the latter]89 to three. I have the honor etc.90
[Note 88: Washington had written "State,"]
[Note 89: Washington had written the last phrase, "the former having her to Regts reduced to 8; the latter 5 reduced to three."]
[Note 90: All the words within brackets are in the writing of Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 24, 1782.
Sir: I have been favored with your Excellency's three several Letters of the 11th and 12th instant: covering the report of the Judge Advocate of your Army respecting a farther inquisition which had been proposed to be made into the murder of Capt. Huddy; a representation of Lieut. Reinking relative to the treatment of the German Prisoners at Reading; and a Passport for a Vessel to proceed from Philadelphia to New York with necessaries for our Naval Prisoners.
I should have done myself the honor of acknowledging the receipt of these Dispatches some days sooner, had I been myself sufficiently possessed of the facts to have given so particular and explicit an ansr. to Mr. Reinkings representation as I wished, without having recourse to the Gentleman who was immediately concerned in the safe keeping of the Prisoners of War; having obtained a reply from the Honble the Secy at War to my Letter on this subject, I now take the liberty of inclosing a Copy of it to your Excelleny.91
[Note 91: A copy of Secretary Lincoln's letter to Washington, Dec. 22, 1782, is in the Washington Papers.]
I am much obliged by your mentioning the state of the American Marine Prisoners. As the management of that business was properly in the Department of the Agent of Marine, I have given an extract of your Letter to Mr Morris, and flatter myself the necessary relief will be provided for them without loss of time.
Some time previous to the receipt of your Letter, in which you mention the situation of Captain Schaak, permission had been given for that Gentleman to go into New York on his Parole, and I am unacquainted with the reasons which have prevented his arrival at that place. I have the honor etc.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 24, 1782.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 7th inst. has been duly received. Agreeably to your request I enclose Discharges for the Men you have mentioned by name; whenever there are any other instances in which you think the good of the service will be promoted by similar exchanges, I shall not hesitate to give my assent thereto.
At the same time, I am very happy to hear you are to continue in service, I am extremely distressed with a consideration of the disagreeable feelings and prospects of many of the brave Officers, from whose zeal experience and ability the Public has derived such essential services, and who are now to bid adieu to their Military connections.
Altho' it may not be in the power of our Country and the present age to do ample justice to the Merits of those gallant Officers and Men who have composed the American Army, and by their bravery and perseverance effected the Independence of this vast Continent; yet a pleasing conciousness of having been instrumental in producing so great an event, and a re flexion that the unbiassed World and Posterity will view their exertions in the fairest point of light, will soothe many an anxious hour. and I cannot but hope the sweets of liberty, peace, and domestic enjoyment, are yet to be tasted by those who have shared so freely in the fatigues and dangers of procuring these inestimable blessings for others. With sentiments of the highest esteem etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat, of the original, kindly furnished by Miss Eleanore Bruno, of Ridley Park, Pa.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 24, 1782.
Dear Sir: In answer to your favor of the 14th enclosing an application from Lieut Greene of your Regt. to retire from service, I have to inform you, that, (by the explanation of the Secretary at War) the Emoluments of the Act of Congress of the 19th of Novr last, were not intended to extend to any Officers except such as belong to the Lines which are reduced; therefore the request respecting Lieut Greene, however deserving he may be, cannot be complied with, unless a derangement should take place in your Corps; and this you know will ultimately depend upon the States compleating or not compleating the Regt to the proposed establishment of 500 Rank and File.
Perhaps Mr Greene had better wait the event, and if the reduction should be carried into execution avail himself of it; otherwise it will be at his option to make his resignation at any time. I am etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of David Humphreys.
Washington inclosed this letter In a brief note (December 25) to Lord Stirling, asking him to forward it. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[R.I.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, December 25, 1782.
Parole Groton. Countersigns Haverhill, Ilchester.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Cochran, Major Lansdale.
For duty tomorrow the 1st. Newhampshire regiment.
Untill further orders the old and New field officers of the day and commanding officers of Patrolls are to meet every morning at 10 o'clock on the left of the third Massachusetts Brigade; when the officers to be relieved will make their reports and communicate every material occurrence to those who relieve them. The field officers for the day will at the same time regulate the routs for the Patrols and give the officers commanding them their instructions.
The General highly approves the proposal made by the Revd. Doctr. Evans95 for erecting a public Building and consents to the General and field officers meeting to determine on the situation and plan for it: the Doctor therefore requests that those who are desirous of promoting so usefull a Scheme will be pleased to meet at Major General Gates's quarters tomorrow morning ten o'clock.
[Note 95: Rev. Israel Evans, chaplain of the New York brigade. He retired in June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 25, 1782.
Sir: The bad state of Affairs in your Department is such as makes your presence indispensably necessary with the Army. The complaints of all from the Major General down to the lowest Staff Officer entitled to keep a Horse, are aggravated to the highest possible degree on account of the continual want of forage. As a specimen of the distress which has fallen under my own observation, you may be assured my Horses have been four days without a handful of Hay, and three of the same without a mouthful of grain; since which I have been induced to order forage to be purchased with my own private Money at any expence, rather than see them perish before my eyes; but I am now informed it is fourteen days since the Horses of the Army have had either long or short feed of any kind whatever. All business which ought to be performed by Officers serving on horseback must cease to be done. Some of the General Officers have sent every Horse into the Country; others have notified me that it will not be possible for them to attend at Head Quarters on any occasion, even the most pressing, their Horses being too weak to carry them, and they unable to walk so great a distance: Nor can I expect the Field Officers of the day to perform their duties any longer. There is another public inconveniency which will probably happen, and of which it will be proper to give the Post Master Genl timely notice, that is, the total incapacity of the Dragoon Horses destined to escort or rather to carry the Mail to proceed any longer. He must therefore expect that in which this Letter goes to be the last which will be received from the Eastward thro' this mode of conveyance, until new Arrangements shall take place; as the Dragoons were obliged to bring the last Weeks mail from Morris Town a considerable part of the distance on their backs, and as their Horses have had no forage from that day to the present. How far these evils are absolutely irremediable I do not undertake to decide; but if they can be avoided, I am certain I need not in addition to all the other ill consequences, attempt to enforce the ill economy which must result from this unparalleled scarcity, by an example which General Gates has just mentioned, that for want of five pounds worth of forage he has lost a public Team of Horses worth more than £100.
My principal objects, Sir in giving you this detail of particulars are to convince you that the distresses and clamours for want of forage have never been so great at any former time as at the present Moment, to request you will lay a state of the Matter before the Superintendt of Finance, and after making the best Arrangements in your power to procure a future supply, that you will proceed without loss of time to join the Army. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 25, 1782.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with the receipt of your Letter of the 15th inst. concerning the reduction of your Regiment; and have conversed with the Secretary at War on the subject: that Gentleman (on whose determination will depend the particular modes to be adopted in the reformation of the Lines not serving immediately under my Orders) has gone to the Eastward, without deciding any thing positively as to the reduction of the Cavalry; however it appeared to me, to be his prevailing opinion that as your Legion could not remain entire, but must be reduced to the broken part of a Corps, it would be best to annex the Company of Infantry as a flank Company to one of the three Regts of the Pennsylvania Line, still allowing the Officers and Men the Pay and Emoluments they formerly enjoyed; should this be the case, or at any rate, I imagine the remainder of the Legion will soon be too small a command for even a single Field Officer of any grade.
But as nothing can be ultimately determined upon before the return of Genl Lincoln, and as some event may happen or intelligence arrive in the mean time, which will lead to an alteration in the plan of Arrangement; I thought it expedient to take the first opportunity to advise you of these particulars, and to assure you (whatever the circumstances of the Public or the Service may eventually require) of the unalterable esteem etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 25, 1782.
Sir: I have sent orders to Colonel Humpton in Philadelphia, to send on immediately all the recruits who have been inlisted from among the Prisoners of War. Colonel Humpton is to send them as far as Princeton and I must desire you to send a sufficient number of Officers to meet them there and conduct them to this place; their numbers I believe amount to about 120 or 130. Provision is to be furnished them to Philadelphia to bring them to Pompton and the necessary Waggons to convey their Provision and baggage to the Army.
You will please to give the necessary Instructions to the Officer who is to take charge of them, recommending the strictest regularity during the March. Colonel Humpton is to advise you by express the day they are to arrive at Princeton. I am &c.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, December 25, 1782.
Sir: The Recruits raised from among the Prisoners of War are to be sent on as soon as possible to the Army. Immediately therefore on the rect of this you will please to have them put under the direction of a proper number of the most prudent Officers you have under your Command, and sent to Princeton, where Officers will be Ordered to attend and bring them forward.
As I believe there is no issuing Store between Philadelphia and Pompton you will have them furnished with Provision to carry them to the latter place, and you will apply to the Quarter Mr General or his Deputy for the necessary assistance to convey their Provision and baggage to the Army.
Previous to their March you will send an Express to General Hazen who commands at Pumpton acquainting him of the time they will arrive at Princeton that he may order the Officers who are to take charge of them from that place, to be there in proper time.
You will give the necessary instructions to the Officer you send, to observe the strictest regularity on the march and to take every precaution against desertion.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 25, 1782.
Sir: I have received the two Letters you did me the honor to write on the 17th inst.
By the inclosed Return of Horses to which Forage was issued a few days since, you will be convinced the number is much smaller than ever was kept with an Army of equal strength before. Sensible of the difficulty of procuring large supplies in the vicinity of the Cantonment, I had directed all but those Horses I judged essential to the service, to be removed from the Army; that Order was punctually executed, and I flattered myself the Remainder might be subsisted without difficulty. But, Sir, you will be informed by the Qr. Mastr Genl (to whose representation I beg leave to refer you) that the contrary has happened, that the Officers are greatly perplexed, and the service extremely embarrassed on account of the unparallelled deficiency of this Article.
Requesting your earliest attention to an object which I consider of so great importance, I remain with perfect esteem &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 25, 1782.
Sir: I have now the honor to inclose your Excellency a Letter from Sir Guy Carleton, and to acquaint you that One hundred and Eighty seven Guineas and a half and one Dollar equal to £262.16 Virga. Curry. has been paid into the hands of Colonel Smith2 our Commissary of Prisoners on your account, which sum I have directed Colonel Smith to transmit to Mr. Samuel Inglis of Philadelphia agreably to your desire.
[Note 2: Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith.]
I have also to inclose your Excellency copy of a Letter I have received from the Secy at War on the Subject of recruiting for the Infantry only. I am perfectly of opinion with that Gentleman not only so far as it respects your State, but the Continent at large and besides the reasons he mentions, the very heavy expence of procuring and subsisting Cavalry must in our circumstances be a sufficient Argument against raising more than absolute necessity requires. Should your Excellency think with us I must beg you to take the necessary measures to carry this opinion into execution so far as respects the Troops of your State.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, December 26, 1782.
Sir: As a reward for the signal gallantry of Captain Caleb Brewster of the 2d. Regt. of Artillery and the Officers and Men under his command, in capturing on the Sound two Armed Boats then in the service of the King of Great Britain, and commanded by Captains Hoyt and --, You are hereby authorized to cause the said Boats, with all the property taken therein, to be disposed of for the benefit of the Captors and duly shared among them. I am &c.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, December 26, 1782.
Parole Killingsley. Countersigns Lebanon, Milford.
For the day tomorrow Major Forman, Major Reading.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Newhampshire regiment.
Major Morrell is appointed a member of the Genl. courtmartial of which Colonel Greaton is president, vice Lieutenant Colonel Fernald.
The honorable the congress have been pleased to pass the following resolves vizt.
By the United States in Congress Aug. 1, 1782.
Resolved, That the adjutant general be appointed by Congress from the general officers, colonels, lieutenant colonel commandants, or lieutenant colonels in the army; his pay shall be one hundred and twenty-five dollars per month; he shall receive four rations per day, and twenty-five dollars and one-third per month subsistence. The adjutant general shall also be allowed forage for four riding horses, and be furnished with two four-horse and one two-horse covered waggons for the transportation of his official papers, his own, his assistants' and clerk's baggage. He shall have two assistants and one clerk, to be appointed by himself, and approved of by the Commander in Chief. The assistants shall be majors or captains in the army; the pay of each shall be fifty dollars per month, one ration and a half per day, eight dollars per month subsistance, and forage for two riding horses. The assistants shall be allowed each six dollars and two-thirds of a dollar per month for servants' wages, and the cloathing and rations allowed to a private soldier. The clerk shall be a subaltern or volunteer in the army; his pay shall be forty dollars per month, he shall draw one ration per day, and receive six dollars and one-third of a dollar per month subsistence.
That there be as many deputies adjutant general of the rank of field officers as there may be seperate armies in the United States, that consist of one or more divisions, to be appointed occasionally by the commanding officer of such army, whose names shall be returned to the Commander in Chief for his approbation.
That the deputy adjutants general shall each receive seventy-five dollars per month pay, two rations per day, and twelve dollars and two-thirds per month subsistance, forage for three riding horses, one four-horse and one two-horse covered waggons, for the transportation of the official papers, there own and assistants' baggage.
The deputy adjutants general shall each appoint one assistant, of the rank of major or captain, who shall be approved of by the commanding officer under whom they serve. The assistants appointed and approved as aforesaid, shall each receive the same pay and allowances as are given above to an assistant of the adjutant general.
That there be one major of brigade to each brigade in the armies of the United States, whether of cavalry, artillery, or infantry, who shall be appointed by the Commander in Chief or commanding officer of a seperate army as occasion may require, upon the recommendation of the adjutant general, or the deputy adjutant general as the case may be, and they shall each receive the same pay and allowances, as is given to the assistant of the adjutant general by the foregoing resolutions:
That the provisions hereby made for the respective officers aforesaid, shall be in full compensation for their services, and of all pay and allowances to which they may be entitled from their rank in the army: These regulations shall take effect on the first day of January next, and from thenceforth that all acts, resolutions, pay and appointments heretofore made in any wise respecting the department of adjutant general and brigade majors, shall cease and are hereby repealed.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 26, 1782.
Sir: In compliance with the request of the Civil Authority and Select Men of the Town of Fairfield communicated in your Letter of the 23d of Novr. I have sent the Infantry of Sheldon's Legion under the Orders of Major Tallmadge to take Quarters in that place.
I beg, Sir, you will be assured nothing could be more agreeable to me, than your laudable exertions to prevent that pernicious intercourse with the Enemy, which has become so extensive and alarming; and that I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, December 27, 1782.
Dear Smith: The Commander in Chief who has just gone to Poughkeepsie, has left it in charge with me to acknowledge the receipt of your Letter of the 25th. and to inform you that he has no objections to your coming to the Army for the purposes you mention; at which time your friends will be very happy to see you at Head Quarters. Mrs. Washington (who desires me to present her Complts to you) has often expressed a wish to that effect since her arrival.
Orders will be lodged by this conveyance at Kings Ferry to forward your Dispatches.12 I inclose a number of late Papers for your amusement, and remain with great sincerity, etc.
[Note 12: Humphreys wrote (December 27) to the commanding officer at Kings Ferry that the Commander in Chief orders that all dispatches received from, and franked by, Lieutenant Colonel Smith at Dobbs Ferry were to be forwarded immediately to headquarters by a trusty noncommissioned officer or soldier. "This to be considered as a standing order." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. The Genl desires you will forward the Letter to Sir Guy Carleton by Flag.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A D. Camp."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, December 27, 1782.
Parole Newport. Countersigns Oysterbay, Pompet.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Vanscaick, Major Fish.
For duty tomorrow the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
Commanding officers of Brigades and Regiments are desired to meet the Contractors, who are to supply the army with Provisions from the first of January, at Majr. General Howes Quarters, on Sunday next, at 11 o'clock A.M. in order to agree upon some points relative to the issues.
Regulations for the Quarter Master Generals Department.
By the United States in Congress Assembled October 23, 1782.
Resolved,...14
[Note 14: The omitted portion, being the long resolves of Congress. and to be easily found in the printed Journals of the Continental Congress of Oct. 23, 1782, is not repeated here.]
In Congress October 29, 1782.
Resolved,...15
[Note 15: The omitted portion, being the concluding resolves of Congress, regulating the Quartermaster General's Department, and easily found in the printed Journals of the Continental Congress of Oct. 29, 1782, is not repeated here.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, December 28, 1782.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Rutland, Stockbridge.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Putnam, Major Oliver.
For duty tomorrow the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Superintendent of Finance and the Secretary at war having taken into consideration, the difficulties which have arisen in the modes of Issuing Provisions under the Contracts and also the intricases which have taken place in the stating and setling of accounts by reason whereof the Army have been in some instances injured; and if timely remedy be not provided, frauds might be committed. for the prevention whereof in future, they have determined on the following Plan.
OFFICERS
The Superintendent will put into the hands of the Paymaster Genl. the full amount of the Subsistance money allowed by Congress of which a List is annexed, either in money or notes, payable at a month from the time of delivery, and the Paymaster shall cause to be paid to every officer, the amount of his subsistance money at the commencement of every month in advance for that month, so that the officer may be furnished with the means of supplying himself according to his rank, the Contractors shall receive those Notes as Cash, and shall furnish the Articles of the ration at the prices stipulated in their Contracts respectively to the officers for such Notes, or money, subject nevertheless to the conditions which may be expressed in their Contracts, of consequence no rations will be drawn by the officers.
NON-COMMISSIONED AND PRIVATES
To obviate any difficulties which may arise on this subject it is to be considered as a general rule that the Contractors issue Provisions on Returns in the form for that purpose annexed marked No. 4 A, provided they be signed by a Commissioned officer, who after his name shall specify his rank and the regiment or corps to which he belongs, and if under the rank of a Field officer the Company also; and provided that the regiment or Corps and the several dates be inserted in the proper blanks left for that purpose, that the names of the companies, the number of days drawn for, and the number of rations drawn by each company be also inserted in the proper Columns; and that the whole number of rations drawn be written at length in the order for Provisions at the bottom of the return, on which return shall be a receipt by the person receiving them, specifying the place and time of the issue, the Contract under which it was made, and the number of rations delivered, which last shall be written at full length.
But for the greater order regularity and simplicity in conducting the business, Provision returns of the whole regiment or corps are to be made out together wherever circumstances will permit, and countersigned by the Commanding officer of such corps, the above regulation for Issuing on the Order of every commissioned officer being made to provide for the contingencies of service and from a conviction that no officer will draw provisions improperly. But for the better prevention of those frauds which a variety of signatures might give occasion for, If any of the Issues of Provision or others should be tempted to commit them; the Contractors must make out, from these returns, a Monthly Abstract of the Issues, in the form annexed marked No 4 B, this abstract is to exhibit to the Commanding officer of the regiment or corps, who is to compare it with the returns and receipts and if supported by them to sign the Certificate (any over issues notwithstanding, and retain the several vouchers), but it be his duty to examine whether more provisions have been drawn for than are allowed, and if so to call the delinquents to account in such manner as by General orders shall be from time to time provided; and in order that the most clear and certain rules may be established, it is further provided that, on every fifteen men actually in a regiment or corps, there shall be allowed a draught for sixteen rations, so as to supply the women of the regiment or corps, that is to say the rations drawn may exceed the number of Noncommissioned and privates one fifteenth. The Commanding officer of the regiment will apportion this excess as circumstances shall require.
It is further to be observed that the men in Hospital are to be provided there, that the Servants not bearing arms are to be provided by their Masters, to whom an adequate allowance of subsistence money is made for that purpose, and that men employed in the civil departments, are to be drawn for in those departments. for these therefore, as well as for the absent on furlough, no rations are to be drawn in the manner prescribed for Noncommissioned and Privates. When a Detachment from any regiment or corps is marched beyond the limits of the Contract, in which the commanding officer is stationed, the officer of the Detachment is to certify to him the number of days drawn for and under what Contracts, so that the monthly Abstract may be checked by such certificate, a copy whereof, seigned by the Commanding officer of the corps is to be transmitted to the war office, to check the accounts of the Contractors against such Detachment. Officers commanding regiments, will observe that the care of public property is by this regulation confidentially committed to them, and they will undoubtedly justify this confidence by their vigilence and attention.
CIVIL DEPARTMENTS
The rations to be drawn for in the Quartermasters Commissary of Military stores, and Hospital Departments shall be according to the form annexed No. 5 A, the several blanks are to be filled up as is already mentioned under the title of Noncommissioned and privates and further the name of the Departmt., the particular denomination of persons employed in it, and the number of such persons are to be inserted in the proper places as well as the number of days and rations: and also the regiments and companies to which any soldier belongs who may be employed in such department. The Returns for the Quarter Masters Department are to be seigned by the Quarter or Deputy Quarter Master General, Waggon master or his Deputy, Commissary or Deputy Commissary of forage, Director or Deputy Director of a Company of Artificers, those for the Commissary of Military stores department are to be seigned by the principal officer at that post or place, and those for the hospital Department by the principal Medical officer at the post or place, and every person seigning a return is to add his rank station or employment.
From those returns respectively and the receipts thereon, the Contractors are to make out a monthly abstract for each Departmt. in the annexed form No 5. B, in which is to be inserted the number of soldiers employed, and the regiments to which they belong, but not the companies, These abstracts are to be compared, examined and certifyed by the principal of the respective departments, within the limits of the Contract, whose duty it will be to retain the Vouchers and compare them with the state of his department; and if any frauds have been committed, to detect and report them.
SICK AND CONVALESCENTS
Provisions and stores for the sick and Convalescents are to be drawn on returns of which duplicates shall be seigned by the principal Medical officer of the hospital at which they shall be, of which returns the Contractors shall reserve the original to support his accounts, and shall transmit the duplicate to the director of the hospitals. These returns shall be in the annexed form No 6, in which shall be inserted the place at which the hospital is kept, the Contract under which the draught is made, and the dates within the blanks for that purpose: within the proper columns shall be inserted the rank of the persons, the Company and regiment to which they belong, the number of days drawn for, the number of sick and the number of Convalescents and, in the Collumns for that purpose designated shall be inserted, the quantities of the several articles of Provisions and stores drawn for, and on each of these returns shall be given a receipt by the steward of the hospital, for all the articles actually drawn, containing the quantities of each in words at Full length.
PRISONERS
Full rations for Prisoners are to consist of the following articles of the Soldiers rations--Bread, Beef or Pork, soap, salt and Vinegar these are to be drawn on returns in the annexed form No. 7.--in the first Collumn is to be inserted the rank, in the second the number of persons in the third the proportion of the ration (whether the whole or only a fractional part) in the fourth the number of days and in the fifth the number of full rations, these are to be seigned by the intendent of Prisoners, and by some Commissioned officer in the British service and counterseigned by the Commanding officer at the post. The receipt indorsed on the return is to contain the quantities of the Articles actually issued in words at full length. When prisoners shall be at places where there is no intendent, the American officer who has the care of them shall countersign the return which shall be seigned by some British Commissioned officer; and when no British officer is present, the American officer shall certify that there is not, and the Return shall be seigned by some other of the prisoners.
CONTRACTORS
The Contractors shall issue provisions and Stores in the manner herein before mentioned, but they are not to expect any allowances for issues on informal or defective returns or receipts, there accounts shall be made out as follows from the abstracts in the form annexed No 4. B, and No 5. B, shall be made out the account of rations in the annexed form No. 1. which shall contain in the first Collumn the names of the regiments or corps and of the Departments, in the second the number with which they shall have endorsed the abstracts by which the account is supported and in the third Collumn the number of rations vouched by the particular abstract referred to; from the returns, in the form annexed No 6, shall be made out the account of Provisions and Stores issued to the sick and Convalescents in the annexed form No. 2 in the first Column of which shall be inserted the name of the Hospital for which the issues were made, in the second the number indorsed by them on the returns by which the account is supported, and in the succeeding Column the several articles vouched by the particular returns referred to, from the returns in the form annexed No. 7 shall be made out the account of Provisions issued to Prisoners of war in the annexed form No 3 in the first column of which shall be inserted the name of the place at which the issues were made, in the second the number indorsed by them on the returns, and in the succeeding columns, the several articles vouched by the receipts on the particular Returns referred to. From the three subordinate accounts last mentioned made out in the forms annexed No. 1. 2. and 3 shall be made out the general account in the form annexed for that purpose, which general and subordinate accounts, with the several vouchers to support them shall be exhibited in an orderly and regular manner to the Treasury for settlement. The Contractors are on no account to issue any due bills, they are to provide the articles contracted for, and where that shall not be in their power, the deficient articles, if not otherwise provided at the expence of the Contractors, shall be paid for in money at the Contract price.
[Note 16: The letters "D. N." meaning dollars and ninetieths of a dollar.]
At ... the ... day of ... 1783 Received on the within
Return of following articles, to wit--
Head Quarters, December 29, 1782.
Sir: I have the honor of enclosing to Your Excellency, under a flying seal, a Letter to the Count de Rochambeau; it accompanies the Cannon presented to him by Congress; should the Count have left the Continent previous to their arrival, agreeably to his direction, I must request you will have the goodness to take charge of these Pieces, and of the Carriages which will also be sent to your Orders.
This Letter will be handed to Your Excellency by a Sergeant of Artillery,17 who has the care of transporting the Cannon, and will be responsible that they are delivered in good order at Philadelphia.
[Note 17: Sergeant Smith, of the Second Continental Artillery, the draft of whose instructions, dated Dec. 29, 1782, are in the Washington Papers.]
I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, December 29, 1782.
Sir: You will please to take immediate measures to dissolve the chain of Dragoons and discharge the Expresses stationed between this and Boston, assuring them and the People who have furnished Provisions and Forage that the accounts will be paid as soon as they can be sent to Philadelphia and the Money obtained. Sheldon's Dragoons are to join their Corps.
An Accurate state of the expences properly attested will be wanted immediately to be transmitted to the Minister of France. I am etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 29, 1782.
Sir: It is with infinite satisfaction, I embrace the earliest opportunity of sending to Philadelphia the Cannon which Congress were pleased to present to your Excellency in testimony of their Sense of the illustrious part you bore in the capture of the British Army under Lord Cornwallis at York in Virginia. The Carriages will follow by another Conveyance; but as they were not quite ready, I could not resist the pleasure, on that account, of forwarding these Pieces to Your Excellency previous to your departure, in hopes the Inscriptions and Devices as well as the Execution may be agreeable to your Wishes.
With Sentiments of perfect respect etc.
[Note 20: Barber was a subinspector of the Continental Army. He had been wounded at Yorktown, Va. Cogswell was the Wagonmaster General of the Continental Army.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 29, 1782.
Gentlemen: You are hereby particularly appointed to inspect the Horses of Sheldon's Legion; for which purpose you will repair as soon as may be to the Quarters of that Corps at Danbury and the adjacent Towns. It is much my wish that your inspection and examination into the state and quality of the Horses should be as accurate as possible; And you are authorized and directed to suffer only those to continue in the Corps, which in your judgment will be fit for the Dragoon service the next Campaign, [that the Public may not be burthened with unnecesy expence]. All the others, that is, such as in your opinion will be unfit for that service, you will discriminate accordingly and having mustered them out, will cause them to be delivered to the Qr Mastr Genl to be sold, or otherwise disposed of in such manner as he shall think proper.
P.S. After having compleated the business committed to you, a Report is to be given to Head Quarters.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 22: Paymaster General of the Continental Army, then in Philadelphia.]
Head Quarters, December 29, 1782.
Sir: The Bearer Mr. James Catterline has my Warrant on you for forty dollars which he is to receive for transporting the Cannon presented by Congress to Count Rochambeau from this place to Philadelphia.
If it should happen that you have no money in hand to answer the contingent Expences of the Army I must request you to call on Mr. Morris for so much as will answer the present purpose. I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, December 29, 1782.
Parole Turnbridge. Countersigns Utrecht, Woodford
For the day Tomorrow Lieutenant Colo. Mellen, Major Trescot.
For duty tomorrow the 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
A General courtmartial whereof Colonel Putnam is appointed President, will assemble at the Presidents quarters tomorrow morning for the trial of Major Reid24 and such persons
[Note 24: Maj. James Randolph Reid.] as may come before them: Lieutenant Colonel Hull, Major Lansdale, Two Captains from the Jersey: Two from the York, one from the Hampshire, two from the 1st. Massachusetts, two from the 2d. and one from the 3d. Brigades to attend as members.
AFTER ORDERS
Major Gibbs is appointed officer of the day tomorrow vice Lieutenant Colonel Mellen.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, December 30, 1782.
Parole Armiens. Countersigns Brest, Claremont.
For the day Tomorrow Col. Cortlandt, Major Darby. For duty tomorrow the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
[Note 25: Postmaster with the Army at Fishkill, N.Y.]
Head Quarters, December 30, 1782.
Sir: His Excellency the Commander in Chief directs me to inform you, that the Dragoon Horses will not be able to proceed any longer with the Mail, on account of the total want of forage. And therefore it will be necessary for you to procure a Rider to carry the next Mail without an escort and to continue the conveyance in the same mode, or it cannot be forwarded. The General has, some days ago, desired Col Pickering who is in Philadelphia to acquaint the Post Mastr General this would be the case, unless an alteration in the Arrangements for forage immediately took place: There is now absolutely no alternative left, the Dragoons are ordered to join their Corps. I am, etc.
P.S. If you will send Mrs Washington, Watts'26 Psalms and Hymns with the price, the Money will be remitted to you.27
[Note 26: Isaac Watts]
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, December 31, 1782.
Sir: In answers to yours, respecting subsistance for Lt. Walker, I am directed to inform you; that the General cannot conceive that it will take him two Months to settle his Accounts, which are understood to be closed at the end of every Month. His Excellency therefore directs that he should draw one Months subsistence; however if at the expiration of that time the business should not be compleated, upon your Certificate that he has been assiduously employed in it, a farther order will be given.
As I was absent when your Letter arrived, your Orderly Man has necessarily been Detained until this Morng.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The wording of the last sentence justifies the idea that Washington signed this letter, though Humphreys evidently intended to sign it.
On December 31 Washington wrote briefly to Gen. Moses Hazen that the matter respecting Captain Duncan might remain "as at present, until further directions. All Deserters who come to your Cantonment are to be sent to Head Quarters; they may draw provisions to bring them there." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, December 31, 1782.
Parole Dieppe. Countersigns England, Fishkill.
For the day tomorrow Colonel H. Jackson, Major Graham.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.
The Contract of Messrs. Duer and Parker for furnishing the Army with rations of Provision is to take place tomorrow. The Officers and Contractors, convened at Major Genl. Howes Quarters, the 29th. instant in consequence of the Commander in chiefs order have agree'd that to accomodate service, the officers will for the present apply to their respective Commissaries on the after-noons of Tuesday, thursday, and saturday in every week, commencing their draught for the first of January on tuesday the 31st. instant, which rule will be observed except on special occasions, when for the convenience of officers in that situation the Contractors have agreed to dispence with it.
A return of the number of women in the several regiments which compose this army, certified by the Commanding officer of the corps they respectively belong to, is to be given in at the Orderly office on thursday the second of January next.
The second Jersey regiment will march for the relief of the first Massachusetts on the Lines on thursday the second of January next.
AFTER ORDERS
The notes for the subsistance of officers not having arrived, the Contractors are to proceed in issuing to them in the same manner as was practiced under the former Contract, until further orders.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 26
January 1, 1783--June 10, 1783
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
JULY, 1938
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
SEP 26 1939
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
LC
Head Quarters, January 1, 1783.
Sir: I approve of your conduct respecting the Flag. Messrs Lewis and Nicholson1 are to be permitted to proceed on their Journey, but Mr Kinloch will be under the necessity of returning back as I have informed him. Mr. Mott, who was detained some day ago may also return.
[Note 1: John Nicholson was from Virginia.]
In future Flags of truce from the Enemy properly authenticated and conducted are to be received at the New Bridge on the Croton until further directions. Other Instructions will be given in a few days on this subject to the Officer commanding on the Lines. I am &c.
P.S. You will please to send a safe guard back with Mr Kinloch if he chooses it.2
[Note 2: The draft, in the writing of David Humphreys, is inadvertently dated 1782.]
Head Quarters, January 1, 1783.
Sir: As the passage of flags by water between the Posts of Kingsbridge and Dobbs Ferry will soon become very precarious if not totally impracticable on account of the ice; I have the honour to inform your Excellency, that whenever it is found more convenient for your flags to proceed by land, they will be received by the Officer Commanding at the New Bridge on the Croton; it will therefore be optional to send them to that place or Dobbs Ferry, during the winter. I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, January 1, 1783.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the recet. of your Letter of the 29th Decr. and am extremely sorry that I cannot consistently comply with your request, Congress having by their Resolves of October last directed that "no Subjects of his Britannic Majesty coming directly or indirectly from any part of the British Dominions be admitted into any of the United States during the War."
The only mode therefore by which you may obtain the permission you desire is by an application to the Executive power of the State of which you mean to become a Citizen or to the Delegates of that State in Congress; their permission will be sufficient for me to admit you within our lines. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, January 1, 1783.
Sir: In answer to your favor of the 22nd Ulto. I have to inform you, that the Resolutions of Congress respecting Persons coming from any parts of the British Dominions into any of the United States are so pointed, that I cannot think myself at liberty to comply with your request; your only mode of application must be to the Executive of the State of Maryland, or the Delegates of that State in Congress, to whom any Letters you may think proper to write on the subject, will be forwarded from the Post of Dobbs Ferry. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, January 1, 1783.
Parole Guilford. Countersigns Hebron, Jerusalem.
For the day tomorrow Colonel Tupper, Lt. Colonel Cochran.
For duty tomorrow the 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
Discharges, and Furloughs for the persons recommended by the late Board of Inspection are lodged at the Orderly office; Commanding officers of the corps to which these men belong will make application for them that they may be registerd in the books of the regiment before they are delivered out; the dates, (blanks for which are left) are to be inserted in the discharges of those who are entitled to the Provision made by Congress, in their act of the 23d. of April 1782, at the time they are actually given. It is intended by adopting this mode, that those meritorious men who have been debilitated in service shall be borne on the rolls of their regiments and receive their Provisions and other allowances accordingly untill they have an oppertunity of returning to their own States; when ever this happens and the discharges become complete, report thereof is to be made to Head Quarters, that the dates may be registered there also.
Accurate Returns of the officers who remain in Service on the Arrangement of the Massachusetts and Connecticut Lines which is to take place this day are to be made to Head Qrs. by the Commanding officers of those lines, as soon as possible.
Head Quarters, January 2, 1783.
Dear Smith: Capt Merrit who is the bearer of this has permission from the Executive of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to go into New York for the purpose of delivering some Money to our Naval Prisoners. His Excellency desires you will facilitate the execution of this business, as much as lies in your power, by granting a flag for him to proceed by land or Water as may be most convenient, and that you will either write in his favor to the Commissy of Prisoners or forward any such Letters as may be thought necessary to procure admission for him into the Enemy's Lines. Should he receive a sum of Money in New York upon some orders he is possessed of he will be at liberty to bring it out without molestation.6 I am etc.7
[Note 6: On January 2 Humphreys wrote to General Knox, informing him of Captain [John?] Merritt's going in, and requesting a small escort for him "if it shall be thought...necessary." Humphrey's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, January 2, 1783.
Parole Kensington. Countersigns Ludlen, Martlake.
For tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Barber, Major Fish.
For duty tomorrow the 5th. Massachusetts regiment.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve:
In Congress, December 13, 1782.
Resolved that every officer whose duty requires his being on horseback, who shall have his horse killed or wounded and disabled by the enemy, or whose horse shall fall into the enemy's hands without his own manifest fault or misconduct, shall be entitled to receive of the Quartermaster general or his deputy, the just value of such horse, to be appraised on oath, or on the honor of the appraisers, if commissioned officers, provided, the same does not exceed one hundred and twenty dollars; provided also, that if the wounded or disabled horse be brought off, he shall be delivered to some officer in the quartermaster's department, whose certificate shall be necessary to entitle the owner to compensation; provided, also, that before any compensation shall be made for horses lost in manner before-mentioned, the necessary fact shall be proved to the satisfaction of the quartermaster general or his deputy, to whom application shall be made relative to any such losses as have already happend, and in future, by the certificate upon honor of at least one commissioned officer, or the oath of a Non-commissioned officer, or soldier not interested therein, countersigned by the commanding officer of the army, brigade, corps or detachment, to which the claimant did at the time belong, unless he be the general commanding where the loss accrued, in which case his own certificate upon honor shall entitle him to compensation in manner aforesaid. This resolution to have retrospect to the first day of January 1779: this resolution not to extend to officers who have already received compensation for horses lost since that day.
Friday, January 3, 1783.
Parole Notingham. Countersigns Ohio, Providence.
For the day tomorrow Major Oliver, Major Trescott.
For duty tomorrow, the Maryland Detachment.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Ordinance:
An Ordinance for amending an Ordinance for regulating the Post Office of the United States of America
Whereas it hath been represented to Congress since passing the ordinance for regulating the Post Office of the United States of America, that sundry alterations therein, and additions thereto, are necessary: Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, and it is hereby ordained by authority of the same, that the privilege of franking letters be, and the same is hereby, extended to the inspector general, the adjutant general, the director of the hospitals, the quartermaster general, the commissary of prisoners, and the paymaster general of the army of the United States; and that the same privilege be, and the same is hereby, extended to the officers at the heads of the like departments in any separate army; all letters to and from whom, on public business, shall pass free of postage; and in order to prevent the multiplicity of franks becoming too burthensome to the public, Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, that the allowance not exceeding twenty per cent. on what would be the postage of free letters, if they were charged, be discontinued, and that the public be charged with no farther commissions on free letters, though they contain enclosures, than the officers of the Post Office would be entitled to on the postage of the same number of single letters coming the same distance.
And be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, that the clause in the ordinance of the 18th of October last, which directs the Postmaster General and his deputies to furnish extraordinary expresses be, and the same is hereby repealed.
AFTER ORDERS
Notes are arrived for the Payment of the officers subsistence for the present Month. The regimental paymasters will present at the pay office duplicate accounts current, signed by the Commanding officers, wherein is to be charged the Subsistance of the regiment, agreably to the Establishment and the subsistance of the deficient officers and Prisoners to be Credited.
Duplicate accounts of the subsistance of Departments and General officers family, to be signed by the heads of the Departments and General officers.
Where a regimental officer belongs to a Staff Department, or in the family of a General officer, his name, rank and regiment to be specified.
Money is also arrived for payment of the ballance of subsistance of the officers, for April, May and June, 1782.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 3, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your Letters of the 18th and 25th Ulto. the former enclosing Captain Bannister's8 application to you; the latter giving advice of the departure of the french Fleet.
[Note 8: Capt. Seth Banister, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment.]
I approve of your appointing Capt. Day9 to succeed Captain Bannister in the duty of receiving, mustering and forwarding Recruits from Springfield; as you have been particularly acquainted with the mode of conducting this business, I have only to request, if you think any thing farther necessary in addition to the Orders already given, that you will take the trouble of communicating Instructions accordingly.
[Note 9: Capt. Luke Day, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
It gives me infinite pleasure to learn our Allies departed from the Continent under such favourable impressions. I doubt much whether there ever was an instance before, where the Troops of two Nations which had served together in the Field, have parted with such sentiments of sincere affection and mutual regret.
By the latest accounts from Europe, it appears a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Dutch and the United States was entirely agreed upon and settled, and that Copies were making out for signature. The Commissioners were still at Paris, and notwithstanding Mr Oswald has received a Commission investing him with ample Powers for Negociation with the United States, yet appearances were so equivocal that the best informed were much at a loss whether we must expect Peace or a War. With sentiments of esteem etc.10
[Note 10: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 11: Of the First Continental Artillery.
Identically this same letter was sent to Capt. Lilburn Williams, of the Third Maryland Regiment, who had been wounded at Camden in May, 1871, and retired Jan. I, 1783; and to Capt. Robert Kirkwood, of the Delaware regiment, who served to the close of the war, was captain of the Second United States Infantry in March, 1791, and killed by the Indians near Fort Recovery, Ohio, in November, 1791.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 3, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of--12 It was not expected by Congress in their Resolution of the 7th of Augst. last, nor is it possible from the circumstances, that I should take measures for compleating or even doing any thing in the arrangement of any of the Lines of the Army excepting those which are under my immediate command.13 I have therefore transmitted a copy of your Letter to the Secry at War, in whose power I suppose it may be, to give you any information on the subject you may desire. I am, etc.14
[Note 12: The blank in the letter to Holmer was filled by "13th Decr."; in that to Williams by "19 Decr."; and in the one to Kirkwood by "18 Decr." Williams's letter to Washington is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 13: Major Holmer had been retired in January, 1781, and had written to Washington of his poverty in retirement and praying assistance. Holmer's letter as in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 15: Maj. William Jackson.]
Head Quarters, January 3, 1783.
Sir: I have received your two Letters of the 2d and 28th Ulto with their enclosures, and have caused the amendment of the Ordnance respecting the Post Office to be made public agreeably to your request.
By the last Post I have received Letters from Major Holmer, Capt Williams, and Capt Kirkwood respecting their derangement: Copies of which I enclose: and have informed those Gentlemen that it was not expected by Congress in their Resolution of the 7th of Augst last, nor was it possible from the circumstances, that I should take any measures for compleating, or even doing any thing respecting the new Arrangement of any of the Lines, excepting those which are under my immediate command. It is for this reason I have referred them for further information to the Secry at War. I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On January 4 Benjamin Walker wrote to Maj. William Jackson that Captain Segond complains of being deranged and that Colonel Armand understood he had resigned. "The General wishes to be informed if this is true or if Capt. Segond did not go out on the resolve of December." Walker's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 3, 1783.
Sir: As I have thought proper to direct that in future and until further Orders Flags of Truce properly authenticated and conducted agreeably to the Rules of War may be received at the New Bridge on the Croton: and that Flags may also be sent from thence unto the British Lines under certain limitations; you will be pleased to observe the following Regulations in conducting this business (viz)
All Flags from the Enemy are to be stopped at the Bridge, the Letters and Papers received, and the bearer or bearers discharged and sent back as soon as conveniently may be; while the person or persons who came with the Flag remain there, he or they are to be constantly in the charge of a Commissad or Non Commissioned Officer; and whenever it may be thought necessary a guard will also be ordered to prevent a removal from the quarters assigned, or any kind of improper or illicit intercourse with the Inhabitants of the Country.
It need not be suggested that all Persons coming under the sanction of a Flag and demeaning themselves properly, ought to be treated with civility; But no Military characters are on any pretext to be suffered to come any farther within our out Posts than is necessary for their accommodation; Nor are any Citizens or persons of any description whatsoever (except Prisoners of War exchanged or on parole) coming in this manner from the British Lines to be admitted into any of the United States, without the special Permission of Congress, or the Supreme Executive of the State into which they wish to go. All others are to be remanded to the Enemy's Lines.
Flags are to be granted by you only in consequence of Orders from Congress, the Secry at War, Executive of either of the States or myself. All Letters and Papers that arc to be sent in by Flag, must be previously examined at Head Quarters, except such as may be forwarded by some of the authorities before mentioned, or written by persons who have Passports from them, on the business relative to which permission for Flags was granted to them. You will suffer no Article of goods or Merchandize, to come out by Flag; and all Letters Dispatches &c brought by such conveyance are to be forwarded to Head Quarters for inspection; except such as are addressed to Congress, the Secy at War, or Chief Magistrate of some of the United States.
P. S. This Order to be delivered over to the relieving Officer from time to time.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 4, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 2nd respecting the distribution for the Recruits of the Masstts Line.
Some time ago the Secretary at War took measures to confine the Recruiting Service in Virginia [and Pensylvania] to the Infantry alone; and I am clearly of opinion for the reasons by which he was actuated as well as for some others, that under our present circumstances and prospects the augmentation of the Infantry in every State is at least as important as that of the Cavalry or Artillery can be, if not more so; you will therefore, continue to have a ninth part only of the Recruits of your State attached to the Masstts Regt. of Artillery until further Orders and will transmit a Copy of this Letter to Col Crane for his information. I am etc.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Saturday, January 4, 1783.
Parole Quinsey. Countersigns Ridgefield, Sunbury.
For duty tomorrow the first Jersey regiment
For the day tomorrow Colo. H. Jackson and Colo. Tupper A court of inquiry, consisting of Colonel Cortlandt, Majors Gibbs and Grahame to meet at Colonel Cortlands quarters at three o'clock this after noon, to enquire into a complaint exhibited by Catherine Leggett, against Lieutt. Ricker19 of the first Jersey regiment, for seizing a Cow belonging to her husband under pretence of its being designed for the enemy and afterwards carrying the Cow below the Lines and selling of her there. The parties concerned will attend and the Court make report as soon as may be.
[Note 19: Lieut. Cornelius Ryker (Ricker) Sedam (Suydam). He served to April, 1783.]
When ever the regimental Surgeons send any sick men to the General Hospital, they will report to the hospital Surgeon the names of the Companies to which such men belong.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, January 5, 1783.
Parole Torrington. Countersigns Virginia, Weymouth.
For the day tomorrow Lieutt. Colonel Maxwell, Major Fish.
For duty tomorrow the first New york regiment.
The Quarter Master General requests that the officers who are entitled to keep horses will as soon as may be settle their forage accounts up to the 31st. ult. inclusive.
A Return shewing the number of women and children that would have drawn rations in the several corps under the late regulation, shewing at the same time the number of extra Rations daily drawn in the corps agreably to the present regulation to be given in at the Orderly office on tuesday next; the form will be given by the Adjutant General.
Head Quarters, January 6, 1783.
Sir: The Officer who is the bearer of this, has in charge a number of Marine Prisoners, who were lately captured by a party of Troops on the Sound. There is amongst them one Hoit who has a Commission in the Refugee Corps, but who by his conduct in several instances since he was taken, particularly in attempting to induce Soldiers to desert, does not appear to be worthy of a Parole. Not knowing what was best to be done with these characters I have sent them to your Orders.
On this occasion I cannot forbear to mention the difficulties and irregularities which must frequently arise for the want of a Commissy of Naval Prisoners, or some person to transact his business at the Post of Dobbs' Ferry; since that has been the only avenue of Communication by Flag, a number of Marine Prisoners have been sent to it, by the Executives of the several States from almost all parts of the Continent, and others have been sent out by the Enemy to the same place, for whom there was no person authorized to give Rects. and transmit the accounts to the proper Department. I conceive it necessary also you should be informed, that there are several instances where either Individuals, or particular States or Districts have sent gratuities in Money to be distributed amongst a certain number of the Prisoners; which it is much to be feared has and will be dissipated or misapplied, unless there is some person whose Province it shall be to superintend this and all the other concerns of our Marine Prisoners. A Gentleman from Masstts. with about 300 Guineas in Cash for some of the Prisoners of that State, has just gone to Dobbs Ferry to seek admission to the Enemy's Lines. I have written to Mr Skinner in consequence of your request, to deliver all the Papers &c. respecting Marine Prisoners to Mr Turner. With great esteem
PS Your favor of the 19th Ulto inclosing the Contract20 has been duly recd.21
[Note 20: The ration contract for the Army.]
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, January 6, 1783.
Parole Xebeque. Countersigns Yarmouth, Zenith.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Barber, Major Oliver.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. New York regiment.
A sub, serjeant, corporal and fifteen privates from the 4th. Massachusetts regiment to be in readiness to receive a number of naval prisoners of war to be sent from Westpoint, and conduct them to Philadelphia.
January 6, 1783.
Sir: I inclose you a Letter I have received from Mr. Morris and must desire that you will comply with the Contents of it without delay by sending to Mr. Turner22 every Official Paper respecting his department, either in your possession or that of your deputies, and at the same time you will give him every information in your power, of the State in which you left the Marine part of your Appointment.23
[Note 22: Thomas Turner, intendant of naval prisoners.]
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Tuesday, January 7, 1783.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Bolton, Calias.
For Duty tomorrow the first Hampshire regiment.
To the day tomorrow Lt. Colo. Mellon, Major Trescot.
To give sufficient time for the settlement of the forage accounts preseding the year 1783 and prevent disappointments, the Quarter Master General requests the officers to call daily by corps, begining on the right with the Maryland Detachment tomorrow and proceeding in succession to the left. The accounts for 1782 to be seperately stated.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of the Letter your Excellency did me the honor to write on the 25th December, and to assure you of the great satisfaction I experienced from the agreable communications you had the goodness to make.24
[Note 24: The President of Congress had written: "It is with great pleasure that I congratulate your Excellency and the Army, on the admission of our Independency and National Character by the Court of Great Britain, in the issuing a Commission under the Great Seal to Mr. Oswald, now at the Court of Versailles."]
Enclosed your Excellency will find the original Certificate, which was given by Mr. Chittendon,25 to the bearer of your Letter of the 11th Ulto.
[Note 25: Thomas Chittenden's receipt is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Nothing very interesting has happened since my last; a Fleet sailed a few days after from New York for Europe, and I am informed the Enemy are under apprehensions lest the French Fleet, which sailed two days after, should have fallen in with it. I am extremely anxious to hear from Charlestown; and still more so to know the result of the Negociations on the other side the Atlantic, and shall therefore be much obliged by any information relative thereto. With the greatest respect etc.26
[Note 26: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The draft, in the writing of David Humphreys, is dated Jan. 7, 1783.]
Head Quarters, January 8, 1783.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the rect of your Letter of the 6 of this Mo. The matter respecting the Servants of the Officers of Cavalry shall be represented to the Secretary at War and until his directions are taken the Pay Master shall be ordered to Pay Subsistence to the number of Servants allowed by the Orders of Jany last.
Lt Colonel Jameson has the leave you request. I am &c27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 28: Deputy Paymaster General.]
Head Quarters, January 8, 1783.
Sir: In the regulation for paying Subsistence to the Officers of the Army it was not considered that the Officers of Cavalry are allowed more servants without Arms than those of the Infantry.
Untill the Secy at War shall give further directions on this head you will please to pay to the Officers of Cavalry subsistence for the number of Servants without Arms allowed them by the regulation made by a Board of Genl. officers in Philada. last Winter and published in the Genl Orders of the 18th Jany last.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, January 8, 1783.
Sir: When the Board of General Officers in Jany last regulated the number of Servants to be allowed to Officers, a larger number were allowed to the Cavalry than to the Infantry; this was not considered in the establishing the regulation for the subsistence to be paid to the Officers and in consequence complaints have already been made to me that for this extra number of Servants without Arms they can neither draw provisions or Subsistence. As I suppose it is owing rather to omission than to any intention of lessening the number then allow'd I have given the Pay Master orders to pay the Officers of the Cavalry agreable to the regulation of Jany last, untill your further directions should be given to him. I have the honor etc.30
[Note 30: The draft, in the writing of Benjamin Walker, is inadvertently dated 1782.]
(Private)
Newburgh, January 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: Inclosed your Excellency will receive Ninety five dollars in Bank Notes; which, if my Subscription towards the support of the Revd. Mr. Caldwells children was only Twenty Guineas, is about the Sum. As the Bank Notes, I presume, are considered (in Philadelphia at least) as ready money I have adopted this expedient as the easiest and safest mode of making you the remittance and have the honor etc.
Newburgh, January 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 25th. of Deer. has been duly received, and I thank you for the information contained in it.
The Marquis in his Letters to me, is not very explicit in his sentiments respecting the Negotiations of Peace; but refers me to his Official letter to you for his thoughts at large. In general, he holds up an idea, which perfectly accords with my opinion, that nothing will be concluded till the meeting of the British Parliament; and, if matters are not brought to a favourable Issue in a Month afterwards, that the War will rage in all its Fury.
Ever since the Secession of Mr. Fox and others from the Administration, I have been decidedly of opinion that Peace would not take place before that epocha. That it would depend upon the strength of the contending Parties, and their influence on the Nation, whether it would then happen or not; and that the intermediate space would be employed in Intriguing; In an investigation of powers, In hearing propositions, and in probing the intentions of one another to the bottom. These I suppose, would have been pretty well understood on all sides by the 26th of Novr. (as the Ground on which Lord Shelburne is placed, also would); it followed then, in my judgment, that the Ministry wd. communicate to and take the sense of Parliament on the terms upon which Peace could be obtained; and leave it with the nation to accept them, or furnish the means of prosecuting the War vigorously. The Power given to Mr. Oswald to treat with any Commission or Commissioners properly authorised from the United States of America, is more than I expected wd. have happened before the Meeting of Paliament; but as the Gentlemen on the part of America could not treat with Him unless such powers were given, it became an Act of necessity to cede them to effect their other purposes. Thus I account for the indirect acknowledgmt. of our Independence by the King; who I dare say, felt some severe pangs at the time he put his hand to the Letters Patent. it is not however less efficacious or pleasing on that acct., and breaking the Ice is a great point gained.
There can be very little doubt I believe of the conclusn. of the Commercial treaty with Holland but I have apprehensions that that Power will be the most difficult to satisfy at the general Treaty of Peace.
It is with great pain I hear of the repeal of the Impost Law in Virginia; what could induce it ? what Office is Mr. Jefferson appointed to, that he has, you say, lately accepted ? If it is that of Commissioner of Peace, I hope he will arrive too late to have any hand in it. My best respects to him when he arrives and compliments in which Mrs. Washington joins to Mrs. Livingston. I have the honor etc.
(Private)
Newburgh, January 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: The last Post brought me your favor of the 26th. Ulto., covering Doctr. Smith's Drafts of the 23d. for Fifty Guineas. I am obliged to you for paying the money, and charging it to the acct. mentioned; altho' I was provided for the demand, and should have paid the Bill at Sight.
I have lately purchased a piece of Land near Alexandria at the price of £2000 Virginia Curry. with a view to exchange it for a small Tract in the centre of the one on wch. my Seat is. A tract I have been twenty years endeavouring to obtain with little or no prospect of success before. To enable me to pay for it, I have borrowed the money in this State (of the Governor) and expected to have answered the Bills at this place till by yesterdays Post I was informed by my Agent, Mr. Lund Washington, that the money was to be paid in Philadelphia; and that Mr. Robert Adam &ca. of Alexandria (who have the Bills upon me) were to set out in a few days to receive the Money. Under these circumstances, permit me to ask, if you can make it convenient, in the course of business, to pay the Sum of Eighteen hundred and Eighty pounds Virga. Curry. in Specie dollars at Six Shillings, in Philadelphia and receive the like Sum in specie (which I have by me) here ? If you can, the Inclosed Letter to Mr. Robt. Adam31 may be delivered. If you cannot, be so good as to return or destroy it.
[Note 31: The Honble. Robt. Morris Esqr. will pay Mr. Lund Washington Bills upon me for £680 in your favor; £600 in favor of Mr. Peter Dew; and £600 in favor of Mr. Collin McIver."-- Washington to Robert Adam, Jan. 8, 1783. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
I beg leave to suggest that the specie I have is unclipped, consequently if I could pay it here by weight I should be no looser; but, rather than disappoint those who expect to receive the money in Philadelphia I would pay it to your Order, if you answer the Bills upon me at that place, by tale and abide the loss.
The distresses to which I know you have been driven from the numerous calls upon you for money without adequate funds to answer them, have ever been a restraint upon my applications for the most necessary purposes; perhaps I may have carried it to a criminal length with respect to secret Services; because rather than add to your embarrassments by my demands, I have submitted to grope in the dark without those certain and precise informations which every Man at the head of an Army ought, and the public Interest requires he should have, and this maugre the aid of my private purse and other funds which were not applicable to this essentially necessary purpose. Having given you this information I shall only add that, if it is in your power to afford me assistance it will come very oppertunely. If it is not, I am where I am.
I shall be obliged to you, (the Secretary at War having passed this place before the plan which you and he had determined upon for the Issues for the present year arrived) to inform me why and upon what principle the regulation respecting the Sixteenth Ration for the Women of the Army was made ?
I have no doubt of a perfect agreement between the Army and the present Contractors, nor of the advantages wch. will flow from the consequent harmony. Sure I am, the Army will ask no more of the Contractors than their indubitable rights, and I am perswaded there is too much liberality and good sense in the latter to descend to the low dirty tricks which were practiced in the time of Comfort Sands whose want of liberality, I will go further, and say lack of common honesty, defeated his favourite scheme of making money which appears to be the only object he had in view.
It is unnecessary for me I hope to add, in answer to your favour of the 19th. Ulto. that every support in my power towards carrying your schemes of oeconomy into effect, shall be rendered most chearfully, as will any assistance I can give towards promoting your plans of revenue Altho' I am sorry to observe there does not appear the best disposition in some States to second your views.
Mrs. Washington joins me in respectful and affecte. Compliments to Mrs. Morris and yourself, and best wishes for the return of many happy New Years. The advanced Season and prospect of bad weather induced her to take the most direct Road to this place; otherwise she would have had the pleasure of seeing Mrs. Morris in Philadelphia.
With great truth and sincerity etc.
My Compts. to Mr. Govr. Morris.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 13th. of Decer. has been duly received.
You will recollect upon our first arrival in quarters, I proposed to the Gentlemen of my family to accommodate themselves by agreement as to the time of their absence, in the most convenient manner, leaving a sufficient number which I expected would be three at Head Qrs. to have the duties performed. I repeated the same to you the day before you left this.
Colonels Cobb, Trumbull, Tilghman, who could no longer wait return and yourself are, in consequence, now absent; the three former I suppose for the greater part or whole of the Winter; the extention therefore of your absence agreeably to your request, would continue to impose the business of and confinement to the Office very unequally upon the two remaining Gentlemen; besides confining me more than I wish or indeed ought to be within doors; however if it is a matter of agreement with them I shall not object to it merely on acct. of the inconvenience it is to me: otherwise you must be sensible I cannot consent to the indulgence, without deviating from the equitable plan I at first proposed.
I have only to remark farther, that notwithstanding some Officers of the Army have supposed, there was nothing, or at least very little to be done in Winter Quarters, yet for my own part, I must confess I have never found it so, but on the contrary have frequently had as much business to be done by myself and Aids in that Season as in any part of the Campaign.
Under these considerations, whatever may be your determination, I shall still retain the same sentiments of esteem and regard with which etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, January 8, 1783.
Parole Devonshire. Countersigns Elizabeth, Frankfort.
For the day tomorrow Major Gibbs.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Hampshire regiment.
By the United States in Congress assembled December 31, 1782.
Resolved, That the resolutions of the 7th of August last, so far as relates to the lines of New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and New Jersey, be suspended till the first day of March next; and also, as to the Pennsylvania line, so far as to retain in service only the officers necessary to the compleating of three regiments.
Resolved, That Brigadier General Hand be, and he is hereby continued in the Office of adjutant general.
The Quarter Master General having reported that the soldiers are daily cutting wood in the neighbourhood of Camp, transporting it to New Windsor on hand sleds and selling it to the Inhabitants, The Commander in chief strictly prohibits such practices in future.
The regimental paymasters will apply to the Assist. Clothier General at Newburgh for a proportion of the thread which has just arrived.
The Court martial whereof Colonel Greaton is president will assemble at his quarters tomorrow morning ten o'clock.
Newburgh, January 8, 1783.
Sir: I shall be obliged to you for a list of the several Sums which have been drawn from the Public for my use since the commencement of the War; mentioning to whom paid, and whether in Specie or Paper. I want to compare these with my own Warrant Book and the Expenditures to see how matters stand. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Thursday, January 9,1783.
Parole Grantham. Countersigns Huntington, Iceland.
For the day tomorrow Colonel H. Jackson.
For duty tomorrow the first Massachusetts regiment. Captain Richard Cox32 of the first Jersey regimt.is continued in the office of Major of Brigade to the Jersey brigade. Captain Benjamin Hicks33 of the 1st. New-York regiment, to the New York
[Note 32: Captain Cox had been promoted to major of the Second New Jersey Regiment on Jan. 6, 1783, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 33: Captain Hicks served to June, 1783.] Brigade. Captain Nathaniel Cushing34 of the 1st.. Massachusetts regt. to the 1st. Massachusetts Brigade. Captain Abraham Williams35 of the 2d. Massachusetts regiment, to the 2d. Massa. Brigade. Captain J.K.Smith36 of the 6th. Massachusetts Regiment, to the 3d. Massachusetts Brigade. and Captain Jeremiah Fogg37 of the 2d. New hampshire regiment, to the Hampshire Brigade.
[Note 34: Captain Cushing had ceased to be a brigade major in April, 1782. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 35: Captain Williams served to November, 1783.]
[Note 36: Capt. John Kilby Smith. He was transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 37: Captain Fogg is noted by Heitman as having been transferred to the First New Hampshire Regiment in March, 1782. He served to the close of the war.]
Accounts of Subsistence due to the Army for the Year 1782. are to be made out immediately, and lodged at the pay office.
Lieutenant William Morris38 of the 2d. regimt. of Artillery is appointed Quarter Master to the same, vice Lieutenant Cunningham39, resigned that office, this appointment to take place from the first instant January.
[Note 38: Lieut. William Walton Morris. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 39: Lieut. Henry Cunningham. He was transferred to the Corps of Artillery in June, 1783, and served to June, 1784.]
At a General courtmartial held at Philadelphia December the 26th. 1782, Lieutenant Colonel Weibert president, Lewis Mozais soldier in the Pennsylvania Line was tried for Desertion, convicted and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes, on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence of the Court.
[Note 40: Of the Pennsylvania Militia.]
Newburgh, January 10, 1783.
Dear Sir: By Major Armstrong41 I had the honor to receive your favor of the 10th. of Octr., and in overlooking a bundle of
[Note 41: Maj. John Armstrong (son of Major General Armstrong). He was aide to General Gates.] unanswered letters I discovered among them another from you of the 29th. of June which had got there by mistake, as it required an immediate reply. It is rather out of Season, to assign causes at this late hour for the continuance of the Pensylvania Recruits at Carlisle; but the truth of the matter is they were not, properly speaking, under my immediate orders; tho' in consequence of applications from the Officer Commanding I did give directions so far as respected their supplies, and the preparation of them for the Field. You know, that by a Resolve of Congress the Troops of Pensylvania are designated part of the Southern Army. The Officers Commanding which, and the States Interested in the event, were constantly urging the March of them to the place of their destination. On the other hand, the difficulty in fitting them for the length of that March, and the probability (in my judgment) of its being an unnecessary one, caus'd me to delay the final Orders for it; especially as I had reason, at that time, to expect something serious in this Quarter. Under these circumstances I could not, without the sanction of Congress (which I knew could not be obtained without long and warm debates, if at all) have ordered them upon the Frontiers of Pensylvania. These were the Reasons wch. operated in my mind to the prevention of yrs. and the wishes of the settlers named in your Letter of the 29th. of June, which, by mistake, has remained unacknowledged till this time.
We have been, and now are, in a disagreeable State of suspense respecting Peace or War. My opinion of the matter, ever since the death of the Marqs. of Rockingham and secession of Mr. Fox, Burke &ca. has been uniformly the same; and no late European accts. that I have met with, has given me cause to alter it. It is, that no Peace would take place before the meeting of the British Parliament; and that it would even then depend upon the influence of the Crown and strength of the contending Parties. That previous to the Session, the British Negociators would be employed in Intriguing; In an investigation of Powers; hearing Propositions, and probing the Intentions of the Belligerent Powers to the Bottom, the latter being accomplished, the Minister (Lord Shelburne) if he found himself upon slippery ground, or that the voice of the People was loud for Peace, woud inform the Parliament, that after many Months spent in Negociation, such are the best Terms he can obtain. and, as they involve consequences of the greatest National concern, and have been the Subject of Seven years war and debate; it now rests with Parliament to accept them, or provide vigorously for the prosecution of the War; this would place the matter upon the broadest basis, remove responsibility from his door, and blunt the edge of opposition which, otherwise, I am perswaded will be very keen. The King, having by his Letters Patent, authorized Mr. Oswald to treat with any Comr. or Commissioners from the United States of America, is certainly a great point gained but it was unavoidable on the part of England, as our Commissioners would not enter upon business with Mr. Oswald without; and the Minister dared not to meet the Parliament without having attempted something under the Peace Bill, which passed the Session before. Upon the whole, I am of Opinion that the terms of Peace were agreed on before the Adjournment for the Christmas Hollidays, or that we shall have at least another Campaign; how well the States are provided for the continuance of the War, let their Acts, and their policy answer.
The Army, as usual, are without Pay; and a great part of the Soldiery without Shirts; and tho' the patience of them is equally thread bear, the States seem perfectly indifferent to their cries. In a word, if one was to hazard for them an opinion, upon this subject, it would be, that the Army had contracted such a habit of encountering distress and difficulties, and of living without money, that it would be impolitic and injurious to introduce other customs in it! We have however, but this depended upon ourselves, built the most comfortable Barracks in the vicinity of this place that the Troops have ever yet been in.
I offer you the compliments of the Season and wish you may possess health and spirits to enjoy, after we shall have seated ourselves under our own Vines and Figtrees, if it is the gracious will of Providence to permit it, the return of many happy years. With great truth and sincerity, etc.
P S. Your Son was well a day or two ago, and is so now I believe.
Newburgh, January 10, 1783.
My dear Sir: I have been favored with your letters of the 22d. and 24th. of last Month from Philadelphia, and thank you for the trouble you have had with my small Commissions. I have sent Mr. Rittenhouse42 the Glass of such Spectacles as Suit my Eyes, that he may know how to grind his Christals.
[Note 42: David Rittenhouse.]
Neither Du Portail nor Gouvion are arrived at this place. To the latter, I am refer'd by the Marqs. de lafayette for some matters which he did not chuse to commit to writing43 the sentiments however which he has delivered (with respect to the negociations for Peace) accord precisely with the Ideas I have entertained of this business, ever since the Secession of Mr Fox; viz: that no Peace would be concluded before the meeting of the British Parliament, and that if it did not take place within
[Note 43: See Lafayette's letter to Robert R. Livingston, June 25, 1782, in Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence, vol. 5, P. 517, for the general tenor of these matters.] a Month afterwards, we might lay our Accts. for one more Campaign, at least.
The obstinacy of the King, and his unwillingness to acknowledge the Independency of this Country, I have ever looked upon as the greatest obstacles in the way of a Peace. Lord Shelburne, who is not only at the head of the Administration, but has been introducing others of similar sentiments to his own, has declared that nothing but dire necessity should ever force the measure. Of this necessity, Men will entertain different opinions. Mr Fox it seems thought the period had arrived some time ago; but Peace is not yet made nor will it, I conceive if the influence of the Crown can draw forth fresh Supplies from the Nation for the purpose of carrying on the War.
By the meeting of Parliament, Lord Shelburne wd have been able to ascertain two things; first, the best terms on which G. Britain cou'd obtain Peace from the Belligerent Powers. Secondly, the ground on which he himself stood. If he found it slippery, and that the voice of the People was for pacific measures, he wou'd then have informd the Parliamt. that after many Months spent in Negociations such were the best terms he cou'd obtain; and that the alternative of accepting them, or preparing vigorously for the prosecution of the War was submitted to their consideration being an extraordy case and decision; A little time therefore, if I have formed a just opinion of the matter, will disclose the result of it. consequently, we shall either soon have peace, or not the most agreeable prospect of War before us; as it appears evident to me that the States, generally, are sunk into the most profound lethargy, while some of them are running quite retrograde.
The King of G B by his Letters Patent (wch. I have seen) has Authorised Mr. Oswald to treat with any Comr. or Commissioners from the United States of America, who shall appear with proper Powers; this certainly, is a capital point gained. It is at least breaking ground on their part; and I dare say proved a bitter work to Royalty; but, it was indispensably necessary to answer one of the points above mentioned, as the American Commissioners would enter on no business with Mr. Oswald till his powers were made to answer their purpose; upon the whole I am fixed in an opinion that Peace, or, a pretty long continuance of the War will have been determined on before the adjournment for the Hollidays, and as it will be the middle or last of Feby. before we shall know the result time will pass heavily on in this dreary mansion in which we are fast locked by frost and Snow.
Nothing new has happened in this quarter since you left it, except the abuse of me in a New York paper for having given false information to the Count de Vergennes, which says the writer was the occasion of the insinuatn. in His Letter to me of a want of B. Justice. I have not seen the Paper, but am told the author of the piece is quite in a passion at my want of ingenuity, and ascribes the release of Captn. Asgill to a peremptory order from the Ct. of France (in whose Service he places me) notwithstanding the soft and complaisant language of the French Minisr.
Mrs. Washington has received the Shoes you ordered for her and thanks you for your attention to her request. I receive with great sensibility and pleasure your assurances of affection and regard. It would be but a renewal of what I have often repeated to you, that there are few men in the world to whom I am more sincerely attached by inclination than I am to you. With the cause, I hope, most devoutly hope, there will soon be an end to my Military Services. When, as our places of residence will not be far apart, I shall never be more happy than when I see you at Mount Vernon. I shall always be glad to hear from, and keep up a corrispondence with you.
Mrs. Washington joins me in every wish that tends to your happiness. Humphrys and Walker who are the only Gentlemen of the family, with me at present, will speak for themselves. If this finds you at Baltimore I pray my respects to Mr. Caroll and Family. with the greatest esteem etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, January 10, 1783.
Parole Kornebec. Countersigns Lunenburgh, Middleton.
For the day tomorrow Major Grahame.44
[Note 44: Maj. John Graham (Grahame).]
For duty tomorrow the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
A few Watch Coats are ready at the Cloathiers store, to be delivered to the troops of this Cantonment, immediate application is to be made for them.
Head Quarters, January 11, 1783.
Sir: In the absence of Col Trumbull, I took the liberty of opening your Letter of the 9th and laying the subject of it before the Commander in Chief, in ansr to which His Excellency directs me to inform you, that upon proper Certificates and testimonies from Persons on the spot that the Provisions in questions were lost by inevitable accident and without any carelessness or fault of those concerned in the transportation, an order will be given for replacing it; at the same time the General requests to be informed of the reason or necessity for continuing any of your Corps at Fishkill, as it was his expectation and intention that the post there should be entirely broken up, and all Guards discontinued as soon as the stores were removed; it was with this view, His Excellency adds that the Barracks on Constitution Island were designed for the accommodation of the Corps of Invalids. I am &c.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Humphreys.]
Saturday, January 11, 1783.
Parole Norfolk. Countersigns Ordnance, Penobscot.
For the day tomorrow Colo. J. Vose.
For duty tomorrow the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
As the navigation of the Hudson is now, and will probably for some time be impracticable, the Barges which are in possession of officers are to be delivered to the Quarter Mr. General and all their crews returned to their respective regiments, except those in the service of the Quarter Master General, who will be wanted to man the Ice Boats; the Commander in Chief will return his own barge, and dismiss his Crew.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 12, 1783.
Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 1st Instant. Not having been consulted on, or made acquainted with any plans in contemplation for organizing the Independant Corps, or reforming the Cavalry at large, all that I can observe on the subject of your Letter at present, is, that in case any arrangement should take place, by which a command suitable to your rank can be conferred on you without injury to the feelings of other Gentlemen, it will be extremely satisfactory to me. I am etc.46
[Note 46: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MD.H.S.]
Head Quarters, January 12, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief has considered the case of Lt Cole47 and has directed me to inform you that on its being fully ascertained that he applied in time and his being arranged is not owing to any neglect of his, there will be no objection to his being deranged, provided also that the state of the Line will now admit of it. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 47: Lieut. Thomas Cole, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. He was aide-de-camp to General Paterson from 1780 to June, 1783.]
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "B[enjamin] W'[alker]."]
Head Quarters, January 12, 1783.
Sir: By a Letter of the 6th. from the Asst Secry at War, I find a quantity of Clothing was ready for transportation, and cannot but flatter myself it has been forwarded in the course of the last week as all the Articles are extremely wanted by the Troops at this vigorous season.
I am sorry to observe by a Letter from you to Mr Jackson, that the amount of shirts which have been and are to be sent on immediately will not be sufficient to give every man two, by several thousands. This is the more unfortunate, as by the information I had received from Philadelphia I have ventured to assure the Army that they should be supplied in a very short time with two shirts pr man, having thus pledged my honor, I shall hold myself responsible for their receiving what I have promised; which if the public cannot or will not perform I must take other means to have effected; relying fully on your exertions I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 12, 1783.
Sir: I have duly received your Letter of the 10th. with its several enclosures.
I am pleased to learn that all the Cloathing on hand was to be forwarded last week. I hope no accident has intervened to prevent it; and that the number of shirts will be augmented so as to give every Man two including those lately sent on; this, from the encouragement which had been given, I have assured the Army will be the case. I am etc.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Headquarters, Newburgh, Sunday, January 12, 1783.
Parole Quixotte. Countersigns Rippen, Sussex.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Maxwell.
For duty tomorrow the 3d. Massachusetts regiment. Captain J. Walker51 of the 3d. Connecticut regiment is continued in the office of Major of Brigade to the Connecticut Brigade.
[Note 51: Capt. Joseph Walker. He served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 12, 1783.
Sir: The dispute of Territory between the States of Pennsylvania and Connecticut being now decided, and the frontiers remaining in a perfect state of tranquility; I cannot conceive any reason sufficient for continuing a body of Continental Troops any longer at Wyoming; I propose therefore to take an early occasion of recalling the Detachment of the Jersey Line; to this measure I am particularly reduced, by the suffering situation of those Troops, the great inconveniency of relieving them, and the almost irreparable injury which is done to Discipline by keeping Troops on such Detach'd Commands of which I thought proper to give this intimation. I have the honor etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Monday, January 13, 1783.
Parole Tiverton. Countersigns Vienna, Wilton.
For the day tomorrow Major Pope.53
[Note 53: Maj. Isaac Pope, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He retired in June, 1783.]
For duty tomorrow the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Commanding officers of the Connecticut, and Massachusetts Lines, are to make returns to the Adjutant General immediately of the officers who retired from service under the arrangement of the 1st. instant, noting particularly those who were entitled to remain; but have been permitted to retire agreably to the Resolves of the 19th. November.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 14, 1783.
Sir: I enclose a Letter from Major Tallmadge to your Excellency which came under a flying seal to my hands; the observations contained in it appear to be highly worthy of consideration.
The importance of absolutely cutting off all manner of commerce and illicit intercourse with the Enemy is so great, and at the same time so obvious, that I conceive it only necessary to recommend the subject, without enlarging upon it; in order to engage Your Excellency to use your utmost endeavours to effect a purpose of such interesting consequence to the Public. I have the honor etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. This same letter was also sent (January 14) to Gov. George Clinton, of New York.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, January 14, 1783.
Parole America. Countersigns Boston, Charlestown.
For the day tomorrow Lieutent. Colonel Vandyke.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.
The seventh Massachusetts regiment will march for the releif of the second Jersey regiment, on the Lines, on thursday the 16th. instant.
Captain John Carlile,55 of General Hazens regiment, is appointed Assistt. Adjutant General, to take place with the New Arrangement. He is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.
[Note 55: Capt. John Carlisle (Carlile). He retired in July, 1783.]
Wednesday, January 15, 1783.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Essex, Fort Pitt.
For the day tomorrow Major Fish.
For duty tomorrow the 8th. Massachusetts regt.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to promote Colonels Greaton, and Putnam, of the Massachusetts Line, and Colonel Dayton of the Jersey Line to the rank of Brigadier Generals.
Brigadier General Greaton is appointed to the command of the 2d. and Brigadier General Putnam to the command of the 3d. Massachusetts Brigades.
The Army will be inspected and mustered for the month of December on the following days: Newyork brigade on the 17th. instant. 1st. Massachusetts do on the 18th. 3d. do do the 19th. 2d. and 5th. Massa. regiments the 20th. 8th. do.do.the 21st. Maryland Detacht. and Jersey Brigde. 24th. and Hampshire the 23d.
The Garrison of Westpoint and 2d. Connecticut regt. for December and January on the 26th. 27th. and 28th. instant.
Head Quarters, January 15, 1783.
Sir: I have the pleasure to congratulate you on your late Promotion to the rank of B. General which took place in Congress the 7th Instant.
Your Commission arrived here yesterday and I shall keep it till I have the pleasure to deliver it to you in Person, which I must request may be as soon as possible, and that you come prepared to remain with your Brigade the remainder of the Winter. I am &c.
If Cap Schaack is not yet gone in to New York, I must request you to take measures to oblige him to go in.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, January 15, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 1st. instant.
Congress have been pleased to promote Colonels Greaton, Dayton and Putnam to the rank of Brigadiers, by their Act of the 7th of this Month.
Altho' we have no official Accounts of the Evacuation of Charles Town, yet the certainty of that event is placed beyond dispute by the publications in New York; at which place General Leslie and part of the Garrison have arrived, the remainder have gone to the West Indies.
Should the King of Great Britain's speech to his Parliament, or any European Advices of consequence arrive sooner at the eastward, than in any other quarter; I shall be much obliged to you, for forwarding the same to me, as early as conveniently may be. I am etc.
P. S. Notwithstanding the pointed applications which have been made to General Glover, to return the Soldiers he took from the Army as Servants, or replace them with others, I find it has not yet been done. I beg you will inform him unless the requisition is immediately complied with, I shall think myself under the necessity of representing the matter to Congress.57
[Note 57: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS. H.S.]
Head Quarters, January 15, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief desires me to inform you, that upon mature consideration he does not think himself authorized to give an Order for the payment of your forage Account; because it would be contravening the regulation of Congress, as fixed in the late system for conducting the Qr Mastrs Department, which enumerates the Officers who shall alone be entitled to draw forage from the public and because it would not only operate in the present case, but establish a precedent in future; however, His Excellency will represent the matter to the Secy at War on his return from the eastward and obtain his sentiments thereon: I send back your Certificate and Accounts that they may not be mislaid; and that you may have an opportunity of exhibiting them, whenever it shall be necessary. I am etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Humphreys.]
[Note 61: Nephew of General Washington and son of John Augustine Washington. He was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1798 to 1829.]
Newburgh, January 15, 1783.
Dear Bushrod: You will be surprized perhaps at receiving a letter from me; but if the end is answered for which it is written, I shall not think my time miss-spent.
Your Father, who seems to entertain a very favorable opinion of your prudence, and I hope you merit it: in one or two of his letters to me, speaks of the difficulty he is under to make you remittances. Whether this arises from the scantiness of his funds, or the extensiveness of your demands, is matter of conjecture, with me. I hope it is not the latter, because common prudence, and every other consideration which ought to have weight in a reflecting mind is opposed to your requiring more than his conveniency and a regard to his other Children will enable him to pay; and because he holds up no idea in his Letter which would support me in the conclusion. yet when I take a view of the inexperience of Youth, the temptations in, and vices of Cities; and the distresses to which our Virginia Gentlemen are driven by an accumulation of Taxes and the want of a market; I am almost inclined to ascribe it, in part to both. Therefore, as a friend, I give you the following advice.
Let the object, which carried you to Philadelphia, be always before your Eyes; remember, that it is not the mere study of the Law, but to become eminent in the Profession of it which is to yield honor and profit; the first was your choice, let the second be your ambition. and that dissipation is incompatible with both.
That the Company in which you will improve most, will be least expensive to you; and yet I am not such a Stoic as to suppose you will, or to think it right that you ought, always to be in Company with Senators and Philosophers; but, of the young and juvenile kind let me advise you to be choice. It is easy to make acquaintances, but very difficult to shake them off, however irksome and unprofitable they are found after we have once committed ourselves to them; the indiscretions, and scrapes which very often they involuntarily lead one into, proves equally distressing and disgraceful.
Be courteous to all, but intimate with few, and let those few be well tried before you give them your confidence; true friendship is a plant of slow growth, and must undergo and withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the appellation.
Let your heart feel for the affliction, and distresses of every one, and let your hand give in proportion to your purse; remembering always, the estimation of the Widows mite. But, that it is not every one who asketh, that deserveth charity; all however are worthy of the enquiry, or the deserving may suffer.
Do not conceive that fine Clothes make fine Men, any more than fine feathers make fine Birds. A plain genteel dress is more admired and obtains more credit than lace and embroidery in the Eyes of the judicious and sensible.
The last thing I shall mention, is first of importance. and that is, to avoid Gaming. This is a vice which is productive of every possible evil. equally injurious to the morals and health of its rotaries. It is the child of Avarice, the brother of inequity, and father of Mischief. It has been the ruin of many worthy familys; the loss of many a man's honor; and the cause of Suicide. To all those who enter the list, it is equally fascinating; the Successful gamester pushes his good fortune till it is over taken by a reverse; the loosing gamester, in hopes of retrieving past misfortunes, goes on from bad to worse; till grown desperate, he pushes at every thing; and looses his all. In a word, few gain by this abominable practice (the profit, if any, being diffused) while thousands are injured.
Perhaps you will say my conduct has anticipated the advice, and that "not one of these cases apply to me." I shall be heartily glad of it. It will add not a little to my happiness, to find those, to whom I am so nearly connected, pursuing the right walk of life; it will be the sure road to my favor, and to those honors, and places of profit, which their Country can bestow, as merit rarely goes unrewarded. I am, etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, January 16, 1783.
Parole Gottonburgh. Countersigns Hillsborough, Jersey.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Barber.
For duty tomorrow the 5th. Massachusetts regiment.
Commanding officers of Lines from which there are soldiers absent attending as servants on officers who have retired in consequence of the late arrangement, or left the service in any other way, will direct in pointed terms all such soldiers to join their corps without delay; and in case they shall neglect to comply with the order, their names, together with the names and ranks of the officers by whom they are retained, must be immediately reported to Head Quarters, that proper measures may be taken to enforce obedience.
Newburgh, January 16, 1783.
My dear Brother: Since the letter which Bushrod delivered me in Philadelphia, I have received your favors of the 24th. of July from Westmoreland, and 12th. of Novr. from Berkley.
The latter gave me extreme pain. In Gods name how did my Brothr. Saml. contrive to get himself so enormously in debt ? Was it by purchases? By misfortunes? or shear indolence and inattention to business? From whatever cause it proceeded, the matter is now the same, and curiosity only prompts the enquiry, as it does to know what will be saved, and how it is disposed of. In the list of his debts did it appear that I had a claim upon him for the purchase money of the Land I sold Pendleton on Bullskin? I have never received a farthing for it yet, and think I have been informed by him that he was to pay it.
I have heard a favourable acct. of Bushrod, and doubt not but his prudence will direct him to a proper line of Conduct. I have given him my sentiments on this head; and perswade myself that, with the advice of Mr. Wilson,62 to whose friendship as well as instruction in his profession I recommended him and the admontion [ sic] of others, he will stand as good a chance as most youth of his age to avoid the Vices of large Cities, which have their advantages and disadvantages in fitting a man for the great theatre of public Life.
[Note 62: James Wilson.]
I have lately received a letter from my Mother in which she complains much of the Knavery of the Overseer at the little Falls Quarter. that She says she can get nothing from him. it is pretty evident I believe, that I get nothing from thence, which I have the annual rent of between Eighty and an hundred pounds to pay. The whole profit of the Plantation according to her Acct. is applied to his own use, which is rather hard upon me as I had no earthly inducement to meddle with it but to comply with her wish, and to free her from care, this like every other matter of private concern, with me, has been totally neglected; but it is too much while I am suffering in every other way (and hardly able to keep my own Estate from Sale), to be saddled with all the expence of hers and not be able to derive the smallest return from it. She has requested that I would get somebody to attend to it. I must therefore desire the favor of you to take it under your care. I know of none in whose hands it can be better placed, to none to whom it can be less inconvenient, and who is more interested in the good managemt. of the Land. For as it lyes directly in your Route to Berkley, and in the Neighbourhood of our friends where you must always make a halt, it will give you very little additional trouble to provide an Overseer. Call upon him as you pass and repass, and set the annual Accts. with him, so as that I may have some knowledge of his transactions and a certainty that whatever is made goes towards payment of the Rent. I shall by this Post inform my Mother63 of this application to you, hoping you will find no difficulty in the undertaking.
[Note 63: The draft of this letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
While I am talking of my Mother and her concerns, I am impelled to mention somethings which has given, and still continues to give me pain. About two years ago a Gentleman of my acquaintance64 informed me that it was in contemplation to 'move for a pension for her in the Virginia Assembly. That he did not suppose I knew of the measure, or that it would be agreeable to me to have it done; but wished to know my sentiments on it. I instantly wrote him that it was new and astonishing to me and begged that he would prevent the motion if possible, or oppose it if made; for I was sure she had not a Child that would not share the last farthing with her, and that would not be hurt at the idea of her becoming a Pensioner, or in other words receiving charity. Since then I have heard nothing of that matter; but I learn from very good authority that she is upon all occasions, and in all Companies complaining of the hardness of the times, of her wants and distresses; and if not in direct terms, at least by strong innuendos inviting favors which not only makes her appear in an unfavourable point of view but those also who are connected with her. That she can have no real wants that may not be supplied I am sure of; imaginary wants are indefinite and oftentimes insatiable, because they are boundless and always
[Note 64: Benjamin Harrison. (See Washington's letter to Benjamin Harrison, Mar. 21, 178I, ante.)] changing. the reason of my mentioning these matters to you is. that you may enquire into her real wants and see what is necessary to make her comfortable. If the Rent is insufficient to do this, while I have anything I will part with it to make her so; and wish you to take measures in my behalf accordingly; at the sametime I wish you to represent to her in delicate terms the impropriety of her complaints and acceptance of favors even where they are voluntarily offered, from any but relations. It will not do to touch upon this subject in a letter to her, and therefore I have avoided it.
I do not believe that Sir Guy Carleton gives any countenance to those dirty piccaroons that infest your Rivers. If they are encouraged at all, it must be by the Admiral in whose Element they are; but I am rather inclined to think that they are Navigated by a Lawless Banditti who would rob both sides with equal facility, if they could do it with equal impunity.
With respect to Peace, we are held in a very disagreeable state of suspence; and shall I expect remain in it till sometime in February. My opinion of it however, has been uniformly the same since the death of the Marquis of Rockingham and appointment of the present Premier. It is thought nothing would be concluded till the meeting of the British Parliament in November, and if the influence of the Crown could prevent it, that it would not take place even then, if the Independence of this Country is to be the consequence of it....65 tho' the patience of them is equally thread bear it seems to be a matter of small concern to those at a distance. In truth if one was to hazard an opinion...65 that the Troops have ever yet been in.
[Note 65:[Note 65: The omitted portions are identical with those in Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Armstrong, Jan. 10, 1783, q. v.]
I am very sorry to find that my Sister was in bad health. I suppose you are to be congratulated on your Gouty fit. My love in which Mrs. Washington joins is offered to you both, and to the rest of the Family. Compliments to all friends, with much sincerity I am etc.
[Note 66: Of the Second Continental Artillery. He was transferred to the corps of artillery in June, 1783, and served to June, 1784.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 17, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief expects whenever there are two Field Officers with the Regt. on the Lines, that one of them will take the Command of the Posts at Kings Ferry and at other times that the senior Officer present will have the general superintendance of them.
As to the salted provisions which is in danger of being spoiled; His Excellency thinks, if it is the property of the present, Contractors, their Commissary at Kings ferry ought to be informed of it, that he may take measures to have it issued or put in better order; and indeed if it belongs to the public, he wishes similar measures may be adopted without delay. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys, A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, January 17, 1783.
Parole Kalendar. Countersigns Louisbough, Madiera.
For the day tomorrow Major Oliver.68
[Note 68: Maj. Robert Oliver, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.
On January 17 Benjamin Walker wrote to Jonathan Smith, the State recruiting officer for Massachusetts, explaining the case of Joseph and William Hackney, charged with a double enlistment. Walker's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
For duty tomorrow the Maryland Detachment.
In consequence of the promotion of Brigadrs. Generals, Greaton, Putnam, and Dayton, Lieutenant Colonel Mellon is posted to the 3d. and Lieutenant Colo. Cobb to the 5th. Regiments of Massachusetts, as Lieutenant Colonels commandants. Lieutenant Colonel Barber takes command of the 2d. regiment of Jersey as Lieutenant Colonel Commandant. Major General Gates will be pleased to ascertain what transference of officers from one corps to another will be rendered necessary in consequence of this arrangement, and post them accordingly.
It is with great pleasure the General communicates to the Army the following translation of a Letter, he received yesterday from the Minister of France:
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, January 18, 1783.
Parole Netherlands. Countersigns Oporto, Pandora.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Mellen.
For duty tomorrow the 1st Jersey regiment.
It is the intention of the Commander in chief that the order of the 20th of December last respecting returning the Marques and other Tents to the Quarter Master General by the 20th instant shall be strictly complied with, in every instance.
The Quarter Master General will not only report all delinquent officers, but will lodge their names with an estimate of the value of the Marques &ca. retained by them at the pay office. that the amount may be deducted by the Pay-Master from the first money belonging to such officers which shall be put into his hands. The General is induced to give this further order on the subject because he has been informed the former has been understood by some to relate particularly to soldiers Tents; and consequently that a compliance with respect to other Tents might be dispenced with under certain circumstances.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, January 19, 1783.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Rumney, Suffolk.
For the day tomorrow Major Gibbs.
For duty tomorrow the first York regiment.
The Commander in chief gives his sanction to the agreement which has been entered into between Brigadr. General Greaton, Colonel H. Jackson and Major Fish in behalf of the regiments therein named, on the one part, and the Contractors for supplying the Army in the States of New-York and Jersey with rations of Provisions on the other, respecting the commutation of certain componant parts of the rations; as specified in the original agreement which will be lodged at the Orderly office.
At a general courtmartial assembled at New windsor cantonment Decr. 16th. 1782 by order of his Excellency the Commander in Chief, Colonel Greaton President.
Captain Phenias Bowman of the 5th. Massa. regiment was tried for conducting himself in a manner unbecoming an officer and Gentleman toward the Commanding officer of his regiment.
The Court are of opinion the charge against Captn. Bowman is not supported in every particular but find him guilty of conduct, amounting to a breach of Art. 5th. sec. 18th. of the rules and Art. of war and sentence him to ask pardon of Lieutenat Colonel Newhall publickly at the head of the 2d Massachusetts Brigade and to be suspended from the service for the space of three months.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence.
The General courtmartial of which Colo. Greaton was president is desolved.
A General courtmartial of which Colo. Michael Jackson is appointed President, will assemble tomorrow morning ten o'clock at the presidents quarters for the Tryal of such persons as shall be brought before them: Lieutenant Colonel Maxwell, Major Pope, three Captains from the Newyork, One from the 1st. Massachusetts, three from the 2d., two from the third, and one from the New Hampshire brigade to attend as members. All evidences and persons concerned are ordered to attend the court.
Newburg, January 19, 1783.
Sir: In every conversation which I have had with you, on the subject of your Letters of the 31st. of last month, and 15th. inst: I was pointed; because I meant to deal candidly, in assuring you, it was not my intention to interest myself in behalf of any particular characters, that my motives were altogether public, and that if I could not take the business up upon the broadest basis, and while a defection on the part of the Refugees would be productive of advantages to the American cause, I would have no concern with it.
I am sorry to observe to you, that there appears to me, to be a delay on the part of the refugees or Loyalists, which is to be ascribed more to design than to necessity. It seems as if the object with them, was to get at the ultimatum of Great Britain before any decided steps should be taken with the country they have abandoned. This, Sir, you will do me the justice to acknowledge, is not only incompatible with my ideas, but to my express declaration to you: for the foundation on which I meant to build, and the only one upon which I could attempt to include, and recommend obnoxious characters, was their decision and influence; and the consequent advantages, while the intention of the enemy should be suspended and unknown.
The matter has already been near three months in agitation, and for aught that has come to my knowledge, is yet, in statu quo. One month, perhaps, a few days now, will unfold the designs of the British cabinet, or rather those of the Parliament. Let me ask then, if these be to prosecute the war vigorously, will the Gentlemen of that class, in whose behalf you particularly interest yourself (after their address to the King of Great Britain, which I have lately seen) give any aid to this country? If the determination is in favor of Peace, and Peace takes place on the terms which are expected, will not their inveterate obstinacy, and present procrastination, put it out of the power of any man, to adduce an argument in their favour?
I confess to you, Sir, their policy strikes me in so unfavourable point of view, that I no longer find an inclination to have any further agency in the business; for I am convinced from their address, and other circumstances, that they will never turn their faces towards this country, 'till the back of Great Britain is turn'd upon them. And that their delay proceeds from no other cause, than an intention to await the event of their application in another Quarter.
I have only to add, that I am the more confirmed in this opinion, upon observing that there is no idea held up in the copy of your Brothers Letter of the 3d. of December (the original of which never came to my hands), or in any of the subsequent ones, which gives the smallest insight into the business; or that will support me in any deduction favourable to it; the former of which is expressly contrary to the information I received from you at our last interview, as the Letter from your brother to you (which was to pass thro' my hands) was to be couched in such terms, as I should understand, tho' unintelligable to others, who shou'd be unacquainted with the business. Your own letter of the 31st. committed to the care of Mr. Morris was brought here a few days ago only, by a common soldier, who delivered it at the office, and retired before I had read, and cou'd enquire how he came by it, nor do I know at this hour. Upon the maturest consideration, Sir, I have so fully made up my judgment on this subject, that I could wish never to hear any thing farther upon it. I am etc.
I intended to have sent this letter by Mr. Faesch;72 but not havg. seen, or heard from him since he cross'd to the East side of the river, I commit it to the post.73
[Note 72: John Jacob Faesch.]
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 20, 1783.
Sir: Your Pay Mastr will inform you that besides the usual proportion of cloathing, a Number of Articles have been issued, ostensibly for the use of Olney's and your Regt; but in reality, they are designed only for the object you have in contemplation unless it is attempted, I would not have any of the Woolen Socks, Caps, or Mitts distributed among the Troops, I have ordered them all therefore to be addressed to you and to await your Orders. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, January 20, 1783.
My Lady: Having been informed by a Letter of the 14th. Instt. from Captn. Sill75 of the unspeakable loss76 Your Ladyship has experienced, I feel the sincerest dispositions to alleviate by sympathy or participation those sorrows which I am sensible cannot be removed or effaced. for this purpose, I would also have suggested every rational topic of consolation, was I
[Note 75: Capt. Richard Sill, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He was a major and aide to Lord Stirling from September, 1781, to January, 1783, and served to June, 1783.]
[Note 76: Lord Stirling died at Albany, N. Y, on Jan. 14, 1783, and was buried January 16.] not fully perswaded that the principles of Philosophy and Religion of which you are possessed had anticipated every thing I could say on the subject.
It only remains then, as a small but just tribute to the memory of My Lord Stirling to express how deeply I share in the common affliction, on being deprived of the public and professional assistance, as well as the private friendship of an Officer of so high Rank with whom I had lived in the strictest habits of amity; and how much those Military Merits of his Lordship which rendered him respected in his life time, are now regretted by the whole Army.
It will doubtless be a soothing consideration in the poignancy of your grief to find that the General Officers are going into Mourning for My Lord.
Mrs. Washington joins me in requesting that your Ladyship and Lady Kitty will be assured that we feel the tenderest sensibility on this melancholy occasion. With Sentiments of perfect Esteem etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 20, 1783.
Sir: I have the melancholy task before me, of acquainting your Excellency and Congress of the death of Major General Lord Stirling. The remarkable bravery, intelligence, and promptitude of his Lordship to perform his duty as an Officer, had endeared him to the whole Army; and now make his loss the more sincerely regretted.
In consequence of the resolution of Congress of the 27th of Novembr., for apprehending Luke Knowlton of Newfane, and Samuel Welles of Brattleborough I wrote on the 9 of December to Lord Stirling who commanded at the Northward, giving the necessary advices and instructions, and committing the execution of that business to his Lordships discretion. By the enclosed report of Captain McComber77 of the Rhode Island Regiment, the Officer employed on this service, I doubt not Congress will be convinced, that the measures adopted by my Lord, and the conduct of Captain Macomber in consequence thereof, were very judiciously calculated to carry their resolution into effect, notwithstanding they have failed of success.78 As the real object still remains a secret, the Letter I had directed to be delivered Mr. Chittendon, as soon as Knowlton and Welles should be apprehended, has been suppressed; so that, should it be thought requisite to make another Effort hereafter, the probability of succeeding in apprehending the persons in question, will not be lessened by the former attempt. I have the honor etc.
[Note 77: Capt. Ebenezer Macomber (McCumber). He served to March, 1783.]
[Note 78: A copy of Captain Macumber's report to Stirling (Jan. 7, 1783) is filed with this letter from Washington, in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
P. S. Since writing the foregoing I am honord with your Letter of the 16th. and thank you for the important intelligence contained in it.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, January 20, 1783.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersigns Victory, Willoby.
For the day tomorrow Colonel H. Jackson.
For duty the second York regiment.
Captain Trotter80 of the 5th. Massachusetts regiment is appointed Aide de Camp to Brigadier General Putnam, and is to be respected as such.
[Note 80: Capt. John Trotter. He was aide to Brig. Gen. Rufus Putnam to the close of the war.]
Tuesday, January 21, 1783.
Parole Xenophon. Countersigns Yarmouth, Zealous.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Newhall.
For duty the 1st Hampshire regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 21, 1783.
Sir: A representation having been made to me by the Civil Authority of this State, that sometime in the Month of July last a Warrant was issued for apprehending Lieut. Nathl Stone81 of your Regt. for the Murder of Capt Luke Hitchcock82 of the said Regt, and that the Officer charged with the execution thereof hath, never been able to apprehend the said Lieut Stone; whereupon I find myself under the necessity of pointing you to the 1st Art of the 10th Sect of the Articles of War, for the government of your conduct on the premises, in case any future application should be made to you by the Authority of the State. I am etc.83
[Note 81: Capt. Nathaniel Stone, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1784.]
[Note 82: Captain Hitchcock was killed by Stone in a duel at West Point in February, 1782.]
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 21, 1783.
Sir: I have lately received your Letter of the 4th and have now to give my approbation to the Plan contained therein, for suppressing the illicit intercourse which prevails so scandalously with the Enemy. As this is an object in itself very important, and particularly recommended by Congress I cannot but think it proper that the Boatmen actually employed to assist you in the performance of this service, should be entitled to receive public provisions. You are therefore, hereby authorized to draw from the Contractors for such proportion of them as you shall judge essentially necessary; taking care to limit the number as much as the circumstances will admit, to prevent impositions of every kind, and to give the Vouchers in such manner as that they may be authenticated by a farther sanction from Head Quarters if necessary.
The Quarter Mastr Genl upon your application to him, will give what aid he is able towards furnishing Fuel for your Command. I am etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J
On January 21 Benjamin Walker wrote to Lieut. Col Francis Barber concerning the discharge of a minor. "The General wishes an Enquiry to be made whether the...facts are truly stated and and if there are any other circumstances attending the matter." Walker's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 21, 1783.
Sir: By an accidental conveyance, I recd some time ago the Representation you was pleased to address to me on the 25 Ulto. respecting the apprehension of Lt Stone of the 1st Masstts Regt. for the murder of Capt Hitchcock of the same Regt; having been until then, totally unacquainted with the circumstances of that unhappy affair some time has been unavoidably consumed in investigating and pointing out the proper line of conduct to be adopted thereon, which must be understood as the reason of my not answering sooner your application.
I have now, Sir, to acquaint you, that such instructions have been given to the Commandg Officer of the 1st Masstts Regt as will upon proper application, undoubtedly render effectual an attempt to apprehend the Person in question in consequence of a criminal prosecution which shall be legally instituted against him by the Civil Authority. I am &c.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, January 22, 1783.
Dear Sir: On the 20th by your Pay master, I informed you that besides the usual proportion of Clothing I had sent to your orders Woolen Caps, Socks, and Mitts for the intended Enterprise, to be made use of or not according to the circumstances. I have also written to Mr. Duet86 who is now at Albany, to lay in a Months Provisions for a hundred men at each of the Posts of Forts Renselaer and Herkimer.87 And, till farther orders have placed the Rhode Isld. Regiment under your direction.
[Note 86: William Duer.]
[Note 87: On January 22 Washington wrote Duer that it was necessary "That One Months Provision for One hundred Men should be always kept on hand at Fort Herkimer and at Fort Rensalaer on the Mohawk River," and ordering such supply to be laid in. This draft is in the Washington Papers. The letter sent is in the New York Historical Society.]
For the reasons you assign, I approve of the time proposed for the Attack,88 and suppose it will be necessary for you to begin your March from Fort Herkimer at the time you mention, viz. on the 8th or 9th of next Month. If the Sleighing should be good, and business does not prevent it I will endeavour to be at that place, or Fort Renselaer by that time; but of this you will take no notice to any body nor suffer it to have any influence on your preparations or conduct before or at the time as many things may intervene to detain me.
[Note 88: On Oswego, N. Y.]
All that remains to be done is now with you to do, and as the matter is between ourselves and you have better information of the situation of the enemy and difficulty in getting at them than I; I have only to request you to act from your best judgment under a firm perswasion that the enterprise in contemplation was even better known than it is no imputation could fall on you for having laid it aside if the difficulties in the way, or a want of information should be greater than appeared at first view. Let me hear from you and if possible by the 3d. or 4th. of next Month. I am etc.89
[Note 89: Washington wrote on the address cover: "The Qr. Master at Albany is to forward this with dispatch."]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, January 22, 1783.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of your several Letters of the 11th. 14th and 17th Jany one of them informing me of the Death of Majr. Genl Lord Stirling, whose loss is universally regretted by the Army, and I am exceeding sorry that it was not possible to shew those marks of respect at his funeral, which were due to his Lordship's Rank and Merit. I am &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, January 22, 1783.
Dear Smith: I have received yours of the 20th. and laid the subject of it before the General, who is clearly of opinion, as Congress have left no latitude for partial exchanges in their Act of the 16 of Octr. that it is not in his power to give any discretionary Orders and it would I am persuaded be disagreeable to urge the matter previous however to that Act it is recollected application had been made by Genl Knox for the exchange of an Officer (I think it was Lt Sutherland)91 to which the Genls assent was given. Should Mr Sutherland appear to be the
[Note 91: Lieut. Alexander Sutherland, of the British Engineers.] Gentleman alluded to, the exchange may be considered as having been carried into execution at the before mentioned time, and an Officer of ours liberated in consequence. As to the hardships experienced by other individuals, in consequence of a long captivity, all we can do is to feel for them; it rests alone with their own party to liberate them by entering into a Genl Cartel.
Mrs. Washington requests me to thank you in her name for the Almanac, we all remember you as we ought, particularly your friend.
P. S. Official Accts of the Evacuation of Charles Town have arrived at Phil. by Majr Burnet, previous to which Genl Greene had effected a universal exchange of all Prisoners in that Quarter.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphreys."]
Head Quarters, January 22, 1783.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the rect. of your two favors of the 27 and 31st. December and to acquaint you that agreably to the latter I have drawn on you in favor of Mr. Andrew Billings for forty Guineas for the purposes specified in the draft.
Inclosed is copy of an application made to me by Colo. Varick on the subject of Pay for his Writers; this business is getting into such a state of forwardness that I am in hopes Colo Varick will soon be able to continue it with only one Writer; twentyseven large folio Volumes are now nearly compleated.
Mr. Skinner who passed here lately informs me that he has sent to Mr. Turner all the papers he had in his possession relative to the department of Naval Prisoners. With great Esteem etc.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 94: A New York merchant and head of the firm of Daniel Parker & Co., contractors for supplying the Army with provisions.]
Newburgh January 22, 1783.
Sir: It did not occur to me at the moment you were so obliging as to profer your Services at Boston that I was in want of as much superfine Buff Cloth (not of the yellow kind) as would make me a Vest Coat Breechs. and facings to a Coat; and that It was my wish to get as much Buff-Silk-Shag as would line a Coat and Vest-Coat. Inclosed I send a sample of the kind wanted, and shall thank you for procurg. and bg. these things with you.
Mrs. Washington will thank you for getting for her Six yards of very fine Jacanet Muslin, Yard and half wide. The cost of these things shall be paid upon your arrival in Camp.95 I am etc.
[Note 95: On January 22 Washington wrote to David Henley, formerly colonel of one of the Sixteen Additional Continental regiments: "If Mr. Parker should have left Boston I will thank you for opening the inclosed Letter to him and complying with the Contents of it....I would be glad to get the Articles wrote for as soon as possible." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, January 22, 1783.
Sir: On recurring to Mr. Morris's Letter I find that I mistook its contents, and that I was to draw on him for the Amount of your demand. I therefore now inclose you my bill on the Hon Rob Morris Esqr. of this date for Forty Guineas, payable at sight.96 I am &c.97
[Note 96: The payment was for engraving the inscription upon the cannon presented by Congress to Comte de Rochambeau.]
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On this same day (January 22) Washington also wrote briefly to Colonel Olney, as officer commanding the Rhode Island regiment: "You will (Majr. Genl. Lord Stirling being dead) put yourself under the Orders of Colo. Willet (till a superior Officer shall arrive) and with your Regiment pay obedience to his Orders." This draft is in the Washington Papers. The letter sent is in the Rhode Island Historical Society.]
Wednesday, January 22, 1783.
Parole Alexandria. Countersigns Baltimore, Cambridge.
For the day tomorrow Major Grahame.
For duty the 1st. Massachusetts regiment.
The death of Major General Lord Sterling having happened at such a distance from this Army, that his funeral could not be attended with the Military honors due to his rank, the Commander in chief however wishes as a testimony of respect to the memory of his Lordship, that the General officers and such others as think proper, would go into mourning, one Month on the occasion, by wearing a Crape, or weed during that time.
Thursday, January 23, 1783.
Parole Devonshire. Countersigns Essex, Fallmouth.
For the day tomorrow Col. J. Vose.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Hampshire regiment.
The evacuation of Charlestown and the total liberation of the southern states from the power of the enemy are important events of which the Commander in Chief has now received official information. It is with heartfelt satisfaction he takes an early opertunity of making it known; and of congratulating the army on the favorable prospects before us. The enemy after more than a seven years War, and all their boasted conquests, being now reduced to narrower limits and a weaker force than they were possessed of seven years ago.
The Commander in Chief thinks there could not be a more proper occasion than this Epocha, to express the sense he entertains of the exalted Merits of the Troops which have been employed in the southern Department, the extraordinary abilities, bravery and prudence displayed by Major Genl. Green in conducting the operations; the patient virtue and invincible fortitude exhibited by the officers and men in seconding his efforts, amidst innumerable difficulties and hardships, through a long and severe contest, against superior numbers, will entitle them all to the gratitude of their Countrymen, the applause of the present age, and the admiration of posterity.
Friday, January 24, 1783.
Parole Geneva. Countersigns Holland, Ireland.
For the day tomorrow Major Morrill.
For duty the fourth Massachusetts regiment.
Report having been made to the Commander in chief, that when the Country people come to the hutts with marketting, they are frequently Maltreated and plundered by the soldiers, which conduct is not only scandalous in itself but injurious to the Army, as well as the Inhabitants, by tending to discourage the latter from returning again to the Cantonment; To remedy these abuses, the Quarter Master General will point out one, or more places, at which Provisions, Roots, Vegitables &ca. designed for the Army are to be exposed to sale.
Proper Guards will be appointed for the protection of such as shall attend, with an officer or officers whose duty it will be to superintend the Markett and preserve good order.
If any soldier shall attempt to purchase before the articles arrive at the appointed places he will be subject to corporal punishment by the Judgement of a Courtmartial; but if on such an occasion he shall be guilty of any imposition, fraud or other abuses, prompt punishment shall be inflicted on the spot, that the example may be held out as a terror to others.
Head Quarters, January 24, 1783.
Sir: By the enclosed Act of Congress of the 31st Decr. you will observe, to what period the reduction of the Lines therein named, is postponed; Nothing, I suppose, will prevent its being carried into execution at that time, except the Regts should be previously compleated to the Establishment ordered in the Resolution of the 7th of Augst last, I thought it expedient to give you this information, and to desire you will advise me of the measures which have been taken, and the prospect there is of compleating the Rhode Island Regt; as I have not heard one word from the State on the subject. I am etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[R.I.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 24, 1783.
Sir: Upon observing the naked and forlorn situation of your Recruits of last year, and in general the indifferent appearance which the whole Brigade made yesterday under Arms, I am induced to order the two Regts. to be immediately put in perfect uniform; to obtain the necessary instructions for which, you will without loss of time apply to Head Quarters.
This measure is adopted not only with a design to put the two Regts of N Hampshire at least on a level with the other Troops, but even to give them such an advantage in point of appearance as will attone for the inconveniencies they have suffered by so long a detachment from the Army the disadvantage incident to which state, have hitherto been their apology; but, Sir, I shall expect from this Moment, that no favorable allowances will be required by them, but on the contrary that a spirit of emulation and passion to excel in discipline as well as appearance will prevail amongst your Troops in so great a degree, as to entitle them to honorable Notice, instead of public reprehension at a future Inspection; for I propose to see them again under Arms in the course of this Winter. I beg you to communicate the purport of this Letter to all the Officers of your Line, and to inform them that I shall rely upon their most zealous and unremitting exertions to put the Troops under their Orders, on the most respectable footing, before the opening of the next Campaign. I am etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On January 24 Washington wrote to Lieut. Col. Edward Antill that he was surprised he had not joined his corps and "directing that you forthwith repair to and remain with the Regt. to which you belong." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 1: A civil engineer, then at Morristown, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Morris Town, January 25, 1783.
Sir: At the same time I am to acknowledge the rect of your Letter of the 17th. inst. and to agree with you in sentiment that nothing can be attempted in the Works you project,2 so long as the War continues, I must take the liberty also to inform you candidly I do not imagine, that the State of Virginia, or either of the southern States or Companies of Gentlemen in them, will, for many years to come, think themselves sufficiently interested in the commerce of the great Rivers you mention,3 to incur any considerable expence in opening the Navigation of them.
[Note 2: His project was the removal of the obstructions in the Ohio River, to secure an open navigation to the Mississippi.]
[Note 3: Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.]
You may be assured, Sir, I can be actuated with no unfriendly motive in thus giving you my opinion, and that I should not discourage the Project did I not apprehend you would meet with insuperable difficulties. for the plan is, I believe, not only practicable in itself, but if executed, would hereafter be of immense advantage in its consequences: and indeed I have no doubt it will in some future age (which perhaps the rapid increase of population and wealth after the War may precipitate beyond all calculation) be carried into execution.
But from the present juvenile state of the Country, the abundance of land, the scarcity of labourers, and the want of resources, I say from these, and many other circumstances, it appears to me that this is too early a day for accomplishing such great undertakings; and that it would be more advisable to turn your attention and abilities to works of more facility in the performance and of more immediate public utility, in attempting which you will doubtless experience the encouragement and Patronage of all who are friendly to the liberal and useful Arts, as well as the interests of society and their Country. With due regard I am etc.
P. S. There was a Scheme just at the Commencement of this War for opening the navigation of the Potowmack; this, from the troubles of the times was laid aside, but I think it far more likely to succeed than that suggested in your Letter.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 25, 1783.
Sir: I was yesterday favoured with your Letter of the 20th.
There appears to be so much force in the reasons you give for extending the furloughs in your Regiment beyond the limitation of General Orders, that I shall not hesitate to grant you that authority, only desiring you will use it with the utmost discretion and confine the indulgence to characters which are absolutely to be relied upon and to cases of the first necessity, your regard for the reputation of your Regiment and zeal for the service I am satisfied will prevent this permission from being abused.
I thank you very sincerely for your exertions to put a stop to the illicit trade with the Enemy, and I have to request, that you will not remit your endeavours to effect that important purpose. Should the fact of attempting to carry any Provisions to the Enemy be proved against Baldwin5 and his party on their Trial. I do not see what can save them from an infamous and exemplary death; by the late Law of Jersey. I am certain nothing ought to; and indeed it will be in vain for the Military power (tho' earnestly called upon by Congress) to expect to destroy this pernicious intercourse, unless the Civil will rigidly carry their own Laws into execution.6
[Note 5: Elias Baldwin. He was formerly a lieutenant in Spencer's Additional Continental regiment.]
[Note 6: To this point the text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress The remainder of the letter is from an extract, in the writing of David Humphreys, so labeled. The P. S. is also from the Varick Transcripts.]
By the enclosed you will see the sentiments of all the General Officers now present with the Army on the subject of your Memorial; in consequence of which, if the Memorialists choose to prosecute the Judge Advocate7 before a Military Court, it will be necessary to reduce the Allegations to specific Charges, and transmit them to me without delay, that an investigation may immediately take place. I shall suspend the publication of the Proceedings in the case of Major Reid,8 until I hear the farther determination of those concerned, which I desire may be at as early a day as possible. In all events it will be at the option of the Gentlemen who consider themselves aggrieved in the
[Note 7: Lieut. Thomas Edwards.]
[Note 8: Maj. James Randolph Reid.] present instance to avail themselves of the ulterior expedient pointed out by the Board of General Officers.9 I am etc.
[Note 9: Brigadier General Hazen and the officers who brought the charges against Major Reid considered that through the conduct of the Judge Advocate General "They have been deprived of the Redress They conceived They had a right to expect." The expedient pointed out was that if the uprightness of the Judge Advocate appeared after investigation, "the only Redress the parties who Suppose themselves Injured can Obtain, will be, an Inquiry into their Conduct before a Court, convened for that purpose, at which Major Reid might be ordered to Attend, to Support His Allegations." This report is in the Washington Papers under date of Jan. 23, 1783.]
P. S. No furloughs must on any account extend beyond the 15th of April.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 25, 1783.
Sir: The several Papers you honored me with this morng. have been duly laid before the Commander in Chief, and I have it in command from him to inform you, that as the Arrangement of Issues to the Canadian Refugees has originated from and been immediately established by the secy at War, any Alterations or innovations, in it, he thinks ought necessarily to come from the same quarter; and Gen Lincoln being now soon expected from the Eastward, His Excellency conceives it proper to refer you to him, for his decision and Orders on the subject. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys A D C."]
Newburgh, January 25, 1783.
Sir: I was hurt yesterday at the appearance of the Detachment under your Command; as I conceive you must have been, if you viewed and drew a comparison between it, and the Regiment on your Left. The Clothes of the latter, have been upon the Soldier's backs almost, if not quite, Twelve Months, while it is scarce Six since any part of yours has been issued.
Dirt and Trash too, of every denomination, was so liberally strewed, even, upon your Parade; and immediately before the doors of your Hutts; that it was difficult to avoid the filth.
[The true distinction, Sir, between what is called a fine Regiment, and an indifferent one, will ever, upon investigation, be found to originate in, and depend upon the care, or the inattention, of the Officers belonging to them. That Regiment, whose Officers are watchful of their Men, and attentative to their wants, who will see that proper use is made, and a proper account taken, of whatever is drawn for them;] and that Regimental and Company Inspections are frequent, in order to examine into the state of their Arms, Ammunition, Clothing and other necessaries to prevent loss or embezzlement. Who will see that the Soldiers Clothes are well made, kept whole, and Clean. That their Hurts are swept and purified; that their Provisns is in good order well Cooked, and Eat at proper hours; that the Trash, and all kinds of Offal is either burnt, or buried; That Vaults or proper necessaries are erected, and every person punished who shall on these occasions go elsewhere in the Camp. Those Officers I say who attend to these things, and their duty strictly enjoins it on them,[give health, comfort, and a Military pride to their Men] which fires and fits them for everything great and noble. It is by this means the character of a Regiment is exalted, while Sloth inattention and neglect produce the reverse of these in every particular and must infallibly lessen the reputation of the Corps.
I observe with concern that none of your Officers had Espontoons, that some of them were even without Side Arms, and of those that had, some were so remiss in their duty as not to know they were to salute with them; from these considerations I am led to point you to the Genl. Orders of the 9th. of August and 1st. of September; And to recommend in pointed terms to your Officers the necessity and advantage of making themselves perfectly master of the Printed "Regulations for the order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States." Ignorance of them, cannot nor will it be, any excuse; while it may bring disgrace on the Corps they belong to, and produce much confusion in the Army, if they should form and manoeuvre with it.
As it is the first time I have seen them under Arms, and some allowance is to be made for the rawness of the Corps, I will substitute admonition in place of reprehension; but it is my desire that you should inform the officers I shall expect to see a very great alteration in the police of the Corps and appearance of the Men before the next Inspection. The Soldiers of your detachment, with a few exceptions, would look very well in the line of the Army if their Clothes were in good order, well fitted, and the men made to appear Neat and Clean. I am etc.
Saturday, January 25, 1783.
Parole Keppell. Countersigns Lambert, Medway.
For the day tomorrow Major Redding.11
[Note 11: Maj. Samuel Reading (Redding).]
For duty the third Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, January 25, 1783.
Sir: Your two Letters one to Colo Humphreys and the other to the General were recd; the Contractors say they will instantly send a person to supply your detachment with Provision.
His Excellency directs that Prisoners of War Exchanged or on Parole need not in future be sent to head Quarters; this instruction to be given to the Officer who relieves you. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "B[enjamin] W[alker]."]
Sunday, January 26, 1783.
Parole Narraganset. Countersigns Oswego, Princeton.
For the day tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Vandyke.
For duty the sixth Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 26, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief is pleased to Order that compleat suits of Uniform Clothing shall be immediately issued to the two Regts of New Hampshire agreeably to the Returns which will be made by them. It is also His Excellency's desire that you will assort the Clothing to be issued into different sizes, in such manner as will be most benificial to the Public and convenient for fitting the several Articles to the Troops for whom they are intended. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphreys Aid de Camp."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 27, 1783.
Sir: I have to request you will, as soon as possible, give me an Estimate of all those things in your Department (noting the expence of each in the best manner you are able) which will be requisite to enable our Army to take the field and prosecute vigorous operations, in case the War should continue another Campaign; In this Estimate I would have comprehended particularly the means of transportation by land and Water, viz Horses and Teams for the Artillery and Baggage, Forage, Wheel Carriages, Boats, Artificers, Waggoners and Watermen; also Tools, Tents, Camp Equipage of all kinds and in general every Article that comes properly within your Province.
It is likewise my wish, Sir, that you would exhibit at the same time a state of your Department annexed to the before. mentioned Estimate in such manner as to shew at a single view, which of those Articles the Public is, or may be possessed of, from your present resources; and what specific Articles must be provided, by ways and Means which are yet to be devised.
I can scarcely expect your Estimate to be perfectly accurate in all respects, it will be sufficient for my purpose, to have the best calculation you can make, as founded upon the established Allowances, the current Prices, and your own experience. As to the number of Troops for whom provision is to be made, I can only observe, that altho, in your present Estimate it may be sufficient to include eight complete Regts in addition to the force now in this quarter, yet in case offensive Operations should be ultimately resolved on, a very considerable number of Tents, and many other Articles would be required for the Militia that must then be called into service. I am, etc.
P. S. Upon farther consideration I shall have occasion for duplicate Estimates, which I desire you to have made out accordingly. Three new Marques will be wanted for the Gentlemen of my family next Campaign. and exclusive of these one to be exchanged for that now in my possession as I mentioned to you.
I must also desire you to take the earliest opportunity the weather may afford to have all the Boats that are repairable put in the best order for service; as I propose to accustom the Troops, as soon as the river is navigable, to the Manoeuvres of embarkation and debarkation.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Monday, January 27, 1783.
Parole Quarterly. Countersigns Reading, Sterling.
For the day tomorrow Major Fish.
For duty the second Massa. regiment.
Head Quarters, January 28, 1783.
Sir: I delayed answering your Letter of the 5 Instant15 only 'till I could cause the necessary enquiry to be made respecting Wm. Deane.
[Note 15: Smith's letter, dated from Newark, N. J., is in the Washington Papers.]
I am now to inform you, that orders are given to have his discharge made out and I wish he may prove a consolation to his Parent; with great regard I am etc.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, January 28, 1783.
Dr Sir: I have received your two Letters of the 23 and 27 instant.
It seems strange that such a number of Marine Prisoners should be sent on without any provision being made for their subsistence on the way. I will mention the circumstance to Mr. Morris, and will immediately give directions to the Contractors to provide against such exigencies, so far as regards your Post.
The Letters for New York are returned and may be forwarded; the Official Letters of Mr. Morris or the Comy of Naval Prisoners need not be sent here in future. I am &c.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, January 28, 1783.
Parole Theatre. Countersigns Venango, Wyoming.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Comdr. Barber.
For duty tomorrow the 8th Massachusetts regiment.
At the General court martial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president, Joseph Cowell, David Shea, Thomas Jenks, John Blake, Robert Creaton, Nathan Curtis, James Urann, Abraham Cook, Samuel Woods and Noah Goodrich, soldiers in the Light Infantry Company of the 1st Massachusetts regiment, were tryed: charged with killing a Cow on the night of the tenth, stealing Fowls about the 16th. and stealing eleven Geese on the night of the 24th. of December last.
The Court on consideration are of opinion, that, that part of the charge against the prisoners respecting the Cow, and fowles, is not supported; that the prisoners are each of them guilty of the other part of the charge against them in breach of Article the 5th. section the 18th. of the rules and articles of war; and sentence Urann, Cowell and Shea to receive one hundred lashes each; and each of the other prisoners, seventy five Lashes on their naked backs; and that the whole of them be put under equal Stoppages in their pay till the sum of fifteen dollars be stoped in the whole, to be paid to Mr. Jonas Williams to make good his loss and damage.
At the same court, James Keter of the 3d. Massachusetts regiment was tried for Desertion: found guilty in breach of article 1st. section 6th. of the rules and artcs. of war and sentenced to receive One hundred lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences.
AFTER ORDERS
The first Newyork regiment will march on thursday next for the relief of the 7th. Massachusetts regimt. on the lines.
Head Quarters, January 28, 1783.
Gentlemen: It has happened that Prisoners of War passing to or from New York arrive at the Post of Dobbs ferry and for want of a Commissary there, are greatly distressed for Provision; an instance of this kind now exists: upwards of Sixty Prisoners have been sent there by Mr. Morris to go to New York; they have wanted Provision on the road and on their arrival at Dobbs ferry could meet no supply and should they not go in immediately, their distress must greatly increase; such instances may frequently happen. I must therefore desire that some measures may be fallen upon to remedy so great an inconvenience. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 29, 1783.
Sir: I am honored with your favor of the 20th inst. enclosing the Copy of a Letter to the Pay Mastr General; the subject of yours has been communicated to Mr Flint19 principal Agt for the Contractors with the Army, who assures me there is no doubt every facility will be given by them to the circulation of the Notes in contemplation to be issued. With sentiments of Esteem etc.20
[Note 19: Royal Flint.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Wednesday, January 29, 1783.
Parole Amboy. Countersigns Burdenton, Castleton.
For the day tomorrow Major Scott.
For duty the 5th. Massachusetts regiment.
Major Generals Baron Steuben and Duportail, Colonels Humpton and Laumoy, Majors Villefranche, Clarkson and McPherson. and Captain L'Enfant, or such of them as can be assembled will compose a board of officers to examine into and report on the Claim of Captain Segond to be admitted into the Legion Commanded by Colonel Armand. Major General Steuben will preside and will appoint the time and place of meeting; Colonel Armand and Captain Segond will attend to give the Board the necessary information on the subject.
Thursday the 6th. of February being the anniversary of the Alliance with france, a feu de joye will be fired on that day in celebration of this auspicious Event, by the troops of the Cantonment; previous to which they will be reviewed by the Commander in chief on their parades. The regiments to be under arms presisely at one o'clock. The Adjutant Genl. will give instructions respecting the subsequent dispositions; and the Commandant of Artillery will order a sufficient number of Cartridges without ball to be issued for the occasion.
After the feu de joye the General will be happy to see not only all the officers of the Cantonments, but all the Gentlemen of the Army and other Gentlemen and Ladies who can attend with convenience at the Newbuilding,21 where a cold Collation will be provided.
[Note 21: The New Building was at New Windsor, at which the Army was cantoned, and which was about 3 miles from Newburgh. It stood on a slight elevation and was a one-story frame structure, erected by the troops, and "handsomely finished, with a spacious hall, sufficient to contain a brigade of troops on Lord's days, for public worship, with an orchestre at one end. On top was a cupola and a flag-staff." It was also called the "Temple" and the "Public Building," and was used for general assemblage purposes. The estimate for the building shows "5120 feet of timber; 3000 laths, 4 ft. long, 1 in. thick, 2½ inches wide; 21,000 shingles, well shaved, 8 × 4 inches in size; 1000 split ribs, 8½ ft long, 2½ in. wide at the top." Stones for the chimneys, underpinning, etc., were collected from the field. The building was to be finished in 15 days.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 29, 1783.
My dear Sir: On the 18th of Decr. I wrote a long Letter, advising you very fully of the state of affairs in this part of the Continent; since that time I have had the pleasure to receive your three favors of the 6th 10th and 19th of the same Month. I scarcely need assure you that the intelligence communicated in your last of the liberation of the southern States from the power of the Enemy, has afforded us infinite satisfaction, and that the event must be attended with very interesting consequences, whatever the future intentions of the British Cabinet may be; permit me to felicitate you sincerely on your agency in producing it and to request you will make known to the Officers and Soldiers of your Army, my entire approbation of their conduct; the inclosed Orders which I have caused to be published to this Army, will be a permanent testimony of my sentiments and feelings on the occasion.
Convinced that your knowledge of the Country and military judgment would dictate with propriety what number of Troops ought to be continued at present with the southern States. It was my intention in the Letter of the 23d of Septr. and those of a subsequent date to submit the matter almost entirely to your discretion. I have now to approve of the arrangements which you have made; especially, as in the present unsettled state of affairs, The detention of the Corps mentioned in your Letter of the 10th of Decr. may be of utility there, and will not be attended with any ill consequences elsewhere; but I think it essential to acquaint you, that in case the War should continue, the Post of New York be held by the Enemy, and offensive operations be attempted against it, we shall stand in need of the whole regular force that can be collected from all the States northward of the Carolinas; upon a presumption that these things may happen, I shall wish you to put in motion all the Troops above alluded to (except the Virginia Regt of Horse and the Legion) as soon as you shall judge the tranquility of Georgia and the Carolinas is sufficiently restored to admit of their being withdrawn; for as to our being able totally to prevent the desultory and predatory incursions of the Enemy (if they should have a disposition to exert themselves in that way) I do not think our whole Army competent to the object. I conceive, however, that Cavalry are much preferable for such services than Infantry, and it is for this reason, I shall not object to your retaining the two Corps before specified, so long as there may be occasion for them.
Unacquainted as I am, with the particular local situation of Charles Town, I cannot undertake to give a decisive opinion with respect to the fortifications proper for that place, but so far as I am able to form a judgment at this distance, I am induced from the reasons you give, as well as from my general knowledge of it, to accord fully in sentiment with you, on the subject.
I am very anxious to see the King of Great Britains speech to his Parliament, with the consequent Debates and Determinations, as I imagine we shall be able from these to form a better judgment respecting War or Peace than from any thing we have hitherto seen; indeed the Commission, enabling Mr. Oswald to treat with us, as "the United States of America" kindles a brighter ray of hope than any which has hitherto shone upon us, and altho it should not light us so soon as some fondly imagine to the wished for period of all our toils and all our dangers, yet it will remain like a fixed luminary by which to steer our future course to the harbours of Peace and Independence.
There is nothing besides of news since I wrote you last, except the death of my Lord Stirling which happened at Albany on the 14th inst. and the promotion of Colonels Greaton, Putnam and Dayton to the Rank of Brigadiers. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, January 27 [--30], 1783.
Dear Sir: I embrace this first oppertunity to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 20th. from Philadelphia.
Your meeting with the smallest delay in receiving payment for the Land purchased of Messrs. Dow and Co. gives me pain. I receive no earthly advantage from it. I have been paying interest for the Money near two Months and one of these I have had it in my own desk.
Had Mr. Lund Washington, in explicit terms, informed me, that the money, by agreement, was to have been paid in Philadelphia, and given me the name of the Person with whom you had lodged a power to receive and acquit me of it; I should most assuredly, have sent it there. But my deposite of it (previously to your arrival), and your enquiries for it afterwards must have been equally vague and uncertain, it appeared to me therefore that a hazard was to be incurred on my part by such a line of conduct without an adequate advantage on yours because not knowing who your corrispondents were I had no certain means of communicating the necessary information. All that I could do under these circumstances, I did, which was to request Mr. Morris (in a Letter of the 8th. Inst.) if he was acquainted with and saw you in Philadelphia, and could make it convenient to pay £1880 Virga. Curry. at that place and receive the like Sum here, to take up the Bills and draw on me for the amount. What has been done in consequence of it I know not, having heard nothing from that Gentleman since. I therefore send the aforesaid Sum of £1880 by Jno. Trumbull Esqr. who will take up my Bills with proper receipts on them.
This candid, and just state of matters will, I hope, be received as an apology for the disappointment you have met with, which under a want of proper information was scarcely to be avoided on my part.
I am very sorry to hear of the death of my old acquaintance and friend Doctr. Rumney. He has paid the debt which we all owe, and sooner or later shall be called upon to discharge. I am etc.
30th Jan: P. S. I was upon the point of sending off this Letter and the money when your 2d letter of the 21st. arrived and am happy to hear that matters are adjusted So much to your satisfaction.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, January 30, 1783.
Sir: I should not have undertaken at this time to Address myself, through Your Excellency, to Congress, on the present state of our Military and Political Affairs (which are so blended as scarcely to admit of seperation in the discussion) did I not apprehend my silence might perhaps be construed into remissness of my Official duties, or inattention to the public interests; and that some inconveniences might be experienced by the neglect or delay. Influenced by these motives, and an ardent desire to carry the wishes of Congress into effect, I shall hope to be excused, (after suggesting a few things) for entreating to be made acquainted, so far as may be deemed expedient, with their Sentiments and expectations relative to our future Military Operations.
It scarcely need be remarked here, as it is a fact of great notoriety, that the tranquility, leisure, and inactivity of Winter Quarters have ever been considered by all well-informed Warlike Nations, when in a state of Hostility, as the only proper Season for taking into contemplation the probable operations of the ensuing Campaign, and for making the best arrangements in their power for carrying such projects as were finally determined upon into execution. It was not simply in conformity with this practice, but upon a perfect conviction of the propriety and expediency of it, that, at the close of all my former Campaigns, I have thought myself not only warranted, but impelled by the strongest dictates of reason and duty to exert all my influence and abilities in endeavouring to augment our force, and to make the greatest possible provision in every Department, for enabling us to act with vigor at the opening of the next Campaign: And in thus attempting to perform my duty I derived no small share of satisfaction from a consciousness that I should meet with the approbation and assistance of my Country; at the sametime, being so fully acquainted with the designs of the Enemy on the one hand, and with the inclinations of Congress on the other, that I could not hesitate a moment in my own mind, to decide what general system of measures was proper to be adopted. But as the complexion of our Political and Military Affairs is now entirely changed by the Negociations for Peace which are carrying on in Europe, as Congress have determined by the reduction which has lately taken place that the number of Men engaged on the present Establishments are adequate to the Services before us, and as that Honble. Body have much better opportunities than any Individual can have, for collecting and comparing the intelligence necessary to judge with a degree of certainty whether Peace will be concluded in the course of the Winter so as to supercede the necessity of any farther Military preparations; I could not think myself at liberty (without having recourse to their Sentiments) to take the same measures, and give the same Orders, I had on all former occasions deemed myself competent to; on the contrary, I feared to delay any longer to express my apprehensions, that very fair oppertunities might be lost, and that very great if not irrepairable injuries might be experienced, (if the War should be continued, especially if it should begin to rage again), in case we should not also on our part be in a state of preparation for such an event.
In addition to every other consideration of a Foreign, a Military, or Political nature, the embarrassed State of our Finances, the necessity of using the strictest oeconomy, and preventing every unnecessary expenditure of public money in conducting our Military Affairs; have, in an especial manner, prompted me to make this representation; that the Sovereign power may determine what is the proper line of conduct to be pursued, under our present circumstances, whether any or what preparation ought to be made during the Winter, and what our situation will be at the period proper for opening the Campaign (supposing the War should continue and require any offensive operations on our part) unless many of the essential Articles which are wanting, particularly in the Quarter Masters Department, should in the meantime be effectually and fully supplied. Amongst the most indispensable and yet most expensive of which I beg leave to mention the means of Transportation, viz Horses for Artillery, Teams and Wheel Carriages for Ordnance, Stores, and Baggage; without which, it is well known an Army becomes totally helpless and totally harmless; for so far from being able to annoy and operate against its Enemy, it is neither able to take the Field, to advance or retire a single step, let the occasions or prospects be of a Nature ever so pressing and important.
Notwithstanding any of the foregoing observations, I hope it will be clearly understood, that it is very far from being my Wish or desire that our Military preparations should be increased in the smallest degree beyond what the exigence of the Circumstances may appear to demand. But while I candidly confess that I believe there is no Man who more earnestly wishes a speedy period may be put to the contest, than myself; I must take the liberty to suggest whether (in case a Peace shd. not take place in consequence of the present Negotiations) it would not be far more eligible in point of National policy and Oeconomy to attempt by one great and decisive effort to expel the Enemy from the remaining part of their possessions in the United States, than to suffer them with their enfeebled force to hold a Post and protract the War, untill the accumulating expences of our languid and defensive measures only, shall amount to such an agregate sum as would have furnished the means for attempting the Siege of New York with a prospect of success.
In order that your Excellency and Congress may have as comprehensive and compleat a view of our efficient force, our Military apparatus, and the principal Articles which would be required for a vigorous Campaign I have thought it expedient to forward the Inclosed returns and Estimates (the Estimate of the Engineers is omitted because the Articles in his Department will be principally provided by the labors of the Army) and I flatter myself it will be found that the Troops under my Orders are at this moment as much collected, and as well appointed as could possibly be expected under our circumstances, and that all the means which have been afforded, so far as depended upon Military arrangements, have been oeconomised in the most prudent manner. I shall wait with great solicitude to hear the Sentiments, expectations and final pleasure of Congress, on the several points contained in this Letter. And in the meantime I have the honor &c.
PS. I have directed the Troops of Pensyla., Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, except the Legionary Corps, to be comprehended in the Qr. Masters Estimate, as they would undoubtedly be employed with this Army in case of any serious operation.23
[Note 23: Indorsed by Charles Thomson "Secret. Read Feby 11, 1783. Referred to Mr [Alexander] Hamilton Mr [Richard] Peters Mr [Theodorick] Bland Mr [John] Rutledge Mr [Thomas] Mifflin The returns as well as the Contents of the letter to be kept secret." The returns are not with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Feb. 20, 1783.)]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, January 30, 1783.
Parole Denbeigh. Countersigns Exeter, Faulkland.
For the day tomorrow Major Oliver.
For duty the Maryland Detachment.
Friday, January 31, 1783.
Parole Germany. Countersigns Hannover, Japan.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Col. J. Millen.
For duty the first Jersey regiment.
The Quarter Master General has fixed on three markett places to which Provisions of all kinds intended for sale to the troops are to be brought. One in the front of the interval between the New Jersey and Newyork brigades, one in front of the interval between the first and third Massachusetts Brigades, and one in the rear of the hospital hurts, by the road that runs between those Hutts and the Hurts of the 2d. Massachusetts brigade.
A return of the number of Cartridges wanted to compleat the men of each regiment in this Cantonment, that will probably be under arms on thursday next to three rounds per man to be given in tomorrow at Orderly time.
A subaltern officer is daily to superintend each Market place established in the orders of this day. They will be furnished, in the following manner; the Maryland, Jersey, York, and Hampshire regiments in rotation, begining on the right that between the York and Jersey Lines, the first and third Massachusetts brigades, regimentally from right to left, that in the interval between those brigades, and the 2d. Brigade in the same manner, that between the hospital hutts and those of said brigade.
The officers on this duty will find their Instructions in the orders of the 24th. instant.
Head Quarters, February 1, 1783.
Dear Sir: I am to desire that you will take the earliest Opportunity to furnish me with an Estimate of every thing in the Ordnance and Artillery Department which will be necessary to carry on an Offensive and vigorous Campaign; considering the Siege of New York as a probable Operation, this Estimate to be on the same principles as those of 80 and 81; Noting such of the Articles as are already in our possession or within our reach, to shew what is to be procured by ways and means yet to be devised. I am &c24
[Note 24: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarers, Newburgh, February 1, 1783.
Sir: The Severity of the Climate, and of the duty of the Troops, [particularly when they are Scouting] at the Out Posts on the Mohawk River, renders it absolutely necessary that they should some times be supplied with a little Spirits. I must therefore desire you, without delay, to procure for them two or three Hogsheads of Rum or other Spirits, subject to the orders of Colonel Willet.
If in doing this any additional expence is incurred which is not warranted by the Contract, it must be paid rather than the Troops should Suffer. It has some how been omitted to make provision for the Subsistence of the Officers of Colonel Willet's Regiment 'till the Secy at War's directions can be had, they must be supplied with Provisions to the Amount of the subsistence allowed their respective ranks. I am &c.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
On February 1 Washington wrote to Brig. Gen. Moses Hazen that he would be notified of the time of proceedings in the trial of the Judge Advocate, with permission to attend. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Saturday, February 1, 1783.
Parole, Kingston. Countersigns Lancaster, Manchester.
For the day tomorrow Major Gibbs.
For duty the 2d. Jersey regiment.
Sunday, February 2, 1783.
Parole Northcastle. Countersigns Onondago, Pompton.
For the day tomorrow Major Knap.
For duty the 2d. York regiment.
A sub, sergt, corpl, and 15 privates from the regimt. which gives the details for duty to march tomorrow morning to West-point, to receive the prisoners belonging to the corps in this Cantonment confined there, and conduct them to the New provost. The officer commanding the party will apply to the Fort major at Westpoint for the prisoners, and report to the Adjutant Genl. on his return that a relief may be ordered for him. Commanding officers of brigades are requested to send to Westpoint on tuesday next for their proportions of Blank cartridges agreably to the returns given in yesterday an abstract of which will be sent to General Knox.
Head Quarters, February 2, 1783.
Sir: Mr. Hobby having claimed as his property a Negro Man now serving as a soldier in the 3d Masstts Regt. you will be pleased to order a Court of Enquiry, consisting of five as respectable Officers as can be appointed in your Brigade, to examine into the validity of the claim, the manner in which the person in question came into service, and the propriety of his being discharged or retained in service, having inquired into the matter with all the attending circumstances, they will report to you their opinion thereon, which you will communicate to me as soon as conveniently may be. I am etc.
P. S. All concerned should be notified to attend.26
[Note 26: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in Marietta College, Ohio.]
Newburgh, February 2, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 28th ulto From Fort Renselaer, and 30th from Albany both came to my hands last Night.
One hundred and fifty Blankets (all that are in the Clothiers Store at this place) and twenty five Axes are now packing to be sent to you; and the Qr Master Genl will endeavor, if possible, to have them at Albany on the 4th.; from whence you must take measures to get them to Fort Herkimer in time. If any of Olneys Men (on the Enterprise you are going) should be in greater need than yours, they must be supplied out of this parcel, that the whole may be as comfortable as it is in my power to make them.
I do not send Medicines, Bandages and Instruments because it would take some time to procure them, and not a moment is to be lost in dispatching the Sleighs with the Blankets, that they may arrive in time; and because (tho' I wish you not to be unprovided) it is to be remembered, and I wish to impress it upon you, that, if you do not succeed by Surprise the attempt will be unwarrantable. The Wounds received in the former, more than probable, will be trifling.
Every plausible deception should be used to mask the object of your Expedition to the latest moment. Your movements afterwards should be quick, and pains must be taken to discover, by tracts or otherwise, whether intelligence has out gone you. If you should be fully convinced of this, the further prosecution of the Enterprise would not only be fruitless, but might prove injurious.
To an Officer of your care, attention and foresight, I shall not dwell upon circumspection and caution. The consequence of a Surprize (not only to the party you command, but to your own reputation) is too serious and self evident, to stand in need of illustration. A Vast deal depends upon having good Guides to Oswego; and every thing, in a manner, upon persons who can carry you without hesitation or difficulty, to the points of Attack when you arrive there. How far a few Indians would be useful to you for the first purpose; and how far they are to be confided in, you, from a better knowledge of them than I possess, must judge and act accordingly.
Guides who are pressed into the Service must be well secured, lest they desert from you in a critical moment.
From having recourse to the Almanack I am led to Wish that the Night for the Attack may not be delayed beyond the 12th Instt.; as I find that the sitting of the Moon (even at that time) approaches so near day light, that the intervening space is short; and consequently must be very critical; as accidents unforseen, and consequently unprovided for, may embarrass your movements towards the Works and retard the Attack of them beyond the hour designed, to the entire disappointment of the plan. Let me caution you therefore against being too exact in your allowance of time for your last Movement; reflect that you can always waste time, but never recover it. Halts, or slow Marching will accomplish the first, but nothing can effect the latter, consequently in such an Enterprise as yours want of time will be a certain defeat.
Let your disposition be such, that in any circumstances your retreat to your Sleigh, and afterwards with them, may be secure.
If success should crown your endeavors, let your first object be to secure your Prisoners, whom you will treat with lenity and kindness; suffering no Insult or abuse to be offered to them with impunity. Your next object must be to destroy the Works, Vessels (if any should be found there), and every thing else that cannot be brought away. Such Works as cannot be consumed by Fire, nor easily razed by the labor of the Soldiers, must be, if practicable, blown up. In a Word they are to be effectually demolished, if it is within the Compass of your power to do it.
Whatever is found in, or about the Works belonging to the Enemy, and is agreeable to the Rules and Customs of War, humanity and generosity; shall be given to the Party as the reward of their Gallantry and fatigue; to be distributed in proportion to their pay; the drivers of Sleighs, if Countrymen, should receive a part as an extra encouragement for their Services.
Make me the earliest report (if successful from the Scene of Action, at any rate on your return) of your progress, and the Issue of the Expedition. The Inclosed Letter will shew you what I have done respecting Spirits and Subsistence for your Officers. Seal it before delivery, and make your own arrangements with the Contractor. I begin to doubt the practicability of my being up. My sentiments however you are possessed of, as well as all the Aid I can give. Your own judgment must govern where my Instructions are deficient. I heartily wish you honor and success, and am etc.27
[Note 27: An impress warrant, dated February 2, empowering Willett to impress from the inhabitants such a number of sleighs and horses as may be requisite was inclosed by Washington in a brief note dated February 13. The originals of both the warrant and note are in the Morgan Library.]
[M.L.]
Monday, February 3, 1783.
Parole Quintal. Countersigns Richmond, Salem.
For the day tomorrow Colonel H. Jackson.
For duty the 1st Hampshire regiment.
Head Quarters, February 3, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief will have occasion immediately for duplicate abstracts of the Musters of the Whole Army, made out from the last Rolls in your possession, exhibiting accurately, the total numbers borne thereon, and the different terms of service for which all the Men are engaged, in such a manner as that the whole may be seen at a single glance. I am etc.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, February 4, 1783.
Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 29 January inclosing Copy of Maj Villefranches Memorial to Congress.
The Testimonials already in the possession of Maj Villefranche will shew the very high opinion I entertain of his merit and services. His Memorial meets my approbation and if Congress should think proper to comply with it the circumstance will afford me pleasure. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Tuesday, February 4, 1783.
Parole Turkey. Countersigns Varsailles, Warwick.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonl Newhall.
For duty the 2d. Hampshire regiment.
The troops are to be under arms for review on thursday exactly at 12 o'clock instead of one as was directed in the orders of the 29th. Ultimo.
The General is happy in having the following honorable testimony to the Character and memory of Major General Lord Sterling recorded in the Annals of the Army.
By the United States in Congress assembled January 28, 1783.
The Commander in Chief having in a letter of the 20, informed Congress of the death of Major General Lord Stirling.
On motion
Resolved, That the President signify to the Commandr. in Chief, in a manner the most respectful to the memory of the late Major General the Earl of Stirling, the sense Congress entertain of the early and meritorius, exertions of that general in the common cause; and of the bravery, perseverance and military talents he possessed; which having fixed their esteem for his character, while living, induce a proportionate regret for the loss of an officer who has rendered such constant and important services to his country.
Head Quarters, February 4, 1783.
Sir: By the inclosed Letter from Mr Hobby,30 it appears that he wishes to suggest some new Matters which he supposes would operate in procuring a Discharge for the Negro Man claimed by him. Whereupon, His Excellency the Commander in Chief is pleased to direct, that you will cause the Proceedings to be revised by the same Court, in order that they may be enabled to take into consideration any additional circumstances or reasons which may be exhibited by the Claimant and report thereon. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 30: Capt. Jonathan Hobby, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment.]
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, February 4, 1783.
Sir: I have the honour to acknowledge the recpt. of your Letter of the 28th January, inclosing one thousand Dollars (in Notes) for Colo. Varick, whose receipt shall be obtained and transmitted agreeably to your desire.
I cannot omit mentioning, that the Officer of the detachment sent from Phila. with Marine Prisoners, Reports, that no arrangement having been made for their subsistence on the Road, both Guard and Prisoners were in the most distressed situation for want of Provisions. With great regard etc.32
[Note 32: The text is from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 33: Rhode Island Delegate to Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 4, 1783.
Sir: I have received the Letter you was pleased to address to me on the 28th of Janry.34
[Note 34: Arnold had written (January 28): "The peculiarly delicate situation in which I am placed by the said report, will I hope render an Apology for this, and such further Applications as [ shall be necessitated to make, in developing this at present dark and mysterious affair, unnecessary." Arnold's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I beg you will be persuaded, Sir, that I have not accustomed myself to form opinions upon partial representations, or reports of any kind whatever, until the characters concerned have had an opportunity of contradicting and refuting them; it was not because I gave implicit credence to that part of Capt Macomber's report which affected your reputation, that I enclosed it without alteration to the President of Congress; but because it came into my hands [from the Officer Commandg in the Northern Departm.] Officially, and I thought your own reputation and my duty required, that I should Act in the matter, as I have done.
You may be assured, Sir, that No apology was necessary for your application, and that I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, February 4, 1783.
Sir: I am honored with your Excellencys Letter of the 29th. January.
Since I had the honor to write the late President, respecting the Enemys having put a stop to the incursions of the Savages, I have received no intelligence but what had seemed to confirm the declarations the Enemy then made how long they will continue this inoffensive System or what may be their designs for next Spring, it is impossible for me to say; it is however best to be prepared for the worst. I am &c.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 5, 1783.
Dear Sir: A few days since, I recd your favor of the 25th. of January. There is such an absolute dearth of News here, that I cannot undertake to give you a single syllable in return for what you was so good as to send me.
Without amusements or avocations, I am spending another Winter (I hope it will be the last that I shall be kept from returning to domestic life) amongst these rugged and dreary Mountains. I have however the satisfaction of seeing the Troops better coverd, better Clothed and better fed, than they have ever been in any former Winter Quarters. And this circumstance alone would make any situation tolerable to me. In a little time I hope to turn their duty into an Amusement, by awakening again the spirit of Emulation and love of Military Parade and glory, which was so conspicuous the last Campaign. I shall (as soon as the Weather will permit in the Spring) expect to see the General Officers daily on Horseback at the Head of their Commands, teaching them by precept and example, every thing that is reputable and glorious in the profession of Arms; let me hint in Season, I presume you will not chuse to be absent, or second in exertion on these occasions, to any of your brother Officers.
In the mean time I shall strive to while away this Season, in laying a foundation for those things. Tomorrow being the Anniversary of the Alliance with France we shall have a Military Exhibition. There will be a Review and fue de joie and afterwards a Cold Collation at the new Public Building. With great regard etc.37
[Note 37: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 5, 1783.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your Letter of the 13th of January and have written to Governor Harrison that it was much to be wished, the Obstacles mentioned by you might be removed, and that measures might be taken during the Winter, for forming the Troops now in the State with the Detachment, which I imagined would be sent back by General Green from So Carolina, into a compleat Regt or Regts, in such a manner as that they might be properly appointed and fit for service at the opening of the next Campaign. I doubt not you will contribute your utmost exertions towards accomplishing so interesting and desirable an object. With great regard etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, February 5, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your letter begun on the 26th. of Decr. and finished the 8th. of Jany. came to my hands by the last Post. The Inclosures for Lord Fairfax and your Brother I have put under cover to Sir Guy Carleton who will I am perswaded send them in the Packet for England. I have only to add on this subject that you need not at any time hesitate at, or apologize for sending Letters of friendship or on business through my hands into New York; as I shall always have pleasure in being the medium of conveyance. and if Lord Fairfax and your Brother would adopt the same mode, nothing but the danger of the Seas, and risque of capture, would impede their passage to, and from you.
I scarce know what opinion to be of respecting the application of Doctr. Savage;39 because in the first place we have no certainty of his Wifes death. Secondly because we do not (admitting the fact) know how she may have disposed of her Estate; and how far her support while living depended upon the credit of the Annuity. In a word how far it has been anticipated by Loans, which are charged on it. Mr. Randolph,40 the Attorney General, if the Papers are in his hands will be best able to decide the point upon a principle of Law and equal justice to all parties and to this Issue I would wish to leave the matter.
[Note 39: See vols. 2 and 3, ante, for the Savage matter.]
[Note 40: Edmund Randolph, Attorney General of Virginia.]
I have no occasion of the Letters from Mrs. Savage; but wish if there are any other Papers in my possession, at Mount Vernon, that are necessary to, or can through [ sic] any light upon this business that you would apply to Mr. Lund Washington for and make such use of them as the nature of the case may require.
At present, we are fast locked in Frost and Snow; without a title of News. We look wisfully to the East, and to the South for an Arrival; supposing the first European Vessel will bring the Speech of the British King, the Addresses, and debates thereupon; the last of which I expect, will discover the Ultimatum of the National determination respecting the continuance of the War, or acceptance of Peace upon such terms as the Negociations for it have been able to strike out. If happily for all parties, the last should be the choice, it would give me much pleasure to assure you personally, of the unimpaired friendship of Dr. Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 5, 1783.
Sir: By a Letter I have lately recv'd from Brigadier General Mulenberg, I find he has reported the proceedings respecting Captain Fox to your Excellency, and requested your farther directions. I am also informed by that General Officer, that there are two obstacles which still greatly oppose and retard the success of collecting your Recruits, viz the want of Provisions to support and carry them to the place of general Rendezvous; and the want of efficacious means for apprehending Deserters. It is very much to be wished that these difficulties might be removed, and that measures might be taken during the Winter, for forming the Troops now in the State, with the Detachment which I imagine will be sent back by General Greene from So. Carolina, into a compleat Regiment or Regiments in such a manner as that they may be properly appointed and fit for Service before the Opening of the next Campaign. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 41: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[V.S.L.]
Head Quarters, February 5, 1783.
Sir: Your Letter of the 27th. of January is received.
In answer to that part of your Letter of the 15 January, which respects the appointment of a Brigadier for the State of Connecticut I am to observe that when the Secretary at War was at Verplanks point last fall it was agreed to be the best plan for future Promotions to divide the Continent into districts and when a Vacancy happened for a General Officer the oldest Officer in the district should fill it. All the New England States compose one district, in which Massachusetts has three Brigades Connecticut one, and the Troops of New Hampshire and Rhode Island may after their reduction compose another; the four former Brigades have their Brigadiers and if General Stark is to remain in Service, he will undoubtedly claim the latter, in that case there is no Vacancy; but should General Stark from ill health, or any of the causes which have kept him so long at home, be unable to continue, his retiring will make a Vacancy for Colonel Swift, who is the oldest Colonel in the District; Colonel Swift is a very deserving Officer and would do honor to the appointment.
As you may not have been able to collect from my Letter to General Green so full an account of the disposition of his Troops as you wish I am now to inform you that it is proposed to retain to the southard for the present, the Virginia Cavalry and Lees Legion; One compleat Regiment of Maryland and one of Pensilvania; the remainder of the Infantry Northward of the Carolina's are to be sent to their respective States to recruit. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Wednesday, February 5, 1783.
Parole Albemarle. Countersigns Bedford, Cambden.
For the day tomorrow Colonel J. Vose.
For duty the first Massa. regiment.
The principal objects of the Commander in chief for collect. Lug the Army together in this Cantonment of repose for the winter, were to keep alive the spirit of emulation amongst the different corps, to give an oppertunity for confirming the habits of Decipline which had been acquired the last Campaign; and improving the internal police of each to the highest degree of perfection. Altho the severity of the season may not for some time admit of the troops being drawn out for exercise and Manoevring yet the gratest attention might, and should in the mean time be paid to the establishment of perfect regularity, oeconomy and good order, throughout the line of the whole army. As soon as the snow shall be gone, and the weather will suffer it, the General hopes he need not have occasion to prompt the Generals and officers commanding Brigades and regiments, to commence the daily exercises, in the same manner they were practiced the last year: as a necessary prepiration for which he recommends that proper ground for Manoevring should be fixed upon by them as soon as may be, that the stumps (if there are any) should be cut level with the surface of the Earth, and that every other obstacle should be seasonably removed.
The troops are to be served with a gill of Rum per man after the feu de joie, which the regimental Quarter Masters will have ready to distribute on their arrival at their respective Cantonments.
After having furnished the ordinary Guards, the remainder of the regiments ordered for duty tomorrow will form, and join in the exercise of the day.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, February 6, 1783.
Parole America and France. Countersigns United, forever.
For the day tomorrow Major Pettingill.
For duty the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Commander in chief, who wishes on the return of this auspicious day43 to diffuse the feeling of gratitude and pleasure as extensively as possible is pleased to grant a full and free pardon to all military prisoners now in confinement; any Noncomissioned officers or privates who may come under this predicament are ordered to be released without delay and join their respective regiments. The General flatters himself this act of grace will have a proper influence on the future conduct of those immediately concerned and that well timed instances of lenity will operate on generous minds more effectually towards establishing a proper system of Decipline (which he is determined shall be invariably maintained) than the severest examples could have done.
[Note 43: Anniversary of signing of the Treaty of Alliance with France.]
Newburgh, February 6, 1783.
My dear Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that your Packet for Govr. Greene which came inclosed to me (in your private Letter of the 12th. of December) was forwarded in an hour after it came to my hands by a Gentleman returning to Rhode Island (Welcome Arnold Esquire); there can be no doubt therefore of its having got safe to the Governor.
It is with a pleasure which friendship only is susceptible of, I congratulate you on the glorious end you have put to hostilities in the Southern States; the honor and advantage of it, I hope, and trust, you will live long to enjoy. when this hemisphere will be equally free is yet in the womb of time to discover; a little whole, however 'tis presumed, will disclose the determinations of the British Senate with respect to Peace or War as it seems to be agreed on all hands, that the present Premeir (especially if he should find the opposition powerful) intends to submit the decision of these matters to Parliament. The Speech, the Addresses, and Debates for which we are looking in every direction, will give a data from which the bright rays of the one, or the gloomy prospect of the other, may be discovered.
If Historiographers should be hardy enough to fill the page of History with the advantages that have been gained with unequal numbers (on the part of America) in the course of this contest, and attempt to relate the distressing circumstances under which they have been obtained, it is more than probable that Posterity will bestow on their labors the epithet and marks of fiction; for it will not be believed that such a force as Great Britain has employed for eight years in this Country could be baffled in their plan of Subjugating it by numbers infinitely less, composed of Men oftentimes half starved; always in Rags, without pay, and experiencing, at times, every species of distress which human nature is capable of undergoing.
I intended to have wrote you a long letter on sundry matters but Majr. Burnett popped in unexpectedly, at a time when I was preparing for the Celebration of the day; and was just going to a review of the Troops, previous to the Fue de joy. As he is impatient, from an apprehension of the Sleighing failing. and as he can give you the occurrences of this quarter more in detail than I have time to do, I will refer you to him. I cannot omit informing you however, that I let no oppertunity slip to enquire after your Son George44 at Princeton, and that it is with pleasure I hear he enjoys good health, and is a fine promising boy.
[Note 44: George Washington Greene.
On February 6 Washington wrote to Gates that he was satisfied with the reasons Gates assigned [for his posting Lieutenant Colonels Newhall and Hull to the Fourth and Sixth Massachusetts Regiments, respectively]. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Mrs. Washington joins me in most Affectionate regards, and best wishes for Mrs Greene and yourself. With great truth and sincerity and every sentiment of friendship. I am etc.
Head Quarters, February 6, 1783.
Sir: In a late Excursion of the Militia on the other side under Cap Williams,45 John Paulding, one of the Persons who took Major André, was made Prisoner with some others. His friends, apprehensive for his safety, have made intercession with the General on his behalf and, tho' His Excellency does not approve the excursions of these people, yet in consideration of the former services Mr. Paulding has rendered the Country, and as we have in the Provost Guard, four Prisoners taken by them some time since. He has been pleased to consent that those four Prisoners be sent in on Parole and you will desire the Enemy to send out on Parole for them the within mentioned Persons.46 The Prisoners to be sent in will be forwarded from hence tomorrow Morning. I have the honor etc.47
[Note 45: Capt. Daniel Williams, of Dutchess County (N. Y.) militia.]
[Note 46: Walker wrote again to Lieutenant Colonel Smith, this same day (February 6), that 6 prisoners would be sent down for parole exchange, instead of 4. Walker's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "B[enjamin] W[alker]."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 7, 1783.
Sir: I am excessively sorry to be under the disagreeable necessity of informing you that the 8th Masstts. Regt. was one of the Corps alluded to in the orders of this day, as not having made that elegant appearance at the Review yesterday which was expected. Let me entreat and conjure you, Sir, in the most forcible terms, and let me enjoin it upon both Officers [and Men] that the greatest possible exertions should be made to put the Regt in a more respectable condition before another Review: in order to save me the irksome task of carrying into execution what I have promised in the orders of this day and then the otherwise inevitable disgrace of being held up to public view in a disagreeable manner.
These observations will be understood to apply only to the Battalion Companies; for in justice to the Lt Compy I must say that I thought very few, if any, in the Line made a more soldier-like figure. I am etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
February 7, 1783.
Sir: I return the Certificate respecting Loudon Sawyer.49
[Note 49: In Nicola's letter of February 6 this name is given as Lowdon Sayer. The certificate seems to have been to grant him entrance to the Invalid regiment. Nicola's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Of those Men who have neglected to Join or have deserted and may hereafter come in, such only as are fit for duty must be reced, the others can have no claim. I am &c.50
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 7, 1783.
Sir: It gave me very sensible pleasure to observe at the Review yesterday the very great alteration for the better in the appearance of the Maryland Detachment, which had taken place, since I last saw them under Arms. Be pleased to make known to the Officers and Men the satisfaction I experienced on this occasion; and at the same time to acquaint them, that I anticipate the day, when this Detachment will rival if not surpass in excellence the Oldest and best Troops in the American service.
[I feel as much pleasure in passing this encomium on it as I did pain at writing my former Letter of the 25th. ulto. on the contrary appearance of your Corps &c.] I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, February 7, 1783.
Sir: An Order is given for the Regimental Pay Mastrs to apply for their proportion of Blankets.
General Hazen's Regt is to be included in all distributions of Cloathg unless you shall receive particular Orders to the contrary. For upon that General Officer's representing, that there had been an unequal and partial distribution of Cloathg relatively to his Corps and applying to know how the wants of the Regt should be supplied, he was referred by the Commander in chief to your Department with particular directions to make application to you and exhibit the proper Returns; by a comparison of which the Issues made in Philadelphia, His Excellency supposed you would be able to do ample justice to the Corps. I am etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 7, 1783.
Sir: As the Court of Enquiry upon a revisal of their Proceedings are still of opinion that the Negro man claimed by you is legally holden to serve the term he is inlisted for, and that your only remedy is against the State. The Commander in Chief does not think himself authorized to discharge the Sd Negro, unless another man is obtained by the State, or otherwise, to serve in his room. I am etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, February 7, 1783.
Parole Dartmouth. Countersigns Epsom, Philadelphia.
For the day tomorrow Major Morrell.
For duty the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Commander in chief orders it to be signified to the troops of this Cantonment that he was yesterday perfectly satisfied with their appearance in general. He thinks proper however in justice to his own observations and the reputation of those corps which made the most respectable figure, to observe that the distinction hereafter will be publickly noticed unless an alteration shall take place before another Review.
The regimental paymasters are desired to apply at the Cloathers store in Newburgh for a proportion of blanketts.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 8, 1783.
Sir: I am excessively sorry to be under the disagreeable necessity of informing you that the 5th. Masstts Regt was one of the Corps alluded to in the Orders of this day, as not having made that elegant appearance at the Review yesterday, which was expected. Let me entreat and conjure you, Sir, in the most forcible terms and let me enjoin it upon both Officers and men, that the greatest possible exertions should be made to put the Regt in a more respectable condition before another Review: in order to save me the irksome task of carrying into execution what I have promised in the orders of this day, and then the otherwise inevitable disgrace of being held up to public view in a disagreeable manner I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Saturday, February 8, 1783.
Parole Gilead. Countersigns Hartford, Illinois.
For the day tomorrow Major Reading.
For duty the third Massachusetts Regiment.
At the general courtmartial of which Colonel Michael Jackson is president, Ensign Ricker Sedam of the 1st. Jersey regiment, charged with seizing a cow belonging to the husband of Catherine Leggett under pretence of its being designed for the enemy, and afterwards carrying the same Cow below the Lines and selling her there, Was tried. The court on consideration are of opinion that Ensign Ricker Sedam did seize a Cow belonging to the husband of Catherine Leggett and that he sold the same Cow a few rods below the Lines; they are also of Opinion that he had a right to seize the Cow, but he ought to have had her condemned, before he sold her, which was not the case, yet considering all the circumstances attending the transaction they think him excusable.
The Commander in chief approves the opinion of the court and releases Ensign Sedam from Arrest.
At the General courtmartial of which Colonel Zebulon Butler is president, Thomas Stevens a soldier in the 3d. Massachusetts regiment, charged with using insulting Language to Lieutenant Smith of the 6th. Massa. regiment when crossing the river at Westpoint, and afterwards striking Lieutenant Smith55 several times, was tried. The court on due consideration find Stephens guilty of a breach of part of article 5th. section 2d. of the rules and articles of war, and sentence him to have his honorary Badge taken off at the head of the regiment to which he belongs, and receive one hundred lashes on his naked back
[Note 55: Lieut. Josiah Smith, of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
The Commander in chief approves the sentence of the Court, but remits the infliction of the punishment in consideration of the orders of the 6th instant.
All officers going on Furlough, Command, or any other business which calls them from Camp, are directed to leave orders on the paymaster for their subsistence, during their absence.
Sunday, February 9, 1783.
Parole Kendal. Countersigns Lincoln, Montgomery.
For the day tomorrow Major Fish.
For duty the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
A Board consisting of all the General officers in this Cantonment and at the Garrison of Westpoint to assemble at such place as shall be appointed by Major Genl. Gates on thursday next to take into consideration certain points contained in a memorial of Brigadier Genl. Hasen in behalf of himself and a large majority of the officers of his regiment relative to the proceedings of Courts martial, the duties of a Judge advocate and the conduct of Mr. Edwards the present Judge Advocate; the particular objects of enquiry will be pointed out by the Commander in chief. The parties concerned are directed to attend and exhibit such Documents and information as shall be thought proper, and the Board are requested to report their opinion thereon as soon as may be.
The inspection and muster of the Troops in this Cantonment will be made for the month of Jany. upon the following days: the first Massachusetts brigade the 12th. instant; Jersey do. 13th; Hampshire do. 14th; 3d Massachusetts do. 15th; 2d. and 8th. Massa. regiments 16th; 5th. Massachusetts regt. 17th; York Brigade 20th.
Monday, February 10, 1783.
Parole Northampton. Countersigns Oldham, Pompton.
For the day Lt. Colonel Comdt. Barber.
For duty the 2d Massachusetts regiment.
Every time the Commander in chief passes through the line he finds himself very agreably affected with a view of the present comfortable and beautifull situation of the troops; and while he considers it as a just testimony of applause to assert that the hutts in point of convenience, regularity and eligance have equaled, if not surpassed his most sanguine expectations, he wishes the soldiery to be assured that it will be his most earnest studdy and endeavour that health and happiness should bless the Inhabitants of them, for which purpose he thinks proper to give some general directions, which are to be often read and inculcated, and will be considered as standing regulations so long as the troops shall continue in their winter cantonment.
Not only the Parade in front of the Cantonment is to be kept constantly clean and free from Nusances, but also the rear and intermediate space between the hutts to be put and kept in the same condition: to effect this the small brush and rubbish must be immediately removed to a suitable distance, and either burned, or piled in heaps and reserved for firing, as may be deemed most expedient.
The hutts to be thoroughly swept and cleansed every day under the order and inspection of the officers of Police small poles to be fixed on stakes for airing the blanketts &ca. in the manner now practiced by the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.
The greatest regularity and good order to be observed by the men, as to the mode of cooking their victuals and the time of eating; as well as in the manner of messing and living together.
Strict attention is also to be paid by them to the neatness of their persons, the cleanliness, and preservation of their Cloathing.
Necessaries to be built at proper places, to be sheltered from view and the vaults daily covered with earth as soon as the warm season advances. Fresh straw to be furnished by the Quarter master General, once in two months, if it can be possibly procured, and it is hoped a further supply of Blanketts will soon be received as there has lately been an arrival of that article from Europe; scarcely any thing will then be wanting to render the circumstances as elegeble as those of a Military life can be, except a little Money, and that, it is expected will arrive in a short time.
The General cannot conclude this order without reminding the troops of a circumstance which will be remembered to their immortal reputation; that during the whole time the army was encamped the last Campaign on Verplanks point, there never was any filth or trash to be seen on the parade nor any thing offensive to the sight or smell, in the invirons of the encampment but on the contrary there appeared to be an admirable police maintained without the repetition of a single Order on the subject. Nothing more is now wished or requested than that the same line of Conduct may be rigidly observed in quarters, which was found by experience to be so honorable and salutary in the field.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 10, 1783.
Sir: Your favor of the 9th covering an application from Brigad. General Putnam for leave of absence until the 15th of April has been handed to me this morning.
I beg you will be pleased, Sir, to inform that Officer I do not consider myself at liberty to comply with his request, for it appears to me (considering the small number of General Officers with the Army, Genl. Howe having also in consequence of a previous promise just before his application obtained leave of absence) that it would be absolutely improper and injurious to service, under the present circumstances to give the permission he sollicits; and that I cannot be answerable for a faithful discharge of the trust reposed in me by my Country, unless a proper number of Officers are constantly retained with the Army to pay that incessant attention to the Police of it, which is indispensably necessary; this, I think, will be sufficient for his satisfaction, without mentioning a consideration which only affects me personally, and that is, the additional and almost insupportable weight of business and trouble which the absence of so many General Officers continues to impose upon me.
But taking the matter in another point of view, and I cannot help expressing my surprize that General Putnam, who has been absent the whole Campaign (for however important and proper the business may have been on which he was employed, the Troops of his Command suffered not the less for the want of his presence) and who has been in Camp but a few Weeks; should imagine his services could be dispensed with until the 15th of April. If the Law Suit he mentions renders it essential he should be absent about the last of March, it is probable he may be spared from the Army with less inconvenience then, than at present, as some of the Genl Officers now absent will have returned before that time. I am &c.56
[Note 56: In the writing of David Humphreys. In the draft, which is also by Humphreys, there is added at the end, in the writing of Washington, "and I shall have no objection to it."]
[N.Y.H.S.]
February 10, 1783.
Dr Sir: I am favored with your Letter of Yesterday. When you mentiond to me the other day the probability of your Affairs requiring your presence at Boston, I believe I told you that if there was an absolute necessity for it, leave should be granted. It is painful for me to refuse an Officer any57 Indulgence it is in my power to grant, but something is due to other considerations, the good of service and my own reputation requires me not to suffer the Troops to be left entirely destitute of Officers and you must acknowledge that too great a proportion of the Genl Officers is already absent. Genl Gates and yourself are now the only Major Generals in Camp and Genl Gates has already informed me that Mrs. Gates's health was in such a state when the last letters left her, that it is probable the next Post will inform him of her being in extreme danger, in that case it would be almost impossible to deny him permission to visit her. Of the Six Brigadiers, whose Brigades are on this Ground, only two remain in Camp and one of them too requests to begone; thus, am I put to the pain of refusing the indulgencies which Gentlemen require or of leaving the whole of the Troops with only one General Officer.
[Note 57: The word "reasonable" is erased.]
I mention these things to shew you, that nothing but the most urgent necessity can justify my permitting you to be absent, and to induce you to make your stay from Camp as short as possible.
As it is of consequence that the business to be laid before the board of General Officers ordered Yesterday should be decided immediately, I have to request you will not leave Camp before it is finished. I am &c.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, February 10, 1783.
Sir: You will proceed immediately with a flag to Paulus Hook59 and from thence to New York to make the necessary Arrangement in your Department with the British Corny of Prisoners at that place.
[Note 59: The Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress spell this "Powles Hook."]
One servant is permitted to attend you into New York and the Officer and Party mentioned in the Margin to escort you to the British Out Post.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
Smith had written (February 8) that a cutter from Europe was "anxiously" expected at New York, "on the 6th 60 Guineas were laid to 30, at the Coffee House, in favour of a peace upon her arrival."]
Head Quarters, February 10, 1783.
Sir: I have it in charge from the Commander in Chief to acknowledge the rect of your two Letters of this date addressed to him. In a Country where the Qrs are in general so indifferent, the climate so cold, and fuel (within a short distance) so plenty, The General thinks it would scarcely be necessary or proper to give a limitation to the allowance of Wood for the Genl Officers, especially as the quantity required will fluctuate greatly according to the Company they entertain and other accidental circumstances; and as it is to be presumed they will never make use of more than they have actual occasion for; as to the allowance for other Officers, who are not in Huts (and of whom the number must be inconsiderable) he considers it an object not of sufficient magnitude to require regulation; but he approves extremely the Idea you suggest of Regimental Magazines and will Issue an order on the subject.
I am farther instructed to inform you, His Excellency consents that you should go to Philadelphia for the purposes you have mentioned, and return at the time you have appointed which it is his express wish and desire you will do whether the Money or any part of it can be obtained or not. I have the honor etc.61
[Note 61: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 10, 1783.
Sir: I am favored with your very polite Letter of the 1st Of Feby. and am extremely happy to hear, that His Most Christian Majesty has been pleased to permit you to continue with your Administration on this Continent, with a gracious intention (should a Peace not be concluded this winter) that an Event shall take place the next summer which will be equally pleasing and important to us.
In the mean time I shall be perfectly satisfied with any Arrangements respecting the place of your residence which may be agreed on between the Duke de Lauzun and yourself, and have only to add, that I am etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 10, 1783.
Sir: It was only because I expected momently the satisfaction of seeing you at my Quarters, that denied myself the pleasure of acknowledging your extremely obliging Letter of the 23 of Janry at the instant it came to hand; but since I find by your other favor of the 4th of Feby (which was duly delivered by Col McMahon63 on the Evening of the 5th) that you may not perhaps arrive until fourteen days from that date; I cannot delay any longer to thank you for the repeated proofs you have given of your partiallity and attachment to me, and at the same time to assure you how happy I shall be made by your presence, and with how great veneration and esteem I have the honor etc.
[Note 63: Charles Laure de MacMahon, Marquis de Vianges et d'Eguilly, colonel and aide to Lauzun.]
P. S. I had proposed to make a visit to the Posts on our Northern frontiers about this time, but shall delay the Journey until the 18th. the time affixed in your last letter for being at my Quarters. Should your arrival be postponed beyond that day, I shall hope for the pleasure of seeing you at my return, or in any moment when it can be made convenient for you.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, February 10, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 22d. of Jany. from Philadelpa. I feel myself much flattered by your kind remembrance of me in the hour of your departure from this Continent.65 and for the favourable Sentiments you are
[Note 65: Jefferson did not leave America. as the news of the successful negotiation of the preliminary treaty of peace made it unnecessary. Congress decided, Apr. 3, 1783, that it was unnecessary for him to proceed.] pleased to entertain of my Services for this our common Country. To merit the approbation of good and virtuous Men is the height of my ambition, and will be a full compensation for all my toils and Sufferings in the long and painful Contest we have been engaged.
It gave me great pleasure to hear that the call upon you from Congress to pass the Atlantic in the Character of one of their Ministers for Negotiating Peace, had been repeated.66 But I hope you will have found the business already done.
[Note 66: Jefferson had been elected in 1776 one of the United States Commissioners to France, but had declined serving.]
The Speech of his Britainic Majesty is strongly indicative of the Olive branch; and yet, as he observes, unforeseen events may place it out of reach. At present, the prospect of Peace absorbs, or seems to do so, every other consideration among us; and would, it is to be feared, leave us in a very unprepared state to continue the War if the Negociations at Paris should terminate otherwise than in a general pacification. but I will hope that it is the dearth of other News that fills the Mouths of every person with Peace while their Minds are employed in contemplating on the means for prosecuting the War, if necessity should drive us to it.
You will please to accept my grateful thanks for your obliging offer of Services during your stay in France. To hear frequently from you, will be an honor and very great satisfaction to Dr. Sir etc.
Head Quarters, February 10, 1783.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency, a Letter from the Governor and Council of Maryland which came to me inclosed in a Letter from Mr. Giles an Extract of which I also have the honor to inclose. It is not in my department, and I should therefore have returned it, to go thro' the Agent of Marine, but the consequences that might attend a delay, induced me to dispense with the regular mode in this instance, and to transmit the application directly to your Excellency. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, February 11, 1783.
Sir: A Board of General Officers were appointed in the Orders of the 9th. to assemble on thursday next at such place as should be appointed by Major Genl Gates, to take into consideration certain Points contained in a Memorial of Brigr. Genl Hazen relative to the Proceedings of Courts Martini &c. It is now the Commander Chiefs request that you will attend the sd Board to aid and assist in investigating the subject, and digesting the report thereon. I have the honor etc.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys A. D. C."]
Newburgh, February 11, 1783.
Sir: Within these few days I have seen Printed copies of "A remonstrance of the Council of the State of Vermont, against the Resolutions of Congress of the 5th. of December last,"69 Addressed to your Excellency; in which are several quotations from a letter of mine.
[Note 69: See Vermont Historical Society, Collections, vol. 2, p. 315, et seq.]
Duty as well as inclination prompts me to lay before Congress the whole of that Letter; and the one to which it was an answer.
If it should be necessary, a Committee of Congress with whom I was in conference on these matters in the course of last Winter, can give such further information on this subject as I doubt not will be satisfactory. I have the honr. etc.70
[Note 70: In the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 40, vol. II, fol. 365. A copy of Washington's letter of Jan. 1, 1782, to Thomas Chittenden. is filed with this letter from Washington, which is indorsed by Charles Thomson: "Read Feby 17. 1783 Referred to Mr [Daniel] Carroll Mr [Nathaniel] Gorham Mr [Arthur] Lee Mr [John Taylor] Gilman Mr [Oliver] Wolcott."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, February 11, 1783.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Romney, Sandwich.
For the day tomorrow Major Rice.
For duty the 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
The 4th. Massachusetts Regiment will march on thursday next to the relief of the first New York regiment on the Lines.
The Quarter Master General agrees to give six pence, or half a ration per cord for the wood cut for the use of the hospitals, of which the parties employed for that purpose may avail themselves.
The Commander in chief is pleased to direct that all General and other officers who belong to, or expect Commands in this Army and who do not consider themselves included in the order of the 11th. day of December last, should be in Camp by the 15th. of April next at farthest, but in case the Weather should prove favorable for commencing the Decipline of the troops upon a great scale at an earlier period; it is most earnestly recomended that the Major Generals and Brigadiers who are or will be appointed to the commands of Divisions or Brigades (altho they may have discretionary leave of absence) would actually be on the ground in season to take the command in the first instance, and to consider themselves as having the immediate charge of Disciplining and Manoeuvring the troops of their respective commands. No officer of any rank whatsoever can be ashamed of Commanding troops which make such an excellent appearance under arms as ours will, with a little more experience and instruction; and no one will be excused from attending personally to these important duties of his station. The Commander in chief expects therefore the pleasure of seeing the Commanding officers of Divisions and Brigades on field days (which will be made frequent for the purpose) take occasion themselves to exercise the Corps under their Command in his presence.
AFTER ORDERS
The Inspection and Muster of the troops as specified in the orders of the 9th. instant, is postponed till further Orders.
Newburgh, February 11, 1783.
Dear Sir: I am about to write you a Letter on a subject equally important and delicate, which may be extensive in its consequences and serious in its nature. I shall confine myself to the recital of what I believe to be facts, and leave it with you, to make deductions.
The printed remonstrance of Mr. Chittenden and his Council addressed to the President of Congress, and founded upon the resolves of the 5th. of December last, contains a favourable recital, in their own behalf, of what I suppose to be facts; but if my memory serves me, it is an uncandid performance, inasmuch as it keeps out of view an important transaction of theirs, which was consequent of those resolves. Be this as it may, matters seem to be approaching too fast to a disagreeable Issue for the quiet of my Mind. The resolves on one hand, and the remonstrances on the other, (unless it should be annulled by the Legislature at their next meeting, which I do not expect) seems to leave little room for an amicable decision.
Matters being thus situated, permit me to ask how far, and by what means, coercion is to be extended? The Army, I presume, will be the answer to the latter. circumstances alone (for no determination whatever, after blood is once drawn) can prescribe bounds to the former. It has been said, but of this you can judge better than I, that the Delegates from the New England States in Congress, or the Majority of them, are willing to admit these People into the Federal Union as an Independent and Sovereign State. be this as it may, two things I am sure of, viz. that they have a powerful interest in those States; and have pursued very politic measures to strengthen and increase, long before I had any knowledge of the matter, and before the tendency of it was seen into, or suspected; by granting, upon very advantageous terms, large Tracts of Land, in which, I am sorry to find, the Army, in some degree, have participated.
Let me next ask, by whom is that district of Country principally settled? And of whom is your present Army (I do not confine the question to this part of it, but will extend it to the whole) composed? the answers are evident, New Englandmen.
It has been the opinion of some, that the appearance of force would awe these People into submission. If the General Assembly ratifie and confirm what Mr. Chittenden and his Council have done, I shall be of a very different Sentiment; and moreover, that it is not a trifling force that will subdue them; even supposing they do derive no aid from the Enemy in Canada. and that it will be a very arduous task indeed, if they should; to say nothing of a diversion which may, and doubtless would be made in their favor from New York, if the War with Great Britain should continue.
The Country is very Mountainous, full of Defiles, and extremely strong. The Inhabitants for the most part are a hardy race, composed of that kind of People who are best calculated for Soldiers; in truth who are Soldiers: for many, many hundreds of them are Deserters from this Army; who having acquired property there, would be desperate in the defence of it, well knowing they are fighting with Halters about their Necks.
It may be asked, if I am acquainted with the Sentiments of the Army on the subject of this dispute? I readily answer No: not intimately; it is a matter of too delicate a Nature to agitate for the purpose of information. but I have heard many Officers of Rank and discernment, and have learned by indirect inquiries, that others, express the utmost horror at the very idea of shedding blood in this dispute comparing it in its consequences, tho' not in its principles, to the quarrel with Great Britain; who thought it was only to hold up the rod, and all would be hush!
I cannot at this time undertake to say there would be any difficulty with the Army if it was to be ordered upon this Service; but I should be exceedingly unhappy to see the experiment. for besides the reasons before suggested, I believe there would be a great, and general unwillingness in it, to embrue their hands in the blood of their Brethern.
I have to add, that almost at the same instant, a number of the printed Copies of the remonstrance were dissiminated through the Army. what effect it will have I know not; the design is obvious.
I promised in the beginning of this Letter, that I should content myself with a simple relation of facts. I shall only lament therefore, that Congress did not, in the commencement of this dispute, act decidedly. This matter, as you well know, was much agitated last Winter; and a Committee of Congress with whom I had the honor to be in conference, and of wch. I believe you were one, saw Mr. Chittenden's letter to me; and approved of my writing him an answer, to the effect it was given. With great regard etc.
Newburgh, February 12, 1783.
Dear Lund: Your letter of the 29th. of Jany. came by the last Post. You do not seem to have considered the force and tendency of the words of yr. letter when you talk of the probability only of sending me "the long promised account" "the irregularity of them"; not you add "for want of knowledge in keeping them but neglect; your aversion to writing" &ca. &ca. These are but other words for saying, "as I am not fond of writing, and it is quite immaterial whether you have any knowledge or information of your private concerns or whether the accts. are kept properly or not, I have delayed, and do not know how much longer I may continue to delay bringing you acquainted with these accts. irregular as they are."
Delicacy hitherto, and a hope that you long ago would have seen into the propriety of the measure, without a hint of it from me, has restrained me from telling you that annual Accts. of my Crops, together with the receipts and expenditure of my money, state of my stocks, &ca. ought to have been sent to me as regularly as the year came about. It is not to be supposed, that all the avocations of my public duties, great and laborious as they have been, could render me totally insensible to the only means by which myself and family; and the character I am to maintain in life hereafter, is to be supported, or that a precise acct. of these matters would not have been exceedingly satisfactory to me. Instead of this, except the Acct. rendered at Valley forge in the year 1778 I have received none since I left home; and not till after two or 3 applications in the course of last year could I get any acct. of the Crop of the preceeding one; and then only of the Corn by the Post on Sunday last.
I have often told you, and I repeat it with much truth; that the entire confidence which I placed in your integrity made me easy, and I was always happy at thinking that my Affairs were in your hands, which I could not have been, if they had been under the care of a common Manager; but this did not exempt me from the desires which all men have, of knowing the exact state of them. I have now to beg that you will not only send me the Account of your receipts, and expenditures of Specie; but of every kind of money subsequent to the Acct. exhibited at Valley Forge, which ended sometime in April 1778.
I want to know before I come home (as I shall come home with empty pockets whenever Peace shall take place) how Affairs stand with me, and what my dependence is.
I wish to know also, what I have to expect from the Wheat of 1781 and 82, as you say the two Crops are so blended that they cannot be rendered seperately? How are settlements to be made with and justice done to the several Parties Interested under these circumstances?72
[Note 72: Endorsed by Washington: "Extract of a Letter to Mr Lund Washington."]
[Note 73: Of Maryland.]
Head Quarters, February 12, 1783.
Sir: I was last Post favored with your Letter of the 31 January, inclosing a Letter from the Governor and Council of Maryland to Admiral Digby, requesting a Passport for a Vessel to carry you to Bermuda.
This application should have gone thro Mr. Morris as Agent of Marine, it being intirely out of my department, however as a delay in the transaction of this business might have been fatal to you, I did not hesitate to send the Letter directly to the Admiral and to write to him my Self on the Subject, and his Answer, when it arrives shall be forwarded to you immediately.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, February 12, 1783.
Parole Turkey. Countersigns Virginia, Wilmington.
For the day tomorrow Major Scott.
For duty the 5th. Massachusetts regiment.
The General applauds the provident care shewn by the regiments which have laid up Magazines of wood while the snow gave such facility to the transportation; should so favourable an oppertunity again happen, he wishes a sufficient stock of fuel might be provided to serve untill the first of April, or even the first of May if practicable. It is scarcely necessary to mention how much the labour of the men as well as the distruction of the Cloathing would be diminished if the measure recomended could be carried into effect.
The Accounts of Subsistence for the month of March to be lodged at the pay office by the 24th. instant for examination that the notes may immediately on their arrival be issued to the whole Army. A simular mode to be hereafter observed and considered as a standing Regulation.
The field officer of the day and officers commanding patrolls instead of assembling at the place appointed in the orders of the 25th. of December last, will in future meet at the New building.
Thursday, February 13, 1783.
Parole Andalucia. Countersigns Bristol, Charlotte.
For the day tomorrow Major Oliver.
For duty the Maryland Detachment.
At the General courtmartial whereof Colonel Zebulon Butler is president: Captain Lieutenant Taulman76 of the Corps of Sappers and Miners, was tried, charged first with disobedience of Orders, particularly in not making out a provision Return of the company under his command agreably to the form sent him December the 31st. 1782 for the purpose by Captn. Bushnell77 his Commanding officer; in bringing his Baggage into Captain Bushnells Quarters the 1st of January last, contrary to Captn. Bushnells command to him, and refusing to take it away agreeably to Captain Bushnells express orders. 2dly. With sending an indecent and impertinent answer to Captn. Bushnells order, subversion of good order and Decipline and unbecoming the Character of a Gentleman or an officer. 3dly. with mutinous behavior particularly in Commandg.
[Note 76: Capt.-Lieut. Peter Taulman. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 77: Capt. David Bushnell. He served to June, 1783.] soldiers to disobey Captain Bushnells express orders to them, on the 1st. of January last.
The Court after maturely considering the evidences for and against Captn. Lieut. Taulman and his Defence are of opinion that he did not make out a provision return agreably to a form sent him for that purpose Decr. the 31st. 1782, by Captain Bushnell his Commanding officer, and also that he did order his Baggage into Captn. Bushnells quarters the first of January last contrary to Captain Bushnells command to him, and refused to take it away agreably to Captn. Bushnell's express orders in breach of the latter part of art. 5 section 2d. of the rules and articles of war, the Court are also of opinion that Captain Lieutenant Taulmans answer to Captn. Bushhells order to him of the 31st. December 1782 is indecent and impertinent and unbecoming the Character of an Officer in breach of articles the 5th. section 18th. of the Rules and articles of war. On the third charge the Court are of opinion that Captain Lieutenant Taulman did order soldiers to disobey the express orders of Captain Bushnell on the 1st. of January, in such a mariner however as not to amount to mutinous behavior, but which does amount to very disorderly behavior in breach of Article 5th. section 18th. of the rules and articles of war.
The court sentence Captain Lt. Taulman to be repremanded in Genl. orders, and be suspended from service for three months.78
[Note 78: On February 18 Washington wrote to Taulman, in answer to his query, that "you are perfectly at liberty to leave the Army for the whole time of your suspension." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
At the same court, Captain Lieutenant Kirkpatrick79 of the corps of Sappers and Miners, was tried charged with mutinous behavior and disobedience of orders on the first of January last
[Note 79: Capt.-Lieut. David Kirkpatrick. He had been wounded at Yorktown in October, 1781, and served to June, 1783.] in the following particulars, first for commanding soldiers to disobey the express orders of Captn. Bushnell, Commandant of the corps, of Sappers and Miners second for ordering his Captn. Lt. Kirkpatricks Baggage into Captn. Bushnells quarters, contrary to Captn. Bushnells command to him, and refusing to take it away agreable to Captn. Bushnells express orders.
The court after maturely considering the evidences for and against Captain Lieutt. Kirkpatrick and his defence are of opinion that Captain Lt. Kirkpatrick did on the first of January order soldiers to disobey the express orders of Captain Bushnell his commanding officer, and also that he did order his baggage into Captain Bushnells Quarters contrary to Captain Bushnells command to him, and refused to take it away agreably to Captn. Bushnells express orders to him. The court acquit Captn. Lieutenant Kirkpatrick of mutinous behavior but find him guilty of disobedience of orders in breach of a part of article 5th. section 2d. of the rules and articles of war and sentence him to be repremanded in Genl. orders.
The Commander in chief approves the foregoing sentences.
Had the transaction's which are the subject of reprehension taken place at the commencement of our military establishment, want of experience, ignorance of the rules of service or some other palliating circumstance might have been plead in excuse; and would in some degree have effaced the blot which now stains a page in the Records of the Army; but at this period of the war, when the necessity of subordination, and the principles of service are generally well understood, and practiced, Captn. Lieutt. Taulman and Captn. Lt. Kirkpatrick could not but have known, that the improper Conduct, willful disobedience of Orders they have been guilty of were an outrageous infraction of military Decipline: and the behavior of Captain Lieutenant Taulman (that officer must be sensible) would have justified a more rigorous and exemplary sentence; with this consciousness to attend them, the Commander in Chief leaves the young Gentlemen to the sting of their own reflections as a punishment for what is past, and only advises them not to be guilty of any thing of a simular nature in future.
Friday, February 14, 1783.
Parole Danbury. Countersigns Epsom, Farmingham.
For the day tomorrow Major Trescott.
For duty the first Jersey regiment.
The following Papers are to be transmitted to the Office of the Deputy pay master Genl. without delay: first, Duplicate accounts of the pay of the Army on its present Arrangemt., for the month of January 1783; second, Certificates of the appointments of regimental paymasters by the officers of their respective regiments, seigned by the Commanding officer; third, Abstracts of money to be drawn weekly for the Noncomd. officers and privates, on account of their pay for the month of January last, according to the following rates:
Infantry: To each Serjeant, 67/90 Pr. Week; Drum and Fife Majors, 60/90; Drums, fifes, Corporals and privates, 49/90.
Cavalry: Serjeants, 1 2/90; Corporals and Carriers, 67/90; Privates, 56/90.
Sappers and Miners: Serjeants, 67/90; Corpls., 60/90; Drums and fifes, 58/90; privates, 56/90.
Artillery: Serjeants Majors and Qr. Mr. Sereant, 76/90; Drum and Fife Major, 70/90; Serjeants, 67/90; Corporals and Bombadiers, 60/90; Gunners, Drumers, and fifers, 58/90; Matrosses, 56/90.
Head Quarters, February 14, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief has reced information, that some Waggons are on the road to Camp, laden with money for the Army; they were Escorted by a Guard from Phildelphia to Pompton, where a Guard of twenty Men took charge of them and was to bring them to Ringwood, if possible, this Evening.
His Excellency desires, that for the farther Security of the Treasure a Guard of a Captain and fifty Men may be detached immediately to relieve Genl Hazens Guard and escort the Waggons to Camp. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "B[enjamin] W[alker]."]
Newburgh, February 15, 1783.
Madam: The Post of last week brought me the honor of your favor of the 20th. Decembr., enclosing two Letters for England, which were put under cover to Majr. Murray, and forwarded the next day, with public dispatches for New York.
Whether your Letter had lain in any of the Post Offices between this and Annapolis, or detained in your own hands any considerable time after it was written, is a matter you can determine better than I, but there was a lapse of more than seven weeks between the date and receipt of it.
I beg you to be persuaded Madam, that your Letters do not give me the smallest trouble: public business occasions such frequent intercourse between the two armies, by Flags, that if you were to write every week your letters would never remain seven days in my hands for want of a conveyance to New York. I mention this matter to remove every possible scruple you may have on the score of trouble, and to prove how unnecessary it is to apologize for what you are pleased to call a liberty. My compliments, in which Mrs. Washington joins, is presented to yourself and Mr. Lloyd, and, I have the honor etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 82: Of Engineers.]
Head Quarters, February 15, 1783.
Sir: Your Letter of the 20th of January did not reach me till Yesterday.
In answer to it, I can only repeat what I before said on the same subject, in answer to your former application, that from the testimony of those under whom you have served and from the little opportunity I have myself had of observing your conduct, I have every reason to believe you a Meritorious Officer; nor will any objection arise on my part to a compliance on the part of Congress with your request.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 15, 1783.
Sir: Captn. West and Mr. Manga84 have permission to make application for liberty to go into the City of New York to distribute a sum of Money (about £200 L.M.85) among the Naval Prisoners belonging to the Town of Salem in Massachusetts, which being procured, they may proceed to the City, if they cannot obtain that permission, or do not choose to wait for an Ansr. you will send a Flag of Truce with the Money to the Enemy's Outpost, addressed to the particular care of Colonel
[Note 84: Capt. Samuel West and Peter Mangé.]
[Note 85: Varick's writers translate this "Lawful Money."] Smith, who is to be requested to cause the sd. Money to be paid to such Marine Prisoners, and in such proportions as shall be pointed out by the above mentioned Gentlemen. I am etc.
P.S. Should the Gentlemen go in, they must be notified to wait upon Col Smith in New York and take his Advice and direction relative to their business.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On Feruary 15 Washington wrote to the commanding officer at Dobbs Ferry granting permission for George Nicholson, of Virginia, to have an interview "with the British Merchants Capitulants at York Town in Virginia; for which purpose, he may either have permission to go with a flag into the City of N York or such Merchants aforesd as shall be specified by him may be suffered to come with a flag to the Post of Dobbs Ferry." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, February 15, 1783.
Parole Gottenburgh. Countersigns Hannover, Inverness.
For the day tomorrow Major Gibbs.
For duty the 2d. Jersey regiment.
The New building being so far finished as to admit the troops to attend public worship therein after tomorrow, it is directed that divine Service should be performed there every Sunday by the several Chaplains of the New Windsor Cantonment, in rotation and in order that the different brigades may have an oppertunity of attending at different hours in the same day (when ever the weather and other circumstances will permit which the Brigadiers and Commandants of brigades must determine) the General recommends that the Chaplains should in the first place consult the Commanding officers of their Brigades to know what hour will be most convenient and agreeable for attendance that they will then settle the duty among themselves and report the result to the Brigadiers and Commandants of Brigades who are desired to give notice in their orders and to afford every aid and assistance in their power for the promotion of that public Homage and adoration which are due to the supreme being, who has through his infinite goodness brought our public Calamities and dangers (in all humane probability) very near to a happy conclusion.
The General has been surprised to find in Winter Qrs. that the Chaplains have frequently been almost all absent, at the same time, under an idea their presence could not be of any utility at that season; he thinks it is proper, he should be allowed to judge of that matter himself, and therefore in future no furloughs will be granted to Chaplains except in consequence of permission from Head quarters, and any who may be now absent without such permission are to be ordered by the Commanding officers of their Brigades to join immediately, after which not more than one third of the whole number will be indulged with leave of absence at a time. They are requested to agree among themselves upon the time and length of their furloughs before any application shall be made to Head quarters on the subject.
The Commander in Chief also desires and expects the Chaplains in addition to their public functions will in turn constantly attend the Hospitals and visit the sick, and while they are thus publickly and privately engaged in performing the sacred duties of their office they may depend upon his utmost encouragement and support on all occasions, and that they will be considered in a very respectable point of light by the whole Army.
Newburgh, February 16, 1783.
Sir: I have been honored with your letter of the 7th., and beg you to accept my sincere thanks for the favor confered on me in the Glasses, which are very fine, but more particularly for the flattering expressions which accompanied the present.
The Spectacles suit my Eyes extremely well, as I am perswaded the reading glasses also will when I get more accustomed to the use of them. At present I find some difficulty in coming at the proper Focus; but when I do obtain it, they magnify properly and shew those objects very distinctly which at first appear like a mist blended together and confused.
I send the amount of the Silver Smiths charge, and with great esteem etc.
Head Quarters, February 16, 1783.
Sir: His Excellency wishes you to take the Opinion of the Board of General Officers, assembled at your Quarters, on the following Case: A General Court Martial sentences an Officer to be suspended for a given time.
2. In what manner does this Suspension Operate?
Is the Officer, suspended not only from Command but from Pay and other Emoluments of service? and if so, Is he totally detached from Service during the suspension? or how far is he under Military restraint? With the highest respect etc.87
[Note 87: In the writing of and signed "Ben Walker Aid De Camp."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, February 16, 1783.
Parole Kidderminster. Countersigns Lamberton Milford.
For the day tomorrow Major Knapp.
For duty the 2d. Newyork regiment.
By the last Inspection report it appears there are a small number of Bayonetts wanting in several corps of the army; the deficiency must be supplyed before the Genl. sees the Troops under arms.
In whatever Regiments or Corps the full compliment of Drums and Fifes have been furnished by the public since the Resolve of Congress of the 22d. January 1782 that supply must be made good and kept compleat by regular stoppages from the weekly allowances of the pay of such Drumers and Fifers as may be deficient. Colonels and Commandants of those corps are responsible for the execution of this order, and in all other regiments or Corps the most effacacious measures should be taken to obtain a sufficient number of these articles without a moments delay, which are then to be kept compleat in the same manner.
At the Inspection of the troops which shall be made in the month of March, the Inspector of Musick will be present at every regiment and corps with the Inspector of the Army, to examine into the state of the Music; and the number of Instruments in each; he will make report thereof to the Commander in Chief at the conclusion of the Inspection.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 17, 1783.
Sir: Mr. Wetmore the Depy. Pay Master to this Army is authorized by the Financier to draw Bills upon Philadelphia and Boston for certain sums to be applied to the payment of the Troops weekly, and he is advised by the Pay Master General to use his utmost efforts to negociate those Draughts for specie that the payments might commence without delay: whereupon Mr. Wetmore has conceived it his duty to wait upon your Excellency; he will deliver this Letter, and will have the honor of explaining this subject more fully. As the Money is extremely wanted, and as it will be expended and continue to circulate almost intirely in this State, I doubt not he will meet with every assistance, which either the Legislative Body, or any of the Individuals who compose it, may have it in their power to afford him.
I have taken much pains to prevent the violation of private property by the Troops under my command, and I cannot but flatter myself that the regulations which have been adopted will be attended with the desired effect. I have also established regular Markets, which I am persuaded will be found very convenient and useful to both the Country and Army, especially as soon as the Troops begin to receive their Weekly payments; but in order to put a total stop to an evil which I am apprehensive will otherwise be of very pernicious consequences, it is my earnest wish and desire, that effectual Measures might be taken to prevent the Inhabitants from purchasing or receiving in any other manner, Articles of public property that may be in possession of the Soldiery. I shall establish every possible military precaution to cut off this improper commerce and beg leave to propose whether it might not be expedient for the Legislature to pass an Act prohibiting such purchases on the part of their Subjects under such fines or penalties as may seem sufficient to them for answering the aforesaid purpose.
Inclosed your Excellency will find a Certificate which lately came into my hands respecting a certain Mr. Boothe,88 I pretend not to determine how far the fact specifyed therein ought to operate in his favour, being satisfied it will have whatever consideration it shall appear to merit. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 88: The certificate was from Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge and referred to the conduct of a William Booth, of New York.]
[Note 89: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
February 17, 1783.
1st. Is the reduction of the Lines of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and New Jersey to take place on the 1st. March?90
[Note 90: To this the Secretary answered "Yes."]
2. In that case shall the Troops of New Hampshire be organized into one Regiment of 500 Rank and file, and the residue formed into one compleat Battalion of four Companies and the Troops of Jersey the same? or what mode shall be adopted.91
[Note 91: The answer was: Four complete companies to make one battalion; the others into one regiment.]
3d. Will it not be best to reform Hazen's Regiment immediately and put it upon the same Establishment as the rest of the Army ?92
[Note 92: The answer was: Yes.]
4th. Should not every possible effort be made to furnish Scarlet cloth for facings and other Materials for turning the present Coats of the Army?93
[Note 93: The answer was: "I will leave no measure untried to Effect it."]
5. The German Armourers Cartridge Boxes, Colours &c should be sent on?94
[Note 94: The answer was: The German armorers have been sent for; cartridge boxes are being made and repaired; and colors will be sent on. "I wish they were better than they are."]
6. It seems necessary that something should be done towards regulating the Issues of Provision to the Canadian Refugees And is Colo. Antills family entitled to draw, under that denomination.95
[Note 95: The answer was: A officer should investigate and superintend the business. Will investigate the Antill matter.]
7. By whom are Officers to be appointed to the Sappers and Miners. Are the three Companies to be reduced to one. Mr. Reckless96 a Volunteer in that Corps wishes an Appointment.97
[Note 96: Lieut. Anthony Reckless. He was given the rank of lieutenant in 1780 in the Sappers and Miners, and served to the close of the war.]
[Note 97: The answer was: Would have to defer an answer until he returned to Philadelphia.]
8. The Inspectors cannot do the duty of their department, if provision is not made to pay their contingent Expences.98
[Note 98: The answer was: That he will attempt to have the money advanced.]
9. What should be done with Captain Sumners99 demand for forage whilst he commanded a Regiment and other Cases of a similar Nature1
[Note 99: Capt. Job Sumner, of the Third Massachusetts Regiment. He was appointed major in March, 1783, to rank from October, 1782, and served to June, 1784.]
[Note 1: The answer was: A matter to be settled by the Quartermaster General.]
10. Cannot something be done for Mr. Griswold,2 whose Case is explained in his Letter and Colo. Huntingtons3 annexed; a transferrence to the Corps of Invalids would save him from Starving.4
[Note 2: Lieut. Andrew Griswold, of the First Connecticut Regiment. He had been wounded at Germantown in October, 1777, and resigned in July, 1782.]
[Note 3: Col. Ebenezer Huntington's letter is not now found.]
[Note 4: The answer was: Griswold to receive rations until Congress acts on his and other similar cases. "I will report it to Congress."
The entire document, both queries and answers, is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The answers of the Secretary at War are in a parallel column and signed by Lincoln. The document is dated by Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, February 17, 1783.
Parole Nantasket. Countersigns Oswego, Portsmouth.
For the day tomorrow Colonel J. Vose.
For duty the first Hampshire regiment.
The Artillery Artificers are to draw the same weekly allowance of Money on account of Pay for January as the Artillery, and abstracts for them are to be made out accordingly.
Tuesday, February 18, 1783.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Ringwood, Salisbury.
For the day tomorrow Major Pettingill.
For duty the 2d. Hampshire regiment.
The Arrangement of the Lines of New-Hampshire, Rhode Island, and New Jersey is to take place on the 1st. day of March, upon the principals pointed out in the resolutions of Congress of the 7th. of August and 19th. of Novr.; and which have been made public in the orders of the 30th. of October and 26th. November 1782.
The troops of Newhampshire are to be formed into one Regiment and one Battalion. The Battalion to consist of four Companies of fifty rank and file each, with one Adjutant, Quarter Master, Pay master, Surgeon or Mate, and to be commanded by two Field Officers. The Regiment to be composed of the residue of the troops of that Line; with the same number of Commissioned officers as were directed for each regiment in the Massachusetts and Connecticut Lines in the Orders of the 26th. of November last.
The formation of the Corps of New Jersey on this Arrangement to be precisely the same as ordered for the Troops of New Hampshire.
The Regiment of Rhode Island to be reduced to one Battalion and to be composed of as many Companys as there are men sufficient to complete, with such Commissd. and Noncommissioned staff as may be necessary; to be commanded by two field officers.
The Commanding officers of the several Lines above mentioned will superintend the re-formation; and as soon as the Arrangements become complete, Duplicate Returns of the officers retained in service axe to be lodged at the orderly office; also duplicate Lists of the officers who shall have retired in consequence of the reduction, agreeably to the forms which will be annexed by the Adjutant Genl.
The Commander in Chief in riding through the Lines yesterday with the honorable the secretary at war was exceedingly pleased to hear that Gentleman express the highest Admiration at the beauty and order of the Cantonments and the cleanliness of the different Parades. The Genl. himself was not a little satisfied with the prompt obedience to his late orders which was so universally conspicuous.
The Muster of the troops of the Cantonments for the month of January will take place on the following days vizt.: The Jersey Brigade on the 19th; York do. 20th; Hampshire do. 21st; 2d. Massachusts. do. 22d; 1st. do. do. 23d; 3d. do. do. 24th instant.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 18, 1783.
Dear Baron: On the 18th. of Janry I wrote to Colonel Stewart urging in the strongest terms I was master of, the necessity of his immediately joining the Army; since which time I have not heard a word from him. I now think myself obliged in justice to my own official character, and duty to the Public to signify to you as head of the Department, that it will be essential to the service either for Colonel Stewart to repair to Camp without one Moment's loss of time, or that another Inspector should be appointed to this Army as soon as possibly may be.
I beg you will be pleased to understand that the occasion of my being so explicit on this subject, is, because I have repeatedly heard that Colonel Stewart had entirely recovered his health, and cannot in that case conceive of any just reason for his being absent; and because I am fully convinced the service is every day suffering very great inconveniencies and injury for want of himself, or some other Gentleman of character and abilities to execute the duties of the office he sustains. It being absolutely impossible for Major Barber (notwithstanding he make the greatest exertions) to perform the whole business of the Department Monthly in the manner it ought to be done. I am &c.5
[Note 5: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, February 18, 1783.
Sir: B General Hazen represents to me, that Lt. Kinney6 of your Regiment was some time since apprehended, below the Enemy's Lines, on suspicion of being concerned in illicit Trade and was sent up to the Cantonment at Pompton, where he was ordered by Gen Hazen to remain till the matter was examined into and decided or till he should be permitted to depart; notwithstanding which Orders, he left the Cantonment without leave and has not since been heard of.
[Note 6: Lieut. Abraham Kinney, of the Second Continental Dragoons.]
Should this Officer have Joined his Regiment, or whenever he does join it, I am to desire that you will immediately Arrest him, and send him to Head Quarters that his Conduct may be enquired into.7 I am &c.8
[Note 7: On February 18 Washington wrote to Hazen that he had ordered Kinney's arrest. "You will therefore be pleased to furnish the Judge Advocate with the Charges Against him and Evidence necessary to support them." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
February 18, 1783.
Dr Sir: Immediately on the rect. of your Letter to me of the 2d of this Month I ordered an inquiry to be made after the Negro, and have reced the inclosed Letter from Colonel Vose in answer.
Had the Negro been in Camp I should have been happy in restoring him to Mrs. Dulany,11 as well on account of her own Merit as the pleasure it would have afforded you, to have obliged a Lady who has so clever a Daughter. With great regard etc.12
[Note 11: Mrs. Mary Dulany.]
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 19, 1783.
Dear Sir: It is a considerable time since I received the Letter in which you informed me, it would be impossible for you to return to the Army at the period appointed, on account of your pecuniary and domestic affairs; sympathising deeply in your private distresses I have delayed to recall your attention and presence to your command as long as the circumstances of service, my own personal feelings, and the duty I owe to the public would suffer me to do it. Before the rect of this Letter, you will have learnt my sentiments respecting the duties that are expected of the General Officers of this Army, from a late Order transmitted to you officially by the Adj. General; in addition to that information, I now take the liberty in this private and friendly manner to acquaint you, that in case you wish to retain a command in this Army it will be essential for you to come on immediately prepared to remain with it; as I must make it a point for every Officer who will have the honour of commanding any Corps of Troops in it, to take upon himself the charge and trouble of manoeuvring, disciplining and forming that Corps for the Field.
I do not here enter fully into a detail of the reasons which now make it particularly necessary for the Genl Officers who have been long absent to join without loss of time; it will surely be sufficient to mention, that out of nine Generals assigned to the command of the Troops in this Cantonment seven are either actually gone or have made applications to be absent at the same time, so that by gratifying their wishes [ (besides incurring public reprehension) ] the whole weight of the business, the cares and the troubles of the Army would devolve upon me, until a sunshine occasion, or a prospect of some brilliant operation should induce them to return and share the pleasures and honors of service.
I request you will be so kind as to give me a line in Answer to this by the very next Post, and that you will believe. I am etc.13
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, February 19, 1783.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersigns Vallenstown, Willoughby.
For the day tomorrow Major Morrill.14
[Note 14: Maj. Amos Morrill, of the New Hampshire battalion. He served to the close of the war.]
For duty the 1st. Massachusetts regiment.
Brigadier General Dayton will give orders for the Detachment of Jersey troops stationed at Wyoming to join their Line immediately. The ordinance stores and all other articles of Public property which may be at that post will be delivered to such person as shall be authorised by the secretary at war to receive them. Duplicate receipts must be taken, one of which together with a General report of the command will be deposited at Head Quarters by the Commanding officer on his arrival in camp.
Head Quarters, February 20, 1783.
Sir: Five officers Viz Major Martlett, Captains Paulint,15 Marna and Caulesage and Lt. Victor, with fourteen Men and nineteen Women, and forty six Children axe returned Monthly as Canadian Refugees in fish Kill and its Vicinity and draw Provision from the Public.
[Note 15: Capt. Antoine Paulint, formerly of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
The Secretary at War has desired that an Officer might be appointed to examine into the State of these people and as you are on the Spot I am to desire you to undertake this business.
You will therefore be pleased to examine and to report to me the number and condition of these people, with their respective Claims to public assistance, so that a judgment may be formed whether all, or which of them, are entitled to the allowance above mentioned. I am &c.16
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 17: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, February 20, 1783.
Dr Sir: There can be no difficulty on our part in suffering the Gentlemen18 you mention to go to the Enemy's out post previous to the receipt of an Ansr from Sir Guy Carleton to their application, unless their should be an objection on the part of the Enemy; who I believe have constantly refused to suffer Persons coming with flags to remain any time at their advanced Posts unless permission had been first obtained for the purpose. I am etc.19
[Note 18: Capt. Samuel West and Peter Mangé.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphrys A. D. C."]
Thursday, February 20, 1783.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Bolton, Coventry.
For the day tomorrow Major Ashley.
For duty the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Board of General officers appointed in the orders of the 9th. instant whereof Major Genl. Gates is president having taken into consideration that part of the reference which relates to the charges exhibited by Brigadier Genl. Hazen &ca. against Mr. Edwards, Judge Advocate to the Armies of the United States, and reported in the words following vizt. The Board having determined.
That the first charge vizt. want of abilities and a regular Judicious system in the office and duties of a Judge advocate is not a Military offence cognizable by a Courtmartial, proceeded to the fullest and most minute investigation of the 2d. and 3d. charges, viz want of cander and impartiallity in conducting prosecutions as Judge Advocate in Courtsmartial, and a neglect of duty in the office of Judge advocate, and are unanimously of opinion that neither of them are supported.
The Commander in Chief fully approves the foregoing report.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, February 21, 1783.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Essex, Falmouth.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Cochran.
For duty the 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
At a General Courtmartial held at New Windsor Cantonment December the 30th. by order of his Excellency the Commander in chief, whereof Colonel (now Brigadr. General) Putnam is president, Major James R. Reid of Hazens regiment was tried, charged with disobedience of Orders, unmilitary Conduct and behaving unbecoming the Character of an officer and Gentleman. The following is the specification of the above General Charges, Viz: In support of the charge of unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior, it is meant to produce a Manuscript from under Major Reids hand exhibited at a public General Courtmartial, called his Defence containing unwarrantable Invectives, Insinuations, accusations and charges of the most infamous nature impeaching the honor and integrity and reputation of a large majority of the officers of the regiment, in a manner which if true would render them unworthy of holding Commissions in the Army.
For neglecting or refusing to prosecute the officers on the Charges which he has impeached them with, altho repeatedly requested by them, who assured him at the same time that they should decline doing duty with him untill an Investigation of the matter should take place, the only means left to justify their injured Characters. For offering himself to doe duty with the Officers whom he had charged as aforesaid without first taking the necessary measures to have them brought to Justice.
Disobedience of Orders and unmilitary Conduct in the following particulars vizt. first for disobedience of the orders of the honorable Major Genl. Lincoln at the head of Elk on the 22d. of November 1781, in his not joining the regiment according to the words, spirit and meaning of the order.
2dly. For disobedience of the orders of his Excellency the Commander in Chief of the 27th. December 1781.
3dly. For disobedience of his Excellencys the Commander in Chiefs Orders of the 10th. January 1782 by his not joining the regiment by the time therein limited.
4thly. Unmilitary Conduct in the disobedience of the three preceding Orders and by not applying to the Commanding officer of the regiment previous to his application to the Commander in Chief for a Furlough, as also by not advising the Commanding officer of the regiment of a true state of the leave granted by the General, and thereby subjecting the Commanding officer of the regiment to make erroneous and unmilitary Musters and Returns. Defrauding the United States or the regiment or a part of the regiment in which he holds a commission, in the particulars hereafter mentioned.
First for making up in his pay rolls and passing in his recruiting accounts on Oath George Devault and Andrew Lucky and receiving public money for them, when it now appears they were never duly inlisted or at any public expence whatever.
2ndly. For unmilitary conduct in giving George Devault and Philip Wolfts, two reputed soldiers of the regiment, Certificates on the 10th. of May 1782, when under confinement and the care of an inferior officer, which amounted to a discharge from the service and release from confinement, altho taken up by General Hazens orders at the expence of the public in consequence of Major Reids own Musters, Returns, Recruiting Accounts on Oath and Inlistments in support of them, deposited with General Hazen as Commanding officer of the regiment.
3dly. On suspicion of his having made false Musters and Returns.
4thly. For witholding a sum of money from a part of the regiment which he has long since acknowledged to have in his possession.
5thly. For unofficer and ungentlemanlike Conduct and Behavior in his official Letters to General Hazen in particular that of the 23d. September 1782.
6thly. For unmilitary Conduct in signing himself Major of the 1st. Battalion Light Infantry when at that time there was no such corps existing in the American Army.
ADDITIONAL
1st. Disobedience of orders in his not joining the regiment in the course of the month of November, agreable to the tenor of General Hazens leave of absence given him at Lancaster on or about the second of the same Month.
2ndly. For embezling or misapplying money received by him to enlist Men into the service of the United States of America, which will appear by his own Pay rolls, Muster rolls, Recruiting accounts, and Certificates, and in not paying a number of the soldiers of the regiment a certain sum of money given him for that purpose in 1779.
3dly. For signing a false Certificate or Certificates relating to the absence of some of the men contained in his late Company.
The Court on mature consideration are of opinion respecting the several charges against Major Reid, That on the first and third particular under defrauding the United States &ca. and the first part of the 2d. additional particular, tho it appears that he made up in his payrolls and recruiting account, Andrew Lucky and George Duvault and received public money for them, when it appears they ought not to have been so made up, yet on full consideration of all circumstances attending the matter it does not appear there was any fraudulent intention in Major Reid in so doing and therefore acquit him of any guilt in either of them. The Court are further of opinion that Major Reid is not guilty and they do acquit him of each and every the other charges against him except the 6th. particular under defrauding the United States &ca. on this they are of opinion that Major Reid did sign himself Major of the first Battalion Light Infantry when there was no such Corps existing in the American Army, and tho they think in some circumstances stances this might be reprehensible, yet in this case they think it so trifling and that it so strongly marks the nature of the whole prosecution against him, that they think it proper to pass no censure on him.
The Commander in chief confirms the opinions of the Court.
Major Reid is released from his Arrest.
The Court martial whereof Colonel (now Brigadier General) Putnam is president is desolved.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 22, 1783.
Dear Sir: A few days ago General Lincoln delivered me your favor of the 7th. respecting the Enemy's force at Penobscot, and the apprehension of the Inhabitants of the eastern part of your State in consequence of the menacing appearances in that quarter, at the same time I recd. a Letter from the two Houses of your Legislature on the same subject.
After conversing pretty fully with the Secretary at War and Mr. Higginson,20 I have written to the Honble the Senate and Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, to the following purport; that in the present equivocal state of affairs it was impossible for me to give a decisive answer to their propositions; that Peace on the one hand, or an attempt against New York on the other, might render any Proceedings on this business unnecessary or inexpedient; that the subject of our future military operations is now before Congress; that (if the War should be prolonged) offensive or defensive Measures would depend on their decision; that in the former case I should be happy to afford every aid in my power to gratify the wishes of the State, so far as could be done consistently with a due attention to the comparative magnitude of the several objects that might be in view; altho I could not conceive an Enterprize ought to be undertaken in that quarter, without a naval force superior to the Enemy's, and that in the latter case, viz, if defensive measures only should be adopted, the protection of the eastern frontier of the State would engage my particular attention. This was all I judged it expedient to say under the present circumstances.
[Note 20: Stephen Higginson, Delegate to the Continental Congress from Massachusetts.]
Amongst the rumours and speculations on Peace (which are almost infinite) there is nothing that may absolutely be relied upon. And notwithstanding the prospect is so flattering, Yet as no Mortal can tell whether we shall have Peace or War; it is undoubtedly the part of discretion to be prepared for the latter so far as depends on our own exertions. I have therefore called very earnestly on the General Officers to assist in putting the Army in the best possible condition for activity of Service: but as you will have learnt my sentiments on this matter from the transcript of an Order which has been forwarded to you officially by the Adjutant General, I have only to enquire when I may actually expect the pleasure of seeing you at the Army, and to assure you that I am &c.21
[Note 21: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 22, 1783.
Sir: I have reed your favor of this date, and have to inform you that there are some circumstances which render it inexpedient for a furlough to be granted to you at this Moment, in a few days (by the first of March I presume) you may expect the permission you sollicit.
As no Warrants for Pay or Subsistence are now given by me, it will be proper to make your Arrangements on that head with the Depy Pay Mastr Genl in such Manner as that the Money may be properly accounted for. I am etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 23: President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, respectively.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 22, 1783.
Gentlemen: I have been honoured by the hands of Genl Lincoln and Mr. Higginson with the joint address of the Honble the Senate, and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts dated the 8th day of this Month, containing a representation respecting the British Post at Penobscot, and the dangerous situation of the eastern frontiers of the Commonwealth; together with some proposals for the defence, or entire liberation thereof from danger.
Ever disposed to give the utmost succour to every part of the United States (which the means entrusted to my care will enable me to do), when invaded or menaced by the Enemy, I can never fail to pay a due consideration to the calls of a State, whose exertions have been so great and meritorious as those of Massachusetts. There are, however, two things in expectation which do at this time prevent my giving any possitive Answer to the propositions in question; and which may, in case either of them should take effect, eventually supersede the necessity of taking any farther Measures on the subject; the first is (the most desireable of all Events) a general Pacification; the second (should the first mentioned Event not happen) is a project for attacking the Garrison of New York with an intention to reduce or exterminate the Enemy by a single decisive effort; should this be resolved on as the most eligible Measure, after the maturest deliberation, it will doubless be conceded on all hands, that, while our Resources ought to be opened for the attainment of this object, every subordinate consideration must of course give place to one of almost infinitely greater Magnitude.
But as these Matters are now before Congress, to whom I have had the honor of submitting them, and whose decision respecting offensive or defensive operations, I shall await for the Government of my future conduct; I can only add, that altho I do not conceive how a serious Expedition could, with any prospect of success, be attempted against the Enemy at Penobscot without a Naval co-operation, on account of the heavy expense and consequent impracticability of land transportation for the Artillery, Stores &c; I beg it may nevertheless be understood I shall always be ready to give my concurrence to any judicious Plans which will contribute to the security of the exposed extremeties of your Commonwealth, whenever the circumstances will admit, and whenever an object of confessedly higher consideration and importance shall not occur to prevent it. In the mean time, should the War be protracted and only defensive Measures adopted; the protection and safety of the eastern frontiers of your State (a territory whose utility is very deeply impressed upon me) will claim and receive my particular attention. With perfect respect, etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Saturday, February 22, 1783.
Parole Georgia. Countersigns Huntington, Indoston.
For the day tomorrow Major Reading.
For duty the 6th Massachusetts regiment.
In order to extend the weekly allowances of pay to all Non-commissioned officers and privates who may be present with the Army during any part of the time such payment shall be made, altho' they have not been included in the Musters or Pay rolls for the month of January they are (after having been mustered seperately or collectively) to be included in the Weekly Abstracts for pay, and the aggregate of such men are to be annexed to the Pay rolls of the several regiments for the month of January at the conclusion of the payments for that month, with a Certificate from the Inspector that they have been duly mustered for said month. Whenever the rolls are thus made to correspond with the weekly payments, attested Copies are to be lodged at the War office without delay.
[Note 25: Of Wilton, Va.]
Newburgh, February 23, 1783.
Madam: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 20th. of last Month, and to inform you that your Letter to Sir Guy Carleton covering one for Mrs. Necks was sent into New York last Week, and that I had a pleasure in doing it.
If, at any time, you should have occasion to write to your Friends in England and will send the Letters under cover to me, I will take care to have them forwarded safely to the extremity of our lines. I pray to make a tender of my best respects to Mrs. Randolph. I have the honor etc.
Sunday, February, 23 1783.
Parole Kilmarnack. Countersigns Lancaster, Mountholly.
For the day tomorrow Major Carr.26
[Note 26: Maj. James Carr, of the New Hampshire battalion. He served to November, 1782.]
For duty the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, February 24, 1783.
Dear Sir: When you passed the Army in December I believe you was fully impressed with the necessity of furnishing at least one pair of Woolen overalls pr man; the necessity is daily increasing, for the building of the Hutts has almost entirely destroyed their last Years breeches; I must therefore again take the liberty to urge in the strongest terms that a supply of this Article may be sent on as soon as possible. The Officers are making every possible exertion, to put the old Cloathing into as good a state as it will admit, to give it a tolerably decent appearance. The scarlet Cloth for facings &c will be wanted.
I have repeatedly pressed the sending on a farther Supply of Shirts, so as to compleat each Man to two a principle of oeconomy (if there was no other consideration) would induce this, for without a Change, the one Shirt will soon be rotted off their backs.
You mentioned when here that you would furnish me with a Return of the Ordnance Stores on hand in the several Magazines of the United States. I wish to remind you of this. with very great regard etc.
P.S. Your Letter of the 19 inclosing the contracts is received.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, February 24, 1783.
Parole Norway. Countersigns Ohio, Pottsgrove.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Vandyke.
For duty the 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Non arrival of the Cloathing expected from Europe renders the gratest Oeconemy in that article doubly necessary. The Commander in Chief therefore recommends that the business of turning and repairing the Coats of last year should now be considered as a primary object, in doing which a certain Model as to the fashion and length (for the coats ought to be made something shorter than at present) will be established by the Commanding officer of the Corps, from which there must be no deviation. Should the men in any instance presume to make alterations in the fashion of their Cloathing according to their own whim and caprice, report is to be made thereof by the Inspector that the want of System and Police in such Corps may be publicly noticed. It is expected scarlet Cloth for Cuffs, Capes and perhaps half facings will be furnished, as the Secretary at war has been pleased to give assurances that he will cause a quantity of that cloth, together with a sufficiency of thread to be immediately forwarded from Philadelphia if possible.
The Commander in Chief flatters himself he shall see the good taste and attention of the officers as beautifully displayed in the present instance as all the military virtues have been on every late occasion.
A communication across the low grounds between the right and left wings of the Army is instantly to be compleated, The Brigadiers and Commanding officers of Brigades will be pleased to meet tomorrow morning eleven o'clock at the New-building to fix upon a plan and take effectual measures for carrying this order into execution. The Genl. conceives a passage might be opened in a more eligible direction than that by which it has already been attempted.
Tuesday, February 25, 1783.
Parole Quantico. Countersigns Ramapaugh, Sunbury.
For the day tomorrow Major Fish.
For duty the 5th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Contracters for the Army having desired, that agreeably to Contract, a person might be appointed to inspect the Cattle destined for the Army. Henry Wykoff, esquire28 of
[Note 28: Hendrick Wyckoff.] Fishkill is appointed for that purpose untill the pleasure of the Superintendent of Finance shall be known.
The 2d. York regiment will march on thursday next for the relief of the 4th. Massa. regt. on the Lines.
Head Quarters, February 25, 1783.
Dear Sir: It was some time since reported to me that sundry Artillery Stores had been stolen from the Magazines at Kings ferry. The last Officer who was relieved also reports "a barrell of Powder stolen owing to the deficiency of the Magazine."
I wish some enquiry to be made of the Offr. commandg the Artillery into this repeated loss of Stores that measures may be taken to prevent it. I am etc.29
[Note 29: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, February 25, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 24th. and laid the subject of it, with the several Papers relating thereto before the Commandr in Chief, who thinks the manner in which Sergt Fisher has been so long absent as well as his application for a discharge two or three years after his time of service is said to have expired, are very extraordinary. Before the Genl will undertake to do any thing in the Matter, it will be necessary that the highest possible Evidence should be obtained, not only as to the particular date and term of his Inlistment, but also respecting the reason and permission for his long continued absence. For if it appears that he was ever able to have joined, and neither did that, nor reported himself so as to be continued on the Rolls of the Regt. His Excellency does not consider himself authorized to take any Measures which will entitle him to pay during that absence. I am &c.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D. Humphreys A. D. C."]
Head Quarters, February 25, 1783.
Sir: I have taken the Commander in Chief's Orders on the subject of your Letter, and have to inform you, that where men indulged with furloughs have not returned, but are struck off the Rolls as deserters, others who would have received leave of absence upon their return, may be furloughed notwithstanding; this is upon a presumption the Commanding Officers of Regts in which such Desertions have happened will be careful to recommend none hereafter, for whose fidelity they cannot absolutely be responsible; should the instances of Desertion in cases of furlough multiply, I am apprehensive the General will put a total stop to the indulgence itself. I am &c.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D[avid] H[umphreys]."]
Head Quarters, February 25, 1783.
Sir: Some complaints having been made respecting the quality of the Beef lately issued to the Troops, and the Contractors (whose conduct has been perfectly satisfactory) haveing solicited, that a Person should be appointed to inspect it in future, previous to delivery. I have therefore this day appointed for this purpose, Majr Henry Wykoff32 of Fishkill until your pleasure should be known, of which I thought it necessary to advise you by the first opportunity, that he might either continue to
[Note 32: Hendrick Wyckoff.] act with your approbation, or be superseded by the appointment of an Inspector of Contracts as should be judged most eligible and advantageous to the public Service.
[It is incumbent on me to add, that, Majr. Wikoff (who is a refugee from New York) is an entire stranger to me. that he views his appointment as P. T. only; that he was recommended by Mr. Parker (one of the Contractors) who, himself, previous to the appointment, had condemned a large quantity of Beef wch. had been slaughtered and was ready to Issue.] I have the honor &c.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing I am favored with your Letter of the 17th. instant. Inclosed is the Copy of a Letter from Mr Comfort Sands, with the Ansr. I have forwarded to him by this conveyance also Colonel Varicks Duplicate Receipts for One thousand Dollars.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 34: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New York.
On February 25 Washington wrote briefly to Mrs. Richard Bennett LLoyd, informing her that her letters had been sent into New York. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book."]
Newburgh, February 25, 1783.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 15th. Instt. I am sorry you should have given yourself the trouble of accounting so minutely for the delay of Colo. Ogdens Letter to me. The reason, I presume, of his mentioning the matter to you was, that not receiving an answer to it in the time he expected, he wrote me a second Letter referring to the first; upon which, I informed him that the Letter recommended to your care had been long on its passage, and was left by an unknown person (a Soldier I believ'd) at my Office and that this was the cause of the delay on my part. With great esteem etc.
February 25, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have no objection to your setting out for Boston tomorrow, and heartily wish you a pleasant Journey and safereturn.
My Sentiments publicly and privately have been so fully delivered, that I shall say nothing respecting your return.
I do not wish to defeat the end and purposes of your going, by limiting the term of your absence to a shorter period than is necessary to accomplish the business which carries you from Camp; and having a reliance on your prudence and regard to propriety, shall leave you at liberty to extend, if necessary, your absence beyond the 15th of April; as I am perswaded the example of it will not escape your own reflections.
I thank you for your assurances of friendship and Attachment, and am etc.
Head Quarters, February 26, 1783.
Dear Baron: I was favored by the last Post, with the Report of the Board of Officers respecting Captn. Segond's claim of admission into the Legion of Armand; as it appears to be founded in justice and reason it has my entire approbation, and I presume must be satisfactory.
As the prospect of Peace (tho' more promising than it has been at any former period) is somewhat equivocal; I have determined to put the Army, so far as depends on our own exertions, in the most respectable state for active operations, which may be extremely necessary should any Contingency make another Campaign inevitable; to effect this, your presence and assistance will be of the greatest utility, so soon therefore as you can make it perfectly convenient. I shall be happy to see you at the Army; in the mean time I am etc.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, February 26, 1783.
Dear Sir: I am this moment favored with your Letter of the 21 of this Month informing me of the Capture of one of the Enemys Armed Vessels,36 by a party of Continental Troops detached by you for that purpose. I shall acquaint Congress of this additional exertion of yours to annoy the Enemy and prevent the illicit Trade carrying on with the Country, and I beg you to accept my thanks, and communicate them to the Officers and Men for their conduct in the execution of this business.
[Note 36: The British armed vessel was the Three Brothers. Tallmadge's letter states that the Three Brothers was commanded by a Captain Johnstone, but the papers captured state that Capt. Jacob Cornwell was the master. The vessel mounted 11 carriage guns and 4 swivels, had a crew of 21, and was taken off Stratford Point after a brisk fight, in which Captain Johnstone was killed and 3 or 4 of his men badly wounded.]
You will please to take the necessary measures for distributing the Prize among the Concerned in such manner as you may think most equitable. I am &c.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, February 26, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 10th of Febry. and must take the liberty to tell you candidly, there would not be a propriety in my writing to the President of Congress respecting your extra expences while acting as Depy. Corny. of Prisoners because it would open a door to innumerable applications because I do not conceive it is proper for me to interfere in the pecuniary Arrangements of Congress, and because I have never known any such allowances to be made except to Majr Generals commanding in separate Departments; but if Congress should think a gratuity in your particular case expedient, I can have no manner of objection to it, being with due regard etc.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 26, 1783.
Sir: I am sorry to have to acquaint your Excellency, for the information of Congress, that a project which I had formed for attacking the Enemys Post at Oswego, as soon as the Sleighing should be good, and the Ice of the Oneida Lake should have acquired sufficient thickness to admit the passage of the Detachment, has miscarried. The report of Colol. Willet, to whom I had entrusted the Command of the Party (consisting of a part of the Rhode Island Regiment and the State Troops of New York, in all about 500 Men) will assign reasons for the disappoinment.39
[Note 39: The expedition failed through the ignorance or fault of the Indian guide, who did not bring the troops to Fort Oswego until daylight had come, rendering a surprise impossible. A copy of Willett's letter (February 19) to Washington accompanies this letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
Altho the Expedition has not been attended with success, the Officers and Soldiers employed on it, are entitled to great credit, for the Spirit, Activity and patience exhibited by them in the course of the attempt, and I am certain nothing that depended upon Colonel Willett to give efficacy to it, was wanting.
Major Talmadge, whom I had placed on the Sound, with the Infantry of Sheldons Legion, for the purpose of interrupting as much as possible on that side, the Trade with New York, has been more successful, as will appear by his report, a Copy of which is likewise inclosed.40 The zeal and activity of Major Talmadge and the promptness and bravery of the party acting under his orders on this occasion, have merited and received my thanks. The Detachments also belonging to the command of Brigr. General Hazen, which are occasionally advanced to Bergen, New Ark, Elizabeth Town &c to intercept the illicit commerce in that quarter, appear to have been very alert, and they have succeeded in several instances. I flatter myself Congress will be persuaded, nothing on my part has been omitted to carry fully into execution their Resolution of the 30th of October last; but at the same time I am under the necessity to declare in my own vindication, that unless the Civil Powers of the different States will adopt the most energetic measures and make the greatest exertions to carry them into effect it will be impossible to put a stop to an evil which has increased to an alarming height and which (notwithstanding all our efforts) is still increasing and I am informed prevails no where in such an uncontrouled manner as on the Sea Coast of Connecticut. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 40: A copy of Tallmadge's letter (February 21) is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 41: In the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, February 26, 1783.
Sir: In reply to your Letter of the 19th inst. I have to observe that the description contained therein of Troops supplied under the Contract for the Moving Army and under the Contract for West Point, is exactly conformable to the idea held up in the Letter I wrote to you in the Month of April last and in the general Order of April 29th. 1782. But as there was a wilful infraction of that Order on your part, and as (upon my expressing an apprehension that the confounding the issues of the two Contracts might be attended with difficulty in the settlement of accounts) you [declared] in unequivocal terms the matter was perfectly understood and agreed upon between Mr. Morris and yourself; and finally, as that agreement did supersede the Arrangement I had made, I can give no farther explanation, or say any thing more on the subject. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The word in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
(Private)
Head Quarters, February 26, 1783.
My Dr. Sir: I believe it was mentioned when you was at Head Qrs that Majr Villefrance had made application for promotion. I have declined in this and all similar instances to use my influence directly with Congress to obtain Rank for Gentlemen who solicited it, out of the common course of promotion, because I wished, in the first place that Honble Body might decide according to their own pleasure, and in the second that I might not be harrassed by a multitude of useless and improper applications. Tho' I foresee this may in some degree be the case if Major Villefrance succeeds, yet I cannot conceal my sentiments in his favor (which indeed I have expressed very fully in a Certificate which has been given him) and should not his promotion involve any very troublesome consequences of this kind, I wish with all my heart it might take place. I am etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, February 26, 1783.
Parole Taunton. Countersigns Vienna, Walkill.
For the day tomorrow Major Scott.
For duty the Maryland Detachment.
Captain Bushnell being the senior officer, will have the command of the corps of Sappers and Miners untill further orders and Captain Dellezewn44 of the Corps of Engineers will report to Head Quarters immediately by what authority he came to the Garrison of Westpoint and assumed the Command of the Sappers and Miners.
[Note 44: Capt. Joseph(?) de Lazen (Dellezewn). He had been with the southern army.]
The Brigadiers and Commanding officers of Brigades having assembled agreeably to the orders of the 24th. instant and reported through the Adjutant General That a communication between the right and left wings of the Army will be best effected by opening a passage a cross the low grounds in a streight direction from the Interval between the 1st. and 3d. Massachusetts Brigades to the interval between the Jersey and York brigades, laying the Swamp with saucissons to be covered with Earth taken from drains made on each side the Causway to carry the water into the Creek.
The Commander in chief approves the plann and requests those Gentlemen may exert themselves in carrying it into execution as expeditiously as possibly and advises putting down two layers of saucissons, the upper covering the intervals between the lower, and both to be well staked down at the ends.
Colonel Gouvion will be pleased to direct an Engineer to measure and stake out the Ground and report the number of feet to be laid with soucissons that the quantity wanted may be ascertained and a proportion allotted to each Brigade. The Brigades are nevertheless immediately to set about making Saussicons well bound with seven Bands, twelve feet in the clear between the end bindings and at least one foot in Diameter. The Quarter Master Genl. will on application deliver a proportion of fascine Hatchetts, and ropes or Chains (to compress the Saucissons for tieing) to the Quarter Master of Brigades who will be answerable that they are returned when the work is cornpleated. When any Brigade has made and collected its quota of saucissons; Colonel Gouvion, on notice given him, will order an Engineer to attend and inspect them, reporting to the Adjutant General the number that are good and conformable to the dimentions prescribed at the same time rejecting such as are insufficient, to be replaced by others that will pass inspection.
The New road between the Adjutant Generals quarters and Commissary Bells,45 is immediately to be made practicable for Waggons, by removing the Stumps, loose stones and rubbish; and the communication opened from Commissary Bells in as direct a line as possible to the interval between the first and third Massachusetts Brigade; the Quarter Mr. General will appoint a person to superintendent this business who is to be at the place where the tools are deposited at ten o'clock every morning precisely. He is to apply to the Adjutant General for a party for the purpose and report to him when the work is done.
[Note 45: William Bell. He was issuing commissary for the contractors.]
Thursday, February 27, 1783.
Parole Andover. Countersigns Barnagat; Colchester.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Col. Comdr. Brooks.
For duty the 1st. Jersey regiment.
When ever a regiment is warned for duty on the Lines the regimental Quarter Master or some officer acting for him will precede the regiment one day at least for the purpose of providing convenient quarters on the rout as well as on the Lines without incommoding the Inhabitants more than is absolutely necessary. The regiments returning from the Lines will observe the same rule. The Quarter Master or Officer employed in this business will apply to the Civil authority in the vicinity and the mode pointed out by an act of this state for billitting Troops is to be observed on all ordinary occasions so far as the circumstances of the service will permit; this to be a standing order.
The Board of officers assembled in consequence of the orders of the 29th. ultimo (Major General Baron Steuben President) to enquire into the claim of Captn. Segond to be admitted into the corps of Colonel Armand, report as follows viz.
The Board having considered the Claim of Captn. Segond and the papers handed them in support of it, on the one part: and the objections of Colonel Armand with the papers offered by him on the other part are unanimously of opinion that Captain Segond has not a right to a command in the Legion of Colonel Armand.
The Board are sensible that the Capitivity of Captn. Segond alone, has prevented his being at this moment in the Legion of Colonel Armand, and therefore as his unfortunate situation has thrown him out of command; and as by testimony it appears he has served with reputation in the Corps of the late Count Pulasky, The Board beg leave to recommend him to the consideration of Congress and of his Excellency the Commander in Chief. The Commander in Chief approves the Report.
The Muster and Inspection of the troops in this Cantonment for the Month of February will take place on the following days, vizt.: New Hampshire Brigade the 1st. March; Jersey do. 4th; 1st. and 7th. Massa. regiments, 6th; 4th. and 2d. do. 8th; 5th and 8th do. 10th; 3d. Brigade, 11th; and New York do 20th.
The Garrison of Westpoint will also be Mustered and Inspected on the 13th. 14th. and 15th. of the same month.
The saucissons for the communications between the Lines are to be furnished in the following proportion. Viz:
The Jersey Brigade 620; 1 York regiment 300; 1st. Massa. Brigade 1080; 2d Do. Do. 1080; 3d Do. Do. 710; Hampshire Do. 530; Total 4.320.
Two Pickets of five feet long are to be furnished to each saucisson.
[Note 46: Justice of the peace, Westchester County, N.Y., at Peekskill.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, February 27, 1783.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 14th.47 and in consequence of it have issued a general Order,48 that whenever a Regt. is ordered for duty on the Lines, the Quarter Master or some Officer in his room will precede the Regt. one day at least, for the purpose of providing convenient Quarters, on the route as well as on the Lines, without incommoding the Inhabitants more than is absolutely necessary. The Qr Mastr or Officer employed on this business will apply to the Civil Authority in the vicinity, and the Mode pointed out by an Act of this State for Billeting Troops is to be observed on all ordinary occasions so far as the circumstances of the service will permit. This to be a standing Order. I hope you will not suffer any farther inconveniency
[Note 47: Haw's letter recounts that "Last night their was 19 Billeted on me and Before Bedtime they Incresed to above 30." Haw's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 48: Of Feb. 27, 1782.] on this account in future; and that notwithstanding your age and infirmity, you may yet live to see the happy return of Peace and many good days. I am etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On February 27 Washington wrote briefly to Paymaster General John Pierce to inform him "if any Sum was advanced to my order between Feby. and May 1777. to whom; for what sum; and the precise date." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Friday, February 28, 1783.
Parole Carlisle. Countersigns Devonshire, Essex.
For the day tomorrow Major Oliver.
For duty the 2d. Jersey regiment.
In carrying the Arrangement of the Newhampshire, Rhode Island and New Jersey Lines into effect; all Vacancies are to be considered as filled to the first day of March, in conformity to the Sentiments of Congress expressed on simular occasion, immediate application is to be made to those states, that the promotions may take place and be certified accordingly.
The Generals and Commandants of Brigades and Regimts. are desired to meet the Quarter Master General at eleven o'clock tomorrow at the public building, to consult and establish some more particular Regulations respecting the Sutlers and Markets of the Army.
At the General Court Martial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president, Lieutenant Henry Williams50 of the 2d. regiment of Artillery, was tried, charged with unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior on the evening of the 6th. of October 1782 "First for asserting a falsehood tending to promote dissention between the 2d. and 3d. regiments of Artillery, by
[Note 50: Lieut. Henry Abraham Williams, of the Second Continental Artillery. He served to June, 1783.] saying that We, the 2d. regiment of Artillery to a man (addressing himself to Captn. Lieutenant Kemper51) do dispise you and your regiment, or any thing you can say in behalf of it." 2dly. For stripping to buffet with Captn. Lt. Kemper, and afterwards drawing a sword on him when unarmed. 3dly. For writing a challenge for Captn. Lieutenant Kemper and leaving it in the Bar-room of a public Tavern unsealed.
[Note 51: Capt.-Lieut. Jacob Kemper, of the Third Continental Artillery.. He served to June, 1783.]
The Court after maturely considering the evidence for and against Lt. Williams, and his Defence, are of opinion on the first charge, that Lt. Williams did on the evening of the 6th. of October last say that " We, the 2d. regiment of Artillery to a man; addressing himself to Captain Lt. Kemper, do dispise you and your regiment, or any thing you can say in behalf of it" for which they think him very unjustifiable, in breach of article 5th. Section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of war. On the 2d. Charge the Court are of opinion that Lt. Williams did on the evening of the 6th. of October last, strip to buffit with Captain Lt. Kemper, and did afterwards draw a sword on him when unarmed, for which Conduct they think him very unjustifiable, in breach of article 5th. section 18th: of the Rules and Articles of war. The Court are also of opinion that the 3d. Charge is not supported. The Court sentence Lt. Williams to be reprimanded in General orders and suspended from service for three months.
The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence.
Lieutenant Williams should have better understood the delacacy of an officers Character than to have suffered himself to have been betrayed into such improper conduct as he has been guilty of.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, March 1, 1783.
Parole Farnham. Countersigns Galway, Haverstraw.
For the day tomorrow Major Trescot.
For duty the first York regiment.
At the General Court Martial of which Colonel Michael Jackson is president, Ensign James Sawyer52 of the seventh Massachusetts regiment was tried, charged as follows, First "for behaving in a riotous and ungentlemanlike manner, to the subversion of good order and Military Discipline on the evening and night of the 29th. of December last at Lt. Sampsons53 Quarters, in making a noise at an unseasonable hour of the night and lodging out of his quarters. 2dly. Violently and feloniously breaking open Lt. Sampsons Chest, or opening it with a false key, taking out his property and disposing of it on the evening or night of the 29th. of December last or assisting in doing the same. 3dly. For assaulting Lt. Sampson in a malicious manner in company with Lt. Freeman54 on the evening of the 4th. of January last, at Lt. Reabs55 Quarters. 4thly. For endeavouring in an underhanded manner to draw Lt. Sampson from his quarters in order to assault and abuse him, on the evening of the 4th. of January last. 5th. for kicking and abusing Lt. Sampson in Captain Aliens56 quarters, when requested
[Note 52: He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to June, 1784.]
[Note 53: Lieut. Crocker Sampson, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 54: Lieut. Thomas Davis Freeman. of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
[Note 55: Lieut. George Reab, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 56: Capt. Nathaniel Coit Allen, of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.] to attend there by Captain Allen, about the 7th. or 8th. of January last.
The Court after properly considering the evidences for and against Ensign Sawyer and his Defence are of opinion upon the first charge that Ensign Sawyer did on the evening of the 29th. of December last make a noise at a late hour and that he did also lodge out of his Hurt the same night, but they do not think his behaviour was either riotous or ungentlemanlike. On the second that it is not supported and also that it is vexatious. On the third and fourth, that they are not supported and on the fifth that Ensign Sawyer is not altogether justifiable in his Conduct towards Lieutenant Sampson at Capt. Allens Quarters. But considering the provocation he had received from Lieutenant Sampson, think proper not to pass any censure on him.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court.
Ensign Sawyer is released from his Arrest.
Captain Aaron Ogden is appointed Major of Brigade to the Jersey brigade vice Cox57 promoted January 6th, 1783.
[Note 57: Capt. Richard Cox.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, March 2, 1783.
Parole Kendal. Countersigns Lancaster, Marblehead.
For the day tomorrow Major Gibbs.
For duty the Hampshire regiment.
The Commander in Chief approves the subsequent regulations proposed by the General and other officers who assembled with the Quarter Master General yesterday in consequence of the orders of the 28th. of February, and directs them to be carried into execution.
1st. That there shall be but one Sutler to a Brigade.
2d That a Licence to suttle shall be given only on the joint recommendation of the Commanding officers of the Corps in a Brigade, approved of by the General or officer commanding it.
3d. That the Commanding officer of each brigade shall weekly, or oft her when he thinks it necessary appoint a Committee of officers to examine the qualities and prices of the stores of the Sutlers to the brigade, and report the same to him; that any abuses may be discovered and corrected and that the Commandants of Brigades shall compare these reports and take the necessary measures for preventing thereafter any unequal and unreasonable Charges which on such comparrison shall appear.
4th. That the officers of Police shall daily visit the Sutlers quarters, to discover and report any disorderly practices; which reports shall be by them made to the Commanding officers of their Corps and by the latter to the Commandants of their Brigades.
5th. That no Sutler be permitted to sell any mixed Liquors.
6th. That all Sutlers who shall not be Licensed in the manner above required, be compelled to leave the Army within twenty days after the publication of these regulations on pain of Forfeiting the remaining stores: but during those twenty days to be permitted to sell their stock on hand.
7th. That the regimental paymasters be forbidden to pay the order of any Noncommissioned officer or soldier, unless the same shall be certified by the Commanding officer of his regiment or corps to have been given with his approbation.
8th. That there shall be two Market places; One near the interval between the York and Jersey Brigades, and one near the Public building.
9th. That Wednesday and Saturday in every week be market days, and as such duly Advertised for the information of the Inhabitants.
10th. That all payments of the soldiers wages be made, on Fridays.
The regimental Paymasters will apply to the Deputy Paymaster General for the weekly allowances of Pay for the Noncommissioned officers and soldiers on the following days viz those of the Massachusett Line on Wednesdays. Those of the Newhampshire, New Jersey, New York Lines and Maryland Detachment on thursday's. The Garrison of Westpoint and other corps not above enumerated on Fridays. The payments to commence this week and to be kept up so long as the supply of Cash shall be furnished.
Head Quarters, March 3, 1783.
Dr. Sir: As it was a matter of question whether Col Antil's family were to be included in the allowance of Provision to Canadian Refugees, a Reference has been made to the Secry at War, who has engaged to give a definitive ansr thereon, this is what has occasioned a demur with the Commissys. The Commander in Chief has now interfered and desired the issues may be regularly made until the further pleasure of the Secry at War shall be known. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, March 3, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your several Letters of the 23d. 24th. 25th and 27th of Febry.
It gives me great satisfaction to inform you, that I fully approve of your conduct in the late attempt to negotiate the business of your Department with the Enemy.59
[Note 59: An exchange of prisoners.]
I am of opinion that giving a Letter of service to Lts Sutherland60 and Campbell,61 would be merely eluding the intention of Congress, who by prohibiting the farther liberation of Prisoners, hope to produce a reasonable settlement of our Accounts, which hitherto has been attempted in vain. And as to the obligation General Greene is said to be under to the British for giving a Letter of Service to Major Hyrne,62 the Gentlemen concerned forget to mention that this debt was rather overpaid by a similar indulgence to Lt Colonel Hamilton.63
[Note 60: Lieut. Alexander Sutherland, of the British Engineers.]
[Note 61: Lieut. Robert Campbell, of the Seventy-first Foot, British Army.]
[Note 62: Maj. Edmund Hyrne. He was aide to Gen. Nathanael Greene, and deputy adjutant general, Southern Department.]
[Note 63: Lieut. Col. John Hamilton, of the Royal North Carolina Volunteers, British Provincial Troops.]
I am greatly surprised that Mr Skinner did not effect the liquidation of Accounts directed in my Letter of the 4th of July last; and I have now to desire you will, whenever you can make it convenient, proceed to the accomplishment of that business, reporting the same, together with any Accts you may have received, and all other pecuniary Matters to the Superintendt of Finance, whose directions you will receive thereon. This I think is also the best mode of conducting the business respecting the debts incurred by the Officers Prisoners in Canada, as there is I believe but one Officer included in the list you transmitted (viz Ensn Garret) now in service; and the greater part of them having never been in the pay of Continent will have no Monies to receive from the Pay Mastr General.
I have written to Hoaksley64 on the subject of his Memorial,65 which with the other Letters for New York I request you will
[Note 64: British merchant, at Yorktown, Va.]
[Note 65: In the Washington Papers under date of Dec. 27, 1782.] forward by Flag; and also receive such Money as Sir Guy Carleton may order to be sent out for Genl Chattelus, and which you will please to have transmitted to the Chevr de la Luzerne. I am etc.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, March 3, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your private letter of the 24th Ulto, and thank you for the information contained in it.67
[Note 67: "The people of Connecticut are falling into their [the British] Plans, and I am sorry to say are supported by the Govr. and Executive of the State....People pass, and repass, without interuption and even carry on a trade under sanction of flags (from Govr. Trumbull) thro' the sound."-- Smith to Washington, Feb. 24, 1783. Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
It is much to be regretted, that while I am using every means in my power to comply with the orders of Congress, founded, in my judgment, on our true interest and policy, that there should be such a counteraction as we daily experience by individuals. But lamentable indeed is our situation when States, or the Administration of them, are leaping over those bounds which should ever be deemed the sacred barrier betwn. us and the Enemy, without which all opposition to their measures must soon cease. or dwindle into something, ridiculous enough.
That the intercourse with New York by way of the Sound is in a measure without restriction, I have little doubt of; and that the very Boats which are Armed and Commissioned for the purpose of cutting off the Communication, are employed in facilitating the Trade, I have a recent instance of, in one caught by Major Talmadge in the Act, and with the goods on board.
We have only to persevere, and with the means we possess, give all the checks to it in our power. Every Officer who exerts himself in this business will meet every support I can give; and will undoubtedly merit the approbation of Congress.
With respect to the other matters contained in your letter, I have to entreat that you will keep an attentive eye towards them that you may be able to give me the best information respecting them that the nature of the case will admit when required.68 Let the motives to these enquiries be hid from those about you, and confined to your own breast; I have reasons for giving you this caution, but cannot entrust them to Paper. I am etc.
[Note 68: The other matters were the reported weak condition of the British posts at the north end of York Island; the few troops stationed therein and the few officers on the lines. "Their officers in general are involved in, and attend to the dissipation prevalent in the City."]
Head Quarters, March 3, 1783.
Sir: Your Memorial respecting the Goods taken from you at York Town, has been received some Time ago. But Majr Genl St Clair, whom you name, who Presided at the Board of Officers, which decided your Case, and to whom I wish to submit the Consideration of the matter now referred to you, having been Absent from Camp during the Winter, has prevented my giving you an earlier Answer. Genl St Clair is now daily expected to join the Army; as soon as he arrives, your papers will be committed to the Consideration of the Gentlemen who formed the other Board, and upon receiving their Opinion, you will be informed of my further Determinations. I am &c.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, March 3, 1783.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Oneidas, Pompton. For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel E Vose. For duty the Hampshire Battalion.
A distribution of the Cloathing now in store is to be made to the Army. the Assistant Cloathier at Newburgh has the Commander in Chiefs instructions on the subject. The regimental paymasters will therefore apply to him without delay.
Accurate Returns to be made to the Assistant Clothier of the men who joined after the distribution of Cloathing was made for the last year, and for whom no regimentals have been since drawn.
When the New Cloathing shall have been delivered to the Light Infantry and other companies pointed out by the Commander in Chief, all their Coats of last year are to be returned to the orders of the Commandant of the Corps who will have them applied towards repairing the Coats of the Battalion companies in such manner as he shall judge most conducive to the comfort of the men as well as the uniformity of their appearance. Exact accounts must be kept of the number and quality of the Coats received; and from whom, also of the uses to which they are applied. Notwithstanding the proposed alteration in the Uniform of the Infantry and Cavalry it appears necessary from inevitable circumstances that all the Light Infantry Companies should be cloathed in blue Coats faced with White untill further orders.
The Noncommissioned officers and Privates of the late 10th. Massachusetts regiment who were annexed to the regiments of that Line. at the Arrangement which took place on the first of January should for reviews at least, be drawn up together on the parade, and it would contribute much to the order and uniformity of the corps, if they could be formed into a company or have their cloathing so transferred as to prevent that disagreable able and speckled appearance which two or three regiments at present exhibit.
Altho the General does not urge the business of turning and repairing the Coats to be precipitated before the scarlet cloth can be obtained yet he wishes every preparation may be made for expediting it as much as possible upon the arrival of the necessary materials; and he hopes the whole may be accomplished by the 15th. of April or the first day of May at farthest.
AFTER ORDERS
The German Recruits now under the Orders of Captain Selin70 are to be attached to the 2d. and 3d. Regiments of Artillery in such manner as Major General Knox shall direct; he will have officers sent to Newburgh to receive them tomorrow as soon as they shall have been inspected.
[Note 70: Capt. Anthony Selin, of the Second Canadian Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, March 4, 1783.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 24th of Febry with its Inclosures.
The Capture of the Boats mentioned by you, trading to and bringing Goods from L Island, is very clear; and their Condemnation, as well as of all others taken in like Situation, must be just.
The Case of the Flag, arrived at N Haven, is not expressed with that precision, as to enable me to decide positively respecting her. If she had been received, and suffered to transact her Business, Mr Levensworth,71 knowing my Orders, is reprehensible for her Admission, and the Flag not subject to Detention; but if ordered to depart, without discharging her business, as comg contrary to Genl Orders, in that Case Mr Levensworth has acted with propriety, and the Boat and Men, under
[Note 71: Maj. Eli Leavensworth (Levensworth, Leavenworth), of the Sixth Connecticut Regiment. Heitman states that he retired in January, 1781.] the Circumstances mentioned, ought surely to be detained, the Boat as prize, and the Men as prisoners.
The passing of Flags so frequently to the Eastern States, is a very disagreeable Circumstance, to say the least of it. If the States will permit them, they must risque the Consequences, they have been informed of my Sentiments on the Subject. It is not in my power to prevent every Abuse of that kind. I am &c.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, March 4, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 31st. of Jany. came to my hands the Post before last, and the Acct. from Genl. Lavalette73 by the last Post. Upon receipt of the latter, your Letter and Lavalettes acct. was sent to Sir Guy Carleton with a request to remit the money to Colo. Smith at Dobbs's Ferry; who is desired to forward it to the Chevr. de la Luzerne at Philadelphia.
[Note 73: Charles François Chandćon, Chevalier de La Valette, lieutenant colonel Regiment Saintonge, French allied troops. He had been promoted in December, 1781, to brigadier d'infanterie.]
You ask what my expectations of Peace are? I answer, I am scarcely able to form any ideas at all on the subject, since I have seen (what is called, for we have no authentic acct. of its being so) the King's Speech; and the variety of contradictory reports respecting the Negociations for it. The Enemy in New York are as impatient, and as much in the dark as we are on this occasion; not having received a Packet for more than two Months. Although I cannot give you a decided opinion, under present appearances, I will transcribe the answer I gave about the first of Jany. to a question similar to yours from a Gentleman of my acquaintance in Maryland; which as matters are yet undecided, or rather the decision, if any, unannounced, I see no occasion to depart from.
"My opinion of the matter ever since the death of the Marqs. of Rockingham..."74
[Note 74: The omitted portion is identical with Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. John Armstrong, Jan. 10, 1783, q. v. Washington had written (January 10) to Tench Tilghman, who was in Maryland, the same substance but not the same words as those to Armstrong.]
What, My dear Sir, could induce the State of Virginia to rescind its assent to the Impost Law? How are the numerous Creditors in Civil life and the Army to be paid if no regular and certain funds are established to discharge the Interest of Monies borrowed for these purposes? and what Tax can be more just or better calculated to this end than an Impost?
The alarm Bell, which has been rung with such tremendous sound by the State of Rhode Island, to shew the danger of entrusting Congress with the Money, is too selfish and feutile to require a serious answer. Congress are in fact, but the People; they return to them at certain short periods; are amenable at all times for their conduct, and subject to a recall at any moment. What interest therefore can a man have, under these circumstances distinct from his Constituents; Can it be supposed, that with design, he would form a junto, or pernicious Aristocracy that would operate agt. himself; in less than a month perhaps, after it was established? I cannot conceive it. but from the observations I have made in the course of this War (and my intercourse with the States in their United as well as seperate capacities has afforded ample oppertunities of judging) I am decided in my opinion, that if the powers of Congress are not enlarged, and made competent to all general purposes, that the Blood which has been split, the expence that has been incurred, and the distresses which have been felt, will avail us nothing; and that the band, already too weak, wch. holds us together, will soon be broken; when anarchy and confusion must prevail.
I shall make no apology for the freedom of these Sentiments. they proceed from an honest heart, altho' they may be the result of erroneous thinking. they will at least prove the sincerity of my friendship, as they are altogether undisguised. With the greatest esteem etc.
[H. S. P.]
[Note 75: New York Delegate to Congress.]
Newburgh, March 4, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of February,76 and thank you for the information and observations it has conveyed to me. I shall always think myself obliged by a free communication of Sentiments, and have often thought (but suppose I thought wrong as it did not accord with the practice of Congress) that the public interest might be benefitted, if the Commander in Chief of the Army was let more into the political and pecuniary state of our Affairs than he is. Enterprises, and the adoption of Military and other arrangements that might be exceedingly proper in some circumstances would be altogether improper in others. It follows then by fair deduction, that where there is a want of information there must be chance medley; and a man may be upon the brink of a precipice before he is aware of his danger. when a little foreknowledge might enable him to avoid it. But this by the by.
[Note 76: The original of this letter was removed from the Washington Papers and placed with the Alexander Hamilton Papers by John C. Hamilton. It is hastily written; and the date, having been written over by Alexander Hamilton, could be either February 13 or 17. John C. Hamilton, Lodge, and Sparks, in his Letters to Washington, published this letter under date of February 7.]
The hint contained in your letter, and the knowledge I have derived from the public Gazettes respecting the non-payment of Taxes, contain all the information I have received of the danger that stares us in the face on Acct. of our funds, and so far was I from conceiving that our Finances was in so deplorable a state at this time that I had imbibed ideas from some source or another, that with the prospect of a loan from Holland, we should be able to rub along.
To you, who have seen the danger, to which the Army has been exposed, to a political dissolution for want of subsistence, and the unhappy spirit of licentiousness which it imbibed by becoming in one or two instances its own proveditors, no observations are necessary to evince the fatal tendency of such a measure; but I shall give it as my opinion, that it would at this day be productive of Civil commotions and end in blood. Unhappy situation this! God forbid we should be involved in it.
The predicament in which I stand as Citizen and Soldier, is as critical and delicate as can well be conceived. It has been the Subject of many contemplative hours. The sufferings of a complaining Army on one hand, and the inability of Congress and tardiness of the States on the other, are the forebodings of evil, and may be productive of events which are more to be deprecated than prevented; but I am not without hope, if there is such a disposition shewn as prudence and policy will dictate, to do justice, that your apprehensions, in case of Peace, are greater than there is cause for. In this however I may be mistaken, if those ideas, which you have been informed are propagated in the Army should be extensive; the source of which may be easily traced as the old leven, it is said, for I have no proof of it, is again, beginning to work, under a mask of the most perfect dissimulation, and apparent cordiallity.
Be these things as they may, I shall pursue the same steady line of conduct which has governed me hitherto; fully convinced that the sensible, and discerning past of the Army, cannot be unacquainted (altho' I never took pains to inform them) of the Services I have rendered it on more occasions than one. This, and pursuing the suggestions of your Letter, which I am happy to find coincides with my practice for several Months past and which was the means of directing the business of the Army into the Channel it now is, leaves me under no great apprehension of its exceeding the bounds of reason and moderation, notwithstanding the prevailing sentiment in the Army is, that the prospect of compensation for past Services will terminate with the War.
The just claims of the Army ought, and it is to be hoped will, have their weight with every sensible Legislature in the Union,77 if Congress point to their demands; shew (if the case is so) the reasonableness of them, and the impracticability of complying with them without their Aid. In any other point of view it would, in my opinion, be impolitic to introduce the Army on the Tapis; lest it should excite jealousy, and bring on its concomitants. the States cannot, surely, be so devoid of common sense, common honesty, and common policy as to refuse their aid on a full, clear, and candid representation of facts from Congress; more especially if these should be enforced by members of their own Body; who might demonstrate what the inevitable consequences of failure will lead to.
[Note 77: The draft has "United States."]
In my opinion it is a matter worthy of consideration how far an Adjournment of Congress for a few Months is advisable. The Delegates in that case, if they are in Unison themselves, respecting the great defects of their78 Constitution, may represent them fully and boldly to their Constituents. to me, who know79 nothing of the business which is before Congress, nor of the Arcanum, it appears that such a measure would tend to promote
[Note 78: The draft has "our."]
[Note 79: "Know" is supplied from the draft.] the public weal; for it is clearly my opinion, unless Congress have powers competent to all general purposes, that the distresses we have encountered, the expence we have incurred, and the blood we have spilt in the course of an Eight years war, will avail us nothing.
The contents of your letter is known only to myself, and your prudence will direct what should be done with this. With great esteem etc.80
[Note 80: From the Alexander Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.
In Madison's "Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress," under Feb. 20, 1783 ( Journals of the Continental Congress, L. C. Edn., vol. xxv, p. 906), Hamilton and Richard Peters informed the company met at Thomas FitzSimons' "that it was certain that the army had secretly determined not to lay down their arms until due provision and a satisfactory prospect should be afforded on the subject of their pay; that there was reason to expect that a public declaration to this effect would soon be made; that plans had been agitated if not formed for subsisting themselves after such declaration; that as proof of their earnestness on this subject, the Commander was already become extremely unpopular, among almost all ranks from his known dislike to every unlawful proceeding, that this unpopularity was daily increasing and industriously promoted by many leading characters; that his choice of unfit and indiscreet persons into his family was the pretext and with some the real motive; but the substantial one a desire to displace him from the respect and confidence of the army in order to substitute Genl. [erased and illegible] as the conductor of their efforts to obtain justice. Mr. Hamilton said that he knew Genl. Washington intimately and perfectly, that his extreme reserve, mixed sometimes with a degree of asperity of temper, both of which were said to have increased of late, had contributed to the decline of his popularity; but that his virtue his patriotism and firmness would it might be depended upon never yield to any dishonorable or disloyal plans into which he might be called; that he would sooner suffer himself to be cut to pieces; that he, (Mr. Hamilton), knowing this to be his true character, wished him to be the conductor of the army in their plans for redress, in order that they might be moderated and directed to proper objects, and exclude some other leader who might foment and misguide their councils; that with this view he had taken the liberty to write to the Genl. on this subject and to recommend such a policy to him."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, March 4, 1783.
Parole Quarterly. Countersigns Roxbury, Salisbury.
For the day tomorrow Major Knap.
For duty the 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
Those men who have given orders for the full pay of the month of January, with the approbation of their Commanding Officers, are not to be included in the Weekly Abstracts; they are only to be comprehended in the pay rolls of that month and settled with from them.
Immediately previous to every payment of the Noncommissioned officers and privates; The Arms, Accoutriments, Cloathing and other articles of public property in their possession are to be minutely inspected, that in case of negligence or deficiency proper stoppages may be made This to be considered as a standing regulation.
All persons possessing due Bills given under the late Contract of Wadsworth and Carter are requested to present them to Mr. Jonathan Trumbull at Mr. Cases81 in New-Windsor before the 10th. instant Such as are not presented before that day will be paid on the first day of April by Melancthorn Smith Esqr. & Company at Newburgh.
[Note 81: Stephen(?) Case.]
Head Quarters, March 5, 1783.
Sir: Your several favors of the 28th feby and 1st March have been received and I am happy to hear that your detachments are so fortunate in their exertions to prevent the illicit Trade carrying on between the Inhabitants and the Enemy.
The Judge Advocate shall have orders to prosecute Mr. Kinney82 and to call for the evidence in support of the prosecution.
[Note 82: Lieut. Abraham Kenney.]
If the business you mention is such, as requires your communicating it in person I have no objection to your coming to this place. I am &c.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, March 5, 1783.
Sir: I have been favoured with your Letter of the 19th of Febry. announcing the failure of your Attempt against Oswego.
Unfortunate as the Circumstance is, I am happy in the persuasion that no Imputation or reflection can justly reach your Character, and that you are enabled to derive much Consolation from the animated Zeal, fortitude and Activity of the Officers and Soldiers who accompanied you. The failure, it seems, must be attributed to some of those unaccountable Events, which are not within the controul of human Means and which, tho' they often occur in military life, yet require not only the fortitude of the Soldier, but the calm reflection of the Philosopher, to bear.
I cannot omit expressing to you the high Sense I entertain of your persevering Exertions and Zeal on this Expedition; and begging you to accept my warm Thanks on the Occasion; And that you will be pleased to communicate my Gratitude to the Officers and men under your Command, for the Share they have taken in that Service. With much Esteem etc.84
[Note 84: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[M.L.]
Head Quarters, March 5, 1783.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 3d of this Month. When General Hazen answered my Letter to him on the subject of your Complaint he preferred no charge against you of any kind but only gave his reasons for arranging the Officers in the manner he had done, and of which you complained.
As the Regiment was to be reduced to the same Establishment as the rest of the Army, I did not think proper to make any alterations till that event should take place, which will now be very soon and previous to it, a board of Officers shall be assembled to examine and fix your rank as well as that of all the Officers, so that no Injury may be done to any of them in the new Arrangement.
Your Complaint of being continued at the block house the whole Winter and without a Subaltern, shall be inquired into when General Hazen comes here which I expect will be in the course of two or three days. I am &c.85
[Note 85: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, March 5, 1783.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersigns, Versailles, Wapping.
For the day tomorrow Colonel H. Jackson.
For Duty the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
At the General Courtmartial whereof Colo. Micheal Jackson is president the following soldiers were tried viz. Henry Burk of the 6th. Massachusetts regiment. For desertion, found guilty in breach of Article 1, section 6th. of the rules and articles of war, and sentenced to receive One hundred lashes on his naked back, Richard Joel of the 2d. Massachusetts regt., for Desertion; found guilty of a breach of Article 1. sect. 6. of the Rules and Articles of war and sentenced to have his honorary Badges taken off by the Drum Major at the head of the regiment and receive fifty lashes on his naked back. Christopher Schoonover of the 2d. Jersey regiment. For reinlisting in the 5th. Massachusetts regt. found not guilty and therefore acquitted. John Edwards of the 2d. Hampshire regiment, also Noah Allen of the same regiment. "For Desertion, found Guilty of a breach of Article 1st. section 6th. of the Articles of war, but in consideration of the General orders of the 6th. of February 1783 they viz Edwards and Allen, are acquitted.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences, and directs them to be carried into execution at such time as the Commanding officers of the regiments to which they belong may think proper.
Head Quarters, March 5, 1783.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your Letter of the 11 february.
The detail I gave in my Letter to you of the 5 february respecting the transmission of Cap McCombers report was not occasioned by any thing contained in your Letter, but only from a wish that my proceedings in the matter might be perfectly understood by you.
I now inclose you Copy of the Answers of Capt. McComber to the interrogatories you was pleased to put to him thro' me.86 I have the honor &c.87
[Note 86: Macomber's answers are in the Washington Paper; under date of Feb. 27, 1783.]
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, March 5, 1783.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 24th febry.
[Circumstanced, as our Affairs are], it is impracticable for me, to comply with your request, for a Body of Continental Troops to be stationed at Stamford: some Aid, however may be given to your State Troops, by the Countenance [and increase] of our marching parties, who are patroling on the Lines, and may extend as far as the Sound. I will give orders for this purpose, and that the Officers on that Command shall hold Communication with Colo Canfield, or other Commandg Officer of the State Troops; and afford them all the necessary Assistance, in their power, as Circumstances may require.
On this Occasion, I cannot omit to mention to your Excellency, that I am informed of a very unwarrantable Trade and Intercourse with the Enemy, from Western Shores of your State. [In which the Commissioned Vessels are instrumental, and Flags are Prostituted]; particularly in transportg a cross the Sound, great Quantities of provisions; meat and Bread, in open Day, without Interuption; and, that, as I am told, almost under the Eye of your Officers and Troops Stationed in that Quarter; in which Business, it is to be feared, your Commissioned Boats and Vessels, are not exempted from bearing a part. Are there no practicable means of preventing these shamefull Abuses? or is the Measure tolerated by the State?
The frequent88 Indulgences given, as I am informed, to Flags, to pass in the Sound, to and from N York, in a great measure serve, not only to frustrate the beneficial Effects I expected to experience from fixing on Dobbs Ferry as the only place of intercourse of that kind with the Enemy; but are, I fancy, prostituted to the vile purposes of extendg that illicit Trade with them, which, in my Opinion, it should be the Care of the State to prevent, by every possible Means. I have the Honor etc.89
[Note 88: At this point the draft has the following variation, "passing of Flags, which are indulged in by the Eastern States not only."]
[Note 89: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Connecticut State Library. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington, and his spelling is followed.]
Newburgh, March 5,90 1783.
[Note 90: The draft, also in the writing of Washington, is dated March 3.]
Sir: I am about revising my Accts. with the public from the beginning, in order to make a thorough digest of them for Settlement.91
[Note 91: This "digest" was forwarded to the Treasury July 1, 1783.]
In going over them, I find I have given credit for some advances with which I am not charged in the Acct. you sent me last; particularly 1000 Dollars paid to Colo. Tilghman Deer. 10th. 1781, and the like sum to Lt. Colfax the 7th. of Feby. following. On the other hand, it is not impossible but that I may have omitted credits which ought to have been given; I beg therefore you will let me know with precision the whole amount from all the Offices, of Monies charged to me, or others for my use, that I may be able to comprehend and draw the whole into one point of view.
I wish to know also, whether Genl. McDougall stands charged with a Sum in Specie in your Books, the Treasury Books, or Registers Office, with a Sum in Specie for Secret Services between the first of Jany. and middle of March 1779; and if such charge should appear, to what amount, and to whom paid for his use. This information is necessary in the liquidation of my Accts.
On the 27th Ulto. I requested to know whether I stood charged with any sum in your Books "between Feby. and May 1777; to whom it was paid, for what Sum, and the precise date." I pray you to give me answers to these points by the first Post after this letter reaches you. I am etc.92
[Note 92: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by E. F. Bonaventure. of New York City.]
Head Quarters, March 5, 1783.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 21st of Febry, respecting the Depredations committed by the Enemy in the Chesapeak Bay; and have taken the Liberty to transmit a Copy of your Letter to Sir Guy Carleton. If the British Commander in Chief shall think proper to make me a Reply, his Sentiments shall be communicated to your Excellency as early as possible.
However to be lamented, such practices are, which you mention, yet I have reason to fear that similar Ones have been but too frequent on both Sides, and that Sir Guy may take this Occasion to enter into particulars of recrimination. For my own part, I sincerely wish, for the honor of humanity, that these Acts of uncivilized War, might wholly cease on either part.
This being the first Occasion I have had to address your Excellency, I cannot omit to present you my warmest Congratulations on your Appointment to the Chief Seat of Government; a Circumstance, which, at the same Time that I assure myself it will prove very honorable to yourself, I am persuaded, will have a happy Influence on the State over which you preside, as well as upon the general Welfare of the United States. I am &c.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On March 3 Washington wrote briefly to Sir Guy Carleton, forwarding Governor Paca's letter. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, March 6, 1783.
Dear Sir: It is represented to me, that Capt. Day, of the 7th Massachusetts Regiment, is now, not only able to attend to his Duty in Camp, but that, his long absence, is considered in an unfavorable point of Light, by the Inhabitants in the part of the Country where he resides. As you will remember, the Appointment of Capt. Day to superintend and muster the Recruits at Springfield, was made in Consequence of his being supposed unfit for any Duty with the Army, I must request you to take the Trouble to examine into the State of facts; and if you should find he is capable of Service, that you will Order him to be relieved, and join his Corps immediately, unless you shall judge it is unnecessary to continue an Officer much longer at the post of Springfield to receive recruits, in which Case it would be hardly worth the Trouble of relieving him; and you will please therefore to give directions for him to repair to the Army, at some fixed Time, which should be as early as you think he can be dispensed with from the Mustering Service. I am etc.
PS. The Seal of this was broken to acknowledge the Receipt of yours of 22d feby. just now come to hand Colo Vose will give you all the Intelligence we have.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[MS.H.S.]
Thursday, March 6, 1783.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Belfast, Calais.
For the day tomorrow Major Graham.
For duty the 1st. Massachusetts regimt.
AFTER ORDERS
Two Lime burners from each brigade to be sent to the public building tomorrow morning ten o'clock. They are to be employed in erecting a Kiln and burning Lime for finishing the building.
Friday, March 7, 1783.
Parole Devonshire. Countersigns Essex, Frederick.
For the day tomorrow Major Morrill.
For duty the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
At the General Courtmartial of which Colol. Micheal Jackson is president, Lieutenant Thomas D. Freeman of the 7th. Massachusetts regiment was tried "For riotous and ungentlemanlike behavior and for violently and feloniously breaking open Lt. Sampsons Chest, or opening it with a false Key, taking out his property and disposing of the same on the evening or night of the 29th. December last. For attempting to assinate Lt. Sampson on the evening of the 4th. of January last; and assaulting him in an ungentlemanlike and most malicious manner; also for breaking his Arrest.
The Court acquit Lt. Freeman of the several Charges exhibited against him.
The Commander in chief approves the sentence.
Lieutenant Freeman is released from his Arrest.
Head Quarters, March 7, 1783.
Sir: While applications are making in favor of others, I cannot refrain from mentioning to Congress, the Case of Colo Armand, with respect to promotion. Justice to that Gentleman, obliges me to express the Esteem I have of him, as an intelligent, active and very deserving Officer; one who has been zealous in the Service of the United States, and who, I am persuaded, has expended considerable Sums for the Establishment of his Corps and other ways, for which he probably95 will not be reimbursed for some time, if he expects ever to be refunded.
[Note 95: The draft has the following, at this point, in the writing of Washington, "will be a considerable time out of if he."]
I take particular pleasure in pointing the Attention of Congress to Colo Armand, as his Character and Merits have gained my Respect; and his promotion, I think, may take place without Inconvenience, he [being among the oldest Colonels in the Service of the United States, and belonging to no district of them, never can be provided for under the] late Regulations for promotion adopted by Congress. With great Respect etc.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington, which ends "the Odinance of the ... of ... last."
Washington inclosed this letter to Congress in a brief note to Colonel Armand, dated March 7, under a flying seal, that Armand might read and forward it. "If it shall prove of any Service to you, It will afford me very particular Satisfaction." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, March 7, 1783.
Sir: Repeated Applications have been made to me, in favor of Major Villefranche, and Capt L'Enfant, of the Corps of Engineers, for their individual promotion; and being again pressed upon me, by Major Genl Duportail, I take the Liberty, thro your Excellency, to submit to Congress, whether some general principles of promotion, applicable to this Corps, as well as others in the Army, might not be established, which may prevent the necessity of particular applications, and the Embarrassment of giving promotion out of its common Course.
The Gentlemen mentioned, are furnished with my Certificates, expressive of the Ideas I have entertained of their individual Merits and Services; which are such as, in my opinion, would entitle them to promotion, should Congress judge it can be done upon consistent principles, and such as will not involve future Inconvenience. Their own Memorials, which I expect will be presented to Congress, will show the Claims of the Gentlemen entertain from the length of their Services.
I have the Honor etc.97
[Note 97: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull jr.]
[Note 98: Deputy Paymaster General.]
Head Quarters, March 8, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief is clearly of opinion, that under the peculiar circumstances of the R Island Regt. the full amount of subsistence for all the Officers of it, ought to be paid for the month of March. I am etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, March 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: The Women of the New York Regt. of Artillery have applied to me on the Subject of allowing them and their Children Provisions.
The number of Women and Children in the New York Regiments of Infantry before the new System of Issues took place obliged me, either to depart from that System and allow them provision or by driving them from the Army risk the loss of a number of Men, who very probably would have followed their Wives. I preferred the former and accordingly directed that the whole of the Women and Children then with the Troops, should be allowed to draw as usual. So far as the Artillery Regimt. was under the same circumstances they are entitled to the same indulgence: but as that indulgence was to remedy, and not to create, an evil, I would by no means extend it to Women who on the prospect of it, have since been brought into Camp; and I would wish you to see that no such do draw Provisions. I am etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, March 8, 1783.
Sir: Very painful Sensations are excited in my Mind by your Letter of the 27th. of Feby. It is impossible for me to express to you the Regret, with which I received the Information it contains.2
[Note 2: The resignation of Morris as Superintendent of Finance.]
I have often reflected, with much Solicitude, upon the disagreeableness of your Situation and the Negligence of the several States, in not enabling you to do that Justice to the public Creditors, which their Demands require. I wish the Step you have taken, may sound the Alarm to their inmost Souls, and rouse them to a just Sense of their own Interest, honor and Credit. But I must confess to you, that I have my fears, [for as danger becomes further removd from them] their feelings seem to be more callous to those noble Sentiments, with which I could wish to see them inspired, mutual Jealousies, local prejudices, and misapprehensions have taken such deep Root, as will not easily be removed.
Notwithstandg the Embarrassments which you have experienced, I was in hopes that you would have continued your Efforts to the Close of the War, at least; but if your Resolutions are absolutely fixed, I assure you I consider the Event, as one of the most unfortunate that could have fallen upon the States, and most sincerely deprecate the sad Consequences which I fear will follow. The Army, I am sure, at the same Time that they entertain the highest Sense of your Exertions, will lament the Step you are obliged to take, as a most unfortunate Circumstance to them. I am &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, March 8, 1783.
Parole Goshen. Countersigns Hartford, Islington.
For the day tomorrow Major Ashley.
For duty the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
All officers and soldiers are requested to use their endeavours to prevent fires from spreading over the Country contiguous to the Cantonments, in case of any accidental communication of fire, Commanding officers of the nearest regiments or Brigades will be pleased to order out their corps and have the flames extinguished immediately: so as to prevent the distruction of the neighbouring Fences and woods.
The Quarter Master General will settle with Major General Knox the manner in which two packet Boats shall ply daily between the Village of Newburgh and the Garrison of Westpoint, in order to accomodate all Gentlemen of the Army who may have occasion to pass by Water, from the Cantonments to the Garrison, or from the Garrison to the army. This will superscede the necessity of drawing men from the Line, and attaching them to the boats or barges of any particular officers.
Head Quarters, March 9, 1783.
Dr Sir: The Commander in Chief desires you will send in to N York the Naval Prisoners forwarded to you by the Adjt Genl and have proper Rects taken for them; unless there should be a Commissy of Marine Prisoners at Dobb's Ferry who will in that case negociate the business. Pray inform us whether there is such a Commisy residt there or not. I am etc.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A D C."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, March 9, 1783.
Parole Kingston. Countersigns London, Mindon.
For the day tomorrow Major Porter.
For duty the 2d Massachusetts regiment.
The Commander in chief having yesterday observed Lt. Bradford5 of the 7th. Massachusetts regiment marching a Guard in a very irregular and unmilitary manner thinks proper to give him this public admonition to be ware of such conduct in future; and at the same time to signify to the whole army that he is resolved no irregularity which comes to his knowledge shall pass unnoticed.
[Note 5: Lieut. Andrew Bradford. He served to April, 1783.]
The Serjeant and sentinel accused of robbing the Clothiers store are to be brought to tryal instantly and the proceedings reported as soon as possible to Head Quarters.
The General Courtmartial of which Colonel M. Jackson is president will assemble for the purpose tomorrow morning ten o'clock.
Newburgh, March 10, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 21st. Ulto. and beg your acceptance of my particular acknowledgments for the honorauble and flattering manner in which you have spoken of me, in the dedication to your Oration, delivered before our Brethren at Providence.
The Sentiments which you have expressed in your Oration6 I have read with pleasure, and am with great esteem etc.
[Note 6: "An | Oration: | delivered in | The Episcopal Church in Providence (Rhode-Island) | Before the | Most Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of | Free and Accepted | Masons, | On the American Festival of St. John the Evan- | gelist, December 27, 1782, |...| Providence: Printed by John Carter. |" From a pamphlet which is in the Washington Papers.]
Newburgh, March 10, 1783.
Dear Sir: The honor of your favor, dated, the 26th. Ult, inclosing the resolves of Congress of the 20th. preceding, and a state of the Negociations for a general pacification (when your last advices were dated) came duly to hand; and I thank you for the information, and your observations thereon.
The present state of suspence, in which we are held with respect to Peace or War is not more irksome than it is unaccountable; unless the detention of the Cadiz Fleet, giving more time for mænuvring, has inspired hope in some of the contending parties of bettering their terms; especially on the part of Great Britain on whom I suppose the treaty will bear hardest.
Mrs. Washington unites her compliments and best wishes with mine, to Mrs. Livingston, and the other ladies of your family. I am etc.
Head Quarters, March 10, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose you a return of the Canadians who are drawing Provisions in this Department from the Public, and as it falls to my lot to sign their provision returns I will be much obliged to you for some directions respecting them; there seems something improper in their present manner of drawing; you will observe that some draw one and a half two and three Rations each for themselves besides drawing for their families; is this right? or are they all to be considered alike, as refugees, and draw only one ration each agreably to the Resolve of 10 November 80. Boileau,7 Guilmat8 and ferriol9 have your Particular order, on which they draw Subsistence money and do not draw Provision.
[Note 7: Pierre Amable Boileau. He was formerly a lieutenant in the Second Canadian Regiment, and had retired in January, 1782.]
[Note 8: Francis Guilmat (Gilmant, Gilman). He was formerly a lieutenant in the Second Canadian Regiment, and had been omitted in May, 1782.]
[Note 9: Alexander Ferriol. He was formerly a lieutenant in the Second Canadian Regiment, and was retired in January, 1782.]
When the Abstracts for extra issues made here come before you will observe that the greatest part of those issues should have been included in the Regimental abstracts. The Men drawn for by Genl. Howe and Hand particularly the Men belonged to many different Regiments and being included in one Voucher, no individual Commanding Officer would certify for his Men because the Voucher could not be left with him as the Certificate expresses, this obliged their being thrown into the abstract for extra issues. Some of the other issues in those Abstracts appear to have been improper and the Genl has ordered an enquiry into them. With great respect etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, March 10, 1783.
Sir: Your Excellencys Letter of the 6th. instant, has been communicated to the Quarter M Genl, with Directions, that he should take such Measures as are in his power, to comply with Mrs. Jones's request.11
[Note 11: Mrs. Margaret Jones, stepmother of Dr. John Jones, of Bellemont, N.Y., had requested reimbursement for damage done her timberlands by the Army.]
In Consequence of this Colo Pickering has forwarded a Copy of your Excellys Letter to Mr Morris, whose Instructions relative to the matter, he wishes to obtain. With great Regard etc.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.L.]
Head Quarters, March 10, 1783.
Sir: In Answer to a Letter written by the Comr in Chief a Week or two ago (several havg been written before on same Subject) to the Secty at War, respectg the Standards for the Army. The followg reply has been made.
"The Standards are in the Hands of the Q Master at Camp, and have been there for some Time." The Commander in Chief requests your Explanation of this Matter.13 Yours &c.14
[Note 13: Pickering answered the same day (March 10) that the standards came to the store at camp in a box with other articles. The field commissary of military stores removed the other articles "but left the standards, saying he would send for them: however, there they are yet." Pickering's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "Jo T--ll Jr."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, March 10, 1783.
Parole Norway. Countersigns Ostend, Poland.
For the day tomorrow Major Lansdale.
For duty the 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Commander in Chief recommends Uniformity in the mode of wearing the hair, either cut short or fled in a simular manner in the several regiments or corps should be attended to, so far as the circumstances will admit. Nothing can add more to the elegance of appearance in any body of men than a pointed compliance with this recommendation; On the contrary nothing would have a more awkward and disagreable effect than negligence in this Article. at present there is a great difference to be observed among the various corps of the Army.
Head Quarters, March 11, 1783.
Sir: I am honored with your several Letters of 26th feby. 1st, 4 and 4th of March.
I know no Objections to the Arrangement of the Virginia Line, as transmitted to me from your Office. It has my Approbation, and may pass into Record.
Whatever of Cloathg can be obtained for the Army, I wish to have forwarded with as much Dispatch as possible. Mr Morris, knowg your Circumstances, and his own Abilities or rather Disability to satisfy the numerous Demands upon his Office, must be his own Judge, how far he can comply with our Wants. I wish you to urge the Request of the Army, so far as his Situation, and our necessities (which you know are exceedgly great) will justify. I am loth to press him myself.
Colo Armands Corps will be of no use at present on the North River, and it would be extremely difficult and expensive to support them here. I do not think therefore of complying to the Suggestion of the Baron for their moving this Way at this Moment; unless it should be found that their Supplies could be obtained with less Expence to the Public, at Burlington, or some other place in the Jersies, than where they now are, and you should think proper, for that Reason, to remove them; in which case I have no Objection to your Ordering them to such Situation: where they would be at hand on a Short Notice to be called to the Army, should Circumstances require it.
The Standards, I have found, by examining, to be in the Care of Mr. Frothingham,15 F. C. of Military Stores. Your Intimation in your last, was the first Notice, I had, of their being near me. I am &c.16
[Note 15: Richard Frothingham.]
[Note 16: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, March 11, 1783.
Whereas Congress by their Resolutions, have especially authorized and requested me, to take such measures as I shall think proper to apprehend and secure Luke Knowlton and Samuel Welles, two persons supposed to be within the Territory called Vermont, and who are charged with high Crimes and misdemeanours against the United States of America.
You are therefore hereby authorized and impowered, to use your diligent Endeavours, in such way as shall be thought proper to secure and apprehend the said Knowlton and Welles, [or either of them], and him safely keep, that they may be conveyed to Congress. Taking Care, that in the Execution of such measures as you shall adopt, no means shall be used that may tend to excite or procure any general Commotions, Broils, or Contentions among the People of said Territory, or any of the Inhabitants of these United States.
And all Officers civil and military are hereby requested to aid and Assist the said Wm. Shattuck in such reasonable and proper Measures as may be adopted by him, for the apprehending, safe keeping and conducting the said Knowlton and Welles, or either of them [to the Hd. Qrs.] of the Army; that they may be delivered over to the Orders of Congress, to be dealt with as they shall judge proper.17
[Note 17: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington, and his abbreviations are here followed.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, March 11, 1783.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Richmond, Sunbury.
For the day tomorrow Major Reading.
For duty the 5th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Commander in Chief having heard that a General meeting of the officers of the Army was proposed to be held this day at the Newbuilding in an anominous paper which was circulated yesterday by some unknown person conceives (altho he is fully persuaded that the good sense of the officers would induce them to pay very little attention to such an irregular invitation) his duty as well as the reputation and true interest of the Army requires his disapprobation of such disorderly proceedings, at the same time he requests the General and Field officers with one officer from each company and a proper representative of the staff of the Army will assemble at 12 o'clock on Saturday next at the Newbuilding to hear the report of the Committee of the Army to Congress.
After mature deliberation they will devise what further measures ought to be adopted as most rational and best calculated to attain the just and important object in view. The senior officer in Rank present will be pleased to preside and report the result of the Deliberations to the Commander in Chief.
Congress have been pleased to promote Captain Job Sumner of the 3d Massachusetts regiment to be a Major in the Army and to take rank from the 1st. of October 1782.
The 3d. Massachusetts Regiment will march on thursday next to the relief of the 2nd. York regiment on the Lines.
Wednesday, March 12, 1783.
Parole Tortola. Countersigns Village, Walpole.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Colonel Vandycke.
For duty the Maryland Detachment.
When Guards, fatigue men or other parties are to draw provisions, and are so situated as that they cannot draw in their regiments, the officer who is to draw for them must sign a seperate Return for the men of each particular regiment, in order that those returns may be lodged with the Commanding officers of the regiments, to compare with the Abstracts they are to certify, and where the Commanding officers find any improper returns made for men of their regiments, the officer who signed such Return must be reported at Head Quarters, or otherwise called to account, as circumstances may require, agreeably to the system for issuing Provisions.
The Contractors are not to issue to Soldiers out of their Regiments, but on such returns as are above mentioned except when the Commander in Chief shall direct otherwise.
There will be a Quarter Master of the day whose duty in General shall be as directed in the Orders of the 7th. of September last.
There will also be a Captain of the day who is generally to superintend the Police of their respective Brigades, they are particularly to visit the Barracks of the Noncommissioned officers and soldiers, to see that the floors are swept, the Beds kept decent and bedding aired when the weather will admit of it, the utensills clean and in their proper places, the Messes regular the provision well cooked and served up in due season. They are also to visit the Brigade and Quarter Guards, see that the Guards are attentive to their duty and that the guard houses are clean.
They are to report to the Field officer of the Day and assemble every morning at the Newbuilding for that purpose.
The Field officer of the day will visit the Provost of the Army, see that it is kept clean and in good order, and deliver a Return of the prisoners with the Report of the day.
No officer or noncommissioned [officer] is on any account to releive a Guard untill the old Guard shall have swept the Guard house and its parade and removed every Nusance within Twenty yards of it.
As too much attention cannot be paid to a matter which immediately concerns the health and comfort of the soldiery and tends to promote regularity and good order in the Army, the Commander in Chief requests that the General officers will frequently take occasion to visit the Cantonments and attend at the Roll callings of the different Corps, to see that good order prevails and that due attention is paid to the dress and deliness [ sic] of the Men, and report their observations to him without reserve. The General does not mean to confine these Inspections to the Corps under their immediate Commands, nor exempt such as are not attached to particular Commands from this necessary duty.
The Regiment on duty will furnish a party for repairing the Provost and officers Guard house. The Quarter Master of the day will superintend them. He will see that they are furnished with the necessary Tools and apply to the Quarter Master General for the utensills wanting for the Prisoners.
Major Carr is appointed a member of the General Court martial of which Col. M. Jackson is president, vice Majr. Pope, ordered on other duty.
The Quarter Master of the Jersey Brigade will commence the duty assigned the Brigade Quarter Masters in the orders above, tomorrow.
Head Quarters, March 12, 1783.
Sir: It is with inexpressible concern, I make the followg Report to your Excellency.
Two Days ago, anonymous papers were circulated in the Army, requesting a general meeting of the Officers on the next Day. A Copy of one of these papers is inclosed, No. 1.18 About the same Time, another anonymous paper purporting to be an Address to the Officers of the Army, was handed about in a clandestine manner: a Copy of this is mark'd No 219 To prevent any precipitate and dangerous Resolutions from being taken at this perilous moment, while the passions were all inflamed; as soon as these things came to my knowledge, the next Morng. I issued the inclosed Order No. 3.20 And in this situation the Matter now rests.
[Note 18: Inclosure No. 1 proposed that a meeting of the general and field officers be held at the public building on Tuesday (March 11) next. at 11 o'clock "to obtain that redress of Grievances, which they seem to have solicited in vain." The original of No. 1 is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: Inclosure No. 2 was an address to the officers of the Army urging a bolder, firmer tone with Congress, "That in any political Event. the Army has its Alternative: If Peace, that nothing shall seperate you from your Arms but Death. If War, that courting the Auspices, and inviting the Direction of your Illustrious Leader, you will retire to some yet unsettled Country, Smile in your Turn. and mock when their fear cometh on." The original of No. 2 seems to have been sent. by mistake, to Congress.]
[Note 20: Inclosure No. 3 was a copy of the General Orders of Mar. 11, 1783.]
As all opinion must be suspended until after the meeting on Saturday, I have nothing further to add, except a Wish, that the measures I have taken to dissipate a Storm, which had gathered so suddenly and unexpectedly, may be acceptable to Congress: and to assure them, that in every vicisitude of Circumstances, still actuated with the greatest zeal in their Service, I shall continue my utmost Exertions to promote the wellfare of my Country under the most lively Expectation, that Congress have the best Intentions of doing ample Justice to the Army, as soon as Circumstances will possibly admit. With the highest Respect etc.
PS. Since writing the foregoing another anonymous paper is put in Circulation, Copy of which is inclosed, No. 421
[Note 21: Inclosure No. 4 was the anonymous address of March 12.
In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on March 17 and referred to John Taylor Gilman, Eliphalet Dyer, Abraham Clark, John Rutledge, and John Francis Mercer. The appointment "of these Gentlemen was brought about by a few members who wished to saddle with this embarrassment the men who had opposed the measures necessary for satisfying the army, viz. the half pay and permanent funds; against one or other of which the individuals in question had voted." Madison further recorded that "the steps taken by the General to avert the gathering storm and his professions of inflexible adherence to his duty to Congress and to his Country, excited the most affectionate sentiments towards him....[The situation] gave peculiar awe and solemnity to the present moment, and oppressed the minds of Congs. with an anxiety and distress which had been scarcely felt in any period of the revolution." From Madison's "Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress," dated Mar. 17, 1783 ( Journals of the Continental Congress).]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, March 12, 1783.
Sir: I feel myself happy in having an opportunity, by this Letter, of introducing to your personal acquaintance Mr. Parker, one of the Contractors for this Army, the bearer of it; whose character as a Gentleman of amiable manners and dispositions, and as a Man of great integrity and capacity in business will have preceded him, and almost supersedes the necessity of my repeating that the business of the present Contract has been performed extremely to the satisfaction of the Army; his Merits, I am persuaded, will procure him the attentions, to which he is entitled by them.
Whatever may be judged most expedient by yourself and the Contractors relatively to an Inspector, will be perfectly acquiesced in by me.
Mr Parker has some proposals to make to you respecting advancing a Month's pay to the Non Commissioned Officers and Soldiers in Merchandize, by which he thinks the payment may be made very acceptable and useful to them, and the terms of it extremely easy to the Public. Not wishing to interfere in a matter out of my proper sphere, I could only give him my fullest approbation of the Measure, if it should actually be made a matter of agreement between you and him and between him and the Army. As I was perfectly sensible (in case this Plan could be accomplished without interfering with other Arrangements) that it would in some measure ansr the double purpose of paying and clothing the Troops, so far as such a sum could be made to extend in procuring Necessaries for them; but of the practicability of it, I would not pretend to determine. With perfect esteem etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, March 12, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 27th. Ulto., and thank you for the information and freedom of your communications.
My Official Letter to Congress of this date will inform you of what has happened in this Quarter, in addition to which, it may be necessary it should be known to you, and to such others as you may think proper, that the temper of the Army, tho. very irritable on acct. of their long-protracted sufferings has been apparently extremely quiet while their business was depending before Congress untill four days past. In the mean time, it should seem reports have been propagated in Philadelphia that dangerous combinations were forming in the Army; and this at a time when there was not a syllable of the kind in agitation in Camp.23
[Note 23: "Reports are freely circulated here that there are dangerous combinations in the Army, and within a few days past it has been said, that they are about to declare, they will not disband untill their demands are complied with."-- Joseph Jones to Washington, Feb. 27, 1783. Jones's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
It also appears, that upon the arrival of a certain Gentleman from Phila. in Camp, whose name, I do not, at present, incline to mention24 such sentiments as these were immediately and industriously circulated. That it was universally expected the Army would not disband untill they had obtained Justice. That the public creditors looked up to them for redress of their Grievances, would afford them every aid, and even join them in the Field, if necessary. That some Members of Congress wished the Measure might take effect, in order to compel the Public, particularly the delinquent States, to do justice. With many other suggestions of a Similar Nature; from whence, and a variety of other considerations it is generally believ'd the Scheme was not only planned, but also digested and matured in Philadelphia; and that some people have been playing a double game; spreading at the Camp and in Philadelphia Reports and raising jealousies equally void of Foundation untill called into being by their vile Artifices; for as soon as the Minds of the Army were thought to be prepared for the transaction, anonymous invitations were circulated, requesting a general Meeting of the Officers next day; at the same instant many Copies of the Address to the Officers of the Army was scattered in every State line of it.
[Note 24: Col. Walter Stewart.]
So soon as I obtained knowledge of these things, I issued the order of the 11th. (transmitted to Congress;) in order to rescue the foot, that stood wavering on the precipice of despair, from taking those steps which would have lead to the abyss of misery while the passions were inflamed, and the mind trimblingly alive with the recollection of past sufferings, and their present feelings. I did this upon the principle that it is easier to divert from a wrong to a right path, than it is to recall the hasty and fatal steps which have been already taken.
It is commonly supposed, if the Officers had met agreeable to the anonymous Summons, resolutions might have been formed, the consequences of which may be more easily conceived than expressed. Now, they will have leisure to view the matter more calmly and seriously. It is to be hoped they will be induced to adopt more rational measures, and wait a while longer for the settlemts. of their Accts.; the postponing of which gives more uneasiness in the Army than any other thing. there is not a man in it, who will not acknowledge that Congress have not the means of payment; but why not say they, one and all, liquidate the Accts. and certifie our dues? are we to be disbanded and sent home without this? Are we, afterwards, to make individual applications for such settlements at Philadelphia, or any Auditing Office in our respective states; to be shifted perhaps from one board to another; dancing attendence at all, and finally perhaps be postponed till we loose the substance in pursuit of the shadow. While they are agitated by these considerations there are not wanting insiduous characters who tell them, it is neither the wish nor the intention of the public to settle your accounts; but to delay this business under one pretext or another till Peace wch. we are upon the eve of, and a seperation of the Army takes place when it is well known a generl settlement never can be effected and that individual loss, in this instance, becomes a public gain.
However derogatory these ideas are with the dignity, honor, and justice of government yet in a matter so interesting to the Army, and at the same time so easy to be effected by the Public, as that of liquidating the Accounts, is delayed without any apparent, or obvious necessity, they will have their place in a mind that is soured and irritated. Let me entreat you therefore my good Sir to push this matter to an issue, and if there are Delegates among you, who are really opposed to doing justice to the Army, scruple not to tell them, if matters should come to extremity, that they must be answerable for all the ineffable horrors which may be occasioned thereby. I am etc.
Newburgh, March 12, 1783.
Dear Sir: When I wrote to you last we were in a state of tranquility, but after the arrival of a certain Gentleman, who shall be nameless at present, from Philadelphia, a Storm very suddenly arose with unfavourable prognostics; which tho' diverted for a moment, is not yet blown over, nor is it in my power to point to the issue.
The Papers which I send officially to Congress, will supercede the necessity of my remarking on the tendency of them. The notification and Address, both appeared at the same instant on the day preceeding the intended meeting. The first of these, I got hold of the same afternoon; the other, not till next Morning.
There is something very misterious, in this business. It appears, reports have been propagated in Philadelphia, that dangerous combinations were forming in the Army...25 From this, and a variety of considerations, it is firmly believed by some, the scheme was not only planned, but also digested and matured in Philadelphia; but my opinion shall be suspended till I have better ground to found one on. The matter was managed with great Art; for as soon as the Minds of the Officers...25 I was obliged therefore, in order to arrest, on the spot, the foot that stood wavering on a tremendous precipice, to prevent the Officers from being taken by surprize while the passions were all inflamed, and to rescue them from plunging themselves into a gulph of Civil horror from which there might be no receding, to issue the order of the 11th...25 the postponing of which appears to be the most plausible, and almost only Article, of which designing men can make an improper use, by insinuating (which they really do) that it is done with design that Peace may take place, and prevent any adjustment of Accts. which say they would inevitably be the case if the War was to cease tomorrow. or supposing the best, you would have to dance attendance at public Officers at great distances perhaps, and equally great expences to obtain a settlement, which would be highly injurious, nay ruinous to you. this is their language.
[Note 25: The omitted portion is the same as that found in Washington's letter to Joseph Jones, the same date as this letter (Mar. 12, 1783), q. v.]
[Note 25:[Note 25: The omitted portion is the same as that found in Washington's letter to Joseph Jones, the same date as this letter (Mar. 12, 1783), q. v.]
Let me beseech you therefore, my good Sir, to urge this matter earnestly and without further delay. the Situation of these Gentleman I do verily believe is distressing beyond description. It is affirmed to me, that a large part of them have no other prospect before them than a Goal, if they are turned loose without a liquidation of Accts. and an assurance of that justice to which they are so worthily entitled. To prevail on the Delegates of those States through whose means these difficulties occur, it may, in my opinion, with propriety be suggested to them, if any disasterous consequences should follow, by reason of their delinquency, that they must be answerable to God and their Country for the ineffable horrors which may be occasioned thereby. I am etc.
P.S. I have received your letter of the 5th. and have put that matter in train which was mentioned in it.26
[Note 26: Hamilton had written (March 5): "The bearer Shattuck thinks he can point out the means of apprehending Wells and Knowlton, the two persons whom Your Excellency was authorised to have taken into custody. I have desired him to call upon you to disclose the plan." Hamilton's letter is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
I am this instant informed, that a Second Address to the Officers, distinguished No. 2. is thrown into circulation. The Contents, evidently prove that the Author is in, or near Camp; and that the following words, erased in the second page of this Letter, ought not to have met with this treatment. "By others, that it is the illegitimate offspring of a person in the Army."27
[Note 27: From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 28: Formerly a captain in the British Army.]
Head Quarters, March 12, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 3d Inst. requestg Liberty to pass into Virginia.
It has long since been an established principle with me, to admit no Citizen from the Enemy's Lines to pass into any of the States, without first obtaining the Permission and Consent of the Executive of the individual State into which he wishes to be admitted.
Agreeable to this Idea, you will please to observe, that your Application in the first Instance, should be made to the Govr. of Virginia. If you think proper to do this, and permission is obtained from the Civil power of the State for the purpose you wish, my passport will be readily granted to you.
Should you address a Letter to the Executive of Virginia, under Cover to me, I will put it into the proper Channel for Conveyance. I am &c.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, March 12, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 8th instant.
Mr. Mercereau30 being out of military Office, and retired to the Class of Citizens, his Application to me for Liberty to go into N York, is not properly made; but should be addressed to the Civil Power of the State within which he resides; independent of this principle, I have no Objection to granting his Request. You may communicate my sentiments to him, and if he obtains Govr Livingston's Permission, his passing to New York by Way of your post, will be a matter very admissible. I am &c.31
[Note 30: John Mersereau.]
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, March 12, 1783.
Sir: Among the Vouchers for Issues made to the Northward I find Vouchers signed by you for near four hundred Rations issued to Artificers employed at Saratoga. I must beg to be informed what men these are, how and by whose order they are employed. I am &c.32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 33: Captain of Continental Engineers. He retired in May, 1783.]
Head Quarters, March 12, 1783.
Sir: I have to acknowledge your Letter of the 4th instant. Disposed as I am to afford you every Assistance in my power, consistent with my Duty; I am obliged to declare to you, that after the Application which you have made to Congress for your Exchange, It is not for me the Servant of Congress, to grant you that Indulgence, which that Hono Body, by their particular Resolution, have thought proper to deny, as inconsistent with those general principles, which they, for particular Reasons, have judged necessary to adopt. I am &c.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Thursday, March 13, 1783.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Bedford, Clinton.
For the day tomorrow Major Rice.
For duty the Jersey Regiment. Brigade Quarter Master, York Brigade.
At the General court martial of which Colo. Micheal Jackson is President, Serjeant John Blasdell of Captain Freys35 Compy in the Hampshire regiment, charged with breaking open the Cloathing Stores at Newburgh in the night of the 7th. instant and stealing from thence a number of shoes and boots. and Moses Lee, a soldier in Captain Cushings36 Company 1 Massa. regiment, "charged with assisting in and conniving at the above mentioned theft, being on duty as a Sentinel at the same time. were tried.
[Note 35: Capt. Isaac Frye (Frey), of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He served to June, 1784.]
[Note 36: Capt. Nathaniel Cushing.]
The Court find Serjeant Blasdell guilty of breaking open the Cloathing store and stealing shoes from thence, the prisoner Lee, not guilty; the Court sentence serjeant Blasdell to be reduced to a private sentinel and to receive twenty five lashes on his naked back each morning for four mornings successively, amounting in the whole to one hundred lashes, his Crime being in breach of Art 5th. Section 18th. of the Articles of war. The Commander in chief approves the foregoing sentences, and orders that serjeant Blasdell receive his punishment in the different Lines of the Army of the Cantonment vizt. twenty five lashes in the Hampshire, twenty five Lashes in the York, twenty five Lashes in the Jersey and twenty five lashes in the Massachusetts Lines.
The following Resolutions of Congress have been lately received by the Commander in Chief and are now made public for the information of the Army.
By the United States in Congress assembled, January 25, 1783.
The grand, committee consisting of a member from each State, report, "That they have considered the contents of a memorial presented by the army and find that they comprehend five different articles.
1st. Present pay.
2d. A settlement of accounts of the Arreareages of pay and security for what is due.
3d. A commutation of the half-pay allowed by different resolutions of Congress for an equivalent in gross.
4th. A settlement of the accounts of deficiencies of rations and compensation.
5th. A settlement of the accounts of deficiencies of clothing and compensation:"
Whereupon, Resolved, As. to the first, that the Superintendant of finance be directed conformable to the measures already taken for that purpose, as soon as the state of the public finances will permit, to make such payment and in such manner as he shall think proper, till the further order of Congress.
Resolved, With respect to the 2d article, so far as relates to the settlement of accounts, that the several states be called upon to complete without delay, the settlements with their respective lines of the army, up to the first day of August, 1780, and that the Superintendant of finance be directed to take such measures as shall appear to him most proper for effecting the settlement from that period.
As to what relates to the providing security for what shall be found due on such settlement.
Resolved, That the troops of the United States in common with all creditors of the same have an undoubted right to expect such security; and that Congress will make every effort in their power to obtain from the respective states substantial funds, adequate to the object of funding the whole debt of the United States, and will enter upon an immediate and full consideration of the nature of such funds, and the most likely mode of obtaining them.
Ordered that the remainder of the report be referred to a committee of five.37
[Note 37: This committee was composed of Samuel Osgood, Thomas FitzSimons, John Lewis Gervais, Alexander Hamilton, and James Wilson. January 27 was fixed to take into consideration "the means of obtaining from the several states substantial funds, for funding the whole debt of the United States."]
Friday, March 14, 1783.
Parole Darby. Countersigns Epsom, Fez.
For the day tomorrow Major Scott. Brigade Qr. Master from the Hampshire brigade.
For duty the Jersey Battalion.
The regiments which are not furnished with regimental Colours will immediately make application for them to Mr. Frothingham, Commissary of military stores.
Saturday, March 15, 1783.
Parole Georgia. Countersigns Hartford, Ipswitch.
For the day tomorrow Lt. Col. Brooks, Brigade Quartr. Mastr. 1st. Massachusetts Brigade.
For duty the 1st York regiment.
Head Quarters, March 16, 1783.
Sir: I have the Honor to inform your Excellency, for the satisfaction of Congress, that the meeting of the Officers, which was mentioned in my last, has been held Yesterday: and, that it has terminated in a manner, which I had reason to expect, from a knowledge of that good Sense and steady Patriotism of the Gentlemen of the Army, which, on frequent Occasions, I have discovered.
The Report of the Meeting, with the other papers, which will be necessary to accompany it, I shall do myself the Honor to transmit to Congress, as soon as they can possibly be prepared. With the highest Respect etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, March 16, 1783.
Parole Kenderhook. Countersigns Litchfield, Medway.
For the day tomorrow Major Trescot. Brigade Quarter Master 3d. Massachusetts Brigade.
For duty The Hampshire regiment.
The General Court Martial of which Colo. Micheal Jackson is president will assemble at the New Building tomorrow morning ten o'clock, for the trial of such prisoners as may be brought before them.
Monday, March 17, 1783.
Parole Northumberland. Countersigns Oporto, Picardy.
For the day tomorrow Major Gibbs. Brige. Qr. Mr. 2d. Massa. Brigd.
For duty the Hampshire Battalion.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve.
By the United States in Congress assembled, February 21, 1783.
Whereas sundry officers in the Army of the United States, have been taken from the line to act in the departments of the General Staff and are entitled to additional pay in consequence thereof:
Resolved, That it be, and hereby is recommended to the several states to whom such officers respectively belong, to adjust and discharge on account of the United States, the deficiencies on the additional pay, to which they are entitled by the resolutions of Congress, in the same manner, and to the same time, they settle their accounts as officers in the line.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, March 18, 1783.
Sir: The result of the proceedings of the grand Convention of the Officers, which I have the honor of enclosing to your Excellency for the inspection of Congress, will, I flatter myself, be considered as the last glorious proof of Patriotism which could have been given by Men who aspired to the distinction of a patriot Army; and will not only confirm their claim to the justice, but will increase their title to the gratitude of their Country.40
[Note 40: Ford prints from a letter from Maj. J. A. Wright to Maj. John Webb, from West Point, Mar. 16, 1783, the following: "Yesterday there was a meeting of the officers. The Commander in Chief came among us, and made a most excellent address; he appeared sensibly agitated; as the writer advises to 'suspect the man who should advise to more moderation and longer forbearance,' this expression, together with a second anonymous letter, which I have not seen, gave reason to suppose that it was a plan laid against his Excellency, as every one who knows him must be sensible that he would recommend moderation. The general having finished his address, retired. Gen'l Gates took the chair; the business of the day was conducted with order, moderation, and decency."]
Having seen the proceedings on the part of the Army terminate with perfect unanimity, and in a manner entirely consonant to my wishes; being impressed with the liveliest sentiments of affection for those who have so long, so patiently and so chearfully suffered and fought under my immediate direction; having from motives of justice, duty and gratitude, spontaneously offered myself as an advocate for their rights; and having been requested to write to your Excellency earnestly entreating the most speedy decision of Congress upon the subjects of the late Address from the Army to that Honble. Body, it now only remains for me to perform the task I have assumed, and to intercede in their behalf, as I now do, that the Sovereign Power will be pleased to verify the predictions I have pronounced of, and the confidence the Army have reposed in the justice of their Country.
And here, I humbly conceive it is altogether unnecessary, (while I am pleading the cause of an Army which have done and suffered more than any other Army ever did in the defence of the rights and liberties of human nature,) to expatiate on their Claims to the most ample compensation for their meritorious Services, because they are perfectly known to the whole World, and because, (altho' the topics are inexhaustible) enough has already been said on the subject.
To prove these assertions, to evince that my sentiments have ever been uniform, and to shew what my ideas of the rewards in question have always been, I appeal to the Archives of Congress, and call on those sacred deposits to witness for me. And in order that my observations and Arguments in favor of a future adequate provision for the Officers of the Army may be brought to remembrance again, and considered in a single point of view without giving Congress the trouble of having recourse to their files, I will beg leave to transmit herewith an Extract from a representation made by me to a Committee of Congress so long ago as the 29th of January 1778.41 and also the
[Note 41: See Washington's letter to the Commitee of Congress with the Army, Jan. 29 1778, ante.] transcript, of a Letter to the President of Congress, dated near Passaic Falls Octr. 11th. 178042 That in the critical and perilous moment when the last mentioned communication was made, there was the utmost danger of a dissolution of the Army would have taken place unless measures similar to those recommended had been adopted, will not admit a doubt. That the adoption of the Resolution granting half-pay for life has been attended with all the happy consequences I had foretold, so far as respected the good of the service; let the astonishing contrast between the State of the Army at this instant, and at the former period determine. And that the establishment of funds, and security of the payment of all the just demands of the Army will be the most certain means of preserving the National faith and future tranquillity of this extensive Continent, is my decided opinion.
By the preceeding remarks it will readily be imagined that instead of retracting and reprehending (from farther experience and reflection) the mode of compensation so strenuously urged in the Inclosures, I am more and more confirmed in the Sentiment, and if in the wrong suffer me to please myself with the grateful delusion.
For if, besides the simple payment of their Wages, a farther compensation is not due to the sufferings and sacrifices of the Officers, then have I been mistaken indeed. If the whole Army have not merited whatever a grateful people can bestow, then have I been beguiled by prejudice, and built opinion on the basis of error. If this Country should not in the Event perform every thing which has been requested in the late Memorial to Congress, then will my belief become vain, and the hope that has been excited void of foundation. And "if, (as has been suggested for the purpose of inflaming their passions) the Officers
[Note 42: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Oct. 11, 1780, ante.] of the Army are to be the only sufferers by this resolution [ sic]; if retiring from the Field, they are to grow old in poverty wretchedness and contempt. If they are to wade thro' the vile mire of dependency and owe the miserable remnant of that life to charity, which has hitherto been spent in honor,"43 then shall I have learned what ingratitude is, then shall I have realized a tale, which will imbitter every moment of my future life. But I am under no such apprehensions, a Country rescued by their Arms from impending ruin, will never leave unpaid the debt of gratitude.
[Note 43: Quoted from the "First Anonymous Newburgh Address," where the word copied by Washington as "resolution" is correctly written "revolution."]
Should any intemperate or improper warmth have mingled itself amongst the foregoing observations, I must entreat your Excellency and Congress it may be attributed to the effusion of an honest zeal in the best of Causes, and that my peculiar situation may be my apology. And I hope I need not, on this momentuous occasion make any new protestations of personal disinterestedness, having ever renounced for myself the idea of pecuniary reward. The consciousness of having attempted faithfully to discharge my duty, and the approbation of my Country will be a sufficient reccompense for my Services. I have the honor etc.44
[Note 44: The letter was read in Congress on March 22 and referred to Samuel Osgood, Theodorick Bland, Alexander Hamilton, Oliver Wolcott, and Richard Peters. Fried with this letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress is a copy of the proceedings of a meeting of the officers, Mar. 15, 1783; an extract from the representation made by the Commander in Chief to the Committee of Congress, Jan. 29, 1778; and an extract from the letter to the President of Congress, Oct. 11, 1780.
On March 18 Washington wrote to Brig. Gen. Rufus Putnam, authorizing a board of officers to settle the relative rank of Capts. Sylvanus Smith, John Burnham, and others, of the Massachusetts line. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Newburgh, March 18, 1783.
The storm which seeemed to be gathering with unfavourable prognostics, when I wrote to you last, is dispersed; and we are again in a state of tranquility. But do not, My dear Sir, suffer this appearance of tranquility to relax your endeavors to bring the requests of the Army to an issue. believe me, the Officers are too much pressed by their present wants, and rendered too sore by the recollection of their past sufferings to be touched much longer upon the string of forbearance, in matters wherein they can see no cause for delay. Nor would I have further reliance placed on any influence of mine to dispel other Clouds if any should arise, from the causes of the last.
By my official Letter to Congress, and the Papers inclosed in it, you will have a full view of my assurances to, and the expectations of the Army; and I perswade myself that the well wishers to both, and of their Country, will exert themselves to the utmost to irradicate the Seeds of distrust, and give every satisfaction that justice requires, and the means which Congress possess, will enable them to do.
In a former letter I observed to you, that a liquidation of Accts, in order that the Ballances might be ascertained, is the great object of the Army; and certainly nothing can be more reasonable. To have these Ballances discharged at this, or in any short time; however desirable, they know is impracticable, and do not expect it; altho', in the meantime, they must labour under the pressure of those sufferings; which is felt more sensibly by a comparison of circumstances.
The situation of these Gentlemen merit the attention of every thinking and grateful mind. As Officers, they have been obliged to dress, and appear in character, to effect which, they have been obliged to anticipate their pay, or participate their Estates. By the first, debts have been contracted. by the latter, their patrimony is injured. To disband Men therefore under these circumstances, before their Accts. are liquidated, and the Ballances ascertained, would be, to sett open the doors of the Goals, and then to shut them upon Seven Years faithful and painful Services. Under any circumstances which the nature of the case will admit, they must be considerable Sufferers; because necessity will compell them to part with their certificates for whatever they will fetch; to avoid the evil I have mentioned above: and how much this will place them in the hands of unfeeling, avaricious speculators a recurrence to past experience will sufficiently prove.
It may be said by those who have no disposition to compensate the Services of the Army, that the Officers have too much penetration to place dependance (in any alternative) upon the strength of their own Arm; I will readily concede to these Gentlemen that no good could result from such an attempt; but I hope they will be equally candid in acknowledging, that much mischief may flow from it. and that nothing is too extravagent to expect from men, who conceive they are ungratefully, and unjustly dealt by; especially too if they can suppose that characters are not wanting, to foment every passion which leads to discord, and that there are--but--time shall reveal the rest.
Let it suffice, that the very attempt, wd. imply a want of justice, and fix an indelible stain upon our national character; as the whole world, as well from the enemies publication (without any intention to serve us) as our own, must be strongly impressed with the sufferings of this army from hunger, cold and nakedness. in allmost every stage of the War. Very sincerely etc.
Tuesday, March 18, 1783.
Parole Quibbletown. Countersigns Raway, Swansey.
For duty the first Massachusetts Regiment.
The Commander in Chief is highly satisfied with the report of the proceedings of the officers assembled on the 15th. instt. in obedience to the Orders of the 11th. He begs his inability to communicate an adequate idea of the pleasing feelings which have been exited in his breast by the affectionate sentiments expressed towards him on that occasion, may be considered as an apology for his silence.
The Original papers being too prolix to be inserted in the Records of the Army, will be lodged at the Orderly office, to be perused, or copied by any Gentleman of the Army who may think proper.
It has been reported to the Commander in chief that a large quantity of Filth remains between the Hutts of the 5th. 8th. 3d. and 4th. Massachusetts Regiments. He directs that it be immediately removed.
As the Weather is now favorable the General requests that the communication between the wings of the Army may be perfected, he supposes the materials are already collected and that there will be no interruption to the business. General Dayton will be pleased to appoint a person or persons in the right wing to superintend the work and see that it is properly done. Genl. Putnam will do the same in the left wing.
If the Brigades and corps have not themselves divided the ground; it will be proportioned as follows: Jersey Brigade 219 Feet; York do. allowing the 2d regt. the materials collected by the 3d. Massa. regiment 216; Hampshire Brigade 178; 1st. Massa. do. 354; 6th. do. Regiment 122; 2d. do. Brigade 351; Total 1440.
The Jersey Brigade takes its proportion at the western, and the 2nd. Massa. Brigade at the Eastern extremity: the other Brigades and Corps in their order of encampment.
Head Quarters, March 19, 1783.
Sir: I am exceedingly obliged to your Excellency, for your communication of the 15th of this month. The Articles of Treaty between America and Great Britain, as they stand in connection with a general pacification, are so very inconclusive, that I am fully in sentiment with you, that we should hold ourselves in a hostile position, prepared for either alternative, War or Peace.
I shall confer with the Duke de Lauzun on the objects you are pleased to mention, and as I have ever viewed the practice of the States, in supplying the Enemy in New York with the means of subsistence, as a very pernicious one in its Tendency, both to ourselves and our Allies, you may depend upon me to exert every measure in my power to prevent it.
I am at all times happy in receiving any intelligence from your Excellency, and should it be in your power to announce a general Peace, you cannot make a more pleasing communication to me; persuaded of the pure and benevolent intentions which animate the breast of his Most Christian Majesty, I am assured, if that happy event should not result from the present negotiation, that the failure will not rest on his part. I have the honor etc.45
Head Quarters, Newburgh, March 19, 1783.
Dear Sir: The Commander in Chief has reced a Letter from a Mr. Richd Corbin of Laneville in Virginia, desiring him to
[Note 45: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.] cause Enquiry to be made for his Son Dicky, who left his Father in the Year 1775, and went to England to secure a family Claim to an Estate in England and in Jamaica. The Father is informed, that his Son is now in N York, and wishes to get a certainty of the Fact. His Excellency desires you to take measures, such as you shall think proper, to gain some knowledge of the Young Gentleman, and if in N York, to give us what Information you can obtain of him.46
[Note 46: On this same day (March 19) Washington wrote to Richard Corbin that inquiry would be made for his son in New York. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
The inclosed Letter for Sir Guy Carleton was transmitted to the Commr in Chief, by Mr Livingston Sectry of foreign Affairs. You will please to forward it to N York taking notice, for your future Government, of the Exchange that has been agreed to by Doctr Franklin. I am etc.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent is signed by Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, March 19, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge your Excellency's favor of the 12th inst. and to thank you most sincerely for the Intelligence you was pleased to communicate.48
[Note 48: Boudinot's letter (March 12) stated that Capt. Joshua Barney, in the packet Washington, left L'Orient on January 17, arrived in philadelphia on the morning of March 12, and brought the preliminary treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States which had been signed by the commissioners at Paris on the 30th of November. Boudinot enumerated the substance of the various articles of the treaty. In a letter to Washington, also dated March 12, Robert R. Livingston forwarded the complete text of Arts. 5 and 6. Sir Guy Carleton forwarded to Washington, for transmission to Congress, a copy of the preliminary treaty, in a letter of March 19 Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Articles of Treaty between America and Great Britain, are as full and satisfactory, as we have reason to expect; but from the connection in which they stand, with a general pacification, they are very inconclusive and contingent: from this circumstance, compared with such other Intelligence as I have been able to collect, I must confess, I have my fears, that we shall be obliged to worry thro' another Campaign, before we arrive at that happy period, which is to crown all our Toils.
Any Intelligence from your Excellency will, at all Times, be very agreeable to me; but should it be in your power to announce a general Peace, you could not make me more happy, than in the communication of such an Event. With the highest Regard etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, March 19, 1783.
Sir: I have received from Capt Kirkwood, the Arrangement of the Officers of the Delaware Battalion, which has my Approbation. Capts. Wm McKennan and George Purvis,50 will, by their Consent, also continue in Service, to do the Duty of P Master and Adjutant.
[Note 50: Both Captain McKennan and Captain Purvis served to the close of the war.]
Should it be tho't proper to collect that Battalion together, it is more probable that they may be called to join the Main Army, than to be ordered to any other place; they will therefore, remain as they are, for the present.
The proposal mentioned in your Letter of the 8th. for callg on deranged Officers to Attend the Discipline of the Troops in the Main Army, meets my full Approbation, and should it be tho't proper to have it carried into effect, I think it may be attended with very salutary Consequences. It is not in my power, from Recollection to name the Officers, who would be most suitable for this purpose. The Baron51 I expect will soon be on, and should the Measure be adopted by Congress, the Nomination may be seasonably made. I am &c.52
[Note 51: Baron Von Steuben.]
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, March 19, 1783.
Dear Sir: About the first of this month I wrote you a long letter. I touched upon the state of the Army; the situation of public Creditors, and wished to know from you as a friend, what causes had induced the Assembly of Virginia to withdraw their assent to the Impost Law; and how the Continental creditors without (adequate funds) were to come at, or obtain security for their money.
I little expected at the time of writing that letter, that we were on the eve of an important crisis to this Army; when the touch stone of discord was to be applied; and the virtue of its members to undergo the severest trial.
You have not been altogether unacquainted, I dare say, with the fears, the hopes, the apprehensions and the expectations of the Army relatively to the provision which is to be made for them hereafter. Altho' a firm reliance on the integrety of Congress and a belief that the Public would finally do justice to all its Servants, and give an indisputable Security for the payment of the half-pay of the Officers had kept them amidst a variety of sufferings tolerably quiet and contented for two or three years past; Yet the total want of pay, the little prospect of receiving any from the unpromising state of the public finances, and the absolute aversion of the States to establish any Continental funds for the payment of the Debt due to the Army, did at the close of the last Campaign exite greater discontents and threaten more serious and alarming consequences than it is easy for me to describe or you to conceive.
Happily for us, the Officers of highest rank and greatest consideration interposed, and it was determined to Address Congress in an humble, pathetic and explicit manner.
While the Sovereign Power appeared perfectly well disposed to do justice, it was discovered the States would enable them to do nothing. And in this state of Affairs, and after sometime spent on the business in Philadelphia, a report was made by the Delegates of the Army giving a Detail of the proceedings: Before this could be fully communicated to the Troops, while the Minds of all were in a peculiar state of inquietude and irritation, an Anonymous Writer, who tho' he did not boldly step forth and give his name to the World, sent into circulation an Address to the Officers of the Army which in point of composition, in elegance and force of expression, has rarely been equalled in the English Language, and in which the dreadful alternative was proposed of relinquishing the Service in a body in case the War continued, or retaining their Arms in case of Peace, untill Congress should comply with all their demands. At the same time siezing the moment when the Minds were inflamed by the most pathetic representations, a General meeting of the Officers was summoned by another anonymous production.
It is impossible to say what would have been the consequence had the Author succeeded in his first plans. But measures having been taken to postpone the meeting so as to give time for cool reflection and counteraction, the good sense of the Officers has terminated this Affair in a manner, which reflects the greatest glory on themselves and demands the highest expressions of gratitude from their Country.
The Proceedings have this day been reported to Congress, and will probably be published for the satisfaction of the good people of these United States. In the mean time I thought it necessary to give you these particulars, principally with a design to communicate to you, without reserve, my opinion on this interesting subject. For notwithstanding the storm has now passed over, notwithstanding the Officers have, in despite of their accumulated sufferings, given the most unequivocal and exalted proofs of Patriotism; Yet I believe, unless justice shall be done, and funds effectually provided for the payment of the Debt, the most deplorable and ruinous consequences may be apprehended. Justice, honor, gratitude, policy, every thing, is opposed to the conduct of driving men to despair of obtaining their just rights after serving Seven years a painful life in the Field. I say in the Field, because they have not during that period had any thing to shelter them from the inclemency of the Seasons but Tents, and such Houses as they could build for themselves.
Convinced of this, and actuated as I am, not by private and Interested motives, but by a sense of duty, a love of justice, and all the feelings of gratitude towards a body of men who have merited infinitely well of their Country, I can never conceal, or suppress my Sentiments. I cannot cease to exert all the Abilities I am possessed of to shew the evil tendency of procrastinated justice; for I will not suppose it is intended ultimately to withhold it; Nor fail to urge the Establishment of such adequate and permanent funds as will enable Congress to secure the payment of the public Debt on such principles as will preserve the National faith, give satisfaction to the Army, and tranquillity to the Public. With great esteem etc.
P.S. The Author of Anonymous Address is yet behind the Curtain; and as conjecture may be grounded on error, I will not announce mine, as present.53
[Note 53: See Washington's letter to John Armstrong, Feb. 23, 1797, post.]
March 19, 1783.
Dear Sir: I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 12th. and for the enclosures. the early communication of such important occurances rendered the favor doubly acceptable. Would to God the Articles for a general pacification were as well advanced as those between America and G Britain but I am not without fears that that event is at a greater distance than the Sanguine ones imagine.
The policy of G. Britain now, if I have formed a right judgment, is to sooth America as much as possible, in order to weaken the band and make her uneasy under the Alliance if the policy, or Situation of France with respect to the other Bellegerent powers renders it necessary to continue the War another Campaign. This, or some manoeuvre, which may be performed with safety during the equipment of the Fleet at Cadiz must, undoubtedly, be the cause of the present procrastination of the Negociations at Paris; what the final issue may be Heaven knows. Such an avidity appears among our People to make money, and so feeble the Rems of Government (where there is an attempt to use them) to restrain the illicit and pernicious intercourse of Trade with the enemy at New York that the fence between them and us is entirely broken down and nothing but an Army quite sufficient to form a close investiture of that place can repair it. five such Armies as I have would be incompetent, employed in any other way. The Boats which have been Commissioned to obstruct this trade, are instrumental in carrying it on, and have been caught in the Act as many other Trading parties also have been by the Guards and patroles I keep for this purpose, but it avails nothing. By Hook or by Crook, they are certain of acquittal. In truth I am quite discouraged, and have scarce any thing left but lamentation for the want of Virtue and depravity of my Countrymen.
The insidious attempt which has been made to inflame the Army, and to Sow the Seeds of distrust between the Civil and Military powers; and the proceedings consequent thereupon; having been sent to Congress (where you will have an oppertunity of seeing them) I shall add nothing on that head but a wish that the propriety of carly decision may strike that Honble. Body as sensibly as I feel it.
Your packet for Govr. Clinton was forwarded in the moment of my receiving it. I have the Honor etc.
Newburgh, March 19, 1783.
Sir: The Silk which you expected from Boston for lining is arrivd, but White; Mr. Smith expects other; but this is uncertain. My Coat of which I am in great want, in the mean while stands.
I shall thank you therefore to bring me a Buff lining of any kind from Philadelphia, sufficient for a Coat and Vest-Coat.
If a pair of French Epauletts (gold) could be had, I would thank you for bringing me a pair; I do not want them of the largest and richest kind; because it is for a frock Coat they are intended; nor would I have them of the mean kind. Such as you will probably see upon Count de Dillon or any Field Officer in the French Service are of the kind I would prefer. I am etc.
Newburgh, March 19, 1783.
Dear Sir: The Money which was received in Feby. or March last Year for my Household Expences, is more than expended; and the Subsistence Notes in the hands of the D. Pay master will procure nothing from the Country people. Be so kind then, my good Sir; as to point me to the means with which these expences are to be borne.
For immediate and pressing calls I was obliged a day or two ago, to draw upon the Contingent fund in the hands of the Pay master for 200 dollars; whether this is the source to which I am to have recourse in future remains with you to decide. I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, March 19, 1783.
Sir: I take the liberty of forwarding to your Excellency a Latter from a Mr. Wormly in New York. His present application I suppose is in consequence of the information I had given him that a Passport for his return to Virginia could only be granted upon his obtaining permission for the purpose from the Executive of the State. I now leave his request to its own operation and the wisdom of Government. With great regard etc.
P.S. The Money sent out some time ago is still in the Hands of Colo Smith. Mr. Inglis tho' advised of it will not send for it; the money for Chevr Chattelleun came a few days since.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[V.S.L.]
Newburg, March 19, 1783.
Dear Lund: I did not write to you by the last Post. I was too much engaged at the time, in counteracting a most insidious attempt to disturb the repose of the army, and sow the seeds of discord between the civil and military powers of the continent, to attend to small matters. The author of this attempt, whoever he may be, is yet behind the curtain; and as conjectures might be wrong, I shall be silent at present. The good sense, the virtue, and patient forbearance of the army, on this, as upon every other trying occasion which has happened to call them into action, has again triumphed: and appear'd with more lustre than ever. But if the States will not furnish the supplies required by Congress, thereby enabling the Superintendant of Finance to feed, clothe, and pay the army; if they suppose the war can be carried on without money, or that money can be borrowed without permanent funds to pay the interest of it; if they have no regard to justice, because it is attended with expence; if gratitude to men, who have rescued them from the jaws of danger and brought them to the haven of Independence and Peace, is to subside, as danger is removed; If the sufferings of the army, who have borne, and forborne more than any other class of men in the Ud. States; expending their health; and many of them their all, in an unremitted service of near eight years in the field, encountering hunger, cold and nakedness, are to be forgotten; if it is presumed there is no bounds to the patience of the army; or that when peace takes place, their claims for pay due, and rewards promised may die with the military non-existence of its member. If such, I say, should be the sentiments of the States; and that their conduct, or the conduct of some, does but too well warrant the conclusion, well may another anonymous addresser step forward, and with more effect than the last did, say with him, "You have arms in your hands, do justice to yourselves, and never sheath the sword, 'till you have obtained it." How far men, who labour under the pressure of accumulated distress, and are irritated by a belief that they are treated with neglect, ingratitude, and injustice in the extreme, might be worked upon by designing men, is worthy of very serious consideration. But justice, policy, yea common Sense, must tell every man that the creditors of the continent, cannot receive payments unless funds are provided for it, and that our national character, if these are much longer neglected, must be stamped with indelible infamy in every Nation of the world where the fact is known. I am etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 19 Washington wrote briefly to Capt. Robert Kirkwood. of the Delaware regiment, that he had approved the arrangement of that battalion. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, March 19, 1783.
Parole Tartary. Countersigns Ulpho, Wills.
For duty the 7th. Massachusetts regt.
The present mode of collecting and digesting the reports of Police into one point of view will be productive of the happiest consequences. The General desires the officers will continue to be as particular in their remarks as they have been a few days past.
The Quarter Master Genl. will provide Straw as soon as possible.
A further distribution of Blankets is to be made.
The Contractors are requested to have an ample supply of Vinegar, that the issue of that article may be regular as soon as the warm Weather commences.
AFTER ORDERS
The Quarter Master of the Brigade which gives the Fatigue for repairing the Provost and officers guard house, will furnish the party with tools agreeably to the requisition of the Quartermaster of the day, which are to be returned at night.
Head Quarters, March 20, 1783.
Sir: I am at a Loss how to regulate my Conduct in consequence of the Letter you have transmitted to me, addressed to Sir Guy Carleton, relative to the Exchange of Capt Fage, agreed upon by Doctr Franklin.
Several Exchanges made in the same Manner in Europe, by Doctr Franklin and Marquis de la Fayette, have been referred to Congress, for their Confirmation, so long ago as last fall; and I have yet no reply from that Hono Body, to direct me in the Demand I should make of any Officers in Return for those released by us to the Enemy. I am led to conjecture that this Silence of Congress has some particular meaning in it; And as their Resolutions are directly opposed to any partial Exchanges, I have made no Request for any American Officers, in return for British Officers exchanged by those agreements in Europe.
I shall transmit Mr Secty Townshends Letter to Sir Guy Carleton, without naming any Gentlemen on our part; And at the same Time, I shall be exceedgly glad, if you will obtain from Congress, Instructions, how far I may be authorized to make any Demands in Consequence of their Exchanges. I am &c.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, March 20, 1783.
Parole Amboy. Countersigns Bound brook, Carlile.
For duty the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Commander in chief desires the Brigadiers and Commandants of Brigades will report to him on monday next the Manoevring Ground they have fixed upon for their several commands, as it is expected the season will soon admit the commencement of the daily Exercises.
Friday, March 21, 1783.
Parole Danbury. Countersigns Epsom, Flamborough.
For duty the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
Whenever a Brigade or corps are under arms on a field day, field returns are to be presented to the Commander in chief, or Reviewing officer; exhibiting the actual strength of the corps, the number of men under Arms, and accounting summarily for those who may be absent.
The greatest possible number is always expected in the Ranks on such occasions.
On the 16th. of April, Returns of all the Officers in service on that day are to be given in to the Orderly office, specifying the names, the relative regimental rank, and dates of Commission's also whether with the army or absent, and if absent, by whose authority, and untill what time such leave of absence was granted.
Officers of the Line serving on the Staff are to be mentioned as such, with the respective offices they hold, at the foot of the Returns.
Head Quarters, March 21, 1783.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to Congress, a Copy of a joint Letter from Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby to me, which accompanied the enclosed Treaty signed at Paris the 30th. of November, which I take the earliest opportunity to forward, agreeable to their Desire. With the highest Esteem etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On March 21 Washington wrote a brief note of acknowledgment to Carleton and Digby, informing them that he had forwarded a copy of the treaty as desired. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Saturday, March 22, 1783.
Parole Ghent. Countersigns Holland, Ireland.
For duty the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.
In justice to the zeal and ability of the Chaplains, as well as to his own feelings, the Commander in chief thinks it a duty to declare the regularity and decorum with which divine service is now performed every sunday, will reflect great credit on the army in general, tend to improve the morals, and at the same time, to increase the happiness of the soldiery, and must afford the most pure and rational entertainment for every serious and well disposed mind.
No fatigue except on extra occasions, nor General review or inspections to be permitted on the Sabbath day.
A Packet Boat will set out from the Continental Dock at Newburgh tomorrow morning at ten o'clock precisely, for Westpoint, and will leave Westpoint precisely at 4 o'clock in the after noon. This packet will continue to ply between those places every day, and will leave them at the hours above mentioned.
Sunday, March 23, 1783.
Parole K. Countersigns L. M.
For duty the 8th. Massachusetts Regt.
The Light Infantry Companies, to be compleated to the Establishment viz to 5 Serjts. 2 Dr. and f. and 68 Rank and File each.
Newburgh, March 23, 1783.
Sir: In a letter which I have lately received from the Marquis de la Fayette, he expresses a wish that my sentiments respecting his absence may be communicated to Congress. To comply with his desire, and not because I conceive the testimony of my approbation of it is wanting, I give your Excellency the trouble of this Letter.
Congress have had too many unequivocal proofs of the Zeal, the attachment to, and important exertions of this young nobleman in the American Cause, to entertain a doubt of the propriety of his present absence. Sure I am that his return will be as soon as he can make it subservient to the Interest of this Country. These being my Sentiments, I communicate them without reserve. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: The letter was read in Congress on April 7 and referred to Richard Peters, Eliphalet Dyer, and Thomas Sim Lee.]
Newburg, March 23, 1783.
Sir: Your Excelly. I am sure will pardon me, when the momentary interruption I give you, is for the purpose of introducing to your Civilities Monsr. Gouvion, Colo. in the American Service, and an Officer of great merit, and of distinguished zeal, abilities and bravery.
He will repeat to you my former assurances of attachment, and convey to you my present wishes for your Success. He will tell you how happy it would make me to embrace you on American Ground, and with what Respect and consideration. I have the honr. etc.59
[Note 59: On March 23 Washington wrote similar letters of introduction for Gouvion to Marquis de Bouillé and Baron de Vioménil, the drafts of which are in the Washington Papers.]
Hd. Qrs., Newburgh, March 23, 1783.
My dear Marqs.: I have to acknowledge the honor of your favors of the 14th and 24th. of October and 4th. of Decr; to thank you for the warm and affectionate expression of them; and to congratulate you and Madam La Fayette on the birth of a daughter. Virginia I am perswaded, will be pleased with the Compliment of the name; and I pray as a member of it she may live to be a blessing to her Parents.
It would seem that, none of my Letters (except one by Colonel Gemat) had reached you when you last wrote. I do not know how to acct. for this. My last letter to you went by the Chevr. Chartellux which could not have arrived; the others were committed to the care either of the Chevr. de la Luzerne or our Secretary of Foreign Affairs at Philadelphia, to be forwarded by such conveyances as might offer.
I am fully perswaded My dear Marqs. of your Zeal in the American Cause. I am sure you adopted the plan you are now in the execution of, as the most likely, tho' a little circuitous, to serve it; and I shall express to Congress who I know have an exalted opinion of your zeal, abilities and faithful Services, my entire approbation of your conduct; and the purity of the motives which gave rise to it. Your pursuit after honor and glory will be accompanied by my warmest wishes, and you have my sincerest congratulations on your promotion,60 and Command in the French Army.
[Note 60: The brevet rank of maréchal de camp.]
As it is your wish, I have given Colo. Gouvion my consent to meet you at the rendezvous appointed him, and he sets out with all the alacrity of a friend to attend it. You must receive him as a precious loan because I esteem and value him and because it is to you only I would part with him. I should be happy, if I could speak decidedly upon any plan of Operation on the American theatre in which the Naval and Land forces of His Most Christian Majesty could be combined; but such is the state of our finances, such the backwardness of the States to Establish funds and such the distress of the Army for want of them, that I dare give no pointed assurances of effectual cooperation lest I should, unintentionally, be guilty of deception, especially as my estimates and sentiments respectg. the ensuing Campaign are now pending before Congress for decision. Last year, while I had the prospect of a vigorous campaign before me (founded on the hope of Succours from your Court) I took a comprehensive view of the Enemies Situation and our own; arranged the whole under different heads, and digested plans of attack applicable to each; this I have put into the hands of Colo. Gouvion to Copy for you; and with the alterations occasioned by the change of circumstances, and such other information as you will receive from this Letter and from him will enable you to judge as fully as I can do (in my present state of incertitude) which can be attempted with such a force as you can bring at either of the places mentioned therein.
No requisitions by Congress, have yet been made of the States for Men; whether this proceeds from the present state of the public funds and little prospect of bettering them, or the hope of Peace, or partly from both, does not lye with me to decide; but so the fact is; so far indeed were they from requiring men to recruit the Battalions of last year that several of them have been reduced, and the Non-Commissioned and privates incorporated in the respective State lines. This however has not otherwise reduced our efficient force than by the diminution of Commissioned Offices; but all Corps that are not fed with Recruits must dwindle, from the deaths, desertions, and discharges incident to them; the last of which you well know, operates more powerfully in our Army than most others. Our present force, tho small in number is excellent in composition; and may be depended upon as far as the first are competent. About June the total of this Army, exclusive of Commissioned Officers may be computed at 9000 and by October it will have decreased near 1000 Men by the discharge of so many whose term of Service will have expired.
I am impressed with a belief that no Militia could be drawn out previous to the arrival of a French fleet, and Land force on the Coast. I am not sanguine that many could be had afterwards; but certain it is, there would be great difficulty in subsisting and providing for them, if it should be found necessary to call for their aid; hence it appears, that little or no dependence is to be placed on any other Troops than the Continentals of this Army. These would require very little previous Notice for an Operation against New York, which is the only Post of importance the enemy have within the United States; and indeed the only one against which they could move for want of transportation, or the means to obtain it.
Penobscot is a secondary object; unassailable but by means of a Naval superiority, with wch. the place might soon be carried without the aid of American Troops; to call for which would spread the alarm and waste time for an unnecessary purpose.
Motives, My dear Marqs, of friendship and candor have given birth to the freedom of this communication, on my part; good sense and prudence will point it to proper objects, on yours; and on your honor and discretion I can firmly rely.
It only remains for me to add, for your further information, that since May last (when my thoughts on the plan of Campaign for 1782 were digested as they are now sent to you) Charles Town and Savanna having been evacuated; and Troops (Recruits principally) having arrived from Europe; the Enemies Posts have been strengthened. New York agreeably to the Estimates of General Greene and Major Burnett which I inclose by 3000 men; Hallifax and Canada from European and other Accts; by the like number, and Penobscot by 3 or 400 more; these being the only changes which have happened since my statement of the Enemys force in May last, you will be able to bring the whole into one view and determine accordingly. It is reported that a number (some say seven) British Regiments are about to Embark for the West Indies; by other accts. the whole are said to be going thither but there is not I believe, any orders for either yet come to hand; in this memr. everything with them is suspended.
Your polite and friendly offer to my Nephew, claims my grateful acknowledgments; I wish he was in a condition to avail himself of it. He has been in a declining state of health near 12 Months; but was something better the last time I heard from him.
McHenry has left the Military and embraced a Civil walk of life; by which act he has disqualified himself from answering your purposes.
The Vessel you gave us room to expect, is not arrived; but Gouvion will go to Philadelphia and seek a passage from thence. He can tell you more forcibly than I can express it how much we all love and wish to embrace you; when, how, or where this will happen you best can tell. for myself particularly, I hope it is unnecessary to repeat to you, that whether during the continuance of the War, or after the olive branch shall have extended itself over this Land (for which I most devoutly pray) I shall be happy to see you on Columbias shore. The Inhabitants of my humble Cottage will salute you with the richest marks of grateful friendship wch. to a mind susceptible as yours is will be a greater feast than the luxuries of the East; the Elegancies of Europe, or the ceremonies of a Court can afford. Adieu, believe me always etc.
PS. Under cover of this Letter, you will receive a duplicate of the one written to you by the Chevr. Chattellux, and a Copy of my letter to Congress approving your conduct.
Head Quarters, March 23, 1783.
Sir: Your favor of the 21st was delivered me last Evening.
You will please to give Capt. Douglass61 permission to pass within the Enemys Lines, agreeable to his recommendation from Majr. Turner. But you will, as from me, declare positively to Capt Douglass, that the proposed Communication for Exchange of Marine prisoners mentioned by him to be opened by way of Elizabeth Town, will not by any Means meet my Consent, and that no other places than those now permitted, will be admitted by me. Vizt Dobbs's Ferry and New Bridge.
[Note 61: Capt. Thomas Douglass, of the Continental Artillery. He had retired in January, 1783; was captain of U. S. artillery in August, 1784; served to October, 1785.]
I have no Objections to your proposed Visit to Camp; you will please to use your own Time for the purpose. The sendg on to Philadelphia, of the Money you have in Hand, may probably be negotiated without much Trouble, with either the Contractors or Paymaster; this you will be able to do, when you come to Camp. I am &c.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 64: Deputy Paymaster General.]
Head Quarters, March 24, 1783.
Sir: On representation to the General of the conduct of Captn. Riley65 of the Invalid Corps, and complaint from the Regt. of a Stoppage of their pay from you on that Account, His Excellency has given Instructions to Colo. Nicola, to have Capt. Riley arrested, and brought to Trial for the Impropriety of his conduct; and in the mean time it is his Excellency's pleasure, that you proceed in granting pay to the Regiment, supposing that you will be refunded your advancement to Captn. Riley. I am etc.66
[Note 65: Capt. John Reiley (Riley), of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been wounded at Bonhampton, N.J., in April, 1777; was transferred to the Invalid Corps in August, 1780; served to June, 1783.]
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J.T.--ll."
On March 24 Robert R. Livingston wrote to Washington, by express, that peace had been declared. "The Vessel that brought these dispatches was sent out by the Count Destaign to recall the french cruizers...France by getting little for herself has laid in a store of reputation which will be worth more than much territory...I have with the approbation of Congress despatched Mr Lewis Morris my secretary to Genl. Carleton with the news of peace." Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, March 24, 1783.
Parole Nyack. Countersigns Oysters, Pray.
It is recommended to the troops to make regimental Gardens for the purpose of raising Greens and vegetables for their own use, And in order to collect a sufficient quantity of Seeds, Commanding officers of regiments will give passes to as many trusty soldiers as they may Judge necessary to go into the Country, and be absent, not exceeding ten day's.
The General hopes he shall see a suitable attention bestowed on an article which will contribute so much to the comfort and health of the troops. He even flatters himself it will become a matter of amusement and of emulation.
The Quarter Master General is also desired to advertize in the Newspapers, giving proper invitation and encouragement to those who who may be disposed to send or bring in Garden seeds of all kinds to his Office, which will be equitably divided and faithfully applied to the use of the soldiery.
Head Quarters, March 25, 1783.
Sir: I have this Day received your favor of the 23d. instant.
It gives me pain that you have made a Request which I am unable to gratify. But my Duty obliges me to inform you, that the Request is of such a nature, as I have never complied with in any one Instance, nor do I think, that, while under our present Circumstances, It will ever permit me to grant it on any similar one.
If the Introduction of Merchandize from within the Enemy's Lines, is in any Case admissible, I conceive that the Legislature or executive of the State into which they are meant to be bro't, are the only competent Judges of its propriety. If those powers will not permit such request, it is certainly not consistent with my Duty, to grant an Indulgence, which they reject. I am etc.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, March 25, 1783.
Parole Quadruple. Countersigns Rotterdam, Scotland.
By the United States in Congress Assembled, March 18th. 1783.
On the report of a committee to whom was referred a letter of the 12, from the Commander in Chief.
Ordered, That the Superintendant of finance lay before Congress an account of the payments made to the army, in consequence of the resolution of the 25 day of January last, and what sums the state of the public finances will enable him to pay to the army at present; and also that he communicate to Congress what steps have been taken towards settling the accounts of the army since the said resolution.
The Newhampshire regiment will march on thursday next, to relieve the third Massa. regimt. on the Lines.
Head Quarters, March 25, 1783.
Sir: It is more than probable that the Orders to Sir Guy Carleton by the last Packet, are decisive as to the Evacuation or holding N York.
As it is important to our Operations to have as early knowledge of this Determination as possible, and having great Dependance on your Channel of Intelligence, I am anxious to have you exert your most diligent Endeavours, to obtain all the Information you can, of what is passing in N York since the Arrival of the Packet. What is the Genl Rumour; what their Movements or Operations; the state and No of their Transports, and Ships of War; What the Number, State and Situation of their Troops; whether any Embarkation is meditated, and to what part if any. And in General, any Information that may be useful to us in present Circumstances.
The present anxious incertitude as to a general Pacification, renders our watchful Observations of more importance than common; that we may if possible be able to penetrate the Designs of our Enemy. If another Campaign is to be expected, the sooner we are ascertained of its Necessity the Better, that our preparations may be prosecuted with Vigor.
The more frequent and the more particular your Communications are, the more agreeable will they prove. I am &c.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, March 26, 1783.
Parole Paris. Countersigns London, Philadelphia.
Thursday, March 27, 1783.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Baltic, Calais.
For duty the 1st. York regiment.
At the general courtmartial of which Colonel M. Jackson is president, Mr. Samuel Evans, Forage Master, charged,
1st. With making false charges of the Issues of forage to divers officers of the Army.
2ndly. With making false returns of his Issues.
3dly. With forging receipts to be produced as Vouchers for his Issues of forage was tried.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that the 1st. and 2d. charges against Mr. Evans are supported; on the 3d. charge they are of opinion that Mr. Evans put a fictitious name to a receipt for a quantity of forage to be produced as a Voucher; but it appears at the same time that the hay was received; the Court, as they think Mr. Evans's Conduct proceeded more from neglect and Inattention, than an intention, to defraud, only sentence him to be mulched three months pay.
The General approves the opinion of the court; but is induced, from the representations which have been made of the good character of Mr. Evans, to remit the sentence.
Head Quarters, March 27, 1783.
Dear Sir: Since you left me, a Servant of the Marquis de la Fayette has arrived with Dispatches. The Marquis sent him in the Packet from Cadiz. I enclose a summary of the Articles as published in Philadelphia; also a Copy of the Communication from the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and an Extract of a Letter from His Excellency the Minister of France for your satisfaction.
It likewise gives me great pleasure to have received the following Assurance from a Gentleman in Congress. "The measures of the Army are such as I could have wished them, and will add lustre to their character as well as strengthen the hands of Congress." With the greatest regard etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, March 27, 1783.
Sir: His Excellency, sensible of your Merits, and attentive to your wishes, desires me to reply to your Letter of Yesterday: and to inform you that he will take much pleasure in contributing, by any Means in his power, to alliviate your Misfortunes; and will most readily comply with your Requests.
A few Days will determine whether it will be necessary to obtain from Sir Guy Carleton or Admiral Digby, passports for your going by Water to N London: should Circumstances require it, no delay will be made to prevent your being furnished by the Time you mention. The Q. M Genl will have Orders to procure a Suitable Vessel, and your Friend Mr Colfax72 will be permitted to attend you.
[Note 72: Capt. William Colfax.]
During your Stay in this Neighbourhood, if the Genl Stores can furnish any little Comfitures to supply your Desire or gratify your Wishes, you have only to hint your Wants, and they will be cheerfully attended to. I am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J. T--ll."]
Head Quarters, March 27, 1783.
Dr Sir: I take the first moment of forwardg to your Excellency, the Dispatches of the Secry of Foreign Affairs; which contain, I presume, all the Intelligence respecting Peace, on which happy and glorious Event, permit me to congratulate you with the greatest sincerity. With perfect respect etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Friday, March 28, 1783.
Parole peace. Countersigns Independence, Plenty.
For duty the 2d. York regiment
Altho' the public dispatches from our Commissioners in Europe have not arrived, and the Commander in Chief has it not in his power to announce officially a general Peace to the Army, yet he cannot resist the pleasure of communicating the happiness he experiences from a certainty of that Event, and for the satisfaction of every brave officer and soldier under his command he orders the following Extract of a Letter from his Excellency the Minister of France to be made public.
Philadelphia, March 24, 1783.
Sir: It is with the most lively and sincere joy that I have the honor to inform your Excelly. of the conclusion of a peace. It crowns in the most happy manner, your labours, and the efforts of the United States; you will sincerely participate the compleat satisfaction that this event gives me, and I take the greatest possible share in the pleasure it will afford you. I have not yet received this news officially, but it is not the less certain, and I pray you to permit me to offer the officers of your Army, and all the American troops my congratulations and the tribute of respect due to their virtue and Courage.
Also the subsequent extract of a Letter of the same date from the Secretary of Foreign affairs, is ordered to be communicated.
Dear Sir: You will by this Express receive the agreable intelligence of peace, upon which I most sincerely congratulate you and the Army.
In this state of affairs the Commander in chief is pleased to direct that all military Arrangements shall continue the same as at present untill further Orders, that no relaxation in the Decipline or police of the Army shall be suffered, and that the greatest attention shall be paid to the good order and appearance of the troops.
For the greater convenience of the officers of this Army, the Packet boat for Westpoint will leave Newburgh at half after nine and proceed to New Windsor, which place She will leave at ten o'clock every day.
Head Quarters, March 29, 1783.
Sir: The News of a general Peace,75 which your Excellency has been so good as to enounce to me, has filled my Mind with inexpressible satisfaction; and permit me to add, that the Joy I feel on this great Event, is doubly enhanced by the very obliging Manner in which you have been pleased to express your Congratulations to me and to the Army, on this very happy occasion.
[Note 75: The term "general peace" does not accurately describe this news. which was the intelligence of the signing of the declarations of the suspension of hostilities Jan. 20, 1783.]
The part your Excellency has acted in the Cause of America, and the great and benevolent share you have taken, in the Establishment of her Independence, is deeply impressed in my Mind; and will not be effaced from my Remembrance, or that of the Citizens of America, but with the latest Hand of Time. You will accept Sir! my warmest Acknowledgments and Congratulations, with Assurances, that I shall always participate, with the sincerest pleasure, in every Event, which contributes to your happiness and Satisfaction.
The Articles of general Treaty, do not appear so favorable to France, in point of Territorial acquisition, as they do to the other powers: But, the magnanimous and disinterested Scale of Conduct which that great Nation has exhibited to the World, during this War, and at the Conclusion of Peace, will insure to the King and Nation, that Reputation which will be of more Consequence to them than every other Consideration.
Mrs. Washington begs your Excellency, to accept her sincerest Thanks for the Joy you have communicated to her, and to accept a Return of her Congratulations on this most happy of all Events. With the highest Sentiments of Respect etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E.U., vol. 6.]
Newburgh, March 29, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been honoured with your favor of the 13th. and thank you for the information; your Corrispondent at Paris had good ground for his opinion, and we have abundant reason to be pleased at the event, which he predicted the near approach of. I heartily congratulate you on the conclusion of the War, and hope the Wisdom of the States will point to that line of policy which will make them a great, a happy People; to accomplish this, local politics, and unreasonable jealousies should yield to such a constitution as will embrace the whole and make our Union respectable, lasting, without it, I think we have spent our time, spilt our blood, and wasted our treasure to very little purpose.
The Picaroons77 in Chesapeake and the Waters of it, have now met their quietus; but previously to the News of Peace, a representation of their conduct had gone into New York, and orders, I believe, were sent for the recall of them.
[Note 77: Lee calls thorn "Refugees" in his letter of March 13, which is in the Washington Papers.]
Mrs. Washington unites with me in Complimts. to you and I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, March 29, 1783.
My dear Sir: Your obliging Letter of the 24 was delivered me the day before Yesterday and accompanied the Account of a General Peace having been concluded in Europe on the 20 of January last. Most sincerely do I accept your Congratulations on this happy Event which has already diffused a General Joy thro' every Class of People and to none more than to the Army. It will now be our own faults if we do not enjoy that happiness which we have flattered ourselves this Event would bring; to see, such measures taken as will ensure this, is all that remains for me to wish; I shall then enjoy in the bosom of my family, a felicity that will amply repay every care.
[In a Letter I received by the Cutter from the Marqs. De la Fayette dated Cadiz Feby. 5th. is this passage.
Independent of my public letter to Mr. Livingston, there is a private one which he will also communicate, amongst the many favors which I have received, I would take it as a most flattering circumstance in my life to be sent to England with the ratification of the American Treaty; you know it is but an honorary Commission, that would require the attendance of a few Weeks, and if any Sedentary Minister is sent, I should have the pleasure of introducing him; this, my dear General is entirely confidential.
From hence, I suppose it is necessary for Congress to ratifie the treaty of Peace entered into by their Commissioners at Paris to give it the form and solemnity which is essential to such a work, and that the Marqs. wishes for the honor of putting the last hand to this business by being the bearer of the Ratification. How far it is consistent with our National honor, how far motives of policy make for or agst. sending a foreigner with it; or how far such a measure might disappoint the pectations of others, I pretend not to determine but if there is no impropriety, or injustice in it, I should hope that Congress would feel a pleasure in gratifying the wishes of a Man who has been such a Zealous labourer in the cause of this Country. Whether the above paragraph was only meant to bring me acquainted with what he had done, or that I might second his views, I know not, therefore, notwithstanding the injunction I have given these Sentiments.]
Your Letters for Governor Clinton were forwarded by Express immediately on the rect. of them. I am &c.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, March 29, 1783.
Gentlemen: I have the Honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your joint Letter of the 10th instant.
Happy, inexpressibly happy, in the certain Intelligence of a general Peace, which was concluded on the 20th Janry. I feel an additional pleasure in reflecting that this glorious Event will prove a sure means to dispel the Fears expressed by your Commonwealth for their North Eastern Boundary. that Territory being by the Treaty secured to the United States, in its full Extent.
[I have to thank you for doing me the justice to believe that my attention to all parts of the United States is extended in proportion to the magnitude of the object and that no partial considerations have any influence on my conduct.]
You will permit me Gentlemen, on this occasion, to express my warmest Congratulations to you; to the Senate and Representatives of your Commonwealth, and thro' them, to all its good Citizens; whose prompt Exertions in the general Cause, have contributed largely towards the Attainment of that great Prize, for which the United States have so long and successfully Contended. I am &c.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The part in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, March 29, 1783.
Parole America. Countersigns Triumphant, Happy.
The Hampshire Battalion gives the Guards.
The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to lay before the Army an Extract of a Letter he has received (since the publication of the orders of yesterday) from his Excellency the president of Congress.
Philadelphia, March 23, 1783, 9 o'clock p.m.
Sir: Your Excellency will give me the utmost credit, when I assure you, that it is with the most unfeigned joy that I congratulate your Excellency and the whole Army on the confirmation of the seigning of the definitive80 treaty of Peace, by all the belligerent powers on the 21st of January. This happy event has just been announced by an express from on board a sloop of war in the river, dispatched by the Count D Estang and the Marquis de la Fayette from Cadiz, on the 14th of February in hopes that she might arrive before those sent from France and Britain.
[Note 80: The term "definitive" treaty is commonly applied to the treaty of Sept. 3, 1783. between the United States and Great Britain. The treaty (so-called) signed Jan. 20 (not 21), 1783, was the declarations of a cessation of hostilities on the part of Great Britain and the United States, signed by Alleyrne Fitz-Herbert, Minister Plenipotentiary for Great Britain, and John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, Ministers Plenipotentiary for the United States.]
These are not Official Dispatches, but as there can be no doubt of the Event, I thought it of the highest consequence to give your Excellency and my fellow Citizans of the Army the earliest Notice of this glorious end of all their Toils and labours.
I duly received your Excellencys Letters by the Express, containing the proceedings of the Army which gave Congress and every friend to the Army the highest satisfaction.
The commutation of the half-pay was passed yesterday by Nine states in Congress which adds greatly to our general joy.
For the further gratification of the Gentlemen of the Army a printed paper is left at the Orderly office containing the declaration of His Excellency the Minister of France, in consequence of the orders to the Chevalier Du Quesne.81
[Note 81: Pierre Claude, Marquis Du Quesne, who commanded the Triomphe, which brought the news of the signing of the declarations of the cessation of hostilities.]
The paymaster General being authorized to settle the recruiting accounts of the Army, the regimental paymasters accounts, the depreciation on the subsistence of the officers from June 1st, 1778. and the pay and subsistence of the Army for the years 1780. 1781. and 1782. and having opened an office for that purpose at Mr. Bedlows.82 The regimental Pay masters and other officers concerned will call on him to receive directions concerning the manner of making out the pay rolls and Abstracts.
[Note 82: William Bedlow.
On March 29 Washington wrote briefly to Du Portail acknowledging his congratulations on the news of peace. "The terms are extremely satisfactory to me and I am as pleased as possible that the great work is so happily consumated." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Lieutenant Edward Phelon of the 4th. Massachusetts regiment is appointed Aid de Camp to Brigadier General Patterson and is to be respected accordingly. This appointment to take effect from the first day of January last.
Sunday, March 30, 1783.
Parole Deposite. Countersigns Engage, Funds.
For duty the 1st. Massachusetts regiment.
The honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolves:
By the United States in Congress assembled, March 22, 1783. On the report of a committee, to whom was referred a motion of Mr. Dyer, together with the memorial of the officers of the army, and the report of the committee thereon; Congress came to the following resolutions:
Whereas the officers of the several lines under the immediate command of his Excellency General Washington, did, by their late memorial transmitted by their committee, represent to Congress, that the half-pay granted by sundry resolutions, was regarded in an unfavourable light by the citizens of some of these states, who would prefer a compensation for a limitted term of years, or by a sum in gross, to an establishment for life; and did, on that account, solicit a commutation of their hall pay for an equivalent, in one of the two modes above mentioned, in order to remove all subject of dissatisfaction from the minds of their fellow-citizens: and whereas Congress are desirous, as well of gratifying the reasonable expectations of the officers of the army, as of removing all objections which may exist in any part of the United States, to the principle of the half pay establishment, for which the faith of the United states hath been pledged; persuaded that those objections can only arise from the nature of the compensation, not from any indisposition to compensate those, whose services, sacrifices and sufferings, have so just a title to the approbation and rewards of their country: Therefore,
Resolved, That such officers as are now in service and shall continue therein to the end of the war, shall be entitled to receive the amount of five years' full pay in money, or securities on interest at six per cent. per annum, as Congress shall find most convenient, instead of the half pay promised for life, by the resolution of the 21 day of October 1780; the said securities to be such as shall be given to other credittors of the United States, provided that it be at the option of the lines of the respective states, and not of officers individually in those lines, to accept or refuse the same; and provided also that their election shall be signifyed to Congress through the Commander in Chief, from the lines under his immediate command, within two months, and through the commanding officer of the southern army, from those under his command, within six months from the date of this resolution.
That the same commutation shall extend to the corps not belonging to the lines of particular states, and who are entitled to half pay for life as aforesaid; the acceptance or refusal to be determined by corps, and to be signifyed in the same manner, and within the same time as above mentioned: That all officers belonging to the hospital department, who are entitled to half pay by the resolution of the 17th day of January, 1781, may collectively agree to accept or refuse the aforesaid commutation, signifying the same through the Commander in Chief within six months from this time: That such officers as have retired at different periods, entitled to half pay for life, may collectively, in each State of which they are inhabitants, accept or refuse the same; their acceptance or refusal to be signifyed by agents authorized for that purpose, within six months from this period; that with respect to such retiring officers, the communication, if accepted by them, shall be in lieu of whatever may be now due to them since the time of their retiring from service, as well as of what might hereafter become due; and that so soon as their acceptance shall be signifyed, the Superintendent of finance be, and he is hereby directed to take measures for the settlement of their accounts accordingly, and to issue to them certificates bearing interest at six per cent. That all officers entitled to half pay for life not included in the preceeding resolution, may also agree collectively agree to accept or refuse the aforesaid commutation signifying the same within six months from this time.
The Commander in Chief desires the officers immediately concerned will defer reporting their election on the subject of the foregoing act untill the 15th. of April by which time the officers now absent on furlow will have returned, and it will be expected that the reports of the several Lines and corps not belonging to the Line of any State which compose this Army shall be lodged at Head Quarters as soon after as conveniently may be.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, March 30, 1783.
Sir: The News of Peace (tho not official) is nevertheless so positive and the certainty that Hostilities were to cease in America on the 20th of this Month is so great, that the Commander in Chief has no hesitation in Ordering the Waggons, Horses, Drivers and every thing captured to be given up and returned to the British Lines, without the least injury or delay. I am etc.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphrys A D C."]
(Private)
Newburgh, March 30, 1783.
Dear Sir: I was upon the point of closing the Packet which affords a cover to this Letter when the Baron de Steuben arrived and put your obliging favor of the 17th. Instt. into my hands. I read it with great pleasure and gratitude, and beg you to accept my sincere thanks for the trouble you have taken to communicate the several matters therein contained many parts of which 'till then were altogether New to me.84
[Note 84: Boudinot's letter of March 17, which is 11 pages long, is in the Washington Paper.]
Your Excellency will very highly honor and oblige me by a continuation of the friendly and confidential intercourse you have begun and you may rest assured that every part there of which you mark private shall remain inviolably secret.
As the bearer (in the Clothing department) is waiting, I have not time to enlarge. I could not suffer him however to depart without this acknowledgment of your letter, and testimony, of my respect; with Mrs. Washington's Compliments united with mine to Mrs., Miss Boudinot and yourself I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, March 30, 1783.
Sir: Your Excellency will permit me, with the most lively sensations of gratitude and pleasure, to return you my warmest Thanks for the Communication, you have been pleased to make to me and the Army, of the glorious News of a General Peace; an Event, which cannot fail to diffuse a general Joy throughout the United States: but to none of their Citizens a greater Share, than to the Officers and Soldiers, who now compose the Army. It is impossible for me to express the Effusion of Joy, with which I beg your Excellency, to accept a Return of my sincerest Congratulations on this happiest of Events.
The Commutation of the Half Pay, and Measures adopted for the liquidation of their Accounts, will give great satisfaction to the Army; and will prove an additional Tie to strengthen their Confidence in the Justice, and benevolent Intentions of Congress towards them. I have the Honor etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On March 30 Trumbull wrote to Governor Clinton requesting the governor to advise what action should be taken in the case of New York citizens captured under circumstances stated in a letter which Trumbull inclosed, Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers. The men taken were Benjamin Stevens, Obadiah Valentine, and Solomon Palmer, of Crompond, and Tobias Barr, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, March 31, 1783.
Sir: I have received information that Captain Ogden of the Jersey Line has lately been into the City of New York. As I conceive there is a great Military impropriety in such conduct unless he had proper authority for tile purpose, and as I am totally unacquainted with any permission he could have had, I must request you will please to order him to the Army immediately, that public investigation may be made into the matter, unless satisfactory reasons can be given for the unprecedented conduct he has adopted. I am etc.86
[Note 86: Captain Ogden explained in a letter to Washington. dated April 6, and on April 12 Trumbull wrote Ogden that the Commander in Chief "from his former good Opinion of you as an Officer...is willing to look upon your going into N York...as a Step of Inadvertence." Trumbull's draft and Ogden's letter of April 6 are in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. Being informed by the official Proceedings which have come into my hands that Colo Ogden is not now employed on public business I wish to know the occasion of his absence at a time when another field Officer in the same Regt. had leave of absence from the 1st of Janry to the 15th of April.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, March 31, 1783.
Sir: The Article in the provisional Treaty respecting Negroes, which you mentiond to Sir Guy Carleton, had escaped my Notice, but upon a recurrence to the Treaty, I find it as you have stated. I have therefore tho't it may not be amiss to send your Letter to Sir Guy, and have accordingly done it. Altho I have several Servants in like predicament with yours, I have not yet made any attempt for their recovery. Sir Guy Carleton's reply to you, will decide upon the propriety or expediency of any pursuit to obtain them. If that reply should not be transmitted thro my Hands, I will thank you for a Communication of it. With much Regard etc.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbul, jr. From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Head Quarters, March 31, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to inclose to you a letter from the Marquis de la fayette, which came under cover to me, by the Packet Triumph, dispatched by the Marquis and the Count de Estaing from Cadiz to Phila.
All the Accounts which this Vessel has bro't, of a Conclusion of a General Peace, you will receive before this can reach you.
You will give the highest Credit to my Sincerity, when I beg you to accept my warmest Congratulations on this glorious and happy Event, an Event which crowns all our Labors and will sweeten the Toils which we have experienced in the Course of Eight Years distressing War. The Army here, universally participate in the general Joy which this Event has diffused, and, from this Consideration, together with the late Resolutions of Congress, for the Commutation of the Half pay, and for a Liquidation of all their Accounts, their Minds are filled with the highest Satisfaction. I am sure you will join with me in this additional occasion of joy.
It remains only for the States to be Wise, and to establish their Independence on that Basis of inviolable efficacious Union, and firm Confederation, which may prevent their being made the Sport of European Policy; may Heaven give them Wisdom to adopt the Measures still necessary for this important Purpose. I have the honor etc.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, March 31, 1783.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 18th instant.
No alteration in the Corps of Invalids has taken place, since your being with them. The Secretary at War, had in Contemplation to make some Reform, but nothing is yet effected; and it is doubtful, whether any thing will soon be done.
In consideration of your peculiar Misfortune,90 and the Situation of Affairs at the present conjuncture, you will please to look on your furlough as extended to such Time, as you may receive particular Orders for your future Conduct. I am etc.91
[Note 90: Noted on the draft as "short of a Leg."]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, March 31, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your favors of the 17th. and 24th. Ulto. I rejoice most exceedingly that there is an end to our Warfare, and that such a field is opening to our view as will, with wisdom to direct the cultivation of it, make us a great, a respectable, and happy People; but it must be improved by other means than State politics, and unreasonable jealousies and prejudices; or (it requires not the second sight to see that) we shall be instruments in the hands of our Enemies, and those European powers who may be jealous of our greatness in Union to dissolve the confederation; but to attain this, altho' the way seems extremely plain, is not so easy.
My wish to see the Union of these States established upon liberal and permanent principles, and inclination to contribute my mite in pointing out the defects of the present Constitution, are equally great. All my private letters have teemed with these Sentiments, and whenever this topic has been the subject of conversation, I have endeavoured to diffuse and enforce them; but how far any further essay by me might be productive of the wished for end, or appear to arrogate more than belongs to me, depends so much upon popular opinions, and the timper and dispositions of People, that it is not easy to decide. I shall be obliged to you however for the thoughts which you have promised me on this Subject, and as soon as you can make it convenient.
No Man in the United States is, or can be more deeply impressed with the necessity of a reform in our present Confederation than myself. No Man perhaps has felt the bad effects of it more sensibly; for the defects thereof, and want of Powers in Congress, may justly be ascribed the prolongation of the War, and consequently the expenses occasioned by it. More than half the perplexities I have experienced in the course of my command, and almost the whole of the difficulties and distress of the Army, have their origin here; but still the prejudices of some, the designs of others, and the mere Machinery of the Majority, makes address and management necessary to give weight to opinions which are to Combat the doctrines of those different classes of Men, in the field of Politics.
I would have been more full on this subject but the bearer (in the Clothing department) is waiting. I wish you may understand what I have written. I am etc.
P.S. The inclosed extract of a Letter to Mr Livingston, I give you in confidence; I submit it to your consideration, fully perswaded that you do not want inclination to gratify the Marquis's Wishes as far as is consistent with our National honor.92
[Note 92: The original is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library, of Congress. The extract, which accompanies this letter, is that portion of Washington's letter to Robert R. Livingston, Mar. 29, 1782, which is inclosed in brackets, q.v.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, March 31, 1783.
Parole Gratitude. Countersigns Harmony, Industry.
For duty the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
Seven men including two of the best Masons and one Carpinter are to be sent from each Brigade to the New building tomorrow morning 8 o'clock to continue as long as wanted.
The Commanding officer on the Lines will order one company to releive the Detachment from Hazens regt. at the Blockhouse of Dobbs ferry. The officer commanding the Company posted at the block house will take his orders from Lieutenant Colonel Smith.
Colonel H. Jackson is appointed President, Majors Fish and Rice with two Captains from the Jersey, one from the York, two from the first, three from the second and two from the third Massachusetts Brigades, members of a General court martial to assemble at the Newbuilding tomorrow morning ten o'clock, for the trial of such persons as shall be brought before them.
The Commander in Chief, accepts and confirms the following Report:
The Board appointed by the orders of Brigadier General Putnam the 23d. instant to revise and determine the relative rank of Captains Sylvanus Smith and Burnham of the Massachusetts Line and such others as are connected with them in the decision have attended that duty and as there unanimous opinion, Report:
That Captain Burnam ought to take rank of Captain Smith. That as it appears to the board that Captain Smith received his appointment as Captain sometime in the month of February 1777 and as by a Resolve of Congress of the first of April the same year, no officer can take rank by virtue of an antedated Commission it is their further unanimous opinion, that Captain Smith ought to rank in the Line of Massachusetts Captains, next immediately preceding Captain Dix,93 and after Captain Marshall,94 as the arrangement of Captains now stands.
[Note 93: Capt. Nathan Dix, of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. He was transferred to the Third Massachusetts Regiment in June, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
[Note 94: Capt. Christopher Marshall. of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
The Inspection and Muster of the Troops of this Cantonment and the Garrison of Westpoint for the month of march will take place on the following days vizt. The Jersey Brigade on the 7th. of April; York do. 8th; 3d. Massachusetts 9th; 1 do. 10th; 2 do. 11th; 1 Connectt. regt. and Cranes Arty 14th; 3d. do., Lambs Arty. Invalids &ca. 15th; 2d. Connectt. regt. 16th.
Head Quarters, April 1, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your two favors of the 19th and 26th inst. The favorable disposition of Congress expressed in their late Acts appears to be highly satisfactory to the Army.
My Papers for last year not being with me I cannot recur to the Letters which have passed on the subject I am about to mention; but I recollect it was proposed some time since to alter the military Establishment so far as related to the institution of Lt Colonels Commandant; and that for certain reasons I gave it as my opinion the Alteration had better be postponed until after the Reformation which was to take place on the first of Janry. As the original occasion for that restitution has now ceased to exist, as I conceive no reasonable objection can now be made against placing all our Regts under the Command of Colonels, Lt Colonels and Majors, and as it would be a gratification to a number of very meritorious Officers, I could sincerely wish Congress would take the matter up and decide upon it as early as might conveniently be done.
There is another matter I will take the liberty to suggest to you, and to desire you will give me your opinion without reserve on the expediency of it. viz whether there could not be some general Rule devised (without inconvenience or expence to the Public, or detriment to the Service) for giving Brevet Commisions of a superior rank to those they now hold to all such veteran Officers as have served faithfully and bravely in the same grade ever since the first of Janry 1777 ? For example what difficulties would there be in the way of promoting by Brevet all Lts. of that date now actually in service to the rank of Captns; all Captns of the same date to the rank of Majors; All Majors in the same predicament to be Lt Colonels &c.95
[Note 95: Congress passed such a resolution Sept. 30, 1783.]
Perhaps it will be objected that the number would be too great, perhaps there may be embarrassments or inconveniencies which I have not discovered. Under these considerations I should not urge the prosecution of the Idea; but if those objections or difficulties should not occur, or be found to operate against it; the adoption of the measure would I am persuaded be considered as a just reward to merit, and without encreasing the public expence one farthing, would add greatly to the satisfaction of many very worthy and deserving Characters.
I am informed, by some mistake, the Commissions for the Officers of the York Line (the Certificates for which were collected at VerPlanks point last Fall) have not been forwarded with the others, the Gentlemen concerned will be much obliged to you for them. I am etc.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, April 1, 1783.
Parole Kimbolton. Countersigns Limerick, Monmouth.
For duty the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
Wednesday, April 2, 1783.
Parole Nymph. Countersigns Ode, Pendar.
For duty the 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
The following principles being adopted in the settlement now commencing with the Army, it is desired that they be attended to by the officers concerned viz. First: The Accounts to be made out regimentally and include every officer and soldier, except those mentioned in the third and fourth articles, following for the time he actually belonged to the regiment. The transfer of officers or soldiers from one regiment to another, is to be noticed in the rolls; and the pay accordingly to cease in the one regiment and commence in the other.
2d. Three regimental rolls to be made out, one to include the time from June 1st. 1778, to August 1, 1780, and another from August 1st. 1780 to January 1st. 1782, and the other for the year 1782, which are to be seigned by the paymaster and officer who commanded the regt., as far as it can be done.
3d. The officers who have been prisoners to be settled with for the time they were prisoners, individually and not in the Regiments.
4th. Regimental officers while they acted in the staff of the Army are also to be setled with individually on Certificates from the heads of the Departments in which they served.
5. The officers and men of the Commander in chiefs Guard to be setled with in their respective Lines and regiments.
The regimental Pay Masters will call on the Quarter Master Genl. for the necessary paper.
All the Drummers and Fifers in this Cantonment off duty will assemble tomorrow morning ten o'clock at Mr. Hiwells hutt for inspection and further instruction.
Head Quarters, April 3, 1783.
Sir: The Adjt. General transmits you by this conveyance the Order of this date for a Court of Inquiry &c. I shall expect you will forward the Letter addressed to Major Reid with the greatest rapidity it also contains a transcript of the Order.
I consent you should go to Philadelphia for a few days but desire your absence may not be protracted beyond what is absolutely necessary. I am &c.
PS. I intended to have spoken to you respecting relieving Captn. Duncan from the stationary command of the Block House in the Clove; you will please to have it done as soon as may be.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Thursday, April 3, 1783.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Ringwood, Sunbury.
For duty the 6th. Massachusetts regiment.
Brigadier Genl. Huntington, Colonels Cortlandt, and Nicola, are to constitute a Court of Inquiry to assemble on the 15th. of may next at Westpoint or such place as shall be appointed by the president, and examine into the conduct of Brigadier Genl. Hazen and several officers of his corps relatively to the assertions which have been made concerning them by Major James R. Reid at different times and particularly in his Defence before a General courtmartial in the month of December 1780.
Major Reid and all persons concerned will attend accordingly.
Head Quarters, April 4, 1783.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to your Excellency the enclosed Copies of a Letter and Papers98 which came to my Hands last Evening from Sir Guy Carleton: they are of such a Nature, that I have tho't proper they should be communicated to Congress. I give them to your Excellency for that purpose.
[Note 98: The inclosures were copies of Carleton's letter to Washington, March 31, and an extract of a speech delivered at Niagara, Dec. 11, 1782, to Brigadier General Maclean by Tioguanda, a chief of the Six Nations. The original of Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Altho the Complaints of the Indians may not be perfectly candid; it will rest with Congress to decide how far, in our present Circumstances, Policy and Humanity coincide, to prevent as much as possible, the further prosecution of Hostilities against those people. I have only to observe, that the late Acts of Cruelty complained of in the Speech of the Indians, have not been committed under my Direction, or by any parties of Continental Troops; nor have they been sanctified by any Orders from me. I rather think those Acts of Hostility have been conducted with the approbation at least, if not by the Authority of individual States. How far this practice is consistent with the Rules of propriety, or the principles of policy Congress will be the best Judge; for myself, I confess, my Mind revolts at the Idea of those wanton Barbarities which both sides have in too many Instances, been the unhappy Witnesses to. With the highest Respect etc.99
[Note 99: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on April 8 and referred to Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Samuel Osgood.]
Head Quarters, April 4, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 31st Ulto. As no official information of a general Peace has yet arrived, I can undertake to make no definitive arrangements for taking possession of the City of New York, and can only say at present, that, for the reasons you suggest, I think there will be a propriety in your going early into Town, whenever the communication shall be opened, whether with or without Your Detachment will depend upon circumstances, and may be a matter of future consideration. It will not however be amiss for the Troops to have their Cloathing and every Article belonging to them in the best possible Orders.1 I am &c.2
[Note 1: The principal reason suggested by Tallmadge for going into New York with his detachment among the first was "that particular attention may be paid to certain Characters in New York, who have served us very essentially, and who may otherways be treated amiss." Tallmadge's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, April 4, 1783.
Sir: The Subject of your private Letter,3is so important and involves so many Considerations, that I could not hazard my own Opinion only for a Reply. I have therefore communicated its Contents to some of the most intelligent, well informed, and confidential Offficers, whose Judgment I have consulted, and endeavoured to collect from them, what is the General Sense and Expectation of the [Army] at large, respectg the points you mention. And as this is meant to be equally private and Confidential as yours, I shall communicate my Sentiments to you without Reserve, and with the most intire Freedom.
[Note 3: Bland's letter, undated, but indorsed by Washington: "Supposed 25th March 83," is in the Washington Papers under that date.]
The Idea of the Officers, in keepg the Army together until Settlement of their Acco. is effected, and Funds established for their Security, is perhaps not so extensive, as the Words of their Resolution seem to intimate. When that Idea was first expressed, our prospects of Peace were distant and it was Supposed that Settlement and Funds might both be effected, before a Dissolution of the Army wod. probably take place; they wished therefore to have both [done] at once. But since the Expectation of Peace is bro't so near, however desirable it would be to the Officers to have their Ballances secured to them upon sufficient Funds, as well as their Settlement ascertained; yet it is not in Idea, that the Army should be held together, for the sole Purpose of enforcing either; nor do they suppose, that, by such Means, they could operate on the Fears of the civil power, or of the people at large; the impracticability as well as ill policy of such a Mode of Conduct is easily discoverable by every sensible Intelligent Officer. The Tho't is reprobated as ridiculous and inadmissible.
Tho these are their Ideas on the particular Point you have mentioned, yet they have their Expectations; and they are of a very serious Nature and will require all the Attention and consideration of Congress to gratify them. These I will endeavour to explain, with freedom and Candor.
In the first place, I fix it as an indipensible Measure, that previous to the Disbandg the Army, all their Accounts, should be compleatly liquidated and settled; and that every person shall be ascertained of the Ballance due to him. And it is equally essential, in my Opinion, that this Settlement should be effected with the Army in its collected Body, without any dispersion of the different Lines to their respective States; for in this [way] the Accounts will be drawn into [one view], properly digested upon one general System, and compared with a variety of Circumstances, which will require References upon a much easier plan than to be diffused over all the States: the Settlenments will be effected with greater Ease, in less Time, and with much more Oeconomy in this, than in a scattered Situation. At the same Time, Jealousies will be removed, the Minds of the Army will be impressed with greater Ease and Quiet, and they better prepared, with good Opinions and proper Dispositions to fall back into the great Mass of Citizens.4
[Note 4: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "In giving this Opinion, I beg that no Idea may be admitted, that the Army would wish to affect the Fears of the Civil Power or of the People at large, by a Desire to remain in an Entire Body to enforce a Settlement, or to demand by' violence either payment or Security for the payment of their Ballances; nothing is further from the Thort of every sensible, intelligent Officer who at once perceives that such a Measure would be equally unavailing and impracticible; indeed the very Idea is ridiculous."]
But after Settlement is formed, there remains another Circumstance of more importance still, and without which it will be of little Consequence to have the Sums due them ascertained; that is the Payment of some part of the Ballance. The Distresses of Officers and Soldiers are now driven to the extreme and without this provision will not be lessened by the prospect of Dissolution. It is therefore universally expected that three Months pay at least, must be given them before they are disbanded, this Sum it is confidently imagined may be procured, and is absolutely indispensable. They are the rather confirmed in a Belief of the practicability of obtaing it, as the pay of the Army, has formed great part of the Sum in the Estimates which have been Made for the Expences of the War, and altho this has been obliged to give Way to more necessary Claims, yet when those Demands cease, as many will upon the Disbanding the Army, the Pay will then come into View, and have its equal [claim] to Hotice. They will not however be unreasonable in this Expectation. If the whole cannot be obtained before they are dispersed, the Receipt of One Month in Hand, with an absolute Assurance of havg the other two Months in a short Time, will be satisfactory; should Mr Morris not be able to assure them the two last Months from the Treasury, it is suggested that it may be obtained in the States, by Drafts from [him] upon their several Continental Receivers, to be collected by the Individual Officers and Soldiers out of the last Years Arrears due from the several States Apportionments, and for which Taxes have long since been Assessed by the Legislatures. This Mode, tho troublesome to the Officer, and perhaps inconvenient for the financier; yet from the Necessity of Circumstances maybe adopted, and might be a Means of collectg more Taxes from the people than would in any other Way be done. This is only hinted as an Expedient; the Financier will take his own Measures. But, I repeat it, as an indispensible point, that this Sum at least, must by some Means be procured. without this provision, it will be absolutely impossible for many to get from Camp, or to return to their friends, and driven to such necessities, it is impossible to foresee what may be the Consequences of their not obtaing it; but the worst is to be apprehended. A Credit, built by their Funds, and such others as have been good eno' to supply their Wants upon the Expectation of being refunded at the Close of the War, out of the large Sums, which by their Toils in the course of many Years hard Service, have become due to them from the public, has supported the greatest Number of them to the present Time, and that Debt now remains upon them. But to be disbanded at last, without this little pittance [ (which is necessary to quit Qrs.) ] like a Sett of Beggars, Needy, distressed and without Prospect, will not only blast the Expectations of their Creditors, and expose the Officers to the utmost Indignity and the Worst of Consequences, but will drive every Man of Honor and Sensibility to the extremest Horrors of Despair. On the other Hand to give them this Sum, however Small in Comparison of their Dues, yet, by fullfilling their Expectations, will sweeten their Tempers, cheer their hopes of the future, enable them to subsist themselves 'till they can cast about for some future Means of Business; it will gratify their [pressing] Creditors, and will throw the Officer back with Ease and Confidence into the Bosom of this Country, and enable him to mix with Cordiality, and Affection among the Mass of usefull, happy and contented Citizens, an Object of the most desirable importance.
I cannot, at this point of Distance, know the Arrangements of the financier, what have been his Anticipations, or what his prospects; but the necessity of [fulfilling] this Expectation of the Army affects me so exceeding forcibly, that I cannot help dwelling upon it; nor is there in my present apprehension a point of greater Consequence, or that requires more serious attention. Under this Impression I have thot, is a spirited, pointed, and well adapted Address was framed by Congress and sent to the States on this Occasion, that Gratitude, Justice, Honor, national Pride, and every consideration would operate upon them to strain every Nerve, and exert every Endeavour to throw into the public Treasury, a Sum equal to this Requisition. It cannot be denied, especially when they reflect, how small the Expectation is, compared with the large Sum of Arrears which is due; and 'tho I know that Distinctions are commonly odious, and are looked upon with a jealous and envious Eye, yet it is impossible, that in this Case, it can have this Operation; for whatever the feelings of Individuals at large may be in contemplating on their own Demands, yet upon a candid Comparison, every Man, even the most interested, will be forced to yield to the superior Merit and Sufferings of the Soldier, who for a Course of Years, has contributed his Services in the field, not only at the Expence of his Fortune and former Employment, but at the Risque of Ease, domestic happiness, Comfort and even Life. And all these Considerations, how must he be struck with the Mediocrity of his Demand, when instead of the Pay due him for four, five, perhaps Six Years hard earned Toil and Distress, he is content for the present with receiving three Months only, and is willing to risque the Remainder upon the same Basis of Security, with the general Mass of other public Creditors.
Another Expectation seems to have possessed the Minds of the Officers, That, as the Objects abovementioned are not the only ones which must occupy the Attention of Congress, in Connexion with the Army, it may probably be thort adviseable, that Congress should send to the Army, a respectable, well chosen, and well instructed Committee, of their own Body; with liberal Powers, to confer with the Army, to know their Sentiments, their Expectations, their Distresses, their Necessities, and the Impossibility of their falling back from the Soldier to Citizenship without some gratification to their most reasonable Demands [this would be considered as a complimt.]; And to add still greater Satisfaction and Advantage, it is thort very adviseable, that the Secretary at War, and the Financier, should be of this Delegation. Previous to a Dissolution of the Army, many arrangements, will doubtless be thort necessary in both those Department, to procure a happy and honorable Close to the War, and to introduce Peace, with a prospect of National Glory, Stability and Benefit. It is not for me to dictate, but I should suppose that some Peace Establishment will be necessary; some posts will be kept up and garrisoned; Arsenals for the Deposite of Ordnance and Military Stores will be determined on, and the Stores collected and deposited. Arrangements will be necessary for the Discharge of the Army, at what periods and under what Circumstances. The Terms of the Soldiers Service are on different Grounds; those for the War will suppose, [and they have a right to do so] their periods of Service to expire at the Close of the War, and Proclamation of Peace; what period shall be fixed for these. The Levy Men [may be] retained [while the British force remain in our Country if it shall be judged advisable]. If I am not consulted in these Matters, it will be necessary for me to have an early knowledge of the Intentions of Congress [on these and many other points. But I can think of no mode so effectual as the one suggested of a Comee. accompanied by the Ft. and Sy. at W.5 Plans] which to us appear feasible and practicable, [may be attended with insurmountable difficulties. On the other hand measures may be adopted at Philadelphia which cannot be carried into execution: but here in the manner proposed something might be hit upon which would] accommodate itself to
[Note 5: Financier and Secretary at War.] the Ideas of both, with greater Ease and Satisfaction, than may now be expected, and which could not be effected by writing Quires of paper, and spendg a Length of Time.
Upon the whole, you will be able to Collect from the foregoing Sentiments, what are the Expectations of the Army, that they will involve; compleat Settlement, and partial payment, previous to any Dispersion (this they suppose may be done within the Time that they must necessarily remain together). Upon the fulfillment of these two, they will readily retire, in full Assurance that ample Security at the earliest period, and on the best Ground it can be had will be obtained for the remainder of their Ballances.
If the Idea of a Committee to Visit the Army should not be adopted, and you find it necessary to pass any further Resolutions, you will easily collect from the foregoing Sentiments, what will be satisfactory, without my troubling you any further.
[I pray you to communicate the Contents of this Letter to Colo. Hamilton, from whom I received a request similar to yours.] I have the honor etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.
On April 7, before this letter had reached Bland, Congress appointed a committee consisting of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison Samuel Osgood, James Wilson, and Oliver Ellsworth, in consider the arrangements proper to be taken in case of a general peace. On May 6 Samuel Holton was added to this committee in place of Osgood. On April 9 Hamilton informed Washington of such a committee, and asked for his "sentiments at large on such institutions of every kind, for the interior defence of these states as may be best adapted to their circumstances and conciliate security with oeconomy and with the principles o[ our government. In this they will be glad you will take as great latitude as you may think necessary." (See Washington's letter to Alexander Hamilton. Apr. 16, 1783, post.)]
Newburgh, April 4, 1783.
Dear Sir: The same Post which gave me your two letters of the 25th of March, handed me one from Colo. Bland on the same point. Observing that both have been written at the desire of a Committee, of which you are both Members, I have made a very full reply to their subject in my letter which is addressed to Colo. Bland; and Supposing it unnecessary to enter into a complete detail to both, I must beg leave to refer you to Colo. Bland's (a sight of which I have desired him to give you) for a full explanation of my ideas and sentiments.
I read your private letter of the 25th.7 with pain, and contemplated the picture it had drawn with astonishment and horror; but I will yet hope for the best. The idea of redress by force, is too chimerical to have had a place in the imagination of any serious Mind in this Army; but there is no telling what unhappy disturbances might result from distress, and distrust of justice. and as the fears and jealousies of this Army are all alive, I hope no resolution will be come to for disbanding or seperating the Lines till the accts. are liquidated. you may rely upon it, Sir, that unhappy consequences would follow the attempt. The suspicions of the Officers are afloat, notwithstanding the resolutions which have passed on both sides; any act therefore which can be construed into an attempt to seperate them before the Accts. are settled will convey the most unfavourable ideas of the rectitude of Congress; whether well or ill founded matters not, the consequences will be the same.
[Note 7: Hamilton's letter of March 25 has been removed from the Washington Papers by John C. Hamilton and is now in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. In it Hamilton wrote: "The army by their resolutions express an expectation that Congress will not disband them previous to a settlement of accounts and the establishment of funds. Congress may resolve upon the first, but the general opinion is that they cannot constitutionally declare the second. They have no right by the Confederation to demand funds, they can only recommend; and to determine the army shall continue in service 'till the states grant them, would be to determine that the whole present army, shall be a standing army during peace unless the states comply with the requisitions for funds. This it is supposed would excite the alarms and jealousies of the states and increase rather than lessen the opposition to the funding scheme." Washington's letter of April 4 is in the Hamilton Papers.]
I will now, in strict confidence mention a matter which may be useful for you to be informed of, It is that some Men (and leading ones too) in this Army, are beginning to entertain suspicions that Congress, or some Members of it, regardless of the past suiterings and present distresses, maugre the justice which is due to them, and the returns which a grateful people should make to Men who certainly have contributed more than any other class to the establishment of Independency, are to be made use of as mere Puppets to establish Continental funds; and that rather than not succeed in this measure, or weaken their ground, they would make a sacrifice of the Army and all its interests. I have two reasons for mentioning this matter to you: the one is, that the Army (considering the irritable state it is in, its sufferings and composition) is a dangerous instrument to play with. the other, that every possible means consistent with their own views (which certainly are moderate) should be essayed to get it disbanded without delay. I might add a third: it is that the Financier is suspected to be at the bottom of this Scheme. If sentiments of this sort should become general, their operation would be opposed to this plan; at the same time that it will encrease the present discontents. upon the whole, disband the Army as soon as possible, but consult the wishes of it; which really are moderate, in the mode, and perfectly compatible with the honor, dignity, and justice which is due from the Country. I am &c.
Newburgh, April 4, 1783.
Dear Sir; On Sunday last the Baron de Steuben handed me your obliging favor of the 22d. Ulto. permit me to offer you my unfeigned thanks for the clear and candid opinions which you have given me of European politics. your reasonings upon the conduct of the different Powers at War would have appeard conclusive had not the happy event which has been since announced to us, and on which I most sincerely congratulate you, proved how well they were founded. Peace has given rest to speculative opinions respecting the time, and terms of it. the first has come as soon as we could well have expected under the disadvantages we have labd. and the latter, is abundantly satisfactory. It is now the bounden duty of every one, to make the blessing thereof as diffusive as possible.
Nothing would so effectually bring this to pass as the removal of those local prejudices which intrude upon and embarrass that great line of policy which alone can make us a free, happy, and powerful people. Unless our Union can be fixed upon such a basis as to accomplish these ends certain I am we have toiled, bled and spent our treasure to very little purpose.
We have now a National character to establish; and it is of the utmost importance to stamp favourable impressions upon it; let justice then be one of its characteristics, and gratitude another. Public Creditors of every denomination will be comprehended in the first. the Army in a particular manner will have a claim to the latter; to say that no distinction can be made between the claims of public Creditors, is to declare that there is no difference in circumstances or, that the Services of all Men are equally alike. This Army, is of near 8 years standing; 6 of which they have spent in the field, without any other shelter from the inclemency of the Seasons than Tents, or such Houses as they could build for themselves, without expence to the public. they have encountered hunger, cold and Nakedness. they have fought many Battles, and bled freely. they have lived without pay, and in consequence of it, Officers as well as Men have been obliged to subsist upon their Rations: they have often, very often been reduced to the necessity of eating Salt Porke or Beef not for a day or a week only but months together without Vegetables of any kind or money to buy them; or a cloth to wipe on. Many of them, to do better and to dress as Officers, have contracted heavy Debts, or spent their Patrimonies; the first see the doors of Goals opening to receive them whilst those of the latter are shut against them. Is there no discrimination then, no extra exertion to be made in favor of men under these. Circumstances in the hour of their Military dissolution? Or, if no worse comes of it, are they to be turned a drift soured and discontented, complaining of the ingratitude of their Country, and under the irritation of these passions to become fit subjects for unfavourable impressions and unhappy dissentions? for permit me to add, tho' every Man in the Army feels the distress of his situatn it is not every one that reasons to the cause of it.
I would not, from the observatns. here made, be understood to mean that Congress should (because I know they cannot, nor does the Army expect it) pay the full arrearages due to them till Continental or State funds are established for the purpose; they would, from what I can learn, go home contented; nay thankful, to receive what I have mentioned in a more public Letter of this date, and in the manner there expressed. and surely this may be effected with proper exertions; or what possibility was there of keeping the Army together if the war had continued when the victualling, clothing and other exps were to have [ sic]8 Another thing Sir, (as I mean to be frank and free in my communications on this subject) I will not conceal from you, it is dissimilarities in the payments of Men in Civil and Military life. the first receive every thing, the other get nothing, but bare subsistence. They ask what this is owing to? and reasons have been assigned, which say they, amount to this: that Men in Civil life have stronger passions and better pretensions to indulge them or less virtue and regd. for their
[Note 8: The Varick Transcripts has, at this point: "made a Part?"] Country than us; otherwise, as we are all contending for the same prize and equally interested in the attainment of it, why is not the burthen borne equally.
These, and other comparisons, which are unnecessary to enumerate, give a keener edge to their feelings, and contribute not a little to sour their tempers.
As it is the first wish of my Soul to see the war happily and speedily terminated, and those who are now in Arms return to Citizenship with good dispositions, I think it a duty which I owe to candor and to friendship to point you to such things, as will have a tendency to harmony and to bring them to pass. With great esteem etc.
Friday, April 4, 1783.
Parole Tranquility. Countersigns Urbanity, Virginia.
For duty the 2d. Massa. regiment.
Saturday, April 5, 1783.
Parole Wilton. Countersigns Xerif, Yocum.
For duty the 8th. Massachusetts regiment.
No Amunition to be issued from the Magazine untill further orders.
The Muster and inspection of the Army for the month of March is countermanded untill further orders.
Lieutenant Colonel Cochran, Major Scott and Gibbs, Doctr. Cochran, Director of the Hospitals, with one Hospital surgeon, will constitute a Board to assemble at the Newbuilding on monday next for the inspection of the Invalids belonging to the corps in this Cantonment; the Commanding officers of corps are requested to have the men of their respective Corps who have been returned unfit for duty by the Inspector produced to the Board at the time and place above mentioned. a surgeon or mate to attend with the men of the corps they belong to. The Board will proceed on the principles laid down in the orders of the 3d. of August 1782. and report accordingly.
A Similar Board will meet at West point for the Inspection of the Invalids of that Garrison and Hazens regiment coming under the beforementioned discription as soon as Doctor Cochran can attend, of which he is requested to give Major Genl. Knox notice who will be pleased to order three Field officers for that purpose.
Head Qrs., Newburgh, April 5, 1783.
My dear Marqs.: It is easier for you to conceive than for me to express the sensibility of my Heart at the communications in your letter of the 5th. of Feby. from Cadiz. It is to these communications we are indebted for the only acct. yet reed of a general Pacification. My mind upon the receipt of this news was instantly assailed by a thousand ideas, all of them contending for pre-eminence, but believe me my dear friend none could supplant, or ever will eradicate that gratitude, which has arisen from a lively sense of the conduct of your Nation: from my obligations to many illustrious characters of it, among whom (I do not mean to flatter, when) I place you at the head of them; And from my admiration of the Virtues of your August Sovereign; who at the same time that he stands confessed the Father of his own people, and defender of American rights has given the most exalted example of moderation in treating with his Enemies.
We now stand an Independent People, and have yet to learn political Tactics. We are placed among the Nations of the Earth, and have a character to establish; but how we shall acquit ourselves time must discover; the probability, at least I fear it is, that local, or state Politics will interfere too much with that more liberal and extensive plan of government which wisdom and foresight, freed from the mist of prejudice, would dictate; and that we shall be guilty of many blunders in treading this boundless theatre before we shall have arrived at any perfection in this Art. In a word that the experience which is purchased at the price of difficulties and distress, will alone convince us that the honor, power, and true Interest of this Country must be measured by a Continental scale; and that every departure therefrom weakens the Union, and may ultimately break the band, which holds us together. To avert these evils, to form a Constitution that will give consistency, stability and dignity to the Union; and sufficient powers to the great Council of the Nation for general purposes is a duty which is incumbent upon every Man who wishes well to his Country, and will meet with my aid as far as it can be rendered in the private walks of life; for hence forward my Mind shall be unbent; and I will endeavor to glide down the stream of life 'till I come to that abyss, from whence no traveller is permitted to return.
The Armament wch. was preparing at Cadiz, and in which you were to have acted a distinguished part would have carried such conviction with it, that it is not to be wondered at, that Great Britain should have been impressed with the force of such reasoning. To this cause I am perswaded, the Peace is to be ascribed. Your going to Madrid from thence, instead of coming immediately to this Country, is another instance My Dear Marquis of your Zeal for the American Cause;9 and lays a fresh claim to the gratitude of her Sons, who will, at all times, receive you with open Arms; but as no Official dispatches are yet received, either at Phila. or New York of the completion of the treaty, nor any measures taken for the reduction of the Army, my detention therewith is quite uncertain; to say then (at this time) where I may be at the epoch for your intended visit to this Continent is too vague even for conjecture; but nothing can be more true than that the pleasure with which I shall receive you, will be equal to your wishes. I shall be better able to determine then than now, on the practicability of accompanying you to France. A Country to which I shall ever feel a Warm Affection; and if I do not pay it that tribute of respect which is to be derived from a visit it may be ascribed with more justice to any other cause, than a want of inclination; or the pleasure of going there under the auspices of your friendship.
[Note 9: Through Lafayette's efforts, William Carmichael, who had been left in Madrid by John Jay, when he returned to the United States in 1782, as chargé d'affaires, was publicly received as such by the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs in February, 1783.]
I have already observed, that the determinations of Congress, if they have come to any, respecting the Army, is yet unknown to me; but as you wish to be informed of every thing that concerns it, I do, for your satisfaction, transmit authentic documents of some very interesting occurrences, which have happened within the last Six Months. but I ought first to have premised, that from accumulated sufferings, and little or no prospect of relief, the discontents of the Officers last Fall put on the threatning appearance of a total resignation, till the business was diverted into the channel which produced the Address and Petition to Congress which stands first on the file herewith inclosed. I shall make no comment on these proceedings; to one as well acquainted with the sufferings of the American Army as you are, it is unnecessary, it will be sufficient to observe, that the more Virtue and forbearence of it is tried, the more resplendent it appears. My hopes, that the military exit of this valuable class of the community will exhibit such a proof of Amor patria: as will do them honor in the page of history.
These papers with my last letter (which was intended to go by Colo. Gouvion, containing extensive details of Military Plans) will convey to you every information I can give, in the present uncertainty, worthy of attention. If you should get sleepy, and tired of reading them, recollect, for my exculpafion, that it is in compliance with your request, I have run into such prolixity.
I made a proper use of the confidential part of your Letter of the 5th. of Feby.
The scheme, my dear Marqs. which you propose as a precedent, to encourage the emancipation of the black people of this Country from that state of Bondage in wch. they are held, is a striking evidence of the benevolence of your Heart. I shall be happy to join you in so laudable a work; but will defer going into a detail of the business, 'till I have the pleasure of seeing you.10
[Note 10: Lafayette had written (Feb. 5, 1783): "Let us unite in purchasing a small estate, where we may try the experiment to free the negroes, and use them only as tenants. Such an example as yours might render it a general practice; and if we succeed in America, I will cheerfully devote a part of my time to reader the method fashionable in the West Indies. If it be a wild scheme, I had rather be mad this way, than to be thought wise in the other task." Lafayette's letter is printed in Sparks's Letters to Washington, vol. 3. P. 547. The original is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Lord Stirling is no more; he died at Albany in Jany. last, very much regretted. Colo. Barber was snatched from us about the same time; in a way equally unexpected, sudden and distressing; leaving many friends to bemoan his fate.
Tilghman is on the point of Matrimony with a namesake and Couzin; Sister to Mrs. Carroll of Baltimore.11 It only remains for me now, My dear Marqs., to make a tender of my respectful Compliments in which Mrs. Washington unites, to Madame La Fayette; and to wish you, her, and your little offspring, all the happiness this life can afford. I will extend my Compliments to the Gentlemen, with whom I have the honor of an Acquaintance, in your circle. I need not add how happy I shall be to see you in America, and more particularly at Mount Vernon; or with what truth and warmth of Affection I am etc.
[Note 11: Ann Maria Tilghman, daughter of Matthew Tilghman.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, April 6, 1783.
Parole Zealand. Countersigns Africa, Bohemia.
For duty the 5th. Massachusetts regiment.
Headquarters, April 6, 1783.
Sir: It is not improbable, that on the Arrival of the Packet at N York with the Hews of Peace, Sir Guy Carleton will send out an Officer with dispatches for me, containing that agreable intelligence; in such case the Officer may be permitted to come to this place and you will send an Officer with him or accompany him yourself, as you may think proper. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 6, 1783.
Sir: The speedy settlement of the Accounts of the Army being a matter of the utmost consequence, I cannot help repeating to you my earnest desire and expectation, that the greatest diligence will be used in accomplishing it. And I will venture to give it as my opinion, that so many hands as can be made use of, after you have fully digested and settled the principles, ought to be employed in the execution of the business.
No expence that can be incurred by hiring a great number of Writers for the occasion is to be compared with the expences which will arise from keeping the Army together one single day to wait for the liquidation of their Accounts. That the Troops must be kept together a considerable time for this purpose only, will be I conceive inevitable, unless the greatest exertions shall in the mean time be made. And that a variety of other ill consequences may result from a delay in the completion of this business, need scarcely be suggested.
Impressed as I am with the Ideas before mentioned, I cannot hesitate to give you every assistance in my power either by stimulating the Army to uncommon efforts on their part, or by writing to any public Characters in the States to forward the Accounts with the greatest possible dispatch. I am &c.13
[Note 13: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Head Quarters, April 6, 1783.
Daniel Parker Esqr. Contractor for the Army havg represented to me, by his Letter of the 2d April, that in consequence of Instructions from the Secty at War, he has lately been in N York, on Business relative to public Supplies, and having been unable, in the first Instance to accomplish the Purposes of his Mission, and having now a prospect of doing it, applies to me for passport to return to that City.
Permission is hereby granted to the sd Daniel Parker Esqr. to proceed by Water from this Place, by Way of Dobb's Ferry, to N York, for the purposes mentioned in his Instructions from the Minister of War).14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Monday, April 7, 1783.
Parole Canada. Countersigns Dissolution, Event.
[Note 15: Lieut. Col. John Noble Cumming (Cummings).]
The Maryland Detachment gives the Fatigue
The Jersey regiment the Guards tomorrow
At the General Courtmartial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president, Micheal Smith, Jonas Newell, John Blake and Nathan Curtis, soldiers of the 1st. Massa. regt., charged with breaking open the house of Mr. James Munnell, on the evening of the 17th. of March, insulting and abusing the Inhabitants and attempting to kill Captain James Frye and Captn. Benjamin Ellis16 when in the execution of their office, and robbing them of a Hatt; were tried.
[Note 16: Of the First New Hampshire Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
The Court on consideration, are of opinion that none of the charges are supported against either of the prisoners and do acquit each, and every of them.
Elijah Buckman a soldier in the 2d. Massachusetts regt. (by appeal) was tried at the same Court, charged with throwing stones at Lt. Ame's17 hutt and breaking the window on the evening of the 17th. March last.
[Note 17: Lieut. Jotham Ames, of the Second Massachusetts Regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
The Court on consideration are of opinion that the charge is not supported against the prisoner and do acquit him.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court with respect to Smith, Newell and Curtis, also of Buckman and orders them to be released.
The Court martial of which Colonel Micheal Jackson is president is desolved.
Head Quarters, April 7, 1783.
Sir: The Negro Boy, whom it is said Captain Ballard18 attempted to sell, waits upon you with this; he reports that the Person who pretended to purchase him consents to give up the Bill of Sale, upon his obtaining a certificate that Captn Ballard had no right to dispose of him as a Slave. Justice and Humanity require the Matter should be enquired into; that, in case it shall appear the lad is free, and was not the property of Captn Ballard, and in case Captain Ballard has nevertheless presumed to sell him for a Slave; the former may be liberated from his bondage and relieved from his apprehensions, and the latter prosecuted in a suitable manner if practicable. These are the Commander in Chiefs sentiments, and he requests you will take the trouble of causing the Investigation to be made, and Justice to be done in the premises. I have the honor etc.19
[Note 18: Capt. Jeremiah Ballard, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He served to April, 1783.]
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of and signed "D Humphrys A. D. C"]
Head Quarters, April 7, 1783.
Sir: In Consequence of an Application from Major Barber in your behalf, and a Communication from him of the Benefits and advantage you have in prospect from a Tour to france; considering also that the present Stage of the War, may probably admit of your Absence from your military Duty, without Detriment; I have tho't proper to signify to you my Approbation of your intended Voyage, and to consent to your leaving this Continent for the purposes mentioned to me; provided you first obtain the Liberty of Congress to sanctify your Absence; a measure which is indispensible. I am &c20
[Note 20: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 78, XVII, fol. 349.]
Head Quarters, April 7, 1783.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellencys Letter of the 31st of March, enclosing an Extract of a Letter from General Haldimand, with an Extract of a Speech of the Six Nation Indians. The Speech I conceive to be rather uncandid. I have good reason to believe that the Severities the Indians have experienced, have been drawn upon themselves by their own barbarous Conduct. But as those Transactions have not been under my Direction, I am unable to speak of them, but as I have been authorized by Report. The Cruelties exercised on both Sides are intirely repugnant to my Ideas. The Death of Colo. Crawford, I do not think was so justly procured as the Indians declare; for I think I am authorized to say, that he was not in the least concerned in the unhappy Massacre of the Moravian people. Your Excely's Letter, with its Enclosures has been transmitted to Congress, who will take such Measures as their Wisdom shall direct.
Not having received any official Accounts of Peace, it is not in my power to give General Haldimand those Communications upon that happy Event, which your Excellency intimates, or that my own Benevolence would Dictate. I have the Honor, etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On April 7 David Humphreys wrote to Colonel Nicola that the Commander in Chief orders "the sentence against William Ryon of the Invalid Regt to be carried into execution." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Tuesday, April 8, 1783.
Parole Farrago. Countersigns Gusto, Harmony.
The Jersey regiment gives the Fatigues
The Jersey battalion the Guards tomorw.
The sixth Massachusetts regt. to hold itself in readiness to relieve the Hampshire regiment on the Lines.
Captain Simeon Lord22 (late of the 2d. Massachusetts regt.) is appointed Assistant Adjustant General and to be respected accordingly; his appointment to have effect from the first day of February last.
[Note 22: The served as Assistant Adjutant General to the close of the war.]
Head Quarters, April 8, 1783.
Sir: With infinite satisfaction I communicate to your Excellency the inclosed Extracts from Sir Guy Carleton's official Letter23 which has this Moment come to my Hand, by a British Officer, announcing a Certainty of the glorious Event of a general Peace.
[Note 23: Carleton's letter (Apr. 6, 1783) announced the signing of the preliminary or provisional treaty of peace with France and Spain, that a cessation of hostilities would be proclaimed April 8, and that hostilities had ceased between Great Britain and Holland. Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
On this happy Occasion your Excellency will be pleased to accept my warmest and most sincere Congratulations. With the greatest Esteem etc.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 9, 1783.
Sir: I feel great satisfaction from your Excellency's Dispatches by Capt Stapleton, conveying to me the Joyful enunciation of your having received Official Accounts of the Conclusion of a general Peace, and a cessation of Hostilities.
Without official Authority from Congress, but perfectly relying on your Excellency's Communication, I can at this Time, only issue my Orders to the American Outposts to suspend all Acts of Hostilities until further Orders; this shall be instantly done; And I shall be happy in the momentary Expectation of having it in my power to publish, to the American Army, a general Cessation of all Hostilities between G Britain and America.
To your Excellency's Observations respecting particular Articles of the Peace, I am obliged to reply, that it rests with Congress to direct Measures for the Observance of all the Articles contained in the provisional Treaty.25 Your Excellency may be assured that as soon as I receive my Instructions from the Sovereign power of the United States, I shall rejoice, in giving
[Note 25: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "and I have not a Doubt on my Mind, but that that Hono Body wall cause strict Attention to be paid to every stipulation which the Commissioners in Europe have agreed to. For my own part."] every facility in my power to carry it into compleat Execution, that Article of the Treaty which respects the Restitution of all prisoners of War, being perfectly disposed to contribute to the diffusing, as much as possible, the happy Effects of this great Event.
I thank your Excellency for the Assurances you are pleased to express of your readiness to cultivate that spirit of perfect good Will and Conciliation, which you wish should take place between the King of G Britain and the United States and the Citizens and Subjects of both Countries. And I beg Sir, that you will please to accept a Tender from me of reciprocal good Will and Attention; accompanied with sincere Congratulations to your Excellency on this joyful Restoration of Peace and general Tranquility, with an earnest Wish, that, resting on the firm Basis of mutual Interest and good Will, it may prove as lasting as it is happy. I have the Honor etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 9, 1783.
Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to your Excellency the Copy of a Letter which I received Yesterday from Sir Guy Carleton, by the Hand of Capt. Stapleton,27 Deputy Adjut. General to the British Army.
[Note 27: Capt. John Stapleton, of the Seventeenth Light Dragoons, and Deputy Adjutant General of the British Army in America.]
I should have sent it off instantly by Express for the Information of Congress, but being told by Capt. Stapleton, that Dispatches had been sent out by Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby, by way of Elizabeth Town, for Philadelphia, the Morning that he left the City, I concluded that there was not a necessity for so great Expedition. With the highest Esteem etc.28
[Note 28: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 9, 1783.
Sir: As I ever take pleasure in seeing military Merit rewarded, I rejoice at your promotion29 to the Rank of Brigadier General, which you mention Congress has been pleased to grant you and most sincerely congratulate you on the Occasion. I am &c.30
[Note 29: On Mar. 26, 1783.]
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Orange Town, April 9, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor to enclose you a Copy of the propositions made by Messrs Duer and Parker for advancing 3 Months pay to the Army previous to the dissolution of it, and I do it with the more satisfaction because I cannot but hope from their Letter as well as the conversations I have held with these Gentlemen that the measure will now become practicable, and because I know that the most disagreeable consequences may be apprehended unless the proposed expedient shall be adopted, or some other resource opened which will enable you to furnish at least to the amount of three Months Pay before the Troops shall be disbanded.
Acquainted as you are, with the state of Public Affairs, the present temper and disposition of the Troops, and my sentiments of the importance of this subject, it is unnecessary for me to add any thing farther on it, especially as Mr. Parker (who will be the bearer of this Letter) will be able personally to explain his and my ideas more fully than can be done in writing. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, April 9, 1783.
Sir: Your Excellency's request respecting the Prisoners which you expect from N York by Way of Dobb's Ferry, has been communicated to the Intendant of our naval prisoners,32 who is at that post, and I trust Measures will be taken to give such relief and Assistance as may be needed.33
[Note 32: Thomas Turner.]
[Note 33: Benjamin Walker wrote to Turner (April 6), inclosing a copy of Luzerne's letter to Washington of March 30, and directing "a compliance with its contents by affording every possible assistance in forwarding the Prisoners to Philadelphia." Walker' draft and Luzerne's letter are in the Washington Papers.]
The Letter for Capt Macarty,34 was forwarded by a Gentleman going directly to Portsmouth. I have the Honor etc.35
[Note 34: Capt. Jean Baptiste de MacCarthy Martaigue, of the French Navy.]
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On April 9 Humphreys wrote to Capt. John Pray, that the Commander in Chief directs that "you send up a Cockswain and 8 of your best Oarsmen to man his Barge." Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers, indorsed by Pray with the names of the oarsmen, as follows: "Corporal Mitchell, Pease, McHinsey, Lewis, Jones, Johnson, Hendriks, James Bright, Tinker."]
Wednesday, April 9, 1783.
Parole Judicial. Countersigns Iver, Ives.
For duty the 1st. York regiment.
At the General court martial of which Colonel H. Jackson is president, Andrew Russel, Phenias Aston, Robert Conick, John Smith, Abner Wheeler and Thomas Aston, soldiers in the Massachusetts Line, were tried convicted of having inlisted by fictitious names, and desertion, and sentenced, Robert Conick to receive fifty and the others one hundred lashes each on their naked back.
Thomas Colburn of the Massachusetts Line, Arthur Thrasher and Silas Henry of the late 9th. and Stephen Orcut of the 6th. Massachusetts regiment, were tried by the same Genl. court-martial convicted of Desertion and sentenced to receive each one hundred lashes on his naked back; Arthur Thrasher to receive his punishment by 25 lashes at a time, four successive mornings.
Abraham Wilson of the 2d. New york regiment, was tried by the same General courtmartial convicted of disorderly conduct and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in chief approves the foregoing sentences and directs the punishments to be inflicted accordingly.
[Note 36: Of the naval department in Canada.]
Head Quarters, April 10, 1783.
Permission is hereby granted to Capt Richd P. Tonge and Mr Wm Robertson, British Officers, bearing Dispatches from Sir Guy Carleton in N York to General Haldimand, to pass thro the Country, by such route as they shall find most Convenient, to Canada, with their Letters and Baggage; and all Officers Civil and Military, are requested to Afford them such Aid in their Journeys, as shall be found necessary.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Thursday, April 10, 1783.
Parole Kingsclear. Countersigns Lancaster, Maryland.
For duty the 2d. York Regiment.
Friday, April 11, 1783.
Parole Novascotia. Countersigns Oxford, Parnassus.
For duty 1st. Massachusetts regiment.
Head Quarters, April 11, 1783.
Sir: Captain Hurlbutt, an Officer of this Army, who was dangerously wounded about two Years since, wishing to return to his home and being still unable to bear the fatigue of a conveyance by Land; I have to request the favor of your Excellencys Passport for a small Vessel to convey him by Water to New London.38 Captain Hurlbutt will be accompanied only by another Gentleman and the small number of Persons necessary to Navigate the Vessel. I have the honor etc.39
[Note 38: On April 15 Digby granted this passport, and on April 18 Washington issued his passport for a sloop to proceed from Newburgh to New London in which Hurlbut was to proceed. A Captain Arthurs, a British naval prisoner, who was in ill health. was to go in the sloop to New York City. Digby's passport and the draft of Washington's letter are in the Washington Papers]
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, April 12, 1783.
Gentlemen: Taking it for granted the principle is generally understood, that an Officer holding a Commission in the Line of the Army of a superior grade, to that he possesses in a particular Corps, is to roll on all general duties agreeably to his Commission in the Army, and to be considered in the Line of the State to which he belongs, according to the rank he holds in a Corps of that State; the following questions will then arise in the case of Majr. Sumner, who is also a Captain in the 3d. Masstts. Regt. supposing him to be put on the Roster with the Majors of the Line, and take his tour as such in all general details for Detachment, Courts Martial, Officer of the Day &c. what specific Duties shall he perform, at the same time, as a Captain in the Massachusetts Line? for example, ought he to be detailed as Captain of Police in the Brigade to which he belongs, in the present mode of doing Duty, when the Officer of Police reports to the Field Officer of the Day, or not? How are the different Duties, to which an Officer in that predicament is subjected, to be reconciled? or when those Duties shall interfere, which is to supersede the other?
I desire your opinions collectively in writing on these points of Service, as soon as conveniently may be, and am etc.40
[Note 40: In the writing of David Cobb. On the same letter is inscribed the signed opinion of Steuben, Knox, and Huntington to the effect that Sumner must perform all duties in the line, incident to his rank; to report to the field officer of the day, even though he is a junior, and the Adjutant General's roster is to be obeyed before any other.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, April 12, 1783.
Parole Queenborough. Countersigns Radnor, Shaftsbury.
For duty the Hampshire Battalion.
Application is to be made to the Assistant Clother Genl. for another distribution of Shirts, also Returns to be given in to him of the men who have not received Hatts for the last year.
Sunday, April 13, 1783.
Parole Truce. Countersigns Umpire, Vesta.
For duty the 7th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Commander in chief is extremely anxious to have the settlement of the accounts of the Army expedited as much as possible. He hopes and expects the regimental pay masters will use their gratest deligence in compleating the accounts which have been called for by the pay master Genl., and that the Assistant Clothier with the Army will make no delay in furnishing Mr. Pierce with such Documents as may be necessary from the Cloathing Department.
The late Rains having damaged the Causway between the wings of the Army: The Commander ha Chief directs that it may be immediately repared.
The Quarter Master Genl. will order a person to Superintend the work. each Brigade will furnish tools for their own party employed on it.
Monday, April 14, 1783.
Parole Warsaw. Countersigns Xenophon, Yarmouth.
For duty the 4th. Massachusetts regiment.
The Levee's are to commence tomorrow at the public Building and to be attended daily at 12 o'clock on the principles pointed out in the orders of the 5th. of July 1781. and 5th. of September 1782. in addition to which the Commander in chief directs it to be signifyed to the Army. that it will be agreeable to him, for all officers not on duty, or particularly engaged, to attend as frequently as they can make it convenient.
The 6th. Massachusetts regiment will march tomorrow for the relief of the Hampshire regiment on the Lines; the Commanding officer will call at Head Quarters this evening for orders.
AFTER ORDERS
The regiments which have not turned and repaired their Coats, are to draw Lotts for the scarlet cloth which arrived yesterday, such Corps as can not now be supplied must retain their old Uniforms. Every thing that can be done previous to the first of may, to make the troops appear respectable, ought to be attempted an Extra allowance of one ration per coat will be made for every regimental Coat that has or shall be turned.
The Pay masters of regiments which have not began to repair their Coats with their former facings and wish for a proportion of Scarlet Cloth will attend at the clothing store in Newburgh tomorrow 9 o'clock A.M. that a distribution may take place immediately after the lots are drawn.
Head Quarters, April 14, 1783.
My dear Baron: A Committee of Congress is appointed to consider what arrangements it will be proper to adopt in the different departments with reference to a peace.
Colo. Hamilton who is Chairman of this Committee has written me on this Subject wishing to know my Sentiments at large on such institutions of every kind for the interior defence of these States, as may be best adapted to their circumstances and conciliate security with Oeconomy and with the principles of our Government.41
[Note 41: The same request was made of Maj. Gen. Henry Knox and of Gov. George Clinton in brief notes, both dated April 14, the drafts of which are in the Washington Papers.]
I wish therefore to be favored with your thoughts on this Subject as soon as possible that I may compare them with my own and be able to comply with the request of the Committee in as full a manner and with as little delay as can be. I am etc.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 14, 1783.
Sir: Official accounts of the happy conclusion of a Peace, have been transmitted by Sir Guy Carleton to General Haldimand at Quebec by two Officers who passed thro' this place a few days since: but as a very considerable time must elapse before these Gentlemen can arrive at Quebec, and the News be commnuicated from thence to the British Posts in the Upper Country, and as humanity dictates that not a moment should be lost in endeavouring to prevent any further incursions of the Indians (who, it is said, have already struck at Wyoming) I have thought it proper to write to General Mc.Lean43 commanding the British Force in that Quarter, and to inclose to him the King of Great Britains Proclamation for the Cessation of Hostilities; and this Letter I must desire you to forward to him at Niagara by some trusty Indian runner with all possible expedition; the expence attending this business shall be repaid on your informing me of it.
[Note 43: Big. Gen. Allan Maclean (McLean), of the British Army in America.]
You will at the same time give orders to the Troops and Indians under your Command, to forbear all Acts of Hostility against the Troops of his Brittannic Majesty, other than for their own immediate defence. I am &c.
PS. The Dispatch is left under a flying Seal, that you may see the News paper which is inclosed; after reading you will please to return the paper, Seal and send forward.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Benjamin Walker; the P.S. is in the writing of and is signed by Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.L.]
Head Quarters, April 14, 1783.
Dear Sir: Impressed with the same Ideas as are mentioned in your Excellency's Letter of Yesterday, I have this Day previous to receipt of yours, transmitted to Brigr Genl McLean: comdg in the District of Niagara, Copies of several Late Communications from Sir Guy Carleton: One of the Proclamations of the King of G Britain for cessation of Hostilities, and a N York Paper, containg the Articles of general Pacification between all the Belligerent powers. These Dispatches are put under Cover to Colo Willet with my Desire to him that they should be sent with an Indian Runner by the most Expeditious Route to Niagara. These papers I hope will answer the purposes mentioned by your Excellency without the Delay of sendg to Sir Guy Carleton.
The Disaster said to have happened to the Wyoming Settlements, is mentioned to me as a Report only. I hope it is without foundation. I am &c.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter sent is in the possession (1937) of Frederick S. Peck, of Barrington, R. I.]
Newburgh, April 14, 1783.
Sir: Yesterday I was honored with your favor of the 10th. Instr. and beg leave to assure you that the expression of attachment to the people and Government of this Country and to myself in particular, has filled me with pleasure and gratitude.
Congress have made no communication to me of their intention respecting a Peace Establishment, nor do I conceive, under the present state of our Finances they would incline to retain a Regiment of Cavalry in pay. The expence, without an adequate object would be too great for the oeconomy we must observe. the offer of your Services must however be considered as an honourable testimonial of the sincerity of your profession but as it is your request to me to make no mention of the application you may rest assured of my silence. With great esteem etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have been informed that a Comee. of Congress is appointed to take the objects mentioned in your letter into consideration but I am ignorant of what they have adopted, or may adopt in fixing a Plan for Peace.
[Note 46: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey.]
Head Quarters, April 14, 1783.
Sir: Previous to the disbanding of the Army, an event which is to be wished, may take place with as much ease and satisfaction as circumstances will admit, Congress have directed that a compleat settlement and liquidation of all their Accounts shall be made; To effect this the Pay Master Genl. is arrived, with full Instructions to enter immediately upon the settlement, and to compleat it as soon as possible; In performing this Duty he informs me that recourse must be had to the several States for their Accounts (if they have any) against their respective Lines; this requisition probably may have been, or will be, made by Mr. Morris; but as I consider it of the utmost importance both for the ease and quiet of the Army, as well as in point of Oeconomy to the Public, that this business should be effected with all the dispatch that it is possible to give it, I have procured from the Pay Master Genl. the enclosed minutes of what he judges necessary to obtain from the States, as part of the ground of his settlement; which I take the liberty to transmit to your Excellency, with my most earnest request, that you will be pleased to give Directions that the earliest attention may be given to forward, without the least delay, to Mr. Pierce, Pay Master Genl., whatever information, Accounts or papers, shall on examination of his Minutes, be found necessary; together with any other papers or documents which may be thought proper from your State to effect the settlement proposed.
I have taken this liberty the rather, as it is judged, that, on a supposition of the utmost dispatch in the States, the greatest delay in compleating this very important settlement, will most probably arise from the time necessary to obtain their Accounts.47 I have the honor etc.48
[Note 47: The circular was accompanied by a set of queries from the Paymaster General to the States, the evident purpose of which was to enable him to establish a uniform basis for paying off the Army. In the Connecticut circular these queries are in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The draft of the circular. in the Washington Papers, is dated April 12, and the queries, in the writing of Pierce, contain this additional one, not found in the Connecticut document: "Supplies to the families of Officers and Soldier."]
[Note 48: In the writing of David Cobb. From the circular sent to Connecticut, the original of which is in the Connecticut State Library.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 14, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor to inform you that on the 3d of April 1 received from Sir Guy Carleton the enclosed Extract of a Letter from General Haldimand No. 1. On the 8th A Proclamation of the King of great Britain was sent me by Sir Guy, No 2. And on the 10th. a Letter, of which No 3 is Copy was received, requesting Passports for two Gentlemen bearing Dispatches from the British Corer in Chief to Genl Haldimand, announcing the ratification of the preliminary Articles of a general Peace, and Cessation of Hostilities. A passport was immediately granted, and the Gentlemen are on their Way to Canada.
The Distance to Genl Haldimand being great, and his Situation so wide from your post that great Time must elapse before you can receive his Dispatches; I have taken the Liberty to make this Communication to you by the direcrest Route in my power. In Confident Hope, that, altho you may not deem this Information Official, yet that your Benevolence will cause it to be regarded with such Attention that, if it does not produce a total Cessation of Hostilities within your Command yet may at least prevent any unnecessary and Wanton Acts of Cruelty which may have been threatened49 by the Indians on the frontiers; and which may in, their Consequences, prove as disagreeable to them as distressing to the Inhabitants of the United States. I have the Honor etc.50
[Note 49: The letter sent has "meditated."]
[Note 50: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter sent is in The British Museum, Addl. Mss., 21,763, and varies from the above draft in minor verbal details only.
On April 14 Humphreys wrote a brief note to Brig. Gen. John Paterson anti other commanding officers of the various State lines in the Army, stating that the Commander in Chief permitted the sending of volunteer artificers to assist Lieut. Col. Udny Hay in rebuilding his house. A contemporary copy of this draft, is in the Washington Papers.]
April 15, 1783.
Dr Sir: I have been honored with Yours of yesterday and now inclose the passport which the Cored in Chief has been pleased to grant for Mr. Coffin51 to proceed to Boston in case he shall
[Note 51: Thomas Aston Coffin. The name is also spelled Austin Coffin in the passport which was dated April 15, and contained the phrase: "If this is Bona fide the Case. Permission hereby granted etc." This draft is in the Washington Papers.] have previously obtained permission for that purpose from the Executive of the State. It is upon this condition alone His Excellency will make any interference, and this he desires may be explicitly understood in all similar cases untill some further regulations shall be established on the subject. I am &c.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D[avid] H[umphreys]."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, April 15, 1783.
Parole Amsterdam Countersigns Boston, Charlestown.
For duty tomorrow 3d. Massachusetts regiment.
Ensign Herring,53 of the 1st. Newyork regiment, was tried by the General Courtmartial of which Colonel H. Jackson is president, "for Embezling, or misapplying, part of the rum or the
[Note 53: Ensign Benjamin Herring. He served to June, 1783.
Mr. George Bennet, an Englishman, on a voyage from Jamaica, was captured off New York harbor and carried to Rhode Island. From thence he traveled to Newburgh, N.Y., and on April 15 he wrote to his mother describing his meeting with General Washington. "He then with great affability asked me to sit down and to drink a glass of wine. After some conversation, as it was now 2 o'clock I rose to take my leave--Mr B, said he, you will do me the favor to stay & dine--we shall dine in less than an hour--this was honour which I could never have expected & would by no means decline--at table he placed me on the left hand of Mrs Washington--he was on her right & he drank his first glass of wine with me--the company besides consisted of about 15 officers--The dinner was good, but everything was quite plain--we all sat on camp stools & there was nothing to be seen about his House, but what every officer in the army might likewise have in his--Mrs W. was as plain, easy, and affable as he was, & one would have thought from the familiarity which prevailed there, that he saw a respectable private gentleman dining at the Head of his own Family.
"Genel. W. is now just 50 year old--he is a tall genteel figure of a man, rather exceeding 6 foot in height--His countenance is grave, composed, mild and penetrating-- his nose is long & of the Roman shawls eyes a little hollow under the eyebrows but active and lively--his whole countenance is expressive of Sagacity, of Prudence, and of Moderation, & his figure altogether has something of the solemn and majestick, which impresses respect in every beholder...in his dress he was perfectly plain--an old blue coat faced with buff waistcoat and britches of the latter, seemingly of the same age & without any lace upon them composed his dress, his shirt had no ruffles at the wrists. but of very fine linen--he always wears Boots, & never uses a Carriage, but when Mrs W. is with him, & that is only in winter. His hair is a little gray & combed smoothly back from the forehead & in a small queue--no curlls & but very little Powder to it."] value thereof due Captn. Blockers Company for the month of January last," and acquitted.
The General approves Ensign Herrings acquittal. He is released from his Arrest.
Jeremiah Allen, a Drummer of the 8th. Massachusetts regiment, was tried by the same General Courtmartial for stealing a number of Shirts and blanketts out of the public store at Newburgh on the night of the 24th. of march last, convicted and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked breech, to be inflicted at four different periods: Twenty-five at each period, Fifty in front of the 2d., twenty five in front of the 1st. and the remaining twenty five in front of the 3d. Massachusetts Brigades.
The General approves the sentence and directs it to be carried into execution.
Head Quarters, April 16, 1783.
Sir: In reply to your favor of the 28th of March I have to observe, that it is probable that a dissolution of the Army is not far distant; but as it is uncertain when the proclamation of peace and Cessation of hostilities will be ordered by Congress; and as it is of much Importance, for the reasons mentioned by yourself among others, that you should be present at your post previous to, and at the takg place of that Event, I have to desire that you will proceed immediately to Fort Pitt, where your influence and prudence may be much needed.
Particular Instructions respectg the Security and Disposition of the Stores, after disbandg the Troops now in Garrison, it is not in my power to give you at this Time; these you will probably soon receive from the Secrty at War, and will depend upon the Arrangements which shall be adopted for a Peace Establishment, which are now under Consideration: on this decision also will probably depend the Length of Time which will be necessary for you to remain at the Post.
The Pay Master Genl is now takg Measures for formg his Settlements with the Army; in his Arrangement the whole are to be included, and will undoubtedly extend to the Garrison of Fort Pitt.
The Happy Event of a general Peace diffuses very universal satisfaction; with great sincerity I return you my Congratulations on that great Occasion, and beg you to accept my Thanks for the good wishes which you apply personally to myself. With much Regard etc.54
[Note 54: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters, April 16, 1783.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 9th instant in behalf of a Committee of Congress, requestg my Sentiments upon the military Department of a Peace Establishment.
As this Discussion will involve a variety of Considerations, and those of very great Importance; The Committee will indulge me in a little Time to [collect] and concenter my Ideas on this Subject, and they may depend on my communicating them in the best Manner I am able, and at the earliest period in my power. I am &c.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing off Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, April 16, 1783.
Dear Sir: My last letter to you was written in a hurry, when I was fatigued by the more public, yet confidential letter which (with several others) accompanied it; possibly, I did not on that occasion express myself (in what I intended as a hint) with so much perspicuity as I ought; possibly too, what I then dropped, might have conveyed more than I intended; for I do not, at this time, recollect the force of my expression.
My meaning however, was only to inform, that there were different sentiments in the Army as well as in Congress, respecting Continental and State Funds; some wishing to be thrown upon their respective States rather than the Continent at large, for payment; and that, if an idea should prevail generally that Congress, or part of its Members, or Ministers, bent upon the latter, should delay doing them justice, or hazard it in pursuit of their favourite object; it might create such divisions in the Army as would weaken, rather than strengthen the hands of those who were disposed to support Continental measures, and might tend to defeat the end they themselves had in view by endeavoring to involve the Army.
For these reasons I said, or meant to say, the Army was a dangerous Engine to Work with, as it might be made to cut both ways; and, considering the Sufferings of it, would, more than probably, throw its weight into that Scale which seemed most likely to preponderate towards its immediate relief, without looking forward (under the pressure of present want) to future consequences with the eyes of Politicians. In this light also I meant to apply my observation to Mr. Morris, to whom, or rather to Mr. G-- M--56 is ascribed, in a great degree, the ground work of the superstructure which was intended to be raised in the Army by the Anonymous Addresser.
[Note 56: Gouverneur Morris.]
That no Man can be more opposed to State funds and local prejudices than myself, the whole tenor of my conduct has been one continual evidence of; No Man perhaps has had better oppertunities to see and to feel the pernicious tendency of the latter than I have and I endeavor (I hope not altogether ineffectually) to inculcate them upon the Officers of the Army upon all proper occasions; but their feelings are to be attended to and soothed; and they assured that if Continental funds cannot be established, they will be recommended to their respective States for payment, justice must be done them.
I should do injustice to report, and what I believe to be the opinion of the Army were I not to inform you, that they consider you as a friend, zealous to serve them, and one who has espoused their interests in Congress upon every proper occasion. It is to be wished, as I observed in my letter to Colo. Bland, that Congress would send a Comee. to the Army with Plenipo: powers; The matters requested of me in your letter of the ... 57 as Chairman of a Comee., and many other things might then be brought to a close with more dispatch and in a happier manner than it is likely they will be by an intercourse of letters at the distance of 150 Miles; which takes our Expresses, a week at least to go and come. At this moment, being without any instructions from Congress, I am under great embarrassment with respect to the Soldiers for the War and shall be obliged more than probably, from the necessity of the case, to exercise my own judgment without waiting for Orders, as to the discharge of them. If I should adopt measures which events may approve; all will be well. If otherwise, why and by what Authority did you do so?
[Note 57: Of April 9.]
How far a strong recommendation from Congress to observe All the Articles of Peace as well as the ... 58 may imply a suspicion of good faith in the people of this country, I pretend not to judge; but I am much mistaken if something of the kind will not be found wanting as I already perceive a disposition to
[Note 58: Blank in both the letter sent and the draft.] Carp at, and to elude such parts of the treaty as affect different interests altho' you do not find a Man who, when pushed, will not acknowledge that upon the whole it is a more advantageous Peace than we could possibly have expected. I am &c.59
[Note 59: From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Newburgh, April 16, 1783.
Dear Sir: However great the merits of: the Marqs. De la Fayette may be, however important his Services to this Country, and however strong my friendship for, and inclination to serve him, it never was my intention to promote his wishes at the expense of the interest, policy, or dignity of our National character. If my last letter to you therefore, conveyed an idea repugnant to these sentiments, I beg it may be ascribed to the inaccuracy of my expression. I was aware that motives, such as you have described, might be opposed to his desires; and said, or meant to say, if Congress saw no impropriety in the gratification of his request, I was perswaded they wanted not inclination to oblige a man who had shewn such Zeal in the Service of this Country. More than this I did not mean to say; less, I could not if he had any other design in the transcript of his letter (which I gave you) than a mere communication to me, of what he had written to you.
Private gratifications should ever, in my opinion, yield to public considerations where they are built on a proper basis, and I am perswaded that the Marquis, however ambitious, and eager he may be in pursuit of glory, will readily acquiesce to a refusal which is made upon public ground.
I have been thus particular, lest some things in my last letter, which was written in haste (as most of my private letters are) should have conveyed more than I intended. There is no Man upon Earth I have a greater inclination to serve than the Marquis La Fayette; but I have not a wish to do it in matters that interfere with, or are repugnant to, our National policy, dignity, or interest.
As this letter is only intended as an explication of my last, I shall add no more than that I am with much truth etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, April 16, 1783.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Essex, Falmouth.
The 2d. Massachusetts regt. gives the guards and the 8th. the Fatigues tomorrow.
Untill further orders a General officer and the field officers present fit for duty in the regt. or corps which gives the Guards will be of the day. The patrolls ordered for the preservation of good order in and about this Cantonment, the Guards and other duties of the day performed with arms, are to be furnished by one regiment or corps, and the fatigues and duties performed without arms by mother. The Grand Parade will be in front of the New building where the whole of the regiment or corps which gives the Guards is to be paraded, precisely at 12 o'clock, and will perform such Manoeuvres as the General of the day shall direct. The Guards and parties for immediate duty are then to be formed and marched off. That done the remainder of the corps will return to its cantonment and there hold itself in readiness for duty untill 12 o'clock the following day.
In the absence of Major General Gates, Major Genl. Heath will take the immediate command of the Army in this Cantonment.
Officers of each State Line and every other discription of officers under the immediate orders of the Commander in chief who are called upon to signify their acceptance or refusal of the commutation offered by Congress in their act of the 23d. of March 1783, will make their election thereon, and report the same through the senior officer or head of the Department on the 25th. of April.
Thursday, April 17, 1783.
Parole Grottenburgh. Countersigns Hague, Ireland.
A Board of Officers consisting of Brigadier General Greaton, Colonels Stewart and Sproat and Majors Fish and Trescot will assemble at the Newbuilding on Saturday next ten o'clock A.M. to take into consideration the claims of the Candidates for the badge of merit, and will report thereon to the Commander in chief as soon as possible. The papers at the Orderly office and all other certificates and papers relative to these claims are to be put into the hands of Brigadier Greaton before Saturday.
The Westpoint packet boat for the Army is now established. She will leave Westpoint at ten o'clock in the morning and Newburgh at five in the after noon.
The 5th. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards, and the Maryland Detachment the fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, April 18, 1783.
Sir: I find it a duty incumbent on me to communicate to your Excellency the present disposition and Temper of part of the Army. The accounts of Peace which have been received at different times, have raised an Expectation in the Minds of the Men engaged for the War, that a speedy Discharge must be the Consequence. This Idea has been so deeply impressed, that it is become difficult to hold them under that sense of discipline which is necessary to bind together the Subjects of an Army. The slow and dilartory manner in which the Intelligence of peace has arrived to us, has served to highten this Idea; and has led those Men to some Suspicion, that official dispatches and official Declarations have been postponed, through design, that they might be held beyond the Term of their Engagements; under these Impressions, they have in some Instances scarcely been restrained from Acts of Excess. To such a Composition of Men as this Army is formed of, this Idea is perhaps not an unnatural One.
In this situation the proclamation of Congress for a Cessation of Hostilities found us on its Arrival yesterday. This Act being unaccompanied with any Instructions for my Conduct respecting the discharge of this Part of the Army, should it be found necessary, or any Intimation of the Intention of Congress on that Head, has thrown me into a very disagreeable circumstance: knowing the Temper of the War Men, to suppress the publication of this proclamation would increase their Suspicion; and knowing the Expectations, to publish it to men who have not learnt to distinguish between a proclamation for a Cessation of Hostilities, and a definite Declaration of Peace, when they have authentic Information that Peace has actually taken place; would serve to encrease their Expectations of immediate Discharge and stamp any Claims to their further services, with an Appearance of Injustice. Under this Dilemma, and being totally ignorant of the designs of the Enemy in New York, who, from all I am able to collect, are making no shew of an early Evacuation of that City, I found it difficult to decide on the Line of my Duty. I therefore called a full consultation of the General Officers of this Army on the Occasion.62 It was their unanimous Judgment, that it would be impracticable as well as impolitic to suppress the Proclamation, and that it should be issued in this Days Orders. Ar the same Time they are strongly impressed with the Ideas of the little remaing hold which, after this publication, we may expect to have upon the Men engaged for the War, the63 necessary there is, that Congress should come to some speedy determination on this interesting point, of what is to be the period of these Mens Service, and that they should give the earliest Communication to me, of their decisions, for my Instruction. Towards effecting this important Object, it has been seriously motioned to me, that I should hint to Congress, the propriety and expediency of their
[Note 62: Apr. 17, 1783.]
[Note 63: The draft has "absolute."] appointing a Committee of their own Body, with plenary powers, who may immediately repair to Camp, and who may decide on the necessary Arrangements for this important period. For my own part, I am fully in sentiment with this opinion; as such a measure would not only tend to64 help us over the difficulty of the moment, but would expedite the Execution of many other arrangements, which will be found necessarily preparatory to our disbandg the present Army. It might also serve to facilitate any negotiations which may be found expedient to enter into with Sir Guy Carleton, for his speedy Evacuation of New York, an object which at present, seems at too great a Distance for our circumstances. Many other matters will undoubtedly present themselves, which we cannot foresee, and which will require frequent references to Congress; and as much Time is lost in Communications between the Army and that Sovereign Body, a Committee on the Spot, who might give an immediate decision, would be of great Importance, and perhaps suppress many disagreeable consequences, which might arise merely from Delay. One Circumstance has already occurred, as Congress will perceive by the inclosed petition from the Troops of the New Jersey Line;65 another I have this Day heard of in the Connecticut Line; extending to a Claim of Half-pay or Commutation for the Non-Commissioned Officers of that Line; how far these Ideas, if not suppressed by some lucky Expedient, may proceed, is beyond my power to divine.
[Note 64: The draft has "quiet our present uneasiness and."]
[Note 65: The petition of the non-commissioned officers and privates of the New Jersey line, which is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress, prayed for exemption from taxes and that such exemption be certified to on their discharges.]
Notwithstanding the length of this Letter, I must beg the Liberty to suggest to Congress an Idea which has been hinted to me, and which has affected my Mind very forcibly. That is, that at the Discharge of the Men engaged for the War, Congress should be pleased to suffer those Men, non Commissd Officers and Soldiers, to take with them as their own property, and as a Gratuity, the Arms and Accoutrements they now hold. This Act would raise pleasing Sensations in the Minds of those worthy and faithfull Men, who, from their early engaging in the War, at moderate Bounties, and from their patient continuing, under innumerable distresses, have not only deserved nobly from their Country, but have obtained an honorable Distinction over those, who, with shorter Terms, have gained large pecuniary Rewards. This Act, at a comparative small Expence, would be deemed an honorable Testimonial from Congress of the Regard they bear to those distinguished Worthies, and the Sense they have of their suffering Virtues and Services, which have been so happily instrumental towards the security and Establishment of the Rights Liberties and Independence of this rising Empire. These constant companions of their Toils and Dangers, preserved with sacred Care, would be handed down from the present possessors, to their Children, as honorable Badges of Bravery and military Merit; and would probably be bro't forth, on some future Occasion, with Pride and Exultation, to be improved, with the same military Ardor and Emulation, in the Hands of posterity, as they have been used by their forefathers in the present Establishment and foundation of our National Independence and Glory.
Congress will suffer me to repeat my most earnest Wish, that they will be pleased, either by themselves at large, or by their Committee, to pay their earliest Attention to the matters now referred for their Consideration. for I must add, that unless the most speedy Arrangements for the War men are adopted, I contemplate with Anxiety, the disagreeable Consequences which, I fear will be the Result of much longer Delay. With the highest Respect etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on April 21 and referred to Samuel Osgood, Theodorick Bland, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Richard Peters, on whose report it was resolved, on April 23 that, in the opinion of Congress, the time of service of the men engaged for the war did not expire until the ratification of the definitive articles of peace; that those continuing in the service until that time should be allowed their arms and accoutrements; but that, nevertheless, discretion should be left with the Commander in Chief to grant furloughs, or discharges, to those: men, as he should judge most expedient.]
Friday, April 18, 1783.
Parole Kenalal. Countersigns Litchfield, Montreal.
The Jersey regiment gives the Guards and the Jersey battalion the fatigues tomorrow.
The Commander in Chief orders the Cessation of Hostilities between the United States of America and the King of Great Britain to be publickly proclaimed tomorrow at 12 o'clock67 at the New building, and that the Proclamation68 which will be communicated herewith, be read tomorrow evening at the head of every regiment and corps of the army. After which the Chaplains with the several Brigades will render thanks to almighty God for all his mercies, particularly for his over ruling the wrath of man to his own glory, and causing the rage of war to cease amongst the nations.
[Note 67: The anniversary of the battle of Lexington.]
[Note 68: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Apr 11, 1783.]
Although the proclamation before alluded to, extends only to the prohibition of hostilities and not to the annunciation of a general peace, yet it must afford the most rational and sincere satisfaction to every benevolent mind, as it puts a period to a long and doubtful contest, stops the effusion of human blood, opens the prospect to a more splendid scene, and like another morning star, promises the approach of a brighter day than hath hitherto illuminated the Western Hemisphere; on such a happy day, a day which is the harbinger of Peace, a day which compleats the eighth year of the war, it would be ingratitude not to rejoice! it would be insensibility not to participate in the general felicity.
The Commander in Chief far from endeavouring to stifle the feelings of Joy in his own bosom, offers his most cordial Congratulations on the occasion to all the Officers of every denomination, to all the Troops of the United States in General, and in particular to those gallant and persevering men who had resolved to defend the rights of their invaded country so long as the war should continue. For these are the men who ought to be considered as the pride and boast of the American Army; And, who crowned with well earned laurels, may soon withdraw from the field of Glory, to the more tranquil walks of civil life.
While the General recollects the almost infinite variety of Scenes thro which we have passed, with a mixture of pleasure, astonishment, and gratitude; While he contemplates the prospects before us with rapture; he can not help wishing that all the brave men (of whatever condition they may be) who have shared in the toils and dangers of effecting this glorious revolution, of rescuing Millions from the hand of oppression, and of laying the foundation of a great Empire, might be impressed with a proper idea of the dignifyed part they have been called to act (under the Smiles of providence) on the stage of human affairs: for, happy, thrice happy shall they be pronounced hereafter, who have contributed any thing, who have performed the meanest office in erecting this steubendous fabrick of Freedom and Empire on the broad basis of Indipendency; who have assisted in protecting the rights of humane nature and establishing an Asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions. The glorius task for which we first fleu to Arms being thus accomplished, the liberties of our Country being fully acknowledged, and firmly secured by the smiles of heaven, on the purity of our cause, and the honest exertions of a feeble people (determined to be free) against a powerful Nation (disposed to oppress them) and the Character of those who have persevered, through every extremity of hardship; suffering and danger being immortalized by the illustrious appellation of the patriot Army: Nothing now remains but for the actors of this mighty Scene to preserve a perfect, unvarying, consistency of character through the very last act; to close the Drama with applause; and to retire from the Military Theatre with the same approbation of Angells and men which have crowned all their former vertuous Actions. For this purpose no disorder or licentiousness must be tolerated, every considerate and well disposed soldier must remember it will be absolutely necessary to wait with patience untill peace shall be declared or Congress shall be enabled to take proper measures for the security of the public stores &ca.; as soon as these Arrangements shall be made the General is confident there will be no delay in discharging with every mark of distinction and honor all the men enlisted for the war who will then have faithfully performed their engagements with the public. The General has already interested himself in their behalf; and he thinks he need not repeat the assurances of his disposition to be useful to them on the present, and every other proper occasion. In the mean time he is determined that no Military neglects or excesses shall go unpunished while he retains the command of the Army.
The Adjutant General will have such working parties detailed to assist in making the preperations for a general rejoycing as the Chief Engineer with the Army shall call for, and the Quarter Master Genl. will also furnish such materials as he may want.69
[Note 69: "April 19th. At noon the proclamation of Congress for a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed at the door of the New Building, followed by three huzzas; after which a prayer was made by the Reverend Mr. Ganno, and an anthem ( Independence, from Billings,) was performed by vocal and instrumental music."--Heath's Memories.]
The Quarter Master General will without delay procure such a number of Discharges to be printed as will be sufficient for all the men enlisted for the War; he will please to apply to Head Quarters for the form.
An extra ration of liquor to be issued to every man tomorrow, to drink Perpetual Peace, Independence and Happiness to the United States of America.
The Inspection of the Army for the month of March will take place in the following manner and on the following days: The Maryland Detachment and Jersey brigade on Monday the 21st; York brigade and Hampshire, 22d; 1st Massachusetts Brigade, 23d; 2d, do, 24th; 3d, do, 25th; The regiments of Artillery at Westpoint, Sappers and Miners, Col. Swifts regimt. and Invalids, 28th; Connecticut brigade, 29th.
Inspection Rolls may be had at Colonel Stewarts Quarters.
Lieutenant Samuel Mellish70 of the 3d. Massachusetts regiment is appointed Aid de Camp to Brigadier General Greaton and is to be respected accordingly. This appointment to take place from the 7th. day of January last.
[Note 70: He served to June, 1783.]
Saturday, April 19, 1783.
Parole Peace. Countersigns Unity, Plenty.
The first York regiment gives the Guards tomorrow and the2d. do. the fatigues.
An officer holding a Commission in the Line of the Army of a superior Grade to that he possesses in a particular regiment or corps, is (if a field officer by his superior commission) to be put on the General Roster, and take his tour on Detachments. Courts martial and as officer of the day &ca. He is also to perform all duties in the Line of the state to which he belongs incident to the rank he holds in a regiment or Corps of that state; And in case the duties should in any instance interfere, the Adjutant Generals Roster is to be obeyed in preference to any other. This regulation to remain in force untill contrary orders shall be given.
To erect a frame for the illumination the several corps in this Cantonment are to square and deliver at the Newbuilding on monday next the following pieces of Timber vizt. the:
Each Commanding officer of a Brigade is requested to appoint an Officer to assist Colonel Gouvion in making preperation for the illumination. Colonel Gouvion will meet the officers so appointed at 12 o'clock tomorrow at the New building.
Lieutenant Smith71 of the 6th. Massachusetts regimt. was tried at the General courtmartial of which Colo. H. Jackson is president, charged with conduct unbecoming the character of an officer by inviting several noncommissioned officers of the 2d. Connecticut regiment to his Quarters at Mr. Cranes in the highlands, Drinking and gaming with them and by his request detaining them from their regiments at evening and morning Roll call. The Court are of opinion that the charges against Lt. Smith are not only not supported but are entirely groundless and they do in the fullest manner acquit him.
[Note 71: Lieut. Ebenezer Smith. He had been transferred to the Second Massachusetts Regiment in January, 1783, and served to November, 1783.]
The Commander in chief approves the opinion of the Court. Lt. Smith is released from his Arrest.
James Smith, a recruit of the New hampshire Line was tried by the same General Courtmartial and convicted of Desertion in breach of Article 1. section 6. of the Rules and Articles of war, and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
Peter Miller, of the late 4th. New york regiment was also tried by the same court and convicted of Desertion in breach of Art. 1. sect. 6th. of the Rules and Art. of war and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back and be drumed out of the Army.
Caleb Theyer, of the 5th. Massachusetts regt. was tried by the same court and convicted of Desertion in breach of Art. 1. sect. 6th. of the Rules and Articles of war and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
Stephen Aldridge, a Recruit of the Massachusetts Line was tried by the same court and convicted of Desertion, in breach of Art. 1st. sect. 6th. of the Rules and Articles of war and sentenced to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing sentences and orders Peter Millers to take place tomorrow morning.
Head Quarters, April 19, 1783.
Sir: Agreably to your request I now inclose you a Certificate72 of your services, as an Officer in the Army of the United States.
[Note 72: A draft of the certificate referred to, in the writing of David Humphreys, accompanies, this letter and is in the Washington Papers.]
You mention in your Letter that tho' your business in France is of a Merchantile Nature, it is your intention to travel in Regimentals; on this I cannot help remarking, that there may be an impropriety in your appearing in a Military dress when the War shall have ceased and the United States shall no longer have an Army existing, and besides, to those acquainted with the Country you are going to, it is well known that the Military and the Mercantile Character, is there totally different and inconsistent with each other, and however respectable the latter may be be here, in France it is even deemed disgraceful for an Officer to engage in Commerce of any kind.
I wish you a pleasant Voyage and safe return and am etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 75: Sister of Maj. Gen. Charles Lee.]
Head Quarters in the State of New York, April 20, 1783.
Madam: Not till yesterday was I honored with your favors of the 14th. of January.
I delay not a moment to assure you, that, with great pleasure I undertake to procure for you an authentic Copy of Genl. Lee's Will, in which, from report, you have a considerable Interest.
If upon receipt of it, it shall appear that any opinion of mine can be of Service to you, I will submit it to your consideration with great chearfulness. In the mean while, permit me to offer you compliments of condolence on the loss of so near a relation; who was possessed of many76 great qualities, and to assure you of the Respect and consideration with which I have the honor etc.
[Note 76: The draft has the words "and amiable" crossed off.]
Head Quarters, April 20, 1783, 7 o'Clock at Evening.
Dear Sir: In consequence of a Resolution of Congress ordering Arrangements to be formed by me and the Minister at War for the Liberation of Prisoners, and directing a Negotiation to be entered into with Sir Guy Carleton, for the Delivery of the British Posts, I am this Moment returned from Ringwood, where I went Yesterday, to meet and have a Conference with General Lincoln. As the Negotiation with Sir Guy, has great reference to your State, I wish to see your Excellency before I write him on the Subject, and from what I had been told, I promised myself the Pleasure of Meeting you on my Return from Ringwood, at Head Quarters. If it is consistent with Your Excellencys Business and Convenience, I will be exceedg glad to see you here in the Morng. An Express is dispatched with this, on purpose to make the request. I have the Honor etc.
PS. I am obliged to send off my Letter to Sir Guy Tomorrow, on Acco of the Arrangement respectg the prisoners.77
[Note 77: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[CH.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, April 20, 1783.
Parole Arts. Countersigns Agriculter, Commerce.
The 1st. Massachusetts regiment gives the Guards and the 7th. the fatigues tomorrow.
In future when a regiment or corps wants wood for fuel or any other necessary purpose, application is to be made to the Commanding officer, who is hereby directed to order a sufficient Detachment under the direction of a Commissioned officer to procure it from the wood already felled in the vicinity of the Cantonment: of which there appears to be a sufficient quantity. No wood of any kind is hereafter to be felled for any purpose without a written direction from the Quarter master Genl. (except the timber ordered Yesterday to be procured.)
All the Axes now in the possession of regiments or corps are forthwith to be collected and lodged with their respective Quarter Masters, to whom officers having the direction of wood cutting parties are to apply for axes occasionally, giving receipts for the number received and taking care to deliver them on the return of the party.
As there are sufficient and convenient communications opened between the different Cantonments of the Army, and between these last, Newburgh and New Windsor, all persons belonging to the Army are forbidden to cross or lay open the fencing of inclosed Meadows or fields, and the removing or carrying away of rails or any kind of fencing stuff for fuel or other purposes, under the penalty of severe punishment.
The orders of the 30th. of September 1782 issued at Verplanks point prohibiting the making of fires in the vicinity of camp except on necessary occasions are to be observed in this Cantonment.
Monday, April 21, 1783.
Parole Boston. Countersigns Philadelphia, Baltimore.
The third Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards of the 2d regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Lt. Henry Nelson78 of the 3d. Massachusetts regt. is appointed pay master to the same, vice Lt. Mellesh resigned that office. This appointment to take place from the 7th. of January last.
[Note 78: He served to June, 1784.]
Two good Carpinters from each regimt. and corps, and one serjeant (a Carpinter if possible) from each Brigade in this Cantonment to be sent to the Newbuilding tomorrow morning 6 o'clock. They will receive orders from Col. Gouvion and continue untill relieved.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 21, 1783.
Sir: The cessation of hostilities having been now proclaimed you will permit any Citizen of the State of New York or of the United States to pass and repass your Post with any Vessels, Boats or Water Craft, without any hindrance or molestation, on their reporting themselves to you or to such Officer as shall be appointed by you for the purpose. I am etc.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The same letter was also sent to Lieut. Col. William Stephens Smith at Dobbs Ferry.]
[MS.H.S.]
Newburgh, April 21, 1783.
Dear Sir: In answer to your private letter of the 16th. I can promise no more than a disposition to promote your wishes; and this, if it is in my power, and circumstances are not opposed to it, will carry me to the extent of your desire. But no Peace establishment is yet adopted, nor do I know upon what terms it will; whether Continental, State, or any at all; whether the present Troops (who have part of their term of Service to perform) with their Officers, will be employed, or New Corps raised; In a word, I am, at this moment quite in the dark; consequently cannot speak with decision to you. With great regard etc.
Head Quarters, April 21, 1783.
Sir: I have the satisfaction of inclosing to your Excellency a Proclamation which I have received from the Sovereign Power of the United States, ordering a general Cessation of Hostilities, as well by Sea as Land, with Directions that the same should be published to all their Subjects under my Command. In Compliance to these Instructions the same has been made Public in the American Camp on the 19th. with my Orders that It should be made known and publicly proclaimed at all the out Posts of the American Army, as soon as possible.
In Consequence of this Declaration and in Conformity to the Articles of the Treaty, Congress have been pleased to pass their Resolutions of the 15th. instant, directing Arrangements to be formed for the Liberation of all prisoners, and other purposes which your Excellency will Collect from the Inclosed Copy Which I transmit for your Observation.
In a Conference which I have had yesterday with the Minister at War agreable to the Terms of the above Resolution, It has been agreed between us, that the land Prisoners should be liberated as soon as possible, and that Orders should be immediately given for commencing their March towards N York. But as their Situation by being removed to the interior of the Country, is far distant from N York, which will make their March disagreeable and lengthy; we have agreed to submit it to your Excellencys Option, whether to have them marched the whole distance through the Country, Or to have them delivered at the nearest Water which may be convenient for your Ships to receive them; should you choose the latter the followg arrangement has been determined. The prisoners who are lodged at Frederick Town and Winchester in the States of Virginia and Maryland, in Number about 1500 including Women and Children, will begin their March on the Route towards Baltimore, where they may arrive On the 10th of May; at which Time, should your Ships be ready to receive them there, they may be embarked and proceed to N York; if Ships are not directed to receive them at the Time mentioned, Baltimore, they will proceed by Land to the Delaware. The remainder of the Prisoners, being in Pennsylvania, amounting to about 4500, may all (except those at Reading, which are between 300 and 400) be embarked with those from Frederick and Winchester, should they not be received at Baltimore, at Philadelphia, provided your Ships are there by the 5th. of May at farthest to receive them. Should Ships not be ordered by your Excellency to take them by Water, they will be marched in convenient Detachments of about 500 each, through the Country to Elizabeth Town, with all convenient Expedition. In any Case, those from Reading, being in the upper part of Pennsylvania, will march directly to Elizabeth Town.
It is also submitted to your Excellencys Option, to send or not, as you shall think proper, an additional Number of Officers to attend the March of the Prisoners through the Country, and to prevent any irregularities that disorderly persons may be disposed to commit.
In either Alternative, respectg the Receipt of the prisoners, your Excellency, will be pleased to give the earliest Information to the Minister at War in Philadelphia, of your Determination, that he may be able to make the necessary and timely Dispositions to pay all possible attention to your Choice; to expedite this Purpose, and for the Convenience of Transmission I inclose a passport for such Officer as you shall think proper to charge with your Dispatches on this Occasion.80
[Note 80: The draft of a passport, in blank, for Carleton to fill in with the names of such officers as he wished, accompanies this letter, which is in the Washington Papers.]
Respecting the other Subjects contained in the enclosed Resolution of Congress, as they may be discussed with more precision and dispatch by a personal conference, than by writing, I have to propose a personal Interview between your Excellency and myself, at some convenient Time and intermediate place such as may be agreed upon between your Excellency and Colo Humphry, my Aide D Camp, who will have he honor to deliver this Letter. I would only suggest that in point of time the earliest Day that your Excellency can name, will be most agreeable to me. Should an Interview be consented to on your part, the Governor of this State, being particularly interested in Any Arrangements which respect the Restitution of the Post of N York, will attend me, on this Occasion.81 I am etc.82
[Note 81: The letter itself was sent into New York by the hand of Lieut. Col. David Humphreys, for whom a passport was issued April 21. The draft of this passport is in the Washington Papers.
In reply Carleton wrote (April 24): "Considering the quantity of tonnage necessary for the evacuation of this place, and that most part of what we have at hand is now actually employed in this business, and in the removing of incumbrances, which must be sent of previous to our departure, I am reduced to the necessity of adopting the march of those prisoners by land, and I shall accordingly avail myself of your Excellency's passport, and acquaint the Minister at War of the choice I am obliged to make, and the reasons of it. 1 cannot decline the personal interview proposed by your Excellency, and purpose being in a frigate as near Tappan as may be, where I understand you mean to lodge. If I hear nothing from you to occasion an alteration, I intend being up on the 5th. of May, accompanied by a smaller vessel or two, for the accommodation of Lieutenant Governor Elliot, Chief Justice William Smith, and pant of my family." Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull. jr.]
Head Quarters, April 22, 1783.
Sir: I have been honored with your two favors, dated the 12th. and 15th. instant.
In Consequence of the Resolutions of Congress of the 15th. and the express declarations of the Secretary at War, respecting the Sense and Expectations of Congress. Arrangements have been agreed upon between him and me, for an immediate Liberation of all land prisoners; and I have Yesterday given this Information to Sir Guy Carleton. The particulars of the Arrangement, with the Option given the British Commander in Chief, you will obtain thro' the Minister at War.
In order to obtain the Sense of Sir Guy upon the other matters contained in the Resolution of the 15th., I have proposed a personal Interview with him at an early Day. The result of this Meeting, if acceeded to, will probably lead us to a decision upon some Questions which are now doubtfull; and that with greater precision,83 than could otherwise be procured. With great Regard etc.84
[Note 83: The draft has "and Dispach."]
[Note 84: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, April 22, 1783.
Sir: Major McHenry, formerly an Assistant Secretary to me, and afterwards Aid de Camp to the Marqs. de la Fayette, informs me that Congress are about to appoint Official Secretaries for their Ministers abroad, and expresses a wish to go in that Character to the Court of Versailles, or London.
Justice, if I could divest myself of the inclination to serve this Gentleman, would compel me to represent him as a Man of Letters and Abilities, of great integrity, sobriety and prudence. In a word, a Man of strict honor; possessing all those good qualities (without a bad one with which I am acquainted) necessary to fit him for such an Office. He would, I am perswaded, render the Minister to whom he should be appointed Secretary, very happy in such a connection; as he is of an amiable temper; very obliging, and of polished manners. His Interest too lyes in this Country.
I have now to entreat your excuse for the freedom of this recommendation; a desire to serve a Man who has followed my fortunes, and shared in my perplexities, has prompted me to it; but I never have, nor never will, from these considerations alone recommend a person to an Office of trust who I am not morally certain is fully competent to the duties of it. I have the honor etc.85
[Note 85: The draft is indorsed by Washington: "A Similar Letter was written to Mr. Livingston Secretary of F: Affairs."]
Newburgh, April 22, 1783.
Dear Sir: I did not receive your letter of the 15th. till after my return from Ringwood, where I had a meeting with the Secretary at War for the purpose of making arrangements for the release of our Prisoners, agreeably to the resolve of Congress of the 15th. Inset.
Finding a diversity of opinion respecting the Treaty, and the line of conduct we ought to observe with the Prisoners; I requested, in precise terms, to know from Genl. Lincoln (before I entered on the business) whether we were to exercise our own judgment with respect to the time, as well as mode of releasing them, or was to be confined to the latter. Being informed that we had no option in the first, Congress wishing to be eased of the expence as soon as possible, I acted solely on that ground.
At the same time I scruple not to confess to you, that if this measure was not dictated by necessity, it is, in my opinion, an impolitic one; as we place ourselves in the power of the British, before the Treaty is definitive.
The manner in which Peace was first announced, and the subsequent declarations of it, have led the Country and Army into a belief that it was final. the ratification of the Preliminary Articles on the 3d. of February, so far confirmed this, that one consequence resulting from it is, the Soldiers for the War conceive the term of their Services has actually expired; and I believe it is not in the power of Congress or their Officers, to hold them much, if any, longer; for we are obliged at this moment to increase our Guards to prevt. rioting, and the Insults which the Officers meet with in attempting to hold them to their duty. The proportion of these Men amount to Seven Elevenths of this Army; these we shall loose at the moment the British Army will receive, by their Prisoners, an augmentation of five or 6000 Men.
It is not for me to investigate the causes, which induced this measure; nor the policy of those Letters (from Authority) which gave the Ton to the present sentiments; but since they have been adopted, we ought, in my opinion, to put a good face upon matters; and by a liberal conduct throughout, on our part (freed from appearances of distrust) try if we cannot excite similar dispositions on theirs. Indeed circumstanced as things now are, I wish most fervently that all the Troops which are not retained for a Peace Establishment were to be discharged immediately, or such of them at least as do not incline to await the Settlement of their Accts. If they continue here, their claims, I can plainly perceive, will encrease; and our perplexities multiply. A Petition is this moment handed to me from the Non cored. Officers of the Connecticut line solliciting half Pay; It is well drawn I am told, but I did not read it; I sent it back without appearing to Understand the Contents, because it did not come through the Channel of their Officers. This may be followed by others, and I mention it to shew the necessity, the absolute necessity of discharging the Wars men as soon as possible.
I have taken much pains to support Mr. Morris's Administration in the Army, and in proportion to its numbers I believe he had not more friends any where; but if he will neither adopt the mode which has been suggested, point out any other, nor shew cause why the first is either impracticable or impolitic (I have heard he objects to it,) they will certainly attribute their disappointment to a luke warmness in him, or some design incompatable with their Interests; and here, my dear Colo. Hamilton, let me assure you, that it would not be more difficult to still the raging Billows in a tempestuous Gale, than to convince the Officers of this Army of the justice or policy of paying men in Civil Offices full wages, when they cannot obtain a Sixtieth part of their dues. I am not unapprised of the Arguments which are made use of upon this occasion, to discriminate the cases; but they really are futile; and may be summed up in this, that, tho' both are contending for the same rights, and expect equal benefits, yet, both cannot submit to the same inconveniences to obtain them; otherwise, to adopt the language of simplicity and plainness, a Ration of Salt Porke with, or without Pease, as the case often is, would support the one as well as the other and in such a struggle as ours, wd. in my opinion, be alike honourable in both.
My anxiety to get home increases with the prospect of it, but when is it to happen? I have not heard that Congress have yet had under consideration the Lands, and other gratuities, which at different periods of the War, have been promised to the Army. Do not these things evince the necessity of a Committee's repairing to Camp, in order to arrange and adjust matters without spending time in a tedious exchange of Letters. Unless something of this kind is adopted, business will be delayed and expences accumulated; or the Army will break up in disorder; go home enraged, complaining of injustice, and committing enormities on the innocent Inhabitants in every direction.
I write to you unreservedly. If therefore, contrary to my apprehension, all these matters are in a proper train, and Mr. Morris has devised means to give the Army three Months pay, you will, I am perswaded excuse my precipitency and sollicitude, by ascribing it to an earnest wish to see the War happily, and honourably terminated; to my anxious desire of enjoying same repose; and the necessity of my paying a little attention to my private concerns, which have suffered considerably in Eight years absence.
Mr. Henry, expressing, a letter I have lately received from him, a wish to be appointed Official Secretary to the Court of Versailles, or London, I have by this oppertunity written to Mr. Livingston, and Mr. Maddison; speaking of him in warm terms, and wish him success with all my heart. I am etc.86
[Note 86: From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Newburgh, April 22, 1783.
Sir: I have lately received a Letter from Miss Lee, Sister to the deceased General Lee, requesting me to obtain for her, an authentic copy of his Will. this I have promised to do, and know of no way so likely to effect it, soon, as by applying to you. May I therefore entreat the favor of you to procure, and send to me an attested Copy thereof? any expence that may attend it, I will pay.
If I knew in what Office the Will was recorded I would have made a direct application to it without giving you any trouble; as I do not this, must be my apology for the application from Sir Yr etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, April 22 1783.
Parole Ticonderoga. Countersigns Niagara, Detroit.
The Hampshire regiment gives the Guards and the Hampshire Battalion the fatigues tomorrow.
Untill further orders there is to be a Camp Guard mounted by each Brigade in this Cantonment, for the preservation of good order.
Head Quarters, April 23,87 1783.
[Note 87: The draft: is dated April 22.]
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 10th. instant.
Congress having, by several Arrangements, given me reason to believe, that their sense of the preliminary Articles is such, that there is no doubt but they will terminate in a definitive Treaty; I cannot suppose that there will be a Necessity of the further Continuance of the French Troops in the United States. Nor can I have a Wish that those brave Men, Officers and Soldiers, who have served so nobly, and deserved so honorably from these States, should meet with One moments unnecessary Delay in their return to their native Country and Friends. But the desire of my Heart is, that they will be pleased to carry with them, an Idea of the high veneration I have conceived of their services, and the particular Attachment I shall always entertain for their Persons. With the highest Respect etc.88
[Note 88: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From the original in the Paris Archives, Affs. Etrang., Mems. et Does., E. U., vol. 6.]
[Note 89: Claude, Baron de L'Estrade, lieutenant colonel of the Regiment Gatinais (after Yorktown called the Royale-Auvergne).]
Head Quarters, April 23, 1783.
Sir: I have received your Letter dated St. Domingo 25th of March, requesting my Interposition with Congress, and the Ambassador from the United States at the Court of France, for your obtaing a Command in that Island.
Sensible of your merit as an Officer, and willing to Interest myself in your favor as far as circumstances will permit, I have forwarded your Memorial to Congress, and have communicated your Request and prentensions to Doctr Franklin, with a Desire that he will be pleased to use his Influence in France, as far as the Rules of Propriety will admit, towards obtaing for you, the Object you so earnestly wish.90 I am &c.91
[Note 90: On April 23 Washington wrote to the President of Congress, forrwarding L'Estrade's memorial, and Washington's letter to Benjamin Franklin, on the matter. The letter to Congress and the baron's memorial are in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 23, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 16th. instant.
The case of Mr. Reckless I have referred to the Secrety. at War, who will take care to fulfill his wishes.92
[Note 92: On this same day (April 23) Washington wrote to the Secretary at War that Mr. Reckless "havg served a long Time in the Corps [of Engineers] with an Encouragement of a Commission, I think it very proper that his Expectations should be fulfilled." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
In answer to your Questions respecting the Engineers, I can only say, that a Peace Establishment is now under consideration, in which it is recommended that Congress should form Military Academies and Manufactories, as a part of their Establishment; should this Idea be adopted, and the plan carried into execution; it will doubtless, be necessary for us to retain some of the French Engineers now in America, for the first beginning of the Institution. The particular Number or persons cannot now be pointed out, but I am persuaded that none will be more agreeable than those Gentlemen of your Corps who have distinguished themselves in our Service with so much Ability and Satisfaction. Yours &c.93
[Note 93: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb and Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 23, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose to you, a Letter and Memorial I have just received from Baron De L'Estrade, an Old Veteran who served with us at the Siege of York; from my acquaintance with this Officer, joined to the general good Character he had, I feel strongly inclined to serve him; but there may be many reasons to render such an interference as he requests improper; all I can do therefore is to submit the matter to you, with a wish that so far as Circumstances and the rules of propriety will admit, you may interest yourself in his favor.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Wednesday, April 23, 1783.
Parole Ticonderoga. Countersigns Niagara, Detroit.
The Maryland Detachment gives the Guards and the 4th. Massachusetts regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
In future the Troop shall beat at 8 o'clock in the morning and the Tattoo at 9 in the evening.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, April 23,95 1783.
[Note 95: The draft is dated April 22.]
Sir: I have received your favor of the 14th. instant. Apprehending the same delay in the Conveyance of the News of Peace by Way of Canada, which you mention, I have written to Brigr Genl McLean, comrnandg at Niagara, giving him the Information as I had received it from Sir Guy Carleton. This Letter was inclosed to your Care more than a Week ago; I hope it has been received, and transmitted agreeable to my desire.
This Intelligence given to the Western posts, altho not official, yet will I hope, be received with some Attention, and serve to prevent those mischiefs which we have been led to apprehend, from the late disposition of the Indians.
Your Congratulations on the great Event of Peace, I accept with much pleasure, and beg you to be assured that I make you a Return of mine with equal satisfaction.
Your request to go to New York, I shall gladly indulge as soon as matters are a little more settled than they are at present. With Regard I am etc.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On April 23 Congress resolved that the time of the men enlisted for the war did not expire until the ratification of the definitive treaty of peace; that such noncommissioned officers and soldiers as remained until that period should be allowed to ret. in their arms and accoutrements; and that the Commander in Chief could grant furloughs or discharges as he might deem expedient. (See General Orders, May 1, 1783.)]
[H.L.]
Newburgh, April 24, 1783.
Dear sir: Immediately upon the receipt of your letter of the 15th. Expressive of your wish to go to the Court of Versailles, or London as official Secretary to the Embassy, I wrote to Messrs. Livingston and Maddison on the subject, and mentioned you in warm terms to them. the Letters will go by this days Post.
I thank you very sincerely for your kind congratulation on the approaching Peace; none can enjoy it with more heart felt satisfaction than myself; but when I shall be able to leave this place is uncertain. there are many embarrassing matters to settle first, and I am at this moment surrounded by more perplexing circumstances than you can have an idea of.
As I shall have pleasure in spending a day at Baltimore on my return home, I can have no merit in complying with what you say is the wish of the Citizens of that place;97 from whom I have received many marks of attention and politeness. I am etc.
[Note 97: McHenry had written (April 15) that the citizens of Baltimore "all anxiously wish to possess you for one day at Baltimore, and 1 beg you will make it convenient to oblige them in what they have so much at heart." McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Newburgh, April 24, 1783.
Dear Sir: I received with much pleasure the kind congratulations contained in your letter of the 25th. Ulto. from Philadelphia, on the honorable termination of the War. No Man, indeed, can relish the approaching Peace with more heart felt, and grateful satisfaction than myself. A Mind always upon the stretch, and tortured with a diversity of perplexing circumstances, needed a respite; and I anticipate the pleasure of a little repose and retirement. It has been happy for me, always to have Gentlemen about me willing to share my troubles, and help me out of difficulties. to none of these can I ascribe a greater share of merit than to you.
I can scarce form an idea at this moment, when I shall be able to leave this place. the distresses of the Army for want of Money; the embarrassments of Congress, and the conseqt. delays, and disappointments on all sides, encompass me with difficulties; and produce, every day, some fresh source for uneasiness. But as I now see the Port opening to which I have been steering, I shall persevere till I have gained admittence. I will then leave the States to improve their present constitution, so as to make that Peace and Independencey for which we have fought and obtained, a blessing to Millions yet unborn; but to do this, liberallity must supply the place of prejudice, and unreasonable jealousies must yield to that confidence, which ought to be placed in the sovereign Power of these States. In a word the Constitution of Congress must be competent to the general purposes of Government; and of such a nature as to bind us together. otherwise, we may well be compared to a rope of Sand, and shall as easily be broken and in a short time become the sport of European politics, altho' we might have no great inclination to jar among ourselves.
From the intimation in your Letter, and what I have heard from others I presume this letter will find you in the State of Wedlock. On this happy event I pray you, and your Lady, to accept of my best wishes, and sincerest congratulations; in which Mrs. Washington joins hers most cordially. With the most Affectionate esteem, etc.98
[Note 98: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, April 24, 1783.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Newyork, Boston.
The 8th. Massachusetts regiment gives the Guards and the5th. regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Lieutenant John Blair of the Jersey regt. is appointed Paymaster to the same vice Lt. Martin99 promoted. This appointment to take place the 6th. January last.
[Note 99: Lieut. Absalom Martin, of the First New Jersey Regiment.]
As it may happen that guards or Detachments not detailed when a regiment is warned for duty may be called for on the Grand perade, or even the whole regt. sent on immediate duty, it is to march to the Grand parade prepared for such an event. The Platoons are to be told off and the regt. completely formed for exercise on its own parade previous to its marching; having arrived on the Grand parade, formed the Line and dressed the ranks, the Commanding officer of the regt. is to inform the General of the day that the regt. is ready for exercise.
If the General orders the Guards to be turned off without any exercise, the Colo. or commandg. officer is to order the Adjutant to form the Guards and then take post together with all the other Field officers of the regt. as officers of the day. The Adjutant shall then order the officers and men warned for immediate duty to advance to the front, face to the right, march and draw up on the right of the regt.; The reserve shall then by order from the senior Captn., close up to the left, dress ranks, order their arms and remain perfectly steady untill the Adjt. has examined and formed the Guards agreably to the Regulations.
When the Guards are formed the Adjutant shall order the Reserve, to sholder, the whole to present arms and inform the General of the day that the Guards are ready.
Friday, April 25, 1783.
Parole Providence. Countersigns Portsmouth, Hartford.
The Jersey Battalion gives the Guards and the Jersey regt.the Fatigues tomorrow.
Each Brigade in this Cantonment is to deliver at the Newbuilding tomorrow 12 o'clock, one piece of well hewn Timber thirty feet long, and 7 inches square.
Head Quarters, April 25, 1783.
Sir: Your Letter of the 18th. was received Yesterday informing of your sending on the dispatches to Genl McLean, and the Sum of Expence:
Agreeable to your Desire I have engaged the twenty seven pounds N York Currency to be deposited in the Hands of Mr Glen at Schenectady. Colo Duer has promised me to have this Done by the Time you mention.
The Information forwarded by you to the post of Oswego, is perfectly approved by me and hope it will have a salutary Effect. I am &c.1
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 2: Formerly the French consul at Boston.]
Head Quarters, April 25, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 10th. inst. And am obliged by the Expressions of Congratulation which you are pleased to make on the happy Event of a Peace.
You will pardon me, when I inform you, that I should gladly comply with your request of recommendg you to the Minister of France, did I not conceive that such interposition would involve an Idea of Impropriety. For me, a stranger, to interest myself in Appointments to be made by another Nation, might perhaps appear officious; I am therefore obliged to decline it. At the same Time I am persuaded, that your Character and Merits are so well known to the Minister, that my Interposition in your favor, with the Chevalr. will be unnecessary. I am, &c.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, April 25, 1783.
Sir: I have been very agreeably favored with your Letter of the 25th. of febry.4 dated from Germany.
[Note 4: Should be February 15.]
The part your States5 have taken in the cause of the United States of America, has inspired the Sons of the Latter with the happiest presages of a most benificial Connection between the two Republics. Sister Republics whose similarity of Constitution, Interests and Religion bid fair to bind them together by the most lasting Ties. The Idea gives me peculiar Satisfaction; And it is the Wish of my Heart, that the Union now commencing, may be as durable as it is pleasing; nay, that, grounded in reciprocal Interest and Affection, it may be perpetual as Time.
[Note 5: The United Netherlands.]
The distinguished part you have taken in the great Events of the present Age, and your Affection for the Interests and Happiness of our rising Nation, will endear your Character with the Sons of American Freedom, among whom you have long been spoken of with Terms of particular Veneration and Respect.
For the Return of those worthy Characters the Baron Vander der Capellon6 and Pensionary Van Berkel7 to the affection of their Countrymen, and their former Station and Usefulness in your Republic, I most sincerely rejoice; and beg leave, with great sincerity, to participate in your Joy on that happy Event, which is a Subject of my warmest Congratulations to you.
[Note 6: Joan Derk, Baron Vander Capellen de Pol, a member of the House of Nobles of the Province of Overijssel, Holland.]
[Note 7: Engelbert Francis Van Berckel, Grand Pensionary of Holland.]
If in any period of my Life, I can ever be serviceable, by myself or Friends to the particular Interest of yourself or Family, you may be assured the Occasion will give me the highest satisfaction, and will be esteemed among the most fortunate Circumstances that shall ever attend me. I am &c.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of JonathanTrumbull, jr.]
Saturday, April 26, 1783.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns York, Hampton.
The 2nd. Newyork regt. gives the Guards and the 1st. Newyork regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Sunday, April 27, 1783.
Parole Cumberland. Countersigns Bedford, Westmoreland.
The Hampshire regt. gives the Guards and the 1st. Massachusetts regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
The Maryland Detachment and Hampshire battalion will march on tuesday next to the relief of the 6th. Massachusetts regt. on the Lines.
The Board appointed to take into consideration the claims of the Candidates for the Badge of merit.9 Report. That Serjeant Churchill of the 2d regt. of Light Dragoons and Serjeant Brown10 of the late 5th Connecticut regt. are in their opinion
[Note 9: Now known as the "Purple Heart."]
[Note 10: Sergt, William Brown.] severally entitled to the badge of Military merit and do therefore recommend them to His Excellency the Commander in chief, as suitable characters for that honorary distinction.
The Commander in cheif is pleased to order the before named Serjt. Elijah Churchill of the 2d. regt. of Light Dragoons and Serjt. Brown of the late 5th. Connecticut regiment to be each of them invested with the badge of merit. They will call at Head Quarters on the third of May, when the necessary Certificates and Badges will be ready for them.
Head Quarters, April 28, 1783.
Sir: Being informed by Colo Humphry as well as by your Letter to me, that you have been induced to accept, for the present, the superintendence of the Embarkation from N York of the Tories and Refugees who are leaving the Country, and to prevent if possible, their carrying off any Negroes or other property of the Inhabitants of the United States; [and having seen Sir Guy Carleton Orders on this Head] I take the Liberty of inclosing to you a List and description of Negroes which has been sent me by Govt. Harrison of Virginia, and to beg that you will improve the Opportunity you will have, of obtaing and securing them agreeable to the Govr's Request, if they are to be found in the City. Your Endeavours will not only be very obliging to the Governor, but will be thankfully acknowledged by me.
Some of my own slaves, [and those of Mr. Lund Washington who lives at my Ho] may probably be in N York but I am unable able to give you their Descriptions; their Names being so easily changed, will be fruitless to give you. If by Chance you should come at the knowledge of any of them, I will be much obliged by your securingthem, so that I may obtain them again.
This Business which you have undertaken, altho troublesome to yourself, and as I imagine, very difficult in the Execution; yet, as I am persuaded you have accepted it from the best motives, will I hope, be of utility to the Subjects of the United States, and therefore cannot, I think, involve any impropriety of Conduct in your being concerned, untill Measures are adopted by Congress, for the Appointment of persons for this purpose. With much regard etc.
[PS. Since writing the above I have received a Letter from Mr. Lund Washington respecting some of his Negroes, a list of which with my own is herewith inclosed.]11
[Note 11: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. From the original in the Boston Public Library. The portions in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington, and his spelling is followed. In addition, the draft, which does not contain the P.S., has the following crossed off at the end of the letter: "This Appointment, I should hope, will be soon made, as the Secretary of foreign Affairs has been written to on the Subject."]
Head Quarters, April 28, 1783.
Sir: In reply to your Letter of the 17th. Instant I can only say: That having forwarded your Letter to Governor Harrison, by a good Conveyance, and having good reason to suppose it has not failed; it will be very improper for me, in my situation, to interest myself any further; nor can I presume to give you any further Directions in your Case until you have an Answer to your Application to the State of Virginia. I am &c.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Monday, April 28, 1783.
Parole --. Countersign --.
The 7th. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards and the 4th. the fatigues tomorrow.
Major Sumner13 is appointed a member of the board whereof General Greaton is president, vice Major Fish on Court martial.
[Note 13: Maj. Job Sumner.]
At the Genl. courtmartial of which Col. H. Jackson is president, Lieutenant Abraham Kinney14 of Sheldons Light Dragoons was tried. 1st. for going below our Lines on the 4th of February last without proper authority or liberty for so doing.
[Note 14: Lieut. Abraham Kenny (Kinney), of the Second Continental Dragoons. He retired in October. 1783.]
2dly. For aiding, assisting, conniving at and being concerned in an illicit intercourse of Traffic with the Enemy on the said 4th. of February in contempt and disobedience of the orders of His Excellency the Commander in chief of December 12th. 1779.
3dly. For opposing and resisting Lieutt. Stewart15 in the exercise of his duty, exerting himself to detect and prevent such illicit intercourse: ageably to the above mentioned orders on the same 4th. of February.
[Note 15: Lieut. William Stuart (Stewart), of the Second Canadian Regiment.]
4thly. For leaving the Cantonment of Genl. Hazens regt. at Pompton in contempt and disobedience of the orders of Brigadier Genl. Hazen of the 5th. of February last.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that the 1st. and 3d. charges against Lt. Kenney are supported, yet they do not find his opposition to Lt. Stewart was attended with an intention of encourageing the illicit Traffick. They are also of opinion that the 2d. and 4th. Charges are not supported.
The Court adjudges the conduct of Lt. Kenney as found supported on the 1st. and 3d. charges to be in breach of article 5th. section 18th. of the Rules and Articles of war and sentence him to ask pardon of Lieutt. Stewart and to be reprimanded in Genl. orders. They acquit him of the 2d. and 4th. charges.
The Commander in cheif approves the opinion of the court.
Tho, it does not appear from the trial that Mr. Kenney was concerned in any illicit Traffic, yet his going below the Lines and being there in company with persons of suspicious characters was highly improper. His conduct in opposing Lt. Stewart in the execution of his duty, and the language it appears he made use of on that occasion were derogatory to the character an officer should support.
When Lieutenant Kenney has complied with the sentence he is to be released, from his arrest.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, April 29, 1783.
Parole Jersey. Countersigns Princeton, Trintown.
The 2d. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards and the 3d. regt. the Fatigues tomorrow.
[Note 16: Of the Second Canadian Regiment. He retired in July, 1783.]
[Note 17: Capt. Leonard Bleeker, of the First New York Regiment. He served to November 1783.]
[Note 18: Of the First New York Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
Head Quarters, April 30, 1783.
Gentlemen: It having been suggested to me that such a Measure would be agreeable to many Officers, I had, Some Time before I received your Letter and Memorial of the 26th instant, written to the Secty at War, making the same proposition as is mentioned by you, exclusive of the Idea of Emoluments (which Idea was particularly hinted); and grounded the propriety of the Measure upon the principle of its involving no additional Expence in the Execution; at the same Time that it would prove an agreeable Reward to Merit, and be a grateful Satisfaction to many deserving Officers.
This proposition is probably now under Consideration; to extend it therefore at this Time, so as to embrace the Emoluments of Compensation, would I confess, be going beyond my own Ideas, and would perhaps be a means of preventing the Attainment of the Rank I have solicited. I would advise therefore to a suspension at least, for the present if not a suppression of the Memorial, which has been handed me. I am &c.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Wednesday, April 30, 1783.
Parole Portugal. Countersigns Lisbon, Oporto.
The 5th. Massa. regt. gives the Guards, and the 8th. the Fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, April 30, 1783.
Sir: I inclose to you the Reports, which I have received from the several Lines and Corps of the Army under my Command, accepting the Commutation proposed by the Resolution of Congress of the 22d of March. Colo Olney's Regiment being at Saratoga, I have not yet been made acquainted with their Election, but will forward it as soon as received.
You will also find enclosed a Copy of a Letter from Brigr Genl Irvine,20 which I send to you to be communicated to Congress, that they may be acquainted with the Disposition of
[Note 20: Irvine's letter of April 16, the original of which is in the Washington Papers.] the Indians, and decide on some measures for the Security of the back Inhabitants, against the Designs of the Savages. I would only suggest whether a movement of some part, or all the Pennsylvania Troops with those of Virginia at Winchester at the moment, towards the back Settlements, might not have a happy Influence towards checking these Mischiefs and stoppg the progress of the Indians. At the same Time, those Troops, at least such of them whose Times of Service do not expire with the War, may be advancing towards the Western posts, which Congress may think proper to establish, [rendezvousing first at Pittsburg].
I have received your two favors of the 22d and 24th. instant, with their several Enclosures. I have the honor, etc.21
[Note 21: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Newburgh, April 30, 1783.
My dear Sir: I thank you very sincerely for your kindcongratulations on the close of the War, and the glorious Peace which is held out to us, but not yet made definitive; I return them with great cordiallity and heart felt pleasure; and only wish that the business was so far wound up as that I might return to the Walks of private life and in retirement enjoy that relaxation and repose which is absolutely necessary for me.
My first wish now is, that the States may be wise; that they may improve the advantages which they have obtained; that they may consider themselves individually, as parts of the great whole; and not by unreasonable jealousies, and ill-founded prejudices, destroy the goodly fabrick we have been Eight years labouring to erect. But without more liberallity of Sentiment and action, I expect but little.
Immediately upon the receipt of your Letter of the 31st. Ulto, I transmitted the list of your Slaves to a Gentleman; a worthy active Man, of my acquaintance in N York and requested him to use his endeavors to obtain and forward them to you. All that can be done, I am sure he will do, but I have but little expectation that many will be recovered; several of my own are with the Enemy but I scarce ever bestowed a thought on them; they have so many doors through which they can escape from New York, that scarce any thing but an inclination to return, or voluntarily surrender of themselves will restore many to their former Masters, even supposing every disposition on the part of the Enemy to deliver them. With great truth etc.
Head Quarters, Newburg, April 30, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency for the observation of Congress a Copy of a Letter which I have written to Sir Guy Carleton in consequence of their resolutions of the 15th. instant. Also a Copy of Sir Guy's reply, agreable to which I expect to meet him at Tappan, on the 5th of May.22
[Note 22: The inclosures were copiss of Washington's letter to Sir Guy Carleton, Apr. 21, 1783, and Carleton's reply, April 24.]
The Proceedings and result of this Interview, so far as shall be necessary I shall have the honor to transmit to Congress on my return. I have the honor etc.23
[Note 23: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, May 1, 1783.
My Dear Duke: It was with pain I received information, from the Chevr De la Luzerne, that the French corps under your orders was recalled; this event I fear will take you from this Country contrary to my wishes, and what you were polite enough to say, your own inclination before you had visited the Southernstates.
No circumstance would contribute more to my satisfaction than to have the pleasure of your company at Mount Vernon and to shew you every attention and respect in your proposed tour. I will still hope for this pleasure; but if circumstances direct otherwise you will carry my warmest wishes with you and though I cannot at this moment assure myself of the practicability of a visit to France, the pleasure of meeting you there would be one of my greatest inducement; and if I come, I shall claim your promise of accompanying me on the tour you marked out.
I depart from this place To morrow for the purpose of having an interview with Sir Guy Carleton on Munday next at Dobbss Ferry to settle matters respecting the evacuation of the Posts and security of american property agreably to the 7th. article of the provisional treaty and a resolve of Congress of the 15th. of last month.
I shall not in this letter bid you more than a temporary adieu because I do not relinquish the hope of your remaining some time on this Continent after the French Troops shall have embarked. I have the honour etc.24
[Note 24: From a copy in the writing of Martha Washington.]
Thursday, May 1, 1783.
Parole Hallifax. Countersigns Sommerset, Wakefield.
The Jersey regt. gives the Guards, and the Jersey battalion the Fatigues tomorrow.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve:
By the United States in Congress assembled the 23d. April 1783.
Resolved, That in the opinion of Congress, the time of the men engaged to serve during the war, does not expire until the ratification of the definitive treaty of peace.
That such of the non-commissioned officers and privates soldiers of the above description, as continue in service to that period, shall be allowed their fire arms and accoutriments, as an extra reward for their long and faithful services.
At a General courtmartial held in Philadelphia the 23d. of april by order of the Secretary at War, Major McPherson25 president, William Forsythe, soldier in the Delaware regt. was tried, for mutiny and disobedience of Captain Jacquets26 personal orders. The court find him Guilty in breach of the 3d. and 5th. articles of section 2d. of the rules and articles of war, and sentence him to receive one hundred Lashes.
[Note 25: Maj. William Macpherson (McPherson).]
[Note 26: Capt. Peter Jaquett (Jacquet), of the Delaware regiment. He served to the close of the war.]
John Willar, Soldier in the pennsylvania Line, was tried For Mutiny and speaking disrespectfully of His Excellency Genl. Washington and Congress, also drinking a health to King George. The Court find him guilty in breach of the 2d. art. of the 2d. Sect. of the Articles of war and sentence him to receive one hundred lashes and be drumned out of the Army with a halter around his neck.
John Witeskay and Charles Bier, soldiers in the pennsylvania Line, were tried and convicted of Desertion, and sentenced each of them to receive one hundred Lashes. But from their former good character, and being young soldiers, the Court beg leave to recommend them for Mercy.
The Commander in chief approves the foregoing sentences, but is pleased to pardon Witeskay and Bier, and to remit so much of Willars sentence as relates to the halter.
AFTER ORDERS
The Light companies of the Jersey, the 2d. York, 5th. and 8th. Massachusetts regts. will take post on the Lines. They are to be on the Grand parade at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning and put themselves under the orders of Major Fish.
Newburgh, May 2, 1783.
Sir: A necessary absence from Camp and several unavoidableinterruptions have been the occasion of, and must be my apology for with holding the inclosed thoughts on a peace establishment so long.
If they will afford any assistance, or contain any thing satisfactory, I shall think my time and labour well spent. I have the honour.28
[Note 28: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 29: Inclosed in the preceding letter to Hamilton, as chairman of the Committee of Congress on the Peace Establishment.]
A Peace Establishment for the United States of America may in my opinion be classed under four different heads Vizt:
First. A regular and standing force, for Garrisoning West Point and such other Posts upon our Northern, Western, and Southern Frontiers, as shall be deemed necessary to awe the Indians, protect our Trade, prevent the encroachment of our Neighbours of Canada and the Florida's, and guard us at least from surprizes; Also for security of our Magazines.
Secondly. A well organized Militia; upon a Plan that will pervade all the States, and introduce similarity in their Establishment Manoeoeuvres, Exercise and Arms.
Thirdly. Establishing Arsenals of all kinds of Military Stores.
Fourthly. Accademies, one or more for the Instruction of the Art Military; particularly those Branches of it which respect Engineering and Artillery, which are highly essential, and the knowledge of which, is most difficult to obtain. Also Manufactories of some kinds of Military Stores.
Upon each of these, and in the order in which they stand, I shall give my sentiments as concisely as I can, and with that freedom which the Committee have authorized.
Altho' a large standing Army in time of Peace hath ever been considered dangerous to the liberties of a Country, yet a few Troops, under certain circumstances, are not only safe, but indispensably necessary. Fortunately for us our relative situation requires but few. The same circumstances which so effectually retarded, and in the end conspired to defeat the attempts of Britain to subdue us, will now powerfully tend to render us secure. Our distance from the European States in a great degree frees us of apprehension, from their numerous regular forces and the Insults and dangers which are to be dreaded from their Ambition.
But, if our danger from those powers was more imminent, yet we are too poor to maintain a standing Army adequate to our defence, and was our Country more populous and rich, still it could not be done without great oppression of the people. Besides, as soon as we are able to raise funds more than adequate to the discharge of the Debts incurred by the Revolution, it may become a Question worthy of consideration, whether the surplus should not be applied in preparations for building and equipping a Navy, without which, in ease of War we could neither protect our Commerce, nor yield that Assistance to each other, which, on such an extent of Sea-Coast, our mutual Safety would require.
Fortifications on the Sea Board may be considered in two points of view, first as part of the general defence, and next, as securities to Dock Yards, and Arsenals for Ship Building, neither of which shall I take into this plan ; because the first would be difficult, if not, under our circumstances, impracticable; at any rate amazingly expensive. The other, because it is a matter out of my line, and to which I am by no means competent, as it requires a consideration of many circumstances, to which I have never paid attention.
The Troops requisite for the Post of West Point, for the Magazines, and for our Northern, Western and Southern Frontiers, ought, in my opinion, to amount to 2631 Officers of all denominations included; besides the Corps of Invalids. If this number should be thought large, I would only observe; that the British Force in Canada is now powerful, and, by report, will be increased; that the frontier is very extensive; that the Tribes of Indians within our Territory are numerous, soured and jealous; that Communications must be established with the exterior Posts; And, that it may be policy and oeconomy, to appear respectable in the Eyes of the Indians, at the Commencement of our National Intercourse and Traffic with them. In a word, that it is better to reduce our force hereafter, by degrees, than to have it to increase after some unfortunate disasters may have happened to the Garrisons; discouraging to us, and an inducement to the Enemy to attempt a repetition of them.
Besides these Considerations, we are not to forget, that altho' by the Treaty, half the Waters, and the free Navigation of the Lakes appertain to us, yet, in Case of a rupture with Great Britain we should in all probability, find little benefits from the Communications with our upper Posts, by the Lakes Erie and Ontario; as it is to be presumed, that the Naval superiority which they now have on those Waters, will be maintained. It follows as a Consequence then, that we should open new or improve the present half explored Communications with Detroit and other Posts on the Lakes, by the Waters of the Susquehannah Potowmack or James River, to the Ohio, from whence, with short Portages several Communications by Water may be opened with Lake Erie. To do which, posts should be established at the most convenient places on the Ohio. This would open several doors for the supply of the Garrisons on the Lakes; and is absolutely necessary for such others as may be tho't advisable to establish upon the Mississippi. The Ohio affording the easiest, as well as the safest Route to the Illinois settlements, and the whole Country below on the Mississippi, quite to our Southern boundary.
To protect the Peltry and Fur Trade, to keep a watch upon our Neighbours, and to prevent their encroaching upon our Territory undiscovered, are all the purposes that can be answered by an extension of our Posts, at this time, beyond Detroit, to the Northward or Westward: but, a strong Post on the Scioto, at the carrying place between it and the River Sandusky, which empties into Lake Erie, mentioned in Hutchins's Description of that Country Page 24, and more plainly pointed out by Evans's Map, is indispensably necessary for the security of the present Settlers, and such as probably, will immediately settle within those Limits. And by giving security to the Country and covering its Inhabitants, will enable them to furnish supplies to the Garrisons Westward and Northward of these settlements, upon moderate and easy Terms.
The 2,631 Men beforementioned, I would have considered to all Intents and purposes as Continental Troops; looking up to Congress for their Orders, their pay, and supplies of every kind. The Infantry of which, being 1908 and, composing four Regiments may be thrown into the following disposition.
Not having that particular knowledge of the situation of the Southern and Western Boundaries of the Carolinas and Georgia, which is necessary to decide on the Posts to be established in that District, the allotment of only one Regiment thereto, may be judged inadequate; should that be the case, a greater force may be established and a sufficient allowance made them.
The above establishment differs from our present one, in the following instances Vizt: The exclusion of the light Company and reducing a sergeant and 18 Privates from each of the Battalion Companies, and giving a Chaplain to each Regiment instead of a Brigade. If it should be asked why the Reduction of Non Commisd. Officers and Privates is made, while the Commissioned Officers remain the same? It may be answered, that the number of Men which compose the Infantry, will be sufficient for my Calculation, and that the situation of our Frontiers renders it convenient to divide them into so many Corps as have been mentioned, for the ease and propriety of Command. I may also say, that in my Opinion, the number of our Commissioned Officers, has always been disproportionate to the Men. And that in the detached State in which these Regiments must be employed, they cannot consistently with the good of Service be reduced.
It may also be observed, that in case of War and a necessity of assembling their Regiments in the Field, nothing more will be necessary, than to recruit 18 Men to each Compy. and give the Regiment its flank Company. Or if we should have occasion to add strength to the Garrisons, or increase the number of our Posts, we may augment 900 Men including Serjeants, without requiring more than the Officers of 4 Companies, or exceeding our present Establishment. In short, it will give us a Number of Officers well skilled in the Theory and Art of War, who will be ready on any occasion, to mix and diffuse their knowledge of Discipline to other Corps, without that lapse of Time, which, without such Provision, would be necessary to bring intire new Corps acquainted with the principles of it.
Besides the 4 Regiments of Infantry, one of Artillery will be indispensably necessary. The Invalid Corps should also be retained. Motives of humanity, Policy and justice will all combine to prevent their being disbanded. The numbers of the last will, from the nature of their composition, be fluctuating and uncertain. The establishment of the former will be as follows, Vizt:
To this Regiment of Artillery should be annexed 50 or 60 Artificers, of the various kinds which will be necessary, who may be distributed in equal numbers into the different Companies and being part of the Regiment, will be under the direction and Command of the Commanding Officer, to be disposed into different services as Circumstances shall require. By thus blending Artificers with Artillery, the expence of Additional Officers will be saved; and they will Answer all the purposes which are to be expected from them, as well as if formed into a distinct Corps.
The Regiment of Artillery, with the Artificers, will furnish all the Posts in which Artillery is placed, in proportionate numbers to the Strength and importance of them. The residue, with the Corps of Invalids, will furnish Guards for the Magazines, and Garrison West Point. The importance of this last mentioned Post, is so great, as justly to have been considered, the key of America; It has been so preeminently advantageous to the defence of the United States, and is still so necessary in that view, as well as for the preservation of the Union, that the loss of it might be productive of the most ruinous Consequences. A Naval superiority at Sea and on Lake Champlain, connected by a Chain of Posts on the Hudson River, would effect an entire separation of the States on each side, and render it difficult, if not impracticable for them to co-operate.
Altho' the total of the Troops herein enumerated does not amount to a large number, yet when we consider their detached situation, and the extent of Country they are spread over: the variety of objects that are to be attended to, and the close inspection that will be necessary to prevent abuses or to correct them before they become habitual; not less than two General Officers in my opinion will be competent to the Duties to be required of them. They will take their Instructions from the Secretary at War, or Person acting at the Head of the Military Department, who will also assign them their respective and distinct Districts. Each should twice a Year visit the Posts of his particular District, and notice the Condition they are in, Inspect the Troops, their discipline and Police, Examine into their Wants, and see that strict justice is rendered them and to the Public, they should also direct the Colonels, at what intermediate Times they shall perform the like duties at the Posts occupied by the Detachments of their respective Regiments. The visiting General ought frequently, if not always, to be accompanied by a Skillful Engineer, who should point out such alterations and improvements as he may think necessary from time to time, for the defence of any of the Posts; which, if approved by the General, should be ordered to be carried into execution.
Each Colonel should be responsible for the Administration of his Regiment; and when present, being Commanding Officer of any Post, which is occupied by a Detachment from his Regt., he may give such directions as he may think proper, not inconsistent with the Orders of his Superior Officer, under whose general superintendence the Troops are. He will carefully exact Monthly Returns from all detachments of his Regiment; and be prepared to make a faithful report of all occurrences, when called upon by the General Officer in whose Department he may be placed and whose instructions he is at all times to receive and obey. These Returns and Reports, drawn into a General one, are to be transmitted to the Secretary at War, by the visiting General, with the detail of his own proceedings, remarks and Orders.
The three Years Men now in service will furnish the proposed Establishment, and from these, it is presumed, the Corps must in the first Instance be composed. But as the pay of an American Soldier is much greater than any other we are acquianted with; and as there can be little doubt of our being able to obtain them in time of Peace, upon as good Terms as other Nations, I would suggest the propriety of inlisting those who may come after the present three years Men, upon Terms of similarity with those of the British, or any other the most liberal Nations.
When the Soldiers for the War have frolicked a while among their friends, and find they must have recourse to hard labour for a livelyhood, I am persuaded numbers of them will reinlist upon almost any Terms. Whatever may be adopted with respect to Pay, Clothing and Emoluments, they should be clearly and unequivocally expressed and promulgated, that there may be no deception or mistake. Discontent, Desertion and frequently Mutiny, are the natural consequences of these; and it is not more difficult to know how to punish, than to prevent these inconveniencies, when it is known, that there has been delusion on the part of the Recruiting Officer, or a breach of Compact on the part of the public. The pay of the Battalion Officer's is full low, but those of the Chaplain, Surgeon and Mate are too high; and a proper difference should be made between the Non-Commissioned Officers (serjeants particularly) and Privates, to give them that pride and consequence which is necessary to Command.
At, or before the Time of discharging the Soldiers for the War, the Officers of the Army may signify their wishes either to retire, upon the Half pay, or to continue in the service; from among those who make the latter choice, the number wanted for a Peace Establishment may be selected; and it were to be wished, that they might be so blended together from the Several Lines, as to remove, as much as possible, all Ideas of State distinctions.
No Forage should be allowed in time of Peace to Troops in Garrison, nor in any circumstances, but when actually on a March.
Soldiers should not be inlisted for less than three Years, to commence from the date of their attestations; and the more difference there is in the commencement of their terms of Service, the better; this Circumstance will be the means of avoiding the danger and inconvenience of entrusting any important Posts to raw Recruits unacquainted with service.
Rum should compose no part of a Soldier's Ration; but Vinegar in large quantities should be issued. Flour or Bread, and a stipulated quantity of the different kinds of fresh or Salted Meat, with Salt, when the former is Issued, is all that should be contracted for.
Vegetables they can, and ought to be compelled to raise. If spruce, or any other kind of small Beer, could be provided, it ought to be given gratis, but not made part of the Compact with them. It might be provided also, that they should receive one or two days fish in a Week, when to be had; this would be a saving to the public, (the Lakes and most of the Waters of the Ohio and Mississippi abounding with Fish) and would be no disservice to the Soldier.
A proper recruiting fund should be established; from which the Regiment may always be kept complete.
The Garrisons should be changed as often as it can be done with convenience; long continuance in the same place is injurious. Acquaintances are made, Connections formed, and habits acquired, which often prove very detrimental to the service. By this means, public duty is made to yield to interested pursuits, and real abuses are the Result. To avoid these Evils, I would propose, that there should be a change made in every Regiment once a Year, and one Regiment with another every two Years.
An Ordinance for the service of Troops in Garrison, should be annexed to our present Regulations for the order and discipline of the Army. The latter should be revised, corrected and enlarged so as to form a Basis of Discipline under all circumstances for Continental Troops, and, as far as they will apply, to the Militia also: that one uniform system may pervade all the States.
As a peace establishment may be considered as a change in, if not the Commencement of our Military system, it will be the proper time, to introduce new and beneficial regulations, and to expunge all customs, which from experience have been found unproductive of general good. Among the latter I would ask, if promotion by Seniority is not one? That it is a good general rule admits of no doubt, but that it should be an invariable one, is in my opinion wrong. It cools, if it does not destroy, the incentives to Military Pride and Heroic Actions. On the one hand, the sluggard, who keeps within the verge of his duty, has nothing to fear. On the other hand, the enterprising Spirit has nothing to expect. Whereas, if promotion was the sure reward of Merit, all would contend for Rank and the service would be benefited by their Struggles for Promotion. In establishing a mode by which this is to be done, and from which nothing is to be expected, or apprehended, either from favour or prejudice, lies the difficulty. Perhaps, reserving to Congress the right inherent in Sovereignties, of making all Promotions. A Board of superior Officers, appointed to receive and examine the claims to promotions out of common course, of any Officer, whether founded on particular merit, or extra service, and to report their opinion thereon to Congress; might prove a likely means of doing justice. It would certainly give a Spur to Emulation, without endangering the rights, or just pretentions of the Officers.
Before I close my observations under this head, of a regular force, and the Establishment of Posts, it is necessary for me to observe, that, in fixing a Post at the North End of Lake Champlain I had three things in view. The Absolute Command of the entrance into the Lake from Canada. A cover to the Settlements on the New Hampshire Grants and the prevention of any illicit intercourse thro' that Channel. But, if it is known, or should be found, that the 45th Degree crosses the Lake South of any spot which will command the entrance into it, the primary object fails; And it then becomes a question whether any place beyond Ticonderoga or Crown Point is eligible.
Altho' it may be somewhat foreign to, and yet not altogether unconnected with the present subject, I must beg leave, from the importance of the object, as it appears to my mind, and for the advantages which I think would result from it to the United States, to hint, the propriety of Congress taking some early steps, by a liberal treatment, to gain the affections of the French settlements of Detroit, those of the Illinois and other back Countries. Such a measure would not only hold out great encouragement to the Inhabitants already on those lands, who will doubtless make very useful and valuable subjects of the United States; but would probably make deep and conciliatory impressions on their friends in the British settlements, and prove a means of drawing thither great numbers of Canadian Emigrants, who, under proper Regulations and establishments of Civil Government, would make a hardy and industruous race of Settlers on that Frontier; and who, by forming a barrier against the Indians, would give great security to the Infant settlement, which, soon after the close of the War, will probably be forming in the back Country.
I come next in the order I have prescribed myself, to treat of the Arrangements necessary for placing the Militia of the Continent on a respectable footing for the defence of the Empire and in speaking of this great Bulwark of our Liberties and independence, I shall claim the indulgence of suggesting whatever general observations may occur from experience and reflection with the greater freedom, from a conviction of the importance of the subject; being persuaded, that the immediate safety and future tranquility of this extensive Continent depend in a great measure upon the peace Establishment now in contemplation; and being convinced at the same time, that the only probable means of preventing insult or hostility for any length of time and from being exempted from the consequent calamities of War, is to put the National Militia in such a condition as that they may appear truly respectable in the Eyes of our Friends and formidable to those who would otherwise become our enemies.
Were it not totally unnecessary and superfluous to adduce arguments to prove what is conceded on all hands the Policy and expediency of resting the protection of the Country on a respectable and well established Militia, we might not only shew the propriety of the measure from our peculiar local situation, but we might have recourse to the Histories of Greece and Rome in their most virtuous and Patriotic ages to demonstrate the Utility of such Establishments. Then passing by the Mercinary Armies, which have at one time or another subverted the liberties of all most all the Countries they have been raised to defend, we might see, with admiration, the Freedom and Independence of Switzerland supported for Centuries, in the midst of powerful and jealous neighbours, by means of a hardy and well organized Militia. We might also derive useful lessons of a similar kind from other Nations of Europe, but I believe it will be found, the People of this Continent are too well acquainted with the Merits of the subject to require information or example. I shall therefore proceed to point out some general outlines of their duty, and conclude this head with a few particular observations on the regulations which I conceive ought to be immediately adopted by the States at the instance and recommendation of Congress.
It may be laid down as a primary position, and the basis of our system, that every Citizen who enjoys the protection of a free Government, owes not only a proportion of his property, but even of his personal services to the defence of it, and consequently that the Citizens of America (with a few legal and official exceptions) from 18 to 50 Years of Age should be borne on the Militia Rolls, provided with uniform Arms, and so far accustomed to the use of them, that the Total strength of the Country might be called forth at a Short Notice on any very interesting Emergency, for these purposes they ought to be duly organized into Commands of the same formation; (it is not of very great importance, whether the Regiments are Large or small, provided a sameness prevails in the strength and composition of them and I do not know that a better establishment, than that under which the Continental Troops now are, can be adopted. They ought to be regularly Mustered and trained, and to have their Arms and Accoutrements inspected at certain appointed times, not less than once or twice in the course of every [year] but as it is obvious, amongst such a Multitude of People (who may indeed be useful for temporary service) there must be a great number, who from domestic Circumstances, bodily defects, natural awkwardness or disinclination, can never acquire the habits of Soldiers; but on the contrary will injure the appearance of any body of Troops to which they are attached, and as there are a sufficient proportion of able bodied young Men, between the Age of 18 and 25, who, from a natural fondness for Military parade (which passion is almost ever prevalent at that period of life) might easily be enlisted or drafted to form a Corps in every State, capable of resisting any sudden impression which might be attempted by a foreign Enemy, while the remainder of the National forces would have time to Assemble and make preparations for the Field. I would wish therefore, that the former, being considered as a denier resort, reserved for some great occasion, a judicious system might be adopted for forming and placing the latter on the best possible Establishment. And that while the Men of this description shall be viewed as the Van and flower of the American Forces, ever ready for Action and zealous to be employed whenever it may become necessary in the service of their Country; they should meet with such exemptions, privileges or distinctions, as might tend to keep alive a true Military pride, a nice sense of honour, and a patriotic regard for the public. Such sentiments, indeed, ought to be instilled into our Youth, with their earliest years, to be cherished and inculcated as frequently and forcibly as possible.
It is not for me to decide positively, whether it will be ultimately most interesting to the happiness and safety of the United States, to form this Class of Soldiers into a kind of Continental Militia, selecting every 10th 15th or 20th. Man from the Rolls of each State for the purpose; Organizing, Officering and Commissioning those Corps upon the same principle as is now practiced in the Continental Army. Whether it will be best to comprehend in this body, all the Men fit for service between some given Age and no others, for example between 18 and 25 or some similar description, or whether it will be preferable in every Regiment of the proposed Establishment to have one additional Company inlisted or drafted from the best Men for 3, 5, or 7 years and distinguished by the name of the additional or light Infantry Company, always to be kept complete. These Companies might then be drawn together occasionally and formed into particular Battalions or Regiments under Field Officers appointed for that Service. One or other of these plans I think will be found indispensably necessary, if we are in earnest to have an efficient force ready for Action at a moments Warning. And I cannot conceal my private sentiment, that the formation of additional, or light Companies will be most consistent with the genius of our Countrymen and perhaps in their opinion most consonant to the spirit of our Constitution.
I shall not contend for names or forms, it will be altogether essential, and it will be sufficient that perfect Uniformity should be established throughout the Continent, and pervade, as far as possible, every Corps, whether of standing Troops or Militia, and of whatever denomination they may be. To avoid the confusion of a contrary practice, and to produce the happy consequences which will attend a uniform system of Service, in case Troops from the different parts of the Continent shall ever be brought to Act together again, I would beg leave to propose, that Congress should employ some able hand, to digest a Code of Military Rules and regulations, calculated immediately for the Militia and other Troops of the United States; And as it should seem the present system, by being a little simplified, altered, and improved, might be very well adopted to the purpose; I would take the liberty of recommending, that measures should be immediately taken for the accomplishment of this interesting business, and that an Inspector General should be appointed to superintend the execution of the proposed regulations in the several States.
Congress having fixed upon a proper plan to be established, having caused the Regulations to be compiled, having approved, Printed and distributed them to every General Field Officer, Captain and Adjutant of Militia, will doubtless have taken care, that whenever the system shall be adopted by the States the encouragement on the one hand, and the fines and penalties on the other will occasion an universal and punctual compliance there with.
Before I close my remarks on the establishment of our National Militia, which is to be the future guardian of those rights and that Independence, which have been maintain'd so gloriously, by the fortitude and perseverance of our Countrymen, I shall descend a little more minutely to the interior arrangements, and sum up what I have to say on this head with the following Positions.
1st. That it appears to me extremely necessary there should be an Adjutant General appointed in each State, with such Assistants as may be necessary for communicating the Orders of the Commander in Chief of the State, making the details, collecting the Returns and performing every other duty incident to that Office. A duplicate of the Annual Returns should always be lodged in the War Office by the 25th of Decr. in every year, for the information of Congress; with any other reports that may be judged expedient. The Adjutant Generals and Assistants to be considered as the deputies of the Inspector General, and to assist him in carrying the system of Discipline into effect.
2d. That every Militia Officer should make himself acquianted with the plan of Discipline, within a limited time, or forfeit his Commission, for it is in vain to expect the improvement of the Men, while the Officers remain ignorant, which many of them will do, unless Government will make and enforce such a Regulation.
3dly. That the formation of the Troops ought to be perfectly simple and entirely uniform, for example each Regiment should be composed of two Battalions, each Battalion to consist of 4 Companies and each Company as at present of 1 Captain, I Lieutenant, I Ensign, 5 Sergeants, 3 Corporals, 2 Music, 65 Privates.
Two Battalions should form a Regiment four Regts a Brigade and two Brigades a Division. This might be the general formation; but as I before observed, I conceive it will be eligible to select from the district forming a Regiment, the flower of the young Men to compose an additional or light Company to every Regiment, for the purposes before specified, which undoubtedly ought to be the case unless something like a Continental Militia shall be instituted. To each Division two Troops of Cavalry and two Companies of Artillery might also be annexed, but no Independent or Volunteer Companies foreign to the Establishment should be tolerated.
4thly. It is also indispensable that such a proportion of the Militia (under whatever discription they are comprehended) as are always to be held in readiness for service, nearly in the same manner the Minute Men formerly were, should be excercised at least from 12 to 25 days in a year, part of the time in Company, part in Battalion and part in Brigade, in the latter case, by forming a Camp, their Discipline would be greatly promoted, and their Ideas raised, as near as possible, to real service; Twenty five days might be divided thus, ten days for training in squads, half Companies and Companies, ten in Battalion and five in Brigade.
5thly. While in the Field or on actual duty, there should not only be a Compensation for the time thus spent, but a full allowance of Provisions Straw, Camp Equipage &c; it is also of so great consequence that there should be, a perfect similarity in the Arms and Accoutrements, that they ought to be furnished, in the first instance by the public, if they cannot be obtained in any other way, some kind of Regimentals or Uniform Clothing (however cheap or course they may be) are also highly requisite and should be provided for such occasions. Nor is it unimportant that every Article should be stamped with the appearance of regularity; and especially that all the Articles of public property should be numbered, marked or branded with the name of the Regiment or Corps that they may be properly accounted for.
6thly. In addition to the Continental Arsenals, which will be treated of under the next head. Every State ought to Establish Magazines of its own, containing Arms, Accoutrements, Ammunitions, all kinds of Camp Equipage and Warlike Stores, and from which the Militia or any part of them should be supplied whenever they are call'd into the Field.
7thly. It is likewise much to be wished, that it might be made agreeable to Officers who have served in the Army, to accept Commands in the Militia; that they might be appointed to them so far as can be done without creating uneasiness and jealousy, and that the principle Characters in the Community would give a countenance to Military improvements, by being present at public reviews and Exhibitions, and by bringing into estimation amongst their fellow Citizens, those who appear fond of cultivating Military knowledge and who excel in the Exercise of Arms. By giving such a tone to our Establishment; by making it universally reputable to bear Arms and disgraceful to decline having a share in the performance of Military duties; in fine, by keeping up in Peace "a well regulated, and disciplined Militia," we shall take the fairest and best method to preserve, for a long time to come, the happiness, dignity and Independence of our Country.
With regard to the third Head in Contemplation, to wit. the "Establishment of Arsenals of all kinds of Military Stores." I will only observe, that having some time since seen a plan of the Secretary of War, which went fully into the discussion of this branch of Arrangement, and appeared (as well as I can, at this time recollect) to be in general perfectly well founded, little more need be said on the subject, especially as I have been given to understand the plan has been lately considerably improved and laid before Congress for their approbation; and indeed there is only one or two points in which I could wish to suggest any Alteration.
According to my recollection, five grand Magazines are proposed by the Secretary at War, one of which to be fixed at West Point. Now, as West Point is considered not only by our selves, but by all who have the least knowledge of the Country, as a post of the greatest importance, as it may in time of Peace, from its situation on the Water be somewhat obnoxious to surprise or Coup de Main and as it would doubtless be a first object with any Nation which might commence a War against the United States, to seize that Post and occupy or destroy the Stores, it appears to me, that we ought particularly to guard against such an event, so far as may be practicable, and to remove some part of the Allurements to enterprise, by establishing the grand Arsenals in the Interior part of the Country, leaving only to West Point an adequate supply for its defence in almost any extremity.30
[Note 30: West Point had been designated as the main depository of all the military stores of the Army after the signing of the preliminary treaty of peace.]
I take the liberty also to submit to the consideration of the Committee, whether, instead of five great Arsenals, it would not be less expensive and equally convenient and advantageous to fix three general Deposits, one for the Southern, one for the Middle and one for the Eastern States, including New York, in each of which there might be deposited, Arms, Ammunition, Field Artillery, and Camp Equipage for thirty thousand Men, Also one hundred heavy Cannon and Mortars, and all the Apparatus of a Seige, with a sufficiency of Ammunition.
Under the fourth General Division of the subject, it was proposed to consider the Establishment of Military Academies and Manufacturies, as the means of preserving that knowledge and being possessed of those Warlike Stores, which are essential to the support of the Sovereignty and Independence of the United States. But as the Baron Steuben has thrown together his Ideas very largely on these Articles, which he had communicated to me previous to their being sent to the secretary at War, and which being now lodged at the War Office, I imagine have also been submitted to the inspection of the Committee, I shall therefore have the less occasion for entering into the detail, and may, without impropriety, be the more concise in my own observations.
That an Institution calculated to keep alive and diffuse the knowledge of the Military Art would be highly expedient, and that some kinds of Military Manufactories and Elaboratoties ties may and ought to be established, will not admit a doubt; but how far we are able at this time to go into great and expensive pensive Arrangements and whether the greater part of the Military Apparatus and Stores which will be wanted can be imported or Manufactured, in the cheapest and best manner: I leave those to whom the observations are to be submitted, to determine, as being more competent, to the decision than I can pretend to be. I must however mention some things, which I think cannot be dispensed with under the present or any other circumstances; Until a more perfect system of Education can be adopted, I would propose that Provision should be made at some Post or Posts where the principle Engineers and Artillerists shall be stationed, for instructing a certain number of young Gentlemen in the Theory of the Art of War, particularly in all those branches of service which belong to the Artillery and Engineering Departments. Which, from the affinity they bear to each other, and the advantages which I think would result from the measure, I would have blended together; And as this species of knowledge will render them much more accomplished and capable of performing the duties of Officers, even in the Infantry or any other Corps whatsoever, I conceive that appointments to vacancies in the Established Regiments, ought to be made from the candidates who shall have completed their course of Military Studies and Exercises. As it does in an essential manner qualify them for the duties of Garrisons, which will be the principal, if not only service in which our Troops can be employed in time of Peace and besides the Regiments of Infantry by this means will become in time a nursery from whence a number of Officers for Artillery and Engineering may be drawn on any great or sudden occasion.
Of so great importance is it to preserve the knowledge which has been acquired thro' the various Stages of a long and arduous service, that I cannot conclude without repeating the necessity of the proposed Institution, unless we intend to let the Science become extinct, and to depend entirely upon the Foreigners for their friendly aid, if ever we should again be involved in Hostility. For it must be understood, that a Corps of able Engineers and expert Artillerists cannot be raised in a day, nor made such by any exertions, in the same time, which it would take to form an excellent body of Infantry from a well regulated Militia.
And as to Manufactories and Elaboratories it is my opinion that if we should not be able to go largely into the business at present, we should nevertheless have a reference to such establishments hereafter, and in the means time that we ought to have such works carried on, wherever our principal Arsenals may be fixed, as will not only be sufficient to repair and keep in good order the Arms, Artillery, Stores &c of the Post, but shall also extend to Founderies and some other essential matters.
Thus have I given my sentiments without reserve on the four different heads into which the subject seemed naturally to divide itself, as amply as my numerous avocations and various duties would permit. Happy shall I be, if any thing I have suggested may be found of use in forming an Establishment which will maintain the lasting Peace, Happiness and Independence of the United States.31
[Note 31: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress. The word in brackets is in the writing of Washington, who had, previous to this date, requested sentiments on a peace establishment from various officers. Replies were received from Steuben, April 15 and April 21; Gouvion, April 16; Huntington, April 16; Knox, April 17; Heath, April 17; Gov. George Clinton, April 17; Pickering, April 22; Rufus Putnam, April 25; and Edward Hand, undated. All of these replies are in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, May 2, 1783.
Parole Rochambeau. Countersigns Chattelux, D.Estang.
The 1st. York regt. gives the Guards and the 2d. regt. of that Line the fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, May 3, 1783.
Sir: I take the Liberty to mention to your Excellency, that, in attending to the Resolution of Congress of the 15th. of April,32
[Note 32: By the resolve of April 15 the Commander in Chief was instructed to make arrangements with the British commander for receiving possession of the posts held by the British troops in the United States; "and for obtaining the delivery of all negroes and other property of the inhabitants of the United States in the possession of the British forces, or any subject of, or adherents to his said Brittannic Majesty; and that the Secretary at War, in conjunction with the Commander in Chief, take proper arrangements for setting at liberty all land prisoners."] respecting the posts in the United States occupied by the British Troops, I find it necessary to apply for some more particular Explanation of the Intentions of Congress than is there expressed.
Taking it for granted that the Northern and Western Posts are included within the Ideas of Congress, as well as N York, Arrangements for receiving possession of those posts, are to be made with General Haldimand, who commands in the District of Canada. As the Communication with him is distant and will take much Time, previous to commencing my Correspondence, it will be requisite that I should be as fully instructed, as circumstances will admit, of the Intentions of Congress respecting those frontier Posts, particularly what footing they are to be placed upon, and what Number of Men will be sent to maintain them, upon the Peace Establishment. Congress will also be impressed with the necessity of adopting the earliest measures possible, for procuring the men for Garrisoning those Posts. Whether this shall be effected by detaching the Three Years men of the present Army, or furnishing them in some other Manner, will be also to determine.
The Posts should certainly be occupied by United States Troops, the Moment they are evacuated by the British. Should this be neglected, I have my fears, that they might be burned or destroyed by the Indians, or some other evil minded persons, whose disaffection to the Government of the United States, may lead them to such Enormities.
Arrangements for Transporting the necessary Artillery, Stores, Ammunition and Provisions, will require Time, and need immediate Attention. The Season for doing this Work is now on Hand, and, if suffered to pass off, it will be exceeding difficult, [if not impracticable], to effect their Transportation particularly through the small Water Communications, which, in the present season will be found very convenient; but which, the Summer Heats will render so low, as to become almost impassable.
Persuaded that Congress will view these Objects in the same important Light that I do, I promise myself that I shall be favoured with their Instructions at the earliest Moment possible With great Respect etc.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington.]
Saturday, May 3, 1783.
Parole Philadelphia. Countersigns Chester, Trentown.
The 1st. Massa. regt. gives the Guards and the Hampshire regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Sunday, May 4, 1783.
Parole Boston. Countersigns Hartford, Newport.
The 4th. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards and the 7th.the Fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 5, 1783.
Parole Baltimore. Countersigns Lancaster, Providence.
The 3d Massa. regt. gives the Guards and the 6th. the Fatigues tomorrow.
Tuesday, May 6, 1783.
Parole Williamsburgh. Countersigns Amboy, Dover.
The 8th. Massa. regt. gives the Guards and the 2d. the fatigues tomorrow.
Tappan, May 6, 1783.
My dear Sir: A few days ago I wrote to you from Newburgh; and informed you (if I mistake not) of the meeting I was to hold with Sir Guy Carleton consequent of the resolve of Congress directing me to make arrangements with him for delivery of the Posts, Negros and other property belonging to the Citizens of the United States.
This meeting I have had; but the Indisposition of Genl. Carleton has taken him back to New York this Morning before fore the business could be brought to a close: I have discovered enough however, in the course of the conversation which was held, to convince me that the Slaves which have absconded from their Masters will never be restored to them. Vast numbers of them are already gone to Nova Scotia, and the Construction which he (Sir Guy) puts upon the 7th. article of the provisional treaty differs very widely from ours; but as I have given him my Sentiments in writing and have not yet received his in that way I cannot be more explicit at this time on this Subject. I could not however, altho' I am hurried, and upon the point of returning to Newburgh forbear giving you this concise acct. of my interview and the little good which I think is to be expected from the aforesaid article respecting the Negros. I am etc.
P.S. I have reed. you Letter of the 18th. and mean this (at least for the present) as an answer to it.
Orange Town, May 6, 1783.
General Washington opened the Conference by observing that he heretofore had transmitted to Sir Guy Carleton the Resolutions of Congress of the 15th. Ulto. that he conceived a personal Conference would be the most speedy and satisfactory Mode of discussing and sealing the Business and that therefore he had requested the Interview. That the Resolutions of Congress related to three distinct Matters namely the setting at Liberty the Prisoners, the receiving Possession of the Posts occupied by the British Troops and the obtaining the delivery of all negroes and other Property of the Inhabitants of these States in the possession of the Forces or Subjects of or adherents to his Britannic Majesty. That with respect to the Liberation of the Prisoners, he had as far as the Business rested with him, put in Train by meeting and conferring with the Secretary at War and concerting with that Officer the proper Measures for collecting the Prisoners and forwarding them to New York and that it was to be optional with Sir Guy Carleton whether the Prisoners should march by Land or whether he would send Transports to convey them by Sea and that the Secretary at War was to communicate with Sir Guy Carleton on the subject and obtain his Determination and with respect to the other two Matters which were the Objects of the Resolution General Washington requested the Sentiments of Sir Guy Carleton. Sir Guy Carleton then observed that his Expectations of a Peace had been such as that he had anticipated the Event by very early commencing his Preparations to withdraw the British Troops from this Country and that every Preparation which Iris Situation and Circumstances would permit was still continued, that an additional Number of Transports and which were expected were necessary to remove the Troops and Stores, and as it was impossible to ascertain the Time when these Transports would arrive their Passages depending on the Casualties of the Seas he was therefore unable to fix a determinate Period within which the British forces would be withdrawn from the City of New York, but that it was his Desire to exceed even our own Wishes in this respect and that he was using every Means in his Power to effect with all possible Dispatch an Evacuation of that and every other Post within the United States occupied by the British Troops and under his Direction, that he considered as included in the Preparations for the final Departure of the British Troops the previously sending off those Persons who supposed that from the part they had taken in the present War it would be most eligible for them to leave this Country and that upwards of 6.000 Persons of this Character had embarked and sailed and that in this Embarkation a Number of Negroes were comprised. General Washington thereupon expressed his Surprize that after what appeared to him an express Stipulation to the Contrary in the Treaty Negroes the Property of the Inhabitants of these States should be sent off; to which Sir Guy Carleton replied that he wished to be considered as giving no Construction to the Treaty that by Property in the Treaty might only be intended Property at the time the Negroes were sent off, that there was a difference in the Mode of Expression in the Treaty Archives Papers &c. were to be restored, Negroes and other Property were only not to be destroyed or carried away but he principally insisted that he conceived it could not have been the intention of the British Government by the Treaty of Peace to reduce themselves to the necessity of violating their Faith to the Negroes who came into the British Lines under the Proclamation of his Predecessors in Command, that he forbore to express his Sentiments on the Propriety of these Proclamations but that delivering up the Negroes to their former Masters would be delivering them up some possibly to Execution and others to severe Punishment which in his Opinion would be a dishonorable Violation of the public Faith pledged to the Negroes in the Proclamations that if the sending off the Negroes should hereafter be declared an Infraction of the Treaty, Compensation must be made by the Crown of Great Britain to the Owners, that he had taken Measures to provide for this by directing a Register to be kept of all the Negroes who were sent off specifying the Name Age and Occupation of the Slave and the Name and Place of Residence of his former Master.
General Washington again observed that he concieved this Conduct on the part of Sir Guy Carleton a Departure both from the Letter and Spirit of the Articles of Peace and particularly mentioned a Difficulty that would arise in compensating the Proprietors of Negroes admitting this Infraction of the Treaty could be satisfied by such compensation as Sir Guy Carleton had alluded to, as it was impossible to ascertain the Value of the Slaves from any Fact or Circumstance which may appear in the Register, the value of a Slave consisting chiefly in his Industry and Sobriety and General Washington further mentioned a Difficulty which would attend identifying the Slave supposing him to have changed his own Name or to have given in a wrong Name of his former Master. In answer to which Sir Guy Carleton said that as the Negro was free and secured against his Master he could have no Inducement to conceal either his own true Name or that of his Master. Sir Guy Carleton then observed that he was not by the Treaty held to deliver up any Property but was only restricted from carrying it away and therefore admitting the Interpretation of the Treaty as given by Genl. Washington to be just he was notwithstanding pursuing a Measure which would operate most for the Security of Proprietors for if the Negroes were left to themselves without Care or Control from him Numbers of them would very probably go off and not return to the parts of the Country they came from, or clandestinely get on board the Transports in Manner which it would not be in his Power to prevent in either of which Cases and inevitable Loss would ensue to the Proprietors but as the Business was now conducted they had at least a Chance for Compensation; and concluded the Conversation on this Subject by saying that he imagined that the Mode of compensating as well as the Accounts and other Points with respect to which there was no express Provision made by the Treaty must be adjudged by Commissioners to be hereafter appointed by the two Nations.
The Subject of with-drawing the British Troops from the Territories of the United States was again resumed and Sir Guy Carleton declared his Willingness at a short day to be agreed on between him and General Washington to evacuate his Posts in West Chester County and to issue his Orders that the British Troops should not on any Pretence pass the River, which separates that County from the Island of New York but with respect to a Relinquishment of any part of Long Island he was apprehensive it would be attended with Difficulties and Inconveniences and, particularly he was fearful it would tend to favor Desertions from the British Army and therefore he would give no determinate Answer, but he was disposed immediately to abandon Penobscot if General Washington chose it, tho' he said that would necessarily retard the Evacuation of New York as there was not a competent Number of Transports to convey the Troops and Stores from both Places at the same time.
The Conference lasted some Hours but as much passed which both General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton expressed their Wishes might be considered as desultory Conversation it is not recapitulated in the above Narrative which contains only the Substance of the Conference as far as it related to the Points intended to be discussed and settled at the Interview.
We having been present at the Conference do certify the above to be true. Geo: Clinton. Jno: Morin Scott. Egbt. Benson. Jona. Trumbull Junr.34
[Note 34: In the writing of Egbert Benson and signed also by him and the others.]
Orange Town, May 6, 1783.
Sir: In my Letter of the 21st of April, I enclosed to your Excellency a Copy of a Resolution of Congress of the 15th, instructing me in three points, which appeared necessary for carrying into Effect the Terms of the Treaty between G B. and the United States of America; and informed you that such part as rested upon my Decision and which regarded the Release of prisoners, had been determined and was then ordered to be carried into Execution. Upon the other two points, as they respected the Receive possession of the Posts in Occupation of the British Troops and the carrying away any Negroes or other Property of the American Inhabitants, and both being within your Controul, I had the Honor to propose a personal Interview with your Excellency; that the subject might be freely discussed, and that measures might be agreed upon for carrying into Execution those Points of the 7th Article of Treaty, agreable to their true Intent and Spirit.
Having been favored this Day with a personal Conference, I have now, to prevent Misapprehension or misconstruction, and that I may be enabled to fulfill my Instructions with fidelity and with Candor, the Honor to propose, agreeable to our Conversation, that your Excellency will be pleased to give me in writing, Information of what measures are adopting on your part for carrying into Execution, that point of the Treaty which regards the Evacuation of the Posts now in possession of the British Troops and under Your Excellency's Command; and also at what Time it is probable those Posts or any of them may be relinquished and the fleets and Armies of his Britannic Majesty withdrawn.
Respecting the other point of Discussion, in addition to what I mentioned in my Communication of the 21st ulto. I took occasion, in our Conference to inform Your Excellency, that in Consequence of your Letter of the 14th. of April to R R Livingston Esqr, Congress had been pleased to make a further Reference to me, of that Letter, and had directed me to take such Measures as should be found necessary for carrying into Effect the several Matters mentioned by you therein. In the Course of our Conversation on this point, I was surprized to hear you mention, that an Embarkation had already taken place, in which a large Number of Negroes had been carried away. Whether this Conduct is consonant to, or how far it may be deemed an Infraction of the Treaty, is not for me to decide. I cannot however conceal from your Excellency that my private opinion is, that the measure is totally different from the Letter and Spirit of the Treaty. But waving the Discussing of the point, and leaving its decision to our respective Sovereigns, I find it my Duty to signify my Readiness, in Conjunction with your Excellency, to enter into any Agreements, or take any Measures which may be deemed expedient to prevent the future Carrying away any Negroes or other property of the American can Inhabitants.
I beg the favor of your Excellency's Reply, And have the Honor etc.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Tappan, May 7, 1783.
Madam: I am at this place on a conference with Sir Guy Carleton, previous to my coming here I was honored with your favor of the 18th. of last month.
Mr. White37 being among those characters which stand proscribed by the Laws of this State, can only be relieved by Legislature authority; and this is one of the points, which Congress by the Treaty is to recommend to the several States.
[Note 37: Henry(?) White, a member of the royal council of New York. He went to England in 1783.]
Mrs. White, and her children (who I am informed, propose to remain in New York) cannot, I persuade myself, be in danger of personal insult: your apprehensions therefore, on this score, may be calmed. In speaking this language, I not only give my own opinion, but the sentiments of some of the most respectable characters of this State (N. York).
With compliments to Mr. Lloyd, I have the honor, etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Wednesday, May 7, 1783.
Parole Newport. Countersigns Salem, Kingston.
The Jersey Battalion gives the Guards and the 5th. Massa. regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Untill further orders the corps which gives the fatigues for the day will furnish a Corporal and three orderly men for the Adjt. Genl. office, to parade at the Newbuilding at half after eleven o'clock.
Orange Town, May 8, 1783.
Sir: The copy of my Letter of the 21st of April to His Excellancy Sir Guy Carleton, with a Copy of his reply to me, which I had the Honor to transmit to your Excellency, will have informed Congress, that the 5th. of this Month was agreed upon between us for an Interview at this place.
In Consequence of this Arrangement I arrived here on the 4th. The Contingents of a Water passage in a frigate, prevented Sir Guy Carletons arrival until the Evening of the 5th. On the 6th. our Interview took place at my Quarters, about three Miles from the River.
Our Conversation upon the different subjects to which my Instructions pointed me, was diffuse and desultory; and closed with a proposition on my part, and acceded to on the part of General Carleton, that the points of discussion should be reduced. to writing.
I have the Honor to inclose a Copy of the Letter which I wrote to Sir Guy Carleton, the Evening of our Conference; and to which I expected to receive his Answer, being to dine with him the next day on Board the Frigate. Coming on Board the Ship, I found Sir Guy under a very severe Fit of the fever and Ague (a previous fit of which he had experienced the Day of his Arrival). In these Circumstances, and wanting, as he said, to have recourse to some papers in New York, previous to makg. an Answer to my Letter; And at the same Time urged by the Exigency of other Business, he had determined to return immediately to N York; apologizing to me, and promising that I should hear from him soon, on the Subjects of my proposition. Thus I find myself without an Answer to my Letter, or such an Issue to our Interview as I had wished. And the Ship is this Morning gone down the River.
In this situation, willing to give Congress every Information in my power, I have desired the Gentlemen who were present at the Conversation which passed in our first Interview, to recollect and put in writing the Substance of it. This they have been so obliging as to do, and a Copy of it is enclosed.
As soon as I am possessed of a Reply from General Carleton, to my Letter of the 6th. I will do myself the Honor to transmit a Copy to your Excellency, without delay.
It is my Duty also to inform Congress that, in consequence of their Resolutions of the 15th. of April, and a reference to me of the Letter of Sir Guy Carleton of the 14th. of April, to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs; and not thinking it proper to suffer any further Delay; I have appointed Daniel Parker Esqr. Egbert Benson Esqr. and Lieut Colo Wm. S. Smith, as Commissioners on the Part of the United States, to attend and inspect the Embarkations that in future may be made at N York, previous to the final Evacuation of that City. The powers with which these Gentlemen are vested, will appear from a Copy of their Appointment and Instructions, which is inclosed, and which I hope will meet the Approbation of Congress. I have the Honor etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on May 12 and referred to James Madison, Abraham Clark, and James Wilson.]
[Note 40: American Commissioners to superintend the British embarkation at New York.]
Orange Town, May 8, 1783.
Whereas His Excellency Sir Guy Carleton Commander in Chief of the British Troops in the Posts now occupied by His Britannic Majesty contiguous to the Atlantic, did on the 14th of April last, write to the Honble. R. R. Livingston one of the American Ministers, in the Words following to wit.
New York, April 14, 1783.
Sir: As I observe in the 7th Article of the Provisional Treaty it is agreed, after stipulating that, "all Prisoners on both sides shall be set at liberty," that His Britannic Majesty shall, with all convenient speed, and without causing any destruction, or carrying away any Negroes or other property of the American Inhabitants, withdraw all his Armies, Garrisons, sons, and Fleets from the United States, and from every Port, Place and Harbour within the same &c." and as Embarkations of Persons and property are on the point of being made, I am to request that Congress would be pleased to empower any person or persons on behalf of the United States to be present at New York, and to assist such persons as shall be appointed by me, to inspect and superintend all Embarkations which the Evacuation of this place may require, and that they will be pleased to represent to me every infraction of the Letter or Spirit of the Treaty, that redress may be immediately order'd.
Whereas Congress did, on the 24th of April 1783 refer the said Letter to me, with directions to take such Measures for carrying into effect the several matters therein mentioned as to me should seem expedient: and whereas I have thought it expedient and necessary that Commissioners should be appointed for the purposes aforesaid and to carry fully into execution, the Instructions of Congress "for obtaining the delivery of all Negroes and other property of the Inhabitants of the United States in the possession of the British forces, or any Subjects of or Adherents to His Britannic Majesty."
I do therefore, in Virtue of the Powers vested in me as aforesaid, hereby nominate, constitute and appoint you the said Egbert Benson, William S. Smith and Daniel Parker Commissioners on behalf of the United States for the purposes before mentioned, and you are to attend particularly to the due execution of that part of the 7th Article of the Provisional Treaty, where it is agreed His Britannic Majesty shall withdraw his Armies &c from the United States "without causing any destruction, or carrying away any Negroes or other property of the American Inhabitants." And you the aforesaid Egbert Benson, William S. Smith, and Daniel Parker, or any two of you, are hereby fully authorized and empowered to be present at New York, and to assist such persons as shall be appointed by the Commander in Chief of the British Forces in New York, to inspect and superintend all Embarkations, which the Evacuation of that place may require, and you are to represent to the said Commander in Chief, every infraction of the Letter or Spirit of the aforesaid Treaty, to the End that redress may be obtained; furnishing me at the same time with duplicates of all such representations or communications as may be made by you on the subject; with the Result thereof and making a general Report of your Proceedings at the determination of this Commission.
Relying on your patriotism, fidelity and abilities, I do hereby further authorize and empower you, in transacting the aforesd business, to act in conformity to your own judgments and discretion, in all such matters and things relative thereto, as are not particularly specified herein. This Commission to continue in force until the Evacuation of New York shall be compleatly effected, unless sooner revoked.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys, with some minor changes by Egbert Benson.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, May 8, 1783.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Newark, Monmouth.
The 2d York Regt. gives the Guards and the Jersey regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Friday, May 9, 1783.
Parole Princetown. Countersigns Goshen, Sussex.
The Hampshire regt. gives the Guards and the 1st. York regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
MAJOR GENL. HEATHS ORDERS
A Sub. 2 serjeants 2 corporals and 30 men from each Brigade in this Cantonment, except the Hampshire are to parade tomorrow morning 8 o'clock at the Causway as a fatigue, to repair the damages done by the late Rains to the communications between the wings of the Army.
The Brigade Qr. Mr. of the day will superintend the work and report to the officer of the day.
Colonel J. Vose is appointed President, Majors Scott and Darby with one Captain from the Jersey two from the york, two from each of the Massachusetts and one from the Hampshire brigades Members of a Genl. courtmartial, to assemble at the Newbuilding tomorrow morning ten o'clock for the trial of such persons as shall be brought before them.
Head Quarters, May 10, 1783.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 29th. of April. By your Letter of the 16th. I certainly understood the Officers of your Department to be included with yourself.
You have anticipated my Wishes, in having, as you mention, communicated your Sentiments on a peace Establishment, so far as relates to your Department, to a Committee of Congress. As you promise to send me a Copy of it, I shall be gratified by a Sight of your Ideas on the Subject.
As you mention it to be very inconvenient for you to come to Camp, I do not at present recollect any thing of Importance enough to render your Attendance here necessary. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 10, 1783.
Sir: I had not the Honor to receive your favor of the 1st. instant, until the 7th. Being at that Time at Orange Town on a Conference with Sir Guy Carleton, it had a circutous Route to make before it reached me. This Circumstance you will be so good as to admit, as an Apology for my not giving you an earlier Reply.
I have now the Honor to mention to you, as I did some Time ago to the Minister of France, that viewing the Peace so near a final Conclusion, I could not hold myself justified in a desire to detain the Troops under your Command, from the Expectations of their Sovereign; or to prevent their own Wishes of a Return to their Native Country and Friends.
Nor can I omit, on this Occasion, to express to you Sir! and to all the brave Officers and Soldiers of your Corps, the high Esteem I have for them; and the Regard I shall ever entertain of their Services in the Cause of the United States, to whose Independence and Establishment as a Nation, they have contributed a noble share.
Your particular Services Sir! with the politeness Zeal and Attention which I have ever experienced from you, have made deep and lasting Impressions on my Mind and will serve to endear you in my Remembrance. It would have been a great satisfaction to me to have had further Opportunity to have given you, in person, these Assurances of my Regard, could your Orders have admitted your longer Continuance in the Country. But my Regret at parting with you will be somewhat softened by the flattering Hope you are pleased to give me, that I may have the Satisfaction of embracing you again in America; where, you may be assured, I shall ever most sincerely rejoice in an Opportunity of having it in my power to convince you of the very particular Esteem and Attachment, with which I have the Honor etc.43
[Note 43: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, May 10, 1783.
It must, my dear Count, have been a pleasing event to you, to have landed on your Native shore, crowned with Laurels after a perilous passage and the hazard of being taken; and to have receiv'd, as I am perswaded you must have done, the Smiles of a Wise and generous Prince. On these happy events I sincerely congratulate you.
To the generous aids of your Nation, and the bravery of its Sons, is to be ascribed in a very great degree that Independence for which we have fought, and after a severe conflict of more than Seven years, have obtained. The first wish of my heart is to pay the tribute of respect to a Country to which, from Public and private considerations, I feel myself bound by the most Affectionate Ties. but whether circumstances will place it in my power to gratify these wishes, is beyond my present ken. To meet you in France would be one of my greatest Inducements to go thither.
Since the ratification of the Preliminary Articles, every thing in this Country has assumed an appearance of tranquility. The British Forces however, still continue in New York; nor am I able at this moment, to fix any epoch for their departure. General Carleton with whom I have had a conference on this business at Dobbs's Ferry) says, that every exertion is making on his part for this purpose, and that he has already sent off for Hallefax and other parts of Nova Scotia, at least 6000 Refugees or Loyalists; and that it is his wish to withdraw his Troops from the United States as soon as possible, as the expence of keeping them there is considerable. In the mean time we are looking anxiously for the Definitive Treaty which alone can give perfect satisfaction, by removing doubts, difficulties and delays.
My best wishes will ever attend you; with consideration etc.44
[Note 44: From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 10, 1783.
My dear Chevr: The Affectionate expressions in your farewell letter of the 8th. of Jany from Annapolis gave a new spring to the pleasing remembrance of our past Intimacy; and your Letter of the 4th. of March from Paris, has convinced me that time nor distance can eradicate the Seeds of friendship when they have taken root in a good Soil and are nurtured by Philanthropy and benevolence. That I value your esteem, and wish to retain a place in your Affections, are truths of which I hope your are convinced: as I wish you to be of my sincerity when I assure you, that, it is among the first wishes of my heart to pay the tribute of respect to your Nation, to which I am prompted by motives of public considerations, and private friendships; but how far it may be in my power to yield a prompt obedience to my inclination is more than I can decide upon at present. You have, my dear Chevr., placed before my eyes the exposed situation of my Seat on the Potomack and warned me of the danger which is to be apprehended from a Surprize; but, as I have an entire confidence in, and an A affection for your Countrymn. I shall bid defiance to the enterprise under a full perswn. that if success attend it, and I cannot make terms for my releasement, I shall be generously used by my Captors, and there is such a thing as a pleasing Captivity.
At present, both Armies remain in the Situation you left them, except that all Acts of hostility have ceased in this quarter and things have put on a more tranquil appearance than heretofore.
We look forward with anxious expectation for the Definitive treaty to remove the doubts and difficulties which prevail at present, and our Country of our Newly acquired friends in New York, and other places within these States of whose Company we are heartily tired. Sir Guy, with whom I have had a meeting at Dobbss ferry for the purpose of ascertaining the Epoch of this event, wd. give me no definitive answer; but general assurances, that he has taken every preparatory step for it, one of which was that a few days before, he had shipped off for Nova Scotia upwards of 6000 Refugees or Loyalists; who apprehending they would not be received as Citizens of these United States he thought it his duty to remove previous to the evacuation of the City by the Kings Troops.
The Indians have recommenced hostilities on the Frontiers of Pensylvania and Virginia; killing and scalping whole families, who had just returned to the habitations from which they had fled, in expectation of enjoying them again in Peace; these people will be troublesome Neighbours to us unless they can be removed to a much greater distance and this is only to be done by purchase, or Conquest; which of the two will be adopted by Congress I know not. the first, I believe would be cheapest, and most consistent perhaps with justice. the latter most effectual.
Mrs. Washington is very sensible of your kind remembrance of her, and presents her best respects to you; in which all the Gentlemen of my family who are with me, cordially and sincerely join. Tilghman, I expect, has, before this entered into the Matrimonial state with a Couzen of his, whom you may have seen at Mr. Carrolls near Baltimore. My best wishes attend Baron Montesque,45 and such other Gentlemen within your circle, as I have the honor of an Acquaintance with.
[Note 45: Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Marquis de la Brède. He was aide to Chastellux.]
I can only repeat to you the assurances of the most perfect friendship and attachment and that I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburg, May 10, 1783.
My dear Marquiss: My letter of the 5th. of last Month by your Servant, acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 5th. of Feby. from Cadiz. I have now to thank you for your letter of the 2d. of March46 from Bordeaux which came to my hands a few days ago. If I can get my Letter to Philada. in time, it will be conveyed to you by the Duke de Lauzen who (with his Legion) is on the point of Embarkation; and will carry with him my best wishes, and warmest friendship.
[Note 46: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
We are much indebted to you for your exertions at the Court of Spain; your Conduct there, affords us a fresh instance of your zeal in the Cause of America; and of your abilities to serve it; and will, if possible, endear you to us more.
Congress have taken no steps, I believe, towards the appointment of a Minister for the Court of London; or if they have, it is not in my power to give you any information on this subject. they (one may presume, because it is the case with all others) are waiting with great and anxious impatience for the definitive Treaty of Peace, that a Civil and Military Establishment may succeed. At present we can form no conjecture of the time when the British Troops will evacuate New York. I have lately had a meeting with Sir Guy Carleton (at Dobbs's Ferry) on this business, but could extract nothing more than that it was his wish to withdraw the Troops as soon as possible. That he was using his best endeavors for this purpose; and that the British Government could have no inducement to continue them there a moment longer than they could avoid it.
Our Men, whose terms of Service were to expire with the War, not being able to distinguish between the ratification of the Preliminary Articles, and a definitive Treaty of Peace; and being very desirous of their discharges; have with difficulty, been kept under due Subordination but have not in any instance proceeded to such acts of outrage as I find the Scotch Corps in England have done.
The Indians on the Frontiers of Virginia and Pensylvania have lately committed Acts of hostility, murdering and Scalping many of the innocent Settlers, who were returning to their former habitations in hopes of possessing them in Peace. It is much to be doubted whether these wretches will ever suffer our Frontiers to enjoy tranquility till they are either exterminated, or removed to a much greater distance from us than they now are.
We are told that a general change has taken place in the British Ministry upon the principle of a Coalition of Parties; of what this is portentous I know not; time must discover. I never can too often repeat to you the warmth of my friendship, and my wishes to see you in this Country; nor can I give you too many assurances of my affection.
Mrs. Washington offers respectful Compliments to Madame La Fayette, in which mine are very cordially joined. Tilghman, by this time, is I presume, one of those domestic things called a Husband; the rest of my family are in statu quo wishing you to receive the homage of their respectful attachments. With the greatest sincerity etc.
Newburgh, May 10, 1783.
Sir: Your Letter of congratulation contains expressions of too friendly a nature not to affect me with the deepest sensibility. I beg therefore you will accept my acknowledgments for them, and that you will be persuaded I can never be insensible of the interest you are pleased to take in my personal happiness, as well as in the general felicity of our Country. While I candidly confess I cannot be indifferent to the favorable sentiments, which you mention, my fellow Citizens entertain of my exertions in their service; I wish to express thro' you, the particular obligations I feel myself under to Mr Smith for the pleasure I have received from the perusal of his elegant Ode on the Peace.47
[Note 47: A copy of this "Ode on the Peace," composed by Boudinot's father-in-law, accompanies Boudinot's letter of April, 1783, in the Washington Papers.]
The accomplishment of the great object we had in view, in so short a time, and under such propitious circumstances, must I am confident, fill every bosom with the purest joy; and for my own part, I will not strive to conceal the pleasure I already anticipate from my approaching retirement to the placid Walks of domestic life. Having no rewards to ask for myself, if I have been so happy as to obtain the approbation of my Countrymen, I shall be satisfied; but it still rests with them to compleat my wishes, by adopting such a System of Policy, as will ensure the future reputation, tranquility, happiness and glory of this extensive Empire; to which desirable object, I am well assured, nothing can contribute so much, as an inviolable adherence to the principles of the Union, and a fixed Resolution of building the National faith on the basis of public Justice; without which, all that has been done and suffered, is in vain; to effect which, therefore, the abilities of every true Patriot, ought to be exerted with the greatest zeal and assiduity.
I am as yet uncertain, at what time I shall be at liberty to return to Virginia, and consequently cannot inform you, whether I may be able to gratify my inclination of spending a little time with my friends in Jersey, as I pass thro' that State. I can only say that the friendship I have for a People, from whom I have often derived such essential aid, will strongly dispose me to it.
Mrs Washington begs Mrs Boudinot and yourself will accept her best Complts and thanks for your good wishes; and I must request the same favour, being with sentiments of esteem etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Saturday, May 10, 1783.
Parole Portsmouth. Countersigns Exeter, Hampton.
The 7th. Massa. regt. gives the Guards and the 1st. the fatigues tomorrow.
The officers composing the Court of which Colonel H. Jackson is president and those of the board whereof Brigadier Genl. Greaton is President are to do duty in the Line untill further orders.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, May 11, 1783.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Bedford, Cumberland.
The 6th. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards and the 4th. the fatigues tomorrow.
The 2d. Massachusetts regt. will march on tuesday next to relieve the Maryland Detachment and the Hampshire Battalion on the Lines.
At the General Courtmartial of which Colo. H. Jackson is president, Serj. John Oakly of the 2d. New york regt. was tried "For leading, promoting and being principal in a Mutiny on the evening of the 22d. of April last, convicted in breach of Art. 3d. Sect. 2d. of the Rules and Articles of war and sentenced to receive One hundred Lashes on his naked back and be Drumed out of the Army. with a Label on his back, with the word Mutiny on it.
George Gamboll and Samuel Giles, soldiers in the 7th. Massachusetts regt. For behaving in a riotous and mutinous manner on the 20th. of April last and disobeying, and actually opposing the orders of an officer, were tried and convicted in breach of art. 5. sect 18th. and the latter part of Art. 5th. section 2d. of the Rules and Articles of war, and sentenced each of them to receive one hundred Lashes on his naked back.
John Vaughn of the 8th. Massachusetts regiment For neglect of duty when on Sentry at the Public store in Newburgh on the 24th. of March last, was tried, and acquitted.
The Commander in chief approves the foregoing sentences and directs them to be carried into execution.
Vaughn is to be released from confinement.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, May 12, 1783.
Parole Dunkirk. Countersigns Epsom, Ireland.
The 5th. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards and the 3d. regiment the fatigues tomorrow.
At a Genl. courtmartial held at Westpoint by order of Major General Knox, Lt. Colonel Gray president. Captn. John Reily of the corps of Invalids was tried, charged with conducting himself in a manner unbecoming an officer and Gentleman, by receiving his pay from the regimental pay master for the month of January last, partly in money, the remainder in orders drawn on said Paymaster, and accepted by him; and afterwards applying to, and receiving the same Months pay from the Deputy pay Master Genl., on an assurance that he had not received it from the regimental paymaster.
The Court on mature consideration are of opinion that Captain Reily did receive a part of his pay for the month of January last, vizt. eight Dollars from the regimental paymaster, and that he afterwards did apply to and receive from the Deputy Paymaster Genl. the same Months pay, for which conduct they think him highly reprehensible, in breach of art. 5th. sect. 18th. of the Rules and art. of War and do sentence him to be repremanded in Genl. orders. He is acquitted of the other part of the charge.
The Commander in Cheif approves the opinion of the Court, and while he finds from the proceedings there is rather an appearance of indiscretion than of intentional criminality in the conduct of Captain Reily he can not but express his concern, that an officer who has bled so freely in the service of his Country should (at the close of so honorable a contest) be guilty of behaving, not only in itself culpable, but very inconsistent with the delicacy of the Military character.
Head Quarters, May 12, 1783.
Sir: Several Motives operate to induce me to transmit to you the inclosed Copy of a Letter from Doctr Craick, Chief Physician to the Army, and to desire you to make a representation thereon to Congress in his Behalf.
The Doctors Age and Experience, his professional knowledge, with his Care and Attention to the duties of his Department, and his long Continuance in the Service, as well as the Grade he stands in upon the Hospital Arrangement, I think entitule him to a Degree of Superiority over the Hospital Surgeons; who are all, in point of Half pay Emoluments, placed on the same footing with him. This Indiscrimination at the same Time that it militates against the common principles of Subordination, Is contrary I believe, to the practice of all European Nations; the British particularly and some others, make no Distinction in their Service, between the Director of their Hospital, and the Physician in Chief of the Army, each being allowed the same Pay and Emoluments.
In asking an Augmentation of Half pay for Doctr Craick, I would explicitly protest against its extendg to any other Grade of the Hospital; nor would I wish to convey an Idea, that as to him, the Commutation should go to the five Years of his present pay: but that some proper Grade should be fixed on for him, between the Director and the Surgeons of the Hospital, such as Congress may think proper, from a view of their present pay, a Comparison of their respective subordinate Situations, and agreeable to the principles of the Resolutions allowg Half pay to the Hospital.
This I think would be reasonable, and will be placing the Hospital Department upon their proper footg, conformable to the practice of other Nations.
If this Idea should be adopted, it will undoubtedly extend to the Chief Physician of the Southern Army, who stands in the same predicament with Doct Craick.
Your favor of the 3d of May, with the several enclosures respecting the Indian Negotiation, is received by Yesterdays post. I have the Honor etc.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 13, 1783.
Sir: Your favor of the 2d. came to Hand by the last post.
Before this Time, you will have seen the Report I made to Congress of the Interview with Sir Guy Carleton. I am very sorry its Result proved so indecisive. That this arises from the cause you mention, I am not fully persuaded.50 I believe a want of Information from his Court, which had been for some Time without any Administration, has been a great Embarrassment to him.
[Note 50: In his letter of May 2 Livingston thought that the time and manner of evacuating New York had not yet been decided on by the British administration. Livingston's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The civil Jurisdiction of West Chester County, Sir Guy appeared very Willing, in his Conversation, to relinquish to the State, but what reply he will make to the Governor when he comes to reduce it to writing I do not know. Long Island he seemed to think could not be so easily delivered up. It would be attended with many Inconveniencies, and mentionaI particularly the facility it would give to Desertions, and the necessity of holdg it for the Accommodation of those people who must eventually be obliged to leave the Country. Staten Island was also necessary for his Convenience.
I have had no Reply from Sir Guy since he returned to N York, nor, I presume, has Govr. Clinton heard any thing from him, I have the Honor etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 13, 1783.
Sir: We are making some preparations in the Army for a display of our Joy on the happy event of a general peace. The Exhibition will be delayed until the arrival of the definitive Treaty; If your Excellency can make it convenient to honor us with your Company on the occasion it will be a great addition to our happiness.
I take the liberty to put under cover to your Excellency several Letters which I wish to convey to some Gentlemen of your Army late in America. If the Duke de Lauzun should have sailed before their arrival I shall be much obliged for your care of their Conveyance by some other good Opportunity. With great regard etc.52
[Note 52: From the original, in the writing of Benjamin Walker, in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, May 13, 1783.
Parole Georgia. Countersigns Hallifax, Ilinois.
The Jersey regt. gives the Guards and the 8th. Massachusetts regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, May 14, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 11th.
As you will have the best Opportunity to be acquainted with the particular Circumstances, and uneasinesses of your Line, I must desire that you will exercise your best Judgment and Discretion, and give furloughs to such persons as you shall find necessary and proper, and for such Time as you judge best.
The Subject of the Memorial of the Non Commissioned Officers, I shall take into Consideration.53 I am &c.54
[Note 53: In Huntington's letter of May 11 was forwarded a memorial from the sergeants of the Connecticut line. Huntington stated "they and the Soldiery are very impatient; particularly some who Families at Home to provide for: if these could have furloughs, it would be a great Favor to them." Huntington's letter is in the Washington Papers. It is indorsed "Petition sent to Congress, 21st."]
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Wednesday, May 14, 1783.
Parole Kilmaneck. Countersigns Leicester, Malden.
The 1st York regt. gives the Guards and the Jersey battalion the fatigues tomorrow.
The Genl. Courtmartial of which Colonel J. Vose is president will assemble at the Newbuilding on friday morning next at 10 o'clock.
Head Quarters, May 14, 1783.
Sir: I approve of your sentiments given to the Officers commanding the Regiments at West Point, respecting the carrying into execution the sentence of Courts Martial upon the Rioters mentioned in your Letter of this day, and they will stand justified with me.
I am loth at this time to consent to the absence of Officers from their Corps, wanting their influence as much as possible, to quiet and allay the discontents of the Soldiers, but in cases, where you find extraordinary circumstances require it, I submit to your giving liberty for such Officers to be absent for a short time. I am &c.
P.S. If there are any Non Commissioned Officers or Soldiers whose mutinous dispositions appear to arise from their anxiety to be discharged the Army, you have my full permission to give them Furloughs for any length of time they wish; we are better without them than with them. The same liberty for furloughing Men of the Connecticut Regts. was yesterday given to Genl. Huntington.55
[Note 55: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 14, 1783.
Sir: The inclosed is a Copy of a Letter which I have this moment received from Sir Guy Carleton, in reply to mine of the 6th. of May to him. I transmit it to your Excellency for the Information of Congress.
I shall wait the Instructions of Congress before I answer Sir Guy respecting the Evacuation of Penobscot, in preference to his attendg to that of N York, and will conform myself wholly to their Wishes on that head.
Your Excellency's Favor of the 9th. instant, enclosing Mr. Walke's56 Letter to the Delegates of Virginia,57 respecting the
[Note 56: Thomas Walke.]
[Note 57: A copy of his letter of May 3 to the Virginia Delegates, and an attested copy of the resolve of Congress of May 8 thereon, are in the Washington Papers. The copy of the letter is indorsed by Trumbull "Superceeded by Measures already taken."] Negroes in N York, with the Order of Congress thereon I have received this day. If Congress shall be please to suggest any further measure on this subject, than are already adopted, I will endeavour to pursue their Directions. With great Respect etc.58
[Note 58: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, May 14, 1783.
Dear Sir: You will see by the inclosed Copies, which are answers to my letters to Mr. Livingston and Mr. Madison, upon what footing the Appointment to Foreign Courts stand.
If these Gentlemen should leave Congress previous to the taking place of this event: Your friends in Congress should advise you thereof and of the time at which these Elections will probably be made; and I can facilitate your wishes by addressing myself on the occasion to any other of its Members (with whom I am acquainted) You may freely lay your Commands on Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
Head Qrs., Newburgh, May 15, 1783.
Gentn: The last Southern Mall brot. me a Letter from Jno. Searle Esqr. and Co. inclosing a Bill of Lading for two Pipes of old Madeira Wine which were Shipped in the Freemason Captn. Wm. Thomas, and Consigned to your care at Oxford. I shall thank you, Gentlemen, for forwarding the said Wine to Mr. Lund Washington on Potomk. River; 10 Miles below Alexa. in Virginia; who will pay the freight of them from the Island, and round to that place. I have only to entreat that they may be committed to safe hands, to prevent wasteage or adulteration. I have the honor etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 15, 1783.
Dear Sir: Having occasion to go to Poughkeepsie for the purpose of transacting some business with his Excellency Govr. Clinton, I shall sett off for that place this Morning, and shall not probably return until tomorrow Evening. I give you this information, that you may during my absence take upon yourself the superintendance of the Army. With great regard etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, May 15, 1783.
Sir: I have been most agreeably surprised and gratified by the receipt of Your Excellency's Letter of the 28th of January last, which I had the pleasure to obtain a few days ago.
The friendship which I had the Happiness to contract with you my Dear General, at our Operations in Virginia, has never been abated in my Mind, and will remain a pleasing and constant Companion of my future Life.
Whether I shall have it in my power to renew my Affection for your Excellency, by embracing you in Europe, I cannot at present declare. But should I ever have the happiness of meeting you again, either in Europe or America you may be assured I should place the event among the most fortunate Circumstances of my Life.
You will permit me to return you my warmest and most sincere Congratulations on the happy Termination of the War; an Event most favorable to America, and most glorious to the generosity and Disinterested Bravery of your Nation; by whose kind Intervention, the United States have been led by the Hand to Independence and a Station among the Nations.
Amidst the many Obligations this Country is under to the Gentlemen of the french Army and Navy, who have borne so noble a Share in our Establishment, the Part you have acted in this great Drama, will be deeply recorded on the Minds of her Sons, in Characters of undelible Gratitude and Veneration.
Altho the 12th. of April 1782, was an unfortunate Day to your Excellency, yet it has not tarnished your Glory in the Minds of those who know your Character and have been justly informed of the Circumstances of that Day's Action. Be assured My Dear General, that my Confidence in your Bravery and Ability to Conduct so great an Army as was intrusted by the King to your Direction, is not the least abated by that untoward Event. It only proves what many a noble Hero has heretofore experienced, that Fortune is a fickle Mistress in the Distribution of her Favors; and that, like a true Coquette, she is often best pleased with giving pain to her most deserving and meritorious Gallants.
Not knowing what occasion I may have for the Originals of your Letters to me, I have caused them to be carefully copied and certified as you requested. And now do myself the Honor to transmit them to Your Excelly begging that you will be persuaded that I am with the most perfect Affection etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, May 15, 1783.
Dear Sir: Sometime in the Winter, or early this Spring, a Frenchman in New York applied after representing the manner of his getting to that place) for leave to come out. Being a stranger of whom I had no knowledge and only his own word to support his narrative, I informed him that his application would go with more propriety to the Minister of France at Phila, than it came to me, and referred him there accordingly. The other day at Orange Town Mr. Fraunces61 informed me, that, this applicant was the Dentist62 of whose skill much has been said; and that he was very uneasy at not being able to get out. Having some Teeth which are very troublesome to me at times, and of wch. I wish to be eased, provided I could substitute others (not by transplantation, for of this I have no idea, even with young people, and sure I am it cannot succeed with old,) and Gums which might be relieved by a Man of skill, I would thank you for making a private Investigation of this Mans Character and knowledge in his profession and if you find them such as I can derive any benefit from encourage him to come out, and to take this in his way to whatever post, or place he may be bound. At any rate, if he really is skilful, I should be glad to see him with his Apparatus. I would not wish that this matter should be made a parade of, and therefore give you the trouble of arranging it. I cannot (having forgot it) give you this Mans name, but Mr. Frauncis can point you to him. I think he told me he lodged at a Ms. Lispenards where he had exhibited some proofs of his skill63
[Note 61: Samuel Fraunces.]
[Note 62: Dr. Jean Pierre Le Mayeur.]
[Note 63: On May 20 Smith replied that Le Mayeur was "considered particularly eminent He came to this Country, about 3 year past. recommended by General Conway to Sir Henry Clinton and General Robinson, who received him with every mark of attention. He continued in favour until one day at dinner with General Robinson and some British Officers, his Country as connected with this was reflected upon, he replyed with a degree of warmth displeasing to the General who after continuing to notice him some weeks with a cold Civility, permitted him to remain ever after unattended to, except by the Eye of suspicion. He is a man of polished Manner, of strict Integrity, at the Head of his Profession and a friend to this Country." Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I will thank you for procuring and sending to me the Articles mentioned in the Inclosed List.64 Get Mr. Parker to Pay for them, and place it to the Acct. between me and the Contractors. I am etc.
[Note 64: The draft of the list of articles accompanies the draft of this letter in the Washington Papers. The items wanted were "The Duke of Hamilton's Travels through France; Young's Tour through Ireland; The Trial between Sir Richard Worsley and Maurice Bissett; a pair of handsome and Fashionable Spurrs; 10 lbs of the best Hair powder, 4 lbs of which was to be Grey."]
P.S. I have seen Advertised by Geo. and Chs. Lowe No. 5765 Tin Plates in Boxes. Be so good as to examine these, and let me know the number in each Box; the kind and price; and whether there are Dishes with them and the prices of these also.
[Note 65: Name of the street inadvertently omitted.]
I wish also to know if there are any good Letter Cases with Ink, &ca. in them and the Price.
Hd. Qrs., Newburgh, May 15, 1783.
Dear Sir: It is reported to us, that, Goods in Phila. are now selling below the prime cost, or below what formerly was the prime cost of the like articles in England. Should this be the case, of which none can judge better than yourself, it would suit me very well to procure for my Family the following Articles. 1000 Ells of German Oznabgs. or Ticklinburg
a piece of fine Cambk. 2 pieces strong Check, wide kind 2 dozn. large Table Cloths 3 dozn. Napkins to suit Do. 12 pt. largest, and best kind of Bed Blankets 200 (Dutch) Blankets for my Negros. I Cask of 4d. Nails.
If the above Articles can be had at such low rates as we are informed I would thankfully allow the usual Commissions for purchasing of them. The Money shall be paid here upon demand or if it necessary to deposite at the Sale, Mr. Morris I perswade myself upon shewing him this Letter would advance it in Phila. and direct the application of the like sum in my hands which shall be paid to his order.
You will be pleased to observe that the purchase of these things depends absolutely upon the price; as I do not mean to buy them unless they are as low as they are reported to be.
The Blankets which I used to Import for my Negros came under the description of Dutch Blankets, abt. 15 in a piece, striped large and of the best quality, such I now want. In case of a purchase, I would have them sent to my House upon Potomack River consigned to Mr. Lund Washington at Mr. Vernon abt. 10 Miles below Alexa.
My Compliments to which Mrs. Washingtons are joined are offered to Mrs. Biddle and I am etc.
[Note 66: A boot and shoe maker in Philadelphia.]
Newburgh, May 15, 1783.
Sir: I want a neat pair sumr. Boots. You have heretofore made me two pair; neither of which fitd. being two long and large in the Shoe, and too loose in the small of the Leg; this, I presume, has been occasioned by your not understanding my mode of measuring; tho' taken agreeably to the directions of Mr. Didsbury of London; from whom; before the War, I always got my Shoes and Boots and of the size exactly to suit me.
I again inclose you a measure taken very correctly, more so perhaps than any of the former, by which if you think you can make me a pair of thin, draw Boots, I could wish to have them sent to me as soon as possible. If on the other hand, you have any doubts about you, I had rather you would hold in reserve some good Leather and wait, altho' I am in immediate want, till you can take measure of me yourself. At any rate let me know by the Post whether I am to depend on the Boots immediately, or not, that I may govern myself accordingly. I am etc.
Hd. Qrs., State of New York, May 15, 1783.
Madam: Pursuant to the Promise in my last, I wrote to a Gentlemen who I thought most likely to obtain an Authenticated Copy of your Brothers Will, and have receivd an answer, of which the Inclosed is a Copy. When I get the Will, it shall be forwarded, notwithstanding Copies thereof appear to have been sent to you heretofore. With great respect etc.
Thursday, May 15, 1783.
Parole Niagara. Countersigns Orkneys, Preakaness.
The 1st. Massa. Regt. gives the Guards and the 2d. York regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
The Waggon Master Genl. having occasion for eight team Drivers, they are to be furnished in the following proportion, The Jersey, York, Hampshire and 3d. Massa. Brigades, one each, and the 1st. and 2d. Massa. Brigades two each. These men arc to join the Waggon masters Department immediately but must attend their regiments on clays of Muster.
Friday, May 16, 1783.
Parole Poughkeepsie. Countersigns Fishkill, Newburgh.
The 4th. Massachusetts regiment gives the Guards and the Hampshire regiment the fatigues tomorrow.
The several corps in this Cantonment are to square and deliver at the Newbuilding with all convenient speed the following pieces of timber. vizt.
The Quarter Master Genl. will direct where the timber maybe cut, agreeable to the orders of the 20th. of April last.
The Inspection of the Army for the month of May will take place on the following days. vizt.
Maryland Detacht. and Jersey brigade the 20th. Inst. York and Hampshire Brigades 21. 1 Massachusetts do. 22 2d. do. do. 23. 3d. Massachusetts Brigade 24th.
The Troops at Westpoint and its dependences, on the 26th. and 27th. in such order as will best suit the Duties of the Garrison.
The necessary Rolls may be had at Colonel Stewarts Quarters.
MAJOR GENL. HEATHS ORDERS
The regimental pay masters will call on the Assistant Clothier Genl. at Newburgh for a proportion of what articles he has on hand to issue.
Saturday, May 17, 1783.
Parole Turkey. Countersigns Vienna, Waldeck.
The 3d. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards and the 7th. the fatigues tomorrow.
At the General Courtmartial of which Col. J. Vose is president, Corporal St. Laurence of the ed. New York regt. was tried for wilful disobedience of orders on the evening of the 30th. of April last, and for insulting Ensign Dodge67 by saying damn your orders sir. Corporals Kelly and Amerman of the same regt. were also tried for wilful disobedience of orders on the same evening.
[Note 67: Ensign Samuel Dodge, jr., of the Second New York Regiment. He served to June, 1783.]
The Court find each of them Guilty of the charge respectively against them and sentence Corporal St. Laurence to be reduced to a private Sentinel and receive one hundred lashes on his naked back. Corporals Kelly and Amerman to be reduced to private Centinels. Corporals Meadows and Barns and Warren Birch of the 8th. Massachusetts regimt were tried and convicted of Mutinous conduct on the evening of the 30th. of April last, in breach of art. 3d. sect. 2d. of the Rules and Articles of war, and sentenced, Birch to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back: Corporals Meadows and Barns each to be reduced to private Centinels and to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back. Dennis Myers, a soldier of the 6th. Massa. regt. was tried for desertion. The Court find him Guilty of absenting himself without Leave and sentence him to receive fifty lashes on his naked back, they acquit him of Desertion.
The Commander in Chief approves the foregoing Sentences.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, May 18, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with two Letters from you. One under the 16th. of March, the other of the 3d of April. And Yesterday I had the pleasure to receive that of the 20th. of April, by your express Boat to Philadelphia.
The subjects of the two first are superceded by the Arrival of Peace; an Event on which I return you my Congratulations with the utmost Sincerity and Cordiality: an Event, to the Attainment of which, it is your happiness, to have contributed a very noble part, the Impression of which Is deeply fixed in the Minds of your fellow Citizens, and the Recollection of which will not be easily obliterated from their grateful Breasts.
Pleasing as the Prospect of Peace is to me, I feel that it must be very grateful to you, as it relieves you from a Load of Care, Toil and Anxiety, which I can easily conceive, from the Experience I have had in Situations not dissimilar to yours.
The Mode you propose of getting the Troops to the Northward by Water, if it can be effected, I think an eligible one; and that they should be removed as soon as possible, before the extreme Heats come on; but this must be submitted to the Secretary at War, who must form the necessary Arrangements: So must also the Disposition of the Cavalry Horses; an Act of Congress for their Sale, having passed the 17th of April. I shall write to Genl Lincoln on this Subject, and give it as my Opinion that unless Congress should have some particular reasons against it, that the Troops should be early removed to the Northward, and that their Removal, if possible, should be effected by Water. Humanity, as well as policy, dictates this Measure. It will save the fatigues of a toilsome and Sultry March, in the most disagreeable Season; and will bring them to the Northward in the most expeditious, as well as the least expensive, and easiest manner. It will also prevent the Ravages and Distress which the Country, thro' which they must pass by Land, would probably experience.
The Arrangement of a peace Establishment, which is now under the Consideration of Congress, prevents my being so explicit on the Removal of the Troops, as I should otherways be, was I informed of their final Intentions; but I take it for granted that none of the Pennsylvania or Maryland Troops will be retained to Garrison any of the Southern Posts, because the Times of their Inlistment, are generally I believe, for the War. General Lincoln I think will be decisive with you on this Head.
I have at Times through the Course of this Winter, had much Anxiety from the Disposition of the Troops in this Department: but happily the prospects of Peace have given me much relief; and we shall I hope, be able to quit the Field without any disgraceful Excesses. The principal Uneasiness now remaining, arises from an Anxiety and Impatience of the Men for the War who have their Minds impressed with an Idea that the War is at an End, and that they are entitled to their Discharges. If the Definitive Treaty is not too long delayed, I have a Hope, that even this Circumstance will pass over easier than has been feared.
I shall leave to your own Judgment and Discretion, to determinewhen Circumstances can admit of your coming to the Northward. I will only add that I shall be extremely happy in an Opportunity to take you by the Hand and to felicitate you on the glorious and happy Issue of our Toils. I have the honor etc.
P S. just at closing this Letter, yours of the 4th of April, covering the Returns for the Month of March, came to Hand.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 18, 1783.
Sir: From the inclosed Transcript of a Letter from M Genl Greene to me, and the Extract of my Reply to him, you will learn, the Wishes of Genl Greene respecting the Removal of the Troops from the Southward. And you will also observe my Opinion thereon, provided no Reasons of Congress shall militate against it.
Will you be pleased to obtain the Pleasure of Congress on this Subject, and in Consequence, communicate to M Genl Greene, your determinate and decided Instructions thereon.
Enclosed is an Acceptance from the Engineers Department, of the Commutation proposed by the Resolutions of Congress of the 22d of April. Also a Letter from Colo. Humpton of 2d Pensylvania Rgt. on the same subject. I have the Honor etc.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 18, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have the honor to inclose to you a Memorial which Capt. Segond has presented to me, at the same time soliciting my recommendation to Congress to promote him one Grade, by Brevet, from his present rank; considering the length of his Service and in the full belief that he has been a brave and Zealous Officer I should not hesitate to comply with his request and the more so as it involves no additional Expences but as there is Captain De Pontiere74 and perhaps other Officers who have served in the same Rank as long as Captain Segond, it becomes a question if the same favor should be extended to all, or whether Cap Segond's Services have been such as to entitle him to preference; of this you Sir with whom he has chiefly Served will be better able to judge and I therefore take the liberty to refer him to you with the assurance that I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever you may think proper to be done.75
[Note 74: Capt. Louis de Pontière, of the Continental Dragoons by brevet and aide-de-camp to Baron Steuben. He served to April, 1784.]
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, May 18, 1783.
Parole Alicant. Countersigns Baltic, Cicilly.
The 8th. Massachusetts regiment gives the Guards and the6th. the fatigues tomorrow.
Monday, May 19, 1783.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Epson, Falmouth.
The 7th. Massachusetts regiment gives the Guards and the 5th. the Fatigues tomorrow.
At the Genl. Courtmartial of which Col. J. Vose is president, Mr. Bartholomew Fisher, Forage Master, was tried, charged with misconduct in office in defrauding the officers of the army in general and Brigr. Genl. Putnam in particular of part of their allowance of Grain for forage in the month of april last.
The Court on consideration are of opinion that the charge against Mr. Fisher is not supported and they do acquit him.
The Commander in chief approves the opinion of the court. Mr. Fisher is released from Arrest.
Tuesday, May 20, 1783.
Parole Geneva. Countersigns Holland, Indostan.
The Maryland Detachment gives the Guards and the Jersey regiment the fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, May 21, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I accept with pleasure your Congratulations on the Arrival of Peace, an Event happy to the Country, and glorious for those who have had the immediate Concern in its procurement.
The Arrangement of a Peace Establishment, Congress have now under their Consideration; But as I am totally Ignorant of what will be the Result of their Determinations, it is impossible for me to say how far it will be in my Power to comply with your Wishes. I can only say, that my Inclination to serve you will not be wanting, and a Recollection of your Merits and Services will present you to my Mind, should an Occasion offer itself, when you can with Honor and Propriety be provided for.
Agreeable to your request, the Appointment of Lieutt Pratt76 as Q Master, and Lieut Peaty77 as Pay Master to the 3d Pennsylvania Regiment, are announced in Genl orders. I am &c.78
[Note 76: Lieut. John Pratt.]
[Note 77: Lieut. Erskurius Beatty (Beaty). He served to November, 1783.]
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Wednesday, May 21, 1783.
Parole Kendal. Countersigns Litchfield, Malden.
The Jersey Battalion gives the Guards and the 1st. York regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
The Contractors and Suffers of the Army are not to sell any Rum, or spirituous Liquors to the Troops, unless the person applying therefor produces a written permission, specifying the quantity, and signed by a Commissioned officer.
The General thinks it necessary to caution the soldiers against the foolish practice, which he is informed has prevailed in some instances, of disposing of their Notes and securities of pay, at a very great discount, when it is evident the Speculaters on those securities must hereafter obtain the full payment of their nominal value. He also wishes that any instances which shall be discovered of fraud or unfairness in the dealings of Sutlers or Traders might be reported in writing to the Orderly office in order that measures should be taken to remedy all abuses of that kind.
Head Quarters, May 21, 1783.
Sir: His Excellency the Governor of this State having determined to reestablish Civil Government in the County of West Chester, and having directed the Honble Chief Justice Morris79 to repair to that County for the purpose; It is my Order, that you, with the Troops under your Command should be aiding and assisting, so far as may be necessary, in carrying the intention of His Excellency the Governor into effect.
[Note 79: Richard Morris.]
To accomplish this with the greater facility, you will remove your Corps to the neighbourhood of Mile Square, or such place as shall be agreed upon between Chief Justice Morris and yourself, as best calculated to promote the object in view, as well as most convenient for covering your Men, and obtaining the necessary supply of Provision, which I conceive will be forwarded by Water.
You will pay the strictest attention to prevent the Troops from committing any outrages or excesses on the persons or property of the Inhabitants, under pretext of their having been disaffected; You will not suffer any Officer or Soldier, on any consideration whatever to pass on to York Island, unless by permission from Head Quarters; And in all matters of Civil Resort you will apply to the Chief Justice for his opinion thereon to which you will conform, and to whose requisition for military aid you will also yield implicit obedience.
This Order is to be delivered over to the relieving Officer and to be considered as a standing Regulation.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New Burgh, May 21, 1783.
Sir: The last Post brought me your favor of the 14th. and the Post before handed me a Letter from Messrs. Jno. Searle & Co. inclosing a Bill of Lading for two Pipes of old Madeira Wine consigned to Messrs. Crookshanks & Co. of Maryld. for my use. Having received no letter from the Gentlemen whose names are last mentioned respecting the arrival of the Wine I have written to them on the Subject, and as soon as I get their answer will remit you the Sum of £72. Sterlg; Cost of the two Pipes.
The Letter herewith inclosed, requests a like qty. of Wine, and I beg the favor of you to take the trouble of forwarding it by the first safe conveyance. I am etc.
Head Quarters, May 21, 1783.
Sir: The enclosed Address from the Sergeants of the Connecticut Line of the Army, was presented to me a few Days ago;81 considering its subject and the manner of Expression, I think it not improper to transmit it to your Excellency, to be laid before Congress.
[Note 81: The original petition of the sergeants of the Connecticut line to the Commander in Chief, dated West Point, May 1, 1783, is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
The Difference mentioned, between them and the Soldier, in their Cloathing and Allowance of Lands, [especially the latter], I think very pertinent; and will be found to be conformable to the practice of European Nations, and is particularly exemplified in the Grant of Lands, made by the British proclamation, alluded to by the Sergeants. Independent of this practice, the reason is well founded, as it serves to prompt that Pride of military distinction, which is necessary in the Sergeant, to raise him to that superiority over the Soldier which it is his Duty to observe; and without which, he will not be able to maintain that Respectability in his Station, which the nature of his Command requires; and which, in all well disciplined Armies, is very essential to the Service. I submit it to the Consideration of Congress; and to their Wisdom I leave its decision.
Your Excellencys favor of the 9th of May, with its Enclosures, was very agreeable; and is acknowledged with much pleasure. With the highest Respect etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington. The letter was read in Congress on May 26 and referred to Theodorick Bland, Hugh Williamson, and Nathaniel Gorham.]
Newburgh, May 21, 1783.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you a few days ago for some Books &ca.; since that I have seen the following Books advertised for Sale by Mills & Hicks at their Printing office which I beg the favorof you to procure and send to me.
If there is a good Booksellers Shop in the City I would thank you for sending me a Catalogue of them and the prices that I may choose such as I want. I am etc.83
[Note 83: On Smith's letter of May 20 Washington has entered: "Also reed. Robinsons History of America Voltairs Letters Lewis 15th. 4 Vols Charles the 12th. Register for 1781."]
[Note 84: Then located on the Madeira Islands.]
Head Qrs., State of New York, May 21, 1783.
Gentln: A few days ago I was honored with your favor of the 3d. Ulto. inclosing a Bill of Lading for two Pipes of Wine consigned to Messrs. Chas. Crookshanks & Co. of Maryland for, and on my Acct. It is to be presumed the Vessell is safe arrived at her destined Port as the original Letter and Invoice are come to hand; but having heard nothing from these Gentlemen on the subject I am totally in the Dark respecting the matter.
I shall pay, as you desire, the cost of the Wine, to wit: £72. Sterlg. to Lewis Pintard Esqr. and have to thank you for this Instance of your recollection of and attention to me, and to request that you would by the first good conveyance to Potomack River in Virginia send me two other Pipes of your very choicest (old) Madeira Wine, a Box of Citron and two Baskets of Figs (both fresh and good), the cost of all which shall be paid to Mr. Pintard if it is your desire.
Permit me, before I conclude, to express to you my sensibility at the favourable manner in which you have been pleased to Speak of my Services in the great contest between America and G: Britain; from the distresses of which she has now a prospect of emerging. For your congratulations on the success of this arduous struggle and your friendly wishes for my persl prospy you will please to accept my acknowledgements and thanks, and the assurances of my being Gentn, Yr. etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, May 22, 1783.
Parole Normandy. Countersigns Oporto, Pottsdam.
The 2d. Newyork regiment gives the Guards and the Hampshire Battalion the Fatigues tomorrow.
At the General courtmartial of which Colonel J. Vose is president, George Taylor, a soldier of the 7th. Massa. regt. was tried and convicted of Desertion, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his naked back.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
The Genl. courtmartial of which Colo. H. Jackson is president, will assemble this day at the Newbuilding at 12 o'clock, for the trial of Captain Webb85 of Light Dragoons; all evidences and others concerned will attend.
[Note 85: Capt. John Webb. Heitman states that he resigned in April, 1783.]
Lieutt. Pratt of the 3d. pennsa regt. and Lieut. Beatty of the same are appointed, the former to be Quarter Master and the latter paymaster of the regts. to which they belong.
The officers composing the Genl. courtmartial of which Col. J. Vose is president are to do duty in the Line untill further orders.
Many of the officers composing the General courtmartial of which Col. H. Jackson is Prsident, having been absent to day; That Court is directed to assemble at the Newbuilding tomorrow morning 10 o'clock.
Friday, May 23, 1783.
Parole Quebec. Countersigns Roxbury, Salem.
The Hampshire regt. gives the Guards and the 1st. Massa. regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
AFTER ORDERS
The Genl. Courtsmartial of which Colonel H. Jackson and Colo. J. Vose are presidents, are desolved; and another court ordered to assemble at the Newbuilding tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock of which Colo. Tupper is appointed president, Lt. Col. Vandyck, Major Knap with two Captns. from the Jersey, two from the York two from the 1st. Massa., one from the 2d. one from the 3d. and two from the Hampshire Brigades Members, for the trial of such persons as shall be brought before them.
Head Quarters, Newburg, May 24, 1783.
This Certifies that Monsr. de Murnan has held the rank of Major of Engineers in the service of the United States from the Month of March 1778 until the present day; that he appears to have been actuated with great zeal and fidelity in performing his duty, so far as his services have fallen under my immediate observation, and that he having served a considerable part of the War, under the particular Orders of Major General the Marquis de la fayette; the Chevalier Du Portail Major Genl of Engineers in the American service; the Chevalier de Choisy Marl. de Camp in the Armies of his Most Christian Majesty; the American Major Generals Sullivan and Howe; and Beige. Genl Hand now Adjt Genl of the American Army, hath obtained from each of those Officers honorary testimonies of service, setting forth that his conduct as Major of Engineers had met with their approbation, and certifying his activity, intelligence, and bravery on all occasions.86
[Note 86: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Saturday, May 24, 1783.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersigns Versailles, Warsaw.
The 6th. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards and the 4th. the fatigues tomorrow.
Sunday, May 25, 1783.
Parole Adrianople. Countersigns Baltic, Cambridge.
The 5th. Massa. regt. gives the Guards and the 3d. the fatigues tomorrow.
The 8th. Massachusetts regt. will march on tuesday next to releive the 2d Regt. on the Lines.
Head Quarters, May 26, 1783.
Sir: The inclosed papers were handed to me a few Day ago. The Case of the Officer87 as therein represented, appears singularly hard; but I can only refer him to the Civil power, for Relief from civil processes.
[Note 87: Lieut. William Stuart. of the Second Canadian Regiment, had been arrested by the sheriff for seizing bills of exchange going into New York. His letter of May 7 to Brig. Gen. Moses Hazen, explaining his situation, is in the Washington Papers.]
I will thank your Excellency to take the Trouble of reading the papers, and, if any legal Remedy can be given to Lieut Steuart, that you will be pleased to suggest the Mode to B Genl Hazen. With great Respect etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, May 26, 1783.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Essex, Fairfield.
The Jersey regiment gives the Guards and the Maryland Detachment the fatigues tomorrow.
Tuesday, May 27, 1783.
Parole Gottenburgh. Countersigns Hartford, Ilchester.
The 1st. York regt. gives the Guards and the Jersey Battalion the fatigues tomorrow.
The regimental Surgeons are to make Returns of their Sick weekly to Doctr. Craick.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve
By the United States in Congress assembled, May 16, 1783.
Resolved, That the commutation in lieu of half pay, as well to chaplains as to the officers of the hospital department and medical staff, shall be calculated by what they are respectively entitled to, agreeably to the resolutions of the 17 January and 8 May, 1781.
Head Quarters, May 27, 1783.
Gentlemen: Mr George Readhead and Mr John Johnson, by whom you will receive this, are empowered by the State of So Carolina, to demand and receive all the public and private property, which has been carried off from that State, by the British Forces.
They have been directed by the Delegates of So Carolina, to take my Instructions, respecting the Mode of Conducting their Business.
Sir Guy Carleton will doubtless expect all Applications of this nature to be made to him thro you. I have therefore advised these Gentlemen to call on you, and take your directions in the Matter. And I have to request that you will be pleased to give them whatever Information and Assistance is in your power, towards effecting the Objects of their Mission. I am &c.
N B. Not having had the pleasure to hear from you since your Appointment, I will thank you for a Line, 'tho it be only to inform me that you have nothing to Communicate.89
[Note 89: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 28, 1783.
Sir: I received your favor of the 20th, respectg the Case of Lieut Colo Ternant; but not having been furnished with the Resolution of Congress of the 26th of March, promoting you to the Rank of Brigadier, I am unable to do any thing more than to refer him to the Secty at War and to Congress, from whom I trust he will experience that Justice and Attention, which his Merits and Services require, and which may be consistent with the Rules of propriety, and the general Good of the American Army.
I have written to Lt Colo Ternant and have given him a Certificate of his Services, which I hope will be useful to him. I am etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, May 28, 1783.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 20th. with the several papers inclosed. I have attentively perused the whole; but the Resolution of the 26th of March, by which Genl Armand obtained his promotion, not having been forwarded to me, I am unable to judge of the Terms of its expression, or the propriety of your reasoning thereon; nor can I say how far your Observations on the intention or extent of his promotion will apply.
The Secretary at War being fully acquainted with your subject in particular, as well as the general Rules and Practice of Promotions, I am obliged to leave the Matter with him; confiding in his Judgment, and trusting, that, from a knowledge of your Merits and Services, with which I am persuaded he is very well impressed, he will be disposed to interest himself in your Favor with Congress, in every Way that will be consistent with the Rules of Propriety and the general Welfare of the Army.
Willing to contribute what is in my power, to the fulfillment of your Wishes, I have made out a Certificate of your Services, the best my recollection would enable me to furnish. The Gentlemen to whom you have referred me not being present with the Army, I have not had the Assistance of their Information. I hope however it may prove to your Acceptance and be conducive to your Benefit.
You will be pleased to make such Use of it as you shall find proper. With much Esteem etc.91
[Note 91: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Wednesday, May 28, 1873.
Parole Kenntecke. Countersigns Lancaster, Marblehead.
The Hampshire Battalion gives the Guards and the 2d. York regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Thursday, May 29, 1783.
Parole Naples. Countersigns Ostend, Poland.
The 1st. Massa. refit. gives the Guards and the Hampshire regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
The Commander in Chief accepts the following Report of a Court of inquiry appointed in the Genl. orders of the 3d. of April last and directs it to be made public to the Army.
The Court beg leave to report that from a comparative view of the Defence of Major Reid referred to in said orders, and of the proceedings of the trial of Genl. Hazen in 1780 before a General Courtmartial of which Brigr. Genl. Stark was president and from such other testimony as has been produced, they can not find reason to justify the assertions alluded to in the said orders.
May 29, 1783.
Sir: The enclosed Complaints's95 against your Department, are of so serious and alarming Complexion, that I cannot omit
[Note 95: The complaints of the troops were that the provision issues were irregular and the provisions themselves bad and unwholesome. Copies of letters from Dayton to Heath, Scott to Stark, Stark to Heath, and Paterson to Heath, all dated May 28, 1783, and Van Cortlandt to Heath, Reid to Stark, and Heath to Washington, all dated May 29, 1783, were inclosed in this letter to Duet and Parker. The originals of these letters are in the Washington Papers.] to transmit them to you, with my earnest request that the Causes may be immediately removed, and that complete Satisfaction may be given to the Army.
I am also informed from West point, that the Measles is very prevalent among the Troops in that Garrison, which absolutely requires their being supplied with a proportion of fresh Meat, for those who are sick. I am &c.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Friday, May 30, 1783.
Parole Quibletown. Countersigns Reading, Sussex.
The 4th. Massa. refit. gives the Guards and the 7th. the fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, Saturday, May 31, 1783.
Parole Tunbridge. Countersigns Ulster, Williamsburgh.
The 3d. Massa. regt. gives the Guards and the 6th. the fatigues tomorrow.
Newburgh, June 1, 1783.
Sir: In the dispute which subsists between you and Majr Reed97 I have pursued the advice of a Board of General Officers,
[Note 97: Maj. James Randolph Reid.] and have done every thing in my power to give satisfaction to you, and the complaining Officers of your Regimt. and can only lament that the Measures which have been adopted have failed of the wished for effect; especially as the Court have reported "they cannot find reason to justify the assertions alluded to in the said orders."98
[Note 98: See General Orders, Apr. 3, 1783.]
[Your Letter, with the papers respectg Lieut Smart, I have transmitted to Govr Livingston, with a request to him, that he would consider the Case; and if any legal Remedy can be had, that he would be pleased to suggest the Mode to you, for Lieut Stuarts Relief.]99 I am etc.
[Note 99: The portion within brackets is in the writing of Johanthan Trumbull, jr.]
Sunday, June 1, 1783.
Parole Andover. Countersigns Bedford, Cambridge.
The Maryland Detachment gives the Guards and the 5th. Massa. regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, June 2, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 20 of May I received with much pleasure. For I can assure you, that, among the many worthy and meritorious Officers, with whom I have had the happiness to be connected in Service, through the Course of this War, and from whose cheerful Assistance and Advise, I have received much support and Confidence in the various and trying Vicissitudes of a Complicated Contest, the Name of a Putnam is not forgotten; nor will it be, but with that Stroke of Time which shall obliterate from my Mind, the remembrance of all those Toils and Fatigues, through which we have struggled for the preservation and Establishment of the Rights, Liberties and Independence of our Country.
Your Congratulations on the happy prospects of Peace and Independent Security, with their attendant Blessings to the United States, I receive with great Satisfaction; and beg that you will accept a Return of my Gratulations to you, on this auspicious Event; an Event, in which, great as it is in itself, and glorious as it will probably be in its Consequences, you have a right to participate largely, from the distinguished part you have contributed towards its attainment.
But while I contemplate the greatness of the Object for which we have contended, and felicitate you on the happy Issue of our Toils and Labors, which have terminated with such general Satisfaction, I lament that you should feel the ungrateful Returns of a Country in whose Service you have exhausted your Bodily Health and expended the Vigor of a youthful Constitution. I wish however that your Expectations of returng Sentiments of Liberality may be verified. I have a hope they may. But should they not, your case will not be a singular One. Ingratitude has been experienced in all Ages, and Republics in particular have ever been famed for the exercise of that unnatural and Sordid Vice.
The Secretary at War, who is now here, informs me that you have ever been considered as entitled to full pay, since your Absence from the field, and that you will be still considered in that Light 'till the Close of the War, at which period, you will be equally entitled to the same emoluments of half pay or Commutation, as other Officers of your Rank. The same Opinion is also given by the P M Genl, who is now with the Army, empowered by Mr Morris for the Settlement of all their Accounts, and who will attend to yours whenever you shall thing proper to send on for the purpose; which it will probably be best for you to do in a short Time.
I anticipate with pleasure the Day, and that I trust not far off, when I shall quit the busy Scenes of a military Employment, and retire to the more tranquil Walks of Domestic Life. In that, or whatever other Situation, Providence may dispose of my future Days, the Remembrance of the many friendships and Connections I have had the happiness to contract with the Gentlemen of the Army, will be one of my most grateful Reflections. Under this Contemplation and Impressed with the Sentiments of Benevolence and Regard, I commend you, my Dear Sir, my other Friends, and with them, the Interests and Happiness of our Dear Country, to the keeping and Protection of Almighty God. With great Truth etc.1
[Note 1: The draft as in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull. jr.]
Monday, June 2., 1783.
Parole Dartmouth. Countersigns Eastchester, Falmouth.
The Jersey Battalion gives the Guards and the Jersey regt. the fatigues tomorrow.
The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to pass the following Resolve2
[Note 2: Of May 23, 1783.]
By the United States in Congress assembled On motion
Resolved, That the Commander in Chief be instructed to grant furloughs to the non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the service of the United States, inlisted to serve during the war, who shall be discharged as soon as the definitive treaty of peace is concluded, together with a proportionable number of commissioned officers of the different grades: and that the Secretary at War and Commander in Chief, take the proper measures for conducting those troops to their respective homes, in such a manner as may be most convenient to themselves, and to the states through which they may pass, and that the men thus furloughed be allowed to take their arms with them.
In consequence of the preceding Resolution, Colonels and Commandants of refits. and corps will immediately make Returns of the number of men who will be entitled to furloughs, to the Commanding officers of the several state Lines, who will make report at Head Quarters; at the same time returns are to be made of the Noncommissioned officers and privates who will not be included in the above discription. These Returns must be made to comport with the Muster Rolls, with which they will be compared at the Inspection office.
A sufficient number of officers of the several Grades to command the troops who will remain in the field must continue with them; they are requested to make this a matter of agreement among themselves. The Commanding officers of Lines will superintend and endeavour to accomodate this business to the satisfaction of all concerned.
The pay masters of regiments and such other officer in each, as may be appointed to act as a regimental Agent for the occasion will also remain with the Army to aid in the settlement of accts.
The Pay Master and Agent having attended the completion of the business, will distribute the result of the settlements agreeably to the instructions they may receive from the officers of the corps.
The Quarter Master Genl. will have a sufficient number of printed Furloughs provided as soon as may be.3
[Note 3: See frontispiece to this volume. On the verso of this discharge is printed the following: "Head-Quarters, June 1783. The within CERTIFICATE shall not avail the Bearer as a Dischage, until the Ratification of the definitive Treaty of Peace; previous to which Time, and until Proclamation thereof shall be made, He is to be considered as being on Furlough. GEORGE WASHINGTON."]
The Commander in Chief wishes to give every facility in his power towards carrying the proposed measure into effect, with as great convenience and satisfaction to the Troops as possible. For this purpose the Contractors are directed to lay up adaquate supplies of Provision at the several Posts and places on the rout where it will be necessary.
Generals and Commanding officers of Lines will be pleased to make the interior Arrangements for marching the Troops of their respective States to their homes, they will receive further instructions on the subject.
The Commander in Chief is pleased to grant a full and free pardon to all Noncommissioned officers and privates now in confinement and they are to be liberated accordingly.
Head Quarters, June 2, 1783.
Gentlemen: I transmit you a Copy of a Resolution of Congress which passed the 26th ulto. Claiming Property of the United States &c. and remonstratg against sendg off Negroes. The purport of this Act you will collect from its perusal. I have only to request that you will be pleased to pay strict Attention to the Injunctions of Congress contained therein. I am &c.4
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On June 2 Washington forwarded the resolve of May 26 to Sir Guy Carleton. "Your Excellency will be pleased to notice the Purport of this Act, and I am persuaded you will consider it with that Attention which you shall judge the Nature of Its Object requires." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, June 3, 1783.
Gentlemen: Inclosed is the proceedings of a board of Generals and Officers commanding Corps, on an Enquiry into the execution of Contract.
In consequence thereof, the Commander in Chief desires to know your objections (if any you have) to the annulling the Agreement therein Mentioned and putting the Army on the footing of the Original Contract.
I am directed also to call on Mr. Smith5 for the circumstances of the Charge said in the proceedings to have been made by him against sundry Officers of taking an allowance to induce their Soldiers to lay out their expected Pay in Goods at his Store, and for the names of the Officers particularly concerned therein. I am &c.6
[Note 5: Melancton Smith. He was a member of the firm of Duet & Parker.]
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "B[enjamin] W[alker]."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 3, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 29th Ulto. has been duly received.
We are now preparing to carry into execution the Resolution of Congress of the 26th of May, and I am making out the furloughs accordingly; but I am extremely apprehensive that insuperable difficulties and the worst of consequences may be expected, unless the Notes7 you mention shall be paid to the
[Note 7: Morris issued anticipatory "Notes" at 6 months.
Morris had written (May 29): "I shall cause such Notes to be issued for three Months Pay to the Army and I must entreat Sir that every Influence be used with the States to absorb them together with my other Engagements by Taxation. The present Collections are most shameful and afford but a sad Prospect to all those who are dependant upon them." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.] Officers and Men before their departure from this Cantonment; it is for the sole purpose of bringing them forward to the Pay Mastr with the greatest expedition, that I send the Messenger who is the bearer of this; pray do not delay him a single instant, but if all the Notes should not be ready, forward the remainder by the earliest possible opportunity, and be so good as to inform me when they may be expected.
I write in haste and with earnestness because some circumstances which have just come to my knowledge make it necessary not a moment's time should be lost.
Tho it is much to be lamented that at least a Month's Pay could not have been given to the Troops in Money before they left this place; yet I am in hopes your Notes will in some measure remedy the Evils which might have been expected from their disappointment. Nothing else can now avert the most alarming consequences or distresses of the most cruel nature, particularly to the Officers.
Before I retire from public life, I shall with the greatest freedom give my sentiments to the States on several political subjects, amongst those will be comprehended the particular object you recommend to my attention. With great regard etc.8
[Note 8: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, June 3, 1783.
Parole Ghent. Countersigns Holland, Ireland.
The 2d. York regt. gives the Guards and the first the Fatigues tomorrow.
The Maryland Battalion is to march on thursday next. Provision is to be drawn to last the corps to Pompton. and Major Lansdale will receive Instructions at Head Quarters for his further Goverment.
Wednesday, June 4, 1783.
Parole Kenderhook. Countersigns Lyons, Maldon.
The Hampshire regt. gives the Guards tomorrow and the Hampshire Battalion the Fatigues.
The agreement9 entered into on the 16th. Jany. last between the Troops of the Cantonment of New Windsor and the Contracters, is at the desire of those Troops and with the consent of the Contracters declared Null and void; and both parties are hereafter to stand on the footing of the Original Contract with Mr. Morris.
[Note 9: A contemporary copy of this agreement is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 4, 1783.
Dr Sir: You will receive by this conveyance blank Discharges for the Non Commissd Officers and Privates of the Rhode Island Regt enlisted for the War, which, under the restriction of the Endorsement are only to be considered as furloughs until farther Orders; you will be pleased to have them filled up and the Men permitted, under the direction of a proportionable number of Officers, to retire to the State immediately. Orders will soon be transmitted to the remainder of the Corps, for the regulation of their conduct.
The furloughed Men of the Rhode Island Regt will draw Provisions at Litchfield and Hartford in their way to the State. The Genl Orders on this subject were sent by the Post.
Should there be more furloughs than you have occasion for, you will be cautious to have such care taken of the residue as will absolutely prevent their being made use of for improper purposes. I am etc.10
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On June 4 Trumbull wrote to Heath that Washington approved his forming four regiments of the Massachusetts men remaining after the discharge of those for the war. Four corps of officers were to be formed by agreement. "If that Mode should fail, other Measures will be directed when found necessary." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Thursday, June 5, 1783.
Parole Norfolk. Countersigns Oswego, Plymouth.
The 7th. Massa. regiment gives the Guards and the 1st. the Fatigues tomorrow.
The Pay Masters or Agents of regts. as soon as they have finished the accounts of their own corps, are requested to attach themselves to the pay master General if they can make it convenient; and to assist in completing the Genl. settlement as soon as possible. The Commander in chief repeats his wish that the gratest dispatch may be used in effecting this business.
The Surgeons of the different corps who are furloughed, before they march will return their Medicine Chests and what Instruments they have belonging to the United States into the Apothecarys Store at New Windsor.
All Noncommissioned officers and soldiers who have money due them for Services in the Qr. Master Generals Department will lodge the Certificates thereof with orders for payment thereon in the hands of their pay masters, who will Settle for the same. The paymasters are requested to receive them.
Head Quarters, June 5, 1783.
Sir: The Detachment of Maryland Troops under your Orders are to be marched to their own State in the most easy and convenient manner for themselves and the Inhabitants of the Country through which they pass; the route will be by Pompton, Princeton, Philadelphia and Wilmington to Baltimore, at each of which Places Provisions may be drawn.
It will be the most eligible mode to send forward immediately an Officer to Majr. Genl Smallwood for the purpose of procuring Inlistments and ascertaining which Men are entitled to furloughs in consequence of the Resolution of Congress on the 26th Ulto. The Honble the Secry at War hath been pleased to engage that the necessary Instructions and Papers for the purpose will be forwarded without delay, these will probably be in readiness by your arrival.
Relying on your attention to preserve good order and the reputation of your Corps, and wishing you and them an agreeable march. I am etc.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, June 5, 1783.
D Sir: His Excellency directs me to reply to your favor of the 3d. and to mention that his principle Wish is, to have the business completed as soon as may be; to effect which he will not be averse to having the Books a little chequered12 if you find it necessary; however, he leaves to your Judgment and Discretion, the choice of the Expedients mentioned in your Letter. The Definitive Treaty is tho't to be near at Hand, the Arrival of which, will probably take the Genl from this place.
[Note 12: Varick's letter of June 3 stated: "I should be 10th to chequer his [Mr. Taylor's] Volumes with Mr. Sickels's Writing, possibly for a few days only, and then to be completed by Mr. Taylor."]
His Excellency thinks it best, as you propose, to procure the three Half Volumes.13 If you will send their particular Size and Thickness, it is tho't that the best mode of obtaining them will by means of the Contractors, from N York, which will be attempted as soon as you furnish us with the necessary Directions. I am &c.14
[Note 13: That is, of half the thickness.]
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J[onathan] T[rumbu]ll [Jr.]."]
Friday, June 6, 1783.
Parole Justice. Countersigns Union, Happiness.
The 6th. Massachusetts regt. gives the Guards and the 4th. the fatigues tomorrow.
The Commanding officers of State Lines will be pleased to see that all Detachments of men going on furlough in consequence of the orders of the 2d. instant are properly officered; it will then be at the option of the remainder (except those who may be attached to the corps composed of the three years men) to remain with the Army, or not as may be most convenient.
All Noncommissioned officers and privates inlisted for the war who may not wish to avail themselves of the Furloughs directed to be granted by the Resolution of Congress of the 26th. of May will report themselves to the Commanding officers of their corps by 12 o'clock tomorrow, that an equal number of men engaged for three years may have the indulgence in their room.
The men enlisted for the war who remain with the Army under this Order are to continue to do the duty of soldiers untill the ratification of the definitive Treaty of Peace.
One sub, three serjeants, three corporals, two Drum and fifes and thirty privates to releive the Commander in Cheifs Guards to parade at the Newbuilding at 12 o'clock tomorrow. they will be taken from the three years men in the Massachusetts Line in the following proportions
Head Quarters, June 6, 1783.
Sir: Before I make a reply to the Subject of the Address of the Generals and Officers Commanding the Regiments and Corps of this Army presented by yourself yesterday.15 I entreat that those Gentlemen will accept my warmest acknowledgment for the confidence they have been pleased to repose in me, they may be assured it shall never be abused; and I beg they will be persuaded that as no man can possibly be better
[Note 15: The original signed by Heath in behalf of the others is in the Washington Papers. The distresses of the officers resulted from the resolve of Congress of May 26 and the General Order of June 2, based upon that resolve. The officers prayed that the operation of the order be suspended until Congress could be informed "of the wretched situation into which the army must be plunged, by a conformity to it."] acquainted than I am with the past merits and services of the Army, so no one can possibly be more strongly impressed with their present ineligible situation, feel a keener sensibility at their distresses, or more ardently desire to alleviate or remove them; but it would be unnecessary perhaps to enter into a detail of what I have done, and what I am still attempting to do in order to assist in the accomplishment of this interesting purpose; let it be sufficient to observe, I do not yet despair of success; for I am perfectly convinced that the States cannot without involving themselves in National bankruptcy and ruin refuse to comply with the requisitions of Congress; who, it must be acknowledged, have done every thing in their power to obtain ample and compleat Justice for the Army, and whose great object in the present measure undoubtedly was, by a reduction of expence to enable the Financier to make the three Months Payment to the Army, which on all hands has been agreed to be absolutely and indispensibly necessary, to explain this matter I beg leave to insert an extract of a Letter from the Superintendent of Finance dated the 29 Ulto.
It is now above a Month since the Committee conferred with me on that Subject, and I then told them no Payment could be made to the Army but by means of a Paper Anticipation and unless our Expenditures were immediately and considerably reduced even that could not be done. Our Expenditures have nevertheless been continued and our revenues lessen the States growing daily more and more remiss in their Collections, the Consequence is that I cannot make Payment in the manner first intended the Notes issued for this purpose would have been payable at two four and Six Months from the date, but at present they will be all at Six Months and even that will soon become impracticable unless our Expences be immediately curtailed.
I shall cause such Notes to be issued for three Months Pay to the Army and I must intreat, Sir, that every influence be used with the States to absorb them together with my other engagements by Taxation.
Three days ago a messenger was dispatched by me to urge the necessity of forwarding these Notes with the greatest possible expedition.
Under this State of circumstances I need scarcely add, that the expence of every day in feeding the whole Army will add very considerably to the inability of the public to discharge the debts already incurred, at least for a considerable time to come.
Altho' the Officers of the Army very well know my official situation, that I am only a servant of the Public and that it is not for me to dispense with Orders which it is my duty to carry into execution, Yet as furloughs in all Services are considered as a Matter of indulgence and not of compulsion, as Congress I am persuaded entertain the best disposition towards the Army, and as I apprehend in a very short time the two principle Articles of complaint will be removed; until the further pleasure of Congress can be known I shall not hesitate to comply with the wishes of the Army under these reservations only, that Officers sufficient to conduct the Men who choose to receive furloughs will attend them either on furlough or by detachment, the propriety and necessity of this measure must be obvious to all, it need not therefore be enforced. And with regard to the Non Commisd. Officers and Privates such as from a peculiarity of circumstances wish not to receive furloughs at this time will give in their names by 12 o'Clock to morrow to the Commanding Officers of their regiments that on a report to the Adjutant General an equal Number of Men engaged for three Years may be furloughed which will make the saving of expence exactly the same to the public.
I cannot but hope the Notes will soon arrive and that the settlement of Accounts may be completed by the assistance of the Pay Masters in a very few days, in the mean time I shall have the honor of laying the sentiments of the Generals and Officers Commanding Regiments and Corps before Congress; they are expressed in such a decent candid and affecting manner that I am certain every mark of attention will be paid to them. I have the honor etc.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, June 6, 1783.
Dear Sir: Having attentively perused the Letter from Major Genl Knox to you, respectg extra Allowances to him, which you committed to my Consideration; I can with great Truth and Justice say, that the Requests made by Genl Knox, appears to me to be perfectly reasonable and well founded. In the first Instance, the Duties of his Command, from the Time of his first entering the Service, have been arduous and important; and if it was necessary to make the Observation to you, I could add, they have been executed with the greatest Attention, Ability and Satisfaction; as well as with great prudence and Oeconomy for the public. If therefore Congress should be pleased to give him the Allowance for the Time mentioned, for his Extra Services as Master of the Ordnance, I think it would be no more than what Justice Demands for his particular merits; and will involve no disagreeable Consequences.
On the other Head: altho Extra Allowances have been discontinued to Officers commandg in seperate Departments, yet General Knox's situation has been very peculiar, for the Time he has commanded at West point; particularly last Year, while the french Army was in the Neighbourhood, Curiosity led many of the most respectable Officers to visit that post, which17
[Note 17: At this point the draft has the following: " to a Gentleman, possessed as Genl Knox is, of great Hospitality, Politeness and Liberality."] Circumstance alone, led him, into many unavoidable Expenses, beyond what any other Situation would have subjected him to. Independent of this particular reason, West point being a Post of great Importance, and much famed for its peculiarity of Situation and Strength, is at all Time subject to much Company, many of whom are so respectable as to claim the Attention of the Commandant. In this View, exclusive of his particular Merits at that post, I think the Request of Genl Knox is extremely reasonable and just; and if Congress should be pleased to grant him some extra Allowance therefor, it would be exceedingly gratefull to me and perfectly conformable to my Wishes. With great Regard etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 19, vol. 3, fol. 389.]
Head Quarters, June 6, 1783.
Dear Sir: In answer to your favor of this date respecting the claim of Mr. Trumbull to the Commission of a Lt. Col in the Army, I can without hesitation give it as my opinion he is clearly entitled to such an appointment, for upon the resignation of Lt Colonel Harrison my former Secry. I made the proposal to Mr. Trumbull to accept that Office, assuring him at the same time (as I supposed I had a right to do) that he would be entitled to all the Emoluments which had been granted to his predecessor.
Under the sanction of this Engagement on my part, and considering the important services and great merits of Mr Trumbull, I hold it a duty not only to give my opinion in the manner I have done, but even to interest myself strongly in favour of the promotion. I have the honor etc.19
[Note 19: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, June 7, 1783.
MORNING ORDERS
The Commander in Chiefs Guard will be furnished daily from the regt. which gives the other Guards, and not as directed in the orders of yesterday.
Parole Taunton. Countersigns Virginia, Williamsburgh.
The 2d Massa. regt. gives the Guards and the 3d. the fatigues tomorrow.
Head Quarters, June 7, 1783.
Sir: In order to carry the Arrangements resulting from the Resolution of Congress of the 26th of May into execution, it is His Excellency's the Commander in ChieFs pleasure that you should return to the Army immediately with the Men of the Regt. who were inlisted for the War, and such proportionable number of Officers as are to be furloughed under the sd Act; it will also be necessary for your Adjt to be in Camp to register the furloughs.
Before you leave the remainder of the Reg. on the Lines it will likewise be expedient for you to ascertain which of the Officers of the Regt will choose to remain in service with the Corps which will be formed from the three Years Men; without this information it will be difficult if not impossible to make the Arrangements complete. I am etc.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphreys."]
Newburgh, June 7, 1783
Sir: My Nephew21 who will have the honor of delivering this Letter to you, has been in bad health for more than twelve Months; he is advised by his Physicians to spend the Summer Season on the Island of Rhode Island for the benefit of the Sea Air. Any Civilities which you shew him will be thankfully acknowledged by Sir Yr.22
[Note 21: George Augustine Washington.]
[Note 22: This same letter was sent to Deputy Gov. Jabez Bowen, Capt. Isaac Collins, William Channing, and Capt.--Gardner.]
Head Quarters, June 7, 1783.
Sir: I have the Honor to inclose to your Excellency the Copy of an Address23 to me, from the Generals and Officers commanding Regiments and Corps, together with my Answer to them. These Enclosures will explain the Distresses which resulted from the measures now carrying into Execution, in Consequence of the Resolutions of Congress of the 26th. of May; but the sensibility occasioned by a parting Scene, under such peculiar Circumstances, will not admit of description.
[Note 23: Copies of the representation of the general officers to Washington (June 5) and Washington's answer thereto (June 6) are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
The two subjects of Complaint with the Army appear to be, the Delay of the three Months pay which had been expected, and the want of a settlement of Accounts. I have thought myself authorized to assure them, Congress had and would attend to their grievances; and have made some little variation respecting furloughs, from what was at first proposed. The Secretary at War will be able to explain the reason and propriety of this Alteration.
While I consider it a Tribute of Justice on this occasion, to mention the temperate and orderly behaviour of the whole Army, and particularly the accommodating spirit of the Officers in arranging themselves to the Command of the Battalions which will be composed of the three Years Men; permit me to recall to Mind all their former sufferings and Merits, and to recommend their reasonable requests to the early and favorable Notice of Congress. With the Highest Respect etc.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on June 11 and referred to Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Theodorick Bland.]
Head Quarters, June 7, 1783.
Sir: It is with great pleasure I refer to the consideration of Congress the observations contained in the inclosed Memorial which was at my instance put into my hands by Major Genl Duportail for that purpose; And I am happy to observe that the more attention will be due to the sentiments expressed by that General Officer, because they appear not only to be the production of a well informed mind, and the result of much experience, aided by great professional knowledge, but because they seem also to be dictated by a disinterested zeal for the future tranquility and happiness of the United States.
Regarding the principles of defence on which General Du Portail has particularly treated, in a very important point of light; I cannot help recommending a proper consideration of them, in the adoption of a Peace Establishment, so far as they may be found practicable with our means, and applicable to our local circumstances. For altho' the subjects proposed are undoubtedly of very great and immediate consequence, and require that something should be done without delay. Yet how far we are able at this time to enter into extensive Arrangements for the fortification of Posts and Harbours, and the establishment of Military Academies &c must be submitted to the wisdom of Congress and rest upon their decision.
But with regard to the proper positions to be occupied by us on the frontier, I must take the liberty to observe, that however just (under other circumstances) the sentiment might have been, that our frontier Posts ought not to be extended to the extreme boundaries of the united States; yet it appears to me, that as there are Forts already built at Oswego, Niagara and Detroit which will be surrendered into our hands, that we ought in the first Instance to occupy those in preference to any others, especially as our Posts thus established will fix the authority of the United States throughout the Western Country, more firmly, and perhaps with less expence, than could be effected by any other Arrangement.
And here I beg permission (in case this plan should be adopted) to remind Congress of the ideas suggested in my Letter of the 3d of May, respecting occupying the Posts now in possession of the British, at the moment they shall be evacuated by them, lest they may be burned or destroyed by the savages or others, of which I expressed my apprehensions very fully in the letter before alluded to. I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The letter was read in Congress on June 11 and referred to the Committee on Peace Arrangements: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Oliver Ellsworth, James Wilson, and Samuel Holten.
On June 7 Washington wrote a brief acknowledgment to Du Portail for his "observations respecting the fortifications necessary for the United States," which Washington sent to Congress. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, June 8, 1783.
Sir: His Excellency directs me to reply to the several Queries contained in your Letter of this Day. And to inform you that the mode you propose for officering the four Regiments, is perfectly agreeable to him; or any other Method that you shall find necessary to accommodate to the Desires of the Gentlemen concerned, so as to make the Matter as agreeable as possible to them; but this he leaves entirely to your judgment and Discretion.
His Excellency concieves there is no necessity of any other permission or Credentials to the Officers who retire, than what is expressed in the Genl Orders, in Consequence of the Resolutions of Congress of 26th May.
The Waiters mentioned, who are of the three Years men, are permitted to attend their Officers; but this will be done with Caution and they must be furnished with Discharges which being prepared, will be signed at Headquarters and delivered to them. I am &c.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J[onathan] Tr[umbul]l Jr."]
Sunday, June 8, 1783.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Brunswick, Colloden.
The 5th. Massa. regt. gives the Guards and the Hampshire the fatigues tomorrow.
Serjeant Bissel of the 2d Connecticut regt. having performed some important services, within the immediate knowledge of the Commander in chief, in which the fidelity, perseverence, and good sense of the said serjeant Bissel were conspicuously manifested; it is therefore ordered that he be honored with the badge of merit; he will call at Head Quarters on tuesday next for the insignia and certificate to which he is hereby entitled.
A Board of officers will assemble at the public Buildg. on tuesday at 10 o'clock A.M. to decide upon such pretentions for the badge of merit, as shall be exhibited to them.
Major Genl. Knox and Brigr. General Putnam, with the directer of Military hospitals, and Chief Physicians of the Army will constitute a Board on tuesday next at Westpoint for a particular Inspection of the officers of the corps of Invalids, to enquire into the circumstances of every individual, with respect to the time and reason of his Transference, the cause and degree of the inability under which he now labours.
The Board will be pleased to report a state of facts with their opinion thereon, that each may be considered as his case shall be thought deserving.
AFTER ORDERS
The spare amunition in the hands of the Brigade or regimental Quarter Masters is to be delivered into the Magazines immediately. The Quarter Master General upon application will furnish Waggons to bring it to the landing of Newburgh. Where Mr. Copelin will receive and forward it to Westpoint.
Head Quarters, June 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: In ansr to the question which has been proposed, whether the Music are entitled to fire Arms, under the Resolution of Congress of the 23d of April, I am to give it as my opinion, they are not; but that they should be allowed to take their Drums and Fifes, which is the mode that has been adopted respecting the Music who have been furloughed from this Cantonment. I am etc.27
[Note 27: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, June 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: Having before this Time given my Opinion that it was not the Intention of Congress, by their Resolution of 23d Apl. that the Music should have Arms delivered to them at being discharged; but that they should take with them their Drums and fifes; and this Determination having been carried into Effect by the Regiments which are gone. It is now too late to make any Alteration. But was not this the Case, reasons may be adduced which would operate against the Request made in your joint Letter of the 7th Instant; the Music havg had but an easy share of Duty compared with the other Soldiers, an additional Pay, with their Music found by the Public, It is supposed that their Circumstances will fully Ballance the Gratuity intended by Congress.28
[Note 28: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 8, 1783.29
[Note 29: The length of the Circular and the consequent time consumed in making 13 copies of it account for the different dates under which many of them are found, and the different handwritings in which they are transcribed. The circular to Virginia (Governor Harrison) is dated June 12; the one to Maryland (Governor Paca), June 14; that to New York (Governor Clinton), June 21 to Connecticut (Governor Trumbull), is dated merely June; and another of the originals (the address of which has been destroyed), is dated June 11 and is in the Washington Papers.]
Sir: The great object for which I had the honor to hold an appointment in the Service of my Country, being accomplished, I am now preparing to resign it into the hands of Congress, and to return to that domestic retirement, which, it is well known, I left with the greatest reluctance, a Retirement, for which I have never ceased to sigh through a long and painful absence, and in which (remote from the noise and trouble of the World) I meditate to pass the remainder of life in a state of undisturbed repose; But before I carry this resolution into effect, I think it a duty incumbent on me, to make this my last official communication, to congratulate you on the glorious events which Heaven has been pleased to produce in our favor, to offer my sentiments respecting some important subjects, which appear to me, to be intimately connected with the tranquility of the United States, to take my leave of your Excellency as a public Character, and to give my final blessing to that Country, in whose service I have spent the prime of my life, for whose sake I have consumed so many anxious days and watchfull nights, and whose happiness being extremely dear to me, will always constitute no inconsiderable part of my own.
Impressed with the liveliest sensibility on this pleasing occasion, I will claim the indulgence of dilating the more copiously on the subjects of our mutual felicitation. When we consider the magnitude of the prize we contended for, the doubtful nature of the contest, and the favorable manner in which it has terminated, we shall find the greatest possible reason for gratitude and rejoicing; this is a theme that will afford infinite delight to every benevolent and liberal mind, whether the event in contemplation, be considered as the source of present enjoyment or the parent of future happiness; and we shall have equal occasion to felicitate ourselves on the lot which Providence has assigned us, whether we view it in a natural, a political or moral point of light.
The Citizens of America, placed in the most enviable condition, as the sole Lords and Proprietors of a vast Tract of Continent, comprehending all the various soils and climates of the World, and abounding with all the necessaries and conveniencies of life, are now by the late satisfactory pacification, acknowledged to be possessed of absolute freedom and Independency; They are, from this period, to be considered as the Actors on a most conspicuous Theatre, which seems to be peculiarly designated by Providence for the display of human greatness and felicity; Here, they are not only surrounded with every thing which can contribute to the completion of private and domestic enjoyment, but Heaven has crowned all its other blessings, by giving a fairer oppertunity for political happiness, than any other Nation has ever been favored with. Nothing can illustrate these observations more forcibly, than a recollection of the happy conjuncture of times and circumstances, under which our Republic assumed its rank among the Nations; The foundation of our Empire was not laid in the gloomy age of Ignorance and Superstition, but at an Epocha when the rights of mankind were better understood and more clearly defined, than at any former period, the researches of the human mind, after social happiness, have been carried to a great extent, the Treasures of knowledge, acquired by the labours of Philosophers, Sages and Legislatures, through a long succession of years, are laid open for our use, and their collected wisdom may be happily applied in the Establishment of our forms of Government; the free cultivation of Letters, the unbounded extension of Commerce, the progressive refinement of Manners, the growing liberality of sentiment, and above all, the pure and benign light of Revelation, have had ameliorating influence on mankind and increased the blessings of Society. At this auspicious period, the United States came into existence as a Nation, and if their Citizens should not be completely free and happy, the fault will be intirely their own.
Such is our situation, and such are our prospects: but notwithstanding the cup of blessing is thus reached out to us, notwithstanding happiness is ours, if we have a disposition to seize the occasion and make it our own; yet, it appears to me there is an option still left to the United States of America, that it is in their choice, and depends upon their conduct, whether they will be respectable and prosperous, or contemptable and miserable as a Nation; This is the time of their political probation, this is the moment when the eyes of the whole World are turned upon them, this is the moment to establish or ruin their national Character forever, this is the favorable moment to give such a tone to our Federal Government, as will enable it to answer the ends of its institution, or this may be the ill-fated moment for relaxing the powers of the Union, annihilating the cement of the Confederation, and exposing us to become the sport of European politics, which may play one State against another to prevent their growing importance, and to serve their own interested purposes. For, according to the system of Policy the States shall adopt at this moment, they will stand or fall, and by their confirmation or lapse, it is yet to be decided, whether the Revolution must ultimately be considered as a blessing or a curse: a blessing or a curse, not to the present age alone, for with our fate will the destiny of unborn Millions be involved.
With this conviction of the importance of the present Crisis, silence in me would be a crime; I will therefore speak to your Excellency, the language of freedom and of sincerity, without disguise; I am aware, however, that those who differ from me in political sentiment, may perhaps remark, I am stepping out of the proper line of my duty, and they may possibly ascribe to arrogance or ostentation, what I know is alone the result of the purest intention, but the rectitude of my own heart, which disdains such unworthy motives, the part I have hitherto acted in life, the determination I have formed, of not taking any share in public business hereafter, the ardent desire I feel, and shall continue to manifest, of quietly enjoying in private life, after all the toils of War, the benefits of a wise and liberal Government, will, I flatter myself, sooner or later convince my Countrymen, that I could have no sinister views in delivering with so little reserve, the opinions contained in this Address.
There are four things, which I humbly conceive, are essential to the well being, I may even venture to say, to the existence of the United States as an Independent Power:
1st. An indissoluble Union of the States under one Federal Head.
2dly. A Sacred regard to Public Justice.
3dly. The adoption of a proper Peace Establishment, and
4thly. The prevalence of that pacific and friendly Disposition, among the People of the United States, which will induce them to forget their local prejudices and policies, to make those mutual concessions which are requisite to the general prosperity, and in some instances, to sacrifice their individual advantages to the interest of the Community.
These are the pillars on which the glorious Fabrick of our Independency and National Character must be supported; Liberty is the Basis, and whoever would dare to sap the foundation, or overturn the Structure, under whatever specious pretexts he may attempt it, will merit the bitterest execration, and the severest punishment which can be inflicted by his injured Country.
On the three first Articles I will make a few observations, leaving the last to the good sense and serious consideration of those immediately concerned.
Under the first head, altho' it may not be necessary or proper for me in this place to enter into a particular disquisition of the principles of the Union, and to take up the great question which has been frequently agitated, whether it be expedient and requisite for the States to delegate a larger proportion of Power to Congress, or not, Yet it will be a part of my duty, and that of every true Patriot, to assert without reserve, and to insist upon the following positions, That unless the States will suffer Congress to exercise those prerogatives, they are undoubtedly invested with by the Constitution, every thing must very rapidly tend to Anarchy and confusion, That it is indispensable to the happiness of the individual States, that there should be lodged somewhere, a Supreme Power to regulate and govern the general concerns of the Confederated Republic, without which the Union cannot be of long duration. That there must be a faithfull and pointed compliance on the part of every State, with the late proposals and demands of Congress, or the most fatal consequences will ensue, That whatever measures have a tendency to dissolve the Union, or contribute to violate or lessen the Sovereign Authority, ought to be considered as hostile to the Liberty and Independency of America, and the Authors of them treated accordingly, and lastly, that unless we can be enabled by the concurrence of the States, to participate of the fruits of the Revolution, and enjoy the essential benefits of Civil Society, under a form of Government so free and uncorrupted, so happily guarded against the danger of oppression, as has been devised and adopted by the Articles of Confederation, it will be a subject of regret, that so much blood and treasure have been lavished for no purpose, that so many sufferings have been encountered without a compensation, and that so many sacrifices have been made in vain. Many other considerations might here be adduced to prove, that without an entire conformity to the Spirit of the Union, we cannot exist as an Independent Power; it will be sufficient for my purpose to mention but one or two which seem to me of the greatest importance. It is only in our united Character as an Empire, that our Independence is acknowledged, that our power can be regarded, or our Credit supported among Foreign Nations. The Treaties of the European Powers with the United States of America, will have no validity on a dissolution of the Union. We shall be left nearly in a state of Nature, or we may find by our own unhappy experience, that there is a natural and necessary progression, from the extreme of anarchy to the extreme of Tyranny; and that arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of Liberty abused to licentiousness.
As to file second Article, which respects the performance of Public Justice, Congress have, in their late Address to the United States, almost exhausted the subject, they have explained their Ideas so fully, and have enforced the obligations the States are under, to render compleat justice to all the Public Creditors, with so much dignity and energy, that in my opinion, no real friend to the honor and Independency of America, can hesitate a single moment respecting the propriety of complying with the just and honorable measures proposed; if their Arguments do not produce conviction, I know of nothing that will have greater influence; especially when we recollect that the System referred to, being the result of the collected Wisdom of the Continent, must be esteemed, if not perfect, certainly the least objectionable of any that could be devised; and that if it shall not be carried into immediate execution, a National Bankruptcy, with all its deplorable consequences will take place, before any different Plan can possibly be proposed and adopted; So pressing are the present circumstances I and such is the alternative now offered to the States!
The ability of the Country to discharge the debts which have been incurred in its defence, is not to be doubted, an inclination, I flatter myself, will not be wanting, the path of our duty is plain before us, honesty will be found on every experiment, to be the best and only true policy, let us then as a Nation be just, let us fulfil the public Contracts, which Congress had undoubtedly a right to make for the purpose of carrying on the War, with the same good faith we suppose ourselves bound to perform our private engagements; in the mean time, let an attention to the chearfull performance of their proper business, as Individuals, and as members of Society, be earnestly inculcated on the Citizens of America, that will they strengthen the hands of Government, and be happy under its protection: every one will reap the fruit of his labours, every one will enjoy his own acquisitions without molestation and without danger.
In this state of absolute freedom and perfect security, who will grudge to yield a very little of his property to support the common interest of Society, and insure the protection of Government? Who does not remember, the frequent declarations, at the commencement of the War, that we should be compleatly satisfied, if at the expence of one half, we could defend the remainder of our possessions? Where is the Man to be found, who wishes to remain indebted, for the defence of his own person and property, to the exertions, the bravery, and the blood of others, without making one generous effort to repay the debt of honor and of gratitude? In what part of the Continent shall we find any Man, or body of Men, who would not blush to stand up and propose measures, purposely calculated to rob the Soldier of his Stipend, and the Public Creditor of his due? and were it possible that such a flagrant instance of Injustice could ever happen, would it not excite the general indignation, and tend to bring down, upon the Authors of such measures, the aggravated vengeance of Heaven? If after all, a spirit of dis-union or a temper of obstinacy and perverseness, should manifest itself in any of the States, if such an ungracious disposition should attempt to frustrate all the happy effects that might be expected to flow from the Union, if there should be a refusal to comply with the requisitions for Funds to discharge the annual interest of the public debts, and if that refusal should revive again all those jealousies and produce all those evils, which are now happily removed, Congress, who have in all their Transaction shewn a great degree of magnanimity and justice, will stand justified in the sight of God and Man, and the State alone which puts itself in opposition to the aggregate Wisdom of the Continent, and follows such mistaken and pernicious Councils, will be responsible for all the consequences.30
[Note 30: Edmund Randolph, writing from Virginia, June 28, 1783, to James Madison, in Congress, stated: "The arrival of Gen: Washington's circular letter excited this hope [of the passage of the impost law] in the minds of the sanguine: but its effect is momentary, and perhaps it will hereafter be accepted by the assembly with disgust. For the murmur is free and general against what is called the unsolicited obtrusion of his advice." Randolph's letter is in the Madison Papers in the Library of Congress.]
For my own part, conscious of having acted while a Servant of the Public, in the manner I conceived best suited to promote the real interests of my Country; having in consequence of my fixed belief in some measure pledged myself to the Army, that their Country would finally do them compleat and ample Justice, and not wishing to conceal any instance of my official conduct from the eyes of the World, I have thought proper to transmit to your Excellency the inclosed collection of Papers,31 relative to the half pay and commutation granted by Congress to the Officers of the Army; From these communications, my decided sentiment will be clearly comprehended, together with the conclusive reasons which induced me, at an early period, to
[Note 31: The "inclosed collection of Papers" is not listed or noted in the Washington Papers, nor with any of these circulars which have been seen by the editor. The following note is appended to the circular sent to Connecticut (now in the Connecticut State Library): "The collection of Papers mentioned to be inclosed, not being compleated, cannot be sent by this oppertunity; but will be forwarded in a few days; the present Letter is sent on in this manner, lest your Legislature should be adjourned before its arrival." Before June 15 a pamphlet of 36 pages was printed by Samuel Loudon, Fishkill, N. Y., entitled "A Collection of Papers relative to Half-Pay and Commutation of Half-Pay granted by Congress....Compiled by permission of His Excellency General Washington from the Original Papers in his Possession. Fishkill: Printed by Samuel Loudon M,DCC,LXXXIII." In all probability one of these pamphlets was inclose in each circular.] recommend the adoption of the measure, in the most earnest and serious manner. As the proceedings of Congress, the Army, and myself are open to all, and contain in my opinion, sufficient information to remove the prejudices and errors which may have been entertained by any; I think it unnecessary to say any thing more, than just to observe, that the Resolutions of Congress, now alluded to, are undoubtedly as absolutely binding upon the United States, as the most solemn Acts of Confederation or Legislation. As to the Idea, which I am informed has in some instances prevailed, that the half pay and commutation are to be regarded merely in the odious light of a Pension, it ought to be exploded forever; that Provision, should be viewed as it really was, a reasonable compensation offered by Congress, at a time when they had nothing else to give, to the Officers of the Army, for services then to be performed. It was the only means to prevent a total dereliction of the Service, It was a part of their hire, I may be allowed to say, it was the price of their blood and of your Independency, it is therefore more than a common debt, it is a debt of honour, it can never be considered as a Pension or gratuity, nor be cancelled until it is fairly discharged.
With regard to a distinction between Officers and Soldiers, it is sufficient that the uniform experience of every Nation of the World, combined with our own, proves the utility and propriety of the discrimination. Rewards in proportion to the aids the public derives from them, are unquestionably due to all its Servants; In some Lines, the Soldiers have perhaps generally had as ample a compensation for their Services, by the large Bounties which have been paid to them, as their Officers will receive in the proposed Commutation, in others, if besides the donation of Lands, the payment of Arrearages of Cloathing and Wages (in which Articles all the component parts of the Army must be put upon the same footing) we take into the estimate, the Bounties32 many of the Soldiers have received and the gratuity of one Year's full pay, which is promised to all, possibly their situation (every circumstance being duly considered) will not be deemed less eligible than that of the Officers. Should a farther reward, however, be judged equitable, I will venture to assert, no one will enjoy greater satisfaction than myself, on seeing an exemption from Taxes for a limited time, (which has been petitioned for in some instances) or any other adequate immunity or compensation, granted to the brave defenders of their Country's Cause; but neither the adoption or rejection of this proposition will in any manner affect, much less militate against, the Act of Congress, by which they have offered five years full pay, in lieu of the half pay for life, which had been before promised to the Officers of the Army.
[Note 32: The word " Douceurs" is careted above the word "Bounties," but does not appear in any of the circulars sent which have been seen by the editor.]
Before I conclude the subject of public justice, I cannot omit to mention the obligations this Country is under, to that meritorious Class of veteran Non-commissioned Officers and Privates, who have been discharged for inability, in consequence of the Resolution of Congress of the 23d of April 1782, on an annual pension for life, their peculiar sufferings, their singular merits and claims to that provision need only be known, to interest all the feelings of humanity in their behalf: nothing but a punctual payment of their annual allowance can rescue them from the most complicated misery, and nothing could be a more melancholy and distressing sight, than to behold those who have shed their blood or lost their limbs in the service of their Country, without a shelter, without a friend, and without the means of obtaining any of the necessaries or comforts of Life; compelled to beg their daily bread from door to door! suffer me to recommend those of this discription, belonging to your State, to the warmest patronage of your Excellency and your Legislature.
It is necessary to say but a few words on the third topic which was proposed, and which regards particularly the defence of the Republic, As there can be little doubt but Congress will recommend a proper Peace Establishment for the United States, in which a due attention will be paid to the importance of placing the Militia of the Union upon a regular and respectable footing; If this should be the case, I would beg leave to urge the great advantage of it in the strongest terms. The Militia of this Country must be considered as the Palladium of our security, and the first effectual resort in case of hostility; It is essential therefore, that the same system should pervade the whole; that the formation and discipline of the Militia of the Continent should be absolutely uniform, and that the same species of Arms, Accoutrements and Military Apparatus, should be introduced in every part of the United States; No one, (who has not learned it from experience, can conceive the difficulty, expence, and confusion which result from a contrary system, or the vague Arrangements which have hitherto prevailed.
If in treating of political points, a greater latitude than usual has been taken in the course of this Address, the importance of the Crisis, and the magnitude of the objects in discussion, must be my apology: It is, however, neither my wish or expectation, that the preceding observations should claim any regard, except so far as they shall appear to be dictated by a good intention, consonant to the immutable rules of Justice; calculated to produce a liberal system of policy, and founded on whatever experience may have been acquired by a long and close attention to public business. Here I might speak with the more confidence from my actual observations, and, if it would not swell this Letter (already too prolix) beyond the bounds I had prescribed myself: I could demonstrate to every mind open to conviction, that in less time and with much less expence than has been incurred, the War might have been brought to the same happy conclusion, if the resourses of the Continent could have been properly drawn forth, that the distresses and disappointments which have very often occurred, have in too many instances, resulted more from a want of energy, in the Continental Government, than a deficiency of means in the particular States. That the inefficiency of measures, arising from the want of an adequate authority in the Supreme Power, from a partial compliance with the Requisitions of Congress in some of the States, and from a failure of punctuality in others, while it tended to damp the zeal of those which were more willing to exert themselves; served also to accumulate the expences of the War, and to frustrate the best concerted Plans, and that the discouragement occasioned by the complicated difficulties and embarrassments, in which our affairs were, by this means involved, would have long ago produced the dissolution of any Army, less patient, less virtuous and less persevering, than that which I have had the honor to command. But while I mention these things, which are notorious facts, as the defects of our Federal Constitution, particularly in the prosecution of a War, I beg it may be understood, that as I have ever taken a pleasure in gratefully acknowledging the assistance and support I have derived from every Class of Citizens, so shall I always be happy to do justice to the unparalleled exertion of the individual States, on many interesting occasions.
I have thus freely disclosed what I wished to make known, before I surrendered up my Public trust to those who committed it to me, the task is now accomplished, I now bid adieu to your Excellency as the Chief Magistrate of your State, at the same time I bid a last farewell to the cares of Office, and all the imployments of public life.
It remains then to be my final and only request, that your Excellency will communicate these sentiments to your Legislature at their next meeting, and that they may be considered as the Legacy of One, who has ardently wished, on all occasions, to be useful to his Country, and who, even in the shade of Retirement, will not fail to implore the divine benediction upon it.
I now make it my earnest prayer, that God would have you, and the State over which you preside, in his holy protection, that he would incline the hearts of the Citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and obedience to Government, to entertain a brotherly affection and love for one another, for their fellow Citizens of the United States at large, and particularly for their brethren who have served in the Field, and finally, that he would most graciously be pleased to dispose us all, to do Justice, to love mercy, and to demean ourselves with that Charity, humility and pacific temper of mind, which were the Characteristicks of the Divine Author of our blessed Religion, and without an humble imitation of whose example in these things, we can never hope to be a happy Nation.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, June 8, 1783.
Sir: In Consequence of your Letter to me of the 4th instant, I have mentioned to the Corer in Chief your purpose to obtain permission for publishing a Map of the State of War in America. His Excellency directs me to inform you, that the Measure is perfectly agreable to him, and the proposition meets his full Approbation; it being his Wish to see it accomplished in an accurate Manner, and at as early a period as the nature of the Work will admit. I am etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by Jonathan Trumbull]
Head Quarters, June 9, 1783.
Sir: His Excellency the Comr in Chief directs me to inform you, that since Writing to you this Morng. he finds that Colo. Stewart, at your Application, is going to Pompton, for the purpose of mustering your Regiment.
This Opportunity formg a good Conveyance, and as it Will at the same Time save Delay, His Excy has directed a Number of Discharges to be sent by Colo Stewart, which are to be used for such Men of the Regiment as are inclined to take Benefit from them. The General expects that Colo Stewart will take from you a Return of such Men as do not choose to receive their Discharges. I am &c.35
[Note 35: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "J[onathan] Tr[umbu]ll."]
Head Quarters, June 9, 1783.
Sir: Your Regiment of Light Dragoons, being to be dissolved, in Consequence of the Resolution of Congress of the 26th. day of May, grantg furloughs to the Men for the War; and my particular furlough given to those for three Years.36
[Note 36: The following draft of the form of a furlough, dated June, and in the writing of David Humphreys, is in the Washington Papers under date of June 9, 1783: "Permission is hereby granted to ... in the 2nd Regt. of Light Dragoons, to be absent on furlough until the first of August next, at which time, he is to return to the Army, and report himself to the Commanding Officer at West Point, unless he shall be sooner discharged, or this leave of absence farther extended by Proclamation. Registered in the Books of the Regt."]
You will suffer the Men for the War, who will have their Discharges, to take with them their Arms, Accoutrements and Ammunition, agreeable to General Orders. The Arms, Ammunition and Accoutrements in the Hands of the Three Years Men, together with the Public Property of every kind now in the Regt. you will deliver over to the Qr. MGenl, or such Person as he shall appoint, takg. Receipts that they may be conveyed to Camp, for the Benefit of the United States.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Monday, June 9, 1783.
Parole Dublin. Countersigns Essex, Fishkill.
The Hampshire Troops will give the Guards tomorrow.
In consequence of the orders of yesterday, the board whereof B. General Greaton is president will assemble at the Newbuilding tomorrow at 10 o'clock, to decide on the claims of the Candidates for the badge of merit.
Head Quarters, June 10, 1783.
Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 8th inclosing the Instructions of the Secry at War on the subject of erecting an Arsenal and Magazine at West Point; the Plan I conceive is a very eligible one. As soon as we shall have passed through the present business of furloughing the Men engaged for the War, it is probable that the whole or at least a part of the Troops in this Cantonment will be removed to West Point: where such number as shall be judged expedient may be employed on that service. I am &c.40
[Note 40: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, June 10, 1783.
Gentlemen: I have been favored with your Letter of the 30th of May, containing several Queries respectg the Extent of your Commission.
That you would find Embarrassments in the Execution of your Instructions is no more than I expected; but to remove, is not so easy as to foresee them.
It is exceedingly difficult for me, not being a Witness to the particular Cases, or acquainted with the Circumstances which must fall under your View, in Course of the Evacuation, to give you a precise Definition or Character of the Acts which you are to represent as Infractions of the Treaty; nor can I undertake to give an official Construction of any particular Expression or Term of the Treaty; which must, in Cases of Ambiguity, or different Interpretations, be explained by the Sovereigns of the two Nations, or their Commissioners, appointed for that purpose.
As your Instructions from me, are given in consequence of the Directions of Congress, and are grounded entirely on their Resolutions, which have been passed, in Compliance with Sir Guy Carletons own application; and for directg measures to be taken to obtain the Delivery of Property in possession or Controul of the British Troops; which latter Case, is not provided for by the Articles of the Treaty; I must be silent on the Subject; leaving it to your own good Judgment and Discretion to execute your Commission in the best Manner you can, from a critical Attention to the particular Circumstances and Acts which will fall under your View, compared with the Terms of the Treaty, and the Expressions of your Instructions.
It however appears to me, that your reply to Mr Elliot,41 was very pertinent and proper; for as the power is not in our Hands, it matters very little for us to devise Modes, which we are not able to Controul; but which may be evaded by those who are the Executors, leaving to us, the part only of remonstrating, without the Means of prevention. Indeed this Observation may be said to apply to every Act to which your Instructions will extend; so that in fact, I see little more that you will be able to do, than to be Witnesses to the Various Acts which will probably pass under your Cognizance, in Course of the Evacuation, whether they are the public Acts of the Come in Chief, or those
[Note 41: Andrew Elliot. He was royal Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New York.] of Individuals; and which, if you judge them to be Infractions of either the Letter or Spirit of the Treaty, you are to represent to and remonstrate against to Sir Guy Carleton; leaving it with him, to give the Redress, or involve such Consequences as may Result from the Omission. I am &c.42
[Note 42: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, June 10, 1783.
Parole Boston. Countersigns Philada., Charlestown.
The 1st. Massachusetts regt. will give the Guards tomorw.
Tomorrow morning a Vessell will be ready at Newburgh to take on board the Baggage of the officers of the Massachusetts Line, eastward of the County of Worcester. They axe desired to send returns of their names, ranks and quantities of baggage to the Quarter Master General by six o'clock this evening.
AFTER ORDERS
The strength of the Army in this Cantonment being considerably diminished by the number of men lately furloughed, the order of the 16th. of April directing a General, Field officers, and Quarter Master to be of the day; and also a regiment to parade every day for duty, is dispenced with. For the present there will be one field officer and an Adjutant of the day, and the guards only, will form on the Grand parade at 9 o'clock in the morning.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 27
June 11, 1783--November 28, 1784
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312.7 1931
Printed
September, 1938
The Library of Congress
Dec 22 1941
Division of Documents
Head Quarters, June 11, 1783.
Dear Sir: I accept, with much pleasure your kind Congratulations on the happy Event of Peace, with the Establishment of our Liberties and Independence.
Glorious indeed has been our Contest: glorious, if we consider the Prize for which we have contended, and glorious in its Issue; but in the midst of our Joys, I hope we shall not forget that, to divine Providence is to be ascribed the Glory and the Praise.
Your proposition respecting Mr Aikins Bibles1 would have been particularly noticed by me, had it been suggested in Season; but the late Resolution of Congress for discharging Part of the Army, takg off near two thirds of our Numbers, it is now too late to make the Attempt. It would have pleased me, if Congress should have made such an important present, to the brave fellows, who have done so much for the Security of their Country's Rights and Establishment.
[Note 1: Rodgers's letter (May 30) suggested that Congress present each soldier with a Bible. This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I hope it will not be long before you will be able to go peaceably to N York; some patience however will yet be necessary; but Patience is a noble Virtue, and when rightly exercised, does not fail of its Reward. With much Regard etc.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
June 11, 1783.
[Extract]
I do not blame you for the wages which you gave Evans;3 I have no doubt of your having engaged him upon as good terms as you could, and as it was my wish to have the work forwarded, this was all I had a right to expect.
[Note 3: John Evans.]
In one of your letters (speaking of the difficulty of getting workmen) you recommend it to me to engage some of the Enemy who were prisoners with us; many of whom you say are good workmen. Why, let me ask, when they hired themselves by the authority of Congress, and, comparatively speaking, were in your own neighbourhood, would you not do this for me? None of them were within 300 miles of me, and most of them were within from 55 to 80 miles of you. But you seem to have had an unconquerable aversion to going from home; one consequence of which, is, I expect I shall lose all my rents; for in a letter, I have lately received from my brother John in Berkeley, are these words; "I fear you are suffering greatly in your rents, as I am informed many of the Tenants are gone into the Western country; and understand there are many years arrears of rent due to you." In divers Letters, at divers times in the course of the three or four last years, have I mentioned this matter to you, and the necessity of visiting them; but cannot find by any of your letters, that you have ever been amongst them more than once; and then I believe only partially. I expect also, that all the money I have expended on the Mill on Yohoghaney, and all the property which has been put into the hands of Gilbert Simpson will be sunk for want of proper endeavours to bring him to account. But if your own wages, since the charge of them in the Acct. rendered at Valley Forge, has not been received by you in the specific articles of the Crop; which does not appear by the Accots. you have lately rendered to me; I shall be more hurt, than at any thing else, to think that an Estate, which I have drawn nothing from, for eight years, and which always enabled me to make any purchase I had in view, should not have been able for the last five years, to pay the manager: And that, worse than going home to empty coffers, and expensive living, I shall be encumbered with debt. It is disagreeable to me, because I dare say it will be so to you, to make these observations; but as my public business is now drawing to a close, I cannot avoid looking towards my private concerns, which do not wear the most smiling countenance.
I am sorry that Barry's Land has at last slipped thro' my fingers . If the purchaser made it with a view to rent it to me, he shall be disappointed; nor shall any Tenant, or himself, if he proposes to live on it, reap the smallest benefit from my fencing and other improvements; without which, the place is of no value to any but me. This the purchaser must have known, and as his aim must have been to take advantage of my wishes to add this small piece of Land (surrounded as it is) to my Tract; let him abide the consequence of his interference; especially as it was well known, I wanted to take no advantage of Barry, having offered to leave the price to three disinterested men, of his own choosing, to fix. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Hudson River, June 11, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your Congratulations on the glorious and happy Prospects of Peace, which were conveyed to me in your Letter of the 25th. of March, were exceedingly gratefull to me and met a most agreable Welcome.
Pleasing as it is to me, My Dear Baron, at all Times to hear from you, this favor was rendered peculiarly so, by the Event which introduced this happiness: an Event, in the Attainment of which you have performed a noble Part; whereby you have contributed largely to the Establishment of this rising Empire, and to yourself have secured a lasting Fund of Glory.
You will permit me My Dear Baron to return to you and the Brave Officers of your generous Nation, all the kind wishes you have been pleased to express for me, and to assure you and them, that the Hand of Time must bear its full Weight upon me, before the Recollection of their persons, agreable Friendships, Merits and Services, will be obliterated from my Mind. With the warmest Attachment etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 11, 1783.
Sir: To your Letter which was recd sometime in the Month of March last I have now to reply in writing, as I did then to a part of it verbally; but I must first make an apology for the long delay, and assure you it was owing to the accident of its being mislaid among a multitude of other papers, and not to any designed neglect or inattention.
The happy pacification which has been announced since the writing of your letter will now establish you in the quiet enjoyment of your possessions; and supercedes the necessity of my saying any thing except as to the point of light in which I viewed your political Character at the time when you was employed in a confidential manner. On this head I can (from my best recollection) be thus far explicit. The Recommendations given in your favor by Mr. Jay then President of Congress and Major General McDougall were such as induced me to repose great confidence in you, and to my own knowledge, after being employed in the manner abovementioned you obtained such intelligence, either by yourself or your Correspondents, of various things which passed within the British Lines, as was of considerable consequence to us. Under this recollection of circumstances I cannot hesitate to Certify, that I thought at the time and still conceive your services were of such an interesting Nature as entitled you to the good opinion and favorable Notice of your Countrymen. I am &c.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, June 11, 1783.
Gentn: The Inclosed is a copy of my last, since which I have been favored with your Letter of the 18th. of May from Baltimore; I have to thank you for your care of the Wine which was consigned to you by Messrs. Searle & Co of Madeira for my use. I beg leave to repeat my wish that they may be sent to my House in Virginia agreeably to the direction contained in the Inclosed.
Your offer of the freight I consider as a mark of very polite attention, but wish, Gentlemen, you would not deprive yourselves of the benefit arising from your Vessell. I shall pay it with great pleasure at the same time I render you many thanks for the trouble you have had in this business. I have the honor etc.
PS. Please to draw on Mr. Lund Washington for the Duty and it will be immediately paid.
Newburgh, June 11, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 28th of May in answer to my Letter of the 15th. of the same Month, is at hand. I shall rely upon your care and attention for the purchase of the Articles mentioned in the lattr; Those most wanted, and which are most essential to me are the Blankets and Ticklinburg for my Negros, and these are not in immediate demand.
Apropos, did I not when the Army was leaving the Cantonment of Middle Brook, in June 1779, put a Theodilite into your care to be conveyed to Mr. Rittenhouse7 to receive some repairs? It is like a dream to me; You, or Mr. Irskine,8 I am not sure which undertook this business; and I have not heard since what was done with the Instrumt. Will you be so good as to enquire whether it ever reached Mr. Rittenhouse, and to prevail on him to afford it the necessary repairs without delay if he has it.
[Note 7: David Rittenhouse.]
[Note 8: Robert Erskine.]
My Complimts, in which Mrs. Washington joins, is offered to Mrs. Biddle, and I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Wednesday, June 11, 1783.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Newburgh, New Windsor.
For duty tomorrow the 7th Massach. Regimt.
As soon as all the men engaged for the War shall be furloughed and the Troops that remain properly formed into Regiments and Corps, Major General Heath will be pleased to report a state of the formation of the troops in this Cantonment, in which will be comprehended the names and relative rank of the Officers, regimentally digested. Major General Knox will please to do the same with respect to the troops under his command.
The Levees will be discontinued after this day and the orders are to be received and issued in the same manner as was formerly practised.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Thursday, June 12, 1783.
Parole Wales. Countersigns Norway, Denmark.
[Note 10: Lieut. John(?) Davis, of the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment.]
The 4th. Massachusetts regt. is for Duty tomorrow.
Head Quarters, June 12, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have the Honor to transmit to you, Copies of a Memorial11 of Sundry Officers of the Invalid Regiment, and the Opinion of a Board of Inspection, on their several Cases; which you will be pleased to lay before Congress for their Consideration and Determination.12 With great Regard etc.13
[Note 11: A copy of the memorial is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 149, vol. 3, fol. 33; the original, dated June 6, 1783, is in the Washington Papers. A copy of the opinion of the Board of Inspection is on folio 41, and the original, dated June 10, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 12: Lincoln transmitted the papers to Congress, as requested, June 16; they were referred to Oliver Ellsworth, Alexander Hamilton, and Richard Peters. This committee was changed to James McHenry and Peters (July 23), and James Duane was added July 30.]
[Note 13: This letter, in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr., is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 149, vol. 3, fol. 37.
On June 13 Humphreys wrote to Capt. John Pray, ordering him to turn in the waterguard boats to the Quartermaster General; "if the Sergt. and five men you mention are good Oarsmen they may be employed in the General's Barge, otherwise they may join their Regts. At any rate, you can send them with their characters to Head Quarters." Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Friday, June 13, 1783.
Parole Newark. Countersigns, Burlington, Willmington.
For duty tomorrow the 3d. Massacht. regiment.
Head Quarters, June 14, 1783.
Dear Sir: The inclosed paper relative to the Services and Claims of Captn Goodale14 was handed, to me by Brigd Genl Putnam, With a Wish that it might be laid before Congress. It is now more than two Months since that Application was made by me; has it been submitted to Congress? or am I to suppose that it is forgotten or neglected?
[Note 14: Capt. Nathan Goodale, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He served to November, 1783.]
Something peculiar appears in Capt Goodales Case and his pretensions being founded entirely on the Idea of Merit, I am desirous they may be represented in a favorable Light; should Congress, from a Consideration of his Services, compared with their established principles of promotion by Merit, think proper to grant the promotion Captn Goodale challenges, I have no Objection to make.
I wish Congress would be pleased to take up the proposal made to you by my Letter of the 1st of April last; it would give much satisfaction to many Officers who are impatiently waiting a decision; should that proposal be complied with, it would include Capt Goodale, and perhaps supercede the Necessity of a particular Determination. I am &c.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, June 14, 1783.
Sir: In conformity to Mr Izard's request I take this liberty to inclose to your Excellency a Letter from Mrs. Delancey16 to him, discribing the outrages which have been committed in the County of West Chester. I am well assured that every species of licenciousness and disorder hath and will meet with your displeasure; and I have therefore informed Mr Izard what measures have been taken for the prevention of irregularities in future, and the establishment of Civil Government again in that District.
[Note 16: Mrs. Peter(?) Delancey (Elizabeth Colden).]
Inclosed you will find a Note from your old acquaintance Mr Rivington, and the Papers alluded to therein will be delivered to you by the same conveyance.17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The following concluding paragraph is crossed off in the draft: "Perhaps the amusement contained in them will be encreased by so conspicuous a proof the returning politeness of one of your subjects who has been a man of no small notoriety during the whole Rebellion, and who has been so remarkably distinguished for his regard to veracity, that his humble protestation of attachment can not at this time be disputed."]
Saturday, June 14, 1783.
Parole Anapolis. Countersigns Baltimore, Harford.
For duty tomorrow the 6th. Massachusetts regt
Such Officers as are not attached to any particular Corps, who may choose to remain in Camp in consequence of the orders of the 6th instant, will be pleased to report their names, Rank and the regimt. to which they lately belonged, to the Adjutant General by the 17th. instant.
The Arrangement of the different Corps being fixed, all officers not comprehended therein, whose baggage remains to be transported, are to report their names, Ranks, quantities of baggage and the States Counties and towns to which they are distined, to the Quarter Master Genl. by tomorrow evening.
Head Quarters, June 14, 1783.
Sir: I have transmitted to Governor Clinton the Letter of Mrs. Delancey, which you was pleased to inclose to me.
The Acts complained of were committed at a Time when neither civil or military Government existed in that part of the Country, and while Measures were concerting for their Reestablishment under American Laws and Polity; those enormities, being totally abhorrent to my Disposition, as soon as they were made known to me, I communicated to the Governor, who is equally disposed to preserve Peace and good Order.
The Chief Justice of the State, supported by a Regiment of Continental Troops, is now administring Justice in that County; since his Arrival there, I believe no Outrages like what Mrs. Delancy complains of, have been experienced; And I hope e'er long, that good Order and Regularity of Government may prevail in that distressed Country. I am &c.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On June 14 Washington forwarded a copy of Sir Guy Carleton's letter of June 10 to him to Congress in a brief note. Carleton had written:
"I cannot, Sir, but be well satisfied, that Congress has transmitted the case, concerning certain negroes for whose protection the publick faith had been pledged, (but which is considered by Congress as contrary to the true intent and meaning of the provisional articles of peace) to it's plempotentiaries in Europe, as those Gentlemen and the King's Ministers, between whom those articles were negociated, may be considered as most competent and able to ascertain their true intent and meaning; and, swayed by these considerations, I have already for my own part, referred to the King's Servants those points wherein I judged, that, on your side the true intent and meaning of this treaty has not been preserved, and in particular the consideration of those impediments which have been found in the execution of the 5th. and 6th. articles, even in cases where the stipulations contained therein are absolute, both in meaning and expression, but whose effect has been opposed, both by laws now subsisting in the different States, and by the resolves of different bodies of men who seem to act without control, and to have the means of execution in their own hands; and with respect, Sir, to the stipulations in the same articles, which have been thrown into a recommendatory form, I have been discouraged from renewing my applications thereon, by letter from Mr. Livingston the Minister for foreign affairs, of so early a date as the lath of April, which seems to refer me for their execution to some future time. I entertain however the fullest confidence, that Congress will take the best and surest, as well as most speedy means of giving to this treaty all that efficacy which shall not only be perfectly consistent with justice and equity, but with that spirit of conciliation, which I hope and trust will universally prevail." Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (June 14) Humphreys wrote to Heath, that the Commander in Chief approved "the Arrangements of the Reformed Regts and Corps In this Cantonment." Humphrey's draft is in the Washington Papers.
Also, on this same day (June 14), TrumbulI wrote to Col. Walter Stewart, respecting promotions made by Brig, Gen. Hazen, for making which that General had no authority. "The promotions you mention are therefore to be disregarded in the Muster, until Genl Hazen can satisfactorily explain this Conduct." Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Newburgh, June 15, 1783.
My dear Marqs: You are too well acquainted with the merits of Colo. Gouvion to need my testimony either of his Services, abilities or worth; and yet, my wish to see them rewarded, induces me to repeat and even to impress them upon you. I dare not take the liberty of bringing this officer directly before Monsr. the Count de Segar20 but if the communication of my ideas of his deserts and my desire to serve him would contribute to procure him the Smiles of that Minister I should have no objection to their being offered in any manner your prudence shall dictate.
[Note 20: Philippe Henri, Marquis de Seégur, Minister of War of France.]
We remain here in a listless state, awaiting the arrival of the definitive Treaty; the uncertainty of wch. added to the great expence of subsisting the Army, have induced Congress to Furlough (which, in the present case is but another term for discharging) all the Soldiers who stood engaged for the War. This Measure, tho' extremely distressing to the Officers on acct. of their want of pay has been effected without any disorder and with less discontent than could possibly be expected. The three years Men have been formed into Corps and will remain at West Point and in the Vicinity of it till the Treaty arrives and Congress shall have determined on a Peace establishment for this Country. The former, will put a period to my Military Services and carry me back to the Walks of private life. and to that relaxation and repose which cannot but be grateful to a Mind which has been on the stretch for more than Eight Years, great part of wch. it has been embarrassed by a variety of the most perplexing circumstances.
Colo. Gouvion will give you a Pamphlet,21 containing a compilation of Original Papers which I have suffered the publication of to shew the Origin; the oeconomy, the Justice, and even the necessity of the Half pay, or Commutation of the Half pay, to the Officers of this Army which some of the States have been opposed to. the greatest part of these Papers accomd. one of my
[Note 21: "A Collection of Papers....Printed by Samuel Loudon M,DCC,LXXXIII," previously noted.] late lettrs to you; but they will now appear in a more connectedform.
As I have little expectation that Gouvion will find you in France but much of seeing you hear soon, I shall add no more to this letter than my best respects to Madam De la Fayette and my blessing to your little progeny.
With the greatest attachment etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, June 15, 1783.
Parole Brunswick. Countersigns Princetown, Amboy.
For duty tomorrow the 2d. Massachusetts regiment.
As soon as the furloughing of the officers and Men who retire from the field in consequence of the Resolution of Congress published in the orders of the 2d. instant is compleated and the incorporation of those who continue in service has taken place, (in order to prevent irregularity and confusion) the furloughed officers, Noncommissioned officers and soldiers are to be discontinued on the returns and Muster rolls, and their Settlemts. made from the rolls by which they were last Mustered.
Regimental Returns are to be made to the Orderly office, as soon as the incorporation has taken place.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Monday, June 16, 1783.
Parole Albany. Countersigns Poughkeepsie, Haverstraw.
The Hampshire Detachment is for duty tomorrow.
At a General courtmartial held in Philadelphia the 22d. May by order of the Secretary at War Lt. Colo. Robertson president. Lieutenant John Armstrong of the 3d. Pennsylvania regt., charged with evading his duty and behaving unbecoming the character of an officer and gentlemn. in his illiberal expressions concerning the officers who exhibited the above charges was tried.
On consideration it clearly appears to the Court, that the charges exhibited against Lt. Armstrong are not supported, therefore do acquit him with honor.
The Commander in Chief approves the opinion of the Court.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 17, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency for the consideration of Congress, a Petition22 from a large number of Officers of the Army in behalf of themselves, and such other Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army as are entitled to rewards in lands, and may choose to avail themselves of any Priviledges and Grants which shall be obtained in consequence of the present solicitation. I enclose also the Copy of a Letter from Brigr. General Putnam23 in which the sentiments and expectations of the Petitioners are more fully explained; and in which the ideas of occupying the Posts in the western Country will be found to correspond very nearly with those I have some time since communicated to a Committee of Congress, in treating on the subject of a Peace Establishment. I will beg leave
[Note 22: This petition, dated June 16, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 42, vol. 6, fols. 62--71.]
[Note 23: A copy of Brig. Gen. Rufus Putnam's letter of June 16 is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.] to make a few more observations on the general benefits of the location and Settlement now proposed; and then submit the justice and policy of the measure to the wisdom of Congress.
Altho' I pretend not myself to determine, how far the district of unsettled Country which is described in the Petition is free from the claim of every State, or how far this disposal of it may interfere with the views of Congress; Yet it appears to me this is the Tract which from its local position and peculiar advantages ought to be the first settled in preference to any other whatever and I am perfectly convinced that it cannot be so advantageously settled, by any other Class of Men, as by the disbanded Officers and Soldiers of the Army, to whom the faith of Government hath long since been pledged, that lands should be granted at the expiration of the War, in certain proportions agreeably to their respective grades.
I am induced to give my sentiments thus freely on the advantages to be expected from this plan of Colonization, because it would connect our Governments with the frontiers, extend our Settlements progressively, and plant a brave, a hardy and respectable Race of People, as our advanced Post, who would be always ready and willing (in case of hostility) to combat the Savages, and check their incursions. A Settlement formed by such Men would give security to our frontiers, the very name of it would awe the Indians, and more than probably prevent the murder of many innocent families, which frequently, in their usual mode of extending our Settlements and Encroachments on the hunting grounds of the Natives, fall the hapless Victims to savage barbarity. Besides the emoluments which might be derived from the Peltry Trade at our Factories, if such should be established; the appearance of so formidable a Settlement in the vicinity of their Towns (to say nothing of the barrier it would form against our other Neighbours) would be the most likely means to enable us to purchase upon equitable terms of the Aborigines their right of preoccupancy; and to induce them to relinquish our Territories, and to remove into the illimitable regions of the West.
Much more might be said of the public utility of such a Location, as well as of the private felicity it would afford to the Individuals concerned in it. I will venture to say it is the most rational and practicable Scheme which can be adopted by a great proportion of the Officers and Soldiers of our Army, and promises them more happiness than they can expect in any other way. The Settlers, being in the prime of life, inured to hardship and taught by experience to accommodate themselves in every situation, going in a considerable body; and under the patronage of Government, would enjoy in the first instance advantages in procuring subsistence, and all the necessaries for a comfortable beginning, superior to any common class of Emigrants and quite unknown to those who have heretofore extended themselves beyond the Apalachian Mountains; they may expect after a little perseverance, Competence and Independence for themselves, a pleasant retreat in old age, and the fairest prospects for their Children. I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: In the writing of David Humphreys. The letter was read in Congress on July 1 and referred to the Grand Committee of May 30, 1783.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, June 17, 1783.
Parole Jersey. Countersigns Elizabethtown, Middlebrook.
[Note 25: Lieut. Ralph Hart Bowles, of the First Massachusetts Regiment. He served to June, 1784.]
For duty tomorrow the 1st. Massa. regiment.
Newburgh, June 18, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have received the honr. of your Excellency's favor of the 9th. and am very much obliged to you for the Extracts from Mr. Laurens's Letters of the 15th. of March and 5th. of April. By these it does not appear that the British Ministry are in any haste either to evacuate New York or finish the Treaty; both of which are devoutly to be wished. The latter, as it will put a period to my public life, I look forward to it with great sollicitude, and shall receive the Acct with heart felt satisfaction that in the Walks of private life my Mind may enjoy that relaxation and repose of which it stands much in need.
The Arrangements, consequent of the resolve of the 26th. of May have been all made; very few besides the three years Men and the Officers who are arranged to them remain; and the business got more happily over than could be expected.
Mrs. Washington is on a jaunt to Æsopus with the Governr and Mrs. Clinton or she would I am sure join me most Cordially in compliments to Mrs., Miss Boudinot and yourself. I have the honor etc.
Newburgh, June 18, 1783.
Sir: For the purpose of Transportating my Books of record and Papers with safety, I want Six strong hair Trunks well clasped and with good Locks. If such are to be had you will oblige me by the purchase of them. In the margin is the Size which I think would answer best28 but if they should be smaller and of different sizes it matters but little.
[Note 28: Outside dimensions to be: Length, 3 ft. 6 in,; width, 1 ft. 9 in.; depth, 1 ft. 3 in.]
Mrs. Washington will also thank you for three yards of black silk like the enclosed; it is to repair old gowns, and consequently must be like them.
If you could make it convenient to pay Lewis Pintard Esqr. (I believe) of New York, Seventy two pounds Sterling for two Pipes of old Madeira Wine just sent to Virginia for me by Messrs. Searle & Co. of that Island I will, immediately upon advise thereof, deposite the like Sum with the difference of Exchange in Specie with Mr. Smith29 and acknowledge it as a favor.
[Note 29: Melancton Smith.]
I have requested Mr. Smith to furnish me with a state of my acct. in your Store at this place, which he has done, but the Articles which you purchased for me in New York are not included in it. Will you be so good as to let him have an Acct. of these also that the whole may be discharged at the same time as was my intention when I called upon him.
Colo Smith (at my request) sent me some Books &ca from New York wch. I prayed him to call upon you for the payment of; and it is my wish that every thing which ought to go into my private Acct. may be transmitted to Mr. Smith of this place that the whole may be paid off at once, which I am desirous of doing without delay. Articles which you have been so good to furnish on Public acct. for my use, in which I mean to include the Trunks now required, will compose a seperate Acct. and payment thereof be obtained from the Financier.
In a former conversation, you seemed to be of opinion that Blankets in the Kings Stores when the Troops were upon the point of evacuating the City of New York might be had exceedingly low; should this be the case I would thank you for purchasing me 150 or two hundred of them if good and large. Do Linnens, Nails, Paints &ca (course30 Articles) still keep up their Prices? With great esteem etc.
[Note 30: Coarse.]
PS. Should you be able to procure the Trunks which I have required in the body of this letter, I should be glad to have a Label (in brass or Copper) containing my name, and the year on each.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 18, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor to enclose a Pamphlet which contains four additional papers34 that were not printed at the time when I forwarded my Circular Letter, to you; these will now make the collection compleat, and shew the distressed state of the Army at the period of its approaching dissolution. I have the honor &c.35
[Note 34: On the subject of half-pay and commutation for the Army.]
[Note 35: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[N.H.H.S.]
Wednesday, June 18, 1783.
Parole Pennsylvania. Countersigns Williamsburgh, Hanover.
For duty tomorrow the 3d. Massa. regiment.
Thursday, June 19, 1783.
Parole Susquehanna. Countersigns Potomack, Patuxent.
For duty the 2d. Massachusetts regt.
The Packet boats plying between Westpoint and Newburgh will sail at eight o'clock in the morning and six in the evening.
Ten men are to be drafted from the Line, to be employed in the Quarter Master Generals Department such as understand the management of a boat will best suit.
Head Quarters, June 19, 1783.
Sir: I had the pleasure to write you the 14 of this Month, in answer to your Lre respecting the outrage committed on Mr Delancy.36
[Note 36: Mrs. Delancey.]
I have now the honour to transmit you Extract of Governor Clintons Letter37 to me on the same subject. I am &c.38
[Note 37: This letter, dated June 15, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, June 19, 1783.
Dr. Sir: In ansr to Your favor of the 2d. Ulto. I need only inform you, that Congress having taken measures in their Resolution of the 26th of May, for the eventual reduction of our force, and the Honble Secry at War having undertaken to carry that Resolution into execution so far as relates to the Troops South of the Delaware; it is probable you will have received his Orders on the subject, before this reaches you, otherwise they may soon be expected. I am etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, June 20, 1783.
Dear Sir: Doctr. La Moyuer, by whom I expect you will have receiv'd my letter of the 18th., had scarcely left this when your favor of the 17th. accompanied by Vettots Romish history and Watsons History of Philip the third were put into my hands. for sending me the latter unasked, please to accept my thanks. I shall be obliged to you for sending me by the first good conveyance the following Books; which are advertised for sale in the Gazette you sent me.
Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (4 Vs. with cuts)
Life of Gustavus Adolphus.
Sullys Memoirs.
The World displayed 20 pocket Vols. if it is an esteemed work.
Goldsmiths Natural history.
Campaigns of Marshall Turenne.
Chambauds French and English and English and French Dictionary improved by Perrin.
Locke on the Human Understanding two Vols.
Robertsons History of Chas V40
[Note 40: In the Washington Papers, under date of July 23, 1783, is a "List of Books now at Mount Vernon" in the writing of Lund Washington.]
I pray you to get the favor of Mr. Parker to pay for these Books and transmit me the Acct; the amount of wch. shall be deposited with Mr. Smith at this place. As it will be a pretty considerable purchase I may therefore hope to get them on better terms than a single Book or two would be retailed.
Among the Cattalogue of Books Advertised in the Gazette you sent me, I perceive a later Edition of Duke Hamiltons Travels (than the one you sent me before) is included comprehending his subsequent Travels Through Denmark, &ca. please to add these to your purchase. I am etc.
Friday, June 20, 1783.
Parole Amsterdam. Countersigns Brunswick, Colchester.
For duty tomorrow the 4th. Massa. regiment.
The Troops of this Cantonment will march on monday morning 5 o'clock by the left. The senior Brigadier in the Massa. Line will conduct the Collumn over Butter hill to Westpoint. The Baggage with a proper Escort to go by water, application for the means of conveyance must previously be made to the Quarter Master General. These corps with the Troops already at Westpoint will compose the Garrison of that post and its Dependencies.
Major General Knox will be pleased to expedite in the best manner he is able the building of an Arsenal and Magazines, agreeably to the Instructions he hath received from the Secretary at war.
As soon as the Troops are collected at Westpoint, an accurate Inspection is to take place, in consequence of which all Non-commissioned officers and privates who are incapable of Service ice (except in the corps of Invalids) are to be discharged; And the names of all the men, whose time of service will expire within one month are also to be reported to Head Quarters.
The Light Infantry of the Massachusetts Brigades, the Light Company of the Connecticut regiment and one Company of the New Hampshire Battalion will form a corps to be posted in the County of Westchester untill further orders, and will be commanded by Lieutt. Colo. Hull and Major Sumner. This Corps will march the 22d. instant to releive the Detachment of the late 8th. Massachusetts regiment now at Mile square. The Commanding officer will receive the Instructions already given to the officer Commanding in that District for the government of his conduct.
Saturday, June 21, 1783.
Parole Dorchester. Countersigns Exeter, Fairfax.
Lieutt. Colo. Commandt. Reid41 for duty tomorrow.
[Note 41: Lieut. Col. George Reid.
On June 21 Humphreys wrote to Major General Knox that Capt. Winthrop Sargeant had been omitted in the arrangement of the Massachusetts artillery without his knowledge or consent. The Commander in Chief referred the matter to Knox to be rectified. Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
When the Army marches from this Cantonment, a Detachment is to remain to do the ordinary duties at Newburgh &ca. They will be releived every nine days, for this duty the four Hampshire Companies will commence tomorrow.
Sunday, June 22, 1783.
Parole Ghent. Countersigns Havrestraw, Illinois.
When the Troops move off the Ground, a surgeon or Mate will remain with the sick of each regiment for a day or two untill the Hutts can be made ready to receive them; a sufficient number of orderly men to take care of the sick must also remain with them.
Head Quarters, June 23, 1783.
Sir: I think it expedient to transmit to your Excellency a Copy of the Correspondence42 which has taken place between our Commissioners for superintending Embarkations in New York, and myself; from their several Reports, Memorials, and Remonstrances, Congress will be informed of the almost total inefficacy of the Measures which have been adopted for carrying the 7th Article of the Provisional Treaty into effect.
[Note 42: Inclosed were copies of letters from the Embarkation Commissioners to Washington, May 30; Washington to the Commissioners, June 2; Commissioners to Washington June 14; Washington to Carleton, June 2; Commissioners to Washington, June 18; Washington to the Commissioners, June 10.]
Finding that merely the superintendance of Embarkations, ([and that only when called upon] by the British) without the power of restraining the Property of the Inhabitants of the United States from being carried away, could be of little utility; having been also informed that the departure of all Negroes (who choose to go away) indiscriminately and without examination in private Vessels, is, if not publickly allowed, at least connived at, and conceiving this to be the only species of property that can at present require attention: I cannot think there will be much advantage in continuing our Commissioners any longer at New York, and I take the liberty therefore to suggest whether it would not be eligible to revoke the Commission. Indeed I should have thought myself authorized to decide upon this point, had I not apprehended it might eventually involve consequences of considerable national concern; it was on this account I deemed it more expedient to lay the state of this business before Congress, and to ask their farther Orders on the subject. I have the honor etc.
P.S. I am favored with your Letter of the 14th.43 and will cause immediate attention to be paid to the Contents of it.44
[Note 43: Boudinot's letter, respecting the delay in engraving and shipping the two cannon presented by Congress to Comte de Grasse, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 44: In the writing of David Humphreys. The phrase in brackets in the draft is in the writing of Washington. The letter was read in Congress on July x and referred to Hugh Williamson, James Madison, and Jacob Read.]
Head Quarters, June 23, 1783.
Sir: I was yesterday favored with your Letter of the 12th february, and this day I transmitted the papers which accompanied it to the President of Congress, with a Letter of which the inclosed is Copy.
Your early attachment to the Cause of this Country and your exertions in relieving the distresses of such of our fellow Citizens as were so unfortunate as to be Prisoners in Ireland, claim the regard of every American and will always entitle you to my particular esteem. I shall always be happy in rendering you every Service in my power, being with great truth, Sir your etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
Washington forwarded this letter through Daniel Cullimore, accompanied by a brief note (June 23) to the latter: "I now inclose you a Letter for Mr Harvey, which I take the liberty to request you to forward." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 23, 1783.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit your Excellency copy of a Letter I have received from Mr. Reuben Harvey of Cork in Ireland, and sundry papers which accompanied it.46
[Note 46: Reuben Harvey's letter of February 12 is in the Washington Papers. It was forwarded to Washington by Daniel Cullimore, of New York.]
The early part this Gentleman appears to have taken in the cause of this Country, and his exertions in releiving the distresses of such of our fellow Citizens, whom the chance of War threw into the hands of the Enemy, entitle him to the esteem of every American and will doubtless have due weight in recommending [him] to the notice of Congress. I have the honor etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on July 1 and referred to Jacob Read, William Ellery, and James McHenry.]
[Note 48: Assembled, by request of the Commander in Chief, at headquarters, and which consisted of Major Generals Heath, Howe, and Steuben, and Brigadier Generals Huntington, Hand, and Greaton.]
June 23, 1783.
Gentlemen: I am to request your opinions on the three following Questions, viz.
For your Information, I refer to you Gentlemen, all the original Papers on this subject, agreably to the annexed Schedule, which together with the publications in General Orders, will make you fully acquainted with the State of Facts. I have the honor etc.49
[Note 49: The board reported (June 24) unanimously in the affirmative on the first question, and on the second and third, that Reid ought not to be arrested. These proceedings are in the Washington Papers.]
Schedule of Papers referred to: No. 1. Brigadr. Genl. Hazen's Letter and Memorial dated Pompton Jany. 14th. 1783. No. 2. Extract of a Letter from Genl. Washington to Brigadier Genl Hazen, Jany. 25th, 1783. No. 3. Opinion of the General Officers dated 24th. Jany. 1783. Copy inclosed in the preceding. No. 4. Brigadier Hazen's Letter 29th. Jany. covering Charges against the Judge Advocate. No. 5. Reference to a Board of General Officers in General Washington's Letter, dated Feby. 12th. 1783. (For the opinion of this Board, the appointment of a Court of Inquiry, and the result of their proceedings, vide General Orders.) No. 6 and 7th. Letters of the 6th and 7th of June, from Brigadier Hazen and some of the Officers of his Corps, exhibiting farther Charges against Major Reid. No. 8. General Washington's answer to the preceding Letter.50
[Note 50: In the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, June 24, 1783.
Sir: Altho I was fully satisfied that every possible measure has been pursued, in order to give satisfaction to yourself and some of the Officers of your Corps in the affair respecting Major Reid, and altho' the new subjects of complaint against that Officer as stated in their Letter of the 6 June, appeared to me to arise rather from a spirit of persecution, than a desire to promote Service, I hesitated to take any steps in the affair 'till I had submitted the whole of it to the General Officers with this Army; they have accordingly been assembled on the occasion and I now transmit you a Copy of their Proceedings. At the same time I cannot help expressing my sincere hope, that you will consider this as finishing an affair that has given so much trouble to the Army.
I am now, Sir, to reply to your Letter of the 12th. Inst. by Colo. Stewart. It contains no sufficient reason for your delaying to comply with my order to you of the 9th. to march with all possible dispatch to this Cantonment with those of your Corps who did not chuse to accept the furlough offered, and I must therefore desire, that you march immediately after the receipt of this. Every direction that can be necessary to put your Corps on the same footing, with respect to Pay, as the rest of the Army, will certainly be given. I am etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
(Private)
Head Quarters, June 24, 1783.
Dear Sir: Previous to your departure from the Army, I wish to take an oppertunity of expressing my sentiments of your Services; my obligations for your assistance, and my wishes for your future felicity. Our object is at last obtained; the arrangements are almost compleated, and the day of seperation is now at hand.
Permit me therefore to thank you for the trouble you have lately taken in the arrangement of the Corps under your Orders, as well as for all your former chearful and able exertions in the public Service; Suffer me to offer this last testimony of my regard to your merits, and give me leave, my dear Sir, to assure you of the real Affection and esteem with which I am, and shall at all times, and under all circumstances continue to be, y'r etc.52
[Note 52: From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, April, 1936.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, evening, June 24, 1783.
Sir: It was not until 3 o'clock this afternoon, that I had the first intimation of the infamous and outrageous Mutiny of a part of the Pennsylvania Troops; it was then I received your Excellency's Letter of the 21st. by your express, and agreeable to the request contained in it, I instantly ordered Three compleat Regiments of Infantry and a Detachment of Artillery to be put in motion as soon as possible; This Corps (which you will observe by the Returns, is a large proportion of our whole Force) will consist of [upwards of 1500] effectives. As all the troops who composed this gallant little Army, as well those who were furloughed as those who remain in Service, are Men of tried fidelity, I could not have occasion to make any choice of Corps, and I have only to regret, that there existed a necessity, they should be employed on so disagreeable a Service. I dare say however, they will on this and all other occasions, perform their duty as brave and faithful Soldiers.
While I suffer the most poignant distress in observing that a [handful of Men contemptable in numbers, and equally so in point of Service; if the Veteran Troops from the Southward have not been seduced by their example, and who are not worthy to be called Soldiers,] should disgrace themselves as the Pennsylvania Mutineers have done, by insulting the Sovereign Authority [of the United States, and that of their own]; I feel an [in] expressible satisfaction, that even this behaviour cannot stain the name of the American Soldiery; it cannot be imputable to, or reflect dishonour on the Army at large; but on the contrary, it will, by the striking contrast it exhibits, hold up to public view the other Troops, in the most advantageous point of light; Upon taking all the circumstances into consideration, I cannot sufficiently express my surprise and indignation, at the arrogance, the folly and the wickedness of the Mutineers; nor can I sufficiently admire the fidelity, the bravery and the patriotism, which must forever signalize the unsullied Character of the other Corps of our Army; for when we consider that these Pennsylvania Levies who have now mutinyed, are Recruits and Soldiers of a day, who have not born the heat and burden of the War, and who can have in reality very few hardships to complain of, and when we at the same time recollect, that those Soldiers who have lately been furloughed from this Army, are the Veterans who have patiently endured hunger, nakedness and cold, who have suffered and bled without a murmur, and who with perfect good order have retired to their homes, without the settlement of their Accounts or a farthing of money in their pockets, we shall be as much astonished at the virtues of the latter, as we are struck with horror and detestation at the proceedings of the former; and every candid mind, without indulging ill-grounded prejudices, will undoubtedly make the proper discrimination.
I intended only to wait until the Troops were collected and had occupied their new Camp, in order to make a full Report to Congress of the measures which have been taken in consequence of the Resolution of the 26th. of May. Notwithstanding the option which was given, in my answer to the address of the Generals and Officers Commanding Regiments and Corps, which has been already sent to your Excellency. No Soldiers, [except a very few, whose homes are within the enemies lines], and a very small number of Officers, have thought proper to avail themselves of it, by remaining with the Army. A list of those who remain, is herewith transmitted. The Men engaged to serve three years were then formed into Regts. and Corps in the following manner, viz. The Troops of Massachusetts composed 4 Regiments, Connecticut 1 Regt., New Hampshire 5 Companies, Rhode Island 2 Companies, Massachusetts Artillery 3 Companies and New York Artillery 2 Companies, the total strength will be seen by the Weekly state, which is also forwarded.
The Army being thus reduced to merely a competent Garrison for West Point, [that being the only object of import. in this Qur], and it being necessary to employ a considerable part of the Men in building an Arsenal and Magazines at that Post, [agreeably to the directions given by the Secy. at War], the Troops accordingly broke up the Cantonment yesterday, and removed to that Garrison, where Majr. General Knox still retains the Command. The Detachment which marches for Philadelphia, will be under the orders of Majr. Genel. Howe, Majr. Genel. Heath [having,] at his own particular request, retired from the field; the Brigadiers now remaining with the Army, are Paterson, Huntington and Greaton, besides the Adjutant General. Thus have I given the present state of our Military affairs, and hope the Arrangements will be satisfactory to Congress. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Should any thing turn up, which may prevent the necessity of the Troops proceeding to Philadelphia, I am to request your Excellency will send the earliest intimation to the Commanding Officer, that the Detachment may return immediately. The Route will be by Ringwood, Pompton, Morristown, Princeton and Trenton, on which your Express may meet the Corps.53
[Note 53: In the writing of David Cobb. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, June 25, 1783.
Sir: You are to take the command of the detachment ordered to march to Philadelphia in consequence of the Letter of the Presidt of Congress of the 21st instant; you will move with as much expedition as you can consistently with the health and comfort of the Troops. This Corps must be absolutely light and unincumbered with Baggage, having only two Peices of Field Artillery; you will make arrangements with the Qr Mastr. Genl for the transportation, and with the Contractors for a supply of Provisions and Rum. Your Route will be by Ringwood, Pompton, Morris Town and Princeton to Trenton, where it would be most convenient if you could make arrangements for embarking the Troops to proceed from thence by water to Philadelphia: but this must depend upon circumstances, and will require circumspection to prevent the Mutineers from taking advantage and annoying your landing.
The object of your Command is to suppress a mutiny which has taken place amongst a part of the Pennsylvania Troops, in the accomplishment of which you will be governed by your own discretion until you can receive the Orders of Congress; should the tumult have subsided, you will meet directions from His Excellency the President countermanding your march, you will then return by easy Movements.
In all cases you will be pleased to pay particular attention to the order and discipline of the Troops, and you will regulate your Marches early in the Morng or at Evening, in such manner, that the Men may rest in the heat of the day; and be as conveniently accommodated in every respect, as the nature of the circumstances will admit.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, June 25, 1783.
Gentlemen: I refer to your consideration A Memorial of Mr Hoaksley55 with sundry other papers relative to the condemnation of Merchandize &c at York Town, said to have been carried in a Flag of Truce from N York to Virginia. After an investigation of the Papers and the examination of Mr Hoaksley you will please to report your Opinion whether any alteration and what, ought to be made in the former decision. I have the honour etc,56
[Note 55: Robert Hoakesly.]
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, June 25, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief desires you will have as much of the hard Bread, which was delivered by the late Contractors into Elderkin's57 Store, issued to the Detachment as they can carry with them, and that you will have the remainder of that Bread served out occasionally, that it may not be lost by the Public, whose property it now is. I have the honor etc.58
[Note 57: John Elderkin. He was at one time a commissary at Fort Arnold.]
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D[avid] H[umphreys]. A.D.C."]
Head Quarters, June 25, 1783.
Sir: His Excellency commands me to inform you he approves of the Arrangements you have made, and would have the party from the Lines follow in the manner you propose. General Howe will meet the Detachment in the Clove tomorrow morng.
No Express or Information hath arrived from Philadelphia since you left Head Quarters last Evening. I have the Honor etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "D Humphreys A. D. C."
At 5 o'clock p.m., this same day (June 25), Humphreys again wrote to Knox that from dispatches, just received from Philadelphia, "the necessity still exists for marching the Detachment as expeditiously as may be." Humphreys's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 25, 9 o'clock P.M., 1783.
Sir: I am honored by your Ecellency's Letter dated the 21st inst. 11 o'clock P.M., enclosing the Resolutions of Congress60 of the same date.
[Note 60: The resolves of June 21, after reciting that the authority of the United States "having been this day grossly insulted by the disorderly and menacing appearance of a body of armed soldiers...that the Secretary at War be directed to communicate to tile Commander in Chief, the state and disposition of the said troops, in order that he may take immediate measures to dispatch to this city, such forces as he may judge expedient for suppressing any disturbances that may ensue." Congress adjourned on June 21 and removed to Princeton, N.J., where they convened on June 30.]
Congress will have been informed by mine of last evening, which was forwarded by your returning Express this morning, that I had, in consequence of the intimation contained in your Excellency's former Letter, anticipated their Orders expressed in the above mentioned Resolutions, the Troops have commenced their March accordingly, and encamp this night at the Forest of Dean, eight Miles from West Point; I have therefore nothing farther to add except that I am etc.61
[Note 61: In the writing of David Cobb.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Saturday, June 28, 1783.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
A Board consisting of three field officers to be appointed by Major General Knox, Doctr. Cochran or Craick and one hospital surgeon will assemble at Westpoint on Wednesday next for the purpose of examining all the Invalids and debilitated men of the Army; they will proceed on the principles laid down in the orders of the 3d. of August last, and report their opinion so far as they can proceed, as soon as may be, and meet again when the absent troops return to complete the business.
Head Quarters, June 29, 1783.
Sir: His Excellency directs me to express to you his Concern for the Circumstance you mention of the Regts. being without their Compliment of Field Officers. It is unlucky, but the Inconvenience must at present remain without Remedy. Colo. Vose is unwell here. Colo. M. Jackson is incapable to perform the Duty. Nothing New has yet arrived from Phila. 'tis possible there may not be that Occasion for the Troops which has been apprehended. Most respectfully etc.62
[Note 62: The draft is in tile writing of and is signed "J--ll, Jr."]
Head Quarters, June 30, 1783.
Sir: You will be pleased to arrange the Remains of your Corps into two Companies upon the principles of the several Orders which have been issued in consequence of the Resolution of Congress of the 26th of May last; after Officering the two Companies, the remainder of the Officers will be in the same predicament with those of the different Lines not attached to any particular Corps, and may avail themselves of the choice given of remaining with the Army or going into the Country as may be most convenient for them. You will please to report the Arrangement as soon as may be. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 30, 1783.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's favor of the 26th, and to thank you for the information contained in it.
If Congress should have already taken up, or should they be about to dertermine upon the subject of receiving possession of the Posts on the Western Frontier, which was mentioned in my Letters of the 3d of May and 7th of June, I would take the liberty to recommend Major General the Baron Steuben (who will have the honor of delivering this Letter) as a Gentleman very much acquainted with Military Dispositions, as well as with the Language commonly spoken in Canada, and on those accounts, particularly calculated to make the Arrangements which may be necessary on this occasion; The Baron will not hesitate to undertake the negotiation with General Haldimand, if it should be agreeable to the sentiments of Congress, and I need only add that from the zeal and intelligence he has always manifested in the public Service, a judgment may be formed of the attention and fidelity which may be expected from him in the performance of this or any other duty which shall be committed to his charge. I have the honor etc.64
[Note 64: In the writing of David Cobb. The letter was read in Congress on July 4 and referred to James Madison, Oliver Ellsworth, and Benjamin Hawkins.]
[June, 1783.]
Whereas Colonel Gouvion of the Corps of Engineers hath served in the American Army with great reputation from an early Period of the War, until the happy termination of it in the acknowledgement of the Independence of the United States. And whereas his services have been principally performed under my immediate Inspection; I have therefore thought proper to grant this Certificate of Service and make known the following facts, viz. that by an Agreement entered into between Doctr. Franklin the American Plenipotentiary at Paris and Monsr. Gouvion, the latter was to be considered as a Major in the service of the United States from the 13th day of Febry. 1777; that the United States in Congress assembled were pleased to confirm that Rank by a Resolution of the 8th of July 1777; that on the 17th of Novr in the same year 1777, Congress thought proper to promote him to the Rank of a Lieutenant Colonel, and that on the 16th of Novr 1781 he was by the same sovereign Power promoted to the Rank of a Colonel in their service.
And I do hereby farther Certify and make known that the said Colonel Gouvion hath in all these several Grades and in a series of important Operations acquitted himself to the Universal satisfactory of all with whom he has served; And particularly that he did exhibit such unquestionable proofs of bravery, activity, intelligence and skill in his profession at the successful Siege of the British Post of York in Virginia, as entitled him to very honorable Notice, and induced Congress to promote him to the Rank of a Colonel, as before specified, in testimony of their Regard for his Merits and Abilities.65
[Note 65: This draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 66: Of the regiment Hereditary Prince, Brunswick troops, German allied troops.]
Head Quarters, July 1, 1783.
Sir: Your favor of the 5th of June, reached me a few Days ago.
It has been owing to some Mistake, that you and the Troops under your care at Rutland, have not been liberated. I have lost no Time to inform the Secretary at War of your Circumstances, and you may soon expect his Orders for your Removal to N York. I am &c.67
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 1, 1783.
Dr. Sir: The enclosed is a Copy of a Letter which I received a few Days ago, from an Officer of some Brunswick Troops, prisoners at Rutland. By some means, it would seem they have been overlooked in the Discharge of Prisoners. If Orders are not already given, will you be pleased to forward Directions for their Liberation as soon as possible. I should not have hesitated to have done this myself, had I known to whom I should direct my Orders.
Enclosed are also the Copies of a Letter and Memorial of the Regimental Mates of the Army, which I transmit to you, to be laid before Congress. That Hono Body, being perfectly possessed of their Original principles and Ideas, respectg this grade of Officers, will determine on the propriety of this Application. I have no wish to interfere in the Matter.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Newburgh, July 3, 1783.
Dr Sir: In ansr to yours of last Eveng I should advise, that the Return of Hazens Regt. be sent back, that the Commanding Officer be informed that unless the Alteration respectg the promotion of Officers between the present and last Return is made on good authority the Return cannot be accepted, that the Officer signing becomes responsible for the veracity of it, and must abide the consequences if the Return should be found erroneous. These things may be communicated by way of caution, in a proper military manner, so as to produce the desired effect, without any difficulty. I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 4, 1783.
Sir: I have this Morng been favoured with your two Letters of the 1st of July, with a Resolution of Congress directg you to proceed with the Troops to Phila.70
[Note 70: On July 1 Boudinot wrote to Washington that "Major General Howe, who arrived with his detachment, in this Neighbourhood last Evening. By the last Accounts from Philadelphia the Mutiny was entirely quelled and the Lancaster division had marched to that Town; but it is expected that after their Submission, Colo Humpton furloughed the greatest part of them." Boudinot's letter is in the Washington Papers.
On July 4 Washington wrote a brief note of acknowledgment of the receipt of the above letter from Boudinot and expressed the hope that his (Washington's) letters of June 24 and 25 have been received. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
The March of the detachment of Jackson's Regiment had not been countermanded by me; but I am glad to find it has been done under directions of Congress. I am &c.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 4, 1783.
Sir: Serjt. Barber has applied to Head Quarters for farther advice on the complaints exhibited against Lt Colo Popkin. His Excellency desires you will undertake the superintendance of the matter and the redress of real grievances (if any shall be found) so far as the nature of the circumstances will admit; in the mean time, should it be necessary for one or two of the Complainants to remain with the Army, to prosecute the affair, altho they should have been discharged, they may be allowed to draw Rations, if you judge their continuance necessary for the sake of obtaining Justice. I have the honor etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of and the letter sent was signed by David Humphreys.]
Headquarters, July 4, 1783.
The Return of Hazen's Reg't mentioned in your Letter of this date cannot be accepted, as no intimation has ever been given from Authority that the promotions in question have taken place, and until such official information shall be received no Notice can be taken of them, as I have already informed the Inspector of the Army in answer to his request to know in what manner the Persons said to be promoted are to be borne on the last Muster Rolls which have been taken of that Corps.
I shall immediately apply to Congress, and obtain certain information whether the promotions have actually been madeor not. I am etc.73
[Note 73: In the writing of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
Head Quarters, July 4, 1783.
Dear Sir: Agreeable to your request, I inclose to you a Certificate of your having acted in my family as one of my Aides D Camp.
I thank you for the friendly Expressions of Regard and Benevolence which you are pleased to use towards me and Mrs Washington. May you be attended in your future Walks of Life, with Health and every Happiness, is the sincere Wish of etc.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 75: Continental auditor of accounts for the State of New York.]
Head Quarters, July 5, 1783.
Sir: General Bayley who will deliver this has some accounts against the United States which he wishes to have early settled, and which he thinks are lodged in your Hands for that purpose.
This Gentleman has performed, to my knowledge, several beneficial Services for the U States, for which he deserves a just and reasonable Reward; should his Accounts come under your Direction, I wish you to give him such Assistance and Dispatch in their Adjustment as may be in your power. I am etc.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 7, 1783.
Sir: In Consequence of the late unhappy Irregularities of some of the Continental Troops in Phila. Genl Howe is directed to march with the Detachment under his Command to that City, where he is to enter into an Investigation of the Circumstances and Motives of this Affair; in Doing this it is probable it may lead to a Crimination and Trial of some Officers and others in the Military Line, which, from the Connection there may be with the Civil, will require that the procedure should be conducted with propriety, regularity and Delicacy.
His Excelly therefore thinkg it best, Requests that you will proceed immediately to Phila. where you will report yourself to Majr Genl Howe and in the Execution of your Office, afford him every Assistance in your power, in conductg the unhappy Business committed to his Charge. Before you set off you will be so good as to call at Head Quarters. I am &c.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of and is signed: "J[onathan] Tr[umbu]ll [jr]."]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 5 [--8], 1783.
Sir: Your Excellency will find sundry Papers inclosed from No. 1 to No. 4 inclusive,78 respecting the pretended promotion
[Note 78: The inclosures were copies of Hand's letter to Hazen, July 3; Hazen to Hand, July 3; Hand to Washington, July 4; and Washington to Hand, July 4.] of several Officers in Brigadier General Hazen's Regt.; the reason of my refusal to accept the return in question, without the farther sanction of Authority, will be understood from a perusal of the inclosures; and as the monthly returns cannot be compleated until the necessary advice shall be received I am to request the favor of an Answer as soon as may be convenient, that I may know whether the promotions have actually taken place or not, and in what point of light the affair is to be considered by me. I have the honor etc.
PS 8th July.
An expected Opportunity of sendg this Letter having failed, I now have the Honor to acknowledge your Excellencys favor of the 5th. enclosing an Extract from the minutes of Congress respecting the motives of their removal to Princeton. I thank your Excellency for this Communication, and have the Honor &c.79
[Note 79: In the writing of Benjamin Walker; the P.S. is in that of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on July 11 and referred to the Secretary at War to report.]
July 8, 1783.
Sir: I am just favored with your Letter of Yesterday.
As the intent of sending the Troops on the Lines was to assist the Civil Authority any disposition of them best suited to answer that purpose will be perfectly agreable to me.
Tho I could have no objection to your visiting N York under other circumstances, in your present situation I cannot help thinking it would tend to promote what I have carefully endeavoured to avoid, an intercourse between our Troops and the British; for, if the Restraint is broke thro' in one Instance, the other Officers will claim the same indulgence; the same reasons may be urged against your sending in any of the Soldiers of your Command.
With respect to the expence attending your situation, I cannot say how far I am at liberty to make you any allowance for it; but you may believe I shall be happy in doing whatever may appear Just and reasonable. I am &c.80
[Note 80: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, July 8, 1783.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 2d instant, respecting the unhappy Irregularities of the Troops in Philadelphia.
Your proposition for sending on the Judge Advocate appeared so just, that I have directed him to proceed immediately to Philadelphia and give all the Assistance in his power. I wish a happy Termination of this unlucky Affair.
The Pay Master General had left this before the Arrival of your Letter, for the purpose, among others, of formg his Arrangements for settling the Accounts of the Southern Troops. With much Regard etc.81
[Note 81: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 8, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 3d inst dated at Trenton.
In Consequence of a Letter from M Genl St. Clair and at his Request, I have ordered the Judge Advocate to proceed to Phila. This Gentlemans Assistance will probably be necessary in the prosecution of the Business intrusted to your Investigation. I have directed him to attend on you, and to give every Aid in his power, in an Affair, that will need to be conducted with great propriety, Regularity and Delicacy. I am &c.82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, July 8, 1783.
Dear Baron: I have duly recd. your two favors of the 5th by Express; it was indeed an unfortunate circumstance that the Resolution of the 12th of May,83 respecting the frontier Posts could not have been sooner known and acted upon; as it is, we must make the best of what remains for us to arrange, on which subject it is not necessary for me to enlarge, as I shall probably have the pleasure of seeing you here personally in a short time; in the mean while I request you will believe that I am Dear Baron etc.
[Note 83: The resolve of May 12 gave full power to Washington for arranging with the British commander in Canada for taking over the western posts.
On July 8 Washington wrote briefly to Assistant Secretary at War William Jackson, acknowledging his letter of July 5 which inclosed the resolve of May 12. "The failure of this Resolution by an earlier Opportunity has been truly unlucky; the misfortune will be remedied in the best manner I am able to do it." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Qrs., Newburgh, July 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 19th. of June came to my hands on Sunday last by the Southern Mail; from this circumstance, and the date of it I conclude it has been to Philadelphia, a mistake not very unusual for the Post master at Fishkiln to commit.
I delayed not a moment to forwd. the letters which came to me under your cover of the 26th. of Feby. to New York. I did not answer the letter which accompanied them in due Season; not so much from the hurry of business, as because my Sentiments on the essential part of it had been communicated to you before; and because the Annunciation of Peace, which came close upon the heels of it, put an end to all speculative opinions with respect to the time and terms of it.
I now thank you for your kind congratulations on this event. I feel sensibly the flattering expressions, and fervent wishes with which you have accompanied them, and make a tender of mine, with much cordiality, in return. It now rests with the Confederated Powers,84 by the line of conduct they mean to adopt, to make this Country great, happy, and respectable; or to sink it into littleness; worse perhaps, into Anarchy and Confusion; for certain I am, that unless adequate Powers are given to Congress for the general purposes of the Federal Union that we shall soon moulder into dust and become contemptable in the Eyes of Europe, if we are not made the sport of their Politicks; to suppose that the general concern of this Country can be directed by thirteen heads, or one head without competent powers, is a solecism, the bad effects of which every Man who has had the practical knowledge to judge from, that I have, is fully convinced of; tho' none perhaps has felt them in so forcible, and distressing a degree. The People at large, and at a distance from the theatre of Action, who only know that the Machine was kept in motion, and that they are at last arrived at the first object of their Wishes are satisfied with the event, without investigating the causes of the slow progress to it, or of the Expences which have accrued and which they now seem unwilling to pay; great part of which has arisen from that want of energy in the Federal Constitution which I am complaining of, and which I wish to see given to it by a Convention of the People, instead of hearing it remarked that as we have
[Note 84: States.] worked through an arduous Contest with the Powers Congress already have (but which, by the by, have been gradually diminishing) why should they be invested with more?
To say nothing of the invisible workings of Providence, which has conducted us through difficulties where no human foresight could point the way; it will appear evident to a close Examiner, that there has been a concatenation of causes to produce this Event; which in all probability at no time, or under any Circumstances, will combine again. We deceive ourselves therefore by this mode of reasoning, and what would be much worse, we may bring ruin upon ourselves by attempting to carry it into practice.
We are known by no other character among Nations than as the United States; Massachusetts or Virginia is no better defined, nor any more thought of by Foreign Powers than the County of Worcester in Massachusetts is by Virginia, or Glouster County in Virginia is by Massachusetts (respectable as they are); and yet these Counties, with as much propriety might oppose themselves to the Laws of the State in wch. they are, as an Individual State can oppose itself to the Federal Government, by which it is, or ought to be bound. Each of these Counties has, no doubt, its local polity and Interests. these should be attended to, and brought before their respective legislatures with all the force their importance merits; but when they come in contact with the general Interest of the State; when superior considerations preponderate in favor of the whole, their Voices should be heard no more; so should it be with individual States when compared to the Union. Otherwise I think it may properly be asked for what purpose do we farcically pretend to be United? Why do Congress spend Months together in deliberating upon, debating, and digesting plans, which are made as palatable, and as wholesome to the Constitution of this Country as the nature of things will admit of, when some States will pay no attention to them, and others regard them but partially; by which means all those evils which proceed from delay, are felt by the whole; while the compliant States are not only suffering by these neglects, but in many instances are injured most capitally by their own exertions; which are wasted for want of the United effort. A hundd. thousand men coming one after another cannot move a Ton weight; but the united strength of 50 would transport it with ease. so has it been with great part of the expence which has been incurred this War. In a Word, I think the blood and treasure which has been spent in it has been lavished to little purpose, unless we can be better Cemented; and that is not to be effected while so little attention is paid to the recommendations of the Sovereign Power.
To me it would seem not more absurd, to hear a traveller, who was setting out on a long journey, declare he would take no Money in his pocket to defray the Expences of it but rather depend upon chance and charity lest he should misapply it, than are the expressions of so much fear of the powers and means of Congress. For Heavens sake who are Congress? are they not the Creatures of the People, amenable to them for their Conduct, and dependant from day to day on their breath? Where then can be the danger of giving them such Powers as are adequate to the great ends of Government, and to all the general purposes of the Confederation (I repeat the word genl, because I am no advocate for their having to do with the particular policy of any State, further than it concerns the Union at large). What may be the consequences if they have not these Powers I am at no loss to guess; and deprecate the worst; for sure I am, we shall, in a little time, become as contemptable in the great Scale of Politicks as we now have it in our power to be respectable; and that, when the band of Union gets once broken, every thing ruinous to our future prospects is to be apprehended; the best that can come of it, in my humble opinion is, that we shall sink into obscurity, unless our Civil broils should keep us in remembrance and fill the page of history with the direful consequences of them.
You say that, Congress loose time by pressing a mode that does not accord with the genius of the People, and will thereby, endanger the Union; and that it is the quantum they want. Permit me to ask if the quantum has not already been demanded? Whether it has been obtained? and whence proceed the accumulated evils, and poignant distresses of many of the public Creditors, particularly in the Army? For my own part I hesitate not a moment to confess, that I see nothing wherein the Union is endangered by the late requisition of that body; but a prospect of much good, justice, and propriety from the compliance with it. I know of no Tax more convenient; none so agreeable, as that which every man may pay, or let it alone as his convenience, abilities, or Inclination shall prompt. I am therefore a warm friend to the Impost.
I can only repeat to you, that whenever Congress shall think proper to open the door of their Archives to you, (which can be best known, and with more propriety discovered through the Delegates of your own State), All my Records and Papers shall be unfolded to your View, and I shall be happy in your Company at Mr. Vernon, while you are taking such Extracts from them, as you may find convenient. It is a piece of respect wch. I think is due to the Sovereign Power to let it take the lead in this business (without any interference of mine). and another reason why I choose to withhold mine, to this epoch is, that I am positive no History of the Revolution can be perfect if the Historiographer has not free access to that fund of Information.
Mrs. Washington joins me in Compliments to Mrs. Gordon and I am etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Tuesday, July 8, 1783.
Parole --. Countersigns --.
Mr. Peirce, Commissioner for settling the accounts of the Army,87 having been invested by Congress with more ample
[Note 87: On July 4 Congress had directed the settlement of all pay accounts of the Army. The form adopted for such settlement was a printed certificate of indebtedness which came to be known as Pierce Certificates. They were 35/8 x 6¾ inches in size, with the print running across the 33/8 dimension. The wording was: "No. ... State of ... 1783. On the final settlement of an account between the United/States and ... there appeared/to be due to him the sum of ... / ... Dollars. I do therefore certify, that the said sum is payable with interest at six per cent/ from the twenty second day of March 1783 to/the said ... or bearer./ ... Doll ... Jno. Pierce, Commissioner." Some 90,000 of these certificates were issued.] powers, for the speedy completion of that interesting business, The pay masters of regiments will as soon as possible make returns to him of the cloathing due to the respective regiments and corps in the army signed by themselves and certified by the Commanding or some Field officer of each regiment, wherever it is practicable.
Returns are to be made out immediately and lodged in the Commissioners office at New Windsor of the Commissioned officers who are or may be entitled to Commutation on the discharge of the Army.
Also regimental Returns are to be deposited in that office of all the noncommissioned officers and privates who are or may be intitled to the Eighty Dollars gratuity, promised by Congress in their Resolution of the 15th. of May 1778.
Application is to be made without delay to the Commissioners Office for the forms of the foregoing Returns.88
[Note 88: At this point in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress is the following note: "N. B. No Orders between the 8th. July & 17th. August."]
Hd. Qrs., Newburgh, July 9, 1783.
Sir: The last Post brought me the honor of your favor of the first Instr. inclosing an Extract from the Letter of Monsr. de Malesherbes89 to you.
[Note 89: Chrétren Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, royal councillor, Minister of State of France.]
I hardly know how, sufficiently, to express my gratitude and thanks to that Gentleman for his intended favors, and the polite and flattering manner in which he seems disposed to confer them. Nor can I sufficiently express my concern for the trouble he has had from my improper explanation to the misconception of my good and amiable friend the Marqs. de la Fayette.
To cultivate Exotics for the purpose of making Wine, or for my amusement, was never contemplated by me. The spontaneous growth of the Vine in all parts of this Country; the different qualities of them and periods for maturation, led me to conclude that by a happy choice of the species I might succeed better than those who had attempted the foreign vine; accordingly, a year or two before hostilities commenced I selected about two thousand cuttings of a kind which does not ripen with us (in Virginia) `till repeated frosts in the Autumn meliorate the Grape and deprive the Vines of their leaves. It is then, and not before, the grape (which is never very pallitable) can be Eaten.
Several little Essay's have been made by Gentlemen of my acquaintance to cultivate the foreign grape, for Wine but none had well succeeded; owing either to an improper kind or the want of skill in the managemt; for the most part their Wine soon contracted an acidity, which rendered it unfit for use; one cause of which I ascribed to the ripening of their grape in our Summer or Autumnal heats and to the too great fermentation occasioned thereby. This consideration led me to try the wild grape of the Country; and to fix upon the species which I have already described, and which in the Eight years I have been absent from my Estate has been little attended to. Had I remained at home, I should `ere this, have perfected the experiment which was all I had in view.
Thus my good Sir, have I given you the history of my proposed cultivation of the Vine; and all I ever had in contemplation to attempt. I feel unhappy therefore at being the innocent cause of so much trouble to Monsr. de Malesherbes whose politeness, and goodness upon this occasion seem to have no bounds and fill me with gratitude and acknowledgment which I beg the favr. of you to convey to him in such terms as I know you are Master of, and which will do more justice to my feelings than any Expression of my own.
If notwithstanding my former plans Monsr. de Malesherbes will honr. me with a few sets, or cuttings of any one kind (and the choice is left altogether to himself) I will cultivate them with the utmost care. I will always think of him when I go into my little Vineyard; and the first fruits of it shall be dedicated to him as the Author of it. If to these he would add a few sets of the several kinds of Eating Grape for my Gardens it would add much to the obligation he seems so well disposed to confer on me.
For the trouble you have had, and I am about to give you in this business you will please to accept my thanks and the assurances of that esteem etc.
[Note 90: Major of the Eighty-ninth Foot, British Army. He wrote from Worcester, England.]
Hd. Quarters, in the State of New York, July 10, 1783.
Sir: You profess not to be a panegyrist while you are bestowing the most exalted praise; but compliments apart, I received your very polite Letter of the 25th. of Mar: with much pleasure. It recalled to my remembrance some of the pleasing occurrences of my past life and reminded me of the Acquaintances I had formed in it; for whom, tho' seperated by time, distance, and political Sentiments I retain the same Friendship.
I was opposed to the policy of G: B; and became an enemy to her measures; but I always distinguished between a Cause and Individuals; and while the latter supported their opinions upon liberal and generous grounds, personally, I never could be an enemy to them.
I have only to request therefore, that you will suffer me to retain that place in your friendship of which you assure me I now hold. That you will accept my sincere thanks for the favorable Sentiments you have been pleased to express of me. and will do me the justice to believe, that with great esteem and regard I have the honor, etc.
State of New York, July 10, 1783.
My dear Sir: With very sincere pleasure I receiv'd your favor of the 26th. of March. It came to hand a few days ago only; and gave me the satisfaction of learning that you enjoyed good health, and that Mrs. Fairfax had improved in hers. there was nothing wanting in this Letter to give compleat satisfaction to Mrs. Washington and myself, but some expression to induce us to believe you would once more become our Neighbours. Your House at Belvoir I am sorry to add is no more, but mine (which is enlarged since you saw it) is most sincerely and heartily at your Service till you could rebuild it.
As the path, after being closed by a long, arduous, and painful contest, is to use an Indian Methaphor, now opened and made smooth, I shall please myself with the hope of hearing from you frequently; and till you forbid me to endulge the wish I shall not despair of seeing you and Mrs. Fairfax once more the Inhabitants of Belvoir, and greeting you both there, the intimate companions of our old Age, as you have been of our younger years.
I cannot sufficiently express my sensibility for your kind congratulations on the favourable termination of the War, and for the flattering manner in wch. you are pleased to speak of my instrumentality in effecting a revolution, which I can truely aver was not in the Beginning, premeditated; but the result of dire necessity brought about by the persecuting spirit of the British Government."91 This no man can speak to with more certainty, or assert upon better ground than myself, as I was a member of Congress and in the Councils of America till the Affair at Bunker hill and was an attentive observer and witness to those interesting and painful struggles for accommodation, and redress of grievances in a Constitutional way which all the world saw and must have approved, except the ignorant, deluded, and designing.
[Note 91: Fairfax had written (Mar. 26, 1873): "Permit me, tho' an humble individual, and unfortunately out of the way of contributing my mite to the great, the glorious cause of Liberty, to offer my best thanks for all your Exertions, disinterested perseverance to the End of the great work...I glory in being called an American....During the War, I frequently did myself the honor of Addressing a line to you, some of which I hope kis'd your hand, others were I know Intercepted, and sent to the Minister, one of which, had like to have cost me dear, but happily for me, I was related to a Lady, whose interest at Court saved me from persecution. I every moment expected a Messenger to take me in Custody...Indeed my dear Sir, I have been in very disagreable Situations, was obliged to leave Yorkshire, to get out of the way of being informed against, by some Relations, who I apprehended, would have hung me, to gett my little Estate joining to theirs. but I thank Heaven, you and our brave countrymen, times are greatly altered, and I am now as much Courted, as I was before dispised as an American...It is not possible for you to conceive how I am pestered, by applications, for Letters of introduction to your Excellency: and other Persons of consequence in Virginia, by Men, that would twelve months ago, have thought it a reflection upon them to be even seen in my Company." Fairfax's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I unite my prayers most fervently with yours, for Wisdom to these U States and have no doubt, after a little while all errors in the present form of their Government will be corrected and a happy temper be diffused through the whole; but like young heirs come a little prematurely perhaps to a large Inheritance it is more than probable they will riot for a while; but, in this, if it should happen, tho' it is a circumste wch is to be lamented (as I would have the National character of America be pure and immaculate) will work its own cure, as there is virtue at the bottom.
You speak of having written many Letters to me during the War; but few, very few indeed have ever reached me. Early, and repeatedly, did I advise you of the impracticability, while I continued to direct the Military operations of this Country, of my paying the smallest attention to your Interest in Virginia, and pressed you to name some other friend to superintend your business. Upon your suggestion of Mr. Nicholas I wrote to him on the subject without obtaining an answer; and wrote, and wrote again to him Months after he was dead, so little acquainted was I with the private occurrences of our own State; nor to this moment have I got an answer from any one on the Subject, and know as little, perhaps less than you do, of the situation of your Affairs in Virginia. I have been in the State but once since the 4th. of May 1775 and that was at the Siege of York; in going thither I spent one day at my own House, and in returning I took 3 or 4 without attempting to transact a particle of private business, even for myself. I do not conceive that it would be any consolation to you to hear that your Neighbours were equal Sufferers with yourself or you might thank God as an Overseer in the Service of your Father in Law did when he was rendering an Acct. to his Employer in the time of a calamatous drth. of the miserable prospect before him and the probability of their starving, that his Neighbours were as bad off as himself.
The amiable Mr. Custis was taken Sick at the Siege of York, and died at Colo. Bassetts the of Novr. he has left four lovely Children;92 three girls and a boy (the latter is the youngest) who were all very well and promising when we heard last from them. His widow is yet single, and lives where he did, at the
[Note 92: Elizabeth Parke, born Aug. 21, 1776, known as "Eliza," who married Thomas Law; Martha Parke, born Dec. 31, 1777, who married Thomas Peter; Eleanor Parke, born Mar. 21, 1779, known as "Nellie," who married Lawrence Lewis; and George Washington Parke, born Apr. 30, 1781, who married Mary Lee Fitzhugh.] place formerly Robt. Alexanders93 (above Alexandria) which he bought and handsomely approved [ sic] before his death.
[Note 93: "Abington." It is no longer standing.]
Mrs. Washington enjoys an incompetent share of health; Billious Fevers and Cholic's attack her very often, and reduce her low; at this moment she is but barely recovering from one of them; at the same time that she thanks Mrs. Fairfax and you for your kind suggestion of Doctr. James's Annaliptic Pills, she begs you both to accept her most Affectionate regards; she would have conveyed these in a letter of her own, with grateful acknowledgments of Mrs. Fairfax's kind remembrance by Mr. Lee, if her health would have allowed it.
I wait with great impatience the arrival of the Definitive Treaty, that I may quit my Military employments, and bid adieu to public life, and in the shades of retirement seek that repose and tranquillity to which I have been an entire stranger for more than Eight years. I wish for it too because it will afford me some leizure to attend to an impaired fortune and recover, as it were from a state of torpidity or suspension; except in the instances of having money paid to me at a depreciated value.
My warmest and best Affections attend Mrs. Fairfax and yourself; and I am etc.
Newg., July 10, 1783.
Sir: The Sister of the late Majr. Genl. Lee (In England) has requested me to get and send her an Authentic Copy of his Will. As I am informed the record of it is in the County of which you are Clerk I pray you to send me an Official and formal Copy for that Lady, the expence of which will be paid by Sir yr. etc.
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 12, 1783.
In Consequence of Powers in me vested for that purpose, I do hereby authorise and desire you to proceed, with such dispatch as you shall find convenient, into Canada, and there concert with Genl. Haldimand, or other British Commander in Chief, in that Province, upon all such measures as shall be found necessary for receiving possession of the posts now under his Command within the Territory ceded to the United States, and at present occupied by the Troops of his Britannic Majesty, and from which, his sd. Majestys Troops are to be withdrawn agreeably to the 7th. Article of the provisional Treaty between his sd. Majesty and the United States of America.
In accomplishing this negotiation, you will obtain, if possible, from General Haldimand, his Assurances and Orders for the immediate possession, by the United States, of the posts in question, or at least a Cession of them at an early day. But if this cannot be done, you will endeavour to procure from him, positive and definitive Assurances, that he will as soon as possible, give Information of the Time which shall be fixed on for the Evacuation of those posts, and that the Troops of his Britannic Majesty shall not be with drawn therefrom, until sufficient previous notice shall be given of that Event; that the Troops of the United States maybe ready to occupy the fortresses, the moment they shall be abandoned by those of his Britannic Majesty.
You will propose to General Haldimand an Exchange of such Artillery and Stores, now in the posts, as you shall judge proper, and which you may think will be beneficial to the United States, agreeing with the British Commander in Chief, that an equal Number of Cannon, and an equal quantity and kind of Stores, as he shall consent to exchange, shall be replaced to his B Majesty, by the United States, at such time and place, as shall be fixed on by you for the purpose.
Having formed your arrangements with General Haldimand, you will be pleased to proceed, in such manner as you shall find best, to visit the several posts on the Frontier Territory of the United States, as far westward as to Detroit; view their different Situations, Strength and Circumstances; and, forming your Judgment of their relative position, and probable Advantage to the United States, you will report the same to me, with your Opinion of such of them as you shall think most expedient for the U States to retain and occupy; particulary, in passing the Lake Champlain, you will critically observe the Width of the Water at the northern End, and the Nature of the Ground adjoining; with a View to determine, whether there is any Spot, south of the 45th: Degree of North Latitude, and near our extreme Boundary, on which it will be convenient (should Congress judge it expedient) to erect fortifications which will command the Entrance from Canada into that Lake.
At Detroit you will find a very considerable Settlement, consisting mostly of French people from Canada; to these you will be pleased to intimate the fullest Sentiments of the good Disposition in Congress and the Inhabitants of the United States for their wellfare and protection; expressing at the same time to them, our Expectations of finding the like good Disposition in them towards us; the post which we may establish there, and any future Settlements which may be formed in their Neighbourhood, by the Subjects of the United States. As the advanced season, or other unforeseen Accidents, may prevent the American Troops from getting to that place, before it may be convenient for the British to withdraw their Garrison from that post; You will in this Event, do well to engage some one or more of the respectable and well affected Inhabitants of the District, to procure a Company of Militia (should there be any) or others, at the Expence of the United States, to take Charge of the Works and Buildings belonging to the Fortress; assuring them such reasonable pay therefor, as shall be deemed adequate to the Services, or which you may condition with them for. You will also make particular Enquiry, whether the farmers or merchants at Detroit are able and willing to supply an American Garrison at that post with provisions and other necessaries, and upon what Terms.
You will please to keep me informed as fully as you can, and as often as opportunity will permit, of the progress you make in the Execution of the Business committed to your Conduct.
Confiding perfectly in your general knowledge, good Sense, Judgment and Discretion, in the fullfillment of this Commission, I forbear any further detail of Instructions. But wish you success in your Negotiation, and pleasure and Security in the prosecution of your Tour.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On July 17 Washington ordered Lieutenant Colonel Villefranche to attend Baron Steuben on his tour. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[H.S.P.]
Head Quarters on Hudsons River, July 12, 1783.
Sir: The Congress of the United States having instructed me to make the proper Arrangements with the Commanders in Chief of the British forces in America, for receiving possession of the posts in the United States occupied by the Troops of his Britannic Majesty, and from which his Majesty's Troops are to be withdrawn, agreably to the 7th Article of the provisional Treaty; I have to inform your Excellency that I have desired Major General the Baron de Steuben, who will have the Honor to deliver this Letter, to proceed for that purpose into Canada; and I have fully impowered and authorised him to form every Arrangement with your Excellency, which may be found necessary for receiving possession of the posts and fortresses on the Northwestern and Western Frontier of the territory of the United States now under your Direction. And I [beg you to be perswaded], that whatever Agreements this Officer shall form with your Excellency, respecting this Business, will be punctually observed on the part of the U States.
Baron Steuben is instructed to visit the posts within the Boundary of the United States upon the River St. Lawrence and the Lakes above, and to report to me his Opinion of the measures necessary for the garrisoning and Support of them. In this Tour, and in the Execution of this Business, I flatter myself he will receive the necessary passports from your Excellency, and derive such Aids as will enable him to fulfill the Objects of his Commission.
As a foreigner, and an Officer of Rank and Reputation, I beg leave to recommend the Baron to your Excellency's particular Notice and Attention; [as a Gentn. you will find him every way worthy of your Civilities.] I have the Honor etc.95
[Note 95: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, July 14, 1783.
Sir: I had the Satisfaction of receiving your polite Letter of the 21st of June by Lieut D'anier,96 and the particular pleasure of complying with your request, by granting the passports you mentioned for that Gentleman, to go into N York, and to return again to Canada.
[Note 96: Lieutenant D'Anieres, of the regiment De Specht, German allied troops.]
Had this request needed any Apology (which I beg you to believe it did not) your very agreeable Congratulations on the happy return of Peace, With the benevolent wishes, which you are pleased to express for the future friendly Union and Intercourse of the two Countries, and for my own personal happiness and domestic Enjoyment, would have formed a most pleasing one. I pray you to be persuaded Sir! that my best and most devout Wishes, for your safe return to you own Country, attend you, as well as for your future happiness, prosperity, and Glory.
The Baron de Steuben will do me the favor to place this in your Hand; this Gentleman is instructed from me, to form some Arrangements with Genl Haldimand, respecting the Execution of the 7th Article of the provisional Treaty, and receiving possession of the posts now under his Direction and now in the occupation of the British Troops, which are ceded by Treaty to the U States.
As an Officer of Distinction and reputation, as a foreigner, and a Gentleman of agreeable and genteel Manners, I beg leave to recommend the Baron to your particular Attention and Civilities, persuading myself that your Goodness will afford him every Aid, in the prosecution of his Tour, and the Execution of his Commission, that shall fall within your power. With much respect etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 15, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I have always entertained a great desire to see the northern part of this State before I returned to the Southward. The present irksome interval, while we are waiting for the definitive Treaty affords an opportunity of gratifying this inclination. I have therefore concerted with Governor Clinton to make a Tour to reconnoitre these places, where the most remarkable Posts were established, and the ground which became famous by being the Theatre of Action in 1777. On our return from thence, we propose to pass a cross to the Mowhawk River, in order to have a view of that tract of Country which is so much celebrated for the fertility of its Soil and the beauty of its Situation; we shall set out by water on friday the 18th. if nothing should intervene to prevent our Journey.
Mr. Dimler Asst. Qr. Mr. Genl who will have the honor of delivering this Letter, precedes us to make arrangements, and particularly to have some light Boats provided and transported to Lake George that we may not be delayed on our arrival there. I pray you, my Dear Sir, to be so good as to advise Mr Dimler in what manner to proceed in this business, to excuse the trouble I am about to give you, and to be persuaded that your kind information and direction to the bearer, will greatly encrease the obligations, with which I have the honor etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1783.
Sir: I have it in contemplation to make a Journey as far to the Northward as Crown point, and consequently shall want some light Boats provided in Lake George. Mr Dimlet A. Qr Mr Gen has my Instructions to have them in readiness; I must request you will give him any assistance in your power, and that you will furnish such number of Men as may be necessary to facilitate the business.99 The remainder of the two Companies are to be held prepared to march at a moments notice, as I may probably have occasion for them. I am &c.1
[Note 99: The troops at Saratoga consisted of two companies of the Rhode Island Regiment.]
[Note 1: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, July 15, 1783.
Sir: You are to take under your charge the Servants and Horses belonging to myself and Suite which will be committed to you, and proceed directly with them to Albany. You will there make provision for the Servants and Horses until my Arrival, and without loss of time wait upon General Schuyler for his advise and information, as to the best mode of effecting your principal business, which is to procure and transport three light Boats to Lake George. The Commanding Officer at Saratoga will lend you any Assistance in his power, and I rely upon your assiduity and exertion that the Boats will be in readiness so that we may not be delayed one moment at the Lake for want of the means of conveyance.1
Newburgh, July 16, 1783.
Sir: The Valese arrived safe; as the three articles2 wch accompanied your card of the first Instt. also did but the latter did not get to hand till yesterday. I can only repeat my thanks to you for your great and constant attention to me, and wish for oppertunities to shew my sense of them.
[Note 2: Dental articles.]
The small matters which were expected from Virginia are not yet received, and it is to be feared will never be found. I am going to make an excursion which will, I expect, employ fifteen or 18 days.
You will be pleased to receive further assurances of the pleasure I shall have in entertaining you at my House in Virginia, and in shewing you every Civility in my power in that State. I am etc.
Newburgh, July 16, 1783.
Sir: The letters herewith inclosed will shew the Sum I am indebted to Colo. Henley,3 and by what means it arose. I shall thank you for discharging it.
[Note 3: Col. David Henley.]
I have repeatedly called upon Mr. Smith4 for the Amount of my Acct; as well for those Articles which you have procured for me in New York, as for those obtained from your Store at this place; I have not yet got it; tho I wish much to discharge the whole, that I may have nothing to settle (of a private nature) when the Definite Treaty arrives, and I am about to retire from my present Command and this part of the Country.
[Note 4: Melancion Smith.]
I congratulate you on your recovery from the Fever with which you were siezed in New York, and am etc.
Head Quarters, July 16, 1783.
Sir: Your Excellency's Letters of the 3d and 8th are received. The Judge Advocate was gone on by my Directions, before the hint you gave me in that of the 3d.
It would seem there has been some capital neglect, or Miscarriage in the transmission of the Act of Congress of the 12th of May. I never had the least Intimation of it, until the 7th instant, when I received it from the War Office. Baron Steuben is furnished with my Letters and Instructions, and will depart on his mission, as soon as possible.
The inclosed Memorial was handed to me, from some Officers of Hazens Regiment, Refugees from Canada;5 anxious for their Relief from the most distressing Situation, and finding myself without the Means or the power of doing it, I beg leave to refer their Circumstances to the particular Attention and Regard of Congress; these with many others are the Men, who as they will say, have left their Country, their friends, their Substance, their all, in support of the Liberties of America; and have followed our fortunes thro' the various Scenes of a distressing Contest, untill they find it to have terminated in the happiest manner for all, but themselves. Some provision is certainly due to those people who now are exiled from their native Country and habitations, without any mention made of them in the Treaty, any Stipulation for their return, or any Means for their Subsistence in a country which their Arms have contributed to secure and establish. When Congress recollect the Encouragements, the promises and Assurances, which were published by them and their Orders, in Canada, in the Years 1775 and 6, I am persuaded they will take into their most serious Consideration the Case of those unhappy persons who placed Confidence in those proclamations, and make ample amends by some effectual provision for their Sufferings, patience
[Note 5: A translation by Benjamin Walker of this memorial, ill the Washington Papers under date of July 14, is indorsed by Trumbull: "Original in french sent to Congress 16th." The committee books of the Continental Congress show that this letter was referred on July 23 to James McHenry. Arthur Lee, and James Madison, who reported (July 26), but no record of this is found in the Journals of the Continental Congress.] and perseverance. I would not presume to dictate. But if Congress cannot procure funds for their Compensation and Subsistence from the ample Confiscations which are makg within the different States, I would think a grant could be made to them from the unlocated Lands in the interior parts of our Territory and some means advanced, to place them on such a Tract; this perhaps might prove satisfactory, and would enable them to form a Settlement which may be beneficial to themselves and useful to the United States. I will say no more, but repeat my recommendations of their case to the grateful remembrance of Congress, and beg, that a speedy Attention may be given to their Application, which I have advised them to make without Delay.
Finding myself in most disagreeable Circumstances here, and like to be so, so long as Congress are pleased to continue me in this awkward Situation, anxiously expecting the Definitive Treaty, without Command and with little else to do, than to be teazed with troublesome Applications and fruitless Demands, which I have neither the means or the power of satisfying; in this distressing Tædium, I have resolved to wear away a little Time, in performg a Tour to the Northward, as far as Tyconderoga and Crown point, and perhaps as far up the Mohawk River as fort Schuyler. I shall leave this place on Friday next, and shall probably be gone about two weeks, unless my Tour should be interrupted by some special recall. One Gentleman of my Family will be left here,6 to receive any Letters on Commands, and to forward to me any Thing that shall be necessary. With great Respect etc.7
[Note 6: Lieut. Col. Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
On July 16 Washington wrote to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe, that before the receipt of his letter of July 7 the Judge Advocate had set off to join Howe, "I hope that by this time you have got thro' this troublesome business." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, July 18, 1783.
Sir: His Excellency being just sitting off on a tour to Albany and the upper posts,8 when your Letter by Majr. L'Enfant arrived, he directs me to thank you for the Respects you are pleased to express for him, and for your tenders of Service. At the same time to inform you, that the Object of the Barons9 Commission is not of such nature, as in his Opinion, required the Assistance of an Engineer; but that it was at the Barons particular request, that he had consented one should attend him. At any rate, His Excelly, from what had passed in your former letters, had thort that you intended to remain in America but a little longer, and therefore did not conceive that you would undertake any Business which would require a length of Time; even if the Object in Canada had been of that importance, as to have needed the Assistance of an Engineer of your rank and Abilities. Most respectfully I am etc.10
[Note 8: On July 18 Washington left Newburgh, crossed the Hudson at Kinder Hook and traveled up the east bank of the river to Cohoes. The detailed account of the expenses of this tour, which is a copy in the writing of Martha Washington, does not give the dates on which he was at the different places mentioned. He stopped at the widow Javer's, the tavern at Fort Edward, and at Fort George; at Crown Point; Putnam's Point on Lake Champlain; Ball's town; a tavern 5 miles from Schenectady; a tavern at old Fort Johnson (or Johnston, Aikin, Montgomery County, New York); a tavern at, or near, Fort Rensselaer (Canajoharie); German Flats. There is also an item of the payment to Maj. Henry Glen (of Schenectady) of £38:2:0. In the Washington Papers, at the end of the year 1783, is filed a memorandum of account "of Cash laid out to the Westward for his Excellency Genl. Washington's family" in which Robert Lewis at Schenectady was paid £4.8.0. for stores and Alexander Mercer, the same, £2.7.0. Foxes bill at Fort Herkimer was £3.6.3. Doctor Petrie was paid 6s. for a horse; Lieutenant Thornton £1.18.0 for 2 sheep and some butter. Mr. Warmmout's bill, including horse hire, was £15. Mr. Meebies, 16s. 9d. Adam Leip was paid £1.13.9 for horsekeeping and John 13. Van Eps, for ferryage, £1.4.0.
Baker's Itinerary of Washington states that Washington's return from Fort Schuyler was via Wood Creek, Otsego Lake, and the Mohawk River to Albany, which he reached August 4. He arrived at Newburgh the afternoon of August 5.]
[Note 9: Baron Steuben.]
[Note 10: The draft is in the writing of and is signed: "J[onathan] T[rumbu]ll Jr."
On July 23 Trumbull wrote to the Secretary at War that the Delaware officers had accepted the commutation of pay proposed by the resolve of Congress of March 23. Trumbull's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Saratoga, July 26, 1783.
Sir: A Number of Batteaux will be wanting to transport the necessary provisions and Stores to the Garrisons which may be kept on the Western Waters I must therefore desire that you will retain all such as are suitable for that purpose and have them put into repair. I am &c.
P. S. They need be put in no other repair than what is necessary to transport them to Schenectady; they must be overhauled afterwards.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Benjamin Walker; the P.S. is in that of David Humphreys. From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Saratoga, July 26, 1783.
Gentlemen: I find it indispensably necessary to the public service, that a Magazine of Provisions should be laid up immediately at the Post of Fort Herkemer, I am therefore to desire you will without delay cause a sufficient number of rations to supply 500 Men for 10 Months to be deposited there, the Meat should be either salted Beef or Pork or both and that of the best quality and well preserved; whatever expence may be incurred which is not required by or in conformity to the Contract in laying up this supply must be allowed by the public; and as file exact performance of this requisition will be of great importance you will be pleased to pay the earliest attention to the subject, and inform me with your doings thereon. I am etc.12
[Note 12: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[August 1, 1783.]
Gentlemen: I receive with the greatest pleasure your congratulations on the happy conclusion of a Peace;13 an Event which as it establishes the liberties and Independence of America must be pleasing to all, but particularly to the worthy Inhabitants of this County who have had so large a portion of the Calamities of war.
[Note 13: The original address from the Magistrates and Supervisors is dated Aug. 1, 1783, and signed by Christopher P. Yates, clerk. It is in the Washington Papers.]
In the course of my tour thro a small part of this County I have had an opportunity of observing more particularly the severe distress that has fallen on the Inhabitants by the cruel devastations of the Enemy; the patience and fortitude with which they have borne these distresses, and their very spirited conduct throughout the whole of the War have done them the highest honor, and will give the Inhabitants of Tryon Co. a distinguished place in the History of this revolution.
Accept Gentlemen my thanks for your kind wishes for my welfare be assured it will be my earnest prayer that by the blessing of Providence on the fine Country you possess you may soon be enabled to recover your former ease, and to enjoy that happiness you have so well deserved. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Head Quarters, New York State, August 2, 1783.
Sir: I have been honoured by the receipt of your very polite Letter, accompanied with the 6 Kegs of Herrings, which have been presented to me by the Patriotic Society of the City of Enkhuysen, which came safe to me a few Days ago, and prove very fine of their kind. For this agreeable and very honourable token of respect and Regard, I beg you to present my most grateful thanks to the Society; and that you will believe that the value of this present is much enhanced by the very polite and obliging manner in which you have been pleased to convey it to me.
This Country, Sir, so highly favoured of Providence, has great reason to rejoice in the good wishes and kind assistance of the Freedom-loving Sons of your Republic; to whom we feel ourselves much indebted for their patriotic interposition in our behalf.
May the Union, so happily commenced, between their Sister States be mutually supported 'till the latest Ages! May our Interests as our sentiments be durably connected, and may that intercourse of Friendship and commerce which we mutually promise each other, be perpetuated by reciprocal Benefits.
May Heaven, whose propitious smiles have hitherto watched over the freedom of your republic still Guard her Liberties with the most sacred protection. And while I thus regard the welfare of your Country at large, permit me to assure you, that I shall feel a very particular desire that Providence may ever smile on your private happiness and domestic pleasures. I am &c.15
[Note 15: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, State of New York, August 2, 1783.
Sir: The very acceptable present of the patriotic Society of the City of Enkhuysen came safe to me a few Days ago?16 By this agreeable token of their respect and Regard, I feel myself
[Note 16: His letter to Washington, under date of Nov. 22, 1782, is from Zwolle, Holland.] highly honoured, and it was a very particular enhancement of the pleasure I felt on this occasion, that it was accompanied with a Letter from you.
I feel some pain that I cannot give that encouragement to the enlargement of this Branch of their business which that Patriotic Society seem to expect; since our Bays, Harbours and Rivers are remarkably abounding in this and the various kinds of Fish, which prove a present blessing to our People, and will probably be improved into a source of future Wealth. In other Branches however I fondly promise myself that our connexion will be enlarged into a most fruitful Scene of mutual interests and reciprocal benefits. To this happy end, my best endeavours and most friendly disposition will not be wanting.
Your Nation, Sir, and your Character in particular, have indeed merited the confidence and regard of the confederated States of America, and they will long I trust be considered with grateful veneration. The Union so happily commenced, will I hope be cultivated by both with the utmost care and Attention, and I pray to Heaven, that it may be as durable as mutual Interests and reciprocal benefits can render it.
Permit me, Sir, most sincerely and cordially to rejoice with you in the reestablishment of your Honors and usefulness and to felicitate, not you only, but your Country, in whose cause you have proved yourself so noble and efficacious an Advocate, in this happy and most honourable event; An event which in my Opinion, Argues well to the future Liberties and prosperity of the republic.
May Heaven long Bless your Country with the enjoyment of her liberty, the choicest Earthly layout; and may personal happiness and domestic pleasures, ever attend your footsteps through all your future Walks of Life. I have the honour etc.17
[Note 17: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 18: Merchants of Philadelphia.]
Headquarters, August 2, 1783.
Gentlemen: I am much obliged by the Care you have taken to forward to me the Letters from the Baron de Capellan19 and the six Kegs of Herrings from the patriotic Society of Enkhuysen, which came to me a few days ago.
[Note 19: Johan Derk, Baron Van der Capellen de Pol, member of the House of Nobles, Province of Overijssel, Holland.]
May I beg the favor that You will continue your kind Offices in forwarding for me the inclosed Letter to the Baron acknowledging the favor of the Present made me. I have the Honor etc.20
[Note 20: From a contemporary copy in the writing of Richard Varick.]
Head Quarters, State of New York, August 2, 1783.
Gentlemen: I find myself so happy, as to be honoured with a Letter from your patriotic Society of the City of Enkhuysen accompanied with one from the Baron De Capellan de Pol, that worthy Patriot and warm friend of the Liberties of mankind in general and in particular of your and our republican States, whose name has been long known and revered in this Country.
With these Letters came the Six Kegs of Herring, with which your Society have been pleased to honour me, a very grateful and acceptable present. I beg you, Gentlemen, to be persuaded that I receive this token of your Respect, with the highest gratification; and beg that you will favour me by presenting, in the warmest manner, my most respectful thanks to your right worthy and honourable Society for this mark of their Esteem and distinction, informing them, that it is the wish of my Heart, that the happy Union which has been effected between the two Sister Republic's may be perfectly cemented by the Ties of Interest and affection to the latest time although this particular Branch of business may not perhaps meet with that enlargement from this Country, which your Society may expect (our Rivers and coasts almost every where abounding with this and other kinds of valuable fish) yet other Branches of intercourse between the two Countries will undoubtedly take place, which will mutually contribute to the Interests of both. In this and in every other thing which may be useful to the benefit of your Society and Republic they may depend on my good disposition; and may Heaven, from the Stores of her Bounty, kindly shower on your Country, your City, and your persons, all those blessings which you so obligingly express for my Country and for me. I am &c.21
[Note 21: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Fort Renssalaer, August 3, 1783.
Dear Baron: Mr. Cassady22 (who will have the honour of delivering this Letter to you) being a Gentleman of respectable Character, and having been long resident at Detroit, is dispatched by me to that place, in order to find out the dispositions of the Inhabitants and to make any inquiries which may be useful to you on your arrival. I am the rather induced to adopt this measure for fear you should be delayed a considerable time on your Journey and from an apprehension that considering the advanced season of the year, the uncertainty when the Difinitive treaty will arrive and our difficulties of a pecuniary nature, we shall not be able to send any Garrison to Detroit
[Note 22: James Cassaty (Cassady).] for this Winter. It will in that case be important to make the best arrangements in our power for the preservation of the Post, when it shall be evacuated by the British; and I know no possible means of doing this, but by engaging the Inhabitants, to yield their Assistance for the purpose, Mr. Cassady can bring you acquainted with their Characters and many other matters which may be necessary to be known by you. Relying on your discretion and wishing you success in all your Negotiations, I remain etc.23
[Note 23: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Albany, August 4, 1783.
Gentlemen: I accept with heart-felt satisfaction your affectionate congratulations on the restoration of Peace, and the formal recognition of the Independence of the United States. We may indeed ascribe these most happy and glorious Events to the Smiles of Providence, the Virtue of our Citizens, and the bravery of our Troops, aided by the powerful interposition of our Magnanimous and illustrious Ally.
For the favorable Sentiments you are pleased to express of my Agency in this Revolution, and for your benevolent wishes for my personal felicity I entreat you, Gentlemen! to receive my warmest acknowledgments.
While I contemplate with inexpressible pleasure the future tranquillity and Glory of our common Country, I cannot but take a particular interest in the anticipation of the encreasing prosperity and greatness of this Antient and respectable City of Albany, from whose Citizens I have received such distinguished tokens of their approbation and Affection.
[H.S.P.]
[Albany, August 4, 1783.]
Sir: The Count del Vermé, who will present you with this Letter, is an Italian Nobleman of Family and distinction, on his Travels thro' America. He comes warmly recommended by our Ministers at Paris, and from the oppertunities I have had to form an opinion of him, does honor to his high birth and Education. These considerations, Sir, must be my Apology for the liberty I take in recommending him to your Civilities and Attention. I am &c.24
[Note 24: This same letter was addressed to John Langdon and Nathaniel Tracy, and to Tracy's letter was added: "Should he stand in need of Money, be so good as to advance it to him, and his bills will be immediately paid."
Practically the same letter as above, but slightly briefer, was also addressed to Govrs. Jonathan Trumbull, William Greene, and President Meshech Weare. The letter to Greene is now (1934) in the possession of William Roelker, of East Greenwich, R. I.
On August 4 Washington wrote to George Augustine Washington, who was then in Rhode Island, introducing Verme. "I am thus far on my return to Newburgh, where I shall hope to find a letter from you indicative of your better health." This letter was printed in the Magazine of American History, vol. 5, p. 126.]
Albany, August 4, 1783.
Sir: As I consider it highly expedient to make every preparatory arrangement in our power for occupying the Posts which will be ceded to us upon the Western Waters, so soon as they shall be evacuated by the British, I must request your attention that the following Measures may be carried into execution, as fully as your means will admit, and with as little delay as possible.
In the first place, you will be pleased to employ a sufficient number of Men in opening the Road and repairing the Bridges from Fort Herkimer to Fort Schuyler, so that it may be practicable for Waggons and sleighs; you will also endeavour to remove such obstacles and make such improvements, in the difficult parts of the Water Communication, as you may be able to accomplish, in order that Boats may pass with less impediment, than at present, into the Oneida Lake. In the mean time you should attempt to establish a place of deposit for Provisions Stores &c under protection of one or two small Block Houses, at the Portage between the Mohawk River and the Wood Creek, in such a position and in such manner as you may judge best calculated to effect the object I have in view, and which I have already more fully explained to you. For the speedy completion of these Works, and whatever other arrangements may occur to you, as being necessary for the foregoing purposes, I shall confide in your discretion and Zeal for the service: Inducements for exertion need not be added, when we consider the advanced season, the great distance and unavoidable difficulties of transportation, the uncertainty of the time when the Definitive Treaty will arrive, and the necessity there will be of taking possession of these Posts, immediately after that event shall take place.
Such quantities of Tents, Tools, and other Articles as may be wanting, the Qur Masr. General will furnish, upon your giving a Memorandum to Mr. Dimler At. Qr. Mr. Genl. who is now in this City.25
[Note 25: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 6, 1783.
Sir: I wrote to you from Saratoga on the 26th Ulto to have all the Boats fit to be used on the western Waters, repaired for that service; but since my return from the Northward I am informed the number will be very inferior to my expectation [especially as I directed early in the year to have them got in repair and recollect no counter order since] that time. I have therefore to request that 125 Batteaux (including those now fit for service in the public possession) may be provided by Contract or in some other effectual way at the earliest possible period. Some Money will also be absolutely necessary for defraying the expence of transportation and for other contingent purposes in your Department [particularly for] Boards, Materials to [build a Magazine at the carrying place between the Mohawk Rivr. and Wood Creek].
I think it expedient to advise you that in establishing the Garrisons for the western Posts, and indeed in making the previous Arrangements, the service will be considered of so great importance, as to require your presence or that of some very able and active Asst. as far as the Wood Creek in order to superintend the business of the Department, to furnish the Means of transportation at the Carrying Places, and to expedite the movements with the greatest Energy and dispatch.
As I presume the business on which you went to Philadelphia must be compleated before this time, I expect your return with great impatience, and that you will come prepared for the instant execution of the services before mentioned, which are of the greatest consequence, and demand your earliest attention. It is probable a Contract for the Boats may be made on the Credit of this State, and that the Money may be eventually advanced by it, for that and perhaps for other purposes which may be deemed indispensable for the promotion of measures so popular and interesting to the State as those in contemplation. I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Newburgh, August 6, 1783.
Dear Sir: After a tour of at least 750 Miles (performed in Nineteen days) I returned to this place yesterday afternoon, where I found your favor of the 31st. Ulto. intimating a resolution of Congress for calling me to Princeton, partly as it would seem, on my own Account, and partly for the purpose of giving Aid to Congress; but the President not having sent on the Resolution I am left ignorant of the particular objects Congress have in view, any further than can be collected from the expressions of his and your Letters so far then as they may relate to a Peace establishment my Sentiments in the freest and fullest manner have been communicated to a Committee of which Colonel Hamilton was Chairman. If the principal object in view, by my attendance, respects Congress! cannot hesitate a moment to make the earliest compliance in my power; but if the resolution is calculated for my convenience, I cannot say that it will render my situation more eligable than the present; especially taking into consideration the inconvenience of a removal for so small a distance, and a new establishment of a Household which must be formed in consequence of breaking up the menial part of my family here.
My principal intention in my Letter of the 16th. Ulto. was to express the disagreeableness of my present situation, waiting as I am, with little business and less Command for the Definitive Treaty; when I have so anxious a desire of retiring from Public business and reestablishing myself in domestic Life where my private concerns call loudly for my presence.
I wish you therefore, my dear Sir, to transmit to me by the earliest opportunity, a Copy of the resolution, with an explanation of the particular Reasons and motives which have influenced Congress to pass it, that I may be enabled to regulate my conduct accordingly. With the greatest esteem, etc.27
[Note 27: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by William W. Cohen, of New York City.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1783.
Sir: Your Excellency's several favors, of the 17th, 24th and 31st of July, were received at Head Quarters during my Absence, and have been presented to me on my Return last Evening, which I effected by Water from Albany.
My Tour having been extended as far Northward as Crown point, and Westward to Fort Schuyler and its District, and my movements have been pretty rapid, my Horses, which are not yet arrived, will be so much fatigued that they will need some days to recruit. This Circumstance, with some Arrangements which will be necessary, previous to my leaving this place, will prevent my complying with the pleasure of Congress, intimated in your Letter of 31st, so soon perhaps as may be expected. In the mean Time, your Excellency will have an Opportunity of transmitting to me the Resolution28 mentioned, that I may be acquainted with the Objects Congress have in view by my Attendance at Princeton, and that I may prepare myself to fulfill their Expectations to the utmost of my power.29 With great Regard etc.30
[Note 28: The resolve of July 28.]
[Note 29: Boudinot answered (August 13): "The Resolution of Congress requested by your Excellency was forwarded several days since, but it cannot answer your expectations. Congress wished to have your Excellency's personal aid at forming the peace arrangement whenever that Report was called up; but your disagreeable situation arising from the unexpected and unaccountable delay of the definitive Treaty, hastened the measure of requesting your Excellency's attendance...Congress...have directed a House and standing Furniture to be taken for your Excellency within three or four miles of this place." Boudinot's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 30: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 6, 1783.
Sir: I was the more particularly induced by two considerations, to make the Tour which in my Letter of the 16th Ulto. I informed Congress I had in contemplation, and from which I returned last evening; the one was an inclination of seeing the Northern and Western Posts in this State, with those places which have been the Theatre of important Military transactions; the other a desire to facilitate (as far as is in my power) the operations which will be necessary for occupying the Posts which are ceded by the Treaty of Peace, as soon as they shall be evacuated by the British Troops.
Aware of the difficulties we should have to encounter in accomplishing the last mentioned object, on account of the advanced Season, and the want of money to give vigor to our movements, I inserted a clause in the Instructions of the Baron Steuben (a Copy of which I have the honor to inclose) authorizing him in case these difficulties should become insurmountable, or in case the arrival of the Definitive Treaty should be delayed beyond expectation, to agree with some of the respectable and well affected Inhabitants of Detroit to preserve the Fortifications and public Buildings at that place, until such time as a Garrison could be sent with provisions and Stores, sufficient to take and hold possession of them; the propriety of this measure has appeared in a more forcible point of view since I have been up the Mohawk River and taken a view of the situation of things in that quarter, for upon a carefull inquiry, I find it is the opinion of those who are best acquainted with the distances and communications, that nothing short of the greatest exertion, and a sum adequate to the transportation, can even at this Season furnish us with Boats and enable us to forward Provisions and Stores sufficient for a Garrison to be supported at Detroit during the ensuing Winter; and without an immediate supply of money that it would be in vain to make the attempt.
Influenced by this information, believing there was not a moment to be lost, and apprehending the Baron Steuben might be retarded in his progress by some unforeseen event; I engaged at Fort Rensselaer a Gentleman whose name is Cassedy, formerly a resident at Detroit, and who is well recommended, to proceed without loss of time, find out the disposition of the Inhabitants and make every previous inquiry which might be necessary for the information of the Baron on his arrival, that he should be able to make such final arrangements as the circumstances might appear to justify. This seemed to be the best alternative, on failure of furnishing a Garrison of our own Troops; which for many reasons would be infinitely the most eligible mode, if the season and our means would possibly admit.
I have at the same time endeavoured to take the best preparatory steps in my power for supplying all the Garrisons on the Western Waters by the Provision Contract; I can only form my Magazine at Fort Herkimer on the German flats, which is 32 Miles by land and almost fifty by Water from the carrying place between the Mohawk River and the Wood Creek; the route by the former is impracticable in the present state for Carriages and by the other extremely difficult for Batteaux as the River is very much obstructed with fallen and floating Trees from the long disuse of the navigation. That nothing however which depends upon me might be left undone, I have directed Ten months Provision for 500 Men to be laid up at Fort Harkimer; and have ordered Colo. Willet (an active and good Officer commanding the State Troops of this State) to repair the Roads, remove the obstructions in the River, and as far as can be effected by the labour of the Soldiers, build Houses for the reception of the Provisions and Stores at the Carrying place, in order that the whole may be in perfect readiness to move forward so soon as the Arrangements shall be made with General Haldimand. I shall give instructions to Majr General Knox to have such Ordnance and Stores forwarded to Albany as, in the present View of Matters, may be judged necessary for the Western Posts, and I will also write to the Quarter Master General by this conveyance on the subject of Batteaux and the other Articles which may be required from his Department; however without money to provide some Boats and to pay the expence of transportation it will be next to impossible to get these things even to Niagara. I have the honor etc.31
[Note 31: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on September 10 and referred to James Duane, Richard Peters, Daniel Carroll, Benjamin Hawkins, and Arthur Lee.]
Head Quarters, August 6, 1783.
Sir: I thank you for the Communication which you have been pleased to make to me under the 11th. of July. It was handed to me on my return last evening from a Tour I have been making to the Northward and Westward, as far as Crown point and Fort Schuyler, to view the Posts and Country in that part of the United States's Territory.
The anticipations you have been obliged to make are indeed great, and your Circular Letter to the States32 on the occasion, appears to me sufficient, if any thing of the kind can be so, to arouse their attention to the necessity of your Circumstances, I most sincerely wish it may have the desired effect.
[Note 32: Of July 11. A contemporary copy is in the Washington Paper.]
In consequence of my Tour to the Northward, the Qur. Mr. General will have my Orders to prepare Batteaux and other means of Transportation to the upper Posts, of the Cannon, Stores and Provisions which will be absolutely necessary for possessing and maintaining them. To effect this, some Money will be necessary, and I give you this Information, that a demand will probably be made on you for the purpose.
The State of New York who are deeply interested in the security of these Posts, and effecting this business, may perhaps be prevailed on to furnish the necessary sums, to be placed to General Account, they will probably exert themselves in this case preferably to any other. I give you this hint and leave its improvement to you.
Knowing your situation, I am pained when necessity obliges me to make any application for Money. But this purpose, is of so great importance to the Interests of the United States and of so urgent necessity, that if the sums required cannot be obtained in the way I have hinted, I must entreat you to give every Assistance to Colo. Pickering that shall be necessary. I am &c.33
[Note 33: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 34: Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, wife of Theophilus Hastings, ninth Earl of Huntingdon, was the founder of "Lady Huntingdon's Connexion," and an intimate with the Wesleys. She was a member of the first Methodist Society in Fetter Lane, 1739; was 76 years of age in 1783. (See Washington's letter to Richard Henry Lee, Feb. 8, 1785, post.)]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.
[My Lady: Within the course of a few days] I have received the Letter you was pleased to Honor me with from Bath, of the 20th of febry.35 and have to express my respectful Thanks to your Goodness, for the marks of Confidence and Esteem contained therein.
[Note 35: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Your [Ladyships] benevolent Designs toward the Indian Nations, claim my particular Attention, and to further so laudable an Undertakg will afford me much pleasure, so far as my Situation in Life, surrounded with many and arduous Cares will admit. To be named as an Executor of your Intentions, may perhaps disappoint your [Ladyships] Views; but so far as my general Superintendence, or incidental Attention can contribute to the promotion of your Establishment, you may command my Assistance.
My Ancestry being derived from Yorkshire in England, it is more than probable that I am entitled to that honorable Connection, which you are pleased to mention; independent however of this privelidge, the Veneration with which your [Ladyships] Character, heretofore known, has impressed me, justly entitled you to rank high in my Esteem.36 The same Sentiments of respect and regard lead Mrs Washington to thank you for the distinguished mention you are pleased to make of her. [With great considn. etc.]37
[Note 36: The common ancestor of the Countess and Washington was Lawrence Washington of Sulgrave.]
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
State of New York, August 10, 1783.
Dear Sir: I received with much pleasure by the last Mail from Philadelphia, your favor of the 19th. of April from London. For the Affectionate, and flattering expressions contained therein you will please to accept my warmest and most grateful acknowledgments.
This Letter removed an apprehension wch. I had long laboured under, of your having taken your departure for the Land of Spirits. How else could I acct. for a Silence of fully 15 years; for I think it must be at least that number since I heard from you, and not less than 9 or 10 since I could hear a tittle of you; altho' when I had oppertunity, I made it a point to enquire.
You may be assured Sir that I should ever feel pleasure in rendering you any Service in my power; but I will not be so uncandid as to flatter your expectations, or give you any hope of my doing it in the way you seem to expect. In a Contest, long, arduous and painful; which has brought forth the abilities of men in Military and Civil life and exposed them with Halters abt. their Necks, not only to common danger but many of them to the verge of poverty and the very brink of ruin, justice requires, and a grateful Governmt. certainly will bestow, those places of honor and profit which necessity must create upon those who have risked life fortune and Health to support its cause; but independent of these considerations I have never interfered in any Civil Appointments; and I only wait (and with anxious impatience) the arrival of the Definitive Treaty, that I may take leave of my Military Employments and by bidding adieu to Public life, for ever, enjoy the Shades of retirement that ease and tranquillity to which, for more than Eight years, I have been an entire stranger and for which a Mind which has been constantly on the stretch during that period and perplexed with a thousand embarrassing Circumstances, oftentimes without ray of light to guide it; stands much in need.
Gratitude to a Nation to whom I think America owes much, and an ardt. desire to see the Country and Customs of the French People, are strong inducemts. to make a visit to France; but a consideration more powerful than these will I dare say, be an insuperable Bar to such a tour. An impaired fortune (much injured by this Contest) must turn me into those walks of retirement, where perhaps the consciousness of having discharged to the best of my Abilities the great trust reposed in me and the duty I owed my Country must supply the place of other gratifications and may perhaps afford as rational and substantial entertainment as the gayer scenes of a more enlarged theatre.
I shall always be happy to see you at Mt Vernon. Mrs. Washington who enjoys but a very moderate share of health, unites in best wishes for your health and prosperity with Dr. Sir, etc.
Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.
Sir: So long a Course of Time as you mention, had indeed obscured the Remembrance of our former Acquaintance, 'till the Letter38 you have favored me with, bro't the recollections of your Name to my Mind. Your good Sense has furnished me with an Apology should any be needed; and the Occasion which introduces this renewal of former Times, is most pleasing indeed.
[Note 38: Martin's letter, dated Mar. 1, 1783, was from Dublin, Ireland, but is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Your Congratulations to our happy-fated Country, are very agreable, and your Expressions of personal Regard for me, claim my sincerest Thanks, as do your Exertions in favor of our righteous Cause, now so happily terminated.
I cannot but join with you in my most earnest prayers, that these States may be blessed with Wisdom equal to the arduous Task of rightly formg the Establishment of their New Empire. And while I thus express my Wishes in favor of my Native Country, I would felicitate the Kingdom of Ireland on their Emancipation from British Controul, and extend my pious Entreaties, that Heaven may establish them in a happy and perpetuated Tranquility, enjoying a freedom of Legislation, and an unconfined Extension of Trade, that connecting Link, which binds together the remotest Countries.
It is at present very uncertain how far the Connection of these States with distant Courts, may be extended, or what Appointments of this Nature may be made; their poverty, with the heavy Debt contracted during the Period of their Troubles, must for a Time, lead them to Oeconomise in every Way possible; nor can I say how far I may be instrumental, should Appointments be necessary in procuring what you wish. [I only wait the arrival of the Definitive Treaty to bid adieu to Public life and the shades of retirement to enjoy undisturbed that tranquility and repose which is necessary to unbend and give relaxation to a Mind wch. has been embarrassed by a thousd. perplexing circumstances during a painful contest of 8 years.]
Your poem is very acceptable, as it not only displays your Genius, but exhibits Sentiments favorable to the Liberties of Mankind, and expressive of the Benevolence of your Heart. I am &c.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are ill the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 2d. of April,40 and reflecting on its Contents, I cannot but say that I am heartily sorry for the Occasion which has produced it, personal Enmity I bear none, to any Man; so far therefore as your Return to this Country depends on my private Voice, [it would be given in favor of it with chearfulness.] But removed as I am from the
[Note 40: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] people and the policy of the State in which you formerly resided and to whose determination your case must be submitted, It [is my Duty whatevr. may be my Inclinatn. to] leave its decision to its constitutional Judges; [should this be agreeable to your wishes it cannot fail to meet my entire approbation.] I am etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.
Sir: It will be essential to the Public service, to furnish a Corps of 500 Men with the following Articles of Clothing Vizt for each Non Commissioned Officer and Private: One Blanket Great Coat, or good Watch Coat. One Waist Coat with Sleeves (or Uniform Coat.) One Vest. One pt. Woolen Overalls. One pt. Breeches. two pr. Stockings. One pr. Socks. One Woolen Cap. One pr. Mits. two Shirts. two pr. Shoes, with two pr. Soles and Heels or three pr. Shoes.
As these things will all be wanted in less than a Month from this time, you will please to inform me which of the Articles you have it now in your power to furnish; and you will make application for the remainder without a moments loss of time; informing the Head of your Department, that unless the full supply can be obtained in the time before specified, the measures which have been concerted for Garrisoning the Posts on the Western Waters may be entirely frustrated; as it will be impossible to send any Stores to them after the Troops shall have moved for their destination. By representations I have had, I should suppose all the deficient Articles, might be purchased very cheap, and at a long Credit in New York. I am etc.42
[Note 42: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.
Gentlemen: The Address of so respectable a Body as the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, congratulating me on so auspicious an Event as the Return of Peace,43 cannot fail to affect me with the highest pleasure and gratification.
[Note 43: This address, under date of July 10, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
Be assured Gentlemen, that, through the many and complicated vicissitudes of an arduous Conflict, I have ever turned my Eye, with a fixed Confidence on that superintendg. Providence which governs all Events: and the lively Gratitude I now feel, at the happy termination of our Contest, is beyond my Expression.
If, dependg on the Guidance of the same Allwise Providence, I have performed my part in this great Revolution, to the acceptance of my fellow Citizens, It is a source of high satisfaction to me; and forms an additional Motive of Praise to that Infinite Wisdom, which directs the Minds of Men. This Consideration will attend me in the Shades of retirement, and furnish one of the most pleasing Themes of my Meditation.
So great a revolution as this Country now experiences, doubtless ranks high in the Scale of human Events, and in the Eye of Omnipotence is introductive to some noble Scenes of future Grandeur to this happy fated Continent. May the States have Wisdom to discern their true Interests at this important period!
Impressed with sentiments of Gratitude for your benevolent Expressions for my personal Happiness and prosperity, I can make you no better return, than to pray, that Heaven, from the Stores of its Munificence, may shower its choisest blessings on you Gentlemen, and the People of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and to entreat that Our Liberties, now so happily established, may be continued in perfect Security, to the latest posterity. With Sentiments of high Veneration etc.44
[Note 44: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.
This reply to the Address of the Legislature was transmitted to Samuel Adams, then President of the Massachusetts Senate, in a brief note of August 10, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 45: A merchant in Cork, Ireland.]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.
Sir: I am honored with the care of transmitting to you the inclosed Resolution of Congress,46 expressing the Sense which that August Body entertains of your Goodness to the American Prisoners in Ireland.
[Note 46: Of July 18, 1783.]
Impressed as I am, with Sentiments of Gratitude to you, for this Expression of your Benevolence, I feel a very particular gratification in conveying to you the Thanks of the Sovereign Power of the United States of America, on an Occasion which, while it does honour to Humanity, stamps a Mark of particular Distinction on you.
Wishg you the Enjoyment of Health, with every attendant Blessing, I beg you to be persuaded that I am, etc.44
Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.
Sir: A Detachment of about 500 Men is to be sent to Garrison the Western Posts, a supply of Camp Equipage, also a considerable quantity of good Axes and Hatchets, with a few sets of Blacksmiths and Carpenters Tools will be wanted for the Troops which may be employed in this service. I must request you will immediately have these things provided or repaired in the best manner, together with whatever other stores and Apparatus may be required from the Qur. Masters Department, to accommodate this Corps for ten Months from the present period. I am etc.
P.S. A few Intrenching Tools will also be necessary.47
[Note 47: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, August 10, 1783.
Sir: A supply of Medicines and Hospital Stores will be wanted to serve a Corps of 500 Men for Ten Months. It is my desire you will have as accurate an Estimate formed, as the nature of the case will admit, and that you will have the most efficacious measures immediately adopted for providing, arranging and packing up, in the best possible Order, all Articles included in it.
As the preservation of the health of the Troops and perhaps the very existence of the Posts, which may be established on the Western Waters, will depend very much on this arrangement, I shall rely on your Activity and precision in having the business executed in the most effectual and satisfactory manner. I am etc.47
Head Quarters, August 11, 1783.
Dear Sir: It was not 'till Yesterday that I received your favor of the 25th of June. I now acknowledge the receipt of it, and thank you very sincerely for the kind Expressions of Benevolence and regard which you are pleased to extend to me; And to assure you, that I shall retain a cheerfull remembrance of past Services, and wish you every felicity in your future Life.
I take pleasure in sending you the Certificate requested. And am with much Regard etc.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 12, 1783.
Sir: The Commander in Chief wishes it may be ascertained this day, how many Boats are or may be actually fit for service on the Western Waters; for if there are ten or more that can be got in readiness in a few days. His Excellency proposes that they should be carried to the Mohawk River as soon as possible, because some Boats will be wanted there sooner than any can be completed, which may be Contracted for hereafter. An Answer is requested as early as may be. I am etc.50
[Note 50: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, August 12, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Since my return from the Northward I have made particular enquiry into the state of the Boats which may be rendered fit for service on the Western Waters, and find the number very small that are capable of being repaired, the expence of effecting which and transporting them to Schenectady it is imagined will equal or exceed the cost of building new Ones at that place.51
[Note 51: On August 14 Humphreys wrote to Knox: "His Excellency...desires that such Men as are acquainted with the repairs of Boats may be employed under the Quarter Master's direction, in repairing those Batteaux which will be fit for service on the Western Waters. Those Boats will be wanted to proceed to Albany as soon as possible." Humphreys's letter is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
I have also written by the last Post to Congress, to the Superintendt of Finance, and the Qr Mastr. Genl on the subject of garrisoning the Western Posts, and that an advance of Money will be necessary for the purpose; but as it is uncertain when I may receive ansrs to these Letters; as it is doubtful whether Money can then be supplied from the public Treasury to enable the Qr Master Genl to enter into a Contract for Boats and to defray the contingent expences of the operation; and as the Summer is so far advanced that unless measures are immediately adopted for building Batteaux, the Work cannot be completed before the cold weather will set in, prevent all communication on the Lakes, and compel us to give up to destruction the Fortifications which are to be ceded to us by the British; I find myself under the necessity of having recourse to your Excellency, and of requesting to be informed whether any Money can be furnished by this State for the before mentioned services; I have sent Col Humphrys to confer with you more fully on this important subject, to inform you what steps are taking for occupying the Posts in the first instance, and to bear the result of your Excellency's determination to me.
Had the completion of this business been less interesting to the United States in general, or to this State in particular, I should not have felt so much anxiety, or pressed the execution of it with so much earnestness. This consideration will I am persuaded be a sufficient apology for troubling your Excellency with the present application; and will I flatter myself at the same time induce the State to lend such Aid to the Public as may be in its power. I have the honor etc.52
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Newburgh, August 12, 1783.
Dear Sir: My outfit for the Army in 1775. the Expenditures on my Journey to Cambridge (in which those of General Lee, and both our Suits were included), and part of the Expences of my Household for some time after my arrival there was borne, as will appear by my Accts. (which are now ready for examination) and from the dates of the public advances to me, by my private purse; the amount of these Expenditures is yet due to me; as all the Money which I have received from the Public has been applied to and expended for public uses. I mention this matter now, previous to the Exhibition of my accts. because to make Some little preparation for my return home, I requested Colo. Biddle, hearing that Goods were under par in Philadelpa to purchase me some Articles of which my Estate stood much in need. this in part, he has done, to the amount, as pt. Bills, to £204:9:3, exclusive of his Commission; and cost of forwarding them to Virginia.
I depended on this part of my claim upon the public, to make these purchases and to answr. some other demands of me and shall be happy if it is in your power to serve me. My Accts. which I perswade myself will appear fair and very moderate, will shew that I am not asking of the Public, an advance of Money; but claiming as small part only of what it has had the use of for more than Eight years; with great esteem etc.53
[Note 53: Morris answered (August 20): "The Business mentioned in it does by no means fall within my Cognizance but is purely in your own Discretion. You may indeed by the Exhibition of your Account at the Treasury bring it under my notice but this is exactly what I would advise not to do because as the Ballance would in that Case be certified among the old Debts I could only direct it to be placed on Interest. If on the contrary you direct Payment of the Amount from the Pay Chest, which I conceive you have a Right to do, then on the Exhibition of your accounts they will stand completely ballanted. I mention this for two Reasons, first because I wish to facilitate your Views, and secondly because I think that Congress have made you the sole Judge as to the Extent and manner of your Expence and that it is my Duty to enable the Paymaster to answer your Drafts." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Newburgh, August 12, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have received a call from Congress to repair to Princeton; whether for any special purpose, or generally to remain there till the definitive Treaty shall arrive, the resolve is not expressive. I mean therefore, if the intention of that body is not more fully explained in a few days, to go prepared for the latter so soon as I can adjust matters here, and Mrs. Washington's health (for at present she is exceedingly unwell) will allow her to undertake the Journey.
As a measure of this kind will remove me to a distance and may for a considerable time seperate us, and prevent frequent personal Interviews; I should be much obliged to you for intimating to me, before I go, what will be necessary for me to do respecting our purchase of the Saratoga Springs. I have money now by me, and shall, at any time, be ready to answer your call for this purpose. As I could wish also to lay myself out for the other matters we conversed upon, I should be glad, if, at your liesure, you would favor me with a general view of the plan in contemplation, and of the Agency I am to have in it; that I may not, in the one thing needful, be involved beyond my abilities; or caught unprepared if the purchase is within the compass of my means.
I do not take my leave of you at this time, because I will, by some means or other, contrive to see you and Mrs. Clinton before I leave this place, whether I go for a long or a short interval. In the mean while with great truth and sincerity I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Head Quarters, August 13, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 23d July was handed to me on my Return from the Northward.
The advanced Season of the Year makes it absolutely necessary that the Troops and every thing destined for the Posts on our Western Frontiers, should be put in a situation to move, the moment we can learn when the British will evacuate them, I must therefore desire you to order back four or five hundred Men of your Command to replace such as may be sent to the Westward. You may send a whole Corps or detachment as may be most convenient; though I think the former preferable. No time should be lost in putting them on the March and you will direct them to take the lower Road, by Elizabeth Town &c that they may be ready to turn off to the Lines or otherwise as they may receive my Orders. I am &c.54
[Note 54: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Newburgh, August 13, 1783.
Dear Sir: Upon my return from a Tour to the Northern and Western parts of this State I found your Letter of the 23d. Ulto. but not in time to give it an acknowledgment by the last Post, and to thank you for your attention to my Commission. I now do it; and by this oppertunity have requested the Superintendent of Finance to repay you the Sums which you have advanced for my use; with a Commission thereon; but as the poverty of the public Treasury, and Urgent calls upon the financier for contracts, which must be fulfilled, may render it difficult if not impracticable for him to comply with my wishes, (altho' I am only asking a part of what! have actually expended of my own money in the public Service) I must beg you to give me instant notice and I will, if oppertunity offers, send you the money from this place; or if it could be made convenient to yourself, to draw on me here it should be paid on demand.
The Intercourse between my House and Alexandria is such, as to render the deposite of Goods at that place where it does not interfere with the Entry much more convenient than at George Town; and Fitzgerald or Hooe,55 would be attentive to the forwarding of them. The Table Cloths which are contained in my Invoice, are wanted for the common sized square Tables. one dozn. of whih. if they are to be had of any length) may be long enough to cover two Tables; or if they are in the piece, they should not be cut at all, but so many Yards purchased as will make one dozn. of each kind.
[Note 55: John Fitzgerald or Robert Townsend Hooe.]
I am informed that several Ships have already arrived at your Port with Irish Indented Servants, and that more are expected; should you find among these a good House Joiner and could purchase him at a price not exceeding Thirty pds. I should thank you for doing it, and sending him to my House. I know it is difficult if not impracticable to come at a perfect knowledge of the disposition and character of these kind of Gentry before hand; but there is something in the age, appearance, and Countenance of them, which, with the Information that may be obtained from the Sailors that will go a good way towards informing the judgmt. for a fortunate choice; the examination of a workman will be necessary to ascertain the knowledge of his profession. Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to Mrs. Biddle. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: Biddle's answer (September 17) is in the Washington Papers, and on September 20 Washington wrote him in return: "I am sorry Mr. Morris did not pay the money at the time and in the manner I expected. Inclosed I send you Eight Hundred Dollars in Bank Notes, and will write to you more fully in a day or two; business prevents me from doing it at this Moment." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Head Quarters, August 14, 1783.
Sir: By the last post, I was honored with your Excellencys favor of the 1st inst. enclosing the resolve of Congress, directing my attendance at Princeton; notwithstandg my Horses had arrived but a Day or two before, and were much fatigued, I should have set out immediately, had it not been for the indisposition of Mrs Washington, who, during my Absence had been seized with a fever, had a return of it since, and is now in a very weak and low State. This Circumstance, together with a desire of packing my papers, and making arrangements for a final remove (being uncertain of the Objects Congress have in view by my attendance, or how long I may be detained at Princeton) will I hope avail as an Excuse for my delay.
I propose setting out on Monday next, provided Mrs Washingtons Health will admit, or I should have nothing from Congress in the mean Time, to prevent my Intentions. With great Respect etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. The letter was read in Congress on August 22.]
Newburgh, State of New York, August 15, 1783.
Sir: Inclosed, I give you the trouble of a Letter from a Miss Janet Dalgleish to me. As it is totally out of my power to render her any Service in the collectn. of her debts but wish to put her in the way to obtain justice, or at least to obtain a knowledge of the Situation of her Brothers Affairs; I take the liberty of requesting that you would drop her a line of information on this Subject. I have acquainted her of my having written to you to this effect; and To know that the inclosure has got safe to your hands wd. be satisfactory to Dr. Sir etc.
[Note 58: Of the Shore of Leith, Scotland.]
State of New York, August 15, 1783.
Madam: I have lately been favord with a Letter from you dated 28th. of Feby. in the present year,59 and as it is impossible for me, by any personal enquiries or application, to assist you in the recovery of your Brother Debts, I have transmitted your Letter and Acct. to an acquaintance of mine in Norfolk in Virginia, Thos. Newton Esqr. a Gentleman of character; and one
[Note 59: A copy is in the Washington Papers.] who must have been intimately acquainted with your friends and their circumstances. This honor I had not, as the place of my residence (when at home) is distant more than two hundred miles from Norfolk, and nearly as many from Gloucester.
I wish Madam it was in my power to do more to oblige you than this Letter indicates. The distance I am at from Virginia, and the important charge committed to my care (which engrosses my whole time and attention) will not admit it. You will please to accept my thanks for the favorable Sentiments you have expressed for me. I am etc.
Head Quarters, August 16, 1783.
Sir: Your Ideas of the Ordnance that would be proper for the Garrisons of Niagara and Oswego accord very fully with my own; but, on the arrival of the definitive Treaty, the season will be so far advanced, and we shall then have so many difficulties to encounter before we can establish ourselves at those Posts; that I think we must be contented for the winter with two Howitzers at each, and such a number of Light Peices as may be judged necessary for the defence of the Works in case of any hostile, attempts from the Savages: for it is hardly to be imagined the British, who alone could furnish Artillery for a Siege in that quarter, will immediately make an effort to recover by force of Arms, what they will just have relinquished by Agreement; and I hope before any thing serious could be meditated against those Fortifications, Measures will be taken (at the opening of the next season) to furnish them with an ample supply for every Contingency.
So far as the Artillery now on the Mowhawk River can be made subservient to the present purposes, it will be better to make use of those Peices, than to incur the trouble and expence of transportation from a greater distance; I beg you therefore to make the Arrangement as soon as may be, in such manner as you shall judge most conducive to the public service, upon the principles beforementioned.
I have already paid attention to the Cloathing requisite for the Detachment destined for the northern duty, most of the Articles which will be wanted are in Store. I am etc.60
[Note 60: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[MS.H.S.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.
Dear Sir: Under the urgent necessity of making immediate preparations for occupying the Western Posts as soon as they shall be evacuated by the Enemy, which was stated very fully in the Letter I had the honor to address to your Excellency a few days ago by Col Humphrys; I consider myself obliged to request in the most pressing manner that you will advance five hundred Pounds or a larger sum, if practicable of the Monies of this State, to be accounted for by the United States, and to be applied to this service alone; to obtain which without loss of time Mr Mix61 Assistant Qr Mastr. Genl waits upon you with this Letter and for which he will pass his rect. I have the honor etc.62
[Note 61: John Mix.]
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, August 17, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Captain Vincent with three of the St. Francois Tribe of Indians, have been here some days and now tell me they are going to Albany. Captain Vincent says he has had a Company in service during the War and Claims the ballance of Pay due them; but as he has brought no Voucher to Shew how many Men he has had or how long they have been employed, no settlement can be made with them and of this I have acquainted General Bayley under whose direction they say they have been. As they intend applying to you, I thought it necessary to give you this state of their case and to inform you that I have furnished them with, each one, a Blanket, Shirt, Shoes and some Cloth to relieve their present necessities. I am etc.63
[Note 63: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.
Practically this same letter was written to Brig. Gen. Jacob Bayley, also stating that "Whatever pay they are entitled to by the Resolve, will undoubtedly be given them; but before the Pay Master General can settle their Accounts, they must produce some Voucher to shew how many of them have been employed and for what time." This letter is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.
Sir: I had the honour, last Evening, to receive your favour of the same date and have Communicated the sentiments contained therein to the Commander in Chief. In consequence of which His Excellency, desires me to acquaint you, for the information of the Officers of the Connecticut Regiment, that although he proposes setting out for Princeton to morrow upon the request of Congress, without knowing for what particular purpose, or for how long a time they may require his presence at that place; yet he expects the pleasure of seeing his Friends again in this Quarter, before he retires to private life, and for that reason alone waved all Ceremony in taking leave of the Army at this time.
His Excellency the General farther directs me to signify to you, the extreme sensibility with which he is affected by the friendly sentiments expressed for him by the Officers of the Connecticut Regiment and he intreats they may be assured, that he experiences, with the most perfect reciprocity, the sincerest feelings of affection regard and Esteem for them. I have the honour etc.65
[Note 65: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress as signed by David Humphreys.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.
Dear Sir: This will be delivered to you by Mr. Mix Asst. Q. M. Genl. who in the absence of the Quartr. M. Genl. is charged with making provision for the Transportation of the Garrisons and Stores to the Posts on the Western Waters, he has instructions to consult with you respecting a Contract for so many Batteaux as he can ensure the means of payment; he will also make arrangements for the transportation across the Carrying places, and for supplying such Articles as are of the greatest necessity and may be required in the first instance from the Quartr. M. Genls. Department.
Majr. General Knox will in a few days forward the Ordnance and [Military Stores to the Northward, with a Detachment of Artillery Men and a Company of Infantry, (which are all the Men that can be spared until some Troops, which are sent for, shall arrive from Philadelphia) they will bring with them 12 or 15 Boats, which should be got into the Mohawk River without delay, that in case the Posts of Oswego and Niagara should be suddenly evacuated, a Detachment should be instantly pushed forward to take possession of them, before the New Boats could be got in readiness; until that event should take place, or until you shall hear from the Baron Steuben these Boats may be employed in transporting the necessary apparatus (Provisions in Particular) to Fort Schuyler. The before mentioned Detachments will report themselves to you and receive your Orders.
I expect the Contractors will,] in a short time, send the full supply of provision which has been required of them, to Schenectady, but I find it will be expensive and difficult, if not impracticable, for them to forward it from thence without Water conveyance, and our assistance, pray attend to this as a matter of the first importance, and in general to every thing that will tend to expedite the movement, as soon as the British will put us in possession of their Fortifications.
Impressed as you are with the necessity of accelerating these Arrangements I need add nothing more than that I am etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of David Cobb. From a photostat of the incomplete original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J. The portion in brackets is supplied from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17, 1783.
Sir: I have been greatly disappointed in not seeing you before my departure from this place. In consequence of your absence, I have been obliged to send one of your Assistants to the Northward to make Provision for Garrisoning the Western Posts, as that business could be delayed no longer. I need not say how much more satisfactory it would have been, that the execution of this important business should have gone thro' the head of the Department in the first Instance.
On your Arrival, I must desire you will instantly attend to all the Arrangements which may come within the Sphere of your Department, and that you will either go to the Northward yourself, or give more particular instructions and press the completion of the preparations with the greatest earnestness, as well knowing the Posts in question will be very much injured, if not totally demolished, unless we are ready to occupy them at the earliest possible period after they shall be evacuated by the British. I omitted, in my former Letters, to enumerate specifically all the smaller Articles that may be wanted. Such as Garrison Flags for three Posts, Orderly and Company Books, Stationary and many other things will undoubtedly occur to you, and should be provided accordingly. I am &c.67
[Note 67: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 17 1783.
Sir: You are hereby directed to repair immediately to the Northward, in order to make Arrangements for transporting the Garrisons and Stores to the Western Posts. You will on your way, wait upon His Excellency Governor Clinton and receive such Sum of Money as he shall direct to be paid in consequence of the Letter I shall write to him by you; which is to be appropriated in the best and most oeconomical manner to the before mentioned service.
Your principal object is to procure by Contract or in any other Manner, at the most reasonable rate, to the amount of 100 well built Batteaux, completely fitted for use, if in the first instance you can engage payment only for 30 or 40 let so many be instantly begun, and in negotiating this business you will be pleased to consult with Colo. Willet, who will give you his advice and Assistance on all occasions. Remember it is necessary all the Boats should be in readiness, if possible, in six, seven or Eight Weeks at farthest from the date hereof; And as the service is important you will use your greatest exertions for the accomplishment of it.
You will in the next place make Provision for the Transportation of the Boats, with every thing that will be required for the Garrisons across the Carrying places, until they shall be put into the Wood Creek; And in General you will supply, in the best manner you are able, all such Articles as may be wanted from the Quarter Master's Department, Superintending the business yourself, and taking the advice of Colo. Willet on all important matters relative to the operation, until you shall hear further from the Quarter Master General or Myself.68
[Note 68: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, Sunday, August 17, 1783.
The Commander in Chief having been requested by Congress to give his attendance at Prince Town, proposes to set out for that place Tomorrow;69 but expects to have the pleasure of seeing the Army again before he retires to private life. During his absence Major General Knox will retain the Command of the Troops, and all Reports are to be made to him Accordingly.
[Note 69: Washington apparently did not leave Newburgh until August 19 or 20.]
Head Quarters, August 18, 1783.
Sir: I have received with satisfaction your favor, congratulating me on the happy return of Peace, and the prospects of Returng to our former Walks of Life.
I take pleasure in complying with your Request of a Recommendation to the Citizens of America, as I am happy to find, by the Concurrent Testimony of many of our suffering Brethren, and others, that you have invariably through the most trying Times, maintained a constant friendship and Attention to the Cause of our Country and its Independence and Freedom, and this Testimony is also strengthened by my own Observation, so far as I have had Opportunity of knowg your Character personally.
I do therefore hereby recommend you to the several Executives and to all the good People of these States, as a warm Friend, and one who has not only suffered in our Cause, but who has deserved well of many Individuals, who have experienced the rigors of Captivity in N York, and therefore One who is deserving the favor and attention of these U States.
I wish you Health and prosperity, with a grateful Reception with your fellow Citizens, and am Sir Your etc.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr.]
Head Quarters, August 18, 1783.
It having been represented to me from good Authority, that Mr Timothy Brinley Mount, the Bearer of this, late from Monmouth in N Jersey State, but some Time residing in the City of N York, has been a good friend to the Cause and Liberties of the United States, have been of particular service to many of the suffering Citizens of these States. And he havg applied to me, is hereby permitted to return to the Place of his former abode, and is hereby recommended to His Excelly the Governor and the People of the State of N Jersey; with my Wish that he may be received to the favor of his fellow Citizens, as his Merits appear to deserve it.71
[Note 71: In the writing of Jonathan Trumbull, jr. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Head Quarters, Newburgh, August 19, 1783.
Whereas Monsr Rochefontaine hath served as Capt in the Corps of Engineers from the Month of April 1778 until the Month of Novr. 1781 when he was promoted to the rank of Major in the Service of the United States: and whereas he hath been principally with the Army under my immediate Orders, thro' the various stages of the War until the happy conclusion of it, having merited my approbation, and having received honorable testimonials from the head of the Department in which he acted. I do therefore hereby Certify and make known that the said Majr. Rochefontaine hath given many proofs of his intelligence, zeal and abilities, particularly in the successful Siege of York in Virginia, and that he hath on all occasions supported the reputation of a Gentleman and a Valuable Officer.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Elizabeth Town, August 21, 1783.
Gentlemen: It gives me the most pleasing sensations to find so cordial a welcome on my return, in peace, to this pleasant Town, after the vicissitudes of so long and obstinate a Contest.73
[Note 73: Washington left Newburgh August 19 or 20 and was in Elizabethtown on August 21. His route, according to Lieut. Col. Benjamin Walker's expense account, which omits the details of dates, was through Tappan, Hackensack, Acquackanonck Ferry, Elizabethtown, Brunswick, and Princeton.]
On this happy occasion, suffer me, Gentlemen, to join you in grateful adoration to that divine Providence, which hath rescued our Country from the brink of destruction, which hath crowned our exertions with the fairest fruits of success, and which now (instead of the anxiety and distress occasioned by perpetual Alarms) permits you to enjoy, without molestation, the sweets of Peace and domestic happiness. May a spirit of Wisdom and Rectitude preside over all our Councils and Actions, and dispose us as a Nation to avail ourselves of the blessings which are placed before us, then shall we be happy indeed, and as a just reward for your liberal and virtuous sentiments, may the felicity of the Magistracy and Inhabitants of this Corporation, be only limited by the duration of time, and exceded by the fruition of a glorious immortality.74
[Note 74: In the writing of David Cobb.
Washington inclosed this answer to the Address of the Magistrates, etc., in a brief note to Brig. Gen. Elias Dayton, who had signed as chairman. The address, dated Aug. 21, 1783, is in the Washington Papers, and the text of Washington's note to Dayton is found in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[H.S.P.]
Rocky Hill, August 24, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Your several Letters of the 19 20 and 21 of this Month are come to hand.
My papers being yet behind, prevents a reference to my last Letter to you from Newburg but if I recollect it is explicit as to the number of Troops and the necessity of their immediate march; the purpose for which they were ordered on will not admit delay, and I must desire that not only Sprouts Regiment but as many more as will make up the number required be sent on with all possible dispatch. As Jacksons is peculiarly circumstanced they would certainly be the most proper to complete the number.
Since my arrival here I have learnt that Congress have expressed to you their Wishes that the whole of the Troops with you should be returned to the No. River as soon as they can possibly be spared; this period I have no doubt you will hasten as much as lays in your power.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, August 25, 1783.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 12th of this Month.
Not having heard from the Quarter Master General since I had the pleasure to write to you on the 6 Inst. and the season advancing so rapidly, I though it highly necessary before I left the No. River, to begin the necessary preparations for Garrisoning the Western Posts; to do this I was obliged to call on Governor Clinton to advance £500 which he has promised to do and farther Sums on the conditions contained in the inclosed copy of a Memorandum, which he gave me on the occasion and which is submitted to your consideration. Besides the sums which will be wanted to complete this business, it may not be amiss to observe that from the nature of the Service, some advance of Pay to the Officers and Men will be absolutely necessary to enable them to carry with them many Articles not to be procured where they are going.76
[Note 76: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, August 25, 1783.
Gentlemen: I receive with the utmost satisfaction and acknowledge with great sensibility your kind congratulations.77
[Note 77: The Address of the Inhabitants of Princeton, etc., to which the above was a reply, is dated Aug. 25, 1783, and is signed by John Witherspoon and 6 others. It is in the Washington Papers.]
The prosperous situation of our public affairs, the flourishing state of this place and the revival of the Seat of Literature from the ravages of War, encrease to the highest degree, the pleasure I feel in visiting (at the return of Peace) the scene of our important military transactions, and in recollecting the period when the tide of adversity began to turn, and better fortune to smile upon us.
If in the execution of an arduous Office I have been so happy as to discharge my duty to the Public with fidelity and success, and to obtain the good opinion of my fellow Soldiers and fellow Citizens; I attribute all the glory to that Supreme Being, who hath caused the several parts, which have been employed in the production of the wonderful Events we now contemplate, to harmonize in the most perfect manner, and who was able by the humblest instruments as well as by the most powerful means to establish and secure the liberty and happiness of these United States.
I now return you Gentlemen my thanks for your benevolent wishes, and make it my earnest prayer to Heaven, that every temporal and divine blessing may be bestowed on the Inhabitants of Princeton, on the neighbourhood, and on the President and Faculty of the College of New Jersey, and that the usefulness of this Institution in promoting the interests of Religion and Learning may be universally extended.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 79: According to order, the Commander in Chief was escorted by 2 Delegates ("Two first members present of Committee", which had been appointed to draft the address of the President of Congress to the General) to a chair on the President's right, who remained seated and with his hat on addressed the General thus:
"Sir, Congress feel a particular pleasure in seeing your Excellency, and in congratulating you on the success of a war, in which you have acted so conspicuous a part.
"It has been the singular happiness of the United States, that, during a war so long, so dangerous, and so important, Providence has been graciously pleased to preserve the life of a general, who has merited and possessed the uninterrupted confidence and affection of his fellow-citizens. In other nations many have performed services, for which they have deserved and received the thanks of the public. But to you, sir, peculiar praise is due. Your services have been essential in acquiring and establishing the freedom and independence of your country. They deserve the grateful acknowledgments of a free and independent nation. Those acknowledgments, Congress have the satisfaction of expressing to your Excellency.
"Hostilities have now ceased, but your country still needs your services. She wishes to avail herself of your talents in forming the arrangements that will be necessary for her in the time of peace. For this reason your attendance at Congress has been requested. A committee is appointed to confer with your Excellency, and to receive your assistance in preparing and digesting plans relative to those important objects."
A draft of this address is in the Washington Papers.]
Princeton, August 26, 1783.
Mr. President: I am too sensible of the honorable reception I have now experienced not to be penetrated with the deepest feelings of gratitude.
Notwithstanding Congress appear to estimate the value of my life beyond any Services I have been able to render the U States, yet I must be permitted to consider the Wisdom and Unanimity of our National Councils, the firmness of our Citizens, and the patience and Bravery of our Troops, which have produced so happy a termination of the War, as the most conspicuous effect of the divine interposition, and the surest presage of our future happiness.
Highly gratified by the favorable sentiments which Congress are pleased to express of my past conduct, and amply rewarded by the confidence and affection of my fellow Citizens, I cannot hesitate to contribute my best endeavours, towards the establishment of the National security, in whatever manner the Sovereign Power may think proper to direct, until the ratification of the Definitive Treaty of Peace, or the final evacuation of our Country by the British Forces; after either of which events, I shall ask permission to retire to the peaceful shade of private life.
Perhaps, Sir, No occasion may offer more suitable than the present, to express my humble thanks to God, and my grateful acknowledgments to my Country, for the great and uniform support I have received in every vicissitude of Fortune, and for the many distinguished honors which Congress have been pleased to confer upon me in the course of the War.80
[Note 80: In the writing of a clerk in the office of the Secretary of Congress, with a few changes in the writing of Benjamin Walker and the date in that of David Cobb.]
Rocky Hill, August 26, 1783.
Sir: I cannot but think it essential that Congress should be informed of the disposition and conduct of the British Officers at the Western Posts, of our frontier Inhabitants, and of the Savages, in order that adequate Measures may be taken to avail ourselves of any favorable circumstances to prevent Hostilities, and to place that extent of Territory which is ceded to us, under some proper Regulations; It is for these purposes, I have taken the liberty of enclosing to your Excellency the Extract of a Letter from Lieut. Colo. DePuyster, and the Copy of another Letter from Brigadr. General Maclean,81 which were received yesterday under cover from Colo. Willett. I have the honor etc.82
[Note 81: Copies of the letters of Lieut. Col. Arent Schuyler de Peyster (Eighth Foot, British Army) to Brig. Gen. Allan Maclean, July 17, and Maclean to Colonel Willett, July 31, are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 82: In the writing of David Cobb. The letter was read in Congress on August 27 and referred to James Duane, Richard Peters, and Daniel Carroll.]
Princeton in New Jersey, August 27, 1783.
Whereas George Shafner Esqr. Major in the American Legion Commanded by Brigr. Genl Armand Marquis de la Rouerie, hath served in the Army of the United States from a very early period of the War with Great Britain, in the several grades of Lieutenant, Captain, and Major; and whereas he hath conducted himself thro' the whole course of his service until the successful termination of the War in a manner which reflected great credit upon him as a Gentleman and an Officer, as appears not only from the general tenor of his behavior, but also from the honorable testimonials he hath received from those Officers under whose immediate Orders he hath been placed; I have therefore thought proper to grant this Certificate of service, and I do hereby Certify and make known, to all to whom these presents shall come; that the said Major Shafner hath on every occasion behaved himself as a zealous, intelligent and gallant Officer; and that in my opinion he is entitled to that favorable Notice and consideration which result from a series of brave and successful services.83
[Note 83: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Pr[inceton, August 27, 1783.]
Dr Sir: The [Gentleman who will] have the honor of [presenting this to] you, delivered m[e the inclosed (original) Letter.]
The House of [Robert Cary Esqr and Co.] of which Mr. Welc[h was one, was very] respectable; I corresponded with it many years, and had most of my Goods therefrom. Mr. Moore wishing to be introduced to you, carries with him in the inclosed recommendation all the knowledge I have of him for I never had the pleasure of seeing him till this day. I am etc.84
[Note 84: This letter is mutilated. The words in brackets have been supplied from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Rocky hill, August 28, 1783.
Sir: Having just received the inclosed Letter from the Chevalier Heintz,85 containing propositions to Congress respecting the admission of a Number of American Characters as Members
[Note 85: The letter of Major Chevalier Jean de Heintz of May 13, together with a small pamphlet (20 pages) of "L'Ordre institute en honeur de la Providence Divine etc.," is filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.] of an Order lately instituted in Poland, together with a List of the present Knights of the Order; I think it my duty to submit the Originals in the state they came into my hands to the consideration of Congress, and to request, that, I may be honored with their Instructions on the Subject, so that I may be able at the time of acknowledging the receipt of the Letter to make a reply to the proposals contained therein. With perfect respect etc.86
[Note 86: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on August 29 and referred to William Ellery, Arthur Lee, Ralph Izard, Richard Peters, and James McHenry.]
Rocky Hill, August 29, 1783.
Dear Sir: Upon considering the state of facts reported in your Letter of the 26th., I think it expedient that a stop should be put to the movement of the Troops and Stores which were destined for the Western Posts; you will be pleased to give directions accordingly, and to transmit the Letter herewith to the Quartr Mastr Genl. as it relates to the same subject. I am etc.
The Letter to Colo. Willet, you will be kind eno' to forward with the Q. M. Generals.87
[Note 87: In the writing of David Cobb.]
[MS. H. S.]
Rocky Hill near Princeton, August 29, 1783.
Dear Sir: I am very sorry to find by the Report of the Baron Steuben there is no probability that we shall be put in possession of the Western Posts this fall; in consequence of this information and the late season of the year I have directed the movement of the Troops to be stopped, and the preparations to be suspended until further Orders.
Major Giles88 (who is the bearer of this Letter) having occasion to make some application to your Legislature respecting a part of the Estate of Mr Axtel89 the Uncle of Mrs Giles, and being unknown to you and but little acquainted with any of the Gentlemen of your Legislature, I could not hesitate to bring him acquainted with your Excellency, and to recommend him to your favorable Notice as a Gentleman and an Officer of Reputation. I have the honor etc.90
[Note 88: Maj. Aquila Giles, aide to General St. Clair. He served to the close of the war.]
[Note 89: William Axtell (Axtel), loyalist of New York City. His property was confiscated.]
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Rocky Hill near Princeton, August 29, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I have been duly favoured with your Letter of the 15th covering the extract of a Letter from Lt. Colo. Depeyster and the Copy of a Letter from Brigr. Genl McLean. I have also just heard of the return of the Baron Steuben, without having been able to accomplish the business of his Mission. In consequence of which and of the advanced season of the Year, I have judged it impossible to take possession of the Western Posts this fall and have directed the movement of the Troops and Stores to be suspended accordingly. Nothing now remains to be done but the prosecution of the Works, of clearing the land and Water Communications, of making Sluices (if you have time) in the Wood Creek and of erecting the Buildings at Fort Schuyler, which were formerly agreed upon, and which I wish you would still take the trouble of having completed. I am etc.91
[Note 91: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Rocky Hill near Princeton, August 29, 1783.
Sir: In consequence of intelligence just received from the Northward that General Haldimand would not enter into any negotiations with the Baron Steuben for delivering up the Western Posts, I find it proper to put a stop to all the operations which are carrying on for the purpose of Transporting Garrisons and Stores to them this fall. You will be pleased therefore to give directions for suspending all preparations, and for preventing, as much as possible, the expences which would have been incurred in your Department, desisting from making any farther Contracts for Boats, and relinquishing those already entered into, if practicable. No other supplies will now be required from you, except such materials as may be necessary for erecting the Store House and small Buildings at Fort Schuyler, respecting which Colo. Willet has my Instructions, and which it is my wish may yet be effected. I am etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing, I have received your favour of the 26th by Colo. Villefranche and am happy to find you have in a great measure anticipated my wishes.92
[Note 92: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Rocky Hill near Princeton, August 29, 1783.
Gentlemen: Some circumstances having intervened that render it impracticable during this fall, for us to take possession of the Posts now occupied by the British on the Western Waters; for the Garrison of which, the Provisions mentioned in my Letter to you from Saratoga were designed, and which will therefore become in a manner useless to the public, if they cannot be relinquished or disposed of. My design in addressing you, Gentlemen, at this time is to give information of the before mentioned unexpected Event, and to desire that all purchases for this purpose may be suspended, and that in case any Articles have been procured, the Bargains may be given up if possible, or the Provisions otherwise disposed of, if it can be done without considerable loss to the United States. To prevent which, such articles as cannot be returned or rended, had better be stored at the Garrison of West Point. I am etc.93
[Note 93: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
August 30, 1783.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose for the information of Congress the report of the Baron de Steuben, who was sent into Canada to make arrangements with Generl. Haldimand for withdrawing the British forces from the Posts within the Territory of the United States. The Letter from Genl. Haldimand to me, referred to in his Letter of the 13th Instt. to the Baron is not yet come to hand.94
[Note 94: Contemporary copies of this letter from Haldimand to Washington, Aug. 13, 1783, are in the Washington Papers and the Papers of the Continental Congress. One of them was forwarded to Congress by Washington, in a brief note, dated Sept. 4, 1783, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers.]
The Embarrassments which this business has met with at this advanced Season, have induced me to suspend the March of the Detachment, removal of the Stores, and purchase of Salt Provisions which were intended for those Western Posts. I have however desired Colo. Willet with the State Troops of New York to continue workg. upon the Land and Water Communication between Schenectady and the Wood Creek that our operation may be facilitated hereafter. With great respect etc.95
[Note 95: The signed letter sent to Congress is in the writing of David Cobb. It was read in Congress on September 1 and referred to Ralph Izard, Benjamin Hawkins, James Duane, Arthur Lee, and Stephen Higginson. Filed with it are copies of letters: Steuben to Washington, August 23; Steuben to Haldimand, August 3; Haldimand to Steuben, August 6; Steuben to Haldiman, August 11; Haldimand to Steuben, August 13. The above text is from the autograph draft in the Washington Papers. It varies from the letter sent in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation only.]
Rocky Hill, August 30, 1783.
Sir: I take the earliest opportunity of informing you, that the Baron Steuben has returned from Canada without being able to accomplish any part of the business he had in charge. In consequence of which and of the late Season of the Year, I have judged it impossible to take possession of the Western Posts this fall and have ordered a Stop to be put to the movement of Troops and Stores, and to the preparations which were making for that purpose; of which I have given notice to the Qr. Mr. Genl. and to the Contractors, and have taken every other precaution in my power to prevent the accumulation of unnecessary expences. I have &c.96
[Note 96: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Rocky hill, August 31, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your private letter of the 21st, and should have given it an acknowledgment sooner but thought a few days would have let me more into the views of Congress with respect to the Peace Establishment than I had any knowledge of at the time of its receipt. I am as much in the dark now as ever, and as unable to guess at the number of Troops which may be retained, or raised for this Service. I am inclined to think however the force (if any) will scarcely amount to a Major Generals Command. If it shd., as the appointment of Officers will be with Congress or the Secretary at War (and not with me even if I should be here) I will give in your name and wishes with others who have written or spoken to me on the same Subject, wishing very sincerely it was in my power to oblige all; and to put them in way to receive compensation for the losses they have sustained in Service, by adhering to the Interest of their Country. With great esteem and regard etc.
Rocky Hill, August 31, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I have received your favour of the 26th and am much obliged by your attention in procuring the Articles I had requested I am also glad to find there is at length a prospect that the British will in reality soon take their departure from the United States.
Whatever my private sentiments, as an Individual, may be, respecting the violent Policy which seems in some instances to be adopted, It is not for us, as Military Characters, to dictate a different Line of Conduct; but I should suppose the encouragement you have given to those British and Foreign Soldiers, who have been discharged, that they would be permitted to remain in the Country, was very unexceptionable and proper; the same indulgence, however, cannot be extended to such natives of the Country as have served in their New Corps, without the particular interference of the States to which they belong. And I think it necessary you should be advised, that granting Passports to Citizens of any description for the purpose of giving protection in coming from New York into the Country, may not only be considered as an assumption beyond the Limits of any Commission which has been derived from Congress, but will probably be productive of altercations with the Civil Powers, and at the same time involve us in very disagreeable consequences in many other respects.97 I am etc.98
[Note 97: Smith had written (August 26) "that in Consequence of numberless warm publications in our papers and the unconstitutional proceedings of Committees I suppose not less than fifteen thousand inhabitants will be drove from the Country who are not conscious of any other Crime than that of residing within the British Lines, some perhaps have acted tho' in general with reluctance...in consequence of which upon the evacuation we shall find a City destitute of Inhabitants, and a settlement made on our Frontiers by a people who their minds being sour'd by the severity of their Treatment, will prove troublesome neighbours and perhaps lay the foundation of future Contests which I suppose would be for the Interest of our Country to avoid." Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 98: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Rocky Hill, August 31, 1783.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 18th, also the duplicate inclosed in yours of the 24th.
If the Articles should not have been forwarded you will be informed by the Superintendant of Finance, that the immediate necessity of incurring the expence of transportation has ceased to exist, I am however pleased with your exertions on this, as well as former occasions. The reasons you have given for your detention in Phila., have always appeared satisfactory, and I have the pleasure to assure you, the business of your department with the Army has been conducted by your Assistant Mr. Brooks entirely to my satisfaction. I am etc.98
Rocky Hill, August 31, 1783.
Sir: I enclose you the Copy of a Letter from Captn. Segond in behalf of himself and Lieut Boulieu, the only remaining Officers of Pulaski's Legion; if the peculiar circumstances of those Gentlemen are such as will exclude them from emoluments to which they ought to be entitled in common with other officers, and if it shall not be in your power to give adequate relief, I must request you will be pleased to lay their case before Congress and take the orders of that Honble Body on the subject. I judged this the proper channel of application and have referred Capt Segond to you accordingly; informing him at the same time that he must be under a mistake as to the obligations of his Parole, from which I conceived him to be wholly and absolutely liberated. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
Practically this same letter was written to Capt. James Segond on August 31 by Washington. A copy of the draft is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.
On August 31 Washington wrote to the Superintendent of Finance forwarding him the estimate and pay requisition for Varick's writers, who had finished their work. A copy of this draft is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 1: Annis Boudinot, sister of Elias Boudinot; married Richard Stockton, the Signer, who had died Feb. 28, 1781.]
Rocky Hill, September 2, 1783.
You apply to me, My dear Madam, for absolution as tho' I was your father Confessor; and as tho' you had committed a crime, great in itself, yet of the venial class You have reason good, for I find myself strangely disposed to be a very indulgent ghostly Adviser on this occasion; and, notwithstanding "you are the most offending Soul alive" (that is, if it is a crime to write elegant Poetry)2 yet if you will come and dine with
[Note 2: Her poem and letter, dated Aug. 28, 1783, and signed "Emilia," are in the Washington Papers.] me on Thursday and go through the proper course of penitence, which shall be prescribed, I will strive hard to assist you in expiating these poetical trespasses on this side of purgatory. Nay more, if it rests with me to direct your future lucubrations, I shall certainly urge you to a repetition of the same conduct, on purpose to shew what an admirable knack you have at confession and reformation; and so, without more hesitation, I shall venture to command the Muse not to be restrained by ill-grounded timidity, but to go on and prosper.
You see Madam, when once the Woman has tempted us and we have tasted the forbidden fruit, there is no such thing as checking our appetites, whatever the consequences may be. You will I dare say, recognize our being the genuine Descendents of those who are reputed to be our great Progenitors.
Before I come to the more serious Conclusion of my Letter, I must beg leave to say a word or two about these Fine things you have been telling in such harmonious and beautiful Numbers. Fiction is to be sure the very life and Soul of Poetry. All Poets and Poetesses have been indulged in the free and indisputable use of it, time out of Mind. And to oblige you to make such an excellent Poem, on such a subject, without any Materials but those of simple reality, would be as cruel as the Edict of Pharaoh which compelled the Children of Israel to Manufacture Bricks without the necessary Ingredients. Thus are you sheltered under the authority of prescription, and I will not dare to charge you with an intentional breach of the Rules of the decalogue in giving so bright a colouring to the services I have been enabled to render my Country; though I am not conscious of deserving any thing more at your hands, than what the purest and most disinterested friendship has a right to claim; actuated by which, you will permit me, to thank you in the most affectionate manner for the kind wishes you have so happily expressed for me and the partner of all my Domestic enjoyments. Be assured we can never forget our friend at Morven; and that I am etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Rocky Hill, September 3, 1783.
Sir: To the several points mentioned in your Letters of 28th and 29th Ultimo I answer; that I am at present totally ignorant of the strength of the Garrison which will be destined for West Point the ensuing Winter, not having as yet had any conference with the Committee of Congress on that subject; I should think however that a supply of Forage and Fuel for a Corps of 500 Men will be sufficient, and for that number I wish you to make your Arrangements, unless you shall receive further Instructions.
As to the Officers who retired, pursuant to the Resolution of Congress, it is my opinion they must be ultimately entitled to Pay, Forage, and Subsistence for the whole time they shall be on furlough; but for the present I supposed the public disbursements were to be confined to the actual provision necessary for those Officers only who remained with the Troops which were returned in service, or who availed themselves of the general Order on the Subject. This measure was believed to be indispensable for enabling the Financier to comply with the engagements he had already entered into.
The public buildings at Mrs. Hasbrooks will not be wanted, and may therefore be disposed of; [the Ho. in the Garden may be given to her.]
If it is well ascertained that the chain4 can be preserved in perfect Order for future use, I should advise it to be housed in
[Note 4: A few links of this chain have survived, and are to be seen at the United States Military Academy at West Point.] the manner you mention; but if the fact is otherwise or even very doubtful [of wch. I wish Genl Knox to be consulted] I would recommend that it should be sold without delay. I am etc.5
[Note 5: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys, The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Rocky Hill, September 3, 1783.
Dear Sir: Mrs. Washington and myself heard with much pleasure, from Major Jackson, that you and Mrs. Morris had in contemplation a visit to Prince Town; and we join very sincerely in offering you a Bed at our Quarters.6 The inconvenience of accepting it, can only be to yourselves, as the room is not so commodious as we could wish; but, in the crowded situation of this place is equal perhaps to any you could get, and none would be happier in having you under their roof; we claim it indeed as a matter of right. Our best respects to Mrs. Morris and yourself. I am etc.
[Note 6: Headquarters were at Mrs. Margaret Berrien's, the widow of Judge John Berrien. On September 4 Washington wrote to George Augustine Washington, from Princeton, N.J., from which the following is an extract: "After I wrote you from Newburg I repaired to this place by order of Congress, where it is probable I shall remain till the Definitive Treaty arrives, or till New York is evacuated when I shall take leave of Public life and repair to my own home and in ease and quiet enjoy that repose which I have been a stranger to for more than Eight years." This extract is taken from the printed text in a sales catalogue, 1937.]
Rocky Hill, September 5, 1783.
Dear Sir: [I have thrown together the following sentiments on the papers you put into my hand yesterday.]
Brevets which have been given with conditions annexed, ought, undoubtedly, to have the conditions fulfilled; because it is a contract between the Parties.
Simple Brevets, must be determined by the usage and Custom of other Armies, if there is no established rule for considering them in our own; I never considered them in any other light than as confering Rank without pay or emoluments; and this, I believe (and indeed am almost sure) is the view of them in the British Service. They are intended generally as a Compliment; they give command, and place an Officer in the road of permant. Promotion.
I cannot7 see how Brevets considered in these lights, or indeed [in] any other, can have a disagreeable operation [in the] promotion of Officers of a certain standing, a grade higher, when the proposition was express that no emoluments should be annexed, nor the Public burthened8 [in the least degree]; if however the Public have any suspicions, that the Officers thus promoted will avail themselves of it to enhance their emoluments, the Secrety at War may be directed to inform the pay Master Genl. that such promotions do not entitle them to pay, or emoluments; which will sufficiently check any evils the Government may fear, and supercede the necessity of any explanitory Resolution, which might perhaps injure the feelings of those Officers whom Congress in this instance wish to gratify.9
[Note 7: Washington first wrote "for the life of me" and then crossed it off.]
[Note 8: Washington here wrote: "one farthing by it."]
[Note 9: The parts in brackets are in the writing of David Cobb.]
[Note 10: Of the firm of Robert Lewis & Sons, merchants of Philadelphia.]
Rocky Hill, near Princeton, September 6, 1783.
Gentn: In Bradfords Paper11 of the 30th. Ulto., I perceive an anonymous advertisement of a person who wants employment
[Note 11: The Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser, of Philadelphia. The Lewis firm wrote to Washington Apr. 5, 1785, regarding a miller by the name of Joseph Davenport. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] as a miller, referring to you for his character. If this is such, as in all points of view I could approve, it is very likely I might employ him at my Mills in Virginia (ten miles from Alexa.) My present Miller12 who has lived with me thirteen or fourteen years; and who perhaps understands the manufacture of wheat, as well as any miller upon the Continent; and who, I believe is also an honest man; is become so unfit for the trust reposed in him by his addiction to liquor, which not only keeps him intoxicated many days upon a stretch, but absent also from the Mills, that however reluctantly I do it, I shall be induced to part with him, if I can meet with a man who could bring me ample testimonials of his skill, his honesty, his sobriety and Industry.
[Note 12: William Roberts.]
These qualities must be well ascertained before I would employ any man; as I have no other objection, than what I have mentioned to my present Miller; who, besides being an excellent miller, is equally a good Millwright, and Cooper.
I work two pair of Stones, one pair of which are Frenchburr, employed in the merchant business. The Mill house is of Stone, large and commodious, the dwelling house, which is convenient, is within thirty yards of it; and has a Garden enclosed adjoining. A Cooper's Shop is also near, and the whole convenient to tide water.
Having been thus particular, with respect to my Mills, and my wants, I shall thank you Gentn. for a full and unreserved character of the anonymous advertiser, and the terms on which he would engage. If you think this man wou'd not answer my purpose, or shou'd he be engag'd, do you know of any one who, from what I have here said, would? Your answer to this letter as soon as convenient will very much oblige Gentn., Yr. etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 14: Chairman of the Committee of Congress to confer with the Commander in Chief.]
Rocky Hill, September 7, 1783.
Sir: I have carefully perused the Papers which you put into my hands relative to Indian Affairs.
My Sentiments with respect to the proper line of Conduct to be observed towards these people coincides precisely with those delivered by Genl. Schuyler, so far as he has gone in his Letter of the 29th. July to Congress (which, with the other Papers is herewith returned), and for the reasons he has there assigned; a repetition of them therefore by me would be unnecessary. But independant of the arguments made use of by him the following considerations have no small weight in my Mind.
To suffer a wide extended Country to be over run with Land Jobbers, Speculators, and Monopolisers or even with scatter'd settlers, is, in my opinion, inconsistent with that wisdom and policy which our true interest dictates, or that an enlightened People ought to adopt and, besides, is pregnant of disputes both with the Savages, and among ourselves, the evils of which are easier, to be conceived than described; and for what? but to aggrandize a few avaricious Men to the prejudice of many, and the embarrassment of Government. for the People engaged in these pursuits without contributing in the smallest degree to the support of Government, or considering themselves as amenable to its Laws, will involve it by their unrestrained conduct, in inextricable perplexities, and more than probable in a great deal of Bloodshed.
My ideas therefore of the line of Conduct proper to be observed not only towards the Indians, but for the government of the Citizens of America, in their Settlement of the Western Country (which is intimately connected therewith) are simply these.
First and as a preliminary, that all Prisoners of whatever age or Sex, among the Indians shall be delivered up.
That the Indians should be informed, that after a Contest of eight years for the Sovereignty of this Country G: Britain has ceded all the Lands of the United States within the limits discribed by the ... arte. of the Provisional Treaty.
That as they (the Indians) maugre all the advice and admonition which could be given them at the commencemt; and during the prosecution of the War could not be restrained from acts of Hostility, but were determined to join their Arms to those of G Britain and to share their fortune; so, consequently, with a less generous People than Americans they would be made to share the same fate; and be compelld to retire along with them beyond the Lakes. But as we prefer Peace to a state of Warfare, as we consider them as a deluded People; as we perswade ourselves that they are convinced, from experience, of their error in taking up the Hatchet against us, and that their true Interest and safety must now depend upon our friendship. As the Country, is large enough to contain us all; and as we are disposed to be kind to them and to partake of their Trade, we will from these considerations and from motives of Compn., draw a veil over what is past and establish a boundary line between them and us beyond which we will endeavor to restrain our People from Hunting or Settling, and within which they shall not come, but for the purposes of Trading, Treating, or other business unexceptionable in its nature.
In establishing this line, in the first instance, care should be taken neither to yield nor to grasp at too much. But to endeavor to impress the Indians with an idea of the generosity of our disposition to accommodate them, and with the necessity we are under, of providing for our Warriors, our Young People who are growing up, and strangers who are coming from other Countries to live among us. and if they should make a point of it, or appear dissatisfied at the line we may find it necessary to establish, compensation should be made them for their claims within it.
It is needless for me to express more explicitly because the tendency of my observns. evinces it is my opinion that if the Legislature of the State of New York should insist upon expelling the Six Nations from all the Country they Inhabited previous to the War, within their Territory (as General Schuyler seems to be apprehensive of) that it will end in another Indian War. I have every reason to believe from my enquiries, and the information I have received, that they will not suffer their Country (if it was our policy to take it before we could settle it) to be wrested from them without another struggle. That they would compromise for a part of it I have very little doubt, and that it would be the cheapest way of coming at it, I have no doubt at all. The same observations, I am perswaded, will hold good with respect to Virginia, or any other state which has powerful Tribes of Indians on their Frontiers; and the reason of my mentioning New York is because General Schuyler has expressed his opinion of the temper of its Legislature; and because I have been more in the way of learning the Sentimts. of the Six Nations, than of any other Tribes of Indians on this Subject.
The limits being sufficiently extensive (in the New Ctry.) to comply with all the engagements of Government and to admit such emigrations as may be supposed to happen within a given time not only from the several States of the Union but from Foreign Countries, and moreover of such magnitude as to form a distinct and proper Government; a Proclamation in my opinion, should issue, making it Felony (if there is power for the purpose and if not imposing some very heavy restraint) for any person to Survey or Settle beyond the Line; and the Officers Commanding the Frontier Garrison should have pointed and peremptory orders to see that the Proclamation is carried into effect.
Measures of this sort would not only obtain Peace from the Indians, but would, in my opinion, be the surest means of preserving it. It would dispose of the Land to the best advantage; People the Country progressively, and check Land Jobbing and Monopolizing (which is now going forward with great avidity) while the door would be open, and the terms known for every one to obtain what is reasonable and proper for himself upon legal and constitutional ground.
Every advantage that could be expected or even wished for would result from such a mode of proceedure our Settlements would be compact, Government well established, and our Barrier formidable, not only for ourselves but against our Neighbours, and the Indians as has been observed in Genl Schuylers Letter will ever retreat as our Settlements advance upon them and they will be as ready to sell, as we are to buy; That it is the cheapest as well as the least distressing way of dealing with them, none who are acquainted with the Nature of Indian warfare, and has ever been at the trouble of estimating the expence of one, and comparing it with the cost of purchasing their Lands, will hesitate to acknowledge.
Unless some such measures as I have here taken the liberty of suggesting are speedily adopted one of two capital evils, in my opinion, will inevitably result, and is near at hand; either that the settling, or rather overspreading the Western Country will take place, by a parcel of Banditti, who will bid defiance to all Authority while they are skimming and disposing of the Cream of the Country at the expence of many suffering Officers and Soldiers who have fought and bled to obtain it, and are now waiting the decision of Congress to point them to the promised reward of their past dangers and toils, or a renewal of Hostilities with the Indians, brought about more than probably, by this very means.
How far agents for Indian Affrs. are indispensably necessary I shall not take upon me to decide; but if any should be appointed, their powers in my opinion should be circumscribed, accurately defined, and themselves rigidly punished for every infraction of them. A recurrence to the conduct of these People under the British Administration of Indian Affairs will manifest the propriety of this caution, as it will there be found, that self Interest was the principle by which their Agents were actuated; and to promote this by accumulating Lands and passing large quantities of Goods thro their hands, the Indians were made to speak any language they pleased by their representation; were pacific or hostile as their purposes were most likely to be promoted by the one or the other. No purchase under any pretence whatever should be made by any other authority than that of the Sovereign power, or the Legislature of the State in which such Lands may happen to be. Nor should the Agents be permitted directly or indirectly to trade; but to have a fixed, and ample Salary allowed them as a full compensation for their trouble.
Whether in practice the measure may answer as well as it appears in theory to me, I will not undertake to say; but I think, if the Indian Trade was carried on, on Government Acct., and with no greater advance than what would be necessary to defray the expence and risk, and bring in a small profit, that it would supply the Indians upon much better terms than they usually are; engross their Trade, and fix them strongly in our Interest; and would be a much better mode of treating them than that of giving presents; where a few only are benefitted by them. I confess there is a difficulty in getting a Man, or set of Men, in whose Abilities and integrity there can be a perfect reliance; without which, the scheme is liable to such abuse as to defeat the salutary ends which are proposed from it. At any rate, no person should be suffered to Trade with the Indians without first obtaining a license, and giving security to conform to such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed; as was the case before the War.
In giving my Sentiments in the Month of May last (at the request of a Committee of Congress) on a Peace Establishmt. I took the liberty of suggesting the propriety, which in my opinion there appeared, of paying particular attention to the French and other Settlers at Detroit and other parts within the limits of the Western Country; the perusal of a late Pamphlet entitled "Observations on the Commerce of the American States with Europe and the West Indies" impresses the necessity of it more forcibly than ever on my Mind. The author of that Piece strongly recommends a liberal change in the Government of Canada, and tho' he is too sanguine in his expectations of the benefits arising from it, there can be no doubt of the good policy of the measure. It behooves us therefore to counteract them, by anticipation. These People have a disposition towards us susceptible of favorable Impressions; but as no Arts will be left unattempted by the British to withdraw them from our Interest, the prest. moment should be employed by us to fix them in it, or we may loose them forever; and with them, the advantages, or disadvantages consequent of the choice they may make. From the best information and Maps of that Country, it would appear that from the Mouth of the Great Miami River wch. empties into the Ohio to its confluence with the Mad River, thence by a Line to the Miami Fort and Village on the other Miami River wch. empties into Lake Erie, and Thence by a Line to include the Settlement of Detroit would with Lake Erie to the No. ward Pensa. to the Eastwd. and the Ohio to the Soward form a Governmt. sufficiently extensive to fulfill all the public engagements, and to receive moreover a large population by Emigrants, and to confine The Settlement of the New States within these bounds would, in my opinion, be infinitely better even supposing no disputes were to happen with the Indians and that it was not necessary to guard against those other evils which have been enumerated than to suffer the same number of People to roam over a Country of at least 500,000 Square Miles contributing nothing to the support, but much perhaps to the Embarrassment of the Federal Government.
Was it not for the purpose of comprehending the Settlement of Detroit within the Jurisdn. of the New Governmt a more compact and better shaped district for a State would be for the line to proceed from the Miami Fort and Village along the River of that name to Lake Erie. leaving In that case the Settlement of Detroit, and all the Territory No. of the Rivers Miami and St. Josephs between the Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Michigan to form, hereafter, another State equally large compact and water bounded.
At first view, it may seem a little extraneous, when I am called upon to give an opinion upon the terms of a Peace proper to be made with the Indians, that I should go into the formation of New States; but the Settlmt. of the Western Country and making a Peace with the Indians are so analogous that there can be no definition of the one without involving considerations of the other. for I repeat it, again, and I am clear in my opinion, that policy and oeconomy point very strongly to the expediency of being upon good terms with the Indians, and the propriety of purchasing their Lands in preference to attempting to drive them by force of arms out of their Country; which as we have already experienced is like driving the Wild Beasts of the Forest which will return us soon as the pursuit is at an end and fall perhaps on those that are left there; when the gradual extension of our Settlements will as certainly cause the Savage as the Wolf to retire; both being beasts of prey tho' they differ in shape. In a word there is nothing to be obtained by an Indian War but the Soil they live on and this can be had by purchase at less expence, and without that bloodshed, and those distresses which helpless Women and Children are made partakers of in all kinds of disputes with them.
If there is any thing in these thoughts (which I have fully and freely communicated) worthy attention I shall be happy and am Sir Yr. etc.
P.S. A formal Address, and memorial from the Oneida Indians when I was on the Mohawk River, setting forth their Grievances and distresses and praying relief, induced me to order a pound of Powder and 3 lbs. of Lead to be issued to each Man, from the Military Magazines in the care of Colo. Willet; this, I presume, was unknown to Genl. Schuyler at the time he recommended the like measure in his Letter to Congress.
Rocky Hill, September 8, 1783.
Upon a careful examination of the Report delivered to Congress the 17th of June, by the Committee on the Peace Arrangement, the following remarks have occurred:
Notwithstanding there may not be any very essential difference between the proposed Plan for a standing Force now under consideration, and the Sketches which were given in my Memorial of the 1st of May; yet it is my wish to make known the Motives which induced me to offer my former opinions, together with the reasons which now lead me to differ in judgment from the Committee in some instances respecting the Peace Arrangement, and to alter my sentiments on other points in consequence of new informations which have been produced by farther discussion.
The principal reasons for my proposing that the Pay and Subsistence of the Officers should remain the same as they now are (except in the instances specified) were, because, that compensation had generally been deemed adequate and not too high; and because we had found by experience, after many changes and alterations, the present allowance to be better proportioned to the different grades, more satisfactory to the Officers, and less inconvenient to the Public than any System which had been attempted; Nor can I agree with the Committee that the Establishment reported by them is more oeconomical than either of the Plans which have been proposed, since the number of Men in their Establishment actually to be raised, exceeds that suggested in my Memorial by upwards of four hundred. And the encrease of Pay in consequence of an additional number of Superior Officers in the Corps of Engineers will more than Counterbalance the saving which will be made by the proposed diminution of the Pay of the regimental Staff and Subalterns. And yet I know not whether this encrease of Expence may not be expedient and necessary, at least I should not make any objection to the augmentation of the number of Men in the Infantry Compys, as the various and dispersed services, to which they will be destined, may probably require more than I had taken into my calculation; And the blending the Engineers and Artillerists of the Army in one Corps may make it requisite to add the number of Officers proposed by the Committee; which will under those circumstances justify a departure from the present Artillery Establishment on which my Estimate was founded. And here I will take the liberty to suggest the expediency of restraining all Officers stationed in the Indian Country from carrying on, directly or indirectly, any Commerce or Traffic whatever with the Natives; it would be better to make a pecuniary compensation for any extra trouble of the Commanding Officer, in giving passes and regulating these things, than to suffer so pernicious a custom to take place.
Perhaps it is rather unimportant in what manner some little alterations shall be decided, as for instance, whether the third Officer of a Compy shall be called a Lt or an Ensign, provided the duties and emoluments are perfectly defined; but I highly approve the Scheme of having supernumeraries appointed to fill the Staff-Offices, without depriving the Compys of their full proportion of Officers.
The same reason which makes it proper to have two Sergt. Majors &c in each Regt. of Infantry, will also make it equally necessary to have two Surgeons Mates.
It appears to me in case the Pay of the Privates shall be established at two Dollars pr Month, that a considerable Bounty will be required to inlist them, or that the States, after having their quotas apportioned to them, must be obliged to keep their Compliment constantly in Service. I am also of opinion that to the annual allowance of Cloathing pr Man One Blanket, two pair Woolen Hose, and one or two Shirts, should be added; also 8 or 10 Watch Coats pr Company.
The rule of promotion proposed seems unexceptionable; but the perpetual confusion which must ensue, from promotions being made in a Corps composed of Officers and Men of different States, by the Authority of each of those different States, will totally destroy all regularity in our Military System. "It would indeed be much to be preferred that the States could be induced to transfer this right to Congress;" And possibly, upon condition of confining the appointment and promotion of Officers, in equal proportions to the particular States whose Troops form a Regt. the right might be yeilded; for example if New Hampshire gives two Compys and Massachusetts Six, the Officers then to be appointed and kept in service from those two States to be in as nearly the Ratio of 2 to 6 as possible; the same, if another Regt. should be formed by the States of R Island, Connect. New York and New Jersey &c. &c.
On the Committees' Report respecting Fortifications, Arsenals and Magazines, Military Academies, Founderies and Manufactories, General Staff, and General Hospital no observations are necessary; except that it is the opinion of the Committee, the establishment of five instead of three Magazines, is necessary, I shall not make any hesitation in yielding to their sentiment; I wish not to be too tenacious, tho' the division of the Continent into three districts had been suggested, in addition to the reasons I formerly mentioned, by a similar destribution which Congress had made in the Article of promotion; but I must beg leave to remark, that the general outlines for the Establishment of the national Militia, do not seem to me to be so well calculated to answer the object in view, as could be wished. Altho, unacquainted as I am with the Militia Laws of the several States, I cannot undertake to say what particular regulation should be adopted for classing, or forming the great Body of Citizens, who must be borne on the Rolls of the Militia, and for obliging them to march for the public defence in a manner least inconvenient and most effectual; Yet I cannot but think some more eligible Plan could be devised; and I am fully persuaded, that the Fensibles, Fusileers, or Train Bands formed of the Inhabitants of Cities and Incorporated Towns will not afford that prompt and efficacious resistance to an Enemy, which might be expected from regularly established Light Infantry Companies, or a general selection of the ablest Men from every Regt. or Brigade of Militia in either of the Modes I had formerly the honor to propose; because such an Establishment would, in my opinion, be more agreeable to the genius of our Countrymen; because it would distribute military knowledge and ambition more equally and extensively; because, it would on these Accounts prevent Jealousies, and afford the same kind of protection to every part of the Union, which the Companys designated by the Name of Minute-Men did at the Commencement of the late war; and because, the number being fixed to any proportion from 1/8 to 1/50 of the whole Militia, that number of disciplined effective Men may always be relied on in case of a war, as an effectual Barrier to stop the torrent of Hostility, until a regular and permanent force could be levied; And in order to make this Corps the more respectable, I should heartily concur in giving them a superiority of rank, immunities or emoluments over the rest of the Militia.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys and David Cobb. (See Sentiments on a Peace Establishment, vol. 26, p. 374.)]
[Note 16: Of New Utrecht, Kings County, N. Y.]
Rocky Hill, September 8, 1783.
Sir: Through Dr. Witherspoon I have received your Memorial with the enclosed Certificates; but so much time has elapsed since the period you allude to, in which you say you promised to perform particular services for me, that I have not the least remembrance of any circumstance of the kind; But this however, I recollect, that the morning on which General Howe moved with the British Army from the place he first landed at on Long Island, you came to my Quarters and gave me information of it; and I have very frequently heard from the American Officers who have been prisoners on Long Island, that on all occasions you was their friend, and had generously supplied them with Money and every conveniency your situation would afford.
From the Account of your supplies of Money which have been made to the State and to individuals, I am fully perswaded that the Government of New York [will give a favorable attention to your case, and regard the certificates of which you have furnished me with Copies, as a strong evidence of your Inclination to support the American cause, at the same time that it furnishes instances of yr. humanity in relieving the distresses of suffering Prisoners.]17
[Note 17: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
Rocky Hill, September 8, 1783.
Sir: I enclose to your care a Letter to Mr. Cowenhoven18 in answer to his Memorial and request, and his Letter to you and the President of Congress.
[Note 18: Covenhoven (Cowenhoven).]
In the course of Mr. Cowenhoven's Memorial he takes occasion to mention his assistance to one Mr. Wyckoff,19 who, he says, was employed by Governor Clinton [and me] to bring Money from Long Island; all the agency I had in this matter, was giving an Order, at the request of Governor Clinton, to the
[Note 19: Hendrick Wyckoff. He was captain of the Dutchess County (New York) militia.] Officer Commanding our out Post, to permit Mr. Wyckoff to pass to Long Island, he being a public Agent appointed by the Governor to transact some business for the State, which the Legislature had directed. I thought it necessary to give you this information, to prevent any false impressions that might be made in your mind, on the reading of Mr. Cowvenhoven's Memorial, which may convey an Idea, that I had been concerned in a sinister intercource with the Enemies of my Country; [he nor no other person, directly or indirectly was ever employed by me on such business.]20
[Note 20: In the writing of David Cobb. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Rocky Hill, September 10, 1783.
Sir: It is some time since I was favored with your Letter of the 22d. of July; not however by the Gentleman for whose benefit it was written; him I have not yet seen, when I do, I shall take pleasure in shewing him every civility in my power agreeably to your wishes.
But for an expression in your letter, which led me to expect that another on a more interesting subject would, soon follow (but which is not yet come to hand) I should have acknowledged the receipt of it long ago. I have learnt since I came to this place that you are at Borden Town; whether for the sake of retirement or oeconomy I know not, be it either, for both, or whatever it may, if you will come to this place and partake of my Board I shall be exceedingly happy to see you at it. Your presence may remind Congress of your past Services to this Country, and if it is in my power to impress them, command my best exertions with freedom, as they will be rendered chearfully by one who entertains a lively sense of the importance of your Works and who with much pleasure subscribes himself Your sincere friend etc.
Rocky Hill, September 10, 1783.
Dear Sir: As there is but one Regiment at Philadelphia to march to West Point, and the Troops when they get there take their Orders from the Commanding Officer of the Garrison (agreeably to the Original disposition of them) till Congress shall have determined upon a Peace Establishment; there can be no necessity for your marching with your present command, in its reduced state to that place. I mention the matter to you therefore at this time, that you may be at perfect liberty to move with it, or not, as you may find it most convenient and agreeable to your own Inclination.
A Committee of Congress have, for some days past, had the Peace Establishment under consideration, but I do not know whether they have come to any resolutions thereupon, or not. I am etc.
Rocky Hill, September 11, 1783.
My dear Sir: It was with great concern I heard of your Indisposition; later Accts. say you were upon the recovery, and nothing would give me more pleasure than the confirmation of it from under your own hand.
I am not able to give you any information on the point you requested, at our parting. Congress have come to no determination yet respecting the Peace Establishment, nor am I able to say when they will. I have lately had a conference with a Committee on this subject, and have reiterated my former opinions, but it appears to me that there is not a sufficient representation to discuss Great National points; nor do I believe there will be while that Honble. Body continue their Sessions at this place. The want of accomodation, added to a disinclination in the Southern Delegates to be further removed (than they formerly were) from the Centre of the Empire, and an aversion in the others to give up, what they conceive to be a point gained, by the late retreat to this place; keeps matters in an awkward Situation; to the very great interruption of National concerns. Seven States it seems (by the Articles of Confederation) must agree before any place can be fixed on for the Seat of the Federal Governmt; and Seven States it is said, never will agree. consequently as Congress came here, here they are to remain to the dissatisfaction of the Majority, and the great let to business; having none of the Public Offices about them, nor no places to accommodate them if they were brought up; And the Members from this, or some other Causes, are eternally absent.
Mrs. Washington has had a severe return of the Cholic since she came to this place, but is now as well as usual. She joins me very cordially in best wishes for your perfect recovery, and in Affectionate Compliments to Mrs. Clinton. With the sincerest esteem etc.21
[Note 21: From the original in Princeton University Library.]
Rocky Hill, September 11, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 16th. of August with the accts. enclosed, did not reach my hands till within these few days.
I have no doubt, because I suppose S: C:22 to be an honest Man, that the Monies charged in his Acct. have been expended,
[Note 22: Samuel Culper.] and therefore should be paid; but the Services which were rendered by him (however well meant) was by no means adequate to these Expenditures. My Complaints on this head, before I knew the amount of his charges, you may remember were frequent; and but for the request of Count de Rochambeau, who told me that he had put money into your hands, and would continue to furnish you with more for the purpose of obtaining intelligence through this Channel, I should have discontinued the Services of S. C long before a cessation of hostilities took place, because his communications were never frequent, and always tedious in getting to hand.
At present, as your Acct. has no credits to it, it is impossible for me to strike the Balle. I know what Sums you have had from me, but if there are any credits due to it for monies furnished by the French General, it ought to be known, provided the Intelligence which was communicated to him came from Culper Sent. as the Acct. of this person (which is exhibited as an Article of charge against me) comprehends the whole of his Services and the Expences attending them; and that this was the case, I am to presume, as the Intelligence received by the Count (Copy of which he always forwarded to me) was precisely the same as that which was transmitted to me at the same periods.
As soon as you shall have furnished me with these documents and will let me know the Sum you received from Colo. Henley in the Year 1778 (the Accts. of whom being among Papers which are not easily got at) I will settle the acct; and use my best endeavors to obtain money to discharge the Balle., wch. indeed will be no very easy matter, as it is with the utmost difficulty any can be had for the most indispensably necessary purposes; so little do the States now care for past Services and the means for rewardg. them.
I cannot conclude without offering you my sincere and affectionate thanks for your good wishes, and the favourable Sentiments you have been pleased to express of me; the ready obedience, and polite attention which I have ever experienced from the officers of the Army, over whom I have had the honor to preside, fills me with the most pleasing sensations; the reflection of which will contribute not a little to my future happiness; to none, am I more indebted for these than to yourself, and with great truth I can assure you that at all times and in whatever place I may be, I shall have pleasure in seeing you, and making these acknowledgments, being with much truth Dr. Sir, etc.
Rocky Hill, September 12, 1783.
Sir: If you have not already sent the two Pipes of Wine to Virginia which you promised to do, and it is no disappointmt. to you, to retain one of them the other will be suffit. for my purpose, as I have just got an Acct. of the arrival of two other Pipes of Madeira in Maryland, for my use.
If there are Wine and Beer Glasses (the latter of the same shape but larger in size) exactly like those which Mr. Fraunces brought to Orange Town, of which he will have a perfect recollection, I should be glad, if an oppertunity offers to Alexandria, to get Six dozn. or more of the first, and three dozn. of the latter with as many Water Glasses, together with one dozn. and half neat quart decanters, and as many Water Bottles for Table use, carefully packed (which I am sure Mr. Fraunces will have done for me) and sent to that place.23
[Note 23: These glasses, water bottles, etc., were purchased by Samuel Fraunces on September 18 from Edward Nicholl, jr., at a cost of £42:10:0.]
The cost of these, together with the Pipe of Wine, and such other things as have been got on my private Acct. by Colo Smith or yourself, please to forward; and I will send you the Amount in Bank Notes by the first safe conveyance which shall present itself to me.
If there are none of the kind of Glasses here described, (which pleased my fancy) to be had, I would buy none; as I may have an oppertunity of endulging my taste in another kind at Philadelphia (as I return home) upon as good terms as the New York Markets afford.
If a neat and compleat sett of blue and White Table China could be had upon pretty good terms, be pleased to inform me of it, and the price.24 Not less than 6 or 8 dozn. Shallow and a proportionable number of Deep and other Plates, Butter Boats, Dishes and Tureens, will suffice. They some times come in compleat setts ready packed; shou'd this be the case, altho' there may be a greater number of Pieces than I have mentioned, I should have no objection to a case on that acct.
[Note 24: The blue and white china was also obtained September 18. It consisted of 205 pieces and cost 36 guineas.
On September 12 David Cobb wrote to Maj. William Macpherson that his request could not be granted as "all the Generals papers being packed for Transportation and at a distance from this place...but I am directed by His Excellency to inform you, that so far as he can recollect of the Letter you have reference to, the Marquis spoke of you in the highest terms and recommended you as an officer of the first merit." Cobb's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Be so good as to let me have your answer as soon as convenient, as it will prevent an application elsewhere, or may render one necessary. I wish also to know if you have received a Line from Colo. Cob respecting Tea &ca. I am etc.
PS. Will you be so good as to inform me what Goods, for family use, are very low in New York, and if they are to be had cheaper, than Goods of the same kind and quality, at Philadelphia.
Princeton, September 14, 1783.
Sir: Long before this letter can have reached you, the Cost of the first Wine had from Mr. Searle must, no doubt, have been paid to you; before the receipt of it, I saw Mr. Parker, who told me the Money had, for some time, been lodged in the hands of a Gentleman (whose name I do not now recollect) in New York, and notice given of it to the Person at whose House you usually lodge in the City.
I have since received a Letter, Invoice, and Bill of Lading for the two other Pipes of Wine from Mr. Searle together with a Box of Citron, and two Baskets of Figs; but instead of their being sent to my House on Potomack River agreeably to my express request, and according to the Tenor of the Bills of Lading, I have received advice of their being Landed at Baltimore in Maryland; Sixty odd Miles distant by Land, and more than 300 by Water; how to Account for this I am at a loss, for it is not only contrary to my Order and expectation, but it is so contrary also to my wishes that I had infinitely rather they should be in Madeira; not on Acct. of the expence of transporting them from place to place, inland, nor on acct. of what is really pilfered; but because the quantity drawn is generally made good with something else, and the quality of the Wine, very often, totally ruined by it.
When I hear something further of these things, and have a satisfactory reason assigned for Landing them at Baltimore, instead of their being sent to Potomack as my Order pointedly required, I shall be ready to pay the further Sum of £74.9.6 Sterlg. to you, or your order; but I must confess, that in such an Article as Wine where Age and its being of a good quality Originally can alone render it valuable I can by no means reconcile it to myself to have it Landed in one State when it is Ordered to another, thereby encountering almost the certainty of adulteration by common Boatmen, or commn Waggoners. I am etc.
Rocky Hill, September 16, 1783.
Sir: Your Letter of the 6th. by Lieut. Rose has been duly received.
As the Secrety at War had undertaken to furlough all that part of the Army which lay South of the Delaware, I was much surprised, on the receipt of your Letter, to find that business so irregularly conducted at Fort Pitt; but on enquiry at the War Office, the difficulty seems evidently to have originated from circumstances that could not have been foreseen, the particulars of which you will be fully informed of, by Majr. Jackson, the Assist. Secrety. at War, and which, I hope will be perfectly satisfactory to you. I am etc.25
[Note 25: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Rocky Hill, September 17, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your two Letters of the 3d and 10th. inst., with the enclosed Returns, have been duly received.
To prevent the trouble in future of transmitting the particular Returns of each Corps, let the Fort Major or Adjutant, digest them into one General Return, as I only wish to have a view of the general strength and state of the Troops.
[As Congress have reassumed the consideration of a Peace Establishment, it is probable that something on that subject will be determined in the course of a few weeks, when the final arrangement of the Troops on the North River will take place; 'till then, it will be unnecessary to make any distributions of Cloathing, except what is absolutely necessary.]
Ater the evacuation of New York, it is my present determination to make a visit to West Point, (with the whole or part of Congress, if they can be persuaded,) to partake of the festivity on the celebration of Peace, if the Season should be far advanced before this event takes place, the joyfulness of the occasion must palliate for the uncomfortable state of the Bowers.
I think it necessary that the Artillery Officer and Men, you mention, should be sent immediately to the Posts on the Mohawk River, and it would be best to detach them from the New York Regt. With compliments to Mrs. Knox, I am etc.26
[Note 26: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb, in which opposite the paragraph in brackets, Washington has written in the margin "Copy of this Paragraph sent to Congress Sep. 19th." (See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Sept. 19, 1783.)
On September 17 Cobb wrote to Pickering that Humphreys was sick with a fever, and the General directs Cobb to inform Pickering that Captain Bushnell is entitled to forage for a horse since the period of Captain Gilleland's resignation, "not however on the principle of his belonging to the Corps of Engineers, who are allowed horses, as the establishment of the Corps of Sappers and Miners was expressly without that preveledge; but from his having performed since Octr. 1782 the duties of those Staff Officers, who in the general establishment of the Army, are allowed forage; this allowance is made by the General on this express condition, that no other Officer of that Corps shall be entitled to the same preveledge." The draft of Cobb's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, September 18, 1783.
Sir: Be so good as to receive from Colo. Smith, Fifty Guineas which were left in his hands, for my use, by the Count Del Vermé; and apply them to my Credit in payment for the Pipe of Wine (which was to be sent to Virginia) with the other things, if they could be got, agreeably to my former letter of the 12th.
You will do me a favor by requesting Mr. Fraunces to enquire if a good Cook, German I should prefer, could be obtained, and sent to me immediately. Mrs. Thompson,27 formerly my Housekeeper and lately gone to the City probably can assist in the enquiries and examination. I want a Person that has understanding in the business. who can order, as well as get a dinner; who can make dishes, and proportion them properly, to any Company which shall be named to him to the amount of 30. If such a Person can be had who is well recommended for honesty, sobriety and good temper I should think myself fortunate.
[Note 27: Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson.]
As the army as well as many Genteel Families are now upon the point of leaving New York I should not conceive it to be very difficult to succeed. I am &c.
Rocky Hill, September 18, 1783.
Sir: The resolve of Congress, enclosed in Your Excellency's favor of Yesterday, for permitting me to have access to the Secret Papers of Congress,28 under the same injunctions as Members; is a high and honourable testimony of the confidence reposed in me by that Honble. Body, and is only to be equalled by the polite and flattering expressions with which you have accompanied it. I have the honor etc.
[Note 28: Sept. 15, 1783. The motion was made by Daniel Carroll and seconded by James McHenry.
On September 18 Washington certified that [Philip] Strubing had served as lieutenant of horse [Von Heer's corps] for four years as "a faithful and deserving Officer." The original of this certificate is in the possession of John K. Strubing, of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa.]
Rocky Hill, September 1, 1783.
Sir: The letter from General Duportail of which the enclosure No 1 is a Copy,29 was presented to me yesterday. I beg leave, agreeably to the wishes of these Gentlemen, to recommend their case to the immediate, and serious consideration of Congress.30
[Note 29: The original of this letter, dated Sept. 16, 1783, is in the Washington Papers. It concerns the situation of the French engineers, still with the Army.]
[Note 30: Washington replied to Du Portail (September 19) that he had laid his letter before Congress and would transmit its determination without delay. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
I take the liberty also, of laying before Congress, an extract of a Letter No 2 from Majr. Genl Knox, on the Subject of Clothing for the Troops on the North River, together with my answer to it No 3.31 Congress will readily perceive the necessity there is, of coming to a decision soon, with respect to the Force they mean to provide for.
[Note 31: This letter from Knox, dated Sept. 10, 1783, is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Henry Knox. Sept. 17, 1783.)]
Perhaps, among the multiplicity of public concerns, an attention to the Situation of the Troops on Furlough, may have yielded to more pressing business; but this being also a matter of importance, I take the liberty of bringing it to view; as, on the footing they stand at present considerable expence without the prospect of an adequate benefit, is incurred; unless the impolicy of giving by public Proclamation, authenticity to the discharges while the British forces remain in New York, can be deemed such. I call them discharges, because it is in this light the Furloughs have all along been considered; and no call, I am perswaded will ever bring the common Soldiery back to their Colours; the whole matter therefore lyes in ballancing properly between the expence of delay and the public annunciation of an epocha which may be premature. I have the honor etc.32
[Note 32: This letter was read in Congress on September 19 and referred to Samuel Huntington, Elbridge Gerry, and James Duane.]
Rocky Hill, September 20, 1783.
Dear Lund: Mrs. Custis33 has never suggested in any of her Letters to Mrs. Washington (unless ardent wishes for her return, that she might then disclose it to her, can be so construed) the most distant attachment to D. S.;34 but if this should be the case, and she wants advice upon it; a Father and Mother, who are at hand, and competent to give it, are at the same time most proper to be consulted on so interesting an event. For my own part, I never did, nor do I believe I ever shall give advice to a woman who is setting out on a matrimonial voyage; first, because I never could advise one to marry without her own consent; and secondly, because I know it is to no purpose to advise her to refrain, when she has obtained it. A woman very rarely asks an opinion or requires advice on such an occasion, 'till her resolution is formed; and then it is with the hope and expectation of obtaining a sanction, not that she means to be governed by your disapprobation, that she applies. In a word, the plain english of the application may be summed up in these words; "I wish you to think as I do; but if unhappily you differ from me in opinion, my heart, I must confess is fixed, and I have gone too far now to retract."
[Note 33: Mrs. John Parke Custis.]
[Note 34: Dr. David Stuart, of Fairfax County, Va. He was the son of Rev. William Stuart, of Stafford County, and was educated in Scotland and France. He later became one of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia.]
If Mrs. Custis should ever suggest any thing of this kind to me, I will give her my opinion of the measure, not of the man, with candour, and to the following effect. I never expected you would spend the residue of your days in widowhood; but in a matter so important, and so interesting to yourself, children and connexions; I wish you would make a prudent choice; to do which, many confiderations are necessary; such as the family and connexions of the man, his fortune (which is not the most essential in my eye), the line of conduct he has observed, and disposition and frame of his mind. You should consider, what prospect there is of his proving kind and affectionate to you; just, generous and attentive to your children; and, how far his connexions will be agreeable to you; for when they are once formed, agreeable or not, the die being cast, your fate is fixed. Thus far, and no farther I shall go in my opinions. I am etc.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, September 22, 1783.
Sir: At the same time that I again thank your Excellency for offering me part of the Claret which you have at Baltimore, let me once more pray that my acceptance of it may put you to no inconvenience. I should be unhappy if I thought this would be the case. If, on the other hand, you can conveniently spare it, and Colo. Tilghman should be in Baltimore, I could wish to have it put into his care; as he will, I am sure, take pains to have it sent by a conveyance on which he can depend to my House in Virginia for the risk of adulteration is more to be apprehended than the quantity stolen in the transportation of it; two or three Hogsheads (as it best suits your Excelly.) will be sufficient for my present purpose, and if you will be pleased to direct your merchant to furnish me with the Cost, the money shall be instantly paid to him, or to your order.
As I have never' been accustomed to Claret in Cask, I shall thank you, Sir, for information whether it is to be drawn from thence as it is used, or whether it is to be bottled before using.
I take the liberty of asking this question, because I am sure you will have the goodness not only to satisfy me in it, but to excuse me for the trouble I give you in doing it, being assured of the perfect respect and consideration with which I have the honor etc.
Princeton, September 22, 1783.
This may Certify that Lt Colo Villefranche entered the Service of the United States in 1776, as Captain of the Corps of Engineers, in 1777 was promoted to a Majority, and in May 1783 to a Lieut. Colo. in that Corps.
From the testimony of Majr. Generals Heath, Howe, McDougall and Knox, under whose Orders Lt. Colo. Villefranche has served, it appears that in the various services in which he has been constantly employed, he has shewn such zeal, activity, and knowledge of his profession, as to entitle him to their highest approbation.
During great part of the above mentioned time, Lieut. Colo. Villefranche has served in the Army under my immediate Command, and it affords me great pleasure to give this testimony of my entire satisfaction at every part of his conduct that has fallen under my notice, which has been such as justly entitles him to the Character of a brave and deserving Officer.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.
On September 22 Washington wrote to Lieut. Col. Samuel Safford, acknowledging receipt of his acceptance of the commutation in lieu of half-pay and referring him to the Paymaster General for the adjustment of his accounts. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, September 22, 1783.
Dear Bushrod: With this you will receive the letter of your Aunt Lewis,37 to me. Altho' I believe the ground she is proceeding upon, has more of the ideal than real advantages, which she expects from it, yet I have no objection to the experiments being made, and pray you to pursue the dictates of her letter, and communicate to me the result as soon as the necessary enquiries are made.
[Note 37: Betty Lewis. Her letter is not now found among the Washington Papers.]
Let me beg of you to make enquiry of some of the best Cabinet makers, at what price, and in what time, two dozen strong, neat and plain, but fashionable, Table chairs (I mean chairs for a dining room) could be had; with strong canvas bottoms to receive a loose covering of check, or worsted, as I may hereafter choose.
Since I have already chalked out so much business for you, I will go further, and ask you to enquire at what prices the several kinds of French and other wines (Maderia excepted, of which I have enough) of good quality, can be bought; and whether the stock on hand, or the quantity expected, is said to be large. Give me the prices also of imported Nuts and Fruits of different kinds, by the measure, weight, jarr or otherwise as they are usually sold. Also of Olives, Capes Oil, Anchovies &ca. As you are young in this business, take some Mentor as a guide to your enquires. I wish also that you would enquire, if there is any blue and white table china, to be had in settes and the price. Table china frequently comes in packed up in compleat setts, amounting to a gross, or gross and a half of pieces, all kinds included.
There is another thing likewise which I wish to know, without having it known for whom the enquiry is made; and that is, whether French plate is fashionable and much used in genteel houses in France and England; and whether, as we have heard, the quantity in Philadelphia is large, of what pieces it consists, and whether among them, there are Tea urns, Coffee pots, Tea pots, and other equipage for a tea table, with a tea board, Candlesticks and waiters large and small, with the prices of each. These enquiries you may make in behalf of a friend, without bringing my name forward, 'till occasion (if a purchase shou'd happen) may require it.
Give me information upon these several matters, as soon as you conveniently can; and return my Sisters Letter, that I may the better know how to write to her. With great regard, I am, etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, September 23, 1783.
Dear Sir: I was this day in conference with a Commee. of Congress upon the Subject of your letter to me of the 16th. Instt; they discovered every disposition to relieve the Gentn. of your departmt. from the state of uncertainty in wch. they are at prest., but wished previous to their making a report to Congress to obtain your Sentiments more in detail upon a proper Peace establishment for the Engineering Line of the Army, agreeably to the Idea contained in your general observations which are now before Congress. I know you will require more information than they, or I, can give you in the undecided state in which things now are before you can deliver a precise opinion but all the data I can give you to work upon, is, that we ought to maintain West Point as a Post; those which the British are to surrender to us; and such as it may be found necessary to establish West and So. West of them upon our interior boundary and at these too upon the most oeconomical plan.
The sooner you can favor the Comtee. (or me in their behalf) with your sentiments on this subject, the sooner the matter will be brought to a decision. In the mean time, if you have it in your power, you would oblige me by giving me information of the names of the Gentn. in yr. departmt. who are disposed to remain in this Country upon a Peace establishment. I am etc.
Rocky Hill, September 23, 1783.
Dear Sir: Congress by a resolve of this date, have directed me to dispose of the Regiment which remains at Philadelphia in any manner I shall see fit.
As the business which required the Presence of Troops at Philadelphia, is accomplished and the proceedings approved and acted upon by Congress, I am to desire that all the Troops at that place who are able to march, may commence it immediately for West point. and that such as are not able to march, may be left under proper Officers with orders to follow as soon as they are. I am etc.
Rocky Hill, September 23, 1783.
My dear Sir: The favorable Sentiments expressed in your private letter of the 17th. Inst, and which you say are felt by the Officers in general on the late honor confered upon me by Congress,39 cannot fail of adding greatly to my sensibility on the occasion. It always has, and I trust ever will be, the most pleasing reflection of my life that in a contest so important, so long, and so arduous, accompanied with such a variety of distressing and perplexing circumstances to all who have been concerned in it but more especially to the Officers of the Army that I have been able, to point my course in such a manner, as to have receiv'd many flattering testimonies of regard from the latter and proofs of general esteem from my Country at large.
I have left no oppertunity unimproved to bring the Officers Petition to an Issue. I have not heard an uplifted voice against it since I came to this place; and if I am to form a judgment from what I have seen and heard, Congress is sincerely disposed to serve them. but there was a difficulty in the way of which I had no knowledge 'till I came here, and it is not absolutely got over yet:40 That District of Country located by the Petitioners is part of the Land claimed by Virginia; Virginia, with certain reservations, and upon Condition that the United States should Guarantee the remainder of her Territory, ceded all the Land Northwest of the Ohio. To these terms Congress would not agree; thus matters had stood for more than two years, and thus I found them when I came here. I have laboured since, and I hope not unsuccessfully, to convince the Members of Congress that while the United States and the State of Virginia are disputing about the right, or the terms of the Cession, Land jobbers and a lawless Banditti, who would bid defiance to the authority of either and more than probably involve this Country in an Indian War, would spread themselves over the whole
[Note 39: Probably the resolves of Aug. 7, 1783, to erect an equestrian statue of Washington, which resolves were never carried out. The resolves are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 40: The draft adds "tho' the general opinion is, it soon will be."] of it, to the great injury to the Officers &ca. of the Army, who are patiently waiting the decision of Congress to settle in a legal manner and under a proper form of Government. Within these few days, Congress have accepted the Virginia Cession with some exceptions which the Delegates from that State think will be yielded to by the Assembly at its next meeting in October. In the mean time, if it can be done with propriety, I will endeavor to have preparatory arrangements made, that no delay may happen when the present difficulties shall be removed.
As I have never heard it suggested by any Member of Congress that General Lincoln either had offered, or proposed to offer his resignation upon the arrival of the Definitive Treaty (tho' I have understood as much from himself) I have no ground, as yet, to work upon; but whenever the occasion shall offer, I shall not forget your wishes; nor shall I want inclination to promote them.
If you can learn by indirect means which of, or whether all the Engineers now at West point (if you could extend it to others thro' that channel so much the better), are inclined to remain in the American Service upon a Peace Establishment I would thank you for the information.
I shall be obliged to you for pointing out, in precise terms, what is expected from the President of the Cincinnati previous to the general Meeting in May next. As I never was present at any of your Meetings, and have never seen the proceedings of the last, I may, by being deficient in information of the part I am to act, neglect some essential duty; which might not only be injurious to the Society, but Mortifying to myself, as it would discover a want of Knowledge, or want of attention in the President.
Humphreys and Walker have each had an ill turn, since they came to this place; the latter is getting about, but the other is still in his Bed of a fever that did not 'till yesterday quit him for 14 or 15 days. The danger I hope is now past, and he has only his flesh to recover, part of which, or in other words of the weight he brought with him from the Scales at West point he would readily compound for.
Mrs. Washington has also been very unwell as most of my domesticks and Guard have been and indeed now are.
Mrs. Washington and myself are very glad to hear that Mrs. Knox and the Children are well, she joins me very cordially in best wishes for them, and Compliments to General and Mrs. Huntington and all our Acquaintances with you.41 I am &c.
[Note 41: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "As Mr. Moriss's distresses for want of money by no means diminish I not only approved of your."]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 42: Of "Chatham," opposite Fredericksburg, Va.]
Princeton, September 24, 1783.
Dear Sir: The Count del Vermé who will present this letter to you, is an Italian Nobleman of distinction; on his Travels thro' America. He comes highly recommended by our Ministers at the Court of France, and from the oppertunities I have had to form an opinion of him, is very deserving of attention. I take the liberty therefore of recommending him to your Civilities, and the Civilities of your Acquaintance.
As he has been through all the States Northward of this, and is now travelling to the Southward as far as Charles Town, there to Embark, it would be more satisfactory to pass down the Rappahannock to some certain point, and then cross over to York and James Rivers than to pursue the direct Road to the latter through the most uncultivated part of the whole State and I perswade myself he will derive such aids and direction from you as will render his tour most agreeable. I am &c.43
[Note 43: On September 24 a shorter letter of the same purport was written to Gov. William Paca, of Maryland, and on this was the note: "Letters similar to the above were written to Govr. Harrison, Genl. Nelson. The Honble. Archibald Cary and Colo. Fitzgerald."]
Princeton, September 25, 1783.
Madam: A few days since Major Fishbourn, Aid de Camp to General Wayne, presented to me your letter of the 29th. of May from Belfast in Georgia. some years ago I had the honor to receive other letters from you on the same subject44 one of which dated at the same place, I embraced the earliest oppertunity of answering, but suppose it never got to hand as your last is written under the same mistake as the former.
[Note 44: Asking for financial aid.]
The relationship which you seem to suppose there is betwn. us does not exist of which you would have been clearly convinced if my former Letter had ever reached you.
My Father it is true had only one Brother; but this Bro: had Six Children; two Sons and four daughters, the eldest of whom Elizabeth died before him, in a Maiden State. the second, Mildred, is yet alive and a Widow having been twice married without Issue; the third, Warner, is also living; he has been twice Married, has had many Children and all of them are now with him; the 4th. Harry 5th. Catharine and 6th. Hannah are all 3 dead. Harry left 4 Children, A Son and 3 daughters two of the latter are dead; Catharine married Fielding Lewis Esqr. by whom she left a Son and daughter; the latter died without Issue; the former is now living. Hannah married a Whiting by whom she had a Son, who was an only child and who perished in the same Vessel in wch Mr. Lynch45 and others from Charles Town were lost.46
[Note 45: Thomas Lynch, jr., signer of the Declaration of Independence. The vessel was lost in 1779.]
[Note 46: Augustine Washington died in 1743 and John Washington, his brother, died in 1746.]
By comparing this acct. Madam, with yours sent me in a letter of the 15th. of Septr. 1776 (committed to the care of Genl. Howe) in these words "My worthy Grand Father, Mr. John Washington was an own Brother to your venerable Father, who I dare say did not think, for years before he died, that any of his Brothers posterity were left, as my Grand father had but one Child which was my Mother &ca." I say by comg. these Accts. it will evidently appr. that you have mistaken me for some other person, for besides the striking difference between the two accts. my Father died many years before my Uncle, and the Issue of neither ever removed from Virginia into any other State. or Province, as they have been heretofore called to reside.
I have given you this full, and candid state of facts, to prove to you beyond a possibility of doubt, that I am not related to you in the degree you suppose, nor in any other that I can have the smallest conception of. I am etc.
[Note 47: Chairman of the Committee of Congress to prepare a proclamation for disbanding the Army.]
Rocky Hill, September 25, 1783.
Sir: I have perused the Report and Proclamation which you were pleased to put into my hands for consideration; and think an alteration in the first, and a consequent one in the other, indispensably necessary; Because, as the report now stands, it is not broad enough to comprehend the several cases which exist. for the Troops of the Southern Army were furloughed by General Green; whilst those, which lay in a manner between the two armies, were under the more immediate direction of the Secretary at War, and acted upon by him.
It appears to me proper therefore, to strike out the latter part of the Report and after the Words "during the War" in the third line, to insert. "and who by the resolutions of Congress of the--and of--were entitled to Furloughs be absolutely discharged from the said Service, from and after the -- day of -- next."
The Proclamation conforming thereto, Congress may, if they conceive there is a propriety in it, (after the necessary recitals are made) offer their thanks to the Army, generally, for its long and faithful Services; and then add; that the further Services in the field of the Officers who have been deranged and retired on furloughs in consequence of the aforesaid resolutions, can now be dispensed with; That they have the permission of Congress to retire from Service; and that they are no longer liable from their present Engagements to be called into Command again.
I can see no greater inconvenience resulting from this measure than is to be found in many other instances, arising from not making the Peace Establishment a primary, instead of a subsequent Act, to them; for had this taken place in time, a system might have been formed, and every thing relative to that system made to accord with it, whereas the longer it is delayed the more incongruous probably it will be, as we are by this means forming the extremities, before we have moulded the body. consequently the body must be made to conform, and grow to the limbs, not the limbs to the Body which may be found as difficult in the Political as Natural formation of things, and like thereunto the attempt more than probably will produce a Monster.
A Proclamation couched in some such terms as Is here suggested would I think, reduce all the General as well as other Officers except those who were retained with the three Years Men, and such as are immediately employed in the Staff wch. I think consists of only Baron de Steuben and G: Duportail and would moreover I think, leave out all the Engineers for the future decision of Congress. I have the honor etc.
Rocky Hill, September 25, 1783.
Sir: Your Letter of the 11th Instant came duly to hand, and I am sorry that the conduct of the Officer commanding at Oswego, put you to the inconveniencies you mention.
I expect Governor Clinton here in the course of a few days, when I shall confer with him on what is further necessary to be done in this affair. I am &c.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, September 25, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your Letter of the17 Instant.
Your Arrangements, in discharging the Invalids and contracting your deposites of Stores, meet my fullest approbation; the former especially not only seconds my views but those of Congress, whose wish it is, to diminish our force to the number only that may be absolutely necessary; and this I think may be estimated at 3000 Men. A formal resolution however to this effect, might not be so well, as to reduce the number insensibly by a more critical Inspection and discharge of all who have any infirmities, and of those whose times are near expiring and this method I would wish you to adopt with the least possible Stir 'till you shall have brought your numbers to three Thousand Men, as above mentioned. I am &c.49
[Note 49: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, September 26, 1783.
Dear Sir: I feel great pleasure in communicating to you the inclosed resolves of Congress,50 approving your conduct in the execution of the service on which you have been employed: as well as that of the Troops who were under your Orders.
[Note 50: See the Journals of the Continental Congress of Sept. 13, 1783.]
As great part of these Troops have already returned to West Point, I transmitted the resolves of Congress to Major General Knox, in a Letter of which the inclosed is Copy, in Order that so agreeable a testimony of their Conduct might be communicated to them as soon as possible. I am &c.
P.S. This moment I have received Your Letter of yesterday.49
Rocky Hill, September 26, 1783.
Dear Sir: I am happy in transmitting to you the inclosed Resolves of Congress, which I must desire you to publish to the Army: and to assure General Howe and the Detachment who were under his command, of the pleasure it gives me, to communicate to them this public testimony of the approbation of Congress.51 I am &c.49
[Note 51: On September 26 Washington wrote to the President of Congress acknowledging the resolves commending General Howe and the troops under him. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
Rocky Hill, September 28, 1783.
Dear Sir: Supposing the necessary number of Troops to be kept up during the Winter it will be necessary to make some provision to supply their wants of Cloathing That this may not be delayed I am to request you to call for returns of such Articles as will [be]52 absolutely necessary and to forward me a general return thereof so soon as possible. I am etc.
[Note 52: Inadvertently omitted.]
P.S. Your's of the 24th. is received.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The P. S. is in the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress, and does not appear in the letter sent.]
[MS.H.S.]
Rocky Hill, September 28, 1783.
Sir: Your Letter of the 21 of this Month with its inclosure reached me a few days since.
No application has been made to me on the subject of your Memorial to Congress, nor had I any knowledge of it until I received your Letter; and should I be referred to on the subject, I must candidly inform you I cannot give the measure the support you wish.
Except on very extraordinary occasions, where it has been the custom of all Nations to grant rewards of that nature, I have ever been opposed to partial promotions; every good Officer has an equal claim to my attention, nor could I ever lend my influence in favor of one individual to the prejudice of others. On this principle I have always acted, and have constantly refused every application of the kind which has been made to me. how Captains Sargent and North obtained their promotion, or that they have obtained it, I am wholly ignorant having never heard a word on the Subject, otherwise than from common report.
A general promotion of one grade by brevet to all Officers whose present commissions bear date prior to the 1 January 1777 has been recommended, and is now before Congress; if this takes place, as I am inclined to think it will, the object of these partial applications will be answered without hurting the feelings of any individual.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, October 1, 1783.
Sir: I have been honored with your favor of Yesterday. As you think the Petition of the Officers (dated the 16th. of June for Lands within a certain district therein described Northwest of the Ohio) has a different tendency to that which you propose for your Legion; as your views, my ideas, and the Sentimts. of Congress may all differ. and moreover as it would give me great pain to think that a previous declaration of my opinion restrained any application of yours which might ultimately have met the approbation of Congress, at a time when the Settlement of the Western Country is likely to become the subject of serious discussion My advice to you is, to offer your proposal without delay to the consideration of Congress; they will, I doubt not, be handed to the Committee to whom all these matters are referred; and consequently will have all the attention given to them that the nature of the case merits. this, in my opinion, will be the most regular, the best, and speedlest mode for you to obtain such a decision as will be final although it should not be altogether satisfactory. I am &c.
[Note 55: Councillor of the Superior Council at Port au Prince, Haiti.]
Rocky Hill, State of New Jersey, October 1, 1783.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Letter of the 27 July56 and the Discourse which accompanied it and I beg you Sir to accept my thanks as well for this mark of your attention as for the pleasure I have received from the perusal of your performance.
[Note 56: Not now found in the Washington Papers, but a translation of it by Walker, under date of July 27, 1783, is indorsed by him, "With a book," presumably the "Discourse," copies of which seem to have been also sent to John Hancock and Charles Thomson.
On October 1 Washington wrote to Sivetau de Lepinay in Philadelphia a brief note of thanks for forwarding L'Amolignière's letter and Discourse. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
The interest you take in the future happiness of this Republic, claims the gratitude of every American, and I am persuaded that all, to whom your discourse shall be communicated, will join me in that esteem with which, I have the honor, etc.57
[Note 57: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 58: A physician in Avalon in Burgundy, France.]
Rocky Hill, State of New Jersey, October 1, 1783.
Sir: A few days since I had the honor to receive your Letter of the 19th April last, with the Ode which accompanied it.59
[Note 59: Not now found in the Washington Papers, but a translation in the writing of Walker is filed with the ode under date of Apr. 19, 1783. The ode consists of 4 lines only.]
The glorious Acts of Louis XVI is a theme so agreable to every true American, that you will easily conceive the pleasure I received from the perusal of your elegant little Ode on that subject.
I beg you, Sir, to be persuaded, how sensible I am of this mark of your regard, and of the esteem with which I have the honor, etc.60
[Note 60: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit your Excellency Copy of a Letter61 I have received from Colonel Kosciusko on the subject of his promotion.
[Note 61: A copy of the letter from Kosciuszko of September 26 is filed with Washington's letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress. The original is in the Washington Papers.]
The general promotion now before Congress, should it take place, would have included him; but this does not seem to be his wish; as a Foreigner I suppose a particular promotion would be more consonant to his views and interest, and from my knowledge of his Merit and services, and the concurrent testimony of all who know him I cannot but recommend him as deserving the favor of Congress.62 With great respect etc.63
[Note 62: On October 3 Washington wrote briefly to Kosciuszko that his letter of September 26 had been forwarded to Congress. "I heartily wish your application to meet with success." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 63: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on October 4 and referred to Jacob Read, Richard Peters, and James Duane.]
Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.
Dear Sir: Enclosed are my private letters for registering. As fast as they are entered, return them to me by the weekly mail, because references to them are frequently necessary; do the same thing with the public Letters.
As the Letters which are handed to you now, contain sentiments upon undecided points; it is more than ever necessary that there should be the strictest guard over them, and the most perfec silence with respect to their contents. Mr. Taylors64 prudence will, I persuade myself, induce him to pay particular attention to both. I am, etc.65
[Note 64: George Taylor, jr.]
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.
Dear Sir: On the 20th. of last month, I wrote you a few lines, and sent therewith Eight hundred Dollars in Bank-Notes, which (tho' I have heard nothing from you since), I hope got safe to hand.
Such articles of the Linen kind as yet remain unpurchased (of the Invoice transmitted to you the 15th. of May last) I wish to have postponed 'till Mrs. Washington comes to Philada., which will be in a few days, that she may please herself in the quality. The Nails and paint may go by the Vessel which you say is bound to Alexandria: as the other things also may, if they are already bot. or can be bought in time after she gets there.
Altho' I am fully persuaded you endeavoured to act for the best, in the purchase of the Blankets and Ticklenburg (the cost of which you have rendered me) yet I cannot help observing that the prices greatly exceeded what I was led to believe they could be had for; and what I have been told by some Gentn. since, they themselves actually bought for at the Vendue's; where very good Osnabs. sold from 9d. to 11d. The largest and best kind of (striped) Dutch Blankets that I ever imported, never cost me more than seventy or seventy five shillings the piece (of I think 16 Blankets). 10/9 then, by the quantity of 200, would have been esteemed, I conceive, a handsome profit, in the most flourishing period of the trade. It was, I confess, at the Vendue's that I expected the purchases would have been made for me; for I never supposed, nor was it to be expected, that such men as Abel James would sell goods at low prices; the needy trader I knew would be driven to it from necessity, and Linens we have been told have sold amazingly low: indeed I myself have seen, in shirts belonging to Gentn. of Congress some at 4/. Penna. Cy., equal to what I have formerly imported at 3/6. and 4/. Sterlg. per yard. Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for Mrs. Biddle and yourself, and I am, etc.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, October 2, 1783.
Dear Sir: The Chevr. de la Luzerne, hearing me the other day enquire after Claret, informed me that he had a quantity of it at Baltimore, more than he wanted, and would spare me some. I am, in consequence, to have two or three Hhds of this Stock.
I requested him to direct his Corrispondent at that place, to commit them to your care, on the Supposition that you are a Resident of Baltimore, and I have to beg your attention to them accordingly.
As you know how liable Liquors are to be Adulterated by common Boatmen, or common Waggoners; and that it is the quality only which constitutes the Value, I perswade myself you will put this Wine into the charge of some person who will be responsible for the safe transportation of it. The Chevr. assures me that it is old Wine, and of the first quality. I hope to drink a Glass of it with you at Mount Vernon 'ere long; and for this, and other reasons, wish it may precede my arrival, at that place. accompany it, if you please, with a line to Mr Lund Washington.
Why have you been so niggardly in communicating your change of condition to us? or to the World? By dint of enquiries we have heard of your Marriage; but have scarcely got a confirmation of it yet. On the preseumption however that it is so, I offer you my warmest congratulations and best wishes for the enjoyment of many happy years; in both which Mrs. Washington joins me very cordially.
She is on the eve of setting out for Virginia before the Weather and roads get bad. I shall follow as soon as the Definitive Treaty arrives, or New York is Evacuated by our Newly acquired friends. On the first there is little said. Of the latter a great deal, but scarcely the same thing by any two who come from there. The general opinion however is, that they will be gone by the last of this Month.
Present Mrs. Washington's and my Compliments to your Lady and Mrs. Carroll, and be assured that I am, etc.67
[Note 67: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
Rocky Hill, October 3, 1783.
Dear Sir: When the Men inlisted for the War were sent home on furlough, not being able to do without a small detachment of Horse, a Sergeant, Corporal and Eight of Van Heers Dragoons were prevailed on to remain a Month or two longer. They have been extremely faithful and serviceable; but their detention being much longer than was expected, and not receiving any immediate recompense for their voluntary service they begin to be uneasy; and without something is done for them will certainly quit me. As I cannot possibly do without them whilst I remain here, I could wish some little pay might be advanced them, say a couple of Months; the sum would be trifling, and would induce them to stay as long as they shall be wanted. What gives them an additional claim to this is that they laid out the greatest part of their three Months pay in Cloathing which they are now expending in public Service.68
[Note 68: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, October 5, 1783.
Sir: In consequence of directions I have received from Congress, I am to desire you to make the necessary provision of Cloathing for 2500 Men without delay.
I expect that Mr. Morris will receive the direction of Congress to retain as much of the public Cloathing now selling as will answer for part of the above provision. I am etc.68
(Private)
Rocky Hill, October 6, 1783.
Dear Sir: The account we have frequently received (from one body and another) of Mrs. Morris and your coming to Princeton, kept Mrs. Washington and myself in continual expectation of that pleasure.
A desire of having the Paymaster General present while you were here, induced his stay at this place several days longer than he intended; and when the business at the army would no longer allow his absence from it, He did as he informed me on the 26th. of last month at my request, communicate a state of the Ballances which were due to, and from me, with the acct. of my immediate, pressing want; to you and his assistant in Phila. Having heard nothing from either of you since, as Mrs. Washington is now on her way home, and as it would be very convenient for me, that she should procure at Philadelphia some Articles of Furniture, and stores for my House in Virginia, if they are to be met with) I am in a manner compelled, very contrary to my inclination to ask if she could be furnished with about 1500 Dollars for these purposes. If this sum is supplied her I will give a warrant upon the pay Chest or Account for it in any manner you shall direct, agreeably to the Tenor of your letter of the 20th. of August last.
Mrs. Washington accepts the kind invitation which you and Mrs. Morris have been Obliging enough to give during the few days she may stay in Philadelphia and I can only repeat, with the usual sincerity, the pleasure I should feel in having you and Mrs. Morris if she inclines to honor Princeton with her Company, and can put up with Batchelors fare with me under my Roof. My best respects are offered to her. With great truth I remain, etc.
P. S. I had written the foregoing letter, before your favor of the 2d. came to hand, as I do not know what it is you allude to I am at a loss what answer to make to your question. and therefore would say, If it is claret that has been provided for me on Public acct. it ought by all means to come to me at this place; where, more than probably, my residence will be while I continue in the Service of the Public, if on the other hand it is any of those wines which have been sent to me from France by some of my Acquaintances there and of which I never could get any distinct acct. I would pray you to let it remain in your Cellar till you may be so good as to give me information on this head.69
[Note 69: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.
On October 7 Washington wrote a brief note to the President of Congress, transmitting a copy of Sir Guy Carleton's letter to him, dated Oct. 3, 1783, which is in the Washington Papers. Washington's letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.
Sir: When I last wrote you on the subject of providing for the Garrison of West Point I mentioned 500 Men as the number which Congress would probably think proper to keep in that Garrison during the winter. I have been long waiting their determination on this subject but so far from coming to any such decision, [the members with whom I have conversed] seem unwilling to lessen the force now existing until the British shall finally evacuate the Country; this being the case, and the Season being now so far advanced, it would be imprudent to delay any necessary preparations, I have therefore to desire that the provision for the Winter may extend to the number of 2500 Or 3000 men, [or at least that it may be in train].70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Count Wengiersky, a Polish Gentleman, travelling the Continent for his amusement, will have the pleasure to deliver you this; he comes recommended to me by the Marquis de la fayette and the Minister of France, and as he proposes visiting West Point, I take the liberty to request your Civilities to him during his Stay there. Mr. Vernon, an English Gentleman, lately from Europe travels with the Count, and will I know equally participate in your attention. I am, etc.71
[Note 71: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. Practically the same letter was also sent to Philip Schuyler, the draft of which is in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.
Sir: The dayly expectation of one of the two events wch. I designed should put an end to my Public Services, has nothing more to fix it to a period now than there was sevl. Months ago; and, as to carry my Papers home by Land (for I never could think of trusting them on the Ocean or Bay) was the only inducement for requiring Waggons to be retained for this Service; I have, to avoid further expence on this Acct. (as I think no great inconvenience can result from the seperation from my Papers at this time) come to a resolution of sending them off the lattr. end of this, or the beging. of next Week for my House in Virga; being more particulary induced thereto by the Present low condition of Waggon Horses, and the approaching season for Bad Roads.
I mention this circumstance to you, that you may consider whether it will not be better to dispose of both Waggons and Horses at Alexandria, after the Service is performed, than to March them back again; The latter will not only add considerably to the expence of the Trip, but will be a means of reducing the Horses (already unfit for the journey) so low as to be altogether unsaleable.
'Till the Waggons are loaded, I cannot say how many it may take to transport my Papers; but as they are very bulky it is probable that not less than 4 or 5 will do. In all, there are Six at this place. I wish to know your determination upon the expediency of selling the Waggons and Teams which go on; and what is to be done with the remainder (if any there should be) when I leave this place. I am etc.
Rocky Hill, New Jersey, October 8, 1783.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency, a letter from Mr. John Campbell, together with a Schedule of sundry papers which he alledges were taken from him when made Prisoner and delivered to Major De Peyster74 at Detroit, and were never returned.
[Note 74: Arent Schuyler de Peyster, of the Eighth Foot, British Army. He ranked as a lieutenant colonel in America.]
I can have no doubt, but that your Excellency will on receipt of this Letter, cause every measure to be taken which may be most likely to restore to Mr. Campbell the property thus taken, and which, tho so important to him, cannot benefit any other individual. I have the honor etc.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From a photostat of the original in the British Museum Addl. Mss. 21,835, fol. 200.
On October 8 Washington wrote briefly to Schuyler, requesting him to forward this letter to Haldimand. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, October 8, 1783.
Sir: I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency the Copy of a Letter I have just received from Sir Guy Carlton, informing me of his having given orders for the evacuation of Penobscott.
Congress having come to no detemination with respect to a Peace Establishment, and the few Troops remaining in service being on a precarious footing, liable to be discharged at every moment, are reasons, which with the great distance of Penobscott [and sudden notice of the B Comr in Chief] totally prevent my sending a Detachment to receive possession of that Garrison from the British; and therefore I thought it my duty to give your Excellency this information that the Government of Massachusetts may take such measures as they may think proper. With great esteem etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington. His spelling and abbreviation are followed. At the bottom of this letter is entered the commitment to the committee appointed upon the Governor's message, and the concurrence of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, Oct. 23, 1783.]
Rocky Hill, October 10, 1783.
Sir: I inclose you the Copy of a resolve of Congress passed the 26 Septr but which did not come to my hands untill yesterday.
Should there be in your Department any more Officers than are necessary for the Troops remaining in service I have to request you to grant them furloughs in compliance with the resolve. I am etc.77
[Note 77: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Rocky Hill, October 10, 1783.
Sir: I have to reply to your several Letters of the 20 Sep and3 and 6th. of this Month.
The Glass was safely delivered me by Cap Pinkney I am obliged to you for your information respecting the oppression of some of the Inhabitants of Long Island by the British; but as the offence is against the Subjects of the State, it belongs more properly to the Executive Authority to take cognizance of it, and I wish you in all matters of this kind to give information to the Governor, that they may take such notice of them as they think proper.
You mention your having forwarded to me the begining of September several Letters from Europe; I [cannot] recollect to have reced [any] Letters from you whilst at Newburg but am confident that since my arrival at this place (about the 20 Augt) none such have come to my hands; the only Letters of yours in the Month of Scptr. are one of the 1st. one of the 5th. and the one mentioned above of the 20th neither of which enclosed the Letters you mention. I therefore wish you to recollect to whose care you committed them, that the necessary enquiries may be made. I am, etc.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Princeton, October 11, 1783.
Sir: Your favor of the 25th. ulto. came to hand by Thursdays post. It meets my thanks for the obliging expressions with which the information, respecting the deceased Mrs. Savage, is conveyed.79
[Note 79: Mrs, Savage's first husband was the Rev. Charles Green.]
I think you judged very properly in not sending the original Will of that Lady; whose Death, or rather the circumstances attending it, deserve much commisseration: she certainly meritted very different treatment from her husband, Dr. Savage.
If the Will is not lengthy, you would do me a favor, by transmitting me a copy of it. The original you will be so good as to retain in your hands, or deliver it to Mrs. Washington as she passes thro' Baltimore on her way to my house in Virginia. I am, etc.
Princeton, October 12, 1783.
My Dear Marqs: While I thought there was a probability of myletters finding you in France, I wrote frequently to you there; and very long epistles too. My last was dated the 15th. of June; between that, and the letter which must have been handed to you by the Chevr. Chartellux, I addressed three others, under the following dates, March 23d., April 5th., and May 10th. Subsequent to these I have been honored with your favor of the 19th. of April dated at the seat of the Marqs. de Castries; and of three more in June,80 recommendatory of Doct: Bancroft,81 Monsr. de Baune, and Count Wengierski.82
[Note 80: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 81: Dr. Edward Bancroft. He was secretary to the American Commissioners in France, and a spy in the employ of the British.]
[Note 82: On October 18 Washington briefly acknowledged Luzerne's letter of October 7, respecting Count Wengiersky. The original of this letter is in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
I should not have remained silent so long, had I not been in daily expectation of seeing you in this Country. The event My Dr. Marqs. which seems (by your last letters) to have been in some degree a let to this pleasure, will not I apprehend, ever take place. The late Secretary of foreign affairs (for at present there is none) with whom I have conversed confidentially on the subject of your wishes, as they are expressed in your favor of the 4th. of February, thinks, high as you really stand in the good opinion of Congress, and however great their inclination is to comply with your wishes, in almost every thing; yet, in such a case as that, it would be impracticable to obtain it, and for that reason impolitic to attempt it. Lest he should not have communicated these sentiments to you, motives of friendship have prompted me to do it without reserve. To add after giving this information, how much it is my wish to see you in a country which owes so much to your important services in the Cabinet, and in the Field; and how happy you would make your friends at Mount Vernon by considering that place as your home, would only be to repeat, what I persuade myself, you have long ago been convinced of: Nevertheless, I cannot forbear urging it.
With anxious expectations we have been upon the lookout, day after day these four months for the arrival of the Definitive Treaty of peace. In equal expectation have we been the last two of the evacuation of New York by the British forces. On the happening of either of these events, I have placed my retirement to the walks of private life, and look forward to the epoch with heart felt satisfaction: 'Till I get home and have time to look into the situation of my private concerns, which I already know are in a deranged state, and very much impaired; I can form no plan for my future.
I have it in contemplation, however to make a tour thro' all the Eastern States, thence into Canada; thence up the St. Lawrence, and thro' the Lakes to Detroit; thence to lake Michigan by Land or water; thence thro' the Western Country by the river Illinois, to the river Mississippi, and down the same to New Orleans; thence into Georgia by the way of Pensacola; and thence thro' the two Carolina's home. A great tour this, you will say, probably it may take place no where but in imagination, tho' it is my wish to begin it in the latter end of April of next year; if it should be realized, there would be nothing wanting to make it perfectly agreeable, but your Company.
Congress have fixed upon the falls of Delaware for the residence of the sovereign power of these United States, and 'till a proper establishment can be made at it, and accomodations provided, they will hold their Sessions at (no place yet agreed on). By their desire I shall remain with them, 'till one of the events already mentioned takes place, and then shall bid a final adieu to public life.
I hope the Russians and Turks will accommodate their differences. I wish it from motives of universal benevolence, which I should be glad to see as extensive as the great Globe itself. And I wish it also, because the flames of War once kindled may draw in one power after another, 'till the regions most remote may feel the effects of it.
The Dutch Minister,83 after a passage of near 16 weeks, is just arrived at Philadelphia. Many foreigners are already come over to that and other places, some in the Mercantile line, some to make a tour of the Continent, and some (employed) no doubt to spy out the Land, and to make observations upon the temper and disposition of its Inhabitants, their Laws, policy &ca.
[Note 83: Peter John Van Berckel.]
No peace establishment is yet agreed on by Congress, but the opposition which was given by the Eastern States, to the half pay, or commutation of it for the officers, is begining to subside: it is to be hoped that everything will soon go right, and that the people will get into a proper tone of thinking again.
Mrs. Washington left me a few days ago for Virginia (before the weather and roads shou'd get bad). Otherwise I am sure she would unite most cordially with me in respectful compliments to Madame la Fayette, and congratulations on the passage of my namesake, thro' the small-pox. With every wish for your and her happiness, and with the most sincere friendship I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Princeton, October 12, 1783.
My dear Chevalier: I have not had the honor of a line from you, since the 4th. of March last, but I will ascribe my disappointment to any cause, rather than to a decay of your friendship.
Having the appearance, and indeed the enjoyment of peace, without a final declaration of it; I, who am only waiting for the ceremonials, or 'till the British forces shall have taken leave of New York, am placed in an awkward and disagreeable situation, it being my anxious desire to quit the walks of public life, and under the shadow of my own vine, and my own Figtree, to seek those enjoyments, and that relaxation, which a mind that has been constantly upon the stretch for more than eight years, stands so much in need of.
I have fixed this epoch to the arrival of the Definitive Treaty, or to the evacuation of my country by our newly acquired friends. In the mean while at the request of Congress, I spend my time with them at this place, where they came in consequence of the riots at Philadelphia, of which you have doubtless (for it is not a very recent transaction) been fully apprised. They have lately determined to make choice of some convenient spot near the Falls of the Delaware for the permanent residence of the sovereign power of these United States; but where they will hold their Sessions 'till they can be properly established at that place, is yet undecided.
I have lately made a tour through the Lakes George and Champlain as far as Crown point; then returning to Schenectady, I proceeded up the Mohawk river to Fort Schuyler (formerly Fort Stanwix), and crossed over to the Wood Creek which empties into the Oneida Lake, and affords the water communication with Ontario. I then traversed the country to the head of the Eastern Branch of the Susquehanna and viewed the Lake Otsego, and the portage between that lake and the Mohawk river at Canajohario. Prompted by these actual observations, I could not help taking a more contemplative and extensive view of the vast inland navigation of these United States, from maps and the information of others; and could not but be struck with the immense diffusion and importance of it; and with the goodness of that Providence which has dealt her favors to us with so profuse a hand. Would to God we may have wisdom enough to improve them. I shall not rest contented 'till I have explored the Western Country, and traversed those lines (or great part of them) which have given bounds to a New Empire. But when it may, if it ever shall happen, I dare not say, as my first attention must be given to the deranged situation of my private concerns which are not a little injured by almost nine years absence and total disregard of them. With every wish for your health and happiness, and with the most sincere and affectionate regard, I am etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Princeton, October 15, 1783.
With what words my Dear Count shall I express to you the sensibility of a heart which you have warmed by the flattering sentiments that are conveyed in your Letters of the 14th. of April and 13th. of July? Your Nation is entitled to all my gratitude. Your sovereign has a claim to my highest admiration, respect and veneration; and those Individuals of it who have been my companions in war, to my friendship and Love. Can it be surprizing then, that I should possess an ardent desire to visit your Country? But, as I observed to you in my Letter of the 20th. of May, it is not yet clear to me, that I shall ever have it in my power to accomplish my wishes. My private concerns have been very much deranged by an absence of more than eight years, and require particular attention to put them in order.
Congress, from causes which you have doubtless heard spoken of, and more than probably have seen published; are now sitting at this place. They have fixed upon the Falls of Delaware (at or near Trenton) for their permanent residence, and I suppose will prepare as soon as possible, to establish themselves at it. I have, at their request, been with them near two months, and shall remain with them 'till the Definitive Treaty arrives, or 'till New York is evacuated by the British forces, when I shall bid a final adieu to public Life, and in the shade of retirement look back on our past toils, with grateful admiration of that beneficent Providence which has raised up so many instruments, to accomplish so great a revolution as the one you have had a share in bringing about.
When either of these events will certainly happen, it is difficult for me to determine; the first, we have been in anxious expectation of for four or five months; and of the latter not less than two. The other day, Genl. Carleton sent me word, that in November he should evacuate the post of New York; and that it might happen by the 20th. of the month: but we have already experienced so many disappointments, that I shall scarcely believe they are going,, untill they are without Sandy hook.
In the course of the last summer I made a tour, thro' Lakes George and Champlain, as far as Crown point; thence I went up the Mohawk river to Fort Stanwix, and over to the Wood-Creek and on my return viewed the Otsego-lake, which is the head of the Eastern branch of the Susquehanna. We have nothing new in this quarter, except the arrival of Mr. Van Berkel the Dutch Minister and a number of foreigners from different parts of the Globe, some to Trade, some for Amusement, and some I presume to spy out the Land. It is unnecessary, I am sure, to repeat to you the assurances of esteem, respect etc.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Rocky Hill, October 15, 1783.]
Dr Sir: By the last Post I was favored with your Letter of the5 Instant; and I take the earliest Opportunity to acquaint you of my compliance with your request.
Tho' I have ever been averse to Officers going into New York on every slight pretext, I was always ready to grant my permission when real business required their presence. I am,etc.87
[Note 87: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
Under date of October 22, in the Washington Papers, is one of the printed reports of the committee of Congress on Indian Affairs and western lands (James Duane, Richard Peters, Daniel Carroll, Benjamin Hawkins, and Arthur Lee), who, on October 15, submitted these "additional instructions and propositions" to their former report. Opposite the third paragraph of these additional instructions Washington has written: "It appears to me that all Surveys not made by proper Authority; more especially those which are intended for the purpose of speculation should be declared Null and void; and Monopolies inhibited under the severest pains and penalties. How far it may be consistent with good policy to remand actual Settlers I will not take upon me to determine, but this I am clear in, that they ought to be restrained to a certain quantity of Land pr. poll to avoid the evils just ennumerated."]
Princeton, October 15, 1783.
Dear Sir: Within these few days, I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 25th. of April from Paris. My heart will do me greater justice than my Pen, when I attempt the expression of my sensibility for your polite congratulation on the happy termination of the War; and for the favorable sentiments you have expressed of my instrumentality in effecting the Revolution.
It is to the magnanimous Sentiments of your Prince, the generous aids of your Nation, and to the gallantry of yourself, and the rest of her Sons, that we are to ascribe, in a very great degree, the happy revolution which is to fill an important page in history. As you have acted a conspicuous part on the American theatre, let it be an inducement to you, to visit the rising Empire which your own endeavors have assisted to bring into existence. And let me in that case, express to you how happy I should be to see you at my Cottage in Virginia, there to repeat to you the assurances which I now give, of the sincere esteem, regard etc.88
[Note 88: From a photograph of the original kindly furnished by the late Thomas F. Madigan, of New York City.]
Princeton, October 15, 1783.
My Dr. Duke: With grateful affection I received the honor of your Letter of the 11th. of June from Brest; and rejoiced as much at the ease and quickness of your passage, as at the favorable reception you have met with from your Prince.
Be pleased, on these occasions, to accept my warmest congratulations and best wishes.
It gave me pleasure to find, that you held in remembrance the promise you made of visiting me in Virginia. I will put a Seal to the ratification of it, and place it among my choicest deposits 'till you come to redeem it.
New York is not yet evacuated, nor is the Definitive Treaty arrived. Upon the happening of either of these events, I shall bid a final adieu to a military life, and in the shade of retirement ruminate on the marvellous scenes that are passed; and in contemplating the wonderful workings of that Providence which has raised up so many instruments, and such powerful Engines (among which your nation stands first) to over throw the British pride and power, by so great a revolution.
Congress are sitting at this place, the cause of which you have doubtless heard. The Falls of Delaware (at or near Trenton) is made choice of for their permanent residence. At their desire, I have been with them, near two months and shall remain with them, 'till one of the events before mentioned shall give me a dismission. In the course of last summer I visited lakes George and Champlain (as far as Crown point), the Mohawk river to Fort Stanwix, thence over to Wood Creek; and on my return traversed the country to the Susquehanna and viewed the Otsego Lake, which is at the head of it. I shall not be satisfied 'till I do the same by the exterior boundary of the United States, but when, if ever I shall be able to accomplish these wishes, is a matter of too much uncertainty for me to decide upon, at this moment. With great consideration, etc.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.
Dear Sir: Major Shaw not returning so soon as I imagined, and the subject of your Letter of the 28 September not admitting much delay I take the opportunity of the Post to reply to it.
On referring to the Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati I find that the Chevr. de la Luzerne, the Sieur Gerard, the Counts D'Estaign, de Barras and De Grasse, the Chevalier Des Touches, and the Count de Rochambeau, with the Generals and Colonels of his Army, are to be presented with the Order of the society.
As it is however proper that these Gentlemen should be made acquainted with the nature of the Society, I propose to write to each of those above named (except the Chevalier de la luzerne who was written to in the first instance) and inclose them a Copy of the Institution, at the same time informing them, that Major L'Enfant is charged with the execution of the Order, and has directions to furnish them from the first that are finished.
I propose also to inclose a Copy to the Marquis de la Fayette, and request him to take the signature of such of the French Officers in our service, who are entitled and wish to become Members, to receive their Months pay and deliver them the Orders on their paying for them.
These Letters Major L'Enfant will carry with him, and deliver to each of those Gentlemen, and must be directed to deliver them the Orders so soon as they are compleat, delivering them to Count Rochambeau for the Officers of his Command, who will receive them of him, and to the Marquis de la Fayette sufficient for the French Officers in our Service, who become Members.
I inclose to you the permission for Major L'Enfant to go to France, and a Certificate of his being a Member of the Society; however before he setts off, I think it should be well explained, and understood by him, that the Voyage is not undertaken for the Society, but that their business is committed to him, only in consequence of his going there on his own affairs and consequently he is not to be paid any Expence of the Voyage or his Stay, but only such Extra Expences as might be incurred by any person residing in France, who transacted the same business for the Society; these are my sentiments, if they accord with yours and the rest of the Gentlemen, and he accepts these conditions, I think the sooner he sets out, the better.90
[Note 90: The original of the permission, signed by Washington, to Major L'Enfant "to be absent from his Corps untill the first day of May next, for the purpose of going to France on his own private affairs," is dated Oct. 16, 1783. It is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
I will be obliged to you to make out his instructions comprehending the objects I have mentioned above, and such other as you may think necessary, and to make the necessary arrangement with him respecting the funds to be furnished. I am told subscriptions have been paid in by those who wish to have Orders. I propose taking seven, for which the money is ready at any time, and it may not be amiss in this place to inform you, that it has always been my intention to present the Society with 500 Dollars; if any part of this is necessary, and can with propriety be applied in this business I have no objection.
Majr. L'Enfant might also be directed to receive from the Marquis the Months pay of the French Officers in our service who become Members.
I must request you to procure Six or seven Copies of the Institution to be made out neatly, to transmit to the Gentlemen above mentioned; Major L'Enfant can bring them on with him.
I intend immediately to write to the Commanding Officer of each of the State Lines who have not yet made known their intentions respecting the formation of their State Societies, pressing them to a determination, for as I wish to adapt the place of the general Meeting to the convenience of all until I know which of the States form the Society I cannot fix it. With great regard91
[Note 91: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Papers of the Society of the Cincinnati, in the Library of Congress.]
Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.
Sir: The last post brought me your Letter of the 3d of this Month.
Whether the whole, or what part of the five Companies of State Troops, are to be retained in service during the Winter, being a matter wholly dependent on the determination of Congress [in their arrangemt. for Peace], it is impossible to give any directions respecting them. I would wish you to inform me immediately what steps have been taken in consequence of the Orders I gave when I last saw you; by the time I receive this information, 'tis probable that Congress will have come to some determination which will enable me to give the necessary directions on the Subject.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 3d. Instant which I received a few days since, informed me of your intention to retire from the Army.
Permit me, my dear Sir, to take this opportunity of expressing to you my obligations for the support and assistance I have in the course of the War received from your abilities, [and attachment to me.] As during our service together you have always possessed my esteem [and affection] so you will now carry with you every possible wish I can form for your future happiness. I beg you to present my compliments to Mrs. Huntington, and to believe me with great regard, etc.92
Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.
Dear Sir: Since I had the pleasure to write to you on the 8th. Instant, I have received your Letter of that date.
I am clearly of opinion that the services of those Men whose times expire so early in the spring, are not adequate to their Clothing and Maintenance during the Winter, but, as I said in my last letter, such seems the disposition of the Members of Congress with whom I have conversed on the subject, that they are not willing to part with any of the Troops whilst the British remain in New York; all therefore that [can be done]93 at present is what you [propose],93 of getting what service we can from some of those whose times first expire and then discharging them; whilst this is doing Congress may possibly come to some determination on the matter.
[Note 93:[Note 93: Mutilated.]
I now inclose you sundry resolves of Congress, which you will please to have published to the Army, tho some of these have been passed sometime, it was but within a very few days that I was officially acquainted with them. I am etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
Rocky Hill, October 16, 1783.
Gentn: Since I was favored with your letter of Septr., I have received the enclosed from Mr. Lund Washington (who has charge of my business in Virginia) to Colo. Biddle; it was accompanied with the following paragraph to me: "William Roberts would not enter into such articles as I wanted him to sign, altho' he has for several years (since he lived here) signed much the same; he says he is convinced from what is past, he never shall quit drinking, notwithstanding his endeavours to do it; and the restrictions he is laid under in these articles are such that it is not in his nature to keep them; and he has no right (he acknowledges) to be endulged any longer in the manner he has been; therefore he will rent a Mill, and work for himself, being determined never to hire himself again.
I wrote the enclosed to go by this post to Colo. Biddle, who has frequently desired me, if I had anything in which he could do for you, or myself, that I would freely command him. But I have thought, that you probably might have some other acquaintance on whom you might choose to rely for the transaction of such a piece of business, in preference to him, therefore I send the letter under cover to you, that you may act as you shall think best in the matter".
As I think you are much better judges of the qualifications necessary to constitute a good Miller, and have it more in your power to procure one, than Colo. Biddle, I send the Letter which Mr. Washington had written to him, to you, and pray your assistance in this business.
The time being short, no delay can be admitted; I submit to you therefore, the propriety of advertising for a man, which will answer my purpose; the wages I will leave entirely to yourself; or, in other words, I would give the highest that are given, for such a Mill as mine is described to be; or I would even give more, to get a good and skillful man who understands, and will do his duty, without giving me any plague or trouble. There is no Miller in America I would exchange Roberts for, if he could be broke of his abominable drunken and quarrelsome frolicks; the opinion I entertain of his skill, and an unwillingness to part with him, have been the inducements to my keeping him fourteen years, when I ought not to have borne with him for the last seven of them.
Having now committed this business absolutely to your management, I shall confide in your endeavours to serve me, unless you forbid me to do so; and as letters sometimes indeed too often, miscarry, I shall thank you for a single line, informing me that this is got safe to your hands. I will make no apology for this trouble, but I will give you strong assurances of my disposition to make any return in the power of Gentn. Your, etc.
P. S. Any expence which may be incurr'd in this business, I will chearfully pay.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, October 18, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I am favored with your two Letters of the 30 September.
The Debate on Indian affairs which I believe is got through, and that on the Residence of Congress which is yet in agitation has entirely thrown aside for some time the consideration of the Peace Establishment, when it is Resumed I will take care that your application comes into View and shall be happy if any thing in my power may contribute to its success. I am, etc.96
[Note 96: From the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress. Hamilton wished to retain his army rank in the peace establishment, without pay or command.]
Rocky Hill, October 18, 1783.
Dear Sir: I am informed that there are at Philadelphia Six or Eight Officers, and about one Company of the Invalid Regiment; that some of the Officers, by the loss of Limbs and other inabilities, are rendered totally incapable of acquiring by their own exertions a support in life others are in a degree debilitated, whilst some are recovered from their Wounds and enjoy a good State of Health; the Men also must be in very different circumstances.
I wish you, with the assistance of such of the public Physicians as are in town, to have a critical Inspection of this Corps as soon as possible, that those of the Men who are fit objects and wish to avail themselves of it, may be permitted to take the benefit of the Act of Congress granting them a Pension; and those who are Strangers in the Country and are rendered incapable of supporting themselves may be removed to West point where they can be maintained at much less expence to the public than at Philadelphia, which Post can then be broken up.
Such Officers too, as do not wish to retire as the other Officers have done on furlough, may be removed to West Point where they may live much more to their ease and satisfaction. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On October 18 Washington wrote briefly to the Secretary of War that he had given the foregoing directions to Steuben. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.
Also, on this same day (October 18), Washington wrote, very briefly, to Brigadier General Laumoy, forwarding a certificate of service. The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers, as is also the draft of the Certificate.
On October 24 Washington wrote to Colonel Nicola that previous to the receipt of the memorial from the officers of the Invalid Corps directions had been given to Baron Steuben to make the inspection they requested. The memorial is in the Washington Papers under date of Oct. 28, 1783.]
Rocky Hill, October 19, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Genl. Laumoy and Colo. Gouvion did me Justice in mentioning the regret I feel at your intention of leaving this Country; the personal attachment which naturally grows out of such a length of service together had I no other motive would occasion a regret at parting; but it is considerably heighten'd by your quitting the service and thereby depriving me of the hope of seeing you return to benefit the Country by your abilities and Experience in your profession, [if such an Establishment as this great Empire ought to adopt for the Peace of it should be finally agreed to, but which at this moment is yet undecided.]
It would afford me much pleasure to tell you this personally before your departure, but if I should not have this satisfaction I beg you to be assured that you carry with you every good wish I can form for you, and that [I shall ever retain a grateful sense of the Aids I have derived from your knowledge and advice and more especially for the repeated testimonials I have recd. of your friendship and attachment to me.] I am etc.98
[Note 98: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Rocky Hill, October 23, 1783.
My dear Sir: Since the return of Genl. Lincoln, I have taken occasion to move a little on the subject of your letter of the 17th. of last Month, notwithstanding other matters have kept the Peace Establishment entirely out of view. I suppose, at least I so hope, that it will now be entered upon with a determination to go through with it, without more delay.
Upon enquiry, I do not perceive any intention to abolish the Office of Secretary at War; but to place it upon a more oeconomical plan. I find that, General Lincoln (I believe, before he went to the Eastward) was called upon to aid in this business. and that a Committee, in consequence, have actually reported to the effect of the enclosed paper which I obtained from General Lincoln; and have since found that it corrisponds with the report.
By what I can learn, there is a great diversity of Sentiment among the Members of Congress respecting the Peace Establishment; and that great opposition will be given to the Measure, when ever it is brought forward. It may be well therefore, for you to consider, whether upon the footing, and with the emoluments as agreed to by the Committee, the Office of Secretary at War (which I presume will very soon be acted upon) would meet your views. If it should, and you will let me know it by the return of the Post, I will mention your name to more Gentlemen of my Acquaintance in Congress than I have already done, and should be happy if any endeavors of mine, can serve you. Genl. Lincoln is of opinion, that a capable and confidential Assistant may be had for, say between 500 and a 1000 Dollars; but when to this Travelling expences, Wood, Paper, Candles &ca. are added, I should think it would sink pretty deep into the residue; He conceives otherwise, unless the Secretary, whoever he may be, chuses to travel with a retinue and incur more expence than is necessary. Whether the acceptance of this Office would open a door to any thing more than appears upon the fact of the report, is not for me to say; nor wd. it do I think to depend upon: The uncertainty of what Offices may take place, in case of a Peace establishment; or whether there will be a Continental Establishment or not, is such, that it is too hazardous for me to deliver any opinion upon, tho' I shall neglect no oppertunity of making myself acquainted with the views of Congress, in all the Stages of this business, and I will drop you a line on the Subject.
My best wishes attend Mrs. Knox and I am with the greatest truth etc.
P S. Shaw, no doubt, will give you a full acct. of your Money applicn. the way have been so paved, that the only difficulty in it, I believe, is to get nine States (which are necessary in these cases) together.1
[Note 1: On October 23 Washington wrote a duplicate of this letter, evidently to be sent to Knox by a different hand. In this the P. S. was entirely different from the above, being: "The Salary annexed to the Office of Secretary at War, by the Cornee, if my Merny. Serves me, is 3500 Dolts. With this, he is to keep a Clerk, or Assistant, always at the place where Congress resides and to bear the whole Expence of the Office in Wood, Candle and Paper. He himself is to visit the Magazines twice (I think) every year and to attend Congress occasionally." This duplicate is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
[MS.H.S.]
Rocky Hill, October 23, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I was extremely glad to hear by a Letter from Colonel Varick that tho' not yet restored to your usual State of health you was recovering it daily.
From many circumstances I think it now pretty evident that the British will leave New York in all next Month Sir Guy Carleton has informed me [verbally, through Mr. Parker,] that he expects to evacuate the City by the 20th. and that when the Transports which were gone to Nova Scotia returned he should be able to fix the day of his departure. in consequence of this Intelligence, and fearfull least I should not have timely Notice. I have this day written to General Knox, desiring him to confer with your Excellency and make every necessary Arrangement for taking possession of the City the moment the British quit it; an Extract of this Letter I do myself the honor to inclose. With great esteem etc.
P. S. I was just on the point of closing this when I reced your Excellencys Letter of the 14 Instant and I am sorry to learn from it that you are still in such a low state of health.
The propriety of putting the Troops who may move towards the City under your Excellencys direction strikes me very forcibly, and I have mentioned it in a Postscript to Genl. Knoxs Letter; it will accordingly form part of the Arrangement you shall both agree on. I shall with pleasure comply with your wishes in sending you by express the first notice I get of the day intended for the evacuation.2
[Note 2: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Rocky hill, October 23, 1783.
Dear Sir: The arrival of the Definitive Treaty and the evacuation of New York, have been so long delayed as to interfere very materially with our arrangements for the Celebration of Peace; at this Season no use can be made of the Bower,3 the only possible means of accomodation, besides, the dissolution of the Army at so short a period totally defeats the object in view, for if we were even determined not to wait the events on which the Celebration has hitherto depended, it would now be impossible either to make the necessary preparations or to give
[Note 3: Knox's letter of September 10 says "bowers."] timely notice to the Officers, before the Army would be dissolved: I think therefore that it will be best to deter it until the British leave the City, and then to have it at that place, where all who chuse to attend can find accomodation.
Sir Guy Carleton some time since informed me, thro' Mr. Parker, that he should leave New York in all next Month, probably by the 20th., and that when the Transports which were gone to Nova Scotia returned, he should be able to fix the day; this notice may be short, and as it is best to be prepared, I wish you to confer on the subject with Governor Clinton, and have every necessary Arrangement made for taking possession of the City immediately on their leaving it; you will please to report to me the arrangements you may agree on.
Inclosed I transmit you Copy of a Proclamation of Congress for the dissolution of the Army,4 you will please to publish it to the Troops under your Orders.
[Note 4: Dated Oct. 18, 1783. The original is in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your Letter of the 15th of this Month, If the Men whose terms of service expire in December and January, are not sufficient for the purpose of procuring Wood for the Garrison, I have no objection to your including those whose inlistments expire February, [this may be done now with greater propriety than heretofore as the British Force at New York has been very considerably reduced within this Fortnight.]
In permitting the Officers to retire nothing more need be attended to, than to keep a sufficient number for the Troops who remain in service. It is now three Weeks since I directed the Clothier General to make the necessary provision of Cloathing for the Winter. I am not yet informed how far he has proceeded in compliance with these directions, but I will do all in my power to have you supplied. By a return made this month I observe there is a quantity of Cloathing in Store at Newburg; this will go far in supplying the immediate wants of the Troops; observing in the distribution of it to favor those Men who having longest to serve are most intitled to it. There is some refuse Cloathing returned which might relieve the Wants of those who are to be discharged. With very great regard, etc.
P. S. Since I wrote the foregoing I have reced a Letter from Governor Clinton in which he mentions his wish that the Troops who move down may be put under his direction which I think very proper so long as they remain in or near the City.5
[Note 5: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The words in brackets in the draft are in the writing of Washington, whose capitalization is here followed.]
[MS.H.S.]
Rocky Hill, October 24, 1783.
Sir: In answer to your Memorial which I reced yesterday, I am to inform you that Major General Baron Steuben has directions to make an Inspection of the Invalids at Philadelphia, and to report the situation of the respective officers. You will please therefore to lay before him any pretensions you may have. I am, etc.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, October 24, 1783.
Sir: The Honorable the Congress having, by their Proclamation of the 18th Instant, thought proper to discharge their Army; I am to desire that immediately on the receipt of this you proceed to discharge the Troops under your Command at Philada. You will please to call at the War Office for Blank Discharges and report to me your proceedings in this business. I am, etc.9
[Note 9: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, October 26, 1783.
Dear Sir: It gives me infinite satisfaction to transmit you the inclosed Copy of a Resolve of Congress of the 18 Inst.10 which was put into my hands yesterday.
[Note 10: That two pieces of field ordnance, taken from the British at Cowpens, Augusta, or Eutaw, be presented by the Commander in Chief to Major General Greene, and that they be engraved with the substance of the resolution of Congress.]
Perfectly coinciding with the sentiments which Congress have expressed on this occasion I shall feel the greatest pleasure in complying with their Resolve; but I must request you to inform me where the pieces of Ordnance are to be found, and to what place you wou'd wish to have them sent. I am, etc.
P S. I have reced your Letter with the names of several Officers who wish to remain in Service on a Peace Establishment. I shall take pleasure in mentioning them whenever such an Establishmt takes place, at present it hangs in suspence.11
[Note 11: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On October 26 Washington wrote a brief note to Knox, introducing Arthur Noble, a gentleman from Ireland. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, October 28, 1783.
Dear Sir: I heard today, with great pleasure, that Mrs. Morris and you intended to Princeton; and would be here at the time of the Public Audience which is to be given to the Dutch Minister.
I pray you to be assured, that you can make no Family more happy, than you would do mine, by lodging under their roof, and that nothing in my power shall be wanting, to make Mrs. Morris's time pass as agreeably as possible, in a Batchelors Hall.
I should do injustice to my sensibility, were I not to express my thanks to Mrs. Morris and you, for your polite attention and civilities to Mrs. Washington while she was in Philadelphia, and to assure you that with every sentiment of esteem etc.
Princeton in the State of New Jersey, October 30, 1783.
My Lady: About ten days ago I had the honor to receive your Ladyships favor of the 21st. of June from London.13
[Note 13: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
It is painful to me to be under the necessity of declining the trust which the Earl of Tankerville and your other Son the Honble. Mr. Bennett have invested me with. To discharge the duties of which, your Ladyships state of matters and request, would be strong excitements, if my situation was not such as would render it an act of injustice in me to undertake what I am sure I could not execute.
I am not yet returned to Virginia after an absence of almost nine years from my family and home; I have every reason to believe that my private concerns there are in a very deranged State but this does not give me so much pain as to know that those of others wch. had been committed to my care, are suffering equally. To recover all these from the disorder into which they have run will be attended with more difficulty and require a much longer time than comports with that ease, and freedom from care, of which I stand very much in need.
Being althogether unacquainted with such a Gentleman as Colo. Robert I. Howe of Alexandria (the second person named in the Power of Attorney) unless thereby is meant Majr. Genl. Robert Howe, who neither is, or ever was of that place. I have sent it to Edmd. Randolph Esqr. the Attorney General. who, no doubt will advice you of his intention, and what further ought to be done. I have the honor etc.
Princeton in the State of New Jersey, October 30, 1783.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive the duplicate of your favor of the 31st. of May, the original is not yet come to hand. I am not yet returned to Virginia after an absence almost Nine Years from my Estate; when I get there and can have time to examine into the situation of my Affairs, I shall not want a disposition to do compleat and ample justice in the Settlement, and payment of all my Accounts. In the meantime, I cannot avoid complaining of the treatment I have met with from your House in misleading me, as to the mode of transferring the Bank stock. Ten years ago, or more, when it was my desire to do this, and you were called upon to point out the form, I was run to considerable expence, and put to much trouble to follow your directions; after fulfilling which, I was told that mode would not do, and another was suggested, but the troubles commencing, and my leaving Virginia, prevented the execution of the second; I speak now from memory, but believe I have not misrecited facts.
As it now is, as it then was, my intention to apply this money towards payment of the Balle. I owed your House, I would beg of you to take out such powers for the transfer, and give me such precise and ample directions for the execution as will admit of no doubt or delay. As the money will be for your benefit by its being applyed to the credit of your Ho. I wish you to have the negociation of the matter; the Letter of Admn. power of Attorney or by whatever other name called may be made out in your name accordingly.
The Acct. Currt., alluded to in your letter not having yet got to hand, I cannot speak to the Contents. to the best of my recollection, your Ho. was indebted to the deceased Mr. Custis when I left Virginia in May 1775; what may have happened since, I know not, the year following, he took charge of his own Estate, I cannot be responsible therefore for what may have happened afterwards. I have raised no Tobo. for severl. years on my Estate, whether I shall return to the growth of it again must depend upon the price it is likely to bear, and other circumstances; of which I can form no judgment 'till I get back to Virginia; which will be, I trust, so soon as the British Forces shall have evacuated New York. I condole with you on the loss of your Partners Messrs. Cary and Moorey14 at the sametime that I congratulate you on the happy termination of the War, and restoration of Peace. I am etc.
[Note 14: Robert Cary and John Moory.]
Rocky Hill, October 30, 1783.
Sir: I am directed by the Commander in Chief to enclose you his Farewell Orders, which he desires you to publish on the 2d. day of next month; As the General will take measures for publishing them in the Philadelphia Papers, perhaps it will be better that they come to the public thro' that Channel only, as thereby all incorrect Copies will be prevented from appearing. I am, etc.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of and is signed "David Cobb."]
October 30, 1783.
Sir: Herewith you will receive 250 Dollars in bank notes, with which you will please to procure for me eight of the bald eagles. One of which if there shall appear (upon conversing16 with gentlemen, better acquainted in these matters than I am) no impropriety in it, or any deviation from the intention of the Order. May not only be finished in a masterly manner but ornamented in an elegant, tho' not in a costly Stile.17 If, on the contrary, it should be thought best to have no difference between any of them, in the decorations, (for I do not mean to depart in the smallest degree from the forms of the Order)
[Note 16: The "Letter Book" has "canvassing."]
[Note 17: In the "Letter Book" the words "elegant" and "stile" are underscored.] then seven will be sufficient for me, as the ornamental one would only have been used on extra occasions.
I have in the Letter you are charged with to the Marquis de la Fayette, requested him to send me, by the earliest oppertunity, a sett of Silver plated ware; but as there is not only a possibility but a probability, that he may have left Paris for this country before you get there, or may be absent on some other occasion, I beg, in that case, that you would open my letter to him, and comply with the contents of it, if you can do it conveniently. Wishing you a pleasant passage, and a prosperous voyage. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: From a copy by Toner in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress made from the original then in the papers of Thos. A. Digges, of Maryland. The "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers varies from the above in many verbal details.]
Princeton, October 30, 1783.
My Dr. Marqs. As I persuade myself it would rather give you pain than pleasure, were I to apologize for any liberty I might take with you, which does not exceed the rules of propriety and friendship; I shall proceed without further hesitation or ceremony to beg the favour of you to send me of the plated wares (or what formerly used to be called French plate) the articles contained in the enclosed memorandm. to which, as I am not much of a connoisseur in, and trouble my head very little about these matters, you may add any thing else of the like kind which may be thought useful and ornamental, except Dishes, plates and Spoons, of the two first I am not inclined to possess any, and of the latter I have a sufficiency of every kind.
I shall esteem it a very particular favor if you would let me have these things as soon as possible, by the first Vessel which may sail after they are ready either to Alexandria, Baltimore, Philadelphia or New York, the last, on account of the packets which are to sail twice in every month, might be the readiest conveyance to this Country, tho' it would not be so convenient for me afterwards. Nevertheless, (as I am desirous of getting the Plate, as soon as may be) I would rather have them sent to that place than wait for a conveyance to either of the others.
If you shou'd send these things to New York, be so good as to address them to Jacob Morris Esqr. (who now lives there) with a request that they may be forwarded to me by the stage, or any other ready and quick conveyance to Alexandria, or if this cannot be, then to hand them on to Colo. Biddle at Phila. who will, I am persuaded convey them from thence to me; as he would also do, if they should be sent to that place in the first instance directed to his care, by a Vessel bound to that Port. If they should be sent to Baltimore be pleased to direct them to the care of Colo. Tilghman, if there, or Saml. Purviance Esqr., if he is not.
I have not My Dr. Marqs. sent by this conveyance, money for the purchase of these articles: the reason is, I am altogether unacquainted with the prices of them; but a bill shall be remitted to you the moment I am informed of the cost; in the mean while I am sure you will have no hesitation in becoming responsible to the workman for the payment.
Altho' I promise not to apologise for giving you trouble in these matters, yet I cannot forbear assigning my reasons for doing it in this particular instance.
1st. then, because I do not incline to send to England (from whence formerly I had all my goods) for any thing I can get upon tolerable terms elsewhere.
2d. Because I have no correspondence with any Merchants or artisans in France.
3d. If I had, I might not be able to explain so well to them, as to you, my wants, who know our customs, taste and manner of living in America, and, 4th. Because I should rely much more upon your judgment and endeavours to prevent impositions upon me, both in the price and workmanship, than on those of a stranger.
I have only to wish, in the last place, that they may be packed in a proper (permanent) case, that will bear transportation in the first instance, and will be a proper repository afterwards when not in use, if it shou'd be found more convenient to keep them there. With best respects to Madame LaFayette, I am, etc.
Rocky Hill, October 31, 1783.
Gentn.: Your favor of the 23d. is come to hand; since which I have received a letter from Mr. Lund Washington informing me, that Wm. Roberts my prest. Miller is not only uneasy at the thoughts of leaving my employ, but has given the strongest assurances of amendment if he should be continued. In consequence I have desired L W. to contract with him for another year, provided you do not by the first Post to the Southward inform him that you have engaged a Miller; in that case your bargain is to be binding. But as he has given Roberts no encouragement and matters hang in suspence I should be glad, if a good Miller should offer himself to you, that he may not be refused till you hear from Lund Washington, whom I have desired to write to you on this subject without delay. I am etc.
Princeton, November 1, 1783.
My dear Count: Since my last, written about a fortnight ago, and put into the hands of Genl. Duportail to convey to you, I have been honored with your favor of the 24th. of April from Paris. Be assured, my dear General that these repeated assurances of your friendship and frequent testimonials of your affection for me are pleasingly grateful to me and makes a deep impression on My Mind.
Could I so far flatter my vanity as to believe that, a Visit from me to France, would afford any satisfaction to your August Sovereign as you seem to think it would it would add greatly, very greatly indeed to the pleasure I should feel in paying my respects to the Nation I esteem and the friends in it I love. And would make me forego many matters which private interest and convenience strongly prompt me to, to accomplish a voyage for this purpose.
We have this instant got the News of the Signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace at Paris, on the 3d. of Septr. On this happy Event permit me to offer you my warmest Congratulations and to express to you how much and how sincerely I am etc.
Let me entreat you to present me to the Viscount de Rochambeau, and those Gentn. of the army you Commanded in the Country in terms of sincere regard as you may occasionally meet them.
Rocky Hill, November 1, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter reached me yesterday and informed me of your intention to embark next Week for Europe.
Wishing from the esteem I entertain for your Character to render you every Service in my power, I could not avoid troubling you with the two inclosed Letters, tho' your acquaintance in France made it almost unnecessary.22
[Note 22: On November 1 Washington wrote introductory letters, practically the same, to Benjamin Franklin and Marquis de Lafayette, introducing Jackson. These drafts are in the Washington Papers.]
You will please to accept my thanks for your obliging offers, and my wishes for your safe pleasant and prosperous Voyage. With great esteem I am, etc.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, November 2, 1783.
Dear Sir: You will readily conceive how much I have been chagreened, and vexed at a loss occasioned by the stupidity of the Postmaster at Princeton, when I tell you, that the original of which the enclosed is a duplicate, and the first draughts of all my public and private letters written in the Six Weeks preceeding, were lost with the Mail on thursday Night last.
Having many letters to write by the Post the Week before, and being interrupted by Company, I was unable to get my dispatches ready the overnight (as usual) for the Mail, but sent them off by day break the next Morning to the Post Office, the Manager of which, as the Mail, I presume, was made up the night before, being too lazy to get up, suffered the Post rider to go off without them. Ashamed to return or to acknowledge that he had not sent them, he kept them to go by the last Weeks Post, by which means I have not only lost all my dispatches, but the draughts, as I have mentioned above, of all the letters which I have written within that course of time; they being enclosed to Colo. Varick for Registering.
Genl. Lincoln's resignation has been offered and accepted, he has been requested to continue the duties of Office till Congress Adjourn from this place before which it is thought no Successor will be appointed; it is very questionable indeed, whether after this day, there will be a sufficient number of States to do any business, important business there certainly will not.
I have conversed with several Members of Congress upon the propriety in time of Peace of Uniting the Office of Master of Ordnance and Secretary at War in one person, and letting him have the Command of the Troops on the Peace Establishment; not as an appendage of right, for that I think would be wrong but by seperate appointment at the discretion of Congress; those I have spoken to on the subject seem to approve the idea which if adopted wd. make a handsome appointment; I will converse with others on this one head and let you know the result; my wishes to serve you in it you need not doubt, being with much truth Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
Rocky hill, November 2, 1783.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to reply to your Letter of the 15th. October to go by the Post before the last, but by some neglect my letter was left out of the Mail and remained in the Post Office untill the Evening before the last Post should have gone, when it was, with all the Eastern Mail, stolen from thence; unfortunately too, all the Copies of my letters up to that day met with the same accident, being inclosed to Colo. Varick to record.
I will now endeavour to recollect the Contents of my last.
If the number of men whose times expire in January are not sufficient for the purpose of providing Wood for the Garrison, I have no objection to your including those whose times expire in february: this may be done with more propriety now than heretofore, the British having lately considerably diminished their force in New York.
In permitting the Officers to retire, nothing more need be attended to, than keeping a sufficient number for the Troops which remain in service. It is now a long time since I directed the Clothier General to provide the necessary Winter Clothing for the Troops, he has not informed me what he has done in this business, I will press him again, and do all in my power to have you supplyed; In the mean time the Clothing at Newburg will go some way in relieving your present wants, observing in the distribution of it to favor those who having longest to stay in service are most entitled to it; there is some refuse Clothing returned in store which might be applied to the most pressing wants of those whose times soon expire. So far one letter, in another which was lost at same time, I mentioned that Sir Guy Carleton had informed me verbally thro' Mr. Parker of his intention to evacuate the City in all November, and that when the Transports which were gone to Nova Scotia returned he should be able to fix the day, that as the Notice might be short I requested you to confer with Governor Clinton and have every necessary arrangement made for taking possession of New York the moment the British should evacuate it. I mentioned also the propriety of the Governors having the Command of the Troops who should move down, whilst they remained in or near the City. With great esteem etc.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Maj. William Jackson.]
[MS.H.S.]
Rock Hill, near Princeton, November 2, 1783.
The United States in Congress assembled after giving the most honorable testimony to the merits of the faederal Armies, and presenting them with the thanks of their Country for their long, eminent, and faithful services, having thought proper by their proclamation bearing date the 18th. day of October last. to discharge such part of the Troops as were engaged for the war, and to permit the Officers on furlough to retire from service from and after to-morrow; which proclamation having been communicated in the publick papers for the information and government of all concerned; it only remains for the Comdr in Chief to address himself once more, and that for the last time, to the Armies of the U States (however widely dispersed the individuals who compose them may be) and to bid them an affectionate, a long farewell.
But before the Comdr in Chief takes his final leave of those he holds most dear, he wishes to indulge himself a few moments in calling to mind a slight review of the past. He will then take the liberty of exploring, with his military friends, their future prospects, of advising the general line of conduct, which in his opinion, ought to be pursued, and he will conclude the Address by expressing the obligations he feels himself under for the spirited and able assistance he has experienced from them in the performance of an arduous Office.
A contemplation of the compleat attainment (at a period earlier than could have been expected) of the object for which we contended against so formidable a power cannot but inspire us with astonishment and gratitude. The disadvantageous circumstances on our part, under which the war was undertaken, can never be forgotten. The singular interpositions of Providence in our feeble condition were such, as could scarcely escape the attention of the most unobserving; while the unparalleled perseverence of the Armies of the U States, through almost every possible suffering and discouragement for the space of eight long years, was little short of a standing miracle.
It is not the meaning nor within the compass of this address to detail the hardships peculiarly incident to our service, or to describe the distresses, which in several instances have resulted from the extremes of hunger and nakedness, combined with the rigours of an inclement season; nor is it necessary to dwell on the dark side of our past affairs. Every American Officer and Soldier must now console himself for any unpleasant circumstances which may have occurred by a recollection of the uncommon scenes in which he has been called to Act no inglorious part, and the astonishing events of which he has been a witness, events which have seldom if ever before taken place on the stage of human action, nor can they probably ever happen again. For who has before seen a disciplined Army form'd at once from such raw materials? Who, that was not a witness, could imagine that the most violent local prejudices would cease so soon, and that Men who came from the different parts of the Continent, strongly disposed, by the habits of education, to despise and quarrel with each other, would instantly become but one patriotic band of Brothers, or who, that was not on the spot, can trace the steps by which such a wonderful revolution has been effected, and such a glorious period put to all our warlike toils?
It is universally acknowledged, that the enlarged prospects of happiness, opened by the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, almost exceeds the power of description. And shall not the brave men, who have contributed so essentially to these inestimable acquisitions, retiring victorious from the field of War to the field of agriculture, participate in all the blessings which have been obtained; in such a republic, who will exclude them from the rights of Citizens and the fruits of their labour. In such a Country, so happily circumstanced, the pursuits of Commerce and the cultivation of the soil will unfold to industry the certain road to competence. To those hardy Soldiers, who are actuated by the spirit of adventure the Fisheries will afford ample and profitable employment, and the extensive and fertile regions of the West will yield a most happy asylum to those, who, fond of domestic enjoyments are seeking for personal independence. Nor is it possible to conceive, that any one of the U States will prefer a national bankruptcy and a dissolution of the union, to a compliance with the requisitions of Congress and the payment of its just debts; so that the Officers and Soldiers may expect considerable assistance in recommencing their civil occupations from the sums due to them from the public, which must and will most inevitably be paid.
In order to effect this desirable purpose and to remove the prejudices which may have taken possession of the minds of any of the good people of the States, it is earnestly recommended to all the Troops that with strong attachments to the Union, they should carry with them into civil society the most conciliating dispositions; and that they should prove themselves not less virtuous and useful as Citizens, than they have been persevering and victorious as Soldiers. What tho, there should be some envious individuals who are unwilling to pay the debt the public has contracted, or to yield the tribute due to merit; yet, let such unworthy treatment produce no invective or any instance of intemperate conduct; let it be remembered that the unbiassed voice of the few25 Citizens of the United States has promised the just reward, and given the merited applause; let it be known and remembered, that the reputation of the foederal Armies is established beyond the reach of malevolence; and let a conscientiousness26 of their achievements and fame still unite27 the men, who composed them to honourable actions; under the persuasion that the private virtues of
[Note 25: This word should be "free." It is written "Free" in Cobb's draft.]
[Note 26: "Conciousness" in the draft.]
[Note 27: "Incite" in the draft.] oeconomy, prudence, and industry, will not be less amiable in civil life, than the more splendid qualities of valour, perseverance, and enterprise were in the Field. Every one may rest assured that much, very much of the future happiness of the Officers and Men will depend upon the wise and manly conduct which shall be adopted by them when they are mingled with the great body of the community. And, altho the General has so frequently given it as his opinion, in the most public and explicit manner, that, unless the principles of the federal government were properly supported and the powers of the union increased, the honour, dignity, and justice of the nation would be lost forever. Yet he cannot help repeating, on this occasion, so interesting a sentiment, and leaving it as his last injunction to every Officer and every Soldier, who may view the subject in the same serious point of light, to add his best endeavours to those of his worthy fellow Citizens towards effecting these great and valuable purposes on which our very existence as a nation so materially depends.
The Commander in chief conceives little is now wanting to enable the Soldiers28 to change the military character into that of the Citizen, but that steady and decent tenor of behaviour which has generally distinguished, not only the Army under his immediate command, but the different detachments and seperate Armies through the course of the war. From their good sense and prudence he anticipates the happiest consequences; and while he congratulates them on the glorious occasion, which renders their services in the field no longer necessary, he wishes to express the strong obligations he feels himself under for the assistance he has received from every Class, and in every instance. He presents his thanks in the most serious and affectionate manner to the General Officers,
[Note 28: "Soldier" in the draft.] as well for their counsel on many interesting occasions, as for their Order29 in promoting the success of the plans he had adopted. To the Commandants of Regiments and Corps, and to the other Officers for their great zeal and attention, in carrying his orders promptly into execution. To the Staff, for their alacrity and exactness in performing the Duties of their several Departments. And to the Non Commissioned Officers and private Soldiers, for their extraordinary patience in suffering, as well as their invincible fortitude in Action. To the various branches of the Army the General takes this last and solemn opportunity of professing his inviolable attachment and friendship. He wishes more than bare professions were in his power, that he were really able to be useful to them all in future life. He flatters himself however, they will do him the justice to believe, that whatever could with propriety be attempted by him has been done, and being now to conclude these his last public Orders, to take his ultimate leave in a short time of the military character, and to bid a final adieu to the Armies he has so long had the honor to Command, he can only again offer in their behalf his recommendations to their grateful country, and his prayers to the God of Armies. May ample justice be done them here, and may the choicest of heaven's favours, both here and hereafter, attend those who, under the devine auspices, have secured innumerable blessings for others; with these wishes, and this benediction, the Commander in Chief is about to retire from Service. The Curtain of seperation will soon be drawn, and the military scene30 to him will be closed for ever.31
[Note 29: "Ardor" in the draft.]
[Note 30: The word "Scene" is inadvertently omitted.]
[Note 31: From the copy in the writing of John Singer Dexter, assistant adjutant general of the Continental Army.
From this paper, presumably, the orders were read to the troops then at West Point. It is indorsed by Brig Gen. James Clinton: "Genl Washington farewell orders to the Army in 1783." It is now (1937) on deposit in the Library of Congress. The draft, in the writing of David Cobb, is in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, November 2, 1783.
Dr. Sir: Your Excellency's favor of the 14 October reached me in a few days and was replied to the day I reced it, to go by the Post before the last, by some neglect however the letter was left out of the Mail and remained in the Post Office until the Evening before the last Post should have gone, when it was with all the Eastern Mail stolen from thence nor can I now send you a Copy for all the Copies of my letters both public and private to that day met the same fate being inclosed to Colo. Varick to record.32
[Note 32: Varick wrote (Dec. 7, 1783): "The lost papers are just come to Hand and I have folded but not had Time to Number them...the Letter to me was not open'd, but in perfect Order and Muddy." Varick's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I had by the same Post and before I reced your Excellencys Letter, directed Genl. Knox to confer with you and have every necessary arrangement made to take possession of N York the moment the British should evacuate it; this I did in consequence of Sir Guy Carleton informing me verbally thro' Mr. Parker that he expected to evacuate the City by the 20th of this Month and that when the Transports which were gone to Nova Scotia returned he should be able to fix the day.
Receiving your Letter after I had written this to Gen Knox I added a Post cript to his Letter desiring the Troops which might move down might be under your Command; my Letter to your Excy gave all this information and assured you of my Compliance with your request in sending you by Express the first notice I should receive of Sir Guy's intention to leave the City.
I now do myself the honor to inclose your Excellency extract of a Letter from Colo. Ogdon to me which assures us of the Definitive Treaty being signed the 3 September so that we may momently expect its arrival. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On November 3 (the "Letter Book" record is dated November 4) a certificate of service was given to Capt. Samuel Shaw, usually called "Major," from his aide rank. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Rocky Hill, November 3, 1783.
Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 27 of October. As Congress have by their Proclamation, discharged all that part of the Army which were before furloughed I am to desire you to continue to discharge such Officers of your Department as become Supernumerary instead of furloughing them as directed in my last. I am, etc.33
Rocky hill, November 3, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I enclose you a Resolution of Congress which was passed on the 29th. of last month, and transmitted to me yesterday; by this you will observe the necessity I am under of requesting you to discharge the Legion under your Command as soon as possible; on application to the War Office in Philadelphia you may be supplied with the necessary blank discharges. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of David Cobb.]
Rocky Hill, November 4, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I return you the Subsistence Roll of the Officers of the Hospital Department.
Dr. Craik having retired, does not I dare say expect to be continued on the list. As to the rest it is impossible for me to judge of the necessity of their services; some of them might doubtless be dispensed with. I will write immediately to the Director General on the Subject, and transmit you his Answer so soon as I receive it. I have the honor, etc.36
Rocky Hill, November 4, 1783.
Sir: The Troops in Pensilvania, and to the southward of it (except the Garrison of Fort Pitt) being all discharged by a Proclamation of this day, it appears to me no longer necessary to keep in service so many Officers of the Hospital Departmt as are included in the within Copy of a Subsistence Roll for this Month as has been transmitted me. I am now to desire you, to transmit me as soon as possible a List of such Officers of your Departmt as it will be absolutely necessary to retain for the Troops which remain in service, and to acquaint the rest that their services are no longer necessary.37
[Note 37: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On November 4 a certificate of service was granted to Captain Bartholomew von Heer. The draft of this certificate is in the Washington Papers.
Also, on this same day (November 4), a certificate of service was granted to Maj. Allen McLane. A copy, apparently made in the War Office, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, vol. 11. fol. 647.]
[Note 38: Of Claverack, N. Y.]
Rocky Hill, November 5, 1783.
Sir: I am favored with your Letter of the 15 September.
The happiness I experience in engaging the affections and esteem of my Country and the satisfaction I feel in having done my utmost to support their just Cause and promote their common good are, to me, the best rewards and beyond which I have none to wish for.
Tho' I cannot but be sensibly impressed by the many declarations of respect to me in your Letter and the delicacy of expression you have chosen to convey them by, yet the plan of policy connected with them and the intimations which accompany them, I cannot say accord altogether with my sentiments; nor can I think the publication of your address will be attended with any good consequences. I hope that giving you my opinion thus freely will Serve only to convince you that I set a true value on the favor you have done me and that, I am, etc.39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker. Gebhard's letter of September 15 is in the Washington Papers. It was a veiled suggestion for Washington to assume control of the Government.]
Rocky Hill, November 6, 1783.
Dear Sir: As the Gentlemen40 who are now remaining of my family, propose to honor me with their Company to my Ho. in Virginia and will of course need a little of their Pay, you will oblige both them and me, if you could devise a method by which three or four Months of it could be obtained. I am etc.
[Note 40: Humphreys, Cobb, and Walker.]
Rocky Hill, November 6, 1783.
Dear Sir: The enclosed is a letter which I had written, and was about to dispatch at the date of it; but upon second thoughts, determined to Postpone it, and try, if from the importance of the matter, I could not bring forward the Peace Establishment previously.
I have tryed it, in vain, Congress; after resolving on the --41 of last Month to adjourn upon the 12th. of this, did, equally unexpectedly and surprizingly to me, finish their Session at this place the day before yesterday42; without bringing the Peace Establishment, or any of the many other pressing matters, to a decision.
[Note 41: October 30.]
[Note 42: Adjourned November 4 to convene at Annapolis, Md., November 26, A sufficient number of the States were not represented until December 13.]
Finding this was likely to be the case, I shewed your letter to some of your particular friends, and consulted them on the propriety of making known your wishes; with my testimonial of your Services to Congress; but they adviced me to decline it, under a full persuasion that no discrimination would, or indeed could be made at this late hour, as every other Officer from the highest to the lowest grades (not in actual command) were retiring without the retention of Rank, and that the remainder, upon a Peace Establishment (if a Continental one should ever take place) would come in upon the New System, under fresh appointments; so that unless you wished to come into actual command again, (which none supposed) they saw no way by which you could preserve your Rank.
I have the pleasure to enclose you a Brevet; giving you the Rank of full Colonel; and with best respects to Mrs. Hamilton and General Schuyler and family I am etc.43
[Note 43: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Rocky Hill, November 6, 1783.
Sir: Lieutenant Colonel Villefranche and Major Rochefontaine, late of the Corps of Engineers, having quitted the service of the United States, and being about to return to France, have requested me to signify to your Excellency my opinion of their services in this Country.
The Zeal, Activity, and knowledge of their profession, which have been conspicuous in the conduct of these Gentlemen, could not but gain my entire approbation, and the pleasure of doing them this justice, is greatly increased by the opportunity it affords me of repeating to your Excellency the sincere respect etc.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Rocky Hill, November 6, 1783.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Letter of the 3d of Octr. acquainting me with the arrangements your Excellency has made for the removal of the Troops and Stores of his Britannick Majesty from the Post of Penobscot.
In consequence of the information given by your Excellency to Congress some time past, that you had received Orders for the evacuation of New York, and of the verbal message you were pleased to send by Mr Parker to me, respecting the period of embarkation; I am now induced to request you will be so obliging as to inform me of the particular time, or even the certain day (if possible) when this event will happen.
This information will be extremely interesting to my private [as well as public] arrangements, indeed I should not have troubled your Excellency with the request, but for my peculiar circumstances and the advanced season, which render it essential for me to be ascertained of the period of your embarkation as early as may be convenient; and which I entreat may be considered as my apology for the present application.
Colo Cobb one of my Aids de Camp, will have the honor of delivering this Letter, and of bearing your Ansr to me. I have the honor etc.45
[Note 45: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 46: Of New Jersey.]
Somerset, November 7, 1783
Gentlemen: I thank you for the polite attention you pay to me in your address47 and for the affectionate anxiety you express for my happiness.
[Note 47: In the Washington Papers under date of Nov. 7, 1783.]
With a heart deeply impressed by the happy issue of a long and painful contest I most cordially participate with you in the general Joy and earnestly join my wishes with yours for the future prosperity and happiness of our Country. The repeated proofs of unabated valour and perseverance which I have been witness to in the Officers and Militia of the County of Somerset demand from me the acknowledgements which, for the last time, I have now the honor of making you, and as your Zeal in the field and in the services of your Country cannot fail to endear you to your fellow Citizens It is with much pleasure that in taking my final leave of you I can with the purest sincerity add this last testimony in your favor.
I now bid you Gentlemen a long farewell in the fullest confidence that Men who have so bravely defended their Country, will likewise in their peaceable retirements contribute their best endeavours to confirm and perpetuate that happy Union of the States and its Citizens which under Providence has so visbly been the means of our deliverance and Independance.48
[Note 48: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, November 7, 1783.
Sir: Mr. Frondeville President of the Parliament of Normandy has transmitted me the inclosed Letter, with a desire that I would convey it to Mr. Lambert. I have some reason to suppose that Gentlemen to be at Philadelphia, and shall be much obliged to you to inform me whether I may assure Mr. frondeville of the letter being delivered to its address. With much regard etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Rocky Hill, November 8, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your two Letters, the former inclosing sundry Discharges which were signed and returned to you immediately; the latter enclosing a Certificate for Jno. Sloan, which is now returned with my certificate of his being entitled to the Pension.
I will request Genl. Lincon to take measures for having those Invalids who are to go to West Point conveyed thither by water; this may be easily done, as Vessels must be constantly going to New York from whence there are daily Opportunities to West Point; but as General Lincoln is going himself to the Eastward it may require somebody to press the Execution of any directions he may send to the War Office in Philadelphia; and as it is a matter in which humanity is interested I make no apology for requesting you my Dr Sir, to take this task upon yourself. With respect to those who cannot be removed, or who will even be in capable of taking care of themselves, let me request you to make the best provision for them you can, either by making an agreement for their reception into the Hospital, or any other way you may think best; such of them as are entitled to the pension may have their Certificates signed as I pass Philadelphia.
The Men who go by Water to West point should go in charge of some Officer, to procure a passage for them from New York. I expected to have had the pleasure of your Company on my Journey to West point50 but the sudden adjournment of Congress51 before the time they had fixed on, hastens me and prevents my giving you timely Notice of my departure, as I have been detained these two days by the Quarter Master, and do not set out 'till tomorrow morning.52
[Note 50: Washington's route to West Point was by way of Brunswick, Elizabethtown, Second River Ferry, Hackensack, Tappan, and Kings Ferry to West Point.]
[Note 51: November 4.]
[Note 52: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Rocky Hill, November 8, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I am favored with your Letter of yesterday respecting Mr. Taulman53 of the Sappers and Miners.
[Note 53: Capt.-Lieut. Peter Taulman.]
I am not able to give any positive opinion whether or not that Gentleman is entitled to the Commission he sollicits. The very small number of Men in the Corps, rendered it not necessary to fill any Vacancies in the Officers; his claim therefore, must rest on what has been the practice in the Corps in similar cases, which I do not recollect; if promotions have been made in it in consequence of vacancies, doubtless Mr. Taulman is entitled to the same favor which has been shewn to others.
In consequence of your Letter to me on the Subject of the Invalids, I ordered an Inspection of them; many have been discharged, with and without the Pension; there remains those who chuse to go to West Point and some who cannot be removed. I have to request you to give directions for procuring a passage for the former, and the latter I have requested Baron Steuben to provide for in the best manner he can. I enclose you my letter to the Baron, which, after perusal, you will please to Seal and forward. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 60: New Jersey.]
Hackensack, November 10, 1783.
Gentn: I participate most sincerely in the joy you express at the conclusion of the War, and the re-establishment of the blessings of Peace.61
[Note 61: The address of the officers, dated Nov. 10, 1753, is in the Washington Papers.]
Persuaded of the rectitude of our cause, and relying on the divine aid for its success, I accepted an arduous employment, the event has justified my most enlarged expectation; and if to the consciousness of having attempted faithfully to discharge my duty, I may add the approbation of my fellow Citizens, my happiness will be compleat.
To you, Gentn., who have experienced in no small degree the fatigues of a Military life, I must return these my last public thanks for the chearful and able assistance you have often afforded me. May you, as a reward of your virtuous conduct, enjoy the uninterrupted fruits of that Independence which has been procured at the hazard of our Lives.59
West Point, November 14, 1783.
Sir: I had the honor, Yesterday, to receive by Majr. Beckwith62 your Excellencys favor of the 12th. To day, I will see the Governor of this State, and concert with him the necessary
[Note 62: Maj. George Beckwith, aide to Carleton.] arrangements for taking possession of the City of New York and other Posts mentioned in your letter at the times therein specified; for the information of which you will please to accept my thanks. I have the honor etc.
Poukeepsie, November 15, 1783.
Dear Sir: I am extremely happy to have it in my power to inform you, that Sir Guy Carleton has announced to me his intention, to relinquish the Posts he holds on York Island from Kings bridge to McGowens pass inclusive, on the 21st. Instant, Herricks & Hampstead with all to the Eastward on Long Island, on the same day, and if possible to give up the City with Brooklyn on the day following; and Paulus hook, Denycos, and Staten Island as soon after as practicable.
Should no material accident happen to retard them, I hope to have the pleasure of congratulating you on the full possession of this State by its Government, before the close of this Month. I have the honor etc.
[My best respects to Mrs. Duane, and to the good family where you are.]63
[Note 63: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The sentence in brackets is in the writing of Washington.
This same letter, with variations, was sent to Robert R. Livingston and Philip Schuyler.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
West Point, November 15, 1783.
Dear Sir: The very favorable opinion you are pleased to entertain of my public conduct, and the kind expressions of personal friendship you have had the goodness to repeat in your Letter of the 15th Ulto. could not fail to receive my warmest acknowledgments; had not the higher Motives of esteem and attachment already rivitted my affections to you. Accept my best thanks for the present testimony of your regard, which is made more acceptable by the happy occasion.
Actuated, as we are, by the same anxious concern for the interest, the dignity and happiness of our Country, I was extremely pleased with the patriotic sentiments contained in your Excellencys Speech at the opening of the present session of your Legislature, as well as with the subsequent communication to them. Nor was I less satisfied with the happy effect of those sentiments in producing a compliance with the requisitions of Congress: a measure strongly tending to revive the expiring reputation and credit of the Nation. Would to Heaven that the Legislatures of all the States might be inspired by a similar disposition to candour in discussion and rectitude in decision, before it shall be to late!
Be persuaded, my dear Sir, that my wishes and prayers will ever be most ardent for the health and happiness of your Excellency, and for the prosperity of the Commonwealth over which you preside. With sentiments of unalterable respect etc.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
West Point, November 15, 1783.
[Dear Sir:] By this oppertunity your Excellency will receive the requests of the pay Master and Q. Master Generals for the Loan of One Thousand Dollars each to enable them to supply the present necessities of the Army; if the terms of their proposals are agreeable, I should be very happy in your Excellency's compliance with their requests. I have the honor, etc.65
[Note 65: From a contemporary copy in an unidentified hand.]
West Point, November 17, 1783.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 14 Instant. It is undoubtedly just that you should receive the same compensation66 that others have for the like services; but I cannot recollect that any extraordinary pay was ever allowed to Officers for the Services you mention. On the contrary, it has generally been considered as an agreable duty, as it afforded the Officers employed in it, an opportunity to remain with or near their families. I am, etc.67
[Note 66: Pettingill's claim was for extra compensation while on recruiting duty in Boston in 1782.]
[Note 67: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
West Point, November 17, 1783.
Sir: I have received a Letter from Sir Guy Carleton dated the 12th. inst. at New York, of which the following is an extract.
The preparations for withdrawing his Majesties Troops from this place are so far advanced, that, unless some untoward accident should intervene I hope it may be accomplished some days before the end of the Month; in all events, I propose to relinguish Posts at King's Bridge and as far as McGowan's pass inclusive on this Island, on the 21st instant; to resign the possession of Herricks and Hempstead with all to the Eastward on Long Island on the same day; to give up this City with Brooklyn, if possible on the day following; and Paulus Hook, Denyces, and Staten Island, as soon after as may be practicable.
This intelligence I considered of so interesting a nature that I could not resist the pleasure of communicating it to your Excellency, and of taking the opportunity to subscribe myself with the most perfect consideration etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of David Humphreys. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aft. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.
This same letter was sent to Peter John van Berckel.]
West Point, November 17, 1783.
Sir: It gives me real uneasiness when I am unable to afford any assistance in a case that seems evidently to bear very hard on an individual who merits extremely well of the public. In this predicament I now find myself with regard to the situation you have described in your Letter of the 11 Instant for having already declined to interfere in a similar instance I could not comply with the present application without the imputation of partiality, did not the same reasons that operated then still prevail. I will candidly inform you it was my opinion that an Officer totally disconnected with the service by resignation could not be entitled to any of the emoluments that might afterwards accrue in the course of it; and that a deviation from this rule would establish a precedent to which no limit could be set; but if Congress should think otherwise I shall not be less pleased in your availing yourself of the circumstance, as I know the ill State of your health as well as your peculiar situation in other respects carry a strong recommendation with them. With great regard I am etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. This letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 78, vol. XIV, fol. 559.]
November 17, 1783. Sir:
I am favored with your Letter of yesterday. the nature of your Office being such as that Congress may possibly still have occasion for you, I cannot think myself at liberty to grant the Discharge you request; but circumstanced as you are I would advise that you make a final application to that Body, to know whether they are inclined to comply with your former application or whether they have any further occasion for your services.70
[Note 70: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On November 17 Washington granted a certificate of service to David Brooks, Assistant Clothier General. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 71: Secretary to the Secretary of War.]
November 18, 1783.
Sir: I have reced your Letter of the 12th Instant. No. Arrangements have taken place in consequence of the Resolution of 26th September, other than the discharge of a great many Men whose times have been expired or near expiring, and many Sick and Invalids as the late returns will shew. The last Weekly return is inclosed for your information.
Sheldons Cavalry, who have all been on furlough are discharged from the 20th of this Month and so soon as the British are gone a very considerable reduction, of the troops now here, will take place.70
West Point, November 18, 1783.
Sir: I have the satisfaction to congratulate you on the near approach of the evacuation of New York, the enclosed Copy of a Letter from Sir Guy Carleton will give you all the information I am possessed of on the subject.
Knowing, as I do, the embarrassed state of our Finances, I should not at this time have troubled you with the representation72 of the Officers now in service, had not a sense of their extreme distress overcome every other consideration. With an
[Note 72: The representation, a copy of which was sent to Morris, is dated Nov. 17, 1783, and is signed by Maj. Gen. John Paterson, Col. M[ichael] Jackson, and Lieut. Col. E[benezer] Sprout, and is in the Washington Papers. It petitioned for their arrears of pay.] earnest recommendation of their circumstances, I submit the practicability of complying with the proposal; but at the same time I must inform that, as soon as the event mentioned in the former part of the Letter shall have taken place, I shall reduce the force in this quarter very considerably, which will lessen the public expenditures in the same proportion, and I should hope would enable you to pay some attention to the enclosed representation.73
[Note 73: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On December 3 Washington sent a copy of Morris's reply (dated November 27) to Paterson, Jackson, and Sprout. This draft is in the Washington Papers, as is the original of Morris's letter.]
West Point, November 18, 1783.
Sir: I have at length the pleasure to inform your Excellency and Congress, that Sir Guy Carleton has fixed upon the time at which he proposes to evacuate the City of New York; the particulars are more fully explain'd in his Letter of the 12 instant a Copy of which, together with my answer are inclosed.74 I have the honor etc.75
[Note 74: Copies of Carleton's letter of November 12 and Washington's reply of November 14 are filed with the letter from Washington. The original of Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 75: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on December 13.]
[Note 76: President of the Parliament of Normandy, France.]
West Point, November 18, 1783.
Sir: I had not the pleasure to receive your Letter of the 15 May untill the 7th. of this Month, and the same day I transmitted the Letter for Mr. Lambert to the Consull General of France to deliver to that Gentleman who I understood was then in Philadelphia; but by the inclosed answer of Mr. Marbois it seems Mr. Lambert had already left this Country, the Letter is therefore inclosed.
It was unfortunate for Mr Lambert that he arrived at a time when all Military Operations were about to cease, had this not been the case I should have been happy in paying every attention to the Recommendations he brought, and rendering him every service in my power. I have the honor, etc.77
[Note 77: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
West Point, November 20, 1783.
Whereas at the time when the Troops who were engaged for the War were furloughed, the Men inlisted to serve three Years in the Legionary Corps commanded by Colonel Sheldon were permitted to be absent from the Army for a limited time; and whereas, from the circumstances which have since intervened, their farther services may be dispensed with, without detriment to the Public. In virtue of a Resolution of Congress authorizing me thereunto, I do therefore direct and Command that the said Non-Commissioned Officers, and Private Soldiers enlisted to serve three years in the Legionary Corps Commanded by Col Sheldon shall be from the present day discharged, they are hereby discharged from all further Service in the Armies of the United States.78
[Note 78: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Harlem, November 22, 1783.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency Letter of the 19th inst.79 and for a reply to the propositions contained in it I
[Note 79: In the Washington Papers. It says, in part, that Paulus [Powles] Hook would be evacuated on November 22, but despite every effort New York could not be abandoned on the intended date. "If I have proper assurances that we shall retain a free and uninterrupted use of the Ship-yard and Halletts Wharf, in New York, and the Brewery and Bake House on Long Island, (which the Admiral represents as indispensably necessary for the Shipping and sick Seamen) until we can be ready to take our final departure, I shall retire from this City and from Brooklyn on tuesday next at noon, or as soon after as wind and weather may permit, on retaining (in addition to the reservations above specified) Staten Island, with Denyses, New Utrecht and the circumjacent District on Long Island, for such time as may be found absolutely requisite for the troops that may then remain unprovided with transports."] must beg leave to refer you to His Excellency Govr Clinton, who will inform you by this conveyance, that the Council instituted for the temporary government of the80 State, has acceded to your reservations in full confidence that the embarkation will be expedited as much as the circumstances will admit.
[Note 80: At this point the draft has interlined "So. district."]
With regard to the information that a deliberate combination has been formed to plunder the City of New York,81 I have to observe, that the intelligence appears to me not to be well founded; at least no intimations of the kind had ever before come to my knowledge; and I can assure your Excellency, such arrangements have been made, as will, in my opinion not only utterly discountenance, but effectually prevent any outrage or disorder, unless the evacuation should be delayed until a much larger number of People shall be collected from the Country than have been assembled as yet for the purpose of going into Town on its being relinquished by your Troops, in which case the difficulty of establishing Civil Government and maintaining good order may be greatly encreased.
[Note 81: The plot of which Carleton warned Washington was stated to be formed by William Dewees (or Dewit). A family of Webbers who lived at the house "of one Hopper," about "four miles off," were suspected also.]
[Lt Colo Walker will have the honor to deliver this letter to your Excellency and to assure you of the respectful consideration with which I am, &c.]82
[Note 82: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The part in brackets is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.
On November 24 Carleton again wrote to Washington: "Agreeable to the Notification given You in my Letter of the 22d. instant, I purpose to withdraw from this place tomorrow at Noon, by which time 1 conclude your troops will be near the Barrier. The Guards from the Redoubts and on the East River shall be first withdrawn; but an Officer will be sent out to give information to your advanced Guard when the Troops move." Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.
The British left behind them in 22 pieces of ordinance, from 6 to 32 pounders, at the various posts of Fort Washington and Tryon, at Laurel Hill, the Grand Battery, Denises, Long Island, Powles Hook, and Brooklyn.]
New York, November 27, 1783.
Gentlemen: The illustrious and happy event on which you are pleased to congratulate and wellcome me to this City, demands all our gratitude; while the favorable sentiments you have thought proper to express of my conduct, intitles you to my warmest acknowledgements.83
[Note 83: The address of the ministers et al., dated New York, Nov. 27, 1783, is signed "Johann Daniel Gros V. D. Minister."]
Disposed, at every suitable opportunity to acknowledge publicly our infinite obligations to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe for rescuing our Country from the brink of destruction; I cannot fail at this time to ascribe all the honor of our late successes to the same glorious Being. And if my humble exertions have been made in any degree subservient to the execution of the divine purposes, a contemplation of the benediction of Heaven on our righteous Cause, the approbation of my virtuous Countrymen, and the testimony of my own Conscience, will be a sufficient reward and augment my felicity beyond anything which the world can bestow.
The establishment of Civil and Religious Liberty was the Motive which induced me to the Field; the object is attained, and it now remains to be my earnest wish and prayer, that the Citizens of the United States would make a wise and virtuous use of the blessings, placed before them; and that the reformed german Congregation in New York; may not only be conspicuous for their religious character, but as examplary, in support of our inestimable acquisitions, as their reverend Minister has been in the attainment of them.84
[Note 84: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New York, November 27, 1783.
Gentlemen: I thank you sincerely for your affectionate Address,85 and entreat you to be persuaded that nothing could be more agreeable to me than your polite congratulations: Permit me, in turn, to felicitate you on the happy repossession of your City.86
[Note 85: The address, dated Nov. 22, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 86: In Rivington's New York Gazette for Nov. 26, 1783, is an account of the entry of the American troops into New York City.
"Expences on the Journey from West point to N York &c. with Comr in Chief. Paid: At Pugsleys, 1 Dollars; ferriage at Tarry Town for Dragoons & Horses, 10; At Hunts Tavern, 21/3; At Haerlem for servants, 4; At N York for Paper Quills &c. 2. Reced of H E Gl. Washington at Tarry Town, a double Louis, 9. Due me, 101/3 B Walker." This memorandum is in the Washington Papers.]
Great as your joy must be on this pleasing occasion, it can scarcely exceed that which I feel, at seeing you, Gentlemen, who from the noblest Motives have suffered voluntary Exile of Many Years, return again in peace and triumph to enjoy the fruits of your virtuous conduct.
The fortitude and perseverance which you and your suffering Brethren have exhibited in the course of the War, have not only endeared you to your Countrymen, but will be remembered with admiration and applause to the latest posterity.
May the tranquility of your City be perpetual; May the ruins soon be repaired; Commerce flourish; Science be fostered, and all the civil and social virtues be cherished, in the same illustrious manner, which formerly reflected so much credit on the Inhabitants of New York; in fine, may every species of felicity attend you Gentlemen and your worthy fellow Citizens.84
New York, November 29, 1783.
Gentlemen: I consider myself highly honored by the polite attention shewn me in your address, and the too partial manner in which you are pleased to express your sense of my public and private conduct, at the same time I have the pleasure to assure the Corporation that I am extremely happy in becoming a member of their humane and excellent Institution.87
[Note 87: The certificate of membership is in the Washington Papers, as is the address of the Society, dated Nov, 27, 1783, to which the above is the answer.]
To have conducted as a Nation with so much dignity and propriety thro' the unparrallel'd difficulties and dangers of an arduous contest, to have accomplished our fondest wishes, and to have fixed the Liberties of this Country upon the broad and permanent Basis of Independence will even reflect the truest glory on the patriots of the present age, and afford the amplest field of description for the future Historian.
It would be a mark of great insensibility in me not to partake in the public Joy, or not to derive an unusual degree of satisfaction from the approbation of good Men and Lovers of their Country. Believe me Gentlemen! I shall return to private life impressed with the most pleasing sensations. A recollection of the happy scene to which I have lately been a Witness, will attend me in my solitary Walks, and chear me in the shade of retirement.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New York, December 1, 1783.
Sir: Upon the receipt of your letter respecting Mrs. Jauncey,89 I did myself the pleasure of waiting upon that Lady, and beg
[Note 89: Mrs. James Jauncey, jr. She was Judge Elliot's daughter.] you to be persuaded that I shall be happy in occasions of rendering her any service which may be in my power.
I am confident, Sir, it must give you great satisfaction to be informed, that the most perfect regularity and good Order prevail in this City, and that every description of People find themselves under the protection of the Laws of the State.
Wishing you a safe passage and an agreeable sight of your friends, I remain etc.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New York, December 1, 1783.
Gentlemen: While you speak the language of my heart, in acknowledging the magnitude of our obligations to the Supreme Director of all human events; suffer me to join you in celebation of the present glorious and ever memorable Æra, and to return my best thanks for your kind expressions in my favour.91
[Note 91: The address, dated Nov. 27, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
I cannot but rejoice sincerely that the national dignity and glory will be greatly encreased, in consequence of the good order and regularity which have prevailed universally since the City of New York has been repossessed by us; this conduct exhibits to the world a noble instance of magnanimity and will doubtless convince any who from ignorance or prejudice may have been of a different sentiment; that the Laws do govern, and that the Civil Magistrates are worthy of the highest respect and confidence.
For my own part, Gentlemen, in whatever situation I shall be hereafter, my supplications, will ever ascend to Heaven, for the prosperity of my Country in general; and for the individual happiness of those who are attached to the Freedom, and Independence of America.92
[Note 92: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
On December 1 Washington wrote a brief introductory letter to Benjamin Franklin and Marquis de Lafayette, introducing Mr. Platt and his wife. The "Letter Book" copy of this is in the Washington Papers.
Also, on this same date (December 1) certificates of service were granted to Capt. John Lillie, Major Caleb Gibbs, and Elijah Hunter. The drafts of these are in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 2, 1783.
Gentlemen: The testimony of your satisfaction at the glorious termination of the late contest, and your indulgent opinion of my Agency in it, affords me singular pleasure and merit my warmest acknowledgment.93
[Note 93: The address, dated Dec. 2, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
If the Example of the Americans successfully contending in the Cause of Freedom, can be of any use to other Nations; we shall have an additional Motive for rejoycing at so prosperous an Event.
It was not an uninteresting consideration, to learn, that the Kingdom of Ireland, by a bold and manly conduct had obtained the redress of many of its greivances; and it is much to be wished that the blessings of equal Liberty and unrestrained Commerce may yet prevail more extensively; in the mean time, you may be assured, Gentlemen, that the Hospitality and Benificence of your Countrymen, to our Brethren who have been Prisoners of War, are neither unknown, or unregarded.
The bosom of America is open to receive not only the Opulent and respectable Stranger, but the oppressed and persecuted of all Nations And Religions; whom we shall wellcome to a participation of all our rights and previleges, if by decency and propriety of conduct they appear to merit the enjoyment.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of David Tumprheys.]
New York, December 2, 1783.
Sir: I have received your favor of Yesterday's date, announcing the time of your departure;95 and sincerely wish that your Excellency, with the Troops under your Orders, may have a safe and pleasant passage. I have the honor, etc.94
[Note 95: "If wind and weather permit, I hope we shall be able to embark the Remainder of His Majesty's Troops from Long Island and Staten Island, and take our final departure on the 4th. Instant."-- Carleton to Washington, Dec. 1, 1783. Carleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 2, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 28th. Ulto. The honor which the Merchants of Philada. have in contemplation to shew me,96 is very flattering, and deserving of my best acknowledgments. I expect to leave this place on Thursday afternoon or Friday morning, and to be in Philada. on Monday: but as there may be an intervention of circumstances not altogether within my controul, I cannot speak positively to the day; and have only given this information in conformity to your wishes. I am, etc.97
[Note 96: The merchants of Philadelphia wished to give a dinner to Washington when he passed through the city on his way to Annapolis.]
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 3, 1783.
In my last Letter to your Excellency I had the honor to acquaint Congress with the arrangement Sir Guy Carleton had made for the Evacuation of New York on the 23 Ulto., I have now to inform you that the Embarkation was postponed two days on account of the badness of the Weather.
On the 25 of November the British Troops left this City and a Detachment of our Army marched into it. The Civil Power was immediately put in possession, and I have the happiness to assure you that the most perfect regularity and good order have prevailed ever since; on which pleasing events I congratulate your Excellency and Congress.
A Copy of the last letter I have reced from Sir Guy Carleton is inclosed. With the highest respect etc.
P. S. Your favor of the 23 Ulto. is just come to hand.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
New York, December 3, 1783.
Sir: I do myself the honor to inclose to your Excellency Copy of a Letter from Generals McDougall Clinton and Cortlandt, in favor of Major Hamtramck.
My knowledge of that Officer is such, as makes the task of recommending him to the notice of the Government of this State, extremely pleasing, being assured that if it shall be in their power to favor his views his conduct will always justify any appointment that may be given him. I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[Note 1: Of Dublin, Ireland.]
New York, December 3, 1783.
Sir: Mrs. Bingham2 has done me the honor to deliver me your Letter of the 15 March with the Seal you have been so polite as to present to me and for which you will please to accept my thanks.3 I could only wish the object had been more worthy the great talents shewn in the invention and execution of the Seal. You will however believe that I feel myself extremely flatterd by this mark of attention and that I am, etc.4
[Note 2: Mrs. Ann Bingham, wife of Capt. Charles Bingham, of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, Volunteers of Ireland, British Army, Her letter, dated Nov. 27, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 3: Moore's letter is in the Washington Papers. In it the seal is described as "your Excellency in Front, Trampling on the late Enemy of your Country, pointing to a Ship Underway departing from the Coast, with your Face at the same time turned to your Army, expressing the Motto by Virtue and Valour."]
[Note 4: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
New York, December 3, 1783.
Sir: The United States in Congress assembled having invested me with the power of arranging the Troops now in service in such manner as may consist with the public good, I have therefore to communicate to you my ideas on the Subject, and commit to your discretion the execution of this business; (except in such points as are particularly mentioned hereafter).
In the first place it [is my] design, that all the Inf[antry in the] Service of the United [States, should] be reduced to one [Corps consisting] of 500 R and F properly Officered, that these Men should be selected generally from those who have the longest term to serve, and that the remainder should be discharged as soon as the circumstances will permit. In the next instance the mode of appointing Officers is to be attended to. I have thought proper to nominate and appoint, ... as the Field Officers to be employed in this Service, and I would recommend that the appointment of the other Officers should [be] by agreement if possible; if other[wise] by seniority, or in any other mode which shall be deemed more convenient to the Gentlemen concerned, and more eligible for the public Interest. Tho I am not authorized to promise any particular encouragement to the Officers who remain in Service, yet it appears evident to me, that, in case there should be any Peace Establishment, their claim for employment will be greater than that of any other Gentleman whatever.
The present Corps of Artillery, may be reformed and arranged in ... Companies, upon the bef[ore ment]ioned principles, or at any [rate, no more] Officers should be r[etained than are] necessary to comma[nd the men] actually in service. The purpose for which these troops are retained, is, for the securi[ty of the Post] and Stores at West point and its dependances and the Stores in general at ot[her places,] and the Block-hou[se at Fort] Schuyler; with respect to the latter I have mentioned my idea[s to the Governor,] and advised his keeping an Offr and 20 of the State Troops for it's sec[urity 'till you] can relieve them, which I wish you to do as soon as y[ou conveniently]5 can after the Arrangement has taken place.
[Note 5: The draft is mutilated and the words in brackets have been supplied from the Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
The exhausted state of our Finances presses for a diminution of public Expences at as early a period as may be; you will therefore be pleased to advise with his Excellency the Govr. of this State, and agree upon the earliest time when the reduction of the Troops may take place, without detriment to the Posts and Stores committed to their charge; after which you will cause the arrangement immediately to be carried into effect.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
New York, December 3, 1783.
Sir: The splendid display of Fire works last Evening was so highly satisfactory that I must request you to present to Captain Price7 under whose direction they were prepared, and to the Officers who assisted him, my thanks for the great skill and attention shewn in the conduct of that business. I am etc.8
[Note 7: Capt. William Price, of the Corps of Artillery. He was the Deputy Commissary of Ordnance and Military Stores in January, 1784, and served to March, 1787.]
[Note 8: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 9: French consul at New York.]
New York, December 4, 1783.
Sir: I recd with the greatest satisfaction the Message you had the goodness to bring me from my friend the Marquis de la Fayette. Nothing could give me more pleasure than a sight of that amiable, disinterested, and patriotic Young Nobleman.
While the polite mode of your communication merits my acknowledgments, I take a pleasure in congratulating you on your appointment to be the Consul of his Most Christian Majesty for this State. I am etc.6
New York City, December 4, 1783.
My Dr. Marqs: Since I came to this place, which was evacuated by the British Forces, and taken possession of by our Troops on the 25th. ulto., I have made a purchase of so many pieces of the plated Ware, as to render it unnecessary for you to comply with the request of my letter of the 30th. of October from Princeton by Majr. L'Enfant; and have to beg the favor of you to take no steps in consequence thereof. With the greatest truth, and most unfeigned regard, I am, etc.10
[Note 10: On December 4 Washington wrote a brief note of the same purport as above to Major L'Enfant, the "Letter Book" copy of which is in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 4, 1783.
Dear Sir: Finding it essential to the public Interest that you should superintend the Posts and military affairs in this Department untill some farther Arrangement, or untill the pleasure of Congress shall be known; I have therefore to request that you will remain in Service, untill one of the foregoing events shall take place; in the meantime you will be pleased to pay particular attention to the enclosed Instructions respectg a reformation of the Army. With great regard etc.11
[Note 11: This draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Note 12: New Jersey.]
New Brunswick, December 6,13 1783.
[Note 13: This draft of the reply to the address of the citizens of Brunswick is dated December 5, but indorsed by Washington as of December 6.]
Gentlemen: I receive with perfect satisfaction the Address of the Citizens of New Brunswick,14 and acknowledge with great sensibility that their sentiments of my character and services are favorable beyond my fondest expectations.
[Note 14: The address of the citizens, dated Dec. 6, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
If anything could add to my happiness, at the present auspicious period, it would be the testimony of esteem and veneration which you, Gentlemen, have just exhibited towards those Worthy and deserving Men who have so eminently contributed to the glorious termination of the War; and the protestation you have made of affording your influence and example, in rendering full and ample compensation for their important services. Altho I now am returning to a much wished for retirement, yet I cannot bid adieu to the Acquaintances and Connections I have formed while acting in a public character without experiencing a certain pleasing, melancholly sensation, pleasing because I leave my Country in the full possession of Liberty and Independence; Melancholly because I bid my friends a long, perhaps a last farewell.
You must permit me Gentlemen to return you my best thanks for your benevolent wishes, and to assure you that the prosperity of the Citizens of New Brunswick will ever afford me the sincerest pleasure.15
[Note 15: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Trenton], December 6, 1783.
Gentlemen: I want Words to express the heart-felt pleasure I experience on receiving the congratulation and plaudit of so respectable a Body, as the Legislature of the State of New Jersey.16 I cannot however suppress the effusions of my gratitude for their flattering allusion to an event which hath signalized17 the name of Trenton; for the delicate manner of their recalling to mind none but grateful ideas; as well as for all their former assistance at the period of our deepest distress.
[Note 16: The address of the legislature is headed "The Address of the Governor Council and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey." It is dated Dec. 6, 1783, is signed by William Livingston as president of the council and Ephraim Harris as Speaker of the assembly, and is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 17: The draft has the word "immortalized," with the word "signalized" written above it.]
I am heartily disposed to join with you, Gentlemen, in adoration to that all-wise and most gracious Providence which hath so conspicuously interposed in the direction of our public affairs and the establishment of our national Independence.
The faithful page of History, will I doubt not, record all the patriotic sufferings and meritorious Services of the gallant little Army I have had the honor to command; nor, (if my testimony and the voice of truth can avail anything), shall the efficacious exertions of the State of New Jersey, or the almost unrivalled bravery of its Militia ever be forgotten. Let the fact be made known to the whole world, let it be remembered forever as an example to succeeding Ages, that, after a large extent of Country had been overrun by a formidable Enemy, and thousands of Citizens driven from their possessions; the virtuous freedom of New Jersey, recovering from the temporary shock, stungby the remembrance of what their wives, their children and Friends had already suffered, by the thought of losing all they yet held dear and sacred, animated by an enthusiastic hope of success, and bouyed, by a reliance on the aid of Heaven, above the fear of danger and death itself then began to stem the tide of adversity; and, in concert with our other force, recoiling like an impetuous torrent on our lately victorious foes, confined them within narrow limits 'till compelled to take their final departure from the State. For me, it is enough to have seen the divine Arm visibly outstretched for our deliverance, and to have recd the approbation of my Country, and my Conscience on account of my humble instrumentality in carrying the designs of Providence into effect; but for my gallant Associates in the Field, who have so essentially contributed to the establishment of our Independence and national glory, no rewards can be too great.
I am now to bid you a long farewell, and to recommend, you Gentlemen, and the State whose wellfare you are appointed to superintend, to the indulgent care of Heaven. May unanimity and wisdom ever prevail in your public Councils! May Justice and liberality distinguish the Administration of your Government! and may the Citizens of New Jersey be completely happy in the practice of Industry economy and every private Virtue.18
[Note 18: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.
While in New York Washington gave "An Entertainment" at Fraunces's Tavern (at which he seemsto have lodged from November 26 to December 4, inclusive) on November 30, for which the bill was £35. This item is in Samuel Fraunces's bill, in the Washington Papers, under date of Nov. 26, 1783.
A description of Washington's farewell to his officers was printed in Rivington's New York Gazette on December 6.
According to a bill of expense dated Dec. 7, 1783, in the Washington Papers, the Commander in Chief was in Trenton on Dec. 6, 7, and 8, 1783. He reached Philadelphia about noon on December 8.]
Philadelphia, December 9, 1783.
Gentlemen: The perfect establishment of American Independence is indeed an event of such infinite importance as to fill the mind with gratitude and Joy; and afford the fairest occasion for mutual congratulations.19
[Note 19: The address of the merchants, dated Dec. 9, 1783, is in the Washington Papers. The merchants entertained the General at a dinner at the City Tavern on December 12.]
The honorable sentiments you are pleased to express respecting the Merits of the Army; the just idea you entertain of their bravery, sufferings and magnanimity; and the honest desire you manifest of making an adequate compensation for their Services; are circumstances highly satisfactory to me, as well as extremely flattering to the gallant Men who are more immediately concerned. And I must take the liberty to add, that the punctuality of the Merchants and other Citizens of Philadelphia in raising their proportion of Taxes for the support of the War, and their chearfulness in affording every other assistance in their power, are marks of Patriotism which deserve the warmest acknowledgements.
I am happy in having one more opportunity of expressing the personal obligations I feel myself under to You Gentlemen, for your favorable opinion and for the present as well as for every former instance of your polite attention.
Having long since been convinced of the expediency and even necessity of rendering compleat justice to all the public Creditors; and having at the same time been impressed with a belief that the good sense of my Countrymen would ultimately induce them to comply with the requisitions of Congress. I could not avoid being greatly pleased with the Example set by the State of Pennsylvania; nor can I conceal my satisfaction at finding your sentiments coincide so exactly with my own. Let us flatter ourselves, that the day is not remote, when a wise and just system of policy will be adopted by every State in the Union; then will national faith be inviolably preserved, public credit durably established, the blessings of Commerce extensively diffused, and the reputation of our new-formed Empire supported with as much Eclat as has been acquired in laying the foundation of it.20
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Philadelphia, December 9, 1783.]
Gentlemen: I am duly affected by the wellcome reception I have met with on my return to this City; and accept with unusual pleasure your Congratulation.21
[Note 21: President John Dickinson's letter of congratulation for himself and the council, dated Dec. 9, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
But I feel myself particularly indebted to you Gentlemen, for that delicate, sensibility, which hath spared my feelings, and by suppressing your sentiments of my conduct, placed it in but too fair a point of light.
It is from a heart overflowing with gratitude for your past assistance and present politeness, that I reciprocate all your benevolent wishes.
While my farewell blessing thus attends you, permit me to give this last public testimony of the great respect and esteem with which I have the honor, etc.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[December 9, 1783.]
Gentlemen: I consider the approbation of the Representatives of a free and virtuous People as the most enviable reward that can ever be conferred on a public Character.23
[Note 23: The address of the assembly, dated Dec, 9, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
A sense of duty impelled me to contribute, whatever my Sword or my Pen could effect, towards the establishment of our Freedom and Independence. The smiles of Providence on the United exertions of my fellow Citizens have compleated our successes, and it remains to be my first and most earnest desire that the United States may profit by the happy occasion and preserve by wisdom and justice that liberty and honor they have so nobly maintained by Arms.
Anticipating the encreasing happiness and lustre of this growing Empire, I shall return to private life with a degree of Satisfaction more easily to be conceived than expressed.
As this is the last time I shall have the honor of seeing you Gentlemen in my Official character, I cannot bid you a final farewell, without acknowledging the assistance I have frequently derived from your State, and the pleasure I have lately recd from a contemplation of the illustrious Example of the Legislature in adopting the recommendations of Congress with so much promptness and unanimity. May the Representatives and Citizens of this Commonwealth continue to possess the same good dispositions, and may they be as happy in the enjoyment of Peace as it is possible for a wise, just, and united People to be.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, December 9, 1783.
My Dear Marqs: I have the honor of introducing to your acquaintance, Doct: Witherspoon, President of the College of New Jersey and the bearer of this letter. It is with pleasure I can recommend him to your notice, as a Gentleman well known on this side the water for his abilities and Literature; I therefore the more readily take the liberty of presenting him to you, as worthy of your civilities.
We have just now my Dear Friend closed the military scene by taking possession of New York. I am now on my way to Annapolis to lay my resignation before Congress, from thence I shall retire directly to Mount Vernon, where I anticipate the pleasing moment when I shall embrace My Dr. Marqs.; being with every sentiment of esteem your etc.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 9 Washington wrote brief notes introducing John Witherspoon to Benjamin Franklin and Comte de Rochambeau. Copies of these notes are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On December 13 Washington wrote a similar note of introduction for Witherspoon to Duc de Lauzun. The "Letter Book" copy is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 12, 1783.
Gentlemen: The honorable manner in which you are pleased to notice my return to this City, is particularly acceptable to me.28
[Note 28: The address of militia officers, dated Dec. 12, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
It would have been a proof of the want of Patriotism and every social Virtue not to have assumed the character of a Soldier when the exigency of the Public demanded, or not to have returned to the Class of Citizens when the necessity of farther Service ceased to exist. I can therefore claim no merit beyond that of having done my duty with fidelity.
While the various Scenes of the War, in which I have experienced the timely aid of the Militia of Philadelphia, recur to my mind, my ardent prayer ascends to Heaven that they may long enjoy the blessings of that Peace which has been obtained by the divine benediction on our common exertions.29
[Note 29: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, December 13, 1783.
Gentlemen: I have great occasion to be satisfied with the proofs you have now given of regard for my person, and approbation of my Services.30
[Note 30: The address of the magistrates, dated Dec. 13, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
Nothing could have been more proper on this occasion than to attribute our glorious successes in the manner you have done, to the bravery of our Troops, the assistance of our Ally and the interposition of Providence. Having by such means acquired the inestimable blessings of Peace Liberty and Independence; the preservation of these important acquisitions must now, in a great measure, be committed to an able and faithful Magistracy. May the tranquility and good order of the City and County in which you are called to act in that respectable character, continue to exhibit your Example as worthy of universal imitation.31
[Note 31: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Philadelphia, December 13, 1783.]
Gentlemen: I experience a singular satisfaction in receiving your congratulations on the establishment of Peace and the security of those important interests which were involved in the fate of the War.32
[Note 32: Two copies of the address of the trustees et al., dated Dec. 13, 1783, are in the Washington Papers.]
Desirous of being considered the friend, and (as far as consists with my abilities), The Patron of the Arts and Sciences; I must take the liberty of expressing my sense of the obligations I am under to the Trustees and Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania for paying me so flattering a Compliment,33 and on so pleasing a subject.
[Note 33: The degree of doctor of laws from the University of Pennsylvania, dated July 4, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
I accept, Gentlemen, the honors you have had the goodness to confer upon me, with the greatest deference and respect.
May the Revolution prove extensively propitious to the cause of Literature; may the tender plants of Science which are cultivated by your assiduous care under the fostering influence of Heaven, soon arrive at an uncommon point of maturity and perfection, and may this University long continue to diffuse throughout an enlightened Empire, all the blessing of virtue, learning and urbanity.34
[Note 34: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[Philadelphia, December 13, 1783.]
Gentlemen: I entreat you to accept my grateful thanks for your affectionate Address;35 and to be assured that the kindness and partiality of your sentiments respecting me, as well as the elegance and urbanity of your expressions, have made an impression on my mind never to be effaced.
[Note 35: The address of the learned professions is undated but filed in the Washington Papers under date of Dec. 13, 1783. It is signed "In behalf of the Clergy, Gentlemen of the Law and Physicians of the City of Philadelphia," by John Ewing, and 8 others.]
Conscious of no impropriety in wishing to merit the esteem of my fellow Citizens in general; I cannot hesitate to acknowledge that I feel a certain pleasing sensation in obtaining the good opinion of men eminent for their virtue, knowledge and humanity; but I am sensible at the same time, it becomes me to receive with humility the warm commendations you are pleased to bestow on my conduct: for if I have been led to detest the folly and madness of unbounded ambition, if I have been induced from other motives to draw my sword and regulate my public behaviour, or if the management of the War has been conducted upon purer principles: let me not arrogate the merit to human imbecility, but rather ascribe whatever glory may result from our successful struggle to a higher and more efficient Cause. For the re-establishment of our once violated rights; for the confirmation of our Independence; for the protection of Virtue, Philosophy and Literature: for the present flourishing state of the Sciences, and for the enlarged prospect of human happiness, it is our common duty to pay the tribute of gratitude to the greatest and best of Beings.
Tho the military Scene is now closed and I am hastening with unspeakable delight to the still and placid walks of domestic Life; yet even there will my Country's happiness be ever nearest to my heart, and, while I cherish the fond idea I shall still retain, a pleasing remembrance of the able support the Public has often received from the learned Professions; whose prosperity is so essential to the preservation of the Liberties, as well as the augmentation of the happiness and glory of this extensive Empire.36
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, December 13, 1783.
Gentlemen: While you recall to my mind the honor formerly done me by enrolling my name in the List of the Members of your Society, you greatly heighten the pleasure of your present congratulations.37
[Note 37: The address of the American Philosophical Society, dated Dec. 12, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
For if I know my own inclination, it is to be the friend and associate to men of Virtue and philosophical knowledge; or if I have a wish ungratified, it is that the Arts and Sciences may continue to flourish with encreasing lustre.
In the philosophic retreat to which I am retiring, I shall often contemplate with pleasure the extensive utility of your Institution. The field of investigation is ample, the benefits which will result to Human Society from discoveries yet to be made, are indubitable, and the task of studying the works of the great Creator, inexpressibly delightful.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Philadelphia, December 13, 1783.
Sir: You will be pleased to send immediately to the orders of His Excelly the Chevr. de la Luzerne, the two pieces of Ordnance which were engraved by my desire at Poughkeepsie for the Count de Grasse, and which are now in your possession. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
December 13, 1783.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 11th. inst: has been delivered to me. I am extremely sorry to be obliged to deny any request which comes from you; but never having opened a corrispondence with the Minister of War in France, and having refused the like application from other officers, it is impossible to comply with it in this instance. I shall however be very happy in giving you a Certificate or letter, expressive of my approbation of your services.
I feel myself exceedingly flattered by your proposition of wearing my picture and would sit for you with great pleasure if the multiplicity of business I have to do in a short time would permit me; a good copy may however, be had in town, and I sincerely wish it may constantly impress on your mind the great regard and esteem with which I am, etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 13, 1783.
Sir: As I have been and still am extremely occupied in closing my public and private affairs in this City, it is not in my power to make any farther observations on the subject contained in your letters of the 3d. of Novr. and 8th. of Decr., than just to remark, that in my opinion it would be very unfortunate to lose the knowledge of any discovery which tended to prevent or remove the calamities of human life.
Under this belief I should recommend the communication of your discovery, and I think, at the same time, that some compensation for your trouble and skill in prosecuting the investigation, would be highly reasonable; but I know not how this can be effected in the state of our affairs, unless by the profits arising from the sale of your publication; nor do I see what agency I can with propriety have in the matter, beyond subscribing for your work: for it appears to me that certificates or recommendations from those who have been restored to health by the efficacy of your medicine, would be vastly more pertinent, and of infinitely more avail, than any thing I could say or do on the subject. I am, etc.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 14, 1783.
Sir: I have just received a Letter from General McIntosh in Georgia praying me to use my interest with your Excellency in favor of a young frenchman under the name of Du Coins43 whose situation is explained in the Letter I now do myself the honor to inclose.
[Note 43: John Francis Borigere de Costia, who called himself "Capt. John du Coins" on account of a dueling difficulty. He entered the Fourth Georgia Regiment in 1777 and served to the end of the war.]
Tho' I am unacquainted with the young Gentleman otherwise than by that Letter, yet having served with Credit in our Army and being represented to me as deserving, I must confess I feel myself interested in his favor, and if there will be no impropriety, shall be much obliged by anything your Excellency can do for him. With my great esteem etc.44
[Note 44: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Philadelphia, December 14, 1783.
Dear Sir: I have only time before my departure from this City to acknowledge the receipt of your two favors of the 1 Novr.45 and 14 December with the several inclosures, which I will take an opportunity of laying before Congress at as early a period as possible.
[Note 45: Wayne's letter (a 12-page one), reporting his operations in Georgia from Jan. 19 to Dec. 9, 1782, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152, vol. 11, fol. 555.]
I should have been very happy to have seen you here; and am sorry your health did not permit it; I hope however I shall soon have that pleasure at Mount Vernon, being with great regard etc.46
[Note 46: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, December 15, 1783.
Dr. Sir: I have within a few days past received your two favors of the 15 October and 1st Novr. the latter inclosing your application to Congress.
Inclosed is my Letter to the Minister of france on the subject of Captain Du Coins. I have yet no answer, if it comes before I close this, I will send it you.
Tomorrow I set off for Annapolis on my way home, and will deliver your application with the other inclosure to Congress, but I must observe that the resolve of your Assembly of feby last, on which Congress must found their resolution for rescinding their former resolve respecting you, may, for want of its being authenticated properly, be deemed insufficient for Congress to act on. I will however give your application all the support in my power and have no doubt Congress will be happy in doing you Justice. With great regard I am, etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Philadelphia, December 15, 1783.
My dear Sir: It was with exceeding great concern I heard by Mr. Gouvr. Morris that you had a return of your Fever; I hope it was slight and that you are now perfectly restored to health. No Man wishes it more sincerely than I do.
I have been able to negotiate a matter with Mr. Robt. Morris by wch. about Seventeen hundred pounds York Currency will be thrown into your hands on my Acct. which sum, when received, I pray you to carry to the credit of my Bond.
I am within a few Minutes of setting off for Virginia, passing thro' Annapolis, where I shall stay two or three days only. My very best wishes always attend Mrs. Clinton and your family; and with much respect, and sincere Affection etc.48
[Note 48: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Philadelphia, December 15, 1783.
My Dear Marqs: Among the last acts of my public life, none afford me more pleasure than to acknowledge the assistance I have received from those worthy men whom I have had the honor to command, and whose exertions have so much contributed to the safety and liberty of my Country.
In the number of these, You my Dear Sir, cannot pass unnoticed. The great zeal, intelligence and bravery you have shewn, and the various distinguished services you have performed, deserve my warmest thanks.
It is impossible for me to recollect at this moment, all the particular times at which you have signalized yourself. Your conduct at the action of the Short hills, where out of eighty men, you had thirty killed, and where you served a piece of Artillery which, but for your spirited behaviour, would have been taken by the enemy. Your behaviour at the Head of Elk, where you commanded the rear Guard in the retreat. Your conduct in the actions of Brandywine and White Marsh, and particularly when under the Marquis de la Fayette, and next in command to him, you, with the Militia and a few rifle men, made a successful attack on the rear guard of Lord Cornwallis' Army. Your conduct, I say, in these instances, while it did infinite honor to yourself, was of singular service to the Country. But among all the services you have performed, I must not forget the very handsome partizan stroke you made in WestChester, where with all the address and bravery of a complete partizan Officer, you surprized a Major and some men of the enemy, in quarters, a considerable distance within their Pickets, and brought them off without any loss on your side.
Though I had not the opportunity of being a witness to your Conduct in 1780 when you was to the southward, the reports I had of it did not lessen the good opinion I before had of you; and the next year I was particularly obliged to you, for your very spirited behaviour you shewed, in becoming a Volunteer and going in that character at the head of the Column to the attack and storm of the redoubt at York town.
After such a series of behaviour in the field, as could not but gain my applause. The great zeal and activity shewn in raising and discipling a new Corps, and the good order caused to be observed during the whole time you was quartered at Yorktown, confirmed my opinion of your character, as an excellent Officer.
While I give you this last public testimony of my approbation, I beg you to believe, that nothing will give me more satisfaction, than to have it in my power to give you more solid proofs of the real friendship and esteem, with which etc.49
[Note 49: From a contemporary copy made in the office of the Secretary of the Continental Congress and indorsed: "March 1st. 1784 Original returned to Genl. Armand." This copy is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 152 vol. 11, fol. 643.]
Wilmington, December 16, 1783.
Gentlemen: I earnestly wish to convince you of the pleasure I take in reciprocating your congratulation on our glorious successes, and the attainment of an honorable Peace.50
[Note 50: The address of the burgesses et al., dated by Washington "Wilmington, Dec. 16, 1783," is in the Washington Papers.]
Altho' the prospect of our public affairs has been sometimes gloomy indeed; yet the well-known firmness of my Countrymen, and the expected aid of Heaven, supported me in the trying hour, and have finally reallised our most sanguine wishes.
In the course of your Address you have sufficiently convinced me of your abilities to excite very pleasing emotions, and you must permit me to say, that the genuine approbation of my fellow-Citizens is far more satisfactory, than the most lavish encomiums could be.
Under a deep impression of your generous sentiments and wishes, I return to a long meditated retirement. And let me assure you, Gentlemen, tho' I shall no more appear on the great Theatre of Action, the Wellfare of our infant States can never be indifferent to me.51
[Note 51: In the writing of David Humphreys. The original is in the Delaware Historical Society.]
Baltimore, December 18, 1783.
Gentlemen: The acceptable manner in which you have wellcomed my arrival in the Town of Baltimore, and the happy terms in which you have communicated the congratulations of its Inhabitants, lay me under the greatest obligations.52
[Note 52: The address of the citizens of Baltimore, dated Dec. 18, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
Be pleased, Gentlemen, to receive this last public acknowledgement for the repeated instances of your politeness, and to believe, it is my earnest wish that the Commerce, the Improvements, and universal prosperity of this flourishing Town, may, if possible, encrease with even more rapidity than they have hitherto done. I have the Honour, etc.53
[Note 53: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Annapolis, December 20, 1783.
Sir: I take the earliest opportunity to inform Congress of my arrival in this City,54 with the intention of asking leave to resign the Commission I have the honor of holding in their Service.
[Note 54: Washington arrived in Annapolis on December 19. From Walker's memorandum of expense on the road from Philadelphia to Annapolis, the route was: Chester, Wilmington, Head of Elk, Susquehanna Ferry, Bush Town, Leggits, Baltimore, Mrs. Urquhart's, and Annapolis. This memorandum, dated Dec. 27, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.] It is essential for me to know their pleasure, anti in what manner it will be most proper to offer my resignation, whether in writing, or at an Audience; I shall therefore request to be honored with the necessary information, that being apprized of the sentiments of Congress I may regulate my Conduct accordingly. I have the honor etc.55
[Note 55: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
Annapolis, December 21, 1783.
Sir: In my last dispatch to your Excellency, I had the honor to inform Congress, that the American Troops had taken possession of the City of New York, and had delivered it to the Government of the State; and that the British Troops had retired to Staten and Long Islands. I had also the honor to inclose to you Sir Guy Carletons last letter, informing me of his intention to take his final departure from the Continent, with the Troops under his Command, on the 4th. of this month.
As there was no longer a necessity for retaining so many Troops in service for the Posts at present in our possession, and as the terms of service of the men were expiring so fast, that 1500 or 2000 would have been discharged by June next, I thought it most consistent with the state of our public affairs, to lessen the expence as soon as possible, and therefore gave directions to Major General Knox before I left New York, to reduce the whole of the Troops, to one Batallion of Infantry of 500 Rank and file, and about 100 Artillery, and these to be of the Men who had the longest time to serve.
To carry this arrangement into effect, and to collect and put into a state of preservation the Ordnance and other valuable Military Stores belonging to the United States, it was necessary there should be some Officer of Rank and abilities, and as the latter business was in the particular line of General Knox, and none understood or could attend to it so well, I directed that Officer to continue in command, untill the further pleasure of Congress should be made known to him.
Among the Officers of the Army who have been obliged to retire at the conclusion of the War, are many who from various motives are desirous of being arranged on any Peace Establishment that may take place.56 I take the liberty to lay before Congress the several applications that have been made to me on the subject, and in addition to the testimony which accompanies them, I can only add mine, that most of the Gentlemen, whose names are on the list, are personally known to me as some of the best Officers who were in the Army.
[Note 56: A list of these officers accompanies this letter from Washington. They are: Col. Richard Butler; Lieutenant Colonels Harmar and Mentges, of Pennsylvania; Smith, of New York, and Humphreys, of Connecticut; Majors Moore, of Pennsylvania, and Hamtranck, of New York; Captains Fowler and Vandenburgh, of New York; Bowen, Zeigler, McCully, and Armstrong, of Pennsylvania; Singleton of Virginia, and Dyer, of Maryland; and Lieutenant Armstrong, of Pennsylvania.]
Before I left the Northward, Brigr. General Michl. Jackson delivered me a Memorial57 which he requested me to lay before Congress: but as, from some accident, it has been mislaid, I will take the liberty of mentioning the purport of it to that honorable Body. This Officer in 1776 when Major of one of the Massachusets Regiments, received a Wound in one of his Legs, at the attack on Montresors Island, which ever since and still continues to be extremely painfull and inconvenient to him, and totally incapacitates him from any Violent exercise; he has a large family and solicits some further provision. At the time I promised to lay his Memorial before Congress, I gave him my
[Note 57: Jackson's Memorial (Nov. 8, 1783) is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 41, vol. 4, 463.] opinion that it was not probable the subject would not be taken up partially, but that some general provision might be made for all under the same circumstances. A Petition of the like nature has been shewn me from some Wounded Officers of the Corps of Invalids.
I have the honor to transmit your Excellency a Letter from General Wayne, with sundry papers accompanying it,58 also a Letter from General McIntosh, and one from, General Du Portail in favor of Captain Castaing.59
[Note 58: See Washington's letter to Anthony Wayne, Dec. 14, 1783, ante. Copies of the papers concerning Wayne's operations in Georgia, with copies by Wayne of his letters to Washington, are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
[Note 59: Capt. Peter Castaing. He was aide to Du Portail, whose letter of Nov. 6, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
It having become necessary last Spring to send some Troops into West Chester County in the State of New York to take possession of that part of it which the British had evacuated, and to support the Magistrates in reestablishing the Civil Government of the State, Colonel Hull was sent on that service, and from the particular nature of it was put to much additional expence, he has applied to me to be reimbursed, but altho' I think his demand of 24 dollars p Month during five Months he was on that service just and reasonable, I could only recommend him to Congress, which I now take the liberty of doing. With great respect I have the honor etc.
P.S. I must take the liberty to mention that Colonel Richard Butler, in case he cannot be employed on a Peace Establishment would be glad to be appointed a Commissioner for Indian Affairs; from the knowledge I have of his Character I think him a proper person for that Employ and as such beg leave to recommend him to Congress.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Benjamin Walker. The letter was read in Congress on December 22.]
December 22, 1783.
Permit me, Gentlemen, to offer to you my sincere thanks for your Congratulations on the happy events, of Peace and the Establishment of our Independence.61
[Note 61: The address of the mayor et al., dated by Washington Dec. 22, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
If my Conduct throughout the War has merited the confidence of my fellow Citizens, and has been instrumental in obtaining for my Country the blessings of Peace and Freedom, I owe it to that Supreme being who guides the hearts of all; who has so signally interposed his aid in every Stage of the Contest and who has graciously been pleased to bestow on me the greatest of Earthly rewards: the approbation and affections of a free people.
Tho' I retire from the employments of public life I shall never cease to entertain the most anxious care for the welfare of my Country. May the Almighty dispose the heart of every Citizen of the United States to improve the great prospect of happiness before us, and may you Gentlemen, and the Inhabitants of this City long enjoy every felicity, this World can Afford.62
[Note 62: The draft is in the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[December 22, 1783.]
Gentlemen: I feel myself particularly happy in receiving the approbation of the Genl Assembly of Maryland, for those services which my Country had a right to demand, and which it was my duty to render in defence of it.63
[Note 63: The address of the General Assembly of Maryland, dated Dec. 22, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
Having happily attained the object for which we had drawn the Sword; I felicitated myself on my approaching return to private life, and I must acknowledge I anticipated an unusual degree of self-gratification in that retirement which you have pleased to consider as an evidence of patriotism.
You have rightly judged, Gentlemen, that public Liberty cannot be long preserved, without the influence of those public virtues which you have enumerated. May the example you have exhibited, and the disposition you have manifested, prevail extensively and have the most salutary operation! for I am well assured, it is only by a general adoption of wise and equitable Measures, that I can derive any personal satisfaction, or the public any permanent advantage from the successful issue of the late Contest.
I am deeply penetrated with the liberal sentiments and wishes contained in your last Address to me as a public character. And while I am bidding you a final farewell in that capacity, be assured Gentlemen, that it will be my study in retirement not to forfeit the favorable opinion of my fellow Citizens.64
[Note 64: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
Annapolis, December 23, 1783.
Gentlemen: I shall ever cherish a pleasing remembrance of the welcome reception I have experienced from your Excellency and the Council, on my return to this City, after the happy and honorable termination of the War.65
[Note 65: The address of the governor et al., dated Dec. 20, 1783, is in the Washington Papers.]
The flattering sentiments you entertain of my exertions in defence of our Country, and the favorable point of light in which you place my Character, too strongly demonstrate your friendship, not to claim the most gratefull return from me.
Convinced from experience, of the wisdom and decision which have signalized the Government of Maryland, I cannot form a better wish for the future prosperity of the State, than that the same spirit of Justice and Patriotism, which actuated its Councils during a long and eventfull War, may continue to dictate its measures thro' a durable and happy Peace. With the most perfect consideration etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Benjamin Walker.]
[MD.H.S]
Annapolis, December 23, 1783.
My dear Baron: Altho' I have taken frequent oppertunities, both in public and private, of acknowledging your great zeal, attention, and abilities in performing the duties of your Office; yet I wish to make use of this last moment of my public life, to signifie in the strongest terms my entire approbation of your conduct, and to express my sense of the obligations the public is under to you, for your faithful and meritorious Services.
I beg you will be convinced, My dear Sir, that I should rejoice if it could ever be in my power to serve you more essentially than by expressions of regard and affection; but in the meantime, I am perswaded you will not be displeased with this farewell token of my sincere friendship and esteem for you.
This is the last Letter I shall ever write while I continue in the service of my Country; the hour of my resignation is fixed at twelve this day; after which I shall become a private Citizen on the Banks of the Potomack, where I shall be glad to embrace you, and to testify the great esteem and consideration with which I am etc.67
[Note 67: From the original in the office of the Secretary of the United States Senate.]
[Annapolis, December 23, 1783.]
Mr. President: The great events on which my resignation depended having at length taken place; I have now the honor of offering my sincere Congratulations to Congress and of presenting myself before them to surrender into their hands the trust committed to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the Service of my Country.
Happy in the confirmation of our Independence and Sovereignty, and pleased with the oppertunity afforded the United States of becoming a respectable Nation, I resign with satisfaction the Appointment I accepted with diffidence. A diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so arduous a task, which however was superseded by a confidence in the rectitude of our Cause, the support of the Supreme Power of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven.
The Successful termination of the War has verified the most sanguine expectations, and my gratitude for the interposition of Providence, and the assistance I have received from my Countrymen, encreases with every review of the momentous Contest.
While I repeat my obligations to the Army in general, I should do injustice to my own feelings not to acknowledge in this place the peculiar Services and distinguished merits of the Gentlemen who have been attached to my person during the War. It was impossible the choice of confidential Officers to compose my family should have been more fortunate. Permit me Sir, to recommend in particular those, who have continued in Service to the present moment, as worthy of the favorable notice and patronage of Congress.
I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my Official life, by commending the Interests of our dearest Country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping.
Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of Action; and bidding an Affectionate farewell to this August body under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my Commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life.68
[Note 68: From the draft in the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress. A fair copy, by Humphreys, signed and dated by Washington, is in the Washington Papers.
A committee, composed of Thomas Jefferson, Elbridge Gerry, and James McHenry, reported to Congress, December 22, that--
"1. The President and members are to be seated and covered, and the secretary to be standing by the side of the President.
"2. The arrival of the General is to be announced by the messenger to the secretary, who is thereupon to introduce the General attended by his aids to the Hall of Congress.
"3. The General being conducted to a chair by the secretary is to be seated with an aid on each side, standing, and the secretary is to resume his place.
"4. After a proper time for the arrangement of spectators, silence is to be ordered by the secretary, if necessary, and the President is to address the general in the following words:
"'Sir, The United States in Congress assembled are prepared to receive your communications.'
"Where upon the General is to arise and address Congress, after which he is to deliver his Commission and a copy of his address to the President.
"5. The General having resumed his place, the President is to deliver the answer of Congress, which the General is to receive standing.
"6. The President having finished, the secretary is to deliver the General a copy of the answer, and the General is then to take his leave.
"When the General rises to make his address, and also when he retires, he is to bow to Congress, which they are to return by uncovering without bowing."
For the answer of the President, see the Journals of the Continental Congress, Dec. 23, 1783. A copy, in the writing of Charles Thomson, and signed by him, is in the Washington Papers.
James Tilton wrote to Gunning Bedford, from Annapolis, on Christmas day:
"The General came to town last friday, and announced his arrival, by a letter to congress, requesting to know, in what manner they chused he should resign his authority; whether by private letter or public audience? The latter was preferred without hesitation. Some etiquette being settled on saturday, a public dinner was ordered on monday and the audience to be on tuesday. The feast on monday was the most extraordinary I ever attended. Between 2 and 3 hundred Gentn: dined together in the ball-room. The number of cheerful voices,, with the clangor of knives and forks made a din of a very extraordinary nature and most delightful influence. Every man seemed to be in heaven or so absored in the pleasures of imagination, as to neglect the more sordid appetites, for not a soul got drunk, though there was wine in plenty and the usual number of 13 toasts drank, besides one given afterwards by the General which you ought to be acquainted with: it is as follows. 'Competent powers to congress for general purposes.'
"In the evening of the same day, the Governor gave a ball at the State House. To light the rooms every window was illuminated. Here the company was equally numerous, and more brilliant, consisting of ladies and Gentn: Such was my villanous awkwardness, that I could not venture to dance on this occasion, you must therefore annex to it a cleverer Idea, than is to be expected from such a mortified whelp as I am. The General danced every set, that all the ladies might have the pleasure of dancing with him, or as it has since been handsomely expressed, get a touch of him.
"Tuesday morning, Congress met, and took their seats in order, all covered. At twelve o'clock the General was introduced by the Secretary, and seated opposite to the president, until the throng, that filled all the avenues, were so disposed of so as to behold the solemnity. The ladies occupied the gallery as full as it would hold, the Gentn: crouded below stairs. Silence ordered, by the Secretary, the Genl. rose and bowed to congress, who uncovered, but did not bow. He then delivered his speech, and at the close of it drew his commission from his bosem and handed it to the president. The president replied in a set speech, the General bowed again to Congress, they uncovered and the General retired. After a little pause until the company withdrew, Congress adjourned. The General then steped into the room again, bid every member farewell and rode off from the door, intent upon eating his christmas dinner at home. Many of the spectators, particularly the fair ones shed tears, on this solemn and affecting occasion. Sir Robert Eden and Mr. William Harford attended very respectfully. They were also at the public dinner and the dance."
From the text of the original kindly furnished by Guy Stonestreet, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, December 28, 1783.
Gentn.: With pleasing sensibility I received your favor of the 26th. and beg leave to offer you my sincere thanks for the favorable sentiments with which it abounds.
I shall always feel pleasure when it may be in my power to render Service to lodge No 39, and in every act of brotherly kindness to the Members of it; being with great truth your Affect. Brother, etc.
Mount Vernon, December 28, 1783.
My dear Sir: After as prosperous a Journey as could be expected at this late season of the year, I arrived at my Seat the day before Christmas, having previously divested myself of my official character. I am now a private Citizen on the banks of the Powtowmack, where I should be happy to see you if your public business would ever permit, and where in the meantime I shall fondly cherish the remembrance of all your former friendship.
Altho I scarcely need tell you how much I have been satisfied with every instance of your public conduct, yet I could not suffer Col Walker [whose merits are too well known to you to need a recommendation of him from me if any thing should cast up favorable to his wishes] to depart for N York, without giving your Excellency one more testimony of the obligations I consider myself under for the spirited and able assistance, I have often derived from the State under your Administration. The Scene is at last closed. I feel myself eased of a load of public Care. I hope to spend the remainder of my Days in cultivating the affections of good Men, and in the practice of the domestic Virtues; permit me still to consider you in the Number of my friends, and to wish you every felicity.
Mrs. Washington joins me in presentg the Complts of the Season with our best respects to Mrs. Clinton and the family. I have the honor etc.72
[Note 72: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys.]
[December 31, 1783.]
Gentlemen: Nothing could have contributed more essentially to encrease the satisfaction I experience on my return from a successful War, to the tranquillity of domestic life, than your affectionate Congratulations.73
[Note 73: The address of the mayor et al. is in the Washington Papers.]
To find that neither time nor absence have interrupted or diminished the harmony of our happy neighbourhood, and that the circumstances are most favorable to the growth and prosperity of your rising Town, affords sensations of a very pleasing Nature. May the agreeable prospects be soon realized! and may the morals and conduct of the Inhabitants of Alexandria ever continue to insure its felicity.
While your friendly concern for my future welfare demands my best acknowledgments, I beg you will be persuaded, Gentlemen, that there is a certain homefelt [ sic] gratification in receiving the approbation and good wishes of those with whom we have been long acquainted and whose friendship we value, which can more easily be conceived than described.74
[Note 74: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys, and indorsed by Washington with the date of December 31.]
Mount Vernon, January 1, 1784.
Dear Sir: From the moment I left the City of New York until my arrival at this place, I have been so much occupied by a variety of concerns, that I could not find a moments leisure to acknowledge the receipt of your two favors of the 4th and 7th. Ulto.
The public and other papers, which were committed to your charge, and the Books in which they have been recorded under your inspection, having come safe to hand; I take this first opportunity of signifying my entire approbation of the manner in which you have executed the important duties of recording Secretary; and the satisfaction I feel in having my papers so properly arranged, and so correctly recorded;75 and beg you will accept my thanks for the care and attention which you have given to this business. I am fully convinced that neither the present age or posterity will consider the time and labour
[Note 75: The Varick Transcripts in the Library of Congress show, by the careful comparison necessary in editing this edition of the Writings, a minimum of errors. The differences in the transcripts from the drafts and the letters sent were, in the main, differences in spelling and capitalization of words; the punctuation variations are to be set down to differences of customs between professional copyists and Washington and his aides. Washington's statement, "correctly recorded," is a just one.] which have been employed in accomplishing it, unprofitably spent.
I beg you will be persuaded, that I shall take a pleasure in asserting on every occasion, the sense I entertain of the fidelity, skill and indefatigable industry manifested by you in the performance of your public duties, and that I am, etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 3, 1784.
Sir: In forwarding the Letter of the Count de Solms you have done a most acceptable office by bringing me acquainted with so venerable and dignified a character; you have also given me an occasion of experiencing your great politeness, and of expressing my obligations for it.
I must now take the liberty of committing to your charge a Letter directed to the Count; it is the harbinger of the Portrait which is intended to be presented to him, in conformity to his request and your permission, and which will be likewise addressed to your care by my friend the Honble Robt. Morris of philadelphia. I have the honor, etc.76
Mount Vernon, January 3, 1784.
Sir: The Letter which you did me the honor to write from Konigstein on the 9th. of July77 last came safely to my hands a few days ago, accompanied by one from Monsr. le Conte. de Bruhl.78
[Note 77: This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 78: Bruhl had written from London, Sept. 4, 1783. A copy of his letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Joseph Wright, Jan. 10, 1784, post.)]
I must entreat, my General, that you will accept my best acknowledgments for the favorable opinion you are pleased to express of my military character, as well as for your great politeness in proposing to introduce my likeness79 amongst your collection of heroes. I must likewise be permitted to assure you with how much satisfaction I should have embraced and welcomed, at my Seat on the banks of the Patowmac, the venerable Solldart, the noble Count de Solms, who has had the happiness to have served with, and to have been the friend and companion of those illustrious characters which now compose his inestimable collection, and into whose company, I am sensible it is no small honor, to have even my portrait admitted.
[Note 79: Solms acknowledged the receipt of the portrait, Aug. 4, 1785. Solms's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
But as the distance, and circumstances will not permit me the pleasure of seeing you, I must be contented with giving the best demonstration of respect in my power; I have not delayed a moment therefore to comply with your wishes, but have employed a Gentleman to perform the work, who is thought on a former occasion to have taken a better likeness of me, than any other painter has done: His forté seems to be in giving the distinguishing characteristics with more boldness than delicacy. And altho' he commonly marks the features very strongly, yet I cannot flatter you, that you will find the touches of his pencil extremely soft, or that the portrait will in any respect equal your expectations. Such as it may be (and for your sake, I would wish the execution was as perfect as possible) it will be forwarded from Philada., to the orders of the Count de Bruhl, as soon as it is finished, and I pray your acceptance of it as a token of the great veneration and esteem with which I have the honor, etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 4, 1784.
Dear Sir: Herewith I give you the trouble of receiving the Account of my expenditures in Philadelphia; and on my Journey home. If I recollect right, Colo. Cobb told me this was the mode you had Suggested to him, as proper for my proceeding in this matter.
The hurry I was involved in the morning I left the City, occasioned my neglecting to take a Memorandum of the Amount of the last Warrant which I drew on the pay Mr. General, and obliges me now81to exhibit two Accounts that I may be sure that one of them is right. The reason is this. I gave Colo. Cobb the balance which was due to me on the last Account vizt. £217.16.8. to found the Warrant, but in the hurry we were both in, he neither asked, nor did I tell him, that it was lawful Money (that is, dollars at 6/.) and from a recollection of a circumstance which I did not advert to at the time I signed the Warrant, I am led to believe he considered it Pennsylvania money, and drew the Warrant accordingly.
[Note 81: This word is underscored in the "Letter Book" copy.]
Should this be the case, the Account No. 2, is the one which ought to be presented at the Auditors Office. And Vice Versa. I have to request the favour of you therefore my good Sir, to let one of your Clerks examine the Warrant which I drew, or the Books of the Pay office to determine this point. And I shall be obliged to you for throwing the balance which may be found due to me on either, into the hands of Governor Clinton as soon as it is convenient, as he was kind enough to borrow money to answer my Wants for which I am now paying an Interest of Seven pr Cent.
Equally unexpected by them, as it appeared Just in my eyes to do it I have given my late Aids, who attended me from the Seat of my Military Command, One Hundred dollars each to bear their expences home; I could not think it reasonable, that, from their attachment to me, or from motives of etiquette, they should incur this charge themselves. Their finances I well knew were unable to bear it, altho I had some difficulty to prevail on them to accept this aid. Cobb I would not Suffer, (on Accot. of his domestic and other concerns) to proceed any further than Philadelphia with me but his distance from thence home, would be equal to those of Humphreys and Walkers from this place; all stand therefore upon an equal footing in my allowance.
I cannot close this Letter without a renewal of those sentiments of friendship and regard, which I have always felt and professed for you; nor without those expressions of my Sensibility for the many instances of polite attention an Civilities which I have received from Mrs. Morris and you as result from a Susceptible mind; particularly during my late Stay in Philadelphia. I flatter myself it is unnecessary to repeat the assurances of the pleasure it would give Mrs. Washington and me to see you and Mrs. Morris at this retreat from my public cares, and yet, if I obey the dictates of my inclination and Wishes, I must do it. My best wishes, and respectful Compliments in which Mrs. Washington Joins me, are offered to you both; and with sincere esteem, etc.82
[Note 82: From a copy made in the office of the Superintendent of Finance.]
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1784.
Dear Trumbull: Your obliging Letter of the 15th. of Novembr. did not reach me until some days after we had taken possession of the city of New York. The scene that followed, of festivity, congratulation, addresses and resignation, must be my apology for not replying to it sooner.
I sincerely thank you for the copy of the address of Govr. Trumbull to the Genl. Assembly and free Men of your State;83 the sentiments contained in it are such as would do honor to a patriot of any age or Nation; at least, they are too coincident with my own, not to meet with my warmest approbation. Be so good as to present my most cordial respects to the Governor and let him know that it is my wish, the mutual friendship and esteem which have been planted and fostered in the tumult of public life, may not wither and die in the serenity of retirement: tell him we shou'd rather amuse our evening hours of Life in cultivating the tender plants, and bringing them to perfection, before they are transplanted to a happier clime.
[Note 83: The address of the Governor and the reply of the Connecticut Legislature, a 9-page pamphlet, under date of Oct. 9, 1783, is in the Washington Papers, and was printed by Timothy Green in New London. Jonathan Trumbull, junior's, letter of November 15 is also in the Washington Papers.]
Notwithstanding the jealous and contracted temper which seems to prevail in some of the States, yet I cannot but hope and believe that the good sense of the people will ultimately get the better of their prejudices; and that order and sound policy, tho' they do not come so soon as one wou'd wish, will be produced from the present unsettled and deranged state of public affairs. Indeed I am happy to observe that the political disposition is actually meliorating every day; several of the States have manifested an inclination to invest Congress with more ample powers; most of the Legislatures appear disposed to do perfect justice; and the Assembly of this Commonwealth have just complied with the requisitions of Congress, and I am informed without a dissentient voice. Every thing My Dear Trumbull will come right at last, as we have often prophesied; my only fear is that we shall lose a little reputation first.
After having passed with as much prosperity as could be expected, through the career of public Life, I have now reached the goal of domestic enjoyment; in which state, I assure you I find your good wishes most acceptable to me. The family at Mount Vernon joins in the same compliments and cordiality, with which I am, &c.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 6, 1784.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Letter bearing date the 19th. of August and find myself exceedingly indebted to your partiality in favor of my Country and myself, both personally, and as a citizen of the United States of America.
The disaster which has happen'd to the House with which you was connected must be very affecting to every true American; especially as your great zeal in the cause of liberty, and your unwearied efforts to promote the interests of the United States, are well known to the citizens of this republic. I cannot but flatter myself however, that the successes of the new firm of de Neufville & Co will equal their greatest expectations, and that they will meet with the patronage of all who may be favored with their acquaintance and correspondence.
Notwithstanding the embarrassments of our Finances, I am also of opinion, that justice will ultimately be rendered to all the public Creditors: indeed, it is very much to be regretted that any of our good friends should have suffered from the delay of it. The exigencies have been pressing, and the misfortunes arising therefrom to private individuals, perhaps inevitable; but the happy termination of the war, will I trust, soon afford an opportunity of retreiving the public credit, and enable Congress, and the State of South Carolina, to discharge the Debts which are due to your house.
I have had the pleasure of becoming acquainted with your son, and if it should be in my power to render him any services, it will be extremely agreeable to, Sir Your, etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1784.
Dear Sir: Be so good as to send me by the Post, or any other safe and expeditious conveyance, 70 Yards of livery lace three quarters or Inch wide; or any width between. Direct it to the care of the Postmaster in Alexandria. The lace should be red and white.
I will thank you also for sending me, if an oppertunity should offer soon by Water, one hundred weight, or even a Barrel of good Coffee. Pray forwd. the Acct. between us that I may discharge the Balle. if it is against me. My Compliments in which Mrs. Washington joins are offered to Mrs. Biddle and Mrs. Shaw. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1784.
Sir: When you have finished my Portrait, which is intended for the Count de Solms, I will thank you for handing it to Mr. Robert Morris, who will forward it to the Count de Bruhl (Minister from his Electoral Highness of Saxe at the Court of London) as the Channel pointed out for the conveyance of it.
As the Count de Solms proposes to honor it with a place in his collection of Military Characters, I am perswaded you will not be deficient in point of execution. Be so good as to forward the cost of it to me, and I will remit you the money. Let it (after Mr. Morris has seen it) be carefully packed to prevent injury. With great esteem, I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1784.
Dear Sir: I will thank you for putting the letter herewith enclosed into a proper channel of conveyance. The Count de Bruhl is informed by it that my Portrait (which I have begged the Count de Solms to accept) will be forwarded to his care by you, so soon as it is finished, and I request the favor of you to do it accordingly. Mr. Wright is desir'd to hand it to you for this purpose; and as he is said to be a little lazy, you would oblige me by stimulating him to the completion. By promise, it was to have been done in five or six weeks from the time I left Philadelphia, near four of which are expired. I am sorry to give you trouble about trifles, but I know you will excuse it, in this instance. With sentiments of high esteem and regards, I am, etc.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 14, 1784.
Sir: The torpid state into which the severity of the season has thrown things, the interruption of the post, occasioned by bad roads, and frozen rivers, and a want of other conveyance consequent thereof, must plead my excuse for not thanking you sooner for the polite attention you were pleased to shew me, while I was in Philada.; and for the friendly offers you obligingly made me, before I left that city. But though my acknowledgements of them come late, I pray you to be persuaded that they are not less sincere, nor are they less gratefully offered on that account.
Colo. Humphreys (one of my late Aid de Camp's) who accompanied me to Virginia, and is now on his return home, will do me the favor of presenting this letter to you, and of handing Mr. Higgins's observations on Cements, which you were pleased to lend me, and from which I have extracted such parts as I mean to carry into practice.
I found my new room, towards the completion of which you kindly offered your house-joiner, so far advanced in the wooden part of it, the Doors, Windows and floors being done, as to render it unnecessary to remove your workman with his Tools (the distance being great) to finish the other parts; especially as I incline to do it in stucco, (which, if I understood you right, is the present taste in England), and more especially as you may find occasion for him in the execution of your own purposes as the Spring advances. And now my good sir, as I have touched upon the business of stuccoing, permit me to ask you if the rooms with which it is entrusted are painted, generally; or are they left of the natural colour which is given by the cement made according to Mr. Higgins's mode of preparing it? And also, whether the rooms thus finished are stuccoed below the surbase (chair high) or from thence upwards only?
These are trifling questions to trouble you with, but I am sure you will have goodness enough to excuse, and answer them. Please to make a tender of my best respects to Mrs. Vaughan and the rest of the family, and accept the compliments of the season from Mrs. W--n and myself who join in expression of the pleasure we shou'd feel in seeing you under our roof. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 14, 1784.
My Dear Humphrys: I have been favored with your Letter of the 6th. Be assured that there are few things which would give me more pleasure than opportunities of evincing to you the sincerity of my friendship, and disposition to render you services at any time when it may be in my power.
Altho' all recommendations from me to Congress must now be considered as coming from a private character, yet I enter very chearfully into your views; and as far as my suggesting of them to that Honble body, accompanied by my testimonial of your competency to the execution of the duties of either of the offices in contemplation will go, you have them freely; and the enclosed Letter, which is a copy of the one I have written to Congress on the occasion, will be an evidence of my good wishes, whatever may be the success.
I cannot take my leave of you, without offering those acknowledgments of your long and zealous services to the public which your merits justly entitle you to, and which a grateful heart should not withhold: and I feel very sensibly the obligations I am personally under to you for the aid I have derived from your abilities, for the chearful assistance you have afforded me upon many interesting occasions, and for the attachment you have always manifested towards me. I shall hold in pleasing remembrance the friendship and intimacy which has subsisted between us, and shall neglect no opportunity on my part to cultivate and improve them; being, with unfeigned esteem and regard My Dr. Humphrys Yrs. etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 14, 1784.
Sir: The goodness of Congress, in the assurances they were pleased to give me of charging themselves with the interests of those Confidential Officers who had attended me to the resignation of my public Employments; and the request of your Excellency to Colonel Humphrys (after I had been honored with my public Audience) that, if any thing should occur to him in consequence of what had just been suggested, that he would communicate it to you in a letter; induce me to take the liberty of bringing the wishes of that Officer before Congress.
Having devoted the last Seven or Eight years to the Service of his Country, he is desirous of continuing in the walk of public life, although he is ignorant, as I also am, of the Offices which Congress have to bestow and may think him competent to. Two things however seem likely to occur; either of which I am perswaded he would fill with as much advantage to the public as reputation to himself. The one is a Regiment; in case a Continental peace Establishment should be resolv'd on: The other, Official Secretary to an Embassy abroad, if new appointments should be made, or a vacancy happen in the old ones.
There is a third thing which I barely hint at, with all possible deference, and with a diffidence which proceeds more from a doubt of the propriety of my suggesting it, than from any question which arises in my Mind of his competency to the duties; and that is Secretary of Foreign Affairs, if Congress should think it expedient to make another appointment; and should find all those requisites in him which are necessary to constitute a Minister for that department. For his ability, integrity, punctuality, and sobriety I can fully answer.
If I have gone too far, Congress will please to excuse it; and attribute the error to my wishes to serve a worthy character. I have the honor etc.
Mount Vernon, January 14, 1784.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your Letter of the 28th ulto: by Mr. Godin,89 and beg your Excelly. to be persuaded, that I shall always be happy in opportunities of shewing every suitable attention to foreigners, and gentn. of such distinction, as those you did me the honor to introduce to my acquaintance.
[Note 89: A relative of Peter John Van Berckel. He was accompanied on his journey to South Carolina by a Mr. Backer and Mr. Barrow Vos.]
I am truly sensible Sir, that the Extract from the instructions of the Executive of Pennsylvania to their Delegates contains another most flattering proof of the favourable opinion they are pleased to entertain of my past services. Every repeated mark of the approbation of my fellow citizens (especially of those invested with so dignified an appointment,) demands my particular acknowledgment. Under this impression I cannot but feel the greatest obligations to the supreme executive Council of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania: But as my sentiments on the subject of their instructions, have been long and well known to the public, I need not repeat them to your Excellency on the present occasion.90 I have therefore only to add that Mrs. Washington joins me in presenting our best compliments to Mrs. Mifflin, and that I have, etc.91
[Note 90: The Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania had instructed the State's delegates in Congress to engage Congress' attention to the fact that although Washington "thinks himself amply rewarded for all his labors and cares, by the love and prosperity of his fellow citizens," yet "they ought not to suffer those merits to be burthensome to him. We are convinced that the people of Pennsylvania would regret such a consequence." Washington's letter to Congress stopped any further movement in the direction of granting him a monetary reward for his services.]
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 14, 1784.
Dear Sir: When I left Philadelphia I hoped to have had the pleasure of seeing you at Annapolis before my departure from thence, and to have had an oppertunity (previous to my resignation) of expressing to you personally, amongst the last acts of my Official Life, my entire approbation of your public conduct, particularly in the execution of the important duties of Adjutant General.
Notwithstanding I have been disappointed in that expectation, and have it now in my power, only as a private character, to make known my Sentiments and feelings respecting my Military friends, yet I cannot decline making use of the first occasion after my retirement of informing you, My dear Sir, how much reason I have had to be satisfied with the great zeal, attention, and ability manifested by you in conducting the business of your Department; and how happy I should be in oppertunities of demonstrating my sincere regard and esteem for you; It is unnecessary I hope to add with what pleasure I should see you at this place, being with great truth My dear Sir, Yr. etc.
[H.S.P.]
[Note 92: Of "Bush Hill" near Philadelphia, Pa.]
Mount Vernon, January 15, 1784.
Sir: If I recollect right, I heard you say, when I had the pleasure of seeing you last, that you were93 about a floor composed of a cement which was to answer the purpose of Flagstone or Tile, and that you proposed to variegate the colour in the manner of the former.
[Note 93: An omission is possible at this point by Bartholomew Dandridge, who was the copyist of this volume of the "Letter Books."]
As I have a long open Gallery in front of my house to which I want to give a stone; or some other kind of floor which will stand the weather, I would thank you for information respecting the success of your experiment with such directions and observations (if you think the method will answer) as would enable me to execute my purpose. If any of the component parts are rare and expensive, please to note it, and where they are to be obtained, and whether all seasons will do for the admixture of the composition. I will make no apology for the liberty I take by this request, as I persuade myself you will not think it much trouble to comply with it. I am etc.94
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 17, 1784.
Dear Sir: On the 8th. I wrote to you for 70 yards of livery lace96 (red and white, ¾ or Inch wide, or any width between) to be sent by the Post; or any other safe and expeditious conveyance. Lest that letter should have miscarried I repeat my request, as I am in immediate want of that article. I did, at the sametime desire that One hundd. weight, or a Barrl. of good Coffee might be sent me by the first Vessel bound for the Port of Alexandria.
[Note 96: On February 5 Washington wrote again to Biddle about the lace, which had not arrived. He also wanted "a two pole Chain, exact in its length, and not too small, or weak in the links; this I wish to receive soon too. The things you were to send by Water, did not arrive before the Frost set in, and I have heard nothing of them since." This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Attached to it is a sample of the lace desired.]
I pray you now, my good Sir, to send me as soon as a conveyance offers, four brass Wired Sieves, of the common size in the rim, but exactly one eighth, one Sixteenth, and one thirtieth of an Inch in the Meshes; the fourth to be finer than the last mentioned. I want these to prepare materials to compose a Cement of which I propose to make some experiments. exactness therefore in the different sizes is required of the maker of them.
I have seen rooms with gilded borders; made I believe, of papier Maché fastned on with Brads or Cement round the Doors and window Casings, Surbase &ca.; and which gives a plain blew, or green paper a rich and handsome look. Is there any to be had in Philadelpa?, and at what price? Is there any plain blew and green Paper to be had also? the price (by the yd. and width) With great regard, etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, January 18, 1784.
My dear Sir: I have just had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 8th., for the friendly and affectionate terms in which you have welcomed my return to this Country and to private life; and for the favourable light in which you are pleased to consider, and express your sense of my past services, you have my warmest and most grateful acknowledgments.
That the prospect before us is, as you justly observe, fair, none can deny; but what use we shall make of it, is exceedingly problematical; not but that I believe, all things will come right at last; but like a young heir, come a little prematurely to a large inheritance, we shall wanton and run riot until we have brought our reputation to the brink of ruin, and then like him shall have to labor with the current of opinion, when compelled perhaps, to do what prudence and common policy pointed out as plain as any problem in Euclid, in the first instance.
The disinclination of the individual States to yield competent powers to Congress for the Federal Government, their unreasonable jealousy of that body and of one another, and the disposition which seems to pervade each, of being all-wise and all-powerful within itself, will, if there is not a change in the system be our downfal as a nation. This is as clear to me as the A, B, C; and I think we have opposed Great Britain, and have arrived at the present state of peace and independency, to very little purpose, if we cannot conquer our own prejudices. The powers of Europe begin to see this, and our newly acquired friends the British, are already and professedly acting upon this ground; and wisely too, if we are determined to persevere in our folly. They know that individual opposition to their measures is futile, and boast that we are not sufficiently united as a Nation to give a general one! Is not the indignity alone, of this declaration, while we are in the very act of peacemaking and conciliation, sufficient to stimulate us to vest more extensive and adequate powers in the sovereign of these United States? For my own part, altho' I am returned to, and am now mingled with the class of private citizens, and like them must suffer all the evils of a Tyranny, or of too great an extension of federal powers; I have no fears arising from this source, in my mind, but I have many, and powerful ones indeed which predict the worst consequences from a half-starved, limping Government, that appears to be always moving upon crutches, and tottering at every step. Men, chosen as the Delegates in Congress are, cannot officially be dangerous; they depend upon the breath, nay, they are so much the creatures of the people, under the present constitution, that they can have no views (which could possibly be carried into execution,) nor any interests, distinct from those of their constituents. My political creed therefore is, to be wise in the choice of Delegates, support them like Gentlemen while they are our representatives, give them competent powers for all federal purposes, support them in the due exercise thereof, and lastly, to compel them to close attendance in Congress during their delegation. These things under the present mode for, and termination of elections, aided by annual instead of constant Sessions, would, or I am exceedingly mistaken, make us one of the most wealthy, happy, respectable and powerful Nations, that ever inhabited the terrestrial Globe, without them, we shall in my opinion soon be every thing which is the direct reverse of them.
I shall look for you, in the first part of next month, with such other friends as may incline to accompany you, with great pleasure, being with best respects to Mrs. Harrison, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, dear Sir, &c.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 19, 1784.
Sir: In a Letter which I did myself the honor to write to your Excellency on the 21st of Decr., amongst other matters which were submitted to the consideration of Congress, I mentioned the case of Brigr. Genl. Michael Jackson, and informed you that having mislaid the papers relative to it, I could only state the facts from my recollection. Having now found the original documents, I take the liberty to enclose them to Congress, and to submit the case to their decision.
In the before mentioned communication, I believe I also omitted to include Captain Houdin (a french Gentlemen who has served many years with reputation in the Masstts. Line) amongst the Officers who were desirous of being arranged in any Peace Establishment that might be adopted; in that case, I beg leave to mention him as a deserving Officer, and to place him on the same footing with the other Candidates.
With great respect etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of David Humphreys.
Jackson's letter of Nov. 19, 1783, is filed with this letter in the Papers of the Continental Congress.]
Mount Vernon in Virginia, January 20, 1784.
Gentlemen: It is with unfeigned satisfaction I accept your Congratulation on the late happy and glorious Revolution.
The generous indignation, against the foes to the rights of human Nature, with which you seem to be animated; and the exalted sentiments of Liberty, which you appear to entertain; are too consonant to the feelings and principles of the Citizens of the United States of America, not to attract their veneration and esteem, did not the affectionate and anxious concern with which you regarded their struggle for freedom and Independence, entitle you to their more particular Acknowledgments.
If in the course of our successful contest, any good consequences have resulted to the oppressed Kingdom of Ireland, it will afford a new source of felicitation to all who respect the interests of humanity.
I am now, Gentlemen, to offer you my best thanks for the indulgent sentiments you are pleased to express of my conduct; and for your benevolent wishes respecting my personal well-fare, as well as with regard to a more interesting object, the prosperity of my Country. I have the honor, etc.99
[Note 99: The draft is in the writing of David Humphreys. The date line is in the writing of Washington.
In the Varick Transcripts, in the Library of Congress, is a copy of a brief note to Maj. John Davidson, dated Jan. 20, 1784, transmitting the above reply through him.]
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1784.
My Lord: I do not know how it happen'd but the fact is, that your Lordships favor of the 15th. of July did not reach my hands until the latter part of Decr. whilst I was on my return to this Seat of retirement. The Letter however which I had the honor of writing to Lady Tankerville, duplicate of which, for fear of accidents, I now inclose: will have informed her Ladyship, and I persuade myself, you My Lord, of the impracticability of my [taking]1 an active and responsible part in the disposal of Mr. Bennets Estate in this Country; but if my advice, and occasional assistance to the Gentlemen who accept the trust, can be of any avail, they shall be afforded with great pleasure. Could I say more, without feeling conscious of giving assurances I should be unable to comply with, such is my willingness to serve your Lordship, and your right Hoble mother, I would do it most chearfully.
[Note 1: The word in brackets is omitted by the copyist and is supplied as probably the]
Much as I expected to find my own private concerns deranged; and intricately involved as I knew those of some others (which had been committed to my care) must be, I shall realize more trouble and perplexity that I apprehended (before I began the investigation) in restoring them, if it be practicable, to order. An almost entire suspension of every thing which related to my own Estate, for near nine years, has accumulated an abundance of work for me.
The second person named, My Lord, in the Power of Attorney, is miscalled it: it should be Hooe, instead of Howe. Not adverting to the probability of this circumstance, at the time I was writing to her Ladyship, must account for, and will be received I hope, as an apology for that paragraph of my Letter which professed ignorance of such a person. So soon as I discovered the mistake I arrested the power in its progress to the Attorney General, Mr. Randolph, and have now placed it in the hands of Colo. Hooe, who is an exceeding good man, and very competent to the execution of the trust which he accepts. Mr. Little, whose character I have enquired into since I came home, stands exceeding well in his reputation, and may from his peculiar knowledge of the Estate, be very serviceable in the disposal of it to the best advantage.
I beg you to be assured My Lord, that no apology was necessary for the request you made to me; that I shall always feel pleasure in obliging your Lordship wherever it may be in my power, and that with great consideration and respect, I have the honor, etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 21, 1784.
Sir: As soon as I had the honor of receiving your Letter containing a proposal of the order of the Knights of Divine Providence; I referred the subject of it to the decision of Congress, in my letter to that august Body dated the 28th. of August last, a copy of which is enclosed. Whereupon the United States in Congress assembled, were pleased to pass their Act of the 5th. Inst: which is properly authenticated by their Secretary, and which I have the honor of transmitting herewith.
Notwithstanding it appears to be incompatible with the principles of our national constitution to admit the introduction of any kind of Nobility, Knighthood, or distinctions of a similar nature, amongst the Citizens of our republic, yet I pray you will have the goodness to make known to the Illustrious Knights of the order of Divine providence, that we receive with the deepest gratitude and most perfect respect, this flattering mark of their attention and approbation. For the polite manner in which you have communicated the pleasure of the order, you will be pleased to accept my best acknowledgments. I have the honor, etc.2
Mount Vernon, January 21, 1784.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th. of Decr. found me as you conjectured by that fireside, from which I had been too long absent for my own convenience; to which I returned with the greatest avidity the moment my public avocations would permit, and from which I hope, never again to be withdrawn.
While I am here solacing myself in my retreat from the busy scenes of life, I am not only made extremely happy by the gratitude of my Countrymen in general, but particularly so by the repeated proofs of the kindness and approbation of those who have been more intimately conversant with my public transactions; and I need scarcely add that the favourable opinion of no one, is more acceptable, than that of yourself.
In recollecting the vicissitudes of fortune we have experienced, and the difficulties we have surmounted; I shall always call to mind the great assistance I have frequently received from you, both in your public and private character; May the blessings of Peace amply reward your exertions, May you, and your Family (to whom the compliments of Mrs. Washington and myself are affectionately presented) long continue to enjoy every species of happiness this world can afford. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1784.
Dear Sir: The original letter and other Papers from the Chevr. de Heintz respecting the Order of the Knights of Divine Providence, were transmitted to Congress without a Copy being taken; I am a little at a loss therefore in what manner to direct my letter to him, more especially as I have a feint recollection that their is a mode pointed out for the Address by the Secretary himself. Let me pray you therefore, my good Sir, to examine into this matter, and after giving my letter another cover, to put it into the proper channel for conveyance. If my Commission is not necessary for the files of Congress I should be glad to have it deposited amongst my own Papers. It may serve my Grand Children some fifty or a hundd. years hence for a theme to ruminate upon, if they should be contemplatively disposed.4
[Note 4: Thomson replied (February 7): "With respect to your commission I have to inform you that previous to the rect of your letter it had been in agitation among the members to have an Order passed for returning it to you in a gold box A motion has accordingly been made to that effect, wch was received with general approbation, and referred to a comee to be drawn up in proper terms. The comee have not yet reported. But I have not the least doubt of its being returned to you in a way that will be satisfactory and I heartily wish, that this sacred deposit may be preserved by your children and children's children to the latest posterity and may prove an incentive to them to emulate the virtues of their worthy and great progenitor." Thomson's letter is in the Washington Papers. The commission was never returned to the General. It remained with the Papers of the Continental Congress and is now in the Library of Congress.]
We have been so fast locked in Snow and Ice since Christmas, that all kinds of intercourse have been suspended; and a duty which I owed my Mother, and intended 'ere this to have performed, has been forced to yield to the intemperence of the Weather: but, as this again must submit to the approaching Sun, I shall soon be enabled, I expect, to discharge that duty on which Nature and inclination have a call; and shall be ready afterwards to welcome my friends to the shadow of this Vine and Fig tree; where I hope it is unnecessary to add, I should be exceedingly happy to see you, and any of my late Masters, now representatives. Mrs. Washington, if she knew I was writing to you in the stile of Invitation would, I am certain, adduce arguments to prove that I ought to include Mrs. Thompson; but before she should have half spun the thread of her discourse, it is more than probable I should have nonplused her, by yielding readily to the force of her reasoning.
With sentiments of sincere regd. etc.5
[Note 5: From the Charles Thomson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1784.
Sir: Yesterday gave me the honor of your favor of the 11th.6 from Annapolis. I thank you for the trouble you have taken to bring me acquainted with the affairs of my deceased Brother7 of Berkeley.
[Note 6: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 7: Samuel Washington.]
It would give me great pleasure to render any service to his children; and as far as I can do it by paying attention to those two who are in my neighbourhood with Mr. Griffith, I will; but to concern myself in the smallest degree with the management of their Estates, I cannot. It would be undertaking a trust which I could not discharge properly, consequently it would be wrong to engage in it. I have not only the derangement of nine years in my own private concerns to emerge from, but (what gives me infinitely more concern) those of others, for whom I have acted as Executor, by powers of Attorney &ca. to extricate also, if it be practicable. Here then it is evident I have sufficient employment (more indeed than comports with that ease and freedom from trouble and care which I wish to enjoy) without undertaking any new matter.
It gives me concern to hear that my Brothers Estate is so much involved, I had no conception of it; nor do I know upon what terms he obtained the Land I sold a Mr. Pendleton. Not a farthing of the purchase money has ever yet been paid to me, nor have Deeds passed from me to any one. I wish this may be all, it is to be feared many of my rents will be found in his hands when I come to a final settlement with my Tenants they having been told, his receipts would exonerate them, while he has been requested to receive any rents which might be offered to him on my behalf. If his Books are in your hands I shall be obliged to you for a transcript of the account between us, as it stands thereon.
I shall receive nothing which may fall to me as Heir at Law to his youngest son. But if the Lawyers are clear that the right is in me, it may not be amiss to consider, whether such property had best be given to any one, or to all his children in equal proportions, or whether still better pretensions may not be in some other.
I thank you for your kind congratulations upon my return to domestic life, and am, Sir Yrs. etc.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1784.
My Dear Chevr: I have the honor to receive your favor of the 23d. of August from L'Orient. I hope this Letter will find you in the circle of your friends at Paris, well recovered from the fatigues of your long and wearisome inspection on the frontiers of the Kingdom.
I am at length become a private citizen of America, on the banks of the Patowmac; where under my own Vine and my own Fig-tree, free from the bustle of a camp and the intrigues of a court, I shall view the busy world, "in the calm light of mild philosophy", and with that serenity of mind, which the Soldier in his pursuit of glory, and the Statesman of fame, have not time to enjoy. I am not only retired from all public employments; but I am retiring within myself and shall tread the private walks of life with heartfelt satisfaction.
After seeing New York evacuated by the British Forces on the 25th. of Novembr., and civil Government established in the city, I repaired to Congress, and surrendered into their hands, all my powers, with my Commission on the 23d. of Decemr. and arrived at this cottage on christmas eve, where I have been close locked up ever since in Frost and Snow. Mrs. Washington thanks you for your kind remembrance of her, and prays you to accept her best wishes. With sentiments of pure and unabated friendship, I am, etc.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 10: Surveyor of Botetourt County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1784.
Sir: After an absence of near nine years I am returned to my own home again, and beginning to look into my private concerns, which have undergone an almost total suspension during that period.
In my researches after papers, I find memorandums of warrants which had been put into the hands of the Surveyor of Botetourt to execute; particularly one in my own right, under the royal Proclamation of 1763 for 5000 acres, which appears to have been executed in part on the 6th. of Novr. 1774 by a survey for 2950 on the Great Kanhawa, adjoining to (what is commonly called) the Pokitellico Survey for 21,941, acres. And in a Letter of the 15th. of Feby. 1779, from Genl. Lewis (whose death I sincerely regret) I find a paragraph containing these words;
With regard to what you ask respecting Lands, no patents have been granted for any by the Proclamation of 63, but one which Doctr. Connelly obtained by favor of Lord Dunmore, tho' there seems no doubt of our obtaining such rights, as soon as the Land Office be opened, which is expected next meeting of the Assembly. The burning Spring is surveyed in your and my names, and shall put the plat in the Office, when opened, with some others I have in readiness. It will, for the quantity, make a good stock place, as a great proportion may be turned into meadow. The ground off the river, from the mouth of Cole river up, and particularly about the burning Spring is very high, uneven and barren, so much so that no Settlement can be made off the low-grounds of the river.
I have now to beg the favor of you Sir, to give me such further information respecting the application of my warrants which have come into your office, as it may be in your power to do; and to inform me at the same time whether the Survey of 2950 acres made for my benefit, has ever been returned to the Secretarys office: Also, whether a patent for the Tract including the burning Spring has ever been obtained, for what quantity of acres, what improvements are on it, with such other particulars as may be interesting for me to know, particularly, in what county it lies, how far it is from the Kanhawa in the nearest part, and from the mouth of Cole river, where it forms its junction with the latter.
A Letter directed to any of your acquaintances in Fredericksburg or Richmond, with a request to put it into the post office, will be sure of getting to hand, other conveyances, more than probable will be precarious. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1784.
My Dear Count: Having resigned my public trust, and with it all my public cares into the hands of Congress, I now address you in the character of an American Citizen from the Banks of the Potomac to which I have been retired, fast locked up by frost and snow ever since Christmas. The tranquil walks of domestic life are now begining to unfold themselves, and promise a rich harvest of pleasing contemplation, in which My Dear Count, you will make one of my most pleasing themes, as I shall recollect with pleasure, that we have been cotemporaries and fellow labourers in the cause of Liberty, and that we have lived together as brothers should do, in harmonious friendship.
I saw all the British forces embarked, and on the point of sailing before I left New York about the 4th. of Decr., I then repaired to Congress and surrendered all my public appointments, and am now just beginning to look into the deranged situation of my private concerns, which had come in for no share of my attention the last eight years.
To see you at this Seat of retirement from the bustle of the world and cares of public life, is a pleasure too great to expect, tho' you must allow me to wish it, because I can with much truth assure you, that I am with every sentiment of esteem, regard and friendship My Dear Count Your, etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1784.
At length my Dear Marquis I am become a private citizen on the banks of the Potomac, and under the shadow of my own Vine and my own Fig-tree, free from the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life, I am solacing myself with those tranquil enjoyments, of which the Soldier who is ever in pursuit of fame, the Statesman whose watchful days and sleepless nights are spent in devising schemes to promote the welfare of his own, perhaps the ruin of other countries, as if this globe was insufficient for us all, and the Courtier who is always watching the countenance of his Prince, in hopes of catching a gracious smile, can have very little conception. I am not only retired from all public employments, but I am retiring within myself; and shall be able to view the solitary walk, and tread the paths of private life with heartfelt satisfaction. Envious of none, I am determined to be pleased with all; and this my dear friend, being the order for my march, I will move gently down the stream of life, until I sleep with my Fathers.
Except an introductory letter or two, and one countermanding my request respecting plate, I have not written to you since the middle of October by Genl. Duportail. To inform you at this late hour, that the city of New York was evacuated by the British forces on the 25th. of November; that the American Troops took possession of it the same day, and delivered it over to the civil authority of the State; that good order, contrary to the expectation and predictions of Gl. Carleton, his Officers and all the loyalists, was immediately established; and that the harbour of New York was finally cleared of the British flag about the 5th. or 6th. of Decemr., would be an insult to your intelligence. And to tell you that I remained eight days in New York after we took possession of the city; that I was very much hurried during that time, which was the reason I did not write to you from thence; that taking Phila. in my way, I was obliged to remain there a week; that at Annapolis, where Congress were then, and are now sitting, I did, on the 23d. of December present them my commission, and made them my last bow, and on the Eve of Christmas entered these doors an older man by near nine years, than when I left them, is very uninteresting to any but myself. Since that period, we have been fast locked up in frost and snow, and excluded in a manner from all kinds of intercourse, the winter having been, and still continues to be, extremely severe.
I have now to acknowledge, and thank you for your favors of the 22d of July and 8th of September, both of which, altho' the first is of old date, have come to hand since my letter to you of October. The accounts contained therein of the political and commercial state of affairs as they respect America, are interesting, and I wish I could add that they were altogether satisfactory; and the agency you have had in both, particularly with regard to the free ports in France, is a fresh evidence of your unwearied endeavours to serve this country; but there is no part of your Letters to Congress My Dear Marquis, which bespeaks the excellence of your heart more plainly than that, which contains those noble and generous sentiments on the justice which is due to the faithful friends and Servants of the public; but I must do Congress the justice to declare, that as a body, I believe there is every disposition in them, not only to acknowledge the merits, but to reward the services of the army: There is a contractedness, I am sorry to add, in some of the States, from whence all our difficulties on this head, proceed; but it is to be hoped, the good sense and perseverance of the rest, will ultimately prevail, as the spirit of meanness is beginning to subside.
From a letter which I have just received from the Governor of this State13 I expect him here in a few days, when I shall not be unmindful of what you have written about the bust, and will endeavour to have matters respecting it, placed on their proper basis. I thank you most sincerely My Dear Marqs. for your kind invitation to your house, if I should come to Paris. At present I see but little prospect of such a voyage, the
[Note 13: Benjamin Harrison.] deranged situation of my private concerns, occasioned by an absence of almost nine years, and an entire disregard of all private business during that period, will not only suspend, but may put it for ever out of my power to gratify this wish. This not being the case with you, come with Madame la Fayette and view me in my domestic walks. I have often told you, and repeat it again, that no man could receive you in them with more friendship and affection than I should do; in which I am sure Mrs. Washington would cordially join me. We unite in respectful compliments to your Lady, and best wishes for your little flock. With every sentiment of esteem, Admiration and Love, I am etc.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 15: Surveyor of Augusta County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1784.
Sir: After an absence of almost nine years, and nearly a total suspension of all my private concerns, I am at length set down at home; and am endeavouring to recover my business from the confusion into which it has run during that period.
Among other matters which require my attention, indeed in which I need information, is the state of the Lands which I am entitled to in my own right, and by purchase under the royal Proclamation in 1763, (west of the mountains). My papers are so mixed, and in such disorder at this time, occasioned by frequent hasty removals of them out of the way of the Enemy, that I cannot, (it being likely too, that some of them are lost) by the assistance of my memory, come at a thorough knowledge of that business. In a Letter which I have come across, from Capt. William Crawford, who appears to have acted as your Deputy, dated the 8th of May 1774 I find these words "Inclosed you have the Drafts of the round Bottom and your Shurtees Land, done agreeably to Mr. Lewis's direction." For the latter, I have found a patent signed by Lord Dunmore the 5th day of July 1774, for 2813 acres; but the other is16 yet in my possession, and I am unable from any recollection I have of the matter, to account for it, unless it shou'd have been arrested there by some very ungenerous, and unjustifiable attempts of different people, at different times, to disturb me in my right to it, a right, I will venture to say, which is founded upon the first discovery of the Land, the first improvement of it; the first survey, and for ought I know, the only report by authority that ever was made of it; which will be found in the words of the enclosed copy, the recital of which, if I mistake not, is in your own hand writing, and the whole with your signature.
[Note 16: The word "not" apparently omitted by the copyist.]
I have an imperfect recollection that in the year 1774, I sent a young man (of the name of Young,17 who at that time lived with me) to you on the business of these Lands; but not having as yet met with any letter from you, or report from him on the subject, I am unable with precision, to recollect the particular matters with which he was charged, or the result of his journey. This then is one of the points on which I want information, and it is one of the inducements to my giving you the trouble of this letter.
[Note 17: George Young.]
Another is, to know if I have any warrants in your hands unexecuted, it appearing from two Bonds in my possession, one from a Capt. Roots18 for 3000 acres; the other from Lieut: (now, or lately the revd. Mr.) Thruston19 for 2000 more; that I ought (if I have not been neglectful in taking them out) to have warrts. somewhere for 5000 acres under the proclamation
[Note 18: Capt. John Roots.]
[Note 19: Charles Mynn Thruston.] of 1763, of which no locations, that have come to my knowledge, have yet been made.
Another thing of which I wish to be informed is, whether there are any surveys or locations in your Office, for the Land immediately at the point of fork between the little Kanhawa (upper side) and the Ohio; and in that case, in whose names they are made. The reason for the latter enquiry is, that Capt. Crawford in a letter of the 12th. of Novr 1773, (an extract from which I herewith enclose, as I also do a copy of the survey, which he actually made at that place) proposed to locate this spot for his own benefit and mine. And I am the more sollicitous in this enquiry, as it appears by a subsequent Letter of his to me, that there was some difficulty in the way of his obtaining a warrant from Lord Dunmore for the part he expected to get himself. If this difficulty continued to exist until his death, so as to prevent his location; and provided there are no better pretensions than mine; I should be glad to lay the two warrants before mentioned (to wit, Roots's and Thruston's) on this spot. I would be understood however, explicitly to mean, that it is not my wish, in the smallest degree to injure my much regretted friend Crawford, or any person claiming under him by this application; but if the road is open, to learn only from you, by what mode I am to obtain it; having the above rights for 5000 acres, which were in whole or part designed for this very spot, yet to locate.20
[Note 20: See Washington's letter to John Harvie, Feb. 10, 1784, post.]
It might seem proper, before I conclude to make an apology for the trouble the compliance with these several requests will give you; but persuading myself you will consider the situation I have been in for many years, as a reasonable excuse, I conceive it is altogether unnecessary my good Sir to offer one. I shall only request the favor therefore, of an answer, and your care of the inclosed letter to your nephew, (who I find has made one survey for me in Botetourt) or to the Surveyor of that County.
On the Death of your Brother, Genl. Lewis, I most sincerely condole with you, as I had, while he was living a sincere friendship and regard for him. I am, &c.
P. S. An answer under cover to some acquaintance of yours in Fredericksg. or Richmond, with a request to put the Letter into the post office will be certain of getting to hand, otherwise, unless an opportunity shou'd offer directly to Alexandria, the chances are against my ever receiving it.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1784.
My Dear Duke: I have had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 11th. of Octor. from L'Orient: every testimony which you give of my holding a place in your remembrance, is as pleasing as it is flattering to me; and I pray you not to deprive me of them.
After seeing the British forces withdrawn from New York, and Civil Government established there, I repaired to Congress (at Annapolis) and surrendered into their hands all my public employments. I am now a private citizen on the banks of the Potomac, meditating amidst Frost and snow (which at present encompass me) upon the structure of walks for private life; in any of which I should be happy to meet you, but in none with more pleasure than at this seat of retirement from the bustle of the busy world.
As I feel myself interested in every thing that concerns you, permit me to congratulate you with the warmth which friendship dictates, upon your late promotion;22 and to assure you that I derived much pleasure from the accts. you have given me of it. Mrs. Washington accepts your kind remembrance of her with gratitude, and offers best wishes in return. My Compliments are presented to Count Dillon, and the other Officers of your Corps with whom I have the honor of an acquaintance; and with sentiments of the greatest regard and esteem, I have the honor, etc.23
[Note 22: The appointment to Major General of Horse.]
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 24: Of Cuba.]
Mount Vernon, February 4, 1784.
Sir: The Gentleman who will have the honor of presenting this Letter to your Excellency, is Genl. Stewart, an Officer of distinguished merit in the American Army; having embarked amongst the foremost in the cause of his Country, and persevered in the service of it with equal credit to himself and advantage to her, until the happy [re-establishment of peace, in the acknowledgment of our Independence and Sovereignty.
He proposes soon to make a Voyage to Europe, but wishing, previously thereto, to visit a place so remarkable and so well known to this Country as the Havana, I have taken the liberty of introducing him to your Excellency's countenance and Civilities, during his stay there. He will repeat to you, the assurances of respect and consideration with which I have the honor, etc.]25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The portion in brackets is taken from a facsimile of the last page of the original.]
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1784.
Dear Sir: A short time before I came home I received a power of Attorney from the Earl of Tankerville, and his Brother, the Honble Mr. Bennett; authorising Colo. Hooe, (miscalled Howe) yourself and me, to dispose of property belonging to the latter in this State. Letters, from Lord Tankerville and the Countess his mother, to me, accompanied the Power, expressive of their wishes that I would accept the trust; but the deranged situation of my own private concerns, which have in a manner undergone a complete suspension of almost nine years, and the intricately involved Affairs of some others, which, unfortunately for them, and painful in the reflection to me, were committed to my care; puts it absolutely out of my power to engage in any new matter, without violence to my own convenience, and injury to those I have in hand. Of this I have informed her Ladyship and my Lord; at the same time I assured them that the trust could not be reposed in better hands than Colo. Hooe's (who consents to act and has the power) and yours, who I took the liberty to say, would either accept the appointment or inform them of the contrary. Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to Mrs. Randolph, and with great truth and sincere friendship, I am, etc.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 27: Register of the Virginia Land Office at Richmond.]
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1784.
Sir: After an absence of almost nine years from home, and a total suspension, as it were to all my private concerns during that period, I am now endeavouring to obtain a knowledge of my affairs and to put my business in some kind of order again. The deranged situation of my papers (occasioned by frequent hasty removals of them out of the enemy's reach) makes it more difficult to affect these, than it otherwise would be; but by some memoms. I have lately met with, it would seem that several Land Warrants which I had obtained from Lord Dunmore in my own right, and by purchase from Capt. John Roots and Lieut. (now, or lately the revd. Mr.) Thruston under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, amounting in the whole to 10,000 acres, have, or ought to have been placed in the hands of the Surveyor of Augusta, Botetourt or Fincastle, or partly in all, for execution; but having come across nothing as yet which points precisely to the appropriation of them, and as the offices for those Counties are at a great distance from me, and possibly the Surveyors of them unknown, as there may have been changes within the period above mentioned to which I am a stranger; I take the liberty to enquire of you, Sir, whether any Surveys, consequent of these warrants, have been returned to the Land Office since the beginning of the year 1774, in my name; besides one for 2813 acres which I have found a patent for, previous to that date. There were many Surveys made by Capt: Wm. Crawford, (specially appointed for the purpose) and for which Patents have issued, they being for the 200,000 acres granted by the Proclamation of Govr. Dinwiddie in the year 1754; which I mention that you may not be misled in your researches, by a discovery of these.
If upon examination of the Surveyors reports you should find my Surveys subsequent to the above date, in my name, or in partnership with others, (for I expected to be joined with Genl. Andrew Lewis in a small tract on the waters of the Great Kanhawa, including a burning Spring; and with Wm. Crawford in a tract at the confluence of the little Kanhawa and Ohio) I shall thank you for information thereof. And as there was some difficulty in the way of the latter, I shou'd be obliged to you for acquainting me if a survey of this spot has ever been returned, in the name of any other person, to the office. It being at the point of fork, will render the search easy, and as one Doctr. Brisco28 set us a claim to it, his name, or that of Michael Cresap of Maryland who appears to have had pretensions of some kind or another to every good spot in the country, may render the search more easy. You will please to advert to the circumstance of there being two Kanhawa's; and that this is distinguished by the appellation of the Little Kanhawa.
[Note 28: Dr. John Briscoe. (See Washington's letter to Dr. John Briscoe, Dec. 3, 1772, ante.)]
Having mentioned the name of Cresap, it reminds me of another matter which I must also request the favor of you to give me information upon, it is, whether if he has had any Surveys returned to the Land Office of this State, among them is one for about five or six hundred acres for a tract which is well known, and distinguished by the name of the round bottom on the Ohio, opposite to Pipe Creek, and a little above a creek called Capteening? He has, I find, arrested my Survey of it for 587 acres, made under all the legal forms and upon proper warrants, for no better reason that I could ever learn, than because it was a good bottom and convenient for him to possess it, and had it in his power to do it with impunity.
The length of time which I have been out of the State, and the changes which may have happened in the Constitution of it since, may render these requests to you Sir, altogether improper; should this really be the Case, it makes an apology to you on my part necessary for the trouble of this application; but I must still pray your compliance with the requests; presuming, if the Land office should have been separated from that of the Secretary's, it is nevertheless kept at Richmond, where you can have recourse to the records of it without much trouble, the doing of which would save time to me, and render a second application from me to any other office unnecessary. I am, etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Fredericksburg, February 13, 1784.
Dear Sir: After condoling with you on the unhappy fate of your Brother William, which I do very sincerely; and upon the Death of your brother Vale.,30 I should be glad to get a copy from both their Books, or Memos. of the accounts as they stand between us; which are of long standing, and I fear not a little intricate. I write to you Sir, because I do not know (if you are not one yourself) who are the Executors or Administrators of those deceased Gentlemen. There were also some Land transactions, in partnership and otherwise between your Brother William and me, which I wish to have an account of. If it is in your power therefore, or you should have come across any warrants, Entries, Memoms. or papers relative to this business, which can give me insight into the matter, I shall be much obliged to you for the information.
[Note 30: Valentine Stephenson.]
There is also a Bond in my possession from your deceased brother Hugh (for whose Death I am also very much concerned) with your name, or that of your brother James's to it (I am not certain which as I am from home, and have accidentally met with this good and direct opportunity) for a Sum of money due to me from your Fathers Estate; which I wish to know when it can be settled and paid, as the situation of my private Affairs makes it absolutely necessary to close my Accounts and to receive payment as soon as possible. I am, etc.29
Fredericksburg, February 13, 1784.
Sir: In the course of the last eight months, I have addressed two or three letters to you, praying an authenticated copy of the deceased Major Genl. Lee's Will: this I did consequent of a request from his Sister in England to me. Not having received the copy wrote for, nor any acknowledgment of my Letters, I presume the latter have never reached your hands. I therefore give you the trouble of this Letter by Mr. Throckmorton31 who has promised the safe conveyance of it to your Office. I wish to be favored, as soon as convenient, with the Will in the manner she requires; the cost of which I will pay when you exhibit the charge. I wou'd send the money by Mr. Throckmorton if I knew what would be the amount of the charge. I am, etc.32
[Note 31: Albion(?) Throckmorton.]
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Fredericksburg, February 13, 1784.
Mr. Simpson: Having closed all my transactions with the public, it now behooves me to look into my own private business, no part of which seems to call louder for attention, than my concerns with you. How profitable our partnership has been, you best can tell; and how advantageous my Mill has been, none can tell so well as yourself.
If however I am to credit the report, not only of one, but every body from that country, I ought to have a good deal of wealth in your hands, arising from the produce of it; because all agree, that it is the best Mill, and has had more custom than any other on the west side the Alleghaney Mountains; I expect something very handsome therefore from that quarter. I want a full settlement of this Account from the beginning, clearly stated. I also require a full and complete settlement of our Partnership accounts, where in every article of debit is to be properly supported by vouchers; and the sums receivd. to be mentioned for what and from whom they were received. In a word I expect every thing relating to the partnership, as well as my individual and separate interests, will appear clear and satisfactory. And as I expect to leave home for a pretty long trip, before or at furthest by middle of April, I think it incumbent upon you to make this settlement previous to it, especially as the world does not scruple to say that you have been much more attentive to your own interest than to mine. But I hope your Accots. will give the lie to these reports, by shewing that something more than your own emolument was intended by the partnership; and that you have acted like an honest, industrious and frugal man for the mutual interest of us both; which will justify the opinion I entertained of you at the time of our agreement, and would be complying with the conditions and professed intention of our associating together.33
[Note 33: Ford notes that in December, 1890, a package of 79 pieces of Virginia paper money, of various denominations, was sold at auction in Philadelphia, with a wrapper bearing an indorsement in the writing of Washington, "Given in by Gilb. Simpson, 19 June, 1784, to G. Washington."]
This Letter will be certain of getting into your hands in the course of ten or twelve days, as it goes by my nephew,34 who I met with at this place, where I had come on a visit; and who is on his way to Fort pitt, &c. The enclosure for Major Stephenson (Brother to the late Colo. Crawford) I wish to have put into his own hands if living; if otherwise, into the hands of Executor or Administrator of Colo. Crawford; as the contents of it relate principally to some matters between that deceased Gentleman and me.35 I am, &c.36
[Note 34: John Lewis.]
[Note 35: Simpson's answer to this letter, dated Apr. 27, 1784, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
February 14, 1784.
G. Washington would be obliged to Mr. Lewis for delivering, or causing to be deliver'd by a safe hand, the Letter accompanying this, to Mr. Gilbert Simpson, and if he goes by his house to Fort Pitt, for observing the size, and condition of his Plantation: and the condition of the Mill, and for enquiring how many Tenants he has placed on the Land, for how long a term, and upon what Rents. Whether there is any person living upon a small Tract he holds at the Great Meadows; what sort of an improvement is thereon, of whom the person took it and upon what terms. And should Mr. Lewis have a favourable opportunity, the General would be obliged to him for informing those Settlers upon his tract West of the Monongahela, on the waters of Shurtee's and Raccoon creeks37 that he has a patent for the Land, dated the 5th. day of July 1774; that he will most assuredly assert his right to it; but, in consideration of their having made improvements thereon ignorantly, or under a mistaken belief, founded in false assertions, that the Land did not belong to him, he is willing that they should main upon it as Tenants, upon a just and moderate Rent, such as he and they can agree upon. The like may be said to any Person or Persons who may be settled at a place called the Round Bottom, on the Ohio opposite Pipe Creek and a little above a Creek called Capteening, which has been surveyed by the county Surveyor of Augusta upon proper Warrants from Lord Dunmore, ever since the 14th. day of July 1773.
[Note 37: Known also as Miller's Run. It was part of 3,000 acres purchased by Washington Posey, and was surveyed Mar. 23, 1771.]
If Mr. Lewis can discover by indirect means who would be a fit Agent in the Neighbourhood of Fort Pitt to charge with the seating and leasing the Generals Lands in that country without holding up Ideas to them which may lead any one to expect the appointment; he would thank him for the information.
Such parts of these requests as can be complied with before his departure from Fort Pitt, the General would be obliged by receiving them (in a letter) from that place, as he is desirous of getting some knowledge of his affairs in that Country, as soon as possible.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
February 14, 1784.]
Gentlemen: With the greatest pleasure, I receive, in the character of a private Citizen, the honor of your Address.39
[Note 39: The address, undated, is in the Washington Papers under date of Feb. 14, 1784.]
To a beneficent Providence, and to the fortitude of a brave and virtuous Army, supported by the general exertion of our common Country I stand indebted for the plaudits you now bestow; The reflection however, of having met the congratulating smiles and approbation of my fellow-Citizens for the part I have acted in the cause of liberty and Independence cannot fail of adding pleasure to the sweets of domestic life; and my sensibility of them is heightened by their coming from the respectable Inhabitants of the place of my growing Infancy and the honorable mention wch. is made of my revered Mother; by whose Maternal hand (early deprived of a Father) I was led from Childhood.
For the expressions of personal Affection and attachment, and for your kind wishes for my future welfare, I offer grateful thanks and my sincere prayers for the happiness and prosperity of the Corporate Town of Fredericksburgh.
[Note 40: Comptroller of the Treasury of the United States.]
Mount Vernon, February 18, 1784.
Sir: The intemperance of the weather, and the great care which the post riders seemed disposed to take of themselves, while it continued severe; prevented your Letter of the 13th. of last month from reaching my hands 'till the 10th. of this. I now acknowledge the receipt of it, with the accounts as they stand stated in the Treasury Books; for your trouble in transcribing which (it being unusual) you will please to accept my thanks, as the possession of them is pleasing, and may be useful to me.
The charge of fifty guineas paid James McCall Esqr. for the Revd. Mr. Smith,41 is perfectly just, and ought not to have been omitted by me, for I well recollect it was the desire of Mr. Morris, that this sum might be carried to the credit of my public Accots., and I certainly meant to do it, altho' it has been omitted. For the act of justice which you have rendered, in allowing me interest upon 591 31/90 Dollars, I am much indebted to you: the same reason which induced an allowance of interest on the Ballce. of my Accot. to Jany. 1777, prevailed in this case also; but as the principal was rescued from error, and brought into a subsequent Accot., I never thought about interest; and am altogether indebted to your attention and correctness for the discovery and credit.
[Note 41: Rev. William Smith.]
In the statement of my Accots., I thought a note had accompanied the articles charged where the money had been accounted for; but in this I am either mistaken, or do not perfectly comprehend your manner of entry; from which, to me it would seem, that Saml. B. Webb, Ebenr. Gray, Josiah Fessendon, Elijah Bennet, Capt. Calmly42 and John Philips in Accot. A. Colo. Weedon, for 500 Dollars (but this sum is again credited), Wm. Dunn, Josh. Hunter, Hugh Mooney, John Miller and Chal. Tatum, in Accot. C. And Capt. Colfax and Lt. Howe in Accot. D, were to be charged in Accots. raised, or to be raised, with the several sums annexed to their respective names; whereas the money in every one of these enumerated instances has been paid for services actually performed, or upon Accots. which have been settled with me. I am thus particular Sir, because it would give me pain, if thro' any inaccuracy in my statement, either of these persons should be involved in trouble, difficulty or expence, by a future call upon them. Captn. Colfax, as you may perceive from his Accots. which I render'd as vouchers to my own, gave the public credit for all the sums he stands charged with by me; among which is that for £171:18., and closes the whole with a transfer of the money in his hands to Mr. Howe. Mr. Howe also, as will appear in his accounts, settled the Expenditures for family purposes with me in November last; at the time I broke up House-keeping and discharged my household; and if I recollect right, was a Creditor instead of a Debtor to the public.
[Note 42: Capt. Myles(?) Oakley (Calmly).]
I shall take notice in this Letter, because it is not my wish to encrease the troubles of your Office by making a distinct application hereafter, that in Accot. B. I stand charged with the sums of £124.7.8 and £133.16.0 which have no existence in the Treasury Books, or elsewhere. The first sum I well remember to have received; the time and circumstances of it being too remarkable ever to be forgotten by me.43 But the other sum of £133.16. I must confess I have no recollection of the receipt of it; but having found in my pocket Memo. Book, a short and
[Note 43: This sum, in specie, was received from Robert Morns Jan. 1, 1777, the day before the battle of the Assunpink at Trenton, N.J.] blind entry to that effect, I placed it to the credit of the public Accot., altho' no trace of it remains in my memory, or any Accot. of it could be found elsewhere; with a request (in a Note at bottom) that the matter might be enquired into, and justice done. It occurs to me, that about the period of that credit, I borrowed a sum in specie of the Marqs. de la Fayette (as I had done of others when the exigencies of the public pressed) and that he and my nephew Geo: Augte. Washington got off for Philadelphia a few days afterwards: 'tis possible therefore I might have written for money by him, and that that sum may have been charg'd to his accot., but if this is not the case, and no such sum can be found charged to me in any of the public Offices, of that date, under any form whatsoever, I submit it to the consideration of yourself, or to the Superintendent of Finance whether I ought to be debited with it at all; because it is as likely that the error may have originated in a wrong credit on my part, as in the omission to charge it, on that of the public; especially as I have received several sums at different time on my private account, as well as other sums for the use of Colo. Fairfax (whose business I had in my hands several years before the War), all of which I applied to public uses, whenever the public had a call for it, without attending to the property, or propriety of the measure. Upon this state of the matter, which is a very candid one, I should be glad to have your sentiments, and those of the Financer. I am perfectly willing to give the public credit for every thing that is due, but it does not comport with my circumstances to do more, or even to lie out of money which I may with propriety call to my aid.
The Account of my expenditures in Philadelphia and on my return home, I transmitted many days previous to the receipt of your Letter to Mr. Morris, and presume it is in your Office long before this; and that I shall have the pleasure of receiving, as in the case of the former, an official statement of it from the Treasury books.
For the honor of your kind congratulations on the great events which have taken place, and my return to domestic life, be pleased to accept my grateful thanks, and best wishes, in return. I am, etc.44
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 18, 1784.
Dear Sir: With equal emotions of pleasure and gratitude I received your very polite Letter of the 11th. ulto. from Elizabeth-town, the late acknowledgment of which is owing to the interruption of the post, and a visit to my aged Mother; the last of which engaged me several days, and from which I only returned yesterday.
The private congratulations of friendship, upon my safe return to a peaceful abode, and the sweets of Domestic retirement, never can, with me, be lost in the midst of public ceremonies; and they are received with more pleasure when they are known to flow from a source which has always been the same. The affectionate terms therefore, in which your Letter is expressed, could not fail to affect all my sensibility and to call for a return of my warmest thanks, these I offer most sincerely.
We have now a goodly field before us, and I have no wish superior to that of seeing it judiciously cultivated; that every Man, especially those who have laboured to prepare it, may reap a fruitful Harvest without the intermixture of Tares; the seeds of which I am sure are too apparent to be sown by a skilful husbandman, who possesses a disposition to be honest.
It was with extreme pain I read that part of your Letter which speaks of the declining State of Miss Boudinots health. As the intemperence of the weather may have contributed thereto, so it is to be hoped the approaching season will remove the causes of the complaint, and restore her to good health, and to her friends; in this wish, and in most affectionate Compliments to Mrs. Boudinot and yourself, Mrs. Washington heartily joins.
With the greatest sincerity and truth, I am, etc.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 18, 1784.
Dr. Madam: The intemperate weather, and the very great care which the post riders take of themselves, prevented your Letter of the 4th. of last month46 from reaching my hands 'till the 10th. of this: I was then in the very act of setting off on a visit to my aged mother, from whence I am just returned. These reasons I beg leave to offer, as an apology for my silence 'till now.
[Note 46: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
It would be a pity indeed, My dear Madam, if the Muses should be restrained in you. I have only to lament that the hero of your poetical talents, is not more deserving of their lays. I cannot however, from motives of false delicacy (because I happen to be the principal character in your pastoral) withhold my encomiums on the performance for I think, the easy, simple and beautious strains with which the Dialogue is supported do great justice to your genius, and will not only secure Lucinda and Aminta from Wits and Critic's, but draw from them, however unwillingly, their highest plaudits, if they can relish the praises that are given, as highly as they must admire the manner of bestowing them.
Mrs. Washington, equally sensible with myself, of the honor you have done her, joins me in most affectionate compliments to yourself, the young Ladies and Gentlemen of your family. With sentiments of esteem, regard and respect, I have the honor, etc.47
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 48: Of Philadelphia, Pa.]
Mount Vernon, February 18, 1784.
Gentlemen: I have been favored with your polite and obliging Letter of January the 20th., and thank you for the many flattering sentiments contained in it.
To encourage Literature and the Arts, is a duty which every good Citizen owes to his Country, and if I could be instrumental in promoting these, and in aiding your endeavours to do the like, it would give me pleasure.
Your Books being chiefly in a foreign Language (which I do not understand) and my Library containing the most valuable of those which are named in the English catalogue, my demand will be small; but if those mentioned below are yet in your Store, they may be laid by, or sent to me as occasion offers, and the cost shall be paid to your Order. I am, etc.
An Accot. of the new Northn., Archipelago, by M. I. Von Strahlin. 8 Vos., The Histy. of the Ud. provinces of the Netherlands by Wm. Lothian, 4to. A review of the characters of the principal Nations in Europe, 2 Vols, 8 vo. Hermes, or a phloe. enquiry, concerning Languages &ca. by J. H. 8 vo. The true French master, or rules for the Fh. tongue by Mr. Cheneau of Paris, 8 vo The new pocket Docty. of the Fh. and Eng: lange. by Thos. Nugent 2 vols. 8 vo A course of Gallantires, translated from the Freh. of M. Duclos 2 parts, 8 vo. The rise, progress and prest. state of the Northn. Govts. by I. Williams Esqr. 2 Vols. 4to.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1784.
My dear Sir: The bad weather, and the great care which the Post Riders take of themselves, prevented your letters of the 3d. and 9th. of last month from getting to my hands 'till the 10th. of this. Setting off next Morning for Fredericksburgh to pay my duty to an aged Mother, and not returning 'till yesterday, will be admitted I hope, as a sufficient apology for my silence 'till now.
I am much obliged by the trouble you have taken to report the state of the Garrison and Stores, together with the disposition of the Troops at West-Point, to me, and think the allowance of Rations, or subsistence money to such Officers as could not retire at that inclement season, was not only perfectly humane, but perfectly just. and that it must appear so to Congress.
It would seem to me, without having recourse to calculation, that the allowance of a Majr. General in a seperate department, to the person who shall discharge the duties of Secretary at War, Master of Ordnance, and Commanding Officer of the Forces which may be retained, or Raised for a Peace Establish-merit is as low as it well can be. I expect the President and some Members of Congress here in a day or two, and will tell them so.
It was amongst my first Acts after I got home, to write to the President of each State Society, appointing Philadelphia (and the first Monday in May) for the general meeting of the Cincinnati. Colo. Walker took with him all the Letters for those Eastward of this, before New Years day; the others for the Southward, I dispatched by the Post about the sametime; I have even sent duplicates for fear of miscarriage; yet 'though it is the most eligable method, it is to be feared it will not prove so effectual a communication, as a general notification in the public Gazettes would have been. And, in case of failure, I shall be exceedingly concerned for not having adopted the most certain; as it would give me pleasure to have the first general meeting, a very full one. I have named Philadelphia (contrary to my own judgment, as it is not Central) to comply with the wishes of South Carolina, who, being the most Southern State, have desired it. North Carolina I have not heard a tittle from, nor any thing Official from New Hampshire. all the other States have acceded very unanimously to the propositions which were sent from the Army.
I am just beginning to experience that ease, and freedom from public cares which, however desirable, takes some time to realize; for strange as it may tell, it is nevertheless true, that it was not 'till lately I could get the better of my usual custom of ruminating as soon as I waked in the Morning, on the business of the ensuing day; and of my surprize, after having revolved many things in my mind, to find that I was no longer a public Man, or had any thing to do with public transactions.
I feel now, however, as I conceive a wearied Traveller must do, who, after treading many a painful step, with a heavy burden on his shoulders, is eased of the latter, having reached the Goal to which all the former were directed; and from his House top is looking back, and tracing with a grateful eye the Meanders by which he escaped the quicksands and Mires which lay in his way; and into which none but the All-powerful guide, and great disposer of human Events could have prevented his falling.
I shall be very happy, and I hope I shall not be disappointed, in seeing you at the proposed meeting in Philadelphia. The friendship I have conceived for you will not be impaired by absence, but it may be no unpleasing circumstance to brighten the Chain, by a renewal of the Covenant. My best wishes attend Mrs. Knox and the little folks, in which Mrs. Washington most heartily joins me. With every sentiment of the purest esteem &c.
P.S. I hope Genl Greene will be in the Delegation from Rhode Island, and that we shall see him at the Genl meeting of the Cincinnati; will you intimate this to him.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1784.
Dr. Sir: It is not convenient for me to be at Colchester tomorrow, and as I shall no longer act as a vestryman,50 the sooner my place is filled with another the better. This letter, or something more formal if required, may evidence my resignation, and authorize a new choice.
[Note 50: Of Truro Parish, Va.]
I shall be very sorry if your apprehensions on account of the poor should be realized, but have not the Church-Wardens power to provide for their relief? And may not those Vestry-men who do meet, supposing the number insufficient to constitute a legal Vestry, express their sentiments on this head to the Wardens? Nay go further, and from the exigency of the case, give directions for the temporary relief of the needy and distressed. As a Vestryman or as a private parishioner, I should have no scruple to do either under such circumstances as you have described.
Mrs. Washington joins in compliments and best wishes for you, Mrs. McCatry and family with Dr. Sir Your, etc.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1784.
Dear Sir: The intemperate season and irregularity of the post withheld your Letter of the 15th. ulto., from me 'till within these few days. There needed no apology for delay in the adjustment of your Accots., your punctuality is too well known to admit a doubt that this would happen without sufficient cause.
I received great pleasure from the account which you have given me of Doctor La Moyeur's operation on you, and congratulate you very sincerely on the success. I shall claim your promise of relating the sequel, for I confess I have been staggered in my belief in the efficacy of transplantation,52 being more disposed to think that the Operator is partial to his own performances, and the persons operated upon, in general are inclined to compliment; or having submitted to the operation, are somewhat unwilling to expose the truth. but your accot. I can; I will rely upon.
[Note 52: Of living teeth.]
If contrary to expectation this Letter should find Doctr. La Moyeur in New York, let me pray you to present my compliments to him, and tell him that his letter of the 20th. is at hand; that I should have answered it, but for the information he there gave me, of his intention of setting out in a few days for Virginia; and that I shall whenever it is convenient to him, and not before, be very glad to see him at this Seat, where he, as you would at all times, meet a cordial and welcome reception. I thank you very sincerely for your kind congratulations on my return to the tranquil walks of private life. I shall always be glad to hear from you, and shall depend upon you for the relation of the remarkable occurrences in your Hemisphere. Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for yourself, and complimts. to the Govr. Mrs. C.53 and Family. I am, etc.54
[Note 53: Governor and Mrs. Clinton.]
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1784.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 29th. of Jany. in answer to my circular Letter of the 28th. of Deer. is at hand. I am sorry to find by it, that so many Delegates from your State Society are likely to be Non-attendants at the General Meeting in May. It would have an odd appearance (whatever may be the causes) for the Society of the State, in which the General Meeting is held, to be unrepresented upon such an occasion; and it would give me concern, I confess, to find any so; for it is my wish that the first meeting (at least) may be full. Not only for the purpose of bare representation then, but that the Abilities of the Society of Cincinnati may be convened at that time, I hope your business elsewhere may, without much inconvenience, be made to yield to this call for your attendance. With great truth and sincerity, I am etc.
[Note 55: Of Berkeley County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, February 25, 1784.
Sir: Yesterday evening brought me your favor of the 13th.
Two things induced me to Lease my Lands in small tenements; the first was to accommodate weak handed people who were not able to purchase, thereby inviting and encouraging a number of useful Husbandmen and Mechanicks to settle among us: The other, that I might have them restored to me at the expiration of the term for wch. they were granted, in good order and well improved. One step towards which was to prevent a shift of property without my consent, and a covenant was inserted in the Leases accordingly.
From the first I laid it down as a maxim, that no person who possessed Lands adjoining, should hold any of mine as a Lease, and for this obvious reason, that the weight of their labour, and burden of the crops, whilst it was in a condition to bear them, would fall upon my Land, and the improvement upon his own, in spite of all the covenants which could be inserted to prevent it. Having no cause to depart from this opinion, and without meaning to apply the observation particularly to Mr. Throckmorton,56 whose person and character are entirely unknown to me, he must excuse me for declaring in very explicit terms, that I will not suffer his purchase of Collet, to be carried into effect. of this, Mr. Lund Washington who was acquainted with my sentiments on all these matters, and who superintended my business, informs me he acquainted Mr. Throckmorton (hearing he was about to purchase) either directly or by means of his acquaintance in September last: he has not paid his money therefore, or erred in this business, without warning of the consequences.
[Note 56: Albion Throckmorton.]
A good price and ready money might induce me to part with the fee-simple of Collet's Lot, perhaps of the other also. Without these I do not incline to sell as Lands are rising very fast in their price; which will be enhanced by the emigration of Foreigners, and the demand for them. I am, &:c.57
[Note 57: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 58: He lived at the head of Bull Skin, in Berkeley County, Va.
On February 25 Washington wrote a brief note to Chevalier de La Luzerne, thanking him for forwarding a letter from Lafayette, and regretting that Luzerne did not come to Mount Vernon. This copy is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 25, 1784.
Mr. Collett: It would have been quite as proper to have written about the payment of your Rents, as a transfer of the Lease. When the Averages of the former are discharged, it is very probable I shall have no objection to the latter, provided it is to a purchaser who means to reside on, and will improve the Land. Until these happen I shall consent to no sale at all, and advise you to attend to the first, Your humble Servant.
[Note 59: Son of Betty Washington.]
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1784.
Dear Fieldg.: You very much mistake my circumstances when you suppose me in a condition to advance money. I made no money from my Estate during the nine years I was absent from it, and brought none home with me. those who owed me, for the most part, took advantage of the depreciation and paid me off with six pence in the pound. those to whom I was indebted, I have yet to pay, without other means, if they will not wait, than selling part of my Estate; or distressing those who were too honest to take advantage of the tender Laws to quit scores with me.
This relation of my circumstances, which is a true one, is alone sufficient (without adding that my living under the best oeconomy I can use, must unavoidably be expensive,) to convince you of my inability to advance money.
I have heard with pleasure that you are industrious. Convince people by your mode of living that you are sober and frugal also; and I persuade myself your creditors will grant you every indulgence they can. It would be no small inducement to me, if it should ever be in my power, to assist you.
Your Father's advice to you in his Letter of the 8th. of October 1778 is worthy the goodness of his own heart, and very excellent to follow; if I could say anything to enforce it, it should not be wanting.
I shall always be glad to see you here; your Aunt joins me in best wishes and I am, etc.
P. S. There was a great space between the 23d. of September 1778, when you were called upon by your Father for a specific list of your Debts, and his death: how happen'd it that in all that time you did not comply with his request? And what do they amount to now? His Letters to you are returned, and I hope will get safe to hand.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 29, 1784.
Sir: I have received, and thank you for your obliging favor of the 21st. in answer to my letter of the 10th. I will write to the Surveyors of Augusta and Botetourt for information in those matters which the Land office is unable to give me: for sure I am, I have warrants somewhere which ought, long 'ere this, to have been executed. The two Surveys of which you sent me copies, I should be glad to have patents for, reciting the right under which I hold them, as soon as it is convenient to yourself. I have the honor, etc.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1784.
Dear Sir: The last Post brought me the enclosed letter, under cover from the Marquis de la Fayette. If you have any News that you are at liberty to impart it would be charity to communicate a little of it, to a body.
It is unnecessary, I hope, to repeat to you the Assurances of the pleasure I should feel at seeing you at this retreat, or of the sincere esteem and regard with which I am, etc.
P S. Has not Congress received a Memorial from, Mr. De Witt, now, or lately Geographer to the Northern Army? The propositions which are contained in the Copy, which he sent me, seem founded in equity. and with respect to himself, I can assure you he is a modest, sensible, sober, and deserving young Man. Esteemed a very good Mathematician, and well worthy encouragement.62
[Note 62: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress
On March 3 Washington forwarded, in a brief note to Robert Morris, Morris's warrant on Treasurer Michael Hillegas, indorsed as requested: "I thank you for the trouble you have taken to negotiate the matter with Govt. Clinton." This copy is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1784.
Dr. Sir: By the interruptions of the post, your letter dated the 12th. of Jany. never got to my hands until Sunday last.
I have urged, not only in public, but private conversations with individual members of Congress, the policy, indeed necessity of having accurate Maps of the United States, and they know full well my opinion of your worth, and ability to execute them. All seem sensible of these, but the want of funds I suppose, stops this, as it does many other wheels which ought to move.
The propositions contained in your Memr. of the 12th. to Congress,63 appear to me exceedingly reasonable and just: these sentiments I will express to a very valuable and much respected member of that Body to whom I am now writing. I am, etc.64
[Note 63: Publication of maps of the Revolutionary War.]
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1784.
Revd. Sir: The recourse which I have had to my papers since I returned home, reminds me of a question which you asked me in Philadelphia, respecting my Lands to the westward of the Allighaney mountains; to which I was unprepared, at that time to give a decided answer, either as to the quantity I had to let, or the terms upon which I would Lease them.
Upon examination, I find that I have Patents under the signature of Lord Dunmore, (while he administered the Govermt. of this State) for about 30,000 acres; and Surveys for about 10,000 more; Patents for which were suspended by the disputes with Gr. Britain, which soon follow'd the return of the warrts. to the Land office.
Ten thousand acres of the above thirty lie upon the Ohio; the rest on the Great Kanhawa; a river nearly as large, and quite as easy in its navigation as the former. The whole of it is rich bottom land, beautifully situated on these rivers and abounding plentiously in Fish, wild fowl, and Game of all kinds.
The uppermost tract upon the Ohio (which I incline to lease) contains 2314 acres, and begins about four miles below the mouth of the Little Kanhawa (there are two rivers bearing that name, the uppermost of which is about 180 miles below Fort Pitt by water) and has a front on the water of more than five miles. The next is 18 miles lower down, and contains 2448 acres; with a front on the river, and a large creek which empty's into it, of four miles and upwards. Three miles below this again (on the same river) and just above what is called the Big Bend in Evans's map, is a third tract of 4395 acres, with a river front of more than five miles.
Then going to the Great Kanhawa distant about twelve miles by land, but thirty odd to follow the meanders of the two rivers, and beginning within three miles of the mouth, I hold Lands on the right and left of the river, and bounded thereby, forty eight miles and an half; all of which (being on the margin of the river, and extending not more than from half a mile to a mile back) is, as has been observed before, rich low grounds.
From this description of my Lands, with the aid of Evans's or Hutchins's map of that Country, a good general knowledge of their situation may be obtained by those who incline to become adventurers in the settlement of them; but it may not be improper to observe further, that they were surveyed under the royal Proclamation of 1763 (granting to each commissioned and non-commissioned officer according to his rank, and to the private Soldier, certain quantities) and under a yet older proclamation from Mr. Dinwiddie, then Lieut. governor of the Colony; issued by the advice of his Council to encourage and benefit the military adventurers of the year 1754, while the Land office was shut against all other applicants: It is not reasonable to suppose therefore, that those who had the first choice; had five years allowed them to make it; and a large District to survey in; were inattentive either to the quality of the Soil, or the advantages of situation.
But supposing no preeminence in quality, the title to these Lands is indisputable; and by laying on the South East side of the Ohio, they are not subject to the claims of the Indians; consequently will be free from their disturbances; and from the disputes, in which the settlers on the No. West side (when the Indians shall permit any), and even on the same side, lower down, will be involved in with one another; for it should seem, that there is already location upon location, and scarce any thing else talked of but land-jobbing and monopolies, before Congress have even settled the terms upon which the ceded Lands are to be obtained.
Having given this account of the Land, I am brought to another point which is more puzzling to me than description.
I have been long endeavouring to hit upon some mode, by which the Grantor and Grantees of these Lands, might be mutually considered, and equally satisfied; but find it no easy matter; as it is to be presumed that all adventurers, especially emigrants from foreign Countries, would not only chuse, but expect Leases for a long term. In this case, it is difficult in an infant Country, where lands rise progressively, and I might add rapidly in value, to fix upon a rent which will not in the first instance, startle the Tenant by its magnitude, or injure the Land-lord in the course of a few years by the inadequacy of it. What course then is to be taken?
To advance the rent periodically, in proportion to the supposed increasing value of the Land, is very speculative. And to leave it to the parties or their representatives, or to persons to be chosen by them, at like stated periods to determine the increase of it, would not only be vague and uncertain, but more than probably open a door for many disputes, and prove very unsatisfactory to both sides. Yet, difficult as the case is, private and public considerations urging me thereto, I have come to a resolution which I am going to promulge in the Gazettes of this Country, by inserting an advertisement, of which the enclosed is a copy, leaving it optional in the Grantees to make choice of either.
Whether the terms there promulged, are sufficiently encouraging to the people of this Country, and inviting to strangers; or whether the latter might think so in the first instance, and change sentiments afterwards, upon seeing a wide, a wild and an extensive country before them, in which they may for ought I know, obtain good, tho' not so valuable and pleasant spots, upon easier terms; is not with me to decide, experiment alone can determine it. But it is for me to declare, that I cannot think of separating for ever from Lands which are beautifully situated upon navigable rivers; rich in quality, and abundantly blessed with many natural advantages, upon less beneficial terms to myself.
The Leases for short tenures, if these should be preferred to either of the other two, could be attended with no greater injury to me, because the improvements which (according to the conditions of them) are to be made thereon, will enable me, if I am not too sanguine in my expectation, to rent them thereafter upon more lucrative terms than I dare ask for either of the other two at present.
It has been my intention in every thing I have said, and will be so in every thing I shall say on this subject, to be perfectly candid; for my feelings would be as much hurt, if I shou'd deceive others by a too favourable description, as theirs would be who might suffer by the deception.
I will only add, that it would give me pleasure to see these Lands seated by particular Societies, or religious Sectaries with their Pastors. It would be a means of connecting friends in a small circle, and making life, in a new and rising Empire (to the Inhabitants of which, and their habits new comers would be strangers) pass much more agreeably, than in a mixed, or dispersed situation.
If a plan of this sort should be relished, it would be highly expedient for an agent, in behalf of such Societies, to come out immediately, to view the Lands and dose a bargain; for nothing is more probable, than that each of the Tracts here enumerated may, if the matter is delayed, have settlers upon it; an intermixture with whom might not be agreeable.
The number of Families which these tracts agregately, or each one separately would accommodate, depends more upon the views of the occupiers, than on any other circumstance. The soil is capable of the greatest production (such as Europeans have little idea of); for mere support then, the smallest quantity would suffice; which I mention in this place, because a plan for the settlement of them (under the information here given of the quantity, quality and situation) can be as well digested in Europe, as on the Land itself, so far as it respects support only; and is to be prefered to a waste of time in ascertaining on the spot, the number it would receive, and what each man shall have, before the association is formed.
I will make no apology, my good Sir, for the length of this Letter, presuming from your enquiries, when I had the pleasure of seeing you last in Philadelphia, that you would not be displeased at the information I now give you, and might have a wish to communicate it to others. My best wishes attend you; with sentiments of great esteem etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March [10,] 1784.
The subscriber would Lease about 30,000 acres of land on the Ohio and Great Kanhawa, for which he has had Patents ten or twelve years. Ten thousand of these, in three Tracts, lie upon the Ohio, between the mouths of the two Kanhawa's; having a front upon the river of 15 miles, and beautifully border'd by it. The remaining 20,000 acres, in four other Surveys, lie upon the Great Kanhawa, from the mouth, or near it, upwards. These four Tracts (together) have a margin upon that river, (by which they are bound) of more than forty miles.
After having said thus much of the Land, it is almost superfluous to add that the whole of it is river low-grounds of the first quality; but it is essential to remark that a great deal of it may be converted into the finest mowing ground imaginable, with little or no labour. Nature, and the water-stops which have been made by the Beaver, having done more to effect this, than years of hard labour in most other rich soils; and that the Land back of these bottoms, must forever render the latter uncommonly profitable for Stock, on account of the extensiveness of the range; as it is of a nature (being extremely broken) not to be seated or cultivated.
These Lands may be had on three tenures: First, until Jany.1795, and no longer; Second, until Jany. 1795, renewable every ten years forever. Third, for 999 years.
The rents, Conditions and priviledges as follow.
First, An exemption for rent three years upon condition that five acres for every hundred, and proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity contained in the Lease, shall within that space be cleared and tilled, or in order for the latter; and a house, fit for the comfortable accommodation of the Tenant, erected on the premises.
Second, That before the expiration of the term of the Leases of the first tenure; or the first ten years of those of the second and third; a dwelling house of Brick or Stone, or of framed work with a stone or brick chimney; and a good Barn, suited to the size of the Tenement shall be built thereon. An orchard of good fruit, to consist of as many trees as there are acres specified in the lease, planted and enclosed; And five acres for every hundred, and proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity, improved into meadows; which, or the like quantity, shall always be retained for mowing.
Third, The land to be accurately measured to each Grantee; who will be allowed to take in regular for (with an extension back proportioned to the front on the river) as much as his inclination, or ability may require; which quantity shall be secured to him and his Heirs, by Lease in the usual form, with proper clauses binding on Landlord and Tenant, for the performance of covenants.
Fourth. A Spanish milled Dollar of the present coin, shall pass in payment of the rent for six shillings; and other current Gold and Silver coin, in that proportion.
Fifth. The staple commodity, or other article of produce (for the greater ease and convenience of the Tenant) may be substituted in lieu of money rents in the Leases, if the Parties, at, or before the first rent shall become due, can agree upon a medium value for it.
Sixth. If the exigency or policy of the State in which these Lands lie, should at any time impose a tax upon them, or their appendages; such tax is to be borne by the Tenant.
Seventh. These conditions &ca. being common to the Leases of the three different tenures, the rent. Of the First. Will be four pounds per anu: for every hundred acres contained in the lease, and proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity.
Of the Second. One shilling for every acre contained in the Lease, until the year 1795. One shilling and six pence for the like quantity afterwards, 'till the year 1815. And the like increase per acre every ten years 'till the rent amounts to, and shall have remained at, five shillings for the ten years next ensuing; after which it is to increase three pence pr. acre every ten years for ever.
Of the Third. Two shillings for every acre therein contained; at which it will remain for 999 years, the term for which it is granted.
The situation of these Lands is not only pleasant, but in any point of view in which they can be considered, must be exceedingly advantageous, for if the produce of the Country, according to the ideas of some, shou'd go down the Mississippi, they are nearly as convenient for that transportation, having the Stream without any obstruction in it to descend, as those which are now settling about the Falls of the Ohio, and upon Kentuckey, (to the choice of which, among other reasons, people were driven by the Grants to the Officers and Soldiers, of which these are part, in the upper Country, and from the impracticability of obtaining Lands in extensive bodies elsewhere). If it shou'd come by way of Fort Pitt, to Potomac, (which is the most natural66) or to the Susquehannah, by the Great Kanhawa to James river, or by the Lakes Erie and Ontario to New York, they are infinitely more so, being, according to Hutchins's table of distances, 422 miles, all of which is against the Stream, nearer to those markets than the Settlements last mentioned. And what, in the present situation of
[Note 66: This word is omitted in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, and is supplied from the printed advertisement.] things, is a matter of no triffling consideration, no other claims can interfere with those; patents having been long granted for the Land, and the property of it well known; and besides, by laying on the So. East side of the Ohio can give no jealousy to the Indians, the proprietors of it therefore, may cultivate their Farms in peace, and fish, fowl and hunt without fear or molestation.
Altho' I do not lay any stress upon it, the presumption being that the Indians during the late war, have laid all in ruins, yet it is of record in the Courts of Botetourt and Fincastle (in which Counties the land did lay) that buildings, Meadows and other improvements which were made thereon in the years 1774 and 1775, designed for the accommodation of Tenants, cost the subscriber, as appears by the oaths of sworn appraises conformably to the directions of an Act of the Assembly, of Virginia for seating and cultivating Lands, £1568:18:7½ equal to £1961.3.3, Maryland, Pennsylvania or Jersey currency.
These Lands being peculiarly well adapted for small Societies who may incline to live detached and retired; any such applying in a body or by their pastors or Agents, shall have every assistance and encouragement, which can with convenience and propriety be given by, G: W--n.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. This advertisement appeared in the Pennsylvania Packet of Apr. 27, 1784, and other papers of various dates.]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1784.
Dear Sir: Since last post I have received the Lace and two pole chain, accompanied by your favors of the 22d. and 29th. ulto. for which I thank you.
From what you have written concerning the Sieves, it is to be feared I did not sufficiently explain myself in speaking to the sizes of the meshes. You say, "the largest is of iron wire, as there was none of brass so coarse in Town" and again, "the second and third are of brass wire, and there is no wire finer than of thirty meshes to an inch." The coarseness, or finess of the wire was not what I had in contemplation, but the size of the meshes which were to be formed by that wire: you therefore have misunderstood me, or I misunderstood you, unless (which is more probable, and if the case is so, all things are yet right), the wire being imported in its woven state, was only to be had of the sizes mentioned in your letter; and which, with as much of the kind for boulting (32 to the inch) as will make one seive, will answer all my purposes very well. Be so good as to let me know what you call a packet of edging; which you say is at various prices, from one to three Dollars, and how many yards, that is, what length a packet will cover. Also the price of the plain blue, green, and yellow paper pr. piece, with the number of yards in a piece, when I get your answer to these queries, I will determine at once whether to buy, or not to buy.
Mrs. Washington joins in best wishes to Mrs. Biddle and Mrs. Shaw with, Dr. Sir, Your, etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 11, 1784.
Sir: Having luckily found some printed blank Deeds, I am enabled to dispatch your business sooner than I expected.
The return of these Deeds to me, executed before proper Evidences, will entitle you to receive the Sum I expressed a willingness to pay you, on Accot. of your Fathers expences to the Ohio.
Should Deeds (which I do not believe is the case) have been executed before for the 3323 acres specified in those now sent, no bad consequences can follow the second signing of them, as both would express the same thing but it would induce, and warrant my paymt. of the above mentioned money, from which good may result.
I hope the Witnesses will be such as expect to attend the next Generl. Court, that there may be no hazard of the proof and the sooner I can get them returned to me the better, as the time is now short. Or, instead of bringing them back to me, a letter from my friend Colo. Edmd. Pendleton, assuring me that they are in his hands, properly executed, and that he will carry or send them to the Court for recording, will be preferable.
If no Deed should have passed for the 200 acres in the other tract adjoining (which I am entitled to by purchase from Mr. William Bronaugh) and which was to have been given in exchange, with other considerations for the 3323 herein mentioned, I will, without delay, cause them to be executed, and, in the mean time, pass my Bond for the title.
But from what you said respecting this matter, and from the tenor of your Fathers69 Letter to me of the 6th. of Jany. 1775,70 which I shewed you, there can be little doubt of its having happened already. I am, etc.
[Note 69: Col. George Muse.]
[Note 70: A copy of his letter is in the Washington Papers.]
PS. Not knowing whether your father has a wife living or not, I have drawn the release on that supposition.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1784.
Dear Sir: The Baron de Steuben informs me, that he is about to make a final Settlement with Congress; and to obtain from them that compensation which his Services shall appear to have merited; having entered into no stipulation at the time he engaged in the Service, either for Pay or emoluments; chusing rather to let his Services point to their own rewards (after they were performed) than to set a value upon them before hand. Wishing, on the hand, for nothing more than they deserved; on the other, convinced that the honor and dignity of the Sovereign power of these States would do him justice, if our cause should be crowned with success, if not, he would share their fortunes, and fall with them.
What the Barons expectations are, if he should incline to make them known, can be explained by himself; but this I have heard him say, that to be placed in the same situation he was when he came to this Country, would content him. What this was I know not, but it should seem that, if a Foreigner gets nothing by the Service, he ought not to loose by it.
My Sentiments with respect to the importance of the Barons Services have been delivered to Congress in so many instances, and he himself has received such repeated testimonies of it, that it is unnecessary for me, in this place (especially as I have laid aside my Military character, and am disinclined to trouble Congress any longer with my application) to give fresh proofs of my approbation of his abilities and conduct, tending to the same points. But I could wish to see his merit, which is great; and his Services which have been eminent, rewarded to his satisfaction. I am etc.72
[Note 72: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1784.
My Dear Baron: I have perused with attention the plan which you have formed for establishing a Continental Legion, and for training a certain part of the Arms bearing men of the Union as a Militia in times of peace; and with the small alterations which have been suggested and made, I very much approve of it.
It was no unpleasing, and flattering circumstance to me, to find such a coincidence of ideas as appear to run thro' your plan, and the one I had the honor to lay before a Committee of Congress in May last. Mine however, was a hasty production, the consequence of a sudden call, and little time for arrangement. Yours of maturer thought and better digestion, I, at the same time that I hinted the propriety of a Continental Militia; glided almost insensibly into what I thought would, rather than what I conceived ought to be a proper peace Establishment for this Country.
A peace establishment ought always to have two objects in view. The one present security of Posts, of Stores and the public tranquillity. The other, to be prepared, if the latter is impracticable, to resist with efficacy, the sudden attempts of a foreign or domestic enemy. If we have no occasion of Troops for the first purposes, and were certain of not wanting any for the second; then all expence of every nature and kind whatsoever on this score, would be equally nugatory and unjustfiable; but while men have a disposition to wrangle, and to disturb the peace of Society, either from ambitious, political or interested motives, common prudence and foresight requires such an establishment as is likely to ensure to us the blessings of Peace, altho' the undertaking should be attended with difficulty and expence; and I can think of no plan more likely to answer the purpose, than the one you have suggested; which (the principle being established) may be enlarged, or diminished at pleasure, according to circumstances; it therefore meets my approbation and has my best wishes for its success.73 I have the honor etc.74
[Note 73: Steuben's plan is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 18, 1784.
Dear Sir: I have seen the form of the answer which you have drawn in Savages suit, and approve it; presuming the references are founded on facts. Mr. Fairfax75 was to have compared these and will prepare a fair copy. I will remind him of the matter, and have it sent to you as soon as I can.
[Note 75: Bryan Fairfax.]
The case of the depending petitions, in the General Court, is as follows:
The Land was obtained under a proclamation of Mr. Dinwiddie; issued by the advice of his Council Feby. 19th. 1754, for encouraging the raising of Troops for an Expedition to the Ohio. It was surveyed pursuant to Warrants granted by Lord Dunmore, and patented Decr. 15th. 1772. For 10,990 acres, in Fincastle; 4,395, 2,448, 2,314 in Botetourt.
In the month of March 1774, I encounter'd in preparation only, an expence of at least £300; by the purchase of Servants, Nails, Tools and other necessaries for the purpose of seating and cultivating the above Lands, agreeably to our Act of Assembly; and for transporting the same over the Allighaney Mountains; but this was entirely sunk. The disturbances occasioned by the Indians, which immediately followed, put a stop to my proceedings; the Servants, some of them, engaged in the Militia; others squandered and the whole were lost to me; while my Goods, as I am informed, were seized for the use of the Militia and a fort which was built, upon the Expedition under Lord Dunmore, and no compensation made me for them; nor, if I am rightly informed, any thing given upon which I can found a claim.
The March following I went thro' the second edition of a similar expence, and find by having recourse to my papers, (since I came home) the Certificates which I enclose herewith.
Not knowing what had been, or might be done in this second essay to cultivate my Lands (for I left home in May, while my people were out), I wrote from Cambridge (in Septr., 1775) to Mr. Everard requesting as a further security, that they might be covered by friendly Petitions; and presume I must have required Colo. Bassett to take measures accordingly. But never knew what, or whether any steps had been taken in this business, 'till Mr. Mercer (whom I saw at Fredericksburg the other day) and your Letter of the 19th. of Feby. since, informed me of the depending Petitions.
Under this information and what follows, you will be so good as to do what shall appear necessary and proper in my behalf. The Lands, by the Proclamation and Patents, are exempt from the payment of quit rent, 'till the expiration of fifteen years from and after the date of the latter: but my ignorance of the existing Laws of this State, since the change of its Constitution, does not enable me to determine whether the old Act requiring cultivation and improvement, is yet in force, or not; consequently I can give no opinion upon the proper line of conduct to be pursued. Admitting however that this act is in force, so far as it may apply to Lands under the circumstances mine are; yet the two principal Tracts are nevertheless saved; as will appear by the records of Fincastle and Botetourt, where the aggregate of the valuation amount to £1583:15:7½, and the sum required to save the number of acres contained in them amounts to no more than £1538:10.0. And had it not been for the hostile temper of the Indians towards the close of 1775, which rendered it unsafe for my people to remain out, and who were actually driven in, to my very great loss in other respects (besides the non-cultivation) I should most undoubtedly, have saved the whole agreeably to Law.
Miss Lee, sister to the late Major Genl. Lee, wrote, requesting me to obtain for her an authenticated copy of his will; the copy I have lately got, but Mr. Drew thinks it may be necessary to affix the Seal of the State to it, as it is to go to England, I request the favor of you therefore to procure and send this to me by the post, the cost when made known to me I will pay. With very great regard etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 18, 1784.
Sir: By a further research into my papers, I have found, with a letter from Colo. Fielding Lewis (which it shou'd seem must have come to this place after I had accepted the command of the Army and was gone to Cambridge), the Survey which I now enclose, as I also do the letter alluded to, as it will account for its delay in reaching the Land Office 'till now.
As I recollect well that Michael Cresap and indeed others were disposed to give me trouble about this bottom, I will thank you for examining if any Caveat to the issuing of a Patent has ever been entered in the Land office by him, Doctr. Brisco, or Charles Smith, all of whom at times, without a shadow of right, possessed themselves of the Land. If there is not, and the Constitution admits of no arrest to the progress of my claim elsewhere, I should be glad to receive a Grant therefor, as soon as you can make it convenient, and should be glad also, if there is nothing improper in it, if the Patent was to recite the date of the Survey and the right upon which it is founded, that it may not have the appearance of a recent transaction, new rights, or purchase under the present modes. I wish this might be the case also with the Grant for the Survey made by Colo. Preston77 and Mr. Saml. Lewis, copies of which you were so obliging as to send me last month. The first of these accounts for my warrants to Mr. Thruston, as the latter does for 2950 acres of the one to myself; and having since found the one to Capt. Roots (assigned to me) for 3,000 unexecuted; I have now only 5,050 acres unaccounted for, with these I am at a loss what to do, or where to locate them.
[Note 77: Col. William Preston.]
With respect to the Tract of 578 acres it may be necessary for me further to add, that neither myself, nor any person in my behalf has ever been notified of a Caveat, that I have never heard of one. In my letter of the 10th. of Feby. I intimated that Michael Cresap had impeded the Patent for it; and by a letter from Capt. Crawford78 it appears that he attempted to do it with Lord Dunmore, when he was on the Indian Expedition, but the result he knew not. And that I have requested an examination for no other reason than to prevent (in case such a thing unknown to me should be) unnecessary trouble and expence. One thing I am certain of, and that is, that neither of the persons who have discovered a disposition to give me trouble and vexation in this Affair, saw or heard of the Land, 'till it was surveyed on my Accot. With great esteem and regard, I have the honor, etc.79
[Note 78: Later Col. William Crawford.]
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 20, 1784.
My dear Sir: Your Letter of the 21st. ulto. did not reach my hands 'till yesterday. Having the Governor here and a house full of company, and the Post being on the point of setting out for the Eastward I must confine the few lines I shall be able (at this time) to write, to the business of the Cincinnati.
From what you have said of the temper of your Assembly respecting this Society, from the current of Sentiment in the other New England States thereon, and from the official letter which I have lately received from the Marqs. de la Fayette on this subject, I am more than ever of opinion that the general meeting at Philada. in May next ought, by all means, to be full and respectable: I was sorry to find these words therefore in your letter, after naming the Delegates from your State, "probably, only two will attend."
I think, not only the whole number chosen should attend, but the abilities of them coolly, deliberately, and wisely employed when met, to obviate the prejudices and remove the jealousies which are already imbibed, and more than probably, through ignorance, envy and perhaps worse motives, will encrease and spread. I cannot therefore forbear urging in strong terms, the necessity of the measure. The ensuing General Meeting, is either useful or useless; if the former, the representatives of each State Society, ought to be punctual in their attendance, especially under the present circumstances. If it is not, all ought to be exempted; and I am sure none can give the time which this journey and business requires, with less convenience to themselves than myself.
By a Letter which I have just received from Genl. Greene, I am informed that himself, Genl. Varnum and Majr. Lyman are chosen to represent the Society of the State of Rhode Island; that he intends to be in So. Carolina before the meeting, and it is not expected that more than one will attend it! I wish this could be otherwise, and that General Greene would attend; private interest, or convenience may be a plea for many, and the Meeting thereby be thin and unfit for the purpose of its institution.
I have heard nothing yet from New Hampshire, New York, or New Jersey to the Eastward, nor any thing from the Southward; to the last, duplicates have long since been sent.
As there can be no interruption of the post by bad weather, now, and there is time for it, pray let me hear more fully from you on the subject of this letter, by the return of it; particularly what the Committee's of your Assembly have reported. Mrs. Washington joins in best wishes for Mrs. Knox, yourself and the little folks, with Your, etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 20, 1784.
My Dr. Sir: From the purport of your Letter dated Feby. 16th. at New-port (which only came to my hands yesterday), I have little expectation that this reply to it will find you in the State of Rhode Island. If however the case be otherwise it is to express an earnest wish that you might make it convenient to take the Genl. Meeting of the Cincinnati in your way to So. Carolina.
I was concerned to hear you say, only one Delegate from your State would be there. It were to be wished on many accounts, that the ensuing Meeting might not only be full in representation, but that the best abilities of the Society might also be present. There are, in my opinion very important reasons for this, and I cannot avoid expressing an earnest wish, that yours may be among them. I would add more were I not apprehensive that this will not meet you in time. I have received Letters from France on this subject, which, with the sentiments which may seem disposed to entertain of the tendency of the Society, makes it, I repeat it again, indispensably necessary that the first meeting shou'd be full and respectable.
As there is time (supposing this letter gets to your hand in Rhode Island) to give me an acknowledgment of it, let me entreat an answer. My best wishes attend Mrs. Greene, yourself and Family, in which Mrs. Washington joins. And I am very sincerely and affectionately Yours, etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 24, 1784.
Dear Sir: I am informed that a Ship with Palatines is gone up to Baltimore, among whom are a number of Trademen. I am a good deal in want of a House Joiner and Bricklayer, (who really understand their profession) and you would do me a favor by purchasing one of each, for me. I would not confine you to Palatines. If they are good workmen, they may be of Asia, Africa, or Europe. They may be Mahometans, Jews or Christian of an Sect, or they may be Athiests. I would however prefer middle aged, to young men. and those who have good countenances and good characters on ship board, to others who have neither of these to recommend them, altho, after all, the proof of the pudding must be in the eating. I do not limit you to a price, but will pay the purchase money on demand. This request will be in force 'till complied with, or countermanded, because you may not succeed at this moment, and have favourable ones here after to do it in. My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are presented to Mrs. Tilghman and Mrs. Carroll. and I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, March 24, 1784.
Sir: Your Letter of the 6th.82 only came to hand the 22d. I thank you for your care of the packages sent by the Marqs. de la Fayette, for which I will send a Carriage in the course of two or three days. In the meanwhile, if you would be so obliging as to have them deposited at the lodgings of Mr. Jefferson, a Delegate in Congress at Annapolis, from this State, it would oblige me. If you will be pleased to let me know what expences have attended these packages, the money shall be paid to your order.83 I am, etc.84
[Note 82: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: On March 24 Washington wrote to Thomas Jefferson, then at Annapolis, that he would answer, his letter of March 15 (in the Washington Papers) more fully later. He inclosed the letter to Barney and asked that Jefferson receive the packages from Lafayette. "They are valuable, and I pray you to give them house room." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 24, 1784.
Dear Walker: I perceive by the Governors85 letter dated Feby. 27th.86 (which only came to hand yesterday, and learn also by a Letter from Colo. Varick) that you are of his Family.
[Note 85: Gov. George Clinton.]
[Note 86: This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Let me entreat you therefore, without giving the Govr. any more trouble in the matter than is absolutely necessary, to clear up a mistake which must have happened some where.
The Govr. in acknowledging the receipt of my Letters of the 15th. and 28th. of Decr. adds, "the former covering Mr. Morris's Notes to the amount of 2080 80/90 Dollars". It ought to have covered (if any were enclosed) 4226 dollars and a fraction; arising first, from the balance of my warrant upon the Paymaster for 6000 Dollars, of which I recd. 2500 only, taking Mr. Morris's Note for the balance of the Accot. I had then deposited in the Auditors Office, amounting to £217:16:8. (Dols. at 6/.) which together made the 4226 10/90 Dollars. This business was transacted by Colo. Cobb, the Notes, as I intended them for the Govr., never came into my hands, or only to look at, and to him, in the hurry we were all in, the morning of our departure from Philada., was given my letter to the Govr., open, with a request that the letter and notes might be delivered to His Excelly. as he passed thro' New York; the former informing him, that I should throw into his hands about £1700 towards the discharge of my bond. Whether the letter was left open to receive the Notes, or merely for him to seal, as I was hurried by the crowd of visitors which pressed upon us at that time, I do not now recollect, but certain it is, the Govt., by the means here mentioned, ought to have received Notes for 4226 Dolls. instead of 2080.
The other sum of 857 52/90 Dollars (which is mentioned inthe Govrs. Letter) is a subsequent transaction altogether, arising from our Expenditures in Philada., on the road to Virginia &ca., a warrt. for which on Mr. Hilligas was drawn by Mr. Morris and sent to me for indorsation, which it has accordingly received, and is sent back to him again for the Govrs. use. Under this information you will confer a favor upon me by getting this mistake explained and rectified. If the Govr. received no more than 2080 80/90 dollars, Colo. Cobb only can account for it; as the facts are literally as I have stated them.
I have obtained no answer yet to the Circular Letter you took with you for New Jersey, New York and New Hampshire, the two first certainly must have got to hand; but it may not be amiss nevertheless for you to enquire (by a line) of the Presidents of those two (State) Societies, whether they have or have not got them, accompanying the enquiry with information of the time and place of the Genl. Meeting.
I understand the Society of Cincinnati is the cause of much jealousy and uneasiness in the New England States. Pray what is said of it in yours, and in the Jersey. Will you (for a letter may arrive at this place before I set out) be kind enough to give me full information on this head, who your Delegates are, whether they will attend &ca. It were much to be wished that the Genl. Meeting might be full and respectable; that the several matters which may come before it, might be deliberately weighed, and wisely resolved on. A thin meeting will bring the Society into contempt.
Inclosed you have a letter which came under cover to me. My best wishes attend the Govt., I feel great concern for his own, and the indisposition of his Family, and very much so for the accident my namesake met with. Mrs. Washington joins me in these and Complimts. to you. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 25, 1784.
Dear Sir: In answer to Mr. Bowie's88 request to you, permit me to assure that Gentleman, that I shall at all times be glad to see him at this retreat. That whenever he is here, I will give
[Note 88: John Bowie.] him the perusal of any public papers antecedent to my appointment to the command of the American army, that he may be laying up materials for his work. And whenever Congress shall have opened their Archives to any Historian for information, that he shall have the examination of all others in my possession which are subsequent thereto; but that 'till this epoch, I do not think myself at liberty to unfold papers which contain all the occurrences and transactions of my late command; first, because I conceive it to be respectful to the sovereign power to let them take the lead in this business; and next, because I have, upon this principle, refused Doctr. Gordon and others who are about to write the History of the revolution, this priviledge.
I will frankly declare to you, My Dr. Doctor that any memoirs of my life, distinct and unconnected with the general history of the war, would rather hurt my feelings than tickle my pride whilst I lived. I had rather glide gently down the stream of life, leaving it to posterity to think and say what they please of me, than by any act of mine to have vanity or ostentation imputed to me. And I will further more confess that I was rather surprised into a consent, when Doctr. Witherspoon (very unexpectedly) made the application, than considered the tendency of that consent. It did not occur to me at that moment, from the manner in which the question was propounded, that no history of my life, without a very great deal of trouble indeed, could be written with the least degree of accuracy, unless recourse was had to me, or to my papers for information; that it would not derive sufficient authenticity without a promulgation of this fact; and that such a promulgation would subject me to the imputation I have just mentioned, which would hurt me the more, as I do not think vanity is a trait of my character.
It is for this reason, and candour obliges me to be explicit, that I shall stipulate against the publication of the memoirs Mr. Bowie has in contemplation to give the world, 'till I shou'd see more probability of avoiding the darts which I think would be pointed at me on such an occasion; and how far, under these circumstances, it wou'd be worth Mr. Bowie's while to spend time which might be more usefully employed in other matters, is with him to consider; as the practicability of doing it efficiently, without having free access to the documents of this War, which must fill the most important pages of the Memoir, and which for the reasons already assigned cannot be admitted at present, also is. If nothing happens more than I at present foresee, I shall be in Philadelphia on or before the first of May; where 'tis probable I may see Mr. Bowie and converse further with him on this subject; in the mean while I will thank you for communicating these Sentiments. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 27, 1784.
My Dr. Sir: A few days ago, by the post, on wch. of late there seems to be no dependance, I wrote you a few lines expressive of an earnest wish that you could make it convenient to be at the Genl. Meeting of the Society of Cincinnati, before you took your departure for South Carolina. I did not then, nor can I now, assign all my reasons for it; but to me it should seem indispensable, that the Meeting in May next should not only be full, but composed of the best abilities of the representation. The temper, of the New England States in particular, respecting this Society, the encreasing jealousies of it, a letter from the Marquis, and other considerations point strongly to wise determination at this time. If then private interest or convenience with hold the first characters from the Meeting, what may be the consequence? 'tis easier, and perhaps better to be conceived than told. At any rate a bare representation will bring the Society into disrepute, and unfit it perhaps to decide upon the weighty matters which may come before it. besides, these excuses may be offered by one man as well as another, and sure I am none can urge them with more propriety than myself. I would add more, but that I fear this letter will not reach you in time and I am detaining a countryman of yours who has a fair wind, and I know is setting upon thorns from his eagerness to embrace it. Most sincerely and Affectionately, I am, etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 29, 1784.
Dear Sir: It was not in my power to answer your favor of the 15th. by the last post, for the reason then assigned. I wish I may be able to do it to your satisfaction now, as I again am obliged to pay my attention to other Company, (the Govr.91 being gone).
[Note 91: Gov. Benjamin Harrison.]
My opinion coincides perfectly with yours respecting the practicability of an easy, and short communication between the Waters of the Ohio and Potomac. Of the advantages of that communication, and the preference it has over all others. And of the policy there would be in this State, and Maryland to adopt and render it facile; but I confess to you freely, I have no expectation that the public will adopt the measure; for besides the jealousies wch. prevail, and the difficulty of proportioning such funds as may be allotted for the purposes you have mentioned, there are two others, which, in my opinion, will be yet harder to surmount; these are (if I have not imbibed too unfavourable an opinion of my Countrymen) the impracticability of bringing the great, and truly wise policy of the measure to their view; and the difficulty of drawing money from them, for such a purpose if you could do it. for it appears to me, maugre all the sufferings of the public creditors, breach of public faith, and loss of public reputation, that payment of the taxes which are already laid, will be postponed as long as possible! how then are we to expect new ones, for purposes more remote?
I am not so disinterested in this matter as you are; but I am made very happy to find that a man of discernment and liberality (who has no particular interest in the plan) thinks as I do, who have Lands in that Country the value of which would be enhanced, by the adoption of such a Scheme.
More than ten years ago I was struck with the importance of it, and despairing of any aid from the public, I became a principal Mover of a Bill to empower a number of Subscribers to undertake, at their own expence, (upon conditions which were expressed) the extension of the Navigation from tide Water to Wills's Creek (about 150 Miles) and I devoutly wish that this may not be the only expedient by which it can be effected now. To get this business in motion, I was obliged, even upon that ground, to comprehend James River, in order to remove the jealousies which arose from the attempt to extend the Navigation of the Potomack. The plan however, was in a tolerably train when I set out for Cambridge in 1775, and would have been in an excellent way had it not been for the difficulties which were met with in the Maryland Assembly; from the opposition which was given (according to report) by the Baltimore Merchants; who were alarmed, and perhaps not without cause, at the consequence of Water transportation to George Town of the produce which usually came to their Market.
The local interest of that place (Baltimore) joined with the short sighted politics, or contracted views of another part of that Assembly, gave Mr. Thomas Johnson who was a warm promoter of the Scheme on the No. side of the River, a great deal of trouble.92 In this situation things were when I took command of the Army; the War afterwards called Mens attention to different objects, and all the Money they could or would raise, were applied to other purposes; but with you, I am satisfied that not a moment ought to be lost in recommencing this business; for I know the Yorkers will delay no time to remove every obstacle in the way of the other communication, so soon as the Posts at Oswego and Niagara are surrendered; and I shall be mistaken if they do not build Vessels for the Navigation of the Lakes, which will supercede the necessity of coasting on either side.
[Note 92: Virginia, by her Constitution of 1776, had recognized Maryland's charter-right to the waters of the Potomac. Time showed this to have been a mistake, and James Madison carried a resolution through the Virginia legislature in 1784 to settle the matter through a joint commission which would frame regulations for the commerce of the Potomac. This commission met at Alexandria in March, 1785. This commission consisted of George Mason, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, and Alexander Henderson, of Virginia, and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Thomas Johnson, Thomas Stone, and Samuel Chase, of Maryland. It adjourned to Mount Vernon and struggled with the matter from March 25 to 28. One outcome of this endeavor was the Annapolis Convention of 1786.]
It appears to me that the Interest and policy of Maryland is proportionably concerned with that of Virginia to remove obstructions, and to invite the trade of the Western territory into the channel you have mentioned. You will have frequent oppertunities of learning the Sentiments of the principal characters of that State, respecting this matter, and if you should see Mr. Johnson (formerly Govr. of the State) great information may be derived from him. How far, upon more mature consideration I may depart from the resolution I had formed of living perfectly at my ease, exempt from all kinds of responsibility, is more than I can, at present, absolutely determine. The Sums granted, the manner of granting them, the powers and objects, would merit consideration. The trouble, if my situation at the time would permit me to engage in a work of this sort would be set at naught; and the immense advantages which this Country would derive from the measure, would be no small stimulus to the undertaking; if that undertaking could be made to comport with those ideas, and that line of conduct with which I meant to glide gently down the stream of life; and it did not interfere with any other plan I might have in contemplation.
I am not less in sentiment with you respecting the impolicy of this State's grasping at more territory than they are competent to the Government of. And for the reasons you assign, I very much approve of a Meridian from the Mouth of the Great Kanhawa as a convenient and very proper line of seperation. But I am mistaken if our chief Magistrate will coincide with us in this opinion.
I will not enter upon the subject of Commerce, it has its advantages and disadvantages, but which of them preponderates is not the question. From Trade our Citizens will not be restrained, and therefore it behoves us to place it in the most convenient channels, under proper regulation. freed as much as possible, from those vices which luxury, the consequence of wealth and power, naturally introduce.
The incertitude which prevails in Congress, and the nonattendance of its Members, is discouraging to those who are willing, and ready to discharge the trust which is reposed in them; whilst it is disgraceful, in a high degree to our Country. but I believe the case will never be otherwise, so long as that body persist in their present mode of doing business; and will hold constant, instead of annual Sessions; against the former of which, my mind furnishes me with a variety of Arguments, but not one, in times of peace, in favor of the latter.
Annual Sessions would always produce a full representation, and alertness at business. The Delegates, after a recess of 8 or 10 Months would meet each other with glad Countenances; they would be complaisant; they would yield to each other as much as the duty they owed their constituents would permit; and they would have oppertunities of becoming better acquainted with the Sentiments of them and removing their prejudices, during the recess. Men who are always together get tired of each others Company; they throw off the proper restraint; they say and do things which are personally disgusting; this begets opposition; opposition begets faction; and so it goes on till business is impeded, often at a stand. I am sure (having the business prepared by proper Boards or a Committee) an Annual Session of two Months would dispatch more business than is now done in twelve; and this by a full representation of the Union.
Long as this letter is, I intended to be more full on some of the points, and to have touched upon some others; but it is not in my power, as I am obliged to snatch the moments which give you this hasty production from Co. With very great esteem &c.
Quoery, have you not made the distance from Cuyahoga to New York too great?93
[Note 93: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. The copy in Washington's "Letter Book" varies considerably from this in verbal details, though the sense is the same.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1784.
Dear Sir: The last Post brought me your favor of the 24th. The sentiments I shall deliver in answer to it, must be considered as coming from an individual only; for I am as unacquainted with the opinions, and know as little of the affairs and present management of the Swamp Company, in Virginia, (tho' a Member of it) as you do, perhaps less, as I have received nothing from thence, nor have heard any thing of my interest therein, for more than nine years.
I am equally uninformed of the motives which induced the Assembly of Virginia to open a Canal between Kemps, and the No. West Landings; but presume territorial jurisdiction must have been the governing principle.
From an attentive review of the great dismal Swamp (and it was with a critical eye I examined it) I have been long satisfied of the practicability of opening a communication between the rivers which empty into Albemarle Sound (thro' Drummonds pond94) and the waters of Elizabeth or Nansemond Rivers. Once, for the purpose of forming a plan for reclaiming the Lands, more than with a view to the benefit of navigation, I traversed Drummonds pond through its whole circuit; and at a time when it was brim full of water. I lay one night on the east border of it, on ground something above the common level of the Swamp; in the morning I had the curiosity to ramble as far into the Swamp as I could get with convenience, to the distance perhaps of five hundred yards; and found that the water which at the margin of the Lake (after it had exceeded its natural bounds) was stagnant, began perceivably to move Eastward; and at the extent of my walk it had deepen'd, got more into a channel, and increased obviously in its motion. This discovery left not a doubt in my mind, that that current was descending into one of the rivers of Albemarle Sound. To ascertain it, I directed our Manager to hire persons to explore it Fully; To the best of my recollection he some time afterwards
[Note 94: Now called Lake Drummond.] informed me, that he had done so, that it was found to be the head of the Northwest river, that to where the water had formed a regular channel of considerable width and depth, did not exceed 4 miles, and that from thence downwards to the present navigation of the river, there was no other obstruction to small craft, than fallen trees. What I have given as coming under my own knowledge, you may rely upon. The other, I as firmly believe, and have no doubt but that the waters of Pequemins and Pasquetank, have a similar, and perhaps as close a connexion with Drummonds pond as those of the No. West.
My researches, at different times, into, and round this Swamp (for I have encompassed the whole) have enabled me to make the following observations. That the principal rivulets which run into the great dismal, if not all of them, are to the westward of it, from Suffolk southwardly. That Drummonds Pond is the receptacle for all the water which can force its way thro' the reeds, roots, trash and fallen timber (with which the Swamp abounds) into it. That to these obstructions, and the almost perfect level of the Swamp, are to be ascribed the wetness of it. That in wet seasons, when the banks of the pond are overborne by the assemblage of waters from the quarter I have mentioned, it discharges itself with equal difficulty, into the heads of the rivers Albemarle, Elizabeth and Nansemond; for it is a fact, that the late Colo. Tucker of Norfolk, on a branch of Elizabeth river, and several others on Nansemond river, have Mills which are, or have been worked by the waters which run out of the Swamp.
Hence, and from a Canal which the Virginia Company opened some years since, I am convinced that there is not a difference of more than two feet between one past of the Swamp and another. That the East side, and south end are lower than their opposites; and that a canal of that depth when the water of Drummonds pond is even with its banks, and more or less in the proportion it rises or sinks, will take the water of it, and, with the aid of one Lock, let it into either Elizabeth river, or Nansemond; neither of which, from the best information I have been able to obtain, would exceed six or seven miles. Admitting these things, and I firmly believe in them, the kind of navigation will determine the expence, having due consideration to the difficulty which must be occasioned by the quantity of water, and little fall by which it can be run off.
To attempt in the first instance such a Canal as would admit any vessel which the Bay of Albemarle is competent to, would in my opinion be tedious, and attended with an expence which might prove discouraging; whilst one upon a more contracted scale would answer very valuable purposes, and might be enlarged as the practicability of the measure, and the advantages resulting from it should unfold. appropriating the money which shall arise from the Toll, after principal and interest are fully paid, as a fund for the further extension of the navigation, which in my opinion wou'd be exceedingly practicable, and would be found the readiest and easiest plan to bring it to perfection.
If this method should be adopted, I would very readily join my mite towards the accomplishment, provided the Canal which the State of Virginia is about to cut, should not render it an unnecessary, or unprofitable undertaking. A more extended plan would be too heavy for my purse.
I agree in sentiment with you that whenever the public is disposed to reimburse principal and interest to the corporation and will open a free passage of the Canal the charter should cease; but I do not think eight pr. Cent is adequate, I mean sufficiently inviting, nor Ten either, unless Governmt., in the act for incorporation, were to guaranty the expence, and be at the final risque of the success. And would have, tho' not an exorbitant, yet a fixed toll, and one which should be judged fully competent to answer the purpose; because it is not less easy than pleasing to reduce it at any time, but it would be found difficult and disgusting, however necessary and urgent, to increase it.
In other respects my opinion differs not from yours, or the propositions you inclosed to, Sir, Your etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1784.
Sir: Your favor of the 18th.,96 came to my hands last week, but not in time to answer it by the Post.
[Note 96: This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I have examined my letter and orderly books, but find no such order as Mr. Gridley97 alludes to, in his letter of the 21st. of Feby. to you.98
[Note 97: Formerly Col. Richard Gridley.]
[Note 98: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
If his Father, or himself, ever received such orders, they are no doubt to be produced, and will speak for themselves. Mr. Gridley never reported himself to the Chief Engineer (Genl. Duportail) nor has he ever been returned to me by him, or any senior officer in that Department, that I remember, as one of that Corps, in the service of the United States. It is not in my power therefore, from any recollection I have of the circumstance he alludes to, or of his services, to certify any thing on which his claim can be founded.
It would give me pleasure at any time when your leisure and inclination would permit, to see you and your brother Delegates at this retreat. I am, etc.95
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1784.
Sir: Your favor of the 9th. of March came to hand last week. I am perfectly satisfied (from the circumstances you have related) that the charge of £133:16:0, is just. The manner in which you have accounted for it, makes the matter appear quite clear. It was the only channel thro' which I could have received the money unremembered, and it was from that consideration, I suggested the enquiry.
I am obliged by the readiness with wch. you adopt the alterations pointed out in my last, and altho' I am unwilling to add to the troubles of your office, I must pray you to examine the warrant on which the charge of 580 80/90 Dollars is placed to my debit. I drew no Warrt. while I was in Philada. for my own use, except for the balance of the Accot. rendered Decr. 13th., to wit £217:16.8, which amounting to 726 10/90 Dollars was credited in the subsequent Account of the 28th. of the same month. It's true I drew a Warrant, (and I believe, for I cannot readily come at my Warrt. Book, for the identical sum of 580 80/90 Dolts.), but this, if I recollect right was to give two or three months to each of my aids, and to a small party of Dragoons who were then with me. It was done with the consent, and (the mode) by the direction of the Financier; No charge of it was made by me, as will appear by a reference to my Accots.; for I presumed the paymaster General, would debit the persons for whose benefit the warrant was drawn with the respective sums annexed to their names. If however it is necessary that it should appear as an article of charge against me, in your Office, My Accot. ought to have credit by these people, and they debited to the amount; as I only follow'd Mr. Morris's direction in the business, without deriving any other benefit from the draft than the satisfaction of Servg. those whom I knew stood much in need of money.
You will be so good as to excuse the trouble this alteration will make in your Accots.; probably it is the last trouble I shall ever have occasion to give. You will receive at the same time, my thanks for your attention to my business, and the assurances of my being Sir, Your etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1784.
My Dr. Marqs. I have no expectation, that this Letter will find you in France. Your favor of Novr. to me, and of Decr. to Congress, both announce your intention of making us a visit this Spring. On this hope I shall fully rely, and shall ardently long for the moment in which I can embrace you in America. Nothing could add more to the pleasure of this interview than the happiness of seeing Madame la Fayette with you, that I might have the honor of thanking her in person for the flattering letter she has been pleased to write to me; and to assure her of the sincerity of my wishes, and those of Mrs. Washington, that she cou'd make Mount Vernon her home, while she stays in America.
Lest I should be disappointed of this gratification, I accompany this letter with another to the Marchioness; and if I could express to her half what I feel upon the occasion it would, if twenty years could be taken from the number of my days, make you diligent at your post. Adieu, it is unnecessary to tell you how much I am Yours, etc.
PS. I have received the plate, you were so obliging as to send me by Captain Barney; and thank you for your great attention to my request though I endeavoured to countermand it. I shall be at Philada. the first of May, when and where, I will buy a Bill, and remit you for the cost of it.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On April 4 Washington wrote a brief letter to the President of Congress, introducing Comte de Laval Montmorency, brother to the Duc de Laval. The original of this is in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1784.
Madam: It is now, more than ever, I want words to express the sensibility and gratitude with which the honor of your felicitations of the 26th. of Decr. has inspired me. If my expression was equal to the feelings of my heart the homage I am about to render you, would appear in a more favourable point of view, than my most sanguine expectations will encourage me to hope for. I am more inclined therefore to rely upon the continuance of your indulgent sentiments of me, and that innate goodness for which you are remarked, than upon any merit I possess, or any assurances I could give of my sense of the obligation I am under for the honor you have conferred upon me by your corrispondence.
Great as your claim is, as a French or American woman; or as the wife of my amiable friend, to my affectionate regards; you have others to which the palm must be yielded. The charms of your person, and the beauties of your mind, have a more powerful operation. These Madam, have endeared you to me, and every thing which partakes of your nature will have a claim to my affections. George and Virginia (the offspring of your love), whose names do honor to my Country, and to myself, have a double claim and will be the objects of my vows.
From the clangor of arms and the bustle of a camp, freed from the cares of public employment, and the responsibility of office, I am now enjoying domestic ease under the shadow of my own Vine, and my own Fig tree; and in a small Villa, with the implements of Husbandry, and Lambkins around me, I expect to glide gently down the stream of life, 'till I am entombed in the dreary mansions of my Fathers.
Mrs. Washington is highly honored by your participations, and feels very sensibly the force of your polite invitation to Paris; but she is too far advanced in life, and is too much immersed in the care of her little progeny,2 to cross the Atlantic. This My Dr. Marchioness (indulge me with this freedom) is not the case with you. You have youth (and if you should not incline to bring your children, can leave them with all the advantages to Education), and must have a curiosity to see the Country, young, rude and uncultivated as it is; for the liberties of which your husband has fought, bled, and acquired much glory. Where every body admires, every body loves him. Come then, let me entreat it, and call my Cottage your home; for your own doors do not open to you with more readiness, than mine wou'd. You will see the plain manner in which we live; and meet the rustic civility, and you shall taste the simplicity of rural life. It will diversify the Scene and may give you a higher relish for the gaieties of the Court, when you return to Versailles. In these wishes, and in most respectful compliments Mrs. Washington joins me. With sentiments of strong attachment, and very great regard, I have the honor etc.3
[Note 2: Her grandchildren.]
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1784.
My dear Sir: The choice of your delegates to the General Meeting of the Cincinnati gave me pleasure, and I wish very sincerely you would all attend; Let me impress this upon you, with a request that you would impress it upon your Brothers of the delegation.
This meeting, taking into consideration the prejudices and jealousies which have arisen, should not only be respectable in number, but respectable in abilities. Our measures should be deliberate and wise. If we cannot convince the people that their fears are ill-founded we should (at least in a degree) yield to them and not suffer that which was intended for the best of purposes to produce a bad one which will be the consequence of divisions proceeding from an opposition to the currt. opinion, if the fact is so in the Eastern States as some have reported. Independent of this there are other matters which call for attention at the ensuing meeting.4
[Note 4: Among these other matters was the admission of several French naval officers: La Pérouse, La Touche, D'Albert de Rion, and Tilly, whose names had been sent in by Lafayette. Washington's short note, undated, to Knox concerning this is in the New York Public Library, where it has been assigned the date of Apr. 4, 1784, and Trumbull is given as the addressee. Lafayette's letter to Washington, mentioning these officers, is dated Mar. 9, 1784, and is in the Papers of the Society of the Cincinnati.]
You will oblige me by having the enclosed advertisement5 inserted twice, (and as soon as convenient) in a Gazette of your State. The one which is most diffused among that class of people whose views it is most likely to meet will answer my purposes best. Know the cost and I will pay it when we meet. Present my best regards to your good Father, whether in, or out of Office. Mrs. Washington joins in best wishes for you and Mrs. Trumbull with Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
[Note 5: The land sale advertisement of the Ohio lands. (See Advertisement, Mar. 1784, ante.)]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, April 6, 1784.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 20th. of Feby., and pray you to accept my thanks for the information contained in it.
I expect to be in Philada. the first of May; but if in the meanwhile, you should be perfectly satisfied of the skill of Mr. Turner, and the efficiency of his work, you would add to the favor already conferred on me, by desireing him not to be engaged further than to yourself, until I see him. I have a large room, which I intend to finish in Stucco and plaister of Paris; besides this, I have a piazza in front of my house (open and exposed to the weather) of 100 feet by 12 or 14, which I want to give a floor to, of Stone or some kind of cement which will be proof against wet and frost; and I am, as you were, plagued with leaks at a Cupola &c., which requires a skilful artist to stop, all these things would afford Mr. Turner a good job, whilst the good execution of them would be rendering me an acceptable service. I have the honor, etc.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 8, 1784.
Dear Sir: If with frankness, and the fullest latitude of a friend, you will give me your opinion of the Institution of the Society of Cincinnati, it would confer an acceptable favor upon me. If to this opinion, you would be so obliging as to add the Sentiments, or what you suppose to be the sentiments of Congress respecting it, I would thank you.
That you may have the best materials on which to form a judgment, I send you a copy of the proceedings of the Society. Consequent of their choice of me for Presidt. Pro: Tem. and the direction therein, I sent the Institution to the French land and Naval Commanders, and to the Marqs. de la Fayette, as the Senr. French Officer in the American Army, whose proceedings thereon I also enclose to you.
These Papers you will please to retain (for fear of accidents) 'till I shall have the pleasure (the Week after next) of seeing you in Annapolis, on my way to Philadelphia; whither this, and other business, will take me; but the sooner I could receive your sentiments on this Subject, the more pleasing they would be to me.
The Pamphlet9 ascribed to Mr. Burke,10 as I am told had its effect. People are alarmed, especially in the Eastern States. How justly, or how contrary to the avowed principles of the Society and the purity of their motives, I will not declare, least it should appear that I wanted to biass your judgment rather than to obtain an opinion, which, if you please, might be accompanied with sentiments (under the information here given) respecting the most eligable measures to be pursued by the Society at their next meeting.
[Note 9: The pamphlet, entitled "Considerations on the Society, or Order, of Cincinnati," was published anonymously in Philadelphia in 1783.]
[Note 10: Judge Aedanus Burke, of South Carolina.]
You may be assured Sir, that to the good opinion, alone, which I entertain of your abilities and candor, this liberty is to be attributed; and I can truly add, that with very great esteem and regard I am &c.11
[Note 11: Jefferson's reply to this letter, dated Apr. 16, 1784, is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, a photostat of which is in the Washington Papers. The draft is in the Jefferson Papers.]
PS. I was on the point of closing this Letter when Mr. Hogendorff put your favor of the 6th. into my hands.12
[Note 12: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 8, 1784.
Sir: Your favor of the 5th. of Feby. was long on its way to me. I scarcely knew in what terms to express my sense of your politeness, and the obligation you have laid me under by your order for the marble chimney piece and pair of glass Jarendoles;13 but be assured Sir, this instance of your attention has made an impression, which never will be forgotten. You have much obliged me also by giving your sentiments respecting my room.14
[Note 13: Girandoles.]
[Note 14: Now known as the Banquet Hall at Mount Vernon.]
Altho' you have suspended your visit to Virginia, I would fain flatter myself that you have not laid it altogether aside. I expect to be in Philada. about the first of May, when I shall have an opportunity of thanking you in person for your great politeness to me, and to assure you of the esteem etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: Of Albemarle County, Va. He was formerly a colonel of militia.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1784.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 24th. of Jan: only got to my hands by the Post on thursday last; if this letter is as long on its passage to you, the May Session will have ended before it reaches you.
The favorable sentiments you have been pleased to express for me, deserve my particular acknowledgments; and I thank you for your kind invitation to Castle hill; which I certainly shall avail myself of, if ever I should come into that part of the Country. In return, I hope it is unnecessary to give you assurances of the pleasure I should feel in seeing you, and my cousin at this retreat from all my public employments.
I much approve the proposal for a meeting of the Swamp Company, but I pray you to issue the summons, and to name the time and place for holding it. Richmond appears to me to be the most convenient place, but any other, or any time, shall have my attendance when it shall be in my power. The first of May I am called to Philadelphia on business of different kinds; how long I shall be absent is uncertain, for it is probable I may make a more extensive tour, which would take much time to perform. I beg therefore that the meeting may not be delayed on my acct. Whatever resolutions the Company may come to, shall meet my concurrence. Enclosed I send you the Copy of a letter from Doctr. Williamson of North Carolina, who is a delegate in Congress, and member of a Company who holds that part of the Dismal swamp which lyes South of the Virginia line. I send it, that the proposition may appear before the next meeting of our Company, and be considered by it.
With respect to the private purchases made conjointly by yourself, our deceased friend, and me, I can only say that I gave my consent to the Sale because Colo. Lewis desired his part to be sold; and indeed, because my own circumstances made it necessary for me to raise money by some such means; but I accompanied that consent with an opinion, that a Sale at this time would be premature; inasmuch as that the value of these Lands were not sufficiently known, nor had the spirit of emigration taken place in that extensive degree which was, and is, expected. In February last at Fredericksburgh, I had an oppertunity of seeing and conversing with Mr. John Lewis on this subject; when it was our joint opinion, that it would be imprudent to precipitate the Sale, before a just value could be obtained; but that it might be proper to advertise the Land under just descriptions, in the several Gazettes, to see if offers equal to our expectations, would be made for them. If you approve of this measure for the Tracts in which you are concerned, it may be carried into effect along with that of Norfleets, which his father and I had between us in equal moieties. Mrs. Washington unites in best wises for you and Mrs. Walker with Dr. Sir Yrs. etc.
PS. As it is now nine years since I have heard a tittle from the Company, or how the affairs of it have been managed, if you would devote an hour for the purpose of giving this information I should receive it very kindly. I should be glad also to receive a copy of Mr. Andrews's Survey of the Company's Lands. or, if that would be troublesome, I should be very glad to know what quantity there is of it.
Since writing the above, I find (as I mean to send this letter to Post to Fredericksburgh), that I have not time to Copy Doctr. Williamson's letter to me, and therefore I give you the original.17
[Note 17: From a photostat of the original owned by Dr. William C. Rives, of Washington, D. C.]
Mount Vernon, April 15, 1784.
Madam: I fear you will think me inattentive to your commands; appearances are against me, but I have not been unmindful of your request, or my promise. During my continuence with the Army, I wrote several Letters to Mr. Drew, Clerk of the Court in which the Will of Majr. Genl. Lee was recorded; all of which I persume, miscarried; as the first Letter he acknowledges to have received from me, was written in Decr. last, after I had retired to this Seat. His letter will account for the delay which took place afterwards, and the sending to Richmond (which is at a considerable distance from hence) to obtain the Governor's certificate, has filled up the great measure of time which has elapsed since my promise to procure you an attested copy of the Will, and will I hope, plead for my seeming neglect. Berkeley is a remote County, much out of the post road; which may accot. for the miscarriage of my letters to Mr. Drew. Your application to me, Madam, required no apology; I only regret that it has not been in my power to comply with your request sooner: if there is any thing further in which I can be serviceable, I pray you to command me. I have the honor, etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 25, 1784.
Sir: Altho' I have not the honor of a personal acquaintance with your Excellency I take the liberty of introducing the bearer Major George Auge. Washington, a Nephew of mine, to you. Bad health, and the advice of his physicians induce him to try the Sea Air, and a Vessel presenting from the port of Alexandria for Barbadoes he has taken a passage in her to that Island, from whence he may soon depart for some other, as it may not be proper for him to remain long in a place. I have the honor, etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. It notes that "The above was written to the Governors of the several West India Islands."]
Philadelphia, May 5, 1784.
Sir: It was not until Capt. Hardwine deliver'd the Claret your Excellency was so obliging as to spare me, that I had the least knowledge of its being sent. In consequence of your kind offer to furnish me with three hogsheads, I wrote to Colo. Tilghman (at Baltimore) requesting him to receive and forward it to me; and obtained for answer, that before your Excellys. order had reached your agent at that place, the Wine had been shipped for Phila. In this belief and ignorance, I remained 'till the Wine was actually delivered to me when you were at my Seat in Virginia.
I have given the trouble of reading this detail to apologize for my not having paid for the Wine sooner. Colo. Biddle will now have the honor of doing it, and I pray your Excellency to receive my thanks for the favor you did me by sparing this quantity from your own Stock. With the greatest personal attachment etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 5 Washington wrote brief notes to Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette, introducing Nathaniel Tracy, of Massachusetts. The note to Franklin is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A copy of the letter to Lafayette is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 8, 1784.
Revd. Sir: Every aid which can be derived from my official papers, I am willing to afford, and shall with much pleasure lay before you, whenever the latter can be unfolded with propriety.
It ever has been my opinion however, that no Historian can be possessed of sufficient materials to compile a perfect history of the revolution, who has not free access to the archives of Congress, to those of the respective States; to the papers of the Commander in chief, and to those of the officers who have been employed in separate Departments. Combining and properly arranging the information which is to be obtained from these sources must bring to view all the material occurrences of the War. Some things probably, will never be known.
Added to this, I have always thought that it would be respectful to the Sovereign power of these United States, to follow, rather than to take the lead of them in disclosures of this kind: but if there should be political restraints under which Congress are not inclined at this time to lay open their papers; and these restraints do not in their opinion extend to mine, the same being signified by that honorable Body to me, my objections to your request will cease. I shall be happy then, as at all times to see you at Mount Vernon, and will lay before you with chearfulness, my public papers for your information. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 8 Washington furnished the usual form of a certificate of service to Lieut. Louis Joseph de Beaulieu, of Pulaski's Legion. A copy of this certificate is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 15, 1784.
Dear Sir: It was with great pleasure and thankfulness, I received a recognizance of your friendship in your letter of the 20th. of last month.
It is indeed a pleasure, from the walks of private life to view in retrospect, all the meanderings of our past labors, the difficulties through which we have waded, and the fortunate Haven to which the Ship has been brought! Is it possible after this that it should founder? Will not the All Wise, and all powerfull director of human events, preserve it? I think he will, he may however (for wise purposes not discoverable by finite minds) suffer our indiscretions and folly to place our national character low in the political Scale; and this, unless more wisdom and less prejudice take the lead in our governments, will most assuredly be the case.
Believe me, my dear Sir, there is no disparity in our ways of thinking and acting, tho there may happen to be a little in the years we have lived; which places the advantages of the corrispondence between us to my Acct., as I shall benefit more by your experience and observations than you can by mine. No corrispondence can be more pleasing than one which originates from similar sentiments, and similar Conduct through (tho' not a long War, the importance of it, and attainments considered) a painful contest. I pray you therefore to continue me among the number of your friends, and to favor me with such observations as shall occur.
As my good friend Colo. Trumbull is perfectly acquainted with the proceedings of the meeting23 which brought us together, our embarrassments, and final decisions, I will refer the detail of them to him. With the most perfect esteem etc.
[Note 23: Of the Society of the Cincinnati.]
[C.H.S.]
Phila., May 15, 1784.
My dear Sir: It has long been my wish, and until lately my intention to have proceeded from this meeting of the Cincinnati to the Falls of Niagara, and probably into Canada. Two causes however prevent it. My business is of such a nature that I cannot, without great inconvenience, be long absent from home, at this juncture; it is indeed, exceedingly inconvenient to be away from it at all; the other is, that I am not disposed to be indebted for a Passport into that Country to the British whose convenient speed has not permitted them to surrender the Western Posts to us yet.
I cannot but thank you however, my good Sir, for the polite and friendly offers contained in your letters of the 6th. and 12th. Instr.24 both of which are safe at hand; if ever I should have it in my power to make an excursion of that kind nothing could add more to the pleasure of it than having you of the party.
[Note 24: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
We have been most amazingly embarrassed in the business that brought us here.25 It is now drawing to a conclusion, and
[Note 25: Meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati.] will soon be given to the Public, otherwise I would relate it in detail. Mrs. Washington is not with me at this place, otherwise I am sure she wd. join me in best respects to Mrs. Schuyler and yourself. With the greast esteem etc.
[HV.L.]
Philadelphia, May 15, 1784.
Sir: Any token of regard of whatever intrinsic worth in itself, coming from the Count D'Estaing, must [be] stamped with dignity and respect; but when attended with the esteem and regards of all the Sailors of your Nation, the companions of your honorable Toils in America, is not only agreeably acceptable, it becomes absolutely inestimable. As such I receive the American Eagle,28 which your Excellency has been pleased to present me in the name of all the Sailors of the French Nation. And at the same time that I acknowledge myself hereby inexpressibly honored by that most respectable Body of men. I beg you to assure them in my name of the very high estimation in which I shall ever hold this particular mark of their regard and attention.
[Note 28: This was the diamond eagle of the Society of the Cincinnati. D'Estaing's letter of presentation (Feb. 26, 1784) is in the Washington Papers. For an illuminating letter respecting the diamond eagle see D'Estaing's letter to La Luzerne (Feb. 18, 1784), printed in "Contenson," La Société des Cincinnati de France (Paris: 1934), p. 88.]
To the Navy of France sir, this Country will hold itself deeply indebted: its assistance has rendered practicable those enterprizes, which without it could not with any probability of success, have been attempted. I feel myself happy in this opportunity thro' your Excellency's favour, of paying to the Officers and sailors of His Most Christian Majesty, this tribute of grateful acknowledgment, which I beg you sir to be so obliging as to convey to them, and at the same time to assure yourself of possessing in my breast, every sentimt. of inviolable attachment and respect, with which your character has impressed my mind. I have the honor, etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 15, 1784.
Sir: I cannot my dear General express to you all the gratitude which I feel for your very great politeness manifested for me in your letter of the 25th. of Decr.; which I now have the honor and pleasure to acknowledge. The very tender and friendly regards which you are pleased to mention as possessing your mind, for my person and character, have affected me with the deepest sensibility; and will be forever remembered as a most agreeable token from the Count D'Estaing, for whose character as a Gentleman and a soldier, and for whose attention to the American interests and cause, I have ever been impressed with the highest veneration.
I feel myself happy that your Excellency countenances with so much cordiallity, the association formed by the officers of the American army, a bond of cement Sir, which if any thing could be wanting for that purpose, will I trust serve to render durable and permanent those mutual friendships and connections, which have happily taken root between the officers of your Army and ours. And I am peculiarly happy to be able to inform you that the wishes expressed in your letter are more than fulfilled; since by the institutions of our Society, as amended and altered at their General Meeting in this City held during the present month, and which will be officially forwarded to the Society in France; your Excelly. will find that the honors of it are extended, not only to the few Gentlemen honor'd by your particular mention, but to all the Captns. ranking as Colonels in your Navy; which, altho' not clearly expressed in the original Constitution, is now in the fullest terms provided for and not left to doubtful implication.
I am much pleased with the prospect of soon having the pleasure of seeing in this country our mutual worthy friend de la Fayette. Be assur'd Sir, I shall be among the warmest of his friends who will welcome him to the American shore; and rejoice in an opportunity to embrace him in my arms. I am pleased that our confidence in Majr. L'Enfant has been so honorably placed, and that the business entrusted to that Gentlns'. conduct has been executed to so great satisfaction. With the highest regard, etc.30
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
In the Papers of the Society of the Cincinnati are drafts or copies of form letters from Washington, some of them in the writing of George Turner, assistant secretary general of the Society, to the following: Rochambeau, Armand, Bougainville, Vioménil, all dated May 15. To Barras, Lafayette, Luzerne, D'Estaing, and to the senior land and naval officers and other members of the Society of the Cincinnati in France, all dated May 17, 1784. These relating entirely to the affairs of the Cincinnati and signed by Washington, as president general of the society, are omitted here.
On May 16 Washington wrote, briefly, to Comte de Rochambeau, recommending Armand, who wished employment in the French Army. This letter is in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress. (See Washington's letter to Marquisse de La Rouerie, May 28, 1784, post.)]
Philadelphia, May 17, 1784.
My dear Count: From the official letters and other proceedings of the general meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati, held at this place, and of which you have copies; you will obtain a thorough knowledge of what the Society have been doing, and the ground upon which it was done; to enter therefore into a further detail of the matter, in this letter, would be mere repetition, alike troublesome and unnecessary.
The Society could not go into too minute a discrimination of characters, and thinking it best to comprehend, its members by general description, those who will constitute the Society in France must, hereafter, decide upon the pretensions of their Countryman upon the principles of the institution as they are now altered and amended.31
[Note 31: The alterations and amendments, however, were not adopted, and the original Institution still prevails. (See The Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati, by Francis Apthorp Foster, assistant secretary general (Boston: 1923).)]
I will detain you no longer than while I can repeat the assurances of sincere respect and esteem etc.32
[Note 32: From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.
In S. A. Harrison's Memoir of Lieut. Col. Tench Tilghman (1876), p. III, is printed a brief note from Washington to Tilghman (May 18, 1784), sending to Tilghman one of the Cincinnati eagles, and mentioning that Washington intended to send one to each of his former aides-de-camp. No draft of this note is found in the Washington Papers.]
May 28, 1784.
Gentn.: It was with pleasure which is more easy to conceive than express I received your congratulations on the restoration of Peace, and the happy establishment of the freedom, and Independence of the United States of America.40
[Note 40: The address to the South Carolina Senate and House of Representatives, dated Feb. 10, 1784, is in the Washington Papers.
On May 28 Washington wrote, jointly, to John Lloyd and Hugh Rutledge, president of the Senate and speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively, of South Carolina, inclosing his answer. This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
To meet the plaudits of my Countrymen for the part I have acted in the Revolution, more than compensates for the toils I have undergone in the course of an arduous contest; and to have them expressed in such indulgent, and flattering terms as are contained in your Communication of the 10th. of Feby. is not more honorable than it is pleasing.
Permit me, Gentlemen, on this occasion of general joy, to congratulate you and your State in a particular manner upon its present repose, and recovery from those scenes of accumulated distresses for which it has been remarkable. and whilst we have abundt. cause to rejoice at the fair prospect which a beneficient Provide. has ld. before us to assure you of my entire belief that the wisdom and liberallity of the People of So. Carolina will leave nothing unessayed to make the revolution as beneficial to mankind as it hath been glorious in the Accomplishmt.
For the favorable wishes you have kindly bestowed on me you have all my gratitude; and my prayers for the welfare of your State, shall never cease.
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1784.
Sir: I acknowledge the receipt of your favor dated the 5th. of March, enclosing a unanimous vote of the Charleston library Society electing me an honorary member of their body with the certe. thereof end.41
[Note 41: This certificate, dated Jan. 13, 1784, is in the Washington Papers.
On May 28 Washington wrote briefly to Armand, inclosing the letter to Rochambeau of May 16, to his care. "My best wishes always shall attend you, and nothing would give me more pleasure than to hear that you had attained the summit of your desires, in whatever walk of life you may bend your course." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
For this mark of attention, and for the honor done me by enrolling my name as a member of so respectable a society, formed for such generous and laudable purposes, I beg the favor of you, Sir, to present my gratitude and best wishes for the completion of its objects; which, from the repose we have a prospect of enjoying, is scarcely to be doubted.
If it shou'd ever be in my power to offer any thing which may be useful, or that can afford the least satisfaction to the society, it will contribute not a little to my pleasure to do it. With the greatest respect and esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, June 2, 1784.
My Dear Sir: The inconvenience with which I left home, and my impatience to return to it, hastened every step I took back, and but for the delay I met with in crossing the Bay, I might have been at home with ease on the Friday after I parted with you. Before eight on thursday morning I was at rock-hall, and not until friday evening could I get my horses and carriages over to Annapolis.
It is a real misfortune, that in great national concerns, the Sovereign has not sufficient power to act, or that there should be a contrariety of sentiment among themselves respecting this power. While these matters are in litigation, the public interest is suspended, and important advantages are lost. this will be the case respecting the Western Posts.
My address to Congress, respecting the Gentlemen who had composed my Family, went to two points, neither of which in my judgment could be misconceived; the first, was declaratory of the peculiar services and particular merits of those confidential Officers, who, during the War, had been attached to my person. The second, recommendatory of those who remained in that situation to the hour of my resignation. the latter was not confined to Humphreys and Walker who happened to be with me, but comprehended Cobb, Trumbull, and others who might come under that description, whose appointments terminated with my own existence as an officer.
It would at this time, as it will at all others, give me singular pleasure to see you at this place; and I am sorry your anxiety to return would not permit you to extend your excursion from Annapolis.
Permit me to recommend the enclosed for Genl. Putnam, to your care. Mrs. Washington joins in best wishes for you, Mrs. Knox and family, with Dr. Sir Yrs. etc.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 2, 1784.
Dear Sir: A brother of mine (Father to Mr. Bushrod Washington, who studied under Mr. Wilson) is desirous of entering his other Son in the commercial line; the inclination of the young Gentleman also points to this walk of life, he is turned of twenty, has just finished a regular education, possesses, I am told (for he is a stranger to me) good natural abilities, an amiable disposition, and an uncommon share of prudence and circumspection.
Would it suit you My dear sir, to take him into your countinghouse, and to afford him your patronage? If this is not convenient; who would you recommend for this purpose? What advance, and what other requisites are necessary to initiate him? Excuse this trouble, to comply with the wishes of a parent, anxious for the welfare of his children, I give it, and my friendship prompted it; but I wish you to be perfectly unembarrassed by the application, on either Accot.
If Genl. Armand should have left Philada. you will oblige me by placing the enclosed in the readiest channel of conveyance. My affectionate regards, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, attend Mrs. Morris, yourself and Family. With every sentiment of friendship etc.
P.S. The house I filled with ice does not answer, it is gone already, if you will do me the favor to cause a description of yours to be taken, the size, manner of building, and mode of management, and forwarded to me, I shall be much obliged. My house was filled chiefly with Snow. have you ever tried Snow? do you think it is owing to this that I am lurched.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 2, 1784.
My Dr. Sir: I had the honor to receive a short letter from you by Majr. L'Enfant. My official letter to the Counts D'Estaing and Rochambeau (which I expect will be submitted to the members of the Society of the Cincinnati in France) will inform you of the proceedings of the Genl. Meeting held at Philada. on the 3d. inst:; and of the reasons which induced a departure from some of the original principles and rules of the Society. As these have been detailed, I will not repeat them, and as we have no occurrences out of the common course, except the establishment of ten New States in the Western Territory, and the appointment of Mr. Jefferson (whose talents and worth are well known to you) as one of the Commissioners for forming Commercial Treaties in Europe; I will only repeat to you the assurances of my friendship, and of the pleasure I shou'd feel in seeing you in the shade of those trees which my hands have planted, and which by their rapid growth, at once indicate a knowledge of my declination, and their disposition to spread their mantles over me, before I go hence to return no more, for this, their gratitude, I will nurture them while I stay.
Before I conclude, permit me to recommend Colo. Humphreys, who is appointed Secretary to the Commission, to your countenance and civilities while he remains in France; he possesses an excellent heart, and a good understanding. With every sentiment of esteem, etc.46
[Note 46: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 2, 1784.
My Dr. Humphreys: I very sincerely congratulate you on your late appointment.47 It is honorable, and I dare say must be agreeable. I did not hear of it until I arrived at Annapolis, where I remained but one day, and that occasioned by the detention of my Carriage and horses on the Eastern shore. Genl. Knox not reaching that place before I left it, your letter of the 18th., only got to my hands on Sunday last, by the Post.
[Note 47: Humphreys had been elected secretary to the United States Commission for negotiating European treaties of commerce on May 12, 1784.]
I now send you, under flying Seals, letters to Mr. Jefferson, Doctr. Franklin and Count de Estaing; the letter to the Cheer. Chartellux also mentions you and your appointment. My former corrispondence with England ceased at the commencment of hostilities, and I have opened no new ones since, but I enclose you a letter to Sir Edwd. Newenham of Ireland, from whom I have lately received several very polite letters, and a pressing invitation to correspond with him. he has been a warm friend to America during her whole struggle, he is a man of fortune, of excellent (as I am told) character; and may, if you should go to Ireland, be a valuable acquaintance.48
[Note 48: On this same day (June 2) Washington furnished Humphreys with a certificate of his military services as aide-de-camp, and wrote on that same day, also, introductory letters to Comte D'Estaing, Benjamin Franklin, George William Fairfax, Sir Edward Newenham, and to Thomas Jefferson, who had been appointed one of the Commissioners. The purport of all these letters was the same. Copies of all of them are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The original of the letter to Franklin is in the collection of Judge Edward Ambler Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J., and the original of the letter to Jefferson is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
It only remains for me now to wish you a pleasant passage, and that you may realize all the pleasures which you must have in expectation. It cannot be necessary to add how happy I shall be at all times to hear from you. You will have it in your power to contribute much to my amusement and information; and as far as you can do the latter consistently with your duty and public trust, I shall be obliged, further I do not require, and even here, mark private what you think not altogether fit for the public ear, and it shall remain with me. Mrs. Washington adds her best wishes for you, and you may rest assured that few friendships are warmer, or professions more sincere than mine for you. Adieu etc.
P.S. Just recollecting my old neighbour Colonel (who may now be Lord) Fairfax, I give you a letter to him also, in case you shou'd go to England.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1784.
Dr. Sir: Long as the enclosed letters and petition appear to have been written, they never came to my hands until thursday last; the latter, altho called a copy, having the marks of an original paper; another copy accompanying it, inducing a belief that it is so, I delay not a moment to hand it forward.
My being perfectly ignorant of the laws of the Commonwealth, and unacquainted, if such confiscations have taken place, with the principles upon which they are founded, must be my apology for taking the liberty of even bringing these papers before the Legislature, for it is not my wish to interfere in the politic's of the State, nor desire, to see discriminations or departures from general principles, which are not warranted by Law or evident propriety; altho' in the present case, it should seem to me hard to divest an Infant, under the circumstances young Briston50 is described to be, of his partrimony.
[Note 50: Robert Briston, of London, England.]
As the petition51 is directed to the Governr. the Senate and House of Delegates of the State of Virginia, I conceived it best to transmit it, and the Letters relative thereto, to your Excellency. With great consideration and respect, I have the honor, etc.52
[Note 51: The original letter and petition of Mary Briston is in the Washington Papers under date of Nov. 27, 1783.]
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 53: Of Dublin, Ireland.]
Mount Vernon, June 10, 1784.
Dr. Sir: At Philadelphia in the moment of my departure from it on the 18th. of last month, I had the honor to receive (by the Convention, Capt. Workman) your favors of the 30th. of Jany. and 15th. of March; and I recollect to have received about three years ago, by the hands, if I remember right, of a Mr. Collins, a short introductory letter of that Gentleman from you. If you have favored me with others, I have not been happy enough to have received them.
For the honor of these letters, and the favorable sentiments they express of me, you have my sincerest thanks. To stand well in the estimation of good men and honest patriots, whether of this or that clime, or of this or that political way of thinking, has ever been a favorite wish of mine; and to have obtained, by such pursuits as duty to my Country, and the rights of mankind rendered indispensably necessary, the plaudit of Sir Edwd. Newenham, will not be among my smallest felicities. Yes Sir, it was long before you honored me with a line, I became acquainted with your name, your worth and your political tenets; and I rejoice that my own conduct has been such as to acquire your esteem, and to be invited to your friendship. I accept it Sir, with the eagerness of a congenial spirit, and shall be happy in every opportunity of giving you proofs of its rectitude, but none will be more pleasing to me than the opportunity of welcoming you, or any of your family, to this land of liberty; and to this my retreat from the cares of public life; where in home-spun and with rural fare, we will invite you to our bed and board.
Your intention of making an establishment for one of your sons, either in Pennsylvania or this State, gives me pleasure: if it should be in the latter, or if you should come to this State first; every information or assistance which it may be in my power to give you, shall be rendered with great pleasure; and I shall have pleasure also in paying attention to your recommendation of others.
This is an abounding Country, and it is as fine as it is extensive. With a little political wisdom it may become equally populous and happy. Some of the States having been misled, ran riot for a while, but they are recovering a proper tone again; and I have no doubt, but that our federal Constitution will obtain more consistency and firmness every day. We have indeed so plain a road before us, that it must be worse than ignorance if we miss it.
We have no distinct account yet how the Elections have gone in Gt. Britain; consequently do not know the result of the Kings appeal to the people of that Country; it is a very important one, and shews that the affairs of that Kingdom are in a critical situation. This being the case also in Ireland, it would not be matter of wonder, if some important changes should take place in those hemispheres.
I am much obliged to you for the Pamphlets, Magazines and Gazettes which you were so kind as to send me; and can only repeat to you assurances of the pleasure I shou'd have in seeing you under my roof. Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to Lady Newenham, to whom, for receiving, and the Marqs. de la Fayette, for presenting my picture, I feel myself under grateful obligations. You will please to accept my thanks for your friendly offers of service in Ireland; if at any time I should have any thing to do there, there is no person to whom I would so soon chuse to lay under the obligation. I have the honor, etc.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 10, 1784.
Sir: I believe you have been misinformed as to a resolve of Congress, allowing officers on separate commands, extra pay, I have heard, of no such resolution, on the contrary, that these allowances were withdrawn. It was with great difficulty General Knox could obtain compensation for his extra-expences during his commd. at the post of West-point, where from the nature of it, he was absolutely obliged to encounter them, or turn strangers out of his house. I know also that application was made in favor of Lt. Colo. Hull, who, whilst he was on the lines, exposed to the visits; and in a manner compelled to entertain a number of British officers, and had it not at his option to avoid expence, but with what success it was made I have never heard; this however I do know, that there were powerful objections made to both, lest it should open a door to a multitude of applications which Congress were determined not to comply with.
Lest I shou'd be mistaken, in supposing there is no such resolve as you allude to, I enclose a Certificate55 which may be made use of, if there is.
[Note 55: This certificate stated "that in the year 1778, whilst the American Army lay at the White plains, it became necessary to station an officer and a few men, on the Sound to keep open a communication with the City of New York by the way of Long Island, for the purpose of my secret corrispondence: that Capt. Lt. Brewester of the 2d. regiment of Artillery was chosen for this service; that circumstances made it necessary to continue him therein until the close of the War. And as far as I know or believe, that he conducted the business with fidelity, judgment and bravery, having received a wound whilst he was on that duty, of which I am informed, he is not yet recovered." This copy is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I hope you soon will be, if you are not already, perfectly recovered of your wound, my best wishes are offered for it; being with esteem and regard, Dr. Sir, Yrs. etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 12, 1784.
Dear Sir: Can nothing be done in our Assembly for poor Paine? Must the merits, and Services of Common Sense continue to glide down the stream of time, unrewarded by this Country? His writings certainly have had a powerful effect on the public mind; ought they not then to meet an adequate return? He is poor! he is chagreened! and almost, if not altogether, in despair of relief. New York it is true, not the least distressed, nor best able State in the Union, has done something for him. This kind of provision he prefers to an allowance from Congress; he has reasons for it, which to him are conclusive, and such I think as would have weight with others. His views are moderate; a decent independency is, I believe, all he aims at. Should he not obtain this? If you think so, I am sure you will not only move the matter, but give it your support. For me, it only remains to feel for his Situation, and to assure you of the sincere esteem and regard with which I have the honor &c.61
[Note 61: From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, 1892.
Madison's reply (July 2) told of the defeat of a land grant to Paine in the Virginia Legislature. Madison's letter is in the Washington Papers. The draft of it, in the Madison Papers, attributes the defeat to Arthur Lee.]
Mount Vernon, June 12, 1784.
Dear Sir: After a long silence, more the effect of great hurry and business, than want of inclination; permit me to recall myself to your mind, by introducing to your recollection Mr. Paine, the Author of Commonsense, the Crisis &c.
To say what effect the writings of this Gentleman has had on our public affairs at the epochas at which they were given to the world, would, to a person of your information, be altogether unnecessary; it is more for his interest, and to my present purpose to add, that he stands unrewarded for his exertions in the American cause, is poor, and I believe very much chagrined at the little notice which has been taken of him for his lucubrations.
New York, lately, has testified her sense of his merits by a donation which is very pleasing to him; and from individual States, rather than from Congress (for reasons which seem to have weight in his mind,) he wishes they might be continued in this line. If his services appear in your eyes to merit reward, I am persuaded you will endeavor to do justice to them.
I mention this matter to you equally unsollicited by, as unknown to him; for I never have heard that he has it in contemplation to bring himself before any State in the Union. Convinced as I am of the efficacy of his publications, and of the little attention shewn him for them, I could not with hold this attempt to serve him, and to assure you of the esteem and regard with which I have the honor etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 12, 1784.
Dear Sir: At my return from Philada. I met your favor of the 15th. ulto., and since, have received that of the 28th. The rough draft of the conveyance from Colo. Bassett to me, appearing to be just in recital, and, I presume, legal in form; I return it with a wish that the business may be finally accomplished as soon as circumstances will permit. With respect to the Suit of Doctr. Savage, you will be so good as to inform Mr. Fairfax or myself of the determination of his Executor (when he shall have taken it), that we may proceed accordingly. With the sincerest esteem, etc.62
Mount Vernon, June 12, 1784.
Dear Sir: Unsollicited by, and unknown to Mr. Paine, I take the liberty of hinting the services, and distressed (for so I think it may be called) situation of that Gentleman. That his Commonsense, and many of his Crisis's, were well timed, and had a happy affect upon the public mind, none I believe who will recur to the epochas at which they were published, will deny: that his services hither to have passed off unnoticed, is obvious to all; and that he is chagrined and necessitous, I will undertake to aver. Does not common justice then point to some compensation? He is not in circumstances to refuse the public bounty. New York, not the least distressed, or most able State in the Union have set the example. He prefers the benevolence of the States individually, to an allowance from Congress, for reasons which are conclusive in his own mind, and such as I think may be approved by others; his views are moderate; a decent independency is, I believe, the height of his ambition; and if you view his services in the American cause in the same important light that I do, I am sure you will have pleasure in obtaining it for him. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, (in Virginia), June 15, 1784.
Madam: Your letter and the duplicate of it, dated the 27th. of last November with the petitions to the Assembly of this State, only came to my hands the 10th. Instant. By the following Post I transmitted them to the Governor, as the Legislature was then sitting at Richmond.
What effect the application may have on that body, is not for me, at this time, to announce; it is to be feared however, as the Lands were involved in the act of general confiscation, previous to the preliminary Articles of Peace, that unless there is something in the case more discriminating than Minority (which I understand is not an exclusion in the Law) you will receive very little redress; but from any thing I know at present of the Issue (if a determination has been had upon the Subject) I can furnish you with no information on which to ground either hope, or fear. If it were the latter, it would afford cause for regret, that Minors, and innocent persons who have not aided or abetted the Contest should have become sufferers by it. This however is but too often the case in Civil, as well as other Commotions.
I have not delayed a moment, Madam, to acknowledge, after they came to my hands, the receipt of your letter and petition, and shall have great pleasure in announcing the favorable issue of the latter, if the fact will warrant it. With great respect I have the honor etc.64
[Note 64: From a photostat of the original in British Museum Addl. Mss. 9828.]
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1784.
Sir: I have been favor'd with a letter from you dated at Philad. the 4th. inst: I cannot better answer to queries therein, than by sending one of my advertisements; which is not only descriptive of my Lands in the back parts of this Country, but fully explanatory of the terms upon which they are to be obtained. If any of these lands should suit you and such families as you might incline to bring from France and Germany, and the terms are convenient and agreeable, it would be pleasing to me, that I have it in my power to accommodate you and your friends.
I have no other untenanted Lands, than what are mentioned in the enclosed Advertisement, except about 1200 acres within five miles of Alexandria which is altogether in wood, and the soil not of the first quality. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1784.
Sir: It was with very great pleasure I received from your own pen, an acct. of the agreeable, and happy connection you were about to form with Miss Moore.66 Though you have given many proofs of your predilection and attachment to this Country, yet this last may be considered not only as a great and tender one, but as the most pleasing and lasting tie of affection. The accomplishments of the lady, with her connections, cannot fail to make it so. On this joyous occasion, accept I pray you, the congratulations of Mrs. Washington and myself, who cannot fail to participate in whatever contributes to your felicity and that of your amiable Concort; with whom we both have the happiness of an acquaintance, and to whom and the family, we beg leave to present our Compliments. With very great esteem and regard and an earnest desire to approve myself worthy of your friendship, I have the honor etc.67
[Note 66: Daughter of Judge William Moore, of "Moore Hall," near Valley Forge, Pa.]
[Note 67: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et. Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
[Note 68: Of London, England.]
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1784.
Dr. Sir: I have had the honor of your favor of the 1st. instant.69 It gives me pain that you should think it necessary to apoligize for the delay of the marble chimney piece. it gives me much more I confess, that you ever should have thought of depriving another house of it. If it is not too late, I wou'd yet pray you to countermand the order; if it is, I must view the act as a most striking instance of your politeness; and shall consider the fixture of it in my house, more as a monument of your friendship, than as a decoration of my room, (which, for want of workmen, remains in statu quo), and value it accordingly.
[Note 69: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I hope this will find you, Mrs. Vaughan and the young Ladies in perfect health and spirits, and much pleased with the tour you were about to take when you wrote last: the next I hope, will be southwardly, where Mot. Vernon will lay claim to the happiness of seeing you. With great esteem etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 24 Washington issued the following advertisement from Mount Vernon, which appeared in the Pennsylvania Pocket and General Advertiser a month later: "To be Let to the highest Bidder for the Term of Ten Years, on Wednesday the 15th of September next, on the Premises, to be entered upon at Christmas. or sooner if the Crops can be disposed of, The Plantation or Farm on which Mr. Gilbert Simpson, the Co-partner, now lives, lying in the county of Fayette, state of Pennsylvania, commonly called and known by the name of Washington Bottom...." The livestock and mill were described and then followed two paragraphs: "At the time and place aforesaid, will be Let to the highest Bidder, for the Term of Ten Years, a Lot of Land at, and including the Great Meadow, or larger part of it...At Bath in the county of Berkeley, on Tuesday the 7th of September next, will be Let to the highest Bidder, for the Term of seven years, A small Peninsula, or Neck of Land, (formed by a bend of the river) containing 240 acres; near 200 of which is rich low ground. This land is scituate on Potowmack river...12 miles above the Springs, or town of Bath..."]
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1784.
Dear Sir: Upon my return from Philada., I found your favor of the 17th. of May at this place. For your kind intention to make me a visit, I thank you, and shall always be glad to see you when it is convenient. With respect to the other matters mentioned in your letter, all that business is now in the hands of the Hoble Mr. John Mercer, by a decree of the high Court of Chancery of this State. I have nothing therefore to do with the settlement of accounts, transferences of Lands &ca. It is possible, tho'; even of this I am not certain, that under the former power of Attorney and decree of the Court, it may be necessary for me to sign the Deeds for such Lotts as were not conveyed at the time of sale; but before I do this, it must be certified to me by Mr. Mercer, that the terms of sale are complied with, and that it is proper for me to do so, this, as I have long declined acting upon the affairs of Colo. Geo: Mercer and his Mortgages, is necessary for my own justification.
Whatever Mr. James Mercer may have promised respecting the payment of his Brother's Debt to you, I know not; but think there must have been a misconception with respect to my doing it; further than saying it was reasonable it should be so and ought to be allowed. All I had to do in the matter, under the decree of the Court, was to sell the Estate, the amount of which was to be subject to a future decree. If £12,500 was sufficient to discharge the several Mortgages upon it, the overplus undoubtedly would be subject to the payment of all just claims against Colo. Mercer, but how this matter really is, I know not. The moment I found I could no longer discharge the duties of the power under which I acted, I wrote to Colo. Tayloe (the other Attorney) to take the business wholly upon himself as I should no longer act, or consider myself responsible for the management of the Trust.
I shall, as soon as I can make it convenient, divide the Lotts I bought at Mr. Mercers sale, into proper sized Tenements, and let them for a term of years to those who will give the highest annual rent, when a day shall be fixed for that purpose. if any persons should be making enquiries of you respecting them, you will be pleased to give them this information. I am, etc.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1784.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 10th. Instt. covering an Invoice of Goods shipped by the Betsey Captn. Broadhurst is come safe to hand, the Vessel is also arrived at Alexandria; and I shall send up this day for the things. I wish the mattrasses had all been among them, as the Season is wasting fast in which they are most useful.
I have perused the Accts. you have delivered in at Sundry times and find the debits and credits to stand thus. If they are not all brought to view you will please to note it, and rectify the mistake
Tomorrow in the hands of some person in Alexandria, I will deposit for the use of Mr. Richardson72 one hundred and
[Note 72: Thomas Richardson, of Georgetown.] fifty dollars on your Acct. and I pray you to pay Mr. Claypoole73 agreeably to the contents of my letter to him, wch. is under cover with this, and left open for your perusal; as also the German Printer74 if he ever inserted the Advertisement respecting my Western Lands, and for the one now enclosed for him, to be done in the manner requested of Mr. Claypoole. Whatever these Sums, with the price of the Mattrasses, may over run the deposit I am about to make for Mr. Richardson I will pay to you, or your order, upon demand.
[Note 73: David C. Claypoole. No draft, or copy of Washington's letter to him, is now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 74: Melchior Steiner(?).]
As the Price of the Hinges appear to me to be very high, and I am not in immediate want of them (having been disappointed of Workman) I will postpone for the present employing the man Mr. Rakestraw has found. If I should hereafter be under the necessity of giving such a prices I will attend to the direction in your letter; for which I am obliged, both to you and Mr. Rakestraw.
I recollect sometime in the course of last year to have begged you to purchase for me from the redemptioners or Indented (Germans or Irish) a House joiner and Bricklayer. Many I have seen Advertised for Sale in Philadelphia of late; should this happen again I would pray your attention to my former request. It might be well to have them examined by skilful Workmen, for many will call themselves Bricklayers who have only been mortar makers; and others joiners who knew little of the Trade. I would prefer elderly men to very young ones, if there is choice, and their being sent by water (round) to any other conveyance. The Cost and expence of these if you should make a purchase shall be paid as soon as it is made known to Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
PS. I shall be obliged to you for sending me 70 yds. of gilded Border for papered Rooms (of the kind you shewed me when I was in Philadelphia). That which is most light and Airy I should prefer. I do not know whether it is usual to fasten it on with Brads or Glew; if the former I must beg that as many be sent as will answer the purpose.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1784.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 15th. did not reach my hands till the 27th. I will delay no time in communicating the contents of Mr. Constable's75 letter to my brother; but as he lives at the distance of near an hundred miles from me, and out of the post road, it may be some time before I can obtain his answer.
[Note 75: William Constable, of New York.]
This being the case, as it may be some disadvantage to Mr. Constable to be held in suspence, and as the application to you, originated, respecting the manner of carrying on business; I think I can venture to desire that Mr. Constable may not suffer himself to forego another choice on account of my Nephew, or to sustain the least inconvenience from waiting the answer of my brother.
When my brother talked of sending his youngest son to Philada., I advised the application I made to you. I recollected, that either Mr. Vanberkel or Mr. Vaughan had told me that he had fixed one of his sons in your Counting-house. Your extensive correspondence and knowledge in trade I conceived might introduce my Nephew (if, during the course of his apprenticeship, he should display a genious for it, and assiduity,) advantageously into business, and that in so doing your own plans might be subserved. How far his engaging with Mr. Constable will open prospects of this nature, is not for me to determine, tho; I could wish his Father may decide for the best, who is a tender parent, has the welfare of his children much at heart, and entertains sanguine hopes of his Son, whose inclination prompts him to move on the mercantile stage.
I am very much obliged by the description76 of your Icehouse; I will build one this summer or Fall, agreeably thereto, but upon a scale something larger, if workmen can be obtained. Mrs. Washington joins me in affectionate compliments to Mrs. Morris and yourself, whom we should be exceedingly happy to see here, whenever it can be made convenient to you both. With sincere esteem etc.77
[Note 76: Morris letter of June 15, 1784, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1784.
Dear Brother: On Sunday last, I received an answer from Mr. Morris to the letter I wrote him whilst you were here. Enclosed is an extract of it with a copy of the letter referred to. As there appears to be [ ... ]78 Whether the engaging [ ... ]78 Mr. Morris at Second hand will be attended with all the advantages I contemplated; whether new York would be equally as agreeable to you, and My Nephew, as Philadelphia, and whether the terms of Mr. Constable are usual and pleasing, is with you to determine, and the sooner you can do this, the better. Had Mr. Morris carried on business in the manner I expected, and as he formerly did, the advantage of entering your Son with him most undoubtedly would have been great, because his Mercantile knowledge and connections,
[Note 78:[Note 78: Mutilated.] greatly exceed that of any other person upon this Continent and are perhaps equal to what can be found in any other Quarter. consequently many doors might open to him, wch. to others would hardly be known, through wch. knowledge and profit might be acquired. Mr. Constable Person is known to me, but to his character I am a stranger, and therefore suppose it to be as Mr. Morris has delineated; the nature, and extent of the commerce he is about to carry on from New York, and how far the knowledge obtained of it, would comport with that kind of Trade which is carried on from this Country where it is to be presumed Corbin would ultimately take his Stand in the Commercial theatre, are matters worthy of consideration. The [ ... ]78 in that particular branch which it is most likely for him to move in is not to be preferred? If this is granted, we know that the Trade of this State and Maryland is, and must be, simuler;
[Note 78: Mutilated.]
There is a Gentleman there, also connected with Mr. Morris in Trade, at Baltimore, who I know to be as worthy a man in every point of view as any that lives; but whether he is moving upon a large scale or a small one; whether he has an opening that would admit a youth, and upon what terms, I am ignorant. The Gentleman I mean is Lieutt. Colo. Tilghman, who was in my family as an Aid de Camp and Secretary the whole War; and in the Mercantile line many years before it. If he can oblige me, with any kind of convenience to himself, I am sure he would; and if you approve it, and I should, upon enquiry, find he is not in a piddling way (which can scarcely be presumed from his connection with Mr. Morris) I would write to him on the Subject and shall be sure of a candid decision.
My family, at present, are all well but our intermitrant months are not yet arrived. I have come to a determination, if not prevented by unforeseen events, to make a visit to my Lands on the Western Waters this Fall; and for that purpose, shall leave home the first of September. Many are hinting their wishes, and others making direct applications to be of the party, but as I neither [ ... ]78 others, to follow me in these pursuits, nor satisfaction to myself to be in company with those who would soon get tired and embarrass my movements besides rendering them inconvenient. Thus much in general; but if Bushrod health will permit, and it does not interfere with his studies, or plan of Settlement for the practice of the Law, I would take him with me with pleasure. Only Doctr. Craik besides, will go with me. He would require only a Servant and a Blanket or two, everything else I shall provide unless he should chuse to carry a Gun for his amusement as he would, more than probably see abundance of Game.
[Note 78: Mutilated.]
Mrs. Washington and all here, join me in best wishes for the health of yourself and my Sister and other connections. I am etc.
[Note 79: Of Whitehaven, England.]
Mount Vernon, July 3, 1784.
General Washington presents his compliments to Mr. Rumney, would esteem it as a particular favor if Mr. Rumney would make the following enquiries as soon as convenient after his arrival in England, and communicate the result of them by the Packet, or any other safe and speedy conveyance to this Country.
1st. The terms upon which the best kind of Whitehaven Flagstone, black and white in equal quantities, could be delivered at the Generals landing or at the Port of Alexanda. by the superficial foot, with the freight and every other incidental charge included. The Stone to be 2 ½ inches thick, or there abouts, and exactly a foot square each kind (i.e. black and white), to have a well polished face and good joints, so as that a neat floor may be made for the Colonade in the front of his house. Stone thus prepared must be carefully packed, otherwise the face and edges would be damaged; the expence of which should also be taken into the accot.
2d. Upon what terms the common Irish marble, (black and white if to be had, and of the same dimensions) could be had, delivered as above.
3d. As the General has been informed of a very cheap kind of marble, good in quality wch. is to be had at, or in the neighbourhood of Ostend in France, he would thank Mr. Rumney, if it should fall in his way, to institute the same enquiry respecting this also, and give information thereon.
On the report of Mr. Rumney, the General will take his ultimate determination, for which reason he prays him to be precise. The Piazza or colonade, for which this Stone is wanted as for the purpose of a floor, is ninety two feet eight inches, by twelve feet 8 inches, within the border or margin, which surround it. Over and above this quantity if the Flag is cheap, or a cheaper kind of hard stone could be had, he would get as much as would lay the floors of the circular Colonades at the end wings of the House, each of which in length at the outer curve is 38 feet, by 7 feet 2 inches in breadth within the margin.
The General being in want of a House Joiner and Bricklayer, who understand their respective trades perfectly, would thank Mr. Rumney for enquiring into the terms upon which such workmen could be engaged for two or three years (the time of service to commence from their arrival at Alexandria), a less term than two years would not answer, because foreigners generally have a seasoning, which with interruptions too frequent, wasted the greater part of the first year, more to the disadvantage of the hirer, than the hired. Bed board and tools to be found by the Employer, cloaths by the Employed. If two men of the above Trades, and of orderly and quiet deportment could be obtained for twenty five, or even thirty pounds sterling pr. annum each (estimating Dollars at 4/6) the General rather than encounter delay would be obliged to Mr. Rumney for entering into proper articles of agreement on his behalf with them, and for sending them out on the Vessel to this port.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On July 5 Washington wrote again to Rumney, sympathizing with him on the death of his eldest son who is called "Colo. Rumney." This was, possibly, Col. William Rumney, of the Virginia Militia.]
Mount Vernon, July 5, 1784.
This day se'night a letter for you covering Bank Notes for 150 Dollars was lodged in the hands of Mr. Watson. Since (that is on Saturday last) I received your favor of the 27th. ulto. enclosing the cost of four Matrasses £49:10.2., a price which exceeds anything I had the most distant idea of; in a word it is an errant imposition of the workman, and therefore I hope Colo. Biddle will enquire into the matter before the accot. is paid. If notwithstanding, other people pay at these rates, I must submit, tho' I could have bought in Alexandria as large and as good hair Mattrasses covered with ticking for £3.10., as the one which I have already received from Philada.; but this I was unacquainted with until I returned from that place, and then it was too late I thought to countermand my order. Under this cover you will receive one hundred and twenty dollars more, in Bank Notes for the use of Colo. Biddle, to whom, as I have not received a letter myself from him, I pray you to mention my sentiments respecting the Mattresses.
You would oblige me by causing one of the inclosed Advertisements to be affixed in Georgetown, Bladensburgh, Fredericktown, Hagerstown, and any other place which you may think proper on the Maryland side of the Potomac. I shall put one of them in the Baltimore paper next week. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1784.
Sir: Strange as it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that I have not had it in my power to transmit the enclosed Statement of Accots. between your Father's Estate and Brothers, and myself, before this; and now it is possible there may be omissions, for I find my affairs (as far as the little leisure I have will enable me to look into them) in very great disorder, requiring at least a Winter's close application to assort papers and adjust Accounts.
I send these Accounts just as they stand upon my books, no credit I believe is omitted, if I am mistaken however, they may be allowed now, or whenever the three accots. can, or ought to be blended in one; your brother and self may determine this point. I pray you and him to make such a general statement as will ascertain the balance when all the credits are allowed. I know you will do me justice in this, and I want no more; but beg to have a copy of it transmitted to me as soon as convenient. I have not struck a balance on either of the accounts, because of Interest, and stopage of interest at proper epochas, which must come into the final settlements of all.
I can only repeat to you, how convenient it would be to me to receive that balance. I do assure you Sir, that I am distressed for want of money, and know not, as I never was accustomed to it, how to parry a dun. Nevertheless, I would not have you adopt measures, or precipitate a Sale which may be injurious to yourself.
Will you be so good as to ask your Brother in what manner I am to obtain Deeds for the two Lotts I bought at Colo. Mercers sale, and which are credited in his Accot.? With esteem and regard, I am, etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 10, 1784.
Dear Doctor: I have come to a resolution (if not prevented by any thing at present unforeseen) to take a trip to the Western Country this Fall, and for that purpose to leave home the first of September. By appointment I am to be at the Warm-Springs the 7th. of that month; and at Gilbert Simpsons the 15th., where, having my partnership accounts, with some of very long standing to settle, and things to provide for the trip to the Kanhawa, I expect to be by the 10th. or 11th., that is four or five days before the 15th.
It is possible, tho' of this I cannot be certain at this time, that I shall, if I find it necessary to lay my Lands off in lotts, make a day or two's delay at each of my tracts upon the Ohio, before I reach the Kanhawa, where my stay will be the longest, and more or less according to circumstances.
I mention all these matters that you may be fully apprized of my plan, and the time it may probably take to accomplish it. If under this information it would suit you to go with me, I should be very glad of your company; no other, except my nephew Bushrod Washington, and that is uncertain, will be of the party; because it can be no amusement to others to follow me in a tour of business, and from one of my tracts of Land to another; (for I am not going to explore the Country, nor am I in search of Fresh lands, but to secure what I have); nor wou'd it suit me to be embarrassed by the plans, movements or whims of others, or even to have my own made unwieldly; for this I shall continue to decline all overtures which may be made to accompany me. Your business and mine lays in the same part of the country and are of a similar nature; the only difference between them is, that mine may be longer in the execution.
If you go, you will have occasion to take nothing from hence, but a servant to look after your horses, and such bedding as you may think proper at make use of. I will carry a Marquee, some camp utensils, and a few Stores. A Boat, or some other kind of vessel will be provided for the voyage down the river, either to my place on the Yohoghaney or Fort Pitt, measures for this purpose having been already taken. A few medicines, and hooks and lines you may probably want. My Complimts. and best wishes in which Mrs. Washington joins, are offered to Mrs. Craik and your family, and I am, with sincere esteem etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 10, 1784.
Mr. Simpson: This letter and the enclosed Advertisements will be delivered to you, I expect, by Mr. George McCormick. The like advertisements are sent to many other parts, and will appear in the Philada., Baltimore and Alexandria News-papers, that the most public notice thereof may be given. I have also sent one to Fort Pitt. The six which are sent you, may be disposed of at such places over the mountains as you shall think best.
My part of the Stock (except Negroes, which may be necessary to finish the crop) will certainly be disposed of. Your half may also be sold, and you to purchase in what you like on your own account; or set apart by a fair and equal division before the sale, as may be agreed upon when I come up. The Land and Mill will also be let in the manner described;87 for I cannot in justice to myself, any longer submit to such management, waste of property, and losses, as I have hitherto sustained by my partnership with you.
[Note 87: The terms were probably the same as those given in the advertisement in the Pennsylvania Packet and General Advertiser of July 29, 1784, signed by G. Washington, and dated Mount Vernon, June 24, 1784, respecting a plantation, mill, etc., in Fayette County, Pa. (See last note on page 426, ante.)]
I shall bring up all my acco'ts and memorandums in order to have a final settlement, and desire you will collect every paper and thing which can serve to put matters in a fair point of view; for tho' I do not expect to be compensated for my losses, nor mean to be rigid in my settlement, yet common sense, reason and justice, all require that I should have a satisfactory account rendered of my property which has been entrusted to your care, in full confidence of getting something for ten or twelve years use of it.
The letter, which will accompany this, for the commanding Officer of Fort Pitt, I beg you to send by some person who will be pointed in delivering it to him: he is desir'd to lodge an answer at your house by the 10th., which you will keep 'till I arrive. I have wrote to know what things I can be provided with at Fort Pitt for a trip down the Ohio, that I may be enabled to determine the moment I get to your house, whether to build a Boat and hire hands or not. Let the materials, as I mentioned to you when here, for building a Boat be provided notwithstanding; because if they are not wanted, they can readily be disposed of; and if they are, it will facilitate my passage exceedingly. You may also, without making an absolute purchase of anything, know where and upon what terms, provision for man and horse; and such other articles, Liquor, Butter, Cheese, Saltmeat, Salt &c. can be had, that no delay may take place, in these enquiries after I get out, if they should be found necessary. I would wish to know also if a good Hunter and Waterman could be had, and upon what terms: and if you should see Mr. Hite who formerly assisted Colonel Crawford in his Surveys of the land I hold on the Ohio and Kanhawa, ask him if it would suit him to go down the river with me, in case I should find it necessary to take a surveyor, and upon what terms by the day or month; as I do not know what, or whether I shall have anything for him to do, more than to shew me the land, 'till I get upon it, or know what prospect there is of settling it. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 89: Capt. David Luckett, of the Maryland battalion. He served to June, 1785.]
Mount Vernon, July 10, 1784.
If nothing, unforeseen at present, happens to prevent it, I propose to be at my plantation on Yohoghaney the 10th. of September, which with my Mill and other matters will be disposed of the 15th. as you may see by the enclosed Advertisements, from thence I have thoughts of visiting my Lands on the Great Kanhawa, and on the Ohio between the two Kanhawas, if I can do it conveniently, and obtain the means for a water conveyance.
Let me request the favor of you therefore Sir, to inform me by a line to be left at my Plantation in the care of Mr. Gilbert Simpson, whether there are any public Boats at the post under your command, which might answer my purpose; if there are not, whether one or more could be hired from the Inhabitants in the vicinity of it, and at what price by the day, with hands to navigate her, as also without hands. whether you could spare me from the Garrison three or four trusty Soldiers (a corporal one of them) for the trip, and whether provision for man and horse could be purchased at Fort Pitt, with liquor for such a jaunt, and on what terms. 'Tis probable I may want water transportation &c. for ten Horses.90
[Note 90: When Washington reached Fort Pitt, he met with reports of Indian temper and uprising that made it inadvisable to go down the Ohio. That part of his trip was abandoned, and he traveled on horseback to Rockingham County, Va., and returned through Culpeper, Prince William, and Colchester to Mount Vernon.]
I persuade myself you will excuse the trouble this application will occasion you, and think there is no impropriety in my request respecting the Boat and Soldiers; if I had thought there was, I pledge myself to you I should not have made it. I am desireous of meeting your answer at Mr. Simpsons to all these queries by the 10th., because my ultimate measures must be decided on at that place the moment I arrive there, and no time ought to be lost in having recourse to other measures if I cannot be supplied with you. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 10, 1784.
Dear Sir: The last post brought me your favor of the 3d., and the post preceeding, that of the 27th. ulto. My particular thanks are due for the attention you have paid to the renewal of my Patents, your Fees on this, and the other business you have had the management of for me, I would gladly pay, if you will please to let me know the amount. Whether it is to Mr. Mercer (who by order of Court, has the property of his Brother George in his hands) or to me, you look for your fee in the suit depending between Gravat and others in the high Court of Chancery, I know not; if the latter, please to advise me that I may take measures to obtain the money.
In looking over some of my papers the other day, I found a Memom. of a prize (half an acre) which I drew in Colo. Byrds lottery, in the Town of Richmond, the number of the ticket is 4965. and that of the Lott, or prize 265. this is all I got for twenty tickets on my own Accot. The same Memodm. informs me, that in partnership with Peyton Randolph (your uncle), John Wayles, George Wythe, Richard Randolph, Lewis Burwell, William Fitzhugh (Chatham), Thompson Mason, Nathl. Harrison Jut. and Richd. Kidder Mead Esqrs. (ten in all), I have, or ought to have a joint interest in the following prizes, the produce of an hundred Tickets which were purchased amongst us. Vizt. No. 3181--half an acre--No. 270. 3186--Do Do 138. 3193--100 Acres 823. 5325--half an Acre 237. 5517--100 Acres 751. 5519--half an Acre 257.
If it would not be inconvenient to you, it would oblige me to let me know (if you can) what is become of this property; and of what value it is, especially the Lott No. 265 which I hold in my own right; for I faintly recollect to have heard that the joint stock was disposed of to no great advantage for the company for me, I am sure it was not, as I have never received an iota on account of these prizes. With very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
July 12, 1784.
Genl. Washington requests Mr. McCormick to set up the Advertisements herewith enclosed at the following places. Leesburgh, Shepherdstown, Hagerstown, Martinsburg, Warm springs, and the Oldtown, or thereabouts. The above to be of those which have the writing in the Margin. The others to be set up along the road above the Oldtown, and at such other places over the Mountains as Mr. McCormick may think best; letting Mr. Simpson know the places, that he may not send those which are inclosed to him, to the same.
The letter to the Commanding officer at Fort Pitt to be sent by Mr. McCormick or Simpson as they may agree, it ought to go safe and soon.
Mr. McCormick will please to inform those persons, or the leaders of them, who are settled upon the Generals Land on Millers run, that he, McCork., has seen and read his Deed for it, that the said Deed bears date the 5th. day of July 1774, and the Survey the 23d. of March 1771, that this Land was granted in virtue of the Kings proclamation in Octor. 1763, and is part of 3000 acres bought of Capt. Posey (an officer) who was entitled to so much under that Proclamation, as is recited in the Deed; that the agreement between the States of Virginia and Pennsylvania secures this right to the General, who did, at their first settling upon the land, and at sundry times since, which is easy to be proved, give them notice that it was his, and forewarned them of the consequences of presevering in an error; and lastly, it may be neighbourly and friendly in Mr. McCormick to advise them, if they have a mind to avoid all the expence, and all the disagreeable consequences which may result from the prosecution of his right to the highest Court it can finally be determined in; it might be well for them to think seriously of an accommodation, either by removing, or becoming Tenants; and that this is not to be delayed beyond the time the Genl. has appointed to rent his Mill &c.
If Mr. McCormick shou'd see Mr. Hite who assisted Colo. Crawford in surveying the Generals Lands on the Ohio and Gr. Kanhawa, he would be obliged to him for asking Mr. Lite whether, in case the General shou'd find it necessary when he gets to Mr. Simpson's, to take a Surveyor down with him, it would suit him to go; and upon what terms, by the day or month. The General does not [wish] Mr. Hite engaged actually, because he does not, at this time certainly know whether he shall want a Surveyor or not.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 14,94 1784.
[Note 94: A sales catalogue dates this letter July 4.]
Dear Sir: I nephew of mine95 Brother to the young gentleman who studied Law under Mr. Wilson, is inclined to enter into a Mercantile walk of life, and his Father is desirous he
[Note 95: Corbin Washington.] should do so. He has just compleated a regular Education, is about twenty years of age, Sober and serious, sensible, and I am told, remarkably prudent and assiduous in the completion of whatever he takes in hand. This is the character he bears, personally, I know little of him.
I have expressed a wish to his Father that he might be placed under your care, and it is very pleasing to him, let me ask then My Dr. Sir, if it would be convenient for you to take him into your counting House, and immediately under your eye. If I had not conceived, from the character he bears, that he would do you no discredit, but may, when he is qualified, subserve your views in Trade, while he is promoting his own, I do assure you that I am among the last men in the world, who would propose the measure. If you are inclined to receive him, be so good as to let me know on what terms, and the requisites to be complied with on his part. Mrs. Washington joins very cordially in compliments of congratulation to you and Mrs. Tilghman on the encrease of your family. With the usual esteem etc.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Virginia, July 15, 1784.
Gentlemen: With feelings which are more easy to be conceived than expressed, I meet, and reciprocate the congratulations of the Representatives of this Commonwealth, on the final establishment of peace.97
[Note 97: The address, dated June 24, from the General Assembly, to which this is the answer, is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Dr. David Stuart, June it, 1784, ante.)
On June 22 the House of Delegates of Virginia had resolved that the Executive procure a marble statue of General Washington "to be of the finest Marble and best Workmanship." The Virginia Senate concurred in this June 24. This resolve is in the Washington Papers. The statute, by Houdon, is in the State capitol at Richmond.]
Nothing can add more to the pleasure which arises from a conscientious discharge of public trust, than the approbation of one's Country. To have been, under a vicissitude of fortune, amidst the difficult and trying scenes of an arduous conflict, so happy as to meet this, is in my mind, to have attained the highest honor, and the consideration of it, in my present peaceful retirement will heighten all my domestic enjoyments, and constitute my greatest felicity.
I should have been truly wanting in duty, and must have frustrated the great and important object for which we resorted to Arms, if seduced by a temporary regard of fame I had suffered the paltry love of it to have interfered with my Country's welfare, the interest of which was the only inducement which carried me to the field, or98 to have suffered the rights of civil authority, though but for a moment, to be violated and infringed by a power meant originally to rescue and confirm.
[Note 98: Dr. David Stuart has here crossed off the clause "to have suffered" and substituted the word "permitted."]
For those rewards and blessings which you have invoked for me in this world, and for the fruition of that happiness which you pray for in the one which is to come, you have99 all my thanks, and all my gratitude. I wish I could insure them to you, and the State you represent, an hundred fold.
[Note 99: Doctor Stuart here inserted the word "Gentlemen."]
Mount Vernon, July 18, 1784.
Sir: Hearing that you have a Vessel bound to some port in Spain, I am induced to ask if it is safe and practicable to bring from thence a good Jack ass, to breed from. The late Don Juan de Miralles, resident from the Court of Spain at Philadelphia, promised to procure one for me; but in his death I met a disappointment. Another Gentleman of his Nation, not long since, has also given me a promise, but it is not yet fulfilled, and as I am convinced that a good Jack would be a public benefit to this part of the Country, as well as private convenience to myself, I am desireous of having more strings than one to my bow. I do not mean however to involve any person, or thing, in difficulty, to accomplish this end.
Under this express declaration if you or your partner Mr. Harrison, could openly, fairly and upon easy terms, serve me, I should acknowledge the favor. An ordinary Jack I do not desire; I will describe therefore such an one as I must have, if I get any. He must be at least fifteen hands high; well formed; in his prime; and one whose abilities for getting Colts can be ensured; for I have been informed, that except those which are designed to breed from; and more especially such as are suffered to be exported; they very frequently have their generative parts so injured by squeezing, as to render them as unfit for the purpose of begetting Colts, as castration would, when from a superficial view no imperfection appears. Whether the latter is founded in truth, or mere report, I do not vouch for; but as I would have a good Jack or none, I am induced to mention the circumstances. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
July 20, 1784.
D. Sir: Not knowing of whom the Vestry of Pecawaxon is composed, or that I have the honor of being acquainted with a single member of it; there would be I conceive, an impropriety in my addressing them on the subject of your application, otherwise I would with great pleasure join my recommendations of you to those of Majr. Jenifer.2 If my best wishes, however, can contribute to the success of your present movement, you have them very sincerely: or if my signifying, that from a long acquaintance with you, I can bear testimony to the truth of what Majr. Jenifer has advanced in your behalf, will be of any avail, I would do it with pleasure. In the meanwhile such evidence thereof as this letter affords, you are at free liberty to make use of, because I have full conviction in my own breast, that if the choice of the vestry should light on you, you would make the Parish happy. With great truth and regard, I am, etc.3
[Note 2: Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer(?).]
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 22, 1784.
Wm. Skilling: I have just received your letter of the and this answer will be lodged on the road by Colo. Bassett. I cannot afford to give the wages you ask, nor can I find out the meaning of Mr. Randolphs offering you Sterlg. money, as it is altogether unusual, and little understood by workmen, and subject to misunderstanding and disputes.
Colo. Bassett is sure there must be a mistake in the case, for that you only asked him thirty pounds and two pr. of Shoes per annn., and upon informing you that he stood in no need of your services, you desired him to mention the matter to others. In consequence, he spoke to Colo. Richr. Randolph, and mentioned your terms; upon which he, (Colo. Randolph) wrote to you. How it should happen therefore that he should put in Sterling, he cannot conceive.
I am willing to allow you £30 Curry. estimating Dollars at 6/, (and other specie in proportion), and two pr. of Shoes pr. Ann: If you incline to take it, you may come as soon as it is convenient; but whether you do, or do not incline to take it, write me word immediately by the post, the Stage, or some safe hand, that I may know whether to look out elsewhere or not.
You know perfectly what kind of living you will meet with here, and the advantages. I shall not therefore, enumerate them: nor shall I at this time point out the sort of work you will be employ'd in. It may be to ditch, to Garden, to level and remove Earth, to work alone, or with several others, and in the last case, to keep them closely employ'd as well as yourself. The work however will either be at the home house, or at the plantation adjoining; most probably the former. I again repeat the necessity there is for your letting me hear from you that I may know whether to look out elsewhere or not. I am, etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 22, 1784.
My Dr. Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 2d. What you have asked of the Secretary at War, if obtained, is all I conceive essential to illucidate the Accounts of the old and present impositions on the public; the rolls in the pay office might serve as checks to those of the Masters; but where all these are to be met with, I know not, as the Troops of Virginia were, by order of Congress, considered as a component part of the Southern army, and part of the time mentioned in your letter to the Secretary at War, were not under my direction. I do not however consider these as very necessary, as they and the Muster rolls (which for the purpose you want them must be sufficiently correct,) only act as checks upon each other. If however, in this, or any thing else, I can be of service to you, it will give me much pleasure to comply with your wishes.
It was my full intention to have made you a visit so soon as the Summers heat should be over; but the situation of my fairs, and attempts to take from me, the property I have in the back Country are such, that I am oblig'd to visit the latter in September, or suffer it, after all the expence I have been put to, to pass into other hands without compensation. I am, etc.5
[Note 5: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On July 23 Washington wrote a short note to Governor Harrison and also to William Fitzhugh, introducing a Mr. Prager, a European merchant. Copies of these notes are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 27, 1784.
Sir: Your letter of the 26th. of Jany., and duplicate thereof, both coming by the way of James river, were long getting to hand.
I return the Power of Attorney signed before the first Master and Mariners I could find, bound for the Port of London: and trust that no further difficulty will arise to prevent your drawing the money, which had been deposited in the Bank,6 out of the same and placing it to my credit upon the most advantageous terms.
[Note 6: Bank of England.]
I have not an ounce of Tobacco growing this year, whether I shall return to that species of Agriculture again, or not, will depend altogether upon the price that article is most likely to bear from the general State of the trade, of which, you who understand the matter better than I do, can best determine; and would do me a favor to signify for my information.
Not having, that I recollect, received the particular of my Accot. currt. with your House; I should be glad to have it forwarded to me, together with that of the late Mr. Custis's, as soon as convenient. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1784.
Dear Sir: The mulatto fellow William,8 who has been with me all the War is attached (married he says) to one of his own colour a free woman, who, during the War was also of my family. She has been in an infirm state of health for sometime, and I had conceived that the connection between them had ceased, but I am mistaken; they are both applying to me to get her here, and tho' I never wished to see her more yet I cannot refuse his request (if it can be complied with on reasonable terms) as he has lived with me so long and followed my fortunes through the War with fidility.
[Note 8: William Lee (called "Billy"), the servant said to have been captured with the letters which the British published in 1776; known as the "Spurious Letters of Washington."]
After promising thus much, I have to beg the favor of you to procure her a passage to Alexandria either by Sea, by the passage Boats (if any there be) from the head of Elk, or in the Stage as you shall think cheapest and best, and circumstances may require. She is called Margaret Thomas als. Lee (the name which he has assumed) and lives at Isaac and Hannah Sills, black people who frequently employ themselves in Cooking for families in the City of Phila. I am etc.9
[Note 9: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.
On July 30 Washington gave a brief certificate of service to a Lieutenant Brown, a copy of which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, Aug. 4, 1784.
Dear Sir: The House Joiner11 you bought for me has arrived. I like his age, professions, and appearance very well and am obliged to you for procuring him. His Indentures may be sent at any time.12 As the Season for working with Mortar will soon be over, and that of intermitrants is now approaching, I pray you unless a very good Bricklayer should offer, not to purchase one for me after the 15th. of this Month.
[Note 11: By the name of Branning.]
[Note 12: His indenture was for 3 years and cost £22:10:0.]
The Fan13 from Mr. Thos. Peters is also arrived, for which be so good as to thank him in my behalf. The handle of it is lost. Whether it did not get on board the Packet, was not delivered by the Master of it, or mislaid at Colo. Fitzgeralds is unknown as the Vessel had returned before I sent up and enquiry could be made.
[Note 13: For cleaning wheat.
On August 4 Washington wrote to Clement Biddle that Tilghman had obtained a house joiner for him. Biddle, therefore, was to "decline purchasing either the Joiner or Bricklayer." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Enclosed are Bank Notes for Ninety dollars, with which please to pay yourself and apply the overplus towards the payment for the Fan had of Mr. Peters. As the bill of cost did not accompany it, and my recollection of the price (if I ever heard it) has failed me, I do not know whether this Sum is sufficient for both purposes; if not the balle. shall be paid as soon as it is made known to Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
[H.S.P.]
[Note 14: Of Berkeley County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, August 8, 1784.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 5th., I have to inform you that I have no untenanted Lands in the Counties of Berkley or Frederick, except two lotts Nos. 5 and 6, the first containing 346½ acres, and the 2d. 224½ in the latter, which I bought at the Sale of Colo. George Mercer's Estate, in the year 1774, and for which I have had many persons applying to become Tenants. My intention was, after I had reviewed and laid these Lotts off into proper sized Tenements, to have appointed a day on the premises to let them.
If you choose to examine these Lots, and will, if either of them shou'd suit you, offer a good rent, it may (if I should not upon recollection find myself under a promise to give notice of the letting of them) supercede the necessity of this measure. I expect to be at my Brother's, on my way to the Berkeley Springs, the 2d. of next month (at night), where you may deposit a letter, which shall receive an answer from thence, to any proposals you may incline to make.
With respect to Mr. Whiting,15 I know nothing of his intentions, unless they be, as it shou'd seem, to work my Lands as long as he will be permitted without paying rent. If the nonperformance of Covenants, on the part of the Tenant, can be construed into a forfeiture of his Lease, Mr. Whiting I persuade myself will have candor enough to confess that his comes under this predicament. I am, etc.16
[Note 15: Henry Whiting.]
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 11, 1784.
Dr. Sir: I shall essay the finishing of my green house this fall, but find that neither myself, nor any person about me is so well skilled in the internal construction as to proceed without a probability at least of running into errors.
Shall I for this reason, ask the favor of you to give me a short description of the Green-house at Mrs. Carrolls? I am persuaded, now that I planned mine upon too contracted a scale. My house is (of Brick) 40 feet by 24, in the outer dimensions, and half the width disposed of for two rooms, back of the part designed for the green house; leaving the latter in the clear not more than about 37 by 10. As there is no cover on the walls yet, I can raise them to any height, the information I wish to obtain is,
The dimensions of Mrs. Carroll's Green-house, what kind of a floor is to it, how high from that floor to the bottom of the window frame, what height the windows are from bottom to top, how high from the top to the ceiling of the house, whether the ceiling is flat, or of what kind. whether the heat is conveyed by flues, and a grate. whether those flues run all round the House, the size of them without, and in the clear. Whether they join the wall, or are separate and distinct from it, if the latter, how far they are apart, with any other suggestions you may conceive necessary.
I should be glad to hear from you soon on this subject, as I shall leave home on or before the first of next month, and wish to give particular directions to the workmen before I go.17 I am, etc.18
[Note 17: Tilghman answered from Baltimore (August 18). His letter, with a plan and full description of Mrs Carroll's greenhouse, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: Delegate to the Continental Congress from South Carolina.]
Mount Vernon, August 11, 1784.
Dear Sir I return the letter you were so obliging as to send me, and thank you for the perusal of it. No copy has been taken; nor will any part of its contents transpire from me.
Altho' Mr. Ls.20 informant may have the means of acquiring knowledge, and tho' it is undoubted that the British Cabinet wish to recover the United States to a dependence on that Government; yet I can scarce think they ever expect to see it realized, or that they have any plan in contemplation to try to effect it; unless our want of wisdom, and perseverence in error, should in their judgment render the attempt certain. The affairs of
[Note 20: Arthur Lee(?).] Ireland, if our accots. from thence are to be relied on, are in too turbulent a state to suffer G. B. to enter very soon into another quarrel with America, even if her finances were on a more respectable footing than I believe them to be; and her prospect of success must diminish as our population encreases, and the governments become more consistent; without the last of which, indeed, any thing may be apprehended. It is however, as necessary for the Sovereign in Council, as it is for the general in the field, not to despise information; but to hear all, compare all, combine them with other circumstances and take measures accordingly. Nothing, I confess, would sooner induce me to give credit to a hostile intention on the part of G. B., than their continuing (without the shadow of reason, for I really see none) to withhold the Western Posts, on the American side the line, from us, and sending, as the Gazettes say is their intention, Sir Guy Carlton over as Viceroy, to their possessions in America, which are to undergo a new organization.
The opinion I have here given, you will readily perceive is founded upon the ideas I entertain of the temper of Ireland, the imbecility of G. B. and her internal divisions; for with pain I add, that I think our affairs are under wretched management, and that our conduct, if G. B. was in circumstances to take advantage of it, would bid her hope every thing, while other powers might expect little from the wisdom or exertion of these States.
I thank you for your proffered services to the Eastward. I have nothing to trouble you with, but wishing you may find the air of Rhode Island salubrious and beneficial to your Mother, I have the honor etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1784.
Sir: The letter your Excellency did me the honor to write in the moment of your departure from this Country, conferred the highest honor upon me, and is not more flattering to my vanity, than it is productive of my gratitude.
I shall ever reflect with pleasure Sir, on the readiness with which your communications to me have been made; and the dispatch and ability with which you have conducted business in the line to which I was called. And what will render these reflections more precious, is that you have accompanied them with marks of friendship and confidence which were as pleasing as they are honorable.
When I add Sir, that you have impressed me with sentiments of sincere respect and attachment, I do not speak the language of my own heart only; it is the universal voice, and your departure will always be regretted. The only consolation left us is, that you are gone to receive the smile and approbation of a Prince, who knows full well how to distinguish, and how to reward merit.
It would give me great pleasure to make you a visit in France, to pay my respectful homage to a Sovereign to whom America is so much indebted, and to renew the friendships which I have had the honor to contract with so many respectable characters of your Nation. but I despair; my fortune has been injured by the war, and my private concerns are so much deranged, as to require more time to recover them than comports with the years of a man who is sliding down the stream of life as fast as I am. But whether I am in this or that Country, or wheresoever I may be, nothing will lessen the respect, or shake the attachment with which I have the honor to be Dr. Sir Yrs. etc.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, Augt. 20, 1784.
My dear Count: I thank you for your favor of the 16th. of June by the Marquis de la Fayette, who arrived here three days ago; and for your other letter of the 4th. of May which, also came safe, permit me to offer you my sincere congratulations on your appointment to the Government of Picardy. It is an honorable testimony of the approving smiles of your Prince, and a just reward for your Services and merit. Should fortune ever put it in my power to come to France, your being at Calais would be an irrisistible inducement for me to make it a visit.
My letters from Philadelphia (public and private) would give you a full accot. of every matter and thing respecting the Society of the Cincinnati, and upon what footing all claims to the order were, thereafter, to be decided; to these referring, I shall save you the trouble of reading a repetition. Considering how recently the K--g of Sw--d--n has changed the form of the Constitution of that Country, it is not much to be wondered at that his fears should get the better of his liberallity at any thing which might have the semblance of republicanism; but considering further how few of his Nation had, or could have, a right to the Order, I think he might have suffered his complaisance to have superceded his apprehensions.23
[Note 23: The king of Sweden had refused to permit his subjects, who were officers in the French Army, to wear the Society of the Cincinnati eagle.]
I will not trouble you with a long letter at this time, because I have nothing worthy of communication. Mrs. Washington who is always pleased with your remembrance of her, and glad to hear of your welfare, prays you to accept her Compliments and best wishes; mine are always sincere, and offered (tho' unknown) to Madame Rochambeau, the Viscount your Son, and any of the Officers of the Army you commanded in America who may be with you, and with whom I have the honor of an Acquaintance. With great esteem etc.24
[Note 24: From the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1784.
Sir: The enclosed letter25 which is left open for your perusal, will give you my sentiments respecting the sale of the widow Bartletts Lease, please to seal, before you send or deliver it. I shall have no objection to a transfer of the purchaser, if likely to fulfill the objects I had in view, and the conditions of the Lease are complied with. I am etc.26
[Note 25: Of August 20, to Dolphin Drew, of Berkeley County: "I wou'd next ask if you mean to build and reside on the Land you express a wish to purchase from the widow Bartlett? If you do, I should be happy in having you for a tenant, but if you intend it only for a quarter, under the management of an overseer, I must withhold my consent." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1784.
My Dr. Sir: The Marqs. de la Fayette, who I had been long looking for with the eyes of friendship and impatience, arrived here on Tuesday last,27 and presented me your favor of the 16th. of June. I thank you My Dr. Sir, for every testimony of your recollection of me, and every fresh assurance you give me of the continuation of your friendship is pleasing: it serves (to borrow an Indian phraze) to brighten the chain, and to convince
[Note 27: August 17.] me that you will not suffer moth or rust to injure or impair it. We talk of you often, and tho' we wish in vain to have you of our party, we do not fail to drink your health at Dinner every day. I will not give up the hope of seeing you at Mount Vernon, before I quit the stage of human action, the idea wou'd be too painful. I must indulge a contrary one.
As I have no communications at this time that are worthy of your attention, and a house full of company to claim mine; I shall, as the Ship by which I write has Spread her canvas wings, only add new assurances of what I hope you were before perfectly convinced, that I am with the greatest esteem etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1784.
Dear Sir: The Marqs. de la Fayette who arrived at this place on tuesday last, gave me the pleasure of receiving your letter dated at Paris the 16th. of June, and of learning from it, that you had not relinquished the idea of visiting a Country, on whose theatre you have acted a conspicuous part. Be assured Sir, that at whatever time, and under whatever circumstances this may happen, I shall be among the first to give you a welcome reception.
Several circumstances conspired to prevent my making the tour with the Chevr. de la Luzerne, to the Great Cataract of Niagara; but that which had most weight with me, indeed which was an insurmountable objection, the British (without even the colour of pretence), holding that, and the intermediate Post of Oswego. I did not choose to make the trip upon curtesy; nor to place myself in a situation where either a denial or any indignity might be offered in the prosecution of it.
I pray you to offer my best wishes to any of the Gentlemen of your Corps with whom I have the pleasure of an acquaintance, when you see them. Mrs. Washington thanks you for your kind remembrance of her, and begs you to accept her compliments. I am, etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1784.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 31st. ulto. from Philada. My memory is not charged with the particulars of the Verbal Order30 which you say was delivered to you thro' Colo. Joseph Trumbull on the 27th. of Augt. 1776, "for impressing all the Sloops, boats and water craft from Spyghten duyvel in the Hudson, to Hellgate on the sound", I recollect full well that it was a day which required the greatest exertion, particularly in the Quarter Master's Department, to accomplish the retreat which was intended, under cover of the succeeding night; and that no delay or ceremony could be admitted in the execution of the plan. I have no doubt therefore of your having received orders to the effect and the extent you have mentioned; and you are at liberty to adduce this letter in testimony thereof. It will I presume, supply the place of a more formal certificate, and is more consonant with my recollection of the transactions of that day.
[Note 30: Probably the order was given by Maj. Gen William Heath.
On August 22 Washington issued a certificate of service to Lieut. Col. Francis Mentges, the autograph of which is in the Bostonian Society, which kindly furnished a photograph of same.]
It is with pleasure I add that your conduct in the Quarter Master's line, as far as it came under my view, or to my knowledge, was marked with activity, zeal and intelligence, and accordingly met my approbation. With grateful thanks for your good wishes, I am, etc.29
Mount Vernon, August 25, 1784.
revd. Sir: Your letter of the 10th. from Vienna,31 was more than ten days on its passage to me. It found me with company, and busily preparing for a journey which I am about to commence in a few days to the Westward. I did not fail however to mention the purpose of your wishes to Mr. Arele32 who was the bearer of your packet to me. He offering his services to dispose of your lottery tickets. I do not know where two or three hundred could be better placed in Alexandria, and if you will send him that number, he has promised me that his action for the sale of them shall not be wanting.
[Note 31: Maryland.]
[Note 32: John Ariss (Arele).]
I thank you for your printed account of Washington College.33 My best wishes will always attend it, and I am, etc.34
[Note 33: At Chester, Md.]
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 35: Of Cork, Ireland.]
Mount Vernon, August 25, 1784.
Sir: Captain Stickney has presented me with your favor of the 25th. of May; together with the mess-beef and ox tongues, for which you will please to accept my best thanks.
I do not raise Tobacco on my Estate nor am I possessed of a pound at this time; otherwise I would with pleasure consign a few Hogsheads to your address, under full persuasion, that no person would do me more justice in the sale of them. Wheat or flour of the last year's produce, is either exported or consumed; that of the present year, is not yet got to market, what prices they will bear in this Country is not for me to say: but tho' I do not walk in the Mercentile line, except in wheat (which I manufacture into flour), I should nevertheless, thank you for any information respecting the prices of these articles. With very great esteem etc.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 25, 1784.
Dr. Sir: In April last I wrote you a letter, of which the enclosed is a copy, having received no reply to it, nor seen any meeting of the company37 summoned in the papers, I am lead to suspect it never got to hand, for this reason, and because I think a meeting of the company indispensably necessary, I have transmitted a copy. I am upon the eve of a journey as far as the Kanhawa, from whence I may not be returned 'till sometime in Novr., but I would not wish to have the meeting delayed on that account. I am, etc.36
[Note 37: The Dismal Swamp Company.]
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1784.
Dr. Sir: Colo. Fitzhugh informs me that the Academy at George town is upon a good establishment, that the Gentn. at the head of it is very capable, and clever in conducting of it, that the school is in high estimation, and that the terms are £25, for board, and £6.10, for teaching, Maryland Curry. Under these circumstances, let me pray you to inform Mr. Nourse39 that I think it a desirable place to fix my Nephews40 at. Colo. Fitzhugh adds that as Mr. Balch41 is a particular friend of his, he will write to him on the subject as I should prefer having them boarded at his house to that of any other in town. I am, etc.42
[Note 39: Joseph Nourse.]
[Note 40: George Steptoe Washington and Lawrence Augustine Washington, sons of the General's brother Samuel.]
[Note 41: Rev. Stephen Bloomer Balch.]
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
August 30, 1784.
Sir: Your letter of the 14th. accompanying the horse for little Washington43 came safe. It is not in my power to describe his delight, which is the best proof of his thanks to you, he finds beauty in every part, and tho' shy at first, he begins now to ride with a degree of boldness in which will soon do honor to his horsemanship.
[Note 43: George Washington Parke Custis.]
Mrs. Washington and all the family joins me in best wishes for you. Mrs. Lund Washington has added a daughter to her family. Miss Bassett is on a visit to her friends in the lower parts of the State, and I shall set off tomorrow on a tour to the Western Country. I shall always be happy to hear from you, and only wish for opportunities to make you amends for the attention you have shewn me. This letter will be handed to you by the Marqs. de la Fayette to whom I have mentioned you as one to whom I am under obligations. I am, etc.44
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
September 4, 1784.48
[Note 48: Washington was at Charles Washington's on this date.]
Dr. Sir: Colo. Kennedy49 has owed me £28, these many years. Enquiring yesterday where he lived, and into his circumstances, I was told that he had lately sold land or houses in Winchester, to you; and that it might be in your power to obtain the balance which appears upon the enclosed accot. due to me. If this should be the case, you would very much oblige me, as the money has been long due and I have always found it very difficult to get any from him. I am, etc.47
[Note 49: David Kennedy.]
Berkeley, September 4, 1784.
Dr. Sir: Several persons have been with me this day to rent the Land I bought at the sale of Colo. George Mercer's Estate; but I find it is essential that some one, or more of them, should engage for the whole rent; or, that I should delay renting it until the Land can be divided to the best advantage, so as that each Lot may have water, and a proportionate quantity of good Land. for these reasons I mean to avail myself of the kind offer you made me yesterday, of letting the two Lots (I bought as above) to the best advantage on my behalf.
Enclos'd is a plan of the Land wch. may be some guide for you. I have told Williams who is a liver on one of the lots, that I have no objection to his having an hundred acres or more, provided he will give as much as another, and the laying it off does not hurt the other part. As to the rents, I suppose the same which Mr. Burwell has, must govern, to wit, ten pounds and the Taxes, for each 100 acres, in other respects, my printed leases, one of which I enclose you, are to be shewn to the Tenants, and must be your rule and their terms; I do not mean to give Leases for lives; indeed I do not incline to exceed ten years: but if it shou'd be thought by the tenants, and this should be your opinion also, that ten years is too short to make the buildings and other improvements which are required by the printed copy50 I send you, I would lengthen them to 14 years.
[Note 50: A printed form of a lease which was used by Washington before the Revolution is in the Washington Papers.]
There is one thing I think it necessary to caution you upon: my object being to have my Lands improved by an industrious class of reputable people, I would not lease any of them to person s who do not mean to reside thereon; or to those who have lands adjoining, because in either case I should expect to have my land hard worked (perhaps totally ruined), without those aids or improvements which are to be expected from residents, whose convenience and comfort wou'd call for many things, which never would be furnished negro Quarters.
After you have done the needful, and hear of my return home, I shall thank you for information respecting this business. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Washington left Bath September 8, and reached Simpson's September 13.]
Town of Bath, County of Berkeley in the State of of Virga., September 7, 1784.
I have seen the model of Mr. Rumsey's Boats constructed to work against stream; have examined the power upon which it acts; have been an eye witness to an actual experiment in running water of some rapidity; and do give it as my opinion (altho' I had little faith before) that he has discovered the Art of propelling Boats, by mechanism and small manual assistance, against rapid currents: that the discovery is of vast importance, may be of the greatest usefulness in our inland navigation, and, if it succeeds, of which I have no doubt, that the value of it is greatly enhanced by the simplicity of the works which when seen and explained to, might be executed by the most common Mechanics.51
Mount Vernon, October 10, 1784.54
[Note 54: Washington reached Mount Vernon in the afternoon of October 4.]
Dear Sir: Upon my return from the western Country a few days ago, I had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 17th. ulto. It has always been my intention to pay my respects to you before the chance of another early and hard winter should make a warm fireside too comfortable to be relinquished. And I shall feel an additional pleasure in offering this tribute of friendship and respect to you, by having the company of the Marqs. de la Fayette, when he shall have revisited this place from his Eastern tour; now every day to be expected.
I shall take the liberty now, my dear sir, to suggest a matter, which would (if I am not too shortsighted a politician) mark your administration as an important era in the Annals of this Country, if it should be recommended by you, and adopted by the Assembly.
It has been long my decided opinion that the shortest, easiest, and least expensive communication with the invaluable and extensive Country back of us, would be by one, or both of the rivers of this State which have their sources in the Apalachian mountains. Nor am I singular in this opinion. Evans, in his Map and Analysis of the middle Colonies which (considering the early period at which they were given to the public) are done with amazing exactness. And Hutchins since, in his topographical description of the Western Country, (a good part of which is from actual surveys), are decidedly of the same sentiments; as indeed are all others who have had opportunities, and have been at the pains to investigate and consider the subject.
But that this may not now stand as mere matter of opinion or assertion, unsupported by facts (such at least as the best maps now extant, compared with the oral testimony, which my opportunities in the course of the war have enabled me to obtain); I shall give you the different routs and distances from Detroit.55 by which all the trade of the North Western parts of the United territory, must pass; unless the Spaniards, contrary to their present policy, should engage part of it; or the British should attempt to force nature by carrying the trade of the upper Lakes by the river Outawaies into Canada, which I scarcely think they will or could effect. Taking Detroit then (which is putting ourselves in as unfavourable a point of view as we can be well placed, because it is upon the line of the British territory) as a point by which, as I have already observed, all that part of the trade must come, it appears from the statement enclosed, that
[Note 55: Washington inclosed, in this letter to Harrison, a copy of the table of distances from Detroit, which is entered in his diary under Oct. 4, 1784. Some of the running text of that day's diary entry is incorporated in this letter verbatim and in the general sense.] the tide waters of this State are nearer to it by 168 miles than that of the river St. Lawrence; or than that of the Hudson at Albany by 176 miles.
Maryland stands upon similar ground with Virginia. Pennsylvania altho' the Susquehanna is an unfriendly water, much impeded it is said with rocks and rapids, and nowhere communicating with those which lead to her capital; has it in contemplation to open a communication between Toby's Creek (which empties into the Alleghany river, 95 miles above Fort Pitt) and the west branch of Susquehanna; and to cut a canal between the waters of the latter, and the Schuylkill; the expence of which is easier to be conceived than estimated or described by me. A people however, who are possessed of the spirit of commerce, who see, and who will pursue their advantages, may achieve almost anything. In the mean time, under the uncertainty of these undertakings, they are smoothing the roads and paving the ways for the trade of that western World. That New York will do the same so soon as the British Garrisons are removed, which are at present, insurmountable obstacles in their way, no person who knows the temper, genius, and policy of those people as well as I do, can harbour the smallest doubt.
Thus much with respect to rival States; let me now take a short view of our own; and being aware of the objections which are in the way, I will enumerate, in order to contrast them with the advantages.
The first and principal one is, the unfortunate Jealousy, which ever has and it is to be feared ever will prevail, lest one part of the State should obtain an advantage over the other part (as if the benefits of trade were not diffusive and beneficial to all); then follow a train of difficulties viz: that our people are already heavily taxed; that we have no money; that the advantages of this trade are remote that the most direct rout for it is thro' other States, over whom we have no controul; that the routs over which we have controul, are as distant as either of those which lead to Philadelphia, Albany or Montreal; That a sufficient spirit of commerce does not pervade the citizens of this commonwealth; that we are in fact doing for others, what they ought to do for themselves.
Without going into the investigation of a question, which has employed the pens of able politicians, namely, whether trade with Foreigners is an advantage or disadvantage to a country. This State as a part of the confederated States (all of whom have the spirit of it very strongly working within them) must adopt it, or submit to the evils arising therefrom without receiving its benefits; common policy therefore points clearly and strongly, to the propriety of our enjoying all the advantages which nature and our local situation afford us; and evinces clearly that unless this spirit could be totally eradicated in other States, as well as in this, and every man made to become either a cultivator of the Land, or a manufacturer of such articles as are prompted by necessity, such stimulas should be employed as will force this spirit; by shewing to our Countrymen the superior advantages we possess beyond others; and the importance of being upon a footing with our Neighbours.
If this is fair reasoning, it ought to follow as a consequence, that we should do our part towards opening the communication with the fur and peltry trade of the Lakes; and for the produce of the Country which lies within; and which will, so soon as matters are settled with the Indians, and the terms on which Congress means to dispose of the Land, and found to be favourable, are announced, settle faster than any other ever did, or any one would imagine. This then when considered in an interested point of view, is alone sufficient to excite our endeavours; but in my opinion, there is a political consideration for so doing, which is of still greater importance.
I need not remark to you Sir, that the flanks and rear of the United States are possessed by other powers, and formidable ones too; nor how necessary it is to apply the cement of interest, to bind all parts of the Union together by indissoluble bonds, especially that part of it, which lies immediately west of us, with the middle States. For, what ties, let me ask, shou'd we have upon those people? How entirely unconnected with them shall we be, and what troubles may we not apprehend, if the Spaniards on their right, and Gt. Britain on their left, instead of throwing stumbling blocks in their way as they now do, should hold out lures for their trade and alliance. What, when they get strength, which will be sooner than most people conceive (from the emigration of foreigners who will have no particular predilection towards us, as well as from the removal of our own citizens) will be the consequence of their having formed close connexions with both, or either of those powers in a commercial way? It needs not, in my opinion, the gift of prophecy to foretell.
The Western settlers, (I speak now from my own observation) stand as it were upon a pivot; the touch of a feather, would turn them any way. They have look'd down the Mississippi, until the Spaniards (very impoliticly I think, for themselves) threw difficulties in their way; and they looked that way for no other reason, than because they could glide gently down the stream; without considering perhaps, the fatigues of the voyage back again, and the time necessary to perform it in; and because they have no other means of coming to us but by a long Land transportation and unimproved roads. These causes have hitherto checked the industry of the present settlers; for except the demand for provisions, occasioned by the increase of population, and a little flour which the necessities of Spaniards compel them to buy, they have no incitements to labour. But smooth the road once, and make easy the way for them, and then see what an influx of articles will be poured upon us; how amazingly our exports will be encreased by them, and how amply we shall be compensated for any trouble and expence we may encounter to effect it.
A combination of circumstances makes the present conjuncture more favourable for Virginia, than for any other State in the Union, to fix these matters. The jealous and untoward disposition of the Spaniards on one hand, and the private views of some individuals, coinciding with the general policy of the Court of Great Britain, on the other, to retain as long as possible the Posts of Detroit, Niagara, and Oswega &c. (which, tho' done under the letter of the Treaty, is certainly an infraction of the spirit of it, and injurious to the Union) may be improved to the greatest advantage by this State; if she would open the avenues to the trade of that Country, and embrace the present moment to establish it. It only wants a beginning; the Western Inhabitants wou'd do their part towards its execution. weak as they are, they would meet us at least half way, rather than be driven into the arms of, or be made dependant upon foreigners; which would, eventually, either bring on a separation of them from us, or a war between the United States and one or the other of those powers, most probably with the Spaniards.
The preliminary steps to the attainment of this great object, would be attended with very little expence, and might, at the same time that it served to attract the attention of the Western Country, and to convince the wavering Inhabitants thereof of our disposition to connect ourselves with them, and to facilitate their commerce with us, would be a mean of removing those jealousies which otherwise might take place among ourselves.
These, in my opinion are; to appoint Commissioners, who from their situation, integrity and abilities, can be under no suspicion of prejudice or predilection to one part more than to another. Let these Commissioners make an actual survey of James river and Potomack from tide-water to their respective sources. Note with great accuracy the kind of navigation, and the obstructions in it; the difficulty and expence attending the removal of these obstructions; the distances from place to place thro' the whole extent; and the nearest and best Portages between these waters and the Streams capable of improvement which run into the Ohio; traverse these in like manner to their junction with the Ohio, and with equal accuracy. The navigation of this river (i.e., the Ohio) being well known, they will have less to do in the examination of it; but nevertheless, let the courses and distances of it be taken to the mouth of the Muskingum, and up that river (notwithstanding it is in the ceded lands) to the carrying place with Cayahoga; down the Cayahoga to Lake Erie, and thence to Detroit. Let them do the same with big Bever creek, although part of it is in the State of Pennsylvania; and with the Scioto also. In a word, let the Waters East and West of the Ohio, which invite our notice by their proximity, and the ease with which Land transportation may be had between them and the Lakes on one side, and the rivers Potomac and James on the other, be explored, accurately delineated, and a correct and connected Map of the whole be presented to the public. These things being done, I shall be mistaken if prejudice does not yield to facts; jealousy to candour, and finally, that reason and nature thus aided, will dictate what is right and proper to be done.
In the mean while, if it should be thought that the lapse of time which is necessary to effect this work, may be attended with injurious consequences, could not there be a sum of money granted towards opening the best, or if it should be deemed more eligible, two of the nearest communications, one to the Northward and another to the Southward, with the settlements to the westward? And an act be passed (if there should not appear a manifest disposition in the Assembly to make it a public undertaking) to incorporate, and encourage private Adventurers if any should associate and sollicit the same, for the purpose of extending the navigation of Potomac or James river? And, in the former case, to request the concurrence of Maryland in the measure. It will appear from my statement of the different routs (and as far as my means of information have extended, I have done it with the utmost candour), that all the produce of the settlements about Fort Pitt can be brought to Alexandria by the Yohoghancy in 304 Miles; whereof only 31 is land transportation: And by the Monongahela and Cheat river in 300 miles; 20 only of which are land carriage. Whereas the common road from Fort Pitt to Philadelphia is 320 miles, all Land transportation; or 476 miles, if the Ohio, Toby's Creek, Susquehanna and Schuylkill are made use of for this purpose: how much of this is by land, I know not; but from the nature of the Country it must be very considerable. How much the interests and feelings of people thus circumstanced would be engaged to promote it, requires no illustration.
For my own part, I think it highly probable, that upon the strictest scrutiny (if the Falls of the Great Kanhawa can be made navigable, or a short portage be had there), it will be found of equal importance and convenience to improve the navigation of both the James and Potomac. The latter I am fully persuaded, affords the nearest communication with the Lakes; but James river may be more convenient for all the settlers below the mouth of the Gt. Kanhawa, and for some distance perhaps above, and west of it: for I have no expectation that any part of the trade above the falls of the Ohio will go down that river and the Mississippi, much less that the returns will ever come up them; unless our want of foresight and good management is the occasion of it. Or upon trial, if it should be found that these rivers, from the beforementioned Falls, will admit the descent of Sea vessels; in which case, and the navigation of the former's becoming free, it is probable that both vessels and the cargoes will be carried to foreign markets and sold; but the returns for them will never in the natural course of things, ascend the long and rapid current of that river; which with the Ohio to the Falls, in their meanderings, is little if any short of 2000 miles. Upon the whole, the object, in my estimation is of vast commercial and political importance: in these lights I think posterity will consider it, and regret (if our conduct should give them cause) that the present favourable moment to secure so great a blessing for them, was neglected.
One thing more remains, which I had like to have forgot, and that is the supposed difficulty of obtaining a passage tho' the State of Pennsylvania. How an application to its Legislature would be relished, in the first instance, I will not undertake to decide; but of one thing I am almost certain, such an application would place that body in a very delicate situation. There is in the State of Pennsylvania at least 100,000 souls west of the Laurel hill, who are groaning under the inconveniences of a long land transportation; they are wishing, indeed they are looking for the improvement and extension of inland navigation; and if this cannot be made easy for them, to Philada (at any rate it must be lengthy), they will seek a mart elsewhere; the consequence of which would be, that the State, tho' contrary to the policy and interests of its Sea-ports, must submit to the loss of so much of its trade, or hazard not only the trade but the loss of the Settlement also; for an opposition on the part of Government to the extension of water transportation, so consonant with the essential interests of a large body of people, or any extraordinary impositions upon the exports or imports to, or from another State, would ultimately bring on a separation between its Eastern and Western Settlements; towards which, there is not wanting a disposition at this moment in that part of it, which is beyond the mountains. I consider Rumsey's discovery for working Boats against stream, by mechanical powers (principally) as not only a very fortunate invention for these States in general, but as one of those circumstances which have combined to render the present epocha favourable above all others for fixing, if we are disposed to avail ourselves of them, a large portion of the trade of the Western Country in the bosom of this State irrevocably.
Lengthy as this letter is, I intended to have written a fuller and more digested one, upon this important subject, but have met with so many interruptions since my return home, as almost to have precluded my writing at all. What I now give is crude; but if you are in sentiment with me, I have said enough; if there is not an accordance of opinion I have said too much and all I pray in the latter case is, that you will do me the justice to believe my motives are pure, however erroneous my judgment may be on this matter, and that I am with the most perfect esteem etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Governor Harrison laid Washington's letter before the Virginia Assembly, and when Washington went to Richmond the middle of November to meet Lafayette the matter was discussed informally, and shortly thereafter a memorial from interested private citizens was sent to both the Virginia and Maryland Legislatures, praying an act of incorporation for a company. A committee of citizens consisted of Washington, Horatio Gates, and Thomas Blackburn was formed. From Richmond, Washington and Gates went to Annapolis, where Gates fell ill, and the entire matter rested on Washington. Through his exertions a bill was pushed through the Maryland Legislature, and sent to the Virginia Legislature, where a corresponding act was passed before the end of the session. The incorporation of the Potomac Navigation Co. thus became a fact. The Virginia Legislature also passed an act for incorporating the James River Co. The Virginia treasurer was directed to subscribe to 50 shares in the James River Co. and 100 shares in the Potomac River Co., which should be vested in George Washington and his heirs, the idea being to relieve Washington of the strain on his finances which the purchase of shares in these companies would involve. (See Madison's letter to Thomas Jefferson, Jan. 9, 1785, in Hunt's Writings of Madison, vol. 2, p. 102.)]
Mount Vernon, October 20, 1784.
Madam: The letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 23d. of May last, came to my hands in the moment of my departure for our Western territory. Knowing that I should be in the walks of Mr. White, and intending if I did not see him, to write to him on the subject of your letter; I thought it best to decline giving you any trouble until one of those events should have happened.
Fortunately, I saw Mr. White, who informed me that altho' appearances were against him he had not been unmindful, either of your commands, or his own promises; for tho' it was to give a precise account of the trust reposed in him, he has nevertheless done it some little time previous to my application; and would leave nothing unattempted to settle the whole in the best manner he was able, and circumstances would admit. He marked the parts of your letter to me which required his attention, and promised me that he would address you on the subject of them, in a very little time. For the favourable wishes you have been pleased to bestow on this young Country, and for the flattering sentiments you have expressed for me, my grateful acknowledgments are due. I have the honor, etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 25, 1784.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 20th. did not reach me until yesterday afternoon. I am now set down to acknowledge it, and shall be happy, if from any information I can give, you should derive satisfaction, or the public benefit.
To describe the usefulness of water transportation, would be a mere waste of time; every man who has considered the difference of expence between it and land transportation, and the prodigeous saving in the article of draft cattle, requires no arguments in proof of it: and to point out the advantages which the back inhabitants of Virginia and Maryland would derive from an extension of the inland navigation of the river Potomac, even supposing our views did not extend beyond the Apalachian mountains, would be equally nugatory.
But I consider this business in a far more extensive point of view, and the more I have revolved the subject, the more important it appears to me; not only as it respects our commerce, but our political interests, and the well being, and strength of the union also.
It has been long my decided opinion...59 harbour the smallest doubt, any more than they will of the difficulty of diverting trade, after connexions are once formed, and it has flowed for any length of time in one channel, to that of another.
[Note 59: The omitted portion is the same, verbatim, except in inconsequential verbal details, as Washington's letter to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, Oct. 10, 1784, q. v.]
I am not for discouraging the exertion of any State to draw the commerce of the Western Country to its sea ports, the more communications are opened to it, the closer we bind that rising world (for indeed it may be so called) to our interests, and the greater strength shall we acquire by it: those to whom nature affords the best communication, will, if they are wise and politic enjoy the greatest share of the trade. All I wou'd be understood to mean therefore is, that the gifts of providence may not be neglected or slighted: and these when considered on a commercial scale, are alone sufficient to excite one endeavours, but the political object of it, in my estimation is immense.
I need not remark to you Sir, that the flanks and rear ...60 or to be dependent upon foreigners; the consequence of which would be, a separation or a war. The way to avoid both, fortunately for us, is to do that which our most essential interest prompts us to, and which, at a very small comparative expence, is to be effected. I mean, to open a wide door to their commerce, and make the communication [as easy as possible for them to use it.
[Note 60: The omitted portion is the same, verbatim, as in Washington's letter to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, Oct. 10, 1784, q. v.]
This, in my judgment, would dry up the other sources, or if any part should flow down the Mississipi from the Falls of Ohio, by means of Vessels built for the sea, and sold with their Cargoes, the returns for them, I conceive, would go back this way.
I consider Rumseys discovery for working Boats against stream, by mechanical powers principally, as not only a very fortunate invention for these States in general, but as one of those circumstances which have combined to render the present epocha favorable above all others, for fixing, if we are disposed to avail ourselves of them, a large portion of the Peltry and Fur trade of the lakes, and the commerce within, irrecoverably, from these two states.
Lengthy as this letter is, I might have enlarged, but company prevents me. If there are any ideas in it which may be improved upon, I shall feel happy in having obeyed your commands. if there are not, your request must be my apology for having troubled you with these observations. My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, are tendered to Mrs. Plater and I am, etc.]61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The portion in brackets is taken from a facsimile in a sales catalogue of 1929.]
October 30, 1784.
Sir: If you will now, or at any other time, furnish me with an account of the expences which have been incurred for schooling, boarding and clothing of my Nephews, I will transmit you the money. Such of the latter as are proper for them, I hope will be obtained on the best terms, as the cost of them shall be regularly paid.
I think it would be very proper to have them taught the French language and such parts of the Mathematic's as will bring them acquainted with practical Surveying, which is useful to every man who has landed property. As they are fatherless and motherless children, I commit them to your benevolent care and protection. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1784.
Sir: The last Post gave me the honor of your letter of the 22d. Ulto. from New York and the little Tract which it enclosed. for both, you have my thanks.
My tour to the Westward, was less extensive than I intended. The Indians, it was said, were in too discontented a mood, for me to expose myself to their insults; as I had no object in contemplation which could justify any risk; my property in that Country having, previously, undergone every species of attack and diminution, that the nature of it would admit. To see the condition of my Lands which were nearest, and settled, and to dispose of those which were more remote, and unsettled, was all I had in view. The first I accomplished. The other I could not; and returned three weeks sooner than I expected.
You are pleased, my good Sir, to request that I would furnish you with such observations as I might have made in this tour, respecting "the Western Territory, Posts, or in general on Indian Affairs." with respect to the first and last, I63 had abundant reason to convince me, that the predictions of a letter, which I wrote on the 7th. of Septr. 1783 to a Committee of Congress, (at their request) in part, are already verified,
[Note 63: The "Letter Book" copy has "saw and heard enough while I was in that Country."] and that the rest, if the treaty which is now depending with the Indians, does not avert them, are upon the point of being so. And with respect to the Posts, two other letters of mine, the first on the 2d. of May last year, the other of the 8th. of Septr. following, addressed (by desire) to the Committee appointed to form a Peace establishment for the Union, contain my Sentiments on that Subject; fully, and clearly.
As these letters were addressed to Committees, at their own request, 'tis possible the members only of them, may have seen them; this must be my apology therefore for the reference, instead of a recital.
What may be the result of the Indian Treaty I pretend not to say; equally unacquainted am I with the Instructions, or Powers of the Commissioners; but if a large cession of territory is expected from them, a disappointment i think will ensue; for the Indians, I have been told, will not yield to the proposal. Nor can I see wherein lyes the advantages of it, if they would, at a first purchase, unless a number of States, tho' thinly Inhabited, would be more than a counterpoize in the political Scale, for progressive and compact settlements.
Such is the rage for speculating in, and forestalling of Lands on the No. West side of the Ohio, that scarce a valuable spot within any tolerable distance of it, is left without a claimant. Men in these times, talk with as much facility of fifty, a hundred, and even 500,000 Acres as a Gentleman formerly would do of 1000 acres. In defiance of the proclamation of Congress, they roam over the Country on the Indian side of the Ohio, mark out Lands, Survey, and even settle them. This gives great discontent to the Indians, and will unless measures are taken in time to prevent it, inevitably produce a war with the western Tribes.
To avoid which, there appears to me to be only these ways. Purchase, if possible, as much Land of them immediately back of us, as would make one or two States, according to the extent Congress design, or would wish to have them of; and which may be fully adequate to all our present purposes. Fix such a price upon the Lands, so purchased, as would not be too exorbitant and burthensome for real occupiers, but high enough to discourage monopolizers. Declare all steps, heretofore taken to procure Lands on the No. Wt. side of the Ohio, contrary to the prohibition of Congress, to be null and void. and that any person thereafter, who shall presume to mark, Survey, or settle Lands beyond the limits of the New States, and purchased Lands, shall not only be considered as outlaws, but fit subjects for Indian vengeance.
If these, or similar measures are adopted, I have no doubt of Congress's deriving a very considerable revenue from the Western territory; but Land, like other commodities, rise or fall in proportion to the quantity at market. consequently a higher price may be obtained by the Acre, for as much as will constitute one or two States, than can be had if ten States were offered for Sale at the sametime, besides extending the benefits, and deriving all the advantages of Law and Government from them at once; neither of which can be done in sparse Settlements, where nothing is thought of but scrambling for Land, which more than probably would involve confusion and bloodshed.
It is much to be regretted, that the slow determinations of Congress involve many evils. It is much easier to avoid mischiefs, than to apply remedies after they have happened. Had Congress paid an earlier attention to, or decided sooner on Indian Affairs, matters would have been in a more favorable train than they now are, and if they are longer delayed, they will grow worse. Twelve months ago the Indians would have listened to propositions of any kind with more readiness than they will do now. The terms of Peace frightened them, and they were disgusted with Great Britn. for making such. Bribery, and every address which British art could devise have been practiced since to sooth them, to astrange them from us, and to secure their Trade.
To what other causes can be abscribed, their holding our Western Posts so long, after the ratification of the Treaty, contrary to the spirit, tho they do it under the letter of it. To remove their Garrisons and Stores is not the work of a week; for if report be true, they have only to shift them to the opposite side of the line. but it is now more than a year since I foretold what has happened; and I shall not be surprized if they leave us no Posts to occupy; for if they mean to surrender them at all, they may fix upon a season, or appoint a short day perhaps for the evacuation, which would preclude all relief, especially as I believe you are in no condition to possess them. To do it properly, requires time; ordnance, stores, Provisions, and other Articles, no more than Garrisons, are to be established in a moment; even where Boats and other conveniences (of which I dare say you are deficient) are at hand to transplant them. Supposing this to be the case, their will be an interregnum, during which the works will be left without guards, and being obnoxious to British policy, and Indian prejudices, will, by accidental fires, or Indian Drunkeness end in conflagration.
There is a matter which tho' it does not come before Congress wholly, is in my opinion, of great political importance, and ought to be attended to in time. It is to prevent the trade of the Western territory from settling in the hands, either of the Spaniards or British. if either of these happen, there is a line of seperation at once drawn between the Eastern and Western Country. The consequences of which may be fatal. To tell any man of information, how fast the latter is settling; how much more rapidly it will settle, by means of foreign emigrants, who can have no particular predeliction for us; of the vast fertility of the Soil, and population the Country is competent to, would be futile. and equally nugatory to observe that it is by the cement of interest only, we can be held together. If then the trade of that Country should flow through the Mississipi or St. Lawrence. If the Inhabitants thereof should form commercial connexions, which lead, we know, to intercourse of other kinds, they would in a few years be as unconnected with us, indeed more so, than we are with South America; and wd. soon be alienated from us.
It may be asked how we are to prevent this? Happily for us the way is plain, and our immediate interests, as well as remote political advantages, points to it; whilst a combination of circumstances renders the present Epocha more favorable than any other, to accomplish them. Extend the inland navigation of the Eastern waters, communicate them as near as possible (by excellent Roads) with those which run to the westward. open these to the Ohio, and such others as extend from the Ohio towards Lake Erie; and we shall not only draw the produce of the western Settlers, but the Fur and peltry trade of the lakes also, to our Ports (being the nearest, and easiest of transportation) to the amazing encrease of our Exports, while we bind those people to us by a chain which never can be broken.
This is no Utopean Scheme, it can be demonstrated as fully as facts can ascertain any thing, that not only the produce of the Ohio and its waters, at least to the falls, but those of the lakes also, as far even as that of the Wood,64 may be brought to the
[Note 64: Lake of the Woods.] Sea Ports in the United States by routs shorter, easier, and less expensive than they can be carried to Montreal or New Orleans; if we would be at a little trouble and expence to open them. I will acknowledge that the most essential part of this business comes more properly before individual States than the Union; but there is one part of it, which lyes altogether with the latter and that is, to have actual Surveys of the Western territory; more especially of the Rivers which empty into the Ohio on the North west side thereof, which have the easiest and best communications with Lake Erie. Reporting the nature of these waters; the practicability of their navigation, and expence in opening of them. This, in my opinion, is an important business, and admits of no delay; it would shew the value of these Lands more clearly; it would attract the attention of the Settlers and the Traders; it would give the Ton, and fix ideas that at present are as floating as chaos.
You see Sir I have obeyed your commands; my sentiments are delivered with freedom; the worst construction they will admit of, is, that they are errors of judgment; for sure I am, I have no private views that can be promoted by the adoption of them. Mrs. Washington thanks you for your polite remembrance of her, and joins me in best respects. I am etc.65
[Note 65: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1784.
Sir: Your letter of the 12th. of Septemr. only came to my hands a few days ago. You can best tell how far the collection of my rents in Berkeley, Frederick, Fauquier and Loudoun, would interfere with the business you have to execute for Colo. Fairfax. If it can be made to comport with his, and the Gentleman who employed you to look after it would signify as much I should be very willing to commit my smaller matters to your care: and would then, as soon as it should be in my power, transmit you a rental of the sums (as far as I can ascertain them) which are due. At any rate, as Mr. Whiting is about to quit the Tenement he holds of me; as he is a good deal in arrears of rent; as common fame not only denotes him a bad manager, but one who is very much involved; which may occasion me a good deal of trouble if not loss, if his effects are suffered to be removed before the sum he owes me is secured: I have to request that you will cause distress to be made before this event takes place, unless he will give indubitable security for the payment of it in six months. You will readily perceive by this, that my meaning on the one hand is, not to lose the hold which the law has given me of his property on the premises, unless he will secure me in some other manner. And on the other hand not to distress him beyond what prudence and that security which I have a right to may absolutely require.
Enclosed you have a statemt. of the Accots. with him. On the 25th. day of December next another rent will become due; the security of which is equally necessary with that which is now due. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1784.
Dear Sir: The last post brought me your favor of the 18th. ulto., and gave me the pleasure to hear you were well.
My return from our Western territory was sooner than I expected when I left home. The Indians from accounts were in too discontented a mood to have rendered an interview with them agreeable, if chance should have thrown us together. I therefore returned from the Neighbourhood of Fort Pitt, where I found part of my property (Lands) in possession of others, and myself under the necessity of bringing ejectments for the recovery of it. To that which was more remote I did not go, for the reason above. Another year, and I may find it in like predicament. But as the Land cannot be removed, I did not think any attempts which might be made in the meanwhile, sufficient inducement to expose myself to the insults of Savages; and having no other objects in view, I returned three weeks sooner than I expected when I set out on the tour.
In my absence I had a very sickly family, but no deaths. Mrs. Washington has been very unwell, Miss Custis very ill, and your friend Tub67 a good deal reduced by a diarrhea, he has got perfectly well, and is as fat and saucy as ever. Mrs. Washington is pretty well recovered, but Miss Custis remains in a puny state. the family unite in best wishes for you, and I am, etc.68
[Note 67: George Washington Parke Custis(?)]
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1784.
Sir: Your letter of the 15th. of Octor. is at hand, and is the first I have ever received from you. Persons as well acquainted with Husbandry, in its various branches, as you profess yourself to be, and have credentials of, must no doubt be an acquisition to any Country, and meet with encouragement in this. I should be glad to employ a Man who has a perfect knowledge of Agriculture, skilled in the rotation of crops; and who understands feeding horses, Cattle, sheep &c. But before I would be under any legal, or honorary engagement, or put you to the trouble or expence of coming this way, I should be glad to know precisely your terms, wages &c. To which I wou'd give you an answer by the return of the Post. It may not be amiss to inform you, that it is a head or Director only I want; hands I could furnish from my own Estate to occupy any farm I have unengaged at present. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1784.
Dear Sir: I have not yet received a statement of my Account with you. It would give me pleasure to have it at full length, and soon; I wish you would add to it, 100 lbs. of fresh and good (red) Clover seed, to be sent by the first vessel to Alexandria; as I should be to receive it before Ice may impede the navigation of this river or the Delaware.
I requested the favor of Mr. Boudinot to send me as much of the Orchard grass seed, as would sow ten acres, and if no opportunity should offer immediately from New York to Alexandria, to address it to your care. should the latter be the case, I pray you to forward it by the first conveyance after its arrival.
Last Spring you were unable to get me English grass seed; but if it is to be had now, it would be very convenient for me to receive as much as would sow five acres, say 50 lbs. The grass I mean goes under so many different names, that this may be a reason why you were unsuccessful: by some it is call'd English grass, by others Goose grass, again Spear grass. In short, it is that kind of grass which affords the best turf for walks and Lawns, and is the purpose for which I want it. Could these seeds be had from the Farms, or of the growth of this Country, there would be more certainty of its coming up. Imported Seeds (even where no pranks are played with it) often gets heated in the Ship, and the vegitation thereby destroyed.
At what prices could good Ticklenburg be had in Philadelphia, Nails, paint, and in short course goods? Are goods in general cheap or dear with you? I am, etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1784.
Dr. Sir: Mrs. Washington and I have heard with great pleasure of Miss Boudinot's restoration to health, and change of condition; on both which events we join in sincere compliments of congratulations to you, Mrs. Boudinot and the young couple.
Will you permit me my good Sir, to request the favor of you (if it should not be attended with inconvenience) to purchase as much of the Orchard grass seed for me, as will sow about ten acres of Land, and forward it by any Vessel which may be coming from New York to Alexandria, or if opportunities from thence are rare, to Colo. Biddle in Philadelphia, with a request to forward it to me without delay, that I may be certain of getting it for early seeding in the Spring. You would add to the favor if the Seed should be accompanied by the direction of a good farmer, with respect to the quantity which should be given to an Acre, and the manner of sowing it. I will remit the price of the Seed with thanks, so soon as you shall inform me of the cost of it.
You were so obliging some years ago as to furnish me with a little of this seed, but like most other things which belonged to me it was neglected. I want to try it now under my own management. With very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.70
[Richmond, November 15, 1784.]71
[Note 71: Washington reached Richmond on November 14 (Sunday). Lafayette arrived there November 18.]
Gentlemen: My sensibility is deeply affected by this distinguished mark of the affectionate regard of your honble. House.72 I lament upon this occasion that my powers of utterance will not do justice to my feelings; and shall rely upon your endulgent report to supply the defect; at the sametime I pray you to present for me the strongest assurances of unalterable affection and gratitude for this last pleasing and flattering attention of my Country.
[Note 72: The House had appointed a committee, consisting of Patrick Henry, James Madison, Joseph Jones, C. H. Harrison, and Edward Carrington, to wait on the General with the complimentary resolve of the House, which is in the Washington Papers, under date of Nov. 15, 1784.]
[November 15, 1784.]
Gentlemen: I derive great honor from your congratulatory address; the language of which, is too flattering not to have excited my utmost gratitude.
To the Smiles of Heaven, to a virtuous and gallant Army, and to the exertions of my fellow Citizens of the Union, (not to superior talents of mine) are to be ascribed the blessings of that liberty, Independence and peace, of wch. we are now in the enjoyment. Whilst these are afforded us, and while the advantages of commerce are not only offered but are solliciting our acceptance, it must be our own fault indeed if we do not make them productive of a rich and plenteous harvest, and of that National honor and glory, which should be characteristic of a young, and rising Empire.
That this growing City may enjoy all the benefits which are to be derived from them, in the fullest extent; that it may improve such as nature has bestowed, and that it may soon be ranked among the first in the Union for population, commerce and wealth is my sincere and fervent wish.
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1784.
Madam: If my expression was equal to my sensibility, I should in more elegant language than I am Master of, declare to you my sense of the obligation I am under for the letter you did me the honor to write me by the Marqs. de la Fayette, and thanks for this flattering instance of your regard. The pleasure I received in once more embracing my friend could only have been encreased by your presence, and that opportunity I should thereby have had of paying, in my own house, the homage of my respectful attachment to his better half. I have obtained a promise which the Marqs. has ratified to Mrs. Washington, that he will use his influence to bring you with him to this Country, whenever he shall visit it again. When the weight of so powerful an advocate is on our side, will you My Dr. Marchioness deny us the pleasure of accompanying him to the shores of Columbia? In offering our mite, we can only assure you that endeavours shall not be wanting on our part to make this new world as agreeable to you as rural scenes and peaceful retirement are competent to. The Marquis returns to you with all the warmth and ardour of a newly inspired lover. We restore him to you in good health, crowned with wreaths of love and respect from every part of the Union. That his meeting with you, his family and friends, may be propitious, and as happy as your wishes can make it: that you may long live together revered and beloved, and that you may transmit to a numerous progeny the virtue which you both possess, is consonate with the vow and fervent wish of your devoted and most respectful Humble Servant.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
November 25, 1784.
Permit me to thank you my dear little correspondent for the favor of her letter of the 18th. of June last, and to impress her with the idea of the pleasure I shall derive in a continuation of them. Her papa is restored to her with all the good health, paternal affection and honors her tender heart could wish.
He will carry a kiss to her from me, (which might be more agreeable from a pretty boy) and give her assurances of the affectionate regard with which I have the pleasure of being her well wisher.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1784.
Sir: The Marqs. de la Fayette did me the honor of presenting to me your favor of the 16th. of June;77 and of entering into some explanation of the powers of Magnetism, the discovery of which, if it should prove as extensively beneficial as it is said, must be fortunate indeed for Mankind, and redound very highly to the honor of that genius to whom it owes its birth. For the confidence reposed in me by the Society which you have formed for the purpose of diffusing and deriving from it, all the advantages expected; and for your favourable sentiments of me, I pray you to receive my gratitude, and the assurances of the respect and esteem with which I have the honor, etc.76
[Note 77: Mesmer's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1784.
My Dr. Humphrys: I have had the pleasure to receive two Letters from you since your arrival in France, and cannot let the Marqs. de la Fayette depart without an acknowledgment of them, altho' his doing it is sudden, and as you may well suppose with company; under these circumstances I am not well in a condition to do it.
When I am a little more at leisure (if that ever should be) I will give you all the occurrences of this quarter that have come under my view and recollection: at present I will content myself with informing you that we are all very well, and join very sincerely in every wish for your health, welfare and every happiness you yourself can desire. I am, etc.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1784.
Sir: The Marqs. de la Fayette presented me with the honor of your favor of the 15th. of June. Let me beseech you to be persuaded sir, that I derived great pleasure from its contents, and shall think it a very happy circumstance if fortune should ever place it in my power to facilitate your views of settlement in a country which your personal services have contributed to free from those shackles which were forging for its bondage. The acquisition of such a Citizen cannot be more pleasing, than honorable to America; and in whatever I can be useful towards the fulfilment of your wishes, you have only to command my best services. I have the honor, etc.78
[Note 79: A French merchant of Amsterdam, He had published in that city in 1784 Le Spectateur Americain and Researches Philosophiques sur la Découverte de l'Amerique.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1784.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 11th. of June, accompanied with your remarks and enquiries concerning America. The honorable mention which you make of me in both is far above my deserts, and to be ascribed more to your politeness than to my merits: on my gratitude however you have a powerful claim; at the same time that it becomes matter of regret to me, that my want of knowledge in the French language will not allow me to become well acquainted with all the beauties of your Spectator. I must pray you to do me the justice to believe that I am, etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 25 Washington wrote briefly to Monsieur Maithe, Avocat at the Parliament at Toulouse, Languedoc, France. thanking him for a pamphlet. A copy of this is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1784.
My dear Count: Your favor of the 9th. of Septr, enclosing the copy of a letter from the Marqs. de Segar,81 is this moment received. The repeated instances of the honor, conferred on the Society of the Cincinnati by His most Christn. Majesty's indulgent recognition of it, is highly flattering to the Order; and merits the most grateful acknowledgements of all its Members.
[Note 81: Rochambeau's letter and a copy of Ségur's letter of Aug. 28, 1784, are in the Washington Papers.]
The pleasure with which you say Prince Henry of Prussia viewed my Picture at your house, is very flattering. I can never too often assure you of my Affectionate regard, and of the respectful attachment with which I have the honor etc.82
[Note 82: From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.
On November 25 Washington wrote briefly to a Monsieur De Venie, referring him to the Society of the Cincinnati in France for a decision as to his claim to be received into the Society. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 2784.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 12th Instt. Altho' I felt pain from your silence, I should have imputed it to any cause rather than a diminution of friendship. The warmth of which I feel too sensibly for you, to harbour a suspicion of the want of it in you, without being conscious of having given cause for the change. having ever flattered myself that our regards were reciprocal.
It gives me great pleasure to learn from yourself, that the State over which you preside is tranquil. Would to God it may ever remain so, and that all others would follow the example. Internal dissentions, and jarrings with our Neighbours, are not only productive of mischievous consequences, as it respects ourselves, but has a tendency to lessen our national character, and importance in the eyes of European powers. If anything can, this will expose us to their intrieguing politics, and may shake the Union.
It has been my avowed and uniform opinion, ever since the interview between Baron de Steuben and Genl. Haldimand last year, that whilst a pretext could be found, the Western Posts would be withheld from us; and I do not think I should hazard a false prediction, were I to add, that they never will come into our hands in the condition they now are. When pretexts can no longer put on a decent garb, a Season may be named for the surrender, in which it would be impracticable for us to plant a garrison, or transport provisions and stores. an interregnum would then follow, during which the Indians by innuendos, [ sic] may reduce them to ashes. I wish it may be otherwise, but these are my opinions.
I am sorry we have been disappointed in our expectation of the Mineral Spring at Saratoga. and of the purchase of that part of the Oeriskeny tract on which Fort Schuyler stands; but I am glad you have succeeded upon such advantageous terms in the purchase of 6,000 acres adjoining; for you certainly have obtained it amazingly cheap. Be so good, my dear Sir, along with the other information you have kindly promised me, to signify whether you have any prospects of borrowing (on interest) money for the payment of my moiety (as was talked of between us) or whether I am to provide it in any other manner; that I may take measures accordingly. The time is also come for the payment of interest due on the old score, and I shall do it with as little delay as possible.
It gave great pain to Mrs. Washington and myself, to hear of Mrs. Clintons indisposition, and of the sickness and accidents with which your little flock have been afflicted. Our best, and sincere wishes are offered for them, and we hope, shortly, to hear of their perfect restoration; for we have a most affectionate regard for them all, and feel ourselves interested in everything which concerns them.
Give me leave now, my dear Sir, to thank you for your recollection, and attention to the small articles which I begged you to provide for me. Whenever you conceive the season is proper, and as oppertunity offers, I shall hope to receive the Balsam trees; or any others which you may think curious, and exoticks with us; as I am endeavouring to improve the grounds about my house in this way. If perchance the Sloop Pilgrim is not yet Sailed from your Port, you would add to the favor you mean to confer on me, by causing a number of Grape Vines sent me by an Uncle of the Chevr. de la Luzernes,--brought over by Captn. Williamos, [ sic] and deposited by him in the Garden of a Mr. Beakman near the City, to be forwarded by that Vessel. They consist of a variety of the most valuable eating grapes of France; a list of the kinds, and distinction of them, no doubt accompanied the Sets. I pray you to take some of each sort for your own use, and request Mr. Beakman to do the same, with my thanks for his care of them.
I thank you for the interest you take in the welfare of my Nephew,83 and for his letter which you were so obliging as to send me. Poor young fellow! his pursuit after health is, I fear, altogether fruitless. Ever since the month of May he has been
[Note 83: George Augustine Washington.] traversing the Seas, from Island to Island, to very little purpose. When he last wrote he was about to Sail for Charleston, where he proposed to spend the Winter; and if no salutary effects resulted from it, to come hither and resign himself, to his fate, in the Spring. Mrs. Washington unites with me in every kind and affectionate regard for you, Mrs. Clinton and family, and with sentiments of warmest friendship, etc.
PS. Tell Walker that Mrs. Washington and I not only congratulate him on his matrimonial connexion, but wish him all the joy and comfort which is to be derived from a good wife.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1784.
Dear Sir: From a letter dated the 9th. of last month from my Nephew Geo: Augt. Washington then at Burmuda, I have reason to believe he is ere this at Charleston. The poor fellow is travelling about in pursuit of health, which, it is to be feared he will never obtain. His determination at the time he wrote to me was, to procure a passage, which he thought might happen in a fortnight or three weeks, for Turks Island, thence to your City, where he proposed to stay during the inclemency of the Winter.
He writes to me for some winter cloaths which he left here, but as I know of no direct or safe conveyance, and as I presume his finances may be some what reduced, you would oblige me by procuring him a credit for such sums as he may want for this and other purposes, and I will see that due payment is made. I beg leave to recommend him to your patronage and kind offices whilst he remains in So. Carolina, he is a very amiable young man, and one for whom I have an entire affection and regard.
I saw your Brother, well, the other day at Richmond. It is said he is on the point of Matrimony; but of this and other matters of family concern, I presume you receive regular and better advice than I can give. tho' unknown I beg leave to offer my best respects to your Lady. Mrs. Washington joins me in it, and in complimts. to yourself. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 85: Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren Kersaint, captain, French Navy, who visited America with a French squadron. He wrote to Washington (September 12) from York, in the Chesapeake. His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1784.
Sir: I regret exceedingly that my absence from home should have happened at a time when you intended me the honor of a visit. I shall consider the tour I made, on that account, as unfortunate. If the orders of your Prince, or a desire to see these shores again, should ever bring you into this Country, I pray you to be assured of the pleasure I should feel the honor of a visit from you. For the favourable sentiments you are pleased to express for me, you have a claim upon my gratitude. With much respect I have the honor, etc.84
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 28
December 5, 1784--August 30, 1786
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312.7 1931
Printed
October, 1938
The Library of Congress
Dec 22 1941
Division of Documents
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1784.
Sir: Your early attention to me after your arrival at the Court of Versailles, amidst scenes of gaiety and the gratulations of friends, does me great honor, and excites my warmest acknowledgments. That your august Sovereign, his amiable consort, and the Princes his brothers, should deign to interest themselves in, and wish to be acquainted with the circumstances of my life, is one of the most flattering incidents of it; and affects my sensibility beyond any expression I have of my feelings. If any thing could overcome the present difficulties which impede my desires to pay my respectful homage at your Court, it would be the wish which you say these august personages have been pleased to express to see me there, and the welcome reception I should meet from the nation at large, especially from those characters to whom I have the honor of a personal acquaintance; but I fear my vows and earnest wishes are the only tribute of respect I shall ever have it in my power to offer them in return.
It gave me great pleasure to learn from your letter (of the 12th. of Septr.) that the sword which had been so lately sheathed, was likely to remain in the scabbard for some time, other information according with appearances, seem rather to indicate an approaching storm in the United Netherlands; which, in its consequences, might touch the torch, which would kindle the flames of a general War in Europe. How far British policy may yield to Irish claims, is not for me to determine. The first, it should seem, have had too much of civil contentions to engage, without some respite, in fresh broils; and the other is too near, and too much divided among themselves, to oppose effectually without foreign aid, especially maritime. But I know not enough of their politic's, or their expectations, to hazard an opinion respecting the issue of their disputes. That they slumbered during the favourable moment, none I think can deny, and favourable moments in war, as in love, once lost are seldom regained.
We have lately held a treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, advantageously it is said for the United States, tho' the issue of it is not pleasing to that of New York. The Commissioners were by the last accounts, proceeding via Fort Pitt, to Cayahoga to a Meeting of the Western Tribes, who every now and then have bickerings with our Settlers on the Ohio, in which lives and property have been lost. At the eclairissement which is about to be had with them, it is to be hoped a proper understanding will take place, the cause of discontent removed, and peace and amity perfectly reestablished.
The honor of your correspondence I shall ever set a high value upon, and shall thank you for the continuation of it; the occurences of Europe cannot come thro' a better informed channel, nor from a more pleasing pen. Such returns as can flow from the cottage of retirement, I will make you: these indeed will be inadequate; but to a mind generous as yours is, there is more pleasure in conferring than in receiving an obligation.
If Sir, the name of your Sovereign has been committed to your letter by his approbation or authority, you will know how far my respectful acknowledgments are due, and can be offered with propriety. I wish not to obtrude myself; nor to step over that line which custom has drawn, altho' feeling more respect and veneration for the King and Queen of France than I have powers to utter, I should in that case rest more on your abilities and their goodness to disclose them, than upon my own faint endeavours. To the military characters with whom I have the honor of an acquaintance, I present my best wishes and affectionate regards; at the same time that I never can too often repeat to you the assurances of the esteem and attachment with which I have the honor, etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1784.
My Dr. Sir: Apologies are idle things: I will not trouble you with them; that I am your debtor in the epistolary way I acknowledge, and that appearances indicate a disposition to remain so, I cannot deny; but I have neither the inclination nor the effrontery to follow the example of great men or St--s to withhold payment altogether. To whatever other causes therefore my silence may be attributed, ascribe it not, I beseech you to want of friendship, for in this, neither time nor absence can occasion a diminution; and I regret that fortune has placed us in different States and distant climes, where an interchange of sentiments can only be by letter.
When your letter of the 26th. of July came here, I was upon the eve of a tour to the Westward which ended in the neighbourhood of Fort Pit, altho' my original plan took in the Great Kanhawa. I found from information, that the Indians were in too discontented a mood to render it prudent for me to run the risk of insult: to see the condition of the property I had in that Country, and the quality of my Lands, were all the objects I had in view. Those in the vicinity of Fort Pitt (for which I have had patents more than ten years) I found in possession of people who set me at defiance, under the claim of preoccupancy. Another year, and I may find the rest seized under the like pretext; but as the land cannot be removed, altho' the property may be changed, I thought it better to return, than to make a bad matter worse by hazarding abuse from the Savages of the Country.
I am now endeavoring to stimulate my Countrymen to the extension of the inland navigation of the rivers Potomac and James, thereby, and a short land transportation, to connect the Western Territory by strong commercial bands with this. I hope I shall succeed, more on account of its political importance than the commercial advantages which would result from it, altho' the latter is an immense object: for if this Country, which will settle faster than any other ever did (and chiefly by foreigners who can have no particular predilection for us), cannot, by an easy communication be drawn this way, but are suffered to form commercial intercourses (which lead we all know to others) with the Spaniards on their right and rear, or the British on their left, they will become a distinct people from us, have different views, different interests, and instead of adding strength to the Union, may in case of a rupture with either of those powers, be a formidable and dangerous neighbour.
After much time spent (charity directs us to suppose in duly considering the matter) a treaty has at length been held with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix: much to the advantage it is said of the United States, but to the great disgust of that of New York: fruitlessly, it is added by some, who assert that the Deputies on the part of the Indians were not properly authorized to treat. How true this may be, I will not pretend to decide; but certain it is in my opinion, that there is a kind of fatality attending all our public measures, inconceivable delays, particular States counteracting the plans of the United States when submitted to them, opposing each other upon all occasions, torn by internal disputes, or supinely negligent and inattentive to everything which is not local and self interesting and very often short sighted in these, make up our system of conduct. Would to God our own Countrymen, who are entrusted with the management of the political machine, could view things by that large and extensive scale upon which it is measured by foreigners, and by the Statemen of Europe, who see what we might be, and predict what we shall come to. In fact, our federal Government is a name without substance: No State is longer bound by its edicts, than it suits present purposes, without looking to the consequences. How then can we fail in a little time, becoming the sport of European politics, and the victims of our own folly.
I met the Marqs. de la Fayette at Richmond, brought him to this place, conducted him to Annapolis, saw him on the road to Baltimore, and returned. About the middle of this month he expected to embark at New York for France. He tells us that Mrs. Knox was about to add to your family, we hope 'ere this we may congratulate you both on a son, or daughter, according to your desires. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good sentiment of esteem, regard and friendship, I am, etc.
P.S. Had you an agreeable tour to the Eastward? Are the State Societies2 in the New England Governments making any moves towards obtaining Charters? If they are, with what success?3
[Note 2: Of the Cincinnati.]
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 8, 1784.
Dear Sir: When the Marqs. de la Fayette left this place, he expected to embark abt. the 14th. or 15th. Instr. on board the Nymph frigate, at New York, for France. Therefore, as this event may have taken place before this letter gets that far, I take the liberty of putting the enclosed packet under cover to you, with a request, if he should have Sailed, to forward it by the first French Packet which follows.
In looking into Millers Gardeners Dictionary, I find, besides transplanting, that the Pine-tree and ever greens of all kinds, are to be raised from the Seed. As this may be an easier way of helping me to the balm of Gilead, Spruce, White pine, or Hemlock, than by Stolks, I would thank your Excellency when it may be convenient (if it is not too late in the Season for it) to forward me some of these Seeds; especially the first, extracted from the Cone, and put up in Sand. A thimble ful or two of each would suffice, and this might, at any time, come by the Stage, first to the care of Colo. Biddle in Philadelphia, who would forward it to me. Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for Mrs. Clinton, yourself and all the family. With great truth etc.4
[Note 4: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by John Gilbert, of Philadelphia.]
Mount Vernon, December 8, 1784.
My Dr. Marqs: The peregrination of the day in which I parted with you, ended at Marlbro': the next day, bad as it was, I got home before dinner.5
[Note 5: Washington parted from Lafayette at Annapolis, apparently on December 1, and reached Mount Vernon on December 2.]
In the moment of our separation upon the road as I travelled, and every hour since, I felt all that love, respect and attachment for you, with which length of years, close connexion and your merits have inspired me. I often asked myself, as our carriages distended,6 whether that was the last sight, I ever should have of you? And tho' I wished to say no, my fears answered yes. I called to mind the days of my youth, and found they had long since fled to return no more; that I was now descending the hill, I had been 52 years climbing, and that tho' I was blessed with a good constitution, I was of a short lived family, and might soon expect to be entombed in the dreary mansions of my father's. These things darkened the shades and gave a gloom to the picture, consequently to my prospects of seeing you again: but I will not repine, I have had my day.
[Note 6: A questionable error of the copyist; "distanced" seems more likely to have been the word written by Washington.]
Nothing of importance has occurred since I parted with you; I found my family well, and am now immersed in company; notwithstanding which, I have in haste, produced a few more letters to give you the trouble of, rather inclining to commit them to your care, than to pass them thro' many and unknown hands.
It is unnecessary, I persuade myself to repeat to you my Dr. Marqs. the sincerity of my regards and friendship, nor have I words which could express my affection for you, were I to attempt it. My fervent prayers are offered for your safe and pleasant passage, happing meeting with Madame la Fayette and family, and the completion of every wish of your heart, in all which Mrs. Washington joins me, as she does in complimts. to Capt. Grandchean and the Chevr.7 of whom little Wash:n often speaks. With every sentimt. wch. is propitious and endearing, I am, etc.8
[Note 7: Chevalier Caraman.]
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
December 13, 1784.
Dr. Sir: My brother John11 is much in want of four, five or six hundred pounds which he is desirous of borrowing on Interest. If it is in your power to supply him I will become security for
[Note 11: John Augustine Washington.] the fulfilment of his agreement. He seems to have little expectation that money in these times, can be had at the common interest; and his own words will best express what he is willing to allow.
I believe I mentioned to you before (when he was last up) that I was willing to receive ninety pounds for an hundred, and pay interest for the latter sum from the date, provided I could be allowed to retain the principal two years. If I could receive 4, 5, or 6 hundred pounds on these terms, it would be a real convenience and happiness for me; because it would enable me to observe that punctuality in dealing I always wished to do, and without which I am miserable. If you cou'd prevail upon Colo. Mason, or any other Gentleman to furnish me with the above sum on these terms, you would confer a very great favor, and I would attend at a time to be appointed to give Bond and receive the money.
To this, I can add nothing but my wishes for his success, an expression of my own inclination to have supplied his want, if I had been in circumstances to have it done. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 13: Richard Henry Lee.]
Mount Vernon, December 14, 1784.
Dear Sir: The letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 20th. of last month, only came to my hands by the post preceding the date of this. For the copy of the treaty held with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, you will please to accept my thanks. These people have given I think, all that the United States could reasonably have required of them; more perhaps than the State of New York conceives ought to have been asked from them by any other than their own Legislature. I wish they were better satisfied. Individual States opposing the measures of the United States, encroaching upon the territory of each other; and setting up old and obsolete claims, is verifying the prediction of our enemies, and is truly unfortunate. If the Western tribes are as well disposed to treat with us as the Six Nations have been; and will cede a competent District of Land No. West of the Ohio to answer our present purposes; it will be a circumstance as unexpected; as pleasing to me; for it was apprehended that they would agree to the latter reluctantly, if at all: but the example of the northern Indians who (if they have not reliquished their claim) have pretentions to a large part of those Lands; may have a powerful influence on the Western gentry, and smooth the way for the Commissioners who have proceeded to Cayahoga.
It gave me pleasure to find by the last Gazettes, that a sufficient number of States had assembled to form a Congress, and that you were chosen to preside in it,14 on this event be pleased to accept my compliments of congratulation. To whatever causes the delay of this meeting may have been ascribed,15 it most certainly has an unfavourable aspect; contributes to lessen (at present too low) the dignity and importance of the federal government, and is hurtful to our national character in the eyes of Europe.
[Note 14: Lee was elected President of Congress on November 30.]
[Note 15: Congress was to have assembled October 30, but did not succeed in organizing until November 30.]
It is said (I do not know how founded) that our Assembly have repealed their former act respecting British debts. If this be true, and the State of New York has not acted repugnant to the terms of the Treaty, the British Government can no longer hold the western Posts under that cover; but I shall be mistaken if they do not entrench themselves behind some other expedient to effect it; or will appoint a time for surrendering them of which we cannot avail ourselves; the probable consequence of which will be the destruction of the works.
The Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland have now under consideration the extension of the inland navigation of the rivers Potomac and James, and opening a communication between them and the Western waters: they seem fully impressed with the political as well as the commercial advantages which would result from the accomplishment of these great objects; and I hope will embrace the present moment to put them in train for speedy execution. Would it not at the same time be worthy of the wisdom and attention of Congress, to have the western waters well explored, the navigation of them fully ascertained, accurately laid down, and a complete and perfect map made of the Country; at least, as far westwardly as the Miamies running into the Ohio and Lake Erie; and to see how the waters of them communicate with the river St. Joseph which empties into the Lake Michigan, and with the Wabash? I cannot forbear observing here, that the Miami Village in Hutchins map, if it, and the waters here mentioned are laid down with any degree of accuracy, points to a very important post for the Union. The expence attending this undertaking cou'd not be great, the advantages would be unbounded; for sure I am, nature has made such an ample display of her bounties in those regions, that the more the Country is explored, the more it will rise in estimation, consequently, the greater might the revenue be to the Union. Would there be any impropriety do you think sir, in reserving for special sale, all Mines, minerals and Salt springs in the general Grants of Land belonging to the United States. The Public, instead of the few knowing ones, might in this case derive the benefits which would result from the sale of them, without infringing any rule of justice that occurs to me, or their own laws, but on the contrary inflict a just punishment upon those, who in defiance of the latter, have dared to create enemies, and to disturb the public tranquillity, by roaming over the country, marking and surveying the valuable spots in it, to the great disquiet of the Western Tribes of Indians, who have viewed these transactions with jealous indignation. To hit upon a happy medium price for the Western Lands, for the prevention of monopoly on one hand; and not discouraging useful settlers on the other, will no doubt require consideration, but should not employ too much time before it is announced. The spirit for emigration is great, people have got impatient, and tho' you cannot stop the road, it is yet in your power to mark the way; a little while and you will not be able to do either. It is easier to prevent, than to remedy an evil. I shall be happy in the continuation of your correspondence, and with every sentiment of great esteem etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1784.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 17th. ulto. It would interfere with no views of mine, to give you a field to speculate in, if I was sufficiently Master of the business, and had leisure for these kind of communications: but the truth is, I do not turn my thoughts to matters of that sort, and if I did, the business in which you want to be informed is too much in embryo, and depends too much on contingencies, to speak to with any degree of certainty at this time. First, because Acts of the Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland, must be obtained to incorporate private Adventurers to undertake the business. 2d. the Company must be formed before anything can be done. 3d. an actual survey of the waters, by skilful Engineers, (or persons in that line) must take place and be approved before the points at which the navigation on the different waters can be ascertained, as proper to end, or commence the water transportation. From Fort Cumberland to the Yohioghany is one of the Portages in contemplation, and from some place higher up the No. river,17 most convenient to the navigable part, or such part as can be made so, of the Cheat river, is another portage talked of; but whether either, neither or both may be attempted does not lie with me to determine, and therefore I should be unwilling to mislead any one by hazarding an opinion, as my knowledge of that Country goes more to the general view of it, and to general principle, than to the investigation of local spots for interested purposes. I am, etc.18
[Note 17: The North Branch of the Potomac.]
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: Formerly master of the grammar school at Dumfries, Va., and at this time master of the academy at Inchdrewer, near Banff, North Britain.]
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1784.
Sir: Nor until within a few days have I been honor'd with your favor of the 27th. of Septr. 1783, accompanying your treatise on Education.
My sentiments are perfectly in unison with yours sir, that the best means of forming a manly, virtuous and happy people, will be found in the right education of youth. Without this foundation, every other means, in my opinion, must fail; and it gives me pleasure to find that Gentlemen of your abilities are devoting their time and attention in pointing out the way. For your lucubrations on this subject which you have been so obliging as to send me, I pray you to accept my thanks, and an expression of the pleasure I felt at the declaration of your intention to devote a further portion of your time in so useful a study.
Of the importance of education our Assemblies, happily, seem fully impressed; they establishing new, and giving further endowments to the old Seminaries of learning, and I persuade myself will leave nothing unessayed to cultivate literature and useful knowledge, for the purpose of qualifying the rising generation for patrons of good government, virtue and happiness. I have the honor, etc.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1784.
Dr. Sir: The Express who brought me the resolves of our Assembly, and is going to Annapolis with dispatches for Govr. Paca, informs me that he deliver'd others to you. It only remains therefore for me to add, that Thursday next, the 23d. is the day appointed for the Commissioners to meet at Annapolis.21 I shall go to our Court tomorrow, and proceed from thence.22 I am, etc.20
[Note 21: Blackburn became ill and did not attend.]
[Note 22: On December 19 Washington also wrote a brief note to Governor Paca, notifying him that he would be in Annapolis at the time appointed. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1784.
Dear Sir: I am indebted to you for several letters, and am as much so for the Fish you kindly intended, as if it had actually arrived, and I was in the act of paying my respects to it at table, the chance, however, of doing this would be greater, was it at Boston, than in Yorktown in this State, where I am informed it was landed at the time the Marqs. de la Fayette did, who proceeded from thence to Richmond, where I met him, and conducted him to Annapolis on his way to New York; the place of his intended embarkation for France, about the middle of this month.
I am glad to hear that my old acquaintance Colo. Ward23 is yet under the influence of vigorous passions. I will not ascribe the intrepidity of his late enterprize to a mere flash of desires, because, in his military career he would have learnt how to distinguish between false alarms and a serious movement. Charity therefore induces me to suppose that like a prudent general, he had reviewed his strength, his arms, and ammunition before he got involved in an action. But if these have been neglected, and he has been precipitated into the measure, let me advise him to make the first onset upon his fair del Toboso, with vigor, that the impression may be deep, if it cannot be lasting, or frequently renewed.
[Note 23: Col, Joseph(?) Ward.]
We are all well at this time except Miss Custis, who still feels the effect, and sometimes the return of her fever. Mrs. Lund Washington has added a daughter to her family. She, Child and husband are well, and become house-keepers at the distance of about four miles from this place.
We have a dearth of News, but the fine weather keeps us busy, and we have leisure for cogitation. All join in best wishes for you, Doctr. and Mrs. Stuart are of those who do it. I am, etc.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1784.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th. of October came to my hands the 14th. inst:, the box of Plate is not yet arrived.
It would have been very obliging in you, and would have done me an essential kindness, had you as soon as this Box arrived at New York (which you say was the latter part of summer) given me notice thereof by post; altho' there might have been no opportunity at that time, or in any short time thereafter to forward the package to me: for having been assured by Mr. Parker (before I left New York last year) that I might look for this Plate in the Spring; having, in answer to a letter I wrote to him early in the summer, been informed of some disappointment to his expectation of it; and having heard soon after, that that Gentlen. was under peculiar embarrassment, and not a word from him since, I gave up every idea of having my commission complied with by him, and supplied myself, not fourteen days ago, in another way. I now have both setts, neither of which can be disposed of, one having been used, and the other having my Crest and arms on it.
When I was at New York, altho' I could not get Mr. Parker, from his then hurry, to render me a full and complete transcript of my Accots.; yet he gave me a short statement of the debit and credit of my dealings with him by which there is a balance of £65.5.5 York Curry. due to me, this sum I left in his hands declaredly and by agreement to be applied towards payment for the Plate his brother was to get for me. If you will be pleased (if Mr. Parkers books are in your possession) to examine into this matter, or if they are not, will make out an account with this credit, at the current exchange, I will cause it to be paid. To do it in Alexandria, if you have any Agent or correspondent there, would be more convenient for me, as I have no dealings either in New York or London at this time. In this case I shou'd be glad to have the original Bill sent with the Accot. If the business cannot be closed in this manner I will endeavour to accomodate myself to your wishes in any other way I am able. I am, etc.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Annapolis, December 23, 1784.
My Dr. Marqs. You would scarcely expect to receive a letter from me at this place: a few hours before I set out for it, I as little expected to cross the Potomac again this winter, or even to be fifteen miles from home before the first of April, as I did to make you a visit in an air Balloon in France.
I am here however, with Genl. Gates, at the request of the Assembly of Virginia, to fix matters with the Assembly of this State respecting the extension of the inland navigation of Potomac, and the communication between it and the Western waters; and hope a plan will be agreed upon to the mutual satisfaction of both States, and to the advantage of the Union at large.
It gave me pain to hear that the Frigate la Nymph, grounded in her passage to New York, we have various accots. of this unlucky accident, but I hope she has received no damage, and that your embarkation is not delay'd by it.
The enclosed came to my hands under cover of the letter which accompanies it, and which is explanatory of the delay it has met with. I can only repeat to you assurances of my best wishes for an agreeable passage and happy meeting with Madame la Fayette and your family, and of the sincere attachment and affection with which, I am, etc.
PS. You and your heirs, Male, are made Citizens of this State27 by an Act of Assembly. You will have an official Accot. of it, this is by the by.28
[Note 27: Maryland and also Virginia made Lafayette a citizen.]
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 23 Washington wrote a brief letter to Baron Montesquieu, Marquis de la Brède, aide to Chevalier de Chastellux, introducing John Ridout, of Annapolis. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Annapolis, December 28, 1784.
Pursuant to the Resolves of the Honble. the Senate and Ho. of Delegates, and conformably to the direction of the Executive authority of the State of Virginia, we repaired to the City of Annapolis, and held a conference with the Gentlemen appointed by the Legislature of Maryland; the result of which is contained in the Inclosure No. 1.30
[Note 30: The inclosures are not now found in the Washington Papers. The report of the proceedings of the Commissioners (inclosure no. 1) is printed in Corra Bacon-Foster's Potomac Route to the West, p. 45.]
In consequence of the opinion given by the Conference the Legislature of Maryland have passed the Act inclosed, No. 2. and the Resolves No. 3.
It may be necessary for us to explain the reason for the provision in the Act. "that if Subscriptions should be taken in; or a meeting of Subscribers directed by the Legislature of Virginia at different times, different from those in the Act, then there should be a meeting at the time appointed by Virginia; and subscriptions made at times by them appointed, should be received". It was thought by the Confertees to be most proper to appoint certain times in the Act, but as it was doubtful whether the Act would get to Virginia in time to be adopted at the present Session of the Assembly, it was judged necessary to make a provision to accomodate the Scheme to an Act to be passed by Virginia, or the next Session of their assembly, without the necessity of having recourse again to the Legislature of Maryland. but it is the opinion of the Confertees that an Act upon Similar principles to that passed by Maryland might, if possible be passed by the Assembly of Virginia at this Session; this would give Speedy beginning to the Work, and an oppertunity of embracing the present favorable state of things for accomplishing the views of the two States.
The Act appears to us, from every consideration we can give it, to be founded on just and proper principles, and to be calculated to answer in every respect the purposes for which it is designed; we conceive it a duty therefore to declare that it meets our entire approbation.
The reasons why this Act has not the Signature of the chief magistrate are, because he is not present, and because it wants not this formality to give it validity.
We should do injustice to our feelings were we not to add that we have been happy in meeting Gentlemen of liberallity and candour, impressed with the importance of accelerating the purpose of the Legislature of Virginia of opening a free and easy intercourse with the Western territory, and for the extension of inland Navigation; and, that, there has been a perfect accordance of Sentiment in the Legislature of the State.
Respectfully submitted by Go: Washington and Horatio Gates.31
[Note 31: Washington signed for Gates.
In 1784, or an approximate date, Washington drew up a tabular statement of "A List of the United States Loan Office certificates, in possession of, and belonging to George Washington. Payable in Virginia" and also of those payable in Maryland and "at the United States Office." This showed holdings amounting, both principal and interest, to $28,930, which, in specie value, at the depreciation rate, amounted to $8,002.92. A photostat of this, in the Washington Papers, was kindly furnished by Alfred C. Chapin, of New York City.]
[C.L.]
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1785.32
[Note 32: In the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, this date is wrongly copied as 1784.]
Revd. Sir: A few days ago, under cover from Mr. Hazard of Philada., I was honored with your favor of the 19th. of July, and the first volume of your history of New Hampshire. For both I pray you to accept my thanks: but my acknowledgements are more particularly due for your favourable expression, in the former, of my past endeavors to support the cause of liberty. The proof you have given of your approbation of this, is interesting. I receive it with gratitude, and am with great respect, Revd. Sir, etc.33
[Note 33: Washington forwarded this letter in care of Ebenezer Hazard, to whom he wrote a brief, explanatory note, Jan. 5, 1785. This note is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1785.
My dear Sir: About the beginning of last month I wrote you a pretty long letter, and soon after, received your favor of the 23d. of November. It is not the letters from my friends which give me trouble, or adds ought to my perplexity. I receive them with pleasure, and pay as much attention to them as my avocations will admit.
It is references of old matters with which I have nothing to do. Applications, which oftentimes cannot be complied with. Enquiries, which would employ the pen of a historian to satisfy. Letters of compliment, as unmeaning perhaps as they are troublesome, but which must be attended to. And the commonplace business, which employs my pen and my time; often disagreeably.
Indeed, these with company, deprive me of exercise, and unless I can obtain relief, may be productive of disagreeable consequences. I already begin to feel the effect. Heavy, and painful oppressions of the head, and other disagreeable sensations, often trouble me. I am determined therefore to employ some person who shall ease me of the drudgery of this business. At any rate, if the whole of it is thereby suspended, I am resolved to use exercise. My private concerns also, require infinitely more attention than I have given, or can give, under present circumstances. They can no longer be neglected without involving my ruin. This, my dear Sir, is a friendly communication; I give it in testimony of my unreservedness with you, and not for the purpose of discouraging your letters; for be assured that, to corrispond with those I love is among my highest gratifications, and I perswade myself you will not doubt my sincerity when I assure you, I place you among the foremost of this class. Letters of friendship require no study, the communications are easy, and allowances are expected, and made. This is not the case with those which require re-searches, consideration, recollection, and the de--l knows what to prevent error, and to answer the ends for which they are written.
In my last I informed you that I was endeavouring to stimulate my Countrymen to the extension of the inland Navigation of our rivers; and to the opening of the best and easiest communication for Land transportation between them and the western waters. I am just returned from Annapolis to which place I was requested to go by our Assembly (with my bosom friend Genl. G--tes, who being at Richmond contrived to edge himself into the Commission) for the purpose of arranging matters, and forming a Law which should be similar in both States, so far as it respected the river Potomack, which seperates them. I met the most perfect accordance in that legislature; and the matter is now reported to ours, for its concurrence. The two Assemblies (not being in Circumstances to undertake this business wholly at the public expence) propose to incorporate such private Adventurers as shall associate for the purpose of extending the navigation of the River from the tide water as far up as it will admit Craft of ten Tons burthen, and to allow them a perpetual toll and other emoluments to induce them to subscribe freely to a Work of such magnitude; whilst they have agreed (or, I should rather say, probably will agree, as the matter is not yet concluded in the Virginia Assembly) to open, at the public expence, the communication with the Western territory. To do this will be a great political work. May be immensely extensive in a commercial point, and beyond all question, will be exceedingly beneficial for those who advance the money for the purpose of extending the Navigation of the river, as the tolls arising therefrom are to be held in perpetuity, and will encrease every year.
Rents have got to such an amazing height in Alexandria, that (having an unimproved lot or two there) I have thoughts, if my finances will support me in the measure, of building a House, or Houses thereon for the purpose of letting.
In humble imitation of the wise man, I have set me down to count the cost; and among other heavy articles of expenditure, I find lime is not the smallest.
Stone lime with us, owing to the length of (Land) transportation comes very high at that place. Shell lime, from its weakness, and the consequent quantity used, is far from being low. These considerations added to a report that this article may be had from your State by way of Ballast, upon terms much easier than either can be bought here, inclines me without making an apology, to give you the trouble of enquiring from those who might be disposed to enter into a contract therefor, and can ascertain the fact with precision,
1st. At what price by the Bushel, a quantity of slaked stone lime could be delivered at one of the Wharves at Alexandria (freight and every incidental charge included), or to a Lighter opposite to my own House.
2d. At what price burnt lime stone, but unslaked (if it be safe to bring such) could be delivered as above.
3d. At what price unburnt lime stone, could be delivered at the latter place.
In the last case, it might I should suppose, come as Ballast very low. In the Second, it might also come as Ballast, and (tho' higher than the former, yet) comparatively, cheap, if the danger of waters getting to it, and its slaking and heating in the Hold, would not be too great. In the first case, there would be no certainty of its goodness, because lime from the late judicious experiments of a Mr. Higgens, should be used as soon as it is slaked; and would be still better, if it was so, immediately after burning; as Air as well as water, according to his observations, weakens and injures it. Your information upon these points from those who might incline to Contract, and on whom dependance could be placed, would much oblige me; and the sooner I get it the better, as my determination is suspended.
Our amiable young friend the Marquis de la Fayette could not be otherwise than well pleased with his reception in America. Every testimony of respect, affection and gratitude has been shewn him, wherever he went; if his heart therefore has not been impressed with these expressions (which I am far from supposing) the political consequence which he will derive from them must bear them in his remembrance, and point to the advantages wch. must flow.
You informed me that Mrs. Knox had got another, but left me to guess, boy or girl. On the birth of either Mrs. Washington and I sincerely congratulate you both; and offer our best wishes for you all. hoping the good health which Mrs. Knox and the Children enjoyed at the time your letter was written, may be of long continuance. The report of my coming to Boston was without foundation; I do not, at this time, know when, or whether ever, I may have it in my power to do this, altho' to see my compatriots in War, would be great gratification to my mind. With every sentiment of esteem etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1785.
Dear Sir: Receive my thanks for your favor of 31st. ulto., and for the copies therewith enclosed: they will answer my purposes equally with the fairest that could be made.
When I found your Express at Mount Pleasant, and was unable to procure another in Marlbro', I commenced one myself, got home before dinner, and dispatched one of my servants to Hooes ferry immediately. He placed the packet into the hands of the Express there waiting, before nine o'clock next morning: on Friday with ease the business might have been laid before the Assembly of this State, yet sitting I believe. When I hear from thence, I will with pleasure communicate the result.
The attention which your assembly is giving to the establishment of public schools, for the encouragement of literature, does them great honor: to accomplish this, ought to be one of our first endeavours; I know of no object more interesting. We want something to expand the mind, and make us think with more liberallity, and act with sounder policy, than most of the States do. We should consider that we are not now in leading strings. It behooves us therefore to look well to our ways. My best wishes attend the Ladies of your family. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
January 10, 1785.
Sir: Immediately after my return from Annapolis, I wrote to some Gentlemen of my acquaintance in the Assembly of this State, suggesting the expediency of a conference between Delegates of their Body and yours, on the extension of the inland navigation of the river Potomac, and its communication with the Western waters. When I receive an answer, I will communicate the contents of it to you. I am, etc.
P. S. Are you likely Sir, to ascertain soon, to whom I am to pay the balance which is due for the land I bought of the deceas'd Mr. Clifton36 under the decree of our high Court of Chancery?37
[Note 36: William Clifton.]
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 15, 1785.
Sir: I have been favored with two letters from you:38 that which was first written came last to hand, and neither of them long since. Your history and map of Kentucke I have not yet seen. For the honor you have done me in the dedication of them, you will please to accept my acknowledgments; and for the favourable sentiments you have been so polite as to express for me in both your letters, you have my thanks.
[Note 38: Of Nov. 30, 1784, and Dec. 4, 1784, both of which are in the Washington Papers.]
It has long been my wish to see an extensive and accurate map of the Western Territory set on foot, and amply encouraged: but I would have this work founded upon actual surveys and careful observations, any thing short of these is, in my opinion, not only defective and of little use, but serve as often to mislead as to direct the examiner. My sentiments upon this subject are well known to many members of Congress, and to the Legislature of the State in which I have the honor to live: but what steps will be taken by both, or either, to accomplish this useful undertaking, is not for me to say.
Altho' I possess a pretty general knowledge of the Ohio and its waters between Fort Pitt and the Gt. Kanhawa, and have some parts of that Country laid down from actual surveys; yet they are not so connected, nor founded with such precision as to incline me to suffer my name to be given as the author of them, or any information in a map or topographical description of the Country, that would not stand the test of future examination.
That the river Potomac communicates by short portages (which may be improved to great advantage) with the Yohoghaney and Cheat rivers, (branches of the Monongahela) for the countries East and West of the Apalachian mountains, as James river also does with the waters of the Great Kanhawa, none can deny: and that these will be the channels thro' which the trade of the Western Country will principally come, I have no more doubt of myself, than the States of Virga. and Maryland had, when within these few days, they passed Laws for the purpose of extending and improving the navigation of those rivers, and opening roads of communication between them and the western waters.
Whenever business or inclination may bring you to this part of the Country, it would give me pleasure to see you. I am, etc.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 17, 1785.
Dear Sir: Yesterday, and not before, I received authentic information, that the Assembly of this State had passed a similar Act and resolutions with those of your Legislature, and have fixed upon the 8th. of Feby. to open Books for the purpose of receiving subscriptions in the City of Richmond and Towns of Alexandria and Winchester: which Books are to be kept open until the 10th. day of May following. They have granted equal sums towards the navigation and roads, with your Assembly. I have pleasure in giving you this information, nothing remains now but to act with dispatch and vigor.
I presume official notice of the passing of this act, and attendant resolutions, will be made by the Executive of this State to your Governor, but lest thro' the hurry of business it may be delayed, I will take care that he shall have advice of it, as soon as copies can be taken; that if promulgation is necessary, and he thinks proper to act upon private information, it may not be wanted.
Our Assembly have passed a similar Law for the purpose of opening and improving the navigation of James river and a communication between it, and the nearest Western waters. With great esteem and regard, I have the honor, etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 17, 1785.
Dear Sir: The irregularity of the post, occasioned by the frost, prevented my hearing with certainty what the Assembly of this State had done with the Potomac Bill, until yesterday. I have now the pleasure to inform you that they have adopted the one which passed your Legislature, and come to similar resolutions respecting the road of communication with the river Cheat, and the application to the State of Pennsylvania for another to Yohioghaney. They have also passed a similar act for improving and extending the navigation of James river.
As you expressed a desire to know what the Assembly of this State had done, or were about to do respecting an establishment for the teachers of religion, I do myself the honor to enclose you a copy of their proceedings in that matter; and am, etc.40
Mount Vernon, January 18, 1785.
Gentln. At my return from Alexandria yesterday afternoon, I found the letters and papers herewith enclosed.41 I sent the whole, as well private as public, the former for your satisfaction, the latter for you to act upon.
[Note 41: The papers sent with this letter are listed in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
As these, with the Maryland act and resolutions which I left in the hands of Mr. Lee42 for the purpose of communicating them to the Gentn. in town (well wishers to the inland navigation of the river &c.) contain all the information on the subject, I could give, I beg leave to refer you to them.
[Note 42: Charles Lee. He acted as clerk of the Alexandria meeting at which the Potomac Company was organized.]
All the papers, except the Virginia Act, which are necessary for Mr. Richards43 to strike printed copies from, I should be glad to have returned to me in the course of two or three days, as I shall have letters to write, and other matters to do, in consequence thereof. It should be intimated to the printer that the Bill is an original paper, and spared indulgently from the Clerks office: great care therefore should be taken that no scratches or blots are suffered to be made thereon. The number of copies to be struck will depend upon you Gentleman, the time for promulgation, and obtaining subscriptions is short, the former therefore should be as extensive and diffusive as the nature of the case will admit. With what materials the Managers at the City of Richmond and town of Winchester are to commence their operations, does not seem very clear; it rests with you therefore I conceive, to put things in motion, at least by opening a correspondence with the Gentlemen at these places, fixing a plan. It appears to me also, that a notification of the passing of this act and consequent resolutions should go immediately to the Executive of Maryland, from some quarter; otherwise that State may take umbrage, and think advantage on the score of subscriptions, is meant to be taken of her Citizens. From our Governor, such intimation ought, in my opinion, to be given; but it does not appear by anything before us, that it either has been, or is intended to be done. Therefore as
[Note 43: George Richard. He was publisher of The Virginia Journal and Alexandria Advertiser, Alexandria, Va.] the Acts and resolutions of both Assemblies are now with you, if you will cause a comparative view to be taken of them, and note the alterations, that I may write with exactitude, I will communicate the matter to Govt. Paca, lest there should be neglect or delay on the part of our Executive, or if you will do it, it may answer the same purpose.
How far Mr. Maddison might have intended the paper No. 344 for the public eye, I know not; I would have no copies therefore taken of it, as communication of its contents might come better from those who are to act under it. I have the honor, etc.
[Note 44: A paper by Madison "Respecting the Jurisdiction &c of Potomac."]
P. S. If a printed Copy of the Virginia Act could be soon obtained, I would enclose one of them to the Governor of Maryland, and a copy of the corrispondent resolutions of this State to that of Maryland; which would be the fullest and best information he cou'd receive unofficially.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 46: Speaker of the House of Delegates, Virginia.]
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1785.
My dear Sir: It is not easy for me to decide by which my mind was most affected upon the receipt of your letter of the 6th. inst., surprise or gratitude: both were greater than I have words to express. The attention and good wishes which the Assembly have evidenced by their act for vesting in me 150 shares in the navigation of each of the rivers Potomac and James, are more than mere compliment; there is an unequivocal and substantial meaning annexed. But believe me sir, notwithstanding these, no circumstance has happened to me since I left the walks of public life, which has so much embarrassed me. On the one hand, I consider this act, as I have already observed, as a noble and unequivocal proof of the good opinion, the affection, and disposition of my Country to serve me; and I should be hurt, if by declining the acceptance of it, my refusal should be construed into disrespect, or the smallest slight upon the generous intention of the country: or, that an ostentatious display of disinterestedness or public virtue, was the source of the refusal. On the other hand, it is really my wish to have my mind, and my actions which are the result of contemplation, as free and independent as the air, that I may be more at liberty (in things which my opportunities and experience have brought me to the knowledge of) to express my sentiments, and if necessary, to suggest what may occur to me, under the fullest conviction, that altho' my judgment may be arraigned, there will be no suspicion that sinister motives had the smallest influence in the suggestion. Not content then with the bare consciousness of my having, in all this navigation business, acted upon the clearest conviction of the political importance of the measure; I would wish that every individual who may hear that it was a favorite plan of mine, may know also that I had no other motive for promoting it, than the advantage I conceived it would be productive of to the Union, and to this State in particular, by cementing the Eastern and Western Territory together, at the same time that it will give vigor and encrease to our commerce, and be a convenience to our Citizens.
How would this matter be viewed then by the eye of the world; and what would be the opinion of it, when it comes to be related that G W--n exerted himself to effect this work, and G. W-- has received 20,000 Dollars, and £5,000 Sterling of the public money as an interest therein? Would not this in the estimation of it (if I am entitled to any merit for the part I have acted; and without it there is no foundation for the act) deprive me of the principal thing which is laudable in my conduct it not, in some respects, be considered in the same light as a pension? And would not the apprehension of this make me more reluctantly offer my sentiments in future? In a word, under what ever pretence, and however customary these gratuitous gifts are made in other Countries, should I not thence forward be considered as a dependant? One moments thought of which would give me more pain, than I should receive pleasure from the product of all the tolls, was every farthing of them vested in me: altho' I consider it as one of the most certain and increasing Estates in the Country.
I have written to you with an openness becoming our friendship. I could have said more on the subject; but I have already said enough to let you into the State of my mind. I wish to know whether the ideas I entertain occurred to, and were expressed by any member in or out of the House. Upon the whole, you may be assured my Dr. Sir, that my mind is not a little agitated. I want the best information and advice to settle it. I have no inclination (as I have already observed) to avail myself of the generosity of the Country: nor do I want to appear ostentatiously disinterested (for more than probable my refusal would be ascribed to this motive) or that the Country should harbour an idea that I am disposed to set little value on her favours, the manner of granting which is as flattering, as the grant is important. My present difficulties however shall be no impediment to the progress of the undertaking. I will receive the full and frank opinions of my friends with thankfulness. I shall have time enough between the sitting of the next Assembly to consider the tendency of the act, and in this, as in all other matters, will endeavor to decide for the best.
My respectful compliments and best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington and Fanny Bassett (who is much recovered) join, are offered to Mrs. Harrison and the rest of your family. It would give us great pleasure to hear that Mrs. Harrison had her health restored to her. With every sentiment of esteem, regard and friendship. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1785.
Dear Sir: Your letter, with the Books, Potomac bill and other papers, did not reach this until past eleven o'clock on Monday forenoon; at which hour having set off for Alexandria, I did not receive the dispatches until my return in the evening. The next morning I forwarded the Bill to Messrs. Fitzgerald, Hartshorn to act upon, and to get a number of copies struck for promulgation, and the benefit of those who might wish to become subscribers. For the trouble you have had with the Books and for your care of the letters and papers which accompanied them, you will please to accept my thanks.
It would have given me much satisfaction if, instead of pursuing the rout thro' Frederick, you had resolved to have taken this road to the seat of Congress: besides the pleasure of seeing you, I wished to have had some conversation with you on the subject of the late generosity of the Assembly towards me; for I will freely confess to you my dear sir, that no circumstance has happened to me since I quited the walks of public life that has given me more embarrassment, than the act vesting me with 150 shares in the tolls of each of the rivers Potomac and James. On the one hand I consider this instance of the regard and attention of my native State as more than a mere compliment: this evidence of her good opinion and wishes to serve me is unequivocal and substantial, it has impressed me with sentiments of the deepest gratitude, and I should be hurt, if I could think that my non-acceptance...48
[Note 48: The omitted portion is practically the same as Washington's letter to Benjamin Harrison, the same date as this letter (Jan. 22, 1785), q. v.]
Did you not my good Sir tell me when I had the pleasure of spending an evening with you at Dumfries, that you either had or could procure me some Scions of the Aspin tree? Are there any young shoots which could he had of the Yew tree, or Hemlock (for I do not now recollect which of these it is) that grows on the Margin of Quantico Creek? Plantations of this kind are now become my amusement and I should be glad to know where I could obtain a supply of such sorts of trees as would diversify the scene. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
January 22, 1785.
Sir: Understanding that Mr. Wilson of Alexandria was empower'd to sell the plaister of Paris which you had just sent to that place, I informed him by Mr. L. W--53 of the mistake under which a vessel load of it had been landed at my wharf, but that, as it was there, I was willing to pay for it at the same rate as that which was in Alexandria should sell. To this, some considerable time after (if my memory serves) he answered, that the matter must be settled with you.
[Note 53: Lund Washington.]
It now remains for me sir, to bring you acquainted with the exact state of this matter, and on which you may depend. On my return from Richmond in Novr. last, Mr. Graham54 informed me that you had received (I think he said) about 50 tons of this stone, and asked if I wanted any of it. I answered that I might take a little of it, at any rate, merely for experiment as a manure; but that taking a large quantity, would depend
[Note 54: Robert(?) Graham, of Fairfax, Va.] altogether upon the price of it, of which he was to know the lowest, and give me an account. Under this idea, and waiting for this information, I left no direction concerning this matter when I accompanied the Marquis de la Fayette to Annapolis, during my absence there, the plaister arrived: those about me not knowing what to do in the matter, and supposing, I presume, that I had ordered it, suffered it to be landed: which I most assuredly would not have done; had I been at home, at any thing like the price mentioned in Mr. Grahams letter.
The plaister is yet on my wharf in the order it was first landed, except that I had the powdered part of it, the virtue of which (if it ever possessed any as a manure) I presume must have been nearly exhausted, put into casks. I am yet willing to take it at whatever price that which is in Alexandria shall sell; or at any reasonable price to be agreed upon between ourselves, or by others on our behalf. More I think under the circumstances I have related, no person will think I ought to pay. Twelve Dollars per ton, I never can consent to give; nor do I think you would desire it, when I inform you that before the war, I got all I wanted from Fitzhughs55 in Maryland for digging out of the Bank; and that it never was, nor can be considered as of much more value than lime-stone, being of the nature of it. I am, etc.56
[Note 55: William Fitzhugh.]
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: Of London.]
Mount Vernon, January 25, 1785.
Sir: In your name and behalf Mr. Laurens,58 as he passed thro' this State last month on his way from the seat of Congress
[Note 58: Henry Laurens.] to Charleston presented me a very handsome gold headed Cane; and accompanied it with such favorable sentiments of your good wishes towards the American revolution, and the flattering opinion you entertained of me, as to induce me, contrary to my usual custom, to accept of it. With this acknowledgement thereof, I beg you to receive my thanks for so evincive a mark of your esteem and approbation, and the assurances of my being, Sir, Yrs. etc.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 25, 1785.
Sir: By means of the frost, and the consequent interruption of the Post, your favor of the 20th. of December did not come to my hands until the 17th. instant. It is to be regretted that Lady Huntingtons communications were not earlier made to the several Legislatures to whom they were addressed; for if the circumstances of any will allow them to be adopted, it will be found that a year will have been lost by the delay. In some States, they must have reached the Executive after the Assemblies were up; in others, would get there towards the close of them, when fresh matters are rarely attended to, and some Sessions (as in this State) holden but once a year.
I am clearly in sentiment with her Ladyship, that christianity will never make any progress among the Indians, or work any considerable reformation in their principles, until they are brought to a state of greater civilization; and the mode by which she means to attempt this, as far as I have been able to give it consideration, is as likely to succeed as any other that could have been devised, and may in time effect the great and benevolent object of her Ladyships wishes: but that love of ease, impatience under any sort of controul, and disinclination to every kind of pursuit but those of hunting and war, would discourage any person possessed of less piety, zeal and philanthrophy than are characteristick of Lady Huntington.
Of all the States to which her Ladyships addresses are gone, New York I believe is the only one that now possesses unlocated lands in such quantities, and so contiguous to any Indian settlement, as to subserve her Ladyships plan of emigration; and whether that State can accommodate them to her and their satisfaction, you can determine with more precision than I. No part of the Western Territory of Pennsylvania is very contiguous to the habitations of the Indians, and if I mistake not, is besides otherwise appropriated. Virginia is not more convenient to them than Pennsylvania, and in her cession to the United States she was obliged to reserve Lands No. West of the Ohio to fulfil her own engagements to the military of the State: nothing then, in my opinion can be expected from her. And North Carolina having also made a similar cession is I believe, equally incapacitated to grant any great quantity of land in a body, or much in parcels. It is my opinion therefore, that Lady Huntington's proposals would come more properly before the United States, than any one, or more of them individually; and it is my sentiment clearly, that besides the pious and humane purposes which are in view, and of which we should never lose sight, motives of a political nature, should have considerable influence, because such a migration as her ladyship proposes must be an acquisition to any Country. There are but two reasons which my imagination suggests that can be opposed to it: the first is, the pressing Debts of the United States which may call for all the revenue which can be drawn from the most advantageous sale of their lands, and the discontents which might flow from discrimination; if peculiar exemptions in the original purchase, or indulgencies thereafter, are expected in favor of the class of Settlers proposed by the plan. And secondly, (which may have more weight) the prejudices of Monarchical people when they are unmixed with republicans, against those who have separated from them, and against their forms of Government; and this too in the vicinity of a British one, viz: Canada. Whether these are to be placed in competition with the charitable design of the plan, considered in a religeous point of view; or the great good which may result from the civilization of numerous tribes of Savages when measured on the political scale, becomes the wisdom of the honorable body to weigh with attention.
If they should decide in favor of the measure, valuable Lands with respect to fertility of soil, salubrity of climate and other natural advantages might, in one body, and in any quantity may be reserved for the purposes of such emigration, until the result of her Ladyship, endeavors to obtain them, could be known; and this too either in the vicinity of the Indian towns, or at such convenient distance from them as might be most agreeable to the emigrants, there being no settlements or appropriations (except the reservation in favor of the Virginia line of the Army) to my knowledge in all the Country No. West of the Ohio, that could interfere therewith.
As I am well acquainted with the President of Congress, I will in the course of a few days write him a private letter on this subject giving the substance of Lady Huntington's plan60 and asking his opinion of the encouragement it might expect to receive from Congress if it should be brought before that honorable body. Were you to do the same with your brother Mr. John Jay now in Congress, and than whom none can judge better of the propriety of the measure, or give greater support
[Note 60: Under date of Feb. 8, 1785, in the Washington Papers.] to it if it should ultimately come before that supreme Council of the nation, it might lay the foundation which might be serviceable hereafter.
Without reverberating the arguments in support of the humane and benevolent intention of Lady Huntington to christianize and reduce to a state of civilization the Savage tribes within the limits of the American States, or discanting upon the advantages which the Union may derive from the Emigration which is blended with, and becomes part of the plan, I highly approve of them, and having, tho' concisely, touched upon the material parts of your letter, it only remains for me to express my good wishes for the success of such a measure, and to assure you that wherein I can be instrumental to its execution, my best endeavours may be commanded. I have the honor, etc.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On January 27 Washington wrote a brief note to Gov. William Moultrie, introducing Count Castiglioni, an Italian nobleman. This letter is in the Long Island Historical Society.]
Mount Vernon, January 30, 1785.
Madam: By what means it came to pass, I shall not undertake to devise; but the fact is, that your letter of the 8th. of December 1783, never got to my hands until the 12th. of the same Month in the year following. This will account for my not having acknowledged the receipt of it sooner; and for not thanking you as I now do, before, for the many flattering expressions contained in it.
If the Bust which your Son has modelled of me, should reach your hands, and afford your celebrated Genii any employment, that can amuse Mrs. Wright, it must be an honor done me. and if your inclination to return to this Country should overcome other considerations, you will, no doubt, meet a welcome reception from your Numerous friends: among whom, I should be proud to see a person so universally celebrated; and on whom, Nature has bestowed such rare and uncommon gifts. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: From a photostat of the original in the British Museum, Additional Manuscript 12099.]
Mount Vernon, January 30, 1785.
Sir: It has so happened that your Card of Septr. 1st, with the Bust which accompanied it, did not get to my hands until sometime in the course of last month: and that a letter from your good mother dated Decr. 8th. 1783, only reached me the 12th. of last December.
For the first you will please receive the united acknowledgements and thanks of Mrs. Washington and myself. The large one she prays may give you no uneasiness or hurry; your convenience in the execution will be most agreeable to her wishes.
In answer to the second, I give you the trouble of forwarding the enclosed letter when you may have occasion to write to England, our best wishes attend you; and I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1785.
Sir: The interruption of the Post by the frost, withheld your letter of the 31st. Ulto. from me until within a few days.
The liberty you have taken in dedicating your Poetical Works to me, does me honor. The conditions upon which you offer them to the Public are generous, evincive of their purity, and conscious worth. I shall with pleasure therefore take a few copies of the bound and lettered Books, when they are ready for delivery.
It behoves me to correct a mistake in your printed address, "To the patrons of the fine Arts" I am no Marshall of France,64 nor do I hold any Commission, or fill any Office under that Government, or any other whatever. I am etc.
[Note 64: Lamont's preface is probably partially responsible for the existence of the misstatement that Washington was a marshal of France.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: Under a full persuasion that my letter of Novr., to you, had miscarried, I wrote to you again by the last post, and recited the contents of it. After having done this, I was honored with your favor of the 14th. of last month.
At the same time that I thank you for your attention to my request respecting the Orchard grass seed; I have to lament that it should be the means of taking from you what you had provided for your own use; and to pray, if it is not now too late, that you would not forward it to Colo. Biddle, or at most, not more than part of it. I can only repeat the assurances of my last, in which Mrs. Washington (who does not enjoy very good health) joins, of the good wishes and sincere esteem and regard with which, I am, etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1785.
Sir: Altho' I have no doubt, but that your Excellency has been, or will be informed of the Act of the Virginia Assembly respecting the Potomac navigation, from the Governor of the State; yet, as the Act could not be printed at Richmond for the benefit of the Managers in time, and was brought to Alexandria for that purpose. And as a pressure of other public matters may possibly have delayed the Official communication. I do myself the honor of enclosing one of the copies which was struck at the above place, and which only came to my hands to be forwarded by this post. If it should be the first that you receive, you will have it in your power to make such use of it as you shall think proper: if it should follow the Official one, I have but to pray that it may be considered as an evidence of my good wishes to the undertaking, and not as an officious interference in the business of the Executive. I have the honor, etc.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1785.
Sir: The interruption of the Post, by the frost, will occasion a delay of this answer, which otherwise would have been avoided.
Not being able to decypher the name of the Merchant in London, to whose care you desired my letter to your brother might be addressed, I send the enclosed certificate67 for him, under cover to you.
[Note 67: A copy of this certificate, dated Feb. 1, 1785, is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, to the effect that "Neither directly, nor indirectly to my knowledge or belief, did I ever obtain the least information of the state of the British forces, or other concerns of theirs in Canada, from Mr. Charles Hay, a subject of Great Britain under that Government."]
I thank you for your kind and friendly wishes, and with Mrs. Washington's compliments to Mrs. Hay and yourself, and a return of friendly sentiments, I am, etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the first of last month, by Doctr. Gilpin and Mr. Scott.69 Mr. Colby, they informed me remained indisposed at Baltimore. It will always give me pleasure to see any Gentleman of your introduction. No apology therefore need ever accompany it.
[Note 69: From the West Indies.]
Having begun a letter to you, I will take the liberty of suggesting a matter for your consideration; which, if it strikes you, in the important light it does me, and it is likely to be realized, you may profit by: if it does not, I hope at the same time that you may arraign my foresight, or charge me with being too sanguine, you will do justice to my motives: these, let me assure you, are friendly and pure.
No doubt, before this letter can have reached you, you will have heard, that the States of Virginia and Maryland have enacted laws for the purposes of opening and extending the navigations of the rivers Potomac and James, as far as is practicable; and communicating them by good roads with the nearest navigable waters (for inland craft) to the Westward; the first, to be undertaken by corporate companies with public aids: the other at public expence.
The tolls which are granted to encourage the first of these, are in my judgment, fully adequate to the purpose, as a candid man, I think them too high, considering the harvest which the public is preparing for the adventures in that undertaking, by opening a communication between the Atlantic and Western Territory: but the importance of the object, considered either in a commercial or political point of view is so great, the combination of favourable circumstances at this epocha so many, and the abilities of the two States under their present pressure of debts, so incompetent to a work of this sort (even if it had been judged the best mode), that to commence it without delay it was thought best to offer a productive field to those who are disposed to labour therein. And if I live to see the issue, I will, if it does not prove so, acknowledge myself more mistaken than I ever was before, in any speculative point.
I do not advance this doctrine my good sir, with a view to stimulate you to become a subscriber. If I was disposed to do this at the hazard of deception, I see not the occasion for it in the case before us; for it is more the expectation at present, that a redundency than a deficiency, will take place upon the opening of subscriptions for this river: And because your own judgment and convenience can best determine to what amount, or whether to subscribe anything towards the execution of this plan. There are some things however, of which some men have better opportunities to form opinions than others; and of the intercourse which this work is likely to open between the tide water of this river and the greatest extent of back Country within the United States. I have as good means to judge from as most men, and every proof that nature, and reflection upon its bountious gifts can adduce, to convince me that there is no field for commerce equal to it, if extent of Country, population, and produce with the conveniences of transportation, are essential to the encouragement and support of it. But these want to be embraced. This however, will not much longer be the case, a Mercantile eye is penetrating, and the first capital House, that is established may form connexions, and lay a sure foundation of trade to the greatest possible extent from the upper sea ports of this river.
No man who has any knowledge of the river Potomac, harbours a doubt of the practicability of its navigation from the great Falls to Fort Cumberland, (about 200 miles) and for 40 miles higher; and it is but very few only who have any doubt of the practicability of opening it from the great Falls, (inclusive) to tide water, which is under 9 miles. The acts I have spoken of are to encourage and authorise these; and, as I have observed before, sufficient priviledges and immunities are granted for the purpose.
From Fort Cumberland, a good road may be had to the Turkey foot, or three branches of the Yohoghaney, which will not I am told, exceed thirty miles. From thence the navigation to Fort Pitt, about 75 miles further, altho' there is one fall in the way, can be made good at a very moderate expence. By going up the No. branch of Potomac bout 40 miles above Fort Cumberland, a portage may be had with the Cheat river, which will not exceed 20 miles of good road, from hence to the Monongahela by land or water may be about 25 miles more. We are then, as in the case of the Yohoy. communication, open to the diffusive navigation (more extensive perhaps than is to be met with in any Country upon Earth) in its natural state, of the whole western Territory. And if I am not misinformed with respect to the carrying places between Cayahoga (a water of Lake Erie) and big beaver, and Muskingum, which disembogue into the Ohio at different points; there is no rout so short, so easy and attended with so little expence, as those I have just mentioned, to bring all the Fur and Peltry of the Lakes, even from that of the Wood, to tide water. One of them (by the Yohoghaney) is shorter by more than 150 miles, than that to either Albany or Montreal: and the way open at seasons, when the others are block'd, and is besides more independent of the interference of foreign powers;
That the greatest part, if not all the produce of the Ohio and its waters as low as the Falls, if a better channel cannot be found for part of it by way of the Gt. Kanhawa and James river to Richmond; or as low as the little Kanhawa, admitting this, I have very little doubt. It is true that there are some branches of the Alleghaney above Fort Pit, which communicate pretty nearly with the waters of Susquehanna, which by great exertion and expence, may be made use of at certain seasons of the year, but droughts in Summer, and Ice in Winter will render them of little value.
But to place things in a less favourable point of view, I will grant that a communication between the Kiskeminetas Moghulbughkitum, or Toby's Creek (waters most favourable for it) and the Susquehanna shall be opened, and that all the produce convenient thereto, shall be transported that way to the Markets below: that the Gt. Kanhawa shall be found free from obstructions, and easy both in its navigation, and communication with James river, and that all the province below the mouth of the former, and as far up the Ohio as the Little Kanhawa, shall be transported that way: there yet remains the thick settlement of the Ohio, between Fort Pitt and Wheeling, all the Settlement of the Monongahela, and all that of Yohioghany, which constitute a very large majority of the Inhabitants West of the Laurel hill, to bring their produce to the Markets of this river.
In admitting this, I admit, in my opinion a good deal; but if the plan for opening the navigation of Potomac should succeed, of which I have not the smallest doubt, I will go further and venture an assertion which I think is founded in fact; that without any support from the Western Territory, there is no place within my knowledge to which so much produce will, from the nature of things, be brought, as to the highest shipping port on this river. That this may not appear as mere assertion, I will give you my reasons.
At present Baltimore not only receives the greatest part of the produce of Frederick County (Maryland) and the Counties above it on the No. side of Potomac, but a great deal also of that which is raised on the south side; and this thro' a long land transportation: besides which, the produce of that rich and extensive Country, between the blue ridge and Alleghany mountains, for at least 200 miles So. West of the Potomac, is (or such part of it as will bear land transportation; carried partly to Alexandria, and the towns below it on this river, partly to Fredericksburgh and Falmouth on Rappahannock, partly to Richmond and Petersburgh, and some part also to Hanover town, the highest navigation upon York river. But let the benefits arising from water transportation, be once felt, and then see, if men possessed of the spirit of Commerce and large capitals should settle at the shipping ports at the head of this river, whether an atom of it will cross the Potomack for Baltimore; whilst every thing within its vortex on the No. side will be sucked into, and be transported by water. In like manner the Shannondoah will intercept every article 200 miles from its mouth, and water bear it to the Markets at the head of this river. In Septembr. last I was on the Shannondoah, near or quite 150 Miles from its mouth, and was told by well informed Gentlemen living thereon that the navigation of it might be improved, and rendered fit for inland craft at the smallest expence imaginable, the distance here mentioned. In a word, the Shannondoah which runs thro' the richest tract of Country in this State, the South branch of Potomac, which may, with great ease be made navigable 100 miles, and the intermediate streams of lesser note which pour into Potomac; will not only bring the land transportation of every farmer and Planter in that Country, within the short distance of fifteen or twenty miles, but in the upper and more remote parts of it, induce hundreds and thousands of them to cultivate articles from the growth of which they have been entirely discouraged by the length and expence of land transportation, except in the article of live stock which will carry itself to market, attempting to raise no more than will supply their own necessities. On the other side of the river, the Conogoge and Monocasy, tho' of less importance, will be improved to great advantage.
The mercantile interest of Baltimore affect to treat the extension of the navigation of Potomac as a chimerical plan; but you may be assured Sir, that from the Great Falls, which are within eight or nine miles of tide water, to Fort Cumberland, there is no more difficulty or uncertainty in the execution, comparatively speaking, than there is in bringing water to a Mill by a common race: of nothing more therefore is ever effected, the object notwithstanding is immense, when the field into which it leads is considered. But I have no doubt of the practicability of accomplishing the whole if properly undertaken.
In one or two places of this letter, I have observed that to make proper advantages of this navigation, and the extensive commerce it opens a door to; it requires a large capital as well as a Commercial spirit. I will explain myself.
Alexandria and Georgetown are the highest shipping Ports of this river (if the latter can be call'd one); the trade of Georgetown, I am but little acquainted with; but if I have formed a right idea of the former, it abounds in small dealers: Men who import, or purchase their goods in the Country upon credit, consequently obtain them under very great disadvantages: the former class too for the most part, go to one Market, chiefly to England, for every article they purchase; by which means, such manufactures as Holland, Germany, France &ca. could supply upon much better terms, (being of their own production) come with accumulated charges. These added to House rent, which is high in Alexandria, and sinks deep into the profits of a small capital, occasion considerable advance of the price of Goods, the consequence of which is, that the retail dealers in the interior parts of the Country, are induced to go, indeed are in a manner driven, to Baltimore or Philadelphia for their goods. How otherwise is this fact, and the transportation of the staple and other produce of this country, to those markets to be accounted for? The navigation of this river is equal, if not superior to any in the Union. Goods, I presume may be imported into it, and the produce of the Country exported from it, upon as advantageous terms, as they can from either Philadelphia, Baltimore or any other place, which evinces the truth of my observation, or that the traders of Alexandria are not content with the profits of their fellow labourers in the places I have named. But would either of these any longer exist if large whole-sale Stores, upon the most advantageous terms, were established in that place? And the produce of the back Country brought thither by water, for one fourth of what it is now by land, or a sixth, perhaps tenth, (according to the distance it is carried) of what it can be transported to Baltimore?
At present every farmer who lives on the West side of the blue ridge verging upon Shenandoah, gives I am told one third of his wheat for bringing the other two thirds to any shipping port. Tobacco costs at least 40/a Hhd., and other things in proportion. A little higher up, and the expence of transportation to a prohibition of the culture of them; tho' the land is better adapted, than any other in the State for the cultivation of them. But if water transportation is effected, that which now costs a 1/3., may be delivered for 6d. or less a bushel, and where the expence of carriage has hitherto discouraged the growth of it altogether, it will be raised in great quantities, and so with respect to Tobo. and other articles.
Having given you this statement of the matter which has fallen under my observation, and which is not exagerated in any instance intentionally, I leave you to compare it with other information and your own observations, if you have opportunities of making any and drawing your own conclusions. I have no other objects in view, but to promote a measure which I think is pregnant with great public utility, and which may at the same time, be made subservient to extensive private advantages. Were I disposed to encounter present inconvenience for a future income, I would hazard all the money I could raise upon the navigation of the river. Or had I inclination and talents to enter into the commercial line, I have no idea of a better opening than the one I discanted upon to make a fortune. But the first has no charms for me, and the other I never shall engage in. My best respects and good wishes, with which Mrs. Washingtons are united, are offered to Mrs. Morris and the rest of your family; and I am, etc.
P.S. I send you a copy of the Bill70 passed by the two States, for opening and extending the navigation of the river Potomac.71
[Note 70: The engrossed bill, which passed the Virginia House of Delegates, was lent to Washington to save time in getting copies printed. He returned it to the Clerk of the House, John Beckley, in a brief note, dated Feb. 5, 1785.]
[Note 71: Both the letter and a copy of this note to Beckley are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1785.
Dear Sir: In a letter of the 14th. of Decr. from Mr. Boudinot (which only came to my hands by the last Post) he informs me that he should send Six bushls. of the Orchard grass Seeds to your care for my use. If this has been done, I pray you not to forego the first opportunity of forwarding it to me, as it ought to be Sowed as soon as the ground can be prepared, which I am now getting in order for its reception.
It do not know how to account for it, but so the fact is, that altho' I am a Subscriber to Messrs. Dunlap and Claypoole's Packet and daily Advertiser, I do not get one paper in five of them, was I to say one of ten, I should be nearer the mark. Once I wrote to Mr. Claypoole on this subject, but he never vouchsafed to give me an answer, and since I have been worse served. If I recollect right, this letter was accompanied with one to you requesting payment of my subscription; lest a tardiness in this respect, on my part, might occasion the ommissions on his. I now ask the same favor of you, and pray also, that you would be so obliging as to enquire into, and let me know the cause of my disappointments. which I have regretted the more, since their publication of Cookes voyages; having never been able to get a bound and lettered sett of them.
Be it remembered that, if the fulfilment of these requests of mine, places you in advance for me, it is because I cannot get a statement of the acct. between us, that I may know how the Balle. stands.
You talked of coming to Virginia, and I assure you I should be very glad to see you; but it seems as if it would end in talk.
I have received a Cask of clover Seeds and a box with a cast (from Mr. Wright) unaccompanied by a letter or Invoice. I do not know therefore whether to expect the English grass seed of which you gave me hopes, or not. We have heard of Mrs. Shaws marriage, on which occasion please to offer her mine, and Mrs. Washingtons compliments of congratulation, at the sametime present our best wishes for Mrs. Biddle and your family. I am etc.
PS. Be so good as to let the enclosed go safe to Messrs. Lewis's. it is to request them to provide me a good Miller of which I am much in want, and in the doing of which, if you could contribute, it would render me an essential Service.
Since writing the foregoing, I have recollected a matter of business which I intended when you came here to have asked the favor of you to negotiate for me. I now enclose it, and would thank you for getting it settled if it is to be done, at the proper Office in Philadelphia. The endorsements upon the cover of the Papers (which was made at the time they were put into my hands) contain all the light I can throw upon the business.72 I pray you to take care of it with the rest of the Papers and let me have it again with whatever settlement is made, or decision is come to; as I have no copy, or other Memm. by which I can settle an acct. with Gilbert Simpson, or John Johns relative to this matter. I am as above.
[Note 72: Biddle's answer (Mar. 7, 1785) does not explain this business.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1785.
Gentn: You may think me very troublesome; and the reason I assign for it, which is, an opinion that you can serve me better than any other, no good apology for the liberty I take.
My Miller (Wm. Roberts) is now become such an intolerable sot, and when drunk so great a Madman, that, however unwilling I am to part with an old Servant (for he has been with me fifteen years) I cannot with propriety or common justice to myself bear with him any longer. I pray you once more therefore, to engage and forward a Miller for me as soon as you may have it in your power, and whatever engagement you shall enter into on my behalf I will religeously fulfill. I do not stipulate for the wages; Altho' my mill (being on an indifferent stream, and not constant at work) can lily afford high wages. My wish is to procure a person who understands the manufacturing business perfectly, and who is sober and honest, that I may even at the expence of paying for it, have as little trouble as possible with him. If he understood the business of a Mill-wright and was obliged by his agreement to keep the Mill in repair, so much the better. Whatever agreement you may enter into on my behalf, let it be reduced to writing and specifically declared, that there may be no misconception or disputes thereafter.
The House in which he will live is a very comfortable one and within 30 yards of the Mill (which works two pair of stones, one pair french Bur's), there is a small Kitchen convenient thereto, and a good Garden under paling. There is a Cowpers73 shop within a hundred yards of the mill, with three negro Cowpers, which will also be under the direction of the miller, whose allowance of meat, flour, and priviledges of every kind, I would have ascertained to prevent after claims. I do not object to the mans having a family, a wife I shou'd wish him to have, but I wou'd it not be too large. At any rate be so good as to let me hear from you, that I may know on what to rely, as it is not safe for me to entrust my business any longer in the hands of Wm. Roberts. It only remains now to ask your forgiveness for this trouble and to assure you that I am Gentn. Yr. etc.74
[Note 73: Cooper.]
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 2, 1785.
Dear Sir: The Writer75 of the inclosed letter, in person and character, is entirely unknown to me. I have been at a loss
[Note 75: Aeneas Lamont.] therefore to determine what notice to take of it. At length I concluded to write the answer which is also enclosed; and to request the favor of you to send it to him, or return it to me, as you should just [ sic] best from the result of your enquiries; or from your own knowledge of the author, or his Works. If he is a man of decent deportment, and his productions deserving encouragement, I am very willing to lend him any aid he can derive from the proposed dedication, if he conceives a benefit. His letter and proposals you will please return me. and Seal the letter to him, if it is forwarded to the Address. I am, etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, February 2, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 24th. ulto. with eighty three Diplomas76 came to my hands on Monday last. I have signed and returned them to Colo. Fitzgerald to be forwarded to you.
[Note 76: Of the Society of the Cincinnati.]
It would be hard indeed upon Majr. Turner77 and Captn. Claypoole78 not only to give them the trouble of producing the Diplomas, but to saddle them with the expence of it also. Was there no provision made therefore at the General Meeting? Do not the minutes of that Meeting devise some mode of payment? I well remember that the matter was agitated, but I forgot what, or whether any conclusion was come to: and recollect also that I desired Gent. Knox when difficulties arose with respect to the business which had been entrusted to Majr. L'Enfant to suggest, that the sum which I had proposed to subscribe for the purposes of the Society might be applied to any uses the Meeting should direct; but what the result of
[Note 77: Maj. George Turner, formerly of the First South Carolina Regiment.]
[Note 78: Capt. Abraham George Claypoole, formerly of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.] it was, I know not. It was observed at that time, that there was money in the hands of the Treasurer General, but not having the proceedings to refer to, and a bad memory to depend upon, these things appear like dreams to me. With great esteem and regard I am, etc.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1785.
Sir: I have lately received two letters from you, one of the 14th and the other of the 25th of last month.
The Bonds which you have taken from Mr. Whiting81 had better remain in your hands until they are discharged and by the time you propose to be at Belvoir in April I will endeavor to prepare a proper Rental for you if it shall be in my power from the pressure of other matters.
[Note 81: Henry Whiting.]
It was always my intention and ever my expectation that the Tenants should pay the taxes of their own Lotts, but if the Leases neither expresses nor implies it I do not suppose there is anything else to compel them, consequently Mr. Whiting must be allowed such sums as he has actually paid; look however at his Lease and judge yourself of the fact as I speak more from what ought to be perhaps than what really is, and do not want to enter into an improper litigation of the matter. I am etc.
P.S. Mrs. Washington begs you would get from some of my Tenants, or others, 10 or a dozen lbs. of good hackled Flax for her.82
[Note 82: This "Letter Book" text in the Washington Papers has been checked against that printed in the Washington and Tilghman sale catalogue (Birch's Sons, Philadelphia, 1892) and justifiable changes made accordingly. The P.S. is not in the "Letter Book" copy.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1785.
Sir: I pray you to accept my acknowledgment of your polite letter of the 31st. of October, and thanks for the flattering expressions of it. These are also due in a very particular manner to Doctr. Price,83 for the honble mention he has made of the American General in his excellent observations on the importance of the American revolution addressed, "To the free and United States of America," which I have seen and read with much pleasure.
[Note 83: Rev. Richard Price, English nonconformist minister and author.]
Captn. Haskell in the Ship May arrived at Alexandria a few days ago; but a frost which at present interrupts the navigation of the river, has prevented my sending for the Chimney piece: by the number of cases however, I greatly fear it is too elegant and costly for my room, and republican stile of living. I regret exceedingly that the politeness of your good Father should have overcome my resolution, and thereby occasion the trouble and difficulty which this business seems to have involved. Nothing could have been more remote from my intentions than to give this, and I earnestly, but in vain, entreated Mr. Vaughan to countermand his order for the shipment of it. I have the honor, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I have the honor to inform you that the Chimney piece is arrived, and by the number of Cases (ten) too elegant and costly by far I fear for my room, and republican stile of living, tho' it encreased the sense of my obligation to you for it. The Ship arrived at her Port just as this second frost set in, so that it has not been in my power to send up for these cases by water; and I would not hazard the transportation of them by land, nine miles.
They were accompanied by a very polite letter from your Son Benjamin Vaughan Esqr. of London, to whom under cover with this, I have acknowledged the receipt, with thanks for the favourable expression of it. I hope Mrs. Vaughan and your family enjoy good health, to whom with Mrs. Washington's compliments, I pray to be presented in respectful terms. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: Not until within these few days have I been favored with your letter of the 18th. of Octr. introductory of Mr. Porter. I beg you to be assured that I shall have pleasure in shewing him every civility in my power while he makes this region the place of his residence; as I shall to any other, to whom you may give letters recommendatory.
A few days ago I received from on board some vessel in the harbor of Alexana. two cheese's and a barrel (wrote thereon Major Rice)86 of Cranberries, unaccompanied by letter, but said to be a present from you. If this be the fact I pray you to accept my thanks for this token of your recollection, or to offer them to Majr. Rice, if the barrel came from him.
[Note 86: Maj. Nathan Rice. He was formerly aide to General Lincoln.]
We have nothing stirring in this quarter worthy of observation, except the passing of two Acts by the Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland (exactly similar) for improving and extending the navigation of the river Potomac from tide water, as high up as it shall be found practicable, and communicating it by good roads with the nearest navigable waters to the Westward: which acts in their consequences, may be of great political, as well as commercial advantages: the first to the confederation, as it may tie the Settlers of the Western Territory to the Atlantic States by interest, which is the only knot that will hold. Whilst those of Virginia and Maryland will be more immediately benefited by the large field it opens for the latter. Books for receiving subscriptions are to be opened at Alexandria and other places the 8th. instant, and continue so until the 10th. of May; as the navigable part of the business is to be undertaken by a company to be incorporated for the purpose. With great truth and sincerity I am, etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 15, 1785.
My Dr. Marqs. I have had the pleasure to receive your affectionate letter of the 21st. of December, dated on board the Nymph Frigate in the harbour of New York; and felt all that man could feel from the flattering expression of it.
My last to you, if I recollect right, was dispatched from Annapolis; whither I went at the request of this State to settle a plan (to be mutually adopted by the Legislatures of both States) for improving and extending the navigation of the river Potomac as far as it should be found practicable, and for opening a road of communication therefrom, to the nearest navigable water to the westward. In both, I happily succeeded. The Bill, of which I send you a copy, was prepared at that time, and has since passed both Assemblies in the usual forms, and must speak for itself. The road of communication is to be undertaken on public account, at the joint and equal expence of the two States. Virginia has passed a similar Act to the one enclosed, respecting James river, and its communication with the waters of the Great Kanhawa, and have authorized the Executive to appoint Commissioners to examine, and fix on the most convenient course for a canal from the waters of Elizabeth river, in this State, to those passing thro' the State of No. Carolina; and report their proceedings therein, with an estimate of the expence necessary for opening such Canal, to the next General Assembly.
Hence my dear Marquis you will perceive that the exertions which you found, and left me engag'd in, to impress my Countrymen with the advantages of extending the inland navigation of our rivers, and opening free and easy communications with the Western Territory (thereby binding them to us by interest, the only knot which will hold) has not been employ'd in vain. The Assembly of this State have accompanied these Acts with another, very flattering one for me, but which has been productive of infinitely more embarrassment than pleasure. This Act directs the Treasurer of the State to subscribe fifty shares in each of the navigations, Potomac and James, for my use and benefit,90 which it declares is to be vested in me and my heirs forever: generous as this Act is, the reasons assigned for it, with the flattering, yet delicate expression thereof, renders it more valuable than the grant itself; and this it is which perplexes me. It is not my wish, nor is it my intention, to accept this gratuitous gift, but how to decline it with out appearing to slight the favors of my Country, committing an act of disrespect to the Legislature, or having motives of pride, or an ostentatious display of disinterestedness ascribed to me, I am at a loss: but will endeavour to hit upon some expedient before the next Session, to avoid these imputations. This was the closing Act of the last, without my having the most distant suspicion that such a matter was in contemplation; nor did I ever hear of it until it had passed, and the Assembly had adjourned.
[Note 90: This may be an error of the "Letter Book" copyist. The act directed the subscription of 50 shares in the Potomac Navigation Co. and 100 shares in the James River Navigation Co.]
With what readiness the subscription Books will fill, is not in my power at this early stage of the business, to inform you; in general, the friends to the measure are sanguine; but among those good wishes are more at command, than money, consequently it is not only uncertain of whom the company may consist, but (as its existence depends upon contingencies) whether there will be one or not. therefore at this moment we are all in the dark respecting this and other matters. One thing however is certain, namely, if a company should be established and the work is undertaken, a skilful Engineer, or rather a person of practical knowledge will be wanted to direct and superintend it. I should be glad therefore my Dr. Sir you would bear this matter in your mind, that if the company when formed should be disposed to obtain one from Europe, I should prefer France, proper characters may be applied to, without loss of time. You will readily perceive My Dr. Marqs. that this is more a private intimation of mine, than an authorized request, consequently how improper it would be to raise the expectation of any Gentleman to the employment, without being able to give him the appointment. If a company should be formed, it will be composed, no doubt of many men, and these of many minds; and whilst myself and others may be disposed to go to France for an Engineer, the majority may incline to send to England for one, on account of the language, and from an opinion that there is greater similarity between the inland navigation of that Kingdom and the improvements which are intended here, than prevails between any in France and them; whilst others again may turn their Eyes towards Holland. The nature of our work, as far as I have been able to form an opinion of it, will be first, at the principal falls of the river to let Vessels down by means of Locks, or, if Rumsey's plan should succeed, by regular or gradual slopes. in either case, the bad effect of Ice and drift wood in floods, are to be guarded against. 2d. As the Canals at these places will pass thro' rocky ground, to be able to remove these with skill and facility, and to secure the Canals when made. 3dly. in other parts of the river, the water will require to be deepened, and in these places the bottom generally is either rock under water, or loose stone of different sizes; for it rarely happens that Sand or Mud is to be found in any of the shallow parts of the River. I mention these things because it is not the man who may be best skilled in Dikes; who knows best how to conduct water upon a level, or who can carry it thro' hills or over Mountains, that would be most useful to us.
We have had a mild winter hitherto, and nothing new that I recollect, in the course of it; for I believe Congress had determined before you left the Country, to fix their permanent seat in the vicinity of Trenton; and their temporary one at New York. The little Sprig at Annapolis, to whose nod so many lofty trees of the forest had bowed, has yielded the Sceptre. thursday last placed it at the feet of Mr. M:-- who perhaps may wield it with as much despotism as she did.
If I recollect right, I told you when here, that I had made one or two attempts to procure a good Jack Ass from Spain, to breed from. Colo. Hooe, or rather Mr. Harrison, was one of the Channels thro' which I expected to be supplied; but a day or two ago the former furnished me with the enclosed extract from the latter. As it is not convenient for me to pay such a price, I have desired Colo. Hooe to countermand the order, and the same causes induce me to pray, that if these are the prices of a good Jack (and no other I would have) that you would decline executing the commission I gave you of a similar kind.
I will use my best endeavours to procure the seeds (from Kentucky) which are contained in your list; but as the distance at which I live from that country is great, and frequent miscarriages of them may happen, you must prepare yourself for delay.
I will write as you desire, to Cary91 the late Printer of the Volunteer Journal in Ireland. Bushrod Washington, sensible of your polite invitation, but unable to avail himself of it, wrote you a letter of grateful acknowledgments and thanks; which letter I sent under cover to the President of Congress with a request to deliver it to you, but you had sailed: I presume he has since forwarded it to you.
[Note 91: Mathew Carey.]
I am possessed of the Cypher92 which was used by Mr. Livingston whilst he was Secretary of foreign affairs; if therefore he had not different ones, I can when necessary, correspond with you in his.
[Note 92: There are several undated ciphers in the Washington Papers, grouped at the end of the year 1783. One is Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge's cipher and another is Robert Moris's; but none of them are labeled as Robert R. Livingston's cipher.]
Every body of this family, and those who are connected with it, join in the most sincere and affectionate wishes for you and yours, with the most affectionate of your friends.
P. S. If it should so happen that the subscriptions for opening the navigations of the rivers Potomac and James should not (from the want of money here) fill in the time required by the Acts, do you think that there are persons of your acquaintance in France who might incline to become adventurers in it? I give it as my decided opinion to you that both are practicable beyond all manner of doubt: and that men who can afford to lay a little while out of their money, are laying the foundation of the greatest returns of any speculation I know of in the world.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to find by the public Gazettes that your passage to France had been short, and pleasant. I have no doubt but that your reception at Court has been equally polite, and agreeable.
I have the honor to inclose you the copy of an Act which passed the Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland at the close of their respective Sessions; about the first of last month. The circumstances of these States, it is said, would not enable them to take the matter up, altogether, on public ground; but they have granted at the joint and equal expence of the two, 6666 2/3 dollars for the purpose of opening a road of communication between the highest navigation of the Potomac, and the river Cheat; and have concurred in an application to the State of Pensylvania for leave to open another road from Fort Cumberland or Wills Creek, to the Yohiogany, at the three forks, or Turkey foot.
Besides these joint Acts of the States of Virginia and Maryland; the former has passed a similar law respecting the navigation of James river, and its communications with the Green brier; and have authorized the Executive to appoint Commissioners, who shall carefully examine and fix on the most convenient course for a Canal from the Waters of Elizabeth River in this State, to those passing through the State of North Carolina; and report their proceedings therein, with an estimate of the expence necessary for opening the Same, to the next General Assembly; and in case they shall find that, the best course for such canal, will require the concurrence of the Sate [ sic] of North Carolina in the opening thereof, they are further authorized and instructed to signify the same to the said State, and to concert with any person or persons who may be appointed on the part thereof, the most convenient and equitable plan for the execution of such work; and to report the result to the General Assembly.
With what Success the Books will be opened, I cannot, at this early stage of the business, inform you; in general the friends of the measure are better stocked with good wishes than money; the former of which unfortunately, goes but a little way in works where the latter is necessary, and is not to be had. and yet, if this matter could be well understood, it should seem that, there would be no deficiency of the latter, any more than of the former; for certain I am, there is no speculation of which I have an idea, that will ensure such certain and ample returns of the money advanced, with a great, and encreasing interest, as the tolls arising from these navigations; the accomplishment of which, if funds can be obtained, admits of no more doubt in my mind, under proper direction, than that a ship with skilful Mariners can be carried from hence to Europe. What a misfortune therefore would it be, if a project which is big with such great political consequences, commercial advantages, and which might be made so productive to private Adventurers should miscarry; either from the inability of the two States to execute it, at the public expence, or for want of means, or the want of spirit or foresight to use them, in their citizens. Supposing a danger of this, do you think, Sir, the monied men of France, Holland, England or any other Country with which you may have intercourse, might be induced to become Adventurers in the Scheme? Or if from the remoteness of the object, this should appear ineligable to them, would they incline to lend money to one, or both of these States, if there should be a disposition in them to borrow, for this purpose? Or, to one or more individuals in them, who are able, and would give sufficient security for the repayment? At what interest, and on what conditions respecting time, payment of interest, &ca. could it be obtained?
I forsee such extensive political consequences depending on the navigation of these two rivers, and communicating them by short and easy roads with the waters of the Western territory, that I am pained by every doubt of obtaining the means for their accomplishment: for this reason, I also wish you would be so obliging as to direct your enquiries after one or more characters, who have skill in this kind of work; that if Companies should be incorporated under the present Acts, and should incline to send to France, or England for an Engineer, or Man of practical knowledge in these kinds of works, there may be a clue to the application. You will perceive tho' my dear Sir, that no engagement, obligatory or honorary can be entered into at this time, because no person can answer for tile determination of the Companies, admitting their formation.
As I have accustomed myself to communicate matters of difficulty to you, and have met forgiveness for it, I will take the liberty, my good Sir, of troubling you with the rehearsal of one more, which has lately occurred to me. Among the Laws of the last Session of our Assembly, there is an Act which particularly respects myself; and tho' very flattering, is also very embarrassing to me. This Act, after honorable, flattering, and delicate recitals, directs the treasurer of the State to Subscribe towards each of the Navigations fifty Shares for my use and benefit; which it declares, is to be vested in me and my heirs forever. It has ever been my wish, and it is yet my intention, never to receive any thing from the United States, or an individual State for any Services I have hitherto rendered, or which in the course of events, I may have it in my power to render them hereafter as it is not my design to accept of any appointment from the public, which might make emoluments necessary: but how to decline this act of generosity without incurring the imputation of disrespect to my Country, and a slight of her favors on the one hand, or that of pride, or an ostentatious display of disinterestedness on the other, is the difficulty. As none of these have an existence in my breast, I should be sorry, if any of them should be imputed to me. The Assembly, as if determined that I should not act from the first impulse, made this the last act of their Session; without my having the smallest intimation or suspicion of their generous intention. As our Assembly is now to be holden once a year only, I shall have time to hit upon some expedient that will enable me to indulge the bent of my own inclination, without incurring any of the imputations before mentioned; and of hearing the sentiments of my friends upon the subject; than whose, none would be more acceptable than yours.
Your friends in our Assembly will have been able to give you so much better information of what has passed there, and of the general state of matters in this Commonwealth, that a repetition from me is although unnecessary, and might be imperfect. If we are to credit News paper Accts. the flames of war are again kindled, or are about to be so, in Europe. None of the sparks, it is to be hoped will cross the Atlantic and touch the inflameable matter in these States. I pray you to believe that with sentimts. of great esteem, etc.95
[Note 95: From the original in the Jefferson Papers.
Jefferson answered (July 10): "My wishes to see you made perfectly easy by receiving those just returns of gratitude from our country, to which you art entitled, would induce me to be contented with saying, what is a certain truth, that the world would be pleased with seeing them heaped on you, and would consider your receiving them as no derogation from your reputation. but I must own that the declining them will add to that reputation, as it will shew that your motives have been pure and without any alloy. this testimony however is not wanting either to those who know you or who do not. I must therefore repeat that I think the receiving them will not in the least lessen the respect of the world if from any circumstances they would be convenient to you. the candour of my communication will find its justification I know with you." Jefferson's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: In a letter of old date, but lately received, from the Countess of Huntington, she refers me to a letter which her Ladyship says you obligingly undertook to forward to me: never having received one from her to the purport she mentions, there can be no doubt but that this letter with your cover to it, have met the fate of some of mine to you; as I have wrote several within the last twelve or eighteen months, without any acknowledgement of them from you.
The only letters I recollect to have received from you since my retirement are dated the 9th. of Decr. 1783, and 10th. of June 1784. the first, relates to the heir of Mr. Bristons, the second, to a case with pictures, which you were so obliging as to commit to the care of the Revd. Mr. Bracken; and which has not yet got to hand. In Novr. last at Richmond, I happened in company with this gentleman who told me it was then in his possession at Wmsburgh, and that it should be forwarded by the first safe conveyance to this place, for your kind and polite attention in this matter, I pray you to receive my thanks.
As soon as your letter of the 9th. of Decr., above mentioned (accompanied by one from Mrs. Briston, and the memorial from the Excors of the Will of her deceased husband) came to my hands, I transmitted them to the Govr., who laid them before the Assembly which was then sitting: but what the result of it was, I have never yet heard, precisely. This case was involved in the general confiscation of British property, which makes discrimination difficult. How far the Law on national ground is just, or the expediency of it in the political scale, wise and proper, I will not undertake to determine; but of this I am well convinced, that the most wretched management of the sales has pervaded every State, without I believe a single exception in favor of any one of them.
I cannot at this moment recur to the contents of those letters of mine to you which I suspect have miscarried; further than that they were all expressive of an earnest wish to see you and Mrs. Fairfax once more fixed in this country; and to beg that you would consider Mr. Vernon as your home until you could build with convenience, in which request Mrs. Washington joins very sincerely. I never look towards Belvoir, without having this uppermost in my mind. But alas! Belvoir is no more! I took a ride there the other day to visit the ruins, and ruins indeed they are. The dwelling house and the two brick buildings in front, underwent the ravages of the fire; the walls of which are very much injured: the other Houses are sinking under the depredation of time and inattention, and I believe are now scarcely worth repairing. In a word, the whole are, or very soon will be a heap of ruin. When I viewed them, when I considered that the happiest moments of my life had been spent there, when I could not trace a room in the house (now all rubbish) that did not bring to my mind the recollection of pleasing scenes, I was obliged to fly from them; and came home with painful sensations, and sorrowing for the contrast. Mrs. Morton96 still lives at your Barn quarter. The management of your business is entrusted to one Muse (son to a Colonel of that name,97 whom you cannot have forgotten), he is, I am told, a very active and industrious man; but in what sort of order he has your Estate, I am unable to inform you, never having seen him since my return to Virginia.
[Note 96: Wife of Rev. Andrew Morton.]
[Note 97: Col. George Muse.]
It may be and I dare say is presumed that if I am not returned to my former habits of life, the change is to be ascribed to a preference of ease and indolence to exercise and my wonted activity: But be assured my dear Sir, that at no period of the War have I been obliged myself to go thro' more drudgery in writing, or have suffered so much confinement to effect it, as since what is called my retirement to domestic ease and tranquillity. Strange as it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that I have been able since I came home, to give very little attention to my own concerns, or to those of others, with which I was entrusted. My Accounts stand as I left them near ten years ago; those who owed me money, a very few instances excepted, availed themselves of what are called the tender Laws, and paid me off with a shilling and sixpence in the pound. Those to whom I owed, I have now to pay under heavy taxes with specie, or its equivalent value. I do not mention these matters by way of complaint, but as an apology for not having rendered you a full and perfect statement of the Acct. as it may stand between us, 'ere this. I allotted this Winter, supposing the drearyness of the season would afford me leisure to overhaul and adjust all my papers (which are in sad disorder, from the frequent hasty removals of them, from the reach of our trans-atlantic foes, when their Ships appeared): but I reckoned without my host; Company, and a continual reference of old military matters, with which I ought to have no concern; applications for Certificates of service &c., copies of orders and the Lord knows what besides, to which whether they are complied with or not, some response must be made, engross nearly my whole time. I am now endeavoring to get some person as a Secretary or Clerk to take the fatigueing part of this business off my hands. I have not yet succeeded, but shall continue my enquiries 'till one shall offer, properly recommended.
Nothing has occurred of late worth noticing, except the renewed attempts of the Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland to improve and extend the navigation of the river Potomac as far as it is practicable, and communicating it by good roads (at the joint and equal expence of the two States) with the waters of the amazing territory behind us. A copy of this Act (exactly similar in both states) I do myself the honor to enclose you. One similar to it passed the Legislature of this State for improving and extending the navigation of James river, and opening a good road between it and Green-briar. These acts were accompanied by another of the Virginia Assembly, very flattering and honorable for me, not more so for the magnitude of the gift, than the avowed gratitude, and delicacy of its expression, in the recital to it. The purport of it is, to vest 100 shares (50 in each navigation)98 in me and my heirs forever. But it is not my intention to accept of it; altho', were I otherwise disposed, I should consider it as the foundation of the greatest and most certain income that the like sum can produce in any speculation whatever. So certain is the accomplishment of the work, if the sum proposed should be raised to carry it on, and so inconceivably will the tolls increase by the accumulating produce which will be water borne on the navigation of these two rivers, which penetrate so far and communicate so nearly, with the navigable waters to the Westward.
[Note 98: See note to Washington's letter to Marquis de Lafayette, Feb. 15, 1785, ante.]
At the same time that I determine not to accept this generous and gratuitous offer of my Country, I am at a loss in what manner to decline it, without an apparent slight or disrespect to the Assembly on the one hand, or exposing myself to the imputation of pride, or an ostentatious display of disinterestedness on the other, neither have an existence in my breast, and neither would I wish to have ascribed to me. I shall have time however to think of the matter, before the next session; for as if it was meant that I should have no opportunity to decline the offer at the last, it was the closing act thereof, without any previous intimation, or suspicion in my mind, of the intention. Admitting that Companies should be incorporated for the purposes mentioned in the Act, do you conceive my good Sir, that a person perfectly skilled in works of this sort, could be readily obtained from England? And upon what terms?
It is unnecessary I persuade myself, to use arguments to convince Mrs. Fairfax and yourself, to the sincere regard and attachment and affection Mrs. Washington and I have for you both, or to assure you how much, I am, etc.
P.S. Do you think it would be in your power, with ease and convenience, to procure for me, a male and female Deer or two, the cost of transportation I would gladly be at. If I should ever get relieved from the drudgery of the pen, it would be my wish to engage in these kind of rural amusements, raising of shrubberies &c. After what I have said in the body of this letter, I will not trouble you with an apology for such a scrawl as it now exhibits, you must receive it, my good Sir, as we have done better things, better for worse.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1785.
My Lady: The very polite and obliging letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 8th. of April by Sir James Jay, never came to my hands until the 17th. of last month, and is the best apology I can make for a silence, which might otherwise appear inattentive, if not disrespectful, to a correspondence which does me much honor.
The other letter which your Ladyship refers to, as having passed thro' the medium of our good friend Mr. Fairfax has never yet appeared; and it is matter of great regret, that letters are so often intercepted by negligence, curiosity or motives still more unworthy. I am persuaded that some of my letters to Mr. Fairfax, as well as his (covering your Ladyships) to me, have miscarried, as I have never received an acknowledgment of some of mine to him, tho' long since written.
With respect to your humane and benevolent intentions towards the Indians, and the plan which your Ladyship has adopted to carry them into effect, they meet my highest approbation; and I should be very happy to find every possible encouragement given to them. It has ever been my opinion, since I have had opportunities to observe, and to reflect upon the ignorance, indolence and general pursuits of the Indians, that all attempts to reclaim, and introduce any system of religeon or morality among them, would prove fruitless, until they could be first brought into a state of greater civilization; at least that this attempt should accompany the other, and be enforced by example: and I am happy to find that it is made the ground work of your Ladyships plan.
With respect to the other parts of the plan, and the prospect of obtaining Lands for the Emigrants, who are to be the instruments employed in the execution of it, my letter to Sir James Jay in answer to his to me on this subject, will convey every information, which is in my power, at this time to give your Ladyship; and therefore I take the liberty of enclosing a transcript of it. Agreeably to the assurance given in it, I have written fully to the President of Congress, with whom I have a particular intimacy, and transmitted copies of your Ladyships plan, addresses and letter to the several States therein mentioned, with my approving sentiments thereon. I have informed him, that tho' it comes to him as a private letter from me; it is nevertheless optional in him to make it a matter of private communication to the members individually, or officially to Congress, as his judgment shall dictate; giving it as my opinion, among other reasons, that I did not believe since the cession of Lands by individual States to the United States, any one of them (except New York) was in circumstances, however well inclined it might be, to carry your Ladyships plan into effect.
What may be the result of your Ladyships Addresses to the States of North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania and New York, individually; or of my statemt. of the matter in a friendly way to the President of Congress for the united deliberation of the whole, is not for me to anticipate, even were I acquainted with their sentiments. I have already observed, that neither of the States (unless Nw. York may be in circumstances to do it) can in my opinion furnish good Lands in a body for such emigrants as your Ladyship seems inclin'd to provide for. That Congress can, if the treaty which is now depending with the Western Indians should terminate favourably and a cession of Lands be obtained from them, which I presume is one object for holding it, is certain; and unless the reasons which I have mentioned in my letter to Sir James Jay should be a lot or bar, I have not a doubt but that they would do it; in which case, any quantity of Land (within such cession or purchase) might be obtained. If, ultimately, success should not attend any of these applications, I submit as a dernier resort, for your Lady-ships information and consideration, a Gazette containing the terms upon which I have offered several tracts of Land (the quantity of my own in that country, and which lie as convenient to the Western Tribes of Indians as any in that territory (appertaining to an individual State), as your Ladyship may perceive by having recourse to Hutchins's Evans's, or any other map of that Country, and comparing the descriptive Lands therewith; and being informed that Virginia has ceded all her claim to lands No. West of the Ohio, to the United States, and that the Western boundary of Pennsylvania is terminate by a meridian which crosses the river but a little distance from Fort Pitt.
It will appear evident, from the date of my publication, that I could not at the time it was promulgated, have had an eye to your Ladyships plan of emigration; and I earnestly pray that my communication of the matter at this time, may receive no other interpretation than what is really meant, that is, a last (if it should be thought an eligible) resort. I have no doubt but that Lands, if to be had at all, may be obtained from the United States, or an individual State, upon easier terms than those upon which I have offered mine; but being equally persuaded that these of mine, from their situation and other local advantages, are worth what I ask, I should not incline to take less for them, unless the whole by good and responsible characters (after an Agent in their behalf had previously examined into the quality and conveniency of the land) should be engaged upon either of the tenures that are published; especially as these Lands, from their particular situation, must become exceedingly valuable, by the Laws which have just passed the Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland for improving and extending the navigation of Potomac, as high as is practicable, and communicating it with the nearest western waters by good roads: and by the former Assembly to do the same thing with James river, and the communication between it and the Great Kanhawa, by means of which the produce of the settlers on these Lands of mine, will come easily and cheaply to market. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 5th. enclosing the Act of the Legislature for vesting in me and my heirs, fifty shares in the navigation of each of the rivers Potomac and James.2 For your trouble and attention in forwarding the Act, you will please to accept my
[Note 2: The act is in the Washington Papers under date of Jan. 5, 1785.] thanks; whilst to the Assembly for passing it, these with all my gratitude, are due. I shall ever consider this Act as an unequivocal, and substantial testimony of the approving voice of my Country for the part I have acted in the Amn. theatre, and shall feast upon the recollection of it as often as it occurs to me; but this is all I can, or mean to do. It was my first declaration in Congress after accepting my military appointment, that I would not receive any thing for such services as I might be able to render the cause in which I had embarked. It was my fixed determination when I surrendered that appointment, never to hold any other office under Government, by which emolument might become a necessary appendage: or, in other words, which should withdraw me from the necessary attention which my own private concerns indispensably required: nor to accept of any pecuniary acknowledgment, for what had passed; from this resolution, my mind has never yet swerved. The Act therefore, which your Excellency enclosed, is embarrassing to me. On the one hand I shall be unhappy if my non-acceptance of the shares should be considered as a slight of the favor, (the magnitude of which, I think very highly of) or disrespectful to the generous intention of my Country. On the other I should be equally hurt if motives of pride, or an ostentatious display of disinterestedness should be ascribed to the action. None of these have existence in my breast, and none of them would I have imputed to me, whilst I am endulging the bent of my inclination by acting independant of rewards for occasional and accidental services. Besides, may not the plans be affected; unless some expedient can be hit upon to avoid the shock which may be sustained, by withdrawing so many shares from them?
Under these circumstances, and with this knowledge of my wishes and intention I would thank your Excellency for your frank and full opinion of this matter, in a friendly way, as this letter to you is written and I hope will be considered. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 28, 1785.
Madam: I received your favor of the 20th. of January, some considerable time after the date of it. I have never received, nor have I ever heard any thing of Mrs. Savages Will, since your deceased husband put it into my hands, and then reclaimed it in December 1783 as I passed through Baltimore on my way to Virginia, to be sent (for I could see no propriety in any thing else) to the Executors named therein, to act under. I am Madam Yr. etc.3
[Note 9: Formerly major in the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment.]
Mount Vernon, March 1, 1785.
Sir: However much I may wish to see every slur wiped from the character of an officer who early embarked in the service of his Country; and however desirous I may be to alleviate his misfortunes, it is nevertheless incumbent on me to have regard to consistency of conduct in myself. With what propriety then could I, a private Citizen, attempt to undo things which received my approbation as a public officer, and this too without the means of information, as the proceedings of Courts Martial are not with me: but if the case was otherwise, I could neither answer it to myself or Country, to retread the ground I have laboriously passed over, was a door of this kind once opened, I should be overwhelmed with applications of a similar nature; for I cannot agree that either the judgment of the Court Martial, or the approbation of it proceeded, as you suppose, from the policy of offering a victim to appease the clamors of the populace. It is unnecessary however to go into arguments upon the subject when, admitting there was error, redress can only be had from the supreme Council of the nation, or to the State to which you belong. I am sorry it has been your lott to be brought before a Court, much more so for the issue, and if I could with propriety place you in the full enjoyment of every thing you wish, I shou'd have pleasure in doing it, but it is not in my power in the present instance. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Since my last to you, I have been favored with several of your letters, which should not have remained so long unacknowledged, had I not been a good deal pressed by matters which could not well be delayed; and because I found a difficulty in complying with your request respecting the profiles; the latter it is not in my power to do now, satisfactorily. Some imperfect miniature cuts I send you under cover with this letter, they were designed for me by Miss D'Hart of Elizabethtown, and given to Mrs. Washington; who in sparing them, only wishes they may answer your purpose. For her I can get none cut yet. If Mr. Du' Simitire is living, and at Philada., it is possible he may have miniature engravings of most, if not all the military characters you want, and in their proper dresses: he drew many good likenesses from the life, and got them engraved at Paris for sale; among these I have seen Genl. Gates, Baron de Steuben, &c., as also that of your hble servt. The Marqs. de la Fayette had left this before your request of his profile came to hand.
You ask if the character of Colo. John Lawrens, as drawn in the Independant Chronicle of the 2d of Decr. last, is just. I answer, that such parts of the drawing as have fallen under my own observation, is literally so; and that it is my firm belief his merits and worth richly entitle him to the whole picture: no man possessed more of the amor patrice, in a word, he had not a fault that I ever could discover, unless intrepidity bordering upon rashness could come under that denomination; and to this he was excited by the purest motives.
The order12 alluded to in my private letter, a copy of which you requested, I now send. You might have observed, for I believe the same private letter takes notice thereof, that it was consequent of a resolve of Congress, that Fort Washington was so pertinaceously held, before the Ships passed that Post. Without unpacking chests, unbundling papers &ca., I cannot come at to give you a copy of that resolve; but I well remember that after reciting the importance of securing the upper navigation of the Hudson, I am directed to obtain hulks, to sink them for the purpose of obstructing the navigation, and to spare no other cost to effect it. Owing to this the Posts of Forts Washington and Lee, on account of the narrowness of the river, some peculiarity of the channel, and strength of the ground at these places, were laboriously fortified; owing to this we left Fort Washington strongly garrisoned, in our rear, when we were obliged to retreat to the White plains; and owing to this, also, Colo. Magaw, who commanded at it, was ordered to defend it to the last extremity. But when, maugre all the obstructions which had been thrown into the channel, all the labour and expence wch. had been bestowed on the works, and the risks we had run of the garrison theretofore, the British Ships of War had, and could pass those Posts, it was clear to me from that moment, that they were no longer eligible, and that that on the East side of the river ought to be withdrawn whilst it was in our power: in consequence thereof
[Note 12: See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene, Nov. 8, 1776 (vol. 6, p. 257). (See also Washington's letter to John Augustine Washington, Nov. 6, 1776, p. 244, of the same volume.)] the letter of the 8th. of Novr. 1776, was written to Genl. Greene from the White plains; that Post and all the troops in the vicinity of it being under his orders. I give this information, and I furnish you with a copy of the order for the evacuation of Fort Washington, because you desire it, not that I want to exculpate myself from any censure which may have fallen on me by charging another. I have sent your recipe for the preservation of young plants to the Alexandria printer; and wish the salutary effect which the author of the discovery, in the annual register has pointed to, may be realized: the process is simple and not expensive which renders it more valuable.
Some Accots. say, that matters are in train for an accommodation between the Austrians and Dutch; if so the flames of war may be arrested before they blaze out and become very extensive; but admitting the contrary, I hope none of the sparks will light on American ground, which I fear is made up of too much combustible matter for its well-being.
Your young friend13 is in high health, and as full of spirits as an egg shell is of meat. I informed him I was going to write to you, and desired to know if he had any commands; his spontaneous answer, I beg he will make haste and come here again. All the rest of the family are well, except Mrs. Washington, who is too often troubled with bilious and cholicky complaints, to enjoy perfect health; all join in best wishes for you and yours with Dr. Sir, &c.14
[Note 13: George Washington Parke Custis.]
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1785.
Revd. Sir: From the cursory manner in wch. you expressed the wish of Mr. Bowie15 to write the Memoirs of my life, I was
[Note 15: John Bowie.] not, at the moment of your application and my assent to it, struck with the consequences to which it tended: but when I came to reflect upon the matter afterwards, and had had some conversation with Mr. Bowie on the subject; I found that this must be a very futile work (if under any circumstances it could be made interesting) unless he could be furnished with the incidents of my life, either from my papers, or my recollection, and digesting of past transactions into some sort of form and order with respect to times and circumstances: I knew also that many of the former relative to the part I had acted in the war between France and G: Britain from the year 1754, until the peace of Paris; and which contained some of the most interesting occurrences of my life, were lost; that my memory is too treacherous to be relied on to supply this defect, and admitting both were more perfect, that submitting such a publication to the world whilst I continue on the theatre, might be ascribed (however involuntarily I was led into it) to vain motives.
These considerations prompted me to tell Mr. Bowie, when I saw him at Philada. in May last, that I could have no agency towards the publication of any Memoirs respecting myself whilst living: but as I had given my assent to you (when asked) to have them written, and as he had been the first to propose it, he was welcome if he thought his time would not be unprofitably spent, to take extracts from such documents as yet remained in my possession, and to avail himself of any other information I could give; provided the publication should be suspended until I had quitted the stage of human action. I then intended, as I informed him, to have devoted the present expiring winter in arranging all my papers which I had left at home, and which I found a mere mass of confusion (occasioned by frequently shifting them into trunks, and suddenly removing them from the reach of the enemy); but however strange it may seem it is nevertheless true, that what with company; referrences of old matters with which I ought not to be troubled, applications for certificates, and copies of orders, in addition to the routine of letters which have multiplied greatly upon me; I have not been able to touch a single paper, or transact any business of my own, in the way of accts. and during the whole course of the winter; or in a word, since my retirement from public life.
I have two reasons, my good sir, for making these communications to you, the first is, by way of apology for not complying with my promise in the full extent you might expect, in favor of Mr. Bowie. The second is, not knowing where that Gentleman resides I am at a loss without your assistance, to give him the information respecting the disordered state of my papers, which he was told should be arranged, and a proper selection of them made for his inspection, by the Spring. Upon your kindness therefore I must rely to convey this information to him; for tho' I shou'd be glad at all times, to see Mr. Bowie here, I should be unhappy if expectations which cannot be realized (in the present moment) shou'd withdraw him from, or cause him to forego some other pursuits which may be more advantageous to him. My respects if you please to Mrs. Witherspoon. I have the honor, etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir: It was but a few days ago that I was favor'd with your letter of the 8th. of Feby. accompanied by your Map and history of Kentucke, for which you will please to accept my thanks. Those which you expect were handed to me by Mr. Page17 of Rosewell, are not yet arrived; nor have I heard anything from that gentleman respecting them.
[Note 17: John Page.]
Previous to the receipt of the above letter, I had written to you and addressed my letter to the care of Mr. Dunlap printer in Phila., taking it for granted you must have received it 'ere this, I beg leave to refer to its contents, as aught I could say on this subject would be only repetition. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Madam: I have had the honor to receive your favor, and duplicate, of the 8th. of Octor. from Lisle in Flanders. I have also seen the Will of the deceased Mrs. Savage.
In December 1783 on my quitting public life, and as I was returning to my own home; I met at Baltimore, in Maryland a Mr. Moore, who shewed me this Will; and as it appeared to be the original (for I perfectly recollected the writing of Mrs. Savage), I told him it ought to have been placed in the hands of the Executors therein named, that it might be recorded and acted upon, instead of bringing it to this Country, and proposed to transmit it to them myself for this purpose: he placed it in my hands accordingly, but in less than half an hour reclaimed it; adding that as he was about to sail for Ireland, he would take it there himself. As I knew not by what means he became possessed of this testament, I knew no right by which I could withhold it from him, and therefore returned it; with a request that he would furnish me with a copy thereof, which was done some considerable time thereafter. From that period I heard nothing further of Mr. Moore, the Will or anything respecting it, until last month; when I received a letter dated Jan: 20th. 1785, from a person at Baltimore subscribing herself, "Hannah Moore", of which the enclosed is a copy, upon the receipt whereof I informed the writer, that neither the Will, or any accot. of it, had reached my hands; nor had I heard a tittle of it since.
I confess there is something in this transaction which carries with it the face of mistery. How it should have happened that Mr. Moore whose name is not once mentioned in the will should become possessed of it: that his widow should be enquiring after it, with the eagerness of a person deeply interested therein; and that the Executors, who really are so, first as principal legatees, and 2dly. as residuary Legatees, shou'd never have written a line on the subject, or made the most distant enquiry after the only property from whence they could derive benefit themselves, or administer it to others agreeably to the testators directions, is unaccountable to me upon any other principle, than that of the Will's never having yet got into their hands.
After assuring you Madam, that I should be happy to render you any services my situation will admit of; I must beg leave to inform you, that you mistake the case entirely, when you suppose that it is in my power to dispose of any part of the deceased Mrs. Savage's property. All that her Trustees could have done, even in her lifetime; was to recover the annuity, which was as unjustly, as ungenerously withheld from her by Doctr. Savage her husband: but with respect to the disposal of it afterwards, we had no more authority than you: now she has made an absolute distribution of it herself by Will, which her Executors herein named, are to see duly executed. Every lawful and equitable claim therefore, which you may have had against Mrs. Savage in her lifetime, must now be presented to her Executors; for it is they, and they only, (or the Laws if they refuse) who can now do you justice. From the words of the Will it would seem to me that the legacy which Mrs. Savage has left you, does not preclude any just charge you may have had against her for board &c., if it was known to be your intention to make it: but this is a matter of which I have not the smallest cognizance, it must be settled between you and the Exors of her Will, when the money can be recover'd from the Estate of Doctr. Savage, who is also dead.
In what state the Suit is, I am unable to inform you. My situation before Peace was established, and engagements since have obliged me to depend wholly upon Mr. Fairfax19 (the other Trustee) to prosecute it; who, besides the shutting of the Courts at one time, and the litigiousness of them at all times, has had all the villainy of Dr. Savage, and the chicanery of his lawyers to combat. The Doctr., rather than fulfill an engagement, which generosity, justice, humanity and every other motive which should have influenced an honest mind, had recourse to stratagem, and every delay, to procrastinate payment; altho' from report, he has made an immense fortune. I have the honor, etc.20
[Note 19: Bryan Fairfax.]
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir: It was my intention, so soon as I understood you meant to become the publisher of a Newspaper at Philadelphia, to have requested that your weekly production might be sent to me. I was the more pleased with this determination when, by a letter from my friend the Marqs. de la Fayette, I found he had interested himself in your behalf.
It has so happened that my Gazettes from Philada., whether from inattention at the printing or post offices, or other causes, come very irregularly to my hands; I pray you therefore to fold it like, and give it the appearance of a letter, the usual covering of your Newspapers will do. I have sometimes suspected that there are persons who having stronger desires to read Newspapers than to pay for them, borrow with a pretty heavy hand: this may be avoided by deception, and I know of no other way. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The text of the original, said to be in Worcester College, Ohio, varies somewhat from this letter, the last sentence being "It has sometimes occurred to me, that there are persons who wishing to read News Papers, without being at the expence of paying for them, make free with those which are addressed to others. Under the garb of a letter, it is not presumeable this liberty would be taken."]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir: I was favored with your letter of the 21st. of Feby., by the last Post. It never fails to give me pain when I hear of the sufferings of a deserving Officer; in which light I always considered you. It ever has been amongst my first wishes, that the circumstances of the public had been such as to have prevented the great loss which both officers and Soldiers have sustained by the depreciation of their certificates; and that each State would do something for those of their respective lines: but having many to provide for, and few places or things to bestow; it is a matter of little wonder that many, very many, deserving characters should go unnoticed, or, to speak more properly, unprovided for.
It has ever been a maxim with me, and it gives regularity and weight to my certificates, to ground them upon the testimony of the Genl. officers under whom the applicant had served: this brings with it dates and circumstances with which I am oftentimes unacquainted. In your case it is indispensably necessary; for you having been long out of the Continental line of the army, I cannot speak with precision as to facts. If therefore, as you have been in the service of the State of Nw. York you will forward to me the testimonial of Govr. Clinton, I will gladly accompany it with a certificate of mine, if you think any weight can be added thereby; to do which can only be attended with a little delay, as the letters will come and go free from Postage. With esteem and regard, I am etc.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 24th. of January came duly at hand; but being written in French (a language I do not understand) some time elapsed before an opportunity presented to get it translated. This I hope will be received as an apology for the delay of my answer.
However much your merits deserve recommendation, and however pleasing it might be to me to offer my testimony to such facts as have come to my knowledge, respecting the services you have rendered to these States, yet to comply with your request of a letter to the Count de Maasdam,23 would be inconsistent with the line of conduct I have prescribed for my Government.
[Note 23: General in the army of the United Netherlands.]
It is a maxim with me Sir, to take no liberties with exalted characters to whom I am not personally known, or with whom I have had no occasion to correspond by letter; but if you shou'd think a certificate of service from me can avail you in any degree, and you would please to furnish me with your appointmts. and places of services (as they have not been much under my immediate command) I shall have pleasure in furnishing one.
If circumstances had permitted, I should have been happy in the honor of a visit from you. I have a grateful sense of the polite and flattering expression of your letters; and with best wishes for you in your future pursuits, I have the honor etc.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I had the honor to receive a letter from you dated at Carlisle the 19th. of Novr. last, which should not have remained unacknowledged until this time, if I had known of any opportunity of addressing a letter to you in the Western Territory.
I have now heard of your passing thro' Philada. on your way to Congress, and have been honor'd with a copy of your second treaty with the Western tribes of Indians, from the President. I am pleased to find that the Indians have yielded so much; from the temper I heard they were in, I apprehended less compliance, on their part. This business being accomplished. it would give me pleasure to hear that Congress had proceeded to the disposal of the ceded Lands at a happy medium price, in a District sufficient and proper for a compact State. Progressive seating will be attended with many advantages; sparse settlements with many evils.
I congratulate you on your safe return: the season was inclement and very unfit for the place and business you were engaged in. Mrs. Washington presents her compliments to you, and I have the honor, etc.24
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir: It has so happened, that your favor of the 19th. Ulto. did not come to my hands until the last mail arrived at Alexandria. By the return of which, I have the honor to address this letter to you.
Mr. McMeiken's explanation of the movements of Rumseys's newly invented Boat, is consonant to my ideas; and warranted by the principles upon which it acts. The small manual assistance to which I alluded, was to be applied in still water; and to the purpose of steering the vessel. The counteraction being proportioned to the action, it must ascend a swift currt. faster than a gentle stream; and both, with more ease than it can move on dead water. But in the first there may be, and no doubt is, a point beyond wch. it cannot proceed without involving consequences which may be found insurmountable. Further than this I am not at liberty to explain myself; but if a model, or thing in miniature can justly represent a greater object in its operation, there is no doubt of the utility of the invention. A view of this model, with an explanation, removed the principal doubt I ever had in my mind, of the practicability of progressing against stream, by the aid of mechanical Power; but as he wanted to avail himself of my introduction of it to the public attention, I chose, previously, to see the actual performance of the model in a descending stream, before I passed my certificate, and having done so, all my doubts were done away.
I thank you, Sir, for your accot. of the last Indian treaty. I had received a similar one before, but do not comprehend by what line it is, our northern limits are to be fixed. Two things seem naturally to result from this Treaty. The terms on which the ceded lands are to be disposed of; and the mode of settling them. The first, in my opinion, ought not to be delayed. The second, ought not to be too diffusive. Compact and progressive Seating will give strength to the Union; admit law and good government; and foederal aids at an early period. Sparse settlements in several new States; or in a large territory for one State, will have the direct contrary effects. and whilst it opens a large field to Land jobbers and speculators, who are prouling about like Wolves in every shape, will injure the real occupants and useful citizens, and consequently, the public interest. If a tract of Country, of convenient size for a new State, contiguous to the present Settlements on the Ohio, is laid off, and a certain proportion of the land therein actually seated; or at least granted; before any other State is marked out and no lond suffered to be had beyond the limits of it; we shall, I conceive, derive great political advantages from such a line of conduct, and without it, may be involved in much trouble and perplexity, before any New state will be well organized, or can contribute any thing to the support of the Union. I have the honor &c.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, March 19, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Some considerable time ago I wrote a letter to my nephew, Bushrod Washington, and used the freedom of addressing it to your care. At that time I conceived he was living at Richmond, but the establishment of circuit Courts it seems has changed his plan: he now intends to live at Fredericksburg. Will you allow me the liberty my dear sir, to request the favor of you to open my letter to him, if it is yet in yr. possession, and comply with a request therein, respecting a promisary note of Mr. Rian's,28 if he is in Richmond; or cause it to be complied with if he is at Petersburgh. If my memory serves me, I have gone into the detail of the matter to my nephew. I will not trouble you therefore, with a repetition of it, nor will I take up your time with an apology for the trouble this must give you. Mrs. Washington unites in best wishes for yourself and Mr. Randolph with, Dr. Sir, &c.29
[Note 28: Ryan. (See Washington's letter to Bushrod Washington, Jan. 22, 1785, ante.)]
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 19, 1785.
Sir: If I recollect right, I mentioned when I had the pleasure of seeing you at Mr. Jones's30 the first of last October, that I was reduced to the necessity of bringing ejectments against sundry persons who had taken possession of a tract of Land which I hold, not far from Fort Pitt in the State of Pennsylvania, by Patent under this Governmt. for 2813 acres.
[Note 30: Gabriel Jones, in the Shenandoah Valley.]
I have lately received a letter from my Lawyer, Mr. Thos. Smith, of Carlisle requesting information on several points; the following are his own words,
I am entirely unacquainted with the manner in which titles to Lands are acquired by improvement or occupancy, by the Laws and customs of Virginia. I suppose it must be under certain conditions and restrictions. I should be glad to have the Laws, if any, pointed out. Does the occupier Forfeit his right of pre-emption, if he does not apply for an office right in a given time? If so, when? By what Laws? Or is it by the regulations established in the Land Office? A certified copy of such regulations if any, may be necessary.
At the interview I had with that Gentleman in September, he told me it would be necessary to obtain a certified copy of the Surveyors return to the Land office, and of the date of the Warrt. upon which it was made. The latter I presume is in the hands of the Surveyor, but the date no doubt, is recited in the return. Having (in the life time of Colo. Crawford, and by letter from him) received information that at the convention next before the 20th. of Septr. 1776, (the date of his letter) an ordinance passed for the purpose of saving equitable claims to the Western Lands, Mr. Smith requested some precise information respecting this Ordinance, that is, how far it will apply in my case.
After the many obliging acts of kindness I have received from you, and the generous terms upon which they have been rendered, I am really ashamed to give you more trouble; but as the dispute in which I am engaged is of importance, and a very ungenerous advantage has been taken of a situation in which I could not attend to my private concerns, or seek justice in due season, and as I believe no person can solve the queries of Mr. Smith, and give such accurate information on such points as can be made to subserve my cause as you, I am, however reluctantly, compelled to this application.
Mr. Smith's own words, which I have quoted, and his verbal application to me, wch. I have just now recited, will sufficiently apprize you of what has occurred to him; but I will go further, and take the liberty my good Sir, of giving you a state of the whole matter; from whence you will discover the points on which my opponents mean to hinge the success of their cause.
Colo. Crawford, a liver on Yohioghaney, an old and intimate acquaintance of mine, undertook to procure for me a tract of land in that Country; and accordingly made choice of the one, now in dispute, on the waters of Racoon and Millers runs, branches of Shurtees Creek, surveyed the same, amounting to 2813 acres, and purchased in my behalf the claim of some person to a part of the land, who pretended to have a right thereto. After this he built, or intended to build according to his own accot., and to the best of my recollection, (for the papers being in the hands of my Lawyer, I have memory only, and that a bad one, to resort to) three or four cabbins on different parts of the tract, and placed one or more persons thereon to hold possession of it for my benefit. All this preceeded the first view the present occupiers (my opponents) ever had of the Land, as they themselves have acknowledged to me, and which I believe can be proved. So far as it respects one cabbin there can be no doubt, because it remains to this day; and is acknowledged by them to have been on the land when they first came to it. They built another cabbin so close to the door of it, as to preclude the entrance of it: Crawford in his accot. of it to me, says, with a view to prevent occupation: they, on the other hand, say there was no inhabitant in the house at the time. Both may be right, for the fact is, as I have been informed, the owner being from home, this transaction took place in his absence.
It may be well to observe here that Colo. Crawford was only acting the part of a friend to me; for at that time, tho' he was a Surveyor by regular appointment from the College of Wm. and Mary, it was for the local purpose of surveying the 200,000 acres granted by Dinwiddie's Proclamation of 1754 to the Troops of the State, who were entitled to it as a bounty: but as I proposed to cover this survey with a military warrant as soon as circumstances would permit, these steps were preliminary to obtain the Land. Accordingly, a Warrant which I obtained in consequence of a purchase from one Captain Posey (who under the British Kings proclamation of 1763 was entitled to 3000 acres) whose Bond I now have bearing date the 14th. of Octr. 1770, assigning to me all his right to land under it, was located thereon; and Colo. Crawford, after receiving a commission to act as Deputy to Mr. Thos. Lewis, made a return of this survey to his principal, who returned it to the Secretary's office, from whence a Patent issued signed by Lord Dunmore in June or July 1774, for 2813 acres, reciting under what right I became entitled to the Land. Hence, and from the repeated warnings, which it is said can be proved were given at the time my opponents were about to take possession of the Land, and afterwards, comes my title.
The title of my opponents I know will be: 1st. That Crawfords survey was illegal, at least, was unauthorized. 2d. That being a great land-jobber, he held, or endeavored to monopolise under one pretence or other much land: and tho' (for they do not deny the fact to me in private discussion, altho' considering the lapse of time, deaths, and dispersion of people, I may find some difficulty to prove it) they were told this was my land; yet conceiving my name was only made use of as a cover, and in this they say they were confirmed, having (after some of the warnings given them) searched the Land office of this State without discovering any such Grant to me. 3d. That their possession of the Land, preceded my Patent or date of the Surveyors return to the Secretary's office; or even the date of Crawfords deputation under Lewis, before which, every transaction they will add, was invalid.
But to recapitulate, the Dispute, if my memory for want of papers does not deceive me, may be summed up in these words.
1st. In the year 1771, Crawford at my request looked out this Land for me, and made an actual survey thereof on my account.
2d. Some person (not of the opponents) setting up a claim to part included by the survey, he purchased them out, built one cabbin, if not more, and placed a man therein to keep possession of the Land.
3d. It was called my land, and generally believed to be so by every body, and under that persuasion was left by some, who uninformed of my right, had begun to build, before the present occupants took possession to the exclusion as I have related before of the person placed thereon by Crawford.
4th. That sometime in Octr. 1773 according to their own accot., these occupants took possession.
5th. That upon their doing so, and at several times thereafter, they were notified of my claim and intention to assert my right.
6th. That no survey was ever made of this Land, but the first one by Crawford.
7th. That it is declared in the Surveyors return, to be consequent of a warrant granted by Lord Dunmore to Jno. Posey assigned to me. But whether this warrt. is dated before or after possession was taken by my opponents, I know not, but the Survey will shew this.
8th. That after he received his deputation (which I believe was subsequent to their occupancy) he made a return of the survey to Mr. Lewis, who returned it to the Secretary's Office in the early part, I believe, of the year 1774, and a Patent issued without any caveat or opposition from these people.
9th. I believe, because I never heard otherwise, that no office rights either in this State or that of Pennsylvania, were ever obtained by my opponents, resting their title upon possession.
Under this statement of the matter, in which I have conceded everything I know, or which I think can be urged against my claim, I would thank you, as the matter will be determined in another State, for such advice and information of Acts of Assembly, Acts of Convention, or rules of office which make to the point, as my long absence renders me quite an ignoramus in these matters, and as unfit for, as I am disinclined to controversies of this kind.
If pre-occupancy will take place of legal right, under the circumstances here mentioned; it remains still a question how far the possession and improvements which were made in my behalf, previous to those of my opponents, will avail me; that is, under what title I should then claim the Land, and under that title how much of it I should hold, supposing one Cabbin only to have been built and occupied, by any rule of Office, or Act of Government.
When I look back at the length of this letter, and consider how much trouble I am giving you, I must thro myself upon your goodness for an apology, whilst I assure you of the esteem and regard with which I am, etc.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 20, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I regret very much that your letters of the 2d. and 13th. of Octr. should have been withheld from me until this time, the last post only, from Richmond brought them to me.
If you should have fulfilled your intention of embarking for this Continent at the early period proposed in the first of these letters, (and I hope no untoward accident has intervened to prevent it) this answer will come too late, and my silence will leave you in doubt respecting Horses, besides carrying with it the appearance of inattention. As there is a possibility however that this letter may yet find you in Ireland, I will relate the mode of travelling in this Country, and submit to your own judgment the propriety of depending on it, or bringing Saddle or Carriage horses with you.
From the Southern parts of this State, say from Norfolk, thro' Hampton, Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Alexandria which is within a few miles of this place, there is a regular Stage which passes thrice every week, it is neither of the best or worst kind. From Alexandria thro' the Metropolis of every State, Annapolis in Maryland excepted, which is a little to the right of the post road which goes thro' Baltimore. There is also a regular Stage to Portsmouth in New Hampshire, they are of a similar kind, and pass as often as those first mentioned; so that not more than three intervening days can happen between one Stage day and another. A person may therefore, at any time between the first of April and first of December, travel from Richmond (the metropolis of this State) to Boston, in ten or twelve days; and return in the same time. Between this State and Charleston (So. Carolina) no Stages are as yet established, and the Country for the most part being poor and thinly inhabited, accommodations of every kind, I am told are bad. So much for public convenience; and I do not think I should deceive you much, was I to add that Sir Edwd. Newenham would find no difficulty to get accommodated, in this and some other States, with the horses and carriages of private gentlemen, from place to place where inclination or business might induce him to go.
What the expence of transporting horses to this country would be, I am unable to say; but I conceive they would not be fit for immediate use if they were brought if the voyage should be long, but at the same time that I deliver this opinion, I must add another, viz: that if you should bring horses, and might not incline to take them back again, you could, if they were young, likely and well bought, always sell them for their original cost and the charges of transportation; especially if they should happen to be of the female kind.
I have not had the pleasure of seeing either Mr. Rutherford or Capt. Boyle:32 but the latter accompanied your letters and packages (for which I pray you to accept my thanks) with a few lines, giving reasons for their detention, and information of his sailing in the course of a few days. I have in haste, wrote you this letter by return of the Post, hoping it may get to Richmond time enough to receive the conveyance by the Jane and Diana, that it may repeat to you if it should arrive in time, the pleasure I shall have in seeing you and your fellow travellers under my roof, and paying you and them every attention in my power.
[Note 32: Capt. John Boyle, jr.]
As the chances are against this letter's finding you in Ireland, I will not at this time, touch upon the other parts of your several favors, but leaving them as matters for oral converse, beg that my respectful compliments in which Mrs. Washinton joins may be presented to Lady Newenham. With very great esteem, etc.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 20 Washington wrote briefly to Gov. Patrick Henry, forwarding this letter to Newenham, a copy of which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 27, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Stone gave me your favor of the 20th. When I had the pleasure of seeing you at this place, I informed you fully and truly of my want of money. I am at this moment paying 7 pr. Ct. interest for a pretty considerable sum which I borrowed in the State of Nw. York, thro' means of the Govt.; and not being able to obtain a surety of holding it for more than one year from the establishment of peace, I am in continual fear, notwithstanding the high interest, of having it called in.
After this declaration, it is unnecessary to add how acceptable it would be to me to receive payment of the money due to me from the Estate of your Father, or part of it: but to take it in small driblets from the hands of your Lawyers, would not answer the purpose as it is more than one considerable payment I have to make from this fund. If you should go to Congress, I should be glad if the money arising from the arrangement you have made, was order'd into the hands of your brother, or your attorney here; and he directed to pay it to me in such sums as I could apply in discharge of my own Debts; for the fact is, I shall receive with one hand and pay with the other, if I may be allowed to use the phrase, (but for which, it would not be required from you). If you do not go to Congress, I shall expect the same from yourself.
My compliments, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are presented to Mrs. Mercer. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 29, 1785.
Sir: If I could give you any useful information on the subject of your letter to me, I would do it with pleasure; but, altho' I have a good general knowledge of the Western Country, I am very little acquainted with local situations, and less with those on the Susquehanna than any other. Monongahela, of which Cheat river is a branch, is gentle in its current, easy of navigation, and besides, is supposed, either by the Cheat, or the Yohioganey (which is another branch of it) to approach nearest to, and to afford the best communication or portage with the Atlantic waters of any in all that extensive territory: consequently seats thereon, from this circumstance alone, must be valuable; but the quality of the Land is inferior to none, until you penetrate much further to the Westward, or much lower down the Ohio; and is besides much better settled than any part of the country beyond the Alleghaney Mountains. Upon what terms you could buy (to rent I presume you are not inclined, or the difficulty might be less) a Seat having such conveniences as you want, I am unable to inform you. The prices of Land there are rising every day, and if the plan which is now in contemplation for extending the navigation of the Potomac and opening roads of communication short and easy, between it and the waters above mentioned, should be effected, of which I have no doubt, the price will increase much faster.
My complimts. and best wishes to Mrs. Craig, I am, etc.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1785.
Madam: The honor which your pen has done me so far exceeds my merits, that I am at a loss for words to express my sense of the compliment it conveys.
The Poem,36 in celebration of my exertions to establish the rights of my Country, was forwarded to me from Philada. by Mr. Vogels; to whom I should have been happy to have offered civilities, but he did not give me the pleasure to see him.
[Note 36: A letter from Madam Van Winter and her brother, dated Apr. 10, 1784, is in the Washington Papers.]
At best I have only been an instrument in the hands of Providence, to effect, with the aid of France and many virtuous fellow Citizens of America, a revolution which is interesting to the general liberties of mankind, and to the emancipation of a country which may afford an Asylum, if we are wise enough to pursue the paths wch. lead to virtue and happiness, to the oppressed and needy of the Earth. Our region is extensive, our plains are productive, and if they are cultivated with liberallity and good sense, we may be happy ourselves, and diffuse happiness to all who wish to participate.
The Lady of whom you have made such honorable mention, is truly sensible of the obligation, and joins with me in wishing you every happiness which is to be found here, and met with hereafter. I have the honor, etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1785.
Dear Sir: In the latter part of last Spring, the Commissioners appointed to attend the embarkations at New York, previous to the evacuation of the city, made a report of their proceedings to me, accompanied by a voluminous list of the Slaves which had left that place. Soon after having the pleasure of Mr. Reeds41 company here, he informed me in conversation, that the list42 I had received was a duplicate of what had been
[Note 41: Jacob(?) Read.]
[Note 42: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] sent to Congress; upon which I filed it with my public papers. By the last Post he says he had been under a mistake, and wished me to forward the papers which are in my hands, to Congress. This I most assuredly would have done, but they are too bulky for the mail, and liable to much injury from the nature of such a carriage. However I will wait your direction, after acquainting you that two of the Commrs. Egbert Benson Esqr. and Lieut. Colo. Smith, with the Secretary Mr. Saml. Inches (and undoubtedly the papers from which the report, and proceedings were founded) are in N: York. If notwithstanding it is necessary to resort to me, the originals (for it is not in my power to make copies) shall be sent; altho it will make a chasm in my files, and disappoint many who apply to them for information respecting their negroes. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: A few days ago I had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 5th. ulto; your other letter of the 26th. of Decr. came duly to hand, and should not have remained so long unacknowledged had I not been in daily expectation of accompanying my answer with a remittance: disappointment followed disappointment, but my expectation being kept alive, I delayed writing from one Post day to another until now, that I am assured by a Mercht. in Alexandria that I may depend upon a Bill, in a few days, upon a Mr. Sylvanus Dickinson of the City of Nw. York, for Two thousand five hundred Dollars. As it is probable I may receive it before the next weeks Post, I will on that occasion write you more fully: At present I will only add the sincere good wishes and best respects of Mrs. Washington to yourself, Mrs. Clinton and family, to which with much truth, mine are united.
With great esteem, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have recd. the enclos'd Bill, the second shall be sent by next Post, when I shall be more particular.44
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1785.
Dear Sir: Enclosed you have my answer to the Acts of your Corporation, which I pray you to present. I thank you for the Arguments and judgment of the Mayor's Court of the City of New York in the Cause betwn. Elizabeth Rutgars and Joshua Waddington,47 I have read them with all the attention I could give the subject, and though I pretend not to be a competent judge of the Law of Nations, or the principle and policy of the Statute upon which the Action was founded; yet, I must confess, that reason seems very much in favor of the opinion given by the Court, and my judgment yields a hearty assent to it.
[Note 47: A few papers concerning the case of Elizabeth Rutgers vs. Joshua Waddington are in the Hamilton Papers (Legal), 1784, in the Library of Congress.]
It is painful, to hear that a State which used to be the foremost in Acts of liberality, and its exertion to establish our fæderal system upon a broad bottom and solid ground is contracting her ideas, and pointing them to local and independent measures; which, if persevered in, must Sap the Constitution of these States (already too weak), destroy our National character, and render us as contemptable in the eyes of Europe as we have it in our power to be respectable. It should seem as if the Impost of 5 pr Ct. would never take place; for no sooner does an obstinate State begin to relent, and adopt the recommendations of Congress, but some other runs restive; as if there was a combination among them, to defeat the measure.
From the latest European Accts. it is probable an accommodation will take place between the Emperor48 and the Dutch, but to reverberate News to a man at the source of intelligence would be idle, therefore Mum.
[Note 48: Emperor Joseph II, of Austria.]
The Dutch I conceive are too much attached to their possessions and their wealth, if they could yield to the pangs of parting with their Country, to adopt the plan you hinted to Mr. Van Berckel. The Nations of Europe are ripe for Slavery; a thirst after riches, promptitude to luxury, and a sinking into venality with their concomitants, untune them for manly exertions and virtuous Sacrifices.
I do not know from whence the report of my coming to Trenton could have originated, unless from a probability of my accompanying the Marquis de la Fayette as far as New York should have caus'd it; he pressed me to the measure, but the season was too much opposed to it, to obtain my consent.
Mrs. Washington and myself, entertain a grateful sense of the kind recollection of us by you, Mrs. and Miss Duane, and the other branches of your family, and beg leave to present our Compliments to, and best wishes for, them all.
With very great esteem, &c.
P. S. If our Rocky-hill acquaintance, Mrs. Vanhorne, has removed (as she talked of doing) to the City of New York I pray you to recall me, in respectful terms, to her remembrance.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1785.
Dear Sir: A few days since by Doctr. Lee,49 I had the honor to receive your favors of the 16th. of December from Trenton, and 10th. of March from the City of New York. The former enclosing an Address of the City, and the freedom thereof in a very handsome golden Box.
[Note 49: Arthur Lee.]
For the flattering expression of the Address, and the honor which is confered on me by the freedom of the City, I entertain a grateful sense. I wish my powers were equal to my feelings, that I might express the latter in more lively terms than are contained in the enclosed answer.
Let me beseech you, Sir, at the moment you shall have laid it before your Worshipful Board, to add the strongest assurances of the respect and attachment with which I have the honor to be, their, and your, Most Obedt. etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
[April 10, 1785]
Gentlemen: I receive your Address,50 and the freedom of the City with which you have been pleased to present me in a golden Box,51 with the sensibility and gratitude which such distinguished honors have a claim to. The flattering expression of both, stamps value on the acts; and call for stronger language than I am master of, to convey my sense of the obligation in adequate terms.
[Note 50: In the Washington Papers, Dec. 2, 1784, as is also the parchment Freedom of the City of New York.]
[Note 51: The gold box was disposed of at the sales made to members of the Washington family at Mount Vernon in 1802, shortly after the death of Mrs. Washington. Its present whereabouts is unknown to the editor.]
To have had the good fortune amidst the viscissitudes of a long and arduous contest "never to have known a moment when I did not possess the confidence and esteem of my Country." And that my conduct should have met the approbation, and obtained the affectionate regard of the State of New York (where difficulties were numerous and complicated) may be ascribed more to the effect of divine wisdom, which has disposed the minds of the people, harrassed on all sides, to make allowances for the embarrassments of my situation, whilst with fortitude and patience they sustained the loss of their Capitol, and a valuable part of their territory, and to the liberal sentiments, and great exertion of her virtuous Citizens, than to any merit of mine.
The reflection of these things now, after the many hours of anxious sollicitude which all of us have had, is as pleasing, as our embarrassments at the moments we encountered them, were distressing, and must console us for past sufferings and perplexities.
I pray that Heaven may bestow its choicest blessings on your City. That the devastations of War, in which you found it, may soon be without a trace. That a well regulated and benificial Commerce may enrichen your Citizens. And that, your State (at present the Seat of the Empire) may set such examples of wisdom and liberality, as shall have a tendency to strengthen and give permanency to the Union at home, and credit and respectability to it abroad. The accomplishment whereof is a remaining wish, and the primary object of all my desires.52
[Note 52: This letter came into the possession of one John Allen in the 1830's and was sold at auction in New York City in 1864. It was purchased by DeWitt C. Lent for $2,050. The mayor and aldermen sued for its recovery and secured possession. It passed into the custody of the New York Historical Society by gift from the city in 1873. The A. Df. S. is in the Library of Congress. The suit is reported in 51 N. Y. Supreme Court Reports, January, 1868, p. 19.]
[N.Y.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, April 11, 1785.
Sir: Not having heard a tittle from you since I left Mr. Simpsons in Septr. last; I wish for the detail of your proceedings in my business since that period, particularly with respect to applications, if any, for my Lands in your neighbourhood or elsewhere, and what has been done with the mill. I have obtained, some time since, a Patent for the round bottom above Captenon,54 which may be rented upon the terms of my printed Advertisements.
[Note 54: Captening Creek.]
Mr. Smith (especially as he lives at a distance, and is only in the county at the assizes) should have every assistance in hunting up the evidence necessary for the prosecution of my ejectments in the Court of Washington,55 particularly as they respect the improvements in my behalf, intecedent to the possession of the Land by the present occupants; and the notice given them of its being mine, at, or immediately after the Settlements made by them. Colo. John Stephenson, Mr. Marcs. Stephenson and Mr. Danl. Morgan are, I shou'd suppose, most likely to be acquainted with Colo. Crawfords proceedings in this business. It is of consequence to ascertain all the improvements which were made for my use and benefit previous to the settlements of the present possessions. Colo. Crawford in a letter to me says, he built four houses on different parts of the Land; or made four improvements of some kind: if this can be proved it would defeat my opponents upon their own ground.
[Note 55: Washington County, Pa.]
I should be glad to hear frequently from you. Letters lodged in the post office at Baltimore or Alexa., will not fail of getting safe to my hands. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1785.
Gentn: I have received two letters from you, one of the 8th. of March, the other of the 5th. inst: and thank you for both.
I acquiesce readily to the conditional terms you have made on my behalf with Joseph Davenport: his wages are as high as the best Mills in this Country afford, and the priviledges for which he stipulates shall be granted him; with this addition, that his fire wood shall be carted to his door at my expence, and he may raise poultry for his own eating at my cost; but under no pretence whatever to sell any.
I wish the charge of removing him might be stipulated and made as reasonable as possible; otherwise the addition of it to wages and priviledges for a year only, will make him come high to me: for this reason if you entirely approve of him as a miller and man of character, I had rather the agreement should be for two years than one, if he is disposed to engage for that term. At present my Mill has the reputation of turning out superfine flour of the first quality: it commands a higher price in this country and the West Indies, than any other, and I should be unwilling it should lose this character from ignorance or bad conduct.
Roberts (my present Miller) for skill in grinding, and keeping a Mill in order, is inferior to no man: owing to this, to the times, and to the aversion I have to frequent changing of people, I have submitted for more than seven years to his impositions: he is also a good Cooper and millwright, he has lived with me near fifteen years, during which period I have not paid a shilling for repairs. He came to me with a full grown apprentice; for both I only paid £80 Pensa. Cury. per Ann: but during my absence he has been encreasing his wages and priviledges in proportion as he faltered in his services; so that I had determined (now that I could look a little into my own business, even if there had been an entire reformation in his conduct) to have reduced his wages and priviledges, or parted with him, to the very standard of your letter; which I believe is as high as the best, and most extensive manufacturing Mills in this State, afford. Mine is but a poor stream, wanting water near half the year: for this reason if Davenport (being a cooper) is to work at this business (there being a very good shop within fifty yards of the dwelling house and Mill) when he is not engaged in grinding, packing &c., I wish it to be specified. In short, whatever is expected of either, by the other party, I pray may be explicitly declared, to avoid all desputes, misconceptions, after claims and uneasinesses. You know full well what ought to be expected from Davenport; and whatever you engage on my behalf, shall be religiously fulfilled.
As you must have incurred expence on my accot. in this business, I am ready and willing to discharge it, with many thanks for the trouble you have been at to serve me; and if it should ever be in my power to render you any return, I should be happy in doing it. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1785.
Dr. Sir: The post before last brought me your favor of the 31st. The next day I waited upon Colo. Hooe with your order, but he was confined to his bed and unable to do business. Two days after he sent me a bill on New York for 2,500 Dollars, payable at 15 days sight, and gave me assurances that he would pay the balance shortly. In consequence, you have my receipt for £1069.1.7 specie, at the foot of the enclosed list. I have passed my receipt for a specie payment because you desired it; in full confidence however, that if the Bill should not be duly honored, or that I should meet with delay or difficulty in receiving the money at Nw. York, or the balance; that it will be null, or have proper attention paid to the circumstances; for otherwise the interest of this money which was intended to pay a debt in Nw. York will cease, when a higher interest there will be accumulating that debt.
I had taken up an idea, that depreciation was the same thro' the month, and had calculated my demand accordingly: Mr. Richmond varies the depreciation every day, by which his acct. and mine differ £64--14--7--1/8. I suppose he is right, and that I must submit to the disappointment.
I am exceedingly obliged to you for your ready and pointed attention to this business. Mrs. Washington and Fanny Bassett present their compliments to you, and I pray you to be assured of the sincere esteem and regard with which I am, etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1785.
My dear Marqs. Your letter of the 15th. of Septr. last year,60 introductory of Mr. Duche, I had the honor to receive a few days since.
[Note 60: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
However great that Gentleman's merits are, and however much I might be inclined to serve him, candor required me to tell him, as I now do you, that there is no opening (within my view) by which he could enter, and succeed in the line of his profession, in this Country.
Besides being a stranger, and unacquainted with the language of these States, perfectly, many of them, to prevent an inundation of British Attorneys of which they were apprehensive, and of whose political principles they entertained not the most favorable sentiments; have passed qualifying Acts, by which residence and study in them for a specific time, is made essential to entitle a Lawyer to become a practitioner in our Courts of justice.
Therefore, should Mr. Duche incline, notwithstanding, to settle, altogether, or spend any considerable portion of his time in this Country, his friends cannot serve him better than by obtaining for him some appointment in the Consular departments; for the discharge of which, I presume he must be well qualified.
With great attachment and the most affectionate regard I am etc.61
[Note 61: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by the Hon. Sol Bloom, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1785.
Dear Sir: I promised you a letter by the last Post, but it was not in my power to fulfill it; business not my own, and with which I really ought not to be troubled, engrosses so large a portion of my time (having no assistance) that which is essential to me, is entirely neglected.
I now send you Hooe and Harrisons second Bill upon Mr. Sylvanus Dickenson; altho' I hope, and expect the first will have been paid before it reaches. I also send you a statement of the payments,62 as they ought to have been made to you, and should be obliged to you for comparing them with your own receipts, and for informing me of their correspondence. The money now remitted I wish to have placed to the credit
[Note 62: A photostat of this statement is in the Washington Papers. The original is in the Huntington Library.] of my Bond, and the balance, if any, carried to that of the accot. sent me in December last. I should be glad also to have as early and long notice of the call for this last sum, as can knowingly and conveniently be given; for I find it (under my present circumstances) very difficult to raise money equal to the pressure of my wants; those who owed me before the commencement of hostilities, having taken advantage of my absence and the tender laws, to discharge their debts with a shilling or six pence in the pound: and those to whom I owed money, I have now to pay in specie at the real value.
I have to thank you my dear Sir, for the duplicate Deed, and plan of our purchase in the Ochriskeney Patent; and pray you to take the trouble of doing with my moiety the same as you would do with your own at all times and in all respects.
The lime trees which you were so obliging as to send me last November were unfortunate; they lay at Norfolk until the frosts were entirely over, and only came to my hands the 18th. of Feby. I immediately planted, and have since been nursing them; they have yet the appearance of feeble life, but I have no expectation of their living. My thanks nevertheless are equally due for these, for the nutts, the corn and the pease; the last of which I sowed yesterday: if I am too late in doing it, the Spring (which has been the most unfavourable I ever knew), and not me, is to blame; if too early, it is from ignorance and my neglect in not making the necessary enquiry for the proper season. The corn I shall begin to plant in a few days and will renew the seeds occasionally.
I will rely upon your Excely. for the seeds of the Balm tree, White and Spruce Pine. I believe it is the most certain way of raising them: most of the trees evergreen, not sowed where they are to stand, or not raised in Nurseries and early transplanted, are unsuccessful; and tho' our impatience will not suffer us to adopt the practice, it is the opinion of Miller (in his Gardeners Dy.) who seems to understand the culture of Trees equal to any other writer I have met with, that it is the most expeditious method of rearing them. As a quantity of these seeds would be bulky in the Cones, they would be equally good taken out and packed in dry sand; and is the method I would beg leave to recommend. To them I should be glad to have added some of the Hemlock, and indeed any other seeds of trees which are not common in this climate. I shall make no apology for the trouble I know this request must give you, because I persuade myself you will have pleasure in contributing to an innocent amusement. I have planted within these few days many of the hickory nuts which you sent me, not doubting their successful growth here. Mrs. Washington desires me to present her compliments and thanks to you, for your care of the case of Grotto work, it came very safe. She also joins me very sincerely in congratulating Mrs. Clinton and yourself on her restoration to health, and in wishing it may be of long continuance.
I am sorry for the loss of my Vines, they were of the first quality in France; and sent to me by one of the first characters in it, for abilities, respectability and his curious attention to these things. I was in hopes there had been an abundance, and that you would have participated in the fruit of them.
As you are at the source of intelligence, it would be idle in me to reverberate what is brought by the packets, and we have little of a domestic nature worthy of attention. There are plans in agitation for improving and extending the inland navigation of this country; and opening roads of communication between the heads of the rivers Potomac and James, and the western waters. They have received public countenance and support, but I cannot at this moment speak decisively to the issue, we flatter ourselves it will be favourable, but may be mistaken. Mrs. Washington joins me in very best wishes for you and all your family. With regard and attachment, I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1785.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 30th. Ulto. If it should ever be in my power to render you any Service, I should be ready, and happy to do it. With the Gentlemen of my acquaintance in Philadelphia, I persuade myself you stand as well, as my introduction could place you. If there are any here, to whom the mention of your case would be of any avail, I should have pleasure in doing it. I thank you for your kind offer of forwarding, with safety, the Gazettes of Philadelphia; but believe there will be no occasion for giving you the trouble at present. I am etc.64
[Note 64: From a facsimile of the original in the possession of Edward Carey Gardiner, published in "One Hundred and Fifty Years of Publishing, 1785--1935," kindly furnished by Lea & Febiger, of Philadelphia.]
[Note 65: Delegate to the Continental Congress from Virginia.]
Mount Vernon, April 25, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I will not let your favor of the fifteenth, for which I thank you, go unacknowledged, tho' it is not in my power to give it the consideration I wish, to comply with the request you have made, being upon the eve of a journey to Richmond to a meeting of the Dismal Swamp company, which by my own appointment is to take place on Monday next; and into that part of the country I am hurried by an express which is just arrived with the accot. of the deaths of the mother and Brother of Mrs. Washington, in the last of whose hands (Mr. B. Dandridge) the embarrassed affairs of Mr. Custis had been placed, and call for immediate attention.
To be candid, I have had scarce time to give the report of the Committee,66 which you did me the honor to send me, a reading, much less to consider the force and tendency of it. If experience has proven that the most advantageous way of disposing of Land, is by whole Townships, there is no arguing against facts; therefore, if I had had time I shou'd have said nothing on that head: but from the cursory reading I have given it, it strikes me that by suffering each State to dispose of a proportionate part of the whole in the State, that there may be State jobbing: in other words that the Citizens of each State may be favored at the expence of the Union; whilst a reference of these matters to them has, in my opinion, a tendency to set up seperate interests; and to promote the independence of individual States upon the downfall of the federal government, which in my opinion is already too feeble, much too humiliated and tottering to be supported without props.
[Note 66: Of Congress.]
It is scarcely to be imagined that any man, or society of men, who may incline to possess a township, would make the purchase without viewing the Land in person or by an Agent. Wherein then lies the great advantage of having the sale in each State, and by State officers? for from the same parity of reasoning, there should be different places in each State for the accommodation of its Citizens. Would not all the ostensible purposes be fully answered by sufficient promulgation in each State, of the time and place of Sale to be holden at the nearest convenient place to the Land, or at the seat of Congress. Is it not highly probable that those who may incline to emigrate, or their Agents would attend at such time and place? And (there being no fixed prices to the Land) would not be the high or low sale of it depend upon the number of purchasers and the competition occasioned thereby; and are not these more likely to be greater at one time and place than at thirteen? One place might draw the world to it, if proper notice be given: but foreigners would scarcely know what to do with thirteen, to which, or when to go to them. These are first thoughts, perhaps incongruous ones, and such as I myself might reprobate upon more mature consideration: at present however, I am impressed with them, and (under the rose) a penetrating eye, and close observation, will discover thro' various disguises a disinclination to add new States to the confederation, westward of us; which must be the inevitable consequence of emigration to, and the population of that territory: and as to restraining the citizens of the Atlantic States from transplanting themselves to that soil, when prompted thereto by interest or inclination, you might as well attempt (while our Governmts. are free) to prevent the reflux of the tide, when you had got it into your rivers.
As the report of the Committee goes into the minutia, it is not minute enough, if I read it a right; it provides for the irregular lines, and parts of townships, occasioned by the interference with the Indian boundaries, but not for its interference with Lake Erie, the western boundary of Pennsylvania (if it is governed by the meanders of the Delaware) or the Ohio river which separates the ceded Lands from Virginia, all of which involve the same consequences.
I thank you for the sentiments and information, given me in your letter of the 10th. of March, respecting the Potomac navigation. My present determination is, to hold the shares which this State has been pleased to present me, in trust for the use and benefit of it: this will subserve the plan, encrease the public revenue, and not interfere with the line of conduct I had prescribed myself. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On April 29 Washington left Mount Vernon for Richmond, Va., which he reached on the evening of May 1. He left Richmond May 4, and arrived at Mount Vernon, May 6.]
[Note 68: Or Terre.]
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1785.
Sir: The letter which you did me the honor to write to me the 20th. of last month, I found at this place when I returned from Richmond a few days ago; but it had been previously lost in the high way, and came to me open, and without a cover: by what means it met with this accident, I am unable to learn, a neighbour of mine picked it up in the condition I have mentioned, and sent it to me.
I pray you to be assured Sir, that I should have great pleasure in presenting you with a letter to the Count de Vergennes if I cou'd suppose that my recommendation would have any weight at the Court of Versailles, and if I had ever opened a correspondence with the Minister thereof on a subject of this nature: but not having the vanity to suppose the first, and never having attempted the latter; I persuade myself I shall meet a ready excuse for not complying with your request in this instance.
Not being under such delicate circumstances with my intimate acquaintance and friend the Marqs. de la Fayette, I have communicated your wishes to him; and as no language can do it more emphatically than your own, I have taken the liberty of enclosing your letter to me, to him. I have the honor, etc.67
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1785.
My Dr. Marqs. The enclosed letter from the Chevr. de la Serre conveys a strong expression of his wishes; and as you are well acquainted with his merits, his connexions, and his intention of remaining in America, I persuade myself it is unnecessary for me to add more to recommend him to your favourable notice in the line he wishes, and which he finds most convenient for himself to walk in, if the present Consul of France, at Baltimore can be better provided for. I therefore submit his case and pretensions to that spirit which I know is ever ready to promote the happiness of others. It is unnecessary to repeat the assurances of my affection and regard for you. You know they cannot be encreased, and will never diminish. Adieu Yrs. &ca.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 16, 1785.
Dear Sir: In for a penny, in for a pound is an old adage. I am so hackneyed to the touches of the Painters pencil, that I am now altogether at their beck, and sit like patience on a Monument whilst they are delineating the lines of my face.
It is a proof among many others of what habit and custom can effect. At first I was as impatient at the request, and as restive under the operation, as a Colt is of the Saddle. The next time, I submitted very reluctantly, but with less flouncing. Now, no dray moves more readily to the Thill, than I do to the Painters Chair. It may easily be conceived therefore that I yielded a ready obedience to your request, and to the views of Mr. Pine.
Letters from England,70 recommendatory of this Gentleman, came to my hands previous to his arrival in America; not only as an Artist of acknowledged eminance, but as one who had discovered a friendly disposition towards this Country, for which, it seems, he had been marked.
[Note 70: Washington's "Diary" states that these letters were from George William Fairfax, Gouverneur Morris, John Dickinson, Francis Hopkinson, and others. The last two, however, were not in England. Washington wrote brief acknowledgments to John Dickinson (May 16) and, presumably, to the others. A photostat of the letter to Dickinson is in the Washington Papers.]
It gave me pleasure to hear from you. I shall always feel an interest in your happiness, and with Mrs. Washingtons compliments, and best wishes joined to my own, for Mrs. Hopkinson and yourself, I am etc.71
[Note 71: The original, from a photostat of which this letter is taken, is stated to be in the New York Historical Society. A similar claim is made by the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society of Wilkes-Barre, Pa. This letter has been facsimiled many times and the different facsimiles are fairly numerous.]
Mount Vernon, May 16, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I stand indebted to you for your several favors of the 7th. of March and 12th. and 19th. of April.
Believe me, the first was not productive of more surprize than real concern: the account of your failure was as much regretted, as it was unexpected by me, and I feel for the causes of it, and for your present situation. You are sensible that my commissions have been more troublesome, than profitable to you, and as they are growing less, to continue them might add to your embarrassments, otherwise I do assure you I would continue them with pleasure.
For the many friendly offices you have rendered me, I pray you to accept my thanks. The grass seeds are all at hand, tho' late coming. Mr. Lewis has engaged me a Miller: the method you have taken to get the accot. concerning the Indian meal and flour adjusted, is perfectly agreeable to me; and I approve of what you have done respecting my letter to Mr. Lamont, the author of the Poems which were proposed to be dedicated to me. I have never received a paper from Messrs. Claypoole and Dunlap since your mention of their intention to forward them regularly, and think myself so ungenteelly treated in this business, by them, that I never mean to take another of their Gazettes. If they had really sent them, I can conceive no reason why they should not have got to hand as well as those from Carey's, and others from Boston.
The balance of your accot. Currt. £2.3.0½, I have given to Genl. Moylan, who will pay it to you, or your assignees. I have done the same with respect to Claypooles rect. for £3.15.0, cost of printing my advertisement. If you have not already paid his accot. for the Gazettes, do me the favor and justice to let him know (when it is done) that I am paying for what I have not had, and that it is my request the accot. may be closed between us; as I do not mean, unless I can be better satisfied than I am at present, to stand longer upon his books.
Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Biddle and family, and we both hope that fortune may be more propitious to you in future. If it should ever be in my way to render you any services, I shou'd have pleasure in doing it. I am, etc.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 16, 1785.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your letter of the 23d. Ulto. by Mr. Pine,73 whose character as a historical and Portrait
[Note 73: Robert Edge Pine.] Painter, and as a friend to the rights of America, has been very favorably represented to me from England before he made his appearance in this Country. His present design,74 if well executed, will do equal credit to his imagination and Pencil; and be interesting to America. I have the honor etc.
[Note 74: Pine's project was to paint portraits of the men who took a prominent part in the Revolution and to paint the principal of their movements.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1785.
Sir: Mr. Pine who will deliver this letter to your Excellency, is an artist of acknowledged eminence, and one who has given the world many pleasing and forcible specimens of genius: he is engaged in painting some of the interesting events of the late war; in the prosecution of which he finds it necessary to call at Annapolis. I take the liberty therefore of introducing him to your civilities, and of assuring you of the esteem and respect with which I am, etc.75
[Note 75: On May 18 practically the same letter was sent to Edward Lloyd, of Maryland.]
Mount Vernon, May 19, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 10th. not getting to my hands 'till the 15th., I had no opportunity of writing to you before the meeting of the subscribers on the 17th., at which I exhibited the list you sent me, which was received and acted upon.
Agreeably to the Laws of the two States, the subscription books ought to have been at that meeting; after which all subscriptions are to be made with the President and Directors.76 If it should have happened therefore, that any names have
[Note 76: Of the Potomac Company.] been entered on your Books subsequent, and in addition to the list you sent me; it would be proper for such subscribers to enter their names as the Law directs in the Book to be opened by the Directors, in order to give validity to their subscriptions and to prevent disputes; this, I presume, may be done by letter. I am, etc.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1785.
My dr. Sir: After a long and boisterous passage, my Nephew G. A. Washington returned to this place a few days since and delivered me your letter of the 25th. of April.
Under the state of the case between you and Capt: Gunn,78 I give it as my decided opinion that your honor and reputation will not only stand perfectly acquitted for the non-acceptance of his challenge, but that your prudence and judgment would have been condemnable for accepting of it, in the eyes of the world: because if a commanding officer is amenable to private calls for the discharge of public duty, he has a dagger always at his breast, and can turn neither to the right nor to the left without meeting its point; in a word, he is no longer a free agent in office, as there are few military decisions which are not offensive to one party or the other.
[Note 78: Capt. James Gunn, of the First Continental Dragoons.]
However just Capt: Gunns claim upon the public might have been, the mode adopted by him (according to your accot.) to obtain it, was to the last degree dangerous. A precedent of the sort once established in the army, would no doubt have been followed; and in that case would unquestionably have produced a revolution; but of a very different kind from that which, happily for America, has prevailed.
It gives me real concern to find by your letter, that you are still embarrassed with the affairs of Banks: I should be glad to hear, that the evil is likely to be temporary only; ultimately, that you will not suffer. From my Nephews account, this man has participated of [ sic] the qualities of Pandora's box, and has spread as many mischiefs. How came so many to be taken in by him? If I recollect right, when I had the pleasure to see you last, you said an offer had been made you of back lands, as security or payment in part for your demand. I then advised you to accept it. I now repeat it, you cannot suffer by doing this, altho' the lands may be high rated. If they are good I would almost pledge myself that you will gain more in ten years by the rise in the price, than you could by accumulation of interest.
The Marqs. de la Fayette is safe arrived in France, and found his Lady and family well. From his letters, those of the Chevr. de la Luzerne, Count de Rochambeau and others to me, dated between the middle and last of Feby., I think there will be no war in Europe this year, but some of the most intelligent of these writers are of opinion that the Emperial Court of Russia, will not suffer matters to remain tranquil much longer. The desire of the first to annex the Dutchy of Bavaria to its dominions in exchange for the Austrian possessions in the Netherlands, is very displeasing, it seems, to the military powers, which added to other matters may kindle the flames of a general war.
Few matters of domestic nature are worth the relation; otherwise I might inform you, that the plan for improving and extending the navigation of this river has met a favourable beginning. Tuesday last was the day appointed by Law for the subscribers to meet; 250 shares were required by law to constitute and incorporate the company: but, upon comparing the Books, it was found that between four and five hundred shares were subscribed.
What has been done respecting the navigation of James river I know not; I fear little.
This State did a handsome thing, and in a handsome manner for me; in each of these navigations they gave me, and my heirs forever, fifty shares: but as it is incompatible with my principles, and contrary to my declarations, I do not mean to accept of them. But how to refuse them, without incurring the charge of disrespect to the Country on the one hand, and an ostentatious display of disinterestedness on my part on the other, I am a little at a loss: time and the good advice of my friends must aid me, as the Assembly will not meet 'till Octor., and made this gratuitous offer among, if not the last act of the last Session, as if they were determined I should not resolve what to do from the first impulse. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for you, and with sentiments of attachment and regard, I am, &c.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 80: Of Maryland.]
Mount Vernon, May 21, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Boulton81 delivered me your letter of the 13th., last evening: I thank you for sending him to me. I have agreed with him to finish my large room, and to do some other work,82
[Note 81: Richard Boulton, of St. Mary's County, Md.]
[Note 82: Boulton was to begin work in about 3 weeks. In the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress is a copy of the agreement between Boulton and Washington, dated May 21, 1785, by the terms of which Boulton was to finish "the large room at the North end of the said Washingtons dwelling House (Mount Vernon) in a plain and elegant manner; either of Stucco, Wainscot, or partly of both as the said George Washington shall direct...that he will give a Cieling to the Piazza of plain Wainscot...and shall moreover Carve, Turn, Glaze, or Paint (inside work) if...required."] and have no doubt from the character given of him by you, that he will answer my purposes, as he has no one now to lead him into temptation, and will be far removed from improper associates unless he is at much pains to hunt them: it may therefore be expected that he will avoid the rock he has split upon lately.
I thank you sincerely my good Sir, for the offer of such of your imported articles as you have not an immediate call for; and will take any proportion which will be most convenient for you to share, of the Spirit of Turpentine, oil and paints of all sorts, Lead, Sash, and pullies, of the different sorts and sizes of nails, as also the two plate brass Locks, if Mr. Boulton upon examination, shall think they will answer my room, and of the glass 8 by 10. The large kind of glass does not suit my sashes (which are all made), and a marble slab (indeed two) I am already provided with.
I have promised to send my waggon a cover'd one with lock and key) to Colo. Platers,83 on some landing above, for Mr. Boulton's tools: all, or such part of the articles as I have enumerated and you can spare, and the waggon can bring in addition to the Tools, may accompany them; and the cost and charges of them shall be paid to your order.
[Note 83: Col. George Plater, of St. Mary's County, Md.]
Mrs. Washington and the family join me in offering respectful compliments to, and best wishes for you and your Lady, and with very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.
P. S. 'Ere this, I was in hopes of having had it in my power to have offered the service of a Jack, or two, of the first race in Spain, to some of your Mares, if you shou'd be inclined to breed Mules, but they are not yet arrived, another year, I shall be happy to do this.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 85: Treasurer of the State of Virginia.]
Mount Vernon, May 22, 1785.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your favor of the 12th. in time for the Meeting; and in consequence of the power given me by you, represented the State on the 17th. inst:
I have the pleasure to inform you that the subscriptions (including those in behalf of the two States) amounted to upwards of four hundred shares; consequently the company became legally constituted and incorporated, a president and Directors were chosen, and the business, we persuade ourselves, will be advanced as fast as the nature of it will admit. I have the honor, etc.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 23, 1785.
Dear Sir: The last Post brought me your letter of the 14th., inclosing one of the 30th. of April from Mr. Hollyday. As soon as it is in my power to refresh my memory by having recurrence to my Papers, I will write you, or Mr. Hollyday, more fully on the subject of the legacy in Colo. Colvils Will to Miss Anderson;87 or person under whom she claims; for, strange as it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that I have not been able since my retirement, to arrange my Papers, or to attend, in the smallest degree, to my private concerns. The former, from the hurry with which they have been removed from Book cases into Trunks, and sent off to escape the ravages of the enemy, when their Vessels have appeared, are in great disorder.
[Note 87: Miss Harriet Rebecca Anderson, of London.] I allotted the last Winter for the adjustment of all these matters; but never could command as much time as even to enter upon the business; and every matter and thing which respects the latter, are in the Situation I left them ten years ago. The numberless applications from officers of the several lines of the Army for Certificates of Service, recommendations, Copies of Orders, referrences of old matters, with which I ought not to be troubled, in addition to other corrispondencies in which my situation has involved me, confines me more to my writing Desk than I ever was at any period of my life; and deprives me of necessary exercise. These, with other causes, have produced the effect I have mentioned; which I feel more sensibly, as the business of others, with which I have been concerned, is involved; and is now, undergoing the same Suspension, as my own. For sometime past I have been (unsuccessfully) endeavouring to get a single man of good character, and decent appearance (for he will be at my Table and with my Company) to ease me of this burthen; and if you could recommend one of this description, who would not expect high wages (for these I cannot afford) I should be obliged to you for so doing. To suit me, he must be a person of liberal education. a master of composition. and have a competent knowledge of Accts.; for I have those of ten years standing, and the intermediate transactions, to overhaul and adjust.
Will you ever come to see me? You may be assured that there are few persons in the World, whose visits would give more sincere pleasure at Mount Vernon than yours. Nothing could encrease the satisfaction of it more, than bringing Mrs. Tilghman with you; to whom, and to yourself, Mrs. Washington joins in every good wish with Dr. Sir, etc.
PS. Upon Second thoughts, it occurs, that the Revd. Mr. West of Baltimore, can do all that is necessary for Miss Anderson, without any agency of mine; at least may determine with precision what ought to be done. He is the Executor of his Brother, Mr. John West, who was the principal acting Executor of Colo. Thos. Colvil. and has been, I am informed, assiduously employed lately, in adjusting the concerns of that Estate.
As I shall not write to Mr. Hollyday until I can do it more to the purpose than at present, I will rely upon your communicating what is here mentioned, to him.
I am in want of two inch pine Plank. The man who is engaged to work for me, and who came lately from Baltimore, says he saw a good deal at that place, of the Eastern white Pine, which appeared to him to be seasoned and fit for my uses. If any Vessel should be coming round to Alexandria, and you could send me from two to 500 feet of it, you would oblige me.88 Yrs.89
[Note 88: On July 6 Washington wrote briefly to Tilghman, acknowledging receipt of the lumber.]
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, May 23, 1785.
Sir: The little share I had in the administration of Colo. Colville's Estate, and the time which have elapsed since I had any concern at all with the Affairs of it, render me very incompetent to give the information you require.
Mr. John West deceased was the principal acting Executor of the Will of Colo. Colvill, and the Revd. Mr. West of Baltimore is the executor of John, and has I am told taken much pains to adjust the papers of his brother and the business of that Estate: from him therefore you may probably obtain more precise information of the assets, and of the claimants therefor under the wild devises of the Will, than is in my power at this time to give you.
All I recollect of the matter is, that the devises to certain persons in England; relations of the Testator, were so indefinite, and stirred up such a multitude of claims, that it was adjudged necessary for the safety of the Executor when the surplus Estate (if any) should be ascertained, to deposit the same in the hands of the Chancellor to be disposed of to the rightful owner, upon due proof of their identity before him. What may have been the surplus, if the accots. have been finally settled; what has been done with it, or under what predicament it may have been placed by the Laws of this Government, I have it not in my power, without a good deal of research, to inform you; not having been able to look into this business any more than into that which more immediately concerns my own, since my return to private life. for eight years previous to it, it is well known I could not. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 23, 1785.
Dear Sir: It would have given me much pleasure to have seen you at Richmond; and it was part of my original plan to have spent a few days with you at Eltham, whilst I was in the lower parts of the country; but an intervention of circumstances not only put it out of my power to do the latter, but would have stopped my journey to Richmond altogether, had not the meeting (the time and the place) been of my own appointing. I left company at home when I went away, who proposed to wait my return, among whom a Mr. Pine, an artist of eminence, came all the way from Philadelphia for some materials for an historical painting which he is about, and for which he was obliged to stay 'till I got back, which I did after an absence of eight days only.
My Nephew G. Aug: Washington is just returned from his peregrination; apparently much amended in his health, but not quite free from the disorder in his breast. I have understood that his addresses to your Daughter were made with your consent; and I now learn that he is desirous, and she is willing to fulfill the engagement they have entered into; and that they are applying to you for permission therefor.
It has ever been a maxim with me thro' life, neither to promote, nor to prevent a matrimonial connection, unless there should be something indispensably requiring interference in the latter: I have always considered marriage as the most interesting event of one's life, the foundation of happiness or misery; to be instrumental therefore in bringing two people together who are indifferent to each other, and may soon become objects of hatred; or to prevent a union which is prompted by mutual esteem and affection, is what I never could reconcile to my feelings; and therefore, neither directly nor indirectly have I ever said a syllable to Fanny or George upon the subject of their intended connexion; but as their attachment to each other seems to have been early formed, warm and lasting, it bids fair to be happy: if therefore you have no objection, I think the sooner it is consummated the better.
I have just now informed them (the former thro' Mrs. Washington) that it is my wish they should live here.
It is unnecessary I hope to say how happy we should be to see you, her brothers, and any of her friends here upon this occasion (who can make it convenient and are disposed to come); all here join in best wishes for you, and with very sincere esteem etc.91
[Note 91: Ford's text varies in numerous points from this "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. He does not state his source.]
[Note 92: Of Barbados, West Indies.]
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1785.
Sir: I have had the honor, lately, to receive your favor of the 18th. of July last year. For the politeness with which your Excellency was pleased to receive my nephew G: A. Washington, and for the distinguished marks of attention which you shewed him whilst he was in the Island of Barbadoes (for which he retains a grateful sense) I feel myself exceedingly obliged, and should be happy in opportunities to convince your Excelly. of the impression they had made on me.
My nephew, after a peregrination thro' many of the W. India Islands, spending some time in Bermuda, and the winter in Charleston (So. Carolina) returned home a few days ago, a good deal amended in his health, but not perfectly restored to it. I have the honor, etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1785.
Gentn: In consequence of your letter of the 5th. of last month, I discharged Wm. Roberts from my Mill. It now is, and has been for some time past without a Miller; and as Mr. Davenport from your Accot. would be ready to take charge of it in about three weeks (now seven), and not yet come, nor any reason given why he has not; I am apprehensive of some disappointment.
If this is the case I should be glad to know it as soon as possible. One Baker, who referred to you for a character, and was employ'd by Colo. Biddle at his Mill at Georgetown, has applied to me; but considering myself under engagement, I gave him no encouragement. A person who writes the enclosed letter has also offered, but I have given him no answer. Some others have likewise made application, but as I depended upon Davenport I asked for no character nor enquired into their qualifications. If Davenport should have disappointed me, would Baker answer my purpose? Would Reynolds do better? Or have you any other in view which you think preferable to both? I am sorry to give you so much trouble with my affairs but hope you will excuse it. I am Gentn, etc.94
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 27, 1785.
Sir: My objection to paying your account when here, was, now is, and, whether it is done or not, will be: that it comes neither under the letter nor spirit of my letter to Mr. Baker. My object was to give Lawce. Posey95 a years schooling, to fit him for some of the better occupations of life: to do this, I agreed to pay his board also, both of which together, I was inform'd would amount at the free school, to £17, Md. Curry. What followed? Why he neither went to the School, nor boarded with the person under whose care he was intended to be put, this by your own confession. Is it just, is it reasonable then that I should look back to expences which had been incurred previous to the date of my letter; nor even forward to what might be incurred, if the end which I had in view was not to be answered by it? If the child did not go to the school nor derive the benefits which were intended him from it, could it be supposed I meant to pay for his board without;
[Note 95: A son of John Posey.] when his fathers House and eye were more proper than any other? Might he not as well have been at home with his father, as at any other place idle? Upon these grounds it was and under this state I repeat it, that if there is a disinterested man upon Earth, who will say I ought to comply with your request, I will do it: and you may have the chusing of him or them; for it does not suit me to go from home on this business. I am, &c.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 31, 1785.
Sir: I am informed that a patent (in consequence of a Certificate from Commrs. appointed to enquire into, and decide upon claims for settlement of the Western Lands) is about to issue to the heirs of Michl. Cresap, from the Land Office of this Commonwealth, for a tract of land on the river Ohio formerly in Augusta County, now commonly called and distinguished by the [name of] Round bottom: against granting which to the heirs of the said Cresap, I enter a Caveat for the following reasons; First, because this Land was discovered by me in the month of Octor. 1770, and then marked; which was before, as I have great reason to believe, the said Cresap, or any person in his behalf had ever seen, or had the least knowledge of the tract. Secondly, because I did at that time, whilst I was on the Land, direct Captn. (afterwds. Colo.) Willm. Crawford to survey the same for my use, as a halfway place or stage between Fort Pitt and the 200,000 acres of land which he was ordered to survey for the first Virginia regiment agreeably to Govr. Dinwiddie's Proclamation of 1754. Thirdly, because consequent of this order he made the survey (this survey is either in the hands of the county Surveyor of Augusta, or with my agent in the Westn. Country: it is not to be found among my papers; tho' I am sure of the fact, and will procure it if necessary) in the ... month of the year following for 587 acres, and returned it to me accordingly: and equally certain I am that it was made before Mr. Cresap or any person in his behalf had ever stretch'd a chain thereon, knew of, or, as I have already observed, had taken a single step to obtain the land. Fourthly, because subsequent of this survey; but previous to any claim of Cresaps, a certain Dr. Brisco possessed himself of the Land, and relinquished it, after I had written him a letter in the words contained in the inclosure No. 1.97 Fifthly, because upon the first information I received of Cresaps pretentions, I wrote him a letter, of which No. 2 is a copy.98 Sixthly, because it was the practice of Cresap, according to the information given me, to notch a few trees, and sell as many bottoms on the river above the Little Kanhawa as he could obtain purchasers, to the disquiet and injury of numbers. Seventhly, Because the Commrs. who gave the Certificate under which his heirs now claim, could have had no knowledge of my title thereto, being no person in that District properly authorised; during my absence, to support my claim. Eighthly, Because the survey, which was made by Colo. Crawford, who was legally appointed by the Masters of Wm. and Mary College for the purpose of surveying the aforesaid 200,000 acres, is expressly recognized and deemed valid by the first section of the Act, entitled an Act, see the Act; as the same was afterwards returned by the surveyor of the county in which the Land lay. Ninthly and lastly, Because I have a Patent for the said Land, under the
[Note 97: See Washington's letter to Dr. John Brisco, Dec. 3, 1772, ante.]
[Note 98: See Washington's letter to Michael Cresap, Sept. 26, 1773, ante.] seal of the said Commonwealth signed by the Governr. in due form on the 30th. day of Octor. 1784; consequent of a legal Survey made the 14th. of July 1773 as just mentioned, and now of record in the Land Office.
For these reasons I protest against a Patent's issuing for the Land for which the Commissioners have given a Certificate to the Heirs of Mr. Cresap so far as the same shall interfere with mine: the legal and equitable right thereto being in me.
If I am defective in form in entering this Caveat, I hope to be excused, and to have my mistakes rectified, I am unaccustomed to litigations; and never disputed with any man until the ungenerous advantages which have been taken of the peculiarity of my situation, and an absence of eight years from my country, has driven me into Courts of Law to obtain common justice. I have the honor, etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 2, 1785.
Dr. Sir: As your letter of the 30th. ulto. did not reach me until late this afternoon, and as the Post goes from Alexandria at four o'Clock in the morning, I have scarcely a moment (being also in company) to write you a reply. I was not sufficiently explicit in my last: the terms upon which Mr. Falconer came to this Country are too high for my finances and (to you, my dear Sir, I will add) numerous expences. I do not wish to reduce his, perhaps well founded, expectations; but it behooves me to consult my own means of complying with them.
I had been in hopes that a young man of no great expectations might have begun the world with me, for about fifty or sixty pounds pr. ann: Virga. curry: but for one qualified in all respects to answer my purposes, I would have gone as far as £75, more would rather distress me.
My purposes are these; to write letters agreeably to what shall be dictated; do all other writing which shall be entrusted to him; Keep accounts; examine, arrange and properly methodize my Papers which are in great disorder; ride, at my expence, to do such business as I may have in different parts of this or the other States, if I should find it more convenient to send, than attend myself, to the execution thereof: And, which was not hinted at in my last, to initiate two little children (a girl of 6 and a boy of 4 years of age, descendants of the decd. Mr. Custis who live with me and are very promising) in the first rudiments of education: this, to both parties, would be mere amusement, because it is not my desire that the Children should be confined closely. If Mr. Falconer should incline to accept the above stipend, in addition to his board, washing and mending; and you (for I wou'd rather have your own opinion of the gentleman, than the report of a thousand others in his favor) upon a close investigation of his character, temper and moderate political tenets (for supposing him an English man, he may come with the prejudices and doctrines of his Country) should find him competent to the duties above mentioned, the sooner he comes the better my purpose would be promoted.
If I had had time, I might have added more; but to you it would have been unnecessary: you know my wants, you know my disposition, and you know what kind of a man would suit me. In haste I bid you adieu, with assurances of great regard, and sincere friendship, I am, &c.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 10th. of March came safe, but not in a short time after the date of it. The reason which you have assigned for giving me an order on Mr. Ryan, is perfectly satisfactory. I wish that that or any other, expedient would have extracted from him what he owes you. From the Accot. given of his circumstances and conduct I fear you have incurred a bad debt with the manager of the Theatre.
As the large house you was to build for me,5 was in such forwardness at the date of the above letter, and as you expected to have had it raised by the first of May last; I am very well satisfied with the advance it has made, and that it should continue, provided you can make it convenient to wait a while for your money; but I should be wanting in candor were I to give you assurances of speedy payment. The Kitchen and stable
[Note 5: In Bath, or Warm Springs, Va.] I would gladly have finished as soon as possible and what ever the cost of them amounts to, I will settle for without delay.
It gives me much pleasure to find, by your letter, that you are not less sanguine in your Boat project, than when I saw you last; and that you have made such further discoveries as will render them of greater utility than was at first expected: you have my best wishes for the success of your plan.
Inclosed are the proceedings of the Directors of the Potomac navigation. I pray you to have them set up at some public place. If the manager advertised for, can come well recommended, liberal wages will be given him. It were to be wished that the following qualities could be readily combined in the same person, integrity, abilities, indefatigable industry, and if he has not experimental knowledge of this particular kind of work, at least that he may be possessed of a genius which may soon fit him for it.
Mr. Ryan's note is enclosed, and I am with great esteem, Sir, etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 10, 1785.
Sir: It is with grateful pleasure I sit down to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 25th. of March covering a triplicate of your letter of the 3d. of December (which is the first that has been received), and a copy of the Count of Florida Blanca's note to you.
I feel myself under singular obligation to you sir, as the mean of procuring two lacks of the first race, to be sent me; but my gratitude for so condescending a mark of esteem from one of the first crowned heads in Europe, calls for a better expression than I have, to make suitable acknowledgments to His Catholic Majesty; especially too as his Majesty's very valuable present was accompanied by a sentiment of approbation which cannot fail of making a lasting impression on my mind, and of becoming very dear to my remembrance.
It is to you Sir, I must stand further indebted for the manner of making known in terms most acceptable, the high sense I entertain of the King's goodness. The Jacks are not yet arrived, but I hope they soon will; and the accot. which you mean to transmit, of the mode of treating them for the propagation of mules, will be equally necessary and acceptable, for my management of them.
Mr. Gardoqui is safely arrived at Philada. I have not had the honor of paying my compliments to him; but, as well for the respect I owe his sovereign, and his own great merit, as on acct. of your recommendation of him, I shall be happy in every opportunity which shall offer of shewing him all the attention in my power.
Great Britain, viewing with eyes of chagrin and jealousy the situation of this country, will not, for sometime yet if ever, pursue a liberal policy towards it; but unfortunately for her the conduct of her ministers defeat their own ends: their restriction of our trade with them, will facilitate the enlargement of Congressional powers in commercial matters, more than half a century wou'd otherwise have effected. The mercantile interests of this Country are uniting as one man, to vest the federal government with ample powers to regulate trade and to counteract the selfish views of other nations: this may be considered as another proof that this Country will ever unite in opposition to unjust or ungenerous measures, whensoever or from whomsoever they are offered. I have the honor, etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 11, 1785.
Sir: On the 8th. inst: I received the favor of your letter of the 30th. of May:8 In answer to it I can only say, that your own good judgment must direct you in the publication of the manuscript papers of Genl. Lee. I can have no request to make concerning the work.
[Note 8: This letter is in the Washington Papers, as is also the printed prospectus of the proposed publication. Lee bequeathed his papers to Goddard and these were to have formed the basis of the work which Goddard never published.]
I never had a difference with that Gentleman but on public grounds, and my conduct towards him upon this occasion, was such only, as I conceived myself indispensably bound to adopt in discharge of the public trust reposed in me. If this produced in him unfavourable sentiments of me, I yet can never consider the conduct I pursued, with respect to him, either wrong or improper; however I may regret that it may have been differently viewed by him, and that it excited his censure and animadversions. Should there appear in Genl. Lee's writings any thing injurious or unfriendly to me, the impartial and dispassionate world, must decide how far I deserved it from the general tenor of my conduct.
I am gliding down the stream of life, and wish as is natural, that my remaining Days may be undisturbed and tranquil; and conscious of my integrity, I would willingly hope that nothing would occur tending to give me anxiety; but should any thing present itself in this or any other publication, I shall never undertake the painful task of recrimination, nor do I know that I should ever enter upon my justification. I consider the communication you have made as a mark of great attention, and the whole of your letter as a proof of your esteem. I am, &c.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 15, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 1st. of Feby. from Plymouth Dock, came safe. In explicit terms I assure you, that the information which I suppose you must have received respecting a Will, and the plantations of a Mr. Richd. Richards, is without the smallest foundation. I never heard of the man, his Will, or the Estate which you say was left in my hands, until your letter reached me: equally unacquainted am I with Lawyer Haines or Lawr. Briton, consequently can give you no satisfaction in any of the matters requested of me.
If any such event as you speak of ever did happen with any of my name, it is unknown to me, it is not in my power therefore to give you any clue by which you may pursue your enquiries, or I would do it with pleasure. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 15, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 25th. of April, but have not yet had the pleasure of seeing Doctr. Moyes; on the 22d. inst: I shall look for him.
I pray you to be assured that it is unnecessary for you to apologize to me for the introduction of any Gentleman, of whom you entertain a favourable opinion: such as you conceive worthy of my civilities, will always meet a welcome reception at Mt. Vernon.
I shall now my good Sir, give you a little trouble. A Gentleman whose person, whose name,11 and whose character are
[Note 11: Charles Vancouver.] equally unknown to me has written me the enclosed letter, to which, as yet I have made no reply. The work if well executed would unquestionably be valuable and ought to be encouraged; but the abilities of the author I am a stranger to, and it has been too often found that similar attempts, by persons whose reputations not established in the literary world, are founded in ignorance, or end in imposition: to encourage the first, or to give sanction to the latter would be alike disagreeable to me. I would beg therefore, if it is not likely to be attended with much trouble, that you would be so obliging as to give your own, and the sentiments of others on the Author and his performance, that I may be enabled to decide properly with respect to his request.
My respectful Compliments and best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are presented to Mrs. Powel and yourself, and I am, Dr. Sir, etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 15, 1785.
Dr. Sir: A few clays ago Mr. Sitgreaves13 gave me the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 4th. of May. It is the only one I recollect to have had from you since my return to private life.
[Note 13: John Sitgreaves. He was a Delegate to the Continental Congress from North Carolina.]
It gives me pleasure to hear that Congress have dealt honorably by you, and mean to do more; it is devoutly to be wished that they could do the same by all the officers whose meritorious services and sufferings have a just claim upon their gratitude, and call loudly for their exertions.
As you are at the source of intelligence, anything I could say respecting foreign matters, would only be a reverberation of intelligence; and few things occur of a domestic nature worthy of recital. Mrs. Washington is in tolerable good health and joins me in compliments and best wishes for you, Mr. Lots14 family, and others of our old acquaintance. I am, etc.15
[Note 14: Abraham Lott, of New York City.]
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 16, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 14th. is this moment delivered to me. Moral obligations, or the obligations of humanity therefore induced me to bestow a years schooling on Lawce. Posey, and to effect it I was willing to incur the expence of a years board also; the same motives might have induced you, without making a charge of it against me, to have acted a similar part in other respects by the boy; for sure I am, my connexion with him was not stronger, nor legal honorary obligation greater on me than on any other mans to excite them. Schooling, I reiterate in this letter, as I urged in my former, was my object; consequently, if he did not go to the Free School in Queen Anne, (the place designed) as you yourself acknowledged to me, nor to any other School, for what purpose let me ask was I to pay £17? Was not his Fathers house, if time was to be misspent, the best place for him to waste it in? Can it be supposed I ever had it in contemplation to board him out for the purpose of idleness? If then the condition of my letter to Mr. Baker were never complied with, as you candidly confessed to me they were not when here, where is the justice of requiring £17, or an iota of it from me, when the compensation was expressly stipulated? But I will be done. I am too much engaged in company and in business to go further into the detail of this matter.
If Genl. Robardeau (whom you mentioned to me yourself in a former letter) will be so obliging as to undertake to determine the point, I shall be perfectly satisfied with his decision. I shall expect however that both this letter, and my former to you which was directed to his care, and such papers as you exhibited to me, will be laid before him, one of which certified that Lawce. Posey was not at the Free school: another, in effect that your charge was antecedent to the date of my letter to Mr. Baker, and a third, from Capt. Posey to you, which will serve to proove that he was a House-Keeper at Rovers-delight (as he call'd his place) at the time you want me to pay you for the boy's board, when he was not at school, nor ever derived the benefit which was the object of my benevolence. I am, etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 18, 1785.
My dear Sir: I am quite ashamed to be so long deficient in acknowledging the receipt of your favors of the 24th. and 29th. of March, and 5th. of May; but an intervention of circumstances (with the enumeration of which I shall not trouble you) have prevented it.
It gave me great pleasure to hear of your appointment as Secretary at War. without a complimt., I think a better choice could not have been made, and though the Salary is low, it may, under the circumstances you mention, be considered as auxiliary. Inclosed is a certificate18 of Service for Major
[Note 17: Daniel Roberdeau.]
[Note 18: A copy of this certificate, dated June 18, 1785, is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.] Sergeant,19 of whose worth I have a high opinion; but for want of a more competent knowledge of the time of his entering the line of the Army, and of the Commissions he has borne, I could not be more particular. At any time this Summer, the Limestone would be useful to me; but the sooner it comes the greater benefit I shall derive from it, as the Walls for which I want it, are now in hand. The sentiment which you have dropped respecting the appropriation of the shares which were intended for me, by the Assembly of this State, in the Navigations of the Rivers Potomack and James, is very pleasing; and would give me great pleasure to see it reallized.20
[Note 19: Winthrop Sargent.]
[Note 20: Knox had written (March 24: "Perhaps my dear Sir you could intimate to the Legislature in a manner which would be clear of every indelicate imputation that should they think proper to apply the produce of this fund to the maintenance of Widows, and the support, and education of the children of those men of their own line who sacrificed their lives in defence of their Country, and of the maimed soldiers, that the measure would rear an eternal monument to the virtue of the Commonwealth of Virginia." Knox's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
For want of a competent view of the designs of Congress respecting the Western Territory; and not knowing how matters stand with Great Britain, respecting the Posts of Detroit and other places at present occupied by British Garrisons, on the American side of the Line; I feel an unfitness to answer your question respecting such Posts as may be proper for the purposes you mentioned; but under the ideas I hold at prest, I am inclined to think that if Garrisons are to be established within the limits and jurisdiction of any of the 13 States, the Fort Pitt, or Fort McIntosh,21 whichever shall be found most convenient and in best repair, would suit very well for a Post of deposits; from whence all the others should be supplied. and as it is my opinion that great part of the Fur and Peltry of the Lakes (when we shall have free access to them) will be transported by the Cayahoga and big beaver Creek, a Post at the mouth of, or
[Note 21: On file Ohio River, 25 miles below Pittsburgh, Pa.] at some convenient Post on the former, must be eligable. The spot marked Miami village and Fort in Hutchins's map, I have always considered as of importance, being a central point between Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, and the river Ohio; communicating with each, by Water. To these the Falls of the Ohio, or some more convenient spot for the lower settlements, may be added. Whether this chain embraces territory enough, whether it goes far enough to the Southward to afford protection to the back parts of Virginia the Carolinas and Georgia; or whether these are objects which are meant to be comprehended, are for those who are more behind the Curtain than I am, to determine. My opinion of the matter is, that I have described a sufficient extent of the Country to answer all our present purposes; beyond which, neither Settlements nor Locations of Land ought to be admitted; because a larger would open a more extensive field for Land jobbers and Speculators. Weaken our Frontiers. exclude Law, good government, and taxation to a late period. and injure the union very essentially in many respects.
At the conflux of the Great Kanhawa and Ohio, a Post might be established so as to answer beneficial purposes. Indeed it is the opinion of many, that it is a more eligable place than Pittsburg. In time, if the navigation of the Kanhawa should be extended, and an easy communication opened with James River, it may be so; but in the present state of things, considering the Settlements about the latter, and the sources from whence proceed all the Supplies of that Country, it certainly is not. As a protection of the River, and the movements thereon, it is desirable.
If I am right in my principles some such distribution as the following may not be ineligable for the 700 men which are ordered to be raised. At Fort Pitt, Fort McIntosh, or the Mouth of big Beaver (being in the vicinity of a thick settlemt.) only 100 Men. Cayahoga, from whence a Detachment might occupy the carrying place between that water and big Beaver; being on the line, and most exposed, should have 200. Miami Fort, or Village and Dependencies, Do. Do. 200. At the Falls of the Ohio, or some spot more court. and healthy, on that river 150. At the Conflux of the Great Kanhawa and Ohio for security of the River, protection of Trade, and covering emigrants, 50. Total 700.
Mrs. Macauly Graham and Mr Graham, and others, have just left this, after a stay of about 10 days. A Visit from a Lady so celebrated in the Literary world could not but be very flattering to me.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for yourself, Mrs. Knox and family; with great truth and sincerity I am etc.
[MS.H.S.]
[June 21, 1785]
Sir: The last Post brought me the honor of your favor of the 12th. inst: I am made happy by occasions which induce you to write to me, and shall take pleasure in rendering Mr. De Corney22 any service in my power. I will immediately inform myself of the name and residence of the Treasurer of the Society of the Cincinnati in this State, and transmit Mr. De Corney's Bill on Colo. Wadsworth23 to him.
[Note 22: Louis Dominique Ethis de Corny.]
[Note 23: Jeremiah Wadsworth.]
I am obliged to you Sir, for the several communications in your letter. I wish something disagreeable may not result from the contentions respecting the navigation of the river Mississippi; the emigration to the waters thereof is astonishingly great, and chiefly from a description of people who are not very subordinate to the Laws and Constitution of the States they go from; whether the prohibition of the Spaniards therefore is just or unjust, politic or impolitic, it will be with difficulty that a people of this class can be restrained from the enjoyment of natural advantages. It is devoutly to be wished that Mr. Gardoqui would enter into such stipulations with Congress as may avert the impending evil, and be mutually advantageous to both nations.
After the explicit declarations of the Emperor respecting the navigation of the Scheldt, and his other demands upon Holland, it should seem I think, as if he stood in a predicament not very desirable; for if he recedes, his foresight and judgment may be arraigned; and if he proceeds, his ruin may be involved. But possibly I am hazarding Sentiments from a superficial view of things, when it will appear ultimately that he has had important objects in view, and accomplished them.
I take the liberty of addressing the enclosed letter to your care, and to assure you of the respect and esteem with which I have the honor, etc.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original of this letter is said to be (1934) in the Historical Museum, Leningrad, U. S. S. R.]
[Note 25: Of Whitehaven, England.]
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I stand indebted to you for two letters, one of the 8th. of September, the other of the 9th. of Feby., the first should not have remained so long unacknowledged, but for the expectation I had of the second, the second led me to expect a third, upon the receipt of which I meant to give you but one trouble by replying to them all at the same time.
Permit me to thank you Sir, for your attention to my Commissions: the joiner arrived safe, and I believe will fully answer your description and expectation of him; he gives great satisfaction, and seems well satisfied himself. The expence of his passage, and your advance to him, has been paid to Mr. Sanderson.26
[Note 26: Robert Sanderson, Rumney's partner.]
I delayed making choice of either of the samples of Flagstone, until I had seen the Irish marble, and was made acquainted with the cost of it; but as it is not yet arrived, and I like the whitest and cheapest of the three samples wch. you sent me by Capt. Atkinson, I request the favor of you to forward by the first opportunity (with some to spare in case of breakage or other accidents) as much of this kind as will floor the Gallery in front of my house, which within the margin, or border that goes round it, and is already laid with a hard stone of the Country, is 92 feet 7½ inches, by 12 feet 9¼ inches.
Having given the exact dimension of the floor or space which is to be laid with flagstone, I shall leave it to the workman to procure them of such a size (not less than one toot square, and all of one size) as will answer best, and accord most with the taste of the times. I take it for granted that 7½d of 8d is the price of the white Stone in the prepared state in which it was sent, and that shipping charges and freight only, are to be added to the cost: if a rough estimate of the latter had been mentioned, it would have been more pleasing, as I could then have prepared accordingly.
I am at a loss to determine in what manner these dressed Flags can be brought without incurring much expence, or being liable to great damage: to put them in Cases, will involve the first; and to stow them loose, the other may be sustained; unless great care is used in the stowage, which is rarely to be found among Sailors, or even Masters of Vessels. If the Flags are well dressed, a little matter will chip the edges, and break the corners; which would disfigure the work and be hurtful to the eye. I will give no direction therefore on this head, your own judgment on the spot shall dictate; at the same time I have but little doubt, if they are placed in the hold of the Ship with hay or straw to keep them from tubing, of their coming free from damage.
I will soon follow this letter with a remittance from hence, or draft upon London for a sum to enable you to discharge the undertaker. In the mean while let me pray you to hasten the execution and Shipping of them, as my Gallery is very much in want. With great esteem, etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Since my last to you I have been favored with your letters of the 5th, 27th, and -- of May, and beg your acceptance of my thanks for their enclosures, and for the communications you were pleased to make me therein.
I am very glad to find you have pass'd an Ordinance of Congress respecting the sale of the Western Lands: I am too well acquainted with the local politics of individual States, not to have foreseen the difficulties you met with in this business; these things are to be regretted, but not to be altered until liberallity of sentiment is more universal. Fixing the Seat of Empire at any spot on the Delaware, is in my humble opinion, demonstrably wrong: to incur an expence for what may be call'd the permanent seat of Congress, at this time, is I conceive evidently impolitic; for without the gift of prophecy, I will venture to predict that under any circumstance of confederation, it will not remain so far to the Eastward long; and that until the public is in better circumstances, it ought not to be built at all. Time, too powerful for sophistry, will point out the place and disarm localities of their power. In the meanwhile let the widow, the Orphan and the suffering Soldier, who are crying to you for their dues, receive that which can very well be rendered to them.
There is nothing new in this quarter of an interesting nature, to communicate, unless you should not have been informed that the Potomac navigation proceeds under favourable auspices: At the general meeting of the subscribers in May last, it appeared that upwards of 400 of the 500 shares had been engaged; many more have been subscribed since; a Board of Directors have been chosen, proper characters and Labourers advertized for, to commence the work in the least difficult parts of the river, 'till a skillful Engineer can be engaged to undertake those which are more so; and it is expected the work will be begun by the 10th. of next month. With great esteem, &c.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I stand indebted to you for your favors of the 3d, 7th, and 29th. of last month, and feel myself exceedingly obliged to your Excellency for the communications and enclosures therein.
It gives me pleasure to find that an Ordinance of Congress has passed respecting the Western Territory: A little longer delay of this business, and I believe the Country would have been settled, maugre all that could have been done to prevent it; as it is, I am not clear that the same respect will be paid now to this Ordinance, which would have been at an earlier period, before men began to speculate in Lands No. West of the Ohio, and to obtrude themselves thereon.
From the general tenor of my letters from very respectable characters in France, I think it most likely that the dispute between the Emperor and Holland will be settled without bloodshed, and that the former will hardly be able to effect the exchange of his Northerland Dominions for the Dutchy of Bavaria; among other reasons, because the Duke of Deux Ponts,29 nephew and heir to the Elector is opposed thereto: but notwithstanding that, the state of politic's and temper of some of the formidable Powers of Europe are such as to place war at no remote distance.
[Note 29: Charles II, Duke of Zweibrücken.]
I have just parted with Mr. and Mrs. Macauly Graham, who after a stay of about ten days, left this in order to embark for England, from New York: I am obliged to you for introducing a Lady to me whose reputation among the literati is high, and whose principles are so much and so justly admired by the friends of liberty and of mankind; it gives me pleasure to find that her sentiments respecting the inadequacy of the powers of Congress, as also those of Doctr. Price's, coincide with my own; experience evinces the truth of these observations, and the late movements of the mercantile interest exhibits a recent proof of the conviction it is working in the popular mind: but it is unfortunate for us, that evils which might have been averted, must be first felt; and our national character for wisdom, justice and temperance, suffer in the eyes of the world, before we can guide the political machine as it ought to be.
The plan for improving and extending the navigation of this river, is in a promising way: inclosed I do myself the honor of sending you the printed proceedings of the Board of Directors.
Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments and every good wish for you, and with great esteem etc.30
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
As printed in the Memoir of Richard Henry Lee, this letter contained the following P. S., not recorded in the "Letter Book": "Col. Wm. Brent died two or three days ago. Your son Ludwell was well at our court yesterday."]
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1785.
Mr. Boulton: Your letter of the 4th. inst:31 never reached me until Monday last. I do not enter into agreements, but with an intention of fulfilling them; and I expect the same punctuality on the part of those with whom they are made: and you must therefore perform your's with me, or abide the consequences.
[Note 31: In the Washington Papers.]
The reason which you assign for not coming is futile and can have no weight with your creditors; your property and your labour are all means with which you can satisfy them; a mortgage or bill of sale of the first; and an order on me by way of security of the latter as your wages shall arise, is all they can desire (if your Tools are unsaleable) and these are in your power to give them.
You know the purposes for which I engaged you, and that they are important and urgent: that I waited a considerable time after Colo. Fitzhugh had recommended you to me, without applying elsewhere, for your answer; that near a month more has elapsed since our agreement took place; that the season is now far advanced, and workmen consequently so much engaged as not to be procured; In the meanwhile, the roof of my house yields to every rain, and the furniture in no part of it is secure from the injuries which result therefrom. These reasons will fully justify my holding you to the engagement we have entered into, and I expect you will enter upon the performance of k without delay. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1785.
Dr. Sir: The letter which your Excellency did me the honor to write to me on the 10th. inst: came duly to hand, and calls for my particular acknowledgments; and my grateful thanks for your obliging offers.
Altho' I conceive that the sunken Lands lying on Albermarle sound, and the waters emptying into it, will in time become the most valuable property in this Country; yet when I reflect further, that it will require a considerable advance to reclaim and render them fit for cultivation, and in the meantime that they may be subjected to expences; I believe it would be most advisable for me, in my situation not to add to my present expenditures; but I am so much obliged by your friendly offer to serve me in this matter, as if they had actually been rendered. If your Excellency could make it convenient to give me the substance of the report of the Commrs., respecting the place and manner which are thought best for a cut between the waters of Elizabeth river and those of North Carolina, I should think myself obliged: the improving and extending the inland navigation of the waters of this Country, are in my judgment very interesting to the well being and glory of it, and I am always pleased with any accounts which seem to facilitate those important objects. With great esteem etc.32
[Note 33: Of Dumfries, Va.]
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: In the evening of yesterday, I was favored with your letter of the 21st.; and thank you for your early and friendly attention to the enquiry I made of you.
I do not now recollect whether I was so explicit as perhaps I ought to have been in communicating all the purposes for which I wanted an assistant: they are these. A Gentleman who can compose a good letter from the heads which shall be given to him; do all other writing which shall be entrusted to his care; keep accounts; examine, arrange and properly methodize my papers (which from hasty removals into the interior country, are in great disorder); ride, at my expence, to do such business as I may have in different parts of this, or the other States, if I should find it more convenient to send than attend myself to the execution thereof; and occasionally to devote a small portion of time to initiate two little children (a Girl of six, and a boy of four years of age, descendants of the decd. Mr. Custis who live with me and are very promising, and whom I would not wish to confine) in the first rudiments of Education.
A fit person who inclines to accept these employments, will live as I do, be company for those who visit at the House, have his washing and mending found him, and such wages as we can agree upon; which I must be candid in declaring can not be high, as my finances and expenditures will not admit of it.
If you think Mr. Shaw34 competent to these ends and find him disposed to be employed for them I wish to know it by the return of the Post, as there are others offering. If he would
[Note 34: William Shaw. He acted as a secretary from July, 1785, to May, 1786.] write to me, or to you upon the subject, the letter in the latter case to be enclosed to me, I could form some judgment of his hand writing and diction: he will please to signify the lowest wages which he will take per ann: or quarterly. If he chooses a personal interview, which perhaps may be more agreeable, I should be glad to see him here, with some samples of his writing. With great esteem, etc.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 26, 1785.
Sir: My nephews are desirous of going to the Dancing School in Georgetown kept by Mr. Tarterson (I think his name is), and as it is my wish that they should be introduced into life with those qualifications which are deemed necessary, I consent to it. Sometime ago I expressed my approbation of their learning French, and a wish that when you had got your House in order to receive them, they might again board with you: Altho' I have no occasion [ sic] the care, attention and kindness of Mr. Bailey36 to them, I conceive they can board at no place so eligably as at their Preceptors; for it is my wish that their morals as well as education may be attended to; and tho' I do not desire they should be deprived of necessary and proper amusements, yet it is my earnest request that they may be kept close to their studies. I am, etc.35
[Note 36: William Bailey, of Georgetown.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 28th. last night. I was under promise when I wrote to you on the 25th. of giving an answer to an application which had been made to me, in a few days before, which are now nearly expired: that I may be decisive on it, I should be glad to know precisely what Mr. Shaw would expect for his services if he comes to me; for altho' I cannot as I observed in my last, afford to give high pay on the one hand, so neither would I, by any means, leave it indefinite on the other: whatever stipulations I enter into, shall be strictly complied with; which will leave no cause for discontent. I am the more explicit in these declarations because I am apprehensive that higher pay is expected from me than I can afford to give. Mr. Shaw undoubtedly has set a value upon his (those wch. are to be rendered) services, he knows what he has received for former services; It is not reasonable to expect that any Gentleman will lessen his prospects by coming to me, nor do I desire it. I do not expect him for less than he can obtain elsewhere; but if my means will not enable me to give as much, I must do without, or get one less capable of assisting me.
Another thing in Mr. Shaw's proposals is not very agreeable to me: if a Gentn. does not engage with me for some fixed time, I may in a month, nay less, be put to a greater non-plus than ever, which would be inconvenient, and perhaps injurious to me, short engagements and early notice of discontinuance might answer the purpose of Mr. Shaw, and remove my difficulties.
That matters may be reduced to a certainty, and I enabled to give the answer above alluded to, in time, I send this by a special messenger. I am obliged to attend the Board of Directors in Alexandria tomorrow; but whether I shall be detained there longer is at present uncertain; I should be glad therefore if it is convenient, to see Mr. Shaw here this evening, or on Saturday, or at Alexandria tomorrow, when upon a little conversation we can readily determine whether our purposes can be reciprocally answered.
He will not, indeed cannot, be considered in the light of a preceptor, because this as I observed in my last, is only occasional and secondary. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
My Lady: In the last letter which I had the honor to write to you, I informed your Ladyship of the communication I had made to the President of Congress of your wishes to obtain Lands in the Western Territory for a number of Emigrants as a means of civilizing the Savages, and propagating the Gospel among them. In answer, he informed me that Mr. Henry, Governor of this State, had laid your Ladyships letter and plan which were addressed to him, before Congress, in a full and ample manner; but his private opinion of the matter was, that under the pressure of Debt to which this fund was to be appropriated, and the diversity of sentiment respecting the mode of applying it, that no discrimination would, or indeed could be made in favor of Emigrants of any description whatsoever. I waited however a considerable time to know the result of Mr. Henry's reference, before I would give your Ladyship the trouble of another letter on this subject; but hearing nothing more of the matter, and having had the enclosed resolutions and ordinance sent to me by the President himself, as the result of their long and painful deliberation on the mode of disposing of the Western Lands, I will delay no longer to express my concern that your Ladyships humane and benevolent views are not better seconded. The resolutions and ordinance herewith enclosed (on which I shall make no comments) will give the terms and shew your Ladyship the mode by which the Lands belonging to the Union are to be obtained; in other words, how difficult it must be for foreigners to know when or where to apply for them. With the highest respect and consideration, etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
Dear Sir: My nephew39 delivered me your letter of the 21st. of April. For the kind attention shewn him by Mrs. Washington and yourself he entertains a grateful sense, and I offer you my sincere thanks, which I should be glad to renew to you both in person at this place. He enjoys a tolerable share of health, but is gone to (what are called in his Country) the Sweet Springs, to obtain a better stock to fit him for the pleasures, and duties too, of a matrimonial voyage on wch. he is to embark at his return.
[Note 39: George Augustine Washington.]
I would thank you my good Sir, for the Acorns, Nutts, or seeds of trees or plants not common in this Country; but which you think would grow here, especially of the flowering kind: the best method, I believe, to preserve those which are apt to spoil by withering and drying, and from worms, is to put them into dry Sand as soon as they are gathered; this retains the moisture in them, and vegitative properties, without sprouting.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to you and your Lady, and I am etc.38
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
Sir: By my nephew I had the honor to receive your favor of the 20th. Mar: accompanied with some plants and Seeds of the Palmetto royal, for which I pray you to accept my sincere thanks: the former are not only alive yet, but look vigorous; and the latter (being sowed) are vegitating, and appearing above ground. I shall nurse them with great attention.
It would give me great pleasure to visit my friends in So. Carolina: but when, or whether ever it may be in my power to accomplish it, is not, at this moment, in my power to decide. I have the honor, etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: When I wrote you in Feby. last, I intended to have followed it with a letter of earlier date than the present; but one cause succeeding another, has prevented it 'till now.
I proceeded to a diligent search for the paper requested in your favor of the 23d. of August last year, and after examining every bundle, and indeed despairing of success, it occurred to me that your accot. with Lord Fairfax might afford some clue by which a discovery of it might be made; and in looking in your ledger for an index I found the receipts pasted on the cover of the Book. Having a call to Richmond the latter end of April, I took the receipts with me intending to leave them in the hands of the Attorney General; but it being his opinion there would be no occasion for them, I brought them back, and restored them to the place from whence I took them: the enclosed are copies of those receipts, which I meant should supply the place of the originals, had they passed from me to the Attorney.
I have not yet received the Pictures which you were so obliging as to send me by Mr. Bracken; but have some prospect now of getting them, as Colo. Bassett who left this lately and who expects to be up again in Octor. to the marriage of his Daughter who lives with us, with a son of my brother Charles (who acted as an Aid de Camp to the Marqs. de la Fayette from the year 1780, to the close of the War) has promised to bring them. Altho' I have been so long deprived of the copy, I have lately had the pleasure of seeing the original in the hands of the designer and executioner Mr. Pine, who spent three weeks with me in May last.
Mr. Pine has met a favorable reception in this Country; and may, I conceive, command as much business as he pleases: he is now preparing materials for historical representations of some of the most important events of the War; and if his choice and the execution is equal to the field he has to display his talents in, the pieces (which will be large) will do him much credit as an artist, and be interesting for America and its friends as a deposit for their posterity.
The information which you have given of the disposition of a certain Court coincides precisely with the sentiments I had formed of it from my own observations upon many late occurrences, and from a combination of circumstances. With respect to ourselves, I wish I could add, that as much wisdom had pervaded our councils; as reason and common policy most evidently dictated; but the truth is, the people must feel before they will see; consequently, are brought slowly into measures of public utility. Past experience, or the admonitions of a few, have but little weight, where ignorance, selfishness and design possess the major part: but evils of this nature work their own cure; tho' the remedy comes slower than those who foresee, or think they foresee the danger, attempt to effect. With respect to the commercial system which G: B: is pursuing with this country, the Ministers, in this as in other matters, are defeating their own ends, by facilitating those powers in congress which will produce a counteraction of their plans, and which half a century without, would not have invested that body with. The restriction of our trade, and the additional duties which are imposed upon many of our staple commodities, have put the commercial people of this Country in motion; they now see the indispensable necessity of a general controuling power, and are addressing their respective Assemblies to grant this to Congress. Before this every State thought itself competent to regulate its own Trade, and were verifying the observations of Lord Sheffield; who supposed we never could agree upon any general plan: but those who will go a little deeper into matters, than his Lordship seems to have done, will readily perceive that in any measure where the Foederal interest is touched, however wide apart the politics of individual States may be, yet as soon as it is discovered they will always unite to effect a common good.
The Subscriptions for improving and extending the inland navigation of Potomac, have filled very fast: A Company is incorporated, a President and Directors are chosen, a Dividend of the money will soon be paid in, and the work will begin about the first of August. We still want a skilful Engineer, a man of practical knowledge to conduct the business; but where to find him we know not at present: In the meanwhile the less difficult parts of the river will be attempted, that no time may be lost in effecting so important and salutary an undertaking.
Our course of Husbandry in this Country, and more especially in this State, is not only exceedingly unprofitable, but so destructive to our Lands, that it is my earnest wish to adopt a better; and as I believe no Country has carried the improvement of Land and the benefits of Agriculture to greater perfection than England, I have asked myself frequently of late, whether a thorough bred practical english Farmer, from a part of England where Husbandry seems to be best understood and is most advantageously practised, could not be obtain'd? and upon what terms? The thought having again occurred to me, whilst I was in the act of writing this letter, I resolved as a more certain and eligible mode of having the questions determined, to propound them to you. That a man of character and knowledge may be had for very high wages there can be no doubt, money we know will fetch anything, and command the services of any man; but with the former I do not abound. To engage a man upon shares as the Overseers of this Country are, might be productive of much discontent to the employed; for we could scarcely convey to a good English Farmer a just idea of the wretched condition of our Lands, what dressings they will require, and how entirely our system must be changed to make them productive: and if we do not, disappointment and continual murmurings would be the consequence. It follows then that the only means by which we can think of obtaining one, must be to give standing wages: for what then my good Sir, do you think a sober, industrious and knowing Farmer might be had to take one of our plantations, say, of ten labourers? Or to bring the matter nearer to his own conception of things, a Farm of about 200 or 250 acres of cleared Land, to be stocked with a competent number of Plows, Black Cattle, Sheep and hogs?
When I speak of a knowing farmer, I mean one who understands the best course of crops; how to plough, to sow, to mow, to hedge, to Ditch and above all, Midas like, one who can convert every thing he touches into manure, as the first transmutation towards Gold: in a word one who can bring worn out and gullied Lands into good tilth in the shortest time. I do not mean to put you to the trouble of actually engaging one, but I should be obliged to you for setting on foot the enquiry, and for communicating the result of it to me; because I could not receive your answer in time for the next year; the autumn being, as you well know, the season at which our Overseers are engaged, and our plans for the ensuing Crop must be formed.
These enquiries, as you will readily perceive, are pointed to a Farmer of the middling class; which more than probably, would best answer my purpose: but, if it could be made convenient to you to extend enquiries further; permit me to ask if one of a higher order could be had? And upon what terms? I mean for a Steward.
It may not in this place be amiss to observe to you that I still decline the growth of Tobacco; and to add, that it is my intention to raise as little Indian Corn as may be: in a word, that I am desirous of entering upon a compleat course of husbandry as practiced in the best Farming Counties of England. I enquire for a man of this latter description with little hope of success. 1st. because I believe one who is compleatly fit for my purposes, wou'd be above my price; and 2dly because I have taken up an idea that an English steward is not so much a farmer, as he is an Attorney or an accomptant; because few of the Nobility and Gentry having their Estates in their own hands, stand more in need of a Collector who, at the same time that he receives the rents, will see that the Covenants of the Leases are complied with, repairs made &c., &c., than of a Farmer. In this however I may be mistaken. One thing more and then I will close this long letter: if from your own observation, or from good information you should fix your eyes upon men of one or both of these descriptions, and could ascertain his or their terms (leaving me at liberty to accede to them or not, within a reasonable time for an intercourse by letter), I had rather he or they should be personally known to you; or their characters well ascertained by a friend in whom you can confide; because what you or such a person would say of them, I could rely upon: but how often do we find recommendations given without merit to deserve them, founded in a disposition to favor the applicant, or want of resolution to refuse them, oftentimes indeed, to get rid of a dependent who is troublesome or injurious to us, upon what are called decent terms. A man in the character of a Steward (if single, and his appearance equal to it) would live in the House with me and be at my table, in the manner Lund Washington was accustomed to do, who is now married41 and a House Keeper tho' still attending my business. The common Farmer would live on the Farm which would be entrusted to his care.
[Note 41: He had married Elizabeth Foote in 1782.]
I have lately had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 19th. of March, and to learn by it that Mrs. Fairfax and you have enjoyed better health than usual, last winter: a continuance of it Mrs. Washington and I most sincerely wish you.
I have not yet seen Mr. Thos. Corbin, he sent your letter under cover a few days ago with assurances of making me a visit as soon as he had recovered from a slight indisposition. He appears from your account to have been very ill treated by his brother Dick; but the latter I understand has not been behind him in charges to some of his friends in this country, who think Thos. in the wrong.
Mrs. Washington joins me in most affectionate regards, and in every good wish for you and Mrs. Fairfax, with much truth I am, &c.
P.S. I thank Mr. Heartley42 for the compliments he sent me thro' you, and for his other polite attentions to me; and pray you to make mine acceptable to him whenever a proper occasion offers. I did not know of your Nephew's intended trip to England or I would most assuredly have written to you by so good an opportunity.43
[Note 42: David Hartley.]
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
Sir: Your favor of the 16th. of last month came safely to hand.
You do me much honor by proposing to inscribe a work (of which you sent me a specimen) to my special patronage and protection: but tho' willing to give every support to the encouragement of literature and useful knowledge, which may be within my sphere of action; yet, on the present occasion I must beg leave to decline the honor of having your labors dedicated to me. With chearfulness I will follow the subscriptions (wch. I presume must 'ere this, be pretty well advanced) of Gentn. of my acquaintance; and with a proper sense of the distinction meant for me, I am, etc.43
Mount Vernon, July 2, 1785.
Sir: Early in last month I wrote you an answer to your letter of March 10th., and sent it under cover to my brother in Berkeley, who happened at that time to be from home: the presumption is however, that you have received it 'ere this, and I shall not trouble you with a repetition of the sentiments therein contained.
In that letter I enclosed you a hand Bill of the proceedings of the Board of Directors,44 containing an advertisement of their want of a Manager, two Assistants, some Overseers, and a number of Labourers; requesting that it might be exposed at some public place in the county where you live: those of the two first descriptions were required to meet the Directors at Alexandria on yesterday; but whether the notice was too short, or that characters who are competent to the business are difficult to be met with, I shall not take upon me to determine; but none appearing with such testimonials of their abilities, industry and integrity, as the Board conceived indispensably necessary for their justification, no agreement was made, but the 14th. inst. appointed for them and others, to produce such, of their qualification for this business.
[Note 44: Of the Potomac Company.]
As I have imbibed a very favorable opinion of your mechanical abilities, and have had no reason to distrust your fitness in other respects; I took the liberty of mentioning your name to the Directors, and I dare say if you are disposed to offer your services, they would be attended to under favourable circumstances: but as this is a business of great magnitude, and good or ill impressions in the commencement of it will have a powerful effect on the minds of the Adventurers, and on the public opinion; and as the Directors are no more than Trustees of the Company, and of consequence must proceed circumspectly; Candour obliges me to observe to you, as I believe some of those who will meet for the purpose of appointing a Manager and Assistants have only a superficial acquaintance with you, that it might be well, if you incline to offer your services, to bring some letters or other credential of your industry &c., and if these were to come from members of the Company they would have the greater weight.
Colo. Gilpin45 (one of the Directors, and who is the bearer of this letter) is on his way to the Falls of Seneca and Shenandoah; and it would be fortunate if he shou'd meet with you in this trip. I am, etc.46
[Note 45: George Gilpin.]
[Note 46: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 4th. I receiv'd on the 6th. Altho' the sum stipulated is above the mark I had prescribed myself yet, in consideration of the good character given of you by Mr. Montgomerie, the idea I entertain of your knowledge of Accots., and the hope that you may answer my purposes in other respects; I accede fully to the terms of your letter, with this condition only, that in payment of this sum, Dollars shall be estimated at four and six pence Sterling, and other Gold and Silver coin (currt. in this country) in that proportion. This is the legal difference of exchange of it, and will render it unnecessary for either of us to enquire into the rise or fall, to ascertain the value of any payment.
I do not request you to come hither before the time mentioned in your letter; but should be glad if you would not exceed it.
With esteem and regard, I am, etc.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1785.
Sir: Yesterday afternoon I had the honor to receive your favor of the 24th. of June; covering a letter from Colo. Fairfax of Bath, dated in Mar: last. The latter speaks of the injurious treatment you have met with, and of the aspersion of your character in England, for which I am exceedingly sorry; but as he draws no conclusion, and your letter is silent, I am a little at a loss to discover the tendency of the information of them to me; and therefore shall only add that whenever it is convenient and agreeable to you to come into this part of the Country, I shall be glad to see you at this place, and that, I am, etc.49
Mount Vernon, July 14, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 9th. of Feby. was long on its passage to me; but my answer would not have been delayed 'till now, had not much time been spent in obtaining the several enclosures herewith sent you: a very necessary voucher however, viz: the British King's proclamation, properly authenticated, forbiding the settlement of the Western Lands, in defiance of which the Defendants took possession of the Land which was surveyed for military service, is not yet come to hand, but shall be sent as soon as it does.
The signature to Posey's Bond has the best proof of the handwriting I can obtain without incurring much trouble and expence: there are numbers in this part of the Country, where he formerly lived, who are well acquainted with his hand writing; but these are far removed from the Executive of the State, or any of the judges of the Supreme Court of this Commonwealth. To me, I confess the proof seems unnecessary; for in my judgment there can be no higher evidence of the authenticity of the Bond, than the recognition of it in the Grant which, if I mistake not, expressly declares that it is granted to me as Assignee of John Posey; consequently this Government must have been satisfied of the legality of the assignment, and such as would warrant the Patent granted me thereon.
I transmit you the act of our Assembly passed in the session of 1779, properly authenticated, in which is included all the Law relative to the present subject: in this you will find upon what footing settlement and pre-emption rights are placed; and what are the requisites necessary for rendering them valid. It is very certain the Defendants have not taken those necessary steps pointed out by the Law, in order to give them a title by settlement or pre-emption: they knew that the Land had been surveyed for me; that it was always called mine; that one Cabbin if no more was built upon it when they came there, and they were repeatedly forwarned from settling themselves there during the life of Mr. Crawford. Being thus apprized that their claim was contested, they should have submitted it to the decision of the Commissioners sent out to that Country for the special purpose of adjusting all such disputed titles; and altho' the jurisdiction of these Commrs. only extended to unpatented Lands, yet such a submission was necessary on the part of the Defendants, that they might obtain Certificates and act agreeably to the direction of the Law: as they failed to do this, I conceive they have precluded themselves from setting up a title by occupancy at this day: I say they failed to make this submission; because as I was never summoned to litigate their claim, any proceeding therein without such a progess would have been illegal.
I expect that one objection to my title will be, that this Land was not surveyed by a County Surveyor, but only by one invested with a special commission for surveying the 200,000 acres which were given as a bounty to the 1st. Va. regiment. But you will find that my case comes fully within the first clause of the Law; and as this Survey was covered with a military warrant, such as is mentioned in the Act, no person could more legally have made it than Mr. Crawford. I will observe here, that at the time this survey was returned to the Office, Mr. Crawford was Deputy surveyor to Mr. Lewis. You will observe by a subsequent clause in the Law, that all locations made by Officers and Soldiers upon the Lands of actual settlers, shall be void; but this cannot operate against me for several reasons: in the first place it is confined merely to Locations, and cannot extend to Patents; secondly, admitting that my survey was made lawfully, then it is evident that instead of being intruded upon, the Defendants themselves were the intruders: and thirdly, setting my survey and Patent out of the question, I was the prior occupant and entitled to at least 1400 acres, admitting only one Cabbin to have been built; altho' I believe, and Capt. Crawford in letters which I left with you expressly declares it, there were more; so that whichever way you view their title, it appears to be defective. From what cause I know not, but I believe Capt. Posey's warrant is dated subsequent to the return of the Survey made by Mr. Crawford, and if I remember right the recital in the Patent which you have makes this appear; I apprize you of this lest any handle should be made of it by your Opponents.
The only difficulty which can arise in the prosecution of the ejectments in my conception (if my legal title shou'd be thought insufficient, which I scarcely think possible) is to prove the extent of my improvement before the Defendants took possession of the Land, and the warnings wch. they received afterwards to quit it.
Colo. Crawford who transacted my business in your County, or his Brother Val52 could have placed these matters in a clear point of view, as I dare say many others are able to do, if I knew who to fix upon and how to come at them; but never having an idea that it was necessary, and the removal of persons &c., may give some trouble.
[Note 52: Valentine Crawford.]
To ease you as much as I am able of this, I have in a paper enclosed, put down the ground and supports of my title under all circumstances as they have occurred to me; and the plea which I suppose will be urged in behalf of my Opponents in opposition thereto.
I feel myself under great obligation to Mr. Wilson53 for signifying a readiness to serve me in this suit, because I am satisfied motives of friendship more than of interest were at the bottom. His attendance in Congress must now render this impracticable if it were ever so necessary; but to me the case seems so clear and self evident, that I think nothing more is necessary but to state facts: however, as you understand the decision of your Courts better than I do, I leave it wholly to yourself to call in assistance or not, and from whom you please. I should be glad to know when you think the cause will come to issue: if I could be morally certain of the time and nothing of greater importance should happen to prevent it, I would be in the Western Country at that time. I am, etc.
[Note 53: James Wilson.]
P. S: Since writing the above I have received an attested Copy of the Proclamation alluded to in the body of this letter, which with the letter enclosing it, from our Attoy. General, I send. On a cursory reading of it, (for I was obliged to enclose it almost in the same instant I received it) it may be doubted, I think, whether military Locations beyond the sources of the rivers running into the Atlantic, do not come under the general restrictions: to remove this objection, if it should be made, I will endeavor to obtain an attested copy of an order of the Governor and Council of this Dominion, recognizing the right of the Troops of this State, to Lands under the aforesaid Proclamation; and directing surveys thereof to be made on the Western Waters; tho' I fear it will be difficult to come at, as I have understood that the records of the privy Council had fallen into the hands of the Enemy, or were otherwise lost.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 55: Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1782 to 1786 and from 1799 to 1801; Member of Congress from 1789 to 1793; one of the Board of Commissioners for the District of Columbia from 1795 to the abolition of the Board in 1802.]
Mount Vernon, July 14, 1785.
Dear Sir: Mr. Fraunces's56 letters to you and to me, the last of which I also enclose for your perusal, are so expressive of his want as to render it unnecessary for me to add ought, on the occasion of them.
[Note 56: Samuel Fraunces.]
He has been considered (tho' confined within the british lines) as a friend to our cause: It is said he was remarkably attentative to our prisoners in the City of New York; supporting them, as far as his means would allow, in the hour of their greatest distress: this it is which lead both Governor Clinton and myself to countenance and support him; and is the cause I presume of his applying, thro' me, to you, and must be my apology for giving you the trouble of this letter.
With respect to his demand against the Estate of Genl. Lee, I know nothing; his letter, to the best of my recollection, is the first intimation I ever had of his being a Creditor; the propriety and justice therefore of the claim must speak for themselves, and will no doubt have their due weight: the time of payment seems interesting to him.
The subject of this letter reminds me of an accot. of my own against Genl. Lee's Estate, which I put into your hands at the Springs last year.57 With great esteem I am, etc.58
[Note 57: In Washington's "Ledger B" is the following account against Gen. Charles Lee; "1775, Jan. 4. To Cash lent him at Mt Vernon £15. June. To Ditto lent him on the Road from Phila. to Cambridge, at different times, viz. 6 Guineas & 4 dollars 9:12--.1786, Decr. 28. By Cash recd of Alexr White Esqr. Exr. to Genl Lee by the hands of Mr. Lear 24:12:--"]
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 59: Of Patuxent, Md.]
Mount Vernon, July 14, 1785.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 4th. came to me on the 12th: at the time of writing it you could not have received my letter dated in the latter part of June, covering one for Richard Boulton; not knowing how, otherwise, to get one to him, I took the liberty of addressing it to your care.
In that letter I informed him, that if he did not immediately enter upon the execution of his Contract, I would put the penalty thereof in force: but from the abandoned course in which he seems to have engaged, from your last letter; and his unwillingness to forsake his associates in drunkeness, I do not choose (altho' the disappointment occasions me the loss of a summer) to be concerned with him, lest his bad example should have an unfavorable influence upon my workmen, of which I have several. I beg therefore, if my letter to him has not been forwarded, that you would be so obliging as to destroy it.
As I am not in immediate want of the Articles which you were so good as to offer me, I had rather take the chance of a water conveyance round, than to send my waggon to Colo. Platers: but as this may not happen soon, and it is unreasonable to keep you out of the cost of them; if you will ascertain the quantity and price of such as you can best spare, I will pay the amount to your order at any time. The brass-spring Locks and hinges, and any other hinges, the mortice locks and furniture, the Glue, and Painters brushes, or such part of each as you can most conveniently dispense with, may be added to my former list.
The Guinea-grass seeds which I sowed proved as defective as yours; but my nephew who arrived after I had the pleasure of your company at this place, brought me a small quantity from Bermuda, some of which I sowed and part has vegitated: if it prospers and is worth cultivating, I will supply you with a little of it to put you in stock, he speaks of it in very favourable terms, but is doubtful of the Climate.
Mrs. Washington joins in complimts. and best wishes for Mrs. Fitzhugh and yourself with Dr. Sir, &c.
P: S: I address this letter to you at Annapolis in consequence of the information of your intention to be there about the middle of this month.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 22d. of June came safely to hand. I have no Lands in the Western Country which I incline, at this time, to make actual sale of. Between the two Kanhawa's on the banks of the Ohio, I hold (bounded by the river, and of rich bottom with good Mill Seats) about 10,000 acres of as valuable land as any in that region: and on the Gt. Kanhawa, from near the mouth upwards, I have about 30,000 acres more of equal quality with the first mentioned; all of which I have offered on Leases, for 21,999, or 10 years, renewable forever, on encreasing rents; on certain conditions which were published in Claypoole's paper in March or April of last year, and may easily be resorted to.
As I have not disposed of these lands yet, I presume the terms are thought too high; but as I know the situation and convenience of them, and that the quality of the soil is inferior to none in all the Western Territory, I do not incline to make any change in my terms, unless I am, in a manner compelled to it by taxation, which (however inconvenient it may be to myself) I wish to see heavily laid on, that the officers and Soldiers, and other public creditors may receive their just dues. I am, etc.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 17, 1785.
Dr. Sir: By Mr. Gouverr. Morris I sent you the amount of the cost of plank, which you were so obliging as to send me from Baltimore.
The packet62 enclosed with this, for Mr. Hilligas63 contains necessary and valuable papers for Mr. Thos. Smith, in a suit I have been obliged to commence in Washington County, State of Pennsylva., against sundry persons who taking advantage of my absence and peculiar situation during the War, possessed themselves of a tract of Land I hold in the vicinity of Fort Pitt; for which I have a Patent, obtained in legal form, ever since the year 1774, and for which I am now compelled to bring ejectmts.
[Note 62: On July 17 Washington wrote briefly to Michael Hillegas, a copy of which letter is in the "Letter Book," asking him to forward this packet of papers to Thomas Smith.]
[Note 63: Michael Hillegas.]
Mr. Smith requested these papers to be sent to him under cover to Mr. Hilligas as a certain mode of conveyance; but as much time has elapsed in obtaining them; as some of the papers point to evidence which may not readily be come at; as the Suit may come forward at the Septr. term, and as the channel of conveyance pointed out by him is very circuitous; I should be much obliged, if good opportunities frequently offer from Baltimore to Carlisle, by your stripping off the address to Mr. Hilligas, and forwarding the enclosure as directed to Mr. Smith. With much truth and sincerity, I am, etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 19, 1785.
Sir: The honor which the Society for promoting agriculture, lately established in the City of Philada., has done me by electing me an honorary member, is highly pleasing and flattering to me; the strongest assurances of which I pray you, at the next meeting, to communicate with my respectful compliments to the Society. Accept at the same time Sir, my acknowledgment of the flattering expression, with which you have accompanied the certificate of my election.
No measure, in my opinion, will be more conducive to the public weal than the establishment of this Society, if the purposes of it are prosecuted with spirit. Much is it to be wished that each State would institute similar ones; and that these Societies when formed would correspond regularly and freely with each other. We are not only in our infancy of agriculture improvement, but in this State the farmers are pursuing an unprofitable course of Crops, to the utter destruction of their Lands.
I am obliged to the Society for its address to the public, and for the summary of a course of crops by Mr. Bordely:65 the latter I had before received from the Author, who was so obliging as to send me several copies immediately after the publication thereof. I have the honor, etc.66
[Note 65: Beale(?) Boardly, of Wye, Md.]
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 23, 1785.
Dr. Sir: It is some time since I received the enclosed Bill, under cover from the Drawer: among a multiplicity of other letters it got buried and forgot; until a line from Mr. de Marbois the other day, forwarding the third bill of same tenor and date, reminded me of it.
As I do not know who the Treasurer of the Society of the Cincinnati of this State is, I take the liberty of committing the Bill to your care, with a request that you would be so obliging as to ask him personally if he is near you, or by letter if he is at a distance, for a receipt for it, that I may transmit the same to Colo. De Corney, with an apology for my long silence. If I knew who the state Treasurer is, I would not give you any trouble in this business; but as I really do not, I hope it will be received as an excuse for having done it. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1785.
My dr. Humphreys: Since my last to you, I have received your letter of the 15th. of January, and I believe that of the 11th. of November, and thank you for them.68 It always gives me pleasure to hear from you; and I should think if amusements would spare you, business could not so much absorb your time as to prevent your writing more frequently, especially as there is a regular conveyance once a month by the Packet.
[Note 68: Humphreys was then in Paris.]
As the complexion of European politics seems now (from letters I have received from the Marqs. de la Fayette, Chevrs. Chartellux, De la Luzerne, &c.,) to have a tendency to Peace, I will say nothing of war, nor make any animadversions upon the contending powers; otherwise, I might possibly have said that the retreat from it seemed impossible after the explicit declaration of the parties: My first wish is to see this plague to mankind banished from off the Earth, and the sons and Daughters of this world employed in more pleasing and innocent amusements, than in preparing implements and exercising them for the destruction of mankind: rather than quarrel about territory let the poor, the needy and oppressed of the Earth, and those who want Land, resort to the fertile plains of our western country, the second69 Promise, and there dwell in peace, fulfilling the first and great commandment.
[Note 69: The words " land of" inadvertently omitted by the "Letter Book" recorder.]
In a former letter, I informed you my Dr. Humphreys, that if I had talents for it, I have not leisure to turn my thoughts to commentaries: a consciousness of a defective education, and a certainty of the want of time, unfit me for such an undertaking; what with company, letters and other matters, many of them quite extraneous, I have not been able to arrange my own private concerns so as to rescue them from that disorder'd state into which they have been thrown by the war, and to do which is become absolutely necessary for my support, whilst I remain on this stage of human action. The sentiments of your last letter on this subject gave me great pleasure; I should be pleased indeed to see you undertake this business: your abilities as a writer; your discernment respecting the principles which lead to the decision by arms; your personal knowledge of many facts as they occurred in the progress of the War; your disposition to justice, candour and impartiality, and your diligence in investigating truth, combining fit you, when joined with the vigor of life, for this task; and I should with great pleasure, not only give you the perusal of all my papers, but any oral information of circumstances, which cannot be obtained from the former, that my memory will furnish: and I can with great truth add that my house would not only be at your service during the period of your preparing this work, but (and without an unmeaning compliment I say it) I should be exceedingly happy if you would make it your home. You might have an apartment to yourself, in which you could command your own time; you wou'd be considered and treated as one of the family; and meet with that cordial reception and entertainment which are characteristic of the sincerest friendship.
To reverberate European news would be idle, and we have little of domestic kind worthy of attention: We have held treaties indeed, with the Indians; but they were so unseasonably delayed, that these people by our last accounts from the westward, are in a discontented mood, supposed by many to be instigated thereto by our late enemies, now, to be sure, fast friends; who from any thing I can learn, under the indefinite expression of the treaty hold, and seem resolved to retain possession of our western Posts. Congress have also, after a long and tedious deliberation, passed an ordinance for laying off the Western Territory into States, and for disposing of the land; but in a manner and on terms which few people (in the Southern States) conceive can be accomplished: Both sides are sure, and the event is appealed to, let time decide it. It is however to be regretted that local politics and self-interested views obtrude themselves into every measure of public utility: but to such characters be the consequences.
My attention is more immediately engaged in a project which I think big with great political, as well as commercial consequences to these States, especially the middle ones: it is, by removing the obstructions, and extending the inland navigation of our rivers, to bring the States on the Atlantic in close connexion with those forming to the westward, by a short and easy transportation: without this, I can easily conceive they will have different views, separate interests and other connexions. I may be singular in my ideas; but they are these, that to open a door to, and make easy the way for those Settlers to the westward (which ought to progress regularly and compactly) before we make any stir about the navigation of the Mississippi, and before our settlements are far advanced towards that river, would be our true line of policy. It can, I think, be demonstrated, that the produce of the western Territory (if the navigations which are now in hand succeed, and of which I have no doubt) as low down the Ohio as the Great Kanhawa, I believe to the Falls, and between the parts above and the Lakes, may be brought either to the highest shipping port on this or James river, at a less expence, with more ease, (including the return) and in a much shorter time, than it can be carried to New Orleans if the Spaniards instead of restricting, were to throw open their ports and invite our trade. But if the commerce of that country should embrace this channel, and connexions be formed; experience has taught us (and there is a very recent proof with G: Britain) how next to impracticable it is to divert it; and if that should be the case, the Atlantic States (especially as those to the westward will in a great degree fill with foreigners) will be no more to the present union, except to excite perhaps very justly our fears, than the Country of California which is still more to the westward, and belonging to another power.
Mrs. Washington presents her compliments to you, and with every wish for your happiness, I am etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1785.
My Dear Marquis: I have to acknowledge and thank you for your several favors of the 9th. of February, 19th. of March and 16th. of April, with their enclosures; all of which (the last only yesterday) have been received since I had the honor to address you in February.
I stand before you as a Culprit: but to repent and be forgiven are the precepts of Heaven: I do the former, do you practice the latter, and it will be participation of a divine attribute. Yet I am not barren of excuses for this seeming inattention; frequent absences from home, a round of company when at it, and the pressure of many matters, might be urged as apologies for my long silence; but I disclaim all of them, and trust to the forbearance of friendship and your wonted indulgence: indeed so few things occur, in the line on which I now move, worthy of attention, that this also might be added to the catalogue of my excuses; especially when I further add, that one of my letters, if it is to be estimated according to its length, would make three of yours.
I now congratulate you, and my heart does it more effectually than my pen, on your safe arrival at Paris, from your voyage to this Country, and on the happy meeting with Madame la Fayette and your family in good health. May the blessing of this long continue to them, and may every day add increase of happiness to yourself.
As the clouds which overspread your hemisphere are dispersing, and peace with all its concomitants is dawning upon your Land, I will banish the sound of War from my letter: I wish to see the sons and daughters of the world in Peace and busily employed in the more agreeable amusement of fulfilling the first and great commandment, Increase and Multiply: as an encouragement to which we have opened the fertile plains of the Ohio to the poor, the needy and the oppressed of the Earth; any one therefore who is heavy laden, or who wants land to cultivate, may repair thither and abound, as in the Land of promise, with milk and honey: the ways are preparing, and the roads will be made easy, thro' the channels of Potomac and James river.
Speaking of these navigations, I have the pleasure to inform you that the subscriptions, (especially for the first) at the surrender of the books, agreeably to the act which I enclosed you in my last, exceeded my most sanguine expectation: for the latter, that is James river, no comparison of them has yet been made.
Of the £50,000 Sterlg. required for the Potomac navigation, upwards of £40,000, was subscribed before the middle of May, and encreasing fast. A President and four Directors, consisting of your hble. Servant, Govrs. Johnson and Lee of Maryland, and Colo. Fitzgerald and Gilpin of this State, were chosen to conduct the undertaking. The first dividend of the money was paid in on the 15th. of this month; and the work is to be begun the first of next, in those parts which require least skill; leaving the more difficult 'till an Engineer of abilities and practical knowledge can be obtained; which reminds me of the question which I propounded to you in my last, on this subject, and on which I should be glad to learn your sentiments. This prospect, if it succeeds and of which I have no doubt, will bring the Atlantic States and the Western Territory into close connexion, and be productive of very extensive commercial and political consequences; the last of which gave the spur to my exertions, as I could foresee many, and great mischiefs which would naturally result from a separation, and that a separation would inevitably take place, if the obstructions between the two countries remained, and the navigation of the Mississippi should be made free.
Great Britain, in her commercial policy is acting the same unwise part, with respect to herself, which seems to have influenced all her Councils; and thereby is defeating her own ends: the restriction of our trade, and her heavy imposts on the staple commodities of this Country, will I conceive, immediately produce powers in Congress to regulate the Trade of the Union; which, more than probably would not have been obtained without in half a century. The mercantile interests of the whole Union are endeavouring to effect this, and will no doubt succeed; they see the necessity of a controuling power, and the futility, indeed the absurdity, of each State's enacting Laws for this purpose independent of one another. This will be the case also, after a while, in all matters of common concern. It is to be regretted, I confess, that Democratical States must always feel before they can see: it is this that makes their Governments slow, but the people will be right at last.
Congress after long deliberation, have at length agreed upon a mode for disposing of the Lands of the United States in the Western territory: it may be a good one, but it does not comport with my ideas. The ordinance is long, and I have none of them by me, or I would send one for your perusal. They seem in this instance, as in almost every other, to be surrendering the little power they have, to the States individually which gave it to them. Many think the price which they have fixed upon the Lands too high; and all to the Southward I believe, that disposing of them in Townships, and by square miles alternately, they will be a great let to the sale: but experience, to which there is an appeal, must decide.
Soon after I had written to you in Feby., Mr. Jefferson, and after him Mr. Carmichael informed me that in consequence of an application from Mr. Harrison71 for permission to export a Jack for me from Spain, his Catholic Majesty had ordered two of the first race in his Kingdom (lest an accident might happen to one) to be purchased and presented to me as a mark of his
[Note 71: Richard Harrison. He was a merchant of Cadiz. Spain.] esteem. Such an instance of condescension and attention from a crowned head is very flattering, and lays me under great obligation to the King; but neither of them is yet arrived: these I presume are the two mentioned in your favor of the 16th. of April; one as having been shipped from Cadiz, the other as expected from the Isle of Malta,72 which you would forward. As they have been purchased since December last, I began to be apprehensive of accidents; which I wish may not be the case with respect to the one from Cadiz, if he was actually shipped at the time of your account: should the other pass thro' your hands you cannot oblige me more, than by requiring the greatest care, and most particular attention to be paid to him. I have long endeavoured to procure one of a good size and breed, but had little expectation of receiving two as a royal gift.
[Note 72: The jack from Malta was obtained by Lafayette and was separate and distinct from the Spanish jacks.]
I am much obliged to you my dear Marquis, for your attention to the hounds, and not less sorry that you should have met the smallest difficulty, or experienced the least trouble in obtaining them: I was no way anxious about these, consequently should have felt no regret, or sustained no loss if you had not succeeded in your application. I have commissioned three or four persons (among whom Colo. Marshall73 is one,) to procure for me in Kentucke, for the use of the Kings Garden's at Versailles or elsewhere, the seeds mentioned in the list you sent me from New York, and such others as are curious, and will forward them as soon as they come to my hands; which cannot be 'till after the growing Crop has given its seeds.
[Note 73: Thomas(?) Marshall.]
My best wishes will accompany you to Potsdam, and into the Austrian Dominions whenever you set out upon that tour. As an unobserved spectator, I should like to take a peep at the troops of those Monarch's at their manoeuverings, upon a grand field day; but as it is among the unattainable things, my philosophy shall supply the place of curiosity, and set my mind at ease.
In your favor of the 19th. of March you speak of letters which were sent by a Mr. Williams; but none such have come to hand. The present for the little folks did not arrive by Mr. Ridouts Ship as you expected; to what cause owing I know not. Mrs. Washington has but indifferent health; and the late loss of her mother, and only brother Mr. Barthw. Dandridge (one of the Judges of our Supreme Court) has rather added to her indisposition. My mother and friends enjoy good health. George has returned after his peregrination thro' the West Indies, to Bermuda, the Bahama Islands, and Charlestown; at the last place he spent the winter. He is in better health than when he set out, but not quite recovered: He is now on a journey to the Sweet Springs, to procure a stock sufficient to fit him for a matrimonial voyage in the Frigate F. Bassett, on board which he means to embark at his return in October: how far his case is desperate, I leave you to judge, if it is so, the remedy however pleasing at first, will certainly be violent.
The latter end of April I had the pleasure to receive in good order, by a Ship from London, the picture of yourself, Madame la Fayette and the children, which I consider as an invaluable present, and shall give it the best place in my House. Mrs. Washington joins me in respectful compliments, and in every good wish for Madame de la Fayette, yourself and family, all the others who have come under your kind notice present their compliments to you. For myself, I can only repeat the sincere attachment, and unbounded affection of My Dr. Marqs., &c.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1785.
Sir: A few days ago by a Mr. Hickman,77 who either is, or wants to be a tenant of mine in Frederick County. I sent you a dozen blank Leases. The tract on which he says he is fixed, is part of two Lots which I purchased at the sale of Colo. George Mercer's Estate, in the year 1774; a plat of which I send you, that the whole may be arranged into four tenements, as conveniently disposed as water &c. will admit.
[Note 77: Joseph Hickman.]
In September last, whilst I was at my brothers in Berkeley, many persons applied for this Land; but from causes which then existed I came to no positive agreement with any; referring them to Mr. Snickers,78 who was so kind as to promise that he would fix matters for me (as I was in a hurry and could not go upon the Land myself) on the terms which, if I recollect right, I gave him in a letter. Some time after, two men of the names of Winzer79 and Beaven, with the letter enclosed from Mr. Snickers, came here, and were told that I would comply with whatever agreement was made with them by him. Among other things they said Mr. Snickers had promised them Leases for fourteen years; this I observed could not, in my opinion, be the case, because I had expressly named ten years (the
[Note 78: Edward Snickers.]
[Note 79: Joseph Winsor or Windsor.] term for which Mr. Burwell let his Lands adjoining), but notwithstanding if the case was so, and Mr. Snickers would declare it, the Leases should be filled up accordingly: this I repeat, and as far as the matter respects Winzer, for it seems Beaven has changed his mind, the other conditions endorsed on the back of Mr. Snickers's letter to me, are to be granted him; he paying all the taxes wch. may be laid on the Land he holds.
However, as filling up one Lease may be a guide with respect to the others, I enclose one in the name of Winzer, with the blank, as completely filled as I can do it under my uncertainty with respect to the term of years for which he is to have it, and which is to be determined by Mr. Snickers; and for want of the quantity of acres in, and a description of the Lot which he is to have.
There are already three Tenants on this tract, to whom you may fill up Leases on the same terms which I have done for Winzer; and whenever they will bring evidences to prove them, I will sign them. As Beaven has declined taking the Lot which he agreed for first with Mr. Snickers and afterwards with me, you may let it to any good tenant who offers, upon the terms on which the others are held. The three new engaged will have rents to pay thereon the first of next January. It will be necessary to take an Assignment of Mr. Whitings Lease, before one can be made to Mr. Airess;80 or some instrument of writing by which it will be cancelled, in order to render the new one valid; and I hope payment of the money due on the replevy Bonds of the former will not be delayed longer than the time mentioned in your last letter, viz, September.
[Note 80: Ariss.]
Having got a Gentleman to assist me in my business; I hope shortly to have my Accots. so arranged as to be able to send you a rental of what is due to be in London, Fauquier and Berkeley Counties. I have a Lot in the town and common of Winchester of which, when you have occasion to go thither, I beg you to enquire into the state and condition, and give me information of what can be made of them: the one in the Town, I believe a Doctr. McKay has something to do with.
I would be obliged to you for enquiring of Mr. Wormley's manager, if he has any good red clover seed for sale, what quantity, and the price thereof, and let me know the result by the first conveyance to Alexandria. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 30, 1785.
Dear Sir: Altho' it is not my intention to derive any pecuniary advantage from the generous vote of the Assembly of this State, consequent of its gratuitous gift of fifty shares in each of the navigations of the rivers Potomac and James; yet, as I consider these undertakings as of vast political and commercial importance to the States on the Atlantic, especially to those nearest the centre of the Union, and adjoining the Western Territory, I can let no act of mine impede the progress of the work: I have therefore come to the determination to hold the shares which the Treasurer was directed to subscribe on my account, in trust for the use and benefit of the public; unless I shall be able to discover, before the meeting of the Assembly, that it would be agreeable to it to have the product of the Sales arising from these shares, applied as a fund on which to establish two Charity schools, one on each river, for the Education and support of the Children of the poor and indigent of this Country who cannot afford to give it; particularly the children of those men of this description, who have fallen in defence of the rights and liberties of it. If the plans succeed, of which I have no doubt, I am sure it will be a very productive and encreasing fund, and the monies thus applied will be a beneficial institun.
I am aware that my non-acceptance of these shares will have various motives ascribed to it, among which an ostentatious display of disinterestedness, perhaps the charge of disrespect or slight of the favors of my Country, may lead the van: but under a consciousness that my conduct herein is not influenced by considerations of this nature, and that I shall act more agreeably to my own feelings and more consistent with my early declarations, by declining to accept them; I shall not only hope for indulgence, but a favorable interpretation of my conduct: my friends, I persuade myself, will acquit me, the World I hope will judge charitably.
Perceiving by the advertisement of Messrs. Cabell, Buchanan and Southa; that half the sum required by the Act, for opening and extending the navigation of James river, is subscribed; and the 20th. of next month appointed for the subscribers to meet at Richmond, I take the liberty of giving you a power to act for me on that occasion.82 I would (having the accomplishment of these navigations much at heart) have attended in person; but the President and Directors of the Potomac Company by their own appointment, are to commence the survey of this river in the early part of next month; for which purpose I shall leave home tomorrow. Besides which, if the
[Note 82: Washington was elected president of the James River Navigation Co., but declined to serve. A copy of his power to Randolph to represent him at the James River meeting follows this letter in the "Letter Book."] Ejectments which I have been obliged to bring for my Land in Pennsylva. are to be tried at the September Term, as Mr. Smith, my Lawyer, conceived they would, and is to inform me, I shall find it necessary I fear, to attend the trial; an intermediate journey therefore, in addition, to Richmond would be impracticable for me to accomplish. I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, July 30, 1785.
Sir: I received your letter of the 19th. Instt.83 Being convinced from the respectable characters whose names are prefixed to your Grammatical Institute, as well as from the cursory examination I have had it in my power to bestow on the Books, of the judicious execution, and usefulness of the Work; it would give me pleasure if I could be instrumental, in any degree, towards the introduction of it to public notice. But I am a little at a loss, from the purport of your letter, to decide, whether it is your desire that my name should appear amongst those who have already subscribed to the utility of the Work; or, by introducing its Author to some of the first characters in the Southern States (under the favourable impression he has made upon me) to act more remotely. If the first is meant, I wish to decline it; because I have not leizure to examine the Institute with that attention which ought, always, to precede a certificate; and because I do not think myself a competent Judge, if I had. But if the other is your object, I shall have great pleasure in giving you Letters of recommendation to some of the first Gentlemen of my Acquaintance in Charleston, or elsewhere, being Sir Yr. etc.
[Note 83: Webster's letter, dated July 18, 1785, from Baltimore, is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Georgetown,84 August 2, 1785.
[Note 84: According to his "Diary," Washington left Mount Vernon early in tile morning of August 1 "and, after escorting Fanny Bassett to Alexandria, I proceeded to Doctr. Stuart's where I breakfasted; from thence to George Town to the Annual Meeting of the Potowmack Company appointed to be held at that place....Dined at Shuter's Tavern and lodged at Mr. Oneal's." Shuter's was John Suter's Tavern, and Bernard O'Neale (O'Neill, Oneal) was one of the stockholders of the Potomac Company.
On August 2 Washington left Georgetown about 10 o'clock a.m., dined at Thomas Beall's Mill, about 14 miles from Georgetown, and afterwards proceeded to Mr. Goldsborough's, at the head of Seneca Falls. From thence he went, on August 5, to Harper's Ferry by way of Frederick, Md. On August 6 he was at Harper's Ferry, and on August 10 he returned to Mount Vernon at about 9 o'clock in the evening.]
Sir: By a letter which I lately received from Mr. Stoddert, I am informed that you had agreed to supply my nephews George and Lawrence Washington with such articles from your Store as their necessities might require. For which I thank you, and I have no doubt of your doing it upon good terms: the amount of which I hope will always be ready when called for. But I have to beg Sir, that they may not be indulged in any extravagance, or with any thing improper; school boys of their size, and growing, should have decent, but not expensive things; their inclinations too often prompt them to the latter, which grows upon them in proportion as they are indulged: nor should they have pocket money given them, unless the necessity is apparent and the application approved of.
Any advance for Dancing, French &ca., which may be directed by their Tutor Mr. Balch, will be chearfully repaid. I am, etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Falls of Shannondoah, August 8, 1785.
Sir: In answer to your letter of this date, I think I may venture to assure you that no writ has issued by order, or under my authority, against the Exors and Security of your deceased Father, for the amount of a Bond passed by him to Colo. Tayloe86 and myself, as Attornies for Colo. George Mercer and his Mortgagees, in England.
[Note 86: John Tayloe.]
The high Court of Chancery of this Commonwealth decreed (I do not at this moment recollect when) that the Bonds, and other papers which were in my possession relative to this business (as my situation did not admit of my acting, and as I had refused to do so) should be given up to John Mercer Esqr., which was accordingly done.
If under this Decree such of the Bonds as were made payable to the Attornies aforesaid have been put in Suit in my name as the surviving Attorney; I presume it is a matter of course: but how a Bond which you say has been discharged, and not among the papers which were surrendered, should be under this predicament, I am not able to inform you. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Mount Vernon] August 13, 1785.
Dear Sir: At the time your letter from the Rocks was delivered to me, I had neither pen, ink, paper, or a table to write on at command; consequently could only verbally acknowledge the receipt of it, which I did by Mr. Wormley:88 since my return home I have met your other favor of the 29th. ulto.
[Note 88: Ralph Wormley.]
The great object, for the accomplishment of which I wish to see the inland navigation of the rivers Potomac and James improved and extended, is to connect the Western Territory with the Atlantic States; all others, with me, are secondary: tho' I am clearly of opinion that it will greatly increase our commerce, and be an immense saving, in the article of transportation, and draft cattle, to the Planters and Farmers who are in a situation to have the produce of their labor water borne.
These being my sentiments, I wish to see the undertaking progress equally in both rivers; and but for my local situation, and numerous avocations, my attention to each should be alike: what little I do for the advancement of the enterprize in this river, is done, as it were en passant; and because I think the difficulties greater than in the other, and not because I give it the preference, for both in my opinion have their advantages, without much, if any interference with each other. The advantages arising from my patronage of either, is probably more ideal than real; but such as they are, I wish them to be thought equally distributed: my contribution to the works shall be the same. I have already subscribed five shares to the Potomac navigation; and enclosed I give you a power to put my name down for five shares, to that of James river.
With respect to acting as President to the Board of Directors for that Company, it is a delicate subject for me to speak to: every person who knows how much my time (by company and other matters) is occupied, must also know that it would be impossible for me to discharge the duties of the office, as they should be; even here, where the business for the most part is, and will continue to be done at Alexandria, or George-town (eight miles further from me), it was so evident to me that I could not perform the duties of President with that diligence and propriety which I thought necessary, that I wish to decline it, but could not get excused: How much more would this be the case with James river, where the journey to it alone would be a work of time and labour: and besides, let it not be forgotten my Dr. Sir, that tho' some of the Subscribers may wish to see me at the head of the Board of Directors; yet there may be others who would feel disappointed and hurt if they are over looked, and this might have an influence on their connexions. I mention these things to you with the candour and frankness of a friend, and under the rose; after which your own judgment and those of your friends, must dictate for the best. I am persuaded all of us have the same object in view, and what ever shall be deemed, by the concurrent voice of the subscribers, the best means to effect it, shall meet my hearty approbation.
My last letter was written to you in such haste, that I apprehend I was not sufficiently explicit to be understood. It was not my intention to apply for a copy of the Governor's instructions releasing him from the restriction of the Kings Proclamation; but for the order of Council consequent thereof, directing or permitting Warrants to issue on military rights, agreeably thereto: because if the date of this order had been found to be antecedent to the occupancy of my adversaries, it would remove them from their grand Fort, for on possession, before I took any legal steps, I know they mean to place their sole defence.
The Patent, and thousands of Warrants are evidences that the restrictions respecting military settlers was taken off; but they do not ascertain the time. My Patent, if I recollect right, was dated in July, 1774; but the occupants, according to their own accounts, possessed the Land in the Octobr. preceding; if therefore I could have obtained a Certificate of the loss of the Council Books; and any circumstance could have been recollected by which it should appear (as unquestionably the fact is) that the recognition of military rights was previous to October 1773, and so intimated in the Certificate aforesaid; it would have been useful: Without this indeed, the matter is so clear, in my judgment, as not to admit of dispute before an impartial Jury; but an impartial Jury I do not expect, and much less since I have heard that the high Sheriff of the County (lately chosen) is of the fraternity of my competitors, and interested in the decision, so far at least as similar circumstances, and the suffrages of these people in his election, can bias him. Indeed I have lately been told that the decision of this case will be interesting to numbers whose rights are disputed on similar grounds. I am, &c.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1785.
Sir: The enclosed came under cover to me: I send it to you, and beg it may be executed and returned in time.
Captn. Jacobs married the widow of Captn. Michael Cresap; which, if it was a fact unknown to you before, is given as a clue by which you may come at the parties, and serve the summons. I am, etc.89
Mount Vernon, August 17, 1785.
Sir: The enclosed from Mr. Dulaney did not come to my hands (being from home) until Sunday last. I thank you for your obliging offer of two or three Fawns; but presuming the season is now too far advanced either to catch or gentle them, I will not send before I hear further from you on this subject.
If it is too late to obtain them this year, I would thank you for the like number next Spring; by which time I shall have a proper inclosure for them, and for the Deer of this Country, of which I am also endeavouring to procure a stock to breed from.
With compliments to Mrs. Ogle, I have the honor, etc.89
Mount Vernon, August 17, 1785.
Dear Sir: The Baltimore Advertiser of the 12th. Instt. announces the arrival of a Ship at that Port, immediately from China; and by an advertisement in the same Paper, I perceive that the Cargo is to be sold at public Vendue, on the first of Octr. next.
At what prices the enumerated articles will sell, or the terms proposed, can only be known from the experiment; but if the quantity at Market is great, and they should sell as goods have Sold at Vendue, bargains may be expected. I therefore take the liberty of requesting the favor of you, in that case, to purchase the several things contained in the inclosed list.91
[Note 91: This list, in Washington's writing, was inclosed in his letter to Tilghman. It called for the purchase of the following articles, Those "marked in the Margin of the Invoice" were so marked with a star:
You will readily perceive, My dear Sir, my purchasing, or not, depends entirely upon the prices. If great bargains are to be had, I would supply myself agreeably to the list. If the prices do not fall below a cheap retail Sale, I would decline them altogether, or take such articles only (if cheaper than common) as are marked in the Margin of the Invoice.
Before October, if none of these Goods are previously sold, and if they are the matter will be ascertained thereby, you will be able to form a judgment of the prices they will command at Vendue. Upon information of which, I will deposit money in your hands to comply with the terms of the Sale.
Since I began this letter, I have been informed that good India Nankeens are selling at Dumfries (not far from me) at 7/6 a ps. this Curry. But if my memory has not failed me, I used to import them before the War for about 5/Sterlg. If so, though 50pr Ct. is a small advance upon India Goods, through a British Channel, (with the duties and accumulated charges thereon) yet, qua're would not 7/6 be a high price for Nankeens brought immediately from India, exempted from such duties and Charges?
If this is a conjecture founded in fairness, it will give my ideas of the prices of other Articles from that Country, and be a government for your conduct therein, at, or before the day appointed for the public Vendue, with the highest esteem and regard I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1785.
Sir: By the return of the Brig I was favored with your letter of the 1st. of May, with several cases of wine, and a box of sundries which came to hand in good order, and I presume are of good quality; as the wine which you sent to others is, I am informed, much esteemed, my own I have not tasted. I am obliged to you for sending these things, the amount shall be paid to Colo. Geo: Fitzgerald in a short time.
For your care of the enclosed letters, I will thank you: the one under a blank cover I shall be obliged to you for giving the proper address of the Father of Baron de Montesquieu; from whom I received a letter,92 but under such a signature as leaves me at a loss how to direct my answer to him. If my letter to the Baron is like to subserve the purpose for which it was intended, it will give me pleasure.
[Note 92: This letter, dated May 2, 1785, is in the Washington Papers, and is signed "Secondat."]
The small packages which the Marqs. de la Fayette intended to send by your Brig, must, I presume, have miscarried between Paris and Bourdeau, as his letters to me speak positively as to their being sent from the former place. I am, etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1785.
Sir: By a brig belonging to Mr. Ridout of Bourdeaux, I had the honor to receive your letter of the 2d. of May and the Wine which accompanied it; which you were so obliging as to send me at the request of your worthy son, it came in very good order. For this instance of his kind remembrance and your polite attention, I pray you to accept my warmest acknowledgments: my thanks are due also in a particular manner to you, Sir, for the walnuts you sent me, which are very fine; and I shall endeavour to propagate them in the manner directed by you.
I pray you to forward, when you shall find a convenient opportunity, the enclosed letter for the Baron de Montesquieu, with assurances of my sincere regard and friendship for him, I have the honor, etc.93
[Note 94: Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Marquis de La Brède, grandson of the author of "L'Esprit des Lois."]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1785.
Sir: The receiving a letter from you is pleasing, the expression of it is flattering; and for the valuable testimony of your recollection of me, I pray you to accept my warmest acknowledgments.
The bare intimation of your once more making a visit to the Land, to the liberties of which your sword has contributed, is flattering, and should you realize it, I hope you will consider my seat as your head quarters whilst you remain in the United States. I can assure you, you would no where meet with a more cordial reception, or give more pleasure, as I have ever had a high esteem and regard for you: but whether in this town, or any other to which you may be called by duty or inclination, my warmest wishes shall always attend you, being Dr. Sir Yrs., etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Sir: Thro' the hands of Mr. Van Berkel, I had the honor to receive your letter of the first of March.
It rests with a General Meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati to admit foreigners as honorary members; tho' it has been done by many of the State Societies, where the subject proposed was a resident. The general Meeting is triennial, and will not assemble again before May 1787; but if my memory serves me, there were some particular reasons given at the last, which induced a resolution to suspend the further appointment of honorary members, as well citizens as foreigners: but if I should be mistaken in this, I shall have great pleasure in proposing you as a member of that body, which have associated for the purpose, amongst others, of commemorating the great events to which, under providence, they owe the deliverance of their country from systematic tyranny.
With a grateful sense of the flattering expression of your letter, and with much esteem and regard, I have the honor, etc.96
[Note 96: On August 22 Washington also wrote briefly to Van Berckel, asking him to forward this letter, a copy of which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the first inst: came to this place whilst I was absent on a tour up the river, or an earlier acknowledgment of it shou'd have been sent to you: the inclosure shall, either by this or the next post, be sent to Dr. Gordon for his information, and that justice may be done to a character so deserving American gratitude and the pen of an historian, as the Marqs. de la Fayette.
I am very glad to hear that Congress are relieved from the embarrassment which originated with Longchamp:97 had the demand of him been persisted in, it might have involved very serious consequences; it is better for the Court of France to be a little vexed, than for it to have perservered in the demand of him.
[Note 97: Chevalier Longchamp. He had assaulted Barbé Marbois in a street in Philadelphia and, although arrested, tried, found guilty, imprisoned, and fined by the Pennsylvania courts, France demanded that he, as a French subject, should be surrendered to her and sent to Paris for trial. (See the Journals of the Continental Congress for 1784 and 1785.]
As I have ever been a friend to adequate powers of Congress, without which it is evident to me we never shall establish a national character, or be considered as on a respectable footing by the powers of Europe, I am sorry I cannot agree with you in sentiment not to enlarge them for the regulating of commerce. I have neither time nor abilities to enter into a full discussion of this subject, but it should seem to me that your arguments against it; principally, that some States may be more benefited than others by a commercial regulation, apply to every matter of general utility; for can there be a case enumerated in which this argument has not its force in a greater or less degree? We are either a united people under one head, and for federal purposes; or we are thirteen independant sovereignties, eternally counteracting each other: if the former, whatever such a majority of the States as the Constitution98 points out, conceives to be for the benefit of the whole, should, in my humble opinion, be submitted to by the minority: let the southern States always be represented; let them act more in union; let them declare freely and boldly what is for the interest of, and what is prejudicial to their constituents; and there will, there must be an accommodating spirit; in the establishment of a navigation act, this in a particular manner ought, and will doubtless be attended to. If the assent of nine (or as some propose, of eleven) States is necessary to give validity to a Commercial system; it insures this measure, or it cannot be obtained: Wherein then lies the danger? But if your fears are in danger of being realized, cannot certain provisos in the ordinance guard against the evil? I see no difficulty in this, if the southern Delegates would give their attendance in Congress, and follow the example, if it should be set them, of hanging together to counteract combinations. I confess to you candidly, that I can foresee no evil greater than disunion than those unreasonable jealousies (I say unreasonable, because I would
[Note 98: The Articles of Confederation.] have a proper jealousy always awake, and the United States on the watch to prevent individual States from infracting the constitution with impunity) which are continually poisoning our minds and filling them with imaginary evils to the prevention of real ones.
As you have asked the question, I answer, I do not know that we can enter upon a war of Imposts with Gt: Britain, or any other foreign power; but we are certain that this war has been waged agst. us by the former, professedly upon a belief that we never could unite in opposition to it; and I believe there is no way of putting an end to, or at least of stopping the encrease of it, but to convince them of the contrary. Our trade in all points of view, is as essential to G: B: as hers is to us; and she will exchange it upon reciprocal and liberal terms, if better cannot be had. It can hardly be supposed, I think, that the carrying business will devolve wholly on the States you have named, or remain long with them if it should; for either G: B: will depart from her present contracted system; or the policy of the southern States in framing the Act of navigation, or by Laws passed by themselves individually, will devise ways and means to encourage seaman for the transportation of the product of their respective Countries, or for the encouragement of ... .99 But admitting the contrary; if the Union is considered as permanent, (and on this I presume all superstructures are built) had we not better encourage seamen among ourselves, with less imports, than divide it with foreigners, and by increasing the amount of them, ruin our Merchants and greatly injuring the mass of our Citizens?
[Note 99: Blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
To sum up the whole, I foresee, or think I do it, the many advantages which will arise from giving powers of this kind to Congress (if a sufficient number of States are required to exercise them) without any evil, save that which may proceed from inattention, or want of wisdom in the formation of the act; whilst without them we stand in a ridiculous point of view in the eyes of the nations of the world with whom we are attempting to enter into Commercial treaties, without means of carrying them into effect; who must see and feel that the Union, or the States individually are sovereigns as best suits their purposes; in a word, that we are one nation today, and thirteen to-morrow, who will treat with us on such terms ? But perhaps I have gone too far, and therefore will only add that Mrs. Washington offers her compliments and best wishes for you and that with great esteem etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Dear Sir: In my absence with the Directors of the Potomac navigation, to examine the river and fix a plan of operations, your favor begun on the 23d. and ended the 31st. of July came to this place.2 I am sorry to hear of your late indisposition, but congratulate you on your recovery; hoping the reestablishment of your health may be of long continuance.
[Note 2: Richard Henry Lee's letter of July 23, to which this letter is the reply, says: "Is it possible that a plan can be formed for issuing a large sum of paper money by the next Assembly? I do 'verily believe that the greatest foes we have in the world could not devise a more effectual plan for ruining Virginia. I should suppose, that every friend to his country, every honest and sober man would join heartily to reprobate so nefarious a plan of speculation." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The Packet which you were so obliging as to send for me, came safe; and I thank you for your care of it, but for want of knowledge of the language, I can form no opinion of my own of the Dramatic performance of Monsr. Serviteur la Barbier.3
[Note 3: Le Barbier, jr. His letter of March 4 is in the Washington Papers, but his drama concerning Captain Asgill is not now found therein. Barbier had also sent the drama to the President of Congress.]
The current of my information from France is, that the dispute between the Emperor and Holland will be accommodated without bloodshed; but after the explicit declarations which have been made on both sides, I do not see how either (especially the first) can recede from their claims. To save appearances, and to let the contending parties down handsomely, say some of my letters, is now the greatest difficulty; but all agree that a spark may set the whole in flames, indeed, Bavaria it is expected will do this.
It is to be hoped that our Minister at the Court of London will bring that Government to an explanation respecting the Western Posts, which it still retains on the American side the line, contrary to the spirit, if not the letter of the Treaty. My opinion from the first, and so I declared it, was that these posts would be detained from us, as long as they could be held under any pretence whatsoever. I have not changed it, tho' I wish for cause to do so, as it may become a serious matter. However singular the opinion may be, I cannot divest myself of it: that the navigation of the Mississippi, at this time ought to be no object with us: on the contrary untill we have a little time allowed to open and make easy the ways between the Atlantic States and the Western Territory, the obstruction had better remain. There is nothing which binds one Country or one State to another but interest; without this cement the Western Inhabitants (who more than probably will be composed in a great degree of Foreigners) can have no predilection for us; and a Commercial connexion is the only tie we can have upon them. It is clear to me that the trade of the Lakes, and of the river Ohio as low as the Great Kanhawa if not to the Falls, may be brought to the Atlantic ports easier and cheaper, taking the whole voyage together, than it can be carried to New Orleans: but once open the door to the latter, before the obstructions are removed from the former, let commercial connexions, which lead to others, be formed, and the habit of that trade well established, and it will be found to be no easy matter to divert it: and vice versa. When the settlements are stronger and more extended to the westward; the navigation of the Mississippi will be an object of importance; and we shall then be able (reserving our claim) to speak a more efficacious language than policy, I think dictate at present.
I never have, and I hope never shall, hear any serious mention of a paper emission in this State; yet such a thing may be in agitation. Ignorance and design are productive of much mischief: the first are the tool of the latter, and are often set to work suddenly and unexpectedly. Those with whom I have conversed on the subject in this part of the State, reprobate the idea exceedingly.
We have lately had the pleasure of Miss Lee's and Miss Hannah's company at this place; they were both well five days ago. Mrs. Washington prays you to accept her compliments; and with sentiments of great respect, esteem, and regard, I am, &c.
P.S. Your name, I well remember, stands among those of the subscribers, for a share in the Potomac navigation.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Dear Sir: During my tour up the Potomac River, with the Directors to examine and to form a plan for opening and extending the navigation of it, agreeably to the acts of the Virginia and Maryland Assemblies, your favor of the 25th. came to this place, with the letters brought by the son of Mr. Adams5 from France; for your care of which I thank you. Appropos,
[Note 5: John Quincy Adams.] did you hear him say anything of Hounds which, the Marqs. de la Fayette has written to me, were committed to his care ?6 If he really brought them (and if he did not I am unable to account for the information) it would have been civil in the young Gentleman to have dropped me a line respecting the disposal of them, especially as war is declared against the canine species in New York, and they being strangers, and not having formed any alliances for self-defence, but on the contrary, distressed and friendless may have been exposed not only to war, but to pestilence and famine also. If you can say any thing on this subject pray do so.
[Note 6: The hounds were taken care of by Dr. John Cochran, while in New York, and sent to Mount Vernon in a Captain Packard's sloop. John Quincy Adams had evidently found the task of escorting them across the ocean distasteful. Grayson's answer to this letter is dated Sept. 5, 1785, and is in the Washington Papers.]
I thank you for the several articles of intelligence contained in your letter, and for the propositions respecting a coinage of Gold, Silver and Copper; a measure which in my opinion is become indispensably necessary: Mr. Jefferson's ideas upon this subject are plain and simple; well adapted, I think, to the nature of the case, as he has exemplified by the plan.7Without a Coinage, or without some stop can be put to the cutting and clipping of money; our Dollars, pistareens &c. will be converted (as Teague says) into five quarters; and a man must travel with a pair of money scales in his pocket, or run the risk of receiving Gold at one fourth less by weight than it counts.
[Note 7: Jefferson's plan, which used the dollar as the unit and divided it decimally, was the one adopted by Congress.]
I have ever been a friend to adequate Congressional powers; consequently wish to see the ninth article of the Confederation amended and extended' Without these powers we cannot support a national character, and must appear contemptable in the eyes of Europe; but to you My Dr. Sir, I will candidly confess, that in my opinion, it is of little avail to give these to Congress: the members seem to be so much afraid of exerting those which they already have, that no opportunity is slipped of surrendering them, or referring the exercise of them, to the States individually: instance your late ordinance respecting the disposal of the Western Lands; in which no State, with the smallest propriety, could have obtruded an interference. No doubt but the information of Congress from the back Country is better than mine respecting the operation of this ordinance; but i have understood from some sensible people therefrom, that besides running8 they do not know where to purchase, the Lands are of so versatile a nature, that to the end of time they will not, by those who are acquainted therewith, be purchased either in Townships or by square miles: this, if I recollect right, was the sentiment I delivered to you on the first mention of the matter; but past experience you said was brought forward in support of the measure, and appealed to for the issue. I submitted therefore to its decision, but still retained my opinion of the matter.
[Note 8: Carelessness of the "Letter Book" recorder. The meaning seems to be that besides the difficulty in running boundary lines.]
We have got the Potomac navigation in hand: workmen are employ'd under the best manager and assistants we could obtain, at the Falls of Shenandoah and Seneca; and I am happy to inform you that, upon a critical examination of them by the Directors, the manager and myself, we are unanimously of opinion that the difficulties at these two places, do not exceed the expectations we had formed of them; and that the navigation thro' them, might be effected without the aid of Locks: how far we may have been deceived with respect to the first (as the water, tho' low may yet fall) I shall not decide; but we are not mistaken I think in our conjectures of the other. With very great esteem and regard, I am, &c.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Sir: Both your letters of the 16th. have come safe. As you have engaged the clover seed of Mr. Wormeley's manager, I will take one bushel of it; tho' I had no idea of giving so high a price, as I could have got the same quantity from Philada. (I suppose equally good) for half the sum. If you send it to the care of Mr. Hartshorne in Alexanda. it will come safe, and the sooner it is done the better: pay for it out of the first money you receive for any use.
I am willing to take your Wheat, if it is free from the Fly, well cleaned and of good quality; provided it is delivered at my Mill, the road to which (by being less used) is better than that to Alexandria or Dumfries. My prices are always governed by the Alexandria Cash market; for I neither give more, nor expect it for less: The price current there at present (according to Richard's Gazette) is five shillings; but the state of our Trade at this time is so uncertain, that it is almost impossible to determine whether it will be more, or less.
If the present restriction of our commerce continues, the manufacturing of Wheat must be broken up altogether; as the West India markets which afford the greatest demands for our Flour, are shut against our Vessels. If you choose to take the certainty of five shillings for your wheat, it may be a bargain at that, provided you determine immediately: or if you prefer to abide by the rise, or fall of the Alexandria market, I am willing to do this also, if you will fix a period at which you shall determine to accept the price which is then existing; by this I mean, (and it is necessary to declare it in order to avoid misunderstandings,) that if you should be from the first of October to the first of April, for instance, in delivering your Crop, I shall not think myself under an obligation to allow the highest price that may be given within those periods; because the price may rise to six shillings, and then fall to five; according to the demand arising from circumstances. It would therefore be as unreasonable for you to expect that I should give the highest price at which wheat had sold within the before mentioned periods, as for me to suppose that you ought to take the lowest. However, to be more clearly understood (if the price is to be regulated by the Alexandria cash market, for I shall not be governed by what they offer in goods), it must be the price of the day on which you determine to take it' that is, if it should start from 5/. and keep rising 'till, by the first of Deer. it had reached 6/., and on that day you inform me personally, or by letter, that you will take the market price, I shall think myself obliged to allow 6/. for your Crop: On the other hand, if you expect the price will get higher, and wait for its doing so until it falls to 4/., I will pay no more than 4/. for it.
I have been thus explicit because I dislike disputes and wish to avoid them; which makes it necessary to mention another case which sometimes happens; and that is, that what a few bushels of wheat may sell for; or what a Merchant, when he has got a vessel nearly loaded, may give rather than detain her at high charges, is not to be considered as the market price. You are not in a situation (having your wheat to transport from a distant part) to take advantage of the case last mentioned; and a few bushels of particular wheat, or wheat for particular uses, can have no influence upon the general price which is always very well established in a place of such trade as Alexandria. After all I confess it would be more agreeable to me to fix a price between ourselves: but I cannot at the time exceed 5/. as that is the price now current.
When you come down in Octr. I shall be glad to see you here; by that time I expect to have the accounts against my Tenants brought into some kind of order. If you could engage me about 250 wt. of good fall butter, from such farmers as you can depend upon for the quality and their punctuallity. I should be obliged to you: if you let me have your wheat, the butter may come down occasionally with that. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 20th. of this month, only came to my hands by the last Post, or I would have replied to it sooner.
I have a room 32 by 24 feet, and 16 feet pitch, which I want to finish in stucco; it is my intention to do it in a plain neat style; which, independantly of its being the present taste, (as I am inform'd) is my choice. The Chimney is in the centre of the longest side, for which I have a very elegant marble piece; directly opposite thereto is a Venetian window, of equal breadth and pitch of the room; on each side of the chimney is a door, leading into other rooms, and on each of the short sides is a door and window.
I mention these things that you may be apprized of the sort of work; the time it may take you to execute it, and that you may inform me upon what terms; and also, if you are inclined to undertake it, that you may have leisure to think of a design. The season being so far advanced, I had given up the idea of doing anything to the room this year; but if I could enter upon the work with well founded assurances of accomplishing it soon, I am ready and willing to go on with it immediately; having by me stucco, and seasoned plank for the floor and other parts (if necessary) and good Joiners of my own to execute what may be wanting in their way.
You will please to let me hear from you without delay on this subject, and I pray you to be explicit; because, as I would undertake it at once, or not at all this year, I should like to know your terms and sentiments precisely, that I may govern myself accordingly. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 25th. in answer to mine of the preceeding week, came safe. At the time I wrote that letter, I was uninformed of the circumstances with which you have since made me acquainted; however, you will be at no loss from the contents of it, to discover that I had in contemplation Bargains, which, from the quantity of Goods at Market, scarcity of cash according to newspaper Accounts, distress of the Trade, and the mode of selling, I thought might probably be obtained: but if I am mistaken herein, I shall content myself with the few marked articles, or such of them as can be had cheap. Fine Jaconette12 Muslin (apron width) is what Mrs. Washington wants, and about five or seven yards would do. As the Arrack is in large Casks, and new, I decline taking any.
[Note 12: In the text of this letter, printed in a sales catalogue in 1907--8, this word is "Jaccanet."]
If Mr. O'Donnel13 should feel an inclination to visit this part of Virginia, I shall be happy in seeing him: and if, instead of furnishing him with a letter of introduction, you should change the mode and introduce him in your own propria personae, it would add much to the pleasure of the visit. Before your letter was received,14 from my reading, or rather from an
[Note 13: Owner of the ship from India and China, which brought the goods to the port of Baltimore.]
[Note 14: Tilghman's letter (in the Washington Papers under date of Aug. 25, 1785) described the crew of O'Donnell's ship.] imperfect recollection of what I had read, I had conceived an idea that the Chinese, tho' droll in shape and appearance, were yet white.
I am glad to hear that my packet to Mr. Smith had got safely to hand, as there were papers of consequence transmitted. I expect some other Documents for my Law suit in the course of a few days, from our Attorney General; which I shall take the liberty of enclosing to you, to be forwarded to Mr. Smith; and as I seem to be in the habit of giving you trouble, I beg the favor of you to cause the enclosed to be delivered. I leave it open for your perusal, my reason for it is, that thereby seeing my wants, you may be so obliging as to let me know your opinion of Mr. Rawlins with respect to his abilities and diligence as a workman; whether he is reckoned moderate or high in his charges; and whether at this time there is much call for a workman of his profession, in Baltimore; for on this I presume his high or moderate terms will greatly depend.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to Mrs. Tilghman, and thanks her for her obliging assurance of chusing the articles she wants perfect in their kind. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above Mrs. W--n, requests me to add, that if any fine thin handkerchiefs with striped or worked borders are to be had, she would be glad to get six of them.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 21st. ulto. inclosing a letter written in behalf of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Pennsylvania on the 9th. of July in the preceding year, came to this place in my absence on a tour up the river Potomac with the Directors, to examine the obstructions and to point out a mode for the improvement and extension of its navigation.
I am perfectly convinced that if the first institution of this Society had not been parted with, 'ere this we should have had the country in an uproar, and a line of separation drawn between this society and their fellow citizens. The alterations which took place at the last general Meeting have quieted the clamours which in many of the States were rising to a great height; but I have not heard yet of the incorporation of any Society by the State to which it belongs, wch is an evidence in my mind, that the jealousies of the people are rather asleep than removed on this occasion.
I am always made happy, when I hear that any of my fellow labourers have received appointments that may in some measure compensate them for their past services and losses in the late revolution: I feel it in two respects, first, as it benefits the individual, and next, as it is a testimony of public gratitude, be assured then My Dr. Sir, that your appointment to the office which you now hold16 gave me much pleasure, as I am told the emoluments of it are handsome. My best wishes will ever attend you' with sincere esteem and regard, I am, etc.17
[Note 16: In the Pennsylvania Council of Censors.]
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 9th. by Capt. Packard accompanying the Hounds sent by the Marqs. de la Fayette to your care for me, came safely to my hands a few days ago; for the trouble you have had with the latter I offer you my thanks; and if any expences have been incurred previous to their reimbarkation at New York, I will pay them upon the first notice.
I persuade myself you are too well convinced my Dr. Doctor of my friendship, and of my inclination to promote your interest or wishes, to doubt my ready compliance with the request of your letter (respecting the office of Continental treasurer) if it comported with the line of conduct which I had prescribed for my government. But from my knowledge of the composition of Congress, the State politics of its members, and their endeavors to fill every civil office with a citizen from their own State, if not altogether, at least by compromise, that I took up an early determination not to hazard the mortification of a refusal, or of the passing by my application; by not asking anything from it, and to this resolution I was further prompted by the numberless applications with which it was impracticable, and in many instances would have been improper, for me to comply. Except in a single one, and that not pointed to any office directly, I have never gone beyond the general recommendation which accompanied my resignation, nor do I believe I ever shall.
Mrs. Washington who does not enjoy good health, presents her compliments to, and offers best wishes for Mrs. Cochran and yourself to which please to add and accept those of Dear Sir etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1785.
Dr. Sir: In my absence from home on a tour up this river, to view the nature of it and to direct the improvements agreeably the Acts of Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland; the enclosed memoirs arrived here, covered by a letter, of which the following is an extract, from a member of Congress.19
[Note 19: At this point the "Letter Book" has the footnote reference: "See Mr. McHenry's Letter to me dated 1st, Augt. 1785;" but this letter is not now found in either the Washington Papers or the McHenry Papers.]
As I am fully persuaded it is your wish to transmit to posterity a true history of the Revolution, and of course you desire to receive every information which will enable you to do justice to the principal Actors therein; it cannot be unpleasing to you to receive a narrative of unadorned facts which serve to bring forward circumstances which, in some measure, may be unknown to you: I therefore make no apology for transmitting the enclosed; nor shall I do more than hint to you, the propriety of keeping the Marquis's wishes in this business, behind the Curtain; your own good sense must dictate the measure, and furnish the reason for it.
The noble, conspicuous, and disinterested part which this Nobleman has acted on the American theatre deserves all the gratitude which this Country can render him, and all the eloge which the pen of a faithful historian can bestow, with its appearing to be the object of his wishes.
The family is as well as usual; Mrs. Stuart has been sick, but is now getting better. Mrs. Washington does not enjoy good health, but joins me in best respects to Mrs. Gordon. I am, etc.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1785.
My dr. Marqs.: Since my last to you, I have been favored with your letters of the 11th. and 13th. of May by young Mr. Adams, who brought them to New York, from whence they came safely to this place by the Post' the first is a Cypher; and for the communications therein contained I thank you: My best wishes will always accompany your undertakings; but remember my dear friend it is a part of the military art to reconnoitre and feel your way, before you engage too deeply. More is oftentimes effected by regular approaches, than by an open assault; from the first too, you may make a good retreat; from the latter (in case of repulse) it rarely happens.
It is to be hoped that Mr. Adams21 will bring the British ministry to some explanation respecting the western posts. Nothing else can, I conceive, disturb the tranquillity of these States; but if I am mistaken in this conjecture, you know my sentiments of, and friendship for you too well to doubt my inclination to serve you to the utmost of your wishes, and my powers.
[Note 21: John Adams.]
It gives me very singular pleasure to find the court of France relaxing in their demand of Longchamps; to have persisted in it would have been a very embarrassing measure to this Country under the Laws and Constitution of the Federal Government, and those of the several parts which compose it.
The Hounds which you were so obliging as to send me arrived safe, and are of promising appearance; to Monsieur le Compte Doilliamson (if I miscall him, your handwriting is to blame, and in honor you are bound to rectify the error); and in an especial manner to his fair Competesse, my thanks are due for this favor: the enclosed letter which I give you the trouble of forwarding contains my acknowledgement of their obliging attention to me on this occasion.
If I recollect right, the letter which was written by the Marquis de St. Simon was on the business of the Cincinnati, and was laid before the general meeting at Philada. in May 1784; consequently, the answer must have proceeded from the Society either especially to him, or generally, thro' the Counts de Estaing and Rochambeau, who were written to as the heads of the naval and military members of that Society in France; but as all the papers relative to the business of the Society were deposited in the care of the Secretary, General Knox, or the assistant Secretary, Williams,22 I have them not to refer to; but will make enquiry and inform you or the Marqs. de St. Simon more particularly of the result.
[Note 22: Otho Holland Williams. He was assistant secretary general of the Society of the Cincinnati.]
Your constant attention, and unwearied endeavors to serve the interests of these United States, cannot fail to keep alive in them a grateful sensibility of it; and the affectionate regard of all their citizens for you. The footing on which you have established a market for whale oil must be equally pleasing and advantageous to the States which are more immediately engaged in that commerce.
Having heard nothing further of the Jacks which were to be sent to me from Spain, and which by Mr. Carmichael's letter (enclosing one from the Count de Florida Bianca) of the 3d. Decr. were actually purchased for me at that date, I am at a loss to account for the delay, and am apprehensive of some accident. Be this as it may, if you could My Dr. Marquis, thro' the medium of Admiral Suffrein, or by any other means that would not be troublesome, procure me a male or female, or one of the former and two of the latter, upon the terms mentioned in your letter of the 3d. of May, I should think it a very fortunate event and shou'd feel myself greatly indebted to your friendship. The Mules which proceed from the mixture of these Animals with the horse, are so much more valuable under the care which is usually bestowed on draught cattle by our Negroes, that I am daily more anxious to obtain the means for propagating them.
When George returns from the Springs and gets a little fixed, I will set him about copying your letters to me, which will be better than to hazard the originals at Sea, where an accident might occasion the loss of them to both of us. In my last I informed you of his intended marriage, which I suppose will take place in the early part of next month.
I should have given an earlier acknowledgment of your letters of the 11th. and 13th. of May aforementioned, had I been at home when they came to this place, but at that time I was on a tour up this river with the Directors (Johnson, Lee, Fitzgerald and Gilpin) to examine the obstructions, and to fix upon a plan of operations; which having done, we commenced our labours on the 5th. of last month, under a full persuasion that the work will not prove more arduous than we had conceived before the difficulties were explored. The James River Company, l by my last accounts from Richmond, is formed; a meeting of the members was summoned to be held on the 20th. of last month, but what the determinations of it were, I have not yet heard; Nor (so barren are the times) have I a tittle of news to communicate to you; the several assemblies are in their recesses but will be addressed I presume at their autumnal meetings by the commercial interests of the United States to vest Powers in Congress to regulate the Trade of the Union which they see clearly must be directed by one head in order to obtain consistency and respectability at home and abroad. I am, etc.23
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1785.
Sir: I have just received seven very fine Hounds, for which, the Marqs. de la Fayette informs me, I am indebted to your goodness. I know not in what terms to acknowledge my gratitude for the obligation, but pray you to be assured that I have a due sense of the honor; and feel in a particular manner the force of the goodness of Madame la Comptesse, to whom the Marqs. adds, I am beholden for a favorite hound. I pray you to offer my best respects, and to make my acknowledgment of this favor, acceptable to her: at the sametime I beg you to assure her that her favorite shall not suffer under my care, but become the object of my particular attention. I have the honor, etc.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1785.
My Dr. Humphreys: In the latter part of July I wrote to you very fully, since which I have received your favor of May. As nothing has occurred since that period worthy of observation, except that the Indians, suposed to be instigated thereto by the B-- are getting more and more out of humour, this letter will be shorter than I usually write to you.
I find by your last that your time has been more occupied by your official duty than I had conceived; for, to be frank, I supposed that amusements more than business had been the occasion of the brevity of your letters to me.
The times are dull with us, the Assemblies are in their recess; and the Merchants are preparing petitions to them respectively to enlarge the powers of Congress for Commercial purposes. In Congress I understand diversity of opinion prevails respecting the extent of these powers. They are also deliberating on the establishment of a Mint for the Coinage of Gold, Silver and copper; but nothing final is yet resolved on respecting either. Our winter has been severe, but different (in the middle States) from the one you last saw in America; it was long, wet and disagreeable. We are just emerging from a drought which it was supposed eight days ago, would have annihilated the Indian Corn in the lower parts of this, and the neighbouring States; and tho' it has been raining incessantly for several days past, I am of opinion that a great deal of the corn is irrecoverably lost for want of the farina (the tassel being dry) to impregnate the young shoots. The calamity which you apprehended from the drought which had followed the hard Winter in France, has yielded I hope, to more pleasing prospects.
I thank you for your attention to the Medal which was voted for me by Congress,25 I expected it was to have remained on the Journals of that honl. Body as a dead letter; and never having hinted, so I never intended to hint my knowledge of such a Vote; or my apprehension of the effect of it, to any one in power or in Office. You may believe me sincere when I assure you that I am, etc.26
[Note 25: On the occasion of the evacuation of Boston in 1776.]
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 27: Of Madeira.]
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1785.
Gentn: I am honored with your favor of the 22d. of June. As I have been very unlucky hitherto, in the transportation of Wine (in the common Craft of the Country) from one port, or one from one river to another; I had rather the old Maderia ordered by Mr. Hill28 for my use should remain with you (as I am not in immediate want) until a conveyance may offer directly to Alexandria. But if this is not likely to happen soon, and you should think it safe to Ship it to the address of
[Note 28: Henry Hill, in Philadelphia.] Doctr. Taylor29 of Norfolk; I should be glad in that case, to have it well secured against adulteration; for I had rather lose the whole, than to have part taken out and the deficiency supplied with water, which is too common a practice with the river Shippers. Or if neither of these is done, I would next pray that Doctr. Taylor may be requested to detain the Wine in his cellar until a conveyance, on which he can rely, may offer to Alexandria, or to my house which is nine miles below on the bank of the river. I am, etc.
[Note 29: Dr. James Taylor.]
Mount Vernon, September 3, 1785.
Sir: I am now about to inform you of the reason why I suffered your letter of the 27th. of April, with its enclosures, to remain so long unacknowledged.
In an absence of almost nine years from home, my private concerns had got so much deranged, and my accounts and papers. by the frequent hasty removal of the latter to get them out of the reach of the enemy when their shipping appeared, had got into such a jumble and confusion that it was next to impossibility for me, without spending much time, to adjust the former: I still hoped however that after awhile I should have been able to accomplish it, and that long 'ere this I should have sent you a statement of the account as it stands betwen us. But reckoning without my host, I have been obliged to hire a Clerk to settle all my accounts, and to take this business off my hands; as from a variety of circumstances I found it impracticable for me to attend to it myself.
Inclosed is his statement of the account between you and me, made out from my books and your return of Sales. The balance from his accot. differs widely from yours; arising first from the charge of Jacob Williams's payment of £178.9.8. to James Hill; whereas £50. only of that sum, according to Lund Washington's accot. (who superintended my business) was received from Williams. Secondly, from £123.7.4.½ charged me, as paid by Mr. Wm. Holt, of which I have no account. Thirdly, between £174. charged me as paid to Colo. Lewis, and my credit of £170 only which was received from him; and lastly, from the Debts yet due, amounting pr. your List to £175.16.2. The three first of these you will please to enquire into; and the last, to use the most speedy, and which to you may seem the most effectual, means of obtaining them.
The sum which is in your hands, I could wish to have remitted, or an order given me on some Gentleman in Alexandria: Or, which in part would answer my purpose equally, I wou'd take one hundred pair of large, strong and well made Negro Shoes, provided I could have them at a reasonable price and by the 20th. of October; formerly I know these were to be had at Norfolk readily; and it is essential for me to know immediately, whether, I may depend upon you for them or not.
The Drought has been so severe in these parts, that my Mill was entirely stopped: the rain which has fallen within these ten days, has done no more than to enable her to grind for my own consumption, when I begin to manufacture I will consign you a parcel of superfine flour, as well to try the Norfolk Market, as to prove a new Miller whom I have lately got, and who comes well recommended to me from some of the best Judges in Pennsylvania.
If you should be able at any time to put me in a way of securing the Debt due to me from Balfour and Baran,30 it would be rendering me a very acceptable service: Without this, or unless
[Note 30: Balfour & Barrand, merchants of Hampton, Va.] some proof could be had (as I believe the fact undoubtedly is) of the partnership of these Gentlemen or connexion in this business with Messrs. Hanburys of London, I must loose upwards of £2000 by my sale of Flour to them.31 With great esteem and regard I am, etc.32
[Note 31: The flour had been furnished in the year 1775.]
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 5, 1785.
Sir: I am indebted to you for your several favors of the 20th. of Decr. introdultory of Mr. de Chateaufort,33 of the 15th. of Feby. and 25th. of March, which I should not have suffered to have remained so long unacknowledged, if anything had occurred, the relation of which could have compensated for the trouble of reading my letter.
[Note 33: French consul for South Carolina.]
Long as I have waited for such an event, nothing has yet happen'd of much importance in our political movements, and the Assemblies of the different States being now in their recesses, nothing probably will occur 'till they have met. In the meanwhile the mercantile interest feeling the necessity of giving a controuling power to Congress to regulate the trade of this Country, have prepared, and are now preparing Addresses to their respective Assemblies for this purpose. They are now clearly convinced that this power cannot be exercised with propriety unless one system pervades the whole Union, and is made competent to the ends. It has happened in this instance as in the revolution itself, that the means which G: B. pursues to obtain advantages, defeat her own ends; for I am certain, that if she had forborne to tax our trade with those restrictions and, imposts, which are laid on it by Acts of Parliament, or orders of the King in Council, that half a century would not have produced those powers in Congress, which, or more than probably will be given to them in a few months, and by which equal restrictions and duties may be laid; and in the interim, sorry I am to add, she would have monopolized in a very great degree, the commerce of the United States.
At length Congress have adopted a mode for disposing of the western Lands; but I confess it does not strike me as a very eligible one: however mine is only an opinion, and I wish to be mistaken in it, as the fund wou'd be very productive and afford great relief to the public creditors if the Lands meet with a ready sale.
Treaty has been holden with the Western Indians at Fort McIntosh on the Ohio, (twenty-five miles below Pittsburgh) and advantageous terms entered into with those who met, for they ceded without any compensation as large a District, Northwest of that river as we have any occasion for at present: but it should seem that others of their respective Tribes are dissatisfied, and keep the settlers of the Western Territory in a state of disquietude. This I am persuaded will be the case whilst the British retain the Posts within the American lines, and when they will be surrendered, is not for me to decide.
Congress have had also under contemplation a Mint for the coinage of Gold, Silver and Copper; a committee has reported in favor of the measure, but I believe no ultimate decision is yet come to on the subject, by that Honl. Body.
From the last European accounts we have reason to hope that the clouds which seemed to be gathering in your hemisphere, will yield to a tranquil sky; and Peace, with all its blessings will spread its mantle over the threatened Lands. My first wish is to see the sons and Daughters of the World mixing as one family, enjoying the sweets of social intercourse, and reciprocal advantages: the Earth certainly is sufficient to contain us all, and affords every thing necessary to our wants, if we would be friendly and endeavour to accommodate one another. Why then should we wrangle, and why should we attempt to infringe the Rights and properties of our Neighbours? But lest you shou'd suppose that I am about to turn preacher, I will only add that, with the highest esteem and consideration, I have the honor, etc.
P.S. I had not the pleasure of seeing Mr. de Chateaufort: upon the receipt of your letter of the 20th. of December, enclosed to me by that Gentleman from Philada.; I wrote to him praying that I might be honored with his company on his way to Carolina; but he found it more convenient at that hot season to go thither by Sea in the Packett.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 5 Washington also wrote a brief acknowledgment to Baron Vioménil for his introductory letter to De Chateaufort. A copy of this is in the "Letter Book."]
Mount Vernon, September 5, 1785.
Sir: I am sorry the enclosed account should be brought against me in my private character: it is a fact which I thought had been well known to all the public Departments, and to those employed by the public, that expences of the nature of Otis and Henley's Accots. (which is for clothing for the servants I was obliged to employ in my public character) were paid from the public funds.
If I mistake not Otis & Henley were Agents for the purpose of supplying clothing (or materials for it) for the Army; to them in this character I apply'd; and never until the enclosed account was presented, had I any other idea of the matter, than that the amount had been settled for by them in their public accounts. As this is not the case, had it been presented to me whilst I had authority so to do, I should have ordered the paymaster to have discharged it; but as the matter now stands, I can do no more than certify that the Goods were receiv'd on public account for my use; for I really cannot pay for them out of my private purse. It is to be regretted that the matter has lain over so long. I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I am your debtor for two letters, one of the 12th. of Decemr., the other of the 8th. of April. Since the receipt of the first, I have paid my respects to you in a line by a Majr. Swan; but as it was introductory only of him, it requires an apology, rather than entitles me to a credit in our epistolary correspondence.
If I had as good a nack my dear Marquis, as you have at saying handsome things, I would endeavor to pay you in kind for the flattering expressions of your letters, having an ample field to work in; but as I am a clumsy workman in the manufactory of compliments, I must first profess my unworthiness of those which you have bestowed on me, and my inability to meet you on that ground; and therefore will not expose myself in the attempt.
It gives me great pleasure to find by my letters from France, that the dark clouds which hung over your hemisphere, are vanishing before the all-cheating Sunshine of peace. My first wish is to see the blessings of it diffused through all Countries, and among all ranks in every Country; and that we should consider ourselves as the children of a common parent, and be disposed to acts of brotherly kindness towards one another. In that case all restrictions of trade would vanish; we should take your Wines, your fruits and surplusage of other articles: and give you in return our oils, our Fish, Tobacco, naval stores &ca.; and in like manner we should exchange produce with other Countries, to our reciprocal advantage: the Globe is large enough, why then need we wrangle for a small spot of it? If one Country cannot contain us another should open its arms to us. But these halcyon days (if they ever did exist) are now no more; a wise providence, I presume, has ordered it otherwise, and we must go on in the old way disputing, and now and then fighting, until the Globe itself is dissolved.
I rarely go from home; but my friends in and out of Congress sometimes tell me what is on the carpet; to hand it to you afterwards would be a circuitous mode, and altogether idle, as I am persuaded you have correspondents at New York who give it to you at first hand, and can relate it with more clearness and perspicuity than I can. I give the chief of my time to rural amusements; but I have lately been active in instituting a plan which, if success attends it and of which I have no doubt, may be productive of great political as well as commercial advantages to the States on the Atlantic, especially the middle ones; it is the extending and improving the inland navigations of the rivers Potomac and James, and communicating them with the Western waters by the shortest and easiest portages and good roads. Acts have passed the Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland authorising private Adventurers to undertake the work; Companies in consequence have been incorporated; and that on this river is begun, but when we come to the difficult parts of it we shall require an Engineer of skill and practical knowledge in this branch of business; and from that Country where these kind of improvements have been conducted with the greatest success. With every great esteem and regard, I have the honor, etc.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 7, 1785.
My dear Count: Since I had the honor to address you last, I have been favored with your letters of the 9th. of Septr. and 24th. of Feby. The first enclosing a list of the New promotions, and additional members of the Society of the Cincinnati as consented by the King; for which I thank you, as it will enable me to give answers to those Gentlemen who, unacquainted I presume, with his Majesty's pleasure, are still offering to me their pretensions to be admitted into this Order.
Every occasion that assures me of your health, encreases my happiness, as I have a sincere respect, and an affectionate regard for you. My time now, as the Marquis de la Fayette has informed you, is spent in rural employments, and in contemplation of those friendships which the revolution enabled me to form with so many worthy characters of your Nation, through whose assistance I can now sit down in my calm retreat; and under my own Vine, and my own fig tree, enjoy those pleasures which are rarely to be found in the more active pursuits of life, on a larger theatre.
I hope the storms which rumbled about you all the Winter, and wch. seemed to portend so much mischief, are dispersed; and that a tranquil sky has succeeded. Although it is against the profession of Arms, I wish to see all the World in Peace. How long this blessing may be dispensed to us, I know not, the British still hold the Posts upon the Lakes, within the Territory of the United States; and discover no inclination (that has come to my knowledge) of giving them up. With respect to the Spaniards, I do not think the Navigation of the Mississippi is an object of great importance at present, when it becomes so, when the Banks of the Ohio are thick settled, and when the fertile plains of that Western Country are covered with people they will not be deprived of natural advantages.
I am very thankful for the polite attentions of Madame de Rochambeau, to whom I pray you to present my best respects, and to any of our worthy compatriots in the late War. Mrs. Washington, sensible of your kind remembrance of her, begs you to accept her Compliments. With sincere friendship and perfect attachment I am etc.
I take the liberty of putting the enclosed letter under your cover as it contains original papers wch. might be a loss to Captn. de Pusignan.37
[Note 37: From the original in the Rochambeau Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 7, 1785.
Dear Sir: The man who at present lives with me in the capacity of a Housekeeper, or Household Steward, will leave me in a day or two; which (until his place can be supplied) will throw a great additional weight on Mrs. Washington. I therefore beg, if you, or Mr. Moyston,38 should have met with a person whom you think would answer my purposes (as described in my former letters) that you would engage him, or her absolutely instead of conditionally, and send him (or her) absolutely, instead of conditionally, and send him on by the Stage. In the meanwhile, if one should offer to my liking here, my engagement shall be conditional. No disappointmt. therefore can happen to the person engaged by you.
[Note 38: Edward Moyston.]
Inclosed is a letter to Mr. Frauncis (als. black Sam) late of New York, now of some place in the Jerseys. I leave it open for your perusal, to be forwarded, or destroyed, as circumstances may require. If you should have succeeded at Philadelphia, or are in the way of doing so, the latter will take place; if not, the sooner it can be got to his hands, the better. My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are offered to Mrs. Biddle. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, September 7, 1785.
Sir: As no person can judge better, of the qualifications necessary to constitute a good Housekeeper, or Household steward. than yourself, for a family which has a good deal of company and wishes to entertain them in a plain, but genteel style; I take the liberty of asking you if there is any such an one within your reach, whom you think could be induced to come to me on reasonable wages. I would rather have a man than a woman, but either will do, if they can be recommended for their honesty, sobriety, and knowledge of their profession; which in one word, is to relieve Mrs. Washington from the drudgery of ordering and seeing the Table properly covered, and things oeconomically used: nothing more therefore need be said to inform you of a character that would suit me, than what is already mentioned.
The wages I now give to a man who is about to leave me in order to get married (under which circumstances he would not suit me) is about one hundred Dollars pt. annum; but for one who understands the business perfectly, and stands fore in all other respects, I would go as far as one hundred and twenty five dollars. Sometime ago I wrote to Colo. Biddle, and to Mr. Moyston (who keeps the City Tavern in Philada.) to try if they could procure me such a person as I want; I therefore beg, if you know of one that would suit me, and is to be had upon the terms above, and who can attend properly to a large family (for mine is such, with a good many workmen), that you would immediately inform Colo. Biddle of it before any engagement is entered into by you on my behalf, lest one should be provided at Philada. and embarrassments arise from the different engagements. I am sorry to give you so much trouble, but I hope you will excuse it in, Sir Yr. etc.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers]
Mount Vernon, September 8, 1785.
Sir: I have lately been honored with your favors of the 10th and 15th of March. Until the latter explained the mistake of the former, I was puzzled to get at the meaning of it; because, I did not recollect that I had ever made application to your Son for the loan of any money; but since the subject has been started, I will take the liberty of pursuing it.
I am a member of a Company in this State, who associated many years ago for the purpose of reclaiming what is called the Great Dismal Swamp near Norfolk. The war gave considerable interruption, indeed almost put an entire stop to the progress of the business; but in May last the members (for the first time since the war) had a meeting, and resolved to prosecute the work with vigor: for this purpose they are inclined to borrow money on interest; and to import, if they can do it upon advantageous terms, a number of Hollanders, or Germans, as being best acquainted with the nature of the work; which is to drain and bank level, low and wet land, which would from its situation, and the quality of its soil, be invaluable if accomplished.
Individually, the members possess considerable property, as a company they have little money at command; but would I believe, bind themselves jointly and severally for the repayment of the principal sum borrowed, in a given number of years; and for such interest as may be agreed upon annually: and as a collateral security they would moreover, I imagine, mortgage the Estate which they are about to improve.
Under this Statement of the matter, permit me to ask you frankly, if four or five thousand pounds could be borrowed in Amsterdam; at what interest and for how long a term? and whether it is a matter which could be easily accomplished, to import about three hundred laborers (a few women among them would be no objection), for what time they might be engaged and upon what wages? and what expence would attend the importation?
Since my last to you I have had the pleasure of your son's company at this place; he appeared at the time to be in good health, and I hope has been able to put your business in this Country on a more favourable footing, than your letter of the 15th. of June last year indicated; in a word, I hope it is placed on as good a footing as the nature of the case will admit. I have the honor, etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1785.
Dear Sir: The enclosed was put into my hands yesterday; and I take the liberty of forwarding it by the post today, hoping if no person is appointed in the place of Mr. Massey, that your Excellency for the reason assigned by the Maryland Commrs. and on account of the advanced season, will cause it to be done as soon as convenient.41 With very great esteem and respect, I have the honor, etc.40
[Note 41: Henry answered (September 26): "Your Favor covering Mr. Deakins's Letter I received this Morning. As soon as Mr. Massey's Resignation was handed to me, the Appointment of Mr. Neville was made and sent out to him with a Copy of the Resolution of Assembly." Henry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1785.
Gentn: Your favor of the 30th. ulto. did not reach me until the 8th. instant; I went the next day to Alexandria and laid it before Colos. Fitzgerald and Gilpin, who with himself, acceded fully to the propriety of your proposal of buying servants. Of this, the Secretary was directed to inform you; also of our sentiments respecting the hire of negroes by the year, and to ask your opinion of the number necessary, and of the terms on which to employ them.
Colo. Gilpin has lately seen Mr. Stuart, who informed him that fifty hands were then employed at Seneca, and in his opinion going on very well until the waters were swelled by the late rains. He and I (if I am not prevented by company which I have some reason to expect about that time) intend to be at Seneca on Wednesday the 21st., and at the Great Falls at Eight oclock next morning; where we are to meet Colo. Fitzgerald for the purpose of viewing for our private satisfaction, the place talked of for the Canal; and the water between the Great and little falls. Mr. Stuart informed Colo. Gilpin that he had never seen the Butcher from Fredk. town; nor had he received an ounce of provisions from him.
I am sorry to receive so unfavourable a report from Shenandoah as your letter contains; I hope it will mend, or the cause must be removed. If the health of Mr. Johnson, and the circumstances of Mr. Lee would permit them to visit that place now and then; it would, I am persuaded, have a happy effect: the eye of a Director will be of service to the Conductors. With very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1785.
Sir: My last letter to you was so full, that I should not have troubled you again at this early period, but to observe as I did before, that upon reading the Proclamation which I then enclosed (and which I had scarce time to run over before it was dispatched), it appeared to me that as it forbid in general terms, the settlement of Lands upon the western waters, it might be necessary for me to adduce the subsequent Act of the King's Governor; by which the military rights under that Proclamation were recognized, and exempted from the restriction thereof. Accordingly, I wrote to our Attorney General Mr. Randolph, for a certified copy thereof; under which the warrants for surveying these claims were directed to be issued; but in some measure he misconceived my request. However, his answer and reasoning applies with as much force to the order of Council, as it does to the instruction which gave rise to it; I therefore send his letters with a Certificate of the Governor and the seal of the Commonwealth to give validity to the Acts wch. have been already forwarded to you from the Registers office under the direction of Mr. Harvie.
My title to the Land in dispute, in my own judgment, is so clear, that I can scarce conceive what my opponents will urge, that can have the least weight with an impartial Count and Jury; but as I apprehend there will be some management in obtaining the latter, it may not be amiss to apprize you, that from my best information (and a gentleman on whom I can depend, told me that he had it from Mr. Prothonotary Scott, brother to my principal opponent) a majority of the occupants settled on the Land after my Patent had actually issued, and consequently in his opinion, could not have the shadow of a claim. Putting my military right then, and all the steps which were taken in consequence of it, out of the question; my improvement (admitting there never was more than one) which stands on the Land to this day, and which was acknowledged by themselves to be there when the Defendants first came to it, will entitle me, for settlement and pre-emption rights, to 1400 acres under our Laws, as you may perceive by the authentic documents already sent you: and these 1400 acres, without the aid of an irregular form and unnatural extension, would comprehend James Scott's farm, and I presume all those which were seated before I obtained my Patent. It appears to me therefore that in one way or other, they must be overthrown.
It has been reported to me (and as report only I give it) that the Defendants are preparing to remove off. Whether, if true, the measure proceeds from a conviction of the futility of their claim, or that they mean to be prepared against the worst, or, as it was said whilst I was out, their only design was to gain time, I shall not decide: but be it as it may, as they have withheld the Land from me ten or twelve years after all the admonition I could give, and the favorable offers which have been made them, and finally have put me to the expence and trouble of bringing and supporting Ejectments, it is my wish and desire, whether they leave the land voluntarily, or are compelled to do so by a course of Law, that you will sue them respectively for Trespasses, rents or otherwise as you shall judge best and most proper to obtain justice for me. I should be glad to hear that this and my former letter had got safe to hand. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 14, 1785.
Sir: Colo. Wm. Fitzhugh of Maryland has this day requested me, to enter his name for one share of the Potomac navigation; of which I give you this information: he has also deposited in my hands ten pounds for the first and second advances thereon; which I will pay you when I come next to town, or to your order at any time.
I should take it very kind of you to forward the enclosed letter by the first safe consequence; it contains a summons of some consequence to me, I am, etc.43
Mount Vernon, September 14, 1785.
Dear Sir: Mr. Rawlins brought me your favor of the 31st. ulto., and I thank you for sending him; he is to furnish me a design for my room, and an estimate of the cost; after which I shall be better able to make an estimate of his conscience. When Mr. ODonnal44 has determin'd on his plan, I shall expect to hear from you.
[Note 44: O'Donnell.]
Enclosed is the packet mentioned in my last, for Mr. Smith of Carlisle which I pray you to send by a safe rather than the first opportunity which may offer to that place.
With great truth I am, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, Mr. Fitzhugh of your State has informed Mrs. Washington that there is, or was very fine and pretty Dimmity Muslin selling on board the Indian Ship at half a dollar pr. yard: if this is now the case, she desires me to tell you that she would be much obliged to you for getting her two or three pieces.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1785.
Dear Sir: It was not in my power to obtain the enclosed in time, to forward them by the last mail; but they will, I hope, reach you seasonably for your intended meeting on the 26th, by the present mail.
I feel very sensibly, the honor and confidence which has been reposed in me by the James river company; and regret that it will not be in my power to discharge the duties of the office of President of the Board of Directors, with that punctuality and attention which the trust requires. Every service however that I can render, compatible with my other avocations, shall be afforded with pleasure, and I am happy in being associated in the business with Gentlemen so competent to the purposes of their appointment, and from what I have heard of the navigation, and seen of the Falls, I think your work may be soon and easily accomplished, and that it will be of great public utility, as well as private emolument to the subscribers when done: for the advantage of both, tho' I believe the business lies in another line, I would earnestly recommend it to you to press the execution of the survey between James river and the navigable waters of the Kanhawa, and a proper investigation of the latter. It will be a source of great commerce with the capitol and in my opinion will be productive of great political consequences to this country: the business of a similar nature, as it respects this river, is at an entire stand. Mr. Massey who was first appointed on the part of this State, having declined acting; the Maryland Commissioner knows of no other in his room, and is unable, tho' ready to proceed.
Besides what appears in the minutes, which are enclosed, it is in contemplation by the Board of Directors of the Navigation of this river, to endeavor to hire a number of Slaves next year as laborers therein, and as the Great Falls are tremendous, and the navigation thereof, in whatever manner it is attempted, will require much skill and practical knowledge in the execution; we propose, before this is undertaken, to invite a proper person from Europe, who has been employed in works of this kind, as a superintendant of it: With respect to the other parts of the river, tho' what are called the Shanandoah Falls are as difficult in my opinion as the Falls of James river, at Westham, we seem to have confidence enough in ourselves to undertake them; and mean to do so without having recourse to either canals or Locks. Thro' all the Falls and rapids above the Great falls, we mean to attempt nothing more than to open a strait passage to avoid, as much as possible, currents; giving sufficient depth, and as much smoothness as may be to the surface; and if Rumsey's project fails (of which he has not the smallest apprehension) to pull the Boats up by chains floated by buoys: the latter, when Ice begins to form, may be slipped and thereby saved; whilst the former rivoted to rocks at bottom, may remain during the intemperate season undisturbed and without injury.
Upon an estimate of the expence of those chains and Buoys, we (that is, the Directors of the Potomac navigation and myself) are of the opinion, without having an eye to the probable advantages which are expected to be derived from Rumsey's mechanical discovery, that it will be infinitely less than what must arise from cutting canals, building Locks, making track paths, &c., as was the design of Ballendine and others; and will have this advantage over them, that when once done, that is when the passage is opened in a straight direction in the natural bed of the river, it is done as it were forever, whereas canals and Locks, besides the natural decay of them, are exposed to much injury from Ice, drift-wood, and even the common freshes; in a word, are never safe where there are such sudden inundations and violent torrents, as the rivers in this country are subject to.
It has so happened that Thursday the 22d inst. is a day of my own appointing to meet the Directors at the Great Falls of this river, for the purpose of examining the place proposed for a canal; and the river and ground from thence to tide water, on which business I expect to be employed (at least to be from home) four or five days.
Altho' I see no impropriety myself in laying the Proceedings of the Potomac Company before the Board of Directors of the James river navigation, it being my wish that every intelligence which one can give to the other should be mutually afforded; yet it is my desire that the act may be considered as transmitted for the private information (if it shou'd convey any light) of yourself and the Directors.
We are endeavoring to engage our miners to bore by the foot; rather than by the day; but as yet have not agreed with any in this way: they ask a shilling, which we think is too much to common labourers we pay 40/per month; and we find paying the workmen every fortnight, rather troublesome once a month would do better: as they will be frequently moving, we have provided Tents as most convenient and least expensive, for their accommodation.
I find I have been under a mistake with respect to the subscriptions for the James river navigation; I conceived the Books were to lie open 'till the general meeting appointed (as that for this river was) by law; and if the aggregate amounted to more than the sum required by the act, at such meeting they were then to be reduced in the manner therein directed.
The expression of the Law, "the highest point practicable," is certainly too indefinite; and in the hurry which the act passed, the import of it was not sufficiently adverted to: but how far it may be politic for the Potomac Company to meddle in the matter, I will not at this moment undertake to decide; as the concurrence of two States is required to effect the Alteration, and as one of them, it is said by those who are unfriendly to the measure, has been surprized into it.
If it would not be too troublesome for your Secretary, it would be a satisfaction to me to receive a copy of your proceedings, With great esteem and sincere friendship, I am, &c.46
[Note 46: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 24th. ulto. did not get to my hands until the 17th. inst: and then came by the Post, for Mr. Jackson is an inhabitant of Red Stone, 250 miles distant from me. I am obliged to him however for having taken notice of a wish of mine which was accidentally expressed before him, more so to you for having facilitated it, and particularly so to Mr. Donaldson for obliging offering to carry it into effect.
I have long been convinced, that the bed of the Potomac before my door, contains an inexhaustable fund of manure; and if I could adopt an easy, simple and expeditious method of raising, and taking it to the land, that it might be converted to useful purposes. Mr. Donaldson's Hippopotamos49 goes beyond anything I had conceiv'd with respect to the first; but whether the manner of its working would answer my purpose or not is the question; by his using a horse, I fear it will not, as I shall have to go from one hundred to eight hundred or a thousand yards, from high water mark for the mud; tho' I believe any quantity may be had at the lesser distance; the
[Note 49: Noted in Arthur Donaldson's letter to Washington, Oct. 1, 1785, with an engraving of the "Hippopotamos" and an explanation, clipped from The Pennsylvania Magazine, which are in the Washington Papers.] depth of water at the greater will not exceed eight feet, and not much swell unless the wind is turbulent.
Under this information, it would give me great satisfaction to have Mr. Donaldson's opinion of the utility of his Hippopotamos for my purposes; as Mud which is many feet deep, and soft, is to be raised at a distance from, and to be brought to the shore when the tide is up, in vessels which draw but little water. And he would add to the favor (if the machine is applicable to my wants) by informing me what kind of a vessel is necessary for its operation; what would be the cost of this vessel, and of the machine I should have to use on it; whether by a model the whole could be constructed by ingenious workmen here; or whether it must be done under his own eye, and in the latter case, what would be the additional expence of getting them from Philadelphia to this place.
The kind offer of Mr. Donaldson, for which I pray you to return him my sincere thanks, of furnishing me with a model, or other information; and your obliging communication thereof has drawn upon you both this trouble; instead therefore of apologizing for giving it, I will assure you that I have a grateful sense of the kindness of you both and am his and your Most Obt. &ca.50
[Note 50: This text is a combination of that found in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers and one printed in a sales catalogue of 1891, the catalogue being followed where it is, obviously, closer to Washington's original.]
September 22, 1785.
Sir: If Mr. Jonathan Johnson will give one hundred Dollars per ann: for my tract at the Great Meadows, he may have a Lease therefor, for the term of ten years without any other conditions annexed than those of reclaiming the Meadow and putting the whole under a good fence; leaving it to himself to place such buildings on the premises as his own inclination may prompt him to. Or, if he will build a dwelling House 36 feet by 24, with three rooms below and four above, with two stone chimneys, and fire places in each room, the House to be of hewed Logs or framed work, with glass windows. A Kitchen 16 by 20 feet, of the same kind of work with one stone chimney; and a Stable sufficient to contain twelve horses conveniently, I will allow him two years of the ten, exempt from rent. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 52: Capt. Alexandre Cesar de Genevy de Pusignan. He had been lieutenant en second, Regiment D'Auxonne, French allied troops.]
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Sir: It is not fourteen days since I was honored with your letter of the 16th. of last Octr. to what cause the delay is to be ascribed I am unable to inform you; but lest this answer with the inclosure should meet with any accident, I dispatch it under cover to the Count de Rochambeau at Paris.
I am sorry Sir, it is not in my power to comply with your wishes in regard to the Order of the Cincinnati. The institution itself points out the different grades of Officers who are to be admitted into this Society; and at its last General Meeting, the members thereof in France, of which the Counts de Rochambeau and de Estaing were placed at the head; one in the Military, the other in the Naval Line, were empowered to hold meetings and to decide upon the Claims of Officers belonging to either department in that Country.
It is there Sir, your pretensions must be offered; and if they are not precluded by the determination of your Sovereign, will I doubt not, meet with the liberal and favourable interpretation to which your merit entitled you. I have the honor to be, etc.51
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Sir: I have been honored with the receipt of your letter dated at Paris the 4th. of March; and pray you to accept my thanks for those copies of your Dramatic performance53 which you had the goodness to send me, and in which you have made such honorable and flattering mention of my name.
[Note 53: See Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Aug. 22, 1785, ante.]
I lament Sir, that my merits are not equal to your praises, and regret exceedingly that my deficiency in the knowledge of the French language does not allow me to become master of the Drama, and of those sentiments which I am told are beautifully expressed in it by the author. Upon my gratitude you have a large claim for those expressions of esteem with which your letter is replete, and which, from a Gentleman who professes not to compliment, are the more to be valued. I have the honor, etc.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: Amid the public gratulations on your safe return to America, after a long absence and the many eminent services you have rendered it, for which as a benefited person I feel the obligation, permit an individual to join the public voice in expressing a sense of them; and to assure you, that, as no one entertains more respect for your character, so none can salute you with more sincerity, or with greater pleasure, than I do on the occasion. With the highest regard and greatest consideration, I am, &c.54
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 14th. from New York. At the moment I congratulate you on your late appointment,55 and this fresh instance of his most Christian Majesty's attention to your merits, I cannot but express my sorrow that you are so near the eve of your departure from America.
[Note 55: Intendant for Hispaniola.]
I shall remember with pleasure Sir, the friendship you have always expressed for me; and with gratitude shall recollect the many instances of your partiallity and attention towards me. I should receive with great satisfaction the accot. of your safe arrival at Hispaniola and of every other event which can be interesting and pleasing to you; being with much truth, and great esteem and regard Sir Yr. etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 15th. of Augt. from Bath, only got to my hands on Sunday last. The one alluded to, of April, as giving an acct. of the miscarriage of the Diplomas,57 and the best information you could obtain respecting them, nor any other since that which accompanied the Parchments, and wch. received an immediate acknowledgement, have reached me at all.
[Note 57: Of the Cincinnati.]
In a word, I never had the least intimation, or knowledge of the accident until Major Jacksons58 Letter (copy of which I sent you) was delivered to me.
[Note 58: William Jackson.]
I have since enquired of Colo. Fitzgerald if he could recollect in whose care they were placed; his memory he says does not serve him on this occasion, but he is sure they were entrusted to safe hands, or such as appeared to him at the time to be so. It is a little extraordinary therefore that this person, whoever he may be, should not have given notice of the loss either to him, from whom the parcel was received, or to you to whom it was intended.
It is to be feared, under these circumstances, that neither the Diploma's, or the money advanced for them, will ever be recovered. however, if you conceive that an Advertisement will effect any valuable purpose, or be satisfactory to the Gentlemen for whose benefit they were designed, you can, as Secretary, recite the event and request information from any who may have it in their power to give it. With great esteem etc.
[H.S.P.]
[Note 59: Rene Marie, Vicomte D'Arrot, Major General and Governor of the Island of Tobago.]
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Sir: Your kind remembrance of me in a letter of the 15th. of July from the Island of Tobago, does me much honor; at the sametime that the knowledge of your appointment as Governor of that place, and your good health, gave me much pleasure. I pray you to be assured that nothing which comes from Colo. D'Arrot can be considered as a trouble, and that to hear, at his moments of leisure, that you are in the enjoyment of perfect health, and the smiles of your Sovereign will always be pleasing; as I recollect with gratitude those instances of Mention with which you have honored me, and the circumstances that brought us acquainted.
In the enjoyment of ease and tranquillity, which your sword has contributed to procure, I am now seated under my own Vine and my own Fig-tree in the occupations of rural life, at the Seat which you once honored with your presence, and where I should be happy to meet you again.
At present we have no news that could afford you any entertainment: these States are in the full enjoyment of peace, and nothing, it is to be hoped will disturb the quiet of them. Tho' there is something misterious and not easy to reconcile with the spirit of the treaty, in the British still continuing their Garrisons at the posts of Niagara, Detroit &c. which are on the American side of the territorial line, notwithstanding a demand has been made of them.
Mrs. Washington, who remembers with pleasure your calling here with some Officers of your Legion, thanks you for your attention, and prays you to accept her compliments. With sentiments of great esteem etc.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1785.
Sir: By a letter61 which I have lately had the honor to receive from Dr. Franklin at Philada., I am informed of your arrival at that place; many letters from very respectable characters in France, as well as the Doctors, inform me of the occasion, for which, tho' the cause is not of my seeking, I feel the most agreeable and grateful sensations. I wish the object of your mission had been more worthy of the masterly strokes of the first Statuary in Europe; for thus you are represented to me.
[Note 61: On September 26 Washington wrote briefly to William Temple Franklin, acknowledging his letter of Sept. 20, 1785. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
It will give me pleasure Sir, to welcome you to this seat of my retirement: and whatever I have, or can procure that is necessary to your purposes, or convenient and agreeable to your wishes; you must freely command, as inclination to oblige you, shall be not found deficient, either on your arrival, or during your stay.
With sentiments of esteem, etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favors of the 10th. and 17th. of July which were committed to the care of Mr. Houdon; but I have not yet had the pleasure to see that Gentleman. His Instruments and materials (Doctr Franklin informs me) not being arrived at Havre when they Sailed he was obliged to leave them; and is now employed in providing others at Philadelphia, with which he will proceed to this place as soon as they are ready. I shall take great pleasure in shewing Mr. Houdon every civility, and attention in my power during his stay in this Country, as I feel myself under personal obligations to you and Doctr. Franklin (as the State of Virginia have done me the honor to direct a Statue to be erected to my Memory) for havg. entrusted the execution of it to so eminent an Artist, and so worthy a character. I have the pleasure to inform you, that the subscriptions to the inland Navigations of the Rivers Potomack and James require no aid from Foreigners. the product of the first when the Books were exhibited at the General Meeting in May last, amounted to £40,300. Sterling, and is since nearly compleated to the full Sum required bylaw. That of the latter, at the General Meeting in August, were superabundant. The work of the former began the first of August, and is progressing very well, the latter I am persuaded will do more than keep pace with it, as the difficulties are much less.
I have the further pleasure to inform you (and I should have done it long since, had I not supposed that your information would have been more full and p effect from some of your friends in the Assembly) that a resolution authorizing the Executive to appoint Commissioners to explore, and report the best communication between the Waters of Elizabeth River and those of Albermarle passed last Session. That the Commrs. have proceeded to the Survey, and have reported in favor of that which will pass through Drummonds pond to the Pasquetank; but what will be the result I am unable to inform you, as I find by some of the principal characters of No. Carolina (Members of Congress) who have called here, that jealousies prevail, and a powerful opposition will be given to any Water Communication between the two States, lest Virginia should derive the benefits arising from their Exports &ca.
I am very happy to find that your sentiments respecting the interest the Assembly was pleased to give me in the two navigations of the Potomack and James Rivers, coincide so well with my own. I never, for a moment, entertained an idea of accepting; the difficulty which laboured in my mind was how to refuse without giving offence. Ultimately I have it in contemplation to apply the profits arising from the Tolls to some public use. In this, if I knew how, I would meet the wishes of the Assembly; but if I am not able to get at these, my own inclination leads me to apply them to the establishment of two charity Schools, one on each river, for the Education and support of poor Children; especially the descendants of those who have fallen in defence of their Country.
I can say nothing decisely [ sic] respecting the Western Settlement of this State. The Inhabitants of Kentucke have held several Conventions, and have resolved to apply for a Seperation. But what may be the final issue of it, is not for me, at this time, to inform you. Opinions, as far as they have come to my knowledge, are diverse. I have uniformly given it as mine, to meet them upon their own ground, draw the best line, and best terms we can of seperation and part good friends. After the next Session of our Assembly more may be discovered, and communicated, and if you should not receive it through a better channel, I will have the honor to inform you.
I am sorry I cannot give you full information respecting Captn. Bushnals projects for the destruction of Shipping. No interesting experiment having been made, and my memory being treacherous, I may, in some measure, be mistaken in what I am about to relate. Bushnel is a man of great Mechanical powers, fertile of invention, and master in execution. He came to me in 1776 recommended by Governor Trumbull (now dead) and other respectable characters who were proselites to his plan. Although I wanted faith myself, I furnished him with money, and other aids to carry it into execution. He laboured for sometime ineffectually, and though the advocates for his scheme continued sanguine he never did succeed. One accident or another always intervening. I then thought, and still think, that it was an effort of genius; but that a combination of too many things were requisite, to expect much success from the enterprise against an enemy, who are always upon guard.
That he had a Machine so contrived as to carry a man under water at any depth he chose, and for a considerable time and distance, with an apparatus charged with Powder which he could fasten to a Ships bottom or side and give fire to in a given time (Sufft. for him to retire) by means whereof a ship could be blown up, or sunk, are facts which I believe admit of little doubt; but then, where it was to operate against an enemy, it is no easy matter to get a person hardy enough to encounter the variety of dangers to which he must be exposed. 1 from the novelty 2 from the difficulty of conducting the machine, and governing it under water on Acct. of the Currents &ca. 3 the consequent uncertainty of hitting the object of destination, without rising frequently above water for fresh observation, wch., when near the Vessel, would expose the Adventurer to a discovery, and to almost to certain death. To these causes I always ascribed the non-performance of his plan, as he wanted nothing that I could furnish, to secure the success of it. This to the best of my recollection is a true state of the case. But Humphreys, if I mistake not, being one of the proselites, will be able to give you a more perfect Acct. of it than I have done. With the most perfect esteem etc.63
[Note 63: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Taylor64 brought me your favor of the 28th. ulto., and I have received your other letter of the 2d. of December; for both I thank you, as also for the proceedings of the Mayors Court in the case of Rutgars and Waddington which was enclosed in the latter. I have read this with attention; and tho' I pretend not to be a competent judge of the Law of Nations, or of the act of your Assembly, nor of the spirit of the confederation in their niceties; yet it should seem to me that the interpretation of them by the Court, is founded in reason and common sense; which is, or ought to be the foundation of all Law and Government.
[Note 64: George Taylor, jr.]
I am sorry to hear of your long indisposition and repeated attacks; it may be well to nurse a little. Disorders oftentimes, are easier prevented than cured, and while you are in the way to re-establish your health, (on which I congratulate you) it is better to use preventatives, than alteratives &c. &c. with which the Apothecaries Shops are replete.
As you are at the source of foreign intelligence, I could only reverberate what you have before heard; and having nothing of a Domestic kind worth communicating, I shall be rather laconic in my perfect address. I enjoy, thank God, very good health, but Mrs. W--n, is scarce ever well, she joins me in best wishes for you, and I am, etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1785.
Dear Sir: I had just written, and was about to put into the hands of Mr. Taylor66 (a gentleman in the department of the secretary of foreign affairs) the enclosed letter, when I had the honor to receive by post your favor of the 20th instant. I have a grateful sense of the partiality of the French nation towards me, and feel very sensibly the indulgent expression of your letter, which does me great honor.
[Note 66: George Taylor.]
When it suits M. Houdon to come hither, I will accommodate him in the best manner I am able, and shall endeavour to render his stay as agreeable as I can. It would give me infinite pleasure to see you. At this place I dare not look for it; though to entertain you under my own roof would be doubly gratifying. When or whether I shall ever have the satisfaction of seeing you at Philadelphia is uncertain, as retirement from the public walks of life has not been so productive of leisure and ease as might have been expected. With very great esteem, etc.65
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1785.
My dear Sir: It has so happened, that your letter of the first of last month did not reach me until Saturdays Post. You know, too well, the sincere respect and regard I entertained for your venerable fathers public and private character, to require assurances of the concern I felt for his death; or of that sympathy in your feelings for the loss of him, which is prompted by friendship. Under this loss however, great as your pangs may have been at the first shock, you have every thing to console you. A long and well spent life in the Service of his Country, placed Govt. Trumbull amongst the first of Patriots. In the social duties he yielded to none. and his Lamp, from the common course of Nature, being nearly extinguished, worn down with age and cares, but retaining his mental faculties in perfection, are blessings which rarely attend advanced life. All these combining, have secured to his memory universal respect and love here, and no doubt immeasurable happiness hereafter.
I am sensible that none of these observations can have escaped you, and that I can offer nothing which your own reason has not already suggested on this occasion; and being of Sterne's opinion, that "Before an affliction is digested, consolation comes too soon; and after it is digested, it comes too late: there is but a mark between these two, as fine almost as a hair, for a comforter to take aim at." I rarely attempt it, nor shall I add more on this subject to you, as it would only be a renewal of sorrow, by recalling a fresh to your remembrance things which had better be forgotten.
My principal pursuits are of a rural nature, in which I have great delight, especially as I am blessed with the enjoyment of good health. Mrs. Washington on the contrary is hardly ever well, but thankful for your kind remembrance of her, and joins me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Trumbull and your family. Be assured that with sentiments of the purest, esteem etc.68
[Note 68: From a photostat of the original in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I have this moment received yours of yesterday's date, enclosing a memorial and remonstrance against the Assessment Bill,69 which I will read with attention. At present I am unable to do it, on account of company. The bill itself I do not recollect ever to have read: with attention I am certain I never did, but will compare them together.
[Note 69: The bill in question was to provide for teachers of the Christian religion in Virginia by means of a specified tax, the money to be paid out on order of the vestries, elders, etc., of each religious society to a teacher or minister of its denomination. It could also be used to provide places of worship. Mason had printed the remonstrance against the bill and sent it to Washington, asking him to sign it. Mason's letter (October 2) is in the Washington Papers, but the remonstrance is not now found therein.]
Altho, no man's sentiments are more opposed to any kind of restraint upon religious principles than mine are; yet I must confess, that I am not amongst the number of those who are so much alarmed at the thoughts of making people pay towards the support of that which they profess, if of the denomination of Christians; or declare themselves Jews, Mahomitans or otherwise, and thereby obtain proper relief. As the matter now stands, I wish an assessment had never been agitated, and as it has gone so far, that the Bill could die an easy death; because I think it will be productive of more quiet to the State, than by enacting it into a Law; which, in my opinion, would be impolitic, admitting there is a decided majority for it, to the disquiet of a respectable minority. In the first case the matter will soon subside; in the latter, it will rankle and perhaps convulse, the State. The Dinner Bell rings, and I must conclude with an expression of my concern for your indisposition. Sincerely and affectionately, I am &.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1785.
My Dear Sir: The last Post from Richmd. gave me the pleasure of your favor of the 9th. from Rosewell. Expressions of friendship from good men, and the congratulations of those who are not addicted to unmeaning compliments, cannot fail to be acceptable. In this light I view and thank you for the obliging and endulgent sentiments of your letter, which have affected my mind with gratitude and pleasure.
It will be unnecessary I hope Sir, to assure you of the pleasure I shou'd have felt at seeing you and Mrs. Page at Mount Vernon on your way to Philada., if you could have made it convenient and agreeable to have taken this rout, at all times I should be happy to see you here.
Soon after I returned from Richmond in May last, I spoke to a Dutch Merchant in Alexandria on the subject of importing Germans; but not receiving any satisfactory information from him, tho' he was perfectly willing to oblige, I requested him, as he was on the eve of a journey thro' Baltimore to Boston, at both which Dutch Houses are established, and in the last he is concerned, to make every enquiry he could respecting the mode, the terms, and practicability of obtaining the number we want: but meeting with no precise information here neither, I wrote some little time ago to Mr. De Neufville, a Gentleman of very respectable character at Amsterdam, with whom I have long corresponded, for full information; and to know also, if ,£5000 could be borrowed for the use of the Company on such terms, and upon such securities as it proposed to give. Herein also I have been unlucky; for soon after I had written and had sent my Letter to New York to obtain a passage by the Packet, I received an account of this Gentlemans arrival at Boston. These delays following the enquiries, which I only considered as auxiliary to those of the Managers,71 to whom I intended to communicate the result, will be unlucky if they have taken no steps in the meanwhile themselves. Would it not be advisable in case My good Sir, for you as one of them to go fully into the matter whilst you are at Philadelphia, where, it is to be presumed the best information on this side the Atlantic is to be obtained; and the most likely place to enter into Contracts, unless a person in behalf of the Company, should be sent to Holland expressly for this purpose; or a gentleman there in whom confidence could be placed, would undertake it. But unless Mr. Anderson should succeed in negotiating the loan he was requested to obtain, or the like sum could be borrowed in Holland, we shall be without funds to carry the Plan into effect, and consequently cannot advance beyond the limits of enquiry, or preliminary agreement.
[Note 71: Of the Potomac Navigation Co.]
Mrs. Washington joins me in respectful compliments to Mrs. Page, who we hope will reap all the benefits which are expected from the change of climate. With very great esteem etc.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On October 3 Washington wrote a brief letter of acknowledgment to Charles William Frederick Dumas, at the Hague. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 5, 1785.
Madam: It gives me pain to find that the letter which I had the honor of writing to you on the 30th. of March last, in acknowledgement of the Poem you had the goodness to send me thro' the hands of Mr. Vogels, should never have reached you. I now enclose a copy of it, presuming that the original must have miscarried; occasioned by addressing it to that Gentleman at Philadelphia, when possibly he might not have been in this Country.
I have now to acknowledge the receipt of your obliging letter of the 10th. of April, with the Duplicate of the above Poem, for which I thank you, and can only repeat to you my wish, that the subject of it was more deserving of your lays. I pray you to have the goodness to offer my compliments to Mr. Van Winter, and to be assured of the respect and esteem with which, I am, etc.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The text varies slightly from that printed an the Journal of American History, 1930.]
[Note 74: Marquis de La Rouerie.]
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 19th. of May was brought to this place by Mr. Houdon, who arrived here the 3d. of this month. I delay no time to acknowledge the receipt of it, and to thank you for the several communications you have had the goodness to make me.
You are too well acquainted with my wishes for every thing which can promote your interest, honor, or happiness, to supose that I did not rejoice at the prospect of your being appointed to the command of a Corps; which is agreeable to your own inclination, and which suits your talents: every thing which gratify's the first, and favors the latter, I sincerely wish you may enjoy.
At present everything in America is tranquil, and I hope will long remain so. It is not our interest to seek new broils, and I hope our neighbours will not commence them. It is not a little misterious however, that the Western Posts, on the American side the territorial line, should still be possessed by British Garrisons: the mistery, it is to be presumed, will now soon be explained; as an American Minister has been received at the Court of London.
I never expect to draw my sword again: I can scarcely conceive the cause that would induce me to do it; but if, contrary to all expectation, such an event should take place, I should think it a fortunate circumstance, and myself highly honored, to have it supported by yours. My time is now occupied by rural amusements, in which I have great satisfaction; and my first wish is, altho' it is against the profession of arms and would clip the wings of some of you young soldiers who are soaring after glory, to see the whole world in peace, and the Inhabitants of it as one band of brothers, striving who should contribute most to the happiness of mankind.
Mrs. Washington, thankful for your kind remembrance of her, desires me to present her compliments to you. It is unnecessary to assure you of the high esteem etc.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1785.
Dear Sir: The assurances of your friendship, after a silence of more than six years, are extremely pleasing to me. Friendships, formed under the circumstances that ours commenced, are not easily eradicated; and I can assure you, that mine has undergone no diminution; every occasion, therefore, of renewing it, will give me pleasure, and I shall be happy at all times to hear of your welfare.
The war, as you have very justly observed, has terminated most advantageously for America, and a fair field is presented to our view; but I confess to you freely, My Dr. Sir, that I do not think we possess wisdom or Justice enough to cultivate it properly. Illiberality, Jealousy, and local policy mix too much in all our public councils for the good government of the Union. In a word, the confederation appears to me to be little more than a shadow without the substance; and Congress a nugatory body, their ordinances being little attended to. To me, it is a solecism in politics: indeed it is one of the most extraordinary things in nature, that we should confederate as a Nation, and yet be afraid to give the rulers of that nation, who are the creatures of our making, appointed for a limited and short duration, and who are amenable for every action, and recallable at any moment, and are subject to all the evils which they may be instrumental in producing, sufficient powers to order and direct the affairs of the same. By such policy as this the wheels of Government are clogged, and our brightest prospects, and that high expectation which was entertained of us by the wondering world, are turned into astonishment; and from the high ground on which we stood, we are descending into the vale of confusion and darkness.
That we have it in our power to become one of the most respectable Nations upon Earth, admits, in my humble opinion, of no doubt; if we would but pursue a wise, just, and liberal policy towards one another, and would keep good faith with the rest of the World: that our resources are ample and encreasing, none can deny; but while they are grudgingly applyed, or not applyed at all, we give a vital stab to public faith, and shall sink, in the eyes of Europe, into contempt.
It has long been a speculative question among Philosophers and wise men, whether foreign Commerce is of real advantage to any Country; that is, whether the luxury, effeminacy, and corruptions which are introduced along with it; are counter-balanced by the convenience and wealth which it brings with it; but the decision of this question is of very little importance to us: we have abundant reason to be convinced, that the spirit for Trade which pervades these States is not to be restrained; it behooves us then to establish just principles; and this, any more than other matters of national concern, cannot be done by thirteen heads differently constructed and organized. The necessity, therefore, of a controuling power is obvious; and why it should be withheld is beyond my comprehension.
The Agricultural Society, lately established in Philadelphia, promises extensive usefulness if it is prosecuted with spirit. I wish most sincerely that every State in the Union would institute similar ones; and that these Societies would correspond fully and freely with each other, and communicate all useful discoveries founded on practice, with a due attention to climate, soil, and Seasons to the public.
The great works of improving and extending the inland navigations of the two large rivers Potomac and James, which interlock with the waters of the Western Territory, are already begun, and I have little doubt of their success. The consequences to the Union, in my judgment are immense: more so in a political, than in a commercial view; for unless we can connect the new States which are rising to our view in those regions, with those on the Atlantic by interest, (the only binding cement, and no otherwise to be effected but by opening such communications as will make it easier and cheaper for them to bring the product of their labour to our markets, instead of going to the Spaniards southerly, or the British northerly), they will be quite a distinct people; and ultimately may be very troublesome neighbours to us. In themselves considered merely as a hardy race, this may happen; how much more so, if linked with either of those powers in politics and commerce.
It would afford me great pleasure to go over those grounds in your State with a mind more at ease, than when I travelled them in 1775 and 1776; and to unite in congratulating on the happy change, with those characters, who participated of [ sic] the anxious moments we passed in those days, and for whom I entertain a sincere regard; but I do not know whether to flatter myself with the enjoyment of it: the deranged state of my affairs, from an absence and total neglect of them for almost nine years, and a pressure of other matters, allow me little leisure for gratifications of this sort. Mrs. Washington offers her compliments and best wishes to Mrs. Warren, to which be pleased to add those of, dear Sir, &c.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Monday, October 10, 1785.
Genl. and Mrs. Washington present their compliments to Colo. and Mrs. Blackburne; are much obliged to them for their kind invitation to the Wedding77 on Thursday. They would attend with pleasure, but for the indisposition of the latter; and the particular engagements of the former which confine him at home this week, and oblige him to attend the Board of Directors at Georgetown, the Great Falls, &c. the beginning of next.
[Note 77: Of Bushrod Washington and Julia Ann Blackburn.]
The Genl. and Mrs. Washington will always be happy to see the young couple at Mount Vernon.76
Mount Vernon, October 16, 1785.
Sir: It is sometime since I wrote in very great haste an answer, or rather an acknowledgement of your letter of the 9th. of June. I will now by Mr. Craig,78 endeavour to be more explicit than I was, or could be at that time.
[Note 78: William Craik (Craig).]
With regard to my Lands on the Ohio and Great Kanhawa, I am not yet inclined to relax from the terms of my printed Advertisement, with a copy of which I furnished you: When I see cause to do it, you shall be duly advertised of the change: in the meantime, if you could discover the most advantageous terms which could be obtained, and would advise me thereof, I should be obliged to you. As to the Great Meadow tract, you may rent it on the best terms you can, not exceeding ten years from the first day of January next.
My sentiments with respect to the Mill were so fully given to you in my last (by Dr. Knight)79 that it is unnecessary to add aught on that score now. It has cost me too much already (without any return) to undergo a repetition of the like expence. If you cannot rent or sell her as there directed, let her return to dust, the first loss may be best.
[Note 79: Dr. John(?) Knight.]
I informed you in my last, and I presume you were convinced of it before, that I made no agreement with the Tenants on the tract near you, which could exonerate them from paying the rents which were then due; consequently they must be made to pay them; otherwise the most deserving of favor (by having paid) are on a worse footing, than the least deserving who ought to have paid before I went into the country and explained the terms on which I had directed them to be let.
With respect to Mr. Simpsons quitting the Tenement, I observed to you in my last; that when I make a bargain I consider it, to all intents and purposes, as binding on me; consequently that it is so on the person with whom it is made. He may well remember, that upon his expressing an idea that he would try the place one year on the rent it now goes at, I told him explicitly he must take it for the period on which it was offered, or not at all; as I did not intend to go thro' the same trouble every year by making an annual bargain for it; and that he acquiesed thereto. It behooves him therefore, and the Tenant likewise, to consider what they are about, as one or the other will be liable to me for the rent, agreeably to the tenure of the Lease. I informed you in my last what had been done with the accounts which were put into my hands by him and Mr. John Jones, and requested him to assign the certificate which I then enclosed, and to return it to me; but have heard nothing from him since on the subject, which is a little surprizing.
I hope the Hay, Corn and other articles have been sold 'ere this, and that you have received the Cash for them, or good security for the payment of the amount of them.
If Mr. Simpson, contrary to his agreement and good faith, should have moved off my Land; I am at a loss to decide what had best be done with my negroes. It was in consideration of his taking the Plantation, that I agreed to let him have the negroes so cheap: If he is gone, or going from it, he shall hold them no longer on the same terms he has them this year: but my wish would be that you could send them to me at this place, if the measure can be reconciled to them. Simon's countrymen, and Nancy's relations are all here, and would be glad to see them; I would make a Carpenter of Simon, to work along with his shipmate Sambo. At any rate I will not suffer them to go down the river, or to any distance where you cannot have an eye over them.
What Capt: Crawford did upon my Land on Shirtee in order to save it, must undoubtedly be well known to those who were most intimately connected with him and his movements at that period. Mr. Chas. Morgan is as likely to possess this knowledge as any other; but certainly there must be more, and it may be essential to find them out and to call upon them as evidences in the cause.
In a former Letter I informed you that I had obtained a Patent for the round Bottom; and that it might be rented on the same terms with my other Lands on the Ohio and Great Kanhawa; and I repeat it in this, lest a miscarriage should have happened.
When I was out last fall, I left all my Baggage at Mr. Simpson's, viz, Tents, Bedding and many other things; of which I hope proper care have and will be taken, if he has, or is about to leave the place. Among other Articles there were two eight gallon Kegs of West India rum, one of them of the first quality. As this is a commodity which is subject to a variety of accidents and misfortunes, I request it may be sold: I will take my chance to procure more when I may come into that Country; which, at present, is uncertain. If the Tents and bedding should get wet, and are not dryed, they will be ruined; and therefore pray that particular attention may be paid to them, my Canteens, travelling Trunk &c. &c.
If you have received and paid anything on my account since I was out; it may be well to render a statement of it by Mr. Craig, who will offer a safe and good opportunity to remit what cash may be in your hands consequent of the sales of last fall or by other means, after you have deducted your commissions. If the Bonds which were taken at that time are not paid agreeably to the terms of them, delay no time to recover the money as soon as you can; as I am not inclined to be put off with unmeaning promises, and obliged to sue at last.
If my negroes are to come down, the sooner it could happen the better for the young ones: and a careful person should be hired to take care of them. In this case I would wish to have my Baggage (except the Liquor) sent to me at the same time, one trouble and expence would serve both purposes, I am, etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: An overseer at Mount Vernon.]
Mount Vernon, October 26, 1785.
You will proceed in the Stage from Alexandria to Boston, without losing a day that can possibly be avoided; and when arrived at the latter place, deliver the Letter herewith given you to the Honr. Thos. Cushing, Lieut: Governor of the State of Massachusetts, who resides in the town of Boston, and whose directions you are to follow.
The intention of your going thither is, to bring one, perhaps two Jack asses, which have been imported for me from Spain: a Spaniard84 is arrived with, and attends the first; and probably if the second is arrived,85 there will be one with him also: one, or both of these men, according to the instructions they may have received in Spain, or agreeably to the directions you may receive from the Lieut: Governor, are to come on with you and the Jacks.
[Note 84: Pedro Tellez.]
[Note 85: In the Washington Papers, under date of Aug. 8, 1785, is the invoice of the shipment of one jackass, 44 Spanish inches high, in the Ranger, Job Knight, master, from Bilboa to Gloucester [Massachusetts].]
As you will have to ride back, and as this will be the case also with the Spaniards, (if there are more than one), Horses, if it is thought improper to ride on the Jacks, will be to be bought, and as females will answer my purposes best, I desire you to buy mares: let them be young, sound and of good size, as I propose to put them to the Jacks in the season for covering: Lieut: Govr. Cushing will furnish you with money, and aid you with his advice in this purchase; as also to defray your expenses in returning.
You know too well the high value I set upon these Jacks, to neglect them on the road in any instance whatsoever; but if the one which is now at Boston, and the other if it arrives in time, should come on under their proper keepers, your business will then be to see that every thing necessary is provided, leaving the management of them to the Spaniard or Spaniards who will attend them, and who best know how to travel and feed them. See however (if their keepers are drunken and neglectful) that due attention and care are bestowed on these animals.
As I do not mean to be at the expence of hiring and bringing on an Interpreter (altho' neither of the Spaniards should speak English) you would do well before you leave Boston, where by means of one you can communicate your sentiments to each other, to settle all the necessary points for your journey: that is, your hour for setting out in the morning, which let be early; taking up in the evening, number of feeds in the day, and of what kind of food: also the kind and quantity of Liquor that is to be given to the Spaniards in a day. In this govern yourself by the advice of the Lieut: Governor. I would not debar them of what is proper; any more than I would endulge them in what is not so. Be attentive to the conduct of these men, as from their good or bad dispositions I shall be enabled to judge whether to keep one of them or not; if either shou'd incline to stay in the Country with the Jacks. Having settled the principal points with them before you leave Boston, you will easily understand each other in smaller matters by signs, 'till you return to New York; where by means of the Spanish Minister's attendants, you may if necessary, settle a fresh plan.
Not expecting that you will travel back faster than the Jacks can walk, it is possible you may reach New York before you take a halting day; which, if not too far, would be best, as here probably the Spaniards will require it, on account of meeting their Countrymen in the family of Mr. Gardoqui, the Spanish Minister: however, if they think a halt sooner is necessary, you must be governed by their opinions, as the Jacks must not be hurt by travelling them too fast, or improperly.
Let the Jacks be put separate and with no other creatures, lest they should get kicked, and hurt themselves or hurt others; and if it is necessary they should be cloathed, (which you must know before you leave Boston) provide Blankets or such other cloathing as their keepers think best, at that place.
Keep an exact account of your expences from the time you leave home until you return to it again; remembering that Dollars in the States of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and part of New Jersey, pass at 7/6.; bordering on New York, and in that State for 8/., and in all the New England Governments at 6/. as in Virginia, all other silver, and gold, in that proportion.
Altho' I do not think there is any probability of the Jack, or Jacks having left Boston before you will arrive there; yet at, and after you leave the City of New York, it may be well to enquire now and then along the road, whether this may not have taken place; the circumstance of which will be very notorious if it has happened. For this reason, if there is a Stage which passes thro' Hartford in Connecticut, and so along the post road to Boston; it will be better to pursue this rout than to go by the Stage-boat from New York to Providence.
As soon as the Stage gets to its Quarters at night, immediately engage your passage for the next day, lest you may be too late and thereby detained a day or two for its return. Make use of the State Waggons, the Stage Coaches are too expensive.
As soon as you get to Boston, write to me, or get somebody to do it, by the Post, informing me whether there are one, or two Jacks; in what condition they are, with other particulars, and when you expect to commence your journey back.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original was said to be in the possession (1930) of Dr. P. T. B. Shaffer, of Elizabeth, Pa.]
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: Receive my thanks for your obliging favor of the 20th., with its enclosure, of the latter I now avail myself in a letter to the Governor, for the General Assembly. Your delicate sensibility deserves my particular acknowledgements: both your requests are complied with, the first, by congeniality of sentiment; the second because I would fulfill your desire.
Conceiving it would be better to suggest a wish, than to propose an absolute condition of acceptance; I have so expressed myself to the Assembly, and shall be obliged to you, not only for information of the result, but (if there is an acquiescence on the part of the Country) for your sentiments respecting the appropriations; from what may be said upon the occasion, you will learn what would be most pleasing, and of the greatest utility to the public.
By Colo. Henry Lee I sent you the reports of the Secretary for foreign affairs on the Consular Department. I hope you have received them.
With every sentiment of esteem, etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1785.
Sir: Your Excellency having been pleased to transmit to me a copy of the Act89 appropriating to my benefit certain shares in the companies for opening the navigation of James and Potomac rivers; I take the liberty of returning to the General Assembly, thro' your hands, the profound and grateful acknowledgments inspired by so signal a mark of their beneficent intentions towards me. I beg you Sir, to assure them, that I am filled on this occasion with every sentiment, which can flow from a heart warm with love for my Country, sensible to every token of its approbation and affection, and solicitous to testify in every instance a respectful submission to its wishes.
[Note 89: The Assembly forthwith passed an act that the shares with the tolls and profits should stand appropriated to such objects of a public nature as Washington should so deed during his life or direct by his last will and testament. A certified copy of this act is in the Washington Papers, under date of Oct. 17, 1785.]
With these sentiments in my bosom, I need not dwell on the anxiety I feel in being obliged in this instance to decline a favor which is rendered no less flattering by the manner in which it is conveyed, than it is affectionate in itself. In explaining this observation I pass over a comparison of my endeavors in the public service with the many honorable testimonies of approbation which have already so far over rated and over paid them; reciting one consideration only which supersedes the necessity of recurring to every other.
When I was first called to the station with which I was honored during the late conflict for our liberties, to the diffidence which I had so many reasons to feel in accepting it, I thought it my duty to join a firm resolution to shut my hand against every pecuniary recompense. To this resolution I have invariably adhered, and from it (if I had the inclination) I do not consider myself at liberty now to depart.
Whilst I repeat therefore my fervent acknowledgments to the legislature for their very kind sentiments and intentions in my favor, and at the same time beg them to be persuaded that a remembrance of this singular proof of their goodness towards me, will never cease to cherish returns of the warmest affection and gratitude, I must pray that their Act, so far as it has for its object my personal emolument, may not have its effect; but if it should please the General Assembly to permit me to turn the destination of the fund vested in me, from my private emolument, to objects of a public nature, it will be my study in selecting these to prove the sincerity of my gratitude for the honor conferred on me, by preferring such as may appear most subservient to the enlightened and patriotic views of the Legislature. With great respect etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 30, 1785.
My dear Humphreys: Since my last of the 1st. of September I have received your favour of the 17th. of July, which was brought to this country by Mr. Houdon; to whom, tho I had no agency in the matter, I feel great obligations for quitting France, and the pressing calls of the Great Ones to make a bust of me from the life. I am not less indebted to the favourable opinion of those who you say are anxious to perpetuate my name, and to be acquainted with the memoirs of my life. So far as these are connected with the history of the revolution, and other public documents, they may easily be got at; all beyond these is, I conceive very unimportant. My letter of the 25th. of July which I presume you have received long 'ere this (but for fear of a miscarriage having a rough copy by me, I send you a duplicate) will have conveyed my sentiments so fully that I shall add nothing further on the subject at this time, than to assure you that I was then, and am still perfectly sincere in the proposal it contained.
I am very much obliged to you for the poem you sent me, I have read it with pleasure, and it is much admired by all those to whom I have showed it.
Nothing has happened since my last; nor is it probable any thing interesting will happen until the different Assemblies convene. Congress as usual, are proceeding very slowly in their business, and shameful as it is, are often at a stand for want of a sufficient representation. The States have been addressed by them on the subject, but what will be the effect I know not. To me there appears such lassitude in our public Councils as is truly Shocking; and must clog the wheels of Government; which under such circumstances will either stop altogether, or will be moved by ignorance or a few designing men.
With every sentiment of esteem etc.91
[Note 91: The text is from the Washington-Humphreys copies in the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., furnished through the kindness of R. W. G. Vail, librarian.]
Mount Vernon, November 2, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 10th. ulto. together with the wheat from the Cape of Good Hope; which you were so obliging as to send me by the Revd. Mr. Griffith; for both I thank you. The latter shall have a fair trial in the same inclosure with some presented to me by Colo. Spaight, (a Delegate in Congress from No. Carolina) which had been planted, and had obtained a vigorous growth before yours came to hand. This also was from the Cape, and brought probably by the same Vessel. I sowed it in Drills two feet apart, and five inches asunder in the rows, to make the most I could of it by cultivation in the Spring: this method will in my opinion be more productive than Mr. Bordeley's. It ought to be so indeed, as the expence of ground is much greater, and the workings will probably be oftener.
I pray you to present my best wishes and most respectful compliments to Mrs. Powel, to which please to add, and to accept yourself those of Mrs. Washington. I have the honor, etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Pursuant to the request of your last letter (dated about the middle of Septr.) I had an attested copy of the proceedings, of the Potomac Company, and those of the Directors, taken from their Books and sent it to you by Post, in time for the Meeting which was proposed to be held by the Directors of the James river navigation on the 26th. of that month in Richmond; and requested, if it should be agreeable, to have a copy of your proceedings sent me in return. Having heard nothing from you since, and having experienced many instances of inattention and neglect in the Post Offices; I now take the liberty of enquiring whether my letter written as above has reached you. If it has not I will send another copy, tho' it will not come so seasonably as the first. My best respects to your Lady, and with very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.94
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 6 Washington wrote a brief note of introduction for Noah Webster to the Governor, President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House of Delegates of Virginia.]
Mount Vernon, November 8, 1785.
My Dr. Marqs: Having written fully to you about the first of Septr.; and nothing having occurred since worth reciting, I should not have given you the trouble of receiving a letter from me at this time, were it not for the good opportunity afforded me by Captn. Littlepage, and my desire not to suffer any of your letters to remain long by me unacknowledged.
I have now to thank you for your favors of the 9th. and 14th. of July; the first by Mr. Houdon, who stayed no more than a fortnight with me; and to whom, for his trouble and risk in crossing the Seas (altho' I had no agency in the business) I feel myself under personal obligations. The second giving an account of your intended tour, which, if compleated in the time you propose, will exhibit a fresh instance of the celerity of your movements. My good wishes have attended you thro' the whole of it; and this letter I hope will find you arrived at Paris in good health.
Doctr. Franklin has met with a grateful reception in Pennsylvania. He has again embarked on a troubled ocean; I am persuaded with the best designs, but I wish his purposes may be answered, which, undoubtedly are to reconcile the jarring interests of the State. He permitted himself to be nominated for the City of Philadelphia as a Counsellor, a step to the chair,95
[Note 95: Of President of Pennsylvania.] wch. no doubt he will fill; but whether to the satisfaction of both parties is a question of some magnitude, and of real importance to himself, at least to his quiet. His Grandson96 shall meet with every civility and attention I can show him, when occasions offer.
[Note 96: William Temple Franklin.]
One of my Jack's is by advices, arrived at Boston; but I still adhere to the request contained in my last, if you can have it complied with without much difficulty.
Your old aid George has taken to himself the wife of his choice: the honey moon is not yet passed; when that is over, I will set him about copying your Letters. I add no more at present, but the sincere and affectionate regard which I bear to you, and in which Mrs. Washington and all here join; as we do in respectful compliments and best wishes for Madame de Lafayette and your little flock. It is unnecessary to tell you how much I am, &c.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 10, 1785.
Sir: I rely more upon your goodness than on any just claim I can have for your excuse, for the liberty I am about to take with you.
I have a little boy something turned of four, and a girl of six years old living with me, for whom I want a Tutor. They are both promising children, the latter is a very fine one, and altho' they are of an age when close confinement may be improper; yet a man of letters, most of composition, and a good accomptant, would in other respects be essentially useful to me for a year or two to come. May I ask you therefore Sir, if it is in your power, conveniently, to engage a person of this description for me?
Having already informed you what my wants are, it is needless to add what those of the children must be; your own judgement, when I inform you that I mean to fit the boy, in my own family, for a University, will point these out. The greater the knowledge of his preceptor is, the better he would suit. To teach French grammatically is essential, as it is now becoming a part of the education of youth in this Country.
I could not afford to give more than £50 Sterlg. pr. ann:but this sum, except in the article of cloathing, wou'd be clear, as the Gentleman would eat at my table; and have his lodging and washing found him; and his Linen and stockings mended by the Servants of my Family. It may happen that an Episcopal clergyman with a small living, and unencumbered by a family may be had to answer this description, such an one would be preferred; but I except none who is competent to my purposes, if his character is unimpeached.
I will make no apology to you Sir, for this liberty, you will oblige me if you can serve me; but I do not mean to put you to much trouble to do it. At any rate let me entreat an acknowledgement of this letter, with your sentiments upon it; as I shall remain in a state of suspence until I hear from you. I am, etc.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 10, 1785.
My Dear Sir: Inclosed you have a copy of my last; since which nothing has occurred worthy of observation, except that in this part of the Country our Crops, particularly of Indian Corn, have suffered exceedingly by a drought in July and August, and a storm in September.
As I am in the habit of giving you trouble, I will add a little more to what my last, I fear, may have occasioned.
The two youngest children of Mr. Custis: the oldest a girl of six years, the other a boy a little turned of four live with me. They are both promising children; but the latter is a remarkable fine one and my intention is to give him a liberal education; the rudiments of which shall, if I live, be in my own family. Having premised this, let me next, my good Sir, ask if it is in your power conveniently, to engage a proper preceptor for him? at present, and for a year or two to come, much confinement would be improper for him; but this being the period in which I should derive more aid from a man of Letters and an accomptant than at any other, to assist me in my numerous correspondences, and to extricate the latter from the disordered state into which they have been thrown by the war, I could usefully employ him in this manner until his attention should be more immediately required for his pupil.
Fifty or Sixty pounds Sterling pr. ann. with board, lodging, washing and mending, in the family, is the most my numerous expenditures will allow me to give; but how far it may command the services of a person well qualified to answer the purposes I have mentioned, is not for me to decide. To answer my purposes, the Gentleman must be a Master of composition, and a good Accomptant: to answer his pupil's, he must be a classical scholar, and capable of teaching the French language grammatically: the more universal his knowledge is, the better.
It sometimes happens that very worthy men of the Cloth come under this description; men who are advanced in years, and not very comfortable in their circumstances: such an one, if unencumbered with a family, would be more agreeable to me than a young man just from college; but I except none of good moral character, answering my description, if he can be well recommended.
To you my Dr. Sir, I have offered this my first address; but if you should think my purposes cannot be subserved in your circle, upon the terms here mentioned; I beg, in that case, that you will be so obliging as to forward the enclosed letter as it is directed.99 This gentleman has written to me upon another subject, and favored me with his lucubrations upon Education, wch mark him a man of abilities, at the same time that he is highly spoken of as a teacher, and a person of good character. In Scotland we all know that education is cheap, and wages not so high as in England: but I would prefer, on acct. of the dialect, an Englishman to a Scotchman, for all the purposes I want.
[Note 99: See Washington's letter to George Chapman, Nov. 10, 1785, ante.]
We have commenced our operations on the navigation of this river; and I am happy to inform you, that the difficulties rather vanish than increase as we proceed. James river is under similar circumstances; and a cut between the waters of Albemarle in No. Carolina, and Elizabeth river in this State, is also in contemplation, and if the whole is effected, and I see nothing to prevent it, it will give the greatest and most advantageous inland Navigation to this Country of any in the Union, or I believe, in the world: for as the Shannondoah, the South branch, Monocasy and Conogocheague are equally capable of great improvement, they will no doubt be immediately attempted; and more than probable a communication by good roads will be opened with the waters to the Westward of us; by means of the No. Branch of Potomac, which interlocks with the Cheat river and Yohoghaney (branches of the Monongahela) that empty into the Ohio at Fort Pitt. The same is equally practicable between James river and the Green briar a branch of the Great Kanhawa, which empties into the same river 300 miles below that place; by means whereof the whole trade of that Territory which is now unfolding to our view, may be drawn into this State, equally productive of political as commercial advantages.
As I never ride to my plantations without seeing something which makes me regret having continued so long in the ruinous mode of farming, which we are in; I beg leave, tho' I am persuaded it will give you trouble, to recall your attention to the requests of my former letter, the duplicate of which you now have. Miscarriages, and where this is not the case, delays of letters must be my apology for reiterating the matter, that there may be time for decision, before the intervention of another year.
The marriage mentioned in my last is celebrated, but a fit of the gout prevented Colo. Bassett from being at it, consequently I am to lay a little longer out of your kind present. Mrs. Washington who has very indifferent health, joins me in the sincerest and best wishes for every blessing which can be bestowed on Mrs. Fairfax and yourself. With great esteem, &c.
P.S. Since writing the above and foregoing I have seen Mr. Battaile Muse who looks after your Estate; and upon enquiry of him, am authorized to inform you that your negroes, and everything under his care are tolerably well, and your prospect of a crop midling, which is saying a good deal this year.
I have the pleasure also to inform you that your Brother and his family were very well a few days ago when I was there, attending the business of the Potomac company at the Great Falls.
Your Sister and Family are likewise well. I saw her three oldest daughters last week, the elder of them, Milly, is on the eve of matrimony with a Mr. Ogden Throckmorton, a match not very agreeable, it is said, to her friends, and kept off by Mrs. Bushrod 'till her death which happened some three or four months ago but now is yielded to by her Parents).1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 11, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: I pray you to accept my thanks for your favor of the second, and for the present which it announced; than which nothing could be more acceptable, as I am desireous of getting into a stock of Deer with as much expedition as the nature of the case will admit. But if the Doe you offer me is not inconvenient to yourself; I shou'd be glad if she could remain at Chatham until a small paddock which I intend to enclose this Winter for the reception of these animals, is railed in, when I will fall upon some method, least liable to accidents, to bring her up.
I congratulate you on your success on the Falmouth turf. Our old acquaintance Saml. Gallaway retired from the Alexa. races, and from the pomps and vanities of this World almost in the same instant, having taken his departure for the impervious shades of death as soon as he got home.
My respectful compliments, in which Mrs. Washington, are offered to Mrs. Fitzhugh. I am, etc.1
Mount Vernon, November 11, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: I was at the point of sealing the dispatches herewith enclosed, when I recd. a visit from a Gentleman of New England, and happening to mention my want of a person for the purposes recited in my letter to you of yesterday's date, he seemed to think that such a character as I have there described, might be had from their Colleges upon very moderate terms, and promised to make enquiry, and to advise me of the result in a little time after his return.
The intention therefore of this letter is to request that the enclosure for Mr. Chapman may be detained in your hands until you hear further from me on this subject. But I would wish, notwithstanding, that you would do me the favor to extend your enquiries, and revolve characters in your own mind, against I shall hear from my New England correspondent that in case of a disappointment there, and I am not sanguine in my expectations from that quarter, I may be advanced in this business on your side the Atlantic.
With the greatest esteem, etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1785.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 19th. of August from Madeira, accompanied by a box of Citron, Lemons and Onions; for which I pray you to accept my grateful thanks.
If a favourable opportunity should offer directly to this River, at a proper season of the year, you would encrease the obligation you have already laid me under, by sending me a few slips of the Vines of your best eating Grape; and a young figtree or two.
From my esteem for your father, and the good opinion I have always heard expressed of you, it gives me pleasure to learn that you are appointed by Congress Commercial Agent for the United States, and I wish you may long continue in the Office to the mutual satisfaction of yourself and employers. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: From die "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1785.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 25th. of Septr. by Mr. Corbett. I am at a loss to express my sense of the great attention of Mr. Vaughan (your good father) to me, or of the obliging manner in which you have executed his request. The Puncheon of rum is safe arrived, and I pray you to accept my acknowledgement of, and to offer my thanks for it to your generous parent: I wish I had something more agreeable to present him.
I pray you to accept a dozen barrels of the Superfine flour which I make at my Mill. The quality of it is generally esteemed, and I hope what I now send will not discredit the mart.
It is to be regretted that Countries which could mutually assist and benefit each other; and which have a disposition to do, shou'd be prevented by an interposing power: but this being the case, I despair of seeing any change in the political system until G: B. is convinced by experience, that the contracted and illiberal policy she is now pursuing has recoiled upon herself. In the meantime it is to be lamented that any of her distant Dependencies should suffer from the effect of such ill judged regulations.
Being now fixed under my own Vine, and my own Fig tree, it would give me great pleasure to entertain you in the shade of them: there to assure you of the esteem and regard with which, I have the honor, etc.
P.S. The flour intended for your use is branded on the head of the Cask G. Washington Bur Superfine and marked and numbered on the side S. V.--No. 1--12.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1785.
Sir: Since my last, I have been favored with your Letter of the 3d. of July, accompanied by patterns of the Irish flag; but as the prices were not annexed, I could form no judgment, nor make any choice from a comparison thereof with those of the former: nor indeed is it now essential, as the one I had fixed upon in my last, is cheaper I presume than either of the present samples wou'd be, and will answer my purposes equally well. I hope too the former are in forwardness, and that I may expect them soon, at any rate before the season for laying them shall advance upon me.
Inclosed I send you a Bill on London for fifty pounds sterling towards payment for these Flags; and will follow it with another to the full amount as soon as I am informed of the cost of them.
I acquainted you in my last that the House Joiner whom you sent me, answered my expectations fully. He is a good workman and a sober well behaved man. I am thankful to you for making so advantageous a choice; but as there seems to be a difficulty in obtaining a Brick layer, and indeed a risk attending it which I was not acquainted with at the time I applied to you to procure these artizans for me, I now wish you to decline all further enquiries after one.
I pray you to present (when opportunity offers) my respects to your father; and to be assured yourself of the esteem and regard with which I am, etc.4
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1785.
Dear Lund: I know as little of G: Ws.5 plans or wishes as you do, never having exchanged a word with him upon the subject in my life. By his Advertisemt. and from what has frequently dropped from Fanny, he is desirous of getting a place in this Country to live at.
[Note 5: George Augustine Washington.]
Before their marriage he and Fanny were both told that it would be very agreeable to Mrs. W. and myself, that they should make this House their home 'till the squalling and trouble of children might become disagreeable. I have not repeated the matter since, because it was unnecessary, an offer once made is sufficient. It is hardly to be expected that two people young as they are, with their nearest connexions at extreme points, would like confinement: and without it, he could not answer my purposes as a Manager or Superintend, unless I had more leisure to attend to my own business; which by the by I shall aim at, let the consequences, in other respects, be as they may.
These however are no reasons for detaining you a moment longer in my employ than suits your interest, or is agreeable to your inclination, and family concerns. But as the proposition is new, and hath never been revolved in my mind, it will take some time to digest my own thoughts upon the occasion before it is hinted to another.
In the mean while if I can do with the aids you offer, and for which I sincerely thank you, I will ask your constant attention no longer than this year, at any rate not longer than the next. The inexplicitness of this answer cannot, I presume, put you to much if any inconvenience as yet; because retirement from, and not a change of business, is professedly your object.
However unlucky I may have been in Crops, &c. of late years, I shall always retain a grateful sense of your endeavors to serve me; for as I have repeatedly intimated to you in my Letters from Camp, nothing but that entire confidence which I reposed, could have made me easy under an absence of almost nine years from my family and Estate, or could have enabled me, consequently, to have given not only my time, but my whole attention to the public concerns of this Country for that space. I am, &c.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 20 Washington answered, briefly, an application from Alexander de Gabian, of Marseilles, France, who applied for membership in the Society of the Cincinnati. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1785.
Revd. Sir: The expence attending the residence of my Nephews at Georgetown so far exceeds the idea I was led to entertain when they went there, that, in behalf of their Guardians, I am compelled to remove them.
When they were sent to the Academy under your management, I was informed by Colo. Fitzhugh, that the charge for schooling Board (if I am not mistaken) was £31. each. Cloathing if judiciously applied and properly attended to, I knew could not be a very great expence, for boys of their standing. But to my surprize, I have already paid Mr. Stoddert £67.18.6., Mr. Bayly £55.5.2., and yesterday in a letter from the latter, I am informed that there is half a years board due to him for each, and an accot. of cloathing besides, yet to be exhibited.
The leading motive Sir, which influenced me to send them to Georgetown was, their boarding with you; and I expected from what had passed between us, after the intervention which had occasioned the suspension of it, they would have returned to you: but now Mr. Bayly writes me that he also declines boarding them after the 24th. inst: and points out a third person.
These several circumstances combining, added to a conviction founded in experience, that I cannot restrain the profuse and improper advances of Goods for them at a distance, have induced me to bring them to Alexandria, where I shall be a witness to their wants, and can supply their necessities upon more advantageous terms, than they have been hitherto. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1785.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 19th. The expensive manner in which my nephews are proceeding at George Town, added to some other considerations, have determined me to remove them from the Academy at that place, to Alexandria.
I have already, for about fourteen months residence, paid to Mr. Stoddert and yourself £125.11.0 on their Accot.; and it appears from your letter of the above date, that for near half that time, they are yet owing for Board, and have an Accot. besides for cloathing; and these too almost independent of their schooling. I am, etc.7
[Note 11: Of Alexandria, Va.]
Mount Vernon, November 24, 1785.
Sir: I am really ashamed at this late hour to have the receipt of your favor of the 7th. of Octor., to acknowledge: but the truth is it was handed to me among many other Letters, got buried, and was forgot until your second favor of the 8th. inst: brought it to remembrance.
Since the receipt of the latter, my time has been much occupied with several matters, some of which were pressing: these, with the expectation of a personal interview (for I have been twice since in Alexandria without seeing you) must plead my excuse for a seeming, tho' far from an intentional disrespect.
As nothing is of more importance than the education of youth, so consequently nothing can be more laudably beneficial than the association which is formed in Alexandria to effect this desireable purpose. I therefore not only highly approve the institution, but am thankful for the honor done me by enrolling my name among the Managers of it; and as far as it is in my power will give it support.
There is a matter which I will take some other opportunity of bringing before the Trustees for their consideration; that, if it can be made to comport with the present establishment of the Alexandria Academy, and engrafted therewith, it may become part of the institution. At an hour of more leisure I will communicate it. In the meanwhile, I am, etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to you on the 20th. of March, which was done in haste (having but little notice of Capt: Boyles intended departure, before the time appointed for his sailing, and then to send my dispatches to Richmond 125 miles), I have been favored with your letters of the 3d. of March, 25th. of May, and 23d. of July. The first was forwarded to me by Captn. Bibby, whom I have not yet had the pleasure of seeing; tho' he gives me assurances of it, and to whom I shall have pleasure in rendering any services in my power consistently, if it should be found necessary.
The opposition which the virtuous characters of Ireland have given to the attempts of a British Administration's interfering with its manufactures, fettering its commerce, restraining the liberties of its subjects by their plan of reform &ca. &ca., will hand their names to posterity with that veneration and respect to which their amor patriae entitles them.
Precedents, as you justly observe, are dangerous things, they form the arm which first arrests the liberties and happiness of a Country. In the first approaches they may indeed assume the garb of plausibility and moderation, and are generally spoken of by the movers as a chip in the porrage (to avoid giving alarm), but soon are made to speak a language equally decisive and irresistible; which shews the necessity of opposition in the first attempts to establish them, let them appear under what guise or Courtly form they may; and proves too that vigilance and watchfulness can scarcely be carried to an excess in guarding against the insiduous arts of a Government founded in corruption.
I do not think there is as much wisdom and sound policy displayed in the different Legislatures of these States as might be; yet I hope every thing will come right at last. In republican Governments it too often happens that the people (not always seeing) must feel before they act: this is productive of errors and temporary evils, but generally these evils are of a nature to work their own cure.
The situation of affairs in Ireland, whilst the propositions were pending in the Parliament of it, would, I concluded, be a means of postponing your voyage to this Country; but as these seem to have met their quietus, I hope nothing else will intervene to prevent your fulfilling your expectation of coming in the Spring; the season will then be favourable for crossing the Atlantic.
Had I been present and apprized of your intention of making an aerial voyage with Monsr. Potain, I should have joined my entreaties to those of Lady Newenham to have prevented it. As yet, I see no object to warrant a gentleman of fortune (happy in himself, happy in a family wch. might be rendered miserable by a disaster, against which no human foresight can guard) running such a risk. It may do for young men of science and spirit to explore the upper regions: the observation there made may serve to ascertain the utility of the first discovery, and how far it may be applied to valuable purposes. To such alone I think these voyages ought at present to be consigned, and to them handsome public encouragements should be offer'd for the risk they run in ascertaining its usefulness, or the inutility of the pursuit.
I have neither seen, nor heard of Mr. Thorpe, the stucco worker mentioned in your letter of the 23d. of July. A good man acquainted with that business would have come very opportunely to me, as I had, and now have a large room which I am about to finish in this way. I have at length engaged a person to do it; who from having no rival, imposes his own terms, which I think are exorbitant; good workmen of any profession, would meet encouragement in these States.
For the many marks of attention which you have been pleased to bestow on me, I feel myself your Debtor: could my picture which is placed in a group with Dr. Franklin, the Marqs. de la Fayette and others in your library, speak the sentiments of the original, it would salute you every morning with its acknowledgements. I have never seen more than one picture of Genl. Green, and that a mezzotinto print, sent to me a few clays ago only, by the publisher a Mr. Brown at No. 10 George Yard, Lombard street, London; taken it is said from a painting done at Philada.
The Magazines, Gazettes &ca. which you had the goodness to forward to me, came safe, and I pray you to accept my thanks for them. My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are presented to Lady Newenham and yourself. With sentiments of great esteem and regard, I am, etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1785.
Sir: If it was in my power to give you the information, and the satisfaction which is required in your letter of the 10th. of October, I would do it with pleasure: but not recollecting enough of the particular circumstances attending the Sloop Hester, the whole of the business respecting this and other vessels, being entirely within the Department of the Quarter Mr. General, I can offer nothing which will facilitate your settlement with the public.
I do remember very well that the service, in the Spring of 1776, required an impress, and purchase of Vessels; that orders issued to the Quarter Master General for that purpose; and I have some recollection that the Sloop Hester was one of those Vessels which were taken into the service of the public, and that she was afterwards sold to Colo. Sears: but upon what terms; what became of her after that; how the Accots. respecting her stand, or how the matter is to be finally settled, I know not. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1785.
Sir: I have been honoured with your letter of the 18th. of July from Paris, enclosing certificates in favor of Captns. Stack and Macarthy.15 I pray you to be assured that I should have pleasure in doing justice to the merits of these Officers, and in obliging you if the power of deciding lay with me. But, though I am in sentiment with the Gentlemen who have declared in favor of the pretensions of Captns. Stack and Maccarthy's right to become members of the Cincinnati, yet, in matters of opinion I have no authority to pronounce them such. As French Officers, having borne Continental Commissions, my opinion is that their best mode would have been, to have got themselves
[Note 15: Capts. Edward Stack and Eugene MacCarthy had served as volunteers on the Bon Homme Richard.] admitted as members of [some]16 State Society before the Kings edict, or order in Council took effect, for if I mistake not all Officers in the Service of France whose names are not particularly enumerated in that order are excluded thereby.
[Note 16: The bracketed word has been supplied from the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 26 Washington commenced a record on folio sheets of work done at the different farms of Mount Vernon. He continued it up to Apr. 15, 1786, inclusive. George Augustine Washington then kept the record, commencing April 22, and continued it through the year 1786. These folio sheets are in the Washington Papers under date of Nov. 26, 1785.]
This however is a matter of which they, or you, can be better ascertained of than I. At any rate nothing can be done in this Country until the next General Meeting; and that cannot happen in less than Eighteen months, and may be much longer delayed. I have the honor etc.
[M.L.]
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1785.
Sir: I request the favor of you to send me for the use of Mrs. Washington, a handsome and fashionable gold watch, with a fashionable chain or string, such as are worn at present by Ladies in genteel life.
These to be paid for, as the other things are, from the fund in the Bank. I am, etc.
P.S. Let the hour and minute hands be set with Diamonds.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 9th. and have received the pamphlet which you were so obliging as to send me, entitled "Considerations on the Order of Cincinnatus, by the Count de Mirabeau."18 I thank you my good Sir, for this instance of your attention; but wish you had taken time to have perused it first, as I have not yet had leisure to give it a reading. I thought, as most others seemed to think, that all the exceptionable parts of that Institution had been done away at the last general meeting; but with those who are disposed to cavil, or who have the itch of writing strongly upon them, nothing can be made to suit their palates: the best way therefore to disconcert and defeat them, is to take no notice of their publications; all else is but food for declamation.
[Note 18: Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de Mirabeau, first published his "Considérations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus" in London, in 1784. An English translation was also published in London in 1785; the English translation was published in Philadelphia in 1786; and a German translation in Berlin in 1787.]
There is not I conceive, an unbiassed mind, that would refuse the Officers of the late Army the right of associating for the purpose of establishing a fund for the support of the poor and distressed of their fraternity, when many of them it is well known, are reduced to their last shifts by the ungenerous conduct of their Country, in not adopting more vigorous measures to render their Certificates19 productive. That charity is all that remains of the original Institution, none who will be at the trouble of reading it can deny.
[Note 19: Of pay due.]
I have lately received a letter from Mr. Vaughn (your son) of Jamaica, accompanied by a puncheon of rum, which he informs me was sent by your order as a present to me. Indeed, my Dr. Sir, you overwhelm me with your favors, and lay me under too many obligations to leave a hope remaining of discharging them. Hearing of the distress, in which that Island, with others in the Wt. Indies is involved by the late hurricane, I have taken the liberty of requesting Mr. Vaughans acceptance, for his own use, of a few barrels of superfine Flour of my own manufacturing. My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are offered to Mrs. Vaughan, yourself and family, and with the highest esteem &c.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 16th. came duly to hand, and I thank you for its several communications. The resolutions which were published for consideration, vesting Congress with powers to regulate the Commerce of the Union, have I hope been acceded to. If the States individually were to attempt this, an abortion, or a many headed Monster would be the issue. If we consider ourselves, or wish to be considered by others as a united people, why not adopt the measures which are characteristic of it, and support the honor and dignity of one? If we are afraid to trust one another under qualified powers there is an end of the Union. Why then need we be sollicitous to keep up the farce of it?
It gives me pleasure to hear that there is such an accordance of sentiments between the Eastern and Western parts of this State. My opinion of the separation has always been, to meet them half way, upon fair and just grounds; and part like friends disposed to acts of brotherly kindness thereafter. I wish you had mention'd the territorial line between us. The Port Bill; the assize Law (or any substitute for the speedy Administration of Justice) being established; good faith with respect to treaties preserved by public acts, taxation continued and regularly collected, that justice to one part of the community may keep pace with relief to the other, and our national character for Justice, thereby supported; a due attention to the Militia, and encouragements to extend the inland navigation of this Commonwealth where it is useful and practicable, (which will not only be of amazing convenience and advantage to its Citizens but sources of immense wealth to the Country through some of its channels), are among the great and important objects which will come before you, and a due attention to them will, I hope, mark the present epocha for having produced able statesmen, sound patriots and liberal minded men.
At a late meeting of the Directors of the Potomac navigation at the great Falls, and from a critical examination of the ground at that place; we unanimously determined to petition the Assemblies of the two States21 to be relieved from the expence of sinking our canals four feet deep, as a considerable expence and no advantage that we could discover, was likely to attend it. As the petition which is herewith sent under cover to you and Colo. Syms,22 recites the reasons on which it is founded I shall not repeat them: the public as well as the company's interest calls for an oeconomical use of the fund which is subscribed for this undertaking; the enemies therefore (if there are any) to the navigation, are equally bound with its friends, to give it support.
[Note 21: The text of this petition is printed in the American Historical Review, vol. 28, PP. 497, et seq.]
[Note 22: Col. Charles Simms.]
I should be much obliged to you for desiring the public printer to send me the Journals of the present Session from its commencement, and to do it thro' the session as fast as they are printed, by the Post. I pray you to pay him for them, and for my Gazette (if Hay is the public printer) and I will repay you with thanks when you return.
I am very glad to hear you have got so well over your fever. Mrs. Stuart has had a bad cold, but is getting better. All here join me in best wishes for you, and I am, etc.23
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
Dear Sir: Since my last, I have been favored with your letters of the 10th. and 18th. inst:, the last covering Mr. Rawlins's plan and estimate for my new room, for your exertion to obtain which, I thank you. The plan is plain, as I requested; but the Estimate I think is large: however as I pretend not to be a competent judge of work, and know that we are always in the power of workmen, I will not decide absolutely upon the moderation he pretends to have observed; but as your readiness to oblige me in this business has already involved you in trouble, I will request the favor of you to take a little more, to bring it to an explanation and close.
For this purpose I send you herewith Rawlins's plan and estimate; and would beg the favor, as I have understood that Mr. Goff24 of Baltimore has had much work of this kind done by Mr. Rawlins, to compare my plan and estimate with his work and prices; and if Mr. Golf is a man of information, and one who scrutinizes into work and prices from the time it takes to execute it, to ask his opinion of the charge.
[Note 24: Gough(?).]
If the result of your scrutiny is in favor of Mr. Rawlins's moderation, I have then to pray that the matter may be fixed with him, and a time (not to exceed if possible, the middle of April) agreed on to begin the work with a serious intention to execute it with dispatch: also that the article of travelling expences may be defined and reduced to a stipulated sum. Or, wch. would come cheaper to me, that my waggon (a covered one) should remove his people and tools hither and back; and an equivalent named in lieu of expences for himself. This will leave no ground for discontent on either side, than which nothing being more disagreeable to me, I always endeavour to avoid it: I wish to know also, whether he, or I am to furnish the materials.
If on the other hand it shall be found that his price is too high (for it is not amiss to observe here, that almost the whole of the mouldings and figures are cast) I should be obliged to you to know from him whether he will take less, and precisely the sum to execute the work according to the plan, and this without much time for consideration; for having been twice disappointed already, and the work thereby considerably delayed, to my great inconvenience, I am determined if Mr. Rawlins will not do it reasonably, and begin it seriously in the Spring, to write immediately to Sir Edwd. Newenham of Dublin, who has already introduced the subject to me, and given strong assurances of a visit in the Spring, to bring me a compleat workman when he comes, on yearly wages. But this I would avoid (as you will please to inform Mr. Rawlins) if he would do the work at near its value, and in season. If you finally engage with Mr. Rawlins I should like to have a specific agreement drawn, to prevent mistakes or further delay; for the doing of which I wou'd chearfully pay an Attorney. Enclosed is a letter for Mr. Rawlins, open.
Had the public prints spoken truth respecting the present from his catholic Majesty, and two Jacks had arrived; it would have given me great pleasure to have obliged your friends on the Eastern shore by a compliance with your request. There were only two presented to me by the King of Spain, one of which by the advices I have received from Boston, was lost in a storm on his passage to Beverly. The other will scarcely do more, if he gets home safe, than answer my own purposes; but if you, or any friend of yours have a she ass which you would wish to put to him for preservation of the breed, he is much at your service, and you shall be very welcome to the use of him for her.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for Mrs. Tilghman and yourself; and with sentiments of sincere esteem and regard, I am, etc.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
My dear Sir: Receive my thanks for your obliging communications of the 11th I hear with much pleasure that the Assembly are engaged, seriously, in the consideration of the revised Laws. A short and simple code, in my opinion, tho' I have the sentiments of some of the Gentlemen of the long robe against me, would be productive of happy consequences, and redound to the honor of this or any Country which shall adopt such.
I hope the resolutions which were published for the consideration of the House, respecting the reference to Congress for the regulation of a Commercial system will have passed. The proposition in my opinion is so self evident that I confess I am at a loss to discover wherein lyes the weight of the objection to the measure. We are either a United people, or we are not. If the former, let us, in all matters of general concern act as a nation, which have national objects to promote, and a national character to support. If we are not, let us no longer act a farce by pretending to it. for whilst we are playing a dble. game, or playing a game between the two we never shall be consistent or respectable; but may be the dupes of some powers and, most assuredly, the contempt of all. In any case it behoves us to provide good Military Laws, and look well to the execution of them, but, if we mean by our conduct that the States shall act independently of each other it becomes indispensably necessary, for therein will consist our strength and respectabity in the Union.
It is much to be wished that public faith may be held inviolate. Painful is it even in thought that attempts should be made to weaken the bands of it. It is a dangerous experiment, once slacken the reins and the power is lost, and it is questionable with me whether the advocates of the measure foresee all the consequences of it. It is an old adage that honesty is the best policy; this applies to public as well as private life, to States as well as individuals. I hope the Port and assize Bills no longer sleep, but are awakened to a happy establishment. The first with some alterations, would, in my judgment be productive of great good to this Country; without it, the Trade thereof I conceive will ever labor and languish; with respect to the Second if it institutes a speedier Administration of Justice it is equally desirable.
It gives me great pleasure to hear that our assembly were in a way of adopting a mode for establishing the Cut betwn. Elizabeth river and Pasquotank which was likely to meet the approbation of the State of No. Carolina. It appears to me that no Country in the Universe is better calculated to derive benefits from inland Navigation than this is, and certain I am, that the conveniences to the Citizens individually, and the sources of wealth to the Country generally, which will be opened thereby will be found to exceed the most sanguine imagination; the Mind can scarcely take in at one view all the benefits which will result therefrom. The saving in draught Cattle, preservation of Roads &ca. &ca. will be felt most interestingly. This business only wants a beginning. Rappahanock, Shannondoah, Roanoke, and the branches of York River will soon perceive the advantages which water transportation (in ways hardly thought of at first) have over that of Land and will extend Navigation to almost every marts door.
From the complexion of the debates in the Pensylvania it should seem as if that Legislature intended their assent to the proposition from the States of Virginia and Maryland (respecting a road to the Yohiogany should be conditional of permission given to open a Communication between the Chesapeak and Delaware by way of the rivers Elk and Christeen, which I am sure will never be obtained if the Baltimore interest can give it effectual opposition.
The Directors of the Potomack Company have sent to the Delegates of this County to be laid before the Assembly a Petition (which sets forth the reasons) for relief in the depth of the Canals which it may be found necessary to open at the great and little Falls of the River. As public oeconomy and private interest equally prompt the measure and no possible disadvantage that we can see will attend granting the prayer of it, we flatter ourselves no opposition will be given to it.
To save trouble to expidite the business, and to secure uniformity without delay, or an intercourse between the Assemblies on so trivial a matter we have taken the liberty of sending the draught of a Bill to Members of both Assemblies which if approved will be found exactly similar. With the highest esteem etc.28
[Note 28: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Mount Vernon, December 1, 1785.
My dear Count: Your letter of the 2d. of June, which you had the goodness to write to me at the moment of taking leave of the venerable Doctr. Franklin, now lyes before me; and I read the renewed assurances of your friendship with sentiments of gratitude and pleasure, short of nothing but the satisfaction I should feel at seeing you, and the recollection of the hours, on which, toiling together, we formed our friendship. A friendship which will continue, I hope, as long as we shall continue Actors on the present theatre.
A Man in the vigor of life could not have borne the fatigues of a passage across the Atlantic with more fortitude, and greater ease than Doctor Franklin did; and since, instead of setting himself down in the lap of ease, which might have been expected from a person of his advanced age, he has again entered upon the bustling scenes of public life, and in the chair of State, is endeavouring to reconcile the jarring interests of the Citizens of Pennsylvania. If he should succeed, fresh laurels will crown his brow; but it is to be feared that the task is too great for human wisdom to accomplish. I have not yet seen the good old Gentleman, but have had an intercourse by letters with him.
Rumours of War still prevail, between the Emperor and the Dutch; and seem, if News Paper Accounts are to be credited, to be near at hand. If this event should take place, more powers must engage in it, and perhaps a general flame will be kindled 'ere the first is extinguished. America may think herself happy in having the Atlantic for a barrier, other ways, a spark might set her a blazing. At present we are peaceable; and our Governments are acquiring a better tone. Congress, I am persuaded will soon be vested with greater powers. The Commercial interest throughout the Union are exerting themselves to obtain these, and I have no doubt will effect it. We shall be able then, if a Commercial treaty is not entered into with Great Britain to meet her on the restrictive and contracted ground she has taken; and interdict her Shipping, and trade, in the same manner she has done those of these States. This, and this only, will convince her of the illiberallity of her conduct towards us. or, that her policy has been too refined, and over strained, even for the accomplishment of her own purposes.
Mrs. Washington is thankful for your constant remembrance of her, and joins me in every good wish for you and Madame de Rochambeau. With sentiments of the warmest attachment, and greatest respect I have the honor etc.29
[Note 29: From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1785.
Dr. Sir: The Directors of the Potomac Comy. upon a strict examination of the ground at the Great Falls of the river, and their ideas of that at the little Falls, find it necessary to apply to the Assemblies of the two States, to be relieved from that depth of canal which the late Acts for improving and extending the navigation of the river require.
The reasons are set forth at large in the Petition which, as President of the Board of Directors I now have the honor to transmit to Mr. Chase as a delegate, and member of the company, a similar one having gone to the Assembly of Virginia. But in a word, from our view of the matter, it is sufficient to inform you that to dig four feet at these places will add greatly to the expence, without deriving the smallest advantage: we have therefore prayed for two feet depth, instead of four; and apprehending no other opposition but what may proceed from delay, for friends and foes (if there are any of the latter) to the Undertaking, ought to support the Bill upon the principle of oeconomy, is the reason of my giving you the trouble of this Letter, praying your assistance in facilitating the passage of the Bill.32 I have the honor, etc.33
[Note 32: Practically the same letter was sent to William Ramsay. A copy of this is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1785.
Sir: Your letters of the 15th. and 26th. of last month, are both at hand. With respect to the latter, I agree that Danl. Harrel may have the Lott No. 2 on the terms mentioned therein, and you may fill up Leases accordingly.
In answer to the first letter, rather than involve myself in uncertain law suits, but certain expence and perplexity, I would allow for paper payments of rent, the same as specie; but as you know what has been the practice and the consequence thereof in your own case as Collector for Colo. Fairfax, and in that of others under similar circumstances, I should conceive that you could determine the point, of conduct proper to be pursued better than I, who have been entirely out of the way of knowing what the Law, custom, or judicial proceedings in the Courts have decided. However, as I have already observed, rather than go into a litigation of the matter (unless there is every reason to expect a decision in my favor) I wou'd make the same allowance for paper, however unjustly and rascally it has been imposed, as I would for specie, taking care to shew no indulgence hereafter to those who had made them.
Receipts for rents, from my brother will be sufficient for the Tenants; but it will be necessary in your settlemt. with them, to take an account of all these payments, that I may be able to settle with his Estate. This is indispensably necessary, as, from what I can learn, he has been very inattentive himself in making proper entries of the sums paid him: the date of each receipt is as essential as the name of the person is to whom given. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 35: Charles François Louis Joseph Cásar, Comte de Damas.]
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Sir: I had the honor to be favor'd with your letter by Mr. Houdon, and thank you for your kind recollection of, and for the favorable sentiments you have expressed for me.
The moments I spent with the army of France in this Country, are amongst the most pleasing of my life, and I shall ever remember with grateful sensibility, the polite attentions of all the officers who composed it, and of none more than yours.
I pray you to be persuaded of the interest I take in your happiness; and the pleasure I feel in assuring you of the esteem and regard with which, I have the honor, etc.34
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Sir: The letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 10th. of October, only came to hand the 28th. of last month.
My particular acknowledgments are due to you for your recollection of, and attention to me; and I pray you to be assured of the pleasure I felt at hearing that the place lately filled by Mr. de Marbois, near the Sovereignty of these States, was so happily supplied. On this instance of his most Christian Majesty's attention to your merits, I offer you my sincere congratulations.
For the favourable sentimts. entertained of me in France and particularly at the Court all my gratitude is due; but to none in a higher degree than to the Chevalier de la Luzerne; for whom I have the highest esteem and regard. For your obliging offers of Service here, or in France, I sincerely thank you and at the sametime I give you the trouble of forwarding a few letters by the Packet, beg you to believe that with much truth I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Estrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Sir: Having, a few days ago only, received your letter of the 13th. of August from Charleston, enclosing the duplicate of one from a Mr. Edmund Richards of Plymouth Dock, dated the first of Feby. last; I delay not a Post to inform you, as I have already done the said Edmd. Richards, that he is under a delusion which has not a single reality for a support, that I am astonished at his information, and which he had been at the trouble of enquiring a little more minutely into matters, before he had determined to make such a pointed application to me, or to have communicated his demands of me to others, for an Estate; First, because such an Estate as he speaks of was never left in trust to me; Secondly, because I never had the least acquaintance with his Uncle Richard Richards, or ever knew that there was such a man in existence; Thirdly, because I have just as much, and no more knowledge of Lawyer Haines and Lawyer Baitain, than I have of Richd. Richards; And fourthly, because I never heard of such an Estate as he claims, or the most trifling circumstance concerning it.
Of all these things Sir, you may, as I shall never write to Edmd. Richards again, give him the clearest and most unequivocal assurances; and add, that the most incontestible proofs of wch. he, or you in his behalf, may find, if either are disposed to examine further into the matter. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Sir: I am really ashamed to have been so long in acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 3d. of August last year; but circumstances which would be more tedious in the recital, than important when told, have been the cause of it.
I have now the honor of enclosing you the receipt of the Treasurer of the Society of the Cincinnati of this State, for your Bill on Colo. Wadsworth; and wish it was in my power to have accompanied it with a Diploma: but it has so happened, that except a few which were struck at Philadelphia for the Members of that State at their own expence, none have yet been presented to me by the Secretary, for signing. I have the honor, etc.37
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Altho' I am so great a delinquent in the epistolary way, I will not again tread over the usual ground for an excuse, but rather silently throw myself upon your philanthropy to obtain one.
In reading the Memoir which passed thro' my hands to you (for I have no copy of it) I do not recollect that I was struck with any exagerations or improprieties in it; nor is it in my power to give you a precise detail of the facts about which you enquire, without unpacking my papers, and entering upon a voluminous research therefor; which might not after all elucidate the points. Whether Genl. Howe commanded in person at the intended surprize and attack of the Marqs. de la Fayette at Barren Hill, I am unable positively to say: I would suppose however that he did, first, because the narrative says so, 2dly because he did not relinquish the command until within a few days of the evacuation of Philada., and 3dly., because the British army came out in full force. That the column on the right commanded by Genl. Grant was strong, can admit of no doubt; (and report to the best of my recollection made the number 7000) because it was design'd to turn the Marquis's left flank, get into his rear, and cut off his retreat by the nearest and most direct roads; whilst he was to have been attacked in front, and on his right (which was next the Schuylkill) by the Commander in chief, and light infantry; by the first in front, by the other on the flank.
The French troops which were landed from on board the flat, formed a junction with the American Troops before, and were all under the command of the Marquis 'till my arrival. The position at Williamsburgh was taken I believe with a view to form the junction, being favorable to it; the defile between the College Creek which empties into James river and Queen's Creek which empties into York river, being very narrow, and behind the former of which the French landed in perfect security.
My excursions up this river (for I have made several) have afforded me much satisfaction, as we find the Undertaking to extend and improve the navigation of it, is not only practicable; but that the difficulties which were expected to be met with, rather decrease than multiply upon us.
I come now, My good Doctor, to acknowledge in a particular manner the receipt of your obliging favor of the 7th. Ulto., and to thank you for your kind and valuable present of Fish which is very fine and had a more successful passage than the last, no Accot. of which having ever yet been received. I have too Mrs. Washington's particular thanks to offer you for the flower roots and seeds, which she will preserve in the manner directed. I have put into a box with earth, shrubs of the redwood (or redbud) and Fringe tree, which General Lincoln promised his Vessel should heave to and take for you as she passed by. I was going to send other flowering shrubs, but upon mentioning the names of them, the Genl. and Colo. Henley said your Country already abounded with them. I forgot however, to ask them if you have the Magnolio; if you have not, I can send some by another opportunity.
I hope this Letter will find you quite relieved from the feverish complaint you had when you wrote last, and Mrs. Gordon in perfect health, to whom and yourself Mrs. Washington and the family (who are all well) join me in every good wish. Fanny Bassett and my nephew Geo: A. Washington have fullfilled an engagement of long standing, and are now one bone, and one flesh. With great esteem, etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 7, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 26th. ulto: came to my hands by the last Post; and the object of this shall be confined to a single point, taking another opportunity of writing to you more largely.
The meaning of my last Letter to you was not well expressed, if it was understood that actions of Trespass were to be brought, before the issue of the ejectments was known. I had no idea of this, because if my opponents should succeed in the latter, there would be no ground for the former; and I should incur a certain expence without a chance of profit: from the statement of the cases which you have mentioned, I now leave it altogether discretionary in you, whether to bring them afterwards or not. I never should have thought of this mode of punishment, had I not viewed the Defendants as wilful and obstinate sinners; presevering after timely and repeated admonition, in a design to injure me, but I am not all tenaceous of this matter and take the chance of this letter's going by way of Baltimore, and another by the way of Philada., to request that these Actions may be at least delayed, if not altogether laid aside, according to circumstances.39 I am, etc.40
[Note 39: This letter was forwarded to Tench Tilghman with a brief note (December 6), asking him to forward it "as it is of some consequence to me that the enclosed should reach Mr. Smith before he commences his tour of the Western Counties in Pennsylvania." A copy of this is in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 41: Of the British Royal Fuzileers.]
Mount Vernon, December 10, 1785.
Sir: Having delayed until this time to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 4th. of May from New York, is to be ascribed more to the expectation I have been under of having the pleasure of seeing you in this State and at this house, than to any other cause: and I take the present occasion of assuring you that if business or inclination should bring you to the southward, I should be happy in the opportunity of testifying my respect for the introduction of Sir Edward Newenham, and of offering you the civilities which are due to a gentleman of your merit.
By mistake a packet which I herewith send was forwarded to me by a Mr. McKuinan,42 to whose care with another for myself, it was comitted by Sir Edward.43 I hope it will reach you safe, and that the delay occasioned by the circuitous rout it has taken will be attended with no inconvenience. I have the honor, etc.44
[Note 42: Charles McKieinan (McKuinan).]
[Note 43: On December 10 Washington wrote McKieinan a brief acknowledgment. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 10, 1785.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you by the last Post I have finished the measurement of my Corn, and find that I shall not make half enough to Serve me. Permit me to request the favor of you therefore to enquire upon what terms any of the Delegates from the Eastern Shore would contract with you in my behalf for 800 Bushs. of clean and good Oats, to be delivered at my landing as soon after Christmas as may be. If you can engage the Oats at a price not exceeding three shillings pr Bushel, I would then pray you to close a bargain without the delay of advising me, and reduce it to writing with a penalty for Non-performance on either side; but, if they are not to be had at this price to fix the lowest terms on wch. they may be had upon my saying yea by return of the Post after they are communicated to me.
The above are for Horses. I am under as pressing a necessity to provide for my People, all the Corn I have made not being more than sufficient to support my Plantations. My house people are without, and none in these parts to be had. If there[fore] the Plantations below45 (in New Kent and King William) have any to spare I should be glad to get two hundred Barrels for which I will allow the same they sell at to others, or the same price that Corn bears on that River.46 This would be doubly convenient to me, for to be plain my Coffers are not overflowing with money. You cannot too soon give me a definitive answer on this point, Nor indeed with respect to the Oats, as I must not trust to the Chapter of Accidents for a supply.
[Note 45: The "Letter Book" has "of Mr. Custis."]
[Note 46: The Pamunky.]
With great esteem etc.
[HD.C.]
Mount Vernon, December 11, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your letter of the 25th. of November by Major Farlie.
Sincerely do I wish that the several State Societies had, or would, adopt the alterations that were recommended by the General meeting in May 1784. I then thought, and have had no cause since to change my opinion, that if the Society of the Cincinnati mean to live in peace with the rest of their fellow Citizens, they must subscribe to the Alterations which were at that time adopted.
That the jealousies of, and prejudices against this Society were carried to an unwarrantable length, I will readily grant. and that less than was done, ought to have removed the fears which had been imbibed, I am as clear in, as I am that it would not have done it; but it is a matter of little moment whether the alarm which siezed the public mind was the result of foresight, envy and jealousy, or a disordered imagination; the effect of perseverance would have been the same: wherein there would have been found an equivalent for the seperation of Interests, which (from my best information, not from one State only but many) would inevitably have taken place?
The fears of the people are not yet removed, they only sleep, and a very little matter will set them afloat again. Had it not been for the predicament we stood in with respect to the foreign Officers, and the charitable part of the Institution I should, on that occasion, as far as my voice would have gone have endeavoured to convince the narrow minded part of our Countrymen that the Amor Pate. was much stronger in our breasts than theirs, and that our conduct through the whole of the business was actuated by nobler and more generous sentiments than were apprehended, by abolishing the Society at once, with a declaration of the causes, and the purity of its intention. But the latter may be interesting to many, and the former, is an inseperable bar to such a step.
I am sincerely concerned to find by your letter that the Baron50 is again in straightened circumstances. I am much disinclined to ask favors of Congress, but if I knew what the objects of his wishes are I should have much pleasure in rendering him, any services in my power with such members of that body as I now and then corrispond with. I had flattered myself, from what was told me some time ago, that Congress had made a final settlement with the Baron much to his satisfaction.
[Note 50: Baron Steuben.]
My Compliments and best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, are presented to Mrs. Hamilton. I am etc.
PS. When you see Genl. Schuyler and family I pray you to offer my best respects to them.51
[Note 51: From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
December 17, 1785.
Gentlemen: That I may be perspicuous and avoid misconception, the proposition53 which I wish to lay before you is committed to writing; and is as follows:
[Note 53: At the meeting of the trustees (December 17) which accepted this offer, those present were: Dr. William Brown, president; Benjamin Dulany, William Hartshorne, James Hendricks, John Fitzgerald, Samuel Hanson, and Charles Lee. Their letter of acceptance to Washington is dated Dec. 17, 1785, and is in the Washington Papers.]
It has long been my intention to invest, at my death, one thousand pounds current money of this State in the hands of Trustees, the interest only of which to be applied in instituting a school in the Town of Alexandria, for the purpose of educating orphan children who have no other resource, or the children of such indigent parents as are unable to give it. The objects to be considered of and determined by the Trustees for the time being, when applied to by the parents or friends of the children who have pretensions to this provision. It is not in my power at this time to advance the above sum; but that a measure, that may be productive of good, may not be delayed, I will until my death, or until it shall be more convenient for my Estate to advance the principal, pay the interest thereof (to wit, fifty pounds) annually.
Under this state of the matter, I submit to your consideration the practicability and propriety of blending the two institutions together, so as to make one Seminary under the direction of the President, Visitors, or such other establishment as to you shall seem best calculated to promote the objects in view, and for preserving order, regularity, and good conduct in the Academy. My intention, as I have before intimated, is, that the principal sum shall never be broken in upon; the interest only to be applied for the purposes above mentioned. It was also my intention to apply the latter to the sole purpose of education, and of that kind of education which would be most extensively useful to people of the lower class of citizens, viz. reading, writing and arithmetic, so as to fit them for mechanical purposes.
The fund, if confined to this, would comprehend more subjects; but, if you shall be of opinion, that the proposition I now offer can be made to comport with the institution of the School which is already established; and approve of an incorporation of them in the manner before mentioned, and thereafter, upon a full consideration of the matter, should conceive that this fund would be more advantageously applied towards cloathing and schooling, than solely to the latter, I will acquiesce in it most cheerfully; and shall be ready, (as soon as the Trustees are established upon a permanent footing,) by Deed or other instrument of writing, to vest the aforesaid sum of One thousand pounds, in them and their successors forever, with powers to direct and manage the same agreeably to these my declared intentions.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 18, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 16th., with others, were put into my hands yesterday in Alexandria; but being engaged at that time I did not open them until I returned home in the evening; or, I would have sought an opportunity of conversing with you on the subject of it, whilst I was in Town.
On the footing you have placed your offer, though I feel myself obliged by it, I am unable, from the indecision of it, to return a satisfactory answer. It would by no means suit me to await the determinations of the Assemblies of those States (which are mentioned in your letter) on the applications you are about to make to them; and afterwards, a consultation of circumstances and your convenience, before you could resolve on what plan to fix. Nor indeed, does your offer go to more than one point, whilst I have three objects in view, namely: the education of the Children, Aiding me in my corrispondencies, and keeping my Accounts: The last of which, I believe might be dispensed with; or, at any rate when they are once digested, and brought into order (which is the present employment of Mr. Shaw) they will require very little attention; but the other two are essential to my purposes.
I send you the sketches of American policy,55 and conceive that the publication of extracts therefrom will be pleasing, and may be beneficial. All possible lights ought, in my opinion, to be thrown on subjects of this importance, for it should seem that ignorance, or design, have too great a share in the government of public measures. I am etc.
[Note 55: Webster's "Sketches of American Policy" was printed as a pamphlet in 1785.]
[N.Y.P.L]
Mount Vernon, December 18, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 7th. inst: enclosing an Act of the General Assembly, which passed at my request.56
[Note 56: Act of Oct. 17, 1785, permitting Washington to dispose of the donated stock of the Potomac and James Rivers navigation companies, as he so requested.]
This new proof of the confidence repos'd in me by my Country, lays me under additional obligations to it; and I am equally sensible of its favors, and the polite and friendly wishes with which you accompanied the act.
If the etiquette of business makes it necessary for me officially to acknowledge the receipt of this Act, let me entreat you my Dr. Sir, to offer to the House in my behalf but in your own words, the grateful sense I have of its goodness upon this occasion, with assurances that the confidence reposed in me, shall not intentionally be abused. With great esteem, etc.
December 19, 1785.
The Bearer of this Pedro Tellez, is the Spaniard who was sent from Bilboa in Spain, with one of the Jack Asses which was presented to me by His Catholic Majesty, and is on his journey to New York, to the Minister of Spain, with a view of returning to his own Country from thence.57
[Note 57: A certificate also was furnished Tellez (December 19) that he had delivered one jackass and that his care and attention to the valuable animal was most acceptable. A copy of this certificate is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Not being able to speak any other language than that of his native tongue, it is requested as a favor of the good people on the road to assist and direct him properly, which will be considered as an obligation conferred on, G: Washington58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Virginia, December 19, 1785.
Sir: My homage is due to his Catholic Majesty for the honor of his present. The value of it is intrinsically great, but is rendered inestimable by the manner and from the hand it is derived.
Let me entreat you therefore, Sir, to lay before the King my thanks for the Jack Asses with which he has been graciously pleased to compliment me; and to assure his Majesty of my unbounded gratitude for so condescending a mark of his royal notice and favor.
That long life, perfect health, and unfading glory may attend his Majesty's reign, is my fervent wish. With great respect and consideration I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: From a photostat of the letter sent which is in Archivo Historico Nacional Madrid, Estado, Legajo 3885, Expediente 26.]
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1785.
Sir: This letter will be handed to you by Mr. Peter Tellez who attended the Jack Ass, which arrived safe, to this place: for want of an Interpreter I have not been able to understand him perfectly; but as far as his wishes have been explained to me, they are, that he may be permitted to return to Spain as soon as possible; that it is proper he should go by the way of New York to see his Excellency Don Gardoqui; that as he was employed by his Catholic Majesty, and in the Kings pay until he return'd (his wife receiving part of it from Mr. Gardoqui at Bilboa) he would take none from me.
Under these circumstances I have forwarded him to Nw. York, after prevailing on him to take a trifle as an acknowledgment of the obligation I am under to him, for his care of the animal on which I set the highest value. He has some expectation indeed, that at his return his Majesty may bestow some humble appointment on him, in the Collection of his Customs; and therein he has my wishes, but I could not ask it for him, or even hint it to the Minister.
Not having the honor of an acquaintance with his Excelly. Mr. Gardoqui, I have taken the liberty of making these communications to you; and to pray, if there is anything improper in my sending Mr. Tellez to Nw. York, or in my conduct towards him, that it may be ascribed to misconception, and misunderstanding his wants by bad interpretation. Altho' unknown, I pray you to make a tender of my respectful compliments to Mr. Gardoqui, and to accompany them with the strongest assurances of the pleasure I should feel in seeing him at this Seat of my retirement, if inclination should ever induce him to visit the States to the southward of Nw. York. It is unnecessary to offer you the same assurances, because I have repeatedly done it before, and you must have been convinced of my sincerity. With very great esteem etc.
P. S. Mr. Tellez is charged with a Letter from me to Mr. Carmichael, enclosing one to His Exy. the Count de Florida Blanca, praying that my homage and gratitude may be presented to his Catholic Majesty for the favor he has conferred on me for the honor of his royal notice.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1785.
Sir: One the Jacks with which his Catholic Majesty was pleased to present me, has arrived safe; and the enclos'd to his Minister is a testimony of my gratitude for the singular mark of his royal notice. I pray you Sir, to do me the honor of presenting it. I hesitate a while, whether to express my sense of this obligation at first, or second hand; but considering the value of it, I determined on the former, and at the same time that I would enclose you a copy of what I had written.
The Spaniard, Seignor Pedro Tellez who accompanied the Jack which arrived safe, has expressed a wish to obtain a line of approbation from me; by means of which he thinks he could obtain some low office in the King's Customs: but it was a liberty I could not take, further than to express in the Certificate I have given him, my sense of his care of the animal which was entrusted to him. But if a word my good Sir, could occasionally drop from you to this effect, it might do an essential service to the poor fellow (who it seems has a wife and children) and would be considered as an additional favor conferred on, Sir Yrs. etc.60
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1785.
Dr. Sir: From the assurances you gave me I had flattered myself that I should 'ere this have received a payment from you; and I had no doubt of it after Colo. Fitzgerald informed me, five months ago that £200 had passed thro' his hands from Mr. White to you; which was the fund, if I understood you rightly, which you had appropriated for this purpose.
I beg you to be assured that the disclosure I made to you of my circumstances was candid; and that it cannot be more disagreeable to you to hear, than it is to me to repeat that my wants are pressing, some debts which I am really ashamed to owe, are unpaid; and I have been, for want of money, unable to do more with my manufacturing Mill, (which is expensive to me without) than to grind up my own Crops; for wheat is not to be bought on credit, and I have not cash to pay for it. But this is not the worst, I have not made half grain enough to support my people and stock this year, the deficiency must be bought at a high price, and (for there is no question of the Articles bearing it) for ready money. I must therefore get it at an advanced price, if to be had at all, on credit; or I must sell something at a low price to enable me to pay ready money. This is truly my situation. I am, etc.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1785.
Dr. Lund: Having come to a fixed determination (whatever else may be left undone) to attend to the business of my plantations; and having enquired of Geo: Washington62 how far it would be agreeable to him and his wife to make this place a permanent residence, (for before it was only considered as their temporary abode, until some plan could be settled for them) and finding it to comport with their inclinations, I now inform you that it will be in my power to comply with your
[Note 62: George Augustine Washington.] wishes with less inconvenience than appeared when you first proposed to leave my employment.
The business of the Mill is what both of us, will be most at a loss about at first; and as the people wanting flour are in the habit of applying to you for it, it would be rendering me a service to give your attention to this matter, until he can become a little acquainted with the mode of managing it; and your advice to him afterwards in this and other affairs may be useful.
The mode of paying the taxes, the times of collection, and in what kind of property it is most advantageous to discharge them, and the amount of them, is another business in which he will be to seek; and I have not sufficient knowledge of the practice to instruct him.
Nothing else occurs to me at this time in which it is essential to give you any trouble after the present year; for if I should not be able to visit the plantations as often as I could wish, (owing to company or other engagements) I am resolved that an account of the stock and every occurrence that happens in the course of the week shall be minutely detailed to me every saturday. Matters cannot go much out of sorts in that time without a seasonable remedy. For both our interests, the wheat remaining in the straw should be an object of your care. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1785.
Dr. Sir: It so happened that your letter of the 4th. ulto. with its enclosures, did not meet a quick passage to me; and that some delays afterwards, more the effect of accident than neglect, prevented the Petition and Bill,64 (which you are so obliging
[Note 64: Of the Potomac Company.] as to draw) from getting to the Assemblies of the two States, so soon as were to be wished; however they are now before them; and from that of Maryland, I am inform'd by a gentleman to whom I had written on the occasion, that the business could meet with no opposition there; and from that of this State that it was reported reasonable. Acts it is to be hoped, will therefore pass, conformably to our desires.
I feel myself much obliged by the calculations you have been at the trouble to make and to transmit to me; and at all times shall be happy in a full and unreserved communication of your sentiments on this, or any other business. This in particular in a new work stands in need of all the information we can obtain, and is much indebted to you for many estimates, and ideas which have been very useful.
It is to be apprehended, notwithstanding the great encouragements which have been offered by the Directors of the Company for the hire of negroes, that we shall not succeed in obtaining them. An idea is entertained by the proprietors of them, that the nature of the work will expose them to dangers which are not compensated by the terms. Servants I hope are purchased 'ere this; Colo. Fitzgerald was to have gone yesterday day to George town for this purpose. If the appearance of the people is at all favorable, the price at which Colo. Deakens offers them will be no obstacle.
This letter, handed to the care of Colo. Deakens, will be accompanied by a small bag of Spanish Chestnutts, half of which you will please to accept, and the other contrive to Mr. Lee; they were sent to the Alexandria races in October to be given to him, but the delivery was neglected. It might be well perhaps to put them in sand to prevent an over drying, to the injury of vegitation. With very great esteem, etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 24, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I have received your favor of the 18th., and am exceedingly obliged to you for the Contract you have entered into on my behalf, with Mr. Savage,66 for 800 bushels of oats. If you can extend the quantity to be had from him, to 1200 bushels in the whole, upon the same terms, it would add greatly to the favor as my crop of Corn is much worse than I had conceived it to be when I wrote to you last (not having received the tallies) which together do not amount to one third of what I made last year; which is insufficient to feed my negroes, much more to afford support for my Horses. This evinces the necessity also of my knowing speedily and precisely, if I may depend upon any from the Estate below, and the quantity.
[Note 66: George Savage, of Northampton County, Va.]
The Eastern shore oats generally speaking, are light and indifferent; and what is worse, are often mixed with the wild onions: as I mean to sow oats next Spring to help me along, it would be obliging in Mr. Savage, if he could send me such as are free from this troublesome, and injurious plant to our fields.
I thank you too for the information respecting the interest of the loans to the Continent in this State: I send what Certificates I possess, to you; but fear that those who live at a distance from the Theatre, have little chance of being benefited by the Act of the Legislature; although they may get their Certificates to the Treasury on or before the time limited. but if I should be mistaken in this, you would serve me essentially by bringing Cash in exchange for those which are enclosed, agreeably to the list which accompanies them. With great esteem, etc.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 27, 1785.
Dr. Sir: In looking over the list of premiums proposed by the Agricultural Society of Philada., I perceive that those offered for the 2d. 3d. and 4th. articles, were to have been produced according to the requisin. by the 20th. inst:
Each of these being interesting to a farmer you would oblige me much therefore by giving me the result of the communications on these heads to the Society, if any discoveries worth notice have been handed to it.
Mrs. Washington joins me in offering the compliments of the season to Mrs. Powel and yourself, and in best wishes that you may see many returns of it. With great esteem, etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1786.
Sir: A few days ago a Mr. Isaac Jenny of Loudon County was with me respecting a Piece of Land, which he Supposing was Vacant had been endeavouring to obtain, but which upon investigation, he finds belongs to me, and in part of my Chattins Run tract, (adjoining Robt. Ashbys), though Claimed by Mr. Robt. Scott, who has Placed a tenant thereon (One Jesse Hite) whose first years Rent is now due. As far as I can understand the matter, the following is a true State of the case;
Both Scott and I bind upon Burgess's Patent, and call for his Lines. One of which it Should seem, runs a Certain Course and Distance, and Calls for a Red Oak; but in Place of a Red Oak, there is a White Oak, which Mr. Jenny says all the Neighbours know to be Burgess's Corner, and he is informed that the Surveyor of the County has established it as such. From hence I Run Two or Three Short Courses with Burgess's lines to a Red Oak. And from thence a line with Scott; But Scott wants, and it Should Seem (from Mr. Jenny's Account) actually got Ashby when he was laying my Land off into Lotts, to leave out those Short courses above mentioned, by which is a line of Blazed Trees, which were then, or at Some other time, made to Subserve the Purpose; I am Cut out of 170 or 180 Acres of Land, which are within the lines of my Patent, and now Tenanted by Scott, to Hite. Inclosed I Send you a copy of the Courses and Boundaries of my Land, taken from the Original Patents and Pray the first time you go into the Neighbourhood, that you would have the matter enquired into. I have no objection to Hite's having the Land, and would give him the Preference, but Shall not by any means (If the Land is mine) think myself bound to fulfill Scott's agreement with him. He must (except in the Preference above) Stand upon the Same footing with me, as another Man.
Sometime ago Mr. Landon Carter informed me that a Patent of which he is Possessed takes away part of my Tract in Ashby's Bent. I replyed that I wanted no Land but my own, nor to go into a Litigation of the right. If it was realy his. But this Right must be clearly ascertained before I shall Surrender the land: which I mention that if upon enquiry you find he has taken possession of any part of what I hold by Purchase there, and which I laid out into lots, I may be informed thereof, and to prevent his doing it, if it remains to be done. Be so good as to inform me by the first conveyance, whether Clover Seed, is to be bought in your Neighbourhood, and if so the quantity and Place of it. On your answer will depend my Purchase with you, or at Philadelphia. I have great reason to fear, that that which you bought for me last year was good for nothing. If so, and the Man of whom you got it, was apprized thereof, I Shall view him in a light infinitely worse than a pick pocket, because the latter only takes your Money, whilst the former does this also, runs you to a useless cost, of Putting land in fine Tilth, for the Seed, and occasions the loss of a year in ones Projects.
I have heard nothing more of the Butter, which you were to have lodg'd at Mr. Wayles's by the 23d. of last Month, I hope no disappointment will take Place, now especially as I Could after I had engaged this of you, have Purchased any quantity, of very fine Butter in Alexandria, at 9d. p lb. having obtained 200 lbs. at that Price. I am etc.69
[Note 69: In the writing of William Shaw. This letter is inadvertently entered as Jan. 5, 1785, in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On January 5 Washington entered into articles of agreement with Thomas Green to serve [as a carpenter] for one year. This agreement, in Washington's writing, is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 7, 1786.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 30th. Ulto. did not reach me until last night. Except it is by chance, letters by the Stage never get to my hands so quickly as they do by the Post; nor so safely, because I send regularly every post day to the Office in Alexandria, whilst those by the Stage getting into private hands await accidental conveyances from that place. I mention this circumstance as a reply might have been expected from me sooner.
As it is convenient and indeed essential to me, to have the use of my unfinished room as soon as may be, I agree to Mr. Rawlin's terms (as stated in your letter) in all their parts; not but that I am convinced from what I know of the business (being once part owner of as accomplished a workman as ever came to this Country, in that way, and the manner of its execution) that Mr. Rawlins has imposed upon Mr. Gough and now avails himself of the scarcity of Artisans of his profession, to extort high terms from me. Most of this work is cast, and is as quickly done as lead is run into a mould. But rather than encounter further delay, perhaps a disappointment, or ask the favor of a stranger to engage an undertaker to cross the Atlantic who might be troublesome to me thereafter, I submit to this imposition as the lesser evil.
As Mr. Rawlins is a stranger to me, and one, of whose character I have not the smallest knowledge; and as I have had some reason to remember an old adage, that one of the bad paymasters is him that pays before hand, I persuade myself that you will be satisfied I shall run no risk in advancing him money to the amount of £50 in the course of the winter, 'ere it is done. And as you are so obliging as to offer to do this, your drafts on me for such advances as you make him, shall be punctually paid.
When the agreement is specifically entered into, and bound, be so good as to request Mr. Rawlins to point out the preparative steps for me, that no delays may follow his arrival. I shall rely more upon your friendship and goodness, than upon any apology I could make, for an excuse for the trouble this business has already give you, and is likely to give, you before its finally accomplishment; and can only assure you that with unfeigned esteem and Affection I am, etc.
P. S. I send this letter to Alexa. to take the chance of a private conveyance, but it is probable the Post will offer the first.
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1786.
Madam: I wish my expression would do justice to my feelings, that I might convey to you adequate ideas of my gratitudes for those favourable sentiments with which the letter you did me the honor to write to me from New York, is replete. The plaudit of a lady so celebrated as Mrs. Macauly Graham is, could not fail of making a deep impression upon my sensibility; and my pride was more than a little flattered by your approbation of my conduct thro'an arduous and painful contest.
During the time in which we supposed you to have been on your journey to New York, we participated in the distresses which we were sure you must have been involved in on account of the intemperature of the air, which exceeded the heats common in this Country at the most inclement season: and tho' your letter was expressive of the great fatigue you had undergone, still we rejoiced that the journey was attended with no worse consequences.
I hope, and most sincerely wish that this letter may find you happily restored to your friends in England, whose anxiety for your return must, I am persuaded, have been great; and that you will have experienced no inconvenience from your voyage to America.
Mrs. Washington who has a grateful sense of your favorable mention of her; and Fanny Bassett and Major Washington who, since we had the honor of your company, have joined their hands and fortunes, unite with me in respectful compliments to you; and in every good wish that can render you and Mr. Graham happy. The little folks enjoy perfect health. The boy, whom you would readily have perceived, was the pet of the family, gives promising hopes from maturer age.
With sentiments of great respect and esteem, I have the honor, etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 10th. inst: with its inclosures, the last are returned signed. I also send you a copy of the courses of the Lotts purchased by yourself and me at the sale of your brother's Land, and shall thank you for the conveyances which are necessary to secure the legal right to those which I hold.
I am sorry to hear that you still continue indisposed, you have my best wishes for a speedy and perfect recovery of your health, and with sentimts. of sincere esteem etc.
P. S. A few days ago I received under cover, several copies of the inclosed proposals71 from the Author; one of which has obtained a good many subscribers in Alexa. I use the freedom of sending a copy to you, that in case yourself and friends in and about Fredericksburgh should incline to become subscribers to the work, an opportunity may be furnished. As the Doctr.,72 it is to be presumed, will look to me for a return of the number committed to my charge, I shall be glad to receive the enclosed when you shall find it convenient and proper, so as to be ready for his call. I have only to pray that the conditions may be complied with respecting the advance, as I would not incline to have any thing more to do in the business, after the subscription papers are returned.73
[Note 71: No subscription proposals for Gordon's "History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America" are now found in the Washington Papers. The work, in 4 volumes, first appeared in London in 1788.]
[Note 72: Rev. William Gordon.]
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1786.
Sir: The letter which your Excellency did me the favor to write to me on the first of this month does me great honor: the sentiments which you have been pleased to entertain of my conduct are very flattering; and the friendly manner in which they are expressed is highly pleasing. They meet the approbation of a gentleman whose good wishes were early engaged in the American cause, and who has attended to its progress thro' the various stages of the revolution, must be considered as a happy circumstance for me; and I shall seek occasionally to testify my sense of it.
With much truth, I repeat the assurances offered to your Excellency thro' Mr. Rendon, of the pleasure I should have in seeing you at my Seat in this State, that I might express personally to you, how sensibly I feel for the proposed honor of your correspondence, and pray you to offer in such terms as you know would be most acceptable and proper, my gratitude to His Catholic Majesty, for his royal present to me, than which nothing could have been more flattering or valuable.
With much esteem, respect and consideration, I have the honor, etc.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 30, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The letter which you dropped for me at Alexandria I have received. If you can make it convenient to lodge the money in the hands of any person at that place, it would oblige me. I lie quite out of the line of opportunities to Annapolis, and to send there on purpose, would cost me 2½, or perhaps 5 pr Ct. to fetch it.
If Mr. Pine, the Portrait Painter, should still be at Annapolis (which is scarcely to be expected) you would oblige me by paying him Twenty Guieneas, and Sixteen dollars; and his receipt for these sums, will be equal to that much of the £200 promised me. If he should have left Annapolis, I will remit the money to him myself.
Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to Mrs. Mercer. We shall always be glad to see you both at this place on your rout to or from Annapolis. My best respects attend Mr. Spriggs75 family. I am etc.
[Note 75: Richard Sprigg.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1786.
Sir: If you have no cause to change your opinion respecting your mechanical Boat, and reasons unknown to me do not exist to delay the exhibition of it, I would advise you to give it to the public as soon as it can be prepared, conveniently. The postponement creates distrust in the public mind; it gives time also for the imagination to work, and this is assisted by a little dropping from one, and something from another, to whom you have disclosed the secret: should therefore a mechanical genius hit upon your plan, or something similar to it, I need not add that it would place you in an awkward situation, and perhaps disconcert all your prospects concerning this useful discovery; for you are not, with your experience in life, now to learn that the shoulders of the public are too broad to feel the weight of the complaints of an individual, or to regard promises, if they find it convenient, and have the shadow of plausibility on their side, to retract them. I will inform you further, that many people in guessing at your plan, have come very near the mark; and that one, who had something of a similar nature to offer to the public, wanted a Certificate from me that it was different from yours. I told him, that as I was not at liberty to declare what your plan was, so I did not think it proper to say what it was not.
Whatever may be your determination after this hint, I have only to request that my sentiments on the subject may be ascribed to friendly motives, and taken in good part.
I should be glad to know the exact state in which my houses at Bath are. I have fifty pounds ready, for which you may draw on me at any time; and I will settle for the whole as soon as possible.
Herewith you will receive a Magazine containing the estimates of the expence of the Canal in Scotland. It belongs to Mr. Johnson who requested me to forward it to you after I had read it, to him you will be pleased to return the book when you are done with it. With esteem, etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 4, 1786.
Sir: My last by Mr. Daniel McPherson would inform you why I did not write more fully by that opportunity; and my attendance since on the business of the Potomac Company at the Great Falls, is the reason of the delay in doing it until now.
Your letters, of the 10th. of Decr. and of the 12th. 17th. and 18th. of last month are before me, and such parts of them as have not been answered and appear to require it, shall be the subjects of this letter; taking them in the order of their dates.
The Butter is at length arrived, and as I had depended upon it, I shall keep the whole tho' the price is at least 2d. pr. Ct. more than I was supplied with very good for, at Alexandria in the fall. Where there is an evidence of exertion in the Tenants to pay rents and arrearages, I think you act very properly by giving them encouraging words, and assurances of indulgence: distress to them, and little advantage to me, would accrue from a contrary conduct. But where it shall appear that there is no such intention; that to postpone payment is the sole aim; and where the conditions of the Leases have been unattended to by them, and their only object has been to carry the land, and not the produce of it to market, here, no favor is due.
Abner Grigg has never appeared here, if he comes, I shall not forget your information respecting him. In the meanwhile let me observe, that it is the compliance or non-compliance with the Lease which is to determine his right to return. If he is warranted by the tenor of the lease to do so, I shall not dispute the point with him; but watch his ways well in future without granting him any endulgences; if he is not, then take the speediest and most effectual mode to get rid of him. For your exertions in following and catching him, I feel myself obliged to you; as I also do for your endeavours to rent the vacant Lotts, altho' they should not be crowned with success.
I hope you will be more fortunate in your collection than your letter of the 12th. seems to indicate, as it is on this I much depend for the payment of your wheat. It was unquestionably, my intention that Mr. Airess should pay the taxes of the Tenement he holds; as an evidence of it every Lott let at, and since that time, have been so expressed in the Leases: but whether it was declared in explicit terms, or even by implication to him at the time, my memory does not now serve me, and therefore I will not insist upon anything I am not clear in. The term for which he is to hold it, I recollect well is for his own and his wiles life, and must be so filled.
As I have only Mr. Jenny's Accot. of the interference of lines; and as Surveyors fees (as established by Law) are high, perhaps it might be as well in the first instance to get the line between Mr. Scott and me run by any accurate man you can hire as the Surveyor of the County, and hear what he (Mr. Scott) has to say upon the subject. I want nothing but justice, and that, if to be obtained, I will have. But if, upon the whole, you find the business cannot be so well done by any other as the Surveyor of the County, I consent very readily to your employing him.
Having every reason to believe that the clover seed which you sent me last fall was bad, I can by no means think of taking more of it. If my fears of its not vegitating should be realized, I would rather have given £50, for a bushl. of good seed, than encounter the disappointment and loss of time will be consequent of it. I will not absolutely pronounce it bad, 'till the Spring vegitation comes on; but I have all the reason imaginable to dread it. The seed had from Philadela. is not imported, but the growth of the Country and cheaper than Mr. Ropers; but cheapness was not the point I aimed at, certainty was my mark, and if I have missed it, I have lost a season and my labour.
Your letter of the 18th. was accompanied with a statement of the Tenements and rents of my Land in Fauquier &c. for which I am obliged to you. That you will have trouble in reducing these matters to order, I have not, nor ever had any doubt of, but they will be plain and easy after this year, which will make amends; as I am determined to continue the collection in the hands of an agent who by close attention will see that I have justice done me, not only in the punctual payment of the rents, but that the covenants thereof are duly attended to and complied with.
What reply to make to that part of your letter, wherein you speak of difficulties which may arise in case of the death of either of us, in the settlement of Accots., I know not: you have powers to act, and instructions how to act; and I here declare that if neither of these will comprehend all the cases which may arise in the prosecution of this business, my desire is that you would act for me as you would do for yourself: there can be no difficulty then, which I can foresee in the case; for these powers, these instructions and declaration will always justify a conduct that is not evidently fraudulent; of wch. there is not the smallest suspicion in the present case. But when time will admit of it, state the cases fully wherein directions are wanted, and my sentiments thereon shall be handed to you, this will be a further justification for your conduct.
Inclosed you have copies of the Accots. handed in by Lewis Lamont and his widow, together with copies of the Sheriff's receipts, which convey every information that is in my power to give you respecting his collection. I am, etc.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1786.
Dear Sir: The Vessel which brought the inclosed, has delivered the 800 Bushels of Oats for which you contracted with Mr Savage. Besides these, I have taken 100 more; for which I am to pay Flour. L Washington has taken anothr. and the remaining 200 hundred are taken to Alexandria for you.
I have engaged this man to bring the Corn from York River. He expects to stay no longer than Monday (tomorrow) at Alexandria; if you propose therefore to send wheat fans by him to the Plantations below you have no time to loose in getting them on board. I hope Mrs. Stuart, to whom and yourself I offer congratulations on the encrease of your family, is quite recovered. With great esteem and regard I am etc.
Mrs. Washington presents her love to Mrs. Stuart and wishes to know how she is.78
[Note 78: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A, Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Mount Vernon, February 6, 1786.
My dear Sir: Your favour of the 4th. of Jany. never reached me till yesterday, or the receipt of it should have had an earlier acknowledgment. Let me in the first place thank you for your kind attention to my enquiries. And in the next, pray you to learn, precisely from Mr. Lear, upon what terms he would come to me; for I am not inclined to leave matters of this sort to after discussion, or mis-conception. Whatever agreement is previously made, shall be pointedly fulfilled on my part, wch. will prevent every cause of complaint on his.
Mr. Lear,79 or any other who may come into my family in the blended characters of preceptor to the Children, and as a Clerk or private Secretary to me, will sit at my Table, will live as I live, will mix with the Company which resort to the Ho., and will be treated in every respect with civility, and proper attention. He will have his washing done in the family, and may have his linnen and Stockings mended by the maids of it. The duties which will be required of him are, generally, such as appertain to the offices before mentioned. The first will be very trifling 'till the Children are a little more advanced; and the latter will be equally so as my corrispondencies decline (which I am endeavouring to effect); and after my accts; and other old matters are brought up. To descend more minutely into his avocations I am unable, because occasional matters may require
[Note 79: Tobias Lear, of Portsmouth, N. H. He was employed by Washington as a secretary.] particular Services; nothing however derogatory will be asked, or expected. After this explanation of my wants, I request Mr. Lear would mention the annual sum he will expect for these Services, and I will give him a decided answer by the return of the Stages, which now carry the Mail and travel quick. A good hand, as well as proper diction would be a recommendation; on acct. of fair entries; and for the benefit of the Children, who will have to copy after it.
The discovery of extracting fresh water from Salt Water, by a simple process, and without the aid of fire, will be of amazing importance to the Sons of Neptune; if it is not viciated, or rendered nauseous by the operation; but can be made to answer all the valuable purposes of other fresh water, at Sea. Every maritime power in the world, in this case, ought, in my opinion, to offer some acknowledgment to the Inventor. With sentiments of great regard and friendship I am etc.80
[Note 80: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Mount Vernon, February 8, 1786.
Sir: Your skipper, Mr. Jno. Whitney, has delivered me eight hundred bushels of oats, agreeably to the Contract made with Doctr. Stuart in my behalf. They are good and clean, for which I thank you.
Mr. Whitney informing me that he was authorized to provide a freight for the Schooner he is in, I have engaged him positively, to bring me eight hundred bushels of Indian corn from the plantations of the deceased Mr. Custis on Pamunky river. I hope it is to be had at the lowest plantation (a few miles above West Point), but of this I am not certain. I am to pay him six pence a bushel freight, delivered at my landing.
I expect no delay or disappointment will take place in this contract, as I have had the offer of two other vessels on the same terms, and have rejected them on account of this engagement. I am, etc.83
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1786.
Gentn: As it is my wish to obtain a she Ass of the first kind, and think it is more in the power of a resident at Surinam, than it can be in that of the Captn. to procure such an one, I have written the enclosed letter to Mr. Branden requesting him to make the purchase accordingly. I hope the Captn. will ascribe this preference to no other cause than the one assigned; at the same time that I earnestly request his particular attention to the animal, if one should be shipped on my account.
In case of the failure in such purchase, I have requested Mr. Branden to send the proceeds of the sales of the flour, in Molasses and Coffee. You would oblige me by having the flour inspected, properly marked for Mr. Branden, and the bill of lading therefor put under cover with my letter to that Gentn., as it will save time and trouble. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Paper.]
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1786.
Sir: I have lately received from Spain, a Jack Ass of the first race in the Kingdom, and am very desirous of availing myself of his breed. Hearing that she Asses of good appearance are to be had at Surinam, I take the liberty of asking your assistance to procure me one of the best kind; to be sent by the return of Captain Bartlett, who will deliver this letter to you.
Neither the Captn., or any body else with whom I have had opportunities of conversing, could tell me the cost of one of these animals at Surinam; but have supposed that twenty five barrels of superfine flour, would be adequate to the purchase. This quantity (equal I believe in quality to any made in this Country) I have the honor of shipping to your address: but if it should prove inadequate, the deficiency shall be made up in the way most agreeable to yourself. All I pray is, that I may receive one of the largest and best she Asses that can be obtained in your Country fit to breed from.
As the Captain is commissioned to purchase a She Ass for his owners, I should be glad, if the Bill of lading for mine (if one is sent to me) may be minutely descriptive of her. I hope every provision will be made for the accommodation and support of her on ship board: but if contrary to my wishes, and a disappointment happens, I request in that case that you would be so obliging as to send me in return for the flour, two hogsheads of Molasses, and the remainder in the best Coffee of your Country.
If, in this request, I have used an unwarrantable freedom, it proceeds from the good character given of you to me, by Messrs. Fitzgerald and Lyles of Alexandria, by whose vessel I write and who have offered me a passage for the animal. I am, etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1786.
Dear Sir: A hasty letter which I wrote to you by Colo. Grayson, was accompanied with ten half Johans.; the application of which I informed you shd. be directed in a subsequent letter.86 Let me now request the favour of you to send me the following articles if to be had.
[Note 86: This letter was dated Jan. 30, 1786. It was very brief and stated that "when I have more leizure to write" he would be "able to mention the purposes for which they [the ten half Johannes] are intended." This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
A pair of Boots, and two pair of Shoes, to be made by Mr. Star (who has my measure) agreeably to the enclosed Memo.
Young's Six Months tour through England (his tour thro' Ireld. I have).
A Common Hunting horn of the largest and best sort.
It will readily occur to you, my good Sir, that these Seeds (as they are to be sown this Spring) cannot be forwarded too soon. I ought indeed to have wrote for them at an earlier period, but they may yet arrive at a proper Season if they are quickly dispatched. At any rate, inform me if they are to be had, and the prospect there is of forwarding them, for thereon will depend my preparation of the ground.
The Gazettes which were furnished by Mr. Dunlap, for my use, during my Military appointment, ought, undoubtedly be paid for by the public; and I had no doubt but that this had been done, regularly, by the Qr Mr General or his assistt. in the State of Pensylvania. If the case is otherwise, I am ready to give my aid towards his obtaining it. My respects to Mrs. Biddle. I am, etc.
I pray you to be pointed with respt. to the goodness of the Seeds: an imposition of bad seed is a robbery of the worst kind; for your pocket not only suffers by it but your preparations are lost, and a season passes away unimproved.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1786.
Sir: I ought to have acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 10th. sooner, tho' I am at a loss what answer to give itnow.
When I sent to Boston for my Jack Ass, which was previous to the presentation of Captn. Pearce's order, tho' subsequent to the date of it, I requested Mr. Cushing (the Lieut: Governor) to whose care this animal was addressed, to pay all the charges which had accrued for freight and other accidental expences attending the importation of him, and to draw upon me for the amount. In consequence, I have answered a Draft, to Mr. Taylor of your town, for 300 Dollars; and was informed by Mr. Cushing, by letter of equal date with the Draft, that he had not at that time been able to obtain Captn. Pearce's Accot., but that it should be transmitted as soon as the matter could be settled with him. In this way the thing has lain ever since; Post after Post I have been looking for some further advice respecting this business, but hitherto in vain. I am ready at any moment to answer Captn. Pearce's demand, when it is properly ascertained (if it has not been already paid), but it would be inconvenient for me to advance the money twice: of this, I think both Mr. Shaw and L. Washington were requested some time ago to inform you, for if the 300 Dollars has not, in part, been appropriated to the payment of Captn. Pearce's demand, I know not for what purpose the order was drawn upon me. All the other charges did not amount to more than one third of that sum.
I depended so much upon others to enquire into the usual freight of a horse from London to this Country, as not, hitherto, to have taken any steps myself, to obtain information; and it is to be feared none has been taken either by Mr. Shaw or L. W., nor do I know at this moment where to direct my enquiries.
I am thankful for your attention to my request respecting the Buck Wheat and Flax seeds, and shall be glad to know when they arrive, as I wish to secure all my Seeds for Spring sowing, in time. I am, etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers]
Mount Vernon, February 21, 1786.
Sir: Your Letter of the 17th. did not get to my hands 'till yesterday, or it should have received an earlier acknowledgment.
Mr. Herbert either mistook me, or Messrs. Valk, Berger and Schouter have misunderstood him: for acquainting the former that a company of which I am a member, was desirous of my employing a number of hands to drain the great Dismal Swamp near Norfolk, and that I had been requested by it to enquire upon what terms two or three hundred Palatines or Hollanders could be imported for that purpose; his opinion being asked, he answered that he should see Messrs. Valk, Beyer and Schouter in a few days, (for he was then on the eve of a journey to Boston) and would know from them, or advised me to apply to them (I do not now recollect which) to obtain knowledge of the practicability and convenience of this measure. All I aimed at was information myself; and if the above gentlemen can give it to me, it would oblige me. The Company would wish to know upon what terms they, or any others, in their opinion would engage to deliver 300 able labourers, Germans or Hollanders, not more than eight women, at Norfolk. Whether these would come under Indenture, and for what term, or upon wages, and what. In a word what they would stand the Company pr. poll, in either case, delivered at Norfolk, freight, procuring them, and every accidental expence included, to the moment of such delivery at the Ship's side. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 26, 1786.
Your favor of the 16th. of Decemr. (tho' some what delayed) came safely to hand.
The pictures arrived shortly after in good order, and meet the approbation of Mrs. Washington and myself, the first of whom thanks you for the portrait of Fanny Washington, with which you have been so polite as to present her: She with the Major are on a visit to her friends in the lower parts of this State, and have been so since the middle of December.
It is some time since I requested a Gentleman of Annapolis (who is owing me money and was to have sent it to me) to pay you Twenty guineas and sixteen Dollars; the first for balance due on the pictures, the latter for their frames; but having heard nothing from him respecting it, I begin to suspect it never has been done, and therefore send these sums by Mr. Hunter of Alexandria.
I have lately received a Letter from our old and worthy acquaintance Colo. Fairfax, who again mentions you in terms of great regard. Mrs. Washington unites her best wishes to me for you, on congratulations on the safe arrival of Mrs. Pine &ca. With great esteem I am, etc.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1786.
At the request of Mr. Booth90 I give you the trouble of this Letter: this request, added to an inclination to do justice, must be my apology for it. I have no other motive than to rescue his character from the injurious aspersions, which he says have been cast at it.
[Note 90: William Booth, of Westmoreland County, Va.]
My acquaintance with Mr. Booth is of more than thirty years standing. I have known him in the characters of Bachelor, Husband and widower, in all of which conduct has been unexceptionable. In that of husband and father it was ever esteemed kind, affectionate and remarkably indulgent. In a word he has passed thro' life unimpeached by those who have had the best opportunities of forming a judgment of him, and to my best knowledge and belief has in every instance supported the character of a Gentleman.
I am, etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 5, 1786.
Your Excellency's favor of the 6th. ulto. came duly to hand, but I had no opportunity before the 2d. inst: of laying it before the Directors of the Potomac Company.
By the Board, I am desired to inform your Excelly., that they decline taking the six felons in the public Goal; at the same time that they feel themselves obliged by the offer.93 I have the honor, etc.94
[Note 93: Governor Henry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 6, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The Treasurer of the Potomack Company being desired by the Directors of it to send a careful hand to Annapolis for the advance due on the State subscription; I pray you to pay the Bearer (who will be that person) the £200, for which you requested me to draw on you at that place. I am, etc.
P. S. Since writing to you the 30th. of Jany. on this subject, I have myself sent the 20 guineas &c. to Mr. Pine.94
[Note 95: Of Alexandria, Va.]
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1786.
Gentn: Your letter of the 6th. in answer to mine of the same date, is before me; but from the present view I have of the subject, I do not conceive that my entering into a Contract for Herrings on the terms offered by you, would be eligible; 1st. because in my judgment, you estimate them too low, lower than they usually sell for at the landings. 2dly. because your Salt is rated higher than, I believe it is to be bought for, more than I have lately given. 3dly. because Liverpool Salt is inadequate to the saving of Fish, and therefore useless in this business. 4thly. because I would not, on any terms, go to Dumfries for this Article; and fifthly, because it does not suit me to receive Salt alone in paymt.
Moreover, if your coarse salt is allum or lump Salt, I conceive it must be reduced by pounding, before it can be applied, which would add to the expence of curing. Lisbon is the proper kind of Salt for Fish.
From these considerations I must decline contracting to furnish Herring unless you are disposed to offer more favourable terms. I am, etc.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1786.
Sir: I have just received your letter of the 20th. of last month, and request that you will proceed as you have begun, that is, to do equal and impartial justice to the Tenants and myself. I want no improper advantage of them on the one hand: on the other, where leases are clearly forfeited, by a manifest intention on the part of the Tenant to neglect all the Covenants in them, that were inserted for my benefit; and their sole aim has been to make traffic of the Land, I shall have no scruple in getting them aside, and beginning afresh upon the best rents I can get for ten years.
At any rate, it is my wish that you would be as attentive to the other Covenants of the Leases, as to that which exacts the rent: particularly to those which require a certain proportion of wood-Land to be left standing in one place, to orchards, to Meadows, and to buildings. These were as much objects with me, as the Rent, nay more, because to these I looked, to have the value of my land enhanced, whilst I was, in the first instance, contenting myself with low Rents. If therefore, these have passed off unnoticed by the Tenants, it should be punished equally with the non-payment of Rents. I mention these things because it is my wish they should be strictly complied with.
There is another matter, or two which, in renting my Lands, I am desirous you should always keep in view, first, to lease to no person who has Lands of his own adjoining them; and 2dly. to no one who does not propose to live on the premises. My reasons are these, in the first case my Land will be cut down, worked and destroyed to save his own, whilst the latter will receive all the improvements. In the second case, if the Tenant does not live thereon it will not meet a much better fate, and negro Quarters and Tobacco pens will probably be the best edifices of the Tenement. One Grigg (I think his name is) an overseer to Colo. John Washington,97 must be an exception, because, at the instance of my Brother, I consented to the purchase he has made.
[Note 97: John Augustine Washington.]
Inclosed you have a Letter for Mr. Robt. Rutherford, of whom you will endeavor to receive the amount of the within. If you should succeed in this, you may carry it to my credit and draw a commission thereon as if collected for rent. I also send you an Account against a Captn. David Kennedy (I believe of Winchester) to receive if you can, on the same terms. I put this accot. about eighteen months ago into the hands of Genl. Morgan to whom Kennedy had, I believe, made sale of a Lott in Winchester, but know not to what effect. It may be well to enquire of Morgan concerning it, previous to an application to Kennedy. I am, etc.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1786.
Sir: For the honor you have done me in calling your only child by my name, and that too, you add, when the issue of the American struggle stood suspended. I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments.
My thanks are also due for your politeness in sending me a piece of Linen of your staple manufacture: and I am particularly indebted to you for the favourable wishes and flattering expressions of your letter to me of the 4th. of August last.
Your Country has my best wishes for the fullest of everything which is interesting to the rights of mankind, and you Sir, that you may be principal sharer of them, being, Your etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers,]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1786.
Sir: Your Letter of the 6th. inst: is this moment put into my hands; was it in my power I would cheerfully answer your queries respecting the settlements on the Kanhawa; the nature of the water and quality of the soil.
But of the first, I only know from information that Colo. Lewis is settled there: from his own mouth I learnt that it was his intention to do so, and to establish a Town in the fork of the two rivers, where he proposed to fix families in the vicinity on his own Lands. Of the second, I never could obtain any distinct account of the navigation. It has been variously represented; favorably by some, extremely difficult by others, in its passage thro' the Gauley mountain, (which I presume is the Laurel hill): but the uncertainty of this matter will now soon be at an end, as there are commissioners appointed by this State to explore the navigation of that river and the communication between it and James river, with a view to a portage. This, equally with the extension of the Potomac navigation, was part of my original plan, and equally urged by me to our Assembly; for my object was to connect the Western and Eastern or Atlantic States together by strong commercial ties.
I am a friend, therefore on this principle to every channel that can be opened, and wish the people to have choice. The Kanhawa, and James river, if the obstacles in the former are not great, are certainly the shortest and best for the settlers thereon, for those on the Ohio below, above, perhaps as high as the little Kanhawa and for the Country immediately west of it.
The Monongahela and Yohoghaney with the Potomac are most convenient for all the settlers from the little Kanhawa, inclusively, to Fort Pitt and upwards, and west as far as the Lakes. Susquehanna and the Alleghany above Fort Pitt some distance, will accommodate a third District of Country; and may for ought I know, be equally convenient to the trade of the Lakes. All of them therefore have my best wishes; for as I have observed already, my object and my aim are political. If we cannot bind those people to us by interest, and it is no otherwise to be effected but by a commercial knot, we shall be no more to them after a while, than G. Britain or Spain, and they may be as closely linked with one or other of those powers, as we wish them to be with us, and in that event, they may be a severe thorn in our side.
With respect to the nature of the soil on the Kanhawa, the bottoms are fine, but the lands adjoining are broken. In some places the hills are very rich, in others piney and very poor: but the principal reason, as I conceive, why the settlement has not progressed more, is that the greater part if not all the good Lands, on the main river, are in the hands of persons who do not incline to reside thereon themselves, and possibly hold them too high for others, as there is a surrounding country open to them; this I take to be my own case, and might be an inducement to concur in any well concerted measures to further a settlement, which might ultimately, not at too great a distance, subserve my interest in that quarter.
The Great Kanhawa is a long river with very little interruption for a considerable distance: No very large waters empty into it, I believe; Elk river, Coal river and a Creek called Pokitellico below the falls, and Green river above them, are the most considerable. I am glad to hear that the Susquehanna canal is so well advanced. I thank you for the offer of Mr. Nielson's services in the western country, and am, with very great, &c.
Mount Vernon, March 25, 1786.
Sir: The Letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 23d. of November last, came safely; tho' not at so early a period as might have been expected from the date of it. I remark this by way of apology for my silence 'till now.
I feel very sensibly, the honor conferred on me by the South Carolina Society for promoting and improving agriculture and other rural concerns, by unanimously electing me the first honorary member of that Body; and I pray you Sir, as Chairman, to offer my best acknowledgements and thanks for this mark of its attention. To you, for the flattering terms in which the desires of the Society have been communicated, my thanks are particularly due.
It is much to be wished that every State in the Union would establish a Society similar to this; and that these Societies would correspond with, and fully and regularly impart to each other, the result of the experiments actually made in husbandry together with such other useful discoveries as have stood, or are likely to stand the test of investigation. Nothing in my opinion would contribute more to the welfare of these States, than the proper management of our Lands; and nothing, in this State particularly, seems to be less understood. The present mode of cropping practised among us, is destructive to landed property; and must, if persisted in much longer, ultimately ruin the holders of it. I have the honor, etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Having cause lately, to apprehend a miscarriage of the letter, of which the enclosed is a duplicate, I do myself the honor of forwarding this copy as the best apology as I can make for a silence that might otherwise be ascribed to inattention, which would give me pain, as I have pleasure in your correspondences, and would wish to keep up a friendly intercourse with you by letter.
As your last letters gave me hopes of seeing you in Virginia this Spring, and nothing since has contradicted it, I think I may shortly look for that pleasure, and therefore shall add nothing more in this letter than my best wishes for the pleasantness of your voyage, and assurances of the happiness I shall derive from saluting you under my own roof; being, with every sentiment of esteem and regard Dr. Sir Yr., etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1786.
Gentn.: Yesterday Mr. Brindley, in company with a Mr. Harris, Manager for the James river Company (the latter having been sent for the former, by the Directors thereof) left this on their way to Richmond, from whence Mr. Brindley expects to be returned, as far as Alexandria, in seven days from the date hereof. I have engaged him to call upon Colo. Gilpin on his rout back.
Mr. Brindley and Mr. Harris took the great Falls in their way down and both approve of the present line for our Canal: the first very much; he conceives that 9/10ths of the expence of the one fifth proposed, will be saved by this cut; the work altogether as secure, and the entrance into the river by no means unfavorable. He thinks however that a good deal of attention and judgment is required in fixing Locks there; the height of which he observes is always governed by the ground; they frequently run from four to eighteen feet, and some times are as high as twenty four.
The nature and declination of the ground, according to him, is alone to direct, and where this will admit he thinks the larger the Locks are made the better, because more convenient.
With respect to this part of the business I feel, and always have confessed an entire incompetency: nor do I conceive that theoretical knowledge alone is adequate to the undertaking. Locks, upon the most judicious plan, will certainly be expensive; and if not properly constructed and judiciously placed, may be altogether useless. It is for these reasons therefore that I have frequently suggested (though no decision has been had) the propriety of employing a professional man.
Whether the expense of obtaining one in, and bringing him from Europe has been thought unnecessary, or too burthensome for the advantages, which are to be expected, I know not: but as it is said no person in this country has more practical knowledge than Mr. Brindley, I submit to your consideration the propriety of engaging him to take the Falls in his way back; to examine, level and digest a plan for Locks at that place; if it shall appear good, and his reasons in support of the spots and sizes conclusive it will justify the adoption; if palpably erroneous, there is no obligation upon us to follow him; and the expence in that case [is the only evil which can result from it. this for the chance of a probable benefit, I am not only willing, but desirous of encountering; and if Colo. Gilpin has not already made the trip to that place which he proposed at our last visit, and disappointment there, it would give me great pleasure if it could be so timed as for him to accompany Mr. Brindley. This would not only give countenance to the latter, but afford him aid also; and might be a mean of preventing the little jealousies which otherwise might arise in the minds of our own managers. Taking Mr. Brindley to the works now, may, ultimately, save expence; at the same time, having a plan before us, would enable us at all convenient times, to be providing materials for its execution. I am, &c.
P. S. If my proposition is acceded to, it might be well to fix, at once what shall be given to Mr. Brindley. I will readily subscribe to what you two Gentlemen may agree to give him on this occasion]4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The part in brackets is front a facsimile, in Washington's writing, in the University of California Chronicle, October, 1925, where a note is added by Washington, April 2, explaining the delay in sending the letter.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1786.
Sir: I have been favored with a letter from you (without place or date) accompanying the Conquest of Canaan;5 for both I pray you to accept my grateful thanks, and the acknowledgment of the honor you have done me by the dedication.
[Note 5: An epic in 11 books, published in 1785.]
Your fears with respect to the merits of the Poem, I hope are removed, for it is a pleasing performance, and meets the approbation of all who have read it. I have never had an opportunity of subscribing to the work, or I should have done it with pleasure.
With very great esteem and respect I am, etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I have now the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your several favors of the 6th. 9th. and 16th. of Novr. and 22d. of Feby. I purposely delayed my acknowledgements of the first three, 'till I should receive the one promised therein, that I might give you no more trouble with my concerns than was unavoidable.
I feel myself under great obligation to you for your obliging and disinterested attention to my Jack; and for your kindness to the person who was sent to conduct him home: he, the Spaniard, and the Jack Ass all arrived safely, and in as short a time as could well have been expected from the great distance, and manner of their traveling.
Your Draft on me in favor of Messrs. Isaac and William Smith, was paid the moment it was presented; and I have since paid Captn. Pearce's Accot., but not to the amount of his order in favor of a Mr. Hartshorne Mercht. in Alexandria: for I believe Captn. Pearce was ashamed himself of his charges after they were made, as he requested the above Gentleman, in a second letter, to receive whatever should be thought right. Mr. Hartshorne therefore, adding for the full passage of the Jack, made the A/c. of Mr. Ashton, in other respects, his government for the residue and instead of demanding, £63.5.6. was content to receive £33.3.6. and thought it enough. You have, I am persuaded, hit upon the true and only reason why Captn. Pearce withheld his Accot. from your examination; preferring to send it hither, exorbitant as it appeared from the face of it, rather than have entered into any dispute concerning it, I should have paid it had I not waited a while to learn the result of your application.
Mrs. Washington joins me in respectful compliments to yourself and Lady. and with sentiments of great esteem and regard, I am,7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1786.
Sir: The Revd. Mr. Griffith8 who will present this letter to you is possessed of much property in the town of Alexandria, the value of which he is desireous of encreasing by buildings. To enable him to do this he wishes to borrow on interest, about £2500. As security for such a loan, he is willing to mortgage his interest in the above place, and proposes as a further security to offer other means; the nature of all he will explain to you. They are in my opinion amply sufficient, such as I should
[Note 8: Rev. David Griffith.] not hesitate to take if I had the money to lend; but you will be able to judge more fully of the matter, when they are laid before you.
From a long and intimate acquaintance with Mr. Griffith, I have a high opinion of his worth and entire dependance on his representations, which (as he may in some degree be a stranger to you) I have thought an act of justice to mention.9 I am, etc.10
[Note 9: As printed from the letter sent, in the Long Island Historical Society Memoirs (vol. 4), the text varies in minor verbal details from this letter.]
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Ascribe my silence to any cause rather than a want of friendship, or to a disclination to keep up a friendly intercourse with you, by letter. Absences from home, hurry of business, Company &c., however justly they might be offered, are too stale and common place to be admitted. I therefore discard them; throwing myself upon your lenity, and depending more upon your goodness, than on any apology I can make as an excuse for not having acknowledged the receipt of your favours of the 16th. of Feby. and 2d. of March, before this time.
The first came to hand just after I had made one trip to our works at the great Falls of this River; and when I was upon the eve of another to the same place, where the Board of Directors by appointment met the first of last month. I can therefore inform you from my own observation, that this business is progressing in a manner that exceeds our most sanguine expectation, difficulties vanish as we proceed, the time and expence which it was supposed we should have to encounter at this place, will both be considerably reduced. After a thorough investigation of the ground there we have departed from Ballandine's rout for the Canal, and marked a fresh cut, which in our judgments will save ⅘th. of the labour, consequently proportionate time and expence, and in the opinion of Mr. Brindley who has just been to see it, 9/10ths., and be equally good when effected. Upon the whole, to be laconic, if there are any doubts remaining of the success of this work, they must be confined to three classes of men, viz: those who have not opportunities of investigations, who will not be at the trouble of doing it when it is in their power, and those whose interests being opposed, do not wish to be convinced. The great Fall is the only place where, under our present view of the River, we conceive it necessary to establish Locks; the ground favors them, and there can be no doubt (this being the case) of Locks succeeding as well in this as in other Countries, as the materials for erecting them are abundant. What difficulties may be found where no difficulty was apprehended, I will not take upon me to declare: where they were thought wholly to lie, we are free from apprehension.
My sentiments with respect to the foederal Government, are well known, publicly and privately have they been communicated without reserve; but my opinion is, that there is more wickedness than ignorance in the conduct of the States, or in other words, in the conduct of those who have too much influence in the government of them; and until the curtain is withdrawn, and the private views and selfish principles upon which these men act, are exposed to public notice, I have little hope of amendment without another convulsion. The picture of our Affairs as drawn by the Committee, approved by Congress and handed to the public,11 did not at all surprize me:
[Note 11: See Journals of the Continental Congress, Mar. 28, 1785.] before that report, tho' I could not go into the minutiæ: of matters, I was more certain of the agregate of our ... 12 than I am now of the remedy which will be applied; without the latter I do not see upon what ground your Agent at the Court of Morocco, and the other at Algiers, are to treat, unless, having to do with new hands, they mean to touch the old string, and make them dance awhile to the tune of promises.
[Note 12: Left blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I thank you for the pamphlet which contains the correspondence between Mr. Jay and Mr. Littlepage;13 and shall be obliged to you for a Gazette containing the publication of the latter, which appears to have given rise to them. I am, etc.14
[Note 13: Lewis Littlepage.]
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1786.
Sir: I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments of your letter of the 22d. of Feby., and thanks for the history of the Revolution of South Carolina,15 with which you have been so good as to present me. From what I have heard of its merits, I anticipate much pleasure in the perusal of the work.
[Note 15: Published in 1785 in two volumes.]
It is to be regretted that your local situation did not allow you, with convenience, to take a more comprehensive view of the war. My gratitude for the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express for me is due, and with esteem, etc.14
Mount Vernon, April 9, 1786.
Sir: I have been favored with your letters of the 20th. of Jany., 24th. of Feby. and 13th. of March, the last of which speaks of a letter written by you to me of the same date, this letter has never got to hand: but I have received in Alexandria the £60, which Messrs. Pennock & Skipwith promised to remit me on your accot., as also the Wine from Captn. Earle, in very good order.
My situation, since my retreat from public life, has been such as to put it out of my power to go into an examination and settlement of Accots. with that precision which is requisite; and among others, the transactions between the deceased Colo. Lewis and myself stand open. I do not know (from any thing my memory affords) on what account he could draw an order in favor of Henry Mitchell, as I recollect no dealings with that Gentn., but presume it must be right. Nevertheless, if there is an Accot. annexed to the order, or if the order is expressive of the purpose for which it was drawn, you would do me a favor in transmitting a copy of it.
I have made several ineffectual applications for my accot. with Mr. Hill; but as Dr. Stuart is again going into that part of the Country in which he lives, I will make one effort more to obtain it, 'till this happens I can say nothing with respect to his credits, but will advise you as soon as it is in my power.
In one of your former letters you intimated that my superfine Flour would sell well in Norfolk, and it was my intention to have consigned you some 'ere this; but as the quantity I make is small, the demand for it in Alexandria has generally kept pace with my manufactory. However I believe it would now be in my power to send you from 50 to 100 barrels, if you thought the present prices in your Town would answer; and that you may be enabled to judge, I shall inform you that I have not sold one barrel this year which has not netted at my Mill 38/, cash paid on delivery; and some at 40/. Would it nett the former at Norfolk, free of freight commission and storage? Your answer would determine my conduct, and I shall be glad to receive it by the return of the Post. I am, etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: The violent rains and consequent freshes, have given such interruption to the Stages in this part of the world, that your favor of the 15th. ulto. did not reach my hands 'till saturday last. I accede to the pecuniary allowance of two hundred Dollars pr. Am: required by Mr. Lear, in addition to the stipulations mentioned in my last, as a compensation for his services, and shall be glad to receive him into my family as soon as he can make it convenient to repair to it. At any rate I shall be glad to know, as nearly as may be, when to expect him, that I may arrange matters accordingly. There can be little doubt of Mr. Lear's finding, by method and arrangement, more than the time he speaks of for Study, to facilitate, rather than impede which would give me pleasure, as far as it can be made to comport with the purposes for which he is employed. With the greatest esteem, etc.16
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Three days ago only, I had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 18th. of December, under cover of one from Mr. Hammond of Baltimore. This gentleman writes me that the boxes which you had the goodness to send me, were then shipped on board the Baltimore packet for Alexandria. I every moment look for them, and feel myself much indebted for your kind attention to my request in this instance. I shall plant the acorns, and nurture the young trees, when they arrive, with great care; those brought last year by my Nephew (chiefly of the Laurel) stood the passage, the summer and the Winter, with very little covering, very well. I am now transplanting them from the box in which they were brought.
At the proper season if you could make it convenient, I should be obliged to you for saving for me some seed of the Palmetto, and of any other trees or shrubs that are curious, in Carolina, and not natives of this Country.
Mrs. Washington, and my Nephew Geo. A. Washington who has taken unto himself a wife, join me in every good wish for your Lady and Self, and with sincere esteem and regard, I am, etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1786.
Dear Sir: I give you the trouble of this letter at the instance of Mr. Dalby of Alexandria; who is called to Philadelphia to attend what he conceives to be a vexatious lawsuit respecting a slave of his, which a Society of Quakers in the city (formed for such purposes) have attempted to liberate; The merits of this case will no doubt appear upon trial. but from Mr. Dalby's state of the matter, it should seem that this Society is not only acting repugnant to justice so far as its conduct concerns strangers, but, in my opinion extremely impolitickly with respect to the State, the City in particular; and without being able, (but by acts of tyranny and oppression) to accomplish their own ends. He says the conduct of this society is not sanctioned by Law: had the case been otherwise, whatever my opinion of the Law might have been, my respect for the policy of the State would on this occasion have appeared in my silence; because against the penalties of promulgated Laws one may guard; but there is no avoiding the snares of individuals, or of private societies. And if the practice of this Society of which Mr. Dalby speaks, is not discountenanced, none of those whose misfortune it is to have slaves as attendants, will visit the City if they can possibly avoid it; because by so doing they hazard their property; or they must be at the expence (and this will not always succeed) of providing servants of another description for the trip.
I hope it will not be conceived from these observations, that it is my wish to hold the unhappy people, who are the subject of this letter, in slavery. I can only say that there is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of it; but there is only one proper and effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, and that is by Legislative authority; and this, as far as my suffrage will go, shall never be wanting. But when slaves who are happy and contented with their present masters, are tampered with and seduced to leave them; when masters are taken unawares by these practices; when a conduct of this sort begets discontent on one side and resentment on the other, and when it happens to fall on a man, whose purse will not measure with that of the Society, and he looses his property for want of means to defend it; it is oppression in the latter case, and not humanity in any; because it introduces more evils than it can cure.
I will make no apology for writing to you on this subject; for if Mr. Dalby has not misconceived the matter, an evil exists which requires a remedy; if he has, my intentions have been good, though I may have been too precipitate in this address. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good and kind wish for Mrs. Morris and your family, and I am, &c.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 17, 1786.
Sir: Mr. Lee,22 yesterday evening, gave me the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 31st. ulto, and the book with which you were so obliging as to accompany it, for both I pray you to accept my thanks. The author some time ago had the goodness to send me two copies of the poem.23
[Note 22: Arthur(?) Lee.]
[Note 23: Rev. Timothy Dwight's "Conquest of Canaan."]
I am equally obliged to you, Sir, for your kind assurance of looking out for an Instructor for the little folks of this family; but believe I have no occasion to trouble you in this business now. Sometime in the course of last summer, when Genl. Lincoln was here, I made particular enquiry of him on this head; and though he could not at that time, point out a character which he thought would answer my purposes in all respects, yet he has lately named a Gentleman of whom he speaks in high terms; and has given the conditions on which he wd come; which being acceded to on my part and a letter written to that effect, I conceive the matter is closed. If it should be otherwise, I will again give you the trouble of hearing from me on this subject.
My best wishes will attend you in your lectures, and in the prosecution of your design of refining the language, and improving the system of education, so as to reduce it to perfect regularity. I am, etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, April 17, 1786.
Sir: It has been my hope since my return, that it would be unnecessary for me to remind you of the debt due to me from the Estate of your deceased Father; the speedy payment of which, at different times I have received assurances of from yourself. Besides standing much in need of the money (which alone will, I persuade myself, be a stimulus to the discharge of my claim) it may be well for you to consider the nature of it, and with what rapidity a protested Bill encreases the original sum. This is no inducement however for me to let it lie; for, as I have just hinted, I can with truth declare to you that my want of the money is more essential to me, than the interest arising therefrom. I am, etc.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 19, 1786.
Sir: I am sorry that I have been so troublesome and teasing to you on accot. of the seeds you were so obliging as to endeavour to procure for me; but as my Boat is sent to Town, I am induced to ask if they are arrived, that they may in that case embrace the present conveyance. If they are not already at hand, I shall be obliged to you for countermanding the order for the Buck wheat, as it is now totally useless for the experimental purposes for which I wanted it. This is nearly the case with respect to the Flax seed; but I will try late sowing, rather than let the season pass over altogether, consequently will wait a few days longer for this, in which time if it does not arrive, I pray it may be countermanded also. I am, etc.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Lund Washington having expressed a wish to quit business and live in retirement and ease, I could not oppose his inclination; and his having carried these desires into effect, that kind of business which he usually transacted for me, is now thrown on my shoulders in addition to what they bore before, and has left me less time than ever for my numerous correspondences and other avocations. I mention this by way of apology for not having acknowledged the receipt of your several late favors, at an earlier date.
As soon as your subscription papers came to my hands, I offered one in Alexandria and sent another to Fredericksburgh: from the first, a specific return has been made of the subscribers and is now enclosed; from the other, eleven pounds have been sent me with out the paper; the Gentleman (the Honl. James Mercer Esqr. one of the Judges of our General Court) having informed me that he would take it with him to Richmond, and endeavor to encrease the number of subscribers there. This sum of eleven pounds added to the amount of the paper inclosed, makes £42 with which I have bought a Bill on Rhode Island.26 I endeavoured to get one on Boston, but could not without waiting; which I thought might be more inconvenient, than the negotiation at the former place.
[Note 26: The "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers has the following note: "The Bill referred to in the above is drawn by Josiah Watson & Co., on Messrs. Cromel & Caleb Child, Merchants, Warren, Rhode Island, for £42. at three days sight with or without advice; and is dated the 19th. April 1786."]
Your Cypher came safely to hand. I have not had leisure to examine it, but presuming no difficulty will arise in the use, I have laid it by 'till occasion may call it forth. From the purport of your letters, you must be on the eve of your departure for Europe. My best wishes, in wch. Mrs. Washington and the family join me, are offered for a prosperous voyage, and the accomplishment of your plans. I am, etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1786.
Dear Sir: As Doctr. Cordons departure for England is an event that was to have taken place about this time and may have happened I take the liberty, in that case, of requesting the favor of you to do what shall appear right with the inclosed Subscription Paper and Bill.
I will make no apology for the trouble this request may give you as I persuade myself your inclination to serve the Doctr. will keep pace with mine, and neither can have any other motive in the business than to serve and oblige him.
With every sentiment of esteem, etc.
[HV.L.]
[Note 28: Of Baltimore, Md.]
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1786.
Sir: Within these few days I have received your letter of the 12th., and some time ago, I recollect to have been favored with another letter from you, which in the hurry of business got overlooked.
It is now more than two years since indirectly I obtained a sight of the deceas'd Mrs. Savage's Will. I then thought, and still do think it strange that the Executors of this Will, should never have made any official communication thereof to the Trustees of that Lady in this Country; nor have made any direct enquiry concerning the situation of her affairs here. These may be summed up in a few words; and shall be found to be as follows. When matters came to extremity between Doctr. Savage and his wife, and Mr. Fairfax and myself were obliged to put the trust Bond in suit to recover her annuity; the Doctor made use of all the chicanery of Law and Lawyers, to procrastinate the Suit; which the tardiness of our Courts (and during one period of the Revolution the suspension of justice) but too well enabled him to effect. It was therefore long before a judgment at common Law could be obtained; and this was no sooner done, than he threw the matter into Chancery, where I am told, for I have had no share in the management of this business for the last ten years, (that is since I took the command of the American forces) it has lain ever since. I believe Mr. Fairfax has done every thing in his power to bring the matter to issue; and I have heard, I think from himself, that there is now a probability of its soon. With great truth I can assure you that not one farthing of Mrs. Savage's annuity was ever paid to the Trustees; whilst we have been obliged to advance money out of our own pockets to carry on the prosecution, and whilst, moreover, from a representation of the distress that Lady was involved in, I gave her a Bill to the amot. of £53., on Jas. Gildart Esqr. of Liverpool, which is still due to me.
This is the best Accot. I am able to give you of the Trust, and you are at liberty to communicate the purport of it to Mrs. Innis.29 I am, etc.30
[Note 29: Ann (Mrs. Richard) Ennis (Innis), of Dublin, Ireland.]
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
May 8, 1786.
Sir: Vale. Crawford died indebted to me, say £100 Virga. Curry., more or less, previously thereto he wrote me the letter dated Jacobs Creek May the 6th. 1774, and accompanied it with the Bill of sale herewith enclosed, dated May 8th. 1774. Query. Is this Bill now valid? Will it secure my Debt? this is all I want. And can it be recovered without my hazarding a defeat; which may add cost without benefit.
If these points are determined in the affirmative, I would endeavour to secure my Debt under the cover of the bill, and desire that you would prosecute my claim accordingly, but not otherwise. With great esteem, I am, etc.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 8, 1786.
Sir: Your letter of the 8th. of last month came to my hands just as I was leaving home for Richmond, which is the reason you have not received an earlier acknowledgment of it.
I am not a member of, nor am I in any manner, interested in the affairs of the Ohio Company, nor indeed do I know at this time, of whom it consists, further than of those claiming under, and mentioned by you, of Colo. Mason and of the heir of my brother Augustine, who lives at the distance of an hundred miles from me; and is one whom I scarcely ever saw.
I feel myself much obliged by your polite attention in offering me a Lott at the mouth of the South branch; it will, I dare say, be a convenient spot, where on to establish a Town. I am, etc.32
Mount Vernon, May 8, 1786.
Sir: Being informed that Mrs. Crawford is on the point of having her negroes sold to discharge a Debt due from her late husband, Colo. Crawford, to Mr. James Cleveland, for whom you are Agent; I will, rather than such an event shall take place, agree to apply any money of mine, which may be in your hands, towards the discharge of the execution; and desire, in that case, you will receive such security as Mrs. Crawford can give for reimbursing me. I am, etc.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
Sir: I received with great pleasure (a few days ago in a letter from the Marquis de la Fayette) the news of your being in good health. The recollection of your gallant services, and the happy moments I have had the honor to spend with you in this country, will always be dear to me.
It appears by the Marquis's letter that the answer to a letter which you did me the honor to write to me (now more than two years) respecting the order of the Cincinnati, had never come to your hands. I cannot tell how to accot. for it, as all the papers are in the hands of the Secretary General. I well remember however, that at the general meeting which was held at Philadelphia in May 1784, that I laid all the letters with which I had been favored on that subject, before the members which constituted it; and that the Secretary was ordered to communicate the determinations which that meeting had come to, to the gentlemen who had written to the President, one of which was, that the members of the Society in France were to constitute a meeting of themselves in order, among other things, to investigate the claims of those who conceived they were entitled to the order, and to decide on them accordingly; in as much as the Meeting in this Country was not intended to be held oftener than triennially; and could not well at those times enter into the detail of a business which with more propriety would be taken up by the several State Meetings, and the one it had just authorized to be held in France.
If Mr. de Menonville should happen to be with you, I pray you to offer him my Compliments, and to be assured yourself of the sentiments of esteem and respect with which, I have the honor, etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
Sir: Being at Richmond when your favor of the 22d. ulto. came to this place, is the reason of its having lain so long unacknowledged. I delayed not a moment after my return, to discharge the balance of your decead. Brother's Accot. against me, to Mr. Watson; probably he has informed you of it.
As there were few men for whom I had a warmer friendship, or greater regard, than for your brother,35 while living; so with much truth I can assure you that there are none whose death I more sincerely regret; and I pray you and his numerous friends to permit me to mingle my sorrows with theirs on this unexpected and melancholy occasion, and that they would accept my compliments of condolance. I am, etc.34
[Note 35: Tench Tilghman.]
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
Madam: Of all the correspondencies with which I am honored, none has given me more pleasure than yours, none which I am more desireous of continuing, or more ambitious to deserve. What then My Dr. Madam, must have been my mortification when, instead of receiving the letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 15th. of April last year, in due time, it was not 'till sometime in the course of last month, that I received it at all, and the parcels with which you were pleased to accompany it. By mistake these parcels lay at Bordeaux a considerable time after they had arrived there, before it was discovered for whom they were intended, and then were sent by a Vessel which took a very circuitous voyage to this Country. I trouble you with this detail of matters by way of apology for what otherwise might appear a want of sensibility in me for your distinguished and valuable favors, than which nothing is, or can be more flattering and pleasing to my vanity.
The tokens of regard with which Miss de la Fayette and my name-sake have honored the young folks of this family, will cement the friendship which seems to be rising in their tender breasts; and will encrease those flames of it which they have imbibed from their parents, to which nothing can add strength, but the endearments which flow from personal interviews, and the unreserved exchange of liberal sentiments. Will you not then Madam, afford them this opportunity? May we hope for it soon? If the assurances of the sincerest esteem and affection: if the varieties of uncultivated nature; the novelty of exchanging the gay and delightful scenes of Paris with which you are surrounded, for the rural amusements of a country in its infancy; if the warbling notes of the feathered songsters on our Lawns and Meads, can for a moment make you forget the melody of the Opera, and the pleasure of the Court, these, all invite you to give us this honour, and the opportunity of expressing to you personally, those sentiments of attachment and love with which you have inspired us.
The noon-tide of life is now passed with Mrs. Washington and myself, and all we have to do is to spend the evening of our days in tranquillity, and glide gently down a stream which no human effort can ascend. We must therefore, however reluctantly it is done, forego the pleasures of such a visit as you kindly invite us to make. But the case with you, is far otherwise, your days are in their meidian brightness. In the natural order of things you have many years to come, in which you may endulge yourself in all the amusements which variety can afford, and different countries produce; and in receiving those testimonies of respect, which every one in the United States would wish to render you.
My Mother will receive the compliments you honor her with, as a flattering mark of your attention; and I shall have great pleasure in delivering them myself. My best wishes and vows are offered for you, and for the fruits of your love, and with every sentiment of respect and attachment. I have the honor, etc.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 37: Of Boston, Mass.]
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 20th. ulto. and its enclosure. I was indebted to Doctr. Gordon before he left the Country, for the Boston Independent Chronicle; and am so since to your goodness for offering to continue them. The Doctr. sent these papers unasked, after having read them himself (being a subscriber), but as their continuation must be attended with expence and trouble, you would oblige me by withholding them. To be candid, my avocations are so numerous that I very rarely find time to look into Gazettes after they come to me. I feel myself, however, not less indebted to your politeness, and obliging offer, by the non-acceptance of it. With respect, I am, etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
My dear Marquis: The Letter which you did me the favor to write to me by Mr. Barrett dated the 6th. of Feby., together with the parcel and packages which accompanied it, came safely to hand; and for which I pray you to accept my grateful acknowledgments.
The account given of your tour thro' Prussia and other States of Germany, to Vienna and back; and of the Troops which you saw reviewed in the pay of those Monarchs, at different places, is not less pleasing than it is interesting; and must have been as instructive as entertaining to yourself. Your reception at the Courts of Berlin, Vienna, and elsewhere must have been pleasing to you: to have been received by the King of Prussia, and Prince Henry his brother, (who as soldiers and politicians can yield the palm to none) with such marks of attention and distinction, was as indicative of their discernment, as it is of your merit, and will encrease my opinion of them. It is to be lamented however that great characters are seldom without a blot. That one man should tyranise over millions, will always be a shade in that of the former; whilst it is pleasing to hear that a due regard to the rights of mankind, is characteristic of the latter: I shall revere and love him for this trait of his character. To have viewed the several fields of Battle over which you passed, could not, among other sensations, have failed to excite this thought, here have fallen thousands of gallant spirits to satisfy the ambition of, or to support their sovereigns perhaps in acts of oppression or injustice! melancholy reflection! For what wise purposes does Providence permit this? Is it as a scourge for mankind, or is it to prevent them from becoming too populous? If the latter, would not the fertile plains of the Western world receive the redundancy of the old.
For the several articles of intelligence with which you have been so good as to furnish me, and for your sentimts. on European politics, I feel myself very much obliged; on these I can depend. Newspaper accounts are too sterile, vague and contradictory, on which to form any opinion, or to claim even the smallest attention.
The account of and observations which you have made of the policy and practice of Great Britain at the other Courts of Europe, respecting these States, I was but too well informed and convinced of before. Unhappily for us, though their accounts are greatly exaggerated, yet our conduct has laid the foundation for them. It is one of the evils of democratical governments, that the people, not always seeing and frequently misled, must often feel before they can act right; but then evil of this nature seldom fail to work their own cure. It is to be lamented, nevertheless, that the remedies are so slow, and that those, who may wish to apply them seasonably are not attended to before they suffer in person, in interest and in reputation. I am not without hopes, that matters will take a more favorable turn in the foederal Constitution. The discerning part of the community have long since seen the necessity of giving adequate powers to Congress for national purposes; and the ignorant and designing must yield to it ere long. Severallate Acts of the different Legislatures have a tendencythereto; among these, the Impost which is now acceded to by every State in the Union, (tho' clogged a little by that of New York) will enable Congress to support the national credit in pecuniary matters better than it has been; whilst a measure in which this state has taken the lead at its last session, will it is to be hoped give efficient powers to that Body for all commercial purposes. This is a nomination of some of its first characters to meet other Commissioners from the several States in order to consider of and decide upon such powers as shall be necessary for the sovereign power of them to act under;39 which are to be reported to the respective Legislatures at their autumnal sessions for, it is to be hoped, final adoption; thereby avoiding those tedious and futile deliberations, which result from recommendations and partial concurrences; at the same time that it places it at once in the power of Congress to meet European Nations upon decisive and equal ground. All the Legislatures, which I have heard from, have come into the proposition, and have made very judicious appointments: much good is expected from this measure, and it is regretted by many, that more objects were not embraced by the meeting. A General Convention is talked of by many for the purpose of revising and correcting the defects of the foederal government; but whilst this is the wish of some, it is the dread of others from an opinion that matters are not yet sufficiently ripe for such an event.
[Note 39: "The General Assembly have appointed Edmund Randolph, James Madison, junr., Walter Jones, St. George Tucker, Meriwether Smith, David Ross, William Ronald and George Mason Commissioners to meet others from the different States...for the purpose of framing, such regulations of Trade as may be judged necessary to promote the general interests. I have to request your Excellency's attention to this subject, and that you will be pleased to make such communications of it as may be necessary to forward the views of this Legislature."-- Patrick Henry to the President of Pennsylvania, Feb. 23, 1786.
This convention met at Annapolis in September, 1786.]
The British still occupy our Posts to the Westward, and will, I am persuaded, continue to do so under one pretence or another, no matter how shallow, as long as they can: of this, from some circumstances which had occurred, I have been convinced since August, 1783 and gave it as my opinion at that time, if not officially to Congress as the sovereign, at least to a number of its members, that they might act accordingly. It is indeed evident to me, that they had it in contemplation to do this at the time of the Treaty; the expression of the Article which respects the evacuation of them, as well as the tenor of their conduct since relative to this business, is strongly marked with deception. I have not the smallest doubt but that every secret engine is continually at work to inflame the Indian mind, with a view to keep it at variance with these States, for the purpose of retarding our settlements to the Westward, and depriving us of the fur and peltry trade of that country.
Your assurances my dear Marquis, respecting the male and female Asses,40 are highly pleasing to me, I shall look for them with much expectation and great satisfaction, as a valuable acquisition and important service.
[Note 40: From the island of Malta.]
The Jack which I have already received from Spain, in appearance is fine; but his late royal master, tho' past his grand climacteric, cannot be less moved by female allurements than he is; or when prompted, can proceed with more deliberation and majestic solemnity to the work of procreation. The other Jack perished at Sea.
Mr. Littlepage in his dispute with Mr. Jay seems to have forgot his former situation. It is a pity, for he appears to be a young man of abilities. At the next meeting of the Potomac Company (which I believe will not be 'till August) I will communicate to them your sentiments respecting the terms on which a good Ingénieur des ponts and chaussées may be had and take their opinion thereon.
The benevolence of your heart my Dr. Marqs. is so conspicuous upon all occasions, that I never wonder at any fresh proofs of it; but your late purchase of an estate in the colony of Cayenne, with a view of emancipating the slaves on it, is a generous and noble proof of your humanity. Would to God a like spirit would diffuse itself generally into the minds of the people of this country; but I despair of seeing it. Some petitions were presented to the Assembly, at its last Session, for the abolition of slavery, but they could scarcely obtain a reading. To set them afloat at once would, I really believe, be productive of much inconvenience and mischief; but by degrees it certainly might, and assuredly ought to be effected; and that too by Legislative authority.
I give you the trouble of a letter to the Marqs. de St. Simon, in which I have requested to be presented to Mr. de Menonville. The favourable terms in which you speak of Mr. Jefferson gives me great pleasure: he is a man of whom I early imbibed the highest opinion. I am as much pleased, therefore, to meet confirmations of my discernment in these matters, as I am mortified when I find myself mistaken.
I send herewith the copies of your private Letters to me, promised in my last, and which have been since copied by your old aid. As Mrs. Washington and myself have both done ourselves the honor of writing to Madame de la Fayette, I shall not give you the trouble at this time of presenting my respects to her; but pray to accept every good wish which this family can render for your health and every blessing this life can afford you. I cannot conclude without expressing to you the earnest enquiries and ardent wishes of your friends (among whom, I claim to stand first) to see you in America, and of giving you repeated assurances of the sincerity of my friendship, and of the Affectionate regard with which I am etc.
P. S. I had like to have forgotten a promise which I made in consequence of the enclos'd application from Colo. Carter. It was, that I would write to you for the wolf hound if to be had conveniently: The inducements, and the services you would render by this act, will be more evident from the expression of the letter than from any thing I can say.
The vocabulary41 for her imperial Majesty,42 I will use my best endeavours to have compleated; but she must have a little patience, the Indian tribes on the Ohio are numerous, dispersed and distant from those who are most likely to do the business properly.43
[Note 41: A vocabulary of the Shawano and Delaware Indians was compiled and forwarded two years later. (See Washington's letter to Marquis de Lafayette, Jan. 10, 1788, post.)]
[Note 42: The Empress of Russia.]
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1786.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 6th. instr. but not inclining to take your surplus Wheat, on purchase, will order it to be ground and packed, subject to your order. As you did not direct what kind of flour it should be made into, it will be fine only, unless you should in time direct otherwise.
I lost very considerably by the delay of your Wheat. In the first of the Manufactury of it I had a brisk demand for my superfine flour at 40/. and 38/. per Barrl. and for that which has been lately ground I have not had more than 32/. offered, and this price for a small quantity only.
The inclosed was brought to me (under cover) by the person whose name is mentioned therein and with whom I have agreed. I am etc.44
[Note 44: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1786.
Sir: I am indebted to you for your favor of the 5th. of September, and to Messrs. Robinson, Sanderson and Rumney for their letter of the 28th. of Jany. in the present year. The last was accompanied with 1400 Flags, which came with very little brakages; and for your care of, and attention to which, I beg you to accept my sincere thanks.45
[Note 45: The following is noted in Washington's "Diary" under date of Monday, May 22, 1786: "Began to take up the pavement of the Piaza." May 23: "this day began to lay the Flags in my Piaza." May 27: "Finished laying 28 courses of the pavement in the Piaza."]
On the 18th. of Novr. I inclosed you a Bill on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of London for £50 Sterg.; and will, before Mr Sanderson leaves the Country, settle with him for the Ballance. It gives me pleasure to hear that we may soon expect to see you in this Country again. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.46
[Note 46: From a photostat of the original in the "Washington Photostats" in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 13th. came to me this day. Particular attention shall be paid to the mares which your servant brought; and when my Jack is in the humour they shall derive all the benefits of his labours. At present, tho' young, he follows what one may suppose to be the example of his late Royal Master, who cannot, tho' past his grand climacteric, perform seldomer or with more majestic solemnity than he does. However I have my hopes that when he becomes a little better acquainted with republican enjoyments, he will amend his manners and fall into our custom of doing business; if the case should be otherwise, I shall have no disinclination to present his Catholic Majesty with as valuable a present as I received from him.
I am very sorry to hear of the accident which befel Colo. Fitzhugh in his late trip to Virginia; but from the effect of the fall I hope he will soon be recovered. I am happy in having it in my power to furnish him with a bushel of the Barley requested in your letter. A propos, are there any persons in your neighbourhood who raise Lambs for sale? My stock of Sheep were so much neglected during my absence, that I would gladly buy one or two hundred ewe lambs, and allow a good price for them, in order to get it up again. A line from you when convenient, in answer to this query, would be obliging. Mrs. Washington and the rest of the family join me in every good wish for the Colo., his Lady and yourself. I am, etc.47
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 48: Of New York, He had been one of Varick's writers.]
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1786.
Sir: You will excuse me I hope for not having acknowledged the receipt of your favors of the 21st. and 25th. of Feby. at an earlier period. The truth is, I have been much hurried and a good deal from home since they came to this place.
I thank you for your obliging attention to the apples, which were very good, and arrived safely; and Mrs. Washington joins me in thanking you also for your kind present of pickled and fried Oysters,49 which were very fine. This mark of your politeness is flattering, and we beg you to accept every good wish of ours in return. With esteem, I am, etc.47
[Note 49: The pickled and fried oysters were preserved in pots.]
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1786.
Gentn: Waiting to be informed of what I stand indebted to you, is the cause of my not acknowledging sooner the receipt of your favor of the 24th. of May last year. I have now requested Colo. Biddle to enquire into, and to discharge what is due from me.
I feel myself very much obliged to you for the trouble you have had in obtaining a Miller for me. Mr. Davenport seems to be a very honest, good kind of man; but as a miller, and as a person skilled in the art of keeping a mill in order, I think him much inferior to Roberts. In these points perhaps Roberts had no superior; but his propensity to liquor, and his turbulent temper when under the intoxicating doses of it, were not to be borne. I have no trouble at all with Davenport; he is steady, orderly and quiet, and does, I believe, as well as he knows how. We have neither of us intimated any inclination to part; and if the reputation of my flour (which stood very high under Robert's management) can be maintained, it is all I want.
The Agreement which you entered into with him is perfectly satisfactory to me, and I thank you for your attention to the business. With great esteem, I am, etc.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1786.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 19th. of Feby. and 16th. and 19th. March, are before me; And would have been acknowledged Sooner, had anything material, occurred.
The Clover Seed, Boots &c. came in Season; but I must take care to be earlier in my application another year, as the Expence of getting heavy articles from Baltimore by land, comes high; I was charged forty odd Shillings for the Transportation of those Seeds, by the Stage, from that Place. I am nevertheless obliged to you for forwarding of them in that manner; as the delay would have rendered the Seeds useless for Spring Sowing, and altogether defective, perhaps, by the Fall. I am obliged to your Good Father for the Trouble he was at in choosing them, they are very good, and pray you, to Offer my Complts. and Thanks, to him therefore, and to Capt. Morris, for his kind present of a hunting horn, as I was unable to get One in Virginia, or at Baltimore.
If you Should not have purchased Young's Tour Through Great Britain, before this Reaches you, be pleased to decline doing it, as I have Just received a very Polite letter from that Gentleman, informing me of his having dispatched a Compleat Sett of his Works for my acceptance.
The Person in whose Name, the inclosed certificate, has Issued,51 is owing me a considerable Sum, (indeed half the Flour, and Meal, for which the Certificate was granted, belonged to me) and having requested that it may be Sold for what it will fetch, and his part of the Money applied to my Credit, I pray you to do it accordingly; but at the Same time, I must desire, as Half the Property is my own, that if it Shall appear to you, to be for my Interest, that it Should be bought in again on my Accot., that you would do so. In either case, place the Amot. to my Credit in your Books, Subject to a future disposition.
[Note 51: A copy of the certificate which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, and dated May 18, 1785, shows that the United States owed Gilbert Simpson 339 dollars and 53/90ths of a dollar, with interest at 6% from Nov. 4, 1780.]
I must be owing Messrs. Robt. Lewis & Sons (of Philada.) some Trifle, on Accot. of a Miller which they procured for me, last year, but have never yet been able to get their Accot. Be so good as to know what the Amot. is, and Pay it; the Inclosed Informs them thereof.
I have Such a number of Gazettes crouded upon me, (many without orders) that they are not only Expensive, but really useless; as my other avocations, will not allow me time to Read them oftentimes, and when I do attempt it, find them more troublesome, than Profitable, I have therefore to beg if you should get money into your hands, on Accot. of the Inclosed Certificate, that you would be so good as to pay what I am owing to Messrs. Dunlap & Claypole, Mr. Oswald, and Mr. Humphreys.52 If they consider me, however, as engaged for the year, I am content to let the matter run on, to the expiration of it; but as my Expences run high, it would be imprudent in me to encrease them unnecessarily.
[Note 52: Daniel Humphreys. He was publisher of the Pennsylvania Mercury and Philadelphia Price-current.]
I am in want of Glass (for a Particular purpose) and beg you to Send it to me, by the first opportunity, agreeably to the Inclosed Patterns, and Quantities.
Is Linnen to be had cheap, at the Vendues in Philadelphia, for ready Money? And at what price, could the best dutch, or Strip'd Blanketts, be bought by the piece, of 15 or 16 in each, which I think is the usual number? I may want 200 of them. My Compliments, in which Mrs. Washington Joins, are Offred to Mrs. Biddle, and I am, etc.53
[Note 53: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1786.
Dear Sir: In due course of post, I have been honored with your favors of the 2d. and 16th. of March; since which I have been a good deal engaged and pretty much from home. For the enclosure which accompanied the first, I thank you. Mr. Littlepage seems to have forgot what had been his situation, forgot what was due to you, and indeed what was necessary to his own character: and his guardian, I think, seems to have forgotten every thing.54
[Note 54: The Lewis-Littlepage controversy was merely a matter of personal irritation and of no public importance.]
I coincide perfectly in sentiment with you, my Dr. Sir, that there are errors in our national Government which call for correction, loudly I would add; but I shall find myself happily mistaken if the remedies are at hand. We are certainly in a delicate situation, but my fear is that the people are not yet sufficiently misled to retract from error. To be plainer, I think there is more wickedness than ignorance mixed in our Councils. Under this impression, I scarcely know what opinion to entertain of a general convention. That it is necessary to revise and amend the articles of confederation, I entertain no doubt; but what may be the consequences of such an attempt is doubtful. Yet something must be done, or the fabrick must fall, for it certainly is tottering.
Ignorance and design are difficult to combat. Out of these proceed illiberal sentiments, improper jealousies, and a train of evils which oftentimes, in republican governments, must be sorely felt before they can be removed. The former, that is ignorance, being a fit soil for the latter to work in, tools are employed by them which a generous mind would disdain to use; and which nothing but time, and their own puerile or wicked productions can show the inefficacy and dangerous tendency of. I think often of our situation and view it with concern. From the high ground we stood upon, from the plain path which invited our footsteps, to be so fallen! so lost! it is really mortifying; but virtue, I fear has, in a great degree, taken its departure from us; and the want of disposition to do justice is the source of the national embarrassments; for whatever guise or colorings are given to them, this I apprehend is the origin of the evils we now feel, and probably shall labour under for some time yet. With respectful complimts. to Mrs. Jay, and sentiments of sincere friendship, I am &c.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1786.
Sir: Messrs. Balfour and Barraud of Norfolk died indebted to me in a pretty considerable sum. Meeting with Mr. Newton a few days ago at Richmond,56 he informed me that the books of that Company had been in the hands of a Mr. Schau deceased, to whom you were an Exor.; and that it was highly probable you could in this character, give me some clue by which I could recover my Debt; for he added, that he was certain money was due in and about Norfolk to Messrs. Balfour and Barraud, and might be obtained, if a list of the Debts cou'd be had.
[Note 56: Washington went to Richmond in connection with some land purchases from Col. George Mercer. He left Mount Vernon, April 23: arrived at Richmond, April 26; left Richmond, April 28; and reached Mount Vernon, April 30.]
My debt was contracted for flour sold these Gentlemen. This flour was for Mr. Hansbury of London, and there can be little doubt of their connexion in trade; but whether of such a nature as to make the latter liable for the debt, I am unable to say.
If my present application to you is improper, or likely to give you any trouble in affording me the requisite information, you will please to place the liberty I take, to a former acquaintance, and have the goodness to excuse it. I am, etc.55
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1786.
Sir: Your favors of the 24th. of January and 5th. of Feby. are at hand; but I have heard nothing of the Vine slips mentioned therein, nor do I know where to direct my enquiries for them, as you do not mention the Port or State to which the Industry, Captn. Gibson was bound. For your good intentions however, I am as much indebted, as if the slips had actually been delivered to me.
It is to be hoped and much to be wished that the negotiations of Messrs. Barclay and Lamb,57 at the Court of Morocco, and with the State of Algiers, may terminate favourably for America. Should they not, our trade will be exceedingly incommoded by the piratical States of the Mediterranian.
[Note 57: Thomas Barclay and John Lamb.]
At present, thro' the early attention of Messrs. Jno. Searle & Co., and some others, (formerly my correspondents in Maderia) together with the purchases I have occasionally made in this Country since the re-establishment of peace, I am more than usually well stocked with Maderia Wine. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1786.
Sir: Since my last dated the 20th. of August, I have been favored with your letters of the 31st. of Augt., 7th. of Septr. and 4th. of Novembr. in the past year.
The packages by the Peggy, Capt. Cuningham are safely arrived. I am sorry they should have given you any trouble, and am much obliged by your care of them.
I have paid Colo. Fitzgerald the full amount of the Wine and other articles wch. were sent to me by Captn. Smith; and am sorry to add that the quality of the Claret on proof, did not answer my expectation, and was far short of some other of the same cargo, wch. I had drank at other places. I ascribe this however, to chance; it may be my luck next time to get better, and therefore when your Vessel comes to this River again, I request that a gross of the best may be sent to me.
Excuse the liberty I take of addressing a packet containing papers of consequence, to your care for the Marqs. de la Fayette, and a barrel; to both of wch. I ask your particular attention. I am, etc.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 60: Or Chaston, or Le Chaston. The "Letter Book" addresses him as "Monst."]
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1786.
Sir: The letter which you did me the favor to write to me from Philadelphia on the 5th inst:61 came safely to hand, and I should have given it an earlier acknowledgment, had not frequent calls from home, and unavoidable business prevented it.
[Note 61: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I do not perceive, upon recurring to the subject, that I can be more explicit in the description of my Lands on the Big Kanahawa, and on the Ohio between the two Kanhawas, than I was when I had the pleasure of seeing you at this place. If I recollect rightly I then informed you, that from the accounts given me of them by the Surveyor; from what I had seen of them myself, (especially the tract on the big Kanhawa) from every other source of information, and from my best knowledge and belief, there can be no finer land in that or any other Country; or lands more abounding in natural advantages.
The whole of them are washed by the rivers I have mentioned, are furnished with land streams fit for water works of various kinds, stored with meadow ground wch. may be reclaimed in the cheapest and most expeditious manner imaginable, (by only cutting away trifling banks of earth, which have been formed by the Beaver) and abound in fish and wild fowl of all kinds, as well as every other sort of game with which the country is filled. With respect to the quality of the soil, it may be conceived that none can exceed it when I relate a single fact, namely, that it was the first choice of the whole country thereabouts, after a thorough research of it by an excellent judge, the late Colo. Crawford.
As to the situation of them, none can be more advantageous; for living about midway between the upper and lower settlements on the Ohio, the trade must pass within sight of those Lands, whilst the occupants of them, equally convenient to both might embrace the inland navigation of either Potomac or James river, as soon as they are made to communicate with the Western Waters; which no doubt will soon be effected. I think too, I should not be mistaken were I to add that 'ere long a town of some importance will be established in the vicinity of them, viz, at the confluence of the big Kanhawa and Ohio;62 which is the point at which the trade to Richmond, and that which is carried to the northern parts of this State, and to Maryland and Pennsylvania, must separate. But to go into a more minute detail in writing of what has before been the subject of oral conversation, would be more tiresome than interesting; especially as it is by no means my wish that any purchaser whatever, should rely upon my accot. of this matter, or on those of any others, but judge for himself or themselves, in all things.
[Note 62: Point Pleasant and Henderson are now at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, on either bank of the river.]
When you asked me if I was disposed to sell these Lands, I answered and truly that I had never had it in contemplation, because I well knew they would rise more in value than the purchase money at the present time would accumulate by interest; consequently under these circumstances it would be difficult in the present moment to fix on a price which would be acceded to, that would be an equivalent for them hereafter. However as I had no family, wished to live easy and to spend the remainder of my days with as little trouble as possible, I said I would part with them if a good price could be obtained, and that my sense of their value might easily be ascertained by the terms on which I had proposed to rent them; (and which I think you told me you had seen). One of which amounting in fact to an absolute sale, being on a Lease of 999 years, renewable, was at ten pounds this currency per hundred acres, which at 5 pr Ct. (the legal interest in this State), would have come to 40/ like money pr. acre for the land on purchase; but I added, that if any one person, or sett of men would take the whole, I would make the terms of payment easy and abate considerably in the price. I therefore now inform you that the lands (the patents and plats of which I shewed you) the titles to which are uncontrovertible, free from those clashing interests and jarring disputes with which much of the property in that country is replete, are in quantities and situation as follows,
1st. 2314 on the Ohio river three or four miles below the mouth of the little Kanhawa.
2d. 2448 acres on the said river abt. sixteen miles below the former.
3d. 4395 acres on Ditto, just above the great bend in it, & below the other two.
4th. 10,990 on the big Kanhawa (West side) beginning within two or three miles of its conflux with the Ohio, and extending up the former 17 miles.
5th. 7,276 acres a little above this on the East side of the same river Kanhawa.
6th. 2,000 acres higher up the Kanhawa (west side) in the fork between Coal river and it.
7th. 2950 acres opposite thereto, on the East side. In all 32,373 acres on both rivers.
For these lands I would take Thirty thousand English guineas (of the proper weight) or other specie current in the country, at its equivalent value. Two thousand five hundred of which to be paid at the execution of the Deeds and the remainder in seven years therefrom, with an interest of five pr. Ct. pr. ann: regularly paid at my seat 'till the principal shall be discharged.
I am not inclined to part with any of these Lands, as an inducement to settle the rest. My mind is so well satisfied of the superior value of them to most others, that there remains no doubt on it of my obtaining my own terms, as the country populates and the situation and local advantages of them unfold. These terms have already been promulgated, but I have not a copy of them by me, or I could send it to you: they were inserted in Dunlaps & Claypooles Gazette about two years ago, at whose Office it is probable a copy might be had. One of the conditions was, if my memory serves me, an exemption from the payment of rent three years whilst the tenements were opening and improvements making; this I am still inclined to fulfill.
The rents were different according to the term for which leases were to be granted.
If for twenty one years only, they were to commence and end at £5 pr. hundred; for in that case the stipulated improvements being made, I knew that almost any rent might be had for the Tenement thereafter.
If on leases renewable every ten years forever, the rents were in that case to advance in a certain ratio, to keep pace with the encreasing value of the Land. And if given in the first instance for 999 yrs. as has been mentioned before, then the rent was to commence at ten pounds pr. hund. acres; which being in fact an alienation of the property, shewed my ideas of its present value and purchase money, as mentioned already. These, as far as I can recite from memory, were the terms on which I offered to rent, and from which I feel no disposition to relax; unless, as in the case of a purchase, some one or more persons would take the whole off my hands at once, and become responsible for the rent; in which case being influenced by similar principles, I might abate accordingly.
I should have great pleasure in giving such letters as you have asked, to the Marquis de la Fayette and Chevr. de la Luzerne, but conceive they could only have an embarrassing operation. It is certainly as consistent with the policy of one country to discourage depopulation, as it is for another to encourage emigration. Considering the matter in this point of view I cannot suppose, however well disposed either of the above gentlemen may be to serve this Country, that they would do it at the expence of, and perhaps hazard of censure from their own.
One of these gentlemen too being in the diplomatic or ministerial line would, undoubtedly, be very cautious in expressing a sentiment favorable to a business of this kind. My best wishes however will follow you thro' all the stages of it; and with esteem, I am, &c.
P.S. I shou'd be glad to know whether this letter found you in Philadelphia.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The Letter which your Excellency did me the honor to write to me, of the 7th. ulto. came safely to hand; and I should feel very happy if I could render the Company (who are engaged in the laudable and important design of opening a cut between the Rivers Cowper and Santee) any services.
Mr. Brindley, nephew to the celebrated person of that name who conducted the work of the Duke of Bridgewater and planned many others in England, possesses, I presume, more practical knowledge of Cuts and Locks for the improvement of inland navigation, than any man among us, as he was an executive officer (he says) many years under his uncle in this particular business: but he is, I know, engaged with the Susquehanna company, who are I believe (for I saw Mr. Brindley about six weeks ago) in a critical part of their work. I have notwithstanding, written to a gentleman of my acquaintance who is not only a member of that Company, but one to whom the business is chiefly confided, and near the spot, to know if Mr. Brindley's services can be dispensed with long enough to answer the purposes mentioned in your letter: his answer shall be forwarded as soon as it comes to my hands.
It gives me pleasure to find a spirit for inland navigation prevailing so generally. No country is more capable of improvements in this way than our own, none which will be more benefited by them; and to begin well, as you justly observe, is all in all: error in the commencement will not only be productive of unnecessary expence, but, what is still worse, of discouragements. It appears to me therefore, that if the cost of bringing from Europe a professional man of tried and acknowledged abilities, is too heavy for one work; it might be good policy for several Companies to unite in it; contributing in proportion to the estimates and capital sums established by the several Acts. I see no necessity for confining the services of such a person to a single undertaking, one man may plan for twenty to execute; and the distance from Delaware (between which and Chesapeak a cut is in contemplation and Commissioners appointed by the two States to agree on a plan) to the Cowper river is not so great but that one person of activity might design for all between them, and visit the whole three or four times a year.
This is only a thought of my own, I have no authority for suggesting it; but for my private satisfaction had written both to England and France, to know on what terms a person of competent skill could be obtained, and have received the following answer from my friend the Marqs. de la Fayette; "There is no doubt but what a good Engineer may be found in this country to conduct the work. France in this point exceeds England; and will have I think every advantage but that of the language, which is something, altho' it may be supplied by an Interpreter. An application from Mr. Jefferson and myself to the Ministry, and more particularly an intimation that you set a value on that measure, will ensure to us the choice of a good Engineer. They are different from the military ones, and are called Ingènieurs des ponts and chaussées. I think five hundred guineas a year while the business lasts, and an assurance not to loose his rank in France will be sufficient to provide you with the gentleman you want."
I have also received an acknowledgmt. of the letter I had written to England; but the Gentleman there goes no further than to assure me he will make every necessary enquiry, and has no doubt but that a person may be obtained. He says nothing however respecting the terms on which he could be had. Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments and every good wish for Mrs. Moultree and yourself. With great esteem and respect, I am, etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1786.
Dear Sir: The Letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 10th. inst: came safely to hand, and claims my particular acknowledgments and thanks.
When I beheld the trouble I had given you, in the long transcript from the essay on the farmyard, I was quite ashamed of the request I had made; but having no just plea to offer as an apology for doing so, I will rely on your goodness rather than a lame excuse, for pardon.
The Society,65 in my opinion, have judged rightly in determining to continue their premium for the best Barn-yard; for whatever merits Colo. Morgan's Essay may have, something yet more perfect may be hit upon; and this being, as you justly observe, the basis of all good husbandry, too much encouragement cannot be given to men of ingenuity and industry, to turn their thoughts to an object of this magnitude, to induce endeavors to improve it.
[Note 65: The Agricultural Society of Philadelphia, Pa.]
It is from such attention as these, by similar societies, that Agriculture has been brought to the perfection it now is in England; and this certainly is the readiest path by which we can arrive at it here. Practices founded on experiments, and approved by these societies, are the best touch stones, and will prove our guide and director in all cases whatsoever.
Will Mrs. Powel never visit her friends on James River? Is it necessary to add how happy she and you would make Mrs. Washington and myself, to set this down as a halting place? If it was I would add the most unequivocal assurances of it. We unite in every good wish for you both, and I am, etc.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1786.
Sir: As I have no information of Doctr. Shiell's67 death, nor any connexion with his family or affairs; I return the letter which you sent me for him (and which came to hand last night only) unopened. The Doctr. married a lady of Newtown in Pennsylvania, a Miss Harris, and had connexions, I believe, in trade with some gentn. in the City of Philada., but with whom they were formed, I am unable to inform you.
[Note 67: Dr. Sheal, of Philadelphia. He removed to Kentucky and died there.]
Altho' I have no doubt but that the Account, rendered by you of your services and sufferings, is literally true; yet as they did not happen to fall within my own knowledge, there would be an impropriety in my certifying them. Indeed it has always been a maxim with me, to grant Certificates to no officers in a subordinate character, who did not apply thro' the Colonel and genl. officer under whom they had served; or from the head of the department in which they had acted if in the staff; the presumption being, tho' the fact in some instances might be otherwise, that I could only be acquainted with their characters and conduct thro' one or the other of these channels. Congress have not, I believe, made provision for losses of property sustained in the course of the War, instances of which are without number; but for invalids and those who have been disabled they have, I believe, where the regular modes pointed out by their Resolves, have been pursued, made allowances, but what, or how to come at them, I am unable to inform you, as this business never went thro' my hands. I am, etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: I have been favored with, and thank you for your letter of the 14th inst: The reasons which you have been at the trouble to assign for the Executive's not calling the Assembly at an earlier period than the annual meeting, are very satisfactory; and I am much obliged to you for the recital of them, for I confess to you that I was not only among the number of those who expected this event, but under the publication of Congress of the 15th. of Feby. and my want of information of the precise state of matters in other States, was among those also who could not account for the postponement. It will always give me pleasure to hear from you, because it will afford me fresh occasion for assuring you of the sincere esteem, etc.68
Mount Vernon, May 26, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Inclosed you have Peter Kirwins receipt for fifty barrels of superfine flour, which I beg you to sell to the best advantage, and remit what may be due to me, after deducting what I am owing to you.
Twenty four of these fifty barrels are inspected; the others, tho' of equal quality, are not. The reason is, the bearer calling unexpectedly, and being in a hurry, would not allow time to get the Inspectors from Alexandria; I was obliged therefore to send them without, or miss the conveyance; the former I preferred, as I have been some time on the enquiry for a Vessel. The quality of the uninspected, my miller assures me, is at least equal to the inspected, being quite fresh. With esteem and regard, I am, etc.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 70: Of Islington, near London.]
Mount Vernon, May 30, 1786.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 12th. of September,71 and thank you for the prints which accompanied it, by the Ship Potomac which arrived safely. The frames of these pictures are quite equal to my wishes, and you will please to accept my best acknowledgments of it; and assurances that an apology for their being inferior to those sent to Congress, was altogether unnecessary.
[Note 71: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
It gives me concern to learn from yourself, that the late war has been so injurious to your income, and so destructive of your hopes. By best wishes will attend any plan you may adopt for the perfect restoration of both. Of the obliging expressions of your letters, as they respect myself, I have a grateful sense, and am,69
Mount Vernon, June 2, 1786.
Madam: Though small were the Services I rendered you, consequent of your first application to me; yet it behoves me to add, in answer to your favor of the 15th. of December last, that it was all I then had, or now have it in my power to offer. For having no share in the Legislative or Executive concerns of this Country, I could do no more than to bring your Petition before the former. This I did by a letter to the Governour inclosing it. What the ultimate determination of the Assembly was, respecting this matter, I am unable with precision, to inform you. Generally, I was given to understand, that however hard the case might appear to be, it was to be ascribed to the nature of the contest in which we had been oppressively involved, and tho' to be lamented as a Misfortune, was not to be attributed as a fault in the justice of this Country, since it was difficult, if not impracticable to draw a line between the promoters, and actors, and innocent Victims, of the War, in a national point of view. How far the reasoning is good I shall not take upon me to decide; but with much truth may assure you that I can readily enter into your feelings on this occasion, and sincerely wish that those who were the contrivers and abetters were alone to be the Sufferers by the War. I have the honor to be, etc.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From the original in the British Museum Additional Manuscript 9828.]
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1786.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the politeness of the offer contained in your letter of the 26th. ulto., and to thank you for the disinterestedness of it.
I shall have no scruple when occasion occurs to accept (in the small way I am in) the services you obliging you tender me, as proofs of my sensibility for your kindness, and as a testimony of my regard for the memory of your deceased brother,75 who I knew took pleasure in obliging me by acts of this nature. With great esteem, I am, etc.76
[Note 75: Tench Tilghman.]
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1786.
Dear Sir: The Letter with which you favored me on the 24th. ulto. and the enclosures,77 came to my hands by the last post,
[Note 77: The enclosure was the 25 pp. 12° pamphlet containing the report of the Intendant, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, and the action of the Maryland House. The letter and enclosure are in the Washington Papers.] and I thank you for the information I have received from them. The Committee, by its Report, seemed disposed to run you hard; but happily the House viewed matters in a different light, and rendered you the tribute of applause which was due to your services; which, as every circumstance that can contribute to your honor or satisfaction, has afforded me much pleasure, being Dr. Sir, etc.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1786.
Dear Sir: I have just had the honour to receive your favour of the 26th ulto. Of all the numerous acquaintances of your lately deceased son,79 and amidst all the sorrowings that are mingled on that melancholy occasion, I may venture to assert (that excepting those of his nearest relatives) none could have felt his death with more regret than I did because no one entertained a higher opinion of his worth, or had imbided sentiments of greater friendship for him than I had done.
[Note 79: Col. Tench Tilghman. He died on Apr. 18, 1786.]
That you, Sir, should have felt the keenest anguish for this loss, I can readily conceive, the ties of parental affection united with those of friendship, could not fail to have produced this effect. It is however a dispensation the wisdom of which is inscrutable, and amidst all your grief there is this consolation to be drawn, that while living, no man could be more esteemed, and since dead, none more lamented than Col. Tilghman.
As his correspondence with the Comee. of New York is not connected with any transactions of mine, so, consequently, it is not necessary that the Papers to which you allude should compose part of my public documents; but if they stand single, as they exhibit a trait of his public character, and like all the rest of his transactions will, I am persuaded, do honor to his understanding and probity, it may be desirable, in this point of view, to keep them alive by mixing them with mine; which, undoubtedly, will claim the attention of the Historian, who, if I mistake not, will upon an inspection of them, discover the illiberal ground on which the charge mentioned in the extract of the letter you did me the honor to inclose me is founded. That a calumny of this kind had been reported, I knew; I had laid my acct. for the calumnies of anonymous scribblers; but I never before had conceived that such an one as is related, could have originated with, or have met the countenance of Captn Asgill, whose situation often filled me with the keenest anguish; I felt for him on many accts. and not the least, when viewing him as a man of honor and sentiment, how unfortunate it was for him that a wretch who possessed neither, should be the means of causing in him a single pang, or a disagreeable sensation, My favourable opinion of him however is forfeited if, being acquainted with these reports, he did not immediately contradict them. That I could not have given countenance to the insults which he says were offered to his person, especially the grovelling one of erecting a Gibbet before his prison window, will I expect, readily be believed when I explicitly declare that, I never heard of a single attempt to offer an insult, and that I had every reason to be convinced that he was treated by the officers around him, with all the tenderness and every civility, in their power, I would fain ask Captn. Asgill how he could reconcile such belief (if his mind had been seriously impressed with it) to the continual indulgences, and procrastinations he had experienced? He will not, I presume deny that, he was admitted to his parole within 10 or 12 miles of the British lines, if not to a formal Parole, to a confidence yet more unlimited, by being permitted, for the benefit of his health, and recreation of his mind, to ride, not only about the Cantonment, but into the surrounding country for many miles, with his friend and companion Maj. Gordon, constantly attending him. Would not these indulgences have pointed a military character to the fountain from which they flowed? Did he conceive that discipline was so lax in the American Army as that any officer in it could have granted these liberties to a Person confined by the express order of the Commander in chief unless authorized to do so by the same authority? and to ascribe them to the interference of Count de Rochambeau, is as void of foundation as his other conjectures; for I do not recollect that a sentence ever passed between that General and me, directly, or indirectly, on the subject, I was not without suspicions after the final liberation and return of Captn. Asgill to New York that his mind had been improperly impressed or [that he was defective in politeness. The treatment he had met with, in my conception, merited an acknowledgement, none however was offered, and I never sought for the cause.
This concise acct. of the treatment of Captn. Asgill is given from a hasty recollection of the circumstances. If I had had time, and it was essential, by unpacking my papers and recurring to authentic files, I might have been more pointed, and full. It is in my power at any time to convince the unbiassed mind that my conduct through the whole of this transaction was neither influenced by passion, guided by inhumanity, or under the controul of any interference whatsoever. I essayed everything to save the innocent and bring the guilty to punishment, with what success the impartial world must and hereafter certainly will decide. With very great esteem, etc.]80
[Note 80: From the "Letter book" copy in the Washington Papers. The portion in brackets is from a facsimile of the original in Washington's writing, from a sales catalogue, 1929.]
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1786.
Sir: Since my last of the 15th. of May to Messrs. Robertson Sanderson and Rumney, I have been favoured with your letter of the 16th. of April by Captn. Aitkinson. The cost of the Flags is finally settled, with other articles had from your store in Alexandria; and I again thank you for the trouble you have had in this business, more so, as neither Commissions nor freight are charged, nor would be received, although I am very willing, and offered to pay both to Mr. Sanderson.
The Flags came very reasonably and will answer my purposes very well, though the workman did not keep to the sample in two or three respects, particularly in the thickness, and dressing of the Stones; some not being more than ¾ of an inch thick (scarcely that on one side) and none with the same polish of the pattern: enough however may be picked out of the whole to floor my Gallery which is all I wanted. With great esteem and regard, I am etc.81
[Note 81: From a photostat of the original in the "Washington Photostats" in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Whatever number of servants you and Colo. Gilpin may think it advisable to purchase in behalf of the Potomac Company from the Ship which is just gone up, will meet my approbation; and I shall readily concur with you in price. There is a Black smith on board highly recommended, and one or two stone masons which may be useful at our works.
Have you received any precise account of the appearance or effect of the late fresh, at the great Falls? From the swell of the water and quantity of drift wood at this place, I am led to believe that it must have exceeded in height, any within the memory of man; which makes me anxious to hear from our works.
If there is anything which may require a meeting of the Directors, it would be convenient for me to attend (at any hour which may be named) on Wednesday next. I am, etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 26th. ulto. from Baltimore did not reach me 'till the 2d. inst: I will take the ewe lambs at the price they are offered by Mr. Reynolds; but not knowing the age of them, or when it may be proper to remove them, will wait 'till I hear from you again before I send, which may be when the mares are taken from this; and when I send, the money shall also go for Mr. Reynold's Lambs, and others, if more can be added to them of good quality, at the same price.
My Jack has favored one of your mares with a cover; which, with three others, is the sum total of his performances to this time. I do not intend to withhold my own mares more than three days longer from Magnolio, in expectation of the Jacks serving them. If Colo. Fitzhugh should incline to let his other mare (if the Jack should not come to) go to the same horse, he shall be heartily welcome to the use of him. With very great esteem I am, etc.82
Mount Vernon, June 7, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Inclosed is a copy of my last to you, soon after writing which I heard of Doctr. Gordon's sailing. Not knowing who his agent is, I again take the liberty of putting under this cover, the second Bill of exchange for him, and the original subscription paper on which the eleven pounds arose as part of the Bill (just mentioned) for forty two pounds which was the amount of both the Alexandria and Fredericksburgh subscriptions. As I have passed my receipts to the gentlemen who collected the money at the places above named; I wish the Doctors Agent, or Attorney if he has appointed one, would acknowledge the receipt of the Bill to me.
Mr. Lear arrived here a few days ago, and appears to be a genteel, well-behaved young man; he delivered me your letter, in consequence of which I applied to, and have received a promise from Charles Lee Esqr. (brother to the Colonel) to furnish him with such Law Books as he may have occasion for. I wish you success in your Passamaquady undertaking, and with sentiments of very great esteem and regard, am, etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 7, 1786.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th. ulto. with the patterns enclosed, I have received. I am sorry for the misfortunes which you have met with in the course of your business, and heartily wish that your future attempts to carry on any useful manufactory, may succeed; but I think Sir, that it would be presumption in me to recommend to any gentleman in the State of South Carolina, a person from Philada. with whom I have no acquaintance, and of whose abilities in his business I have not a complete knowledge. I might with more propriety, venture to do it in my neighbourhood, or in this State, than in South Carolina, but even here, I should not feel myself perfectly justified in doing it. Letters from some Gentlemen in Philadelphia to their friends in So. Carolina would, in my opinion, be more suitable, and have their proper effect. You will have my best wishes for the success of any attempt that may prove useful and beneficial to the country. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 7, 1786.
Sir: I received your letter of the 5th. inst. together with the MSS. and other papers sent with it, which I have returned.
It gives me pleasure to see any attempts made towards improving literature and science, more especially when they tend to the immediate and particular advantage of this country, and I should always wish to encourage and promote them; but I cannot with propriety enter into your plan, and offer you the encouragement you desire, as I am not so well acquainted with your character and abilities as many Gentlemen in Alexandria undoubtedly are, who will have an opportunity of attending your lectures, which I shall not; and are capable of giving your plan every encouragement which it deserves. I am, etc.
P.S. As the patterns and drawings may be useful to you on some other occasion, I return them.84
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1786.
My Dr. Marqs. You would be surprised at the old date of the letter herewith sent you, were I not to tell you that the vessel which carries it was to have sailed agreeably to the date, and by information was to do so every day since. Nothing new has occurred since it was written, nor should I have given you the trouble of a seasons letter by the same ship, had I not forgotten to mention in my last that Mrs. Washington had packed and sent for Madame de la Fayette's acceptance, a barrel of Virginia Hams. I do not know that they are better, or so good as you make in France, but as they are of our own manufacture (and you know the Virginia Ladies value themselves on the goodness of their bacon), and we recollect that it is a dish of which you are fond, she prevailed on me to ask your's and Madame de la Fayette's acceptance of them.
I wanted to have accompanyed them with an anchor of old peach brandy, but could not provide any which I thought of such a quality as would do credit to the distillery of this liquor, and therefore sent none; and after all, both perhaps would have been better furniture for your Canteens on a long wet march, than for your table in Paris. It is unnecessary to repeat the assurances of the affection and regard with which I am, etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 10, 1786.
Dear Sir: I cannot omit so good an opportunity as Mr. Wallace affords, of addressing a few lines to you; altho' from the barrenness of the times I have little to say.
Our Country is at present in peace, and measures are pursuing to give adequate powers to Congress to form such a commercial system as shall pervade equally every branch of the Union; without which we are unable to meet European powers on equal ground, and our trade with them will continue under many disadvantages.
I begin to despair (the season being so far advanced) of the pleasure of seeing you in Virginia this year; unless, instead of a Spring Voyage, you should incline to make an autumnal one. It would be but a repetition of former assurances were I to add, that I should be happy to see you in either, when ever your convenience and the affairs of Ireland will permit.
I little expected when I wrote you last, that Tharpe86 was to be the principal workman in the ornamental parts of my new room. I had not, at that time, even heard of his arrival in this country; but having engaged one Rawlins of Baltimore in Maryland (lately from England) to finish it, I found when he had brought his men and tools here, that Tharpe had been contracted with and was the person on whom Rawlins depended for the execution of the plan on which we had, two or three months before, agreed. To this man I objected 'till it became evident that it must be him, or no work; there being no other, Rawlins said, competent to the undertaking. This being the case, and the inconvenience of laying another year out of the room being great, I consented to try him on condition that Rawlins, who I believe has left off work, himself should superintend it closely. Tharpe has been here now, more than six weeks, and hitherto has demeaned himself soberly and well. With great esteem and regard, I have the honor, etc.87
[Note 86: Richard Tharp (Tharpe).]
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 14, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency last, I have been favored with the enclosed from Mr. Hughes, in answer to mine respecting Mr. Brindley. If you Sir, or the Board of Directors of the So. Carolina canal, should incline to return the answer requested and will commit it to my care; I will be particularly attentive to it, as I shall have pleasure in obliging you, or them. I have the honor, etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 18, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Under cover of your favor of the 21st. of April, which came duly to hand, was a letter from Arthur Young Esquire, (Author of the tours thro' England and Ireland, with his observations on the Husbandry of those Kingdoms) informing me that he had sent me a compleat sett of all his works. As these have never yet come to hand, nor any advice of them, you would do me a favor (if you can recollect of whom you received the letter) by enquiring whether it was, or was not accompanied with a parcel. Mr. Young's account is, that these Books were sent to the care of Mr. Athaws, mercht. of London: but why Mr. Athaws should send the letter without the parcel, or either by way of New York, I cannot readily conceive; as there are vessels from London passing my door (the situation of which is well known to him) every day.
The winter and Spring has been exceedingly opposed to our works at the great Falls; the incessant rains often preventing, and at all times retarding the removal of earth. The latter rains in May which were continued for more than twenty days, have produced very calamitous effects in this country: half the wheat, (some say much more) and three fourths of the rye, are blasted, and the ground surcharged to that degree with water as to have rendered ploughing impracticable, which has involved the Indian corn which did come up, so much in weeds and grass as to leave a melancholy prospect in level lands, of this crop also.
The advantages with which the inland navigation of the rivers Potomac and James are pregnant, must strike every mind that reasons upon the subject; but there is, I perceive, a diversity of sentiment respecting the benefits and the consequences, which may flow from the free and immediate use of the Mississippi. My opinion of this matter has been uniformly the same, and no light in which I have been able to consider the subject is likely to change it. It is, neither to relinquish nor to push our claim to this navigation; but in the mean while to open all the communications which nature has afforded, between the Atlantic States and the Western Territory, and to encourage the use of them to the utmost. In my judgment it is a matter of very serious concern to the well being of the former, to make it the interest of the latter to trade with them; without which, the ties of consanguinity which are weakening every day will soon be no bond, and we shall be no more a few years hence to the inhabitants of that country, than the British and Spaniards are at this day; not so much indeed, because commercial connexions, it is well known, lead to others, and united, are difficult to be broken; and these must take place with the Spaniards, if the navigation of the Mississippi is opened.
Clear I am that it would be for the interest of the Western settlers, as low down the Ohio as the Big Kanhawa, and back to the Lakes, to bring their produce thro' one of the channels I have named; but the way must be cleared, and made easy and obvious to them, or else the ease with which people glide down stream will give a different bias to their thinking and acting. Whenever the new States become so populous and so extended to the westward, as really to need it, there will be no power which can deprive them of the use of the Mississippi. Why then should we prematurely urge a matter, which is displeasing and may produce disagreeable consequences, if it is our interest to let it sleep? It may require some management to quiet the restless and impetuous spirity of Kentucke, of whose conduct I am more apprehensive in this business, than I am of all the opposition that will be given by the Spaniards. Mrs. Washington and George and his wife join me in compliments and good wishes to your lady. With great esteem &c.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
June 18, 1786.
Madam: A tract of land which I bought of Captn. Johnston (your deceas'd husband) lying on Bullskin in Frederick (now Berkeley) county, is, as well as a great many others, comprehended in the judgment lately obtained in the General Court in favor of the Hires; but may, it is said, be relieved from the consequences if it shall appear that this land was originally purchased from Hite. That the fact is so there can be no doubt, but the difficulty lies in proving it. It would seem by some papers in my hands that Captn. Johnston bought this land, wch. he sold me from one Lewis Thomas; and that Lewis Thomas bought it of old Jost Hite, father of the present complainants, who passed his Bond for the conveyance; which bond it further appears was assigned to Captn. Johnston. Now, if this bond is to be found among the papers of Captn. Johnston, for I have it not, it will render null and void the claim of the Hites; unless it may be for the original purchase money (which was very trifling), if it cannot be proven that it has been paid.
But if this bond is not in being, it is highly probable the Land will be lost.
The person to whom I sold this land is now calling upon me, this will oblige me in turn to resort to the representatives of Capt. Johnston of whom I purchased, and whose Deeds to me warrant it against the claim of every person whatsoever. But all these difficulties (except as to the original sum, which was to have been paid by Lewis Thomas to Hite) may be avoided if you fortunately should find among Captain Johnston's papers, the original bond from Hite to Thomas for conveyance of the land. It is for this reason I give you the trouble of the present application.
I am informed that commissioners are to meet some day this month, to receive such evidence as can be offered in favor of the present possessors of the land, without which the judgment will be final, I therefore pray that diligent search may be made for Hites Bond, which may prevent a heavy loss, as the land, with the improvements thereon, is now become very valuable. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 19, 1786.
Sir: The Letter which you did me the honor of writing to me, of the 5th. of Feby., I have received. I am highly oblig'd to you for the compliment which you pay me in desiring my acceptance of a portrait of Lewis the fifteenth, on horse back, which [was] done by you and is at your disposal.
I have not the least doubt Sir, but that the performance does honor to your abilities, and I join with you in wishing that it might be placed in some public and conspicuous situation, where the world could be gratified by seeing the picture of a good King, and where the merit of the performer meet with the applause which is due to it. Upon this principle Sir, (though I feel a grateful sense of the honor which you intended me) I must beg leave to decline the acceptance of it, as it could not here be placed in that conspicuous point of view which would do it justice. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 19 Washington wrote also to Comte de Grouchet, referring his application for membership in the Society of the Cincinnati to the Society in France. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book."]
[Note 92: New Hampshire teacher and arithmetician.]
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1786.
Sir: Your letter of the 25th. of March did not come to hand 'till lately, or it should have had an earlier acknowledgment.
It gives me the highest satisfaction to find the Arts and sciences making a progress in any Country; but when I see them advancing in the rising States of America, I feel a peculiar pleasure, and in my opinion, every effort of genius and all attempts towards improving useful knowledge ought to meet with encouragement in this Country. Your performance is of the most useful and beneficial kind, and from the opinion of those Gentlemen who have inspected it, I have not the least doubt but that it is a very valuable one.
I feel a grateful sense of the honor which you designed me by wishing to dedicate your Book93 to me, and would even sacrifice my own ideas of propriety respecting the matter, so far as to comply with your request, if I thought that by a non-compliance I should discourage, so good a work. But Sir, as there are several characters in your part of the country who deservedly hold a high rank in the literary world, and whose names would add dignity to such performance; it would be more proper (if I might presume to offer my opinion upon the matter) to dedicate your book to them.
[Note 93: A New and Complete System of Arithmetic, Composed for the Use of the Citizens of the United States, published in 1788.]
I must therefore beg leave to decline the honor which you would do me, as I have before done in two or three cases of a similar kind.
With the sincerest wishes for the success of your work, and much esteem, I am, etc.94
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1786.
My Dr. Humphreys: Your letter from New York (as did the proceeding one from London) came duly to hand, and claim my particular acknowledgments. On your return to America I sincerely congratulate you, and shall rejoice to see you at this place, which soon expecting shall add little at this time.
The only end of this letter is to assure you, that you will have no occasion for Horses, for mine will always be at your service; and very little for a servant, as your old acquaintance Will, who is scarcely fit for anything else, can whiten your head, and many idlers about the house can blacken your shoes. But in the latter case I entreat you to be governed altogether by your inclination and convenience.
Not knowing to what place to direct for you, I send this letter under cover to Colo. Lee.
Mrs. Washington, and George and his wife join me in every good wish for you, and I am, etc.94
Mount Vernon, June 21, 1786.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is a copy of my last. It is so long since it was dispatched (without an acknowledgment of it) that I begin to fear some accident must [ sic] happened, altho' it was sent to the Post Office in Alexandria by a very safe hand. Should this be the case, I pray you to notify the Office of the loss of the Certificate which was inclosed, that neither principal nor interest may be paid to the bearer till an investigation of his, or her claim to it, is first had. For this reason I send you an exact copy of the certificate, taken from the original before it was inclosed and wish that every proper step may be taken to recover it.
Not being able to discover how the letter should get lost, and still hoping it is not, I do not, at this time, send you patterns for the glass then required, but will do so if necessary as soon as I hear from you. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
[Note 95: Of Salisbury, Md.]
Mount Vernon, June 21, 1786.
Sir: I thank you for requesting a skipper from the Eastern shore to call upon, and make me an offer of the posts and rails he had for sale. They were not however of a kind to answer my purposes (being for paling), nor should I incline to buy any unless they are better and are to be had cheaper than those wch. might be taken from my own land. To judge of the propriety of this, you wou'd oblige me Sir, by informing me on what terms Cypress posts 7 feet long, 5 inches by 6 at top, and 7 inches by 6 at bottom; (a stock a foot square making 4), and Cypress plank 12 feet long, 6 wide and 1¼ inches thick, could be had delivered at my landing, supposing 500 of the first, and a proportional quantity of the latter for rails. I mention cypress on a supposition that it is a lasting wood for posts; but would be glad to know also, what the difference in price would be, between cypress and Pine, in the rails only. I am, etc.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1786.
Dr. Thornton: Jnn. Throckmorton delivered me your letter of the 6th. inst: I am under no apprehension that the title to the land on which you live can be affected by the decision lately had in favor of Messrs. Hite and others. Such papers as I can readily find respecting this tract, I send you. The patent from the proprietors office, granted to Captn. George Johnston of whom I bought the land particularly recites that it was granted by Jost Hire to Lewis Thomas, the deposition of John Smith taken, and admitted in the former trial, and I suppose is of record, with the copy of Lewis Thomas's bond passed for the payment thereof, together with the statement subscribed by Colo. Grayson, places the whole business in my opinion in a very clear and unequivocal point of view. But if the Commissioners (which I can scarcely conceive) should be of a different way of thinking, I should be glad to have time to illucidate matters more fully.
Colo. Grayson you will perceive certifies that what he has signed is a true copy from the proceedings; in these it is expressly admitted by the complainants, that Js. Hite did sell 425 acres; which upon a resurvey (possibly by adding a little of the barrens) measured 552 acres. Not having the original bond from Jost Hite to Lewis Thomas in my possession, I sent to the widow Darrell, formerly wife of Captn. Johnston, to see if it could be found among his papers; but she was from home and not likely, my messenger was informed, to return soon, and very probably may be found as a deposit in the proprietors, as the Deed is expressly founded upon it. In my judgment it is quite immaterial where it is, as there is, besides admission of the papers, the most uncontrovertible evidence of the sale to Thomas. By L. Thomas's bond to lost Hire, it appears that the money was to have been paid, "at such time, that the said lost Hite, his Heirs, Exors, Admrs or Assigns can obtain a good patent from the office."
The only point therefore which can be disputed, according to my conception of the case, is, if the purchase money has never yet been paid, who is liable, the possessors of the land, or the persons to whom it was sold, or their representatives? Whether the decree of the Court goes to this point, or what powers are vested in the Commissioners respecting it I know not, never having seen the judgment, and having had but a very indistinct report of it.
The Ship with servants happening to be becalmed opposite to my door, I sent on board to enquire for a Carpenter; only one stood upon the list, and he professing not to understand much of the business, I concluded he understood nothing of it, and therefore did not buy him for you.
My best wishes attend you and your wife. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 26,98 1786.
[Note 98: Sparks prints this letter under date of June 25.]
My Dr. Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to you in Novr. last I have been favored with your letters of the 23d. of June in the last, and 23d. of January in the present year, the first was handed to me by Doctr. Baynham,99 and the other by James Bloxham.
[Note 99: Dr. William Baynham, of Essex County, Va.]
Your conjectures respecting the fate of our letters, are, I am persuaded, too well founded, such frequent miscarriages would not result from negligence alone. But why, after the prying eye of curiosity, or the malignant hope of trapanning an individual, or making useful discoveries were disappointed, the letters should not have been permitted to proceed to their address, is not easy to be conceived. Being well appriz'd of the delicacy of your situation, I have studiously avoided every expression in all my letters which might if known, have involv'd you in the smallest difficulty or embarrassment; it is wantonly unfeeling therefore to destroy as well as to have inspected those which were founded in friendship only, and have the occurrences which relate to the parties for their basis. In future I will always place my letters to you under cover to Mr. Athawes.1
[Note 1: Samuel Athawes, of London.]
I have already informed you that Mr. Pine's reception in this Country has been favorable, and indicative of a profitable harvest in the line of his profession. Consequent of your good report of this gentleman, I furnished him with letters to many of the first characters in Philadelphia and Annapolis; and have every reason to believe that his success will be at least equal to his expectation, if it is not injured by any act of his own; against which his own prudence no doubt will guard him.
Tho' envy is no part of my composition, yet the picture you have drawn of your present habitation and mode of living is enough to create strong desires in me to be a participator of the tranquillity and rural amusements you have described. I am getting into the latter as fast as I can, being determined to make the remainder of my life easy, let the world or the affairs of it go as they may. I am not a little obliged to you for the assurance of contributing to this, by procuring me a Buck and Doe of the best English deer; but if you have not already been at this trouble, I would my good Sir, now wish to relieve you from it, as Mr. Ogle2 of Maryland has been so obliging as to present me six fawns from his park of English deer at Belle air. Of the
[Note 2: Benjamin Ogle.] Forest deer of this Country, I have also procured six, two bucks and four does; with these, and tolerable care, I shall soon get into a full stock for my small paddock. I do not mean to comprehend in this relinquishment, the offer of my good friend Mrs. Fairfax. I will receive with great pleasure and gratitude the seeds of any trees or shrubs wch. are not natives of this country, but reconcilable to the climate of it, that she may be so obliging as to send me; and while my attentions are bestowed on the nurture of them, it would, if anything was necessary to do it, remind me of the happy moments I have spent in conversations on this and other subjects with that Lady at Bellvoir.
My friend in New England having, since the date of my letters to you in Novr., engaged a young gentleman for me of very decent appearance and respectable family, as a tutor for the two little Custis's living with me, I have to pray that the trouble I was about to give you on this occasion may cease, and that the letter which I put under your cover for a Mr. Chapman, may be burnt.
I have now my Dr. Sir, to beg you to accept my particular thanks for the early attention which you paid to my request respecting a Farmer, and for directing James Bloxham to offer himself to me before he should engage with any other. The character given of him by Mr. Peacey3 is full and ample, and his appearance and conversation being much in his favor, I have agreed to give him sixty guineas pr. ann: for his services, and find him and family in provisions, a house to live in, a garden to work and two Cows to furnish them with milk. In consequence thereof he has written for his wife and children to come to him. With his assistance and advice, I shall be able to dispense with a steward. I have now taken the management of my farms into my own hands, and shall find employment
[Note 3: William Peacey.] and amusement, if not profit, in conducting the business of them myself.
The post-script to your letter of the 23d. of Jany., has given me pain; it would seem from the tenor of it as if you conceived I was not well pleased at your giving Mr. Thos. Corbin a letter of introduction to me: be assured My Dr. Sir, no idea was ever more foreign to my feelings; my intention, however incautiously the sentiment might have been expressed, was only to inform you that his brother Dick had determined to play nothing short of the whole game, and therefore was resolved to be as early with his narrative in this Country as Tom could be. And now, whilst I am upon this subject, let me once for all entreat you not to be scrupulous or backward in your introductions in future; for I can assure you with much truth, that every occasion which affords the means of hearing from you and Mrs. Fairfax will give pleasure in this family, and no person who shall come with your passport will be an unwelcome guest in it. So many come here without proper introductions, that it is a real satisfaction when I am able to discriminate: this will be the case whenever Mr. Ansty or any other shall present a letter to me from you. My manner of living is plain. I do not mean to be put out of it, a glass of wine and a bit of mutton are always ready, and such as will be content to partake of them are welcome those who expect more will be disappointed, but no change will be affected by it.
With compliments and best wishes for Mrs. Fairfax, I am, etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 28, 1786.
Dr. Sir: When your favor of the 1st. inst: accompanying the she ass, came to this place, I was from home; both however arrived safe, but Doctr. Bowie informed me by letter, that the bitch puppy was not brought to his house, nor have I heard anything more of the asses which were at Marlboro', nor of the grass seeds committed to the care of Mr. Digges.5
[Note 5: George Digges.]
I feel myself much obliged by your polite offer of the first fruits of your Jenny. Tho' in appearance quite unequal to the match, yet, like a true female, she was not to be terrified at the disproportionate size of her paramour, and having renewed the conflict twice or thrice, it is to be hoped the issue will be favourable.
My best respects attend Mrs. Sprigg and the rest of your family. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1786.
Sir: In answer to your favor of the 27th. written at the request of the Trustees of the Alexandria Academy, I have the honor to inform you that the education of boys for the purposes mentioned in my letter of the 17th. of December, was what I had principally, if not wholly in view at that time. But if it shall appear to the Trustees that there are girls who may fitly share the benefits of the institution, I will readily comprehend them in a ratio not to exceed one girl for four boys. With esteem and regard, I am, etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Better late than never, is an adage not less true, or less to be respected because it is old. The letter I am now about to write to you, ought to have been written sometime ago; but however strange it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that I have not had leisure (tho' more than two years have elapsed since my return to what the world calls retirement) to overhaul papers and to inspect transactions which preceeded the Revolution.
Having abundant reason to distrust my memory, I did not incline to write to you fully respecting the trust with which you had invested me, 'till I cou'd go into a thorough examination of all the papers to which it had given birth; that I might not only satisfy you in the best manner the nature of the case would admit, but myself also with respect to the transactions. How, me thinks I hear you say, could the inspection of these papers, be a work of so much time? It would not indeed Sir, if the papers had been properly arranged, and my time had been at my own disposal: but a house never clear of company, a continual reference to me of old matters (with which I ought not to have been troubled), and correspondencies without number, following several hasty removals of my papers from Bookpresses to trunks and thence into the country, when the British armed vessels would make their appearance, had thrown the whole into such a jumble and confusion that I could scarce come at any of them.
I have now taken up the business from your letter of the 1st. of Jany. 1773, with which it commenced, and having gone thro' all the papers respecting it from that date to the present moment; I am exceedingly sorry to find that the greater part of it has been managed so little for your interest and so repugnant to my wishes as it appears to have been. 'Till my Country called my services to the field, in which I spent almost nine years, I acted in every respect for you as I should have done for myself. But after bidding adieu to my family and home, to which I never expected to return if the smiles of Heaven should prove unpropitious, a general wreck of my affairs as well as yours, took place. Aware of the probability that this would happen, I perceive by the copy of a letter which I wrote to you from Cambridge the 26th. of July 1775. (so soon as I had taken the command of the army), that I informed you in strong terms, of the indispensable necessity of appointing another attorney, as I could not from my then situation, give any attention to private concerns. A little before that, from Philadelphia, in a letter of the 31st. of May, I enclosed you sundry bills as I then mentioned; and have ever since thought were to the full amount of what I owed you, 'till the late investigation of the papers hath discovered that I am yet indebted to you in the sum of £169:12.6. for goods bought at your sale the 15th. of August 1774, and £31:11:9. for those purchased at the subsequent one on the 5th. of Decr. following; which, with some other credit, make the sum which is due to you £207:13:0½.
That I should have informed you in that letter, that the remittances were to the full amount of what I then owed, is easily accounted for and was proper at that time; because the sums just mentioned did not become due (according to the conditions of the sale) 'till twelve months thereafter: but why it shou'd not have occurred to me afterwards, is more difficult to solve, and is of no great importance now to attempt; yet I can assure you with the sincerest truth, that 'till within these few days, I thought the accounts between us were so near a balance, as to render it of little importance when they were exhibited. I was led into this belief from two circumstances: first, having omitted to credit you in my Ledger by the amot. of my purchases at the sale, I wanted that remembrance of the fact which a variety of occurrences and close attention to other matters, had entirely obliterated. 2dly., by having recurrence to the copies of my last letters to you, written after I had left home, and which were always present, I was deceived by the information there given that the remittances were compleat.
The enclosed accot. commencing with the balance of the former, does I believe, comprehend everything between us. For the balance I give you a Draft on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of London. I have drawn this at the legal exchange as settled by act of Assembly, tho' the currt. exchange is 40 pr. Ct., which would have reduced the bill to £148.6.5. I have allowed no interest on what I am owing you; the reasons I will frankly communicate, if they are not satisfactory, it may be drawn for hereafter. 1st. Even if there had been any person appointed by you to have receieved the money from me when it became due, I could not have reconciled it to my conscience to have paid the nominal sum in paper bills of credit; (which was the only money then in circulation) thereby giving the shadow for the substance of a debt. 2d. because I am in a manner rendered unable to do it by the ungenerous, not to say dishonest practices of most of my debtors who paid me with a shilling or six pence in the pound; by wch. and other means, I have sustained a loss of at least ten thousand pounds during my absence; and 3d. because my Creditors let their claims rest 'till the annihilation of paper money, and are now receiving (as indeed every person ought to do) specie, or an equivalent to the full amount. A mode so unequal has pressed hard upon me, under the deprivation of crops, and want of a market for the little that was raised.
The Bonds which were taken at the sales before mentioned, were put into the hands of Mr. Craven Peyton to collect as appears by his Rect. to Lund Washington of the 7th. of April 1776; a copy of which I will send Colo. Geo. Nicholas, that he may see how they have been accounted for, as I will also do the rect. from the same person for Colo. Stephens's7 Bond for £230, and Majr. McDonald's8 for £56. dated the 14th. Jany. 1774. The other bonds remain where you informed me they were deposited, subject to the conditions and directions pointed to in your letter of the 10th. of January 1774.
[Note 7: Col. Adam Stephen.]
[Note 8: Maj. Angus McDonald.]
With respect to your book-debts, my letters of the 10th. of June, 20th. of August and 15th. of November 1774. will have informed you of the difficulties which then occurred in every attempt that was made to collect the balances, and these increased as often as they were renewed: nothing therefore could be done without going into the Courts of justice, which, soon thereafter were shut and not opened before I left home; after which, upon the first intimation of your wish that Robt. Carter Nicholas esqr., or Colo. Fielding Lewis might be empowered to direct your affairs, I addressed both these gentlemen on the subject. The latter on account of his declining state of health, desired to be excused; and from the former I have never got an answer. Equally unsuccessfull was I in my application to his son, after I had heard of his entering upon the trust, when I informed him of the papers that were in my possession which might be necessary for his government. In April last however, I saw Colo. Nicholas in Richmond, and repeating what I had before written, he assured me that every attempt to recover debts that were not reduced to speciallities, was altogether unavailing; but that he would direct your manager (Mr. Muse) to receive the Book, papers &c. from me. As they were not necessary for any purposes he could have, and no inconvenience would attend their remaining with me (for they are in your own Escritoir) I thought it better and desired they should remain here, which Colo. Nicholas readily consented to. Here then they will remain 'till you may think proper otherwise to dispose of them. No settlement having been made of the bloomery9 accot. by Messrs. Adam and Campbell before I left home, tho' the matter was repeatedly pressed as appears by letters, I was restrained by your instructions of the 31st. of March 1774, from executing Deeds for the land belonging to that concern; and Colo. Carlyle's10 bond depending upon this settlemt. (as you will perceive by the letter before alluded to) remains as it did; for I have heard nothing of this business since my return.
[Note 9: Iron works.]
[Note 10: Col. John Carlyle.]
Among other papers which I have found in my researches, is the enclosed letter from Saml. Athawes Esqr. As it is of no use here, but may serve to compare with the transactions of that date relative to your Estate in England, I send it. The pictures, for directions concerning which I asked in my letter of the 20th. of Augt. 1774, were, (not having received them before my departure) left standing at Belvoir, and unfortunately perished with the House.
For the furniture of the blue room, which had been removed to this place (out of the moths way) during my absence, I intended to allow whatever you might think it was worth, for we were, it seems, under the necessity of useing it: but as it was used under an expectation of paying for it, I am willing and ready to do it.
Among the papers in my possession, is a sealed packet, endorsed, "A copy of G: W, Fairfax's last will and testament, which he begs may not be opened until his death is confirmed, or a subsequent one is produced." It shall remain sealed as desired, and safe unless you should incline to recall it.
I might my Dr. Sir, have gone more into the detail of this business. I might have given you the correspondencies between your Steward, and your Collector and myself; and between myself and others respecting your business; but from the recurrence which I have had to the copies of my letters to you, I perceive it is sufficient to refer to them. The letters of the 25th. of Septr. 15th of Octr. and 30th. of Decr. 1773, 10th. of May, 10th. of June, 20th. of Augt. and 15th. Novr. 1774; and 6th. of April and 31st. May 1775,11 previous to my taking command of the American forces, contain a full and accurate accot. of every thing that had occurred relative to your business which had fallen under my notice. They transmitted copies of the accots. which had been rendered to me by your steward and Collector; they enclosed bills which had been purchased with your money, and they gave an accot. of all the monies which had been paid by me for your use. And my letter of the 26th. of July 177512 informed you of my then situation; the impracticability of my giving further attention to your business, and the indispensable necessity of your employing another attorney. From that period until my return to Virginia in the beginning of the year 1784, I remained in total ignorance of your business, and had nearly as little knowledge of my own. How much my [own] suffered in that space, I have already informed you; and I have reason to suspect, from what I have heard, that yours was not under the best management.
[Note 11: Drafts of the letters of June 10, 1774, and of May 31, 1775, only are now found in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letters to George William Fairfax, June 10, 1774, and May 31, 1775, ante (vol. 3).]
[Note 12: See Washington's letter to George William Fairfax, July 26, 1775, ante.
On July 15, 1786, Washington placed this letter under a cover, with a brief note to Samuel Athawes, a copy of which note is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers; but it is likely that this date is an error of the "Letter Book" copyist, and that it should be July 1.]
Willis, with his family, has removed to the State of Georgia; and Peyton is dead, but all those matters you have doubtlessly been informed of in a more regular and authentic way by Colo. Nicholas With sentiments of great regard and friendship. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 2, 1786.
Dear Sir: Your letter without date was handed to me last night by your servant. With one of your mares, he returns, the other I detain: the latter was among the very few which were early favoured by the Spaniard, but is not yet satisfied. The other, which went to Magnolio, my Groom seems confident is with foal, which is the reason of my sending her.
[Note 14: Of Patuxent, Md.]
A female ass which I have obtained lately, has excited desires in the Jack, to which he seemed almost a stranger; making use of her as an excitement, I have been able to get several mares served, which otherwise would have gone uncovered by him this season: this expedient, unluckily, was hit upon too late for me, as I had put almost the whole of my mares to Magnolio before it was tried; it will be practised with your mare that is left, and I hope with success.
I have advised your Servant to try the mares he carries back by some horse in your neighbourhood, and if she should discover an inclination to him, to bring her to Magnolio when he returns for the other. If this should not happen before the latter end of this month when I shall send to Mr. Reynolds for the ewe Lambs, I will contrive your mare that far, unless you forbid it in the interim.
I am much obliged to my good friend Perry for the trouble he is about to take by his enquiries for ewe lambs for me; and will give him an answer the moment he advises me of the result, which I shall be enabled to do as soon as I hear from Genl. Smallwoods manager, who sent me word that there were a number of Lambs belonging to the Genls. Estate, which he believed were to be disposed of; about which he was desired to enquire and to let me know when the Govt. came into Charles Coty. which has happened.
I am much obliged to you for the sample of Barley. Mine that I sowed this Spring is come to nothing; occasioned I believe by the continual rains.
I am very sorry to hear of your long confinement by the fall you got in this State, but glad to find you are beginning to overcome it. With every good wish for Mrs. Fitzhugh, yourself and family, I am, etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1786.
Dear Sir: It was not 'till our return to the great Falls, that Colo. Gilpin and myself discovered the error of the propos'd meeting of the Directors of the Potomac Company at Alexandria on Monday preceding the first day of August. The general Meeting of the Company it seems is, by Law, to be held on the first Monday in that month; and this not happening, in the present year, 'till the 7th. day of it, we wish that the Meeting of Directors may take place on the Saturday before; of which I pray you to give Mr. Lee notice. I am, etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 12, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 7th. is this instant come to hand. Elizabeth and Sarah, daughters of Michl. Cresap, live I presume in Hampshire, to the Sheriff of which I will direct the summons, tho' it is at a hazard, having no other knowledge of the matter, than that their mother married one Jacobs of that county. Luther Martin lives in Maryland, and is I believe Attorney General of that State. What is to be done in this case?
I am exceedingly sorry to hear of your indisposition and loss. I hope the change of air and exercise which you are about to take will restore you to perfect health. Be assured I shall have singular pleasure in seeing you at this place as you return from, or go to Annapolis, being with great esteem and regard, Dr. Sir, etc.17
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1786.
Dr. Sir: It will readily appear to you from the manner and evident marks of hurry with which the letter I had the honor to address you last, was written, that it was only meant for your own perusal; but if the contents of it can afford any satisfaction to the gentleman who you say is anxious to be informed of the truth of the insinuations which have met Capt: Asgill's countenance, I have no objection to its being handed to him under the prohibition you have mentioned; for if that gentleman conceives that such tales will excite commiseration, he may be endulged in them 'till the touch stone of time and truth will reverberate upon him. I have already informed you that my letter was written from memory. I am persuaded, nevertheless, that nothing is contained therein, wch. is not founded on facts; and that more might have been said to disprove the alligations.
I am really sorry that it is not in my power yet, to give you any satisfaction respecting the affairs of Colo. Thos. Colville's Estate;18 and of what can be done with the claim of Miss Anderson. No man can be more anxious than I am to bring these matters to such a close as will satisfy all parties, and exonerate myself. It is now many months, since I have pressed the eldest son, and I believe one of the Exors of Mr. John West deceas'd, who was the principal acting Exor of T. Colvill, to
[Note 18: On May 18, 1786, Washington receipted, at Mount Vernon, to Thomas Moody, for £95:13s. of specie money of Virginia "in part payment of a Bond given to me as Exect. of the Will of Thos. Colvil Esqr. deceased, by Mr. Benjn. Moody his late father, with Messrs. Josiah Watson and James Hendricks as Securities thereto, for three hundred and Twenty nine pounds dated the 19th of Novr. 1781." A photostat of this receipt, through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City, is in the Washington Papers.] furnish me, if he would not take the matter in hand himself, with all the papers of that Estate, that a final settlement upon some principle or another might be gone into. He always promised, but has never performed this, two months ago, he assured me I should have these papers in three weeks; at the end of which, I again applied and was as unsuccessful as before. His last assurance was, that he would bring them himself in a little time.
As the concerns of this Estate have been intermixed and blended with Jno. Colvill's affairs, to whom Thomas was an Exor, and as both are in great confusion and perplexity, I mean as soon as I can get the papers, to put the whole into the hands of some gentleman of abilities and knowledge of the Law, to overhaul, digest and advise what is proper to be done in every matter for the fulfilment of the trust, and towards a final settlement: the result of which, so far as it respects Miss Anderson, you shall be informed of, so soon as I can speak with any decision on this point; for at present I am perhaps as ignorant as you can be of the concerns of these Estates, and of what is proper to be done in behalf of the Legatees &c. I am, etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 22, 1786.
Sir: The rude draughts herewith enclosed will, in some degree, comply with your request; because it will shew the shape of the lands about which you have been treating. The Ship by which they are sent, heaving in sight before I had notice of its coming, I could do no more than send them in the unpolished state in which they are now handed to you.
The descriptions and situations of them you already have.
It may not be amiss to repeat, that the price set upon these lands, was on the supposition that the whole were to be taken; if part only is wanted (if I consent to separate them at all) the price by the acre, according to its situation and value, will be encreased; for to be relieved of the trouble of seating them was my principal motive and only inducement to offer them at a price which I conceived to be much under their intrinsic value. I have the honor, etc.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 26, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Your favors of the 3d. and 11th. inst: are both at hand. The last came first, and first only two clays ago. The Books by Mr. Griffith are also received, and came in good order. My thanks for your kind intention of giving me the use of them 'till you return to Virginia are sincerely offered. Youngs Tour thro' Ireland, I had myself purchased when in New York; and I have just received advice of the others at Annapolis, which I had been expecting, and had given you the trouble of enquiring after.
I am much obliged to you for the information respecting the China which is for sale in New York, with the order of the Cincinnati engraved on it; if it should not be disposed of before this letter reaches you, and you think a ready and safe conveyance can be had for it to Alexandria or this place, I would thank you for buying it for me. In this case, pray let me know the exchange between New York and London at 60 days sight, and I will by return of the post, give you a good Bill for the sterlg. amount of the 150 Dollars: or, by means of some of the merchts. in Alexandria who have connexions in New York, I will forward an order on that place to that amot.
If I stopped short of your ideas respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, or of what may be the opinions of Congress on this subject, it was not for want of coincidence of sentiment, but because I was ignorant at that time of the rubs which are in the way of your commercial treaty with Spain, and because I thought some address might be necessary to temporize with, and keep the settlement of Kentucky in state of quietness. At this moment that settlement is formidable, population is rapidly encreasing there. There are many ambitious and turbulent spirits among its inhabitants, who from the present difficulties in their intercourse with the Atlantic States, have turned their eyes to New Orleans, and may become riotous and ungovernable, if the hope of traffick with it is cut off by treaty. Notwithstanding if this cession is counterpoized, it may be a more favourable time for Congress to speak decisively to them, than when they have got stronger, but not sufficiently matured to force the passage of the Mississippi themselves; whilst the plans which are in agitation for opening communications with that territory, may, if successful, unfold to them new prospects, mutually beneficial to the old and new States.
All those matters, no doubt, will be duly considered by Congress, and a decision had on which ever side the advantages preponderate.
It was with very sincere regret I received the news of Genl. Greene's death.22 Life and the concerns of this world one would think are so uncertain, and so full of disappointments, that nothing is to be counted upon from human actions. Adieu, with sentiments of great regard and affection, I am etc.23
[Note 22: Nathanael Greene died June 19, 1786, at the age of 44.]
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 26, 1786.
Dear Sir: It is a fact that your favor of the 27th. of May was long getting to me; but why it happened so, I am unable to inform you; as I generally send to the Post Office in Alexandria twice in every week.
Is it not among the most unaccountable things in nature that the representation of a great Country shou'd, generally, be so thin as not to be able to execute the functions of Government?24 To what is this to be ascribed? Is it the result of political manoeuvre in some States, or is it owing to supineness, or want of means?
[Note 24: Representation in Congress.]
Be the causes what they may, it is shameful and disgusting. In a word it hurts us, our character as a nation is dwindling; and what it must come to if a change should not soon take place, our enemies have foretold; for in truth we seem either not capable, or not willing to take care of ourselves.
For want, I suppose, of competent knowledge of the Connecticut claim to Western territory, the compromise which is made with her, appears to me to be a disadvantageous one for the union; and if her right is not, one of the motives (according to your account) for yielding to it, in my humble opinion, is exceedingly dangerous and bad; for upon such principles, might, not right, must ever prevail, and there will be no surety for anything.25
[Note 25: Grayson had written (May 27) that Connecticut offered to cede all her claim to the Western Territory, reserving however 120 miles between the ceded lands and the Pennsylvania line; "this cession was at first much opposed, but Congress have at length agreed to accept it whenever the delegates of that State shall be authorized to make a proper deed." The consequence of this, Grayson thought, would be a loss to the United States of 6,000,000 acres, which had already been ceded by Virginia and New York. "The advocates for this measure, urged...that the claim of a powerful State although unsupported by right, was under present circumstances a disagreable [desirable?] thing; and that sacrifices ought to be made for the public tranquility." Grayson's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I wish very sincerely that the Land Ordinance may answer the expectations of Congress. I had, and still have my doubts of the utility of the plan, but pray devoutly, that they may never be realized, as I am desireous of seeing it a productive branch of the Revenue. That part which makes the waters and carrying places common highways, and free for all the States, is certainly valuable.
I thank you for the other articles of information; such as you have disclosed confidentially, you may rest assured will proceed no further, 'till it becomes public thro' other channels; and this shall always be the case with paragraphs which are so marked. The answer to the Memorial of Mr. Adams by Lord Carmarthen, I have seen at large. It was impolitic and unfortunate, if it was not unjust in these States to pass laws, which by fair construction might be considered as infractions of the treaty of peace.
It is good policy at all times, to place one's adversary in the wrong. Had we observed good faith, and the western Posts had then been withheld from us by G: Britain, we might have appealed to god and man for justice, and if there are any guarantees to the treaty, we might have called upon them to see it fulfilled.26 But now we cannot do this; tho' clear I am, that the reasons assigned by the British Ministry are only ostensible, and that the Posts, under one pretence or another, were intended to have been detained, tho' no such Acts had ever passed: but how different would our situation have been under such circumstances? With very sincere regard and affection, I am, etc.27
[Note 26: By the VIIth article of the Treaty of Peace, the western posts held by the British within United States territory were to be evacuated. By the IVth article, every facility was to be allowed to British subjects to collect the debts due to them in the several States. Lord Carmarthen charged that obstacles had been thrown in the way of collecting such debts, through recent laws enacted by some of the States, and that the IVth article had been violated by the United States. He stated that in retaliation these posts would not be given up.]
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1786.
Sir: It is with great pleasure I take the earliest opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of the letter you did me the honor to write to me from New York on the 20th. inst:, accompanied by an original letter from Mr. le Marquis de la Fayette, and by the copy of one from Mr. le Comte d'Estaing.
Such ample testimonials of merit from such distinguished characters, cannot fail to ensure you the most grateful reception throughout America in general; but permit me Sir, to add for myself in particular, that I shall be unfeignedly happy in receiving you under the peaceful shades of Mount Vernon, and in seeking occasions to render you any services which it may be in my power to offer.
In the meantime (as I hope soon to have the pleasure of seeing you personally) I will content myself with felicitating you on your safe arrival in the United States, while I congratulate my Country on the acquisition of so valuable and dignified a Citizen.
With sentiments of perfect esteem and consideration I have the honor, etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1786.
Sir: It would be more tiresome than interesting to assign reasons for my not having acknowledged the receipt of your letters of the 26th. of Novr. and 7th. of Feby., 'ere this. It may be sufficient to inform you, that they came duly to hand, tho' I had not the pleasure of seeing Majr. McCormick29 whilst he was in Virginia, which I regretted, as I might have derived useful information from him respecting the views and expectations of the occupants of my Land in Washington county; at the same time I might possibly have engaged him, or some other thro' him, who would have made it a point to bring forward such testimony as would evince, that pre-occupany of the tract in dispute, was in me.
[Note 29: Maj. George McCormick.]
Without this I may fail in this particular, as it is not frequently found that people volunteer their services upon these occasions; but, on the contrary, that they generally hang back, from a desire of living (the idea is) in peace with their neighbours. For this reason I must refer you to the information given in my former letters; with a request that the evidences there named may be summon'd (if you think it necessary) to prove what has been advanced.
The instances of decision, of wch. you have made minutes in your letter of the 20th. of Novr., in the western Courts, are indicative of a favourable determination of my Suit, and I would not depart from the legal ground on which I claim; yet as an auxiliary, the proof of pre-occupancy would drive my opponents from what they conceive to be their strong hold; for it is on this, (before what they call legal steps were taken by me) that they, I am persuaded, rest their cause: but why all of them should take this ground, when most of them emigrated to the Country after the date of my patent, is misterious, and may comprehend more than I am aware of; for which, among other reasons, if I cou'd be ascertained of the precise time for the trial, I would endeavour to attend; especially as I have other calls in that Country, among which, to dispose of that Land if the decision is favorable for me, and of my other tract where Simpson formerly lived, are most important.
I have considered your remarks, and wish it was in my power to solve your Doubts; my answers shall be candid, tho' the explanations may be unfavorable.
However strange it may seem, the fact nevertheless is, that Posey's30 Warrant was not dated 'till the 25th. day of Novembr. 1773, (posterior, according to my opponents accot., to their settlemt.), this knowledge I have but lately obtained, and am exceedingly surprized at the fact, as the right was bought by me for this express purpose two or three years before, as you may perceive by the date of the Bond which is now in your
[Note 30: John Posey.] possession: this circumstance it is necessary to apprize you of, that if known to the Defendants you may be guarded against the force of it, as that the date of Colo. Hyoidean deputation is subsequent to their pretended settlement. The proof to the hand writing of Posey, I have already furnished you with.
I believe there has been no entry in the Surveyors Book of this tract; for I can find nothing there preceeding the record of the Survey; to what to ascribe this I know not, except to a neglect of office, or to the unacquaintedness of Colo. Crawford with business: the presumption however is, that the preceeding steps to the issuing of the Patent, were legal and such as satisfied this government, under whose jurisdiction it was: and this Government having stipulated in its cession to Pennsylvania that the grants she had made, should be secured to the Grantees. I cannot conceive upon what ground the validity of mine can be questioned without arraigning the conduct of a sister State in the management of her own business.
The Council books, as I have before informed you, were either destroyed by the enemy, or so mislaid as that no access can be had to them; it is not in my power therefore to furnish you with an authenticated copy of the Proclamation which takes off the restriction in that of 1763.
If you should hear of any persons wanting to buy improved Lands in the Counties of Fayette or Washington, I would thank you for letting them know that mine (as already mentioned) are for sale. I wish you for no more than the real value of them, and if you could help me to fix this by comparison with the prices of Lands of equal quality, similarity of improvements and with the same advantages, in these Counties, it would oblige me. I would make the payments (being well secured) easy to the purchaser.
I should be glad to hear that this letter had got safe to your hands; an acknowledgement of it via Philada. or Baltimore, with direction to put it into the Post Office, will be most certain of a conveyance. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 30, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Majr. Gibbes handed me your letter of the 24th. ulto. with the accounts enclosed. Necessity alone ought to compel me to loose the difference between £50:18.9. and 339 53/90 Dollars; because the last mentioned sum (but a very little while since) was, if I recollect rightly considered as the specie value of the Commissary's Certificates for which it was issued by Mr. Stelle,32 and was accordingly so settled by the scale of depreciation. Notwithstanding, as I am entirely unacquainted with the fund upon which this certificate has issued, and what it may ultimately tend to, I must repeat my wish that you would act for me in this case, as you wou'd do for yourself. Laying out of the money will be no inducement to my selling the Certificate at an under value, if it is thought that it will finally be good, and the interest can be received in the mean while. But as I never made paper money a study, having had nothing to do with any, except old continental, (by which I have lost very considerably) I must rely upon your judgment more than any direction I could give for the disposition of Stelle certificates always remembering that I am to give others credit for one moiety of what it would really fetch in specie, and that their Accots. are to be credited by what you shall say to me on this head, it would sell for.
[Note 32: Benjamin Stelle. He was Pennsylvania commissioner for settling accounts.]
When Blankets, Osnabrigs, Linens of any kind, Paints, loaf Sugar, Coffee, best Hyson Tea, or either of them may happen to be low at the wholesale or Vendue stores in Philada., you would do me a kindness by giving the information; because if I should not happen to be supplied at the time, I would immediately commission you to make a purchase for me.
Do the Tanners in Philadelphia make Leather which is strong, stout and well adapted for negroes shoes? If so, what could twenty five sides of each (unblacked) or as much as would make 150 pair, with three soles, be bought for?
Be so good as to forward the enclos'd by a safe conveyance: the one to Mr. Smith respects a Law suit I have in the Western Country, the miscarriage, or delay of which might be injurious to me. My compliments to Mrs. Biddle, with esteem, I am, etc.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1786.
My dear Count: I have been duly honored with the two letters you were pleased to address to me in the months of Jany and March last: I need scarcely tell you that your communications always afford me the sincerest gratification; because they are always replete with the most friendly sentiments; because they insensibly bring to remembrance some circumstances of that pleasing and important period we so happily passed together, and because you frequently have it in your power to give such informations, as in my present retirement from the busy and political world cannot fail of being acceptable to me.
It must give pleasure to the friends of humanity even in this distant section of the globe to find that the clouds, which threatned to burst in a storm of War on Europe, have dissipated and left a still brighter political horizon. It is also to be hoped, that something will turn up to prevent, even at the death of the Elector of Bavaria or the King of Prussia, the effusion of human blood, for the acquisition of a little territory.
As the rage of conquest, which in the times of barbarity, stimulated Nations to blood, has in a great degree ceased; as the objects which formerly gave birth to Wars are daily diminishing; and as mankind are becoming more enlightened and humanized, I cannot but flatter myself with the pleasing prospect that more liberal policies and more pacific systems will take place amongst them. To indulge this idea affords a soothing consolation to a philanthropic mind, insomuch that altho' it should be founded in illusion, one would hardly wish to be divested of an error, so grateful in itself and so innocent in its consequences.
The Treaty of Amity which has lately taken place between the King of Prussia and the United States, marks a new æra in negotiation. It is perfectly original in many of its articles. It is the most liberal Treaty which has ever been entered into between independent Powers; and should its principles be considered hereafter as the basis of connection between nations, it will operate more fully to produce a general pacification than any measure hitherto attempted amongst mankind. Superadded to this, we may safely assert, that there is at present less war in the world than ever has been at any former period.
The British continue to hold the Posts ceded by the late Treaty of Peace to the Ud. States. Each of these powers does not hesitate to criminate the other, by alledging some infractions of that Treaty. How the matter will terminate time must disclose. Everything remains tranquil on this side of the Atlantic, except that the Savages sometimes commit a few trifling ravages on the frontiers. General Green lately died at Savanna in Georgia. The Public, as well as his family and friends, has met with a severe loss. He was a great and good man indeed. With sentiments of the purest esteem etc.34
[Note 34: From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1786.
Monr. le Duc: I have had the honor to receive your letter to me of the 25th. of Augt. 1785. by the hand of Mr. Michau,35 of whom it was introductory. The scientific object which occasioned the voyage of that gentleman to America, his personal character, and the recommendation of the Duke de Lauzun, conspired to make me extremely happy in forming an acquaintance with him. I should be made still more so by his complete success in his botanical pursuits. Any assistance in my power will be most chearfully accorded as a tribute to his merit, and as a demonstration of the attachment and esteem with which I have the honor, etc.36
[Note 35: André Michaux, French botanist.]
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1786.
Sir: The letter of the 4th. of June 1785 which you was pleased to address to me by Colo. Senff,37 has very lately been put into my hand; in answer to which I have the honor to observe, that having divested myself of an official character and retired to private life, I can have no agency whatever in matters of a public nature. This, I thought, had been made known
[Note 37: Christian Senff, formerly a colonel in the South Carolina State troops.] extensively enough by the manner of my resignation and retirement. The want of being acquainted with these facts seems however, to have involved some gentlemen at a distance in unnecessary and unavailing applications. All therefore, that I have it in my power to advise you on the two objects of your letter, is, that application for admittance into the Society of the Cincinnati, must be either to the Society of the State in whose line the officer served; or, if the officer was a foreigner, to the Society in France; and that with respect to pecuniary claims, recourse must be had either to the Paymaster General, or Secretary for the Department of War. With due consideration and regard I have the honor, etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1786.
Sir: I have been favored with the receipt of triplicate copies of your polite letter dated at Cape-francois the 15th. of Novr. last.
While you do me the justice to acknowledge the zeal with which I desired and attempted to promote the interest of all the individuals composing the army I had formerly the honor to command; permit me to express my regret that, from peculiar circumstances, I had it not more fully in my power to attain that desirable object.
It was doubtless the intention of Congress to establish funds for the punctual payment of the interest as it became due on the public securities given to the officers and Soldiers of the Army for arrearages of pay and commutation: Their designs however have hitherto been unfortunately frustrated by the delinquency of some of the States, which could not be induced to comply with their requisition of 5 pr Cent impost. All the States in the Union have at length granted that impost, but there are still some difficulties respecting the collection &c. Whenever these can be removed, it is to be hoped the interest will be regularly paid on your Certificates. In the meantime Congress are taking measures for surveying the Lands ceded to them; out of wch. the officers and Soldiers will undoubtedly receive what has been promised.
Having, as you know sir, long since retired from all public employment, I have it not in my option to interfere with public measures by making recommendations. Indeed I do not think it probable that any Corps of Engineers will be established at present. But I am very happy in all events to find that you are so agreeably situated with an old acquaintance and friend.
As to medals and Diplomas for the Cincinnati, the former I believe are to be purchased in Philada., and the latter to be obtained thro' the State Society of wch. an officer is member. I have none of either at my disposal. With sincere wishes for your health and happiness, I remain, etc.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July, 1786.
Sir: Since my last of the 28th. of Novr. I have been favored with your letters of the 27th. of Feby. and 13th. of March; and have received the paper hangings and watch by Capt. Andrews. With the last Mrs. Washington is well pleased, and I thank you in her name for your attention to the making of it.
If the stocks keep up, and there is not a moral certainty of their rising higher in a short time, it is my wish and desire, that my interest in the Bank may be immediately sold, and the money arising therefrom made subject to my Drafts in your hands, some of which, at sixty days' sight, may soon follow this letter.
The footing on which you have placed the interest of my debt to you, is all I require. To stand on equal ground with others who owe money to the Merchants in England, and who were not so prompt in their payment of the principal as I have been, is all I aim at. Whatever the two Countries may finally decide with respect to interest; or whatever general agreement or compromise may be come to between British Creditors and American Debtors, I am willing to abide by; nor should I again have touched upon this subject in this letter, had you not introduced a case which, in my opinion, has no similitude with the point in question. You say I have received interest at the Bank for the money which was there, granted: but (besides remarking that only part of this money was mine) permit me to ask if G. Britain was not enabled, by means of the bank, to continue the war with this Country? Whether this war did not deprive us of the means of paying our Debts? And whether the interest I received from this source did, or could bear any proportion to the losses sustained by having my grain, my Tobacco, and every article of produce rendered unsalable and left to perish on my hands? However, I again repeat, that I ask no discrimination of you in my favor, for had there been no stipulation by treaty to secure debts, nay more, had there even been an exemption by the Legislative authority, or practice of this Country against it, I would, from a conviction of the propriety and justice of the measure, have discharged my original debt to you.
But from the moment our ports were shut, and our markets were stopped by the hostile fleets and armies of Great Britain, 'till the first were opened, and the others revived, I should, for the reasons I have (though very cursorily) assigned, have thought the interest during that epocha stood upon a very different footing. I am much obliged by the trouble you have taken to enquire into the nature of the connexion between the House of Messrs. Hanbury & Co. and Balfour & Barraud. I had no sanguine hopes of redress from that quarter, but as it seemed to be the only chance, I was willing to try it. I am etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1786.
Dear Sir: The letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 3d. of Feby., has come safely to hand. Nothing could be more satisfactory to me than the friendly sentiments contained in it, and the generous manner in which you always interest yourself in the happiness and dignity of the United States. I wish I had it in my power to inform you that the several States had fully complied with all the wise requisitions which Congress has made to them on national subjects. But unfortunately for us, this is not yet the case. Altho' for my own part I do not cease to expect that this just policy will ultimately take effect. It is not the part of a good Citizen to despair of the republic: nor ought we to have calculated, that our young Governments would have acquired, in so short a period, all the consistency and solidity, which it has been the work of ages to give to other nations. All the States however, have at length granted the impost; tho' unhappily some of them have granted it under such qualifications, as have hitherto prevented its operation. The greater part of the Union seems to be convinced of the necessity of foederal measures, and of investing Congress with the power of regulating the commerce of the whole. The reasons you offer on this subject are certainly forcible, and I cannot but hope will 'ere long have their due efficacy.
In other respects our internal Governments are daily acquiring strength. The laws have their fullest energy; justice is well administered; robbery, violence or murder is not heard of from Nw. Hampshire to Georgia. The people at large (as far as I can learn) are more industrious than they were before the war. (Economy begins, partly from necessity and partly from choice and habit, to prevail. The seeds of population are scattered over an immense tract of western country. In the old States, wch. were the theatres of hostility, it is wonderful to see how soon the ravages of war are repaired. Houses are rebuilt, fields enclosed, stocks of cattle which were destroyed are replaced, and many a desolated territory assumes again the cheerful appearance of cultivation. In many places the vestiges of conflagration and ruin are hardly to be traced. The arts of peace, such as clearing rivers, building bridges, and establishing conveniences for travelling &c. are assiduously promoted. In short, the foundation of a great Empire is laid, and I please myself with a persuasion, that Providence will not leave its work imperfect.
I am sensible that the picture of our situation, which has been exhibited in Europe since the Peace, has been of a very different complexion; but it must be remembered that all the unfavorable features have been much heightened by the medium of the English newspapers thro' which they have been represented. The British still continue to hold the Posts on our frontiers, and affect to charge us with some infractions of the Treaty. On the other hand we retort the accusation. What will be the consequences, is more than I can pretend to predict. To me, however, it appears, that they are playing the same foolish game in commerce that they have lately clone in War; that their ill-judged impositions will eventually drive our ships from their ports, wean our attachments to their manufactures, and give to France decided advantages for a commercial connexion with us. To strengthen the alliance and promote the interests of France and America will ever be the favorite object of him, who has the honor to subscribe himself, with every sentiment of attachment, &c.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I have to thank you very sincerely for your interesting letter of the 27th. of June, as well as for the other communications you had the goodness to make at the same time. I am sorry to be assured, of what indeed I had little doubt before, that we have been guilty of violating the treaty in some instances. What a misfortune it is the British should have so well grounded a pretext for their palpable infractions: and what a disgraceful part, out of the choice of difficulties before us, are we to act.
Your sentiments, that our affairs are drawing rapidly to a crisis, accord with my own. What the event will be, is also beyond the reach of my foresight. We have errors to correct; we have probably had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation. Experience has taught us, that men will not adopt and carry into execution measures the best calculated for their own good, without the intervention of a coercive power. I do not conceive we can exist long as a nation without having lodged some where a power, which will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a manner, as the authority of the State Governments extends over the several States.
To be fearful of investing Congress, constituted as that body is, with ample authorities for national purposes, appears to me the very climax of popular absurdity and madness. Could Congress exert them for the detriment of the public, without injuring themselves in an equal or greater proportion? Are not their interests inseparably connected with those of their constituents? By the rotation of appointment, must they not mingle frequently with the mass of Citizens? Is it not rather to be apprehended, if they were possessed of the powers before described, that the individual members would be induced to use them, on many occasions, very timidly and inefficaciously for fear of losing their popularity and future election? We must take human nature as we find it: perfection falls not to the share of mortals. Many are of opinion that Congress have too frequently made use of the suppliant humble tone of requisition, in applications to the States, when they had a right to assert their imperial dignity and command obedience. Be that as it may, requisitions are a perfect nihility where thirteen sovereign independent disunited States are in the habit of discussing and refusing compliance with them at their option. Requisitions are actually little better than a jest and a bye word throughout the land. If you tell the Legislatures they have violated the Treaty of Peace, and invaded the prerogatives of the confederacy, they will laugh in your face. What then is to be done? Things cannot go on in the same train forever. It is much to be feared, as you observe, that the better kind of people, being disgusted with the circumstances, will have their minds prepared for any revolution whatever. We are apt to run from one extreme into another. To anticipate and prevent disastrous contingencies, would be the part of wisdom and patriotism.
What astonishing changes a few years are capable of producing. I am told that even respectable characters speak of a monarchical form of Government without horror. From thinking proceeds speaking, thence to acting is often but a single step. But how irrevocable and tremendous! what a triumph for our enemies to verify their predictions! what a triumph for the advocates of despotism to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves, and that systems founded on the basis of equal liberty are merely ideal and fallacious! Would to God that wise measures may be taken in time to avert the consequences we have but too much reason to apprehend.
Retired as I am from the world I frankly acknowledge I cannot feel myself an unconcerned spectator. Yet, having happily assisted in bringing the Ship into Port, and having been fairly discharged; it is not my business to embark again on a sea of troubles. Nor could it be expected, that my sentiments and opinions would have much weight on the minds of my Countrymen; they have been neglected, tho' given as a last legacy in the most solumn manner. I had then perhaps some claims to public attention. I consider myself as having none at present. Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments, etc.43
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 1 Washington signed agreements with Thomas Mahony, as a carpenter, for one year and Cornelius McDermott Roe, as a stonemason and bricklayer, for one year. These agreements are in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1786.
Dear Sir: The letters you did me the favor to write to me on the 4th. and 7th. of Jany. have been duly received. In answer to your obliging enquiries respecting the dress, attitude &ca. which I would wish to have given to the Statue in question, I have only to observe that not having sufficient knowledge in the art of sculpture to oppose my judgment to the taste of Connoisseiurs, I do not desire to dictate in the matter; on the contrary I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever may be judged decent and proper. I should even scarcely have ventured to suggest that perhaps a servile adherence to the garb of antiquity might not be altogether so expedient as some little deviation in favor of the modem costume, if I had not learnt from Colo. Humphreys that this was a circumstance hinted in conversation by Mr. West44 to Houdon. This taste, which has been introduced in painting by West, I understand is received with applause and prevails extensively.
[Note 44: Benjamin West.]
I have taken some pains to enquire into the facts respecting the medals of the Cincinnati, which Majr. L'Enfant purchased in France. It seems that when he went to Europe in 1783 he had money put into his hands to purchase a certain number, and that conceiving it to be consonant with the intentions of the Society, he purchased to a still greater amount; insomuch that a Committee of the Genl. Meeting, upon examining his Acct. reported a balle. due to him of Six hundred and thirty dollars, wch. report was accepted. This money is still due, and is all that is due from the Society of the Cincinnati as a Society. General Knox has offered to pay the amount to Majr. L'Enfant, but as it has become a matter of some public discussion, the latter wished it might remain until the next Genl Meeting, which will be in May next. In the mean time Genl. Knox (who is Secretary Genl) has, or will write fully on the Subject to the Marquis de la Fayette, from whom he has had a letter respecting the business.
We have no News of importance. And if we had, I should hardly be in the way of learning it; as I divide my time between the superintendence of opening the navigations of our rivers and attention to my private concerns. Indeed I am too much secluded from the world to know with certainty, what sensation the refusal of the British to deliver up the Western posts, has made on the public mind. I fear the edge of its sensibility is somewhat blunted. Foederal measures are not yet universally adopted. New York, wch. was as well disposed a State as any in the Union is said to have become in a degree antifoederal. Some other States are, in my opinion, falling into very foolish and wicked plans of emitting paper money. I cannot however give up my hopes and expectations that we shall 'ere long adopt a more just and liberal system of policy. What circumstances will lead, or what misfortunes will compel us to it, is more than can be told without the spirit of prophecy. In the meantime the people are industrious, oeconomy begins to prevail, and our internal governments are, in general, tolerably well administered.
You will probably have heard of the death of Genl Greene before this reaches you, in which case you will, in common with your Countrymen, have regretted the loss of so great and so honest a man. Genl. McDougall, who was a brave Soldier and a disinterested patriot, is also dead;45 he belonged to the Legislature of his State, the last act of his life, was (after being carried on purpose to the Senate) to give his voice against the emission of a paper currency. Colo. Tilghman, who was formerly of my family, died lately and left as fair a reputation as ever belonged to a human character. Thus some of the pillars of the revolution fall. Others are mouldering by insensible degrees. May our Country never want props to support the glorious fabrick! With sentiments of the highest esteem etc.46
[Note 45: Alexander McDougall died June 8, 1786.]
[Note 46: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, August 2, 1786.
Sir: Since my last to you, the Industry Captn. Gibson is arrived, but from the length of the voyage most of the articles you had the goodness to send me have perished. The Figs were entirely lost, so were all the Malmsey grape. Of the Muscat and Vera., some showing signs of feeble life; I have with great care and attention recovered two of the cuttings. These have now put forth leaf, and I hope will do well.
The wines with which I was furnished by Messrs. Searle & Co. are of a very good quality, and came to hand in very good order, and supplied, I dare say, upon as good terms as they could have been had from any other House on the Island; these considerations, added to such as you have mentioned, will I am persuaded, induce me to give it the preference, especially, as from the purport of your letter, you must be connected therewith.
The negotiations which have been set on foot by Congress with the piratical States47 will, it is to be hoped, put an end to the apprehensions with which the American trade is labouring, from the conduct of those barbarians towards it. I am, etc.48
[Note 47: The Barbary States.]
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1786.
Gentn: Your favors of the 6th. and 17th. of December came duly to hand; and I have also received from Norfolk the pipe of Madeira wine which you addressed to the care of Doctr. Taylor of that place for my use. I have not yet tasted it, but presume it is fine: it ought to be so, for the cost of it in the Island, besides the extra charges here, is £7.12.4 pr. pipe more than the wines I had from Messrs. Searle & Co. in April 1783; than which none, I think, could be better, for it was old, and of an excellent quality.
I remit to Henry Hill Esqr. of Philada. a draft49 for £43:12:4 on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of London, which is the amot. of your order on me in favor of the above gentleman. I am, etc.48
[Note 49: On August 3 Washington also wrote Henry Hill, inclosing the above-mentioned draft. This note is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 5, 1786.
Sir: Arthur Young Esqr. of Bury, in Suffolk, having been so obliging as to offer to procure for me Implements of Husbandry, seeds &c., I have accepted his kindness with much pleasure, because he is a competent judge of the first, and will be careful that the latter are good of their several kinds, a thing of much consequence, and which does not often happen with seeds imported into this Country from Europe.
I have requested him to forward these articles to your care, and to draw upon you for the amount. Let me entreat your particular attention to them, with a request that the Captn. of the Vessel on board which they are shipped may be sollicited to keep the seeds in the cabbin, or out of the Ship's hold at any rate, as they never fail to heat and spoil when put there. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 5, 1786.
Sir: On the other side is a copy of my letter to you of this date under cover to Arthur Young Esqr. of Bradford Hall, near Bury in Suffolk. The articles which I have written to him for are,
Perhaps he may add a few seeds of other kinds, perhaps he may encrease the quantities above, and possibly add some other instruments of Husbandry, tho' I have written for none, nor have I reason to expect any unless he may be disposed to send very useful ones without waiting a request. It is also possible, tho' I have very little expectation of its happening, that he may engage me a common plough-man.
Your paying the cost of these things and forwarding them in a vessle for Potomac, will much oblige me; as it will to convey the letters herewith enclosed, to their respective addresses. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, Virginia, August 5, 1786.
Sir: Excuse the liberty I take in putting the inclosed Letters under cover to you. It is to oblige Mr. James Bloxham who now lives with me, but who scarcely has sufficient knowledge of his own mind to determine whether to continue more than the present year (for which he is engaged) or not. In a word he seems rather to have expected to have found well organized farms, than that the end and design of my employing him was to make them so. He makes no allowances for the ravages of a nine year's war from which we are but just beginning to emerge, nor does he consider that if our system of Husbandry had been as perfect as it may be found on your Farms, or in some of the best farming Counties in England, that there would have been no occasion for his Services.
What the old man has written to you respecting the coming over of his wife, sending over plows, seeds and so forth, I know not; because at different times he seems to be of different opinions. I can only add therefore, if his family are to come, and by the way of London, that it would be well for some person in their behalf to open a correspondence with Messrs. Forrest and Stoddart Merchans, of that place, who have Ships that pass by my door in their way to Alexandria, and would render the passage in one of them much more convenient, and less expensive than to any other place; tho in a Vessel bound to Norfolk in this State, (Virginia,) or to Annapolis, Baltimore, or Patuxent in the neighbouring one of Maryland, it would not be very inconvenient. In case of her coming, whatever Implements, Seeds, &c. may be requested by Mr. Bloxham on my Acct. had better be paid for by his Wife, and settled for here.
I am sorry to be thus troublesome, but as Mr. Bloxham considers you as his Benefactor, and Friend, has addressed one of his Letters to you, and his Wife, if she finally resolves to come, will stand in need of advice and assistance, it is necessary that the best mode should be suggested. A ship from Bristol to either of the places above named, may, probably, be more convenient than the rout by London, but of this you can judge better than I. I am etc.52
[Note 52: From the text kindly furnished by Forest G. Sweet, of Battle Creek, Mich. It varies from the "Letter Book" copy in minor verbal details only.]
Mount Vernon, August 6, 1786.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 7th. of Jany. from Bradford-Hall, in Suffolk, and thank you for the favor of opening a correspondence, the advantages of which will be so much in my favor.
Agriculture has ever been amongst the most favourite amusements of my life, though I never possessed much skill in the art, and nine years total inattention to it, has added nothing to a knowledge which is best understood from practice; but with the means you have been so obliging as to furnish me, I shall return to it (though rather late in the day) with hope and confidence.
The System of Agriculture (if the epithet of system can be applied to it), which is in use in this part of the United States, is as unproductive to the practitioners as it is ruinous to the land-holders. Yet it is pertinaciously adhered to. To forsake it; to pursue a course of husbandry which is altogether different and new to the gazing multitude, ever averse to novelty in matters of this sort, and much attached to their old customs, requires resolution; and without a good practical guide, may be dangerous; because, of the many volumes which have been written on this subject, few of them are founded on experimental knowledge, are verbose, contradictory, and bewildering. Your Annals shall be this guide. The plan on which they are published, gives them a reputation which inspires confidence; and for the favor of sending them to me, I pray you to accept my very best acknowledgments. To continue them, will add much to the obligation.
To evince with what avidity, and with how little reserve I embrace the polite and friendly offer you have made me of supplying me with "Men, Cattle, Tools, Seeds, or anything else that may add to my rural amusement", I will give you, Sir, the trouble of providing, and sending to the care of Wakelin Welch, Esqr. of London, Mercht. the following articles.
Two of the simplest, and best constructed Plows for land which is neither very heavy nor Sandy. To be drawn by two horses. To have spare shares and Colters; and a mold or which to form new irons when the old ones are worn out, or will require repairing.
I shall take the liberty in this place to observe, that some years ago, from a description, or recommendation of what wa then called the Rotheram; or Patent Plow, I sent to England for one of them, and till it began to wear, and was ruined by a bungling Country Smith that no plow could have done better work, or appeared to have gone easier with two horses; but for want of a mold (wch. I had neglected to order with the Plow), it became useless after the irons which came in with it were much worn.
Red clover seeds are to be had on easy terms in this Country, but if there are any other kinds of grass-Seeds (not included in the above) that you may think valuable, especially for early feeding or cutting, you would oblige me by adding a small quantity of the seeds, to put me in stock: Early grasses, unless a species can be found that will stand a hot Sun, and oftentimes severe droughts in the summer months, without much expence of cultivation, would suit our climate best.
You see, Sir, that without ceremony, I avail myself of your kind offer; but if you should find in the course of our correspondence, that I am likely to become troublesome you can easily check me. Inclosed I give you an order on Wakelin Welch Esqr. for the cost of such things as you may have the goodness to send me. I do not at this time ask for any other implements of Husbandry than the Plows; but when I have read your annals (for they are but just come to hand) I may request more. In the meanwhile, permit me to ask what a good Plowman might be had for, annual wages, to be found (being a single man) in board, washing, and lodging? The writers upon Husbandry estimate the hire of labourers so differently in England, that it is not easy to discover from them whether one of the class I am speaking of would cost Eight, or Eighteen pounds a year. A good Plowman at low wages, would come very opportunely with the Plows here requested.
By means of the application I made to my friend Mr. Fairfax, of Bath, and through the medium of Mr. Rack,53 a bailiff is sent to me, who, if he is acquainted with the best courses of cropping, will answer my purposes as a director or Superintendant of my Farms. He has the appearance of a plain honest Farmer; is industrious; and, from the character given of him by a Mr. Peacy (with whom he has lived many years) is understanding in the management of Stock, and of most matters for which he is employed. How far his abilities may be equal to a pretty extensive concern, is questionable. And what is still worse, he has come over with improper ideas; for instead of preparing his mind to meet a ruinous course of cropping, exhausted Lands, and numberless inconveniences into which we had been thrown by an eight years War, he seems to have expected that he was coming to well organized Farms, and that he was to have met Plows, Harrows, and all the other implements of Husbandry in as high taste as the best farming Counties in England could have exhibited them. How far his fortitude will enable him to encounter these disappointments, or his patience and perseverence will carry him towards the work of reform, remains to be decided. With great esteem etc.54
[Note 53: Edmund Rack. He was secretary of the Agriculture Society of Bath, England.]
[Note 54: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1786.
Dr. Marquis: I am to acknowledge the receipt of the agreeable letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 20th. of Jany., and at the sametime to congratulate you on the happy event announced in it.
Permit me to assure you that nothing affords me more satisfaction than to receive good news of my friends; and you must allow me the liberty of considering your marriage to an amiable lady, with a handsome fortune, in that point of light.
Indeed I was not surprized at this, because I knew the merits of the Marqs. de la Rouerie entitled him to such a connexion. But I must confess, I was a little pleased, if not surprised, to find him think quite like an American on the subject of matrimony and domestic felicity. For in my estimation more permanent and genuine happiness is to be found in the sequestered walks of connubial life, than in the giddy rounds of promiscuous pleasure, or the more tumultuous and imposing scenes of successful ambition.
This sentiment will account, in a degree, for my not making a visit to Europe: other reasons may conspire to prevent me from enjoying the heart-felt satisfaction I shou'd experience in embracing my friends on that continent. Their kind sollicitude and invitations are, however, entitled to my cordial acknowledgments; and you may be persuaded, it will not be among the least of my regrets on this occasion, that the circumstances preclude me from receiving the welcome, and witnessing the happiness, I should expect to meet with at the Chateau de la Rouerie.
I enter so little into disquisitions and politics, that I could hardly do justice to the subject, should I undertake to dilate upon it. I have understood, in general, that Congress have taken arrangements for the payment of the interest due on Securities given to foreigners who served in their Army. A timely and efficacious application to the States will, I hope, in future produce more punctuality, and supercede the necessity of any interference on my part, which it appears to me would be improper on many accounts.
Mrs. Washington desires her compliments may be acceptable to Madame la Marquise de la Rouerie and yourself; with a similar request, I have the honor, etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 12, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The Clerks notes in the Suits ordered by you on the Bonds taken at Colo. Geo: Mercer's sale, are (many of them) brought against me; some of wch. without adverting thereto, I have paid, supposing them to have arisen on distresses made by Mr. Muse for my Rents. A few days ago a Bill from the Clerk, I believe, of Berkeley, was handed to me amounting to near six hundred pounds of Tobacco, which not being convenient for me to pay, was returned. I shall be obliged to you in future when writs are ordered, to direct these notes into some other channel. I am threatened also (as you may see by the enclosed) in another manner on the same Accot.
I am led from these circumstances to hope that the suits have been, or soon will be productive; for, tho' painful to reiterate, the fact is that I am really in want of money. The almost total loss of my Corn last year, the scantiness of my Crop of Wheat this (in which I am only a common sufferer), and the probable destruction of my Corn by the Chinch-bug, in which I stand almost alone, deprives me of all hope of aid from these sources; which is the more distressing to me as I am at this time involved in more than common expence to finish my house and to make the repairs which were found wanting when it come to be examined. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 14 Washington signed an agreement with lames Lawson to do ditching at Mount Vernon. This agreement is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1786.
Dear Sir: By Colo. Fitzhugh I had the satisfaction to receive the humorous accot.57 you were pleased to give me of your noctural journey to Fredericksburg. I recollect very well, the Lady whom you mention to have had for a fellow traveller, and if you should chance to be in her company again, I should be much obliged by your presenting my compliments to her. The even tenor of my life (in which I can expect to meet with few extraordinary adventures) as well as my long seclusion in a great measure, from the exhilirating scenes of mixed society, must be an apology for my not attempting (with such provocatives to gaiety) to say some more sprightly things in reply to the brilliancy of her dialogue; or the vivacity with which you have reported it. I commend you, however, for passing the time in as merry a manner as you possibly could; it is assuredly better to go laughing than crying thro' the rough journey of life.
[Note 57: Bland's "humorous" account is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I have mentioned your request to Colo. Humphreys, who is still at Mr. Vernon and who has put a copy of his last poem into my hands to be forwarded with his compliments to you. He has farther desired me to inform you, in answer to the civil things you have said of it, that he feels himself singularly happy whenever he finds that his works are honored with the approbation of men of taste and liberallity. He regrets that he cannot send you the copy of a former poem, which after being several times reprinted in Europe, has lately been translated by the Marqs. de Chastelleux, and received with a great deal of applause at Paris.
I shall always be happy to give and receive communications on improvements in farming, and the various branches of agriculture. This is in my opinion, an object of infinite importance to the country; I consider it to be the proper source of American wealth and happiness. Whose streams might become more copious and diffusive, if gentlemen of leisure and capacity would turn their attention to it, and bring the result of their experiments together? Nothing but cultivation is wanting. Our lot has certainly destined a good country for our inheritance. We begin already to attract the notice of foreigners of distinction. A French general officer whose name is Du Plessis is now at Mount Vernon on his way to Georgia, with a design to settle there as a farmer.
Sequestered as I am, from the bustlings and intrigues of the world, in the calm walks of private life; I can hardly flatter myself with being able to give much light or assistance, to those who may be engag'd in passing thro' the dark and thorny paths of politics. I can only repeat what I have formerly told my countrymen in a very serious manner "that honesty will be found, on every experiment, the best policy". How far arguments deduced from this topic, and from the present alarming troubles in Rhode Island, can with pertinancy and force be made use of against any attempts to procure a paper currency in the State, I leave to your judgment to decide. The advantages which are to be derived from Seminaries of learning, from the improvement of our roads, a proper establishment of our Militia, the extension of inland navigation &c. must have struck you in too forcible a manner to need a remembrancer.
My sentiments respecting foederal measures, in general, are so well known that it is unnecessary to reiterate them. The two Mrs. Washingtons and my nephew join in compliments with me to Mrs. Bland and yourself, and I am, etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1786.
My dr. Marqs: I will not conceal that my numerous correspondencies are daily becoming irksome to me; yet I always receive your letters with augmenting satisfaction, and therefore rejoice with you in the measures which are likely to be productive of a more frequent intercourse between our two nations. Thus, motives of a private as well as of a public nature conspire to give me pleasure, in finding that the active policy of France is preparing to take advantage of the supine stupidity of England, with respect to our commerce.
While the latter by its impolitic duties and restrictions is driving our Ships incessantly from its harbours; the former seems by the invitations it is giving to stretch forth the friendly hand to invite them into its Ports. I am happy in a conviction, that there may be established between France and the U.S., such a mutual intercourse of good offices and reciprocal interests, as cannot fail to be attended with the happiest consequences. Nations are not influenced, as individuals may be, by disinterested friendships; but, when it is their interest to live in amity, we have little reason to apprehend any rupture. This principle of union can hardly exist in a more distinguished manner between two nations, than it does between France and the United States. There are many articles of manufacture which we stand absolutely in need of and shall continue to have occasion for so long as we remain an agricultural people, which will be while lands are so cheap and plenty, that is to say, for ages to come.
In the mean time we shall have large quantities of timber, fish, oil, wheat, Tobo., rice, Indigo, &c. to dispose of: Money we have not. Now it is obvious that we must have recourse for the Goods and manufactures we may want, to the nation which will enable us to pay for them by receiving our Produce in return. Our commerce with any of the great manufacturing Kingdoms of Europe will therefore be in proportion to the facility of making remittance, which such manufacturing nation may think proper to afford us. On the other hand, France has occasion for many of our productions and raw materials; let her judge whether it is most expedient to receive them by direct importation and to pay for them in goods; or to obtain them thro' the circuitous channel of Britain and to pay for them in money as she formerly did.
I know that Britain arrogantly expects we will sell our produce wherever we can find a market and bring the money to purchase goods from her; I know that she vainly hopes to retain what share she pleases in our trade, in consequence of our prejudices in favor of her fashions and manufactures; but these are illusions, which will vanish and disappoint her, as the dreams of conquest have already done. Experience is constantly teaching us, that these predilections were founded in error. We find the quality and price of the French goods we receive in many instances, to be better than the quality and price of the English. Time, and a more thorough acquaintance with the business may be necessary to instruct your merchants in the choice and assortment of Goods necessary for such a Country. As to an ability for giving credit, in which the English merchants boast a superiority, I am confident it would be happy for America if the practice could be entirely abolished.
However unimportant America may be considered at present, and however Britain may affect to despise her trade, there will assuredly come a day, when this country will have some weight in the scale of Empires. While connected with us as Colonies only, was not Britain the first power in the World? Since the dissolution of that connexion, does not France occupy the same illustrious place? Your successful endeavors my Dr. Marqs., to promote the interests of your two Countries (as you justly call them) must give you the most unadulterated satisfaction: be assured the measures which have lately been taken with regard to the two Articles of Oil and Tobacco, have tended very much to endear you to your fellow Citizens on this side of the Atlantic.
Altho' I pretend to no peculiar information respecting commercial affairs, nor any foresight into the scenes of futurity; yet as the member of an infant empire, as a Philanthropist by character, and (if I may be allowed the expression) as a Citizen of the great republic of humanity at large; I cannot help turning my attention sometimes to this subject. I would be understood to mean, I cannot avoid reflecting with pleasure on the probable influence that commerce may hereafter have on human manners and society in general. On these occasions I consider how mankind may be connected like one great family in fraternal ties. I indulge a fond, perhaps an enthusiastic idea, that as the world is evidently much less barbarous than it has been, its melioration must still be progressive; that nations are becoming more humanized in their policy, that the subjects of ambition and causes for hostility are daily diminishing, and, in fine, that the period is not very remote, when the benefits of a liberal and free commerce will, pretty generally, succeed to the devastations and horrors of war.
Some of the late treaties which have been entered into, and particularly that between the King of Prussia and the Ud. States, seem to constitute a new era in negotiation, and to promise the happy consequences I have just now been mentioning. But let me ask you my Dr. Marquis, in such an enlightened, in such a liberal age, how is it possible the great maritime powers of Europe should submit to pay an annual tribute to the little piratical States of Barbary? Would to Heaven we had a navy able to reform those enemies to mankind, or crush them into non-existence.
I forbear to enter into a discussion of our domestic Politics, because there is little interesting to be said upon them, and perhaps it is best to be silent, since I could not disguise or palliate where I might think them erroneous. The British still hold the frontier Posts, and are determined to do so. The Indians commit some trifling ravages, but there is nothing like a general or even open war. You will have heard what a loss we have met with by the death of poor Genl. Greene. General McDougal and Colo. Tilghman are also dead.
It is a great satisfaction to have it in my power to pay some attention to Monsr. Du Plessis, by whom I had the happiness of receiving your last letter: he is now at Mount Vernon on his way to Georgia.
You will see by the length to which I have extended this letter, that I can never find myself weary of conversing with you. Adieu, My Dr. Marqs. Mrs. Washington and the family desire to be most respectfully presented to Made. de la Fayette, to whom, I pray you also to offer my very best homage; and to believe that I am etc.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 18, 1786.
My Dr. Marquis: I cannot omit to seize the earliest occasion, to acknowledge the receipt of the very affectionate letter you did me the honor of writing to me on the 22d. of May; as well as to thank you for the present of your Travels in America and the translation of Colo. Humphreys's Poem, all of which came safe to hand by the same conveyance.
Knowing, as I did, the candour, liberality and philanthropy of the Marquis de Chastellux, I was prepared to disbelieve any imputations that might militate agst. these amiable qualities. For characters and habits are not easily taken up, or suddenly laid aside. Nor does that mild species of philosophy which aims at promoting human happiness, ever belye itself by deviating from the generous and godlike pursuit. Having notwithstanding understood that some misrepresentations of the work in question, had been circulated; I was happy to learn that you had taken the most effectual method to put a stop to their circulation, by publishing a more ample and correct edition. Colo. Humphreys (who has been some weeks at Mount Vernon) confirm'd me in the sentiment by giving a most flattering account of the whole performance: he has also put into my hands the translation of that part in which you say such, and so many handsome things of me; that (altho' no sceptic on ordinary occasions) I may perhaps be allowed to doubt whether your friendship and partiality have not, in this one instance, acquired an ascendency over your cooler judgment.
Having been thus unwarily, and I may be permitted to add, almost unavoidably betrayed into a kind of necessity to speak of myself, and not wishing to resume that subject, I choose to close it forever by observing, that as, on the one hand, I consider it an indubitable mark of mean-spiritedness and pitiful vanity to court applause from the pen or tongue of man; so on the other, I believe it to be a proof of false modesty or an unworthy affectation of humility to appear altogether insensible to the commendations of the virtuous and enlightened part of our species. Perhaps nothing can excite more perfect harmony in the soul than to have this string vibrate in unison with the internal consciousness of rectitude in our intentions and an humble hope of approbation from the supreme disposer of all things.
I have communicated to Colonel Humphreys that paragraph in your letter wch. announces the very favorable reception his Poem has met with in France. Upon the principles I have just laid down, he cannot be indifferent to the applauses of so enlightened a nation, nor to the suffrages of the King and Queen who have been pleased to honor it with their royal approbation.
We have no news on this side the Atlantic worth the pains of sending across it. The country is recovering rapidly from the ravages of the war: the seeds of population are scattered far in the Wilderness: agriculture is prosecuted with industry: the works of Peace, such as opening rivers, building bridges &c., are carried on with spirit. Trade is not so successful as we could wish, our State Governments are well administered. Some objects in our foederal system might probably be altered for the better. I rely much on the good sense of my countrymen, and trust that a superintending Providence will disappoint the hopes of our Enemies. With sentimts. of the sincerest esteem etc.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 18 Washington wrote also to Clement Biddle, sending two window curtains "which I pray you to get new dyed of the same color, green, and returned to me as soon as may be.... The price of Mr. Howell's leather is not cheaper than it is sold in Alexandria, and the freight would make it come higher."' A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 61: Of Newport R. I.]
Mount Vernon, August 19, 1786.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 21st. of July together with the Treatise on Agriculture and practical Husbandry. I consider the latter as a mark of attention which merits my warmest acknowledgments.
It is a subject highly worth the attention of every gentleman in this country who has leisure, abilities, or opportunity to improve it. It is the only source from which we can at present draw any real or permanent advantage; and in my opinion it must be a great (if not the sole) means of our attaining to that degree of respectability and importance which we ought to hold ill the world. I am, etc.60
Mount Vernon, August 19, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Inclosed is a duplicate of my letter to you of the 26th. of May which was forwarded by Peter Virwins who received fifty barrels of superfine Flour to be deliver'd to you at Norfolk. It is now almost three months since the flour was sent: as I have not heard from you, and am unacquainted with Mr. Virwin, I do not know whether it has come to your hands or not. If you have received it, and it is sold, I should be glad to know what it sold for; if it is not sold, should wish to know what it will sell for, as, from the short crops of wheat, I think it must now fetch a pretty good price. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1786.
Sir: You will see by the enclosed letter from the Marqs. de la Fayette to me, that the Empress of Russia is desirous of obtaining some authentic documents respecting the languages of the natives of this Country, for the purpose of compiling an universal Dictionary. As I have thought no person was more in condition to accomplish that essential service for the republic of letters than yourself, I have taken the liberty of transmitting a specimen of the vocabulary to you, together with a request that you do me the favor of paying as early and accurate attention to the completion of the matter, as your avocations will admit. Persuaded that a gentleman of your taste for science in general, and particularly of your capacity for acquiring the information in question, will enter upon the task with pleasure, I make no apology for troubling you with it. Nor do I think it necessary to add anything farther, than that it may be expedient to extend the vocabulary as far as, with the aid of your friends, you conveniently can; and that the greatest possible precision and exactitude will be indispensable in committing the Indian words to paper, by a just orthography.
With sentiments of esteem etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. A duplicate of this letter, addressed to Col. George Morgan, near Princeton, N. J, was (1907) stated to be in the possession of A. S. Morgan, of Pittsburgh, Pa.]
Mount Vernon, August 21, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The inclosed letter I received a short time since. As I am wholly unacquainted with the writer, and circumstances therein mentioned, I can only say, that if the facts are such as there alledged, I think the sufferer is entitled to some redress; but how far it may be in the power of Congress to comply with petitions of this nature I am not able to say. You undoubtedly know much better than I do, and I am sure your exertions will never be wanting to have justice done to those who have suffered by adhering to the cause of our Country. I am, etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 22 Washington wrote briefly to Maurice Desdevens, a former captain of Canadian militia in Montgomery's expedition against Quebec, that he had forwarded his letter to Knox. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 23, 1786.
Sir: I have received your Oration of the 4th. of July, which you did me the honor to send me; and am much obliged to you for so polite a mark of attention. I have perused it with a great deal of pleasure, and hope that the anniversary of that day will ever be commemorated in this country as the era from which we may date our happiness and importance. I am, etc.64
Mount Vernon, August 23, 1786.
Revd. Sir: The last Post brought me your favor of the 14th. You have been misinformed respecting the congregation of Pohick. It is of the Episcopal Church and at this time has an incumbent; of which I give you the earliest notice for the information of Mr. Wilson.65
[Note 65: James Wilson, a Scotch Presbyterian minister.]
A Church above this, formerly under the same Ministry, is, I believe, unprovided; but of what Religion the people thereabout now are, I am unable to say. Most probably a medley as they have had Methodist, and Baptist preachers of all kinds among them. With respect, I am, etc.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1786.
Sir: I have been in continual expectation ever since my return to private life (now near three years) of receiving a statement of the accots. between us. This not having yet happened, and finding sums which I expected were due to me (especially in the case of Mr. Newton of Norfolk from whom I thought a large balance was due to me) charged as having been paid to you, it makes it indispensably necessary for me to be furnished with a precise and compleat accot. of all the transactions of my business which had been committed to your care from the date of the last settlement which I made with you myself, to the present moment. Shewing, if monies have been paid to others or myself, the sums, and by what authority it was done. Without these it is impossible for me to adjust my own accounts, or bring my business to a close with others. I pray you therefore not to delay complying with this request, and it will oblige Yrs., etc.
P.S. That this letter may be certain of getting to your hands, I have requested Mr. Henley to send it by a special messenger. Your answer will come safe, and more expeditiously by the Post, than by a private conveyance, and is the mode I would prefer receiving it.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 30, 1786.
Sir: The day before yesterday gave me the honor of your Excellency's favor, written on the 12th. of June, with a postscript thereto of the 22d. of July. It was accompanied by the cloth made of the wool of the Vicuna, which indeed is of a softness and richness which I have never seen before, and is truly worthy of being called his Majesty's true manufactured cloth.
For your Excellency's goodness in presenting me with this specimen of it, I pray you to accept my best acknowledgements. I receive it Sir, as a mark of your polite attention to me, and shall wear it with much pleasure as a memento thereof. The color is really beautiful, and being natural can never fade.
I feel myself much indebted to your Excelly. for communicating the testimonies of my gratitude to the King, thro' the medium of His Excelly. Count de Florida Blanca, for his royal present of the Jack Asses; one of which arrived very safe, and promises to be a most valuable animal. I am endeavouring to provide a female, that the advantages which are to be derived from this Jack may not end with his life.
I can omit no occasion of assuring your Excellency of the high sense I entertain of the many marks of polite attention I have received from you; nor of the pleasure I should feel in the honor of expressing it at this seat of my retirement from public life, if you should ever feel an inclination to make an excursion into the middle States. I have the honor, etc.67
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 29
September 1, 1786--June 19, 1788
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
PRINTED
JANUARY, 1939
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
DEC 22 1941
DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1786.
Gent: Nothing but sickness would have prevented my attending at the Seneca Falls on Monday next agreeably to appointment. On Sunday last (occasioned by an imprudent act) I was seized by an ague and fever. Whether the Doctors efforts will baffle them tomorrow, remains to be determined; but at any rate he thinks it would be improper for me to leave home. The fevers moreover, have made such havock of my mouth, nose and chin that I am unable to put a razor to my face. Thus circumstanced, I have given up all idea of meeting the Board the 4th. instant.
Besides the business which is the immediate occasion of this meeting, it might be well, as we are every day thrown back in our operations on the bed of the River, to prepare the draft of a Petition which will be necessary to hand to the respective Assemblies for prolongation of the time for that part of the undertaking; and, as there may be difficulties in the way yet unforeseen, I should incline to enlarge it to the greatest extent it is thought we can obtain. I submit for consideration also, the propriety (if the waters should get low enough in the course of the Fall) of a thorough investigation of the River, by a skilful person, from the Shannondoah falls to Fort Cumberland at least; that by having the matter fully before us, we may be enabled to form some precise judgment of the difficulties which lie in the way, and prepare for them accordingly.
As I cannot do greater justice to the sentiments of the Company respecting its approbation of the conduct of the Directors, than is conveyed by the address of the Committee, I have the honor of forwarding a copy of that letter to me, which I beg the favor of you, Gentn. to lay before the Board at the Meeting which is about to take place. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 1 Washington wrote to William Hartshorne, sending him the address from a committee of the Potomac company, which "will convey the sense of that Company on the fidelity and accuracy with which your accots. have been kept, in the fullest and clearest manner. I have great pleasure in communicating these sentiments, and with very great esteem and regard, I am etc." A copy of this is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1786.
My dear Humphreys: Enclosed are all the documents Mr. Lear could find respecting the confinement, and treatment under it, of Captain Asgill. For want of recurrence to them before I wrote to Mr. Tilghman,2 I perceive that a bad memory had run me into an error in my narrative of the latter, in one particular. For it should seem by that, as if the loose and unguarded manner in which Captn Asgill was held, was sanctioned by me; whereas one of my letters to Colo. Dayton condemns this conduct, and orders Asgill to be closely confined. Mr. Lear has given all the letters at length. Extracts might have answered. But I judged it better that the whole tenor of the Correspondence should appear, that no part might seem to be hidden.
[Note 2: See Washington's letter to James Tilghman, June 5, 1786, ante.]
I well remember Major Gordon's attending Asgill; and by one of my letters to Dayton it is evident that Gordon had written to me; but my letters-books have registered no reply. In what manner it would be best to bring this matter before the Publik eye I am at a loss, and leave it to you to determine under a consideration of the circumstances which are as fully communicated as the documents in my hands will enable me to do. There is one mystery in the business which I cannot develop, nor is there any papers in my possession which explain it. Hazen was ordered to send an unconditional prisoner. Asgill comes. Hazen or some other must have given information of a Lieutenant Turner, (under the former description). Turner is ordered on, but never came. Why? I am unable to say; nor is there any letter from Hazen (to be found) that accounts for a noncompliance with this order. If I had not too many causes to distrust my memory I should ascribe it to there having been no such Officer, or that he was also under capitulation, for Captn. Shaack seems to have been held as a proper victim after this.
I will write as soon as I am able to Mr. Tilghman, requesting him to withhold my first acct of Asgill's treatment, from his corrispondent in England, promising an authentic one from original papers. It may however have passed him, in that case, it will be necessary for me to say something to reconcile my own Accts.
I write to you with a very aching head, and disordered frame, and Mr. Lear will copy the letter. Saturday last, by an imprudent act, I brought on an ague and fever on Sunday, which returned with violence Tuesday and Thursday; and if Doctor Craik's efforts are ineffectual, I shall have them again this day. The family join me in every good wish for you. It is unnecessary to assure you of the friendship and affection with which I am &c.
P.S. We have found Gordon's letters. They contain [a remonstrance and de]mand of Asgill as an officer protected by the Capitulation of York-Town. This I suppose is the reason they were never answered.3
[Note 3: In the writing of Tobias Lear, The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, September 2, 1786.
Dr. Sir: If the Account I handed to you respecting the treatment of Captn. Asgill (in confinement) has not passed from you, I should be obliged to you for withholding, and suffering no copies to be taken from it; to counteract such an injurious and ill founded calumny which obtains credit as it rolls on.
I have it in contemplation to inspect my registers, and to give something from authentic documents relative to this matter. The former being drawn up in a hasty manner, and from memory, may contain something inconsistent with the latter, which will be substantiated. With great esteem etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 9, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 20th ulto. did not get to my hands 'till about the first of this month. It found me in a fever from which I am now but sufficiently recovered to attend to business. I mention this as the reason why your propositions have not been attended to before.
With respect to the first, I never mean (unless some particular circumstance should compel me to it) to possess another slave by purchase; it being among my first wishes to see some plan adopted, by which slavery in this country may be abolished by slow, sure, and imperceptible degrees. With respect to the second, I never did, nor never intend to purchase a military certificate. I see no difference it makes with you, (if it is one of the funds allotted for the discharge of my claim) who the purchaser is. If the depreciation between them and specie is three for one; you will have it in your power whilst at the receipt of Custom, Richmond, where it is said the great regulator of this business (Graves) resides, to convert them into specie at that rate. If the difference is more, there would be no propriety (if I inclined to deal in them at all) in my taking them at that exchange.
I shall rely upon your promise of £200 in five weeks from the date of your letter. It will enable me to pay the workmen which have been employed about this House all the Spring and Summer (some of whom are yet here): but there are two debts which press hard upon me, one of which, if there is no other method left, I must sell Land or Negroes to discharge. It is owing to the Govr. of New York, Clinton, who was so obliging as to borrow the sum of £2000 to answer some calls of mine; to be paid in 12 months after the conclusion of Peace.
For this sum he became my security, and for what remains due (about £800 York Curry.) I am now paying an interest of 7 pr. Ct. but the high interest, tho' more than any estate can bear, I should not regard if my credit was not at stake to comply with the conditions of the loan. The other debt, tho' I am anxious to discharge it, and the person to whom I owe it, I know wants it, yet it might I believe, be put off a while longer; this sum is larger than the other. I am, &c.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 12, 1786.
Dr. Sir: A few days ago I had the honor to receive your favor of the 22d. ulto.
At the same time that I regret not having had the pleasure of testifying under my own roof the respect and regard I had imbibed for your Lady and family before their departure from this Continent, I beg you to be assured that every wish which I can offer for a short and agreeable passage, and happy meetings with their friends in England, attends them. Although I can now no longer look for the pleasure of the Ladies companies at this seat of my retirement, I will not despair of seeing you at it, when it can be made to comport with your other pursuits. It is unnecessary I persuade myself to repeat the assurances of the pleasure it would give me you, or such of your family as remain in this country, here, or of the sincere esteem and respect with which I have the honor, etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Virginia, September 22, 1786.
Dear Sir: I now sit down to avail myself of your friendly offer of serving me, whilst you are on your Western tour.
I give you the trouble of some letters: that to Mr. Smith I leave open for your perusal, please to seal before delivering it. Mr. Smith has my Patent. Posey's Bond on which my military right was founded, and on which the warrt. for surveying issued, together with every other public and private document which could be obtained in evidence of the regularity and legality of my claim. The plea of the Defendants will be, I know, that I cannot trace any steps of regular and authentic proceedings, back to their occupancy. For say they, you can find no entry in the Surveyor's books, nor on the records of Council, previous to the Survey; which is the first legal process you can adduce, and this is not dated 'till Feby. when our settlement of the Land was in the month of Octr. preceeding, nay more, your warrant of Survey, which was laid upon this Land, received date in Novr. subsequent by a month to our settlement. The latter (under the rose) I believe is fact, and is as unaccountable, as it may be unlucky, as my purchase from Posey (for the express purpose of covering this tract) was made, as will appear by the Bond, if my memory has not deceived me, in the year 1770; this difference, if it is not founded in mistake, is altogether incomprehensible, as the land was explored and surveyed for me the first time in the fall of 1770, or early in the following year; and this right, as I have before observed, was intended as the legal security of it.
The first and second surveys, or in other words, the legal return of the first differing in dates, were both made by Captn. (afterwards Colonel) Crawford. The first was made whilst his commission was local; given for the express purpose of surveying 200,000 acres granted by Mr. Dinwiddie's Proclamation, to the officers and soldiers of the first Virgia. Regiment. The second, or, as I have before mentioned, the return, was made after he had received a deputation under Mr. Thos. Lewis for Augusta, in which County the land was supposed to lie, and this I believe did not happen 'till Feby. 1774; consequently the date was made subsequent to the date of the deputation.
Upon these grounds, my legal title I am convinced will be disputed, with a view to establish their occupancy; but there is an act (an authentic copy of which I have sent Mr. Smith) which legalizes the surveys of Crawford from the period he first held a commission from the College.12 But for Arguments sake, supposing my Patent, and every thing which led to the attainment of it, were mere nullities, and my military claim out of the question, had I not an equal right with any other Citizen or subject, to obtain land in that Country? It cannot be laid to my charge that I have been either a monopolizer, or
[Note 12: William and Mary College.] land-jobber, for I never sold a foot of Land in the Country, nor am I possessed of an acre west of the Alleghaney (and the quantity comparatively speaking is small) that I do not hold under military rights; except the tract at what is called Washington's bottom, and about 2 or 300 acres at the Gt. Meadows, both of which I purchased: the latter at a high price. And that I surveyed this land before the defendants ever saw it; built one or more Cabins thereon before they came into the Country; hired people to live on it; gave them repeated notices of my right afterwards of the consequences of their usurpation, are facts. But whether evidence can now be obtained in support of all of them, is questionable; as the two Crawfords who were my principal Agents in that Country are both dead, others knowing to the transactions, removed, and a third sett unwilling, I have no doubt to come forward. Yet under all these disadvantages, Charles Morgan will be able, or I am mistaken, to prove that the survey was made a year or two before the Defendants pretend any claim to occupancy (the date of which requires better proof than their own assertion). And I think he is the most likely person to prove also that there were cabbins erected thereon for my benefit, claims antecedent to those of the Defendts. purchased by Crawford on my accot. to avoid disputes, a man hired to live on the land to keep others off it, and that frequent notices were given to them of the lands being mine, and admonishing them to quit it.
Marcus Stephenson must be knowing to many if not all of these circumstances, but a spell of sickness, I have been told, has impaired his memory, and may have rendered him an unfit evidence. Major Lite13 and George McCormick, or the brother who married Colo. Crawfords daughter, cannot, I shou'd think,
[Note 13: Jacob Hite(?).] be unacquainted with many of these facts. There can be no question of Colo. Cannon's14 testifying to what I have recited in my letter to Mr. Smith, because I had the information from his own mouth and he is a Gentn. of credit. I should think it strange indeed, if Colo. Jno. Stephenson from his connexion and intimacy with Colo. Crawford is not privy to most of these things. Possibly Mrs. Crawford may be as strong an evidence to some points as any one. Captn. Swearingin15 also seemed to have knowledge of them.
[Note 14: Col. John Cannon.]
[Note 15: Van Swearingen.]
The reason of my being so particular with you, my good Sir, is, that if any of these people should fall in your way, and upon enquiry it shall be found that they possess the knowledge I conceive of these transactions, but are unwilling to come forward, that effectual steps may be taken to compel them. There is reason to apprehend that an oath only will extort from some of them all they do know. Colo. Cannon, Chas. Morgan, Marcus Stephenson (if he has recollection enough), and perhaps Majr. Lite, must be more intimately acquainted with Colo. Crawfords proceedings on my behalf in the early stages of this business, than any others. Morgan or Lite surveyed the Land; M: Stephenson carried the chain, and, I believe made the improvements. What G: McCormick and Captn. Swearingin can say in the case, I know not, both I believe would willingly serve me, and would point out if they are acquainted with them, the evidences that may be essential on the tryal if it shall be found necessary for me to attack on this ground.
The enclosure No. 2 contains some queries which were put to Mr. Smith, but not answered, tho' touched upon by him as appears by his letter No. 3 I will thank you for doing what shall seem necessary in this business. There is an open Accot. between Vale. Crawford and me, by which it appears that he is about £100, in my debt. Conscious of this, and of my engagements for him, unsollicited, he wrote me the letter and sent me the Bill of sale referred to in my letter to Mr. Smith of the 8th. of May last, and now in his trust.
My Lands in Pennsylvania (west of the Laurel-hill) have been so unproductive of every thing but vexation and trouble, that I am resolved to sell them at long or short credit, as may best suit the purchaser, provided I can get near the value of them. The tract where the Mill is, lying in Fayette County, and commonly called Washington's bottom, contains about 1650 acres. The one in dispute, lying in Washington County, contains about 2,800 acres. The defendants were a long time deliberating on eligibility of giving me 25/pt. acre, rather than to engage in a Law suit; but finally chose the latter: they must give more now if I cost [ sic] them. Should you hear of any purchasers, or if you could discover the price it is probable to obtain from them, you would render me a service by the communication. Inclosed are several advertisements,16 one of which I pray you to have set up at the Court houses of the County in which the Lands lie, at Pittsburgh, and at such other places as you may think best.
[Note 16: See Advertisement, Sept. 22, 1786, post.]
I give you the trouble of proving (I believe before a Magistrate) the power of Attorney which I have executed before you, and to send it with my letter inclosed to Major Thomas Freeman who does business for me in that County.
I paid Mr. Smith, at the time the Ejectments were brought, some where about £20 If you could by indirect or other means, discover what would be proper compensation for his trouble in this business, I should be much obliged by it. I have had in the course of my life, so little to do with Law and Lawyers, that I feel myself extreamly awkward in these matters.
With sentiments of great esteem, etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Virginia, September 22, 1786.
The Subscriber would sell his land in Fayette County, State of Pennsylvania, containing about 1650 acres, distinguished, commonly, by the name of Washington's Bottom
Also,
About 2800 acres on Miller's-run, a branch of Shirtee, in Washington Coty. and State aforesaid, if the Ejectments now depending are decided in his favor.
The credits may be long or short according to the price given. To describe these Lands is needless, as the presumption, and wish of the proprietor is, that those who incline to purchase, would examine them well.
Majr. Thos. Freeman will shew the land in Fayette County; and Majr. Geo: McCormick the other tract.
Mount Vernon, September 22, 1786.
Sir: the letter which you did me the favor of writing to me from Philada. the 9th. ulto. came duly to hand.
A fever, of which I am but just well recovered, makes me fearful of encountering the bad roads and disagreeable accommodations between this and the Western Country at this season: other circumstances too, rendering it inconvenient for me to be from home at this time, have combined to set aside the journey I had it in contemplation to make to the Court of Nisi prius to be holden in Washington county State of Pennsylvania, on the 23d. of next month. Nor, upon a revision of the notes with which I have furnished you, do I see wherein I could add aught to them, were I to be present at the trial. The summoning of a Jury so long before the merits of the cause will come legally before it, is, in my opinion, very much against me; for there can be no doubt but that every indirect (if not direct) means, which the Defendants and their friends can adopt, will be used to impress the members who constitute it, with all the circumstances favourable to their claim. However, if it is an event to be regretted, it is equally unavoidable, as it is constitutional.
There were Proclamations (as I have observed on a former occasion) and orders of Council in this State previous to the Revolution, which, could they have been adduced, might have subserved my cause, in as much as it would have appeared from them, that tho' military rights were recognized, and warrants of Survey were actually issued by the Executive previous, to the occupancy of the Defendants; yet, that their settlement of the Lands which were considered as appertaining to the State of Virga. was expressly contrary to a pointed Proclamation, consequently must not only have been illegal, but highly unwarrantable, as it was an invasion of private right (for the Defendants do not deny having been informed that the land was surveyed for me) as well as a contempt of public authority; however, the records of these proceedings are lost, as you will find by the authenticated Certificate, which has been heretofore sent you.
My opinion of the case, as I have mentioned in a former letter, is, that the legal title ought to be insisted upon strenuously; and that the Deed, as it was the last solemn act of the Government, shou'd be considered as conclusive evidence of the regularity of the antecedent proceedings; it being a fact well known in this Country, that by the removal of the Records from Williamsburgh whilst the enemy were manoeuvering in the State, many of them were lost or destroyed. To argue otherwise, is to arraign the conduct of the Government in the management of its own internal policy; and I do not know under, or by what authority the State of Pennsylvania can now, after having made a solemn compact with this State, by which she engages to confirm all legal established titles, go into such an enquiry. But if, notwithstanding, from the complexion of matters it should be conceived that the plea of pre-occupancy is likely to have weight; I would then as if to shew that even on that ground the defendants stand hindmost, call evidence to prove that the land was surveyed for me before they came into the Country; that a cabbin if no more (for one remain'd there in 1784) was built on the land before they ever saw it; that Colo. Cannon had fixed himself thereon before them; but discovering traces of a regular Survey, and upon enquiry finding it was made for me, quit it after having done some work thereon; that the Defendants were also told that the land belonged to me, whilst they were in the act of settling upon it, and were repeatedly informed of it afterwards, and admonished by public notices and private intimations of the hazard they run, as I was determined (as soon as my public duty would allow me to attend to private concerns) to assert my right to the land. These all are indubitable facts; but where the evidences are, or by what means they can be drawn forward to prove them, are questions which I am not able to solve; unless Colo. Crawfords letters will be admitted, and those persons whom I have named in the notes formerly sent you, will make them appear.
As I have confided this cause entirely to your management, I should, if Mr. Ross's abilities had not spoke so powerfully in his favour, have been perfectly well pleased at your choice of him as a coadjutor. With talents such as you describe, I cannot but be highly satisfied therewith.
My friend Colo. Simms, who will do me the favor of presenting this letter to you, is called to the Western Courts in your State on some business of his own. He perfectly understands the Laws of this State, the practices of our Courts, and the principles of our Land Office, and may be able to communicate much useful information. You may place entire confidence in him, safely trusting him with all the communications I have to you and with a sight of the papers if he should incline to see them.
I am much obliged to you for the information respecting the Bill of Sale from Vale. Crawford. At the time of my writing to you on thiss business, I was quite ignorant of the agency you had in the matter, on behalf of another, the declaration of which will, I hope, be an apology for my application to you in a case where you were Counsel for another. I have requested the favor of Colo. Simm to do, or cause to be done what shall appear just and proper in this case. To secure my debt is all the inducement I have for resorting to the Bill of Sale.
I ought my good Sir, to have recollected the trouble you have had in this business 'ere this, and I intended to have compensated it out of the funds I had in that country, but in truth they have been very unproductive, but if you will be so obliging as to inform me by Colo. Simm with what sum can equal your expectations, I will resort to other means to lodge it in Philadelphia for you. With very great esteem, etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1786.
Dr. Sir: It is sometime since my window curtains were sent to you to get dyed; I should be glad to have them back as soon as an opportunity offers of forwarding them to me. Let me beg you to send by Mr. Porter,19 (who will deliver you this letter) if he can bring it, or with the curtains if he cannot, 16 yards of Stuff of the same kind and colour of the curtains, to cover two dozen chairs, the front of which will require cloth near 2½ feet wide, and the hinder part near two feet; this I fear is wider than that kind of Stuff generally is, but it is to be hoped that the gores which come off the latter, will be sufficient for the former.
[Note 19: Of Alexandria, Va.]
Do the prices of the articles mention'd in my former letter still keep up? I pray you to cause the enclosed Advertisement to be published three weeks in one of your Gazette's which has the most general circulation. With great esteem, I am, etc.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1786.
Sir: If Mr. Lund Washington has not misconceived the conversation which passed between you and me the day you lay ill in bed; or if you understood the matter in the same light he seems to have done, I find there is another mistake between us respecting Mrs. French's21 land, which it behooves me to clear up as soon as possible.
[Note 21: Mrs. Penelope French.]
He thinks you asked me if I meant to take the land for the term of Robinson's22 lease; and that I answered yes. If such a question and such an answer passed, we must some how or other have been at cross purposes; for clear and evident it must be, even to yourself, that I could have no intention of being concerned with the land at all, unless it was for Mrs. French's life. You may well recollect Sir, that I declared this in explicit terms in the conversation I had with you at my own house, and assigned reasons for it to you, namely, that if I got this and Mr. Manley's Land it was my intention to blend them and my other plantations together, and to form entire new ones out of the whole; that I meant to go into an entire new course of cropping, and would lay off my fields accordingly in a permanent and lasting form by Ditches and Hedges; and that it was for this reason I was desirous of knowing this fall (before I went into such arrangement and expence) whether I had any chance of getting these places or not, because it might be too late afterwards to make any change in my plan. With this object in view, I must have been insane to have taken the plantation for the remainder of Robinson's lease only; first, because it is uncertain whether I could get possession of the Land or not, never having exchanged a word with Robinson on the subject, nor never intending to do it unless I had got the place to myself entirely; and, secondly, if I did, because I should not probably be able to compleat the plan of enclosures by the time the Lease would expire. What situation should I be in then? A new bargain under every disadvantage to make, or go back to my former grounds? In the latter case all my labour and expence would have been thrown away and my whole plan defeated. In the former
[Note 22: John Robertson (Robinson). His agreement with Washington, dated Oct. 24, 1786, is in the Washington Papers.] (that is supposing Robinson could not be got off by fair means, and Mr. Lee is of opinion, which opinion I had in my pocket at the time I call'd upon you in expectation of meeting Mrs. French that without a regular demand of rent and reentry, which might be a tedious and expensive process in Courts, the Lease cannot be set aside) under these circumstances I say, I should have made myself liable for the payment of Robinson's rent, without deriving a single advantage. Will any body think this reasonable; or suppose that whilst I retain my senses, I would do it?
As I do not recollect that in the course of my life I ever forfeited my word, or broke a promise made to any one, I have been thus particular to evince (if you understand the matter in the same light that Lund Washington did) that I was not attending to or did not understand the question.
I am sorry any mistake has happened and to convince you and Mrs. French that through the whole of this business, I meant to act upon fair, open and honorable grounds, I will, as mistakes have taken place, and as there is a difference of opinion respecting the annual value of the Lands and negroes,23 leave it to any person of her own choosing (Major Little if she pleases) to say, whether the rent after the expiration of Robinson's lease shall be £136, or £150 pt. ann: if he thinks one too much and the other too little, any sum between. Mrs. French has declared that she neither wanted, nor would take more than the intrinsic worth of the place. I on the word of a man of honor declare that I do not desire it for a farthing less than the value; for to make money by it was never my
[Note 23: An undated press copy of "A list of Negros the property of Mrs. French, in possession of George Washington, by virtue of a Contract which terminates with the life of the former" is in the New York Public Library. It was drawn up by Washington, presumably, during the negotiations.] object; but we differ in our sentiments of this. Is there any mode then so fair, as for an impartial person to see the place, and to hear what Mrs. French, or you in her behalf and myself will say on the subject, and then to decide according to this judgment from the facts? and can there be any thing more favourable to her wishes than to have this determined by her friend in whom she places, I presume, implicit confidence? I never exchanged a word directly nor indirectly with Majr. Little on the subject, but believing him to be a gentleman who will decide according to the dictates of his judgment, I am not afraid to entrust the matter to him, notwithstanding the family connexion between him and Mrs. French. In a word, I am so conscious of the rectitude of my intentions in the whole of this business, that it is a matter of the most perfect indifference to me, to whom it is left; and tho' it may be supposed I have some sinister views in saying it, yet without the gift of prophecy, I will venture to pronounce, that if Mrs. French misses me as a Tenant, she will repent, long before Robinson's Lease expires, for having done so: for I can assure her from an experience of more than twenty five years that there is a very wide difference between getting Tenants and getting rents. She may get a dozen of the first (and I have not the smallest doubt but she may); but if there is one among them who (having no other dependence than the produce of the Plantation) will pay her the latter without hard working and pinching her negroes, and a great deal of trouble and vexation to her, I shall be more mistaken than I ever was in any thing of the kind in my life.
This may not appear so to her at first view; because it is but too common to compare things without attending enough to the circumstances of them.
I have no doubt but that Mrs. French thinks it very strange that I should receive £120 a year rent from Mr. Dulaney, and scruple to give her £150 for rather more land, and twenty odd negroes; but has she considered that the one is accompanied by no charge except the land tax, and the other with many and heavy ones? And do not every body who have meadows, and have ever made an estimate of their value, know that an acre of tolerable good grass will pay all the expences of cutting, curing and stacking, and will put at least 40/ in the owner's pocket annually? What then has Mr. Dulaney to do more than to keep up his fences to pay the rent? By his Advertisement of pasturage for Horses at 3/ pr. week he has ... acres. Suppose it ... only the meadow alone without a single hand will yield him at least ... pr. ann: Is there a single acre of land on Mrs. French's plantation from which, (besides cropping, so precarious) this is to be expected? Is there a single acre which can be converted into meadow? Is not the Land much worn, greatly exhausted and gullied in many places? None can deny it. But why need I enumerate or dwell on these things? Have I not put the matter upon as fair a footing as a man possibly can do? If Mrs. French wants no more than the value, as she has declared, what objection can she have to Majr. Little's saying what that value is? If this proposition is acceded to the sooner it is communicated to me the better. I have never yet opened my mouth to Robinson on the subject of his Lease, nor never intended to do it unless I had got the Plantation for Mrs. French's life. When I sent the papers to Mr. Lee to draw the writings, I asked his opinion of the lease, which he gave, to the effect already mentioned.
It was for my private satisfaction I asked it, for as I told you before and now repeat, I never had an intention to get him off otherwise than by fair means, this year or any other. This year will convince him or I am mistaken, that his inevitable ruin (if he has any thing to loose) will follow his holding k another year, if it is not the case already. I am, &c.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I have received your letter of the 20th. ulto. together with the pamphlets enclosed. I consider your sending the latter to me as a mark of attention wch. deserves my warmest acknowledgments.
I cannot join with you in thinking that the partiality of your friends in assigning to you so honorable a task,25 prejudiced their discernment. The subject is noble, the field extensive, and I think it must be highly satisfactory, and indeed flattering to a man that his performance upon such an occasion, is approved of by men of taste and judgment. I am, etc.24
[Note 25: Jackson's oration before the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati on July 4, 1786.]
Mount Vernon, September 30, 1786.
Dear Bushrod: I was from home when your servant arrived, found him in a hurry to be gone when I returned; have company in the House, and am on the eve of a journey up the river to meet the Directors of the Potomac Company; these things combining, will not allow me time to give any explicit answer to the question you have propounded.26
[Note 26: Bushrod Washington's letter to Washington, stated by Sparks, to have been dated Sept. 27, 1786, is quoted by him as follows: "We have lately instituted a society in these lower counties, called the 'Patriotic Society.' As it is something new, and there are a few men both good and sensible who disapprove of it, it will be a high gratification to me to know your sentiments of it, if you will be so kind as to communicate them. The object of the institution is to inquire into the state of public affairs; to consider in what the true happiness of the people consists, and what are the evils which have pursued, and still continue to molest us; the means of attaining the former, and escaping the latter; to inquire into the conduct of those, who represent us, and to give them our sentiments upon those laws, which ought to be or are already made.
"It will also be a considerable object to instil principles of frugality into the minds of the people, both by precept and example. If any real good should result from such a society, we hope similar ones will be generally instituted through the State.; and, if so, they may establish a very formidable check upon evil-disposed men, who, clothed with power, make interested motives, and not public good, the rule of their conduct. These are the general outlines of the restitution; and, whether in the event it may be beneficial or not, I think that it has taken its rise in virtuous motives. We have had a considerable meeting of the most sensible and respectable gentlemen in this part of the country, and another is to be held on Tuesday next, previous to the meeting of the Assembly. Our design is to hold another as soon as the Assembly has risen; the first to instruct our delegates what they ought to do, the next to inquire what they have done." This letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Generally speaking, I have seen as much evil as good result from such Societies as you describe the Constitution of yours to be; they are a kind of imperium in imperio, and as often clog as facilitate public measures. I am no friend to institutions except in local matters which are wholly or in a great measure confined to the County of the Delegates. To me it appears much wiser and more politic, to choose able and honest representatives, and leave them in all national questions to determine from the evidence of reason, and the facts which shall be adduced, when internal and external information is given to them in a collective state. What certainty is there that Societies in a corner or remote part of a State can possess that knowledge which is necessary for them to decide on many important questions which may come before an Assembly? What reason is there to expect, that the society itself may be accordant in opinion on such subjects? May not a few members of this society (more sagacious and designing than the rest) direct the measures of it to private views of their own? May not this embarrass an honest, able Delegate, who hears the voice of his Country from all quarters, and thwart public measures?
These are first thoughts, but I give no decided opinion. Societies nearly similar to such as you speak of, have lately been formed in Massachusetts: but what has been the consequence? Why they have declared the Senate useless; many other parts of the Constitution unnecessary; salaries of public officers burthensome &c. To point out the defects of the constitution (if any existed) in a decent way, was proper enough; but they have done more: they first vote the Court of Justice, in the present circumstances of the State, oppressive; and next, by violence stop them; which has occasioned a very solemn Proclamation and appeal from the Governor to the people. You may say no such matters are in contemplation by your Society: granted: a snow-ball gathers by rolling; possibly a line may be drawn between occasional meetings for special purposes, and a standing Society to direct with local views and partial information the affairs of the Nation, which cannot be well understood but by a large and comparative view of circumstances. Where is this so likely to enter as in the general Assembly of the people? What figure then must a Delegate make who comes there with his hands tied, and his judgment forestalled? His very instructors, perhaps (if they had nothing sinister in view) were they present at all the information and arguments, which would come forward, might be the first to change sentiments.
Hurried as this letter is, I am sensible I am writing to you upon a very important subject. I have no time to copy, correct, or even peruse it; for which reason I could wish to have it or a copy returned to me.27 George and his wife set off yesterday
[Note 27: In answer to this letter from Washington, Bushrod stated: "The motives which gave birth to the Society, were these. We conceived, that in a government where the voice and sentiments of the people are delivered by representation, the few who are elected to speak these sentiments are the servants of the electors; that in grand points of national concern, the people are the best judges of their wants, their own interests, and can more sensibly feel those evils, which they wish to be corrected; that upon these two principles they have a right to instruct their delegates; and that silence at a time when they had reason to apprehend a conduct in these servants contrary to their wishes would be highly criminal. We thought that an appearance of corruption was discoverable in the mass of the people, or, what is as bad, a total insensibility to their public interest. Persuaded of this, and equally convinced that this inattention proceeded more from the want of information than from want of real virtue, a number of the principal gentlemen in these four counties determined to assemble, for the purpose of inquiring and deliberating upon such subjects as were of the most interesting consequence, and to communicate their sentiments to the people in the form of instructions; which, if approved by them, are signed and sent to their delegates; if otherwise, they continue only the opinion of a few, and can have no weight.
"The people's attention being thus awakened to their public concerns, they are led to investigate the causes of those evils which oppress them, and to endeavor by some method to relieve them. The most uninquiring mind must, when put in action, perceive that the defect is either in the manners of the people, or in the misconduct of those, who, being intrusted to form salutary laws, have adopted the most destructive measures. The evil when seen may easily be removed; and unless the majority of the people are vitiated, which can hardly be the case, they would certainly be led to apply the only two possible remedies; the one, to exert more zeal in making a judicious choice of delegates; the other, to reform their manners. I am fully convinced that nothing could be more effective of the prosperity of this country, than the method you have pointed out of electing honest and able representatives. To recommend this to the attention of the people is a principal object with this Society.
"Thus you will perceive, that this institution assumes no other power, than that of recommending to the people an attention to their own interests, and of furnishing them with the sentiments and opinions of a few, which they may either reject or adopt. It is true, that a few designing men might creep into these societies; but I should hope that a majority will be virtuous. If this should be the case, their recommendation may have happy consequences; if the majority should unhappily be vicious, they are but the opinions of a few expressed collectively. In this, however, I am resolved, that as soon as I perceive that other motives than those of the public good influence their conduct, I will quit them." This letter is not now found in the Washington Papers, but is quoted as given by Sparks.] for the races at Fredericksburg; the rest of the family are well and join in love and good wishes for all at Bushfield. I am, &c.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
In the "Letter Book," page 186, in the Washington Papers at the end of September, 1786, occurs another indefensible piece of carelessness, in entering a letter to William Herb, dated November 8. Following it is a letter to Edmund Randolph, of which the following is all that survives, pages 187 to 190 having been torn from the "Letter Book" at some unknown time in the past: "By Doctr. Smart I return the books you were so obliging as to allow me the reading of: by him also I send you the Travels of the Marqs. de Chastellux for your perusal.
"I felt for your disappointment the day you left this, and hope no accidents intervened afterwards to give further interruption to your journey. Unknowing of the quantity of rain which had fallen in the course of the night, I was never more surprized than in a ride I took to some of my plantations an hour or two after you went away, to find every place deluged. I"
Randolph left Mount Vernon Sept. 18, 1786, so this letter probably should be dated some time between September 18 and September 30. According to the "Letter Book" index, a letter to Betty Lewis, dated some time between October 1 and October 22, was entered on the missing pages.]
Mount Vernon, October 22, 1786.
Dear Sir: I have received and thank you for the communications in your letter of the 1st. instr. It has given me much satisfaction, to find that the letter29 I had written to my much lamented friend Genl. Greene (respecting his affair with Captn. Gun) had reached his hands. Had the case been otherwise, and he had harboured a suspicion of my inattention or neglect, the knowledge of it, would have given me real pain.
[Note 29: Of May 20, 1785.]
Persuaded as I always have been of Genl. Greene's integrity and worth, I spurned those reports which tended to columniate his conduct in the connection with Banks;30 being perfectly convinced that whenever the matter should be investigated, his motives for entering into it would appear pure and unimpeachable. I was not without my fears though that he might suffer in a pecuniary way by his engagement with this man. I would fain hope however that the case may, ultimately, be otherwise; and that upon a final settlement of his affairs there will be a handsome competency for Mrs. Greene and the Children. But should the case be otherwise, and Mrs. Greene, yourself, and Mr. Rutlidge would think proper to entrust my namesake G: Washington Greene to my care, I will give him as good an education as this Country (I mean the United States) will afford and will bring him up to either of the genteel professions that his frds. may chuse, or his own inclination shall lead him to pursue, at my own cost and expence.
[Note 30: John Banks.]
I Condole very sincerely with Mrs. Greene (to whom please to tender my respects) and the rest of General Greenes friends on the loss the public, as well as his family, has sustained by the death of this valuable character, especially at this crisis, when the political machine seems pregnant with the most awful events.
My compliments if you please to Mrs. Wadsworth, and any of my old acquaintance who may happen to compose your circle. With much esteem and regd. I am etc.31
[Note 31: From a photostat of the original kindly permitted by Hon. James W. Wadsworth, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, October 22, 1786.
My Dr. Humphreys: Your favor of the 24th. ulto. came to my hands about the middle of this month. For the enclosures it contained I pray you to receive my warmest acknowledgments and thanks. The Poem, tho' I profess not to be a connoisseur in these kind of writings, appears pretty in my eye, and has sentiment and elegance which must I think render it pleasing to others.
With respect to the circular letter,32 I see no cause for suppressing or altering any part of it, except as to the place of meeting. Philadelphia, on three accots. is my opinion must be more convenient to the majority of the delegation, than New York. 1st. as most central. 2dly. because there are regularly established packet-boats, well accommodated for Passengers, to it from the Southern States; and 3dly. because it appears to me that the seat of Congress would not be so well for this meeting. When you have digested your thoughts for publication, in the case of Captn. Asgill, I would thank you for a copy of them; having arrested the account I had furnished Mr. Tilghman, with an assurance of a more authentic one for his friend in England.
[Note 32: See Washington's letter to the State societies of the Cincinnati, Oct. 31, 1786, post.]
I am pleased with the choice of Delegates which was made at your State meeting; and wish the Representatives of all the State societies may appear at the Genl. Meeting, with as good dispositions as I believe they will. It gives me pleasure also to hear that so many Officers are sent to your Assembly: I am persuaded they will carry with them more liberality of sentiments, than is to be found among any other class of Citizens. The speech of our friend Cobb was noble, worthy of a patriot and himself; as was the conduct of Genl. Sullivan. But for God's sake tell me what is the cause of all these commotions:33 do they proceed from licentiousness, British-influence disseminated by the tories, or real grievances which admit of redress? If the latter, why were they delayed 'till the public mind had become so much agitated? If the former why are not the powers of Government tried at once? It is as well to be without, as not to live under their exercise. Commotions of this sort, like snow-balls, gather strength as they roll, if there is no opposition in the way to divide and crumble them. Do write me fully, I beseech you, on these matters; not only with respect to facts, but as to opinions of their tendency and issue. I am mortified beyond expression that in the moment of our acknowledged independence we should by our conduct verify the predictions of our transatlantic foe, and render ourselves ridiculous and contemptible in the eyes of all Europe. My health (I thank you for the enquiry) is restored to me; and all under this roof join me in most affectionate regards, and in regretting that your letter has held out no idea of visiting it again this winter, as you gave us hope of doing when you left us. To all the gentn. of my acquaintance who may happen to be in your circle, I beg to be remembered with sincere regard. To assure you of the
[Note 33: Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts.] sincerity of my friendship for you, would be unnecessary; as you must I think be perfectly satisfied of the high esteem and affection with which, I am, etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 25, 1786.
Dear George: It is natural for young married persons (who are launching into life) to look forward to a permanent establishment. If they are prudent, they will be reasonably sollicitous to provide for those who come after, and have a right to look to them for support.
It is also natural for those who have passed the meridian of life, and are descending into the shades of darkness, to make arrangements for the disposal of the property of which they are possessed. The first of these observations will apply to you, and the second to myself. I have no doubt but that you and Fanny are as happy and contented in this family as circumstances will admit. Yet, something is still wanting to make that situation more stable and pleasing.
It is well known that the expensive mansion in which I am, as it were, involuntarily compelled to live, will admit of no diminution in my income; nor could it be expected if I now had, or ever should have descendants, that I either would, or ought in justice to deprive them of what the laws of nature, and the laws the land (if left to themselves) have declared to be their inheritance. The first however is not the case at present, and the second, not likely to be so hereafter.
Under this statement then I may add that, it is my present intention to give you, at my death, my landed property in the neck; containing by estimation, between two and three thousand acres (by purchases from William Clifton and George Brent) and that the reasons why I mention the matter to you at this time are, that you may, if you choose it, seat the negroes which Colo. Bassett has promised you, upon that part of the tract, on which Samuel Johnson formerly lived. And under this expectation and prospect, that you may, moreover, when it perfectly suits your inclination and convenience, be preparing for, and building thereon by degrees.
You may say, or think perhaps, that as there is a contingency tacked to this intimation, the offer is too precarious to hazard the expence of building; but if Mrs. Washington should survive me there is a moral certainty of my dying without issue, and should I be the longest liver, the matter in my opinion is almost as certain; for whilst I retain the reasoning faculties I shall never marry a girl; and it is not probable that I should have children by a woman of an age suitable to my own, should I be disposed to enter into a second marriage. However, that their may be no possibility of your sustaining a loss, the matter may rest on the footing of compensation. I do therefore hereby declare it to be, and it is my express meaning, that if by the event above alluded to, or any other, by which you may be deprived of the fee simple in the land herein mentioned (unless a full equivalent is given in lieu thereof) that I will pay the cost of any buildings which you may erect on the premises.
The use of the plantation, it is presumed, will be adequate for the fences with which it may be enclosed, and for the labour arising from the cultivation; nothing therefore need be said on that head.
Here then, the prospect of a permanent inheritance is placed in the opposite scale of possible disappointment, and you are to judge for yourself.
I have been thus particular because I would be clearly understood. because it is not my wish to deceive. and because I would not35 raise an expectation not warranted from the premises, by fair deduction.
[Note 35: The "Letter Book" copy has "even raise."]
Johnson's plantation as I believe, you know, is destitute of fencing; but there is timber at hand. The cleared land, whatever may have been the original quality of it, now is, by use, and more so by abuse, much gullied and in bad condition; but as there is a sufficiency of it for the hands you will get, it may soon by care, good management, and a proper course of cropping be recovered.
One thing more and I will close this letter. Do not infer from my proposing it to you to build, that I meant it as a hint for you to prepare another home. I had no such idea. To point you to a settlement which you might make at leizure, and with convenience, was all I had in view. More than once I have informed you that in proportion as age and its concomitants encrease upon me, I shall stand in need of some person in whose industry and integrity I can confide, for assistance. The double ties by which you are connected with this family (to say nothing of the favourable opinion we entertain of you) in the marriage union which has placed you differently from any other of my relations for this purpose; because no other married couple could give, or probably would receive, the same satisfaction by living in it that you36 do. But whether you remain in the same house, or at a future day may remove to the place proposed, your services will be convenient and essential to me; because with your aid I shall be able to manage my concerns without having recourse to a Steward,
[Note 36: The "Letter Book" copy has "and Fanny."] which comports neither with my interest nor inclination to employ.
With very affe. regard I am &c.37
[Note 37: From a copy of the original kindly furnished by Stephen Decatur, jr., of Garden City, N. Y.]
Mount Vernon, October 31, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: I am indebted to you for your several favors of the 1st. 11th. and 17th. of this instt: and shall reply to them in the order of their dates; but first let me thank you for the interesting communications imparted by them.
The picture which you have exhibited, and the accounts which are published of the commotions, and temper of numerous bodies in the Eastern States, are equally to be lamented and deprecated. They exhibit a melancholy proof of what our trans-Atlantic foe has predicted; and of another thing perhaps, which is still more to be regretted, and is yet more unaccountable, that mankind when left to themselves are unfit for their own Government. I am mortified beyond expression when I view the clouds that have spread over the brightest morn that ever dawned upon any Country. In a word, I am lost in amazement when I behold what intrigue, the interested views of desperate characters, ignorance and jealousy of the minor part, are capable of effecting, as a scourge on the major part of our fellow Citizens of the Union; for it is hardly to be supposed that the great body of the people, tho' they will not act, can be so shortsighted, or enveloped in darkness, as not to see rays of a distant sun thro' all this mist of intoxication and folly.
You talk, my good Sir, of employing influence to appease the present tumults in Massachusetts. I know not where that influence is to be found; and if attainable, that it would be a proper remedy for the disorders. Influence is no Government. Let us have one by which our lives, liberties and properties will be secured; or let us know the worst at once. Under these impressions, my humble opinion is, that there is a call for decision. Know precisely what the insurgents aim at. If they have real grievances, redress them if possible; or acknowledge the justice of them, and your inability to do it in the present moment. If they have not, employ the force of government against them at once. If this is inadequate, all will be convinced that the superstructure is bad, or wants support. To be more exposed in the eyes of the world, and more contemptible than we already are, is hardly possible. To delay one or the other of these, is to exasperate on the one hand, or to give confidence on the other, and will add to their numbers; for, like snow-balls, such bodies increase by every movement, unless there is something in the way to obstruct and crumble them before the weight is too great and irresistible.
These are my sentiments. Precedents are dangerous things; let the reins of government then be braced and held with a steady hand, and every violation of the Constitution be reprehended: if defective, let it be amended, but not suffered to be trampled upon whilst it has an existence.
With respect to the navigation of the Mississippi, you already know my sentiments thereon: they have been uniformly the same, and as I have observed to you in a former letter, are controverted by one consideration only of weight, and that is the operation the occlusion of it may have on the minds of the western settlers, who will not consider the subject in a relative point of view or on a comprehensive scale, and may be influenced by the demagogues of the country to acts of extravagance and desperation, under a popular declamation that their interests are sacrificed. Colo. Mason, at present, is in a fit of the gout; what [his] sentiments on the subject are, I know not, nor whether he will be able to attend the Assembly during the present Session. For some reasons, however, (which need not be mentioned) I am inclined to believe he will advocate the navigation of that river. But in all matters of great national moment, the only true line of conduct, in my opinion, is, dispassionately to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the measure proposed, and decide from the balance. The lesser evil, where there is a choice of them, should always yield to the greater. What benefits (more than we now enjoy) are to be obtained by such a [Treaty as you have delineated with Spain, I am not enough of a Commercial man to give any opinion on. The China39 came to hand without much damage; and I thank you for your attention in procuring and forwarding of it to me. Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for Mrs. Lee and yourself and I am &c.]40
[Note 39: This was the well known "Cincinnati China," in which each piece was marked with the figure of Fame bearing the eagle emblem of the Society. Lee purchased this set, of about 306 pieces, in New York City, for Washington, at a cost of £45: 5: 0.]
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The portion within brackets is from the original fragment in the New York Public Library.]
Mount Vernon, October 31, 1786.
Dr. Sir: As soon as your Excellency's favor of the 7th. of Augt., came to my hands, I forwarded the enclosure therein, to Mr. Brindley under cover to Saml. Hughes Esqr. Herewith you will receive their answers.
Presuming that your Excelly. is President of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of South Carolina, I have the honor of addressing the enclosed circular letter to you. If I am mistaken, I pray you to forward it to the right person. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for Mrs. Moultree and yourself, and with sentiments of great regard and respect, I have the honor, etc.
P.S. Permit me to request the favor of you to direct the blank cover herewith sent, to the President of the Georgia Society of the Cincinnati, and cause it to be forwarded by the first safe conveyance that may offer.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The letter, of which I have the honor to enclose your Excellency an extract, and the Addresses, came to my hands a few days since. Whether the latter are originals or copies, and whether any steps have been taken in compliance with Sir Edwd. Newenham's wishes, you can better decide than I. Also, if there has not, what is best to be done with the application.
If I mistake not, this case militates with a resolve of Congress, which declares that none but Citizens of these United States shall hold Consular appointments under it; but how far the singularity of the application, from such a character and under such an enumeration of circumstances, may occasion a departure therefrom (if my belief is founded) is not for me to determine.
This letter to you, My good Sir, is the first move I have made in this business; and I will await your sentiments before I make another. I am, as I hope you will always believe me to be, with the greatest respect and regard, Dr. Sir, etc.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1786.
My dear Sir: I thank you for the communications in your letter of the first instt. The decision of the House on the question respecting a paper emission, is portentous I hope, of an auspicious Session. It may certainly be classed among the important questions of the present day; and merited the serious consideration of the Assembly. Fain would I hope, that the great, and most important of all objects, the foederal governmt., may be considered with that calm and deliberate attention which the magnitude of it so loudly calls for at this critical moment. Let prejudices, unreasonable jealousies, and local interest yield to reason and liberality. Let us look to our National character, and to things beyond the present period. No morn ever dawned more favourably than ours did; and no day was ever more clouded than the present! Wisdom, and good examples are necessary at this time to rescue the political machine from the impending storm. Virginia has now an opportunity to set the latter, and has enough of the former, I hope, to take the lead in promoting this great and arduous work. Without some alteration in our political creed, the superstructure we have been seven years raising at the expence of so much blood and treasure, must fall. We are fast verging to anarchy and confusion!
A letter which I have just received from Genl Knox, who had just returned from Massachusetts (whither he had been sent by Congress consequent of the commotion in that State) is replete with melancholy information of the temper, and designs of a considerable part of that people. Among other things he says,
there creed is, that the property of the United States, has been protected from confiscation of Britain by the joint exertions of all, and therefore ought to be the common property of all. And he that attempts opposition to this creed is an enemy to equity and justice, and ought to be swept from off the face of the Earth.
again
They are determined to anihillate all debts public and private, and have Agrarian Laws, which are easily effected by the means of unfunded paper money which shall be a tender in all cases whatever.
He adds
The numbers of these people amount in Massachusetts to about one fifth part of several populous Counties, and to them may be collected, people of similar sentiments from the States of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, so as to constitute a body of twelve or fifteen thousand desperate, and unprincipled men. They are chiefly of the young and active part of the Community.
How melancholy is the reflection, that in so short a space, we should have made such large strides towards fulfilling the prediction of our transatlantic foe! "leave them to themselves, and their government will soon dissolve." Will not the wise and good strive hard to avert this evil? Or will their supineness suffer ignorance, and the arts of self-interested designing disaffected and desperate characters, to involve this rising empire in wretchedness and contempt? What stronger evidence can be given of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders? If there exists not a power to check them, what security has a man for life, liberty, or property? To you, I am sure I need not add aught on this subject, the consequences of a lax, or inefficient government, are too obvious to be dwelt on. Thirteen Sovereignties pulling against each other, and all tugging at the foederal head will soon bring ruin on the whole; whereas a liberal, and energetic Constitution, well guarded and closely watched, to prevent incroachments, might restore us to that degree of respectability and consequence, to which we had a fair claim, and the brightest prospect of attaining. With sentiments of the sincerest esteem etc.46
[Note 46: From a facsimile in the Washington-Madison Papers sales catalogue (The McGuire Collection), 1892.]
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1786.
Dear Sir: Not having heard, or not recollecting who the President of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New York is, I take the liberty of giving you the trouble of the enclosed.
I am endeavouring by the sale of Land, to raise money to pay for my Moiety of the purchase on the Mohawk River. So soon as this is effected I will write your Excellency more fully. In the meantime, with every good wish for Mrs. Clinton and the rest of your family, in which Mrs. Washington cordially unites, I am etc.47
[Note 47: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Enclosed is a Petition from the Directors of the Potomac Company, which they request you to present; and to use your endeavours to obtain the prolongation which is prayed for therein. The Assembly need be under no apprehension of unnecessary delay. Interest and inclination equally prompt the Company to dispatch. To shorten the time required may occasion a contrariety in the acts of the different assemblies, and would create confusion, trouble and delay in the business. We hope therefore, no attempt will be made to do this.
As the Petition recites the causes which have given rise to the application, and the facts are notorious, I shall add nothing in support of it.
I also give you the trouble of a small matter which concerns myself only. It is, if you shall see no impropriety from the lapse of time, (which is injurious only to myself) to offer the enclosed accounts when you shall find a fit opportunity, for payment. The circumstances are these.
In the year 1774, I bought a number of servants, hired many freemen, and sent negroes to the Ohio for the purpose of saving, seating and improving my military Lands agreeably to the Laws then existing. The Indian disturbances which obliged Lord Dunmore to embody and march the Militia into that Country, checked my operations; and the seizure of part of my goods (as will appear by these certificates) compelled me the next year, to encounter the same expence, trouble and difficulty, and no Assembly happening that could or wou'd take cognizance of such claims, before my departure from this State, in May 1775; the Certificates during my absence, and the frequent removal of my papers, (to keep them from the hands of the enemy) got so intermixed as not to be found till very lately. If these circumstances, which are truly related, are insufficient to obtain compensation without subjecting the question to much disputation, I had rather undergo the loss, than the mortification of an opposition to a measure which is merely personal.
As we are to be made rich by the maggoty-bay Pease; might it not be well for you to enquire how, in what manner this great good is to be accomplished; particularly, when they are to be sowed, the quantity to the acre, preparation of the ground and nature of the soil best adapted to them, whether they are to be ploughed in as a manure, and in what stage of their growth; or whether the fall of the leaf alone is sufficient to answer this purpose, how the seed is sowed, and the quantity to be obtained from an acre, &c. &c. Mr. Savage,48 or some of the Gentn. from the Eastern shore, can no doubt give full information on all these heads.
[Note 48: George Savage, of Northampton County, Va.]
Will you be so good as to enquire if Spring barley can be had, in what quantity, at what price, and how it could be got here. The family all join me in best wishes for you. Mrs. Stuart who is here and will put a letter under cover with this, will tell you I presume that she and the Children are all well. I am, etc.
P.S. If you could inform me what sum, and at what time I may depend upon the Estate of Mr. Custis for it, it would be obliging. My want of money presses. I must sell something if I cannot receive part of what is owing to me.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 6, 1786.
Sir: From the last application which was made to you, I expected the papers so long promised, a fortnight ago. If you have any objection to my receiving them in order to effect a final settlement of the Admn. of Colo. Thos. Colvill's Estate, I beg you will have candour enough to declare it; that I may know what further steps are necessary for me to take to bring this business to a close.
I think I have been ungenteely treated, to be put off seven months in obtaining what was promised in three weeks, and reiterated several times since. I have had repeated applications made to me, as well from the Debtors to, as the Creditors of that Estate, for settlements, and could do no more than assure the applicants that the moment I was furnished with the necessary documents, I shou'd be ready to proceed to the business. I am anxious to do this on many accots.; one of which is, that unfavorable suspicions will result from these delays. My wish is to avoid them. I am, etc.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 6, 1786.
Dr. Sir: It was not 'till after you had left this place, that I received your letter of the 4th. ulto. Altho' I have great repugnance to encreasing my Slaves by purchase; yet as it seems so inconvenient to you to make payment by other modes than those you have proposed, and so injurious as not to be accomplished at a less loss than fifty or more Pr. Ct. I will take six, or more negroes of you, if you can spare such as will answer my purpose; upon the terms offered in your former letter. The negroes I want are males: three or four young fellows for Ditchers; and the like number of well grown lads for artificers. It is for you to determine whether you can supply me with such negroes. If you agree to do it, and will appoint a time, I would send for them, relying on your word, that the whole are healthy, and none of them addicted to tuning away. The latter I abominate; and unhealthy negroes, woman, or children would not suit my purposes on any terms.
If you accede to this proposition I will extend it. I will take all the good and merchantable wheat and indian Corn you may have for sale, at a reasonable price (the first immediately, the latter at a proper time), and Military Certificates of this State for the balance of my claim, at the difference which really exists between them and specie; altho' I never intended to possess one of them on any terms whatever in a depreciated state. If these proposals are agreeable to you in all their parts, I should be glad to receive a decided and speedy answer; because in that case I will no longer look to you for the means of discharging those Debts I have enumerated to you, and to do which I am exceedingly anxious, but will endeavour without more delay, to sell land to enable me to pay them.
I had written thus far, when Colo. Simms called, on his way from Charles Coty. Court, to obtain some information respecting your suit against Combs. I was naturally led by the interest I thought I had in this business, to enquire into the state of it; and was told, if Mr. Ellzey's absence did not impede the sitting of Loudoun Court, he expected next week to obtain judgments for more than a thousand pounds: but guess Sir, what my surprize must have been, when he added that every shilling of this money was assigned to a Mr. Colston, and authority given to receive it as fast as it could be recovered. I had flattered myself that my forbearance for near fifteen years, and the disposition I have discovered (since the negotiation of the business seems to have got into your hands) to accommodate my wants as much as I possibly could to your convenience, merited more candid treatment. You cannot, I think, have forgotten the repeated assurances you have given me, that the monies arising from this fund should be sacredly appropriated to the discharge of my claim, whilst any of it remained. If this was possible, your letters in my possession would explicitly remind you of them. A conduct so extreamly unfair, ungenerous, and disingenuous, I cou'd not suffer to pass over unnoticed.
I send herewith the remainder of the blank Deeds which were formerly put into my hands by your brother James Mercer Esqr., as also the survey and partition of the Shannandoah tract, into the Lotts by which the land was sold, that you may fill them up as occasion may require. If it is absolutely necessary for me to sign the Deeds for conveyance of these Lotts, now the business by a decree of [the high Court of Chancery is taken out of my hands and put into yours, I will do it; otherwise, having stronger reasons than ever against resuming any agency in this business I would wish to decline it. I am etc.
Your letter of the 21st. Ulto. requesting me to execute a Deed to Mr. Rawleigh Colston, for the lott No. 7, has been delivered to me. You now will receive the only Deeds in my possession, and the Survey of the Shanondoah tract; and can do with them as circumstances may require. If it is indispensably necessary for me to convey the title, and you shall accompany the return of the Deed with authority for me to do so, I will go to Alexa. and execute it before evidences who will prove it in Fredk. Ct.]52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The portion in brackets is from a facsimile in a sales catalogue, 1936.
See note on p. 24, ante, regarding a letter dated Nov. 8, 1786, addressed to William Heth.]
Mount Vernon, November 7, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: I have seen, I think, your name as President of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Massachusetts. I therefore give you the trouble of the enclosed Address.
I hope your wishes were perfectly accomplished by your Eastern trip. Are your people getting mad? are we to have the goodly fabrick we were nine years raising, pulled over our heads? What is the cause of all this? When and how is it to end?
I need not tell you how much I am, etc.53
[Note 53: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 9 Washington wrote again to Lincoln, forwarding bills of exchange for Doctor Gordon. "I am sorry the Doctrs. Commission has given his friends so much trouble; tho' it can not be imputed to him, but must be considered as one of the lightest evils resulting from a paper currency." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 11, 1786.
My dear Sir: I met your favor of the 5th., in Alexandria yesterday. Today I dispatched one of my Overseers and two Servants for the Jack and mules which are arrived at Baltimore.
The Pheasants and Patridges, I pray you to procure a passage for them by Water, in the Packet. To bring them by Land would be troublesome, and might perhaps be dangerous for them. Be so good as to let me know the expence of these importations, and the cost of their detention in Baltimore. It shall be immediately paid, with many thanks to you, for your obliging attention to the business.
If you have particular information from my good friend the Marquis de la Fayette respecting the above things, I shall be obliged to you for it; his letter to me takes no notice of them, altho' I had for sometime been expectating one Jack and two she Asses through his medium; but by no means as a present.
One of the Servants who accompany's my Overseer, belongs to the Honble. William Drayton of Charleston So. Ca. This Gentn. Spent a day or two here on his return from New York, and at Dumfries (proceeding on) the above fellow run away from him and came here. He goes to Baltimore under the impression of assisting in bringing the Jack and Mules home, but the real design of sending him there is to have him shipped for Charleston, if the Packet (which I am informed is regularly established betwn. that place and Baltimore,) or any other vessel is on the point of sailing for the former. Mr. Drayton will readily pay the Captn. for his passage, and other incidental expences, having intimated this in a letter to my Nephew; but if any doubt is entertained of it, I will see it done. Under this relation of the Circumstances attending [mutilated] way I would beg of you, my good Sir, (if an opportunity presents) to have him shipped, and previously secured.
The fellow pretends a willingness to return to his master, but I think it would be unsafe to trust to this, especially as he has discovered a great inclination to get back to Philadelphia (with a view he says of taking a passage from thence)
Why will you not make a small excursion to see an old acquaintance. It is unnecessary I hope to assure you of the pleasure it would give. Yr. etc.
PS. Engage the Master of the Packet Boat to drop the Birds at this place as he passes by, otherwise I shall have to send to Alexandria for them.54
[Note 54: From a photograph in the photostats of the McHenry Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, November 12, 1786.
Dr. Sir: On a supposition that you are now at Annapolis, the Petition of the Directors of the Potomac Company, is enclosed to your care. A Duplicate has been forwarded to the Assembly of this State. The fate of it I have not heard, but entertain no doubt of its favorable reception, as there are many auspicious proofs of liberality and justice already exhibited in the proceedings of it this Session.
I hope the same spirit will mark the proceedings of yours. The want of energy in the federal government; the pulling of one State, and parts of States against another; And the Commotion among the Eastern people, have sunk our national character much below par; and have brought our politics and credit to the brink of a precipice. A step or two more must plunge us unto inextricable ruin. Liberality, justice and unanimity in those States, wch. do not appear to have drank so deep of the cup of folly, may yet retrieve our affairs; but no time is to be lost in essaying the reparation of them.
I have written to no gentlemen in your Assembly respecting the Potomac business but yourself, the justice of the case and your management of it, will ensure success. With great regard and respect, I am, etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 14, 1786.
Sir: Fifteen months ago I informed you in as explicit language as I was master of, of my want of the money you are indebted to me. I have waited (considering the urgency of my call) with patience to see if you would comply with the demand. But no disposition having yet appeared in you to do this; I find myself under the disagreeable necessity of informing you, that unless you name a time not far distant for payment, and secure the same to me without delay, that I shall (tho' very reluctantly, as I think you have abundant reason to conclude from my long forbearance) have recourse to the most effectual mode the Law will give me to obtain justice.
It will avail nothing Sir, for you to repeat to me the claim you have upon Mr. Custis's Estate. This, independent of the Law suit, is, I am told, very trifling; but were it otherwise, his Affairs and mine now are, and have long been as distinct as yours and mine. If justice is denied you there, seek it; but let it be no plea for withholding my money which ought to have been refunded to me twelve or fifteen years ago, before your dealings with Mr. Custis came into existence. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 15, 1786.
Madam: Your letter, or Memorial dated the 12th. of July, in Dublin, came to my hands yesterday under cover of a letter from Mr. Peter Trenor of the 8th. inst:
The Memorial mis-states several facts, one of them materially; for I have not, nor never had one shilling of the late Mrs. Savage's property in my hands: on the contrary, merely to relieve that Lady from the distress she represented herself to be in, I sent her in the year ... 57 a Bill for £ ... 57 which sum is yet due tome. The circumstances attending that unfortunate Lady and her Estate are these. Her first husband, the Revd. Chas. Green, left all his property real and personal to her, estimated at about £5000 current money of this State: not in trust, as you set forth, but at her absolute disposal. When she was about to enter into her second marriage, with Doctr. Savage, she previously thereto made this Estate over to him, securing an
[Note 57:[Note 57: Left blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.] annuity of £100 currency, for the term of her life, if it should be demanded: And it was this sum, which was secured to her by a trust bond to Bryan Fairfax Esqr. and myself. The unhappy differences which soon arose and occasioned a separation between the Doctor and her, obliged Mr. Fairfax and myself, in order to obtain support for Mrs. Savage, to put the Bond in suit. The Doctor (who I believe might very properly be classed among the worst of men) made use of every subterfuge, and practiced all the chicanery of the Law to postpone the payment; which he was well enabled to do, as there was a suspension of our Courts of justice consequent of the dispute with Great Britain. However, when no longer able to stave off judgment at Common Law, he threw the matter into the high Court of Chancery of this State, where it now is. We are encouraged by our Lawyer to expect a final issue of the business in a term or two more; but what reliance is to be placed on these assurances, is not for me to decide.
As soon as the money is finally recovered, and in the hands of Mr. Fairfax and myself, we have neither the power nor inclination to withhold it one moment from the Executors of the deceased Mrs. Savage; but it will readily occur to you Madam, that for our security, there must be an attested Copy of the Will, under the Seal of the Corporation where it is recorded, annexed to a regular power of Attorney (to be proved in this Country) from the Exors. to some person here, to receive the money from us. It is the business of the Exors, not of the Trustees, to settle the accounts and pay the legacies of the Testator.
I have never seen any authentic copy of the Will. In the one which was shewn to me by a Mr. Moore of Baltimore I was not named as an Executor; If I had, it would not have been agreeable to me to have acted. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon in Virginia, November 15, 1786.
Sir: The enclosed is a duplicate of the letter I had the honor of writing to you the 6th. of August. The evil genius of the Vessel by which it was sent (which had detained her many weeks in this Country after the letters intended to go by her were ready, agreeably to the owners appointment) pursued her to Sea, and obliged the Captain (when many days out) by the leaky condition in which she appeared, to return to an American Port. The uncertainty of his conduct with respect to the letters, is the apology I offer for giving you the trouble of the enclosed.
Since the date of it, I have had much satisfaction in perusing the Annals of Agriculture which you did me the favor to send me. If the testimony of my approbation, Sir, of your disinterested conduct and perseverence in publishing so useful and beneficial a work (than which nothing in my opinion can be more conducive to the welfare of your Country) will add aught to the satisfaction you must feel from the conscious discharge of this interesting duty to it, I give it with equal willingness and sincerity.
In addition to the articles which my last requested the favor of you to provide for me, I pray you to have the goodness of forwarding what follows.
Eight bushels of what you call velvet (The Books being at a Bookbinders, I may have miscalled this Wheat) Wheat, of which I perceive you are an admirer.
Four bushels of Beans of the kind you most approve for the purposes of a Farm.
Eight bushels of the best kind of Spring Barley.
Eight bushels of the best kind of Oats, and
Eight bushels of Sainfoin Seed: all to be in good Sacks.
My Soil will come under the description of Loam; with a hard clay, or (if it had as much the properties as the appearance, might be denominated) marl, from eighteen Inches to three feet below the Surface. The heaviest Soil I have would hardly be called a stiff or binding Clay in Engld.; and none of it is a blowing Sand. The sort which approaches nearest the former, is a light gray; and that to the latter, of a yellow red. In a word the staple has been good, but by use and abuse it is brought into bad condition.
I have added this information, Sir, that you may be better able to decide on the kind of Seed most proper for my Farms. Permit me to ask one thing more. It is to favor me with your opinion, and a plan, of the most compleat and useful Farm yard, for Farms of about 500 Acres. In this I mean to comprehend the Barn, and every appurtenance which ought to be annexed to the yard. The simplest and most oeconomical plan would be preferred, provided the requisites are all included. Mr. Welch will answer your draught for the cost of these articles, as before. He is advised of it. I have the honor etc.59
[Note 59: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
November 15, 1786.
Sir: I take the liberty of giving you the trouble of forwarding the enclosed letters to their Addresses. I have again requested the favor of Mr. Young to send me a few Seeds: the cost may be about Ten pounds, more or less; for the amount of which, and other small matters, (should he think proper to add them) I pray you to honor his Draft.
You would do me a singular favor by engaging the Captain who has charge of the vessel by which they may be sent, to put them in the cabbin or steerage. If they go into the hold of the vessel, the destruction of the seeds will be followed by a disappointment which would be of infinitely more importance to me than the cost of them.
Messrs. Forrest and Stoddard have Ships which pass by my door: so have Messrs. Drusina Ridder and Clark. I persuade myself the masters of any of these would so far oblige me as to be attentive to your recommendation of them: Captn. Johns of the Potomac Planter I am sure would.
I have a Farmer60 who was sent to me from Gloucestershire in England by a friend of mine at Bath. He has now written for his wife to come to him, with her children, and to bring with her some seeds, implements of Husbandry &ca., to this Country. Bristol is their nearest Port, but opportunities from thence to this river rarely happening, I have recommended it to their friend and patron Mr. Peacy, to open a correspondence with you, or the House of Messrs. Forrest and Stoddard of London, that she may be advised of the sailing of a vessel from that place to this river as a more speedy and certain mode of conveyance; your compliance therein would be very pleasing to me, and very serviceable to an honest, old English farmer. I am, etc.61
[Note 60: James Bloxham.]
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 15, 1786.
Dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 31st. of October in reply to mine of the 30th. of Septr. came safe to hand. It was not the intention of my former letter either to condemn, or give my voice in favor of the Patriotic Society, of which you have now, but not before, declared yourself a member; nor do I mean to do it now. I offered observations under the information I had then received, the weight of which was to be considered. As first thoughts, they were undigested, and might be very erroneous.
That representatives ought to be the mouth of their Constituents, I do not deny, nor do I mean to call in question the right of the latter to instruct them. It is to the embarrassment, into which they may be thrown by these instructions in national matters that my objections lie. In speaking of national matters I look to the foederal Government, which in my opinion it is the interest of every State to support; and to do this, as there are a variety of interests in the union, there must be a yielding of the parts to coalesce the whole. Now a County, a District, or even a State might decide on a measure which, tho' apparently for the benefit of it in its unconnected state, may be repugnant to the interests of the nation, and eventually to the State itself as a part of the confederation. If then, members go instructed, to the Assembly, from certain Districts, the requisitions of Congress repugnant to the sense of them, and all the lights which they may receive from the communications of that body to the Legislature, must be unavailing; altho' the nature and necessity of them, when the reasons therefor are fully expounded; which can only be given by Congress to the Assembly thro' the Executive, and which come before them in their legislative capacity, are as clear as the sun. In local matters which concern the District; or things which respect the internal police of the State, there may be nothing amiss in instructions. In national matters also, the sense, but not the Law of the District may be given, leaving the Delegates to judge from the nature of the case and the evidence before them.
The instructions of your Society as far as they have gone, meet my entire approbation, except in the article of commutables. Here, if I understand the meaning and design of the clause, I must disagree to it most heartily; for if the intention of it is to leave it optional with the person taxed to pay any staple commodity (Tobo. would be least exceptionable) in lieu of specie, the people will be burthened, a few speculators enriched, and the public derive no benefit from it. Have we not had a recent and melancholy proof of this during the war in the provision tax? Did not the people pay this in some way or other, perhaps badly; and was not the army almost starved? Can any instance be given where the public has sold Tobacco, Hemp, Flour or any other commodity upon as good terms as individuals have done it? Must not there be places of deposit for these commutables; Collectors, Storekeepers &c. &c. employed? These, rely on it, will sink one half, and a parcel of Speculators will possess themselves of the other half. It was to these things that we owe the present depravity of the minds of so many people of this Country, and filled it with so many knaves and designing characters.
Among the great objects which you took into consideration at your meeting at Richmond, how comes it to pass, that you never turned your eyes to the inefficacy of the Foederal Government, so as to instruct your Delegates to accede to the propositions of the Commrs. at Annapolis; or to devise some other mode to give it that energy, which is necessary to support a national character? Every man who considers the present constitution of it, and sees to what it is verging, trembles. The fabrick which took nine years, at the expense of much blood and treasure, to rear, now totters to the foundation, and without support must soon fall.
The determination of your Society to promote frugality and industry by example, to encourage manufactures, and to avoid dissipation, is highly praise-worthy: these, and premiums for the most useful discoveries in Agriculture within your district, the most profitable course of cropping, and the best method of fencing to save timber &c. would soon make us a rich and happy people. With every good wish for you and yours, in which your aunt joins. I am, &c.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 16, 1786.
Sir: Enclosed I give you the trouble of receiving the copy of a letter I had the honor of writing to you in behalf of Mr. James Bloxham. Since the date of it he has agreed to remain another year with me, and has written (as he informs me) in decided terms for his wife and family to come to him, and bring with them the seeds and implements which are enumerated in the enclosed letters.
As Vessels from Bristol (tho' the nearest shipping Port to her) do not often come to this River, or to any convenient place of debarkation, it wou'd be better, I conceive, for her to resolve on a passage from London at once; and if you Sir, in her behalf would open a correspondence with either Messrs. Forrest & Stoddard, or with Wakelin Welch Esqr. of that City, to the last of whom I have written on the subject, I am persuaded a passage cou'd be obtained and the time fixed for her to be there. Mr. Bloxham places so much confidence in your friendship for him, and patronage of his family, that I have no scruple in suggesting these ideas to you, tho' it is a liberty I should not have taken under any other circumstances.
If his wife brings seeds, it cannot be too strongly impressed upon her, to keep them out of the Ship's hold; for they will certainly heat and spoil if put there. Mr. Bloxham informs me that there is a young man of the name of Caleb Hale who is desireous of coming to this Country. I have mentioned to the old man the terms on which I would employ this Hale. I have no doubt of his finding the country answerable to his expectation, and his coming might be very satisfactory and serviceable to Mrs. Bloxham and her children on the passage, and previous to their embarkation. I have the honor, etc.63
[Note 63: This "Letter Book" copy varies in minor verbal details from a Toner transcript, in the Library of Congress, made from the original, which was said to be in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1892.]
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: The obligations you are continually laying me under, are so great that I am quite overwhelmed and perfectly ashamed of myself for receiving them, notwithstanding your politeness leaves me without a choice. The picture of a battle in Germany, and the Jarrs came very safe. The first is fine: the latter is also fine and exceedingly handsome, they shall occupy the place you have named for them.
May I hope Sir, that you have heard of the safe arrival of your Lady and family in England. Every occasion which informs me of your health and happiness, is pleasing to me; but none would equal that of testifying under my own roof the sentiments of perfect esteem and regard, with which I have the honor, etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Not having sent to the Post Office with my usual regularity, your favor of the 8th. did not reach me in time for an earlier acknowledgment than of this date. It gives me the most sensible pleasure to hear that the acts of the present session are marked with wisdom, justice and liberality. They are the palladium of good policy, and the sure paths that lead to national happiness. Would to God every State would let these be the leading features of their constituent characters: those threatening clouds, which seem ready to burst on the Confederacy, would soon dispel. The unanimity with which the Bill was received, for appointing Commissioners agreeably to the recommendation of the Convention at Annapolis; and the uninterrupted progress it has met with since, are indications of a favourable issue. It is a measure of equal necessity and magnitude; and may be the spring of reanimation.
Altho' I had bid adieu to the public walks of life in a public manner, and had resolved never more to tread that theatre; yet, if upon an occasion so interesting to the well-being of the Confederacy it should have been the wish of the Assembly that I should have been an associate in the business of revising the foederal System; I should, from a sense of the obligation I am under for repeated proofs of confidence in me, more than from any opinion I should have entertained of my usefulness, have obeyed ks call; but it is now out of my power to do this with any degree of consistency,65 the cause I will mention.
[Note 65: Madison's letter of Nov. 8, 1786, in the Washington Papers, stated that Washington's name was mentioned as the head of Virginia's delegation to the convention to revise the Federal Constitution. One of the broadside acts of the Virginia Legislature, dated Nov. 23, 1786, to appoint deputies to the convention to be held in Philadelphia in May next, is in the Washington Papers.]
I presume you heard Sir, that I was first appointed, and have since been rechosen, President of the Society of the Cincinnati; and you may have understood also, that the triennial Genl. Meeting of this body is to be held in Philada. the first Monday in May next. Some particular reasons combining with the peculiar situation of my private concerns; the necessity of paying attention to them; a wish for retirement and relaxation from public cares, and rheumatic pains which I begin to feel very sensibly, induced me on the 31st ulto. to address a circular letter to each State society informing them of my intention not to be at the next meeting, and of my desire not to be rechosen President. The Vice President is also informed of this, that the business of the Society may not be impeded by my absence. Under these circumstances it will readily be perceived that I could not appear at the same time and place on any other occasion, without giving offence to a very respectable and deserving part of the Community, the late officers of the American Army. I feel as you do for our acquaintance Colo. Lee;66 better never have delegated than left him out, unless some glaring impropriety of conduct had been ascribed to him. I hear with pleasure that you are in the new choice. With sentiments of the highest esteem and affectn. I am &c.67
[Note 66: Col. Henry Lee, who was not chosen a Delegate to the Continental Congress.]
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Several matters in which I have been pretty closely engaged, having prevented my sending to the Post office with my usual regularity, is the cause of my not having got, and of course acknowledged, the receipt of your obliging favors of the 4th. and 9th. inst:68 earlier than I now do. By ascribing this delay to the true cause, I shall stand acquitted of all seeming inattention.
[Note 68: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Permit me now, Sir, to thank you for the interesting communications in your letters, and to express to you the sincere pleasure with which I am filled at hearing that the acts of the present Session are marked with wisdom, justice and liberality. The critical situation of our affairs calls for the most vigorous display of these virtues, and it is much to be wished that so good an example from so respectable a State will be attended with the most salutary consequences to the Union.
No man entertains a higher sense of the necessity of revising the foederal System, and supporting its government, than I do; nor would any man more readily depart from a prescribed line of conduct to effect this, than myself, in any matters I am competent to. With these sentiments and under such impressions, notwithstanding my having bid adieu to the public walks of life in a public manner, I should if the partiality of my Country had called to me to the service you allude to in your letter of the 9th., have yielded assent, not from an opinion that I could have answered their purposes better, or with equability to many that might have been named, but to evince my gratitude for the numberless instances of the confidence they have placed in me, and my obedience to their call....69
[Note 69: The omitted portion is practically the same as that found in Washington's letter to James Madison, Nov. 18, 1786, q. v.]
I thank you for the Cutting-box. The Drill-plough I promised to have made for you has been ready sometime, and wou'd have been sent to the care of Mr. Newton 'ere this; but the hourly expectation of receiving the Timothy seed I promised to obtain for you, induced me to keep it (as I did not imagine you would apply it to any use 'till the Spring) 'till both should go together. My best respects to Mrs. Bland. I am, etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 18 James Lawson agreed with Washington to work as a ditcher. This agreement, in the writing of George Augustine Washington, is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I was informed by your brother, Colo. Jno. Mercer, who with his family called here on their way to Annapolis, that by some discovery which had been lately made, it appears that Blair and McCool had not a legal right to dispose of the moiety of the 4 Mile run tract, which belonged to Colo. Geoe: Mercer. This defect I presume, can easily be remedied, as you are his Executor and heir at Law.
It is the same to me to whom I pay the purchase money, if I am properly acquitted and assured of the title. I shall be obliged to you therefore to pass such a Deed of Confirmation for the moiety of the Land purchased from the above named persons, as to you shall seem proper. You drew the Deed from them to me, and have, I doubt not, the necessary documents for the one now asked: if not, I would furnish such papers as are in my possession. My wish is to have these matters made clear before I go hence, that no dispute may arise hereafter. With very great esteem, etc.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1786.
My Dr. Marqs: On thursday last I received in very good order, from Baltimore, under the care of Monsr. Compoint, the most valuable things you could have sent me, a Jack72 and two she Asses, all of which are very fine. The Pheasants73 and partridges are coming round by water, for these also I pray you to accept my thanks. Words, my dear Marquis, will not do justice
[Note 72: This Jack was named by Washington "The Knight of Malta."]
[Note 73: Chinese pheasants.] to my feelings, when I acknowledge the obligation I am under for the trouble and pains you have taken to procure, and forward these valuable animals to me.
Monsr. Compoint having brought no letter from you to me; having no instructions or orders to produce, and having lost with his pocket book a letter from your old aid Mr. McHenry to me, which might have contained some information; I am left entirely in the dark with respect to the cost of the Asses in Malta, and the expences attending them since. I therefore pray you My Dr. Marquis, to furnish me with an accot. of them as soon as possible, that I may delay no time in remitting you the amount.
As this letter is only intended to give you the earliest advice of the safe arrival of Monsr. Compoint and his charge, I shall as the Vessel by which it goes is now passing my door, add no more than those assurances, which you will ever believe me sincere it, of being with the most Affectionate regard, Yrs. etc.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1786.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your letters of the 8th. and 13th. Inst.; but not having sent to the Post Office with my usual regularity, I did not receive them so soon as I might have done from the date of the former.
I thank you for the interesting communications in both. It gives me sincere pleasure to find that the proceedings of the present Assembly are marked with wisdom, liberality and Justice. These are the surest walks to public, and private happiness. The display of which by so respectable a part of the Union, at so important a crisis, will, I hope, be influencial, and attended with happy consequences.
However delicate the revision of the federal system may appear, it is a work of indispensable necessity. The present constitution is inadequate. The superstructure totters to its foundation, and without help, will bury us in its ruins. Although I never more intended to appear on a public theatre, and had in a public manner bid adieu to public life; yet, if the voice of my Country had called me to this important duty, I might, in obedience to the repeated instances of its attention and confidence, have dispensed with these objections, but another now exists which would render my acceptance of this appointment impracticable, with any degree of consistency. It is this. The triennial General Meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati is to be holden in Philadelphia the first Monday in May next. Many reasons combining, some of a public, some of a private nature, to render it unpleasing, and inconvenient for me to attend it; I did on the 31st. ulto. address a circular letter to the State Societies, informing them of my intention not to be there, and desiring that I might no longer he rechosen President. The Vice Presidt. (Gates) has also been informed thereof, that the business of the Meeting might not be impeded on acct. of my absence. Under these circumstances, I could not be in Philadelphia precisely at the same moment on another occasion, without giving offence to a worthy and respectable part of the American community, the late Officers of the American Army.
I will do as you advise with respect to the Certificates, and trouble you with them again. Colo. Mason, it is said, expresses an inclination to give his attendance but I question much his leavg. Gunston this Winter.
Pray what is become of that Superlative Villain, Posey?75 It has been reported here, that he is run off to Georgia. By a letter I have just received from Mr. Hill, I find that the whole
[Note 75: Price Posey.] produce of my Estate below from the year 1774 together with the monies which Hill received from others on my acct., has got into that abandoned wretchs hands, not one shilling of which I presume, will ever got out of them. All here join me in sincere good wishes for you, and I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1786.
Dr. Sir: It gave me great pleasure to hear that the voice of the Country had been directed to you as chief Magistrate of this Commonwealth, and that you had accepted the appointment.
Our affairs seem to be drawing to an awful crisis: it is necessary therefore that the abilities of every man should he drawn into action in a public line, to rescue them if possible from impending ruin. As no one seems more fully impressed with the necessity of adopting such measures than yourself, so none is better qualified to be entrusted with the reins of Government. I congratulate you on this occasion, and with sincere regard and respect am, Dr. Sir, etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1786.
Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your letter of the 9th. of May, by the hands of Genl. Duplissis77 who did me the honor to spend a few days with me on his way to Georgia. I am highly obliged to you for introducing to my acquaintance a Gentleman of so much worth and merit: his own personal qualifications are sufficient to ensure to him the regard and affection
[Note 77: Brig. Gen. Jean Baptiste Vigournere Du Plessis, formerly Governor of St. Vincent, West Indies.] of all good men; but when to these are added his being the intimate friend and companion, and having preserved the life of Count d'Estaing, he will be doubly esteemed by every one who has the honor of knowing you. I sincerely wish that he may find the Country answerable to his expectation, and be induced to reside among us; if he should, America will make the valuable acquisition of a useful and worthy Citizen.
I need not tell you, Sir, how happy I should be to have the honor of paying my respects to you in this Country. Every person who tastes the sweets of American liberty, must esteem and revere you, and those other great characters among our good allies, who by your noble and generous exertions, were highly instrumental in procuring it. I have the honor, etc.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1786.
Sir: I wish it was in my power to give you a more favorable accot. than the following, of your Servant Jack.
After absenting himself from you at Dumfries (as I believe my nephew has already informed you) he came here and remained quietly 'till the 12th.; when being informed by some gentlemen from Baltimore that a Packet from that place was on the point of sailing for Charleston, I sent him under the care of a very trusty Overseer to be shipped from that place, requesting a friend of mine in the Town to engage a passage and to provide everything for him on Ship board, that was necessary. When they arrived at Baltimore, unfortunately, the vessel was hove down. It became necessary therefore to commit him to Goal for security; but before this could be effected, he took advantage of a favorable moment and made his escape. Diligent, but ineffectual, search was instantly made, and it is supposed his object is Philadelpa.
The Gentleman to whose care I sent him has promised every endeavor in his power to apprehend him, but it is not easy to do this where there are numbers who had rather facilitate an escape than apprehend a run-away. I hope your journey was not much incommoded by this untoward step of your waiter. With sentiments of great esteem etc.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1786.
Sir: Your letter of the 12th. instant came duly to hand. I should be very happy if it was in my power to render your friend Majr. Smith80 any service by giving him the information which he desires; but as I do not remember to have received any recommendatory letter which he alludes to, nor have any knowledge of the payment of the officers of the Continental Army, much less of those who were in the pay of their respective States, I cannot do it, however desirous I may be of obliging the deserving soldier or worthy citizen.81 I am, etc.82
[Note 80: Maj. Nathaniel Smith. He had been, in 1776, captain of a Baltimore independent artillery company.]
[Note 81: On November 20 Washington wrote practically this same letter to Major Smith, a copy of which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: Branden(?).]
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1786.
Sir: I have received by Captn. Bartlet, your letter of the 27th. of July. The ass arrived safe, and the other articles agreeably to the Bill of lading. I am much obliged to you Sir, for your attention in executing my commn., and the polite manner in which you offer me your future services. The ass is undoubtedly one of the best kind that could be procured at Surinam; but I do not find it charged in your accot. If you will be so good as to let me know the price of it by the first opportunity, the money shall be remitted to you. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1786.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 10th. of July together with the two Toledo Blades85 sent by Captn. Sullivan.86
[Note 85: The swords were a gift from William Carmichael, then in Madrid.]
[Note 86: Merchant captain, of the ship Union.]
I am much obliged to Mr. Carmichael for this polite mark of attention to me; but hope I shall have no occasion to use them. I should have been happy Sir, to have received them from you in person; but as your business will not yet permit you to return to your native Country, I must postpone the pleasure of seeing you to a future day, tho' I hope not a very distant one. I am, etc.84
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1786.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 25th. of October.87 I only write now to acknowledge the receipt of it, and to inform you that I shall be happy to do anything in my power to forward the settlement which you mention, or to oblige, in any way, any of my Compatriots in the field.
[Note 87: In the Washington Papers. In it Hull informed of an association of parties in Massachusetts to emigrate to the Northwest Territory.]
As soon as I have collected all the necessary and useful information I can respecting the matter, (which I will endeavour to do) I will with pleasure communicate it to you; for at present my knowledge of the Western Country is more general, than particular, especially in the parts of it to which I presume you have turned your eyes. From Fort Pitt, downwards as low as the Great Kanhawa I have a pretty accurate knowledge of the climate, Soil &c.; but below this river, and west of the Ohio my ideas are borrowed. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 21 Gilbert Simpson, of Truro Parish, Fairfax County, Va., signed a bond to Washington, to surrender the tenement he held on lease from William Clifton on or before Dec. 25, 1786. This bond, in the writing of Washington, is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1786.
Sir: I have just received your letter of the 20th. inst: and can only inform you that I have nothing to do with respect to the collection of my Rents in your part of the Country. I have given it wholly to Mr. Muse, to act as he shall think proper; but have directed him to distress no one without sufficient cause. He will be able to judge of the validity of your reasons for not paying the Rent wch. is due from you, and will act accordingly. I am, etc.88
Mount Vernon, November 24, 1786.
Sir: Your servant having this moment put your letter of the 20th. inst: into my hands, and appearing to be in a great haste; I shall not detain him, especially as it is neither my wish nor intention to enter on the justification of my last to you.
The evidence, on which the charge of unfairness &ca. was grounded, you have enclosed in Colo. Symm's own hand writing, (the amount of the other bonds in his possession appeared to me to be very trifling). The propriety, or impropriety of this charge, after this transcript and information is given, you are to judge; and whether Combs's bond is not among those assigned to Mr. Colston. Hickmans, a considerable debt, must also have been under this predicament, or Colston's application to me for a Deed was very improper.
I would fain hope that there is not a greater impropriety in my receiving interest on a bonded debt, which lay years without having any part of the principal or interest paid, than is to be found in others; especially when the very fund you assured me should be applied to the payment thereof, you are recovering with interest. But I will have done with this subject, and never more shall give you the trouble of hearing any further observations of mine thereon. What rough expression of mine to you at Richmond has been industriously reported, is for me yet to learn. Your letter conveys the first most distant hint I have ever heard of the matter; I certainly ought therefore to stand acquitted of having any agency in the circulation of it, if I was so ungenteel as to have offered any.
I profess an entire ignorance of the real difference between military Certificates and specie; for never having had inclination or intention to deal in them, and rarely going from home, I have not been in the way of obtaining information on this subject. Nevertheless, I will take two thousand pounds of Virginia military Certificates at the price you offer, viz: four for one, so as to discharge five hundred pounds of my claim, and I will take 400 or more barrels of Indian Corn, provided a price is now fixed that I can obtain it at. and for your information I add that any quantity, I am told, may be had at 10/ Maryland Curry. per barrel. Colo. Hooe thinks less. If this price accords with your ideas, in order to ascertain the point decidedly, I will give it; but assure you at the same time that your disposing of it to any other and paying the amot. in money to me, would be quite as agreeable to me. Your accomodation was all I had in view, my own crop is, I presume, adequate to my consumption. With respect to the negroes, I conclude it is not in my power to answer your wishes, because it is as much against my inclination as it can be against your's, to hurt the feelings of those unhappy people by a separation of man and wife, or of families; because no others than such as I enumerated in my last will answer my purposes, and because the price exceeds what I supposed negroes would sell for in ready money; for, in this as with Certificates, having had no intention to buy, I have made no enquiry into the price they sold at; but conceived that for ready money the best labouring negroes (which are the kind I wanted) might have been had for £60, £70, or at most £75. Upon the whole then, for the balance, I must take payment in the manner formerly mentioned by you at this place, unless you should think that young Bob, (who has only a father without a wife) Tom the baker, Nessey and David, and James and Valentine (if of sufficient size to go to trades) could be separated without much uneasiness, and the prices of them, if not really the ready money prices, cou'd be abated.
Your reply to this letter soon would be satisfactory, for I have just hired a compleat Ditcher with a view of putting several hands under him, and wish to know my prospects for it. I am, etc.
P. S. I rece'd, enclosed in your letter, 2 half Joes, and 7 guineas, £ ... in part payment, I presume, of the 15 guineas lent you.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The plank I want is to floor a room 24 by 32 feet. it must be 24 feet long and 1½ inches thick, all of a colour, and entirely free from Knots and sap. More than the nett quantity is requisite, for allowances. If it were seasoned, so much the better; but this is hardly to be expected in plank of this particular kind.
If Mr. Swift can supply me, it will be better than to send to the Eastern shore; if he cannot, I then beg the favor of you to engage Messrs. Peterson and Taylor (I think the names are) to furnish me agreeably to the above Memom., as soon as possible. With much esteem, I am, etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1786.
Sir: I send my Barge for the German family91 with which I agreed on Saturday last, and for their necessaries if they have any to bring. As I have no body about me who can converse with them in their own language, I pray you to inform them that it will be necessary they should exert themselves to learn English; that their residence in the room into which they will be first introduced may be temporary, as they probably will be removed from it as soon as I can conveniently provide another place (on this Estate) for them to live in; that they will have provisions given to them to dress in the manner they like best; that they may obtain vegetables, out of my Garden by applying to the Gardner, to eat with their meat, and lastly, that I wish to impress upon them in strong terms the propriety of diligent
[Note 91: Daniel, Margaret, and Anna Overdonck.] attention to their duty, as 1 shall expect this of them, and shall myself be hurt if their idle conduct obliges me to remind them of a breach of their contract.
As there is no hurry in the case, I will take a more leisure moment to write to you on the matter hinted to you already. I am, etc.
P. S. Please ask, and let me know if the man understands thatching houses with straw.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Accept my thanks for the information given me in your letter of the 25th. ulto. from the Court House of Washington, respecting the decision of one of my Ejectments. I have, since, been informed by Mr. Smith, of the favorable issue of the whole, and of the necessity there is of my paying immediate attention to the Tenements to prevent the waste and damage which otherwise will follow.
Consequent of this advice I send Mr. Lear, a young gentleman who lives with me, into that Country to take such measures for the preservation of my property as the exigency of the case, when investigated, may require. As it is more than probable he will see you, your friendly information of matters respecting this business, and advice to him would highly oblige me; as also your civilities to him.
Altho' the present occupants have little right to look to me for indulgences, and were told not to expect them; yet, as they are now in my power, it is neither my wish nor intention to distress them further than the recovery of my property from their usurpation, must unavoidably involve them in. They may therefore become Tenants upon terms equitable between man and man, or purchasers, it being my intention to dispose of the Land, from a conviction that property at the distance that is from the proprietor of it, never can be converted to uses so beneficial as the money arising from the sales; because those in whose fidelity and care we can depend, are too independent, and generally have too much business of their own to attend to smaller matters; and others who are less qualified, and more ready to accept trusts of this sort, are too apt to abuse them: this I have found to my cost.
As Pittsburgh is a point to which emigrants from the northern and Eastern States, and foreigners almost universally, direct their first steps, you would do me a favor to let those who may enquire for cultivated places in your presence, know that that tract, as well as the other (commonly called Washington's bottom) in Fayette county, are for sale. I would sell them altogether, or in parcels; but not, by the latter mode, in such a manner as to injure the sale of the rest. I would also give credit for the whole or greatest part of the purchase money, provided the principal is well secured, and the interest arising therefrom regularly paid at my own house without trouble or delay. You would oblige me too, my good Sir, by giving me your candid opinion of the value, or in other words, what these Lands ought to sell for upon the terms here mentioned.
If your Father is in that country now, I beg to be remembered to him and to Mrs. Neville. With esteem and regard, I am, etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1786.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 31st. of October, and thank you for the information contained therein. Since which I have obtained a full account of the decisions in my favor against the settlers of my Land on Miller's run, from Mr. Smith.
Altho' those people have little right to look to me for favor or indulgences, and were told, if they run me to the expence of a Law suit, that they were not to expect any; yet, as they are now in my power, it is not my wish or intention to distress them more than the recovery of my property obliges me. They may therefore continue on their respective places either as Tenants at an equitable rent which shall be deemed reasonable between man and man, or as purchasers, if the terms can be agreed on between us; but they, nor no others will ever get it for 20/ pr. acre, this is five shillings less pr. acre, than these people would have given whilst the matter was in dispute, could we have agreed on the security and times of payment. It will be a matter of indifference to me whether I sell the Land altogether, or in parcels of 2, 3, 4 or 500 acres, provided in the latter case the price is proportioned to the quality of the Land and the improvements thereon; and provided also that it is laid off in regular form and in such a manner as not to injure the rest. Nor should I be very sollicitous about the payments, if the principal is well secured and the interest regularly paid at my house without giving me any trouble in the collection of it. For if this should be the case I would immediately put the Bond or Bonds in suit. A part of the purchase money I should require down, or at a short period, perhaps one fourth. On these terms also I would dispose of my land in Fayette county, near Yohoghaney.
If I had known that you had removed from your former place of abode near my Land, to Cat-fish, I should not have taken the liberty of referring those who might wish to become purchasers of it, to you to shew them the land, as it was too inconvenient for you to do it; but would have requested this favor of Colo. Cannon, who lives more convenient. The same cause prevents my requesting you to have an eye to it now. It could only suit a person who lives near, and can know almost every day, what is doing on the places, to take charge of them if the present occupants are determined to remove. But if your Jersey friends or others should want to become purchasers, you might oblige them and me too by letting them know that my lands are for sale.
If it was really necessary to have the outlines of the Tract run, in order to ascertain the boundaries of it, I am very willing to pay the expence, but the course by which this was done ought to have been taken from the Patent as the final act.
I am much obliged to you for the information respecting the expeditions of Genl. Clarke94 &c., and for the account from Detroit. I wish, most sincerely, that the first may answer the purpose of giving Peace to the Western Settlements.
[Note 94: George Rogers Clark. He led an expedition against the Wabash Indians in the summer of 1786.]
Mr. Lear, a young gentleman who lives with me and who is the bearer of this letter, will probably deliver it. If he should stand in need of your advice or assistance, I pray you to give it to him. I am, etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I have been requested by the Marqs. de la Fayette, in behalf of the Empress of Russia, to obtain a vocabulary of the languages of the Ohio Indians.
Previous to my hearing of your appointment as superintendant of Indian affairs in that District, I had transmitted to Captn. Hutchins96 a copy of the Marquis's letter, containing the above
[Note 96: Thomas Hutchins.] request; conceiving that it would be much in his power, from the opportunities which would present themselves whilst he was surveying the Western Lands, to do this; and praying him to lend his aid to effect the work for this respectable character.
Since I have heard of your appointment to the above trust, and know to what intercourse with the Indians it must lead, I have resolved to ask the favor of your assistance also. If Capt. Hutchins is on the Ohio, he will shew you the paper which was transmitted to me by the Marquis, and which I forwarded to him. If he is not, it may be sufficient to inform you that it was no more than to insert English words and the names of things in one column, and the Indian therefore in others on the same line, under the different heads of Delaware, Shawanees, Wiendots &c. &c.
Your appointment gave me pleasure, as everything will do wch. contributes to your satisfaction and emolument, because I have a sincere regard for you. In your leisure hours, whilst you remain on the Ohio in discharge of the trust reposed in you, I should be glad to know the real temper and designs of the Western Indians, and the situation of affairs in that Country together with the politics of the people. And as I am anxious to learn with as much precision as your indubitable information goes to, the nature of the navigation of Beaver Creek; the distance, and what kind of portage there is between it and Cayahoga, or any other nearer navigation of the Muskingum, the distance and sort of portage across to the navigable waters of Cayahoga or Sandusky, and the kind of navigation therein, you would do me an acceptable favor to hand them to me, with the computed distances from the River Ohio by each of these routs, to the lake itself.
If you should not write to me by the return of the Bearer, I would beg leave to add that there is no way so certain of conveying letters to me, as to enclose them to your correspondent in Philadelphia, 'till a more direct Post is established with this part of the Country, accompanied by a request to him to put them in the Post office. Private conveyances, (unless by a person coming immediately to my house) I have always found the most tedious and most uncertain: from Philada. letters will reach me, frost permitting, in three or four days.
If you are at Pittsburgh, this letter will be presented to you by Mr. Lear, a deserving young gentleman who lives with me, and whom I beg leave to recommend to your civilities. He is sent by me to see the situation of my property on Miller's Run (lately recover'd) and to adopt some measures for the preservation and security of it. With sincere esteem and regard, I am, etc.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1786.
Sir: I have just been advised by Mr. Smith, my Counsel, of the favorable issue of the Ejectments I was compelled to bring for the recovery of my land in your neighbourhood; and of the necessity there is for me to appoint an Agent to take care of my interest therein.
As I am not acquainted with anyone, who lives near the land, in whom I could place such entire confidence as yourself, permit me to ask if you could make it convenient to take charge of this Tract, so far as to see that each tenement, for the preservation of it, has some person living thereon, upon the best terms you can get them. And that you may not conceive, Sir, that I mean to give trouble without compensation, I beg leave to inform you, that whatever you may think adequate to the former, I will readily allow.
Altho' the present occupants of it have little reason to expect favor or indulgences at my hands, yet as they are now in my power, I do not wish to distress them further than the repossession of my Land, and common justice to myself naturally tends to. I am willing therefore they should remain on their respective places at such a rent as shall appear reasonable and just between man and man; and this I am perfectly willing you should fix, without considering, or in any degree attending to the loss I have sustained by being kept out of my property for more than twelve years. If you should incline to undertake this trust in my behalf, I shall be well satisfied with these or any other Tenants, for the ensuing year; a longer term, I do not at present incline to let the Tenements for, as it is my intention to sell the land if I can obtain what I conceive it is worth and would not encumber it with Leases.
From the present scarcity of money I know it would sell low for ready cash, or on short credit; but permit me to ask your candid opinion of its real worth, and what you think it would sell for if credit was given for three fourths of the purchase money, three, four, or five years, with interest to be regularly and punctually paid at my own house during that term; and whether you conceive it would be most advantageous for me to sell it by the tract, or in parcels of one, two, three, four, or five hundred acres, as may be most convenient to the purchasers?
Mr. Lear who lives with me, and who I expect will deliver this letter to you, will, if it is necessary, explain any matter that I may be deficient in.
I beg leave to recommend him to your civilities, and friendly advice what steps he had best take in this business, if you should be disinclined to engage in it yourself. With esteem, I am, etc.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1786.
Dr. Sir: This Letter will be handed to you by Mr. Lear a young gentleman who lives with me, and who will pass a receipt in discharge of any money you may pay him on my account. I hope it will be convenient for you to discharge the whole, for it should be remembered that I have lain a long time out of what you are owing me, and that I can no more do without than another. My expences are high, and my calls great, or I should not have reminded you so often of what I had hoped you would have paid without any intimation of my wants. With best wishes for you and yours, I am, etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1786.
Sir: Mr. Smith having advised me of the decisions in my favor at the Nisi prius Court held for the county of Washington; and of the necessity there is for my sending, or appointing some person on the spot to attend to my interest in the recovered lands; I have, as you appeared fixed on a removal to Kentuckey in the Spring, and with difficulty could be induced to continue the management of my business in your neighbourhood 'till now, sent Mr. Lear, who lives with me, to examine into the situation of the Tenements, views of the present occupants, and on the spot to make such arrangements in my behalf, as the exigency of the case may require, He will call upon you in his way out, or in; and by him I should be glad to know what has been done with my Negroes: if sold, to whom, on what credit and for what sum. I wish also to know whether you have received any more of my money; and in that case, how it has been applied: if any is coming to me Mr. Lear will afford a safe conveyance for it. I want also to know, in what situation, under whose occupation, and what the expectations are from my land near you, especially the place lately occupied by Simpson; and in what condition the mill is. I would not wish to have any of the places not already under leases, engaged for more than one year; because, as I am determined to sell the land if I can obtain a price adequate to what I conceive to be the worth of it, it might be considered as an incumbrance. To keep the buildings and fences in good repair may be essential, even if I gain nothing by the Rents.
Considering the present scarcity of money, I am sensible it would not answer to sell for ready Cash; but what do you suppose the tract near you would fetch if three, four, or five years credit (paying interest) should be given for three fourths of the purchase money? And what difference do you think there would be in the amount of the sales, between selling the tract entire, or by the Lotts as now laid off, or in three, four, or five hundred acre parcels? If any person should apply to you for information respecting this Land and the terms, I would accomodate them in this manner; and with respect to price, I want no more pr. acre than such kind of land, with such credit sells at in the same part of the country. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 29, 1786.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 18th. by the Packet, and 19th. by the Post, are both at hand. The Birds were landed yesterday. A Partridge died on the passage.
If Monsr. Campion's information is to be depended on, he had no letter from the Marquis de la Fayette or any other character in France for me; nothing confidential therefore could have been disclosed by the loss of his pocket book, unless it was deposited in your letter. His acct. is, that he was ordered to repair to L'Orient with the Asses and Birds, from whence he and they were to be Shipped by Messrs. Barauds. That the Marquis told him, letters should follow, and he supposes they will arrive in the French Packet. By Monsr. Campion I send the Guinea you paid for his board; if there are any other charges yet behind, I wish to be informed of them that they may be immediately paid. My sincere thanks are due to you, My dear Sir, for your kind attention to this business. Having received no intimation at, or previous to the arrival of Monsr. Campion respecting the light in which he ought to be viewed, I thought it best to err on the safe side, and therefore took him to my table, where he has conducted himself with modesty and propriety.
Under full conviction that the Asses were never intended as a present, and that the Chinese Pheasants (instead of costing 16 Gus. a pair as the Baltimore paragraphist has anounced to the public) came from the King's Aviary as a present to the Marquis for me, (for so says Monsr. Campion) I am concerned that such information should have been exhibited in a public gazette as appeared in the B. Papr. for it may be viewed as a contrivance to bespeak, what I should industriously have endeavoured to avoid, had I supposed it was so meant; a present. Was this publication confined to Maryland, or even to the United States, there would not be so much in it; but as these paragraphs for want of other matter to fill a Paper, are handed from one to another, and ultimately get into the British and French Gazettes; the Marquis will entertain a queer idea of it, if nothing more is meant than what was promised, and expected; that is, to be the instrument through the Medium of Adml. de Suffran (Govr. of the Island of Malta, or head of the Order) of procuring and forwarding them from that place to me. That he should have paid all the expences which attended the getting, and shipping them is beyond a doubt. It could not well be otherwise, as their procuration was a doubtful essay. As I have not however received a single line respecting these Animals, I do not undertake to contradict the report, but think the evidence of it, the cost, &ca. appears to have been too slight, to hand it in such a dress to the public. With sincere esteem, etc.2
[Note 2: From a photograph of the original in the photostats of the McHenry Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, December 1, 1786.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive the letter which your Excellency did me the favor of writing to me on the 18th ulto. together with the enclosure from the Prime Minister of Spain, for which, and the translation, I pray you to accept my grateful thanks.
Besides the pleasure I feel in making these acknowledgements, one object that prompts me to them at this early period, is, to beg that your Excely. will not take the trouble of being instrumental in procuring for me a She Ass (by means of which I might preserve the breed of the valuable Jack I received as a present from his Catholic Majesty). At all times and under any circumstances, I shou'd have been perfectly ashamed if an unguarded expression of mine should have been the cause of giving you trouble, but more so in the present. When I had the honor of addressing you last, I had actually sent to Surinam, where I was informed very good, though not of the first race of these animals, were to be had, for a she one; and besides, thro' the medium of my good friend the Marqs. de la Fayette, I had assurances and the further prospect of obtaining one or two from the Island of Malta. I am quite unhappy therefore lest the information in my former letter, that "I am endeavouring to provide a female that the advantages which are to be derived from this Jack may not end with his life", should have been construed an expression of a wish that your Excely. would employ your influence to effect this purpose, and it is the inducement which has hastened me to an explanation and correction of the indigested manner in which information was communicated.
Rheumatic pains, with which of late I have been a good deal afflicted, and some other causes, will render it inconvenient for me to be in Philada. in May next as seems to be expected, and where one of my first pleasures would have been to have paid my respects to your Excellency.
It will be to be regretted if a contrariety of sentiments respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, should impede that harmony and mutual intercourse of interests so essential between nations whose territories border on each other. I would fain hope therefore that the true and reciprocal benefits of Spain and the United States, in this case, as well as in all others which may arise between them, will be cooly and dispassionately considered before the ultimatum on either side is fixed. There is no ground on which treaties can be formed that will be found permanent or satisfactory, unless they have these for their basis: but however necessary it may be to inculcate this doctrine upon others, your Excellency I am sure is too much of a politician to need the remark, and too much a friend to these States to insist upon any measure, which the essential interests of your Nation, or the orders of your Court, may not have dictated, incompatible therewith. With very great consideration and respect. I have the honor etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1786.
Sir: As the fifty bushels of wheat stands as an article of charge at ⅚ in your accot. against me, it may remain so, as a final settlement of the matter. Altho' I have no flour at present for sale, and have made no enquiry into the price of this article, I do not suppose I shall either loose or gain much in so small a quantity by fixing the wheat at this price.
With respect to the persons5 named in your letter of the 26th. ulto. (which is just come to hand) I can only repeat what I have often done before, in substance, and that is, that it is my wish to obtain justice to myself, but not to act with that rigor in effecting it, as to bring ruin, or even considerable distress upon poor families. Rather than do this, I would relinquish my claim; but in all cases of this kind, I would endeavor to draw a line between inability and dishonesty; where the former appears with good dispositions to industry and honesty, I would wish lenient means may be used; but where the intention appears fraudulent, no indulgencies should be given. These being my sentiments, you can apply them to the cases of Rector and Thompson as your own judgment, under the circumstances as related, shall dictate, keeping the old proverb in view, not to "sue a beggar and catch a louse." This adage may apply also to Colo. Kennedy, otherwise if he will not give you security for paying the balance in six, nine, or even twelve months, (as he has assumed the payment, for without this he might have plead the act) I would sue him without further delay.
[Note 5: Charles Rector and John Thompson.]
All these difficulties and losses have arisen from Rents lying over, unpaid from year to year; for which reason I am determined that my Rents in future shall be punctually discharged, unless there is some interposition of Providence which calls for forbearance. The best Landlord, I am perfectly convinced, is he who never suffers two rents to become due on the same tenement.
In the enclosed (which I request you to forward) I have consented to Fielding Lewis's getting timber, if the tenants having leases are willing, to build him a house in Rector-town; but what use he means to put it to afterwards, will, I dare say, puzzle him to tell. I am, etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 7: Nephew of Washington.]
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1786.
Sir: Your letter of the 11th of Octor. never came to my hands 'till yesterday. Altho' your disrespectful conduct towards me, in coming into this country and spending weeks therein without ever coming near me, entitles you to very little notice or favor from me; yet I consent that you may get timber from off my Land in Fauquier County to build a house on your Lott in Recter town. Having granted this, now let me ask you what your views were in purchasing a Lott in a place which, I presume, originated with and will end in two or three Gin Shops, which probably will exist no longer than they serve to ruin the proprietors, and those who make the most frequent applications to them. I am, &c.6
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 14th. ulto. is but just come to hand, or an earlier reply shou'd have been made to it.
The inscription intended for the Tomb of my deceased friend meets my entire approbation;8 for I can assure you Sir, with
[Note 8: A copy of this epitaph for Tench Tilghman is with James Tilghman's letter to Washington, Nov. 14, 1786, in the Washington Papers.] much truth, that after I had opportunities of becoming well acquainted with his worth, no man enjoyed a greater share of my esteem, affection and confidence than Colo. Tilghman.
I now transmit you, for the satisfaction of the friend of your deceas'd son, a statement of the conduct which was observed towards Capt: Asgill during his confinement, by which his illiberality and want of candour will fully appear. These extracts are taken from authentic records, and contain every sentence wherein the name of that officer is mentioned according to my best knowledge and belief.
At length, with much difficulty, I have got all the papers which are to be found, respecting the affairs of the deceased Colo. Thos. Colvill, from the son of the principal acting Executor of the Will of that Gentleman, I have put them into the hands of a skilful lawyer to make, if possible, a proper statement of them for final settlement, and as soon as I can speak to any good purpose you shall again hear from me respecting the claim of Miss Anderson. With great esteem etc.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 10: Of Baltimore, Md.]
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1786.
Sir: Your Letter of the 18th. Ulto. came duly to hand. From the number of fruitless enquiries I had made for Spring Barley before I applied to you, and the intervention between the date of my letter and your answer being pretty considerable I despaired of obtaining any of this grain, and therefore seeded the ground which was at first designated for this Crop with Wheat and Rye.
I have also since heard that many Gentlemen who have tried it (especially some on West River where I know the Lands are very fine and such as I conceived were well adapted for this grain) do not find it answerable to their expectation. Nevertheless as I wish to divide my Seed time and am desirous of sowing Clover and other grasses with Barley in preference to other grain I would gladly take fifty bushels of it and will depend absolutely upon you for this quantity which I pray may be sent me as soon as it can be procured, by the Packet. With respect to the latter I am anxious because having the seed in my possession I can lay out and prepare accordingly and not postpone my Oat Season in expectation of a Barley one and be disappointed at last of the latter as was the case last year.
If I find this essay likely to answer my expectations I shall be better able to talk with you on a Contract. The Barley may be accompanied by the machine you spoke of as eligable for cleaning it; and I shall thank you for sending one accordingly. Let me know decidedly if you please whether I may depend upon the above quantity of Barley in the manner mentioned. I have it now in my power (for it is offered to me) to get what I want from a Brewer in Philadelphia but I may even fail here if my engagement with him is delayed long for your answer.
Can good Clover Seed (not imported Seed for that rarely is so) be bought at Baltimore? In what quantity, and at what price? There is not, I believe, a bushel of Barley of any kind in this neighbourhood for sale. A Mr. Wales who Brews in Alexandria procures all of this he can. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1786.
Sir: Your favor of the 10th. of Novembr., (which did not reach me 'till within these three days) as well as the former by Mr. Ireland, came safe to hand.
Mr. Wright, whom I saw at Alexandria, will have informed you, that as the business respecting the affairs of the deceased Colo. George Mercer was transferred by a decree of the high Court of Chancery from me to Colo. John Mercer; and the Bonds and other papers assigned over to the latter, that it lay with him to settle the accounts and to decide on the propriety of making conveyances. The Deeds were only withheld 'till payment of the consideration money should be made, or satisfactory security should be given for the doing of it, and that (if it was necessary for me to do it at all) I could make no conveyance without his express direction; this being necessary for my justification and this I also repeated to Mr. Ireland in emphatical terms.
Since these conversations I have received a line from Colo. John Mercer requesting me to execute a Deed to you for one of the Lotts sold Mr. Hickman;11 but as the Deeds for conveyance of these lands are much out of the usual form, (there being many parties to them) and all the papers respecting the business now out of my possession, I have, in answer to this request, desired him if it is indispensably necessary for me as the seller to convey, to have the deed (for there were some blank ones left) filled up and sent to me with authority for me to sign, and no delay should be found on my part. Having thus explained my sentiments of, and agency in this business, you will readily perceive to what quarter your future applications are to be directed. Considering the light in which Mr. Ireland stood, I gave him a statement of the case in writing, that Mr. Stone might act in it agreeably to the dictates of his own judgment. or the orders of Colo. Mercer, with respect to the execution. I am, etc.12
[Note 11: Joseph Hickman.]
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your letters of the 15th of Octor. and 5th. of Novr. are both before me, and I shall reply to them in their order.
For your trouble in negotiating my Certificate I thank you. If it is necessary, in order that you may receive the half yearly interest thereon, I would wish you to keep it; if you can draw this without, it may be returned to me. In the mean time, inform me if you please if this Certificate can be converted into cash, and upon what terms, that if I should have occasion to make any purchases in Philada., I may know the amount of this fund. The Indents, to the amount of 84 50/90 Dollars, I have received, and note the credit given me for the year and half interest.
The Curtain stuff and nails are at hand safe, and will answer very well. The uncertainty of getting good Spring Barley (for I had made many fruitless enquiries in this State, and the parts of Maryland bordering on it, before I wrote to you) induced me to put the ground which I had first allotted for this grain, into Wheat and Rye; but if you could secure and send to me by one of the first vessels bound from your Port to Alexanda. fifty bushels, I will yet find as much ground as will receive this quantity of Seed; or if you have engaged 100 bushels of this grain from Reuben Haines as the expression of your letter seems to import, I will readily take it, but would not chuse to be under any promise of supplying him with the produce of it: first, because being uncertain of the yield, and inclining to go pretty largely upon it if I find it likely to answer my purpose, I shall want a good deal for Seed, and 2dly because the freight around, it is to be feared, would sink too deep in the sales to render me any profit upon a small quantity.
The Clover Seed (as I conceived this had been a productive year of it) is high; yet I would beg you to send me 300 weight. As soon as I know the precise cost of this, and the Barley; the money shall be remitted, or if you have any dealings in Alexandria, and an order on me will answer your purposes equally as well, it shall be immediately paid.
If it is the same thing to Mr. Haines whether I take fifty or an hundred bushels, I shall, under the circumstances already mentioned, prefer the former quantity. It is so essential to every farmer to have his seeds by him in time, that I would urge in strong terms that these now required be sent to me by the first good water conveyance.
The uncertainties and disappointments of last Spring, will always make me anxious of obtaining all my Seeds long before the seasons for sowing them shall have arrived. At any ratelet me know by Post what it is I have to expect.
Best wishes attend Mrs. Biddle. I am, etc.
P.S. Are the Artichoke of Jerusalem to be had in the neighbourhood of Philada? Could as much of the root, or the seed, be got as would stock an acre? I want to bring it in with my other experiments for the benefit of stock.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1786.
Sir: As I have not yet received a reply to my last letter, but, since the date of it, have made some enquiry into the prices of negroes at the ready money sales of them, I take the liberty of informing you, previously to your writing, or my receiving an answer to the above letter, that as it is not likely we shall agree on a price, (in case you should be disposed to spare such negroes as would have answered my purposes) it is my wish to save you the trouble of adding anything more on the subject of them. Such as I pointed at might have been useful to me; but as I have no desire of adding to my present number by purchase, to accomodate you was the object I had principally in view; but I cannot think of allowing more to effect this, than the same kind of negroes would command at a sale of ready money, because in fact it is a discount of ready money, and for that species of property which I have no inclination to possess. I mention the matter now lest the intimation of such sentiments after an acquiescence with my purposal, should you have been thereto disposed, might be construed a disposition to take advantage of circumstances to reduce the price; rather than a thought of this kind should be entertained, my choice is to await the money in any manner you shall please to offer it.
It was Mr. Hunter, not Colo. Hooe, that gave the information respecting the price of Corn, as mentioned in my last. I correct the mistake therefore, then made, that there may be no representation suspected in the accot.
As I assured you in my last that I had bid adieu to the altercation respecting the appropriation of the money arising from the Bonds in suit, so I can assure you I have no other motive for enclosing Mr. Colston's letter, which only came to my hands the day before yesterday than to let you see his sollicitude to obtain a Deed for the land for which he has paid the consideration money, and to repeat the assurances of my last, that if it is essential for me to execute the Deed, I am ready to do it when it is presented, and I am properly authorised by you so to do. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1786.
Sir: I am exceedingly anxious, to bring the Administration of Colo. Colvill's Estate to a close. To do this, and to discharge some claims on it, (one of which is very pressing) it is become indispensably necessary that the Bond in which you are joined with the late Major Moody, should be paid off. I persuade myself there will be no further delay in doing it when the indulgencies which have already been given and when the circumstances attending this transaction are, moreover, recurred to. Tho' Majr. Moody stands for most in the Bond, he was not at the time it was taken, nor has he at any period since been considered as the principal. It will be remembered, I am certain, that I was assured on that occasion, (tho' a credit of twelve months was given) the Bond should not remain unpaid so long: five years have since elapsed. More than a year ago when application, thro' Mr. Lund Washington, was made for this money, he was referred, as he informed me, to the heir or Exor. of the deceased Mr. Moody; but under the circumstances of this case, I beg leave to add that I must look to you for payment. I would have waited yet longer in expectation of having this money tendered to me, but for the reasons above; and which I pray you to receive as the apology for my being so urgent and so explicit now. With esteem, I am, etc.
P.S. If it is convenient to you, the price of the redemptioners, and the cost of the Osnabrigs may go in payment; if it is not, I will send you the money. In ... last the son of Mr. Moody paid me £ ... .16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1786.
Sir: To the severity of the weather, wch. has in a manner shut every thing up, and put a stop to all intercourse; and to some other circumstances unnecessary to mention, is to be ascribed my silence 'till now; and even now, when I recollect how fully I have already explained my ideas to you on what is intended to be the subject of this letter, I find that I have hardly anything to trouble you with by way of illucidation.
I will just observe, however, that having been well informed that seasons and circumstances have occurred and probably will arrive again, when goods by vendue have sold considerably below the Sterlg. cost of them; nay, that they have even been bought for the nominal sum currency, which they cost sterling in the countries from whence they were imported; and having found from experience, that I derive little or no advantage from the ready money payments I make for such articles as are requisite for the use of my Estate, (when I go to the Stores in Alexandria) I had determined to make the proposition to you which was pretty fully explained in the conversation I had with you at our last interview as has been already mentioned, and which in a word is as follows:
To allow you a Commission of 2½ pr Ct. (which you yourself declared was sufficient) upon all purchases you shall make for me at Vendue, of articles which may from time to time be enumerated to you. It is your interest, I know to sell high; it is mine to buy low; but there is nothing incompatible that I can conceive, in your agency in both these cases; for when the former is the case, I mean not to become a purchaser; when the latter happens, which no skill or exertion of your's can at all times prevent, is the moment of which I mean, thro' your attention to the business, to avail myself for supplies. To your knowledge of the goods which are intended for sale; the circumstances of the sale, and to your honor, of which I entertain a very favourable opinion from the good report made of it by others, I entirely confide for the management. The payments shall always keep pace with the purchases; you have nothing more to do therefore than to give intimation of the latter by a line lodged at the post office, to receive the former: and were you now and then to add a concise list of the principal articles which are for sale, it would be obliging.
To particularize all the articles which are necessary for the use of a large family, would be as tedious as unnecessary. Every merchant who retails, and every man who provides for one, can be at no loss for them. The heavy articles, and such as at present occur to me are enumerated in the enclosed list: in which you will perceive no mention is made of coarse Woolens; because of these I manufacture a sufficiency to clothe my out-door negroes; nor have I said any thing of wines, because I import my own; but of the latter, if good Claret should at any time go cheap, I would take two or three Boxes. I have been obliged to buy about 200 ells of Ticklenburg for present use; perhaps the 2 or 300 more enumerated in the enclosed, may suffice; possibly more may be wanted. The Blankets will not be wanted before next autumn. Of Sugars my demand (as a private family) is great and constant; but of Coffee and Molasses, I have on hand a large stock.
It is scarcely necessary to impress on you the idea that it is the prospect of very cheap buying which has induced me to adopt this mode of obtaining my supplies; and that unless the end is accomplished, my purposes will not be answered, nor my inclination gratified by it; but to prevent mistakes, I explicitly declare it. Few of the enumerated articles am I in present want of; those for which I shall soonest have a call, are marked thus (*) in the margin; many of the others I may dispense with a year, or two years. They stand in the List as a memento only, in case very favorable moments present, for the purchase of them.
I am told it sometimes happens that Goods which come under the imputation of being damaged, tho' in fact they have received little or no real injury, are frequently sold uncommonly low indeed; particularly Bale blanketing, and other Bale goods. To embrace such opportunities is recommended, but in this, judgment and a close inspection are necessary; for it is not the lowest priced goods that are always the cheapest; the quality is, or ought to be as much an object with the purchaser, as the price.
I pray you to accept my thanks for the trouble you had with the German redemptioners which were purchased for me; the expence my Nephew the bearer of this, will pay. I am, &c.17
[Note 17: A copy of the "Invoice of Goods wanted by George Washington" follows this letter in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers; but the copyist has neglected to mark any of the items therein as mentioned by an asterisk in the margin.]
Mount Vernon, December 16, 1786.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 7th. came to hand the evening before last.18 The resolutions which you say are inserted in the Papers, I have not yet seen.19 The latter come irregularly, tho' I am a subscriber to Hay's Gazette.20
[Note 18: "I am entirely convinced from what I observe here, that unless the project of Congs. [for ceding the Mississippi to Spain for 25 years] can be reversed, the hopes of carrying this State into a proper federal system will be demolished. Many of our most federal leading men are extremely soured with what has already passed. Mr. Henry, who has been hitherto the Champion of the federal cause, has become a cold advocate, and in the event of an actual sacrifice of the Missipi. by Congress, will unquestionably go over to the opposite side."-- Madison to Washington, Dec. 7, 1786. A photostat of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: The resolutions of the Virginia House of Delegates on the memorial of the western members and some of the officers, on the Mississippi question.]
[Note 20: James Hayes, jr.'s, Virginia Gazette, or The American Advertiser, of Richmond. Va.]
Besides the reasons which are assigned in my circular letter to the several State Societies of the Cincinnati, for my nonattendance at the next General meeting to be holden at Philadelphia the first Monday of May, there existed one of a political nature, which operates more forceably on my mind than all the others; and which, in confidence, I will now communicate to you.
When this Society was first formed, I am persuaded not a member of it conceived that it would give birth to those Jealousies, or be chargeable with those dangers (real or imaginary) with which the minds of many, and some of respectable characters, were filled. The motives which induced the Officers to enter into it were, I am confident, truly and frankly recited in the Institution: one of which, indeed the principal, was to establish a charitable fund for the relief of such of their compatriots, the Widows, and descendants of them, as were fit objects for their support; and for whom no public provision had been made. But the trumpet being sounded, the alarm was spreading far and wide; I readily perceived therefore that unless a modification of the plan could be effected (to anihilate the Society altogether was impracticable on acct. of the foreign officers who had been admitted), that irritations wd. arise which would soon draw a line betwn. the Society, and their fellow Citizens.
To prevent this. To conciliate the affections. And to convince the world of the purity of the plan, I exerted myself, and with much difficulty, effected the changes which appeared in the recommendation from the General Meeting to those of the States; the accomplishment of which was not easy; and I have since heard, that whilst some States acceded to the recommendation, others are not disposed thereto, alledging that, unreasonable prejudices, and ill founded jealousies ought not to influence a measure laudable in its institution, and salutary in its objects and operation.
Under these circumstances, there will be no difficulty in conceiving, that the part I should have had to have acted, would have been delicate. On the one hand, I might be charged with dereliction to the Officers, who had nobly supported me, and had treated me with uncommon marks of attention and attachment. On the other, with supporting a measure incompatible (some say) with republican principles. I thought it best therefore without assigning this (the principal reason) to decline the Presidency, and to excuse my attendance at the meeting on the ground, which is firm and just; the necessity of paying attention to my private concerns; to conformity to my determination of passing the remainder of my days in a state of retirement; and to indisposition; occasioned by Rheumatic complaints with which, at times, I am a good deal afflicted. Professing at the sametime my entire approbation of tile institution as altered, and the pleasure I feel at the subsidence of those Jealousies which yielded to the change. Presuming, on the general adoption of them.
I have been thus particular to shew, that under circumstances like these, I should feel myself in an aukward situation to be in Philadelphia on another public occasion during the sitting of this Society. That the prest. oeera is pregnant of great, and strange events, none who will cast their eyes around them, can deny; what may be brought forth between this and the first of May to remove the difficulties which at present labour in my mind, against the acceptance of the honor which has lately been conferred on me by the Assembly, is not for me to predict; but I should think it incompatible with that candour which ought to characterize an honest mind, not to declare that under my present view of the matter, I should be too much embarassed by the meetings of these two bodies in the same place, in the same moment (after what I have written) to be easy in the situation; and consequently, that it wd. be improper to let my appointment stand in the way of another.21 Of this, you who have had the whole matter fully before you, will judge; for having received no other than private intimation of my election, and unacquainted with the formalities which are, or ought to be used on these occasions, silence may be deceptious, or considered as disrespectful; The imputation of both, or either, I would wish to avoid. This is the cause of the present disclosure, immediately on the receipt of your letter, which has been locked up by Ice; for I have had no communication with Alexandria for many days, till the day before yesterday.
[Note 21: Madison had stated in his letter of Dec. 7, 1786, that it was the opinion of many judicious friends that Washington's name could not be spared from the Virginia delegation to the convention to meet in Philadelphia in May.]
My Sentiments are decidedly against Commutables; for sure I am it will be found a tax without a revenue. That the people will be burthened. The public expectation deceived, and a few Speculators only, enriched. Thus the matter will end, after the morals of some, are more corrupted than they now are; and the minds of all, filled with more leaven, by finding themselves taxed, and the public demands in full force. Tobacco, on acct. of the public places of deposit, and from the accustomed mode of negotiating the article, is certainly better fitted for a Commutable than any other production of this Country; but if I understand the matter rightly (I have it from report only) will any man pay five pound in Specie for five taxables, when the same sum (supposing Tobo. not to exceed 20/. per ct.) will purchase 500 lbs. of Tobo. and this, if at 28/. will discharge the tax on Seven ? And will not the man who neither makes, nor can easily procure this commodity, complain of the inequality of such a mode, especially when he finds that the revenue is diminished by the difference be it what it may, between the real and nominal price ? and that he is again to be taxed to make this good. These, and such like things, in my humble opinion, are extremely hurtful, and are among the principal causes that present depravity and corruption without accomplishing the object in view for it is not the shadow, but the substance with which Taxes must be paid, if we mean to be honest. With sentiments of sincere esteem etc.22
[Note 22: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1786.
Sir: I received your favor of the 10th., last night. The letter I addressed to you about fourteen days ago, I was in hopes would have reached you before your reply to my former, would have been dispatched, and thereby have saved you the trouble of again touching on the subject of negroes.
I can have no idea of giving eighty or ninety pounds a head for slaves when I am well informed that for ready money the best common labouring negroes in this State, may be bought for less than sixty, and others in proportion. For this species of property I have no predilection nor any urgent call, being already over stocked with some kind of it; consequently can have no inducement to give 50 pr. Ct. more than the like property is offered for and doth actually sell at. A payment in negroes, if this was to take place, can be considered in no other light by either of us, than as ready money; it stops the payment of it, and is I presume a convenience. But to supercede the necessity of enforcing these observations, and to remove every suspicion which might have arisen in your mind, of a desire in me to beat you down in the price of your slaves, was the cause of my last address to you.
As the design however has not been accomplished; and it is necessary both for your information, and for my satisfaction and government that something decisive should be resolved on, I will, in one word, fix my ultimatum with respect to the negroes proposed for sale. Which is to allow you three hundred pounds for young Bob (or another fellow of his age and appearance), Tom the baker. Nessey, David, James and Valentine; but this I do on the proviso that they answer your description in their ages, sizes and qualities; for unless the two last named boys are of sufficient size to be put to trades, they would not answer my purpose; because the persons with whom I should place them are Servants in this family whose terms will expire in less than three years. In making you this offer I have exceeded by at least 25 pr. Ct. the ready money prices which have been reported to me. That you may have given more I by no means question, but possibly your purchases were on credit, or probably the prices have since fallen. My information of the present selling prices is from very well informed characters.
With respect to the corn, it is perfectly agreeable to me, that you should sell it to any person you please, and instead of ten, I wish you may be able to get fifteen shillings pr. barrl. for it. But as Mr. Petit is a gentleman with whom I have no acquaintance, I shall not look to him for the purchase money; I do not wish however to deprive you of the price he offers, by making it a ready money sale to him, altho' it would have been so to me. I am also perfectly willing to allow whatever is due on my Bond (with interest thereon) which passed to Messrs. Blair and McCoul, provided that Bond is got in; but you would not I am persuaded request me to allow this sum on one accot., and be exposed to the claim of it from another quarter.
When I agreed to take two thousand pounds of Certificates, it was my intention, and still is that it shall comprehend every [thing] which relates to this species of property. And you may be assured, Sir, that in whatever light this matter from first to last may have appeared to you, I distress myself exceedingly by these accommodations; because nothing but the money, and that in a lump, would have answered any valuable purposes of mine, for by receiving this debt in driblets, I am actually sinking one sum, without discharging those debts of my own which press upon me and which are accumulating by a heavier interest than I receive. I do not mean however to go over this ground again. I am willing to abide by the propositions now made, and wish to be explicitly resolved on them, because if they are acceded to, I shall endeavour to raise money by the sale of some part of my property, for the purposes alluded to, and do not expect I shall have less difficulty, or sustain less loss in the accomplishment of it than others. I will enquire of Mr. Lund Washington about the Bond you speak of, and am, etc.23
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 21, 1786.
Sir: I had not the honor of receiving your Excellency's favor of the 6th, with its enclosures,25 till last night. Sensible as I am of the honor conferred on me by the General Assembly, in appointing me one of the Deputies26 to a Convention proposed to
[Note 25: Sparks prints the following extract from Randolph's reply to Washington's letter, but the letter itself (Jan. 4, 1787) is not now found in the Washington Papers: "Although compelled, by duty to lay before the Council your answer to my notification of your appointment to Philadelphia, I was happy to find them concurring with me in the propriety of entreating you not to decide on a refusal immediately. Perhaps the obstacles now in view may be removed before May; and the nomination of a successor, if necessary at all, will be as effectually made some time hence as now. perhaps too (and indeed I fear the event) every other consideration may seem of little weight, when compared with the crisis, which may then hang over the United States. I hope, therefore, that you will excuse me for holding up your letter for the present, and waiting until time shall discover the result of the commotions now prevailing."]
[Note 26: The other deputies were Patrick Henry, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, James Madison, George Mason, and George Wythe. Henry did not attend and James M'Clurg was appointed in his place.
On December 23 Washington wrote briefly to De la Dalle, that his "letter, Plan and Estimate for establishing a manufacture of cotton &ca." had been sent to the Governor to be laid before the assembly, "if he shall think proper." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.] be held in the City of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Foederal Constitution; and desirous as I am on all occasions, of testifying a ready obedience to the calls of my Country; yet, Sir, there exists at this moment, circumstances, which I am persuaded will render my acceptance of this fresh mark of confidence incompatible with other measures which I had previously adopted; and from which, seeing little prospect of disengaging myself, it would be disengenuous not to express a wish that some other character, on whom greater reliance can be had, may be substituted in my place; the probability of my non-attendance being too great to continue my appointment.
As no mind can be more deeply impressed than mine is with the awful situation of our affairs; resulting in a great measure from the want of efficient powers in the foederal head, and due respect to its Ordinances, so, consequently, those who do engage in the important business of removing these defects, will carry with them every good wish of mine which the best dispositions towards the attainment can bestow. I have the honr. etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, December 25, 1786.
Sir: To promote industry and oeconomy, and to encourage manufactures, is certainly consistent with that sound policy which ought to actuate every State. There are times too, which call loudly for the exercise of these virtues; and the present, in my humble opinion, may be accounted a fit one for the adoption of them in this Commonwealth.
How far the proposition which I have the honor to enclose merits Legislative encouragement, your Excellency will determine. As it came to me, you will receive it. The writer is unknown to me; of him, or his plan, I had not the smallest intimation till the papers were handed to me from the Post Office. The document in the hand writing of Mr. Jefferson (with which it is accompanied) entitles the latter to consideration, but as an individual it is not convenient for me to afford Mr. de la Vallee the aids he requires, or to have him upon my hands till he can be properly established; nor indeed is Alexandria, in my opinion, so proper a situation as a more southern one for the Manufacture of Cotton. However, if your Excellency should think his plan not worthy of public attention, or judgg. otherwise, it should not find encouragement from the Assembly, I would thank you for returning the letter and papers to me, that I may give Mr. de la Vallee an answer as soon as possible; his circumstances seeming to require one. With sentiments of grt. esteem etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, December 26, 1786.
My dear Sir: Nothing but the pleasing hope of seeing you under this roof in the course of last month, and wch. I was disposed to extend even to the present moment, has kept me till this time from acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favor of the 23d of October. Despairing now of that pleasure, I shall thank you for the above letter, and the subsequent one of the 17th. instr., which came to hand yesterday evening.
Lamentable as the conduct of the Insurgents of Massachusetts is, I am exceedingly obliged to you for the advices respecting them; and pray you, most ardently, to continue the acct. of their proceedings; because I can depend upon them from you without having my mind bewildered with those vague and contradictory reports which are handed to us in Newspapers, and which please one hour, only to make the moments of the next more bitter. I feel, my dear Genl. Knox, infinitely more than I can express to you, for the disorders which have arisen in these States. Good God! who besides a tory could have foreseen, or a Briton predicted them! were these people wiser than others, or did they judge of us from the corruption, and depravity of their own hearts? The latter I am persuaded was the case, and that notwithstanding the boasted virtue of America, we are far gone in every thing ignoble and bad.
I do assure you, that even at this moment, when I reflect on the present posture of our affairs, it seems to me to be like the vision of a dream. My mind does not know how to realize it, as a thing in actual existence, so strange, so wonderful does it appear to me! In this, as in most other matter, we are too slow. When this spirit first dawned, probably it might easily have been checked; but it is scarcely within the reach of human ken, at this moment, to say when, where, or how it will end. There are combustibles in every State, which a spark might set fire to. In this State, a perfect calm prevails at present, and a prompt disposition to support, and give energy to the foederal System is discovered, if the unlucky stirring of the dispute respecting the navigation of the Mississippi does not become a leaven that will ferment, and sour the mind of it.
The resolutions of the prest. Session respecting a paper emission, military certificates, &ca., have stamped justice and liberality on the proceedings of the Assembly, and By a late act, it seems very desirous of a General Convention to revise and amend the foederal Constitution. Apropos, what prevented the Eastern States from attending the September meeting at Annapolis? Of all the States in the Union it should have seemed to me, that a measure of this sort (distracted as they were with internal commotions, and experiencing the want of energy in the government) would have been most pleasing to them. What are the prevailing sentiments of the one now proposed to be held at Philadelphia, in May next? and how will it be attended ? You are at the fountain of intelligence, and where the wisdom of the Nation, it is to be presumed, has concentered; consequently better able (as I have had abundant experience of your intelligence, confidence, and candour to solve these questions.
The Maryland Assembly has been violently agitated by the question for a paper emission. It has been carried in the House of Delegates, but what has, or will be done with the Bill in the Senate I have not yet heard. The partisans in favor of the measure in the lower House, threaten, it is said, a secession if it is rejected by that Branch of the Legislature. Thus are we advancing. In regretting, which I have often done with the deepest sorrow, the death of our much lamented frd. General Greene, I have accompanied it of late with a quære, whether he would not have prefered such an exit to the scenes which it is more than probable many of his compatriots may live to bemoan.
In both your letters you intimate, that the men of reflection, principle and property in New England, feeling the inefficacy of their present government, are contemplating a change; but you are not explicit with respect to the nature of it. It has been supposed, that, the Constitution of the State of Massachusetts was amongst the most energetic in the Union; May not these disorders then be ascribed to an endulgent exercise of the powers of Administration? If your laws authorized, and your powers were adequate to the suppression of these tumults, in the first appearances of them, delay and temporizing expedients were, in my opinion improper; these are rarely well applied, and the same causes would produce similar effects in any form of government, if the powers of it are not enforced. I ask this question for information, I know nothing of the facts.
That G. B will be an unconcerned Spectator of the present insurrections (if they continue) is not to be expected. That she is at this moment sowing the Seeds of jealousy and discontent among the various tribes of Indians on our frontier admits of no doubt, in my mind. And that she will improve every opportunity to foment the spirit of turbulence within the bowels of the United States, with a view of distracting our governments, and promoting divisions, is, with me, not less certain. Her first Manoeuvres will, no doubt, be covert, and may remain so till the period shall arrive when a decided line of conduct may avail her. Charges of violating the treaty, and other pretexts, will not then be wanting to colour overt acts, tending to effect the grt. objects of which she has long been in labour. A Man is now at the head of their American Affairs27 well calculated to conduct measures of this kind, and more than probably was selected for the purpose. We ought not therefore to sleep nor to slumber. Vigilance in watching, and vigour in acting, is, in my opinion, become indispensably necessary. If the powers are inadequate amend or alter them, but do not let us sink into the lowest state of humiliation and contempt, and become a byword in all the earth. I think with you that the Spring will unfold important and distressing Scenes, unless much wisdom and good management is displayed in the interim. Adieu; be assured no man has a higher esteem and regard for you than I have; none more sincerely your friend, and more Affecte. etc.
[Note 27: Foreign Secretary Francis Osborne, Fifth Duke of Leeds.]
P. S. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for you and Mrs. Knox, and in congratulatory Compts. on the late addition to your family. Will you be so obliging as to give the enclosed a safe conveyance. I have recd. one or two very obliging letters from Genl. Tupper28 whilst he was in the Western Country and wish to thank him for them; but know not in what part of Massachusetts he lives.
[Note 28: Benjamin Tupper.]
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, December 26, 1786.
Mr Dr. Humphreys: I am much indebted to you for your several favors of the 1st. 9th. and 16th. of Novr. the last came first. Mr. Morse, having in mind the old proverb, was determined not to make more haste than good speed in prosecuting his journey to Georgia, so I got the two first lately.
For your publication respecting the treatment of Captn. Asgill,29 I am exceedingly obliged to you. The manner of making it is the best that cou'd be devised; whilst the matter will prove the illiberality, as well as the fallacy of the reports which have been circulated on that occasion, and which are fathered upon that officer as the author.
[Note 29: Humphreys's publication of the Asgill case was printed in the Columbia Magazine, January and February, 1787, pp. 205--9, 233--35. It was reprinted by The Holland Club, New York, in 1859.]
It is with the deepest and most heartfelt concern, I perceive by some late paragraphs extracted from the Boston papers, that the Insurgents of Massachusetts, far from being satisfied with the redress offered by their general Court, are still acting in open violation of law and government, and have obliged the chief Magistrate in a decided tone to call upon the Militia of the State to support the Constitution. What, gracious God, is man! that there should be such inconsistency and perfidiousness in his conduct? It is but the other day, that we were shedding our blood to obtain the Constitutions under which we now live; Constitutions of our own choice and making; and now we are unsheathing the sword to overturn them. The thing is so unaccountable, that I hardly know how to realize it, or to persuade myself that I am not under the illusion of a dream.
My mind, previous to the receipt of your letter of the 1st. ulto., had often been agitated by a thought similar to the one you have expressed respecting an old friend30 of your's; but Heaven forbid that a crisis should come when he shall be driven to the necessity of making choice of either of the alternatives there mentioned.31 Let me entreat you, my dr. Sir, to keep me advised of the situation of affairs in your quarter. I can depend upon your accounts. Newspaper paragraphs unsupported by other testimony, are often contradictory and bewildering. At one time these insurgents are spoken of as a mere mob; at other times as systematic in all their proceedings. If the first, I would fain hope that like other Mobs it will, however formidable, be of short duration. If the latter there are surely men of consequence and abilities behind the curtain who move the puppets; the designs of whom may be deep and dangerous. They may be instigated by British counsel; actuated by ambitious motives, or being influenced by dishonest principles, had rather see the Country in the horror of civil discord, than do what justice would dictate to an honest mind.
[Note 30: Washington.]
[Note 31: Humphreys had written (Nov. 1, 1786): "In case of civil discord, I have already told you, it was seriously my opinion, that you could not remain neuter, and that you would be obliged in self defense to take part on one side or the other: or withdraw from the Continent. Your friends are of the same opinion; and I believe you are convinced, it is impossible to have more disinterested and zealous friends than those who have been about your person." Humphreys's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I had scarcely despatched my circular letters to the several State Societies of the Cincinnati, when I received letters from some of the principal members of our Assembly expressing a wish that they might be permitted to name me as one of the Deputies of this State to the Convention proposed to be held at Philadelphia the first of May next. I immediately wrote to my particular friend Mr. Madison (and gave similar reasons to the others) the answer is contained in the extract No. 1; in reply I got the extract No. 2. This obliged me to be more explicit and confidential with him on points which a recurrence to the conversations we have had on this subject will bring to your mind and save me the hazard of a recital in this letter. Since this interchange of letters I have received from the Governor the letter No. 4 and have written No. 5 in answer to it. Should this matter be further pressed, (which I hope it will not, as I have no inclination to go) what had I best do? You as an indifferent person, and one who is much better acquainted with the sentiments and views of the Cincinnati than I am; (for in this State where the recommendations of the General Meeting have been agreed to hardly any thing is said about it) as also with the temper of the people and state of politics at large, can determine upon better ground and fuller evidence than myself; especially as you have opportunities of knowing in what light the States to the Eastward consider the Convention, and the measures they are pursuing to contravene, or to give efficiency to it.
On the last occasion,32 only five States were represented; none East of New York. Why the New. England Governments did not appear, I am yet to learn; for of all others the distractions and turbulent temper of these people would, I should have thought, have afforded the strongest evidence of the necessity
[Note 32: The Annapolis Convention.] of competent powers somewhere. That the Foederal Government is nearly, if not quite at a stand, none will deny. The first question then is, shall it be annihilated or supported? If the latter, the proposed convention is an object of the first magnitude, and should be supported by all the friends of the present Constitution. In the other case, if on a full and dispassionate revision thereof, the continuance shall be adjudged impracticable or unwise, as only delaying an event which must 'ere long take place; would it not be better for such a Meeting to suggest some other, to avoid if possible civil discord or other impending evils? I must candidly confess, as we could not remain quiet more than three or four years in time of peace, under the Constitutions of our own choosing; which it was believed, in many States at least, were formed with deliberation and wisdom, I see little prospect either of our agreeing upon any other, or that we should remain long satisfied under it if we could. Yet I would wish any thing, and every thing essayed to prevent the effusion of blood, and to avert the humiliating and contemptible figure we are about to make in the annals of mankind.
If this second attempt to convene the States for the purposes proposed by the report of the partial representation at Annapolis in September, should also prove abortive, it may be considered as an unequivocal evidence that the States are not likely to agree on any general measure which is to pervade the Union, and of course that there is an end of Foederal Government. The States therefore which make the last dying essay to avoid these misfortunes, would be mortified at the issue, and their deputies would return home chagrined at their ill success and disappointment. This would be a disagreeable circumstance for any one of them to be in, but more particularly so for a person in my situation. If no further application is made to me, of course I do not attend; if there is, I am under no obligation to do it, but as I have had so many proofs of your friendship, know your abilities to judge, and your opportunities of learning the politics of the day, on the points I have enumerated, you would oblige me by a full and confidential communication of your sentiments thereon.
Peace and tranquillity prevail in this State. the Assembly by a very great majority, and in very emphatical terms, have rejected an application for paper money, and spurned the idea of fixing the value of military Certificates by a scale of depreciation. In some other respects too the proceedings of the present Session have been marked with justice and a strong desire of supporting the foederal system. Altho' I lament the effect, I am pleased at the cause which has deprived us of the pleasure of your aid in the attack of Christmas pies: we had one yesterday on which all the company, tho' pretty numerous, were hardly able to make an impression. Mrs. Washington and George and his wife (Mr. Lear I had occasion to send to the Western Country) join in affectione. regards for you, and with sentiments, &c.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 28, 1786.
Dr. Sir: It gave me pleasure to find by your letter of the 7th. that the petition of the Directors of the Potomac Company had met so ready and favorable a reception in the Assembly of Maryland. I am informed that an act similar to the one you sent me has passed the Legislature of this State, but I have received no official advice of it.
Permit me, my good Sir, to ask if there would be a probability of your Assembly's (if the matter should be laid before it) doing anything to good effect in the case stated in the enclosed letter from Mr. Wilson to me. I am one of the Executors, indeed the only surviving one, of Colo. Thomas Colvill; and am exceedingly anxious to have the administration of that Estate closed. I know nothing of the facts mentioned in Mr. Wilson's letter respecting the confiscations, sales, and the motives which led to them, in the instance alluded to, but would be thankful for your opinion and advice thereon.
Mr. Brindley34 promised me by letter in Octor. that he would call upon me in his way to So. Carolina, but I have not seen or heard from him since the date of his letter We ought undoubtedly to avail ourselves of all the aids we can derive from experimental knowledge in our reach. I concur readily therefore in sentiment with you and Mr. Lee that it would be proper to see what lights Mr. Brindley can afford us in conducting the navigation thro' the little Falls, and the idea of a model for the Locks at the great Falls, I think good for the reasons you offer, the expence will be trifling and the saving may be great.
[Note 34: James Brindley, son or nephew of the builder of the Bridgewater Canal.]
The lesson you seem fearful of learning will most assuredly be taught us. The strides we have already taken, and are now making, to corruption are inconceivably great; and I shall be exceedingly, but very agreeably disappointed if next Spring does not display scenes which will astonish the world. Nothing, I am certain, but the wisest councils and the most vigorous exertions can avert them.
With sentiments of very great esteem etc.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 28, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Will you allow me to give you the trouble of enquiring among your friends of the Eastern shore, now at Annapolis, if I could be furnished with one thousand feet of the best pine plank, precisely 24 feet long when dressed, to be without knots or sap. It is for the floor of my new room. Many years ago I provided for this, and thought myself secure of that which was perfectly seasoned. It had been dressed and laid by; but when I was about to make use of it, behold! two thirds of it was stolen, and the other 1/3 will match no plank I can now get.
I do not expect to get seasoned plank of this description; but on whom I cou'd depend for the length and quality, I would wish to know, for if I cannot be supplied with certainty, I shall immediately write to Norfolk. I would thank you for an answer by the Post. I am, etc.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 28, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I am now about to fulfill my promise with respect to the Drill plough and Timothy seed; both accompany this letter to Norfolk, to the care of Mr. Newton. The latter I persume is good, as I had it from a Gentleman (Colo. Levin Powell) on whom I can depend. The former, it is scarcely necessary to inform you, will not work to good effect in Land that is very full either of stumps, stones or large clods; but where the ground is tolerable free from these and in good tilth, and particularly in light land, I am certain you will find it equal to your most sanguine expectation for Indian Corn, wheat, Barley, Pease or any other tolerably round grain that you may wish to sow, or plant in this manner. I have sowed Oats very well with it, which is among the most inconvenient and unfit grains for this machine.
To give you a just idea of the use and management of it, I must observe, that the barrel at present has only one set of holes, and those adapted for the planting of Indian Corn only eight inches apart in the row: but by corking these, the same barrel may receive others of a size fitted for any other grain. To make the holes, observe this rule, begin small and encrease the size 'till they emit the number of grains, or thereabouts, you would chuse to deposit in a place. They should be burnt, done by a gage, (that all may be of a size) and made widest on the out side to prevent the seeds choking them. You may, in a degree, emit more or less through the same holes, by encreasing or lessening the quantity of seed in the barrel. The less there is in it, the faster it issues. The compressure is encreased by the quantity and the discharge is retarded thereby. The use of the band is to prevent the seeds issuing out of more holes than one at a time. It may be slackened or braced according to the influence the atmosphere has on the leather: the tighter it is, provided the wheels revolve easily, the better. By decreasing or multiplying the holes in the barrel, you may plant at any distance you please. The circumference of the wheels being six feet or 72 inches, divide the latter by the number of inches you intend your plants shall be asunder, and it gives the number of holes required in the barrel.
The sparse situation of the teeth in the harrow, is designed that the ground may be raked without the harrow being clogged, if the ground should be clody or grassy. The string, when this happens is to be the case, will raise and clear it with great ease, and is of service in turning at the ends of rows; at which time the wheels, by means of the handles, are raised off the ground as well as the harrow to prevent the waste of seed. A small bag, containing about a peck of the seed you are sowing, is hung to the nails on the right handle, and with a small tin cup the barrel is replenished with convenience whenever it is necessary without loss of time, or waiting to come up with the seed bag at the end of the row. I had almost forgot to tell you, that if the hole in the leather band (thro' which the seed is to pass when it comes in contact with the hole in the barrel) should incline to gape, or the lips of it turn out, so as to admit the seed between the band and barrel, it is easily, [ sic] and must be remedied by rivitting a piece of sheet tin, copper, or brass the width of the band, and about four inches long with a hole through it the size of the one in the leather, I found this effectual. Mrs. Washington joins me in presenting the compliments of the season to Mrs. Bland and yourself, and with great esteem, etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 29, 1786.
Sir: Many months having elapsed since I informed you in explicit terms of my want of the money which is due to me from the Estate of your deceased Father, without having received any acknowledgment of the letter, I presume it has miscarried. To avoid the like accident, I have taken the liberty of putting this letter under cover to Mr. Holmes, at the Bowling-green, who I persuade myself, will do me the favor of seeing that it gets safe to your hands.
It will serve to assure you, Sir, that I was disposed to hope, considering the long standing and nature of the debt, that you would not have laid me under the necessity of so often reminding you of it, and at length to inform you that however disagreeable it will be to me, I must have recourse to a Court of Justice if the money is not paid me without more delay; for you may believe me when I assure you I am really in want of it. I am, etc.37
Mount Vernon, December 29, 1786.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your official letter of the ulto. in answer to my circular one of the 31st. October; but will you permit me, in a private and friendly manner, to ask if my letter or a copy of it has been sent to the Vice President, General Gates? You would have perceived that that letter was intended to have met him in the double capacity of President of the State Society, and Vice President of the Genl. Meeting. In the former case, as he did not attend the State Meeting in Richmond, it was unnecessary that he should be furnished with a copy of it; but as Vice President he ought to be made acquainted with my intention of not attending the latter, the reason therefore of this enquiry is, that if it has not been [done] by the State Society, I may do it from hence.
I should be glad to know the names of the Delegates from this State to the general Meeting to be held in May next at Philada.
I shall be ready at all times between this and the appointment of my Successor,38 to sign any Diplomas which may be presented to me; but it will readily occur to you that after this event takes place my powers wou'd cease, and the signature would be invalid. With great esteem, etc.39
[Note 38: Washington was president of the Society of the Cincinnati until he died.]
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 29, 1786.
Dear Sir: I informed you in my last, that my own knowledge of the Western Country was rather general than otherwise, but promised to lose no opportunity of collecting every information which I thought might facilitate your intended settlement. Since which time I have had occasion to send Mr. Lear out as far as Pittsburg to transact some business for me in that quarter; I directed him to make such enquiries and to gain such information respecting the points touched upon in your letter as would enable me to answer it with more precision than my own knowledge would permit me to do. He has just returned, and I take the earliest opportunity of conveying to you such information as I hope will be satisfactory.
Cattle of every kind may be purchased in the neighbourhood of Pittsburg very reasonably and in any numbers. Iron castings, bar iron &c. may be bought there, and perhaps cheaper than they can be carried out by families that are removing. The prices of the following articles at and near Pittsburgh, will enable you to determine whether it wou'd be best to carry them out or purchase them there.
Cows (The Cows are not so large nor so good as those in Nw. England) £4 d £4:10. Pennsa: Cury.; Sheep 16/; Hogs 18/ Cwt; Beeves 25/ Cwt; Corn 2/6 d 2/8 pr. bushl; Wheat 3/6. d 4 Do; Flour 15/ Cwt; Salt 20/ and 25/ pr. bushl; Iron Castings 1/ pr lb; Bar iron 8d do; Wrought do 2/ do; Whiskey 3/ pr. gallon; Dry goods 40 pr. Ct. from their cost at Philada.
There is no furnace in the western Country, the nearest to those parts is on the Potomac, sixty miles below Fort Cumberland. Salt may be purchased at Kentucky cheaper than at Pittsburgh, as they have salt Springs in that Country from which they can supply themselves with that article.
You desired my advice respecting the best mode of effecting your plan; but as you did not point out to me the part of the Country where the settlement is intended to be made; I can only give you my opinion as to the best plan of getting over the Alleghany mountains to the Western waters.
I should think it would be well (if the Settlers intend going out in large bodies) to send some person into that Country to make proper arrangements previous to their going; such as to procure Cattle and provisions, provide boats to go down the River &c. The familes could come to Alexandria by water: from thence to Fort Cumberland which is 150 miles there is a good waggon road. From the latter place it would be best to pursue Braddocks road (which is well settled and has good accomodations upon it) to Red Stone 75 miles from Cumberland, where boats are built for the purpose of going down the Ohio, and which is the general rendezvous for people going into the Western Country. These Boats are flat, very large and capable of carrying forty or fifty Tons: they cost from twenty to thirty pounds Pennsylvania currency, according to their size. They generally stop at Pittsburgh in their way down, to procure any Articles they may have occasion for: or boats may be procured at that place which is 50 miles from Red Stone old Fort, and the people can embark there. I am, etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 1, 1787.
Sir: The Letter which you did me the honor of writing to me the 6th. ulto. together with the Memorial which accompanied it41 came safe, after some delay.
[Note 41: In the Society of the Cincinnati Deposit in the Library of Congress.]
Without entering into the merits of the latter, which I could only do as an individual, I shall regret that your zeal for the honor, and your wishes to advance what you conceived to be the interests of the Society of the Cincinnati, should have led you into difficulties which are attended with such embarrassing circumstances, and from which none but the general Meeting (to be held at Philada. in May next) can afford you relief. It shall be my care to hand the Memorial to that body for consideration.
In the meantime, if my resources were adequate, it would afford me much pleasure to advance the sum for which you are engaged; but altho' there is no legal obligation upon me to disclose the state of my own finances, and in prudence it might perhaps be better to avoid it; yet Sir, as a testimony of my disposition to serve you if I had the means, I will assure you that what with the losses I sustained during the war, in having, almost without exception the monies which were due to me paid in at a depreciated value, (some at less than 6d. in the pound), my own Debts now to pay at their intrinsic value, with interest thereon, and other circumstances which are unnecessary to enumerate, I find it exceedingly difficult, without the weight of extraneous matters, to make my funds and expenditures accord with each other.
I can only repeat to you the pleasure I should have had, and shall have in seeing you at this seat of my retirement, if circumstances had permitted, or would permit you to visit it, and the assurances of esteem with which, I am, etc.
P. S. Not knowing that the picture mentioned in the postscript to your letter had been sent to this Country; I wrote to the Gentn. who did me the honor of offering it (as soon as I received his letter) declining the acceptance, under conviction that it would not have justice done it in any situation I could place it in my house. Since it is arrived I am at a loss what further to say on the subject, as my letter has long since been dispatched, and if I recollect rightly was addressed to your care. Perhaps it would be best now to await a reply.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1787.
Sir: I received your letter of the 30th. of October, together with your Dissertation on opium. You will please Sir, to accept my thanks for the honor which you did me in the dedication of your work. Altho' I am not desireous of compliments of this kind, and have put off several applications which have been made to dedicate literary productions to me, yet I should always wish to encourage every useful and beneficial performance as much as is in my power. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1787.
Sir: Your letter of the 31st. of Decemr. came duly to hand. I cannot say that I shall be happy to have it in my power to comply with your request by sending you the bodies of my Pheasants; but I am afraid it will not be long before they will compose a part of your Museum, as they all appear to be drooping. One of the Silver Pheasants died sometime before the receipt of your letter, and its body was thrown away, but whenever any of the others make their exit they shall be sent to you agreeably to your request. I am etc.46
[Note 46: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
[Note 47: Consisted of T. Seddon, W. Spotswood, C. Cist, J. Trenchard, and others, in Philadelphia, Pa.]
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1787.
Gentn: I have received the 10th. of your letter of Decemr. together with the several numbers of the Columbian Magazine. I thank you for your attention to me in sending the several numbers which have been published, and wish you to consider me a subscriber; as I conceive a publication of that kind may be the means of conveying much useful knowledge to the community which might otherwise be lost, and when it is properly conducted, it should, in my opinion be properly encouraged. I am, etc.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1787.
Sir: [Your letter of the 26th. Ult. did not reach me till within these 3 days, or it should have received an earlier acknowledgment.
The land I advertised for Sale in Fayette County containing 1650 acres or thereabouts, by the Patents, may, as a tract, be considered as equal to any in the County, or Country; but as it is my wish that the purchaser should examine it, I will say no more than that there is an appearance of a rich Iron Ore at the door of the Mill, which is now much out of repair.
Small tracts of land in the vicinity of this, of the same quality have sold for three pounds and upwards Pensa. Curry. an Acre. But if one person will take the whole of mine, I would let it go for Forty shillings that money an Acre (payable in Specie) one fourth down, the other three fourths in annual payments, with interest from] the date of the Bonds; perhaps a longer time might be allowed.49
[Note 49: From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, 1920. The portion in brackets is from the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1787.
My Dear Bushrod: I condole most sincerely with you, my Sister and family, on the death of my Brother.50 I feel most sensibly for this event; but resignation being our duty, to attempt an expression of my sorrow on this occasion would be as feebly described, as it would be unavailing when related.
[Note 50: John Augustine Washington.]
If there are any occasional services which I can render my Sister51 or any of you, I shall have great pleasure in the execution. If I could discharge the duties of an Executor, I would undertake the trust most chearfully; but in truth I am not in a situation to do this. Already I am so much involved in, and so perplexed with other peoples affairs, that my own are very much unattended to. Happily, there is not the least occasion of my assistance in the administration of your deceased Father's Estate. Your competency alone is sufficient for this purpose, when joined by that of my Sister and your brother, the task
[Note 51: Hannah Bushrod Washington.] will be easy. It may be an alleviating circumstance of my brother's death, that his affairs fall into such good hands, and that each of you have dispositions and capability to do what is proper.
I hope this letter will find my Sister in a better situation than when your's left her. Every good wish of this family is offered for it, and the sincerest regard for you all. With unfeigned Affection I am, etc.
P.S. Mr. Lear is returned from the Western Country. In consequence of my request to Majr. Freeman, to advance Mr. Smith's fees for the Suit depending on accot. of your Lands in Fayette Coty., he had sent me the enclosed, which I forward that you may know how that matter stands.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1787.
Dear Sir: I should have presented you with an earlier acknowledgement of your favor of the 4th. ulto., but expecting to meet the Directors of the Potomac Company, I delayed writing 'till it was over, that I might give you the trouble of receiving one letter only, in answer to the several parts of it.
Having laid before the Directors that part of your letter which respects the opinions of Mr. Yates and Captn. Harris on inland navigations unincumbered with Locks, I am authorized to say that any information on this head from Captain Harris, containing the principles of the substitutes for Locks, by which so considerable a saving as you speak of can be made, would be most thankfully received; and if upon the investigation or practice on them, they shall be found of such oeconomy and utility as is mentioned, the Board would cheerfully give a further proof of their sense of the obligation they would feel themselves under for such important advice.
When you shall have received Mr. Yates's observations on the comparison of the Orchard and New River grasses, I shall be obliged to you for a transcript of them, as I am persuaded they have been made with attention, accuracy and judgment. I have never seen, nor do I remember ever to have read or heard of any grass, denominated Egyptian grass. Whence comes it? From the Country of that name? If so, may it not in fact be our Blue grass, not yet perfectly assimilated by the Climate and soil of this meridian?
I am much obliged by the offer of your farm for the accommodation of my lately arrived Jack Ass; (which I think an exceeding fine one) but as he is too young to cover, being only two years old, and females came along with him, the same attendance does for all of them. And besides as they seem (if I was to form an opinion of the two Jacks from present appearances) to be designed for as different purposes as a Courser and Dray, there will be no propriety in separating them hereafter. The one will suit the strong heavy draft, and the other the light and active one for the road.
I pray you to offer my best respects to Mrs. Carter, in which Mrs. Washington unites. I am, etc.53
[Note 53: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 12, 1787.
Sir: It will not be difficult for you to conceive my surprise when I inform you that after waiting near three years since my return home in expectation that an account would be rendered me of the management of my Estate below; and calling, with some degree of astonishment, on Mr. Hill for this neglect, to find by his answer lately received, that the accounts had been settled years ago with you, and not only the produce of that Estate paid into your hands, but that other considerable sums of money which he had collected for me from Mr. Newton of Norfolk, for Flour, Fish &c. sent him from my Estate in this County to dispose of on commission had gone this way also.
If it had been inconvenient for you to have delivered me my money, would it not have been right to have given me the accot. and to have informed me of the circumstances which had occasioned the detention of it? Strange and unaccountable as this conduct is, I shall for the present (as I am entirely in the dark with respect to this business) content myself with requesting that the accounts and papers which were put into your hands for my use by Mr. Hill, may be returned either to him or me, with a statement of any transactions of your own on my account, previously or subsequent thereto, that I may know how to come to a final settlement with Mr. Hill.
This request, I expect will meet no denial or delay: reason, Justice and every other consideration call upon you for a compliance therewith. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 12, 1787.
Sir: Your Letter of the 24th. of September in answer to mine of the 20th. of August was a long time in getting to my hands, and very unsatisfactory when it arrived. If you were ever directed by me to settle your accounts with, and pay the produce of my Estate under your management into the hands of Mr. Posey, I should be glad to receive a copy of the order. My memory, nor any paper in my possession does not furnish me with the least trace of my having ever given such an order; yet I will not say the fact is otherwise, because the busy scenes in which I was engaged during my continuance in public life, and the multiplicity of things which were constantly pressing on my mind in those days, may have driven the remembrance of it from me. It is for this reason I ask for a copy of the authority under which that matter was transacted. The last letter I can find any copy of, to you, was written from a place called Fredg. in the State of New York and dated the 27th. of Octor.55 in answer to one from you of the 5th. of September. In this letter I inform you that I had rented my whole Estate, under your care, to Mr. Custis, and requested in the most explicit terms, "that all the money you now possess, or may hereafter receive of mine, before you quit Mr. Custis's business, may be sent to Mr. Lund Washington by him or some other safe hand. And before you remove from your present employment, I must further beg that you will furnish me with an exact accot. of every thing sold from, and purchased for my Estate under your care, in short, the exact state of all expenditures and sales for my use since the last account I settled with you myself; and as letters are subject to miscarriage, I shall be obliged to you to leave a copy thereof with a list of the balances due me (if any there should be), with Mr. Custis, that I may in case of accidents be provided with another copy from him. When I speak of a list of balances, I hope and trust there will be few or none, first from your care in making your collections, and next from the plenty of money, which leaves every person without even the shadow of excuse to withold payment of debts, at this time. But if the case should be otherwise, a list of those debts first properly settled and reduced to specialties (to avoid disputes in the collection by a new hand unacquainted with
[Note 55: See Washington's letter to James Hill, Oct, 27, 1778, ante (vol. 13).] the transactions, and unable to account for things which would not be disputed with you) left with Mr. Custis, will enable him, or some other person in my behalf to receive payment of the money, with such interest as may be due on the Bonds or Bills".
In a P.S. to this letter, you are desired to put the Tobacco Notes into Colo. Bassett's hands, to be disposed of for my benefit. If subsequent to these you received orders from me to pay my money, and surrender your accots. into the hands of Mr. Posey, I should be glad to be informed of it, as it is my desire to act with candour and fairness in this as well as in every other business. To me it seems exceedingly strange, however, that you should have no copies of the accounts you gave up, common prudence I should have thought would have dictated a measure of this kind to any man.
In your letter of the 24th. of September last, you say you never received any money from Mr. Newton except £180, from one Jacob Williams by his order; but by a letter of your own, in my possession, dated the 10th. of May 1777, you not only acknowledge the receipt of the above sum, but of £120, more from Mr. Willm. Holt in consequence of an order from the same Gentleman, and besides these two sums, I am charged in Mr. Newton's account with £100 paid you the 12th. of September 1776 at the time you received these orders.
It is indispensably necessary that these matters between you and me shou'd be settled, and it is much my wish that it could be done in an amicable and friendly way. I hope you will therefore pursue the necessary modes to do this and without delay which will be exceedingly pleasing to, Sir, Yr. etc.
P.S. I have just written to Mr. Posey to surrender your Accots. to you or me.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1787.
Sir: It is now more than six weeks since I begged to be informed in decided terms, if you would furnish me with 50 Bushls. of Barley, that I might know whether to depend upon that quantity from you, or resort to Philadelphia for it, where it had been offered to me.
I informed you too, that unless the latter was seasonably embraced I might, in case of failure with you, be disappointed altogether. To this momt. (when arrangements should not only have been made, but the ground had in full preparation) I am left in uncertainty, a wish to be relieved from it, must be my apology for giving you the trouble of another letter on this subject. I am etc.57
[Note 57: From a facsimile kindly furnished by J. D. B. Peters, of Tampa, Fla.]
Mount Vernon, January 23, 1787.
Sir: Your letter of the 26th. of October,58 and the piece of Antiquity accompanying it, I received by the hands of Doctr. Stuart on the 13th. inst:
[Note 58: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
You will be pleased to accept of my thanks for your politeness in sending me the latter which, on account of its antiquity and having been once the property of so remarkable a character as Oliver Cromwell, would undoubtedly render it pleasing to almost anyone, and to an antiquary, perhaps invaluable. I am, etc.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 60: Comptroller general and receiver of taxes of the State of Pennsylvania.]
Mount Vernon, January 23, 1787.
Sir: Your letter of the 9th. instant, together with a statement of the Finances of the State of Pennsylvania, came duly to hand. You will accept of my best thanks for your attention and politeness in transmitting to me the above Statement.
The prosperity of any part of the Union gives me a singular pleasure, and I cannot but express the satisfaction I feel at the happy situation of your Finances. I am, etc.59
Mount Vernon, January 23, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 13th. came to my hands a few days after my Nephew G: Washington left this for New Kent, which, and his not seeing you on his way down, were unlucky circumstances as he could, and no doubt would have arranged matters so as that a Vessel which is sent from Colchester to York River for Negroes which Colonel Bassett has given him, might have stopped at the mouth of Potomac creek for the Oats and other articles you have been so obliging as to provide for me.
Immediately upon the receipt of your letter, I wrote to George informing him, of the contents of it, requesting him to order the Vessel to stop at the above place for the purpose mentioned; but the chances, I fear, are against the letter's getting to his hands. Nevertheless, I pray you to desire Mr. Young61 to get his Oats ready without delay as the Vessel will not, indeed ought not to be detained a moment longer on her passage, than is indispensably necessary to transport the Oats and other things across, which will be done at one trip if waggons can be hired. To this end my nephew (if the letter reaches him) is instructed. If this vessel should not stop, another shall be sent to Potomac creek, it will be proper therefore that no time should be lost in preparing the Oats.
[Note 61: Who had rented Col. Burges Ball's place called "Traveller's Rest."]
For the different kinds of seeds, you have promised me of your own growth, I pray you to accept my thanks. I shall be attentive to make the most of them, and shall be obliged to you for letting me know whether the Barley, or bear (as your farmer calls it) is a Spring or Winter grain; and at what time it ought to be sown. Your bunch-bean accounts for the mistake of asking for bunch peas. George led me into it, for I had never heard of them before. The Beans must be valuable, and I shall esteem them an acquisition. When ought they to be planted? Is your field pea subject to the bug, as the garden peas are? How did your field beans turn out? If you have any of these to spare I would thank you for some. They are (if of the proper sort) highly esteemed in the present husbandry of England as a preparatory crop for wheat.
Mrs. Washington and Fanny join me in offering every good wish for you, my niece and the family; and with sentiments of great regard and affection, I am, etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1787.
Sir: I am perfectly satisfied with your determination respecting the Negroes. The money will be infinitely more agreeable to me than property of that sort. It will too, if I should want any of those people, procure them on more advantageous terms than I offered.
I beg that the Certificates may be no longer delayed. I have already sunk one hundred pounds specie by consenting to take them at 4 for 1 at the moment I did this, as appeared by the Richmond Gazette which came to my hands a day or two afterwards the price of them was 4½ and five. Now Doctr. Stuart tells me the latter is with difficulty obtained. I wish therefore to do something with these before my loss becomes greater.
The money sent by Mr. Diggs came safe. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The volume of the Washington "Letter Books," which commences with Feb. 1, 1787, is in an unidentified handwriting. The copying is so inaccurately and carelessly done as to render palpable corrections not only advisable but necessary.]
Mount Vernon, February 3, 1787.
My dear Sir: I feel myself exceedingly obliged to you for the full, and friendly communications in your letters of the 14th. 21st. and 25th. ult; and shall (critically as matters are described in the latter) be extremely anxious to know the issue of the movements of the forces that were assembling, the one to support, the other to oppose the constitutional rights of Massachusetts. The moment is, indeed, important! If government shrinks, or is unable to enforce its laws; fresh manoeuvres will be displayed by the insurgents, anarchy and confusion must prevail, and every thing will be turned topsy turvey in that State; where it is not probable the mischiefs will terminate.
In your letter of the 14th. you express a wish to know my intention respecting the Convention, proposed to be held in Philada. in May next. In confidence I inform you, that it is not, at this time, my purpose to attend it. When this matter was first moved in the Assembly of this State, some of the principal characters of it wrote to me, requesting to be permitted to put my name in the delegation. To this I objected. They again pressed, and I again refused; assigning among other reasons my having declined meeting the Society of the Cincinnati at that place, about the same time, and that I thought it would be disrespectfull to that body (to whom I ow'd much) to be there on any other occasion. Notwithstanding these intimations, my name was inserted in the Act; and an official communication thereof made by the Executive to me, to whom, at the sametime that I expressed my sense for the confidence reposed in me, I declared, that as I saw no prospect of my attending, it was my wish that my name might not remain in the delegation, to the exclusion of another. To this I have been requested, in emphatical terms, not to decide absolutely, as no inconvenience would result from the non-appointment of another, at least for sometime.
Thus the matter stands, which is the reason of my saying to you in confidence that at present I retain my first intention, not to go. In the meanwhile as I have the fullest conviction of your friendship for, and attachment to me; know your abilities to judge; and your means of information, I shall receive any communications from you, respecting this business, with thankfulness. My first wish is, to do for the best, and to act with propriety; and you know me too well, to believe that reserve or concealment of any circumstance or opinion, would be at all pleasing to me. The legallity of this Convention I do not mean to discuss, nor how problematical the issue of it may be. That powers are wanting, none can deny. Through what medium they are to be derived, will, like other matters, engage public attention. That which takes the shortest course to obtain them, will, in my opinion, under present circumstances, be found best. Otherwise, like a house on fire, whilst the most regular mode of extinguishing it is contended for, the building is reduced to ashes. My opinion of the energetic wants of the federal government are well known; publickly and privately I have declared it; and however constitutionally it may be for Congress to point out the defects of the foederal System, I am strongly inclined to believe that it would not be found the most efficatious channel for the recommendation, more especially the alterations, to flow, for reasons too obvious to enumerate.
The System on which you seem disposed to build a National government is certainly more energetic, and I dare say, in every point of view more desirable than the present one; which, from experience, we find is not only slow, debilitated, and liable to be thwarted by every breath, but is defective in that secrecy, which for the accomplishment of many of the most important national purposes is indispensably necessary; and besides, having the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary departments concentered, is exceptionable. But at the sametime I give this opinion, I believe that the political machine will yet be much tumbled and tossed, and possibly be wrecked altogether, before such a system as you have defined will be adopted. The darling Sovereignties of the States individually, The Governors elected and elect. The Legislators, with a long train of et cetera whose political consequence will be lessened, if not anihilated, would give their weight of opposition to such a revolution. But I may be speaking without book, for scarcely ever going off my own farms I see few people who do not call upon me; and am very little acquainted with the Sentiments of the great world; indeed, after what I have seen, or rather after what I have heard, I shall be surprized at nothing; for if three years since any person had told me that at this day, I should see such a formidable rebellion against the laws and constitutions of our own making as now appears I should have thought him a bedlamite, a fit subject for a mad house. Adieu, you know how much, and how sincerely I am etc.
Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for yourself, Mrs. Knox and the family.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, February 4, 1787.
My dear Sir: I thank you for asking my commands to Fredericksburg. It is not my wish to be your competitor in the purchase of any of Mr. Hunters tradesmen: especially as I am in a great degree principled against increasing my number of Slaves by purchase and suppose moreover that Negroes sold on credit will go high. yet if you are not disposed to buy the Bricklayer which is advertized for Sale, for your own use, find him in the vigour of life, from report a good workman and of tolerable character and his price does not exceed one hundred, or a few more pounds, I should be glad if you would buy him for me. I have much work in this way to do this Summer. If he has a family, with which he is to be sold; or from whom he would reluctantly part I decline the purchase, his feelings I would not be the means of hurting in the latter case, nor at any rate be incumbered with the former. I am, etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 9, 1787.
Sir: As your last letter of the 3d. inst. places me on better ground with respect to seed Barley (than) your former one of the 18th of November did, and as (it) will be inconvenient and injurious to me to withhold some of my best ground from Oats till it may be too late to put this ground in to advantage from the uncertain expectation of Barley.
This letter is to pray that you will decline all further trouble in inquiring for the latter, on my account. as I have wrote to the same Gentlemen who procured me 50 Bushels (and could then have got an 100) to add 50 more if now to be had. If your Barley from the Eastward should arrive in Season to be sown, is of the spring sort, and good in quality, and you can spare a few bushels to put me in Seed against another year I shall be obliged by it; a dozen bushels may suffice.
Clover Seed I have supplied myself with long ago. I hope you will have the goodness to excuse me for the trouble I have given you in making enquiries. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 11, 1787.
Dear Sir: As we are now on the verge of the middle of Feby: and the season is fast approaching when the ground should be in readiness to receive spring grain, permit me to remind you of the Barley you were so obliging as to procure for me, and beg (as I have been disappointed in another expectation) that the 50 bushels may be encreased to one hundred, if in your power to do it conveniently. At any rate write me decidedly, what I have to expect, that I may not, in expectation of Barley, with-hold my best grounds from oats till it is too late to sow them, to advantage. Ascertain the freight, in the Bill of Lading that I am to pay for the Barley and Clover Seed: without this is previously done, impositions are but too commonly met with.
Since writing to you I have met with, and obtained the quantity wanted, of Jerusalem Artichoke. What price would well cured Herrings sell for with you, by the barrel? Are they in demand? and what would be the freight from this River to Philadelphia? I have about 50 Barrels that I am told are good. With great esteem I am, etc.
P.S. If the Vessel by which you send the Barley and should not sailed, pray send me two good and Strong linnen Wheels.
I would thank you for paying Messr. Sedden and Co. for the Columbian Magazines which they have sent me.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 11, 1787.
Dear Sir: On the 3d. of Novr., I had the honr. of addressing your Excelly, a letter of which the enclosed is a copy. Having heard nothing from you since, I am led to apprehend a miscarriage of it, and therefore give you the trouble of a duplicate; not knowing what reply to make to Sir Edward Neweham, or what more to do in this business untill I am favoured with your answer. With the greatest respect and regard. I have the honor etc.67
[Note 67: From a facsimile. The original was in the possession of a Col. Ellicott F. Shepard in 1889.]
Mount Vernon, February 11, 1787.
It is now two or three months since I requested, in very explicit terms, that if my flour was not then sold, that it might be disposed of for whatever it would fetch, and the money remitted to me by Doctr. Stuart who was then attending the Assembly, or some other safe conveyance. As I have heard nothing from you since, it is probable the letter may have miscarried. I therefore beg that no further delay may arise in transmitting me the proceeds, as I want the money.
In the letter alluded to above, to the best of my recollection I asked if well cured Herrings commanded a ready sale at Norfolk and what pr. Barrel? I am, etc.66
Mount Vernon, February 14, 1787.
Dear Charles: When the enclosed was written, I knew nothing of George's68 intention of visiting Berkeley. The safe conveyance afforded by him, is very favorable, and [I] gladly embraced it.
[Note 68: George Augustine Washington.]
Having seen Bushrod and Corbin Washington on their way from Berkeley, their information is the subject of this letter and is exceedingly distressing to me, inasmuch as I have not the means of affording immediate relief. By them I learn that the remaining negros of my deceased Brother Samuel's Estate are under an execution, and a momentary sale of them may be expected, and this too by the extraordinary conduct of Mr. White in applying moneys received towards the discharge of a Bond not in Suit when they ought to have given it in payment of Mr. Alexander's claim, on which judgment had been, or was on the point of being obtained. How in the name of Heaven came Mr. White to be vested with powers to dispose of the money he should recover unaccompanied with instructions respecting the disposal. will not Mr. Alexander when he sees every exertion making to pay him have mercy on the orphan? Can he as a Father and man of feeling see the Fatherless reduced from Competency to distress untouched? If there was an unwillingness to pay him, if property had not been sold for the express purpose of doing it, and if there was not a prospect of [its] being done in a very short time, it would be right in Mr. Alexander to push matters to extremity; but when (as I am informed) in the case every exertion is making to satisfy him, to cause perhaps three pounds worth of property to be sold to raise 20/cash, this would be inconsistent with that benevolence which should be characteristic of every man and to which, from what I have heard of the Gentleman, he is justly entitled. I therefore think as Executor to the will and guardian to the boys, you should before the dye is cast apply by fair and candid representation to Mr. Alexander on this subject, not in the cold mode of letter, but personally, to see if this evil cannot be averted. Vain would it be for me to offer Mr. Alexander any assurances of the money at a short given day. I cannot get it from those who owe me without suit, and I hate to sue them. I have offered lands for sale at very moderate prices, but have not been able to sell them. Otherwise, or if I could raise the money by any other means, I would relieve my nephews without hesitation from the impending evil. Indeed, I would essay any thing to save the estate; for if the negros are sold for ready money, they will go for a song. To add aught to this is unnecessary. With the most affectionate regards.
My love, in which Mrs. Washington joins, to my sister and the family.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 15, 1787.
Hond. Madam: In consequence of your communication to George Washington,70 of your want of money, I take the (first safe) conveyance by Mr. John Dandridge to send you 15 Guineas, which believe me is all I have, and which indeed ought to have been paid many days ago to another, agreeable to my own assurances. I have now demands upon me for more than 500 £, three hundred and forty odd of which is due for the tax of 1786; and I know not where or when, I shall receive one shilling with which to pay it. In the last two years I made
[Note 70: George Augustine Washington.] no crops. In the first I was obliged to buy corn and this year have none to sell, and my wheat is so bad, I cannot either eat it myself nor sell it to others, and Tobacco I make none. Those who owe me money cannot or will not pay it without suits, and to sue is to do nothing; whilst my expences, not from any extravagance, or an inclination on my part to live splendidly, but for the absolute support of my family and the visitors who are constantly here, are exceedingly high; higher indeed than I can support without selling part of my estate, which I am disposed to do, rather than run in debt, or continue to be so; but this I cannot do, without taking much less than the lands I have offered for sale are worth. This is really and truely my situation. I do not however offer it as any excuse for not paying you what may really be due; for let this be little or much, I am willing, however unable, to pay to the utmost farthing; but it is really hard upon me when you have taken every thing you wanted from the Plantation by which money could be raised, when I have not received one farthing, directly nor indirectly from the place for more than twelve years, if ever, and when, in that time I have paid, as appears by Mr. Lund Washington's accounts against me (during my absence) Two hundred and sixty odd pounds, and by my own account Fifty odd pounds out of my own Pocket to you, besides (if I am rightly informed) every thing that has been raised by the Crops on the Plantation. Who to blame, or whether any body is to blame for these things I know not, but these are facts; and as the purposes for which I took the Estate are not answered, nor likely to be so, but dissatisfaction on all sides have taken place, I do not mean to have any thing more to say to your Plantation or negros since the first of January, except the fellow who is here, and who will not, as he has formed connections in this neighborhood, leave it. As experience has proved him, I will hire. Of this my intention, I informed my brother John sometime ago, whose death I sincerely lament on many accounts, and on this painful event condole with you most sincerely. I do not mean by this declaration to withhold any aid or support I can give from you; for whilst I have a shilling left, you shall have part, if it is wanted, whatever my own distresses may be. What I shall then give, I shall have credit for; now I have not, for tho' I have received nothing from your Quarter, and am told that every farthing goes to you, and have moreover paid between 3 and 4 hundred pounds besides out of my own pocket, I am viewed as a delinquent, and considered perhaps by the world as [an] unjust and undutiful son. My advice to you, therefore, is to do one of two things with the Plantation. Either let your grandson Bushrod Washington, to whom the land is given by his Father, have the whole interest there, that is, lands and negros, at a reasonable rent; or, next year (for I presume it is too late this, as the overseer may be engaged) to let him have the land at a certain yearly rent during your life; and hire out the negros. This would ease you of all care and trouble, make your income certain, and your support ample. Further, my sincere and pressing advice to you is, to break up housekeeping, hire out all the rest of your servants except a man and a maid, and live with one of your children. This would relieve you entirely from the cares of this world, and leave your mind at ease to reflect undisturbedly on that which ought to come. On this subject I have been full with my Brother John, and it was determined he should endeavor to get you to live with him. He alas is no more, and three, only of us remain. My house is at your service, and [I] would press you most sincerely and most devoutly to accept it, but I am sure, and candor requires me to say, it will never answer your purposes in any shape whatsoever. For in truth it may be compared to a well resorted tavern, as scarcely any strangers who are going from north to south, or from south to north, do not spend a day or two at it. This would, were you to be an inhabitant of it, oblige you to do one of 3 things: 1st, to be always dressing to appear in company; 2d, to come into [the room] in a dishabille, or 3d, to be as it were a prisoner in your own chamber. The first you'ld not like; indeed, for a person at your time of life it would be too fatiguing. The 2d, I should not like, because those who resort here are, as I observed before, strangers and people of the first distinction. And the 3d, more than probably, would not be pleasing to either of us. Nor indeed could you be retired in any room in my house; for what with the sitting up of company, the noise and bustle of servants, and many other things, you would not be able to enjoy that calmness and serenity of mind, which in my opinion you ought now to prefer to every other consideration in life. If you incline to follow this advice, the House and lots on which you now live you may rent, and enjoy the benefit of the money arising therefrom as long as you live. This with the rent of the land at the little falls,71 and the hire of your negros, would bring you in an income which would be much more than sufficient to answer all your wants and make ample amends to the child you live with; for myself I should desire nothing; if it did not, I would most cheerfully contribute more. A man, a maid, the phaeton and two horses, are all you would want. To lay in a sufficiency for the support of these would not require ¼ of your income, the rest would purchase every necessary you could possibly want, and place it in your power to be serviceable to those with whom you may live, which no doubt would be agreeable to all parties.
[Note 71: Of the Rappahannock.]
There are such powerful reasons in my mind for giving this advice that I cannot help urging it with a degree of earnestness which is uncommon for me to do. It is, I am convinced, the only means by which you can be happy. The cares of a family, without any body to assist you; the charge of an estate the profits of which depend upon wind, weather, a good overseer, and honest man, and a thousand other circumstances, cannot be right or proper at your advanced age, and for me, who am absolutely prevented from attending to my own plantations, which are almost within call of me, to attempt the care of yours, would be folly in the extreme; but [by] the mode I have pointed out, you may reduce your income to a certainty, be eased of all trouble, and if you are so disposed, may be perfectly happy; for happiness depends more upon the internal frame of a person's own mind, than on the externals in the world. Of the last, if you will pursue the plan here recommended, I am sure you can want nothing that is essential. The other depends wholly upon yourself, for the riches of the Indies cannot purchase it.
Mrs. Washington, George and Fanny join me in every good wish for you, and I am, honored madame, your most dutiful and aff. son.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 15, 1787.
Sir: I have just received your letter of the 4th. inst. and the 50 pounds sent by Mr. A. Morton.
Mr. Wales accepted the order upon him and says he will endeavour to pay it when it becomes due, but as the time of payment has not yet arrived I cannot say anything decided upon it. It is not in my power to send a person to Leesburg agreeable to your request as the time which you mentioned to be there has already elapsed.
Tho' I am not in want of Horses at present, yet, as it may prevent my tenants from being distressed, and perhaps be the only chance I may have to secure my rent, I will consent to take a few, at a reasonable price, provided they are young, strong and serviceable I should prefer good breeding mares, but old horses I will not receive at any rate. The cut money in the 50 pounds mentioned above fell short by weight 10/6 I do not regard the present difficiency, but only mention it, that in future, you may receive it by weight as that is the only way in which it will pass here. I am, etc.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 16, 1787.
Sir: You will receive by the Stage the body of my Gold Pheasant, packed up in wool agreeable to your directions. He made his Exit yesterday, which enables me to comply with your request much sooner than I wished to do. I am afraid the others will follow him but too soon, as they all appear to be drooping; whether it is owing to their being confined, or to the Climate, I am not able to say: I am very desirous of giving them Liberty, but the danger of their being taken by the Hawkes prevents me. I am etc.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From a photostat of the original in the possession of Miss Eleanor Bruno, of Ridley Park, Pa.]
[Note 75: Member of the Maryland Senate.]
Mount Vernon, February 16, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 30th Ulto. came duly to hand. To give an opinion in a cause of so much importance as that which has warmly agitated two branches of your legislature, and which, from the appeal that is made, is likely to create great and perhaps dangerous divisions, is rather a delicate matter; but, as this diversity of opinion is on a subject which has, I believe, occupied the minds of most men, and as my sentiments thereon have been fully and decidedly expressed long before the Assembly either of Maryland or this State were convened, I do not scruple to declare that, if I had a voice in your Legislature, it would have been given decidedly against a paper emission upon the general principles of its utility as a representative, and the necessity of it as a medium. and as far as I have been able to understand its advocates (for the two papers you sent me were the same, and contained no reasons of the House of Delegates for the local want of it in your State, though I have seen and given them a cursory reading elsewhere) I should have been very little less opposed to it.76
[Note 76: The Maryland House of Delegates had passed an act to issue bills of credit for £350,000 for a loan, redeemable in 10 years at an interest rate of 6%. The Senate refused to agree to this.]
To assign reasons for this opinion would be as unnecessary as tedious. The ground has been so often trod, that a place hardly remains untouched. But in a word, the necessity arising from a want of specie is represented as greater than it really is. I contend, that it is by the substance, not with the shadow of a thing, we are to be benefitted. The wisdom of man, in my humble opinion, cannot at this time devise a plan, by which the credit of paper money would be long supported; consequently depreciation keeps pace with the quantity of the emission, and articles, for which it is exchanged, rise in a greater ratio than the sinking value of the money. Wherein, then, is the farmer, the planter, the artisan benefitted? The debtor may be, because, as I have observed, he gives the shadow in lieu of the substance; and, in proportion to his gain, the creditor or the body politic suffer. Whether it be a legal tender or not, it will, as hath been observed very truly, leave no alternative. It must be that or nothing. An evil equally great is, the door it immediately opens for speculation, by which the least designing, and perhaps most valuable, part of the community are preyed upon by the more knowing and crafty speculators.
But, contrary to my intention and declaration, I am offering reasons in support of my opinion; reasons too, which of all others are least pleasing to the advocates for paper money. I shall therefore only observe generally, that so many people have suffered by former emissions, that, like a burnt child who dreads the fire, no person will touch it who can possibly avoid it. The natural consequence of which will be, that the specie, which remains unexported, will be instantly locked up. With great esteem and regard, I am, &c.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 18, 1787.
My dear Humphreys: Colo. Wadsworth handed me your obliging and much esteemed favor of the 20th. ulto., for which I offer you my sincere thanks.
The tranquil State in which this Commonwealth is, affords me nothing to offer you in return for the interesting communications in your letter of the above date. The house of Delegates in Maryland, have, on the Contrary, broke up in high dudgeon because the Senate would not agree to a paper emission, on loan. Both houses, it is said, have appealed to their Constituents; which may, eventually, produce a Lilliputian rebellion in that State. Thus we go on.
As you are near the theatre of more important transactions, and have the Wheels of the Political machine much more in view than I have, I hope you will not find it incompatible with your military [duties?] to allot a few moments, now and then, for the purpose of keeping me advised of their revolutions. My anxiety for the welfare of this Country increases with the attempts to destroy the peace of it. What is to be done is in every bodies mouth? Yet none can answer. Which is conviction to my mind that matters must get worse before they will be better.
You have the good wishes of every one in this family, and the warmest affection of your Sincere friend.78
[Note 78: The text is from the Washington-Humphreys copies, in the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., furnished through the kindness of R. W. G. Vail, librarian.]
[Note 80: Of Alexandria, Va.]
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1787.
Madam: I must beg the favor of you to give the bearer (Mr Lear a young Gentleman who lives with me) a decided answer with respect to the money which is due to me from the Estate of Mr. Kirk your late husband, I wish it may not be forgotten that the Flour for which this money is due ought to have been paid on the delivery of it notwithstanding I have been kept out of it so long.
I beg leave to add that it is from the real want of it I make such frequent, and pressing applications. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 23, 1787.
Sir: I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th. instant82 and likewise one of the 9th. of November handed to me by the Revd. Mr. Morse83 together with your election Sermon for which I beg you will accept of my best thanks.
[Note 82: In the Washington Papers. It has a roughly sketched map of the area of Shay's operations.]
[Note 83: Rev. Jedidiah Morse, then a tutor in Yale.]
I am much obliged to you for the accounts which you gave me of the situation of affairs in Massachusetts, sincerely rejoice to find by that and other late advices, that the tumults in that State are likely to be soon suppressed that Government will again be established and peace and tranquility prevail. It must afford the greatest pleasure and satisfaction to every humane and feeling mind that there has been so little blood spilt in a contest which a few weeks ago threatened to drench the State of Massachusetts. I am, etc.81
Mount Vernon, February 24, 1787.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 24th. Ulto. and receipt for Messrs. Josiah Watson and Co. bill of Exchange which was enclosed. I am much obliged to you for the account of the political situation of your State which you gave me, and am very happy to find by later advices that matters are likely soon to terminate entirely in favour of Government by the total suppression of the insurgents, and it adds much to the satisfaction which these accounts give that it may be effected with so little bloodshed, I hope some good will come out of so much evil, by giving energy and respectability to the Government.
General Lincoln's situation must have been very painful to be obliged to march against those men whom he had heretofore looked upon as his fellow Citizens and some of whom had perhaps been his companions in the field, but as they had by their repeated outrages forfeited all right to Citizenship, his duty and patriotism must have got the better of every other consideration and led him with alacrity to support the Government. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On February 24 Washington wrote also to James Maury, of Liverpool, England, stating that he had "wholly discontinued the cultivation of Tobacco," but if he should have occasion to transact any mercantile business with Liverpool "I shall take the liberty of applying to you." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 24, 1787.
Sir: Your letter of the 26th. of Jany. came duly to hand. I am much obliged to you for your good wishes, and interest which you take in my welfare. The Asses are in very good order, but I am sorry to inform you that the Gold cock and the Silver hen pheasant are dead, the others appear to be drooping, and I am afraid that all the care and attention which is paid to them will not be able to preserve them. I am, etc.84
Mount Vernon, February 25, 1787.
Accept, my dear General Knox my affectionate thanks for your obliging favors of the 29th, 30th, and 31st. of Jany. and 1st. 8th. and 12th. of the present month. They were indeed, exceedingly satisfactory, and relieving to my mind which had been filled with great and anxious uneasiness for the issue of General Lincoln's operations, and the dignity of Government. On prospect of the happy termination of this insurrection I sincerely congratulate you; hoping that good may result from the cloud of evils which threatned, not only the hemisphere of Massachusetts but by spreading its baneful influence, the tranquillity of the Union. Surely Shays must be either a weak man, the dupe of some characters who are yet behind the curtain, or has been deceived by his followers. Or which may be more likely, he did not conceive that there was energy enough in the Government to bring matters to the crisis to which they have been pushed. It is to be hoped the General Court of that State concurred in the report of the Committee, that a rebellion did actually exist. This would be decisive, and the most likely means of putting the finishing stroke to the business.
We have nothing new in this quarter except the dissentions which prevailed in, and occasioned the adjournment of, the Assembly of Maryland; that an appeal might be made to the people for their sentiments on the conduct of their representative in the Senate and Delegates respecting a paper omission; which was warmly advocated by the latter and opposed by the former, and which may be productive of great, and perhaps dangerous divisions. Our Affairs, generally, seem really, to be approaching to some awful crisis. God only knows what the result will be. It shall be my part to hope for the best; as to see this Country happy whilst I am gliding down the stream of life in tranquil retirement is so much the wish of my Soul, that nothing on this side Elysium can be placed in competition with it. I hope the postponement of your journey to this State does not amount to a relinguishment of it, and that it is unnecessary to assure you of the sincere pleasure I should have at seeing you under this roof. Mrs. Washington unites with me in every good wish for Mrs. Knox yourself and family. With sentiments of the warmest friendship etc.
PS. I had wrote this letter and was on the point of sending it with others to the Post Office when your favor of the 15th. instt. was handed to me. The spirit and decision of the Court85 is very pleasing and I hope will be attended with happy consequences.
[Note 85: Legislature.]
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1787.
My dear Sir: Will you permit me to give you the trouble of making an indirect, but precise enquiry, into the alligations of the enclosed letters.86 I flatter myself that from the vicinity of Elizabeth Town to New York, and the constant intercourse between the two, you will be able to do it without much trouble. It is but little in my power to afford the pecuniary aids required by the writer; but if the facts as set forth be true, I should feel very happy in offering my mite, and rendering any services in my power on the occasion. Be so good, when you write to me on this subject, to return the letters and translations.
[Note 86: From Chaunae, Comtesse d'Anterroches (or d'Anterroche). The comtesse wrote to Washington (September 18 and November 16). Both letters are in the Washington Papers, and in them she pleads for Washington to assist her son, formerly an ensign, 62d Foot, British Army. He had been taken prisoner at Saratoga, and when he learned of the French alliance, he joined the American cause. He was stated by Knox to be a relative of Lafayette.]
The observations contained in your letter of the 22d. Ulto. (which came duly to hand) respecting the disfranchisement of a number of the Citizens of Massachusetts for their rebellious conduct may be just; and yet, without exemplary punishment, similar disorders may be excited by other ambitious and discontented characters. Punishments however ought to light on the principals.
I am glad to hear that Congress are about to remove some of the stumbling blocks which lay in the way of the proposed Convention; a Convention is an expedient I wish to see tried; after which, if the present government is not efficient, conviction of the propriety of a change of it, will dissiminate through every rank, and class of people and may be brought about in place; till which however necessary it may appear in the eyes of the more descerning, my opinion is, that it cannot be effected without great contention, and much confusion. It is among the evils, and perhaps is not the smallest, of democratical governments, that the people must feel, before they will see. When this happens, they are roused to action; hence it is that this form of governments is so slow. I am indirectly and delicately pressed to attend this convention.87 Several reasons are opposed to it in my mind, and not the least my having declined attending the General Meeting of the Cincinnati, which is to be holden in Philadelphia, at the same time on account of the disrespect it might seem to offer to that Society, to be there on another occasion. A thought however has lately run through my mind, which is attended with embarrassment. It is, wheather my non-attendance in this Convention will not be considered as deriliction to republicanism, nay more, whether other motives may not (however injuriously) be ascribed to me for not exerting myself on this occasion in support of it.
[Note 87: Knox's letters to Washington (Feb. 27 and Mar. 19, 1787) on the subject of Washington attending the convention are in the Washington Papers.] Under these circumstances let me pray you, my dear Sir, to inform me confidentially what the public expectation is on this head, that is, whether I will, or ought to be there? You are much in the way of obtaining this knowledge, and I can depend upon your friendship, candour, and judgment in the communication of it, as far as it shall appear to you. My final determination (if what I have already given to the Executive of this State is not considered in that light) cannot be delayed beyond the time necessary for your reply. With great truth etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon March 8, 1787.
My dear Humphreys: Colo. Wadsworth, as I informed you in my last, presented me your obliging favor of the 20th of January and the Post since has handed me the subsequent one of the 11th Ulto.
My sentiments, respecting the inexpediency of my attending the proposed Convention of the States in Philadelphia remain the same as when I wrote you last, tho' Congress I am informed are about to remove one of the objections by their recommendation of this Convention I am still indirectly and delicately pressed by many to attend this meeting; and a thought has run thro' my mind of late attended with more embarrassment than any former one. It is whether my not doing it will not be considered as an implied dereliction to Republicanism. nay more, whether (however injurious the imputation) it may not be ascribed to other motives. My wish is I confess to see this Convention tried; after which if the present form is not made efficient, conviction of the propriety of a change will pervade all ranks, and many [may] be effected by
[Note 87: Knox's answer (April 9) stated: "It is the general wish that you should attend. It is conceived to he highly important to the success of the propositions of the Convention," Knox's letter is in the Washington Papers.] peace. Till then, however necessary it may appear to the more discerning part of the community, my opinion is, that it cannot be accomplished without great contention and much confusion for reasons too obvious to enumerate. It is one of the evils, perhaps not the smallest, of democratical governments that the People must feel before they will see or act. Under this view of matters, and not doubting but you have heard the sentiments of many respectable characters since the date of your letter of the 20th of Jany. on this subject and perhaps since the business has been moved in Congress, of the propriety or impropriety of my attendance let me pray you, my dear Sir, to give me confidentially the public opinion and expectation as far as it has come to your knowledge of what it is supposed, I will or ought to do on this occasion. You will readily see the necessity of my receiving it soon, if it is to have an operation contrary to the former, because [if] my communications to the executive of this State are not considered as definitive, I must make these so shortly.
I congratulate you on the favourable Issue to the exertion of the Government of Massachusetts to quell the insurrection which at one period assumed an appearance of being formidable. you have the best wishes of everyone in this family; possess the sincere regard and Friendship of Dr. Sir yr. etc.89
[Note 89: This letter has been so carelessly recorded in the "Letter Book" that it is almost impossible to be sure of the sense. It seems certain that several words, perhaps an entire line, has been omitted. Humphreys's letters to Washington (Mar. 24 and Apr. 9, 1787) on the subject of Washington attending the convention are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 90: Of Harvard College.]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1787.
Revd. Sir: Permit me to entreat, that my long delay in acknowledging the receipt of your polite letter of the 15th. of May last, may be ascribed to any cause rather than the want of respect for your character, and gratitude for the favourable sentiments you have expressed of me. As the letter was introductory of Mr. Lear, I found myself inclined, though disposed to give full credence to your acct. of the talents and good disposition of this young Gentleman, to take time, and seek occasions, to form my own judgement of him; and it is with pleasure I now assure you that, his deportment since he came into this family has been such, as to obtain the esteem, confidence, and love of every individual in it. As (from the interest you have taken in his welfare) I persuade myself this testimony of my approbation of his conduct will not be displeasing to you, I could no longer with-hold it; especially as it affords an occasion of assuring you of my good wishes for the University over wch. you preside, and of the esteem and respect with which I have the honor etc.91
[Note 91: The text, from the Yale Review (spring of 1932), kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, varies in minor verbal details from the "Letter Book" copy. Practically this same letter was also sent (March 10) to Rev. Samuel Haven and John Langdon. Copies of these letters are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1787.
Sir: By your letter and account of the 22d. of February 1786, there appears a balance in my favor of fifteen pounds thirteen shillings Lawful money, [for] which I take the liberty to draw a bill in favor of Mr. Thomas Porter of Alexandria payable ten days after sight.
I am happy to find by the last Accounts from the Northward that the disturbances in your State were almost totally suppressed, and hope before this, that peace and good order are again restored, Mrs. Washington joins me in my best wishes for Mrs. Cushing and yourself. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1787.
Dear Sir: I shall not wonder if you should be surprized at my not acknowledging the receipts of your esteemed favor of the 12th. of last August at an earlier period. Immediately after it came to my hands, not knowing what you had written to Doct. Franklin or to Mr. Jay, or what steps might have been taken on the subject matter thereof by either or both of those Gentlemen I wrote to the former for information; giving assurances of my disposition to carry your wishes into full effect if there were not impediments in the way which could not, consistently, be surmounted. I waited from that period (early in November) till February in daily expectation of an answer; but receiving none, I addressed (supposing my first letter must have miscarried) a duplicate to the Doctrs. and receiving the answer which is enclosed.93
[Note 93: No copy is now found in the Washington Papers.]
Though I had heard of the resolution alluded to in Mr. Jay's Letter to the Doctors previous to my writing to him yet I was willing to know the truth, and to see how far Congress would think it right to adhere to the policy of their resolution.
I beg leave to make a tender of my best wishes to Lady Newenham, in which Mrs. Washington joins, and assurances of the respect and esteem with which I have the honor, etc.94
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1787.
Dear Sir: I stand indebted to you for two letters. The first, introductory of Mr. Anstey, needed no apology, nor will any be necessary on future similar occasions. The other of the 7th of January is on a very interesting subject deserving very particular attention.
How far the revision of the federal system, and giving more adequate powers to Congress may be productive of an efficient government, I will not under my present view of the matter, presume to decide. That many inconveniences result from the present form, none can deny. Those enumerated in your letter are so obvious and sensibly felt that no logic can controvert, nor is it likely that any change of conduct will remove them, and that attempts to alter or amend it will be like the proppings of a house which is ready to fall, and which no shoars can support (as many seem to think) may also be true. But, is the public mind matured for such an important change as the one you have suggested? What would be the consequences of a premature attempt? My opinion is, that this Country must yet feel and see more, before it can be accomplished.
A thirst for power, and the bantling, I had liked to have said monster, for sovereignty, which have taken such fast hold of the States individually, will when joined by the many whose personal consequence in the control of State politics will in a manner be annihilated, form a strong phalanx against it; and when to these the few who can hold posts of honor or profit in the National Government are compared with the many who will see but little prospect of being noticed, and the discontent of others who may look for appointments, the opposition will be altogether irresistable till the mass, as well as the more discerning part of the Community shall see the necessity. Among men of reflection, few will be found I believe, who are not beginning to think that our system is more perfect in theory than in practice; and that notwithstanding the boasted virtue of America it is more than probable we shall exhibit the last melancholy proof, that mankind are not competent to their own Government without the means of coercion in the Sovereign.
Yet, I would fain try what the wisdom of the proposed Convention will suggest: and what can be effected by their Councils. It may be the last peaceable mode of essaying the practicability of the present form, without a greater lapse of time than the exigency of our affairs will allow. In strict propriety a Convention so holden may not be legal. Congress, however, may give it a colouring by recommendation, which would fit it more to the taste without proceeding to a definition of the powers. This however constitutionally it might be done would not, in my opinion, be expedient: for delicacy on the one hand, and Jealousy on the other, would produce a mere nihil.
My name is in the delegation to this Convention; but it was put there contrary to my desire, and remains contrary to my request. Several reasons at the time of this appointment and which yet exist, conspired to make an attendance inconvenient, perhaps improper, tho' a good deal urged to it. with sentiments of great regard &c.
P.S. Since writing this letter I have seen the resolution of Congress recommendatory of the Convention to be holden in Philadelphia the 2d Monday in May.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 11, 1787.
Sir: With your Excellencys permission, though I have not the honor of being known to you, I will take the liberty of recommending the bearer Mr. Fendall, his Lady, and Miss Lee, to your Civilities. They are much respected and esteemed in this Country. The Ill health of Mrs. Fendall have induced her Physicians to recommend the air of the Sea to her, and the Bahama Islands seem to be the object of their Voyage. I am persuaded these worthy people will do Justice to my recommendation that a philanthropic attention to them will be as pleasing to yourself as to them; and that it will be the best apology I can offer for this freedom. I have the honor, etc.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 12 Washington wrote briefly to William Goddard, requesting the insertionof an advertisement in his paper ( The Maryland Journal) for three weeks. This was a notice that Royal Gift and The Knight of Malta would cover at Mount Vernon during the spring of 1787, at five guineas for the season, and Magnolio would cover for £4; good pasturage would be furnished at one-half a dollar per week. John Fairfax signed the advertisement as overseer. A copy of this letter is in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, March 13, 1787.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 27th Ulto. acknowledging the reception of the body of the Golden Pheasant.97 I have sent by the Dolphin Captn. Steward the body of a French hen Pheasant which died this day. I chose this mode of conveying it rather than by the Stage, as the Packet calls here to receive some things for Philadelphia; and I think, all circumstances considered, that it will meet with as quick and safe a conveyance as if it went by land. I wish you great success in the Mezzotinto Prints which you have undertaken,98 and have no doubt but your abilities in works of Genius will ensure it. I am etc.99
[Note 97: Peale stuffed the pheasants and exhibited them in his "Museum."]
[Note 98: A broadside advertisement of one of his mezzotints, an allegorical picture of William Pitt, is among the undated Pennsylvania broadsides in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 99: In the writing of Tobias Lear, From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Mount Vernon, March 14, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 20th. and 27th. Ulto. are both before me. The Barley and other thing by the Dolphin are arrived, and by the return of this Vessel I consign you, as per bill enclosed, 45 Barrls. of Herrings, which you will be pleased to dispose of to the best advantage, and place the proceeds to my credit. It is hardly necessary to add that, the sooner these fish are disposed of the higher the Sale of them probably will be, as the season for the new is near at hand. They are very good I am told, having been lately examined.
As I believe the half yearly interest of my Certificate is nearly due, and a small balance was in my favor previous to the purchasing the Articles by the Dolphin, I will wait for the Sale of the Fish to know how the Accts. between us will then be. In the interim, please to send me one dozn. of the best corn Scythes of a proper length, and strength at the heel, and in the backs, and the same number of the best Grass Scythes, two strong bramble Scythes; and two flax spinning wheels. The Dolphin returns to this Port in the course of next month, and will afford a good Conveyance. What does the best Hyson Tea, and dble. refined Sugar sell at with you? And how are linnens now? particularly those of the finer sort. With great esteem I am etc.
PS. How does White and red Lead, ground in Oil sell? are not these things often bought cheap at the Public Vendues?1
[Note 1: In the writing of Tobias Lear. The P.S. is in the writing of Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 10th. came duly to hand, and with very sincere concern I read the acct. of your ill health; but if your other complaints have left you, the Asthma, though troublesome and distressing, is not a dangerous one; I will hope therefore that the agreeable season which is fast approaching, will perfectly restore you good health.
Under cover with this, you will receive the original Deed for the Lands on four miles run; which you will please to return when your purposes are answered by the reference to it, for drawing the deed of confirmation: for your justice in offering which, and kindness in drawing it, I pray you to accept my warmest acknowledgments.
The mode suggested by you to obtain the bond which I passed to Messrs. McCoull & Blair, is, in my judgment, the only proper one; so far as it respects you, or the Representatives of your father (if the credit is to be applied to that acct.) it is precisely the same whether you acct. with me, or them, for the principal and interest of the sum which was to have been paid for the Land under the circumstances of your claim; because if the right is determined to be in you, so much will have been discounted from my demand on the Estate. If in them, it is only paying to them, as Attorneys of Lindo and Cozenove2 what otherwise would have been demanded of me. The case with me would be widely different, for if I allow this sum with interest in a settlement and my bond remains unretired, I am open to a prosecution thereon; and may be greatly distressed by the actual payment after having allowed it in a discount, before I could have any redress, which would very illy accord with the present State of my finances. Should Mr. McCoull3 refuse to accede to your proposal, it would imply strongly, his intention of resorting to me for payment.4
[Note 2: Elias Lindo and John H. Casanove.]
[Note 3: Neil McCoul.]
[Note 4: The chain of title of this Four Mile Run land and much valuable information respecting it will be found in Charles W. Stetson's privately printed volume, Four Mile Run Grants (Mimeoform Press: Washington, D.C., 1935).]
However desirous I am, and always shall be, to comply with any commands of my Country, I do not conceive that I can, with consistent conduct, attend the proposed Convention to be holden in Philadelphia in May next. For besides the declaration which I made in a very solemn manner when I was about to retire, of bidding adieu to all public employment; I had just before the appointment of delegates to this Convention, written and dispatched circular letters to the several State Societies of the Cincinnati informing them of my intention not to attend the General Meeting which was to take place about the same time and at the same City. and assigned reasons which apply as forcibly in the one case as the other. Under these circumstances, to attend the Convention might be considered disrespectful to a worthy set of men for whose attachment and support on many trying occasions, I shall ever feel the highest gratitude and affection.
It is unnecessary I hope to assure you of the pleasure I shall always receive at seeing you here, whenever business or your health will permit. The latter, possibly, might be benefitted by the change of Air. With sincere esteem and Regd. etc.5
[Note 5: From a copy, kindly furnished by Francis A. Foster, of the original letter owned by Maj. Gen. Preston Brown, United States Army, retired, of Vineyard Haven, Mass.]
[Note 6: In command of State troops for suppressing Shay's rebellion.]
Mount Vernon, March 23, 1787.
My Dear Sir: Ever since the disorders in your State began to grow serious I have been peculiarly anxious to hear from that quarter; General Knox has from time to time transmitted to me the state of affairs as they came to his hands; but nothing has given such full and satisfactory information as the particular detail of events which you have been so good as to favor me with, and for which you will please to accept my warmest and most grateful acknowledgments. Permit me also, my dear Sir, to offer you my sincerest congratulations upon your success. The suppression of those tumults and insurrections with so little bloodshed, is an event as happy as it was unexpected; it must have been peculiarly agreeable to you, being placed in so delicate and critical a situation. I am extremely happy to find that your sentiments upon the disfranchising act are such as they are; upon my first seeing it, I formed an opinion perfectly coincident with yours, vizt., that measures more generally lenient might have produced equally as good an effect without entirely alienating the affections of the people from the government; as it now stands, it affects a large body of men, some of them, perhaps, it deprives of the means of gaining a livelihood; the friends and connections of those people will feel themselves wounded in a degree, and I think it will rob the State of a number of its inhabitants, if it produces nothing worse.
It gives me great pleasure to hear that your Eastern settlements succeeds so well the sincere regard which I have for you will always make your prosperity a part of my happiness. I am etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 23 Washington wrote to John Parke, of Delaware, thanking him for his poetical works and "The Honor which you have done me in dedicating your book to me....I always wish to give every possible encouragement to those works of Genius which are the production of an American."
On this same day (March 23) Washington wrote also to Matthew McConnell, thanking him for his Essay on the Domestic Debts of the United States. Copies of both of these letters are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 25, 1787.
My Dear Marquis: Since writing you a hasty letter in November last, by a vessel which was then passing my door, I have been honored with your kind and obliging favor of the 26th of October; for the affectionate sentiments with which it is replete I pray you to accept my warmest and most grateful acknowledgments and the strongest assurances of everlasting friendship.
I am writing to you my Dear Sir but where will the letter find you? In Crimea, Constantinople, or the Archipelago? or will it await your return to Paris? About this time you must according to your account be setting out for the first, to make the tour of the latter. If it should get to your hands, before or during the interview you will have with her imperial majesty9 it will afford you an opportunity of informing her personally, that the request she made to you for obtaining an Indian Vocabulary is in a proper train for execution. I have the strongest assurances from both General Butler who is now superintendent of Indian affairs and residing on the Ohio, and Mr. Hutchins the Geographer who is also employed in that Country
[Note 9: Empress Catherine the Great, of Russia.] that they will delay no time nor spare any pains to make it as perfect as they can. As soon as I receive, I will forward it to you.
I fear this long trip will be the means of postponing your visit to this Country to the very great regret of all your friends and particularly so to me who would wish to see you once more before I go in search of Elysium. You will long ere this have heard of the Insurrection in the State of Massachusetts; to trace the causes would be difficult, and to detail their progress would be unnecessary as the steps taken by that government and the proceedings generally are very minutely related in the public gazettes with which I am informed you are regularly supplied. I shall therefore proceed to the more pleasing part of the business and inform you that the tumults are at an end and the principals fled to Canada. It is apprehended however that an act of the Legislature disfranchising those who were aiding or abetting, is pregnant with as much evil as good, as the operation is too extensive.
These disorders are evident marks of a defective government; indeed the thinking part of the people of this Country are now so well satisfied of this fact that most of the Legislatures have appointed, and the rest it is said will appoint, delegates to meet at Philadelphia on the second Monday in May next in a general Convention of the States to revise and correct the defects of the federal System. Congress have also recognised, and recommended the measure. What may be the result of this meeting is hardly within the scan of human wisdom to predict. It is considered however as the last essay to support the present form.
Your endeavors my dear Marquis to serve this Country are unremitted, the letter from the Minister to Mr. Jefferson (who I am happy to find is so much respected and esteem'd at the Court of France), which you had the goodness to send me, is a recent instance of it. and I wish the conduct of the States may entitle them to a continuation of your good offices as I also do that the Protestants may be grateful for the reliefs you have afforded them.
The Dutch, though a phlegmatic people, have been too long quarrelling to come now to blows and if matters there can be settled without it the probability is that the tranquillity of Europe may be of some continuance unless the disagreement between the Russians and Turks should become more serious. It seems almost nugatory to dispute about the best mode of dealing with the Algerines, when we have neither money to buy their friendship nor the means of punishing them for their depredations upon our people and trade. If we could command the latter I should be clearly in sentiment with you and Mr. Jefferson, that chastisement would be more honorable, and much to be preferred to the purchased friendship of these Barbarians. By me, who perhaps do not understand the policy by which the Maritime powers are actuated it has ever been considered as reflecting the highest disgrace on them to become tributary to such banditti, who might for half the sum that is paid them be exterminated from the Earth.
This want must turn our faces from the Western Posts, even should it be found that we have not been the first infractors of the Treaty. To investigate this matter, as there have been crimination on both sides, the Secretary for Foreign affairs is now employed.
General Greenes death is an event which has given so much general concern and is so much regretted by his numerous friends that I can scarce persuade myself to touch upon it even so far as to say that in him you lost a man who affectionately regarded and was a sincere admirer of you. Tho' last mentioned, it is among my uppermost thoughts to thank you once more, my dear Marquis for the valuable animals you sent me under the care of Mr. Campion and to request my dear friend that you will let me know the cost of them that I may remit the amount for be assured I have had it in contemplation to give you more than the trouble of procuring them. I have lately lost a Brother (Colo. John Augt. Washington which I mention to account for the black Seal of this letter) the rest of my friends, and every individual in the Family axe tolerably well and join most cordially in every vow that can contribute to the health and happiness of Madam La Fayette yourself and family. Esqr Tab10 will soon be able to offer you his own homage as he begins to write very prettily. I have no expression that can convey to you the warmth of my friendship and affectionate attachment. Adieu.
[Note 10: George Washington Parke Custis (?).]
P.S. Mr Campion observing that red birds were not among the feathered tribe of France, and the wood or summer duck were very rare there I send you two pair of the latter and several of the former which Capt. Atkinson who is bound for Havre de gras has promised his care of.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 30 Washington wrote out the following memorandum, or certificate, at Mount Vernon: "On Monday the 12th. day of Septr. 1785. A Mr. Caywood, or some person in his behalf, presented an Acct. of Taxes, or the claims of the public for some Land I have in Charles County Maryland, which was the first application ever made to me, for the same. Whether previously, or subsequent to, that period any demand was ever made of Mr. Lund Washington who had charge of my business tilt the close of that year for them is more than I can determine, but, no doubt, can be resolved by him." The original of this memorandum is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 28, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 11th. did not come to my hand till the 24th; and since then, till now, I have been too much indisposed to acknowledge the receipt of it.
To what cause to ascribe the detention of the [letter] I know not, as I never omit sending once, and oftener twice a week to the Post Office in Alexandria. It was the decided intention of the letter I had the honor of writing to your Excellency the 21st. of December last, to inform you, that it would not be convenient for me to attend the Convention proposed to be holden in Philadelphia in May next; and I had entertained hopes that another had been, or soon would be, appointed in my place; inasmuch as it is not only inconvenient for me to leave home, but because there will be, I apprehend, too much cause to charge my conduct with inconsistency, in again appearing on a public theatre after a public declaration to the contrary; and because it will, I fear, have a tendency to sweep me back into the tide of public affairs, when retirement and ease is so essentially necessary for, and is so much desired by me.
However, as my friends, with a degree of sollicitude which is unusual, seem to wish for my attendance on this occasion, I have come to a resolution to go, if my health will permit, provided, from the lapse of time between the date of your Excellency's letter and this reply, the Executive may not, the reverse of which wd. be highly pleasing to me, have turned its thoughts to some other character; for independantly of all other considerations, I have, of late, been so much afflicted with a rheumatic complaint in my shoulder that at times I am hardly able to raise my hand to my head, or turn myself in bed. This, consequently, might prevent my attendance, and eventually a representation of the State; which wd. afflict me more sensibly than the disorder that occasioned it.
If after the expression of these sentiments, the Executive should consider me as one of the Delegates, I would thank your Excellency for the earliest advice of it; because, if I am able, and should go to Philadelpa., I shall have some previous arrangements to make, and would set off for that place the first, or second day of May, that I may be there in time to account, personally, for my conduct to the General Meeting of the Cincinnati which is to convene on the first Monday of that month. My feelings would be much hurt if that body should otherwise, ascribe my attendance on the one, and not on the other occasion, to a disrespectful inattention to the Society; when the fact is, that I shall ever retain the most lively and affectionate regard for the members of which it is composed, on acct. of their attachment to, and uniform support of me, upon many trying occasions; as well as on acct. of their public virtues, patriotism, and sufferings.
I hope your Excellency will be found among the attending delegates. I should be glad to be informed who the others are; and cannot conclude without once more, and in emphatical terms, praying that if there is not a decided representation in prospect, without me, that another, for the reason I have assigned, may be chosen in my room without ceremony and without delay; for it would be unfortunate indeed if the State which was the mover of this Convention, should be unrepresented in it. With great respect I have the honor etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1787.
My Dear Sir: At the sametime that I acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favor of the 21st. ult. from New York I promise to avail myself of your indulgence of writing only when it is convenient to me. If this should not occasion a relaxation on your part, I shall become very much your debtor, and possibly like others in similar circumstances (when the debt is burthensome) may feel a disposition to apply the spunge, or, what is nearly a-kin to it, pay you off in depreciated paper, which being a legal tender, or what is tantamount, being that or nothing, you cannot refuse. You will receive the nominal value, and that you know quiets the conscience, and makes all things easy, with the debtor.
I am glad to find that Congress have recommended to the States to appear in the Convention proposed to be holden in Philadelphia in May. I think the reasons in favor, have the preponderancy of those against the measure. It is idle in my opinion to suppose that the Sovereign can be insensible of the inadequacy of the powers under which it acts, and that seeing, it should not recommend a revision of the Foederal system when it is considered by many as the only Constitutional mode by which the defects can be remedied. Had Congress proceeded to a delineation of the Powers, it might have sounded an Alarm; but as the case is, I do not conceive that it will have that effect.12
[Note 12: On Feb. 21, 1787, Congress had resolved that it was expedient that a convention of delegates from the several States be held at Philadelphia on the second Monday of May next "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation and reporting to Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions therein as shall...render the federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government and the preservation of the Union."]
From the acknowledged abilities of the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, I could have had no doubt of his having ably investigated the infractions of the Treaty on both sides. Much is it to be regretted however, that there should have been any on ours. We seem to have forgotten, or never to have learnt, the policy of placing ones enemy in the wrong. Had we observed good faith on our part, we might have told our tale to the world with a good grace; but complts. illy become those who are found to be the first agressors.
I am fully of opinion that those who lean to a Monarchial governmt. have either not consulted the public mind, or that they live in a region where the levelling principles in which they were bred, being entirely irradicated, is much more productive of Monarchical ideas than are to be found in the Southern States, where, from the habitual distinctions which have always existed among the people, one would have expected the first generation, and the most rapid growth of them. I also am clear, that even admitting the utility; nay necessity of the form, yet that the period is not arrived for adopting the change without shaking the Peace of this Country to its foundation. That a thorough reform of the present system is indispensable, none who have capacities to judge will deny; and with hand (and heart) I hope the business will be essayed in a full Convention. After which, if more powers, and more decision is not found in the existing form. If it still wants energy and that secrecy and dispatch (either from the nonattendance, or the local views of its members) which is characteristick of good Government. And if it shall be found (the contrary of which however I have always been more afrd. of, than of the abuse of them) that Congress will upon all proper occasions exercise the powers with a firm and steady hand, instead of frittering them back to the Individual States where the members in place of viewing themselves in their National character, are too apt to be looking. I say after this essay is made if the system proves inefficient, conviction of the necessity of a change will be dissiminated among all classes of the People. Then, and not till then, in my opinion can it be attempted without involving all the evils of civil discord.
I confess however that my opinion of public virtue is so far changed that I have my doubts whether any system without the means of coercion in the Sovereign, will enforce Obedience to the Ordinances of a Genl. Government; without which, every thing else fails. Laws or Ordinances unobserved, or partially attended to, had better never have been made; because the first is a mere nihil, and the 2d. is productive of much jealousy and discontent. But the kind of coercion you may ask? This indeed will require thought; though the non-compliance of the States with the late requisition, is an evidence of the necessity. It is somewhat singular that a State (New York) which used to be foremost in all foederal measures, should now turn her face against them in almost every instance.
I fear the State of Massachusetts have exceeded the bounds of good policy in its disfranchisements; punishment is certainly due to the disturbers of a government, but the operations of this Act is too extensive. It embraces too much, and probably may give birth to new instead of destroying the old leven. Some Acts passed at the last Session of our Assembly respecting the trade of this Country, has given great, and general discontent to the Merchants of it. An application from the whole body of those at Norfolk has been made, I am told, to convene the assembly.
I had written thus far, and was on the point of telling you how much I am your obliged Servant, when your favor of the 18th. calls upon me for additional acknowledgments. I thank you for the Indian Vocabulary which I dare say will be very acceptable in a general comparison. Having taken a copy, I return you the original with thanks.
It gives me great pleasure to hear that there is a probability of a full representation of the States in Convention; but if the delegates come to it under fetters, the salutary ends proposed will in my opinion be greatly embarrassed and retarded, if not altogether defeated. I am anxious to know how this matter really is, as my wish is, that the Convention may adopt no temporizing expedient, but probe the defects of the Constitution to the bottom, and provide radical cures; whether they are agreed to or not; a conduct like this, will stamp wisdom and dignity on the proceedings, and be looked to as a luminary, which sooner or later will shed its influence.
I should feel pleasure, I confess, in hearing that Vermont is received into the Union upon terms agreeable to all parties. I took the liberty years ago to tell some of the first characters in the State of New York, that sooner or later it would come to that. That the longer it was delayed the terms on their part, would, probably be more difficult; and that the general interest was suffering by the suspence in which the business was held; as the asylem wch. it afforded, was a constant drain from the Army in place of an aid which it offered to afford. and lastly, considering the proximity of it to Canada if they were not with us, they might become a sore thorn in our sides, wch. I verily believe would have been the case if the war had continued. The Western Settlements without good and wise management of them, may be equally troublesome.
With sentimts. of the sincerest friendship &c. Be so good as to forward the enclosed. Mrs. Washington intended to have sent it by Colo. Carrington, but he did not call here.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1787.
Sir: Enclosed I return the letter which you forwarded to me the 10th. of Feby. For particular reasons and purposes, whatever Money you may incline to pay me consequent of your promises would come very opportunely before the 25th of this month. To this period, sufficient time is allowed to obtain the Certificates you have at Richmond, after which I shall hold myself discharged from any obligation to receive them.
The detention has already deprived me of every advantage I could have made of them in the payment of Taxes whilst I am sustaining the loss by their depreciation in the hands of others. My Compliments if you please to Mrs. Mercer. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 2, 1787.
My dear Sir: The early attention which you were so obliging as to pay to my letter of the 8th ulto. is highly pleasing and flattering to me. Were you to continue to give me information on the same point, you would add to the favor; as I see, or think I see, reasons for and against my attendance in Convention so near an equilibrium, as will cause me to Determine upon either, with diffidence. One of the reasons against it, is, an apprehension that all the States will not appear; and that some of them, being unwillingly drawn into the measure, will send their Delegates so lettered as to embarrass, and perhaps render nugatory, the whole proceedings. In either of these circumstances, that is, a partial representation, or cramped powers, I should not like to be a sharer in this business. If the Delegates come with such powers as will enable the Convention to probe the defects of the Constitution to the bottom, and point out radical cures, it would be an honorable employment; but otherwise it is desirable to avoid it, and these are matters you may possibly come at by means of your acquaintances among the Delegates in Congress, who, undoubtedly know what powers are given by their respective States. You also can inform me what is the prevailing opinion with respect to my attendance, or non-attendance, is; and I would sincerely thank you for the confidential communication of it.
If I should attend the Convention, I will be in Philadelphia previous to the meeting of the Cincinnati, where I shall hope, and expect to meet you and some others of my particular friends the day before; in order that I may have a free and unreserved conference with you on the subject of it; for I assure you this is in my estimation, a business of a delicate nature.
That the design of the Institution was pure, I have not a particle of doubt. That it may be so still, is perhaps equally unquestionable. But, quære, are not the subsidence of the Jealousies of it, to be ascribed to the modification which took place at the last Genl. Meeting? Are not these rejected in toto by some of the State Societies, and partially acceded to by others? Has any State so far overcome its prejudices as to grant a Charter? Will the modifications and alterations be insisted on, or given up, in the next Meeting? If the first, will it not occasion warmth and divisions? If the latter, and I should remain at the head of this order, in what light would my signature appear in contradictory recommendations? In what light would the versatility appear to the Foreign members, who perhaps are acting agreeably to the recommendations of the last General Meeting?
These, and other matters which may be agitated, will, I fear, place me in a disagreeable predicament if I should preside, and were among the causes which induced me to decline the honor of it, previously to the meeting. Indeed my health is become very precarious. A Rheumatic complaint which has followed me more than Six months is frequently so bad, that it is with difficulty I can, at times, raise my hand to my head, or turn myself in bed. This, however smooth and agreeable other matters might be, might almost in the moment of my departure, prevent my attendance on either occasion. I will not at present touch upon any other parts of your letter, but would wish you to ponder on all these matters, and write to me as soon as you can.
With the most sincere friendship etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, April 6, 1787.
Sir: However desirous I may be of accomodating the wishes of so deserving a Lady as you represent Mrs. Wilson to be, yet Mrs. Washington concurs in sentiment with me that my family already is, and soon will be too large to admit of an increase.
I can say little more at this time respecting the Estate of the deceased Colo. Thos. Colvill than what is contained in my account of it to Major Swan (recited in one of the letters which you put into my hands) except that I have used every means in my power lately to Collect materials (and very defective indeed they are) for a final settlement of the Administration.
What the surplus of the estate will be, when the debts and Legacies are all paid, is more than I can inform you, the Testator himself, as will appear by his will, had a doubt of their being any, and what will be done with it, if there should, must be a matter for future determination, when the Administration is closed, which it is my sincere wish to do so as fast as the nature of the case will admit, I shall for my own justification, and security, take Council with respect to the application of the surplus, if any, under the existing Laws of this Country. The author of the letters of Instruction to you is mistaken I conceive when he says the claim of one Clowson was admtted, unless by admission he means that it was received. If this was not his idea, it will give him no pleasure to be informed that near twenty others, I believe, have been admitted in the same way under the indefinite, and I might add, indigested clause of the will which has stirred up so many pretenders as to render it a matter of difficult investigation to determine rightly in the case. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 8, 1787.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 3d. of Jany. containing a proposition of the delivery of several hundred German families to settle some of those large tracts of unimproved Land in this State.
I cannot, as an individual, do any thing, at present, towards promoting your design having no occasion for people of the description mentioned in your letter except a few Mechanics, which I should be glad to procure; upon advantageous terms but as a member of a Company owning a tract of land known by the name of the Great Dismal Swamp. I can inform you that I know it is their wish and desire to have it settled. It lies in the Neighbourhood of Norfolk, contains of that which is patented besides Entries about 40,000. Acres, and is capable of being made as valuable a tract of Land as any in the Country, as well on account of its vicinity to Norfolk Portsmouth and Suffolk and the State of North Carolina as its lying in such a situation as to have the Canal, which it is in contemplation to open between Albemarle sound and Elizabeth R: run directly through it and which will greatly facilitate the drawing of it. But the Company are so dispersed and, in a manner, inattentive to the business, that I am pretty certain they would not be brought to advance any money or incur any expence in settling it further than to give such a proportion of the Land as shall be to the mutual satisfaction of the parties, what this proportion would be I am not able to say, tho I have no reason to doubt but that it would be highly advantageous to the Settlers. I should think however, if you incline to enter upon this business, it would be best for you to view the land, that you might form an opinion of the proportion which it would be proper to give, and make your proposals accordingly. I would in that case use every endeavor to convince the Company that an agreement might be entered into. I conceive a proper introduction of those industrious people would be highly beneficial to this Country, and shall be happy to give you any assistance in my power towards the effecting of your plan. With very great esteem etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 9, 1787.
My dear Sir: In reply to your favor of the 2d. I have to request that you will not be at the trouble of forwarding any money to me from the treasury.
If I should attend the Service, it will suit me as well to receive it from you in Philadelphia as at this place. If I should not, I have no business with it at all.
It gives me pleasure to find by your letter that there will be so full a representation from this State. If the case had been otherwise I would in emphatical terms have urged again that, rather than depend upon my going, another might be chosen in my place; for as a friend, and in confidence, I declare to you that my assent is given contrary to my judgment, because the act will, I apprehend, be considered as inconsistent with my public declaration delivered in a solemn manner at an interesting æra of my life, never more to intermeddle in public matters. This declaration not only stands on the files of Congress, but is I believe registered in almost all the Gazettes and magazines that are published, and what adds to the embarrassment is, I had previous to my appointment, informed by circular letter the several State Societies of the Cincinnati of my intention to decline the Presidency of that order and excuse myself from attending the next General meeting at Philadelphia on the first Monday in May, assigning reasons for so doing which apply as well in the one case as the other. Add to these, I very much fear that all the States will not appear in Convention, and that some of them will come fettered so as to impede rather than accelerate the great object of their convening which, under the peculiar circumstances of my case, would place me in a more disagreeable Situation than any other Member would stand in. As I have yielded however to what appeared to be the earnest wishes of my friends, I will hope for the best; and can assure you of the sincere and Affect. regard with which I am, etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1787.
Sir: On the 8th. Instant Neptune delivered me your letter of the 2d. Instant. Although he does not profess to be a workman, yet as he has some little knowledge of Bricklaying, seems willing to learn, and is with a man who understands the business, I will keep him, and this shall be my obligation to pay you the sum for which he sold, at the time and agreeably to the terms of Mr. Hunters Sale. I am, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, and informing Neptune of my determination to buy him he seems a good deal disconcerted on acct. of a wife which he says he has at Mrs. Garrards from whom he is unwilling to be so far removed this also embarrasses me as I am unwilling to hurt the feelings of anyone. I shall therefore if agreeable to you keep him awhile to see if I can reconcile him to the separation (seeing her now and then) in which case I will purchase him, if not I will send him back, and pay what hire you shall think fit and is reasonable to charge for the time he is here.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1787.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 13th. of July and 28th of Septr.
I am pleased to hear of your safe arrival in London and of the happy meeting with your friends. I wish you success in the publication of your work and that your future establishment (which you say was not then fixed) may be agreeable to your wishes.
The bill which was sent to Rhode Island had the good fortune to come back protested. Mr. Watson the drawer immediately gave me another (including interest) upon a Gentleman in Salem for £43.3.8 this Currency, which was forwarded to your friend Mr. Mason of Boston and paid.
It is not in my power to give you such accurate information of our Settlements in the Western Country as might answer the purposes of a publication, my own knowledge of it being more general than particular, and information you know is not always to be relied upon. The idea however, of it being made up of the scum and refuse of the Continent, that the people are opposed to Congress, and attached to the British government is of a piece with other doctrines and consequent publications which have recoiled upon the authors, and which one would think was enough to discourage such unfounded and short sighted reports.
Mrs. Washington having of late been much less troubled with the billious cholick than formerly has made no use of the prescription you were so obliging as to transmit but is not less thankful on that account for your kind attention to her in this instance and joins me, as does the rest of the family in every good wish for yourself and Mrs. Gordon. With great esteem and respect I am, etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 20: Formerly Baker General of the Continental Army.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1787.
I have known Mr. Christn. Ludwick from an early period of the War; and have every reason to believe, as well from observation as information that he has been a true and faithful Friend, and Servant to the public. That he has detected and exposed many impositions which were attempted to be practiced by others in the department over which he presided. That he has been the cause of much saving in many respects. And that his deportment in public life has afforded unquestionable proofs of his integrity and worth.
With respect to the particular losses of which he complains, I have no personal knowledge of them, but have often heard that he has suffered from his zeal in the cause of his Country.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 22: Of Baltimore, Md.]
Mount Vernon, April 13, 1787.
Sir: I have received the freizes for the doors and windows which I think are very pretty, together with your letter sent by Capt. Man, but I did not think proper to comply with the contents of it at this time. Altho' it is not my desire to enter into any dispute respecting the payment of the money, yet before I do it I wish you to view the work, that you may, yourself judge of the execution. My sole motive for employing Mr. Tharp to execute the common plaster work, and giving a higher price than what I could have had it done for by others, was the expectation, that, agreeable to promise, it would have been done in a masterly manner; but this is not the case, and you would think so yourself, was you to see it, the Stucco work in the Parlour is much cracked and Stained, the plain work in the New Room and in every other part of the House, is in fact but little better than the plaster which was pulled down. Mr. Tharp said something should be done to hide the Stains and blemishes, but that it was not proper to do it when he was here, this I expect will be performed. There is likewise wanting to compleat the New Room 6 doz large hollows, 3 doz dble F. O. G.23 and 6 feet of fluting, some person was to have been sent by you to decorate the pilasters, which has not yet been done. When the work is compleated and your engagement properly fulfil you will find on my part no inclination to withhold the pay. I am, etc.24
[Note 23: Ogees(?).]
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 13, 1787.
Sir: I have recd. your letter of 22d of Jany. and as I wish to dispose of my Land near you (as well as the tract in Fayette County) I will with pleasure mention my terms to you, that you may make them known and give assurances of the title upon their being complied with. The Land in Washington County I will sell at 30/ Pensylvania Currency pr. Acre (payable in Specie), one fourth down, and the other ¾ in Annual payments with interest from the date of the Bonds, perhaps a longer time may be granted for the ¾ if the interest is paid punctually. I had much rather sell the whole tract together than to have it divided into Lots, but if a division would facilitate the sale I have no objection, provided the Lots do not interfere with, nor injure the sale of each other and if they sell one with another so as to average the above price for the whole.
As it is my primary object to sell all my lands in that part of the Country, I should not wish to have them leased for any long time, least it should obstruct the sale of them.
I am much obliged to you for your goodness in offering to manage my Land for me in Fayette County; and as Majr. Freeman is about to leave that part of the Country I will accept of your kind offer. My terms for that tract are 40/ Pensa. Currency pr. Acre the payments to be made as above, I have lately had an application for this tract from a Gentleman in Jersey, and am in daily expectation of his final answer to my terms, this however need not prevent the application of others as I am under no obligation to give the preference to anyone, but shall close with the first that comes to my terms. I recd. a letter from Mr. Smith in Feby. mentioning that unless I came upon terms with the defendts. it would be best to have the Sheriff execute writs of possession to my Agent before Harvest, that those who had put seed in the Ground might consider it as an obligation confered upon them, to be permitted to take off their Crops, whereas, if writs of possession were not executed, they would take them off of course as their right, but, I suppose, as they have become tenants the immediate necessity of this measure is superceded. I know nothing of any promise which Colo. Crawford made of leaving out any part of the land when he surveyed it, the patent was taken out agreeable to his return and cannot now be altered. However, if the Land is sold I will consider Mr. Hillis as a preferable purchaser of that piece which runs along his line so as to include his improvements, provided it does not affect the sale of the rest. With great esteem etc.
P.S. Inclosed is the form of the writs of Possession as forwarded to me by Mr. Smith, if it should be necessary to execute them.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 26: Formerly a lieutenant of the Pennsylvania line, and aide to General Irvine.]
Mount Vernon, April 15, 1787.
Sir. I have recd. your letter of the 26th. Ulto. wherein you request my opinion with respect to your obtaining the benefit of the Commutation. I am sorry that I cannot, with propriety comply with your request; as I have never interfered with, nor had any knowledge of the settlement of those Accts. I can have no grounds whereon to form an opinion. Mr. Pierce,27 to whom you say Congress has referred your Case, is undoubtedly better qualified from the documents which he has, to judge of the propriety or impropriety of it than I can possible be. With respect to extensive furloughs, I can only say that I never considered myself authorized to grant them to officers to go off the Continent, but when application was made for that purpose I referred them to Congress. I am, etc.28
[Note 27: John Pierce, Paymaster General, United States Army.]
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1787.
Dear Sir: Not till within these few days have I been honoured with your favours of the 13th. and 25th. of November last I should if they had come to hand sooner been earlier in my acknowledgment of them.
I sincerely wish that this letter may find Miss Newenham in a perfectly recovered State of health, and Lady Newenham and yourself relieved from those anxious cares and sollicitudes which her indisposition must naturally have created. I hope also that neither this, nor anything else, will prevent you from fulfilling your long intended voyage to America. Should this event take place at so early a period as your last letters indicated, any information on the points you have referred to me will hardly arrive in season yet, as there is a possibility of it, the enclosed, which I have obtained from a well informed Gentleman in Alexandria, (more conversant in matters of this kind than I am), will answer your queries with respect to the sorts of linnens which are most saleable in our Markets. The prices of provisions is governed by the Seasons, and quality, generally. Beef and Mutton from the month of January till June fluctuates from 4d. to 6d., from June till January from 2--1/9d. to 4d. Veal and Lamb are commonly sold by the Quarter the latter from 2/6 to 4/ the other in proportion to the age and quality of the Meat. These prices you will please to observe are in the Currency of this State which by the legal exchange is 33--1/3 worse then Sterling. Bills however are negotiated at 40 pt. Ct. and have been so for sometime, which will enable you to determine whether money, or letters of credit, will answer your purposes best. the former would give least trouble, tho' there is some risk. Bills on London are in more general demand, and consequently command the best prices.
The manner in which you employ your time at Bell Champ (in raising nurseries of fruit, forest trees, and Shrubs) must not only contribute to your health and amusement, but it is certainly among the most rational avocations of life; for what can be more pleasing, than to see the work of ones own hands, fostered by care and attention, rising to maturity in a beautiful display of those advantages and ornaments which by the Combination of Nature and taste of the projector in the disposal of them is always regaling to the eye at the sametime in their seasons they are a grateful [ sic] to the palate.
I should have much pleasure in admiring your skill in the propogation and disposal of these things in a visit to Bell Champ. but declining health and an anxious wish to spend the remainder of my days in retirement will fix me to Mount Vernon and a small circle round it whilst I tread on this Theatre.
I will not give you the trouble of receiving a long letter from me at this time because the probability, I think is, that you will have left Ireland before it can get thither. I shall only add therefore that it was with pain I gave the information contained in my last respecting the application for the Consulship at Marsailles: the Inclosures which I transmitted would account for the disappointment and though to be regretted in the present case the principle deserves more to be applauded than condemned for, few things being in the gift of Congress, it was thought that such as could be disposed of ought to be given to those who had suffered in the service of their Country during the late contest and a resolution to that effect having taken place in that body, which for the sake of consistency was obliged to adhere to it. I beg to be presented in respectful terms to Lady Newenham, and have the honor to be with great esteem and regard Dr. Sir Yr. etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 26, 1787.
Sir: Your letter of the 5th. inst, and the box containing the diplomas for the officers of the State of So. Carolina, came duly to hand. I have signed the diplomas and sent the box to Doctr. Craik in Alexandria to be forwarded by a safe conveyance and have directed it to the care of Colo. Grayson as you requested. The enclosed list I have returned agreeable to your desire. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 27, 1787.
My dear Sir: Hurried as I am I cannot (not expecting to see you in Philadelpa) withhold the copy of a Paragraph in a letter which came to my hands yesterday from Mr. Jefferson, and a translation of the Article "Cincinnati" from the Encyclopedie Methodique, forwarded to me by the same Gentleman as they relate to the Society and serve to shew the light in wch. it is viewed in France. I do not know what the Article from the Encyclopedie Methodique contains as it is in French further than from the purport of Mr. Jeffersons letter, and being received but yesterday it could not be translated previous to my departure but I have desired a Gentleman who lives in my family to do it and have left this letter to be sent with it.
In my present state of mind I can hardly form an opinion whether it will be best to lay the matter before the Society as coming from Mr. Jefferson or as from a person of as good information as any in France I must therefore leave it wholly with you to do as you may think most proper. You know my sentiments from the proceedings of the last General meeting and from my Circular letter. In haste I am etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, April 27, 1787.
My dear Sir: After every consideration my judgment was able to give the subject, I had determined to yield to the wishes of many of my friends who seemed anxious for my attending the Convention which is proposed to be holden in Philadelphia the 2d Monday of May, and though so much afflicted with a Rheumatick complaint (of which I have not been entirely free for six months) as to be under the necessity of carrying my arm in a sling for the last ten days, I had fixed on Monday next for my departure, and had made every necessary arrangement for the purpose when (within this hour) I am called by an express, who assures me not a moment is to be lost, to see a mother and only sister (who are supposed to be in the agonies of Death) expire;32 and I am hastening to obey this melancholy call after having just buried a Brother33 who was the intimate companion of my youth, and the friend of my ripened age. This journey of mine then, too miles in the disordered frame of my body, will, I am persuaded, unfit me for the intended trip to Philadelphia, and assuredly prevent my offering that tribute of respect to my compatriots in Arms which results from affection and gratitude for their attachment to, and support of me, upon so many trying occasions.
[Note 32: In Washington's "Diary" it is stated that he received the call between 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon of the 26th and set out the next morning about sunrise. He reached Fredericksburg before 2 o'clock the same day, finding both his mother and sister better than had been reported. He returned from Fredericksburg (April 30), reaching Mount Vernon about 6 p.m.]
[Note 33: John Augustine Washington.]
For this purpose it was, as I had (tho' with a good deal of Reluctance) consented, from a conviction that our affairs were verging fast to ruin, to depart from the resolution I had taken of never more stepping out of the walks of private life, that I determined to shew my respect to the General meeting of the Society by coming there the week before. As the latter is prevented, and the other, it is probable, will not take place, I send such papers as have occasionally come to my hands, and may require the inspection, and the consideration of the Cincinnati. An apology for the order in which they are sent is highly necessary, and my present situation is the best I can offer. To morrow I had set apart for the Inspection and arrangement of them, that such only as were fitting, might be laid before the Society; for unless I had time to go over them again with a person who understands the French language, I am not even certain that all of what I send may relate to the affairs of the Cincinati, and certain I am that some are too personal, the sending of which will not, I hope, be ascribed to improper motives, when the only one I had (as I am in the moment of my departure from home and uncertain of returning to it) is that nothing which has been referred to me, may be with held.
In the jumbled order you will receive them, I send them by Doctr. Craik in Alexandria to be forwarded by a safe hand in the Stage to Philadelphia.
I make a tender of my affectionate regard to the members who may Constitute the General Meeting of the Society and with sentiments of the highest esteem etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 5, 1787.
Dear Sir; When your favor of the 23d. Ulto. was sent here from the Post Office, I was at Fredericksburg (to which place I had been called, suddenly, by Express) to bid, as I was prepared to expect, the last adieu to an honoured parent, and an affectionate Sister whose watchful attention to my Mother during her illness had brought to death's door. The latter I hope is now out of danger, but the former cannot long Survive the disorder which has reduced her to a Skeleton, tho' she is somewhat amended.
I do not know how, sufficiently, to express my thankfulness to Mrs. Morris and you for your kind invitation to lodge at your house, and though I could not be more happy anywhere, yet as there is great reason to apprehend that the business of the Convention (from the tardiness of some States, and the discordant opinions of others) will not be brought to a speedy conclusion, I cannot prevail on myself to give so much trouble to a private family as such a length of time must do. I hope therefore that Mrs. Morris and you will not take it a miss that I decline the polite and obliging offer you have made me.35
[Note 35: After reaching Philadelphia, Washington consented to lodge with Robert Morris.]
Mrs. Washington is become too domestick, and too attentive to two little Grand Children to leave home, and I can assure you, Sir, that it was not until after a long struggle I could obtain my own consent to appear again in a public theatre. My first remaining wish being, to glide gently down the stream of life in tranquil retirement till I shall arrive at the world of Spirits.
Mrs. Morris, yourself and family, have every good wish that Mrs. Washington and I can offer, and with the sincerest esteem and regard, I am, etc.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 7, 1787.
Dear Lund: Company, and several other matters which pressed upon me yesterday, and which has obliged me to postpone my journey a day longer is the reason why I did not acknowledge the receipt of your letter by Ned.38
[Note 38: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I need not tell you, because a moment's recurrence to your own accounts will evince the fact, that there is no source from which I derive more than a sufficiency for the daily calls of my family, except what flows from the collection of old debts, and scanty and precarious enough, God knows this is. My estate for the last 11 years has not been able to make both ends meet. I am encumbered now with the deficiency. I mention this for no other purpose than to shew that however willing, I am not able to pay debts unless I could sell land, which I have publicly advertised without finding bidders.
The enclosed Bond I have had the most pointed assurances would be paid by the first of June. and for that reason if it will answer your purpose you may collect and apply the money to the use for which you want it. If this will not do, there is some flour and wheat (if there be water to grind it) in the Mill which you may dispose of for the same end. because I would not wish you to be disappointed. I am etc.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 30, 1787.
Dear Sir: It has so happened, that the letter which you did me the honor of writing to me the 14th. of November last, did not come to my hands till the first of the present month; and at a time when I was about to set off for the Convention of the States, appointed to be holden in this City the 14th. Instt. Consequently, it has not been in my power at an earlier period, to reply to the important matters wch. are the subjects thereof. This, possibly, may be to be regretted if the house of de Coulteaux should, in the meantime, have directed its enquiries to Philadelphia, Baltimore or New York without having had the advantages which are to be derived from the extension of the inland Navigations of the Rivers Potomack and James, deliniated to them. Silence on this head may be construed into inferiority, when the fact (in my judgment) is, that Alexandria or Richmond, provided the communication with the latter can be conducted by the Green brier and Great Kanhawa (as some aver and others doubt) has infinite advantages over either of the Towns just mentioned. With respect to James River, I am not able to speak with so much precision as of the former, with which (having had opportunities to be so) I am much better acquainted. To this therefore I shall chiefly confine my observations.
In investigating the advantages of Alexandria as the most proper place for a principal deposit in the Fur Trade, I have thought it necessary to leave as little room for partiality and prejudice to operate as possible, by concealing, as far as may be, the object of the investigation. Tho' the result has been favourable to Alexandria, I trust it will be found to have arisen from such weighty considerations, as must be felt by every mind; particularly that of the Merchant whose interests on this subject must alone determine the scale. With A very superficial knowledge of the relative Geography of the places (Alexanda. Baltimore, Philada. New York) in contemplation by Monsr. Coulteaux to establish a concern in the Fur Trade to the Country yielding this Article, a meet glance at the Map must decide Alexandria in point of distance to be the most convenient spot. Hence, a considerable saving would accrue in the articles of Land carriage; an object of so much importance in the communication between places seperated by immense wildernesses, and rugged roads, as to render any comment on it to a Merchant, superfluous. But the difficulty arising from this sourse (tho' already less) will soon, in a great measure, be obviated with respect to Alexandria, by the extension of the Navigation of Potomack. The progress already made in this great National work, Not only justifies this opinion, but the most sanguine expectations wch. have been formed of its success. Granting therefore that the advantage of a greater proximity to the Fur Country, was not on the side of Alexandria, still the immense superiority which a communication almost by water, would give it, must be obvious to all who consider the case, with which the distant produce of the different, and opposite parts of the earth are mutually exchanged, by means of this element. As neither of the other places can ever enjoy this singular benefit to so great a degree, Alexandria must, of course, be the place to which the Inhabitants of the Western Country must resort with all their Commodities (unless by the other channel mentioned, Richmond should be found equal to it); and from whence they will take back their returns in foreign products with the least expence. The Act for opening a road from the highest point to which the Navigation of Potomack can be extended, to the Cheat river, must also be considered as an important circumstance in favour of Alexandria; and in the same light the Act of the last Session for opening a road to the Mouth of the little Kanhawa, from the road last mentioned, must be considered. Besides these, leave has been obtained from Pensylvania by the States of Virginia and Maryld., to open another road from Wills' Creek to the Yohiogani, by the nearest and best rout. By these Acts, great part of the Trade which has been accustomed to flow through Pittsburgh to Philadelphia must be derived in rich streams to the Potomack: for I believe it to be as true in commerce as in every thing else, that nature, however she may be opposed for a while, will soon return her regular course, neither therefore the attractive power of wealth, nor the exertions of industry, will long, it is presumed, with hold from Alexandria the advantages which nature has bestowed on her.
If the great extent of territory adjacent to the Fur Country, which Virginia possesses, in comparison with the States to wch. the other Towns belong, be viewed; Alexandria must still be consindered [ sic] as the most proper place. The Country about the Illinois and wabash (Rivers which nearly reach the Lakes in their Course) has been long considered as the most abundant in Furs; and the completion of the Navigation of James River must, without doubt, render Richmond the most convenient for these of any other; if, as I have once or twice before observed, the Navigation of the Kanhawa can be improved to any good account. By those however who are not acquainted with the nature of the western waters, and the short portages between them, it may be objected that the Rivers above mentioned are too far South to meet with good Furs; but it may not be amiss to observe here, that the Rivers of lake Erie &ca. communicate to nearly, and with such ease, with those of the Ohio, as to afford the shortest and best transportation from Detroit; by which all the Furs of the upper lakes must pass; whether they go to Canada, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Alexandria or Richmond; and that the routs, from thence to the two latter are thro' the territory of the United States; whereas the one to New York passes along the line, and is besides, Subject to interruptions by Ice when these are entirely free from it. These objections, particularly the latter, apply in a degree both to Philadelphia and Baltimore; because if either can avail itself of water transportation, it must be by the more Northern streams of the Ohio, with the Waters of the Susquehanna, considerably above the Monongahela, and still more so above the Great Kanhawa, the first of which communicates with the River Potomack, and the latter with that of James.
The last advantage which occurs to me in favor of Alexandria, is, that the business would be carried on there without any competition: No one having yet engaged so deeply in it, as to hold out any encouragement. I have even been informed that Waggons loaded with Furs, have sometimes passed through Alexandria to Baltimore in search of a Market; and from Winchester it is their common practice to go there with this Commodity; tho' Alexandria is much more convenient to them. On the side of New York, the most eligable Posts for this trade are in the possession of the British; and whenever they are ceded it will, I expect, be found, that the Merchants of that Nation, from their Wealth, long establishment, and consequent knowledge of the Country, will be such formidable competitors, as to draw the greater part of the Furs into Canada.
I shall now proceed to mention a person in whose skill and integrity Monsr. Coulteaux may, I think, have the fullest confidence; and tho' I am precluded in some measure from so doing by being told that it is required that he should be an American born; I shall still venture to name a Gentleman who is a native of Ireland, Colo. John Fitzgerald. The active Services of this Gentleman during the War, his long residence in the Country, and intermarriage in it (with one of the most respectable families, Digges of Maryland) all entitle him to be considered as an American. The laws of this Country know no difference between him and a Native of America. He has besides been bred to trade, is esteemed a Man of property and is at present engaged in the former in Alexandria. Lest however this should be considered as an insuperable obstacle, I shall name a second, Robert Townshend Hooe Esqr., who has every desired requisite. I shall just observe, that if the business is carried on extensively, it would probably require the various acquaintance and combined activity of each of those Gentlemen.
I come now to the other part of your letter, which concerns the Cincinnati, and here indeed I scarcely know what to say. It is a delicate, it is a perplexing subject. Not having the extract from the Encyclopedia before me, I cannot now undertake to enter into the merits of the publication. It may therefore perhaps be as much as will be expected from me, to observe that the Author appears in general to have detailed very candidly and ingenuously the motives, and inducements wch. gave birth to the Society. Some of the subsequent facts, which I cannot, however, from memory pretend to discuss with precision are thought by Gentlemen who have seen the publication to be misstated; in so much that it is commonly said, truth and falsehood are so intimately blended, that it will be difficult to sever them.
For myself, I only recollect two or three circumstances, in the narration, of which palpable mistakes seem to have insinuated themselves. Majr. L'Enfant did not arrive and bring the Eagles during the Session of the General meeting, but sometime before that Convention. The Legislature of Rhode Island never passed any Act whatever on the subject (that ever carne to my knowledge) notwithstanding what Mirabeau and others had previously advanced. Nothing can be more ridiculous than the supposition of the author that the Society was instituted partly because the Country could not then pay the Army, except the assertion that the United States have now made full and compleat provision for paying not only the arrearages due to the Officers, but the half pay or commutation, at their option. From whence the Author deduces an argument for its dissolution. Though I conceive, this never had any thing to do with the Institution; yet, the Officers, in most of the States, who never have, nor I believe expect to receive one farthing of the principal or interest on their final settlement securities, would doubtless be much obliged to the Author to convince them how, and when they received a compensation for their Services. No foreigner, nor American who has been absent sometime, will easily comprehend how tender those concerned are on this point. I am sorry to say, a great many of the Officers consider me as having in a degree committed myself by inducing them to trust too much in the justice of their Country. They heartily wish no settlement had been made, because it has rendered them obnoxious to their fellow Citizens, without affording the least emolument.
For the reason I have mentioned, I cannot think it expedient for me to go into an investigation of the Writers deductions. I shall accordingly content myself with giving you some idea of the part I have acted, posterior to the first formation of the Association.
When I found that you, and many of the most respectable characters in the Country would entirely acquiesce with the Institution as altered and amended in the first General Meeting of 1784, and that the objections against the obnoxious parts were wholly done away, I was prevailed upon to accept the Presidency. Happy in finding (so far as I could learn by assiduous enquiries) that all the clamours and jealousies, which had been excited against the original association, had ceased; I judged it a proper time in the last Autumn, to withdraw myself from any farther Agency in the business, and to make my retirement compleate agreeably to my original plan. I wrote circular letters to all the State Societies, announcing my wishes, informing that I did not propose to be at the trienniel meeting, and requested not to be re-elected President. This was the last step of a public nature I expected ever to have taken. But having since been appointed by my Native State to attend the National Convention, and having been pressed to a compliance in a manner which it hardly becomes me to describe; I have, in a measure, been obliged to sacrifice my own Sentiments, and to be present in Philadelphia at the very time of the General Meeting of the Cincinnati; after which I was not at liberty to decline the Presidency without placing myself in an extremely disagreeable situation with relation to that brave and faithful class of men, whose persevering friendship I had experienced on so many trying occasions.
The business of this Convention is as yet too much in embryo to form any opinion of the result. Much is expected from it by some; but little by others; and nothing by a few. That something is necessary, all will agree; for the situation of the General Governmt. (if it can be called a governmt.) is shaken to its foundation, and liable to be overset by every blast. In a word, it is at an end, and unless a remedy is soon applied, anarchy and confusion will inevitably ensue. But having greatly exceeded the bounds of a letter already I will only add assurances of that esteem, regard, and respect.46
[Note 46: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 48: François Claude Amour, Marquis de Bouillé.]
Philadelphia, June 1, 1787.
Sir: Under this cover you will do me the honor to receive a letter directed to the President, or Senior Officer of the Society of the Cincinnati in France;49 enclosing a resolve of the General Meeting of that Society in these United States, holden in this City, last Month.
[Note 49: This letter was also dated June 1 and is in facsimile in Contenson's La Société des Cincinnati de France. It states: "Persuaded I am that, Your Excellency will derive as much pleasure from offering to, and Investing the Marquis de Bouillé with the Order of the Cincinnati. as it gives me to communicate for these purposes the Sentiments of the Society."]
If any thing, Sir, could add to the pleasure I feel in obeying the Orders of this Society, it is the favourable opportunity that is afforded me of expressing to you the Sentiments of admiration and respect with which your character has inspired me; and to assure you of the esteem and consideration with which I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: From a facsimile in Contenson's La Société des Cincinnati de France.]
Philadelphia, June 6, 1787.
My dear Marqs. Not till within this hour was I informed of the intention of Mr. Rutledge52 (son to the Governor Rutledge of South Carolina whom I believe you know) to embark in the Packet for France, or that he was to set out in the morning for New York, to take shipping the day after. Tho' totally, unprepared (immersed as I am in the business of the Convention) I cannot let this Gentleman depart without a remembrance of my friendship for you. It was, when I came here, and still is, my intention, to write you a long letter from this place before I leave it, but the hour is not yet come when I can do it to my own Satisfaction or for your information. I therefore shall wait till the result of the present meeting is more matured, and till the members who constitute it are at liberty to communicate the proceedings more freely before I attempt it.
[Note 52: John Rutledge, jr.]
You will I dare say, be surprized my dear Marquis to receive a letter from me at this place, you will probably, be more so, when you hear that I am again brought, contrary to my public declaration, and intention, on a public theatre, such is the viscissitude of human affairs, and such the frailty of human nature that no man I conceive can well answer for the resolutions he enters into.
The pressure of the public voice was so loud, I could not resist the call to a convention of the States which is to determine whether we are to have a Government of respectability under which life, liberty, and property will be secured to us, or are to submit to one which may be the result of chance or the moment, springing perhaps from anarchy and Confusion, and dictated perhaps by some aspiring demagogue who will not consult the interest of his Country so much as his own ambitious views. What may be the result of the present deliberation is more than I am able, at present, if I was at liberty, to inform you, and therefore I will make this letter short, with the assurance of being more particular when I can be more satisfactory, to this period also I refer more than to acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favours of the 7th. of February last.
Every good wish that can flow from a warm and sincere heart, much attached to you, and every one connected with you, is presented to Madam de la Fayette and your little flock; and with sentiments of encreasing friendship and love. I am, etc.53
[Note 53: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 6 Washington wrote also brief notes to Comte de Rochambeau, Comte D'Estaing, and Marquis de Chastellux, introducing John Rutledge, jr. Copies of these notes are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 9, 1787.
My dear Sir: At length, I have obtained the means for discharging the balle. I am owing you. Mr. Morris will direct his corrispondent in New York to pay you the sum of Eight hundred and forty dollars, which will be about the amount of £325.6.0 (the balle. of your Acct. as rendered to Jany. last) with inst. thereon of Seven pr Ct. till the middle of this month.
As this is intended as a letter of advice only, I shall add nothing more at present, than my best and respectful Complimts. to Mrs. Clinton and the rest of your family, and that I am with sentiments of very great esteem and regard My dear Sir Yr. etc.54
[Note 54: From a photostat of the original in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 30, 1787.
Madam: At the sametime that I pray you to accept my sincere thanks for the obliging letter with which you honored me on the 26th. Ulto (accompanied by a poetical performance for which I am more indebted to your partiality than to any merits I possess, by which your Muse could have been inspired. I have to entreat that you will ascribe my silence to any cause rather than to a want of respect or friendship for you; the truth really is that what with my attendance in Convention, morning business, receiving, and returning visits, and Dining late with the numberless59 &ca., which are not to be avoided in so large a City as Philadelphia, I have Scarcely a moment in which I can enjoy the pleasures which result from the recognition on the many instances of your attention to me or to express a due sense of them. I feel more however than I can easily communicate for the last testimony of your flattering recollection of me. The friendship you are so good as to assure me you feel for me, claims all my gratitude and sensibility, and meets the most cordial return. with compliments to your good family I have the honor, etc.60
[Note 59: Omission of the "Letter Book" copyist. The word may have been "personages."]
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers, which is addressed to Mrs. Richard Stockton.]
Philadelphia, June 30, 1787.
My dear Marqs. The Gentleman who will do the honor of presenting this letter to you is Mr. Shippen, Son of your old acquaintance Doctr. Shippen61 of this City who having been at the Temple proposes to visit Paris, and of course to offer homage
[Note 61: He died in 1798.] to you. He is a very sensible young man and as far as opportunities are afforded me to Judge, possess a well cultivated mind which induces me without hesitation or apology to introduce him to your countenance and Civilities. To repeat to you the assurances of that Friendship with which I am warmed would not add ought to your conviction of it because you are already persuaded of the sincere regard and affection etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 30 Washington wrote to Comte de Rochambeau, introducing Young Shippen. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. Entered in the "Letter Book" under September 26 is a brief note to Thomas Jefferson, also introducing Mr. Shippen.
On this same day (June 30) Washington wrote also to the president of the Agricultural Society of Philadelphia, forwarding Arthur Young's Annals of Agriculture which Young had sent to Washington to be presented to the Philadelphia society. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 1, 1787.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 17th ultimo.
In May, Mr. Alexr. Donald made me a remittance in Bills on Robert Morris Esqr. of this City to the amount of 1094 35/90 Dollrs., and a few days since I received another draught on the same Gentleman for 306 65/90 Dollars making together 1401 60/90 Dollrs. or Four hundred and twenty pounds ten Shillings Virginia Currency, which I have placed to the Credit of Mr. Custis's Estate.
Rhode Island, from our last accts. still preseveres in that impolitic, unjust, and one might add without much impropriety scandalous conduct, which seems to have marked all her public Councils of late. Consequently, no Representation is yet here from thence. New Hampshire, tho' Delegates have been appointed, is also unrepresented. Various causes have been assigned, whether well, or ill-founded I shall not take upon me to decide. The fact, however, is that they are not here. Political contests, and want of money, are amidst the reasons assigned for the non-attendance of the members.
As the rules of the convention prevent me from relating any of the proceedings of it, and the gazettes contain, more fully than I could detail, other occurrences of a public nature, I have little to communicate to you on the article of news. Happy indeed would it be, if the convention shall be able to recommend such a firm and permanent government for this Union, that all who live under it may be secure in their lives, liberty, and property; and thrice happy would it be, if such a recommendation should obtain. Every body wishes, every body expects something from the convention; but what will be the final result of its deliberation, the book of fate must disclose. Persuaded I am, that the primary cause of all our disorders lies in the different State governments, and in the tenacity of that power, which pervades the whole of their systems. Whilst independent sovereignty is so ardently contended for, whilst the local views of each State, and separate interests, by which they are too much governed, will not yield to a more enlarged scale of politics, incompatibility in the laws of different States, and disrespect to those of the general government, must render the situation of this great country weak, inefficient, and disgraceful. It has already done so, almost to the final dissolution of it. Weak at home and disregarded abroad is our present condition, and contemptible enough it is.
Entirely unnecessary was it to offer any apology for the sentiments you were so obliging as to offer me. I have had no wish more ardent, through the whole progress of this business, than that of knowing what kind of government is best calculated for us to live under. No doubt there will be a diversity of sentiments on this important subject; and to inform the judgment, it is necessary to hear all arguments that can be advanced. To please all is impossible, and to attempt it would be vain. The only way, therefore, is, under all the views in which it can be placed, and with a due consideration to circumstances, habits, &c., &c., to form such a government as will bear the scrutinizing eye of criticism, and trust it to the good sense and patriotism of the people to carry it into effect. Demagogues, men who are unwilling to lose any of their State consequence, and interested characters in each, will oppose any general government. But let these be regarded rightly, and justice, it is to be hoped, will at length prevail. My best wishes attend Mrs. Stuart, yourself, and the girls. If I can render [you] any service whilst I remain here, I shall be happy in doing it. I am, &c.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 9, 1787.
Sir: The letter you did me the honor of writing to me by Commodore Paul Jones came safe; as did the volumes of the Farmer's Letters.67 For both, particularly for the compliment of the letter, I pray you to accept my best thanks. Let me express my gratitude to you, at the same time, Sir, for the obliging offer of transmitting any communications I may have occasion to make, to my good and much esteemed friend the Marquis de Lafayette, whose zeal and services in the cause of this country merit as much applause from his fellow citizens, as they meet admiration from the rest of mankind. I congratulate you on your safe arrival in this country, and with sentiments of great esteem &c.68
[Note 67: Creèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer (1782), which were, later (1784--87), republished in France in the French language.]
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 10, 1787.
Dear Sir: I thank you for your Communication of the 3d. When I refer you to the state of the Councils which prevailed at the period you left this City, and add, that they are now, if possible, in a worse train than ever; you will find but little ground on which the hope of a good establishment can be formed. In a word, I almost despair of seeing a favourable issue to the proceedings of our Convention, and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business.
The Men who oppose a strong and energetic government are, in my opinion, narrow minded politicians, or are under the influence of local views. The apprehension expressed by them that the people will not accede to the form proposed is the ostensible, not the real cause of the opposition; but admitting that the present sentiment is as they prognosticate, the question ought nevertheless to be, is it, or is it not, the best form?69 If the former, recommended it, and it will assuredly obtain mauger opposition. I am sorry you went away. I wish you were back.70 The crisis is equally important and alarming, and no opposition under such circumstances should discourage exertions till the signature is fixed. I will not, at this time trouble you with more than my best wishes and sincere regards. I am &c.71
[Note 69: The "Letter Book" has, at this point, "that such a Country as this can adopt?"]
[Note 70: Hamilton was present in the convention June 29, but left Philadelphia on that day. He apparently was not in the convention again until August 13.]
[Note 71: From the Hamilton Papers. The text varies slightly from that found in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 11, 1787.
Dear Sir: The bearer Mr. Timothy Tuttle has been with me to obtain on some terms (I did not enquire what) part of the Land we have a Joint interest in, up the Mohawk River. The answer I have given him is, that whatever you shall do concerning them I will abide by. With great esteem and Regd. I am, etc.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1787.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 15th instant, and thank you for the ordinance which was enclosed in it. My sentiments, with respect to the navigation of the Mississippi, have been long fixed, and are not dissimilar to those which are expressed in your letter. I have ever been of opinion that the true policy of the Atlantic States would be instead of contending prematurely for the free navigation of that river (which eventually, and perhaps as soon as it shall be our true interest to obtain it) must happen, to open and improve the natural communications with the western country, through which the produce of it might be transported with convenience and ease to our markets. Till you get low down the Ohio, I conceive, that it would, (considering the length of the voyage to New Orleans, the difficulty of the current, and the time necessary to perform it in) be the interest of the inhabitants to bring their produce to our ports; and sure I am, there is no other tie by which they will long form a link in the chain of federal union. I believe, however, from the temper in which those people appear to be, and from the ambitious and turbulent spirit of some of their demagogues, that it has become a moot point to determine (when every circumstance which attends this business is brought into view) what is best to be done. The State of Virginia having taken the matter up with so high a hand, is not among the least embarrassing or disagreeable parts of the difficulty.
Will you permit me to put the enclosed under cover to you; from the Gentleman to whom it is addressed, I have lately received a letter to which this is an acknowledgment. with very great esteem and regard. I have the honor etc.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 22, 1787.
Sir: I avail myself of the liberty you have been so obliging as to give me, to trouble you with the care of the enclosed packet. It was my intention to have added to this trouble by encreasing the number of my letters, but business has prevented; let me pray therefore that you will do me the honor to present me, in affectionate terms to the Marqs. de la Fayette, and assure him, that though hurried, I should not have slipped so favourable an opportunity of writing to him, if the business of the Convention (for I have nothing else new, to offer him) could have been communicated in the present unfinished state of it. To the Count de Rochambeau, Marqs. de Chartellux and others, with whom I have the honor of a particular acquaintance, I tender my best regards. I wish you a pleast. Voyage; and the attainment of the objects of it. and have the honor etc.77
[Note 77: From a facsimile of the original in a sales catalogue, 1931.]
Philadelphia, July 25, 1787.
Sir: You would oblige me by letting me know whether there is a prospect of your purchasing, on the terms specified in my letter of Instructions, any of the Articles mentioned in the list handed to you therewith particularly Blankets as the Season in which these will be wanted is now fast approaching and against which they must be provided for the accomodation of my Negros. If there is a moral certainty of obtaining them through your means, I will depend thereon, if not, I must look out in time, and therefore give you the trouble of this Enquiry. I am, etc.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 15, 1787.
My dear Marqs: Altho' the business of the Foederal Convention is not yet clos'd, nor I, thereby, enabled to give you an account of its proceedings; yet the opportunity afforded by Commodore Paul Jones' Return to France is too favourable for me to omit informing you, that the present expectation of the members is, that it will end about the first of next month; when, or as soon after as it shall be in my power, I will communicate the result of our long deliberation to you.
News paper accts. inform us that the Session of the Assembly of Notables is ended. and you have had the goodness (in your letter of the 5th. of May) to communicate some of the proceedings to me. among which is that of the interesting motion made by yourself respecting the expenditure of public money by Monsr. de Callonne, and the consequence thereof.
The patriotism, by which this motion was dictated throws a lustre on the action, which cannot fail to dignify the Author, and I sincerely hope with you, that much good will result from the deliberations of so respectable a Council, I am not less ardent in my wish that you may succeed in your plan of toleration in religious matters. Being no bigot myself to any mode of worship, I am disposed to indulge the professors of Christianity in the church, that road to Heaven, which to them shall seem the most direct plainest easiest and least liable to exception. Had not the account of your recovery accompanied that of your indisposition I should have felt many anxious and painful moments from the recital of the former. but let the first admonish you, my dear Marquis, against application too intense. This may disqualify you for the laudable pursuits to which zeal for the good of your Country and the honor of human nature may prompt you, and which may prove injurious both to yourself and it.
The politicians of this Country hardly know what to make of the present situation of European affairs. If serious consequences do not follow the blood which has been shed in the United Netherlands these people will certainly have acted differently from the rest of Mankind; and in another quarter one would think there could hardly be so much Smoke without some fire between the Russian and Turk. Should these disputes kindle the flame of war it is not easy to prescribe bounds to its extension or effect. The disturbances in Massachusetts have subsided; but there are seeds of discontent in every part of this Union; ready to produce other disorders if the wisdom of the present Convention should not be able to devise, and the good sense of the people be found ready to adopt a more vigorous and energetic government, than the one under which we now live; for the present, from experience, has been found too feeble and inadequate to give that security, which our liberties and property render absolutely essential, and which the fulfilment of public faith loudly requires.
Vain is it to look for respect from abroad, or tranquillity at home; vain is it to murmur at the detention of our Western Posts, or complain of the restriction of our commerce; vain are all the attempts to remedy the evils complained of by Mr Dumas to discharge the interest due on foreign loans, or satisfy the claims of foreign Officers, the neglect of doing which is a high impeachment of our National character, and is hurtful to the feelings of every well wisher to this Country in and out of it; vain is it to talk of chastising the Algerines, or doing ourselves Justice in any other respect, till the wisdom and force of the Union can be more concentrated and better applied. In what accountable terms, My dear Marquis, shall I express or convey to you, my thanks for the Maltese Asses. Believe me, however, when I assure you, that your friendship in this respect has embarrassed me not a little for with much truth I can declare that nothing was further from my thoughts than to make you more than the medium of application or to saddle you with more than the first advance in obtaining them thro' you alone, I was enabled to accomplish this matter, and the desire of introducing animals of so much use into this Country prompted me to accept of your influence with Admiral de Suffran, to whom, if I am under obligation, you would do me a singular favour to make my acknowledgments acceptable. With sentiments of the highest respect, and most perfect regard for Madam de la Fayette and the rest of your family and with the most Affecte. attachment to you, I am ever yours, &c.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 19, 1787.
My dear Sir: By slow, I wish I could add and sure, movements, the business of the Convention progresses; but to say when it will end, or what will be the result, is more than I can venture to do; and therefore I shall hazard no opinion thereon. If however, some good does not proceed from the Session, the defects cannot, with propriety, be charged to the hurry with which the business has been conducted: Yet, many things may be forgot, some of them not well digested, and others become a mere nullity. Notwithstanding which I wish a disposition may be found in Congress, the several States Legislatures, and the community at large to adopt the Government which may be agreed on in Convention; because I am fully persuaded it is the best that can be obtained at the present moment, under such diversity of ideas as prevail.
I should have had great pleasure in a visit to New York during the adjournment of the Convention; but not foreseeing the precise period at which it would take place, or the length of it; I had, previously thereto, put my carriage into the hands of a workman to repair, and had not the means of going. I condole very sincerely with Mrs. Knox and yourself on your late misfortune; but am sure, however severe the trial, each of you have fortitude enough to meet it. Nature, no doubt, must feel severely before calm resignation will over come it.
I offer my best respects to Mrs. Knox, and every good wish for the family, with great regard and unfeigned Affectn. I am etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, August 26, 1787.
Dear Sir: Having heard nothing from you, in reply to a letter I wrote you in answer to yours of the 25th. of June, respecting your wishes to enter your Son on [ sic] board the French Navy, I am led to apprehend a miscarriage, or that the letter to or from you may be lying in some of the Post Offices (a thing not very unusual) I therefore address you again on the subject.
The purport of my former letter was to ask, whether you had been encouraged to hope, or to expect much (from any Gentleman competent to advise you) from such a project, if not, whether it would not be better to delay your decisions on this point till enquiry could be first made, and that, under the impression of the propriety of it, I would detain your letter for France till I could hear further from you on this subject among others for the Following reasons.
1. Because I think your Sons going into the French Navy would be attended with greater expence than you apprehend.
2. That the highest rank he could expect to meet at entrance would be that of Midshipman.
3. That for want of an interest always at hand his prospect of rising would be very unpromising
4. That from a difference of Country, language, religeon and manners, the Service would soon become irksome and disagreeable to him and in the last place. Because I do not think that they are such good Seamen as the British or Americans.
Friendship and regard for you and your Son, induced me to make these observations before I parted with your letters (supposing a small delay could make no great difference in your plan) but if you have been well advised in the matter and will write me again I will immediately forward your letters with one of my own to the Marqs. de la Fayette, as the delay of your answer has far exceeded anything that could have been expected, I shall be concerned if any inconvenience should have resulted from it having every disposition to comply with your wishes in this, or any other respect wherein I can do it consistently. My love to Mrs. Spotswood. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 30, 1787.
Sir: The Gentleman who will present this letter to you is Major Baylies86 of Massachusetts, Son in law to Genl. Lincoln. He is on business to Virginia, and at his request, I give you the trouble of receiving it as introductory of him, believing him to be a man of character and worth.
[Note 86: Hodijah(?) Baylies.]
I understand, that the subscribers to the Potomack Navigation has been called upon for another advance, my proportion of which shall be paid so soon as I return, which cannot, now, be at a distant period. With great esteem, I am, etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 2, 1787.
Dear Sir: I avail myself of the polite assurance of your last, to trouble you with the enclosed. If the Commodore should have left New York, you would oblige me by forwarding it. I regretted exceedingly, not having had it in my power to visit New York during the adjournment of the Convention, last Month. Not foreseeing with any precision the period at which it was likely to take place, nor the length of it, I had put my Carriage in the hands of a Workman to be repaired, and had not the means of moving during the recess but with, or on the curtesy of, others.
I thank you for the hints contained in your letter, and with best wishes for Mrs. Jay, and great Affection for yourself I am, etc.94
[Note 94: From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, 1925.]
Philadelphia, September 2, 1787.
Sir: Should this letter reach you in time, the purport of it is, to beg your care of the enclosed to the Marqs. de la Fayette; and to inform you that all the letters, Memorials, and Papers of every kind which had been transmitted to me as President General of the Society of the Cincinnati, were forwarded (not expecting to attend it myself) to the last General meeting holden in this City but how they were acted upon is not in my power to inform you, not being at it.
I have received, and have forwarded to my house the Bust95 you did me the honor to present me with, and shall place it with my own. Wishing you every possible felicity I have the honor, ect.96
[Note 95: The bust of Jones was a replica of the original by Houdon and is listed in the "Inventory of the Contents of Mount Vernon" as "1 Bust in Plaster of Paul Jones" and appraised at $20.]
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 7, 1787.
Sir: Having received the dimensions of three more of my Chimneys for which I want castings, I have to request them as follows.
The above being the exact size of the Chimneys (already built and in use) it is not to be forgotten that the thickness of the back plate is to be deducted from the width of those on the sides or vica versa as shall be adjudged best.
The mould already made, may subserve for the above Casting reducing it first to the largest of the above Chimneys, then to the second size, and lastly to the smallest. the crest and Cypher to each.
I should be glad to receive them as soon as possible and the money shall be immediately paid for them. I am, etc.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 16, 1787.
Sir: You will be puzzled to acct. for my long silence, the truth is, before I came to this City I resolved to postpone writing till I should have arrived at and should have met a direct conveyance from it, and afterwards. The variety of matters which have occurred and pressed upon me, have, in some measure, put it out of my power to do it at an earlier period than now.
I wish, sincerely, that you had been so obliging as to have designated the sum with which you would have been satisfied for conducting my Ejectments, I still wish that you would do this, and receive it out of the money which (by Major Free-mans report to me) you must be on the point of recovering, and permit me to add moreover that I wish, yet more ardently I had it in my power to pay you in a more agreeable manner, but the fact is my expences in this City have been so much greater than I expected that it has deprived me of the means. Freemans letter to me, contains this Paragraph.
At March term I delivered Mr. Smith sundry obligations and took his rect. for them, which with the one in his hands befor, amounted to £533.19.0. I make no doubt he will soon recover the money and transmit it to you.
He adds, I have lodged with Mr. Richard Noble near Redstone old Fort £38.1.3. this sum I have requested Mr. Noble to pay you, if it has not been forwarded to me, thro' some other channel, and I hope measures has been, or will be taken to obtain from my opponants the legal fees and other costs which they burthened me with, by means of the ejectments. Mr. Smiley handed me a letter some time after my arrival at this City, accompanied by £12.10. recovered from one Cunningham.
For the anxiety you express to have undergone during the prosecution of this Suit, I feel myself exceedingly obliged and pray you to accept my thanks for this proof of your attachment as well as for the care with which the business was conducted. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 16, 1787.
Sir: I was surprized to find by your letter of the 8th. of May, dated in this City (received after I came to it) that you had not got the letter I wrote to you sometime before under cover to Colo Bayard of Pittsburg especially as the Colonel has acknowledge the receipt of it, and promised that it should be carefulIy forwarded to your house.
In that letter, to the best of my recollection, I requested that you would take charge of all my concerns, as well as those in Fayette, as Washington Counties and act for me as you would do for yourself. To this, if my memory serves me, your powers already extend, if not, I now give them to you by this letter.
I cannot consent to take two dollars a acre for the Land in Washington County. If the Government of this Country gets well toned, and property perfectly secured, I have no doubt of obtaining the price I have fixed on the land, and that in a short time, in the meanwhile, I had rather rent it from year to year than give leases for a term of years as the latter will certainly impede the Sale.
For the Land in Fayette County, I have been offered the price I had fixed on it, viz Forty Shillings pr. Acre, by a number of New Jersey people but we have differed with respect to the mode of payment and perhaps shall never agree. I would not therefore have you Slip an opportunity of disposing of that Tract, if that price and the payment thereof is well secured. I would, as I think you have already been informed; be content with one fourth of the money paid down, the remainder in four annual payments with interest.
I willing to take usual allowance of the Crops which were in the ground and hope you have taken your measures accordingly less than this, the Tenants cannot I should conceive think of giving, as the whole of them might have been demanded. I am, etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 16 Washington wrote short notes to Comte de Rochambeau, Maqquis de Lafayette, and Marquis de Chastellux, introducing Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina. Copies of these notes are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On September 17 Washington wrote briefly to Col. William Washington, inclosing the business card of the Philadelphia coach-maker who had repaired his carriage, recommending him. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 16, 1787.
Sir: By a letter which I have received from Major Thomas Freeman since I came to the City I am informed that he has lodged some money of mine in your hands, as also a receipt from Thomas Smith Esqr. for £533.19.0 with sundry other papers. I shall be obliged by your forwarding the money to me by the First good conveyance; the papers I beg you to place in the hands of Colo. Cannon of Washington County to whose care I had committed my business in that County long before I had any knowledge or information from Major Freeman of his having committed these matters to you. If no sure and safe conveyance should offer for sending the money immediately to me I request in that case that you would be so obliging as to deliver it to Thomas Smith Esqr. Attorney at Law who will apply it to the uses, and agreeable to the advice I have given. I am, etc.1
Philadelphia, September 18, 1787.
Dear Sir: Yesterday put an end to the business of the Foederal Convention. Inclosed is a copy of the Constitution by it agreed to, not doubting but that you have participated in the general anxiety which has agitated the minds of your Countrymen on this interesting occasion, I shall be excused I am certain for this endeavor to relieve you from it; especially when I assure you of the sincere regard and esteem with which I have the honor, etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 18, 1787.
My dear Marqs: In the midst of hurry, and in the moment of my departure from this City, I address this letter to you. The principal, indeed the only design of it, is to fulfil the promise I made, that I would send to you the proceedings of the Foederal convention, as soon as the business was closed. More than this, circumstanced as I am at present, it is not in my power to do. nor am I inclined to attempt it, as the enclosure,5 must speak for itself, and will occupy your thoughts for some time.
[Note 5: The Constitutional Convention had Dunlap & Claypoole print 500 copies of the Constitution after it had been engrossed on parchment and signed. The inclosure above was, doubtless, one of these.]
It is the production of four months deliberation. It is now a Child of fortune, to be fostered by some and buffeted by others. what will be the General opinion on, or the reception of it, is not for me to decide, nor shall I say any thing for or against it: if it be good I suppose it will work its way good; if bad, it will recoil on the Framers. My best wishes attend you, and yours; and with the sincerest friendship and most Affectionate regard etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Washington left Philadelphia in the afternoon of September 18 for Mount Vernon, which he reached about sunset on Saturday the 22d.]
Mount Vernon, September 24, 1787.
Dear Sir: In the first moment after my return I take the liberty of sending you a copy of the Constitution which the foederal Convention has submitted to the People of these States. I accompany it with no observations; your own Judgment will at once discover the good, and the exceptionable parts of it. and your experience of the difficulties, which have ever arisen when attempts have been made to reconcile such variety of Interests and local prejudices as pervade the several States will render explanation unnecessary. I wish the Constitution which is offered had been made more perfect, but I sincerely believe it is the best that could be obtained at this time; and, as a Constitutional door is opened for amendment hereafter, the adoption of it under the present circumstances of the Union is in my opinion desirable.
From a variety of concurring accounts it appears to me that the political concerns of this Country are, in a manner, suspended by a thread. That the Convention has been looked up to by the reflecting part of the community with a solicitude which is hardly to be conceived, and that if nothing had been agreed on by that body, anarchy would soon have ensued, the seeds being richly [ sic] sown in every soil. I am &c.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
This same letter was also sent to Benjamin Harrison and Thomas Nelson.
Henry answered (October 19): "I have to lament that I cannot bring my Mind to accord with the proposed Constitution The Concern I feel on this Account, is really greater than I am able to express. Perhaps mature Reflection may furnish me Reasons to change my present Sentiments into a Conformity with the Opinions of those personages For whom i have the highest Reverence."
On October 4 Harrison replied: "I feel myself deeply interested in every thing that you have had a hand in, or that comes from you, and am so well assured of the solidity of your judgment, and the rectitude of your intentions, that i shall never stick at trifles to conform myself to your opinion; in the present instance, I am So totally uninform'd as to the general situation of America, that I can form no judgment of the necessity the convention was under to give us such a constitution as it has done; If our condition is not very desperate, I have my fears that the remedy will prove worse than the disease. Age makes men often over cautious; I am walling to attribute my fears to that cause, but from whatever source they spring, I cannot divest myself of an opinion, that the seeds of civil discord are plentifully sown in very many of the powers given both to the president and congress, and that if the constitution is carried into effect, the States south of the potowmac, will be little more than appendages to those to the northward of it....I shall only say, that my objections chiefly lay agst. the unlimited powers of taxation and the regulations of trade, and thee jurisdictions that are to be established in every State altogether independent of their laws, The sword, and such powers will; nay in the nature of things they must sooner or later, establish a tyranny, not inferior to the triumvirate or centum viri of Rome." Both these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1787.
Sir: As I observe by the Baltimore advertiser that you are Administrator of the later Mr. John Rawlins, I take the liberty to mention to you an error which happened in the payment of an order drawn by Rawlins upon me during my late absence from home, and which was not discovered till I pointed it out since my return from Philadelphia.
Sometime last fall I agreed with Mr. Rawlins to furnish me with a number of friezes and mouldings, for which I was to pay forty three pounds twelve Shillings Virginia Currency, but in consequence of some defect in the work, he afterwards wrote (which letter I have now by me) to me informing me that he should charge but forty five pounds Maryland currency, he furnished them accordingly; and in July last sent one Thomas Hammond to wash some stucco work, which was done by himself and Mr. Thorp,9 and gave him an order for the above forty five pounds, but did not mention in the order, whether it was Maryland or Virginia Currency. The person who paid the money (not recuring to Mr. Rawlins's agreement which was in the house) paid it in Virginia currency and took Mr. Hammonds receipt for the same, specifying virginia currency in the receipt.
[Note 9: Tharp.]
I must therefore request Sir, that you will investigate the matter and have the difference of exchange in the above sum (which will be thirty dollars) returned. I am, etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1787.
Sir: By your letter of the 23d., with which I have been favoured since my return home, I perceive there has been a misconception on my part of the transaction between you and Mr. Porter respecting payment for the board of my Nephews. it thus arose: in the enumeration of monies which remained for me to pay according to the account transmitted. I found the sum of £17. 10 due to Mr. Porter on your account, this, and the recollection (I believe I am not mistaken therein) finding the like sum paid by that Gentleman before any application had been made to me for it, led me to suppose (as I had requested you to apply to that Gentleman for such articles of Clothing as the boys really wanted) that application had been made to him for their board also which as no deposit was made in his hands to answer such demands, would had the case really been so have given him cause to think, strangely of me, this idea of mine was the cause of the letter you recd. from my nephew.
A draught in favor of Mr. Porter, or in behalf of any other Gentleman, is, unquestionably as proper as any other mode of application and will be equally agreeable to me.
For any particular care or attention which you have shewn, or may shew my Nephews I shall always think myself obliged and thinking as I certainly have done, that the board was high I receive with pleasure the information of your intention of reducing it, for without intending a compliment I repeat the satisfaction I feel from the consideration of their being under the eye of a Gentleman so capable as you are of advising and exacting a proper conduct from them. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1787.
Sir: By the charming Polly Capt. Ellwood14 I send you patterns for the hearths of Chimneys which I beg may be cast and
[Note 14: Capt. John Ellwood, jr.] sent to me by the first conveyance to Alexandria; the cost you will please to annex to the other plates, bespoke before I left the City,15 and the amount shall be paid when it is made known to, Sir, Yr. etc.16
[Note 15: The "cast iron backs and jambs" were shipped from Philadelphia, November 6, at a total cost of £18:5: 1. The invoice is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1787.
Dear Sir: By the charming Polly Capt. Ellwood I forward you a perfect model of the plough which was sent to me by Mr. Young with the direction of that Gentleman for setting it for use; from the character I have received of it, its performance surpasses any that has ever been tried before, on my Farms. I also send you a part of the summer wheat with which Mr. Young has furnished me as springing from seed sent by the Empress of Russia to his Britanic Majesty for the advantage it may have over other wheat I shall not vouch, to vary the seed time of this grain must, I conceive be its best recommendation, you will likewise receive part of the Sainfoin Seed I had come in, sufficient I think to sow a quarter of an acre in broad cast if good; and much more in drills. It is held in high estimation in England. the grass delights in dry soil. if it be stoney so much the better; Sow it without delay with wheat or Rye, or very early in the spring with Barley or Oats.
My mind will ever retain warm, impressions of, and feel very sensibly the polite and friendly attentions I received from Mrs. Morris and yourself whilst I was in Philadelphia; to have opportunities of proving the sincerity of this declaration would give me much pleasure but in no place to the same degree as under this roof.
Mrs. Washington begs that you and Mrs. Morris will accept her respectful compliments and best wishes; mine in a particular and affectionate manner are added not only to you both but to all the young folks of the Family and to Govr. Morris17 Esqr. I am, etc.
[Note 17: Gouverneur Morris.]
P.S. Will you be so obliging as to give me your process for preparing the Duck wheat straw for fodder. The effects of the drought with me has exceeded anything I could have conceived and has driven me to even substitute for Hay. It is possible I may avail myself of your kind offer of sending for India Paper for my new Room but presuming there is no opportunity to do it soon; I shall not, at this time give you the demensions of it.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 4, 1787.
Sir: The enclosed ought to have accompanied the letter and the box by Capt. Ellwood. That it did not was an omission.
In addition to the Plates there written for, let me request two others; three feet nine each square, I want them for a Green house and would have quite plain and full as thick as they are usually cast for Chimney backs. I am, etc.18
Mount Vernon, October 6, 1787.
Dear Sir: When I had the honor of being at your house last Fall, you gave me some reason to believe that you would become the purchaser of my land adjoining yours, in Charles County, and, if I recollect rightly, was to have written to me on that Subject from Annapolis.
I am still disposed to part with this land; and I should be glad if you could make it convenient to be the purchaser thereof. I told you in the convention we had on this subject that I would endeavour to make the payments as easy as my own circumstances would admit, this I repeat. and if you have corn to dispose of, at a moderate price, I would take at least 500 Barrells in payment and wheat (if good, clean, and free from the Fly) delivered at my Mill, to which Boats can come, at the Cash price in Alexandria, your answer by the bearer would much oblige Dr. Sir, Yr. etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1787.
Dear Sir: Doctr. Stuart whom I have seen since his return from Gunston informs me (of what indeed you had done before) that your Crop of Corn is very short, and that you had it in contemplation to draw a supply from No. Carolina where it might be had cheap.
My crop is much below what I had conceived, even from the destressing accounts which were handed to me, I much doubt whether the aid of 300 Barrels will be more than sufficient to carry me thro' the year. If therefore you have matured any plan by which my adding 500 barrels would be the means of facilating, I should be glad to be informed of it. In that case, if I can see my way to obtain the money (necessary for the payment) I would gladly join you.
I am sorry to hear you met with an accident on your return. I hope you experience no ill effect from it. The family join me in compliments and good wishes to you, Mrs. Mason and Family. I am, etc.19
Mount Vernon, October 10, 1787.
My dear Sir: I thank you for your letter of the 30th ulto. It came by the last Post. I am better pleased that the proceedings of the Convention are submitted from Congress by a unanimous vote (feeble as it is) than if they had appeared under strong marks of approbation without it. This apparent unanimity will have its effect. Not every one has opportunities to peep behind the curtain; and as the multitude are often deceived by externals, the appearance of unanimity in that body on this occasion will be of great importance. The political tenets of Colo. M.20 and Colo. R. H. L.21 are always in unison. It may be asked which of them gives the tone. Without hesitation I answer, the latter; because I believe the latter will receive it from no one. He has I am informed rendered himself obnoxious in Philadelphia by the pains he took to disseminate his objections amongst some of the leaders of the seceding members of the Legislature of that State. His conduct is not less reprobated in this Country. How it will be relished generally is yet to be learnt, by me.
[Note 20: Col. George Mason.]
[Note 21: Col. Richard Henry Lee.]
As far as accounts have been received from the Sn. and Wt.22 Counties the sentiment with respect to the proceedings of the Convention is favourable. Whether the knowledge of this, or conviction of the impropriety of withholding the Constitution from State conventions has worked most in the breast of Colo. M. I will not decide, but the fact is, he has declared unequivocally (in a letter to me) for its going to the People. Had his sentiments however been opposed to the measure, his instructions
[Note 22: Southern and western.] (for the delegates of this Country are so instructed) would have compelled him to vote for it. yet I have no doubt but that his assent will be accompanied by the most tremendous apprehensions which the highest coloring can give to his objections. To alarm the people seems to be the groundwork of his plan. The want of a qualified Navigation act is already declared to be a mean by which the price of produce in the Southern States will be reduced to nothing, and will become monopoly of the Eastern and northern States. To enumerate the whole of his objections23 is unnecessary, because they are detailed in the address of the seceding members of the Assembly of Pennsylvania, which no doubt you have seen.
[Note 23: These objections were published in the Pennsylvania Packet Oct. 4, 1787.]
I scarcely think any powerful opposition will be made to the Constitutions being submitted to a Convention of this State. if it is given, it will be there at which I hope you will make it convt. to be present. explanations will be wanting, and none can give them with more accuracy and propriety than yourself. The sentiments of Mr. Henry with respect to the Constitution are not known, in these parts. Mr. Jos. Jones (who it seems was in Alexandria before the Convention broke up) was of opinion, that they would not be inimical to the proceedings of it; others think as the advocate of a paper emission he cannot be friendly to them.
From circumstances, which have been related, it is conjectured that the Governor24 wishes he had been among the subscribing members, but Time will disclose more than we know at present with respect to the whole of the business, and when I hear more, I will write to you again. In the mean while I pray you to be assured of the sincere regard and affection with which &c.
[Note 24: Edmund Randolph.]
P.S. Having received, (in a letter) from Colo Mason, a detail, in writing of his objections to the proposed Constitution,25 I enclose you a copy of them.26
[Note 25: Mason's letter of October 7 and his abstract of objections to the Constitution are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 10, 1787.
My dear Humphreys: Your favor of the 28th. Ulto. came duly to hand, as did the former of June. With great pleasure I received the intimation of your spending the winter under this Roof. The invitation was not less sincere, than the reception will be cordial. The only stipulations I shall contend for are, that in all things you shall do as you please: I will do the same; and that no ceremony may be used or any restraint be imposed on any one.
The Constitution that is submitted is not free from imperfections. but there are as few radical defects in it as could well be expected considering the heterogenious mass of which the Convention was composed and the diversity of interests that are to be attended to. As a Constitutional door is opened for future amendments and alterations, I think it would be wise in the People to accept what is offered to them and I wish it may be by as great a majority of them as it was by that of the Convention; but this is hardly to be expected because the importance and sinister views of too many characters, will be affected by the change. Much will depend however upon literary abilities, and the recommendation of it by good pens should be openly, I mean, publickly afforded in the Gazettes. Go matters however as they may, I shall have the consolation to reflect that no objects but the public good, and that peace and harmony which I wished to see prevail in the Convention, obtruded even for a moment in my bosom during the whole Session long as it was. what reception this State will give to the proceedings in all its extent of territory, is more than I can inform you of; in these parts it is advocated beyond my expectation; the great opposition (if great there should be) will come from the Southern and Western Counties from whence I have not as yet, received any accts. that are to be depended on.
I condole with you on the loss of your Parents; but as they lived to a good old age you could not be unprepared for the shock, tho' it is painful to bid an everlasting adieu to those we love, or revere. Reason, Religion and Philosophy may soften the anguish of it, but time alone can eradicate it.
As I am beginning to look for you, I shall add no more in this letter but the wishes of the Family and the affectionate regards &c.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 15, 1787.
My Dear Sir: Your favor of the 3d. came duly to hand. The fourth day after leaving Philadelphia I reached home28 and found Mrs. Washington and the Family tolerably well, but the fruits of the Earth almost entirely destroyed by one of the severest droughts (in this neighborhood) that has ever been experienced. The Crops, pretty generally, have been injured in this State below the Mountains, but not to the degree that mine, and some others in a small circle around me, have suffered.
[Note 28: See footnote 7 to letter to Clement Biddle, Sept. 19, 1787, ante.]
The Constitution is now before the Judgment Seat. It has, as was expected, its adversaries and supporters. Which will preponderate is yet to be decided: the former, more than probably will be most active, as the major part of them will, it is to be feared, be governed by sinister and self important motives, to which every thing in their breasts must yield. The opposition from another class of them may perhaps, (if they should be men of reflection, candour, and information) subside in the solution of the following simple questions. i. Is the Constitution which is submitted by the Convention preferable to the Government (if it can be called one) under which we now live? 2. Is it probable that more confidence would at the time be placed in another Convention, provided the experiment should be tried, than was placed in the last one, and is it likely that a better agreement would take place therein? 3. What would be the consequences if these should not happen, or even from the delay, which must inevitably follow such an experiment? Is there not a Constitutional door open for alterations or amendments? and is it not likely that real defects will be as readily discovered after as before trial; and will not our successors be as ready to apply the remedy as ourselves if occasion should require it? To think otherwise will, in my Judgment, be ascribing more of the amor patria, more wisdom and more virtue, to ourselves, than I think we deserve.
It is highly probable that the refusal of our Govr. and Colo. Mason to subscribe to the proceedings of the Convention will have a bad effect in this State; for, as you well observe, they must not only assign reasons for the Justification of their own conduct, but it is highly probable that these reasons will be clothed in most terrific array for the purpose of alarming; some things are already addressed to the fears of the people and will no doubt have their effect. As far however as the sense of this part of the Country has been taken, it is strongly in favor of the proposed Constitution; Further I cannot speak with precision. If a powerful opposition is given to it, the weight thereof will, I apprehend, come from the South side of James River and from the Western Counties. I am, &c.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 17, 1787.
Dear Sir: As the enclosed Advertiser contains a speech of Mr. Wilson's (as able, candid, and honest a Member as any in Convention) which will place the most of Col. Mason's objections in their true point of light, I send it to you. The re-publications (if you can get it done) will be of service at this juncture. His ipso facto objection does not, I believe, require an answer; every mind must recoil at the idea. And with respect to the Navigation Act, I am mistaken if any three men, bodies of men, or Countries, will enter into any compact or treaty if one of the three is to have a negative controul over the other two. There must be reciprocity or no Union, which is preferable will not become a question in the Mind of any true patriot. But granting it to be an evil, it will infallibly work its own cure, and an ultimate advantage to the Southern States. Sincerely and Affectly, I am etc.30
[Note 30: From a photostat of the original in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 18, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your favor without date came to my hand by the last Post. It is with unfeigned concern I perceive that a political dispute has arisen between Governor Clinton and yourself. For both of you I have the highest esteem and regard. But as you say it is insinuated by some of your political adversaries, and may obtain credit, "that you palmed yourself upon me, and was dismissed from my family;" and call upon me to do you justice by a recital of the facts. I do therefore, explicitly declare, that both charges are entirely unfounded. With respect to the first, I have no cause to believe that you took a single step to accomplish, or had the most distant idea of receiving, an appointment in my family 'till you were envited thereto. And, with respect to the second, that your quitting it was altogether the effect of your own choice.
When the situation of this Country calls loudly for unanimity and vigor, it is to be lamented that Gentlemen of talents and character should disagree in their sentiments for promoting the public weal; but unfortunately, this ever has been, and most probably ever will be the case, in the affairs of man.
Having scarcely been from home since my return from Philadelphia, I can give but little information with respect to the general reception of the New Constitution in this State. In Alexandria however, and some of the adjacent Counties, it has been embraced with an enthusiastic warmth of which I had no conception. I expect notwithstanding, violent opposition will be given to it by some characters of weight and influence, in the State. Mrs. Washington unites with me in best wishes for Mrs. Hamilton and yourself. I am &c.31
[Note 31: From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 22, 1787.
My dear Sir: When I wrote to you, I was uninformed of the Sentiments of this State beyond the circle of Alexandria, with respect to the New Constitution. Since, a letter which I received by the last Post, dated the 16th, from a member of the assembly, contains the following paragraphs.
I believe such an instance has not happened before, since the revolution, that there should be a house on the first day of the Session, and business immediately taken up. This was not only the case on Monday, but there was a full house; when Mr. Prentice32 was called up to the Chair, as Speaker, there being no opposition. Thus, the Session has commenced peaceably.
[Note 32: Joseph Prentis (Prentice).]
It gives me much pleasure to inform you that the sentiments of the members are infinitely more favourable to the Constitution than the most zealous advocates for it could have expected. I have not met with one in all my enquiries (and I have made them with great diligence) opposed to it, except Mr. Henry, who I have heard is so, but could only conjecture it, from a conversation with him on the subject. Other members who have also been active in their enquiries tell me, that they have met with none opposed to it. It is said however that old Mr. Cabell of Amherst disapproves of it. Mr. Nicholas has declared himself a warm friend to it. The transmissory note of Congress was before us to day, when Mr. Henry declared that it transcended our powers to decide on the Constitution; that it must go before a Convention. As it was i insinuated he would aim at preventing this, much pleasure was discovered at the declaration.
Thursday next (the 25th.) is fixed upon for taking up the question of calling the Convention, and fixing the time of its meeting: In the meantime, five thousand copies are ordered to be printed, to be dispersed by the members in their respective Counties for the information of the People. I cannot forbear mentioning that the Chancellor, Pendleton, espouses the Constitution so warmly as to declare he will give it his aid in the Convention, if his health will permit. As there are few better judges of such subjects, this must be deemed a fortunate circumstance.33
[Note 33: This letter is from Benjamin Harrison, and is in the Washington Papers.]
As the above quotations is the sum of my information, I shall add nothing more on the subject of the proposed government, at this time.
Mr. C. Pinkney is unwilling (I perceive by the enclosures contained in your letter of the 13th.) to loose any fame that can be acquired by the publication of his sentiments. If the discusion of the navigation of the Mississippi could have remained as silent, and glided as gently down the Stream of time for a few years, as the waters do, that are contained within the banks of that river, it would, I confess, have comported more with my ideas of sound policy than any decision the case can obtain at this juncture. With sentiments the most Affecte. and friendly &c.
Mount Vernon, October 27, 1787.
Sir: In answer to your favor of the 12th. I shall inform you that without unpacking my public Papers (which would be very troublesome to me as they are voluminous and in a variety of [places] I cannot ascertain with precision the commencement of your superintendance of the Hospital in Williamsburg; and if these were to be unpacked I might not come at the date of your recall from this duty. I should suppose you acted under written orders in both cases, these therefore will go fully to the points you want to establish.
That you must have taken charge of the Hospital in Williamsburg at the time you say, viz, the 5th. of November 1781, can I believe, admit of no doubt as all the distributions were then making and as far as the recollection of circumstances will aid me, I think you must have remained on that duty till the latter part of the spring following. If this testimony of the matter, and a thorough persuasion of your having discharged the trust reposed in you with intelligence and fidelity can avail your case this certificate may be adduced from. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1787.
Sir: The last post brought me your letter of the 22d. your application to me for the loan of £100 is an evidence of your unacquaintedness with my inability to lend money. To be candid, my expenditures are never behind my income, and this year (occasioned by the severest drouth that ever was known in this neighborhood) instead of selling grain which heretofore has been my principal source of revenue it is not £500 that will purchase enough for the support of my family. after this disclosure of my situation you will be readily persuaded that inclination to serve without the means of accomplishing it, is of little avail. This however is the fact so far as it respects the point in question.
As you seem anxious that the contents of your letter should not be known I put it in your own power to destroy it by returning it under the same cover with this.
I wish success to your Museum and am &c.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1787.
Dr. Sir: I beg you to accept my thanks for the friendly information contained in your letter of the 20th. Instt. but from an entire unacquaintedness with business of the land office, since the alterations which have taken place consequent of the Revolution, I really know not how to avail myself of it. The case you allude to is, on the 2d. of April 1752. I surveyed for one Thomas Mullen (under authority of the Proprs. Office) a tract of waste land in Frederick County, lying on the timber ridge near great Cacapon head of Smiths run, 400 acres Extending So. W 320 to 3 hicys. in a hollow near a drain, No. Wt. 200 poles to 3 black Oaks on a ridge No. Et. 320 poles to a black Oak and 2 White Oaks on a ridge, So. Et. 200 poles to the beginning, containing as above 400 Acres; for making this Survey I received no compensation. indeed at that time it was done, the Land was (by others) thougr. inadequate to the Fee, and that Mullen was a madman. soon after this Mullen, who was a single man, and I believe without connections, ran away and finding no prospect of getting paid by him I caveated the Land intending if no near or better claimant should appear to obtain a patent in my own name. In this situation I presume it lay till I was called from home in the year 1775 afterwards, and till you had the goodness to remind me of the transaction never once occurred to my recollection. If under this statement which I believe is candid and accurate, it shall be thought that my right to the land is preferable or equal to that of any other, I should be glad to Obtn. it; if not I shall rest contented; your advice and assistance (if proper) would be esteemed a further mark of your Friendship. With great regard etc.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Paper.]
Mount Vernon, October 30, 1787.
Sir: My fixed determination is, that no person whatever shall hunt upon my grounds or waters. To grant leave to one, and refuse another, would not only be drawing a line of discrimination which would be offensive, but would subject one to great inconvenience; for my strict, and positive orders to all my people are, if they hear a gun fired upon my Land to go immediately in pursuit of it. Permission therefore to any one would keep them either always in pursuit, or make them inattentive to my orders under the supposition of its belonging to a licensed person by which means I should be obtruded upon by others who to my cost I find had other objects in view. Besides, as I have not lost my relish for this sport when I can find time to indulge myself in it, and Gentlemen who come to the House are pleased with it, it is my wish not to have the game within my jurisdiction disturbed. For these reasons I beg you will not take my refusal amiss, because I would give the same to my brother if he lived off my land. I am, &c.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 1, 1787.
Sir: Your favor of the 1st. of Feby. came to hand about the middle of May last. An absence of more than four months from home, will be the best apology I can make for my silence 'till this time. The Grain, Grass-seeds, Ploughs &ca. arrived at the same time agreeable to the list; but some of the former were injured (as will always be the case) by being put into the hold of the Vessel; however, upon the whole they were in much better order than those things are generally found to be, when brought across the Atlantic.
I am at a loss, Sir, how to express the sense which I have of your particular attention to my commissions; and the very obliging manner in which you offer me your services in any matters relating to Agriculture, that I may have to transact in England. If my warmest thanks will in any measure compensate e for these favors, I must beg you to accept of them. I shall always be exceedingly happy to hear from you, and shall very readily and chearfully give you any information relative to the state of Agriculture in this Country, that I am able.
I did myself the honor to hand the set of Annals to the Agriculture Society in Philadelphia, which you sent to that body, through me. The President wrote a letter to you expressive of the sense they entertained of the favor which you did them; and mentioned therein the effects of some experiments which had been made with Plaster of Paris, as a manure; I intended to have given you an acct. of it myself, as I find the subject is touched upon in your Annals, but this letter has precluded the necessity of it. The 5th. volume of the Annals wch. was committed to the care of Mr. Athawes for me, did not come to hand till sometime after I had received the 6th.
The quantity of Sainfoin which you sent me was fully sufficient to answer my purpose; I have sown part of it, but find that it comes up very thin, which is likewise the case with the Winter Wheat, and some other Seeds which I have sown.
I have a high opinion of Beans as a preparation for wheat, and shall enter as largely upon the cultivation of them next year, as the quantity of seed I can procure, will admit.
I am very glad that you did not engage a ploughman for me at the high wages which you mention, for I agree with you, that that single circumstance, exclusive of the others which you enumerated, is sufficiently objectionable.
I have tried the Ploughs which you sent me and find that they answer the description which you gave me of them; this is contrary to the opinion of almost every one who saw them before they were used, for it was thought their great weight would be an insuperable objection to their being drawn by two Horses.
I am now preparing materials to build a Barn precisely agreeable to your plan, which I think an excellent one.
Before I undertake to give the information you request respecting the arrangements of farms in this neighborhood &ca. I must observe that there is, perhaps, scarcely any part of America where farming has been less attended to than in this State. The cultivation of Tobacco has been almost the sole object with men of landed property, and consequently a regular course of crops have never been in view. The general custom has been, first to raise a Crop of Indian Corn (maize), which, according to the mode of cultivation, is a good preparation for wheat; then a crop of wheat, after which the ground is respited (except from weeds, and every trash that can contribute to its foulness) for about eighteen months; and so on, alternately, without any dressing; till the land is exhausted; when it is turned out without being sown with grass seeds, or any method taken to restore it; and another piece is ruined in the same manner. No more cattle is raised than can be supported by lowland meadows, swamps, &ca.; and the tops and blades of Indian Corn; as very few persons have attended to sowing grasses, and connecting cattle with their Crops. The Indian corn is the chief support of the labourers and horses. Our lands, as I mentioned in my first letter to you, were originally very good; but use, and abuse, have made them quite otherwise.
The above is the mode of cultivation wch. has been generally pursued here, but the System of husbandry which has been found so beneficial in England, and which must be greatly promoted by your valuable Annals, is now gaining ground; There are several (among which I may class myself), who are endeavouring to get into your regular and systematic course of cropping as fast as the nature of the business will admit; so that I hope in the course of a few years, we shall make a more respectable figure as farmers than we have hitherto done.
I will, agreeable to your desire, give you the prices of our products as nearly as I am able, but you will readily conceive from the foregoing acct., that they cannot be given with any precision. Wheat for the four last years will average about 4/. sterlg pr Bushl. of 8 Gallns. Rye abt. 2/4. Oats ⅙. Beans, Pease &ca., have not been sold in any quantities. Barley is not made here, from a prevailing opinion that the climate is not adapted to it, I, however, in opposition to prejudice, sowed about 50 Bushl. last Spring and found that it yielded a proportionate quantity with any other kind of grain which I sowed; I might add more. Cows may be bought at abt. £3 Sterlg per head. Cattle for the slaughter vary from 2¼ to 4½ sterlg pr. lb; the former being the currt. price in summer, the latter in the winter or Spring. Sheep at 12/. sterlg. pr. head, and wool at abt. 1/. Sterlg pt. lb. I am not able to give you the price of labour as the land is cultivated here wholly by Slaves, and the price of labour in the Towns is fluctuating, and governed altogether by circumstances.
Give me leave to repeat my thanks for your attention to me, and your polite offer to execute any business relating to husbandry, which I may have in England; and to assure you that I shall not fail to apply to you for whatever I may have occasion for in that line. I am etc.
PS. I observe in the 6th. Volume of your Annals, there is a plate and description of Mr. Winlaws Mill for seperating the grain from the heads of Corn.38 Its utility or inutility has, undoubtedly, been reduced to a certainty before this time; if it possesses all the properties and advantages mentioned in the description, and you can, from your own knowledge, or such information as you entirely rely on, recommend it as a useful machine, where labourers are scarce, I should be much obliged to you to procure one for me (to be paid for, and forwarded by Mr. Welch, provided it is so simple in its construction as to be
[Note 38: Among the undated manuscripts at the end of the Washington Papers is a plan and description of a rolling mall signed by Lawrence Taliaferro.] worked by ignorant persons without danger of being spoiled (for such only will manage it here) and the price of it, does not exceed £15 as mentioned in the Annals, or thereabouts.39
[Note 39: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, November 4, 1787.
Gentn: In consequence of a resolution which passed at the last meeting of the Potomk. Company, and in behalf of the Directors, I transmit the enclosed petition to you, for the consideration of your Honble. House. The Petition is short. We therefore rely on you, if the sentiment shall meet your approbation, for argument in support of it; begging at the sametime (as the sole end is to obtain a more summary mode of recovering the dividends) that you would make such alterations (keeping the object in view) as will entitle it to a favourable reception.
It is, I believe, almost needless to add, that unless some relief is afforded by the Assembly in this instance, that the work will soon stop. The delinquences are great, and the legal process to enforce payment so low, that it seems almost endless and unavailing to attempt it by the mode prescribed by the act of incorporation. Under these circumstances the willing members are discouraged; and too good a pretext is afforded to a third class, who are neither punctual in their payments, nor yet very great delinquents, to with-hold the dividends which have already been required, and to oppose fresh calls, till the old arrearages are paied up. The consequences of all this is easily to be foreseen, if no redress can be had from the quarter it is sollicited.
Whatever may be the fate of the Petition, I do, in behalf of the board pray, that you would give me the earliest advice of it; because a similar application must be made (but at present it is suspended) to the Assembly of Maryland, when I shall have heard from you on this subject, that the Acts may be in unison. With very great esteem etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1787.
Sir: Presuming that it may have been from the want of your knowing of a safe conveyance that I am not furnished with the sum promised me by you at Philadelphia, I shall be glad to know by return of the Post when I may send for it.
Had you been so good as have favoured me with it by Genl. Pickney or Mr. Houston who stopped at annapolis and took this in their way to the Southward, or by any of the many opportunities to Alexa. it would have saved me the expence of a special messenger, the cost of which will, it is probable, sink the Interest of the sum which shall be received if not larger than was promised, but this the exigency of my calls will oblige me to submit to. I am, etc.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1787.
Dear Sir: I thank you for the communications in your letters of the 16th and 26th ult., both of which came safe. It gives me pleasure to hear that the Assembly has sent the Constitution to a Convention by an unanimous vote, unstamped with marks of disapprobation. If Mr. Charles Lee however, has been able to form a just opinion of the sentiments of the Country with respect to it, it is, that the Major voice is opposed to it, particularly in the Southern and Western parts of the State. Is this your opinion, from what you have seen, heard and understood?
Maryland, tho' the Assembly has not yet met (from which source anything can have been drawn) is, we are told, exceedingly well disposed to the adoption of it. Nay further, that Mr. Chase42 is become a convert to it. The accts. from the States, Northward and Eastward speak the same language, though the papers team with declamation against it, by a few. A paper in favor of it, written, as I am informed by, or under the auspices of Mr. Wilson,43 in numbers, I herewith send you.
[Note 42: Samuel Chase.]
[Note 43: James Wilson.]
With respect to the payment of British debts, I would fain hope (let the eloquense or abilities of any man, or set of men, in opposition be what they may) that the good sense of this Country will never suffer a violation of a public treaty, nor pass acts of injustice to Individuals. Honesty in States, as well as Individuals will ever be found the soundest policy.
We have nothing new in this quarter. The Constitution which is submitted, seems to have absorbed all lesser matters. Mrs. Stuart (who had got very well) and your two little girls went from this on Tuesday last, for Chotank, under the escort of your brother; and the wind being high kept the Potomack on their left to ensure their journey.
I must engage absolutely, Six hundred barrels of Corn. Less, I am sure will not carry me through the year. Had I the money or was I certain of getting it in time (but this is not to be depended upon) I might, as I am informed through different channels, engage my quantity on very moderate terms on the Eastern shore of Maryland. But as I dare leave nothing to chance, I must take it from Mr. Henly. The price, as it is ready money to me, will I expect, be proportioned thereto. It will not be safe to remove the Corn until after January, as it does not get sufficiently dry to lye in bulk sooner. The last I had from Yorktown got damaged in spite of every exertion in my power to save it. And I must entreat as I shall give Mr. Henly timely notice of my sending that it may be beat out on plank floors, and in a dry house; otherwise it will contract dampness, which will render its preservation precarious even at that Season.
I beg also that he may be clear and decided with respect to his furnishing me with the quantity I want, viz. Six hundred Barrels; for I must meet with no disappointment of what is engaged.
Herewith is a letter jointly to Col. Mason and yourself on the business of the Pork. Company. With great esteem and sincere regards etc.44
[Note 44: From a photostat of the original in the "Washington Photostats."]
Mount Vernon, November 10, 1787.
Sir: The letter with which you were pleased to honor me, dated the 26th. Ulto. came duly to hand, by the same Post I received a letter from Mr. Secretary Thompson, requesting, by order of Congress, a Copy of the Report of a Committee which was transmitted to me by Mr. President Laurens in Feby. 1778. This is accordingly sent and is the counterpart of the Paper I herewith enclose for your own information.
As I do not recollect ever to have had any further information of the contract you speak of than what is therein contained, it is not in my power to speak more fully to the point; but in my letter to the Secretary I have expressed in unequivocal terms a wish that your merits and Sacrafices may be rewarded to your entire satisfaction. If they should not and it proves a means of your withdrawing from the United States, I shall be among the number of those who will regret the event, as it would give me pleasure that you should continue in a Country the liberties of which owe much to your Services. I have the honor, etc.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 10, 1787.
Dear Sir: I thank you for the Pamphlet and for the Gazette contained in your letter of the 30th Ult. For the remaining numbers of Publius, I shall acknowledge myself obliged, as I am persuaded the subject will be well handled by the Author.49
[Note 49: Hamilton was "Publius." These essays by him, John Jay, and James Madison, who also used the same pseudonym, have come to be known as "The Federalist."]
The new Constitution has, as the public prints will have informed you, been handed to the people of this state by a unanimous vote of the Assembly; but it is not to be inferred from hence that its opponants are silenced; on the contrary, there are many, and some powerful ones. Some of whom, it is said by overshooting the mark, have lessened their weight: be this as it may, their assiduity stands unrivalled, whilst the friends to the Constitution content themselves with barely avowing their approbation of it. Thus stands the matter with us, at present; yet, my opinion is, that the Major voice is favourable.
Application has been made to me by Mr. Secretary Thompson (by order of Congress) for a copy of the report, of a Committee, which was appointed to confer with the Baron de Steuben on his first arrival in this Country; forwarded to me by Mr. President Laurens. This I have accordingly sent. It throws no other light on the subject than such as are to be derived from the disinterested conduct of the Baron. No terms are made by him "nor will he accept of any thing but with general approbation." I have however, in my letter enclosing this report to the Secretary, taken occasion to express an unequivocal wish, that Congress would reward the Baron for his Services, sacrifices and merits, to his entire satisfaction. It is the only way in which I could bring my Sentiments before that honble. body, as it has been an established principle with me, to ask nothing from it. With very great esteem and regard etc.50
[Note 50: From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, November 10, 1787.
Dear Bushrod: In due course of Post, your letters of the 19th. and 26th. Ult. came to hand and I thank you for the communications therein; for a continuation in matters of importance, I shall be obliged to you. That the Assembly would afford the People an opportunity of deciding on the proposed Constitution I had scarcely a doubt, the only question with me was, whether it would go forth under favourable auspices, or receive the stamp of disapprobation. The opponents I expected, (for it ever has been that the adversaries to a measure are more active than its Friends) would endeavor to stamp it with unfavourable impressions, in order to bias the Judgment that is ultimately to decide on it, this is evidently the case with the writers in opposition, whose objections are better calculated to alarm the fears, than to convince the Judgment, of their readers. They build their objections upon principles that do not exist, which the Constitution does not support them in, and the existence of which has been, by an appeal to the Constitution itself flatly denied; and then, as if they were unanswerable, draw all the dreadful consequences that are necessary to alarm the apprehensions of the ignorant or unthinking. It is not the interest of the major part of those characters to be convinced; nor will their local views yield to arguments, which do not accord with their present, or future prospects.
A Candid solution of a single question to which the plainest understanding is competent does, in my opinion, decide the dispute: namely is it best for the States to unite, or not to unite? If there are men who prefer the latter, then unquestionably the Constitution which is offered must, in their estimation, be wrong from the words, we the People to the signature inclusively; but those who think differently and yet object to parts of it, would do well to consider that it does not lye with any one State, or the minority of the States to superstruct a Constitution for the whole. The separate interests, as far as it is practicable, must be consolidated; and local views must be attended to, as far as the nature of the case will admit. Hence it is that every State has some objection to the present form and these objections are directed to different points. that which is most pleasing to one is obnoxious to another, and so vice versa. If then the Union of the whole is a desirable object, the componant parts must yield a little in order to accomplish it. Without the latter, the former is unattainable, for again I repeat it, that not a single State nor the minority of the States can force a Constitution on the Majority; but admitting the power it will surely be granted that it cannot be done without involving scenes of civil commotion of a very serious nature let the opponents of the proposed Constitution in this State be asked, and it is a question they certainly ought to have asked themselves, what line of conduct they would advise it to adopt, if nine other States, of which I think there is little doubt, should accede to the Constitution? would they recommend that it should stand single? Will they connect it with Rhode Island? or even with two others checkerwise and remain with them as outcasts from the Society, to shift for themselves? or will they return to their dependence on Great Britain? or lastly, have the mortification to come in when they will be allowed no credit for doing so?
The warmest friends and the best supporters the Constitution has, do not contend that it is free from imperfections; but they found them unavoidable and are sensible, if evil is likely to arise there from, the remedy must come hereafter; for in the present moment, it is not to be obtained; and, as there is a Constitutional door open for it, I think the People (for it is with them to Judge) can as they will have the advantage of experience on their Side, decide with as much propriety on the alterations and amendments which are necessary [as] ourselves. I do not think we are more inspired, have more wisdom, or possess more virtue, than those who will come after us.
The power under the Constitution will always be in the People. It is entrusted for certain defined purposes, and for a certain limited period, to representatives of their own chusing; and whenever it is executed contrary to their Interest, or not agreeable to their wishes, their Servants can, and undoubtedly will be, recalled. It is agreed on all hands that no government can be well administered without powers; yet the instant these are delegated, altho' those who are entrusted with the administration are no more than the creatures of the people, act as it were but for a day, and are amenable for every false step they take, they are, from the moment they receive it, set down as tyrants; their natures, one would conceive from this, immediately changed, and that they could have no other disposition but to oppress. Of these things, in a government constituted and guarded as ours is, I have no idea; and do firmly believe that whilst many ostensible reasons are assigned to prevent the adoption of it, the real ones are concealed behind the Curtain, because they are not of a nature to appear in open day. I believe further, supposing them pure, that as great evils result from too great Jealousy as from the want of it. We need look I think no further for proof of this, than to the Constitution, of some if not all of these States. No man is a warmer advocate for proper restraints and wholesome checks in every department of government than I am; but I have never yet been able to discover the propriety of placing it absolutely out of the power of men to render essential Services, because a possibility remains of their doing ill.
If Mr. Ronald can place the Finances of this Country upon so respectable a footing as he has intimated, he will deserve much of its thanks. In the attempt, my best wishes, I have nothing more to offer, will accompany him. I hope there remains virtue enough in the Assembly of this State to preserve inviolate public treaties and private Contracts; if these are infringed, farewell to respectability and safety in the Government.
I have possessed a doubt, but if any had existed in my breast, reiterated proofs would have convinced me of the impolicy of all commutable Taxes. If we cannot learn wisdom from experience, it is hard to say where it is to be found. But why talk of learning it; these things are mere Jobs by which few are enriched at the public expense; for whether premeditation, or ignorance, is the cause of this destructive scheme, it ends in oppression.
You have I find broke the Ice; the only advice I will offer to you on the occasion (if you have a mind to command the attention of the House) is to speak seldom, but to important Subjects, except such as particularly relate to your Constituents, and, in the former case make yourself perfectly master of the Subject. Never exceed a decent warmth, and submit your sentiments with diffidence. A dictatorial Stile, though it may carry conviction, is always accompanied with disgust. I am, &c.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 12, 1787.
Dear Sir: The letter without date, with which you were pleased to honor me, accompanied by a plan of this Seat, came to my hands by the last Post. For both I pray you to accept my sincere and hearty thanks. The plan describes with accuracy the houses, walks, and shrubberies etc. except in the front of the Lawn, west of the Ct.yard. There the plan differs from the original; in the former you have closed the prospect with trees along the walk to the gate; whereas in the latter the trees terminate with two mounds of earth on each side of which grow Weeping Willows leaving an open and full view of the distant woods. The mounds are at sixty yards apart. I mention this, because it is the only departure from the origl.
Altho' I can have little doubt of the pleasure you must feel at the prospect of being soon reunited to your lady and family in England, I do not scruple to confess that I shall be among those, who will view your departure from this Country with regret; at the same time I beg leave to add that I shall reflect with pleasure on the friendship with which you have honored me. The testimonies you have left of this, could my mind be so ungrateful as to forget it, would be constant remembrancers. For your kind offer of Services in England I shall feel myself ever obliged and should occasion require it I shall avail myself of your kindness.
I am sorry it was not in my power to take you by the hand the day I left Philadelphia. I called once and as you were not within I did not leave my name intending to have called again but circumstance preventing it I requested Mr. Gouvr. Morris to offer you my apology and best wishes. should your Son who is lately arrived from England, be prompted by business or inclination to travel into this State it would give me much pleasure to shew him every civility in my power; the same to any branch of your family, or any of your friends. In wishing you (whenever it shall be undertaken) a pleasant and prosperous voyage, and a happy meeting with Mrs. Vaughan and the other parts of your family and friends in England, I am with great cordiality and sincerity, joined by Mrs. Washington the Major and Fanny, and with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and regard, &c.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1787.
Gentn: A few days ago, the letter herewith sent from Mr. Athawes, accompanying the Will of our much esteemed and greatly to be lamented friend, the Honble. George Win. Fairfax Esqr. came to my hands, on which melancholy occasion I sincerely condole with you.
The small package containing the watch (which is mentioned in the Will) and the two letters spoken of in Mr. Athawes letter (one for Thomas Fairfax Esqr. and the other for Colo. Warner Washington) I have (presuming it would be your wish) forwarded to their respective addresses by safe conveyances.
However desirous I may be of giving unequivocal proofs of my respect for the deceased, and of my regard for, and attachment to the amiable lady he has left behind; yet, such is the peculiar situation of my own concerns so much are they deranged, and so much more attention is due to them occasioned by nine years absence and bad management than in my power to give them that it would be folly in the extreme in me, to undertake a fresh trust which I am Confident is not in my power to discharge agreeable either to the intention of the testator, or to the dictator of my own Judgment. In a word, from a variety of causes with the enumeration of which I shall not trouble you, I have not leizure to recover my own affairs (and some others which are involved with them) from that disordered state into which they have fallen. But if there are any friendly Offices in this part of the Country and within my reach in the discharge of which I can be useful, I shall have great pleasure in rendering them.
Having said thus much, it is unnecessary for me to add that the legacy bequeathed me by the Will becomes a nullity.
Permit me to remind Mr. Nicholas that there is an escruitore with many Papers belonging to the deceased in my possession many of them of great Value. They might be packed in a Trunk and sent by the Stage to Richmond but a careful and responsible person ought to take charge of them. With the greatest esteem, etc.53
[Note 53: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 16, 1787.
Madam: Your favor of the 10th. of October, 1786 came duly to hand and should have had a much earlier acknowledgment had not the business of the public (in which I have been, in a manner, compelled to engage again) engrossed the whole of my time for several months past, and my own private affairs required my unremitted attention since my return home. I do not know to what cause I shall impute your not receiving my letter of the 10th. of Jany. 1786 till the last of June, it went by the common rout, and was subject to the common incidents.
Mr. Pine's Historical painting does not appear to go on very rapidly, he informed me, when I was in Philadelphia, that he had been collecting materials to enable him to proceed with it, but that it must be a work of time to accomplish it.
You will undoubtedly, before you receive this, have an opportunity of seeing the Plan of Government proposed by the Convention for the United States. You will very readily conceive, Madam, the difficulties which the Convention had to struggle against. The various and opposite interests which were to be conciliated; the local prejudices whch were to be subdued, the diversity of opinions and sentiments which were to be reconciled; and in fine, the sacrifices which were necessary to be made on all sides for the General welfare, combined to make it a work of so intricate and difficult a nature, that I think it is much to be wondered at, that any thing could have been produced with such unanimity as the Constitution proposed. It is now submitted to the consideration of the People, and waits their decision. The legislatures of the States which have been convened since the Constitution was offered have readily agreed to the calling a convention in their respective States; some by a unanimous vote and others by a large majority, but whether it will be adopted by the People or not, remains yet to be determined. Mrs. Washington and the rest of the family join me in Compts. I have the Honor etc.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1787.
Sir: For the letter you did me the favor to write to me on the 21st. Ulto. I offer you my thanks. No application has ever been made to me or to any person on my account that has ever come to my knowledge, for the taxes of my land in Greenbrier, and totally ignorant am I of the amount of them. If you can inform me, I would thank you.
I have no objection to the settlement of my Lands on the Great Kanhawa, or on the Ohio above it, provided it would be done to the reciprocal benefit Landlord and tenant. Every advantage of situation and Soil is possessed by these lands in a superlative degree, full conviction of this fact, a firm belief that I can obtain no rent now which will be adequate a few years hence to the value of the land, by which to be induced to lease it. and having thoughts of selling some, if not the whole, If I can get what I conceive to be the worth, have been the means of its lying in a dormant State till this time,55 but if it is likely to be pressed with taxes, something must be done with it and soon, it not being convenient for me to pay these without some return; preparative therefore to this I should have no objection in the first instance to let as many families as may incline, live on it three years Rent free, on condition of their making certain Improvements which may be stipulated; but what agreement
[Note 55: That is, the reason of its lying in a dormant state.] (under the circumstances I have mentioned) to make with them afterwards is a difficulty which weights powerfully in my mind. If leases are given for money Rents, they must either commence high or rise proportionately to the increasing value of the land, otherwise I shall not receive a compensation. To let the land for 1/3 of the produce may do well for the Landlord whose eye is always on the tenant; but would not I conceive, be very productive to him who lives 3 or 400 Miles distant from them unless he should happen to hit upon a faithful and attentive agent. Something however as I observed before must be done, and 3 years Rent free, any families may be upon a certainty of holding it and a preference given to them at the end thereof on the terms which may be offered by others. I have none of my printed advertisements left, or I would trouble you with one of them. They offered the Land to the best of my recollection, in three ways, first for 21 years at five pd. p. Hundred Acres; 2d. for ever at an annual Rent of £10; and 3d. for 999 years the rent to commence at £5. and encrease in a certain Ratio every two years. In each case an exemption from Rent was allowed for the 3 first years and in all of them certain buildings and other improvements were required.
Your having mentioned that you hold land at the mouth of Coal River, I would beg leave to observe that I have one tract of 2000 Acres in the point of fork between that River and the Kanhawa running up the 1st. about 2 Miles (from the point) and up the latter more than 4, and on the opposite 2 Miles above the fork another of my tracts for 3000 Acres begins, and runs upwards 6 Miles bordering on the River for quantity; as these tracts are in the vicinity of yours it is possible you may have been on them in which case I would thank you for your opinion of them. From the mouth of Pokitellico on the East side the River for 13 Miles down the Kanhawa I hold the land; and on the other side, from within 2 or 3 Miles of the mouth I have a tract which runs near 20 Miles along the River equal to any and I have ever seen all of which may be Seated as hath been mentioned, together with that on the Ohio above. I am, etc.56
[Note 56: This is another one of the letters which is copied in an exceptionally careless and ignorant manner in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1787.
Sir: The letter with which you have been pleased to honor me, dated the 16th. inst came to my hand the day before yesterday. By to morrow's Post this answer will be forwarded to you.
Mr. Rumsey has given you an uncandid account of his explanation to me, of the principle on which his Boat was to be propelled against [the] stream. At the time he exhibited his model, and obtained [my] certificate I had no reason to believe that the use of steam was contemplated by him, sure I am it was not mentioned; and equally certain I am, that it would not apply to the project he then had in view; the first communication of which was to me made in September 1784 (at the springs in Berkley); the Novr. following, being in Richmond, I met Mr. Rumsey there who was at that time applying to the Assembly for an exclusive Act. He then spoke of the effect of Steam and the conviction he was under of the usefulness of its application for the purpose of inland Navigation; but I did not conceive, nor have I done so at any moment since, that it was suggested as part of his original plan, but rather as the ebullition of his genius. It is proper however for me to add, that some time after this Mr. Fitch57 called upon me on his way to Richmond and explaining his scheme, wanted a letter from
[Note 57: John Fitch.] me, introductory of it to the Assembly of this State the giving of which I declined; and went so [far] as to inform him that tho' I was bound not to disclose the principles of Mr. Rumsey's discovery I would venture to assure him, that the thought of applying steam for the purpose he mentioned was not original but had been mentioned to me by Mr. Rumsey; this I thought myself obliged to say that, whichever (if either) of them, was the discoverer might derive the benefit of the invention.
To the best of my recollection of what has passed between Mr. Rumsey and me, the foregoing is an impartial recital.
Permit me to ask you, my good Sir, if a letter which I wrote to you during the sitting of your last Assembly, enclosing one from Mr. Wm. Wilson to me, concerning the confiscated property of (I think) Messrs. Dunlap & Co. of Glasgow ever reached your hands? and if it did, whether anything was, or can be done in that business? As an Executor of the Will of Colo. Thomas Colvill it behoves me to know precisely what is to be expected from that quarter as a large sum is due from that Company to his Estate. I am the more anxious to do it immediately, as Mr. Wilson who is concerned in the House of Dunlap & Co. is about to leave the Country. With great esteem etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The words in brackets have been supplied, they are not in the "Letter Book" copy.]
Mount Vernon, November 24, 1787.
Sir: I am sorry it is not convenient for you to board my Nephews any longer, Mr. Lear is desired to see what can be done with them. For the advice you have given them I feel myself obliged and wish they had sense and prudence enough to be governed by it. I am, etc.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1787.
Dear Sir: I have received your letters of the 29th. of October61 and 9th. of Novr. The latter was handed to me by Colo. H. Lee, together with 4 Vols. of Don Quixote which you did me the honor to send to me. I consider them as a mark of your esteem which is highly pleasing to me, and which merits my warmest acknowledgment, I must therefore beg, my dear Sir, that you will accept of my best thanks for them.
[Note 61: Gardoqui's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Your wish to establish a permanent and sincere amity between these States and the Court of Spain is highly meritorious; and if, as you observe, no two nations apply more exactly to each other, a connexion between them upon the basis of reciprocal interest must be a very desirable event.
Altho no man could feel more pleasure and satisfaction than myself in seeing this Country form such connexions as would render it happy and flourishing, yet my being totally detached from all matters of government, entirely prevents my interfering, with any degree of propriety, in an affair of this nature, I am far removed from, and have as little to do in the publick transactions of this State as any citizen in it; and in matters which come under the cognizance of the United States I have been careful not to have any concern, unless when called upon for information respecting any subject which was connected with my publick employment during the war.
I shall be exceedingly sorry to see you obliged to abandon an object which has in view the interest and advantage of both our countries, and I cannot yet despair of their being connected in such a manner as to ensure a mutual benefit. With Sentiments of the Most perfect consideration and respect, etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1787.
Dear Sir: With much pleasure we received the acct. of the safe arrival of Mrs. Powell and yourself in Philadelphia; and that your journey was attended with fewer accidents and less delay than might have been expected.
The Mr. Morris's gave us the pleasure of their companies two days and Nights as they journeyed to Richmond, and did not leave us without hopes of their taking this rout as they return.
By this evenings Post (for the Newspapers brot. by it, I am now sending to Alexandria) we expect to receive the decision of your State on the Foederal Government. In this, matters remain I believe in Statu quo.
I would with great pleasure have sent you more of the Spanish Chestnuts, but the few which I saved for my own use were planted before your letter came to hand, next year, if the trees bear I will save as many as you or your friends may have occasion for and lest I should forget it I beg you to remind me, about the first of October.
Mrs. Washington and the Family join me in affecte. regards to Mrs. Powell and yourself, and both of us beg you to accept our grateful thanks for the kind offers you have respectively made us. With great esteem etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 14th. came duly to hand. I am sorry to find by it that the opposition is gaining strength. At this however I do not wonder. The adversaries to a measure are generally, if not always, more active and violent than the advocates; and frequently employ means which the others do not, to accomplish their ends.
I have seen no publication yet, that ought, in my judgment, to shake the proposed Government in the mind of an impartial public. In a word, I have hardly seen any that is not addressed to the passions of the people; and obviously calculated to rouse their fears. Every attempt to amend the Constitution at this time, is, in my opinion, idly vain. If there are characters who prefer disunion, or seperate Confederacies to the general Government which is offered to them, their opposition may, for ought I know, proceed from principle; but as nothing in my conception is more to be depricated than a disunion, or these seperate Confederacies, my voice, as far as it will extend, shall be offered in favor of the latter. That there are some writers (and others perhaps who may not have written) who wish to see these States divided into several confederacies is pretty evident. As an antidote to these opinions, and in order to investigate the ground of objections to the Constitution which is submitted to the People, the Foederalist, under the signature of Publius, is written. The numbers which have been published I send you. If there is a Printer in Richmond who is really well disposed to support the New Constitution he would do well to give them a place in his Paper. They are (I think I may venture to say) written by able men; and before they are finished, will, if I am mistaken not, place matters in a true point of light. Altho' I am acquainted with some of the writers who are concerned in this work, I am not at liberty to disclose their names, nor would I have it known that they are sent by me to you for promulgation.
You will recollect that the business of the Potomack Company is withheld from the Assembly of Maryland until it is acted upon in this State. That the sitting of that Assembly is expected to be short. And that our operations may be suspended if no other recourse is to be had than to common law processes to obtain the dividends, which are called for by the Directors, and not paid by the Subscribers.
Certificate, and Commutation taxes I hope will be done away by this Assembly. And that it will not interfere either with public treaties, or private contracts. Bad indeed must the situation of that Country be, when this is the case. With great pleasure I received the information respecting the commencement of my Nephews political course. I hope he will not be so buoyed up by the favourable impression it has made as to become a babbler. If the Convention was such a tumultuous, and disorderly body as a certain Gentleman has represented it to be, it may be ascribed, in a great degree to some dissatisfied characters who would not submit to the decisions of a majority thereof. I shall depend upon the Corn from Mr. Henley. All here are well and join me in good wishes for you. I am etc.64
[Note 64: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1787.
Gentn: Colo. Henry Lee (who called upon me as he returned home from New York) informed me that you dealt largely in grass seeds (saved in this Country), that you sold none but what was good, and those on the most moderate terms.
Under this information I beg leave to ask the price of the following, and whether an opportunity could be depended upon for sending them by water to Alexandria before the month of March next. Red Clover Seed. Timothy Do. Orchard grass Do.
He told me that he had bought some of the first from you and he thinks at 4 dollars pr. Bushl. but not having the Bill at hand could not be positive. Imported Seeds or the Seeds of this Country if not of the last years growth I would not purchase. the first, unless brot. in the Cabbin is always injured and the latter is not to be depended upon.
Your answer to this letter by the Post will oblige Gentn. Yr. etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 23d. of Septr. and 1sth. of Novr. came duly to hand. You may inform Mr. Haines that my Barley, this year, shared the same fate with my other crops. The drought during the summer was so excessive that I cannot form any just opinion of what it might produce in a seasonable year; it yielded about 14 bushls. to the Acre which was a proportionate crop to any other kind of Grain which I sowed; and if I judge of its success from this circumstance it must be favourable. This information I would have given you sooner had I been able to have ascertained the quantity of Barley that was made.
I have requested Thomas Smith Esqr. of Carlyle, who, I expect, has, or will recover some money which is due to me in the Western Country, to put it into your hands, unless he has an opportunity of forwarding it directly to Alexandria; if you should receive it I will thank you to deposit it in the bank for me, and send me the notes that I may negotiate them here as I have occasion for the Money. I enclose to you a letter to Mr. Smith which I will thank you to forward in as safe and expeditious a manner as you can. As I imagine you have, by this time, recd. the interest due upon my warrant in your hands, or if you have not, Mr. Smith will, upon receiving the enclosed letter, forward some money to you, I must request you to pay Mr. Charles Pettit's bill for 4 Backs and 8 Jambs66 sent to me, which amounts to £18.5.1.
[Note 66: For the fireplaces.]
I will thank you to inform me the lowest prices for which good fresh Clover, Timothy and Orchard Grass seed can be purchased with you. I am etc.
P.S. The Leopard skin sent by Captn. Steward arrived safe.67
[Note 67: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1787.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 26th. Octr. and am much surprised to find that my letters to the Western Country so often miscarry. I inclose a duplicate of a letter which I wrote to you from Philadelphia, and committed to the care of a Capt. Bradley who informed me that he lived at the Court House in Washington County, should pass thro Carlisle, and promised to deliver it himself.
I have written to Mr. Smith68 of Baltimore requesting him to forward to me the money which you informed me you had lodged in his hands for me.
[Note 68: Nathaniel Smith.]
The money which you recover on my account may be put into the hands of Clement Biddle Esqr. of Philadelphia, who will be so good as to give me information thereof. but if a safe opportunity should offer to Alexandria I would prefer having it lodged there in the Hands of Mr. Win. Hunter Junr.
Permit me Sir to repeat my thanks to you for your attention to my business, and one more to request that you and Mr. Ross will mention the sum with which you will be satisfied for conducting my Ejectments and receive it out of the money which you may recover on my acct. I am, etc.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1787.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 6th. Ulto. and am much obliged to you for the information contained in it. I am happy to find that dispositions in your part of the Continent are so favourable to the proposed plan of Government: if the true interest of the United States was consulted I think there could be but little opposition to it in any part of the country.
The Publick papers have undoubtedly announced to you, before this, the proceedings of the legislature of this State upon the business; they have appointed the convention to meet on the first monday in June; whether putting it off to so late a period will be favourable or otherwise, must be determined by circumstances, for if those States whose conventions are to meet sooner, should adopt the plan I think there is no doubt but they will be followed by this, and if some of them should reject it, it is very probable that the opposers of it here will exert themselves to add this State to the number. I am, etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in tile Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1787.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 25th. Ulto. enclosing the proceedings of the Cincinnati of this State, which I am much obliged to you for forwarding to me.
I will, agreeable to your request, send some cuttings of the Golden willow to Alexandria to be forwarded to you, but I imagine this is an improper season to put them out, for as they are to be propagated from the slip the spring seems to be the most suitable time for setting them; should these fail I will send you more in the spring if you will remind me of it. I am, etc.70
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1787.
Dear Sir: A Mr. H. Banks, of your Assembly is disposed to be kind to me or has some view of being so to himself. Charity leads to the first, suspicion to the latter opinion. He has informed me that the Sherif of Greenbrier has a considerable demand upon me for the taxes of my land on the Great Kanhawa, in that Country; but has forborne (through his means) from proceeding to extremities till he could advise me thereof. This is the first intimation directly or indirectly I have had of these taxes. He thinks I might settle these lands immediately, if an exemption from Rent was allowed for a term; moderate Rents agreed for hereafter, and these to be in specific Articles proportionate to the Crop. After naming one Hines, or Stines as his Agent in that Country, and a Capt. William L. Lovely, whose continuance there he says is doubtful he offers any services in his power to facilitate any plan I may adopt for seating. He also wants to buy some of the Land but is not able. Under this Statement let me ask, confidentially, the Character and circumstances of this Banks; and I would thank you for obtaining the most satisfactory answers, from the Representatives of Greenbrier, Montgomery, Bottetourt or other Counties in that quarter to the following questions.
1st. The distance from Stanton to Green Court House?
2d. From thence to the Mouth of Coal River, a branch of the Great Kanhawa?
3d. Whether there is a direct Road from G. K. Court Ho. to the last mentioned place, or whether this road crosses or comes to the Kanhawa above, or below the Mouth of Coal River?
4th. What sort of a road it is, to wit, Mountainous, or tolerably level, and what kind of a Country does it pass thro', and how Settled?
5th. Whether there is any road leading, from the mouth of Coal River, or that part of the Kanhawa to which the Greenbrier road strikes into the mouth.
6th. The distance and what kind of a road, if any?
7th. Whether Colo. Lewis (the Son of Genl. Andw. Lewis) lives at the mouth of the Kanhawa?
8th. And what Settlement there is at that place whether by the Roads above enumerated in his rout, or is the most direct road from Staunton to the mouth of the Great Kanhawa, and whether the distances from place to place a description thereof:
9th. What are the rich bottom lands on the Kanhawa supposed to be worth? and for what would they Sell, credit being given.
10th. For what would they Rent?
11th. The most advantageous and practicable mode of doing this?
12th. Is there any person of character living on the Kanhawa from the mouth of local River to the confluence of it with the Ohio, in whom confidence could be placed to Rent my lands there? and transact business for me?
13th. How are the Counties of Greenbrier, Botetourt and Montgomery divided? or in what County is the lands on the East of the Kanhawa from the mouth of Coal to the Ohio. and in what County or Counties are the lands on the Ohio between the mouths of the two Kanhawas?
14th. Supposing a person was to undertake a Journey from Alexandria to the Great Kanhawa which would be his best rout and what the distance from place to place exclusive of the way by Fort Pitt?
Necessity will compel me to do something, and soon, with these lands. It will not do to pay taxes and receive nothing in return for them. Knowing that the quality and Situation of them is exceeded by none in the western Counties, I may have held them in [too?] high estimation to obtain Tenants on the terms which have been advertised by me and it is difficult to fix rents on land encreasing every day in value that will be an equivolent some years hence. unless on the terms suggested by Mr. Banks that is to receive 1/3 of the Crops to this however elegable it may be to a landlord on the spot, many reasons may be opposed by one at a distance viz. Idleness and want of honesty in the tenant. Want of Care, attention and integrity in the agent. and want of a market if the other two could be obviated. Yet something must be done, and by getting them seated, and in some degree improved it would enable me to rent them more advantageously hereafter.
I wish you would let me know (if you can come at the means of doing it) what taxes these lands of mine are subject to. Tho' I requested, in answer to Mr. Banks's letter to me, (to which I have received a reply) to be informed of this, he has passed it over in silence.
Write to me on all the points here submitted, as soon as you can obtain information, as I shall postpone a second letter to Mr. Banks till I hear from you. My land on the Ohio lyes between the Mouths of the two Kanhawas, and on the great Kanhawa in 4 tracts from within two Miles of the mouth to and above the Mouth of Coal River. I am, etc.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 7, 1787.
My dear Sir: Since my last to you, I have been favored with your letters of the 28th. of October and 18th. of November. With the last came 7 numbers of the Foederalist, under the signature of Publius, for which I thank you. They are forwarded to a Gentleman in Richmond for republication; the doing of which in this State will I am persuaded, have a good effect as there are certainly characters in it who are no friends to a general government; perhaps I should not go too far was I to add, who have no great objection to the introduction of anarchy and confusion.
The Sollicitude to discover what the several State Legislatures would do with the Constitution is now transferred to the several Conventions. the decisions of which being more interesting and conclusive is, consequently, more anxiously expected than the other. What Pennsylvania and Delaware have done, or will do must soon be known.72 Other Conventions to the Northward and Eastward of them are treading closely on their heels; but what the three Southern States have done, or in what light the new Constitution is viewed by them, I have not been able to learn. North Carolina it has been said (by some accts. from Richmond) will be governed in a great measure by the conduct of Virginia. The pride of South Carolina will not I conceive suffer this influence to work in her councils; and the disturbances in Georgia will or I am mistaken show the people of it the propriety of being United, and the necessity there is for a general Government. If these with the States Eastward and Northward of us, should accede to the Foederal Government, I think the citizens of this State will have no cause to bless the opposers of it here if they should carry their point. A paragraph in the Baltimore Paper has announced a change in the Sentiments of Mr. Jay on this subject; and adds that, from being an admirer of the new form, he has become a bitter enemy to it. This relation (without knowing Mr. Jay's opinion) I disbelieve, from a Conviction that he would consider the matter well before he would pass any Judgment. It is very unlikely therefore that a man of his knowledge and foresight should turn on both sides of a question in so short a space. I am anxious however to know the foundation (if any) for this.
[Note 72: Delaware ratified the Constitution Dec. 7, 1787, and Pennsylvania, the second State to ratify, on December 12.]
It would have given me great pleasure to have complied with your request in behalf of your foreign acquaintance. At present I am unable to do it. The survey of the Country between the Eastern and Western Waters is not yet reported by the Commissioners tho' promised to me very shortly, (the Survey being compleated) by one of them. no draught that can convey a proper idea of the work on this River has yet been taken. much of the labor except at the great fall has been bestowed in the bed of the River in a removal of the rocks and deepening the Water. At the Great falls the labour has indeed been great; the water there is taken into a canal about 200 yards above the Cataract and conveyed by a level cut (thro' a solid rock in some places and very Stoney ground in others) more than a mile to the lock seats; [five] in number, by means of which the Craft when these locks are compleated will be let into the River below the fall (which in all is 76 feet). At the Seneca falls six miles above the great fall a channel which has been formed by the river in freshes is under improvement for the navigation; the same at Shannondoah in part. At the lower fall (where nothing has yet been done) a level cut and locks are proposed. These constitute the principal part of the work to compleat the navigation; the parts of the river between requiring loose stones only to be removed in order to deepen the water where it is too shallow in dry seasons.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing, I have received a letter from a member (of the Assembly) in Richmond dated the 4th. Inst. giving the following information.
I am sorry to inform you, that the Constitution has lost ground so considerably that it is doubted whether it has any longer a majority in its favor. From a vote which took place the other day, this would appear certain, tho' I cannot think it so decisive as the enemies to it consider it. It marks however the inconsistency of some of its opponents. At the time the resolutions calling a Convention were entered into Colo M-- sided with the friends to the Constitution, and opposed any hint being given, expressive of the Sentiments of the House as to amendments. But as it was unfortunately omitted at that time to make provision for the subsistence of the Convention, it became necessary to pass some resolution providing for any expence whh. may attend an attempt to make amendments. As M-- had on the former occasion declared, that it would be improper to make any discovery of the Sentiments of the House on the subject, and that we had no right to suggest any thing to a body paramt. to us, his advocating such a resolution was matter of astonishment. It is true, he declared it was not declaratory of our opinion; but the contrary must be very obvious. As I have heard many declare themselves friends to the Constitution since the vote, I do not consider it as altogether decisive of the opinion of the House with respect to it.
I am informed, both by Genl. Wilkinson (who is just arrived here from New Orleans by way of No. Carolina) and Mr. Ross, that North Carolina is almost unanimous for adopting it. The latter received a letter from a member of that Assembly now sitting.
In a debating Society here, which meets once a week, this subject has been canvassed at two successive meetings, and is to be finally decided on tomorrow evening; as the whole Assembly, almost has attended on these occasions, their opinion will then be pretty well ascertained; and as the opinion on this occasion will have much influence, some of Colo. Innis's friends have obtained a promise from him to enter the list.
The bill respecting British debts has passed our house but with such a clause as I think makes it worse than a rejection.
The letter, of which I enclose you a printed copy, from Colo. R H Lee to the Govt. has been circulated with great industry in manuscript, four weeks before it went to press, and said to have had a bad influence. The enemies to the Constitution leave no stone unturned to encrease the opposition to it. I am, &c.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 9, 1787.
Sir: Presuming that Colo. Fitzgerald according to his promise has communicated to you the vote of the Potomack Co. passed at the last general Meeting, held at George Town, and the measures consequent of it, taken by the directors, I shall trouble you with no more than the result which you will find in the enclosed authenticated Act of the Assembly of this State.
It is scarcely necessary to observe to you, Gentlemen, that unless a similar one is obtained from your Assembly, during its present Session that the work of navigation will soon be at a stand. You know what steps have been taken, and how ineffectually, to collect the dividends from the tardy members. The others think it hard to be further called on and some indeed have announced they will advance no more until the arrearages are paid up. To recover these will be a work of immense time under the existing law.
You know best under what form to bring this matter before your Assembly. If by way of Petition you will please to have one drawn, and if it is necessary the name of the President should be affixed thereto, I hereby authorize you to give it my signature with great esteem I am, etc.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 14, 1787.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 21st. of Octr. would not have remained so long unacknowledged could I with any degree of precision have answered your quæries sooner. I wish it was in my power to do it satisfactorily now. The drought of last Summer in this neighbourhood was so unconscionably severe, that the experiments I contemplated were by no means conclusive, the result such as it is, I will give you.76
[Note 76: See Washington's "Diary" for Oct. 25, 1787.]
In level ground, as equal in quality as I could obtain it, I laid of 10 squares, each square containing by exact measurement, half an acre. half of each of these I manured at the rate of 200 bushel of well rotted farm yard dung to the Acre to ascertain the difference between slight manuring such as we might have it in our power to give the land, and no Manure. The whole of this ground received the first plowing in the winter; and each square previous to sowing, or planting was worked exactly alike afterwards. Two of these were sown with Oats (of different sorts) on the ... 77 of ... . Two with Barley (of different sorts) on the ... of ... . One with Buck wheat
[Note 77: This and the following blanks are left so in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.] on the ... day of ... ; another with Jerusalem Artichokes on the ... day of ... ; another with Irish Potatoes on the day of ... ; another with sweet (or Country) Ditto on the day of ... ; another that is to say 1/3 with the common sort of homony bean; 1/3 with the bunch homony bean and the other one third with very small, and round black eyed Pease called the Gentlemans Pea. The two squares was sown half in Carrots, and half in Turnips both in Broad Cast.
I have already observed, that the drought was too intense to authorize any just conclusion from these experiments; for besides occasioning many of the seeds and plants to come up badly, the growth of all was so much retarded as to leave little hope at one time that anything would be produced from some of them.
The Barley was exceedingly thin; in some parts of the ground hardly any. of the Buck Wheat ¼ of the square (undunged parts) had not a plant. Of the Jerusalem Artichoke out of 442 hills 417 were Missing; both kinds of Potatoes were a good deal missing; and the Irish sort had not roots as big as a Pea the first of Septr. when in a commonly seasonably year they would at that time have been fit for use. The Carrots and Turnips were thin, as were the Pease and Beans.
Adjoining to these squares I laid of exactly 10 Acres in an oblong form and drilled them with Corn in rows 10 feet a part, and 18 Inches asunder in the rows, between these rows Irish Potatoes, Carrots, Turnips, and the common blackeyed Pease were alternately planted and sown (that no advantage of soil or situation should be more in favor of one than the other). By this mode you will perceive that half the Rows were in Corn, an 1/8 in Potatoes, an 1/8 in Turnips (for I ought rather to have said were intended for them but they could not be got to grow).
Pease these by mistake got mixed with others and the quantity could not be ascertained but did not yield much.
The Potatoes were missing. The Carrots much more so. from this experiment which is not more conclusive than the other, it appears that the Potatoe rows, though but a fourth of the Corn Rows, yielded nearly as many bushels; and that the Carrots also but a fourth of the Corn rows amounted to nearly half. Had the Potatoes stood as well as the Corn, the numbers of bushels would have been more than that of Corn, and had the Carrots stood as well as the Potatoes, the quantity of bushels it is supposed would not have fallen short of the Potatoes. From the quantity of Corn (but a barrell to the Acre which in a moderately seasonable year would have yielded 2 or 2 and an half to the Acre) you may form some conception of the severity of the drought, as the ground was well tilled and especially when I add that all my grass seeds were destroyed by it. The Potatoes, ultimately, grew to a good size, and the Carrots were remarkably large, few smaller than the wrist, and numbers larger than the small of the leg. Inconclusive as these trials have been I am nevertheless clearly of opinion that Corn in Drills 3 feet apart and the plants 18 Inches asunder in the rows, with Carrots or Potatoes or both (for the Seasons to put them in the ground and taking them up differing, the farmer is less hurried) in his operations will be found a most profitable husbandry. I have no doubt that an Acre of Corn planted in this manner will yield as much as an Acre of the same quality in the usual mode of planting. If this be true (and I have very little doubt of it) the Potatoes and Carrots are nearly clear profit as very little more labour is required in this mode of cultivating of them than the Corn would need, and receive if nothing was between it. The only consideration then is, whether the production is too much for the Land? The books say generally, that neither Carrots nor Potatoes are exhausters. But as the cultivation of them, with me, is new, I shall decide nothing on this point but shall practice the mode untill I meet with discouragements.
I do not know that the Agricultural Society of Philadelphia have adopted any regular mode of communicating the information they receive to the Public, good would certainly result from such communications and I presume after it has got a little better established this will be the case. That I have not received any answer to my letter respecting the Wolf dogs is matter of surprize to me, when I do, the result shall be communicated to you.
I thank you for your Congratulations on my return from the Convention and with what you add respecting the Constitution. My decided opinion of the matter is that there is no alternative between the adoption of it and anarchy. If one State however important it may conceive itself to be should suppose, or a minority of the States, that they can dictate a Constitution to the Majority unless they have the power of administering to good effect, administering the Ultema ratio they will find themselves deceived. All the opposition to it, that I have yet seen, is I must confess addressed more to the passions than to the reason, and clear I am if another Foederal Convention is attempted the sentiments of the members will be more discordent or less Conciliatory than the last, in fine, that they will agree upon no genl. plan. General Government is now suspended by a thread I might go farther and say it is really at an end, and what will be the consequence of a fruitless attempt to amend the one which is offered, before it is tried, or of the delay from the attempt, does not in my Judgment need the gift of prophecy to predict. I am not a blind admirer (for I saw the imperfections) of the Constitution to which I have assisted to give birth, but I am fully persuaded it is the best that can be obtained at this day and that it or disunion is before us; if the first is our choice when the defects of it are experienced Constitutional door is open for amendments and may be adopted in a peaceable manner without tumult or disorder. I am, etc.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 25, 1787.
Sir: It is my desire, and I am told that it is the wish of many and sure I am policy requires it, that the uncultivated tracts of land on the Great Kanhawa and Ohio belonging to the Military should be settled. The difficulty with me respecting mine has been, how to draw the line of mutual advantage for Landlord and Tenant, with respect to the terms; and where to find a confidential person on or near the spot who would act for me as Agent.
Two reasons, hitherto, have restrained me from making application to you, on this head, first, the uncertainty I was under of your having become an actual resident in those parts, and second a doubt whether it might be agreeable to you to accept this trust on account of the trouble, and little profit that would derive from the agency, at least for some time.
The first cause being removed, (having understood by means of some members in Assembly that you live at Point Pleasant) I shall take the liberty of trying you on the second; under a hope, that more from the desire of seeing the country settled the neighborhood strengthened and property thereby secured; and the value of it encreased; than from any pecuniary considerations at the present moment, you may be induced to aid me in seating my lands on the great Kanhawa and on the Ohio between the mouths of the two Rivers bearing that name.
If you accept the trust this letter shall be your authority, fully, and amply given and binding upon me and my heirs for the following purposes.
First. To place as many Tenants on the several tracts of Lands (Plats of which with my signature annexed to them shall accompany this Power) as you can obtain consistently with your Judgment, and suggestions hereafter mentioned.
Second. That an exemption from the payment of Rents for the term of three years shall be allowed them provided certain reasonable improvements such as you shall stipulate for, and which I think (but leave the matter to you) ought to be comfortable houses, Acres of Arable and Acres of Meadow Land, and a certain number of frute Trees planted.
Third. That for the fourth year, rents shall become due, and shall consist (as I am told the custom of the Country is) of a third of whatever is raised on the premises, which rents shall be annually paid thereafter to you, or my agent for the time being in that Country.
Fourth. That under this tenure they may be assured of the places (if they incline to remain, and will go on to improve them) for the term of -- years; were these not to exceed ten, it would be more pleasing to me than any extension beyond that number; but if this limitation will not be acceded to on the part of the Tenant, I must leave it to your discretion to augment them, making the term definite, and not for lives, which is not only uncertain, but often introductory of disputes to ascertain the termination of them. Instances of which have happened to me. All mines and minerals will be reserved for the landlord, and where there are valuable streams for water works, the Rents must bear some proportion to the advantages which are likely to result from them.
Fifth. Whether custom authorizes, or justice requires that the tenant should pay the land tax of what he agrees to hold before the rent becomes due; or afterwards, in whole, or part, must be governed by the practice which prevails and consequently is left to your decision.
Sixth. I do not conceive it necessary, nor should I incline to go into much, or indeed any expence in laying the Land off into Lots till it begins to be thick settled and productive. The first comers will of course have the first choice; but they and all others are to be informed that their lotts (be the quantity little or much) will be bounded by water courses, or (where this is not the case) by convenient and regular forms. And as most of my Tracts (as you will see by the plats) have extensive boundaries on the rivers running but a little ways back it is my wish indeed, it naturally follows, that back part of the land should be considered as the support of that which will be first settled and cleared on the margins of the Rivers and a sufficiency of it reserved for that purpose.
Seventh. For your trouble in negotiating this business, I am very willing to allow the usual Commission for collecting, converting into Cash and transmitting to me, the rents after they shall commence and whatever you may think proper to charge me (in reason) for your trouble till this shall happen, I will cheerfully agree to pay.
Whether you accept this trust or not, you will do me a favor in the communication of your sentiments on the subject; there are two ways by which letters will come safe. Viz thrown into the Post Office at Philadelphia or into that at Richmond. Colo. Bayard an acquaintance of mine, or any acquaintance you may have at Fort Pitt, will forward them to the first place, and the means of doing it to the latter you must be a better Judge of than myself. If the letters once get into the Post Office I shall be sure of them. On private conveyances there is no reliance; they are tossed about and neglected so as rarely to reach their intended destination when sent in this manner.
If you should incline to act under this power your own good sense and Judgment will at once dictate the propriety, indeed necessity of promulgating it as extensively as you can by Advertisements to those parts from whence settlers are most likely to be drawn over and above the opportunities which your situation gives you of communicating the matter to travellers by water on the Ohio.
On the other hand if you do not incline to act I would thank you for returning me the papers herewith enclosed as it will save me the trouble of making other copies.
Whether the improvements which I had made on the Lands (of which you have herewith the draughts) in the years 1774 and 5 will be of use to Settlers at this day, or not, you [who] are on the spot can best determine; they cost me, or were valued to between £1500 and 2000. if they are useful the exemption from rent should be shorter. I thought it necessary to bring the matter into view tho' my expectations from it are small. I am, &c--
P.S. I have a small tract called the round bottom containing abt. 600 Acres, which I would also let. It lyes on the Ohio, opposite to pipe Creek, and a little above Capteening.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 25, 1787.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your letters of the 9th of Decr. 1786; 27th of Feby. and 2d of March 1787. They should have had an earlier and more regular acknowledgment had not the public business in which I was, in a manner, compelled to engage the last summer, joined to the unremitting attention which my own private affairs require rendered it almost impossible to observe that punctuality with my correspondents that I could wish. I thank you, my dear Sir, for the information which you gave me in your several letters, relative to the state of publick affairs in your Country. I hope the exertions of good men, and a concurrence of circumstances, will finally produce that tranquillity, concord and happiness among you which you so earnestly wish for.
The public attention here is at present wholly employed in considering and animadverting upon the form of Government, proposed by the late convention for these States. The inefficacy of our present general system is acknowledged on all hands, and the proposed one has its opponents but they bear so small a proportion to its friends that there is little or no doubt of its taking place. Three States have already decided in its favor; two unanimously, and the other by a majority of two to one; these are the only States whose conventions have as yet determined upon the subject, but from every information, the others will be found pretty fully in sentiment with them. The establishment of an energetic general Government will disappoint the hopes and expectations of those who are unfriendly to this Country, give us a national respectability, and enable us to improve those commercial and political advantages which Nature and situation have placed within our reach.
I wrote to you some time since and enclosed a letter from Doctor Franklin to me in answer to one which I had written respecting your Sons being appointed Consul at Marseilles; he applied to Mr. Jay, Minister of foreign Affairs, (whose answer to him I likewise forwarded to you); the result of the application was, that it could not be granted because there existed a resolution of Congress declaring that none but an American citizen should be appointed to that Office. Mrs. Washington joins me in the Compliments of the season to Lady Newenham and yourself, and in wishing you many happy returns of it. I am &c.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 25, 1787.
Sir: I have recd. your letter of yesterday and in answer to it must observe that however desireous I may be to comply with your request and gratifying your wishes I do not consider myself at liberty to give an opinion on the subject, for altho' I was appointed a visitor or Trustee yet having never acted in that capacity or taken any part in the management of the Academy I should not wish to interfere on this occasion, but will readily and cheerfully agree to whatever may be done by the Trustees on the subject.
I am very glad to find that you have agreed to take my Nephews to board with you. I shall feel myself under less apprehension of any irregular and improper conduct on their parts while they are under your immediate inspection, than if they were to be placed with a person to whose advice or direction they would not consider themselves obliged to pay any attention. I am, etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 30, 1787.
Gentn: Your letter of the 14th. came duly to hand. Colo. Lee either did not comprehend the price of your Seeds or I have misunderstood him for they are higher than I was led to conceive. However as I want seeds on which I can depend, I will, provided they can be got to me by the end of March at farthest and as much sooner as you please, take ten Bushels of red clover seed, and 8 Bushels of Timothy seed; both of the last years growth, clean and good.
If in consideration of the quantity, and the prospect of my dealing with you every year for a large supply of these articles (if I find my interest in it) you should be disposed to lower the retail prices mentioned in your letter to me, it may prove mutually advantageous to you, (if the Seed is sent) to whom, or in what manner the cost of them shall be remitted.
Be so good, upon the receipt of this letter as to inform me if there be a moral certainty of a supply from you in the above mentioned time for should I depend thereon and be disappointed it will be very injurious to me as the whole is for my own sowing, and the ground will be prepared for it. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 1, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 15th. of August, and am sorry that it is not in my power to give any further information relative to the practicability of opening a communication between Lake Erie and the Ohio, than you are already possessed of. I have made frequent enquiries since the time of your writing to me on that subject while Congress were sitting at Annapolis, but could never collect anything that was decided or satisfactory. I have again renewed them, and flatter myself with better prospects of success.
The accts. generally agree as to its being a flat country between the waters of Lake Erie and Big-Beaver; but differ very much with respect to the distance between their sources, their navigation, and the inconveniences which would attend the cutting a canal between them. From the best information I have been able to obtain of that Country, the sources of the Muskingham and Cayohoga approach nearer to each other than any water of Lake Erie does to Big-Beaver. But a communication through this River would be more circuitous and difficult; having the Ohio in a greater extent, to ascend; unless the latter could be avoided by opening a communication between James River and the Great Kanhawa, or between the little Kanhawa and the West branch of Monongahela, which is said to be very practicable by a short portage. As testimony thereof, the States of Virginia and Maryland have opened (for I believe it is compleated) a road from the No. branch of Potomack, commencing at, or near, the mouth of Savage River, to the Cheat River, from whence the former are continuing it to the Navigable Water of the little Kanhawa.
The distance between Lake Erie and the Ohio, through the Big-Beaver, is, however, so much less than the rout through the Muskingham, that it would, in my opinion, operate very strongly in favor of opening a canal between the sources of the nearest water of the Lake and Big-Beaver, altho the distance between them should be much greater and the operation more difficult than to the Muskingham. I shall omit no opportunity of gaining every information relative to this important subject; and will, with pleasure, communicate to you whatever may be worthy of your attention.
I did myself the honor to forward to you the plan of Government formed by the Convention, the day after that body rose; but was not a little disappointed, and mortified indeed (as I wished to make the first offering of it to you) to find by a letter from Commode. Jones, dated in New York the 9th. of Novr. that it was, at that time, in his possession. You have, undoubtedtly, recd. it, or some other 'ere now, and formed an opinion upon it. The public attention is, at present, wholly engrossed by this important subject. The Legislatures of those States (Rhode Island excepted) which have met since the Constitution has been formed, have readily assented to its being submitted to a Convention chosen by the People. Pensylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware are the only States whose Conventions have as yet decided upon it. In the former it was adopted by 46 to 23 and in the two latter unanimously.
Connecticut and Massachusetts are to hold their Conventions on the 1st. and 2d. tuesdays of this month; Maryland in April, Virginia in June, and upon the whole, it appears, so far as I have had an opportunity of learning the opinions of the people in the several States, that it will be received. There will, undoubtedly, be more or less opposition to its being adopted in most of the States; and in none a more formidable one than in this; as many influential characters here have taken a decided part against it, among whom are Mr. Henry, Colo. Mason, Govr. Randolph and Colo R. H. Lee; but from every information which I have been able to obtain, I think there will be a majority in its favor notwithstanding their dissention. In New York a considerable opposition will also be given.
I am much obliged to you, my dear Sir, for the Acct. which you gave me of the general state of Affairs in Europe. I am glad to hear that the Assemblée des Notables has been productive of good in France. The abuse of the finances being disclosed to the King, and the Nation, must open their eyes, and lead to the adoption of such measures as will prove beneficial to them in future. From the public papers it appears that the Parliaments of the several Provinces, and particularly that of Paris, have acted with great spirit and resolution. Indeed the rights of Mankind, the priviledges of the people, and the true principles of liberty, seem to have been more generally discussed and better understood throughout Europe since the American revolution than they were at any former period.
Altho' the finances of France and England were such as led you to suppose, at the time you wrote to me, would prevent a rupture between those two powers, yet, if we credit the concurrent accts. from every quarter, there is little doubt but that they have commenced hostilities before this. Russia and the Porte have formally began the contest, and from appearances (as given to us) it is not improbable but that a pretty general war will be kindled in Europe. should this be the case, we shall feel more than ever the want of an efficient general Government to regulate our Commercial concerns, to give us a national respectability, and to connect the political views and interests of the several States under one head in such a manner as will effectually prevent them from forming seperate, improper, or indeed any connection, with the European powers which can involve them in their political disputes. For our situation is such as makes it not only unnecessary, but extremely imprudent for us to take a part in their quarrels; and whenever a contest happens among them, if we wisely and properly improve the advantages which nature has given us, we may be benifitted by their folly, provided we conduct ourselves with circumspection and under proper restrictions, for I perfectly agree with you, that an extensive speculation, a spirit of gambling, or the introduction of any thing which will divert our attention from Agriculture, must be extremely prejudicial, if not ruinous to us. but I conceive under an energetic general Government such regulations might be made, and such measures taken, as would render this Country the asylum of pacific and industrious characters from all parts of Europe, would encourage the cultivation of the Earth by the high price which its products would command, and would draw the wealth, and wealthy men of other Nations, into our bosom, by giving security to property, and liberty to its holders. I have the honor &c.84
[Note 84: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, January 1, 1788.
Revd. Sir: I have recd. your letter of the 6th. of Septr. with flower-seeds accompanying it, for which I beg you will accept my best thanks. I am glad to find by your letter, that you have begun printing your history of the revolution; you have my best wishes for its success.
Our information from Europe is so various and contradictory as to render it still doubtful whether a rupture will take place between England and France; some accounts have even gone so far as to declare that hostilities have already commenced others, that vigorous preparations are making on both sides and a war is inevitable; and others again mention pacific dispositions of the Courts. But let their political views and interests be what they may I hope we shall have wisdom enough not to take a part in their quarrels.
I would have forwarded to you a copy of the Constitution proposed by the late Convention for the United States, but as you must undoubtedly have seen it before this, through the medium of the newspapers, or some other publication, the necessity of my doing it is superseded. I have the pleasure, however, to inform you, that there is the greatest prospect of its being adopted by the people. It has its opponents, as any system formed by the wisdom of man would undoubtedly have; but they bear but a small proportion to its friends, and differ among themselves in their objections. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey have already decided in its favor, the first by a majority of two to one, and the two last unanimously. The dispositions in the other States, so far as I have been able to learn, are equally favorable, at least with Pennsylvania, and it is expected that their conventions will give a similar decision. New York, and possibly this State, may prove exceptions. I am &c.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1788.
Gentlemen: When I wrote to you last upon the subject of furnishing me with scantling, Plank &c. agreeable to the enclosed bill we could not come to any determination with respect to the matter, because the price of herrings, in which I proposed to make payment, could not be fixed. I now make the following proposal, viz, I will allow you 6/per Hundred for the scantling, reduced measure, 6/ per Hundred for the inch plank and 7/6 ped [ sic] do for inch and quarter Do. As I understand you will want a large quantity of herrings in the fishing season, you shall give a preference to my landing for a supply provided a price can, at that time, be agreed upon between us; if it cannot, I will pay you for the scantling &c. in Cash after the fishing season is over as I have allotted the fish, or the money arising from the sale of them to supply me with the enclosed bill of scantling. The scantling must be furnished and delivered at my Landing by or before the first of March as I must have the frame &c. prepared before the season for cutting grass comes on when my Carpenters will then be obliged to go into the field.
If you acceed to the above proposal and will supply the scantling at the time mentioned you will write me a line by the bearer that will put the matter upon a certainty. I am, etc.
P.S. If you cannot furnish the scantling so soon as mentioned above you will be so good as to let me know the earliest period in which you can supply it.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 7, 1788.
Gentn: I have recd. your letter of the 5th. inst. wherein you mention your compliance with the terms proposed so far as to furnish the Scantling, but leave the time for the delivery of it undetermined; this will wholly set aside the object which I had in view in wishing to contract with you to supply me with the bill sent you on Saturday, for I have not the smallest doubt of being able to furnish myself with Scantling upon lower terms than I have proposed to you provided the time which I have allotted to have it framed would permit me to take the chance of procuring it from the Vessels which pass from the Eastern Shore up to Alexandria (or if I could convey a letter seasonably to a Mr. Joseph De Shields88 of Maryland) who as I have been informed by Gentlemen of veracity that it has been and can generally be bought for 12/ per hundred measured side and edge which makes a difference of near 25 per Cent less than what I have engaged to give you. You therefore see, Sir. that my object in contracting with you is that I may depend upon its being delivered at a particular time and not subject myself to the hazard of not procuring it in time for my people to frame it before the season for cutting grass and Harvest come on. I am very willing to make any reasonable allowance for delays occasioned by weather or the River being blocked
[Note 88: Joseph Dashield, of Salisbury, Md.] up, but still I cannot consent to leave the time of delivering it wholly unfixed, and would thank you to let me know. I am, etc.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1788.
Dear Sir: The letter, which you did me the honor of writing to me on the 27th Ulto. with the enclosure,92 came duly to hand. I receive them as a fresh instance of your friendship and attention. For both I thank you.
[Note 92: Randolph's letter is in the Washington Papers but the pamphlet, A Letter...on the Federal Constitution (1787), is not found therein.]
The diversity of Sentiments upon the important matter which has been submitted to the People, was as much expected as it is regretted, by me. The various passions and motives, by which men are influenced are concomitants of fallibility, engrafted into our nature for the purposes of [the] unerring wisdom; but had I entertained a latent hope (at the time you moved to have the Constitution submitted to a second Convention) that a more perfect form would be agreed to, in a word that any Constitution would be adopted under the impressions and instructions of the members, the publications, which have taken place since would have eradicated every form of it. How do the sentiments of the influential characters in this State who are opposed to the Constitution, and have favoured the public with their opinions, quadrate with each other? Are they not at variance on some of the most important points? If the opponents in the same State cannot agree in their principles what prospect is there of a coalescence with the advocates of the measure when the different views, and jarring interests of so wide and extended an Empire are to be brought forward and combated?
To my Judgment, it is more clear than ever, that an attempt to amend the Constitution which is submitted, would be productive of more heat and greater confusion than can well be conceived. There are some things in the new form, I will readily acknowledge, wch. never did, and I am persuaded never will, obtain my cordial approbation; but I then did conceive, and do now most firmly believe, that, in the aggregate, it is the best Constitution that can be obtained at this Epocha, and that this, or a dissolution of the Union awaits our choice, and are the only alternatives before us. Thus believing, I had not, nor have I now any hesitation in deciding on which to lean.
I pray your forgiveness for the expression of these sentiments. In acknowledging the receipt of your Letter on this subject, it was hardly to be avoided, although I am well disposed to let the matter rest entirely on its own merits, and mens minds to their own workings. With very great esteem &c.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 94: Of Bordeaux, France.]
January 8, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter and memorial of the 12 of Augt. and in answer to them can only say, that however just and reasonable your demands may be, and however desireous I am to assist the injured in obtaining Justice, it is not in my power to do anything more than appears, by your memorial, to have been already done, that is, to refer you to 'the boards and officers which take cognizance of matters of that nature. As I have, long since, lain aside all publick business and live 300 miles from New York where the Congress sits and the publick Offices are established, I cannot, with any degree of propriety, interfere in your case. I am, etc.
P. S. I return your original documents which you may have occasion for.93
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1788.
My dear Sir: I have received your letters of the 28th of June, 1786 and 12th of May, 1787. In the former you mention your having just returned from Holland and were so obliging as to give me an account of the state of political affairs in that Country. y. Since the time of your writing their intestine disputes have been brought to a crisis and appear to have terminated rather against the Patriots. What changes may be made in their Government; what revolutions in their political oeconomy, and how far their connections with the several powers in Europe may be affected by the termination is yet unknown to us.
I am very glad to hear that the Assembleé des Notables has been productive of good in France; the State of your finances was really alarming and required a strict investigation and the sanative hand of the nation to restore them to their proper tone.
I now begin to hope that the period is not very distant, when this country will make a more respectable figure in the eyes of Europe than it has hitherto done. The constitution formed by the late Convention appears, as far as my information extends, to be highly acceptable to the people of these States. Jersey, Delaware and Pensylvania have already decided in its favor, the two former unanimously and the latter by a majority of two to one; the Conventions in the other States have not yet determined upon it but their dispositions are very favourable. Whenever this Government is established we shall regain thus [ sic] confidence and credit among the European powers which a want of energy in the present confederation has deprived us of; and shall likewise feel the benefit of those commercial and political advantages which our situation holds out to us. This event must be extremely pleasing to every friend of humanity and peculiarly so to you and others, who must feel interested in the happiness and welfare of this country, from the part which you took in establishing her liberty and independence.
I lament with you, my dear Sir, that the distance between us is so great, as to deprive us of the pleasure and satisfaction of a frequent and regular communication by letter, for it often happens either through the inattention of the person to whom letters are committed, or from some other cause, that they do not come to hand till months after their date. You will please to accept the compliments of the season with my sincere wishes for many happy returns of it to you, and believe me to be &c.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 26th. of July last, informing me of the death of our much esteemed and worthy friend George William Fairfax Esqr. I sincerely condole with you and his other friends in England upon this occasion. Altho' the precarious state of his health for several years past, must have prepared his friends, in some measure, for his death, yet the event could not take place without being sincerely lamented by all who know him.
The appointment of Executors and Trustees in each country for his Estates and affairs in each, seperately and without any dependance on each other was in my opinion, a very judicious and necessary step; for the delays and inconveniences which the distance would unavoidably produce, would have been an insuperable objection to their being joined, not to mention the difficulties, which must have arisen from the difference of the laws upon this point, in the two countries.
The small case, which you directed to the care of Colo. Burwell was forwarded by him and came safe to hand. I have sent the watch to Mr. Fairfax, and the letters to their respective addresses. Notwithstanding the long and uninterrupted friendship which subsisted between Colo. Fairfax and myself, and however desirous I may be to give every proof of my affection for him and his amiable relict yet I must decline acting as an Executor for his Estate here. The deranged situation of my own private affairs, occasioned by my long absence from home during the late war, and the continual applications which are made to me for information, advice or assistance, in consequence of a publick office which I sustained, require my constant and unremitting attention, and would prevent a faithful discharge of the trust on my part, if I should accept it. I am &c.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 98: Mrs. Van Winter's maiden name was Van Merken.]
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1788.
I have received your letter of the 26th. Feby., accompanied by the Poem entitled "Germanicus" I consider your sending the latter to me as a mark of polite attention which merits my warmest acknowledgments, I beg you to accept my thanks for that, as well as for the many obliging expressions in your letter.
The muses have always been revered in every age, and in all Countries where letters and civilization have made any progress. As they tend to alleviate the misfortunes and soften the sorrows of life they will ever be respected by the humane and virtuous. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original of this letter is said to be in Amsterdam.]
[Note 1: Daughter of C. H. P. de Chamousset, whose Works, in two volumes, were published in 1787.]
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1788.
Madam: I have received your letter of the first of May and the books accompanying it which you did me the honor to send me.
The works of those men who have dedicated their time and fortunes to the purposes of humanity will always be read with pleasure by the good and virtuous citizens of every country, as they contain the pure sentiments of a noble mind divested of local prejudices and particular attachments. I must therefore beg, Madam, that you will accept my warmest acknowledgments for the favor you have conferred by sending me the works of M. de Chamousset. I have the honor, etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 5: Of London]
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letters of the 5th. of Septr. In answer to which I can only say, that I am not at present in want of a person of your description, but if you are desireous of settling in this country, and will let me know precisely what your terms and expectations are, I think it is very probable I shall hear of some Gentleman who would be willing to engage you for the purpose of superintending their farms, provided your knowledge and experience in husbandry &c. is such as you have mentioned and you can bring authentic testimonials thereof and your terms are not extravagant. I am, etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 28 of August7 enclosing your plan of Government8 suggested for the United States of America. As a Citizen of these States, I return you my best thanks for the interest you take in their happiness and prosperity; and as an individual, you will please to accept of my acknowledgments for your polite attention in sending to me your sentiments upon so important a subject.
[Note 7: August 20.]
[Note 8: McIntosh's letter and scheme of government, dated from Avignon, France, is in the Washington Papers.]
The want of an efficient General Government in this country is universally felt and acknowledged. The convention, which met at Philadelphia in May last for the purpose of forming a Constitution for the United States have handed to the People one (of which I now enclose you a copy) for their consideration and acceptance; it is to be submitted to conventions chosen by the people in the several States and by them approved or rejected. Two9 States only have as yet decided upon it, two of which accepted it unanimously and the other by a majority of 2 to 1. Similar dispositions seem to prevail in the other States and there is no doubt but that they will give it a determination equally favorable.
[Note 9: Three.]
When a Government is established in America that can give energy to its laws and security to property, it is not to be doubted, that many persons of respectability and interest from the old world will make a valuable addition to the citizens of the new. I am &c.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 8, 1788.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the reception of your three letters, viz of the 12th. of Feby. the 26th. of March and the 20th. July. I was exceedingly sorry to hear of the disasters which you met with after you left this place, before you reached Georgia, and was very unhappy to find, when you arrived there, that your expectations, with respect to your property were so much disappointed, and that your misfortunes were aggravated by the death of your family.11 I sincerely regret the causes which induced you to Return to Europe, not only on account of the loss which America will sustain of a person who would have been a most valuable citizen, but that a worthy man should leave the country with unfavourable impressions and wounded feelings.
[Note 11: His surgeon and domestics. Du Plessis's wife and children were in France.]
I congratulate you upon your safe arrival in France and hope you will receive that degree of happiness and satisfaction in your return to your family and friends which will compensate for the misfortunes you sustained here.
Mrs. Washington has recd. the fans which you were so polite to send to her from Charleston and begs you would accept her best thanks for them. I have likewise received the Ribbon which you did me the honor to send to me and request you to accept my warmest acknowledgements for that as well as for your obliging offer to execute anything which I might have occasion to do in France, and the very polite expressions with which your letters abounded.
It would give me a particular pleasure to comply with your request by sending you an engraved copy of my portrait similar to the one which you saw in my dining Room; but as that was a present to me from the Engraver, Mr. Brown of London,12 and the only one of the kind that I ever saw, it is not in my power to gratify your wish.
[Note 12: This engraving was, apparently, made by Valentine Green, of London, from a portrait painted by Joseph Brown, after Charles Willson Peale. The engraving was published in 1785, and is in Charles Henry Hart's Catalogue of Engraved Portraits of Washington, (New York: 1904), p. 12.]
When I was in Philadelphia last summer I signed a number of Diplomas for the foreign officers, members of the Cincinnati, which were sent by the Secretary General to the Counts De Estaing and Rochambeau this, I presume, will supercede the necessity of my sending one to you as you desired. I have the honor, etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1788.
Gentn: Your letter of the 7th. inst. came duly to hand. I accede to the proposal therein made, for you to have the Scantling and plank delivered at my landing, agreeable to the bill sent you, in all the month of March, as you say it will be for your interest to deliver it sooner if possible, it will be infinitely more pleasing to me to have it done. You will please to have it delivered at my fishing landing near the ferry, as it will be more convenient for me there than at any other place. I expect the scantling will be of a good quality agreeable to promise, and if any of the plank can be had seasoned, particularly the Inch and quarter, it will be very desirable. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1788.
Dear Sir: In a card I sent you the other day, at the sametime that I enquired if your express brought any answer from Govrs. Johnson and Lee I requested to be informed at what precise spot the meeting of the directors15 was appointed to be held, I should be glad now to know.
[Note 15: Of the Potomac Company.]
I had made my arrangements for setting off on Saturday to proceed on this side of the River; and will do so if I am able but having taken a very severe cold this day Senight in a night ride from Alexandria I have been confined almost ever since getting little rest from a continual cough (which has greatly disordered my breast) and by slow fevers which has constantly attended it.
As I am very desirous that this should be a full meeting, I will make it a point to attend, if the State of my health on Saturday will in any degree enable me to encounter the ride, cold houses and Bad Beds. If it should not I will thank you for assigning the reason (when you get up) for my non attendance. Every paper which we may have occasion for, I hope will be carried. Colo. Humphreys proposed to accompany me. Colo. Gilpin (with Mr. Smith)16 I am informed propose doing some work in their way on the other side of the river. How far it will be convenient to you, to Join our party (if I should be able to go) you are best able to decide, of the pleasure we should have in your Company you can have no doubt. I am, etc.17
[Note 16: Clement Smith, one of the directors of the Potomac Company.]
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 18: Formerly Inspector General of Pennsylvania.]
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 23d. of December19 wherein you express a wish that I would become a Joint proprietor with yourself and some other Gentlemen in a large tract of Land which you have upon the Western waters of Virginia. I am much obliged to you, Sir, for your politeness in making the proposal to me and submitting the plan of settling the land &c. to my consideration. But I must decline taking any part in it, however advantageous the terms may be, and however desireous I am to promote any laudable plan for the settlement of the Country; for the lands which I already possess in those parts are untenanted, and I am at present endeavouring to have them seated, this will engage me as extensively in business of this nature as I wish to be, and operates as one strong reason against my embarking any further in it, another, still more weighty, is the constant and unremitting attention which the arrangement and cultivation of my estate here requires. I am, etc.17
[Note 19: Ryan's letter was written from Fredericksburg, Va.]
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 30th. of November accompanied by the Indian Vocabulary20 which you have been so obliging as to forward to me. I am so far from thinking any apology necessary on your part for not having furnished me with the Vocabulary at an earlier period, that I assure you it is a matter of surprise to me to find that you have been able to compleat a work of such difficulty and magnitude, as this appears to be, in so short a time, under the pain which you must have suffered, and the delays occasioned by your misforturne in breaking your leg.
[Note 20: A copy of the Vocabulary (separately bound) is in the Washington Papers, and contains an extract of Butler's letter to Washington, Nov. 30, 1787, which letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
The pleasing satisfaction which you must enjoy from a reflection that you have exerted yourself to throw light upon the original history of this Country, to gratify the curiosity of the Philosopher, and to forward researches into the probable connection and communication between the northern parts of America and those of Asia must make you a more ample compensation for the laborious task which you have executed than my warmest acknowledgments, which, however I must beg you to accept.
The observations contained in your letter, respecting the different tribes of Indians inhabiting the Western Country, The traditions which prevail among them, and the reasoning deduced therefrom, are very valuable and may lead to some useful discoveries. Those works which are found upon the Ohio21 and other traces of the country's having been once inhabited
[Note 21: The mound builders.] by a race of people more ingenious, at least, if not more civilized, than those who at present dwell there, have excited the attention and inquiries of the curious to learn from whence they came, whither they are gone, and something of their history; any clue, therefore, which can lead to a knowledge of these must be gratefully received.
As you have had opportunities of gaining extensive knowledge and information respecting the western territory, its situation, rivers, and the face of the Country, [I must beg the favor of you, my dear Sir, to resolve the following quæries, either from your own knowledge, or certain information (as well to gratify my own curiosity, as to enable me to satisfy several Gentlemen of distinction in other Countries who have applied to me for information upon the subject.)
1st. What is the face of the Country between the sources or Canoe navigation of the Cayahoga (which empties itself into Lake Erie) and the Big-Beaver and between the Cayahoga and the Muskingum?
2d. The distance between the waters of the Cayahoga and each of the two rivers abovementioned?
3d. Would it be practicable (and not very expensive) to cut a canal between the Cayahoga and either of the above rivers so as to open a communication between the waters of lake Erie and the Ohio?
4th. Whether there is any more direct; practicable, and easy communication between the waters of lake Erie and those of the Ohio (by which the Fur and Peltry of the Upper Country can be transported) than these?
Any information you can give me relative to the above quæries, from your own knowledge, will be most agreeable; but if that is not sufficiently accurate for you to decide upon, the best and most authentic accounts of others will be very acceptable.] Your letter to the Marquis de la Fayette shall be particularly attended to, and forwarded with mine. I am etc.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On January 11 Washington wrote to William Irvine a letter which was practically identical with that portion of this letter which is inclosed in brackets. He added: "As a determination of the points referred to, may tend to promote the commerce, population and welfare of the Country, I know it will, to you my dear Sir, be a Sufficient apology for any trouble which this letter may give." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 10th. of December23 in answer to that, as well as those which you wrote to me in June last, I am sorry to inform you that I cannot, with any propriety, make application to Congress had24 the offices to bestow or any other publick body in your behalf for an appointment; because it would be acting directly contrary to a resolution which I made, when I quitted the publick service, not to make application for, or interfere with appointments of any kind.
[Note 23: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 24: Careless copying. The meaning evidently was: "which has the office to bestow."]
It is a matter of regret as well as surprize that you should apply to me in an affair of this nature in preferrence to those persons among whom you live and have been more immediately employ'd and who must, from their long acquaintance with you, have a much better knowledge of your merits and sufferings than I can be supposed to have. If you expect relief from the Cincinnati, it is to the State Society you must look for it, or apply to the General-meeting, when convened, for I cannot, as an individual, transact any business of this kind relating to the Society. I am, etc.22
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1788.
My dear Sir: I stand indebted to you for your favors of the 20th. and 26th. Ulto. and I believe for that of the 14th. also, and their enclosures. It does not appear to me, that there is any certain criterion in this State, by which a decided judgment can be formed, as to the opinion which is entertained by the mass of its citizens with respect to the new Constitution. My belief on this occasion is, that whenever the matter is brought to a final decision, that not only a majority, but a large one, will be found in its favor. That the opposition should have gained strength, among the members of the Assembly at Richmond, admitting the fact, is not to be wondered at when it is considered that the powerful adversaries to the Constitution are all assembled at that place, acting conjunctly, with the promulgated sentiments of Col. R-- H-- L-- as auxiliary. It is said however, and I believe it may be depended upon, that the latter, (tho' he may retain his sentiments) has withdrawn, or means to withdraw his opposition; because as he has expressed himself, or as others have done it for him, he finds himself in bad company; such as with M-- Sm--th25 &c,&c. His brother, Francis L. Lee on whose judgment the family place much reliance, is decidedly in favor of the new form, under a conviction that it is the best that can be obtained, and because it promises energy, stability, and that security which is, or ought to be, the wish of every good Citizen of the Union.
[Note 25: Meriwether Smith.]
How far the determination of the question before the debating club (of which I made mention in a former letter) may be considered as auspicious of the final decision of the Convention, I shall not prognosticate; but in this club, the question it seems, was determined by a very large majority in favor of the Constitution; but of all arguments which may be used at this time, none will be so forcible, I expect, as that nine States have acceded to it. and if the unanimity, or majorities in those which are to follow, are as great as in those which have acted, the power of those arguments will be irrisistable. The Governor has given his reasons to the Publick for with holding his Signature to the Constitution A copy of them I send you.
Our Assembly has been long in Session, employed chiefly (according to my information) in rectifying the mistakes of the last, and committing others for emendations at the next. Yet "who so wise as we are" We are held in painful suspence with respect to European Intelligence. Peace or War, by the last accts. are equally balanced a grain added to either scale will give it the preponderancy. I have no regular corrispondt. in Massachusetts; otherwise, as the occasional subject of a letter I should have had no objection to the communication of my sentiments on the proposed Government as they are unequivocal and decided. With the greatest esteem etc.
P. S. I have this momt. been informed, that the Assembly of No Carolina have postponed the meeting of the Convention of that State until July; this seems evidently calculated to take the Tone from Virginia.26
[Note 26: From the text printed in the sales catalogue of the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1892). The copy in the "Letter Book" shows unmistakable evidence of careless, not to say ignorant, transcribing, and the texts printed by Ford and Sparks vary from this and each other in unexpected and unjustifiable details.]
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1788.
My dear Marqs: I fear my dear Marqs., you will believe me to have been remiss in attentions to you. My last letters I find, have been unaccountably concentred in the same hands, and unreasonably delayed; entirely contrary to my expectation. When you have received them by the Chevalier Paul Jones, you will acquit me of any intended or real neglect. One of these letters, containing the form of Government which has been submitted by the foederal Convention to the People of these States I wished to have got to your hands by the first conveyance, as it was my intention that you should be among the first to be informed of the proceedings of that body.
It is with great pleasure I transmit to you, by this conveyance, a Vocabulary of the Shawanese and Delaware languages. Your perfect acquaintance with Genl. Richard Butler, the same worthy officer who served under your orders, and who has taken the trouble to compile them, supersedes the necessity of my saying any thing in support of their veracity [and] correctness. I likewise send a shorter specimen of the language of the southern Indians. It was procured by that ingenious gentleman, the Hble. Mr. Hawkins,27 a member of Congress from North Carolina, and lately a Commissioner from the United States to the Indians of the South. I heartily wish the attempt of that singular great character, the Empress of Russia, to form a universal Dictionary, may be attended with the merited Success.
[Note 27: Benjamin Hawkins.]
To know the affinity of tongues seems to be one step towardspromoting the affinity of nations. Would to god, the harmony of nations was an object that lay nearest to the hearts of Sovereigns; and that the incentives to peace (of which commerce and facility of understanding each other are not the most inconsiderable) might be daily encreased! Should the present or any other efforts of mine to procure information respecting the different dialects of the Aborigines in America, serve to reflect a ray of light on the obscure subject of language in general, I shall be highly gratified. For I love to indulge the contemplation of human nature in a progressive state of improvement and melioration; and if the idea would not be considered visionary and chimerical, I could fondly hope, that the present plan of the great Potentate of the North might, in some measure, lay the foundation for that assimilation of language, which, producing assimilation of manners and interests, which, should one day remove many of the causes of hostility from amongst mankind.
At this moment, however, it appears by the current of intelligence from your side of the Atlantic, that but too many motives and occasions exist for interrupting the public transquillity. A war between the Russians and Turks, we learn, has broken out. How far, or in what manner, this may involve other nations seems to us, at this distance, uncertain. Extraordinary speculations and expectations arise from the conduct of the King of Prussia28 in the Dutch, and the Emperor of Germany29 in the Austrian Netherlands. Nothing as yet, has come to our knowledge, which indicates with certainty, whether hostilities will take place between France and England, or, in that event, how extensively the flames of war will spread. We are apprehensive that we have but too much reason to bewail the fate of the Dutch Patriots.
[Note 28: Frederick William II.]
[Note 29: Joseph II.]
To guard against the similar calamities of domestic discord or foreign interposition, and effectually to secure our liberties with all the benefits of an efficient Government, is now the important subject that engrosses the attention of all our part of America. You will doubtless have seen, in the public papers, in what manner the new Constitution has been attacked and defended. There have been some compositions published in its defence, which I think will, at least, do credit to American genius. I dare say its principles and tendencies have, also, before this time been amply discussed in Europe. Here, that is in United America, it is strongly advocated by a very great and decided majority. The Conventions, in the States of New Jersey and Delaware, have unanimously adopted it: and that of Pennsylvania by a majority of two to one. No other State has yet had an opportunity of deciding. New England (with the exception of Rhode Island, which seems itself, politically speaking, to be an exception from all that is good) it is believed will chearfully and fully accept it: and there is little doubt but that the Southern States will do the same. In Virginia and New York its fate is somewhat more questionable: though, in my private opinion, I have no hesitation to believe there will be a Clear majority in its favor, in the former: of the latter I can say nothing from my own knowledge, its advocates, there, generally conclude that they shall carry it. Upon this summary view, you will perceive, my dear Marquis, the highest probability exists that the proposed Constitution will be adopted by more than nine States, at some period early in the coming summer.
To morrow I shall set out on a journey to view the progress which has been made in clearing the upper falls of the Potomack. This business, in general, has been attended with as much success as could possibly have been expected. I have nothing more to add, but that Mrs. Washington and those under this roof desire to be affectionately presented to yourself and those under yours. For myself, my dear Marquis, I am etc.
P. S. Under cover with this letter, is one from Genl. Butler which I forward to you at his request. as this Gentleman's knowledge of the Indian languages is more extensive and accurate in the Shawane than it is in the Delaware and the vocabulary less copious in the latter than in the former, I send you the Delaware Indian and English spelling Book by Mr. Zeisberger,30 as it may throw light on the subject.31
[Note 30: Rev. David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary.]
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1788.
My dear Sir: I beg you to accept of my thanks for your obliging favor of the 11th. Ult; which, owing to the dullness of the season, and want of matter to amuse you, has lain unacknowledged till this time.
Three States, to wit. Pensylvania New Jersey, and Delaware having adopted the New Constitution in so decisive a manner and those of New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Connecticut having discovered such favourable sentiments of it, places the final Success of it, in my judgment, upon unequivocal ground. Maryland, most unquestionably, will adopt it; from No. Carolina (so far as accts. have been received in this quarter) the disposition of the People towards it is favourable; from the States South of it I have no direct intelligence; but in the situation Georgia is, nothing but insanity, or a desire of becoming the Allies of the Spaniards or Savages, can disincline them to a Governmt. which holds out the prospect of relief from its present distresses. The opposition in this State, tho' headed by very influencial characters; is not, in my opinion (tho' I may be an incompetent judge, never going from home, and seeing no body except those who call upon me) much to be apprehended. My opinion of the matter is, that the New form on the final decision in our Convention, will be acceded to by a large majority. The determination of New York, of all others, seems most problematical; and yet, I can hardly entertain an idea that She will be disposed to stand alone, or with one or two others, if the States bordering on her should Confederate.
Whether War or Peace will be the issue of the dispute between France and England, seems as yet undecided. If the former, we shall certainly get involved, unless there is energy enough in Government to restrain our People within proper bounds; and that the power of the present Government is inadequate to accomplish this, I believe none will deny.
Mrs. Washington joins me in offering compliments of congratulations to Mrs. Knox and yourself on the increase of yr. family by the birth of a son, and I pray you to accept the acknowledgment of my sense of the honor you have conferred on me by giving him my name. I hope he will live to enjoy it long after I have taken my departure for the world of spirits and that he may prove a blessing and comfort to you both in your declining years. With sentiments of the greatest esteem I am etc.
PS. Colo. Humphreys has lost no flesh since he came to Virginia. He undertakes a journey tomorrow with me to the Upper falls of this River whither I am called on business of the Potomack Company. How far this ride, The cold weather &ca. may effect a change can best be determined after our return in about ten days.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, January 11, 1788.
Sir: The People on board Mr. Spriggs Vessel have been already supplied with Provisions, and shall receive every other aid they may require, and I can give. The conduct either of the Skipper, or your Overseer, has been egregiously wrong. The Vessel, it seems, came up in the night of thursday; but not till near dusk on friday had I any information of it, and then by [way] of enquiry from your People after their Overseer, whom they said was put on shore at my point, opposite to Mr. Digges and had not at that time Joined them. In strong terms I then urged them to go immediately on board and get the Vessel as near as possible to my warf that night as there was every appearance of a severe frost. Instead of doing this the Vessel kept her position (more than a mile of) and, as I expected, was frozen up next morning and unable to deliver a grain of the Corn until the afternoon of Saturday Then but 16 Barrels whereas had they stopped on thursday the whole might have been landed before friday evening and the Vessel discharged, as I had a large Boat of my own and had collected my Plantation Carts (as soon as I was advised of the Vessels being here) to expedite the work.
Mr. Whites letter is returned to you and I should be glad to know precisely whether I am to expect any and what part of the £200 of which you assured me in Philadelphia I might absolutely rely and the half of which you informed me in November, should be sent to me by your Servant in ten days if you could not get the residue? I have put the Sheriff of this County off 3 times, if he comes again, I must if I have no further expectn. from you suffer him to make distress, as I raised nothing last year for sale, and allotted this money for the payment of my taxes.
Mrs. Washington and myself would have been glad to have seen you and Mrs. Mercer here. This she would do still. In the morning I shall leave home for a meeting of the Directors of the Potomack Co. at the Falls of the Shanandoah from whence I do not expect to be returned in less than ten days. I am, etc.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 12, 1788.
Dear Sir: I find that an extract from my letter to you,33 is running through all the newspapers; and published in that of Baltimore with the addition of my name. Altho' I have no disinclination to the promulgation of my Sentiments on the proposed Constitution (not having concealed them on any occasion) yet I must nevertheless confess, that it gives me pain to see the hasty and indigested production of a private letter, handed to the public, to be animadverted upon by the adversaries of the new Government.
[Note 33: See Washington's letter to Charles Carter, Dec. 14, 1787, ante.]
Could I have supposed, that the contents of a private letter (marked with evident haste) would have composed a newspaper paragraph, I certainly should have taken some pains to dress the Sentiments (to whom known is indifferent to me) in less exceptionable language, and would have assigned some reasons in support of my opinion, and the charges against others. I am persuaded your intentions were good, but I am not less persuaded, that you have provided food for strictures and criticisms be this however as it may, it shall pass off unnoticed by me, as I have no inclination and still less abilities for scribbling. With very great esteem and regard, I am &c.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 35: Of Colchester, Va.]
Mount Vernon, January 12, 1788.
Sir: I have recd. your letter of the 7th. inst. When I requested my nephew to apply to you for a craft, I expected that he would have engaged your largest, which he had last winter, upon the same terms that he then employed her viz: at £20 for the trip and allow her to be detained below for four days on his account if she exceeded that time by his desire, he was to give 20/ per day for every day she might be so detained over the four Stipulated.
My corn will be received about the place where your Vessel was last year. I shall have enough to employ your largest, two trips, which I had rather do than engage two Crafts. If you are willing to let me have the same Vessel which Majr. Washington had last winter, and upon the same terms above mentioned, I would thank you to drop me a line by the post. I am going from home to day and shall not return in less than 10 days. I should wish, if you agree to let me have the Vessel, that she might be ready to go down as soon as the frost and weather will permit. I am, etc.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 15, 1788.
Dear Sir: In answer to your enquiries in behalf of Mr. Custis and which you requested I would commit to writing, you will please to receive and convey, the following information.
Namely. That the lands which I have to dispose of beyond the Alligany mountains, are contained in the following tracts.
2314. Acres in Bottetourt County on the Ohio, beginning about 4 miles below the mouth of the little Kanhawa and bounded by the Ohio 1720 poles; being the first large bottom on the East side of that River, below the mouth of the little Kanhawa.
2448. Acres in the same rout and on the said river about 16 miles below the above tract being the 4th. large bottom on the east side, below the little Kanhawa; this tract is bounded by the Ohio 1012 poles, has a fine Creek running through it on which (as I am informed) are Mill seats.
4395. Acres, in the same County and on the Ohio also about 3 Miles below the last mentioned tract and on the same, that is the East side and above the great bend which is about 25 Miles from the mouth of the Great Kanhawa bounded by the River 1670 poles.
In all, 9,157 Acres, on the Ohio, betwn. the great and little Kanhawa.
10,990 Acres, on the Great Kanhawa, West side of it in Montgomery County. Beginning about 2 or 3 Miles from its Conflux with the Ohio. Bounded by the former, that is the Kanhaw, 5491 poles, or 17 Miles and 51 poles. Having many valuable streams passing through it.
7276 Acres, about 2 Miles above the latter on the other or East side of the said river in Green brier County and bounded thereby 3947 poles or 12½ Miles.
2000 Acres about 6 Miles above the last mentioned tract on the west side of River laying in the fork of the Kanhawa and Coal River; bounded on the first 1400 and on the latter 588 poles.
2950. Acres on the east side of the Kanhawa in Green brier County part whereof its opposite to the last mentioned tract. this is bounded by the River 1939 poles.
In all 23,216 Acres on the Great Kanhawa. and
9,157 on the Ohio
Total 32,373 on both Rivers.
That these several tracts, some from my own observation, and all from good information, are of the richest low grounds; being the first choice of the Country, by a competent Judge and are well watered, and superabounding in fine meadow.
That the whole are to be let, on the Conditions hereafter mentioned.
That the two first mentioned on the Ohio, and the two last named on the Kanhawa may be purchased, as indeed all of them may if any one person for himself or in behalf of a number, will strike for the whole. without this and not because they are of inferior quality, but because what remains will be more concentered I incline to sell those that are farthest apart first.
That if I sell these, I shall expect (considering the quality of the Soil there situations on navigable waters; and the advantages they possess on account of Fish, wild fowl &c.) Twenty Shillings pt. Acre. part of the monies to be paid down, and such credit as can be agreed upon, given for the residue, I have been in treaty with some foreigners (thro' their agent Mr. Charson) who have large tracts of land back of or in the vicinity of some of these Lands of mine and who know them perfectly well, for the whole of them at the price of 30,000 guineas, but as they are not yet returned from Europe and the time is elapsed in which they were to have given me a definitive answer, I do not consider myself bound any longer to them, tho' it has been the cause (in a great measure) of the lands remaining unsold.
That the enclosed Gazette will explain my ideas of what I conceive the Rents ought to be. but this, it seems, is not the mode which is practiced by, and most agreeable to, the people in that Country, possibly from the scarcity of money, or want [ sic] hitherto must conform to the custom of it and of established markets. I have accordingly within the course of the last month authorized Colo. Thomas Lewis who lives at Point Pleasant (a town at the mouth of the Great Kanhawa in which I am told 30 or 40 families are settled) and which is in the center, between my several tracts to let them on the following terms. that is to say.
First. With an exemption from the payment of rent 3 years. provided in that time a reasonable quantity of land is cleared and cultivated; a comfortable House, or houses for the accomodation of a family is built and a reasonable number of fruit trees planted. And provided also (if it be customary) that the Land tax of whatever the tenant may be inclined to hold is paid by them.
Second. That after the expiration of the third year Rents shall commence and, as the custom of the Country, is to be received in the specific articles that are raised on the tenement and in the proportion of one third, by my Collector, or agent living near the premises.
Third. That under this tenure the tenant may have a certainty of holding their places (if they incline to remain and will continue to improve them) for a certain number of years (but not for lives) which may be agreed on.
Fourth. That all mines and minerals; with free egress and regress, shall be reserved. and an extra allowance made for Mill Seats, or a reservation of them if there is not.
Altho', in the hands of Industrious tenants, and a good and faithful Collector, Rents paid in this manner and proportion, would far exceed what I have required in my printed proposals, yet I must confess that it is not a pleasing thing to me to let them on these terms because there is no certainty in the revenue which will arise from it. Idle tenants will pay little, dishonest ones will cheat me, and an indolent, or speculating Collector, will make poor returns. Otherwise as I have already observed no money rents that can be fixed would be so productive, for Instance: Suppose a farm of 100 acres (which of such land is enough for any man who has only a wife and their children to assist him) and ten only of these for the land is most easily cleared, is in cultivation, Corn we will say at the expiration of the 3d. year; this it is agreed on all hands, will yeild from 60 to 100 Bushels to the acre, but call it 50 only, it makes 500 Bushels the 1/3 of which is 166 bushels, the demand for which in a Country whose population is encreasing every year by thousands of emigrants will hardly ever let this article be under a Shilling; but was it more than half, which is scarcely within the bounds of possibility, it would amount to £4.3 pr. Hundred Acres.
If Mr. Custis, or his neighbours of whom you made mention to me has any inclination to buy or rent any of my Lands here described, It would not be improper to suggest to them that the sooner something is resolved on the better; for as well formerly as lately, it has been told me, that I may soon fill my lands, with tenants agreeably to the terms on which Colo. Lewis has been empowered to grant them; and on which if nothing more pleasing to both parties can be agreed, Mr. Custis's neighbours may have them.
Should these circumstances, and conditions on which I have offered to sell part or Rent the whole of these lands induce Mr. Custis to take a trip by water, or land, to this place, I will shew him the plats of the several tracts, the manner in which the land lays, give him a more ample description of the advantages which attends it and if any terms can be agreed upon between us will endeavour in time to prevent the seating of them by Colo. Lewis, by whose agreements I must be bound, if he makes any, as I have given him full powers to let the Land. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 18, 1788.
Dear Sir: Having nothing either interesting or entertaining in this quarter to communicate, our faces being turned to the Eastward for news I felt no inclination to give you the trouble of perusing a dull scrawl merely to acknowledge the rect. of your obliging favor of the 12th. Ulto and to thank you for the information it conveyed. hoping that in a little time something might occur more worthy of your attention but herein I am disappointed.
It is with pleasure I find that the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware have adopted the proposed Constitution for a foederal Government: the two latter unanimously and the former by so large a majority. Connecticut, Massachusetts and New Hampshire come next, in the order they are mentioned and will I hope with a decision equal to those which have preceeded them give their voices in favor of it. Of Maryland there can be little doubt and tho the Constitution in this State has powerful adversaries little doubt of its adoption has a place in my mind, but in this I may be mistaken. for as I never go from home and see few besides travellers, my conjectures may be founded in error. North Carolina has, it seems, postponed the meeting of its Convention to a later period than that of Virginia which it indicates I conceive of a disposition to take the tone from hence from the States South of it, I have no information that can be relied on, except that Georgia in appointing a Convention, have accompanied the act with powers to alter or amend the Foederal Constitution; but if a weak State with the Indians on its back and the Spaniards on its flank does not see the necessity of a General Government there must I think be wickedness or insanity in the way.
The unanimity, and generosity, with which the County of Philadelphia has been offered for the Seat of the Foederal government by the landholders thereof, gives much weight and merit to the invitation and will probably be an inducement to others to follow the example.
I offer my best wishes and affectionate Compliments to Mrs. Powell and assurance to you of the esteem etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 21st. of last month, came to my hands last night only; where it has been resting, or through whose hands it has passed, I know not. I wish it had reached me in time for the prevention of the hasty and indigested sentiments of my former letter, going to the press. not, as I observed in my last, because I had the least repugnance to the communication of them in a proper dress accompanied with reasons for their support if any person whatever was desireous of knowing them.
You give me some reason to hope for the result of your thoughts\, or experiments, on a more eligable system of agriculture. To receive it would afford me pleasure. That the one which is now in general practice (if it can be called a system) is beyond description ruinous to our lands, need no other proof of the fact than the gullied, and exhausted state of them, which is every where to be met with; but what chance is most likely to restore the land with such means as is in our power to apply which will at the sametime be productive to the Proprietor, is the question, and an important one. a question too which admits of no other satisfactory solution than such as is derived from a course of experiments by intelligent and observant farmers, who will combine things and circumstances together. Theoretical opinions should have no share in the determination and what is good, and profitable husbandry in one Country, may not be so in another. Articles which are very saleable in Europe might find no market in America and if produced abundantly would answer no other end than to encumber our Barns, or Graneries. Consequently two things must be engrafted into our plan: 1st. Crops which are useful on our farms, or saleable in our markets, and 2d. the intermixing these crops by such relations and with such dressings as will improve, instead of exhausting of our lands. To effect these is the great desiderata of Farming, and ought to be the pursuit of every farmer. on this ground every experiment is a treasure, and the authors of them valuable members of Society. Hence also the Societies which are formed for the encouragement, and promulgation, of these experiments in other Country's have rendered such essential services to the improved and improving States of agriculture in the old world and are so worthy of imitation in the new.
My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins, is offered to Mrs. Carter and your family I am, etc.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your goodness upon a former occasion accompanied with assurances of forwarding any despatches I might have for Europe in future is the cause of my troubling you with the letters herewith enclosed. The one for the Marquis de la Fayette contains vocabularies of the Delaware and Shawanese languages for the Empress of Russia. I beg leave, therefore, to recommend it to your particular care. To send it by Post from Havre, I am informed, would be expensive. To trust it to chance might be still worse. I leave it to your judgment, therefore, to convey it in such a manner as you shall think best.
We are locked fast in frost; expecting as soon as the weather breaks to hear what the Conventions of Connecticut and Massachusetts have resolved on, with respect to the Government which is submitted to them. The determinations of your State on this important subject seem more problematical than any other; yet, little doubt remains in my mind of the adoption of it in Virginia. I may be mistaken, for going seldom from home and seeing few besides travellers, my information may be defective. North Carolina we are told has fixed a late period for the meeting of its Convention; hence (it is not unfair to infer) they mean to take the tone from this State.
I have heard with much concern that both Mrs Jay and yourself have been indisposed. I hope you are now perfectly restored, the best wishes and most affecte. regards of Mrs. Washington and myself are presented, and I am &c.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1788.
Dear Sir: I return the letters which you were so obliging as to forward to me under cover of the 17th. I am satisfied you had not agency in publishing the extract of my letter to you which is now to be traced through all the news Papers, and am sorry that I signifyed any concern on this occasion, as it has given you so much trouble.
With very great esteem and regard I am, etc.42
Mount Vernon, January 24, 1788.
Sir: The friends of Miss Anderson;44 and the residuary legatees named, or described in the will of the deceased Colo. Thomas Colvill are frequently applying to me; the first for the legacy which is bequeathed to that Lady, the others (but more particularly one who claims under the name of Short) to know what the residue of that Estate is.
[Note 44: Miss Harriet Rebecca Anderson.]
No man can be more anxious to have all these matters finally settled upon equitable and legal ground than I am, and so far as my agency in the Administration of that Estate has gone there can be no difficulty in closing the Accts., and at any moment to satisfy the claims of every one, if there is no interference by the laws which passed during the Revolution and may be in force. In a word to do everything which I can do with safety.
Let me entreat therefore, Sir, that you would inform me.
1st. What progress you have made in the statement of these Accts.
2d. Whether any more papers for the better illustration of them have been handed to you by Mr. Thomas West (Son of Mr Jno. West)? By the Revd. Mr. William West: or by any others who have been applied to by me for this purpose?
3d. Whether you have yourself obtained any lights with respect to the Bills of Exchange which are unaccounted for, and which I have reason to believe were applied by Mr John West in discharge of a protested bill due to Mr Thomas Kirkpatrick?
4th. What, if any, are the impediments which oppose a final settlement with the Court?
5th.Whether there is any prospect of overcoming them satisfactorily?
6th. What steps, if there is no further expectation of aid from the papers of Mr. John West, ought to be taken to close them? and
7th. What measure necessary for me to adopt for my safety and Justification under such circumstances?
It will never, I fear, be more in my power to make Mr. West's Estate answerable for neglects, or misapplications (if any there be) in his administration than at present; this then is among other important reasons which makes me extremely anxious to bring this business to a close. I therefore pray that you will favor me with answers, as soon as it is convenient, to the foregoing questions, and if there is no further hope (which I am fully persuaded is the case) of aid from the heirs and Executors of Mr. John West that the Accts. maybe made up in the clearest and best manner the nature of the case will admit, and that you will be so good as to accompany them with your advice in writing in what manner I shall proceed.
1st. I submitting to the Court.
2d. In case it should appear, as has already been mentioned, that the transactions of Mr. West cannot be satisfactorily accounted for, and a consequent delinquency, what in that case is incumbent on me to do?
3d. Whether the legacy due to Miss Anderson may safely be paid? whether it ought to bear interest? and in that case, from what period?
4th. In case a surplus should be found after all the debts and legacies are paid, what mode will be best for me to adopt, and safest, in the disposal of it; so as not to defeat the Testators intentions, nor to draw myself into a scrape from the variety of claims which have been presented; some of which are now in the hands of Mr. Remney45 of Alexandria.
[Note 45: John Rumney.]
And lastly I wish to know what debts, by the papers in your hands, appear to be due to and from the Estate, and what measures I had best take to obtain the former, especially in the case of the Bond from Mr. Montgomerie46 and others. In the close investigation of this business, other matters, not herein enumerated, may occur on which your advice may be equally necessary and for which I shall be not less obliged. I am, etc.47
[Note 46: Robert Montgomerie.]
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 24, 1788.
Dear Sir: I wrote to you on the 3d. Ulto. and as I have not received any answer to my letter of that date, I am led to suspect that it never reached your hands; I therefore enclose you a duplicate of it.
My reason for requesting you to pay Mr Pettit £18.5.1 (as mentioned in the enclosed duplicate) when I was not certain of your having money of mine in your hands to that amount, was in consequence of his informing me, in his letter, that you had offered to discharge it at the time the Backs and Jambs were shipped, but he then declined accepting it, not knowing how far it might comport with my arrangements to do; and I likewise expected that a sum of money would, very shortly after my writing to you, have been lodged in your hands, on my account, by Thomas Smith Esqr. If you have not paid the money to Mr. Pettit and should find the smallest inconvenience in so doing I wish you to inform me of it that I may convey it to him through some other channel.
I will thank you to forward the enclosed letter to General Butler by the first safe and direct conveyance, and am etc.48
[Note 48: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, January 24, 1788.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 220. I can only, in addition to what I have formerly written to you on the subject of the claims on the surplus (if any) of the estate of the deceased Cold. Thomas Covill, say, that I, who in fact had very little to do in the administration of that Estate previous to the despute with Great Britain, and nothing during the continuation of it for the nine or ten years that I was absent, have done every thing in my power, since my return home, to bring the accts. to a close in some manner or another. To this end I have called upon the Son and Heir of Mr. John West (deceased) who was the principal acting Executor of Cold. Colvill, upon the Revd. Mr. West and Cold. George West his Brothers, the former of whom is, and the latter was (before his death) the Executors of John West. and upon Major Little, the Agent of Lord Tankerville, for all the papers and information that can throw lights on these accts. and such as I have been able to obtain; imperfect indeed they are! are placed in the hands of a Gentleman of the Law, well acquainted with this kind of business to make a proper digest and arrangement of them, which, when accomplished, will be exhibited to the Court. and then, as I mentioned in a former letter, whatever is right and proper for me to do under the will agreeable to Law, I shall do with out delay, or hesitation.
It must seem strange to persons not acquainted with the Circumstances, that a matter of this sort should lye in an unfinished state so long. The truth of the case is, that Cold. Thomas Colvill's affairs were so blended with his brother John Colvill (to whom he was sole Executor and a Legatee), and these again so entangled with debts, to the Tankerville family, also with an important sale of land made by Thomas Colvill, as Executor of John Colvill, to John Semple which involved disputes, references &c. and moreover with Law-suits in other cases, all of which together, with more exertion than I believe fell to the lott of Mr. West, could not have brought matters to a close before hostilities commenced; and the Courts of Justice were shut; after this, the death of Mr. West, and my absence (Mrs. Colvill the Executrix of the will being also dead) put an entire stop to this business; and since, the disordered state in which that Gentleman has left his papers, or rather no papers, has occasioned more trouble and vexation to me engrossed as my time is with a multitude of other matters than any private circumstance of my life has ever done to renew and bring this business if possible to a satisfactory issue. However, I am determined that the accounts and disputes shall be liquidated, and the best, or worst known without much more delay, for this purpose I have this day written to the Gentleman who is vested with all the Papers to have them adjusted upon the best ground he can take for the accomplishment of this work. I am, etc.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 9th. Inst. came to hand last evening. As you know whatever concerns your happiness and welfare cannot be indifferent to me, you will very readily believe me when I assure you that I take a feeling part in your anxiety and distress on account of your son, and most sincerely wish for his recovery.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for your observations upon the advantages, which might accrue from a settlement of the eastern parts of your State.50 I am very sorry to find there is likely to be so powerful an opposition to the adoption of the proposed plan of Government with you; and I am entirely of your opinion that the business of the Convention should be conducted with moderation, candor and fairness which are not incompatible with firmness; for altho', as you justly observe, the friends of the new System may bear down the opposition, yet they would never be able, by precipitate or violent measures, to soothe and reconcile their minds to the exercise of the Government, which is a matter that ought as much as possible to be kept in view, and temper their proceedings.
[Note 50: Now the State of Maine.]
What will be the fate of the Constitution in this State is impossible to tell, at a period so far distant from the meeting of the Convention; my private opinion of the matter however is, that it will certainly be adopted; there is however, no doubt but the decision of other States will have great influence here particularly of one so respectable as Massachusetts. You have undoubtedly seen my sentiments upon the Constitution in an extract of a letter written by me to a Gentleman in Fredericksburg, which I find has circulated pretty generally through the papers; I had not the most distant idea of its ever appearing before the publick, for altho' I have not the least wish or desire to conceal my Sentiments upon the subject from any person living, yet, as the letter containing the paragraph alluded to was written upon several other matters quite foreign to this and intended only for that Gentleman's own inspection, I did not attend to the manner of expressing my ideas, or dress them in the language I should have done, if I had the smallest suspicion of there ever coming to the publick eye through that channel.
I feel myself much obliged by your promise to inform me of whatever transpires in your convention worthy of attention and assure you that it will be gratefully received. With the sincerest regard and the most ardent desire that your distress may be removed by the recovery of your Son, I am &c.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1788.
Sir: The white Doe with which you have been pleased to present me, and which is indeed, a very great curiosity, came safe to hand, this day, for which and so obliging a mark of your attention and politeness I beg you to accept my best acknowledgments and thanks.
Doctr. Stuart informed me by letter from Richmond, that you had it in contemplation of offering me a Buffaloe calf, of which you were possessed; and desired to know if it would be acceptable. In answer, I assured him it would be very much so, as I had been endeavouring for sometime to get a pair (male and female with a view of propagating the breed for the draught)52 and requested him to inform you thereof; but it seems you had left Richmond before my letter which was enclosed in it for your Brother Colo. Thomas Lewis who I requested, and had accordingly empowered, to rent my Lands on the G. Kanhawa, and Ohio above it. This last was, I believe, sent by a Mr. Clendenia,53 and I should be glad to know whether it got safe to hand, and whether the Colo. will act as my agent in that Country or not; with the letter was enclosed draughts of all these Lands.
[Note 52: Draft.]
[Note 53: George Clendinen, of Philadelphia, Pa.]
Is it with you, or your Brother I hold the Burning spring and a small quantity of surrounding Land, in Partnership? What is, or can be done with it? Mr. Porter tells me you are expected at Alexa. this spring: should you fulfil your intention of coming thither I can, without a compliment assure you that I shall have great pleasure in seeing you at this place for though I have not the honor of an intimate acquaintance with you I had such with your deceased Father for whom I had a very sincere friendship and regard. I am, etc.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 2, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of today, and in answer to it must inform you that I have no inclination to purchase the Negro fellow which you mention as I have already as many Slaves as I wish, and I cannot engage to give another, or others in exchange for him, because I do not think, it would be agreeable to their inclinations to leave their Connexions here, and it is inconsistent with my feelings to compel them. I did agree to take him from Mr. Robt. Alexander but it was in part payment of a debt which he owed me and upon any other consideration I would not receive him. I am, etc.54
Mount Vernon, February 3, 1788.
Dear Sir: Mr. Dandridge for reasons which he can better explain to you than I, has requested that the enclosed Bonds may be put in Suit. I beg it may be done accordingly.
Upon so great a change as has lately taken place in your career of life I ought, possibly to have begun this letter with compliments of congratulation but as they are not less sincere on account of there being made the second Paragraph of the epistle you will please to accept and present them to your lady in the manner which will be most pleasing to you both. In doing which include your Aunts.
It is unnecessary, I hope, for me to add that whenever, and at all times, that you and Mrs. Bassett can find inclination and leizure to visit your friends at Mount Vernon we shall be happy to see you at it. I am, etc.
P.S. Inform me by the first Post after this letter is received of its safe arrival that I may be relieved from any apprehension of its miscarriage.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1788.
My dear Sir: I thank you for your obliging favor of the 9th. Ulto. which came duly to hand, and congratulate with you on the adoption of the new Constitution in your State by so decided a Majority and so many respectable Characters. I wish for the same good tidings from Massachusetts but the accts. from thence are not so favourable. The decision, it is even said, is problematical; arising, as I believe 9/10ths of the opposition does, from local circumstance and sinister views. The result of the deliberations in that State will have considerable influence on those which are to follow, especially in that of New York where I fancy the opposition to the form will be greatest.
Altho' an inhabitant of this State, I cannot speak with decision on the publick sentiment of it with respect to the proposed Constitution; my private opinion however of the matter is, that it will certainly be received but in this opinion I may be mistaken. I have not been ten miles from home since my return to it from Philadelphia; I see few who do not live within that circle, except Travellers and strangers and these form opinions upon too slight ground to be relied on. The opponents of the Constitution are indefatigable in fabricating and circulating papers, reports, &c. to its prejudice; whilst the friends generally content themselves with the goodness of the cause and the necessity for its adoption, supposing it wants no other support.
Mrs. Washington, and others of this family with whom you are acquainted (among which is Colo. Humphries) join me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Trumbull and family and with sentiments of the sincerest regard &c.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1788.
My dear Sir: Soon after my last was dispatched to you, I was favoured with the receipt of your letter of the 14th. Ult; by which, and other accts. of more recent date, I am sorry to find that the important question under deliberation in Massachusetts, stands on such precarious ground. The decision of that State will, unquestionably, have considerable influence on those which are to follow; especially on the one in which you now are; at the sametime that an unfavourable issue, will strengthen the cords of dissention in others, which have already decided.
What may be the final determination on this Subject in Virginia, is more, I believe, than any man can say with precision. Every one, with whom you converse, delivers his own sentiment as the sentiments of the State; whilst there is no just criterian that I know of, to form a decided judgment. My own opinion of the matter is, as I observed to you in my last, that it will certainly be received; but, for the reasons then assigned, I may be mistaken; not having been from home ten miles (my journey up the river being prevented by bad weather and a slight indisposition) since I returned from Philadelphia, and from not having seen many beyond that circle, except travellers and strangers, whose means of information is too often defective to be relied on.
The poor Patriots of Holland, must either have been greatly decieved, or they have acted from weakness and precipitency. The first, I conceive to be the case, and the peculiar situation of the affairs of France, perhaps too, divisions among themselves, will acct. for it. Be this as it may, their case is pitiable.
The Navigation of this river has been stopped for near five weeks. At this moment we are locked fast by Ice, and the air of this day is amongst the keenest I ever recollect to have felt. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for you and Mrs. Knox, and I am etc.
PS. Pray, if it is not a secret, who is the author, or authors of Publius?
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1788.
My dear Sir: I am indebted to you for several of your favors, and thank you for their enclosures. The rumours of War between France and England have subsided; and the poor Patriots of Holland, it seems, are left to fight their own Battles or negotiate, in neither case with any great prospect of advantage. They must have been deceived, or their conduct has been divided, precipitate, and weak. the former, with some blunders, have, I conceive, been the causes of their misfortunes.
I am sorry to find by yours, and other accts. from Massachusetts, that the decision of its Convention (at the time of their dates) remains problematical.58 A rejection of the New form by that State will invigorate the opposition, not only in New York, but in all those which are to follow; at the same time that it will afford materials for the Minority in such as have adopted it, to blow the Trumpet of discord more loudly. The acceptance by a bare majority, tho' preferable to a rejection, is also to be deprecated. It is scarcely possible to form any decided opinion of the general sentiment of the people of this State, on this important subject. Many have asked me with anxious solicitude, if you did not mean to get into the Convention, conceiving it of indispensable necessity. Colo Mason, who returned only yesterday, has offered himself, I am told for the County of Stafford; and his friends add, he can be elected not only there, but for Prince William and Fauquier also. The truth of this I know not. I rarely go from home, and my visitors, who, for the most part are travellers and strangers, have not the best information.
[Note 58: Madison had written (January 22): "The intelligence from Massachusetts begins to be very ominous to the Constitution. The antifederal party is reinforced by the insurgents, and by the province of Mayne, which apprehends greater obstacles to her scheme of a separate Government, from the new system than may be otherwise experienced. And according to the prospect at the date of the latest letters, there was very great reason to fear, that the voice of that State would be in the negative. The operation of such an event on this State may easily be foreseen...The decision of Massachusetts either way will involve the result in this State. The minority in Penna. is very restless under their defeat. If they can get an Assembly to their wish they will endeavor to undermine what has been done there. If backed by Massts. they will probably be emboldened to make some more rash experiment. The information from Georgia continues to be favorable. The little we get from S. Carolina is of the same complexion." Madison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
At the time you suggested for my consideration, the expediency of a communication of my sentiments on the proposed Constitution, to any correspondent I might have in Massachusetts, it did not occur to me that Genl Lincoln and myself frequently interchanged letters; much less did I expect, that a hasty, and indigested extract of one which I had written, inter-mixed with a variety of other matter to Colo Chas Carter, in answer to a letter I had received from him respecting Wolf dogs, Wolves, Sheep, experiments in Farming &c &c &c.59 was then in the press, and would bring these sentiments to public view by means of the extensive circulation I find that extract has had. Altho' I never have concealed, and am perfectly regardless who becomes acquainted with my sentiments on the proposed Constitution, yet nevertheless, as no care had been taken to dress the ideas, or any reasons assigned in support of my opinion, I feel myself hurt by the publication; and informed my friend the Colonel of it. In answer, he has fully exculpated himself of the intention, but his zeal in the cause prompted him to distribute copies, under a prohibition (which was disregarded) that they should not go to the press. As you have seen the rude, or crude extract (as you may please to term it) I will add no more on the subject.
[Note 59: The "Letter Book" reads at this point: "Wolves wolf-dogs Sheep, and the lord knows what else.]
Perceiving that the Foederalist, under the signature of Publius, is about to be republished, I would thank you for forwarding to me three or four Copies, one of which to be neatly bound, and inform me of the cost. Altho' we have not had many, or deep Snows yet we have since the commencement of them, had a very severe Winter; and if the cold of this day is proportionately keen with you a warm room, and a good fire will be found no bad, or uncomfortable antidote to it. With sentiments of perfect esteem etc.60
[Note 60: The text is from that printed in the sales catalogue of the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1892).]
Mount Vernon, February 7, 1788.
Sir: The Compte de Moustier your successor in office hath forwarded from New York, the letter in which you did me the honour to bring me acquainted with the merits of that Nobleman. Since it is the misfortune of America not to be favored any longer with your residence, it was necessary, to diminish our regrets, that so worthy and respectable a character should be appointed your successor. I shall certainly be happy in cultivating his acquaintance and friendship. The citizens, from gratitude as well as from personal considerations, will, I am persuaded, treat him with the greatest respect. Congress, I doubt not, will by every means in their power desire to make his sojourn in the United States as agreeable as it possibly can be.
But, Sir, you may rest assured your abilities and dispositions to serve this Country were so well understood, and your services so properly appreciated, that the residence of no public Minister will ever be longer remembered or his absence more sincerely regretted. It will not be forgotten that you were a witness to the dangers, the sufferings, the exertions and the successes of the United States from the most perilous crises to the hour of triumph. The influence of your agency on the Cabinet to produce a co-operation and the prowess of your Countrymen co-operating with ours in the field to secure the liberties of America have made such an indelible impression on the public mind as will never be effaced. Wherever you may be, our best wishes will follow you. And such is our confidence in your disinterested friendship, that we are certain you will wish to be useful to us, in whatever Mission you may be honored by your King: it has been surmised, on I know not what authority, that there was a probability of your being employed in the Diplomatic Corps at the Court of London; should this be the case, your zeal may still find occasions of being servicable to America, and profitable to your own Country at the same time; for I conceive the commercial interests of the two nations are in many instances blended, and in opposition to those of great Britain.
By intelligence of a more recent date than that brought by the Compte de Moustier, we learn that the political clouds which threatened to burst in a storm on France and England are blown over. The poor Dutch Patriots, however, seem to have had the objects for which ... 61 off (if I may use the same metaphor) by a corner of the hurricane. The Dutch Patriots, I fear have been disunited, imprudent, impetuous: and that the King of Prussia has not acted worthily or wisely; should his measures drive the Courts of Versailles and Vienna into an union of plans; should the embers of war be but imperfectly quenched, he may yet repent the timerity of intermedling with the internal affairs of a foreign Power. In the meantime the new scene that is opened in the north, by the rupture between the Russians and Turks must call men's attention to that quarter, as it can hardly avoid producing events, which will be attended with serious, extensive, and desirable consequences.
[Note 61: Left blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I feel, Sir, not only for myself, but in behalf of my Country, under great obligations for the affectionate wishes you have the goodness to make with respect to the tranquillity and happiness of America. Separated as we are by a world of water from other Nations, if we are wise we shall surely avoid being drawn into the labyrinth of their politics and involved in their destructive wars.
You will doubtless have seen long before this time, the Constitution which was proposed by the Foederal Convention for the United States. Only four States as yet (to my knowledge) have had an opportunity of acting upon it. The Pensylvania State Convention adopted it by a Majority of two to one, those of Jersey and Delaware Unanimously, and that of Connecticut by more than three to one. In Massachusetts the Convention is now in session. The Merits of this Constitution have been discussed in a great variety of news paper and other Publications. A periodical Essay in the New York Gazettes, under Title of the Federalist, has advocated it with great ability. In short it seems (so far as I have been able to learn) to be a prevalent opinion, that it will have been accepted by nine States or more early in the ensuing summer. With sentiments of great respect and consideration, I have the honor &c.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 63: Minister from France to the United States.]
Mount Vernon, February 7, 1788.
Sir: I have received the letter which your Excellency did me the honor to address to me on the 24th of January, and take the earliest occasion of expressing my warmest acknowledgments for your favourable opinion as well as offering my sincerest congratulations on your safe arrival in this country. I am at the same time to return you my thanks for the trouble you had the goodness to take in conveying to me the letters of my noble friends the Marquis de la Fayette and the Chevr. de la Luzerne, indeed nothing was wanting to the pleasure afforded by their communications, but that of having received them at your hands and thereby having had an opportunity of demonstrating the promptitude of my attention to their recommendations. In the mean time I have taken the liberty (which I beg your Excellency to excuse) of remitting my answers for them to your care.
The fidelity, honour and bravery of the troops of your nation, to which I have been a witness; the enlightened sentiments of patriotism and the delicate feelings of friendship which have actuated great numbers of your compatriots, with whom I may boast the happiness of being intimately connected; and above all that lively interest which your illustrious Monarch and his faithful subjects took in the success of the American Arms and the confirmation of our Independence have endeared the National Character to me, and formed attachments and left impressions which no distance in time or contingency in event can possibly remove. Though but a private citizen myself and in a measure secluded from the world, I am conscious the assertion will be [well] founded, while I venture to affirm that such are the feelings and such the affections of the American People.
Deprived of the felicity of having been able to form a personal acquaintance with your Excellency, by your arrival at a distance: it is mine peculiarly to regret that misfortune and earnestly to wish some favorable circumstance may hasten the moment so desirable to me. And I pray you will be persuaded that I should be truly happy to receive you, in the plain unceremonious American style, on the banks of the Potomack. The partial knowledge of your merits which had preceded your advent and the very honorable testimonials of our friends in France, added to the advantage you possess in being the Representative of a Sovereign, (the earliest, most faithful and most powerful Ally of these infant States) cannot fail to make your presence extremely agreeable to Congress and the American People. Permit me to add the assurance, Sir, that your Mission cannot be more acceptable, to, or your friendship more flattering to any American, than to him who has the honour to subscribe himself, Sir Yr. Excellency's &.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 7, 1788.
My dear Marqs: You know it always gives me the sincerest pleasure to hear from you, and therefore I need only say that your two kind letters of the 9th and 15th of Octr. so replete with personal affection and confidential intelligence, afforded me inexpressible satisfaction. I shall myself be happy in forming an acquaintance and cultivating a friendship with the new Minister Plenipotentiary of France, whom you have commended as a "sensible and honest man;" these are qualities too rare and too precious not to merit one's particular esteem. You may be persuaded, that he will be well received by the Congress of the United States, because they will not only be influenced in their conduct by his individual merits, but also by their affection for the nation of whose Sovereign he is the Representative. For it is an undoubted fact, that the People of America entertain a grateful remembrance of past services as well as a favourable disposition for commercial and friendly connections with your Nation.
You appear to be, as might be expected from a real friend to this Country, anxiously concerned about its present political situation. So far as I am able I shall be happy in gratifying that friendly solicitude. As to my sentiments with respect to the merits of the new Constitution, I will disclose them without reserve, (although by passing through the Post offices they should become known to all the world) for, in truth, I have nothing to conceal on that subject. It appears to me, then, little short of a miracle, that the Delegates from so many different States (which States you know are also different from each other in their manners, circumstances and prejudices) should unite in forming a system of national Government, so little liable to well founded objections. Nor am I yet such an enthusiastic, partial or undiscriminating admirer of it, as not to perceive it is tinctured with some real (though not radical) defects. The limits of a letter would not suffer me to go fully into an examination of them; nor would the discussion be entertaining or profitable, I therefore forbear to touch upon it. With regard to the two great points (the pivots upon which the whole machine must move,) my Creed is simply,
1st. That the general Government is not invested with more Powers than are indispensably necessary to perform the functions of a good Government; and, consequently, that no objection ought to be made against the quantity of Power delegated to it.
2ly. That these Powers (as the appointment of all Rulers will for ever arise from, and, at short stated intervals, recur to the free suffrage of the People) are so distributed among the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches, into which the general Government is arranged, that it can never be in danger of degenerating into a monarchy, an Oligarchy, an Aristocracy, or any other despotic or oppressive form, so long as there shall remain any virtue in the body of the People.
I would not be understood my dear Marquis to speak of consequences which may be produced, in the revolution of ages, by corruption of morals, profligacy of manners, and listlessness for the preservation of the natural and unalienable rights of mankind; nor of the successful usurpations that may be established at such an unpropitious juncture, upon the ruins of liberty, however providently guarded and secured, as these are contingencies against which no human prudence can effectually provide. It will at least be a recommendation to the proposed Constitution that it is provided with more checks and barriers against the introduction of Tyranny, and those of a nature less liable to be surmounted, than any Government hitherto instituted among mortals, hath possessed. We are not to expect perfection in this world; but mankind, in modern times, have apparently made some progress in the science of government. Should that which is now offered to the People of America, be found on experiment less perfect than it can be made, a Constitutional door is left open for its amelioration.
Some respectable characters have wished, that the States, after having pointed out whatever alterations and amendments may be judged necessary, would appoint another federal Convention to modify it upon those documents. For myself I have wondered that sensible men should not see the impracticability of the scheme. The members would go fortified with such Instructions that nothing but discordant ideas could prevail. Had I but slightly suspected (at the time when the late Convention was in session) that another convention would not be likely to agree upon a better form of Government, I should now be confirmed in the fixed belief that they would not be able to agree upon any System whatever. So many, I may add, such contradictory, and, in my opinion unfounded objections have been urged against the System in contemplation; many of which would operate equally against every efficient Government that might be proposed. I will only add, as a further opinion founded on the maturest deliberation, that there is no alternative, no hope of alteration, no intermediate resting place, between the adoption of this, and a recurrence to an unqualified state of Anarchy, with all its deplorable consequences.
Since I had the pleasure of writing to you last, no material alteration in the political state of affairs has taken place to change the prospect of the Constitution's being adopted by nine States or more, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey and Connecticut have already done it. It is also said Georgia has acceded. Massachusetts, which is perhaps thought to be rather more doubtful than when I last addressed you, is now in convention.
A spirit of emigration to the western Country is very predominant. Congress have sold, in the year past, a pretty large quantity of lands on the Ohio, for public Securities, and thereby diminished the domestic debt considerably. Many of your military acquaintances such as the Generals Parsons, Varnum, and Putnam, the Colos. Tupper, Sprout and Sherman, with many more, propose settling there. From such beginnings much may be expected.
The storm of war between England and your Nation, it seems, is dissipated. I hope and trust the political affairs in France are taking a favorable turn. If the Ottomans wod. suffer themselves to be precipitated into a war, they must abide the consequences. Some Politicians speculate on a triple Alliance between the two Imperial Courts and Versailles. I think it was rather fortunate, than otherwise, that the incaution of Ambassador and the rascality of a Rhinegrave prevented you from attempting to prop a falling fabric.
It gives me great pleasure to learn that the present ministry of France are friendly to America; and that Mr. Jefferson and yourself have a prospect of accomplishing measures which will mutually benefit and improve the commercial intercourse between the two Nations. Every good wish attend you and yrs. I am, &c.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 11, 1788.
My dear Sir: As you must be convinced that whatever affects your happiness or welfare cannot be indifferent to me I need not tell you, that I was most sensibly affected by your letter of the 20th of January. Yes, my dear Sir, I sincerely condole with you the loss of a worthy, amiable, and valuable Son! Altho' I had not the happiness of a personal acquaintance with him, yet the character which he sustained, and his near connexion with you, are, to me, sufficient reasons, to lament his death. It is unnecessary for me to offer any consolation on the present occasion; for to a mind like yours it can only be drawn from that source which never fails to give a bountiful supply to those who reflect justly. Time alone can blunt the keen edge of afflictions; Philosophy and our Religion holds out to us such hopes as will, upon proper reflection, enable us to bear with fortitude the most calamitous incidents of life and these are all that can be expected from the feelings of humanity; is all which they will yield.
I thank you my dear Sir, for the information which you forwarded me of the proceedings of your Convention. It is unhappy that a matter of such high importance cannot be discussed with that candour and moderation which would throw light on the subject and place its merits in a proper point of view; but in an assembly so large as your Convention must be and composed of such various and opposite characters, it is almost impossible but that some things will occur which would rouse the passions of the most moderate man on earth. It is however, to be hoped that your final decision will be agreeable to the wishes of good men and favourable to the Constitution. Mrs. Washington thanks you for your kind remembrance of her and joins me in the sincerest condolence for your loss. With sentiments of the highest esteem &c.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 13, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th. Ult, accompanied by a bag of Seeds, did not get to my hands untill the middle of last week or it should have received an earlier acknowledgment; as you now do my thanks for the latter.
I feel myself obliged by the measures you have pursued to stock me with Turnip seed; but if I am tolerably lucky, I shall raise a sufficiency from seed sent me by Arthur Young Esqr.; many hundreds of the Turnips being set out for that purpose: injudiciously tho' I fear, as they will be exposed to Poultry, especially Turkies, a circumstance that did not occur to me when I made choice of the spot (in other respects favourable) for the transplantation of them. I am not less obliged to you for the offer of spring Wheat; but a little of this also I got from England, from the same Gentleman, Mr. Young, together with winter Vetch, Sainfoin and other seeds. But from neglect too common among Master's of Vessels (of stowing them in the hold) I fear vegitation in most of them is injured, if not entirely destroyed. This was the case nearly with a little wheat, the Sainfoin and some other seeds which were imported and sown last Autumn. With care and attention however I may, possibly raise a little from each in which case I shall be very ready to oblige you in my turn. Exchanges, and Services of this kind, are what Farmers owe to one another; and in the practice of which I should feel much pleasure.
I think with you that the life of a Husbandman of all others is the most delectable. It is honorable. It is amusing, and, with judicious management, it is profitable. To see plants rise from the Earth and flourish by the superior skill, and bounty of the laborer fills a contemplative mind with ideas which are more easy to be conceived than expressed.
I am glad to find that your first essay to raise Indian Corn in drills has succeeded as much to your satisfaction; but I am inclined to think, unless restoratives were more abundant than they are to be found on Common farms, that 6 feet by 2 will be too oppressive to your land. Experience has proved that every soil will sink under the growth of this plant; whether from the luxuriancy and exhausting quality of it, or the manner of tillage or from both, is not very certain, because instead of 2420 plants which stand on an Acre at six feet square, with two stalks in a hill (as is usual in land of middling quality,) you have 3630 at 6 feet by 2, single stalks. How far the exposing of land to the rays of the Sun in Summer is injurious, is a question yet more difficult to solve than the other. My own opinion of the matter is, that it does; but this controverts the practice of Summer fallows, which (especially in heavy land) some of the best practical Farmers in England contend for as indispensably necessary notwithstanding the doctrine of Mr. Young, and many others who are opposed to them.
The reason, however, which induced me to give my Corn rows the wide distance of ten feet, was not because I thought it essential to the growth of that plant, but because I introduced other plants between them. And this practice, from the experience of two years, one the wettest, and the other the driest that ever was felt on my Estate, I am resolved to continue untill the inutility of it, or something more advantageous, shall point out the expediency of a change; but I mean to practise it with variations, fixing on 8 by 2 feet as the medium, or standing distance which will give more plants by 300 to the acre, than six feet each way with two stalks in a hill will do.
As all my Corn will be thus drilled, so between all, I mean to put in, drills also, Potatoes, Carrots (as far as my seed will go) and Turnips alternately; that not one sort, more than another, may have the advantage of Soil; thereby to ascertain the comparative quantity, and value of each of these plants as food for horses and stock of every kind. From the trials I have made (under the disadvantages already mentioned) I am well satisfied that my crop of Corn in this way, will equal the yield of the same fields in the usual mode of cultivation, and that the quantity of Potatoes (proportionate to the number of Rows) will quadruple the Corn. I entertain the same opinion with respect to Carrots, but being more unlucky in the latter, I cannot speak with so much confidence, and still less can I do it with respect to Turnips.
From this husbandry, and statement then of what I conceive to be facts, any given number of acres will yield as much Corn in the new as they will in the old way, and will, moreover, with little or no extra labour produce four times as many Potatoes or Carrots, which adds considerably to the profit from the field but here it may be asked if the land will sustain these Crops, or rather the Potatoes in addition to the Corn. This is a question my own experience does not enable me to answer. The received opinion of many practical Farmers in England is, that Potatoes and Carrots are ameliorators, not exhausters of the Soil; preparing it well for other Crops. But I do not scruple to confess, that notwithstanding the profit which appears to result from the growth of Corn and Potatoes, or Corn and Card rots, or both, thus blended, my wish is to exclude Indian Corn altogether from my system of Cropping, but we are so habituated to the use of this grain, and it is so much better for negroes than any other, that it is not to be discarded; consequently to introduce it in the most profitable, or least injurious manner, ought to be the next consideration with the Farmer.
To do this, some are of opinion that a small spot, set apart solely for the purpose, and kept highly manured, is the best method. And an instance in proof, is adduced of a gentleman near Baltimore, who for many years past from the same ground has not made less than ten Barrels to the Acre in Drills, 6 feet apart, and (if I recollect rightly) 18 Inches in the rows. But quæry, where the Farmer has no other resource than the manure of his own Farm, will not his other crops be starved by this extra allowance to the Indian Corn? I am inclined to think it will; and for that reason I shall try the intermixture of Potatoes, Carrots and Turnips, or either (as from practice shall be found most profitable) with my Corn, which shall become a component part of some regular, and systematic plan best adapted to the nature of my soil.
To Societies which have been formed for the encouragement of agriculture, is the perfection to which husbandry is now arrived in England indebted. Why then does not this Country (Virginia I mean) follow so laudable and beneficial an example? and particularly why do not the gentlemen in the vicinity of Fredericksburg begin this Work? Your lands axe peculiarly well adapted for it. There are more of you, in a small circle than I believe is to be found in the same compass almost anywhere. And you are well able to afford experiments; from which and not from theory are individuals to derive useful knowledge, and the Public a benefit. My love, to which Mrs. Washington's is joined, is presented to Mrs. Spotswood and I am, &c.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 15, 1788.
Gentn: I have received your letter of the 13 inst. and am sorry to find that my bill of Scantling has not yet been forwarded to the Eastern Shore. I should have thought, notwithstanding the communication by water was stopped, that it might have been conveyed by land. I am now, in a manner reduced to the necessity of depending upon you for Scantling, because I have, in expectation of being supplied by you, employed my own Carpenters in other matters when they would have been preparing it.
As the River is now open I should imagine that it might be delivered much sooner than you mention in your letter; if it should not, I shall sustain a great injury, to say nothing of the disappointment. I am, etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 18, 1788.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 27th. Ulto. and to thank you for the information contained in it. As a Communication between the waters of lake Erie and those of the Ohio is a matter, which promises great public utility, and as every step towards the investigation of it may be considered as promoting the general interest of our Country I need make [no] apology to you for any trouble, that I have given upon this subject.
I am fully sensible that no account can be sufficiently accurate to hazard any operations upon without an actual survey. My object in wishing a solution of the Quæeries proposed to you, was that I might be enabled to return Answers, in some degree satisfactory, to several Gentlemen of distinction in foreign Countries who have applied to me for information on the subject in behalf of others who [wish] to engage in the fur trade, and at the same time to gratify my own curiosity and assist me in forming a judgment of the practicability of opening a communication should it ever be seriously in contemplation.
1st. Could a channel once be opened to convey the Fur, Peltry &c. from the lakes into the Eastern Country, its advantages would be so obvious as to induce an opinion that it would, in a short time, become the channel of conveyance for much the greatest part of the commodities brot. from thence.
2d. The trade, which has been carried on between New York and that quarter is subject to great inconveniences from the length of the Commun. number of Portages, and at seasons from Ice; yet it has, notwithstanding, been prosecuted with success.
I shall feel myself much obliged by any further information that you may find time and inclination to communicate to me on this head. I am etc.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 30th. of December,70 written at George-Town. I am very sorry that your business was so pressing as to deprive me of the pleasure of seeing you at this place, while you was in the neighbourhood of it.
[Note 70: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Doctor Stuart handed me the Indian fabricks which you did me the honor to send by him, and for which I beg you to accept of my warmest thanks. Altho' they are not novel to me, yet the sight of them will undoubtedly be highly pleasing to those who have never before had an opportunity of seeing work of this kind; and peculiarly gratifying to the curiosity of an European. I regret the loss of the Seeds, having long been endeavouring to possess myself of the curious shrubs of the Western Country, but sincerely congratulate you on your own fortunate escape.
I feel myself much obliged, Sir by the offer of your Services which you are so polite as to make me, and shall always retain a grateful remembrance of them. My compliments if you please to Mrs. Wilkinson. With much esteem I am etc.
[CH.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have been duly honored and gratefully affected with the receipt of the Resolution of the Visitors and Governors of William and Mary College, appointing me Chancellor of the same; and have to thank you for your polite attention in the transmission. Not knowing particularly what duties, or whether any active Services are immediately expected from the person holding the Office of Chancellor; I have been greatly embarrassed in deciding upon the public answer proper to be given. It is for that reason I have chosen to explain in this private communication my situation and feelings; and to defer an ultimate decision until I shall have been favored with farther information on this subject.
My difficulties are briefly these. On the one hand, nothing in this world could be farther from my heart than a want of respect for the worthy Gentlemen in question; or a refusal of the appointment with which they have honored me, provided its duties are not incompatible with the mode of life to which I have entirely addicted myself. And on the other hand, I would not for any consideration disappoint the just expectations of the Convocation; by accepting an Office, whose functions I previously knew (from my pre-engagements and occupations) I should be absolutely unable to perform.
Although, as I observed before, I know not specifically what these functions are, yet, Sir, I have conceived that a principal duty required of the Chancellor might be a regular and indispensable Visitation once or perhaps twice a year. Should this be expected, I must decline accepting the Office. For, notwithstanding I most sincerely and ardently wish to afford whatever little influence I may possess, in patronizing the cause of Science, I cannot, at my time of life and in my actual state of retirement, persuade myself to engage in new and extensive avocations.
Such being the Sentiment of a heart unaccustomed to disguise; I flatter myself the candid manner in which I have explained it, could not be displeasing to the Convocation; and that the intervening delay, between the present and the moment in which I shall have the pleasure of receiving such ulterior explanations as may enable me to give a definitive answer will not prove very detrimental to the Collegiate interests. With great esteem etc.71
[Note 71: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind. (See Washington's letter to Samuel Griffin, Apr. 30, 1788, post.)]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1788.
Gentleman: I have received your letter of the 28th. Ulto. enclosing an Invoice of the Seeds shipped on board the Sloop Molly Beverly on my account which have since safety arrived.
The amount of your bill will be paid you by the House of Murray, Mountford & Bowen at New York.
The quality of the seeds cannot be determined till I have an opportunity of trying them, but let them turn out as they may, I dare say there has been nothing wanting on your part to procure those of the best quality for me. I am, etc.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1788.
Dear Sir: If this letter should get to your hand in time, I beg you would send me five bushels of good clean and fresh red Clover and likewise of Timothy seed by the [first?] Vessel which you say would leave your Port for Alexandria after the Navigation would be open.
By a letter which I have just received from Mr. Smith of Carlisle dated the 5th. Inst. I am informed that he had at that time £200 of my money in his hands and would send it to you by the first safe conveyance. out of this please to pay yourself.
I will write more fully to you in a few days interim. I am etc.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 74: Of Boston, Mass.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 28th. Ulto. accompanied by the three pamphlets which you did me the honor to send me. You will do me the favor, Sir, to accept of my best thanks for the mark of polite attention in forwarding your discourses to me.
The one delivered before the Humane Society is upon a subject highly interesting to the feelings of every benevolent mind. The laudable view of Institutions of this nature do honor to humanity. The beneficence resulting from them is not confined to any particular class or nation; it extends its influence to the whole race of mankind and cannot be too much applauded. I am etc.75
[Note 75: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From a photostat of the original, through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1788.
Sir: I have been honored by the receipt of your letter of the 27th. Ulto. and am sorry to find, by it, that you have been so violently attacked by the tertium ague. I hope the bad effects of it are removed before this, and that you will not be afflicted by any returns of it.
I am very happy to find that matters have been adjusted between the Courts of Versailles and London without coming to an open rupture; for notwithstanding the exploits that may be performed or the eclat which may be acquired by military operations, yet the effects of war must be sincerely regreted by every humane and feeling mind.
I thank you, Sir, for your politness in offering me the services of the young Gentleman, your relation, who is at present with you, as my Aid de Camp; I have not the smallest doubt but his abilities and dispositions are such as would do him credit in any post, but, Sir, I must decline the honor which you would do me, for, at the close of the war, I resigned my military employments and quitted publick life, I have, therefore, no occasion for the services of an Aid de Camp, and I hope that a continuance of peace in this Country will render them unnecessary at any future period. I have the Honor etc.76
[Note 76: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by the Bostonian Society.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1788.
Sir: I have, at this late period, to acknowledge the rect. of your letter of the 22d. of May last. The reason of my not doing it in course, was not owing to any neglect or inattention on my part, but to the want of knowing that it was in my hands, for I received the Title papers of my land in Washington County which you sent to me in Philadelphia, and not expecting that anything was contained in the enclosure more than those, I delay'd opening it till a few days since.
I have forwarded the letter to Mr. Bushrod Washington which was under the same cover with my papers; but I expect the contents of it have been anticipated by a letter from you since that time.
You have undoubtedly recd. a letter from me before this, requesting you to retain whatever you consider as a compensation for the trouble of yourself and Mr. Ross in prosecuting my land suit, out of the money which you may recover on my acct. from the bonds in your hands and transmit the residue to Clement Biddle Esqr. in Philadelphia. I am, etc.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 24, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 10th. of Augt. and am very sorry to find, by it, that your intended voyage to this Country was prevented, and especially after you had made your arrangements and was upon the point of sailing; the cause of your detention must have made it still more displeasing to you, for, of all the vexations in life, that of a tedious and perplexing Lawsuit is the most disagreeable. I am, however, in hopes that your visit is not wholly given up, but only postponed.
You will be so good, my dear Sir, as to inform your friend Colo. Persse that I have a grateful sense of the favourable sentiments which he entertains of me, and present my best thanks to him for the Hay seed and Goosebury bushes which he is so polite as to propose sending me.
I must beg that you would not put yourself to any trouble or inconvenience in obtaining the wolf dogs for me, for however desirious I may be to procure a breed of them, I should think they were too dearly purchased if you met with any difficulty in getting them.
At the same time you complain of having been deluged by incessant rains, we were, in this part of the continent, distressed by the opposite extreme. The drought, in this neighbourhood, was as severe last summer and fall as was ever known in the memory of man; The Grass and small grain were greatly injured by it; and the Indian Corn, in some places, almost entirely cut off. My farms were among the number of those which felt it in its greatest severity, but, happily, it was not general. The middle and eastern States had favourable seasons and food crops. A very severe winter has added to the inconvenience of short crops. We have since Christmas, experienced a series of cold weather which is very seldom felt in this climate, the navigation of our Rivers has been stopped by the frost since the first of January.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for your information upon the general State of politics in Europe; and would, in return, give you some account of our public affairs here had anything of importance transpired since my last letter to you of the ... of ... . I can only say that we are still in a state of expectation, waiting the result of the State Convention relative to the proposed plan of Government. Six States only have as yet decided upon it; they are favourable. The convention of new Hampshire is now in session. The most formidable opposition to it is expected to come from New York and Virginia; but as nine States will have determined upon it (and in all probability adopted it) before their Conventions take place, it is expected that its opponents in those States will not have sufficient influence to prevent its adoption there when it is found to be the general voice of the continent. Rhode Island has discovered some symptoms of recovering from her delirium; the papers mention the votes of several towns instructing their delegates in the legislature to have a convention of the People for the purpose of considering the proposed constitution.
Mrs. Washington joins me in Compliments to Lady Newenham and yourself. I am, etc.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 28, 1788.
My dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your three letters of the 3d. 6th and 9th inst. The information conveyed by the last was extremely pleasing to me, though I cannot say it was altogether unexpected, as the tenor of your former letters had, in some measure, prepared me for the event; but the conduct of the minority was more satisfactory than could have been expected. The full and fair discussion, which you gave the subject in your convention, was attended with the happiest consequences; it afforded complete information to all those who went thither with dispositions to be informed, and at the same time gave an opportunity to confute, and point out the fallacy of those specious arguments which were offered in opposition to the proposed Government. Nor is this all. The conciliating behaviour of the minority will strike a damp on the hopes which opponents in other States might, otherwise have formed from the smallness of the majority, and must be greatly influential in obtaining a favourable determination in those States which have not yet decided upon it.
There is not perhaps a man in Virginia less qualified than I am, to say from his own knowledge and observation, what will be the fate of the Constitution here, for I very seldom ride beyond the limits of my own farms, and am wholly indebted to those gentlemen who visit me for any information of the disposition of the people towards it; but from all I can collect I have not the smallest doubt of its being accepted.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for the accounts which you have, from time to time, transmitted me since the meeting of your convention, nothing could have been more grateful or acceptable to me, I am also obliged by your promise to inform me of any important matters, that may transpire, and you know I shall, at all times be happy to hear of your welfare. Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to Mrs. Lincoln and yourself. With the greatest esteem &c.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 28, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 9th. inst. accompanied by the papers which you was so polite as to send me. I must beg you to accept my thanks for your attention in forwarding to me the pleasing decision of your convention upon the proposed Government. The candid and conciliating behavour of the minority places them in a more favourable point of view than the debates of the Convention gave room to expect, and sufficiently shews the good effects of the full and fair discussion which the subject met with.
The adoption of the Constitution in Massachusetts will, I presume, be greatly influential in obtaining a favourable determination upon it in those States where the question is yet to be agitated.80
[Note 80: The Massachusetts convention on Feb. 6, 1788, ratified the Constitution by a vote of 187 to 168.]
No person can, at this moment pretend to say what will be its fate here, and I am perhaps less qualified to give an opinion upon it, from my own observation, than almost anyone, as I very seldom ride off my farms, and am indebted to Gentlemen who call upon me for any information which I have of the disposition of the people towards it, but from what I can collect, I have no doubt of its being accepted here. I am, etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 29, 1788.
Sir: I have received the letter with which you were pleased to honor me from Boston, and pray you to accept my thanks for and congratulations on, the important information it contains.
Happy, am I, to see the favorable decision of your Convention upon the proposed Government; not only on acct. of its adding an important State to the number of those which have already accepted it, but because it must be productive of good effects in other States, whose determination may have been problematical. The candid, and open behaviour of the minority, is noble and commendable. It will have its weight.
From my own knowledge, I cannot undertake to say what will be the fate of the Constitution in this State. I am altogether indebted to Gentlemen who visit me for information respecting the disposition of the people towards it, not having gone Six Miles beyond the limits of my own farms since my return from Philadelphia. From there accounts, no doubt, from the first, has been entertained in my mind of the acceptance of it here; notwithstanding the indefatigable pains which some very influencial characters take to oppose it.
I beg you to present me in respectful terms to Mrs. King, and to receive assurances of the esteem and regard with which I have the honor etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, March 1, 1788.
Sir: When Doctor Stuart was in Richmond I sent a number of public securities to him that he might receive the interest due upon them; among them was a Certificate for a Negro executed in the year with Interest due from the date, which he informs me he left in your hands to have the Interest paid thereon and transmitted to me as it could not be done while he was there. As I find, by the Revenue act, that the Interest drawn upon Certificates of this kind will be received in taxes for the year 1787, I shall be much obliged to you Sir, if you will take the trouble to have every thing which is necessary to be transacted respecting the matter done, and transmitted to me as I expect a visit from the Sheriff very soon. I am etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 1, 1788.
Sir: Two of the enclosed Certificates dated Jany. 4th. 1788 were received at the Auditors office on my acct. by Doctor Stuart when he was in Richmond, but as he was, by some means or other, prevented from having the necessary business respecting them transacted at the Treasurer's Office before he left that place, and has informed me that you will be so good as to do whatever is proper to be done respecting them, I have taken the liberty of sending them to you, requesting that you will be so kind as to return them to me compleated, as soon as possible, because I depend upon them for discharging a part of my taxes of the year 1787.
I have likewise enclosed to you five others recd. in the year 1786. as I see they are of the same tenor And I suppose require the same to be done with them as the above two. These last mentioned warrants have laid by me since their dates. I am so little acquainted with matters of this kind that I hardly know the use of them, much less the necessary forms they must pass before they are receivable in taxes. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1788.
Dear Sir: In acknowledging the rect. of your obliging favor of the 3d. Ult, permit me to thank you for the Rhubarb seed which accompanied it. To the growth of which, if food, a fair trial shall be given.
I have two imported female Asses from the Island of Malto; which, tho' not quite equal to the best spanish Jennies will serve to establish a valuable breed of these animals in this Country, besides, I have disseminated the breed of my spanish Jack to many of the still small kind of this Country, and if you have one of these or a better Jenny and should think the trouble of sending her here not too great she shall have the free use of the Jack and every necessary attention, and I shall have great pleasure in obliging you by it.
I was not unapprised of the treatment of letters in the post Offices of France but am not less obliged by the Friendly hint you have given me respecting this matter, mine contain nothing which will be injurious to the receiver if the contents of them are inspected.
The decision of Massachusetts would have been more influencial had the majority been greater, and the ratification unaccompanied by the recommendatory Act. As it stands the blow is severely felt by the antifederalists in the equivocal States. This adoption added to the five States which have gone before it, and the three which more than probable will next follow, will (as there can be little doubt of Rhode Island following the example of her Eastern brethren) be too powerful I conceive for locality and sophistry to combat.
On this day, our elections of Delegates to the Convention of the State, commences, they will progress as our Court days in this month arrive, and form an interesting epocha in our Annals. After the choice is made, the probable decision on the proposed Constitution (from the character of members) can with more ease be conjectured; for myself I have never entertained much doubt of its adoption tho' I am a very incompetent Judge, never having been Six miles beyond the limits of my own Farms since my return from Philadelphia and receiving information of the sentiments of the people from visitors only.
It gives me much pleasure to hear that Mrs. Jays health is restored, and that you have the slight remains only of your long and painful indisposition, a little time and more moderate weather (if it should ever arrive, for at present there is no appearance of it) will, it is to be hoped, set you quite right again. In wishes for these, and offering compliments, I am Joined by Mrs. Washington with sentiments of the highest esteem and regard. I am, etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1788.
Dear Sir: If this should reach you before the sailing of the vessel which you informed me in your last was bound to Alexandria, I must request you to put on board her, on my acct. two good Linnen Wheels, one dozn. good strong wool Cards with [strong] teeth, and one hundred pounds of Clover seed in addition to the quantity which I have before desired you get. I am etc.
PS. Pray send me as soon as you conveniently can 40 yards of Lace, of the width and colour of the enclosed; that, or any other figure will do.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Tobias Lear. The P.S. is in the writing of Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1788.
My dear Sir: I pray you to accept my acknowledgments of your favors of the 10th. and 14th Ulto. and congratulation on the acceptance of the new Constitution by the State of Massachusetts. Had this been done without its concomitants, and by a larger Majority the stroke would have been more severely felt by the antifederalists in other States. As it is, it operates as a damper to their hopes, and is a matter of disappointment and chagreen to them all.
Under the circumstances enumerated in your letters, the favourable decision, which has taken place in that State, could hardly have been expected; Nothing less than the good sense, sound reasoning, moderation and temper of the Supporters of the measure, could have carried the question. It will be very influential on the equivocal States. In the two, which are next to convene (New Hampshire and Maryland) there can be no doubt of its adoption and in So. Carolina but little, which will make nine States without a dissentient; the force of this argument is hardly to be resisted by local sophistry; candor and prudence therefore, it is to be hoped will prevail, and yet I believe there are some characters among us who would hazard every thing rather than cease their opposition or leave to the operation of the government the chance of proving the fallacy of their predictions of it, by which their sagacity and foresight might be impeached.
This day introduces the Elections for the Convention of this State, and they will progress regularly thro' the month as the Court days arrive. After which a more accurate opinion may be formed of the probable decision of the State.
From the last European intelligence, the Political state of affairs in France seem to be in a delicate Situation; what will be the issue is not easy to determine; but the spirit, which is diffusing itself may produce changes in that Government which a few years ago could hardly have been dreamt of. All these things, together with the importance assumed by G. B. on the occasion of her dispute with this power and the state of other powers on the Continent are strong additional motives for us to establish a well-toned Government. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Knox and the family; and with sentiments of the most friendly and etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 91: Of Baltimore, Md.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1788.
Sir: I have received your polite letter of the 22d. Ulto., and am much obliged to you for the kind tender of your services to execute any commissions for me in Holland; but as I have no business, at present in that quarter I cannot avail myself of your obliging offer, I have however, a no less grateful sense of it on that acct. You will please, Sir, to accept my best wishes for a safe voyage, a prosperous completion of your business in Europe, and a happy return to this Country. Mrs. Washington and the rest of the family Join in this wish. I am, etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 5, 1788.
Sir: When I had the pleasure to be at your house last Summer you shewed me a triangular harrow with trowel tines for the purpose of cultivating your dell Crops. The appearance was prepossessing. But I forgot whether you spoke of its merits from theoretical, or practical knowledge. If the latter, will you permit me to request the favor of you to direct your workmen to furnish me with one, compleat in all its parts accompanied with lines or trowells sufficient for 4 more. Colo. Biddle will pay the cost, upon demand.
That you may be enabled to Judge of the proper sizes, I will inform you for what particular uses they are intended.
From the experience of two years, one the wettest, the other the dryest that ever was felt in this neighbourhood I am persuaded that as much (Indian) Corn can be raised in rows as in any manner which has yet been tried in such (midling) land and with such management as is usually allowed for this Grain and that by drilling Potatoes between, the quantity of the latter will at least quadruple that of the former. whether Potatoes in addition to the Corn will bear too hard upon the soil is a question, that has received an affirmative and negative answer. and both (it is said) from the experience of Husbandry. I mean therefore to learn that which seems most profitable and in the practice of which I am already engaged. These Harrows then are to work the intervals between the Corn and Potatoes; which being 4 feet only, the dimensions of them must be proportioned to the space they are to operate in. But, notwithstanding the levelness of my land, the straitness and equi-distance of my rows, it would seem nevertheless dangerous to depend upon a single bout of this implement because if perchance the width between the Rows should exceed 4 feet the ground will not be broken, and if it falls short the plants will be cut up; twice therefore in each Row, seems necessary for safe and proper tillage. I mention it for your consideration only; my own opinion of the matter I must confess is (but it yields to experiance) that two feet from the center of the hindmost lines would be a proper Medium; this, with the outer lines of the trowel, will stir near, or quite 2½ feet of earth; and under certain circumstances may be sufficient without going twice in the same row, for cultivation of the plants; at all events, two bouts will give part of it a double stirring.
I will not trouble you with an apology for this request as it affords an opportunity to Mrs. Washington and myself to present our best wishes to Mrs. Peters and yourself and an occasion for me to assure you of the esteem with which I am, etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 5, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 5th. Ulto. came duly to hand. The sum of £50 which you and Mr. Ross have received for bringing and prosecuting my Ejectments is perfectly satisfactory to me; I only wish it may be so to you, if it is not I must repeat my request that you will satisfy yourself.
I find that the greatest part of the money which you have received on my acct. has been paid without suits being brought as in this case you have all the trouble of a collector, without the benefit of a Lawyer, it is my wish that you would retain whatever is the customary commission for collecting, or receive a compensation for your trouble in some other way.
Major Freeman, in a letter to me before he left Fayette County, mentioned his having deposited in the hands of a Mr. Richd. Noble at Red-Stone about £30 for me and sundry papers which he was to forward to me. I have written to him twice upon the subject but have reed. no answer, I will, fore, be much obliged to you, Sir, if you will get them from Mr. Noble whenever you are again in that part of the Country, and convey them to me. I am, etc.94
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 5, 1788.
Dear Sir: In your letter of the 3d of February you mentioned Messrs. Dunlap and Claypole having put into your hands a Vol. of their News Papers for the years 1785 and 86, which they desired might be forwarded to me and my acceptance thereof requested. I must now beg the favor of you to return them my best thanks for their politeness, and at the sametime, to inform them that I believe they misunderstood me in my application for their paper when I was in Philadelphia, for it was my intention to have taken it after my return home as well as in Philadelphia; they will, therefore, be so good as to forward them to me by every post, and at the end of each year I shall be glad to have a Vol. of them bound. I have, hitherto taken the Pensylvania Herald, but, from some cause or other, it has been discontinued for a number of weeks past; I will thank you to discharge whatever may be due on my account for that paper, and inform the printers, in decent terms, that it need not be sent on to me in future, as I conceive one will be sufficient to give all the information that is necessary.
I have recd. a Letter from Thomas Smith Esqr. of the 5th ultimo, wherein he informs me that he has £200 in his hands for me, which he should forward to you by the first safe conveyance. Whenever you receive it you will please to discharge the balance which may be due to you for articles purchased on my acct. since our last settlement, and forward the remainder to me in the manner mentioned in a former letter, reserving in your hands about £20 to pay for any articles I may have occasion to procure in Philadelphia.
I must beg the favor of you to forward the enclosed letters to their respective addresses by the first conveyance that may offer after you receive them. I have, in the one to Mr. Peters, desired him to have a harrow made for me similar to one which I saw when I was [at his house] with some spare teeth; I will thank you to pay his bill for the same, and have them sent to me by the first Vessel bound to Alexandria, after the one which I suppose is now about sailing for that place, provided they cannot be compleated in time to be sent by her. I am etc.95
[Note 95: In the writing of Tobias Lear. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1788.
Sir: This will be handed to you by my overseer who goes to George Town to procure a quantity of twine suitable for making a Sein, as there is none in Alexandria fit for that purpose. Should you have any such as he may chuse, I will thank you to let him have 150lb., and if the Balance of the Bond assigned to me by Mrs. Kirk has not yet been paid into the hands of Colo. Simms, you will please to retain that as part payment of the amount of the twine, and charge me with the surplus. Should you not have any yourself, you will oblige me by assisting Mr. Fairfax96 in getting it, if to be sold in George Town, and, if the above mentioned Balance has been paid to Colo Simms, I will discharge the amount of the twine at the end of the fishing season. I am, etc.97
[Note 96: John Fairfax.]
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 9, 1788.
Dear Sir: If my last letter to you, containing the Bond of the deceased Mr. Dandridge on which you were requested to bring suit, was not sufficiently explanatory of the intention, I now beg leave to inform you that my meaning is after Judgement shall have been obtained and execution levied on the Slaves belonging to the estate of the decd. Gentn. that you, or Mr. John Dandridge, in behalf of his Mother, wd. purchase for her use such as she may want, on my acct. In a word, as it is at the request of Mr. John Dandridge that suits are instituted, my wish is to accommodate the family as far as I can consistently, the mode of doing it I leave to you. being with very great esteem etc.97
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1788.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th ulto. and the papers accompanying it, came duly to hand. I believe none of your letters to me have miscarried, as I have recd. the papers containing the debates of your Convention very regularly.
I am sorry to hear that the issue of the Government in New Hampshire is, in any measure, dubious. Our concurrent accounts from that quarter have been favourable in the highest degree, they would have justified the expectation of unanimity in their Convention. The growing attachment of the people in your State to the proposed Constitution is certainly a strong proof of its general excellence. It shows that a due and impartial consideration of the subject will decide in its favor.
At the end of the present month we shall be able to form a tolerable judgment of what may be its fate here, as our returns for the delegates to the convention will be known at that time, and the characters chosen will be pretty generally decided in their opinions upon the matter before their delegation, and as that will determine the people in their choice. The general tenor of the information, which I derive from those Gentlemen who call upon me, seems to agree in the opposition losing ground. and that nothing is wanting to render the people so favourably disposed towards it as to put the decision beyond a doubt but proper information upon the subject. The opponents are indefatigable in their exertions, while the friends to the Constitution seem to rest the issue upon the goodness of their cause. There will undoubtedly be a greater weight of abilities against the adoption in this convention than in any other; we had a right to expect it from the characters who first declared against it here, but notwithstanding this, my own opinion is (as it has ever been) that it will be received. with great esteem and regard &c.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 12th. Ulto. inclosing the recommendatory Amendments to the proposed plan of Government by your Convention, did not come to hand till last Saturday or it should have had an earlier acknowledgement.
The adoption of the Constitution by the State of Massachusetts will undoubtedly have a very happy influence upon the decision of those States which have yet to determine upon the important question. The respectability of your Majority, added to the candid and manly behaviour of the minority, will obviate any improper impressions which might have been made by its smallness. The full and fair decision which the subject met with in your Convention evidently shew the advantage of it by its effects, for, from every information which we could obtain here, it appears that there would have been a decided majority against the Constitution, had the matter been determined early in the session; nor will this be the only benefit derived from it, the publication of the debates will serve to remove objections in the minds of unprejudiced persons in other States who seek for information. It is not in the power of the best informed among us to say, at present, how it will terminate in this State; at the end of this month some judgement may be formed, as we shall then have a return of the delegates from the several Counties who are to compose the convention. There is perhaps no person less qualified than I am to give an opinion upon the matter from his own observation, as I am wholly indebted to those Gentlemen who visit me for any knowledge that I have of the dispositions of the people, not having been ten miles from home since my return from Philadelphia, but from every information, I have not a doubt of its being adopted here.
Mrs. Washington joins me in Compliments to Mrs. Cushing and yourself. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 18, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 16th. Inst. was handed me yesterday in Alexandria as I was going to dinner; previous to that I had seen my Nephew George Washington,1 and asked him if he had heard of any suitable place for himself and Lawrence to board at after their quarter with Mr. McWhir expired; he told me that it was probable a place might be obtained at a Mrs. Sanford's; I desired him to inform himself of the terms &c. and let me know them; as I had not an opportunity of seeing him again before I left town to know the result of his enquiries, it is not, at this moment, in my power to give a decided answer to your offer of taking them again into your family.
[Note 1: George Steptoe Washington.]
Your candid and free communications respecting the conduct of my Nephews, while with you, meet my warmest approbation and deserve my best thanks, and I should think myself inexcusable, if, upon this occasion, I did not act a part equally open and candid, by informing you of general allegations which they have, from time to time, offered on their part, viz: They having been frequently detained from school in the morning beyond their proper hour, in consequence of not having their breakfast seasonably provided, and sometimes obliged to go to school without any. They have likewise complained of their not being permitted to dine with company at the House; and served indifferently in another place afterwards and, after being a short time with Mr. McWhir, they made application for shirts, and upon being asked what they had done with those which were made for them not long before, they replied that the manner of washing them at Mr. Hanson's (in Lye without soap) had entirely destroyed them.
This communication, Sir, cannot, I think, be displeasing to a person of your candor. I do not state the above as facts but merely as the reports of the boys, and if they should live with you again it will undoubtedly have a good effect by shewing them that their reports will always be made known to you, and the truth or falsehood of them discovered.
The motive which first induced me to put the Boys with you, explained upon a former occasion together with the advantage of throwing them into company will still operate, and incline me to give a preference to your House upon terms nearly equal in other respects but I cannot decide upon the matter till I know the result of George's enquiries, and so soon as I do, you may depend upon hearing further from Sir, &c.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 22, 1788.
Dear Sir: When I requested you to procure a Gardiner for me in Holland, which you was so obliging as to promise to do, I fear I was not explicite enough with respect to the terms &c. upon which I would wish to have him.
If one properly qualified for the business, could be obtained to come over in the nature of a redemptioner, or which will be more certain, who will indent himself for a certain term of years it would be most agreeable to me, because he would be much cheaper; but if one of a proper description cannot be procured in this way, I should be willing to give a good Gardener £15 Sterling per annum. more than this I do not incline to offer, because I presume they might be obtained for that sum in this Country. I should prefer a single man, but have no objection to one who is married provided his wife understands spinning &c. and will indent as her husband does. and provided they have not a number of Children. A middle aged man will suit me best, as the necessary services cannot be expected from, or performed by, one advanced in years.
I should likewise be glad to procure a good coarse Weaver, and will be much obliged to you if you will endeavour to get one for me to come over on the terms mentioned above, I should give the preference to one who understands weaving both woollen and linen, but would be satisfied with one could do either well.
If it is necessary (or would be more convenient for you) for me to make any advance for defraying the charges &c. which may arise from this business, I will thank you to let me know it and will provide accordingly. As I also shall be for your telling me with the utmost candor if the request here made will be attended with the smallest inconvenience to you. It not being by any means, my intention to lay you under the most trifling difficulty by the request.
Wishing you a prosperous voyage and a speedy return. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 24, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 16th. Inst. enclosing the Bill of Lading and Certificate of the Articles shipped on my Acct. came duly to hand. The Packet has not yet arrived unless she passed by here yesterday.
I thank you for your attention to the letters which I committed to your care. As I do not know whether you may have received the Interest due upon my Certificate in your hands, and some charges will arise from the harrow furnished by Mr. Peters, and the livery lace, I enclose you a Bank Bill for forty Dollars, which you will please to pass to my Credit. I am etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, March 26, 1788.
Sir: I have received the letter wch. your Excellency did me the honor of addressing to me by the hand of Mr. Madison. While I am highly gratified with the justice you do me in appreciating the friendly sentiments I entertain for the French Nation; I cannot avoid being equally astonished and mortifyed in learning that you had met with any subject of discontent or inquietude since your arrival in America. Be assured, Sir, as nothing could have been more unexpected: so nothing can now give me greater pleasure than to be instrumental in removing (as far as might be in the power of a private citizen as I am) every occasion of uneasiness that may have occurred. I have even hoped, from the short time of your residence here, and the partial acquaintance you may have had with the characters of the persons, that a natural distance in behavior and reserve in address, may have appeared as intentional coldness and neglect. I am sensible that the apology itself, though it should be well founded, would be but an indifferent one, yet it will be better than none: while it served to prove that it is our misfortune not to have the same chearfulness in appearance and facility in deportment, which some nations possess. And this I believe, in a certain degree, to be the real fact; and that such a reception is sometimes given by individuals as may affect a foreigner with very disagreeable Sensations, when not the least shadow of an affront is intended.
As I know the predilections of most of our leading characters for your Nation; as I had seen the clearest proofs of affection for your King given by the people of this Country, on the birth of the Dauphin; as I had heard before the receipt of your letter that you had been received at your public audience by Congress, with all the marks of attention which had ever been bestowed upon a Representative of any Sovereign Power; And as I found that your personal character stood in the fairest point of light; I must confess, I could not have conceived that there was one person in public office in the United states capable of having treated with indifference, much less with indignity, the representative from a Court with which we have ever been upon the most friendly terms. And confident I am that it is only necessary for such conduct to be known to be detested.
But in the mean, [time] so ardently do I wish to efface any ill impressions that may have been made upon Your Excellency's mind to the prejudice of the Public, by individuals; that I must again repeat, that I am egregiously deceived if the people of this Country are not in general extremely well affected to France. The prejudices against that Kingdom had been so rivetted by our English connection and English policy that it was sometime before our people could entirely get the better of them. This, however, was thoroughly accomplished in the course of the War, and I may venture to say that a greater revolution never took place in the sentiments of one people respecting another. Now as none of their former attachments have been revived for Britain, and as no subject of uneasiness has turned up with respect to France, any disgust or enmity to the latter would involve a mystery beyond my comprehension. For, I had always believed that some apparent cause, powerful in its nature and progressive in its operation, must be employed to produce a change in National sentiments. But no prejudice has been revived, no jealousy excited, no interest adduced, and, in short, no cause has existed (to my knowledge) which could have wrought a revolution unfriendly to your nation. If one or a few persons in New York have given a different specimen of thinking and acting, I rely too much upon your candor to apprehend that you will impute it to the American people at large.
I am happy to learn that your Excellency is meditating to strengthen the commercial ties that connect the two Nations: and that your ideas of effecting it by placing the arrangements upon the basis of mutual advantage coincide exactly with my own. Treaties which are not built upon reciprocal benefits, are not likely to be of long duration. Warmly as I wish to second your views, it is a subject of regret that my little acquaintance with commercial affairs and my seclusion from public life, have not put me in a state of preparation to answer your several questions with accuracy. I will endeavor to inform myself of the most interesting particulars and shall take a pleasure in communicating the result.
At present I can only remark that I think the taste for many articles of French merchandize is rather encreasing. Still there are three circumstances, which are thought to give the British merchants an advantage over all others. 1st. their extensive credit: (which, I confess, I wish to see abolished). 2dly. their having in one place Magazines containing all kinds of Articles that can be required: and 3dly. their knowledge of the precise kind of merchandize and fabrics which are wanted.
For my own part I could wish as I have just observed, to see the time when no credit should be given. Attention and experience in the American trade would enable the French merchants, I apprehend to accommodate our markets in other respects. Between this Country and England many causes of irritation exist: and it is not impossible but that the ill-policy of the British Court may accelerate the removal of our trade into other channels. With sentiments of the greatest respect etc.5
[Note 5: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang. Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.]
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1788.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 10th. came duly to hand, and by Mr. Madison I had the pleasure to hear that you had recovered from a severe indisposition, on which event I sincerely congratulate you.
The conduct of the State of New Hampshire has baffled all calculation, and happened extremely mal-apropos for the election of delegates to the Convention of this State; for be the real cause of the adjournment to so late a day, what it may, the anti-foederal party with us do not scruple to declare, that, it was done to await the issue of this Convention before it would decide; and add, that if this State should reject it, all those which are to follow will do the same; and consequently, the Constitution cannot obtain, as there will be only eight States in favor of the measure.
Had it not been for this untoward event, the opposition in this State would have proved entirely unavailing, notwithstanding the unfair conduct (I might have bestowed a harder epithet without doing injustice) which has been practiced to rouse the fears, and to inflame the passions of the people. What will be the result now, is difficult for me to say with any degree of certainty, as I have seen but a partial return of the delegates, and [am] not well acquainted with the political sentiments even of those few. In the Northern part of the State the tide of Sentiment, I know, is generally in favor of the proposed system. In the Southern part, I am told, it is the reverse. While [in] the middle, it is said, it is pretty much divided. The Kentucky district will have great weight in deciding this question; and the idea of its becoming an impediment to its seperation,6 has got hold of them; while no pains is spared to inculcate a belief that the Government proposed will, without scruple or delay, barter away the right of Navigation to the River Mississippi.
[Note 6: From Virginia.
On March 30 Washington wrote to a Captain Speak: "I cannot omit the occasion of communicating a piece of information I have received, to wit: that your Boat is engaged to meet passengers on this side to take them to the other by which I am deprived of the Ferriages. I hope the practice will not be continued except for yourself. I find the Ferry inconvenient, and unprofitable enough without this, to wish the discontinuance of it. A little matter more wo'd induce me to put it down and stop up the Road leading thereto." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (March 30) Washington also wrote to a Mr. O'Connor, in Alexandria, thanking him for a complimentary ticket to his lecture on "Eloquence." "Business (and indeed disinclination to leave my own bed when I am within a few miles of it) would not permit my attendance at the lecture last evening." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
The postponement in New-Hampshire will also, unquestionably, give strength and vigor to the opposition in New York; and possibly, will render Rhode Island more backward than she otherwise would have been, if all the New England States had finally decided in favor of the measure.
Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for Mrs. Knox, yourself and family, with Dear Sir Yr. Affecte. friend etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 19th. inst. and Mr. Lear has, agreeable to your request therein, called upon Messrs. D. and I. McPherson and Wm. Hunter Junr. Esqr. who have informed him that the money shall be paid conformable to your advice.
It would have suited me exceedingly well to have discharged my proportion of the assessment on the Potomack Company in the manner mentioned in your letter, could I have received it previous to the 15th. Inst. as I paid Mr. Hartshorne on that day. As you say it will be more convenient for you to pay me the money which you have, or may receive on acct. of my Rents, in the first week in May than sooner, I have no objection to its being delayed till that time. I am, etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 2, 1788.
My dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the reception of your favor of the 24th. of February which I have delayed answering till this time, in expectation of being able to give you some information of what will probably be the determination of this State upon the Constitution; but the proceedings of New Hampshire, so directly opposite to what we had reason to hope for from every Account, has entirely baffled all calculation upon the subject, and will strengthen the opposition in this State. The only ground upon which an opinion can be formed of what will be the decision here, is the return of the members for the Convention; of these I have as yet seen but a partial list, and of this list there are many who are unknown to me, so that I am not able to give you any more satisfactory information upon the subject than when I wrote last to you. This, however, I may say, that the Northern, or upper Counties are generally friendly to the adoption of the Government, the lower are said to be generally unfriendly, the sentiments of the western parts of the State are not fully known; but no means have been left untried to prejudice them against the System; every art that could inflame the passions or touch the interests of men have been essayed; the ignorant have been told, that should the proposed Government obtain, their lands would be taken from them and their property disposed of; and all ranks are informed that the prohibition of the Navigation of the Mississipi (their favorite object) will be a certain consequence of the adoption of the Constitution. But notwithstanding these unfair and injust representations I have the fullest confidence in its being received in this State. With great regard, etc.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 2, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 28th. of February came regularly to hand. The conduct of New Hampshire respecting the proposed government was a matter of general surprise in this, and I believe in every other part of the United States; for her local situation, unconnected with other circumstances, was supposed to be a sufficient inducement to the people of that State to adopt a general government, which promises more energy and security than the one under which we have hitherto lived, and especially as it holds out advantages to the smaller States equal, at least, to their most sanguine expectations.
Circumstanced as your Convention was, an adjournment was certainly prudent, but it happened very mal-apropos for this State, because the concurrent information from that quarter would have justified the expectation of a unanimity in the convention, whereas an account so opposite to every former one having arrived at the very time when the elections were carrying on here, gave an opportunity to the opponents of the proposed Constitution to hold up to the people its not having been so generally approved of in other States as they had been taught to believe, and of consequence prepared them to receive other impressions unfriendly to the Government and tending to influence their votes in favor of antifederal characters. However I am still strong in the expectation of its being adopted here notwithstanding the unjust and uncandid representations, which have been made by the opponents to inflame the minds of the people and prejudice them against it. I am &c.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th. of Feby. and the enclosed news papers came duly to hand. The conduct of New Hampshire has I believe, been a matter of surprize in every part of the Country, and from what I can learn, wholly unexpected by a considerable part of the Convention themselves; The adjournment was, however, (circumstances as they were) a very prudent step, for it appears that the great question would have been lost if the sense of the convention had been taken upon it at that time.
It is still uncertain what the determination of this State will be; the Northern Counties are generally favourable to the adoption of the Constitution, the Southern are said to be unfavourable: and the Sentiments of the western parts of the State are not fully known; no pains, however, has been spared, and no art untried to inflame the minds of the people and prejudice them against the proposed system of Government. I am, etc.9
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 13th Ulto. my acknowledging the reception of the printed Vocabulary must have been an omission, for it came safely to hand with the manuscript one. Your observation respecting the instability and inefficacy of our General Government is very just. They are not only apparent in the instance, which you mention, but have for a long time, strongly marked all our national transactions. This in my opinion, is a powerful argument, for adopting the proposed Constitution even if it were less perfect than it is, and while a constitutional door is left open for amendments whenever they may be found necessary.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for your information respecting the opposition to the proposed Government in the Country west of the Susquehanna. Notwithstanding the rancour and activity of the opponents in Pensylvania, I trust that they are generally speaking, persons of too little importance to endanger the general welfare of the Union by extending their influence to other States, or even any further in their own than to a few Counties, or over persons whose characters, dispositions, and situations are conformable to theirs.
How the important question will be decided in this State is yet uncertain. Opinions are various, and I can say nothing upon the subject from my own knowledge, as I but very rarely ride off my own farms, and am wholly indebted to the public papers and those Gentlemen who visit me for any information which I have; however from everything that I can collect, I am still confident of its adoption here. I am etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1788.
Sir: Previous to the reception of your letter of the 11th. Inst. Colo. Biddle advised me of his having received from you £192.13.4. on my acct. he mentioned £200 having been brought to him by the Gentleman into whose charge you had given it but £7.6.8. being in bad gold, he did not incline to receive it, and had therefore returned it to the Gentleman by whom it was sent. I am, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above your letter of the 17th. Ulto. has come to hand. Mr. Smith of Baltimore transmitted to me the sum of £75.15.10. which you lodged in his hands, for me in October last.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1788.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 10 Ulto. and feel myself much obliged by the communication of your mode of cropping, which you have been pleased to make to me.
Every improvement in husbandry should be gratefully received and peculiarly fostered in this Country, not only as promoting the interest and lessening the labour of the farmer, but as advancing our respectability in a national point of view; for, in the present State of America, our welfare and prosperity depend upon the cultivation of our lands and turning the produce of them to the best advantage.
The method of treading out wheat with horses is certainly a very execrable one, and nothing but the necessity of getting it out by some means or other can justify the practice. Your mode of cropping (with the assistance of the Winlaw Thrasher) claims the preference to every other if only considered as getting the wheat out so expeditiously as to preserve it from the ravages of the fly.
I wrote sometime in January last, to Arthur Young Esquire (Editor of the Annals of Agriculture) requesting him to send over to me one of Winlaw's thrashing Machines, if it was found, from the experience which it must have had in England, to possess that merit is ascribed to it in his Annals, I hope to receive it in time to prove it after the next harvest, and should its operation be as favourable as is represented, I shall conceive the cultivation of wheat to be infinitely more worthy of the farmers attention in this country than it is at present.
If, in the course of your farming, you should meet with anything further that is interesting and worthy of attention I shall be much obliged to you for a communication of it. I am, etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1788.
Sir: I have regularly received the letter you did me the honor: to write to me on the 30th. of November last, accompanied by one from the Count de la Luzerne, respecting the claim of M. de Saqui des Tourts13 to be admitted a member of the Society of the Cincinnati.
[Note 13: Louis Charles Hilarion, Chevalier de Saqui des Tourès. He was a captain in the French Navy.]
I should certainly find myself extremely happy in an opportunity of gratifying the wishes of so meritorious an officer as M. des Tourets; if I thought myself at liberty to take any part whatever in the premises. Recommended strongly as he is by the Count de la Luzerne and yourself I cannot have a doubt that he would be an acquisition and a credit to the Institution: nor can I have a hesitation in believing that his pretentions are as good as those of some who have found admission into the Society. Yet as I have (amidst the almost innumerable applications that have been made to me) scrupulously avoided giving any decision and only referred the Documents I had received to the General Meeting I flatter myself I shall be considered as having done everything that was properly within my sphere, by making a similar reference in the present instance.
You will be sensible, I perceive Sir, that, from the Constitution of our Society, it would not have been right in me to have given a positive determination on the question. It would not be less proper than ever for me to take that upon myself. For, having by a circular letter to the several State Societies requested that I might not be re-elected President on account of my numerous avocations: the last Genl. Meeting was pleased so far to indulge me, as to make it a condition for inducing my acceptance, that I should be absolutely excused from all trouble and application incident to the office; and the whole business should devolve on the Vice President, viz, General Mifflin. As I shall not be present at the next General Meeting, I will transmit the application of M. des Tourets to Genl. Knox, the Secretary of the General Society.
The appointment of the Count de la Luzerne to the office of Minister of Marine and his consequent removal to Europe, will, I presume, supersede the expediency of my addressing him on this subject. Had that not been the case, I should have seized with eagerness the occasion of paying the tribute of my homage to his acknowledged talents and virtues. I am truly rejoiced to hear of the felicity of Madame de Marbois and yourself and hope you will be made still more happy in the growing cement of the two nations to which you allude. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1788.
Dear Sir: The articles which you shipped on my Acct. on board of the Charming Polly have arrived safe and in good order.
As I am under the necessity of purchasing, every year, a quantity of coarse Linen, Blanketings &c. for the clothing of my negroes, and sundry other articles for various purposes, and Goods of every kind being sold in Alexandria at a high advance, I am desireous of knowing if I could not supply myself from Philadelphia, or some other place, upon lower terms. I will therefore be much obliged to you if you would inform me of the price of the following articles, as soon as is convenient after you have received this, viz. German and British Oznaburgs of the best quality, suitable for making Negroes shirts and shifts. A kind of Rolls proper for summer Petticoats and Trousers, Dutch Blanketings, Nails from 6d. to 20d, and good ditching Spades by the dozen or single one.
I will thank you to be so good as to forward the enclosed letters to their respective addresses by the first safe conveyances and am, with great esteem etc.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1788.
Dear Sir: You will please to accept of my best thanks for the copy of the debates of your late convention, which you have been so polite as to send me. That, together with your favor of the 11 Ulto. was handed to me by Mr. Madison. The violent proceedings of the enemies of the proposed constitution in your State are to be regretted as disturbing the peace of society; but in any other point of view they are not to be regarded; for their unimportance effectually precludes any fear of their having an extensive or lasting influence, and their activity holds up to view the general cast and character of them, which need only to be seen to be disregarded.
It is impossible to say, with any degree of certainty, what will be the determination of the Convention in this State upon the proposed plan of Government. I have no opportunity of gaining information respecting the matter, but what comes through the medium of the news papers or from those Gentln. who visit me, as I have hardly been ten miles from my farms since my return from Philadelphia. Some judgment may be formed when the members chosen by the several Counties to serve in Convention, are known, as their sentiments will be decided, and their choice determined, by their Attachments or opposition to the proposed System. A majority of those names I have yet seen are said to be friendly to the Constitution; but these are from the Northern parts of the State from whence less opposition was to be expected. It is however certain that there will be greater weight of abilities opposed to it here than in any other State. I am, &c.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1788.
Dear Sir: I am very sorry I have not yet been able to discharge my acct. with the James River Company for the amount of which you presented me with an order.
The almost total loss of my crop last year by the drought which has obliged me to purchase upwards of eight hundred Barrels of Corn, and my other numerous and necessary demands for cash, when I find it impossible to obtain what is due to me, by any means, have caused me more perplexity and given me more uneasiness than I ever experienced before from the want of money. In addition to the disappointments which I have met with from those who are indebted to me, I have in my hands a number of indents and other public securities which I have received from time to time as the interest of some Continental loan office certificates etc. which are in my possession; as I am so little conversant in public securities of every kind as not to know the use or value of them, and hardly the difference of one species from another, I have kept them by me from year to year without having an idea that they would depreciate as they were drawn for interest, and never doubting but they would be received in payment of taxes at any time, till I have found by the Revenue Law of the last session, that only a particular description of them will pay the taxes of the year 1787; the others pay all arrearages of taxes and I am informed are not worth more than 2/6 in the pound. The injustice of this measure is too obvious and too glaring to pass unobserved; it is taxing the honest man for his punctuality, and rewarding the tardy or dishonest with the sum of 17/6 in every pound which is due from him for taxes. As you are now in Richmond I take the liberty of enclosing to you (in a letter from Mr. Pendleton) a Certificate for a negro executed in the year 1781 Amounting to £69. which I will thank you to negotiate for me there upon the best terms you can and pay the proceeds thereof in behalf of what is due from me to the James River Company. The principal for the negro, and three years interest thereon (which is all that was allowed) amounted to £138. which was divided into two Certificates, one receivable in the taxes now due, which I retain, to discharge part of my taxes for the year 1787 and the other you have with this. Upon what principle of justice interest is allowed on the above certificates from the 1st. of Jany. 1785 only my ideas are not sufficiently comprehensive to understand and if it should fall in your way to enquire should be glad to know; as also what will or is likely to be the final result of my holding the Certificates, which have been given to me for interest of the money I lent the Public in the day of its distress. I am well apprized that these are negotiable things as above, and when a person is obliged to part with them, he must, as with other commodities at market, take what they will fetch, but the object of my enquiry, is to know, as above, what the final end of them will be if retained in my chest. Strange indeed it seems, that the Public Officers should take in the original Certificates, issued new, by a scale of their own, reducing the money, as they say, to specie value, give warrants for interest accordingly, and then behold! these specie warrants are worth 2/6 in the pound. To commit them to the flames, or suffer this is a matter of indifference to me. there can be no justice, where there is such practices. You will pardon me for dwelling so long upon this subject. It is a matter which does not concern me alone but must affect many others. With great esteem etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On April 4 Tobias Lear wrote to Thomas Mahony, an house carpenter and joiner, giving the terms, by the year, at which Washington was willing to reemploy him. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On April 15 Mahony and Washington signed an agreement, as to terms, for one year. This agreement is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 11, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favor of the 31st Ulto. enclosing a letter and some seeds from Mr. Peters, and will thank you to send me, by the first Vessel bound this way, a good Wheat fan (if there have been any late improvements on the common sort, which has been found useful, I shall prefer one with such improvements), and a steel-plated whip-saw of the best kind, seven and an half feet long; if you are not a competent judge yourself of the quality of the saw, I will thank you to get somebody to chuse one who is, as I wish it to be free from flaws and good in every respect.
You will oblige me by conveying the enclosed letter to Mr. Peters by the first good opportunity. I am etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, April 14, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 3d. inst. and the news papers accompanying it came to hand by the last mail.
In my letter to you of the 11th inst. I requested you to procure a wheat fan for me, but since that time I have found one more than I then knew of which compleated the number on my several farms and supersedes the necessity of your sending the one which I wrote for, provided this letter reaches you in time to prevent your procuring it.
I will thank you to inform me of the price of good Shad and Herring per Bbl. and if a quantity of them would meet with a ready sale in Philadelphia.
With great esteem etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1788.
Dear Sir: As well from report, as from the ideas expressed in your letter to me in December last, I am led to conclude that you are disposed (circumstanced as our public affairs are at present) to ratify the Constitution which has been submitted by the federal Convention to the People; and under this impression, I take the liberty of expressing a single sentiment on the occasion. It is, that an adjournment, (if attempted), of your Convention to a later period than the decision of the question in this State, will be tantamount to the rejection of the Constitution. I have good ground for this opinion, and am told it is the blow which the leading characters of the opposition in these two States have meditated, if it shall be found that a direct attack is not likely to succeed in yours. If this be true, it cannot be too much deprecated, and guarded against. The postponement in New-Hampshire, altho' made without any reference to the Convention of this State, and altogether from the local circumstances of its own, is ascribed by the opposition here to complaisance towards Virginia; and great use is made of it. An event similar to this in Maryland, would have the worst tendency imaginable; for indecision there wld. have considerable influence upon South Carolina, the only other State which is to precede Virginia, and submits the question almost wholly to the determination of the latter. The pride of the State is already touched upon this string, and will be raised much higher if there is an opening for it.
The sentiments of Kentucky are not yet known here. Independent of these, the parties with us, from the known, or presumed opinions of the members, are pretty equally balanced. The one in favor of the Constitution preponderates at present; but a small matter cast into the opposite scale, may make it the heaviest.
If in suggesting this matter, I have exceeded the proper limit, my motive must excuse me. I have but one public wish remaining. It is, that in peace and retirement, I may see this Country rescued from the danger which is pending, and rise into respectability maugre the Intrigues of its public and private enemies.
With very great esteem &c.
[MD.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, April 25, 1788.
Dear Sir: From some cause or other which I do not know your favor of the 20th of February did not reach me till very lately. This must apologize for its not being sooner acknowledged. Altho' Colo Blaine forgot to call upon me for a letter before he left Philadelphia, yet I wrote a few lines to you previous to my departure from that place; whether they ever got to your hands or not you best know.
I well remember the observation you made in your letter to me of last year, "that my domestic retirement must suffer an interruption." This took place, notwithstanding it was utterly repugnant to my feelings, my interests and my wishes; I sacrificed every private consideration and personal enjoyment to the earnest and pressing solicitations of those who saw and knew the alarming situation of our public concerns, and had no other end in view but to promote the interests of their Country; and conceiving, that under those circumstances, and at so critical a moment, an absolute refusal to act, might, on my part, be construed as a total dereliction of my Country, if imputed to no worse motives. Altho' you say the same motives induce you to think that another tour of duty of this kind will fall to my lot, I cannot but hope that you will be disappointed, for I am so wedded to a state of retirement and find the occupations of a rural life so congenial; with my feelings, that to be drawn into public at my advanced age, could be a sacrifice that would admit of no compensation.
Your remarks on the impressions which will be made on the manners and sentiments of the people by the example of those who are first called to act under the proposed Government are very just; and I have no doubt but (if the proposed Constitution obtains) those persons who are chosen to administer it will have wisdom enough to discern the influence which their example as rulers and legislators may have on the body of the people, and will have virtue enough to pursue that line of conduct which will most conduce to the happiness of their Country; as the first transactions of a nation, like those of an individual upon his first entrance into life, make the deepest impression, and are to form the leading traits in its character, they will undoubtedly pursue those measures which will best tend to the restoration of public and private faith and of consequence promote our national respectability and individual welfare.
That the proposed Constitution will admit of amendments is acknowledged by its warmest advocates; but to make such amendments as may be proposed by the several States the condition of its adoption would, in my opinion amount to a complete rejection of it; for upon examination of the objections, which are made by the opponents in different States and the amendments which have been proposed, it will be found that what would be a favorite object with one State, is the very thing which is strenuously opposed by another; the truth is, men are too apt to be swayed by local prejudices and those who are so fond of amendments which have the particular interest of their own States in view cannot extend their ideas to the general welfare of the Union; they do not consider that for every sacrifice which they make they receive an ample compensation by the sacrifices which are made by other States for their benefit; and that those very things, which they give up operate to their advantage through the medium of the general interest.
In addition to these considerations it should be remembered that a constitutional door is open for such amendments as shall be thought necessary by nine States. When I reflect upon these circumstances I am surprised to find that any person who is acquainted with the critical state of our public affairs, and knows the variety of views, interests, feelings and prejudices which must be consulted in framing a general Government for these States, and how little propositions in themselves so opposite to each other, will tend to promote that desirable end, can wish to make amendments the ultimatum for adopting the offered system.
I am very glad to find, that the opposition in your State, however formidable it has been represented, is, generally speaking, composed of such characters, as cannot have an extensive influence; their fort, as well as that of those in the same class in other States seems to lie in misrepresentation, and a desire to inflame the passions and to alarm the fears by noisy declamation rather than to convince the understanding by sound arguments or fair and impartial statements. Baffled in their attacks upon the constituion they have attempted to vilify and debase the Characters, who formed it, but even here I trust they will not succeed. Upon the whole I doubt whether the opposition to the Constitution will not ultimately be productive of more good than evil; it has called forth, in its defence, abilities which would not perhaps have been otherwise exerted that have thrown new light upon the science of Government, they have given the rights of man a full and fair discussion, and explained them in so clear and forcible a manner, as cannot fail to make a lasting impression upon those who read the best publications on the subject, and particularly the pieces under the signature of Publius. There will be a greater weight of abilities opposed to the system in the convention of this State than there has been in any other, but notwithstanding the unwearied pains which have been taken, and the vigorous efforts which will be made in the Convention to prevent its adoption, I have not the smallest doubt but it will obtain here.
I am sorry to hear, that the College in your neighbourhood.20 is in so declining a state as you represent it, and that it is likely to suffer a further injury by the loss of Dr. Nisbet21 whom you are afraid you shall not be able to support in a proper manner on account of the scarcity of Cash which prevents parents from sending their Children thither. This is one of the numerous evils which arise from the want of a general regulating power, for in a Country like this where equal liberty is enjoyed, where every man may reap his own harvest, which by proper attention will afford him much more than is necessary for his own consumption, and where there is so ample a field for every mercantile and mechanical exertion, if there cannot be money found to answer the common purposes of education, not to mention the necessary commercial circulation, it is evident that there is something amiss in the ruling political power which requires a steady, regulating and energetic hand to correct and control. That money is not to be had, every mans experience tells him, and the great fall in the price of property is an unequivocal and melancholy proof of it, when, if that property was well secured, faith and justice well preserved, a stable government well administered, and confidence restored, the tide of population and wealth would flow to us, from every part of the Globe, and, with a due sense of the blessings, make us the happiest people upon earth. With sentiments of very great esteem &c.22
[Note 20: Dickinson College at Carlyle, in Pennsylvania.]
[Note 21: Dr. Charles Nisbet.]
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 27, 1788.
Sir: I have received your two letters of the 17th and 21st inst. and the papers containing the four numbers of Fabius which accompanied them.
I must beg you to accept my best thanks for your polite attention in forwarding those papers to me. The writer of the pieces signed Fabius, whoever he is,23 appears to be master of his subject; he treats it with dignity, and at the same time expresses himself in such manner as to render it intelligible to every capacity. I have no doubt but that an extensive republication of those numbers would be of utility in removing the impressions which have been made upon the Minds of many by an unfair or partial representation of the proposed constitution, and would afford desirable information upon the subject to those who sought for it. I am happy to hear of your Father's safe arrival in Jamaica; you will please to tender my regards to him whenever you write. I am &c.24
[Note 23: He was John Dickinson.]
[Note 24: From a copy furnished by Mrs. Louis C. Madeira, of Philadelphia, Pa.]
Mount Vernon, April 27, 1788.
Sir: I received the enclosed Tax bill by the last post in a letter from Mr. Charles Lee who informed me that you had furnished him with it, and was so obliging as to offer to settle it with the Sheriff. I must beg you to accept of my best thanks for your kind offer, and shall take the liberty to trouble you upon the occasion.
The specie Tax for the years 1785 and 6 amounts to £107.11.9 which I find, by the Revenue act passed the last Session, may be discharged in Certificates of a particular description, and for the payment of which I have enclosed you 8 Warrants amounting to £107.12.2.
To discharge the Certificate tax for the above mentioned years, amounting to £91.12.8. I have enclosed 305--53/90 Dollars in Indents, which, if I am rightly informed, will pay all arrears of the Certificate tax.
I shall endeavour to procure Tobacco notes to pay £71.14.6 due for the year 1787, and will forward them to you as soon as I can obtain them.
I observe that the Sheriff, of Green Briar has, in the enclosed bill, given in a tract containing 10,990 Acres which lies on the west side of the Great Kanawa, and has omitted one of 7276 acres patented in my name and that of George Muse but now my sole property laying on the East side of said River. If the Great Kanawa seperates the County of Green Briar from any other (as I conceive it does) this statement is erroneous; however I am not sufficiently acquainted with the bounds and divisions of those Counties to decide upon it; the Sheriff ought to know whether it is right or not, and I will thank you to mention the matter to him. The tract of 2000 Acres is also on the West side of the Great Kanawa, tho' by the tax bill it is placed in the County of Green Briar. Independently of the tracts here mentioned, I have 3 other lying on the Ohio, between the mouths of the Great and little Kanawa, but in what Counties they be or under what predicament they are, I know not [they may be]25 possibly sold;26 tho no application has ever been made to me, or any person in my behalf, to my knowledge, for the taxes, these contain 2314 Acres and 4395 Acres making together 9157 Acres. I have also, higher up the Ohio a small
[Note 25: The words in brackets are inserted at a venture in an effort to clarify the careless copying.]
[Note 26: To satisfy the taxes(?).] tract of 587 Acres called the round bottom but how it is taxed, or what steps have been taken to collect it I know not.
Upon the reception of this you will be so obliging as to inform me if the warrants and Indents are such as will answer the purpose. I am, etc.27
[Note 27: Immediately following this letter, in the "Letter Book" is a "List of Warrants and Indents sent to Mr. John Hopkins, to pay the taxes due upon my Lands in Green Briar County April 27, 1788" as follows:
Table imageThe receipts for these payments are in the Washington Papers under date of May 14, 1788.]
Mount Vernon, April 27, 1788.
Dear Sir: Not having sent to the Post office for several days, your favor of the 20th. inst. did not get to my hand till last night. I mention this circumstance as an apology for my not giving it an earlier acknowledgment.
As you are pleased to ask my opinion of the consequences of an adjournment of your Convention until the meeting of ours, I shall (tho' I have meddled very little in this political dispute less perhaps than a man so thoroughly persuaded as I am of the evils and confusions which will result from the rejection of the proposed Constitution, ought to have done) give it as my sincere and decided opinion that the postponement of the question would be tantamount to the final rejection of it, that the adversaries of the new Constitution Virginia and Maryland view it in this light, and they will press for the accomplishment of this measure as the denier resort. I have very good reason to believe to adduce arguments in support of this opinion is as unnecessary as they would be prolix. They are obvious, and will occur to you on a moments reflection.
Tho' the period to which the adjournment in New Hampshire was fixed, with no respect to the meeting of the Convention in this State, but was the effect, solely of local circumstances within itself, yet the opposition here ascribe it wholly to complaisance towards Virginia, make great use of it and undertake to pronounce that all the States thereafter whose Conventions were to precede hers will pursue the same line of Conduct, and of course that those which are to follow will receive their [direction] from it. Should Maryland fulfil this prognostic South Carolina may indeed be staggered and the prediction of the foes to the Constitution will thereby be realized, for the assertion so far as it respects North Carolina may with some truth I believe be applied while the opposition in New York it is well known will avail itself of every pretext for rejection.
The sentiments of the Western district of this State, are not yet brought to my view. Independently thereof the Majority, so far as the opinions of the Delegates are known or presumed, is in favor of the adoption and is encreasing; but as the parties from report are pretty equally poized a small matter cast into either scale would give it the preponderancy. Decisions, or indecisions then with you, will in my opinion, determine the fate of the Constitution, and with it, whether peace and happiness or discord and confusion is to be our lot. The foederalists here see and deprecate the idea of the latter, and their opponents doing all they can to encourage it as their last hope. Thus stands the matter in my eyes at present. with very great esteem etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 27, 1788.
Dear Sir: Accept my thanks for the obliging information contained in your letter of the 15th. inst.29 The great, the important question must ere this, have received its first features in, if not the final of your Convention. If they are decisive and favourable, it will most assuredly raise the edifice. Seven affirmatives without a negative carries weight with them, that would almost convert the unbelieving Sister and yet, but in place of what I was going to add, I will say that, I am, etc.2
[Note 29: Jenifer had written (April 15): "But three Counties in the State have chosen Members Antifederal to wit Ann Arundel, Baltimore and Harford and the Elections of these three will be controverted as to these Members to wit Mr. Saml Chase for Ann Arundel on account of being a Non resident the same objection to Mr Paca and Luther Martin in Harford. Baltimore a Double return 4 for and 4 against the Constitution. Tho' I am opinion when the ultimate decision happens that Mr Paca will vote for the proposed plan as it stands and recommend amendments, rather than risque a new Convention." Jenifer's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 27, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your two favors of the 11th. and 17th. Inst. have been duly received. I am much obliged to you for the trouble which the negotiating the Certificate that I forwarded to you has given, and must further intrude upon you by requesting that you will dispose of the certificates which are in your hand to the best advantage and have the proceeds of them passed to my Credit with the James River Company. As I have already discharged my taxes here for the last year, I shall have no occasion for them on that score.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for your kind attention in forwarding the Acct. of my taxes due upon my lands in Green Briar and as you inform me that Mr. Hopkins is so obliging as to offer to settle with the Sheriff for them, I shall write to him upon the subject, and enclose him Certificates to discharge all that is due previous to the year 1787, for the payment of which I shall endeavour to procure Tobacco notes, which shall be forwarded to him as soon as I can obtain them. With great regard etc.
P. S. Enclosed is a letter to Mr. Hopkins under a flying seal which you will be so good as to close and deliver to him; you will see by the contents what steps I have taken to discharge the tax bill which you forwarded to me, and as it is probable that others of a similar nature will be rendered in (if the lands are not already sold) I think it would be best to lodge the Certificates which you have in the hands of Mr. Hopkins to pay that part of the tax which is due for 1787, and I will devise some other method to answer the demands of the James River Company.30
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 28, 1788.
My dear Count: I have just received the letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 18th of January; and am sorry to learn that the Count de Grasse, our gallant coadjutor in the capture of Cornwallis, is no more. Yet his death is not, perhaps, so much to be deplored as his latter days were to be pitied. It seemed as if an unfortunate and unrelenting destiny pursued him, to destroy the enjoyment of all earthly comfort. For the disastrous battle of the 12th of April, the loss of the favor of his king, and the subsequent connection in marriage with an unworthy woman, were sufficient to have made him weary of the burden of life. Your goodness, in endeavoring to sweeten its passage, was truly commendable; however it might have been marred by his own impetuosity. But his frailties should now be buried in the grave with him, while his name will be long deservedly dear to his country, on account of his successful co-operation in the glorious campaign of 1781. The Cincinnati in some of the States have gone into mourning for him.
Altho' your nation and England have avoided, from prudential motives, going into a war, yet I fancy, their affections have not been much increased by the affair in Holland. The feeling occasioned to France by the interference of Prussia and Britain, may not pass away altogether without consequences. I wish, indeed, the affairs of France to be on a footing which would enable her to be the arbiter of peace to the neighboring nations. The poor Dutch Patriots seem, by some means or another, to have been left sadly in the lurch and to be reduced to a most humiliating condition. And as if the two Powers, who reinstated the Stadt Holder, had not done enough to set the middle nations together by the ears; they have embroiled, forsooth, all the north of Europe by bringing the Turks into hostility with the two Imperial Courts. Should France join with the latter, or even should she continue neuter, I can scarcely conceive that the Ottomans will be permitted to hold any of their possessions in Europe. The torch of hostility, being once kindled, commonly spreads apace; but it is beyond my pre-science to foretell how far this flame will extend itself, before it shall be entirely extinguished.
Here, in America, we have not much news worth the trouble of communicating to you, my dear Count, though I know what is to ourselves often [a] matter of indifference, is to our friends at a distance a subject of curiosity. For that reason, I will sub-join, in one word, a State of affairs on this side of the water. All the public attention has been, for many months past, engrossed by a new Constitution. It has met with some opposition from men of abilities, but it has been much more ably advocated. Six States, that is to say, those of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Jersey Pennsylvania, Delaware and Georgia have accepted it. The opinion is that Maryland and South Carolina will soon do the same. One more State, only, will be [then] wanting to put the Government into execution. And as the other Conventions are to meet early in the summer, we hope for the best. As to the intimation which your partiality for me has prompted you to make on my behalf: I need only say that every body knows that private life is my decided choice in preference to any thing the world can bestow. I am &c.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 28, 1788.
I have now before me, my dear Marqs. your favor of the 3d of August in the last year; together with those of the 1st. of January, the 2d. of January and the 4th. of February in the present. Though the first is of so antient a date, they all come to hand lately, and nearly at the same moment. The frequency of your kind remembrance of me, and the endearing expressions of attachment, are by so much the more satisfactory, as I recognise them to be a counterpart of my own feelings for you. In truth, you know I speak the language of sincerity and not of flattery, when I tell you, that your letters are ever most welcome and dear to me.
This I lay out to be a letter of Politics. We are looking anxiously across the Atlantic for news and you are looking anxiously back again for the same purpose. It is an interesting subject to contemplate how far the war, kindled in the north of Europe, may extend its conflagrations, and what may be the result before its extinction. The Turk appears to have lost his old and acquired a new connection. Whether England has not, in the hour of her pride, overacted her part and pushed matters too far for her own interest, time will discover: but, in my opinion (though from my distance and want of minute information I should form it with diffidence) the affairs of that nation cannot long go on in the same prosperous train: in spite of expedients and in spite of resources, the Paper bubble will one day burst. And it will whelm many in the ruins. I hope the affairs of France are gradually sliding into a better state. Good effects may, and I trust will ensue, without any public convulsion France, were her resources properly managed and her administrations wisely conducted, is (as you justly observe) much more potent in the scale of empire, than her rivals at present seem inclined to believe.
I notice with pleasure the additional immunities and facilities in trade, which France has granted by the late Royal arret to the United States. I flatter myself it will have the desired effect, in some measure, of augmenting the commercial intercourse. From the productions and wants of the two countries, their trade with each other is certainly capable of great amelioration, to be actuated by a spirit of unwise policy. For so surely as ever we shall have an efficient government established, so surely will that government impose retaliating restrictions, to a certain degree, upon the trade of Britain. at present, or under our existing form of Confederations, it would be idle to think of making commercial regulations on our part. One State passes a prohibitory law respecting some article, another State opens wide the avenue for its admission. One Assembly makes a system, another Assembly unmakes it. Virginia, in the very last session of her Legislature, was about to have passed some of the most extravagant and preposterous Edicts on the subject of trade, that ever stained the leaves of a Legislative Code. It is in vain to hope for a remedy of these and innumerable other evils, untill a general Government shall be adopted.
The Conventions of Six States only have as yet accepted the new Constitution. No one has rejected it. It is believed that the Convention of Maryland, which is now in session; and that of South Carolina, which is to assemble on the 12th of May, will certainly adopt it. It is, also, since the elections of Members for the Convention have taken place in this State, more generally believed that it will be adopted here than it was before those elections were made. There will, however, be powerful and eloquent speeches on both sides of the question in the Virginia Convention; but as Pendleton, Wythe, Blair, Madison, Jones, Nicholas, Innis and many other of our first characters will be advocates for its adoption, you may suppose the weight of abilities will rest on that side. Henry and Mason are its great adversaries. The Governor, if he opposes it at all will do it feebly.
On the general merits of this proposed Constitution, I wrote to you, some time ago, my sentiments pretty freely. That letter had not been received by you, when you addressed to me the last of yours which has come to my hands. I had never supposed that perfection could be the result of accommodation and mutual concession. The opinion of Mr. Jefferson and yourself is certainly a wise one, that the Constitution ought by all means to be accepted by nine States before any attempt should be made to procure amendments. For, if that acceptance shall not previously take place, men's minds will be so much agitated and soured, that the danger will be greater than ever of our becoming a disunited People. Whereas, on the other hand, with prudence in temper and a spirit of moderation, every essential alteration, may in the process of time, be expected.
You will doubtless, have seen, that it was owing to this conciliatory and patriotic principle that the Convention of Massachusetts adopted the Constitution in toto; but recommended a number of specific alterations and quieting explanations, as an early, serious and unremitting subject of attention. Now, although it is not to be expected that every individual, in Society, will or can ever be brought to agree upon what is, exactly, the best form of government; yet, there are many things in the Constitution which only need to be explained, in order to prove equally satisfactory to all parties. For example: there was not a member of the convention, I believe, who had the least objection to what is contended for by the Advocates for a Bill of Rights and Tryal by Jury. The first, where the people evidently retained every thing which they did not in express terms give up, was considered nugatory as you will find to have been more fully explained by Mr. Wilson and others: And as to the second, it was only the difficulty of establishing a mode which should not interfere with the fixed modes of any of the States, that induced the Convention to leave it, as a matter of future adjustment.
There are other points on which opinions would be more likely to vary. As for instance, on the ineligibility of the same person for President, after he should have served a certain course of years. Guarded so effectually as the proposed Constitution is, in respect to the prevention of bribery and undue influence in the choice of President: I confess, I differ widely myself from Mr. Jefferson and you, as to the necessity or expediency of rotation in that appointment. The matter was fairly discussed in the Convention, and to my full convictions; though I cannot have time or room to sum up the argument in this letter. There cannot, in my judgment, be the least danger that the President will by any practicable intrigue ever be able to continue himself one moment in office, much less perpetuate himself in it; but in the last stage of corrupted morals and political depravity: and even then there is as much danger that any other species of domination would prevail. Though, when a people shall have become incapable of governing themselves and fit for a master, it is of little consequence from what quarter he comes. Under an extended view of this part of the subject, I can see no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of any man, who on some great emergency shall be deemed universally, most capable of serving the Public.
In answer to the observations you make on the probability of my election to the Presidency (knowing me as you do) I need only say, that it has no enticing charms, and no fascinating allurements for me. However, it might not be decent for me to say I would refuse to accept or even to speak much about an appointment, which may never take place: for in so doing, one might possibly incur the application of the moral resulting from that Fable, in which the Fox is represented as inveighing against the sourness of the grapes, because he could not reach them. All that it will be necessary to add, my dear Marquis, in order to show my decided predilection, is, that, (at my time of life and under my circumstances) the encreasing infirmities of nature and the growing love of retirement do not permit me to entertain a wish beyond that of living and dying an honest man on my own farm. Let those follow the pursuits of ambition and fame, who have a keener relish for them, or who may have more years, in store, for the enjoyment.
Mrs. Washington, while she requests that her best compliments may be presented to you, joins with me in soliciting that the same friendly and affectionate memorial of our constant remembrance and good wishes may be made acceptable to Madame de la Fayette and the little ones. I am &c.
P. S. May 1st. Since writing the foregoing letter, I have received Authentic Accounts that the Convention of Maryland have ratified the new Constitution by a Majority of 63 to 11.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 28, 1788.
Sir: I have been duly favoured with your letter of the 15 Instt., enclosing a Memorial to the General Meeting of the Cincinnati; and, agreeably to your request, shall transmit the Enclosure to the Secretary, to be laid before the meeting.
As your embarrassments have been a source of long and severe inquietude, I should be truly happy in knowing that they were removed. But, as it was the express condition of my accepting the Presidency of the Society, "that I should be exempted from all applications and cares respecting it: I trust when this stipulation shall be generally known that all addresses will be made to the Vice-President or Secretary.
While I sincerely condole with you on the loss of your good father; you will permit me to remind you, as an inexhaustible subject of consolation, that there is a good Providence which will never fail to take care of his Children: and be assured, Sir, it will always give me real satisfaction to find that prosperity and felicity have been attendant on all your steps.
With sentiments of great esteem etc.33
[Note 33: From a microfilm of the original in the Hayes Memorial Library, Fremont, Ohio.]
Mount Vernon, April 28, 1788.
General Washington presents his best compliments and thanks to Doctor Rush, for the polite attention manifested in forwarding the elegant engraving34 from the Right Hble. the Earl of Buchan. The General takes the liberty of requesting that the Doctor (whenever an occasion may happen) will have the goodness to make his most grateful acknowledgments to that patriotic Nobleman, for so flattering a token of his esteem and friendship.35
[Note 34: This was "a print of the celebrated Mr Napier," who was John Napier, or Neper, laird of Merchiston, inventor of logarithms, the present notation of decimal fractions, etc.]
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 30, 1788.
Dear Sir: I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 15th. of April, in which you did me the favor to enclose an extract from the original Statute, designating the duties of the Office to which I had been appointed.
Influenced by a heart-felt desire to promote the cause of Science in general, and the prosperity of the College of William and Mary in particular, I accept the office of Chancellor in the same; and request you will be pleased to give official notice thereof to the learned Body, who have thought proper to honor me with the appointment. I confide fully in their strenuous endeavours for placing the system of Education on such a basis, as will render it most beneficial to the State and the Republic of letters, as well as to the more extensive interests of humanity and religion. In return, they will do me the justice to believe, that I shall not be tardy in giving my cheerful concurrence to such measures, as may be best calculated for the attainment of those desirable and important objects. For the expressions of politeness and friendship blended with your communications, you are desired to receive my best acknowledgments. I am &c.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 30, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 9th. instant by the Post and have found myself not a little at a loss to know how to answer it.
While rivetted to the toils and perplexities inseperable from the Commission of Commander in Chief; I sought not to avoid trouble, I shunned not to enter into the minutest investigation of innumerable disagreeable subjects, for, unfortunately, in our army, they were but to numerous and too troublesome to my repose. But to rip open again the disagreeable subjects that seemed to be forever closed with the war and my retirement, I could not think of doing it, unless I would first consent to give up all the prospects of tranquility, which, I flattered myself, awaited the last years of a life, that had been devoted almost invariably to the services of others. The sacrifice would be too great, and the expectation unreasonable. All that I can be expected to do in your case is to observe upon the state of it (not from a recurrence to papers which are packed away but according to the best of my recollection) that your absence from the Army appeared to be rather the effect of an unaccountable indiscretion than of a premediated criminality; and that, altho' precedent and the good of service made your dismission indispensable on account of your having gone beyond Sea without a regular permission, your character in other respects stood unexceptionable: insomuch that considerable interest was made in your behalf by Officers of good reputation.
Upon this State of facts; although it would be highly improper for me to give any opinion to Congress, yet so far am I from wishing to prejudice an impartial examination into the Justice of your applications, that I cannot have the least objection to their investigating and determining the matter, in whatsoever manner may seem most proper to them. In whatsoever manner the business may result, I cannot ever with propriety say anything more on the subject. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 25[--May 1], 1788.
My dear Marquis: In reading your very friendly and acceptable letter of 21st. December 1787, which came to hand by the last mail, I was, as you may well suppose, not less delighted than surprised to come across that plain American word "my wife." A wife! well my dear Marquis, I can hardly refrain from smiling to find you are caught at last. I saw, by the eulogium you often made on the happiness of domestic life in America, that you had swallowed the bait and that you would as surely be taken (one day or another) as you was a Philosopher and a Soldier. So your day has, at length, come. I am glad of it with all my heart and soul. It is quite good enough for you. Now you are well served for coming to fight in favor of the American Rebels, all the way across the Atlantic Ocean, by catching that terrible Contagion, domestic felicity, which time like the small pox or the plague, a man can have only once in his life: because it commonly lasts him (at least with us in America, I dont know how you manage these matters in France) for his whole life time. And yet after all the male-dictions you so richly merit on the subject, the worst wish which I can find in my heart to make against Madame de Chastellux and yourself is, that you may neither of you ever get the better of this same domestic felicity during the entire course of your-mortal existence.
If so wonderful an event should have occasioned me, my dear Marquis, to have written in a strange style, you will understand me as clearly as if I had said (what in plain English, is the simple truth) do me the justice to believe that I take a heartfelt interest in whatever concerns your happiness. And in this view, I sincerely congratulate you on your auspicious Matrimonial connection. I am happy to find that Madame de Chastellux is so intimately connected with the Dutchess of Orleans, as I have always understood that this noble lady was an illustrious pattern of connubial love, as well as an excellent model of virtue in general.
While you have been making love, under the banner of Hymen, the great Personages in the North have been making war, under the inspiration, or rather under the infatuation of Mars. Now, for my part, I humbly conceive, you have had much the best and wisest of the bargain. For certainly it is more consonant to all the principles of reason and religion (natural and revealed) to replenish the earth with inhabitants, rather than to depopulate it by killing those already in existence, besides it is time for the age of Knight-Errantry and mad-heroism to be at an end. Your young military men, who want to reap the harvest of laurels, don't care (I suppose) how many seeds of war are sown; but for the sake of humanity it is devoutly to be wished, that the manly employment of agriculture and the humanizing benefits of commerce, would supersede the waste of war and the rage of conquest; that the swords might be turned into plough-shares, the spears into pruning hooks, and, as the Scripture expresses it, "the nations learn war no more."
Now I will give you a little news from this side of the water, and then finish. As for us, we are plodding on in the dull road of peace and politics. We, who live in these ends of the earth, only hear of the rumors of war like the roar of distant thunder. It is to be hoped, that our remote local situation will prevent us from being swept into its vortex.
The Constitution, which was proposed by the foederal Convention, has been adopted by the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Georgia. No State has rejected it. The Convention of Maryland is now sitting and will probably adopt it; as that of South Carolina is expected to do in May. The other Conventions will assemble early in the summer. Hitherto there has been much greater unanimity in favour of the proposed government than could have reasonably been expected. Should it be adopted (and I think it will be) America will lift up her head again and in a few years become respectable among the nations. It is a flattering and consolatory reflection, that our rising Republics have the good wishes of all the Philosophers, Patriots, and virtuous men in all nations: and that they look upon them as a kind of Asylum for mankind. God grant that we may not disappoint their honest expectations, by our folly or perverseness.
With sentiments of the purest attachment &c.
P.S. If the Duke de Lauzun is still with you, I beg you will thank him, in my name, for his kind remembrance of me, and make my Compliments to him.
May 1st. Since writing the above I have been favoured with a duplicate of your letter in the hand-writing of a lady, and cannot close this without acknowledging my obligations for the flattering Postscript of the fair Transcriber. In effect, my dear Marquis, the Characters of this interpreter of your sentiments are so much fairer than those through which I have been accustomed to decypher them, that I already consider myself as no small gainer by your Matrimonial connection. Especially, as I hope, your amiable amanuensis will not forget, at sometimes, to add a few annotations of her own to your original text.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 1, 1788.
Dear Sir: I consider myself the more indebted to your obliging care in transmitting the letter of the Marquis de la Fayette, as by that means you have given me the double advantage of hearing from two of my distant, military friends at once.
It is so long since I have had the satisfaction of holding any immediate intercourse with you, that I may be allowed to touch on a subject rather obtrusive [ sic] indeed, but not (I presume) the less pleasant on that account: I mean your entrance upon the road of connubial life. Permit me, then, to wish that it may be strewed with flowers, and that every possible happiness may attend you and the partner39 of your Journey, who, (if I am not egregiously misinformed by those who are well acquainted with her) is worthy of that distinguished lot of felicity. Mrs. Washington wishes that her compliments may be presented with mine to yourself and Lady. You may ever count upon my sincere regard, and believe me to be, Dear Sir, etc.40
[Note 39: Smith married Abigail Adam, daughter of John Adams.]
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 2, 1788.
My dear Sir: I have now to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 29 of March which should have been done at an earlier period had any thing transpired in these parts that was worth communicating.
I can now with pleasure, inform you that the State of Maryland adopted the proposed Constitution last Monday by a very great majority; this you will undoubtedly have announced by the public papers before this letter reaches you but that State will not receive the sole benefit of its adoption, it will have a very considerable influence upon the decision in Virginia, for it has been strongly insisted upon by the opponents in the lower and back counties in this State that Maryland would reject it by a large majority; the result being found so directly opposite to this assertion will operate very powerfully upon the sentiments of many who were before undecided and will tend to fix them in favor of the Constitution, it will if I am not misinformed, have this effect upon many who are chosen to the Convention and who have depended in a great measure upon the determination of Maryland to confirm their opinion. But, exclusive of this influence, the most accurate returns of the members of the Convention, with their sentiments, so far as they were known, annexed, gave a decided majority in favor of the Constitution, and the prevailing opinion is, that it gains advocates daily. I never have, for my own part once doubted of its adoption here, and if I have at any time been wavering in my opinion the present appearances and concurrent information would have compleatly fixed it.
I am very sorry to find by your letter that there is so much of the spirit of insurrection yet remaining in your State, and that it discovered itself so strongly in your Assembly. but I hope the influence of those Gentlemen who are friendly to the proposed constitution, and the conciliatory disposition which was shown by many of the minority in your Convention will so far pervade the States as to prevent that factious spirit from gaining ground.
Mrs. Washington and the Children thank you for your kind remembrance of them and unite with me in the best wishes for your happiness. With sentiments of the highest esteem etc.
P.S. Enclosed is a letter from your young friend.43
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 44: A Moravian bishop.]
Mount Vernon, May 2, 1788.
Reverend Sir: I have received your obliging letter of the 28th of March, enclosing a copy of some remarks on the Customs, Languages &c. of the Indians, and a printed pamphlet containing the stated rules of a Society for propagating the Gospel among the Heathen45 for which tokens of polite attention and kind remembrance I must beg you to accept my best thanks.
[Note 45: The remarks on the customs and languages of the Indians, by David Zeisberger, is in the Washington Papers. The printed pamphlet will be found in the Washington Papers under date of Nov. 1, 1787.]
So far as I am capable of judging, the principles upon which the society is founded and the rules laid down for its government, appear to be well calculated to promote so laudable and arduous an undertaking, and you will permit me to add that if an event so long and so earnestly desired as that of converting the Indians to Christianity and consequently to civilization, can be effected, the Society of Bethlehem bids fair to bear a very considerable part in it. I am, Reverend Sir, with sentiments of esteem, &c.
Mount Vernon, May 2, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 29th. Ulto. reminds me of an omission which I should have been ashamed of, did I not conceive that my apology will be as Satisfactory as it is lust. The omission I allude to is not acknowledging the receipt of your favour which accompanied the Books46 and thank you for your care of the latter. The apology is the hourly expectation of seeing you at this place on your return to Philadelphia. Whether the latter is adequate to the former you are to Judge of, be this as it may, it is the best I can offer.
[Note 46: Morris's letter, which is in the Washington Papers, makes no mention of books.]
I have not at any moment, despaired of this States acceptance of the new Constitution and less since the ratification of Maryland by so large and decided a Majority; the fury of the opposition, I believe is spent, the grand push was made at the Elections and failing of success therein the hopes of its leaders begin to flag and many of them or I am mistaken wish the business was to commence de novo; in which case a different line of March would be taken up by some of them.
It was with very singular pleasure I received information of the intended visit from Mrs. Morris &c. I take it for granted, tho' Mr. Morris has not said as much, that he will add to our happiness by becoming one of the Party, to repeat the same to you is, I hope unnecessary, as you cannot doubt of the pleasure it would give me. Mrs. Washington offers her compliments to you, and with sentiments of sincere esteem and regard I am, etc.
P.S. Colo. Humphrey's who is here, thanks you for your kind remembrance of him, and prays you to accept his best wishes.47
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 2, 1788.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 10th. ult. came duly to hand, and the enclosure for Mr. D. Carroll48 was forwarded the next day by a direct and safe conveyance. That Gentleman however was not of the Convention; but the body, of which you supposed him a member by a large (of sixty odd to twelve) and decided majority have ratified the new Constitution. A thorn this is in the sides of the leaders of opposition in this State; should South Carolina give as unequivocal approbation of the system the opposition here must become feeble for eight affirmatives without a negative carries weight of argument if not eloquence with it that would cause even the unerring sister to hesitate. Mr. Chace, it is said, made a display of all his eloquence. Mr. Mercer discharged his whole artillery of inflamable matter; and Mr. Martin did something; I know not what, presume with vehemence, but no converts were made, no, not one. So business after a very short Session, ended; and will if I mistake not render yours less tiresome. I am, etc.49
[Note 48: Daniel Carroll, of Rock Creek.]
[Note 49: The text is from the sales catalogue of the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1892).]
Mount Vernon, May 2, 1788.
Dear Sir: Permit me to assure you in unequivocal terms, that the proposed visit of Mrs. Morris, and such parts of your family as are mentioned in your letter of the 29th. Ulto. will give sincere pleasure at Mount Vernon. Mrs. Washington and myself only wish that you had not confined it to Miss, and the two Mr. Morris; of this I have taken the liberty to inform Mrs. Morris in a letter, hoping that she may find it convenient to bring the other parts of your family along with her. I hope you will not (tho' you are silent on the head) let us not want the pleasure of your Company to make the party perfectly happy.
On the safe arrival of your Sons I heartily congratulate you as I hope I may do on the recovery of your finger from the severe blow we are told it received in your tour to Norfolk. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for you, and with Sentiments of very great esteem and regard I am, etc.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 5, 1788.
Dear George: I yesterday received a letter from Mr. Hanson, informing me that you slept from home three nights successively, and one contrary to his express prohibition. Complaints of this nature are extremely painful to me, as it discovers a degree of impropriety in your conduct, which, at your time of life your good sense and discretion ought to point out to you and lead you to avoid. Although there is nothing criminal in your having slept with a companion of good manners and reputation as you say you have, yet your absenting yourself from your own lodgings under that pretence may be productive of irregularities and disagreeable consequences; and I now insist upon it, in the most pointed terms, that you do not repeat it without the consent and approbation of Mr. Hanson.
One strong motive for my placing you in your present lodgings was that you might, in your conduct out of school, be guided by Mr. Hanson's advice and directions, as I confide very much in his discretion and think that he would require nothing of you but what will conduce to your advantage; and at the age to which you have now arrived you must be capable of distinguishing between a proper and improper line of conduct, and be sensible of the advantages or disadvantages which will result to you through life from the one or the other.
Your future character and reputation will depend very much, if not entirely, upon the habits and manners, which you contract in the present period of your life; they will make an impression upon you which can never be effaced. You should therefore be extremely cautious how you put yourself into the way of imbibing those customs which may tend to corrupt your manners or vitiate your heart. I do not write to you in this style from knowing or suspecting that you are addicted to any vice, but only to guard you against pursuing a line of conduct which may imperceptibly lead on to vicious courses. Mr. Hanson has done you and Lawrence justice in saying, that your behavior since you have been last with him has been unexceptionable except in this instance and one more which he has not mentioned, and I hope this is the last complaint I shall ever hear while you remain in your present situation at least, as it will prevent me from using means to regulate your behaviour, which will be disagreeable to us both. I am your sincere friend and affectionate uncle.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 5, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of yesterday was handed to me last evening. I am sorry that the conduct of one of my Nephews has been such as to render a complaint to me necessary, but I am extremely obliged to you for the communication. George has now advanced to that time of life when it is absolutely necessary that his conduct should be regulated by some means or other. Coercion would be extremely painful to me, but if advice, remonstance and gentle methods will not answer the purpose others must be taken. Enclosed is a letter to him which I have left open for your perusal.
I am glad to find that Lawrence has behaved so well, I rather suspected that trespasses would have commenced on his part than on that of George. I am, etc.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 6, 1788.
Gentn: If you have fixed upon Monday next for the meeting of the Directors of the Pork. Company at the Falls of the Shanandoah, have given Messrs. Johnson and Lee notice of it, and informed Mr. Stuart53 and his accusers thereof you will please to let me know it, (having heard nothing yet of the determination) In these cases, and that I may have nothing to retard my speedy return after the business of the meeting is finished I shall set off on thursday, take the great and Seneca Falls in my way up, make a visit or two in Berkeley, and be at the place of meeting by ten oclock on Monday. I am, etc.52
[Note 53: Richardson Stewart.]
Mount Vernon, May 8, 1788.
Dear Sir: To a letter which I wrote you some days ago, I beg leave to refer you. I congratulate with you on the happy decision of your Convention; having no doubt of its weight on those States which are to follow.
In a letter (just received) from Colo. Spaight54 of North Carolina he informs me of his having sent a small bag of Pease to your care, for me. Have you received them? If so, be so good as to forward them by the Stage (the Cost of which I will pay; without dispatch they will come too late) to Alexandria.
[Note 54: Richard Dobbs Spaight.]
A Monsr. Campion who brought over my Asses, says he is in distress, and has written to me for money. Pray what is his character in Baltimore, and what has he been employed about this year and half, in that place? Though he had no demand upon me for the service he performed, yet, I gave him a sum of money as an acknowledgment of my sense of the proper discharge of the trust reposed in him. He told me at that time (fall was twelve months) that he should spend the winter in Baltimore and Sail for France in the Spring. In the Spring (as I was going to Phila. he told me he should sail in the Fall. In the fall, as I returned from thence, he assured me he should Sail in a fortnight. Since which I have heard nothing from, or of him till now, his application to me for money. Your answer (soon) to this part of my letter will be very acceptable to Dear Sir Yr. etc.55
[Note 55: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1788.
Sir: Your favour of the 26th. ulto. together with the seeds of the manger werzel56 and the Pamphlet respecting the cultivation and use of this valuable plant, came safe and claims my particular acknowledgments. I thank you for both, and shall
[Note 56: The root of scarcity.] endeavor to propogate the former with care and attention: Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to Mrs. Rush. I am, etc.57
[Note 57: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1788.
Gentn: Enclosed is a Bill of the Scantling which you sent me according to the measurement of it. There is a deficiency of 21 pieces, as you will see by the bill annexed which is a copy of the one sent to you last winter; you will see the dimensions of the deficient pieces by comparing the two bills. There are 15 pieces among those sent which are not conformable to any mentioned in the original bill, and of course are useless to me, unless 7 of them., which are 12 ft. long, 6 by 4, should be included with the studs 10 ft. long 6 by 4, of which you will observe there is a deficiency of 19. I would wish to be informed whether you could supply those pieces which are wanting immediately because if you cannot I must get them myself.
Should you have any doubts respecting the proper measurement of the Scantling they can easily be removed (and it is my wish that they may) by being measured by yourselves or by a person of your own appointing as the pieces are now stacked and can be run over in a few hours. I am, etc.58
[Note 58: Following this letter in the "Letter Book" is a copy of the scantling sent for and the scantling received.]
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1788.
Sir: I have lately had the honor of receiving your polite letter of the 22d. of April enclosing one from the Marquis de la Fayette, which would have given me a double pleasure to have received from your own hands by informing me of the welfare of that much esteemed character and giving me an opportunity of paying a proper attention to a person recommended by him.: this pleasure however I flatter myself I shall yet receive by your visiting Mount Vernon.
You will please, Sir, to accept of my best wishes that your tour to this Country may be perfectly pleasing and conformable to your expectations, and that you may return to your native land with impressions favourable to America and its Citizens. I have the honor, etc.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 60: Of Edinburgh.]
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1788.
Miss: I have received your letter of the 26th. of November and have lately had an opportunity, (by a Gentleman of this neighbourhood who was in Richmond) of making the enquiries which you desired. He informs me that he was the Gentleman mentioned in your letter which acknowledges there is a balance in his hands due to your father but says the sum is not so large as you mention, some part of it having been already paid.
It will readily occur to you that the only method of recovering the money will be to invest some person on the spot with proper power to act on your behalf and receive it for you. The necessity of appointing some person living in the neighbourhood of the Gentleman from whom the money is due is so obvious that you cannot but be sensible of it. And permit me to observe here that my agency in this business thus far has been no ways inconvenient or disagreeable to me, but my various avocations which require an unremitting attention would compel me to do an injury to my feelings by declining to take any part in recovering or receiving the money if it should be proposed. I am, etc.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
May 12, 1788.
I do hereby certify and make known to all to whom the presents shall come that Mr.--Howe, late a Lieutt. in the New-Hampshire line of the Continental Army, was an Officer of a fair and respectable character, that he served some part of the last year of the War as an auxiliary Lieutenant with my own Guard, that he commanded the Escort which came with my baggage and Papers to Mount Vernon at the close of the War, and that in all my acquaintance with him I had great reason to be satisfied with his integrity, intelligence and good dispositions.
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have received your two letters of the 29 of April and 4th of May. Since my application to you for the prices of Linen and Blankets I have had an opportunity of supplying myself with both, upon pretty reasonable terms, but am no less obliged to you for the trouble of your inquiries respecting them.
The Philadelphia Packet has not yet arrived, but if she sailed at the time you mention she may be expected very soon.
I will thank you to inform me whether you have received the Interest due upon my Certificate in your hands, as there is a balance due to you in consequence of those articles last purchased on my Acct. which shall be remitted if it is not adjusted by the above Interest.
Will you be so obliging as to let me know in your next what the price of dble and single refined Sugar is with you?
Nails from 8d to 20d can be purchased cheaper in Alexandria than in Philadelphia. 20d can be had in the former place at 10/2 perM allowing 20 lb to theM; whereas 20 lb at 9d would amount to 15/ Pensylvania Currency; but I believe all under 8d would come cheaper at 9d per pound. With great esteem, I am etc.
PS. Pray forward the Letter to Genl. Armstrong when a good conveyance offers.62
[Note 62: In the writing of Tobias Lear. The P. S. is in the writing of Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1788.
Dear Sir: I am indebted to you for your favors of the 20th and 24th Ult, and thank you for your care of my foreign letters; I do the same for the Pamphlet you were so obliging as to send me.63 The good sense, forcible observations, temper and moderation with which it is written cannot fail, I should think of making a serious impression, even upon the antifoederal mind where it is not under the influence of such local views as will yield to no argument, no proofs. If you could conveniently furnish me with another of these Pamphlets I would thank you, having sent the last to a friend of mine.
[Note 63: Jay's letter of Apr. 10, 1788, which is in the Washington Papers, merely mentions but does not give the title of the pamphlet.]
Since the Elections in this State little doubt is entertained of the adoption of the proposed Constitution with us (if no mistake has been made with respect to the sentiments of the Kentucky members). The opponents to it I am informed are now also of this opinion. Their grand manoeuvres were exhibited at the Elections, and some of them if reports be true were not much to their credit. Failing in their attempt to exclude the friends to the new government from the Convention, and baffled in their exertions to effect an adjournment in Maryland, they have become more passive of late; should South Carolina (now in session) decide favourably, and the Government thereby (nine States having acceded) get in motion I can scarcely conceive that any one of the remainder, or all of them together were they to convene for the purpose of deliberation, separated from each other as they then would be, in a geographical point of view would incline to with draw from the Union of the other nine. Mrs. Washington unites with me in Compliments and good wishes for you and Mrs. Jay, and I am etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 19, 1788.
Sir: Enclosed is the duplicate of a letter I wrote to you agreeably to the date, but having heard nothing from you since, I am apprehensive it may have met with a miscarriage and therefore send this copy by your Brother who will endeavor to contrive it safe to you.
I have been called upon for Taxes, and threatened at the sametime with a Sale of the land after June, if the money is not paid before, by the Sheriff of Green brier County. As I have been suffering loss after loss for near ten years while I was in the public Service and have scarcely had time to breathe since. this proceedure seems to me to be a little hasty, no regular application been made to me, nor I might add any application at all but by these threats indirectly sent. to be threatned with a Sale when I cannot upon enquiry find that others who have lands in the same County have been treated in that rigorous manner seems to carry with it singular appearance. I am however, endeavouring to provide for the payment but wish to meet with that measure and indulgence which is shewn to others.
I have heard also, that People, under some other authority than mine, are settling in the point of a Fork between Cole River and the Great Kanhawa; as I have a tract of two thousand Acres which includes this spot these persons should be informed thereof to prevent deception to themselves, or trouble to me. The authority (if you incline to act under it) with which you are invested will enable you to settle this matter with them and to continue them thereon if you can agree on terms. I am, etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1788.
Sir: The letter with which you honored me the 25th. of last month, and the Pease (by way of Baltimore) are safe at hand. I pray you to accept my thanks for them. I shall cultivate the Pease with care, this year in hills, to accumulate Seed, next year in broadcast, for a crop.
I am sorry to find by your letter that the State of North Carolina is so much opposed to the proposed Government. If a better could be agreed on, it might be well to reject this; but without a prospect (and I confess none appears to me) policy I think must recommend the one that is submitted. The sentiments of this State will soon be known. The second day of June the Convention is to meet. Since the election of delegates to it, the prevailing opinion is, that a majority of the members are in favor of the Constitution, but as they are soon to speak their own sentiments it would be imprudent to anticipate them, even, if they were reduced to certainty. Maryland has ratified by a very large Majority; Sixty three to Eleven. With great esteem etc.66
[Note 66: From the original in the North Carolina Historical Commission.]
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1788.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 12th. Inst. In answer thereto I beg leave to inform you that I am not disinclined to part with my moiety of the land purchased (by the deceased Colo. Fielding Lewis and myself) in North Carolina, provided a reasonable and adequate price can be obtained for it.
For this land, that Gentleman and myself paid (to the best of my recollection) a pistole an Acre 20 odd years ago, and expended considerable Sums in ditching to reclaim the low parts thereof. If under this information you should feel disposed to give a sum that would in some measure make us whole, I would in order to accomodate the Executors of Colo. Lewis who are desirous of selling his moiety, part with mine also; and will as soon as Mr. John Lewis can be consulted communicate the terms to you. Without such disposition on your part, it would be useless to fix on any price or the credits because I am not inclined to sell my part at any considerable loss being fully convinced that if a good government is established and property thereby secured that Land generally, will again be in demand and consequently rise, and those which are situated as this is will command almost any price, if the Cut between Elizabeth River and Pasquetant (to make which nothing in my opinion is easier) should be effected. I am, etc.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1788.
My dear Count: I take the liberty of introducing to your acquaintance Mr. Barlow,68 the person who will have the honor of handing this letter to you. He is a Gentleman of liberal education, respectable character, great abilities, and high reputation for literary accomplishmts. He is peculiarly and honorably known in the Republic of Letters both here and in Europe, for being the Author of an admirable Poem, in which he has worthily celebrated the glory of your Nation in general and of yourself in particular. Attended, as he is, with so many interesting circumstances and under so many unusual advantages, I need add no more than just a recommendation to your attention and civilities.
[Note 68: Joel Barlow.]
Since I had the pleasure of writing to you by the last Packet, nothing worthy of notice has happened in America, except the adoption of the Constitution in Maryland by a very great Majority. I embrace you, my dear Count, with all my heart; and have the honor, etc.69
[Note 69: From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1788.
Sir: As not anything which is interesting to your happiness and glory can be indifferent to me, I have a sincere, pleasure in congratulating you on your appointment as Ambassador from the most Christian King to the Court of London.
Altho your Excellency may possibly have had some knowledge of Mr. Barlow (the gentleman who will put this letter into your hands and of whom it is recommendatory) during your residence in America; yet his celebrity as a writer was not then so great as to have attracted the same admiration and applause, which he hath since merited and obtained by the publication of his celebrated Poem entitled the Vision of Columbus. That Work is dedicated by permission to the King of France, and is intended as an honorable testimony of America's gratitude and affection for the French nation. I observe that it has been republished in London, and that the Critical Reviewers have treated that Author, in their Strictures upon it, as a person possessed of a very distinguished and sublime Genius. I will only trespass on your time to add that Mr. Barlow's character and talents are such as authorize me to commend him to your particular notice: and to assure you, my dear Marquis, with how great personal consideration and esteem. I have the honor, etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 71: A Menonite minister from Holland.]
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1788.
Sir: The letter which you did me the favor to address to me the 15th. of this instt. from New York has been duly received, and I take the speediest occasion to well-come your arrival on the American shore.
I had always hoped that this land might become a safe and agreeable Asylum to the virtuous and persecuted part of mankind, to whatever nation they might belong; but I shall be the more particularly happy, if this Country can be, by any means, useful to the Patriots of Holland, with whose situation I am peculiarly touched, and of whose public virtue I entertain a great opinion.
You may rest assured, Sir, of my best and most friendly sentiments of your suffering compatriots, and that, while I deplore the calamities to which many of the most worthy members of your Community have been reduced by the late foreign interposition in the interior affairs of the United Netherlands; I shall flatter myself that many of them will be able with the wrecks of their fortunes which may have escaped the extensive devastation, to settle themselves in comfort, freedom and ease in some corner of the vast regions of America. The spirit of the Religions and the genius of the political Institutions of this Country must be an inducement. Under a good government (which I have no doubt we shall establish) this Country certainly promises greater advantages, than almost any other, to persons of moderate property, who are determined to be sober, industrious and virtuous members of Society. And it must not be concealed, that a knowledge that these are the general characteristics of your compatriots would be a principal reason to consider their advent as a valuable acquisition to our infant settlements. If you should meet with as favorable circumtances, as I hope will attend your first operations; I think it probable that your coming wall be the harbinger for many more to adventure across the Atlantic.
In the meantime give me leave to request that I may have the pleasure to see you at my house whensoever it can be convenient to you, and to offer whatsoever services it may ever be in my power to afford yourself, as well as to the other Patriots and friends to the rights of Mankind of the Dutch Nation.72 I am etc.
[Note 72: Vanderkemp visited Mount Vernon July 29--30, 1788.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1788.
My dear Marquis: I have lately had the pleasure to receive the two letters by which you introduced to my acquaintance M. Du Pont and M. Vanderkemp and altho' those gentlemen have not as yet been to visit me, you may be persuaded that whensoever I shall have the satisfaction of receiving them, it will be with all that attention to which their merits and your recommendations entitle them.
Notwithstanding you are acquainted with Mr. Barlow in person, and with his works by reputation, I thought I would just write you a line by him, in order to recommend him the more particularly to your civilities. Mr. Barlow is considered by those who are good Judges to be a genius of the first magnitude; and to be one of those Bards who hold the keys of the gate by which Patriots, Sages and Heroes are admitted to immortality. Such are your Antient Bards who are both the priest and door-keepers to the temple of fame. And these, my dear Marquis, are no vulgar functions. Men of real talents in Arms have commonly approved themselves patrons of the liberal arts and friends to the poets of their own as well as former times. In some instances by acting reciprocally, heroes have made poets, and poets heroes. Alexander the Great is said to have been enraptured with the Poems of Homer and to have lamented that he had not a rival muse to celebrate his actions. Julius Cæsar is well known to have been a man of a highly cultivated understanding and taste. Augustus was the professed and magnificent rewarder of poetical merit, nor did he lose the return of having his atcheivments immortalized in song. The Augustan age is proverbial for intellectual refinement and elegance in composition; in it the harvest of laurels and bays was wonderfully mingled together. The age of your Louis the fourteenth, which produced a multiude of great Poets and great Captains, will never be forgotten: nor will that of Queen Ann in England, for the same cause, ever cease to reflect a lustre upon the Kingdom. Although we are yet in our cradle, as a nation, I think the efforts of the human mind with us are sufficient to refute (by incontestable facts) the doctrines of those who have asserted that every thing degenerates in America. Perhaps we shall be found, at this moment, not inferior to the rest of the world in the performances of our poets and painters; notwithstanding many of the incitements are wanting which operate powerfully among older nations. For it is generally understood, that excellence in those sister Arts has been the result of easy circumstances, public encouragements and an advanced stage of society. I observe that the Critics in England, who speak highly of the American poetical geniuses (and their praises may be the more relied upon as they seem to be reluctantly extorted,) are not pleased with the tribute of applause which is paid to your nation. It is a reason why they should be the more caressed by your nation. I hardly know how it is that I am drawn thus far in observations on a subject so foreign from those in which we are mostly engaged, farming and politics, unless because I had little news to tell you.
Since I had the pleasure of writing to you by the last Packet, the Convention of Maryland has ratified the federal Constitution by a majority of 63 to 11 voices. That makes the seventh State which has adopted it, next Monday the Convention in Virginia will assemble; we have still good hopes of its adoption here: though by no great plurality of votes. South Carolina has probably decided favourably before this time. The plot thickens fast. A few short weeks will determine the political fate of America for the present generation and probably produce no small influence on the happiness of society through a long succession of ages to come. Should every thing proceed with harmony and consent according to our actual wishes and expectations; I will confess to you sincerely, my dear Marquis; it will be so much beyond any thing we had a right to imagine or expect eighteen months ago, that it will demonstrate as visibly the finger of Providence, as any possible event in the course of human affairs can ever designate it. It is impracticable for you or any one who has not been on the spot, to realise the change in men's minds and the progress towards rectitude in thinking and acting which will then have been made.
Adieu, my dear Marquis, I hope your affairs in France will subside into a prosperous train without coming to any violent crisis. Continue to cherish your affectionate feelings for this country and the same portion of friendship for me, which you are ever sure of holding in the heart of your most sincere, &c.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 29 Washington sent a bill of lading to Clement Biddle, for 10 barrels of shad and 40 barrels of herrings "which you will please dispose of on Commission to the best advantage." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 4th. instant,74 which was delivered to me on my return from my late journey, is now before me; and requires that I should say something in reply on a subject, in which I feel myself more embarrassed and more awkwardly situated than ever I have been before.
[Note 74: In the Washington Papers.]
It is but justice to my own feelings to observe, that I am conscious I have never been indisposed to do whatever might be in my power in favor of those whose misfortunes had been unavoidably brought upon them, without any fault of their own. In this predicament, I doubt not, I was not a little concerned at an application for employment under a Government which does not yet exist, and with the Administration of which (in case it should be adopted and carried into execution) it is much more than possible I may never be concerned. The chaos of uncertainty in which we are involved, and the impropriety of my anticipating events or hazarding opinions, would scarcely permit me to touch, however slightly, on these delicate topics.
These circumstances, I observe, had not entirely escaped your attention, you will not, therefore, think it hard that I should mention the subject as peculiarly distressing and perplexing to me. Delicacy forbids that I should enlarge as to myself; as to yourself, I will only add that I know nothing but that your character stands in the fairest possible point of light, and consequently cannot be actuated by any prejudice against your pretentions.
I beg, Sir, that the candour and freedom which I have used on this occasion may not be misinterpreted to give you any unintended and unnecessary anxiety; or to induce you to believe that I have taken in ill part the application, although I thought it to be altogether untimely and improper.
On the contrary you may rely upon my protestation, that I am in every personal consideration, with real esteem and Friendship. Sir, Your, etc.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 76: Of Boston, Mass.]
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1788.
General Washington, having lately received with great satisfaction the medal which the Owners of the adventure to the Pacific Ocean have been pleased to transmit to him, begs leave to return his best acknowledgments to those Gentlemen for the very acceptable Compliment, and to assure them that his hearty wishes for success attend their enterprise, he hopes and even flatters himself that the day will arrive (at no very distant period) when the sources of commerce shall be enlarged and replenished; and when the new Constellation of this Hemisphere shall be hailed and respected in every quarter of the terraqueous globe!77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1788.
My dear Sir: I am much obliged by the few lines you wrote to me on the 4th, and though it is yet too soon to rejoice one cannot avoid being pleased at the auspicious opening of the business of your Convention. Though an ulterior opinion of the decision of this State on the Constitution would, at any time previous to the discussion of it in the Convention, have been premature yet I have never yet despaired of its adoption here. What I have mostly apprehended is that the insidious arts of its opposers to alarm the fears and inflame the passions of the Multitude, may have produced instructions to the Delegates that would shut the door against argument and be a bar to the exercise of judgment. If this is not the case I have no doubt but that the good sense of this Country will prevail against the local views of designing characters and the arrogant opinions of chagreened and disappointed men.
The decision of Maryland and South Carolina by so large Majorities and the moral certainty of the adoption of the proposed constitution by New Hampshire will make all, except desperate men look before they leap into the dark consequences of rejection. The Ratification by eight States without a negative. By three of them unanimously. By six against one in another. By three to one in another. By two for one in two more; and by all the weight of abilities and property in the other is enough to produce a cessation of opposition. I donor mean that numbers alone is sufficient to produce conviction in the Mind, but I think it is enough to produce some change in the conduct of any man who entertains a doubt of his infalibility.
Altho' I have little doubt of your having received a copy of the enclosed pamphlet,78 yet I send it. It is written with much good sense and moderation. I conjecture, but upon no certain ground, that Mr. Jay is the author of it. He sent it to me some time ago, since which I have received two or three more copies.
[Note 78: Probably Jay's "Address to the People of the State of New York on the subject of the Constitution."]
With sincere esteem and affectionate regard.79
[Note 79: The text is from the sales catalogue of the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1892), which is palpably more accurate than the "Letter Book" copy.]
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1788.
My dear Sir: Although a multitude of avocations, joined to a recent Journey which I have been obliged to make in order to visit the works on the Potomac, have occasioned me to postpone giving an answer to your letter in favor of Lieut. Howe; yet I delayed not to forward the necessary Certificate for that Gentleman so that it might come to him, before the time fixed for his departure. I have at length found a moment's leisure to take up my pen and to tell you, in few words, the state of Politics in this part of the Union.
Our Convention has been assembled about a week, and so far as I am advised of their proceedings seem to have made as auspicious a beginning as could have been expected. Mr. Henry and Colo. Mason are at the head of the opposition; in favour of the Constitution are many very able men: among these we count Messrs. Pendleton, Wythe, Blair, Madison, Nicholas, Innis, Marshall and a long train of other worthies. Governor Randolph, (in answer to a speech in which Mr. Henry had insinuated that the federal Convention had exceeded their Powers and that nothing forbade us to live happy under the old Confederation with some alterations) described pathetically our perilous situation as a full Justification of the proceedings of the federal Convention and declared since so many of the States have adopted the Constitution without alterations, that he should vote for it in its present form. Upon the whole (though great and unwearied artifices have been practiced to prejudice the people in many parts of the State against the new government) I cant avoid hoping and believing, to use the fashionable phrase, that Virginia will make the ninth Column in the federal Temple. May all things turn out for the best; in respect to this highly favored Continent, is the constant and unfeigned prayer of Yours, etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1788.
Dear Sir: By the last Mail, I had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 29th. of May, and have now the satisfaction to congratulate you on the adoption of the Constitution by the Convention of South Carolina. I am sorry to learn there is a probability that the majority of members in the New York Convention will be Antifederalists. Still I hope that some event may turn up before they assemble, which may give a new complexion to the business. If this State should, in the intermediate time, make the ninth that shall have ratified the proposed government, it will, I flatter myself, have its due weight. To shew that this event is now more to be expected than heretofore, I will give you a few particulars which I have from good authority and which you might not, perhaps, immediately obtain through any public channel of conveyance.
On the day appointed for the meeting of the Convention a large proportion of the members assembled and unanimously placed Mr. Pendleton in the Chair. Having on that and the subsequent day chosen the rest of their officers and fixed upon the mode of conducting the business, it was moved by some one of those opposed to the Constitution to debate the whole by paragraphs, without taking any question until the investigation should be completed. This was as unexpected as acceptable to the federalists: and their ready acquicscence seems to have somewhat startled the opposite party, for fear they had committed themselves.
Mr. Nicholas opened the business by very ably advocating the system of Representation. Mr. Henry in answer went more vaguely into the discussion of the Constitution, intimating that the federal Convention had exceeded their powers and that we had been and might be happy under the old Confederation with a few alterations. This called up Govr. Randolph, who is reported to have spoken with great pathos in reply: and who declared, that, since so many of the States had adopted the proposed Constitution, he considered the sense of America to be already taken, and that he should give his vote in favor of it without insisting previously upon amendments. Mr. Mason rose in opposition and Mr. Madison reserved himself to obviate the objections of Mr. Henry and Colo. Mason the next day. Thus the matter rested when the last accounts came away.
Upon the whole the following inferences seem to have been drawn: that Mr. Randolph's declaration will have considerable effect with those, who had hitherto been wavering; that Mr. Henry and Colo Mason took different and awkward ground, and by no means equalled the public expectation in their speeches; that the former has probably receded somewhat from his violent measures to coalesce with the latter, and that the leaders of the opposition appear rather chagreened, and hardly to be decided as to their mode of opposition.
The sanguine friends of the Constitution counted upon a majority of twenty at their first meeting, which number they imagine will be greatly increased: while those equally strong in their wishes, but more temperate in their habits of thinking speak less confidently of the greatness of the majority, and express apprehensions of the arts that may yet be practised to excite alarms with the members from the Western district (Kentucky). All, however, agree that the beginning has been auspicious as could possibly have been expected. A few days will now ascertain us of the result. With sentiments of the highest esteem etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1788.
Sir: I received your letter of the 11th. of May, at the moment when I was setting out on a preconcerted Journey to meet the Directors of the Potomac Company, on business of importance, at the Shanandoah Falls, that circumstance has necessitated me to defer giving an acknowledgment untill this time.
It would be with peculiar pleasure that I should write to his Excellency the Governor of Louisiana, on your behalf; if I did not think that there would be a glaring impropriety in my assuming that liberty with that Representative of the Spanish King. Especially as I have never had the honor of a personal acquaintance or any correspondence with the Governor, and as I do not feel myself authorised to take a greater latitude of freedom in this respect, than any other unknown, private citizen. These motives of delicacy on my part, I hope will be considered, in the same point of light and of the same weight by you, as they have appeared to me. I am, etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1788.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 2d. inst. containing an extract from Mr. Didsbury's letter to you. In addition to what he has there recited, I can only inform you that the tract in which Major Vanbraam83 holds or held a share, lays on the little Kanhawa, but in what County (whether Greenbrier, Ohio, or Harrison) I am not sufficiently acquainted with the boundaries of them to decide. nor can I say whether or in what manner the tract of 28,400 has been divided or give the least information with respect to the quality of the land; consequently can say nothing as to the value of it. The natural situation of it is exceedingly advantageous for it is not only a part of the highest survey on the Ohio (that was made under the Proclamation of 1754) but it lays on the Communication which is opened, or opening under the authority, and at the expence of the State from Morgan Town (Harrison Court House) to the Ohio. From Judge Mercer you may, possibly, get a more particular acct. of this matter for if my memory does not deceive me, his brother Colo. George Mercer (for whom he was
[Note 83: Jacob Van Braam.] acting Attorney) either by purchase, or by the advance of his (Vanbraams) quotas of the expence of Surveyd. Patenting &c. is involved in this business. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1788.
Gentlemen: Captain Barney has just arrived here in the miniature ship called the Federalist;85 and has done me the honor to offer that beautiful Curiosity as a Present to me on your part. I pray you, Gentlemen, to accept the warmest expressions of my sensibility for this specimen of American ingenuity: in which the exactitude of the proportions, the neatness of the workmanship, and the elegance of the decorations (which make your Present fit to be preserved in a Cabinet of Curiosities) at the same time that they exhibit the skill and taste of the artists, demonstrate that Americans are not inferior to any people whatever in the use of mechanical instruments and the art of ship-building.
[Note 85: The Federalist was a miniature ship, 15 feet long and perfect in every detail. It had been mounted on wheels and drawn by 4 horses in the procession with which Baltimore celebrated the adoption of the Constitution by Maryland. After the procession the merchants and shipowners of Baltimore sent it to Mount Vernon as a present to Washington. Capt. Joshua Barney navigated it down Chesapeake Bay and up the Potomac, where it was moored to the Mount Vernon wharf for several weeks until blown from its moorings and sunk in a high wind which did much damage to the trees and shrubberies of Mount Vernon.]
The unanimity of the agricultural State of Maryland in general, as well as of the commercial Town of Baltimore in particular, expressed in their recent decision on the subject of a general Government, will not (I persuade myself) be without its due efficacy on the minds of their neighbors, who, in many instances, are intimately connected not only by the nature of their produce, but by the ties of blood and the habits of life. Under these circumstances, I cannot entertain an idea, that the voice of the Convention of this State, which is now in session, will be dissonant from that of her nearly-allied sister, who is only separated by the Potomac.
You will permit me, Gentlemen, to indulge my feelings in reiterating the heart-felt wish, that the happiness of this Country may equal the desires of its sincerest friends; and that the patriotic Town, of which you are Inhabitants (in the prosperity of which I have always found myself strongly interested) may not only continue to encrease in the same wonderful manner it has formerly done; but that its trade, manufactures and other resources of wealth may be placed permanently in a more flourishing situation than they have hitherto been. I am &c.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 17, 1788.
My dear Sir: I received your letter of the 25th. of May, just when I was on the eve of a departure for Fredericksburgh to pay a visit to my mother from whence I returned only last evening. The information of the accession of South Carolina to the New Government, since you letter, gives us a new subject for mutual felicitations. It was to be hoped that this auspicious event would have considerable influence upon the proceedings of the Convention of Virginia; but I do not find that to have been the case. Affairs in the Convention, for some time past, have not worn so good an aspect as we could have wished: and, indeed, the acceptance of the Constitution has become more doubtful than it was thought to be at their first meeting.
The purport of the intelligence, I received from my private letters by the last nights mail, is, that every species of address and artifice has been put in practice by the Antifederalists to create jealousies and excite alarms. Much appears to depend upon the final part which the Kentucke members will take; into many of whose minds apprehensions of unreal dangers, respecting the navigation of the Mississipi and their organization into a separate State, have been industriously infused. Each side seems to think, at present, that it has a small majority, from whence it may be augered that the majority, however it shall turn, will be very inconsiderable. Though, for my own part, I cannot but imagine, if any decision is had, it will be in favor of the adoption. My apprehension is rather that a strenuous, possibly, successful effort may be made for an adjournment; under an idea of opening a corrispondence with those who are opposed to the Constitution in other States. Colo. Oswald87 has been at Richmond, it is said with letters from Antifoederalists in New York and Pensylvania to their Co-adjutors in this State.
[Note 87: Eleazer Oswald.]
The Resolution, which came from the Antefederalists (much to the astonishment of the other party) that no question should be taken until the whole Plan should have been discussed paragraph by paragraph; and the remarkable tardiness in their proceedings (for the Convention have been able as yet only to get through the 2d. or 3d. Section), are thought by some to have been designed to protract the business until the time when the Assembly is to convene, that is the 23d. instant, in order to have a more colorable pretext for an adjournment. But notwithstanding the resolution, there has been much desultory debating and the opposers of the Constitution are reported to have gone generally into the merits of the question. I know not how the matter may be, but a few days will now determine.
I am sorry to find not only from your intimations, but also from many of the returns in the late Papers, that there should be so great a majority against the Constitution in the Convention of New York. And yet I can hardly conceive, from motives of policy and prudence, they will reject it absolutely, if either this State or New-Hampshire should make the 9th. in adopting it; as that measure which gives efficacy to the system, must place any State that shall actually have refused its assent to the New-Union in a very awkward and disagreeable predicament.
By a letter which I have just recd. from a young Gentleman88 who lives with me, but who is now at home in New-Hampshire, I am advised that there is every prospect that the Convention of that State will adopt the Constitution almost immediately upon the meeting of it. I cannot but hope then, that the States which may be disposed to make a secession will think often and seriously on the consequences. Colo. Humphreys who is still here, occupied with literary pursuits, desires to be remembered in terms of the sincerest friendship to you and yours.
[Note 88: Tobias Lear.]
Mrs. Washington and the family offer, with me, their best Compliments to Mrs. Knox and the little ones. You will ever believe me to be, with great esteem etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, June 19, 1788.
Sir: Your favour of the 5th. instant was lodged at my house, while I was absent on a visit to my Mother. I am now taking the earliest opportunity of noticing its contents, and those of its Enclosure. Willing as I am to give satisfaction so far as I am able, to every reasonable enquiry (and this is certainly not only so, but may be highly important and interesting,) I must however, rather deal in general than particular observations: as I think you will be able, from the length of your residence in the country, and the extensiveness of your acquaintance with its affairs, to make the necessary applications and add the proper details. Nor would I choose that my interference in the business should be transmitted, lest, in a malicious world, it might be represented that I was officiously using the arts of seduction to depopulate other countries, for the sake of peopling our own.
In the first place it is a point conceded, that America, under an efficient government, will be the most favorable Country of any in the world for persons of industry and frugality, possessed of a moderate capital, to inhabit. It is also believed, that it will not be less advantageous to the happiness of the lowest class of people because of the equal distribution of property the great plenty of unoccupied lands, and the facility of procuring the means of subsistence. The scheme of purchasing a good tract of freehold estate and bringing out a number of able-bodied men, indented for a certain time appears to be indisputably a rational one.
All the interior arrangements of transferring the property and commencing the establishment you are as well acquainted with as I can possibly be. It might be considered as a point of more difficulty, to decide upon the place which should be most proper for a settlement. Although, I believe that Emigrants from other countries to this, who shall he well-disposed, and conduct themselves properly, would be treated with equal friendship and kindness in all parts of it; yet, in the old settled States, land is so much occupied, and the value so much enhanced by the contiguous cultivation, that the price would, in general be an objection. The land in [the] western country, or that on the Ohio, like all others, has its advantages and disadvantages. The neighborhood of the Savages and the difficulty of transportation were the great objections. The danger of the first will soon cease by the strong establishments now taking place; the inconveniences of the second will be, in a great degree, remedied by opening the internal Navigation. No Colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices, as that which has just commenced at the Muskingum. Information, property and strength, will be its characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally and that there never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a community.
If I was a young man, just preparing to begin the world or if advanced in life, and had a family to make a provision for, I know of no country where I should rather fix my habitation than in some part of that region, for which the writer of the quæries seems to have a predilection. he might be informed that his namesake and distant relation, Genl. St. Clair, is not only in high repute, but that he is Governor of all the Territory westward of the Ohio, and that there is a gentleman (to wit Mr. Joel Barlow) gone from New York by the last French Packet, who will be in London in the course of this year, and who is authorized to dispose of a very large body of land in that Country. The author of the quæries may then be referred to the "Information for those who would wish to remove to America:" and published in Europe in the year 1784, by the great Philosopher Dr. Franklin. Short as it is, it contains almost every thing, that needs to be known on the subject of migrating to this Country. You may find that excellent little Treatise in "Carey's89 American Museum, for September, 1787."
[Note 89: Mathew Carey.]
It is worthy of being republished in Scotland, and every other part of Europe.
As to the European Publications respecting the United States, they are commonly very defective. The Abbe Raynal is quite erroneous.90 Guthrie,91 though somewhat better informed, is not absolutely correct. There is now "an American Geography preparing for the press by a Mr. Morse92 of New Haven in Connecticut" which, from the pains the Author has taken in travelling through the States and acquiring information from the principal characters in each, will probably be much more exact and useful. of books at present existing, Mr. Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia" will give the best idea of this part of the Continent to a Foreigner: and the "American Farmer's Letters," written by Mr. Crevecoeur (commonly called Mr. St. John) the French Consul in New York (who actually resided twenty years as a farmer in that State) will afford a great deal of profitable and amusing information, respecting the private Life of the Americans; as well as the progress of agriculture, manufactures, and arts in their Country. Perhaps the picture he gives, though founded on fact, is in some instances embellished with rather too flattering circumstances. I am, &c.93
[Note 90: Guillaume Thomas François, Abbé Raynal's A Philosophical and Political History of the British Settlements and Trade in North America, published in Edinburgh, in 1779.]
[Note 91: William Guthrie. His New Geographical, Historical and Commercial Grammar was published in London in 1777.]
[Note 92: Rev. Jedidiah Morse.]
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 19,94 1788.
[Note 94: Both Ford and Sparks print this under June 18.]
I cannot account for your not having received some of my letters, my dear Marquis, before you wrote yours of the 18th of March, as I have been writing to you, at short intervals, constantly since last autumn. To demonstrate the satisfaction I enjoy on the receipt of your favours; I always answer them almost as soon as they arrive. Although, on account of my retirement from the busy scenes of life and the want of diversity in the tenour of our affairs, I can promise to give you little novelty or entertainment in proportion to what I expect in return. Were you to acknowledge the receipt of my letters, and give the dates of them when you write to me, I should be able to ascertain which of them had reached you, and which of them had miscarried. I am left in doubt whether the Indian Vocabularies &c. &c. have got to you or not.
There seems to be a great deal of bloody work cut out for this summer in the North of Europe. If war, want and plague are to desolate those huge armies that are assembled, who that has the feelings of a man can refrain from shedding a tear over the miserable victims of Regal Ambition? It is really a strange thing that there should not be room enough in the world for men to live, without cutting one anothers throats. As France, Spain and England have hardly recovered from the wounds of the late war, I would fain hope they will hardly be dragged into this. However, if the war should be protracted (and not end in a campaign as you intimate it possibly may) there seems to be a probability of other powers being engaged on one side or the other. by the British papers (which are our principal source of intelligence, though not always to be relied upon, as you know) it appears that the Spaniards are fitting out a considerable fleet and that the English Ministry have prohibited the subjects of their Kingdom from furnishing transports for the Empress of Russia. France must be too intent on its own domestic affairs to wish to interfere, and we have not heard that the King of Prussia, since his exploits in Holland, has taken it into his head [not to] meddle with other people's business. I cannot say that I am sorry to hear that the Algerines and other piratical powers are about to assist the Porte, because I think Russia will not forget and that she will take some leisure moment, just to keep her fleets in exercise, for exterminating those nests of Miscreants.
I like not much the situation of affairs in France. The bold demands of the parliaments, and the decisive tone of the King, shew that but little more irritation would be necessary to blow up the spark of discontent into a flame, that might not easily be quenched. If I were to advise, I would say that great moderation should be used on both sides. Let it not, my dear Marquis, be considered as a derogation from the good opinion, that I entertain of your prudence, when I caution you, as an individual desirous of signalizing yourself in the cause of your country and freedom, against running into extremes and prejudicing your cause. The King, though, I think from every thing I have been able to learn, he is really a good-hearted tho' a warm-spirited man, if thwarted injudiciously in the execution of prerogatives that belonged to the Crown, and in plans which he conceives calculated to promote the national good, may disclose qualities he has been little thought to possess. On the other hand, such a spirit seems to be awakened in the Kingdom, as, if managed with extreme prudence, may produce a gradual and tacit Revolution much in favor of the subjects, by abolishing Lettres de Cachet and defining more accurately the powers of government. It is a wonder to me, there should be found a single monarch, who does not realize that his own glory and felicity must depend on the prosperity and happiness of his People. How easy is it for a sovereign to do that which shall not only immortalize his name, but attract the blessings of millions.
In a letter I wrote you a few days ago by Mr. Barlow (but which might not possibly have reached New York until after his departure) I mentioned the accession of Maryland to the proposed government, and gave you the state of politics to that period. Since which the Convention of South Carolina has ratified the Constitution by a great majority: that of this State has been setting almost three weeks; and so nicely does it appear to be ballanced, that each side asserts that it has a preponderancy of votes in its favour. It is probable, therefore, the majority will be small, let it fall on whichever part it may; I am inclined to believe it will be in favour of the adoption. The Conventions of New York and New Hampshire assemble both this week; a large proportion of members, with the Governor at their head, in the former, are said to be opposed to the government in contemplation: New Hampshire it is thought will adopt it without much hesitation or delay. It is a little strange that the men of large property in the South, should be more afraid that the Constitution will produce an Aristocracy or a Monarchy, than the genuine democratical people of the East. Such are our actual prospects. The accession of one State more will complete the number, which by the Constitutional provision, will be sufficient in the first instance to carry the Government into effect.
And then, I expect, that many blessings will be attributed to our new government, which are now taking their rise from that industry and frugality into the practice of which the people have been forced from necessity. I really believe, that there never was so much labour and economy to be found before in the country as at the present moment. If they persist in the habits they are acquiring, the good effects will soon be distinguishable. When the people shall find themselves secure under an energetic government, when foreign nations shall be disposed to give us equal advantages in commerce from dread of retaliation, when the burdens of war shall be in a manner done away by the sale of western lands, when the seeds of happiness which are sown here shall begin to expand themselves, and when every one (under his own vine and fig-tree) shall begin to taste the fruits of freedom, then all these blessings (for all these blessings will come) will be referred to the fostering influence of the new government. Whereas many causes will have conspired to produce them. You see I am not less enthusiastic than ever I have been, if a belief that peculiar scenes of felicity are reserved for this country, is to be denominated enthusiasm. Indeed, I do not believe, that Providence has done so much for nothing. It has always been my creed that we should not be left as an awful monument to prove, "that Mankind, under the most favourable circumstances for civil liberty and happiness, are unequal to the task of Governing themselves, and therefore made for a Master."
We have had a backward spring and summer, with more rainy and cloudy weather than almost ever has been known: still the appearance of crops in some parts of the country is favorable, as we may generally expect will be the case, from the difference of soil and variety of climate in so extensive a region; insomuch that, I hope, some day or another, we shall become a storehouse and granary for the world. In addition to our former channels of trade, salted provisions, butter, cheese &c. are exported with profit from the eastern States to the East Indies. In consequence of a Contract, large quantities of flour are lately sent from Baltimore for supplying the garrison of Gibraltar. With sentiments of tenderest affection etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 30
June 20, 1788--January 21, 1790
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312
.7
1931
copy 8
Mss. Div.
PRINTED
APRIL, 1939
The Library of Congress
DEC 22 1941
Division of Documents
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1788.
Sir: I have just received the letter and piece of poetry1 which you did me the favour to address to me on the 21st. of March last: and take an early opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of them, and of expressing my sense of the sentiments you are pleased to entertain for me. It cannot fail of being agreeable to me, that my conduct (through the difficult scenes in which I have been called to act) should be approved where my person is unknown.
[Note 1: Pemberton's letter and poem are in the Washington Papers.]
Not arrogating to myself any particular skill in deciding critically on the merits of poetical compositions, you will excuse me for being silent on a subject in which I pretend not to judge and for adverting rather to the friendly wishes you make for myself and Country, than to the style and numbers in wch. they are communicated. You may be assured, Sir, that the good opinion of honest men, friends to freedom and well-wishers to mankind, wherever they may be born or happen to reside, is the only kind of reputation a wise man would ever desire.
Although your observations on ancient Colonization, and the recent Contest between Great Britain and America seem to be [well] founded: yet it only remains now to profit of our actual situation by a liberal commercial intercourse. In the mean time, your disinterested friendship for this Country will probably be gratified, on the adoption of measures now in contemplation, in finding that it will arrive at a degree of respectability and happiness, to which it has hitherto been a stranger. I am &c.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1788.
Sir: I request you will accept my best thanks for your polite letter of Jany. 1st. (which did not get to my hand till yesterday) and also for the copy of your "System of Arithmetic" which you were pleased to present to me. The handsome manner in which that Work is printed and the elegant manner in which it is bound, are pleasing proofs of the progress which the Arts are making in this Country. But I should do violence to my own feelings, if I suppressed an acknowledgment of the belief that that work itself is calculated to be equally useful and honorable to the United States.
It is but right, however, to apprise you, that, diffident of my own decision, the favorable opinion I entertain of your performance is founded rather on the explicit and ample testimonies of gentlemen confessedly possessed of great mathematical knowledge, than on the partial and incompetent attention I have been able to pay to it myself. But I must be permitted to remark that the subject, in my opinion, holds a higher rank in the literary scale than you are disposed to allow. The science of figures, to a certain degree, is not only indispensably requisite in every walk of civilised life; but the investigation of mathematical truths accustoms the mind to method and correctness in reasoning, and is an employment peculiarly worthy of rational beings. In a clouded state of existence, where so many things appear precarious to the bewildered research, it is here that the rational faculties find a firm foundation to rest upon. From the high ground of mathematical and philosophical demonstration, we are insensibly led to far nobler speculations and sublimer meditations.
I hope and trust that the Work will ultimately prove not less profitable than reputable to yourself. It seems to have been conceded, on all hands, that such a System was much wanted. Its merits being established by the approbation of competent Judges, I flatter myself that the idea of its being an American production, and the first of the kind which has appeared, will induce every patriotic and liberal character to give it all the countenance and patronage in his power. In all events, you may rest assured, that, as no person takes more interest in the encouragement of American Genius, so no one will be more highly gratified with the success of your ingenious, arduous and useful undertaking than he, who has the unfeigned pleasure to subscribe himself. Yrs. etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1788.
Madam: I have received the letter which you did me the favor to write to me on the 17th. instant, and am happy that the acknowledgment of it affords me an occasion of expressing my real satisfaction at the present flourishing state of your Academy4 and ardent wishes for its future prosperity. Should my
[Note 4: For young ladies in Alexandria, Va.] avocations (which have been multiplied by two Journeys I have lately been obliged to make) and my attentions at home (which this busy season of the year will peculiarly demand) permit it to be in any manner convenient, I shall cheerfully attend either at the first or some subsequent exhibition of the Pupils in your Institution: and doubt not of my being highly gratified with their proficiency in useful and elegant accomplishments.
These Madam are the ideas I must have intended to intimate to Mr. O'Connor on his first mentioning the subject to me. If he understood my having no objection to an occasional or casual visitation, as a willingness to become one of the official and stated visitors at the examinations, he must have misconceived. my meaning. The reasons are well known, why, at my time of life, under my actual circumstances, and assailed (as I may say) with a multiplicity of applications of different kinds since the termination of the war, I have studiously declined entering into any new engagements which may tend to draw me, in the least degree, from my agricultural and private pursuits.
I thought it necessary to be thus explicit in order to obviate any misapprehensions that might have taken place, and to assure you with how much truth I have the honour, etc.5
[Note 5: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1788.
Reverend and respected Sir: Your very acceptable favour of the 16th. of May, covering a recent publication of the proceedings of the Humane Society,6 have, within a few days past, been
[Note 6: Of Massachusetts.] put into my hands. I observe, with singular satisfaction, the cases in which your benevolent Institution has been instrumental in recalling some of our Fellow creatures (as it were) from beyond the gates of Eternity, and has given occasion for the hearts of parents and friends to leap for joy. The provision made for the preservation of ship-wrecked Mariners is also highly estimable in the view of every philanthropic mind and greatly consolatory to that suffering part of the Community. These things will draw upon you the blessings of those, who were nigh to perish. These works of charity and good-will towards men reflect, in my estimation, great lustre upon the authors and presage an æra of still father improvements. How pitiful, in the eye of reason and religion, is that false ambition which desolates the world with fire and sword for the purposes of conquest and fame; when compared to the milder virtues of making our neighbours and our fellow men as happy as their frail conditions and perishable natures will permit them to be!
I am happy to find that the proposed general government meets with your approbation as indeed it does with that of the most disinterested and discerning men. The Convention of this State is now in session, and I cannot but hope from all the accounts I receive that the Constitution will be adopted by it; though not without considerable opposition. I trust, however, that the commendable example exhibited by the minority in your State will not be without its salutary influence in this. In truth it appears to me that (should the proposed government be generally and harmoniously adopted) it will be a new phenomenon in the political and moral world; and an astonishing victory gained by enlightened reason over brutal force. I have the honor &c.7
[Note 7: From a facsimile in a London sales catalogue (1929).]
Mount Vernon, June 23, 1788.
My dear Sir: Since my last, acknowledging the first letter you did me the favor to write to me after your arrival in Richmond, I have received your subsequent ones of the 13th and 18th instant; which, tho' less favourable than the former, are more pleasing than Suspence.
I will yet hope that the good sense of this Country, maugre all the arts of opposition, will ultimate decide right on the important question now depending before the Convention.
I hear with real concern of your indisposition. At Fredericksburgh (on a visit to my aged and infirm mother) I understood that you intended to proceed immediately from Richmond to New York, when the Convention shall have arisen. Relaxation must have become indispensably necessary for your health, and for that reason I presume to advise you to take a little respite from business and to express a wish that part of the time might be spent under this roof on your journey thither. Moderate exercise, and books occasionally, with the mind unbent, will be your best restoratives. With much truth I can assure you that no one will be happier in your company than your sincere and Affecte. etc.8
[Note 8: From a facsimile of the letter sent, and sold at auction in 1917.]
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 13th. instant from Shepherds town came duly to hand. In answer to the question you have propounded to me, consequent you add of a report, "that Mr. Rumsey left the Service of the President and Directors of the Potomack Company in disgrace" I answer the fact is, otherwise; and that his quitting superintendency of the Companies concerns was an act of his own acquiesced in, at his desire by the P. and Directors. I am, etc.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1788.
Sir: Although I believe "the American Museum" published by you, has met with extensive, I may say, with universal approbation from competent Judges; yet, I am sorry to find by your favor of the 19th. that in a pecuniary view it has not equaled your expectations. A discontinuance of the Publication for want of proper support would, in my judgment, be an impeachment on the Understanding of this Country. For I am of opinion that the Work is not only eminently calculated to disseminate political, agricultural, philosophical and other valuable information; but that it has been uniformly conducted with taste, attention, and propriety. If to these important objects be superadded the more immediate design, of rescuing public Documts. from oblivion: I will venture to pronounce, as my sentiment, that a more useful literary plan has never been undertaken in America, or one more deserving public encouragement. By continuing to prosecute that plan with similar assiduity and discernment the merit of your Museum must ultimately become as well known in some Countries of Europe as on this Continent; and can scarcely fail of procuring an ample compensation for your trouble and expence.
For myself, I entertain an high idea of the utility of periodical Publications: insomuch that I could heartily desire, copies of the Museum and Magazines, as well as common Gazettes, might be spread through every city, town and village in America. I consider such easy vehicles of knowledge, more happily calculated than any other, to preserve the liberty, stimulate the industry and meliorate the morals of an enlightened and free People.
With sincere wishes for the success of your undertaking in particular, and for the prosperity of the Typegraphical Art in general. I am etc.10
[Note 10: From a facsimile of the original kindly furnished by Lea & Febiger, off philadelphia, Pa.
On June 25 Washington forwarded this letter to Carey in a note, "with liberty for you to make whatsoever use you shall think proper of it. If my opinion would be of any avail with the public, I believe this might be a more eligable mode of communication, than by confining it to a simple and formal Certificate and one which is preferd. by Sir Yr. etc." This letter is in the New York Public Library.]
Mount Vernon, June 28, 1788.
Dear Sir: When Mrs. Washington was at the Church in Fredericksburg she perceived the Tomb of her Father the late John Dandridge Esqr. to be much out of sorts and being desirous to have it done up again, will you permit me to request the favour of you to engage a workman to do this, the cost of which I will remit as soon as you shall signify to me that the work is accomplished, and inform me of its amount. I would thank you, My dear Sir, for the ascertainment of this before hand. I have (not inclining to dispute Accounts) felt, in too many instances, the expansion of Tradesmens consciences when no previous agreement has been made ever to put it in their power to charge what they please in future. My best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, is tendered to Mrs. Carter. With much truth etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 28, 1788.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to receive, a day or two ago, your obliging letter of the 24th of last month, in which you advise me of the ratification of the foederal Constitution by South Carolina. By a more rapid water conveyance, that good news had some few days before arrived at Baltimore, so as to have been very opportunely communicated to the Convention of this State, in session at Richmond. It is with great satisfaction I have it now in my power to inform you that, on the 25th instant, the Delegates of Virginia adopted the Constitution, in toro, by a division of eighty nine in favour of it to seventy nine against it; and that, notwithstanding the majority is so small, yet, in consequence of some conciliatory conduct and recommendatory amendments, a happy acquiescence it is said is likely to terminate the business here in as favorable a manner as could possibly have been expected.
No sooner had the Citizens of Alexandria (who are foederal to a man) received the intelligence by the Mail last night, than they determined to devote this day to festivity. But their exhilaration was greatly increased, and a much keener zest given to their enjoyment, by the arrival of an Express (two hours before day) with the news that the Convention of New Hampshire shire had, on the 21st instant, acceded to the new Confederacy by a majority of eleven voices, that is to say, fifty seven to forty six.
Thus the Citizens of Alexandria, when convened, constituted the first public company in America, which had the pleasure of pouring [a] libation to the prosperity of the ten States that had actually adopted the general government. The day itself is memorable for more reasons than one. It was recollected that this day is the Anniversary of the battles of Sullivan's Island and Monmouth. I have just returned from assisting at the entertainment, and mention these details, unimportant as they are in themselves, the rather because I think we may rationally indulge the pleasing hope that the Union will now be established upon a durable basis, and that Providence seems still disposed to favour the members of it, with unequalled opportunities for political happiness.
From the local situation as well as the other circumstances of North Carolina, I should be truly astonished if that State should withdraw itself from the Union. On the contrary, I flatter myself with a confident expectation that more salutary counsels will certainly prevail. At present there is more doubt how the question will be immediately disposed of in New York; for it seems to be understood that there is a majority in the Convention opposed to the adoption of the New foederal System. Yet it is hardly to be supposed (or rather in my judgment it is irrational to suppose) they will reject a government, which, from an unorganized embryo ready to be stifled with a breath, has now in the maturity of its birth assumed a confirmed bodily existence. Or, to drop the metaphor, the point in debate has, at least, shifted its ground from policy to expediency. The decision of ten States cannot be without its operation. Perhaps the wisest way, in this crisis will be, not to attempt to accept or reject, but to adjourn until the people in some parts of the State can consider the magnitude of the question and of the consequences involved in it, more coolly and deliberately. After New York shall have acted, then only one little State will remain; suffice it to say, it is universally believed, that the scales are ready to drop from the eyes and the infatuation to be removed from the heart, of Rhode Island. May this be the case, before that inconsiderate People shall have filled up the measure of iniquity before it shall be too late!
Mrs. Washington and all with us desire their best Compliments may be presented to Mrs. Pinckney and yourself: wishing that mine may also be made acceptable to you both, I am, &c.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 28 Washington wrote to the Reverend Mr. West, inclosing a letter of introduction to Wakelin Welch for Wests's son, who was going to England to study painting. The letter to Welch, dated June 28 also, speaks of Wests's father as an Episcopalian clergyman of Maryland. Copies of both of these letters are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 29, 1788.
My dear Sir: I beg you will accept my thanks for the communications handed to me in your letter of the 3d. instant, and my congratulations on the encreasing good dispositions of the Citizens of your State of which the late elections are strongly indicative. No one can rejoice more than I do at every step the people of this great Country take to preserve the Union, establish good order and government, and to render the Nation happy at home and respectable abroad. No Country upon Earth ever had it more in its power to attain these blessings than United America. Wondrously strange then, and much to be regretted indeed would it be, were we to neglect the means, and to depart from the road which Providence has pointed us to, so plainly; I cannot believe it will ever come to pass. The great Governor of the Universe has led us too long and too far on the road to happiness and glory, to forsake us in the midst of it. By folly and improper conduct, proceeding from a variety of causes, we may now and then get bewildered; but I hope and trust that there is good sense and virtue enough left to recover the right path before we shall be entirely lost.
You will, before this letter can have reached you, have heard of the Ratification of the new Government by this State. The final question without previous amendments was taken the 25th. Ayes, 89. Noes, 79; but something recommendatory, or declaratory of the rights, [accompanied] the ultimate decision. This account and the news of the adoption by New Hampshire arrived in Alexandria nearly about the same time on Friday evening; and, as you will suppose, was cause for great rejoicing among the Inhabitants who have not I believe an Antifederalist among them. Our Accounts from Richmond are, that the debates, through all the different Stages of the business, though [brisk] and animated, have been conducted with great dignity and temper; that the final decision exhibited an awful and solemn scene, and that there is every reason to expect a perfect acquiescence therein by the minority; not only from the declaration of Mr. Henry, the great leader of it, who has signified that though he can never be reconciled to the Constitution in its present form, and shall give it every constitutional opposition in his power yet that he will submit to it peaceably, as he thinks every good Citizen ought to do when it is in exercise and that he will both by precept and example inculcate this doctrine to all around him.
There is little doubt entertained here now of the ratification of the proposed Constitution by North Carolina; and however great the opposition to it may be in New York the leaders thereof will, I should conceive, consider well the consequences before they reject it. With respect to Rhode Island, the power that governs there has so far baffled all calculation on this question that no man would chuse to hazard an opinion lest he might be suspected of participating in its phrensy. You have every good wish of this family and the sincere regard of your affectionate, &c.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 7, 1788.
Sir: I am in want of a quantity of good eighteen Inch shingles and am informed that they will come better and cheaper from Norfolk than from the Eastern shore. Be so good, therefore, as to advise me by the first Post after you shall have received, this letter if I can be supplied with 100,000 from the former. In what time, and at what price; delivered at my landing distinguishing between what is called bald, and green Cyprus. As my work will soon call for these Shingles I repeat my wish for early advice on this subject. That there may be a clear understanding, the length, breadth, and thickness under which the Shingles shall not be should be specified, among them I shall want about 3000 of Twenty one Inches long. I am etc.
P.S. It runs through my mind, that I have heard of Shingles being had from No. Carolina on good terms.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 15: Later appointed by Washington one of the Commissioners for the District of Columbia.]
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1788.
Sir: I am much obliged to you for the two curiousities you were pleased to transmit, as well as for your distinct and ingenious account of them. The facts have been so clearly stated by you, as I believe, to render a farther elucidation or confirmation unnecessary.
It is greatly to be regretted, that we have not in America some general Museum or Cabinet for receiving all the rare Phenomena and unusual productions of nature, which might be collected in this Country: especially as natural History affords, perhaps, a more ample field for investigation here, than in any other part of the world. It is, however, laudible under all abilities to devote some part of their attention to so rational and curious a study.
In the meantime, as I shall take a particular pleasure in letting the Marquis de la Fayette know to whose care he may consider himself indebted for those articles, so I shall ever be happy in demonstrating. With great esteem, etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1788.
Dear Sir: By some unusual delay in the Post office, I did not receive your kind letter of the 21st. of April untill the 30th. of June; or I should have sooner done myself the pleasure of acknowledging the receipt and of returning my best thanks for your friendly sentiments and wishes. I beg you will be persuaded of the satisfaction I take in hearing from my old military friends and of the interest I feel in their future prosperity. You will then do me the Justice to believe that my ardent desires attend the success and happiness of an establishment, in which the fortunes of so many of that worthy description of Citizens are comprehended.
You will doubtless have heard, before you can receive this letter, that the proposed general Government has been accepted by the Conventions often States. The prospect brightens apace, and I flatter myself the interior Settlements will find their interest concur with their inclination in maintaining an intimate connection with the Atlantic States.
It is with sincere pleasure I can inform you, that the navigation of the Potomac, so interesting in its consequence to the welfare of your Establishment as well as to the emolument of this Country, is in a fair way of being opened in as short a time and in as beneficial a manner as could have been expected. In order to meet the Directors of the Potomac Company on business, I have lately been obliged to make a visit to the Great falls, the Seneca and the Shenandoah; and, therefore, give you this information from my own knowledge. Indeed, I may venture to conjecture, from the enormous quantity of labour already established by the Legislatures of Virginia and Maryland to obtain the Subscription Money, that, instead of ten years which the Company is allowed for opening the navigation, it will be made passable in little more than half the time. I do not mean, however, but that it will take a considerably longer period (perhaps the ten years) to meliorate and improve the works in the best manner.
As I thought this intelligence might be agreeable to your brother Settlers, I have been the more confident and precise in expressing it according to my observation and Judgment. With sentiments of esteem I am, etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 18, 1788.
Dear Sir: A few days ago, I had the pleasure to receive your letter from Poughkeepsie; since which I have not obtained any authentic advices of the proceedings of your Convention. The clue you gave me, to penetrate into the principles and wishes of the four classes of men among you who are opposed to the Constitution, has opened a large field for reflection and conjecture. The accession of Ten States must operate forcibly with all the opposition, except the class which is comprehended in your last description. Before this time you will probably have come to some decision. While we are waiting the result with the greatest anxiety, our Printers are not so fortunate as to obtain any papers from the Eastward. Mine which have generally been more regular, have, however, frequently been interrupted for some time past.
It is extremely to be lamented, that a new arrangement in the Post Office, unfavorable to the circulation of intelligence, should have taken place at the instant when the momentous question of a general Government was to come before the People. I have seen no good apology, not even in Mr. Hazard's publication, for deviating from the old custom, of permitting Printers to exchange their Papers by the Mail. That practice was a great public convenience and gratification. If the privilege was not from convention an original right, it had from prescription strong pretensions for continuance, especially at so interesting a period. The interruption in that mode of conveyance, has not only given great concern to the friends of the Constitution, who wished the Public to be possessed of every thing, that might be printed on both sides of the question; but it has afforded its enemies very plausible pretexts for dealing out their scandals, and exciting jealousies by inducing a belief that the suppression of intelligence, at that critical juncture, was a wicked trick of policy, contrived by an Aristocratic Junto. Now, if the Post Master General (with whose character I am unacquainted and therefore would not be understood to form an unfavorable opinion of his motives) has any candid Advisers who conceive that he merits the public employment they ought to counsel him to wipe away the aspersion he has incautiously brought upon a good cause; if he is unworthy of the Office he holds, it would be well that the ground of a complaint, apparently so general, should be inquired into, and, if [well] founded, redressed through the medium of a better appointment.
It is a matter in my judgment of primary importance that the public mind should be relieved from inquietude on this subject. I know it is said that the irregularity or defect has happened accidentally, in consequence of the contract for transporting the Mail on horseback, instead of having it carried in the Stages; but I must confess, I could never account, upon any satisfactory principles, for the inveterate enmity with which the Post Master General is asserted to be actuated against that valuable institution. It has often been understood by wise politicians and enlightened patriots that giving a facility to the means of travelling for Strangers and of intercourse for citizens, was an object of Legislative concern and a circumstance highly beneficial to any country. In England, I am told, they consider the Mail Coaches as a great modern improvement in their Post Office Regulations. I trust we are not too old, or too proud to profit by the experience of others. In this article the materials are amply within our reach. I am taught to imagine that the horses, the vehicles, and the accommodations in America (with very little encouragement,) might in a short period become as good as the same articles are to be found in any Country of Europe. and at the same time, I am sorry to learn that the line of Stages is at present interrupted in some parts of New England and totally discontinued at the Southward.
I mention these suggestions only as my particular thoughts on an Establishment, which I had conceived to be of great importance. Your proximity to the Person in question and connection with the characters in Power, will enable you to decide better than I can on the validity of the allegations; and, in that case, to weigh the expediency of dropping such hints as may serve to give satisfaction to the Public. With sentiments of the highest consideration &c.
P. S. Since writing the foregoing, I have been favored with your letter which was begun on the 4th and continued till the 8th. and thank you for the information therein contained. Your next will, I hope, announce the ratification by your State without previous amendments.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
In an undated letter, indorsed by Washington "June --," Jay had written: "The Leaders in opposition seem to have more extensive views than their adherents, and untill the latter perceive that circumstance, they will probably continue combined. The greater number are I believe averse to a vote of Rejection; some would be content with recommendatory amendments; others wish for explanatory ones to settle Constructions which they think doubtful; others would not be satisfied with less than absolute and previous amendments; and I am mistaken if there be not a few, who prefer a separation from the Union to any national Government whatever." On July 8 Jay again wrote: "From what I have just heard the Party begins to divide in their opinions; some insist on previous conditional amendments; a greater number will be satisfied with subsequent conditional amendments, or in other words they are for ratifying the Constitution on Condition that certain amendments take place within a given Time; these circumstances afford Room for Hope," Both of these letters are in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 19, 1788.
Gentn: Your letter of the 14th. came duly to hand as did the other to which there is an allusion. The first time my Nephew comes to Town. I will send you what money I have towards discharging your bill for the Scantling furnished me. I wish it may be recollected, however that you have not been kept longer from the former than I have been from the latter, and that you may be moreover convinced, and sure I am, that my disadvantages arising from the one is at least equal to what yours can be from the other, and with more injurious consequences. Fish too (in Barrels.) which was the fund I allotted for payment, and which if my memory has not failed me it was so intimated at the time, has not yet brought me in Cash but notwithstanding what I have you shall receive as above. I am, etc.18
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1788.
Dear Sir: I had the satisfaction to receive regularly your favour of the 21st. Ulto, announcing the adoption of the foederal government by the Convention of New Hampshire. You will already have been informed through the ordinary channels of communication, that the same event took effect in this State a few days afterward. And I am happy to say, that, so far as I have been able to learn, a spirit of harmony and acquiescence obtained among the large and respectable minority, in as great a degree as could possibly have been expected.
If we may calculate upon rectitude in the views, and prudence in the conduct of the leading characters throughout the States, accompanied by industry and honesty in the Mass of the people, we may assuredly anticipate a new æra; and, perhaps, we shall not deceive ourselves by expecting a more happy one than has before appeared on this checkered scene of existence. But we ought not to be too sanguine or to expect that we shall be entirely exempted from the ills which fall to the lot of humanity. With congratulations to your Excellency on your elevation to the Chief Magistracy of your State, and with sentiments of consideration etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 26th. of May, 13th of June and 7th. instt. are before me; and I believe unacknowledged. The several Articles sent by the Packet came safe, except one of the Wheels belonging to the harrows which was not landed by Captn. Ellwood who dropped them at my landing as he passed by in the Night returning. Whether the omission was in him or in putting them on board in Philadelphia I know not.
I am sorry my Herrings are likely to meet so unfavourable a market. If the price should not rise, I could have got what you say those from the head of Elk are selling at, in Alexandria; and am not a little surprized to hear of the deficiency having repacked them (at least ordered them to be so), When they were shipped for Philadelphia.
I beg you will send me 200 wt. of single and 100 wt. of dble refined Sugar of good quality and a gross of Mr. Hairs best bottled Porter if the price of it is not much enhanced by the copius droughts you took of it at the late Procession.
As you have not yet furnished me with my account I know not to what amount I stand indebted to you; and it not being my wish to put you to the smallest inconvenience by advancing money for the purchase of articles for my use I pray you to forward the account that I may draw on the Bank of Philadelphia in your favor.
I beg you would be so obliging as to forward the enclosed letter for General Parsons by the first safe conveyance. I am, etc.
P.S. Pray send me by the Post 12 yards of Velvet ribbon of the width and quality of the enclosed sample.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1788.
My dear Trumbull: I have received your favor of the 20th of June and thank you heartily for the confidential information contained in it. The character given of a certain great Personage,21 who is remarkable for neither forgetting nor forgiving,
[Note 21: King George III.] I believe to be just. What effect the addition of such an extraordinary weight of power and influence as the new Arrangement of the East India affairs gives to one branch of the British Government cannot be certainly foretold; but one thing is certain, that is to say, it will always be wise for America to be prepared for events. Nor can I refrain from indulging the expectation that the time is not very distant, when it shall be more in the power of the United States than it hath hitherto been, to be forearmed as well as forewarned against the evil contingencies of European politics.
You will have perceived from the public Papers, that I was not erroneous in my calculation, that the Constitution would be accepted by the Convention of this State. The Majority, it is true, was small, and the minority respectable in many points of view. But the great part of the minority here, as in most other States, have conducted themselves with great prudence and political moderation; insomuch that we may anticipate a pretty general and harmonious acquiescence. We shall impatiently wait the result from New York and North Carolina. The other State which has not yet acted is nearly out of the question.
As the infamy of the conduct of Rhode Island outgoes all precedent, so the influence of her counsels can be of no prejudice. There is no State or description of men but would blush to be involved in a connection with the Paper-Money Junto of that Anarchy. God grant that the honest men may acquire an ascendency before irrevocable ruin shall confound the innocent with the guilty.
I am happy to hear from Genl. Lincoln and others that affairs are taking a good turn in Massachusetts; but the Triumph of salutary and liberal measures over those of an opposite tendency seems to be as complete in Connecticut as in any other State and affords a particular subject of congratulation. Your friend Colo. Humphreys informs me, from the wonderful revolution of sentiment in favour of federal measures, and the marvellous change for the better in the elections of your State, that he shall begin to suspect that miracles have not ceased; indeed, for myself, since so much liberality has been displayed in the construction and adoption of the proposed General Government, I am almost disposed to be of the same opinion. Or at least we may, with a kind of grateful and pious exultation, trace the finger of Providence through those dark and mysterious events, which first induced the States to appoint a general Convention and then led them one after another (by such steps as were best calculated to effect the object) into an adoption of the system recommended by that general Convention; thereby, in all human probability, laying a lasting foundation for tranquillity and happiness; when we had but too much reason to fear that confusion and misery were coming rapidly upon us. That the same good Providence may still continue to protect us and prevent us from dashing the cup of national felicity just as it has been lifted to our lips, is the earnest prayer of My Dear Sir, your faithful friend, &c.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 21, 1788.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 5th. instant,23 and shall be happy if mine to which you allude, may have any operation in favour of your literary undertaking.
[Note 23: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
If I had more leisure, I should most willingly give you any such communications (that might be within my reach) as would serve to keep up the reputation of your Museum. At present, occupied as I am with my agriculture and correspondencies, I can promise little. Perhaps some Gentleman connected with me may make some selections from my repositories: and I beg you will be persuaded that I can have no reluctance to permit anything to be communicated that might tend to establish truth, extend knowledge, excite and promote happiness among mankind. With unremitting wishes for your success. I am, etc.
Mount Vernon, July 21, 1788.
Sir: I received your congratulatory letter of the 5th. instant by the last Mail. It gives me reciprocal satisfaction to find that the adoption of the Constitution by Virginia has difused so general a Joy through the other States. The good disposition manifested by the Citizens of your Commonwealth excites also a flattering and consolatory reflection in all who wish well to the Federal interest and the glory of the American Nation. Much happiness may rationally be anticipated from the encreasing prevalence of industry and frugality, invigorated and encouraged by the operation of a free yet efficient general Government.
Although I am passing rapidly into the Vale of Years, where the genial warmth of youth that fires its votary with a generous enthusiasm becomes extinct and where the cheerlessness24 of the prospect often infects the animal spirits with a similar contagion; yet I trust there are few who rejoice more fervently in the expectation that the beams of prosperity will break in upon a Country, which has ever engaged my most disinterested wishes and fondest hopes. And although I shall not live
[Note 24: The printed text, kindly furnished by Frederick S. Peck, of Providence, R. I., has "cheerfulness."] to see but a small portion of the happy effects, which I am confident this system will produce for my Country; yet the precious idea of its prosperity will not only be a consolation amidst the encreasing infirmities of nature and the growing love of retirement, but it will tend to sooth the mind in the inevitable hour of seperation from terrestrial objects.
With earnest prayers that you and all the worthy Patriots of America may long enjoy uninterrupted felicity under the New Government, I have the honor etc.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy, in the Washington Papers.
The following note is found in Washington's summary of work done on the Mount Vernon farms in 1788, under July 23: "From the experience of this years Harvest, I am of opinion that Reaping of Wheat, if the Negros could be once instructed, would be nearly if not quite as expeditious a method of getting down a harvest as cutting with a Scythe and Cradle; and less wasteful and more convenient for Stacking and threshing by grt. odds. I am also clearly of opinion that instead of Shocking grain in the Field, and then to have it to transport to the Barn that it [is] best to do this at once; little, if any more time is required for the accomplishment of it in the first instance and much saved on the whole besides avoiding the risques which grain is subject to in the field and depriving for a considerable length of time one's stock from reaping the benefit of the shattered grain and pasturage."]
Mount Vernon, July 26, 1788.
Sir: The letter which you was pleased to write to me on the 21st. instant did not get to my hands in time to attend the meeting of the Trustees of Alexandria Academy. It is not always that I send to the Post Office on Post days. But on Monday last I directed a white man who lives with me, and who said he had business at Court to call for my letters in the evening. That, however which was infinitely more agreeable, and equally injurious to himself allowed him no time to think of Post Office or letters and accordingly he came home, without the latter.
The want of Arithmatical and Mathematical instructor at this Academy is in my Judgment, a very great defect in the Institution. To find boys who have been Six or seven years at the Classics entirely unacquainted with those parts of literature which are to fit them for the ordinary purposes of life, incapable of writing legibly; and altogether ignorant in accts. does not in the smallest degree, comport with my ideas of useful and essential education. Of this, I have already informed Mr. McWher; and shall feel myself under the necessity of withdrawing my Nephews from the Academy unless some change in this respect takes place, and that in a short time. With esteem and regard I am, etc.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On July 28 Washington wrote the following permit for Robert Hanson Harrison: "The bearer hereof, the Honble. Judge Harrison of Maryland, is hereby authorized to take possession of Houses and lotts in the Town of Bath in the County of Berkeley, and to have the Free and uninterrupted use of them during his stay at that place who ever may have them in care or occupation is requested to surrender them accordingly." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1788.
Dear Sir: Having had but very little agency in the management of Colo. Thomas Colvills Affairs, but (after my return from public life and the death of Mr. John West) being very desirous of getting them settled; I applied to Mr. Thomas West for such Papers as were in his possession which (unfortunately are very diffident and unsatisfactory) and more than a year ago placed them with such as, I had myself in the hands of Mr. Keith to make a final Statement for the Court. The incompetency of the Papers had from Mr. West I presume the cause why it has not been done ere this. From him you may, possibly, get some information, from me till the Papers are returned it is impracticable for want of documents to refer to. I am, etc.26
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1788.
Sir: I duly received your letter of the 14th. instant, and can only answer very briefly, and generally from memory: that a combined operation of the land and naval forces of France in America, for the year 1781, was preconcerted the year before: that the point of attack was not absolutely agreed upon, because it would be easy for the Count de Grasse, in good time before his departure from the West Indies, to give notice by Express, at what place he could most conveniently first touch to receive advice, because it could not be foreknown where the enemy would be most susceptible of impression; and because we (having the command of the water with sufficient means of conveyance) could transport ourselves to any spot with the greatest celerity: that it was determined by me (nearly twelve months beforehand) at all hazards to give out and cause it to be believed by the highest military as well as civil Officers that New York was the destined place of attack, for the important purpose of inducing the Eastern and Middle States to make greater exertions in furnishing specific supplies than they otherwise would have done, as well as for the interesting purpose of rendering the enemy less prepared elsewhere: that, by these means and these alone, artillery, Boats, Stores and Provisions were in seasonable preparation to move with the utmost rapidity to any part of the Continent; for the difficulty consisted more in providing, than knowing how to apply the military apparatus: that before the arrival of the Count de Grasse it was the fixed determination to strike the enemy in the most vulnerable quarter so as to ensure success with moral certainty, as our affairs were then in the most ruinous train imaginable: that New York was thought to be beyond our effort and consequently the only hesitation that remained was between an attack upon the British army in Virginia or that in Charleston: and finally that (by the intervention of several communications and some incidents which cannot be Detailed in a letter; and wch. were altogether unknown to the late Quartermaster General of the Army,27 who was informed of nothing but what related to the immediate duties of his own department) the hostile Post in Virginia, from being a provisional and strongly expected became the definitive and certain object of the Campaign. I only add, that it never was in contemplation to attack New York, unless the Garrison should first have been so far disgarnished to carry on the southern operations, as to render our success in the siege of that place as infallible as any future military event can ever be made.28 For I repeat it, and dwell upon it again and again, some splendid advantage (whether upon a larger or smaller scale was almost immaterial) was so essentially necessary to revive the expiring hopes and languid exertions of the Country, at the crisis in question, that I never would have consented to embark in any enterprize; wherein, from the most rational plan and accurate calculations, the favourable issue should not have appeared as clear to my view, as a ray of light. The failure of an attempt agst. the Posts of the enemy, could, in no other possible situation during the war, have been so fatal to our cause.
[Note 27: Timothy Pickering.]
[Note 28: Webster had written (July 14): "The late Quarter Master General has assured me that a combined attack was intended to be made upon New York, and that the arrival of the French fleet in the Bay of Chesapeak was unexpected, and changed the plan of operations." Webster's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
That much trouble was taken and finesse used to misguide and bewilder Sir Henry Clinton in regard to the real object, by fictitious communications, as well as by making a deceptive provision of Ovens, Forage and Boats in his Neighborhood, is certain. Nor were less pains taken to deceive our own Army; for I had always conceived, when the imposition did not completely take place at home, it could never sufficiently succeed abroad.
Your desire of obtaining truth is very laudable, I wish I had more leizure to gratify it: as I am equally solicitous the undisguised verity should be known. Many circumstances will unavoidably be misconceived and misrepresented. Notwithstanding most of the Papers which may properly be deemed official are preserved; yet the knowledge of innumerable things, of a more delicate and secret nature, is confined to the perishable remembrance of some few of the present generation. With esteem I am.
[M.L.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1788.
Dear Sir: In reply to your recent favour, which has been duly received, I can only observe, that, as I never go from home except when I am obliged by necessary avocations, and as I meddle as little as possible with politics that my interference may not give occasion for impertinent imputations, so I am less likely than almost any person to have been informed of the circumstance to which you allude.29 That some of the leading characters among the Opponents of the proposed government have not laid aside their ideas of obtaining great and essential changes, through a constitutional opposition (as they term it) may be collected from their public speeches. That others will use more secret and perhaps insidious means to prevent its organization, may be presumed from their previous conduct
[Note 29: McHenry had written (July 27): "It is whispered here that some leading characters among you have by no means dropped their resentment to the new constitution, but have determined on some secret plan to suspend the proper organization of the government or to defeat it altogether." McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.] on the subject. In addition to this probability, the casual information received from Visitants at my house, would lead me to expect that a considerable effort will be made to procure the election of Antifederalists to the first Congress; in order to bring the subject immediately before the State legislatures, to open an extensive correspondence between the minorities for obtaining alterations, and in short to undo all that has been done.
It is reported that a respectable Neighbour of mine has said, the Constitution cannot be carried into execution, without great amendments. But I will freely do the opposition with us the justice to declare, that I have heard of no cabals or canvassings respecting the elections. It is said to be otherwise on your side of the river. By letters from the eastern States I am induced to believe the Minorities have acquiesced not only with a good grace, but also with a serious design to give the government a fair chance to discover its operation by being carried into effect. I hope and trust that the same liberal disposition prevails with a large proportion of the same description of men in this State. Still, I think there will be great reason, for those who are well-affected to the government, to use their utmost exertions that the worthiest Citizens may be appointed to the two houses of the first Congress and where State Elections take place previous to this choice that the same principle [may] govern in these also. For much will doubtless depend on their prudence in conducting business at the beginning; and reconciling discordant dispositions to a reasonable acquiescence with candid and honest measures. At the same time it will be a point of no common delicacy to make provision for effecting such explanations and amendments as might be really proper and generally satisfactory; without producing or at least fostering such a spirit of innovation as will overturn the whole system.
I earnestly pray that the Omnipotent Being who has not deserted the cause of America in the hour of its extremest hazard, will never yield so fair a heritage of freedom a prey to Anarchy or Despotism. With sentiments of real regard, &c.30
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1788.
Sir: Your letters of the 14th. and 17 Ulto. came duly to hand, as did the sample of Shingles by Captn. Slocum. I did not conceive that under the present dearth of Cash that the price of this article would have been so high as you mentioned.
Capt. Slocum, with whom I have conversed on this subject, thinks as you do, that Juniper Shingles would answer my purpose as well as any other would, and suggested farther, the propriety (their covering being intended for a Barn) of making it of 3 feet shingles instead of 18 Inches which (according to his account) are of sufficient thickness and run from 7 to 10 Inches broad; suppose 8 Inches on an average, the price he says is 7 or 8 Dollars pr. M, but whether he meant delivered here, or that it was the price at the place of Exportation it did not at the time occur to me to ask him. If the former, and he is right as to the width &c. tho' the original cost of them would amount to about the same as 18 Inch shingles, yet as I should save in the Articles of Nails, laths &c. they would be preferable.
Under this statement, if you could send me 25,000, the money (except for the freight which I would pay on delivery) to be paid in 3 or 4 Months (which is as soon as I could Raise it from my Wheat or Barley) I should be very glad to have them forwarded to me without delay; and shall depend on your doing the whole on the best terms for me; pray let me hear from you immediately as the Walls of my building will soon require a Roof. If these cannot be had or do not come up to Captn. Slocums description, I must in that case request you to send me 100,000 18 Inch Shingles (if to be had on the above credit) of Juniper, agreeably to your own account of them. I am, etc.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1788.
Sir: I received your letter of the 16th. Ulto., and can only advise you (respecting the subject to which it refers) that, upon a recurrence to the General Orders, I find your Brevet promotion announced to the Army in the words of the Resolve of Congress; and, that, by farther researches among the memorandums of resignations, I can discover nothing more on the Subject. What was the understanding at the time when you resigned your Regimental Commission, I cannot, at this distant period, undertake to say: but I do not think it was absolutely necessary that the resignation of a Corn mission in the line should have involved the resignation of one held by the same person, by Brevet.32 Congress or their Commissioner for settling the accounts of the Army must be the discretionary Judges of right and propriety, in these intricate cases.
[Note 32: Gibbons had been a lieutenant in the Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment, and brevetted a captain by Congress for gallantry in the storming of Stony Point.]
Your conjecture is but too well founded, that the applications to me on similar questions are extremely numerous and perplexing. Whensoever I am possessed of data which can be of any avail in settling disputes, I submit to the trouble with the less reluctance, as I am ever desirous justice should be done. With due regard I am, etc.33
[Note 33: From a photostat of the original in Duke University.]
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1788.
My dear Sir: Your favors of the 21st and 27th of last month came duly to hand. The last, contained the pleasing, and I may add (tho' I could not reconcile it to any ideas I entertained of common policy) unexpected account of the unconditional ratification of the Constitution by the State of New York. That No. Carolina will hesitate long in its choice I can scarcely believe; but what Rhode Island will do is more difficult to say, though not worth a conjecture; as the conduct of the Majority there has, hitherto, baffled all calculation.
The place proper for the New Congress to meet at, will unquestionably, undergo (if it has not already done it) much investigation; but there are certain things which are so self evident in their nature as to speak for themselves. this, possibly, may be one; where the true point lays I will not undertake to decide, but there can be no hesitation I conceive in pronouncing one thing, that in all Societies, if the bond or cement is strong and interesting enough to hold the body together, the several parts should submit to the inconveniences for the benefits which they derive from the conveniences of the compact.
We have nothing in these parts worth communicating. Towards New York we look for whatever is interesting, untill the States begin to act under the New form, which will be an important epoch in the annals of this Country. With sentiments of sincere friendship etc.34
[Note 34: From the printed text in the sales catalogue of the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1892).]
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1788.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 17th. Ulto came duly to hand and could I have been of any service in the affair, to which it refers, no apology would have been necessary for requesting it. I have no white ditcher with me at present but a Dutch redemptioner. Nor has there ever lived with me one, to the best of my recollection, of the name of Clarke. Last year I employed a man who called himself James Lawson. He worked for me about nine Months as a Ditcher and left my employment in very bad health in the month of September since which I have not heard from him. Two or three years before that one William Shilling died in my Service as a Ditcher; these are all the white persons I have employed in that way since my return to private life.
Far, very far indeed was it from my intention to embarrass you by the letter which enclosed the proceedings of the Genl. Convention, and still farther was it from my wish that the communication should be received in any other light than as an instance of my attention and Friendship. I was well aware that the adoption or rejection of the Constitution would, as it ought to be, decided upon according to its merits and agreeably to the circumstances to which our public affairs had arriven. That all questions of this kind are, ever will, and perhaps ought to be (to accomplish the designs of infinite wisdom) viewed through different mediums by different men is as certain as that they have existence, all that can be expected in such cases therefore is charity, mutual forbearance and acquiescence in the Genl. voice; which, though it may be wrong is presumably right.
Mrs. Washington unites with me in every good wish for Mrs. Nelson, yourself and family, and with sentiments of the highest esteem etc.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1788.
Dear Sir: The letters which you did me the favor of writing to me on the 17th. and 23d of last month from Poughkeepsie came duly to hand, and claim my particular acknowledgments. With peculiar pleasure, I now congratulate you on the success of your labours to obtain an unconditional ratification of the proposed Constitution in the Convention of your State; the acct. of which was brought to us by the Mail of yesterday.
Although I could scarcely conceive it possible, after ten States had adopted the Constitution that New York, separated as it is from the other three and peculiarly divided in sentiments as it is, would withdraw from the Union, yet considering the great majority, which appeared to cling together in the Convention and the decided temper of the leaders, I did not I confess, see the means by which it was to be avoided. The exertion of those, who were able to effect this great work, must have been equally arduous and meritorious. It is to be hoped that the State of North Carolina will not spend much time in deciding upon it; but as to Rhode Island its conduct has so far baffled all calculation that few are disposed to hazard a conjecture thereon. With sentiments of sincere esteem, &c.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 4, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 30th. Ulto. came to my hands by the last mail.
Let me request that those articles which you propose to send me by Captn. Ellwood may be accompanied by 200 lbs. of Sheet Iron from the Trenton Works (proper for plating the Mould boards of Plows), and a Jarr of best Spirmaceti Oil for House Lamps. That is a clear fine Oil which does not foul them. The Velvet Ribbon came safe and was just the kind I wanted, and for your care in forwarding it so expeditiously I beg you to accept my thanks.
As the price of Porter according to your Account has not been enhanced and is good in quality, I beg, if this letter gets to hand in time, that you would add another gross to the one ordered in my former letter.
I want a pump for a well on a farm yard which is 13½ feet deep; how much it will require to be above the ground I certainly, know not, but say six feet, no cap is necessary because it will be under cover. What would such an one, made fit for use cost in Philadelphia and what would [be] the freight of it round? Your answer will determine whether I shall import one from that place or get one made in Alexandria where the price asked is, I think, unreasonable. I am, etc.36
Mount Vernon, August 4, 1788.
Dear Sir: With this letter you will receive the Horse I promised you; And which I now beg your acceptance of. He is not in such good order as I could wish, but as good as my means would place him.
I also send you Thirty pounds Cash for one years allowance for the Schooling of your Son G.W.37 I wish it was in my power to send the like sum for the other year, which is now about, or near due; and that could discharge your account for attendance and ministrens to the Sick of my family; but it really is not; for with much truth I can say, I never felt the want of money so sensibly since I was a boy of 15 years old as I have done for the last 12 months and probably shall do for 12 Months more to come. Sincerely and affectly. etc.38
[Note 37: George Washington Craik.]
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 6, 1788.
Sir: On my return home last night I found my Nephew Lawrence here, who said he was afraid to remain at your house, and offered to show me some bruises he had received. Being prepared for it, I was going this morning to correct him; but he begged so earnestly and promised so faithfully that there should be no cause of complaint against him for the future that I have suspended the Punishment.
The letter which I have written to his Brother on the subject, is under this cover and open for your perusal. He is arrived at such an age and size now as to be a fitter subject to be reasoned with than to receive corporal punishment. As my primary object in placing these boys with you last, was that they (at least George) should be treated more on the footing of Friendship, and as companions, than as mere School-boys. This I hoped would draw George's attention to objects, and conversations, that would improve, and might contribute in a degree to wean him from boyish amusements, the influence of which would extend to Lawrence.
Necessary and decent Clothes they shall have no cause to complain for the want of; and if you, Sir, once a month, or oftener, would be so obliging as to inspect them, and let me know what they need I will take care that they shall be provided. A line from one of them, lodged at the Post, signifying their desire of sending things to my Taylor to repair will induce the occasional call of a servant who may be sent to Town on other business. With esteem, I am, &c.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 6, 1788.
Dear George: It was with equal pain and surprise that I was informed by Colo. Hanson on Monday last, of your unjustifiable behaviour in rescuing your brother from that chastisement, which was due to his improper conduct; and which you know, because you have been told it in explicit language, he was authorized to administer whensoever he should deserve it. Such refractory behaviour on your part, I consider as an insult equally offered to myself after the above communications and I shall continue to view it in that light, till you have made satisfactory acknowledgments to Colo. Hanson for the offence given him.
It is as much my wish and intention to see justice done to you and your Brother as it is to punish either when it is merited; but there are proper modes by which this is to be obtained, and it is to be sought by a fair and candid representation of facts whch. can be supported, and not by vague complaints, disobedience, perverseness, or disobliging conduct, which make enemies without producing the smallest good. So often, and strenuously have I endeavored to inculcate this advice, and to shew you the advantages, which are to be expected from close application to your studies, that it is unnecessary to repeat it. If the admonitions of friendship are lost other methods must be tried which cannot be more disagreeable to you than it would be to one, who wishes to avoid it, who is solicitous to see you and your Brother (the only remaining Sons of your father) turn out well, and who is very desirous of continuing your affectionate uncle.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1788.
Dr. Sir: Should this letter get to your hands in time for the Sailing of Captn. Ellwood, and you can readily procure 25 bushls. of the best kind of Winter Barley I beg you to send it by him that I may try the success of it. The continual rains destroyed my Crop of spring Barley this year, but, if it had been otherwise, the Barley which you sent me the year before was so mixed with Oats (a circumstances I did not know till this Summer, as it was harvested while I was in Philadelphia) that it would no longer do to sow it. Could I be supplied with a quantity of that (spring Barley) which is really good from your City? Could I get it upon better terms from Rhode Island? and at what price (delivered here) might it be received from either place?
If you send the 25 bushels of Winter Barley, let it be put in good 4 bushel Sacks marked G. W. and they will be useful thereafter. With esteem, etc.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 14, 1788.
Sir: I have not yet been able to examine the drifted wood on my shores; but as I am informed you have been a considerable sufferer by the Storm, you shall be welcome to all that now lays from the Gut which formerly divided Simpsons plantation and Johnsons, to the point of the Pocoson opposite to the mouth of Piscataway Creek, excepting Walnut logs, or such pieces as will do for the framing of a wharf. These I reserve for my own use, in that district. and above it, my Nephew, Major Washington, has occasion for the wood for purposes of his own. It will be necessary for you to acquaint his Overseer and mine that this priviledge is allowed you, as orders have been given them to stop all encroachments of this kind and your own interest will prevent them from doing it till you shall have taken of the Drift Wood which at present (for I do not mean this as a general privilege) lies on that shore which is here described. I am, etc.41
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 10th. Ulto. to Doctr. Smart enclosing a Summons for L. Washington &c. did not come to my hand till last Night.
I am at a loss what step to take in this matter, and should be glad of your advice. Luther Martin is the Attorney Genl. of Maryland and lives in Baltimore. Elizabeth and Sarah Cresap I have always understood live with one Jacobs who Married their Mother, and is said to be a resident of Hampshire County; but two or three summons having been already Sent to the Sheriff thereof and no return of them made, the presumption I think is that there must have been either a Miscarriage, or that these Daughters of Michl. Cresap are not residents of that County. Possibly they are Married, and living in Maryland where their Father did.
I should be glad to know whether, the issuing of the Patent, if the summons now sent is not executed and returned; or good reason assigned for the non execution, is merely an Officis action, will be in consequence of application from the heirs of Michael Cresap or any person in their behalf and who? My reason for it is, I have been informed and I believe from good authority that Jacobs was so well convinced of the legality and equity of my Title as to declare he should cease all further prosecution of the claim in behalf of the Children to whom. I have heard he was guardian. This however may not be true, nor may it be the case with Mr. Martin. The dismission of the Caveat will not invalidate my title to the land but may involve me in a more letigeous and expensive prosecution, or defence of it, and on this principle it was that Mr. Randolph advised the Caveat. Under this relation of the matter I shall be very glad to hear from you, with very great esteem and regard I am, etc.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 16, 1788.
Sir: I have to acknowledge with much sensibility the receipt of your letter, dated the 5th instant, in which you offer your congratulations on the prospect of an established government, whose principles seem calculated to secure the benefits of society to the Citizens of the United States; and in which you also give a more accurate state of foederal Politics in Pennsylvania than I had before received. It affords me unfeigned satisfaction to find, that the acrimony of parties is much abated.
Doubtless there are defects in the proposed system which may be remedied in a constitutional mode. I am truly pleased to learn that those who have been considered as its most violent opposers will not only acquiesce peaceably, but cooperate in its organization and content themselves with asking amendments in the manner prescribed by the Constitution. The great danger, in my view, was that every thing might be thrown into the last stage of confusion before any government whatsoever could have been established; and that we should suffer a political shipwreck, without the aid of one friendly star to guide us into Port. Every real patriot must have lamented that private feuds and local politics should have unhappily insinuated themselves into, and in some measure obstructed the discussion of a great national question. A just opinion, that the People when rightly informed will decide in a proper manner, ought certainly to have prevented all intemperate or precipitate proceedings on a subject of so much magnitude; nor should a regard to common decency have suffered the zealots in the minority to stigmatize the authors of the Constitution as Conspirators and Traitors. However unfavorably individuals, blinded by passion and prejudice, might have thought of the characters who composed the Convention; the election of those characters by the Legislatures of the several States, and the reference of their Proceedings to the free determination of their Constituents, did not carry the appearance of a private combination to destroy the liberties of their Country. Nor did the outrageous disposition, which some indulged in traducing and villifying the members, seem much calculated to produce concord or accommodation.
For myself, I expected not to be exempted from obloquy any more than others. It is the lot of humanity. But if the shafts of malice had been aimed at me in ever so pointed a manner on this occasion, shielded as I was by a consciousness of having acted in conformity to what I believed my duty, they would have fallen blunted from their mark. It is known to some of my countrymen, and can be demonstrated to the conviction of all, that I was in a manner constrained to attend the general Convention in compliance with the earnest and pressing desires of many of the most respectable characters in different parts of the Continent.
At my age, and in my circumstances, what sinister object, or personal emolument had I to seek after, in this life? The growing infirmities of age and the increasing love of retirement, daily confirm my decided predilection for domestic life: and the great Searcher of human hearts is my witness, that I have no wish, which aspires beyond the humble and happy lot of living and dying a private citizen on my own farm.
Your candour and patriotism in endeavoring to moderate the jealousies and remove the prejudices, which a particular class of Citizens had conceived against the new government, are certainly very commendable; and must be viewed as such by all true friends to their Country. In this description I shall fondly hope I have a right to comprehend myself; and shall conclude by professing a grateful sense of your favorable opinion for me, with which I am, &c.43
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 17, 1788.
Dear Sir: By the last Post I received the enclosed letter from Mr. McCoull44 to which I have given the answer that accompanies it. I pray your direction for my conduct, as there can be little doubt, of Mr. McCoulls intention to prosecute the Bond, since he has made application for payment of it after what has passed between you and him on the subject. I am, etc.45
[Note 44: Neil McCoull. McCoull's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers. Washington's reply to it, dated August 17, in the "Letter Book," referred him to Judge Mercer.]
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 17, 1788.
Sir: In the letter I did myself the honor to address to your Excellency on the 26th of last March, I intimated that as soon as I should have obtained more particular information concerning the commercial intercourse between France and the United States, I would most willingly communicate the result. Ill prepared as I still am to treat of a subject so complicated in its Nature, and so extensive in its consequences, I will now hazard a few facts and general observations; without confining myself strictly to your questions, to which, however, you may find there will be a constant allusion.
Respecting the utility or hurtfulness of the Tobacco Contract between Mr. Morris and the Farmers General,46 I have heard so many specious arguments on one side and the other, that I find myself embarrassed in making a fair judgment. In ordinary
[Note 46: Of France.] cases I know that all exclusive privileges and even partial monopolies are pernicious. How far in this instance, the contract has been only a transference of the business from the foreign Agents (English or Scottish) who used to conduct it, into other hands; and whether the same exportations, in quantity, would have been made directly to France through more advantageous channels, I cannot pretend to determine. A free competition in the purchase of that article here, as well as in the sale at the place of market, it seems reasonable to conclude, would be mutually beneficial to both Nations, however, it might be inconvenient to Individuals. Though the present Contract will soon expire of course and leave an equal field of speculation on this side the Atlantic; I have been taught to believe that the Farmers General will not so readily give up their share in the Monopoly, on the other. So the business must, in all probability, revert to its original channel.
In reply to your second, third and fourth questions, I would only briefly observe, that we are yet scarcely sufficiently acquainted with the coarse French woollens and their lowest price, to determine how far they can come in rivalship with those of Britain. The prevailing opinion is in [favor of] the latter: but I see no reason why the former, when calculated for the particular purpose may not be made equally cheap and good. As to other articles of importation, directly from France, they might consist in superfine Broad Cloths (particularly blue, which can be imported cheaper and better than from England) Glass, Gloves, Ribbons, Silks, Cambricks, plain Lawns, Linens, Printed Goods, Wine, Brandy, Oyl, Fruit, and in general every thing necessary for carrying on the Indian Trade: from the Islands, Sugar and Coffee, in addition to the Molasses and Rum which alone are permitted to be exported to the United States at present. Our produce in Return to Europe might comprehend Tobacco (as the staple from this State) and from the States aggregately wheat, Rice, other Grain, Bread, Flour, Fish, Fish Oyl, Pot ashes, Pearl Ashes, Skins, Furs, Peltry, Indigo, Madder, different dyeing Woods, Lumber, Naval Stores, Iron, Coals, and Ships ready-built: to the Islands, Lumber, Bar-iron, Coals, Live stock and Provisions of all kinds.
It may be mentioned here as a first principle of extending the intercourse, and as a theory which will be found incontestably true in experiment, That in proportion as France shall increase the facility of our making remittance, in the same ratio shall we encrease the consumption of her produce and manufactures. Common Sense and sound Policy speak thus on our part: "We can furnish new materials of great value and our ability to do it will augment with our population everyday: we want no money for them and we desire no credit may be given to us: we cannot manufacture fine articles so cheaply as we can import them and must while we continue an agricultural People, be supplied from some quarter: we offer you the preference, and will take in different Goods, to the amount received from us in our staple Commodities."
This Doctrine has been already verified so far as an opportunity has been afforded to observe the effect. The use of French Brandy, in common Taverns, as well as private Houses, has been substituted, for two or three years past, very much in the room of Jamaica Rum. Probably not less than 24,000 gallons have been imported into this State, in one year. The consumption of French wines is also much greater than it has formerly been; and may by a moderate calculation amount to between one half and one third of all that is imported. The demand for both these articles might still be extended with the means of making remittance. Not much French salt is made use of for curing provisions in Virginia. The opinion is, that it is not so clean as that imported from other parts of Europe. If it was properly purified it might and certainly would be brought out as ballast in great quantities, and find a ready market.
About half the exports from Virginia are carried in American bottoms, the remainder principally in British bottoms. There are, however, a number of other foreign vessels employed in the trade.
I know not of any other equivalents, than those to be derived by France from the extension of her commerce, which we can give for any new favours in your Islands. Under the present rigorous restrictions it is thought that trade is unprofitable for us and will decay or be disused as soon as other avenues for receiving our produce shall be gradually opened. The Maritime Genius of this Country is now steering our Vessels in every ocean; to the East Indies, the North-west Coasts of America and the extremities of the Globe. I have the best evidence, that the scale of commerce, so long against us, is beginning to turn in our favour, and that (as a new thing in our new world) the amount of exports from one State, last year, exceeded that of the imports, more than 230,000 Pounds.
What change in systems and amelioration in the general complexion of our affairs, are likely to be produced in consequence of the national government, which is on the eve of being established, I will not undertake to predict, I hope and trust the ties which connect this Nation with France, will be strengthened and made durable by it. In the mean time, there are three things, which I flatter myself will counterbalance, on the side of the French commerce, the three advantages, of which I conceive the British Merchants to be possessed. The circumstances to which I allude are, 1st, The encreasing prejudices of this country against a commercial intercourse with England, occasioned by provocations and augmented by impositions on her part; 2ndly. The facility given in many instances by the French government for our making remittances in the staple commodities of this Country; and 3dly. the change of taste in favor of articles, produced or manufactured in France, which may indeed in a great degree be attributed to the affection and gratitude still felt for her generous interposition in our favor.
I should be truly happy to learn that this Country and Inhabitants have become agreeable to your Excellency upon acquaintance. For you may be assured, Sir, no one can be more zealous than myself in promoting a friendly connection between our Nations, or in rendering your situation perfectly satisfactory, while the United States shall enjoy the benefit of your residence in them. With the highest consideration &c.47
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 48: Of Wye, Md.]
Mount Vernon, August 17, 1788.
Sir: The letter with which you honord me, dated the 31st. Ult; together with the Wheat, Barley and Madder came safe to hand. For your kindness in presenting them, I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments and thanks.
Agriculture being my favourite amusment I am always pleased with communications that relate to it. To these the great improvemts. in Husbandry, of late years, in England, may be attributed; and to a liberal communication of experiments must this Country be indebted for those profitable courses of Crops which are best adapted to our climate, our soil, and our circumstances. Experiments must be made, and the practice (of such of them as are useful) must be introduced by Gentlemen who have leizure and abilities to devise and wherewithal to hazard something. The common farmer will not depart from the old road 'till the new one is made so plain and easy that he is sure it cannot be mistaken, and that it will lead him directly to his object. It is right perhaps it shd. be so, for new ways are thorny and require time for amelioration.
No Wheat that has ever yet fallen under my observation exceeds the White which some years ago I cultivated extensively; but which, from inattention during my absence from home of almost nine years has got so mixed or degenerated as scarcely to retain any of its original characteristic properties. But if the march of the Hessian Fly, southerly, cannot be arrested; and Colo. Morgans experiments are corroborated by others of equal skill and attention, this White Wheat must yield the palm to the yellow bearded, which alone, it seems, is able to resist the depredations of that destructive insect. This makes your present of it to me more valuable. It shall be cultivated with care.
The Cape Wheat I have cultivated three years successively. The frost of the last, almost destroyed it. In neither, did it produce a full grain, though a large one. I have just harvested a little of two sorts of wheat sent me by Arthur Young Esquire of England; one of which he says is called the Harrison Wheat and is in high estimation in that Country; the other is a large white wheat to which I do not recollect his having given a name. The seed being injured in its passage came up badly, and with difficulty was preserved from weeds &ca. No conclusive opinion therefore can be formed of either from the trial of this year; but should any thing indicate a superior quality in them next, I will reserve some of the Seed for you.
That the system (if it deserves the appellation of one) of Corn, Wheat, hay; has been injurious, and if continued would prove ruinous to our lands, I believe no one who has attended to the ravages which have been produced by it in our fields, is at a loss to decide. But with deference let me ask if the substitute you propose is the best that can be devised? Wheat follows Corn: here are not only two corn crops, but those of the most exhausting nature following each other without the intervention of a restorative; when, by the approved courses now practiced in England, Grain and (what are called) fallow Crops, succeed each other alternately. Though I am not strongly attached to a particular course (being open to conviction) yet, that which has obtained most in my mind, and which I have been endeavouring (for it is not easy to go fully into any system which produces a material change, at once) to carry into execution, is the following; which for the better understanding of it, shall have dates to the growth of the respective Crops. By the usual mode (it is scarcely necessary to observe) we have three fields--viz--one in Corn, one in wheat, and one in hay. By my plan these three fields are divided into Six. In 1788 for instance, one of them (say No. 1) is planted with Corn 8 feet by 2, single stalks; with Irish Potatoes or Carrots, or partly both between. That Corn planted in this manner will yield as much to the Acre as in any other. That the quantity of Potatoes will at least quadruple the quantity of Corn, and that the Potatoes do not exhaust the Soil, are facts well established in my mind. In April 1789 it is sown with Buck wheat for manure, which is plowed in before Harvest when the Seed begins to ripen and there is a sufficiency of it to seed the ground a second time. In July it is again plowed; which gives two dressings to the land at the expence of a bushl. of B. Wheat and the plowings which would otherwise be essential for a summer fallow. In August, after the putrefaction and fermentation is over, wheat is sown, and in 1790 harvested. In 1791 the best, and earliest kind of Indian Pease are sown broadcast, to be mowed when generally ripe. Since the adoptn. of this course, and progress that has been made to carry it into effect, I have had too much cause to be convinced, that Pease harvested in this manr. is a considerable exhaustion of the Soil. I have some thoughts therefore of substituting a medley, of Pease, Buck Wheat for seed, Turnips, Pompions &ca. in such parts of the field as best suit them, they will be useful, and serve as preparatives. In 1792 Spring Barley or Oats, or equal quantities of each, will be sown with red clover; the latter to be fed with light Stock the first year after harvest. In 1793, the field remains in Clover for Hay, or grazing according to circumstances, and in 1794 comes into Corn again, and goes on as before.
It may be remarked here, as an objection to this System; that Wheat, in the best farming Counties in England follows the Clover hay. Is sown on a single ploughing, and has been found profitable from practice. My reasons for departing from that mode are: 1. our ploughing is not equal to theirs, of course the clover is not so welt buried, nor the ensuing crop (of Wheat) so free from grass as theirs. and 2. If we sow Wheat at an early and proper period, we loose a valuable part of the clover crop. Whereas the ground for Corn need not be broken till the season for grazing is over, and the Beasts in their Stalls. By the tillage too which the Corn Crop ought to receive, followed by Buck Wheat twice ploughed in, Weeds and grass, one would think, must be entirely subdued.
To contrast the probable yield of this system with the old course of Corn, Wheat and hay, suppose a farm of 300 acres of arable Land.
[Note 49: In the manuscript file old and new systems are paralleled.]
In the above statement, as much I conceive is allowed to the old, and taken from the New System, as can be done with justice. The Pastures of the latter will be fine, and improving. Those of the former, bad, declining, and running into gullies. The hand-machine spoken of by you for sowing clover seed, I have wished to see, but never yet have seen one; but I cannot conceive that by this, or any other contrivance, a bushel of Clover seed can be made to subserve 20 acrs. of Land without a considerable mixture of other grass Seeds; which would, in a manner, be wasted in so short a Lay as is proposed by either of our systems.
I have been informed that you have in possession one of Winlaws machines for threshing wheat: Pray how do you approve of it on trial? Many of these newly invented things meet the approbation of the moment, but will not stand the test of constant use, or the usage of common labourers. I have requested Mr. Young, if this machine has supported its reputation either in his opinion (if he has attended to the use of it) or the judgment of those on whom he can confide, to send me one.
I wish, notwithstanding, to receive your acct. of it. With sentiments of esteem etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, August 18, 1788.
Sir: The letter which you did me the honor to write on the 11th. of March52 last is before me, and affords an occasion of testifying the sincerity of my regrets for the distressing event announced in it. Be persuaded, Sir, I should do injustice to my feelings, if my disinterested friendship did not sympathize with your filial duty, in expressions of the most genuine grief, for the death of your father. Indeed the merits of the Count de
[Note 52: This letter, in the Washington Papers, is signed "Le Cte. Auguste de Grasse."] Grasse and the services which he had the happiness of rendering to this country, have given a singular poignancy to the melancholly, which United America feels for his loss. You need not doubt but those merits and those services will be as long held in remembrance here, as the honorable testimony of this Nations gratitude for them shall be preserved in your family.
After these pointed assurances and expressions of real esteem for your father; the son of my gallant friend and successful associate in arms will not find it difficult to comprehend the interest I take in whatever concerns his reputation and glory. But it rests not with me to grant permission for any one to bear the Insignia of the Cincinnati. All I can do will be to refer your request and pretentions to the Genl. meeting of that Society, who alone are competent to gratify your wishes. The General Meetings are Triennial. The next will not be untill a year from next May: Although I am the President, I do not expect to attend, because it is stipulated and understood that I shall be exempted from the trouble of the Office. For this reason, I will forward a transcript of your Letter to Genl. Knox, who is the Secretary, with a request that it may be laid before the General meeting and that the result may be made known to you. With sentiments of the highest regard and consideration, I am, etc.53
[Note 53: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 18, 1788.
Sir: I have just received your friendly letter of the 26th. of July, together with the History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts; and cannot delay to return you my thanks for these tokens of your regard.
Though I have not yet had time to look through the book, from the interesting nature of the subject, and the judicious manner in which it seems to be handled, I anticipate considerable amusement and information. The apology for the publication at the present time is well conceived, and forms a just discrimination between the circumstances of our own and some other Countries.
The troubles in your State, may, as you justly observe, have operated in proving to the comprehension of many minds the necessity of a more efficient general government. A Multiplicity of circumstances, scarcely yet investigated, appears to have co-operated in bringing about the great, and I trust the happy, revolution, that is on the eve of being accomplished. It will not be uncommon that those things, which were considered at the moment as real ills, should have been no inconsiderable causes in producing positive and permanent national felicity. For it is thus that Providence works in the mysterious course of events "from seeming evil still educing good."
I was happy to hear from several respectable quarters that liberal policy and foederal sentiments had been rapidly encreasing in Massachusetts for sometime past: it gives me an additional pleasure to find that labour is becoming more productive and commerce more flourishing among the Citizens.
If I have formerly approved myself inclined to subserve the public interest by fostering youthful merit, I shall now claim to be credited, when I assert that my cordial desires for the happiness of the Republic and the prosperity of its friends are by no means diminished: and particularly when I add that with great esteem, I am etc.
[M.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, August 18, 1788.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 5th. of June from Havre de Grace. The measure you took, in recommending to Mr. Cadran the transmission of the Marqs. de la Fayette's letters for Mr. Crevecoeur through my hands, was very acceptable to me and did not stand in need of an apology.
About the time I was occupied in forwarding the Packet to New York, I had the satisfaction to hear of Mr. Warville's54 safe arrival in Boston. From the favorable character given of that Gentleman, and the important object which has occasioned his advent, I hope his visit to America may become equally interesting and satisfactory in a personal and national point of view.55 With sentiments of esteem etc.56
[Note 54: J. P. Brissot de Warville.]
[Note 55: Warville visited Mount Vernon. Nov. 15--17, 1788, and described his visit in his Nouveau Voyage dans les État Unis de l'Armérique Septentrionale, fair en 1788, which was published in Paris in 1971]
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 18 Washington wrote briefly to Marquis de Lotbiniere, acknowledging his congratulations on the ratification of the Constitution by New York; and to a Monsieur Cadran, thanking him for forwarding letters. Copies of both these letters are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: Of Nomini, Westmoreland County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, August 21, 1788.
Sir: In answer to your favor of the 12th. instant, I can assure you, if it shall be found that Doctr. Spence58 and family are in the unhappy situation you suppose, and I can be instrumental by writing to Mr. Jefferson or to any of my friends in France in obtaining their release, I should do it with cheerfulness and pleasure. An application to the Court of that Nation from a private character would be improper, such, if made, ought to go from the Sovereignty of these States.
[Note 58: Dr. William Spence.]
But, Sir, let not Mr. Thomson's hopes on this occasion be too sanguine. There are reasons to distrust the narrative of James Joshua Reynolds; to denominate him an Imposter (as you will perceive by the enclosed transcript from the Pensyla. Packet and Daily Advertiser) and other informations which your Son will probably communicate to you; and that the accounts given by this Reynolds are for time Serving purposes. To these in my opinion, may be added, as strengthing the evidence, of Doctor Spences own letter dated within a few days Sail off Sandy hook where it is believed no Cruiser from the Piratical State ever yet appeared none having ever yet been seen, or heard to be, in these Seas. If therefore it was his fate to fall into the hands of these pests to mankind it must have been by Re-capture which is not very probable from the accts. that are delivered.
The most eligable previous steps in this business, in my judgment, will be, to write first to Mr. Barclay,59 who has not been long returned from the court of Morocco in a public character and particularly from Algiers, and who must have obtained the best information of all American Prisoners, at least of the capture of the Vessels in which they were; to know if any such information ever came before him, and at the same time to enquire more particular of some Gentlemen in Philadelphia with respect to this Reynolds, the circumstances related by him of the Vessel called the Rising Sun of Israel Jacobs &c. These I will do, the answers may throw light upon the subject and direct what further Measures may be necessary to pursue when I receive them, the Result shall be communicated to you, by Sir Yr. etc.60
[Note 59: Thomas Barclay.]
[Note 60: "From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1788.
Gentlemen: It is of so much consequence to the Company, that necessary and legal measures should be pursued to obtain Judgments against its deliquent members at the ensuing General Court, now little more than five weeks distant, that I beg a moment may not be lost in complying with the requisition of Mr. Lee61 for this purpose.
[Note 61: Charles Lee.]
In the meantime if one of two things must take place which seem very likely, a stagnation in this business or another call upon the subscribers for 2½ or 5 pr. Ct. I am decidedly in favor of the latter. To advance more money for this purpose when there are such sums unpaid, cannot be more irksome, or less convenient to any one than it is to myself; but when the interest of the company, or the reputation of the undertaking is at stake, I will chearfully submit to it: When the subscribers see and are satisfied that we are pursuing rigorous measures to recover the unsatisfied calls, they ought to submit to it, but if there is the least remissness in the latter, or blunders on our side, they will, indeed, have great and just cause to complain. For this reason let Mr. Lee direct the essentials. Let us cause them to be executed without delay, precisely agreeable to his orders. I am, etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 63: Of Marshall Hall, Md.]
Mount Vernon, August 24, 1788.
Sir: Upon receipt of your letter of the 21st. instant I sent up to Alexandria to know what the cash price of wheat was at that place; and am informed that the highest that has been offered is four Shillings and sixpence for wheat at 60 lb. to the Bushel all Cash or 4/9 part Goods. As I do not incline to exceed the market price I cannot give 5/ unless it should rise to that; and whether this is probable, or not, is more than I can tell. The Sale of flour being dull, and the price low, I have no thoughts at present of buying this article for Manufacturing. My chief, indeed only object in applying to you for wheat, was for the benefit of exchanging seed from light to Stiff-land; and vice versa; which every farmer would find [to] his account in doing. I therefore thought your wheat (if it grew as I expected it did on light land) would suit me as mine would do you, if the sorts were good and approved; but then as I am now seeding my ground it would not answer my purposes to wait long. I am, etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 25, 1788.
Dr. Sir: Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance Doctr. Ruston,65 the bearer of this, a gentleman who was warmly recommend to me by my deceased friend Colo. Fairfax as a Gentleman of merit and a warm friend to the American Cause during its contest with Great Britain.
[Note 65: Dr. Thomas Ruston.]
The Doctr. has some business with the Assembly of your State which will cause his attendance at Annapolis and is the cause of my taking the liberty of introducing him to your civilities. I am, etc.66
[Note 66: Practically this same letter was sent to Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and George Plater, copies of which are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 25, 1788.
Sir: The letter which you did me the favor of writing to me the 31st. of last month, with a Postscript to it on the 5th. of this, came duly to hand; as did a small parcel of wheat, forwarded some time before, by the Post Master General from New York. For your polite attention to me in these instances I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments and Thanks.
With much concern I have heard of the ravages of the Hessian fly on the wheaten Crops in the States East of the Delaware and of the progress of this distructive insect Southerly; but I congratulate with you sincerely on your successful endeavors in the management of your measures &c. to counteract them. If the yellow bearded wheat from a continuation of experiments is found no matter from what cause, to be obnoxious to and able to withstand this all devouring insect [it] must indeed be valuable; but I have paid too little attention to the growth of this particular kind hitherto, to inform you in what degree of cultivation it is in this State, I may venture, at a hazard, however, to add that it is rare: because it is unusual to see fields of bearded wheat of any kind growing with us, particularly in the Western parts of the State, which falls more immediately under my observation. I will distribute the Seed which you have sent me; make enquiry into this matter and communicate the result, begging in the meantime, if any further observations on this insect, and the means of guarding against him should be made by you that you will have the goodness to communicate them to.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 25, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 13th. and 17th. instt. are both at hand, but the Packet is not yet arrived. The Iron written for in one of my last letters, was no other than the common sheet iron (about as thin as sheet copper) which is rolled at the Trenton Mills. The use for which I wanted it being, to cover the Mould boards of my Ploughs to prevent the Wood from wearing by the friction. If that which you have sent is not of this kind my purpose will not be answered by it. The length or width of the Sheets is immaterial because a cold Chissel will soon reduce them to Suit the parts for which they are intended to cover. Should you have mistaken me before I now request 200 weight of this kind, for the uses here mentioned.
Previous to the receipt of your letter of the 17th. I had been advised by Mr. Thomas Smith of his having £50 of my money ready to send to you by the first safe conveyance. I am glad to hear that it has reached your hands. Be so good as to discharge the enclosed acct. for Sundries brought, and ordered to this place by Mrs. Morris.
I shall rely on you for the Winter Barley agreeably to my former order, and beg it may come by the first good conveyance lest the Season should be too far advanced for the sowing it in time. As it is a grain with which I have little acquaintance I beg to be informed of the quantity of Seed which is allowed, usually, to the Acre. I hope you are perfectly recovered from yr. late indisposition. Mrs. Washington joins me in good wishes for you and Mrs. Biddle and I am, etc.
PS. My shifting sires, or Screens that go into the Dutch Fans, on which the grain falls from the Hoppers, are so much worn as to require new ones. Be so good therefore as to send me ten, viz, five of the open kind, and five of the closer sort (both as usual). The whole to be (including the frame of wood into which the wire is worked) 16 Inches by 14 Inches, the frame 5/8ths. thick. These are required by the first conveyance as they are much wanted for the use of GW--n.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, August 28, 1788.
My dear Sir: I received with your letter of the 9th. instant, one from Mr. Minot, and also his History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts. The work seems to be executed with ingenuity, as well as to be calculated to place facts in a true point of light, obviate the prejudices of those who are unacquainted with the circumstances and answer good purposes in respect to our government in general. I have returned him my thanks for his present, by this conveyance.
The public appears to be anxiously waiting for the decision of Congress, respecting the place for convening the National Assembly under the new government, and the Ordinance for its organization. Methinks it is a great misfortune, that local interests should involve themselves with federal concerns at this moment.
So far as I am able to learn, foederal principles are gaining ground considerably. The declaration of some of the most respectable characters in this state (I mean of those who were opposed to the government) is now explicit, that they will give the Constitution a fair chance, by affording it all the support in their power. Even in Pennsylvania, the Minority, who were more violent than in any other place, say they will only seek for amendments in the mode pointed out by the Constitution itself.
I will however just mention by way of caveat, there are suggestions, that attempts will be made to procure the election of a number of antifoederal characters to the first Congress, in order to embarrass the wheels of government and produce premature alterations in its Constitution. How these hints, which have come through different channels, may be well or ill founded, I know not: but, it will be advisable, I should think, for the foederalists to be on their guard so far as not to suffer any secret machinations to prevail, without taking measures to frustrate them. That many amendments and explanations might and should take place, I have [no] difficulty in conceding; but, I will confess, my apprehension is, that the New York Circular letter68 is intended to bring on a general Convention at too early a period, and in short, by referring the subject to the Legislatures, to set every thing afloat again. I wish I may be mistaken in imagining, that there are persons, who, upon finding they could not carry their point by an open attack against the Constitution, have some sinister designs to be silently effected, if possible. But I trust in that Providence, which has saved us in six troubles yea in seven, to rescue us again from any imminent, though unseen, dangers. Nothing, however, on our part ought to be left undone. I conceive it to be of unspeakable importance, that whatever there be of wisdom, and prudence, and patriotism on the Continent, should be concentred in the public Councils, at the first outset. Our habits of intimacy will render an apology unnecessary. Heaven is my witness, that an inextinguishable desire [that] the felicity of my country may be promoted is my only motive in making these observations. With sentiments of sincere attachment etc.69
[Note 68: A circular letter from the Convention of the State of New York to the executives of the different States to be laid before their respective legislatures, Aug. 9, 1788. It is printed in The Documentary History of the Constitution, vol. 5, p. 62. ( Bulletin of the Bureau of Rolls and Library of the Department of State, no. 11, pt. 2.)]
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 70: President of Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.]
Mount Vernon, August 28, 1788.
Sir: I am to acknowledge the receipt of the letter and Pamphlet, which you have been pleased to forward to me by a late conveyance; and to desire you will accept of my thanks forthem.
You have been rightly informed relative to the application, which had been made to me from Europe, for Documents concerning the Indian Language. It seems that a Society of Literati are endeavouring to make discoveries respecting the origin and derivation of different Languages. In the prosecution of this curious study, all Judicious philological communications must be important, yours, I conceive, will not be deficient in that quality. I have long regretted that so many Tribes of the American Aborigines should have become almost or entirely, extinct, without leaving such vestiges, as that the genius and idiom of their Language might be traced. Perhaps, from such sources, the descent or kindred of nations, whose origins are lost in remote antiquity or illiterate darkness, might be more rationally investigated, than in any other mode. The task you have imposed upon yourself, of preserving some materials for this purpose, is certainly to be commended.
I entreat you, Sir, to believe that I am duly penitrated with your friendly and pious wishes for my happiness and that I am, etc.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 28,72 1788.
[Note 72: Sparks prints this letter under date of August 26 in the Appendix to vol. 12 of his Writings of Washington.]
Sir: Your favor of the 7th. of this Month has been duly received; and I lose no time before I acknowledge the obligations under which you have placed me, by offering the copy of your History73 as a present. Aside of [ sic] the honorable testimony of my friend Genl. Lincoln, the intrinsic merit of the work (so
[Note 73: The History of the Insurrection in Massachusetts in the Year Seventeen Hundred and Eighty Six and the Rebellion Consequent Thereon (Worcester: 1788).] far as I am able to form a judgment from its perspicuity and impartiality) carries a sufficient recommendation.
The series of events which followed from the conclusion of the War, forms a link of no ordinary magnitude, in the chain of the American Annals. That portion of domestic History, which you have selected for your narrative, deserved particularly to be discussed and set in its proper point of light, while materials for the purpose were attainable. Nor was it unbecoming or unimportant to enlighten the Europeans, who seem to have been extremely ignorant with regard to these transactions. While I comprehend fully the difficulty of stating facts on the spot, amidst, the living actors and recent animosities, I approve the more cordially that candor with which you appear to have done it.
I will only add that I always feel a singular satisfaction in discovering proofs of talents and patriotism, in those who are soon to take the parts of the generation,74 which is now hastening to leave the stage, and that, with wishes for your prosperity, I remain etc.75
[Note 74: Minot was then 30 years of age.]
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 28, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter dated the 13th.76 accompanied by one addressed to Genl. Morgan. I will forward the letter to General Morgan by the first conveyance, and add my particular wishes, that he would comply with the request contained in it. Although I can scarcely imagine how the watch of a British officer, killed within their lines, should have fallen into his hands who was many miles
[Note 76: Not now found in the Washington Papers, but is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress, having been transferred to that collection by John C. Hamilton.] distant from the scene of action, yet, if it so happened, I flatter myself there will be no reluctance or delay in restoring it to the family.77
[Note 77: Hamilton's letter states that Captain Cochran, of the British Navy (Hamilton later calls him Major Cochran), requested the return of his brother's watch. His brother was killed at Yorktown and General Morgan is stated to have purchased the watch, for a trifle, from a British soldier.]
As the perusal of the political papers under the signature of Publius has afforded me great satisfaction, I shall certainly consider them as claiming a most distinguished place in my Library. I have read every performance which has been printed on one side and the other of the great question lately agitated (so far as I have been able to obtain them) and, without an unmeaning compliment, I will say, that I have seen no other so well calculated (in my judgment) to produce conviction on an unbiased Mind, as the Production of your triumvirate.78 When the transient circumstances and fugitive performances which attended this Crisis shall have disappeared, That Work79 will merit the Notice of Posterity; because in it are candidly and ably discussed the principles of freedom and the topics of government, which will be always interesting to mankind so long as they shall be connected in Civil Society.
[Note 78: Madison, Hamilton, and Jay.]
[Note 79: Now known as The Federalist.]
The circular letter from your Convention, I presume, was the equivalent by which you obtained an acquiescence in the proposed Constitution. Notwithstanding I am not very well satisfied with the tendency of it, yet the foederal affairs had proceeded, with few exceptions, in so good a train, that I hope the political Machine may be put in motion, without much effort or hazard of miscarrying.
On the delicate subject with which you conclude your letter, I can say nothing;80 because the event alluded to may never
[Note 80: Hamilton had written (August 13); "I take it for granted, Sir, you have concluded to comply with what will no doubt be the general call of your country in relation to the new government. You will permit me to say that it is indispensable you should lend yourself to its first operations. It is to little purpose to have introduced a system, if the weightiest influence is not given to its firm establishment, in the outset." This letter is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.] happen; and because, in case it should occur, it would be a point of prudence to defer forming one's ultimate and irrevocable decision, so long as new data might be afforded for one to act with the greater wisdom and propriety. I would not wish to conceal my prevailing sentiment from you. For you know me well enough, my good Sir, to be persuaded, that I am not guilty of affectation, when I tell you, that it is my great and sole desire to live and die, in peace and retirement on my own farm. Were it even indispensable a different line of conduct should be adopted; while you and some others who are acquainted with my heart would acquit, the world and Posterity might probably accuse me [of] inconsistency and ambition. Still I hope I shall always possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain (what I consider the most enviable of all titles) the character of an honest man, as well as prove (what I desire to be considered in reality) that I am, with great sincerity and esteem, etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
In answer to this letter from Washington, Hamilton wrote (September --): "I should be deeply pained my Dear Sir if your scruples in regard to a certain station should be matured into a resolution to decline It; though I am neither surprised at their existence nor can I but agree in opinion that the caution you observe in deferring an ultimate determination is prudent. I have however reflected maturely on the subject and have come to a conclusion, (in which I feel no hesitation) that every public and personal consideration will demand from you an acquescence in what will certainly be the unanimous wish of your country." Hamilton's letter is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1788.
Sir: Agreeably to your desire I am sitting down to acknowledge the receipt of the letter, which you was pleased to address to me on the 18th. of this Month.83 In the multitude of persons, public and private, of whom I may have had some knowledge, it will not be thought strange, that I should retain no recollection of you. I am only sorry for the losses which you say you have sustained, without being able to remedy them.
[Note 83: Mary stated that he had been secretary to the Consulate General of France during the Revolutionary War. He had been, also, French instructor at the University of Cambridge, and was then teaching French in New York.]
You are doubtless informed, Sir, that I lead altogether a private life. It would hardly be expected then that I should go abroad in search of employment for a gentleman with whose talents and character, I have not the honor of being acquainted. Not having any agency with the College that bears my name, or knowledge of any family that, at present, wants an Instructor in the French language, you will excuse me for giving this laconic reply, with my wishes for your success. I am, etc.82
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1788.
Sir: I have lately received, with a grateful sensibility the Miscellaneous Collection in verse and prose, which you have had the goodness to send to me, accompanied by your letter under date of May 24th; for both of which I pray you to accept my warmest thanks.
But, Sir, I consider you as a patriot of the world, earnestly solicitous for the freedom and prosperity of all nations. And I should do injustice to my feelings, not to go beyond common expressions of personal civility, in testifying my sense of the uniform and able exertions you have made in favor of the cause and reputation of the United States of America. Your honest endeavours to confute the erroneous reports that had been scattered in Europe, respecting the partial commotions in Massachusetts, were truly laudable, and merit the applause of every patriot. As I know of no European Character better calculated or more disposed to make good use of an authentic History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts,84 It possesses the merit of being written with simplicity and impartiality, and will tend to destroy the idle opinions that were propagated in the English News Papers on the subject. All the accounts of our being in great jeopardy from a war with the savages are equally groundless, and seem principally designed to deter People from migrating to America.
[Note 84: Another of the many careless omissions of the "Letter Book" copyist. The volume sent was, probably, Minor's History of the Insurrection.]
We flatter ourselves your patriotic wishes and sanguine hopes respecting the political felicity of this Country, will not prove abortive. We hope, from the general acquiescence of the States so far, with small exceptions, in the proposed Constitution, that the foundation is laid for the enjoyment of much purer civil liberty and greater public happiness than have hitherto been the portion of Mankind. And we trust the western World will yet verify the predictions of its friends and prove an Asylum for the persecuted of all Nations. With sentiments of great esteem &c.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 30, 1788.
Dear Sir: I was favoured, a few days ago, with your letter, dated the first day of this Month, in which you obligingly acknowledge the receipt of mine of a former date.
In the dearth of News and Politics at this moment, and especially in my distance from the sources of intelligence, and retirement from the scenes of public life; I should have scarcely any topic of importance enough to trouble you with a letter, but for a single consideration. I hope your mind will, upon reading this, have been employed in doing me the justice to anticipate, that my principal object in writing was to assure Mrs. Smith and yourself, Mrs. Washington and I shall be very happy to receive you at Mount Vernon, whensoever you can make your Journey convenient. In the meantime, our United Compliments are cordially offered to both: and I will hasten to conclude myself, with much regard etc.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 30, 1788.
Dear Sir: The enclosed came open (in the manner you will receive it) under cover to me, with request that I would add my mite towards the accomplishment of Captn. Cochrans wishes. As it is a family watch valued more I presume on that account than for any intrinsic merit it possesses I have no doubt of your disposition to oblige him on the footing the matter is placed provided it is now in your possession, or in the power of your good Offices to recover, if in the hands of any other.
I have only to add that, in either of the above cases, if I can be made useful in the conveyance, or otherwise, it will give me pleasure and that I am Dear Sir etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Alexander Hamilton, Oct. 18, 1788, post.)]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1788.
I have received and thank you very sincerely, My dear Madam, for your kind letter of the 3d. instant. It would be in vain for me to think of acknowledging in adequate terms the delicate compliments, which, though expressed in plain prose, are evidently inspired by the elegant Muse of Morvan. I know not by what fatality it happens that even Philosophical sentiments come so much more gracefully (forcibly I might add) from your Sex, than my own. Otherwise I should be strongly disposed to dispute your Epicurean position concerning the (economy of pleasures. Perhaps, indeed, upon a self-interested principle, because I should be conscious of becoming a gainer by a different practice. For, to tell you the truth, I find myself altogether interested in establishing in theory, what I feel in effect, that we can never be cloyed with the pleasing compositions of our female friends. You see how selfish I am, and that I am too much delighted with the result to perplex my head much in seeking for the cause. But, with Cicero in speaking respecting his belief of the immortality of the Soul, I will say, if I am in a grateful delusion, it is an innocent one, and I am willing to remain under its influence. Let me only annex one hint to this part of the subject, while you may be in danger of appreciating the qualities of your friend too highly, you will run no hazard in calculating upon his sincerity or in counting implicitly on the reciprocal esteem and friendship which he entertains for yourself.
The felicitations you offer on the present prospect of our public affairs are highly acceptable to me, and I entreat you to receive a reciprocation from my part. I can never trace the concatenation of causes, which led to these events, without acknowledging the mystery and admiring the goodness of Providence. To that superintending Power alone is our retraction from the brink of ruin to be attributed. A spirit of accomodation was happily infused into the leading characters of the Continent, and the minds of men were gradually prepared, by disappointment, for the reception of a good government. Nor would I rob the faker sex of their share in the glory of a revolution so honorable to human nature, for, indeed, I think you Ladies are in the number of the best Patriots America can boast.
And now that I am speaking of your Sex, I will ask whether they are not capable of doing something towards introducing foederal fashions and national manners? A good general government, without good morals and good habits, will not make us a happy People; and we shall deceive ourselves if we think it will. A good government will, unquestionably, tend to foster and confirm those qualities, on which public happiness must be engrafted. Is it not shameful that we should be the sport of European whims and caprices? Should we not blush to discourage our own industry and ingenuity; by purchasing foreign superfluities and adopting fantastic fashions, which are, at best, ill suited to our stage of Society? But I will preach no longer on so unpleasant a subject; because I am persuaded that you and I are both of a Sentiment, and because I fear the promulgation of it would work no reformation.
You know me well enough, my dear Madam, to believe me sufficiently happy at home, to be intent upon spending the residue of my days there. I hope that you and yours may have the enjoyment of your health, as well as Mrs. Washington and myself: that enjoyment, by the divine benediction, adds much to our temporal felicity. She joins with me in desiring our compliments may be made acceptable to yourself and Children. It is with the purest sentiment of regard and esteem I have always the pleasure to subscribe myself Dear Madam, Your etc.91
[Note 91: From a facsimile of the original kindly furnished by Frederick S. Peck, of Providence, R. I.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1788.
Dear Sir: I shall be obliged to you for informing me, what foundation there is for so much of the following extract of a letter from Doctr. Brooke at Fredericksburgh, to Doctr. Smart of this County, as relates to the officious light in which my conduct was viewed for havg. written the letter alluded to.
Since then, I was informed by the Honourable James Mercer, that his Brother Colo. John Mercer, who was at that time (July 10th.) in this town, was furnished with documents to prove, that General Washington had wrote a letter upon the present Constitution, to Governor Johnson of Maryland; and that Governor Johnson was so much displeased with the officiousness of General Washington, as to induce him to take an active part in bringing about the amendments proposed by a Committee of the Convention of Maryland.
If the letter92 which I wrote to you at Annapolis, while the Convention of your State was in Session, was so considered, I have only to regret that it ever escaped me. My motives were declared. Having such proofs as were satisfactory to me, that, the intention of the leaders of opposition was to effect an adjournment of your Convention (if a direct attack should be found unlikely to succeed) I conceived that a hint of it could not be displeasing to the Supporters of the proposed Constitution, in which light, as well from a letter I had received from you, as from universal report and belief, I had placed [in] you, for I defy any anti-foederalist to say, with truth, that I ever wrote to, or exchanged a word with him on the subject of the New Constitution if (the latter) was not forced upon me in a manner not to be avoided. Nothing therefore could be more foreign from my design than to attempt to make proselytes, or to obtrude my opinions with a view to influence the judgment of any one. The first wish of my heart, from the beginning of the business, was, that a dispassionate enquiry, free from sinister and local considerations might, under the existing and impending circumstances of this Country, (which could not be unknown to any Man of observation and reflexion) take place; and an impartial judgment formed of it.
[Note 92: See Washington's letter to Thomas Johnson, Apr. 20, 1788, ante.]
I have no other object, Sir, for making this enquiry than merely to satisfy myself whether the information (for information was all I had in view) was considered by you as an improper interference on my part, or, that the documents, and interpretation of this matter, by Colo. Mercer, is the effect of one of those mistakes, which he is so apt to fall into.93 With very great esteem etc.94
[Note 93: Johnson's reply is in the Washington Papers. The report was without the slightest foundation.]
[Note 94: From a photostat of the original in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1788.
Sir: I have been regularly favored with your letter of the 17th. instant, and am much obliged by your polite congratulations on the ratification of the Constitution by eleven States. Your remark seems to be well founded, that it is much more wonderful so many States should have adopted, than that two only should not as yet have accepted the government. It remains for us to hope [for] the best; and I would fain persuade myself that the same Power, which hath hitherto kept us from Disunion and Anarchy, will not suffer us to be disappointed.
Although I am not personally acquainted with many of the gentlemen who compose the Senate of Maryland, I will, according to your desire, give you introductory letters to some of them. As a new House of Delegates is to be elected before the next Session of Assembly, it might not be so easy for me to know and address any of them, in time.
Ever disposed to testify my regard and esteem for you, I remain, etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1788.
Dear Sir: I was very much gratified by the receipt of your letter, dated the 3d. of May. You have my best thanks for the political information contained in it, as well as for the satisfactory account of the Canal of Languedoc. It gives me pleasure to be made acquainted with the particulars of that stupendous Work, tho' I do not expect to derive any but speculative advantages from it.
When America will be able to embark in projects of such pecuniary extent, I know not; probably not for very many years to come; but it will be a good example and not without its use, if we can carry our present undertakings happily into effect. Of this we have now the fairest prospect. Notwithstanding the real scarcity of money, and the difficulty of collecting it, the labourers employed by the Potomack Company have made very great progress in removing the obstructions at the Shenandoah, Seneca and Great Falls. Insomuch that, if this Summer had not proved unusually rainy and if we could have had a favourable autumn, the Navigation might have been sufficiently opened (though not completed) for Boats to have passed from Fort Cumberland to within nine miles of a Shipping port by the first of January next. There remains now no doubt of the practicability of the Plan, or that, upon the ulterior operations being performed, this will become the great avenue into the Western Country; a country which is now settg. in an extraordinarily rapid manner, under uncommonly favorable circumstances, and which promises to afford a capacious asylum for the poor and persecuted of the Earth.
I do not pretend to judge how far the flames of war, which are kindled in the North of Europe, may be scattered; or how soon they will be extinguished. The European politics have taken so strange a turn, and the Nations formerly allied have become so curiously severed, that there are fewer sure premises for calculation, than are usually afforded, even on that precarious and doubtful subject. But it appears probable to me, that peace will either take place this year, or hostility be greatly extended in the course of the next. The want of a hearty cooperation between the two Imperial Powers against the Porte; or the failure of success from any other cause, may accelerate the first contingency; the irritable state into wch. several of the other Potentates seem to have been drawn, may open the way to the secd. Hitherto the event of the contest has proved different from the general expectation. If, in our speculations, we might count upon discipline, system and resource, and certainly these are the articles which generally give decisive advantages in War, I had thought full-surely the Turks must, at least, have been driven out of Europe.
Is it not unaccountable that the Russians and Germans combined, are not able to effect so much, as the former did alone in the late War? But perhaps these things are all for the best and may afford room for pacification. I am glad our Commodore Paul Jones has got employment,96 and heartily wish him success. His new situation may possibly render his talents and services more useful to us at some future day. I was unapprised of the circumstances which you mention, that Congress had once in contemplation to give him promotion. They will judge now how far it may be expedient.97
[Note 96: With the Empress of Russia.]
[Note 97: Jefferson had written (May3): "I believe Congress had it in contemplation to give him the grade of Admiral from the date of his taking the Serapis. Such a measure now would grately gratify him, second the efforts of fortune in his favor and better the opportunities of improving him for our service whenever the moment shall come in which we may want him." Jefferson's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
By what we can learn from the late foreign Gazettes, affairs seem to have come to a crisis in France; and I hope they are beginning to meliorate. Should the contest between the King and the Parliaments result in a well constituted National Assembly, it might ultimately be a happy event for the kingdom. But I fear that Kingdom will not recover its reputation and influence with the Dutch for a long time to come. Combinations appear also to be forming in other quarters. It is reported by the last European accounts that England has actually entered into a Treaty with Prussia; and that the French Ambassador at the Court of London has asked to be informed of its tenor. In whatever manner the Nations of Europe shall endeavor to keep up their prowess in war and their ballance of power in peace, it will be obviously our policy to cultivate tranquility at home and abroad; and extend our agriculture and commerce as far as possible.
I am much obliged by the information you give respecting the credit of different Nations among the Dutch Money-holders; and fully accord with you with regard to the manner in which our own ought to be used. I am strongly impressed with the expediency of establishing our National faith beyond imputation, and of having recourse to loans only on critical occasions. Your proposal for transferring the whole foreign debt to Holland is highly worthy of consideration. I feel mortified that there should have been any just grd. for the clamour of the foreign Officers who served with us; but, after having received a quarter of their whole debt in specie and their interest in the same for sometime, they have infinitely less reason for complaint than our native Officers, of whom the suffering and neglect have only been equalled by their patience and patriotism. A great proportion of the Officers and Soldiers of the American Army have been compelled by indigence to part with their securities for one eighth of the nominal value. Yet their conduct is very different from what you represented that of the French Officers to have been.
The merits and defects of the proposed Constitution have been largely and ably discussed. For myself, I was ready to have embraced any tolerable compromise that was competent to save us from impending ruin; and I can say, there are scarcely any of the amendments which have been suggested, to which I have much objection, except that which goes to the prevention of direct taxation; and that, I presume, will be more strenously advocated and insisted upon hereafter, than any other. I had indulged the expectation, that the New Government would enable those entrusted with its Administration to do justice to the public creditors and retrieve the National character. But if no means are to be employed but requisitions, that expectation was vain and we may as well recur to the old Confoederation. If the system can be put in operation without touching much the Pockets of the People, perhaps, it may be done; but, in my judgment, infinite circumspection and prudence are yet necessary in the experiment. It is nearly impossible for anybody who has not been on the spot to conceive (from any description) what the delicacy and danger of our situation have been. Though the peril is not past entirely; thank God! the prospect is somewhat brightening.
You will probably have heard before the receipt of this letter, that the general government has been adopted by eleven States; and that the actual Congress have been prevented from issuing their ordinance for carrying it into execution, in consequence of a dispute about the place at which the future Congress shall meet. It is probable that Philadelphia or New York will soon be agreed upon.
I will just touch on the bright side of our national State, before I conclude: and we may perhaps rejoice that the People have been ripened by misfortune for the reception of a good government. They are emerging from the gulf of dissipation and debt into which they had precipitated themselves at the close of the war. OEconomy and industry are evidently gaining ground. Not only Agriculture; but even Manufactures are much more attended to than formerly. Notwithstanding the shackles under which our trade in general labours; commerce to the East Indies is prosecuted with considerable success: Salted provisions and other produce (particularly from Massachusetts) have found an advantageous market there. The Voyages are so much shorter and the vessels are navigated at so much less expence, that we hope to rival and supply (at least through the West Indies) some part of Europe, with commodities from thence. This year the exports from Massachusetts have amounted to a great deal more than their exports [ sic]. I wish this was the case everywhere.
On the subject of our Commerce with France, I have received several quæries from the Count de Moustiers; besides the information he desired relative to articles of importation from and exportation to France, he wished to know my opinion of the advantage or detriment of the Contract between Mr. Morris and the Farm;98 as also what emoluments we had to to give in return for the favors we solicited in our intercourse with the Islands. As I knew that these topics were also in agitation in France, I gave him the most faithful and satisfactory advice I could: but in such a cautious manner as might not be likely to contradict your assertions or impede your negotiations in Europe. With sentiments of the highest regard etc.99
[Note 98: Farmers General.]
[Note 99: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1788.
Sir: I have received a letter from a Doctr. Thomas [Thomson], of Westmoreland in this State, requesting me to make enquiries respecting Dr. Spence and his Lady, who were supposed to be lost at sea, several years ago, and who are now reported to be in slavery among the piratical States of Barbary.
As I know of no person more likely to give information on the subject than yourself, I have taken the liberty of enclosing to you the Abstract of a narrative made by James Joshua Reynolds at Greenock, and sent to me by Doctr. Thomson.
Now, Sir, it will be conferring a great obligation upon a distressed family (for Doctr. Thomson married the mother of Dr. Spence) if you can give any certain advice, whether such a ship as described ever sailed from Philadelphia and was captured by Pirates, or missing; whether there is any such man as Israel Jacobs in Philadelphia, who has negotiated the ransom of any person in captivity; whether Doctr. Spence or any of the crew or Passengers in question were ever heard of by you while on your public Mission; and, in fine, whether, in your knowledge or Judgement, any credit is to be given to the report; for myself, I am apprehensive, from the circumstances, the story is only calculated to sport with the feelings of the Unhappy. I heartily wish it may not be so.
An early and full answer from you will not only be extremely grateful to the persons on whose account I write; but also very acceptable to Sir Yrs. etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 2: Of Savannah, Ga. He was formerly aide-de-camp to General Greene.]
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1788.
Sir: I am happy to find that the same patriotic sentiments have been displayed, though[out] the Union, by the Citizens of America and particularly by those who were formerly members of the Army, on the XII Anniversary of Independence.
That you might not apprehend your letter of the 1st. of August, had miscarried through the great distance of the way, or that I had received your agreeable Present without feeling a due sense of the layout; I have concluded to take an early opportunity of rendering my best acknowledgments for your Oration and of assuring you that. I am, etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1788.
Sir: It is with great personal satisfaction, I receive the Congratulations of the Society of the Cincinnati in New Hampshire, on the present State of our public Affairs. I shall take care to convey the Instrument expressive of their sentiments to the Secretary of the general Meeting, that, being deposited in the Archives, the purport may be made known accordingly.4
[Note 4: On September 10 Washington forwarded this congratulatory address to Henry Knox, in a brief note, which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The present whereabouts of the address is unknown, but the text is printed in the Historical Magazine, second series, vol. 9, p. 116. The originals of this letter to Sullivan and the brief note to Knox are in the possession of the New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati.]
The prevalence of so good dispositions, from one extremity of the Continent to the other (with few exceptions) seems indeed to afford a subject of mutual felicitations, to all who delight in their Country's prosperity. But the idea, that my former gallant Associates in the field are now about to receive, in a good national government, some compensation for the toils and dangers which they experienced in the course of a long and perilous war, is particularly consolatory to me.
I entreat that the Members of your State Society will believe that I interest myself much in their prosperity, and that you will accept the professions of sincere regard and esteem, with which I have the honor, etc.3
Mount Vernon, September 15, 1788.
Sir: Your favour of the 6th. Ult. came duly to hand and I beg you to accept my thanks for the trouble you have had in collecting my money and for the punctuality and dispatch with which you have transacted my business. The Sum of £50.0.2 sent to Colo Biddle got safe; and the receipt of it is acknowledged by him in a letter to me. It is far, very far indeed, Sir, from my wish that you should make good the Counterfeit money which you received on my account; the Act of receiving it in the manner you do is confering a favour on me; to be made liable for the accidents which may attend the doing it, would, if I could do it, be worse than ungenerous, it would be unjust. I therefore request that you would deduct the Sum of £7...6...8 from your next Account. Colo. Biddle could do no less than refuse it, but in doing so he has done more than I wished.
I would thank you for giving the enclosed a safe conveyance. Colo Cannon is vested with the care of my Landed property in the Counties of Fayette and Washington but owing to miscarriages of letters, or other causes, I have heard nothing from him for more than 15 Months, and am ignorant of the Situation in which my tenements are. Letters sent by way of Philadelphia will always come safe, it is somewhat strange therefore to be so long without one from him. with very great esteem etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 15, 1788.
Sir: As I have not received a line from you for more than fifteen months, and am altogether in the dark respecting the business which was committed to your care. I would thank you for information respecting the tenements, the Rents &ca. of my Lands in Fayette and Washington Counties. And, as the latter, that is the Rents, may have been received in specific articles I should be glad to know they are disposed off. Letters Lodged at the Post Office (and I believe one is now established from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh) will come safe, by private hands they rarely do, and any money which may have arisen from the Rents or the produce of them, Mr. Smith, I am certain, will undertake if committed to his care, to forward to me.
If any proposals have been made to you for purchasing either, or part of the above tracts, I should be glad to know on what terms. As also to whom they are now tenanted and what the Rents are. I am, etc.7
Mount Vernon, September 15, 1788.
Dear Sir: It was many days after the rect. of your obliging favour of the 9th. Ult. by the Post, that Capt. Ellwood arrived in the Packet. He brought the Chair8 very safe, and you and Mrs. Powel have the thanks of Mrs. Washington and myself for the trouble you have had in procuring it. I think it neat and handsome, and with some additions which I will take the liberty sometime hence of proposing (such as can easily be inserted) they may be made to suit the colour and furniture of the Room for which they are intended, as well as a chair of quadruple their cost. In the meantime I have requested Colo. Biddle, who does business for me in Philadelphia to pay the cost of the one which you have sent me.
[Note 8: An arm chair which Washington wanted for a model.]
I have not been more lucky in my Sainfoin Seed than you were. Though one would not judge so from the appearance, it is a tender seed; of my first sown last Autumn, a few. vegitated and came up, but were destroyed by the frost; of those reserved till the spring seeding not one ever appeared above ground, and now I have not a single plant of this grass growing. I have never seen Winlaws threshing Machine, but as the acct. of its utility is contained in Youngs Annals of Agriculture, I have requested that Gentleman, if from his own experience, or that of others in whose judgment he can entirely confide, it is not (as most of these things are) too complicated for common and unskilful labourers, or the mere vision of the hour, and pass away like it, to send me one.
The present Congress, by its great indecision in fixing on a place at which the New Congress is to convene, have hung the expectations, and patience of the Union on tenter hooks, and thereby (if further evidence has been necessary) given a fresh instance of the unfitness of a body so constituted to regulate with energy and precision the Affairs of such an extensive Empire. In every good wish for Mr. Powel and yourself I am joined by Mrs. Washington and with great esteem, etc.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 10: Of Nottingham, Cecil County, Md.]
Mount Vernon, September 15, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 28th. of August came safe to my hands.
A Colo. Cannon of Washington County, the county adjoining to that in which the land you express a desire to purchase lays, is authorised to sell the whole tract; which consists, of between 16 and 1700 Acres. The price fixed upon it is 40/pr. Acre estimating dollars at 7/6. One fourth to be paid down, the other ¾ in annual Payments with Interest. The whole tract is good, but some parts better than others; and near the Mill indeed within 30 yards of the House there is, in my opinion, the greatest appearance of a valuable Mine bank I have ever seen. If the price, and terms of payment are approved, it would be better for you and your Brother in law, and others if you chose to admit more, to take the whole tract; for if I divide it the price of the parts will be proportioned to the quality of the Soil, and value of the improvements. I am, etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have your letters of the 24th. Ulto. and the 5th. inst. now before me. The articles sent by Captn. Ellwood rived safe and agreeable to the invoice. If you have not already purchased the Winter Barley I would not wish you to do it, for I think it is very probable that I may be able to get the quantity which I shall want of the Brewer in Alexandria in exchange for Spring Barley, or if I should be disappointed there, that I can obtain it upon better terms and perhaps of a better quality upon James River than at Philadelphia, as you observe that the crops of it have generally failed, and none has yet been seen that is fit for seed.
I should be glad to have the Herrings and Shad which are in your hands disposed of if it can be done without making an unreasonable sacrifice of them, that you may receive the Balance which is due upon your acct. and have money of mine in your hands to procure any articles that I may have occasion for from Philadelphia; should you not be able to dispose of them immediately I will remit you a Bank note.
I will thank you to pay Samuel Powell Esqr. for a chair which he was so good as to procure for me as a pattern. With great esteem, I am etc.
P.S. You will oblige me by forwarding the inclosed letter to Mr. Smith.12
[Note 12: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the reception of your letter of the 15th. of December 1787 together with the copy of my account inclosed therein, since which time I have received the two inclosed letters from Mr. John Cowper expressing a desire to purchase the tract of Land in No. Carolina which was the joint property of your father Colo. Fielding Lewis and myself. These two letters, together with my answer to the first (a copy of which is also inclosed) will shew you upon what footing the matter now stands with respect to me. I will thank you to let me know, as soon as is convenient, your determination respecting the sale of this land that I may give Mr. Cowper a decided answer.
I will be much oblige to you if you will look among your fathers papers for a protested Bill of Exchange drawn by the Execurs. of William Armisted Esqr. I am almost certain it was among other matters committed to his care to transact for me at the General Court of May 1775, when I was called off to the northward.
I will likewise thank you for the amount of those charges in my Acct. which are not extended that I may see how the Balance stands.
Mrs. Washington joins her best wishes for you, and those of your Family. I am, etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1788.
Sir: I have some Spring Barley for sale, and if you incline to buy it, would be glad to know what you will give delivered at my landing; or if this is not convenient for you what your price at Baltimore.
It is raised from seed which Colo. Biddle of Philadelphia procured for me from a Mr. Haynes a Brewer of that City; who had it (I am informed) from Rhode Island. It is, which I did not discover till growing, mixed, in a small degree, with oats. I mention it for the sake of plain dealing, and not because I am told it is a common case, and because it is generally so this year in the Eastern14 States.
[Note 14: Mutilated. The word "Eastern" is supplied from the "Letter Book."]
Your answer by the first post will much oblige, Sir, Yr. etc.15
[Note 15: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From the original in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.]
Mount Vernon, September 18, 1788.
Sir: The enclosed, which I have just received, is so full on the subject of your enquiry that I shall add nothing thereto.16 Although I am sorry, and feel for the disappointed hopes of your Lady to recover her lost Son, yet I am glad that it is in my power to remove, as soon as possible the painful suspence which the Impositions of Reynolds must have thrown her and the family into. I am, etc.17
[Note 16: September 18 Washington acknowledged briefly to Thomas Barclay the information which he sent to Doctor Thomson as stated in this letter.]
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 22, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 13th. instant was of so friendly and confidential a complexion, as to merit my early attention and cordial acknowledgments. I am glad Congress have at last decided upon an Ordinance for carrying the new government into execution. In my mind the place for the meeting of the new Congress was not an object of such very important consequence; but I greatly fear that the question entailed upon that body, respecting their permanent residence, will be pregnant with difficulty and danger. God grant that true patriotism and a spirit of moderation may exclude a narrow locality, and all ideas unfriendly to the Union, from every quarter.
Your observations on the solemnity of the crisis and its application to myself, bring before me subjects of the most momentous and interesting nature. In our endeavors to establish a new general government, the contest nationally considered, seems not to have been so much for glory, as existence. It was for a long time doubtful whether we were to survive as an independent Republic, or decline from our foederal dignity into insignificant and wretched Fragments of Empire. The adoption of the Constitution so extensively, and with so liberal an acquiescence on the part of the Minorities in general, promised the former; until lately the circular letter of New York carried, in my apprehension, an unfavorable if not an insidious tendency to a contrary policy. I still hope for the best; but before you mentioned it, I could not help fearing it would serve as a Standard to which the disaffected might resort. It is now evidently the part of all honest men, who are friends to the new Constitution, to endeavor to give it a chance to disclose its merits and defects, by carrying it fairly into effect, in the first instance. For it is to be apprehended, that by an attempt, to obtain amendments before the experiment has been candidly made, "more is meant than meets the ear" that an intention is concealed, to accomplish slily, what could not have been done openly, to undo all that has been done.
If the fact so exists, that a kind of combination is forming to stifle the government in embrio; it is a happy circumstance that the design has become suspected. Preparations should be the sure attendant upon forewarning. Probably, prudence, wisdom, and patriotism were never more essentially necessary than at the present moment; and so far as it can be done in an irreproachably direct manner, no effort ought to be left unessayed to procure the election of the best possible characters to the new Congress. On their harmony, deliberation and decision every thing will depend. I heartily wish Mr. Madison was in our Assembly, as I think, with you, it is of unspeakable importance Virginia should set out in her foederal measures under right auspices.
The principal topic of your letter is, to me, a point of great delicacy indeed; insomuch that I can scarcely, without some impropriety touch upon it. In the first place, the event to which you allude may never happen; among other reasons because, if the partiality of my fellow citizens conceive it to be a means by which the sinews of the new government would be strengthened, it will of consequence be obnoxious to those who are in opposition to it, many of whom, unquestionably will be placed among the Electors.
This consideration alone would supersede the expediency of announcing any definite and irrevocable resolution. You are among the small number of those who know my invincible attachment to domestic life, and that my sincerest wish is to continue in the enjoyment of it, solely, until my final hour. But the world would be neither so well instructed, nor so candidly disposed as to believe me uninfluenced by sinister motives, in case any circumstance should render a deviation from the line of conduct I had prescribed to myself indispensable.
Should the contingency you suggest take place, and (for argument sake alone let me say it) should my unfeigned reluctance to accept the office be overcome by a deference for the reasons and opinions of my friends; might I not, after the Declarations I have made (and Heaven knows they were made in the sincerity of my heart) in the judgment of the impartial World and of Posterity, be chargeable with levity and inconsistency; if not with rashness and ambition? Nay farther would there not even be some apparent foundation for the two former charges? Now justice to myself and tranquillity of conscience require that I should act a part, if not above imputation, at least capable of vindication. Nor will you conceive me to be too solicitous for reputation. Though I prize, as I ought, the good opinion of my fellow citizens; yet, if I know myself, I would not seek Or retain popularity at the expense of one social duty or moral virtue.
While doing what my conscience informed me was right, as it respected my God, my Country and myself, I could despise all the party clamor and unjust censure, which must be expected from some, whose personal enmity might be occasioned by their hostility to the government. I am conscious, that I fear alone to give any real occasion for obloquy, and that I do not dread to meet with unmerited reproach. And certain I am, whensoever I shall be convinced the good of my country requires my reputation to be put in risque; regard for my own fame will not come in competition with an object of so much magnitude. If I declined the task, it would lie upon quite another principle. Notwithstanding my advanced season of life, my encreasing fondness for agricultural amusements and my growing love of retirement augment and confirm my decided predilection for the character of a private citizen: yet it would be no one of these motives, nor the hazard to which my former reputation might be exposed, or the terror of encountering new fatigues and troubles that would deter me from an acceptance; but a belief that some other person, who had less pretence and less inclination to be excused, could execute all the duties full as satisfactorily as myself. To say more would be indiscreet; as a disclosure of a refusal beforehand, might incur the application of the Fable, in which the Fox is represented as undervaluing the grapes he could not reach. You will perceive, my dear Sir, by what is here observed (and which you will be pleased to consider in the light of a confidential communication) that my inclinations will dispose and decide me to remain as I am; unless a clear and insurmountable conviction should be impressed on my mind that some very disagreeable consequences must in all human probability result from the indulgence of my wishes.
If you return by land, I shall expect without failure the pleasure of your company. I am much indebted to you for your obliging offer of forwarding such articles as I might want from New York; though I shall not have occasion at this moment to avail myself of your goodness. Mrs. Washington offers her best Complts. to Mrs. Lee, with ardent wishes for the re-establishment of her health which, joined with my own, will conclude me. With great regard etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1788.
Dear Sir: Although I had not forgot the promise I made you, respecting the Spanish Chestnuts, yet I am glad you have reminded me of it as we have the pleasure of knowing, from your letter, that Mrs. Powell and yourself were well. I am sorry to add, however, that though the prospect of an abundant crop of these Nuts was once great, appearances are now against it. Whether to the uncommonly wet Summer or to what other cause to attribute it I know not; but the fact is that as fast as the Burs get to a certain size they drop immaturely from the trees. Whether this will continue to be the case now the weather has grown drier I am unable to decide; but this you may be assured of: Participation.
The Proclamation of His Britanic Majesty and the publication of the Executive Council of your State, I have seen. The former seem unwilling to receive any part of their own bounty, whilst the latter are encouraging them not to be affraid of it.
I am glad Congress have at last, decided upon an Ordinance for carrying the New government into execution. The patience of the Union was too long tried on a question of so temporary a nature.
Mrs. Washington and all under this roof unite with me in every good wish for Mrs. Powell and yourself; and with sentiments of great esteem I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1788.
My dear Sir: I duly received your letter of the 24th of last Month, but as we had no intelligence or circumstance in this quarter worthy of your acceptance, I postponed even the acknowledgement until I was gratifyed by the receipt of your subsequent favor of the 14th instant. Indeed I have now little more to give you in return, than this information to prevent your apprehension of miscarriage; and my thanks for your illustration of the subject which has lately engaged the attention of Congress. Upon mature reflection, I think the reasons you offer in favor of Philadelphia as the place for the first Meeting of Congress are conclusive: especially when the farther agitation of the question respecting its permanent residence is taken into consideration. But I cannot, however, avoid being satisfied that the Minority should have acquiesced in any place, rather than to have prevented the system from being carried into effect. The delay had already become the source of clamours and might have given advantages to the Anti-foederalists. Their expedient will now probably be an attempt to procure the Election of so many of their own Junto under the New government, as, by the introduction of local and embarrassing disputes, to impede or frustrate its operations.
In the mean time it behoves all the advocates of the Constitution, forgetting partial and smaller considerations, to combine their exertions for collecting the wisdom and virtue of the Continent to one centre; in order that the Republic may avail itself of the opportunity for escaping from Anarchy, Division, and the other great national calamities that impended. To be shipwrecked in sight of the Port would be the severest of all possible aggravations to our Misery; and I assure you I am under painful apprehensions from the single circumstance of Mr. H--'s19 having the whole game to play in the Assembly of this State, and the effect it may have on others, it should be counteracted if possible. With sentiments of highest esteem etc.
[Note 19: Patrick Henry.]
P. S. Permit me to request the favor of you to forward the Letters under cover with this by a favourable conveyance.20
[Note 20: From the text printed in the sales catalogue of the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1892).]
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1788.
Sir: The letter which you were pleased to write to me from Philadelphia the 11th. of this instt. came duly to hand. I wish it was in my power to answer your queries satisfactorily but the little connection I have of late had with the affairs of the western Country does not enable me to give in detail an account of the settlements in the vicinity of your Lands (between the Great and little Kanhawa), or to point out the best mode by which you could seat and improve them.
In general I have understood that a capitol establishment of very respectable people is now making with great rapidity under uncommonly favourable auspices at the mouth of the Muskingham (west of the Ohio) about 10 Miles above the little Kanhawa, and that at the mouth of the great Kanhawa a town is laid off and Settlements forming; but to what extent, or under what circumstances it is not in my power to inform you. The lands between the two Kanhawas (East side) on the River Ohio are (though exceedingly fine) almost entirely unimproved being the property of Officers who do not incline to live on them themselves and who have taken no pains to obtain others to do it. This, hitherto, has been the case with my own. My wish, if my price could be obtained, is to sell and knowing that to encumber the Land with Leases might be a bar to it, and without giving them I could not expect reputable characters would improve them, are the causes of their laying dormant so long. I have lately however empowered a Gentleman who lives at the mouth of the Great Kanhawa (Colo Thomas Lewis) to Lease them to such as may apply, being informed that many were desirous of settling on them with this security. With respect to the mode which would be best for you, and your associates to adopt to effect the settlement of your Land, which you say adjoins mine, I know not, the hazard and the cost of importing Emigrants, and the terms on which they are to be engaged, depend upon calculation, and other circumstances with which I am not acquainted, and which falls more within the reach of your own investigation than mine and however easy and expedient it may be for Foreigners to accomplish this with their country men by their attentions, personal influence &c. it might prove a precarious and expensive mode for me to pursue and is such an one as I have had no inclination to adopt. The only advice I would presume to give you on this occasion, is, if settlers are brought from Switzerland or any foreign Country, to make your contracts with them certain before the expence of Transportation is incurred. If the question respecting "The kind of Lands" is confined to your own purchase, I can make no answer because I never saw them. The interval lands on the River, is equal to any in the world.
I do not conceive that any danger is to be apprehended from the Savages by Settlers on these Lands. 1st. because they are on the East side of the Ohio to which they have no pretensions. 2d. because very formidable settlements will soon be made on the west side of it above, below, and opposite to them which will form a barrier, and 3dly because a general treaty with the several tribes of Indians in that country is now about to be holden, by which it is to be presumed matters will be so fixed as to prevent hostilities in future. I am, etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1788.
Sir. The letter with which you was pleased to favor me dated the 29th. of Augt. came duly to hand, and afforded me the pleasure of hearing that you had made a purchase agreeable to your wishes in the vicinity of Esopus. I sincerely hope that it may prove an agreeable retreat, and a happy Asylum from your late troubles in Holland.
The Mangal Root which you saw growing in my Garden is not, I believe, of the best sort, it was as you have observed red. That which is marbled, I am told, is the best. If of this kind the Revd. Dr. Doll could spare a little seed it would oblige me, and when you shall be stocked with such other sorts of seed as are not usual in this Country, I would gladly participate in your sparings.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for you Mrs. Vanderkemp family, and I am etc.1
Mount Vernon, September 29, 1788.
Sir: The letter which you wrote to me from Richmond on the 24th. Instr. came duly to hand. Was it in my power to give you information with respect to the circumstances attending Major Polson's22 Land, or satisfactory answers to the quæries he has propounded on this subject, I would do it with pleasure. But the truth is, I know not a little more of the matter than you are already made acquainted with by his own letter dated in London the 26th. of July which you enclosed to me and is now returned.
[Note 22: John Polson.]
I was, I believe, the principal cause of his, and others getting the Lands which were granted to the officers and Solders of the Virginia Regiment raised in 1754 agreeably to a Proclamation of the then Governor of this State but after the proportions were assigned to each individual and the Patents were obtained, in the year 1772, I had no further agency in the business; and know no more what the Attorney of Major Polson did with his dividend of the Land than you do.
The readiest, indeed the only means that occurs to me, by which you can get certain information on this head, is to apply to the Executors, or administrators of Mr. Craig. A Clue may thereby be found for tracing this business fully. Who his Executors are I know not; but as Mr. Craig lived in Williamsburg and moved in a small circle, it is highly probable they are residents of that place also.
Being in company with a Gentleman eminent in the Law when your letter, enclosing Mr. Polson's to me came to hand I asked his opinion of property belonging to persons under the description Major Polson gives of himself; his answer was; that as that Gentleman was not a Citizen of this State, did not leave it in consequence of the dispute with great Britain, nor bore Arms in America against the United States during the contest, it is not likely that his property is comprehended in any Confiscation Law of this Commonwealth. I am of the same opinion, but one mode by which the matter can be ascertained if there is no office of Registry to resort to at Richmond is for you or some person who is acquainted with these Laws, the spirit, and tendency of them to read them attentively compare them with case of Major Polson and see whether by name, or description he is included or excluded. I never read one of them, nor have them by me, nor moreover am I acquainted with any of the proceedings respecting this business.
There is another predicament, however, under which Major Polsons Lands may have fallen. It is common to every one, and the Public Gazettes announce the frequency of it. I mean the disposal of the Land, or part of it, for payment of the Taxes to which it is subject. Scores of these Sales are advertised weekly in Dixons Virginia Gazette and Independt. Chronicle, agreeably to Law, that the proprietors of the Land may be notified thereof; and prevent by timely payment, if they are able, and incline so to do, the actual Sale. Whether this has been the case with Major Polsons Land or not, can only be known by a recurrence to and research of those papers. I have never attended to the matter myself and therefore can give neither you, nor him any information respecting it. The Land lays, I believe in the County of Greenbrier (or Botetourt) and will be found if in this predicament, advertised by the Sheriff thereof.
Major Polson in his letter to me, requests that I would point out a proper Attorney to transact the business for him. This I am unable to do. The lands (by the common routs to it) lays at least 500 hundred [ sic] miles from me. I have Lands in the vicinity of his, and have not, as yet found, a settler convenient to them, able, or willing to take the management. The only person who was recommended to me for this purpose (Colo. Thomas Lewis) has given me no answer to my applications on this head though the first was made near twelve months ago to him. I mention this circumstance to shew the difficulty of procuring, and the danger of recommending a proper character to Major Polson. To me it would seem best for the Major to appoint some person in Richmond (being the residence of the public officers and the resort of People from all parts of the State) as his Attorney; empowering him (if the Property is unalienated) to sell, Seat, or in any other manner (agreeable to his wishes) dispose of the Land. Who are of his acquaintance at that place or who would be a proper person there for this business I really know not as I rarely go there. Men and things in this State are greatly changed since my acquaintance with them (now almost 15 years ago), for I have been very little from home since my retreat from public life, the beginning of the year 1784, to acquire fresh knowledge of them.
I have been thus particular to you because such information and advice as this letter contains, going through you to the Major, with the short letter herewith enclosed to himself23 will answer the purpose of a repetition of the same sentiments in a second letter. I therefore pray you to accompany my letter to him with a copy of this to you. I am, etc.24
[Note 23: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 25: François Claude Amour, Marquis de Bouillé.]
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1788.
Sir: The letter introductory of Mr. Chastel de la Vallee, which you did me the honor to write to me on the 6th. of May,26 has been forwarded by him since his arrival in America; with information that his affairs would detain him some little time in Philadelphia, I have written to him in return, that I shall be very happy to receive him, with marks of regard, at Mount Vernon; whensoever he can make his journey commodiously for himself.
[Note 26: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
In the meantime I would not delay to acknowledge the receipt of your letter and to assure you that your recommendation will ever have the force of a command with me: being always desirous of demonstrating with how high consideration and esteem, I have the honor, etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On October I Washington wrote briefly to La Vallee, inviting him to Mount Vernon. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. La Vallee is not mentioned in Washington "Diaries."]
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1788.
Sir: I wrote to you in December last requesting that you would be so good as to assist me in procuring tenants for, and settling of my lands on the Great Kanhawa and Ohio, and at the same time vested you with full power for that purpose upon the terms which I mentioned, and which I had understood was the custom of that Country. This letter was, at Richmond, committed to the Care of a Mr. Clandenning who lives in Greenbrier County and who promised to have it safely conveyed to you. In June last the Gentleman who delivered it to Mr. Clandenning was informed by him that you had received it. A Duplicate of it was likewise committed to the care of your Brother Colo. Andrew Lewis in May, to be forwarded to you; and as I have never received an answer from you I cannot but impute it to the miscarriage of your letters; I must therefore beg that you will, without fail and as soon as possible, let me know you determination with respect to your accepting the trust, and if you incline to act for me, give me some information respecting the: circumstances and situations of my Lands in your neighbourhood, for I am at present totally in the dark with regard to them, except so far as relates to the payment of taxes which the Sheriff has not failed to apply for, and as these are pretty considerable I find myself under the necessity either of disposing of the land or putting it in such a condition as will at least enable me to pay the taxes with the produce of it.
Since my writing to you I have had applications for purchasing or leasing a part of those lands but could give no decided answer to them, as I did not know (if you have accepted the trust) what steps you might have taken towards tenanting them.
Letters sent to Pittsburg or Richmond and put into the Post office at either of those places will come more directly to me than by any other means. I am, etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 17th. Ulto. came duly to hand, and the one enclosed therein from Mr. Dubey has received an answer. In my last letter to you I requested that you would not put yourself to any trouble in procuring Winter barley for me as I expected to get a supply from the brewer in Alexandria. You will oblige me by forwarding the enclosed letter to Pittsburg; and also by informing me, in your next, at what rate I could procure a large quantity of red Clover Seed, say 3000 lb of the best quality, to be delivered here before the River closes, or upon its first opening in the spring. If Mr. Peters has got a Riddle (I believe it is) for cleaning Potatoes ready for me, you will be so good as to send it in the next packet that sails for Alexandria, and likewise the articles mentioned in the enclosed memorandum. With very great esteem I am etc.29
[Note 29: In the writings of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1788.
Gentn: I hope and expect you have received payment for the Clover and Timothy seeds which you forwarded to me last winter. It was ordered long ago.
Pray on what terms could you supply me with 3000 lb of fresh and good red clover Seed of the present years growth to be shipped from New York before the Rivers are closed with Ice, or at any rate to be had immediately after they open. Your answer soon will much oblige Gentleman Yours etc.30
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1788.
Dear Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your candid and kind letter by the last Post; little more is incumbent upon me, than to thank you sincerely for the frankness with which you communicated your sentiments, and to assure you that the same manly tone of intercourse will always be more than barely welcome, indeed it will be highly acceptable to me. I am particularly glad in the present instance, that you have dealt thus freely and like a friend.31
[Note 31: Hamilton had written (September --): "It cannot be considered as a compliment to say that on your acceptance of the office of President the success of the new government in its commencement may materially depend. Your agency and influence will be not less important in preserving it from the future attacks of its enemies than they have been in recommending it in the first instance to the adoption of the people....Your signature to the proposed system pledges your judgment for its being such an one as upon the whole was worthy of the public approbation. If he should miscarry (as men commonly decide from success or the want of it) the blame will in all probability be laid on the system itself. And the framers of it will have to encounter the disrepute of having brought about a revolution in government, without substituting any thing that was worthy of the effort; they pulled down one Utopia, it will be said, to build up another. This view of the subject, if I mistake not my dear Sir will suggest to your mind greater hazard to that fame, which must be and ought to be dear to you, in refusing your future aid to the system than in affording it. I will only add, that in my estimate of the matter, that aid is indispensable." This letter is now in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress, having been removed from the Washington Papers by John C. Hamilton.]
Although I could not help observing, from several publications and letters that my name had been sometimes spoken of, and that it was possible the Contingency which is the subject of your letter might happen; yet I thought it best to maintain a guarded silence and to seek the counsel of my best friends (which I certainly hold in the highest estimation) rather than to hazard an imputation unfriendly to the delicacy of my feelings. For, situated as I am, I could hardly bring the question into the slightest discussion, or ask an opinion even in the most confidential manner, without betraying, in my judgment, some impropriety of conduct, or without feeling an apprehension, that a premature display of anxiety might be construed into a vain-glorious desire of pushing myself into notice as a candidate. Now, if I am not grossly deceived in myself, I should unfeignedly rejoice, in case the Electors, by giving their votes in favor of some other person, would save me from the dreaded Dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse.
If that may not be, I am, in the next place, earnestly desirous of searching out the truth, and of knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid, as with it. I am truly solicitous to obtain all the previous information which the circumstances will afford, and to determine (when the determination can with propriety be no longer postponed) according to the principles of right reason, and the dictates of a clear conscience; without too great a reference to the unforeseen consequences, which may affect my person or reputation. Untill that period, I may fairly hold myself open to conviction; though I allow your sentiments to have weight in them; and I shall not pass by your arguments without giving them as dispassionate a consideration, as I can possibly bestow upon them.
In taking a survey of the subject, in whatever point of light I have been able to place it, I will not suppress the acknowledgment, my Dr. Sir that I have always felt a kind of gloom upon my mind, as often as I have been taught to expect, I might, and perhaps must ere long, be called to make a decision. You will, I am well assured, believe the assertion (though I have little expectation it would gain credit from those who are less acquainted with me) that if I should receive the appointment and if I should be prevailed upon to accept it, the acceptance would be attended with more diffidence and reluctance that I ever experienced before in my life. It would be, however, with a fixed and sole determination of lending whatever assistance might be in my power to promote the public weal, in hopes that at a convenient and early period my services might be dispensed with, and that I might be permitted once more to retire, to pass an unclouded evening after the stormy day of life, in the bosom of domestic tranquility.
But why these anticipations? if the friends to the Constitution conceive that my administering the government will be a means of its acceleration and strength, is it not probable that the adversaries of it may entertain the same ideas, and of course make it an object of opposition? That many of this description will become Electors, I can have no doubt of, any more than that their opposition will extend to any character who (from whatever cause) would be likely to thwart their measures. It might be impolitic in them to make this declaration previous to the Election; but I shall be out in my conjectures if they do not act conformably thereto, and that the seeming moderation by which they appear to be actuated at present is neither more or less than a finesse to lull and deceive. Their plan of opposition is systematized, and a regular intercourse, I have much reason to believe between the Leaders of it in the several States is formed to render it more effectual. With sentiments of sincere regard &c.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1788.
Sir: The cost of the Plough which you were so obliging as to have made and sent to me has never yet been presented. I am ready to pay it to you, or your order on demand.
Will you permit me again to request the favor of you to procure me another exactly like the former and as perfectly made, both Iron and wood, as it can be by your best workmen? I like the other so well that I mean to get into the use of them generally; and want the one which I have now requested as a model, in my workshop to make others by. With the compleat plough be pleased to send me two dozen shears, from your Forge, of the proper sort and size to be manufactured with as little labour as may be into Ploughs of the above Sort, the sooner the whole is forwarded the more convenient and agreeable it will be to Yours etc.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 6, 1788.
Dear Sir: It was intended, tho' omitted in my last, to have requested you to ask the Brewers in your City what they will give for spring Barley delivered at my Landing, or in Philadelphia, and in the latter case for you to have known what the freight would be. My Barley is raised from the Seed you obtained for me from Mr. Haynes, and is, as I mentioned to you in a former letter, mixed in some degree with Oats. This I am, told is no disadvantage to the Malt tho' it is an objection to my sowing it again. I mention it that the purchaser may be acquainted therewith before hand. What the quantity may be that I shall have to dispose of I am unable to say, but it will not be great, not more than a few hundred bushels, the season being miserable bad for it, the grain is good, your answer soon will oblige Dear Sir Yrs. etc.33
Mount Vernon, October 10, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 23d. Ulto. was handed to me by Capt. Justice who deld, at my landing 35,962 Shingles agreeable to his receipt.
Your letter of the 8th. of August mentions that, by contract, payment was to be made for the shingles three months after the delivery of the first parcel, and in consequence thereof I did not make provision for the payment sooner, but as you have been disappointed in that contract and was obliged to advance the money for those which were delivered, I enclose a Bill drawn by Colo. Fitzgerald upon Messrs. Brent and Co in my favor for £14.8 the amount of 36,000 at 8/. The residue of the Shingles will, I hope, be sent up as soon as possible, for my delay for want of them would, at this season, be a material injury to me in my building.
You informed me in your letter of August that the Price of super fine flour was 32/ and Fine 28/ Pr. bbl. I would thank you to let me know what it will fetch quick in Cash at this time. I am, etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On October 15 Washington wrote to Biddle inclosing what was omitted in his last letter (probably the samples of twine and linen mentioned in the above of October 13): "If the Black India Paduasoy's are strong and lasting, Mrs. Washington begs you will send her as much (of that which is good) as will make her a Gown without a Petticoat." This letter is in the Huntington Library.]
Mount Vernon, October 13, 1788.
Dear Sir: I was duly favored with your letter of the 2d. inst. and am much obliged by your attention to the letter which I requested you to forward to Mr. Smith.
I will thank you to procure for me and send by the first opportunity 175 lb of Seine twine as near the sample herewith sent as you can get it, and likewise two pieces of Linen not coarser than the enclosed pattern, for the payment of which and the discharge of the balance due to you on my account, I have enclosed a Bank Note of one hundred Dollars, as it is uncertain whether you have yet disposed of my herrings or not. I must beg you to inform me in your next if Interest is drawn upon those bank notes or not. I am, etc.34
Mount Vernon, October 17, 1788.
Madam: The letter with which you favored me, on the 7th. inst. did not get to my hand fill the 15th. or it should have received an earlier acknowledgment. Whenever you can make it convenient and agreeable to visit Mount Vernon, Mrs. Washington and myself will take pleasure in shewing you every civility in our power.
Governor Johnston35 of No. Carolina is a Gentleman with whom I have not the honor of an acquaintance, nor one with whom I have had any intercourse by letter, therefore, consistantly with rules of propriety, I should find myself at a loss to address him on the subject of your request. To me, it would seem, that the evidence of those characters whose children have been under your tuition would be the best recommendation you could obtain (and is indeed necessary) without any particular address. At the foot of which I would readily add my concurrence, as far as I have knowledge or can be warranted. I am, etc.36
[Note 35: Gov. Samuel Johnston.]
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 18, 1788.
Sir: It was not until the last evening, that I had the pleasure of receiving the letter which your Excellency did me the honor to write to me, on the 5th. of this month, from Boston. So that I could not have an opportunity of returning my acknowledgement, before the Post which will depart the 21st. from Alexandria, to the Northward. I hope, however, it will be in time to meet you at New York, or on the road; with assurances, that I shall be at home at the period proposed and that I anticipate very great happiness from your intended visit. The Lady,37 who has taken so much interest in the New World as to honor it with her presence, may be assured that I shall cordially rejoice in an occasion of demonstrating how welcome she is I shall also expect that your Nephew and M. dupont38 will not fail to lay me under additional obligations, by being of your Party.
[Note 37: The Marchioness de Brehan.]
[Note 38: Victor Marie du Pont.]
As I now promise myself in so few days, to have the felicity of a personal acquaintance and oral communication with your Excellency I will not enlarge at this time, any farther than to express an earnest hope, that you will, by travelling, have found repeated circumstances to convince you of the general good will of the Americans for your Nation. Be persuaded, Sir, the slightest suggestion, or the very suspicion that a few individuals had been wanting in respect to the representative of your Sovereign, would have excited an universal indignation against them. Of the sincere desire which prevails throughout the United States to promote and extend the most liberal intercourse with France, on a footing of reciprocal advantage, I flatter myself, it would not be more difficult to adduce demonstrations; than of the profound respect and real esteem, with which I have the honor etc.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 18, 1788.
Dear Sir: A day or two ago the enclosed letters came to my hands. The watch of Genl. Morgan you have for what it cost him, what he expects for it is also signified. It is a repeater with a chased outer case with open work in parts. The inner case is open, nearly in the whole. It is of an old fraction make, and appears to have seen better days; perhaps its chief merits lay in being a family piece. Perhaps I am mistaken, it may possess intrinsic merit unknown to me; for silent it came to my hands; and silent it shall depart; having made no attempt to wind it up.
If a safe and direct conveyance presents itself I will forward it without waiting your orders.40 If not, say what shall be done with it. With very great esteem etc.41
[Note 40: On November 6 Washington forwarded the Cochran watch by Comte Moustier, with a brief note, which is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 22, 1788.
Dear Sir: If my Ears did not deceive me the day I dined with you, a difficulty was mentioned in obtaining asses Milk for Mrs. Fendall. One of my imported Jennies suckles a colt got by the Spanish Jack which I would wean and send the mother of it up if you have any place in which she can be securely kept, being valuable and again with foal. The use of this Ass shall be much at the service of Mrs. Fendall and I shall feel happy in having it in my power to oblige her with the milk of it. I am, etc.41
Mount Vernon, October 26, 1788.
My dear Sir: I have been lately favored with the receipt of your letters of the 24th and 30th of September, with their enclosures, and thank you sincerely for your free and friendly communications. As the period is now rapidly approaching which must decide the fate of the new Constitution, as to the manner of its being carried into execution, and probably as to its usefulness, it is not wonderful that we should all feel an unusual degree of anxiety on the occasion. I must acknowledge my fears have been greatly alarmed, but still I am not without hopes. From the good beginning that has been made in Pennsylvania, a State from which much was to be feared, I cannot help foreboding well of the others. That is to say, I flatter myself a majority of them will appoint foederal members to the several branches of the new government. I hardly should think that Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia, would be for attempting premature amendments. Some of the rest may, also, in all probability be apprehensive of throwing our affairs into confusion, by such ill-timed expedients.
There will however, be no room for the advocates of the Constitution to relax in their exertions; for if they should be lulled into security, appointments of Antifoederal men may probably take place, and the consequences, which you so justly dread, be realized. Our Assembly is now in session; it is represented to be rather antifederaloederal, but we have heard nothing of its doings. Mr. Patrick Henry, R. H. Lee and Madison are talked of for the Senate. Perhaps as much opposition, or, in other words, as great an effort for early amendments, is to be apprehended from this State, as from any but New York. The constant report is, that North Carolina will soon accede to the new Union. A. new Assembly is just elected in Maryland, in which it is asserted the number of Foederalists greatly predominates; and that being the case, we may look for favorable appointments, in spite of the rancour and activity of a few discontented, and I may say apparently unprincipled men.
I would willingly pass over in silence that part of your letter, in which you mention the persons who are Candidates for the two first Offices in the Executive, if I did not fear the omission might seem to betray a want of confidence. Motives of delicacy have prevented me hitherto from conversing or writing on this subject, whenever I could avoid it with decency. I may, however with great sincerity and I believe without offending against modesty or propriety say to you, that I most heartily wish the choice to which you allude may not fall upon me: and that, if it should, I must reserve to myself the right of making up my final decision, at the last moment when it can be brought into one view, and when the expediency inexpediency of a refusal can be more judiciously determined than at present. But be assured, my dear Sir, if from any inducement I shall be persuaded ultimately to accept, it will not be (so far as I know my own heart) from any of a private or personal nature. Every personal consideration conspires to rivet me (if I may use the expression) to retirement. At my time of life, and under my circumstances, nothing in this world can ever draw me from it, unless it be a conviction that the partiality of my Countrymen had made my services absolutely necessary, joined to a fear that my refusal might induce a belief that I preferred the conservation of my own reputation and private ease, to the good of my Country. After all, if I should conceive myself in a manner constrained to accept, I call Heaven to witness, that this very act would be the greatest sacrifice of my personal feelings and wishes that ever I have been called upon to make. It would be to forego repose and domestic enjoyment, for trouble, perhaps for public obloquy: for I should consider myself as entering upon an unexplored field, enveloped on every side with clouds and darkness.
From this embarrassing situation I had naturally supposed that my declarations at the close of the war would have saved me; and that my sincere intentions, then publicly made known, would have effectually precluded me for ever afterwards from being looked upon as a Candidate for any office. This hope, as a last anchor of worldly happiness in old age, I had still carefully preserved; until the public papers and private letters from my Correspondents in almost every quarter, taught me to apprehend that I might soon be obliged to answer the question, whether I would go again into public life or not.
You will see, my dear Sir, from this train of reflections, that I have lately had enough of my own perplexities to think of, without adverting much to the affairs of others. So much have I been otherwise occupied, and so little agency did I wish to have in electioneering, that I have never entered into a single discussion with any person nor to the best of my recollection expressed a single sentiment orally or in writing respecting the appointment of a Vice President. From the extent and respectability of Massachusetts it might reasonably be expected, that he would be chosen from that State. But having taken it for granted, that the person selected for that important place would be a true Foederalist; in that case, I was altogether disposed to acquiesce in the prevailing sentiments of the Electors, without giving any unbecoming preference or incurring any unnecessary ill-will. Since it here seems proper to touch a little more fully upon that point, I will frankly give you my manner of thinking, and what, under certain circumstances, would be my manner of acting.
For this purpose I must speak again hypothetically for argument's sake, and say, supposing I should be appointed to the Administration and supposing I should accept it, I most solemnly declare, that whosoever shall be found to enjoy the confidence of the States so far as to be elected Vice President, cannot be disagreeable to me in that office. And even if I had any predilection, I flatter myself, I possess patriotism enough to sacrifice it at the shrine of my Country; where, it will be unavoidably necessary for me to have made infinitely greater sacrifices, before I can find myself in the supposed predicament: that is to say, before I can be connected with others, in any possible political relation. In truth, I believe that I have no prejudices on the subject, and that it would not be in the power of any evil-minded persons, who wished to disturb the harmony of those concerned in the government, to infuse them into my mind. For, to continue the same hypothesis one step farther, supposing myself to be connected in office with any gentleman of character, I would most certainly treat him with perfect sincerity and the greatest candour in every respect. I would give him my full confidence, and use my utmost endeavours to co-operate with him, in promoting and rendering permanent the national prosperity; this should be my great, my only aim, under the fixed and irrevocable resolution of leaving to other hands the helm of the State, as soon as my services could possibly with propriety be dispensed with.
I have thus, my dear Sir, insensibly been led into a longer detail than I intended; and have used more egotism than I could have wished; for which I urge no other apology, than but my opinion of your friendship, discretion and candour. With sentiments of real esteem etc.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 27, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th. came duly to hand. The day appointed for the Revision of the Settlement between the Assignees of Mr. Temple and the Executors of Colo Colvill would have been perfectly agreeable to me had I not just received a letter from the French Minister, the Count de Moustiers, informing me that he, the Marchioness de Brehan, the Marquis her son, and another French Gentleman propose being at Mount Vernon the latter end of this week. As this circumstance might render my attendance in Alexandria the Monday following inconvenient I am constrained to postpone it, and as you have been so obliging as to say that you would conform to any day of my appointing, I will name one so soon as the Minister shall have left this. Mr. Wilson43 being in town can be in, formed thereof in time. With sentiments of great esteem etc.44
[Note 43: William Wilson.]
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 27, 1788.
Sir: In reply to yours of the 20th of this month, I have to observe, that the fragment of the letter in question, supposed to be written by me, is spurious, and that there was a Pamphlet containing a great many letters of the same description, published in New York at the same time. It should farther be observed, that this publication was made soon after several of my letters were really intercepted with the mail and that the pretended copies of them not only blended many truths with many falsehoods, but were evidently written by some person exceedingly well acquainted with my domestic and general concerns. Advantage was adroitly taken of this knowledge to give the greater appearance of probability to the fiction.
From these circumstances you will perceive, Sir, how prudently you have acted in making an application to me previous to your meditated republication. Otherwise I might have found myself under the necessity of denying that they were genuine; from any apprehension, that, being thus preserved in a manner under my eye and with my acquiescence, they must have assumed the seal of veracity in the estimation of Posterity. For whatever credit some of those letters might be thought to have done to my literary or political talents, I certainly cannot choose to avail myself of the imposition.
With due regard &c.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 31, 1788.
Dear Sir: The letter with which you favored me, dated the 6th. instt: enclosing a sketch of the Waters near the line which separates your State from that of New York came duly to hand for which I offer you my acknowledgments and thanks.46
[Note 46: Irvine's letter has been abstracted from the Washington Papers by W. B. Sprague; his sketch map, however, is in those papers.]
The extensive inland Navigation with which this Country abounds, and the easy communications which many of them afford with the amazing Territory to the westward of us, will, certainly be productive of infinite advantage to the Atlantic States if the Legislatures of those through which they pass have liberality and public spirit enough to improve them. For my part, I wish sincerely that every door to that Country may be set wide open that the commercial intercourse with it may be rendered as free and as easy as possible. This in my judgment is the best, if not the only cement that can bind those people to us for any length of time and we shall, I think, be deficient in foresight and wisdom, if we neglect the means to effect it. Our interest is so much in unison with the policy of the measure that nothing but that ill timed and misapplied parsimony and contracted way of thinking, which intermingles so much in all our public Councils can counteract it.
If the Chataughque Lake, at the head of Canewango River, approximates Lake Erie as nearly as is laid down in the draught you have sent me it presents a very short Portage indeed between the two and an access to all those above the latter. I am &c.47
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1788.
Sir: The Compte de Moustier did me the honor to hand me your letter of the 5 Ulto together with the two Volumes on Hydrolicks which you were so polite as to forward me from M. le Comte de Buat.48 I must beg you, Sir, to accept my best thanks for your attention to those books and likewise for your polite expressions to me in your letter. I have not yet had liesure to peruse the Books and can therefore give you no opinion upon them as you request me to do, but I have not a doubt but I shall find much pleasure and satisfaction in their contents. Enclosed is a letter to M. le Comte de Buat which you will be so obliging as to forward to him.49 With due respect I am, etc.47
[Note 48: Chevalier Du Buat's Principles d'Hydraulique (Paris: 1786).]
[Note 49: A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On November 6 Washington wrote a brief note to Otho Holland Williams, introducing Comte de Moustier and Marchioness de Brehan. This note is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Mount Vernon, November 7, 1788.
Sir: Altho' it is my wish and desire that the Papers belonging to the Estate of the deceased Colo Fairfax were in the hands of the Executors, or in those of any other whom they may think proper to appoint to receive them, yet, prudence dictates to me the propriety of an order from them for their delivery. This, as I have never seen your power of Attorney and as you decline sending your Waggon now, can, without much difficulty (I should suppose) be obtained before you apply again. In the meanwhile I shall have no difficulty in furnishing papers, or Accts. for particular purposes, as heretofore. Mr Hartshorn's feet. for £33.6.8. will be satisfactory to me, and when you send it your acct. shall be credited for that sum. I am, etc.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 14, 1788.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 25th of last month, accompanying the political letters of Mr. Adams, came safely to hand; and I have to acknowledge my obligations for both those favours.
There is good sense in the answers given by Mr. Adams to the questions of Dr. Calkoen,51 combined with an extensive knowledge of the interests and resources of this Country. If there be in some instances an exaggeration of our force, it is not a matter of wonder; but the tenor of the whole performance rather affords a subject for admiration that so much accuracy should have been discovered in representations, mostly drawn from recollection. Indeed I was very much pleased with the perusal, and doubt not but the work must have been well calculated to answer the good purposes for which it was intended.
[Note 51: These questions are contained in a privately printed pamphlet (1786).]
I wrote to you on the [26th]52 day of October pretty fully, and therefore shall be more concise at present. Our Assembly (according to different reports) has proved itself to be, as was apprehended, very much under the influence of Mr. Henry. The choice of Delegates for the Senate in Congress has fallen upon
[Note 52: The date is blank in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.] two Gentlemen, who are considered to be rather opposed to the new Constitution, viz, Mr. Richd. H. Lee and Colo Grayson. But notwithstanding they have been both of them solicitous to obtain previous amendments, Colo Henry Lee told me lately that Mr. R. H. Lee had declared to him, a few days since, that he wished to see the Government fairly carried into execution and that such alterations only should be adopted, as might be found necessary from its errors or defects; if these were not the very words the observations, I think, were to that import.
A similar sentiment, I have been credibly informed, has been expressed to more than one person by Colo Grayson. But the Foederalists in the Assembly, as I am given to understand, were exceedingly mortified that Mr. Madison should have lost his election by eight or nine Votes. It is now much dreaded by the same characters, that the State (which is to be divided into districts for the appointment of Representatives to Congress) will be so arranged as to place a large proportion of those who are called Antifoederalists in that Station.
I will not add any of my own speculations and conjectures to these facts; but hasten to conclude, as usual, with the strongest protestations of esteem and regard. I am, &c.
P.S. As my last contained some very confidential observations, I hope it has been duly conveyed to you.53
[Note 53: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 17, 1788.
My dear Sir: It has so happened, that the letter which you did me the favor of writing to me on the 5th, did not get to my hands until the 15th. instant; owing, in part, to the uncertainty of the Mail (on account of the change from the Summer to the Winter establishment of the Stages) and partly to some engagements which prevented my sending to the Post Office agreeably to my usual custom.
I wish it was in my power to be as precise and satisfactory in answering your enquiry respecting the value of the purchase made by Colo. Lee at the Great Falls of this River as your purposes require, and my inclination would prompt me to give you. But however deficient they may be, I will hazard the best information I am possessed of on this subject.
Of the quantity of Land in this purchase, and the incumbrences thereon, it should seem you have been apprized. It only remains therefore for me to add (as far as I am able) an Account of its situation, and the probable advantages which are to be derived from it. With respect to the first, if my ideas of the matter (for I do not speak from absolute certainty) are just, it includes the entire Canal, Bason &ca. at the Great Falls; and the Mill Seats (for there are more than one) of which Governor Johnson and a Company connected with him, in this business, had formed very sanguine hopes, till the unexpected purchase by Colo Lee, arrested the prospect. For Water works of any kind these Seats must be exceedingly valuable if the navigation obtains; of which no one I believe entertains a doubt, at this time. How far they may be impeded, or even endangered at times by remarkable freshes, I am not a competent judge. The opinion of better informed persons in these matters than I am, is, that they may be rendered secure. Another advantage to be derived is, that under all possible circumstances a town must be established there (it is now much wished for by Mercantile people) whether the navigation is extended from thence to tide water, or not. In the last case, the lotts will be of great value; in the first very desirable; because all Water borne produce must pass by, if it is not deposited here; which must take place, if the difficulties from hence to tide Water (about nine miles) should prove insurmountable; and between you and me it is the most doubtful part of our Work. Having gone so far, I will hazard another idea in proof of my opinion of this navigation; and consequently of the importance of this pass. It may be a singular one, but I am not less clear in it on that account. It is, that the Navigation from the Great Falls and through the Shenandoah falls, will not be opened five years before that of the latter River will be improved at least 150 miles; and the whole produce of that rich and extensive vale between the Blue ridge and the Alligany Mountains be brought through it, and the South Branch, as far South Westerly as Staunton into the Potomack; and thence by the Great falls to the place or places of Exportation. Add this to what will be drawn from the upper part of Maryland, and parts of Pensylvania (which at present go to Baltimore by an expensive Land transportation) and then annex thereto the idea of what may come (under a wise policy) from the Western waters, and it opens a field almost too extensive for imagination; and will induce the Merchants of Alexandria, George Town and perhaps other places, to establish their advanced Posts at the Falls to catch the produce on its passage.
From these premises; but I beg leave to subjoin they may be too sanguinely dilated; I leave you to draw your own conclusions of the property which is offered to you; the profits of which, as you will readily perceive, cannot be immediate. Not much I believe can be said in favor of the 500 Acres (if there is that quantity of it); or of the growth thereon; but to this tract if I have been rightly informed, a priviledge (but under what conditions I know not) is annexed of cutting wood from a large body adjoining. It has also been said that in the vicinity of this tract another purchase (connected with the expanded designs of Semple)54 has been made by Colo. Lee of a most valuable Mine bank. These, I presume, are included in the offer to you, for as much as they were parts of the Original plan.
[Note 54: John Semple.]
With respect to the Sulla, before I attempt to give you an acc't of my cultivation of it, and the result, I must request the favor of you to apologize for me to Mr St John55 for not having acknowledged the receipt of it before. The truth is, that until I was informed by you from whence the Seeds came, I knew not to whom I was indebted for them. In my room at Mr.
[Note 55: Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur.] Morris's (where papers addressed to me were generally laid, during my attendance in Convention) I one day found a bundle containing these Seeds; unaccompanied by a letter, card, or clue of information to direct my acknowledgement of the receipt, or application. I remember to have received a letter from Mr St.John whilst I was in Philadelphia, written in French, the purport of which I got Mr. Gouv'r Morris to explain to me in English; but if any mention of Sulla was made therein, he omitted, or I have forgot it. Thus much by way of exculpation of myself. And now I am sorry to add that, this plant (for want perhaps of knowing the nature and uses of it, and possibly from mismanagement) came to nothing. The Seeds vegetated partially, and not being able to find the name in any botanical list of Plants in my possession, or to come at the properties of it; and it appearing moreover, ungrateful for the first attentions I gave it, it was neglected afterward.
The Accts. from Richmond are indeed very impropitious to foederal measures. The whole proceedings of the Assembly, it is said may be summed up in one word, to wit, that the Edicts of Mr H--56 are enregistered with less opposition by the majority of that body, than those of the Grand Monarch are in the Parliaments of France. He has only to say let this be Law, and it is Law. With my very sincere esteem etc.57
[Note 56: Patrick Henry.]
[Note 57: From the printed text in the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1802).]
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th. Ulto. came duly to hand, but company and other occurences have with-held my acknowledgement of it till now.
It is not my wish to add Land or Slaves to my present possessions but much less is it my desire to distress your father's Estate by insisting on Cash in discharge of his Bonds. Western Lands, however valuable and productive they may be to residents have been found an incumbrance to me, although in point of quality, situation and natural advantages, mine are exceeded by none, the tract therefore on Elk-horn would by no means suit me; but if you will inform me in whose occupation the Gloucester tract is and on what terms; Who was the former Proprietor of it, and how it is employed, and at the same time furnish me with a plat, or the courses of it that I may see the shape and to have it examined, I will, as soon after as it can well be done, give you a decisive answer with respect to your proposal.
Your Aunt and sister offer their love to you, the rest of the family unite in every good wish but none with more sincerity than, Dear Sir Yr. etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1788.
Dear Bushrod: Mr. Packet handed me your letter of the 20th. In one thing my sentiments perfectly coincide with your own, and that is, to manage our Virginia Estates well there can not be a divided attention, for with all the attention that can be bestowed, they are seldom productive.
How far Alexandria, above other places, may claim a preference in prospective, for your place of residence, is a matter that requires better information with respect to circumstances and professional competetors than I am master of. Though this place is under a cloud at present, I am of opinion that Phoenex like, it will again, from its own ashes, grow into consequence, and being in the vicinity of several important Courts in the State of Maryland, may, in those respects be considered as an eligible place for a person in your way. The merits and abilities of the Practitioners at the Bar of this, and the Courts adjacent, are as well, perhaps better known to you than myself; consequently you can form a better judgment than I (who never go to Court, and am little acquainted with them) of the stumbling blocks wch. are in your way to an extensive practice; but this may not be peculiar to Alexandria for the same difficulties might occur any where out of your present walks.
It is unnecessary I hope for me to add, that if you can make it convenient in an interested point of view, that no place on which you could fix would be more agreeable to me than Alexandria, and should this be the case, if you could accomodate yourself in my small House in Town (where Doctr. Brown formerly lived) you shall be very welcome to the use of it rent-free, till you can find a more convenient one on such terms as would suit you. Your Aunt, and the family under this roof, join me in every good wish for you and Nancy, and with very sincere esteem and affection I am etc.60
[Note 60: From the original in the possession of W. Albert Smoot, of Alexandria, Va., who kindly permitted a copy to be made.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1788.
My dear Count: Expecting you might be in your command at Calais, when Mr. Gouverneur61 shall pass through that place on his way to England, I seized the occasion of recalling myself to your remembrance, in commending him to your protection. Though I am sensible you must be personally acquainted
[Note 61: Morris, inadvertently omitted.] and favourably impressed with Mr. Morris's character; I would not, however, let him depart without the feeble addition which my testimony might give to the former impression.
Here we have all peace, and a happy prospect that the New Government will soon be carried into execution. On your side of the Atlantic I am sorry to find, that there is some probability of a general War. You will, I know, My dear Count, applaud the wish which humanity makes to prevent the effusion of blood; even though you are a military man, and might have a better chance than most others to gather fresh laurels in the field of death. Wherever you may be, in peace or in war, be assured my best wishes attend you and that I have the honor to be with unalterable Sentiments of consideration and friendship Your etc.62
[Note 62: From the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1788.
Sir: Mr. Gouverneur Morris, an American Gentleman of a very good family and reputation, will have the honour of presenting this letter to you. As it is designed merely to be entroductory of him, I shall confine myself to say, that this gentleman (exclusive of having been much addicted to scientific, commercial, and political investigation) is particularly fond of farming. He possesses a farm, very finely circumstanced for receiving improvements, in the neighbourhood of New York. As he is not only inquisitive for knowledge, but also intelligently communicative; I think you will be pleased with his acquaintance. And I shall be much indebted to you for any civilities and attentions, which you may have it in your power to shew him.
With great esteem I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1788.
Sir: I make no apology for introducing to your acquaintance Mr. Gouverneur Morris a true American, full of vivacity and talents; because I am persuaded you will derive great satisfaction from an acquaintance with him. He will be able to inform you much about the circumstances of America: so that you may gain more knowledge on that subject, perhaps, in an hour's conversation, than you could from reading a folio.
If, in return, you should have the complaisance to bring him acquainted with anything import, relative to men, sciences, arts or commerce in your world, or to render him any attentions; those favours will be considered as particularly done to him who is with great consideration and esteem, Sir Your etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 27 Washington wrote a letter of the same import to Richard, Lord Fairfax, a copy of which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1788.
My dear Marqs: Although I know you are well acquainted with Mr. Gouverneur Morris yet finding he was about to embark for France, I thought it might not be unacceptable for you to hear from me, and of the wellfare of my connections, by a person for whom I entertain so good a regard. Besides I thought I should have a convenient opportunity of addressing the Compliments of Mrs. Washington and myself, to you, to your good Lady, and, if it was not presuming too much, to the amiable Princess with whom she is so intimately connected. As for Mr. Morris, only let him be once fairly presented to your French Ladies, and I answer for it, he will not leave the worst impression in the world of the American character, for taciturnity and improper reserve. I rely upon it he will make his way good.
In the meantime, with sincere wishes for the felicity of you and yours, I embrace you, my dear Marqs. and am now, as ever With Sentiments of esteem and Friendship.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1788.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your letters of the 16th and 26th of October and 16th of November. The articles sent by Captn. Ellwood arrived in good order and agreeable to the Invoice. Captn. Ingraham has not yet arrived but is hourly expected. I think the Irish Linen @ 8/2 is very high, and as there has been a late importation of Linens into Alexandria I will endeavour to supply myself at that place; if I should not be able to do it I must then thank you to procure some for me in Philadelphia. If there are any Hollands in Philadelphia of a quality equal to the pattern of linen sent you, I will thank you to let me know the price of them.
I have lately been informed by Embree & Shotwell of New York that the quantity of Clover-seed which I shall want, and of the best quality may be procured at that place, @ 9d. per lb. New York currency, and perhaps at less. But if it can be obtained at Philadelphia upon the same terms, and equally good, I should prefer getting it from thence. I must, at any rate, request you to send me five bushels by the next opportunity, as I shall want to sow a quantity upon my wheat with the first proper snows in January, and also to inform me, with certainty, of the lowest terms upon which the quantity mentioned in a former letter may be had. It is hardly necessary for me to mention that the goodness of the seed should be particularly attended to, as a disappointment in that will be of very considerable detriment to me. The loss of the seed would be but a small part of what I should suffer by it; as my great object is to get my lands well seeded, and if I fail in this thro' the badness of the seed, the season, and my labour upon the land will be lost. Last year I received some seed from New York and some from Philadelphia; it was sown indiscriminately, and no memorandum made, as it was sown, to distinguish from which place it came. Some part of it came up very well, and part very thin or not at all; but from its not being noted I was unable to determine from which place the bad seed came.
The piece of Sattin sent by Captn. Ellwood will supercede the necessity of purchasing a ps. of Padusoy which Mrs. Washington wanted. With great esteem I am etc.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1788.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding I had the pleasure to write to you somewhat largely on the 31st. day of Augt. last, I would not dispense with transmitting a line by so good an occasion, as that which is now offered to me by the departure of Mr. Gouverneur Morris for France. And the rather was I induced to this because I did not know whether you might have been much acquainted with that Gentleman, and because (in that case) I could wish to be the medium for bringing such an acquaintance more fully to effect. You will find full of affability, goodnature, vivacity and talents. As you will also find in him a deportment calculated to do credit to the national character, I cannot hesitate to believe that you will be desirous of having opportunities of being useful to him. Referring you to him for the state of affairs in America, I will add no more, except the most sincere protestations of being with very great esteem. etc.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1788.
My dear Marquis: I wrote to you on the 15th day of September last, a very long letter, mostly on speculative and political topics. But as I knew that communication, by going through the French Post-Offices might be exposed to the inspection of other eyes besides yours, I was careful not to suggest any thing, which it might be imprudent to divulge to the world. A little after sending off that letter, we were first in doubt and then under great anxiety, about your personal liberty; as an ugly story prevailed respecting your having broken into the Bastille. Since that time I have been made happy by hearing, that public affairs have taken a more favorable turn in France.
A few weeks ago, I was favored with a visit from the Minister of France, his sister, her son, and M. du Pont. They have made great journeys this fall, having traversed the whole distance between New Hampshire and this place, and been at the Indian treaty at Fort Schuyler. I can with pleasure inform you, that the Count de Moustier seems at present to be perfectly well satisfied with the country and to be persuaded that some little uneasinesses about etiquette, originated from misunderstanding alone, and not from intention. He appears, also, to be heartily inclined to promote the interests of the two Countries, by improving and extending their commercial intercourse. A little after the departure of this party, two other gentlemen of your recommendation, viz. Mr. Warville and M. St. Frie68 came likewise to Mount Vernon. I found them intelligent, discreet and disposed to receive favorable impressions of America.
[Note 68: Saint Tries (Saint Tres, Saint Frie).]
I must now refer you, My dear Marquis, for every species of News here, and for the actual state of politics on this Continent to Mr. Gouverneur Morris, who will have the honor of delivering this letter, and with whose abilities and merits you are too intimately acquainted to require that I should enlarge upon them.
Mrs. Washington, and all with us make it a point to annex their compliments to mine, for Madame la Fayette, yourself, my name-sake, and the other children. You will not forget, my dear Sir, that I have your promise for bringing Madame la Fayette to America, whenever you shall gratify it with another visit. I am, &c.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 27, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 15th. inst.70 and as I am desireous of giving every encouragement in my power to that useful class of men who understand agriculture, and wish to settle in this country, I am sorry that you was not sufficiently explicit in your letter to enable me to answer you more decidedly upon the subject of your enquieries. If your view is to purchase a large tract of land and introduce a number of settlers upon it from Scotland, this country certainly offers itself under every advantage for that purpose whether you consider the facility of the terms upon it, can be obtained, the climate, soil, or
[Note 70: Dick had written from Philadelphia. His letter is in the Washington Papers.] local situation. I have myself large tracts of Land in the western parts of this State, equal in point of soil and situation to any in the world, which I would either dispose of, or lease out, upon such terms as might be very advantageous to the settler, and as the emigrations to that part of the country are so very consider. able there is little danger to be apprehended from the Indians on the Eastern side of the Ohio. I have also a number of tracts of very excellent land on this side of the Allegany Mountains in the Counties of Berkley, Fauquier, Frederick and Loudoun in this State, but they do not lie in one body so as to accommodate a number of persons together; and I believe it would be difficult to find a single tract large enough for this purpose in the possession of any one person on this side of the Alegany mountains.
If your design is to superintend and direct the management of some Gentleman's Estate it is necessary for you to be furnished with testimonials of your abilities for that purpose of your sobriety and good conduct and recommendation from some Character or Characters known in this Country.
If you will let me know more particularly what your intention and plans are, I shall perhaps be able to give you an answer more to your satisfaction. I am, etc.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1788.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to receive by the last Mail your letter dated the 12th. of this month. I am much obliged by your offer of executing commissions for me in Europe, and shall take the liberty of charging you with one only. I wish to have a good gold watch procured for my own use; not a small, trifling (nor finically ornamented one) but a watch well executed in point of workmanship; and of about the size and kind of that which was procured by Mr. Jefferson for Mr. Madison (which was large and flat) I imagine Mr. Jefferson can give you the best advice on the subject, as I am told this species of watches, which I have described, can be found cheaper and better fabricated in Paris than at London. To defray the cost I enclose a Bill for 25 Guineas on London, payable at sight. Should the expense be greater (for I would have a good watch) I will take care to reimburse it to you. I want nothing more with it but a handsome key.
In conformity to your suggestion, I enclose to your care letters for the Count de Rochambeau, the Marquis de Chastellux, the Marquis de lafayette, and Mr. Jefferson, in France; to Lord Fairfax, Mr. Wakelin Welch of London: and Mr. Arthur Young, in England: and to the Baron Van der Capellan and M. Mandrillon, in Holland. You must be sensible, that my acquaintances with persons in Europe must either have been formed while they were in this Country, or by literary communications. Tho' there are very many persons, from whom I have casually received letters; yet, I conceived that an acquaintance with some of them would not be desirable, and that I had scarcely sufficient intimacy with others to send letters of recommendation to them. As it is many years since I have seen the present Lord Fairfax, I have alluded to that circumstance in a letter to him. The character and usefulness of Mr. Young, with whom I have corresponded since the peace, you know perfectly well. M. Mandrillon is a Merchant and a man of letters. He has written many things in favour of America, and seems to be an enthusiast as to the prosperity of this Country. The Baron Van der Capellan may be in the Land of Spirits for aught I know not having had a letter from him these five years. I could have addressed a line to Mr. Dumas the former agent of the United States at the Hague, but he is too much under a cloud to be of any utility to you. In case your travels should lead you to Ireland, I have given a letter to Sir Edward Newenham. But I apprehend you will have, for all places, as many as you can find occasion for. I have delivered your letter to Colo Humphreys who writes by this conveyance. You will be pleased to accept my thanks for the exotic animals which you are meditating to send.72
[Note 72: Chinese pigs and geese.]
As to what you hint respecting myself, towards the close of your letter; I have really but little leisure or inclination to enter on the discussion of a subject so unpleasant to me. You may be persuaded, in the first place; that I hope the choice will not fall upon me. And, in the second, that, if it should, and if I can with any degree of propriety decline, I shall certainly contrive to get rid of the acceptance. But if after all, a kind of inevitable necessity should impel me to a different fate; it will be time enough to yield to its impulse, when it can no longer be resisted.
Mrs. Washington joins me in wishes that you may have a prosperous voyage; and that, when your objects shall be accomplished, you may have an equally happy return to your friends. You will always do me the justice to believe, that I remain with sincere regard, &c.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 28 Washington wrote very brief notes of introduction for Morris to Wakelin Welch, Baron Van der Capellan de Pol, and Sir Edward Newenham. Copies of these notes are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1788.
Dear Sir: We are informed that this is the day appointed for the departure of Mrs. Fendall for Norfolk, if rightly so it is not probable I shall have the pleasure of seeing you before your embarkation; and in that case, our proposed exchange of Magnolia for 500 Acres of Kentucky Land stands upon uncertainty.
It is true I am not fond of buying a Pig in a Poke (as the phraze is) especially too of a sort which may be expensive to me, but under the circumstances attending the choice of the Land you offer me for Magnolia,74 there can be no doubt of the quality of it I am willing to confirm the bargain because it is my intention to breed Males only and for that reason wish to avoid expence of keeping Magnolia: he is in high health, spirits, and flesh, can be delivered in good order.
[Note 74: Magnolio (or Magnolia).]
If we should not have the pleasure of seeing any of your family before their departure, Mrs. Washington, and all under this Roof, unite in the most affectionate Compliments to Mrs. Fendall and Mrs. Lee accompanied with fervant wishes for the perfect recovery of their health. I am, etc.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 1, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th of August, and the papers therewith transmitted, did not reach me till very lately.
If the fear of deceiving me, by not being able immediately, to procure tenants for my Lands, was the only cause that prevented your accepting the agency which I requested you take upon yourself, I am very sorry that you declined it, for the same reason would operate, with equal force, upon any other person; and your local situation, and the confidence which I place in you are such as to induce me again to request that you will accept this trust, and I therefore enclose my former terms and the plats of the Land.
It is not my wish or desire that you should put yourself to any inconvenience in this business, neither do I expect that you will procure tenants for my land in preference to your own which is under the same predicament, but as it is necessary for me to have some person in the neighbourhood empowered to act in my behalf in case any opportunities of seating, or otherwise disposing of the land, should occur, who could take care that my property was not encroached upon, and who would from time to time, inform me of the State of it, I must again beg the favor of you; Sir, to take charge of this business, and for your trouble and agency therein a compensation will be cheerfully made.
As my great object in wishing to settle those Lands is, that they may be profitable to me at a future period, I have not an idea of deriving any immediate advantage from them, and the terms therefore, might be very easy to settle, no further than to exonerate myself from any expences arising from taxes &c. provided the time for which they were leased be limited, and not unreasonably extended, that I might know when they will revert to me.
You conceive that the division of some of the large tracts of land held by individuals into small parcels, and their being sold, would greatly facilitate the settlement of them. I do not know that I should have any objection to such a division and sale of mine, provided it was laid off in such a manner as that the sale of one part or parcel should not interfere with, or impair the value of the other. The tract which lays on the Ohio, near the little Kanawa, I would not wish to dispose of, nor to lease if for a term exceeding ten years, because its vicinity to the Settlement formed on the Muskingum will, in my opinion render it peculiarly valuable at no very distant period.
There is now a regular post established between Pittsburg and Philadelphia, any letters, therefore, put into the post office at the former place or sent to Richmond and lodged in the office there; will be sure to reach me, and I shall be much obliged to you Sir, to let me hear from you by the first opportunity which offers of depositing letters in either of the above mentioned offices after this (which Mr. Clandenning is so good as to take charge of) gets to your hands, and shall also thank you for such after communications upon the subject as you may find it convenient or necessary to make.
With very great esteem etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 2, 1788.
Dear Sir: A house rarely without Company, and many other matters which claimed my attention, have prevented my acknowledging in the manner I wished to do, the receipt of your two favors of the 15th. and 25th. Olto. and now it is rather out of Season to touch upon matters which have been finally decided on in the Legislature of the State.
That that body has displayed the most malignant (and if one may be allowed the expression, the most unwarrantable) disposition toward the New Government, in all its acts respecting it, need no other evidence than their public records; but upon what ground they have undertaken to assert things which the Representatives of the people, chosen for the express purpose in Convention, have not authorized them to do; lays with the wisdom of the Majority of that Assembly to explain: nor will it redound much to their honor I conceive if in the ultimate appeal to the people, there should (as you have intimated) be seven out of the ten Representatives on the foederal side. But excuse me, my dear Sir, when I give it to you as my opinion, that you are reckoning without your host as the phrase is; not but that there may be such a proportion through the state who are friends to the adopted Constitution, but they either do not see the necessity, are too indolent or too much engaged in other pursuits to come forward, or too much disunited among themselves to act in unison, while those of the other description (or I am much mistaken) will be formed into one solid Phalanx. Need I go out of this district for proof? In my opinion Chatham Fitzhugh or yourself are the characters most likely to unite the suffrages of the federal Interest in it. Neither will serve. What is the consequence? Why, a third is proposed in whom all cannot agree, a fourth, and a fifth will have advocates, and neither will be chosen. This is my idea of the matter. I give it to you however in confidence for I have been already dragged into public view on these occasions more than is agreeable to me.
It would seem to me, good policy if the Foederal delegates (now in Assembly) of each district to confer freely together and resolve to support the fittest character therein; at any rate not to be disunited. Sorry indeed should I be, if Mr. Madison meets the same fate in the district of which Orange composes a part, as he has done in the Assembly; and to me it seems not at all improbable.
A day or two ago I wrote you a hasty line (being unwilling to miss the conveyance afforded by the Green brier Members) enclosing a packet for Colo. Thomas Lewis I hope it got safe to your hands, and in time to be forwarded by Colo Clendenning. On a reperusal of Colo Lewis's Letter it would appear as if his only objection, or at least the principal one, to his acceptance of the trust proposed, was a doubt (under the peculiar circumstances of that part of the Country) of his executing it to my satisfaction. But as this may be made by any man anxious to perform well, an agency under similar circumstances, I have requested him (if this be all) to enter upon the discharge of it. Notwithstanding, if by any indirect enquiries, you can discover that he is too indolent, or in other respects unfit to be entrusted, and will inform me of it in time to recover my Letter, and name another, I certainly shall do it. There is one objection to Colo Lewis, but it is not confined to him alone, to every Man of property, who by his local situation has it in his power to serve me with conveniency it may apply with equal force. I mean his having much Land of his own to Rent or Sell, a preference to which it must be expected will be given.
The expensive manner in which I live (contrary to my wishes, but really unavoidable); the bad years of late, and my consequent short crops have occasioned me to run in debt, and to feel more sensibly the want of money, than I have ever done at any period of my whole life. And obliges me to look forward to every source from whence I have a right to expect relief. Under these circumstances I must ask you what prospect I have, and in what time (after it becomes due) I may expect to receive the present years annuity from the Estate of Mr. Custis? In a letter which I wrote to you sometime ago I requested the favor of you to procure for me (and I wish it to be brought up when you come that I may be in no suspence about it) some Tobacco seed of the sort called little Frederick. That in my first essay, will be approaching as near Sweet scented as I dare venture. Permit me to remind you of this request.
Mrs. Stuart is not returned from Mount Airy that we know of, all of this family join in best wishes for you and I am etc.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1788.
My dear Trumbull: It is some time since I had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 28th of October; but, as I had nothing particular to send in return, I postponed writing until the present time, to see if any thing new would turn up. Nothing of importance has occurred. But in the mean time, I was extremely happy to find that your State was going on so well as to foederal affairs; and you will permit me to say that I have been not a little pleased with observing that your name stood so high in the nomination of Representatives to Congress.78
[Note 78: Trumbull was elected a Representative from Connecticut from 1789 to 1795. In 1795 he was elected a Senator, from which he resigned in June, 1796, to become Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut.]
In general the appointments to the Senate seem to have been very happy. Much will depend upon having disinterested and respectable characters in both Houses. For if the new Congress should be composed of characters in whom the citizens will naturally place a confidence, it will be a most fortunate circumstance for conciliating their good will to the government. And then, if the government can be carried on without touching the purses of the people too deeply, I think it will not be in the power of its Adversaries to throw every thing into confusion by effecting premature amendments. A few Months will, however, shew what we are to expect.
I believe you know me sufficiently well, my dear Trumbull, to conceive that I am very much perplexed and distressed in my own mind, respecting the subject to which you allude. If I should (unluckily for me) be reduced to the necessity of giving an answer to the question, which you suppose will certainly be put to me, I would fain do what is in all respects best. But how can I know what is best, or on what I shall determine? May Heaven assist me in forming a judgment: for at present I see nothing but clouds and darkness before me. Thus much I may safely say to you in confidence; if ever I should, from any apparent necessity, be induced to go from home in a public character again, it will certainly be the greatest sacrifice of feeling and happiness that ever was or ever can be made by him, who will have, in all situations, the pleasure to profess himself yours, &c.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1788.
Sir: I have been favored with the receipt of your letter dated the 1st. day of July; and have to express my thanks for the three additional Volumes of the Annals which have also come safely to hand.
The more I am acquainted with agricultural affairs the better I am pleased with them. Insomuch that I can no where find so great satisfaction, as in those innocent and useful pursuits. In indulging these feelings, I am led to reflect how much more delightful to an undebauched mind is the task of making improvements on the earth, than all the vain glory which can be acquired from ravaging it, by the most uninterrupted career of conquests. The design of this observation is only to shew how much, as a member of human Society, I feel myself obliged by your labours to render respectable and advantageous an employment, which is more congenial to the natural dispositions of mankind than any other.
I am also much indebted to you for the enquiries you was so kind as to make respecting the threshing machines. Notwithstanding I am pretty well convinced from your account that the new invented Scotch Machine is of superior merit to Winlaws; yet I think to wait a little longer before I procure one. In the intermediate time, I am not insensible to your obliging offers of executing this or any other Commission for me; and shall take the liberty to avail myself of them, as occasions may require.
I would willingly have sent you a lock of the wool of my sheep, agreeably to your desire, but it is all wrought into cloth, and I must therefore defer it until after the next shearing. You may expect it by some future conveyance. A Manufacturer from Leeds, who was lately here, judges it to be of about the same quality with the English wool in general, though there is always a great difference in the fineness of different parts of the same fleece. I cannot help thinking that encreasing and improving our breed of Sheep would be one of the most profit, able speculations we could undertake; especially in this part of the Continent, where we have so little winter that they require either no dry fodder, or next to none; and where we are sufficiently distant from the frontiers not to be troubled with Wolves or other wild vermen which prevent the Inhabitants there from keeping flocks. Though we do not feed our sheep upon leaves, as you mention they do in some parts of France; yet we cannot want for pastures enough suitable for them. I am at a loss therefore to account for the disproportion between their value and that of black cattle; as well as for our not augmenting the number. So persuaded am I of the practicability and advantage of it, that I have raised near 200 lambs upon my farm this year. I am glad to find that you are likely to succeed in propagating the Spanish breed of sheep in England, and that the wool does not degenerate. For the multiplication of useful animals is a common blessing to mankind. I have a prospect of introducing into this Country a very excellent race of animals also, by means of the liberality of the King of Spain. One of the Jacks which he was pleased to present to me (the other perished at Sea) is about 15 hands high, his body and Limbs very large in proportion to his height; and the Mules which I have had from him appear to be extremely well formed for Service. I have likewise a Jack and two Jennets from Malta, of a very good size, which the Marquis de la Fayette sent to me. The Spanish Jack seems calculated to breed for heavy, slow draught; and the others for the Saddle or lighter carriages. From these, altogether, I hope to secure a race of extraordinary goodness, which will stock the Country. Their longevity and cheap keeping will be circumstances much in their favor. I am convinced, from the little experiments I have made with the ordinary Mules, (which perform as much labour, with vastly less feeding than horses) that those of a superior quality will be the best cattle we can employ for the harness. And indeed, in a few years, I intend to drive no other in my carriage: having appropriated for the sole purpose of breeding them, upwards of 20 of my best Mares.
Since I wrote to you formerly respecting the objection made by my labourers to the weight of the Ploughs; I have had sufficient experience to overcome the ill-founded prejudice, and find them answer the purpose exceedingly well. I have been laying out my farm into fields of nearly the same dimensions, and assigning crops to each until the year 1795. The building of a Brick Barn has occupied much of my attention this Summer. It is constructed somewhat according to the plan you had the goodness to send me: but with some additions. It is now, I believe, the largest and most convenient one in this Country. Our seasons in this Country (or at least in this part of it) have been so much in the two opposite extremes of dry and wet for the two summers past that many of my experiments have failed to give a satisfactory result: or I would have done myself the pleasure of transmitting it to you. In the first part of last Summer, the rains prevailed beyond what has been known in the memory of man; yet the Crops in most parts of the United States are good. They were much injured, however, in those places on my farm, where the soil is mixed with clay and so stiff as to be liable to retain the moisture. I planted a large quantity of Potatoes, of which only those that were put in as late as the end of June, have produced tolerably well. I am notwithstanding more and more convinced of the prodigious usefulness of this root and that it is very little, if any thing of an exhauster. I have a high opinion also of Carrots. The same unfavorableness of the Season has rendered it unimportant to give a detail of my experiments this year in flax, though I had sowed 25 bushels of the seed. In some spots it has yielded well, in others very indifferently, much injured by weeds and lodgits.
As to what you suggest at the close of your letter, respecting the publication of extracts from my correspondence in your Annals, I hardly know what to say. I certainly highly approve the judicious execution of your well-conceived project of throwing light on a subject, which may be more conducive than almost any other to the happiness of mankind. On the one hand, it seems scarcely generous or proper that any farmer, who receives benefit from the facts contained in such publications, should withhold his mite of information from the general stock. On the other hand, I am affraid it might be imputed to me as a piece of ostentation, if my name should appear in the work. And surely it would not be discreet for me to run the hazard of incurring this imputation; unless some good might probably result to Society, as some kind of compensation for it. Of this I am not a judge. I can only say for myself, that I have endeavoured in a state of tranquil retirement to keep myself as much from the eye of the world as I possibly could. I have studiously avoided, as much as was in my power, to give any cause for ill-natured or impertinent comments on my conduct: and I should be very unhappy to have anything done on my behalf (however distant in itself from impropriety) which should give occasion for one officious tongue to use my name with indelicacy. For I wish most devoutly to glide silently and unnoticed through the remainder of life. This is my heart felt wish; and these are my undisguised feelings. After having submitted them confidentially to you, I have such a reliance upon your prudence, as to leave it with you to do what you think, upon a full consideration of the matter shall be wisest and best. I am &c.80
[Note 80: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, December 8, 1788.
Madam: I received your melancholy letter by the last mail and could not delay to express my sympathetic condolence on your unhappy Situation. It is indeed distressing to me to find that a lady whose Husband and Brother perished in the service of their country should be reduced to a precarious dependence on others for that support which she might otherwise have received from them. Your affecting case and others of a similar nature make me almost weary of living in a world where I can do little but pity, without having the power to relieve such unmerited misfortunes. If my means were as ample, as my wishes, be assured, Madam, I am too well persuaded of the hardship of your condition and the merit of your Brother not to exert myself effectually for your Succor. A private Citizen as I am, I know not what I can do (without the appearance of assuming too much upon myself) except to give a Certificate of the facts, respecting the brilliant service which your Brother performed, at the moment when he met with the wound that occasioned his death, together with a private opinion annexed to it. Of that Certificate you may make such use as you shall think proper in application to the board of Treasury, the commissioners for settling the accounts of the army or any other persons to whom the business may appertain. Recommending you most devoutly to that being, who will take care of the Widow and the Fatherless, even though they should be neglected by an ungratefull Country, I remain with ardent wishes for your happiness Madam your etc.
P.S. there can be no doubt but that as Heir to your Brother you are entitled to that proportion of Land, promised to all Officers of his Rank, who served thro the war or died in the Service.81
[Note 81: The text is from a combination of the "Letter Book" and a copy in the collection of Judge E. A. Armstrong of Princeton, N. J. Where the spelling differed the more correct orthography was followed.]
December 8, 1788.
I do hereby certify to all whom it may concern, that Captn. George Hurlbut of the Second Regiment of Light Dragoons received a wound in the gallant performance of his duty at Tarry Town in the summer of 1781, of which after having languished in the most exquisite pains until the 8th. of May 1783, he expired: And I do hereby farther make known (as my private opinion) from the very brave manner in which he saved a considerable quantity of Stores, by swimming on board a vessel and extinguishing the flames that had been kindled by the enemy amidst a severe fire from their Ships (for which he then received my particular thanks in the public orders of the Army) as well as from his having survived until after the war was in fact concluded by the Signature of the provisional Treaty of Peace, that the Heir or Heirs of the said Captain George Hurlbut ought, in point of Justice and the reason of the case, to be entitled to the Commutation of his half-pay, in as full a manner as if he had not dyed until after the signing of the definitive Treaty of Peace, or until after the formal disbanding of the Army by a Resolution of Congress.82
[Note 82: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.
On December 10 William Garner entered into agreement with George Washington to serve as overseer to the plantation in Clifton's Neck for one year from December 10. This agreement, in the writing of Tobias Lear and signed by Washington and Garner, is in the Washington Papers. It is continued by signed memoranda of Gamer and George Augustine Washington until Dec. 10, 1792. Upon the Lear text George Washington has made sundry pencil interlineations, showing that a similar agreement was made with William Stuart, as overseer of the River Farm. No date, however, is indicated.]
Mount Vernon, December 12, 1788.
Dear Sir: If you wish for a more formal Pedigree than the enclosed, return the one sent and an other shall be framed by the time you send for Magnolia, when a Bill of Sale shall also be forwarded. And as you have it not in your power at present (for want of the Papers) to pass a deed of Conveyance to me, for the 5000 Acres of Land in Kentucke agreeably to your Memorandum. I should be glad to receive some instrument (in case of accidents) by which to establish my claim to it,
Your intention to decline offering yourself for the Westmoreland district since you have received advice of Mr. John Page's doing it, is an unequivocal proof if proof was wanting, of your friendly dispositions to the New Government; but whether it is the most effectual way of serving it, is another question. Whether Mr. Page's interest, or yours, is best in the district (I am not sufficiently informed to decide) but of one thing I am sure and that is, that these matters (to stand upon equal ground with the opponents of the Constitution) ought to be the result of previous consultation and arrangement. I am, etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 13, 1788.
Dear Sir: The letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 14th of November, has been duly received.
I was well apprised of the sacrifices which you had made and the services you had rendered to your Country, during the progress of the late Revolution. Unfortunately, from the want of a more efficient general government, the zealous advocates for and patriotic sufferers in the acquisition of American independence, have not as yet (in very many instances) enjoyed the full fruits of their labours. The prospect of national and individual prosperity, it is hoped and believed, is now more favorable than it hath hitherto been. It appears to me, that we shall want nothing, but good dispositions, industry and frugality, under the proposed System, to make us a truly happy people. While I am convinced that the motives for the intimation you have given in your letter are laudable; you will permit me to say that the subject, so far as it relates to myself, is peculiarly embarrassing and distressing. I have ever flattered myself, that I should be permitted to pass the remainder of my days in the bosom of retirement. I still have the sincerest hopes, that I shall not be called to a situation, where it might be incumbent on me to have any agency in disposing of appointments, under the general government.
You will, therefore, be pleased to excuse me from entering upon any anticipation whatsoever; and at the sametime, to do me the justice of believing that I entertain a very great regard for yourself and family. Mrs. Washington and myself desire that our compliments may be presented to Mrs. Morris. I am, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1788.
Sir: I am now taking up my pen to acknowledge the receipt of the two letters, which your Excellency did me the honor to write to me on the 21st. and 26th. of last Month. While I request you to receive my thanks for the Memoirs on the trade to the West Indies, for the memorandum concerning the different kinds of Coal Tar, and for the dessertation on Cements proper for the preservation of perishable substances; I must entreat you to be more especially persuaded of my sensibility for the flattering place I have the satisfaction to hold in your remembrance.
From the badness of the weather after your departure from Mount Vernon, we were all under great anxiety, lest your journey should have been attended with distressing inconveniences, particularly to the delicate constitution of Madame de Brehan. The two Mrs. Washington's rejoice with me that it has not been followed with fatal consequences and hope that, having had so severe a seasoning, she will find less detriment to her health from the rigours of the approaching winter, than she did from the last. We pray you to make our most cordial good wishes for her health and happiness acceptable to her, with a renewal of our assurances, that we anticipate the purest satisfaction in cultivating the acquaintance which has been so happily formed, and which was only rendered the less perfect, hitherto, on account of the shortness of your visit.
I was in hopes that on your arrival at New York you would have received official and satisfactory intelligence from your Country. But, agreeably to the English adage "that no news is good news," we should flatter ourselves that affairs are taking a favorable turn and that every thing will end to the mutual content of the King and Nation.
Your observations on the revival of the regular communications between France and America: and on the importance of having a precise knowledge of the interests of the two nations more generally diffused, are certainly very just. I cannot but accord with you in earnest expectations, that a good system for the purpose will be speedily instituted. I believe I told your Excellency before, I was so little conversant in commercial matters, that I desired but small stress might be placed upon my opinions. It may be necessary to repeat this observation in apology for what I am about to say on the Commerce between this Country and the West India Islands. I have every reason to wish that this trade might, if possible, be made reciprocally beneficial. Of that however, I entertain some doubts. For hitherto I have thought it of much less importance to the United States, than people commonly imagine it to be. My reasons for this opinion were, first, because I could not learn upon enquiry, that it turned out much, if any, to the advantage of those concerned in it; and secondly because all, or nearly all, the produce imported from thence (cotton excepted) might be considered as articles of luxury, and the use of which would in a great measure be dispensed with, if they were not so easily to be obtained. But my greatest reason for supposing the trade to be detrimental to us was, that Rum, the principal article received from thence, is, in my opinion, the bane of morals and the parent of idleness.
I have been informed that before the War, while all the British Islands were wholly open to our Vessels and some of those of other nations partly so, the trade (by enabling the Adventurers to make a circuitous remittance to Europe) was attended with pretty certain, but very small profits: and that since the war it has been generally a loosing speculation, even in the State where it has been carried on to the greatest extent, and with more oeconomy in the out-fits and navigation than elsewhere. But it will be asked whether the States which produce Horses &ca. for this trade, would not be greatly injured, in case of its annihilation, for want of a Market to dispose of that produce? I answr. that, in my judgment, it would be better to alter the mode of farming; and to raise Sheep and black Cattle instead of Horses. There can be no want of sufficient demands for Wool and Beef, nor can I conceive that it would be a difficult affair to substitute the growth of these, in the room of less useful articles. Then, I could wish to see the direct commerce with France encouraged to the greatest degree; and that almost all the foreign spirits which we consumed should consist of the Wines and Brandies made in that Country. The use of those liquors would at least be more innocent to the health and morals of the people, than the thousands of Hogsheads of poisonous Rum which are annually consumed in the United States. And, upon further reflection, it seems obvious to me, that there are articles enough in France, which are wanted here; and others in turn produced here, which are wanted in France; to form the basis of a beneficial, extensive, and durable Commerce.
The discovery of extracting Tar from Coal is a proof of the investigating genius of the present age. In whatever Country useful inventions are found out, and improvements made; I rejoice in contemplating that those inventions or improvements may, in some way or another, be turned to the common good of mankind. The Season will be so far advanced before I shall have compleatly finished covering my Barn, that I can be able to do nothing more to it this year.
I have formerly been somewhat curious in making experiments relative to Cements, particularly in that which derives its name from Loriol; but have never been able to succeed to my wishes. I was delighted with the idea that the [Cement used by the Antients had been in all probability rediscovered. Some time in the late war, I employed three or four of the principal French Engineers in our army, to make some mortar into a consolidated Mass, according to the printed directions for making Loriol's Cement; with a copy of which they were furnished. But the result, after very many trials, was infinitely distant from what we had been led to expect. As the process was strictly in conformity to the prescribed rules, I know not to what cause the failure of success should be attributed. With sentiments of esteem &c.]89
[Note 89: From a photostat of the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6. The portion within brackets is supplied from the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 17, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 5th. Ulto. The last load of Shingles arrived safe, and as it is not in my power to remit the Cash to discharge your Account and Mr. Brents for the freight of the Shingles I have shipped 50 Bbls. of flour on board his Vessel which I have requested him to dispose of immediately and pay your Account of £25.15.9 which I presume will be done.
The scarcity of Cash is such at present that I find it almost impossible, with the greatest exertions, to obtain sufficient to answer my ordinary and necessary demands; this naturally leads me to have recourse to my old debts; and among others I should be glad if there was a prospect of obtaining any part of those contracted by the sale of my flour &c. sent to you to dispose of on Commission. I am, etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 17, 1788.
Sir: Enclosed is a Bill of Lading for 50 Blbs. of flour which I have shipped on board of your Sloop, and would wish you to dispose of for me upon the best terms you can. From the proceeds thereof you will please to receive the Amount of your Account of £20.1.9 for freight of Shingles, pay Thomas Newton Junr. Esqr. £25.15.9 for 64,450 Shingles at 6/perM, and after deducting what charges may arise from the flour, if you can so accommodate it as to have the balance passed to my Credit in Account with Colo Fitzgerald it will save the trouble of remitting it to me.
As the sale of this flour is the only means which I at present have to discharge these accounts you will dispose of it as speedily as may be. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1788.
Sir: I have received your polite letter of the 11th. Inst. accompanied by the nuts &c. which you were so obliging as to send me, and for which I must beg you to accept my thanks. I shall plant them at a proper season, and shall be very happy; if they can be propagated in this Country, but I doubt very much whether they will thrive here or not, for I have, within' these few years, planted several kinds of seeds, trees &c. which are natives of a warmer climate and have had the mortification to find them destroyed by the severity of our winters. These, however may have better success.
I am much obliged to you Sir, for your polite offer of executing any Commission that I might wish in the Isle of France or that part of the Globe where you say your partner is bound; but there is nothing, that I at present know of, which I am desireous of having executed there. I am, etc.91
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1788.
Dear Sir: As it has happened that the only mode by which a pretty considerable debt which is due to me, can be discharged with any convenience to the Estate that owes it, is to receive a small tract of Land in Gloucester County and I believe not far from you in payment; May I take the liberty of requesting the favor of you to give me your opinion of its worth with a short detail of the quality of the Soil growth thereon, proportion and sort of Wood-land to that which is cleared, Improvements (if any), with the advantages and disadvantages attending its local situation.
The following description of it I have had from the Gentleman man who wishes me to take it, see Mr. John Dandridges letter dated 6th. December 1788.92
[Note 92: In the Washington Papers.]
Of two evils which present themselves to my view in the present case namely to distress a worthy family, or take Land which I do not want in lieu of Money which I really do want I prefer the latter. The gentleman thinks worth £1000. For a farthing less than it is worth, I do not desire to possess it: but I wish this to be ascertained by a disinterested Gentleman in whose judgment I can confide, for this reason I appeal to you without offering an apology for the trouble it must necessarily give you to comply with my request.
Butler says "everything is worth what it will fetch", but in these times of scarcity everything will not fetch what it is worth, and it is for that reason I have asked your opinion respecting the latter; to which I pray you to add to what amount you conceive it would be rented, for as to selling, I presume it is entirely out of the question I mean for cash at the sum fixed for, or it would not have been offered to me, it being well known to the present proprietor that to take the land is solely to accomodate the Estate for which he acts. With very great esteem etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 22, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 8th. Inst. and shall answer your several quæries with as much precision as the nature of the subject will admit in giving a general idea of the matter.
The great body of my lands in the western Country lay on the River called the Great Kanawa not far from its confluence with the Ohio. I have also a tract of about 10, 000 Acres laying on the Ohio between the mouth of the great and Little Kanawa Rivers, and about 10 miles below the Settlement on the Muskingum. All these lands are of a very excellent quality, being what are called bottoms or intervals, the soil of which is perhaps, equal to almost any known. The price of these lands, if sold, would depend much upon the terms of payment, and I am not inclined to sell them in seperate parcels unless they could be so laid off in such a manner as would prevent the injuring any part or lesseng. its value by the division. The terms upon which I am willing to lease them are to permit the settler to live three years upon the land free from Rent, and after that time shall require one third part of whatever is raised upon the Land (which I am informed is customary in that Country) or £5 per hundred Acres annually if payment is made in Cash. The latter mode of payment would be much the most agreeable to me, and I should suppose must be more advantageous to the settler than the former, for a man of any industry can certainly make more than £15 from 100 Acres of that land. The leases may run from 10 to 20 years. Markets, I should imagine would readily be found at the settlement on the Muskingum, or in the vicinity of the land, to take the produce off the farmers hands; the surplussage of the produce, after reserving sufficient to support the inhabitants in that Country, must be transported by persons who attend particularly to that business. The most convenient landing place for foreigners who are desirous of going into that Country is at Alexandria or George Town upon the Potomack River which will, probably, in a short time be rendered navigable water on the western side of the Allegany mountains, is but about 30 miles of land carriage, so that through this channel persons and effects may be water borne to any part of the western country, except the 30 miles of land carriage above mentioned.
My lands on this side the Allegany Mountains are, I believe, all occupied, or if any part of them is untenanted it is to small to draw the attention of immigrants. I am, etc.94
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 23, 1788.
Dear Sir: Your letter dated in London the 24th. of September95 has been duly forwarded to me by your friend Mr. Hazard. As I shall be able to notice the contents but generally and briefly, I request, in the first place, that you will be pleased to accept my best thanks for your good wishes for my happiness here and hereafter. I am pleased to learn, that your History is at length completed. I conclude by the spring we may expect to be favored with a sight of it. Your mention of the several objects, you judge of national consequence to the United States, is to be esteemed among the tokens of your kind remembrance of America, and regard to its interests.
[Note 95: Gordon's letter is decidedly vague; but apparently referred to Washington's letter to Col. Lewis Nicola, May 22, 1782. In speaking of the first President to be of the United States, Gordon wrote: "the good of your country is a law that you must submit to, when you are called upon to possess a power in the more honorable way by all professions and ranks of people, and which, to your everlasting credit when known, you honestly declined with the truest patriotism, when offered in an irregular manner. This is a secret which will remain till you are dead, unless I could be certain of not offending through the publication of your letter, with the suppression of the party to whom it was addressed." Gordon's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
How fax I may ever be connected with its political affairs is altogether a matter of uncertainty to me. My heartfelt wishes, and, I woud fain hope, the circumstances are opposed to it. I flatter myself my countrymen are so fully persuaded of my desire to remain in private life; that I am not without hopes and expectations of being left quietly to enjoy the repose, in which I am at present. Or, in all events, should it be their wish (as you suppose it will be) for me to come again on the Stage of public affairs, I certainly will decline it, if the refusal can be made consistently with what I conceive to be the dictates of propriety and duty. For the great Searcher of human hearts knows there is no wish in mine, beyond that of living and dying an honest man, on my own farm.
I had quite forgotten the private transaction to which you allude: nor could I recall it to mind without much difficulty. If I now recollect rightly, and I believe I do (though there were several applications made to me) I am conscious of only having done my duty. As no particular credit is due for that, and as no good but some harm might result from the publication, the letter, in my judgment, had better remain in concealment.
The prospect, that a good general government will in all human probability be soon established in America, affords me more substantial satisfaction; than I have ever before derived from any political event. Because there is a rational ground for believing that not only the happiness of my own countrymen, but that of mankind in general, will be promoted by it.
As it is really so long since I have had any occasion to make use of a cypher or key to communicate my sentiments to my Correspondents; and as it was so little probable I should ever have any occasion to express them by such modes in future, I have absolutely mislaid or entirely lost yours, with others. Besides, I have not a single idea to communicate to any person while in Europe; the knowledge of which could give any advantage to those who should be curious enough, or mean enough, to inspect my letters.
Thus much I thought it might be well to say, in apology for my not being able to comply with your request. Indeed when you consider the domestic walk of life in which I pass my days, the multiplicity of private concerns in which I am involved, the numerous literary applications from different quarters, the round of company I have at my house, and the avocations occasioned by my being at the head of the Company for clearing the Potowmac, you will do me the justice to suppose that I can have few topics or little time for correspondencies of mere friendship, ceremony, or speculation. This, I entreat, may be accepted as the true reason, why I am not able to write to you very fully, or very regularly. Mrs. Washington joins with me in compliments to Mrs. Gordon. I remain, &c.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 23, 1788.
Sir: Your letter of the 20th. of September, has been put into my hands, only a few days ago: in acknowledging the receipt, I take occasion, with very great satisfaction, to congratulate you on your appointment to so honorable an office, as that which you now hold in the State of Georgia. For you may rest assured, Sir, that, while I feel a sincere pleasure in hearing of the prosperity of my army acquaintances in general, the satisfaction is of a nature still more interesting, when the success has attended an officer with whose services I was more particularly acquainted.
From the place you held in the military staff this must have been the case with your services: and I will say, I am truly glad to find, that your merits have been so respectfully noticed in civil life.
I wish I could with equal truth have added, that the intimation contained in your letter, had been received without producing some disagreeable emotion; or rather some embarrassment from my not knowing well what to say on a subject, respecting which I may very possibly never have occasion to act.
The future is all a scene of darkness and uncertainty to me, on many accounts. It is known; that when I left the army, it was with a fixed determination, never to be engaged again in any public affairs. Events, which were not then foreseen, have since turned up: but, perhaps, neither those or any which can happen, will be of sufficient urgency to justify me in foregoing my fixed determination and sacrificing my domestic happiness. So much, at present, I can say with the strictest truth; that nothing but a conviction of the indispensable necessity of the measure, can ever induce me to make the sacrifice. That conviction not having been made; it would be improper for me to say any thing whatsoever on the immediate point to which you allude; and because as a farther reason if it should be my fate to administer the government, I will go into it free from engagements of every kind and nature whatsoever making, when the pretentions of every candidate are brought to view as far as my judgment shall direct me, justice, and the public good file sole objects of my pursuits. I am happy to hear that Genl. Wayne is likely to be elected to the foederal Senate. It is my most earnest wish that none but the most disinterested, able and virtuous men may be appointed to either house of Congress: because, I think, the tranquility and happiness of this Country will depend essentially upon that circumstance. With sentiments of esteem I have the honor, etc.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 26, 1788.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 3d. Inst. came duly to hand. The price of the Clover seed is such as will induce me to take 2000 lb. provided you can wait a few months for the payment, as I cannot make it with convenience until I can dispose of produce or something else to obtain the cash. If you incline to furnish me with the above quantity upon these terms I desire it may be shipped and sent round by the first opportunity. Should it not be convenient for you to do it you will not fail to let me know it immediately that I may obtain a supply from some other quarter. If you can get me six Bushels of good fresh Timothy Seed upon the same terms of payment, I should wish it to accompany the Clover. I am, etc.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 26 Washington wrote to Clement Biddle that "the Vessel on board of which the Clover seed was shipped has not yet arrived, and as the River is shut up it is uncertain when she will reach Alexa." This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Mount Vernon, December 26, 1788.
Sir: As I have not recd. an Answer to my letter which I wrote to you on the 15th. of September 1 have reason to suppose that it never, reached your hands, and have therefore enclosed you a duplicate of it, adding, at the same time, that I have never before felt the want of Cash so severely as at present, and of course any monies that may arise from my property under your care could never come more oppertunely than at this time. I am, etc.98
Mount Vernon, December 26, 1788.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 29 Ulto. and have forwarded the one enclosed to my Nephew Bushrod Washington who will undoubtedly give you every information in his power respecting the land of which I am wholly ignorant.
As you have not acknowledged the rect. of my letter of the 15th. of September I fear it has miscarried and therefore enclose you a duplicate.
Any money that you may have received on my account may be lodged in Philadelphia as heretofore, and I can assure you it would never come more opportunely than at present. I am, etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 1, 1789.
My dear Sir: I have received by the last Mail your favor dated the 21st. of December, and hasten to return this acknowledgment, together with the enclosed Certificate of Service1for Major Haskell.2 I give that testimony with the greatest alacrity, because it always affords me satisfaction, when I can gratify the wishes of a worthy man, in perfect conformity to my own judgment.
[Note 1: A copy of the certificate is entered in the "Letter Book" immediately following this letter.]
[Note 2: Elnathon Haskell. He had been aide to Maj. Gen. Robert Howe.]
I am much pleased to find that the accounts, which I had heard from different quarters of the encrease of federal sentiments, are confirmed by your letter. The appointment of senators taken collectively is certainly very happy. I suppose the two gentlemen appointed by this State are looked upon at the eastward as being included in that class of antifederalists, who wish to cause such great and premature amendments, as will render the government abortive. This idea, I have the best reason to believe, will be found untrue. My belief is founded upon the unequivocal assertions of Colo Grayson previous to the election; and those of Mr. R. H. Lee posterior to his election. It is also pretty well ascertained, that, if any considerable proportion of the pains shall be taken by the federalists, which will be by the antifederalists, a majority of the representation from this State to Congress would undoubtedly be composed of the former description. At present, however, it appears very uncertain whether that will be the case or not: as several federalists, who might in all probability be chosen, have, on account of their private affairs, declined standing as Candidates; insomuch, that it is to be feared, in some instances, the Votes of the Advocates for the Constitution will be scattered and lost.
From different channels of information, it seemed probable to me (even before the receipt of your letter) that Mr. John Adams would be chosen Vice President. He will doubtless make a very good one: and let whoever may occupy the first seat, I shall be entirely satisfied with that arrangement for filling the second office. I am &c.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 1, 1789.
Sir: I have regularly received your letter dated the 27th. of November. It would take up more time than I could well spare, to notice the applications which have been made to me in consequence of the New government. In answer to as many, as I have been at leisure to acknowledge, I have invariably represented the delicacy of my situation, the impropriety of bringing such things before me, the decided resolution I had formerly made, and the ardent wishes I still entertain of remaining in a private life. You will not then expect that I should commit myself by saying any thing on a subject, which has never failed to embarrass and distress me beyond measure, whensoever it has been forced upon my consideration.
I can therefore have nothing to add, but that, with wishes for your prosperity, I am, etc.3
Mount Vernon, January 1, 1789.
Sir: As it would be altogether improper for me to anticipate any thing on the event which you suppose may happen; I only write to let you know that I have duly received your letter of November 1st. I most sincerely and fervently hope it will be found, that I shall not be in a situation to have any agency in the disposal of Foederal appointments. For you will permit me to say, that the choice is as yet very far from being certain; and that should it (contrary to all my wishes) fall upon me, I shall certainly be disposed to decline the acceptance, if it may, by any means be done consistently with the dictates of duty.
In this to me unpleasant state of affairs when I cannot but feel myself disagreeably affected by having the subject even obliquely forced upon my mind, you will be pleased to consider my studied reserve as not in the least intended to militate against your pretensions, and as not having any reference, in the remotest degree, to an office, for which I perceive there will be several competitors.
Altho' I have thought, it would ill become me at present to be more explicit with any person on public matters; yet in all personal considerations I take a pleasure in subscribing myself with sentiments of esteem, &c.
[Note 3:[Note 3: Of Georgia.
On January 1 Washington drew up a series of instructions for James Bloxam, which he headed "A View of the Work at the Ferry and French's Plantations in the year 1789, with general directions for the executn." This paper, entirely in Washington's writing and covering 3 ½ folio pages, is in the Washington Papers. It is followed by a similar one addressed to John Fairfax, which is headed "A View of the Work at the several Plantations in the year 1789. and general directions for the execution of it." This document is 7 folio pages long. The directions to Fairfax end as follows:
"To request that my people may be at their work as soon as it is light, work till it is dark, and be diligent while they are at it, can hardly be necessary; because the propriety of it must strike every Manager who attends to my interest, or regards his own character; and who, on reflecting, must be convinced that lost labour is never to be regained; the presumption being that every labourer (male or female) does as much in the 24 hours as their strength without endangering the health, or constitution will allow of; but there is much more in what is called head work, that is in the manner of conducting business, than is generally imagined. For take two Managers and give to each the same number of labourers, and let these labourers be equal in all respects. Let both these Managers rise equally early, go equally late to rest, be equally active, sober and industrious, and yet, in the course of the year, one of them, without pushing the hands that are under him more than the other, shall have performed infinitely more work. To what is this owing? Why, simply to contrivance resulting from that forethought and arrangement which will guard against the misapplication of labour, and doing it unseasonably: For in the affairs of farming or Planting, more perhaps than in any other, it may justly be said there is a time for all things. Because if a man will do that kind of work in clear and mild weather which can as well be done in frost, Snow and rain, when these come, he has nothing to do; consequently, during that period there is a total loss of labour. In plowing too, though the field first intended for it, or in which the plows may actually have been at work, should, from its situation, be rendered unfit (by rain or other causes) to be worked; and other spots even though the call for them may not be so urgent can be plowed, this business ought to go on; because the general operation is promoted by it. So with respect to other things, and particularly Carting; where nothing is more common than, when loads are to go to a place, and others to be brought from it, though not equally necessary at the same moment, to make two trips when one would serve. These things are only enumerated to shew that the Manager who takes a comprehensive view of his business, will throw no labour away.
"For this reason it is, I have here endeavoured to give a general view of my plans, with the business of the year, that the concerns of the several plantations may go on without application daily, for orders unless it be in particular cases, or where these directions are not clearly understood."]
Mount Vernon, January 4, 1789.
Dear Sir: I shall want to procure about 250 Bushels of Buck Wheat, in addition to what I now have, to sow the ensuing spring and summer, and will thank you to inform me (as soon as may be after receiving this) upon what terms I could obtain the above quantity in Philadelphia, and what would be the freight of it round here, that I may know precisely the cost of it; and determine, upon the receipt of your answer, whether it will be best for me to procure it there or in this neighbourhood. I found I could obtain Clover-seed in New York upon much better terms than it could be had in Philadelphia and have therefor written for a supply from that place, you will, however, accept my thanks for the trouble you have been at in making inquiries about it. With great esteem etc.
P.S. By a letter that I lately recd. from Mr. Smith I expect he will shortly deposit some money in your hands on my acct.7
[Note 7: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, January 10,8 1789.
[Note 8: Sparks prints this letter as January 18. Washington was at Alexandria, Wednesday, January 7, at the election of the presidential elector for that district. According to his "Diary" he dined with "a large Company on Venisen at Page's Tavn. and came home in the evening."]
Sir: The letter with which you favored me on Wednesday was handed [to me] whilst I was at Dinner at Page's when it was not in my power to give it an acknowledgment. and this is the first day since, that I have had an occasion to send to Town.
It is painful to me to be called upon to give an opinion upon a matter, to which I feel myself incompetent. The first wish of my Soul is to spend the evening of my days in the lot of a private citizen on my farm but if circumstances which are not yet sufficiently unfolded to form the judgment or the opinion of my friends, will not allow me this last boon of temporal happiness and I should once more be led into the walks of public life, it is my fixed determination to enter there, not only unfettered by promises, but even unchargeable with exacting or feeding the expectation of any man living for my assistance to Office. And sure I am, a Gentleman of your candour and judgment will approve the resolution; first because all Offices are to be created by Law, and consequently are, as yet uncertain. 2dly. because the appointment of Officers may, possibly be left to the heads of departments, or in many instances referred to the Executives of the respective States. And 3dly. because the ear of the nominator ought to be open to the Comments on the merits of each candidate and to be governed primarily by the abilities which are most peculiarly adapted to the Nature and duties of the Office which is to be filled. If unhappily for me it should be my lot to have any share in the execution of the government it will be under the influence of these sentiments, and the best knowledge I can obtain of characters, that I shall invariably act with respect to appointments. And with respect to my conduct as a private man I do verily believe I never shall interfere in the appointment to any Office whatsoever, beyond a general certificate of facts.
The candid and cautious line of conduct which has been the rule of my past life, and which I mean shall be my government to the end of it, must apologize for the frankness of this declaration; not Sir, that I wish it to be considered as any dereliction on my part to promote your interest in any matter wherein I can do it with perfect consistency and propriety but rather because I will never put it in the power of any [man] to say that I have deceived or misled him by assurances or hopes which on the completion I might find myself embarrassed. With very great esteem etc.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 15, 1789.
Dear Sir: I pray you to receive my thanks for your favor of the 5th. and for the obliging attention which you have given to the Floor matting from China. The latter is not yet arrived at the Port of Alexandria nor is the navigation of the River at this time open for the Passage of any Vessel; while, the frost has much the appearance of encreasing and continuing.
In every wish that can contribute to the happiness of Mrs. Morris yourself and family I am most cordially joined by Mrs. Washington and all under this Roof, and with Sentiments of sincere regard etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 15, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 22d. of October, having with some others been mislaid, is the best, indeed the only apology I can make for this long delay in acknowledging the receipt of it.
Let me request the favor of you now to transmit me the cost of the sattin, and of the Floor matting which Mr. Morris advices me has been sent by the Sloop Polly Captn. Harrison, and the amount shall be remitted immediately by Sir Your etc.10
Mount Vernon, January 16, 1789.
Sir: Your letters of the l0th. and 12th.11 came duly to hand. In answer to the latter, I have only to observe that, it would give me pleasure to endulge my Nephew George Washington12
[Note 11: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 12: George Steptoe Washington.] in any attainment which would contribute to his improvement or innocent gratification were his funds, or my convenience adequate thereto. But as his Estate is either unproductive or the Produce incompetent to the payment of his Fathers debts, and my money and credit has been his and brothers principal support for some time past, the object of his present wish (communicated by you) must be suspended till I can (having set on foot an enquiry) be made acquainted with the cause.
With esteem and regard I am, etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 18, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 19 Ulto. and in compliance with your request have taken from Colo. Fairfaxes ledger a copy of Colo. Warner Washington Acct. which is here enclosed. There is no Acct. in his Book with Mr. Lee (neither father nor Son). I am very sorry that indisposition, or any other cause should have prevented you from coming down at the time you proposed for it is my earnest wish and desire to have the account of my Lands &c. which are under your care brought into a degree of regularity that will enable me to see upon what footing they stand and what my expectations from that quarter may be. It is so long since this request was first made to you, it has been so often repeated, and the time which would be required to do it is so trifling that it would even justify a suspicion that this delay arose from some cause which ought not to exist; however I trust that a speedy compliance with my repeated requests in this particular will place the matter in such a situation as to make it perfectly satisfactory to us both. The immediate payment of such rents as are due to me would be essentially serviceable at this time and I doubt not therefore that you will use your best endeavours to collect them as soon as possible. I am, etc.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 17th. enclosing two Patents for 5000 Acres of Land on Rough Creek in Jefferson County (and rough indeed they appear principally to be) came duly to hand, but I am sorry to say that the specialty of the conveyance proposed by you neither meets my inclination nor expectation, I neither buy nor sell and I have done both) without a general Warrantee. If there is no dispute with respect to the title, no possible injury can result from giving a general Warrantee. contrary to your knowledge and belief there should appear another and better claimants of these Lands of what avail, to me, is a special Warrantee? Will that afford compensation when it is against the claim of yourself and heirs only that I am indemnified? In that case shall I get anything for the horse, the original cost of which was five hundred pounds and with the hire of the groom, their keeping and other incidental charges cannot I should suppose stand me in much if any less than Seven hundred pounds? There would be no equality in such a Bargain; you say if I have any doubt of your Title to these Lands you will give others in place of them. I have nothing but report of the general confusion of Landed property in that Country to form any opinion on, and this with me operates equally with respect to all, having made no enquiry into the rights of any; never having speculated in an Acre there. I thank you for the information respecting Elections. A little time now will bring the whole to a close. It gives us much pleasure to hear that Mrs. Lee is better, and will always do so to see you at Mount Vernon. Being with sincere friendship etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have received your letters of the 27th Ulto. and 4th Inst. the former enclosing an Acct. of the Herrings, which I am sorry did not turn out better, however I am certain there was nothing wanting on your part to dispose of them to the best advantage.
Neither of the Vessels on board of which you shipped articles for me have arrived. If they got out of the Delaware they could not have reached Alexandria, for the River has been impassable for several weeks; but there is now a prospect of its being soon open.
Enclosed is a Memorandum from Mrs. Washington respecting some shoes which she wishes Mr. Palmer to make for her, and I have sent you a slipper herewith as a pattern which she will thank you to send to Mr. Palmer.
If there are any homespun Cloths in Philadelphia which are tolerably fine, that you can come readily at, I would be obliged to you to send me patterns of some of the best kinds; I should prefer that which is mixed in the grain, because it will not so easily discover its quality as a plain Cloth. With great esteem etc.
The Memo. mentd. above is in the Slipper, for Mr. Palmer.16
[Note 16: In the writing of Tobias Lear. The added note is in the writing of Washington.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, January 28, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 14th. Instt. enclosing your account against Mr. Ferdinand Washington17 which is
[Note 17: Son of Samuel Washington.] herewith returned, and must inform you that I have repeatedly refused, and am determined not to have anything to do in the settlement of his affairs; for his conduct, while living, was such as I totally disapproved of, and left no means or advice unessayed to counteract. His extravagance could not be unknown to those who had dealings with him, and particularly for any length of time; they therefore who gave credit, and especially for such Articles as were not necessary for his support, must have been sensible, at the time, of the risque which they took upon themselves, and consequently can have no person to reproach with having drawn them into it. The Administrators must settle his affairs in the manner which appears most proper to them without my interference in any respect. I am, etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 29, 1789.
My dear Sir: Having learnt from an Advertisement in the New York Daily Advertiser, that there were superfine American Broad Cloths to be sold at No. 44 in Water Street; I have ventured to trouble you with the Commission of purchasing enough to make me a Suit of cloaths. As to the colour, I shall leave it altogether to your taste; only observing, that, if the dye should not appear to be well fixed, and clear, or if the cloth should not really be very fine, then (in my judgment) some colour mixed in grain might be preferable to an indifferent (stained) dye. I shall have occasion to trouble you for nothing but the cloth and twist to make the button holes. If these articles can be procured and forwarded, in a package by the Stage, in any short time your attention will be gratefully acknowledged. Mrs. Washington would be equally thankfull to you for purchasing for her use as much of what is called (in the Advertisement) London Smoke as will make her a riding habit. If the choice of these cloths should have been disposed off in New York, quere could they be had from Hartford in Connecticut where I perceive the manufactury of them is established. With every sentiment of sincere friendship etc.19
[Note 19: From a facsimile in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 29, 1789.
My dear Marquis: By the last post I was favored with the receipt of your letter, dated the 5th of September last. Notwithstanding the distance of its date, it was peculiarly welcome to me: for I had not in the mean time received any satisfactory advices respecting yourself or your country. By that letter, my mind was placed much more at its ease, on both those subjects, than it had been for many months.
The last letter, which I had the pleasure of writing to you, was forwarded by Mr. Gouverneur Morris. Since his departure from America, nothing very material has occurred. The minds of men, however, have not been in a stagnant State. But patriotism, instead of faction, has generally agitated them. It is not a matter of wonder, that, in proportion as we approach to the time fixed for the organization and operation of the new government, their anxiety should have been encreased, rather than diminished.
The choice of Senators, Representatives, and Electors, which (excepting in that of the last description) took place at different times, in the different States, has afforded abundant topics for domestic News, since the beginning of Autumn. I need not enumerate the several particulars, as I imagine you see most of them detailed, in the American Gazettes. I will content myself with only saying, that the elections have been hitherto vastly more favorable than we could have expected, that federal sentiments seem to be growing with uncommon rapidity, and that this encreasing unanimity is not less indicative of the good disposition than the good sense of the Americans. Did it not savour so much of partiality for my Countrymen I might add, that I cannot help flattering myself the new Congress on account of the self-created respectability and various talents of its Members, will not be inferior to any Assembly in the world. From these and some other circumstances, I really entertain greater hopes, that America will not finally disappoint the expectations of her Friends, than I have at almost any former period. Still however, in such a fickle state of existence I would not be too sanguine in indulging myself with the contemplation of scenes of uninterrupted prosperity; lest some unforeseen mischance or perverseness should occasion the greater mortification, by blasting the enjoyment in the very bud.
I can say little or nothing new, in consequence of the repetition of your opinion, on the expediency there will be, for my accepting the office to which you refer. Your sentiments, indeed, coincide much more nearly with those of my other friends, than with my own feelings. In truth my difficulties encrease and magnify as I draw towards the period, when, according to the common belief, it will be necessary for me to give a definitive answer, in one way or another. Should the circumstances render it, in a manner inevitably necessary, to be in the affirmative: be assured, my dear Sir, I shall assume the task with the most unfeigned reluctance, and with a real diffidence for which I shall probably receive no credit from the world. If I know my own heart, nothing short of a conviction of duty will induce me again to take an active part in pubic affairs; and, in that case, if I can form a plan for my own conduct, my endeavours shall be unremittingly exerted (even at the hazard of former fame or present popularity) to extricate my country from the embarrassments in which it is entangled, through want of credit; and to establish a general system of policy, which if pursued will ensure permanent felicity to the Commonwealth. I think I see a path, as clear and as direct as a ray of light, which leads to the attainment of that object. Nothing but harmony, honesty, industry and frugality are necessary to make us a great and happy people. Happily the present posture of affairs and the prevailing disposition of my countrymen promise to co-operate in establishing those four great and essential pillars of public felicity.
What has been considered at the moment as a disadvantage, will probably turn out for our good. While our commerce has been considerably curtailed, for want of that extensive credit formerly given in Europe, and for default of remittance; the useful arts have been almost imperceptibly pushed to a considerable degree of perfection.
Though I would not force the introduction of manufactures, by extravagant encouragements, and to the prejudice of agriculture; yet, I conceive much might be done in that way by women, children and others; without taking one really necessary hand from tilling the earth. Certain it is, great savings are already made in many articles of apparel, furniture and consumption. Equally certain it is, that no diminution in agriculture has taken place, at the time when greater and more substantial improvements in manufactures were making, than were ever before known in America. In Pennsylvania they have attended particularly to the fabrication of cotton cloths, hats, and all articles in leather. In Massachusetts they are establishing factories of Duck, Cordage, Glass, and several other extensive and useful branches. The number of shoes made in one town and nails in another is incredible. In that State and Connecticut are also factories of superfine and other broad cloths. I have been writing to our friend Genl. Knox this day, to procure me homespun broad cloth, of the Hartford fabric, to make a suit of cloaths for myself. I hope it will not be a great while, before it will be unfashionable for a gentleman to appear in any other dress. Indeed we have already been too long subject to British prejudices. I use no porter or cheese in my family, but such as is made in America: both those articles may now be purchased of an excellent quality.
While you are quarrelling among yourselves in Europe; while one King is running mad, and others acting as if they were already so, by cutting the throats of the subjects of their neighbours, I think you need not doubt, my dear Marquis, we shall continue in tranquility here. And that population will be progressive so long as there shall continue to be so many easy means for obtaining a subsistence, and so ample a field for the exertion of talents and industry. All my family join in Compliments to Madame la Fayette and yours. Adieu.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 29, 1789.
My dear Count: By some unusual delay in the conveyance of your kind letter dated the 15th. of June last, I had not the satisfaction of receiving it before this time. As I am always happy in hearing of your prosperity, I would not defer expressing my obligations, by the first occasion.
I had long judged from the different public accounts I had seen, relative to the affairs of France, that you were nearly in the moment of a Crisis; when your Constitution would assume, in some respects, a new form. By intelligence of a more recent date than your letter, I learn there has been a change in the administration, and that an Assembly of the States was to be convoked on the first of January. The upright intentions, which I have always been taught to believe were possessed by the present King of France, and the unbounded affection, which the Inhabitants of that country are accustomed to entertain for their monarch, persuade me that affairs will all go right, and that the temporary derangement will ultimately terminate in the permanent welfare of the Kingdom. For if the interests and resources of that Kingdom should be judiciously managed, you can hardly fail of being the happiest and most powerful people in the world.
In the strange situation of political affairs in the North of Europe, and in the midst of the various changes of alliances which have taken place, among the most considerable nations in your quarter of the globe, one is left to wander in a labyrinth of uncertainties in regard to the result. The Nations seem to be so entangled by different ties, that it will require all the skill of their Statesmen to dissolve or all the force of their Warriors to cut the Gordian knots. Calculating upon the known superiority of civil institutions and discipline over ignorance and brutal force; I am astonished to find, that the two Imperial Powers have made so little progress against the Turks in their first Campaign. As to the general issue, though we should use all the fixed principles for making the calculation, much will doubtless depend upon contingency. For example, the fate of the King of England may make some important alterations in the European system. Notwithstanding it might probably, in a commercial view, be greatly for the advantage of America that a war should rage on the other side of the Atlantic; yet I shall never so far divest myself of the feelings of a man, interested in the happiness of his fellow-men, as to wish my country's prosperity might be built on the ruins of that of other nations. On the contrary, I cannot but hope, that the Independence of America, to which you have so gloriously contributed, will prove a blessing to mankind. It is thus you see, My dear Count, in retirement, upon my farm, I speculate upon the fate of nations; amusing myself with innocent Reveries, that mankind will, one day, grow happier and better.
I had the honor of writing to you some time ago, by Mr. Gouverneur Morris. He will have told you every thing important concerning the affairs of this Country untill his departure. Since which, little worthy of notice has happened. Our prospects have been gradually meliorating. Unanimity encreases. Economy has succeeded to profusion. Industry prevails. Such is the general picture of the United States. We are on the point of seeing the completion of the new Government, which, by giving motives to labour and security to property, cannot fail to augment beyond all former example the capital Stock: that is to say, the aggregrate amount of property in the Country. I speak with the more confidence, because so many of the elections of Senators and Representatives to Congress are already made, that there is the best reason to believe, the wisdom, the patriotism, and the virtue of America will be conspicuously concentred in that Body. I am &c.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1789.
My dear Sir: Your two letters of December 20th and January 4th are before me. I am much obliged to you for the intelligence contained in them: because it enabled me to contradict a report in circulation among the Antifederalists, that your State had made choice of only one Representative to Congress, that no more would probably be appointed and that every thing was in very great confusion. Though facts will ultimately become known; yet much mischief to the federal cause may be done, by suffering misrepresentation to pass unnoticed or unrefuted. Last winter the Antifederalists in Philadelphia published, that Connecticut had been surprised into an adoption of the Constitution, while a great majority of the freemen were opposed to it. Now it is certain, nothing can fix the stigma of falsehood upon that assertion better than the late respectable appointments in that State. Much the same thing has happened in Maryland. The Federal Ticket has been carried by a Majority of thousands. In the County which bears my name, there was not a dissenting vote.
By the best information I can obtain, federal sentiments are spreading perhaps, faster than ever in this Commonwealth. It is generally supposed that six, if not seven, of the Representatives from it to Congress, will be decided friends to the Constitution. I will only add, that, in Maryland and this State, it is probable Mr. John Adams will have a considerable number of the votes of the Electors. Some of those gentlemen will have been advised that this measure would be entirely agreeable to me, and that I considered it to be the only certain way to prevent the election of an Antifederalist. With sentiments of the greatest esteem &c.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 2, 1789.
Sir: I have been duly honored with your polite favor of the 23d. Ulto. enclosing your Excellency's proclamation of the Representatives and Electors returning by the State of Maryland.25
[Note 25: A broadside of this proclamation is in the Washington Papers under date of Jan. 21, 1789.]
The whole number of Representatives being federal and the large majority by which they were chosen, is the most decisive proof that could be given of the attachment of the people of your State to the general Government, and must effectually silence any assertions that may be made in future declaring that the sentiment of the People was not in unison with that of the Convention which adopted the Constitution by so large a majority. It is somewhat singular that among so large a number of votes as you mention to have been found opposed to the federal ticket, it was a circumstance not to be expected in any County.
The Election of Representatives to Congress takes place in this State today, upon the most moderate calculation it is thought at least one half of the number will be friends to the Constitution, the more sanguine speak with confidence of 6 or 7 out of the ten. I have the honor etc.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1789.
Dear Sir: The letters which you did me the honor of writing to me on the 6th. and 26th. last Month came duly to hand; and their enclosures were safely delivered to my Nephew Bushrod Washington, who has lately become a Resident of Alexandria; where, and at the Courts in its vicinity he means to establish himself in the practise of the Law. No apology, my dear Sir, on this or any other occasion was, or will be necessary for putting any letter you may wish to have safely conveyed to a Friend in these parts under Cover to me.
All the Political Manoevres which were calculated to prevent or to impede the execution of the new Government are now brought to a close until the meeting of the new Congress; and although the issue of all the Elections are not yet known, they are sufficiently Displayed to authorize a belief that the opposers of the government have been defeated in almost every instance. Although the Elections in this State are over it will be some time from the extent of it before the Representatives to Congress can be finally announced. From Conjecture however, it is supposed the majority will be federalists; some are so sanquine as to suppose that Seven out of the ten will be so; but this, as I have already said is altogether conjecture, and vague conjecture; for much pains has been taken, and no art left unessayed, to poison the mind and alarm the fears of the people into opposition. In the list of the Electors which has been published by the Executive authority of the State I think there is to be found the names of 8 Gentlemen who are decided friends to the New Government. Be the cause of the British Kings insanity what it may, his situation, if alive, deserves Commiseration. Better perhaps would it have been for this Nation though not for ours (under present prospects) if these events had happened at the time, Doctr. Franklin you say supposes his Majesty's Constitution was tinged with that Malady.
Mrs. Washington, the Major and Fanny, and all others under this roof, unite in best wishes and affectionate regard for Mrs. Powel and yourself and I am etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1789.
Dear Sir: We are told of the amazing powers of musick in ancient times; but the stories of its effects are so surprizing that we are not obliged to believe them unless they had been founded upon better authority than Poetic assertion; for the Poets of old (whatever they may do in these days) were strangely addicted to the Marvellous; and If I before doubted the truth of their relations with respect to the power of musick, I am now fully convinced of their falsity, because I would not, for the honor of my Country, allow that we are left by Ancients at an immeasurable distance in everything; and if they could sooth the ferocity of wild beasts, could draw the trees and the Stones after them, and could even charm the powers of Hell by their musick, I am sure that your productions would have had at least virtue enough in them (without the aid of voice or instrument) to melt the Ice of the Delaware and Potomack, and in that case you should have had an earlier acknowledgment of your favor of the 1st. of December which came to hand but last Saturday.
I readily admit the force of your distinction between " a thing done and a thing to be done", and as I do not believe that you would do "a very bad thing indeed" I must even make a virtue of necessity, and defend your performance, if necessary, to the last effort of my musical Abilities.
But, my dear Sir, if you had any doubts about the reception which your work would meet with, or had the smallest reason to think that you should need any assistance to defend it, you have not acted with your usual good Judgement in the choice which you have made of a Coadjutor; for should the tide of prejudice not flow in favor of it (and so various are the tastes, opinions and whims of men that even the sanction of divinity does not ensure universal concurrence) what, alas! can I do to support it? I can neither sing one of the songs, nor raise a single note on any instrument to convince the unbelieving, but I have, however one argument which will prevail with persons of true taste (at least in America), I can tell them that it is the production of Mr. Hopkinson.28
[Note 28: This was the publication "Seven Songs" (November, 1788) which Hopkinson dedicated to Washington. A photostat of his letter of Dec. 1, 1788, is in the Library of Congress.]
With the compliments of Mrs. Washington added to mine for you and yours, I am, etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 13, 1789.
Dear Sir: Having found that there is a vessel on the point of sailing from Alexandria for Havre de Grace I would not forego so good an opportunity of addressing a letter to you, although nothing very material has occurred since the date of my last, which was transmitted by Mr. Gouverneur Morris. As you will doubtless have seen in the Gazettes the measures taken by the different States for carrying the new government into execution, I will not, therefore, enter upon any report of News or discussion of political topics.
Exclusive of these things, the greatest and most important objects of internal concern, which at present occupy the attention of the public mind, are manufactures and inland navigation. Many successful efforts in fabrics of different kinds are every day made. Those composed of Cotton, I think, will be of the most immediate and extensive utility. Mr. Milne, an English Gentleman, who has been many years introducing those manufactures into France, and whose father is now carrying them on (under the protection of government) at the Royal Château of Muette in Passy, was at my House this Week and is of opinion that they may be prosecuted in America to greater advantage than in France and England. He has been almost two years in Georgia stimulating and instructing the Planters to the production of Cotton. In that State, and So. Carolina, it is said, that Cotton may be made of a most excellent quality, and in such abundt. quantities as to prove a more profitable species of agriculture, than any other Crop. The encrease of that new material and the introduction of the late-improved Machines to abridge labour, must be of almost infinite consequence to America.
A desire of encouraging whatever is useful and oeconomical seems now generally to prevail. Several capitol artists, in different branches, have lately arrived in this Country. A factory of Glass is established, upon a large scale on Monocasy, near Frederick-Town in Maryld. I am informed it will this year produce Glass of various kinds, nearly to the amount of ten thousand pounds value. This factory will be essentially benefitted, by having the navigation of the Potomac completely opened. But the total benefits of that navigation will not be confined to narrower limits, than the extent of the western territory of the U: States.
You have been made acquainted, my dear Sir, with my ideas of the practicability, importance and extent of that navigation, as they have been occasionally, though fully expressed, in my several letters to you, dated the 29th. of March 1784, the 25th. of Febry. 1785, the 26th. of Septr. 1785, the 30th. of May 1787, the 1st. of Jany. 1788, and the 31st. of Augt. in the same year. Notwithstanding my constant and utmost endeavours to obtain precise information, respecting the nearest and best communication between the Ohio and Lake Erie, I am not yet able to add any thing more satisfactory to the observations, which I had the honor to make on the subject, in my letter of the 1st. of January 1788. But I have lately received a correct Draught executed principally from actual Surveys, of the Country between the sources of the Potomac and those navigable waters, that fall into the Ohio. The Roads; and Rivulets at the places where they are crossed by these roads; together with the mouths of the latter (but not the meanders) are laid down from actual surveys. Hence the approximation of the Eastern and western waters in those parts, is discovered with certainty. It is, however, supposed by some, not professional men I should add, that the navigation of Potowmac from the mouth of Savage to Stoney river, is impracticable; on account of the many falls, rapid water, and rugged banks which are to be found in its course: But as there is an abundance of water, I should conceive that with the aid of Canals and Locks, it might be accomplished. From hence thro' the Glades, to the principal stream of the Yohiogany River, the portage is not more than 8 or ten miles: and this distance, if little Yough affords water sufficient, might be reduced to five miles. From the mouth of little Yough to Pittsburgh there is no want of water: but it is said there are falls, and many rapid places in the River (not insurmountable one would suppose). It is conjectured by many that Savage River and Green glade Creek, or the former and little Yough, are capable of being improved; if so, the course is more direct; but of this I can say nothing for want of better information, or a more accurate examination of these streams. Of the Draught wch. has been sent me, I enclose you such a rough sketch, as my avocations would permit me to make: my principal object therein being to shew, that the distance between the Eastern and Western Waters is shorter, and that the means of communication are easier, than I had hitherto represented or imagined. I need not describe what and how extensive the rivers are which will be thus in a wonderful manner connected, as soon as the Potomac shall be rendered entirely passable. The passage would have been opened from Fort Cumberland to the Great Falls (nine Miles from tide-water) before this time, as I mentioned in my letter of the 31st. of Augt. last, had it not been for the unfavourableness of the Season. In spite of that untoward circumstance, I have the pleasure to inform you, that two or three boats have actually arrived at the last mentioned place; one with 50, and another with near 100 Barrls. of flour.
I am going on Monday next to visit the works, as far as the Seneca Falls. Could I have delayed writing this letter until my return from thence and afterwards availed myself of the same conveyance, I might have been more particular in my account of the state of the several works, and especially of the situation of the Land adjoining to the Canal at the Great Falls. Whensoever the produce of those parts of the Country bordering on the sources of the Potomac and contiguous to the long rivers that run into it (particularly the Shenandoah and South Branch) shall be water-borne down to Tide-water for exportation, I conceive this place must become very valuable. From the conveniency of the Bason a little above the Spot where the Locks are to be placed, and from the inducements which will be Superadded by several fine Mill-Seats, I cannot entertain a doubt of the establishment of a Town in that place. Indeed mercantile People are desirous that that event should take place as soon as possible. Manufactures of various commodities and in iron particularly will doubtless be carried on to advantage there. The Mill Seats, I well know, have long been considered as very valuable ones. How far buildings erected upon them may be exposed to injuries from freshes, or the breaking up of Ice, I am not competent to determine from my own knowledge: but the opinion of persons better acquainted with these matters than I am, is, that they may be rendered secure. On the commodiousness of Alexandria for carrying on the Fur trade throughout the whole western Country, I treated, in a very, minute and I may say almost voluminous manner, in my communication to you on the 30th. of May 1787. Probably George-Town and the place which I have just mentioned, will participate largely and happily in the great emoluments to be derived from that and other valuable articles, through the inland navigation of the upper and Western Country. With sentiments of the highest esteem etc.31
[Note 31: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, February 13, 1789.
My dear Sir: I send you the letter you requested for Mr. Jefferson under a flying seal, which, after perusal, you will be pleased to have dosed for transmission. After revolving the subject in many different points of view, I could find no expedient for communicating the information in question, in so unexceptionable a manner, as by making the latter a continuation of my correspondence on the inland Navigation of America. I hope that the sentiments contained in it, which are the result of some reflection, will not be the less useful to you, for being delivered in this Manner; and at the same time, in case of any undesirable event, that I shall avoid the imputation of having interfered in the business from selfish or improper motives. For I hold it necessary that one should not only be conscious of the purest intentions; but that one should also have it in his power to demonstrate the disenterestedness of his words and actions at all times, and upon all occasions. I am etc.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 14, 1789.
Dear Sir: I shall pass through Alexandria Monday on my way to George-Town, and thence to the Great and Seneca Falls. And shall bring with me the Plats and Patents for the Land on Rough Creek in Kentucke; in order to receive a Conveyance in the usual and accustomed mode, or to return them to you. With my usual esteem etc.32
Mount Vernon, February 16, 1789.
My dear Sir: Having heard of your Election by a respectable majority of the suffrages of the District for which you stood; and conceiving it probable that you would soon be on your journey to New York; possibly before my return from the Seneca Falls; for which place, by appointment, I am this moment setting off by the way of George Town; where I expect to meet Governors Johnson and Lee. I take the liberty of submitting the papers herewith enclosed, for your perusal, in case of that event.
You have a rough draught only of the letter I had in contemplation to write to you;33 so soon as I should have received your answer to the one I had written to you, soon after you left this. But having heard nothing from you since, I concluded that the intercourse between this and Orange was not very regular although, ultimately, it might be safe. Therefore, and because I expected you would soon be on, I gave up the intention of forwarding the enclosures you will now receive.
[Note 33: See Washington's letter to James Madison, Jan: 2, 1788, ante. The confidential rough draft is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I shall certainly be back on Friday; probably on Thursday; when if you should in the meantime have arrived, it would give me much pleasure to see you at this place; being always with the sincerest regard and friendship etc.
P.S. If it should be your own desire, I have not the smallest objection to your conversing freely with Colo. H--34 on all matters respecting this business.35
[Note 34: Benjamin Harrison(?).]
[Note 35: From the printed text in the sales catalogue of the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1892).]
Mount Vernon, February 19, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 7th. Inst. together with your account, a List of my Tenants,36 and £8.19.4 in Cash.
[Note 36: The list of tenants for the year 1788, drawn up, signed, and dated, Feb. 6, 1789, by Battaile Muse, is in the Morgan Library. A photostat is in the Library of Congress.]
It was not my intention to have wounded your feelings by my last letter, as you say I did. I only meant to express my earnest desire to have a Rent Roll of my lands under your care, and not knowing the causes which prevented its being made out, I conceived that so long a delay of it was improper.
I have examined the statement of my tenants which you sent me, and will be applicable to every individual, as the tenor of the leases are the same, or nearly the same. In those cases where you have desired my particular direction I will give it now; but request that in future, the leases may govern your conduct, as I am determined to adhere strictly to the covenants of them and will not relinquish anything therein specified.
When I gave leases of those lands my great object was to have such improvements made on them as would encrease their Value and enable me to dispose of them to advantage hereafter, the Rents were consequently very low. Now, as the Rent of Land in that part of the Country has risen to 3 or 4 times the amount of the rent required by my leases, I shall not only be frustrated in my main design with respect to improvements, if the covenants of the leases are not complied with, but am likewise deprived of the benefit which I could draw from the land by leasing it at this time if it was unoccupied: and shall very probably suffer greatly by its being impovrished I am therefore determined to set aside every old Lease where the covenants, with respect to the Orchards and buildings,are not complied with; if there is reason to believe that the Lotts will let for more than their present Rent; and I desirethat you will have this done: But previous to your attempting it. I would have you take the opinion of some eminent Lawyer upon the matter (not that of a young County Court Lawyer but that of some man who has been much conversant with business of this kind and whose Judgment can be depended upon) and if you should be advised to put the leases to issue, the determination upon one will be a [rule] by which you can govern yourself with respect to the others. The sooner this matter is determined the better, and if these leases are set aside and new ones given I will not have them for lives, because it can never be determined (without disputes) when they end, neither would I give them for a longer term of years than will be sufficient to induce the tenant to make such improvements and cultivate the land in such a manner as may redound to the advantage of the Landlord as well as himself; for I think there can be no doubt but the Rent of land in that and every other part of the Country, will rise in a few years much above what it is at present.
If any of the tenants pretend that they have been released from any covenant in their leases by me, or any person acting for me, let them produce proof of it, and without that you must pay no regard to assertions. Certain I am I have never released any, and as certain that Lund Washington never did.
I observe (by you notes) that several tenants have agreed to pay the Land tax in consequence of their being released from complying with some covenant in their leases with respect to improvements, where this composition has been made it must, I suppose, be complyed with on my part; but I had rather that nothing of this kind had taken Place, for it is my wish and desire to comply with everything that is incumbent on me, and it is my intention to oblige them to do the like. When the matter is any ways disputable whether the Land tax is to be paid by the Landlord or Tenant, I had much rather pay it than relinquish any part of the lease, for they on the other, may suppose that the smallest concession is adequate to it.
I would, henceforward, have you give no indulgences in the Collection of the Rents; but destrain as soon as they become due, unless the Tenant, by some act of Providence, Fire or unavoidable events is disabled; for I am convinced that a delay in the payment of the Rent from year to year is as prejudicial to the Tenant as the Landlord. To indulge a person whose inability to pay arises from laziness would only encourage him to continue in it, and the final distress for Rent After it has been accumulating 3 or 4 years may compleatly ruin the Tenant without satisfying the Landlord; whereas, when it is known that no favor will be granted (except under the circumstances above mentioned) every man will make an exertion to pay his rent when it becomes due, and the sum is so small that it will hardly be felt if paid annually.
I would wish you to settle the Arrears of Rent in the best manner you can where the persons owing cannot pay the whole take such a part as you can get and make a final settlement of them, and in future let there be no arrears; whenever a Tenant is disabled by some act of Providence, Fire, or unavoidable event from paying the whole of his Rent, you must settle with him upon the best terms that his situation will admit of, but those who delay payment from any other cause must expect no favor.
I will never take anything but the specific Rents. This will avoid disputes, and suspicion of allowing too little for the Commodity. The Tenant may as well dispose of this produce as for me to do it.
The foregoing is my General determination with respect to the lands under your care, and a referrence to the leases will always direct you what to do when any obstacle arises in the collection of the Rents or management of the business.
Thomas Freeman Greenfield's reserve must be laid off at my expence, but previously endeavour to annul his lease if he will not comply with the covenant for planting Orchards.
If John Dimmitt does not work more than the No. of hands allowed, and the lease does not restrain him from keeping subtenants nothing is to be done in the case.
If Joseph Winsor thinks he has not got his quantity of land, let him employ the County (sworn) Surveyor, at his own expence; and if the payment by the lease is according to the quantity of land he holds, it must govern.
Abner Grigs37 quibble with respect to the error in filling up the blank is inadmissable, put the lease to issue.
[Note 37: Abner Grigg.]
Get what arrears you can from Lemart,38 the whole, if he is able to pay it.
[Note 38: Lewis Lemert's Sons. Muse's list states he was deceased and that his widow remarried and moved away.]
Furr39 must be made to comply with the Covenant of the lease.
[Note 39: Enoch Furr.]
Robert McWherter40 is not to have the place gratis to encourage laziness, if he is sickly it may be a reason for favouring him in the back rents, and in that case he should quit the place or I shall always be plagued with him.
[Note 40: Robert McWhorter.]
It is of little avail what Hansbury says. Let him produce from under mine, or Lund Washington's hand what he asserts, and the matter will be then ascertained. Without proof pay no regard to his assertions.
Let Lott No. 9 in Fauquier upon the best terms you can.
No. 1 on Chattins Run may be divided and leased for a number of years as proposed.
I am willing to refer my dispute with Scott to the Gentleman mentioned in your letter viz Colo Francis Peyton, Colo Leven Powell and Mr. Muse D.C. S. of Fauquier.
Ten per Cent (Charges) is, in my opinion a very high commission to be given for the Collection of Rents, and such an one as I never heard of before but if it is given by others I cannot expect to have my business done for less.41
[Note 41: According to a copy in the Toner Transcripts, taken from a sales catalogue, at this point in the letter sent was added: "Quere: Are not some extra Services required for this 10 p Ct."]
There is another part of the business no less essential than the collection of the rent, and which, I trust, you pay a proper attention to viz, that of visiting each tenement once or twice a year to see that no waste is made by the Tenants or others, and that every thing is kept in due order agreeably to the tenor of the Leases. But for this I should have no occasion for a Collector for if the Rents were not punctually paid at a given time the Sheriff would answer the purpose.
As you have now furnished me with a statement of my lands I shall have them entered agreeably to their Numbers, and I expect that you will transmit me annually (in the month of March, for instance when I suppose all collections for the preceeding year will be settled) an account of the receipts for each tenement, the charges which may arise from destraining &c. (which must be paid by the Tenant), together with any changes that may take place in the Tenants; I shall then have them entered in their proper places, and shall always be able to see upon what footing they stand.
As you express yourself much hurt by the report of your having been concerned in locating some lands of Colo Fairfax's which were under your care, and have requested me to give you my opinion upon the mode which you propose to take for finding out the author of it, or to obviate any aspersions which might have been thrown upon your character in consequence of it, I have enclosed you the form of a publication42 which I conceive will either bring forth the propagator or Sufficiently clear you from the charge.
[Note 42: The form follows immediately after this letter to Muse in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
It is my duty to deliver whatever papers are in my hands belonging to the Estate of the late Colo Fairfax whenever required by an order from the Exets. but as there are among them many papers of considerable consequence, which do not relate immediately to the Estate that is under your care, I should advise you to have the desk in which they are contained put into the hands of the Revd. Mr. Bryan Fairfax, Father to the young Gentleman who is heir to the Estate, and receive from time to time such papers only as you may have occasion for, at least till the above mentioned report is fully obviated, for although these persons for whom you act may have the highest confidence in you, yet if any papers of consequence should by any means be lost you must feel yourself very much hurt at not being able to account for it.43 With due regard I am etc.44
[Note 43: According to the copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress a P.S. was added to the letter sent, as follows: "You have herewith the Leases which you requested might be sent. Whatever cash you have, or may collect for me, I should be glad to have on or before the 10th of March."]
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 45: Charles François Adrien Le Polinier, Chevalier d'Annemours, French Consul at Baltimore, Md.]
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1789.
Sir: The letter which you did me the honor of writing to me on the 11th. came to my hands at George Town the 16th. at a time when it was not in my power to give it an answer: but my sentiments on the purport of it were fully delivered to Captn. Zollickoffer46 to whom I beg leave to refer you. Briefly they were, that Major Cottineau de Kerloguin47 was either a member, of right of the Society of the Cincinnati agreeably to the letter of the Institution, or his admission as an honorary one
[Note 46: John Conrad Zollickoffer, of North Carolina.]
[Note 47: Denis Nicolas Cottineau de Kerloguin (or Kerloguen). He was a captain in the French Navy.] depended according to the Spirit of it, upon the merits of his particular case. If the first (for I have not the institution by me to refer to; and therefore have referred Captn. Zollickoffer to the Secretary General, Genl. Knox, or to the Assistant Secretary, Genl. Williams48 for information) there remains nothing more for him to do than to comply with the Requisites and send his Diploma to me (first Countersigned by the Secretary Genl. Knox) for my signature. If the second, it rests not with me, but with the General Meeting of the Society to be holden in Philadelphia the first Monday of May 1790 to decide on his case, at which meeting it is not expected I shall attend because it was agreed at the last Genl. Meeting that I should be leased of the duty of the President which were to be executed by the Vice President now Governor Mifflin. To whom, [or] to the Secretary General, I will transmit your letter with that of Major Cottineau de Kerlogcion in order that the merits of his pretensions (if they do not give him a legal claim from the tenor of his Commission and length of Services) may be taken into consideration at the first General Meeting of the Society. I have the honor etc.49
[Note 48: Otho Holland Williams.]
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 21, 1789.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 4th. September 1788 which was handed to me by your friend Captn. Zellickoffer, to whom I fully delivered my sentiments upon the purport of your letter, and who will undoubtedly take every necessary step towards your legal or honorary admission into the Society of the Cincinnati.
It is not in my power to say anything decidedly upon the propriety of your claim, as I was at the last General Meeting of the Society, exonerated from the duties of the Presidency, have not the Institution by me, and it will not be expected that, I shall attend the next General Meeting, which will take place on the first Monday in May 1790 in the City of Philadelphia, nor perhaps any future meeting of the Society. I have therefore transmitted your letter to the Secretary General Genl. Knox to be laid before the next Genl. Meeting where the merits of your pretentions will claim that attention which they deserve. I have the honor etc.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On February 21 Washington sent the letters of D'Annemours and Kerloguin to Knox with a brief note. All three of these letters are in the Papers of the Society of Cincinnati, in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, February 23, 1789.
Dear Sir: In a letter which, I had the pleasure of addressing to you lately, I mentioned my private business and numerous avocations as an apology for the conciseness and irregularity that might be observable in my correspondence. I shall therefore be excused for only acknowledging the receipt of your favor dated the 28th. of Octr. last, and thanking you for the Maps enclosed in it. Not having been able to compare them minutely with other plans of the same places, or to bestow that attention upon them which would be requisite for forming a correct Judgment; I am not at liberty to give any opinion as to their accuracy. They appear to be engraved with sufficient neatness, and to augur well as to the execution of the mechanical part of your publication. I shall only add, that the present state of tranquility in this Country affords no topics of importance for communication, and that I remain, With great respect and consideration Dr. Sir, etc.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 23, 1789.
Dear Sir: I received by the last Mail your letter dated the 15th. of this month, accompanied with your printed observations on the new Constitution,52 and am much obliged by this token of your polite attention. However I may differ from you in sentiment on some of the points, which are advocated in your Treatise, I am pleased in discovering so much candour and liberality as seem to predominate in your style and manner of investigation. That a Spirit of unanimity, accommodation, and rectitude may prevail so extensively, as to facilitate the means for removing any well grounded apprehensions of the possible future ill consequences, which may result from the general government, is the sincere wish of, dear Sir &c.51
[Note 52: A copy of Monroe's Observations Upon the Proposed Plan of the Federal Government by a native of Virginia (Petersburg: 1788) is in the Madison Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, February 28, 1789.
Sir: The late Colo Thomas Colvill, in his will appointed his Widow, your Brother and myself his Executors. Some persons in Britain, who consider themselves, under, a Clause in the Will, as residuary Legatees, have been very importunate to have the residue of that Estate remitted them, and some of the applications have been made in a very rude manner; this together with the necessity of making a Close of such Transactions at some time, makes me very desirous of bringing to a Close every thing respecting that Estate. What the Residue will be, or whether any, cannot be ascertained but by a final Settlement with the Court. The Transactions of Mr. Colvill and your Brother were entirely distinct from and unconnected with my Accounts, this renders it necessary that there should be a seperate Account rendered by. each Executor. As your Brother did not live to render an Account of his Acts, it becomes the duty of his Executors to do it from the papers left by him; those papers have been put into my hands by his Son, from them I have had an Account stated, and procured an order of Court appointing Commissioners to examine the several Accounts, so that little remains now to be done, only producing those papers by his Executors to the Commissioners for their Inspection. I must therefore request you as soon as the weather will permit, to come over, that I may see a finishing hand put to the business. It is not necessary that you should come at this time of a Court as the persons appointed can go upon the Business at any time. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.53
[Note 53: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 2, 1789.
Sir: I have been favored by the receipt of your obliging letter, dated the 18th of December last,54 just in time to send my acknowledgment by a person who is immediately returning to Kentuckey. This circumstance prevents me from expressing, so fully as I might otherwise have done, the sense I have of the
[Note 54: In this letter Innes reported that Colonel Connolly was in Kentucky, endeavoring to stir up the inhabitants to seize New Orleans and secure the navigation of the Mississippi. He claimed to be able to furnish a British force to aid in taking New Orleans. Innes's letter is in the Washington Papers.] very patriotic sentiments you entertain respecting the important matter, which is the subject of your letter. As a friend to United America, I embrace, with extreme satisfaction the proposals you are pleased to offer of transmitting farther intelligence. For which purpose, I will endeavor to arrange and send you a Cypher by the earliest safe conveyance. In the mean time, I rely implicitly upon that honor which you have pledged, and those professions which you have made; and sincerely hope, that your activity and discretion will be successful in developing the machinations of all those, who, by sowing the seeds of disaffection, may attempt to seperate any portion of the United States from the Union. I will only add; for myself, I have little doubt but that a perseverance in temperate measures and good dispositions will produce such a system of national policy, as shall be mutually advantageous to all parts of the American Republic. I am etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 2, 1789.
Sir: The letter which you addressed to me, on the 18th. of last month, has come to hand; and requires that I should write to you a few words on the subject of it.
Previous to the receipt of your letter I had been apprised of your desires by Colo. Humphreys, and made acquainted with the favorable opinion of your services, entertained by the several public characters from America in Europe. You will permit me to say; that, although I have reason to coincide with them in sentiment, yet it would be a departure from a rule, which I had laid down for myself, to go beyond the acknowledgment of having received applications of a similar nature. For [should it become indispensable for me to occupy the Office, in which your letter pre-supposes me, I shall endeavor to enter upon it as free from all kinds of prejudices, as I shall certainly be from all pre-engagements of every possible discripton. As my sole object would be to adhere strictly to justice and my country's good, I should wish to be in a predicament, which would allow me to weigh with the utmost impartiality the pretentions of the different Candidates for appointments.
This being my general manner of thinking, you will be pleased to consider this answer as in no respect intended to affect your particular claims to the public attention.
I request in all personal considerations, you will be persuaded that, I remain, etc.]56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 2 Washington wrote to Robert Ballard, in answer to his application, practically the same answer as that portion of this letter which is inclosed in brackets. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: Of Ireland.]
Mount Vernon, March 2, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your polite letter, dated the 11th. of October last, has been duly received; and merits my particular acknowledgment. I have also to thank you very sincerely for the Gooseberry plants, which have arrived at Baltimore, from whence I have not yet been able to obtain them on account of the ice in our river. I shall have your directions as to the mode of culture particularly, observed, and hope the plants may succeed as happily as in your climate. For you may be assured the greater care of them will be taken, because it is a natural circumstance for us, to feel a predilection for whatever comes from one, whose ordinary pursuits and political principles are consonant to our own.
I am not without hopes that Sir Edward Newenham and yourself will find time, at some period in your lives, to make a visit to America, for which you have both witnessed so ardent an attachment.
I cannot conclude this letter without expressing my great obligations for your kind offers of contributing, by the transmission of other natural Productions of your Country, to my rural amusement; and assuring you that I have the honor, etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 2, 1789.
Dear Sir: I am taking up my pen to present my acknowledgment for your letter of the 10th. of October last; and wish I had any thing to communicate in return, which might make mine equally acceptable to you. Notwithstanding my various endeavours to procure the articles I was desirous of transmitting to you, I have only been able to succeed in obtaining a couple of opossums, of the different sexes. I have been prevented from sending them, for some time, for want of a direct opportunity. They will be forwarded by the first conveyance.
We had last summer, in some parts of this country, as rainy a season, I believe as you had in Ireland; though it was not perhaps attended with such destructive consequences here, as it was with you. Indeed the seasons with us have been uncommonly in opposite extremes for two years past. The summer before the last was so dry, and last summer so wet, as to prevent me from acquiring any accurate result from many of my agricultural experiments. I have only been made more sensible, upon every new tryal, that this country is susceptible of various and great improvements in its agriculture. It is on that resource it must depend essentially for its prosperity. The useful arts and commerce ought not, however, to be altogether neglected. Nor are they, though they have been hitherto a subordinate concern, in comparison with the tillage of the earth. Much good to the community is predicted from the spirit of industry and economy, which begins to prevail (by the best information I can obtain) more extensively, than it has ever before done. Our direct trade to the East Indies, which has encreased very considerably, I am led to believe has been successful in every instance. More Manufactures of cotton, wool, and iron have been introduced within eighteen months past, than perhaps, ever before existed in America. Our settlements on the Western waters are progressing with unexpected rapidity. We are surrounded by the blessings of nature: and, in short, it seems as if we should want little, besides common sense and common honesty, to make us a great and a happy People.
I have just been returning my thanks for his Gooseberry plants to your friend Colonel Persse, who I perceive is a fond admirer of a Country life, as well as myself.
The request that you will have the goodness to offer the joint respects of Mrs. Washington and myself to Lady Newenham concludes me. With sentiments of the highest regard etc.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 2, 1789.
My dear Sir: I beg you to accept my acknowledgment of and thanks for your obliging favors of the 12th. 16th. and 19th. of last Month and particularly for the trouble you had in procuring, and forwarding for me, a Suit of the Hartford Manufacture. It is come safe, and exceeds my expectation, I will take an early opportunity of paying the cost of it.
The result of the late Elections will not only soon be known; but the effect of them must soon be discovered. Of the nine Representatives (annon'd) for this State, 6 are decided friends to the Government and the 10th. (yet unknown) from Kentuckey it is expected from the Account which has been received from thence will carry with him a similar disposition. To hear that the Votes have run in favor of Mr. Adams60 gives me pleasure.
[Note 60: John Adams.]
The severe weather and uncommonly bad condition of the Roads in this quarter will prevent the members from this State, giving there attendance in time. One of them went from hence this Morning only, and two yesterday.
I hope this will find you perfectly recovered from your late painful disorder and Mrs. Knox and the rest of the family in good health. Our Affecte. Compliments are offered to them, and with sentiments of the sincerest friendship etc.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: Of Baltimore, Md.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 16th. Ulto. came duly to hand and I must beg you to accept of my thanks for your polite attention to the little commission which you was so good as to offer to execute for me. I am very glad that the Gooseberry slips are in so good a condition, and hope they will arrive here without any injury.
You will be so kind as to thank Captn. Dyer, in my name, for his attention to the slips and his politeness in refusing to accept any freight for them, which, however is contrary to my wishes.
Mrs. Washington joins me in Compliments to Mrs. Young and yourself. I am etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 3 Washington wrote a brief acknowledgment to Robert Adams, Of Galway, Ireland, for his care in shipping these gooseberry slips for Sir Edward Newenham. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 12th. Ulto. enclosing your Account with me. The Balance of £12.9.4½ due to you, I shall direct to be paid as soon as I can make it convenient. The reason of its not having been discharged before must be owing to the order being involved in my book's) with the Account of Colonel Mercers Estate from whence the wheat was brought and of course not coming so immediately under my observation as it would have done if not connected with that Account. I am etc.63
[Note 64: Of Alexandria, Va.]
Mount Vernon, March 4, 1789.
Dear Sir: Never 'till within these two yrs. have I experienced the want of money. Short Crops, and other causes not entirely within my Controul, make me feel it now, very sensibly.
To collect money without the intervention of Suits (and these are tedious) seems impracticable. And Land, which I have offered for Sale, will not command cash at an under value.
Under this statement I am inclined to do what I never expected to be reduced to the necessity of doing, that is, to borrow money upon interest. Five hundred pounds would enable me to discharge what I owe in Alexandria &ca.; and to leave the State (if it shall not be permitted me to remain at home in retirement) without doing this, would be exceedingly disagreeable to me. Having thus fully and candidly explained myself, permit me to ask if it is in your power to supply me with the above, or a smaller Sum? Any security you may best like, I can give; and you may be assured, that it is no more my inclination than it can be yours, to let it remain long unpaid. Could I get in one fourth part of the money which is due to me by Bonds, or sell any of the landed property which I am inclined to dispose of, I could do it with ease; but independently of these, my Crops and Rents if I am tolerably successful in the first, or have common justice done me in the latter would enable me to do it. Your answer will much oblige Dr. Sir Yr. etc.
[M.L.]
Mount Vernon, March 5, 1789.
Dear Sir: I take the earliest occasion to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, dated the 23rd. of February65 in order to shew how desireous I am of acting a candid part in respect to the application contained in it.
[Note 65: In the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress. He applied for an appointment to the "Impost department."]
Should it become absolutely necessary for me to occupy the situation, in which your letter pre-supposes me, I have determined to go into it, perfectly free from all engagements of every nature whatsoever. A conduct, in conformity to this resolution, would enable me in ballancing the various pretentions of different Candidates for appointments, to act with a sole reference to justice and the public good. This is, in substance, the answer that I have given to all applications (and they are not few) which have already been made. Among the places sought after in these applications, I must not conceal, the office to which you particularly allude, is comprehended. This fact I tell you merely as matter of information. My general manner of thinking, as to the propriety of holding myself totally dis-engaged, will apologize for, my not enlarging farther on the subject.
Though, I am sensible, the public suffrage that places a Man in office, should prevent him from being swayed, in the execution of it, by his private inclinations: yet he may assuredly, without violating his duty, be indulged in the continuance of his former attachments. I beg you will do me the justice to believe that in all personal considerations, I am etc.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 5 Washington wrote briefly to John Dawson, thanking him for information: "the subject is of great moment; and hope such measures will be adopted, respecting the Western Country, as will prevent the United States from receiving any detrement." This letter is in the "Letter Book"; but Dawson's letter, which was dated Feb. 23, 1788, is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 6, 1789.
Dear Sir: I am much obliged by your assurance of Money. Mr. Lear waits upon [you] for it, and carry's a Bond, drawn in the manner you requested. I am very well satisfied to allow 6 per Cent (the Interest of Maryland) because I have not the smallest doubt of the readiness with which you could lend any sum on those terms. If it is necessary that the Bond should be taken in Maryland I will exchange the one now sent for another to be given at George Town or opposite to Alexandria (at which ever Ferry I may pass). I would have done it this day but being to set off tomorrow for Fredericksburg in order probably to discharge the last Act of personal duty, I may, (from her age) ever have it in my power to pay my Mother, it would be very inconvenient for me.
Upon collecting my Accounts by Mr. Lear the other day, it was found that though 500 £ will enable me to discharge them, yet it is incompetent to this and the other purpose, the expences of my Journey to New York if I go thither; If therefore you could add another hundred pound to the former sum it would be very acceptable. Mr. Lear is provided with a Bond for this sum also.
As you said nothing about security, in your letter, none is given, but I am not less willing and ready notwithstanding to include it in another Bond if you desire it. I am etc.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
These two loans were repaid, the £ 100 on Sept. 22, 1789, when £ 100 was also paid on the £ 500 loan. The remaining £ 400 was discharged Dec. 15, 1790.]
Mount Vernon, March 9, 1789.
My dear Sir: My friendship is not in the least lessened by the difference, which has taken place in our political sentiments; nor is my regard for you diminished by the part you have acted. Men's minds are as varient as their faces, and, where the motives to their actions are pure, the operation of the former is no more to be imputed to them as a crime, than the appearance of the latter; for both, being the work of nature, are equally unavoidable. Liberality and charity, instead of clamor and misrepresentation (which latter only serve to foment the passions, without enlightening the understanding) ought to govern in all disputes about matters of importance: whether the former have appeared in some of the leaders of opposition, the impartial world will decide.
According to report, your individual endeavors to prevent inflammatory measures from being adopted, redounds greatly to your credit. The reasons, my dear Sir, why I have not written to you for a long time are two; first, because I found it an insupportable task to answer the letters, which were written to me, and, at the same time, to pay that attention to my private concerns which they required; and there being lately little besides politics worthy of notice; secondly, because I did not incline to appear as a partisan in the interesting subject, that has agitated the public mind since the date of my last letter to you. For it was my sincere wish that the Constitution, which had been submitted to the People, might, after a fair and dispassionate investigation, stand or fall according to its merits or demerits. Besides I found from disagreeable experience, that almost all the sentiments extracted from me in answer to private letters or communicated orally, by some means or another found their way into the public Gazettes; as well as some other sentiments ascribed to me, which never had an existence in my imagination.
In touching upon the more delicate part of your letter (the communication of which fills me with real concern) I will deal by you, with all that frankness, which is due to friendship, and which I wish should be a characteristic feature in my conduct through life. I will therefore declare to you, that, if it should be my inevitable fate to administer the government (for Heaven knows, that no event can be less desired by me; and that no earthly consideration short of so general a call, together with a desire to reconcile contending parties as far as in me lays, could again bring me into public life) I will go to the chair under no pre-engagement of any kind or nature whatsoever. But, when in it, I will, to the best of my Judgment, discharge the duties of the office with that impartiality and zeal for the public good, which ought never to suffer connections of blood or friendship to intermingle, so as to have the least sway on decisions of a public nature. I may err, notwithstanding my most strenuous efforts to execute the difficult trust with fidelity and unexceptionably; but my errors shall be of the head, not of the heart. For all recommendations for appointments, so far as they may depend upon or come from me, a due regard shall be had to the fitness of characters, the pretensions of different candidates, and, so far as is proper, to political considerations. These shall be invariably my governing motives.
You will perceive, then, my dear Six, that I cannot with propriety say any thing more on the subject, than that several applications have been made to roe for the Office immediately in question, without having received any answer.68 I wish you had pursued the policy, which the Gentleman who now occupies it has done, of obtaining the appointment from the Executive of this State. Although that Gentleman was an Officer, yet he is quite unknown to me; and therefore, I cannot speak at all upon the ground of comparative claims of personal merits. I conceive, however, it will be found no pleasant thing possibly very much the reverse to displace one man, under these circumstances of actual occupancy; merely to make room for another, however considerable his abilities, or unimpeached his integrity may appear to the public eye.
[Note 68: Harrison had applied for the appointment of naval officer of the Norfolk district. His letter to Washington, Feb. 26, 1789, is in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for Mrs. Harrison and your family. I am &c.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 11, 1789.
My Dear Sir: I was favored last evening by yours of the 20th. Ultimo:70 and am glad to be confirmed in the idea that a spirit of unanimity is becoming still more prevalent.
[Note 70: In the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress. In his letter he does not apply for any particular office.]
My having company with me at present and much occupied with my private concerns, will be considered by you as sufficient reasons for my writing in a laconic manner. I will therefore reply to the principal scope of your letter with all that brevity, frankness and friendship, which, in such cases, one friend has a right to expect from another.
Should it become inevitably necessary for me to go into the chair of government, I have determined to go into it, free from all positive engagements of every nature whatsoever. This is the answer I have already given to a multiplicity of applications; and I have assigned as the true reason of my conduct, the predominant desire I had of being at liberty to act with a sole reference to justice and the public good. But without deviating from that line of proceeding which I had chalked out for myself, I may be permitted to say to you, My dear Sir, that you need not doubt my inclinations are very sincere and very strong to serve you, if I can do it, consistently with my duty to the public. This I say, because I have known you in public life: for I do not intend to be swayed, in the disposal of places, by motives arising from the ties of friendship or blood.
What offices there may be under the New government, or what pretentions may be urged in favor of the different candidates I cannot pretend to foretell: all I will add at present, is, that you may rest assured I am etc.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 12, 1789.
Sir: Your Letters of the 16th and 25th. Ulto are before me. The draft upon Mr. Wales for £20 enclosed in the former was duly discharged by him. The order for one hundred barrels of flour enclosed in the latter is herewith returned. Altho' the Cash, or anything that could produce it, would be very acceptable to me at present, yet I am not so much in want of it as to sink 20 per Cent to obtain it, which I must have done, had I taken your flour at 26/ when the highest price that can be got for it in Alexandria is 21/6 or 22/ if the cash is paid immediately.
As I do not yet know what will be the Amount of my taxes for this year and have some certificates of my own I must decline your offer to lodge a sum in the hands of the Sheriff in Interest Warrants to discharge my taxes.
I wrote to you on the 21st. Ulto. by Colo Willis, and gave you my instructions very fully with respect to the management of my Lands under your care. I must therefore refer you to that letter for any information you wish upon this head.
I have enclosed you a bond of Kennedy's and Speake's which I would wish you to put in suit immediately if there is any prospect of recovering either from the principal or Security. I have also sent you the draft of an advertisement which I will thank you to have inserted in the Winchester paper for four weeks and pay the printer therefore.
I mentioned in my last my acceeding to ten per Cent on your collection of my Rents &c. if that rate was allowed by others of the same business, but I presume that you are to get in what is now due on the usual rate of 6 per Cent, and that the ten per cent will commence upon the collection of future Rents. I am etc.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 13, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your good humor of the 3d,73 which made me laugh heartily, has fairly driven me out of the field, not, indeed, into
[Note 73: In the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress. He applied for appointment in the Admiralty under the Constitution, having served 9 years in the Pennsylvania Admiralty and his commission being about to expire.] the Potowmack, but into a resolution not to strain my wits in making one word of reply, except in sober earnest.
This preliminary being settled, I will tell you all I have to say, in three words: though one might perhaps suffice, for you know they say "a word to the wise is enough", and why not to the witty? Be assured then, that my inclinations to serve you are sincere and strong, not because I have a friendship for you (for friendship ought to have nothing to do with the matter) but because I think you capable of serving the public well. Yet you will suffer me to add, that, from the time when I began to fear it would become unavoidably necessary for me to go again into public life, I determined in that case to go into it, free from all possible engagements of every kind whatsoever. To this determination, I have faithfully adhered. For I conceived my own reputation, as well as the interest of the community required, that I should be totally at liberty, when in office, to act with a sole reference to justice and the public good. In all cases, I am etc.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 14 Washington wrote briefly to Henry Lee: "If we have anything which can be of service to Mrs. Lee on her passage, to command it." The full text of this letter is printed in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 7, p. 182.]
Mount Vernon, March 25, 1789.
My dear Sister: Since you were speaking to me concerning your Son Bob, I have thought it probable that I may have occasion for a young person in my family of a good disposition, who writes a good hand, and who can confine himself [to] a certain reasonable number of hours in the 24 to the recording of letters in books, which will be provided for their reception from the separate papers on which they now are and will be first draughted.
If Bob is of opinion that this employment will suit his inclination, and he will take his chance for the allowance that will be made (which cannot be great) as there are hundreds who would be glad to come in. I should be very glad to give him the preference. He will be at no expence (except in the article of clothing) as he will be one of the family and live as we do.
Should he incline to engage I could wish to know it by the first post after this letter gets to you, because I shall have many solicitations on this head at or before I get to New York, at which place direct for me, as I presume a letter cannot reach Mount Vernon before I shall have set out.
If he comes, it may be with his Aunt, (and at her expence, as she will want some body to accompany her) when I send my horses back after I am fixed in New York.
He will want no horses there himself, for which reason those or the one that he takes on, should be such as will sell. I am etc.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1789.
Sir: Yesterday's post brought me your favor of the 7th.76 In answer to it, I will briefly observe, that if the Administration of the New Government should inevitably fall upon me, that I will go into office totally free from pre-engagements of every nature whatsoever. And in recommendations to appointments will make justice and the public good, my sole objects. Resolving to pursue this rule, invariably, I can add nothing more on the subject of your application,77 until, the time shall arrive when the merit and justice of every claiment shall appear, when, so far as the matter depends upon me, the principles above mentioned shall to the best of my judgement have their full operation. I am etc.75
[Note 76: In the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 77: Phile had applied for the appointment of naval officer of Philadelphia.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your letters of the 16th Ulto. the 5th and 8th Inst. Mrs. Washington's Slippers and Clogs have come safe to hand, the latter, however, are not such as she wished to have, she intended to have had leathern Gloshoes made, and will, by the first convenient opportunity, return the Clogs to Mr. Palmer and get a pair of Gloshoes.
I am very sorry that you did not get the quantity of Buck wheat which I wrote for in time to ship on board the Sloop which you say has sailed for Alexandria. The season is now so far advanced that I have not time to procure it from any other quarter, and must therefore have it from Philadelphia at any rate. A disappointment would be of inconceivable detriment to me. I should sustain a loss of its utility as a manure and derange my system of Crops thereby. I must therefore request that you will delay no time in procuring it, that it may be sent round by the next vessel.
I will thank you to send me four flax wheels, and a box of the Havannah Sugar containg 150 lb. or 200 lbs., as the box may be, if there is any to be had on reasonable terms with you.
As Mr. Smith has not remitted any money to you on my Acct. I have enclosed a bank Note for One hundred dollars which you will pass to my Credit. With great esteem I am etc.78
[Note 78: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1789.
Gentlemen: I wrote to you on the 28th of January, according to the terms upon which you proposed to procure a quantity of Clover seed for me, and have lately become very impatient for its arrival. A disappointment in obtaining the Seed seasonably would lay me under an unspeakable disadvantage, much greater than the total loss of the seed would do, for I shall not only be deprived of the benefit which might accrue from it this year but shall be deranged in the system of Cropping which I have determined to pursue, and the ill effects thereof would be severely felt for many years to come. I must therefore beg Gentlemen that you will not fail to ship the Clover and Timothy Seed on board the first Vessel bound for Alexandria as my fields are prepared for receiving the spring grain with which they are to be sown and will wait for them. I am etc.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 17, 1789.
Sir: I have taken the liberty to enclose a protested bill of Exchange drawn in 1763 by the Exts. of William Arrested Esqr. in my favor; which I will thank you to take the necessary steps to recover; and as a compensation for your trouble therewith I will allow you ten per Cent upon whatever you may obtain of the debt. The letters &c. which accompany the bill will serve to shew that the matter has not been totally neglected by me between the time of its being protested and the present period; Applications have been also made by Colo. Fielding Lewis and Lund Washington on my behalf in my absence during the war, but without effect. If this Debt can be recovered without a suit it will be infinitely the most agreeable to me.
I have been frequently troubled with applications to serve summonses in the dispute (which was supposed to exist) between the Heirs of Michl. Cresap and myself concerning a piece of Land on the Ohio. I cannot see what prevents this matter from being dosed, for, I presume the Heirs never had an idea of a claim to that land after the nature of my right to it had been explained to them. The substance of the matter is this: When I was engaged in the public service, Michl. Cresap had a piece of Land surveyed on the Ohio which had been previously surveyed on Military claims for me; but in 1764, when I was in the western Country, I met with a Mr. Jacobs who married the widow of the said Michael and upon an explanation of the matter he was fully convinced of the priority of my claim and readily gave up his pretentions, since which I have heard nothing of the claim from the Heirs, neither do I believe that they have the least intention of persisting in it. The person concerned in the Land office, upon finding that a warrant had been taken out for a part of the land contained in my survey and a Survey thereof returned me might think it was done by the party with an intention of disputing my claim thereto, and has therefore advised the entering a caveat, when I believe there is no intention on the part of any one to contend the Validity of my Patent which has been granted several years. I will thank you Sir, to have the business finally settled. I am etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 18, 1789.
Dear Sir: In receiving you cannot feel more pain than I do by communicating the following information; but as necessity, it is said, has no law, we both must submit to it.
It is now several years since I have been looking for payment of the debt which is due to me from the estate of your deceased father John Mercer Esquire. I have been promised, it is true, considerable sums from time to time by Colonel John Mercer; but it is equally true that I have either not received the money, or received, in such a manner, so disproportionate to his promise, as to be of very little service to me. and for the last twelve months I have not obtained a shilling, nor heard one tittle from him, although at his own request I agreed to receive money in small driblets merely to accomodate him. A mode by no means answering the most valuable purposes for which it was wanted.
This being a true state of the case, and my necessities growing more and more pressing (which I have repeatedly in a full and friendly manner communicated to that Gentleman) candor obliges me to declare to you that unless matters are placed upon a very different footing than what they now are, and in a very short time too, I shall resort to other expedients than fruitless applications.
Did it suit my purposes to lend money at interest, that interest, it will be granted, ought to be paid with punctuality, but lending money is so far from being the case with me, that I have been obliged from dire necessity to borrow money at 6 pr. ct., with very hard conditions annexed to it, and even under these disadvantages I am unable to supply my urgent wants. I am thus explicit for the purpose of evincing to you that necessity alone prompts me to make this plain, and unequivocal declaration, and because I would not, if the bond &ca. are put in suit have improper motives ascribed to the act, more especially as it can be proved that I have done, and am still willing to do every thing which in reason can be expected from me, under the circumstances I have mentioned to avoid it. With very great regard etc.
P.S. If the deed of confirmation for the land on 4 mile-run which I bought from the Attornies of your Brother Colo. George Mercer, is in your possession I should be glad to receive it, and if you can inform me from recollection whether Deeds passed to me, at the sale of the Shenandoah land, for the two lots I bought there, it would oblige me; I can find none among my land papers, and could wish to have the title to it secured.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 19, 1789.
Dear Sir: This letter will be handed to you by Mr. Dunnington (my tenant in Charles City) who can, more fully than I, explain to you the nature and circumstances of some disputes in which the land he lives on is involved. To enable him to do it more clearly I enclose you a plot of the Land. Two matters it seems will call for your attention, namely to dispossess one Perry of part of my property which he holds under a younger Patent, and to secure for my benefit vacant land within the heart of my tract, which one Stromat has surveyed; but not having complied with the tenor of your Laws is subject to a Proclamation warrant, by which I may still avoid the evil which his possession of the Land would incur. To effect the last, will require secrecy and dispatch; for should it transpire that I am about to take out a Proclamation Warrant he would no doubt be beforehand with me.
I submit these matters to you, under the uncertainty of not knowing what Steps are proper for me to take, and indeed, circumstanced as I am at this moment, because I have not time to take them. The Proclamation Warrant Mr. Dunnington says will cost 31/3 but as I have no certainty that it can be obtained; as I mean to proceed upon sure ground in both cases; and for a stronger reason than either, because I have it not, I send you no money at this time, to prosecute these matters if in your Judgment it shall appear advisable to prosecute them. For the fact is, it would have been for my interest to have sunk my demand altogether upon Adams rather than to have taken his Land, having paid more than the worth of it to others to relieve it from the Incumbrances which were on it. Under these circumstances I feel sore and very unwilling to open more sources of expenditure. I am etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: Of Bladensburg, Md.]
Mount Vernon, March 21, 1789.
Sir: I am much obliged to you for the trouble you was so good as to take in forwarding to me the report of the Committee of Council at Quebec to Lord Dorchester.84 The paper contains many things of importance, and, although I do not doubt in the least its authenticity; yet, if there should not appear to be any thing indiscreet in the request, I should be glad to be more particularly ascertained of the evidence, or circumstances indicative of its authenticity. With great regard, I am etc.82
[Note 84: A copy of this report, in the writing of Robert Dick, is in the Washington Papers at the end of the year 1787.]
Mount Vernon, March 21, 1789.
My dear Madam: Upon taking up my pen to express my sensibility for the flattering sentiments you are still pleased to entertain of me, I found my advocations would only permit me to blend the demonstration of that grateful feeling with an acknowledgement of the receipt of your polite letter and elegant poem.85
[Note 85: Mrs. Stockton's letter of March 13, and her ode, are in the Washington Papers.]
Be pleased then to accept my thanks for them.
The joint good wishes of Mrs. Washington and myself for yourself and family conclude me, My dear Madam, With great esteem and regard, Your etc.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 21, 1789.
Sir: I was yesterday favored with the receipt of your letter of the 10th instant, through the medium of my Nephew to whom it had been committed: and I must be dispensed with for only giving the general reply, which I have lately found it necessary to give on several similar occasions. For since it has been expected that I should be called to the chair of government, many applications have been made to me on the subject of appointments to the different offices which might be established under it. In answer to which I have written to the following effect.
That, in case it should be my unavoidable lot to go again into public office, I had determined to go into it, without being under any possible obligations or promises of any nature whatsoever: and that, in my judgment, three things ought to be much regarded by the person who should have the power of making nominations, viz, the fitness of characters to fill offices, the comparitive merit of the claims of the different candidates for appointments, and the equal distribution of those appointments (so far as that matter might be conveniently arranged) among Inhabitants of the various States in the Union. To these things I added, that these considerations were not intended to be considered as affecting in any manner whatsoever the pretentions of the person to whom they were addressed. As I thought it highly requisite for my own reputation, as well as for the interest of the community, that, in all events, I should hold myself perfectly at liberty to act with a sole reference to justice and the public good.
From this clue, Sir, you will be able to trace my general fashion of thinking on the subject of appointments. Being somewhat pressed in point of time, I will therefore only add, that I can at present form no conjecture what or how many offices will be created in the Judicial Department, at the commencement of the government. Some respectable professional knowledge will doubtless be necessary for filling such as may be created.
With sentiments of great esteem etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 21, 1789.
My dear Sir: I have just now been favored with the receipt of your letter, dated the 10th. of October last; and would not delay to make my acknowledgments by the earliest opportunity. While I appreciate with gratitude the favorable sentiments you are pleased to express for me; I flatter myself, in the communication of the following ideas which have occurred on the subject of your letter, you will be persuaded I am influenced alone by that genuine frankness, which is most consistant with friendship and which I desire may ever be a characteristic feature in my conduct through life.
The event which I have long dreaded, I am at last constrained to believe, is now likely to happen. For that I have, during many months, been oppressed with an apprehension it might be deemed unavoidably expedient for me to go again into public life, is known to all, who know me. But from the moment, when the necessity had become more apparent, and as it were inevitable, I anticipated, in a heart filled with distress, the ten thousand embarrassments, perplexities and troubles to which I must again be exposed in the evening of a life, already nearly consumed in public cares. Among all these anxieties, I will not conceal from you, I anticipated none greater, than those that were likely to be produced by applications for appointments to the different offices, which would be created under the new Government. Nor will I conceal, that my apprehensions have already been but too well justified. Scarcely a day passes in which applications of one kind or another do not arrive. Insomuch, that had I not early adopted some general principles, I should before this time have been wholly occupied in this business. As it is, I have found the number of answers, which I have been necessitated to give in my own hand, an almost insupportable burden to me. The points in which all these answers have agreed in substance are: that should it be my lot to go again into public office, I would go into it, without being under any possible engagements of any nature whatsoever: that, so far as I know my own heart, I would not be in the remotest degree influenced, in making nominations, by motives arising from the ties of amity or blood: and that, on the other hand, three things, in my opinion, ought principally to be regarded, viz, the fitness of characters to fill offices, the comparative claims from the former merits and sufferings in service of the different candidates, and the distribution of appointments in as equal a proportion as might be to persons belonging to the different States in the Union; for without precautions of this kind, I clearly foresaw the endless jealousies, and, possibly, the fatal consequences, to which a government, depending altogether on the good will of the people for its establishment, would certainly be exposed in its early stages. Besides I thought, whatever the effect might be in pleasing or displeasing any individuals at the present moment, a due concern for my own reputation not less decisively than a sacred regard to the interest of the community, required that I should hold myself absolutely at liberty to act, while in office, with a sole reference to justice and the public good. It is true, in such a fallible state of existence I may err, and from the want of a complete knowledge of characters in my nominations: but my errors shall be such as result from the head, and not from the heart.
The hurry I am at present in wall not permit me to be so particular, as I wished to have been. Nor would the limits of a letter suffice to describe the difficulty which I fear might occur in conferring important offices upon persons, however meritorious they may really be, who have resided but a little while, and are consequently but little known in America. A single disgust excited in a particular State on this account, might, perhaps, raise a flame of opposition that could not easily, if ever, be extinguished. For the fact, I apprehend, will be found to be, that there will be at least a hundred competitors for every office of any kind of importance. Indeed, the number of offices will, in our (economical management of the affairs of the Republic, be much fewer, as I conceive, and the pretentions of those who may wish to occupy them much more forcible; than many well informed men have imagined. In all events, so much I can with truth declare, that several of the candidates, who have already come forward, have claims to the public attention and gratitude, which cannot be set aside without a palpable act of injustice. Some of them are men of unquestionable talents, who have wasted the flower of their lives, in the civil or military service of their Country: men who have materially injured their properties, and excluded themselves from obtaining a subsistance for their families by the professions they were accustomed to pursue. There are some, I may add, who have shed their blood and deserved all that a grateful Country has to bestow. Nor are they, in my judgment, incapable of reflecting lustre on the most dignified Stations.
From this simple, but just state of circumstances, you will perceive, my dear Sir, on what an ocean of troubles I am likely to be embarked. In the meantime, you will suffer me to observe, that, from the very satisfactory accounts I have been able to obtain of your Son's abilities, accomplishments and dispositions, I am thoroughly persuaded he is capable of discharging the duties of a public office, with the greatest reputation to himself and advantage to the government which might employ him. But, however, I may be convinced of his merits; or, however, I may be disposed to serve him: you will be able to comprehend, from what I have already said, a part of the serious obstacles which will oppose themselves to the success of any Candidate, so partially known in America as he is. I have no conception of a more delicate task, than that, which is imposed by the Constitution on the Executive. It is the nature of Republicans, who are nearly in a state of equality, to be extremely jealous as to the disposal of all honorary or lucrative appointments. Perfectly convinced I am, that, if injudicious or unpopular measures should be taken by the Executive under the New Government with regards to appointments, the Government itself would be in the utmost danger of being utterly subverted by those measures. So necessary is it, at this crisis, to conciliate the good will of the People: and so impossible is it, in my judgment, to build the edifice of public happiness, but upon their affections.
Your good sense and native candour must serve me as an apology, for being thus explicit. Mrs. Washington and the family desire their most respectful compliments may be presented to you. I add no more than that you may ever count upon the friendly Sentiments and best wishes of him who has the pleasure to subscribe himself. With real esteem etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 21, 1789.
Dear Sir: The letter which you was pleased to address to me, on the 16th. of this month, has been duly received; and in the acknowledgment thereof, I find myself at liberty only to make a few observations on the general subject of appointments to offices under the New Government. Should it inevitably prove my lot to hold the Chief Magistracy, I have determined to go into office, without being under any pre-engagements, to any person, of any nature whatsoever. This answer I have already often given, and especially to some very important applications for the Naval Office in the district of Norfolk. And this line of conduct I have observed, because I thought (if I should be in the predicament before alluded to) the justice I owed to my own reputation, and the justice I owed to my Country required that I should be perfectly free to act, while in office, with a supreme and undeviating regard for individual merit, and the public good.
Altho' I can easily conceive that the general principles on which nominations ought in good policy and equity to be made may be easily ascertained still I cannot possibly form a conception of a more delicate and arduous task, than the particular application of those principles to practice.
Few reasonable Men will, I suppose, deny that the fitness of characters to fill offices and the comparative validity of the claims of different Candidates, together with, perhaps, some political considerations of a local nature, are objects principally to be attended to in making those nominations: yet every reasonable Man must conclude, that with the best possible intentions, it will be impossible to give universal satisfaction. You will perceive these observations are not designed to apply to any particular case; from them, however, you may collect my manner of thinking on the subject.
As from your known respectability in the State it was probably in your power to have obtained the office at Norfolk, on the resignation of Colo. Parker; and as the circumstances of actual occupancy would undoubtedly have brought a great additional weight to your other claims, I almost wonder you had not taken that previous, and, apparently, essentially necessary step. For it appears to me, it will be a most unpleasant thing to turn out of office one man, against whom there is no charge of misconduct; merely to make room for another, however conspicuous his integrity and abilities may be.
In the meantime these considerations are barely suggested, with all that frankness which I trust would be expected from me, and under all the impressions of real respect and esteem with which, I am etc.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 21, 1789.
Sir: In acknowledging the letter, which I had the pleasure to receive from you by the last mail, I should have thought myself obliged, from principles of politeness and regard for you as well as from motives of justice to myself, to have entered into a full explanation of my general sentiments and feelings on the subject; did not the enclosed letter for your father (which is left open for your inspection, and which you will be pleased to have closed and forwarded) explain them as fully as I am at leisure to do at this time.
In case it should be my unavoidable fortune to occupy the chair of government, I may be under the necessity of adopting a system of public conduct altogether from reasons of State: but I pray you will be persuaded that my inclinations for paying particular attention to distinguished talents and merits can never fail of being sincere; and that in all personal consideration I shall remain
With Sentiments of the highest regard etc.90
[Note 90: Both of these letters were put under cover of a brief note to John Vaughan for him to forward. Copies of these letters and note are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 22, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 29th Of January enclosing a statement of the Rents paid by the tenants occupying my Land which is under your care. The price of flour in your neighbourhood (which I am informed by Majr. McCormack is 25/ Virginia currency per bbl.) will make me some amends for receiving the Rents in wheat instead of Cash which could not be obtained from the tenants for the rate at which those Lands are leased is so low, that it would require a considerable number of years to reimburse the monies which I have been obliged to pay to recover my property, if the prices of produce was not higher than it has generally been in those parts.
I am not inclined to incur any more expences upon my mill in Fayette County, for it has already been such a source of expence and vexation to me that I am discouraged from making any attempt to repair it if money must be laid out for that purpose. However if it can be put in order and made profitable to me by allowing the person who repairs it a share of the profits for a limited time, I should have no objection to its being done, provided an unreasonable length of time was not demanded for the person to receive a share of the profits.
The great distance that I am from my Land, and the little knowledge I have of its present state will not enable me to give you any particular instructions respecting the management of it. As you are upon the spot, are acquainted with the particular circumstances, and, I have no doubt, are desireous of promoting my interest, you will take such steps as will conduce to the advantage of my property which is under your care. I would only observe generally, 1st. That I would not wish to have the land incumbered with long leases (ten years is the extent of time that I am inclined to give a lease for) because it is probable that the rate at which it would now rent will not be so high as it may command a few years hence, or if I dispose of it, long leases will injure the sale very essentially. 2dly. I have found from long experience, that a punctual payment of the Rent, and a pointed compliance with the covenants of the leases are extremely beneficial both to the Landlord and Tenant, for if the latter omits the payment of the Rent from year to year he will find it very difficult to accumulate enough at the end of 3 or 4 years to pay off his arrearages; where as, if he is convinced that he must do it at the experation of every year he will exert himself for that purpose, and the Rents are so low that an industrious man will never feel it, and no indulgence that can be given to a lazy person will ever be to his advantage; it will rather encourage his idleness. I would therefore never have the Rents postponed unless in some particular cases where the Tenant has suffered by fire, or is disabled by some act of providence. 3dly. I observe in your Statement of the rents that some of the tenants have a deduction made in consequence of their getting, and putting up a number of Rails. I cannot see the propriety or Justice of this, because it is a matter by which the tenant alone is to be benefited; if improvements of a durable kind were made there would be some plea for an abatement of the rent because I might receive an advantage by its inhancing the real value of the property; but it should always be certain that the allowance made does not exceed the value of the improvements.
You will be so good as to transmit me an annual account of the Rents. The disposal of the produce, and the money you may from time to time send me. This will enable me to keep a regular account of my Tenements and see in what situation they stand, you may remit money to me when safe opportunities offer either to my Nephew Majr. George A. Washington at this place, or to New York, and give me leave to add, that it can at no time be more acceptable than the present. With due regard and esteem I am etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 23, 1789.
Dear George: As it is probable I shall soon be under the necessity of quitting this place, and entering once more into the bustle of public life, in conformity to the voice of my Country, and the earnest entreaties of my friends, however contrary it is to my own desires or inclinations, I think it incumbent on me as your uncle and friend, to give you some advisory hints, which, if properly attended to, will, I conceive, be found very useful to you in regulating your conduct and giving you respectability, not only at present, but thro' every period of life. You have now arrived to that age when you must quit the trifling amusements of a boy, and assume the more dignified manners of a man.
At this crisis your conduct will attract the notice of those who are about you, and as the first impressions are generally the most lasting, your doings now may mark the leading traits of your character through life. It is therefore absolutely necessary if you mean to make any figure upon the stage, that you should take the first steps right. What these steps are, and what general line is to be pursued to lay the foundation of an honorable and happy progress, is the part of age and experience to point out. This I shall do, as far as in my power with the utmost chearfulness; and, I trust, that your own good sense will shew you the necessity of following it. The first and great object with you at present is to acquire, by industry, and application, such knowledge as your situation enables you to obtain, as will be useful to you in life. In doing this two other important advantages will be gained besides the acquisition of knowledge: namely, a habit of industry, and a disrelish of that profusion of money and dissipation of time which are ever attendant upon idleness. I do not mean by a close application to your studies that you should never enter into those amusements which are suited to your age and station: they can be made to go hand in hand with each other, and, used in their proper seasons, will ever be found to be a mutual assistance to one another. But what amusements, and when they are to be taken, is the great matter to be attended to. Your own judgement, with the advice of your real friends who may have an opportunity of a personal intercourse with you, can point out the particular manner in which you may best spend your moments of relaxation, better than I can at a distance. One thing, however, I would strongly impress upon you, vizt. that when you have leisure to go into company that it should always be of the best kind that the place you are in will afford; by this means you will be constantly improving your manners and cultivating your mind while you are relaxing from your books; and good company will always be found much less expensive than bad. You cannot offer, as an excuse for not using it, that you cannot gain admission there; or that you have not a proper attention paid you in it: this is an apology made only by those whose manners are disgusting, or whose character is exceptionable; neither of which I hope will ever be said of you. I cannot enjoin too strongly upon you a due observance of oeconomy and frugality, as you well know yourself, the present state of your property and finances will not admit of any unnecessary expense. The article of clothing is now one of the chief expences, you will incur, and in this, I fear, you are not so oeconomical as you should be. Decency and cleanliness will always be the first object in the dress of a judicious and sensible man; a conformity to the prevailing fashion in a certain degree is necessary; but it does not from thence follow that a man should always get a new Coat, or other clothes, upon every trifling change in the mode, when perhaps he has two or three very good ones by him. A person who is anxious to be a leader of the fashion, or one of the first to follow it will certainly appear in the eyes of judicious men, to have nothing better than a frequent change of dress to recommend him to notice. I would always wish you to appear sufficiently decent to entitle you to admission into any company where you may be; but I cannot too strongly enjoin it upon you, and your own knowledge must convince you of the truth of it, that you should be as little expensive in this respect as you properly can. You should always keep some clothes to wear to Church, or on particular occasions, which should not be worn everyday; this can be done without any additional expence; for whenever it is necessary to get new clothes, those which have been kept for particular occasions will then come in as every-day ones, unless they should be of a superior quality to the new. What I have said with respect to clothes will apply perhaps more pointedly to Lawrence than to you; and as you are much older than he is, and more capable of judging of the propriety of what I have here observed, you must pay attention to him in this respect, and see that he does not wear his Clothes improperly or extravagantly. Much more might be said to you, as a young man, upon the necessity of paying due attention to the moral virtues; but this may, perhaps, more properly be the subject of a future letter when you may be about to enter into the world. If you comply with the advice herein given to pay a diligent attention to your studies, and employ your time of relaxation in proper company, you will find but few opportunities and little inclination, while you continue at an Acadimy, to enter into those scenes of vice and dissipation which too often present themselves to youth in every place, and particularly in towns. If you are determined to neglect your books, and plunge into extravagance and dissipation, nothing I could say now would prevent it; for you must be employed, and if it is not in pursuit of those things which are profitable, it must be in pursuit of those which are destructive. As your time of continuing with Mr. Hanson will expire the last of this month and I understand Dr. Craik has expressed an inclination to take you and Lawrence to board with him, I shall know his determination respecting the matter; and if it is agreeable to him and Mrs. Craik to take you, I shall be pleased with it, for I am certain that nothing will be wanting on their parts to make your situation agreeable and useful to you. Should you live with the Doctor I shall request him to take you both under his peculiar care; provide such clothes for you, from time to time, as he shall judge necessary, and do by you in the same manner as he would if you were his own children. Which if he will undertake, I am sensible, from knowledge which I have of him, and the very amiable character and disposition of Mrs. Craik, that they will spare no proper exertions to make your situation pleasing and profitable to you. Should you or Lawrence therefore behave in such a manner as to occasion any complaint being made to me, you may depend upon losing that place which you now have in my affections, and any future hopes you may have from me. But if, on the contrary, your conduct is such as to merit my regard, you may always depend upon the warmest attachment, and sincere affection of Your friend and Uncle.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 23, 1789.
Sir: Your Coachman applied to me yesterday (through my Nephew) for employment. I informed him it was not my custom to treat with any one in the service of another unless it was well ascertained that a seperation was about to take place, nor then unless sufficient testimonials could be produced of sobriety, of Skill, honesty and industry in the occupation that was followed. To the First, he replied that last fall he had given you notice of his intention to leave you, and that his design (before he made application to me) was to have gone to the Northward next month; Moreover that he had taught one of your own Servants to drive and his services now were of little use to you. And with respect to the latter, that he had no doubt of obtaining a character from you.
As the roans person and character are entirely unknown to me, I take the liberty of enquiring if this account be true? for I shall make no overtures to him, nor will I employ him (altho' I want a Coachman) unless it is with your knowledge and consent he leaves you, nor then, as I have observed before, unless he can obtain such a character as will satisfy me. A perfect one is not to be expected. Information in this matter would, at this time, be very acceptable to me. I send therefore on purpose to obtain it, and if the man is at liberty to engage I should be glad (if it is convenient to you) to see him immediately. From motives of delicacy when he was here, I refused to have any conversation with him, untill I first knew from you on what footing he stands. If to part, I would in that case thank you for information with respect to the wages and priviledges you allow him and the services expected for them. To enter my service three weeks or a month hence would answer my purposes but to be ascertained of it, is immediately necessary, that I may either depend upon him, or look out elsewhere. With compliments in which Mrs. Washington Join. I am, etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Mason's answer, dated Mar. 23, 1789, is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 24, 1789.
Dear Bob: Your letters of the 18th. to your Aunt and myself, found me at this place, where it is not likely I shall remain much longer.
It is not very probable, as I shall want to be well fixed at New York before I send for your Aunt, and the same Horses will have to carry us both there, that she will be able to commence her journey for that place before the first of May. But in this, as in every dependent event of your life, I would advise you to prepare for it in time. If you are ready before it happens, no possible injury will be sustained thereby; but if the event is too forward for your preparations, very great inconveniences may. As soon as your Aunt is advised by me, of the time my horses will set out, your Couzen George will give you notice of it, that you may be here in time to commence your Squire-ship.
She joins me in love to my Sister, and requests that she and Mrs. Willis94 may be informed of the pleasure she shall have in their companies. I am etc.
[Note 94: Mrs. Francis Willis.]
PS. I shouId be glad if you would send the enclosed Letter to Mr. Fitzhugh.95
[Note 95: Of Chatham, Va. The address sheet bears this note by Washington: "If he is not at home the letter is to be opened by Mrs. Lewis."]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, March 25, 1789.
Dear Sir: With very great sensibility I have received the honor of your letter dated the 10th instant, and consider the kind and obliging invitation to your house, until suitable accommodations can be provided for the President, as a testimony of your friendship and politeness, of which I shall ever retain a grateful sense. But if it should be my lot (for Heaven knows it is not my wish) to appear again in a public Station, I shall make it a point to take hired lodgings, or Rooms in a Tavern until some House can be provided. Because it would be wrong, in my real Judgment, to impose such a burden on any private family, as must unavoidably be occasioned by my company: and because I think it would be generally expected, that, being supported by the public at large, I should not be burdensome to Individuals. With respect to the other part of your letter, which is expressive of a wish to be apprized of the time of my approach to the City, I can assure you, with the utmost sincerity, that no reception can be so congenial to my feelings as a quiet entry devoid of ceremony, be the manner of it what it may. I have the honor to be &c.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 26, 1789.
Dear Sir: The enclosed letters will shew you the reason of my not having written to you sooner upon the subject of the Land which you offered me. If the valuation mentioned by Colonel Lewis is agreeable to you I will take it at that; but if you think the price too low I am willing to wait for the payment of the debt due from your fathers Estate until you can discharge it by some other means more agreeable to yourself at a more convenient time.
Your Sister Patty is well and joins your Aunt, myself and the others under my roof in love and best wishes to you and the family. With very sincere regard etc.96
Mount Vernon, March 27, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your letter dated the 12 of February.97 If I was greatly alarmed at the nature of the transactions mentioned in it, I was not less obliged to you for communicating so clear an account of them. It is true I had previously received some verbal and written information on the subject of a similar tenor; but none which placed the affair in such an alarming
[Note 97: In the Washington Papers. Marshall describes James Wilkinson's dealings with the Spanish governor at New Orleans and the British activities from Canada. Washington inclosed his answer in a note dated March 27, addressed to John Marshall, at Richmond, requesting its forwarding "with safety and expedition." A photostat from the original of this note, which is in the Hunterian Library, Glasgow, is in the "Washington Photostats" in the Washington Papers.] point of view, as that in which I now behold it. Not knowing of any certain conveyance for this letter, which might justify me in being more explicit, I will delay writing more fully until some safer method of bringing my sentiments to you can be obtained. In the meantime, as I know you are sincerely devoted to the interests of your country, and warmly attached to the prosperity of the Union at large, I shall hope you will persist in taking the most discreet and effectual measures for obtaining as accurate a knowledge as possible of the transactions in your quarter. A Report of which I shall earnestly request to be favored with, whenever you shall have the power of transmitting it through a confidential channel, or, if it shall be found necessary, whenever a cypher shall be established between us. For, without some such precautions, a miscarriage of letters on such delicate subjects, might be attended with very disadvantageous consequences. With the greatest esteem etc.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 27, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 22d. has been handed to me, and I beg you to accept my thanks for the prompt and decisive measure you have taken with respect to the Proclamation Warrant, and other matters relative to my Land in Charles County. I have no particular direction to give concerning the first except to proceed safely but not precipitately, as the latter though it may not involve greater expence than safe delay, may yet throw me into an advance of Money before I am prepared for it, for the truth, my expences have run so high of late years that I want a little time to breathe. But I would not be understood by this to hazard anything. I therefore leave the matter to your own Judgment. In a little Time, if the call for Taxes, do not devour what is expected from my Rents, &c., My Nephew George A. Washington will be enabled to comply with the calls as they may arise.
The Surveyor, it is presumed, notwithstanding from Survey of the Vacancy will recharge, tho' I do not see that he will have occasion to stretch a chain on the land; perhaps in this case some compromise may be made with him. I do not however mean by this to be exempt from common usage, with esteem I am, etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 23d. Inst. and am in hopes that the buck-wheat will arrive in season.
I will thank you to send me, by the first post after this reaches you, fourteen yards of Livery lace agreeably to the enclosed pattern; and let it be directed to me, or, in my absence, to Major George Augne. Washington at this place. With great regard, I am etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of Tobias Lear.
On March -- (the date is mutilated) Lear sent a letter to Biddle, to be forwarded and added a P.S. "The General will thank Colonel Biddle to desire a Mr. Parish (a Hat [maker in] Philadelphia who made a hat for him some years since) to have a cock'd Hat made of [mutilated] fur; the fur upon the hat to be short; and let it not be made in the extreme of the fashion. It must be ready for the General when he may call for it in passing through Philadelphia." The original of this letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1789.
My dear Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 19th; by which it appears that a quoram of Congress was hardly to be expected until the beginning of the past week. As this delay must be very irksome to the attending Members, and every days continuance of it (before the Government is in operation) will be more sensibly felt; I am resolved, no interruption shall proceed from me that can well be avoided (after notice of the Election is announced); and therefore take the liberty of requesting the favor of you to engage Lodgings for me previous to my arrival. Colo. Humphreys, I presume, will be of my party; and Mr. Lear who has already lived three years with me as a private Secretary, will accompany, or preceed me in the stage.
On the subject of lodgings I will frankly declare, I mean to go into none but hired ones. If these cannot be had tolerably convenient (I am not very nice) I would take rooms in the most decent Tavern, till a house can be provided for the more permanent reception of the President. I have already declined a very polite and pressing offer from the Governor, to lodge at his house till a place could be prepared for me; after which should any other of a similar nature be made, there would be no propriety in the acceptance. But as you are fully acquainted with sentiments on this subject, I shall only add, that as I mean to avoid private families on the one hand, so on another, I am not desirous of being placed early in a situation for entertaining. Therefore, hired (private) lodgings would not only be more agreeable to my own wishes, but, possibly, more consistent with the dictates of sound policy. For, as it is my wish and intention to conform to the public desire and expectation, with respect to the style proper for the Chief Magistrate to live in, it might be well to know (as far as the nature of the case will admit) what these are before he enters upon it.
After all, something may perhaps have been decided upon with respect to the accommodations of the President, before this letter wd. have reached you that may render this application nugatory. If otherwise, I will sum up all my wishes in one word, and that is to be placed in an independent situation, with the prospect I have alluded to, before me. With strong, and Affectionate friendship I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letters of the 17th and 21st Insts. the latter containing a draft on Mr. Josiah Watson for £100 which he informed shall be paid agreeably to the sight mentioned.
I have no objections to the Gentlemen who are proposed to settle the line between Mr. Scott and myself; and I think, with you, that the sooner it is done the better; and when it is accomplished I would wish you to lease my vacant Lots on the best terms you can, if a term less than 21 years will not enable you to rent them to advantage you may do it, for that time. I shall leave some blank leases with my Nephew Major George A. Washington who will be empowered to transact my business during my absence from home, and to whom you will, from time to time remit the Rents which you may collect on my Account. The best information I can give you respecting the line between the Belvoir Estate and me (without having recourse to papers which are put up and which I have not time now to examine) is, that the Road leading from my Mill to Colchester divides us on the hill and descending the hill towards my Mill to a Gully near the spring from thence down the creek to a tree the original corner of the [tract] giving me the whole of the creek. I am etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1789.
Sir: The bearer of this, Mr. Caleb Stone, is desireous of settling on some of my lands on the Kanawa, and will probably carry several others out with him to settle thereon; As I would wish to hold out such terms to settlers as will induce them to set clown upon my lands (provided the terms are not very unreasonable for the Landlord) I will thank you to let him view the land; and if he should incline to fix there, and will bring a number of others to do the like, I would willingly give them such encouragement as may induce them to go out. With great esteem I am etc.5
[Note 5: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(A Rough and incorrect Drought of a letter6)
[Note 6: So entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1789.
Thomas Green: I am about to leave my home whether for a length of time, is more than I can tell at present. But be this as it may I expect the agreement to which we have subscribed, will be as strictly complied with on your part as it shall be punctually fulfilled on mine. To enable you to do this, you would do well to keep two things always in remembrance. First that all Bargains are intended, for the Mutual benefit of and are equally binding on both the Parties, and are either binding in all their parts or are of no use at all. If then a man receives [pay] for his labour and he withholds that labour or if he trifles away that time for which he is paid, it is a robbery; and a robbery of the worst kind, because it is not only a fraud but a dishonorable, unmanly and a deceitful fraud; but it is unnecessary to dwell on this because there is no Man so ignorant of the common obligations of Justice, as not to know it; altho' there are hundreds who do not scruple to practice it at the same time that they would think hard, on the other hand if they were to be deprived of their money. The other matter which I advise you to keep always in remembrance is the good name which common policy as well as common honesty, makes it necessary for every workman who wishes to pass thro' life With reputation and to secure employment. Having said thus much by way of exhortation I shall inform you in the most serious and positive terms that I have left strict orders with the Major my Nephew, who is vested with full powers to transact all my business, that if he should find you unfaithful to your engagements, either from the love of liquor from a disposition to be running about, or from proneness to idle when at your work to discard you immediately and to remove your family from their present abode. The sure means to avoid this evil is, first to refrain from drink which is the source of all evil, and the ruin of half the workmen in this Country; and next to avoid bad Company which is the bane of good morals, economy and industry. You have every inducement to do this. Reputation the care and support of a growing family and society which this family affords within your own doors which may not be the case with some of the idle (to say nothing worse of them) characters who may lead you into temptation. Were you to look back, and had the means, either from recollection, or accounts, to ascertain the cost of the liquor you have expended it would astonish you. In the manner this expence is generally incurred that is by getting a little now, a little then, the impropriety of it is not seen, in as much as it passes away without much thought. But view it in the aggregate you will be convinced at once, whether any man who depends upon the labour of his hands not only for his own support, but that of an encreasing family can afford such a proportion of his wages to that article. But the expence is not the worst consequence that attends it for it naturally leads a man into the company of those who encourage dissipation and idleness by which he is led by degrees to the perpetration of acts which may terminate in his Ruin; but supposing this not to happen a disordered frame, and a body debilitated, renders him unfit (even if his mind was disposed to discharge the duties of his station with honor to himself or fidelity to his employer) from the execution of it. An aching head and trembling limbs which are the inevitable effects of drinking disincline the hands from work; hence begins sloth and that Listlessness which end in idleness; but which are no reasons for withholding that labour for which money is paid.
I have no other inducement for giving you this advice (in this my hour of hurry) but your own good; for the wages and previleges which you have I well know would obtain for me the best workmen in this Country which [without] the charges of such a family as yours; but as it has been a custom with me through life to give a preference to those who have long lived with [me] and my wish to see them do well I have taken the trouble of writing you this letter. If you have gratitude, or a mind capable of reflection, it will make such an impression on it as may be serviceable to you thro life; if not, I have my labour for my pains.
Whilst the Negro Carpenters work at the same spot where you are, they will be subject to your inspection and orders; and at other times if it should be found necessary to put them under yr. care it will be expected that you see that they do their duty. I am &c.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March ... 1789.
Mr. John Fairfax: As I am now in the Act of bidding an adieu to my home, for a longer time perhaps than I wish, I will inform you that it is my intention (if your exertions shall appear to deserve it) to make the wages of the year you are now engaged for Fifty pounds instead of Forty although I consider myself under no legal or honorary obligations to do so; my only motives for it being, to encourage you to use every endeavour in your power to promote my interest, under the orders and directions of my Nephew the Major, who will be entrusted with the general management of all my concerns, during my absence.
I have a very good opinion of your honesty, sobriety and industry, and now is the time to give me proofs of your capacity and skill. For however necessary and important the three first are, they will not be sufficient without the latter. I have often remarked to you, and I repeat it once more; that contrivance in the arrangement of business, and a happy nack in having it executed by an observance of method; are the distinguishing characteristics of a good Manager. Indeed they are of such infinite consequence, that no Estate can be well conducted without; for unless the different kinds of business which occupy the labourers of every Plantation, or Farm, can be brought into one view, and seen in time; and a due proportion of work is exacted from the hands, that are to perform it, the different kinds of work will forever be interfering with, and in the way of each other. Nor is there any way to avoid it but by looking forward in time, by judicious arrangemts., and by making those who are to execute it do what is reasonable and proper without suffering so much time to be spent in the house, under pretence of sickness; which is, in many cases, no other than the effect of Night walking and fatiegue.
It is with pain I receive the Saturday Nights reports, for no week passes away without a diminution of my stock. Nor is it less painful to me to see the condition of my work Horses, some dying, and others scarcely able to walk alone. And to these I might add, as a matter of no less concern and astonishment, that it is idle and vain for me to attempt to stall feed any kind of Meats; when I have only my expence for my trouble, without a joint of meat which is fit to appear at a Gentlemans Table. But I will rest in hope, that all these things will undergo a change for the better.
I am not inclined to your bringing any horse here of your own. Mine are adequate to all the services that my business will require, and more would only add expence without profit; for I need not tell you, that there must be no more running about whilst I am absent than if I was on the spot. Indeed I have too good an opinion of you to suppose it necessary to remind you of this act of justice.
As I have already given you plans of those Plantations which are placed under your immediate care, and have detailed the business of each in the best manner my time and judgment would enable me to do; I shall add nothing more on this head than briefly to observe to you, that it is from the Major, with whom I shall corrispond, that you will receive further directions with respect to such matters as have not been detailed, or concerning any alterations in those which have.
If you have any matrimonial scheme in view, I do not wish to be a let or hindrance to the accomplishment of it, or to your bringing a wife into the family. She may eat with, and in all respects fare as you do. In all things that are reasonable and not inconvenient I am ready and willing to endulge you being your friend.8
[Note 8: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Thomas F. Madigan, of New York City.]
[Note 9: Of Strawberry Hill, Alexandria, Va.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1789.
Sir: As it seems that it will be my unavoidable lot to be again brought into publick life, however contrary to my inclinations, I must prepare myself to meet with many occurences which will be painful and embarrassing; but I can truly say that few events would distress me more than the realizing of the apprehensions of so respectable a body of my fellow Citizens, as the Quakers of Philadelphia, as mentioned in your letter of the 28th. Ulto.10
[Note 10: In the Washington Papers. It contained an extract of a letter from Philadelphia which stated that a mob might get beyond control on the occasion of the illumination of the city, as it did, his letter stated, on a former occasion.]
If I must go on to New York, and my wishes and inclinations were consulted on the occasion, they would lead me to proceed in as quiet and peaceable a manner as possible. But, situated as I am at present, and knowing nothing of the intentions of the people respecting my passing through the several towns, more than what the publick papers inform me of, [and these may be conjecture,] I do not see how I can, with any degree of propriety or delicacy, interfere, at this moment, to prevent the ill effects which are feared from an illumination of the City of Philadelphia. Could any way be pointed out to me by which I might ward off the evil dreaded by the Quakers, I would, with peculiar pleasure, take every proper step to prevent it; for altho' I have no agency in these matters, yet nothing would be more painful to me than to be the innocent cause of distress or injury to any individual of my Country.
I must beg you to accet of my best thanks and warmest acknowledgments for your kind wishes for my happiness, and believe me to be, with very great esteem etc.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Tobias Lear. The phrase in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
[HD.C.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1789.
Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favor of the 28 ult. I pray you to be assured that no improper use shall be made of the important disclosure it contains, and of the sense I have of the confidence reposed in me by the communication.
Your sentiments with respect to the policy which ought to be observed towards the Settlers of the Western Country appear to be exceeding just; and, as the subject merits it, so I have little doubt of its obtaining the serious attention of the new government. With great esteem, I am etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1789.
My dear Sir: The Mail of the 30th. brought me your favor of the 23d. By which, and the regular information you have had the goodness to transmit of the state of things in New York, I feel myself very much obliged, and thank you accordingly.
I feel for those Members of the new Congress, who, hitherto, have given an unavailing attendance at the theatre of business. For myself, the delay may be compared to a reprieve; for in confidence I assure you, with the world it would obtain little credit, that my movements to the chair of Government will be accompanied by feelings not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his execution: so unwilling am I, in the evening of a life nearly consumed in public cares, to quit a peaceful abode for an Ocean of difficulties, without that competency of political skill, abilities and inclination which is necessary to manage the helm. I am sensible, that I am embarking the voice of my Countrymen and a good name of my own, on this voyage, but what returns will be made for them, Heaven alone can foretell. Integrity and firmness is all I can promise; these, be the voyage long or short, never shall forsake me although I may be deserted by all men. For of the consolations which are to be derived from these (under any circumstances) the world cannot deprive me. With best wishes for Mrs. Knox, and sincere friendship for yourself etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1789.
Dear Sir: With a heart duly impressed with a sense of the kind invitation you have been pleased to give me to your House I received your favor of the 29th. ult, and pray you to accept my thanks for this farther testimony of your polite attention to me; but at the sametime I offer you this tribute of gratitude, I must beg your excuse for not complying with the request. For, however pleasing it might be to me, on any other occasion, to render this proof of my regard for you, I cannot consistently with my ideas of propriety (under the existing circumstances) consent to give so much trouble in a private family.
The party that may possibly attend me, the crowd that always gather on novel occasions, and the compliment of visiting (which some may incline to pay to a new character) all contribute to render a public house the fittest place for scenes of bustle and trouble.
Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments and best wishes, and with sentiments of very great esteem etc.13
[Note 13: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1789.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 26th Ultimo, and had before seen a letter from you to Mr. Lund Washington on the same subject. In answer to them both, I can say no more to you at present than what I have already invariably said to many, very many others. that if it should be my lot to administer the government, I am resolved to enter upon my office totally free from every engagement whatsoever, and that in all appointments to offices as far as my agency in the matter is required, one only rule shall guide me, and that is to consult the fitness of characters and the public good: for however strong my friendships, or however great my inclination towards individuals may be, they will never make me swerve knowingly from this rule. I do not say this as any discouragement to your application, on the contrary it would give me great pleasure to see you placed in a situation agreeable to your wishes and merits. As a step towards it, (your conduct and walk of life having for many years been unknown to me) I would advise you to obtain the most ample testimony of your sobriety, Industry &c. from the wellknown and respectable characters of your City; this would be a proper ground for recommendation to any office to be built on. I am etc.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 25th Ulto. and likewise one from your Brother Colo. J. F. Mercer of the 29th. As nothing can be more disagreeable to me than to put the securities which I have against the Estate of your deceased father John Mercer Esqr. in suit, I have provided he shall fulfill the terms of payment, which he has proposed himself: Namely £200 by the 20th of May; half the remainder by the first of March 1790; and the residue in twelve months from that date. But I must still beg of you my good Sir to use your influence to urge a pointed performance of this proposal, for to be candid, I must confess that I do not rely implicitly upon these promises, having been repeatedly disappointed after these, the most unequivocal assurances from that quarter; and I have moreover, good reason to believe that monies have been applied to other purposes which should, agreeably to promises, have been solely appropriated to the discharge of this debt; I am therefore determined, if there should be any failure in either of the payments mentioned above, to put the securities in suit without delay.
The deed which you mention to have delivered to Major Washington was by him it seems put into the Clerk's Office, but why it has not been sent to me (as I lately requested the Clerk to send all my deeds in his Office) I do not know.
I will thank you to get the deed for the Land bought of your brothers Estate from the Clerk of the General Court, which you was so obliging as to offer to do, and to send it to my Nephew Major George A. Washington (who will transact my business in my absence). With very great esteem etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1789.
Sir: The letter with which you was pleased to favor me, dated the 29th. Ulto. came to hand. For proof of my unwillingness to put the securities I have for the debt due to me for your fathers estate, in suit, I need only appeal to the length of time the money has been due, to the frank and friendly manner in which I have, from time to time, exposed my want of it; and to the returns which have been made me. What passed between us in Philadelphia on this subject will not, I am persuaded, have escaped your recollection; for I was then assured, in unequivocal terms, that as soon as you returned to Annapolis I might expect to receive £200 cash which you had by you, or could command in a few hours, as part of a large Sum. Instead of which I need not remind you of the small part of this sum which was paid in the month of March following; and that no further notice was taken of the matter till now.
Having seen, you say, the letter which I wrote to your Brother, it is unnecessary for me to add ought to it, to prove the urgency of my present wants. Notwithstanding, to give one more, and the last proof of my disinclination to put the securities in suit, I will suspend the matter upon the payments which are proposed in your letter of the above date, and which you say I may absolutely rely on. Namely, £200 by the 20th. of May, or, as I mean to be pointed, say the first of June next, half the remainder by the first of March 1790, and the residue in twelve Months from that date. This being your own proposal, proceeding from resources, you add, entirely within yourself; and on which I may punctually and faithfully rely. I accede to them; with this assurance, that if there is a failure in either of the payments, I shall not consider myself as bound by this consent. I am etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1789.
Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 26 Ulto. and am sorry to inform you that it is not in my power to furnish the proof which you require of Mr. Armsteads executors having had regular notice of the protest. The only person (Colo Fielding Lewis) who could have been adduced to prove that fact, is dead. Upon my going to Congress in 1774 I left that among other debts, with him to collect for me, and there is not the smallest doubt but that he took the necessary and proper steps to recover it; indeed the several payments which were made by the Executors, or their order upon Acct. of the bill sufficiently proves, in my opinion, that proper notice was given them, but if this should not be sufficient I can recollect no absolute proof of the fact at this time. I will thank you Sir, if you will, at your leisure inform me what will be the consequence of the dismission of my caveat against Cresap's heirs. I am etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 6, 1789.
Sir: In an overhaul, and arrangement of my Papers, I have found an agreement (and Bond for performance of it) with your father; by which he was to convey all the right, title, and interest which he had in a tract of 7,276 Acres of Land on the great Kanhawa, to me. This, I believe was accordingly done; but it runs in my Mind (though Colo Pendleton undertook to see to the recording of it) that the Deed has not been fully proved in the General Court. If this be the case, I have no doubt, if anything remains to be performed in order to secure the legal (for the equitable title is already passed) that your father, if living, or you if, he is not, as his heir at Law, will fulfil the agreement by a conveyance of the Land. As part of this Land was obtained by exchange for 2000 Acres I was to have from Colo William Bronaugh in a tract of 7894 Acres adjoining to the above tract of 7276 Acres, and I have also found Colo Bronaughs Bond to me, for making this Conveyance; I should be glad to know whether such conveyance has ever passed from Colo. Bronaugh to your father or his representative, or Devise if dead. If it has not already been done Colo Bronaugh I am persuaded is ready, and willing to do it. If not, his Bond in the penalty of £2000 which I have, will compel him, and the sooner these matters are settled the better. Not knowing whether your father be living, and even in that event having no mode of communication with him, I have taken the liberty of addressing you on the subject, and shall be obliged by your enquiry into the last mentioned matter; with respect to the first, I am now writing to the Clerk of the General Court to be informed in what shape the Conveyance from your father to me lyes, and what steps are necessary for me to pursue if it is not fully proven in the Court. I am etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: Clerk of the General Court of Virginia.]
Mount Vernon, April 6, 1789.
Sir: I would thank you for informing me, when it is convenient to you, whether a Deed of Conveyance from George Muse to me for 3323 Acres part of a large tract of 7276 Acres lying on the Great Kanhawa is fully proved, and admitted to record, and if not, what steps are necessary for me to pursue to effectuate it. In the first case I should be glad to receive the Deed. In the Second your advice will Oblige Sir Yr. etc.18
Mount Vernon, April 6, 1789.
Dear Sir: Sometime ago Mr. Muse informed me by letter, that he expected an order for the delivery to him of the Papers belonging to the Estate20 in my possession. I answered they were subject to, and ready for that order whenever presented; but as a friend I would advise him to let them remain in your
[Note 20: The Fairfax estate.] hands and draw out such only as he might want. To this he seems perfectly agreeable and I mention the matter before I leave home, that if you incline to take charge of them they will be delivered by my Nephew Majr. George A. Washington at anytime you may call for them.
Old as the date of the enclosed letter is, it has been but lately received. It is my sincere wish that this tedious and irksome business could be brought to a close; but less than ever will it be in my power now, to afford any aid towards the accomplishment of it., Mrs. Bomford must therefore turn her attention to some others as an Attorney, for the purpose of receiving her money, if it ever should be recovered. With best wishes for Mrs. Fairfax and your family, and with sentiments of sincere regard and friendship. I am etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 22: Of Georgetown, Md. (now District of Columbia).]
Mount Vernon, April 6, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 3d has been duly received. The Bond of Messrs. Montgomerie, Wilson, Stewart &c. is in the possession of Mr. Keith of Alexandria, along with other papers belonging to the Estate of the decd. Colo Colvil, and the £600 which you propose to pay, towards the discharge of it may go into the hands of Colo Robert T. Hoe (the attorney of Lord Tankerville and his brother Mr. Bennett, to the last of whom a considerable debt is due).
For whatever Sterling Sum Colo Hoe shall pass his rect. the bond will be credited, further than this I dare not go; because as the Bond is for Sterling it can hardly be expected that I should convert the payments into currency at the par of Exchange, if that par should be below the selling price of Bills; or that I can pay as I receive unless there is some Law of this State that will authorize such an act, of which I have had no opportunity, since the receipt of your letter, to make enquiry.
If after the above sum of £600, and a further sum of one hundred pounds sterling, is paid to Colo Hoe in the manner above mentioned, more money should come into your hands on the above Acct. and advice thereof is given to me, I will, if it should suit at the time, receive a draft on Philadelphia or New York, as proposed. I am, etc.23
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 24: Of Dumfries, Va.]
Mount Vernon, April 6, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 29th Ulto. came duly to hand, since which I have received a letter from Mr. Dunlap informing me that he had about £600 Sterling which he was ready to pay on account of the Bond of Messrs. Montgomerie, Stewart, Wilson &c. but that he had been instructed to do this in Current Money at the par of Exchange. The meaning of which I know not unless there is an act of Assembly authorizing of it (of which, having had little to do in matters of this sort of late years, I profess myself ignorant). For I conceive if the Exchange was below par this instruction would not have been given and if above it, that it was improper; unless, as I have said before there is an operative law of this State to that effect equally applicable to Debtor and Creditor. As I am only an agent in this business, and shall pay as fast I receive the money it behoves me to act with circumspection; I have, therefore, requested Mr. Dunlap to pay the sum he has in hand to Colo Hooe, who is the Attorney of Lord Tankerville and his Brother Mr. Bennett; to the last of whom there is due from the Estate of Colo Colvil £700 Sterling independent of interest; informing him, that for whatever Sterling sum Colo. Hooe shall pass his rect. the Bond shall be credited; for it matters not with me in what manner they settle so I can charge what is receipted for.
In order that there may be a clear understanding of the parties with respect to the payment of interest, on this Bond, I should be glad to know whether it is the determination of the Obligeors to dispute this point, or not? and upon what principle if they do? Between Citizen and Citizen, I am told there is not a single instance in this State, or Maryland that denies it on the contrary, that in the latter some late law has passed expressly recognizing and directing it: In what then does this case differ from the latter? The Assignees of Mr. Semple now the Obligeors in the Bond, are in this case as I conceive his Representatives; was Semple then, in this bargain considered as an alien? or, does others, by becoming paymasters for him, make it a British debt? And even in this supposition, is there any dicision in point, by which interest has been stopped? I ask these questions for information, for the principal object of my enquiry is to know, decidedly, the intention of the Obligeors whether they do, or do not mean to allow it. With very great esteem etc.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 7, 1789.
Sir: To promise what one does not perform is at all times wrong but in the delay of the Grass-seeds with which you undertook to supply me, I have sustained an irrepairable injury in as much as that my whole system of husbandry is deranged by it. £500 would be no compensation for this disappointment. My spring grain with which these seeds were to be sown, are now almost entirely in the ground and a large part of it up. I have therefore but two alternatives to choose from, viz, not to sow them this spring, and thereby to have my whole system entirely deranged or by Scattering them over ground which has got hard have little prospect of their vegitating; or to be exposed in that case with little root to injuries from spring or Summer droughts, or the frosts of Winter. The difference of price between which you were, to furnish these Seeds at, and what you say you have now given is no object; though at less than the latter I could with certainty have been supplied from Philadelphia by a Gentleman who has never deceived me. And strange it is that at this late period the seed should go to Baltimore when I have been informed two Vessels have arrived at Alexandria from New York within a few days. I am etc.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 7, 1789.
Sir: I have just received a letter from Mr. Shotwell of New York, surviving partner of the House of Embree and Shotwell, informing me that he had shipped a quantity of Clover and Timothy seed to Baltimore for me (no vessel offering for Alexandria) and had directed it to you. As soon as it may arrive I will thank you to have it sent round here in any manner that will be most expeditious; for it is necessary that it should get to hand in a very short time or the season for sowing will be over and an unspeakable disadvantage accrue to me thereby. I have expected it for more than a month past and have delayed my farming business unreasonably for want of it. I should therefore wish to have it immediately, and am willing to allow any reasonable extra expence which may arise from sending it immediately. I am etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 28: Agent for the Woolen Manufacture of Hartford, Conn.]
Mount Vernon, April 8, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 23d. Ulto29 accompanied with the Cloth which the Directors of the Woollen Manufacture of the City of Hartford were so polite as to send me. I must beg you to accept of my best thanks for your agency in forwarding the Cloth to me, and likewise make my warmest acknowledgments acceptable to the Directors for this mark of their politeness and attention. I am extremely pleased to find that the useful manufactures are so much attended to in our Country, and with such a prospect of success. The patterns of Cloth which I have seen, and particularly the price which I have lately received, exceed in fineness and goodness whatever the most sanguine expectation could have looked for at this period. I am fully persuaded that if the spirit of industry economy and patriotism, which seems now beginning to dawn, should exert itself to a proper latitude, that we shall very soon be able to furnish ourselves at least with every necessary and useful fabrick upon better terms than they can be imported without any extraordinary legal assistance; I shall always take a peculiar pleasure in giving every proper encouragement in my power to the manufacturers of my Country. I am etc.27
[Note 29: In the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1789.
My dear Sir: The cloth and Buttons which accompanied your favor of the 30th. Ult, came safe by Colo. Hanson; and really do credit to the manufactures of this Country. As it requires Six more of the large (engraved) button to trim the Coat in the manner I wash it to be,30 I would thank you, my good Sir, for procuring that number and retaining them in your hands until my arrival at New York.
[Note 30: This was the suit, of plain brown cloth made by a manufactory in the vicinity of Boston, which Washington wore when inaugurated the first President of the United States.]
Not to contemplate (though it is a serious object) the loss which you say the General Government will sustain in the article of Impost, the stupor, or listlessness with which our public measures seem to be pervaded, is, to me, matter of deep regret. Indeed it has so strange an appearance that I cannot but wonder how men who sollicit public confidence or who are even prevailed upon to accept of it can reconcile such conduct with their own feelings of propriety.
The delay is inauspicious to say the best of it, and the World must condemn it.
With sentiments of the sincerest friendship, I am etc.
PS. The advices by the Mail of this Evening will, surely, inform us of a Quoram in both Houses of Congress.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1789.
Sir: I had the honor to receive, by the last post, your very polite letter, and must beg you to accept my warmest acknowledgments for the felicitations and good wishes which were contained in it.
A Combination of circumstances and events seems to have rendered my embarking again on the Ocean of public affairs inevitable. How opposite this is to my own desires and inclinations I need not say. Those who know me are, I trust, convinced of it. For the rectitude of my intentions I appeal to the great Searcher of Hearts; and if I have any knowledge of myself I can declare that no prospects however flattering, no personal advantage however great, no desire of fame however easily it might be acquired, could induce me to quit the private walks of life at my age and in my situation. But if by any exertion or services of mine my Country can be benefitted I shall feel more amply compensated for the sacrifices which I make than I possibly can be by any other means.
I am very happy to find, by the translations which you were so polite as to send me, that there is so essential a change in the political opinions of the French Nation; indeed the American Revolution, or the peculiar light of the age seems to have opened the eyes of almost every nation in Europe, and a spirit of equal liberty appears fast to be gaining ground everywhere, which must afford satisfaction to every friend of mankind. I am &c.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 11, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 2d Instr. and in replying to it, again assure you, with great sincerity, that whatever my own wants of money may be if you think more than £800 can (by waiting till times get a little better) be had for your Land in Gloucester County it will be perfectly agreeable to me to let the debt due to me from your fathers Estate remain on its present footing. For I do not wish you to part from the land for one shilling less than you think it is worth, nor that you should put the estate to the least inconvenience to raise money for me by any other means. If after making this declaration which you may rely on is sincere, you are still more disposed to part with the land at the price mentioned in Colo Lewis's letter than to keep it, or to sell it on credit I can, and shall rely on you to make me a good and secure title to it and for having it recorded in the General Court. The doing of which will exonerate the Estate from so much of the debt due from it to me.
Your Aunt, Sister, and others of the family are all well, and join me in every good wish for your Mother &ca. with very great regard etc.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 11, 1789.
Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 8 Instr. From a bad memory, I can recollect nothing of the circumstances relating to the payment of the money by Colo Pendleton more than what is stated in my books. The Acct. with the Executors of Mr. Armstead was transmitted to you, and I find the entry of the Cash paid by Colo Pendleton to stand thus on my Cash Acct. 1765 May 10th. To Cash of Mr. Edmd. Pendleton on Acct. of Armsteads Executrs. protest, £100 Virginia Currency, and the payment made by Mr. Montgomerie was on the same acct. I do not know of any act by which I have discharged the Executors and taken Mr. Armsteads for my debtor; if any such thing has been done the Executors will certainly be able to shew it.
I have been lately informed that Mrs. Armsteads sons are dead and have left their families not in very good circumstances. If this is the case, and the payment of the debt due to me would distress them I must beg that you will not proceed any further in the matter, for however pressing my want of money is at present I had much rather lose the debt than that the widow and fatherless should suffer by my recovering it. You will please to accept of my thanks for your attention to the letter which I wrote to your father. And believe me to be, with very great esteem etc.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 4th instant came duly to hand. It would be an arduous, if not an impracticable, task for me to travel over the ground of services rendered by all the Officers of the American Army (for no line of discrimination, when the business was once begun, could be drawn) in order to form certificates that would apply to every character, and do equal justice to merit on the one hand, and to candor on the other. Nor indeed would my memory, if it is on this I am to depend, enable me to do it. For these reasons, and because (viewing myself in the character of a private citizen) I have had doubts of the propriety of the measure, few, very few certificates have passed from me since my return to private life, and these wholly, I believe, [to those who] might have greater occasion for them than those who remained at home, where their conduct was known, and where their commissions would be sufficient evidence to posterity of the rank they sustained in the accomplishment of the revolution. I am etc.33
Mount Vernon, April 13, 1789.
Sir: I have in my possession a bill of Exchange for 333 24/72 Dollars drawn upon you by Mr. Donald of Richmond in favor of David Smart Esqr. payable five days after Sight, and will thank you to have the money ready for me to receive when I pass through Baltimore. I am etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 13, 1789.
Sir: I duly received your letter of the 8th. Inst. and must inform you that it is not at present in my power to accept of any offers of services which may be made me, not consistant with the line of conduct which I have hitherto pursued, and am determined to persist in, to make any promises of appointments. If I should go into public life, I shall be better able, upon my entrance therein, to judge of such arrangements as may be necessary to be made in my family, than I am now; and shall then endeavour to get such persons as will best fill their particular departments; but you will give me leave to observe the office of Steward which you are desireous of filling will [ sic] equal experience in that line as a recommendation for the person, who applies for it. I am etc.34
[Note 35: Senator from New Hampshire and president pro tempore of the Senate for the sole purpose of receiving, counting, and announcing the result of the electoral vote of the country in the first election of a President and Vice President of the United States of America.]
Mount Vernon, April 14, 1789.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your Official communication by the hand of Mr Secretary Thompson, about one O'Clock this day. Having concluded to obey the important and flattering call of my Country, and having been impressed with an idea of the expediency of my being with Congress at as early a period as possible; I propose to commence my journey on thursday morning which will be the day after tomorrow. I have the honor etc.36
[Note 36: From a photograph of the original kindly furnished by L. C. Handy, of Washington, D. C.]
[Note 37: Still Secretary to the Continental Congress. Thomson had been honored by the First Congress of the United States with the duty of conveying to Washington, at Mount Vernon, the official notice of his election as the first President of the United States. He reached Mount Vernon a little after noon on April 14, and delivered to Washington, standing in the banquet hall of the mansion, the letter of John Langdon of April 6, announcing "your unanimous election." Thomson's address on this occasion, and Langdon's letter, are in the Washington Papers.]
[Mount Vernon, April 14, 1789.]
Sir: I have been accustomed to pay so much respect to the opinion of my fellow-citizens, that the knowledge of their having given their unanimous suffrages in my favor, scarcely leaves me the alternative for an option. I can not, I believe, give a greater evidence of my sensibility of the honor which they have done me than by accepting the appointment.
I am so much affected by this fresh proof of my Country's Esteem and Confidence that silence can best explain my gratitude. While I realize the arduous nature of the Task which is imposed upon me, and feel my own inability to perform it, I wish however that there may not be reason for regretting the Choice, for indeed all I can promise is only to accomplish that which can be done by an honest zeal.
Upon considering how long a time some of the Gentlemen of both Houses of Congress have been at New York, how anxiously desirous they must be to proceed to business, and how deeply the public mind appears to be impressed with the necessity of doing it speedily, I can not find myself at liberty to delay my journey. I shall therefore be in readiness to set out the day after tomorrow38 and shall be happy in the pleasure of your company; for you will permit me to say that it is a peculiar gratification to have received the communication from you.39
[Note 38: Washington left Mount Vernon for New York about 10 a.m. on April 16, accompanied by Charles Thomson and David Humphreys.]
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Alexandria, April 16, 1789.]
Gentlemen: Although I ought not to conceal, yet I cannot describe, the painful emotions which I felt in being called upon to determine whether I would accept or refuse the Presidency of the United States.
The unanimity of the choice, the opinion of my friends, communicated from different parts of Europe, as well as of America, the apparent wish of those, who were not altogether satisfied with the Constitution in its present form, and an ardent desire on my own part, to be instrumental in conciliating the good will of my countrymen towards each other have induced an acceptance.
Those, who have known me best (and you, my fellow citizens, are from your situation, in that number) know better than any others that my love of retirement is so great, that no earthly consideration, short of a conviction of duty, could have prevailed upon me to depart from my resolution, " never more to take any share in transactions of a public nature." For, at my age, and in my circumstances, what possible advantages could I propose to myself, from embarking again on the tempestuous and uncertain ocean of public-life?
I do not feel myself under the necessity of making public declarations, in order to convince you, Gentlemen, of my attachment to yourselves, and regard for your interests. The whole tenor of my life has been open to your inspection; and my past actions, rather than my present declarations, must be the pledge of my future conduct.
In the mean time I thank you most sincerely for the expressions of kindness contained in your valedictory address. It is true, just after having bade adieu to my domestic connexions, this tender proof of your friendship is but too well calculated still farther to awaken my sensibility, and encrease my regret at parting from the enjoyments of private life.
All that now remains for me is to commit myself and you to the protection of that beneficent Being, who, on a former occasion has happly brought us together, after a long and distressing separation. Perhaps the same gracious Providence will again indulge us with the same heartfelt felicity. But words, my fellow-citizens, fail me: Unutterable sensations must then be left to more expressive silence: while, from an aching heart, I bid you all, my affectionate friends and kind neighbours, farewell!40
[Note 40: In the writing of William Jackson. From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The addresses to Washington, and his answers thereto, are entered in a distinct series of three volumes of the "Letter Book." In most cases the addresses to Washington are entered in full, along with his answers.
Washington arrived at the Fountain Inn in Baltimore on the afternoon of April 17. The address of the citizens was delivered to him, and answered about 6 o'clock p.m. He left Baltimore about 5 a. m., April 18, and reached Wilmington, Del., April 19, where he received and answered an address from the burgesses and common council of the borough, and also one from the Delaware Society for Promoting Domestic Manufactures. Both these addresses and answers are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[April 17, 1789.]
Gentlemen: The tokens of regard and affection, which I have often received from the Citizens of this Town, were always acceptable; because, I believed them, always sincere. Be pleased to receive my best acknowledgments for the renewal of them, on the present occasion.
If the affectionate partiality of my fellow Citizens has prompted them to ascribe to greater effects to my conduct and character, than were justly due; I trust, the indulgent sentiment on their part, will not produce an overweening presumption on mine.
I cannot now, Gentlemen, resist my feelings so much, as to withhold the communication of my ideas, respecting the actual situation and prospect of our national affairs. It appears to me, that little more than common sense and common honesty, in the transactions of the community at large, would be necessary to make us a great and a happy Nation. For if the general Government, lately adopted, shall be arranged and administered in such a manner as to acquire the full confidence of the American People, I sincerely believe, they will have greater advantages, from their Natural, moral and political circumstances, for public felicity, than any other People ever possessed.
In the contemplation of those advantages, now soon to be realized, I have reconciled myself to the sacrifice of my fondest wishes, so far as to enter again upon the stage of Public life. I know the delicate nature of the duties incident to the part which I am called to perform; and I feel my incompetence, without the singular assistance of Providence to discharge them in a satisfactory manner. But having undertaken the task, from a sense of duty, no fear of encountering difficulties and no dread of losing popularity, shall ever deter me from pursuing what I conceive to be the true interests of my Country.
[MD.H.S.]
Philadelphia, April 20, 1789.
Gentlemen: Upon my alighting in this City41 I received your communication of the 17th.42 with the resolutions of the two Houses which accompanied it and in answer thereto beg leave to inform you that knowing how anxious both houses must be to proceed to business I shall continue my journey with as much dispatch as possible. Tomorrow evening I purpose to be at Trenton, the night following at Brunswick and hope to have the pleasure of meeting you at Elizabeth town point on Thursday at 12 oclock.
[Note 41: Washington reached Philadelphia April 20, about 1 p. m., and at 3 p. m. he was entertained at a public banquet at the City Tavern. He lodged at the house of Robert Morris and the next morning (April 21) left for Trenton. Previous to his departure he received (the order in which these were delivered is not known) complimentary addresses from the president and executive council of Pennsylvania; the judges of the Supreme Court; the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and common council of Philadelphia; the president and faculty of the University of Pennsylvania; the Pennsylvania State Society of the Cincinnati (to which his reply, in part, was: "If by that attention I may still be so fortunate as to continue to possess the affectionate regard of my fellow-citizens, and particularly of that Body of which you are the Representatives, it will be no small addition to my happiness."); and the ministers, church wardens, and vestrymen of the German Lutheran congregation in and near Philadelphia. To the judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania he wrote, in part: "although it was with the utmost difficulty I could prevail upon myself to enter again on the Stage of Public Life, yet, since I have done it, the unequivocal encouragement of support, given by the most respectable citizens and Magistrates, will tend very much to remove my embarrassments, and, I hope to open the way to a prosperous Administration." All of these addresses, with the answers, are recorded by William Jackson in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 42: Langdon's letter, which is also signed by the other members of the committee, and the resolves of Apr. 15, 1789, are not now found in the Washington Papers, but are printed in Richardson's Messages and Papers of the Presidents (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1896), vol. 1, pp. 45 and 46.]
With the greatest respect and considn. I have the Honr. etc.43
[Note 43: From a facsimile in the Magazine of American History, vol. 21, p. 275.]
[Note 44: Thomas Mifflin.]
City-Tavern, Tuesday Morning, April 21, 1789.
General Washington presents his compliments to the President of the State, and requests his Excellency to communicate the General's best thanks to the Officers and Gentlemen of the several Corps who did him the honor to form his escort to Philadelphia. General Washington having made his arrangements to be at the place of embarkation for New York, at a particular hour, will find himself under the necessity of leaving this City about ten o'clock. But, as the weather is likely to prove unfavorable, he must absolutely insist that the military Gentlemen of Philadelphia will not attend him in the manner they had proposed. He is so perfectly satisfied with their good intentions, that it will be impossible for them, by taking any unnecessary trouble, to make any addition to the proofs of their attachment, or the motives of his gratitude.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 46: Part of the inscription reads: "Erected by them on the Bridge, which extends across the Creek." An unknown hand has inserted the word "Assanpink" before the word "Creek."]
Trenton, April 21, 1789.
General Washington cannot leave this place without expressing his acknowledgments, to the Matrons and Young Ladies who received him in so Novel and grateful a manner at the Triumphal Arch in Trenton, for the exquisite sensation he experienced in that affecting moment. The astonishing contrast between his former and actual situation at the same spot, the elegant taste with which it was adorned for the present occasion, and the innocent appearance of the white-robed Choir who met him with the gratulatory song,47 have made such impressions on his remembrance, as, he assures them, will never be effaced.48
[Note 47: Washington has entered on pp. 17--18 of this volume of the "Letter Book" the words of the song which was sung by the " white robed Choir," and also a copy of his acknowledgment to the ladies, which is the only entry in the volume in his writing.]
[Note 48: From the original in the Trenton Public Library. For a photostat of this, and Jane Ewing's description, I am indebted to Dr. Carlos E. Godfrey, director of New Jersey Public Record Office.
"The Triumphal Arch supported by thirteen Pillars adorned with wreaths of flowers the form was thus [a rough diagram of arch and pillars, entwined with flowers. The inscription on the arch reads: 'The Protector of the Mothers will also protect their Daughters,' Below the center of the arch was hung a small square on which was the date December 26, 1776] the writing large letters painted yellow on white; the pillars on one side 6 the other 7 observe all the Scollops is wreaths of laurel and pillars flowers. the Ladies was rang'd in a line from the arch along the Bridge and thirteen Girls dress't in white with Baskets of flowers they sung the inclos'd song and when they come these words Build and strew thy way with flowers they skaterd them round that is the flowers out of their Baskets round his horses feet. he sat on his horse while they sung and then made them a low Bow say'd the Ladies had done them a very great honour requested them to except his most greateful thanks, the most respectable Carecters met him at the ferry, the Infantry and Dragoons they made a grand apearance he stayd all night at Vandigrifts Mr. Ewing and a few others spent the Evening with him and next morning at Sunrise accompanied him 8 miles out of town."-- Jane Ewing to James Hunter, jr., at Philadelphia, Apr. 23, 1789. The original is in the Public Record Office at Trenton, N. J.
Marshall's account gives the inscription as: "The Defender of the Mothers will be the Protector of the Daughters," and says the dates of the two memorable events were on a dome or cupola of flowers and evergreens above the arch. Sparks, quoting from Marshall, v. 12, p. 149--50, gives the verses sung by the young ladies. Joseph Vandegrift's tavern was on North Warren Street. Jane Ewing was the wife of Maskell Ewing, and daughter of James Hunter, of Philadelphia.
Washington reached Princeton April 21, where he received and answered an address from the president and faculty of the College of New Jersey and the inhabitants. He reached New Brunswick April 22, and lodged at Woodbridge; and arrived at Bridgetown April 23. A specially built barge, rowed by 13 pilots, with Capt. Thomas Randall acting as coxswain, conveyed him across New York bay to the city, which he reached about 2 o'clock p.m. This barge was afterwards presented to the President. (The letter from a number of gentlemen of New York City to Captain Randall, Apr. 20, 1789, is in the Washington Papers.)]
[April 30, 1789.]
Fellow Citizens of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order, and received on the fourteenth day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my Country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years: a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me, by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my Country called me, being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens, a distrustful scrutiny into his qualification, could not but overwhelm with dispondence, one, who, inheriting inferior endowments from nature and unpractised in the duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver, is, that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every circumstance, by which it might be affected. All I dare hope, is, that, if in executing this task I have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof, of the confidence of my fellow-citizens; and have thence too little consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares before me; my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, and its consequences be judged by my Country, with some share of the partiality in which they originated.
Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the public summons, repaired to the present station; it would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official Act, my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the Universe, who presides in the Councils of Nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the People of the United States, a Government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes: and may enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute with success, the functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own; nor those of my fellow-citizens at large, less than either. No People can be bound to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand, which conducts the Affairs of men more than the People of the United States. Every step, by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation, seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency. And in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their United Government, the tranquil deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities, from which the event has resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most Governments have been established, without some return of pious gratitude along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You will join with me I trust in thinking, that there are none under the influence of which, the proceedings of a new and free Government can more auspiciously commence.
By the article establishing the Executive Department, it is made the duty of the President "to recommend to your consideration, such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The circumstances under which I now meet you, will acquit me from entering into that subject, farther than to refer to the Great Constitutional Charter under which you are assembled; and which, in defining your powers, designates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications, I behold the surest pledges, that as on one side, no local prejudices, or attachments; no seperate views, nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests: so, on another, that the foundations of our National policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality; and the pre-eminence of a free Government, be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its Citizens, and command the respect of the world.
I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my Country can inspire: since there is no truth more thoroughly established, than that there exists in the oeconomy and course of nature, an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity: Since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven, can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which Heaven itself has ordained: And since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of the Republican model of Government, are justly considered as deeply, perhaps as finally staked, on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people.
Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain with your judgment to decide, how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the Fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged against the System, or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good: For I assure myself that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an United and effective Government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public harmony, will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.
To the preceeding observations I have one to add, which will be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as possible. When I was first honoured with a call into the Service of my Country, then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I have in no instance departed. And being still under the impressions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to myself, any share in the personal emoluments, which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the Executive Department; and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the Station in which I am placed, may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.49
[Note 49: This request was, after consideration, seen to establish an awkward precedent, and Congress fixed the compensation of the President at $25,000 a year. Washington drew only $196,121 from the Treasury during his two terms, but the $3,879, which is the difference between $200,000 and his warrants, is almost exactly the salary for the 56 or 57 days which his first administration lacked of being 4 full years. The curious may be further satisfied by the following figures taken from the Government's statement of warrants drawn for the use of the President: From Sept. 26, 1789, to Dec. 27, 1791, $72,150; from Jan. 3, 1792, to Dec. 19, 1792, $22,500; Jan. 4 to Dec. 27, 1793, $27,500; Mar. 17 to Dec. 11, 1794, $24,000; Jan. 1 to Dec. 22, 1795, $19,500; Jan. 5 to Dec. 21, 1796, $23,596; Jan. 13 to Mar. 7, 1797, $6,875. In all, $196,121.]
Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as they have been awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave; but not without resorting once more to the benign parent of the human race, in humble supplication that since he has been pleased to favour the American people, with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquility, and dispositions for deciding with unparellelled unanimity on a form of Government, for the security of their Union, and the advancement of their happiness; so his divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures on which the success of this Government must depend.50
[Note 50: From the original in the files of the United States Senate, in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. ( See Washington's letter to James Madison, May 5, 1789, post.)]
New York, May 2, 1789.
Sir: Desirous of being more particular in expressing my acknowledgments for the elegant Barge which was presented to me on my arrival in this City, than I could be at that moment; I must now request that you will be pleased to offer my best thanks to the Gentlemen who were owners of it, and assure them in my name that I consider myself much honored by their polite attention. I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 3 Lear wrote to Clement Biddle, for the President, that "He would thank you to propose it to Will to return to Mount Vernon when he can be removed for he cannot be of any service here, and perhaps will require a person to attend upon him constantly, if he should incline to return to Mount Vernon you will be so kind as to have him sent in the first Vessel that sails for Alexandria after he can be removed with safety, but if he is still anxious to come on here the President would gratify him Altho' he will be troublesome. He has been an old and faithful Servant this is enough for the President to gratify him in every reasonable wish." A copy of Lear's letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On May 4 Washington wrote to Mrs. Annis Boudinot Stockton, thanking her, quite briefly, for another of her poems. A copy of this is in the "Letter Book." Mrs. Stockton's letter of May 1 and the poem is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (May 4) Washington also wrote briefly to Anthony Wayne, thanking him for his friendly sentiments. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, May 5, 1789.
My dear Sir: I cannot fail of being much pleased with the friendly part you take in every thing which concerns me; and particularly with the just scale on which you estimate this last great sacrafice which I consider myself as having made for the good of my Country. When I had judged, upon the best appreciation I was able to form of the circumstances which related to myself, that it was my duty to embark again on the tempestuous and uncertain Ocean of public life, I gave up all expectations of private happiness in this world. You know, my dear Sir, I had concentered all my schemes, all my views, all my wishes, within the narrow circle of domestic enjoyment. Though I flatter myself the world will do me the justice to believe, that, at my time of life and in my circumstances, nothing but a conviction of duty could have induced me to depart from my resolution of remaining in retirement; yet I greatly apprehend that my Countrymen will expect too much from me. I fear, if the issue of public measures should not corrispond with their sanguine expectations, they will turn the extravagant (and I may say undue) praises which they are heaping upon me at this moment, into equally extravagant (though I will fondly hope unmerited) censures. So much is expected, so many untoward circumstances may intervene, in such a new and critical situation, that I feel an insuperable diffidence in my own abilities. I feel, in the execution of the duties of my arduous Office, how much I shall stand in need of the countenance and aid of every friend to myself, of every friend to the Revolution, and of every lover of good Government. I thank you, my dear Sir, for your affectionate expressions on this point.
I anticipate that one of the most difficult and delicate parts of the duty of my Office will be that which relates to nominations for appointments. I receive with the more satisfaction the strong testimonials in behalf of Mr. Hall64 because I hope they
[Note 64: George Abbott Hall. He was State collector of customs at Charleston, S.C., and wished to be continued in that office under the United States.] will tend to supercede the difficulty in this instance. Though from a system which I have prescribed to myself I can say nothing decisive on particular appointments; yet I may be allowed to observe in general, that nothing could be more agreeable to me than to have one Candidate brought forward for every Office of such clear pretensions as to secure him against competition.
Mrs. Washington is not here, but is shortly expected; on her arrival I will offer the Compliments of Mrs. Rutledge and yourself to her. In the meantime, I pray you to believe that, I am with sentiments of the purest esteem and highest consideration My dear Sir Yr. etc.65
[Note 65: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
New York, May 7, 1789.
Dear Sir: The new and busy scenes in which I have been occupied since I received your favor of the 6th. of last month, containing an extract of a letter from your son, will plead my excuse for not having acknowledged the receipt of it at an earlier day.
I have now to express my satisfaction for this mark of your attention, and to thank you for the interest you take in the honor which has lately been done me. I will only add that the style of your son's letter is highly pleasing, and that the subject matter of it evinces he has not mis-employed his time since he has been absent from America. I am etc.68
[Note 68: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Shippen Deposit in the Library of Congress.]
New York, May 71, 1789.
Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 30th. of April, containing the resignation of your seat at the general Board of Commissioners for finally adjusting all accounts between the United States and the individual States: and shall cause it to be filed in the proper office as soon as the necessary arrangment of Departments shall have been made. I am etc.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 9, 1789.
Sir: The enclosed papers relative to a treaty with the Cherokee Indians were put into my hands: and as I understand that matters of this kind have hitherto been considered as belonging to the department of the Secretary of War to examine and report thereon, and knowing that you have others of a similar nature now in your hands I would wish you to make a summary report on the whole as soon as may be.72 I am etc.
[Note 72: The "Letter Book" gives Knox the title of Acting Secretary of War. He was, of course, a hold-over from the Continental Congress, and was commissioned as Secretary of War of the United States Sept. 12, 1789.]
New York, May 9, 1789.
Sir: Since my arrival in this place I have been honored with your letters of the 18th of Feby. and 24th of April.
To meet the congratulations and assurances of support from those Characters whose opinions I revere, will be of no small service in enabling me to overcome the diffidence which I have in my own abilities, to execute properly the important and untried task which my Country has assigned me.
No part of my duty will be more delicate, and, in many instances, more unpleasing, than that of nominating or appointing persons to offices. It will undoubtedly often happen that there will be several candidates for the same office whose pretensions, abilities and integrity may be nearly equal, and who will come forward so equally supported in every respect as almost to require the aid of supernatural intuition to fix upon the right. I shall, however, in all events, have the satisfaction to reflect that I entered upon my administration unconfined by a single engagement, uninfluenced by any ties of blood or friendship, and with the best intentions and fullest determination to nominate to office those persons only, who, upon every consideration, were the most deserving, and who would probably execute their several functions to the interest and credit of the American Union, if such characters could be found by my exploring every avenue of information respecting their merits and pretensions that it was in my power to obtain.
With great respect etc.73
[Note 73: In the writing of Tobias Lear. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" as bearing date of May 6.
On May 7 Washington had written practically this same letter to Nathaniel Gorham, a copy of which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[MS.H.S.]
United States, May 9, 1789.
Dear Sir: The new and busy scenes in which I have been constantly engaged since the receipt of your letter of the 21st. Ultimo,74 will, I trust, apologize for my not having acknowledged it at an earlier period.
[Note 74: Wilson applied for appointment of Chief Justice of the United States. His letter is in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
To you, my dear Sir, and others who know me, I presume it will be unnecessary for me to say that I have entered upon my office without the constraint of a single engagement, and that I never wish to depart from that line of conduct which will always leave me at full liberty to act in a manner which is befitting an impartial and disinterested Magistrate. I am etc.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 9, 1789.
Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 27th. of April; and as the contents are of a nature which do not require a particular answer, I shall only acknowledge the receipt of it;76 observing, at the same time, that, the resolution which I have formed, and from which I never will depart, will always leave me at full liberty to act upon every subject which may come before me without the embarrassments of any previous engagements. With great esteem etc.77
[Note 76: McKean's application for an appointment in the judicial department of the Government (April 27) is in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 9, 1789.
Sir: The numerous congratulations which I have received from Public Bodies and respectable individuals since my appointment to my present station, are truly grateful, as they hold forth the strongest assurances of support to the Government as well as a warm attachment to myself. It is from the good dispositions of the people at large, from the influence of respectable Characters, and from the patriotic co-operation of a wise and virtuous legislature, more than from any abilities of mine that I can promise success to my administration. The kind interposition of Providence which has been so often manifested in the affairs of this country, must naturally lead us to look up to that divine source for light and direction in this new and untried Scene.
I thank you, Sir, most sincerely for the good wishes and friendly gratulations contained in your letter of the 2nd. of April, as well as for the offer which you make of your services if your country should require them.78 There is I believe, no part of my administration in which I shall find myself more embarrassed than that of nominating persons to offices. The pretensions will be so numerous, and many of them so nearly equal that it will require no small degree of discernment and investigation to hit upon the right. I shall, however, in all events, have the consolation of reflecting that I entered upon my duty without the restriction of a single engagement, and, if I know myself, under no partial influences. I shall leave no means in my power unessayed to find out the most deserving and best qualified persons to fill the several departments which it falls to my lot to supply. With very great esteem etc.79
[Note 78: Heath applied for an appointment, civil or military. His letter is in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 9, 1789.
Sir: I am taking the earliest occasion of acknowledging the receipt of the letter, which you did me the favor to address to me by Mr. Allen; and to thank you for your kind congratulations on my appointment to the Presidency of the United States.
Mrs. Washington is not here but is expected in the course of this month, on her arrival I shall not fail of executing the friendly commission of Mrs. Hancock and yourself.
In tendering my respectful compliments to both, and in hopes that the present favorable season may greatly accelerate the recovery of your health, I remain with the highest respect and consideration Sir, etc.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 2d. enclosing an Account of the Exports and clearances from the port of Boston, for the years 1787 and 8 for which I pray you to accept my best thanks.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 9 Washington received and answered an address from the mayor, aldermen, and commonalty of the city of New York, both of which are entered in the "Letter Book." In his reply Washington wrote, in part: "I am far from claiming any merit for retiring in the manner I did from a military command to the shade of private life....No circumstance, in my conception, can be more consolatory to a public man...than a knowledge that his countrymen are disposed to consider the motives of his conduct with that liberality, which is reciprocally necessary for all, who are subject to the frailties of human nature...the partiality of my Countrymen in my favor has induced them to expect too much from the exertions of an individual. It is from their co-operation alone, I derive all my expectations of success."]
United States, May 9, 1789.
Dear Sir: I yesterday had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 2d instant, and must beg you to accept of my most grateful acknowledgments for your good wishes and kind gratulations upon my entrance on a new and arduous task.
It is only from the assurances of support which, I have received from the respectable and worthy characters in every part of the Union, that I am enabled to overcome the diffidence which I have in my own abilities to execute my great and important trust to the best interest of your country. An honest zeal, and an unremitting attention to the interest of United America is all that I dare promise.
The good dispositions which seem at present to pervade every class of people afford reason for your observation that the clouds which have long darkened our political hemisphere are now dispersing, and that America will soon feel the effects of her natural advantages. That invisible hand which has so often interposed to save our Country from impending destruction, seems in no instance to have been more remarkably excited than in that of disposing the people of this extensive Continent to adopt, in a peaceable manner, a Constitution, which if well administered, bids fair to make America a happy nation.
With very sincere regard, etc.80
New York, May 10, 1789.
Sir: If a white horse, which your Servant was on the day I travelled with you from Bladensburg to Baltimore, has recovered of his lameness, and you have no particular predilection for him, I should be glad, as he is so good a match for the one I had of Mr. Prescott, if you would sell him to, or swap him with me.81
[Note 81: Robert Lewis's diary, a copy of which is in the Washington Papers, mentions that Mr. Campbell's horse was purchased.]
Mrs. Washington, with a Nephew of mine (Mr. Lewis) will, I expect be in Bladensburg on the morning of the 18th., on their way to this place, when the matter may be effected, if agreeable to you. If it is by way of exchange, which would be more convenient to me than to pay the cash, it will be for the horse on which Mr. Lewis will ride, and which will be either one of his own, of which I know nothing, and therefore can say nothing, or one of my chariot horses now 7 years old this spring, spirited and good, but by an accidental stroke of his hind foot against the cock of his foreshoe (in a mud hole) a day or two before I left home, was rendered unfit for the journey and left, but now is, I am informed, quite well. If it is for cash only you would part with your horse I must give what you shall think a horse of his age (which I was told was 10 or 11) is worth, and will pay your draft upon me at this place for the amount.
I feel the necessity of making an apology for offering to buy without knowing you were disposed to sell, and shall rely on your goodness for an excuse. I am etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in' the Washington Papers.]
May 11, 1789.
My dear Sir: The enclosed84 were communicated to me, (as you will perceive) to make a Confidential use of. Upon receipt
[Note 84: The papers sent by Washington to Madison probably referred to George Morgan's attempted settlement of New Madrid.] of the first letter, I expressed a desire to be informed (if there was nothing improper in it) through what channel the report came, and what reliance could be placed in the authenticity of it. This produced the seed. letter. As you are upon business which requires every information of the State of the Union and knowledge of our relative situation with G. Britain I give you the perusal of them, at your leizure as I am in no immediate want of the Papers. I am etc.85
[Note 85: From the printed text in the sales catalogue of the Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire Collection, 1892).
This letter is also entered in two different volumes of the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. All three texts vary in verbal details, one from the other.]
New York, May 11, 1789.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I was conversing with you on the points contained in the enclosed queries,86 when a Gentleman coming in put an end to the conversation.
[Note 86: On the conduct of the President.]
As it is my earnest wish to adopt such a line of conduct as shall be judged most likely to secure essentials without being exposed more than is unavoidable to the charge of too much reserve on the one hand, or too much familiarity on the other, I would be much obliged to you for considering and returning the enclosed with your sentiments thereon as soon as you can make it convenient to yourself. With great and sincere regard etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, May 12, 1789.
My dear Sir: To draw such a line for the conduct of the President as will please every body, I know is impossible, but to mark out and follow one (which by being consonant with reason) will meet general approbation, may be as practicable as it is desireable. The true medium I conceive must lye in pursuing such a course, as will allow him time for all the official duties of his station. This should be the primary object. The next, to avoid as much as may be, the charge of superciliousness, and seclusion from information by too much reserve and too great a withdraw of himself from company on the one hand, and the inconveniences, as well as reduction of respectability by too free an intercourse, and too much familiarity on the other.
Under these impressions I have submitted the enclosed queries for your consideration, and would thank you for your sentiments thereon, with the return of the paper.88 For the remarks which it contains, it is necessary that some plan should be adopted by the President for his mode of living; that the pecuniary estimates for the department may have an eye thereto; and, though secondary, it is a motive for my bringing the matter before you at this time. I am your affectionate friend &c.89
[Note 88: See Queries on a Line of Conduct to Be Pursued by the President, May 10, 1789, ante.]
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 90: Of Patuxent, Md.]
United States, May 14, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 26th of April was handed to me but a few days ago. Your congratulations, and the good wishes of yourself, Mrs. Fitzhugh and your family deserve, and receive my warmest acknowledgments.
Amidst the numerous applications which are made for offices I shall leave no means in my power untried to gain such information and knowledge of characters and pretensions as will enable me to nominate those who, upon every consideration, are the most proper to fill them; for I have entered upon the duties of my station unconfined by any engagements, and uninfluenced by any ties.
With very great regard etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 14, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 29th of April, and must beg you to accept of my best thanks for your kind gratulations and good wishes.
I foresaw the numerous applications which would be made for nominations to offices, and readily conceived that amidst the variety of candidates, it would be one of the most delicate and difficult duties of the President to disseminate those characters which, upon every account, were best fitted to fill the several offices. I have entered into Public life without the restraint of blood or friendship: I shall, therefore, use my best endeavors to find out such persons as are most suitable, on every account, to fill the respective offices, and such only shall I nominate.
With my compliments to Mrs. Plater and your family, and with very great regard etc.91
New York, May 14, 1789.
Sir: I have duly received your favor of the 3 inst dated at Mount Vernon.
I am much pleased with the arrangement you have made for Mrs. Washington's coming on here with stage horses, and must beg you to accept of my best thanks for your attention and trouble in this business. The previous settlement of the price with the proprietors of the horses was a very prudent and a very necessary step, and I think the rate at which you have fixed it with them is exceedingly reasonable.
You will please, Sir, to receive my best wishes for your health and happiness, and believe me to be With very great regard etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington papers.]
New York, May 14, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 21st Ulto. came duly to hand, and should have received an earlier acknowledgment had not the new and busy scenes in which I have been engaged since my arrival in this place, rendered it impossible for me to pay that early attention to the favors of my friends which I should be pleased to do.
The numerous and friendly congratulations which I have received from respectable characters in every part of the Union are truly pleasing to me; not only on account of their discovering a warm attachment to my person, but because they convey the most flattering idea of the good dispositions of the people in the several States, and the strongest assurances of support to the Government. It affords me likewise no small satisfaction to find that my friends have done justice to the motives which again brought me into Public Life.
Under all these circumstances I shall feel a degree of confidence in discharging the duties of my administration, which a consciousness alone of the purity and rectitude of my intentions could not have inspired me with.
Your observations upon the necessity there is for good dispositions to prevail among the Gentlemen of Congress, are extremely just; and hitherto, everything seems to promise that the good effects which are expected from an accommodating and conciliating spirit in that body, will not be frustrated.
That part of the President's duty which obliges him to nominate persons for offices is the most delicate, and in many instances will be, to me, the most unpleasing; for it may frequently happen that there will be several applicants for the same office, whose merits and pretensions are so nearly equal that it will almost require the aid of supernatural intuition to fix upon the right. I shall, however, in all events, have the consolation of knowing that I entered upon my office unconfined by engagements, and uninfluenced by any ties; and that no means in my power will be left untried to find out, and nominate those characters who will discharge the duties of their respective offices to the best interest and highest credit of the American Union.
I cannot close this letter, my dear Sir, without thanking you very sincerely for your friendly sentiments and good wishes; and beg you will be assured that I am etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
New York, May 16, 1789.
Sir: A letter of the 4th instant from Lt: Governor Wood94 has been received with its inclosures, containing the information of some murders committed by the Indians on the 23d of last month at Dunkard Creek which runs into the Monongahala River.
[Note 94: James Wood, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia.]
It is with great concern that I learn this circumstance, as a treaty has been lately concluded by the Governor of the western territory with the Wiandot, Delawar, Ottawa, Chippawa, Pattawatima, and Sac nations of Indians, North West of the Ohio.
It is most probable that the recent murders have been committed by a party from the remnants of the Shawanese tribe, who are joined by a few renegado Cherokees.
The Governor of the western territory,95 who is here, will soon return to the frontiers, and he will, in conjunction with the commanding officer of the troops, take such measures, with the said Shawanese and other refractory tribes, as the occasion may require, and the public situation admit.
[Note 95: Arthur St. Clair.]
It would be highly proper, in future, in case of depredations south of the Ohio, that information be communicated as early as possible to the nearest post of the troops stationed on the Ohio, in order if possible that the banditii be intercepted. I have the honor etc.96
[Note 96: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 97: Widow of Brig. Gen. David Wooster.]
New York, May 21, 1789.
Madam: I have duly received your affecting letter, dated the 8th day of this Month.98 Sympathizing with you, as I do, in the great misfortunes, which have befallen your family in consequence of the War; my feelings as an individual would forcibly prompt me to do every thing in my power to repair those misfortunes. But as a public man, acting only with a reference to the public good, I must be allowed to decide upon all points of my duty without consulting my private inclinations and wishes. I must be permitted, with the best lights I can obtain, and upon a general view of characters and circumstances,
[Note 98: Mrs. Wooster's letter, requesting for the appointment of her son Thomas, is in the Applicatlons for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.] to nominate such persons alone to offices, as, in my judgment, shall be the best qualified to discharge the functions of the departments to which they shall be appointed.
Hitherto I have given no decisive answers to the applications of any candidates whatsoever. Nor would it be proper for me before offices shall be created, and before I can have a general knowledge of the Competitors for them, to say any thing that might be construed as intended to encourage or discourage the hopes which individuals may have formed of success. I only wish (so far as my agency in this business is concerned) that Candidates for offices would save themselves the trouble and consequent expense of personal attendance. All that I require, is the name and such testimonials with respect to abilities, integrity and fitness as it may be in the power of the several applicants to produce: beyond this, nothing with me is necessary, or will be of any avail to them in my decisions. In the mean time, I beg you will be persuaded, Madam, that, let the result be whatsoever it may, I can have no interest to promote but that of the public; and that I remain in all personal considerations, with the highest respect, Madam etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 21, 1789.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 18th instant1 setting forth your distressed condition, and requesting some pecuniary assistance, has been put into my hands.
[Note 1: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
The distresses of my fellow creatures are never known to me without giving pain, to whatever Nation or Country they belong; and happy should I be could I relieve the wants and necessities of every one; but, Gentlemen, that is out of my power, and there are thousands of my own Countrymen whose misfortunes should certainly claim my first attention; but even here I am unable to gratify my feelings, for I receive no emolument for my public services, and my private fortune would be totally inadequate to the numerous applications which are made to me for assistance. I presume, therefore, you will not think it proceeds from a disinclination to help the needy, or from a pointed discrimination between my own Countrymen and foreigners that I do not comply with your request. I am etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 21, 1789.
Sir: I have to inform you in consequence of your Memorial,3 that I cannot undertake to make nominations for appointments,4 or give indications of patronage in any instance, before offices are created. Nor will it be of any use, for any Candidate to remain in this place, for the sake of making personal applications to me. Facts and testimonials will alone be of avail, and I shall endeavor upon a general view of circumstances to act upon them accordingly. I am etc.2
[Note 3: In the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 4: Kelso had applied for appointment of Controller of Customs of Baltimore, Md.]
New York, May 21, 1789.
Sir: However desirous I am to encourage or promote useful publications, it is not in my power to comply with the request made in your letter of the 21. ult. to select from my papers such documents of interesting circumstances, skirmishes, and battles of the revolution; as would enable you to prosecute the design, which you have begun of publishing in the American Museum a series of documents and public papers. for all the papers in my possession, relative to the revolution, are packed up in trunks and boxes at Mount Vernon. I am etc.5
[Note 5: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, May 22, 1789.
Sir: In addition to what I wrote to you formerly on the subject of a loan, I now inform you (and desire that this letter which conveys the information may be destroyed so soon as it is read) that my utmost exertions were ineffectually used to borrow a sum of money (even at a high interest, and for me on disadvantageous terms) to comply with contracts of my own before I left Virginia. Having made this communication it is unnecessary to adduce further proof of my inability to comply with the request which is contained in your letter of the 18th instant. I am etc.5
United States, May 23, 1789.
Sir: I have duly received your very friendly letter of the 2nd Instant, and beg you to accept of my sincere acknowledgment and best thanks for the kind congratulations, and good wishes which were contained in it.
It affords me peculiar satisfaction to see the Union of sentiment which seems to prevail in favor of our new system of Government. I find that the good and respectable characters from every quarter are determined to give it their countenance and support, notwithstanding some of them apprehended that evils might arise from particular parts of it.
Those who opposed the Constitution before its adoption, from principle, were pretty generally convinced of the necessity there was for a change in our former confederation, but its being accepted by so large a part of the community, the harmony which prevails in the legislature and the prospect of having those apprehensions done away by some alteration, have induced them to say with you, that "it is the duty of every good citizen to rejoice in every measure calculated to carry it into operation agreeably to the principle on which it was adopted."
It gives me no small pleasure to find that former friendships have not been destroyed by a difference of opinion on this great political point, it is a proof of the good disposition which govern the people of this Country, and which, if properly improved will make us a happy people.
With great regard etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, May 24, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 9th instant, enclosing a duplicate of the letter you were so obliging as to write to me on the 11th of March came duly to hand, and I sincerely thank you for the attention you have bestowed on the matter I took the liberty of troubling you with.
I thought I had acknowledged the receipt of the last mentioned letter before I left Mount Vernon, but suppose from the multitude of letters that were poured upon me about that time, and other business that pressed, it was omitted.
The Gentleman (Mr. John Dandridge) to whom the land belongs or did belong has consented to take the price for it which you thought it was worth, and has been desired to make me deeds for it accordingly. Should he do this, of which I have no doubt, I may sometime hence ask your advice what would be best for me to do with it, to prevent its becoming a moth in the unimproved, and unproductive state in which it is from the payment of taxes.
As one's ideas of good, bad, and indifferent are comparative, and land that would be called good in one place would scarcely come under that description in another, and as I have a very perfect recollection of the complexion and quality of the soil about Warner-Hall, permit me, in order that I may form a more accurate opinion of the land in question, to ask if the land that was Bristows be worth £800 what would the like quantity of land equally unimproved, and no better or more timbered but of the same complexion and fertility of soil of that at Warner Hall be worth? The answer to this question will give me a very good idea of the value of the land formerly Bristows.
With every good wish for yourself, Lady, and family. I am etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Confidential)
New York, May 25, 1789.
Sir: What circumstances there may be existing between our two nations, to which you allude10 on account of their peculiarity, I know not. But as those nations are happily connected in the strictest ties of Amity, not less by inclination and interest, than by the solemnity of a Treaty; and as the United States are too remote from Europe to take any share in the local politics of that continent; I had concluded, that Commerce was the only subject of Negotiations, which could, at present, be very interesting to the Inhabitants of the two Countries.
[Note 10: Moustier's letter (May 19) claimed the privilege of dealing directly with the President in diplomatic affairs. (See also his letter (May 1), which should have been dated June 1, in answer to that from Washington, both of which are in the Washington Papers.)]
In two letters, which I had the pleasure of writing to you before I returned into public life, I stated (if I remember rightly, for I have not the copies of the letters with me) that I was so little acquainted with commercial affairs, that I should very much distrust my own judgment, even in the opinions which I might be obliged to hazard in treating casually of them. This fact, if there had been no other circumstance that merited a consideration, would be a conclusive reason for preventing me individually from entering upon any kind of Negotiations on that subject. For, while I find myself incompetent to it, I really believe that much reciprocal advantage might be acquired if that subject could be candidly and intelligently managed. This I should hope, too, might be the case; and so far shall I be from throwing any obstacles in the way, that I shall certainly take a great pleasure in removing (so far as lays in my power) such as may occur.
Every one who has any knowledge of my manner of acting in public life, will be persuaded that I am not accustomed to impede the despatch or frustrate the success of business, by a ceremonious attention to idle forms. Any person, of that description, will also be satisfied that I should not readily consent to lose one of the most important functions of my office, for the sake of preserving an imaginary dignity. But, perhaps, if there are rules of proceeding, which have originated from the wisdom of statesmen and are sanctioned by the common consent of Nations, it would not be prudent for a young state to dispense with them altogether, at least, without some substantial cause for so doing. I have myself been induced to think, possibly from the habits of experience, that in general the best mode of conducting negotiations, the detail and progress of which might be liable to accidental mistakes or unintentional misrepresentations, is by writing. This mode, if I was obliged myself to negotiate with any one, I should still pursue. I have, however, been taught to believe, that there is, in most polished nations, a system established, with regard to the foreign as well as the other great Departments, which, from the utility, the necessity, and the reason of the thing, provides that business should be digested and prepared by the Heads of those departments.
The impossibility that one man should be able to perform all the great business of the State, I take to have been the reason for instituting the great Departments, and appointing officers therein, to assist the supreme Magistrate in discharging the duties of his trust. And, perhaps, I may be allowed to say of myself, that the supreme Magistrate of no State can have a greater variety of important business to perform in person, than I have at this moment. Very many things will doubtless occur to you, Sir, as being incident to the office of President in the commencement of the Government, which cannot be done by the intervention of a third person. You will give me leave to say likewise, that no third person (were there a disposition for it) shall ever have it in his power to erect a wall between me and the Diplomatic Corps; that is to say, to prevent necessary communications. Nor has anybody insinuated that it would be beneath the dignity of a President of the United States occasionally to transact business with a foreign Minister. But in what light the public might view the establishment of a precedent for negotiating the business of a Department, without any agency of the Head of the Department who was appointed for that very purpose, I do not at present pretend to determine: Nor whether a similar practice, in that case, must not of right be extended hereafter to all Diplomatic characters of the same rank.
Here you will be pleased to observe, Sir, that I am writing as General Washington to the Count de Moustiers. Happy am I that my regard for yourself and your Nation is so far from being equivocal, that I have had several occasions of making it known to you, both in conversation and writing. And I hope you will consider this Confidential letter as an evidence of the extreme regret which I should feel, in being obliged to decline any propositions, as to the mode of doing business, from a person who has so many titles to my esteem as the Count de Moustiers.
I will only add, that, under my present impressions, I cannot persuade myself, that I should be justifiable in deviating essentially from established forms. With the highest sentiments of esteem, &c.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, May 26, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter respecting yourself;12 and, at present, can only inform you, that I hold myself altogether disengaged from making any promises or giving any encouragement to any Candidates whatsoever. In this situation I shall continue, until the offices shall have been created by Congress, for which it may be necessary to make appointments, Whatever may be my private inclinations and feelings, it will then be my endeavour to find out and nominate such men as shall seem to be best calculated and best entitled in every respect to fill those offices, according to the clearest information I can obtain, and the most unbiassed judgment I can exercise on the subject. In the mean time, I request you will do me the justice to believe that I am, in all personal considerations, and with very great regard etc.13
[Note 12: Gibbs wrote two letters in 1789, one March 11 and the other May 25, applying for an appointment. Both of these letters are in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.
On May 26 the general assembly of Presbyterian churches in the United States, meeting in Philadelphia, sent an address to Washington. His answer, which is undated in the "Letter Book," follows immediately after the copy of the address. In it he wrote in part:
"While I reiterate the professions of my dependence upon Heaven as the source of all public and private blessings; I will observe that the general prevalence of piety, philanthropy, honesty, industry, and oeconomy seems, in the ordinary course of human affairs, particularly necessary for advancing and confirming the happiness of our country. While all men within our territories are protected in worshipping the Deity according to the dictates of their consciences; it is rationally to be expected from them in return, that they will be emulous of evincing the sanctity of their professions by the innocence of their lives and the beneficence of their actions; for no man, who is profligate in his morals, or a bad member of the civil community, can possibly be a true Christian, or a credit to his own religious society.
"I desire you to accept my acknowledgments for your laudable endeavours to render men sober, honest, and good Citizens, and the obedient subjects of a lawful government."]
[Note 13: From a photostat of the original, in the writing of Tobias Lear, kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
New York, May 26, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 18th. instant,14 and thank you very sincerely for your good wishes and favorable sentiments, as well as for the polite offer which you make of rendering me any service in your power while you may be in Europe.
[Note 14: Gebhard's letter, which is in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress, is dated from Claverack, N. Y.]
So far as relates to me personally I know nothing, at present, that I wish to have transacted in that part of the world; and as to the offer of your Services to the public, I can only say that when domestic matters are so arranged as to permit the business of foreign departments to come under consideration, such persons will be appointed to transact it as shall be found to have the best pretensions thereto, upon every consideration, and best qualified to do service and credit to their Country. I should be wanting in candour if I said any thing that might induce you to delay or postpone your intended voyage, which you say you would readily do to render any service to your Country. You will therefore, Sir, be directed by your own judgment in the persuit of your plans without suffering them to be interrupted by the expectation of any public employment. I am etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: Of Georgia.]
United States, May 29, 1789.
Sir: I have received by Colonel Gunn17 your honors letters of the 11th and 15th of March, and the enclosures therein
[Note 17: Col. James Gunn.] contained respecting the conduct of Joseph Martin Esqr. late agent of the United States to the Cherokee and Chickasaw nations of Indians.
It appears by the Resolve of Congress of the 19th. of June 1789,18 that the said Joseph Martin was appointed an agent for the Cherokee nation of Indians to continue in office six months, and that on the 20th. of August following his agency was extended to the Chickasaw nation of Indians with the powers described in the act of the 19th. of June.
[Note 18: This date should be 1788.]
The period of his service therefore must be considered as having expired on the 19th day of December last.
His conduct will most probably operate to prevent any future confidence in him, or employment in the service of the United States. What further measures it may be proper to take respecting him will be subject of consideration.
The unhappy situation of affairs between the State of Georgia and the Creeks will soon be a subject of deliberation, and I am persuaded will receive all that dispatch that the nature of the case may require, and the circumstances of the Government admit. I have the honor etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, May 29, 1789.
Sir: in the course of my whole existence, I never before have been made the subject of such extraordinary conduct as that which I have been obliged to suffer by your sending to me unsealed, through a public conveyance, my letter of the 22d. and yours of the 27th. of this month.
After the candid and my heart witnessed for me not unfriendly part I had always acted towards you, I hoped, for the credit of human nature, at least to have escaped an intentional insult. I am &c.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. ( See Washington's letter to Mathew Carey, June 10, 1789, post.)
On May 29 the bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church delivered in New York an address to Washington, to which he replied, presumably, on the same day. In that reply he stated: "I trust the people of every denomination, who demean themselves as good citizens, will have occasion to be convinced, that I shall always strive to prove a faithful and impartial Patron of genuine, vital religion." Copies of both the address and the reply are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On May 30 Lear wrote to Clement Biddle, for Washington, that Mrs. Washington wished the stays and slippers made by Mr. Sayre, sent to Mount Vernon. "The President will thank you to pay the charges which have been incurred by Billy, and send a statement of his Account that he may see how it stands, and make provision of necessary to remit." A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, May 31, 1789.
Sir: The new and busy scenes in which I have been constantly engaged since my arrival in this place, and which will not allow me to pay that pointed attention to the favours of my friends that my inclination would lead me to do, will, I trust, apologize for this late acknowledgment of your letter of the 15th inst.21
[Note 21: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
To you, Sir, and others who know me, I believe, it is unnecessary for me to say, that when I accepted of the important trust committed to my charge by my Country, I gave up every idea of personal gratification that I did not think was compatible with the public good. Under this impression I plainly foresaw that that part of my duty which obliged me to nominate persons to offices, would, in many instances, be the most irksome and unpleasing; for however strong my personal attachment might be to any one, however desireous I might be of giving him a proof of my friendship, and whatever might be his expectations, grounded upon the amity which had subsisted between us, I was fully determined to keep myself free from every engagement that could embarrass me in discharging this part of my administration. I have, therefore, uniformly declined giving any decisive answer to the numerous applications which have been made to me; being resolved, whenever I am called upon to nominate persons for those offices which may be created, that I will do it with a sole view to the public good, and shall bring forward those who, upon every consideration, and from the best information I can obtain, will in my judgment be most likely to answer that great end.
The delicacy with which your letter was written, and your wishes insinuated, did not require me to be thus explicit on this head with you, but the desire which I have that those persons whose good opinion I value should know the principles on which I mean to act in this business, has led me to this full declaration; and I trust, that the truly worthy and respectable characters in this Country will do justice to the motives by which I am actuated in all my public transactions. I have the honor, etc.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 23: Of Bladensburg, Md.]
New York, May 31, 1789.
Sir: I have received your very polite letter of the 18th, and the obliging manner in which you have consented to dispose of your favorite horse to me deserves my warmest acknowledgments and best thanks.
I am perfectly satisfied with the price (of thirty five guineas) and shall forward the money to you by Mr. William Hunter junior, of Alexandria, who says he shall set off for that place tomorrow.
The attachment which one feels for a good horse that has for any time been considered as a favorite I know is very great; I can, therefore, readily conceive that the only inducement you could have to part with yours was a desire to gratify the inclination which I had expressed to possess him, and I feel on that account the full force of the obligation.
If it will afford you any satisfaction to know that he will have the greatest care taken of him, and every necessary attention paid to him, you may be assured that it will be done while he is in my possession. With great esteem, I am etc.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 25: Of Harford County, Md,]
New York, May 31, 1789.
Sir: The particular care which you have taken in furnishing horses to bring Mrs. Washington from Virginia to this place, and more especially the very polite attention which you were so good as to pay her personally through the most dangerous and difficult part of the journey, has made a gratful impression upon her, and she desires you will please to accept of her warmest acknowledgments and best thanks, to which I must beg leave to join mine, and assure you that I am with very great esteem etc.24
New York, June 2, 1789.
Sir: The sentiments expressed in your letter of yesterday are perfectly consonant to my ideas of propriety. I never doubted that you was animated by motives of the purest regard for my Country and myself. On the other part, you may rest assured, I shall always be happy in occasions of demonstrating the sincerity of friendship for your sovereign and Nation: being with sentiments of real consideration and esteem, Sir, Your etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 3, 1789.
Dear Sir: The President will thank you to put into the hands of Mr. William Hunter of Alexandria Thirty five guineas, for him to deliver to Mr. John Campbell of Bladensburg (on his way to Alexandria) in payment for a Horse sent by Mr. Campbell to the President. The reason of giving you this trouble is because the President desired me to inform Mr. Campbell that he would receive the money by Mr. Hunter, but Mr. Hunter leaving this place before I had an opportunity of delivering it to him, and understanding that he will be several days in Philadelphia the President thought best to have the Money delivered to him there. There is a Balance due from Mr. Hunter to the President and perhaps he will be desireous of paying the 35 guineas to Mr. Campbell without receiving them from you; but this would not be agreeable to the President for he engaged to send the money by Mr. Hunter, you will please to let the Guineas be sealed and directed to Mr. Jno. Campbell. Mr. Hunter may be paid in Philadelphia by applying to Mr. Clough. I am etc.29
[Note 29: This letter, signed "T. Lear," is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. He was Secretary to the President of the United States.
On June 4 Washington began "to read the Letters from the American Minister (Mr. Jefferson) at the Court of France to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs--Mr. Jay." The first letter briefed is that of Aug. 20, 1788, and the last is Mar. 15, 1789. "Finished reading and making the above and foregoing extracts June 8th." This was the beginning of a practise which Washington continued, more or less throughout his presidency. The extracts fill 8 folio pages and are in the Washington Papers under date of June 8, 1789. All the letters noted are found in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
New York, June 8, 1789.
Sir: Although in the present unsettled state of the Executive Departments, under the government of the Union, I do not conceive it expedient to call upon you for information officially; yet I have supposed that some informal communications from the Office of foreign Affairs might neither be improper or unprofitable. For finding myself at this moment less occupied with the duties of my office than I shall probably be at almost any time hereafter; I am desirous of employing myself in obtaining an acquaintance with the real situation of the several great Departments, at the period of my acceding to the administration of the general Government. For this purpose I wish to receive in writing such a clear account of the Department, at the head of which you have been for some years past, as may be sufficient (without overburdening or confusing the mind which has very many objects to claim its attention at the same instant) to impress me with a full, precise, and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States, so far as they are comprehended in, or connected with that Department.
As I am now at leisure to inspect such Papers and Documents as may be necessary to be acted upon hereafter, or as may be calculated to give me an insight into the business and duties of that Department I have thought fit to address this notification to your accordingly?30 I am &c.31
[Note 30: This same letter was sent to the Acting Secretary at War and the Board of Treasury, which, with the Acting Secretary for Foreign Affairs, were officers holding over from the Continental Congress. No replies are now found in the Washington Papers; but among the undated manuscripts at the end of the year 1789 are memoranda in Washington's writing headed as follows: "Negotiation with Spain" (13 pp.); "From Mr. Swan's Report" (3 pp.), and "Boundary of Sales of Georgia" to various land companies (2 pp.); "Board of Treasury" (5 pp.): all of which seem to have been compiled from the now missing replies, The great departments of the Government under the Constitution were not created until September, 1789, although the Department of Foreign Affairs was created by the Act of Congress of July 27, 1789. Its name was subsequently changed to that of the Department of State and its head thereafter called the Secretary of State by the Act of Sept. 15, 1789.
On June 8 a letter to the same purport as this one to the Acting Secretary for Foreign Affairs was sent to the Acting Postmaster General, whose department was temporarily established by the act of Sept. 22, 1789, and permanently fixed by the act of Feb. 20, 1792.]
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 8, 1789.
Sir: As Congress have not yet established any Department through which communications can be officially made from the General Government to the Executives of the several States, I do, agreeably to the foregoing Resolution, transmit to your Excellency the enclosed Act, and have the Honor, etc.32
[Note 32: From the original sent to the State of Maryland, in which the Resolve of Congress of June 5, 1789, precedes the letter, reciting "That in ten days after the passing of every Act of Congress during the present session, or until some other regulation shall be adopted, twenty two printed Copies thereof, signed by the Secretary of the Senate, and Clerk of the House of Representatives, and certified by them to be true Copies of the Original Acts, be lodged with the President of the United States, and that he be requested to cause to be transmitted two of the said Copies so attested as aforesaid to each of the supreme Executives in the several States." The circular is signed by Washington; but the attestations to the resolve are not, in this instance, as Congress decreed the future printed copies should be, being all in the same clerkly writing.
The letters of transmittal from the President which accompanied the future acts of Congress, which were forwarded to the States, will be omitted from the Bicentennial edition wherever they are merely form letters.]
[MD.H.S.]
New York, June 8, 1789.
Sir: Enclosed is the draft which I received of you in Virginia on Mr. William Hunter junior for three hundred pounds Virginia money.
Two hundred pounds have been paid by Mr. Hunter as you will see noted on the back of the draft, and, as it was not convenient for him to pay the whole here, I have remitted it to you, having received it upon the condition that I should be put to no trouble in the business if it was not paid readily. I am etc.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 10, 1789.
Sir: Your letter to me of the 27. and mine to you of the 22. ultimo came open to my hand as I informed you in my last. The first never had received a seal, nor a fold that would have enclosed (agreeably to the expression of your letter) the latter. Both of them were wrapped in an open cover of brown paper, and exposed to the inspection of every curious person through whose hands they passed.
As you say it was not your intention to expose them I am satisfied with the apology, but wish more circumspection had been observed in the correspondence. I am etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, June 11, 1789.
Gentlemen of the Senate: A Convention between his most Christian Majesty and the United States for the purpose of determining and fixing the functions and prerogatives of their respective Consuls, Vice-Consuls, Agents and Commissaries, was signed by their respective Plenipotentiaries on the 29th. July 1784.
It appearing to the late Congress that certain alterations in that convention ought to be made, they instructed their Minister at the Court of France to endeavour to obtain them. It has accordingly been altered in several respects and as amended was signed by the Plenipotentiaries of the contracting Powers on the 14th. of November 1788.
The 16th. Article provides that it shall be in force during the term of 12 years, to be counted from the day of the Exchange of Ratifications, which shall be given in proper form, and, exchanged on both sides within the space of one year or sooner if possible.
I now lay before you the original, by the hands of Mr. Jay for your consideration and advice, the Papers relative to this Negociation are in his custody and he has my Orders to communicate to you whatever official Papers and information on the subject, he may possess and you may require.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 11 Washington replied to an address from ministers and elders of the German Reformed congregations in the United States. The address of the ministers and Washington's reply are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 15, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your obliging favours of the 8th. 10, and 12 Int. The President is much obliged to you for your trouble and attention in making inquiries respecting the table ornaments, and if the large and small Glasses of M. Dela Croix are of the same set, he will thank you to procure them for him, and have them sent on in the most careful and expeditious manner possible, either by the Stage or otherwise as you may think best. The President has a Frenchman with him who is said to be a compleat Confectioner, and professes to understand everything relative to those ornaments, so that the Glasses only are wanting. The intention of having the Glasses in several pieces to adopt them to the size of the Table which you may wish to spread, and therefore, if the 5 Smaller Glasses of M. dela Croix are not parts of the two large, or such as to answer to them, the whole will be useless, and it will not be necessary to get them. I am etc.36
[Note 36: This letter was signed by Lear, and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On June 15 Washington sent a message to the Senate, announcing that Thomas Jefferson had applied for and been granted a leave of absence to return home from France for a few months. William Short was nominated to take charge during Jefferson's absence and Washington requested "your advice on the propriety of appointing him." A copy of this message is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On June 19 Washington answered an address of the Governor and Council of North Carolina, dated May 10, in which he wrote in part: "A difference of opinion on political points is not to be imputed to Freemen as a fault since it is to be presumed that they are all actuated by an equally laudable and sacred regard for the liberties of their Country. If the mind is so formed in different persons as to consider the same object to be somewhat different in its nature and consequences as it happens to be placed in different points of view; and if the oldest, the ablest, and the most virtuous Statesmen have often differed in judgment, as to the best forms of Government, we ought, indeed rather to rejoice that so much has been effected, than to regret that more could not all at once be accomplished." The address and answer are copied into the "Letter Book." Sparks prints the answer as of June 15, and it is so dated in the "Letter Book"; but the American Museum (July, 1789) gives the date as June 19.]
New York, June 22, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your letters of the 15th 17th and 19th Inst. Billy arrived here safe and well on Wednesday Morning he seems not to have lost much flesh by his misfortune. The President thinks those Ornaments will not answer the purpose as the two sets are not made to loin each other and neither separate are large enough for his table.
He begs you to accept his thanks for the trouble you have had in this business.
The President has been much indisposed, for a week past with a fever and a tumor on his thigh. I have however, now the pleasure to inform you that the former has left him and the latter is in a fair way of being removed, from its size it will be some time before he will be relieved from the inconveniences of it. I am etc.37
[Note 37: This letter was signed by Lear, and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On June 22 Lear also wrote to John F. Mercer, acknowledging a bill of exchange on London for £75 sterling. "The set is now disposed of at 3½ p. cent above par, which is the current exchange here at 60 days on London, so that your account will have credit for £77. 12/6. Sterling or £103. 10/. Virginia currency, and for the cash remitted by you to Major Washington." A copy of Lear's letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 24, 1789.
Sir: The indisposition of the President of the United States prevents his acknowledging the reception of your letter of the 3rd instant enclosing an order in his favor on the honorable John Brown for £800 Virginia money, he has therefore directed me to do it, and to inform you that Mr. Brown has since arrived in this place. Your letter to him under cover to the President has been delivered and the order presented to him. Mr. Brown says he expected to have met you in Philada. upon the business of the order, when he passed through that place, but, as he did not, he thinks you will be there soon, and the order can be accommodated.
I am happy to inform you that the President's indisposition, which has been very severe, is now removed, and the only inconvenience he now labours under is the weakness consequent on his fever, and the effects of a large tumor on his thigh, which will perhaps confine him sometime yet although the danger is removed.38
[Note 38: The tumor was stated to be a severe case of anthrax.
The house occupied by the President was No. 3, Cherry Street, on Franklin Square. It was then owned by Samuel Osgood, and was torn down in 1856. The Pennsylvania Packet (June 22) stated that "a chain extended across the street to prevent the passing of carriages before his door."]
Your Aunt desires me to give her love to you and your friends. You will be so good as to present my friendly and best wishes to your Sister Martha, together with those of Miss Eleanor and Master Custis. They desire that their Cousin may be informed that they are at very good schools, and are extremely fond of them and the Companions which they meet there, but they cannot help wishing for a return of their happy hours at Mount Vernon. I am etc.39
[Note 39: This letter was signed by Lear, and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On June 24 the Corporation of Visitors and Governors and the principal and faculty of professors of Washington College, in Maryland, addressed Washington, who answered, in part: "As in civilized Societies the welfare of the State and happiness of the People are advanced or retarded in proportion as the morals and good education of the youth are attended to...It affords me peculiar pleasure etc." The address and this answer are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 29, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the present month and the papers accompanying it have been handed to me since my late indisposition. As all public accounts and matters of a pecuniary nature will come properly under the inspection of the Treasury Department of the United States, I shall, when that department is organized and established, have those papers laid before the Secretary thereof, and so far as my official agency may be necessary in the business it will meet with no delay. I am etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 1, 1789.
Sir: I wrote to you on the 24 ult. by direction of the President of the United States, acknowledging the reception of your letter to him of the 3rd. of June, and informing you that Mr. Brown expected some further advice respecting your order on him in favor of the President for eight hundred pounds Virginia money, before he could discharge it.
I am now directed to inform you that Mr. Brown says he has received a letter from the Gentleman in Philadelphia, on whom Mr. Innes's bill was drawn advising him that he had not effects in his hands to enable him to discharge the bill, and it will therefore be regularly protested. Your order on Mr. Brown is herewith returned to you by direction of the President, that you may take such steps in the matter, on your own part, as you shall think best.
I am happy to inform you that the President has recovered his health, but still labours under the inconvenience of the incision that was made in the tumor on his thigh, which will not yet permit him to sit or exercise; however the Physicians say that nothing but the necessary time and patience are now requisite to remove this evil. I am etc.41
[Note 41: This letter was signed by Lear, and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 3, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have received your very friendly letter of the 28th of June, and feel a grateful sense of the interest which you take in my welfare and happiness, and the kind solicitude which you express for the recovery of my health. I have now the pleasure to inform you that my health is restored, but a feebleness still hangs upon me, and I am yet much incommoded by the incision which was made in a very large and painful tumor on the protuberance of my thigh; this prevents me from walking or sitting; however the Physicians assure me that it has had a happy effect in removing my fever, and will tend very much to the establishment of my general health; it is in a fair way of healing, and time and patience only are wanting to remove this evil. I am able to take exercise in my coach, by having it so contrived, as to extend myself the full length of it.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for the anxiety which you express that I should have some person about me, who is well acquainted with my constitution, and who has been accustomed to my confidence. The habits of intimacy and friendship, in which I have long lived with Dr. Craik, and the opinion I have of his professional knowledge, would most certainly point him out as the man of my choice in all cases of sickness. I am convinced of his sincere attachment to me, and I should with cheerfulness trust my life in his hands; but, how far circumstances at present would justify his quitting his practice in Alexandria, and its vicinity to gratify his inclinations and my wishes, I am not able to say; but could it be made consistent with his advantage to be near me, I am sure it would be highly pleasing to me. I must, however, in justice to Dr. Bard,42 who has attended me during my late indisposition, declare, that neither skill nor attention has been wanting on his part, and, as I could not have the assistance of my good friend Dr. Craik, I think myself fortunate in having fallen into such good hands.
[Note 42: Dr. Samuel Bard.]
You have my sincere wishes, that your intended journey to the sweet springs may be the means of restoring the health of your Brother, and that it may be pleasant and healthful to yourself. I am, etc.43
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 3, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th of June, together with the amount of receipts and expenditures of the General Post Office of the United States from 1782 to 1789, and the forms of Bonds, Accounts &c. relating to the Post Office Department, were duly handed to me; but my late indisposition has prevented my paying any attention to business 'till within a few days past.
I have now inspected those papers; and altho' I observe the Post Office has upon the whole, been profitable to the United States since the year 1782, yet I should wish to know the causes of the decrease of the income from that source between the year 1785, when it produced a profit of 13.373 Dolls. 54. 90ths. 2. 8ths. and the year 1789 when it lost 3208. Dols. 77. 90ths. 2. 8ths. I must, therefore, request you to send me, in detail, the receipts and expenditures of the Post Office for two years (Viz,) from January 1st., 1784 to January 1st., 1785, and from January 1st., 1788 to January 1st., 1789. The returns made from the several Post Offices to the general Post Office for the two years just mentioned, agreeably to the form marked No. 9, will shew what offices have been productive: and the accounts of the General Post Office for the same years will point out the cause of the difference between the receipts and expenditures. I have read the several resolves of Congress referred to in your letter; and if the productiveness of the Post Office department was diminished by them, I conceive it must have been either by the increase of expence attending the conveyance of the Mail by Stages, (instead of Riders, as formerly), or by directing the Mail to be carried into parts of the Country where the expence of carrying it greatly exceeded the produce of it. However I presume the documents with which I have now requested to be furnished willfully explain this matter. I am etc.44
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On July 4 Robert Lewis recorded in his diary that the President made an extemporaneous reply to an address from the New York State Society of the Cincinnati in the following words: "I beg you, gentlemen, to return my most Affectionate regards to the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of New York, and assure them, that I receive their congratulations on this auspicious day, with a mind constantly anxious for the honor and welfare of our country; and can only say, that the force of my abilities, aided by an integrity of heart, shall be studiously pointed to the support of its dignity, and the promotion of its Prosperity and happiness." From the original in the possession of Miss V. L. Mitchell, of Charles Town, W. Va.]
New York, July 6, 1789.
Sir: The indisposition of the President of the United States will not permit him to write; he has therefore directed me to acknowledge the receipt of your letter to him of the 19th. Ulto. in which you recommend Mr. Joseph Fenwick to be appointed Consul for the United States at Bourdeaux or Consul General for France, and to inform you that the establishment of Consuls has not yet been taken up by Congress, but whenever it is, and he's called upon by the Law to nominate persons to fill that Department, he shall endeavor to bring forward such, as, from every information and upon every consideration have the best pretensions and are best qualified to discharge the duties annexed to the office. This line of conduct in the case of nominations, he marked out to himself from the beginning and he has in no instance departed from it.
The President has moreover, directed me to observe to you. that if his memory does not deceive him, Mr. Bonifield45 whom you mention to have acted as Consul in Bourdeaux was not, as you observe, a deputy of Mr. Barclay,46 but appointed to that office by Doctr. Franklin, and he is spoken favorably of by Mr. Jefferson in his letters to Congress. However as Mr. Jefferson has obtained leave to return to America and will possibly soon be in this Country it is not likely that the establishment of Consuls will be taken up before his arrival when he will undoubtedly have it in his power to give some useful information on the subject. I am etc.47
[Note 45: John Bondfield.]
[Note 46: Thomas Barclay.]
[Note 47: This letter was signed by Lear, and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On July 6 Washington acknowledged, briefly, the receipt from Capt. John Barry, of a list of the ships that were in Canton, China, in the last year. This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (July 6), Washington also wrote briefly to Rev. Uzal Ogden, thanking him for the first number of his new publication: "As I have not been able (from the multiplicity of business which has crowded upon me since my recovery) to peruse the work which you sent me, I cannot, with propriety give it that testimony of my approbation which you desire, and which I dare say it deserves." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book."
On July 9 Washington answered an address from the General Court of Massachusetts, which was dated June 25. Both address and answer are recorded in the "Letter Book." Nearly all of the legislatures sent the President complimentary addresses in the years 1789 and 1790, to which formal replies were made. These, with the addresses, are entered in the "Letter Book" in the special volumes titled "Addresses and Answers"; but unless the answers are more than mere form letters, they are not printed in the Writings of Washington.
On July 10 an address from the directors of the Society of United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen was sent to the President from Bethlehem, Pa. Washington replied to it and both address and reply are recorded in the "Letter Book." One paragraph of the reply stated: "In proportion as the general Government of the United States shall acquire strength by duration, it is probable they may have it in their power to extend a salutary influence to the Aborigines in the extremities of their Territory. In the meantime, it will be a desirable thing for the protection of the Union to co-operate, as far as circumstances may conveniently admit, with the disinterested endeavours of your Society to civilize and Christianize the Savages of the Wilderness." A facsimile of this answer is in the "Washington Photostats."]
New York, July 14, 1789.
Dear Sir: I find myself incompetent to form any decided opinion upon the paper I received from you the other day without having a view of the transactions which have been had with the Spanish Minister.
I wish also to know whether, if the negotiations are renewed, it can be made to appear from anything that that Gentleman has said, as the result of an advance towards it from him, in his official character? Unless this is the case, and prima facie the reverse, will it not convey to him and his court an idea that a change of sentiment has taken place in the governing powers of this country? Will it be expedient and proper for the President (at this moment) to encourage such an idea? at any rate without previously advising with the Senate? With very sincere esteem etc.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 15, 1789.
Sir: I had the honor, last evening, to receive your Excellency's letter of the 6th. inst. enclosing one from the County Leiutenant of Green Briar on the subject of Indian affairs.
When Congress have finished the necessary and important business which has occupied them since their first meeting, and in which they are now engaged, I shall seize the earliest moment to lay before them such information as I have received relative to the disputes with, and the depredations of the Indians on the several parts of our Western Frontiers; and doubt not but the subject will meet that immediate attention which it seems to deserve. With due consideration, I have the Honor, etc.49
[Note 49: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 50: Ebenezer Hazard was the holdover Acting Postmaster General.]
New York, July 17, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 15th. Instant enclosing the Post Office Acts. in detail for the years 1784 and 1788. But there still remains one point on which I would wish to have further information. By the statement of the Produce and Expences of the Post office which accompanied your letter of the 27th. of June, there appears to have been an annual Profit arising from that Department, amounting in the whole to 39.985 Dollars. As it is not shewn, by any documents which you have sent me, whether this ballance has been lodged in the Treasury of the United States, or appropriated to the use of the Post Office Department, I shall therefore thank you for early and satisfactory information on this head. I am etc.
[Note 51: Of Trenton, N.J.]
New York, July 20, 1789.
Sir: Being desirous of purchasing a number of good brood mares to send to Virginia, I have been advised by several Gentlemen to make application to you for this purpose, with assurances that I might depend upon your judgment and fidelity in the business.
I would wish to obtain from 10 to 20 good, likely, strong, and well made mares, none of which should exceed 6 years old, or be less than 15 hands high, unless their form and other good qualities would warrant a small deviation from this height. My object in procuring these mares is to raise mules from them by my Jack-Asses. It is therefore necessary that their form and strength should be peculiarly attended to.
My present object in writing to you is to request that you would inform me if mares of the above age and description can be obtained in your vicinity on reasonable terms; for I am not inclined to go to any extravagant prices in them, and to let me know, as near as may be what they can be had for per head, and what other expences, besides their first cost, would be incurred in procuring and sending them to Virginia.
You will be so good as to give me information on these points as soon as you can, that I may direct my enquiries to some other quarter if they should not succeed here. I am etc.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 53: Of Philadelphia, Pa.]
New York, July 20, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 9th instant enclosing a letter from Captain O'Bryen,54 giving a detail of the sufferings of himself and several other unfortunate Americans, who are slaves in Algiers, and requesting that some measures may be taken by the government for their redemption.
[Note 54: Capt. Richard O'Bryen. He commanded the ship Dauphin, owned by Matthew and Thomas Irwin.]
Mr. Jefferson, our minister at the court of France, has in view, among other objects, the redemption of these unfortunate men; but what advances he has made in it, or whether he will be able to accomplish it or not, for want of the means, I am unable at present to say.
I am not satisfied that it would be proper, as you suggest, for me to begin or bring forward a subscription among the merchants and others in the maritime towns of this country, to raise a fund for delivering these unhappy men from their state of bondage; but I would cheerfully give every aid in my power to accomplish this humane and benevolent purpose. I am &c.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: Representative from Georgia.]
New York, July 22, 1789.
Sir: The President of the United States has directed me to return the enclosed letters to you, which he has perused, and likewise to inform you that he is now engaged in obtaining from the Secretary of the War and every other channel such information relative to the situation of Indian affairs as will enable him to form a just opinion thereon. I am etc.57
[Note 57: This letter is signed "T. Lear," and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
P. S. The President has this moment received advices from the Commissioners who have been appointed to treat with the Indians on the part of the United States, which inform him so far as he has examined them that matters are in a favorable train.56
New York, July 24, 1789.
Sir: I have contemplated your Note, wherein, after mentioning your having served in quality of Secretary of Congress from the first meeting of that Body in 1774 to the present time, through an eventful period of almost fifteen years, you announce your wish to retire to private life: and I have to regret that the period of my coming again into public life, should be exactly that, in which you are about to retire from it.
The present age does so much justice to the unsullied reputation with which you have always conducted yourself in the execution of the duties of your Office, and Posterity will find your Name so honorably connected with the verification of such a multitude of astonishing facts, that my single suffrage would add little to the illustration of your merits. Yet I cannot withhold any just testimonial, in favor of so old, so faithful and so able a public officer, which might tend to soothe his mind in the shade of retirement. Accept, then, this serious Declaration, that your Services have been important, as your patriotism was distinguished; and enjoy that best of all rewards, the consciousness of having done your duty well.
You will be pleased, Sir, to deliver the Books, Records and Papers of the late Congress, the Great Seal of the Federal Union, and the Seal of the Admiralty, to Mr. Roger Alden,58 the late Deputy Secretary of Congress; who is requested to take charge of them until farther directions shall be given. I beg you to be persuaded that it will always afford me real pleasure to extend whatever encouragement may be consistent with my general duties, to such particular Persons as have long been faithful and useful Servants to the Community. I finally commend you to the protection of Heaven, and sincerely wish you may enjoy every species of felicity.59
[Note 58: Principal clerk in the Department for Foreign Affairs.]
[Note 59: From the original in the Thomson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
New York, July 26, 1789.
Dear Sir: In the first moment of my ability to sit in an easy chair, and that not entirely without pain, I occupy myself in acknowledging the receipt, and thanking you for your letter of the 14th. instant.
Although my time (before I was confined) had been, and probably now will be much more engaged, yet your communications, without any reserve will be exceedingly grateful and pleasing to me. While the eyes of America, perhaps of the world, are turned to this government, and many are watching the movements of all those, who are concerned in its administration, I should like to be informed, through so good a medium of the public opinion of both men and measures, and of none more than myself; not so much of what may be thought commendable parts, if any, of my conduct, as of those which are conceived to be of a different complexion. The Man who means to commit no wrong, will never be guilty of enormities; consequently can never be unwilling to learn what is ascribed to him as foibles. If they are really such the knowledge of them in a well disposed mind will go half way towards a reform. If they are not errors he can explain and justify the motives of his actions.
At a distance from the theatre of action truth is not always related without embellishment, and sometimes is entirely perverted from a misconception of the causes which produce the effects that are the subjects of censure. 1. This leads me to think that a system which I found it indispensably necessary to adopt upon my first coming to this city, might have undergone severe strictures and have had motives very foreign from those that govern me assigned as causes therefor; I mean, returning no visits; 2. Appointing certain days to receive them generally (not to the exclusion however of visits on any other days under particular circumstances) and 3. at first entertaining no company, and afterwards until I was unable to entertain any at all confining it to official characters. A few days evinced the necessity of the two first in so clear a point of view that, had I not adopted it, I should have been unable to have attended to any sort of business unless I had applied the hours allotted to rest and refreshment to this purpose for by the time I had done breakfast, and thence till dinner, and afterwards till bed time I could not get relieved from the ceremony of one visit before I had to attend to another; in a word, I had no leisure to read or to answer the dispatches that were pouring in upon me from all quarters; and with respect to the third matter I early received information through very respectable channels that the adoption thereof was not less essential [than] that of the other two if the President was to preserve the dignity and respect that was due to the first Magistrate, for that a contrary conduct had involved the late Presidents of Congress in insuperable difficulties, and the office (in this respect) in perfect contempt. for the table was considered as a public one, and every person, who could get introduced, conceived that he had a right to be invited to it. This, although the Table was always crowded (and with mixed company, and the President considered in no better light than as a Maitre d'Hôtel) was in its nature impracticable and as many offences given as if no table had been kept.
The citizens of this place were well knowing to this fact, and the principal Members of Congress in both Houses were so well convinced of the impropriety and degrading situation of their President, that it was the general opinion that the President of the United States should neither give or receive invitations. Some from a belief, (independent of the circumstances I have mentioned) that this was fundamentally right in order to acquire respect. But to this I had two objections, both powerful in my mind; first, the novelty of it I knew would be considered as an ostentatious shew of mimicry of sovereignty; and secondly that so great a seclusion would have stopped the avenues to useful information from the many, and make me more dependent on that of the few; but to hit on a discriminating medium was found more difficult than it appeared to be at first view. for if the Citizens at large were begun upon no line could be drawn, all of decent appearance would expect to be invited, and I should have been plunged at once into the evil I was endeavoring to avoid. Upon the whole, it was thought best to confine my invitations to official characters and strangers of distinction. This line I have hitherto pursued; whether it may be found best to adhere to or depart from it in some measure must be the result of experience and information.
So strongly had the citizens of this place imbibed an idea of the impropriety of my accepting invitations to dinner that I have not received one from any family (though they are remarkable for hospitality, and though I have received every civility and attention possible from them) since I came to the city except dining with the Governor on the day of my arrival, so that, if this should be adduced as an article of impeachment there can be at least one good reason adduced for my not dining out; to wit never having been asked to do so.
One of the Gentlemen, whose name is mentioned in your letter, though high toned has never, I believe, appeared with more than two horses in his carriage60; but it is to be lamented that he and some others have stirred a question which has given rise to so much animadversion, and which I confess has given
[Note 60: Stuart had written (July 14): "I have been much concerned at the clamor and abuse against him [Vice President Adams]....The Opponents to the government affect to smile at it, and consider it as a verification of their prophecies about the tendency of the government. Mr. Henry's description of it, that it squinted towards monarchy, is in every mouth, and has established him in the general opinion, as a true Prophet. It has given me much pleasure to hear every part of your conduct spoke of, with high approbation, and particularly your dispensing with ceremony occasionally, and walking the streets; while Adams is never seen but in his carriage and six. As trivial as this may appear, it appears to be more captivating to the generality, than matters of more importance...an error of judgment, is more easily pardoned, than one of the heart." Stuart's letter is in the Washington Papers.] me much uneasiness lest it should be supposed by some (unacquainted with facts) that the object they had in view was not displeasing to me. The truth is the question was moved before I arrived, without any privity or knowledge of it on my part, and urged after I was apprized of it contrary to my opinion; for I foresaw and predicted the reception it has met with, and the use that would be made of it by the adversaries of the government. Happily the matter is now done with, I hope never to be revived.61
[Note 61: On April 23, the day after Washington arrived at New York but before his inauguration, a committee of the Senate was appointed, consisting of Richard Henry Lee, Ralph lzard, and Tristram Dalton, to report "what style or tides it will be proper to annex to the offices of President and Vice President of the United States." Dr. David Stuart, writing to Washington, July 14, said: "Nothing could equal the ferment and disquietude occasioned by the proposition respecting titles. As it is believed to have originated from Mr. Adams and Lee, they are not only unpopular to an extreme, but highly odious. Neither I am convinced, will ever get a vote from this State again." The matter aroused considerable, excited discussion in the country, but as no definite step was taken it gradually faded from the public mind.]
[The opposition of the Senate to the discrimination in the Tonnage Bill, was so adverse to my ideas of justice and policy, that, I should have suffered it to have passed into a Law without my signature, had I not been assured by some members of that body, that they were preparing another Bill which would answer the purpose more effectually without being liable to the objections, and to the consequences which they feared would have attended the discrimination which was proposed in the Tonnage Law. Why they keep their doors shut, when acting in a Legislative capacity, I am unable to inform you; unless it is because they think there is too much speaking to the Gallery in the other House, and business thereby retarded.
Your letter is the first intimation I ever received of any defect in the title, or of any claim to the Land called Claibornes. It is hardly to be conceived that Philip Whitehead Claiborne, who was the brother (and as you say Executor) to William Claiborne, for the payment of whose debts it was sold, shd. have joined in the Conveyance of land to which he himself had a right, by Entail. Admit this, and bad motives must be ascribed to the action; viz. a knowledge that his Son, if the Entail was good, would not be barred by his Conveyance (if no Act of Assembly or Writ of Ad quadamnum had previously docked it.) Such a suspicion I cannot harbour of that Gentleman, because he always supported a fair character. To the best of my recollection, there are some papers in the Garret at Mount Vernon which belong to the Estate of Mr. Custis; in making a hasty arrangement of my own, I came across them, and had them put into a Trunk or box by themselves; from a cursory inspection, they appeared altogether unimportant, or I should have sent them to you; and in another Trunk in my study there are Papers which relate to my accts. and transactions with that Estate, possibly (for I do not think it probable) you may find something in one or the other of them that may be useful. If in the first, I wish, if they are deserving of the Carriage, you would take them home; the others may be necessary for my own security; and therefore I would not have them removed. The decree of King William's Court will not, I fear, avail much; for I do not conceive that it could extend (if there was an Entail in force) beyond the life of William Claiborne, if then living, or that P. W. Claiborne's act could bind his Son. Your trouble in this, and the other disputes in which the Estate is involved, will I perceive be very great. That your success may be equal thereto, I sincerely wish. We shall be anxious after the decisions to learn the result.
I am much mistaken if I did not in the year 1778 convey both the King William and King and Queen Lands to Mr. Custis by Deeds executed at Camp before Colos. Harrison, Mead, and many others as witnesses to prove it in the General Court; and this in the presence of Mr. Custis. If it was not recorded for want of due proof, I am ready to re-acknowledge the same Deed, or a copy of it, for I recollect pretty well taking the opinion of Colo. Harrison upon the nature of the Conveyance; and if my memory has not failed me, you will find some mention of the matter in one of my letters to Mr. Custis, now in your possession, which you called upon me sometime ago to authenticate.
Mr. Dandridge gave me an order upon Mr. Brown (of Kentucky) for £800, to be applied if received, to the credit of Mr. Custis's Estate; but the order was protested, and Mr. Dandridge has been advertised thereof.
Nothing would give me more pleasure than to serve any of the descendants of General Nelson, of whose merits when living, no man could entertain a higher opinion than I did; at the sametime I must confess, there are few persons of whom I have no personal knowledge, or good information, that I would take into my family, qualified for the duties of which; many things are requisite, to wit, a good address, abilities above mediocrity, secresy and prudence, attention and industry, good temper, and a capacity and disposition to write correctly and well, and to do it obligingly.
Most Clerkships will, I presume, either by Law or custom, be left to the appointmt. of their principals; little expectation therefore could Mr. Nelson or any stranger have from this source. This latter consideration added to the desire I feel of serving the son of my old friend and acquaintance, has enduced me, at all hazards, to offer Mr. Thos. Nelson (his Son) a place in my family.
I shall not trouble you with Legislative, or any other details that are recited in the Public Gazettes; but I have sent you the Journals of the Senate as far as they have been published and handed to me. If the Successor of Mr. Richards62 would get the
[Note 62: George Richards. He was publisher of The Virginia Journal and Alexandria Advertiser, Alexandria, and was succeeded by Samuel Hanson and Thomas Bond, who changed the title to The Virginia Gazette and Alexandria Advertiser.] Federal Gazette (Published by Mr. Fenno)63 from this City, it would enable him to collect all the transactions, and news of this theatre. My best wishes in which Mrs. Washington and all around me join, attend Mrs. Stuart yourself and all the family, and I am etc.]64
[Note 63: John Fenno. He published the Gazette of the United States.]
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The part in brackets is from a photostat of that much of the original in the writing of Washington in the possession (1932) of W. S. Johns and Cornelia Johns Grice, of Norfolk, Va.]
New York, July 27, 1789.
Dear Bushrod: Among the first acts of my recommencing business (after lying six weeks on my right side) is that of writing you this letter in acknowledgment of yours of the ultimo. Not being fairly on my seat yet, or in other words not being able to sit up without feeling some uneasiness, it must be short.
You cannot doubt my wishes to see you appointed to any office of honor or emolument in the new government, to the duties of which you are competent; but however deserving you may be of the one you have suggested, your standing at the bar would not justify my nomination of you as Attorney to the Federal district Court in preference of some of the oldest, and most esteemed General Court Lawyers in your own State, who are desirous of this appointment. My political conduct in nominations, even if I was uninfluenced by principle, must be exceedingly circumspect and proof against just criticism, for the eyes of Argus are upon me, and no slip will pass unnoticed that can be improved into a supposed partiality for friends or relatives. I am etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 27, 1789.
Sir: The sincere regard I had for your very worthy, deceased father, induces me to offer you a place in my family. How convenient and agreeable it may be for you to accept the offer,66 is with you to determine; and that you may be the better enabled to judge, I shall inform you that the emoluments will be about six hundred dollars pr. ann., and the expences trifling as your board, lodging and washing (as also that of your Servant if you bring one) will be in the family. Horses if you keep any must be at your own expence because there will be no public occasion for them.
[Note 66: Nelson's letter of August 13, accepting the offer, is in the Washington Papers.]
The duties that will be required of you, are, generally, to assist in writing, receiving and entertaining company, and in the discharge of such other matters as is not convenient or practicable for the President to attend to in person. Whether you accept this offer or not I should be glad to hear from you as soon as it is conveniently possible because there are a number of Gentlemen who are anxiously desirous of this appointment but whose applications will remain undecided on until I receive an answer from you.
With best respects to your good Mother in which Mrs. Washington joins me I am with great esteem and regard Sir, Your etc.67
[Note 67: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind. The "Letter Book" copy of this letter dates it August 3.]
New York, July 29, 1789.
Dear Sir: Since my arrival in this city I have had the pleasure to receive a letter from you, but you will do me the justice to believe that my numerous avocations, and encreasing duties have been such as to form some apology for want of punctuality in my private correspondencies.
The immediate object of this letter is to introduce to your acquaintance and civilities Mrs. Montgomery, a Lady of a very respectable family in this country, and the Widow of a very distinguished Officer, who sacrificed his life in support of the liberties of America; But I may be allowed to say if Mrs. Montgomery was not a Descendant of the ancient and opulent family of the Livingstons, who have always been the strenuous Advocates of freedom, or the edict of the intelligent and brave General Montgomery, whose name will be immortal; yet her personal merits would entitle her to every attention and respect, which are usually shewn to Strangers of distinction in the hospitable kingdom of Ireland.
I have only leisure to add, that the prospect of the prosperity of this country, under the influence of the new General Government, continues to excite the most pleasing sensations in every patriotic breast and that I am etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 2, 1789.
Dear Sir: The extreme hurry in which I have been for several days, to compare the merits and pretentions of the several applicants for appointments under the Revenue in order that the nominations69 might speedily follow the passing of the Collection Bill has prevented my acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 27th Ultimo before.
[Note 69: The complete list of nominations for collectors, naval officers, and surveyors of customs was sent to the Senate by the President, August 3, and is printed in the Executive Journal, vol. 1.]
Mr. Charles Lee will certainly be brought forward as Collector for the port of Alexandria; but for the reason you have assigned, and from a persuasion that Mr. Thos. Lee has entertained an erroneous opinion of the emoluments of the Office at Dumfries I think it would be best for Scott70 to go there which will give poor Hanson71 (who is worthy of something better, if with propriety it could be given to him) the Surveyorship at Alexandria. As I am perfectly unacquainted with the Port of Yeocomico, and of the Characters living there, I would thank you for naming a fit person as a Collector for that district, on or before 1 O'clock tomorrow.
[Note 70: Richard Marshall Scott.]
[Note 71: Samuel Hanson.]
I thought you looked badly the other day, but not having heard of your indisposition I said nothing, I hope your health is quite restored.
I am unable to sit yet but on soft cushings but have the Doctors assurances that a few days more will relieve me from the inconvenience I labor under at present on that account. I am etc.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 4 Washington replied to an address from the New York Legislature, dated July 15. Both the address and the reply are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The original of Washington's reply is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
August 6, 1789.
Gentlemen of the Senate: My nomination of Benjamin Fishbourn for the place of Naval Officer of the Port of Savannah not having met your concurrence, I now nominate Lachlan Mclntosh for that place. Whatever may have been the reasons which induced your dissent, I am persuaded they were such as you deemed sufficient. Permit me to submit to your consideration, whether on occasions, where the propriety of nominations appear questionable to you, it would not be expedient to communicate that circumstance to me, and thereby avail yourselves of the information which led me to make them, and which I would with pleasure lay before you. Probably my reasons for nominating Mr. Fishbourn may tend to shew that such a mode of proceeding in such cases might be useful. I will therefore detail them.
First. While Colonel Fishbourn was an Officer in actual service, and chiefly under my own Eye, his conduct appeared to me irreproachable; nor did I ever hear anything injurious to his reputation as an Officer or a Gentleman. At the Storm of Stony Point, his behaviour was represented to have been active, and brave, and he was charged by his General to bring the account of that success to the Head Quarters of the Army.
Secondly. Since his residence in Georgia he has been repeatedly elected to the Assembly as a Representative of the County of Chatham in which the Port of Savannah is situated, and some times of the Counties of Glynn and Camden; he has been chosen a Member of the Executive Council of the State and has been lately President of the same; he has been elected by the Officers of the Militia in the county of Chatham Lieutenant Colonel of the Militia in that district, and on a very recent occasion, to wit, in the month of May last, he has been appointed by the Council (on the suspension of the late Collector) to an Office in the Port of Savannah, nearly similar to that for which I nominated him, which Office he actually holds at this time. To these reasons for nominating Mr. Fishbourn, I might add that I received private letters of recommendation, and oral testimonials in his favor, from several of the most respectable characters in that State: but as they were, secondary considerations with me, I do not think it necessary to communicate them to you. It appears therefore to me that Mr. Fishbourn must have enjoyed the confidence of the militia Officers in order to have been elevated to a military rank; the confidence of the Freemen to have been elected to the Assembly; the confidence of the Assembly to have been selected for the Council; and the confidence of the Council to have been appointed Collector of the Port of Savannah.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, August 7, 1789.
The Business which has hitherto been under the consideration of Congress has been of so much importance that I was unwilling to draw their attention from it to any other subject. But the disputes which exist between some of the United States and several powerful tribes of Indians within the limits of the Union, and the hostilities which have in several instances been committed on the frontiers, seem to require the immediate interposition of the general Government. I have therefore directed the several statements and papers, which have been submitted to me on this subject by General Knox to be laid before you for your information. While the measures of Government ought to be calculated to protect its Citizens from all injury and violence, a due regard should be extended to those Indians whose happiness in the course of events so materially depends on the national justice and humanity of the United States. If it should be the judgment of Congress, that it would be most expedient to terminate all differences in the Southern District, and to lay the foundation for future confidence by an amicable Treaty with the Indian Tribes in that quarter I think proper to suggest the consideration of the expediency of instituting a temporary Commission for that purpose, to consist of three persons whose authority should expire with the occasion. How far such a measure unassisted by Posts, would be competent to the establishment and preservation of peace and tranquility on the frontiers, is also a matter which merits your serious consideration.
Along with this object I am induced to suggest another, with the national importance and necessity of which I am deeply impressed; I mean some uniform and effective system for the Militia of the United States. It is unnecessary to offer arguments in recommendation of a measure, on which the honor, safety and well being of our Country so evidently and essentially depend: But it may not be amiss to observe that I am particularly anxious it should receive an early attention as circumstances will admit; because it is now in our power to avail ourselves of the military knowledge disseminated throughout the several States by means of the many well instructed Officers and soldiers of the late Army; a resource which is daily diminishing by deaths and other causes. To suffer this peculiar advantage to pass away unimproved, would be to neglect an Opportunity which will never again occur, unless unfortunately we should again be involved in a long and arduous War.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 76: Ralph Izard, Rufus King, and Charles Carroll.]
August 8, 1789.
In all matters respecting Treaties, oral communications seem indispensably necessary; because in these a variety of matters are contained, all of which not only require consideration, but some of them may undergo much discussion; to do which by written communications would be tedious without being satisfactory.
Oral communications may be proper also for discussing the propriety of sending Representatives to foreign Courts, and ascertaining the Grade or character in which they axe to appear and may be so in other cases.
But it may be asked where are these oral communications to be made? If in the Senate Chamber, how axe the President and Vice President to be arranged? The latter by the Constitution being ex-officio President of the Senate. Would the Vice President be disposed to give up the Chair? if not Ought the President of the United States to be placed in an awkward situation when there? These are matters which require previous consideration and adjustment for meetings in the Senate Chamber or elsewhere.
United States, August 10, 1789.
I have directed a statement of the Troops in the service of the United States to be laid before you for your information.
These troops were raised by virtue of the resolves of Congress of the 20th. of October 1784 and of the 3d. of October 1787,79 in order to protect the frontiers from the depredations of the hostile Indians, to prevent all intrusions on the public Lands, and to facilitate the surveying and selling of the same, for the purpose of reducing the public debt.
As these important objects continue to require the aid of the Troops, it is necessary that the establishment thereof should in all respects, be conformed by Law, to the Constitution of the United States.80
[Note 79: A bill "to recognize and adapt to the Constitution of the United States the establishment of the troops" raised under the above-mentioned resolves was passed Sept. 28, 1789.]
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 10, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have received your very obliging and Affectionate letter of the 19th. Ulto. and can assure you that no circumstance, amidst the numerous occurences of my New and arduous employment, has given me more heartfelt satisfaction than the repeated testimonies of approbation which my conduct in accepting the Presidency of these United States has drawn from every quarter, and particularly from those who I trust, know me well enough to do justice to the motives which induced me once more to embark on the Ocean of public life. Among those of the latter description I must rank you, my dear Sir; and must beg your acceptance of my best thanks for your good wishes and kind gratulations on the recovery of my health. Mr. Brough whom you mention to have been the Searcher at Hampton and recommended as a person suitable to fill an Office in the customs, could not, consistently; be brought into office; for the Law established but one Office at Hampton which, agreeably to the general rule which I had prescribed to myself in the nominations, is filled by Mr. Jacob Wray the former Naval Officer there. You will, therefore have the goodness to believe that his not having been put in office did not proceed from a want of faith in your recommendation, but from an adherence to that justice and impartiality which the Public demands, and from which I hope I shall never intentionally depart. I am etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: Senator from South Carolina.]
New York, August 10, 1789.
Sir: I thank you for giving me the perusal of the enclosed letters. The business respecting the Indians is now before Congress. It would be well if the information concerning fugitive Negro's could come forward specifically. Judge Drayton's85 name shall be placed among those who will come under consideration when nominations for the Judiciary are taken up, and I am etc.86
[Note 85: William Drayton.]
[Note 86: Alexander McGillivary. He was the son of a Tory and a Creek woman. Georgia had confiscated his estate during the Revolutionary War.]
New York, August 11, 1789.
Dear Sir: On the 15th of September next there is to be a treaty held in the State of Georgia, between the Indians on the Southern frontiers and commissioners on the part of Georgia. At this treaty there will be a numerous and respectable concourse of Indians, two, and some say to the number of three thousand. Their famous Counsellor, the noted McGillvray86 is to be present at it; and it is now in agitation, and a bill is before the House of representatives for that purpose, to appoint Commissioners on the part of the United States to attend at this treaty to establish a permanent and lasting peace between the United States and the Indians on our Southern and Western frontiers. It is necessary, in a matter of such importance to this Country, that these Commissioners should be persons who have been known in public life, and who are very respectable characters; and if to these two circumstances could be added, their being held in high estimation in the Southern States, without being inhabitants of them, it would be a very desirable thing. Under these circumstances, it is my wish that you should be one of these commissioners;87 and I have therefore given you this early intimation of the matter that you might, (if the matter in agitation comes to issue, and is agreeable to you and can be made to comport with your present Office) be making such arrangements as will enable you to be at New York and ready to embark for Georgia, on or before the first day of September; and with an expectation of being absent three or four Months.
[Note 87: On August 20 Washington nominated Lincoln as one of these Commissioners. "My reason for nominating him at this early moment, is that it will not be possible for the public to avail itself of his services on this occasion, unless his appointment can be forwarded to him by the Mail, which will leave this place tomorrow morning." This message is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The Senate confirmed Lincoln that same day.]
You will make up your mind on this matter and give me an answer by the first post after you receive this, as you see no time is to be lost; for it is absolutely necessary that the Commissioners should be on the spot the 15th. of September to prevent the enormous expense which would be incurred by detaining such a numerous body of Indians for any time. In the meantime you will keep this intimation to yourself, for in the first place it is not certain that Commissioners will be appointed; and if they should other circumstances might render a concealment of this intimation proper. I am &c.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 12 Tobias Lear wrote to John Taylor Gilman, one of the Commissioners for settling the accounts of the United States with the individual States, granting him, by direction of the President, leave of absence for three weeks. This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book."
On August 15 Washington wrote briefly to Arthur Young, sending him "a sample of the wool produced by my sheep...a fleece of a middling quality." It was sent in the care of Wakelin Welch & Son. This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book."]
New York, August 16, 1789.
Gentlemen: I will thank you to forward the enclosed letter to Messrs. Fenwick, Mason & Co.,89 merchants in Bourdeaux, by the earliest conveyance.
[Note 89: This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers under date of August 18.]
I have requested the above Gentlemen to send me Twenty six dozen of claret and the same quantity of champagne (if the latter can be had of the best quality at Bourdeaux)90 and have directed them to draw upon you at 30 days sight for the cost and charges of the before mentioned quantity, you will therefore be so good as to answer their drafts for that amount, and charge the same to the account of Gentlemen, Your etc.
[Note 90: On August 25 Washington wrote to Fenwick, Mason & Co., cancelling the champagne item as "I have been informed that Bourdeaux is not the place where champagne wine can be furnished on the best terms, or from whence it is usually shipped." He substituted "12 dozen of vin de Grave" in place of the champagne.
On August 25, also, he wrote of the change of order to Wakelin Welch & Co. These letters are recorded in the "Letter Book."]
P.S. I will thank you to send me by the first vessel, which sails for New York, a terrestrial globe of the largest dimensions and of the most accurate and approved kind now in use.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 92: Wardens of the Port of New York.]
New York, August 18, 1789.
Gentlemen: As the period has arrived, when the United States were to make provision for keeping up the proper supplies for the Light Houses in different Ports, and as the Treasury Department has not yet been organized so as to carry that arrangement into effect; I must desire that you will still continue the superintendence of the Light House in this Port, keeping an exact account of the expences which may be incurred for that purpose; and which will be reembursed by the Treasurer of the United States, as soon as such an officer shall be appointed. He will also be authorized to take the management of the business into his hands and to make the necessary contracts accordingly. I am etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 18, 1789.
Sir: I received your letter dated the 31st. of July, a few days after the nominations in the Revenue Department had been made; and your other letter of the 8th. instant has just been put into my hands. In consequence of these letters, it is but right I should inform you, that my not having received any immediate application from you, expressive of your readiness to fill the office, was the reason why you was not nominated Surveyor for the Port of Middletown; and that it was not owing to any unfavorable representations respecting your reputation. On the other hand, Mr. Miller's wishes were made known to me in season; and his character represented to be such as would undoubtedly secure, in a person who had thus declared himself to be ready to accept the office, a proper execution of the duties of it. You may be assured, therefore, my only object was to have the public business put into a train of being performed with certainty.
I hope, Sir, from this statement of facts, you will do me the justice to believe that I was far from designing to do anything disagreeable or prejudicial to you; and that I am etc.93
New York, August 18, 1789.
Sir: I think it expedient to acknowledge the receipt of your two notes, dated the 10th. of July and the 14th. of August,94 for the purpose of assuring you that there was certainly nothing improper in the tenor of them. But it will be an instance of Justice to inform you, at the sametime, that, without considering myself at liberty to give either encouragement or discouragement to the wishes of Gentlemen who have offered themselves as Candidates for offices, I have invariably avoided giving any sentiment or opinion; for the purpose of reserving myself unembarrassed with promises until all the Candidates are known and the occasion, when decision shall become necesary on my part.
[Note 94: Griffin's notes are in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress. In them he requested an appointment in the diplomatic service or to the Supreme Court.]
In the meantime, I pray you to be persuaded that in all personal and private considerations, I am etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The general convention of bishops, clergy, and laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina delivered an address to the President at this approximate time which, together with Washington's reply, is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. In that reply Washington stated that "human happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected" and that "It affords edifying prospects indeed to see Christians of different denominations dwell together in more charity, and conduct themselves in respect to each other with a more christian-like spirit than ever they have done in any former age, or in any other Nation." Sparks prints this reply as of August 19; but both address and reply are undated in the "Letter Book."]
New York, August 20, 1789.
Dear Sir: I informed you on the 11th. Inst. that a Bill was before the House to provide for the expences that might attend the Treaties and Negotiations to be made with the Indian Tribes, and for the appointment of Commissioners to be employed in the same.96
[Note 96: On August 21 Cyrus Griffin and David Humphreys were nominated in a message to the Senate, which is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. They were confirmed the same day.]
This Bill has to day passed into a Law, and in consequence thereof I have nominated, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, have appointed you one of the three Commissioners to be employ'd in negotiating a treaty with the Southern Indians. Should you accept of this appointment it will be absolutely necessary for you to set off for this place immediately on the receipt of this letter; for, as I mentioned in my last, the Treaty is to be held in Georgia at the rock landing on the Ogeeche River the 15th of Septr., and the Commissioners must leave this place on or before the first day of September in order to be upon the spot on the day appointed. The propriety of this punctuality will be obvious upon a consideration of the great expence which will be incurred by detaining so large a Body of Indians as will probably attend this treaty, longer than is necessary to transact the business of the Treaty. A Vessel will be provided here to carry the Commissioners and everything requisite in the business to Georgia. The other Commissioners are not yet appointed, but they will undoubtedly be such Characters as will comport with the respectability and importance of the Commission. If you have a suit of Regimentals it may be well to take them with you.
8 Oclock P.M. I have this moment received your letter of the 16th. instant and am happy to find that the business of your office97 is in so favorable a train as you mention, and that you can leave it for a few months without inconvenience and come on immediately I am etc.98
[Note 97: Collector of the port of Boston, Mass.]
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 21, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 15th. Instant containing observations upon the organization and discipline of the Militia of the United States has been duly received; and you will please to accept of my thanks for your communications on this subject.
In reply to your application for the appointment of Inspector of the Militia of the District of Pennsylvania, I can only say, as I have done upon every other occasion of a similar nature, that I hold myself free to bring forward such Characters as I shall, upon every consideration, think best qualified and have the best pretensions to fill offices, whenever I may be called upon, by law, to nominate persons for offices which are thereby established. I am etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[August 22, 1789.]
To conciliate the powerful tribes of Indians in the Southern District amounting probably to fourteen thousand fighting men, and to attach them firmly to the United States, may be regarded as highly worthy of the serious attention of Government. The measure includes not only peace and security to the whole Southern frontier, but is calculated to form a barrier against the Colonies of an European power, which in the mutations of policy may one day become the Enemy of the United States. The fate of the Southern States therefore, or the neighboring Colonies may principally depend on the present measures of the Union towards the Southern Indians. By the papers which have been laid before the Senate it will appear that in the latter end of the year 1785 and the beginning of 1786 treaties were formed by the United States with the Cherokees, Chickasaws and Choktaws. The report of the Commissioners will shew the reasons why a treaty was not found at the sametime with the Creeks. It will also appear by the Papers that the States of North Carolina and Georgia protested against said Treaties as infringing upon their legislative rights and being contrary to the Confederation. It will further appear by the said papers that the treaty with the Cherokees has been entirely violated by the disorderly white people on the frontiers of North Carolina. The opinion of the late Congress respecting the said violation will sufficiently appear by the proclamation which they caused to be issued on the first of September 1788. It appears by the public newspapers that on the 16th of June last, a trust was concluded with the Cherokees by Mr. John Steele on behalf of the State of North Carolina in which it was stipulated that a Treaty should be held as soon as possible and that in the meantime all hostilities should cease on either side. As the Cherokees reside principally within the Territory claimed by the North Carolina and as that State is not a Member of the present Union, it may be doubted whether any efficient measures in favor of the Cherokees could be immediately adopted by the general Government. The Commissioners for negociating with the Southern Indians may be instructed to transmit a message to the Cherokees, stating to them as far as may be proper, the difficulties arising from the local claims of North Carolina and to assure them that the United States are not unmindful of the Treaty at Hopewell and as soon as the difficulties which are at present opposed to the measure, shall be removed, the Government will do full justice to the Cherokees.
The distance of the Choctaws and Chickasaw from the frontier settlements seems to have prevented their tribes from being involved in similar difficulties with the Cherokees.
The Commissioners may be instructed to transmit messages to the said Tribes containing assurances of the continuance of the friendship of the United States and that measures will soon be taken for extending a Trade to them agreeably to the Treaties of Hopewell. The Commissioners may also be directed to report a plan for the execution of the said Treaties respecting Trade.
But the Case of the Greek Nation is of the highest importance and requires an immediate decision. The Cause of the hostilities between Georgia and the Greeks is stated to be a difference in judgment concerning three treaties made between the said parties, to wit at Augusta 1783, at Galphinston in 1785 and at Shoulder bone in 1786. The State of Georgia assert, and the Creeks deny the validity of the said Treaties. Hence arises the indispensible necessity of having all the circumstances respecting the said Treaties critically investigated by Commissioners of the United States, so that the further measures of Government may be formed on a full knowledge of the case. In order that the investigation be conducted with the highest impartiality it will be proper in addition to the evidence of the documents in the public possession, that Georgia should be represented at this part of the proposed treaty with the Greek Nation. It is however to be observed in any issue of the enquiry, that it would be highly embarrassing to Georgia to relinquish that part of the Lands, stated to have been ceded by the Greeks lying between the Ogeechee and the Oconee Rivers; that State having surveyed and divided the same among certain descriptions of its Citizens who settled and planted thereon untill dispossessed by the Indians. In case therefore the issue of the investigation should be unfavorable to the claims of Georgia, the Commissioners should be instructed to use their best endeavours to negociate with the Greeks a solemn conveyance of the said Lands to Georgia. By the report of the Commissioners who were appointed under certain Acts of the late Congress, by South Carolina and Georgia it appears that they have agreed to meet the Creeks the 15th. of September ensuing. As it is with great difficulty the Indians are collected together at certain seasons of the year it is important that the above occasion should be embraced if possible on the part of the present Government to form a Treaty with the Creeks. As the proposed Treaty is of great importance to the future tranquility of the State of Georgia as well as of the United States it has been thought proper that it should be conducted on the part of the general Government by Commissioners whose local situations may free them from the imputation of prejudice on this subject. As it is necessary that certain principles should be fixed previously to forming instructions to the Commissioners, the following questions arising out of the foregoing communications are stated by the President of the United States and the advice of the Senate requested thereon.
1st.
In the present state of affairs between North Carolina and the United States will it be proper to take any other measures for redressing the injuries of the Cherokees than those herein suggested?
2nd
Shall the Commissioners be instructed to pursue any other measures respecting the Chickasaws and Choctaws than those herein suggested?
3d
If the Commissioners shall adjudge that the Creek Nation was fully represented at the three treaties with Georgia, and that the cessions of Land were obtained with the full understanding and free consent of the acknowledged proprietors and that the said treaties ought to be considered as just and valid. In this case shah the Commissioners be instructed to insist on a formal renewal and confirmation thereof? and in case of a refusal shall they be instructed to inform the Creeks that the Arms of the Union shall be employed to compell them to acknowledge the validity of the said treaties and cessions?
4th
But if the Commissioners shall adjudge that the said treaties were formed with an inadequate or unauthorized representation of the Creek Nation or that the treaties were held under circumstances of constraint or unfairness of any sort so that the United States could not with justice and dignity request or urge a confirmation thereof; In this case shall the Commissioners, considering the importance of the Oconee lands to Georgia be instructed to use their highest exertions to obtain a cession of the said Lands? If so shall the Commissioners be instructed, if they cannot obtain the said cession on better terms, to offer for the same and for the farther great object of attaching the Creeks to the Government of the United States, the following conditions.
1st.
A Compensation in money or goods to the amount of Dollars, the said amount to be stipulated to be paid by Georgia at the period which shall be fixed on or in failure thereof by the United States.
2nd
A free port on the Altamaha or St. Marys rivers or at any other place between the same as may be mutually agreed to by Georgia and the Creeks.
3d
Some pecuniary considerations to some and honorary military distinctions to other influential Chiefs, or their taking oaths of allegiance to the United States.
4th
A solemn guarantee by the United States to the Creeks of their remaining territory and to maintain the same if necessary by a line of military Posts.
5th
But if all offers should fail to induce the Creeks to make the desired Cessions to Georgia shall the Commissioners make it an Ultimatum?
6th
If the said cessions shall not be made an Ultimatum, shall the Commissioners proceed and make a treaty and include the disputed lands within the limits which shall be assigned to the Creeks. If not, shall a temporary boundary be marked, making the Oconee the line, and the other parts of the treaty be concluded? In this case shall a free post be stipulated and the pecuniary and honorary considerations granted? In other general objects shall the Treaties formed at Hopewell with the Cherokees, Chickasaws and Choctaws be the Basis of a Treaty with the Creeks?
7th
Shall the sum of 20,000 Dollars appropriated to Indian expences and treaties be wholly applied if necessary to a Treaty with the Creeks? If not what proportion?1
[Note 1: The President, in company with Secretary Knox, appeared before the Senate with this message which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. It was handed by Knox to Vice President Adams, who, according to Maclay's Diary "hurried over the paper" which, on account of noise from the street, Maclay says, he "was not master of one sentence of it." His account of the incident is in his Journal under date of Aug. 22, 1789.
On August 23 the trustees of Dartmouth College drew up an address to the President, who replied to it sometime in the same month. Both address and reply are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington papers.]
New York, August 26, 1789.
Sir: Provision having been made by the Act of Congress of the 20th. of August 1789, that a sum not exceeding twenty thousand dollars, arising from the duties on imposts and tonnage shall be appropriated for defraying the expence of negotiating and treating with the Indian Tribes; I have therefore to request that you will use your exertions to obtain the necessary means for carrying the intention of Congress into effect. As soon as the Treasury Department shall be organised, Warrants will issue for the monies according to Law. I am etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 3: Of New York.]
New York, August 28, 1789.
Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 24th. inst.,4 and have to inform you on the subjects mentioned in it, that, according to the best of my recollection the Arrangements respecting the Commutation of the half pay of the officers in the late Army were made between Congress and a Committee from the Army, without any agency of mine. Nor do I remember to have taken any measures with regard to the particular Resolution for granting Lands to different descriptions of men in the Army. Thus unacquainted with the reasons on which Congress
[Note 4: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] acted under the old Confederation, I cannot undertake to give any opinion, farther than that the present Congress is the only power competent to redress any grievances which may have been suffered by any Individuals or Classes of men, who have been in the Public Service. For myself, I trust I shall be disposed always to give my concurrence to any Public Proceedings, which may come within the sphere of my duty, and which (upon a fair investigation) may be deemed equitable. And I may add, that particularly in the present instance, I should be inclined to pay every proper attention to the subject, being sensible of the merits of the Gentlemen concerned, and being With great esteem and regard, etc.5
[Note 5: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, September 5, 1789.
Sir: In order to carry into effect a certain survey directed to be made by a Resolve of the Congress of the United States, passed the 26th of August it has been found necessary to ascertain a certain point within the Limits of Canada, from which a meridian line is to be drawn; and as the consent of the British Commander in chief in Canada is necessary to be obtained before any operations can be made within their territory, I have seen fit to direct the Honble. John Jay, acting Secretary of foreign Affairs for the United States, to send a special messenger to Lord Dorchester for that purpose; and as no provision is made to defray the expences which may attend the execution of the above survey, I hereby direct you to advance to Captn. Isaac Guion (the messenger employ'd by the Honble. Mr. Jay) out of the money appropriated to Indian Affairs, and which is in the bank of New York, subject to your order the sum of three hundred and fifty Dollars to defray the expences which may attend his mission into Canada, and to be accounted for by him on his return; which sum shall be replaced in your hands as soon as provision is made for the purpose of carrying into effect the before mentioned survey.12 I am etc.13
[Note 12: Andrew Ellicott, of Maryland, was appointed the surveyor to run these lines. His commission, dated September 5, reciting that he was to ascertain the boundary line between the United States and the States of Massachusetts and New York, and also that "having run the Meridian Line between Lake Erie and the State of Pennsylvania...should proceed to make a survey of the land lying west of the said line, between Lake Erie and the State of Pennsylvania so as to ascertain the quantity thereof." This Commission is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On September 4 Washington wrote to Knox that this survey was "a matter of too great importance to the United States to await the organization of the Treasury Department," and directed Knox to advance Ellicott $1,125 out of the money for the treaty negotiations with the Southern Indians, to be replaced "as soon as provision can be made to defray the expences attending the before mentioned survey." The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers. (See Journals of the Continental Congress, June 6, 1788.)]
[Note 13: The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.
On September 5 the Legislature of Pennsylvania delivered an address to Washington, who replied to it at some undetermined date, in which he said: "It should be the highest ambition of every American to extend his views beyond himself, and to bear in mind that his conduct will not only affect himself, his country, and his immediate posterity; but that its influence may be co-extensive with the world, and stamp political happiness or misery on ages yet unborn. To establish this desirable end; and to establish the government of laws, the union of these States is absolutely necessary; therefore in every proceeding, this great, this important object should ever be kept in view; and, so long as our measures tend to this; and are marked with the wisdom of a well-informed and enlightened people, we may reasonably hope, under the smiles of Heaven, to convince the world that the happiness of nations can be accomplished by pacific revolutions in their political systems, without the destructive intervention of the sword." This reply is recorded in the "Letter Book" immediately following the address. It is printed by Sparks at the end of September, 1789.]
New York, September 8, 1789.
Dear Sir: The letter with which you favored me on the 24th ultimo came duly to hand, and for the friendly sentiments contained in it, you have my sincere and hearty thanks.
My disorder was of long and painful continuance, and though now freed from the latter, the wound given by the incision is not yet closed. Persuaded as I am that the case has been treated with skill, and with as much tenderness as the nature of the complaint would admit, yet I confess I often wished for your inspection of it. During the paroxysm, the distance rendered this impracticable, and after the paroxysm had passed I had no conception of being confined to a lying posture on one side six weeks, and that I should feel the remains of it more than twelve. The part affected is now reduced to the size of a barley corn, and by Saturday next (which will complete the thirteenth week) I expect it will be skinned over. Upon the whole, I have more reason to be thankful that it is no worse than to repine at the confinement.
The want of regular exercise, with the cares of office, will, I have no doubt hasten my departure for that country from whence no Traveller returns; but a faithful discharge of whatsoever trust I accept, as it ever has, so it always will be the primary consideration in every transaction of my life be the consequences what they may. Mrs. Washington has, I think, better health than usual, and the children are well and in the way of improvement.
I always expected, that the Gentleman, whose name you have mentioned14 would mark his opposition to the new government with consistency. Pride on the one hand, and want of manly candor on the other, will not I am certain let him acknowledge an error in his opinions respecting it though conviction should flash on his mind as strongly as a ray of light. If certain characters which you have also mentioned,15 should tread blindfold in his steps it would be matter of no wonder to me. They are in the habit of thinking that everything he says
[Note 14: George Mason.]
[Note 15: Martin Cockburn and Richard Chichester.] and does is right, and (if capable) they will not judge for themselves.
It gives me pleasure to hear, and I wish you to express it to them that my Nephews George and Lawrence Washington are attentive to their studies, and obedient to your orders and admonition. That kind of learning which is to fit them for the most useful and necessary purposes of life, among which writing well, arithmetic, and the less abstruse branches of the mathematics are certainly to be comprehended, ought to be particularly attended to, and it is my earnest wish that it should be so.
The Gazettes are so full of the occurrences of public, and indeed a private nature, which happen in this place that it is unnecessary (if I had more leisure than falls to my lot) to attempt a repetition: I shall therefore refer you to them or to the Alexandria paper, through which they may, if pains is taken, be retailed. Mrs. Washington and the rest of the family join me in every good and friendly wish for Mrs. Craik, yourself and the rest of your family; and with sentiments of sincere regard and friendship, I am &c.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 8, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 2d Ultimo came duly to hand. A tedious and painful disorder which deprived me for many Weeks of the use of my pen, and which consequently required the greater exertion of it when I was able to set up, is the best apology I can make for not having acknowledged the receipt of the above letter sooner.
The list of associates who purchased 100 Tickets in the lottery of the deceased Colo. Byrd is all the memorandom I have of that transaction. To the best of my recollection Mr. Thomson Mason (deceased) was one of the associates and was either authorised, or assumed (I do not know which) the management of the business. He did it so effectually it seems as to monopolize the whole interest. Some of the prizes it has been said, are valuable, but whether there is any Clue by which Mr. Masons conduct in this business can be developed I am unable to say. Your Uncle (The Honorable Peyton Randolph) was one of the ten associates. But if neither Mr. Fitzhugh nor any of the others who are living can give such information as would avail in an enquiry we must, I presume, set down with the loss of the money and prizes.
With respect to Mr. Powells17 application I can only repeat to you what I say to all others upon similar occasions, that is, I leave myself entirely free until the office is established and the moment shall arrive when the nomination is to be made, then, under my best information and a full view of all circumstances I shall endeavor to the best of my judgment to combine justice to individuals with the public good making the latter my primary object. My best wishes attend Mrs. Randolph and your family and with sentiments of sincere regard and friendship I am etc.18
[Note 17: Benjamin Powell, of Williamsburg, Va.]
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 9 Washington signed the ratification of the Consular Convention with France, Nov. 14. 1788. This ratification is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 13, 1789.
My dear Sister: Colonel Ball's19 letter gave me the first account of my Mother's death.20 Since that I have received Mrs.
[Note 19: Col. Burges Ball.]
[Note 20: Mary Washington. She died at Fredericksburg, Aug. 25, 1789, in the eighty-third year of her age.] Carter's letter, written at your request, and previous to both I was prepared for the event by some advices of her illness communicated to your Son Robert.
Awful, and affecting as the death of a Parent is, there is consolation in knowing, that Heaven has spared ours to an age, beyond which few attain, and favored her with the full enjoyment of her mental faculties, and as much bodily strength as usually falls to the lot of fourscore. Under these considerations and a hope that she is translated to a happier place, it is the duty of her relatives to yield due submission to the decrees of the Creator. When I was last at Fredericksburg, I took a final leave of my Mother, never expecting to see her more.
It will be impossible for me at this distance, and circumstanced as I am, to give the smallest attention to the execution of her will;21 nor indeed is much required, if, as she directs, no security should be given or appraisement made of her estate; but that the same should be allotted to the Devisees with as little trouble and delay as may be. How far this is legal, I know not. Mr. Mercer can, and I have no doubt would, readily advise you if asked, which I wish you to do. If the ceremony of inventorying, appraising, &c. can be dispensed with, all the rest, (as the will declares, that few or no debts are owing) can be done with very little trouble. Every person may in that case immediately receive what is specifically devised. The Negroes22 who are engaged in the crop and under an Overseer must remain I conceive on the Plantation until the crop is finished (which ought to be as soon as possible) after which the horses, stock of all sorts, and every species of property not disposed of by the will, (the debts, if any, being first paid) must by law be equally
[Note 21: The text of Mary Washington's will is printed in Ford's Writings of Washington, vol 14, p. 416.]
[Note 22: The Negroes were devised by Augustine Washington's will to his sons after his wife's death. This will is printed in Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. 14, p, 410.] divided into five parts, one of which you, another my Brother Charles, and a third myself, are entitled to; the other two thirds fall to the share of the children of our deceased Brothers Samuel and John.
Were it not, that the specific legacies, which are given to me by the Will are meant, and ought to be considered and received as mementos of parental affection, in the last solemn act of life, I should not be desirous of receiving or removing them; but in this point of view I set a value on them much beyond their intrinsic worth.23
[Note 23: In addition to the lands on Accokeek Run in Stafford County, and her Negro boy named George, Mary Washington devised to the General her best bed, bedspread of Virginia cloth curtains that stood in her best room, her quilted blue and white quilt, best dressing glass, her next best dressing glass, one bed, bedstead bolsters, one pillow, one pair of sheets, blanket, and counterpane.]
Whilst it occurs to me, it is necessary it should be known that there is a fellow belonging to that estate now at my house, who never stayed elsewhere, for which reason, and because he has a family I should be glad to keep him. He must I should conceive be far short in value of the fifth of the other negroes which will be to be divided, but I shall be content to take him as my proportion of them; and, if from a misconception either of the number or the value of these negroes it should be found that he is of greater value than falls to my lot I shall readily allow the difference, in order that the fellow may be gratified, as he never would consent to go from me.
Debts, if any are due, should be paid from the sale of the crops. Plantation utensils, Horses and stock; and the sooner an account is taken of the latter and they can conveniently be disposed of, the better it will be for two reasons; first because the Overseer (if he is not a very honest Man) may take advantage of circumstances, and convert part of these things to his own use; and secondly because the season is now fast approaching when without feeding (which would lessen the sale of the corn and fodder) the stock will fall off, and consequently sell to a disadvantage. Whether my Mother has kept any accounts that can be understood is more than I am able to say. If any thing is owing to her it should be received and, if due from her, paid after due proof thereof is made. She has had a great deal of money from me at times, as can be made appear by my books, and the accounts of Mr. L. Washington during my absence; and over and above this has not only had all that was ever made from the Plantation but got her provisions and every thing else she thought proper from thence. In short to the best of my recollection I have never in my life received a copper from the estate, and have paid many hundred pounds (first and last) to her in cash. However I want no retribution; I conceived it to be a duty whenever she asked for money, and I had it, to furnish her notwithstanding she got all the crops or the amount of them, and took every thing she wanted from the plantation for the support of her family, horses, &c. besides.
As the accounts for or against the Estate must not only from the declaration in the will, but from the nature of the case, be very trilling and confined I should suppose to the town of Fredericksburg, it might be proper therefore in that paper to require in an advertisement all those who have any demands to bring them in properly attested immediately, and those who are owing to pay forthwith. The same advertisement might appoint a day for selling the stock, and every thing, excepting Negroes, at the plantation, that is not devised by the will, as it will be more convenient I should suppose for the heirs to receive their respective dividends of the money arising from the sales than to be troubled with receiving a cow, a calf, or such like things after the debts (which must be the case) have been first paid. It might be well in fixing the day of sale, to consult the Overseer, to know when the business of the plantation will admit the Cart, Team and Utensils to be taken from it.
As the number of articles to be sold cannot be many and will be of small value, I think they had better be sold for ready money and so advertised, for though they would fetch more on credit, there would more than probable be bad debts contracted, and at any rate delay, if not law suits, before the money could be collected, and besides if there are debts to be paid money will be wanted for the purpose, and in no way can be so readily and properly obtained as by a ready money sale, and from the crops.
If you think this business will be too troublesome for you with the aid of your sons Mr. Carter24 and Colonel Ball who I am persuaded will give each of us assistance, and you will let me know it, I will desire Major George Washington to attend.
[Note 24: Charles Carter, who married Elizabeth Lewis, daughter of "Betty" Washington Lewis.]
As the land at the Little-falls Plantation goes to Mr. Bushrod Washington he should be apprised in time of the breaking of it up, otherwise there may be injury to the houses and fencing if left without some person to attend to them. Have particular care taken of her papers, the letters to her, &c.
I should prefer selling the houses and lotts on which my Mother lived to renting of them, and would give a year or two years credit to the purchasers paying interest, and not being acquainted with the value of lotts in Fredericksburg, I would leave the price to any three indifferent and impartial Gentleman to say what they are worth, and that sum I will take.
If they cannot be sold and soon I would rent them from year to year to any orderly Tenant on a moderate rent. If they are not disposed of on sale or by tennanting before the weather gets cool the paling will, I expect, be soon burnt up.
Give my love to Mrs. Carter, and thank her for the letter she wrote to me. I would have done this myself, had I more time for private correspondences. Mrs. Washington joins in best wishes for her, yourself, and all other friends, and I am, with the most sincere regard, your affectionate Brother.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 14, 1789.
Dear Sir: I am favored with the receipt of your letter of the 2 instant, and thank you for the information you have been so good as to communicate.
Every circumstance which serves to shew the utility, and which explains the progress of an undertaking so advantageous to the Community as the navigation of the Potomack, is at once grateful and interesting.
When your leisure allows an opportunity of making out the draft you mention,26 I shall be glad to receive it, with such observations as may consist with your convenience. I am etc.25
[Note 26: Gilpin had written: "As soon as I can make out a proper draft I will send one to you with the Courses, distance and perpendicular fall of Potomack and of the Allegany Mountain where several of the great waters begin." Gilpin's letter is in the Washington Papers.
On September 14 Washington answered an address from the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati, dated September 3. In it he wrote: "I am much pleased, Gentlemen, with the hope which you entertain that mistaken zeal [in Rhode Island] will give way to enlightened policy. And I desire to repeat to your Society assurances of the most affectionate esteem." Both address and Washington's reply are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 27: Of Washington County, Va.]
New York, September 15, 1789.
Sir: Your several favors of the 10th and 16th of May and 22d of August with their enclosures have been received. The information which they communicate claims my thanks, and the personal kindness they express is entitled to my grateful acknowledgments.
Watchful over every interest of the Union, Congress during their present Session, have passed a Law authorising the appointment of Commissioners to treat with the Indians, and providing for the expences attendant on the negotiations. In pursuance thereof Benjamin Lincoln, Cyrus Griffin, and David Humphreys Esquires have been appointed Commissioners; and they sailed from New York for Savannah in Georgia fifteen days ago.
Circumstances concur to favor a belief that the most beneficial consequences will flow from this measure, and that its effects will be extended to every description of Indians within, and contiguous to, the United States.
I accept with pleasure your obliging offers of further communications, and shall at all times be happy to receive such information as you may think interesting to the Government of the United States. I am etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 29: Of "Mount Clare," Md.]
New York, September 16, 1789.
Mdam: A Person having been lately sent to me from Europe in the capacity of a Gardner, who professes a knowledge in the culture of rare plants and care of a Green-House, I am desirous to profit of the very obliging offer you were pleased some time ago to make me.
In availing myself of your goodness I am far from desiring that it should induce any inconvenience to yourself. but, reconciling your disposition to oblige, with your convenience, I shall be happy to receive such aids as you can well spare, and as will not impair your collection. Trusting that this will be the rule of your bounty, I have requested General Williams to give you notice, when an opportunity offers to transport the trees or plants in the freshest state to Mount Vernon, and to pay any expence which may be incurred in fitting them for transportation, and to receive them from your Gardner for that purpose. I have the honor etc.30
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 16, 1789.
Dear Sir: The President has sent to Virginia a German who is to be a Gardener for him there.33 As he cannot speak the English Language and is unacquainted with the Country, I have paid his passage in the Stage to Philadelphia and have written to Mr. Inskeep, proprietor of the Stage there, to forward him from thence to Alexandria, and have informed him that the Amount of his Passage to the latter place would be paid by you upon his delivering this Letter, which I request you to do and charge the same to the Acct. of the President of the United States. I am, etc.
[Note 33: According to Washington's "Diary" (Nov. 14, 1788) this gardener, John Christian Ehlers, had been sent from Germany by Henrick Wilmans, of Bremen.]
P.S. The man has a Trunk which I presume will require to be paid for also.34
[Note 34: This letter was signed by Lear, and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 21, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 12th instt. came duly to hand. I have given the subject of it every consideration that time and my situation would enable me to do. The result is, that if Mr. Alexander, upon your recovery of the Land for which the price, and mode of payment is disputed, and paying rent for it during the time it has been out of his possession (the latter to be fixed by Men of judgment and impartiality) is disposed to accomodate the Suit which is pending between you, as Administrator of John Parke Custis Esqr. deceased, and himself, that it would, all circumstances considered, be most advisable to accede to it. My reasons for this opinion are many. It is unnecessary I conceive to detail them if I had leisure, which in truth is not the case. I am etc.
My opinion coincides with the above, and I advise the adoption of the measure accordingly.36
[Note 36: The last paragraph is signed "Martha Washington," From the original letter in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.]
New York, September 23, 1789.
Dear Sir: The affectionate congratulations on the recovery of my health, and the warm expressions of personal friendship which were contained in your favor of the 16th instant,37 claim my gratitude. And the consideration that it was written when you were afflicted with a painful malady, greatly increases my obligation for it.
[Note 37: Franklin had written: "For my own personal Ease, I should have died two years ago; but tho' those Years have been spent in excruciating Pain, I am pleas'd that I have liv'd them, since they have brought me to see our present Situation. I am now finishing my 84th. [year] and probably with it my Career in this Life; but in what ever State of Existence I am plac'd hereafter, if I retain any Memory of what has pass'd here, I shall with it retain the Esteem, Respect, and Affection with which I have long been, my dear Friend, Yours most sincerely."]
Would to God, my dear Sir, that I could congratulate you upon the removal of that excruciating pain under which you labour! and that your existence might close with as much ease to yourself, as its continuance has been beneficial to our Country and useful to mankind! Or, if the United wishes of a free people, joined with the earnest prayers of every friend to Science and humanity could relieve the body from pains or Infirmities, you could claim an exemption on this score. But this cannot be, and you have within yourself the only resource to which we can confidently apply for relief: a Philosophic mind.
If to be venerated for benevolence: If to be admired for talents: If to be esteemed for patriotism: if to be beloved for philanthropy, can gratify the human mind, you must have the pleasing consolation to know that you have not lived in vain; And I flatter myself that it will not be ranked among the least grateful occurrences of your life to be assured that so long as I retain my memory, you will be thought on with respect, veneration and Affection by Your sincere friend etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original is in the possession of the American Philosophical Society.]
New York, September 23, 1789.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 24 of July, enclosing a general statement of the monies received for, and paid to my order, and likewise the receipt of a letter from you of the 19 of April last, which has not been acknowledged.
It is unnecessary for me to repeat to you the satisfaction which you have given me in conducting the business that was committed to your hands, as a proof of it I must request your further attention to the recovery of the enclosed bond given by John Stephenson, and Hugh Stephenson on the 22 of August 1765 for seventy pounds ten shillings Virginia currency. I likewise enclose a statement of an account, which relates to the said bond. Colonel John Stephenson, the principal in the bond, lives in Fayette County State of Pennsylvania, and is undoubtedly known to you. The repeated applications which have been made to Colonel Stephenson for the payment of the bond, and the more than repeated assurances which he has given that he would immediately discharge it, render any further delay not only unnecessary, but improper, and, therefore, if he neglects to pay it upon application, you will not rely upon promises, but put the bond in suit.
Colonel Cannon, of Washington county whom I have employed to superintend my property there, and in Fayette, was recommended to me as a very active, attentive, and punctual man. I wish I could say, from experience, that I have found him so. but it is the reverse. It is now almost three years since he was empowered to take care of my property and collect my rents in that country, during which time I have repeatedly written to him, not only by the post, but by opportunities that must have conveyed the letters to his hands, and so far have I been from receiving regular answers to them, that, I think, I have only had two letters from him since he has conducted my business, the last of which was handed to me in the past winter, in which he mentioned the terms on which he had leased my lands, but I have never heard from him since, or ever received the remittance of one shilling for my rents. I will therefore thank you, Sir, when you are in that part of the country to make some enquiries of Colonel Cannon, relative to the state of my property under his care, and remind him of the necessity there is of his being more frequent in his communications to me, and more punctual in the remittance of my rents. I have enclosed a letter to him, which I will thank you to deliver when you have an opportunity. I am etc.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 24, 1789.
Sir: Sometime last winter I received a letter from you by the hands of Major McCormack, giving me a statement of the situation of my lands under your care in the Counties of Washington and Fayette, with the names of the persons to whom they were leased and the terms on which they held them.
You likewise informed me that the Tenants would pay the rents in wheat at your mill, which you would turn to the best advantage for me. In consequence of these arrangements I expected to have received remittance from you before this time, or, at least to have heard from you, in both of which I have been disappointed, you will therefore, Sir, not think it strange that I should express my surprise at your conduct in this respect, and more especially as I was induced to put this business into your hands from the favorable information which I received of your punctuality and attention.
I think I have received but two letters from you since I empowered you to act for me in that country, which is now almost three years. Opportunities certainly have not been wanting, for the post affords them from Pittsburg, if private ones should not offer: and I have repeatedly written to you requesting information relative to my property under your care.
Mr. Smith will do me the favor to hand this to you, and will be so good as to take charge of, and convey to me any communications you may have to make, and I trust, in future, I shall not have cause to complain of your want of attention in writing.
Any remittances you may have to make can be sent either to me here, or to my nephew Major George Aug. Washington at Mount Vernon as opportunity may make it convenient. I am etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 25, 1789.
Sir: In reply to your letter of this date,41 addressed to the President of the United States, I am directed by him to inform you that when he nominated you for Naval Officer of the Port of Savannah he was ignorant of any charge existing against you, and, not having, since that time, had any other exhibit of the facts which were alledged in the Senate than what is stated in the certificates which have been published by you, he does not consider himself competent to give any opinion on the subject. I am etc.42
[Note 41: Fishbourne's letter is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 78, vol. 9, fol. 645.]
[Note 42: This letter, signed "William Jackson," is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 28, 1789.
Dear Sir: In assenting to the opinion that the due administration of Justice is...52
[Note 52: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Stan V. Henkels, of Philadelphia, Pa. The omitted portions are practically the same as the first and last paragraphs of Washington's letter to Edmund Randolph, Sept. 28, 1789, q. v.]
Consulting your domestic inclinations and the state of your health I yielded on a recent occasion, to the opinions of some of your friends who thought that you would not be prevailed on to leave your State to mingle in the Administration of public affairs. But I found it impossible, in selecting a character to preside in the District-Court of Maryland, to refuse to, what I conceive to be, the public wish, and to the conviction of my own Mind, the necessity of nominating you to that Office. And I cannot but flatter myself that the same reasons which have led you to former Sacrifices in the public service, will now operate to induce your acceptance of an appointment so highly interesting to your Country.
As soon as the Acts, which are necessary accompaniments...52
[Note 53: Of New Hampshire.]
New York, September 28, 1789.
Sir: You will readily believe me when I assure you that the necessary attention to the business in which I have been lately engaged is the sole cause of my not having sooner acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 8th. of July, and made a proper return for your politeness in sending me the Sermon which accompanied it. You will now, Sir, please to accept my best thanks for this mark of attention, as well as for the friendly expressions contained in your letter.
The man must be bad indeed who can look upon the events of the American Revolution without feeling the warmest gratitude towards the great Author of the Universe whose divine interposition was so frequently manifested in our behalf. And it is my earnest prayer that we may so conduct ourselves as to merit a continuance of those blessings with which we have hitherto been favored. I am etc.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 28 the Religious Society called "Quakers," from their yearly meeting for Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and the western parts of Maryland and Virginia, sent an address to Washington who replied to it on some unknown date His reply is recorded in the "Letter Book" immediately following the address. In it he Wrote:
"Government being, among other purposes, instituted to protect the persons and consciences of men from oppression, it certainly is the duty of rulers, not only to abstain from it themselves, but, according to their stations, to prevent it in others.
"The liberty enjoyed by the people of these States, of worshipping Almighty God agreeably to their consciences, is not only among the choicest of their blessings, but also of their rights. While men perform their social duties faithfully, they do all that society or the state can with propriety demand or expect; and remain responsible only to their Maker for the religion, or modes of faith, which they may prefer or profess.
"Your principles and conduct are well known to me; and it is doing the people railed Quakers no more than justice to say, that (except their declining to share with others the burthen of the common defence) there is no denomination among us, who are more exemplary and useful citizens.
"I assure you very explicitly, that in my opinion the conscientious scruples of all men should be treated with great delicacy and tenderness; and it is my wish and desire, that the laws may always be as extensively accommodated to them, as a due regard to the protection and essential interests of the nation may justify and permit."]
New York, September 28, 1789.
Dear Sir: It would be unnecessary to remark to you, that the administration of Justice is the strongest cement of good Government, did it not follow as a consequence that the first organization of the federal judiciary is essential to the happiness of our Country, and to the stability of our political system.
Under this impression it has been the invariable object of my anxious solicitude to select the fittest characters to expound the Laws and dispense justice. To tell you that this sentiment has ruled me in your nomination to a seat on the Supreme Bench of the United States, would be but to repeat opinions with which you are already well acquainted; opinions which meet a just co-incidence in the public Mind.
Your friends, and your fellow-citizens, anxious for the respect of the Court to which you are appointed, will be happy to learn your acceptance; and no one among them will be more so than myself.
As soon as the Acts which are necessary accompaniments...55
[Note 55: From the original in the House of Representatives Collection, in the National Archives. The omitted portion is the same as the conclusion of Washington's letter to Edmund Randolph, Sept. 28, 1789, q. v.]
New York, September 28, 1789.
Sir: I am sorry to learn from your letter of the 12 inst., that the state of your health is such as will, in all probability, prevent your attendance on the business of your commission.
The ordinance of the late Congress instituting the Board56 of which you are a Member, made it necessary for all the
[Note 56: For settling the accounts of the United States with the individual States.] Commissioners to be present when their business commenced, and likewise required the attendance of the whole when any final adjustment took place. As the business has already commenced agreeably to the ordinance, Genl. Irwin57 informs me that it is progressing under his inspection, and that the presence of the whole Board will not be absolutely necessary 'till some final settlement of Accounts is about to take place. I shall therefore delay making any new appointment until circumstances may render it necessary in hopes that you will yet so far recover your health as to be able to attend the duties of your office in time; for I should be very unwilling that a temporary illness should deprive a man of his office unless the public good rendered a new appointment absolutely necessary.58
[Note 57: William Irvine (Irwin).]
[Note 58: On December 14 Lear wrote to Gilman that the two other Commissioners had informed the President "that the business of their commission is now retarded, and will very shortly be at a stand without the presence of the other Commissioner; I am therefore directed by the President of the United States to give you notice thereof, and to inform you that your attendance cannot be well delayed beyond the first, and certainly not beyond the middle of January, without injury to the public. Should the state of your health be such...the President wishes you to give him immediate information thereof, that another person may be appointed, and the public business not be unnecessarily retarded." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mr. Kean59 has not yet arrived, but by a letter which I received from him yesterday he may be daily expected. With my best wishes for the restoration of your health I am etc.60
[Note 59: John Kean.]
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 28,61 1789.
[Note 61: Both Sparks and Ford date this letter September 27.]
Dear Sir: Impressed with a conviction that the due administration of justice is the firmest pillar of good Government, I have considered the first arrangement of the Judicial department as essential to the happiness of our Country, and to the stability of its political system; hence the selection of the fittest characters to expound the laws, and dispense justice, has been an invariable object of my anxious concern.
I mean not to flatter when I say, that considerations like these have ruled in the nomination of the Attorney-General of the United States, and, that my private wishes would be highly gratified by your acceptance of the Office. I regarded the office as requiring those talents to conduct its important duties, and that disposition to sacrifice to the public good, which I believe you to possess and entertain; in both instances, I doubt not, the event will justify the conclusion; The appointment I hope, will be accepted, and its functions, I am assured, will be well performed.62
[Note 62: Randolph had been confirmed by the Senate, Saturday, September 26, as Attorney General. (See Washington's letter to the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. Sept. 30, 1789, post.)]
Notwithstanding the prevailing disposition to frugality, the Salary of this office appears to have been fixed, at what it is, from a belief that the Station would confer pre-eminence on its possessor, and procure for him a decided preference of Professional employment. As soon as the Acts, which are necessary accompaniments of the appointment can be got ready you will receive official notice of the latter; this letter is only to be considered as an early communication of my sentiments on this occasion and as a testimony of the sincere regard and esteem, with which I am &c.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 28, 1789.
I write to you, my dear Sir, on a subject which has engaged much of my reflection, and to which I am persuaded I shall obtain your ready and candid attention.
Regarding the due administration of Justice as the corner stone of good Government, I have considered the first arrangement of the judicial department as essential to the happiness of our Country, and to the stability of its political system. Under this impression it has been an invariable object of anxious solicitude with me to select the fittest Characters to expound the Laws and dispense justice.
Concurring in sentiment with some others of your friends that the functions of the Supreme Bench, which involve the fatigue of Circuit Courts, would be too much for the infirm State of your health, I believed it necessary, to avail our Country of your abilities and the influence of your example, by nominating you to the office of Judge of the District Court of Virginia, which will not require much greater personal exertion than the duties of your present station, and I trust the hope, with which I flatter myself, that I shall have the pleasure to hear of your acceptance of the appointment, is well founded, indeed I cannot doubt it, when I again consider the necessity of giving a tone to the system in its out-set, by placing the administration of the Laws with the best and wisest of our Citizens.
As soon as the Acts, which are necessary accompaniments...64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The omitted portion is the same as the conclusion of Washington's letter to Edmund Randolph, Sept. 28, 1789, q. v.]
United States, September 29, 1789.
Gentlemen: His most Christian Majesty, by a letter dated the 7th. of June last, addressed to the President and Members of the General Congress of the United States of North America, announced the much lamented death of his son the Dauphin. The generous conduct of the French Monarch and Nation towards this Country renders every event that may affect his or their prosperity interesting to us, and I shall take care to assure him of the sensibility with which the United States participate in the affliction which a loss so much to be regretted must have occasioned both to him and them.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to the King of France, Oct. 7, 1789, post.)
On September 29 Washington signed the ratification of the Indian treaty of Fort Harmar, Jan. 9, 1789. The original is in the Department of State with the treaty.
On this same day (September 29) the President issued his proclamation, proclaiming the treaty of Fort Harmar. The original is in the Department of State.
On this same day (September 29) Washington sent a message to the Senate, nominating the officers of the Army of the United States. This message and list is recorded in the "Letter Book," and is printed in the Executive Journal.]
New York, September 29, 1789.
Dear Sir: In requesting your candid attention to a subject, which I deem highly interesting to our Country, I am convinced that I address myself well.
Regarding the due administration of Justice as the strongest cement of good government, I have considered the first organization of the Judicial Department as essential to the happiness of our Citizens, and to the stability of our political system. Under this impression it has been an invariable object of anxious solicitude with me to select the fittest Characters to expound the laws and dispense justice.
This sentiment, Sir, has over-ruled, in my mind, the opinions of some of your friends, when they suggested that you might not accept an appointment to a seat on the Supreme Bench of the United States. The hesitation, which those opinions produced, was but momentary, when I reflected on the confidence which your former services had established in the public mind, and when I exercised my own belief of your disposition still further to sacrifice to the good of your Country.
In any event I concluded that I should discharge the duty which I owe to the Public by nominating to this important office a Person whom I judged best qualified to execute its functions, and you will allow me to repeat the wish that I may have the pleasure to hear of your acceptance of the appointment. My best respects are offered to Mrs. Rutledge and with sentiments of very great esteem and regard I am etc.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, September 29, 1789.
Sir: As you are about to return to your own State, you will oblige me by informing the Gentlemen to whom you wrote sometime ago, or any others in whom you can place entire confidence that I will give £400 Pennsa. currency (to be paid in specie) for twenty mares of the annexed description, delivered at my Seat of Mount Vernon in Virginia (which is only nine miles from Alexandria) and I will allow besides a commission of 5 pr Cent. on the said £400 as compensation for the trouble of purchasing, which two sums I mean to be in full of all expences, risk &ca. in delivering of them as above.
[Note 68: The "Letter Book" records this as a "Message to both Houses of Congress," although it is addressed specifically by the superscription to the Senate.]
United States, September 29, 1789.
Gentlemen of the Senate: Having been yesterday informed by a joint Committee of both Houses of Congress, that they had agreed to a recess to commence this day and to continue untill the first Monday in January next; I take the earliest opportunity of acquainting you, that considering how long and laborious this session has been, and the reasons which I presume have produced this resolution, it does not appear to me expedient to recommend any measures to their consideration at present, or now to call your attention, Gentlemen, to any of those matters in my department, which require your advice and consent and yet remain to be dispatched.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, September 30, 1789.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that you are appointed (Marshal or Attorney) for the District of--and your Commission is enclosed, accompanied with such Laws as have passed relative to the Judicial Department of the United States.
The high importance of the Judicial System in our National Government, made it an indispensable duty to select such Characters to fill the several offices in it as would discharge their respective trusts with honor to themselves and advantage to their Country.70 I am etc.69
[Note 70: A form letter. The names of the marshals and attorneys nominated and confirmed are in the Executive Journal, vol. 1, pp. 29--33.]
New York, September 30, 1789.
Sir: I experience peculiar pleasure in giving you notice of your appointment to the Office of an Associate Judge in the Supreme Court of the United States.
Considering the Judicial System as the chief Pillar upon which our national Government must rest, I have thought it my duty to nominate, for the high Offices in that department, such men as I conceived would give dignity and lustre to our National Character; and I flatter myself that the love which you bear to our Country, and a desire to promote general happiness, will lead you to a ready acceptance of the enclosed Commission, which is accompanied with such Laws as have passed relative to your Office. I have the honor etc.71
[Note 71: A form letter. The "Letter Book" records that it was also sent to the Attorney General. Of the associate judges appointed, to wit, John Rutledge, James Wilson, William Cushing, Robert Hanson Harrison, and John Blair, only Harrison declined.]
United States, September 30, 1789.
Sir: I have the pleasure to enclose you a Commission as Judge of the United States for the District of ... , to which Office I have nominated and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, have appointed you.
In my nomination of persons to fill Offices in the Judicial Department I have been guided by the importance of the object, considering it as of the first magnitude, and as the pillar upon which our political fabric must rest. I have endeavored to bring into the high Offices of its administration such Characters as will give stability and dignity to our National Government; and I persuade myself that they will discover a due desire to promote the happiness of our Country by a ready acceptance of their several appointments.
The Laws which have passed relative to your Office accompany the Commission.72 I am etc.73
[Note 72: A form letter. The names of the judges nominated and confirmed are in the Executive Journal, vol. 1, pp. 29--33.]
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 2, 1789.
Dear Sir: From the purport of your letter of ... I have reason to fear that my request of you to forward the plants which Mrs. Carroll had been so obliging as to offer me was so incautiously expressed, as to lead you into a mistake, and myself consequently into an expence which I had no intention to incur. More than to embrace the opportunity of the Packet from Baltimore to Alexandria or any other casual conveyance from the one to the other by which the above plants could easily have been sent, I had not extended my ideas, and if a large vessel should have been employed for this purpose the cost will far exceed the value of the things. If not too late now I could wish to avoid it.
I had no expectation of large trees, or of any plants beyond their infant growth, the first would be a robbery of the good Lady without answering my purposes so well as things of smaller growth. But in any event I beg you to receive my sincere thanks for the pains you have taken. The cost shall be paid so soon as you make it known to Dear Sir Yours etc.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 77: A copy of this proclamation was sent to the executives of the States by the President in a brief form letter (October 3). This form is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
City of New York, October 3, 1789.
Whereas it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and favor, and Whereas both Houses of Congress have by their joint Committee78 requested me "to recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanks-giving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness."
[Note 78: The Senate concurred in the House resolve to this effect, September 26.]
Now therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the 26th. day of November next to be devoted by the People of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be. That we may then all unite in rendering unto him our sincere and humble thanks, for his kind care and protection of the People of this country previous to their becoming a Nation, for the signal and manifold mercies, and the favorable interpositions of his providence, which we experienced in the course and conclusion of the late war, for the great degree of tranquillity, union, and plenty, which we have since enjoyed, for the peaceable and rational manner in which we have been enabled to establish constitutions of government for our safety and happiness, and particularly the national One now lately instituted, for the civil and religious liberty with which we are blessed, and the means we have of acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge and in general for all the great and various favors which he hath been pleased to confer upon us.
And also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions, to enable us all, whether in public or private stations, to perform our several and relative duties properly and punctually, to render our national government a blessing to all the People, by constantly being a government of wise, just and constitutional laws, discreetly and faithfully executed and obeyed, to protect and guide all Sovereigns and Nations (especially such as have shown kindness unto us) and to bless them with good government, peace, and concord. To promote the knowledge and practice of true religion and virtue, and the encrease of science among them and Us, and generally to grant unto all Mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as he alone knows to be best.79
[Note 79: From the original in the writing of William Jackson. It was signed by Washington, who had written in the day "third" in the date.
This was the first national Thanksgiving Day proclamation under the Constitution.]
New York, October 5, 1789.
Sir: It is with singular pleasure that I address you as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, for which Office your Commission is enclosed.
In nominating you for the important station which you now fill, I not only acted in conformity to my best judgment; but I trust I did a grateful thing to the good Citizens of these United States; and I have a full confidence that the love which you bear to our Country, and a desire to promote the general happiness, will not suffer you to hesitate a moment to bring into action the talents, knowledge and integrity which are so necessary to be exercised at the head of that department which must be considered as the key-stone of our political fabric. I have the honor etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 9, 1789.
To our great and beloved Friend and Ally, his Most Christian
Majesty.
By the change which has taken place in the national government of the United States, the honor of receiving and answering your Majesty's letter of the 7th. of June, to "the President and Members of Congress" has devolved upon me.
The painful event communicated in it, could not fail to affect the sensibility, and excite the regret, of the People of the United States, who have so much reason to feel an interest in whatever concerns the happiness of your Majesty, your family, and Nation. They very sincerely condole with you on the occasion, and are sensible how greatly this misfortune must have been enhanced by those qualities in the Dauphin, which promised to have rendered that Prince a blessing, not only to his family, but to his Nation.
Permit me to assure your Majesty of the unceasing gratitude and attachment of the United States and of our prayers, that the Almighty will be pleased to keep you, our great and beloved Friend and Ally under his constant guidance and protection.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On October 9 the Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church in North America sent an address to Washington, the answer to which is undated, but recorded immediately, following the address in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. In the answer he stated: "I readily join with you that 'while just government protects all in their religious rights, true religion affords to government its surest support.'"]
New York, October 12, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 10th of May, and have no doubt of the utility of the plan which you propose of taking an Accurate survey of the inland Navigation from New York to East Florida; but there has been during the past Session, such a multiplicity of business of a pressing nature before Congress that they had no opportunity of attending to any matters which could admit of delay, and your proposition being of such a nature as not to demand an immediate attention, to the exclusion of more urgent affairs, it can be laid before Congress at a future period when they will take such measures thereon as their judgment may direct. I am etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 12, 1789.
Sir: A variety of avocations has prevented my giving an earlier acknowledgment to your letter of the 17th of July. I will now thank you, Sir, to furnish me with an Acct. of the quantity and cost of the materials which have been placed on Cape Henry by the Commissioners appointed by the Assembly of Virginia for the purpose of building a light-house, as you have been so obliging as to offer to do it.
I am sorry that you have not yet received any of my out-standing debts, but am not without hope that you will be able to collect at least some part of them shortly.85 This case is hard, and I believe singular. I am etc.84
[Note 85: In a brief note of November 23, Washington acknowledged the above account from Newton with a statement of the outstanding debts due Washington "which I make no doubt you will use your best endeavors to recover." This note is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 12, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 18 ult. and am glad to learn from it, that my Nephews apply with diligence to arithmetic and English composition. These are two branches in which I have always thought them deficient, and have ever been pressingly desirous that they should be made well acquainted with them. George may be instructed in the french language, but Lawrence had better apply himself, for the present, to his arithmetic, writing, and composition.
As you have failed in your endeavours to obtain a Mathematical Instructor, it is not probable that any success would attend an advertisement in a paper here; however, I will have one inserted. I can give no particular opinion respecting the Boy whom you represent to be an uncommon Genius; but I would cheerfully give any reasonable encouragement towards the cultivation of talents which bid fair to be useful. I am &c.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 12, 1789.
Sir: I have now before me your several favors of the 19th of March, the 12. and 24 of June, and must beg your acceptance of my best thanks for the satisfactory manner in which you have executed the commission that you was so polite as to take upon yourself. I also feel myself obliged by the offer of your future services.
The Gardner who you have been so good as to procure for me arrived here on the 14 of September, and set off a few days after for my seat in Virginia, where he will enter upon his duty, and, from the account which you have given of him, I have no doubt but I shall be pleased with his services. The plants and seeds, which you were so good as to send to me arrived safe, and the Gardner has taken them to Virginia with him.
In your letter of the 13 of June you observed that you were in treaty with a Weaver who you expected to engage for me, but as you mentioned nothing more of the matter in your subsequent letter, I presume that you were disappointed in your expectations of engaging him. However, if you should in future have an opportunity of procuring a good linen weaver for me, upon reasonable terms, I will thank you to do it, and, in that case, it is my wish that he should be sent over in some vessel bound to the Potomac, for the expence of transporting a person from hence to Virginia is no inconsiderable addition to the cost of obtaining him. I am etc.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 13, 1789.
Dear General: I have been honored with the receipt of your letters of the 31st of January and 17th of February last; and I should have had the pleasure to address you sooner, but a tedious indisposition, and very numerous avocations, since my recovery, have so entirely engaged my time, as to leave me but very little, or no leisure for the agreeable duties of friendship.
I embrace the obliging offer of His Excellency the Count de Moustier (who favors my letter with his care) to renew an intercourse which will ever give me pleasure, and to enhance your satisfaction by telling you, that the political affairs of the United States are in so pleasing a train as to promise respectability to their government, and happiness to our Citizens. The opposition offered to the reform of our federal constitution has in a great measure subsided, and there is every reason to predict political harmony and individual happiness to the States and citizens of confederated America.
The Revolution, announced by the intelligence from France, must be interesting to the nations of the world in general, and is certainly of the greatest importance to the country in which it has happened. I am persuaded I express the sentiments of my fellow-citizens, when I offer an earnest prayer, that it may terminate in the permanent honor and happiness of your government and people. With sentiments of respectful affection &c.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 90: Charles Armand-Tuffin, Marquis de La Rouerie.]
New York, October 13, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with the receipt of your letters of the 5th of October 1788 and 18th of June last; the former I only received a few days ago by Major de Berdt.
In answer to your observations respecting the monies due to your Officers from the United States, I can only express my regret that the political circumstances of the country have not heretofore capacitated a more punctual complyance with its engagements. But as there is a prospect that the finances of America will improve with the progression of its government, I can not but entertain a belief that the cause of the complaint will be removed and Confidence restored to our public Creditors. The measures to effect this desireable purpose must be proportioned to the means we possess: and altho' they may be slow, yet I trust they will be certain in their operation. I shall add to your satisfaction by informing you that the political affairs of the United States are in so pleasing a train as to promise respectability to our government and happiness to our Citizens.
The opposition offered to the reform of our federal Constitution...91
[Note 91: The omitted portion is the same as that found in Washington's letter to Comte de Rochambeau, Oct. 13, 1789, q. v.]
I am much obliged by the flattering and Affectionate Sentiments expressed in your letters, and I request you to believe that I etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 13, 1789.
Gentn: I have requested my friend and acquaintance Gouvr Morris Esqr when in, either London or Paris, to procure and send to me by the first conveyance to this City or to Philadelphia Plated Coolers, Mirrers, and Table ornaments and to draw upon you for the amount which please to pay and place it to the account of Gentn. Your etc.93
[Note 93: The original is in the Frederick S. Peck Collection, Barrington, R. I.]
New York, October 13, 1789.
Dear General: I have been honored with the receipt of your letter of the 8th of June, enclosing a list of Officers who wish to receive diplomas from the society of the Cincinnati.
General Knox will forward to your Excellency, by the Count de Moustier, who is so obliging as to favor this letter with his care, Diplomas for the first forty five names on your list, he has sent to the Commandant of the Squadron, now at Boston, Diplomas for the Vicomte de Pontever Glen,94 Marquis de la Galisoniere,95 Monsieur de Durand de Braije,96 and the Marquis de Traversay,97 and he hopes to obtain of sufficiency of Diplomas to complete your list, which he will transmit to you by the next Packet for France.
[Note 94: Henri Jean Baptiste, Vicomte de Pontevès-Giens.]
[Note 95: Athanase Scipion Barrin, Marquis de La Galissonnière.]
[Note 96: Jean Baptiste Alexandre Durand de Braye.]
[Note 97: Jean Baptiste Prévost de Sensac, Marquis de Traversay.]
I am assured that I shall add to your Excellency's satisfaction by telling you that the political circumstances of the United States are in so pleasing a train as to promise respectability to their Government, and happiness to our Citizens.
The opposition offered to the reform of our federal Constitution...98
[Note 98: The omitted portion is the same as that found in Washington's letter to Comte de Rochambeau, Oct. 13, 1789, q. v.]
With sentiments of respectful Affection and esteem, I have the honor etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 13, 1789.
Dear Sir: In my first moments of leisure I acknowledge the receipt of your several favors of the 23 of February, 3 of March and 29 of April.
To thank you for the interesting communications contained in those letters, and for the pains you have taken to procure me a watch, is all, or nearly all, I shall attempt in this letter; for I could only repeat things, were I to set about it, which I have reason to believe have been regularly communicated to you in detail, at the periods which gave birth to them. It may not however be unpleasing to you to hear in one word that the national government is organized, and, as far as my information goes, to the satisfaction of all parties. That opposition to it is either no more, or hides its head. That it is hoped and expected it will take strong root, and that the non acceding States will very soon become Members of the Union. No doubt is entertained of North Carolina, nor would there be of Rhode Island had not the majority of that People bid adieu, long since to every principle of honor, common sense, and honesty. A material change however has taken place, it is said, at the late election of representatives, and confident assurances are given from that circumstance of better dispositions in their Legislature at its next session, now about to be held.
The revolution which has been effected in France is of so wonderful a nature that the mind can hardly realize the fact. If it ends as our last accounts to the first of August predict that nation will be the most powerful and happy in Europe; but I fear though it has gone triumphantly through the first paroxysm, it is not the last it has to encounter before matters are finally settled. In a word the revolution is of too great magnitude to be effected in so short a space, and with the loss of so little blood. The mortification of the King, the intrigues of the Queen, and the discontent of the Princes and the Noblesse will foment divisions, if possible, in the national assembly, and avail themselves of every faux pas in the formation of the constitution if they do not give a more open, active opposition. To these the licentiousness of the People on one hand and sanguinary punishments on the other will alarm the best disposed friends to the measure, and contribute not a little to the overthrow of their object. Great temperance, firmness, and foresight are necessary in the movements of that Body. To forbear running from one extreme to another is no easy matter, and, should this be the case, rocks and shelves not visible at present may wreck the vessel.
This letter is an evidence, though of a trifling sort, that in the commencement of any work one rarely sees the progress or end of it. I declared to you in the beginning that I had little to say; I have got beyond the second page, and find I have a good deal to add; but that no time or paper may be wasted in a useless preface I will come to the point.
Will you then, my good Sir, permit me to ask the favor of you to provide and send to me by the first Ship, bound to this place, or Philadelphia, mirrors for a table, with neat and fashionable but not expensive ornaments for them; such as will do credit to your taste. The mirrors will of course be in pieces that they may be adapted to the company, (the size of it I mean) the aggregate length of them may be ten feet, the breadth two feet. The frames may be plated ware, or any thing else more fashionable but not more expensive. If I am defective recur to what you have seen on Mr. Robert Morris's table for my ideas generally. Whether these things can be had on better terms and in a better style in Paris than in London I will not undertake to decide. I recollect however to have had plated ware from both places, and those from the latter came cheapest; but a single instance is no evidence of a general fact.
Of plated ware may be made I conceive handsome and useful Coolers for wine at and after dinner. Those I am in need of viz. eight double ones (for madeira and claret the wines usually drank at dinner) each of the apertures to be sufficient to contain a pint decanter, with an allowance in the depth of it for ice at bottom so as to raise the neck of the decanter above the cooler; between the apertures a handle is to be placed by which these double coolers may with convenience be removed from one part of the table to another. For the wine after dinner four quadruple coolers will be necessary each aperture of which to be of the size of a quart decanter or quart bottle for four sorts of wine. These decanters or bottles to have ice at bottom, and to be elevated thereby as above; a central handle here also will be wanting. Should my description be defective, your imagination is fertile and on this I shall rely. One idea however I must impress you with and that is in whole or part to avoid extravagance. For extravagance would not comport with my own inclination, nor with the example which ought to be set. The reason why I prefer an aperture for every decanter or bottle to coolers that would contain two and four is that whether full or empty the bottles will always stand upright and never be at variance with each other.
The letter enclosed with your draught accompanying it will provide the means for payment. The clumsy manner in which Merchants (or rather their Tradesmen) execute commissions, where taste is required, for persons at a distance must be my apology, and the best that can be offered by Dear Sir &c.
Mrs. Washington presents her compliments to you.
P.S. I was in the very act of sealing this letter when yours of the 31st. of July from Dieppe was put into my hands. Accept my sincere thanks for the important communications contained in it, and for the tables3 which accompanied. I shall add no more now, except that in the morning I commence a tour, though rather late in the season, through the States eastward of this. Adieu.4
[Note 3: Morris had written (July 31): "I...send some Tables which contains the political military pecuniary and commercial State of this Country. I believe them to be tolerably authentic, as far as they go." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 13, 1789.
Sir: In the selection of characters to fill the important offices of Government in the United States I was naturally led to contemplate the talents and disposition which I knew you to possess and entertain for the Service of your Country. And without being able to consult your inclination, or to derive any knowledge of your intentions from your letters either to myself or to any other of your friends, I was determined, as well by motives of private regard as a conviction of public propriety, to nominate you for the Department of State, which, under its present organization, involves many of the most interesting objects of the Executive Authority. But grateful as your acceptance of this Commission would to be me, I am at the sametime desirous to accommodate to your wishes, and I have therefore forborne to nominate your Successor at the Court of Versailles until I should be informed of your determination.
Being on the eve of a journey through the Eastern States, with a view to observe the situation of the Country, and in a hope of perfectly reestablishing my health, which a series of indisposition has much impaired, I have deemed it proper to make this communication of your appointment in order that you might lose no time should it be your [wish] to visit Virginia during the recess of Congress, which will probably be the most convenient season, both as it may respect your private concerns and the public service.
Unwilling as I am to interfere in the direction of your choice of Assistants, I shall only take the liberty of observing to you that, from warm recommendations which I have received in behalf of Roger Alden, Esqr., Assistant Secretary to the late Congress, I have placed all the Papers thereunto belonging under his care. Those Papers which more properly appertain to the Office of Foreign-Affairs are under the Superintendence of Mr. Jay, who has been so-obliging as to continue his good-offices, and they are in the immediate charge of Mr. Remson.6 With sentiments of very great esteem and regard, &c.
[Note 6: Henry Remson, jr.]
I take this occasion to acknowledge the receipt of your several favors of the 4th and 5th Deer. of the last, and 10th. of May of the present year and to thank you for the communications therein.7
[Note 7: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
Jefferson's letter of December 15 from Chesterfield, Va., acknowledged this, and Washington's letter to Jefferson of November 30 stated: "When I contemplate the extent of that office, embracing as it does the principal mass of domestic administration, together with the foreign, I cannot be insensible of my inequality to it...but it is not for an individual to chuse his post. you are to marshal us as may best be for the public good: and it is only in case of it's being indifferent to you that I would avail myself of the option you have so kindly offered in your letter. if you think it better to transfer me to another post, my inclination must be no obstacle; nor shall it be, if there is any desire to suppress the office l now hold, or to reduce it's grade. in either of these cases be so so good as to signify to me by another line your ultimate wish, and I shall conform to it cordially. if it should be to remain at New York, my chief comfort will be to work under your eye, my only shelter the authority of your name, and the wisdom of measures to be dictated by you, and implicitly executed by me. whatever you may please to decide, I do not see that the matters which have called me hither will permit me to shorten the stay I originally asked; that is to say, to set out on my journey Northward till the month of March. as early as possible in that month, I shall have the honor of paying my respects to you in New York." This letter is in the Washington Papers.
Madison, in a letter dated Georgetown, Md. (D. C.), Jan. 4, 1790, reported to the President his reaction to Jefferson's feeling as follows: "A few days before I was allowed to set out for N. York, I took a ride to Monticello. The answer of Mr. Jefferson to the notification of his appointment will no doubt have explained the state of his mind on the subject. I was sorry to find them so little biased in favor of the domestic service allotted to him, but was glad that his difficulties seemed to result chiefly from what I take to be an erroneous view of the kind and quantity of business annexed to that which constituted the foreign department. He apprehends that it will far exceed the latter which has of itself no terrors to him. On the other hand it was supposed, and I believe truly that the domestic part will be very trifling, and for that reason improper to be made a distinct department. After all if the whole business can be executed by one man, Mr. Jefferson must be equal to it; If not he will be relieved by a necessary division of it. All whom I have heard speak on the subject are remarkably solicitous for his acceptance, and I flatter myself that they will not in the final event be disappointed." Madison's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
New York, October 14, 1789.
This is the first time I have written to you, my dear Marquis, since I have been in this place, and I have not received a line from you in the same space of time. This has been a long interval of silence between two persons whose habits of correspondence have been so uninterruptedly kept up as ours; but the new and arduous scenes in which we have both been lately engaged will afford a mutual excuse.
I wrote to you very fully in my last letters from Mount Vernon, and since that time the gazettes, which I know you receive, have given a pretty ample detail of our public proceedings. I therefore take the advantage of the politeness of the Comte de Moustier, (who is about returning to France) more with a view of assuring you that you are still remembered by me with affection, than with an intent to convey any political intelligence. I will only observe, generally, that the prospect is favorable to the political happiness of this country.
The revolution, which has taken place with you, is of such magnitude and of so momentous a nature that we hardly yet dare to form a conjecture about it. We however trust, and fervently pray that its consequences may prove happy to a nation, in whose fate we have so much cause to be interested and that its influence may be felt with pleasure by future generations.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes to you and your amiable Partner. I am etc.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers]
New York, October 14, 1789.
Madam: The letter with which you were pleased to honor me dated the 25. of last month, came duly to hand. I know not how sufficiently to thank you for your polite and obliging compliance with my request, nor, in what manner to express my fears lest those motives should have led you into inconveniences. My Green House is by no means in perfect order, and if it was, it would not have been my wish to have robbed yours of any grown or bearing plants. If it is not too late I would again repeat and entreat that this may not happen.
Mrs. Washington joins me in thanking you for your polite invitation to Mount Clare (on the supposition that we should return to Virginia during the recess of Congress). For the more perfect reestablishment of my health among other considerations I am on the eve of a tour through the eastern States. We shall at all times have great pleasure in asking how you do and both of us unite in best wishes and respectful compliments. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: On October 14 Washington wrote to Otho Holland Williams, thanking him for his care and trouble in the matter of trees and plants from Mrs. Carroll, and requesting that if it was not too late, no large trees be sent "especially the one of which she has not a second. It is highly probable this tree, and perhaps all large ones would be lost to us both by the act of transportation unless very fine weather, a short passage, and more than common care are met with." This letter is in the Maryland Historical Society.]
New Haven,9 October 18, 1789.
[Note 9: On Thursday, October 15, about 9 a. m., Washington left New York on his tour through the Eastern States, He traveled 31 miles that day and lodged at Rye, in Westchester County. He reached New Haven, Conn., in the afternoon of October 17, and left that place at 6 a. m. on the 19th.]
Dear Sirs: Having set out on a tour through the Eastern States, it was at this place your letter of the 8th. Instt. overtook me.
Not having my fathers Will to recur to when I wrote to my Sister, nor any recollection of the Devises in it, I supposed She was entitled to a Child's part of the Negros; but, if they were otherwise disposed of, by that Will (as I believe is the case) She is certainly excluded; and the Sons only, and their representatives, come in. In this manner the devision must be made.
Everything of personal property, not specifically disposed of by my Mothers Will had better be sold: with the proceeds of which, and the Crops, the Debts must be paid. The surplus if any, must be divided among the heirs.
Being well convinced that the Gentlemen who were so obliging as to examine and set a value upon my Lots, acted from their best judgment, I am perfectly satisfied with their decision; and beg my thanks may be presented to them for the trouble they have had in this business. If they are not already sold, I am willing to allow three, instead of two years credit for the payment of the purchase money, Interest being paid. In a word, as I do not want to tenant them, I should be glad to sell them on any reasonable terms, as that kind of property, at a distance, is always troublesome and rarely productive.
I did not mean to give Mr. Mercer the trouble of stating any formal opinion, all I had in view was to know if the formalities of the Law with respect to Inventory, appraising, &c. could be dispensed with. If it could, I was sure no other difficulty would arise, as I knew my Mothers dealings were small, and the business consequently easily closed.
I am exceedingly sorry to hear of the loss the Country has sustained from Frost. The Crops of Corn in this State Connecticut) along the road I have travelled, are abundantly great.
I offer my best thanks to you for your kind services, and my best wishes to my Nieces and your families, and with sincere esteem etc.10
[Note 10: From the original in the Ball Deposit in the Library of Congress.]
Brook field, October 22, 1789.11
[Note 11: Washington reached Brookfield, Mass., on this date, but continued on to Spencer, 10 miles farther, where he lodged that night at Isaac Jenks's tavern.]
Sir: A few miles west of this village I met the express, who delivered me your Excellency's letter of yesterday. I have been so fortunate as to proceed thus far, without any accident to delay my journey; should nothing occur to prevent me, I shall be at Weston to-morrow night, and I purpose taking dinner so early at Watertown on Saturday, as to reach Cambridge by half past two Oclock. Thence I presume we shall arrive within an hour at Boston.
I am highly sensible of the honor intended me: But could my wish prevail I should desire to visit your Metropolis without any parade, or extraordinary ceremony. From a wish to avoid giving trouble to private families, I determined, on leaving New York, to decline the honor of any invitation to quarters which I might receive while on my journey; and with a view to observe this rule, I had requested a Gentleman to engage lodgings for me during my stay at Boston. I beg your Excellency to be persuaded of the grateful sense which I entertain of the honor you intended to confer on me, and I desire to assure you of the respectful regard with which I am &c.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Weston, October 23, 1789.13
[Note 13: Washington lodged at Weston the night of October 23 and left it at 8 a. m., October 24. According to schedule he reached Cambridge at 10 a. m.; but the militia was not ready until 11 a.m. A conflict over local precedence delayed his entry into Boston. Lieut. Gov. Samuel Adams, who had been sent by the Governor to welcome the President at the town limits, encountered opposition from the town authorities, who claimed the right to welcome the President to the town. Adams was forced to give way. The details of this controversy are in Washington's "Diaries."]
Sir: I have this moment received your Excellency's polite letter of to-day, and have the honor to inform you, that, in consequence of suggestions made by the Gentlemen from Boston and the Deputy Adjut. General (whom I met at Worcester this morning) that it would make it more convenient for the troops, many of whom lived at a distance from the place of parade, if I should pass through Cambridge at an earlier hour than I intended, I thought it best to alter the time of my arrival at that place, which I had the pleasure to mention to your Excellency in my letter of yesterday; and the alteration which I had made I immediately communicated to you by a letter, which the Gentlemen from Boston were so kind as to take charge of; but lest any accident should prevent that letter from getting to your hands I would here mention, that it is my determination to be at Cambridge to-morrow at 10 Oclock, and from thence proceed to Boston as soon as circumstances will permit, where it is probable I may arrive by 12 oclock, and I will do myself the honor to accept your Excellency's polite invitation of taking an informal dinner with you.14 I have the honor &c.15
[Note 14: Hancock, not having paid the President the first visit, Washington canceled the dinner acceptance and dined at his lodgings which were at Mrs. Ingersoll's, widow of Joseph Ingersoll, corner of Tremont and Court Streets. Vice President John Adams dined with him. On Sunday, October 25, Governor Hancock called on the President, assuring him that indisposition alone had prevented his doing it before.
On Washington's tour of New England, which did not, however, include Rhode Island and Vermont, presumably because those two States were not then members of the Union, various States, towns, and organizations presented him with complimentary addresses to which answers were returned. These, in the order of their dates, were: From the Connecticut Legislature [October 17]; from the Congregational ministers of New Haven, October 17; from the mayor, aldermen, and common council of Hartford [October 20]; from the Governor and Council of Massachusetts, October 27; from the inhabitants of Boston [October 27]; from the president and fellows of Harvard University, October 27; from the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, October 27; from the inhabitants of Marblehead, October 29; from the inhabitants of Salem, October 29; from the citizens of Newburyport [October 30]; from the inhabitants of Portsmouth, N. H., November 2; from the executive of New Hampshire, at Portsmouth, November 3; from the ministers and elders representing the Massachusetts and New Hampshire churches which compose the First Presbytery of the Eastward, Newburyport, October 28. All of the above addresses and answers are recorded consecutively in the "Letter Book," with the exception of this last one from the ministers and elders, etc., which, though dated October 28, is recorded after November 3. In Washington's reply to this, he wrote: "I am persuaded, you will permit me to observe that the path of true piety is so plain as to require but little political direction. To this consideration we ought to ascribe the absence of any regulation, respecting religion, from the Magna-Charta of our country. To the guidance of the ministers of the gospel this important object is, perhaps, more properly committed. It will be your care to instruct the ignorant, and to reclaim the devious, and, in the progress of morality and science, to which our government will give every furtherance, we may confidently expect the advancement of true religion, and the completion of our happiness."]
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 18: Of Uxbridge, Mass.]
Hartford, November 8, 1789.
Sir: Being informed that you have given my name to one of your Sons, and called another after Mrs. Washington's family. And being moreover very much pleased with the modest and innocent looks of your two daughters Patty and Polly I do, for these reasons, send each of these Girls a piece of chintz. And to Patty, who bears the name of Mrs. Washington, and who waited more upon us than Polly did,19 I send five guineas, with which she may buy herself any little ornaments she may want, or she may dispose of them in any other manner more agreeable to herself.
[Note 19: On November 6 Washington stayed over night at Taft's house. Washington's hearing, or memory, was at fault as to Patty's name, which was not Martha, but Mercy. Her letter to Washington is dated December 28 and is in the Washington Papers.]
As I do not give these things with a view to have it talked of, or even to its being known, the less there is said about the matter the better you will please me, but that I may be sure the chintz and money have got safe to hand, let Patty, who I dare say is equal to it, write me a line informing me thereof directed to "The President of the United States at New York."
I wish you and your family well and am etc.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 17, 1789.
Sir: During my absence on a tour through the Eastern States, your letter of the 15th. Ulto, enclosing an Order of the District Court which had been in Session at Fredericksburgh, came to this City. This is the reason why you have not recd. an earlier acknowledgment of them; for I did not return until the 13th. instr. too late for the Posts of last week.
A bad memory, and no memorandums or papers to refer to, added to the multiplicity of occurrences which have happened to lay claim to my closest attention since the year 1774, have obliterated almost every thing relating to the conversations and conduct of Mr. Dawson21 at the Sale of Colo. Mercers Estate in the month of Novr. of that year. All that remains upon my mind respecting his conduct (for my business you will recollect was not with him, but to sell the Estate) is, that the Plantations appeared to me to be in bad condition, and himself too simple, easy and incompetent for the management of them. I have some faint recollection also, that there were suspicions of, or charges against him for, his having disposed of Pine timber. And I think he was under promise to be down soon after the Sale to settle, and render an acct. of his Stewardship. But, the most certain things of all to me, is, that the whole has more the Semblance of a dream than reality; for which reason and because I wish to do no injustice to either part, I pray that no stress may be laid upon any thing I have here written, touching this business, further than it is corroborated by the testimony of others. With esteem and regard I am etc.
[Note 21: William Dawson.]
PS. Mr. Dawson has written to me on this subject, his letter dated the 5th. of Octr., and propounded questions which my memory does not enable me to answer. The certificate which he enclosed to me, I now return, with a request that it may be handed to him.
[H.S.P.]
New York, November 18, 1789.
Sir: The office of Judge of the District Court in and for South Carolina District having become vacant; I have appointed you to fill the same, and your Commission therefor is enclosed. You will observe that the commission, which is now transmitted to you, is limited to the end of the next Session of the Senate of the United States. This is rendered necessary by the Constitution of the United States, which authorizes the President of the United States to fill up such vacancies as may happen during the recess of the Senate and appointments so made shall expire at the end of the ensuing Session unless confirmed by the Senate; however there cannot be the smallest doubt but the Senate will readily ratify and confirm this appointment, when your Commission in the usual form shall be forwarded to you.
I presume, Sir, it is unnecessary for me to advance any arguments to shew the high importance of the Judicial System to our National Government, and of course the necessity of having respectable and influential Characters placed in the important offices of it. The love which you bear our Country will, I am persuaded lead you to do every thing in your power to promote its welfare; and upon this principle I flatter myself you will accept the above appointment. I am &c.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 18, 1789.
Sir: Since my return from the Eastward I received your letter respecting your Son, Had I received it sooner, it should have been answered sooner.
Upon the receipt of it I immediately made application to the Office of Foreign Affairs, from whence alone any information upon such a subject could be derived. A Copy of the report from that Office you will receive with this. Whatever means of affording assistance in cases like this I may be possessed of, shall be most chearfully exerted, and if the desired end could be attained, I should receive great pleasure from it. The only channel through which at present, (as I have just above observed) any information can be procured, is the Office of Foreign Affairs, nor do I know or believe that any other will present itself, unless it be thro' Mr. Jefferson the American Minister at the Court of France, whom I daily expect here on his return from thence. But here give me leave to advise you not to cherish too fondly your hopes. I know full well that persons of that description from whom you have accounts of your Son's being in captivity at Algiers, make a practice of fabricating such tales, with a view of getting money from those, to whom, the persons of whom they give such accounts, are related. This has been done in other instances. I well know too that small circumstances will induce and encourage great hopes, where the object of our hopes is the object of our love and strongest Affection. I am etc.23
[Note 23: Dated October in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 22, 1789.
Dear Sir: Upon my return to this city, after making a tour through the eastern States, I received your favor of the 29 of October enclosing one from Mrs. Carroll, and two days ago I received another letter from you dated the 10th. of the same month.
I can no longer refuse the kind and pressing offer of bearing fruit Trees from the good Lady, and in the enclosed letter to her, I have informed her that when the season will permit, you will do me the favor of embracing a good occasion of forwarding them to Mount Vernon.
From the promising abilities and good character I have heard of Mr. Robert Smith, I entertain a very favorable opinion of his merits; but, as in the Person of a Judge, the World will look for a character and reputation founded on service and experience, I cannot conceive that the appointment of so young and unexperienced a man as Mr. Smith would be considered as a judicious choice by the community in general, though it might meet the approbation of those who have had the best opportunity of becoming acquainted with his talents. In such important appointments as the Judiciary, much confidence is necessary, and this will not be given fully to an untried man. With esteem and regard, I am etc.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 22, 1789.
Madam: Since my return from a tour thro' the eastern States I have been honored by the receipt of your polite, and very obliging favor of the 26 of last month.
I am overcome by your goodness, and shall submit to your decision with respect to the plants from your Green House I must however again declare I should feel infinitely more pain than pleasure from the receipt of them, if I thought, in encreasing my stock, you had, in the smallest degree, done injury to your own. After this declaration, which I make, my good Madam, with the utmost candor and truth, such plants as your goodness may have intended for me, General Williams will forward when the season shall arrive, which will admit, with safety, of their transportation, and this from some late accounts of the alteration my new Gardner has been making at Mount Vernon will be as soon as my Green House will be completely in order for them.
I feel myself much flattered by your kind congratulations on the recovery of my health and the continuance of Mrs. Washington's and with gratitude I receive your obliging invitation to Mount Clare. Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to you, and with very great respect, I have the honor etc.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 22, 1789.
Sir: From the original letter, which I forward herewith, Your Excellency will comprehend the nature of a prospect for introducing and establishing the Woolen Manufactory in the State of Virginia. In the present stage of population and agriculture, I do not pretend to determine, how far that Plan may be practicable and advisable; or, in case it should be deemed so, whether any or what public encouragement ought to be given to facilitate its execution. I have, however, no doubt as to the good policy of encreasing the number of Sheep in every State. By a little Legislative encouragement, the Farmers of Connecticut have, in two years past, added one hundred thousand to their former stock. In my late tour through the Eastern States, I found that the Manufacturers of Woollens (for the Manufacture of Woollens is carried on there to very considerable extent and advantage) preferred the Wool raised in Virginia for its fineness, to that raised in more Northern parts of the Continent. If a greater quantity of Wool could be produced, and if the hands (which are often in a manner idle) could be employed in the manufacturing it; a spirit of industry might be promoted, a great diminution might be made in the annual expences of individual families, and the Public would eventually be exceedingly benefitted.
Under these impressions I have thought proper to transmit the Proposal; and will only add, that, if it should be judged expedient to submit the subject to the Legislature, or if any private Company should engage in promoting the business, the necessity of keeping the Manufacturer's name concealed would undoubtedly occur: as a premature knowledge of it might not only frustrate the success of the Project, but also subject the Person principally concerned to the most distressing consequences. I have the honor etc.
[H.S.P]
New York, November 23, 1789.
Sir: Upon my return to this place from a tour through the eastern States, I met your letter of the 14th Ulto, giving me information of your declining the appointment of Attorney for the district of Virginia, and assigning the reasons for so doing.
Your name was mentioned to me for that Office by Colo. Samuel Griffin as a request of your own, to which my feelings assented with peculiar pleasure, and I am sorry that circumstances are such as render your acceptance of the Appointment incompatible with your business.
As some other person must be appointed to fill the office of Attorney for the district of Virginia it is proper your Commission should be returned to me. I am etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 28: Of Charleston, S. C.]
New York, November 23, 1789.
Sir: When I was in Boston I received your letter of the 27th of October enclosing a Pamphlet29 relating to donations which were made by Colo. Alford30 for civilizing and christianizing the Indians, and for other valuable purposes. My time was so occupied while on my tour to the eastward that it was not in my power to make an acknowledgment for this mark of polite attention 'till my return to this place, and I now beg you to accept it. I am etc.31
[Note 29: This pamphlet is in the Washington Papers under date of May 28, 1789.]
[Note 30: John Alford.]
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 23, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 24th of October, containing an estimate of the cost of a Light-house which was to have been erected on Cape Henry; a draft of the same, and an Account of materials placed upon the spot for the purpose of building, has been duly received; and I beg you to accept my thanks for your trouble in preparing and forwarding them. I am etc.31
New York, November 23, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 31st Ultimo, and am very happy to learn, that the appointments under the general Government have given so much satisfaction in your part of the Union. Added to the consciousness of having brought forward such Characters only to fill the several Offices in the United States, as from my own knowledge, or the strictest enquiries I conceived would do justice to the public, and honor to themselves, I have the happiness to find, so far as my information extends, that they are highly acceptable to the good people of this Country.
Your Brother's32 acceptance of his appointment has given me much pleasure; and I should have been glad, if Major Pinckney33 could have found it compatible with his interest to hold the Office of District Judge; however, I am persuaded the duties of that Office will be ably and faithfully discharged by Mr. Drayton whom I have appointed to fill it, in consequence of your warm recommendation of him, and the concurrent testimony given of his abilities and integrity by those Gentlemen who are acquainted with him, and who have spoken to me on the subject. I am &c.34
[Note 32: John Rutledge. He had been appointed one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court.]
[Note 33: Thomas Pinckney.]
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 35: Of London.]
New York, November 24, 1789.
Sir: Your letters of the 30th of July and 5th of August have been received.
I beg your acceptance of my thanks for the congratulations which you offer upon my election to the Office of President of the United States, and the good wishes which you express for my personal happiness.
In your letters you mention the seizure of a Ship from New York, and her being afterwards liberated by a proper and spirited conduct. As a Citizen of the United States of America I offer you my thanks for the assistance which you afforded towards saving the property of our Countrymen. I am etc.
P. S. Nov. 24th. Since writing the above, I have received your letter of the 4th of October by Mr. Trumbull, together with the book accompanying it, for which I request you to present my thanks to Mr. Bush, at whose desire it was forwarded, and accept the same for your trouble in transmitting it.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 25, 1789.
Dear Sir: Since my return from my Tour through the eastern States, I have received your two letters, dated the 27th of last month; together with the Commission which had been sent to you as a Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. I find that one of the reasons, which induced you to decline the appointment, rests on an idea that the Judicial Act will remain unaltered. But in respect to that circumstance, I may suggest to you, that such a change in the System is contemplated, and deemed expedient by many in, as well as out of Congress, as would permit you to pay as much attention to your private affairs as your present station does.
As the first Court will not sit until the first Monday in February, I have thought proper to return your Commission, not for the sake of urging you to accept it contrary to your interest or convenience, but with a view of giving you a farther opportunity of informing yourself of the nature and probability of the change alluded to. This you would be able to do with the less risk of mistake, if you should find it convenient to pass some time here, when a considerable number of Members of both Houses of Congress shall have Assembled; and this might be done before it would become indispensable to fill the place offered to you. If, on the other hand, your determination is absolutely fixed, you can, without much trouble, send back the Commission, under cover.
Knowing as you do the candid part, which I wish to Act on all occasions; you will, I am persuaded, do me the justice to attribute my conduct in this particular instance to the proper motives, when I assure you, that I would not have written this letter if I had imagined it would produce any new embarrassment on your part. On the contrary you may rest assured, that I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever determination may be consonant to your best judgment, and most agreeable to yourself.37 I am &c.
[Note 37: Harrison again declined and James Iredell, of North Carolina, was appointed.]
P. S. As you may wish to know the determination of the other Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, I have the pleasure to inform you that all of them have accepted their Appointments.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 28, 1789.
Sir: By direction of the President of the United States, I have the pleasure to send you twenty five dollars to be applied towards relieving the poor of the Presbyterian Churches.
A paragraph in the papers mentioned that a Contribution would be made for that purpose on Thanksgiving day; as no opportunity offered of doing it at that time, and not knowing in whose hands the money should be lodged which might be given afterwards. The President of the United States has directed me to send it to you, requesting that you will be so good as to put it into the way of answering the charitable purposes for which it is intended. I am etc.39
[Note 39: This letter, signed "Tobias Lear," is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 30, 1789.
Dear Sir: You will perceive by the enclosed letter (which was left for you at the office of Foreign affairs when I made a journey to the Eastern States) the motives on which I acted with regard to yourself, and the occasion of my explaining them at that early period. Having now reason to hope, from Mr. Trumbulls report, that you will be arrived at Norfolk before this time (on which event I would most cordially congratulate you) and having a safe conveyance by Mr. Griffin, I forward your Commission to Virginia; with a request to be made acquainted with your sentiments as soon as you shall find it convenient to communicate them to me. With sentiments of very great esteem &c.40
[Note 40: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. (See note to Washington's letter to Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 13, 1789, ante.)]
New York, November 30, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your favor, without date, came to my hands by the last post, but not till after I had decided in favor of Mr. Cyrus Griffin, and directed the commission to be made out. This being the case your application for the office of District Judge has not, nor will it be mentioned by me.
In every nomination to office I have endeavored, as far as my own knowledge extended, or information could be obtained, to make fitness of character my primary object. If with this the peculiar necessities of the Candidates could be combined, it has been, with me, an additional inducement to the appointment. By these principles, in a proper degree, have I been influenced in the case of Mr. Griffin, who is not only out of office and in want of the emoluments of one, but has been deprived of the former by my means, owing to an opinion which prevailed here at the time, among our Countrymen, that his accepting of the temporary appointment of Commissioner to treat with the southern Indians would not bring him under the disqualifying act of Virginia by which, however, it seems he has lost his station in the council of that State, and is now entirely out of employment. This circumstance added to the knowledge of his having been a regular Student of law, having filled an important office in the union in the line of it, and being besides a man of competent abilities, and of pure character, weighed with me in the choice, to which I was not a little influenced by the opportunity of deciding positively whether he would accept or not, for I confess I was not a little unwilling to hazard another choice without some previous enquiry and consultation, and sufficient time was not allowed me between the receipt of Colonel Pendleton's resignation, which came to this place whilst I was on a tour through the eastern States, and the day appointed for the session of the District Court, to do this. With very sincere esteem and regard, etc.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 30 Washington appointed William Nelson, United States attorney for the Virginia District, inclosing his commission to him in a brief note, explaining the necessity of a later confirmation by the Senate. This note is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
(Confidential)
New York, November 30, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 14th inst, and in consequence of the suggestions contained therein, added to other considerations which occurred to me, I have thought it best to return Judge Harrison42 his Commission, and I sincerely hope that upon a further consideration of the subject he may be induced to revoke his former determination and accept the appointment.
[Note 42: Robert Hanson Harrison.]
Mr. Johnson43 has likewise declined his appointment of District Judge, and I have no information of Mr. Potts,44 the Attorney, or Mr. Ramsey45 the Marshall, having accepted their Commissions. Thus circumstanced with respect to Maryland, I am unwilling to make a new appointment of Judge for that District until I can have an assurance, or at least a strong presumption, that the person appointed will accept; for it is to me an unpleasant thing to have Commissions of so important a nature returned; and it will, in fact, have a tendency to bring the Government into discredit.
[Note 43: Thomas Johnson.]
[Note 44: Richard Potts.]
[Note 45: Nathaniel Ramsey (Ramsay).]
Mr. Hanson46 is the person whom I now have it in contemplation to bring forward as District Judge of Maryland, and shall do so, provided I can obtain an assurance that such an appointment would be acceptable to him: But as I cannot take any direct measures to draw from him a sentiment on this head, I must request, my dear Sir, that you will be so good as to get for me, if you can, such information upon the subject as will
[Note 46: Alexander Contee Hanson.] enable me to act with confidence in it, and convey the same to me as soon as possible. I shall leave to your prudence and discretion the mode of gaining this knowledge. It is a delicate matter and will not bear any thing like a direct application if there is the least doubt of a refusal. I have observed in the papers that Mr. Hanson has been appointed Chancellor of the State since the death of Mr. Rogers.47 What the emoluments of this office are, or its tenure, I know not, therefore can form no opinion how far it may operate in this matter.
[Note 47: John Rogers.]
Mr. Johnston's resignation came to hand too late to admit of a new appointment, and information to be given of it, before the time fixed by the act for holding the first district Court in Maryland; however, if this had not been the case, I should hardly have hazarded a new appointment, for the reasons before mentioned, until I had good grounds to believe it would be accepted.
Should it be found that the office of District Judge would not be acceptable to Mr. Hanson: Mr. Paca48 has been mentioned for that appointment, and altho' his sentiments have not been altogether in favor of the General Government, and a little adverse on the score of Paper emissions etc. I do not know but his appointment on some other accounts might be a proper thing. However, this will come more fully under consideration if Mr. Hanson should not wish to be brought forward; and, in that case, I will thank you to give me information relative to Mr. Paca. Mr. Gustavus Scott and Mr. Robert Smith of Baltimore have also been mentioned for the Office; but the age and inexperience of the latter is in my opinion an insuperable objection. For however good the qualifications or promising the talents of Mr. Smith may be, it will be expected that the important offices of the General Government, and more
[Note 48: William Paca.] especially those of the Judges should be filled by men who have been tried and proved. I thank you, my dear Sir, for your kind wishes for my health and happiness, and reciprocate them with sincerity. With very great regard &c.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, November 30, 1789.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 8th of October gave me pleasure, as I not only entertain hopes, but shall fully expect from the contents of it, to see you in the office of Attorney General when the purposes mentioned by you for the delay are answered.
I shall now mention some matters to you in confidence. Mr. Pendleton declining to accept the appointment of District Judge has embarrassed me, and this embarrassment was not a little encreased by the lateness of the period at which (being on a tour through the Eastern States) I came to the knowledge of it. When I was about to make the nominations in the Judiciary for the Union, the character and abilities of Mr. Wythe50 did not escape me, and I accordingly consulted such Gentlemen from the State of Virginia (then in this City) as I thought most likely to have some knowledge of his Inclinations. Their opinion was, that as he had lately been appointed sole Chancellor (an Office to which by inclination he was led) and engaged in other avocations which engrossed his attentions and appeared to afford him pleasure he would not exchange the former for a federal appointment. However, since these appointments have been announced, I have heard that it has been the wonder of some, in Virginia, that Mr. Wythe should have been overlooked. The cause (if the epithet applies) I have assigned. And if there
[Note 50: George Wythe.] was reason to apprehend a refusal in the first instance, the nonacceptance of Colo. Pendleton would be no inducement to him to come forward in the second. To consult him, through the medium of a friend, there was not time, as the 3d Tuesday in December is the day appointed for holding the District Court in the District of Virginia, and to hazard a second refusal I was, on many accounts, unwilling to do. Under these circumstances I have, by the powers of the Constitution, appointed Mr. Cyrus Griffin during the recess of the Senate.
My reasons for this appointment in preference to any other except Mr. Wythe are, because he has (as I am informed) been regularly bred to the Law; has been in the Court of appeals; Has been discontinued of the Council in Virginia (contrary to the expectation of his friends here at the time, who thought that his temporary appointment as a negotiator with the southern Indians would not bring him under the disqualifying law of Virginia) and thereby thrown entirely out of employment, and because I had it in my power to ascertain with precision his acceptance. I shall say nothing of his being a Man of amiable character and of competent abilities, because in these respects some of the present Judges in that State may be his equals; but to what I have said, may be added, he has no employment now, and needs the emolument of one as much as any of them.
I will not conceal from you, that two motives have induced me to give this explanation. The first, if a favorable opportunity should present itself is, that Mr. Wythe may, in a delicate manner, be informed of the principles by which I was governed in this business; the second, that my inducements to appoint Mr. Griffin may not (if the propriety of it should be questioned) be altogether unknown. For having in every appointment endeavored, as far as my own knowledge of Characters extended, or information could be obtained, to select the fittest and most acceptable Persons; and having reason to believe that the appointments which have been made heretofore have given very general satisfaction it would give me pain if Mr. Wythe or any of his friends should conceive that he has been passed by from improper motives. I have prejudices against none, nor partialities which shall bias me in favor of any one. If I err then, my errors will be of the head and not of the heart of my dear Sir, your most obedient &c.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 23 Randolph wrote to Washington: "I found a fortunate moment for a conversation with Mr. Wythe. He repeated what I wrote to you in answer to your favor of the 30th. Ulto. Indeed he declared himself happy in believing, that he held a place in your esteem; and that he was confident, you had looked towards him with every partiality, which he could wish. Nay without going into the detail of our discourse, I am convinced from his own mouth, that the knowledge of his present situation is considered by him, as the only reason of a seat on the bench, not being tendered to him." Randolph's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
City of New York, December 1, 1789.
Great and Magnanimous Friend: Since the Date of the Letter which the late Congress, by their President, addressed to your Imperial Majesty, the United States of America have thought proper to change their Government, and to institute a new one, agreeable to the Constitution, of which I have the Honor of, herewith, enclosing a Copy. The Time necessarily employed in the arduous Task, and the Derangements occasioned by so great, though peaceable a Revolution, will apologize, and account for your Majesty's not having received those regular Advices, and Marks of Attention, from the United States, which the Friendship and Magnanimity of yourConduct, towards them, afforded Reason to expect.
The United States, having unanimously appointed me to the supreme executive Authority, in this Nation, your Majesty's Letter of the 17th: August 1788, which by Reason of the Dissolution of the late Government, remained unanswered, has been delivered to me. I have also received the Letters which your Imperial Majesty has been so kind as to write, in favor of the United States, to the Bashaws of Tunis and Tripoli, and I present to you the sincere Acknowledgments and Thanks of the United States, for this important Mark of your Friendship for them.
We greatly regret that the hostile Disposition of those Regencies, towards this Nation, who have never injured them, is not to be removed, on Terms in our Power to comply with. Within our Territories there are no Mines, either of Gold, or Silver, and this young Nation, just recovering from the Waste and Desolation of a long War, have not, as yet, had Time to acquire Riches by Agriculture and Commerce. But our Soil is boundtiful, and our People industrious; and we have Reason to flatter ourselves, that we shall gradually become useful to our Friends.
The Encouragement which your Majesty has been pleased, generously, to give to our Commerce with your Dominions; the Punctuality with which you have caused the Treaty with us to be observed; and the just and generous Measures taken in the Case of Captain Proctor,52 make a deep Impression on the United States, and confirm their Respect for, and Attachment to your Imperial Majesty.
[Note 52: Apparently some inadvertence, as Thomas Jefferson, writing from Paris (Sept. 9, 1789) to Giuseppe Chiappe, speaks of the release of the schooner Proctor by the Emperor. A press copy of this letter is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
It gives me Pleasure to have this Opportunity of assuring your Majesty that, while I remain at the Head of this Nation, I shall not cease to promote every Measure that may conduce to the Friendship and Harmony, which so happily subsist between your Empire and them, and shall esteem myself happy in every Occasion of convincing your Majesty of the high Sense (which in common with the whole Nation) I entertain of the Magnanimity, Wisdom, and Benevolence of your Majesty. In the Course of the approaching Winter, the national Legislature (which is called by the former Name of Congress) will assemble, and I shall take Care that Nothing be omitted that may be necessary to cause the Correspondence, between our Countries, to be maintained and conducted in a Manner agreeable to your Majesty, and satisfactory to all the Parties concerned in it.
May the Almighty bless your Imperial Majesty, our great and magnanimous Friend, with his constant Guidance and Protection.53
[Note 53: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.
On December 1 the New Jersey Legislature sent an address to Washington, whose reply, undated, is recorded in the "Letter Book" immediately following the copy of the address. In the reply Washington wrote: "The opportunities, which were afforded me in the trying vicissitudes of our arduous struggle, to remark the generous spirit, which animated the exertions of your citizens, have impressed a remembrance of their worth, which no length of time or change of circumstances can efface....In making my acknowledgments for the favorable opinions you express of my military conduct, as it respected the observance of civil right, it is but justice to assign great merit to the temper of those citizens, whose estates were more immediately the scene of warfare. Their personal services were rendered without constraint, and the derangement of their affairs submitted to without dissatisfaction. It was the triumph of patriotism over personal considerations. And our present enjoyments of peace and freedom reward the sacrifice."
On December 4 Lear wrote to William Duer, that Washington would "keep the Carriage provided for his use previous to his arrival in New York...as it will be considered upon the same footing with other Articles furnished at that time and for that purpose." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On December 8, or thereabouts, Washington wrote out a memorandum of extracts from the report of the Commissioners appointed to treat with the southern Indians, and extracts of the letters from sundry persons in Kentucky and other parts of the western country, for the purpose of clarifying the Indian situation in his mind. This document, covering 18 folio pages, is in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 14, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with the receipt of your letter of the 9th instant.54 In reply to the object of its enclosure, I can
[Note 54: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] only observe that Mr. Hamilton is a Gentleman of whom I am inclined to think well, and to believe qualified for the office he solicits: But the rule which I have prescribed to myself, being intended to preserve a freedom of choice in all nominations, forbids any engagement whatever until the nomination is made.
I beg you to accept my best thanks for the obliging offer which you made, through Major Jackson, of accomodating me with a steward, and I regret that circumstances do not permit me to prove to you my belief of its sincerity: But the multiplied duties of the station would, I apprehend, be too fatigueing for a Person as far advanced as Constance, and Anthony's youth would disqualify him from obtaining the necessary authority over the other servants, all of whom are so much his seniors. I am very sensible of your goodness in agreeing to promote my convenience at the expence of your own, and I am not less grateful than if the intention had been fulfilI'd. Be pleased to present Mrs. Washington's, and my compliments to Mrs. Morris, and believe me with great regard, Dr. Sir etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 14, 1789.
Sir: I was surprized to find by your Excellency's letter of the 1st instant, with which I have been duly favored, that my dispatches of the 3d of October did not reach you until the last day of November; and in consequence thereof I have enquired of the Post Master in this City to know if they were detained in his office. He informs me they were not, and as a proof of it, he refers to the stamp on the face of the letters which will shew the day of their leaving his office, and I will thank you for your own, and my satisfaction to examine the same.
The detention of these letters is a matter of some importance not only as it respects them, but as to the general regulation of the post Office; and I wish exceedingly to know where they were detained, and whether it was owing to the inattention of any Post Master through whose hands they must have passed, or to a worse cause. An investigation and discovery of this matter may prevent future offences of the like nature. You will therefore oblige me, Sir, and render a service to the public, by using your endeavors to know the cause of their detention. I have the honor etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, December 17, 1789.
Sir: As I am uncertain of the condition and even the Office in which the papers containing accounts of our disbursements for subsistence of British prisoners remain, and as it is not improbable that some negotiations may (whenever our Union under the General Government shall be completed) take place between the United States and Great Britain, in which an accurate undertsanding of those Accots. will become necessary, I have therefore thot. proper to suggest the expediency of having some immediate attention paid to them.
Notwithstanding, on as fair a statement of Expenditures as could now be made, much property must undoubtedly be lost by the United States for want of Vouchers and by reason of the negligence with which the business was conducted on our part; yet I was always impressed with an idea, that, under all these disadvantageous Circumstances, a very considerable balance would still be found in our favor. My present wish is, to have the subject so far investigated, as that we might not commit ourselves, by bringing forward Accounts, which had better continue dormant. Shou'd there be no danger of that kind, it would then be desirable to have the business placed in a state, which might enable us to speak from a general knowledge of facts, and in a proper tone; in case a demand of the American posts held by the King of Great Britain should draw pecuniary subjects into discussion. I believe Lists of property carried away by the British, at the time when they evacuated the posts they had occupied during the late war, are lodged in the Office of Foreign Affairs. I am etc.57
[Note 57: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 21, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge your three favors of the 22d. and 30th. of November, and 10th. of Decr. All of which have been duly laid before the President, who now directs me to request that you will be so good as to inform me in your next, at what price per bushel 350 bushels of Buckwheat could be delivered at Alexandria if sent in bags, including the cost of the buckwheat, the bags, commission on purchasing, freight and every incidental charge, and what would be the cost per bushel if sent in barrells including every expence as above. He wishes this particular calculation to determine whether he shall procure in from Philadelphia or from the back Counties in Virginia, and requests the information to be given if it can be obtained, in the course of this week, that he may; in his letter of next week to Major Washington direct him to procure it from the back country or wait its arrival from Philadelphia. From your last letter it is not probable the Buckwheat could be got in time to send (if it should be ordered) before the Rivers close, therefore the calculation, I suppose must be made with an idea of its being forwarded as early in the Spring as possible. Mrs. Washington will be much obliged to you to get from Mr. Reinagle60 who taught Miss Custis Music last summer, such music as he may think proper for her to progress with through the winter, and pay for him for the same, which you will be good enough to forward to New York.
[Note 60: Alexander Reinagle.]
Present my Respects to Mrs. Biddle and tell her I shall give her compliments, to Mrs. Lear, on the day of my marriage whenever that may be. And I shall also, my Dear Sir, apply your kind congratulations in their proper train. I am etc.61
[Note 61: This letter, signed "Tobias Lear," is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On December 22 the General Assembly of Georgia delivered an address to Washington, to which he replied at some unknown date. This reply is entered in the "Letter Book" immediately following the copy of the address. In it Washington wrote:
"I am naturally led to reflect on the unlimited gratitude which we owe, as a nation, to the supreme Arbiter of human events for his interposition in our favor; as well as on the singular obligations which are due from me as an individual, for the indulgent sentiments, which my fellow-citizens have always had the goodness to entertain of my conduct....I am not ignorant how much the local situation of your State exposed its inhabitants to suffer the distresses of the late war in a severe manner; nor how manfully they exerted themselves in the common cause during the struggle which established our independence. Wasted as your country was at the return of peace, and exposed as your frontiers have since been to the ravages of the Indians, I cannot but flatter myself that you will ere long realize the blessings, which were to be expected from your natural resources, and find a compensation for your sufferings in the benefits of an efficient general government.
"It will not be expected I presume, on this occasion, that I should enter into the merits of the delicate subject to which you allude. It may be sufficient to say, that, while I regret extremely the failure of the late negociation for peace with the Creek Indians: I am satisfied that the explanations which have been received through authentic channels will be of eminent service. I am also convinced that nothing will be wanting on your part to concur in the accomplishment of a pacification: and I still hope that under the influence of the general Government that desirable object may be effected. With respect to this subject in general, as well as to the other calamity which you mention as resulting from your being the south frontier of the Union, I request you will be persuaded, that I shall make such use of the powers vested in me by the constitution as may appear to me best calculated to promote the public good." The Georgia Legislature's address had spoken of the injury to private persons from their slaves escaping into Spanish territory: "This has already been productive of much injury to private persons and if not speedily restrained may grow into an evil of national magnitude."]
New York, December 23, 1789.
Sir: I have been favored with your Excellency's letter of the 19th Ultimo,62 recommending General Sage63 to supply the place of Mr. Miller as Surveyor of the Port of Middletown in the State of Connecticut, provided the latter should resign his Office. I have also received a letter from Genl. Sage applying for the appointment, if the office should become vacant. But having had no intimation from Mr. Miller of his intention to resign, I cannot at present, with propriety, take any further notice of the application in behalf of Genl. Sage than to acknowledge the receipt of it. I am etc.64
[Note 62: Huntington's letter is in the Application for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 63: Comfort Sage.]
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 23, 1789.
Sir: I have received (tho' a long time after its date) your letter of the 7th of September, in which you request my interference or assistance to obtain for you a rifle to Land ceded by the State of New York to the Canadian Refugees. Notwithstanding it is my sincere wish, that all those who suffered losses, or rendered services to the American cause, in the late War, should be suitably recompensed and rewarded, yet my present situation forbids any interference, on my part, with the doings of an individual State, unless called thereto by my official duty; I have therefore directed a copy of your letter to be given to Governor Clinton who is undoubtedly acquainted with the circumstances of the case which you have stated. I am &c.64
[Note 65: President of Harvard College.]
New York, December 23, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 7th Ultimo was handed to me a few days since by Mr. Savage,66 who is now engaged in taking the Portrait which you, and the Governors of the Seminary over which you preside, have expressed a desire for, that it may be placed in the Philosophy Chamber of your University. I am induced, Sir, to comply with this request from a wish that I have to gratify, so far as with propriety may be done, every reasonable desire of the Patrons and promoters of Science. And at the same time, I feel myself flattered by the polite manner in which I am requested to give this proof of my sincere regard and good wishes for the prosperity of the University of Cambridge. I am etc.67
[Note 66: Edward Savage.]
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 68: Of New Hampshire.]
New York, December 23, 1789.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th of November and the discourse which it enclosed have been duly received.69
[Note 69: Buckminster's letter is in the Washington Papers, but a copy of the sermon is not found therein.]
I consider the sermon70 on the death of Sir William Pepperell which you were so good as to send me by desire of Lady Pepperell his Relict, as a mark of attention from her which required my particular acknowledgments; and I am sorry that the death of that Lady which I see is announced in the public papers
[Note 70: The sermon was printed in Boston in 1759, the year of Pepperrell's death, under the title, "A Sermon occasioned by the death of the Honourable Sir William Pepperell etc."] prevents my thanks being returned to her for her respect and good wishes. You, Sir, will please to accept them for your goodness in forwarding the discourse, and my request, that they may be added to the Revd. Author71 with my approbation of the Doctrine therein inculcated. I am etc.72
[Note 71: Rev. Benjamin Stevens, of Kittery (now Maine).]
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, December 24, 1789.
Dear Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 14th instant which announced to us the disagreeable intelligence of Mrs. Platers73 death. Mrs. Washington and myself sincerely condole with you, your Lady and the other friends of Mrs. Plater, upon this melancholy event.
[Note 73: Mrs. George Plater (Elizabeth Rousby), of Calvert County, Md.]
Mr. Johnson has, as you supposed, declined the appointment of Judge to the District of Maryland, and I have lately appointed Mr. Paca to fill that office. Mr. Thomas74 whom you recommend for that place undoubtedly possesses all those qualifications which you have ascribed to him, and so far as my own knowledge of that Gentleman extends, he is justly entitled to the reputation which he sustains. But in appointing persons to office, and more especially in the Judicial Department, my views have been much guided to those characters who have been conspicuous in their Country; not only from an impression of their services, but upon a consideration that they had been tried, mad that a readier confidence would be placed in them by the public than in others perhaps of equal merit, who had never been proved. Upon this principle Mr. Paca certainly stands prior to Mr. Thomas, altho' the latter may possess in as
[Note 74: John Allen Thomas. Fitzhugh's letter of November 14, recommending him, is in The Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.] high a degree every qualification requisite in a Judge. With very sincere regard etc.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 24 Lear, by Washington's direction, sent $10 to Rev. John Henry Livingston, of the Dutch Reformed Church, in New York City, for the charity school attached thereto. Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (December 24) the President forwarded to William Paca the commission of judge of the district court for Maryland in a letter which is practically the same as that to William Drayton, Nov. 18, 1789, q. v.]
New York, December 27, 1789.
Sir: The letters with which you have been pleased to favor me, dated in Octr. and the 15th. of the present month came duly to hand, and are entitled to my thanks for the communications contained in them. As it is possible the conduct of Rhode Island (if persevered in) may involve questions in Congress which will call for my Official decisions, it is not fit that I should express more than a wish, in reply to your letter, than that the Legislature at the coming Session would consider well before it again rejects the proposition for calling a Convention to decide on their accession to or rejection of the present Government. The adoption of it by No Carolina has left them entirely alone. I am much obliged to you for your good wishes, and with esteem and regard I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
New York, December 29, 1789.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 26th,76 and given such attention to the Manuscript which accompanied it, as my obligations to public duties would permit. I shall always be happy to see experiments in Agricultural machines, which can be
[Note 76: The Baron's letter is dated at New York, and is in the Washington Papers.] brought into general use. Of those in your possession I was not able to form a decided judgment, except in the instance of the Horse Hoe. Of the utility of that instrument I was fully convinced. I propose to take some farther occasion of seeing the manner in which the threshing machine operates, when you shall let me know it is in readiness for the purpose, and in the mean time, I am, with due consideration, &c.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
At some unknown date (presumably in 1789) Secretary Knox drafted a proposed message to the Senate for the President on the subject of a treaty with the Wabash Indians. It is in the Washington Papers under date of December(?), 1789, and in the writing of a clerk in the War Department. It is indorsed by Knox "Notes submitted to the President (--useless)--," and is published in full in the Territorial Papers of the United States (Carter, editor), vol. 2, p. 227.
Also, there is, in the Washington Papers, at the end of the year 1780, a 4-page, folio tabular statement of crops, showing the work done at the Mount Vernon farms-- plowing, seeding, planting, etc., together with a calculation of the costs of the plantings. It is labeled "First statement of the Crops in 1789."
In the Huntington Library is an undated and unaddressed note (probably sent to James Madison some time during the latter part of the year 1789): "As the Communications herewith enclosed will not take much time to read; As there are matters related which to me are new; and as the information respecting land transactions, and other things in the Western Country will require to be noticed and acted upon in some way or another, I send them to you together with a Gazette with a marked paragraph containing some suggestions that have not, I believe, been touched upon in any of the Papers I gave you yesterday, but are handed to you for the same purpose that they were, i. e. merely for Consideration."
On January 2 Washington replied to an address from the Society of the Cincinnati of South Carolina, in which he wrote: "Nor is it conceivable that any Member of the Community should be more worthy of the enjoyments of liberty, or more zealous to perpetuate its duration, than those who have so nobly and so successfully defended its standard in the new world." This reply is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 4, 1790.
Sir: Whenever there shall be a sufficient number of the two Houses of Congress assembled to proceed to business, I request to be informed of it. And also at what time and place it will be convenient for Congress, that I should meet them, in order to make some oral communications at the commencement of their Session. I have the honor etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On January 4 William Jackson sent to John Jay, by direction of the President, a letter and inclosure from Judge [Jonathan Mitchell] Sewall to the Vice President "as the objects to which they refer are immediately within the department of the supreme Judiciary, and will, in the first instance, come most properly before you. The President likewise directs me to inform you that Judge Sewall has hinted at the subject of the inclosed papers in a letter to him, of which, if it is thought necessary, a transcript may be had." Jackson's letter is in the "Letter Book." Sewall's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.
On January 5, by direction of the President, Lear sent to Hamilton the act of the Virginia Legislature, of Nov. 13, 1789, "to convey certain Land to the United States...for the purpose of building a lighthouse on Cape Henry." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 6, 1790.
Madam: In answer to your letter of the 23 of August last, which came to my hands but a few days ago, I must observe that, from the year 1775. to the close of the war with great Britain, my public duties totally precluded me from attending to any kind of private business whatever, and from the latter period to the time of my entering again into public life, I was occasionally so much engaged in correspondencies, and other matters consequent on the station which I had held, that, with the greatest industry I could not find time to pay that attention to my own private affairs which they required.
Under these circumstances I had it not in my power to attend particularly to the affairs of Mrs. Savage, and, of course, have not that knowledge of the situation of them that Mr. Fairfax has, to whom I have transmitted your letter with a request, and not doubting, that he will give it the attention which it deserves, and which the situation of Mrs. Savage's affairs will admit of. And I must request that in future you will correspond with him upon this business. I am etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 6, 1790.
Dear Sir: I received the enclosed letter a few days since from Mrs. Bomford, upon the subject of a legacy which was left her by the late Mrs. Savage, and likewise requesting payment may be made to her for the diet, lodging &ca. of that unfortunate woman for upwards of four years.
In my answer to the above letter I have informed Mrs. Bomford that circumstances have put it out of my power to pay particular attention to the affairs of Mrs. Savage, and that I should transmit her letter to you, not doubting but you would give it that attention which it deserved. You will, therefore, my dear Sir, be good enough to give Mrs. Bomford such an answer to her letter, as from your knowledge of the situation of Mrs. Savage's affairs you may be enabled to do, and permit me to add, if this business could be brought to a close it would be a most desirable thing. You will please to make my best compliments acceptable to Mrs. Fairfax and your family, in which I am joined by Mrs. Washington, and I assure you we are not a little pleased to hear that you are about to establish yourselves in the neighbourhood of Mount Vernon, promising ourselves a new source of pleasure from that circumstance whenever we are permitted to return home. With very sincere regard, I am etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 86: Of Baltimore, Md.]
New York, January 6, 1790.
Madam: In reply to your Memorial of the 23d. of December, which has been received, I can only observe, that I have uniformly avoided interfering with any appointments which do not require my official agency, and the Resolutions and Ordinances establishing the Post Office under the former Congress, and which have been recognized by the present Government, giving power to the Postmaster General to appoint his own Deputies, and making him accountable for their conduct, is an insuperable objection to my taking any part in this matter.
I have directed your Memorial to be laid before the Postmaster General, who will take such measures thereon as his Judgment may direct. I am etc.85
[Note 87: Delivered in the Senate Chamber.]
January 8, 1790.
Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: I embrace with great satisfaction the opportunity which now presents itself, of congratulating you on the present favourable prospects of our public affairs. The recent accession of the important State of North Carolina to the Constitution of the United States (of which official information has been received); the rising credit and respectability of our Country; the general and increasing good will towards the Government of the Union, and the concord, peace, and plenty, with which we are blessed are circumstances auspicious in an eminent degree, to our national prosperity.
In resuming your consultations for the general good, you cannot but derive encouragement from the reflection that the measures of the last Session have been as satisfactory to your Constituents, as the novelty and difficulty of the work allowed you to hope. Still further to realize their expectations and to secure the blessings which a Gracious Providence has placed within our reach, will in the course of the present important Session, call for the cool and deliberate exertion of your patriotism, firmness and wisdom.
Among the many interesting objects, which will engage your attention, that of providing for the common defence will merit particular regard. To be prepared for War is one of the most effectual means of perserving peace.
A free people ought not only to be armed but disciplined; to which end a uniform and well digested plan is requisite: And their safety and interest require, that they should promote such manufactories, as tend to render them independent on others for essential, particularly for military supplies.
The proper establishment of the Troops, which may be deemed indispensable, will be entitled to mature deliberation.88 In the arrangements, which may be made respecting it, it will be of importance to conciliate the comfortable support of the Officers and Soldiers with a due regard to oeconomy.
[Note 88: Ford, Sparks, and Richardson print this word as "consideration."]
There was reason to hope that the pacific measures adopted with regard to certain hostile tribes of Indians would have relieved the Inhabitants of our Southern and Western frontiers from their depredations. But you will perceive from the information contained in the papers which I shall direct to be laid before you (comprehending a communication from the Commonwealth of Virginia) that we ought to be prepared to afford protection to those parts of the Union; and if necessary to punish aggressors.
The interests of the United States requires that our intercourse with other nations should be facilitated, by such provisions as will enable me to fulfill my duty in that respect, in the manner which circumstances may render most conducive to the public good: And to this end that the compensations to be made to the persons who may be employed, should according to the nature of their appointments, be defined by law; and a competent fund designated for defraying the expenses incident to the conduct of our foreign affairs.
Various considerations also render it expedient, that the terms on which foreigners may be admitted to the rights of Citizens should be speedily ascertained by a uniform rule of naturalization.
Uniformity in the Currency, Weights and Measures of the United States is an object of great importance, and will I am persuaded be duly attended to.
The advancement of Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures by all proper means, will not I trust need recommendation. But I cannot forbear intimating to you the expediency of giving effectual encouragement as well to the introduction of new and useful inventions from abroad, as to the exertions of skill and genius in producing them at home; and of facilitating the intercourse between the distant parts of our Country by a due attention to the Post-Office and Post-Roads.
Nor am I less persuaded, that you will agree with me in opinion, that there is nothing which can better deserve your patronage than the promotion of Science and Literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness. In one in which the measures of Government receive their impression so immediately from the sense of the Community as in ours it is proportionably essential. To the security of a free Constitution it contributes in various ways: By convincing those who are intrusted with the public administration, that every valuable end of Government is best answered by the enlightened confidence of the people: and by teaching the people themselves to know and to value their own rights; to discern and provide against invasions of them; to distinguish between oppression and the necessary exercise of lawful authority; between burthens proceeding from a disregard to their convenience and those resulting from the inevitable exigencies of Society; to discriminate the spirit of Liberty from that of licentiousness, cherishing the first, avoiding the last, and uniting a speedy, but temperate vigilance against encroachments, with an inviolable respect to the Laws.
Whether this desirable object will be the best promoted by affording aids to seminaries of learning already established, by the institution of a national University, or by any other expedients, will be well worthy of a place in the deliberations of the Legislature.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On January 11 Washington very briefly acknowledged an address from the Senate in response to this speech. On January 12 he likewise acknowledged a similar address from the House. Both of these replies are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 9, 1790.
Madam: Your obliging letter, dated in October last, has been received; and, as I do not know when I shall have more leisure than at present to throw together a few observations in return for yours, I take up my Pen to do it by this early occasion.
In the first place I thank you for your congratulatory sentiments on the event which has placed me at the head of the American Government; as well as for the indulgent partiality, which it is to be feared, however, may have warped your judgment too much in my favor. But you do me no more than justice in supposing that, if I had been permitted to indulge my first and fondest wish, I should have remained in a private Station. Although neither the present age or Posterity may possibly give me full credit for the feelings which I have experienced on the subject; yet I have a consciousness, that nothing short of an absolute conviction of duty could ever have brought me upon the scenes of public life again. The establishment of our new Government seemed to be the last great experiment for promoting human happiness by reasonable compact in civil Society. It was to be, in the first instance, in a considerable degree a government of accommodation as well as a government of Laws. Much was to be done by prudence, much by conciliation, much by firmness. Few who are not philosophical spectators can realize the difficult and delicate part which a man in my situation had to act. All see, and most admire, the glare which hovers round the external trappings of elevated office. To me there is nothing in it, beyond the lustre which may be reflected from its connection with a power of promoting human felicity. In our progress towards political happiness my station is new; and, if I may use the expression, I walk on untrodden ground. There is scarcely any part of my conduct wch. may not hereafter be drawn into precedent. Under such a view of the duties inherent to my arduous office, I could not but feel a diffidence in myself on the one hand; and an anxiety for the Community that every new arrangement should be made in the best possible manner on the other. If after all my humble but faithful endeavours to advance the felicity of my Country and mankind, I may indulge a hope that my labours have not been altogether without success, it will be the only real compensation I can receive in the closing of life.
On the actual situation of this Country under its new Government I will, in the next place, make a few remarks. That the Government, though not absolutely perfect, is one of the best in the world, I have little doubt. I always believed that an unequivocally free and equal Representation of the People in the Legislature, together with an efficient and responsable Executive, were the great Pillars on which the preservation of American Freedom must depend. It was indeed next to a Miracle that there should have been so much unanimity, in points of such importance, among such a number of Citizens, so widely scattered, and so different in their habits in many respects as the Americans were. Nor are the growing unanimity and encreasing goodwill of the Citizens to the Government less remarkable than favorable circumstances. So far as we have gone with the new Government (and it is completely organized and in operation) we have had greater reason than the most sanguine could expect to be satisfied with its success.
Perhaps a number of accidental circumstances have concurred with the real effects of the Government to make the People uncommonly well pleased with their situation and prospects. The harvests of wheat have been remarkably good, the demand for that article from abroad is great, the encrease of Commerce is visible in every Port, and the number of new manufactures introduced in one year is astonishing. I have lately made a tour through the Eastern States. I found the country, in a great degree, recovered from the ravages of War, the Towns flourishing, and the People delighted with a government instituted by themselves and for their own good. The same facts I have also reason to believe, from good authority, exist in the Southern States. By what I have just observed, I think you will be persuaded that the ill-boding Politicians who prognosticated that America would never enjoy any fruits from her Independence, and that she would be obliged to have recourse to a foreign Power for protection, have at least been mistaken.
I shall sincerely rejoice to see that the American Revolution has been productive of happy consequences on both sides of the Atlantic. The renovation of the French Constitution is indeed one of the most wonderful events in the history of mankind; and the agency of the Marquis de la Fayette in a high degree honorable to his character. My greatest fear has been, that the nation would not be sufficiently cool and moderate in making arrangements for the security of that liberty, of which it seems to be fully possessed.
Mr. Warville, the French Gentleman you mention, has been in America and at Mount Vernon; but has returned sometime since to France.
Mrs. Washington is well and desires her compliments may be presented to you. We wish the happiness of your fireside, as we also long to enjoy that of our own at Mount Vernon. Our wishes, you know, were limited; and I think that our plans of living will now be deemed reasonable by the considerate part of our species. Her wishes coincide with my own as to simplicity of dress, and everything which can tend to support propriety of character without partaking of the follies of luxury and ostentation. I am, etc.91
[Note 91: From the printed text in Notes and Queries (London: 1878), vol. 9, p. 421.]
[Note 92: Of Connecticut.]
New York, January 9, 1790.
Sir: I have perused your letter to me dated the 25 of last month, together with the several Papers referred to therein.
Upon considering the state in which your Application to Congress rested at the conclusion of the former Government, and your intention of renewing it under the present; it occurs to me that it would not be proper for me to express any opinion on the merits of your individual case. In general I may say, without impropriety, that I am not ignorant of your services in your Country's cause; and that it is always my wish that justice should take place. I am etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 10, 1790.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 25th of December, and its enclosures.94
[Note 94: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
I thank you for the information which is given respecting the person whom you had recommended to me for notice. His conduct has been such as justly to exclude him from any place of confidence or trust; and it appears, from the copies of his letters which you have transmitted to me, that he is severely punished by his own reflections.
I return, with sincerity, the compliments of the season to yourself and Mrs. Thomson, in which I am joined by Mrs. Washington; and I heartily rejoice with you in the accession of North Carolina to the Government of the Union. With sentiments of sincere regard, I am etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 11, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate: Having advised with you upon the terms of a treaty to be offered to the Creek Nation of Indians, I think it proper you should be informed of the result of that business previous to its coming before you in your legislative capacity.
I have therefore directed the Secretary for the department of War, to lay before you my instructions to the Commissioners, and their report in consequence thereof.
The apparently critical state of the Southern frontier will render it expedient for me to communicate to both Houses of Congress, with other papers, the whole of the transactions relative to the Creeks, in order that they may be enabled to form a judgment of the measures which the case may require.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
New York, January 11, 1790.
Dear Sir: Altho' it is not in my power to enter so fully as I could wish into an investigation of the interesting subjects discussed in your letter of the 14th98 of last month; yet I would not deny myself the satisfaction of acknowledging the receipt of it, and of expressing my obligations for the sentiments, which your Excellency has been pleased to suggest.
[Note 98: In the Washington Papers.]
A new Monarch having succeeded to the Throne of Spain,99 it remains to be ascertained how far his Court may insist upon
[Note 99: Charles IV, in December, 1788.] those exclusive claims to the navigation of the Mississipi, which have hitherto prevented the conclusion of a Treaty between the United States and that Nation. Mr. Gardoqui went to Spain some time ago: nor have we received any thing official from thence since his departure. A private Gentleman, (a man of good intelligence) lately returned from Spain to America, mentions a report was believed when he sailed, that the Americans of the United States had formed a successful expedition against the spanish territory in their neighborhood; and that the report had occasioned great sensations in the Kingdom. Whatever may be the future policy of that Nation, I am disposed to become as well acquainted with the merits of the subjects which have been agitated between them and us since the war, as my other duties and avocations will admit. For this reason in particular, I thank your Excellency for your confidential communication.
As to the subject of indian affairs, I can only say in general, that your sentiments on the expediency of entering into Treaties with those Nations, upon just terms, perfectly co-incide with my own. From the official report of the late Commissioners for treating with the Creeks, &c. it seems almost certain, that the connection of Mr. McGillivray with Spain was the principal cause for preventing the conclusion of the proposed Treaty. Their report (which is this day to be delivered by the Secretary at War to the Senate) will indicate fully the progress and issue of that business. And the Executive will probably be possessed of such documents as may be useful in taking ulterior measures. For my own part, I am entirely persuaded, that the present general Government will endeavor to lay the foundation for its proceedings in national justice, faith and honor. But should the Government, after having attempted in vain every reasonable pacific measure, be obliged to have recourse to arms for the defence of its Citizens, I am also of opinion, that sound policy and good oeconomy will point to a prompt and decisive effort, rather than to defensive and lingering operations.
Should your Excellency, after the expiration of your Office, prosecute your proposed voyage to France, you will find, I presume, most extraordinary events have taken place in that Kingdom. Altho' all their political arrangements are not yet settled; I hope they will be happily, before the period to which you allude.
My late tour through the eastern States has been of salutary consequence in confirming my health. I have likewise had an opportunity of seeing how far the Country is recovered from the ravages of war, and how well the Inhabitants are disposed to support the General Government.
Not being master of my own time, nor accustomed to make personal engagements, which from contingency might become impracticable I can only say in regard to the last paragraph of your letter, that nothing would give me greater pleasure than to have it in my power to visit all the Southern States. With sentiments of the highest respect etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 12, 1790.
Sir: The subject of your letter of the 4th instant enclosing one of the same date from Mr. Brown to you, appears to be of a nature requiring the operation of legislative power rather than any agency of mine at present. For however desirous I might be to promote the wishes of Mr. Brown, either from a view to benefit the public by attaching those Indians which he mentions
[Note 2: Of New York.] to the United States, or to advance their temporal or spiritual good by his services among them, I could not with propriety give encouragement to his plan without the previous interference of the Legislature of the Union.
I can, therefore, only observe, that the opinion of those Gentlemen in Congress with whom you may be acquainted will enable you to judge of the proper means by which this business might be forwarded. I am etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 12, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: I lay before you a statement of the south-western frontiers, and of the Indian departments which have been submitted to me, by the Secretary for the department of War.
I conceive that an unreserved but confidential communication of all papers relative to the recent negociations, with some of the southern tribes of Indians is indispensibly requisite for the information of Congress. I am persuaded that they will effectually prevent either transcripts or publications of all such circumstances as might be injurious to the public interests.3
New York, January 15, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your several letters of the 23 of February, 24 of July, 14 of August, and 10 of October 1789, the last of which but lately reached my hands.
I should feel myself guilty of a great impropriety in suffering your letters to lay so long without an acknowledgement, was I not conscious that the new and busy scenes in which I have been engaged for these 9 or 10 months past, by engrossing my whole attention, would excuse me in your mind from any apparent neglect, and I trust that the same cause will apologise for my not entering at this time, into a particular response to the matters contained in your several letters.
I cannot however avoid observing that it must afford a most pleasing satisfaction to the friends of the human race to view the enlightened spirit of liberty which seems to have pervaded a great part of your European world, and, at the sametime the philanthropic mind cannot but feel anxious for the issue of those novel and patriotic exertions.
The government of the United States seems now to want very little more than the sanction of time to give it all that stability which can be expected from any human fabrie. The people meet it with as much fondness as its most sanguine friends could anticipate, because they are convinced that it is founded in principles of national happiness, and the recent accession of the State of North Carolina (which has ratified the Constitution of the United States with marks of peculiar good will) leaves the little State of Rhode Island by herself, how long she will be able to stand in that forlorn condition must depend upon the duration of that infatuation and evil policy of which she appears to have been guided.
I was pleased to hear of Mrs. Montgomery's safe arrival, and the satisfaction which she enjoyed in her visit to Ireland. Should she be in your neighbourhood when this letter gets to your hands, you will be good enough to present the best compliments of Mrs. Washington and myself to her, and likewise make the same acceptable to Lady Newenham. With very great regard etc.
P. S. In answer to your quere, why has Mr. Thomson resigned? I reply. That it was his earnest wish to retire from the bustle of public life, and enjoy the evening of his days in domestic tranquillity, after having faithfully served his country for a series of years in an important station.
The journals of Congress, which you request, will accompany this.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 5: Of Holland.]
New York, January 15, 1790.
Sir: I have received your letter dated the 18th of September 1789; and in reply to it, must inform you, that so far from living upon terms of intimacy and friendship with the late General Oglethorpe,6 (as it appears by your letter you have understood that I did) I never was so happy as to have any personal acquaintance with that Gentleman, nor any other knowledge of him than from his general character. The distance of four places of residence from each other, which is nearly 1000 Miles, and the different periods in which we have lived are circumstances which preclude the probability of our having been upon an intimate footing.
[Note 6: James Edward Oglethorpe.]
I have, however, directed enquiries to be made among the Gentlemen from the State of Georgia, who are now attending Congress in this place, respecting the affairs of the late General Oglethorpe, and am informed by them, that they know of no lands belonging to him. One of the Gentlemen, a Senator from the State of Georgia, mentions his having been written to some time since, by Mr. Jefferson our Minister at the Court of Versailles, upon the same subject, and in consequence thereof he made every enquiry in his power relative to the matter; but there were no lands in Georgia belonging to General Oglethorpe; and he further adds, that if there had been property of that Gentleman's in Georgia in the time of the late War with Great Britain, so far from its having been confiscated, it would have met with singular protection, in consequence of the high estimation in which the character of Genl. Oglethorpe stood in that State. I should have been happy, Sir, to have it in my power to give you more pleasing information upon this subject. I am &c.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 16, 1790.
Dear Sir: The letter of Mr. Zantzinger8 which you put into my hands last night, enclosing the list of Mares,9 which had been offered to him and Mr. Miller10 for sale, I have read and considered, and feel myself under very great obligations to those Gentlemen, and to you, Sir, for the disinterested trouble you have already taken, and are willing to continue to procure for me the number that I want.
[Note 8: Paul Zantzinger.]
[Note 9: A list of the mares purchased and [forwarded to Mount Vernon by Zantzinger and Adam Reigart is in the Washington Papers under date of Feb. 12, 1790. Their total cost was £317:17;6.]
[Note 10: John Miller.]
It was not my intention to give this trouble to any one without making compensation, and, for that reason I placed the business upon the restrictive footing of my former letter. But, as these Gentlemen, are so obliging as to undertake this business merely to serve me (for which, through you, I beg to offer my acknowledgements) it would not only be uncivil, but unjust to expect they should incur any expence or run any risque in the prosecution of it on my account. I would therefore leave it to them to act for me as they would for themselves in the purchase of 17 mares which, with the three you conditionally contracted for will complete my object; but I must still require that the average price of the above 17 may not exceed £25 or £26 Pennsylvania currency. That all such as may be under 15 hands (by standard measure) shall not exceed 4 years old next spring, and, in this case, none may be under 14 ½ hands high. That none may at any rate exceed six years old and be perfectly sound; the loss of an eye, if not proceeding from a mad or restive disposition I should not regard, as the defect will no doubt be considered in the price. That they shall be sent to Mount Vernon, at my expence, under the conduct of a careful man, with a descriptive list not only of the exact height and colour but of the minutest marks, natural and accidental, and a duplicate thereof to me. This may be useful on many accounts, and without its a man not very scrupulous might exchange the best of them for others of inferior quality answering a general description. Receiving them at Mount Vernon any time in the month of February will answer my purposes fully, but I should be unwilling to incur the expence of keeping them until that time at the house of the Sellers. It may rest therefore with Colonel Miller and Mr. Zantzinger whether they will send the whole to Mount Vernon at one or at two trips as they may be purchased.
I will lodge in Colo. Biddle's hands £40011 subject to the orders of the above Gentlemen, and whatever this may fall short of the purchase shall be paid as soon as it is made known to your etc.12
[Note 11: Lear wrote to Clement Biddle (January 17) that the President had directed the payment for these mares to pass through Biddle's hands. "The amount will be about £400 Pennsylvania Currency which sum I shall endeavour so to accommodate with the Bank in Philadelphia. If this cannot be done, I shall transmit you bills to that amount, when I write further upon the subject." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 18, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 26 of December came duly to hand, but occurrences of various kinds have prevented an acknowledgement of it till this time.
I am not at all uneasy at the delay, or impatient for the settlement of the estate accounts of my deceased Mother; I am persuaded they will be rendered in due time, and to the satisfaction of all concerned. To pay all she owed is my first wish, to render unto every one their due is the next. The method which has been taken to dispose of the effects is, I presume, the best, and I am satisfied therewith. That none of the families of Negroes have been parted (where it could be avoided) is very agreeable to me.
I am well pleased that Mr. Carter is inclined to take possession of my lots in Fredericksburg. We shall not disagree about the price, or in the mode of payment; of which be so good as to inform him.
I hope you have got through your difficulties on account of your surety-ship for Major Willis, and without loss. When you engaged in this business you neglected the advice of the Wise man, than which no better I believe is to be found in his whole book, or among all his sayings, 'Beware of surety-ship." Offer my love and good wishes to Fanny and the family, accept the same yourself and those of Mrs. Washington. I am etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On January 20, in reply to an address from the General Assembly of Maryland, Washington wrote: "Your mention of the place from whence you address me awakens a succession of uncommon reflections. In noticing the eventful period, since the resignation of my military command: I trace, with infinite gratitude, the agency of a Providence, which induced the People of America to substitute in place of an inadequate confederacy, a general Government, eminently calculated to secure the safety and welfare of their Country...When I reflect on the critical situation to which this Country has been more than once reduced, I feel a kind of exultation in the character of my Countrymen, who have rescued it from threatened ruin by their virtue, fortitude, intelligence and unanimity."]
New York, January 21, 1790.
Sir: Acknowledging the receipt of your letters of the 3d. and 18th instant,14 I desire to assure you that I have not been inattentive to your communications.
[Note 14: On the subject of counterfeits of New York certificates.]
In order that the most prudential steps might be taken on the subject, to which your letters related, they were laid before the Chief Justice of the United States, who thought that a reference of them to the Executive of this State was the most adviseable measure, and the accompanying letter, from Governor Clinton to you, expresses his opinions of what ought to be done. The Governor thinks that the papers which were transmitted by you, will be necessary in the further prosecution of this matter, and he has, therefore, retained them.
This mark of your attention to public justice receives my best thanks. I am etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 21, 1790.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to receive duly your letter dated the 15th. of Decr. last; but I thought proper to delay answering or mentioning the contents of it, until after the arrival of Mr. Madison, who I understood had been with you. He arrived yesterday, and I now take the earliest opportunity of mentioning to you the result of my reflections; and the expediency of your deciding, at as early a period as may consist with your convenience, on the important subject before you.
Previous to any remarks on the nature of the Office to which you have been recently appointed, I will premise, that I feel such delicacy and embarrassment in consequence of the footing on which you have placed your final determination, as to make it necessary for me to recur to the first ground on which I rested the matter. In confidence, therefore, I will tell you plainly that I wish not to oppose your inclinations; and that, after you shall have been made a little farther acquainted with the light in which I view the Office of Secretary of State, it must be at your option to determine relative to your acceptance of it, or continuance in your Office abroad.
I consider the successful Administration of the general Government as an object of almost infinite consequence to the present and future happiness of the Citizens of the United States. I consider the Office of Secretary for the Department of State as very important on many accts: and I know of no person, who, in my judgment, could better execute the Duties of it than yourself. Its duties will probably be not quite so arduous and complicated in their execution as you might have been led at the first moment to imagine. At least, it was the opinion of Congress, that, after the division of all the business of a domestic nature between the Departments of the Treasury, War and State that those wch. would be comprehended in the latter might be performed by the same Person, who should have the charge of conducting the Department of foreign Affairs. The experiment was to be made; and if it shall be found that the fact is different, I have little doubt that a farther arrangement or division of the business in the Office of the Department of State will be made, in such manner as to enable it to be performed, under the superintendance of one man, with facility to himself, as well as with advantage and satisfaction to the Public. These observations, however, you will be pleased to remark are merely matters of opinion. But, in order that you may be the better prepared to make your ultimate decision on good grounds, I think it necessary to add one fact, which is this, so far as I have been able to obtain information from all quarters, your late appointment has given very extensive and very great satisfaction to the Public. My original opinion and wish may be collected from my nomination.
As to what you mention in the latter part of your letter, I can only observe, I do not know that any alteration is likely to take place in the Commission from the United States to the Court of France. The necessary arrangements with regard to our intercourse with Foreign Nations have never yet been taken up on a great scale by the Government: because the Department which comprehended Affairs of that nature has never been properly organized, so as to bring the business well and systematically before the Executive. If you shd. finally determine to take upon yourself the duties of the Department of State, it would be highly requisite for you to come on immediately, as many things are required to be done while Congress is in Session rather than at any other time; and as, in that case, your presence might doubtless be much better dispensed with after a little time than at the present moment. Or, in all events, it will be essential that I should be informed of your conclusive option, so that, if you return to France, another Person may be, at as early a day as possible, nominated to fill the Department of State.16 With sentiments of the highest regard etc.17
[Note 16: A press copy of Jefferson's letter of February 14, from Monticello, accepting the position of Secretary of State, is in the Jefferson Papers. On March 22 he entered upon the duties of that office.]
[Note 17: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 31
January 22, 1790--March 9, 1792
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
E312.7 1931 copy 2
Washingtoniana
PRINTED
AUGUST, 1939
Govt Deposit
JUL 8 1942
Accessions Division
The Library of Congress
New York, January 22, 1790.
Sir: As it is of considerable consequence to the Public that a letter which I have just written to Mr. Jefferson should reach him at as early a period as may be, and as I am unacquainted with any other certain channel of conveyance, I have taken the liberty of enclosing it to your Excellency. The importance of having it delivered to him with certainty and expedition, I hope will be considered as an apology for the trouble which may be occasioned by this measure. And even for the farther favor I am about to ask, of having it dispathed [ sic] by a particular Messenger; in case no opportunity (that might with safety be depended upon) should present itself, of forwarding it in a short time from Richmond to Monticello. With sentiments of esteem, I have the honor etc.1
[Note 1: In the writing of David Humphreys.]
[V.S.L.]
[Note 2: Of Little Egg Harbor, N. J.]
New York, January 24, 1790.
Sir: Captain Burnett delivered me your letter of the 18. instant, and is so obliging as to take charge of this answer.
It is my sincere opinion that the land mentioned in it3 is worth what I asked for it, to wit four dollars per acre, and once
[Note 3: ln Washington County, Pa.] would have sold for it; but, if, in the present scarcity of cash it will not fetch that sum, let those, who are really inclinable to buy, come forward, like men that are in earnest, and say what they will give. If they, or their Agent have seen the land, (and without this it is useless to name any price) have examined its qualities and improvements, they can tell what they will give, and ought to act like fair and candid men. On these terms I am ready to treat with them. It is not my intention to dispose of the land for a song, nor is it my wish to higgle, or make many words to the bargain; for which reason I pray them to come to a decision at once, and that you would inform me of the result. At any rate it would be well for you to write to me, and soon, that I may not miss any other offer, should any be made to, Sir, etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, January 24, 1790.
Sir: I have been favored with the receipt of your letter of the first instant.5 As no determination has yet been taken with respect to the erection of Hospitals for the reception of sick and disabled Seamen, the object to which your request relates is not before me.
[Note 5: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
At present I can only repeat the assurances, formerly given, that every thing in my power will be done, consistent with propriety, to promote the wishes of your learned Body on this subject. You will allow me, at the same time, to observe, that it might be well to make their wishes on this head known to the Gentlemen, who are in Congress, from the State of Massachusetts. With great regard, I am etc.4
[Note 6: Of Pennsylvania.]
New York, January 24, 1790.
Sir: I have been favored with the receipt of your letter of the 17th. instant together with its enclosure.7
[Note 7: McKean's letter, together with George Buchanan's application for appointment as physician of the marine hospital to be established at Baltimore, are in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
As no determination has yet been taken respecting the erection of Hospitals for the reception of sick and disabled seamen, the object, to which your letter relates is not before me, and, as I have undeviatingly considered freedom of choice, in all nominations to office, essential to the public service, I am persuaded you will have the goodness to excuse an adherence to that sentiment on the present occassion, which forbids any previous engagement, however satisfactory the pretensions of the Gentleman who wishes the appointment. I am etc.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 25, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: I have received from his Excellency John E. Howard, Governor of the State of Maryland, An Act of the Legislature of Maryland to ratify certain Articles in addition to, and amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America proposed by Congress to the Legislatures of the several States; and have directed my Secretary to lay a Copy of the same before you, together with the copy of a letter accompanying the above Act, from his Excellency the Governor of Maryland to the President of the United States.
The originals will be deposited in the Office of the Secretary of State.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 28, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: I have directed my Secretary to lay before you the copy of an Act of the Legislature of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations entitled "an Act for calling a Convention to take into consideration the Constitution proposed for the United States, passed on the 17th. day of September A.D. 1787. by the general Convention held at Philadelphia," together with a copy of a letter10 accompanying said Act, from his Excellency John Collins Governor of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, to the President of the United States.
[Note 10: This letter prayed "on behalf of the People of the said State for a further suspension of the operation of the Impost and Tonnage laws of the United States with respect to the State of Rhode Island."]
The originals of the foregoing Act and Letter will be deposited in the Office of the Secretary of State.9
United States, January 29, 1790.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your Excellency's letter of the 14th instant, enclosing General Wood's report respecting the materials which were placed upon Cape Henry by the States of Virginia and Maryland for the purpose of building a Lighthouse; and have put both the letter and report into the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury, who is authorized by Law "to provide by contract, which shall be approved by the President of the United States, for building a Light-house near the entrance trance of Chesapeake Bay." I have also directed him to write to your Excellency upon the subject, and to take such steps in the business as may tend to a speedy accomplishment of the desired object.
In the first place it will be necessary that a deed of cession of the land upon which the Light house is to be erected, should be executed from the State of Virginia to the United States; and when this is accomplished, as the building of the Light-house is to be done by contract, it is probable that the person or persons who may contract for the building of it, will make such agreement for the materials as to them shall seem proper; and in this case the expediency of their being purchased immediately by the United States will be superseded. I have the Honor etc.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Tobias Lear.
On February 1 the President sent a brief message to the Senate and the House forwarding a copy of North Carolina's act of cession of certain western lands to the United States. The original was to be deposited in the Department of State, and with the deed of cession, Feb. 25, 1790, is now in the Library of Congress.
On February 4 Lear wrote to Jabez Bowen, by direction of the President, acknowledging the receipt of the resolve of the Rhode Island Legislature "requesting Congress to renew the indulgence before granted to the Navigation of that State...it is to be hoped that the adoption of the Constitution by the State of Rhode Island will, after this instance, render similar applications unnecessary from that State." Lear's letter is from a copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[V.S.L.]
United States, February 6, 1790.
Sir: In obedience to the command of the President of the United States, I have the honor to enclose you a Letter from Messrs. Beauregard and Bourgeois respecting certain Bills of Exchange bought in the year 1780 by Cadet Sardet of New Orleans from Oliver Pollock Esqr. Agent for the State of Virginia.
The President of the United States wishes the opinion of the Attorney General of the United States upon the subject of the enclosed letter.12 Whether it can be considered as in any manner relating to the General Government, or to the State of Virginia, or be viewed as a Mercantile transaction between two persons unconnected with the public. I have the honor etc.13
[Note 12: On February 16 Lear transmitted the report of the Attorney General on the matter to Toutant Beauregard and Bourgeois to Jabez Bowen. Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 13: This letter, signed "Tobias Lear," is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: Of Port Tobacco, Md.]
New York, February 8, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 25 of last month, and return you my thanks for your attention to my dispute with Stromat respecting the Proclamation warrant.
If Mr. Stromat will fulfil the offer of compromise in the manner he has proposed to you, or in such a manner as you, under the aid of Mr. Dunnington's information, (who is perfectly acquainted with all the land to which Stromat lays claim by virtue of his warrants) shall think will subserve my purposes, I would prefer it to a suit at law; by which I might gain or lose all. To prevent the injury which my tract would sustain by the intersection of it by the slipes Stromat was endeavoring to obtain, was my primary object, to attain which will satisfy me. If you could make it convenient to attend the survey it would enable you to decide on the spot with more propriety, and such a service would be very agreeable to me. Bind firmly whatever agreement you may make with Stromat without delay; that he is not punctilious in observing his word I know, and that he would deceive you, if he can gain any thing by it I have very little doubt. For your services in this business, and the ejectment of Perry, with the expences that have been incurred, I again pray you to apply to my Nephew, G. A. Washington, for payment. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 9, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate: You will perceive from the papers herewith delivered, and which are enumerated in the annexed list,18 that a difference subsists between Great Britain and the United States relative to the boundary line between our Eastern, and their territories. A plan for deciding this difference was laid before the late Congress; and whether that or some other plan of the like kind, would not now be eligible, is submitted to your consideration.
[Note 18: A list of these papers follows the copy of this message in the "Letter Book."]
In my opinion it is desireable that all questions between this and other nations be speedily and amicably settled; and in this instance I think it adviseable to postpone any negociations on the subject until I shall be informed of the result of your deliberations, and receive your advice as to the propositions most proper to be offered on the part of the United States.
As I am taking measures for learning the intentions of Great Britain respecting the detention of our Posts &ca., I am the more solicitous that the business now submitted to you may be prepared for negociation, as soon as the other important affairs which engage your attention, will permit.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On Febuary 9 Washington sent to the Senate nominations to fill various vacancies in the judiciary and customs branches of the Government, and also for customs officers for the districts in North Carolina. These names and the confirmations are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, February 10, 1790.
Dear Sir: The President wishes to get a Carpet of the best kind for a Room 32 feet by 22. A Pea Green Ground, with white or light flowers or spots would suit the furniture of the Room, and Carpet as the former would be made to fit the Room exactly when it would be difficult to find one of the latter of the precise size; the length of the Room, 32 feet, is the full extent, but at each end there is a fire place which projects into the room perhaps 3½ or 4 feet including Hearths. We can get no Carpet in New York to suit the Room, nor Carpeting of the best kind. Scotch Carpeting is almost the only kind to be found here. If you would be so good as to inform me if anything of the above discription can be had in Philadelphia you will oblige me. The price is also necessary to be known. I am, etc.20
[Note 20: This letter, signed "Tobias Lear," is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, February 11, 1790.
Sir: I have weighed with deliberate attention the contents of your letter of yesterday; and, altho' that consideration may result in an approbation of the ideas therein suggested; yet I do not, at present, feel myself authorized to give a sanction to the measures which you propose. For, as the Constitution of the United States, and the Laws made under it, must mark the line of my official conduct, I could not justify my taking a single step in any matter, which appeared to me to require their agency, without its being first obtained; and, so far as I have been able to form a judgment upon the objects held up to view in your letter, they cannot be effected without the operation of a Law.
As an Act must necessarily be passed to extend the Judicial Power of the United States to the State of North Carolina, it appears to me that a clause might be there introduced to establish that uniformity and precision in the business of the United States in each district, which you observe is highly proper to be effected, and to make such other regulations as may be thought necessary. I, however, only suggest this idea to you, that you may, if you think proper, mention it to such members of the Senate and House of Representatives as are acquainted with the subject, and thereby have the matter brought to view whenever the above mentioned Act shall be under consideration. I am, &c.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 13, 1790.
Sir: The appointment which you now hold as Judge of the United States in and for the district of Maryland, having been made during the Recess of the Senate of the United States, can endure no longer than to the end of their present Session; and a new Commission, specifying your appointment by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, will become necessary for your continuance in the discharge of the duties of that Office. This Commission I have now the pleasure to enclose, requesting that you will acknowledge the receipt of it as soon as it gets to your hands. I am etc.22
[Note 22: In an unidentified writing. The "Letter Book" copy contains the following note: "Copies of the above letter was transmitted to the Judges of the Districts of Virginia and South Carolina, and to Wm. Nelson, Attorney for the District of Virginia."]
[Note 23: Of North Carolina.]
United States, February 13, 1790.
Sir: One of the Seats on the Bench of the Supreme Court of the United States having become vacant by the resignation of the Gentleman24 appointed to fill the same; I have thought fit, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint you to that Office, and have now the pleasure to enclose you a Commission to be one of the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States.
[Note 24: Robert Hanson Harrison.
On February 13 Washington wrote a brief note to Attorney General Edmund Randolf, granting him leave to return to Virginia; "but hope that your absence from the Seat of government will not exceed the time mentioned in your letter to me of the 5th instant." This note is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
You have, Sir, undoubtedly considered the high importance of a Judicial System in every civil Government, It may therefore be unnecessary for me to say anything that would impress you with this idea in respect to ours. I must, however, observe, that, viewing, as I do, the Judicial System of the United States as one of the main Pillars on which our National Government must rest; it has been my great object to introduce into the high Offices of that department such Characters, as, from my own knowledge or the best information, I conceived would give dignity and stability to the Government, at the same time that they added lustre to our national Character. I have the honor etc, With due consideration Your etc.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, February 14, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your two letters of the 9th and 10th. inst. the latter enclosing the Presidents acct. as it then stood with you.
In reply to your wish to know the Presidents birthday it will be sufficient to observe that it is on the 11th of February Old Style; but the almanack makers have generally set it down opposite to the 11th day of February of the present Style; how far that may go towards establishing it on that day I dont know; but I could never consider it any otherways than as stealing so many days from his valuable life as is the difference between the old and the new Style. With very sincere esteem etc.26
[Note 26: This letter was signed "Tobias Lear." and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On February 15 the President in a routine message to the Senate and House of Representatives laid before them a copy of New Hampshires satisfaction of the amendments to the Constitution. As the various States sent in their ratifications, the President sent copies of them in the same brief formal message to Congress. These messages are duly recorded. according to dates, in the "Letter Book."]
United States, February 18, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate: By the Mail of last evening I received a letter from his Excellency John Hancock Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, enclosing a resolve of the Senate and House of Representatives of that Commonwealth and sundry documents relative to the eastern boundary of the United States.
I have directed a copy of the letter and resolve to be laid before you. The documents which accompanied them being but copies of some of the papers which were delivered to you with my communication of the ninth of this month, I have thought it unnecessary to lay them before you at this time. They will be deposited in the Office of the Secretary of State, together with the originals of the above mentioned letter and resolves.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On Febuary 18 the intendant and wardens of Charleston, S. C., delivered a congratulatory address to Washington, who answered it at some unknown date. Both address and the answer are recorded in the "Letter Book."]
New York, February 21, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of a letter which you have been so good as to write to me by the direction of the Philadelphia Society for promoting agriculture, and I beg leave to request your communication of my thanks to the Society for their polite attention, in the present which accompanied it.
Among the advantages resulting from this Institution, it is particularly pleasing to observe that a spirit of emulation has been excited by the rewards offered to excellence in the several branches of rural oeconomy, and I think there is every reason to hope the continuance of those beneficial consequences from such well judged liberality.
As no one delights more than I do in the objects of your Institution, so no one experiences more real pleasure from every proof of their progress, among which it marks the discernment of the society to have distinguished Mr. Mathewson's30 improvement in the useful art of making cheese.
[Note 30: John Matthewson, of Rhode Island.]
With sincere wishes for the advancement of our agricultural interests, and, with great regard etc.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 22, 1790.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's letter of the 10th instant enclosing a Resolve of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and sundry documents relative to the Eastern boundary of the United States.
Previous to the receipt of your Excellency's letter, I had laid this subject before the Senate of the United States32 for their consideration, with such documents respecting it as had been transmitted to the former Congress from the State of Massachusetts: to these I added your letter and the Resolve immediately upon their getting to my hands. I have the honor etc.33
[Note 32: See Washington's message to the Senate, Feb. 18, 1790, ante.]
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Paper.]
February 25, 1790.
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday with its enclosures, which are herewith returned. The Gentleman who delivered my message to you, which you say was given in answer to your former letter, mistook the purport of it. It was not your person, or character I had forgotten, but the transactions in detail to which you alluded.
It is not possible for me, with any degree of propriety, to tread back ground I passed over seven years ago, when no application has been made to me in all that time: and when my accounts with the public closed with the resignation of my Commission, especially too, as it appears by the papers handed to me, that you have been paid, agreeable to your own charge, for the services you are now desirous of bringing again to view. To obtain which appears to have been the design of the Certificates adduced. The effect of which, to the best of my recollection, was the kind of reward you seemed, at that time, to have had in contemplation. As you were employ'd principally by, or thro', General McDougall, who, I well remember, had two hundred Guineas put into his hands, with which to pay those who were used as secret Agents, I always supposed (if more than recommending you to the State of New York, which seemed to be your great if not only object, was expected) that this money, or a part thereof, would be applied.
From this view of the matter you will readily see that I cannot take any other steps in it than what have been already effected. I am etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On February 28 Lear wrote to Daniel Grant. of Baltimore, to know if "a complete cook" could be obtained for the President's family. Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, March 1, 1790.
Dear Sir: Since my last to you, dated the 13 of October, 1 have removed to a larger house (the one lately occupied by the Count de Moustier), enlarged my table, and of course my Guests; let me therefore request the favor of you to add two pieces to the number of plateaux required in the above letter, and ornaments equivalent, for it will take these in addition to what I before asked, to decorate the present Table.
I would thank you also for sending to me at the same time fourteen (of what I believe are called) Patent lamps, similar to those used at Mr. R. Morris's, but less costly, two or at most three guineas a piece, will fully answer my purposes. Along with these, but of a more ordinary sort (say at about one guinea each), I should be glad to receive a dozen other patent lamps for the Hall, Entries, and Stairs of my house. These lamps, it is said, consume their own smoke, do no injury to furniture, give more light, and are cheaper than candles. Order a sufficiency of spare glasses and an abundance of wicks.
If I had not in my former letter on this subject offered reasons accompanied with an apology for giving you so much trouble, I would, to keep up the custom, do it now, although I persuade myself you had rather comply with my request than be troubled with the best apology I could make for giving it.
Being well persuaded that you are regularly informed of the proceedings of the second Session of Congress, the disposition of that body, so far as it has been developed, and of the general complexion of our public affairs, I shall not trouble you with a repetition; but shall with much truth assure you that I am etc.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 1 Washington wrote to Wakelin Welch concerning payment for the articles mentioned. This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On March 1 Lear wrote, by direction of the President, to Gov. Mor: Anseto Antone Freatz, of St. Jagto, Cape Verde Islands, informing him of the capture of the American sloop Brothers by the British frigate Pomona, and the captain, Thomas Hammond, pilot, and crew imprisoned. The reason for the seizure was that dollars were found on the sloop which were said to have been taken from wrecks on a reef near Bonavista Island. The President asked to be informed in the matter. Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On March 4 the Society of Free Quakers, meeting in Philadelphia. delivered a complimentary address to Washington to which he replied at some unknown date. This reply, along with the address. is entered in the "Letter Book." In it Washington wrote: "Having always considered the conscientious scruples of religious belief as resting entirely with the sects that profess, or the individuals who entertain them, I cannot, consistent with this uniform sentiment, otherwise notice the circumstances referred to in your address, than by adding the tribute of my acknowledgment to that of our country, for those services which the members of your particular community rendered to the common cause in the course of our revolution. And by assuring you that, as our present government was instituted with an express view to general happiness, it will be my earnest endeavor, in discharging the duties confided to me with faithful impartiality, to raise the hope of common protection which you expect from the measures of that government."]
New York, March 5, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 18 of last month, enclosing the copy of one dated the 26 of October came duly to hand. The best, indeed the only apology' I can make for suffering the latter to remain so long unacknowledged, is, that on my return from a tour through the eastern States in November, I found such a multiplicity of public letters and other papers, which required to be acted upon, that those of private concern were laid aside, and in a manner forgotten before they could again be brought into view.
I shall now, though I feel myself unable to give such answers to the queries of Mr. Nicholson, with respect to my land in Gloucester county, as will be perfectly satisfactory to myself, say enough to enable him to decide for himself.
The Gentleman of whom it was bought valued it (as I believe you have been informed) at £1000; but for particular reasons agreed to take £800. Whether from any favorable change of circumstances it would sell for more now I know not. Less than £800 with interest thereon from the time it ceased to produce it to me in consequence of the transfer, together with the taxes which have arisen since, and the charges of alienation, I would not take even if the whole sum should be paid down, which indeed would be by far the most pleasing mode of disposing of it, but as a purchase on these terms does not appear to be the intention of Mr. Nicholson I will, in the next place, propose £400 in hand, with the incidental expences as before, and interest on the £800 during its suspension, and £500 payable at the expiration of 4 years without interest, provided it be paid within one month after it shall become due; if not, then with interest from the date of the bond. Or, lastly, I will take £1000 payable at the expiration of 4 years, without interest, if the whole of the purchase money be then punctually paid, otherwise to carry interest as above from the date. In this case, as in the last, the interest of the £800, with the charges, is to be paid up, the intention being not to lose by receiving land in place of money that was lent and bearing interest. As there are no buildings on the premises, I had rather sell than rent, Indeed I prefer the former at any rate having found, from experience, that estates at a distance plague more than they profit the Proprietors of them. With very great esteem etc.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, March 5, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letters of the 16th and 23d Ultimo. We are furnished with a Carpet for the Room which I had described to you; but are therefore no less obliged to you for the trouble you have had in making inquiries respecting it. The President will thank you to make an addition of two hundred Bushels to the quantity of Buckwheat which you have procured for him. It is probable that it can be carried to Virginia in bulk which will save the expence of Bags or barrels. Major Washington informed the President that Capt. Ellwood had told him that for the freight [of] a quantity, he would make bulk heads and carry it free from expence of bags or barrels, if this can be done it will be agreeable to the President as the number of bags which you have already are as many as will be useful, and barrels are of little or no use at Mount Vernon where they have always a number on hand. I am, etc.37
[Note 37: This letter was signed "Tobias Lear," and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 38: William Goddard and James Angell, publishers of The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser.]
New York, March 6, 1790.
Gentlemen: You will be pleased to insert the enclosed advertisement39 in your paper for six weeks successively and charge
[Note 39: The advertisement was dated Mar. 1, 1790, and announced that "Royal Gift and the Knight of Malta will cover Mares and Jennets, at Mount Vernon, the ensuing Season--Thereafter one of thorn will be removed from thence--The Price for Mares will be Ten Dollars, Half a Dollar per Week for Pasturage, and Two and Six Pence to the Groom; and for Jennets Three Guineas, and Two and Six Pence. No Charge will be made for Pasturage of the latter, provided they are taken away by the first of August; bur of longer continued the above Price will be demanded thenceforward per Week. The Pasture and Fences are good, but no Warrants will be given against Escapes or Accidents. The Qualities and Sizes of these two Animals have been often described; it is only necessary, therefore, to add, that they have increased in Size since last Year. John Fairfax. Manager." This same advertisement was published in the Virginia Gazette and Alexandria Advertiser about the same period of time.] the same in your annual account with the President of the United Stakes, which account you will be good enough to present whenever it becomes due. I am etc.40
[Note 40: This letter was signed "Tobias Lear." and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On March 6 Lear wrote to Col. Samuel Carleton, of Salem, Mass. that in answer to his letter of February 12, and by command of the President, he is informed that it is out of the line of the President's official duty "to take any part in the settlement of accounts: and altho he sympathizes with those who still feel the distresses occasioned by the late war particularly where they were brought on by their exertions in behalf oftheir country; and would experience asingular happiness in knowing that their losses were retrieved and sufferings were at an end, yet the impropriety of his interferingin any degree with the claims of Individuals up in the public is too obvious to escape observation, to say nothing of the impracticability of his attending to all the applications which would appear equallymeritorious." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, March 8, 1790.
Dear Sir: Re-examining some letters, which in the hurry of business had been laid by, I find your favor of the 6 ultimo among them, and not being able to recollect whether I gave it an answer in the order of its date, I now inform you, that it will be quite agreeable to me that you should have my lots in Fredericksburg for the sum, and on the terms of payment communicated by you through Colo. Ball. And I hope according to the intimation, there given, that they are now in your occupancy.
I will at any time make deeds of transfer. Present my love to Mrs. Carter and my Sister, in which Mrs. Washington joins me. With great esteem etc.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 8, 1790.
Sir: I have taken into consideration your letter of the 15 of last month,42 and I approve of the proposals therein suggested, of endeavoring to avoid a War with the Creek nation of Indians.
[Note 42: A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers under date of March 6.]
I approve particularly of your requesting Mr. Hawkins43 to send the letter to Alexander McGillivray a copy of which you have enclosed, and I authorize you to employ a suitable person to conduct the business, and to pay him, and the expenditures proposed.
[Note 43: Benjamin Hawkins.]
I will sign a Passport44 for such of the Chiefs of the Creek Nation as may desire to repair to the seat of the General Government on the business of their Nation. I am etc.45
[Note 44: See Passport. Mar. 11, 1790, post.]
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
City of New York, March 11, 1790.
Whereas it has been represented to me that Colonel Alexander McGillivray and several other principal Chiefs, Head Men, and Warriors of the Creek Nation of Indians, may be desirous of repairing to the residence of the General Government for the purpose of forming treaties of amity with the United States. Now therefore know ye, that to facilitate so humane an object, I have granted this Passport for the protection and security of said Choirs who shall accompany the bearer Colonel Marinus Willet or such persons as he, in case of sickness may authorize for the purposes herein specified. And I require all officers civil, and military of the United States, or of the respective States, and all good citizens thereof, to protect and assist such Chiefs aforesaid as shall accompany the said Colonel Marinus Willet, or the person authorized by him as aforesaid. And I do hereby forbid, any officers civil or military, or any of the Citizens aforesaid from attempting or performing any injury of any sort to the said Cheifs, Head Men, and Warriors protected as aforesaid, as they would answer the same at their peril.46
[Note 46: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
United States, March 15, 1790.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 10th inst enclosing a letter addressed to the Executive of the State of Pennsylvania by several very respectable Inhabitants of the County of Washington representing the mischiefs which have been done for several years past in that County by the Indians, expressing their apprehensions of further interruption, and requesting the Interposition of Council with the President of the United States in behalf of the Inhabitants of Washington County. I have already laid before Congress all such papers and official information as have come to my hands, respecting depredations which have been committed on the Southern and Western frontiers of the United States. In a word, I have exhibited to them everything in my possession that can bring to their view the situation of our affairs in those parts. This communication from your Excellency shall be added thereto. And when Congress have duly considered the situation of our frontiers, and shall make such provision for their Defence and protection as the nature of the case seems to require, and circumstances will permit, there will be no delay in carrying such measures into effect as shall operate in a general and systematical manner.
I have the honor etc.47
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 15, according to The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, a committee of Roman Catholics waited upon the President with a congratulatory address, to which the President replied. Washington said, in part:
"I feel, that my conduct in war and in peace has met with more general approbation than could reasonably have been expected: and I find myself disposed to consider that fortunate circumstance, in a great degree, resulting from the able support and extraordinary candor of my fellow-citizens of all denominations....
"...As mankind become more liberal, they will be more apt to allow, that all those, who conduct themselves as worthy members of the community are equally entitled to the protection of civil government. I ever to see America among the foremost nations in examples of justice and liberality. And I presume, that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part, which you took in the accomplishment of their revolution and the establishment of their government; or the important assistance, which they received from a nation in which the roman catholic religion is professed...may the members of your Society in America, animated alone by the pure spirit of christianity, and still conducting themselves as the faithful subjects of our free government, enjoy every temporal and spiritual felicity."
Both the address and the reply are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 20, 1790.
Sir: Your Excellency's letter of the 10th inst.; with its enclosures has been duly received.
It appears from the best information which I can obtain, that the place where Piamingo's Amunition was deposited, at the time of Colo. Campbell's writing to the Executive of Virginia, is not such as to subject it to file danger which was apprehended; for the vicinity is pretty well inhabited, and the people thereof knowing that their tranquility might in a great measure depend upon the security of that amunition, would not tamely permit it to be carried off until Piamingo shd. return with the detachment of his own Warriors, which it seems he had gone for to guard it to the Chickasaw Towns. And if this was not the case, it is highly probable, that if the capture of it was premeditated, it would be attempted before any communications could reach the spot from this place; the opinion, therefore, which you gave in your answer to Colo. Campbell, with respect to "the inhabitants embodying themselves as voluntiers for the protections of the property of our Allies" meets my approbation. If, however, it shoud be found, contrary to the information before stated, that the place in which the Amunition is lodged, is not sufficiently secure, or if Piamingo should not arrive in season with the guard; I think it would be advisable to have it removed to the nearest settlement that could give it perfect security. I have the honor etc.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, March 23, 1790.
Sir: I received a few days ago your letter on the subject of establishing a farm under the public patronage for the purpose of encreasing and extending agricultural knowledge; in answer to which, I have only leisure to make the following general observations. As I have passed a considerable portion of my life very satisfactorily in the business of agriculture, it will be understood, that I am alike fond of it on individual account, and on account of its public emoluments. But, however convinced I am of the great advantages to be derived to the Community from improvements in it, however susceptible of improvements I consider the present state of farming in this Country, and however desirous I am of seeing these improvements take place immediately, yet, in my public capacity, I know not whether I can with propriety do any thing more at present, than what I have already done. I have brought the subject in my speech, at the opening of the present Session of Congress, before the national Legislature. It rests with them to decide what measures ought afterwards to be adopted for promoting the success of the great objects, which I have recommended to their attention. I can only say further, that whatever wise and prudent plans may be deemed most feasible and effectual (as being clearly within the functions and abilities of the general Government) will meet with my ready and hearty concurrence.
Since the Seat of Government of the United States is not yet determined, and since the subject of Finance has not yet received such a form as may justify any considerable new expenditures, it is hardly probable that Congress could enter deeply into the discussion of your meditated improvements in agriculture, during their actual Session. But, I request, Sir, you will be persuaded, that, at all events, I have a proper sense of your zeal in this matter, that I have great confidence in your ability, and ardent wishes for your success; being with due consideration, Sir, &c.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, March 23, 1790.
Dear Sir: The only answer I can give to your letter of the 11th Instt. is, that under my present view of the subject, the agreement you have entered into with Mr. Robt. Alexander had better be carried into effect. But I must declare to you at the sametime, that from my imperfect knowledge of the original bargain, of the proceedings which have been had under it, and of the points on which the dispute between Mr. Custis and Mr. Alexander have turned, that I feel an incompetency, and of course an unwillingness to give a final opinion thereof, with out further information.
All I recollect of this business is, that the former was to have given the latter the sum of (I believe) £12,000 for the Mansion-house tract; to be paid as Mr. Alexander says, with compound interest at the expiration of (I think) 24 years, or, according to Mr. Custis's ideas, on or before the expiration of that period. This difference of opinion has given rise, it seems, to the dispute now subsisting; a highly important one indeed it is, and very interesting in its decision to both parties; but how it came to pass that there should be this difference of opinion on a point which might, I should suppose, be decided by resorting to written documents, I am at a loss to discover; nor am I better informed with respect to the kind of money in which the payment was to have been made; and yet, as in the last case, one would think this also might be determined by the plainest construction of the Instruments, or by such oral testimony as could be adduced in explanation of the words, if they are found to be ambiguous.
With respect to the first point, if it was optional in Mr. Custis to pay on or before the expiration of the term, on what ground did Mr. Alexander refuse to receive payment? And if the payment was not to be made in Specie (by agreement) why was any medium that was currt. at the time, refused? The great nominal sum which was to be given for the land, is, to my mind, an unequivocal proof (if nothing is expressed to the contrary) that both parties were Speculating in paper; for the one never could have had the conscience to ask or the other the folly to have given £12,000 specie for it.
If my comprehension of this matter (as here stated) is not right, I wish to be set right. If it is, I could wish, before I give any conclusive opinion, to receive information on the following points.
First. What are the opinions of those who have been consulted, with respect to the option, claimed by Mr. Custis, to pay on or before the expiration of the term of 24 years?
Second. Whether in the Articles of agreement, Mortgage, bond, or other evidence, there is an exception of Paper Money, or proviso to pay in any other sort?
Third. At what period was the agreement made? How long after this agreement was the deed dated? and what was the Continental and State Scale of depreciation, at both those periods?
Fourth. In what sort of paper money was the tender made, and how long after the date of the Deed was it, before it was made? Why in the opinion of your Lawyers, was not that paper a legal tender? Was there any other Paper money in being at that time which would have been? and why, unless emitted by the State, and made tenderable by law? In that case, why was not such money tendered?
After the solution of these several questions I shall be able to decide with much more satisfaction to myself than at the present moment, whether it will be best to give £600 to annul the bargain, Pay rent (but this is just), and sustain the loss of the sums which went to procure the money tendered, or hazard a decision in the high Court of Chancery; by which the whole Sum, of £12,000 with interest might be decreed, if not Scaled, according to the opinion of the Lawyers on the one side, or the other, agreeably to your statement thereof.
My best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington and the Children unite are presented to Mrs. Stuart and yourself and family. With much truth I am etc.50
[Note 50: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E A Armstrong, of Princeton. N. J.]
[Note 51: Of Annapolis, Md.]
New York, March 25, 1790.
Sir: You will receive with this a medal struck by order of the late Congress in commemoration of the much approved conduct of your Son (the late Colo. John Stewart) in the assault of Stoney Point, and was to have been presented to him as a mark of the high sense which his Country entertained of his services on that occasion.
This Medal was put into my hands by Mr. Jefferson and it is with singular pleasure that I now transmit it to you, as it must afford some pleasing consolation, when reflecting upon the loss of a worthy Son. I am etc.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, March 25, 1790.
Sir: You will receive with this a Medal struck by order of the late Congress in commemoration of your much approved conduct in the assault of Stoney Point, and presented to you as a mark of the high sense which your Country entertains of your services on that occasion.
This Medal was put into my bands by Mr. Jefferson, and it is with singular pleasure that I now transmit it to you. I am etc.53
[Note 53: The "Letter Book" notes that "Copies of the above letter" (minus. of course, the P. S.) "was transmitted to General Morgan of Virginia. Colo. Washington or South Carolina, and Governor Howard of Maryland, with their Medals, which was struck by order of the late Congress, in approbation of their conduct at the battle of the Cowpens."]
P. S. I embrace this opportunity to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 1st of February which reached my hands a few days since.52
New York, March 28, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 15.54 enclosing the act of Assembly authorising an agreement with Mr. Alexander came to my hand in the moment my last to you was dispatched.
[Note 54: Stuart had written (March 15): "A spirit of jealousy which may become dangerous to the Union, towards the Eastern States, seems to be growing fast among us. It is represented, that the Northern phalanx is so firmly united, as to bear down all opposition, while Virginia is unsupported, even by those whose interests are similar to hers. It is the language of all. I have seen on their return from New York. Coll: Lee tells me, that many who were warm Supporters of the government, are changing their sentiments, from a conviction of the impracticability of Union with States, whose interests are so dissimilar to those of Virginia. I fear the Coll: is one of the number The late applications to Congress, respecting the slaves, will certainty tend to promote this spirit. It gives particular umbrage, that the Quakers should be so busy in this business. That they will raise up a storm against themselves, appears to me very certain. Mr. Maddison's sentiments are variously spoke of, so much so; that it is impossible to ascertain whether they are approved of by a majority or not. The Commercial and most noisy part, is certainly against them. It appears to me, to be such a deviation from the plain and beaten track, as must make every Creditor of the Public tremble: His plan of discrimination, is founded too much on principles of equity, to please even those, who have advocated allways a discrimination. If the Public was to gain, what the original holders lost in their sales, I believe it would hare pleased this description of Citizens better." Stuart's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I am sorry such jealousies as you speak of should be gaining ground, and are poisoning the minds of the southern people; but admit the fact which is alledged as the cause of them, and give it full scope, does it amount to more than what was known to every man of information before, at, and since the adoption of the Constitution? Was it not always believed that there are some points which peculiarly interest the eastern States? and did any One, who reads human nature, and more especially the character of the eastern people conceive that they would not pursue them steadily by a combination of their force. Are there not other points which equally concern the southern States? If these States are less tenacious of their interest, or, if whilst the eastern move in a solid phalanx to effect their views, the southern are always divided, which of the two is most to be blamed? That there is a diversity of interests in the Union none has denied. That this is the case also in every State is equally certain. And that it even extends to the Counties of individual States can be as readily proved. Instance the southern and northern parts of Virginia, the upper and lower parts of south Carolina, &ca. have not the interests of these always been at variance? Witness the County of Fairfax, have not the interests of the people of that County varied, or the Inhabitants been taught to believe so? These are well known truths, and yet it did not follow that separation was to result from the disagreement.
To constitute a dispute there must be two parties. To understand it well both parties and all the circumstances must be fully heard, and to accommodate differences, temper and mutual forbearance are requisite. Common danger brought the States into confederacy, and on their union our safety and importance depend. A spirit of accommodation was the basis of the present constitution, can it be expected then that the Southern or the Eastern part of the Empire will succeed in all their measures? certainly not; but I will readily grant that more points will be carried by the latter than the former, and for the reason which has been mentioned, namely, that in all great national questions they move in unison whilst the others are divided; but I ask again which is most blame-worthy, those who see, and will steadily pursue their interest, or those who cannot see, or seeing will not act wisely? And I will ask another question, of the highest magnitude in my mind, to wit, if the eastern and northern States are dangerous in Union, will they be less so in separation? If self interest is their governing principle will it forsake them or be less restrained by such an event? I hardly think it would. Then, independent, of other considerations what would Virginia (and such other States as might be inclined to join her) gain by a separation? Would they not, most unquestionably, be the weaker party?
Men who go from hence without feeling themselves of so much consequence as they wished to be considered, and disappointed expectants, added to malignant, designing characters, who miss no opportunity of aiming a blow at the Constitution, paint highly on one side without bringing into view the arguments which are offered on the other.
It is to be lamented that the Editors of the different Gazettes in the Union, do not more generally, and more correctly (instead of stuffing their papers with scurrility, and nonsensical declamation, which few would read if they were apprised of the contents) publish the debates in Congress on all great national questions, and this with no uncommon pains, everyone of them might do. The principles upon which the difference of opinion arises, as well as the decisions would then come fully before the public, and afford the best data for its judgment. Mr. Madison, on the question of discrimination, was actuated, I am convinced, by the purest motives, and most heartfelt conviction; but the subject was delicate, and perhaps had better never been stirred.
The assumption of the State debts by the United States is another subject that has given rise to long and labored debates, without having yet taken a final form.
The memorial of the Quakers55 (and a very mal-apropos one it was) has at length been put to sleep, and will scarcely awake before the year 1808. I am etc.56
[Note 55: For the abolition of the slave trade.]
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 31, 1790.
The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorised to negotiate and agree for a Loan to the United States to an amount not exceeding one hundred thousand Dollars, bearing an Interest not exceeding six pr. Cent pr. annum to be applied towards carrying into effect the appropriations made by the Act Entitled, "An Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety." And according to the annexed representation.57
[Note 57: The "representation" was a memorandum from Secretary Hamilton, which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers immediately preceding the authorization. This letter, also. is in the "Letter Book." The numerous authorizations of this character, from the President to the Secretary of the Treasury, during Washington's administrations, have, hereafter, been omitted except where the appropriation authorized was of more than routine importance.]
New York, April 3, 1790.
Gentlemen: I have always been persuaded that the stability and success of the national Government, and consequently the happiness of the People of the United States, would depend in a considerable degree on the Interpretation and Execution of its Laws. In my opinion, therefore, it is important, that the Judiciary System should not only be independent in its operations, but as perfect as possible in its formation.
As you are about to commence your first Circuit, and many things may occur in such an unexplored field, which it would be useful should be known; I think it proper to acquaint you, that it will be agreeable to me to receive such Information and Remarks on this Subject, as you shall from time to time judge expedient to communicate. I have the honor &c.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. No reply to this letter is now found in the Washington Papers; but the text of it is printed in the Congressional Record for Feb. 26, 1937, p. 1617, where it is undated and no source given. In the Life and Correspondence of James Iredell (vol. 2, p. 293) is printed Jay's letter, dated Sept. 15, 1790, inclosing the draft of the answer to Washington's letter.]
City of New York, April 6, 1790.
Very great and good Friend and Ally: As the time limited for the duration of Mr. Jefferson's residence in quality of our Minister Plenipotentiary near your Majesty will shortly expire, and the public interests require that he should undertake other functions, we have directed him to take leave of your Majesty, and to assure you of our friendship and sincere desire to preserve and strengthen the harmony and confidence which so happily subsists between the two nations.
We are persuaded that he will do this in the manner most expressive of these sentiments, and of the respect and sincerity with which they are offered.
We pray God to keep your Majesty under his holy protection.58
United States, April 7, 1790.
Sir: The papers which you yesterday submitted to me, respecting the arrangement of the three companies to be sent to Georgia, and the Instructions to be given to their Captains, have been duly considered, and meet my approbation.
The proposed disposition of the said companies after their arrival in Georgia.
To Wit--"One company at the St. Mary's; One ditto at Beards Bluff on the Altamaha; One Ditto at the Rock-Landing on the Oconee;" appears from the Maps and information to be the best. In fortifying or constructing such works as may be necessary for the defence and security of the Troops, I would have it impressed upon the commanding Officer [to make the Area sufficiently large within the] pallisadoes to admit of building all the Barracks and houses of every kind; for experience has strongly shewn the utility of this mode where you have to contend with an Indian Enemy. Yours etc.59
[Note 59: In the writing of Tobias Lear. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
New York, April 8, 1790
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 7 of March, and should have given it an earlier acknowledgment had I received an answer from Mr. Moyston of Philada. to whom I wrote upon receiving your letter to know the character and qualifications of the Cook whom you mentioned, as you informed me that he had lived with him several years. Not having received the information of which I expected from Mr. Moyston, and daily experiencing the inconvenience of wanting an established and good Cook in the family. The President has again directed me to write to you upon the subject, requesting that you will be so good as to learn from the Man whom you mentioned the precise terms upon which he would engage to come into this family, what he expects or wishes to do with his wife and Children if he should come, and to let me know your opinion respecting the roans qualifications as a Cook, and his dispositions as a domestic, for the great confidence will be placed in your character of him.
The highest wages we have given for the best Cook (and I am informed that none higher have been given in this place) is twelve dollars p month with his washing, lodging &ca. I mention this circumstance that if the man should think of making an extravagant demand to serve in the President's family, he may know what has been given.
Your attention to this matter, as soon as convenient, will oblige the President, and upon receiving your letter, an immediate and decisive answer will be given thereto. With my best thanks for your trouble in this business I am etc.60
[Note 60: The letter was signed "Tobias Lear," and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. The duties of a Cook are far from being hard or complicated, for we entertain company but seldom, and that regularly. You will please to put your letter to me, unsealed, under a cover to the President of the United States, as it is possible I shall be absent from this place when it arrives. "The enclosed you will be so good as to hand to Messrs. Goddard and Angell.61
[Note 61: Lear's letter to Goddard and Angell inquired about the advertisement of Royal Gift and the Knight of Malta, which then (April 8) had not yet appeared in their papers.
On April 9 Washington issued a proclamation announcing the Consular Convention with France was in force. A contemporary copy of this proclamation is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
New York, April 10, 1790.
Gentlemen: Colonel Hartley has put into my bands the account of the mares, which you have been so obliging as to purchase for me, and I have paid to that Gentleman the balance due upon your account. I have received from my nephew, Major Washington, information of the safe arrival of all the Mares at Mount Vernon, and he appears to be much pleased with them.
When I expressed to Colonel Hartley my wish to procure a number of mares for breeding from your quarter, I fully expected to compensate the trouble of the person who might purchase them for me, by commission or otherwise. But, Gentlemen, your declining to accept any thing more than an indemnification for the cost and expence which attended the purchase of them, has added to the obligation which I feel for your having executed the commission in so satisfactory a manner, and I beg you to be assured that I have a proper sense of your politeness on this occasion. I am etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, April 14, 1790.
Sir: By a letter which I have lately received from my Nephew, Major Washington of Mount Vernon, I find you have made a tender of your services to him to overlook one of my farms, and have referred me to Colo. Cadwalader, now in Congress, for your qualifications and character.
This enquiry I have made, and the result of it is that you have a competent knowledge in the business of agriculture, and understand the economy of a farm. That he believes you to be industrious, and has no distrust of your honesty. These undoubtedly are very good and essential requisites in a Manager; but candor, he added, obliged him to inform me that he thought you were too much given to your pleasures, however of the impropriety of this he hoped and believed you were convinced, and of course would reform.
Under this information and persuation I am disposed to employ you on the terms mentioned by my Nephew, to wit, Forty guineas pr annum, and wish you to name the time, in a letter to me, that would be convenient for you to enter on the trust. I must inform you however that the present Managers are engaged till December, but Mr. Bloxham (having had notice that he would be continued no longer than the term for which he is engaged, and intending it is said when he quits my employ, to return to England wishes I am informed to embark before that period. To this I shall have no objection if his place can be supplied, but not being well enough acquainted with all the circumstances relative to this matter, I can make no arrangement relative thereto until I hear first from you, and next from my Nephew with respect to Mr. Bloxham. After this matters may be precisely fixed so as to place all parties on a certainty.
The reason why I write to you from hence is that a Post goes directly from this city to Chestertown in Maryland (where my Nephew informs me you at present live) whereas a letter written from Mount Vernon might be long on its passage, or perhaps never get to you at all.
That there may be no delay in the business from a misconception of the terms on your part, or for want of knowing the expectations on mine, I have sketched articles of agreement66 declaratory of both, which my Nephew will, on my behalf subscribe to, if the same is done by you.
[Note 66: These articles agreement follow this letter in the "Letter Book," by which Whiting agrees "to serve the President of the United States as an Overlooker of one or more of his Farms belonging to the estate of Mount Vernon...using his best skill to carry into to effect the present rotation system of cropping, practiced on the said Farms, or such other course as shall be approved of by the said President...but to make no actual change in the rotation system without permission as matters for sometime have been tending to the present mode and ought not to be departed from but under the fullest conviction of the superior advantages of another." The original agreement, signed by George Augustine Washington and Whiting, is dated May 20, 1790, and is in the Washington Papers. It contains a renewal (Aug. 8, 1790, to Dec. 25, 1791) and another (Aug. 15, 1791, to Dec. 25, 1792).]
From this communication (accompanied with an assurance that I shall make no alteration) you are enabled to say yea or nay to the proposals which I request may be done by letter addressed to me at this place, the result of which I shall communicate to my Nephew that he may know what to depend upon. If it is your determination to accept that he may know at what time (under the existing circumstances) he could receive you, of which I shall delay no time in giving you notice, and shall expect you will repair to Mount Vernon, accordingly. I am etc.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, April 15, 1790.
Dear Sir: Since my last to you, dated March 1st. I have been favored with your letter of the 24 of January accompanied by the surtout of Plateaux &ca. These came very safe, are very elegant, much admired, and do great justice to your taste. Accept my thanks for the attention.
Upon trial it appears that they need no addition, the intention therefore of this letter is to counteract, if it should arrive in time, my request of the first of March of two Plateaux more and ornaments equivalent thereto, but to repeat the other wish contained therein namely "I would thank you &ca.", see paragraph respecting lamps.
Your not having acknowledged the receipt of my commission of a public nature that went from hence at the same time, and was of the same date with the letter, to which yours of the 24. of January is an answer, to wit the 13 of October, gives me some pain, lest it should have been arrested on its passage.
With great and sincere esteem etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On the morning of April 20 Washington started what he called a tour of Long Island Crossing to Brooklyn, he drove to Gravesend, thence as far east as Brookhaventownship, Coram, and Setauket. He returned to New York on April 24.]
New York, April 26, 1790.
Dear Sir: I comply with your wishes in giving letters introductory of your Nephew69 to several Gentlemen in France and Spain.70 They are under flying seals, but, as I mean letters of this
[Note 69: Daniel Horry.]
[Note 70: On April 16 Washington wrote letters of introduction for Horry to William Carmichael, William Short, Lafayette, and Rochambeau. These letters are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers; that to Rochambeau is in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.] sort shall be rare, I pray you to close them before they go out of your hands, lest the indiscretions of youth should make an improper use of them before they are delivered to their address.
Wishing the young Gentleman success, and yourself health and happiness. I remain etc.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On April 27 Washington answered a congratulatory address from the General Assembly of Virginia, the original of which is in the Huntington Library.]
[Note 72: Luzerne had been raised to the rank of marquis and was then French Ambassador to England.]
New York, April 29, 1790.
Sir: Your letter of the 17th of January, replete with politeness to myself and useful informations respecting public affairs, has but lately been received.
In making my acknowledgments for the distinguished place I hold in your remembrance, and for the obliging terms in which you allude to my conduct in War and peace; I should do injustice to conceal the favorable sentiments, which were always entertained by myself and my Countrymen of your private deportment, and ministerial agency, while you resided in America. Those times, in which we always found you a sincere friend, were truly times of peril and distress. Now our situation is indeed much more eligible, and our prospects perhaps as good as could reasonably have been expected. We are recovering slowly from the calamities and burdens with which we were almost overwhelmed by a long and expensive War. Our Crops the year past have been more abundant, and our markets much better than usual. These circumstances will assist in enabling our Citizens to extricate themselves from their private and public debts. I hope a disposition will be found to prevail among us, for doing justice (as far as the nature of the case will admit) to all who afforded us their assistance in the hour of adversity. In the arrangement of such new and complicated business, as must inevitably come before our general Government, it is reasonably to be expected, that the proceedings will be slow. It is devoutly to be wished that they may terminate in such just and wise measures, as will fully establish our happiness at home and credit abroad. I am much pleased with the interest you take in our national reputation, and the information you give that our credit is becoming so respectable in Europe, under the influence of our new Government.
You are right in conceiving, that nothing can be indifferent to me, which regards the welfare of the French Nation. So far removed from that great Theatre of political action, and so little acquainted with many of the minute circumstances, which may induce important decisions, as I am; it would be imprudent for me to hazard opinions, which might possibly be unfounded. Indeed, the whole business is so extraordinary in its commencement, so wonderful in its progress and may be so stupendous in its consequences, that I am almost lost in the contemplation. Of one thing, however, you may rest perfectly assured, that nobody is more anxious for the happy issue of that business than I am; as nobody can wish more sincerely for the prosperity of the French Nation, than I do. Nor is it without the most sensible pleasure I learn, that our friend the Marquis de la Fayette, has, in acting the arduous part which has fallen to his share, conducted himself with so much wisdom and apparently to such general satisfaction.
We, at this great distance from the Northern parts of Europe, hear of Wars and rumors of Wars, as if they were the events or reports of another Planet. What changes the death of the Emperor will occasion in the other Cabinets of Europe, time is yet to inform us. A spirit for political improvements seems to be rapidly and extensively spreading through the European Countries. I shall rejoice in seeing the condition of the Human Race happier than ever it has hitherto been. But I should be sorry to see, that those who are for prematurely accelerating those improvements, were making more haste than good speed, in their innovations. So much prudence, so much perseverance, so much disinterestedness and so much patriotism are necessary among the Leaders of a Nation, in order to promote the national felicity, that sometimes my fears nearly preponderate over my expectations. Better, however, will it be for me to leave such foreign matters to those, who are more competent to manage them: and to do as much good as I can in the little sphere where I am destined to move at present. With sentiments of the highest esteem etc.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
An interesting and informative letter from William Jackson to Clement Biddle should be quoted here. It is dated "New York, Wednesday noon May 2, 1790...The inclosed letter, from Doctor Bard, to Doctor Jones, is transmitted to you with a view to ensure secrecy, certainty, and dispatch in the delivery of it. To relieve you from any extraordinary personal anxiety I am happy to inform you that the symptoms which attend the President's indisposition, are not threatening; but it has been thought the part of prudence to call upon Doctor Jones, in anticipation of any unfavorable change that may arise. I need not repeat to you the necessity of delivering the letter with privacy, and keeping the object of it a secret from every person: even Mrs Biddle. Doctor Jones may want your aid to accelerate his arrival at New York, and I am persuaded you will give him every assistance in your power. The Doctor's prudence will suggest the propriety of setting out as privately as possible; perhaps it may be well to assign a personal reason for visiting New York, or going into the Country." This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and bears on the address sheet the following: "Coln Cummings And All the Rest of the proprietors is Requested to forward this without Delay J Cummns. Mr. Freskeck will take a Rect. & see if an answer is wanted. Jno. Cummings. recd. Thursday 13 May 10 ½ OC A M. D. J. set off at 1 O. C. same day."
On May 4 the triennial meeting of the State Societies of the Cincinnati at Philadelphia addressed a congratulatory address to Washington, to which be replied at some unknown date. His reply, together with the address entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 74: Of Alexandria Va.]
United States, May 23, 1790.
Sir: It having been intimated to the President of the United States that the appointment of Consul for the Port of Cadiz75
[Note 75: Spain.] would be agreeable to you, and your having heretofore transacted the business of the United States in that place giving you good pretentions to that office; he has directed me to inform you that the appointment of Consuls for foreign Ports will probably come soon under his consideration, and he is therefore desirous of knowing your wishes on this head in Season. I am etc.
P.S. there is no Salary annexed to the Consulships from the United States.76
[Note 76: This letter was signed "Tobias Lear," and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On May 30 Lear acknowledged, for the President, to Thomas Wignell, two copies of "The Contrast" Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book."]
United States, May 31, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate: Mr. de Poirey served in the American Army for several of the last years of the late War as Secretary to Major General the Marquis de la Fayette, and might probably at that time have obtained the Commission of Captain from Congress upon application to that Body.77 At present he is an Officer in the French national Guards and solicits a Brevet Commission from the United States of America. I am authorized to add that, while a compliance will involve no expence on our part, it will be particularly grateful to that friend of America the Marquis de la Fayette.
[Note 77: The Senate, confirmed this nomination (June 2).]
I therefore nominate Mr. de Poirey to be a Captain byBrevet.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
An undated congratulatory address from the Hebrew congregation of the city of Savannah and Washington's reply thereto are also recorded in the "Letter Book." Sparks dates them at the end of May, 1790.
On June 2 Washington sent a message to the Senate, nominating the officers to the one regiment of infantry and the one battalion on artillery which made up the United Slates Army at that time. This message and list is entered in the "Letter Book" and are printed in the Executive Journal, vol. 1.]
New York, June 3, 1790
Sir: The severe indisposition from which I am just recovering79 will excuse this late acknowledgment of your letter of the 7 instant,80 which accompanied the cane81 left me by the great and invaluable Dr. Franklin.
[Note 79: Washington was indisposed with a bad cold on May 9 and on May 10 suffered a severe illness which, from its violence, duration, and after effects seems to have been pneumonia. On May 15 his life was dispaired of, according to William Maclay: but by May 24 the President had so far recovered as to ride out in his carriage.]
[Note 80: A mistake of the copyist. Hill had written from Philadelphia (May 7): "I have the honor as one of the Executors of the late Doctor Franklin to present you by the hands of Major Clarkson a token left by him in the following words: 'My fine Crabtree walking stick with a gold head curiously wrought in the form of the cap of Liberty I give to my friend and the friend of Mankind General Washington. If it were a sceptre, he has merited it, and would become it.'" Hill's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 81: The cane is now in the United States National Museum Washington. D. C.]
As a token of remembrance and a mark of friendship, I receive this legacy with pleasing sensations and a grateful heart, and the words in which it was conveyed were highly flattering, as coming from a man, of whom the world justly entertained an exalted opinion, and whose favorable sentiments could not fail of being grateful to the person upon whom they were bestowed.
To you, Sir, my best acknowledgments are due for the polite manner in which you have executed your trust, and I beg you to accept the thanks of Your etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 3, 1790.
Dear Sir: My absence from this place since the middle of April is the cause of my not having duly acknowledged the receipt of your favors of the 24th of March and 27th of April, both of which are now before me.
The Cook83 arrived and entered upon his duty on the first of May; he gives us good dinners, and the Steward says he conducts himself well. We are much obliged by your Agency in obtaining him.
[Note 83: Thor Vicare.]
I am happy to inform you that the President recovers his strength and flesh very fast.
Will you, Sir, be kind enough to have the enclosed letter handed to Mr. Wignall, and thereby oblige, Your etc.84
[Note 84: This letter was signed "Tobias Lear," and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 3, 1790.
My dear Marquis: Your kind letter of the 12th of January is, as your letters always are, extremely acceptable to me. By some chance its arrival had been retarded to this time. Conscious of your friendly dispositions for me, and realizing the enormous burden of public business with which you was oppressed, I felt no solicitude but that you should go directly forward and happily effect your great undertakings. How much, how sincerely am I rejoiced, My dear Marquis, to find that things are assuming so favorable an aspect in France! Be assured that you always have my best and most ardent wishes for your success; and that, if I have not troubled you with letters of late, it was because I had nothing, which it was very essential to communicate. and because I knew how much better your time was employed than in answering letters merely of a private nature.
You have doubtless been informed from time to time of the happy progress of our affairs. The principal difficulties which opposed themselves in any shape to the prosperous execution of our Government seem in a great measure to have been surmounted. A Good temper prevails among our Citizens. Rhode Island has just now acceded to the Constitution,85 and has thus united under the general government all the States of the original Confederacy. Vermont we hope will soon come within the pale of the Union. Two new States86 exist under the immediate direction of the General Government, Viz. that at the head of which is Genl. St. Clair, and that which consists of the territory lately ceded by the State of North Carolina.
[Note 85: Rhode Island ratified May 29, 1790.]
[Note 86: Northwest Territory and Tennessee.]
Our government is now happily carried into operation. Although some thorny questions still remain, it is to be hoped that the wisdom of those concerned in the national Legislature will dispose of them prudently. A funding system is one of the subjects, which occasions most anxiety and perplexity. Yet our revenues have been considerably more productive than it was imagined they would be. In the last year, the plentiful crops and great prices of grain, have vastly augmented our remittances. The rate of exchange is also much in our favor. Importations of European goods have been uncommonly extensive, and the duties payable into the public Treasury proportionably so. Our Trade to the East Indies flourishes. The profits to Individuals are so considerable as to induce more persons to engage in it continually; a single vessel just arrived in this Port pays 30,000 Dollars to Government. Two Vessels fitted out for the fur trade to the North West coast of America have succeeded well. The whole outfits of Vessels and cargoes cost but £7,000: one is returning home loaded with India produce, the other going back to the Coast of America; and they have deposited 100,000 Dollars of their profits in China. I mention this to shew the spirit of enterprise that prevails. I hope and trust our Commerce with the West India Islands belonging to different Nations (which is at present of no great consequence) will shortly be placed upon a better footing. As the People of this Country are sensible of the generous conduct of the French Nation, I can, with great satisfaction, give it as my decided opinion, that the most friendly dispositions prevail on our side the water towards that nation.
Many of your old acquaintances and Friends are concerned with me in the Administration of this Government. By having Mr. Jefferson at the Head of the Department of State, Mr. Jay of the Judiciary, Hamilton of the Treasury and Knox of that of War, I feel myself supported by able Co-adjutors, who harmonize extremely well together. I believe that these and the other appointments generally have given perfect satisfaction to the Public. Poor Colo. Harrison, who was appointed one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and declined, is lately dead.87
[Note 87: Robert Hanson Harrison died Apr. 2, 1790.]
I have, a few days since, had a severe attack of the peripneumony kind: but am now recovered, except in point of strength. My Physicians advise me to more exercise and less application to business. I cannot, however, avoid persuading myself, that it is essential to accomplish whatever I have undertaken (though reluctantly) to the best of my abilities. But it is thought Congress will have a recess this summer, in which case I propose going for a while to Mount Vernon. With sentiments of the sincerest affection etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 3, 1790.
Madam: It gives me infinite pleasure, in acknowledging the receipt of your polite letter of the 14th of January last, to transmit the Brevet Commission, that was desired for M. Poirey. Aside of his services in America, which alone might have entitled him to this distinction, his attachment to the Marquis de la Fayette and your protection added claims that were not to be resisted. And you will, I dare flatter myself, do me the justice to believe that I can never be more happy than in according marks of attention to so good a friend to America and so excellent a patriot as Madame la Marquise de la Fayette. Nor did she need any excuse for making use of her own language to be the interpreter of so much politeness and persuasion as she has found means to convey in one short letter. In truth that language, at least when used by her, seems made on purpose to have fine things communicated in it; and I question whether any other, at least in the hands of any other person, would have been equally competent to the effect.
By some accident your letter reached me only a few days ago. This fact is the sole reason of your not hearing sooner from me, and must be an apology for any seeming neglect on my part. I request you will present my compliments to the Gentlemen who desired to be so cordially remembered to me. Mrs. Washington and her two youngest Grand-Children (who live with us) join me in offering our affectionate regards to your family: in whose welfare, believe me Madam, no one is more deeply interested than he who has the honor to subscribe himself, Yours etc.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 3 Washington acknowledged to David Ramsay a copy of his History of the American Revolution (2 vols., 1789), "Accept my acknowledgement and best thanks for this mark of polite attention. from which I expect to derive much pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 4, 1790.
Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your Excellency's letter of the 29th of May, I cannot forbear to congratulate you and the people of your State upon the happy event which has since taken place by the adoption and ratification of the Constitution of the United States by the Convention of Rhode Island.
Having now attained the desirable object of uniting under one general Government all those States which were originally confederated, we have a right to expect, with the blessing of a divine providence, that our Country will afford us all those domestic enjoyments of which a free people only can boast; and at the same time secure that respectability abroad which she is entitled to by nature and from circumstances. Since the bond of Union is now complete, and we once more consider ourselves as one family, it is much to be hoped that reproaches will cease and prejudices be clone away; for we should all remember that we are members of that community upon whose general success depends our particular and individual welfare; and, therefore, if we mean to support the Liberty and Independence which it has cost us so much blood and treasure to establish, we must drive far away the dæmon of party spirit and local reproach.
I should be deficient in politeness as well as sensibility were I to close this letter without acknowledging the impression, which the great personal regard and warm wishes for my individual felicity expressed in your Letter has made on me. I have the honor &c.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 4, 1790.
Madam: I did not receive before the last mail the letter where in you favored me with a copy of the dedication, which you propose prefixing to a work prepared for publication.91
[Note 91: Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous (Boston. 1790). Mrs Mercy Otis Warren was the wife of James Warren.]
Although I have ever wished to avoid being drawn into public view more than was essentially necessary for public purposes, yet, on the present occasion duly sensible of the merits of the respectable and amiable Writer, I shall not hesitate to accept the intended honor.
With only leisure to thank you or your indulgent sentiments, and to wish that your work may meet with encouragement which I have no doubt it deserves; I hasten to present the compliments of Mrs. Washington and to subscribe myself with great esteem and regard, Madam, Your etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 4 the Association of Mechanics and Manufacturers of Providence, R.I., sent a congratulatory address to Washington, to which he replied at some unknown date. Both the address and the reply are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
One this same day (June 4) Washington sent a message to the Senate nominating the consuls and vice consuls for the United State abroad.
On June 7 Washington sent a message to the Senate, nominating the judiciary for North Carolina and the governor and other officers for the Territory South of the Ohio. This message is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (June 7) Washington went on a fishing trip off Sandy Hook. He did not return to New York until June 9.
On June 14 Washington wrote briefly to Gov. Beverly Randolph thanking him for a copy of the letter of May 31 from the Governor of New Orleans (Estéban Muó) to Benjamin Sebastian, of Kentucky. "I thank your Excellency for this communication, as I shall for such further information respecting the Western Country as you may from time to time receive, and which the interest of the Union require to be known." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (June 14) Lear wrote to Robert Aitken, the Philadelphia printer, that the President as "sorry for the losses you mention to have sustained by the depreciation of public securities, and the large impression was undertaken in conformity to the wishes and under the patronage of the then Congress....Yet it is not in his power to gratify his own feelings by affording relief in every instance; and can only be answered by your application to that Body. in the appointment of whose particular Officers he is no longer interfere." Lear's letter also recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 15, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 2nd Instant came duly to hand.93
[Note 93: Stuart had written: "I shall now endeavor to give you all the information I have been able to collect, respecting the present temper of mind of the people of this state...the late transactions of Congress, have soured the Public mind to a great degree; which was just recovering from the fever, which the Slave business had occasioned, when the later much-agitated question of the State debts came on. With respect to the Slave business...great advantages had been taken of it...by many who wished to purchase slaves, circulating a report that Congress were about to pass an act for their general emancipation. This occasioned such an alarm, that many were sold for the merest trifle...the sellers were of coarse much enraged at Congress, for taking up a subject they were precluded by the Constitution from meddling with for the present, and thus furnishing the occasion for the alarm which induced them to sell. As the people in that part of the Country were before much opposed to the Government, it may naturally be supposed, that this circumstance has embittered to them much more against it.
"As to the assumption of the State debts, I scarce think it would be a measure generally acceptable on any principles....There is I think in general, in consequence of these two instances a strong apprehension that the predictions relative to the grasping of power by unwarrantable construction of the Constitution will be verified. On these two subjects at least, it is observed by most, (for there are some who after a proper liquidation and allowance of credit to the Stages, for what has been paid, approve of the Assumption) that the Constitution appeared so clear, as to be incapable of misconstruction, by those who wished to make it a rule and guide to their conduct. A strong suspicion too is entertained, from the number of Speculators, who have been traversing the State purchasing up State Securities. that there is a good deal of selfishness mixed with the plan. And this perhaps causes it to be viewed with more particular dislike....The slowness with which the business is carried on, is another cause of complaint Congress is said, sit only four hours a day, and like School-boys observe every Saturday as a Holiday. If this is true, it is certainly trilling with their Constituents in the extreme, who pay them liberally, and have therefore a right to expect more diligence from them. It is the more unfortunate as it is represented at the same time, that they generally live for two dollars a day." Stuart's letter is in the Washington Papers.] If there are any Gazettes among my files at Mount Vernon which can be of use to you they are at your Service.
Your description of the public Mind, in Virginia, gives me pain. It seems to be more irritable, sour and discontented than (from the information received) it is in any other State in the Union, except Massachusetts; which, from the same causes, but on quite different principles, is tempered like it.
That Congress does not proceed with all that dispatch which people at a distance expect; and which, were they to hurry business, they possibly might; is not to be denied. That measures have been agitated wch. a re not pleasing to Virginia; and others, pleasing perhaps to her, but not so to some other States; is equally unquestionable. Can it well be otherwise in a Country so extensive, so diversified in its interests? And will not these different interests naturally produce in an Assembly of Representatives who are to Legislate for, and to assimilate and reconcile them to the general welfare, long, warm and animated debates? Most undoubtedly; and if there was the same propensity in Mankind to investigate the motives, as there is for censuring the conduct of public characters, it would be found that the censure so freely bestowed is oftentimes unmerited and uncharitable; for instance, the condemnation of Congress for sitting only four hours in the day. The fact is, by the established rules of the House of Representatives, no Committee can sit whilst the House is sitting; and this is, and has been for a considerable time, from ten o'clock in the forenoon until three, often later, in the afternoon; before and after which the business is going on in Committees. If this application is not as much as most Constitutions are equal to, I am mistaken. Many other things which undergo malignant constructions wd. be found, upon a candid examination to wear other faces than are given to them. The misfortune is the enemies to the Government, always more active than its friends anti always upon the watch to give it a stroke, neglect no opportunity to aim one. If they tell truth, it is not the whole truth; by which means one side only of the picture appears; whereas if both sides were exhibited it might, and probably would assume a different form in the opinion of just and candid men who are disposed to measure matters on a Continental Scale. I do not mean however, from what I have here said, to justify the conduct of Congress in all its movements; for some of these movements, in my opinion, have been injudicious and others unseasonable, whilst the questions of Assumption; Residence and other matters have been agitated with a warmth and intemperence; with prolixity and threats; which it is to be feared has lessened the dignity of that body and decreased that respect which was once entertained for it. Anti this misfortune is increased by many members, even among those who wish well to the Government, ascribing in letters to their respective States when they are unable to carry a favourite measure, the worst motives for the conduct of their opponents; who, viewing matters through a different medium may, and do retort in their turn; by which means jealousies and distrusts are spread most impolitickly, far and wide; and will, it is to he feared, have a most unhappy tendency to injure our public affairs, which, if wisely conducted might make us (as we are now by Europeans thought to be) the happiest people upon Earth. As an evidence of it, our reputation has risen in every part of the Globe; and our credit, especially in Holland, has got higher than that of any Nation in Europe (and where our funds are above par) as appears by Official advices just received. But the conduct we seem to be pursuing will soon bring us back to our late disreputable condition. The introductions of the (Quaker) Memorial respecting Slavery, was to be sure, not only an illjudged piece of business, but occasioned a great waste of time. The final decision thereon, however, was as favourable as the proprietors of that species of property could have expected considering the great dereliction to Slavery in a large part of this Union.
The question of Assumption has occupied a great deal of time, and no wonder; for it is certainly a very important one; and, under proper restrictions, and scrutiny into Accounts will be found, I conceive to be just. The Cause in which the expenses of the War was incurred, was a Common Cause. The States (in Congress) declared it so at the beginning and pledged themselves to stand by each other. If then, some States were harder pressed than others, or from particular or local circumstances contracted heavier debts, it is but reasonable when this fact is ascertained (though it is a sentiment I have not made known here) that an allowance ought to be made them when due credit is given to others. Had the invaded, and hard pressed States believed the case would have been otherwise; opposition in them would very soon, I believe, have changed to submission; and given a different termination to the War.94
[Note 94: To this point the text is from a photostat of the incomplete original in the possession of W. S. Johns and Cornelia Johns Gace of Norfolk, Va.]
In a letter of last year to the est of my recollection, I informed you of the motives, which compelled me to allot a day for the reception of idle and ceremonies visits (for it never has prevented those of sociability and friendship in the afternoon, or at any other time) but if I am mistaken in this, the history of this business is simply and shortly as follows. Before the custom was established, which now accommodates foreign characters, Strangers, and others who from motives of curiosity, respect to the Chief Magistrate, or any other cause, are induced to call upon me, I was unable to attend to any business whatsoever; for Gentlemen, consulting their own convenience rather than mine, were calling from the time I rose from breakfast, often before, until I sat down to dinner. This, as I resolved not to neglect my public duties, reduced me to the choice of one of these alternatives, either to refuse them altogether, or to appropriate a time for the reception of them. The first would, I well knew, be disgusting to many. The latter, I expected, would undergo an imadversion, and blazoning from those who would find fault, with, or without cause. To please everybody was impossible; I therefore adopted that line of conduct which combined public advantage with private convenience, and which in my judgment was unexceptionable in itself. That I have not been able to make bows to the taste of poor Colonel Bland, (who, by the by, I believe never saw one of them) is to be regretted especially too as (upon those occasions) they were indiscriminately bestowed, and the best I was master of; would it not have been better to throw the veil of charity over them, ascribing their stiffness to the effects of age, or to the unskillfulness of my teacher, than to pride and dignity of office, which God knows has no charms for me? for I can truly say I had rather be at Mount Vernon with a friend or two about me, than to be attended at the Seat of Government by the Officers of State and the Representatives of every Power in Europe.
These visits are optional. They are made without invitation. Between the hours of three and four every Tuesday I am prepared to receive them. Gentlemen, often in great numbers, come and go, chat with each other, and act as they please. A Porter shows them into the room, and they retire from it when they please, and without ceremony. At their first entrance they salute me, and I them, and as many as I can talk to I do. What pomp there is in all this, I am unable to discover. Perhaps it consists in not sitting. To this two reasons are opposed, first it is unusual; secondly, (which is a more substantial one) because I have no room large enough to contain a third of the chairs, which would be sufficient to admit it. If it is supposed that ostentation, or the fashions of courts (which by the by I believe originates oftener in convenience, not to say necessity than is generally imagined) gave rise to this custom, I will boldly affirm that no supposition was ever more erroneous; for, if I was to give indulgence to my inclinations, every moment that I could withdraw from the fatigues of my station should be spent in retirement. That they are not proceeds from the sense I entertain of the propriety of giving to every one as free access, as consists with that respect which is due to the Chair of government; and that respect I conceive is neither to be acquired or preserved but by observing a just medium between much state and too great familiarity.
Similar to the above, but of a more sociable kind are the visits every Friday afternoon to Mrs. Washington where I always am. These public meetings and a dinner once a week to as many as my table will hold, with the references to and from the different Departments of State, and other Communications with all parts of the Union is as much, if not more, than I am able to undergo; for I have already had within less than a year, two severe attacks; the last worse than the first; a third more than probable, will put me to sleep with my fathers; at what distance this may be I know not. Within the last twelve months I have undergone more, and severer sickness than thirty preceding years afflicted me with, put it all together. I have abundant reason however to be thankful that I am so well recovered; though I still feel the remains of the violent affection of my lungs. The cough, pain in my breast, and shortness in breathing not having entirely left me. I propose in the recess of Congress to visit Mount Vernon; but when this recess will happen is beyond my ken, or the ken I believe of any of its members. I am &c.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 96: President of the Convention of Rhode Island for ratifying the Constitution of the United States.]
United States, June 19, 1790.
Sir: I have delayed acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 29th of May, which contained official information of the adoption and ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America by the State of Rhode Island,97 until the form of the ratification should be received, which together with your
[Note 97: A copy of this letter announcing the ratification was sent by Washington to Congress June 16 in a brief message to the Senate and House of Representatives. This message is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.] letter accompanying it got to my hands but a few days ago; and I take this opportunity of offering you my sincere congratulations upon this event which unites under one general government all the branches of the great American family, and I doubt not but it will prove as auspicious to the good people of your State as it is pleasing to the other parts of the Union. With due consideration I am etc.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 20, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 11th instant was handed to me by Mr. Parish,2 together with proposals for publishing, and
[Note 2: Robert Parrish.] requesting permission to dedicate to me, the Travels of Mr. William Bartram through Florida &c.
The request I declined, as I have done many others of a similar nature; not with a view to discourage a work of this kind, which I am persuaded, if executed by an able hand, may be very useful among us; but to avoid with propriety future applications of this nature unless where some particular circumstances might induce a compliance. If affixing my name as a subscriber to this work can promote the author's good intentions, I am happy in having done it; and I sincerely wish it all the success, which its merits may demand. Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to yourself and Mrs. Powel. With very great esteem &c.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 20, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your favor of the 16th. Inst. enclosing the Presidents Account which stands right. In the charge of May 20th., I observe there is mentioned Coach hire, Expenses and Express to New York for Dr. Jones,4 if by this express is meant the person who went from this place to Philadelphia for Dr. Jones, I imagine there must have been some misunderstanding in the demand, for I have pd. Colo Brauman the post Master here 25 Dollars for an express sent by Colo Cummings5 to Philadelphia on that occasion I will therefore thank you for an explanation of the matter in your next. Will you be so good as to desire Mr. Hare to have if he continues to make the best Porter in Philadelphia 3 gross of his best put up for Mount Vernon? as the President means to visit that place in the recess
[Note 4: Dr. Gardner Jones.]
[Note 5: John Noble Cumming(?).] of Congress and it is probable there will be a large demand for Porter at that time. I will take care to have some money transmitted to you in season for that purpose as the ballance in your hands will not be sufficient. Mrs. Washington requests you to be so kind as to inform me if any handsome blue and white china Tea and Coffee Cups and Saucers can be had in Philadelphia and the price per Dozn. She does not want a sett of china but Cups and saucers only to match some which she has at Mount Vernon.
Mrs. Lear Joins me in thanks to you and Mrs. Biddle for your congratulations on our marriage and requests her best compliments may be presented to Mrs. Biddle.
With very great regard etc.6
[Note 6: This letter was signed "Tobias Lear," anti is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 22, 1790.
Dear Sir: I ought to make many apologies to you for not answering a letter which you did me the favor of writing to me some considerable time ago respecting my caveat, and to which reference is made in your letter of the 7th. now before me. I find an excuse exceedingly necessary for me at present for (not having letters of that date by me to refer to) I am obliged to acknowledge that I do not recollect enough of the terms then communicated, to enable me to decide upon the matter now.
Will you permit me then, my good Sir, to ask you once more whether by paying the State price for the land is all that remains for me to do to obtain it, or whether, and what the precise cost to the final completion by Patent (inclusive) amounts to. I will then, without further delay write to you definitively. The land to the best of my recollection is of no great value. The State price therefore is an object of some consideration; but one which has yet more weight in my mind is, not to have my name brought forward in a dispute of this sort before any tribunal, rather than this I would submit to the loss. I am etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 25, 1790.
Sir: Your letter of the 2 instant has reached my hands and in consequence thereof I have applied to Mr. Scott for fifty pounds as you desired, who informs me that he did not expect a draught to exceed £15. or £20. and therefore had not made his arrangements for 50. however he says he will pay it if he can make it convenient.
As the rents of my lands under your care were to be paid in wheat, and the demand for, and high price of that article having been very extraordinary the year past, I did not conceive there could have been any difficulty in making payments or in obtaining cash and a good price for the wheat after it was deposited in your hands, for I presume the payment is not commuted from wheat to cash at the customary price, when it would fetch more than double what it does in common years; This would be hardly doing justice to the Landlord, and I always wish for his, and the tenants' interest to be reciprocal. By a letter which I received from you before I left Mount Vernon, if I recollect the substance of it, the Tenants then upon my lands were to furnish a certain number of rails besides a stipulated quantity of wheat for their rent, and, from that circumstance I thought there might be but little deduction in future on that account; however, I find by your last letter that you expect a considerable portion of the rents will be deducted on that account for the present year. I should wish to have the mailer of fences, repairs &ca. finished and done away that I might have what net proceeds to calculate upon, which can never be done so long as these annual and uncertain deductions are to be made. I am etc.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 25, 1790.
Sir: I have upon the great Kanawa and Ohio river, between the two Kanawas several large and valuable tracts of land, which I have been long endeavoring to settle, but without effect. Some three or four years ago I wrote to Colonel Thomas Lewis, who lives in that neighbourhood, requesting his assistance or agency in this business, transmitting to him at the sametime instructions expressive of my wishes as to the mode or terms of settlement together with such other papers respecting the lands as were necessary for his information. After a considerable lapse of time Colonel Lewis returned the instructions and papers declining any agency in the business, lest he should not be able to transact to my satisfaction, as he had lands of his own to settle in that neighbourhood, which might cause a clashing or interfering of interests that would be disagreeable or inconvenient to him. I however returned the same papers to him requesting that he would accept the trust, and at the sametime put the matter upon such a footing as I conceived would do away the objections which he had stated. It is now almost two years since the papers were last deposited in Colonel Lewis's hands, and I have not heard a syllable from him upon the subject, which leads me to believe that he still wishes to decline the trust. It is therefore necessary for me to place this business in other hands, and your residence in that vicinity with the knowledge which you must have of the Country and the very favorable representations I have received of your character have induced me to request, Sir, that, you would assist me in the settlement of these lands, which, if you incline to do, I have requested Colonel Lewis (in the enclosed letter, left open for your perusal, and which, if you accept the trust, you will please to seal and forward to him) to deliver into your hands or to your order, the instructions and other papers respecting my lands which he received from me. These will shew you my general ideas on this subject, and give you better information respecting it than I am able to do here, as all my land papers &ca. are at Mount Vernon. I must however add that altho' I may, in my instructions to Colonel Lewis, have mentioned sonic particular terms upon which I wished to have the lands rented, yet in my letters to him, if my recollection serves me, I desired him to be governed by the custom of the country in this business rather than by my instructions, and to get him settled on the best terms he could, provided the leases were not given for too long a period, and the taxes were paid by the Tenant. This I would repeat to you for my great object at present is to have the lands settled, and be exonerated from the Taxes. I do not expect they will yield me an immediate profit, I would not however wish to have the lands incumbered with long leases, for it is my opinion that property in that country will fast increase in value, and, in that case, long leases upon the terms which they will probably be given to first settlers will be much against the landlord, and they are always considered as an obstacle to the sale of lands.
I will thank you, Sir, for an answer to this letter as soon as it gets to your hands, that I may know upon what ground I stand as to my property in that country. I am etc.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 25, 1790.
Sir: When I returned to your hands the instructions and papers respecting my lands in your neighbourhood, I thought I had sufficiently obviated the reasons which first induced you to decline any agency in that business, by putting it on a footing which might render it perfectly compatible with your own interest and convenience, and I was in a measure confirmed in the opinion that you had accepted the trust, and would comply with my wishes by your not having again returned the papers to me. But near two years have elapsed since that time, and I have not received a line from you, nor heard a syllable respecting the matter. This leads me to believe that it is not convenient for you to serve me in this business, and, as it is necessary for my interest that some person in that country should superintend my lands there, and promote the settlement of them in some way or another I have requested Colonel George Clandenen of Kanawacounty to undertake it, and, if he inclines to do it, he will call upon you for the instructions and papers, which are in your hands, respecting this business, and which I request may be delivered to him or to his order. I am etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 11: Of the Maine district.]
New York, June 28, 1790.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th instant, enclosing a copy of the process of the district Court of Main against Thomas Bird for a capital offence.
No palliating circumstance appeared in the case of this unhappy Man to recommend him to mercy for which, he applied: I could not therefore have justified it to the laws of my Country, had I, in this instance, exercised that pardoning power which the Constitution vests in the President of the United States. I am etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 29 Lear wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury inclosing a "Return of the persons appointed by the States for the Superintendence of certain Light Houses, Beacons, Buoys and public Piers in the United States." Lear's letter and "Return" is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, June 30, 1790.
My Lord: I received a few days ago the letter which your Lordship did me the honor to write to me on the 27th of March last; accompanied with a view of Doctor Anderson's13 proposed periodical publication.14
[Note 13: James Anderson, a Scotch economist and agriculturist.]
[Note 14: Anderson published, among other things, Selections from the Correspondence of George Washington and James Anderson (Charlestown, Mass.: 1800).]
Doctor Anderson's plan appears judicious, and if the execution shall equal the design in goodness (as from your account of the Author we have reason to expect) there can be no doubt but his Journal will be of great utility wherever it may be circulated. For the purpose of promoting the circulation, by bringing its object and importance more generally into notice, some account of this literary undertaking will be published in the Gazette of the United States: a paper which is read extensively in America.
From the multiplicity of business, of different kinds, in which I am involved, I have myself less leisure than I could wish for attending to new publications. I shall, however, be glad to give all the encouragement in my power to the work in question, as well on account of its own merits, as to demonstrate the real respect and esteem, with which I have the honor etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: Secret agent for the United States in Holland during Revolutionary War.]
New York, June 30, 1790.
Sir: This late acknowledgement of the receipt of your letter of the 6th of November 1789, and the little box which accompanied it, might require some particular apology had I only my own private concerns to attend to but when important public duties require my constant attention every allowance must be made for the want of punctuality in those things which regard me individually.
I beg, Sir, that you will accept my best thanks for the polite manner in which you have transmitted to me the poems and epistles which the Society of Leyden, for the encouragement of the liberal arts in Holland have done me the honor to send to me; and at the same time I must ask the favor of you to forward the enclosed letter to that Society,17 which is expressive of the sense I entertain of their polite attention to me. I am etc.18
[Note 17: A letter to the protectors and directors of the Poetical Society of Leyden in Holland (dated June 30) is recorded in the "Letter Book." It is a politely formal acknowledgement. A copy of Dirk Erkelens' "George Washington, Lierzang," and of G. Brender á Braadis's "George Washington, Lierzang," and other laudatory poems, printed in Leyden, 1789 (?), is in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
N: York, June 30, 1790.
Gentlemen: At the time when your first application arrived, my health was unfortunately in such an impaired condition as to prevent me from attending to any business whatever. My sickness at that period, also, deprived me of the pleasure of seeing several Gentlemen, concerned in the Scioto Settlement, who were then in this Town. Upon my recovery, and before those Gentlemen had returned to Alexandria, I received another address.19 But understanding that arrangements had been made to remove most or all of the difficulties which had occurred; and understanding likewise that the Persons best advised on the subject were well satisfied with the measures which had been taken, and in general with the prospects; I omitted to acknowledge the receipt of those applications at an earlier day. The variety of objects which demanded my immediate attention, on the re-establishment of my health, must be considered (as was really the case) a principal occasion of this delay on my part.
[Note 19: Neither the "application" nor "address" is now found in the Washington Papers.]
The design of this letter is particularly to acquaint you, Gentlemen, that I had not through inattention neglected taking notice of your addresses; to welcome you upon your arrival in this Country; and to assure you of all that countenance and protection from the General Government of the United States, which the Constitution and Laws will enable the Executive to afford under existing circumstances.
With the sincerest wishes for your health, tranquility and prosperity I am etc.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 1, 1790.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive the two letters which you wrote to me on the 21st of December last from Bilboa, giving information of your safe arrival at that place after a passage rendered peculiarly tedious by the weather and your indisposition. As impressions made by bad weather at sea seldom continue long after we get on shore; and your indisposition was almost removed at the time of your writing, I flatter myself that before this, you enjoy your usual tranquility and good health.
I thank you, Sir, for the interest you take in my welfare and personal happiness, and it is with pleasure I can inform you that I now enjoy a tolerable share of health after several weeks of severe illness which had nearly terminated my existance.
It is unnecessary for me to touch upon the political occurrences at this place, as they are undoubtedly banded to you from time to time by Mr. Viar.21
[Note 21: José Ignácio de Viar. He was Spanish commissioner to the United States.]
The accession of the State of Rhode Island to the Constitution of the United States, has compleated our union under the general Government; and if we should be so happy as to see you again among us, I trust you will find harmony in our councils and respectability in our political concerns.
Mrs. Washington thanks you for your polite rememberance of herself and Grand-children and requests her compliments may be give, to you. With esteem etc.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 23: Then French Minister to Russia.]
New York, July 1,1790.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 24th of August last; and I beg that you will be persuaded, that I have a grateful heart for the congratulations, which you offer upon the organization of our new government, as well as for the warm expressions of personal attachment and good wishes for my happiness which your letter contained.
It is with singular pleasure I can inform your Excellency that the Union of the States is now complete under the new Government, by the late accession of Rhode Island to the Constitution. This event will enable us to make a fair experiment of a Constitution which was framed solely with a view to promote the happiness of a people. Its effects hitherto have equalled the expectations of its most sanguine friends; and there can remain no reasonable doubts of its producing those consequences, which were expected from an equal and efficient Government.
Should the conduct of the Americans, whilst promoting their own happiness, influence the feelings of other nations, and thereby render a service to mankind, they will receive a double pleasure, in which no one will rejoice more than he, who has the honor to subscribe himself, your Excellency's, &c.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 5, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 14th of June, and a few days after a duplicate of the same, each enclosing a copy of the Constitution lately formed for your State. The address of the Convention,25 which you mentioned in your letter, has been presented by the Gentlemen in Congress from South Carolina; and I have endeavored to express, in my answer thereto, the grateful sense which I have of the favorable opinion entertained of me by the people of that State.
[Note 25: This address is dated May 31 and, with Washington's reply, which is undated, is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. In his reply Washington said, in part: "If there be for me any peculiarly just subject of exultation, and with an honest pride I avow the fact, it is in being the citizen of a country, whose inhabitants were so enlightened and disinterested as to sacrifice local prejudices and temporary systems for the sake of rendering secure and permanent that Independency, which had been the pride of so much treasure and blood. Animated with the hope of transmitting to Posterity the spirit of a free constitution in its native purity; they have, since the conclusion of the war evinced the rectitude of their principles, as well as proved themselves by their practice worthy of their successes."]
I sincerely wish that the citizens of South Carolina may experience, under this new form of Government every species of political happiness that can result from equal and just laws wisely executed.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for the friendly anxiety which you express for my health, and have the pleasure to inform you that it is now pretty well established.
Mrs. Washington thanks you for your polite remembrance of her and desires her compliments may be presented to you. With sentiments of esteem etc.
P.S. In consequence of measures which I have taken for that purpose, and the agency of a person sent into the Creek nation with that express view, I have received certain information that Mr. McGillivray and a number of the head men of the Creeks are now on their way to this place.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On July 6 L P Van Berckel wrote to Lear, complaining of the actions of the postilion of the President's carriage. Lear answered, the same day, that "I have now learnt from the Gentlemen who were yesterday in the Presidents Carriage, that they gave orders to the Postillian to keep in the rear of General Knox's carriage; which he accordingly obeyed" Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 7, 1790.
Dear Sir: This letter will he short. The intent ion of it being little more than to acknowledgement receipt of your several favors from London, dated the 7 and 13 of April and 1 and 2 of May, on the business which had been entrusted to you of a public nature; and of your other letters of the 12. of April and 3 of May, which more immediately related to my private concerns. Permit me to thank you, my good Sir, for the attention you have paid to the latter; and as far as your intercourse with british ministry had then gone to assure you of my entire approbation of your conduct with respect to the former.
I shall await the answer which your address of the 30 of April will extort from the Duke of Leeds (if he does not mean to be silent) before I shall write to you more fully on that head.27
[Note 27: A copy of Morris's letter to the Duke of Leeds. Apr. 30, 1790, is in the Washington Papers. In this letter Morris dealt with the mutual fulfilment of the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, Compensation for losses, and the prospects of a commercial treaty.]
If the Artizan in France can recollect the form of the surtout [ sic] which you sent to me, it will be convenient for me, notwithstanding my late countermand, to be furnished with two more plateaux. Those I already have are found upon trial insufficient for my present table, and are besides too short to receive the ornaments which accompanied, and were designed for them without being crowded. That he may have some data for his government I will add that the Plateaux which have been sent me are two feet in dimensions across way the table and eighteen inches in the other direction from edge to edge, where they join, English measure. I am etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 18, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have received your much esteemed favor of the 14th. Inst., and will thank you to get the Waiter which you mentioned32 and keep it with you till we call for it. Silver Waiters can be bad here of Warranted silver and best workmanship at 13/10 per oz. this currency, which is lower than with you, we shall therefore have them made here. Your attention to this matter, Dear Sir is highly obliging and deserves our best thanks, as well as your information respecting the China and Muslin. Of the former Mrs. Washington wishes to get 2 dozn. Tea Cups and saucers and a dozn. Coffee Cups and saucers with 3 or 4 Slop bowles to match them; all of blue and white China, handsome, but not of the highest price, as they are for common use, and send them to Mount Vernon by the first Vessel. She will likewise thank you to send her some patterns of plain India Jaquinett Muslin of the finest kind from which she may chuse a piece.
[Note 32: Lear had described these waiters in a letter to Biddle of July 11, which is in the Pennsylvania Historical Society, as "plated waiters, suitable for carrying tea round to company...with Japanned bottoms and a silver or plated rim of openwork around them."]
I have to beg your pardon my dear Sir, for neglecting to forward a draft as I promised to do in a former letter, and the day (Sunday) prevents my getting one now from the Treasurer, but I will not fail to do it in the course of the week. With very great regard etc.33
[Note 33: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 20, 1790.
Dear Sir: The first request of this letter is that you would burn it as soon as you have read it and keep the contents to yourself; at least for the present.
Some months ago farms lately in the tenure of Mr. Abel James were advertised for sale by you and Mr. Henry Dunker. These farms I have seen; but not, it is to be acknowledged with the eyes of a Purchaser. The [one] near Frankfort you inform the public contains 284 acres, that another called Callenders contains 79 acres, and a third, near the last, contains upwards of 60 acres.
Let me now ask if all or any of these are yet for sale? What is the lowest price that would be taken for each? and whether payment would be received in valuable lands, improved, in the counties of Fayette and Washington in the State of Pennsylvania. One tract of which in Fayette County contains between sixteen and 1700 acres on the great road from Fort Cumberland to Pittsburg; distant 75 miles from the former and 40 from the latter place; equal in quality to any tract in that country, with what has been a very valuable mill and iron ore adjoining, but which is now much out of repair. The other tract (containing upwards of 3000 acres) lyes about 16 miles from Pittsburgh, and is also good in quality, and more level than usual.
I shall candidly declare that to pay money is out of the question with me. I have none and would not, if it was to be had, run in debt to borrow, nor would it do for me to dispose of real property to obtain it, when that species of property is brought to low ebb and dull market.
An exchange, as proposed, if ready money is not indispensable, might be mutually advantageous to both parties, inasmuch as the probability is, that the price of the exterior will encrease in a full ration with that of the interior lands.
If the farms advertised by you and Mr. Dunker are sold, or if they are not now for sale, let me next ask if they will be to be rented? and for what? I ask these questions however more from motives of curiosity than from any expectation of becoming the Renter of either of them; because the principal buildings (which would be of little value to me, in this case) might considerably enhance the rent, anti because my objects being for the amusement of farming, and for the benefit arising from exercise (the distance from the city being convenient for the latter) I should not incline to lay out much money upon a rented farm, for a short tenure; and for a long one, I should have no occasion for a place in that way. Having communicated the matter this far to you, I will, in a few word,; add, as my own opinion, strengthened by those of my Physicians, that my late change from active scenes, to which I had been accustomed, and in which the mind has been agreeably amused, to the one of inactivity which I now lead and where the thoughts are continually on the stretch, has been the cause of more illness and severe attacks of my constitution, within the last twelve months, than I had undergone in 30 years preceding put together. A deviation therefore is necessary. I have not, because you were one from whom the terms of sale of James's lands were to be known, scrupled to make these communications at the moment that I ask the lowest price that would be taken for each of those farms. Frankly, I declare it to be my intention, not to give a high price for either of them (depreciated as real property is) nor will I higgle about the price. If it is moderate and I am dealt with candidly, I will say in a word whether it will suit me to become a purchaser, chaffering I shall avoid. The largest farm would be most congenial to my wishes, perhaps one of the others might do. I am etc.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On July 24 Lear wrote to William Irvine. John Taylor Gilman, and John Kean, commissioners for settling the accounts between the individual States and the United States: "I am ordered by the President of the United States to inform you that the Bill for settling the Accounts between the United States and Individual States is not yet brought to him, nor does he know when it will. If inconveniences to you (as hath been intimated to him) from which you wish to be relieved, are felt. the Papers I am directed to add, may be committed to the care or orders of the Secretary of the Treasury." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, July 25, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have before me your favors of the 21st and 23d Inst. If blue and white China cups and Saucers can be procured (as you observed in your last was probable) and agreeably to my former letter you will please to get three dozen of Tea cups and Saucers and 2 dozn. of Coffee ditto with the bowls Should these not be found you will get the same number of the enameld which you mentioned in your letter of the 21st.
Mrs. Washington desires me to inclose some patterns of Muslin, that if the peice which is sent should not suit, you will be good as to see if any like the patterns can be had and the prices.
I will thank you to let me know the price of white lead ground in Oil, and also the price of painters Oil fit for immediate use. The President will probably want a considerable quantity of both to be sent to Mount Vernon, and we shall procure it here or in Phila. as may be cheapest. I am, etc.35
[Note 35: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington's Papers.
On July 26 Lear wrote to Capt. -- Hollis to deliver to Francis Parman3 mares belonging to the President which had been sent to be served by Mr. Jay's horse Lear's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
An undated congratulatory address from the convention of the Universalist Church, lately assembled in Philadelphia's recorded in the "Letter Book" With it is entered Washington's reply. also undated: but which has been assigned to the date of July, 1790 Sparks prints it as of August, 1790.]
United States, August 4, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate: In consequence of the general principles agreed to by the Senate in August 1789, the adjustment of the terms of a treaty is far advanced between the United States and the Chiefs of the Creek Nation of Indians here in this City, in behalf of themselves and the whole of the Creek Nation.
In preparing the Articles of this treaty the present arrangements of the trade with the Creeks have caused much embarrassment. It seems to be well ascertained that the said trade is almost exclusively in the hands of a company of british Merchants, who by agreement make their importation of Goods from England into the Spanish ports.
As the trade of the Indians is a main mean of their political management, it is therefore obvious that the United States cannot possess any security for the performance of treaties with the Creeks, while their fade is liable to be interrupted or withheld at the caprice of two foreign powers. Hence it becomes an object of real importance to form new channels for the Commerce of the Crocks through the United States. But this operation will require time, as the present arrangements can not be suddenly broken without the greatest violation of faith and morals.
It therefore appears to be important to form a secret Article of a treaty similar to the one which accompanies this message.
If the Senate should require any further explanation, the Secretary of War will attend them for that purpose.
[On the same day ] The President of the United States states the following question for the consideration and advice of the Senate.
If it should be found essential to a treaty, for the firm establishment of peace with the Creek Nation of Indians, that an Article to the following effect should be inserted therein, will such an Article be proper? vizt.
United States, August 6, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate: Considering the circumstances which prevented the late Commissioners from concluding a peace with the Creek Nation of Indians, it appeared to me most prudent that all subsequent measures for disposing them to a treaty should in the first instance be informal.
I informed you on the 4th Inst. that the adjustment of the terms of a treaty with their Chiefs now here, was far advanced, such further progress has since been made, that I think measures may at present be taken for conducting and concluding that business in form. It therefore becomes necessary that a proper person be appointed and authorized to treat with these Chiefs and to conclude a treaty with them. For this purpose I nominate to you Henry Knox.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, August 7, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I lay before you a treaty between the United States the Chiefs of the Creek Nation, now in this City, in behalf of themselves and the whole Creek Nation subject to the ratification of the President of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
While I flatter myself that this Treaty will be productive of present peace and prosperity to our Southern frontier, it is to be expected that it will also in its consequences be the means of firmly attaching the Creeks and the neighbouring tribes to the interests of the United States.
At the same time it is to be hoped that it will afford solid grounds of satisfaction to the state of Georgia, as it contains a regular, full and definitive relinquishment, on the part of the Creek Nation, of the Oconee Land, in the utmost extent in which it has been claimed by that State and thus extinguishes the principal cause of those hostilities from which it has more than once experienced such severe calamities. But although the most valuable of the disputed Land is included, yet there is certain claim of Georgia arising out of the treaty, made by that State at Galphinston in November 1785 of Land to the Eastward of a new temporary line from the forks of the Oconee and Oakmulgee in a southwest direction to the St Marys river, which tract of Land the Creeks in this City absolutely refuse to yield. This Land is reported to be generally barren, sunken and unfit for cultivation, except in some instances on the margin of the Rivers, on which by improvement rice might be cultivated, its chief value depending on the timber fit for the building of Ships with which it is represented as abounding. While it is thus circumstanced on the one hand, it is stated by the Creeks on the other to be of the highest importance to them, as constituting some of their most valuable winter hunting ground.
I have directed the Commissioner,38 to whom the charge of adjusting the treaty has been committed to you lay before you such papers and documents, and to communicate to you such information relatively to it as you may require.39
[Note 38: Henry Knox.]
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 8, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 5th. Inst. inclosing a bill of the China sent to Mount Vernon.
I will agreeably to your request, inform you of the time when the President intends setting off for Mount Vernon, which I imagine will be in about 8 or 10 days after the adjournment of Congress. I will, however just hint to you that the President would not like more parade on his Journey titan what may be absolutely necessary to gratify the People. It is to him a most fatiguing thing. With great esteem, I am, etc.
P. S. I will thank you to inform me if any Vessel is bound to London from Phila. what are her accommodations for Passengers, and when she sails.40
[Note 40: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 8, 1790.
Dear Sir: The letter with which you was pleased to favor me, dated July the 8. came duly to hand; but business with Congress and the Senate (in their executive capacity) multiplying as the adjournment approached, and with the Creek-Indians; placed it out of my power to acknowledge the receipt of it until this time.
I perceive by your letter that Thomas Mullen or his representatives, is allowed, by an act of Assembly, until the first of December next, to support his or their claim to the land in Hampshire. Although I am persuaded no equitable claim under him can ever be exhibited, it being many years since he run off, and my caveat (although it is not to be found among the papers of the late Proprietor of the Northern-neck) was entered in consequence thereof: yet as I do not want to hazard a dispute, I am most inclined to wait until the first of December before I enter or take any steps to secure the land. If at that time matters respecting it should remain in statu quo, and so unimportant a thing should occur to your recollection, I would thank you for pursuing the necessary measures to secure the land for me, and immediately upon notice thereof, I will defray the expence.
The resignation of Major Parker41 will call for the appointment of another Major to fill his place, without occasioning a change among the other officers of the new battalion.
[Note 41: Maj. Alexander Parker.]
With great esteem etc.
P.S. I am this instant informed by the Secretary of War, that Ensign Archer42 has resigned his commission, and that both the Lieutenants from Virginia, in the new battalion, were Seniors to Mr. Heth;43 if, under these circumstances, Mr. Heth inclines to supply the place of Mr. Archer, I should be glad to be informed of it without delay, and the commission will issue accordingly.44
[Note 42: Ensign Richard Archer.]
[Note 43: Lieut. John Heth.]
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 9, 1790.
Dear Sir: In consequence of a private letter from Mrs. Bland,45 I am led to make some enquiries whether you were acquainted with or can recall to your memory any thing respecting the transactions alluded to in the enclosed Certificate and Statement. If you should not be able to recollect any thing distinctly on the subject yourself, I wish you would apply to General Mifflin to learn whether he has any remembrance or documents of these facts which are alledged to have happened, at the time, when, I think, he was Quarter Mastr. Genl. At such a distance from the period in which these transactions arc said to have taken place, I am fully apprised of the difficulties of ascertaining the real circumstances or of doing justice in case it still ought to be done; I should, however, be very glad to render any service in my power respecting this affair to the Lady who has
[Note 45: Mrs. Martha Dangerfield Bland, widow of Col. Theoderick Bland. Her letter of July 4, 1790, is in the Washington Papers.] made the application. It is upon this ground I am giving you this trouble. In whatever manner the investigations may result, I request that you will return the Certificate as early as may be in a letter addressed to me, in order that I may answer the letter which I have received from Mrs. Bland. I am etc.
P. S. As I shall send your answer to Mrs. Bland, write the letter accordingly.46
[Note 46: In the writing of David Humphreys. The P S is in the writing of Washington]
[H.S.P.]
New York, August 10, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have received in their due order, and have to acknowledge at this time my obligations for your three agreeable letters, in date October 16th, 1789, May 1st. and May 31st.47 of the present year. With the last I had also the pleasure to receive the Key of the Bastile;48 in acknowledgment of which I write to the Marquis de la Fayette by this conveyance.
[Note 47: Papers letter of this date and the key of the Bastile were delivered to Washington by John Rutledge, jr. The letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 48: The key is at Mount Vernon.]
It must, I dare say, give you great pleasure to learn by repeated opportunities, that our new government answers its purposes as well as could have been reasonably expected, that we are gradually overcoming the difficulties, which presented themselves in its first organization, and that our prospects in general are growing daily more favourable. To detail the facts and circumstances, comprised under this general view of our affairs, would require more leisure than I have it in my power to devote to the subject at this period. Fortunately for me, Colo. Humphreys, with whom you are acquainted and who will probably have the pleasure of delivering this letter to you, will be able to explain our situation fully. To him, therefore, I refer you for all particulars: being with great esteem, dear Sir, &c.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 10, 1790.
Sir: Not knowing how far I may have a secure conveyance for this letter, which is merely designed to announce the receipt of your highly esteemed favor of the 20th of March last,50 I forbear to enter into any discussions on the interesting and delicate subject you have unfolded. Let it be sufficient for the present to say, that I consider the plan a proof of your real patriotism and good understanding. Whether the Scheme will ever be feasible in its utmost extent, or what advantages may be drawn from it by some modification hereafter time alone must disclose. In the meantime for the tokens of your personal attachment to me, and extraordinary respect for my friend which you are pleased to manifest, I request you will have the goodness to accept my best thanks. With sentiments of the highest consideration etc.51
[Note 50: In the Washington Papers, with a translation by Tobias. Lear. It suggested that Louisiana be made an independent State.]
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book." copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 10, 1790.
Sir: Colonel Humphreys, who, as you know, has been many years in my family, expects in his present tour to Europe to visit Spain. Should it be his good fortune to meet with you in that Kingdom, he will undoubtedly profit of the circumstance by renewing his acquaintance with you. In that case, he will have an opportunity of expressing on my part the sincere and great regard which he knows I entertain for you. And your civilities in return to him will be considered as very acceptable to me.
We have lately seen by the public Papers, that your Sovereign has been pleased to place you at the head of the Administration of the Revenues and Finances of the American Department. I am confident you will do me the justice to believe, Sir, that I rejoice extremely in your prosperity. On so honorable and confidential a mark of the Royal favor, I should certainly be the first to congratulate you in the most cordial manner. But at the same time I must have candour enough to assure you, that I feel the most sensible regret that this circumstance, so flattering and advantageous to yourself, should forever cut us off from the hope of seeing you in this Country again. It is for the sake of your good alone that we shall be forced to acquiese; and you must not esteem it as an unmeaning Compliment when I say, that, I presume, no man in his most Catholic Majesty's dominions could be more acceptable to the Inhabitants of these States. 'That all persons who may be employed in the intercourse between the Dominions of his most Catholic Majesty and the United States may serve to promote a mutual good understanding, and to advance reciprocally the substantial interests of the two Nations (which, I am convinced, are not only entirely compatable with, but may be highly promotive to each other is the constant and ardent wish of, Sir Your etc.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 10, 1790.
The little anecdote which you recall to mind, My dear Count, of your Countrymen at Rhode Island who burnt their mouths with the hot soup, while mine waited leisurely for it to cool, perhaps, when politically applied in the manner you have done, has not less truth than pleasantry in its resemblance of national characters.53 But if there shall be no worse consequence resulting from too great eagerness in swallowing something so delightful as liberty, than that of suffering a momentary pain or making a ridiculous figure with a scalled mouth; upon the whole it may be said you Frenchmen have come off well, considering how immoderately you thirsted for the cup of liberty. And no wonder as you drank it to the bottom, that some licentiousness should have been mingled with the dregs.
[Note 53: Rochambeau's letter of Apr. 11 1790, to which this is an answer is in the Washington Papers.]
To view your Resolution in another and more serious point of light. It was impossible, in such a Country, and during such a struggle, but that disagreeable things, and even great enormities in some instances must have happened. Too many doubtless have occurred. Not so many, however, have existed as the English News-Papers have attempted to make us believe. For had we credited all the evil stories we have seen in them, we should almost have set it down for granted that the race of Frenchmen were about becoming extinct, and their Country a desert. So many of you, on different occasions, have they killed. Happily for you, we remembered how our own armies, after having been all slain to a man in the English News Papers, came to life again and even performed prodigies of valour against that very Nation whose News-papers had so unmercifully destroyed them. Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Trumbull and some others have taught us to believe more cautiously and more correctly on these points.
Now I will conclude by saying a word about ourselves, as I am certain your friendship is not less interested in our fate, than ours is in that of your Nation. We have a good government in Theory, and are carrying it pretty happily into practice. In a government which depends so much in its first stages on public opinion, much circumspection is still necessary for those who are engaged in its administration. Fortunately the current of public sentiment runs with us, and all things hitherto seem to succeed according to our wishes. In the meantime population increases, land is cleared, commerce extended, manufactories, and Heaven smiles upon us with favorable seasons and abundant crops.With sentiments of the sincerest esteem etc.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 10, 1790.
Early in May last, I had the pleasure of addressing a letter to you, My dear Marquis, in which I dwelt pretty copiously on the state of affairs in this country at that time. Since then nothing very remarkable has occurred. The two great questions of funding the debt and fixing the seat of government have been agitated, as was natural, with a good deal of warmth as well as ability. These were always considered by me as questions of the most delicate and interesting nature which could possibly be drawn into discussion. They were more in danger of having convulsed the government itself than any other points. I hope they are now settled in as satisfactory a manner as could have been expected; and that we have a prospect of enjoying peace abroad, with tranquility at home. Congress is just on the point of adjourning; after which I propose to go to pass some time at Mount Vernon.
Colo. Humphreys, who will have the honor of putting this letter into your hands, can give you very particular intelligence respecting this Country and your friends in it, on whose number and fidelity you may count with the greatest confidence. For it is a serious truth, all classes of people in America remember your residence among them with a friendly mixture of satisfaction and regret the former for your good Offices and agreeable society, the latter for your absence and a despair of ever having the pleasure of seeing you again.
The acquaintance you have had with Colo. Humphreys, first in America and afterwards in France, supersedes the necessity of any introduction or recommendation from me. As you know fully the manner in which that Gentleman has been in my family and connected with me for many years, I will say nothing more on his subject, than that he expects to travel in several parts of Europe; and that, if it should be convenient to your excellency to give him letters to any characters of your nation in the Countries or Courts which he may happen to visit, I shall consider the interest you take on his behalf in a very acceptable and obliging point of light.
I would not forego so favorable an opportunity of renewing the professions of real esteem and consideration with which I have the horror etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 11, 1790.
My dear Marquis: I have received your affectionate letter of the 17 of March56 by one conveyance, and the token of victory57 gained by Liberty over Despotism by another: for both which
[Note 56: Sparks prints this letter, which is not now found in the Washington Papers "Give me leave, my dear General, to present you with a picture of the Bastille just as it looked a few days after I had ordered its demolition, with the main key of the fortress of despotism. It is tribute which I owe as a son to my adopted father, as aid-de-camp to my general, as a missionary of liberty to its patriarch." The picture was sold at auction in Philadelphia in 1871.]
[Note 57: Key to the Bastile and picture of the fortress.] testimonials of your friendship and regard I pray you to accept my sincerest thanks.
In this great subject of triumph for the new World, and for humanity in general, it will never be forgotten how conspicuous a part you bore, and how much lustre you reflected on a country in which you made the first displays of character.
Happy am I, my good friend, that, amidst all the tremendous benefits which have assailed your political Ship, you have bad address and fortitude enough to steer her hitherto safely through the quick-sands and rocks, which threatened instant destruction on every side; and your young King in all things seems so well disposed to conform to the wishes of the Nation. In such an important, such a hazardous voyage, when every thing dear and sacred is embarked, you know full well my best wishes have never left you for a moment. Yet I will avow the accounts we received through the English papers (which were sometimes our only channels for information) caused our fears of a failure almost to exceed our expectations of success.
How much will the Concerned be indebted to the exertions of the principal Pilot, when the Ship shall, at the end of her dangerous course, be securely harboured in the haven of national tranquility, freedom, and glory, to which she is destined, and which I hope she is near attaining.
Congress, after having been in session ever since last fall are to adjourn in two or three days. Though they have been much perplexed in their proceedings on some questions of a local and intricate nature; yet they have done a great deal of important business, and will leave the public affairs in as satisfactory a state as could reasonably have been expected. One of the last acts of the executive has been the conclusion of a treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Creek Nation of Indians, who have been considerably connected with the Spanish Provinces and hostile to the Georgian frontiers since the war with Great Britain. McGillivray and about thirty of the Kings and Head Men are here: This event will leave us in peace from one end of our borders to the other; except where it may be interrupted by a small refugee banditti of Cherokees and Shawanese, who can be easily chastised or even extirpated if it shall become necessary: But this will only be done in an inevitable extremity; since the basis of our proceedings with the Indian Nations has been, and shall be justice, during the period in which I may have any thing to do in the administration of this government.
Our negotiations and transactions, though many of them are on a small scale as to the objects, ought to be governed by the immutable principles of equity, as much as your European politics, which are more extended in their compass. How your wars Proceed in the North or in whose favor they are likely to terminate; what probability there may be that the misunderstandings between Britain and Spain should issue in an open rupture, and what other powerful Nations, in that event, will be drawn in to take an active part on one side or the other, are subjects of vast magnitude, on which we, in these distant regions, must abstrain from deciding positively even in our own minds, until we shall have more unequivocal data to go upon. It seems to be our policy to keep in the situation in which nature has placed us, to observe a strict neutrality, and to furnish others with those good things of subsistence, which they may want, and which our fertile land abundantly products, if circumstances and events will permit us so to do. This letter is committed to Colonel Humphreys to carry to London, whither he is going. Should he, by any accident be in France, he will be able to give you a full state of our affairs and prospects. Gradually recovering from the distresses in which the war left us, patiently advancing in our task of civil government, unentangled in the crooked politics of Europe, wanting scarcely any thing but the free navigation of the Mississipi (which we must have and as certainly shall have as we remain a Nation) I have supposed, that, with the undeviating exercise of a just, steady, and prudent national policy, we shall be the gainers, whether the powers of the old world may be in peace or war, but more especially in the latter case. In that case our importance will certainty encrease, and our friendship be courted. Our dispositions would not be indifferent to Britain or Spain. Why will not Spain be wise and liberal at once? It would be easy to annihilate all causes of quarrels between that Nation and the United States at this time. At a future period that may be far from being a fact. Should a war take place between Great Britain and Spain, I conceive from a great variety of concurring circumstances there is the highest probability that the Floridas will soon be in the possession of the former. Adieu, my dear Marquis! Believe me to be assuredly and affectionately Your etc.
P.S. Not for the value of the thing, my dear Marquis, but as a memorial and because they are the manufacture of the City, I send you herewith a pair of shoe buckles.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, August 11, 1790.
Gentlemen of the Senate: Although the treaty with the Creeks59 may be regarded as the main foundation of the southwestern frontier of the United States, yet in order fully to effect so desirable an object the treaties which have been entered into with the other tribes in that quarter must be faithfully performed on our parts.
[Note 59: The ratification of the Creek Treaty is dated August 13, and on August 14 Washington issued his proclamation announcing the treaty in effect. A broadside of this proclamation is in the Virginia State Library. (See p. 92, post.)]
During the last year I laid before the Senate a particular statement of the case of the Cherokees.60 By a reference to that paper it will appear that the United States formed a treaty with the Cherokees thereby placed themselves under the protection of the United States, and had a boundary assigned them.
[Note 60: See Washington's message to the Senate. Aug. 7, 1789.
On August 11 the Senate resolved that the treaty at Hopewell with the Cherokees be carried into execution at the discretion of the President, and that the Senate guarantee the Cherokee boundary.
On August 12 Congress adjourned, to convene again on the first Monday in December, 1790.]
That the White people settled on the frontiers bad openly violated the said boundary by intruding on the Indian lands.
That the United States in Congress assembled did on the first day of September 1788 issue their proclamation forbidding such unwarrantable intrusions and in joining all those who had settled upon the hunting grounds of the Cherokees to depart with their families and effects without the loss of time, as they would answer their disobedience to the injunctions and prohibitions expressed, at their peril.
But information has been received that notwithstanding the said treaty and proclamation upwards of five hundred families have settled on the Cherokee Lands exclusively of those settled between the fork of French Broad and Holstein Rivers mentioned in the said treaty.
As the obstructions to a proper conduct on this matter have been removed since it was mentioned to the Senate on the 22d of August 1789, by the accession of North Carolina to the present Union, and the cessions of the Land in question, I shall conceive myself bound to exert the powers entrusted to me by the Constitution in order to carry into faith tiff execution the treaty of Hopewell, unless it shall be thought proper to attempt to arrange a new boundary with the Cherokees embracing the settlements, and compensating the Cherokees for the cessions they shall make on the occasion. On this point therefore I state the following questions and request the advice of the Senate thereon.
1st. Is it the judgment of the Senate that overtures shall be made to the Cherokees to arrange a new boundary so as to embrace the settlement made by the white people since the treaty of Hopewell in November 1785?
2. If so, shall compensation to the amount of ... dollars annually of ... dollars in gross be made to the Cherokees for the land they shall relinquish, holding the occupiers of the land accountable to the United States for its value?
3dly. Shall the United States stipulate solemnly to guarantee the new boundary which may be arranged?61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, August 12, 1790.
Sir: In reply to the wish expressed in your letter of this date, to go to Philadelphia on Monday next, I can only observe, that my concurrence therein will not be withheld if there are no obstructions of an official nature; anti this you can best ascertain yourself. I would, however, just mention, that as it may be necessary for me, in pursuance of the law to regulate trade and commerce with the Indian Tribes, to issue a Proclamation enjoining upon the People of the United States a strict observance of such treaties and regulations as are concluded with and made respecting the Indian tribes, and forbidding any encroachments to be made by them on the grounds or territories of the Indians, it might be best for you to see the Secretary of State or the Secretary of War, or both, upon this subject before your departure. I am etc.61
New York, August 13, 1790.
Sir: The Session of Congress having closed, and it being my intention to go to Virginia as soon as the public business will permit; and wishing, during my absence from the Seat of Government, to have my mind as free from public cares as circumstances will allow; I am desirous of having such matters as may, by Law or otherwise, require the agency or sanction of the President of the United States, brought to view before my departure. I therefore request that you will cause such business, within your department, as may be necessary to receive the aid or approbation of the President, submitted to me as soon as its nature will permit; particularly
Regulations for trade and intercourse with the Indian Tribes, agreeably to the Act.
And information and opinions on the following points.
Whether any other, anti what steps shall be taken with them to restrain their Hositilities.
Whether the orders given, and measures adopted, are adequate to the Peace of the Western Frontiers? If not, what further is to be done for this purpose?
Upon the expediency and policy of a proclamation forbidding encroachments upon the Territory of the Indians or treating with them contrary to the Law lately passed.
Instructions for the Governor of the Ceded Territory So. of the Ohio. Where ought the Governor to reside?
What notice should be taken of the Insult offered to Major Doughty?62
[Note 62: .Maj John Doughty, on a mission to the Chickasaws and Choctaw Nations wastreacherously fired upon by a party of Cherokees,Shawanese, and Creeks, killing 5 and wounding 6 others of his little party of 15. Washington's "Diary" of May 2, 1790, adds "obliging him (when within six miles of Ochappo the place of Rendezvous,) to Retreat down the Tennessee and which he was able to effect by his gallant behaviour and good conduct, notwithstanding the superior force of the enemy and a pursuit of 4 hours and attempt to board the Barge in wch. he was."]
What steps should be taken with respect to his recommendation of a Post at the mouth of the Tennessee?
Other measures than those pursued by the present contractors for suppling the Western Posts ought to be adopted, that the Troops in that Country may be more efficiently employed in sudden emergencies anti the Posts better secured.
Have any orders been given concerning the condemned Soldiers? I am &c.63
[Note 63: The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.]
New York, August 14, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have lately received a letter and my Account from Wakelin Welch and Son of London, dated June 1st by which I perceive there was at that time a balance of mine in their hands of only £95...16 sterling. This is a less sum than I imagined was there; and as their letter mentions their having informed you of the balance, and it is probable your draughts upon them may exceed that sum, exclusive of those Articles which I last requested you to get, I have requested Colonel Humphreys to put into your bands a bill of exchange drawn by William Constable and Co. Messrs. Phyn, Ellices & Inglish for £60 Sterling, if he should see you in London. Should you not be there at the time of his arrival, he is requested to enquire if. W. Welch & Son have answered your orders beyond the balance in their hands, and in case they have, he will leave the bill with them. He is also desired, if this bill is put into your bands, and shou'd not be equal to the amount due you, to pay the balance for me. With very sincere esteem etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 15 Washington accompanied by Jefferson, Governor Clinton. Judge John Blair, Senator Theodore Foster, of Rhode Island, and Representatives Nicholas Gilman, of New Hampshire and William Loughton Smith, of South Carolina, David Humphreys, William Jackson, and Thomas Nelson, embarked on the packet Hancock for Newport, R. I. which was reached August 17.
On August 17 Washington received and answered an address from the Freemen of Newport. This address is dated in the "Letter Book" August 16, and Washington's reply is entered immediately following it therein. Sparks prints the reply under date of August 16.
On this same day (August 17) Washington received and answered an address from the master, wardens, and brethren of King David's Lodge of Masons in Newport. Both address and answer are entered in the "Letter Book." In the answer Washington said: "Being persuaded, that a just application of the principles, on which the masonic faternity is founded, must be promotive of private virtue and public prosperity. I shall always be happy to advance the interests of the society, and be considered by them a deserving brother."
On this same day (August 17) Washington also received and answered addresses from the Hebrew congregation of Newport, and from the clergy of Newport. In replying to the former he said: "It is now no more that toleration is spoken of, as if it was by the indulgence of one class of people, that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights. For happily the government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens, in giving it on all occasions their effectual support....May the children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other inhabitants, while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and fig-tree, and there shall be none to make him afraid."
And to the latter be said: "I am inexpressibly happy that by the smiles of divine Providence, my weak but honest endeavors to serve my country have hitherto been crowned with so much success, and apparently given such satisfaction to those in whose cause they were exerted. The same benignant influence, together with the concurrent support of all real friends to their country will still be necessary to enable me to be in any degree useful to this numerous and free People over whom I am called to preside." These addresses and answers are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On August 18, at 4 p. m., Washington arrived at Providence, where be was presented with addresses from the legislature, the inhabitants of Providence, and the Corporation of Rhode Island College, to all of which he returned answers. In replying to the Rhode Island Legislature, he said: "A change in the national constitution. conformed to experience and the circumstances of our country, has been most happily effected by the influence of reason alone; in this change the liberty of the citizen continues unimpaired, while the energy of government is so encreased as to promise full protection to all the pursuits of science and industry; together with the firm establishment of public credit, and the vindication of our national character. It remains with the people themselves to preserve and promote the great advantages of their political and natural situation; nor ought a doubt to be entertained that men, who so well understand the value of social happiness, will ever cease to appreciate the blessings of a free, equal, and efficient government." These addresses with Washington's replies, are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On August 19 Washington left Providence in Captain Brown's packet, Hancock, and arrived at New York on August 22.]
United States, August 24, 1790.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 4th Inst. with its inclosures, just as I was about to embark on a visit to Rhode Island, which has prevented my answering it 'till my return from thence.
Previous to the receipt of your Excellencys letter I had nominated and appointed the three Gentlemen who had heretofore acted in that office, Commissioners for settling accounts between the United States and individual States.
Although I received no official information of the report of two of the Commissioners to the House of Representatives respecting the Accounts of Virginia; yet the purport of it, and the effect which it had upon the Gentlemen from that State were communicated to me. Upon a knowledge of this circumstance I felt myself much embarrassed, and was led to make very particular inquiry into the official conduct and abilities of those Gentlemen before I gave the nomination of Commissioners to the Senate. The result of my investigations was favourable to the characters of the Gentlemen. They had, so far as I could learn, conducted themselves with integrity; and, except in the instance of the above report, no complaints had been uttered against them; and in this case, they went not to an impeachment of their integrity, but rather of their discretion in giving an opinion, where facts only should have been stated; and the reception which this report has met with, and the comments upon it, will in my judgment, be such a lessen for future caution, that the State of Virginia will have no cause to apprehend a premature or uncandid decision upon any accounts which may come before them from that State.
Under these circumstances, and upon the fullest consideration I could give the subject, I could not see any just cause for removing men from office whose integrity and abilities bore the test of investigation, and who, undoubtedly, had a knowledge in the business of the department, equal, if not superior to others who had never been engaged in it.
I have entered thus minutely into this business with your Excellency as it appears to be a matter in which the State of Virginia feels peculiarly interested, that you may see I have not been inattentive to a subject of this magnitude. I say nothing of the peculiar delicacy and embarrassment which I have felt on this occasion, as being a native and citizen of Virginia; you will more readily conceive than I can express it. I have the honor etc.
P. S. Your Excellencys letter of the 10th of July enclosing a copy of a Certificate respecting the Lead Mines in Virginia, came duly to hand; but not requiring any particular answer I have delayed the acknowledgment thereof 'till this time.66
[Note 66: In the writing of Tobias Lear.
On August 24 Lear wrote to John Marsden Pintard, that he had been "directed by the President to inform you that it is with regret he must decline the honor which the St. Tammany's society would do him by having his Portrait taken. The President is detained now in this City only by some particular business with the heads of the Executive Departments, in which he is constantly engaged, and desireous of dispatching as soon as possible, being anxious to get to Virginia. He therefore requests that you will be so good as to present his best thanks to the society for their politeness, and he trusts they will consider his declining their request in its proper light." Lear's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[H.S.P.]
New York, August 25, 1790.
Madam: The letter which you did me the honor to write to me on 4. of July, with its enclosures (which are herewith returned) has been received. This late acknowledgement of the receipt of it requires some apology, which I trust your goodness will perceive is well founded in the uncommon multiplicity of public business which pressed, on all sides, upon me towards the close of the session of Congress, and the time which it required to make the necessary enquiries into the subjects of your letter.
In regard to the boat captured by Colonel Bland; as I had no knowledge of the circumstance myself, or, if I had when it took place, the length of time which has since elapsed has driven all recollection of it from my mind; I wrote to Colonel Biddle, (who was one of the persons mentioned in Colonel Bland's certificate) for information on the subject, and I have the honor to enclose his answer to my letter, which contains all the information he is able to give or obtain; and the German Officer, (Colonel Lutterloh) who is mentioned, living in Wilmington North Carolina, prevented my getting any information from him so early as you could obtain it yourself, and which I am sure he will give as far as he is able, with pleasure, upon your application to him. You will, Madam, however, permit me to mention a circumstance which I think appears unfavorable to your recovering any thing from this capture. The length of time which has elapsed without any enquiry having been made into the subject, naturally involves it in that obscurity, to which all events of that nature were liable in those time of confusion and hazard, to say nothing of the want of proper documents, which are considered as necessary to substantiate claims on the public; and whatever may have been Colonel Bland's motives, during his life, for withholding his claim, yet, as he was engaged in public business, and constantly in the way of gaining information on a subject of this nature it does not seem at all probable that any thing can be recovered from this source after his death.
I have caused an examination to be made at the Comptroller's office, relative to the subject of the letter, which Colonel Bland received from Mr. Everleigh,67 Comptroller of the Treasury, and find that the sum of money therein mentioned was deposited in the hands of a Committee or Congress in the year 1781, of which Colonel Bland was a Member, and by letters which have been received at the Comptroller's office from several Gentlemen of the Committee in reply to the circular written to them by the Comptroller, it appears that they considered the sum placed in their hands as subject to such expences as might arise in the course of the business which they were sent to transact, and that they were not expected to render in a particular account thereof; and further that they conceive the sum mentioned to have been returned by Colonel Bland into the Treasury, was all that remained after the necessary expenditure of their mission.
[Note 67: Nicholas Eveleigh.]
It would have been peculiarly pleasing to me, Madam, to have rendered you such service in this business, as would have been commensurate with your wishes; but your good sense will readily point out to you the necessity of confining myself to my private character in this matter, as any interference in my public capacity would be deemed improper.
Before I conclude I pray you to accept my sincere condolence on your late and great loss, and the assurances of being,
With great respect and esteem, Madam, Your etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 26, 1790.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 4th. of July by Mr. C ... ;69 and agreeably to your request, I have now the pleasure to inform you, that, a treaty of Peace formed upon just and liberal principles, has been entered into between the United States and the Creek Nation of Indians; a printed copy of which, with a Proclamation70 adjoined, I have now the honor to enclose.
[Note 69: Left black in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 70: Of Aug. 14, 1790.]
I should have communicated this intelligence to your Excellency immediately on the ratification of the treaty, as you requested, but that I wished to accompany it with a copy of the Articles and Proclamation, which, owing to some untoward circumstances were not struck off so soon as I could have wished; and when they were, my absence, on a visit to Rhode Island, deprived me of an opportunity of sending them by a vessel which sailed from this place for Charleston before my return; and as a water conveyance is generally more speedy than by land, I have waited several days for the sailing of the Vessel by which I forward this to your Excellency. With very great esteem I have the honor etc.68
New York, August 26, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your favor of the 24th. inst. inclosing the bill and receipt for a dictionary.72 The waiter you will be so good as to take on the Presidents Acct. and keep it with you till we remove to Philadelphia.
[Note 72: A German and English dictionary which the President obtained for the use of the German gardener.]
The President will probable be in Philadelphia about the 3d. of Septr. and as he intends to carry there 2 or 3 days he has directed me to request that you will engage lodgings for him, during that time, at Mrs. Houses,73 if she can accommodate all
[Note 73: Mrs. Mary House. Her establishment was at Fifth and Market Streets.] of his family who will attend him. They are as follow, The President and Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Washington's two little grand Children, Mr. Nelson and Major Jackson, two maids, 4 White Servants and 4 black do. if Mrs. House can accommodate this number, the Horses of which there are 16 will be sent to Mr. Hiltzimers74 Stables of which you will be so good as to give him Notice. Should Mrs. House not be able to accommodate this number of persons The President then wishes you to engage lodgings for all at the City Tavern, and in that case, the Horses will be kept at the same place and notice need not be given to Mr. Hiltzimer. The President would prefer Lodgings at Mrs. Houses if they can be obtained.
[Note 74: Jacob Hiltzheimer.]
I will now, Sir, agreeably to your request inform you of the arrangement, as to time, which the President has made for his Journey. He is detained in New York to complete some business in the Treasury and War departments which the Heads of these departments inform him will be finished by Saturday; in which case he will leave this place on Monday noon,75 reach Elizabeth Town that Night, Brunswick on Tuesday night, Trenton on Wednesday Night, Breakfast at Bristol on Thursday and proceed from thence to Philadelphia. This I know is his present intention and if the business which detains him, is completed on Saturday, and no unforseen circumstances occur to retard his progress, it will be carried into effect. He will travel slow in the beginning of his Journey as he has a Number of horses some of which are young and all in that State, as to exercise, which requires moderation at first setting out.
[Note 75: Aug. 30, 1790.]
I give you this information in compliance with your request; but at the same time I must repeat what I observed in a former letter, that as little ceremony and parade may be made as possible; for the President wishes to command his own time, which these things always forbid in a greater or less degree, and they are to him fatiguing and oftentimes painful. He wishes not to exclude himself from the sight or conversation of his follow citizens; but their eagerness to show their affection frequently imposes a heavy tax on him.
I shall not accompany the President, but remain in New York until arrangements are made, for the President directs me to observe, that two lodging Rooms will accommodate himself, Mrs. Washington, the children and two maids; and one Room will serve the two Gentlemen. The servants she knows how she can best accommodate. You will be good enough to give the President timely information of the House in which he is to lodge that he may drive directly there on his arrival. I am, etc.76
[Note 76: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 26 Washington replied to a congratulatory address of the Governor and Council of North Carolina, dated June 25. Both the address and the reply are entered together in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 26, 1790.
Sir: I am exceedingly sorry for the cause of your detention in Philadelphia, of which your letter of the 24th. instant informed me. But as I expect to leave this place on Monday next for Virginia, it would not be in your power to arrive here, by that time, after the receipt of this. There will, therefore, be no necessity for your leaving Mrs. Randolph in her present situation, to meet me in New York. I am etc.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 82: Of Kingston, Jamaica.]
New York, August 28, 1790.
Sir: In obedience to the command of the President of the United States, I have the honor to inform you that the Pamphlets relative to the Slave trade which you have been so obliging as to present to him thro' the hands of the Vice President have been received, and he requests you to accept Iris best thanks for the same with acknowledgments for your very polite letter which accompanied them.83 With due consideration I have the honor etc.84
[Note 83: Fitch's letter of May 10, 1790, is in the Washington Papers, but the pamphlets mentioned are not now found therein.]
[Note 84: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 28, 1790.
Sir: The Resolution of the Board for the Reduction of the Public Debt85 of the 27th. of August 1790, which has been submitted to me meets my ideas fully on the subject, and is enclosed with my approbation. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.86
[Note 85: This board consisted of the Vice President, the Chief Justice, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General. The board's report to Congress (Dec. 21, 1790) is printed in the Annals of Congress.]
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 28, 1790.
Sir: Your favor of July 20th. came safely to hand, together with the Memorial of Monsieur de Latombe87 of the 7th. of June, and the Resolve of the Legislature of Massachusetts of the 24th. of the same month. On considering the nature of the difficulties which have occurred in the execution of the Consular Convention, they appeared to be such as could not be removed but by a legislative Act. When these papers were received the
[Note 87: On July 26 Washington transmitted this memorial and a complaint from American citizens settled in the French West Indies to the Secretary of State with a note in the third person, in the writing of Tobias Lear. This note is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.] session of Congress was already drawn so near to a close, that it was not thought expedient to propose to them the taking up at that time a Subject which was new, and might be found difficult. It will remain therefore for consideration at their next meeting in December.
With due consideration I have the honor etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
New York, August 28, 1790.
Sir: I have received your letter dated the 28th. of July, and accompanied with the volumes which you, was pleased to present to me: for which I request you will accept my thanks.
Being on the eve of my departure for Virginia, it is impossible for me at present to do anything more on the subject of your letter, than just to make two or three remarks which have occurred in the moment of perusal. I think your train of reasoning in general good, and that the application of the principle in practical husbandry may be of considerable utility. This opinion is derived in part from facts; for your theory respecting vegetable manure has formed a part of my system of experiments for several years past. Buck-Wheat, sowed expressly for the purpose of manure, and, when in its most luxuriant state, turned into the earth by ploughing, has been found beneficial to the Crop, but not fully to answer my expectations. I cannot now give a detail of the Causes which I conjecture operated in rendering the effect less visible than I had calculated it would be; and I fear I shall trot have leisure myself to repeat the experiments.
I cannot suppose there would be anything improper in bringing your observations on so interesting a matter immediately to the consideration of some agricultural Institution. But, in truth, I have so many objects which claim my attention that I must hasten to conclude, with sentiments of regard etc.89
[Note 89: In the writing of Tobias Lear.
On August 28 Lear wrote to John Churchman, thanking him, for the President, for his "Magnetic Atlas of Veriation Chart" Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
City of New York, August 28, 1790.
Having thought fit to commit to you the charge of borrowing on behalf of the United States a sum or sums not exceeding in the whole Fourteen Millions of Dollars pursuant to the several Acts, the one entitled, "An Act making provision for the debt of the United States", the other entitled, "An Act making provision for the reduction of the Public Debt"
I do hereby make known to you, that in the execution of the said trust, you are to observe and follow the orders and directions following Vizt. Except where otherwise especially directed by me you shall employ [an agent] in the negotiation of any Loan or Loans which may be made in any foreign Country.
You shall borrow or cause to be borrowed on the best terms which shall be found practicable (and within the limitations prescribed by Law as to time of repayment and rate of interest) such sum or sums as shall be sufficient to discharge, as well all instalments or parts of the principal of the foreign Debt, which now are due or shall become payable to the end of the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety one, as all interest and arrears of interest, which now are, or shall become due in respect to the said Debt, to the same end of the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety one; And you shall apply or cause to be applied the moneys which shall be so borrowed with all convenient despatch to the payment of the said installments and parts of the principal and interest and arrears of the interest of the said debt. You shall not extend the amount of the loan which you shall make or cause to be made, beyond the sum which shall be necessary for completing such payment, unless it can be done upon terms more advantageous to the United States than those upon which the residue of the said debt shall stand or be. But if the said residue or any part of the same can be paid off by new Loans upon terms of advantage to the United States you shall cause such further loans, as may be requisite to that end, to be made, and the proceeds thereof to be applied accordingly. And for carrying into effect the objects and purposes aforesaid, I do hereby further empower you to make, or cause to be made with whomsoever it may concern such Contract or Contracts being of a nature relative thereto, as shall be found needful and conductive to the interest of the United States.
If any negotiation with any prince or State to whom any part of the said Debt may be due, should be requisite, the same shall be carried on thro' the poison, who in capacity of Minister, Chargés des Affaires or otherwise, now is, or hereafter shall be charged with transacting the affairs of the United States with such Prince or State, for which purpose I shall direct the secretary of State, with whom you are in this behalf to consult and concert, to cooperate with you.90
[Note 90: These Instructions are followed in the "Letter Book" by a copy of the commission to Hamilton to negotiate the loan, dated August 28.]
New York, August 30, 1790.
Sir: On the 2d. of May 1789, I wrote to you requesting that my acknowledgments might be offered to the Gentlemen who had presented an elegant Barge to me, on my arrival in this City. As I am, at this moment, about commencing my journey to Virginia, and consequently shall have no farther occasion for the use of the Barge, I must now desire that you will return it in my name, and with my best thanks, to the original Propriators. At the sametime I shall be much obliged to you, if you will have the goodness to add on my part, that in accepting their beautiful present, I considered it as a pledge of that real urbanity, which I am happy in declaring I have experienced on every occasion, during my residence among them: that I ardently wish every species of prosperity may be the constant portion of the respectable citizens of New York; and that I shall always retain a grateful remembrance of the polite attention of those citizens in general, and of those in particular to whom the contents of this Note are addressed. I am etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington papers.]
New York, August 30, 1790.
Sir: The President of the United States, on leaving the City this morning ordered me to deposit in the hands of the Society in New York, for the relief of distressed Debtors confined in Prison, Twenty Guineas, which he requests may be applied in such manner as will best answer the benevolent purposes of the Institution.
I have now the honor to inform you, Sir, that the above sum is ready to be delivered whenever it may be called for by the Society. I am etc.93
[Note 93: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 30 Lear wrote to Clement Biddle from New York: The President left us this morning, and if He meets no interruption on his journey he will be in Philadelphia on Thursday as I mentioned in my last.
"I have sent by the old line of Stages a Trunk and a set of Harness which could not be carried on with the Presidents Baggage. I have taken the liberty to address them to your care. The Trunk Mrs. Washington may want in Phila. and if she should not have further occasion for it on her Journey afterwards it had better be sent to Mount Vernon with the Harness by water as it will be expensive sending it by the Stages. The Harness will not be wanted on the Road therefore that may be sent by water at all events. I have directed it to be packed up and covered with a coarse cloth that it may not be injured. The expense Of the carriage to Phila. I will discharge here at the same time that I pay for the Stage Horses which the President employs in that line" Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Baltimore, September 9, 1790.
Dear Sir: Major Jackson having communicated the result of his conversation with you to General Stewart,98 the General was so obliging as to write the enclosed letter on the subject of giving you possession of his house, and I was induced by his determination to give Mr. Lear some directions relative to the removal of the furniture from New York. But that no unnecessary delay may be sustained in completing the repairs and alterations which it is proposed to make, I would beg leave to observe to you that they may be proceeded in without regarding the accomodation of the furniture, as, independent of the space which may be taken up in making the bow-window, there will be ample room for the reception of all our articles in other parts of the House. And I conceive this intimation the more necessary as Mrs. Morris mentioned something to me, when I had the pleasure of seeing her on Sunday, evening, about painting the House, which will require all the intervening time to complete it.
[Note 98: Walter Stewart(?).]
The additional building for a servants Hall, and the converting of the Cow-house into Stalls for horses, may be entered upon I hope without affecting your convenience, while you remain in the House, altho the alteration of the bow-window and the painting cannot.
Should the delay of your removal or other circumstances the no longer than we have supposed, I beg you to inform Mr. Lear thereof that he may govern himself accordingly. I am etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 14, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 2. instant met me on the road to this place.
I beg you to be assured of my sensibility and gratitude for your friendly wishes respecting nay health, which, since I overcame the severe attack in May last, has been better than I had enjoyed for twelve months preceding, for within that time I experienced more, and severer indispositions than i had felt in 25 years before, all put together; owing, I presume, to the (change from an active life to one more sedentary and thoughtful.
To be instrumental, in any degree to the accomplishment of the object, which is mentioned in your letter, would, I (to assure you, give me pleasure; but with truth I can add that [ know no person who has either money to lend, or who steins willing to part with it. The most conclusive proof of which I shall give you: I was much in want of a sum, to answer some call upon me, which I did not care to have unsatisfied, when I set out for New York the Spring before last; but was unable to obtain more than half of it, (though it was not much I required) and this at an advanced interest with other rigid conditions. After this I took an occasion to sound Mr. Carroll of Carrollton, as the most likely, being the most monied man, I was acquainted with, but without success. He assured me that he could not collect the interest of the money that had been loaned, by his father and himself, and his other resources were not more than adequate to his own occasions; thenceforward I made no further attempts, not knowing indeed where to apply.
At all times I shall be glad to see you; and, with Mrs. Washington's compliments to Mrs. Carter, yourself, and family, in which I most cordially join, I am etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 17, 1790.
Sir: From the best judgment I can form of the repairs and alterations to be made in my old Coach (under the statement and opinions given in your letter of the 13th. instant)2 I feel most inclined to give you the following directions for your procedure that no delay or disappointment may happen.
[Note 2: In the Washington Papers, accompanied by a pencil drawing of a suggested design for the crest and cipher, within an oval.]
The colour is to be as at present; but to be neatly painted and highly varnished.
The Seasons (which are now on the carriage) is to be continued on the doors. front and back, and my crest without any cypher is to be on the four quarter pannels; all to be enclosed with the original ovals. If it is thought best that the crests should be painted (as Silver does not show on a light ground) they may be painted. But quere, whether if some ornamental painting within the Oval, and around the Silver crests, (the colours of which should form a contrast to the silver and not be inconsistent with other parts of the work) might not look well. This is only suggested. For you may have painted, or silver crests put on according to your own judgment of the propriety and uniformity.
The Seasons (if they should require it and a masterly hand can be employed) must be repaired, or at least freshened in their appearance to make them correspond with the fresh painting of the Coach, and as festoons were on the coach before ought they not to be there again if the seasons &c. are retained. I approve of the pattern sent as lining for the Coach and desire you may use it. Plated handles to the doors, plated brace buckles, and plated mouldings around the roof should be added to make one part correspond with the other. A Glass in front must unquestionably be provided. In all other respects you are to observe the directions which was given when I saw you in Philadelphia. I am etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 18, 1790.
Sir: Your letter dated the 3d. inst: enclosing to Mr. Short,6 came to my hands by the mail of Wednesday.
[Note 6: William Short]
The appointment of that gentleman to negotiate the Loans in Holland, and the Instructions you have given for his government, meet my approbation.7 The first as no inconvenience it is conceived will result from his absence from Paris, is a measure of economy; the latter, are full and cautionary; and under his Agency will, it is to be hoped, be satisfactorily executed. I am etc.8
[Note 7: The instructions to Short from Secretary Hamilton are dated Sept. 1, 1790, andare entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1790.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 10th. instt. relative to the establishment of the boats or Cutters for the protection of the revenue, I have to observe, that, if there appears to exist a necessity for equipping the whole number therein mentioned, the arrangement for building and stationing them, seems judicious, and is to me perfectly satisfactory.
It is my wish that your Enquiries, respecting proper characters to command these Vessels, may be extended to the States south of Virginia. Mr. Lear can furnish you with the List of Applications already made. Two persons, with nearly equal recommendations, have offered themselves from Philadelphia, Captains Montgomery and Roach.9 There are several respectable names subscribed in favor of each of these persons; some of them, I believe, in favor of both: such is the facility, with which, on certain occasions, recommendations are granted. It would seem, however, that they are both classified; but, in favor of the former, it is stated that he now fills a subordinate station in the revenue, which he accepted with a view of being brought into notice when such an appointment, as that which he now solicits, should be made.
[Note 9: James Montgomery and Isaac Roach. Their application are in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
Captain Barney10 was not at Baltimore when I passed through, nor cou'd I learn with certainty whether he wished to receive the appointment or not.11 But I was informed that he had written in answer to an intimation made to him, by you or one of his friends, on the subject, whence I suppose his wish may be collected.
[Note 10: Capt. Joshua Barney.]
[Note 11: Barney had written (August 25) to Tench Coxe that he could not accept an appointment to command one of the revenue cutters as the pay was too small Barney's letter is in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
There is a Mr. Richard Taylor of this State, an applicant for one of the appointments, who from my knowledge of him, appears to be a proper person both as to character, and experience in the profession.
Remarking to you that the advantage, which might accrue from their superintendance, seems to suggest the propriety of nominating the Commanders before the Vessels are put on the stocks; you have my permission to carry the arrangement for building the Boats or Cutters, stated in your letter into immediate effect, in such extent as to your judgment shall seem necessary for die public service. I am &c.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1790.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 8th. instant22 together with its enclosures.
[Note 22: In the Washington Papers.]
A similar outrage to that stated in Governor Telfair's proclamation was some time since committed on two Indians of the Seneca tribe; the representation of which being before the supreme executive council of Pennsylvania when I arrived in Philada. the papers thereon were laid before me.
Finding an interference on the part of the general government essential to prevent a threatened hostility, I appointed Colonel Pickering on the part of the U.S. to meet the Chiefs and Warriors of the Seneca nation for the purpose of assuring them that the outrage complained of was not only unauthorized on the part of the government, but a flagrant violation of its laws, for which the Offenders, when taken, (and a reward was offered for apprehending them) would be brought to condign punishment; and likewise to offer a compensation to the relations of the deceased.
I have reason to hope that the measures taken to prevent farther mischief, and to satisfy the Seneca tribe will prove successful. Your opinion on the relative rank of the regular and militia Officers, as communicated to Governor Telfair, accords with the usage of the army, and meets my approbation. I am &c.23
[Note 23: The draft is in the writing of William Jackson.]
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1790.
Sir: Mr. John Cogdell having resigned his appointment as Collector of the port of George town in south Carolina, I have to request that you will make enquiry respecting a proper person to succeed him.
Mr. Corbin Braxton, having also resigned his appointment as Surveyor of the ports of Richmond and Manchester, Colonel Heth24 informs me that he has nominated Mr. Z. Rowland25 to do the duties of the office until another together with one from Colonel Griffin26 on the same subject, are herewith transmitted.
[Note 24: William Heth.]
[Note 25: Zachariah Rowland.]
[Note 26: Samuel Griffin.]
I enclose to you, a letter from Mr. Thaddeus Burr to Colonel Humphreys, recommendatory of Capt. John Maltbee to the command of a revenue Cutter, and a recommendation of Capt. Montgomery by some Citizens of Philadelphia, to a similar station. These papers are not intended to influence your opinion in favor of these persons farther than as they may serve to form a comparison of their merits with other candidates. I am etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your letter dated the 17 of August did not come to my hands until Sunday, last, or it should have received an earlier acknowledgement. For an answer to it I beg leave to refer you to Colonel Warner Lewis (of Gloucester) who, having taken much trouble to ascertain the properties and value of the land, (you wish to know the price of) and asking on what terms it would be disposed of, was sometime ago fully acquainted with my sentiments thereon. Not having the copy of my letter to him,29 by me at this place to refer to for these terms, nor the circumstances much in recollection, and being unwilling to propose others to you, which may differ from them, is the reason why I put you to the trouble of making this further enquiry. I am etc.30
[Note 29: See Washington's letter to Warner Lewis, Mar. 5, 1790, ante]
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1790.
Dear Sir: Since my last to you, your letter dated the 15th. Ulto. containing your sentiments on the questions I had propounded for your opinion and advice is come duly to hand.31 I feel myself much obliged by the full and able consideration you have bestowed on the subject.32 From present appearances, however, it does not seem as if there would be occasion for any decision on either point which gave birth to my questions. I am etc.33
[Note 31: Hamilton's reply to the Queries to the Heads of the Departments, Aug. 27, 1790, ante, q. v., is an A. D. S., 25 pages 4° in length, and is in the Washington Papers. (See note 78 to the Queries to the Heads of the Departments, Aug. 27, 1790, ante.)]
[Note 32: A brief note of thanks for information forwarded is also dated October 3 and addressed to Hamilton by Washington. It is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1790.
Sir: I learn with pleasure, by your letter of the 26th. Ultimo, that the person supposed to have been the principal in the murder of the two Indians on pine-creek has been lodged in Lancaster goal, and that it is very probable all the offenders will soon be apprehended.
I cannot avoid expressing my wish that the proceedings, in bringing these persons to justice may be such as will vindicate the laws of our Country, and establish a conviction, in the minds of the Indians, of our love of justice and good faith. I am etc.33
Mount Vernon, October 6, 1790.
Sir: l have received your letter of the 29th. Ulto. The papers concerning Capt. Lyde, put into your hands by the Vice President, which you say were enclosed to me, have not been transmitted, but from the recommendations in favor of Captain Williams, I think him entitled to a preference.
Not being possessed of any commissions, I have to request (unless your farther enquiry should point to more proper characters) that you will signify to the undermentioned persons my intention to appoint them to command the revenue Cutters on the stations opposite their respective names, and that you will furnish them with the necessary instructions for proceeding to superintend the building and equipment of their several Vessels.
I am etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 8, 1790.
Sir: The President of the United States directs me to inform you, that, induced by the fair representation which has been made to him of your character, he intends to appoint you to the command of one of the Cutters directed by the Act of Congress of the 4th. of August last, to be stationed in the bay of Chesapeak for the protection of the revenue.38
[Note 38: Taylor at first declined this appointment. The other appointees seem to have been notified by the Secretary of the Treasury.]
The annexed extract from the law shows the emoluments of the appointment.
As there are many applications, you will be pleased to signify whether it meets your acceptance, and instructions will be transmitted to you by the Secretary of the Treasury for your superintending the building and equipment of the vessel. I am etc.39
[Note 39: This letter is signed "W. Jackson" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 25, 1790.
Sir: I did not receive your letter of the 13th instt.43 until yesterday on my return from an excursion up the Potowmack,44 which will apoligize for the delay of my answer.
[Note 43: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 44: On October 20 Washington, on this journey of inspection up the Potomac River, received and answered an address of welcome from the inhabitants of Elizabethtown (now Hagerstown), Md., and its vicinity. Both the address and answer are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I am much obliged by your offer to take charge of my letters for Europe, but, having no communication to make at this time, I shall not be able to profit of your politeness.
The reason, which you say has been suggested for your leaving America, I have not heard mentioned, nor should I have placed such a construction upon your absence, being altogether ignorant of any cause to authorize the opinion.
I wish you an agreeable passage to England, and a successful issue to your intentions in visiting Europe. I am etc.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 26, 1790.
Sir: Your letter of the 8th inst. I received yesterday on my return from an excursion up the Potowmack.
I acquainted you on the 15th. instant46 that I had appointed Mr. Woodbury Langdon Commissioner of Loans for the State of New Hampshire; but as it is probable from his brothers letter to you, that he will decline the appointment, I have now to inform you that I have no objection to Mr. Keith Spence the person recommended by Mr. John Langdon provided that, on enquiry, you find him to be the person best qualified to discharge the duties of the Office.
[Note 46: This brief note is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mr. Lear's knowledge of characters in the State of New Hampshire will assist your information on this subject. I am etc.45
[Note 47: A merchant of Georgetown, Md.]
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1790.
Sir: Sometime before I left Virginia in 1789 I was informed by Mr. Montgomerie that you would pay to me, as surviving Executor of the will of Colonel Thomas Colvill, the money which was due to that estate from the Assignees of Mr. Semple, when you should receive it from the purchases of the Maryland tract of land.
There is now a demand on me from one of the Legatees of Colo. Colvill to the amount of about £220 Sterling, including interest which is accumulating.
The original sum ought to have been paid years ago, and I am exceedingly anxious to do it without further delay, but am unable unless it is by the aid above mentioned. Be pleased therefore, Sir, to inform me if you can supply me with the above sum now, or when? that I may before I leave home be enabled either to comply with the demand, or to say when it may be expected, as the call has been painfully, to me, reiterated. I am etc.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1790.
Sir: The President of the United States proposing to leave Mount Vernon, on his return to Philadelphia, about the 22d. of November, desires to know whether you can furnish him on that clay with a close coach, (sufficiently large and commodious to receive that part of his family which came home in a similar carriage) together with four good horses and a careful driver. If you can supply such an accommodation, he requests that you will immediately acquaint him, with particulars respecting the carriage, and the terms upon which the whole is to be hired, Stating whether the Driver and Horses art to be supplied with provision at his cost or yours. As your information will be compared with other resources he wishes to receive it as soon as possible. I am etc.49
[Note 49: This letter is signed "W. Jackson" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 1, 1790.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letters of the 11th of May and 12th of July last, together with the flattering mark of your and Madame de Brehan's regard,50 which accompanied the former, for which, and the obliging satisfaction you express on the restoration of my health, I beg you and her to accept my grateful acknowledgments.
[Note 50: Several engravings of Madame de Brehan's portrait of Washington. From William Jackson's translation of Moustier's letter of May 11, 1790, in the Washington Papers, is the following: "Mad. de Brehan will profit of the first certain opportunity which presents to address to Madam Washington the medallion intended for her; in the meantime, she will make a copy of the original for herself."]
A short relaxation from public business, and an indulgence in the pleasures of a country life, during the recess of Congress, have greatly contributed to improve my health, which is now, thank God, perfectly re-established. From the interest you take in the prosperity of the United States, you will learn with pleasure that their happiness continues to progress, and that there is great reason to conclude it will be lasting. The wisdom and integrity, manifested in the measures of Congress, have secured to them the confidence of their constitutents, and the respect of our domestic Neighbours; with the most considerable of whom, treaties, dictated by justice and National generosity, have been concluded, and will, in all probability, be faithfully maintained. The aggregate happiness of the society, which is best promoted by the practice of a virtuous policy, is, or ought to be, the end of all government; such, I am happy in telling you, appears to be the object of our legislative regulations; and such, I am confident in anticipating will be the result to that generous nation of which you are a citizen. Their character, in all its relations, entitles them to prosperity and honor; and the issue of their present endeavors will, I fervently hope, justify the expectation of public and individual happiness. I am &c.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, November 2, 1790.
My dear Sir: I am a little surprised that we have not heard (so long after the time appointed for tile rendezvous) of the issue, the progress, or the commencement of the Expedition against the Wabash Indians under the conduct of Brigr. Genl. Harmer. This in my opinion, is an Undertaking of a serious nature. I am not a little anxious to know the result of it, and therefore request, if any official or other accts. have been received by you relating thereto, that you would forward them to this place, provided they can reach it before Monday the 22d instant on which day I expect to leave home for Philada.
As this matter, favorable or otherwise in the issue, will require to be laid fully before Congress that the motives which induced the Expedition may appear; And as circumstances may not allow time for a complete statement of facts after my arrival, I request it may meet your earliest attention; that I may be prepared at the opening of the Session to make tile Communication. With sincere regard and friendship I am &c.52
[Note 52: From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, 1921.]
Mount Vernon, November 4, 1790.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 28th. ultimo. The measures which you have taken to forward the building and equipment of the revenue Cutters, and to procure information respecting proper characters to be appointed inferior officers, meet my approbation.
You will please to inform Captain Law53 of his appointment, and furnish him with instructions similar to those you have given to the other Commanders, I am etc.
[Note 53: Richard (?) Law.]
P.S. Captain Taylor declines his appointment and I am not informed of a person qualified to receive it.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 4, 1790.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 25th. ultimo with its enclosures.
I am apprehensive that Governor St. Clair's communication of the object of the expedition to the Officer commanding at Detroit has been unseasonable and may have unfavorable consequences, it was certainly premature to announce the operation intended until the troops were ready to move; since the Indians, through that channel, might receive such information as would frustrate the expedition. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of William Jackson.]
Mount Vernon, November 4, 1790.
Madam: My engagements, since the receipt of your letter of the 12th of September, with which I was honored two days ago, have prevented an attentive perusal of the book that accompanied it, but from the reputation of its author, from the parts I have read, and a general idea of the pieces, I am persuaded of its gracious and distinguished reception by the friends of virtue and science.
I desire to assure you of the gratitude with which your flattering expressions of regard impress me, and of the respectful consideration, with which I have the honor etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Mercy Otis Warren, June 4, 1790, ante.)]
Mount Vernon, November 6, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 6. ultimo came safely, but not expeditiously to hand.
Since my return from the army in 1785, and finding myself under the necessity (being the surviving Executor) of closing the business of the estate of the deceased Colonel Colvill, I have never lost sight of the just claim of Miss Anderson upon that estate; but the suspension of our courts of justice in this State during the war, and being obliged to bring suits for the recovery of money due to that estate, since they were opened has put it out of my power till now to comply with her demand. And even now I ought to add that it depends on a Gentleman, who has had the collection of money for the purpose of discharging a debt due to the estate from the Assignees of Mr. John Semple. But as he has informed me that there will be no disappointment I venture to assure you payment of the legacy with interest up to the 9 of October, which will be 24 years, and, at 5 P. cent, the legal interest of this State will make the whole sum £176 Sterling.
It is far from my wish, Sir, to throw obstacles in the way of Miss Anderson receiving her legacy. But as Colonel Colvill (after directing his debts and legacies to be paid) did leave the residue of his estate to; the Lord knows who, by description, which has stirred up a number of vexations and impertinent claims, and, as the legacy to Miss Anderson is also by description, not by name, I am informed that it is necessary for my own security that there should be proof of her being the person meant. When this is done, and I hope there will be no difficulty in the way, I will pay the above sum in Georgetown, Potowmac, to her attorney properly authorized to receive the same provided the demand is made before the 22nd. instant. If not I will take the money with me to Philadelphia, and shall be ready to pay it there as above, I am etc.57
[Note 57: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 7, 1790.
Sir: My thanks are due, and are rendered to you for the letters which you were so obliging as to forward to me and for your care of the articles sent to me by Mr. Gouverneur Morris. Add to the favor, if you please, Sir, by transmitting those things by the first good conveyance, to Mr. Lear at Philadelphia; who is directed to pay you the amount of the cost of them and the freight of the three Cases which contain them. I am etc.57
Mount Vernon, November 8, 1790.
Sir: Your letter of the 1st. instant in answer to mine of the 29 ultimo came duly to hand, and it is with pleasure I perceive that you can enable me to pay the demand which has been made upon me as Executor of the will of the deceased Colonel Thomas Colvill.
The legacy mentioned in my last is to Miss Anderson and is eighty instead of £100 sterling, as I had conceived. This sum with the legal interest of this State amounts to £176. And the Lady, through her friend (James Tilghman Esquire of Chestertown) is requested to give a power of attorney to receive it. and to apply to you therefor provided the application can be made before the 22nd. instant, if not, I will, on that day, receive the money from you myself in Georgetown, or in Philadelphia, if you can make it convenient to pay it at that place on my arrival there.
As the above legacy was given in the words of the enclosed memorandum, it is necessary (as I have informed Mr. Tilghman) that proofs should accompany the power of attorney, purporting that the Lady applying is the person described by the Testator: If this is done to your satisfaction (and I do not wish to be scrupulously exact in obtaining the proof) the money may be paid as above, upon the passing of such a receipt as I have enclosed, to be endorsed on the power of Attorney, for which I will exchange my receipt to you in the manner you have requested.
Should the proof and the power be defective in your judgment, I would thank you for referring both to me before payment. I am etc.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 8, 1790.
Sir: I have received your letters of the 26th Ult: and 1st. Inst. The objection stated by you to the appointment of Mr. Spence61 being conclusive, I now enclose a letter from Mr. Wingate62 to me recommendatory of another Candidate, with my answer occasioned by the previous appointment of Mr. Woodbury Langdon, but should that Gentleman finally determine not to accept, and you learn, on enquiry, that Colo. Rogers63 is qualified to
[Note 61: Keith Spence, of Portsmouth, N. H.]
[Note 62: Paine Wingate.]
[Note 63: Nathaniel Rogers.] discharge the duties of the office, I shall have no objection to appoint him.
The enclosed application from Captain Kelly,64 for the command of one of the revenue Cutters, will receive your consideration, and be compared with the pretentions of other applicants.
[Note 64: Capt. Thomas Kelly, of Newbern, N.C.]
In my letter of the 4th instant I informed you that Capt: Taylor had declined his appointment, he has since in consequence of your letter to him, waited upon me and agreed to accept. Observing that he should pursue your instructions for superintending the building and equipment of the Vessel, he expressed a doubt what kind of Vessel could be built for the sum limitted, which would answer the purposes of the service. Swiftness of sailing being especially required, he thought that the pilot-boat construction would be best on that account, though very inconvenient in point of accommodation; and he submitted the idea of taking such pilot boats as had, upon trial been found to excel in the requisite of sailing. I am etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 11, 1790.
Sir: Since writing to you yesterday I have received your letter of the 6th inst: enclosing the copy of one from Mr. Skinner66 to you, wherein he expresses his intention to continue in Office, which in conformity to your opinion, I am willing he should do. You will therefore destroy the letter, which I enclosed to you in my last, for Colo. Thomas.
[Note 66: William Skinner. He was Commissioner of Loans for North Carolina.]
The person recommended by Capt. Taylor to be his first Mate is represented to me as a deserving man, and qualified for that station. I am etc.65
(Private)
Mount Vernon, November 14 1790.
Dear Sir: Having wrote two letters to you on the subject of Page's Stage Coach, one or the other of which, if not both, it is presumable will certainly have got to hand before this can, I shall add nothing more thereto than that Page's Coach is now my dependance.
I am, I must confess, exceedingly unwilling to go into any house without first knowing on what terms I do it, and wish that this sentiment could be again hinted, in delicate terms to the parties concerned with me. I cannot, if there are no latent motives, which govern in this case, see any difficulty in the business. Mr. Morris has most assuredly formed an idea of what ought, in equity, to be the rent of the tenement in the condition he left it, and with this aid, the Committee ought, I conceive, to be as little at a loss in determining what it should rent for with the additions and alterations, which are about to be made, and which ought to be done in a plain and neat manner, not by any means in an extravagant style; because the latter is not only contrary to my wish, but would really be detrimental67 to my interest and convenience, principally because it would be a mean of keeping me from the use and comforts of the House to a late period, and because the furniture, and everything else would require to be accordant therewith, besides its making me pay an extravagant price, perhaps to suit the taste of another or to the exorbitant rates of workmen; or their blended performances in the two Houses.68 I do not know, nor do I believe
[Note 67: Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear (Bixby edition: 1905) prints the word as "repugnant."]
[Note 68: Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear prints at this point: "(if they sometimes work at one, and sometimes at the other)."] that anything unfair is intended by either Mr. Morris or the Committee; but let us for a moment suppose that the rooms (the new ones I mean) was to be hung with tapestry, or a very rich and costly paper (neither of which would suit my present furniture) that costly ornaments for the Bow-Windows, extravagant chimney pieces &ca. &ca. were to be provided; that workmen from extravagence or the times for every 20/worth of work would charge 40/;69 and that advantage should be taken of the occasion to new paint every part of the house, buildings &c, would there be any propriety in adding ten or 12½ pr Cent for all this to the rent of the house in its original state, for the two years that I am to hold it? If the solution of these questions are in the negative, wherein lyes the difficulty of determining that the houses and lots, when finished according to the proposed plan, ought to rent for so much? When all is done that can be done thereto, the residence will not be so commodious as the House I left in New York (with the additional buildings made there); for, there, (and the want of it will be found a real inconvenience at Mr. Morris's) my Office was in a front room below, where persons on business were at once admitted; whereas now they will have to ascend two pairs of stairs, and to pass by the public rooms to go to it.70 Notwithstanding which I am willing to allow as much as was paid to Mr. Macomb, and shall say nothing if more is demanded, unless there is apparent extortion. Extortion, if it should be intended by delay is to see to what height rents will rise,71 I should be unwilling to [submit to] and to take it at the expence of any public body I will not. There is one expression
[Note 69: Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear prints this: "were to charge a pound for that, which ought not to cost ten shillings."]
[Note 70: Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear prints this: "as well as private chambers to get to."]
[Note 71: Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear prints this: "before mine is fixed. In either of these cases I should not be pleased, and to occupy the premises at the expence of" etc.] in your letter of the 4th the meaning of which I do not clearly understand, viz, "The additions, repairs, &ca. of the house, in which Mr. Morris now lives, are likewise to be comprehended in the expenditures to be refunded by the rent of this House." Is it meant by this that the rent of the house you are now in is to be encreased by the expenditures on the one Mr. Morris has removed to, or is no more meant by it than that the rent of the former is intended as a security for the refund.72 The latter may be very proper, but the former could be submitted to on no other ground than that of dire necessity.73 I had rather have heard that my repaired Coach was plain and elegant than "rich and elegant. I am &c.74
[Note 72: Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear has: "only for payment of the latter."]
[Note 73: Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear has: "If this is all, have nought to say against it. But dire necessity would only induce me to submit to the other. We all unite in best wishes for you and Mrs. Lear and I am etc."]
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in file Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1790.
Dear Sir: I have been duly honored with your favor of the 6th., and thank you gratefully for your kind recollection of my interest in the survey made for Mullen on Timber ridge in Hampshire county. The enclosed (left open for your perusal) is a request that Colonel Heth, as Collector, would furnish you with the means for securing the land when the term, limited by law shall occlude Mullen, or any person or persons claiming under him.
The conferring of one favor is very apt to beget the request of another, but, without further preface or apology, I will ask you, my good Sir, to enquire at the Register's office, if surveys, of which the enclosed may be duplicates (for really I know little about the matter) were ever lodged there, and, if so, what has been done with them. If none such have been lodged there, then what will be the cost of patenting these which are now sent, provided (being on the No. West side of the river Ohio) they come legally and properly into the Land office of this State? I wish to obtain Patents, and shall be ready to pay the cost of them when it is made known to Dear Sir Yours etc.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1790.
My dear Sir: The day is near when Congress is to commence its 3rd. session; and, on Monday next, (nothing intervening to prevent it) I shall set out to meet them at their new residence.
If any thing in the Judiciary line, if any thing of a more general nature, proper for me to communicate to that Body at the opening of the session, has occurred to you, you would oblige me by submitting them with the freedom and frankness of friendship.
The length and badness of the road to Philadelphia, added to the precariousness of the weather at this season, will, more than probable, render my arrival at Philadelphia uncertain; your sentiments (under cover to Mr. Lear) by the 1st. of December will be in time to meet the communications from the other great Departments, and with such matters as have been handed immediately to me from other quarters, or which have come under my own contemplation during the recess will enable me to make my communications.
I shall say nothing of domestic occurrences in this letter, and those of foreign import you would receive at second hand from hence.
To add assurances of my regard and friendship would not be new, but, with truth, I can declare etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, November 19, 1790.
My dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 10th. inset, and will declare to you without reserve, that my forebodings with respect to the Expedition against the Wabash Indians are of disappointment; and a disgraceful termination under the conduct of B. Genl. Harmer.77 I expected little from the moment I heard he was a drunkard. I expected less as soon as I heard that on this account no confidence was reposed in him by the people of the Western Country. And I gave up all hope of Success, as soon as I heard that there were disputes with him about command.
[Note 77: Josiah Harmar was commander of the Army of the United States from September, 1789, to March, 1791, with the brevet rank of brigadier general.]
The latter information is from report only; but the report of bad news is rarely without foundation. If the issue of this Expedition is honorable to the Concerters of it, and favorable to our Arms, it will be double pleasing to me; but my mind, from the silence which reigns, and other circumstances, is prepared for the worst; that is, for expence without honor or profit.
If any thing more than the statement of this business for the information of Congress should occur to you, previous to my arrival, be so good as to digest it, for it is my wish to have every matter which may occur to the heads of Departments as well as to myself, ready, if proper to lay before that Body, at the opening of the Session.
With sincere friendship etc.
P.S. I expect to commence my journey for Philadelphia on Monday; but from the State of the Roads after the incessant and heavy rains which have fallen, my progress must be slow.
[MS.H.S. ]
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1790.
Sir: I availed myself a few days ago of the presence of Mr. B. Bassett to acknowledge before him and Dr. Stuart the original conveyance from me to the deceased Mr. Custis of the land which you are possessed of by purchase from him in King and Queen County. This acknowledgement in the opinion of professional men is all that is necessary to give validity to the deed, and all that is proper for me to do under the circumstances which exist.
The deed thus reacknowledged, was put into the hands of Mr. Bassett, but as he was in the act of departure it did not occur to me at that moment, that there were other papers of yours in my possession. These are now enclosed. I beg you to be assured of my sensibility for the polite and flattering terms in which you have been pleased to express yourself of my public services in your letter of the 2 of June 1785, which I am ashamed to add ought to have been acknowledged long ago, but which one circumstance or another prevented until it had escaped me altogether or until reminded of it by your second application through Dr. Stuart. I am etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 21, 1790.
Dear Sir: If you serve me by having the deed from Muse82 to me fully recorded, it will be an acceptable act. The deed is in the Clerk's Office, and will shew what is necessary to be done, and who are the witnesses. If it cannot be accomplished without running me to the expence of subpoenas, I must and will incur that expence.
[Note 82: George Muse.]
Enclosed I send you all the Patents which arc in my possession, and which through my means the family of Mr. Fry has obtained. It is a fact well known to most of the Patentees that had it not been for my exertions anti decided conduct the proclamation of Governor Dinwiddie, offering a bounty of land, would never have been recognised. for the dereliction of the Governor anti Council to fulfil their promise was such that scarce any thing short of an absolute demand on the score of justice, on the pledged faith of Government. would ever have obtained an order for the survey, and, even then, had it not been for the trouble I took, and the money I advanced, this order would have been nugatory.
This is a short recital of the fact; after having given which, if the Gentleman claiming under Joshua Fry Esquire inclines to pay what is justly due to me, the enclosed list of ballances, which is original, and fur that reason must be returned to me, will shew what my advances are for his proportion of the land. If he pays this sum with interest since the year 1772 when the patients issued were paid for, and the title became perfect, it will be no more than what is due in gratitude, and to justice. If he inclines to pay the principal only, let him do it and the matter will close. Or, lastly, if he chuses to do neither, preferring to receive the patents without paying any thing, can let them go forth, for I shall not appear in a Court of law for this, or any of these ballances, which you will perceive are due to me.
The heirs of Colonel Fry, besides the land contained in the enclosed patent, are entitled to 7242 acres, ill a larger tract, patented in the names of the late Genl. Andw. Lewis, Genl. Stephens83 and others, but this patent is not in my possession, nor do I know in which of the Patentee's hands it is to be found. I am etc.84
[Note 83: Adam Stephen.]
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 91: United States Marshal for the District of New York.]
Philadelphia, December 7, 1790.
Sir: As I find the duties of your office can be executed by a deputy during your absence, and the business which calls you to Europe appearing to be important to your private interest; I feel a pleasure in complying with the request for leave of absence made in your letter of the 1st. instant, and sincerely wish you a pleasant voyage, a prosperous completion of your business and a happy return to your Country.
With very great esteem etc.90
[December 8, 1790]
Fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: In meeting you again I feel much satisfaction in being able to repeat my congratulations on the favorable prospects which continue to distinguish our public Affairs. The abundant fruits of another year have blessed our Country with plenty, and with the means of a flourishing commerce. The progress of public credit is witnessed by a considerable rise of American Stock abroad as well as at home. And the revenues allotted for this and other national purposes, have been productive beyond the calculations by which they were regulated. This latter circumstance is the more pleasing as it is not only a proof of the fertility of our resources, but as it assures us of a further increase of the national respectability and credit; and let me add, as it bears an honorable testimony to the patriotism and integrity of the mercantile and marine part of our Citizens. The punctuality of the former in discharging their engagements has been exemplary.
In conforming to the powers vested in me by acts of the last Session, a loan of three millions of florins, towards which some provisional measures had previously taken place, has been completed in Holland. As well the celerity with which it has been filled, as the nature of the terms, (considering the more than ordinary demand for borrowing created by the situation of Europe) gives a reasonable hope that the further execution of those powers may proceed with advantage and success. The Secretary of the Treasury has my directions to communicate such further particulars as may be requisite for more precise information.
Since your last Sessions, I have received communications by which it appears, that the District of Kentucky, at present a part of Virginia, has concurred in certain propositions contained in a law of that State; in consequence of which the District is to become a distinct member of the Union, in case the requisite sanction of Congress be added. For this sanction application is now made. I shall cause the papers on this very important transaction to be laid before you. The liberality and harmony, with which it has been conducted will be found to do great honor to both the parties; and the sentiments of warm attachment to the Union and its present Government expressed by our fellow citizens of Kentucky cannot fail to add an affectionate concern for their particular welfare to the great national impressions under which you will decide on the case submitted to you.
It has been heretofore known to Congress, that frequent incursions have been made on our frontier settlements by certain banditti of Indians from the North West side of the Ohio. These with some of the tribes dwelling on and near the Wabash have of late been particularly active in their depredations; and being emboldened by the impunity of their crimes, and aided by such parts of the neighboring tribes as could be seduced to join in their hostilities or afford them a retreat for their prisoners and plunder, they have, instead of listening to the humane overtures92 made on the part of the United States, renewed their violences with fresh alacrity and greater effect. The lives of a number of valuable Citizens have thus been sacrificed, and some of them under circumstances peculiarly shocking; whilst others have been carried into a deplorable captivity.
[Note 92: Richardson's Messages and Papers of the Presidents prints this as "invitations and overtures."]
These aggravated provocations rendered it essential to the safety of the Western Settlements that the aggressors should be made sensible that the Government of the Union is not less capable of punishing their crimes, than it is disposed to respect their rights and reward their attachments. As this object could not be effected by defensive measures it became necessary to put in force the Act, which empowers the President to call out the Militia for the protection of the frontiers. And I have accordingly authorized an expedition in which the regular troops in that quarter are combined with such drafts of Militia as were deemed sufficient. The event of the measure is yet unknown to me. The Secretary of war is directed to lay before you a statement of the information on which it is founded, as well as an estimate of the expence with which it will be attended.
The disturbed situation of Europe, and particularly the critical posture of the great maritime powers, whilst it ought to make us more thankful for the general peace and security enjoyed by the United States, reminds us at the same time of the circumspection with which it becomes us to preserve these blessings. It requires also that we should not overlook the tendency of a war and even of preparations for a war, among the Nations most concerned in active Commerce with this Country, to abridge the means, and thereby at least enhance the price of transporting its valuable productions to their proper markets. I recommend it to your serious reflexion how far and in what mode, it may be expedient to guard against embarrassments from these contingencies, by such encouragements to our own Navigation as will render our commerce and agriculture less dependent on foreign bottoms, which may fail us in the very moments most interesting to both of these great objects. Our fisheries, and the transportation of our own produce offer us abundant means for guarding ourselves against this evil.
Your attention seems to be not less due to that particular branch of our trade which belongs to the Mediterranean. So many circumstances unite in rendering the present state of it distressful to us, that you will not think any deliberations misemployed, which may lead to its relief and protection.
The laws you have already passed for the establishment of a Judiciary System have opened the doors of Justice to all descriptions of persons. You will consider in your wisdom, whether improvements in that system may yet be made; and particularly whether a uniform process of execution on sentences issuing, from the federal Courts be not desireable through all the states.
The patronage of our commerce, of our merchants and Seamen, has called for the appointment of Consuls in foreign Countries. It seems expedient to regulate by law the exercise of that Jurisdiction and those functions which are permitted them, either by express Convention, or by a friendly indulgence in the places of their residence. The Consular Convention too with his most Christian Majesty has stipulated in certain cases, the aid of the national authority to his Consuls established here. Some legislative provision is requisite to carry these stipulations into full effect.
The establishment of the Militia; of a mint; of Standards of weights and measures; of the Post Office and Post Roads are subjects which (I presume) you will resume of course, and which are abundantly urged by their own importance.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: The sufficiency of the Revenues you have established for the objects to which they are appropriated, leaves no doubt that the residuary provisions will be commensurate to the other objects for which the public faith stands now pledged. Allow me, moreover, to hope that it will be a favorite policy with you not merely to secure a payment of the Interest of the debt funded, but, as far and as fast as [the] growing resources of the Country will permit, to exonerate it of the principal itself. The appropriation you have made of the Western Lands explains your dispositions on this subject: And I am persuaded the sooner that valuable fund can be made to contribute along with other means to the actual reduction of the public debt, the more salutary will the measure be to every public interest, as well as the more satisfactory to our Constituents.
Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: In pursuing the various and weighty business of the present Session I indulge the fullest persuasion that your consultations will be equally marked with wisdom, and animated by the love of your Country. In whatever belongs to my duty, you shall have all the cooperation which an undiminished zeal for its welfare can inspire. It will be happy for us both, and our best reward, if by a successful administration of our respective trusts we can make the established Government more and more instrumental in promoting the good of our fellow Citizens, and more and more the object of their attachment and confidence.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 8 Tobias Lear wrote to the Secretary of State: "I have likewise the honor to transmit, by the President's order, a letter and packet from the President of the National Assembly of France directed to the President and Members of the American Congress; This direction prevented the President from opening them when they came to his hands, and he yesterday caused them to be delivered to the Vice-President that they might be opened by the Senate. The Vice President returned them unopened with an opinion of the Senate that they might be opened with more propriety by the President of the United States, and a request that he would do it, and communicate to Congress such parts of them as in his opinion might be proper to be laid before the Legislature.
"The President therefore requests that you would become acquainted with their contents and inform what (if any) should be laid before Congress. Another letter from the National Assembly addressed particularly to the President is enclosed herewith for your perusal: The President has the translation of this letter."
Jefferson reported that the subject of the papers was the death of the late Dr. Franklin, and on December 10 Lear, by direction of the President, delivered the papers to the Senate, with a formal verbal message, which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. Sparks prints what he says is an "unskillful and imperfect translation of the letter from the President of France's National Assembly in his edition of Washington's Writings, vol. 10, p. 497."]
December 11, 1790.
Dear Sir: Herewith you will receive the Powers and Instructions with which Gouvr. Morris Esqr. is invested, and his Communications consequent thereof. You will give them the consideration their importance merit, and report your opinion of the measures proper to be taken thereupon.
The following extract from one of my private letters to Mr. Morris contain all the Notice I have yet taken of his public communications. I give it that you may have the whole matter before you....95
[Note 95: The omitted portion is the same down to "I shall write to you more fully on that head" as that in Washington's letter to Gouverneur Morris, July 7, 1790, q. v. From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Confess.]
Philadelphia, December 12, 1790.
Dear Sir: On my return to this City, at Elkridge landing (eight miles beyond Baltimore) a Negroe fellow of the name of Paul, (brother to your Rose) came to, and informed me, that he was taken (more probably run away from the White House Quarter) by the Troops under Lord Cornwallis. That he was put on board a British Vessel, was taken by an American one, and carried into Baltimore; where he was sold to a Captn. Godman, who afterwds. disposed of him to his present Master, a Mr. Philip Waters of the landing above mentioned. The fellow is young and likely, and seems desirous of returning to the Estate from which he was taken. The character of him I know not. The facts are, I presume, as I have related; but it is to be feared that time and circumstances have alienated the property. I thought it right however to give you this information.
I have been led to ask myself since you mentioned to me the exorbitant Rent expected by Mr. R Alexander for the place on which you now, or lately did live, upon what foundation it could be?
This naturally led me into another enquiry, viz, what are the Rents of lands at the distance of 6, 8 or 10 miles from Alexandria? In revolving this matter, no case was more apropos, or seemed more in point, than my contract with Mrs. French; to whom I pay One hundred and thirty Six pounds pr. Ann for about 600 Acres of land, and ten working hands. The land equal to Mr. Alexanders, lyes as you know on the River, and little, if any, less convenient to the Alexandria market than his. The Negroes as likely as any in the Country, one only excepted, who, by being advanced in years is less able to work than the rest. This bargain originated in or about the year 1783 between Mrs. French and one Robinson, who finding it difficult (tho' an industrious man) to clear any thing by the Bargain, and being always behind hand in the Rent, agreed, after I had purchased the fee simple of the land to relinquish it (for a small consideration) to me. To this Mrs. French readily acquiesced, and for the addition of fourteen pounds to the Rent, has leased it to me for her life; it being let to Robinson for Seven years only; at the expiration of which the rent of £150 commences. The taxes of the land and Negroes Robinson was, and I am to pay. I am also to Clothe and feed the Negroes. The rent is neither to increase or diminish; the chance of the increase of the Negroes, and consequently of their work, was placed against the decrease; and no deaths have happened, whilst five or Six are now of full size for half sharers. This Bargain as I have been informed was thot. by the friends of Mrs. French to be an advantageous one, for her. I think so too. Upon what principle then can Mr. Alexander talk of the Rent you say he expects? When taxes, unfavorable Seasons, and other contingencies are taken into calculation, he will not find, among those who mean to pay, one who will come near his exorbitant ideas. If there is inability in the way, or no intention of doing it, it is a matter of no consequence whether five hundred or fifty pounds, is the Rent stipulated.
With great esteem and regard I am etc.96
[Note 96: On December 13 the Senate and the House of Representatives waited upon the President at his house, the Senate at 12 o'clock and the House at 2 p.m., and presented addresses to the President, to which he replied briefly. The Senate's address was agreed to December 10, and that of the House, December 11. These addresses and the President's brief replies are entered in the "Letter Book" and are printed in full in Richardson's Messages and Papers of the Presidents, as also in the Annals of Congress. (See Washington's letter to James Madison, Dec. 10, 1790, ante.)]
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, December 17, 1790.
Dear Sir: An official letter from the Secretary of State of this date, acknowledging the receipt of your public dispatches, will discover to you my sentiments on the views and intentions of the british Cabinet. If the exigencies of the national affairs of that kingdom should excite dispositions in it favorable to a commercial treaty with the United States, and to the fulfilment of the treaty of peace, its Ministers will, of themselves, come forward with propositions. Until these are apparent to them, and press, I am satisfied from the communications you have had with them, that it is not only useless, but would be derogatory to push them any farther on the first point or to say anything more on the latter, until we are in a situation to speak with more decision. If none of my letters to you have acknowledged the receipt of your favors of the 22nd. and 24th. of January last, I have to ask your pardon for giving you the trouble of sending Triplicates; and for the vexation the supposed loss of them has occasioned. It must be owing to an omission, or to the miscarriage of my letters that this has not been done; for both of them and the duplicates have been received.
Since writing to you on the 7 of July I have been favored with your several private letters of July the 6th. and 16th. 26. and 30 of August. All the letters, the dates of which are enumerated in that of the 6th. have come safe; and I pray you, though late, to accept my thanks for the seeds which you was so obliging as to send to me by Mr. le Couteulx. They were immediately forwarded to my Gardner at Mount Vernon with orders to pay particular attention to them.
There is a tale hanging to the coyness discovered in Mr. Welch, not to exceed the ballance which he has made of the account between us, which to me stands in need of no explanation, and to you the relation of it in detail would be tedious and unimportant. The plain English of it however is, that there are articles of charge in the debits of that House against me which reduce the ballance in my favor some hundreds below what I conceive is just. His knowledge of this circumstance and the probable consequence makes him desirous (by holding the staff in his own hands) to throw the labouring oar upon me; but, as you may have incurred a further expence in the additional plateau, I have requested that Gentleman (Mr. Welch) by the enclosed order, to pay you what he conceives to be the ballance due to me.97
[Note 97: On December 17 Washington wrote briefly to Wakelin Welch & Son to pay this balance to Gouverneur Morris. This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
For the cost of the Coolers and Lamps, Mr. Constable (including a bill of £60. remitted to you by Colonel Humphreys) was immediately paid, together with the freight and other charges, agreeably to the account forwarded in your letter of the 16 of August, and for the trouble you have had in this business, and advances to accomplish it, I feel myself under peculiar obligations. The articles are elegant; and I am perfectly satisfied with the price of them, pleased too by the addition of decanters.
Congress has commenced its third session. Our affairs assume a good aspect. Public credit is high, and stocks have risen amazingly. Except the disturbances occasioned by a few hostile Indians on our frontiers (western) (instigated thereto I am persuaded by the british Traders) and some remains of the old leaven, the wheels of government move without interruption, and gather strength as they move.
The numbers of our people as far as they can be ascertained from the present stage of the Census, will not fall short, it is said, of five millions, some think more.
Whilst this will on the one hand astonish Europe, it may on the other add consequence to the union of these States. Adieu!
With very sincere esteem etc.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 19, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 7th. instt. came duly to hand, but the multiplicity of matters that pressed upon me at the time, prevented an earlier acknowledgment.
I write to you now respecting an exchange of Lands because you wished to hear from me soon, on that subject, not because I think there is the least probability of such an exchange taking effect. I judge so from the ideas I have formed (from the tenor of your letter) indicative of your expectations; first, because the land I alluded to, lying on Bullskin in County of Berkeley, most congenial I suppose to your wishes, is, all of it, under leases. and secondly (supposing that to be the tract you had in contemplation, and was knowing to the quantity contained in it, viz., between 1500 and 2000 Acres) because you have, in my estimation, greatly underrated the value of my land, or over-rated that of your own, by supposing money is to be given to make up the difference. Lands of the quality of those I hold in Berkeley sell currently at from £3.10 to £5 pr. Acre, which is full as high, I conceive, as yours would do.
How far the leases might impede the Sale, if I was disposed to sell, I know not; but after what you have said, it is incumbent on me to inform you, that I have no land between the Blue ridge and the Western Waters which are not leased. In the County of Fayette, 40 miles this side Pittsburgh on one of the Roads leading thereto from Winchester, and in a thick settled and secure Country, I have a tract of about 1700 Acres equal to any whatever, with good plantations thereon (one of which is large) and other appendages.
In the County adjoining, viz Washington, and about 16 miles from Fort Pitt, I have another tract of estimable land, rather over 3,000 Acres; with 15 or 16 farms on it, well watered and meadowed. This tract is also in a thick settled, and perfectly secure Country. Both lye in the State of Pensylvania, and my Agent near the premises has been authorized to let the tenements for 5 or 7 years (I do not recollect which) but whether he has done it, or not, I am unable to say. For the first of these tracts I could once have recd. 40/. Pensa. Curry. pr. Acre, and for the other 30/. like money; but like all other landed property they have fallen in value; tho' I never yet have offered them for less. Beyond these, on the Great Kanhawa, halfway between Pittsburgh or Fort Pitt and Kentucky; and on the Ohio above the Kanhawa; I hold the most valuable River bottoms in all that country of considerable extent, on both those Waters; nearly opposite to which, on the No Wt. side of the Ohio, respectable Settlements are formed, and forming.
I mention these circumstances with no other view than, should your thoughts extend to the Country beyond the Alligany, you may have the greater variety of prospects and offers to chuse from.
Mrs. Washington unites in best wishes for yourself and Mrs. Ball and I am etc.99
[Note 99: From a photostat of the original which is in the possession of Breckinridge Long, Washington, D. C.]
Philadelphia, December 19, 1790.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the first instant came duly to hand, but it found me under such a pressure of business that I was unable to give it an immediate acknowledgement.
I am sorry for the information you have given me, and wish sincerely it was in my power to relieve you from the disagreeable situation into which you are thrown, but it really is not. The particular object to which your views are pointed, besides its being under some previous arrangement would by no means subserve your purpose. The law authorising the appointment of Commissioners for conducting the federal buildings &ca. supposed that the zeal of those who are friends to the measure, would alone be sufficient to prompt them to undertake the duties of it, and therefore it has made no provision for the trouble imposed on them. The most therefore that can be calculated upon is an allowance of their actual expenses. I am etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 19, 1790.
Dear George: From the tenor of your letter of the 10 inst. which came to my hands on Thursday last, it does not appear that Lawrence is to come on to this place with you, for he is not mentioned in any part of the letter. It is my intention that you should both enter the College together, and if you look over my letter of the 5th. instant you will see that both are mentioned. If therefore any thing should occur to prevent you setting off on Monday as you had determined, and this letter should reach you before you leave Alexandria, I request that Lawrence may come on with you. I am etc.2
[Note 2: Practically this same letter was written to Dr. James Craik, requesting that Lawrence be sent "in the stage as soon after the receipt of this letter as he can be prepared to come." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On December 21 Lear wrote to Joseph Cook, of Philadelphia: "It having been intimated to the President of the United States that you are about to have his arms fixed over your shop, with the addition of your being silver Smith to the President. He has therefore directed me to inform you that the carrying the foregoing intention into effect will be very disagreeable to him and he requests you would not do it." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On December 22 Lear wrote to the Postmaster General that the President approved his discretion in letting mail contracts. "There does not appear to the President (especially where circumstances vary) to be a strict obligation to prefer the lowest offer, and in the case of Mr. Inskeep, the greater frequency of conveying the Mail, the concentration of the business under one direction, and the past experience of good conduct are weighty reasons for the preference of his offer meditated by the Post Master General." Lear's letter is also recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On December 23 the President sent a message to the Senate and House of Representatives on the report of the Secretary of the Northwest Territory concerning certain land grant cases "which require the interference of the Legislature of the United States." This message is entered in the "Letter Book," where the following note is added: "N. B. As the foregoing Report and papers are very voluminous, one Copy only was made out, and that delivered to the House of Representatives, with a request to the Speaker that they might be communicated to the Senate."
On December 25, or shortly thereafter, Washington drew up a tabular statement of his "Losses in Horses, Cattle and Sheep since the 16th day of April 1789." This document is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 27, 1790.
Sir: A letter which will be shewn to you by my Nephew (if the facts be true as I presume they are) is from a near relation of mine. Feeling for her situation I am desirous of affording relief, and therefore, request if there is any vacant tenement of mine in Berkeley, Frederick, Fauquier, or Loudoun, under your care that you will give her a lease, for it, rent free, for the natural lives of herself and Daughter, Sally Ball Haynie, and, moreover, by pecuniary aids (to be drawn from your collection of my rents) to enable her to put the place in a little repair. If there are more than one lot vacant, She may take her choice of them. I am etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December, 27, 1790.
Dear Cousin: Your letter of the 19 of October never reached my hands until a few days ago. I am very sorry to hear of the distressed situation in which you are, and have written to Mr. Muse, to whom the management of my Tenements in Berkeley, Frederick, Loudoun and Fauquier is committed to let you have any one of them, that may be unoccupied, rent free during your own and the life of your Daughter Sally Ball Haynie and moreover over to afford you some aid towards putting the place in order.
It is incumbent on me however to observe to you that if there are not in either of those Counties above mentioned any vacant lots belonging to me, it is out of my power to assist you in this way, first because I have no lands in either of the Counties above mentioned except such as have been laid off into Tenements and offered on leases, and secondly because the lands, round about my dwelling house in Fairfax County, are occupied by Negroes for my own support.
My Nephew Major George Augustine Washington will endeavor to see and deliver this letter to you, if you live any where in the neighbourhood of his Father in Berkeley County, and will receive from you, and report to me a more particular statement of your circumstances than your letter has done. In the interim I can assure you of the good dispositions towards you of Your affectionate kinsman.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 29, 1790.5
[Note 5: Sparks dates and prints this as in the year 1791.]
I the President of the United States, by my own mouth, and by a written Speech signed with my own hand [and sealed with the Seal of the U S] Speak to the Seneka Nation, and desire their attention, and that they would keep this Speech in remembrance of the friendship of the United States.
I have received your Speech with satisfaction, as a proof of your confidence in the justice of the United States, and I have attentively examined the several objects which you have laid before me, whether delivered by your Chiefs at Tioga point in the last month to Colonel Pickering, or laid before me in the present month by the Cornplanter and the other Seneca Chiefs now in Philadelphia.
In the first place I observe to you, and I request it may sink deep in your minds, that it is my desire, and the desire of the United States that all the miseries of the late war should be forgotten and buried forever. That in future the United States and the six Nations should be truly brothers, promoting each other's prosperity by acts of mutual friendship and justice.
I am not uninformed that the six Nations have been led into some difficulties with respect to the sale of their lands since the peace. But I must inform you that these evils arose before the present government of the United States was established, when the separate States and individuals under their authority, undertook to treat with the Indian tribes respecting the sale of their lands.
But the case is now entirely altered. The general Government only has the power, to treat with the Indian Nations, and any treaty formed and held without its authority will not be binding.
Here then is the security for the remainder of your lands. No State nor person can purchase your lands, unless at some public treaty held under the authority of the United States. The general government will never consent to your being defrauded. But it will protect you in all your just rights.
Hear well, and let it be heard by every person in your Nation, That the President of the United States declares, that the general government considers itself bound to protect you in all the lands secured you by the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the 22d of October 1784, excepting such parts as you may since had fairly sold to persons properly authorized to purchase of you.
You complain that John Livingston and Oliver Phelps have obtained your lands, assisted by Mr. Street of Niagara, and they have not complied with their agreement.
It appears upon enquiry of the Governor of New York, that John Livingston was not legally authorized to treat with you, and that every thing he did with you has been declared null and void, so that you may rest easy on that account.
But it does not appear from any proofs yet in the possession of government, that Oliver Phelps has defrauded you.
If however you should have any just cause of complaint against him, and can make satisfactory proof thereof, the federal Courts will be open to you for redress, as to all other persons.
But your great object seems to be the security of your remaining lands, and I have therefore upon this point, meant to be sufficiently strong and clear.
That in future you cannot be defrauded of your lands. That you possess the right to sell, and the right of refusing to sell your lands.
That therefore the sale of your lands in future, will depend entirely upon yourselves.
But that when you may find it for your interest to sell any parts of your lands, the United States must be present by their Agent, and will be your security that you shall not be defrauded in the bargain you may make.
[It will however be important, that before you make any sales of your land that you should determine among yourselves, who are the persons among you that shall give sure conveyances thereof as shall be binding upon your Nation and forever preclude all disputes related to the validity of the sale.]
That besides the [before mentioned] security for your land, you will perceive by the law of Congress, for regulating trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, the fatherly care the United States intend to take of the Indians. For the particular meaning of this law, I refer you to the explanations given thereof by Colonel Pickering at Tioga, which with the law, are herewith delivered to you.
You have said in your Speech "That the game is going away from among you, and that you thought it the design of the great Spirit, that you should till the ground, but before you speak upon this subject, you want to know whether the United States meant to leave you any land to till?"
You now know that all the lands secured to you by the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, excepting such parts as you may since have fairly sold are yours, and that only your own acts can convey them away; speak therefore your wishes on the subject of tilling the ground. The United States will be happy to afford you every assistance in the only business which will add to your numbers and happiness.
The murders that have been committed upon some of your people, by the bad white men I sincerely lament and reprobate, and I earnestly hope that the real murderers will be secured, and punished as they deserve. This business has been sufficiently explained to you here, by the Governor of Pennsylvania, and by Colonel Pickering on behalf of the United States, at Tioga.
The Senekas may be assured, that the rewards offered for apprehending the murderers, will be continued until they are secured for trial, and that when they shall be apprehended, that they will be tried and punished as if they had killed white men.
Having answered the most material parts of your Speech, I shall inform you, that some bad Indians, and the outcast of several tribes who reside at the Miamee Village, have long continued their murders and depredations upon the frontiers, lying along the Ohio. That they have not only refused to listen to my voice inviting them to peace, but that upon receiving it, they renewed their incursions and murders with greater violence than ever. I have therefore been obliged to strike those bad people, in order to make them sensible of their madness. I sincerely hope they will hearken to reason, and not require to be further chastised. The United States desire to be the friends of the Indians, upon terms of justice and humanity. But they will not suffer the depredations of the bad Indians to go unpunished.
My desire is that you would caution all the Senekas and six Nations, to. prevent their rash young men from joining the Miamee Indians. For the United States cannot distinguish the tribes to which bad Indians belong, and every tribe must take care of their own people.
The merits of the Cornplanter, and his friendship for the United States are well known to me, and shall not be forgotten. And as a mark of the esteem of the United States, I have directed the Secretary of war to make him a present of Two hundred and Fifty Dollars, either in money or goods, as the Cornplanter shall like best. And he may depend upon the future care and kindness of the United States. And I have also directed the Secretary of War to make suitable presents to the other Chiefs present in Philadelphia. And also that some further tokens of friendship to be forwarded to the other Chiefs, now in their Nation.
Remember my words Senekas, continue to be strong in your friendship for the United States, as the only rational ground of your future happiness, and you may rely upon their kindness and protection.
An Agent shall soon be appointed to reside in some place convenient to the Senekas and six Nations. He will represent the United States. Apply to him on all occasions.
If any man brings you evil reports of the intentions of the United States, mark that man as your enemy, for he will mean to deceive you and lead you into trouble. The United States will be true and faithful to their engagements.6
[Note 6: The draft is in the writing of a War Department clerk. The portions in brackets are in the writing of Henry Knox.]
December 30, 1790.
Brothers: You have been informed that last Spring, I sent Major Doughty, one of the warriors of the United States, to brighten the Chain of friendship with the Chickasaw nation, and to assure them of the firm adherence of the United States to the treaty of Hopewell. You know the disaster which befell him by the attack of some bad Indians on the Tenasset, who violated the white flag of peace.
Brothers: I now repeat to you my assurances respecting the treaty of Hopewell, that the United States will adhere thereto, and consider it as binding on them.
The United States do not want any of your lands, if any bad people tell you otherwise they deceive you, and are your enemies, and the enemies of the United States.
Mr. Vigo,7 the bearer, will bring to you goods conformably to the treaty of Hopewell, and I shall take other measures early in the next year, to convince you of the further kindness of the United States. In the meantime hold fast the Chain of friendship, and do not believe any evil reports against the justice and integrity of the United States.8
[Note 7: Joseph Maria Francesco Vigo, of Vincennes.]
[Note 8: A copy in the writing of a War Department clerk. On December 30 the same speech was sent to "the Medal and Georget Chiefs and Captains and Warriors of the Choctaw Nation."
On December 31 Washington wrote to Timothy Pickering, forwarding him the report of the Secretary at War on Pickering's "transactions with the Senaca Indians in November last....I am happy to add my entire approbation of your conduct in that business." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, January 2, 1791.
Dear Sir: In the Journals of the Proceedings of the Executive in the North Western Territory, there appears to be certain regulations made by the Executive under the Articles of the 25th. of April; 6th. 28th. and 29th. of June last, which can, with propriety, only be established by Laws.
In noticing these, my mind naturally recurred to your letter to me dated at Cahokea on the first of May last, wherein you observe, that the absence of the Judges had embarrassed you a great deal; and after waiting for them as long as possible, that you had been under the necessity of directing by proclamation certain regulations suited to the peculiar circumstances of the Country. These you had no doubt would be soon confirmed by law, and the necessity of the case offered an excuse for having exceeded your proper Powers.
The imperfect State in which the Legislation of the North Western Territory is, the want which the Executive has often felt of the necessary coadjutors to adopt even the most urgent Laws, and the peculiar situation of a frontier Country, are circumstances which may not strike every one who will observe that the Executive has gone beyond its proper powers. It therefore becomes a matter of high importance that the utmost circumspection should be observed in the conduct of the Executive; for there are not wanting persons who would rejoice to find the slightest ground of clamour against public Characters; and paying no regard to the absolute necessity of the case which caused a momentary stretch of power, nor the public good which might be produced by it, they would seize the occasion of making impressions unfavorable to Government and possibly productive of disagreeable effects.
I have therefore thought it best to give you this intimation in a private and friendly letter, that by circumspection malice itself may be disarmed. With compliments of the Season and great esteem and regard I am &c.16
[Note 16: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Arthur J. Mitten, of Goodland, Ind.
On January 3 Washington sent a brief message to the Senate and House of Representatives forwarding an exemplified copy of New Jersey's act vesting in the United States the jurisdiction of land at Sandy Hook on which a lighthouse and other buildings are erected. This message is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. It is noted in the Annals of Congress, but the text is there omitted.]
Philadelphia, January 8, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 7th of November, and I beg you will be assured that I have a proper sense of your polite invitation to reside with you while in Charleston, if I should pay a visit to the southern States in the ensuing year.
It is my intention to visit the southern States next spring; provided the new Congress should not meet immediately on the rising of the present, which will be on the 3rd. of March. If it should not be in my power to leave this place by the middle of that month, I must give up my tour for this season as setting out at a later period would bring me into the southern States in the warm and sickly months, a circumstance which I would wish by all means to avoid. But, Sir, you will permit me to decline the acceptance of your polite invitation; for I cannot comply with it without involving myself in an inconsistency; as I have determined to pursue the same plan in my southern as I did in my eastern visit, which was, not to incommode any private family by taking up my quarters with them during my journey. I am persuaded you will readily see the necessity of this resolution, both as it respects myself and others. It leaves me unembarrassed by engagements, and by a uniform adherence to it I shall avoid giving umbrage to any, by declining all such invitations.
The journey in the manner I shall make it would be too much for Mrs. Washington. She will not therefore accompany me, but joins in compliments to Mrs. Washington and yourself. With very great esteem etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 13, 1791.
Sir: The various and important business which required my particular attention in the beginning of the present session of Congress will, I presume, sufficiently apologize to your Excellency for this late acknowledgment of your letter of November last.
I have attentively considered the request which your Excellency has made, by desire of the Legislature, that I would again open the business of establishing a Woollen manufactory in Virginia; and it is with infinite regret that I must decline any further agency in it, at least so far as relates to carrying on a correspondence with the person in Great Britain who has proposed to establish the Manufactory. I am persuaded, that your Excellency and the Legislature will see upon reflection, the impropriety of my appearing in this business while I remain in my present situation; for I am told that it is felony to export the Machines which it is probable the Artist contemplates to bring with him, and it certainly would not carry an aspect very favorable to the dignity of the United States for the President in a clandestine manner to entice the subjects of another Nation to violate its Laws.
I have communicated the subject of your Excellency's letter to the Secretary of State, and the Attorney General, who are both of the same sentiment which I have expressed, and for the reason mentioned.
I am, however, happy that my agency is not absolutely necessary to the completion of this object; for the project has been announced to Virginia and the original letter from the Artist has been transmitted to your Excellency. This communicates every thing on the subject of which I am possessed, and leaves it with the State of Virginia to do whatever may be thought best in the affair.
Impressed as I am with the utility of such an establishment, I shall ever be ready to give it every aid that I can with propriety; and I am certain that your Excellency and the Legislature will impute my conduct on this occasion to its true motive. With due consideration, I have the honor &c.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 14, 1791.
Sir: On as full a consideration of the last speech made to me by Cornplanter, Half Town, and the Great-tree, Chiefs of the Seneka Nation, as my comprehension of their meaning enables me to give, I am led to the following conclusions, which, if there is any propriety in discussing their request, or yielding the land asked for, I wish you to consider as the basis of the communications to be made to these people.
In the first place, it appears to me that Cornplanter and the other chiefs, now in the City of Philadelphia, do not constitute a representation of their Nation. And to undo, or perhaps even to enter on the revision of treaties which have been deliberately and formally concluded, but under circumstances of equal deliberation and form, would be to open a door to certain inconvenience, and probable difficulty, by encouraging applications which the Indians would not fail to make to the United States.
That it is a matter which requires mature consideration, how far any assurances regarding the restoration of lands, which have been ceded by treaty to the United States can be made, without the participation of the Senate, and that no assurance should be given which may involve a dispute with any individual State, respecting its claim to the land applied for.
That they be informed that no Agent for Indian Affairs will be authorized to dispose of their lands.
Not comprehending the precise meaning of the Clause respecting Children, I do not remark upon it.
In reply to the last clause of their speech, I have to observe, that such expense cannot be incurred. What is made will be for objects the most beneficial. The enclosed letter from Colonel Pickering contains some good ideas of improvement, and, if necessary, may be useful in framing the answer to the Cornplanter, and the other Indians who arc with him. I am etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. A draft, in the writing of William Jackson, is also in the Washington Papers. It differs from the "Letter Book" copy in capitalization and punctuation only.]
Philadelphia, January 16, 1791.
My Dear Sir: I can but love and thank you, and I do it sincerely, for your polite and friendly letter of the 11th. of November, which came to my hands the day before yesterday only. The sentiments contained in it are such as have uniformly flowed from your pen, and they are not less flattering than pleasing to me.
The present Congress can sit no longer than the 4th of March, and should it not be found expedient to convene the new one immediately upon the rising of it; and should not the old one, by acts of the present session, cut out work for the Executive, which may render my absence from the seat of government (soon after the adjournment) incompatible with my public duties; I shall most assuredly indulge myself in a tour thro' the southern States in the Spring. But it will readily be perceived that this event must depend upon the time I shall be able to commence the journey, for I do not hesitate to acknowledge, that I am not inclined to be in the southernmost States after the month of May; and my journey must, on many accounts be made slow and easy.
It was among my first determinations when I entered upon the duties of my present station to visit every part of the United States in the course of my administration of the government, provided my health and other circumstances would admit of it; and this determination was accompanied with another viz. not, by making my head quarters in private families, to become troublesome to them in any of these tours. The first I have accomplished in part only, without departing in a single instance from the second although pressed to it by the most civil and cordial invitations. After having made this communication you will readily perceive, my dear Sir, that it is not in my power (however it might comport with my inclinations) to change my plan without exposing myself to the charge of inconsistency, if not something more exceptionable: especially too as it is not more than ten days since I declined a very kind and friendly invitation from my namesake and kinsman Colonel W. Washington of your State, to lodge at his house when I should visit Charleston. With affectionate esteem &c.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 19, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I lay before you a representation of the Charge des Affaires of France, made by order of his Court, on the Acts of Congress of the 20th of July 1789, and 1790 imposing an extra tonnage on foreign Vessels, not excepting those of that Country; together with the Report of the Secretary of State thereon:23 And I recommend the same to your consideration, that I may be enabled to give it such Answer as may best comport with the justice and the interests of the United States.24
[Note 23: These accompanying documents are printed, with the text of this message, in the Executive Journal and also in Richardson's Messages and Papers of the Presidents.]
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 19, 1791.
Brothers! I have maturely considered your second written speech.
You say your nation complain that at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, you were compelled to give up too much of your lands. That you confess your nation is bound by what was there done, and acknowledging the power of the United States, that you have now appealed to ourselves against that treaty, as made while we were angry against you, and that the said treaty was therefore unreasonable and unjust.
But while you complain of the treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784, you seem entirely to forget that you yourselves, the Cornplanter, Half-Town and Great-Tree, with others of your nation, confirmed by the Treaty of Fort Harmar upon the Muskingum, so late as the 9th. of January 1789, the boundaries marked at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, and that in consequence thereof you then received goods to a considerable amount.
Although it is my sincere desire in looking forward to endeavour to promote your happiness by all just and humane arrangements; yet I cannot disannull treaties formed by the United States before my administration, especially as the boundaries mentioned therein have been twice confirmed by yourselves.
The lines fixed at Fort Stanwix and Fort Harmar, must therefore remain established.
But Half Town and others who reside upon the land you desire may be relinquished, have not been disturbed in their possession, and I should hope while they continue to demean themselves peaceably, and to manifest their friendly dispositions towards the people of the United States, that they will be suffered to remain where they are.
The Agent who will be appointed by the United States will be your friend and protector. He will not be suffered to defraud you, or to assist in defrauding you of your lands, or of any other thing, as all his proceedings must be reported in writing, so as to be submitted to the President of the United States.
You mention you design of going to the Miami Indians, to endeavour to purswade them to peace. By this humane measure you will render those mistaken people a great service, and probably prevent their being swept from off the face of the earth. The United States require only that those people should demean themselves peaceably. But they may be assured that the United States are able, and will most certainly punish them severely for all their robberies and murders.
You may, when you return from this city to your own Country, mention to your Nation my desire to promote their prosperity by teaching the use of domestic animals, and the manner that the white people plough and raise so much corn. And if upon consideration it would be agreeable to the Nation at large to learn these arts, I will find some means of teaching them at such places within their Country as shall be agreed upon.
I have nothing more to add, but to refer you to my former speech, and to repeat my wishes for the happiness of the Seneka Nation.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 20, 1791.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letters of the 8th and 15th of this month. I feel myself much obliged by the trouble you have taken, in the former, to detail your ideas with respect to introducing the art of Husbandry and civilization among the Indians. I confess, that your plan, or something like it, strikes me as the most probable means of effecting this desirable end, and I am fully of opinion with you, that the mode of Education which has hitherto been pursued with respect to those young Indians who have been sent to our Colleges, is not such as can be productive of any good to their nations; reason might have shewn it, and experience clearly proves it to have been the case. It is perhaps productive of evil. Humanity and good policy must make it the wish of every good citizen of the United States, that Husbandry, and consequently civilization should be introduced among the Indians. So strongly am I impressed with the beneficial effects which our Country would receive from such a thing, that I shall always take a singular pleasure in promoting, as far as may be in my power, every measure which may tend to ensure it.
I should have been very glad, if it had comported with your interest and inclination to superintend the Northern Indians, as I am persuaded that nothing would have been wanting on your part to attach them to the United States, and to cultivate that spirit for civilization which now begins to dawn among them. Whoever undertakes this business must be actuated by more enlarged views than his individual interest, or he can never accomplish the wished for end. With very great regard &c.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 24, 1791.
Gentlemen: I enclose you several proclamations expressing the lines which are to bound the District of ten miles square for the permanent Seat of the general government, which I wish you to have made public with all expedition. And in the most general and extensive manner that you can to prevent any kind of speculation. Let them be published in the News-Papers, put up in public places and otherwise so disposed as to answer my object as fully as possible. The Proclamations are this moment struck off and the Mail is about to be closed, which prevents me from adding more at this time; but I shall write you more fully upon this subject in a few days. I am etc.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 27, 1791.
Sir: I received with particular satisfaction, and imparted to Congress the communication made by the Presidents letter of the 20th of June last in the name of the National Assembly of France. So peculiar and so signal an expression of the esteem of that respectable body for a citizen of the United States, whose eminent and patriotic services are indelibly engraved on the minds of his countrymen, cannot fail to be appreciated by them as it ought to be. On my part I assure you, Sir, that I am sensible of all its value.
The circumstances, which, under the patronage of a monarch who has proved himself to be the friend of the people over whom he reigns, have promised the blessings of liberty to the French Nation, could not have been uninteresting to the free Citizens of the United States; especially when they recollected the dispositions, which were manifested by the individuals as well as by the Government of that Nation towards their still recent exertions, in support of their own rights.
It is with real pleasure, Sir, that I embrace the opportunity now afforded me, of testifying through you to the National Assembly, the sincere, cordial and earnest wish, I entertain, that their labours may speedily issue in the firm establishment of a Constitution, which, by wisely conciliating the indispensable principles of public order with the enjoyment and exercise of the essential rights of man, shall perpetuate the freedom and happiness of the People of France.
The impressions naturally produced by similarity of political sentiment are justly to be regarded as causes of national sympathy; calculated to confirm the amicable ties which may otherwise subsist between nations. This reflection, independent of its more particular reference, must dispose every benevolent mind to unite in the wish, that a general diffusion of true principles of liberty, assimilating as well as ameliorating the condition of Mankind and fostering the maxims of an ingenuous and virtuous policy, may tend to strengthen the fraternity of the human race, to assuage the jealousies and animosities of its various subdivisions, and to convince them more and more, that their true interest and felicity will best be promoted by mutual good will and universal harmony.
The friendship to which the President alludes in the close of his letter has caused me to perceive with particular pleasure, that ONE who had endeared himself to this Country by an ardent zeal, and by useful efforts in the cause of liberty, has by the same titles acquired the confidence and affection of his own. May it ever be his chief aim to continue to be beloved as one of her most virtuous and most faithful Citizens!
I beg you to accept my acknowledgments for the sentiments in the same letter which relate more particularly to myself, and at the same time to be assured of the most perfect consideration, on my part.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 3, 1791.
Gentlemen: In asking your aid in the following case permit me at the same time to ask the most perfect secrecy.
The federal territory being located, the competition for the location of the town now rests between the mouth of the Eastern branch, and the lands on the river, below and adjacent to Georgetown. In favour of the former, Nature has furnished powerful advantages. In favour of the latter is it's vicinity to Georgetown, which puts it in the way of deriving aids from it in the beginning, and of communicating in return an increased value to the property of that town. These advantages have been so poised in my mind as to give it different tendencies at different times. There are lands which stand yet in the way of the latter location and which, if they could be obtained, for the purposes of the town, would remove a considerable obstacle to it, and go near indeed to decide what has been so long on the balance with me.
These are, first, the lands on the S West side of a line to be run from where the Road crosses Goose creek (in going from Georgetown to the Eastern branch) to the corner of Charles Beatty's lot; including by the plat of Beatty and Orme the house of William Pearce; or, if the whole of this parcel cannot be obtained then secondly so much as would lie within a line to be run from the said ford, or thereabouts, to the middle of the line of cession which extends from the corner of Beatty's lot, as above mentioned to its termination on Goose Creek. Thirdly, the lands of Mr. Carroll36 between Goose Creek, the river and Mr. Young37, to the same ford of the Creek.
[Note 36: Daniel Carroll, of "Duddington."]
[Note 37: Notley Young.]
The object of this letter is to ask you to endeavor to purchase these grounds of the owners for the public, particularly the 2d. parcel, but as if for yourselves, and to conduct your propositions so as to excite no suspicion that they are on behalf of the public.
The circumstances of the funds appropriated by the States of Virginia and Maryland, will require that a twelve month's credit be stipulated, in order that they may cover you from any inconvenience which might attend your personal undertakings. As the price at which the lands can be obtained would have it's weight also with me, I would wish that in making your bargains you should reserve to yourselves a fortnight's time to consider, at the end of which you should be free to be off or on, but the seller not so, This will admit your writing to me and receiving my definitive answer.
A clear purchase is so preferable to every other arrangement, that I should scarcely think any other worthy attention.
I am obliged to add that all the dispatch is requisite which can consist with the success of your operations, and that I shall be glad to hear by post of your progress, and prospect of the accomplishment of this business, in whole or part. I am &c.
P. S. That my description of the lands required in the foregoing letter may be more clearly understood, and my wishes further explained, I enclose you a rough (and very rough indeed it is) copy of the ceded tract's, roads, &ca., of Messrs. Beatty and Orme's Survey; adding thereto lines of augmentation. To obtain the lands included within the lines A B & C is my first wish, and next to that the lands within the lines D E & F; but those within the lines D E, and along the Creek to C, are indispensably necessary: and being not over 250 Acres might, I suppose, be easily obtained.
It ought to be the first essay; and I wish to know as soon as possible the result of it, before any others are directly attempted.38
[Note 38: A press copy in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, February 3, 1791.
Sir: In consequence of your letter of the 26th of January to Daniel Carroll Esquire39 informing him that the order of the President of the United States upon you, as Mayor of George Town, would be paid on sight, I have to request that you will answer the demands of Andrew Ellicot Esquire, within the sum of fifty guineas, as he may have occasion to make them without further advice from your etc.40
[Note 39: Of Rock Creek, D. C.]
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1791.
Madam: As the letter, which you were pleased to address to me on the 27th. of November,41 relates to an event of public
[Note 41: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] import, yet to be determined, and on which the decision may be governed by circumstances not yet considered, I can only do myself the honor to acknowledge the receipt of it, and to express the respectful consideration with which I am etc.
[H.L.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1791.
Dear General: Acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 29th. of December, and offering you my best thanks for the interest it expresses in my behalf, I beg you to be persuaded that neither my late silence nor my present brevity are in any degree the consequence of diminished regard. Your friendship receives from me the same grateful and affectionate return which I have ever made to it; but the multiplied duties of my public Station allow me little or no leizure for the cultivation of private regards; and the necessity of a prior attention to those duties cannot fail, my dear Sir, to excuse me to you.
Having in all cases of application for appointment to office prescribed as an invariable rule to myself, the right of remaining to the last moment free and unengaged, I did not find myself at liberty, even in your regard, to deviate from that rule, which you will be so good as to assign as the reason why I did not answer your letter of last Spring.
I have the best disposition to serve the person42 whom you then recommended, and in what may comport with circumstances and public propriety, I shall be happy to do so. At present I know not what offices may be created, and applicants multiply with every new office and some of them come forward under such fair pretensions and pressing wants that a preference
[Note 42: Armstrong's youngest son.] is difficult and painful in the extream. In a word, to a man who has no ends to serve, nor friends to provide for, nominations to office is the most irksome part of the Executive trust.
The concern which you take in my health enhances the pleasure I have in assuring you that it is now perfectly re-established. It will add greatly to my satisfaction to hear that yours is also improved. With affectionate regard and esteem I am etc.43
[Note 43: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Miss Grace Lee Nute, curator, Minnesota Historical Society.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1791.
Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 11th. of September I must beg you to accept my thanks for the pleasing communication it contains of the good disposition of the people of Kentucky towards the government of the United States.
I never doubted that the operations of this government if not perverted by prejudice or evil designs, would inspire the Citizens of America with such confidence in it as effectually to do away those apprehensions, which, under the former confederation our best men entertained of divisions among ourselves or allurements from other nations; I am therefore happy to find that such a disposition prevails in your part of the Country, as to remove any idea of that evil which a few years ago you so much dreaded.
I shall receive with great satisfaction and due thanks any information of a public or private nature, that you may think proper to communicate to me from your district. These communications will be the more grateful as we seldom hear the particulars of any transactions from that quarter, and the intelligence often comes through such channels, as in a great measure to prevent confidence from being placed in it. With very great esteem, &c.44
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1791.
Sir: It has been intimated to me that Mr. Windsor, a Tenant of mine, wishes to relinguish the lease, which he retains for a part of my land in the county of Frederick; and as my Sister Lewis45 appears anxious to get it for the purpose of concentrating her property adjoining, and agrees to take it upon the same terms by which it is held at present; This will explain to you my approbation of her proposal, provided, Mr. Windsor is still disposed to surrender his occupancy. I am etc.2
[Note 45: Elizabeth ("Betty") Lewis.
On February 6 Washington wrote to Sir Edward Newenham an acknowledgment of his letters: "The multiplied public duties which at this time engage my attention, leaving me little or no leisure for the cultivation of private correspondence; I am compelled often to observe a brevity towards my friends, which I trust their goodness will readily pardon. In the number of those indulgent friends I hope Sir Edward Newenham will, on the present occasion, allow me to class him." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 9, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: I have received from the Governor of Vermont authentic document expressing the consent of the Legislatures of New York and of the Territory of Vermont, that the said territory shall be admitted to be a distinct member of our union; and a Memorial of Nathaniel Chipman and Lewis R. Morris Commissioners from the said Territory, praying the consent of Congress to that admission by the name and stile of the State of Vermont, copies of which I now lay before Congress, with whom the constitution has rested the object of these proceedings.46
[Note 46: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Morris and Chipman's audience with the President was the subject of a brief note from Lear to them (February 7), stating that "if it will be convenient for you to make your communication to him at two o'clock instead of: twelve, as was proposed on Saturday, it would be more agreeable to him [the President]; as he has not been on horseback for several days, and finding it necessary to his health to ride frequently he intends to take a longer ride to-day than usual, and will not probably be in by twelve o'clock." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 10, 1791.
Madam: At the same time that I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of June last, with which I have been honored, I must beg you to accept my best thanks for your treatise on education which accompanied it.
The anxiety which you express for the welfare of this country demands a proper acknowledgement, and tho' political sentiments, which are contained in your letter, merit a more particular reply than the multifarious and important business in which I am constantly engaged, especially whilst Congress are in session will permit me to make. I must, therefore, Madam, rely upon your goodness to receive this short letter as an acknowledgement of your polite attention and beg you to be assured that my not entering at this time more fully into the subject of your favor does not proceed from a want of that consideration, with which I have the honor etc.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 14, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: Soon after I was called to the Administration of the Government, I found it important to come to an understanding with the Court of London, on several points interesting to the United States, and particularly to know whether they were disposed to enter into Arrangements, by mutual consent, which might fix the commerce between the two Nations on principles of reciprocal advantage. For this purpose I authorized informal conferences with their Ministers; and from these I do not infer any disposition, on their part, to enter into any arrangements merely commercial. I have thought it proper to give you this Information, as it might at some time have influence on matters under your consideration.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. Jefferson's draft of this message is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, February 16, 1791.
Sir: "An act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States" is now before me for consideration.
The Constitutionality of it is objected to. It therefore becomes more particularly my duty to examine the ground on which the objection is built. As a mean of investigation I have called upon the Attorney General of the United States, in whose line it seemed more particularly to be, for his official examination and opinion. His report is, that the Constitution does not warrant the Act. I then applied to the Secretary of State for his sentiments on the subject.52 These coincide with the Atty. General's; and the reasons for their opinions having been submitted in writing, I now require, in like manner, yours, on the validity and propriety of the above recited Act:53 and that you may know the points on which the Secretary of State and the Attorney General dispute the constitutionality of the Act; and that I may be fully possessed of the argument for and against the measure, before I express any opinion of my own, I give you an opportunity of examining and answering the objections contained in the enclosed papers. I require the return of them, when your own sentiments are handed me (which I wish may be as soon as is convenient;) and further, that no copies of them be taken, as it is for my own satisfaction they have been called for.54
[Note 52: A press copy of Jefferson's opinion (February 15) is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 53: A copy of Hamilton's opinion follows this letter in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The draft is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. (See Washington's letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, Feb. 23, 1791, post.)]
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: Of Bowling Green, Va.]
Philadelphia, February 17, 1791.
Sir: The state of the roads has been such as to have occasioned some delay in the passage of your letter to me, and some matters of importance which have pressed upon me since the receipt of it has retarded my acknowledgement thereof until now.
It was not because I had any doubt of the collection for the services of Royal Gift, for I allow no credit; nor that I inclined to receive a specific sum for them, but to place it in the power of the person, to whom, I might confide him to affix his own terms, and to avoid at the same time all grounds of dispute in a settlement thereafter.
If you incline to take him in this way, no time is to be lost in deciding at once the sum you will allow for the use of him from the first day of April until the first day of August, because it is the anxious wish of the people of this and the States northward of it to get him nearer to them, but not mine to have him far removed from Mount Vernon, or in the possession of any on whose care I cannot place entire confidence; and because if your letter does not reach this place by the 5 of next month it may come too late for your purpose if you wish to have him.
It is proper you should know that this Jack, (Royal Gift) though sure, is slow in covering, and that it has been found necessary to have a Jennet or two always at hand during the season, by way stimulus, when he is in those slothful humours.
The "Bill to establish the Post Office and Post roads within the United States" has not yet passed, nor do I know what form it may finally take.
It is highly probable, however, that the Assistants (whether one or more) will be left to the appointment of the Post Master General. I am etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 17, 1791.
Gentlemen: I have received your favors of the 9th. and 11th. instant, and shall be glad if the purchase from ... 59 should be concluded before you receive that at ... 59 as your ... 59 But as you mention that, should he ask as far as £20 or 25£ you will await further instructions before you accept such an offer: I have thought it better, in order to prevent delays, to inform you, that I could wish his lands to be purchased even at those prices, rather than not obtain them.
[Note 59:[Note 59:[Note 59: Left blank in the "Letter Book," which copy was evidently made from the press copy of the original letter sent, which was in Thomas Jefferson's writing and illegible in part.]
The Maryland Assembly has authorized a certain number of acres to be taken without the consent of the owners or making compensation as therein provided. This will be principally useful as to the old lotts of Hamburg.60 However, by purchasing up as lots, or as many as we can, we shall be free to take, on
[Note 60: Hamburg, sometimes called "Funkstown," was to the east of Rock Creek, and near the mouth of the Tiber. It was on the bank of the Potomac, bounded, roughly, by 19th and 23d Streets NW. and G Street on the north, a goodly portion of it being in what is now Potomac Park.] the terms of the act, so much of any other lands in our way, and consequently those whose proprietors refuse all arrangment. I will therefore beg the favour of you to take measures immediately for buying up all the lots you can in Hamburg, on the lowest terms you can, not exceeding the rate of twenty-five pounds the acre.
I leave it to yourselves to dispatch a private agent for this purpose to treat with the proprietors wherever to be found, or to do it by any other means which, in your discretion, shall appear not too expensive, and which may not excite suspicions of their being on behalf of the public. I am etc.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 21, 1791.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 1st. of December, and thank you as well for the readiness with which you have complied with my request to undertake the letting of my lands in your neighbourhood, as for the disposition which you express to render your best services in this way.
In my letter to you of the 25 of June last (a duplicate of which was committed to the care of Mr. Moore in August) I could not point out the precise terms upon which I wished to have my lands settled; because I knew that they must depend upon the custom of the Country, and what that was I knew not. I therefore spoke generally upon the subject, and referred you to the papers in Colonel Lewis's hands. But it was not my intention that you should be strictly confined to the terms which were there expressed. They were my own ideas on the matter, unassisted by a knowledge of the custom of the Country, which I knew must always govern in the seating of new lands. I can therefore only repeat the sentiment expressed in my former letter, which was that I wished the lands to be in a train of improvement by being settled, and that I should be relieved from the taxes of them. It was my wish that the term of time for which they might be leased should be as short as could be obtained to answer the purpose of settlement. Perhaps the quality of my lands might be an inducement for shortening the term, as more profit might be derived from them in eight years by the Cultivator than from common land in ten years. This, however, I must not calculate upon; but leave it to your judgment to seat them upon the best terms you can. I would just make one observation, which is that if it is at present dangerous64 to make settlements in that part of the Country, as it is represented to be, might it not be advisable to delay the attempt to settle until it can be done with more security; when it is highly probable that it may be done more to my advantage. But in this, as in other respects on the subject, you must have better grounds to found an opinion upon than I am possessed of and I trust that your best judgment will be exercised for my interest. With great regard, I am etc.65
[Note 64: Because of Indians.]
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 22, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I will proceed to take measures for the ransom of our citizens in captivity at Algiers, in conformity with your resolution of advice of the first instant, so soon as the monies necessary shall be appropriated by the legislature, and shall be in readiness.
The recognition of our treaty with the new Emperor of Morocco requires also previous appropriation and provision. The importance of this last to the liberty and property of our citizens induces me to urge it on your earliest attention.67
Wednesday noon, February 23, 1791.
Sir: I have this moment received your sentiments with respect to the constitutionality of the Bill, "to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States."
This bill was presented to me by the joint Commee. of Congress at 12 o'clock on Monday the 14th. instant. To what precise period, by legal interpretation of the constitution, can the President retain it in his possession, before it becomes a Law by the lapse of ten days?68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Hamilton's reply was "that you have ten days exclusive of that on which the Bill was delivered to you, and Sundays. Hence in the present case if it is returned on Friday at any time while Congress are setting, it will be in time. It might be a question, if returned after their adjournment on Friday." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 25, 1791.
Dear Sir: However highly I might be gratified by attending to my private correspondencies, as I used to do, yet so numerous and important are the public duties which my situation calls upon me to discharge, that to do justice to one I must, in some measure, give up the other. In this case it requires not the consideration of a moment to decide.
I presume, therefore, it will hardly be necessary to offer an apology to you for the want of punctuality in acknowledging the receipt of your letters. I should, however, be deficient in civility and gratitude was I not to return my best thanks for the elegantly bound volumes of your history, which you have been so polite as to send to me, and for the ardent prayers for my health and happiness which are expressed in your letters. I beg you to be assured that my good wishes attend you, and that I shall always be glad to hear of your prosperity. The forty two sets of your history which you mention to have sent over for the Subscribers have been received, as the within accounts will shew; and you have, enclosed, a bill for ... 69 Sterling in full of the balance of the accounts, and closes the business. With due regard and esteem I am etc.70
[Note 69: Left blank in the "Letter Book."]
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 28, 1791.
Gentlemen: If you have concluded nothing yet with Mr. Burn's;71 nor made him any offer for his land that is obligatory; I pray you to suspend your. negotiations with him until you hear further from me. With much esteem I am etc.72
[Note 71: David Burnes.]
[Note 72: In District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
February 28, 1791.
By the command of the President of the United States T. Lear has the honor to return to Mr. Hazard the enclosed proposals for printing by subscription a collection of State-Papers, which Mr. Hazard submitted to the President and which have been subscribed by him.
The whole or any part of the money for the President's subscription will be paid by T. Lear whenever Mr. Hazard may chuse to receive it.73
[Note 73: From the draft in the writing of Lear.]
Philadelphia, February ... 1791.
Madam: I am very sorry that it is not in my power to comply with the request made in your letter of the 22nd. of October to prevail on the Assembly of Virginia to restore a part of your son's estate that had been confiscated. However desirous I may be to render you a service in this way, yet my public situation totally forbids an application of the nature you mention; and I am persuaded, Madam, that upon reflection, you will be convinced of the impropriety of such a measure, and will be assured that my declining your request does not proceed from the want of an inclination to oblige you. I have the honor etc.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The following note is also entered in the "Letter Book:"
"Tuesday, March 1, 1791. The President of the United States having thought proper to convene the Senate on the 4th. of March, for the dispatch of public business of an Executive nature, the following Summonses were sent to the President of the Senate, and to each member of that body who were in the City of Philadelphia. A Summons was likewise addressed to every member of the Senate who was absent; but as the business for which they were about to be convened would not probably engage the Senate more than one or two days, it was not thought proper to send them to the States where the absent members resided; the Summonses of this nature were, therefore left in the Senate Chamber, when the others were sent to the residence of each individual in the City of Philadelphia."
A copy of the summons is also entered in the "Letter Book." It reads: "Certain matters touching the public good requiring that the Senate shall be convened on Friday the 4th Instant, you are desired to attend at the Senate Chamber in Philadelphia on that Day, then and there to receive and deliberate on such communications as shall be made on my part."
A separate summons in slightly different wording was sent to the Vice President, as president of the Senate. This also is entered in the "Letter Book."]
Philadelphia, March 2, 1791.
Gentlemen: Majr. L'enfant comes on to make such a survey of the grounds in your vicinity as may aid in fixing the site of the federal town and buildings. his present instructions express those alone which are within the Eastern branch, the Potowmac, the Tyber, and the road leading from George town to the ferry on the Eastern branch. he is directed to begin at the lower end and work upwards, and nothing further is communicated to him. The purpose of this letter is to desire you will not be yourselves misled by this appearance, nor be diverted from the pursuit of the objects I have recommended to you. I expect that your progress in accomplishing them will be facilitated by the presumption which will arise on seeing this operation begun at the Eastern branch, and that the proprietors nearer Georgetown who have hitherto refused to accommodate, will let themselves down to reasonable terms.
[This communication will explain to you the motive to my request in a letter of the 28th. ulto. I now authorise the renewal of the negotiations with Mr. Burns agreeably to former powers, at such time and in such a manner as, in your judgments is likely to produce the desired effect. I will add however that if the lands described by the enclosed plat, within the red dotted line from A to C thence by the Tiber to D, and along the North line to A can be obtained I shall be satisfied although I had rather go to the line A B.] I have referred Majr. L'enfant to the mayor of George town for necessary aids and expences. Should there be any difficulties on this subject, I would hope your aid in having them surmounted, tho' I have not named you to him or any body else, that no suspicions may be excited of your acting for the public. I am etc.75
[Note 75: The draft, in the writing of Jefferson, with the portion in brackets in the writing of Washington, is in the District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.
On March 3 Washington nominated certain individuals to fill vacancies in the United States Army and for promotions therein. These were confirmed by the Senate March 4 and are printed in the Executive Journal, vol. 1.]
United States, March 4, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate: The act for the admission of the State of Vermont into this Union having fixed on this as the day of its admission, it was thought that this would also be the first day on which any officer of the Union might legally perform any act of authority relating to that State. I therefore required your attendance to receive nominations of the several officers necessary to put the Federal Government into motion in that State.
For this purpose I nominate Nathaniel Chipman to be judge of the district of Vermont; Stephen Jacobs to be attorney for the United States in the district of Vermont; Lewis R. Morris to be marshal of the district of Vermont, and Stephen Keyes to be collector of the port of Allburgh, in the State of Vermont.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 4 Washington sent a message to the Senate in which, in accordance with the act repealing the duties on imported distilled spirits and laying others in their stead, he divided the United States into customs districts and nominated supervisors for same. These lists are printed in the Executive Journal.
On this same day (March 4) Washington also sent to the Senate the nominations of Arthur St. Clair to be major general, Samuel Hodgdon to be quartermaster, and John Hurt to be chaplain, in consequence of the new regiment added to the United States Army.
On March 5 Lear wrote to William Goddard and James Angell, publishers of the Baltimore Advertiser; and to Samuel Green, publisher of the Maryland Gazette, Annapolis, requesting them to insert an advertisement for 6 weeks in their papers. He also wrote to William Deakins, jr., in Georgetown, to have an inclosed advertisement inserted for 6 weeks by "the Printer at George Town," and "the Printer at Frederick Town." The advertisement was to announce that Royal Gift and the Knight of Malta "will stand at Mount-Vernon," etc. It was signed by Anthony Whiting, manager]
Sunday, March 6, 1791.
The P. would thank Mr. Jefferson for placing all, or such of the enclosed Papers (after he has perused them) in the hands of the Attorney General as he shall deem necessary for the purpose of drawing the several conveyances of the ceded Lands, or, the form of one.
For the former, it is conceived farther information than the enclosures contain, is wanting. For the latter, the agreement, and perhaps the Plat to which it refers, is all that is necessary; but the plat referred to, does not apply to the subsequent purchases.77
[Note 77: In District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.
On March 6 Lear wrote to the Secretary of War respecting the publication of the names of officers appointed to the Army, that it was the President's opinion "that although there is no doubt but the appointments to which you allude, and the object of them, are too generally known; yet as the matter has hitherto been conducted at least with appearances of secrecy on the part of the government, he conceives it would not be proper to publish the Appointments. But if lists of them are necessary for the purpose which you mention, it would be best to have such a number of them struck off by a printer as may be wanted, and one enclosed with each Commission." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 11, 1791.
Dear Sir: I write to you by this post in conformity with my promise so to do. But it is not yet in my power to determine whether I can set out on Monday or not. If I find the roads do not mend much between this time and that, I shall not be anxious about beginning my journey on that day, even if business would permit. As my fixing the day for meeting the Commissioners at George Town must depend upon my departure from this place, I cannot determine upon the former until the latter is decided. I shall write to you again by the Monday's post, and in that letter shall be able to say with certainty when I leave this city. With very great esteem, I am etc.82
[Note 82: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
City of Philadelphia, March 15, 1791.
Having thought fit pursuant to the powers vested in me by the Act entitled, "an Act repealing after the last day of June next the duties heretofore laid upon distilled Spirits imported from abroad and laying others in their stead, and also upon Spirits, distilled within the United States and for appropriating the same" to divide the United States into the following fourteen Districts, namely, one to consist of the State of New Hampshire, another to consist of the State of Massachusetts, another to consist of the State of Rhode Island, and Providence plantations, another to consist of the State of Connecticut, another to consist of the State of Vermont, another to consist of the State of New York, another to consist of the State of New Jersey, another to consist of the State of Pennsylvania, another to consist of the State of Delaware, another to consist of the State of Maryland, another to consist of the State of Virginia, another to consist of the State of North Carolina, another to consist of the State of South Carolina, and another to consist of the State of Georgia; and having by and with the advice and consent of the Senate appointed the following persons to be supervisors of the sd. Districts respectively, that is to say, for the District of New Hampshire, Joshua Wentworth, for the District of Massachusetts, Nathal. Goham, for the District of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, John S. Dexter; for the District of Connecticut, John Chester; for the District of Vermont, Noah Smith; for the District of New York, William S. Smith; for the District of New Jersey, Aaron Dunham; for the District of Pennsylvania, George Clymer; for the District of Delaware, Henry Latimer; for the District of Maryland, George Gale; for the District of Virginia, Edward Carrington; for the District of North Carolina, William Polk; for the District of South Carolina, Daniel Stevens; and for the District of Georgia, John Matthews.
I do hereby in further execution of the said powers make and establish the following supplementary arrangements Vizt.
First, that the compensations to the said Supervisions respectively shall be as follow. To the Supervisor of New Hampshire a salary of five hundred Dollars, and a commission of one half per Cent.
To the Supervisor of Massachusetts a salary of 800 Dollars and a Commission of ½ per Cent.
To the Supervisor of Rhode Island and Providence plantations a salary of 500 Dollars and a commission of ½ per Cent.
To the Supervisor of Connecticut a salary of 600 Dollars and a Commission of ½ per Cent.
To the supervisor of Vermont a salary of 400 Dollars and a Commission of ½ per Cent.
To the Supervisor of New York a salary of 800 Dollars and a commission of ½ per Cent.
To the Supervisor of New Jersey a salary of 400 Dollars and a commission of ½ per Cent.
To the Supervisor of Pennsylvania a salary of one thousand Dollars and a commission of ½ per Cent.
To the Supervisor of Delaware a salary of 400 Dollars and a commission of one per Cent.
To the Supervisor of Maryland a salary of 700 Dollars and a commission of one per Cent.
To the Supervisor of Virginia a salary of 1000 Dollars and a Commission of one per Cent.
To the Supervisor of North Carolina a salary of 700 Dollars and a commission of one per Cent.
To the Supervisor of South Carolina a salary of 700 Dollars and a commission of one per cent.
To the Supervisor of Georgia a salary of 500 Dollars and a commission of one per Cent.
Secondly, That the States hereafter mentioned shall be distributed into the following Surveys of Inspection and under the dispositions and regulations which follow Vizt.
The Districts of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Providence plantations, of Connecticut, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland for the present, and Georgia shall severally, form, each one survey, and the duties of Inspector of each Survey shall be performed by the Supervisor of the District comprehending the same.
Massachusetts shall form three Surveys No. 1, 2, and 3, the first consisting of the Province of Maine; the second, of the Counties of Essex, Middlesex, Worcester, Hampshire and Berkshire, the third of the residue of the State.
The duties of Inspector of the Survey No. I shall for the present be performed by the Supervisor.
For the Survey No. 2. there shall be an Inspector, whose compensation shall be a salary of 500 Dollars, and a commission of ½ pr. Cent. To this office I shall appoint Jonathn: Jackson.
For the Survey No. 3 there shall also be an Inspector, whose compensation shall be a salary of 500 Dollars, and a Commission of ½ pr. Cent. To this office I shall appoint Leonard Jarvis.
Pensylvania shall form four Surveys No. 1. 2. 3 and 4: the first consisting of the City and County of Philadelphia and the Counties of Bucks and Montgomery. The duties of Inspector of this survey shall for the present be performed by the Supervisor. The second consisting of the Counties of Berks, Northampton, Luzerne and Northumberland. the third consisting of the Counties of Delaware, Chester, Lancaster, York, Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Mifflin and Huntington. the fourth consisting of the Counties of Bedford, Westmoreland, Fayette, Washington and Alleghany. To each of the three last surveys there shall be an Inspector, whose compensation shall be a salary of 450 Dollars and a Commission of one per Cent. I shall appoint for No. 2. James Collins and for No. 4. John Neville. It is my wish to appoint for No. 3. Edwd. Hand. But as his acceptance of the office is doubted, and some inconveniences might attend a refusal; I have concluded to leave a Commission with a Blank for the name; desiring that you will take measures to ascertain the disposition of the said Edward Hand, and if this should appear to be in favor of an acceptance; that the blank be filled with his name; if against it with the name of John McDowel.
With regard to the District of Virginia, I shall postpone any farther arrangements till my arrival within that State.
North Carolina shall form five Surveys No. 1. 2. 3. 4. and 5., the first consisting of the counties of Wilmington, Onslow, New Hanover, Brunswick, Bladen, Duplin, Anson, Richmond, Moore, Cumberland, Robertson83 and Sampson; the second, of the Counties of Carteret, Hyde, Beaufort, Pitt, Cravin, Jones, Dobbs [ sic] Johnson,84 Wayne, the third of the Counties of Kurretuck,85 Campden, Pasquotank, Perqumans, Chowan,
[Note 83: Robeson.]
[Note 84: Johnston.]
[Note 85: Currituck.] Gates, Hartford,86 Zyrich [ sic]; the fourth of the counties of Northampton, Martin, Halifax; Nash, Edgecomb, Warren, Franklin, Caswell, Orange, Randolph, Grandville, Wake and Chatham: the fifth of the Counties of Mecklinbergh, Montgomery, Roan,87 Iredell, Surry, Stokes, Rockingham, Gilford, Lincoln, Rutherford, Burke, Wilkes. I shall appoint for the present the Collector of Wilmington as Inspector of Survey No. 1, the Collector of Newburn as Inspector of No. 2. The Collector of Edenton as Inspector of Survey No. 3, and the compensation in each Case shall be a commission of two pr. Cent.
[Note 86: Hertford.]
[Note 87: Rowan.]
To each of the Surveys Nos. 4. and 5. there shall be an Inspector whose compensation shall be a salary of 450: Dollars, and a Commission of one pr. Cent. It is my present intention to appoint for No. 4 John Whitaker, and for No. 5 John McDowel. But as I shall have an opportunity of further enquiry in the course of my journey through the State, I shall leave commissions with blanks which are not to be filled till after the tenth day of June next; but if nothing to the contrary is heard from me by that day, the Blanks are severally to be filled with the names above mentioned.
The State of South Carolina shall form three Surveys No. 1. 2. and 3. the first consisting of the Counties of Colleton, Berkely, Washington, Mareon [ sic], Bartholomew, Charlestown, Granville, Hilton, Lincoln, Shrewsbury, Winton, Orange, Lexington and Lewisburgh, the second consisting of the Counties of Wingan, Williamsburgh, Liberty, Kingston, Darlington, Chesterfield, Marlborough, Clarendon, Clermont, Lancaster, Kershaw, Richland, Fairfield, Chester, York. The third consisting of the Counties of Edge field, Abbeville, Newbury, Laurens, Union, Spartanburgh, Greenville, Pendleton. The duties of Inspector of Survey No. 1. to be performed by the Supervisor. The Collector of Georgetown to be the Inspector of No. 2. with a salary of three hundred Dollars, and a Commission of 2 pt. Cent. And for Survey No. 3, there shall be an Inspector, whose compensation shall be a salary of 450. Dollars and a commission of one per Cent. To this office I shall appoint Andrew Pickens.
The commission in each case shall be computed upon the Nett product of the duties on Spirits distilled within the United States, and within the jurisdiction of the Officer to whom it is allowed, which nett product shall be determined by deducting at each stage of the computation all anticedent charges.
Thirdly, That at every port where there is a Collector and Surveyor, the Surveyor shall be an Inspector; and at every port where there is a Collector only, he shall be an Inspector. The duties of these Inspectors except in the Cases herein before specified, shall extend only to spirits imported from foreign Countries.
Fourthly, That, for the sake of uniformity, the Officers to be appointed by the respective supervisors shall be denominated Collectors of the Revenue.
Fifthly, That the compensation to those Officers respectively shall be a commission on the sums which shall from time to time be collected by each, of two per Centum, on the duties arising on spirits distilled from foreign materials; and of 4 per Centum, on the duties arising on Spirits distilled from materials of the growth or production of the United States.
Having thus made known to you the arrangements which I have thought fit to adopt, you will proceed to notify them to whomsoever it may concern. And you will add such instructions to the respective officers, as shall be necessary for their government in the execution of their several offices, in conformity to the Law, and to the tenor of these presents.88
[Note 88: A paraphrase of this letter is entered in another "Letter Book" (No. 25) as a record of presidential action and dated March 15, in which several variations are to be noted, to wit, the North Carolina county of Duplin is there given as Dauphin, and Zyrich is given as Tyrrell. In South Carolina, Lexington County is omitted. Jonathan Jackson was named inspector of Survey No. 2, in Massachusetts, and Leonard Jarvis of Survey No. 3.
For Maryland, two surveys were established: "No. 1 comprehends the Counties of St. Mary's, Somerset, Calvert, Queen Anne's, Caroline, Kent, Charles, Talbot, Dorchester, Baltimore, Ann Arundel, Worcester, Hartford, Cecil, and Prince Georges. No. 2 consists of the Counties of Montgomery, Washington, Frederick and Alleghany. The Supervisor of the District, George Gale, officiates as Inspector of Survey No. 1, his compensation is a salary of Seven hundred Dollars, and a commission of one percent. Philip Thomas has been appointed Inspector of Survey No. 2. with a salary of Four hundred and fifty Dollars, and a commission of one per cent.
"Virginia," on which action was postponed March 15 "has been divided into seven Surveys of Inspection. No. 1 consists of the Counties of Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, Westmoreland, King George, Caroline, Hanover, Henrico, Charles City, York, Gloucester, Matthews, Middlesex, Essex, King and Queen, King William and New Kent: No. 2 of the Counties of Stafford, Prince William, Fairfax, Loudoun, Fauquier, Culpeper, Orange, Albemarle, Louisa and Spotsylvania; No. 3 of the Counties of Goochland, Fluvanna, Amherst, Bedford, Franklin, Henry, Patrick, Pittsylvania, Halifax, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, Lunenburg, Nottoway, Amelia, Powhatan, Cumberland, Buckingham, Prince Edward and Campbell: No. 4 of the Counties of Princes-Anne, Chesterfield, Norfolk, Isle of Wight, Sussex, Surry, Prince George, Dinwiddie, Brunswick, Greenesville, Southampton, Nansemond, Accomack and Northampton; No. 5, of the Counties of Frederick, Berkly, Hampshire, Hardy, Monongalia, Ohio, Harrison, Randolph, Pendleton, Augusta, Rockingham and Shenandoah; No. 6. of the Counties of Rockbridge, Botetourt, Montgomery, Wythe, Washington, Russel, Greenbriar, and Kanhawa; No. 7 consists of the District of Kentucky. Edward Carrington has been appointed Supervisor with a salary of one thousand Dollars, and a Commission of one per centum. Drury Rasgsdale has been appointed Inspector of Survey No. 1 Edward Stevens of No. 2. Mayo Carrington of No. 3. Thomas Newton of No. 4. Edward Smith of No. 5. James Brackenridge of No. 6. and Thomas Marshall of No. 7. The compensations to these Officers are, to each a salary of four hundred and fifty Dollars, and a Commission of one per centum."
For "North Carolina....William Polk has been appointed Supervisor, and a salary of seven hundred Dollars, and a commission of one per cent have been assigned him as a compensation. James Read has been appointed Inspector of Survey No. 1. John Daves of No. 2. Thomas Benbury of No. 3. John Whitaker of No. 4, and Joseph McDowell the elder of No. 5. The compensation to the Inspector of Surveys No. 1. 2. and 3. are, to each, a Commission of two per Centum; those inspectors being also Officers of the customs. A salary of four hundred and fifty Dollars and a commission of one per cent have been assigned as a compensation to the Inspectors of Surveys No. 4 and 5. respectively."
In "South Carolina....The duties of Inspector of Survey No. I are performed by the Supervisor, Daniel Stevens, to whom a salary of seven hundred Dollars and a Commission of one per cent have been assigned as a compensation. Benjamin Cudworth has been appointed Inspector of Survey No. 2. and Sylvanus Walker of No. 3. the compensation assign'd to the Inspector of Survey No. 2, is a salary of three hundred Dollars and a commission of two per centum, to the Inspector of survey No. 3 a salary of four hundred and fifty Dollars and a Commission of one per Cent.
"Georgia forms one survey. The Supervisor, John Matthews, officiates as Inspector. The compensation assigned him is a salary of five hundred Dollars, and a Commission of one per centum.
"The Ports, at which neither surveyor nor collector resides, have been placed under the inspection of the Collector or Surveyor of the District to which they belong, as the one or the other is the Inspector of the Revenue for the Port where he resides. The duties of these Inspectors axe confined to Spirits imported from abroad; and, as they bear an analogy to those which they have been accustomed to perform, no compensation has been assigned....
"The Officers directed, by the 18th. Section of the Law, to be appointed by the Supervisors, have been denominated Collectors of the Revenue. Their number has been of necessity left to the discretion of the Supervisor, with these general intimations, that they should be in all cases as few as the proper execution of the business would permit, and that, in regard to the collection of the duties on Stills, one for each County would suffice. But this regulation necessarily varies, as the stills are more or less dispersed. where they are much scattered two, three, or more counties have been assigned to the same person. The compensation to these officers is a commission, on the sums collected by each, of two per centrum on the product of the duties on spirits distilled from foreign materials; and of four per centum on the product of the duties arising from Spirits distilled from Domestic materials, whether per gallon or by the Still. This difference was dictated by the different nature of the Business."]
City of Philadelphia, March 15, 1791.
By Virtue of the several Acts, the one entitled "An Act for raising and adding another regiment to the military establishment of the United States and for making further provision for the protection of the frontiers", and the other entitled "An Act making an appropriation for the purpose therein mentioned", I do hereby authorise and empower you by yourself or any other person or persons to borrow on behalf of the United States, within the said States or elsewhere a sum or sums not exceeding in the whole, three hundred and thirty two thousand six hundred and eighty six Dollars and twenty Cents, and to make or cause to be made for that purpose such Contract or Contracts as shall be necessary, and for the interest of the said States in conformity to the said several acts subject to the restrictions and limitations therein respectively contained; and also to this further restriction, that the United States shall have a right to reimburse the principal and interest of the monies which shall be borrowed in pursuance hereof, at the end of the present year or as soon thereafter as they shall think fit. And for so doing this shall be your sufficient warrant.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 16, 1791.
My dear Sir: As this letter is wholly of a private nature, I refer you to Mr. Jefferson's official communications for every thing relative to your appointment at the court of Lisbon, &ca. and shall confine myself to acknowledging your two letters, viz. one from London of October 31. and the other from Lisbon of November 30, 1790, and to such general observations as may occur in the course of my writing.
The desponding accounts of our public affairs which you mention to have been transmitted to Europe, by a Person high in office here, are happily contradicted by facts too stubborn to be overturned; and, altho' it is to be regretted that such gloomy relations should be given by a man, who, it may be supposed, is perfectly acquainted with our political situation, yet there is some pleasure in knowing that his better half has asserted things quite contrary.90
[Note 90: A letter reported to have been written by Vice President John Adams to Dr. Richard Price, which Humphreys had not seen; but he had seen a letter from Abigail Adams "of a directly contrary tenor."]
The remarks of a foreign Count are such as do no credit to his judgment, and as little to his heart. They are the superficial observations of a few months' residence, and an insult to the inhabitants of a country, where he has received much more attention and civility than he seems to merit.91
[Note 91: Comte de Moustier's picture of American affairs "was dark and gloomy" and "Count Andriani has written things monstrously absurd and ill-founded...somebody has written to Paris, describing a person, once a Colonel in the American Army, as now employed here in intrigues relative to the Spanish war." This pointed to Humphreys and his mission. Humphreys's letter (October 31) to Washington is in the Washington Papers.]
It gives me pleasure to hear, that Mr. Paine is likely to succeed with his bridge, and Rumsey in his ingenious projects.92
[Note 92: Paine's bridge was of iron, and James Rumsey was perfecting his steamboat.]
Congress finished their session on the 3 of March, in the course of which they received and granted the applications of Kentucky and Vermont for admission into the Union; the former after August, 1792; and the latter immediately; they made provision for the interest on the national debt, by laying a higher duty than that which heretofore existed on spirituous liquors imported or manufactured; they established a national Bank; they passed a law for certain measures to be taken towards establishing a mint; and finished much other business of less importance, conducting on all occasions with great harmony and cordiality. In some few instances, particularly in passing the law for higher duties mentioned above, and more especially on the subject of the Bank, the line between the southern and eastern interests appeared more strongly marked than could have been wished; The former against and the latter in favor of those measures. But the debates were conducted with temper and candor.
The convention between Spain and England seems once more to have composed the European Powers, except the Empress and the Turks, and the Emperor appears to have settled matters pretty thoroughly in his dominions. Of the state of things in France we can form no just idea, so various and contradictory are our accounts from thence; but we most devoutly wish a speedy and happy termination of the struggle, which has for some time past convulsed that kingdom.
Peace and tranquillity pervade the territory of the United States, except on the N. W. side of the Ohio, where the frequent depredations of the Indians made it necessary to form an expedition against them last fall. But that has not been productive of the consequences which were expected from it. The Indians still continue their hostilities, and measures are now taking to convince them (if they do not see the folly of their ways before they can be carried into effect) that the enmity of the United States is as much to be dreaded as their friendship is to be desired. Our public credit is restored, our resources are increasing, and the general appearance of things at least equals the most sanguine expectation that was formed of the effects of the present government.
I am about to set out tomorrow or next day on a tour through the southern States. I am under the necessity of commencing my journey with very bad roads in order that I may take such advantage of the season as to be leaving the southern extremity before the travelling shall be rendered disagreeable, and perhaps dangerous by the heat. I expect to return to this city in the latter end of June or early in July. Since the rising of Congress I have been, and shall be till my departure, very busily engaged in making such arrangements with the several departments as will enable me to be absent for several months, without interrupting public business; and if I have not said every thing in this letter that I intended, or that you might expect, it must be imputed to the hurry of the moment. But at any rate there is one thing I must not omit, which is to tell you, that I am very sincerely your affectionate friend.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Phila., March 17, 1791.
Gentlemen: On passing thro George town I propose to examine the ground between that town and the Eastern branch, and on that examination to fix on a site for the public buildings. Should there be any circumstances in favour of the ground next adjoining to George town, I foresee that the old town of Hamburg will be a considerable obstacle, as the streets of that will probably not coincide with those which might be proposed for the federal city. on behalf of the public I should be much pleased if the proprietors of lots in that town would voluntarily consent to cede them at such price as may be set on the adjacent lands which have been or shall be ceded.
I will ask the favor of you to have application made to them in time for their decision to meet me at George town.95
[Note 95: The draft, in the writing of Thomas Jefferson, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress. The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, March 17, 1791.
Dear Sir: The enclosed letter was written to go by the post of yesterday, but was omitted to be put to the Office in season.
I have thought best, upon every consideration, to fix on monday next for the day of my departure from this city. In which case, I expect to be four days in travelling to Baltimore; and as I shall be under the necessity of going by the way of Annapolis, I must calculate upon three days more for my journey from Baltimore to that place and my stay there;97 one day will carry
[Note 97: See footnote (78) to "Southern Tour Itinerary," Mar. 10, 1791, ante.] me from thence to George Town; which will bring it to Monday the 28th of this month, at which time, if no accident intervenes, I shall expect to meet the Commissioners at that place, of which I will thank you to give them notice. With very great regard I am etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Tobias Lear in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 17, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 11th. instant,99 and the papers therewith transmitted.
[Note 99: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
The Attorney-General, to whom they were referred, has reported an opinion,1 of which the enclosed is a copy.
[Note 1: The Attorney General's opinion is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
With great esteem I am etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 17 Washington wrote to the Secretary of State: "The P. has just recd. the enclosed. He prays Mr. Jefferson to write by tomorrows Post to Major L'Enfant agreeably to what was mentioned this morning." Jefferson furnished a draft of this proposed letter and Washington wrote another of his laconic notes to the effect that: "The Postscript to your letter of this morning is quite sufficient for the purpose intended."
A press copy of the postscript to Jefferson's letter of March 17 to Major L'Enfant reads: "there are certainly considerable advantages on the Eastern branch: but there are very strong reasons also in favor of the position between Rock creek and Tyber independent of the face of the ground. it is the desire that the public mind should be in equilibria between these two places till the President arrives, and we shall be obliged to you to endeavor to poise their expectations." This press copy of the postscript, together with the above notes, are in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1791.
With every disposition, my dear Madam, to serve you either in my public or private capacity, I have to regret that such is the nature of the request contained in your letter of the 23 ultimo as to preclude the possibility of my being useful to you in the matter to which it relates. This will more fully appear from an opinion on the subject given by the Attorney General, to whom as a legal character, and a friend, I submitted the consideration of your letter. His answer is herewith transcribed, and will serve, at least, to shew the ready compliance paid to your request by Madam, Your etc.3
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
March 19, 1791.
The President concurs with the Secretary of State in opinion that, circumstances make it advisable to commit to Mr. Short and the Marqs. de la Fayette to press in a discreet manner, our settlement with the Court of Spain on a broader bottom than merely that of the case of St. Marie, and authorises him to take measures accordingly.4
[Note 4: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 19, 1791.
Pay or cause to be paid to the Secretary of State Forty thousand Dollars to be applied to the purposes of the Act, intitled "An Act providing the means of Intercourse between the United States and foreign Nations" for which this shall be your warrant.7
Georgetown, Maryland, March 29, 1791.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to receive your Excellency's obliging letter of the 8th. instant last evening. I am thus far on my tour through the southern States; but, as I travel with only one sett of horses, and must make occasional halts, the progress of my journey is exposed to such uncertainty as admits not of fixing a day for my arrival at Charleston.
While I express the grateful sense, which I entertain of your Excellency's polite offer to accommodate me at your house during my stay in Charleston, your goodness will permit me to deny myself that pleasure. Having, with a view to avoid giving inconvenience to private families, early prescribed to myself the rule of declining all invitations to quarters on my journies, I have been repeatedly under a necessity similar to the present of refusing those offers of hospitality, which would otherwise have been both pleasing and acceptable.
I beg your Excellency to be persuaded of the sincere esteem etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Georgetown, March 30, 1791.
Whereas by a proclamation bearing date the 24th. day of January of this present year, and in pursuance of certain acts of the States of Maryland and Virginia, and of the Congress of the United States therein mentioned, certain lines of experiment were directed to be run in the neighbourhood of Georgetown in Maryland for the purpose of determining the location of a part of the territory of ten miles square for the permanent seat of the government of the United States, and a certain part was directed to be located within the said lines of experiment on both sides of the Potomac, and above the limit of the eastern branch prescribed by the said act of Congress.
And Congress by an amendatory act passed on the third day of the present month of March have given further authority to the President of the U. S. "to make any part of the territory below the said limit, and above the mouth of hunting Creek, a part of the said district, so as to include a convenient part of the eastern branch, and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof, and also the town of Alexandria."
Now therefore for the purpose of amending and completing the location of the whole of the said territory of the ten miles square in conformity with the said amendatory act of Congress, I do hereby declare and make known that the whole of the said territory shall be located and included within the four lines following, that is to say:
Beginning at Jones's point, the upper cape of Hunting Creek in Virginia, and at an angle in the outset of 45 degrees west of the north: and running in a direct line ten miles for the first line: then beginning again at the same Jones's point, and running another direct line at a right angle with the first across the Potowmack, ten miles for the second line: then from the termination of the said first and second lines running two other direct lines of ten miles each, the one crossing the eastern branch aforesaid, and the other the Potowmac and meeting each other in a point.
And I do accordingly direct the Commissioners, named under the authority of the said first mentioned act of Congress, to proceed forthwith to have the said four lines run, and by proper metes and bounds defined and limited, and thereof to make due report under their hands and seals: and the territory so to be located, defined, and limited, shall be the whole territory accepted by the said acts of Congress as the district for the permanent seat of the government of the U. S.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. A draft of this proclamation, in Jefferson's writing, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress, and contains the following, which was not incorporated in the proclamation as issued.
...And Whereas the said first mentioned act of Congress did further enact that the said Commissioners should, under the direction of the President of the U. S. provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress and of the President and for the public offices of the government of the United States, I do hereby further declare and make known, that [the highest summit of lands in the town heretofore called Hamburg, within the said territory, with a convenient extent of grounds circumjacent, shall be appropriated for a Capitol for the accommodation of Congress, and such other lands between Georgetown and the stream heretofore called the Tyber, as shall on due examination be found convenient and sufficient, shall be appropriated for the accommodation of the President of the U. S. for the time being, and for the Public offices of the government of the U. S.]* And I do hereby direct the said Commissioners accordingly.
"In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the U. S. to be affixed to these presents and signed the same with my hand. Done at Georgetown aforesaid the ... day of March in the year of our Lord 1791 and of the Independence of the U. S. the fifteenth."
(*The part within brackets being conjectural, will be rendered conformable to the ground when more accurately examined.)
See Washington's letter to the Secretary of State, Mar. 31, 1791, post.]
Philadelphia,14 March 31, 1791.
[Note 14: A mistake of the "Letter Book" copyist. The place should be Mount Vernon.]
Sir: Since writing to you on the 21st. of February by Mr. Moore, (in which letter I gave some instructions respecting my lands in your neighbourhood) I have disposed of all my lands on the Ohio and great Kanawa to Mr. de Barth a french Gentleman. I have therefore to request that you will stop all measures, which you may have taken, or may be about to take relative to the settling or otherwise disposing of my lands agreeably to any instructions which I may have given for that purpose. As I have engaged to deliver them to Mr. de Barth free from all incumbrances. And, should any steps have been taken in the business, I must beg you to withdraw them so as to leave the lands entirely free. You will likewise be so good as to return me the draughts &ca. of the land, which you received from Colonel Lewis.
I must in the meantime beg you to be assured, Sir, that I have a proper sense of your attention and goodness in the readiness with which you have given me your assistance towards my arranging this property, and my best thanks are offered therefor. With very great esteem etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1791.
Dear Sir: Having been so fortunate as to reconcile the contending interests of Georgetown and Carrollsburg,16 and to unite them in such an agreement as permits the public purposes to be carried into effect on an extensive and proper scale, I have the pleasure to transmit to you the enclosed proclamation, which, after annexing your counter signature and the seal of the United States, you will cause to be published.
[Note 16: Carrollsburg was bounded by the Eastern Branch, or Anacostia River, and James Creek; it extended as far north as N Street SW.]
The terms agreed on between me, on the part of the United States, with the Land holders of Georgetown and Carrollsburg are. That all the land from Rock creek along the river to the Eastern-branch and so upwards to or above the Ferry17 including a breadth of about a mile and a half, the whole containing from three to five thousand acres is ceded to the public, on condition That, when the whole shall be surveyed and laid off as a city, (which Major L'Enfant is now directed to do) the present Proprietors shall retain every other lot; and, for such part of the land as may be taken for public use, for squares, walks, &ca., they shall be allowed at the rate of Twenty five pounds per acre. The Public having the right to reserve such parts of the wood on the land as may be thought necessary to be preserved for ornament &ca. The Land holders to have the use and profits of all their ground until the city is laid off into lots, and sale is made of those lots which, by this agreement, become public property. No compensation is to be made for the ground that may be occupied as streets or alleys.
[Note 17: At the foot of Kentucky Avenue SE.]
To these conditions all the principal Land holders except the purchaser of Slater's property who did not attend have subscribed, and it is not doubted that the few, who were not present, will readily assent thereto; even the obstinate Mr. Burns has come into the measure.
The enlarged plan of this agreement having done away the necessity and indeed postponed the propriety, of designating the particular spot, on which the public buildings should be placed, until an accurate survey and sub-division of the whole ground is made, I have left out that paragraph of the proclamation.
It was found, on running the lines that the comprehension of Bladensburg within the district, must have occasioned the exclusion of more important objects, and, of this I am convinced as well by my observation as Mr. Ellicott's opinion. With great regard and etc.18
[Note 18: In the writing of William Jackson in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 19: Hannah Fairfax, youngest daughter of William Fairfax, and widow of Warner Washington.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1791.
My dear Madam: The letters with which you were pleased to honor me dated the 24th of February and 12th. of March came duly to hand. The last at George town, the other at Philadelphia; but neither before arrangements had been taken (by letter) with the Supervisor of the Virginia District respecting the appointment of proper characters for collecting the duty on ardent Spirits and Stills.
At all times it would give me pleasure, as far as is consistent with my public duty, to comply with any request or wish of yours. To fill offices with characters best qualified to discharge the duties thereof (as far as I am able to judge of them) must always be the primary motive to every appointment with me. When, happily, such considerations as you have urged in favor of Mr. Norton20 can be combined therewith it would be highly pleasing to my mind to give them their due weight. But, as I have just observed, measures had been taken previous to the receipt of either of your letters for fixing on proper persons as receivers of the above duties; how far the choice of them is made I am unable to inform you. Mrs. Washington, I can answer for it, will be much pleased by your friendly recollection of her; and if we should once more enjoy in retirement this peaceful mansion, it would add to the pleasures of it to see you
[Note 20: George F. Norton, of Winchester, Va. His application for appointment is in the Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.] under its roof. I will not conclude without offering my condolence on the occasion of your late loss,21 and the strongest assurances of the affecte. regard, with which I am etc.22
[Note 21: The death of Warner Washington in the year 1790.]
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 27th. ult. with the papers which accompanied it. Referring to your judgment whether a commission, similar to that intended for Mr. Barclay,27 may be given without the agency of the Senate, I return both papers to you signed, in order that the one you deem most proper may be used.
[Note 27: Thomas Barclay. His commission conferred on him the rank of consul. He carried with him a letter to the Emperor of Morocco which Sparks prints under date of March 31. It was merely the usual form of a letter of credence prepared by the Department of State, and as it is not, strictly speaking, any more of a Washington document than dozens of other formal papers prepared for the President's signature, it is omitted here.]
Your opinions respecting the acts of force which have already taken place, or may yet take place on our boundaries, meets my concurrence, as the safest mode of compelling propositions to an amicable settlement; and it may answer a good purpose to have them suggested in the way you mention.28 Should this matter assume a serious aspect during my absence I beg you to communicate particulars with all possible despatch.
[Note 28: Jefferson's opinion was that any acts of force by the British authorities to remove American settlers from their homes on the northeastern and northwestern frontiers, a direct consequence, in the northwestern area, of the British refusal to evacuate the western posts, should be met by force, and that the settlers should ask the aid of the neighboring militia.]
The most superb edifices may be erected, and I shall wish their inhabitants much happiness, and that too very disinterestedly, as I shall never be of the number myself.
It will be fortunate for the American public if private Speculations in the lands, still claimed by the Aborigines, do not aggrevate those differences, which policy, humanity, and justice concur to deprecate.29
[Note 29: Jefferson had written (March 27): "You Know of Mr. R. Morris's purchase of Gorham and Phelps of 1,300,000 acres of land of the state of Massachusetts, at 5d an acre. it is said that he has sold 1,200,000 acres of these in Europe thro' the agency of W. Franklin, who it seems went on this business conjointly with that of printing his grand father's works. Mr. Morris, under the name of Ogden, and perhaps in partnership with him has brought the residue of the lands held in the same country by Massachusetts, for 100,000£. the Indian title of the former purchase has been extinguished by Gorham, but that of the latter is not. perhaps it cannot be. in that case a similarity of interest will produce an alliance with the Yazoo companies. perhaps a sale might be made in Europe to purchasers ignorant of the Indian right." A press copy of the original is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress."]
I am much indebted to your kind concern for my safety in travelling; no accident has yet happened either from the high hanging of the carriage, or the mode of driving. The latter I must continue as my Postilion (Giles) is still too much indisposed to ride the journey. It occurs to me that you may not have adverted to Judge Putnam's30 being in the Western Country at present. Perhaps General Knox can furnish you with the maps you want, or they may be found among those that are in my study in Philadelphia.
[Note 30: Rufus Putnam.]
I expect to leave Mount Vernon, in prosecution of my Southern tour, on tuesday or wednesday next; I shall halt one day at Fredericksburgh and two at Richmond; thence I shall proceed to Charlestown by the way of Petersburg, Halifax, Tarborough, Newbern, Wilmington, and George Town, without making any halts between Richmond and Charleston but such as may be necessary to accommodate my journey. I am sincerely and affectionately etc.31
[Note 31: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 1, 1791.
Gentn: Being accustomed to write to you respecting the grounds for the fedl. City, I continue the practice.
It may be tuesday or wednesday next before I shall leave this place, by which (say by mondays Post) I should be glad to hear what progress has been made, and what still remains to be done, in the business which so happily commenced on tuesday last under the accommodating spirit which then prevailed.32
[Note 32: Georgetown and Carrollsburg were contending for the location of seat of government. Washington's "Diary" (March 30) records: "The parties to whom I addressed myself yesterday evening, having taken the matter into consideration saw the propriety of my observations; and that whilst they were contending for the shadow they might loose the substance; and therefore mutually agreed and entered into articles to surrender for public purposes, one half of the land they severally possessed within bounds which were designated as necessary for the City to stand with some other stipulations, which were inserted in the instrument which they respectively subscribed."]
The Subscription paper has been, I presume, deposited in the hands of the Commissioners, for the purpose of drawing conveyances. I should be glad nevertheless to receive a copy of it, with the names of the Subscribers annexed thereto for my own satisfaction. The general tenor of the agreement was I well remember pleasing to me, and, in my opinion reciprocally beneficial to all the parties, but I do not now recollect with precision whether is is fully expressed that the lots left to the disposal of the several proprietors, by the conditions of their grants, are subject to all the rules and regulations (with respect to the buildings &ca. &ca.) as the public ones are. This unquestionably ought to be the case; it was evidently my meaning that they should be so, and unless it is so, one of the great objects, to wit, uniformity and beauty, may be defeated.
The Mail of Wednesday brought me a letter from Mr. Jefferson dated the 27th. Ulto. in which is the following paragraph.
A bill was yesterday ordered to be brought into the house of representatives here33 for granting a sum of money for building a federal-hall, house for the President &ca.
[Note 33: House of Representatives of Pennsylvania.]
This (though I do not wish that it should be expressed as my sentiment) unfolds most evidently the views of P--,34 at the sametime that it proves in a striking manner the propriety of the measure adopted by the George town and Carrollsburgh proprietors on wednesday last; as also the necessity of their compleating the good work they have begun in a speedy, and in an effectual manner that the consequent arrangements may take place without delay. With esteem and regard I am etc.35
[Note 34: Pennsylvania.]
[Note 35: From the draft in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1791.
Gentlemen: As the Instrument which was subscribed at George Town, by the Land holders in the vicinity of that place and Carrollsburg, was not given to me, I presume it has been deposited with you. It is of the greatest moment to close this business with the Proprietors of the lands on which the federal City is to be, that consequent arrangements may be made without more delay than can be avoided.
The form of the conveyances as drawn by the Attorney General will, I presume, require alteration, or a counterpart, as the present agreement essentially differs from the former. If Mr. Johnson could, conveniently undertake to prepare such a deed as he thinks would answer all the purposes, of the public and the Grantees, I am sure it would be efficiently done. If this cannot be, then it might be well to furnish the Attorney-General of the United States with a copy of the agreement, with the papers I left with you, and such other information as will enable him to do it.
To accomplish this matter so as that the Sales of the lots, the public buildings, &c. may commence with as much facility as the nature of the case will admit, would be, I conceive, advisable under any circumstances; perhaps the friends of the measure may think it materially so from the following extract of a letter from Mr. Jefferson to me, dated the 27th. Ult.
A Bill was yesterday ordered to be brought into the House of Representatives here for granting a sum of money for building a federal-hall house of the President &c.
This (though I do not want any sentiment of mine promulgated with respect to it) marks unequivocally in my mind, the designs of that state; and the necessity of exertion to carry the Residence Law into effect agreeably thereto. With great and sincere esteem etc.36
[Note 36: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 37: Of Chestertown, Md.]
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1791.
Sir: The enclosed letters contain all the information I can give respecting the proceedings of Colvil's executors against Mr. Sidney George. It will appear from these (as I think I mentioned to you) that the bond had been considered as lost, and that the only resort, in case of non-payment, was to a Court of Chancery. Whether such a suit was instituted by Mr. Chalmers is more than I am able to inform you, or whether any further correspondence took place between Mr. West and him, does not appear from any papers I possess or have access to.
It will be recollected that our dispute with G. Britain commenced soon after the interchange of the enclosed letters, and that the Courts of justice were long shut up. During this period Mr. John West, the acting Executor, died; Mrs. Francine Colvil, executrix of the will, having died before him. By these events I became the only surviving Executor, and it must be noticed that from the year 1774, until the close of the war I was from home, and unable to give attention to this or any other private concern. That, previous thereto, the execution of the will rested nearby, if not wholly, upon Mr. John West, and that it is but lately that the bond has been recovered.
Under these circumstances I pray you to apply to the Representative of Mr. Sidney George for payment of it, and, in case of refusal to bring suit thereon that, in any event, my administration in this particular may stand justified.
Through any channel you may direct, your fee and the cost of suit shall be paid. I am etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1791.
Dear Sir: You will readily agree with me that the best interests of the United States require such an intimation to be made to the Governor of Canada, either directly or indirectly, as may produce instructions to prevent the Indians receiving military aid or supplies from the british posts or garrisons. The notoriety of this assistance has already been such as renders enquiry into particulars unnecessary. Colonel Beckwith seems peculiarly designated to be the channel of an indirect intimation. Referring the mode and extent of communicating with him to your own discretion, I wish it may be suggested in such manner as to reach Lord Dorchester, or the Officer commanding in Canada, that certain information has been received of large supplies of ammunition being delivered to the hostile Indians, from british posts, about the commencement of last campaign. And, as the United States have no other view in prosecuting the present war against the Indians, than, in the failure of negociation, to procure, by arms, peace and safety to the inhabitants of their frontier, they are equally surprised and disappointed at such an interference by the servants or subjects of a foreign State, as seems intended to protract the attainment of so just and reasonable an object.
These are my sentiments on this subject at the present moment; yet so unsettled do some circumstances appear that it is possible you may see a necessity either to treat it very delicately or to decline acting on it altogether. The option is therefore left to your judgment as events may make the one or the other the part of propriety. The enclosed paper is transmitted and referred to you in the state I received it. I am &c.43
[Note 43: In the writing of William Jackson in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. Ford and Sparks date this April 3.]
[Note 44: Formerly lieutenant colonel of the Fourth Virginia Regiment, Continental Army; later lieutenant colonel of Kentucky Militia on St. Clair's expedition. Sparks prints this letter as to John Darke.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1791.
Dear Sir: The purport of this letter is to request your service in a matter of immediate importance to the United States; my knowledge of your public dispositions assures me, that it will receive your ready attention. I shall premise its object by informing you that in pursuance of an act of the last session of Congress an additional military force consisting of one regular regiment, two regiments of levies for six months, and such a proportion of militia as may be thought necessary are ordered to be raised for the service of the United States, to be employed, unless the measures now taking to restore peace should make it unnecessary, in an expedition against certain tribes of western Indians.
The command in chief is given to General St. Clair; that of the levies to General Butler45 and that of the militia to General Scott.46 The command of one regiment of levies, to consist of three battalions, to be raised in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, was given to Colonel H. Lee, and, on his declining, before I adverted to the idea of appointing you, Colonel Hall was, on the suggestion of the Secretary of war, named to succeed him; should Colonel Hall decline it is my wish that you would accept the command of the regiment; and that, in the meantime whether you enter into the service or not yourself, you would be so good as, immediately on the receipt of this letter, which will be your authority for so doing, to appoint from among the Gentlemen that are known to you, and whom you would recommend as proper characters, and think likely to recruit their men, three persons as Captains, three as Lieutenants, and three as Ensigns in the battalion of levies to be raised in the State of Virginia, for the service of the United States, for the term of six months, after arriving at their place of rendezvous. That you would instruct the said officers immediately to set about engaging recruits who may be ready, on the order of the Secretary of war, or the Commandant of the battalion, to embody and march to the place of rendezvous. Enclosed is a statement of the pay, clothing, forage, and rations to be allowed to the Levies.
[Note 45: Maj. Gen. Richard Butler, of the United States Levies.]
[Note 46: Brig. Gen. Charles Scott.]
My confidence in your ability and disposition to render that service to the public which I now request of you, persuades me that you will immediately appoint three Captains, three Lieutenants, and three Ensigns, so well qualified for their several trusts that these companies of the Virginia battalion of levies will be recruited without delay, and ready to repair to their rendezvous by the time that the order for so doing is received either from the Secretary of war, or the Commandant of the battalion. You will be pleased to make a return of the officers, whom you appoint, to General Knox at Philadelphia, and signify at the same time your own determination with respect to accepting the command if Colonel Hall should have declined.
I am thus far on a tour through the southern States, and a press of business only allows me time to repeat my belief that you will complete this matter in a manner highly honorable to yourself and beneficial to the public. I am &c.
P. S. Should there be any officers of the late army, whom you think in all other respects equal to the appointments I wish them to be preferred; but the substantial requisites of being proper for the service, and likely to recruit their men, must ever be held in view and they must be raised on. your side of the river.47
[Note 47: On April 4 Washington wrote briefly to the Secretary of War, that he had authorized Darke to make the appointments. This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1791.
Sir: Although I do not conceive that you will derive any material advantage from an examination of the enclosed papers, yet, as they have been drawn by different persons, and under different circumstances, they may be compared with your own ideas of a proper plan for the Federal City (under the prospect which now presents itself to us.) For this purpose I commit them to your private inspection until my return from the tour I am abt. to make. The rough sketch48 by Mr. Jefferson was done under an idea that no offer, worthy of consideration, would come from the Land holders in the vicinity of Carrollsburg (from the backwardness which appeared in them); and therefore, was accommodated to the grounds about George Town. The other, is taken up upon a larger scale, without reference to any described spot.
[Note 48: A press copy of this sketch is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. It is reproduced in W. B. Bryan's History of the National Capital (New York: 1914), vol. 1, p. 130, under the misleading caption of "Jefferson's Plan of the Mall."]
It will be of great importance to the public interest to comprehend as much ground (to be ceded by individuals) as there is any tolerable prospect of obtaining. Although it may not be immediately wanting, it will nevertheless encrease the Revenue; and of course be benificial hereafter, not only to the public, but to the individual proprietors; in as much, as the plan will be enlarged, and thereby freed from those blotches, which otherwise might result from not comprehending all the lands that appear well adapted to the general design; and which, in my opinion, are those between Rock Creek, the Potowmac river and the Eastern branch, and as far up the latter as the turn of the channel above Evans' point; thence including the flat back of Jenkins's height; thence to the Road leading from George Town to Bladensburgh, as far Easterly along the same as to include the branch which runs across it, somewhere near the exterior of the George Town cession; thence in a proper direction to Rock Creek at, or above the ford, according to the situation of the ground. Within these limits there may be lands belonging to persons incapacitated, though willing to convey on the terms proposed; but such had better be included, than others excluded, the proprietors of which are not only willing, but in circumstances to subscribe. I am etc.49
[Note 49: From the Digges-Morgan-L'Enfant Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1791.
Gentlemen: As the public service may require that communications should be made to me, during my absence from the seat of government, by the most direct conveyances; and as, in the event of any very extraordinary occurrence, it will be necessary to know at what time I may be found in any particular place, I have to inform you that unless the progress of my journey to Savannah is retarded by unforeseen interruptions it will be regulated (including days of halt) in the following manner. I shall be
Thence, leaving the line of the mail, I shall proceed to Augusta, and, according to the information which I may receive there, my return, by an upper road will be regulated.
The route of my return is at present uncertain, but in all probability, it will be through Columbia, Camden, Charlotte, Salisbury, Salem, Guilford, Hillsborough, Harrisburg, Williamsburg to Taylor's ferry on the Roanoke, and thence to Fredericksburg by the nearest and best road.
After thus explaining to you, as far as I am able at present, the direction and probable progress of my journey, I have to express my wish, if any serious and important cases should arise during my absence, (of which the probability is but too strong) that the Secretaries for the Departments of State, Treasury, and War may hold consultations thereon, to determine whether they are of such a nature as to require my personal attendance at the seat of government; and, if they should be so considered, I will return immediately from any place at which the information may reach me. Or should they determine that measures, relevant to the case, may be legally and properly pursued without the immediate agency of the President, I will approve and ratify the measures, which may be conformed to such determination.
Presuming that the Vice-President will have left the seat of government for Boston, I have not requested his opinion to be taken on the supposed emergency; should it be otherwise I wish him also to be consulted. I am etc.50
[Note 50: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th. Ult came duly to hand. For the information contained in it, and for the notes which accompanied the same, I thank you.
Every expedient, as I believe you know, is in operation to avert a War with the hostile Indian tribes, and to keep those who are in treaty with us in good temper; but I am nearly thoroughly convinced that neither will be effected, or, if effected, will be of short duration while land jobbing and the disorderly conduct of our borderers is suffered with impunity; and whilst the States individually are omitting no occasion to interfere in matters which belong to the general Government.
It is not more than four or five months since the Six Nations or part of them were assured (through the medium of Colo. Pickering) that thence forward they would be spoken to by the Government of the United States only and the same thing was repeated in strong terms to the Cornplanter at Philadelphia afterwards. Now, as appears by the extract from Mr. King, the Legislature of New York are going into some negotiations with these very people. What must this evince to them? Why, that we pursue no system, and that our declarations are not to be regard. [ sic] To sum the whole up in a few words: the interferences of States, and the speculations of Individuals will be the bane of all our public measures.51 Sincerely and Affectionately I am etc.
[Note 51: John C. Hamilton prints the following portion of Hamilton's reply to this letter, dating it April 10: "It is to be lamented, that our system is such as still to leave the public peace of the Union at the mercy of each State government. This is not only the case as it regards direct interferences, but as it regards the inability of the national government, in many particulars, to take those direct measures for carrying into execution its views and engagements which exigences require. For example; a party comes from a county of Virginia into Pennsylvania, and wantonly murders some friendly Indians. The national government, instead of having power to apprehend the murderers and bring them to justice, is obliged to make a representation to that of Pennsylvania; that of Pennsylvania again is to make a representation to that of Virginia. And whether the murderers shall be brought to justice at all, must depend upon the particular policy and energy and good disposition of two State governments, and the efficacy of the provisions of their respective laws; and the security of other States, and the money of all, are at the discretion of one. These things require a remedy." Hamilton's letter is not now found in the Washington Papers, and no copy or draft is found in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1791.
Sir: I shall be at Richmond on the 11th. instant, where I desire to have the pleasure of meeting you on that day, to take measures for arranging the Inspectorates of the district of Virginia of which you have been appointed Supervisor.
To ensure certainty to the transmission of this letter it is enclosed to Governor Randolph, who is requested to forward it by express, if not direct conveyance offers immediately. I am etc.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers]
Mount Vernon, April 7, 1791.
Dear Sir: Judging it necessary, before I left Mount Vernon which I shall do this morning, to place the organization of the Virginia battalion of Levies on a certainty, I have devolved on [delivered to] Colonel Darck, who lives near Shepperds town in Berkley County, an authority to appoint all the officers, and, when appointed, to direct the Major to repair immediately to Philadelphia, to receive your instructions; and the Captains and Subalterns to commence the recruiting service.
Your further instructions, on this subject, you will either communicate to Colonel Darck by letter, or forward to him by the Major when he waits on you.
If Colonel Hall declines, and Colonel Darck agrees to accept the command of the regiment, everything will be in a regular train of settlement with Colonel Darck; but, if he should not enter into the service himself, I have directed him to report his expences in this business to you, and I have to request that his accounts may be examined and paid.
Should neither of these Gentn. agree to command the regiment, I wish you to appoint some other person, the best qualified, who will accept.
Your letter of the 1st. instr. to Major Jackson is recd; a summary of what has been written to Col. Darck will be communicated to Genl. Butler for his government, in a letter, this morning. I am etc.54
[Note 54: The draft is in the writing of William Jackson.
On April 7 Washington wrote practically this same letter, down to the t, to Maj. Gen. Richard Butler, and added: "I have given this information to you to prevent any clashing in the measures which might be adopted to officer the battalion, and as it may be best that you should see Colonel Darke as soon as you have finished what remains to be done in Maryland, I have informed him that you are on the way through Maryland to Virginia for the purpose of completing the arrangements of both battalions, informing him that he is in the meantime to continue the service which I have requested him to perform." This addition, together with the letter to Butler, was forwarded in the care of Otho Holland Williams, with a brief note to the latter, dated April 7, and is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 7, 1791.
Dear Sir: A second necessity having arisen for my troubling you on the subject of officering the Virginia battalion of levies, I again beg leave to request your assistance therein.
I had written to Major Powell, who lives about six miles from Alexandria, informing him of his appointment to the majority of the battalion, and requesting to see him at Mount Vernon immediately, but he has not appeared nor have I heard from him, which leads me to conclude he cannot be found.
The necessity of placing this business upon a certainty before I proceed on my journey to Savannah which I shall do today, induces me to refer it entirely to you.
You will therefore, in addition to the appointments, which, in consequence of my first letter, you may have already made, be pleased to appoint a proper person to be Major Commandant of the battalion, another Captain, one lieutenant, and one Ensign.
The enclosed gazette contains the law for raising the Troops, which shews that a bounty of three dollars a man is allowed to the levies. This encouragement in aid of the pay, rations, and clothing, of which I enclosed to you an abstract, induces me to hope that the recruiting service will go on briskly. The Virginia-battalion will be ordered to rendezvous at Winchester, where supplies of arms, ammunitions, clothing, and rations will be provided for them. On this subject further instructions will be given by the Secretary of war, to whom I have communicated the authority which I have devolved on you to appoint all the officers of the battalion, and to instruct them, when appointed, to enter on the recruiting service.
Should Colonel Hall decline his appointment, and you agree to accept the command of the regiment, the repayment of expence, which you may incur in this business, will be in a regular train. But, should you not enter into the service yourself, you will, in that case, transmit your account to the Secretary of war, who will be instructed to discharge it.
As a battalion is recruiting in Maryland, it will be necessary, to prevent interference, that the Virginia levies should be raised on your side of the river, and, to effect this with facility, you may find it necessary to appoint the officers from different districts, but, of this, being on the spot, you will be the best judge. And to your care and zeal I refer, with confidence, the whole arrangement, not doubting that your report of it to the Secretary of War will be perfectly satisfactory.
Major Bedinger's name55 presents itself to my mind, and therefore I just mention it to you. As without men the officers will not be wanted, you will be pleased to inform them that the confirmation of their appointments must necessarily depend on them being able to raise the men.
[Note 55: George Michael Bedinger. He was appointed major of the Virginia Levies in place of--Powell; major, U.S. Army, in 1792; resigned in February, 1793.]
You will instruct the Gentleman, who is appointed Major-Commandant of the battalion, to repair immediately to Philadelphia to receive the orders of the Secretary of War.
Major General Butler, who, in my former letter, I informed you is appointed to command all the levies, is now on his way, through Maryland, to Virginia to close all the arrangements respecting them, he will of course see you, but I request that this circumstance may in no degree delay the measures I have requested you to take for organising the battalion. The only change necessary is that you should direct the Major to see General Butler before he goes to Philadelphia, as that may make his going unnecessary.
Should Captain Hannah be the Bearer of this letter, you will please to appoint him to one of the companies, allowing him to appoint his own subalterns, and they will recruit the company perhaps in the neighbourhood of Alexandria.
Should the letter be delivered to you by an Express you will then proceed to make all the appointments as you think proper. With great regard and esteem I am etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Washington reached Fredericksburg April 8, and on April 9 received and answered an address from the corporation of the town. Both the address and answer are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On April 12, in Richmond, Washington received and answered an address from the mayor, aldermen, and commonalty of the city. Both the address and answer are recorded in the "Letter Book."]
[Note 57: Thomas Johnson, David Smart, and Daniel Carroll.]
Richmond, April 13, 1791.
Gentlemen: Agreeably to the assurance given to Mr. Carroll, I applied, immediately upon my arrival in this city, to Governor Randolph for two thousand dollars for federal purposes under your direction. Although by the law of this State, the payments of the one hundred and twenty thousand dollars are to be made by installments, the Governor is well disposed to advance the money at earlier periods; but alas! the treasury is empty. He has promised me however that, so soon as he can obtain the above sum, it shall be remitted or made subject to your draught.
My anxiety to have the agreement which was entered into at Georgetown on the 30th. ult. carried into full and complete effect, by legal conveyances, is such (thereby leaving nothing to chance) that I cannot forbear repeating my wish that it may be done without delay, notwithstanding the persuasion I am under that the propriety of the measure will prompt you to the execution of the business in a manner best calculated to answer the public purposes.
It having been intimated to me that the Proprietors of George Town are desirous of being comprehended within the limits of the federal city, I see no objection to the measure provided the Landholders, adjoining to it, included within the red lines of Messrs. Beatty and Orme's Survey,58 referred to in the first offer from George Town, agree to cede to the public on the same terms with those under the last (or combined) agreement; and if those within the blue lines are likewise desirous of being comprehended, on the same terms, it may be done. The doing of which would only place them on the same footing with the rest of the Subscribers, at the same time that it would render the plan more comprehensive, beneficial, and promising, drawing the centre of the federal city near to the present town.
[Note 58: Charles Beatty and Archibald Orme.]
If this measure is seriously contemplated the present is the fit moment for carrying it into effect; because, in that case it will become part of the original plan, and the old and new towns would be blended and assimilated as nearly as circumstances will admit; and Major L'Enfant might be instructed to lay out the whole accordingly. I have the honor etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing I have again conversed with Governor Randolph, and have drawn upon him, payable to your order, for forty thousand dollars, being the first installment; one thousand of which he hopes to have ready within a few days, the remainder to be subject to your draughts. He will endeavor to transmit the money so as to prevent trouble or inconvenience; but, on this head he will write to you himself more at large.59
[Note 59: In the writing of William Jackson, in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Richmond, April 13, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 2d. came to my hands at this place. Part of it did as you supposed and might well suppose, astonished [ sic] me exceedingly. I think it not only right that Mr. Carmichael should be furnished with a copy of the genuine letters to Mr. G. Morris, but that Mr. [Morris] should also know the result of his conferences with the Duke of Leeds60 at the Court of Madrid. The contents of my official letters to him you are acquainted with; my private ones were few, and nothing in any of them relative England or Spain; how it comes to pass therefore that such interpretations as the extracts recite, should be given, he best can account for.
[Note 60: Count Florida Blanca is meant. The several pen inadvertencies in this letter is evidence of the hurry with which it was written.]
Being hurried, I shall only add that I shall proceed on my journey tomorrow, and from good information have a dreary one before me in some parts thereof. Yrs. etc.
P.S. The footing upon which you have placed Mr. Carmichael is good.61
[Note 61: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
On April 14 Washington received and answered an address from the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and common council of Petersburg. Both address and answer are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Richmond, April 14, 1791.
Sir: The Secretary of War having transmitted to me a copy of your Excellency's letter to him, relative to the protection of the frontier counties of Virginia, with his answer thereto; I have now to observe that the Counties of Russell and Wythe, not having been considered as equally exposed with the others, were not included in the arrangements taken for defending the frontier. But as the protection to be afforded was intended to embrace every county that might be exposed to inroad or invasion, if it shall appear to your Excellency a necessary measure, I request that you will be pleased to direct such an extension of the defence as will cover these counties, and place them in equal security with the others.
Should it comport with the State of your Treasury to make an advance of Two thousand dollars, of the sum appropriated by the State of Virginia for federal purposes on the Potowmac, I beg that an intimation thereof may he given to Mr. Johnston, Doctor Stuart, and Mr. Daniel Carroll, who are the Commissioners, and who will take measures, in consequence, for drawing the money. This supply is very essential, and requires that the earliest intimation, which the state of the funds will allow, should be given to the Commissioners. I have the honor etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of William Jackson.]
[H.S.P.]
[Note 63: Of Richmond, Va.]
Richmond, April 14, 1791.
Sir: I have received your letters numbered 1 2, 3, and 4 Thanking you for your attention in presenting to me a copy of your map, and wishing you the best success in completing that in which you are now engaged, I return the subscription papers, with my name affixed for a copy of each map, on which, the money to be advanced, will now be paid, and I have to observe that there appears to me greater propriety in your pursuing the plan, on which it was originally undertaken, than in adopting any other.
My tour through the southern States, being in the nature of a short visit, will not require the assistance, which you are so obliging as to offer; my public situation forbids any interference in questions of individual claims otherwise than as they may come before me officially in the form of an act of Congress. This will be satisfactory to you for my declining to direct any investigation of the vouchers which you mention. I am etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On April 14 Washington wrote to a Mr. Brown respecting the purchase of George Muse's right to 7,276 acres of land, granted in 1774. As there must have been some inducement to take the subsequent deeds in 1784 I am inclined, though unable to account for them, to have them fully recorded; especially as the quantity of land thereby conveyed differs pretty considerably." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On April 15 the citizens of the town of Fayetteville, N. C., despatched an address to Washington, who received and answered it at some unknown date and place in the State. Both the address and the answer are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On April 20 Washington reached Newbern, N. C., and on that day received and answered an address from the Newbern St. John's Lodge, No. 2, of Masons. Both address and answer are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Petersburgh, April 14, 1791.
My dear Sir: The letter with which you were pleased to favor me, dated the 9th. instt, overtook me at Littlepages bridge the 11th. The hurry into which I was thrown by a variety of occurrences at Richmond, prevented my acknowledging the receipt of it before I left that City. I now do it, with assurances that it gave me sincere pleasure to find by it that you were well.
The general arrangement of the Surveys of Inspection for this District, and the characters designated for the collection of duties, had, in a great measure, been previously made before I came into this State. I have, however, desired the Supervisor to make the best provision he can for Mr. Norton in the subordinate distribution of the Offices, if an appointment of this sort should meet his approbation. With sincere esteem, etc.
[MS. H. S.]
Charleston, May 7, 1791.
Sir: I have received your letters of the 11th and 14th of last month. Concluding from Mr. Shorts statement of his negotiation in Amsterdam, and from the opinions offered in your letter of the 11th, that the loan has been obtained on the best terms practicable, and that its application in the manner you propose will be the most advantageous to the United States, I do hereby signify my approbation of what has been already done, as communicated in your letters of the 11th. and 14th. of April. Assenting to the further progress of the loans as recommended by you in these letters, I request that instructions may be given for completing them agreeably thereto. I am &c.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Charleston, May 7, 1791.
Gentlemen: I have received your letter of the 14th. of last month.
It is an unfortunate circumstance in the present stage of the business, relative to the federal city, that difficulties unforeseen and unexpected should arise to darken, perhaps to destroy, the fair prospect which it presented when I left Georgetown, and which the instrument, then signed by the combined interest (as it was termed) of Georgetown and Carrollsburg, so plainly describes. The pain which this occurrence occasions me is the more sensibly felt, as I had taken pleasure, during my journey through the several States, to relate the agreement, and to speak of it, on every proper occasion, in terms, which applauded the conduct of the Parties, as being alike conducive to the public welfare, and to the interest of individuals, which last it was generally thought would be most benefitted by the amazing encrease of the property reserved to the Landholders.
The words cited by Messrs. Young,67 Peters,68 Lingan,69 and Forrest70 and Stoddert,71 may be nearly what I expressed, but will these Gentlemen say this was given as the precise boundary, or will they, by detaching these words, take them in a sense unconnected with the general explanation of my ideas and views upon that occasion, or without the qualifications, which, unless I am much mistaken, were added, of running about so and so, for I had no map before me for direction. Will they not recollect my observation that Philadelphia stood upon an area of three by two miles, and that, if the metropolis of one State occupied so much ground, what ought that of the United States to occupy? Did I not moreover observe that before the city could be laid out, and the spot for the public buildings be precisely fixed on, the water courses were to be levelled, the heights taken &ca. &ca.?
[Note 67: Notley Young.]
[Note 68: Robert Peter (Peters).]
[Note 69: James M. Lingan.]
[Note 70: Uriah Forrest.]
[Note 71: Benjamin Stoddert.]
Let the whole of my declaration be taken together, and not a part only, and being compared with the instrument then subscribed, together with some other circumstances which might be alluded to, let any impartial man judge whether I had reason to expect that difficulties would arise in the conveyances.
When the instrument was presented I found no occasion to add a word with respect to boundary, because the whole was surrendered upon the conditions which were expressed. Had I discovered a disposition in the subscribers to contract my views I should then have pointed out the inconveniences and the impolicy of the measure.
Upon the whole I shall hope and expect that the business will be suffered to proceed; and the more so as they cannot be ignorant that the further consideration of a certain measure in a neighbouring State stands postponed; for what reason is left to their own information or conjectures.
I expect to be with you at the time appointed, and should be exceedingly pleased to find all difficulties removed. I am etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of William Jackson in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia.
On May 9 Washington left Charleston, and on May 11, at Pocotaligo, then on the Pocotaligo River in Prince William's Parish, he received and answered an address from the people of Prince William's Parish. Both the address and the answer are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On May 12 Washington reached Savannah. On this same day an address was dispatched to him by the Congregational Church and Society at Midway, formerly St. John's Parish, Liberty County, Ga., which he answered presumably the next day (May 13). This address and the answer is is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. Sparks spells the name "Medway."
On May 13 Washington received addresses from the mayor and aldermen of Savanah, from the citizens of Savannah and its vicinity, and from the Society of the Cincinnati of Georgia. These addresses and the answers are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On May 14 Washington received addresses from the grand master, officers, and members of the Grand Lodge of Georgia Masons, and from the German Congregation of Ebenezer (this last was in Latin). The address from the Grand Lodge and the reply thereto are recorded in the "Letter Book." The original of the address, from the Ebenezer Congregation, is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers; but no text of an answer has been found therein.
On May 15 Washington left Savannah and reached Augusta, Ga., May 18, where, in the following day, he received and answered an address from the citizens of that city. On May 20 he also received and answered an address from Gov. Edward Telfair. These addresses and answers are recorded in the "Letter Book." He left Augusta May 21 for Columbia, S.C.]
[Note 73: United States superintendent of the Creek Indians.]
Augusta, Georgia, May 20, 1791.
Sir: The confidence, which your character inclines me to place in you, has induced me to commit the enclosed letter from the Secretary of State to Governor Quesada,74 and the
[Note 74: Juan Nepomuceno de Quesada, Spanish governor of Florida. He was inviting foreigners to settle in that territory.
Jefferson wrote to Washington (April 2): "This is meant for our people. debtors take advantage of it and go off with their property. Our citizens have a right to go where they please. it is the business of the states to take measures to stop them till their debts are paid. this done, I wish a hundred thousand of our inhabitants would accept the invitation. it will be the means of delivering to us peaceably what may otherwise cost us a war. in the meantime we may complain of this reduction of our inhabitants just enough to make them believe we think it very wise policy for them, and confirm them in it." A press copy of Jefferson's letter is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
On May 20 Jackson wrote to John Habersham, collector of the port of Savannah, "that Mr. Seagrove is going to St. Augustine on public business, and that he is instructed to draw from you such a sum of money as may be necessary to defray his expenses, in case his own funds should not be adequate thereto. You will be pleased to supply Mr. Seagrove, taking duplicate receipts for the amount, one of which you will transmit to the Secretary of the Treasury, which will be allowed in the settlement of your accounts." Jackson's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.] negotiation, which will be consequent thereon, to your care and management. The letter which is under a flying seal, to be closed before it is delivered, will inform you of the import, and serve to instruct you in the mode of conducting the object of your mission; delicate in its nature, it will require the greatest address and temper in its treatment; nor must any proposition or declaration be made, which in its consequence might commit the government of the United States.
The enclosed copy of a letter, written by my direction, from the Secretary of State to the Governor of Georgia, which is now confidentially communicated to you, is another source, whence some information may be drawn; but, as my ideas of your personal acquaintance with this business, combined with my opinion of your character and talents to transact it, have determined me to appoint you, it is from your own knowledge, and the circumstances, which may arise, that you must decide on the best means to accomplish the negotiation. Your first care will be to arrest the farther reception of fugitive slaves, your next to obtain restitution of those slaves, who have fled to Florida, since the date of Governor Quesada's letter to Mr. Jefferson, notifying the orders of his Catholic Majesty; and your last object, which may demand the greatest address, will be to give a retrospective force to the orders of the Court of Spain, beyond the date of that letter, and to procure the Governor's order for a general relinquishment of all fugitive slaves, who were the property of citizens of the United States. This last instruction will require peculiar delicacy, and must be entered on with caution and circumspection, or not be taken up at all, as appearances of compliance may justify the one or the other.
If your collectorate cannot furnish money to defray your expenses, in which you will observe due oeconomy, and of which you will transmit an account to the Secretary of State, you will supply yourself from the Collector of Savannah. I am &c.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 21, Washington left Augusta and reached Columbia May 22, where he stayed until the morning of May 25. On that day Washington received and answered an address from the citizens of Columbia, Granby, and the vicinity. Both the address and the reply are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, June 13, 1791.
My dear Sir: I am arrived at this place and just in time to acknowledge (in a hasty manner by this days Post, the first opportunity that has offered of writing to Philadelphia since I left Savannah) the receipt of your private letter of the 17th. of April by Mr. Smith who lodged it at Cambden, through which it was known my route would be on my return to the seat of the Government.
Mr. Wolcott79 may be informed that it is my intention to appoint him to the office of Comptroller?80 With respect to his success as Auditor, I shall suspend my determination (if no manifest inconvenience will result from it) until my arrival in Philadelphia, which however, is not likely to happen before the 5. or 6 of July as (by appointment at the last meeting) I am to meet the Commissioners, under the residence Act on Monday the 27th. inst: at Georgetown, and may, for aught I know to the contrary, be detained there several days; and afterwards must move slowly, on account of the exhausted condition of my horses.
[Note 79: Oliver Wolcott, jr]
[Note 80: Comptroller of the Treasury.]
No letters from the Northward or Eastward of this, bearing date between the 15th. and 30th. of May have come to may hands; and having abundant evidence before I reached Charleston of the slow movements of the mail through the three Southernmost States, I did, before I left that place, on the 9th. of that month direct that all letters which might be for and following me to be returned to Fredericksburgh as the first place I should touch the post line upon my return. But, these directions not arriving in Richmond in time (as I conjecture) the letters of that interval, agreeably to the superscriptions which I am informed were on them, were forwarded from that place to Taylors Ferry, in expectation of meeting me there; but to this circumstance, which was unknown to me, and to finding from better information than I set out with, that it would be more convenient to cross James River higher up than at Taylors; is to be ascribed my missing the communications which were made between the 15. and 30. of May as mentioned before. These dispatches I may be long without, and perhaps never get; for there are no cross posts in those parts, and the letters, which will have to pass through many hands, may find some who are not deficient in curiosity.
My return to this place is sooner than I expected; owing to the uninterruptedness of my journey by sickness, from bad weather, or accidents of any kind whatsoever. Having obtained before I left Philadelphia the most accurate account, I could get there, of the places and roads through, and by which I was to perform my tour; and the distances between the former; I formed my line of march accordingly; fixed each day's journey and the day to halt; from neither of which have I departed in a single instance, except staying, from a particular circumstance, two days in Columbia, and none at Charlotte, instead of one at each; and crossing James River at Carters Ferry in place of Taylors, as was the original intention. But the improbability of performing a tour of 1700 miles (I have already rode more), with the same set of horses without encountering any accident, by which a deviation would be rendered unavoidable appeared so great, that I allowed eight days for casualties, and six to refresh at this place when I should have returned to it. None of the former having happened, account for the 14 days I shall remain here before the meeting with the Commrs; one of whom Mr. Johnson chief Justice of the State of Maryland, and living at a pretty considerable distance from Georgetown; having made his arrangements agreeably thereto, would not be able to meet me sooner.
I mention this matter, that, if there is any thing pressing in either of the Departments, it may be known where I am. With affectionate regard I am etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 15, 1791.
Sir: I acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 2nd. of April from Richmond; since which I have only received two letters from you of the 10th. of April and 15th. of May.
Concluding that some of your dispatches may have been forwarded to Taylor's ferry (by which route I did not return) I have to request, if that should have been the case, and the communications were of a particular or pressing nature, that duplicates may be addressed to me at Mount-Vernon, where I shall remain until the 27th. of the present month, when, by an appointment before I went to the southward, I am to meet the Commissioners at Georgetown.
I cannot now determine how long I may be there, but it is probable I shall not make any particular communications to you before my return to Philadelphia. If the suggestion contained in your letter of the 10th. of April, respecting the engravings, can be carried into effect at a moderate expence, I think it may answer a good purpose.82 I am etc.
[Note 82: Jefferson had written (April 10): "While in Europe I selected about a dozen or two of the handsomest fronts of private buildings of which I have the plates. perhaps it might decide the taste of the new town, were these to be engraved here, and distributed grafts among the inhabitants of Georgetown. the expence would be trading." From a press copy in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
A letter from Major Shaw,83 Consul at Canton, of the 7th. of December last, with it's enclosures, and a very unexpected address from some Persons styling themselves, "free People of colour of the Island of Grenada," are herewith transmitted for your consideration, and your opinions thereon when I see you in Philadelphia.84
[Note 83: Samuel Shaw.]
[Note 84: In the writing of William Jackson in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, June 16, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 20th. of April was not received until yesterday morning, none of later date than the 15th. of that month overtook me on the road to Savannah; and orders were dispatched for all to be returned to this place after I left the post-road. This will account for the late reception of yours.
The very favorable character given of Mr. Wolcott before his appointment to the office of Auditor, having been fully vindicated by his talents and attention in the discharge of its duties, I considered his appointment to the vacant office of Comptroller as due to the public service, and to his own merit, and, in conformity to that opinion, I requested the Secretary of the Treasury, in a letter of the 13th. instant, to inform Mr. Wolcott that I should appoint him Comptroller of the Treasury. With great regard, I am etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 17, 1791.
Sir: By the last post from the southward I received your letters of the 17th. and 24th. of April, with their enclosures.
In a letter of the 7th. of May, which I wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury from Charleston, I expressed my approbation of what he informed me had been determined by the Vice-President and the Heads of Departments, relative to Mr. Short's negociation at Amsterdam, and the further progress of the loans in Holland. I am etc.93
[Note 93: In the writing of William Jackson in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, June 19, 1791.
Sir: My letter of the 15 inst. mentioned that I had not received any letters from you between the 15th. and the 30 of May, it should have been between the 15th of April and 30th of May.
By the last post from the southward I received yours of the 17th. of April, which renders a duplicate of that letter unnecessary.
As it appears alike requisite to the satisfaction of the public mind and to General Harmar's honor that the enquiry which he requests should be instituted, I herewith transmit to you his letter to me, with its enclosures, in order that you may give the necessary directions for convening a board of Officers.
Being unacquainted with the state of the subject to which the enclosed letters from Messieurs Foster of Rhode Island relate, I refer them to your consideration. I am etc.94
[Note 94: The draft is in the writing of William Jackson.]
Mount Vernon, June 21, 1791.
Dear Sir: When I was in Fredericksburg on my way to the southward I received a letter from Mr. Niel McCoull of which, and the letter of his Lawyer, referred to, the enclosed are copies. The verbal answer returned to Mr. McCoull by his son, was that I had conceived so far as I was concerned in the business, that the matter had been settled long ago. But as it appeared otherwise from the application he had then made to me, I would on my return speak to you on the subject, and inform him of the result. This I accordingly intended to have done; but your duties in Richmond having taken you from Fredericksburg at the time I came thro' it, I am reduced to the necessity of troubling you with a letter, praying that some decision may be had by which I shall be released from this demand, or at any rate, that I may be instructed what answer to give Mr. McCoull, who unquestionably will expect one from Dear Sir, Your etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[July 1, 1791.]
Gentlemen: I express with great pleasure my obligations to your goodness, and my gratitude for the respectful and affectionate regard which you are pleased to manifest towards me.
Your ascription of my public services over-rates their value, and it is justice to my fellow-citizens that I should assign the eminent advantages of our political condition to another cause, their valor, wisdom, and virtue--from the first they derive their freedom, the second has improved their independence into national prosperity, and the last, I trust, will longer protect their social rights, and ensure their individual happiness.
That your participation of these advantages may realise your best wishes is my sincere prayer.5
[Note 5: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"The business which brot. me to Georgetown being finished...I set off this morning a little after 5 Oclock...towards Philadelphia; and being desirous of seeing the nature of the Country North of Georgetown, and along the upper roads, I resolved to pass through Frederickstown in Maryland and York and Lancaster in Pennsylvania...arrived at Frederick town about Sundown."-- Washington's "Diary," June 30, 1791.
On July 3 Washington received and answered an address from the citizens of the Borough of York, and also from the Ancient York Masons of the Jurisdiction of Pennsylvania. These addresses and answers are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On July 4, at Lancaster, Washington received and answered an address from the corporation and inhabitants, both of which are entered in the "Letter Book." He arrived at Philadelphia on July 6.]
Philadelphia, July 8, 1791.
Sir: I received your letter of the 20 of April, while I was on my journey to the southward, and until my return to this place it has not been in my power to acknowledge the receipt of it.
I must now beg, Sir, that you will receive my best thanks for the particular attention which you have paid to such business as I have had occasion to place in your hands, and to be assured that you have accomplished it entirely to my satisfaction.
The sum of 276 20/100 dollars which you mention to have lodged in the Bank of North America, subject to my order, I find is there. With very great esteem and regard, I am etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 13, 1791.
Sir: I have received, since my return to this place, the letter which you were so kind as to write on the 6th. of June, and am now to make you my acknowledgements for the information it contained. very soon after I came to the government, I took measures for enquiring into the disposition of the British cabinet on the matters in question between us: and what you now communicate corresponds very exactly with the result of those enquiries. Their intention indeed to send a Minister is more strongly indicated on this occasion, as one of the Secretaries of state has come forward voluntarily to say so. how far they may be disposed to settle the other points which are really interesting to us, is still a subject of conjecture. in all events we are to thank you for the trouble you have taken, and the lights you have contributed to throw on this subject. [Having taken copies of the documents, which accompanied your letter, I herewith return the originals.] I am &c.11
[Note 11: The draft, in the writing of Jefferson, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. The sentence in brackets is in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 13, 1791.
Dear Sir: On the 15. of May 1 had the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter to me of the first of that month, and informed you that I had transmitted it to the President.
In reply to the subject of your enquiries the President now directs me to inform you that it is not his intention to part with his young Jack, the offspring of the Spanish Jack and the Maltese Jenny; but that in case a very handsome offer should be made he would (tho' previous to your application the matter had not been contemplated) dispose of his large Spanish Jack. The President has hitherto bred almost entirely from this Jack, and the Mules, which have descended from him are large boned, stout, and perfectly well tempered, he means however to breed next season from the Maltese Jack, after which the young Jack (now 3 years old) and which promises to be very large, will be old enough to take up, or assist in the business as shall be judged best, and this is his reason for inclining to part with the Spanish Jack in preference to the young One. But it must be understood that it is not a small price which will induce the President to dispose of this animal. The manner in which he came to the President, proving him to be of the very first quality, his size (upwards of fifteen hands high) and his form indicating strength and firmness almost beyond conception, his age, being now about nine years old, is said to be far short of their prime for the business for which they are wanted, and the vast advantage which must accrue to the Owner of such a creature, especially in a Country where mules are raised for exportation and Jacks of all kinds much in demand, are circumstances which will have their weight with the President in his expectation for him, and the same things will undoubtedly be well considered by the purchaser.
You will be so good, my dear Sir, as to communicate this to the persons who proposed purchasing the young Jack, and if they incline to come forward with such an offer in cash as may be thought adequate to so valuable an animal, they must do it immediately; for when the President was to the southward he was much pressed to send this Jack there for a season, and so strong was the importunity on this head that he engaged to send him to Colonel W. Washington of South Carolina the ensuing fall unless prevented by some occurence which he did not know of at that time. If therefore such a proposition should not come forward in the course of two months as will induce the President to dispose of him, he will be sent to Carolina agreeable to promise. It is but right it should be known that this Jack is slow in covering, and must have a she ass to stimulate him to the performance of the duties expected from him. I am etc.
P.S. What would the persons, in whose behalf you interest yourself, give in Cash for the young Jack?12
[Note 12: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On July 13 Lear wrote to the marshals of the districts of Rhode Island, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina; and to the marshals of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, and Kentucky, asking that "if the enumeration...has been so taken as to enable you to give the number of souls in each county and town...the President of the United States requests that you will be so good as to transmit to him a return of that description merely to gratify his private curiosity." These letters are recorded in the "Letter Book."]
Philadelphia, July 14, 1791.
Dear Sir: Without preface, or apology for propounding the following question to you, at this time, permit me to ask you with frankness, and in the fullness of friendship, whether you will accept of any appointment in the Supreme Judiciary of the United States? Mr. Rutledge's13 resignation has occasioned a vacancy therein which I should be very glad to see filled by you.14
[Note 13: John Rutledge.]
[Note 14: Johnson accepted and was commissioned August 5, nominated to the Senate November 1, and confirmed Nov. 7, 1791.]
Your answer to this question by the Post (which is the most certain mode of conveying letters) as soon as you can make it convenient, will very much oblige Dear Sir Your etc.
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1791.
Sir: Your letter of the 6 of May covering one from Colo. Philemon Waters, was put into my hands while I was in Charleston. During my journey, you will readily conceive, it was not in my power to attend to, and answer the subject of Colo. Waters's letter, which is the cause of this late acknowledgement of it, and I must now request, Sir, as his letter came thro' your hands, and as a letter to him might meet some difficulty in getting to him across the Country, that you will be so good as to convey this reply to Colo. Waters whenever an opportunity occurs. That the 200,000 acres of land granted by Dinwiddies proclamation in the year 1754 to the Officers and Soldiers of the Virginia Troops (a part of which Colo. Waters claims for having been a soldier at the battle of the Great Meadows in that year) having been surveyed, distributed, and patents issued in the names of those, who put in their claims before the close of the year 1773, there does not appear to be the smallest prospect of his receiving any benefit from his claim, and further that it is not possible for me to afford him any relief in this case either in the capacity of President of the United States (from which he seems to expect assistance) or in any other character. I am etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1791.
Sir: While I was on my journey through the southern States it was not in my power to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 24 of May, which was put into my hands at Camden, and to make a proper return of my thanks for the manuscript reflections upon our present situation &ca., and the printed volume of your observations on the commercial connexion between G. B. and the U.S. which accompanied your letter.
You will therefore, Sir, be pleased now to accept of my acknowledgements for these as well as for the very polite terms in which you express yourself towards me in your letter.
To endeavor to diffuse a knowledge of the true interests of our country in a commercial or political view is certainly a meretorious attempt, and in this age of free enquiry every one has a right to submit to the consideration of his fellow-citizens such sentiments or information as he thinks may conduce to their interest or happiness. I am etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 17: Of Aberdeen, Scotland.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1791.
Madam: In reply to your letter of the 3rd. of March with which I have been honored, I am under the necessity of observing, that circumstances put it out of my power to afford you any assistance in recovering your lands which you mention to have been confiscated during the late war in the State of Pennsylvania. Situated as I am in respect to the General Government of this country, you must yourself, Madam, be fully sensible of the impropriety there would be in my interfering with the laws of any particular State; and more especially in a case of an individual or private nature. You will therefore, I trust, have the goodness to believe that my conduct on this occasion is governed by a sense of public duty, which with me has ever been superior to every private consideration.
To the Courts of Justice I must beg leave to refer you, Madam, for the recovery of such bonds or debts as may be due to you in this country. They are open to foreigners of every description, and I flatter myself in no country will justice be found to be more equally or impartially administered. I have the honor etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1791.
Madam: At the same time that I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the first of march with which I have been honored, let me request you to accept my thanks for your polite attention in sending me the pamphlet. which accompanied it. The importance of the subject, which has called forth your production and numerous others, is so deeply interesting to mankind, that every philanthropic mind, however far removed from the scene of action, cannot but feel anxious to see its termination,19 and it must be the ardent wish of every good man, that its event may encrease the happiness of the human race.
[Note 19: The French Revolution.]
I often regret, that my public duties do not allow me so much time as my inclination requires to attend to my private correspondences, especially, with you, Madam.20 But I persuade myself, your goodness will lead you to place the brevity of this letter to its proper account, particularly when I add that I am but just returned from a tour of near 2000 miles thro' the southern States, to perform which took me more than 3 months. I shall only further add to it what I know must give you great pleasure, that the United States enjoy a scene of prosperity and tranquillity under the new government that could hardly have
[Note 20: Ford notes that Mrs, Macaulay Graham had died on June 22, 1791.] been hoped for under the old; and that, while you, in Europe, are troubled with war and rumors of war, every one here may sit under his own vine and none to molest or make him afraid. I have the honor etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1791.
Dear Sir: As it has ever been a rule with me to make my private concerns give way to my public duties, when both cannot be accomplished, I now find myself under the necessity, from the weight of public business, which is at this time much encreased by an absence of more than three months, or a tour thro' the southern States, of refraining to enter so fully into my private correspondencies as my inclination would lead me to do.
I am therefore only able to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 31. of January, and refer you to a letter which I wrote on the 9 of March on the subject of the subscriptions to your history, and which contained the accounts of the subscription and a bill of exchange of £29. 15/3. Sterling for the ballance of that account.
I now enclose the 3 bill of the set which accompanied your account, and shall only add my thanks for the prayers and good wishes which you offer for my happiness, and assure you that I reciprocate them with very great sincerity. I am etc.21
Philadelphia, July 20, 1791.
My dear Sir: I have received your letters of the 16 of February and 3 of May, and am much obliged by your observations on the situation, manners, customs and dispositions of the Spanish nation. In this age of free inquiry and enlightened reason it is to be hoped that the condition of the people in every Country will be bettered, and the happiness of mankind promoted. Spain appears to be so much behind the other Nations of Europe in liberal policy that a long time will undoubtedly elapse before the people of that kingdom can taste the sweets of liberty, and enjoy the natural advantages of their Country.
In my last I mentioned my intention of visiting the southern States, which I have since accomplished, and have the pleasure to inform you, that I performed a journey of 1887 miles without meeting with any interruption by sickness, bad weather, or any untoward accident. Indeed so highly were we favored that we arrived at each place, where I proposed to make any halt, on the very day I fixed upon before we set out. The same horses performed the whole tour, and, altho' much reduced in flesh, kept up their full spirits to the last day.
I am much pleased that I have taken this journey as it has enabled me to see with my own eyes the situation of the country thro' which we travelled, and to learn more accurately the disposition of the people than I could have done by any information.
The country appears to be in a very improving state, and industry and frugality are becoming much more fashionable than they have hitherto been there. Tranquillity reigns among the people, with that disposition towards the general government which is likely to preserve it. They begin to feel the good effects of equal laws and equal protection. The farmer finds a ready market for his produce, and the merchant calculates with more certainty on his payments. Manufacturers have as yet made but little progress in that part of the country, and it will probably be a long time before they are brought to that state to which they have already arrived in the middle and eastern parts of the Union.
Each days experience of the Government of the United States seems to confirm its establishment, and to render it more popular. A ready acquiescence in the laws made under it shews in a strong light the confidence which the people have in their representatives, and in the upright views of those who administer the government. At the time of passing a law imposing a duty on home made spirits, it was vehemently affirmed by many, that such a law could never be executed in the southern States, particularly in Virginia and North Carolina. As this law came in force only on the first of this month little can be said of its effects from experience; but from the best information I could get on my journey respecting its operation on the minds of the people (and I took some pains to obtain information on this point) there remains no doubt but it will be carried into effect not only without opposition, but with very general approbation in those very parts where it was foretold that it would never be submitted to by any one. It is possible, however, and perhaps not improbable that some Demagogue may start up, and produce and get signed some resolutions declaratory of their disapprobation of the measure.
Our public credit stands on that ground which three years ago it would have been considered as a species of madness to have foretold. The astonishing rapidity, with which the newly instituted Bank was filled gives an unexampled proof (here) of the resources of our Countrymen and their confidence in public measures. On the first day of opening the subscription the whole number of shares (20,000) were taken up in one hour, and application made for upwards of 4000 shares more than were granted by the Institution, besides many others that were coming in from different quarters.
For some time past the western frontiers have been alarmed by depredations committed by some hostile tribes of Indians; but such measures are now in train as will, I presume, either bring them to sue for peace before a stroke is struck at them, or make them feel the effects of an enmity too sensibly to provoke it again unnecessarily, unless, as is much suspected, they are countenanced, abetted, and supported in their hostile views by the B--h. Tho' I must confess I cannot see much prospect of living in tranquillity with them so long as a spirit of land jobbing prevails, and our frontier Settlers entertain the opinion that there is not the same crime (or indeed no crime at all) in killing an Indian as in killing a white man.
You have been informed of the spot fixed on for the seat of Government on the Potomac, and I am now happy to add that all matters between the Proprietors of the soil and the public are settled to the mutual satisfaction of the Parties, and that the business of laying out the city, the grounds for public buildings, walks &c. is progressing under the inspection of Major L'Enfant with pleasing prospects.
Thus much for our american affairs; and I wish I could say as much in favor of circumstances in Europe. But our accounts from thence do not paint the situation of the Inhabitants in very pleasing colours. One part exhibits war and devastation; another preparations for war; a third commotions; a fourth direful apprehensions of commotions; and indeed there seems to be scarcely a nation enjoying uninterrupted, unapprehensive tranquillity.
The example of France will undoubtedly have its effects on other Kingdoms. Poland, by the public papers, appears to have made large and unexpected strides towards liberty, which, if true, reflects great honor on the present King, who seems to have been the principal promoter of the business.
By the by, I have never received any letter from Mr. Littlepage, or from the King of Poland, which you say Mr. Carmichael informed you were sent to me last summer.
I yesterday had Mr. Jaudennes,22 who was in this country with Mr. Gardoqui, and is now come over in a public character, presented to me, for the first time by Mr. Jefferson. Colonel Ternant is expected here every day as minister from France.
[Note 22: José de Jaudenes. He was the Spanish chargés d'affaires.]
I am glad to learn that the air of Lisbon agrees so well with you. I sincerely hope you may long, very long enjoy the blessing of health, accompanied with such other blessings as may contribute to your happiness. I have been in the enjoyment of very good health during my journey, and have rather gained flesh upon it. Mrs. Washington desires her best wishes may be presented to you. You are always assured of those of, my dear Sir, etc.23
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 20, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your letter dated the 13 of December was received while I was on my journey through the southern States, and until my return to this place it has not been in my power to make any reply to it.
Now the public business which has been accumulating for more than three months during my absence, calls for a constant attention, and will barely allow me to acknowledge the recept of such private, letters as have come to my hands in the course of my tour. You will, therefore, readily perceive, my dear Sir, that it is at this time only in my power to say that your letter has been received, and to request that you will receive my best thanks for the trouble you have taken to transmit to me your observations on our western frontiers, any information relating to which is at all times very acceptable. With very great regard etc.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 20, 1791.
Madam: It is but a short time since I had the honor to receive your letter of the 18 of November, in which you interest yourself in behalf of the Baron Closen that he may be admitted a Member of the Society of the Cincinnati.
You must be sensible, Madam, of the great pleasure it would give me to comply with any request which might come from the Countess de Rochambeau, if it was in my power to do it. But I regret that in this instance I cannot please myself by gratifying you, for, at a general meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati, it was resolved to refer all claims and applications from Gentlemen of the French Nation, for admission into the Society to the Counts Rochambeau and D'Estaing, and the Marquis de la Fayette, as it was justly presumed that they were better acquainted with the claims and merits of their Countrymen than the Americans could be, and, since that resolution all applications of this description which have been made to the Society here, have been referred to these Gentlemen. This being the case I flatter myself you will be persuaded Madam that my declining an interference in this instance will not be imputed to a disinclination to oblige you, but to a necessary adherence to impartiality and propriety. With the highest respect, I have the honor etc.24
Philadelphia, July 28, 1791.
I have, my dear Sir, to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 7 of March and 3 of May, and to thank you for the communications which they contain relative to your public affairs.28 I assure you I have often contemplated, with great anxiety, the danger to which you are personally exposed by your peculiar and delicate situation in the tumult of the times, and your letters are far from quieting that friendly concern. But to one, who engages in hazardous enterprises for the good of his country, and who is guided by pure and upright views, (as I am sure is the case with you) life is but a secondary consideration.
[Note 28: Not now found in the Washington Papers. Sparks, however, prints them in his Correspondence of the American Revolution and, almost in their entirety, as footnotes in his edition of the Writings of George Washington.]
To a philanthropic mind the happiness of 24 millions of people cannot be indifferent; and by an American, whose country in the hour of distress received such liberal aid from the french, the disorders and incertitude of that Nation are to be peculiarly lamented. We must, however, place a confidence in that Providence who rules great events, trusting that out of confusion he will produce order, and, notwithstanding the dark clouds, which may threaten at present, that right will ultimately be established.
The tumultous populace of large cities are ever to be dreaded. Their indiscriminate violence prostrates for the time all public authority, and its consequences are sometimes extensive and terrible. In Paris we may suppose these tumults are peculiarly disastrous at this time, when the public mind is in a ferment, and when (as is always the case on such occasions) there are not wanting wicked and designing men, whose element is confusion, and who will not hesitate in destroying the public tranquillity to gain a favorite point. But until your Constitution is fixed, your government organized, and your representative Body renovated, much tranquillity cannot be expected; for, until these things are done, those who are unfriendly to the revolution, will not quit the hope of bringing matters back to their former state.
The decrees of the National Assembly respecting our tobacco and oil do not appear to be very pleasing to the people of this country; but I do not presume that any hasty measures will be adopted in consequence thereof; for we have never entertained a doubt of the friendly disposition of the french Nation toward us, and are therefore persuaded that if they have done tiny thing which seems to bear hard upon us, at a time when the Assembly must have been occupied in very important matters, and which perhaps would not allow time for a due consideration of the subject, they will, in the moment of calm deliberation, alter it and do what is right.
I readily perceive, my dear Sir, the critical situation in which you stand, and never can you have greater occasion to show your prudence, judgment, and magnanimity.
On the 6 of this month I returned from a tour through the southern States, which had employed me for more than three months. In the course of this journey I have been highly gratified in observing the flourishing state of the Country, and the good dispositions of the people. Industry and economy have become very fashionable in these parts, which were formerly noted for the opposite qualities, and the labours of man are assisted by the blessings of Providence. The attachment of all Classes of citizens to the general Government seems to be a pleasing presage of their future happiness and respectability.
The complete establishment of our public credit is a strong mark of the confidence of the people in the virtue of their Representatives, and the wisdom of their measures; and, while in Europe, wars or commotions seem to agitate almost every nation, peace and tranquillity prevail among us, except on some parts of our western frontiers, where the Indians have been troublesome, to reclaim or chastise whom proper measures are now pursuing. This contrast between the situation of the people of the United States, and those of Europe is too striking to be passed over, even by the most superficial observer, and may, I believe, be considered as one great cause of leading the people here to reflect more attentively on their own prosperous state, and to examine more minutely, and consequently approve more fully of the government under which they live, than they otherwise would have done. But we do not wish to be the only people who may taste the sweets of an equal and good government; we look with an anxious eye to the time, when happiness and tranquillity shall prevail in your country, and when all Europe shall be freed from commotions, tumults, and alarms.
Your friends in this country often express their great attachment to you by their anxiety for your safety. Knox, Jay, Hamilton, Jefferson remember you with affection; but none with more sincerity and true attachment than etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 28, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have now before me your favors of the 22 of November 1 and 24 of December 1790, and of the 9 of March 1791.
The Plateaux which you had the goodness to procure for me arrived safe, and the account of them has been settled, as you desired, with Mr. Robert Morris. For this additional mark of attention to my wishes you must accept my thanks.
The communications in your several letters, relative to the state of affairs in Europe, are very gratefully received; and I should be glad if it was in my power to reply to them more in detail than I am able to do. But my public duties, which are at all times sufficiently numerous, being now much accumulated by an absence of more than three months from the seat of government, make the present a very busy moment for me.
The change of systems, which have so long prevailed in Europe, will, undoubtedly, affect us in a degree proportioned to our political or commercial connexions with the several nations of it. But I trust we shall never so far lose sight of our own interest and happiness as to become, unnecessarily, a party in their political disputes. Our local situation enables us to keep that state with them, which otherwise could not, perhaps, be preserved by human wisdom. The present moment seems pregnant with great events; But, as you observe, it is beyond the ken of mortal foresight to determine what will be the result of those changes which are either making or contemplated in the general system of Europe. Altho' as fellow-men we sincerely lament the disorders, oppressions, and incertitude which frequently attend national events, and which our European brethren must feel; yet we cannot but hope that it will terminate very much in favor of the Rights of man; and that a change there will be favorable to this Country I have no doubt. For, under the former system we were seen either in the distresses of war, or viewed after the peace in a most unfavorable light through the medium of our distracted state. In neither point could we appear of much consequence among Nations. And should affairs continue in Europe in the same state they were when these impressions respecting us were received, it would not be an easy matter to remove the prejudices imbibed against us. A change of system will open a new view of things, and we shall then burst upon them, as it were with redoubled advantages.
Should we under the present state of affairs form connexions, other than we now have, with any European powers, much must be considered in effecting them, on the score of our increasing importance as a Nation; and, at the same time, should a treaty be formed with a Nation whose circumstances may not at this moment be very bright much delicacy would be necessary in order to shew that no undue advantages were taken on that account. For unless treaties are mutually beneficial to the Parties, it is in vain to hope for a continuance of them beyond the moment when the one which conceives itself to be overreached is in a situation to break off the connexion. And I believe it is among nations as with individuals, the party taking advantage of the distresses of another will lose infinitely more in the opinion of mankind and in subsequent events than he will gain by the stroke of the moment.
In my late tour through the southern States I experienced great satisfaction in seeing the good effects of the general Government in that part of the Union. The people at large have felt the security which it gives and the equal justice which it administers to them. The Farmer, the Merchant, and the Mechanic have seen their several interests attended to, and from thence they unite in placing a confidence in their representatives, as well as in those in whose hands the execution of the laws is placed. Industry has there taken place of idleness, and economy of dissipation. Two or three years of good crops, and a ready market for the produce of their lands, has put every one in good humour; and, in some instances they even impute to the Government what is due only to the goodness of Providence.
The establishment of public credit is an immense point gained in our national concerns. This I believe exceeds the expectation of the most sanguine among us; and a late instance, unparalleled in this Country, has been given of the confidence reposed in our measures by the rapidity with which the subscriptions to the Bank of the United States were filled. In two hours after the books were opened by the Commissioners the whole number of shares were taken up, and 4000 more applied for than were allowed by the Institution. This circumstance was not only pleasing as it related to the confidence in government; but as it exhibited an unexpected proof of the resources of our Citizens.
In one of my letters to you the account which I gave of the number of inhabitants which would probably be found in the United States on enumeration, was too large. The estimate was then founded on the ideas held out by the Gentlemen in Congress of the population of their several States, each of whom (as was very natural) looking thro' a magnifying glass would speak of the greatest extent, to which there was any probability of their numbers reaching. Returns of the Census have already been made from several of the States and a tolerably just estimate has been formed now in others, by which it appears that we shall hardly reach four millions; but one thing is certain our real numbers will exceed, greatly, the official returns of them; because the religious scruples of some, would not allow them to give in their lists; the fears of others that it was intended as the foundation of a tax induced them to conceal or diminished theirs, and thro' the indolence of the people, and the negligence of many of the Officers numbers are omitted. The authenticated number however is far greater, I believe, than has ever been allowed in Europe, and will have no small influence in enabling them to form a more just opinion of our present and growing importance than has yet been entertained there.
This letter goes with one from Mr. Jefferson, to which I must refer you for what respects your public transactions, and I shall only add to it the repeated assurances of regard and affection etc.30
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, July 29, 1791.
Upon a full consideration of the reasons offered by Mr. Short, in his correspondence with you, for removing the restrictions laid upon him by his present instructions, so far as relates to his not opening a loan for more than a certain sum, and not being allowed to open a new Loan until the terms of the preceding one shall have been ratified here. I have thought it expedient and for the interest of the United States that those restrictions should be removed. And I do hereby authorise you to inform Mr. Short that he may open at his discretion loans for the United States, at such times and places, and for such sums as he may find adviseable within the limitations of the respective Laws authorising these Loans.30
Philadelphia, July 30, 1791.
Sir: I have given your letter to Mr. Short, dated the 28th. instr. an attentive perusal. As you place confidence in his judgment and discretion, I think it is very proper that the sentiments which are expressed in the cyphered part of it, should be handed to him;32 and approve the communicating of them to him accordingly.33
[Note 32: A press copy of Jefferson's letter to William Short is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. The ciphered portion assures Short that the United States has no design of conquest against the West Indies, and discusses at length the prohibitions of commerce against the United States that exist in those islands.]
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 31, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 16 only got to my hands on Friday last. Not having my private papers at this place, to refer to, I can say nothing with precision as to the sum, or sums which is due from me on account of my purchase of Clifton's land. It is highly probable, however, that the information given to you by your Attorney is right. Be the amount, however, what it may, I shall be ready at any moment, to pay the same in cash at this place, or in post notes at Baltimore, or Alexandria, as you shall direct.
But you will please to recollect, my dear Sir, that there is a pre-requisite to this payment, which was the original cause, why the money was not paid at the time of the sale. I mean a release of the mortgage, or some conveyance by which the Purchaser should be assured of the legal, or a secure title to the land.
The particulars relative to this transaction are a little out of my recollection at present, but in substance I believe they stand thus. That the land belonging to Clifton, now held by me, was mortgaged as security to, among others, Mr. Ignatius Digges who, in this case, acted under, or would take no step without applying to, Mr. Carroll,34 your father; and was the only one of several Mortgagees who refused to quit claim of the land, by which means my legal title to it is yet incomplete.
[Note 34: Charles Carroll.]
By to-morrow's post I will write home for these papers; and, as I have observed before, as soon as the impediment is removed, or I am in any manner made secure, the money shall be paid in either of the ways before mentioned; for it cannot be more your wish than it is my desire to bring the matter to a close. With much esteem etc.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 7, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your letters of the 27 and 30 of July; the last of which came to hand while the judges of the Supreme Court were with me on an invitation to dinner.
I took this opportunity of laying your letter before the Chief Justice, (as you mentioned your having written to him and to Mr. Wilson36 on the subject) in order that it might be communicated to the other Judges. After a few minutes consultation together, the Chief Justice informed me that the arrangement had been, or would be so agreed upon that you might be wholly exempted from performing this tour of duty at that time; and I take the present occasion to observe that an opinion prevails pretty generally among the Judges, as well as others
[Note 36: James Wilson.] who have turned their minds to the subject, against the expediency of continuing the Circuits of the Associate Judges, and that it is expected some alterations in the Judicial system will be brought forward at the next session of Congress, among which this may be one.
Upon considering the arrangement of the Judges with respect to the ensuing circuit and the probability of future relief from these disagreeable tours, I thought it best to direct your commission to be made out and transmitted to you, which has accordingly been done,37 and I have no doubt but that the public will be benefitted, and the wishes of your friends gratified, by your acceptance. With sentiments of very great regard, &c.38
[Note 37: As Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.]
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 8, 1791.
Dear Sir: It appearing to me proper that the Commissioners39 should be apprised of the pretensions, signified in the enclosed letter, I send it to them accordingly, that such prudent use may be made of the information as to them shall seem fit.
[Note 39: Of the District of Columbia.]
I have not given, nor shall I give any answer, at least for the present, to the Writer of it; and no person is knowing to my having received such a letter. I am etc.40
[Note 40: From the Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, August 9, 1791.
I have had the pleasure, my dear Sir, of receiving your friendly letter of the 10th. of last month, and I reply with affectionate regard to your congratulations and kind wishes. A slight indisposition, since my return, (occasioned by a tumor, not much unlike the one I had at N. York in 1789) of which I am now recovered, does not forbid the expectation that my health may be ultimately improved by my tour thro' the southern States. My happiness has certainly been promoted by the excursion, and nowhere in a greater degree than while resident among my fellow-citizens of south Carolina. To their attentions (yours in particular) I shall always confess myself much obliged, and particularly flattered by the regards of your fair Compatriots, to whom I wish, upon every occasion, to be remembered with grateful respect.
I shall realize your promise of a visit with sincere satisfaction. Till then, and always I beg you to believe me etc.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, August 9, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 24 ulto. Regarding its contents, altho' relating to objects of public import, as private communication, I shall reply to and remark upon them, with that candor which my personal esteem and my public wishes strongly enjoin.
I need not tell you that my regret is seriously excited by learning that any cause of discontent should exist, either on your own part, or that of your Officers, with General Butler, and it is hardly necessary to express my earnest wish that it may speedily subside, and be entirely done away. But, as I rely greatly on your disposition to advance the public interest, tho' even by the relinquishment of private opinions, I shall offer to your consideration some remarks which I am persuaded will have weight with you, and induce your influence with your Officers to dismiss their discontents, and to think only of their public duty.
Let it in the first place be remembered that one common cause engages your service, and requires all your exertions; it is the interest of your country. To that interest all inferior considerations must yield. As an apology for the seeming inattention of a commanding Officer it should be considered that the variety of objects, which engage him, may produce an appearance of neglect, by no means intended. In General Butler's particular instance some allowance should be made for the effects of bodily indisposition, combined with the cares of his station; and I am satisfied no one, either from temper or reflection, will more cheerfully make this allowance than yourself.
On this belief I rest an expectation, that every uneasiness will be composed, and that the public service will be proceeded in with harmony and zeal. The Secretary of War has directed a board of Officers to decide the question of rank between you and Colonel Gibson42 and others. I shall at all times be happy to evince the sincere esteem, with which I am etc.43
[Note 42: Col. George Gibson, of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey Levies.]
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, August 14, 1791.
My dear Sir: As it never has been my intention to bestow double Offices on the same person, and my design that those MarshalIs who have received Appointments under the late Revenue Act should hold the former (i.e. the Marshalls office) until the first of the present month (the time by which the Census was to be returned, or until this business should be accomplished) and no longer, it behooves me to look for a successor to Mr. Jackson in the office of Marshall, for the District of Massats. How beneficial this office may be, I know not. At present, the mere emolument of it can not be, I should suppose, an object; but as a step, it may be desired by such as have nothing better in prospect. The purpose of this letter, my good Sir, is to request the favor of you to discover, first, whether General Cobb44 would accept of the appointment; and 2dly, in case he is disinclined to it, if General Brooke45 would act in it. I do not incline to issue the Commission to either of them, or to any other on an uncertainty; because, the refusal of Commissions make a bad impression on the public mind. Having observed this, and it occurring to you that the first of August is passed, the expediency of an early answer will readily appear; and I shall be thankful for receiving it accordingly. I am etc.46
[Note 44: David Cobb.]
[Note 45: John Brooks.]
[Note 46: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Philadelphia, August 15, 1791.
Sir: That I may 'not be thought inattentive to your favor of the 25th. of Jany., which came to my hands about ten days ago only, I avail myself of the first Packet since the receipt of it to inform you that the Annals, and Chicorium Intybus have got safe to my hands. As set of the former I have presented in your name, agreeably to your request, to the Agricultural Society in this City. For the other sett; for the Seeds; and for the manufactured Wool from the fleece I sent you, I pray you to accept my best thanks.
With astonishment hardly to be conceived, I read in No. 86 of your Annals, the account of the taxes with which you are burthened. Had the account come from dubitable authority, the reality of such a tax would not only have been questioned but absolutely disbelieved; for I can assure you, Sir, that there is nothing in this Country that has the semblance of it.
I do not, however, mean to dwell on this, or any other part of your letter at this time, the purpose of my writing to you now, is to acknowledge the receipt of the things you had the goodness to send to me, and to assure you, that with great pleasure I will forward, in a short time, such information with respect to the prices of Lands, Stock, Grain, amount of taxes &ca. &ca. as will enable you to form a pretty accurate idea of the present state and future prospects of this Country. In the meanwhile, I believe I may confidently add, that although our Agriculture, manufactures and commerce are progressing; although our taxes are light; although our laws are in a fair way of being administered well, and our liberties and properties secured on a solid basis by the general Government having acquired more and more consistency strength and respectability as it moves on; yet, that no material change in the prices of the above articles has taken place, except in a few instances of Land, under peculiar advantages; nor is it probable there will be in the latter whilst there is such an immense territory back of us for the people to resort to.
In a word, Sir, when you come to receive full answers to your several enquiries, I am inclined to believe that you will not be unfavorably impressed, or think an establishment in the United States ineligible to those whose views are extended beyond the limits of their own Country.
Having closed my corrispondence with Wakelin Welch Esqr. &Son, I have to request that your communications to me in future may pass through the hands of Mr. Johnson,49 Consul for the United States in London. With best wishes, and sentiments of much esteem etc.50
[Note 49: Joshua Johnson, of Maryland.]
[Note 50: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, August 18, 1791.
Sir: I communicated to the President the information you gave me this afternoon of your determination respecting the Jacks, and he directs me to inform you that having offered the young Jack at £500 virginia currency, he conceives himself now bound by that offer if you should think proper to close with it at this time, and that it is possible he may accept it, if you should determine upon taking him as soon as you get to Connecticut, and give him immediate information thereof. But he shall not consider himself in any degree bound to accept it after you leave this place. The President says there is scarcely any thing that would prevail upon him to part with the Knight of Malta, as he intends breeding from him altogether next season. And that the reason of his wishing for a speedy decision respecting the young Jack is that he has great expectation, and indeed is under a conditional agreement to let the old Jack go to Charleston in South Carolina, from which he is in daily expectation of Colonel Washington sending for him. Should this be the case before he parts with the young Jack, he would suffer him to go; but then he would not dispose of the young Jack. Should he part with the young Jack before the old One is sent for, he will not permit him to go; because he would on no account be left without one or the other. I am etc.51
[Note 51: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 18, 1791.
Sir: Your favor of the 14 ultimo came duly to hand, but a confinement of some weeks,52 and much business since, has prevented my acknowledging the receipt of it until now.
[Note 52: See Washington's letter to William Moultrie, Aug. 9, 1791, ante.]
It has not appeared from any papers I have yet seen that that settlement, which seems to have taken place between Messrs. Chalmers and George53 was ever communicated to Mr. West.54 To me it never was. I will, however, again write to the Gent Gentleman, who has them in keeping, to make further search, and as soon as his answer is received, I will trouble you with another letter on this subject.
[Note 53: Sydney George, of Cecil County, Md., and George Chalmers, attorney for the executors of the estate of Thomas Colvill.]
[Note 54: John West.]
In the meanwhile I offer you my thanks for the trouble this business must have given you, and for the assurance of your readiness to prosecute it further. I am etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 19, 1791.
Dear Sir: You will perceive by the enclosed letter how the matter stands between the Executors of Colonel Thomas Colvill and Mr. Sydney George.
If you think it will be of any avail to make further research among the papers of the deceased Mr. West for an entry of this transaction, or, to prosecute any new enquiry of his Son respecting it, I would thank you for so doing.
At any rate please to advise the steps you think I had best pursue to bring this particular matter to a close, and to inform me whether a judgment has been obtained against the Assignees of Semple upon their bond? In that cast, whether for principal and interest or principal only? and, when you think I shall be able to close my administration of that estate, it being a matter I am exceedingly anxious to effect. I am etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August, 25, 1791.
Dear Sir: At the same time that I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10 of May, I must beg your acceptance of my best thanks for the publications which accompanied it.
I am glad to learn that the good opinion first entertained of Mr. Rumsey and his inventions still continues, and I sincerely hope as well for his own emolument and the benefit of mankind, as for the credit of our country that he may surmount the obstacles thrown in his way, and receive such consideration as his merits demand.
It is with peculiar satisfaction I can inform you that our public affairs are still in a prosperous train, unclouded by any gloomy prospects of interruption. The convulsed state of Europe at the present moment cannot fail of attaching every American more strongly to his own country, and government; while every heart must be impressed with lively gratitude towards the supreme Ruler of events upon a recollection of the circumstances which have brought us to our present political situation.
Wishing that health and uninterrupted tranquillity may attend you to the close of your days. I am etc.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 28, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 11 instant came duly to hand, and I have also received the papers from Mount Vernon which, in my letter of the 31st. of July, I informed you I had writtenfor.
Enclosed you have an exact copy of the decree of the Court of Chancery in Virginia, under which I became the purchaser of Clifton's land. I likewise send you the opinion of the Attorney-General of the United States upon it, and other papers which have been laid before him relative to this business.
By the decree it appears that the sums of £243.13/1 and £67.4/7 Virginia currency were ordered to be paid to Messrs. Carroll and Digges; but then the cost of suit viz 4536 lbs. of tobacco at two pence p lb. (so settled by the Commissioners) and 50/. were, by the Decree, to be deducted therefrom, and paid to the Plaintiff, Clifton, and this having been done the sum of £67.4/7. is reduced to £26.18/7 which together with the sterling sum of £243.13/1 I am willing and ready to pay the instant a proper conveyance is made to me and the bond is delivered up agreeably to the requisites of the Court. Nay, Sir, if payment at the time mentioned in your letter of the 16 of July is more convenient to you, it shall be made upon the passing of your bond to me, ensuring a compliance with the above requisites; or giving an indemnification if they are not; for I have no desire to withhold the money from you one moment.
By the laws of Virginia, to which this transaction is subject, all sterling debts are to be discharged at 33 1/3 p cent which makes the sum of £243.13/1 when turned into Virginia currency £324.17/5, and this added to £26.18/7. makes 1172 2/3dollars if my calculations are right.
With great esteem etc.
P.S. In procuring evidence to the Deed k would be well to recollect Characters who attend the Courts in Alexandria, for it is there the record of it must be.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: Then at Wilmington, Del.]
Philadelphia, August 29, 1791.
Sir: The President has been informed by his manager at Mount Vernon that the work of his mill is in such a stage as not to admit of any delay in erecting your improvements without stopping the whole progress of the work, which at this time would be a serious inconvenience. The mill-wright who has been employed in repairing the President's mill has been to view your improvements at the Ochoquan mills, and with the insight he has obtained from that view, aided by a plate of the improvements, he has no doubt of his being able to execute the work completely, and he has the character of being an excellent workman; but, as the President is desirous of having it done in the most perfect manner without a hazard of its not answering the purpose fully, he wishes to know if you still hold your determination of going into that part of the Country as you mentioned your Intention of doing so, and in case you should, and would go on immediately, he will give directions to the mill wright to wait your arrival before any thing is done to the improvements. But if you do not go immediately the President must give orders for the person now engaged to go on with the work himself, as the season will admit of no delay.
Let me know whether you go to Virginia directly or not, that if you should a letter might be sent to you on Wednesday for Mount Vernon. I am etc.63
[Note 63: This letter ia signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 4, 1791.
My dear Sir: The indisposition, and consequent absence from Mount Vernon of my Nephew, Majr Washington, to whom the care of my private business is entrusted, makes it indispensably necessary for me to go home before the meeting of Congress. My stay there will be longer or shorter according to circumstances; but it cannot exceed the middle of October as I must be back before the meeting of that Body.
Will you permit me, my dear Sir, to make a similar request to the one I did last year, and to pray that your ideas may not be confined to matters merely Judicial, but extended to all other topics which have, or may occur to you as fit subjects for general or private Communications.76 With sincere esteem and affectionate regard, I am77
[Note 76: Jay's reply to this letter (September 23) is in the Washington Papers and is printed by Sparks in the appendix to volume 10 of the Writings of George Washington.]
[Note 77: From a facsimile of the original, reproduced in Frank Monoghan's John Jay (Bobbs-Merrill: 1935).]
Philadelphia, September 4, 1791.
Sir: In reply to your letter of the 1st. instant, which has been duly received, the President directs me to inform you that having procured of Mr. Leslie a patent for erecting your improvements at his mills, he shall forward it this day to Mount Vernon with directions for the Mill Wright to proceed in the execution of the work, for it will admit of no further delay, the work of the mill being in that state as to make it necessary to erect the improvements now or lay them aside altogether.
As the man who is now engaged in the President's mill seems fully confident of his being able to execute the whole of the work in a proper manner the President thinks it would not be necessary for your brother to attend to it, which must be a considerable encrease of the expence. As you mentioned when you were here that you intended to be in that part of Virginia about the time that the improvements would be erecting, the President wished in that case that you might be present when the works at his mill were executing. But he does not think it would be necessary for you to quit your own business, which you say is at this time very pressing, for the sole purpose of directing the execution of this piece of work. I am etc.78
[Note 78: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 9 Lear wrote to Evans, asking that Evans's brother be sent to Mount Vernon, "In consequence of the representation made in your letter of the 7 instant, respecting the erecting of your improvements." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 5, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 22nd. of March last.
Being indisposed on the day when Monsieur de Combourg called to deliver your letter I did not see him, and I understood that he set off for Niagara on the next day.
The interesting state of affairs in France has excited the sympathy and engaged the good wishes of our citizens, who will learn with great pleasure that the public deliberations have eventuated in the permanent happiness of your Nation, and no One will more sincerely rejoice in that event than Dear Sir, Your etc.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 5, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive the letter which you were so good as to write to me on the 3 of January last.
I am much obliged by the good wishes, which you express in my behalf, and by your favorable sentiments towards our Country; the interest, which you take in its welfare, makes the communication of its prosperity to you, an agreeable duty.
I learn with sensible satisfaction that your Sovereign has warmly approved your services, and distinguished your merit by particular marks of his favor.
Your opinion of Mr. Jaudeunes' merit, from whom I received your letter, cannot raft to procure him a respectful consideration with your friends here. With great regard, I am etc.79
Philadelphia, September 5, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive the letter, which you were so good as to write to me from Berlin on the 26 of April.
The favorable sentiments which you express of our country and its councils are very agreeable to me. The kind interest, which you take in my personal happiness, excites a grateful sensibility.
You will learn with pleasure that events have realized the most sanguine hopes of our national prosperity. The influence of the general government has extended to every relation of political improvement, and to the promotion of our social happiness. The interesting state of affairs in France excites the sympathy and engages the good wishes of our citizens, who will rejoice to hear that the public deliberations have resulted in the permanent dignity and happiness of your nation. In the joy, which that event will diffuse, no one will participate more sincerely than he who is, with great regard, &c.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 5, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 31st. of January, and 10 of March last, and to express my obligations to your flattering and friendly assurances of regard.
The interest which you are so good as to take in the welfare of the United States makes the communication of their prosperity to you, a most agreeable duty. You will learn with pleasure that events have justified the most sanguine expectations entertained of the influence of the general government on the political and social happiness of America. Public credit established, Justice promptly and impartially administered, Industry encouraged and protected, Science progressing, Liberty, civil and religious, secured on the liberal basis of reason and virtue, are the rich rewards of the past exertions of our citizens, and the strong incentives to future patriotism.
The manufacture of maple sugar is in a very promising train, and, as the tree grows in several of the States, there is every reason to conclude that its cultivation will be prosecuted with success. Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth is of Connecticut, and, at present, one of the Representatives of that State in Congress.
The multified cares of my public station do not permit me minutely to indulge the pleasures of private correspondence, and they oblige me to resort to the candor of my friends to excuse a brevity, which might appear abrupt, or a seeming inattention that nothing else could justify.
I shall realise with the most sensible satisfaction your purposed visit to our country, as it will afford me an opportunity personally to assure you of the great regard and esteem, with which I am etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 7, 1791.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 10 of August, and am very sorry to find that so far as it relates to my property under your care, i have no further satisfaction than the assurance which you have given in all the letters received from you, that I shall have a statement of my interest committed to your care. But Sir, I surely had a right to expect something more than the promise of a statement before this time; as it is now better than four years since my lands were committed to your care. As the rents were to be paid in wheat it was certainly proper that time should be allowed for converting it into cash before I could receive any thing from you. But as yet I have received only fifty pounds, and, considering the length of time that you have had an agency in this business, and the great demands for wheat and flour, particularly last year, when, it is a fact known to every one that it not only commanded a higher price in that part of the country than perhaps had ever been before known there, but ready money also, I am persuaded you will yourself allow that I have just cause to complain.
I hope, Sir, you will, therefore, for your own sake, take such steps in the business as will put it upon a footing satisfactory to me as well as to yourself and as you see the unfavorable impression which the thing, in its present state, makes upon my mind, I trust it will not be long before you endeavor to remove this impression by putting the business in the situation where it ought to be.
As I intend to leave this place next week for Mount Vernon and shall not return until the latter part of October, I shall not probably see you here unless you should be in this place the last of that month, but this will make no difference as the business can be equally well done with Mr. Lear.
In reply to your request that I would mention your name to the Governor of this State as one of the County-Judges, I must inform you that I make it a point never to interfere, on any occasion, in any State appointments. I am etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 7, 1791.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 30th of May by the hands of Monsieur de Ternant,83 and I beg you will be assured, that I have a proper sense of the very polite and obliging manner in which you are pleased to express your
[Note 83: Jean Baptiste Ternant. He was Minister from France to the United States, 1790 to 1793.] personal regard for me. The manner in which you speak of M de Ternant is highly honorable to him, and, from his talents, discretion, and proper views, united with the extensive information which he possesses, there is but little doubt of his rendering good services to both Countries.
Such is the state of your political affairs, by our last accounts that further information must be received to enable us to form an opinion respecting them. But, in any event, the welfare of the french Nation cannot but be dear to this country; and that its happiness may in the end be established on the most permanent and liberal foundation is the ardent wish of every true American, and of none more sincerely than, &c.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 7 Lear wrote to Robert Ballard, surveyor of the Port of Baltimore, who had complained of the trouble and expense of his office for which no compensation was made, that "it is impossible for the President to attend to the minutiae of business which may be communicated by Individuals, he wishes always to receive such information as may be proper to come before him, relating to the several Departments through the heads of the Departments to which the business properly belongs. Upon this view of the matter the President is persuaded, Sir, that you will not consider his declining to reply to the subject of your letter at this time, as a singular case; for he observes the same conduct on all occasions of this nature" Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 8, 1791.
My dear Sir: I have heard of the death of your promising Son with great concern, and sincerely condole with you and Mrs. Knox on the melancholy occasion.
Parental feelings are too much alive in the moment of these misfortunes to admit the consolations of religion or philosophy; but I am persuaded reason will call one or both of them to your aid as soon as the keenness of your anguish is abated.
He that gave you know has a right to take away, his ways are wise, they are inscrutable, and irresistable. I am etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 86: Sparks notes that Luzerne died before this letter reached him.]
Philadelphia, September 10, 1791.
Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 15. of May, which reached me but a few days ago, I cannot forbear to express the sensibility with which I receive those warm effusions of personal attachment and respectful remembrance which are contained in it; and at the same time I beg you will be assured, that I reciprocate them with truth and sincerity.
As the happiness of the french Nation cannot be indifferent to the people of this country when we remember the aid which we received therefrom in an hour of distress, you will readily believe that we view with no small anxiety the troubles which, for some time past have agitated that kingdom; and the suspense in which we are held as to what may be the consequence of a late important event87 which has taken place there, deprives us, in some measure, of the full enjoyment of those feelings, which would naturally result from a reflection on the prosperous situation of the United States. But, however gloomy the face of things may at this time appear in France, yet we will not despair of seeing tranquillity again restored; and we cannot help looking forward with a lively wish to the period, when order shall be established by a government respectfully energetic, and founded on the broad basis of liberality, and the rights of man, which will make millions happy, and place your nation in the rank which she ought to hold.
[Note 87: The flight and recapture of King Louis XVI.]
In a tour which I made last spring through the southern States I confirmed by observation the accounts which we had all along received of the happy effects of the general government upon our agriculture, commerce, and industry. The same effects pervade the middle and eastern States with the addition of vast progress in the most useful manufactures. The complete restoration of our public credit holds us up in a high light abroad. Thus it appears that the United States are making great progress towards national happiness, and if it is not attained here in as high a degree as human nature will admit of its going, I think we may then conclude that political happiness is unattainable. But at the same time we wish it not to be confined to this Country alone; and, as it expands through the world, our enjoyments will expand with it; and that you may find it in your nation, and realize it yourself, is the sincere prayer of, Sir, &c.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 10, 1791.
The lively interest which I take in your welfare, my dear Sir, keeps my mind in constant anxiety for your personal safety amidst the scenes in which you are perpetually engaged. Your letter of the 6th of June by Monsieur de Ternant gave me that pleasure which I receive from all your letters, which tell me that you are well. But from the account you there gave it did not appear that you would be soon relieved from your arduous labours and from the information we have received of an important event which has taken place since that time it does not appear likely that the clouds which have long obscured your political horizon will be soon dispersed. As yet we are in suspense as to what may have been the consequences of this event; and feeling, as we do in this country, a sincere regard for the french Nation, we are not a little anxious about them. Opinions we are not able to form here, therefore none can be given on the subject. But at any rate, you may be assured, my dear Sir, that we do not view with indifference the happiness of so many millions.
I am glad of M. de Ternant's appointment to this country, for I have a good opinion of his abilities, discretion, and proper views; and, as you observe, as he seems to belong to both Countries, there is not doubt but this joined to the good information which he possesses of the relative and particular interests of both, will enable him to render as much service and be as acceptable to each, as any man can be.
I shall next week set off for Mount Vernon with Mrs. Washington and the Children, where I shall, if possible, enjoy a few weeks of retirement before the meeting of Congress in the last of October. Indeed my presence there (as it will not at this time interfere with my public duties) is necessary for my interest, as George, your old Aid, has for some time past been too much indisposed to pay attention to my concerns, and is now over the mountains for his health. The last account from him was favorable; he had received benefit from his journey. I sincerely wish, my dear Sir, that the affairs of your country were in such a train as would permit you to relax a little from the excessive fatigues to which you have of late been exposed; and I cannot help looking forward with an anxious wish, and a lively hope to the time when peace and tranquillity will reign in your borders, under the sanction of a respectable government founded on the broad basis of liberality and the rights of man. It must be so; the great Ruler of events will not permit the happiness of so many millions to be destroyed; and to his keeping I resign you, my dear Sir, with all that friendship, and affectionate attachment, with which you know me to be, &c.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 11, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 6th. instant.
The indisposition and consequent (unexpected) absence of my Nephew from Mount Vernon, to whom my concerns there are entrusted, will oblige me to visit that estate before the meeting of Congress.
Thursday I propose to leave this city, and on Sunday afternoon expect to arrive in Baltimore, I shall come provided with 1172 2/3 dollars for your use; but must again take the liberty of calling your attention to the Decree of the High Court of Chancery in Virginia, copy of which I transmitted to you in my last. By this decree you will perceive that the surrender of Clifton's bonds among which is one to Ignatius Digges in the penalty of £1268.10.8 sterling, conditioned for the payment of £634..5/4. sterling and interest together with such counterbonds as the Plaintiff entered into &ca. &ca. is made a condition of the payments.
I do not know that Clifton's bond to Mr. Digges is of much consequence to any of the Parties, but, without the surrender of these bonds, the Commissioners would not at the time, nor could not legally have paid the several sums they did, agreeably to the decree under which they acted, consequently, as I am now acting in the double capacity of Commissr. and purchaser of the land, it behooves me to call in Clifton's bond to Mr. Digges, as was the case with the others, or to require an indemnification against it.
For the general purpose of security against any claim from the Representatives of Mr. Carroll and Mr. Digges, it was that I meant to ask your indemnification, if there should be any difficulty in obtaining a releasement of the mortgage, or surrender of the papers, as required by the decree.
If you could make it convenient to be in Baltimore on Sunday afternoon, I am persuaded every thing could then, or early on Monday morning, be settled without difficulty, and to our mutual satisfaction, being well convinced that both of us mean to do what is right. I have mentioned Sunday afternoon because I shall leave Town early next morning. I do not intend to give Mr. Lee90 any trouble in this business.
[Note 90: Charles(?) Lee.]
With very great regard etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 12, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your letter of yesterday was presented to me this day, but at a time when I was in conversation with a Gentleman on business.
I embrace the first moment of leisure to acknowledge the receipt of it, and to add assurances of my belief that the account given by Mr. Sheuber92 of his leaving the british service, and bringing letters to me whilst my quarters were at Rocky Hill is true.
[Note 92: Justus Harman Sheuber, of Savannah, Ga.]
I have some recollection of the circumstance, but not enough to give a formal certificate to the fact.
The variety of occurrences, which, in those days, almost overwhelmed me. The time which has elapsed since, and an unwillingness to certify things that I am not positively sure of are my reasons for not complying with Mr. Sheuber's request in a formal way; but if the sentiments, herein expressed, can be of service to him, I have no objection to his making use of them as coming from Dear Sir, Your etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 12, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th of May with its enclosures came duly to hand.
During my absence on my late Southern tour the proposals of Messrs. Schweizer and Jeannerett, made their appearance here, as well through Mr. Otto,94 Chargé des Affaires of France, to the Secretary of State, as through Mr. Short, to the Secretary of the Treasury.
[Note 94: Louis Guillaume Otto.]
In pursuance to certain arrangements, made previous to my departure, an answer was given: which answer was in substance that it did not appear to be for the interest of the United States to accept those proposals.
The reasons which have been assigned to me as having dictated this answer are as follow.
First, That the rate of interest to be stipulated in the new contract, as well upon the part of the debt which had not fallen due, as upon that which had fallen due was 5 pr cent. It was a question whether a contract stipulating such a rate of interest with regard to the first mentioned part of the debt was fairly within the meaning of that clause of the law which requires that the payment of it should be made upon "terms advantageous to the United States," and while there was no reason to apprehend that it would be necessary to allow a higher interest than 5 pr cent. on any loans, which might be made to discharge the arrears of principal and interest, it did not appear expedient to forego the chance of a lower rate.
2nd. The commission or premium of 5 pr ct. demanded in the proposal is one pr ct. more than is given up on the loans going on in Holland. This would amount to a loss of one pr ct. on the part, which the United States were bound immediately to pay; and in respect to that, which had not become due, would be an unnecessary sacrifice of 5 pr cent.
3rd. The immediate proposers are understood to be a House not of primary consequence themselves, and though they alledged, they did not prove, that they were supported by others who could be deemed Capitalists equal to the undertaking. From the difference of exchange between Holland and Paris they could afford sacrifices in the sale of the bonds of the United States; and if there was not great force of capital among those engaged in the undertaking, such sacrifices were to be expected. A great quantity of bonds, thrown suddenly into the market, by persons who were pressed to raise money from them, could not but have effects the most injurious to the credit of the U.S.
4th. Paris being the stipulated place of payment, if, from the state of exchange payments could be made there in gold and silver with a saving to the United States, there could be no good objection to profiting by the circumstance; but this advantage, and more, even to the full extent of the depreciation of the Assignats, would be transferred by the proposed bargain to the undertakers.
5th. The single advantage which the proposals held out, of a prolonged period of reimbursement, would be obtained of course by loans in the ordinary way: and as to the effect of the measure upon loans for the redemption of the domestic debt, this would be good or bad according as the undertakers might or not have occasion to bring the bonds of the United States to market.
The foregoing reasons appeared to me to have so much weight that I saw no ground for directing any alterations in what was done.
It appears in their letter to you that the gentlemen in question are willing to wave the claim of premium or commission on the part of the debt not yet due; but this obviates only one of the objections which have been stated.
You observe also that they had given you proofs that persons of the first fortune were connected with them in the business. They were deficient in not having given the like proof to Mr. Short, whose enquiries had been directed to this object.
The observations you make concerning the views, which ought to govern the United States in their reimbursements to France are founded in propriety. You may conclude that no unequitable advantage will be taken; and it is hoped that the measures now in execution will be more conducive to the real interests of that country than would have been an acceptance of the proposals of Messrs. S. & J., who, it is presumable, founded their speculation chiefly upon the idea of availing themselves of the full benefit resulting from the depreciation of the Assignats.
Thanking you for the communication you have made me on the subject, I assure you that I do justice to the motives which dictated it.
Your other letter of the 27. of May by Mr. Ternant and that of the 8th. of June from London, have both been received. I am much pleased that you drew the balance only from Welch and Son. The deficiency was paid to Wm. Constable & Co. as soon as this circumstance was made known to Dear Sir your etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
September 14, 1791.
Sir: Your letter of the 7th. instant,96 with its enclosure, did not reach me 'till yesterday. The intelligence it communicates is of a nature both serious and important. Indeed, the step it announces, as about to be taken by the British, would be one so extraordinary in every view, as to justify a question, whether the indications, which are alleged to have been given, have not rather proceeded from some indiscreet levity on the part of the officers alluded to, than from any real design of doing what appears to have been threatened. A little time however will explain the true state of the matter.
[Note 96: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
Your Excellency need not I am persuaded be assured that, in connection with the more general considerations which are involved in the circumstance, I feel a due concern for any injury, inconvenience or dissatisfaction which may have arisen or may arise, in respect to the State of New-York, or any part of its Inhabitants, in consequence of the detention of the posts, or the interferences which may have grown out of it. Nor has the matter failed to receive from me the degree of attention to which it is entitled. Yet in a point of such vast magnitude as that of the preservation of the peace of the Union, particularly in this still very early stage of our affairs, and at a period so little remote from a most exhausting and affecting, though successful war, the public welfare and safety evidently enjoin a conduct of circumspection, moderation and forbearance. And it is relied upon, that the known good sense of the Community ensures its approbation of such a conduct.
There are, however, bounds to the spirit of forbearance, which ought not to be exceeded. Events may occur which may demand a departure from it. But if extremities are at any time to ensue, it is of the utmost consequence, that they should be the result of a deliberate plan, not of an accidental collision; and that they should appear both at home and abroad to have flowed either from a necessity which left no alternative, or from a combination of advantageous circumstances which left no doubt of the expediency of hazarding them. Under the impression of this opinion and supposing that the event which is apprehended should be realized, it is my desire, that no hostile measure be in the first instance attempted.
With a view nevertheless to such ultimate proceedings as the nature of the case may require, and that upon the ground of well authenticated facts, I have concluded to send a gentleman to the spot,97 who will be charged to ascertain and report to me whatever may take place; together with the general situation of the part of the Country immediately affected by the vicinity of the British Posts. An additional motive to this measure is the desire of obtaining information in reference to the establishment of the Custom-House in the State of Vermont; which is also connected with the position of those Posts. I have the honor &c.98
[Note 97: A copy by Lear of the undated and unsigned instructions to this agent (whose name is not given), which were drafted by Knox and approved by Washington, are filed in the Washington Papers under date of Sept. 15, 1791. In them it is stated that the British contemplated establishing a new military post "further advanced within the territory of the United States, than the posts which have been occupied by british garrisons since the conclusion of the late war." The agent was also to "endeavour to ascertain the times, causes and effects of the former insults stated by his Excellency Governor Clinton."]
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 14, 1791.
Sir: Three letters of yours, two bearing the 16 and the other the 25 of August are just come to hand. Your former letters in July have also been received.
The Secretary of War will write to you on the subject of Indian affairs, and the Secretary of State will do the same on the business which respects the Negroes, when he returns from the visit he is now making to his family in Virginia.
It falls to my province to thank you for your communications of a private nature, which are very interesting and satisfactorily detailed. At all times it will afford me pleasure to receive information with respect to the situation of matters in that quarter, not only as they regard ourselves, but neighhours also, Spaniards and Indians. I am etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
In the afternoon of Thursday, September 15, Washington left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon, which he reached September 20.]
Head of Elk, September 16, 1791.
Dr. Sir: Whilst I was in Wilmington waiting breakfast today, I made the best enquiry time and circumstances would permit, for some fit character to fill the office lately held by Doctr. Latimer.1 Several persons were mentioned, but the weight of information was spoken of by Mr. Vining2 as a man of respectable character, of decision and temper. He now is, or lately has been high Sheriff of the County of Kent; and no man, it is said, could have discharged the duties of that Office better. Mr. Bedford,3 though he had another person in view, (Majr. Jacquet),4 accords in this opinion of Barratt.5 Doctor Latimer, whom I afterwards called upon, at New port, for the purpose of enquiry, also speaks well of Barratt. He did indeed, before I mentioned the name of Barratt to him, say that he
[Note 1: Henry Latimer. He had resigned his position as Supervisor of Delaware.]
[Note 2: John Vining.]
[Note 3: Gunning Bedford.]
[Note 4: Peter Jacquett.]
[Note 5: Andrew Barratt.] thought Majr. Patten6 of Dover the best person that readily occurred to him for this office, but yielded a ready assent to the qualifications of Barratt. None knows whether he would, or would not accept the appointment. Among other things, urged in his favor by Mr. Vining, are his living near the centre of the State, amidst the Stills, and where the most discontent is said to be. To Mr. Chew of Philada. Mr. Vining particularly appeals for the character of Mr. Barratt.
[Note 6: John Patton(?).]
If his testimony is in favor of this character, I think it will be an eligible appointment. A blank Commission, signed, has been left with Mr. Lear for the Supervisor of the Delaware District. With much esteem and regard I am etc.
Philadelphia, September 20, 1791.
Sir: In order to prevent any misapprehension of the purport of the conversation which I had the honor to hold with you today, I beg leave to communicate, in this way, the observations of the President, which I before conveyed verbally. Upon reading in the papers the debates of the Legislature of Pennsylvania upon the bill for granting a sum of money to defray the expences of building a House for the President of the United States &ca. The President observed to me that he was sorry to find some of the Gentlemen had taken up an idea that he was not accommodated to his satisfaction in the house, which he now occupies; and seemed to urge on this ground the necessity of having a house erected for the President. But he wished the Gentlemen to be informed that this was not the case, for he felt himself perfectly satisfied with the house in which he resides. The President farther observed that if the house in question was even now finished he should not go into it; for he had, at a very considerable expence, accommodated his furniture to his present residence, and it was not probable that it could be made to suit another house so well; and as the time for which he was elected to his present station would expire within two years, his getting new furniture answerable to a house which might be built was out of the question, and again repeated that he was perfectly satisfied with his present accommodations, and should not remove into any other house (if he was permitted to occupy this) during the term of his Presidency.
These sentiments the President wished might be known by some indirect communication to the Legislature. But at the same time wished them to be conveyed as sentiments relating to himself personally; for he was apprehensive from the idea held up in the House of Representatives, that measures might be taken to build a house for the President at this moment to accommodate him, when otherwise it might be thought best to delay or defer it. The President likewise wished it to be impressed that he could not have the most distant intention of interfering in any thing which the Legislature of Pennsylvania thought proper to do on the subject, by conveying these sentiments; but, finding the matter had been taken up on the ground of his not being well accommodated, he thought it necessary to give this explanation to do away that opinion.
In a conversation with Mr. Gallatin.7 I communicated these things to him, he informed me that the bill had passed the House of Representatives, and was then before the Senate, and wished to know if he might be at liberty to relate the substance of our conversation. I told him he might, and find that he has done it accordingly. I will take this opportunity to mention that
[Note 7: Alber Gallatin.] some time before my conversation with Mr. Gallatin, I had, by the President's order, conveyed the same sentiments to Miers Fisher Esq. in answer to some enquiries which he made respecting the President's accommodations, and building a house &ca.
The trouble of this letter needs some apology to you Sir, which I hope will be found in my wish to give a clear explanation of the subject of it. I have the honor etc.8
[Note 8: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear, 8. P. U, S." in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 20, 1791.
Sir: As one year has nearly elapsed since the President of the United States first occupied Mr. Morris's house in High Street, I shall be much obliged to you to inform me of the day when the rent commenced, the annual amount of the rent, and to whom it must be paid, in order that a settlement for the first year may take place when that year expires.
I have taken the liberty, Sir, of requesting this information from you, because all my communications on the subject have hitherto been with you. I have the honor etc.
P.S. You informed me in the spring that the rent would be five hundred pounds currency, and I only mention it now to be clearly ascertained with the other points.9
[Note 9: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 24, 1791.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 22d. inst: enclosing a copy of one from the French Minister; and have to inform you, that your proceedings with respect to the request of the Minister of France, meet my entire approbation?10 I am etc.11
[Note 10: Ternant had written Hamilton (September 21) of the alarming state of affairs in Hispaniola [the Slave Rebellion of 1791 in San Domingo] asking for a loan, not exceeding $40,000, with which to send urgently needed provisions to that island. Hamilton reported to the President that United States funds were available to that amount and that he had placed that sum at the command of the French Minister. These letters axe recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 24, 1791.
Sir: I have recd. your letter of the 22d. Inst. enclosing a copy of one from the French Minister, and I do empower you to comply fully with the request of the Minister of France for certain supplies mentioned in his letter.12 I am etc.11
[Note 12: The list of supplies sent by Knox which, he stated, could "be spared from the Arsenal at West-Point without any detriment to the public service" noted 1,000 muskets and bayonets, 110 musket cartridges, to barrels of musket powder and ball, cartridge paper and thread to make up the cartridges, 5,000 flints, 500 gun screws, 1,000 brushes and priming wires, 1,000 cartridge boxes and belts. "It appears a singular opportunity for the United States to manifest their zeal to repay in some degree the assistance afforded us during the perilous struggles of the late war."]
Mount Vernon, September 24, 1791.
Sir: I have not delayed a momt. since the receipt of your communications of the 22d. instant, in dispatching orders to the Secretary of the Treasury to furnish the money, and to the Secretary of War to deliver the Arms and Ammunition, which you have applied to me for.
Sincerely regretting, as I do, the cause which has given rise to this application; I am happy in the opportunity of testifying how well disposed the United States are to render every aid in their power to our good friends and Allies the French to quell "the alarming insurrection of the Negros in Hispaniola" and of the ready disposition to effect it, of the Executive authority thereof.13
[Note 13: From the Paris Archives, Aff. Etrang., Mems. et Docs., E. U., vol. 6. A duplicate, now in the Huntington Library, varies in minor verbal details.]
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1791.
Sir: Your letter of the 24th. ulto., (enclosing a letter from Govr. St. Clair, and sundry papers relating to the subject of the settlements which have been made under purchases from Judge Symmes)14 I have duly received. The Secretary of State, as well as I recollect, has already written both the Govt. St. Clair and Judge Symmes on this subject; but whether he has or has not, it can make no material difference to let the matter rest until my return to Philada. when I shall pay the necessary attention to it.15 I am etc.16
[Note 14: John Cleves Symmes.]
[Note 15: The "Miami Purchase" dispute was not finally settled until 1792, when an act of Congress was approved Apr. 12, 1792, establishing the boundaries of Symmes' purchase. "Sundry papers relating to the purchase by Judge Symmes of the Lands on the Great Miami" were laid before Congress, with a brief message from the President, Nov. 11, 1791. This message is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 6 ultimo found me at this place, but not until it had travelled to Philadelphia and back again.
As I never entertained a suspicion of your having any intention to impose upon me by a misrepresentation of the assets of your Father's estate. So you and your good Mother may rest assured that I have no disposition to contribute to her distresses by withdrawing from her the use of those Negroes which were purchased on my account (under the friendly judgment which had been obtained at your desire in my behalf) and left in her possession. When I want the negroes she shall have such timely notice of it as will prevent inconvenience. All I require at present is that the property in them may stand upon such clear and unequivocal ground as to admit of no dispute hereafter.
Your Aunt and all the family (except my nephew Major Washington) are well, and join me in every good wish for yourself and Mother, and the rest of the family.
With great esteem etc.17
[Note 17: The original letter, now in the possession of Leonard Opdyke, of Boston, Mass., varies from this "Letter Book" copy in minor verbal details.]
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1791.
Sir: Nothing at present occurs to me of which I have to inform you, except that since the feet. of your letter of the 22d. ulto. respecting the situation of affairs in the French Island of Hispaniola, your other letter of the 22d. and that of the 24th. of the same month, one giving an Accot. of the Expedition under Gl. Wilkinson;18 the other enclosing a Statemt. of the Troops now on our frontiers, having been duly received.19 I hope however, that all papers, in your Departt., respecting the western Expedition and other matters, which will come before Congress, will be in readiness by the time of their meeting. I am etc.20
[Note 18: Wilkinson's volunteer expedition was against L'Anguille, an Ouiattanan (Wea) town near the junction of the Wabash and Eel Rivers, which he destroyed. This expedition is usually referred to as having been against the Wabash Indians.]
[Note 19: These letters from Knox (September 22 and 24), and the statement of troops, are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 20: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1791.
Sir: The details with which you have been pleased to favor me (under date of 24. ult.) of the unfortunate insurrection of the negroes in Hispaniola, came duly to hand; and I pray you to accept my best thanks for the trouble you have taken to give them. What the final issue of this affair may be is difficult at this distance, and with the imperfect information we have to foretell; but certain it is the commencement has been both daring and alarming. Let us, however, hope for the best. I would fain hope that this, and your other business may be so arranged as to give me the pleasure of welcoming you to this seat of retirement before I leave it, which by appointment is to happen on the 16 instant.
I shall add no more than assurances of the sincere esteem etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1791.
Sir: By desire of the President of the United States I have to inform you that your letter to him of the 22 ult. has been received. The President directs me also to let you know that with respect to the contract, which you say was made with Mr. Deakins for land, it is his opinion that there must have been some considerable misunderstanding in the matter, as no land situated in the part of the country you mention, can be bought for any thing like the price of half a dollar per acre, which is the price the President understands you were to have the lands for. The President not having been concerned in buying or selling land for some considerable length of time, cannot give you any information, with certainty, where or at what price you can suit yourself in land, nor is it in his power (from the multiplicity of business to which he is obliged to attend) to make any enquiries of that kind in your behalf; but being willing to afford you every assistance he can he directs me to transmit to you the Virginia gazette and Alexandria advertiser, wherein you will find advertised for sale by Messrs. Hooe and Little of Alexandria, sundry parcels of land, among the rest one called the Catoctan tract, on the Potomac river, which he thinks would answer your purpose as it will be sold in a body, or divided into small tracts as may suit the Purchaser, and from what knowledge he has of that part of the country, he believes the land to be pretty good. The price of the land and title which can be made to it the President must leave to your further enquiries; he has reason however to believe that the price will be from two to three pounds per acre. I am etc.29
[Note 29: This letter is signed "B. Dandridge" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 10, 1791.
Sir: Your letter of the 1st. inst: I have duly recd., likewise one of the 4th., covering a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury together with some communication from Lt. Colo. Beckwith.
I herewith transmit you an Address and Memorial of the Officers, Civil and Military, of the District of Miro,32 which was
[Note 32: Tennessee.
On October 29 Lear wrote to Knox that the President approved "the manner in which the Secy proposes to answer the memorial of the Inhabitants of Miro district in the S Wtn. Territory." Lear's draft is in the Washington Papers.] sent to me by Govr. Blount. I wish you to take the same into your consideration, and make a report thereon at my return to Phila. I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
Mount Vernon, October 10, 1791.
Sir: By the Post of Friday, I received your communications of the 1st. instant; and, from the character of Mr. Campbell I am glad to hear he is disposed to act as attorney for the district of Virginia; and that you had forwarded the commission to him for that purpose. Also, that a pardon had been sent to Samuel Dodge, as it appears that his errors were unintentional.
It is my wish and desire that you would examine the Laws of the General Government which have relation to Indian affairs, that is, for the purpose of securing their lands to them; Restraining States or Individuals from purchasing their lands, and forbidding unauthorized intercourse in their dealing with them. And moreover, that you would suggest such auxiliary Laws as will supply the defects of those which are in being, thereby enabling the Executive to enforce obedience.
If Congress expect to live in peace with the neighbouring Indians and to avoid the expenses and horrors of continual hostilities, such a measure will be found indispensably necessary; for unless adequate penalties are provided, that will check the spirit of speculation in lands and will enable the Executive to carry them into effect, this Country will be constantly embroiled with, and appear faithless in the eyes not only of the Indians but of the neighboring powers also. For, notwithstanding the existing laws, solemn Treaties, and Proclamations which have been issued to enforce a compliance with both, and some attempts of the Government s. west of the Ohio to restrain their proceedings, The agents for the Tennessee Company are at this moment by public advertisements under the signature of a Zachariah Cox encouraging by offers of land and other inducements, a settlement at the Mussle-Shoals, and is likely to obtain Emigrants for that purpose altho' there is good evidence, that the measure is disapproved by the Creeks and Cherokees; and it is presumed is so likewise by the Chicasaws and Choctaws, unless they have been imposed upon by assurances that trade is the only object in view by the Establishment. I am, &c.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, October 14, 1791.
My dear Sir: When I addressed a private letter to you a few days ago I had no more idea that Monday the 24th. instt. was the day appointed for the meeting of Congress, than I had of its being dooms-day, until it was mentioned to me in a letter which I have just received from Mr. Lear (who was under the like mistake). It had taken such deep root in my mind that the last Monday in the month was the time that I never consulted the Law or made any enquiry about it; and meant to move leisurely on in the course of next week for Philadelphia and for that purpose had directed Page to send off his Stage Coach so as to be at George-Town on tuesday the 18th. This discovery, however, will oblige me, as soon as I am provided with the means, to accelerate my Journey; and it induces me at the same time to urge you more earnestly to be prepared against my arrival with what my last requested. How far, in addition to the several matters mentioned in that letter, would there be propriety do you conceive in suggesting the policy of encouraging the growth of Cotton, and Hemp in such parts of the United States as are adapted to the culture of these articles ? The advantages which would result to this Country from the produce of articles, which ought to be manufactured at home is apparent but how far bounties on them come within the Powers of the Genl. Government or it might comport with the temper of the times to expend money for such purposes is necessary to be considered and without a bounty is given I know of no means by which the growth of them can be effectually encouraged. The establishment of Arsenals in convenient and proper places is, in my opinion, a measure of high national importance meriting the serious attention of Congress; and is one of those measures which ought to be brought to their view.
Yesterday I received the resignation of John Spotswood Moore Surveyor of West Point in this State. I mention it now, that if opportunities should present, you may make the necessary enquiries into the fitness of Alexr. Moore, his Brother, whom he recommends as a Successor. With affectionate regard, etc.36
[Note 36: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Alwin J. Scheuer, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, October 15, 1791.
Sir: As you have intimated at different times your inclination to give up the collection of my rents, and as Mr. Robert Lewis, a nephew of mine, is now settled in Frederick, and is willing to undertake it, I request that you will put the leases and other papers belonging to that business into his hands, and I would thank you for giving him such a statement of matters respecting the circumstances under which the several tenements are, the rents due thereon, and the train in which things are, to obtain them, as your knowledge of facts will enable you to-do. This will be an essential and pleasing service to me, and I have no doubt of your dispositions to comply with the request.
As my leases, in the early stages of them, were given upon very low rents, but with covenants to erect certain buildings, and to make other improvements, which were specified, and which I knew would add vastly to the value of the lots when they should revert to me again, I wish as far as you are enabled to do it that you would, in case of their noncompliance, give the reasons to Mr. Lewis of their failure, and the steps you had taken, or were about to take, to enforce the measure or to annul or set aside the lease. I am etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 15, 1791.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is a letter for Mr. Muse,38 requesting him to put my papers into your hands, and to give you such information with respect to the business, as is necessary to bring you acquainted with the present state of it. After you have read the letter, and noticed the contents, seal and deliver it to him.
[Note 38: Battaile Muse.]
Receive from Mr. Muse all the blank leases, with which I have furnished him, as well as those which have been filled up and executed. It will be indispensably necessary for you to get the precise state of the rents, which are due on each tenement, the ability of the tenants, and the prospect of receiving the rents. Make yourself Master also of the disputes, if any there be, to which the Tenements are subject.
From long experience I have laid it down as an unerring maxim that to exact rents with punctuality is not only the rightt of the Landlord, but that it is also for the benefit of the Tenant, that it should be so; unless by uncontroulable events, and providential strokes the latter is rendered unable to pay them; in such cases he should not only meet with indulgence, but, in some instances with a remittal of the rent. But, in the ordinary course of these transactions, the rents ought to be collected with the most rigid exactness, especially from my Tenants who do not, for most of the farms, pay a fourth of what the tenements would let for if they were now in my possession. If it is found difficult for a Tenant to pay one rent, it is more difficult for him to pay two; when three are due he despairs, or cares little about them; and if it runs to a greater number, it is highly [probable] that, to avoid paying any, he will leave you the bag to hold. For these reasons, except under the circumstances before mentioned, it is my desire that you will give all the Tenants timely notice that you will give no indulgences beyond those allowed by the covenants in the leases. If they find you strict, they will be punctual; if otherwise, your trouble will be quadrupled, and I can have no dependence upon my rents which are now my principal support, since, by the diligence of Mr. Muse the Tenants are brought into a proper way of thinking and acting respecting them; and my crops are almost continually failing me.
As there have been many transfers, and some without any privity of mine, altho' it is contrary to a covenant in the Leases, it is a matter which will claim your particular attention; and, as I have already observed, as the leases of old date are given for less than one fourth of their present value, it is my particular request, that you will endeavor to investigate, with great accuracy, and inform me of the result, what lives still remain in each lease throwing the proof, (unless you are advised by able Counsel that it cannot be done) where the Lessees are not to be produced, upon the Tenant to shew that they are actually in existence.
As all the rents become due on or before the first day of January in every year, and distrainable at the expiration of a certain number of days thereafter I shall expect that in some short and reasonable time after the days of grace expire the amount of your collection will be paid into the hands of Major Geo: A. Washington, my present Attorney, or whosoever hereafter may have the superintendence of my business in this State during my absence in the service of the public.
Although I flatter myself that there is no occasion for the admonition, yet I will accompany this appointment with suggesting to you, that business is rarely well executed that is not diligently pursued, and that the same consequences of neglect will happen to you, that would to any idle, inattentive, or deficient Collector, if any of these should appear in your conduct; and the more so as it is owing to the attentive and close watchings of Muse, that this resource has been productive and useful to me, and that many rents have been recovered, which appeared to be desperate, by his activity and perseverance.
If they are admitted in the first instances, you will have a thousand pleas to forbearance; but considering the low and easy rents, at which my Tenants stand, I know of none which ought to be admitted except losses by fire, by storms, or such droughts as are apparent and well attested; for bad crops proceeding from idleness, may, and will be a constant plea as they ought to be inadmissible.
It is of essential consequence that you should examine accurately whether the covenants in the leases, with respect to the buildings to be erected, Orchards to be planted, meadows to be made, and woods to be preserved, have been complied with. These were important objects with me at the time the leases were granted, and are so still, well knowing how much they would contribute to enhance the value of the lots, at the expiration of the term for which the leases were given. My best wishes attend Mrs. Lewis and yourself, and I remain Your affectionate Uncle.
P.S. If, as I have heard, you should not conceive the collection of my rents to be an object sufficient to engage your attention, the letter for Mr. Muse is not to be given him.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
October 17, 1791.
The President of the U. States doth hereby order and direct, that the sale of Lots in the City of Washington, to commence this day, be of such Lots as the Commissioners, or any two of them shall think proper; that the same sale shall be under their direction, and on the terms they shall publish.40
[Note 40: A contemporary copy, by Bartholomew Dandridge, is in the District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
George Town, October 17, 1791.
My dear Sir: I am thus far on my way to Philadelphia, and if the disagreeableness of the weather (for it is now raining) does not prevent it, shall proceed to Bladensburgh at least to night; but be my dispatch what it probably may, the mail which leaves this tomorrow, will arrive in Philadelphia before me.
This being the case, and time pressing, I forward the enclosed suggestions of Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison, who are both at this place and from whom I requested information of the several matters that had occurred to them, proper for communication.41 I am etc.42
[Note 41: To Congress.]
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
October 25, 1791.
Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
I meet you, upon the present occasion, with the feelings which are naturally inspired by a strong impression of the prosperous situation of our common Country, and by a persuasion equally strong that the labours of the present45 Session, which has just commenced, will, under the guidance of a spirit no less prudent than patriotic, issue in measures, conducive to the stability and increase of national prosperity.
[Note 45: Richardson's Messages and Papers of the Presidents omits the word "present."]
Numerous as are the Providential blessings which demand our grateful acknowledgments; the abundance with which another year has again rewarded the industry of the husbandman is too important to escape recollection.
Your own observations, in your respective situations, will have satisfied you of the progressive state of Agriculture, Manufactures, Commerce and Navigation: In tracing their causes, you will have remarked, with particular pleasure, the happy effects of that revival of confidence, public as well as private, to which the Constitution and Laws of the United States have so eminently contributed: And you will have observed, with no less interest, new and decisive proofs of the increasing reputation and credit of the Nation. But you nevertheless, cannot fail to derive satisfaction from the confirmation of these circumstances, which will be disclosed, in the several official communications, that will be made to you in the course of your deliberations.
The rapid subscriptions to the Bank of the United States, which completed the sum allowed to be subscribed, in a single day, is among the striking and pleasing evidences which present themselves, not only of confidence in the Government, but of resource in the community.
In the interval of your recess due attention has been paid to the execution of the different objects which were specially provided for by the laws and Resolutions of the last Session.
Among the most important of these is the defence and security of the Western Frontiers. To accomplish it on the most humane principles was a primary wish.
Accordingly, at the same time that treaties have been provisionally concluded, and other proper means used to attach the wavering, and to confirm in their friendship, the well-disposed tribes of Indians; effectual measures have been adopted to make those of a hostile description sensible that a pacification was desired upon terms of moderation and justice.
These measures having proved unsuccessful, it became necessary to convince the refractory of the power of the United States to punish their depredations. Offensive operations have therefore been directed; to be conducted however, as consistently as possible with the dictates of humanity. Some of these have been crowned with full success, and others are yet depending. The expeditions which have been completed were carried on under the authority, and at the expense of the United States by the Militia of Kentucke; whose enterprise, intripidity and good conduct, are entitled to peculiar commendation.
Overtures of peace are still continued to the deluded Tribes, and considerable numbers of individuals belonging to them, have lately renounced all further opposition, removed from their former situations, and placed themselves under the immediate protection of the United States.
It is sincerely to be desired that all need of coercion, in future, may cease; and that an intimate intercourse may succeed; calculated to advance the happiness of the Indians, and to attach them firmly to the United States.
In order to this it seems necessary: That they should experience the benefits of an impartial administration46 of justice. That the mode of alienating their lands the main source of discontent and war, should be so defined and regulated, as to obviate imposition, and, as far as may be practicable, controversy concerning the reality, and extent of the alienations which are made. That commerce with them should be promoted under regulations tending to secure an equitable deportment towards them, and that such rational experiments should be made, for imparting to them the blessings of civilization, as may, from time to time suit their condition. That the Executive of the United States should be enabled to employ the means to which the Indians have been long accustomed for uniting their immediate Interests with the preservation of Peace. And that efficatious provision should be made for inflicting adequate penalties upon all those who, by violating their rights, shall infringe the Treaties, and endanger the peace of the Union.
[Note 46: Richardson has "dispensation."]
A System corrisponding with the mild principles of Religion and Philanthropy towards an unenlightened race of Men, whose happiness materially depends on the conduct of the United States, would be as honorable to the national character as conformable to the dictates of sound policy.
The powers specially vested in me by the Act laying certain duties on distilled spirits, which respect the subdivisions of the districts into Surveys, the appointment of Officers, and the assignment of compensations, have likewise been carried into effect. In a matter in which both materials and experience were wanting to guide the calculation, it will be readily conceived that there must have been difficulty in such an adjustment of the rates of compensation as would conciliate a reasonable competency with a proper regard to the limits prescribed by the law. It is hoped that the circumspection, which has been used will be found in the result to have secured the last of the two objects; but it is probable, that with a view to the first, in some instances, a revision of the provision will be found adviseable.
The impressions with which this law has been received by the community, have been, upon the whole, such as were to be expected among enlightened and well-disposed Citizens, from the propriety and necessity of the measure. The novelty, however of the tax, in a considerable part of the United States, and a misconception of some of its provisions, have given occasion, in particular places to some degree of discontent. But it is satisfactory to know that this disposition yields to proper explanations and more just apprehensions of the true nature of the law. and I entertain a full confidence, that it will, in all, give way to motives which arise out of a just sense of duty, and a virtuous regard to the public welfare.
If there are any circumstances, in the law, which consistently with its main design, may be so varied as to remove any well intentioned objections, that may happen to exist, it will consist with a wise moderation to make the proper variations. It is desirable on all occasions, to unite with a steady and firm adherence to constitutional and necessary Acts of Government, the fullest evidence of a disposition, as far as may be practicable, to consult the wishes of every part of the Community, and to lay the foundations of the public administration in the affection47 of the people.
[Note 47: Richardson makes this word "affections."]
Pursuant to the authority contained in the several Acts on that subject, a district of ten miles square for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States has been fixed, and announced by proclamation; which district will comprehend lands on both sides of the River Potomack, and the towns of Alexandria and George Town. A City has also been laid out agreeably to a plan which will be placed before Congress: And as there is a prospect, favoured by the rate of sales which have already taken place, of ample funds for carrying on the necessary public buildings, there is every expectation of their due progress.
The completion of the Census of the Inhabitants, for which provision was made by law, has been duly notified (excepting in one instance in which the return has been informal, and another in which it has been omitted or miscarried) and the returns of the Officers, who were charged with this duty, which will be laid before you, will give you the pleasing assurance that the present population of the United States borders on four Millions of persons.
It is proper also to inform you that a further loan of two millions and a half of Florins has been completed in Holland; the terms of which are similar to those of the one last announced, except as to a small reduction of charges. Another on like terms, for six Millions of Florins, had been set on foot under circumstances that assured immediate completion.
Gentlemen of the Senate:
Two treaties, which have been provisionally concluded with the Cherokees and Six Nations of Indians, will be laid before you for your consideration and ratification.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
In entering upon the discharge of your legislative trust, you must anticipate with pleasure, that many of the difficulties, necessarily incident to the first arrangements of a new Government, for an extensive Country, have been happily surmounted by the zealous, and judicious exertions of your predecessors, in co-operation with the other branch of the legislature. The important objects, which remain to be accomplished, will, I am persuaded, be conducted upon principles equally comprehensive, and equally well calculated for the advancement of the general weal.
The time limited for receiving subscriptions to the loans proposed by the Act making provision for the debt of the United States having expired, statements from the proper department will, as soon as possible, apprize you of the exact result. Enough, however is already known, to afford an assurance that the views of that Act have been substantially fulfilled. The subscription in the domestic debt of the United States, has embraced by far the greatest proportion of that debt; affording at the same time proof of the general satisfaction of the public Creditors with the System which has been proposed to their acceptance, and of the spirit of accommodation to the convenience of the Government with which they are actuated. The subscriptions in the debts of the respective States, as far as the provisions of the law have permitted, may be said to be yet more general. The part of the debt of the United States, which remains unsubscribed, will naturally engage your further deliberations.
It is particularly pleasing to me to be able to announce to you, that the revenues which have been established, promise to be adequate to their objects; and may be permitted, if no unforeseen exigency occurs, to supercede, for the present, the necessity of any new burthens upon our Constituents.
An Object which will claim your early attention, is, a provision for the current service of the ensuing year, together with such ascertained demands upon the Treasury as require to be immediately discharged; and such casualties as may have arisen in the execution of the public business, for which no specific appropriations may have yet been made; of all which a proper estimate will be laid before you.
Gentlement of the Senate,
and of the House of Representatives:
I shall content myself with a general reference to former communications for several objects, upon which the urgency of other affairs has hitherto postponed any definite resolution. Their importance will recall them to your attention; and I trust that the progress already made in the most arduous arrangements of the Government, will afford you leisure to resume them with advantage.
There are, however, some of them of which I cannot forbear a more particular mention. These are, the Militia; the Post-Office and Post-roads; the Mint; Weights and Measures; a provision for the sale of the vacant lands of the United States.
The first is certainly an object of primary importance, whether viewed in reference to the national security, to the satisfaction of the community, or to the preservation of order. In connection with this, the establishment of competent Magazines and Arsenals, and the fortification of such places as are peculiarly important and vulnerable, naturally present themselves to consideration. The safety of the United States, under Divine protection, ought to rest on the basis of systematic and solid arrangements; exposed as little as possible to the hazard of fortuitous circumstances.
The importance of the Post-Office and Post-Roads, on a plan sufficiently liberal and comprehensive, as they respect the expedition, safety and facility of communication, is increased by the instrumentality in diffusing a knowledge of the laws and proceedings of the government; which, while it contributes to the security of the people, serves also to guard them against the effects of misrepresentation and misconception. The establishment of additional cross-posts, especially to some of the important points in the Western and Northern parts of the Union, cannot fail to be of material Utility.
The disorders in the existing currency, and especially the scarcity of small change, a scarcity so peculiarly distressing to the poorer classes, strongly recommend the carrying into immediate effect the resolution already entered into concerning the establishment of a Mint. Measures have been taken, pursuant to that Resolution, for procuring some of the most necessary Artists, together with the requisite Apparatus.
An uniformity in the weights and measures of the Country is among the important objects submitted to you by the Constitution, and if it can be derived from a standard at once invariable and universal, must be no less honorable to the public Councils than conducive to the public convenience.
A provision for the sale of the vacant lands of the United States is particularly urged, among other reasons, by the important considerations that they are pledged as a fund for reimbursing the public debt; that if timely and judiciously applied, they may save the necessity of burthening our citizens with new taxes for the extinguishment of the principal; and that being free to discharge the principal but in a limited proportion no opportunity ought to be lost for availing the public of its right.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The last paragraph was suggested by Jefferson, a press copy of which, under date of October 23, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
On October 28 the Members of the House of Representatives proceeded to the President's house where the Speaker delivered the reply of the House to the addresses of the President, who replied briefly and formally. Both these addresses and reply are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On October 31 the Members of the Senate proceeded to the President's house where the Vice President delivered the address of the Senate in reply to the addresses of the President. To this the President replied formally. Both this address and the reply are entered in the "Letter Book."]
United States, October 26, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I have directed the Secretary of War, to lay before you for your consideration, all the papers relative to the negociations with the Cherokee Indians, and the treaty concluded with that tribe, on the and day of July last,49 by the Superintendent of the Southern district; and I request your advice whether I shall ratify the same.
[Note 49: November 10 the Senate ratified this treaty.]
I also lay before you the instructions to Colonel Pickering, and his conferences with the six Nations of Indians. These conferences were for the purpose of conciliation, and at a critical period to withdraw those Indians to a greater distance from the theatre of war, in order to prevent their being involved therein.
It might not have been necessary to have requested your opinion on this business, had not the Commissioner, with good intentions, but incautiously, made certain ratifications of lands, unauthorized by his instructions, and unsupported by the Constitution.
It therefore became necessary to disavow the transaction explicitly, in a letter written by my orders to the Governor of New York, on the 17th of August last.
The Speeches to the Cornplanter, and other Seneka Chiefs, the instructions to Colo. Procter50 and his report, and other messages and directions are laid before you for your information, and as evidences that all proper lenient measures preceded the exercise of coertion.
[Note 50: Col. Thomas Procter.]
The letters to the Chief of the Creeks, are also laid before you, to evince that the requisite steps have been taken, to produce a full compliance with the treaty made with that nation on the 7th. of August 1790.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
A question of official etiquette respecting the visits of Ministers having been raised in the Senate it was referred to the President on October 24, whereupon the following memorandum was entered in the "Letter Book" (under date of October 26) by Tobias Lear:
"On the morning of this day the President requested Mr. Butler (who had to pass by his house) to give him a call on his way to the Senate Chamber; and in this interview the President informed Mr. Butler, that after the best consideration which time and circumstances had allowed him to bestow on the subject of etiquette, which had been submitted to him on the 24 instant, he thought it most advisable that he should give no opinion thereon, first, because as a public character he had no power to decide the point, secondly, as a private one it would only be committing sentiments that would be void of operation, that is, which might have no effect on those whose opinions did not coincide therewith, and thirdly, because it might open an avenue to more extensive discussion of points of Etiquette than he should chuse to be engaged in. This opinion the President requested Major Butler to communicate to Mr. Izard and Mr. Burr, with a view to save them the trouble of calling upon him; to whom, however, if they inclined to do it, he would repeat the same sentiments.
"About three o'clock these Gentlemen were again deputed to wait upon the President and present to him the following Resolutions of the Senate, the last of which, it seems, applies to them as well out of, as while in Session, because they say they are liable to be called upon in their Executive capacity, whenever the President shall think it proper to do it."
On October 26 the Senate voted unanimously that Senators "may, with propriety, pay the first visit on all Ambassadors after they shall be received by the President and announced by him to the public, in consideration of their being the Representatives of the persons and dignities of their respective Sovereigns, and that the Senators will expect to receive the first visit from all other Ministers...this rule shall be considered as universal."]
United States, October 27, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you a copy of a letter and of sundry documents which I have received from the Governor of Pennsylvania, respecting certain persons who are said to have fled from justice out of the State of Pennsylvania into that of Virginia; together with a report of the Attorney General upon the subject.
I have received from the Governor of North Carolina a copy of an Act of the General Assembly of that State authorizing him to convey to the United States the right and jurisdiction of the said State over one acre of land in Occacock Island, and ten acres on the Cape Island within the said State, for the purpose of erecting light houses thereon, together with the deed of the Governor in pursuance thereof, and the original conveyances made to the State by the individual proprietors, which original conveyances contain conditions that the light house on Occacock shall be built before the first day of January 1801, and that on the Cape Island before the 8th. day of October 1800. And I have caused these several papers to be deposited in the Office of the Secretary of State.
A statement of the returns of the enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States,54 which have been received, will at this time be laid before you.55
[Note 54: A tabular statement of this "enumeration" (the first census) is printed in the Annals of Congress.
On October 27 Washington addressed a brief message to the Senate and House of Representatives, respecting the reports of General Scott and Lieutenant Colonel Wilkinson, on their expeditions against the Wabash and Wea Indians in June and August, 1791. This message is printed in Richardson's Messages and Papers of the President in the Annals of Congress.]
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 56: Daughter of Washington's deceased brother Samuel.]
Philadelphia, October 30, 1791.
Dear Harriot: I have received your letter of the 21st. instant, and shall always be glad to hear from you. When my business will permit inclination will not be wanting in me to acknowledge the receipt of your letters, and this I shall do more cheerfully as it will afford me opportunities at those times of giving you such occasional advice, as your situation may require.
At present I could plead a better excuse for curtailing my letter to you than you had for shortening of yours to me, having a multitude of business before me while you have nothing to do, consequently you might, with equal convenience to yourself, have set down to write your letter an hour or two, or even a day sooner, as to have delayed it until your Cousin was on the point of sending to the Post-Office. I make this remark for no other reason than to shew you it is better to offer no excuse than a bad one, if at any time you should happen to fall into an error.
Occupied as my time now is, and must be during the sitting of Congress, I nevertheless will endeavor to inculcate upon your mind the delicacy and danger of that period, to which you are now arrived under peculiar circumstances. You are just enter. hag into the state of womanhood, without the watchful eye of a Mother to admonish, or the protecting aid of a Father to advise and defend you; you may not be sensible that you are at this moment about to be stamped with that character which will adhere to you through life; the consequence of which you have not perhaps attended to, but be assured it is of the utmost importance that you should.
Your cousins, with whom you live are well qualified to give you advice, and I am sure they will if you are disposed to receive it. But if you are disobliging, self-willed, and untowardly it is hardly to be expected that they will engage themselves in unpleasant disputes with you, especially Fanny, whose mild and placid temper will not permit her to exceed the limits of wholesome admonition or gentle rebuke. Think then to what dangers a giddy girl of 15 or 16 must be exposed in circumstances like these. To be under but little or no controul may be pleasing to a mind that does not reflect, but this pleasure cannot be of long duration, and reason, too late perhaps, may convince you of the folly of mis-spending time. You are not to learn, I am certain, that your fortune is small; supply the want of it then with a well cultivated mind; with dispositions to industry and frugality; with gentleness of manners, obliging temper, and such qualifications as will attract notice, and recommend you to a happy establishment for life.
You might instead of associating with those from whom you can derive nothing that is good, but may have observed every thing that is deceitful, lying, and bad, become the intimate companion of and aid to your Cousin in the domestic concerns of the family. Many Girls before they have arrived at your age have been found so trustworthy as to take the whole trouble of a family from their Mothers; but it is by a steady and rigid attention to the rules of propriety that such confidence is obtained, and nothing would give me more pleasure than to hear that you had acquired it. The merits and benefits of it would redound more to your advantage in your progress thro' life, and to the person with whom you may in due time form a matrimonial connexion than to any others; but to none would such a circumstance afford more real satisfaction, than to Your affectionate Uncle.57
[Note 59: Then at the "Connestoga Wagon" tavern in Philadelphia.]
Saturday, November 5, 1791.
Sir: The President of the United States has received your letter of this date60 offering for his acceptance a curiously invented plough and in obedience to his command I have the honor to inform you that the President has a grateful sense of your politeness in requesting his acceptance of this machine, and although it would be inconsistent with his general rule to receive it as a present yet he would gladly become possessed of it by paying the cost, was he not fully convinced, from repeated experiments, that all machines used in husbandry that are of a complicated nature, would be entirely useless to him, and impossible to be introduced into common use where they are to be worked by ignorant and clumsy hands, which must be the case in every part of this country where the ground is tilled by negroes; and, as you observe that this plough is adapted to light and gentle soils, this would alone destroy its utility to the President, the land which he cultivates about Mount Vernon being of a remarkably stiff and tenacious nature. I have the honor etc.61
[Note 60: In the Washington Papers.]
[Note 61: This letter is signed "T. Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: William Petty.]
Philadelphia, November 7, 1791.
My Lord: The letter with which you were pleased to honor me, dated the 4th. of July, was presented to me by Lord Wycombe.63
[Note 63: Sons of the Marquis of Landsdowne.]
Permit me to thank your Lordship for introducing so worthy and intelligent a young Nobleman to my acquaintance, and to regret that his stay in this Country is so short as not to have allowed him to investigate it more. We flatter ourselves however that the impression it has made on him is not unfavorable, and we should have hoped a better knowledge of it would not have weakened the first impressions.
This Country has a grateful recollection of the agency your Lordship had in settling the dispute between Great Britain and it, and in fixing the boundary between them: It is to be wished that the same liberal policy was pursued, and every germe of discontent removed, that they might be reciprocally beneficial to each other, their laws, language, and customs being much assimilated [ sic]. I beg your Lordship to be assured of the great respect and consideration, with which I have the honor etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 8 Washington wrote to Gov. Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina, introducing Lord Wycombe, the son of the Marquis of Landsdowne. He wrote similar letters, on the same date, to John Rutledge, William Moultrie, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Edward Rutledge. These letters are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 7, 1791.
Sir: Your letter of the 1st. of October, informing me of the alteration which had taken place in the plans and intentions of the south Carolina Yazou company, was received with much pleasure and satisfaction.
This change of measures is highly worthy of the good sense which dictated it. To have proceeded on the former plan would have been acting in direct violation of the laws and proclamations made and issued under the authority of the United States. To have persisted in a conduct of this kind would have been as little becoming the character of good citizens as consistent with the good sense which the Company have now shewn they are possessed of.
It was with extreme regret that I have heretofore received information of the plans and intentions of this Company, considering that their views, if carried into effect, would militate with the best interests of the United States. But I was never without hope that upon a serious and candid review of the matter, and the consequences which it might produce, their better judgment would lead to the measure which I am now happy to find they have adopted.
Permit me here to observe that any communications which have been made to me on this subject cannot be considered as coming to me in my official capacity, it would therefore be improper for me to lay them before the Legislature of the United States, and I must request you will consider this letter as written in my private, not in my public character.
I beg you to be assured, Sir, that I have a proper sense of those sentiments of personal respect and attachment which are expressed in your letter, and that I am etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 8, 1791.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform your Excellency that your letters of the 18th. of August and 20th. of September, with their duplicates, and the several papers accompanying them, came duly to hand.
The first was received at the time I was making arrangements to go to Mount Vernon, and the second when I was preparing my communications for Congress at the opening of the present Session, this will account for my not having sooner acknowledged the receipt of them.
Your favour of the 18th. of August has been communicated to the Secretary of State within whose department foreign affairs are, and I enclose you a copy of his observations to me on that subject.
Similar applications to those mentioned in your favour of the 20th. of September, for aid from our neighbours of St. Domingo, had come here during my absence in Virginia, and the officers of government had paid due attention to them by furnishing such as our situation admitted, and the Minister of France approved. I feel sincerely those sentiments of sympathy which you so properly express for the distresses of our suffering brethren in that quarter, and deplore their causes. We have not as yet any information which may lead us to hope they will soon be at an end. I am etc.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 10, 1791.
Sir: The weighty consideration which you mention as having determined you to accept the appointment of Cashier to the Bank of the U. States, and the disinterested manner in which you have offered to continue your services to the government, as far as may be compatible with the duties of your new station, conspire to induce my approbation of your conduct.
As it is stated that so considerable a progress has been made by the commissioners in the business confided to them, that the determination of a few more important questions may enable the Clerks to proceed in the completion of it, with the exception of some particular cases: And as the time assigned by Law for the termination of the Commission expires in July next; I conclude that it will be advisable for you to continue to act 'till that period, if experience shall not in the meantime evince that the want of a more entire attention to the object than you will be able to bestow is prejudicial or inconvenient to the public service.
It will remain with you to concert with your Collegues the mode in which you can best cooperate with them; as on the arrangement which can be made in this respect, with reciprocal accommodation and without retarding the public business must essentially depend the propriety of continuing or relinquishing the idea of your future aid.
I shall think it proper that compensation be made for the service which shall be rendered by you.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, November 10, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: The Resolution passed at the last Session of Congress, requesting the President of the United States to cause an estimate to be laid before Congress at their next Session of the quantity and situation of the lands not claimed by the Indians, nor granted to, nor claimed by any of the Citizens of the United States within the territory ceded to the United States by the State of North Carolina, and within the territory of the United States North West of the River Ohio, has been referred to the Secretary of State; a copy of whose report on the subject70 I now lay before you, together with the copy of a letter accompanying it.71
[Note 70: A press copy of this report is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress under date of Nov. 8, 1791.]
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 14, 1791.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your Excellency's private letter of the 27th of September, which accompanied your public communication of the cession of certain pieces of land in North Carolina for the purpose of building light-houses thereon.
I request your Excellency will receive my thanks for the kind Congratulations which you express on my return from my southern tour in perfect health; and at the same time I beg you to be assured, that the reception which I met with among the Citizens of North Carolina, as well as those of the other states which I visited, was in the highest degree pleasing and satisfactory. My object in that journey was not to be received with parade and an ostentatious display of opulence. It was for a nobler purpose. To see with my own eyes the situation of the Country, and to learn on the spot the condition and disposition of our Citizens. In these respects I have been highly gratified, and to a sensible mind the effusions of affection and personal regard which were expressed on so many occasions is no less grateful, than the marks of respect shewn to my official Character were pleasing in a public view. I am etc.72
[Note 72: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From a photostat of the original in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.]
Philadelphia, November 14, 1791.
Madam: By the enclosed letter (which has been sent to London and returned to me in consequence of your not being found agreeably to its direction) you will see I was not inattentive to the letter which you wrote to me on the 22nd. of October 1790. Since which time I have received another letter from you to the same effect as the former dated July 5, 1791, and as circumstances continue to be the same with me as when the enclosed letter was written, that will serve as a reply to both. I will take the liberty to add that if your application should be made to some Gentleman in Virginia, on whose good offices you could depend, it might be the means of satisfying your enquiries on that subject. I have the honor etc.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 14, 1791.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 10th. of September enclosing by order of the American academy of arts and sciences, Judge Lowell's74 eulogy on the late Governor Bowdoin.75
[Note 74: John Lowell. He was United States judge for the District of Massachusetts.]
[Note 75: Gov. James Bowdoin.]
I must beg, sir, you will present my proper acknowledgments to the Academy, for this mark of attention, and at the same time receive yourself my thanks for the polite manner in which you have transmitted to me the eulogy on that worthy character, and for the catalogue of Harvard College which accompanied it. I am etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 14 Lear wrote to Rev. Elhanan Winchester, in London, England, acknowledging for the President "a set of your lectures upon the prophecies that remain to be fulfilled." Lear's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (November 14) Lear also wrote to Rev. Auley Macauley, the President had received his letter "in behalf of a poor old man in your neighbourhood whom you mention as a near relation of the late Dr, Franklin, and request that the President will bring the situation of this poor man and his grandson before Congress to obtain some relief for them. In obedience to the President's commands, I have the honor to inform you that the President brings no business before Congress but what is of a public nature, and such as his official character renders it necessary for him to communicate to that Body. His departure therefore in this case from his uniform practice could not be warranted. The President moreover directs me to inform you that Dr. Franklin has left several near relations with handsome property in this city, to whom, or through whom it seems most proper that application should be made, and that there is most probably a Grandson of Dr, Franklin's in London at this time (he having gone over there last Fall)." Lear's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
November 15, 1791.
Sir: The President of the United States has received the letter which you addressed to him on the 12 instant, and in obedience to his command I have the honor to observe to you that the President is very sorry that circumstances and propriety do not admit of gratifying, so far as might depend on him, the views and expectations with which you appear to have come to this country.
It is perhaps a fact too well known to make it necessary to mention it here, that numerous applications are made for every office created under this government, and it always happens where an office is desirable either for its respectability or emolument that it is sought for by those who have rendered services to their country in the course of the revolution either in the cabinet or the field, and so far from wanting men of respectable talents to fill places which require them that it is frequently a nice point to determine who among the applicants of this character have the best claims to public notice on account of services rendered. Upon this view of the matter the President is convinced, Sir, that your own good sense must approve of the conduct, which he uniformly pursues in making nomination of appointments to office, which is to unite in the applicant fitness of character and abilities with services rendered to the public in the time of common danger, and sure the President is that you must see the imputation which would certainly follow the appointment of a foreigner to an office whatever may be his abilities in preference to those who have fought and bled for their country and are fully equal to the discharge of the duties of its several offices.
The President conceives it unnecessary to point out to you the advantages which are held out to foreigners by this government. It grants them equal protection with its own citizens, and leaves them in the full exercise of all their rights civil and religious; but for the reasons before mentioned he is persuaded you will see the justice as well as propriety of giving a preference to our own citizens in all appointments to offices. I am etc.77
[Note 77: This letter is signed "T. Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 16, 1791.
Dear Sir: The Office of Auditor in the Department of the Treasury of the United States is not yet filled. Reasons unnecsary to detail at this time have hitherto prevented it. The closed points out what is expected from the Officer and the emoluments of the office.
If Mr. Richard Harrison,78 now your Son in law (on which I congratulate you) inclines to accept it, I will bring him forward in nomination to the Senate.
[Note 78: Nominated to the Senate on Nov. 25, 1791, and confirmed November 29.]
He must decide without delay, and if on the side of acceptance he must come on without loss of time as there are many candidates for that office and the public business suffering for want of the appointment. Let me hear from you or him by the return of the Post.
My best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington unites, attend you, Mrs. Craik and the rest of your family. I am etc.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 20, 1791.
Dear Sir: I had heard before the receipt of your letter of the 29th. of October, and with a degree of surprize and concern not easy to be expressed, that Majr. L'Enfant had refused the Map of the Federal City when it was requested by the Commissioners for the satisfaction of the purchasers at Sale. It is much to be regretted, however common the case is, that men who possess talents which fit them for peculiar purposes should almost invariably be under the influence of an untoward disposition, or are sottish idle, or possessed of some other disqualification by which they plague all those with whom they are concerned. But I did not expect to have met with such perverseness in Major L'Enfant as his late conduct exhibited.80
[Note 80: L'Enfant's attitude of "perverseness" was due to his suspicions that the Commissioners were more interested in real estate speculations than in the development of the city. His refusal to subordinate his work to the need of raising funds for the project was the foundation of the misunderstandings which followed.]
Since my first knowledge of the Gentleman's abilities in the line of his profession, I have received him not only as a scientific man but one who added considerable taste to professional knowledge; and that, for such employment as he is now engaged in; for projecting public works; and carrying them into effect, he was better qualified than any one who had come within my knowledge in this Country, or indeed in any other the probability of obtaining whom could be counted upon.
I had no doubt, at the same time, that this was the light in which he considered himself; and of course that he would be so tenacious of his plans as to conceive they would be marred if they underwent any change or alteration; but I did not suppose that he wd. have interfered further in the mode of selling the lots, than by giving an opinion with his reasons in support of it: and this perhaps it might be well always to hear, as the latter would stamp the propriety, or shew the futility of it. To advise this, I am the more inclined, as I am persuaded that all those who have any Agency in the business have the same objects in view, although they may differ in sentiment with respect to the mode of execution; because, from a source even less productive than L'Enfants, may flow ideas that are capable of improvements; and because I have heard that Ellicot, who is also a man of uncommon talents in his way, and of a more placid temper, has intimated that no information had been required either from him, or L'Enfont on some point or points (I do not now particularly recollect what) which they thought themselves competent to give.
I have no other motive for mentioning the latter circumstance than merely to shew that the feelings of such Men are always alive, and, where there assistance is essential; that it is policy to humour them or to put on the appearance of doing it.
I have, however, since I have come to the knowledge of Majr L'Enfants refusal of the Map, at the Sale, given him to understd. through a direct channel, though not an official one, as yet (further than what casually passed between us, previous to the Sale, at Mount Vernon) that he must, in future, look to the Commissioners for directions. That, having laid the foundation of this grand design, the Superstructure depended upon them. That I was perfectly satisfied his plans and opinions would have due weight, if properly offered and explained. That if the choice of Commissioners was again to be made I could not please myself better, or hit upon those who had the measure more at heart, or better disposed to accommodate the various interests, and persons concerned; and that it would give me great concern to see a goodly prospect clouded by impediments which might be thrown in the way, or injured by disagreements which would only serve to keep alive the hopes of those who are enemies to the Plan. But, that you may not infer from hence he has expressed any dissatisfaction at the conduct of the Commissioners, towards him, it is an act of justice I should declare that, I never have heard, directly nor indirectly, that he has expressed any. His pertinacity would, I am persuaded, be the same in all cases, and to all men. He conceives, or would have others believe, that the Sale was promoted by with-holding the general map, and thereby, the means of comparison; but I have caused it to be signified to him, that I am of a different opinion; and that it is much easier to impede, than to force a Sale, as none who knew what they were about would be induced to buy, to borrow an old adage "A Pig in a Poke."
There has been something very unaccountable in the conduct of the Engraver, yet I cannot be of opinion the delays were occasioned by L'Enfant. As soon, however, as a correct draught of the City is prepared, the same, or some other person shall be pressed to the execution. I say a correct draught, because I have understood that Mr. Ellicot has given it as his opinion it was lucky that Engravings did not come out from the first Plan, inasmuch as they would not have been so perfectly exact as to have justified a Sale by them. It is of great importance, in my opinion, that the City should be laid out into squares and lots with all the despatch that the nature and accuracy of the Work will admit. And it is the opinion of intelligent and well informed men, now in this City, who are friends to the measure, that for this purpose, and to accommodate the two great Interests of George Town and Carrollsburg, it would be advisable, rather than delay another public Sale until the whole can be compleated, to lay all the ground into squares which shall be West of the Avenue leading from George Town to the Presidents House; thence by the Avenue to the House for Congress, and thence by a proper Avenue (I have not the Plan by me to say which) to the Eastern Branch; comprehending the range of Squares next to, and binding on the said Avenues on the East side; and to appoint as early a day for the Sale as a moral certainty of their completion will warrant.
When I speak of the importance of dispatch, it does not proceed from any doubt I harbour, that the enemies to the measure can shake the establishment of it; for it is with pleasure I add as my opinion, that the Roots of the permanent Seat are penetrating deep, and spreading far and wide. The Eastern States are not only getting more and more reconciled to the measure, but are beginning to view it in a more advantageous light as it respects their policy and interests; and some members from that quarter who were its bitterest foes while the question was pending in Congress, have now declared in unequivocal terms to various people, and at various times, that if attempts should be made to repeal the Law they would give it every opposition in their power. These sentiments of the Eastern people being pretty well known, will, I am persuaded, arrest the design, if a repeal had been contemplated; but it will not prevent those who are irreconcilable, from aiming all the side blows in their power at it: and the rumours, which were spread at the Sale, that Congress never wd. reside there, is one of the expedients that will be exerted in all its force, with a view to discourage the Sales of the Lots, and the buildings thereon, that the accommodations may be unfit for the Government when the period shall arrive that the removal is to take place.
When I see Major L'Enfant (who it is said will shortly be here) I shall endeavr. to bring him to some explanation of the terms on which he will serve the public; and will also impress upon him the necessity of despatch, that as early a Sale as circumstances will admit, may ensue.
When I began this letter, and until I had got to the present stage of it, it was intended as an answer to yours of the 29th of October; but on a reperusal of that of the 21st. of the said month from the Commissioners, I find it will serve as an answer to both; and, as it is of an enormous length, and my head and hands during the Session of Congress are fully employed, I pray you at the first meeting of the Commissioners to lay these Sentiments before them for their private information.
I forward the enclosed, as I did a former communication from the same person, that the Commissioners may be apprised of the circumstances attending the Land which is the subject of the letter. No acknowledgment of this, or the former, has been made by me. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.
PS. I fear you have forgot my request, made in behalf of Mr. Young,81 of England.82
[Note 81: Arthur Young.]
[Note 82: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Philadelphia, November 21, 1791.
My dear Sir: At the earnest request of Mr. Jorre I make known to you, that he came over to this Country with an idea of obtaining some appointment under our Government; but he now finds that idea to have been false; for propriety, as you, my dear Sir, well know, would not admit of a foreigners being prefered to office before one of our own Countrymen, who suffered so much to effect the revolution, and who certainly ought now to enjoy the official benefits arising from it; especially too, as there is not an office created for which there are not many applicants, and always among them some who claim attention from their public services.
From the recommendation which Mr. Jorre brought to me, he appears to be a man of good character and abilities; and he seems to have given up every other pursuit for the sake of coming here. But finding that he can not accomplish his wishes by obtaining a public appointment, he is about to return to France, and, as I before observed, has earnestly requested I would make known the foregoing circumstances to you, in order that, if he should make any application for an appointment under your Government, he might have some unquestionable proof to produce of the views with which he came to this Country, and of the cause of his disappointment.
But, my dear Sir, you must not conceive from this letter that I mean in any degree to interfere with appointments in France. It is written only for the purpose before mentioned. But at the same time it affords me the pleasure of telling you how much and how sincerely I am etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 21, 1791.
Friend Shotwell: The President wants to purchase about one thousand wt. of clover, and six or seven bushels of Timothy Seed, and wishes you to let him know what they can be bought for now with you. If the seeds are obtained by the month of February next, it will be soon enough for the President's purpose; but he must depend upon them at that time, if he should determine to have them from N. York, which will depend on the price they bear there. You will, therefore, let me know, as soon as you can, after receiving this letter, whether they can be had now, and the price, and likewise whether it would be best to wait until the month of February for a lower price, or a more plentiful supply. I am etc.84
[Note 84: This letter is signed "T. Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 22, 1791.
My dear Sir: Mr. John Trumbull, with whom you are acquainted, is engaged in Painting a series of Pictures of the most important Events of the Revolution in this Country, from which he proposes to have plates engraved. I have taken peculiar satisfaction in giving every proper aid in my power to a subscription for supporting this work, which has been likewise patronized by the principle people of this Country. In the hope of meeting the patronage of the French Nation (to whose honor as well as that of America this plan is directed) Mr. Trumbull informs me he has ordered a Subscription to be opened in Paris. And the object of this letter is to engage your support to the subscription in that City and other parts of the Nation where it may be offered. I should not, however, do justice to Mr. Trumbulls talents and merits were I barely to mention his views and wishes on this occasion.
His pieces, as far as they are executed, meet the warm applause of all who have seen them. The greatness of the design, and the masterly execution of the Work equally interest the man of a capacious mind and the approving eye of the Connoisseur. He has spared no pains in obtaining from the life the likenesses of those characters, French as well as American, who bore a conspicuous part in our Revolution; and the success with which his efforts have been crowned will form no small part of the value of his pieces.
To you, my dear Sir, who know Mr. Trumbull as a man and as an Artist, it would perhaps have been hardly necessary to say so much as I have done on this occasion. But I could not in Justice say less of him when I believe in his profession, he will do much honor to the liberal art of Painting, as well as credit to this his native Country.
I cannot conclude this letter without congratulating you most sincerely on the Kings acceptance of the Constitution presented to him by National Assembly, and upon the happy consequences which promise to flow upon your Country, as well as to mankind in general, from that event. The prayers and wishes of the friends to the human race have attended the exertions of your Nation, and when your affairs are completely settled under an energetic and equal government the hearts of good men will be gratified, and no one will rejoice in your felicity, and for the noble and disinterested part you have acted more than your sincere friend and truly Affectionate &c.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Philadelphia, November 23, 1791.
Dear Sir: After closing my letter to you of the 20th. I recollected that I had omitted to take notice of your observation respecting Wood covers to Brick or Stone buildings, in the Federal City.
It is much to be wished that this evil could be avoided without involving a greater; for it is difficult to decide between things to be wished, and things that are attainable. It has a claim however to consideration, and may be decided upon before the next general Sale. In the meanwhile, it might be well to enquire, how far the measure would meet general approbation; what, probably, would be the difficulties in covering with Slate, Tyle, or any thing else which would be proof against fire; and what the difference in expence between these and Shingles: for if the latter is much cheaper, and the former difficult to be obtained, buildings will be so discouraged, and the Sales so much impeded thereby, as to render the exclusion of Shingles unadvisable. I am etc.85
[Note 85: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Philadelphia, November 25, 1791.
Gentlemen: I have received your favor of the 22d. instant, informing of the price of clover and Timothy seed; the former at ⅙ per lb. and the latter from 17/ to 18s. per bushel, and have now to request that you will obtain at once, for the President about four hundred wt. of dover seed, and seven bushels of Timothy.
If there is a certainty of a vessel's sailing from New York for Alexandria, in Virginia, before the Potowmack closes, the President wishes you to send the above seed in her, addressed to Major George A. Washington, at Mount Vernon, to the care of Mr. W. Wilson in Alexandria, and enclose to the President the bill of lading, &c. Should there not be a vessel going from New York, you are then requested to send the seeds to the City by the first vessel that may sail after obtaining them, the there will be a vessel sailing from this place for Alexandria in about 10 or 15 days.
The amount of the seeds, &c. shall be paid immediately upon receiving your account, either to any person you may wish in this place, or it shall be remitted to you.
I will thank you to let me know as soon as you have the seeds in readiness whether they will go from N. York to Alexandria, or be sent to this place. I am etc.86
[Note 86: This letter is signed "T. Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 6 Lear again wrote to Shotwell that on account of the high price of the clover seed "the President thinks it best to get only two hundred weight instead of four." This letter is also recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Friday, November 25, 1791.
As the meeting, proposed to be held (at nine o'clock tomorrow morning) with the heads of the Great Departments, is to consider important Subjects belonging (more immediately) to the Department of State, The President desires Mr. Jefferson would commit the several points87 on which opinions will be asked to Paper, and in the order they ought to be taken up.88
[Note 87: A press copy of Jefferson's points to be considered is dated November 26 and is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 88: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 28, 1791.
Sir: Your letter of the 21st. came to my hands on thursday afternoon. By the Post of next morning I was unable to answer it; and this is the first opportunity that has offered since by wch. it cd. be done.
It would have been better, and given me more satisfaction if you had made your appeal to the Commissioners; to whom all matters respecting the Federal district and City are now committed; but as you have made it to me, I must furnish you with my opinion; and reasons for it.
First then, permit me to regret, and I do it sincerely, that the dispute between the public and yourself is brought to the point, at which it now stands. But what practicable relief remains for you? I see none. You say yourself if the House is a nuisance you agree to its being pulled down. a simple fact decides the question upon your own principles. viz. is the whole, or part of it in the Street? If the answer is in the affirmative, it is unquestionably a nuisance. 1st., because the Street is injured by it; 2dly., because the regulations are infringed; and 3dly., which indeed may be considered as the primary reason, because the original compact is violated.
You add, that other Houses have fallen in the Streets and are suffered to remain: but does it follow from hence that they are to continue in the Streets? and is there not a wide difference between a House built, and a house building? the first has already incurred all the expence that is necessary to make it habitable; therefore the public will have no more, perhaps not so much, to pay for it 3, 5, or 7 years hence as now; and the possessesor may enjoy the benefit of it in the interim: but would that be the case with a House not covered in, and which, to make inhabitable, will require a considerable additional expence? Who is to bear this expence when a removal (for a House never will be suffered to obstruct a Street, and a principal street too) takes place? Would you not complain more 5, or even 7 years hence at being obliged to pull down your new building after having incurred (at your own expence) a large additional sum in the completion, than to do it now when the Walls only are up? The answer in my opinion is plain; but, in the present state of the building, under the existing circumstances, as there appears to have been some misconception between Majr. L'Enfant and you in this business; I am inclined, in behalf of the public, to offer you the choice of two alternatives: first, to arrest and pull down the building in its present state, and raise it to the same height next Spring, if it is your desire, agreeably to the regulations wch. have been established without any expence to you; or, 2dly. to permit you to finish it at your own cost, and occupy it 6 years from the present date; at which period it must be removed, with no other allowance from the public than a valuation for the Walls in the present state of them. I am etc.89
[Note 89: From a draft in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 28, 1791.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 21st. instt.90 came duly to hand, as did one of the same date from Mr. Carroll of Duddington, on the same subject. A Copy of my answer to the latter is enclosed; by which you will perceive I have proposed an accommodation. As a similar case cannot happen again (Mr. Carroll's house having been begun before the Federal District was fixed upon)
[Note 90: In part is in the Digges-Morgan-L'Enfant Papers in the Library of Congress.] no precedent will be established by yielding a little in the present instance; and it will always be found sound policy to conciliate the good-will rather than provoke the enmity of any man, where it can be accomplished without much difficulty, inconvenience or loss.
Indeed the more harmoniously this, or any other business is conducted, the faster it will progress and the more satisfactory will it be.
Should Mr. Carroll adopt the first alternative mentioned in my letter to him, and there is no pressing cause for taking the building down this Winter,91 the materials will be less liable to injury by standing as they are, and less apt to be stolen, than if they should be taken down before the period shall arrive for re-erection.
[Note 91: L'Enfant had written to the Commissioners that the work of demolishing Carroll's house had already begun, because "he erected that House on a ground he knew was not his...and that it was questionable when he proceeded to builth if the whole Spote he possessed himself of should not be thus appropriated."]
As there is a suspension, at present, of the business which took Mr. Ellicots brother to Georgia, there will be no occasion for his proceeding thither, until he shall receive further advice from me, or from the Department of War. But it is my earnest wish, and desire, that he would give every aid in his power to prepare for a large Sale of Lots in the Spring, agreeably to the sentiments which have been communicated to the Commissioners; and It is moreover exceedingly to be wished, that correct Engravings of the City be had, and properly disseminated ( at least) throughout the United States before such Sale.
A great pressure of business at this time prevents me from adding more than that I am etc.92
[Note 92: From a draft in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress. The letter sent, which is also in Washington's writing, is in the Digges-Morgan-L'Enfant Papers in the Library of Congress. It varies from the draft in capitalization and punctuation and in having the word "earnest" underscored.]
Wednesday, November 30, 1791.
My dear Sir: Mr. L'Enfants letter of the 19th. of Octr. to Mr. Lear, Mr. Lear's answer of the 6th. instt. (the press copy of which is so dull as to be scarcely legible), in which I engrafted sentiments of admonition, and with a view also to feel his pulse under reprehension. His reply of the 10th. to that letter together with the papers I put into your hands when here will give you a gull view of the business; and the Majrs. conduct; and will enable you to judge from the complexion of things how far he may be spoken to in decisive terms without loosing his services; which, in my opinion would be a serious misfortune. At the same time he must know, there is a line beyond which he will not be suffered to go. Whether it is zeal, an impetuous temper, or other motives that lead him into such blameable conduct I will not take upon me to decide; but be it what it will, it must be checked; or we shall have no Commissioners. I am etc.93
[Note 93: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 1, 1791.
Gentlemen: I receive with real mortification the account of the demolition of Mr. Carrolls house by Major L'Enfant, against his consent, and without authority from yourselves or any other person for you have done me but justice in asserting that he had no such authority from me. My letter of the 28th. Ulto. to Mr. Carroll of Duddington will prove this. I now enclose you the copy of one to Majr. L'Enfant, in which you will see what I say to him on this subject.
You are as sensible as I am of his value to us. But this has it's limits, and there is a point beyond which he might be overvalued.
If he is saved from the notice of the law on the present occasion, I would chuse he shd. owe it entirely to yourselves, and that he be made sensible that there will be no interference from me on his behalf.
The enclosed for Mr. Carroll, of Duddington you may either deliver or destroy as it shall seem best to you.
With very great esteem etc.94
[Note 94: From a press copy in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 2, 1791.
Sir: Yesterday I received your letter of the 28th. Ulto. My letter of the same date to you (which you must have recd. before this time) in answer to your favor of the 21st. will have conveyed my sentiments. to you on the unlucky dispute which exists between yourself and Majr. L'Enfant, whose zeal in the public cause has carried him too fast.
What has been done cannot be undone, and it would be unfortunate, in my opinion, if disputes amongst the friends to the federal City should Arm the enemies of it with weapons to wound it. If you should consider the matter in this point of view, and compare it with the communications in my last, you may perhaps think it more advisable to quash, than prosecute the chancery injunction: especially too, as disputes of this kind may injure you more on the large scale in the general sale of the lots than you can possible gain by going into a Court of Chancery. I am etc.94
Philadelphia, December 2, 1791.
Dear Sir: I have received with sincere concern the information from yourself as well as others, that you have proceeded to demolish the house of Mr. Carroll of Duddington, against his consent, and without authority from the Commissioners or any other person. In this you have laid yourself open to the Laws, and in a Country where they will have their course. To their animadversion will belong the present case.
In future I must strictly enjoin you to touch no man's property without his consent, or the previous order of the Commissioners. I wished you to be employed in the arrangements of the Federal City: I still wish it: but only on condition that you tend to, some of which, perhaps, may be unknown to you; Commissioners (to whom by law the business is entrusted, and who stands between you and the President of the United States) to the laws of the land, and to the rights of its citizens.
Your precipitate conduct will, it is to be apprehended, give serious alarm and produce disagreeable consequences. Having the beauty, and regularity of your Plan only in view, you pursue it as if every person, and thing was obliged to yield to it; whereas the Commissioners have many circumstances to atten dto, some of which, perhaps, may be unknown to you; which evinces in a strong point of view the propriety, the neccessity and even the safety of your acting by their directions.
I have said, and I repeat it to you again, that it is my firm belief that the Gentlemen now in Office have favorable dispositions towards you, and in all things reasonable and proper, will receive, and give full weight to your opinions; and ascribing to your Zeal the mistakes that have happened, I persuade myself, under this explanation of matters, that nothing in future will intervene to disturb the harmony which ought to prevail in so interesting a work. With sincere esteem etc.95
[Note 95: From the Digges-Morgan-L'Enfant Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 5, 1791.
Sir: The packet which accompanies this, and is addressed to Arthur Young Esquire, is put under a cover to you in order to ensure a safe conveyance for it to that Gentleman; and the sametime I must request you will be so good as to forward it to Mr. Young by some private opportunity, if any should offer without delaying its transmission too long for that purpose, as the expence of postage for so large a packet would probably be considerable. But if no conveyance by a private and safe hand should offer, I must desire you will forward it by the Post, and pay the postage thereon yourself, which you will please to charge in your acct. with the United States. I am etc.
P. S. We have had a report here of the death of Mr. Young.96 Should this be true, you will please to return the enclosed packet to me.97
[Note 96: Young did not die until the year 1820.]
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 98: Naval officer of the port of New York. He was formerly aide to the Commander in Chief.]
Philadelphia, December 5, 1791.
Dear Sir: Finding, on enquiry, that there is no vessel expected to sail for London the present season, and observing in the New York papers that two Ships were advertised to sail from thence to London, I have forwarded to your hands the enclosed packet, addressed to Joshua Johnson Esquire, our Consul at London; and request you will have the goodness to transmit it to that Gentleman by some safe and careful hand. If you know of any person going passenger in either of these vessels, or in the packet, to whom it could be confided, it might perhaps be a good mode of conveying by such an one. My principal object for wishing to have it put into this channel of transmission is, that it may not have to pass thro' the Postoffice to get to Mr. Johnson's hands, as it would do, if sent by the ordinary course of the mail. The postage on it would be considerable, and in this instance, an unnecessary expence.
As your situation necessarily gives you a knowledge of all vessels sailing from your port, I have been led to trouble you on this occasion, and must rely on your judgment to give the enclosed such conveyance either by the Captain or some Passenger as may be most likely to carry it directly to its destination; and will thank you to inform me, after you have sent it, by whom, and in what vessel it has gone.
Mrs. Washington unites in best wishes for Mrs. Walker and yourself, with your etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 5, 1791.
Sir: In a letter which I addressed to you on the 15th. of August, acknowledging the receipt of your favor dated the 25th. of January preceeding, I promised to answer the queries contained in it, in detail.
Accordingly, I took measures for that purpose, by writing to some of the most intelligent Farmers in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia; as you will perceive by the circular letter herewith enclosed: and have obtained the answers from the three last mentioned States that are thereunto annexed. I did not extend my enquiries to the Northward of New York, nor to the Southward of Virginia; because in neither extremity of the Union, in my opinion, is the climate, Soil, or other circumstances well adapted to the pursuits of a mere Farmer, or congenial to the growth of the smaller Grains.
I have delayed the information I am about to give you, in expectation of receiving answers which have been promised me from the States of New York and New Jersey; but as they are not yet arrived, and a Vessel is on the point of Sailing for London, I shall put this Packet under cover to Joshua Johnson Esqr. our Consul at that Port; with a request to him, that it may be forwarded to you, by a safe conveyance. The others shall follow as opportunities may present; it being my wish to give you a comprehensive view of the different parts of this Country: although I have no hesitation in giving it at the sametime as my opinion, if I had a new establishment to make in it, that it would be, under the knowledge I entertain of it at present (and I have visited all parts from New Hampshire to Georgia inclusively) in one of the three States of which you are furnished with particular Accounts. New York and New Jersey do not differ much in Soil, or Climate, from the Northern parts of Pennsylvania. Both are pleasant, and both are well improved, particularly the first. But the Country beyond these, to the Eastward, (and the farther you advance that way it is still more so) is unfriendly to Wheat, which is subject to a blight or mill-dew, and of late years, to a fly, which has almost discouraged the growth of it. The lands, however, in the New England States are strong, and productive of other Crops; are well improved; populously seated; and as pleasant as it can be in a Country fast locked in Snow sevl. months in the year.
To the Southward of Virginia the climate is not well adapted to Wheat; and less and less so as you penetrate the warmer latitudes; nor is the Country so thickly settled, or well cultivated. In a word, as I have already intimated, was I to commence my career of life anew, I shd. not seek a residence north of Pennsylvania, or South of Virginia: nor, but this I desire may be received with great caution, for I may, without knowing I am so, be biassed in favor of the River on which I live should I go more than 25 miles from the margin of the Potomac, in less than half that distance, in some places I might seat myself either in Pennsylvania, Maryland or Virginia, as local circumstances might prompt me.
Having said thus much, some of the reasons which lead to this opinion, may be expected in support of it. Potomac River then, is the centre of the Union. It is between the extremes of heat and cold. It is not so far to the south as to be unfriendly to grass, nor so far north as to have the produce of the Summer consumed in the length, and severity of the winter. It waters that soil, and runs in that climate, which is most congenial to English grains, and most agreeable to the Cultivators of them.
It is the River, more than any other, in my opinion, which must, in the natural progress of things, connect by its inland navigation (now nearly compleated 190 measured miles up to Fort Cumberland, at the expence of £50,000 Sterlg. raised by private subscription) the Atlantic States with the vast region which is populating (beyond all conception) to the Westward of it. It is designated by law for the seat of the Empire; and must, from its extensive course through a rich and populous country become, in time, the grand Emporium of North America. To these reasons may be added, that, the lands within, and surrounding the district of Columbia are as high, as dry, and as healthy as any in the United States; and that those above them, in the Counties of Berkeley in Virginia, Washington in Maryland, and Franklin in Pennsylvania (adjoining each other) at the distance of from Sixty to 100 miles from Columbia, are inferior in their natural state to none in America.
The general Map of North America, which is herewith enclosed, will shew the situation of this district of the United States. And on Evans's Map of the Middle Colonies, which is on a larger scale, I have marked the district of Columbia with double red lines; and the Counties adjacent to, and above it, of which particular mention has been made, with single red lines.
The last mentioned Map shews the proximity of the Potowmac (which is laid down from actual Survey) to the Western Waters, and it is worthy of observation, that the Shenandore, in an extent of 150 miles from its confluence, through the richest tract of land in the State of Virginia, may (as is supposed) be made navigable for less than £2,000. The South branch of Potowmac (100 miles higher up, and) for a hundred miles of its extent, may be made navigable for a much less sum. And the intermediate waters on the Virginia side, in that proportion, according to their magnitude. On the Maryland side (the river Potowmac to the head of the North branch being the boundary between the two States) the Monocasy and Conogocheag are capable of improvement to a degree which will be convenient and benificial to the Inhabitants of that State, and to parts of Pennsylvania.
The local, or State taxes, are enumerated in the answers to the circular letter; and these from the nature of the Government, will probably decrease. The taxes of the General Government will be found in the Revenue laws, which are contained in the volume that accompanies this letter.
"The Pennsylvania Mercury, and Philadelphia Price current" is sent that you may see what is, and has been, the prices of the several enumerated Articles which have been bought, and sold in this market at different periods, within the last twelve months.
An English farmer must entertain a contemptible opinion of our husbandry, or a horrid idea of our lands, when he shall be informed that not more than 8 or 10 bushels of Wheat is the yield of an Acre; but this low produce may be ascribed, and principally too, to a cause which I do not find touched by either of the Gentlemen whose letters are sent to you, namely, that the aim of the farmers in this Country (if they can be called farmers) is not to make the most they can from the land, which is, or has been cheap, but the most of the labour, which is dear, the consequence of which has been, much ground has been scratched over and none cultivated or improved as it ought to have been; Whereas a farmer in England, where land is dear and labour cheap, finds it his interest to improve and cultivate highly, that he may reap large crops from a small quantity of ground. That the last is the true, and the first an erroneous policy, I wilI readily grant, but it requires time to conquer bad habits, and hardly anything short of necessity is able to accomplish it. That necessity is approaching by pretty rapid strides.
If from these communications you shall derive information or amusement, it will be but a small return for the favors I have received from you; and I shall feel happy in having had it in my power to render them. As they result from your letter of the 25th, of January, and are intended for your private satisfaction it is not my wish that they should be promulgated as coming from me. With very great esteem I am etc.1
[Note 1: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. W. Rosenbach, of New York City. The autograph draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 7, 1791.
Sir: I have received your letter of November the 18th. covering a resolution of the legislature of Virginia of November the 14th. and a memorial of Sundry citizens of that commonwealth on the subject of their property carried away by the British, contrary, as they suppose, to the stipulations of the treaty peace. A regular channel of communication with that government being now open, I shall not fail to pay due attention to this subject. I have the honor etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 7, 1791.
Dear Sir: At the sametime that I address the letter which accompanies this to you, officially, permit me to offer my sincere congratulations on your Appointment to the Government of Virginia, and to add my best wishes for the prosperous Administration of the important Office which you now fill, as well as for your personal happiness.
An anxiety to do well, which is inseperable from high Offices, generally increases with the importance of the trust committed to our charge; and to that drawback you must lay your Account. But that you may experience as few troubles and difficulties as the nature of your situation will permit, is the sincere wish of Dear Sir etc.3
[Note 3: From a photostat of the original in the University of Chicago Library.
On December 8 Washington wrote a brief note of thanks to Elbridge Gerry: "The President and Mrs. Washington have received the pears and the curious fluted Cymbling which Mr. Gerry has been so good as to send them, and beg his acceptance of their best thanks for this mark of polite attention." This note was sold at auction in 1926.]
United States, December 12, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: It is with great concern that I communicate to you the information received from Major General St. Clair of the misfortune which has befallen the troops under his command.5
[Note 5: Near Fort Recovery, in Mercer County, Ohio, on Nov. 4, 1791, and generally referred to as "St. Clair's defeat."]
Although the national loss is considerable according to the scale of the event, yet it may be repaired without great difficulty, excepting as to the brave men who have fallen on the occasion, and who are a subject of public as well as private regret.
A further communication will shortly be made of all such matters as shall be necessary to enable the Legislature to judge of the future measures which it may be proper to pursue.
Philadelphia, December 13, 1791.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 7th- instant, and can only once more, and now for all, inform you that every matter and thing which has relation to the Federal district, and the City within it, is committed to the Commissioners appointed agreeably to the "Act for establishing the temporary and permanent Seat of the Government of the United States" that it is from them you are to derive your powers, and the line of demarcation for your government is to be drawn by them.
You may remember, Sir, that the first official notice you had of the business in which you are now engaged, was from one of these Commissioners, namely, Mr. Carroll; and that a supposed impropriety in his acting whilst a member of Congress, occasioned a suspension, until a renewal of his Commission after his term of Service in that body, had expired.
Had it not been for this circumstance all the directions you would have receiv'd on your way to Georgetown would have been from him. All you have received since ought to have been from them.
This is the reason why I have said to you in a former letter, that the "Commissioners stand between you and the President of the United States" they being the persons from whom alone you are to receive your direction.
Were it necessary, I would again give it to you as my opinion that the Commissioners have every disposition that can be desired to listen to your suggestions, to adopt your plans, and to support your authority for carrying the latter into effect, as far as it shall appear reasonable, just and prudent to them, and consistent with the powers under which they act themselves. But having said this in more instances than one it is rather painful to reiterate it. With esteem and regard I am etc.
P. S. Since writing the foregoing letter yours of the 10th. is come to hand. As you are well acquainted with my, as well as the earnest wishes of the Commissioners, to have the work forwarded with all the dispatch the nature of it will admit, I persuade myself that nothing will be wanting on your part or the part of Mr. Ellicot to hasten the execution.6
[Note 6: From the Digges-Morgan-L'Enfant Papers in the Library of Congress.]
United States, December 13, 1791.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: I place before you the plan of a City that has been laid out within the District of ten miles square which was fixed upon for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 14, 1791.
Dear Sir: Unfortunate and melancholy as the event is, which has given rise to your communication of the ... 8instant, I sincerely thank you for it.
[Note 8: Lee's letter, in the Washington Papers, is dated Dec. 16, 1791.]
Since the receipt of your letter official account of the defeat is come to hand, and is herewith enclosed.9 As the whole of it went to Congress, it was thought best to expunge no part of that which should be given to the public; otherwise the throwing away of Arms, and some other things would have been with-held. With sincere regard and affection, I am etc.7
[Note 9: St. Clair's report of his defeat was addressed to the Secretary of War and dated Nov. 9, 1791 No copy of it is now found in the Washington Papers. It is printed in the American State Papers.
On January 31 Lear wrote to Knox, returning St. Clair's letter "which the President thinks it would be well to publish." This letter of January 31 is recorded in the "Letter Book," and a weak press copy is also in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 18, 1791.
Gentlemen: It gave me much pleasure to find by a late letter of yours to Mr. Jefferson, that the dispute between Major L'Enfant and Mr. Carroll of Duddington is likely to terminate more favorably than might have been expected from the nature of it; and that you are disposed to take no further notice of his late unjustifiable proceedings.
You will perceive by the enclosed copy of a letter which I have just written to him, that I have placed it beyond a doubt (if he had any before, from an opinion that the Commissioners were appointed for one purpose, and himself for another, and that they were to act independent of each other) that his powers, and Instructions, are to flow from you.
His aim is obvious. It is to have as much scope as possible for the display of his talents, perhaps for his ambition. A copy of his letter of the 7th. instant herewith sent, not only evinces this, but shews the extent to which he wishes to carry it. If, however, he will bear the cirb which is put upon him by the letter; of which you have the copy (and which will admit of no misinterpretation) I submit to your consideration whether it might not be politic to give him pretty general, and ample powers for defined objects; until you shall discover in him a disposition to abuse them.
His pride would be gratified, and his ambition excited by such a mark of your confidence. If for want of these, or from any other cause he should take miff and leave the business, I have no scruple in declaring to you (though I do not want him to know it) that I know not where another is to be found, who could supply his place.
His conduct, in the dispute with Mr. Carroll of Duddington, I will readily acknowledge is no inducement to entrust him with extensive powers; because, after your interference, his proceeding was unwarrantable and previous to it (in the last act) it was imprudent. Having said this, I must go further and declare, that under the statement I received of this matter when I was at George-town (not only from Majr. L'Enfant but from another on whom I could depend) I think Mr. Carroll of Duddington is equally to blame. and without entering far into the detail of the dispute between these two Gentlemn., the following will comprise, and in my opinion, be a solution of the motives, which influenced the former. The work of Majr. L'Enfant (wch. is greatly admired) will shew that he had many objects to attend to and to combine; not on paper merely, but to make them corrispond with the actual circumstances of the ground. This required more time than the patience, perhaps the convenience of Mr. Carroll would admit; and therefore, notwithstanding the assurances of the other that he was using all the despatch in his power to ascertain the principal Streets and objects, and, that he Mr. Carroll should not suffer by the delay, the latter proceeded, after waiting a while, to the completion of his buildings.
This excited resentment in L'Enfant; and, more than probably gave birth to expressions which begat mutual warmth; and conceiving (without adverting to, or perhaps even knowing the formalities which are required by our laws) that by the Deeds of cession, houses, and every other impediment which might happen to stand in the way, was to be removed (paying the value thereof), he took the determination to demolish, without further ceremony, the house of Mr. Carroll; and having proceeded to the execution, his pride (however false) would not permit him to recede. This, in my opinion, is a true state of the case; to which, a reserve, and an unwillingness to answer enquiries respecting his plan, has given disgust. But how far a compliance on his part, in an unfinished stage of the wk. would have been consistent with his duty, is a matter worthy of consideration. If this reserve &ca. proceeded from self importance and the insolence of Office, the motives were unworthy. If from a conviction of the impropriety of developing his designs to the public before they were matured, and approved; they were good; at any rate not condemnable.11
[Note 11: One of the reasons for L'Enfant's reserve and delay in publishing his mature plan was his conviction that the Commissioners were willing to favor the real estate speculators more than they were willing to cooperate in establishing his plan.]
These sentiments being the result of my reflections upon this subject, I communicate them for your private information; and for that reason request that this letter may not be mixed with other papers that respect your public transactions. An imprudent use made of them, might sow the seeds of discord, whilst reconciliation ought to be promoted, and discontents of every sort ought to be buried, by all those who have any concern, or interest in the business. With much esteem etc.12
[Note 12: From a press copy in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 13: In the "Letter Book" this is addressed to "Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Hamilton."]
Sunday, December 18, 1791.
The P-- requests that Mr J-- would give the letter and statement herewith sent from the S--y of War a perusal, and return it to him in the course of the day, with his opinion as to the propriety of the manner of making the communication to Congress; and whether it ought not, at any rate, to be introduced in some such way as this (if it is to pass through him to Congress) "Pursuant to directions I submit" &ca. Or, (if it is to go immediately from the War department to that body) "I lay before Congress by direction of the P-- of the U. S. the following statement." &ca.14
[Note 14: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. (See Washington's message to the Senate and House of Representatives Jan. 11, 1792, post.)]
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 22, 1791.
Dear Sir: I accept, with great pleasure, the new and elegant print of the King of the French, which you have been so obliging as to send to me this morning as a mark of your attachment to my person. You will believe me, Sir, when I assure you, that I have a grateful and lively sense of the personal respect and friendship expressed in your favor which accompanied the Print, and that I am etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1791.
Dear Sir: At the same time that I acknowledge the receipt of your letter, notifying me of your intention to enter upon a professional pursuit, and, during the ensuing term, propose yourself for admittance as a practitioner of law in the Supreme Court of the State of Pennsylvania, I beg you to be persuaded, that my best wishes will accompany you in that or in any other walk into which your interest or inclination may lead you.
That your determination is the result of the best view you have of your circumstances and expectations, I take for granted, and therefore shall say nothing which might embarrass the decision; but declare to you that your deportment so far as it has come under my observation, has been regulated by principles of integrity and honor and that the duties of your station have been executed with abilities, and I embrace the occasion your address has afforded me to thank you for all your attentions, and for the Services which you have rendered me since you have been a member of my family.
Let your departure from it be made perfectly convenient to yourself and believe me to be with sincere esteem and regard, Dear Sir your etc.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 27, 1791.
Gentlemen: When I proposed the alternatives contained in my letter of the 28th. Ulto. to Mr. Carroll of Duddington it was done on the ground of accommodation; and under full persuation that, as the house of that Gentleman had been begun before the land was ceded, and had progressed between that and the ultimate decision on the lines of the Street which embraces part of it, no doubt would arise with respect to the legality of reinstating the house in the order it was found when the demolition commenced. Much less did I imagine that there could be any doubt of the expediency of the measure, as the obvious design of it was to heal differences which were pregnant with mischief and could produce no good effect as the case was a singular one and could not be drawn into precedent.
But, as many of the former Proprietors of the land dispute the right of applying any of the monies which have arisen, or may arise from the Sale of the lots to this purpose, I shall take the opinion of the Attorney General of the U. States upon this case; and for his information do require a copy of the transfer from Mr. Carroll of Duddington to the Trustees.
It may be necessary also to ascertain, with precision, at what exact period the lines of the Street which interfere with Mr. Carrolls house were finally run and resolved on, and notice thereof given to Mr. Carroll of D. with other facts pro. and con, that the Attorney General may be enabled to give his opinion upon clear ground.
I find by a letter which I have just received from Majr. L'Enfant that the house of Notley Young Esqr. has (contrary to expectation) fallen into a principal Street. But I hope the Major does mean to proceed to the demolition of this also unless he is properly authorized and instructed.
It gives me pleasure to find by your letter of the 21st. that you are so well advanced in your Contracts. With great esteem etc.
PS. I pray you to inform Mr. Carroll of Dudn. that until the above opinion is obtained I can say nothing to him with decision, in answer to his letter of the 21st. Instant.22
[Note 22: From the Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 26: Widow of Gen. Richard Butler, who was killed at "St. Clair's defeat."]
Philadelphia, January 6, 1792.
Madam: I received duly your letter of the 22nd. ultimo.
Permit me to assure you that, in a public view, I consider the recent misfortune greatly enhanced by the loss of the truly gallant General Butler; and that I deeply participate in the grief which affects you on this distressing event.
A small detachment of troops had been ordered to be stationed at Pittsburg, previously to the receipt of your letter; these since he [ sic] reinforced by a more considerable detachment now on their march to that place.
I sincerely hope, that you will render the present pressure of your afflicted experience all the powerful consolations of Religion and Philosophy. I am etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 7, 1792.
Gentlemen: I have received your letter of the 13th. of December, requesting that I would furnish Mr. John Francis with such letters to Amsterdam, or other parts of Europe, as might enable him to obtain a loan of money for your house, to the amount of about 100, 000 dollars, to make it convenient for you to build and fit out such vessels as you mention for the East India trade.
I have taken this matter, Gentlemen, into serious consideration, and am sorry to inform you that with every disposition and wish to promote the commercial interests of our Country, and to countenance the laudable undertakings of its enterprizing citizens, yet I can not think it wou'd be proper for me, situated as I am, to comply with your request. In my public capacity you will readily see that such a thing could not be done; and abroad, it would be almost impossible to separate my private from my official character, in a case of this kind. Moreover, should I, from the disposition I might have to oblige you, open this door, it is easy to foresee the many applications of a similar nature which it wou'd produce, and which I should find impracticable to avoid. I am therefore persuaded, Gentlemen, you will do that justice to my motives for declining this matter which they really merit, and will in no wise impute it to the want of inclination to promote your interest, or through you, the interest of commerce. With great regard etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 8, 1792.
Dear Bushrod: I have long suspected, but, such has been my situation for some years back, that I have not been able to ascertain the fact, that a tract of about 1200 acres wch. I hold on four mile-run near Alexandria has had the Wood thereon dealt pretty freely with by unauthorised persons in its vicinity. The enclosed from Mr. Whiting gives information of a particular act. He is directed in a letter of this date, to wait upon Colo. Little; and with such proofs of the trespass as he can obtain, to call upon you therewith. If they shall appear to you indubitable, I am resolved, as an example, to punish the agressors; and pray you to issue a process against them, and to prosecute the same in the name of George Auge. Washington, as my Attorney, who I think has been announced as such in the Gazettes of Alexandria and Richmond; and, I presume, has a power from me to that effect.
Lest any misconception of Whiting's should lead me, or you into an error, I beg you will, when an opportunity shall present itself, inquire of Colo. Little whether the Hoop poles were, incontestibly, taken from my land; who the persons are that did it; who to prove it; and whether there can be any demur to the propriety (legality I mean) of bringing the Suit in the name of G: A: Washington as my Attorney, not being willing to have my own name called in Court, on this occasion.
Your Aunt joins me in best wishes, and compliments of the Season to you and Nancy, and I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
United States, January 11, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you, in confidence, two Reports made to me by the Secretary for the Department of War, relatively to the present state of affairs on the Western frontiers of the United States.
In these Reports the causes of the present war with the Indians; the measures taken by the Executive in order to terminate it amicably; and the military preparations for the late Campaign, are stated and explained; and also a plan suggested of such further measures on the occasion as appear just and expedient.
I am persuaded, Gentlemen, that you will take this important subject into your immediate and serious consideration, and that the result of your deliberations will be the adoption of such wise and efficient measures as will reflect honor on our national Councils and promote the welfare of our Country.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On January 8 Washington wrote a brief note of acknowledgment to Robert Bowyet for an engraved portrait print of the Countess of Huntingdon, made from Bowyer's painting. This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 32: Of Connecticut.]
Philadelphia, January 14, 1792.
Sir: I take the earliest opportunity, after receiving your letter of the 11th. instant, to inform you of the President's sentiments on the subject of it.
I think I mentioned to you when I had the pleasure of seeing you in this place, that the President had, when on his tour to the southward, been prevailed upon by the strong sollicitations of Colonel Washington and several other Gentlemen of South Carolina, to promise that he would let his Spanish Jack be carried to that State for a time, if they should think proper to send for him. When I mentioned your application for one of the Jacks, the President informed me, that Colo. Washington had sent for the Spanish Jack, and that he was now on his way to South Carolina, and added, that as one of the Jacks was already gone, he cou'd not by any means think of parting with the Knight of Malta for a season, as his dependance for Mules must now be placed on him; and that, as the young Jack had never yet been tried, it would be out of the question to rely upon him for the Services which might be expected, I therefore did not incline to let either of them go from Mount Vernon, at least not for the ensuing season. The President more over observed, that he had no inclination to part with either of his Jacks, unless a very considerable price should be offered: conceiving that the benefits which might result from them to the Country at large could be diffused, without his dispossessing himself of their property.
Had it been convenient for the President to have let you had one of his Jacks, he would only have done it for a stipulated sum for the season, to be paid in cash, as that would have been more agreeable to him (and perhaps equally as well for you) than to have received a certain proportion of what he might bring in. I am etc.33
[Note 33: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 16, 1792.
Sir: As the circumstances which have engaged the U.S. in the present Indian War, may, some of them, be out of the public recollection, and others, perhaps unknown, it appears adviseable that you prepare and publish, from authentic documents, a statement of those circumstances, as well as of the measures which have been taken from time to time for the re-establishment of peace and friendship.
When the Community are called upon for considerable exertions to relieve a part which is suffering under the hand of an enemy, it is desirable to manifest that due pains have been taken by those entrusted with the administration of their affairs to avoid the evil.38
[Note 38: The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.
In the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress is a press copy of Jefferson's report to the President on this matter which includes this text with the exception of the words "the Community," which in Jefferson's draft is "our constituents." This press copy is dated January 25.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, January 16, 1792.
Dear Sir: I do myself the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 30th. of November, and to express the satisfaction which I feel in finding you are disposed to go abroad in the public character which was suggested to you.
The Secretary of State will give you the official information of your Appointment to the Court of London; and I am pleased that the public service will allow you such time as may be necessary for you to make arrangements for your departure, and permit you to take your passage in a pleasant and safe season of the year.
To a sincere desire that your exertions for the public good may be crowned with the fullest success, permit me to add, my best wishes for the welfare and happiness of your family: and to assure you, that I am etc.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Paper.]
Philadelphia, January 17, 1792.
Gentlemen: I have duly received your favors of January the 7th. and 9th., am sensible of the expediency of the act of authority you have found it necessary to exercise over all the persons employed in the public works under your care, and fully approve of what you did.
It has appeared, I think, that nothing less could draw their attention to a single source of authority and confine their operations to specified objects. It is certainly wise to take a view of the work to be done, the funds for carrying it on, and to employ the best instruments. Major L'enfant might be an useful one if he could be brought to reduce himself within those limits which your own responsibility obliges you to prescribe to him. At present he does not appear to be in that temper: perhaps when Mr. Johnson shall arrive here, he may be able to let him see that nothing will be required but what is perfectly reconcileable to reason and to a due degree of liberty on his part.
I will endeavour to procure the information you desire as to Mr. Ellicot.43 I am etc.44
[Note 43: Joseph(?) Ellicott.]
[Note 44: In the writing of Tobias Lear, in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, in the Library of Congress. The draft, in the writing of Jefferson, is in the District of Columbia Letters and Papers, and a press copy of the draft is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
United States, January 18, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I lay before you the communications of a deputation from the Cherokee Nation of Indians now in this City.
And I request your advice whether an additional Article45 shall be made to the Cherokee treaty to the following purport, to wit:
[Note 45: The Senate agreeing to this additional article, Lear, on January 20, informed the Secretary of War thereof, and added. "The President wishes to see the Secy before he communicates this matter either to the Cherokees or to the Interpreter." Lear', draft is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
That the sum to be paid annually by the United States to the Cherokee Nation of Indians, in consideration of the relinquishment of lands, as stated in the treaty made with them on the second day of July 1791, shall be one thousand five hundred dollars, instead of one thousand dollars mentioned in the said treaty.
United States, January 23, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and House of Representatives: Having received a letter from the Governor of Virginia, enclosing a Resolution of the General Assembly of that State, and a report of a Committee of the House of Delegates respecting certain lands located by the Officers and Soldiers of the Virginia line, under the laws of that State, and since ceded to the Chickasaw Indians, I lay the same before you, together with a Report of the Secretary of State on this subject.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Jefferson's draft of this report is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress under date of January 21. A copy is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers under date of January 22.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, January 23, 1792.
Dear Sir: Your goodness will, I am persuaded, excuse my not giving an earlier consideration to the subject which you presented to my view in your letter of the 31st. ultimo. A variety of occurrences, some of them not very pleasing, have happened since that period to absorb my attention.
My opinion with respect to the advantages, which would result from such a digest of Laws as was suggested by you, is the same now it was at the time we conversed on the expediency of drawing a line between the powers of the General and State governments, with a view to avoid those evils which otherwise might result from a contention. But from the best consideration my leisure has enabled me to bestow on the subject, I question much whether the time is yet arrived, the necessity so generally apparent, or the temper of Congress so well framed for these things, as to render such a proposition acceptable. And I doubt still more, whether at any time its coming from the executive would be the most auspicious mode of bringing it forward; as it might be construed into an implication of want of discernment in that body to foresee the utility of, or of abilities to execute or to direct a measure of so much importance. I am &c.49
United States, January 26, 1792.
Sir: You will receive herewith a copy of a Resolution51 of the House of Representatives, that has been just now delivered to me by a Committee; and I desire you will prepare and lay before the House the statement therein requested.
[Note 51: That of January 25, which requested the President to lay before the House copies of the correspondence between the Governor of Pennsylvania and the Secretary of War, relative to raising troops within and under the direction of that State.]
As communications of a similar nature have taken place between the Executive of the General Government and the Governor of Virginia, it may be proper to lay these also before the House of Representatives, and I request you will have them prepared and communicated accordingly as soon as the business of your department will admit of it.52
[Note 52: The signed draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, January 28, 1792.
My dear Sir:57 Your favor of the 30th of September came duly to hand, and I thank you for the important information contained in it.
[Note 57: Jefferson's copy, in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress, has "Dear Sir."]
The official communications from the Secretary of State, accompanying this letter, will convey to you the evidence of my nomination, and appointment of you to Minister Plenipotentiary for the United States at the Court of France; and my assurance, that both were made with all my heart, will, I am persuaded, satisfy you as to that fact. I wish I could add that the advice and consent flowed from a similar source. Candour forbids it, and friendship requires, that I should assign the causes, as far as they have come to my knowledge.
Whilst your abilities, knowledge in the affairs of this Country, and disposition to serve it, were adduced and asserted on one hand; you were charged on the other hand, with levity and imprudence of conversation and conduct. It was urged that your habits58 of expression indicated a hauteur disgusting to those, who happen to differ from you in sentiment;59 and among a people, who study civility and politeness more than any other nation, it must be displeasing; that in France you were considered as a favorer of Aristocracy, and unfriendly to its Revolution (I suppose they meant constitution). That under this impression, you could not be an acceptable public character, of consequence would not be able, however willing,
[Note 58: Jefferson's copy has "mode."]
[Note 59: Jefferson's copy has "opinion."] to promote the interest of this Country in an essential degree.60 That in England you indiscreetly communicated the purport of your Mission in the first instance, to the Minister of France, at that Court, who availing himself in the same moment of the occasion, gave it the appearance of a movement through his Court. This, and other circumstances of a similar nature, added to a close intercourse with the opposition Members, occasioned distrust, and gave displeasure to the Ministry; which was the cause, it is said, of that reserve which you experienced in negotiating the business which had been intrusted to you.
[Note 60: Jefferson's copy omits "in an essential degree."]
But not to go further into detail, I will place the ideas of your political adversaries, in the light which their arguments have presented them to me: vizt. That the promptitude, with which your lively and brilliant imagination is displayed, allows too little time for deliberation and61 correction; and is the primary cause of those sallies, which too often offend, and of that ridicule62 of characters, which begets enmity not easy to be forgotten, but which might easily be avoided, if it was under the control of more caution and prudence. In a word, that it is indispensably necessary, that more circumspection should be observed by our representatives abroad, than they conceive you are inclined to adopt.
[Note 61: Jefferson's copy has "or."]
[Note 62: Jefferson's copy had "indiscret treatmt. of characters, wch but too freqly. results from ye enmity produced by it, and wch. mt. be avoidd. if they were under ye guidance of more caution and prudence, and it is indispensably necessary more reserve and caution shd be observd. by our representatives abroad yn they conceive you are possd of."]
In this statement you have the pros and cons; by reciting them, I give you a proof of my friendship if I give none of my policy or judgment. I do it on the presumption, that a mind conscious of its own rectitude fears not what is said of it, but will bid defiance to and despise shafts that are not barbed with accusations against honor or integrity.63 And because I have the fullest confidence (supposing the allegations to be founded in whole or part) that you would find no difficulty, being apprized of the exceptionable light in which they are viewed, and considering yourself as the representative of this Country, to effect a change, and thereby silence, in the most unequivocal and satisfactory manner, your political opponents.
[Note 63: Jefferson's copy has "of it."]
Of my good opinion, and of my friendship and regard, you may be assured, and that I am etc.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 31, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have been honored with your letter of this date requesting to be informed whether you understood the President rightly upon the following points respecting the demolition Mr. Carroll's house.
Question 1st. Whether payment could be ordered to Carroll for more of his House than was run up, when he executed his agreement? Answer, upon this point the Attorney General's opinion is desired.
Question 2d. Can a written opposition to a greater payment being made, be seen by the Attorney General?
Answer, said opposition is enclosed in a letter from the Commissioners of the 21st. of december, and herewith transmitted.
Question 3d. Is not the President willing now to pay for the whole of the destruction if he can use the means?
Answer. The President's alternative to Mr. Carroll, before he knew this destruction was commenced shews his ideas on this point, and he observes that he still adheres to it, unless a legal opposition arises to it from an agreement with Mr. Carroll.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 66: Of Baltimore County, Md.]
Philadelphia, February 4, 1792.
Six: I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your polite letter of the 1st. instant, and to inform you that the very fine mutton which you have had the goodness to send me has come to hand in the best order.
While I beg your acceptance of my thanks for this mark of polite attention, permit me to express the satisfaction which I feel in learning from your letter the success you have met with in your laudable attempts to improve the breed of our Sheep, by introducing among them the broad-tail'd persian breed. I have ever been satisfied in my own mind, that by a proper attention to our Sheep (particularly in Maryland and Virginia, where the climate and other circumstances seem to be peculiarly favourable to the object) they might be made not only a most profitable subject to the farmer, but rendered highly important in a public view, by encouraging extensive establishments of woolen manufactories from the abundance of wool which they could furnish.
During the time of my residing at home, between the close of the war and the entrance on my present office, I had paid much attention to my Sheep, and was proud in being able to produce perhaps the largest mutton and the greatest quantity of Wool from my Sheep that could be then produced. But I was not satisfied with this, and contemplated further improvements both in the flesh and wool by the introduction of other breeds, which I should by this time have carried into effect, had I been permitted to pursue my favorite occupation. I am however much pleased to find that some Gentlemen seem to view this matter in the light which it deserves, and exert themselves in promoting it; and if I cannot give my aid by a personal attention to the object, those who do, will always have my best wishes for their success. I am etc.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On February 4 Lear wrote to the Attorney General, by the President's command, asking an opinion on the legality of the appointment and continuance of Charles William Frederick Dumas, United States Agent at the Hague during the Revolutionary War and after. A press copy of Jefferson's opinion on the retention of Dumas (February 4) is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. The Attorney General's opinion is not now found in the Washington Papers. On February 15 Lear returned all the papers in the case to Jefferson. Lear's note is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, February 5, 1792.
Sir: By the post of Friday I received your letter of the 28th. ultimo, and thank you, in behalf of the President, for the information you have been so good as to obtain and communicate respecting a miller.
The President has no wish to part with his present miller, if he should incline to continue where he is upon reasonable terms; but as the work done at the mill will not allow of extravagant wages, the President is desirous of ascertaining the annual sum for which he can obtain a first rate miller (who at the same time shall be a man of strict integrity, of sobriety and industry) in addition to the perquisities mentioned in my former letter. When this is known, if his present miller will not continue for the same sum, he shall have no hesitation in parting with him. I have, therefore, Sir, to beg the further favor of you to learn from the Mr. Robinson mentioned in your letter, or any other person possessing the necessary qualifications, the annual sum for which he would engage to take charge of, and conduct the Presidents Mill, in addition to the perquisites before mentioned to you, and let me receive information thereof as soon as you can. After this information is received, the President will be able to determine whether he shall continue his present miller, or take another, as soon as he can write to Mount Vernon, and receive an answer from thence.
It may be necessary to observe here, that the Miller who has charge of the Presidents Mill, must be a man of strict integrity, and one in whom a confidence can be placed to conduct the business of the mill, without being constantly looked after; for so numerous are the avocations of whoever superintends the President's affairs, during his absence from home, that they can only pay a general attention to the Mill, and of course much must depend, in that case, on the honesty of the Miller, as well as on his ability to manage the business committed to his charge. A Miller, tho' engaged for the year, may receive his wages as they become due, by the month or quarter, as he pleases.
You observe in your letter, that "Gentlement from the southward offer higher wages than are given at the Brandy-Wine Mills, and that there are frequent instances where those who go for the sake of the wages, return for their health." I am happy in being able to inform you, in reply to this, reasoning from the past, a person need be under no apprehension of unhealthiness at the President's Mill, for since the time of its being built in the year 1770, to the present day, there have been but two Miller's engaged there, and they have both, with their families, enjoyed as much health as any persons or families in any place whatever. The first Miller, whose name was Roberts, was employed there from the building of the Mill, 'till the year 1785. He was perhaps, one of the first millers in this Country; but being incorrigibly addicted to drunkeness, the President was obliged to part with him on that account, after having endured with him, in consideration of his extraordy. ability as a Miller, 'til his conduct, from drunkeness, was no longer tolerable. After his dismission, the man who is now there was engaged, and, as I observed before, neither of them suffered in themselves or families any more inconvenience from sickness, than what is incident to a family in any situation whatever. I am etc.68
[Note 68: This letter is signed "T. Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 6, 1792.
Sir: The President is desirous of getting some black mole skin, like that of which you made him a pair of breeches when he was in New York, and not being able to procure any in this City he has directed me to request, if there is any in N. York, that you will be so good as to get and send to him as much as will make three pair breeches; and the amount of which shall be remitted to you as soon as it gets to him, and the price is known. I am etc.68
Philadelphia, February 7, 1792.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 4th. of December should have received an earlier acknowledgment, if the pressure of public business would have sooner permitted me to make the necessary enquiries relative to the object of it. And I was induced to delay the matter until I found myself at leisure, from an idea that no inconvenience could result to you or your Son, from a short postponement, as your letter mentions his being now in London, and not expected in this Country 'till March.
Captn. Truxton,69 with whom you express a wish that your son might sail, is now in London, and Mr. Morris informs me that he will sail from thence to India, and may be expected to return here in about 18 months, and is good enough to add, that if your Son shou'd be in the Country at that time, and incline to go an India Voyage with Captn. Truxton, he would provide a birth for him; but he must not expect the place of Chief mate in his first voyage to India; for great dependance being placed on the Chief mate of those Ships in respect to Seamanship and Experience, a man who has been to India and proved himself capable of the birth, is generally obtain to fill it.
[Note 69: Capt. Thomas Truxtun (Truxton).]
If your Son should not wish to delay a voyage to India 'till the return of Captn. Truxton, there will be vessels sailing from this place next Summer on board of one of which he may undoubtedly get the birth of Second or third mate; but as his sole object in such a voyage will be to gain knowledge and experience in his profession, it may be proper for him to be well ascertained of the character and talents of the Captain, on this line, under whom he may sail.
It will give me pleasure to promote the enterprising views of your Son in this way, by any information I can obtain and communicate respecting it. I will still continue my enquiries, and if I can, at the Season when the Indianmen are fitting out, hear of a suitable birth for him, I shall not fail to let you know it; for I am pleased to find that there are some young Gentlemen of respectability, stepping forward with ardor in a profession, where they may render service to their Country at a future period. With great esteem I am etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 7, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have received a letter from General Moultrie of South Carolina, dated December 29th. informing that he had sent to me, by the Baltimore Packet (which was to sail next day) the following plants, to wit: 2 boxes with sweet shrubs; 2 boxes with Italian Myrtle; one box with two apopynaxes; one box with two olianders, and two boxes with the Palmitto Royal.
Now, my dear Sir, as I have received no account of the arrival of these plants at Baltimore, I am apprehensive that some accident has befallen them, and must beg the favor of you to make an enquiry respecting them, and if they have reached Baltimore, to let me know what state they are in; and should they have escaped destruction from the severity of the weather, I must add to the trouble of the enquiry, a request, that, if the plants are found in such preservation as to be worth sending to Mount Vernon, you would have the goodness to cause them to be sent there by the first Vessel which may be bound that way. And, in order to prevent a double transportation and perhaps a delay which may be ruinous to them, it would be a pleasing thing to me if the Captain of the Vessel that may carry them to the Potomack, would land them at Mount Vernon in his way up the River.
The amount of freight from Charleston, and other charges upon these plants you will be so obliging as to ascertain and let me know, that it may be paid.
With great regard etc.74
[Note 74: In the writing of Tobias Lear.]
[MD.H.S.]
United States, February 8, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: An Article of expence having occurred in the department of foreign affairs for which no provision has been made by law,75 I lay before you a letter from the Secretary of State explaining the same, in order that you may do thereon what you shall find to be right.76
[Note 75: The expense had been incurred in the relief of a number of American seamen who had been impressed by the British Navy.]
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 10, 1792.
Sir: I was sorry to learn from your letter of the 7th. instant, that you propose to resign the Office which you hold under the United States.79
[Note 79: Supervisor of the State of New York.]
Presuming that this determination is the result of a due reflection upon the subject, and a conviction that the measure is for your best interest, I acquiesce in it, although I regret the loss of your services to the public. And, while I express my approbation of your conduct in the Offices which you have held under the U. States, so far as it has come to my knowledge, permit me to add my best wishes for your future happiness and prosperity.
Your proposal of continuing to discharge the duties of your office until the 1st. of March, or until another person shall be appointed thereto, will allow time for the selection of a proper character, which, as soon as determined on, will be duly notified to you by the Secretary of the Treasury.
With sincere regard etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On February 10 Lear wrote to the Attorney General: "The President directs me to offer you his sincere condolence for the loss of your sister; to which permit me, my dear Sir, to add mine. The President thinks it wou'd be best for you to take an opportunity of conversing with Mr. Ellicot, respecting Mr. Carroll's house, before you send him your opinion on the subject, as he wishes every information to be had that can be obtained respecting it. The President observes that it will be inconvenient for him to receive your opinion on Mr. Dumas's case on Monday or today." A press copy of this note is in the Washington Papers. It is also recorded in the "Letter Book."]
Philadelphia, February 11, 1792.
The President of the United States commands T. Lear to return the enclosed paper which was submitted to the consideration of the President last evening, containing the sentiments proposed to be delivered, in writing, by the Quakers to the deputation from the cherokee nation of Indians now in this City, and to inform, that the President, upon a due consideration of the subject, does not see any impropriety in the enclosed Speech being delivered to the Cherokees, as it contains the same friendly sentiments, with which he has himself endeavoured to impress these people; and it does not appear to be a matter that can be drawn into precedent on any future occasion. Neither has the President any objection to these Indians being furnished, by the Quakers, with such small presents as were mentioned to him last evening.82
[Note 82: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 24, 1792.
Sir: I have favoured with your letter of the 20th. instant, and have communicated the same to the President, who observes, that the wages which Mr. Robinson demands is higher than he expected from your letter to me of the 28th. of July; in which you state the wages of a first rate miller at the Brandy Wine mills to be from £5:10 to £6 pr. month, without any perquisites, and the duties heavy. Mr. R. demands 75£ per year in addition to perquisities, almost sufficient to support a family. However, as I mentioned to you in my last letter, that the President did not wish to part with his present miller, if he should incline to continue on reasonable terms, and my principal object in writing to you was to know the terms upon which he could obtain a Miller, in case he should under the necessity of getting a new one, the President can not give a decided answer to Mr. R. until he knows the intention of his present Miller, for which purpose he has written to Virginia, and will probably receive an answer from thence towards the last of this, or in the beginning of next month; and as soon as he hears from thence, I will give you immediate information of his determination.
The dry weather continuing till the setting in of the frost, has prevented the President's mill from giving a fair trial to your improvements, little or no work having been done there since they were erected. This puts it out of the President's power to give at present a certificate of their utility from experiment. I am etc.89
[Note 89: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the " Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Saturday afternoon, February 25, 1792.
Sir: I have given the enclosed draft of a letter to Captain Brandt91 a careful perusal. Such additions as are made with a
[Note 91: Joseph Brant.] pencil may be adviseable; but, after you have given them an attentive consideration, they may stand or fall as you shall think best. Yours etc.92
[Note 92: The contemporary copy in the Washington Papers is in the writing of Tobias Lear. Knox's letter to Brant is dated Feb. 25, 1792, and is printed in the American State Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 25, 1792.
Sir: I thank you for the information given me in your letter of the 21st. of November last, of your claiming 200 acres of the land within the limits of my Survey on the Great Kanhawa; as it gives me an opportunity of letting you know my fixed determination to defend my title to all that land within the lines of my patent, and to warn you in the most pointed manner not to make any settlements thereon, or to exercise any other right of proprietorship within the limits of my patent.
It may be proper to inform you, that, in the year 1769 or 1770, there was a special order of the Governor and Council of Virginia, for reserving all the lands on the Great Kanhawa to satisfy the military claims of myself and others of the first Virginia Regiment. That in 1770 I was myself on the Great Kanhawa with the Surveyor to look out the land for the military claims; and that my Patent for the tract you speak of has been in my possession for many years. I cannot therefore entertain the smallest doubt of the legality and validity of my title to every acre of land within the lines of that patent; and from a conviction of this I am resolved to defend it at all events, and to prosecute to the extremity of the law every encroachment, that may be made upon the boundaries of it. I therefore desire you will consider this letter as a solemn warning not to make any Settlement, or exercise any other right of proprietorship on any part of the land within the lines of my patent: assuring you that if you should, after this warning persevere in your intention of settling or otherwise encroaching upon my land, you must expect to be prosecuted as far as right and justice will admit. I am etc.93
[Note 93: From the " Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 25, 1792.
Sir: I thank you for the information which you have given me in your letter of the 30th of Decr. respecting the intention of the Tomlinsons and others to dispute my title to a tract of land called the Round Bottom.
I wish these persons, and any others who may be disposed to dispute my title to that land, to be informed in the most explicit and pointed manner, that it is my fixed determination to defend, at all events, every inch of that land which is within the lines of my patent. If, therefore, any encroachments are made thereon, the person or persons by whom they are made may depend upon being prosecuted as long as there shall be any shadow of right or justice in so doing.
I have nothing to say respecting any surveys which may be made without the lines of my patent; but let them beware of the consequences of coming within them. I am etc.94
[Note 94: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From the original in the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.]
Philadelphia, February 28, 1792.
Sir: Your final resolution being taken, I shall delay no longer to give my ideas to the Commissioners for carrying into effect the Plan for the federal City.
The continuance of your Services (as I have often assured you) would have been pleasing to me, could they have been retained on terms compatable with the Law. Every mode has been tried to accommodate your wishes on this principle, except changing the Commissioners (for Commissioners there must be, and under their directions the public buildings must be carried on, or the law will be violated) this is the opinion of the Attorney General of the U States and other competent judges. To change the Commissioners can not be done on ground of propriety, justice [or Policy].1
[Note 1: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: " nor do I believe it would avail any thing if they were. the same causes will produce like effects, and as it is to be feared you would be under the controul of no one."]
Many weeks have been lost since you came to Philadelphia in obtaining a Plan for engraving, notwithstanding the earnestness with which I requested it might be prepared on your first arrival. further delay in this business is inadmissable. In like manner five months, have elapsed and are lost by the compliment which was intended to be paid you in depending alone upon your plans for the public buildings instead of advertising a premium to the person who should present the best (which would have included yourself equally). These are unpleasant things to the friends of the measure and are very much regretted.
I know not what kind of a certificate to give that will subserve the purpose of Mr. Roberdeau.2 My conversations with, and letters to you, have uniformly conveyed the idea that the Commissioners stood between you and the President of the U. States; that it lay with them to draw the line of demarkation between themselves and you; and that, it was from them alone you were to receive your directions. A recurrence to my letters of the 2d. and 13th. of December.3 [will show you the light in which I have considered this subject.] With sincere wishes for your happiness and prosperity, I am etc.4
[Note 2: Isaac Roberdeau.]
[Note 3: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: " Was there any alternative after the explicit declaration contained in these letters but to have proceeded agreeably to the line there drawn? or to have renounced all further connection with the Plan? Matters being placed on this footing, would it not have comported with propriety, and have been but a very moderate accomodation on your part, before you had left George town, to have made a communication of your intentions and settled some plan for the winter operations, with the Commissioners? A quoram of these gentlemen were meeting almost every week at that place, and a full board was summoned to attend there on the 4th. or 5th. of January but a few days after you left it. How easy then was it to have obviated the difficulties under which Mr. Roberdeau now labours, and how much smoother and better would things have gone on! Had you been on the spot and could not, or would not have satisfied the Commissioners with respect to the utility of continuing men at daily wages in so inclement a Season there is no question but that the order for their dismission would have been handed to you. As you were not there, had made no communication of your plan, and they conceived from the inclemency of the Season that an expence inadequate to the advantages was incurring they were reduced to the alternative of Submitting to what they conceived to be an evil, or issuing their order to Mr. Roberdeau to desist; the consequences of not doing it is now to be decided."]
[Note 4: From the draft in District of Columbia Letters and Papers. The words in brackets are in the writing of Tobias Lear.
The letter sent, in the writing of Lear, is in the Digges-Morgan-L'Enfant Papers in the Library of Congress. It varies from the draft in minor verbal details only.]
Philadelphia, February 29, 1792.
Dear Sir: I take the earliest opportunity to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 20th. instant, to shew you that I have not been inattentive to the contents of it. But I must delay giving a definitive answer to your request for using my name in the Suit which you propose to institute, until the return of your Brother, Colo. John Mercer, to this City, shall enable me to learn from him whether the decree of chancery entitled him to use the names of the trustees without their express permission; which if it did, would render an express permission unnecessary in this case. Or, until I am informed of the kind of Suit, and against whom my name is to be drawn forth; and also, what steps can now be taken, so as to place this debt upon the same footing with those, which have been paid out of the aggregate fund. For however inclined I am to give every facility in my power toward the recovery of the debt which you mention; yet prudence will suggest that a permission to use my name in a suit should be granted but with great caution, and only where it may be absolutely necessary: as I am resolved that no voluntary act of mine shall again involve me in a business from which I have been discharged by a decree of the High Court of Chancery of the State of Virginia. I am etc.5
[Note 5: From the " Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original is in the possession of Robert W. Dona, of London.]
United States, March 5, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: Knowing the friendly interest you take in whatever may promote the happiness and prosperity of the French Nation, it is with pleasure that I lay before you the translation of a letter which I have received from His Most Christian Majesty,13
[Note 13: King Louis XVI of France. His letter was dated Sept, 19, 1791.] announcing to the United States of America his acceptance of the Constitution presented to him in the name of his Nation.14
[Note 14: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
March 6, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate: With a view to relieve the merchants and merchandize of the United States from the extra duties to which they are or may be subjected in the Ports of Denmark, I have thought it for the interest of the United States that a Consul be appointed to reside at Copenhagen.15 I therefore nominate Hans Rudolph Saaby, a Danish subject and Merchant of Copenhagen to be Consul for the United States of America for the Port of Copenhagen, and such other places within the allegiance of his Danish Majesty as shall be nearer to the said Port than the residence of any other Consul or Vice Consul of the United States within the same Allegiance.14
[Note 15: On January 10 Jefferson had reported to Washington that a consul was necessary in Denmark and recommended the appointment of Saaby in nearly the same language used by the President in this letter. A press copy of this report is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. The appointment was ratified by the Senate, March 7.]
(Confidential)
Philadelphia, March 6, 1792.
My dear sir: Your letter of the 24th. ultimo, did not reach me 'till the 28th. You will not find it difficult to imagine, that in the particular circumstances of your community, at the existing juncture, I may have experienced embarrassment, from the nature of different applications, in relation to the office of Supervisor; and you will, I trust, do justice to the motives, which have reluctantly prevented a compliance with your recommendation.16 After a careful attention to all the considerations, which would naturally enter into the subject, I have concluded to nominate Mr. Morris,17 the late Chief Justice of your State, to the Office.
[Note 16: Clinton had recommended Dr. William Tillotson.]
[Note 17: Richard Morris.]
This nomination has been unsolicited by that Gentleman, or by any friend of his; nor have I any evidence, that it will be acceptable to him; or of his inclinations in the event which is pending: But, in adverting to his long and faithful public services, to his real sacrifices, and to his present, as I am informed, distressful retirement, I found a combination of strong inducements to direct my choice towards him.
I beg you to be assured of the sincere esteem and affectionate regard, with which I am &c.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 6, 1792.
Gentlemen: Mr. Jefferson, in a letter which he writes to you this day, will enter fully into the points touched upon in your letters to me of the 21st of december, and of the 7th. 9th. 10 and 21st of January, and Mr. Johnson's letter of the 3d of february. I shall, therefore, do little more at present (being much pressed with other important public matters) than acknowledge the receipt of these letters, and state the reasons which caused me to delay writing to you 'till this time.
Until I received Mr. Johnson's letter, the expectation of seeing him here and conferring with him fully upon the several points mentioned in your letters kept me from writing; and since that time the unsettled state of matters with respect to Major L'Enfant has put it out of my power to write to you in a manner that would be decisive or satisfactory.
Matters are at length brought to a close with Maj. L'Enfant. As I had a strong desire to retain his services in this business, provided it could have been done upon a proper footing I gave him every opportunity of coming forward and stating the mode in which he would wish to be employed, always, however, assuring him that he must be under the controul of the Commissioners. But after keeping open the communication with him as long as any reasonable means could be found of doing it, he chose to close it by declaring that he could only act in a certain way, which way was inadmissable. His services, therefore, must be no longer calculated upon. Altho' his talens in designing, and the skill which he is said to possess in the execution of this kind of business, may occasion the loss of his services to be regretted; yet I doubt, upon the whole, whether it will be found in the end that his dereliction wall be of real disservice to the undertaking; for so unaccommodating is his disposition that he would never suffer any interference in his plans, much less would he have been contented under the direction of the Commissioners. I am convinced, Gentlemen, that in your transactions with Major L'Enfant you must have suffered much from his temper; and if my approbation of your conduct in this business can afford you pleasure, you may be assured you have it. Even if I had no corroboration of the fact, I should be persuaded, from what I have known of his disposition on the recent occasion, that there would scarcely be a possibility of acting harmoniously in concert with him.
It is impossible to say with any certainty when the plan of the City will be engraved. Upon Major L'Enfant's arrival in this place in the latter part of december, I pressed him in the most earnest manner to get the plan ready for engraving as soon as possible. Finding there was no prospect of obtaining it through him (at least in any definite time) the matter was put into Mr. Ellicott's hands to prepare about 3 weeks ago. He has prepared it; but the engravers who have undertaken to execute it, say it can not certainly be done in less than 2, perhaps not under 3 months.
There shall, however, be every effort made to have the thing effected with all possible dispatch.
As Mr. Jefferson has in his letter mentioned the particular objects to which your attention will probably be turned, I shall only observe here that I am impressed in the strongest manner, with the necessity there is of carrying on this business with as much vigour as the nature of the thing will admit. It has been observed by intelligent and well informed men, [(not however of the class most friendly to the measure)] that the whole success of the federal City depends upon the exertions which may be made in the ensuing season towards completing the object; for such is now the state of the public mind on this subject that it appears as it were in an equilibrium, and will preponderate either for or against the measure as the progress of the thing may be. And there are not wanting those who, being interested in arresting the business, will leave no means unessayed to insure it. By the proposition for a loan which Mr. Jefferson transmits to you, you will see what prospect you have of funds in addition to those to be depended upon from the two states.19 And in your exertions, Gentlemen, to make the best of these I have the fullest confidence.
[Note 19: Maryland and Virginia.]
[With great esteem I am etc.]20
[Note 20: In the District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress. The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 6, 1792.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 27th. of January came safely to hand (but not by Judge Cushing)22 as did your letter of the 23d. of September, for which I thank you.
[Note 22: William Cushing.]
It is with pleasure I congratulate you on the increase of your family, and the restoration of health to Mrs. Jay, both of which we have heard.
Mr. B--'s23 motion, alluded to in your letter of the 27th. of January,24 is only the prelude, I conceive, to what is intended to follow, as occasions shall present themselves.
[Note 23: Aaron Burr, Senator from New York.]
[Note 24: Jay had written (January 27): "Mr. Burr's motion gave me much Concern, and the Issue of it much Satisfaction. I regret that the Senate were not more unanimous. Similar attempts in future may be encouraged by their having divided so equally on the Question. It is in my opinion a Question very important in its Consequences; so much so, that if the Senate should make and retain that Encroachment on the Executive, I should despair of seeing the Government well administered afterwards." Jay's letter is in the Washington Papers. The matter, probably, was the appointment of Ministers abroad. Cf. Executive Journal, Dec. 22, 1791--Jan. 16, 1792.]
I am persuaded your goodness will excuse my not having acknowledged the receipt of your letters, of the above date, at an earlier period. Many matters of a public nature have pressed upon me, some of them not very pleasant ones.
My best wishes, in which Mrs. W-- cordially unites, are presented to Mrs. Jay and yourself, and with affectionate regard I am etc.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 7, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I submit to your consideration the Report of the Secretary of State which accompanies this,30 stating the reasons for extending the negociation proposed at Madrid to the subject of commerce,31 and explaining under the
[Note 30: A press copy of the report of Jefferson (March 7), together with the articles proposed for insertion by Gardoqui, are in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. They are printed in the Executive Journal.]
[Note 31: On March 16 the Senate consented to the proposed extension of powers.] form of instructions to the Commissioners lately appointed to that Court, the principles on which commercial arrangements with Spain might, if desired on her part, to be acceded to on ours: And I have to request your decision, whether you will advise and consent to the extension of the powers of the Commissioners as proposed, and to the ratifycation of a treaty which shall conform to those instructions, should they enter into such a one with that Court.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 8, 1792.
Dear Sir: In a short letter which I wrote to you by the last Post,37 I promised a lengthy one by the Post of tomorrow; but such is my present situation that I must pass by some things and be more concise on others than I intended.
[Note 37: Washington had written (March 7): "By the Post on friday ... I will write to you (if I can) more fully: for I am at present exceedingly pressed." This letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
That Mr. Johnsons health did not permit him to come to this City as he proposed and was expected, is matter of exceeding great regret, as many things relative to the Federal district, the City, and the public buildings might have been more satisfactorily arranged; and delays avoided; but as there is no contending against acts of Providence we must submit, as it becomes us so to do and endeavor to recover the time lost, in the best manner we can.
That the Commissioners have had more than a little trouble and vexation with Majr. L'Enfant, I can readily conceive (if your representation of the fact had been wanting) from the specimens he has given of his untoward temper since his arrival in this City. And I can as easily conceive that in proportion to the yieldings of the Commissioners his claims would extend. Such upon a nearer view, appears to be the nature of the Man!
Every advantage will be taken of the Majors dereliction. A vigorous counteraction therefore is essential. If he does not come forward openly to declare it, his friends and the enemies to the measure, will do it for him, that he found matters were likely to be conducted upon so pimping a scale, that he would not hazard his character or reputation on the event under the controul he was to be placed. It is even said (but nothing has appeared yet) that he means to publish this to the world. The half friends to the New City (if this is not allowing them more than their due) undertake to predict that, it now stands in equilibrio. that a feather will turn the scale either way. If say they the matter is pushed with vigor, and upon a plan commensurate to the design, and the publics expectation, the permanent Seat of the Government will be fixed on the Potowmack. On the other hand, if inactivity and contractedness should mark the steps of the Commissioners of that district, whilst action on the part of this State38 is displayed in providing commodious buildings for Congress &ca. the Government will remain where it now is. That exertions will be made by this State to effect the purpose, there can be no doubt. A late message from the Governor to the Assembly proposing a certain grant of money for the erection of the House designed for the President is one, among other instances which have occurred.
[Note 38: Pennsylvania.]
It would have been very agreeable to me, that you should have shewn the copies of the letters I had written to Major L'Enfant, declaratory of the subordinate part he was destined to act under the Commissioners. It does not appear to have been so understood by the Proprietors, from the sentiments expressed by Mr. Walker (while he was in this City) for when he was told in what explicit language Major L'Enfant was given to understand this, he seemed quite surprised. You did me no more than justice when you supposed me incapable of duplicity in this business. I have had but one idea on the subject from the beginning; nor but one design, and that was to convince the Major of the subordinate part he was destined to act in it. I was obliged, as you have seen, to use stronger and stronger language as I found his repugnance encreased 'till he was told, in even harsh terms, that the Commissioners stood between him and the P-- of the U. States and that it was from them alone he was to receive directions.
The doubts, and opinion of others with respect to the permanent seat have occasioned no change in my sentiments on the subject. They have always been, that the plan ought to be prosecuted with all the despatch the nature of the case will admit; and that the public buildings in size, form, and elegance, shou'd look beyond the present day. I would not have it understood from hence that I lean to extravagance. A chaste plan sufficiently capacious and convenient for a period not too remote, but one to which we may reasonably look forward, would meet my idea in the Capitol. For the Presidents House, I would design a building which should also look forward, but execute no more of it at present than might suit the circumstances of this Country when it shall be first wanted. A plan comprehending more may be executed at a future period when the wealth, population. and importance of it shall stand upon much higher ground than they do at present.
How, and when you will be able to obtain plans of such buildings is with yourselves to decide on. No aid I am persuaded is to be expected from Major L'Enfant in the exhibition; rather, I apprehend, opposition and a reprobation of every one designed by any other however perfect.
The part, which, Mr. Walker, by your letter to me, and another from Mr. Johnson to Mr. Jefferson, appears to have acted, surprises me exceedingly; his interest in the City, and the discernment with which he seems to have viewed the measure, in the early stages of it, would have lead me to have drawn a different conclusion. The calumnies which seem to have been traced to him and the Major are more to be despised than to be regarded or resented. More than once you will remember I have given it to you as my opinion, that it would be by sideblows and indirect attack that attempts would be made to defeat the Law. To sow the Seeds of dissension, jealousy, and distrust, are among the means that will be practiced. There is a current in this City which sets so strongly against every thing that relates to the Federal district that it is next to impossible to stem it. To this cause is to be ascribed the backwardness of the engraving. Danger from them is to be apprehended; and, in my opinion, from no other. The best antidote against them is perseverance, and vigorous exertion on the part of the Commissioners; and good temper, and mutual forbearance with one another, on the part of the proprietors; for who are so much interested in the success, and progress of the measure as they?
I see no necessity for diminishing the Square allotted for the Presidents House, &ca. at this time. It is easier at all times to retrench, than it is to enlarge a square; and a diviation from the plan in this instance would open the door to other applications, which might perplex, embarrass and delay business exceedingly; and end, more than probably, in violent discontents.
Where you will find a character qualified in all respects for a Superintendant, I know not; none present themselves to my view; yet, one must be had. A better than Mr. Ellicott for all matters, at present, can not be had. No one I presume, can lay out the ground with more accuracy, lay out the squares, and divide them into lots better. He must understand levelling also perfectly, and has, I suppose competent skill in the conducting of Water. Beyond these, your opportunities to form an opinion of him must exceed mine. Whether he is a man of arrangement, is sober, and Industrious, are matters unknown to me. I believe he is obliging, and he would be perfectly Subordinate. What he asks, five dollars a day (if Sundays are included) seems high, but whether a fit character can be had for less I am unable to say. ...39
[Note 39: At this point a marginal insertion is indicated; but the blurred condition of the press copy renders it indecipherable.]
The Plan of the City having met universal applause (as far as my information goes) and Major L'Enfant having become a very discontented man, it was thought that less than from 2500 to 3000 dollars would not be proper to offer him for his services: instead of this, suppose five hundred guineas and a Lot in a good part of the City was to be substituted? I think it would be more pleasing, and less expensive. I have never exchanged a word with Mr. Roberdeau since he came to this place, consequently, am unable to relate, what his expressions have been, or what his ideas are; he lives with, and more than probably partakes of the sentiments of Majr. L'Enfant; unless the dismission of the latter may have worked a change in them, which, not unlikely, is the case with both; as I can hardly conceive that either of them contemplated the result of their conduct.
Although what I am going to add may be a calumny, it is nevertheless necessary that you should be apprised of the report that Colo. Deakins applies the public money in his hands to speculative purposes; and is unable, at times, to answer the call of the workmen, an instance has been given. There are doubts also of the sincerity of Mr. Frans. Cabot. Of both these matters you are to judge from the evidence before you. I have nothing to charge either with, myself; these hints are disclosed in confidence, to place you on your guard.
The idea of importing Germans and Highlanders, as Artizans and labourers, has been touched upon in the letter from Mr. Jefferson to the Commissioners. It is, in my opinion worthy of serious consideration in an oeconomical point of view, and because it will contribute to the population of the place. The enclosed extract of a letter from General Lincoln to Mr. Lear is sent, that you may see the prospect in that Quarter.
The General is a candid undesigning man, in whose word much confidence may be placed; and having been in this City, and laterly returnd from it, has had opportunities of making the remarks which are contained in the extract.
I began with telling you, that I should not write a lengthy letter, but the result has contradicted it. It is to be considered as a private letter, in answer to yours of the 26th Ulto; but it may under that idea be communicated to your associates in Office. They, and you, must receive it, blotted and scratched as you find it, for I have not time to copy it. It is now ten oclock at night (after my usual hour for retiring to rest) and the mail will be closed early tomorrow morning. Sincerely &c.40
[Note 40: From a press copy in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.
On March 9 Washington inclosed this letter in a note to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia: "The enclosed is an answer to a private letter from Doctr. Stuart, It relates as his did wholly to the affairs under your direction; and may therefore be opened by either of the Comrs. but no other, as there are some confidential communications to them alone." This letter is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers.]
United States, March 9, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I now lay before you a general Account rendered by the Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam of the payments they had made between the 1st of July 1790 and 1791 from the funds deposited in their hands for the purposes of the Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, and of the balance remaining in their hands; together with a letter from the Secretary of State on the subject.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. A press copy of the letter of the Secretary of State (March 7) and of the account mentioned is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 32
March 10, 1792--June 30, 1793
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
1939
LC
E312
.7
1931
Copy 6
PRINTED
DECEMBER, 1939
Gov't Deposit
JUL 8 1942
ACCESSIONS DIVISION
The LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 11, 1792.
Dear Sir: I am persuaded that no one will be more ready than yourself to make the proper allowances for my not having sooner acknowledged the receipt of your friendly letter of the 23d. of December, as you there express a conviction, that the pressure of my public duties will allow me but very little time to attend to my private correspondences. This is literally the truth, and to it must be imputed the lateness as well as the brevity of this letter.
The loss of the brave Officers and men, who fell in the late unfortunate affair at the westward,3 is, I hope, the only one which the Public sustain on the occasion, that cannot be readily repaired. The loss of these is not only painful to their friends; but is a subject of serious regret to the Public. It is not, however, our part to despond; we must pursue such measures as appear best calculated to retrieve our misfortune, and give a happy issue to the business. I am sure there never was a people, who had more reason to acknowledge a divine interposition in their affairs, than those of the United States; and I should be pained to believe that they have forgotten that agency, which was so often manifested during our Revolution, or that they failed to consider the omnipotence of that God who is alone able to protect them.
[Note 3: "St. Clair's defeat."]
Your friendly wishes for my happiness and prosperity are received with gratitude, and are sincerely reciprocated by, dear Sir, your affectionate, &c.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 14, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 28th. of November, and 29th. of December, and to inform you that the plants which you had the goodness to send me, arrived at Norfolk (the ice not permitting the Vessel to reach Baltimore) where they are put into the hands of a Gentleman, who will forward them to Mount Vernon by the first opportunity.
Were I not assured of the pleasure which you take in obliging me, I should be at a loss how to express my acknowledgments for the kind attention which you have shewn to my wishes in sending these plants. But you have not, however less of my thanks from the circumstance of my knowing your goodness.
I am persuaded that Lord Wycombe will not consider Charleston as among the least agreeable of the places he has visited in the United States. The acknowledged hospitality and politeness of its inhabitants cannot fail of making proper impressions upon the respectable foreigners who may visit that City.
The unfortunate affair to the westward is, I hope, more to be regretted on account of the loss of those brave Officers and men who fell on the occasion, than of any other serious influence it may have on our public affairs. We are, happily, in a situation to repair every other loss, but that of lives.
I shall give you the trouble of presenting me to the recollection of the Ladies in the circle in which you move, and that you would be assured of the sincere esteem and regard with which I am etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 17, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 8th. of January, and their duplicates. That of a public nature, on the subject of a proposed application from yourself to the Governor of East Florida, for the redelivery of certain fugitives charged with having forged the Indents assumed by the U. States, will be answered by the Secretary of State.13 To your private favor I shall now reply. And in the first place, let me beg your acceptance of my thanks for the remembrance of, and kind attention to my wishes in sending the box of seeds, which I have received by Captain Ort.
[Note 13: See Washington's letter to the Secretary of State, Mar. 25, 1792, post.]
I am flattered by the regret which you express at having been absent from Charleston during the stay of Lord Wycombe in that City, and being thereby deprived of an opportunity of paying the attention which you wished to that Nobleman to whom I had given a letter for you; and am glad that his intention of returning among you, after having visited the Floridas, will permit you to do it.
I must say that I lament the decision of your legislature upon the question of importing Slaves after March 1793. I was in hopes that motives of policy, as well as other good reasons supported by the direful effects of Slavery which at this moment are presented, would have operated to produce a total prohibition of the importation of Slaves whenever the question came to be agitated in any State that might be interested in the measure.
Our misfortune at the westward is certainly a circumstance much to be regretted: but it affords consolation to know, that every public loss on that occasion may be readily repaired, except that of the lives of the brave Officers and men, who fell in the conflict. I believe with you, that the absence of the Cherokee chiefs from their Nation at so critical a moment, was a fortunate event; and I trust they have received such impressions here, as will not fail to have a happy influence in their nation with regard to us.
If in the course of our military arrangements, it should be found compatible with the plan which it is proposed to adopt, to require the services of Genl. Pickens, I shall not be unmindful of your recommendation of that Gentleman; and from his talents, knowledge, and influence, should look for the best effects. But I most sincerely join with you in hoping, that the war with the Indians may not extend so far to the southward, as to render your frontiers an object of immediate defence. I beg my best respects may be presented to Mrs. Pinckney, and to Colo. Laurens,14 when you see him. With very great esteem and regard, I am &c.15
[Note 14: Henry Laurens.]
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1792.
Sir: Your letter of the 31st. of October, on the subject of a Legacy left by Mrs. Savage to Mrs. Bomford, has been received; and shall be transmitted to the Revd. Mr. Fairfax, whose avocations not being of the constant and indispensible nature that mine have been and still are, having given him better opportunities of attending to the affairs of the late Mrs. Savage than I have had; his knowledge of the situation of that business is therefore much more accurate than mine. You will see by the enclosed copy of a letter which I wrote to Mrs. Bomford on the 6th. of January 1790, that it has been totally out of my power to pay any attention to the Affairs of Mrs. Savage since the year 1775, and that I have referred her to Mr. Fairfax, to whom I must likewise beg leave to refer you. I am etc.15
Philadelphia, March 19, 1792.
Dear Sir: I enclose you a letter which I have received from a Mr. Samuel Potts, on the subject of a Legacy left to Mrs. Bomford by the late Mrs. Savage.
It is unnecessary to detail to you, my dear Sir, the causes which have put it out of my power to pay any attention to the affairs of Mrs. Savage since the year 1775. You know them well. And I can only assure you that they still exist, and in a stronger degree, if possible, than heretofore. I must, therefore, as I have before mentioned to you, rely upon your endeavours to have every thing relative to that unfortunate womans affairs brought to a close as speedily as the nature of the case will admit: and as you must have a much better knowledge of the present situation of them than I can have, I have referred Mr. Potts (as I before did Mrs. Bomford herself) to you for information on the subject; not doubting but you will give him all the satisfaction in your power relative to the business.
Mrs. Washington joins her best wishes for yourself, Mrs. Fairfax and your family, to those of, Dear Sir, Your etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 20, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: The several Acts which have been passed relatively to the Military Establishment of the United States and the protection of the frontiers, do not appear to have made provision for more than one Brigadier General. It is incumbent upon me to observe, that with a view merely to the organization of the troops designated in these Acts, a greater number of Officers of that grade would, in my opinion, be conductive to the good of the Public service. But an increase of the number becomes still more desireable, in referrence to a different organization which is contemplated, pursuant to the authority vested in me for that purpose, and which, besides other advantages expected from it, is recommended by considerations of oeconomy.
I therefore request that you will be pleased to take this subject into your early consideration, and to adopt such measures thereon as you shall judge proper.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 23, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate: At the conference which Colonel Pickering had with the five Nations at the painted Post the last year, the ideas were then held out of introducing among them some of the primary principles of civilization. In consequence of which, as well as more firmly to attach them to the interests of the United States they have been invited to the seat of the general Government.
As the representation now here, is respectable for its characters and influence, it is of some importance that the Chiefs should be well satisfied of the entire good faith and liberality of the United States.
In managing the affairs of the Indian tribes, generally, it appears proper to teach them to expect annual presents conditioned on the evidence of their attachment to the interests of the United States. The situation of the five nations, and the present crisis of affairs would seem to render the extension of this measure to them highly judicious. I therefore request the advice of the Senate, whether an Article shall be stipulated with the five nations, to the following purport. To wit:
The United States, in order to promote the happiness of the five nations of Indians, will cause to be expended annually the amount of One thousand five hundred dollars, in purchasing for them clothing, domestic animals and impliments of husbandry, and for encourageing useful artificers to reside in their Villages.21
[Note 21: This message, which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, was read in the Senate, March 26, and the stipulation agreed to the same day.]
[Note 22: Widow of Warner Washington, and then living at "Fairfield," Va.]
Philadelphia, March 24, 1792.
Dear Madam: Having lately received from Sir Isaac Heard23 a letter, with a sketch of a genealogical table of the family of Washington,24 I have taken the liberty to enclose copies of them
[Note 23: Garter King of Arms, College of Heraldry, London.]
[Note 24: In the Washington Papers.] to you, begging your assistance to enable me to comply with the request he has made (if among the Papers of my deceased relation there be any trace of this matter) that I will complete the sketch, by making the additions which are there wanting, or rather by filling up the blanks.
As I have heretofore paid but little attention to this subject, and my present avocations not permitting me to make the necessary researches now, I am induced to ask your aid, presuming, as your late Husband's father was older than mine you might, either from your own knowledge or a recurrence to documents, or tables in your possession, be able to complete the sketch, and thereby put it in my power to comply with the request of St. Isaac Heard, which seems to be made with much earnestness, and to which an attention seems due, on account of his politeness. This must be my excuse for giving you the trouble of receiving and answering this letter as soon as you can make it convenient.25 I am etc.26
[Note 25: Mrs. Washington's reply, dated April 9, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
March 25, 1792.
The President of the United States has attentively considered the "Project of a Convention with the Spanish Provences31" which was submitted to him by the Secretary of State, and informs him that the same meets his approbation. The President, however, thinks it proper to observe, that in perusing the before-mentioned Project some doubts arose in his mind as to the expediency of two points mentioned therein. The one relative to instituting a civil, instead of a criminal process against Forgerers; who, generally, if not always, are possessed of little property. The other, respecting the unlimited time in which a person may be liable to an Action.
[Note 31: A press copy of the "Project" is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress under date of Mar. 22, 1792.]
By expressing these quæries the President would not be understood as objecting to the points touched upon; he only wishes to draw the Secretary's further attention to them, and if he should, upon reconsideration, think it right for them to stand upon their present footing the President acquiesces therein.32
[Note 32: From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 28, 1792.
Sir: Your knowledge of the Country north-west of the Ohio, and of the resources for an Army in its vicinity, added to a full confidence in your military character, founded on mature experience, induced my nomination of you to the command of the troops on the frontiers.
Your desire of rectifying any errors of the public opinion, relatively to your conduct, by an investigation of a Court of Enquiry, is highly laudable, and would be readily complied with, were the measure practicable. But a total deficiency of Officers, in actual service, of competent rank to form a legal Court, for that purpose, precludes the power of gratifying your wishes on this occasion.
The intimation of your readiness to afford your successor all the information of which you are capable, although unnecessary for my personal conviction, must be regarded as an additional evidence of the goodness of your heart, and of your attachment to your Country. I am &c.33
[Note 33: In the writing of Tobias Lear.
In the St. Clair Papers (Smith edition, Cincinnati: 1882), vol. 2, p. 284, the following paragraph is added to the printed text of this letter: "Private. While I accept your resignation for the cause you state, I sincerely regret the occasion. I fervently hope that your health may be perfectly re-established, and that you may enjoy uninterrupted happiness." (See Washington's letter to the Secretary of State, Mar. 2, 1792, ante.)]
[H.L.]
April 1, 1792.
The President of the U. States has read, and approves the draught of the Secretary of States letter38 to the Govt. of So. Carolina of this date.39
[Note 38: A press copy of Jefferson's letter to Gov. Charles Pinckney, Apr. 1, 1792, is in the Jefferson Papers. It relates to the matter of fugitive criminals in Spanish territory and inclosed a copy of the project of a convention covering the subject to be negotiated with Spain.]
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, April 4, 1792.
Sir: You will lay before the House of Representatives such papers from your Department, as are requested by the enclosed Resolution.41
[Note 41: The resolution was one of the select committee of the House, which had been appointed March 27 to investigate the causes of St. Clair's defeat, with power to call for any papers necessary. This committee had requested from Knox, direct, all the papers connected with St. Clair's expedition and, before complying, Knox had laid the matter before the President for his approval. The President laid the matter before a meeting (March 31) of his Cabinet Members, consisting of Hamilton, Knox, Jefferson, and Randolph. "The President said he had called us to consult, merely because it was the first example, and he wished that so far as it shd. become a precedent, it should be rightly conducted. He neither acknowledged nor denied, nor even doubted the propriety of what the house was doing. ..." On April 2 the Cabinet met on the same subject "We ... were of one mind. 1. that the house was an inquest, and therefore might institute inquiries. 2. that they might call for papers generally. 3. that the Executive ought to communicate such papers as the public good would permit, and ought to refuse those the disclosure of which would injure the public. Consequently were to exercise a discretion. 4. that neither the commee nor House had a right to call on the head of a deptmt, who and whose papers were under the Presidt. alone, but that the commee shd instruct their chairman to move the house to address the President." From Jefferson's Anas, as printed in Jefferson's Writings (P. L. Ford, Federal edition, New York: 1904), vol. 2, pp. 213--214.]
N.B. The papers alluded to are such as relate to the expedition under Genl. St. Clair.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, April 4, 1792.
Sir: I have read and duly considered your letter of the 31st ultimo. The reasons you offer, for retaining your commission, until an opportunity should be presented, if necessary, of investigating your conduct, in every mode prescribed by law, would be conclusive with me, under any other circumstances than the present. But, the establishment of the troops allows only of one major general. You have manifested your intention of retiring, and the essential interests of the public require, that your successor should be immediately appointed, in order to repair to the frontiers.
As the house of Representatives have been pleased to institute an enquiry into the causes of the failure of the late expedition, I should hope an opportunity would thereby be afforded you, of explaining your conduct, in a manner satisfactory to the public and yourself.43
[Note 43: From the printed text in the Territorial Papers of the United States (C. E. Carter edition, Washington: 1934), vol. 2, p. 386.]
(Veto Message)
United States, April 5, 1792.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: I have maturely considered the Act passed by the two Houses, intitled, "An Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the first enumeration,"44 and I return it to your House, wherein it originated, with the following objections.
[Note 44: On April 6 the "Apportionment Bill," as it was called, was reconsidered in the light of the President's veto and failed to pass over the same. This is recorded in the Annals of Congress of that date. A digest of the opinions of the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, and of the Attorney General on the constitutionality of the bill, in the writing of Tobias Lear, is in the Washington Papers filed at the end of April, 1792.]
First: The Constitution has prescribed that Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States, according to their respective Numbers: and there is no one proportion or division which, applied to the respective numbers of the States, will yield the number and allotment of Representatives proposed by the bill.
Second. The Constitution has also provided that the number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand: which restriction is, by the context, and by fair and obvious construction, to be applied to the seperate and respective numbers of the States: and the bill has allotted to eight of the States more than one for thirty thousand.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 8, 1792.
My dear Sister: If your Son Howell is living with you, and not usefully employed in your own Affairs; and should incline to spend a few months with me, as a writer in my Office (if he is fit for it) I will allow him at the rate of Three hundred dollars a year, provided he is diligent in discharging the duties of it from breakfast until dinner, Sundays excepted. This sum will be punctually paid him and I am particular in declaring beforehand what I require, and what he may expect, that there may be no disappointment, or false expectations on either side. He will live in the family in the same manner his brother Robert did. If the offer is acceptable he must hold himself in readiness to come on immediately upon my giving him notice. I take it for granted that he writes a fair and legible hand, otherwise he would not answer my purpose; as it is for recording letters, and other papers I want him. That I may be enabled to judge of his fitness let him acknowledge the receipt of this letter with his own hand, and say whether he will accept the offer here made him, or not. If he does, and I find him qualified from the specimen he gives in his letter I will immediately desire him to come on which he must do without a moments delay, or I shall be obliged to provide another instead of him.
Mrs. Washington unites with me in best wishes, and love for you and yours and I am, etc.46
[Note 46: From a facsimile in the Magazine of American History, vol. 21, p. 294.]
Philadelphia, April 8, 1792.
Dear Sir: The letter from the Commissioners to Mr. Jefferson of the ... has been laid before me, and I have desired him to approve the Contract respecting the bridge over Rock-creek: but in future, it would be more agreeable to me, after a plan, or the principles leading to the measure, is approved, not to have the details or the execution suspended for a reference to me. Because, to judge properly of the matter must (in many instances) depend upon calculation; upon accustomed modes; established prices, and usages of different places; none of which my time and avocations will allow me to investigate with promptness; consequently the business must be delayed (if I take time for examination) or I must decide in the dark, if I do not.
This has actually been the case with respect to the Bridge above mentioned; for if I had been called upon to say what such a bridge wou'd cost, I should have guessed less than the contract price. And though the Items which form the aggregate, may contain no more materials than are indispensably necessary; and the prices of them, and rates of work, not more than usual, yet, from a want of knowledge in these matters, both appear high to me.
Not for this reason, but because you have jealous and ill-disposed people about you, my advice to you, is to act with caution in all your contracts: and I give it with the freedom of friendship, because it has been insinuated, before the contract was made, that sufficient notice had not been given; and of course you would have no competitors for the undertaking of the Bridge.47
[Note 47: The bridge was to be of stone. It was located, says Bryan, in his History of the National Capital, "across Rock Creek on a line with K street." Insecurely constructed, it either fell or had to be taken down in 1795, and was not replaced during Washington's presidency.]
Did Major L'Enfant assign any reason for his rejection of the compensation which had been offered him? Has any person applied for the Office of Superintendant? A Mr. Blodget has been recommended by some of the Proprietors; but except being pretty deeply interested in the City, having been a pretty considerable traveller in European Countries, and an observant man with some taste, it is said, I can say nothing of his qualifications for such a trust. How far he is a man of industry, arrangement, and integrity I know not, having a very slight acquaintance with him personally, and less knowledge of his abilities.
There is such an intimate connection in political and pecuniary considerations between the federal district and the inland navigation of the Potowmac, that no exertions, in my opinion, shou'd be dispensed with to accomplish the latter. For, in proportion as this advances, the City will be benefited. Public and private motives therefore combine to hasten this work. My best wishes to Mrs. Stuart and the family. I am etc.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, April 16, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you a letter from the Judges of the Circuit Court of the United States held for New York District, and of their opinion and agreement54 respecting the "Act to provide for the settlement of the Claims of Widows and Orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, and to regulate the claims to Invalid Pensions."55
[Note 54: This opinion is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The court declined to act as a court (as provided in the act); but "as the objects of this Act are exceedingly benevolent" they the judges "will execute this Act in the capacity of Commissioners."]
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On April 21 Washington laid a similar opinion from the circuit court of Pennsylvania before Congress. This message and opinion are also entered in the "Letter Book."]
Philadelphia, April 19, 1792.
Sir: After the letter which I wrote in September last, I did not expect to have waited 'till this time for a reply. I therein stated, in as strong terms as decency would permit, the impression that your conduct, with respect to my business in your hands, had made upon me; and had no doubt but it would have drawn you to a settlement of your accounts with me, or at least produced some explanation from you: Neither of which have, however, been effected by it.
It is unnecessary for me to make any comment on your conduct in this business, you must yourself be forcibly struck with the impropriety of it. I shall, therefore, only observe, that however painful it may be to my feelings, and opposite to my wishes, yet I shall be obliged, in justice to myself, to pursue another mode of application, if this should be found ineffectual. I am etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 23, 1792.
Dear Madam: I pray you to accept my compliments and thanks for having favored me with the perusal of the enclosed "Strictures &c." and an assurance that the sentiments, and charges therein contained, have not given me a moments painful sensation.57
[Note 57: Mrs. Samuel ("Eliza") Powel's letter of April 21, forwarding the pamphlet, is in the Washington Papers.]
It is to be regretted, however, that the author, if his object was to convey accurate information to the public mind, had not devoted a little of the time and pains he appears to have employed in writing this Pamphlet, in the investigation of facts. Had he done this, he would, or might have found, many of his charges as unsupported as the "Baseless fabric of a vision."
With very great esteem, regard and affection I have the honor etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, April 26, 1792.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 18th. Instt. came duly to hand, as did the one to which it alludes.59 To the latter I could make no reply for reasons which will (perhaps have) occurred to you. Sensible however, if you had not assured me of it, that you meant not to give me pain by the proposition therein contained, I can assure you that I feel none, and that, with the same esteem and regard I always professed to have for you, I remain etc.60
[Note 59: Both of Williams's letters (March 22 and April 18) are in the Washington Papers. The purport of the letter of March 22 was that Williams might be elected Governor of Maryland, and he suggested, in that event, that William Smith succeed him as Collector of the Port of Baltimore.]
[Note 60: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by E.F. Bonaventure, of New York.]
Philadelphia, April 26, 1792.
Dear Sister: Mr. James Robardet, who has taught my two Grand children dancing proposes going into your part of the Country to establish a School, if he should meet with sufficient encouragement, and has requested that I would give him a line of recommendation to some of my friends. Mr. Robardet's attention to my grand children, and the progress which they have made under his instruction, induce me to recommend him on these accounts from my own knowledge: He has likewise kept a dancing School in this City the winter past, in which I am informed he has given much satisfaction, and his conduct has been marked with decency and propriety, so far as I have heard.61
[Note 61: This same letter, which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, was sent to Mrs. William(?) Herbert in Alexandria, Va., with the necessary change to "Dear Madam:"]
Philadelphia May 1, 1792.
My Lord: I should have had the honor of acknowledging sooner the receipt of your letter of the 28th. of June last, had I not concluded to defer doing it 'till I could announce to you the transmission of my portrait, which has been just finished by Mr. Robinson,66 (of New York), who has also undertaken to forward it. The manner of the execution does no discredit, I am told, to the artist, of whose skill favorable mention has been made to me. I was further induced to intrust the execution to Mr. Robinson, from his having informed me, that he had drawn others for your Lordship, and knew the size which would best suit your collection.
[Note 66: Archibald Robertson. Washington committed to him this letter to Buchan in a brief note of May 1, which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I accept with sensibility and with satisfaction, the significant present of the Box which accompanied your Lordship's letter.67 In yielding the tribute due from every lover of mankind to the patriotic arid heroic virtues, of which it is commemorative, I estimate, as I ought, the additional value which it derives from the hand that sent it; and my obligation for the sentiments that induced the transfer.
[Note 67: Buchan's letter of Sept. 15, 1791, was abstracted by Sprague, who left a copy in the Washington Papers, which reads: "Some time ago I did myself the pleasure to transmit to you by Mr. Robertson of Aberdeen a testimony of my sincere respect contained in a box made of the venerable oak which sheltered our great Wallace after his defeat at Falkirk, which box was cut out of the tree by the proprietor and sent to the Corporation of Goldsmiths at Edinh and by them presented to me with the freedom of their company in the box above mentioned and which I hope you will receive. It is a respectable curiosity and will I flatter myself be a relic of long endurance in America, as a mark of that esteem with which I have the honor to be, &c."]
I will, however ask, that you will exempt me from a compliance with the request relating to its eventual destination. In an attempt to execute your wish in this particular, I should feel embarrassment from a just comparison of relative pretensions, and shou'd fear to risk injustice, by so marked a preference. With sentiments of the truest esteem and consideration, I remain &c.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 2, 1792.
Sir: Your letter of the 7th. of December was put into my hands by Mr. Thornton; and I must request you will accept my acknowledgments, as well for the polite manner in which you express your wishes for my happiness, as for the trouble you have taken in making genealogical collections relative to the family of Washington.
This is a subject to which I confess I have paid very little attention. My time has been so much occupied in the busy and active scenes of life from an early period of it that but a small portion of it could have been devoted to researches of this nature, even if my inclination or particular circumstances should have prompted the enquiry. I am therefore apprehensive that it will not be in my power (circumstanced as I am at present) to furnish you with materials to fill up the sketch which you have sent me, in so accurate a manner as you could wish. We have no Office of Record in this Country in which exact genealogical documents are preserved; and very few cases, I believe, occur where a recurrence to pedigree for any considerable distance back has been found necessary to establish such points as may frequently arise in older Countries.
On comparing the Tables which you sent with such documents as are in my posesssion, and which I could readily obtain from another branch of the family80 with whom I am in the habits of corrispondence I find it to be just. I have often heard others of the family, older than myself, say that our ancestors who first settled in this Country came from some one of the Northern Counties of England, but whether from Lancashire, Yorkshire or one still more northerly I do not precisely remember. The Arms enclosed in your letter are the same that are held by the family here, though I have also seen, and have used as you may perceive by the Seal to this Packet a flying Griffen for the Crest.
[Note 80: See Washington's letter to Hannah Fairfax Washington, Mar. 24, 1792, ante.]
If you can derive any information from the enclosed lineage which will enable you to complete your Table, I shall be well pleased in having been the mean to assist you in those researches which you have had the politeness to undertake, and shall be glad to be informed of the result, and of the ancient pedigree of the family, some of whom I find intermixed with the Ferrers &ca.
Lawrence Washington, from whose Will you enclose an abstract was my Grand father; the other abstracts (which you sent) do not, I believe, relate to the family of Washington in Virginia; but of this I cannot speak positively. With due consideration I am etc.
Philadelphia, May 4, 1792.
Sir: I received with much satisfaction the information of your having made an acquisition in this Country,81 and of your intentions to take up your residence among us. Your letter of the 30th. of September, giving me this information, did not get to my hands 'till some time in the last month.
[Note 81: Sigeur had purchased from Robert Morris a place near Wilmington, Del.]
The United States open, as it were, a new world to those who are disposed to retire from the noise and bustle of the old, and enjoytranquility and security.
And we shall always consider men of your character as among our most valuable acquisitions.
Our connection with France, formed in a gloomy and distressful hour, must ever interest us in the happiness of that nation.
We have seen, with true commiseration, those outrages, inseparable from a Revolution, which have agitated the Kingdom, and we have not ceased our most fervent wishes that, their termination may be as happy as their progress has been distressing. With great esteem I am etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 83: Of Edinburgh, Scotland.]
Philadelphia, May 4, 1792.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your polite letter of the 12th. of December, together with a copy of "An Enquiry into the Principles of taxation," which accompanied it, and for which I must beg your acceptance of my best thanks.
The subject of your book is certainly of the first importance to society; and those who undertake works of this nature, upon the extensive scale that yours appears to be, are entitled to the thanks of the patriotic of every nation. In this country, where we are commencing a Government upon the experience of ages, it certainly behoves us to search into the "Principles of Taxation" and avoid as much as possible the errors of other nations on this very important head. We must therefore receive with peculiar satisfaction any lights on the subject.
Your philanthropic wish "to see the world at large encreasing in knowledge, prosperity and happiness," is no less pleasing to me as a Citizen of the World, than your expressions of personal respect are deserving the acknowledgments of Sir, Your etc.84
[Note 84: From a photostat of the original in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in the Hamilton-Bruce Collection, Register House, Edinburgh, through the courtesy of William Angus, Keeper of the Records of Scotland.]
Philadelphia, May 5, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of last month, and the seeds you had the goodness to send me by Mr. Pinckney. The plants and trees which arrived at Norfolk have reached Mount Vernon in pretty good order. My thanks and acknowledgments are due to you, my dear Sir, for the kind attention which you have paid to my wishes with respect to the seeds, plants &c. You must likewise accept of them for the detail which you have been so good as to give, of the mode of carrying on a war against the Indians; and the cloathing of the Troops to be employed in that service &c.
The first wish of the United States with respect to the Indians is, to be at peace with them all, and to cultivate a good understanding to our mutual benefit. As we have not been able to obtain this without the effusion of blood, the next wish is, to pursue such measures as may terminate the hostilities in the speediest manner, and most for the honor and interest of the U.S. Observations, therefore, which are founded in experience, tending to effect this, cannot but merit the thanks and acknowledgements of those who have the management of public affairs. I am much pleased to hear that the picture by Colo. Trumbull, gives so much satisfaction. The merit of this Artist cannot fail to give much pleasure to those of his Countrymen who possess a taste for the fine arts: and I know of no part of the U.S. where it would be put to a stronger test than in South Carolina. With sincere regard, and best wishes for your health etc.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge. From a facsimile kindly furnished by the Moultrie Memorial Association, Charleston, S. C.]
[Note 87: Of Scotland.]
Philadelphia, May 6, 1792.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 12th. of december, in which you request information respecting Captain James Mackey, and likewise respecting the part of this country which would be the most elligible for forming an establishment as a farmer or planter.
The only information in my power to give you on the first head is, that my acquaintance with Capt. Mackay commenced in the army in the year 1754, when I commanded the troops which were sent to prevent the encroachments of the French upon the western boundaries of the then colonies. Captain Mackay then commanded an Independant Company either from Georgia or South-Carolina, and was captured with me by an army of french and Indians at a place called the great-meadows. In 1755 he left the service, sold out, and went to Georgia. I heard nothing of him from that time 'till about five or six years ago, when he went, by water, from Georgia to Rhode Island on account of his health. On his return to Georgia, by land, he was seized either by the complaint for which he had gone to Rhode Island, or by some other disorder, and died at Alexandria (not at my house as your letter mentions). I was not informed of his being at Alexandria until after his death, which was a circumstance that I regretted much, not only on account of the regard which I had for him from our former acquaintance, but because I understood that he was then on his way to pay me a visit, and had expressed an anxious desire to see me before he died. I do not know whether Captain Mackay left any family or not; for from the time of his quitting the Service, until his death, as I observed before, I knew nothing of him. I have, however, been informed that he was possessed of a handsome property in Georgia.
On the second head of your enquiry, I can hardly venture to give you an opinion. I do not, however, imagine that an establishment on the banks of the Mississippi would at this time be a very desirable one, and even the western parts of the U. States lying on the waters running into the Mississippi (which is perhaps as fertile a country as any in the world) are now disturbed by the hostilities of some of the Indian tribes bordering upon them, and from that cause are at this moment unfriendly to new settlements. This evil will, however, I trust, be shortly removed, and Settlers sit down there in safety.
I can observe generally that the United States, from their extent, offer a variety of climate, soil and situations that no Country in Europe can afford, and that in cheapness of land and in the blessings of civil and religious liberty, they stand perhaps unrivalled by any civilized nation on earth. To a person who intends to pursue the farming or planting business, and is possessed of the Capital which you mention, I should think some one of the middle states, from New-york to Virginia, both inclusive, would hold out the best advantages, they are free from the inconveniences peculiar to either extreme, and unite most of the advantages of both, they afford to the farmer a ready market for his produce, the country is intersected by large and numerous Rivers, and the spirit which now prevails for improving inland navigation promises to secure a cheap and easy transportation from the most interior parts of the Country to the shipping ports.
Your idea of bringing over Highlander's appears to be a good one. They are a hardy industrious people, well calculated to form new settlements, and will in time become valuable citizens.
Before I close this subject I would observe, that many persons in Europe who have purchased land in this country for the purpose of settling upon it themselves, have, on their arrival, after examining their purchase, been disappointed in their expectations respecting it. Exaggerations, if not misrepresentations are apt to be made of objects at so great a distance, and those who have lands for sale will naturally give them a gloss which perhaps a purchaser would hardly fine.
It would therefore be much more satisfactory to the purchaser, and far more creditable to the Country, if those persons who wish to purchase land here, and become settlers upon it themselves, would come into the country and purchase upon the spot; they would then suit their taste in point of situation, have a variety to chuse from and see and learn with truth all the circumstances necessary for them to know, to become Settlers.
When this method is pursued, I am persuaded that every one who comes over with a view to establish himself here may do it much to his satisfaction, and if he has with him the means of purchasing, it can certainly be done on much better terms than it could be through an Agent. I am etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 6, 1792.
Dear Sir: To my friends, and those who know my occupations, I am sure no apology is necessary for keeping their letters so much longer unanswered, than my inclination would lead me to do. I shall therefore offer no excuse for not having sooner acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 21st. of July. My thanks, however, for the token of your remembrance, in the 50 copies of "Rights of Man," are offered with no less cordiality, than they would have been, had I answered your letter in the first moment of receiving it.89
[Note 89: Paine printed 16,000 copies of The Rights of Man and, at the time of his letter, July 21, 1791, all but three or four thousand had been distributed. He stated that "when the whole are gone, ... I shall then make a cheap edition, just sufficient to bring in the price of the printing and paper, as I did by Common Sense." Paine's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The duties of my Office, which at all times, especially during the Session of Congress, require an unremitting attention, naturally become more pressing towards the close of it; and as that body have resolved to rise to-morrow, and as I have determined, in case they should, to set out for Mount Vernon on the next day, you will readily conclude that the present is a busy moment with me; and to that I am persuaded your goodness will impute my not entering into the several points touched upon in your letter. Let it suffice, therefore, at this time, to say, that I rejoice in the information of your personal prosperity; and as no one can feel a greater interest in the happiness of mankind than I do, that it is the first wish of my heart, that the enlightened policy of the present age may diffuse to all men those blessings, to which they are entitled, and lay the foundation of happiness for future generations. With great esteem etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing, I have received your letter of the 13th. of February, with the twelve copies of your new work, which accompanied it, and for which you must accept my additional thanks.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. A hasty copy by Jefferson is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, May 6, 1792.
Dear Sir: I made Mr. Morris acquainted with the contents of your letter of the 14th. of March, relative to your Son; and am informed by him, that if your son should be in Philadelphia, agreeably to your intention of sending him here, as mentioned in your letter, there is no doubt but many opportunities may occur of his making a voyage previous to the return of Captain Truxton from the East-Indies, which is expected to be sometime next Spring, or Summer; but Mr. Morris observes, that it is impossible, for him now to point the particular voyage or vessel in which he may be employed. When he is on the spot, opportunities of employment in his line will not be wanting, he thinks, if the skill, character and appearance of the applicant are approved. With great esteem etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
City of Philadelphia, May 7, 1792.
For carrying into execution the provisions in that behalf made by the Act intitled "An Act for raising a farther sum of money for the protection of the Frontiers, and for other purposes therein mentioned," I do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury to agree and contract with the President Directors and Company of the Bank of the United States; with any other body politic or corporate within the United States, or with any other person or persons, for a loan or loans to the United States of any sum or sums not exceeding in the whole Five hundred and twenty three thousand five hundred Dollars to be advanced and paid in such proportions and at such periods as you shall judge necessary for fulfilling the purposes of the said Act. Provided that the rate of interest of such loan or loans shall not exceed five per centum per annum, and that the principal thereof may be reimbursed at the pleasure of the United States. And I hereby promise to ratify what you shall lawfully do in the premises.91
[Note 92: Formerly provost of the College of Philadelphia, Pa.]
Philadelphia, May 8, 1792.
Sir: I learn with much satisfaction from your letter of the 28th. of April, that you propose to undertake a history of the American revolution, and shall with pleasure procure you any aids I can towards the faithful execution of the work.
I will, therefore, desire the heads of the executive departments to communicate to you such papers of useful information in their respective offices as they, in their discretion, shall think may be communicated with propriety. I am etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 8, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate If the President of the United States should conclude a Convention or Treaty with the Government of Algiers for the ransom of the thirteen Americans in Captivity there, for a sum not exceeding 40,000 dollars, all expenses included, will the Senate approve the same? Or is there any, and what greater or lesser sum, which they would fix on as the limit beyond which they would not approve the Ransom?94
[Note 94: On April 1 Jefferson had submitted to Washington "Considerations on the subjects of ransom and peace with the Algerines," a press copy of which is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
If the President of the United States should conclude a treaty with the Government of Algiers for the establishment of peace with them at an expense not exceeding twenty five thousand dollars paid at the signature, and a like sum to be paid annually afterwards during the continuance of the treaty would the Senate approve the same? Or, are there any greater or lesser sums which they would fix on as the limits beyond which they would not approve of such treaty?95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
City of Philadelphia, May 9, 1792.
For carrying into execution the provisions of the Eleventh section of the Act intitled "An Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States," I do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury to subscribe by one or more subscriptions, on behalf and in the name of the United States, for such number of shares of and in the capital stock of the said Corporation as together shall amount to two Millions of Dollars, and the same to pay for out of any monies which shall have been or shall be borrowed by virtue of either of the Acts, the one intitled; "An Act making provisions for the Debt of the United States," and the other intitled, "An Act making provision for the reduction of the public Debt": And I do further authorise you to borrow of the said Corporation for and on account of the United States an equal sum, namely, Two Millions of Dollars to be applied to the purposes for which the said monies shall have been procured, and to be reimbursable in Ten years by equal annual installments, or at any time sooner or in any greater proportions that the Government may think fit.96 Provided that the interest on the said sum so by you to be borrowed, shall not exceed the rate of six per centum per annum; hereby empowering you to enter into and conclude with the said Corporation such contracts and Agreements as shall be necessary for fulfilling the purposes aforesaid, and promising to ratify whatever you shall lawfully do in the premises.95
[Note 96: The agreement between the Secretary of the Treasury and the president and directors of the Bank of the United States was approved by Washington, June 1.]
Philadelphia, May 10, 1792.
The President of the United States presents his Compliments to Mr. Ciracchi and with many thanks for his offer of the very elegant figures sent him, begs leave to restore them again to Mr. Ciracchi. His situation calling for uniformity of conduct in these cases, he relies that Mr. Ciracchi will ascribe it in the presence instance to its true motives, and accept the assurances the President now gives of the high sense he entertains of his talents and merit.
[HV.L.]
Mount Vernon, May 19, 1792.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 30th. ultimo was on its way to Philadelphia whilst I was on my journey to this place;97 owing to which I did not receive it until it reverberated; this must be my apology for not giving the receipt of it an earleir acknowledgment.
[Note 97: Washington had left Philadelphia May 10 for Mount Vernon.]
It would give me pleasure to receive your Son into my family, if it could be made tolerably convenient to me; or if any advantage was likely to result from it to the young Gentleman himself. I was in no real want even of Howell Lewis, but understanding that he was spending his time rather idly, and at the same time very slenderly provided for by his father, I thought for the few months which remained to be accomplished of my own. servitude, by taking him under my care, I might impress him with ideas, and give him a turn to some pursuit or other that might be serviceable to him hereafter; but what that will be I am at present as much at a loss to decide as you would be; for as the heads of the different departments have by law the appointment of their own Clerks; are responsible for the conduct of them; are surrounded always with applicants, and, I presume, have their own inclinations and friends to gratify. I never have, in a single instance, and I am pretty sure I shall not now begin, recommending any one to either of them.
My family, now Howell is admitted into it, will be more than full, and in truth more than is convenient for the House, as Mr. Dandridge (a Nephew of Mrs. Washington's) is already one of it, and but one room for him, Howell and another person to sleep in, all the others being appropriated to public or private uses.
If your Son Charles is of age, and it should be yours and his own inclination to pursue a military course, I would, if any vacancy should happen (at present there is none) in one of the Regiments endeavor to place him therein. You will perceive I have made age the condition; the reason is, it is established as a rule in the War Office to appoint none knowingly, that are under it. My best respects to Mrs. Carter. I am &c.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1792.
Dear Madam: To the variety and importance of public business which presses upon me towards the close of the Session of Congress, and which leaves not a moment to attend to my private concerns, you will have the goodness to impute this late acknowledgment of the receipt of your obliging favor of the 9th. of April.
Permit me now, my dear Madam, to offer my best thanks for your kind attention to the request contained in my former letter, and for the information which you have been so good as to furnish me with relative to the genealogy of the family of Washington.
I return herewith the Will of Lawrence Washington agreeably to your desire.
Mrs. Washington received with much pleasure your kind remembrance and affectionate regards, and would, were she here, where I am come for a few days only, return the same with much sincerity to which permit me to add the best wishes and ardent prayers for your happiness. I am etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 21, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 16th. inst. I sincerely hope that the intelligence which has been communicated to you of a War between France and Spain being inevitable, is not founded in truth.
It is my intention to commence my Journey to Philadelphia on Thursday next. I shall stop in George Town one day, and proceed on from thence without further delay, unless my horses should require rest, some of which got foundered and lame on the journey to this place. With very sincere regard, I am etc.4
[Note 4: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, May 21, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have received your letters of the 12th and 15th insts. with their enclosures.
From the tenor of Mr. Seagrove's5 letter I am in hopes that the business of running the line &c. will be amicably accomplished, notwithstanding the unfavorable circumstances which have occurred. When I passed through George Town, Mr. Ellicot6 informed me, that a letter from his brother,7 dated at the Rock Landing, the 19th of April, gave unfavourable intelligence
[Note 5: James Seagrove.]
[Note 6: Andrew Ellicott.]
[Note 7: Joseph Ellicott.] of the business; that two Indians having been detected in stealing horses at Green Court-House, one was killed, and the other so severely whipped as to have died in consequence of it; that a party of the Cowettas (to whose tribe these Indians belonged) had taken revenge by killing two white men; that the Chiefs of the Nation had sent Orders to the Rock landing for such of the Indians as might have assembled there to return home, and that a party which had arrived at that place had actually gone back, and further observed, that from the appearance of things he did not believe the line would be run.8
[Note 8: The line between Georgia and the Creek country.]
The letter from Mr. Seagrove being dated two days after that from Ellicott and giving a more favorable complexion to the matter than his, I am in hopes that our affairs in that quarter will yet come to an amicable and mutually agreeable conclusion.
I am pleased with the intelligence contained in your letter of the 15th with respect to the information received from Governor Blount9 and from Major Hamtramck.10 I trust that the arrival of the Bloody fellow, and other Cherokees in their nation will have been attended with good effects towards the interest of the United States.
[Note 9: Gov. William Blount, of the Territory of Tennessee. He was also, at the same time, superintendent of the affairs of the southern Indians.]
[Note 10: Maj. John Francis Hamtramck of the First U.S. Infantry.]
I most sincerely hope that the communications from Major Hamtramck may be a prelude to a general peace with the hostile Indians, and I cannot help thinking that it carries with it that appearance.
I intend setting out for Philadelphia on Thursday next; shall stop one day in George Town, and proceed on from thence as expeditiously as my horses (some of which got foundered and lame on the journey to this place and have not yet recovered) will permit me to do. With sincere regard etc.11
[Note 11: From a copy by Tobias Lear.]
[Note 14: Of the French Windward Islands.
On June 6 Washington signed form letters to the King and Queen of Great Britain (George III and Charlotte Sophia, of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), announcing the appointment of Thomas Pinckney as Minister to Great Britain. Drafts of these forms by Thomas Jefferson are in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, June 3, 1792.
Sir: I have received the duplicate of the polite letter which you did me the honor of writing to me on the 28th. of may 1791. The first has not reached my hands.
The obliging manner in which you express your wishes to prove the sincerity of your attachment to the United States by keeping up and encouraging the treaty of amity which unites France and America, merits the acknowledgments of the good citizens of this Country, as well as the protection which you mention to have given to the American Vessels on the coast of the Isle of Belle Isle, where you commanded in the late war.
The Constitution of the Society of the Cincinnati does not permit the President to decide on the qualifications for admission into that Society. He can only grant diplomas to such as may have been admitted in conformity to the general Institution. And in order to be better informed of the pretensions of foreign Officers for admission, power was given to Count de Rochambeau, the Marquis de la Fayette and the Count d'Estaing to admit such as should appear to have well-grounded pretensions, to wear the Insignia of the Order; and the Certificate of those Gentlemen being transmitted to the Secretary of the Society (which office is now filled by General Knox) will entitle the person to whom it is granted to a Diploma.
With sentiments of due consideration I have the honor etc.
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, June 8, 1792.
Gentlemen: The Bearer of this, Mr. James Hoben,15 was strongly recommended to me by Colo. Laurens, and several other gentlemen of South-Carolina when I was there last year, as a person who had made architecture his study, and was well qualified, not only for planning or designing buildings, but to superintend the execution of them. He informs me that he intends to produce plans of the two buildings next month, agreeably to the advertisement of the Commissioners, and is now on his way to view the ground on which they are to stand. I have given him this letter of introduction, in order that he might have an opportunity of communicating his views and wishes to you, or of obtaining any information necessary for completing the plans. But, as I have no knowledge of the man or his talents, further than the information which I received from the Gentlemen in Carolina, you must consider this letter merely as a line of introduction, for the purposes mentioned. With esteem etc.16
[Note 15: Hoban. His plans for the President's house were judged the best and he chose the gold medal offered in the "Premium" advertisement. (See Approval of a Competition, Mar. 6, 1792, ante.)]
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 10, 1792.
My dear Sir: In the revolution of a great Nation we must not be surprized at the vicissitudes to which individuals are liable; and the changes they experience will always be in proportion to the weight of their public character; I was therefore not surprised, my dear Sir, at receiving your letter dated at Metz which you had the goodness to write me on the 22d of January. That personal ease and private enjoyment is not your primary object I well know, and until peace and tranquillity are restored to your Country upon permanent and honorable grounds I was fully persuaded, in my own mind, that you could not be permitted long to enjoy that domestic retirement, into which you had fondly entered.
Since the commencement of your revolution our attention has been drawn, with no small anxiety, almost to France alone; but at this moment Europe in general seems pregnant with great events, and to whatever nation we turn our eyes there appears to be more or less cause to believe, that an important change will take place at no very distant period. Those philanthropic spirits who regard the happiness of mankind are now watching the progress of things with the greatest solicitude, and consider the event of the present crisis as fixing the fate of man. How great[ How important, therefore, is the part, which the actors in this momentous scene have to perform! Not only the fate of millions of the present day depends upon them, but the happiness of posterity is involved in their decisions.
You who are on the spot cannot, I presume, determine when or where these great beginnings will terminate, and for us, at this distance to pretend to give an opinion to that effect would at least be deemed presumptuous. We are however, anxious that the horrors of war may be avoided, if possible, and the rights of man so well understood and so permanently fixed, as while despotic oppression is avoided on the one hand, licentiousness may not be substituted for liberty nor confusion take place of order on the other. The just medium cannot be expected to be found in a moment, the first vibrations always go to the extremes, and cool reason, which can alone establish a permanent and equal government, is as little to be expected in the tumults of popular commotion, as an attention to the liberties of the people is to be found in the clark Divan of a despotic tyrant.
I assure you, my dear Sir, I have not been a little anxious for your personal safety, and I have yet no grounds for removing that anxiety; but I have the consolation of believing that, if you should fall it will be in defence of that cause which your heart tells you is just. And to the care of that Providence, whose interposition and protection we have so often experienced, do I chearfully commit you and your nation, trusting that he will bring order out of confusion, and finally place things upon the ground on which they ought to stand.
The affairs of the United States still go on in a prosperous train. We encrease daily in numbers and riches, and the people are blessed with the enjoyment of those rights which can alone give security and happiness to a Nation. The War with the Indians on our western frontier will, I hope, be terminated in the course of the present season without further effusion of blood; but, in case the measures taken to promote a pacification should fail, such steps are pursued as must, I think, render the issue by the sword very unfavorable to them.
Soon after the rising of Congress I made a journey to Mount Vernon, from whence I returned but a few days ago, and expect, (if nothing of a public nature should occur to detain me here) to go there again some time next month with Mrs. Washington and her two little grand children, where we shall continue 'till near the next meeting of Congress.
Your friends in this Country are interested in your welfare, and frequently enquire about you with an anxiety that bespeaks a warm affection. I am afraid my Nephew George, your old Aid, will never have his health perfectly re-established, he has lately been attacked with the alarming symptom of spitting large quantities of blood, and the Physicians give no hopes of a restoration unless it can be effected by a change of air, and a total dereliction of business, to which he is too anxiously attentive. [He will, if he should be taken from his family and friends leave three fine childn. viz. two Sons and a daughter, the eldest of the boys he has given the name of Fayette to and a fine looking child he is.]
Hamilton Knox Jay and Jefferson are well and remember you with affection. Mrs. Washington desires to be presented to you in terms of friendship and warm regard, to which I add my most affectionate wishes and sincere prayers for your health and happiness, and request you to make the same acceptable to Madm. le Fayette and your children. [I am &c.]17
[Note 17: The draft is by Tobias Lear. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 28: Of London.]
Philadelphia, June 20, 1792.
Sir: The publication which you had the politeness to send me last fall, entitled "Proceedings relative to Ships tendered for the service of the united East India Company," reached my hands some time in April; and lately I have been favored with your voyage from Calcutta &c.
These marks of attention are received, with gratitude, and merit my best thanks, which I beg you to accept for your very great politeness. I am etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 20, 1792.30
[Note 30: Sparks and Ford print this letter as of June 26.]
Sir: I had the pleasure a few days ago to receive your letter of the 28th. of September, enclosing a letter from the Earl of Buchan, and accompanied with some Seeds of the Swedish Turnip or Ruta Baga. At the same time I received from Mr. Campbell,31 a Bookseller in New York Six volumes of the Bee,32 which he informed me were transmitted by your directions. In your letter you mention'd having sent the four first volumes of the Bee, and the Earl mentions in his that he has sent me a sett. I therefore concluded, that the six volumes which I have received are those mentioned by his Lordship; and especially as the pamphlet on wool, by Sir John Sinclair, which you observed in your letter accompanied the Books which you sent was not with those which I received. I mention these circumstances in order that, if there is any mistake in the transmission of the books, it may be set right.
[Note 31: Samuel Campbell.]
[Note 32: An Edinburgh periodical devoted to agriculture, politics, and miscellany.]
I feel no less grateful, Sir, for your polite attention, whether the books which I have received be those sent by yourself or by the Earl. I must beg your acceptance of my best thanks for the Swedish Turnip seed, and the particular account which you were so good as to give me respecting it. As I have spent great part of my life (and that not the least pleasing) in rural affairs, I am always obliged by receiving such communications or novelties in that way, as may tend to promote the system of husbandry in this Country.
When you first determined upon publishing the Bee, the Earl of Buchan had the goodness to transmit to me the plan of the work, with which I was much pleased, and from the answer which I then gave to his Lordship's letter, I have considered myself as a subscriber to the publication, and must beg to be informed to whom, or in what manner I shall cause payment to be made for it.
I have not yet had it in my power to peruse those volumes of the Bee, wch. I have received, but I promise myself much entertainment and information from them; for the extensive and liberal ground upon which you appear to have undertaken the work, must make it interesting to the good Citizens of every Country, and for your complete success in it you have my best wishes. I am &c.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, June 21, 1792.
My dear sir: Since writing to you on the 28th. of January I have received your several favors of the 27th. of Decr. from Paris; 4th. of February, 17th. and 21st. of March, and 6th. and 10th. of April from London. I thank you very much for the interesting, and important information contained in several of these letters particularly that of the 4th. of February. If the last article, of which it is comprised, should in your judgment, require an acknowledgment I shall rely on your goodness to make it in suitable and respectful terms. You can be at no loss to discover the paragraph to which I allude.35
[Note 35: The French revolutionists were said to have set on foot a scheme for an alliance with Great Britain. "You may judge from hence," wrote Morris, "how much Dependence is to be placed on these newfangled Statesmen, The King and Queen are wounded to the Soul by these rash Measures. They have I believe given all needful Assurances to The Emperor and King of Spain: a confidential Person has desired me to assure you on their Behalf that they are very far from wishing to change the System of French Politics and abandon their old Allies, and therefore if any advantage is taken of the present Advances to Britain that you will consider them as originating merely in the madness of the Moment, and not as proceeding from them or as meeting with their approbation, but the contrary." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The plot thickens, and development must have begun; but what the final issue will be, lyes too deep for human ken. I will hope for the best, without allowing myself to wander in the field of conjecture for the result. Your letters, though extremely interesting in point of information, require but little to be said in the way of reply. The accts. given therein will be treasured up, to be acted upon as circumstances will warrant, and as occasions may present. One thing however I must not pass over in silence, lest you should infer from it that Mr. D--36 had authority for reporting that the United States had asked the mediation of G: Britain to bring about a peace between them and the Indians. You may be fully assured, Sir, that such mediation never was asked; that the asking of it never was in contemplation, and, I think I might go further and say, that it not only never will be asked but would be rejected if offered. The United States will never have occasion, I hope, to ask for the
[Note 36: Henry Dundas. He was home secretary of Great Britain.] interposition of that power or any other, to establish peace within their own territory.
That it is the wish of that Government to intermeddle and bring this measure to pass, many concurrent circumstances, (small indeed when singly considered), had left no doubt on my mind before your letter of the 6th. of April came to hand. What is there mentioned of the views of Mr. P--37 as well as of the assertions of Mr. D-- is strong as "proof of holy writ" in confirmation of it. The attempt has, however, in its remotest movements, been so scouted as to have retarded, if it has not entirely done away the idea; but I do not hesitate to give it to you my private and decided opinion, that it is to these interferences, and to the underhanded support which the Indians receive (notwithstanding the open disavowal of it) that all our difficulties with them proceed. We are essaying every means, in our power, to undeceive these hostile tribes with respect to the disposition of this Country towards them; and to convince them that we neither seek their extirpation nor the occupancy of their Lands (as they are taught to believe) except such of the latter as has been obtained by fair treaty, and purchase bona fide made, and recognized by them in more instances than one. If they will not after this explanation (if we can get at them to make it) listen to the voice of peace, the sword must decide the dispute; and we are, though very reluctantly, vigorously preparing to meet the event.
[Note 37: William Pitt.]
In the course of last winter I had some of the chiefs of the Cherokees in this City, and in the Spring I obtained (with some difficulty indeed) a full representation of the Six nations, to come hither. I have sent all of them away well satisfied; and fully convinced of the justice and good dispositions of this government towards the Indian Nations, generally. the latter, that is the Six Nations, who before, appeared to be divided, and distracted in their Councils, have given strong assurances of their friendship; and have resolved to send a deputation of their tribes to the hostile Indians with an Acct. of all that has passed; accompanying it with advice to them, to desist from further hostilities. With difficulty still greater, I have brought the celebrated Captn. Joseph Brant to this City, with a view to impress him also with the equitable intentions of this government towards all the Nations of his colour. He only arrived last night, and I am to give him an Audience at twelve this day.
Nothing has, as yet, been hinted on this side of the water, to any of the Officers of Government, of the other matter mentioned in your letter of the 6th. of April; though suspicions of it have been entertained.38
[Note 38: Morris had written: "Those who conceive the french Jacobins to be at the Bottom of a great King-Killing Project...infer that the King of Prussia should take care of himself and be cautious of his Cooks and Companions." Morris's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Knowing from the letters of the Secretary of State to you, that you are advised in all matters of public concern, and will have transmitted to you the Laws as they are enacted, and the Gazettes as they are published, I shall not trouble you with a detail of domestic occurrences. The latter are surcharged, and some of them indecently communicative of charges that stand in need of evidence for their support.
There can be but few things of a public nature (likely to fall in your line, requiring to be acted upon by this government) that may not be freely communicated to the Department to which it belongs; because, in proceedings thereon, the head of the department39 will, necessarily be made acquainted therewith. But there may nevertheless be other matters, more remote in their consequences, of the utmost importance to be known that
[Note 39: Government.] not more than one intermediate person would be entrusted with; here, necessity as well as propriety, will confine you to a point. Cases, not altogether under the controul of necessity, may also arise to render it advisable to do this and your own good judgment will be the best direction in these. With much truth and Affection, I am, &c.
Philadelphia, June 18 [--21], 1792.
Sir: Your letter of the 18th. of Jany. was received about a fortnight ago. For the Annals which you have had the goodness to send me, I pray you to accept my thanks. No directions having accompanied the second sett, and presuming they were intended for the Agricultural Society in this City, I have, in your name, presented them to that body.
As far as it is in my power, I will endeavour to solve the doubts which are expressed in your queries, contained in the above letter and first. "Labour is so slightly touched on, that I know not how to estimate it."
The information on this, as well as on other points of my last communication, was given in transcripts of the letters I have received in answer to certain queries, hastily submitted, to some intelligent Gentlemen of my acquaintance, in the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. If therefore the article of labour was not sufficiently enlarged upon, or, if there appeared too great a diversity in the price of this article, in that of land, and of other things, to be easily reconciled and understood; you must ascribe the inconsistency, or omission, to that cause; and to the habits, and value which is set on these things in the different States, and even in different parts of the same State.
South of Pennsylvania, hired labor is not very common, except it be at harvest, and sometimes for cutting grass. The wealthier farmers perform it with their own black Servants, whilst the poorer sort are obliged to do it themselves. That labour in this Country is higher than it is in England, I can readily conceive. The ease with which a man can obtain land, in fee, beyond the Mountains, to which most of that class of people repair, may be assigned as the primary cause of it. But high wages is not the worst evil attending the hire of white men in this Country, for being accustomed to better fare than I believe the labourers of almost any other Country, adds considerably to the expence of employing them; whilst blacks, on the contrary, are cheaper; the common food of them (even when well treated) being bread, made of the Indian Corn, Butter milk, Fish (pickled herrings) frequently, and meat now and then; with a blanket for bedding: In addition to these, ground is often allowed them for gardening, and priviledge given them to raise dung-hill fowls for their own use. With the farmer who has not more than two or three Negros, little difference is made in the manner of living between the master and the man; but far otherwise is the case with those who are owned in great numbers by the wealthy; who are not always as kind, and as attentive to their wants and usage as they ought to be; for by these, they are fed upon bread alone, which does not, on an average, cost more than seven dollars a head pr. Ann (about 32/. Sterling).
From these data, in aid of my last communications, you will be able to form an idea of the cost of labour in this Country. It varies, however, in the different States as I have already observed, and sometimes in the same State; but may be said to vibrate with white men, between ten and fifteen pounds, and for black men between Eight and twelve pounds sterling pr. Ann, besides their board. No difficulty, I should conceive, would be found in obtaining those of either description on the terms here mentioned; but I do not advance this with certainty, not having been in the habit of hiring any, myself, for several years past. Blacks are capable of much labour, but having (I am speaking generally) no ambition to establish a good name, they are too regardless of a bad one; and of course, require more of the masters eye than the former. Formerly, I have given to skilful and careful Cradlers, a dollar a day during harvest; which was a sixth more than the usual price; but then, I knew the men, and that they would oblige themselves to cut clean, and lay well, four acres of Wheat a day (if it did not stand very heavy on the ground); or, if I prefered it, they would cut by the Acre paying them at the rate of a dollar for every four acres. There are men who will rake and bind as fast as the Cradlers will cut the grain, but to do this is deemed hard work, and when done, entitles 'them to Cradlers wages. These people eat three times a day (once perhaps of milk) and are allowed a pint of spirits each man. A Barn floor, with straw and a blanket, serves them at harvest for lodging.
When I observed in a former letter that, "all our labour was performed by Negros," I must have alluded to the Custom in Virginia, the State in which I then lived, and from which I wrote; my last communication to you, was on a more extensive Scale, comprehending the practices, and prices of Pennsylvania and Maryland, as well as different parts of Virginia; which (latter) is a state of great extent, differing much in its products and culture.
The English Statute acre is the measure by which we have hitherto bought and sold land; and the price of land, as handed to you in my last, includes buildings, fences, arable, meadow, in short the improvements of every sort appertaining to the tract, on which they are placed. To a stranger at a distance, this aggregate mode of estimating the value of a farm is, it must be confessed, dark, and unsatisfactory; but to the parties present, who see and examine every thing, and judge for themselves, it is quite immaterial. The Seller warrants the title, and quantity which he sells; and both form an opinion of the total worth of the premises. It rarely happens, however, that buildings and other improvements are estimated by the purchaser at near what they cost the Seller, especially on old farms which have been a good deal worked; the received opinion being, that fresh land without improvements, is more to be desired than worn, and much abused land is with such as are usually found thereon; but this is to be considered as a general, not an invariable rule; for the better and more attentive farmers keep their farm in high order, and value the improvements accordingly.
Never having been in England, I ought not to hazard an opinion, or attempt a comparison between the Soil of that Country and this, in their virgin and unimproved State; but from what I know of the one, and have heard of the other, I should decide in favor of the latter at a distance from the Sea-board; which from the highlands of Neversink (in East Jersey) to Florida inclusively, is flat; and with but few exceptions, sandy, and generally of mean quality. From the falls of the Rivers to the Mountains, which is generally from Sixty to 100 miles, and above the latter, except the craggy hills and mountains which lye between the Eastern and Western waters; the best lands are found: They are strong, and after having been used, and abused in a shameful manner, will, with a little repose, get covered with white clover. The upper Country is healthiest also.
You seem surprised, and no wonder, to hear that many of our farmers, if they may be so called, cultivate much ground for little profit; because land is cheap, and labour is high; but you will remember, that when I informed you of this fact, I reprobated at the sametime both the practice and the principle. The history however of it, is this, a piece of land is cut down and kept under constant cultivation, first in Tobacco and then in Indian Corn (two very exhausting plants) until it will yield scarcely anything; a second piece is cleared and treated in the same manner; then a third, and so on until probably, there is but little more to clear. When this happens, the owner finds himself reduced to the choice of one of three things; either to recover the land which he has ruined, to accomplish which he has perhaps neither the skill, the industry, nor the means; or to retire beyond the Mountains; or to substitute quantity for quality, in order to raise something. The latter has been generally adopted; and with the assitance of horses, he scratches over much ground, and Seeds it, to very little purpose as you may suppose, and have been informed; for I presume an English farmer would bestow more labour on one acre by deep and frequent ploughings, besides the dressings he gives to the land, than the other does on five acres. It is but justice, however, to Pennsylvania, to declare that her husbandry (though not perfect) is much better; and her crops proportionably greater. The practice above mentioned applies more particularly to the Tobacco States which, happily, are yielding more and more every year to the growth of Wheat, and as this prevails the husbandry improves. Instances could be enumerated, and where no extraordinary dressing or management has been used, of land yielding from thirty to forty bushels of Wheat pr. acre, that has been very much exhausted.
Your mode of calculating the taxes of this Country, being unusual with us, I may not accurately understand it; and as the Virginia method was, if I recollect rightly, detailed in my former accounts, I know not how to give you a more distinct idea of them than by exhibiting the items of the specific charges on every species of taxable property, viz, on Land, Negros, Stock &ca. This, as it respects an estate in Virginia with which I am very well acquainted, I am enabled to do, and will do. We have a road tax besides but it is light, and in most of the States paid by a contribution of labour, which rarely exceeds two days in the year, for each male labourer. Dutiable articles is a distinct tax, the quantum of which depends upon the consumption, and the consumption upon the disposition of the consumer: with the aid therefore of the Laws (which I sent you) every man can calculate, better than I am able to do for him, the amount of his own expenditures in this way. An additional duty, or excise, was imposed last Session; and this being now sent, will, if I am not mistaken (with what was mentioned in my former communication) bring every tax, direct, and indirect, to your view, to which property, in this Country, is subjected; either by the general government, or the laws of the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, to which my observations have been confined.
Beef, and other meats; Grain of all sorts, and flour; Butter; Cheese; and other things in quantities to make them an object; are always, I conceive, in demand; and are saught after by the purchasers. The sale of lesser articles, at a distance from market towns, may, sometimes, stick on hand; but rarely, I believe forego a sale if they are worth the transportation. Sheep thrive very well in the middle States, though they are not exempt from deseases, and are often injured by dogs; and more so as you approach the Mountains, by wolves. Were we to use horses less, and Oxen more on our farms (as they do in the New England States) we should, unquestionably, find our account in it; yet, strange as it may seem, few are in the practice of the latter, and none push the raising of Sheep to the extent they might, and ought to do. The fact is, we have, in a manner, everything to learn that respects neat, and profitable husbandry. Bakewells breed of Sheep are much celebrated, and deservedly I presume; but if entrusted to a common Bailiff (or what with us is called an Overseer) would, I should apprehend, soon degenerate for want of that care and attention, which is necessary to preserve the breed in its purity. But, the great impediment is, the British Statutes. These discourage men of delicacy in this Country from attempting what might involve the Master of a Vessel in serious consequences if detected in the breach of them. Others however, less scrupulous, have attempted to import English Rams with Success, and by this means our flocks in many places are much improved; mine for instance, 'though I never was concerned directly nor indirectly in the importation of one, farther than by buying lambs which have descended from them, the average weight of the fleeces being 5 lbs.
Our modes, system we have none, are so different from yours, generally speaking, and our business being carried on so much within ourselves, so little by hiring, and still less by calculation, that I frankly confess to you, I am unable to solve your query respecting Sheepwalks, or how many sheep an acre of Woodland pasture would support.
I shall have pleasure at all times as far as I possess the means, or can command them, to give you every information that can contribute to your own satisfaction, or that of a friend; but I am so thoroughly persuaded of my inability to throw new lights upon any branch of husbandry in a Country where it is so well understood as in England; and, that anything I could write to you on that subject, would only serve to expose the defective practice of my Countrymen, and be considered as the beacon of our ignorance, that I am disinclined to see any production of mine in a work, where so much useful information is conveyed to the public, as is to be found in your Annals of Agriculture.
With very great esteem I am etc.
PS. June 21st. I have not yet received the account of taxes I promised you, and for which I had written to Virginia; but I will send it by the first conveyance after its arrival. This letter goes by Mr. Pinckney Minister from the U. States to the Court of London, through which channel I recommend any letters you may favor me with to pass, who being detained a day or two longer than was expected, by the Vessel in which he is to embark, has given me an opportunity of asking Mr. Jefferson (who is well acquainted in the South Western parts of Virginia, near Charlotsville), and Mr. Peters (one of the best farmers in the State of Pennsylvania, about Six miles from this City) to give me there sentiments on the several queries contained in your letter. These you will find enclosed herewith, in there own words. On applying to Colo. Hamilton for the statement mentioned in Mr. Peters' letter he put into my hands, together with the statement, several communications which were made to him last year by some of the most respectable farmers in this part of the Country, in consequence of an application from him for information on certain points respecting farms, And as they appeared to contain some matters worth attention I had them copied, and they are also enclosed. Mine, and each of theirs, is written without any previous consultation; and may be considered (my estate, in the neighbourhood of which I am best acquainted (lying abt. midway between theirs) as the opinions of men living North, South and in the centre of the District, of which an account was given to you in my communications of the 4th. of December last.40
[Note 40: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.
Jefferson's notes and letter are in the Washington Papers under date of June 18. All the replies sent to Washington, in answer to his request, are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers immediately following this letter to Young.]
[Note 41: Then located near Aberdeen, Scotland.]
Philadelphia, June 22, 1792.
Revd. Sir: I have received your letter of the 14th. of January, together with the Copies of a pamphlet on Weights, Measures and Coins, which accompanied it.
On the 7th. of May I acknowledged the receipt of your letter42 dated July 1st. 1791, and its enclosure, which did not get to my hands 'till sometimes this Spring.
[Note 42: This acknowledgment, a brief note by Tobias Lear, is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I have now to request you will accept my thanks for this further mark of politeness and attention in sending me this additional number of your tracts, as well as for the manuscript which accompanied them. The subject of your Book is of high importance to society in general, and particularly to the Commercial World. If an uniformity of weights and measures could be established upon a proper foundation through the several nations of Europe and in the United States of America, it's advantages would be great indeed; and so important is the object that we ought not to lose sight of it, altho' it may not be attained at the present moment.
I have caused the letter to Mr. Barclay,43 and one of the Pamphlets to be sent to Easten agreeably to your request. I am etc.44
[Note 43: Rev. John Barclay, of St. Luke's parish, Easton, Md.]
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 22, 1792.
Dr. Sir: I have now before me your letters of the 9 of January and 12 of February to which it will not be in my power to reply so fully as my inclination would lead me to do if I had no avocation but those of a personal nature.
I regret exceedingly that the disputes between the protestants and Roman Catholics should be carried to the serious alarming height mentioned in your letters. Religious controversies are always productive of more acrimony and irreconcilable hatreds than those which spring from any other cause; and I was not without hopes that the enlightened and liberal policy of the present age would have put an effectual stop to contentions of this kind.
The present appears to be an eventful moment in Europe. The declaration of War by France against the King of Hungary will probably soon discover what part the several Nations in Europe will take; but when or where these agitations which now shake that quarter of the globe will terminate is beyond the Ken of human wisdom. Notwithstanding our local situation and political circumstances guard us against an interference in the contests between the European powers; yet we cannot be indifferent as to the issue of a business in which the happiness of so many millions of our fellow citizens is involved. We have had nothing from France since the declaration of War, but are waiting with no small degree of anxiety for furtheir intelligence which may enable us to form some conjecture on this momentous business.
I am happy in being able to inform you that the affairs of this Country are still going on in a prosperous train. The harvest through the several States, so far as I have been able to extend my enquiries, promises to be abundant for the quantity sown; and it is said by those who are well acquainted with the subject, that there has never been a year in which so much land has been cultivated in grain, particularly wheat, as in the present. I paid a visit to Mount Vernon immediately on the rising of Congress, and was much pleased to find the appearance of crops of my own farms much more flattering than I had known them for many years past, and the Country generally exhibited the face of plenty. An insect called the Hessian Fly, has made it's appearance and done some mischief in parts of this State, Delaware and Maryland; but the destruction occasioned by this enemy will bear but a very trifling proportion to the whole crop of the Country, and I am informed that it's ravages where it has been found this year, are far less than those committed by the same insect some years ago. An investigation of the natural history and progress of this insect is now taking place in order to see if some effectual measures cannot be fallen upon to prevent it's devastations. As it is a subject deeply interesting to every individual in the community I flatter myself that such enquiries and communications will be made respecting it as will lead to it's extirpation.
Mrs. Washington unites with me in sincere wishes for the health and happiness of Lady Newenham and yourself. I am etc.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, June 30, 1792.
Dear Sir. Your favor of the 15th. came duly to hand,48 but at a time when I was much engaged with the Secretary of State in despatching Mr. Pinckney to the Court of London, and in considering other business of importance.
[Note 48: Lee's disappointment at not having been appointed to command the Army, succeeding St. Clair, is recorded in this letter. He wrote:
"You cannot be a stranger to the extreme disgust, which the late appointment to the command of the army excited among all orders in this state, whether the same be lust or not, is immaterial at present, or whether taking into view all the circumstances of the case a better appointment could have been made is by no means the object of my enquiry. The event was the subject of general conversation, during which period Col. Darke visited Richmond, and of course became a party in the opinions and communications given on the occasion. What he said to me was in my judgment necessary to you, and I took the liberty to write to Col. Darke, requesting him to commit to paper the conversation between us the previous day. This he did, and I enclose it for your perusal.
"I thought it proper to send you the original, although the handwriting is rather obscure, lest a copy might in any degree change the meaning of the communication. If Col. Dark is right it follows clearly that in a very important matter to yourself and the community, one of your officers exerted himself to encrease certain difficultys which obstructed the execution of your own wishes, instead of endeavoring to remove them, acting in obedience to his own desire rather than following the decision of his superior. If your ministers dare thus to do, you must be subject to hourly impositions, and the national concerns will be regulated by their and not your judgment. I have not nor shall I lisp a word of this communication to the gentlemen whom it concerns. For yourself only it is intended. It is not in my power to ascertain whether the same be true or not; you can readily distinguish this fact. Col. Darke is a man of truth and honor, and he speaks positively. You will I trust, be the event as it may impute my conduct to the motives which produce it, respect and attachment to yourself. Personally I do not feel on the occasion, only that I cannot dissemble the gratification which the opinion you were pleased to express of my talents afforded, and indeed I am candid to declare, that I prefer such a testimonial, to the office itself to which I might have been appointed."
Lee did, however, make a marginal comment on Darke's letter, as follows: "Two conversations with the secretary of war; the first of which he urged the objections to my rank, persuading Col Dark that he could not in honor serve under me. The second conversation the same idea was pressed and the information given as to my appointment." Both Lee's letter of June 15 and Darke's letter to Lee of May 12 are in the Washington Papers.]
I shall repeat in this letter what I have declared to you on a former occasion, viz, that wishing to promote the public weal, and to make justice and impartiality the lines by which to walk to accomplish this, every information that can enable me to tread on such firm grd., or which would enable me to investigate with more accuracy the characters of public men, or the utility of public measures; cannot fail of being acceptable to me, whilst I have any thing to do with either, particularly the latter.
Having premised these truths, I shall add, on the subject of your letter, that I can no more condemn G. K.49 on the evidence of Colo. D--s50 letter to you; than I am disposed to go into a full vindication of his conduct against the implications which are contained in that Letter. When assertion stands against assertion, recourse must be had to collateral circumstances to come at the truth, or the preponderating weight; but these are not necessary in the instance before us, for it will not be unfair to declare, that the conduct of Colo. D-- is uncandid, and that his letter is equivocal. He acknowledges in it, that when I asked if he would serve, if you should be appointed to the chief command, that he gave no answer; but does not, in any part of his letter tell you what answer he gave G K to the same question; unless you take the following for one, when he was applied to, to know if he would accept of an appointment "I told him I first wanted to know who would command the Army, and said something of you, and some other" but are these equivocal expressions to be placed against the positive declaration of the other? especially too, when Colo. D-- in relating the conversation which passed between himself and me, has mistaken both the substance and tendency of it; For you may be assured, Sir, I never mentioned your name, or the name of any man living to him as one who was in the smallest degree fixed on,
[Note 49: Gen. Henry Knox.]
[Note 50: Col. William Darke.] for the command. The Secretary of War, himself, was unacquainted with the final decision when Colo. D-- left this City. The truth is, I never was more embarrassed in any appointt and the object of my conversation with the latter was to learn the public sentiment as far as it could be obtained from him, with respect to this matter; And to questions of this tendency he said he had heard Morgan, Scott, and yourself mentioned on his journey through, and from Kentucky to his own house and, if I understood the significancy of things not expressed he compd. himself. I took an occasion then, to observe, that I conceived few men were better qualified for such a command than you were and asked if he thought your junr. rank in the late Army would be an objection with those who had been your seniors in it to serve under you; his reply, (when a little pushed by bringing the case home to himself for I wanted to draw an explicit declaration from him) was, that he believed it would be an unpleasant, or a grating thing, or words to that effect; but the manner, more than the expression throughout the whole of the convern. which was after dinnr. and when we were alone led me to conclude that it would not be relished by him. What his real intensions might be at that time; when he was speaking to G K, or lastly to you no one but himself is master of.
I have no hesitation in declaring to you that the biass of my inclination was strongly in your favor; but, that the result of my enquiries, direct and indirect, of Military, and indeed of other characters (who were well disposed to see you in nomination) was, that if you were appointed to the Command it would be vain to look for Senior Officers to act subordinately; or if they consented, it would be so grudgingly as, more than probably, the seeds of Sedition would be coeval with the formation of the Army; such being the nature of military pride. Admitting this, then one of two things would inevitably have followed; either an army composed of discontented materials, or of junr. characters; the first might be attended with fatal consequences; the other (however excellent the Officers might be) if any disaster should befal the Army it would instantly be ascribed to the inexperience of the principal Officers in stations to which they had never been accustomed; thereby drawing a weight upon my shoulders too heavy to be borne. This was my own view of the subject; and the principle upon which I acted; not, be assured, because G K was of this, or of that opinion. The fact, I sincerely believe is, that he was as much puzzled as I was, to fix on the first Officer, under the circumstances that existed.
How far the appointment of G W51 is a popular, or an unpopular measure is not for me to decide. It was not the determination of a moment, nor was it the effect of partiality or of influence; for no application (if that in any instance could have warped my judgment) was ever made in his behalf from any one who could have thrown the weight of a feather into his scale but because, under a full view of all circumstances he appeared most eligable. To a person of your observation and intelligence, it is unnecessary to remark that an appointment which may be unpopular in one place, and with one set of men, may not be so in another place or with another set of Men and vice versa; and that to attempt to please every body is the sure way to please nobody; of course the attempt would be as idle as the executn. wd be impracticable. G W has many good points as an Officer, and it is to be hoped, that time, reflection, good advice, and above all, a due sence of the importance of the trust which is committed to him, will correct his foibles, or cast a shade over them. With estm and regd. I am &c.
[Note 51: Gen. Anthony Wayne.]
City of Philadelphia, June 30, 1792.
For carrying into execution the provisions of the third section of the Act intitled, "An Act making certain appropriations therein specified, passed the Eighth day of May in this present year.
I do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury in the name and on the credit of the United States to borrow of any body or bodies politic, person or persons whomsoever the sum of Fifty thousand Dollars;52 and to enter into such agreements for the reimbursement thereof as shall be needful and proper; hereby promising to ratify whatever you shall lawfully do in the premises.53
[Note 52: The total amount authorized in Section 3 for expenses of foreign intercourse.]
[Note 53: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 30, 1792.
Sir: I little expected that I should have had occasion, at this time (after the pointed assurances you gave me more than three years ago, of discharging what was due to me, fully to remind you that I have received only Three hundred and eighty pds. of the balance; and to ask what I am to expect from you in future.
I delayed from day to day while you were in this City (until it was too late) to apply to you on this subject, in hope, and in expectation that you would not have left town without mentioning it yourself. Before I apply to the Executors of Colonels Tayloe and Thornton who were securities for the money loaned to your deceased father, John Mercer Esqr., I will await the receipt of your answer to this letter, which I hope will be given as soon as you can make it convenient.
It has been of little avail hitherto, to inform you of the causes of my want of this money; although, in more instances than one, I have done it with the utmost truth and candour: nor should I say anything further to you on this head now, were I not in a manner compelled to declare, that from an occurence which did not exist before, I have a call upon me for a considerable sum, in a few months; against which, it is indispensably necessary that I should be provided. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
July 2, 1792.
Sir: I am commanded by the President of the United States to inform you, that it is indispensably necessary you should without delay repair to the seat of Government to prosecute jointly with your colleagues the business of your office as Commissioner.56 It being of great and real importance that the settlement of the public accounts should be brought to a close as speedily as possible; and, as in order to this, it is essential that
[Note 56: For settling accounts between the United States and individual States.] it should be pursued with diligence and perseverance, I am further instructed by the President to say, that if any circumstances in your situation should be incompatible with your immediate and steady attendance, it is proper you should resign the Office; for, however he should regret the necessity of a change at such a stage of the business, which could not fail to be attended with inconvenience, he must regard this as a less evil than frequent interruptions of it's course, by absences of the Commissioners. I have the honor etc.57
[Note 57: This letter is signed "Tobs. Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 65: Director of the United States Mint.]
United States of America, July 9, 1792.
Having had under consideration the letter of the Director of the Mint of this day's date, I hereby declare my approbation of the purchase he has made of the house and lot for the Mint; of the employment of Mr. Voight66 as Coiner; of the procuring fifteen tons of Copper, and proceedings to coin the Cents and
[Note 66: Henry Voight.] half Cents of Copper, and Dimes and half dimes of silver; and I leave to his discretion to have such alterations and additions made to the buildings purchased, as he shall find necessary; satisfied that under his orders no expence will be incurred which reason and necessity will not justify. And I desire that he will make out an Estimate of the sums of money which will be wanting for these purposes, and of the times at which they will be wanting, in order to enable the Treasury to make arrangements for furnishing them with convenience.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. A press copy of the draft, in Jefferson's writing, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Baltimore, July 14, 1792.
Sir: By order of the President of the United States, I beg leave to inform you, that one of the President's horses, which had been sick previous to his leaving Philadelphia,74 was so far reduced and tired by the time he reached Bush-town, that the President was under the necessity of leaving him at that place in care of Mrs. Stiles.
[Note 74: Washington left Philadelphia, July 11.]
The President requests the favor of you to enquire, and as soon as the horse is able to travel, that you will contrive to send him to Alexandria, either by driving him in one of your Stage Coaches (as he is a carriage horse), or by causing one of your Stage Drivers to lead him.
The President will willingly pay any expence which may attend the sending the Horse to Alexandria. I am etc.75
[Note 75: This letter is signed "Bw. Dandridge" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1792.
Dr. Sir: I was in hopes the letter wch. was written to you at my request, by my Nepw. G. A: Washington, dated the 25th. of March, wd. have rendered a further application from me to you, on that subjt. unnecessary; but as he says you have made no reply to it; as I am informed that my power of attorney to you was regularly recorded in Gates County No Carolina and that Mr. Cowper77 is making great improvements upon the land (which is an evidence that the bargain with him is closed and of course the money paid, as that was the condition of it) and, as you are upon the point of removing to Kentucky. I must, and do insist positively upon receiving my moiety of the money, which has been paid by Mr. Cowper or any person in his behalf before you go, and to know how the ballance stands.
[Note 77: John Cowper.]
You must be sensible, Sir, it was my opinion at the time you proposed to make sale of this land that the moment was not favorable for it; but, as the Affairs of your fathers Estate pressed, and my own want of money was great, I consented to its being done; but I cannot nor will not consent to lye out of my moiety of the money that has been receid in payment. I am etc.78
[Note 78: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of E. Francis Riggs, of Hyattsville, Md.]
Mount Vernon, July 23, 1792.
Dear Sir: The friday after you left this place I received the enclosed dispatches from Governor Chittendon, of the State of Vermont.
If you conceive it to be necessary, undr. the circumstances which exist, to write again to that Gentleman before he replies to your former letter on the subject in dispute, you will, of course, take such measures thereupon as shall appear proper under a full view of all circumstances. With great esteem and regard I am etc.79
[Note 79: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 23, 1792.
Sir: Your favor of the 10th. did not get to my hands until Saturday last, although I sent to the Post Office regularly, every Post day since I came to this place for the lettrs. wch. I expected.
Your letter conveys no specific assurance of the time, or manner of discharging the bale which is due to me. I am placed on no better, indeed on no worse ground, than I stood years ago with respect to this debt; and you cannot have forgotten that these were my apprehensions, which I expressed to you upon more occasions than one. Why then should I be told at this late day after every endeavor on my part to accommodate matters to your convenience, of your intention of offering all your property for sale when part of it ought to have been applied to my use years since? or to what purpose (for me I mean) is it that you should offer property for sale, if the price set thereon will admit no purchasers, or if sold that the money is to be converted to other uses than for my benefit? The latter you must be sensible I know to have been the case, and the other, as it respects negroes which you offered to me formerly, and from other circumstances, I have no reason to disbelieve.
It is not from inclination, that I become acquainted with any Gentlemans circumstances, and far is it from my practice to investigate what he owes; but you must excuse me when I tell you, that I have heard enough of yours to give me some uneasiness, as well on your acct. as on mine. To two facts I shall glance. A Gentn. in Phila., witht. having the least suspicion (I believe) how matters stood between you and me, was enquiring into the value of your Marlborough Estate; and through another channel I understd. the reason was that your debt to him was considerable; and that, that was the mean by which he was to be secured. The other, is the Agency of Mr. Montague who I know is determined to push the settlement of that business. Others I have also heard of: but nothing, I beg you to be persuaded, Sir, but my own interest in the case, would have induced me to mention them to you. Hard indeed then would it be upon me if after twenty odd years endulgence and receiving any thing, and driblets as they were offered which dissipated [mutilated] as inscrutably as the morning dew that I should be still postponed or put off with vague promises, until perhaps, you and your property may have parted.
There can be no difficulty in settg. this, or any other Acct. where the debits and credits are regular, and the intentions of the parties are fair; and I am persuaded if you will be at the trouble of riding to this place, a few hours will ascertain the bale which is due to me; or in case a disagreement should arise on any point, it might be so stated as that an impartial Umpire might decide it for us witht. trouble or lawsuits; besides, I have at this place a number of letters, Papers, and the Mill Books, which might throw light upon things which to you may seem to want explanation, and cannot be had elsewhere. Other matters also might be more clearly explained, and better understd. by oral conversation than is practicable by letter. I know of nothing (at present) that will call me from home soon, unless I should go to the New City the first day of next month; of which I gave the Commrs. some, but no positive intimation. However, if you are inclined to comply with this request, and will name the precise day you will be here, I will not be from home.
I beg you to be assured, that it will be extremely irksome and painful to me to go into a Court of Justice for the recovery of what is due to me, and for which I have with very great inconvenience and disadvantage to myself, waited so long; but it must be the case unless it can be averted by some measure wch. possibly, may be adopted at the meeting wch. is now proposed, and which it may be well for you to think on, previous thereto.
I have not yet been called upon legally to answer the complaint of Henshaw; but shall be ready to do it whenever it shall be found necessary or expedient and for that purpose shall keep the Bill, and the answer which you have drawn until I either see you, or hear from you again. The answer as drawn mistated a fact with respect to the power vested in Mr. Lund Washington. The truth of that matter stands thus. The Sale as you have recited, was made in Novr. 1774 on 12 months credit. In May following I went to the second Congress as a member thereof, witht. givg. Lund Washtn. then or at any time thereafter [mutilated] powers fully expecting to return as soon as the business of the Session should close; but, being chosen to commd. the Army, I proceeded to Cambridge and from thence, as soon as it became apparent to me that my absence from home was likely to be of much longer continuance than I had calculated upon, I wrote to Colo. Tayloe informing him thereof, and desiring him to take the sole management of the trust wch. had been commitd. to us jointly upon himself, as my situation would no longer permit me to pay any further attention to it, and because I should not consider myself responsible for any transaction subsequent to the Sale. previous to which he had thrown the whole burthen upon me and nothing remained for him to do but appoint a Collector (if he did not chuse to be at the trouble himself), and submit the money to the decision of the court agreeably to its decretal Order. What he did, or rather what he neglected to do, would be tedious to relate, and I presume can compose no part of my answer. and with respect to the particular instance of depreciation as stated in the answer my memory is not furnished with the circumstance at prest. I am etc.80
[Note 80: From a photostat of the original draft in the possession of E. Francis Riggs, of Hyattsville, Md.]
Mount Vernon, July 23, 1792.
Dear Sir: This letter will be presented to you by Mr. Jno. Auge. Spotswood, son of General Spotswood. The enclosure, communicates the ideas of the father, and the wishes of the Son as fully as it is in my power to make them known to you, and when compared with the former letters from Genl. Spotswood to me, which you have seen, leaves nothing more for me to add on this subject than to say that your good Offices in behalf of the young Gentleman will oblige the father, the Son and myself.
I have no knowledge of the young man, nor have I the least reason to distrust the character given of him by his father; but it is a fathers account, and you, better than I well know whether any, and what allowances are to be made for it.
Mrs. Washington joins with me in a tender of best wishes for Mrs. Morris yourself the rest of the family. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.81
[Note 81: From a photostat of the original in the possession of the Rosenbach Company, of New York (1930).]
Mount Vernon, July 23, 1792.
Gentlemen: Your favor of the 19th, accompanying Judge Turner's82 plan for a Capitol, I have duly received; and have no hesitation in declaring that I am more agreeably struck with the appearance of it than with any that has been presented to you. I return it without delay, because (among other reasons for doing it) Mr. Turner wishes to receive it, in any event, immediately.
[Note 82: Judge George Turner.]
There is the same defect, however, in this plan as there is in all the plans which have been presented to you, namely: the want of an Executive apartment: wch. ought, if possible, to be obtained. The Dome, which is suggested as an addition to the center of the edifice, would, in my opinion, give beauty and grandeur to the pile; and might be useful for the reception of a Clock, Bell, &ca. The Pilastrade too, in my judgment, ought (if the plan is adopted) to be carried around the semicircular projections at the ends; but whether it is necessary to have the elevation of the upper Storey 41 feet is questionable; unless it be to preserve exactness in the proportion of the several parts of the building; in that case, the smaller rooms in that Storey would be elivated sufficiently if cut in two, and would be the better for it in the interior provided they can be lighted. This would add to the number of Committee rooms of which there appears to be a dificiency: And quere, would not the section B in the North division of plan No. 2 be more usefully applied as a library than for the purpose it is designated?
Could such a plan as Judge Turner's be surrounded with Columns, and a colonade like that which was presented to you by Monsr. Hallet (the roof of Hallet's I must confess does not hit my taste) without departing from the principles of Architecture, and would not be too expensive for our means, it would, in my judgment, be a noble and desireable Structure. But, I would have it understood in this instance, and always, when I am hazarding a sentiment on these buildings, that I profess to have no knowledge in Architecture, and think we should (to avoid criticisms) be governed by the established rules which are laid down by the professors of this Art.
I think you have engaged Mr. Hoben upon advantageous terms; and hope if his industry and honesty are of a piece with the specimen he has given of his abilities, he will prove a useful man and a considerable acquisition. The enclosed Is handed to you, merely because it is my wish that you should be possessed of every information of the kind that comes to my knowledge. The person therein mentioned (Stevens)83 was a Lieutt. Colonel of Artillery during the War, and was (and for aught I know to the contrary, is) a Sober, honest and good tempered man. Very industrious, Fertile in invention and resources, and great at execution. He was, as I have been informed, bred a house Carpenter; but how well acquainted he may be with that business, or how far he may be able to carry on work in a masterly manner upon a grand scale, I have no data to decide upon.
[Note 83: Ebenezer Stevens, of Rhode Island.] He is a native of Boston, but since the War has lived in New York, where he carries on the business of a lumber Merchant to (I believe) a considerable extent. With great esteem etc.84
[Note 84: From the Letter of the President of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress, where some later scribe has changed the year to 1793. The A. Df. S. in District of Columbia Letters and Papers varies from this letter sent in minor verbal details only.]
(Private and Confidential)
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1792.
My dear Sir: I have not yet received the new regulation of allowances to the Surveyors, or Collectors of the duties on Spirituous liquors; but this by the bye. My present purpose is to write you a letter on a more interesting and important subject. I do it in strict confidence, and with frankness and freedom.
On my way home, and since my arrival here, I have endeavoured to learn from sensible and moderate men, known friends to the Government, the sentiments which are entertained of public measures. These all agree that the Country is prosperous and happy; but they seem to be alarmed at that system of policy, and those interpretations of the Constitution which have taken place in Congress. Others, less friendly perhaps to the Government, and more disposed to arraign the conduct of its Officers (among whom may be classed my neigbour, and quandom friend Colo. M85) go further, and enumerate a variety of matters, wch. as well as I can recollect, may be adduced under the following heads. Viz.
[Note 85: George Mason.]
First. That the public debt is greater than we can possibly pay before other causes of adding new debt to it will occur; and that this has been artificially created by adding together the whole amount of the debtor and creditor sides of the accounts, instead of taking only their balances; which could have been paid off in a short time.
2d. That this accumulation of debt has taken for ever out of our power those easy sources of revenue, which, applied to the ordinary necessities and exigencies of Government, would have answered them habitually, and covered us from habitual murmerings against taxes and tax gatherers; reserving extraordinary calls, for extraordinary occasions, would animate the People to meet them.
3d. That the calls for money have been no greater than we must generally expect, for the same or equivalent exigencies; yet we are already obliged to strain the impost till it produces clamour, and will produce evasion, and war on our Citizens to collect it, and even to resort to an Excise law, of odious character with the people; partial in its operation; unproductive unless enforced by arbitrary and vexatious means; and committing the authority of the Government in parts where resistance is most probable, and coercion least practicable.
4th. They cite propositions in Congress, and suspect other projects on foot, still to encrease the mass of the debt.
5th. They say that by borrowing at 2/3 of the interest, we might have paid off the principal in 2/3 of the time; but that from this we are precluded by its being made irredeemable but in small portions, and long terms.
6th. That this irredeemable quality was given it for the avowed purpose of inviting its transfer to foreign Countries.
7th. They predict that this transfer of the principal, when compleated, will occasion an exportation of 3 millions of dollars annually for the interest; a drain of Coin, of which as there has been no example, no calculation can be made of its consequences.
8th. That the banishment of our Coin will be compleated by the creation of 10 millions of paper money, in the form of Bank-bills, now issuing into circulation.
9th. They think the 10 or 12 pr. Ct. annual profit, paid to the lenders of this paper medium, are taken out of the pockets of the people, who would have had without interest the coin it is banishing.
10th. That all the Capitol employed in paper speculation is barren and useless, producing, like that on a gaming table, no accession to itself, and is withdrawn from Commerce and Agriculture where it would have produced addition to the common mass.
11th. That it nourishes in our citizens vice and idleness instead of industry and morality.
12th. That it has furnished effectual means of corrupting such a portion of the legislature, as turns the balance between the honest Voters whichever way it is directed.
13th. That this corrupt squadron, deciding the voice of the legislature, have manifested their dispositions to get rid of the limitations imposed by the Constitution on the general legislature; limitations, on the faith of which, the States acceded to that instrument.
14th. That the utlimate object of all this is to prepare the way for a change, from the present republican form of Government, to that of a monarchy; of which the British Constitution is to be the model.
15th. That this was contemplated in the Convention, they say is no secret, because its partisans have made none of it; to effect it then was impracticable; but they are still eager after their object, and are predisposing every thing for its ultimate attainment.
16th. So many of them have got into the legislature, that, aided by the corrupt squadron of paper dealers, who are at their devotion, they make a majority in both houses.
17th. The republican party who wish to preserve the Government in its present form, are fewer even when joined by the two, three, of half a dozen antifederalists, who, tho' they dare not avow it, are still opposed to any general Government: but being less so to a republican than a Monarchical one, they naturally join those whom they think pursuing the lesser evil.
18th. Of all the mischiefs objected to the system of measures before mentioned, none they add is so afflicting, and fatal to every honest hope, as the corruption of the legislature. As it was the earliest of these measures it became the instrument for producing the rest, and will be the instrument for producing in future a King, Lords and Commons; or whatever else those who direct it may chuse. Withdrawn such a distance from the eye of their Constituents, and these so dispersed as to be inaccessible to the public information, and particularly to that of the conduct of their own Representatives, they will form the worst Government upon earth, if the means of their corruption be not prevented.
19th. The only hope of safety they say, hangs now on the numerous representation which is to come forward the ensuing year; but should the majority of the new members be still in the same principles with the present; shew so much dereliction to republican government, and such a disposition to encroach upon, or explain away the limited powers of the Constitution in order to change it, it is not easy to conjecture what would be the result, nor what means would be resorted to for the correction of the evil. True wisdom they acknowledge should direct temperate and peaceable measures; but add, the division of sentiment and interest happens unfortunately, to be so geographical, that no mortal can say that what is most wise and temperate, would prevail against what is more easy and obvious; they declare, they can contemplate no evil more incalculable than the breaking of the Union into two, or more parts; yet, when they view the mass which opposed the original coalescence, when they consider that it lay chiefly in the Southern quarter, that the legislature have availed themselves of no occasion of allaying it, but on the contrary whenever Northern and Southern prejudices have come into conflict, the latter have been sacrificed and the former soothed.
20th. That the owers of the debt are in the Southern and the holders of it in the Northern division.
21st. That the antifederal champions are now strengthened in argument by the fulfilment of their predictions, which has been brought about by the Monarchical federalists themselves; who, having been for the New government merely as a stepping stone to Monarchy, have themselves adopted the very construction, of which, when advocating its acceptance before the tribunal of the people, they declared it insusceptable; whilst the republican federalists, who espoused the same government for its intrinsic merits, are disarmed of their weapons, that which they denied as prophecy being now become true history. Who, therefore, can be sure they ask, that these things may not proselyte the small number which was wanting to place the majority on the other side; and this they add is the event at which they tremble.86
[Note 86: The numbered paragraphs are, practically, verbatim copies from Jefferson's letter to Washington, May 23, 1792, which is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Jefferson's Writings (P L. Ford, editor, Federal edition: 1904), vol. 6, p. 487.
Hamilton's reply to this letter is dated Aug. 18, 1792, and is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. His inclosing letter, of the same date, is in the Washington Papers. Both are printed in Hamilton's Works (Lodge edition, 1904), vol. 2, pp. 426, et seq.]
These, as well as my memory serves me, are the sentiments which, directly and indirectly, have been disclosed to me. To obtain light, and to pursue truth, being my sole aim; and wishing to have before me explanations of as well as the complaints on measures in which the public interest, harmony and peace is so deeply concerned, and my public conduct so much involved; it is my request, and you would oblige me by furnishing me, with your ideas upon the discontents here enumerated; and for this purpose I have thrown them into heads or sections, and numbered them that those ideas may apply to the corrispondent numbers. Although I do not mean to hurry you in giving your thoughts on the occasion of this letter, yet, as soon as you can make it convenient to yourself it would, for more reasons than one, be agreeable, and very satisfactory to me.
The enclosure in your letter of the 16th was sent back the Post after I received it, with my approving signature; and in a few days I will write to the purpose mentioned in your letter of the 22d. both to the Secretary of War and yourself. At present all my business, public and private, is on my own shoulders; the two young Gentlemen who came home with me, being on visits to their friends, and my Nephew, the Major, too much indisposed to afford me any aid, in copying or in other matters. With affectionate regard &c.87
[Note 87: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1792.
Sir: I learn with pleasure from the War Office, by the Secretary's last dispatches, that our Northwestern frontier is in a state of tranquility: it may be construed into an indication that some of the messages which have been sent by Government have reached the hostile Tribes, and have occasioned them to deliberate thereon. Devoutly is it to be wished that the result may be favorable, both for themselves and the Ud. States.
No expectation of this, however, ought to suspend, or in the smallest degree relax the preparations for War; but as War under any circumstances is expensive, and with such a long and rugged land transportation as the one by which we have to convey the supplies for the Army must, for the quantum of them, be extremely so. It behoves us to be as precise in all our arrangements, as oeconomical in our provisions, as strict in our issues, and as correct in accounting for them to the War or Treasury Departments (as the case may happen to be) as possible. That I may know under what regulations these matters are, I have, by this days Post, written to the Secretary of War desiring him to report to me the mode which is pursued by his direction from thence, for providing, transporting, issueing and accounting for them. If the Treasury Department has an agency in any of these matters, I require a similar report from thence also.
Mr. Kean by a Letter which I have received from him, accepts his renewed Commission for settling the Accounts between the United States, and the individual States; which, please to say to him, gives me pleasures, and add, that any efforts he can make to bring this business to a speedy and happy issue, I shall consider as rendering an important service to the Union; because I view the closing of these Accots. speedily as extremely essential to it's interest and tranquility. Let me know if Mr. Langdon (the Commissioner) is returned to his duty? and in that case, when? I am etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1792.
Sir: Your dispatches of the 14th. and 21. Ulto. came duly to hand, and it is probable the Servt. who carries this letter to the Post Office, will bring me a third of this weeks date. I did not acknowledge the receipt of the first letter at an earlier date, because there was nothing contained in it, which required a reply. And I am too little acquainted with the Authority under which Colo. Henry Kerr detached Lt. Colo. Philips,93 the cause, or the object of that detachment, to form so good an opinion of the propriety of the measure as it is easy for me to predict the probable consequences of it. I hope Major Gaither94 has before this, embarked for that quarter, strongly impressed with the views of the general Government, and the disposition of it to preserve peace) if it can be done upon just and honorable grounds).
[Note 93: The names of Col. Henry Kerr and Lieutenant Colonel Philips do not appear on the later pay rolls of Wayne's expedition.]
[Note 94: Maj. Henry Gaither. He ranked as a lieutenant colonel, later, on Wayne's expedition.]
The tranquillity, which (by your last accts. handed to me) prevails on our No. Western frontiers gives me much satisfaction and affords a pleasing prospect that the exertions of government to bring the hostile Indian tribes into a pacific mood will not have been exercised in vain. This, however, is not to relax any preparation for a contrary event. Proceed as if war was inevitable: but do it, I entreat you, with all the oeconomy which can result from system and good regulations. Our finances call for it, and if these did not, our reputation does. The supplies of an Army through so long and rugged a land transportation must, under the best management, be expensive; our attention, therefore ought to be proportionate; and that I may form some ideas of the former I desire you would report to me the regulations which you have adopted for providing, forwarding, and issuing of them, and the mode of having them accounted for to the departt. of War. I have written to the Secretary of the Treasury for similar information on these points so far as any of them may come within the purview of his department. Re-iterate, in your letters to Genl. Wayne, the necessity of employing the prest. calm in disiplining, and training the troops under his command for the peculiar service for which they are destined. He is not to be sparing of Powder and lead (in proper and reasonable quantities) to make the Soldiers marksmen.
There is no propriety that I can perceive in giving the Rank of Brigr. to Majr. Sargent;95 nor do I conceive that Genl. Wilkenson son would, or indeed ought, to relinquish his present Commd. I have turned this mattr. in my thoughts but as yet have not been able to hit upon a character to my mind for the Office of Adjutant General. I will think again, and again on the subject, and will inform you of the result.
[Note 95: Maj. Winthrop Sargent.]
So long as the vice of drunkenness exists in the Army so long I hope, Ejections of those Officers who are found guilty of it will continue; for that and gaming will debilitate and render unfit for active service any Army whatsoever. I am &c.
P.S. Would Majr. Fish96 accept the appointment of Adjutt. General with the Rank of Lieutt. Colo.? He strikes me as an eligible character. Colo. Posey97 also (who wants to be employed) might if ready at his pen make a good one, for in other respects (and I do not know that he is deficient in this) he is said to be an excellent Officer.
[Note 96: Maj. Nicholas Fish.]
[Note 97: Col. Thomas Posey.]
Mount Vernon, August 5, 1792.
Sir: Since the date of my last dispatch to you of the 1st: instant, I have received your Letters of the 26 and 30 ulto., and have affixed my signature to the arrangement of Compensations to the Officers of Inspection98 in consequence of additional latitude give to the President of the United States by the Act of the last Session, entitled "An Act concerning the duties on spirits distilled within the United States."
[Note 98: This document was signed by the President, August 4, in accordance with the provisions of the act of May 8. It divided the States into districts, as well as fixing the compensations of inspectors. It is entered in full in the "Letter Books" in the Washington Papers.]
I have done this on full conviction that the best information the nature of the case would admit, has been obtained at the Treasury to keep the aggregate within the limitations of the Law, and to proportion the Compensations to the services of the respective Officers; presuming also that it appeared essential (from a full view of circumstances, and the benefits likely to be derived from the measure, to the public) that an increase of the Officers of Revenue was really necessary; for I should be unwilling to add to the former establishment, unless the propriety of it was apparent. Unless the Attorney General should be of opinion that the President of the United States has power under the Act of March, 1791, or the subsequent one of last Session, to appoint (in the recess of the Senate) an Inspector of the Survey newly constituted in Maryland, it must remain, as is proposed, under the immediate direction of the Supervisor.
If, after these regulations are in operation, opposition to the due exercise of the collection is still experienced, and peaceable procedure is no longer effectual, the public interest and my duty will make it necessary to enforce the Laws respecting this matter, and however disagreeable this would be to me, it must nevertheless take place.
The Collector was not at Baltimore when I passed through that place; but from the Naval Officer99 I learnt that the service
[Note 99: An officer of the Customs service. The name comes down from colonial times. He acts concurrently with the Collector of Customs, assists in estimating duties, countersigns clearances, certifies accounts, etc., etc. He is thus a check on the Collector.] wou'd sustain no loss by the resignation of the Master of the Maryland Revenue Cutter; that the first Mate was a more competent character, and that the general expectation was that he would be appointed to command it. That I might know how far the sentiments of others accorded with those of the Naval Officer, I requested the Supervisor (Mr. Gale)1 to make enquiry and to inform me of the result; but not having heard from him since, the first Mate (his name I do not recollect) may be notified by you, of my intention to commission him Master so soon as I am provided with Commissions for that purpose, at present I have none. The same may be given to John Adams as first, and Benjamin Gunnison as second Mate of the Revenue Cutter in New Hampshire: and to Ashur Cook first and John Fenley second mate of the New York Cutter. The third Mate for the latter may remain for further enquiry and consideration.
[Note 1: George Gale. He was supervisor of the Maryland district.]
If your information with respect to the proposed characters for the Cutter in New Hampshire is not such as you can entirely rely upon, Mr. Lear who is on the spot might afford you some aid in the investigation of them, or others. I am etc.
P.S. As I have neither time nor inclination to copy the enclosed, I would thank you for having a transcript of it made and sent to me.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 5, 1792.
Sir: Since writing to you on the 1st. instr. your letters of the 28th. and 31st. of July have come to hand. The latter, containing an acct. of the fate of Majr. Trueman,3 fills me with deep
[Note 3: Maj. Alexander Trueman, of the First U.S. Infantry, and his companions had been murdered by the Indians.] concern. The circumstances with which it is related (unless fabricated to answer some purpose to us unknown) will not allow one to doubt the fact. Nor do the Accounts from the Southward wear a much more agreeable aspect. Every exertion therefore on the part of the Government must be used to avert the evils of war which seem to be impending and if these are found to be impracticable then to meet the event with firmness and resolution as a mean to which I hope the recruiting Officers will double their diligence to obtain the men and their vigilance to prevent desertion. The latter is shameful, and call for vigorous pursuits and exemplary punishments.
I hope and do earnestly exhort, the utmost attention on the part of General Wayne and the Officers under him, to fit the men for the Service they are intended. It is indispensably necessary; and I beseech you to suffer no delay in forwarding the supplies which are necessary for the Army.
I wish Governor Blount may have been able to terminate the Conferences, which he was to have had at Nashville about the 25th. of last month with the Cherokees, Chickasaws and Choctaws to the mutual advantage and satisfaction of all the parties concerned, but the difficulty of deciding between lawless settlers and greedy (land) Speculators on one side, and the jealousies of the Indian Nations and their banditti on the other, becomes more and more obvious every day; and these, from the interference of the Spaniards (if the reports we have be true) and other causes wch. are too evident to require specification add not a little to our embarrassments.
I flatter myself, Governor St. Clair will not forget that there are duties which require his attention in the Territory committed to his care although his presence at the trial of Ensign Morgan4 may not be necessary or proper. But, if an important
[Note 4: Ensign John Morgan, of the First U.S. Infantry.] lawsuit claims his attendance in the State of Pennsylvania in September and it can be dispensed with in his Government, I would not wish to deprive him of the advantage of being present at the trial.
The enclosed letter from People stiling themselves Oneidas or Onondagas came to my hands on friday last. It may not be amiss to make some enquiry into the matter. for oftentimes, it is more easy to prevent an evil, than to redress it after it has happened. I am &c.
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 12, 1792.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 17th. of July came duly to hand. I could, with pleasure, spend a day in Baltimore on my return to Philadelphia, if time and circumstances would permit, but it is not for me at this moment to say whether either would suit: besides, I shall confess to you candidly, I have no relish for formal and ceremonious engagements and only give into them when they cannot be avoided; among other reasons, because it oftentimes, if not always, proves inconvenient to some of the party bestowing, if it is not to the party receivg. the compliment of a public dinner; being, a tax which I am as unwilling to impose, as many are to pay if false delicasy would allow them to express their real sentiments. If it should so happen that I can, conveniently, spend a day in Baltimore as I return it would give me pleasure to dine with yourself and a few other friends in a social way; and on this footing let the matter rest, as no previous notice of my coming is necessary in this case.
Having begun a letter to you, I will add something to it of public concern, Mr. Potts,7 the District Attorney of Maryland, has resigned that Office. Who in general estimation is best qualified to fill it? Mr. Robt. Smith has been spoken of. Mr. Hollingsworth8 has been mentioned, and Mr. Tilghman9 and Mr. Hammond have also been thought of, but the two last living on the Eastern Shore; and Baltimore, being the principal theatre for the Courts, it would be inconvenient to both those Gentlemen to attend and the appointment no inducement to their removal. Which then of the other two would be most eligable? Would Mr. Smith if he should be deemed most so, accept? or is there any other person more preeminently qualified than either of the Gentlemen I have named? Your sentiments, freely given, on these enquiries will much oblige Dear Sir etc.
[Note 7: Richard Potts.]
[Note 8: Zebulon Hollingsworth.]
[Note 9: William Tilghman.]
Mount Vernon, August 13, 1792.
Sir: The letter herewith enclosed is left open for your private perusal, and transmission. Two motives prompt me to this measure, the first is, the christian name of a Mr. Jones, high sheriff of Montgomery County, the person intended to be associated with your brother in the business referred to them in the said letter, was unknown to Colo. Mercer and myself: the second, that before his name should be inserted, I might be ascertained from some person in whom I could place confidence, that Mr. Jones is a gentleman of good character, not interested in fixing the price at more than the land would actually sell at for ready money; and who will decide impartially between Colo. Mercer and myself; for it is to be considered by these Gentlemen, that it is to all intents and purposes a ready money bargain.
I made choice of your brother Colo. Francis Deakins, to say what the Cash price of the Land shall be. Mr. Jones was the choice of Colo. Mercer, but his name by consent was to be withheld for the reasons above mentioned, as I had never heard of the gentleman until he was brought forward on this occasion.
I do not wish to delay the insertion of his name until I hear from you: on the contrary, if in your opinion Mr. Jones comes under the description I have required, I pray you to add his name to that of your Brothers, in the enclosed Letter, then seal, direct and forward it to the latter, that the business may be brought to a close as soon as it can be with convenience.
I am etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 13, 1792.
Dear Sir: Since my last to you dated the 23d. of July, I have received the second Epistle of Govt. Chittendon enclosing a copy of the Lieut. Gov. of Canada's letter to him; but as he does not in that letter acknowledge the receipt of the one which went to him from the Secretary of States office, the motives which suspended an answer to his first letter, still exist, unless he has given the information required of him immediately to yourself. However, that you may have the whole matter before you to answer when you are possessed of all the facts which relate to the subject, I forward the Governor's last letter to me, as I also do that from Colo. Humphreys to you, covered by your's of the 30th ulto. I am etc.10
Mount Vernon, August 13, 1792.
Sir: My last to you was dated the 5th. instt. since which I have received your letters of the 4th. 5th. and 7th.; and shall reply to such parts of them as appear to require it.
It is painful to find the recruiting Service advancing so slowly as your last letters indicate. Endeavor to rouse the officers who are engaged in this business, to fresh exertions. The unhappy fate of our messengers11 is a lamentable proof of Indian barbarity, and a strong evidence of the bad dispositions of at least some of their tribes. This ought to stimulate every nerve to prepare for the worst.
[Note 11: The murder of Maj. Alexander Trueman and Brig. Gen. John Hardin.]
If the banditti, which made the successful stroke on the Station at Nashville could become at without involving disagreeable consequences with the tribes to which they respectively belong, an attempt to cut them off ought by all means to be encouraged; an enterprize judiciously concerted, and spiritedly executed would be less expensive to the General government than keeping up guards of Militia which will always be eluded in the attack, and never be overtaken in a pursuit.
No measures should be left unessayed to treat with the Wabash Indians; nor can the Goods be better applied than in effectuating this desirable purpose; but I think a person of more dignified character than Major Hamtranck should be employed in the negotiation. No idea of purchasing land from them ought to be admitted; for no treaty, or other communications with the Indians have ever been satisfactory to them when this has been the subject. The principles, and general out lines of all these treaties ought to be given to the Negotiator, notwithstanding the right of disannulling is reserved to the Government. Illiterate people are not easily made sensible of the propriety, or policy of giving a power, and rejecting what is done under it. These may be contained in Genl. Putnams12
[Note 12: Gen. Rufus Putnam.]
General Putnam merits thanks, in my opinion, for his plan, and the sentiments he has delivered on what he conceives to be a proper mode of carrying on the War against the hostile Nations of Indians, and I wish he would continue to furnish them, without reserve in future. But in the present instance, two reasons are so strongly opposed to the measure recommended by him as to render it unadvisable and dangerous one of which, the collision it might occasion, and the consequences thereof, in the pending negotiation with G. Britain he could not be acquainted with; the other, the inadequacy of our force to admit a division, and thereby running the hazard of being beaten in detail by encountering the enemies whole strength with part of our own are such as not to be overcome. The other reasons assigned by you are not without weight, but less in degree; for Peace and War are now in balance which will preponderate remains to be known; if the latter (which heaven avert) we must expect to encounter a powerful confederacy, and ought not to put any thing to hazard which can be avoided by military foresight.
I can form no judgment of the object or propriety of establishing the Post on the Muskingham, mentioned in Genl Putnams letter to you of the 9th. of July, as no copy of that letter has been sent to me; equally unable am I to give any opinion on the Speeches and wishes of Fish Carrier, as I know not the contents of them; 20 copies having accompanied the letter of General Capin.13
[Note 13: Israel Chapin. He was agent to the Five Nations and was then at Canandaigua.
On August 13 Washington wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury a routine note in which the following occurs: "It is pleasing to find by the Letter from our Commissioners at Amsterdam, that the credit of the United States remains upon so respectable a footing in the United Netherlands." This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Paper.]
General Wilkinson has displayed great zeal and ability for the public weal since he came into Service. His conduct carries strong marks of attention, activity and spirit, and I wish him to know the favorable light in which it is viewed. With great esteem I am etc.
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1792.
Sir: This morning your letter of the 11th. came to hand, but I have not as yet had time to read, much less to consider, the enclosures therein contained.
Mr. Seagrove's14 dispatches of the 5th. ulto. enclosing a packet for you, were received at the same time; and about noon his other Letter, of the 27th. was brought to me by Express. The whole, as well those addressed to me, as the others directed to you, are sent forward under cover with this letter by the Express who brought the last.
[Note 14: James Seagrove.]
The extreme and dangerous illness of my Nephew (Major Washington, who has an affection of the Lungs, and for the last two or three days a violent and copious discharge of pure blood from them, by which he is so reduced as to be almost unable to speak) together with the Letters and voluminous references accompanying them, places it out of my power at this moment to pass any sentiment upon Mr. Seagrove's Dispatches, by the bearer; but as far as my Memory and short notes will enable me to recollect the contents of them, it shall be done by the Post on Monday.
My reason for forwarding them without delay, is, that you may, previous to the receipt of any sentiments of mine, give the several matters contained in these despatches and his former communications, the consideration they merit from a comprehensive and comparative view of the whole subject; and, as some parts of it are of an important and delicate nature, it is my request that the Secretary of the Treasury would also consider them attentively; that the proceedings thereon, and answers thereto, may be the result of our joint and deliberate thoughts. If the Secry. of State had been in Philada. I should have called upon him also; for if things be as they are stated in Mr. Seagoves's Letters and the enclosures accompanying them, our affairs in that quarter are critically situated, as they respect the State of Georgia and the southern Indians, and the Ud. States and the Spaniards.
At present, however, I shall add nothing further on these topics; and with respect to your writing (as submitted in your letter of the 11th.) to the Governor of Nw. York concerning the complaint exhibited by the Oneidas or Onandagos (I am not certain wch.) against a trader that had been obtruded upon them; and committing the matter, and the regulation of the Trade with the first of these tribes, to the Govr. of that State; I desire you to do in the premises as shall appear best under a full view of the circumstances, and the Laws relating to the arrangement of the intercourse with the Indians; for at present they are not enough in my mind to enable me to give any precise directions concerning the reference.
Who is Mr. Rosecrantz? And under what authority has he attended the councils of the Indians at Buffalo Creek? Subordinate interferences must be absolutely interdicted, or counteraction of the measures of Governmt, perplexity and confusion will inevitably ensue. No person should presume to speak to the Indians on business of a public nature except those who derive their Authority and receive their instructions from the War Office for that purpose. With esteem and regard, I am &c.
Mount Vernon, August 19, 1792.
Sir: In my letter of the 15th. I promised you my sentiments on Mr. Seagroves communications; and though I am not enabled to do it so fully as I could wish, I shall nevertheless give them as fully as I can.
His letters, and the enclosures therein contained. With the evidence in support, go to points, which may be classed under Six heads.
1st. Spanish interference, to prevent the treaty between the United States and the Creek Nation from being carried into effect. To accomplish which, these Indians, together with the Cherokees, Chicasaws and Choctaws, are envited to a grand Council at Pensacola; where, if they will attend, it is intimated to them, they shall be furnished with Arms, Ammunition, and goods of all sorts. An Agent of Spain, (a Captn. Oliver)15 who is established at little Tallassee in the Creek Nation, and supposed to be acting in concert with McGillivray, has forbid their running the line that was established by treaty with these people; promising them the support of Spain against any measures which may be pursued by the U. States, in case of their refusal. And in a word, aided by McGillivray and Panton,16 is stimulating all the Southern Indians to acts of hostilities against the United States; to facilitate which he is distributing goods, and holding talks with the chiefs. Three things, it is said, will be
[Note 15: Pedro or Pierre Olivier.]
[Note 16: William Panton, a Pensacola trader.] attempted at the proposed meeting at Pensacola: 1st. to established Posts in the Indian Country. 2d. To fix three Agents amongst them, of whom McGillivray is to be the principal; and 3d. to exclude the Citizens of the United States from having any trade with these Indians. To carry the whole of this plan into effect, it is further said that five Regimts. of about 600 men each and a large quantity of Ordnance and Stores are actually arrived from old Spain, and the like number of Troops are expected from the Havanna; and suspns. are alive, that the Capture of Bowles,17 was a preconcerted scheme between the Spanh. Govr. and himself.
[Note 17: Bowles was seized by McGillivray. McGillivray turned him over to the Spanish, who sent him to Spain.]
2d. The turbulant disposition of the Settlers on the Western frontier of Georgia, and their endeavors (as appear by the declaration of Colo. Alexander, and others which could be adduced), to oppose the measures of the General Government; and to bring on a War between the United States and the Creek Nation; with the nefarious means practiced by them to accomplish this project and the effect it has had upon the latter; who are affraid, though generally well-disposed towards the U. States and in all their public talks have given strong assurances of their intention to execute the treaty, to meet at the Rock landing on the Oconee in the vicinity of these characters.
3d. His conditional engagement to meet the lower Creeks on the head of St. Mary's River in November next. His opinion that with more extensive powers, and a larger field to display in, he should be able, not only to counteract the unprovoked inteference of the Spaniards by keeping the Indians in our Interest, but could even engage them to Act for us, if circumstances should make it desirable; but to do this he must be furnished with goods, and be authorised to distribute them as occasions should require. That but for his endeavors to support the authority of McGillivray, and to reinstate him in the good opinion of his Nation who began to see into his views, and nine tenths of it to dispise him, this might have been in a more progressive state, than it is at present.
4th. The necessity of restricting the licenses of Traders, and passes to people of other descriptions; who, under various pretences (but oftentimes with bad intentions) go into the Indian Villages. And of the expediency, and the advantages which would result, from having proper forms for both, with checks to prevent counterfeits and impositions on the Indians.
5th. The probable consequence of a severe drought, to the Indians, and the policy of relieving them from impending famine.
6th. The intemperance of Major Call.18 His improper conduct in raising three troops of horse with promise of paymt. from the Genl. Government; leaving a party on the So. Western frontier of Georgia without an Officer, or even a Sergeant. And the Agents opinion of the necessity of a respectable force on the So. Western frontier of that State and the little use of them in their present Stations.
[Note 18: Maj. Richard Call, of the First Regiment of Infantry.]
These heads, as well as I can recollect, contain the substance of Mr. Seagroves communications on which I give the following sentiments and observations.
1st. The conduct of Spain in this business is so unprovoked (by any event that has come to my knowledge), so misterious, and so hostile in appearance, that although the evidence is strong, and corroborated by a variety of information through a variety of channels, and even confirmed by McGillivray himself, yet the mind can scarcely realise a proceedure so base and inhuman as the encouraging (not only without the exhibition of complaint, but under professions of good neighbourhood and friendship towards us) a war which must expose helpless women and children to the relentless fury of Savages, and to the cruelties of the Tomahawk and Scalping-knife. But the evidence of their intreigues to set aside the treaty, to exclude the U. States from having trade or intercourse with the Southern Indians, will scarcely admit of a doubt; and there is but too much reason to suspect that McGillivray has an agency in promoting these measures.
My opinion therefore is, that the Commissioners of Spain, in Philadelphia, shd. be informed, delicately, and perhaps informally (until matters can be more fully investigated, or developed) that though we are ready to acquit the Spanish government of measures so unfriendly to the U. States, yet that the evidence of these proceedings in some of its Officers, is too strong to admit of a doubt. and of too important a nature to pass over in silence. That it creates serious alarms in the minds of our Citizens in the Southern quarter, and gives much trouble to the Government of the U. States; which has no views incompatible with good faith towards Spain, and with justice and honor towards the Indns.
Something to this effect was written, or spoken to these Gentlemen by the Secretary of State on the first representation of this matter from the Southern Agent for Indian Affairs; but what notice was taken of it by them, or whether any, I do not recollect to have been informed. Enquiry, however, should be made; but whether documents respecting it are to be found in his Office, or are deposited among the private transactions in his own keeping, is uncertain: in the latter case no information can be obtained in time.
2d. My opinion on this head is, that Governor Tellfair should be written to, and informed in delicate, but in firm and unequivocal terms: That the United States from a concatination of causes, are so delicately circumstanced as to render Peace in the Southern quarter indispensably necessary, if it be possible to preserve it upon just, and honorable terms. That Government has received information unequivocal in its nature, of designs in some of the frontier Inhabitants of Georgia, not only to impede, but absolutely to oppose running the line which was agreed upon as a boundary between that State and the Creeks; and, of conduct in some of them, tending to provoke war, rather than to promote peace with these Indians. That it was (and subsequent events have proved it) with great difficulty the boundary then agreed on could be obtained. That now it has become a law of the Land; and if the Indians can be prevailed on to carry it into execution it must be enforced. And lastly, to exhort him, by every motive to peace and good order, that he would use his influence and address to repress all turbulent and illegal proceedings in this behalf, as the consequences cannot fail to be distressing from a contrary conduct.
3d. Although the opinions, and propositions of the Southern Agent ought, in this case, to be received with a due degree of caution, inasmuch as he is removing the theatre of action from Rock landing to his own (or brothers store) at the head of the St. Marys, covering thereby that frontier, where his interest is more immediately affected; building his own consequence upon the ruins of another as occasion and circumstances may require. Acquiring a power to distribute goods (which, tho' limited, and issued under certn. restrictions, may nevertheless be abused). Investing him with more ample power to act from the circumstances of the moment; I say, notwithstanding the liability of abuse in some, or all of these cases; I am of opinion from the circumstances which exist, and press, and from the delay which would result from references at the distance He is from the seat of the Government, that he ought, as far as I have the power to give them, to be instructed
To-hold a meeting with the Indian Chiefs at the time and place mentioned in his letter of the 27th. ulto. and,
That he should, under defined restrictions, have authority given him, to distribute goods as circumstances, and his own judgment shall dictate.
That he ought to counteract the nefarious schemes of Spain by all the influence and address he is master of.
That if, upon further, and more unequivocal proof, McGillivrays duplicity and treachery should appear more evident; that he is, in that case, to destroy, as far as it is in his power, the consequence of that man in the Creek nation; and, as the most effectual step towards it, and serving the U: States, to take, if he can, his place in the Nation.
4th. The propriety of this restrictive proposition is apparent, but to draw the line is difficult. To vest it solely (which I believe wd. be the least evil) with the Indian agents, wd. encrease their consequence amazingly, and would, in a manr, give them, if they are indirectly engaged in Trade, a monopoly thereof; and all other intercourse with the Indians: and in the instance before us, would create much jealousy and disgust in the Executive of the State of Georgia. Under this impression of my sentiments, decide as shall appear best, upon a full view of the case. The idea of an engraving with the proposed check, to prevent counterfeit passes and impositions, is a good thought, and merits adoption.
5th. If the Indians should be reduced to the deplorable State which is apprehended, by an Act of Providence which human foresight is unable to avert; It is my opinion that we ought, if they exhibit signs of good dispositions towards us, as well from motives of policy as those of humanity, to afford them relief. But the power of the Executive to do this, the state of the treasury, the extent of the evil, and the consequences of giving to one nation and not to all, if it should be asked, are matters to be considered before any explicit assurance is given, that Supplies will be granted.
6th. There can be no doubt of the propriety of bringing Major Call before a Genl. Court Martial for his intemperate conduct, for authorising the raising of three troops of Horse at the expence of the Union (unless as commanding officer he was instructed or empowered to do it; of which I have no recollection), and for leaving a party of Soldiers on the So. Westn. frontier without an Officer, or even a sergeant to cored. and provide for them.
As to the necessity of having a respectable force on the South Western frontier of Georgia, and of the little use of those on the more western part of the State no reasons are assigned for either, by which a judgment can be formed; and havg. no accurate map of that Country with me, I am unable to give any other sentimt. on either of these points, than that (for the reason which has been given under another hd.) this measure should be decided on with cautn.
I do not give these opinions, or any one of them as decisive, or as directions to be implicity followed; because that would render deliberation, and the request contained in my letter of the 15th, nugatory. They are given as crude and undigested first thoughts, only; to be closely examined, compared and combined with other information which may be found in the public Offices, and the letters and Instructions, draughted accordingly.
Let these (except the communication if any to the Comrs. of Spain) pass through my hands unsealed. I am persuaded there will be no delay on acct. of disapprobation, and consequent alterations. The Express not expecting (as he says) to have proceeded further than Mount Vernon, will want a supply of money to take him back, to be accounted for with the Indian Agent. He has already received two guineas from me.
I presume Mr. Seagrove would wish to be placed upon some more permanent establishment with respect to his pay; but if there be any doubt of my power to fix this, and to render his Office more stable, matters (with assurances that his Services will neither pass unnoticed, or unrewarded) must remain as they are until the meeting of Congress: and as he appears to have acted with zeal and intelligence, he ought to be informed of the satisfaction his conduct has given; and to be requested in a particular, and pointed manner, to have someone or more persons in whom entire confidence can be placed (as well in their abilities, as fidelity) to attend the meeting at Pensacola, to watch the motions of Oliver, and to be informed precisely and accurately, of the Spanish movements in both East and West Florida. Money (reasonably bestowed) must not be spared to accomplish these objects.
What is become of the Surveyor Ellicott, and what is proper to be done with him? he ought not to be retained in that Country at a certain expence, awaiting a very uncertain event.
I did not think of it when I was writing my letter of the 15th. but now request, that the Attorney General may be called on to aid with his sentiments in the several matters which are referred for your consideration and decision.
Not having thought of any character more eligable for Adjutant General than Majr. Fish, I request that he may be sounded, or even directly applied to. Should he be indisposed to the Office, some other must be appointed without delay. With esteem and regard I am &c.
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1792.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 26 ulto. enclosing one from Mr. Barclay, containing the Petition of our prisoners in Algiers, came duly to hand. Everything that my powers and means will enable me to do consistent with justice and policy, shall not be wanting to the relief of these unfortunate captives; and I would fain hope they will not be ineffectually employed. With sincere esteem and affectionate regard, I am etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1792.
Sir: This will merely inform you that your letter of the 10th. with it's enclosure, and that of the 11th. Inst: have been duly received; and that if the Regulations of your Department, mentioned in the former, are carried strictly into execution, the most happy consequences, it is to be hoped, will result from them. I am etc.19
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1792.
Dear Sir: In my letter of the 15th. I acknowledged the receipt of yours of the 11th.; since which your dispatches of the 16th. are come to hand, and convey but a gloomy prospect of peace with the Indians, in either hemisphere, but show the necessity of preparing more vigorously if possible for the dernier resort. That the Western Indians are stimulated to acts of hostility on one side, and every mean which can be devised to set aside the treaties wch. exist between the Southern Indians and the U. States, and to encourage the former to break with us on the other admits of no doubt in my mind; and that it may be a concerted plan between certn. Powers to check the growth of this rising Country, is far from improbable, diabolical as it may seem.
The enclosure of Genl. Putnams letter of the 9th. of July, enables me (which I could not do before) to form some idea of his proposition to establish a Post on the Muskingham; and, though I shall give no decided opinion on this particular case, my sentiments, generally, with respect to Posts, are not changed, and are shortly these, that except for the preservation of Stores, and the security of convoys upon a communin. they are of no use but to protect the people within them; for unless the Garrison is of such strength, and can detach in such force, as to bid defiance to the enemy it is always cooped up. Except for the purposes I have mentioned, of what advantage are Forts Hamilton, St. Clair and Jefferson? The strength of Stationary parties are soon discovered by the Indians and when discovered, are liable to be cut off, unless they confine themselves solely to the defence of the Post; and of what avail would this be on the Muskingham or elsewhere? Posts can be insulted or avoided at the option of the enemy in a covered Country; but the best vigilence of the most cautious Enemy cannot prevent scouting parties falling on their trail. Besides we shall never be respectable at any point if the Troops are divided, and subdivided for the quietude of particular settlements or neighbourhoods: nor will they ever be disciplined, and under due subordination whilst they are scattered over the Country in small parties under Subaltern Officers; except when they are employed in ranging, which is an essential part of their military educatn. in the Service for which they are designed.
If all the measures which have been pursued by Governmt. to convince the hostile Indians of the just and honorable intentions the U. States towards them should prove ineffectual we may certainly calculate upon a powerful opposition from their Combind force; in which case, we shall not only be unprepared to penetrate their Country, this Year, but there appears to me to be very little prospect of doing it early in the next; unless there can be some stimulus to the recruiting Service, and the Officers absolutely restrained from enlisting improper men; for I am told, notwithstanding the pointed instructions which have been issued to them on this head, that boys in many instances, and the worst miscreants in others are received: to the last of which may be attributed the number of desertions that are reported to the War Office. Under this view of the matter, your intimation to Genl Wayne respecting the Chicasaws and the Choctaws was prudent and proper; but I conceive, nevertheless, if a few of each Southern Nation say Six or 8 respectable characters was to visit and remain with the army as long as should be agreeable to themselves. Be well fed, cloathed, and in all respects treated with attention and kindness, it would be an effectual inducement to the coming of the number that might be required next year?
I perceive by Mr. Belli's20 letter that the difference between supplying the Troops with their Rations by Contract, and by a purchasing Commy. must be very great indeed, although he has not given the Wages, and other charges of the latter gentry. I am of opinion that the difference in favor of the latter will be found from the nature of things much greater on the exterior than it would be in the interior Country; and as the public pay for all lost provisions (by the enemy) is at the expence of Stores, Guards &ca. it is a matter worthy of serious investigation and
[Note 20: John Belli, deputy quartermaster general, United States Army.] consequent decision. Consult therefore with the Secretary of the treasury, and act as the result shall appear best.
The hair must have stood on Major S--21 head, and a stake full in his view, when his letter of the 8th. of July was writing to Genl. Wilkinson, or the style of it would certainly have been varied.22 With esteem and regard I am &c.
[Note 21: Maj. John Smith, of the First U. S. Infantry.]
[Note 22: A long extract from Smith's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 23, 1792.
My dear Sir: Your letters of the 12th. and 13th came duly to hand, as did that enclosing Mr. Blodgets plan of a Capitol. The latter I forwarded to the Commissioners, and the enclosures of the two first are now returned to you.
I believe we are never to hear from Mr. Carmichael; nor of him but through the medium of a third person. His -- I really do not know with what epithet to fill the blank, is, to me, amongst the most unaccountable of all the unaccountable things! I wish much to hear of the arrival of Mr. Short at Madrid, and the result of their joint negotiations at that Court, as we have fresh, and much stronger Representations from Mr. Seagrove of the extraordinary interference of the Spaniards in West Florida, to prevent running the boundary line which had been established by treaty between the United States and the Creeks, of their promising them support in case of their refusal; and of their endeavouring to disaffect the four Southern tribes of Indians towards this Country. In the execution of these projects Seagrove is convinced McGillivray and his partner Panton are embarked, and have become principal agents; and there are suspicions entertained, he adds, that the Capture of Bowles was a preconcerted measure between the said Bowles and the Spaniards. That the former is gone to Spain (and to Madrid I think) is certain. That McGillivray has removed from little Tellassee to a place he has within, or bordering on the Spanish line. That a Captn. Oliver, a Frenchman, but an Officer in a Spanish Regiment at New Orleans, has taken his place at Tellassee and is holding talks with the Chiefs of the several Towns in the Nation. And that every exertion is making by the Governor of West Florida to obtain a full and general meeting of the Southern Tribes at Pensicola, are facts that admit of no doubt. It is also affirmed that five Regiments of about 600 men each, and a large quantity of Ordnance and Stores arrived lately at New Orleans, and that the like number of Regiments (but this can only be from report) was expected at the same place from the Havanna. Recent accts. from Arthur Campbell (I hope without much foundation) speak of very hostile dispositions in the lower Cherokees, and of great apprehension for the safety of Govr. Blount and Genl. Pickens23 who had set out for the proposed meeting with the Chicasaws and Choctaws at Nashville, and for the Goods which were going down the Tenessee by Water, for that Meeting.
[Note 23: Gen. Andrew Pickens.]
Our accounts from the Western Indns. are not more favourable than those just mentioned. No doubt remains of their having put to death Majr. Trueman and Colo. Hardin; and the Harbingers of their mission. The report from their grand Council is, that War was, or soon would be, decided on; and that they will admit no Flags. The meeting was numerous and not yet dissolved that we have been informed of. What influence our Indn. Agents may have at it, remains to be known. Hendricks left Buffaloe Creek between the 18th. and 20th. of June, accompanied by two or three of the Six Nations; some of the Chiefs of those Nations were to follow in a few days, only waiting, it was said, for the Caughnawaga Indians from Canada. And Captn. Brandt would not be long after them. If these attempts to disclose the just and pacific disposition of the United States to these people, should also fail, there remains no alternative but the Sword, to decide the difference; and recruiting goes on heavily. If Spain is really intrieguing with the Southern Indians as represented by Mr. Seagrove, I shall entertain strong suspicions that there is a very clear understanding in all this business between the Courts of London and Madrid; and that it is calculated to check, as far as they can, the rapid encrease, extension and consequence of this Country; for there cannot be a doubt of the wishes of the former (if we may judge from the conduct of its Officers) to impede any eclaircissment of ours with the Western Indians, and to embarrass our negotiations with them, any more than there is of their Traders and some others who are subject to their Government, aiding and abetting them in acts of hostilities.
How unfortunate, and how much is it to be regretted then, that whilst we are encompassed on all sides with avowed enemies and insidious friends, that internal dissensions should be harrowing and tearing our vitals. The last, to me, is the most serious, the most alarming, and the most afflicting of the two. And without more charity for the opinions and acts of one another in Governmental matters, or some more infalible criterion by which the truth of speculative opinions, before they have undergone the test of experience, are to be forejudged than has yet fallen to the lot of fallibility, I believe it will be difficult, if not impracticable, to manage the Reins of Government or to keep the parts of it together: for if, instead of laying our shoulders to the machine after measures are decided on, one pulls this way and another that, before the utility of the thing is fairly tried, it must, inevitably, be torn asunder. And, in my opinion the fairest prospect of happiness and prosperity that ever was presented to man, will be lost, perhaps for ever!
My earnest wish, and my fondest hope therefore is, that instead of wounding suspicions, and irritable charges, there may be liberal allowances, mutual forbearances, and temporising yieldings on all sides. Under the exercise of these, matters will go on smoothly, and, if possible, more prosperously. Without them every thing must rub; the Wheels of Government will clog; our enemies will triumph, and by throwing their weight into the disaffected Scale, may accomplish the ruin of the goodly fabric we have been erecting.24
[Note 24: Noted in Jefferson's Anas for Oct. 1, 1792; printed in Jefferson's Works (P. L. Ford, editor, Federal edition: 1904), vol. 1, pp. 233, et seq.]
I do not mean to apply these observations, or this advice to any particular person, or character. I have given them in the same general terms to other Officers of the Government; because the disagreements which have arisen from difference of opinions, and the Attacks wch. have been made upon almost all the measures of government, and most of its Executive Officers, have, for a long time past, filled me with painful sensations; and cannot fail I think, of producing unhappy consequences at home and abroad.
The nature of Mr. Seagroves communications was such, and the evidence in support of them so strongly corroborative, that I gave it as my sentiment to Genl. Knox that the Commissioners of Spain ought to have the matter brought before them again in the manner it was before, but in stronger (though not in committing) language; as the Government was embarrassed, and its Citizens in the Southern States made uneasy by such proceedings, however unauthorized they might be by their Court.
I pray you to note down, or rather to frame into paragraphs or sections such matters as may occur to you as fit and proper for general communication at the opening of the next Session of Congress, not only in the department of State, but on any other subject applicable to the occasion, that I may, in due time, have every thing before me. With sincere esteem and friendship I am &c.25
[Note 25: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 26, 1792.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 18th. enclosing answers to certain objections communicated to you in my letter of the 29th. Ulto. came duly to hand; and although I have not, at yet, from a variety of causes, been able to give them the attentive reading I mean to bestow, I feel myself much obliged by the trouble you have taken to answer them; as I persuade myself, from the full manner in which you appear to have taken up the Subject, that I shall receive both satisfaction and profit from the perusal.
Differences in political opinions are as unavoidable as, to a certain point, they may, perhaps, be necessary; but it is exceedingly to be regretted that subjects cannot be discussed with temper on the one hand, or decisions submitted to without having the motives which led to them improperly implicated on the other: and this regret borders on chagrin when we find that men of abilities, zealous patriots, having the same general objects in view, and the same upright intentions to prosecute them, will not exercise more charity in deciding on the opinions and actions of one another. When matters get to such lengths, the natural inference is, that both sides have strained the Cords beyond their bearing, and, that a middle course would be found the best, until experience shall have decided on the right way, or, which is not to be expected, because it is denied to mortals, there shall be some infallible rule by which we could fore-judge events.
Having premised these things, I would fain hope that liberal allowances will be made for the political opinions of each other; and instead of those wounding suspicions, and irritating charges, with which some of our Gazettes are so strongly impregnated, and cannot fail if persevered in, of pushing matters to extremity, and thereby to tare the Machine asunder, that there might be mutual forbearances and temporizing yieldings on all sides. Without these I do not see how the Reins of government are to be managed, or how the Union of the States can be much longer preserved.
How unfortunate would it be if a fabric so goodly, erected under so many Providential circumstances, and in its first stages, having acquired such respectability, should from diversity of sentiments or internal obstructions to some of the acts of Government (for I cannot prevail on myself to believe that these measures are as yet the deliberate acts of a determined party) should be harrowing our vitals in such a manner as to have brought us to the verge of dissolution. Melancholy thought! But one at the same time that it shows the consequences of diversified opinions, when pushed with too much tenacity, it exhibits evidence also of the necessity of accommodation, and of the propriety of adopting such healing measures as may restore harmony to the discordant members of the Union, and the Governing powers of it.
I do not mean to apply this advice to any measures which are passed or to any particular character; I have given it in the same general terms to other Officers of the Government. My earnest wish is, that balsam may be poured into all the wounds which have been given, to prevent them from gangrening and from those fatal consequences which the community may sustain if it is with held. The friends of the Union must wish this; those who are not, but wish to see it rended, will be disappointed, and all things I hope will go well.
We have learnt through the medium of Mr. Harrison to Doctr. Craik, that you have some thoughts of taking a trip this way. I felt pleasure at hearing it, and hope it is unnecessary to add that it would be considerably encreased by seeing you under this roof; for you may be assured of the sincere and Affecte. regard of yours, &c.
PS. I pray you to Note down whatever may occur to you, not only in your own department but other matters also of general import that may be fit subjects for the Speech at the opening of the ensuing Session.
Mount Vernon, August 25, 1792.
Sir: I have recd. your Letter of the 17th. inst; with it's enclosure from Genl. Wayne. Whatever Genl. Wayne may require towards the equipmt. of his troops for the service for wch. they are designed, provided a compliance therewith be authorised by Law, I think had better be granted. powder, in particular, precisely such as he desires, I would furnish him with in order that there may be no room for complaint here after on that score; at the same time! must confess that I am no friend to his proposal with respect to enlarging the touch holes; for part of the force of the powder must be expended that way, and when the musket gets a little foul, it may not communicate with the pan. It would certainly be better to employ a little more time in loading, where every shot ought to be well and deliberately aimed.
Orders or advertisements, which are intended to be put in the public Gazettes, ought to be well weighed and digested before they are inserted, as they will not only appear in all parts of Europe, but may be handed to the enemy. To publish beyond the limits of the army, or the vicinity of it, the dastardly behaviour of one's own Troops, is not a very pleasant thing.
Concerning his idea of having a Brand,26 I have great doubts, both as to the legality and policy of the measure; the bad impression it may make in the country, may considerably outweight the good effects it may produce in the army.
[Note 26: For the forehead of deserters.]
Printed blank Descriptions is to me an Irishism; for the true meaning of wch. I am at a loss, and which requires an explanation. I am &c.27
[Note 27: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 26, 1792.
My dear Sir: The purpose of this letter is merely to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 5th.28 and 13th. instt., and
[Note 28: Randolph's long letter of this date is in the Washington Papers. In it he discusses the political situation of the United States and urges Washington to serve a second term. Among many important statements in that letter are these: "It is much to be regretted, that the judiciary, in spite of their apparent firmness in annulling the pension-law, are not, what some time hence they will be, a resource against the infractions of the constitution, on the one hand, and a steady asserter of the foederal rights, on the other. So crude is our judiciary system, so jealous are state-judges of their authority, so ambiguous is the language of the constitution, that the most probable quarter, from which an alarming discontent may proceed, is the rivalship of those two orders of judges....the precedent, fixed by the condemnation of the pension-law, if not reduced to its precise principles, may justify every constable in thwarting the laws. In this threatening posture of our affairs, we must gain time, for the purpose of attracting confidence in the government by an experience of its benefits, and that man alone, whose patronage secured the adoption of the constitution, can check the assaults, which it will sustain at the two next sessions of congress....Should a civil war arise, you cannot stay at home. And how much easier will it be, to disperse the factions, which are rushing to this catastrophe, than to subdue them, after they shall appear in arms? It is the fixed opinion of the world, that you surrender nothing incomplete. I am not unapprized of the many disagreeable sensations, which have laboured in your breast, But let them spring from any cause whatsoever, of one thing I am sure, (and I speak this from a satisfactory inquiry lately made) that if a second opportunity shall be given the people of showing their gratitude, they will not be less unanimous than before."] to thank you for the information contained in both without entering into the details of either.
With respect, however, to the interesting subject treated on in that of the 5th., I can express but one sentiment at this time, and that is a wish, a devout one, that whatever my ultimate determination shall be, it may be for the best. The subject never recurs to my mind but with additional poignancy; and from the declining State in the health of my Nephew, to whom my concerns of a domestic and private nature are entrusted it comes with aggrivated force. But as the allwise disposer of events has hitherto watched over my steps, I trust that in the important one I may soon be called upon to take, he will mark the course so plainly, as that I cannot mistake the way. In full hope of this, I will take no measure, yet a while, that will not leave me at liberty to decide from circumstances, and the best lights, I can obtain on the Subject.
I shall be happy in the mean time to see a cessation of the abuses of public Officers, and of those attacks upon almost every measure of government with which some of the Gazettes are so strongly impregnated; and which cannot fail, if persevered in with the malignancy they now teem, of rending the Union asunder. The Seeds of discontent, distrust, and irritations which are so plentifully sown, can scarcely fail to produce this effect and to Mar that prospect of happiness which perhaps never beamed with more effulgence upon any people under the Sun; and this too at a time when all Europe are gazing with admiration at the brightness of our prospects. and for what is all this? Among other things, to afford Nuts for our transatlantic, what shall I call them? Foes!
In a word if the Government and the Officers of it are to be the constant theme for News-paper abuse, and this too without condescending to investigate the motives or the facts, it will be impossible, I conceive, for any man living to manage the helm, or to keep the machine together. But I am running from my text, and therefore will only add assurances of the Affecte. esteem and regard with which I am &c.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1792.
Sir: The enclosed Letter was written agreeably to the date, but, by an accident, was omitted when my other letters were sent to the post office on Monday last; since wch. 'till yesterday afternoon, I have been absent from home.
On my return, amongst other Letters I found the enclosed from the Inspector of the 5th. survey in the State of North Carolina. The picture drawn by him of the temper of the people in the District entrusted to his Inspection, is a very unpleasant and disagreeable one. It is forwarded for your consideration, and opinion of the measures necessary to be taken in the premises; particularly whether the Governor of that State ought to be written to on the subject; and in that case, to desire that you would draft a letter proper for the occasion.
Your Letter of the 27. instant is also before me; and my opinion on the points therein submitted is, that part of the Loan lately obtained in Holland, should be applied in discharge of the Debt due to the foreign Officers agreeably to the Authority given by the act alluded to in your letter, and because the interest of the United States requires it to be done; and that it ought to be paid in a mode which shall exempt the parties from the loss which would attend the depreciation of Assignats, without, however, occasioning loss to the United States: The first is an act of justice due to the officers, and the latter an act of prudence becoming the Government. I am etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1792.
Dear Sir: The characters given of Messrs. Smith and Hollingsworth30 by you, comports very much with those I have received from others, and therefore of the two, the preference is given to the former. But as neither stand upon such high grounds as Mr. Tilghman or Mr. Hammond, and it is my duty as well as inclination to fill offices with the most suitable characters I pray you to make all the indirect enquiry you can whether either of the last named Gentlemen would accept; and, as the nature of the Case seems to require, would make Baltimore the place of residence.
[Note 30: Zebulon Hollingsworth. He was nominated November 19 for District Attorney of Maryland and confirmed by the Senate November 21.]
If the result is unfavourable, be so good as to cause the enclosed to be delivered.31 This case requires a little delicacy in the management and I am persuaded it will receive it from you. I am, etc.32
[Note 31: The enclosure was the appointment of Robert Smith to succeed District Attorney Potts of Maryland. Smith declined.]
[Note 32: From a copy in the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 3, 1792.
Sir: Since my last to you, dated the 26th of Augt. I have received your dispatches of the 23d; 26th; and 28th; of the same month; and it is probable, the Messenger who will carry this and other letters to the Post Office, will bring me the result of your deliberations on the communications from Georgia.
I am exceedingly glad to find by the copy of Genl. Putnams letter to you, that he had resolved to proceed from Fort Washington to Post Vincennes, even if no other good should result from it, than to shew that nothing in the compass of the Executive has been unessayed to convince the hostile Indians of the pacific and equitable measure and intentions of the Government of the Union towards them. I shd. have been unwilling (as I mentioned to you in my letter of the--33 of Augt.) to have entrusted so important a negotiation to Majr. Hamtracht34 although the business might have been transacted with zeal and ability by that Officer.
[Note 33: August 13, q. v.]
[Note 34: Hamtramck.]
I hope the party of Seneca Indians when their services were dispensed with by Lieutt. Jeffers35 were rewarded, and went off well satisfied. This, as far as it can be accomplished by reasonable attentions and proper compensation, ought always to be the case.
[Note 35: Lieut. John Jeffers, of the First U.S. Infantry.]
The conduct of the Waggoners, in dropping the public stores with the transportation of which they are charged, along the Road to Pittsburgh, ought to undergo the strictest scrutiny; and in cases of culpability, to meet with severe punishment by way of example to others.
I have no objection to Peter Van Allans36 filling the Vacancy which has been occasioned by the resignation of Lieutt. Schuyler37 and shd. be glad to know the determination of Major Fish as soon as he has formed and you are made acquainted with it. With esteem and regard. I am etc.
[Note 36: Peter Van Alen, lieutenant of the Artillery.]
[Note 37: Lieut. Dirck Schuyler, of the Artillery.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 3, 1792.
My dear Sir: I thank you sincerely for the medicine you were so obliging as to send for my Nephew, and for the sympathetic feeling you express for his situation. Poor fellow! Neither, I believe will be of any avail. Present appearances indicate a speedy dissolution. He has not been able to leave his bed except for a few moments to sit in an Arm Chair since the 14th. or 15th. of last month. The paroxysm of the disorder seems to be upon him and death or a favourable turn to it must soon follow.
I pray you to turn your thoughts to the communications which may be necessary for me to refer to from the War Department at the opening of the next Session; that such documents as shall be adjudged proper for the occasion may be prepared by that time for both houses of Congress; and if any thing else of a general nature should occur to you I would thank you for noting it for consideration that nothing proper may escape communication.
I learn through the medium of a letter from the Auditor to his father in law, Doctr. Craik, that Colo. Hamilton has it in contemplation to visit this part of the Country in the course of this, or the beginning of next month. Should this event take place and you could make it convenient to be of the party it will be unnecessary I hope for me to say that I should be very glad to see you under this roof. It is fair, however, to add, that this part of the Country has experienced more sickness this summer than is recollected to have happened for many years; first with the flux, and then with intermittant and remittant fevers. happily few deaths have been the consequence of either. The former is now over but the latter is still prevalent. Both the French and British Ministers talked of coming this way. Should they still continue in the same mind I should be glad if by indirect enquiries you could ascertain and let me know the time, or times (if they come seperately) they may be expected. My present intention, if the peculiar situation into which my affairs are thrown by the illness of my Nephew will not necessarily delay it, is to take the Sale of Lots in the Federal City in my way to Philadelphia; and this Sale is appointed to be on the 8th. of October. I am &c.
Mount Vernon, September 3, 1792.
Dear Sir: The letters from the British Minister,38 the Consul General of Prussia, and Mr. Knox,39 which you sent to me for perusal, are returned under this cover; and the answers to the two last were forwarded to Mr. Taylor,40 although I did not perfectly comprehend an expression in the one to Mr. Palaske.41 With great esteem etc.42
[Note 38: George Hammond.]
[Note 39: William Knox, United States Consul at Dublin, Ireland.]
[Note 40: George Taylor, jr., chief clerk, Department of State.]
[Note 41: Charles Godfrey Paleske (Palaske), Consul General of Prussia to the United States.]
[Note 42: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
Press copies of Jefferson's letters to Paleske and Knox, Aug. 19, 1792, are in the Jefferson Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 3, 1792.
Dear Sir: Since my last to you dated the 26th. of Augt., I have been favored with your Letter bearing the same date, covering Mr. Bordely's43 "Sketches on rotations of Crops." Permit me thro' you to offer him my sincere thanks for this instance (among many others) of his politeness. The subject is interesting and important, and as soon as I have leisure, for at present I am fully occupied, I will give it an attentive perusal.
[Note 43: John Beale Bordley.]
You add, "no incidents in the political line attract any notice, except those which relate to the supposed temper of Virginia, and the measures projected at the next Session. Of these you must have heard, and therefore I omit them."
The truth is, I go out no where; and those who call upon me, observe a silence which leaves me in ignorance in all these matters. You would oblige me therefore by an explanation of the above paragraph. Colo. Bassett is here, he came up this day week to see my poor Nephew, who I suppose is near his end; but was seized hand and foot, with the Gout on the road, and has not been out of his bed since; nor in a condition to communicate what he knows, if he was disposed to do it. I am etc.44
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 4, 1792.
Sir: It was necessary for the express, that brought your despatches to me, to proceed to the War Office with my sentiments there upon. Enclosed you have the result. To these I have nothing to add, but my entire approbation of the zeal and intelligence with which you have conducted matters with the Creek Indians; my good wishes for the perfect restoration of your health, and my hope that it may comport with your inclination and views to superintend that business, agreeably to the plan suggested by the Secretary of War.
As I do not perceive, that any mention is made of it in the letter from the Secretary of War to you, it may not be amiss to inform you, that one hundred dollars have been advanced to Mr. Jas. Jordan, to defray the expences of his journey; for which he must account to you. With esteem, I am &c.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 7, 1792.
Sir: The last post brought me your letter of the 1st instant, with the enclosures respecting the disorderly conduct of the Inhabitants of the Western Survey of the District of Pennsylvania, in opposing the execution of what is called the Excise Law; and of the insults which have been offered by some of them to the Officers who have been appointed to collect the duties on distilled spirits agreeably thereto.
Such conduct in any of the Citizens of the United States, under any circumstances that can well be conceived, would be exceedingly reprehensible; but when it comes from a part of the Community for whose protection the money arising from the Tax was principally designed, it is truly unaccountable, and the spirit of it much to be regretted.
The preliminary steps taken by you in ordering the Supervisor of the District to repair to the Survey where these disorders prevail, with a view to ascertain in person "the true state of the Survey; to collect evidences respecting the violences that have been committed, in order to a prosecution of the offenders; to ascertain the particulars as to the Meeting which appears to have been held at Pittsburg; to encourage the perseverance of the officers in their duty, and the well disposed inhabitants in discountenancing such violent proceedings &c. &c."46 are prudent and proper, and I earnestly wish they may have the desired effect. But if, notwithstanding, opposition is still given to the due execution of the Law, I have no hesitation in declaring, if the evidence of it is clear and unequivocal, that I shall, however reluctantly I exercise them, exert all the legal powers with which the Executive is invested, to check so daring and unwarrantable a spirit. It is my duty to see the Laws executed: to permit them to be trampled upon with impunity would be repugnant to it; nor can the Government longer remain a passive spectator of the contempt with which they are treated. Forbearance, under a hope that the Inhabitants of that Survey would recover from the delirium and folly into which they were plunged, seems to have had no other effect than to encrease the disorder.
[Note 46: As shown by Hamilton's letter of September 1, as printed in Hamilton's Works (J. C. Hamilton edition, New York: 1851), vol. 4, P. 285, the quotation properly ends with the word "officers," a line above. The original letter is not now found either in the Washington Papers or the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
If it shall be the Attorney General's opinion, under a full consideration of the case (adverting, as I presume he will, as well to the Laws and Constitution of Pennsylvania, as to those of the United States) that the Meeting which appears to have been held at Pittsburg was illegal, and the members of it indictable; and it shall further appear to you from such information as you may be able to obtain, from a comparative view of all circumstances that it would be proper to bring the matter before the Circuit Court to be holden at York town in October next, you have all the sanction and authority I can give to do it. I am &c.47
[Note 47: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 7, Bartholomew Dandridge furnished the following statement to Dr. James Craik: "Agreeably to your request, I shew'd Mr. Campbell's Letter to you, to the President of the U.S. who appeared to be exceedingly surprised at the Contents, and at the liberty wch. had been taken in making declarations for him which he had never made for himself. He added, that to the best of his recollection, he never exchanged a word with Bushrod Washington on the subject of Colo. Mercer's Election, much less to have given a decided opinion of his fitness or unfitness to represent the District for which he is a Candidate. That such a measure would have been inconsistent with the role he has prescribed to himself, and which he has invariably observed, of not interfering directly nor indirectly with the suffrages of the people in the choice of their Representatives; and said he wished that Bushrod Washington might be called upon to certify what, or whether any conversation of the kind ever passed between them on this subject, as it was desired that everything might stand upon it's proper foundation.
"The above is what Doctr. Craik was authorised to say, or write to Mr. Fendal, on the subject of a letter from Mr. Campbell to him, signifying that Colo. [John F.] Mercer or some of his friends were reporting that I had, to Bushrod Washington, declared that he was the best Representative in Congress, and that it was my earnest wish that he should be rechosen by the State of Maryland."
The last paragraph was signed by Washington.
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to John Francis Mercer, Sept. 26, 1792, post.)]
Mount Vernon, September 7, 1792.
Sir: Your letters of the 31st. of Augt. and first of the present month, have been duly received. The enclosures in the first for Govt. Tellfair and Mr. Seagrove have been approved, and forwarded. Those of the Second I have read, but will give them a second and more attentive consideration before I express any decisive opinion upon General Waynes Plan for carrying on the War.
My first impression of it, however, is, that it differs immaterially, if in any thing from the basis, or principal features of the one that has been, and now is pursuing; except in the establishing of a Post on Big Beaver Creek, and in the two desultory strokes to be aimed at Sandusky and St. Joseph. The latter will be right, or wrong, according to the actual State of things at those places at the time it is proposed to make them, (to be ascertained from indubitable information) and by a comparison of the hazard wch. must be run of failure with the advantages to be gained in case of Success. In all other respects, I see little more than the Incidents and detail of the Original Plan; for if all the pacific overtures are rejected by the hostile Indians, and the Troops are neither in force nor discipline to make a forward movemt. the ensuing fall, it follows of course that it must be delayed until the Spring; and every exertion used in the establishment of Posts magazines &ca. for as early an expedition as high Waters and the state of the forage will permit at that period. If Genl Wayne had any doubt of this and his power to arrange, and effectuate these, you have, I perceive by the copy of your letter to him, very properly removed it; and it is my wish and desire that his exertion to accomplish the objects he has contemplated, may be commensurate to the importance of them.
With respect to the proposition for establishing a Magazine on Big beavr., there is but one objection to it in my mind, admitting that it does not look forward to the event contemplated by Genl. Wayne (provided the position is judiciously chosen) and that is, the multiplication of Posts; for it has, for a great length of time, been my opinion that a strong Post at that place would cover much more effectually the Western frontier of Pennsylvania and the Northern parts of Virginia, than a Post at Pittsburgh; but habit, and the deep root the latter has taken, to which may be added its being a convenient deposit, and a place of more safety with a small garrison (on Acct. of its Inhabitants) than any other, has restrained my mentioning of it before. But in case of a movement towards Sandusky one there does, in that design, become important.
If, upon more mature consideration of the ideas submitted by Genl. Wayne, I should find cause to change the sentiments herein expressed, the alterations shall be communicated in my next; if not, you will consider what I have here said as the substance of my opinion thereupon. Before the (grain) forage is purchased above for the Posts below, it ought to be ascertained from whence (including the transportation to Fort Washington) it can be had cheapest. I have understood, as well from others (who are just from that Country) as from the letter of Mr. Belli, that the Crops of Grain in Kentucky are astonishingly great. It would have an odd appearance therefore, and I dare say would give much dissatisfaction to the people of that State, to have the forage carried down the River from the Neighbd. of Pittsburgh, unless it is obtained on better terms than they will supply it.
A caution both to Genl. Wayne (and through him to Genl Wilkinson) ought to be given, to guard effectually, the Hay at the Outposts. Unless this is done, the Indians will, most assuredly, set fire to it before the Spring; and to do it without having the stacks in the range of their defences, or as a cover to the approaches of the enemy, is no easy matter. I am &c.
If the enclosed represents a fact the case merits attention.
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1792.
Sir: Your Letter of the 5th. did not get to my hands until the 8th; and this is the first opportunity that has since offered to give the receipt of it an acknowledgement. I have enclosed you two short letters of introduction to our Ministers at the Courts of London and Paris.48 I wish your voyage may answer your own expectation, and that mankind may receive benefit from the discovery, being etc.49
[Note 48: The letters of introduction to Thomas Pinckney and Gouverneur Morris are dated September 10 and are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The original of the letter to Morris is in the Huntington Library.]
[Note 49: The original of this letter is in the possession of Edwin Churchman of New York.]
Mount Vernon, September 15, 1792.
Dear Sir: This letter goes Express,53 to obtain the signature of the Secretary of State to the enclosed Proclamation.54 The reasons for sending it in this manner, are, to avoid the circuitous rout by Richmond, and the delay it might meet with by the Post; not having reached my hands until this morning, too late for the Mail of this day, nor in time for any other before Tuesday next; and because it is unknown to me, when one will set out from Richmond for Charlottesville.
[Note 53: Atwood Violett, of New York, has in his possession the autograph signed instructions to William Gray, who rode express to Charlottesville and delivered this letter to Jefferson on September 18. They read: "Cross at Colchester. Enquire the way to Normand's ford of Rappahanock River. Thence to Charlottsville; but before you get to that place as your business is to deliver to and bring an answer from the Secretary of State; Mr. Jefferson, you will enquire for his Seat of Monticello. Delay no time you can avoid, in bringing back his answer, and in order to obtain it, you must, if he is not at home, go to him. Get a certificate from Mr. Jefferson of the distance you ride by which you will be paid; be here, if possible by, or before Friday Noon, ensuing the date of this."]
[Note 54: See Proclamation, Sept. 15, 1792, post.]
If good is to result from the Proclamation, no time is to be lost in issueing of it; as the opposition, to what is called the Excise Law, in the Western Survey of the District of Pennsylvania, is become too open, violent and serious to be longer winked at by Government, without prostrating it's authority, and involving the Executive in censurable inattention to the outrages which are threatened.
I have no doubt but that the measure I am about to take, will be severely criticised; but I shall disregard any animadversions upon my conduct when I am called upon by the nature of my office, to discharge what I conceive to be a duty, and none, in my opinion, is more important, than to carry the Laws of the United States into effect.
The Secretary of the Treasury; the Secretary of War and the Attorney General, concur in the expediency of the Proclamation; as forbearance seems to have produced no other effect than to spread the evil.
I have scored a few words, which possibly may as well be omitted; and if, upon an attentive perusal of the draught, others should appear (which you think might as well be expunged or altered; mark them in like manner with a pencil, and I will give due consideration thereto.
Your Note of the 27th. ulto. with the enclosures to Mr. Tayler,55 were forwarded in the manner you desired, by the first Post after they came to my hands.
[Note 55: George Taylor (Tayler), jr.]
With sincere and affectionate regard etc.56
[Note 56: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1702.
Sir: Your letter of the 8th, with its enclosures, came duly to hand; and requires but little in reply to it, as your answer to Genl Waynes communications contain every direction which is necessary for his governmt at this time. Whatever may be the Attorney General's opinion with respect to the legality of calling out Militia by the Governor of Pennsylvania, for supplying the place of the Rangers, it is not an easy matter, under the circumstances which now do and have existed during the Summer, to discover any necessity for the measure; especially if the order was subsequent to your solution of his queries.
Captn. Brants letter, and the Speech of the Chiefs of the Six Nations to Genl Chapin, is no more than a continuation of the Evidence, which, long since, has established a fact, and left no doubt in my mind, of the causes to which all our difficulties with the Western Indians are to be ascribed; and I am equally clear, that the period is not very distant when this business will assume a less disguised appearance.
Have you received any answer yet from Major Fish respecting the offer that was made him of the Office of Adjutant General?58 This matter has been too long suspended. With esteem and regd. I am &c.
[Note 58: A copy of Nicholas Fish's declination, dated September 7, from Schoharie, N.Y., is in the Washington Papers. It was inclosed in Knox's letter to Washington, Sept. 15, 1792.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1792.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 11th. accompanying an Official one of the 9th. came safe, as did your other private letter of the 9th. and I feel myself obliged by the observations contained in, the first respecting the Proclamation.
As the former Proclamations, on similar occasions, have been Countersigned by the Secretary of State, I have, for that reason, and for another which has some weight in my mind; thought it best not to depart in this instance from the precedent that has been set; and therefore, as it cannot (unless unforeseen delays happen) be with-held from you more than Six days longer than if it had been returnd by this days Post, I dispatched, by Express, the Proclamation to Mr. Jefferson for the purpose above md.
I have no doubt but that the Proclamation will undergo many strictures; and as the effect proposed may not be answered by it; it will be necessary to look forward in time to ulterior arrangemts.; and here, not only the Constitution and Laws must strictly govern; but the employing of the regular Troops avoided if it be possible to effect order without their aid; otherwise there would be a cry at once, "The Cat is let out;59 we now see, for what purpose an Army was raised." Yet, if no other means will effectually answer, and the Constitution and Laws will authorise these they must be used as the Dernier resort.
[Note 59: "Of the Bag" is here crossed out.]
If you remain in opinion, that it would be advisable for the Presidt. to transmit the Proclamation to the Govrs. of No. and So. Carolina, and to the Govr. of Pennsylvania, I pray you to draught such letters to them, to be forwarded from hence (with Proclamations wch. must also be sent to me) as you may think best calculated to produce the end proposed. I am &c.
Mount Vernon, September 17, 1792.
Sir: Your Letters of the 8 and 9 inst: are received. The letter came to me on Saturday morning by Express, from the Post Office in Alexandria. I gave the Proclamation my signature, and forwarded it in the afternoon of the same day, by a special messenger, to the Secretary of State for his countersign. If no unforeseen delay happens, the return of it may be in time for Friday's Post, so as to be with you on the Tuesday following.
It is much to be regretted that occurrences of a nature so repugnant to order and good Government should not only afford the occasion, but render such an interference of the Executive indispensably necessary. When these happen, and lenient and temporizing means have been used, and serve only to increase the disorder; longer forbearance would become unjustifiable remissness, and a neglect of that duty which is enjoined on the President. I can have no hesitation therefore, under this view of the case, to adopt such legal measures to check the disorderly opposition which is given to the execution of the Laws laying a duty on distilled spirits, as the Constitution has invested the Executive with; and however painful the measure would be, if the Proclamation should fail to produce the effect desired, ulterior arrangements must be made to support the Laws, and to prevent the prostration of Government.
Were it not for the peculiar circumstances of my family, I would return to the Seat of Government immediately; at any rate I hope to do it in the early part of next month, or before the middle thereof. With esteem &c.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 21, 1792.
Sir: Under cover of this Letter you will receive the Proclamation which is just returned to me with the counter signature of the Secretary of State. I have erased the words "dictated by weighty reasons of public exigency," and scored others with a pencil, which you are hereby authorised to take out or retain as you may think best.
As the Instrument is drawn I could do no other than fill up one of the blanks with the name of the place at wch. I now am; but, as it is to have a general circulation you may decide upon the propriety of this, and alter or let it stand according to your judgment. With esteem etc.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: Formerly Member of Congress from Maryland.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 21, 1792.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 4th. Instr. came duly to hand, but previous to the receipt of it I had been under the necessity of giving the Secy. of the Treasury some direction for the Commd. of the Revenue Cutter of Maryland. I am not less obliged however ever for the trouble you have been at to obtain the information you gave me on this point.
I would thank you for relating, in as precise terms as you can recollect, what you told me (as I passed through Baltimore) Colo. Mercer had said of my sentiments respecting his Speeches and opinions and conduct in Congress, and the manner in which he had come at or had understood them to be mine. With much esteem etc.63
[Note 63: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E.A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Mount Vernon, September 21, 1792.
Sir: Your Letter of this date is now before me.67 I am very sorry that your endeavours to be employed in some one of the public Offices in Philada., have been unsuccessful; and hope the business which you have now in contemplation to undertake, may be attended with advantage. if, therefore, I can make it comport with my own numerous calls for money, I will furnish you with the sum requested in your Letter, before my return to Philadelphia.68 I am etc69
[Note 67: West's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 68: He requested the loan of $100.]
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 21, 1792.
Dr. Sir: I have sent your brother Howell to Fredericksburgh to receive from you my moiety of the money which has been paid to you by Mr. Cooper70 for the Land in Gates County No. Carolina. I expect it will be fully paid, and a statement of the Accots. rendered, by which I can hereafter settle with, and receive whatever may be due for my part, from Mr. Cooper, without giving you any further trouble in the receipt of it, and exact statement of the Agreement, and of the account with him, therefore, becomes necessary in order to enable me to do this. I am etc.71
[Note 70: John Cowper (Cooper).]
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 21 [1792].
Dear Sir: Fearing some accident may have prevented my last (enclosing a letter for Mr. Robt. Smith) from reaching your hands,72 1 take the liberty of giving you the trouble to receive this, requesting to be informed if this be the fact, and if not what has been the result of your enquiries in the business Committed to you.
[Note 72: On October 3 Washington wrote again to McHenry, asking him to hold the letter to Robert Smith in his hands until he (the President) returned to Philadelphia. A copy of this letter is in the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
I have had many applications in favor of Mr. Hollingsworth as a fit character for the Attorney, and lately, one from the District Judge in his behalf. No answer has been given to any of them, awaiting to hear from you first.
With sincere esteem, etc.73
[Note 73: From a copy in the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 24, 1792.
Sir: Your letter of the 15th. instt., with its enclosures, came duly to hand. It is exceedingly to be regretted that all the attempts of Government to bring the hostile Indians acquainted with the real designs of it, (so far as it respects the disputes with them), should be so pointedly marked with misfortune, disappoint [ sic] or delay. Captn Brants illness, and the sickness and delays of the other Chiefs of the Six Nations, are inauspicious of a favourable result; for much is not to be expected from the single attempt of Captn. Hendricks however zealously he may labour in the Cause of humanity and Peace; and as prest. appearances are so ominious of a continuation of the War, no pains, nor no expence within the bounds of moderation ought to go unessayed to ascertain the nature, extent and strength of the Confederation against which we are to contend; that our measures may be regulated accordingly. Without a competent knowledge of these facts we shall grope in the dark; and may meet disaster when danger is not expected. To this end General Wayne should be particularly instructed, and the Indian Agents also. Nor would it be amiss if some expedient could be devis'd to obtain intelligence from Detroit, that the British accts. of these matters might be likewise known. From the nature, and circumstances of this War good information is scarcely to be obtained, at least not to be relied on, but from a comparison of the intelligence which is obtained through different channels.
In your letter to Genl. Wayne of the 7th. instt., Copy of which is among the enclosures you have forwarded to me, he is informed, that you will "immediately write to the President of the U. States and request his orders on certain conditional Statements relatively to the proportion of Troops which it may probably be necessary to retain in the upper parts of the Ohio." No such statement is yet come to my hands; of course I am unprovided with the means by which to form a judgment on this head; but under my present view of the matter, and the uncertainty in which we seem to be of the final and positive result of the grand Council of the Indians, holden at the Miami, the longer the decision is with-held the better; provided sufficient time is allowed the Troops to cover themselves comfortably for the Winter. And here, while it occurs, let me ask why the same kind of Huts, and mode of covering that was adopted by the army last War may not be again practiced, except permanent Barracks, for sufficient Garrisons, at the established Posts. If Scantling, Brick, &ca. are to be provided by the Qr Master it will be attended with considerable expence, and if for a temporary purpose only will be thought injudiciously incurred; and besides, how can this be done, conveniently, before the disposition of the Troops is resolved on?
I am in sentiment with you, that Sub-Legionary Paymasters, and sub-legionary Adjutants (the latter aided by the Sergeant Majors) are competent to their respective duties without Battalion officers of this description; at any rate I conceive that the experiment ought to be made with the latter in the 1st inste.
My observation on every employment in life is, that wherever, and whenever one person is found adequate to the discharge of a duty by close application thereto it is worse executed by two persons, and scarcely done at all if three or more are employed therein; besides, as you have very properly observed, the danger of money is encreased in proportion to the number of hands into which it is committed.
As Major Fish declines the Office of Adjutant General, and Colo. Sproat74 who (I believe) is on the Spot, is willing to accept
[Note 74: Ebenezer Sproat.] it, I have no objection to his entering on the duties; provided it is known that he is a man of liberal education and correct in his writing; doubts of these qualifications in Colo. Posey are the only obstacles to my giving him a preference to any other.
I have no objections to Sergeants Dunn and Jones75 filling vacant Ensigncies if they have given sufficient evidence of their fitness; but as there have been some impositions already in people of this Class I recommend strict caution in future. Richardson76 should be mentioned to Genl. Wayne, that his behaviour may be noticed.
[Note 75: George H. Dunn and Abraham Jones, of the Legion of the United States.]
[Note 76: Joseph Richardson.]
A likely young man in Alexandria of the name of Turner, has been strongly recommended to me for an Ensigncy. It is said (among other things in his favor) that a number of young Country born men would enlist under him. I have answered, let him "ascertain that fact, and then apply with the list of them."
If the Evidence in the case of Ensign Morgan77 is all given in, it becomes proper he should be ordered to the army for his trial; and if it is necessary in this case, and will not be establishing an unusual, and bad precedent to do it in the name of the President, I have no objection to the measure. If discretion was a trait of this Officers character or fairness the view of his Advisers, I should hope he would abandon the idea of presenting a memorial to be tried in Philadelphia or that he wd. hesitate a moment to go where he is ordered; if, however, the latter should happen, it would be well, before it is reported to me, to have him and his friends admonished in a friendly way of the consequences that must follow disobedience; for neither the Military nor Civil government shall be trampled upon with impunity whilst I have the honor to be at the head of them. I have no objections to his being tried at Pittsburg, and if there is no
[Note 77: Ensign John Morgan, of the First U. S. Infantry.] reasons opposed to it (unknown to me) I wd. advise it. That it cannot happen in Philadelphia is certain. Military propriety, the public Service convenience, and the precedent such a measure would establish, are so strongly opposed to it that it is wonderful, he should ever have sufferd the idea to enter into his mind. Why might not, another Officer, if endulgence was granted in this instance, apply for a similar one; nay why not to be carried to Boston, or Charleston as inclination or the expectation of benefits to be derived from it, might prompt.
I perceive by the copy of General Wayne's letter to you before mentioned, that there has been some remissness on the part of the Contractors at Pittsburgh. This ought not to be suffered in the smallest degree; for one neglect or omission, is too apt to beget another, to the discontentment of the Troops and injury of the Service; whereas a rigid exaction in every case checks a departure on their part from the Contract in any; and no indulgence is ever allowed by them to the public. In a former letter, (led thereto by the observations of Mr. Belli) I requested that some consideration might be bestowed upon the mode suggested by him of supplying the Troops by means of a Commissary; but I have heard nothing from you on the Subject since.
The Orders given to the Officer who commanded the Escort of money, and to Genl Wayne, respecting the Supervisor appear to have resulted from necessary precaution, and if warranted by the Constitution and Laws, were undoubtedly proper; and of course are approved. With esteem &c.
Mount Vernon, September 24, 1792.
Sir: Your Letter of the 17th. instant came to my hands by the last post. Under your statement of the conduct of Thomas Davis Freeman Surveyor of the Port of Plymouth and Inspector of the Revenue of the same, there can be no question with respect to the propriety of superceding him in Office; and from the character given of Mr. John Armistead of that place by the Collector and Inspector, and more particularly by Mr. Johnston of the Senate, there can be as littlle doubt of his fitness to fill it. I have no objections therefore to Mr. Armstead's doing it accordingly, of which you may inform him, and that a Commission will be sent to him for this purpose as soon as circumstances will permit. With esteem etc.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1792.
Sir: Your Letter of the 15th. hast: was presented to me by Mr. Corbin on his return from Philada.
As my object in taking your Land near Monocacy (in payment of the Debt due from the Estate of your deceased Father to me) is to convert it into Cash as soon as possible without loss, I can have no other objection to an advantageous partition of the Tract than what might result from the uncertainty of the price that may be affixed to it, and the consequent possibility that the amount of a moiety may exceed the sum which is due to me by the last Settlement of the Accts.; thereby occasioning a payment of money, instead of receiving it. If these difficulties where removed, I have none other to your proposal of dividing the Tract into two equal parts, and fixing the property therein by lot. A mean of doing this, I will suggest. It is, if you have not heard the sentiments of the Gentlemen, or either of them, who were chosen to affix a ready money price on the Land (and I give you my honor I have not, and moreover that I have never exchanged a word on the subject with any one, except what I told you was Colo. Win. Deakins's opinion of it's worth) I will allow you seven Dollars pt. acre for a moiety; to be ascertained in the manner before mentioned. I name seven dollars for the following reasons: 1st. because I have been assured by the above Gentleman (who professes to be well acquainted with the Land) that, in his judgment, it would not sell for more than six Dollars Cash, or seven dollars on credit; and 2d. because you have set it at eight dollars yourself, without being able to obtain that price. Five hundred and fifty acres (if the tract contains 1100) wou'd then be within the compass of my claim; and the surplus, if any, I would receive in young Cows, or full grown heifers from Marlborough at three pounds a head, if more agreeable to you than to pay the Cash. Your answer to this proposal, soon, would be convenient to me, as I shall be on my return to Philada. in a short time.
I come now to another part of your Letter, and in touching upon it, do not scruple to declare to you that I was not a little displeased to find by a letter from Captn. Campbell, to a Gentleman in this neighbourhood, that my name had been freely used by you or your friends, for electioneering purposes, when I had never associated your name and the Election together; and when there had been the most scrupulous and pointed caution observed on my part, not to express a sentiment respecting the fitness, or unfitness of any Candidate for representation, that could be construed, by the most violent torture of the words, into an interference in favor of one, or to the prejudice of another. Conceiving that the exercise of an influence (if I really possessed any) however remote, would be highly improper; as the people ought to be entirely at liberty to chuse whom they pleased to represent them in Congress. Having pursued this line of conduct steadily, my surprise, and consequent declaration can be a matter of no wonder, when I read the following words in the letter above alluded to:
I arrived yesterday from Philadelphia, since which I find Colo. Mercer has openly declared, that Mr. Richd. Sprigg, jur; informed him, that Bushrod Washington told him that the President in his presence declared, that he hoped Colo. Mercer would not be left out of the next representation in Congress; and added that he thought him the best representative that now goes or ever did go to that Body from this State.
I instantly declared to the person who shewed me the letter, "that, to the best of my recollection, I never had exchanged a word to, or before Bushrod Washington on the subject of your Election; much less to have given such a decided opinion. That such a measure would have been incompatible with the rule I had prescrib'd to myself, and which I had invariably observed, of not interfering directly, or indirectly with the suffrages of the people, in the choice of their representatives; and added, that I wished B. Washington might be called upon to certify what, or whether any conversation had ever passed between us on this subject, as it was my desire that every thing should stand upon its proper foundations."79 Other Sentiments have been reported as mine, that are equally erroneous.
[Note 79: See note to Washington's letter to the Secretary of War, Sept. 7, 1792, ante.]
Whether you have, upon any occasion, expressed yourself in disrespectful terms of me, I know not: it has never been the subject of my enquiry. If nothing impeaching my honor, or honesty, is said, I care little for the rest. I have pursued one uniform course for three score years, and am happy in believing that the world have thought it a right one: of it's being so, I am so well satisfied myself, that I shall not depart from it by turning either to the right or to the left, until I arrive at the end of my pilgrimage. I am etc.80
[Note 80: Copy is by Bartholomew Dandridge.]
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1792.
Sir: Your letter of the 22d. Inst., and the enclosures, came tomy hands by Wednesdays Post.
I adhere to my resolution of commencing my journey for Philadelphia the 8th. of next month if the condition of my Servts. will admit of it, two of them (one a Postilion) having been extremely ill with remittant fevers which have not yet left them. My order for the Carriage from Philadelphia, to be here by the 8th. for my accommodation back is not countermd. on this Acct.
But, as my journey may be delayed something longer than was expected, and as the cold season is approaching, I shall, in addition to what I said on the subject in my last, give you, in general terms, my ideas for the disposition of the Troops for the Winter under the uncertainty in which we are of Peace, with the Western Indians.
My first wish would be to keep the Army as compact as possible for the purpose of disciplining, and training the men to such kinds of manoeuvres and firings as are proper for Indian Warfare; but, as this would involve one of two evils of magnitude namely, an exposed frontier, or an expensive Militia for its protection, this wish is scarcely attainable. How to dispose of the Troops then to the best advantage for defence is next to be considered; and to do this properly, the ulterior movements of the Army must be held in view, and the period of their commencement also. There are two principal, and one intermediate points, on the Ohio, which claim particular attention; to wit Pitsburgh, or some place not far from it, Fort Washington, and Marietta. The grand movement, in the present train of things, must certainly proceed from Fort Washington, but it does not follow (unless circumstances should point to advantages to be derived from a Winter Campaign, when frost would prevent the descent of the Ohio) that the force ought necessarily to be assembled at that place until about to make a forward movement. 1st. because the enemies attention would be less fixed to it. 2. because the Magazines of Provisions, Military Stores and forage, would accumulate with more ease at that place by lessening the consumption there; and 3d. because the River from Pittsburgh to that Post might be descended when the Waters are up, in Six or eight days: and matters being previously arranged thereat the Army might march as soon as the junction should be formed: whilst the desultory movement which has been contemplated, might proceed (if from good intelligence it should be thought advisable) from big Beaver to Sandusky. Under this idea of the matter one Sub-legion might be Posted under the Cored. of Genl Wilkinson at the Posts below; one at Marietta under the Commd. of G. Putnam; and the other two in the upper part of the River under the Commander in Chief with whom the intercourse would be easy from Philadelphia and his orders quickly dispatched to the Subordinate parts of the Army below.
Without being decided, I ask whether the upper division of the Army, (except the Garrison of Fort Franklin, and a sufficient one for the Stores &ca. at Pittsburgh), had not better be hutted in a secure manner on some convenient Spot near the mouth of, or somewhere on Big Beaver Creek? Keeping out (as ought also to be the case at other Stations) a regular succession of Scouts to scour the Ctry. above and below as well for defence as an essential part of their Tactics. Such a disposition of the force, if the real movements and plan of operations is kept secret which they undoubtedly ought to be, would embarrass the enemy not a little; and more than probably be attended with solid advantages. I do not however convey these sentiments to you as an order, but give them rather as thoughts that have arisen from the incomplete state of our force and the incertitude of the result of the Indian Councils, and for free observation and remarks both by yourself and General Wayne if there was time to obtain them than from any other motive at present.
Perhaps a sufficient Garrison might be better at Marietta (as the intermediate Post) than a larger force and two Sub-legionary Corps (including the said Garrison and all others lower down, as the calls for Troops below are great, on acct. of the Communication with the advanced Posts) be wintered in Hutts secured by Intrenchments or a fortified Camp at Fort Washington if there are not Barracks sufficient to contain them at that place. I am &c.
United States, September 29, 1792.
Sir: Inclosed you will find the copy of a Proclamation which I have thought proper to issue in consequence of certain irregular and refractory proceedings which have taken place in particular parts of some of the States, contravening the Laws therein mentioned81
[Note 81: Some opposition to the excise tax had developed in the Carolinas.]
I feel an entire confidence that the weight and influence of the Executive of--will be chearfully exerted in every proper way, to further the objects of this measure, and to promote on every occasion, a due obedience to the Constitutional Laws of the Union. With respect, I am etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 29, 1792.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 1st. instant from George Town came duly to hand. The delay in acknowledging the receipt of it, has proceeded from a belief that if the orders were transmitted before the sale of lots (appointed to be holden on the 8th. of next month) they would get to your hands in time.
Enclosed is an order from the President of the United States authorising the above Sale, and an another for disposing thereafter, of lots by private Sale, at such times, and on such terms as you shall deem best calculated to promote the growth of the Federal City, and the essential interests thereof.83 With esteem I am etc.84
[Note 83: A broadside issued in Sept. [?], 1792, giving the "Terms and Conditions declared by the President of the United States, this seventeenth day of October, seventeen hundred and ninety-one, for regulating the Materials and Manner of the Buildings and Improvements on the Lots in the City of Washington," and also "Terms of the Sale of Lots in the City of Washington, the Eighth Day of October, 1792," is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 84: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 30, 1792.
Dear Sir: I was favored with your Letter of the 26th. Inst: enclosing one from Arthur Campbell Esqre., for the perusal of which I thank you. The information contained in it, is extremely agreeable, for it has brought the supposed dead to life, and a valuable man back to his Country again.
I congratulate you on your return to Richmond in good health. In a few days I shall commence my journey for Philadelphia. Always. I am etc.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1792.
Sir: It is highly important that the proceedings in the Indictments of those who have opposed themselves unwarrantably to the Laws laying a duty on distilled Spirits, should be placed on legal ground and prosecuted properly; it is my desire, therefore, that you will attend the Circuit Court at York town, to be held the ... of this month, and see that that business is conducted in a manner to which no exception can be taken with propriety: and for the further purpose, also, of giving to this measure of Government a more solemn and serious aspect. I am &c.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1792.
Sir: I have reced. from Govr. Lee a Letter from Arthur Campbell Esqr. to him, (a copy of which I now enclose for your perusal) stating the return of Colo. Hardin to Fort Washington, and giving some information with respect to Indian Affairs. With esteem I am etc.88
[Note 88: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1792.
Sir: Your letter of the 22d. ulto., with it's enclosures, came duly to hand.
Lest any material disadvantage should result from delay, I have signed the Act which has been drawn by the Commissioner of the Revenue and approved by you, for arranging allowances to the Supervisors &c., and now forward it; but I would rather, if this is not likely to be the case, have it retained in your hands until my arrival in Philadelphia, as I wish for some explanations, which I have not the means of obtaining from the want of the former Act of the 4th. of August; a copy of which I requested might be returned to me, but from a misconception of my meaning, a copy of my letter was sent in lieu thereof. I now request a copy of the Act of the 4th. of Augt. and of the present one also.
Before any nomination, or appointment of a Keeper of the Lighthouse on Cape Henry takes place, it would be proper to examine the List of Applicants (and I think there are several) who have applied to me for this Office, and is to be found among my papers by Mr. Lear. If the person recommended by Colo. Parker is intemperate in drinking, it is immaterial whether you can recollect his name or not; for, with me, this would be an insuperable objection, let his pretensions and promises of reformation be what they may. I have been once taken in by the fair promises of Major Call to refrain, and the strong assurances of his friends that he would do it; but will not, knowingly, trust again to the like from any one.
I have by this Post, directed the Attorney General to attend the Circuit Court in York Town, and see that the Indictments are legally prosecuted and properly supported.89 I am etc.90
[Note 89: Against those inhabitants of Pennsylvania who had opposed the operation of the excise law.]
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1792.
Dear Sir: It has long been in my mind to ask you, tho' I have never yet done it, if you could give me any information of a Conveyance of the Lotts I purchased at Colo. Mercer's Sale of Land in Frederick County in the year 1774. I can find no deeds for these Lotts amongst my Land Papers; but by recuring to Letters which have passed between you and me (in a settlements of Accounts with your Brother Colo. Jno. F. Mercer in August last) it would appear as if this had been done through your Agency. If so, your memory, (much better I am persuaded than mine) may furnish you with the fact; and with the circumstances attending it. Or, if it should not, and you would be so obliging when in Richmond to examine the Clerks Office of the General Court to see if any Deeds from you to me by way of re-conveyance (for this I think was the mode suggested) are on record, it would be doing me an acceptable favor. If none is to be found there nor in the Fredek. Office I am yet without a legal title to the land, although the purchase money has been allowed in the settlement before alluded to, with interest thereon agreeably to the tenor of the Sale.
With sincere esteem and regd. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, October 7, [1792].
My Dr. Sister: As Mrs. Washington and myself expect to set out tomorrow for Philadelphia, and the Major and Fanny the day after, if the vessel which is to carry him to Colo. Bassets, arrives in time, I have taken the advantage of the good opportunity afforded by Mr. Robert Lewis of sending Harriet to Fredericksburg. It is done at this time (notwithstanding your proposed visit to Albemarle), 1st. because it would be improper to leave her here after we are all gone; 2nd. because there would be no person to accompany her down afterwards; and 3d because it might be inconvenient for her to travel alone.
She comes, as Mrs. Washington informs me, very well provided with everything proper for a girl in her situation: this much I know, that she costs me enough to place her in it. I do not however want you, (or any one else) to do more by her than merely to admit her into your family whilst this House is uninhabited by a female white woman, and thereby rendered an unfit place for her to remain at. I shall continue to do for her what I have already done for seven years past; and that is to furnish her with such reasonable and proper necessaries as she may stand in need of, notwithstanding I have had both her brothers upon my hands, and I have been obliged to pay several hundred pounds out of my own pocket, for their boards, schooling, clothing &c. &c. of them, for more than the period aforementioned; their father's estate being unable to discharge the Executions as fast as they are issued against it.
Harriet has sense enough, but no disposition to industry, nor to be careful of her clothes. Your example and admonition, with proper restraints may overcome the two last; and to that end I wish you would examine her clothes and direct her in their use and application of them; for without this they will be, I am told, dabbed about in every hole and corner, and her best things always in use. Fanny was too easy, too much of her own indolent disposition and had too little authority to cause, either by precept or example, any change in this for the better and Mrs. Washington's absence has been injurious to her in many respects: but she is young, and with good advice may yet make a fine woman. If, notwithstanding the suggestion that she is well provided with everything (except a Cloak which may not be had in Alexandria, and may be got at Fredericksburgh) a deficiency is found and you wish to supply it, there will be no occasion for your laying in advance more than ten days; as I could at any time remit a bank note in a letter, to you in four days after I was made acquainted with the amount. I do not mean by this to launch into expensiveness; she has no pretensions to it, nor would the state of my finances enable me to indulge her in that if she had.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for the perfect restoration of your health, and every other blessing. I am etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, October 18, 1792.
My dear Sir: I did not require the evidence of the extracts which you enclosed me, to convince me of your attachment to the Constitution of the United States, or of your disposition to promote the general Welfare of this Country. But I regret, deeply regret, the difference in opinions which have arisen, and divided you and another principal Officer of the Government; and wish, devoutly, there could be an accommodation of them by mutual yieldings.
A Measure of this sort would produce harmony, and consequent good in our public Councils; the contrary will, inevitably, introduce confusion, and serious mischiefs; and for what? because mankind cannot think alike, but would adopt different means to attain the same end. For I will frankly, and solemnly declare that, I believe the views of both of you93 are pure, and well meant; and that experience alone will decide with respect to the salubrity of the measures wch. are the subjects of dispute. Why then, when some of the best Citizens in the United States, Men of discernment, Uniform and tried Patriots, who have no sinister views to promote, but are chaste in their ways of thinking and acting are to be found, some on one side, and some on the other of the questions which have caused these agitations, shd. either of you be so tenacious of your opinions as to make no allowances for those of the other? I could, and indeed was about to add more on this interesting subject; but will forbear, at least for the present; after expressing a wish that the cup wch. has been presented, may not be snatched from our lips by a discordance of action when I am persuaded there is no discordance in your views. I have a great, a sincere esteem and regard for you both, and ardently wish that some line could be marked out by which both of you could walk. I am &c.94
[Note 93: Hamilton and Jefferson.]
[Note 94: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 95: Of the British artillery.]
Philadelphia, October 20, 1792.
Sir: The warm and earnest manner in which you have recommended your son, in your letter to me of the 21 of June,96 makes me regret the necessity I am under of informing you, that I see no prospect of the young gentleman's wish being gratified in this respect; for so numerous and so respectable are the applications for military appointments from our own citizens that scarcely one in four of these can be gratified; and to grant that to a foreigner which is claimed by so many of our
[Note 96: Downing's letter was dated from St. Christopher, West Indies.] own citizens, unless under some very peculiar circumstances, might be styled not only unjust, but impolitic. I am therefore persuaded, Sir, that you will receive this matter in it's true light, and be assured that I have a proper sense of the respectable manner in which you mention this Country as well as of the polite expressions towards myself, which are contained in your letter. I am etc.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
October 20, 1792.
Dear Sir: The letters of Gouvr. Morris give a gloomy picture of the Affairs of France. I fear with too much truth.
If the order of Senate dated the 7th. of last May is compleated, it must be with all Offices except the Judges.
The Post Office (as a branch of Revenue) was annexed to the Treasury in the time of Mr. Osgood; and when Colo. Pickering was appointed thereto, he was informed, as I find by my letter to him dated the 29th. of August 1791,98 that he was to consider it in that light. If from relationship, or usage in similar cases (for I have made no enquiry into the matter, having been closely employed since you mentioned the thing to me, in reading papers from the War Office) the Mint does not appertain to the Department of the Treasury I am more inclined to add it to that of State than to multiply the duties of the other. I am etc.
[Note 98: This letter was signed by the secretary to the President, Tobias Lear.]
PS. The Letters of Mr. Seagrove to Genl Knox are a continn., of the evidence of Spanish interference with the Southern Indians.99
[Note 99: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 1: Dean of St. Asaph.]
Philadelphia, October 20, 1792.
Sir: I have been honored with your polite Letter of the 23d. of May, together with the works of your late Right Revd. father Lord bishop of St. Asaph, which accompanied it. For the character and sentiments of that venerable Divine while living, I entertained the most perfect esteem, and have a sincere respect for his memory now he is no more. My best thanks are due to you for his works, and the mark of your attention in sending them to me; and especially for the flattering expressions respecting myself, which are contained in your letter. I am etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, October 20, 1792.
My dear Sir: Although your letter of the 10th. of June, which I have received, did not paint the prospects of France in the most pleasing colours; yet the events which have since taken place give a more gloomy aspect to the public Affairs of that Kingdom than your letter gave reason to apprehend.
A thousand circumstances, besides our distance from the Theatre of Action, made it improbable that we should have, in this Country, a fair statement of facts and causes through the medium of the public prints; and I have received no other accounts than what have come in that channel. But taking up the most favorable of these, gloomy indeed appears the situation of France at this juncture. But it is hardly probable that even you, who are on the spot, can say with any precision how these things will terminate; much less can we, at this distance, pretend to augur the event. We can only repeat the sincere wish that much happiness may arise to the French Nation and to Mankind in general out of the severe evils which are inseparable from so important a Revolution.
In the present State of things we cannot expect that any Commercial Treaty can now be formed with France; but I have no doubt of your embracing the proper moment of arrangement and of doing whatever may be in your power for the Substantial interest of our Country.
The Affairs of the U. States go on well. There are some few clouds in our political Hemisphere but I trust that the bright sun of our prosperity will disperse them.
The Indians on our Western and Southern frontiers are still troublesome, but such measures are taking3 as will, I presume, prevent any serious mischiefs from them; I confess, however, that I do not believe these tribes will ever be brought to a quiescent state so long as they may be under an influence which is hostile to the rising greatness of these States.
[Note 3: Six hundred stands of arms were sent from the United States' arsenals to South Carolina on the plea from that State. The correspondence between Secretary Lear and Samuel Hodgdon on this matter (October 16--18) is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
From the complexion of some of our News-papers Foreigners would be led to believe that inveterate political dissensions existed among us, and that we are on the very verge of disunion; but the fact is otherwise; the great body of the people now feel the advantages of the General Government, and would not, I am persuaded, do any thing that should destroy it; but these kind of representations is an evil wch. must be placed in opposition to the infinite benefits resulting from a free Press; and I am sure you need not be told that in this Country a personal difference in political sentiments is often made to take the garb of general dissensions.
From the Department of State you are, I am informed, furnished with such papers and documents, from time to time, as will keep you more particularly informed of the state of our affairs; I shall therefore add nothing further to this letter than assurances of being always and sincerely Yours etc.
[N.Y.P.L]
Philadelphia, October 20, 1792.
Dear Sir: Where your Letter of the 21st of December last has been travelling since it left you, I cannot tell; but it did not get to my hands till within a few weeks past; when I likewise received your's of the 15th. of July, introducing Mr. Anderson. I was sorry to see the gloomy picture which you drew of the affairs of your Country in your letter of December; but I hope events have not turned out so badly as you then apprehended. Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those which are caused by a difference of sentiments in religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing, and ought most to be deprecated. I was in hopes, that the enlightened and liberal policy, which has marked the present age, would at least have reconciled Christians of every denomination so far, that we should never again see their religious disputes carried to such a pitch as to endanger the peace of Society.
The Affairs of this Country still wear a prosperous aspect. Our Agriculture, Commerce and navigation are in a flourishing state. In some parts of the Country the crops of Indian corn (maize) have been injured by the drought in summer, and early frosts in autumn. We have, however, a happiness, which is scarcely in any other Country; for such is the extent of the U. S. and so great a variety of climate and soil do they embrace, that we never need apprehend a universal failure of our crops, and a consequent famine.
I have spent part of the summer at Mount Vernon, and have but just returned to the seat of Government, where I am so much engaged in attending to business, which has accumulated during my absence, and in preparing such business as will be necessary to lay before the Legislature at their meeting early in next month, that I have but little time to attend to any affairs of a private or personal nature; I am therefore persuaded, that you will to these impute causes the shortness of this letter. Mrs. Washington unites with me in respects and best wishes for Lady Newenham and yourself. I am &c.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, October 20, 1792.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 18th. of May, enclosing the Pamphlet and papers which you had the goodness to send me.
While I beg your acceptance of my acknowledgements for the polite mark of attention in transmitting these things to me, I flatter myself you will be assured that I consider the subject therein recommended as highly important to Society, whose best interests I hope will be promoted by a proper investigation of them, and the happiness of mankind advanced thereby.
I have to regret that the duties of my public station do not allow me to pay that attention to Agriculture and the objects attached to it (which have ever been my favorite pursuit) that I could wish; but I will put your queries respecting Sheep into the hands of such Gentlemen as I think most likely to attend to them and answer them satisfactorily; I must, however, observethat no important information on the subject can beexpected from this Country where we have been so little in thehabit of attending either to the breed or improvement of ourStock. With great respect and esteem etc.5
[Note 5: From the facsimile in Letters on Agriculture...to Arthur Young...and Sir John Sinclair (Franklin Knight edition: 1847).]
Philadelphia, October 20, 1792.
Sir: I must beg your acceptance of my best thanks for the book that accompanied your polite letter of the 9th. of June which came duly to my hands.
I presume you have long before this received my letter which was committed to the care of Mr. Pinckney, our Minister at the Court of Great Britain, and shall be very glad if the contents of it afforded you the information which it was intended to communicate; for t am persuaded, that I need not repeat to you how sincerely I wish success to those laudable exertions which you are making to promote the important interest of Agriculture and the cause of humanity. With very great esteem etc.6
[Note 6: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, October 21, 1792.
Gentn: In 1790 I had 13 Hhds. of Tobo. Inspected at the Warehouses in Alexandria; and in 1791 12 more were also Inspected at the same place.
Not meeting a price that I was disposed to take, they remain there still. my Nephew Majr. Washington either before, or since your care of these Warehouses was allowed to stow them in a secure place, therein; but as it is now more than a year since this happened, and a good deal of Tobacco may, possibly, have been recd. and delivered in that period, they may have been displaced. I have on the presumption of this directed Mr. Whiting my Manager, at such time as you shall please to appoint, to take some hands with him and again collect and well secure them. I do not mean that they should be reinspected at this time; but to be placed only in a state of security. Before delivery, it will be necessary I presume to have the condition of the Tobo. examined, or if the Law requires it, or if any advantage would result from it, I have no objection to its being done now. I recollect to have been informed that the Tobo. was put up dry, and that it was of a good sort and of superior quality; if so it will not have suffered from its age. I am etc.
Philadelphia, October 21, 1792.
Dr. Sir: You informed me when I was at George town on my way to this City, that Colo. Mercer upon receiving, or being told of Colo. Hamilton's letter to him, requesting to know if the words with which he was charg'd by Major Ross as having uttered in his public harangues against the conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury, were true; expressed, if I understood you rightly, much surprize at the application; as he, Colo. Hamilton, must be conscious of his having attempted to bribe him, Colo. Mercer, to vote for a further assumption of the State debts, and that this surprize was expressed at a public table before many gentlemen.
This is a charge of so serious a nature that it is incumbent on Colo. Hamilton to clear it up, or for the President of the United States to take notice of it. For this reason, before I communicate the matter to Colo. Hamilton, I beg to be informed whether I precisely understood the information you gave me, and in that case, who were the persons that heard Colo. Mercer express himself to that effect. It was my intention to have asked this at the time you mentioned the matter, but I was diverted from it by something that occurred at the moment, and the variety of things which have been thrown in my way since I came to this place have prevented it till now.
With great esteem &c.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On October 29 Washington signed an additional order, revising and altering the order of Aug. 4, 1792, fixing the compensations of inspectors and supervisors for collecting the tax on distilled spirits according to the act of May 8, 1792. This order is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 1, 1792.
Dear Sir: I pray you to accept my thanks for your obliging attention to my request respecting the conveyance of Lots which I purchased at the Sale of Colo. Mercers Estate; and for sending the Deeds from Mr. Muse to me. I see no occasion of a Copy of the re-conveyance of the above lots from you to me, as I am persuaded they were drawn with correctness; and because it appears by the Clerks certificate on the back of the Deed to you, that it was duly recorded.
Permit me before I close this letter, to express my regret that want of health, or any other cause should have prevented you from making me the visit you proposed whilst I was at Mount Vernon; and to assure you that it will ever give me sincere pleasure to see you at that place. And I will also unite my regret to yours for the death of our old friend, and acquaintance Colo. Mason.9 With Affectionate regard etc.
[Note 9: George Mason, of "Gunston Hall." He died Oct. 7, 1792.]
Philadelphia, November 3, 1792.
Dear Sir: Your letter to Messrs. Carmichael and Short12 (now returned) is full and proper. I have added a word or two with A pencil, which may be inserted or not as you shall think best. The intention of them is to do away the charge of Sovereignty over more than are within our own territory.
[Note 12: Of Nov. 3, 1792. A press copy of a copy is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
The erazures from the Speech, as you advise, are made, except exchanging the word, "high," for "just." If facts will justify the former (as I think they indubitably do) policy, I conceive, is much in its favor: For while so many unpleasant things are announced as the Speech13 contains, it cannot be amiss to accompany them with communications of a more agreeable nature. I am etc.14
[Note 13: The fourth annual address to Congress, Nov. 6, 1792, post.]
[Note 14: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
The following note is entered in the "Letter Book" under date of November 5: "The President informed the Committee [consisting of Mr. Strong and Mr. Izard from the Senate, and Mr. Boudinot, Mr. Key, and Mr. Moore, from the House] that he would meet both Houses tomorrow at twelve O'Clock, in the Senate Chamber, and lay before them such communications as he thought proper for the occasion."]
November 6, 1792.
Fellow-Citizens of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: It is some abatement of the satisfaction, with which I meet you on the present occasion, that in felicitating you on a continuance of the National prosperity, generally, I am not able to add to it information that the Indian hostilities, which have for some time past distressed our North Western frontier, have terminated.
You will, I am persuaded, learn, with no less concern than I communicate it, that reiterated endeavors, toward effecting a pacification, have hitherto issued only in new and outrageous proofs of persevering hostility, on the part of the tribes with whom we are in contest. An earnest desire to procure tranquillity to the frontier; to stop the further effusion of blood; to arrest the progress of expense; to forward the prevalent wish of the Nation, for peace, has led, through various channels, to strenuous efforts, to accomplish these desirable purposes: In making which efforts, I consulted less my own anticipations of the event, or the scruples, which some considerations were calculated to inspire, than the wish to find the object attainable; or if not attainable, to ascertain unequivocally that such is the case.
A detail of the measures, which have been pursued, and of their consequences, which will be laid before you, while it will confirm to you the want of success, thus far, will, I trust, evince that means as proper and as efficacious as could have been devised, have been employed. The issue of some of them, indeed, is still depending; but a favourable one, though not to be despaired of, is not promised by anything that has yet happened.
In the course of the attempts which have been made, some valuable citizens have fallen victims to their zeal for the public service. A sanction commonly respected even among savages, has been found, in this instance, insufficient to protect from Massacre the emissaries of peace. It will, I presume, be duly considered whether the occasion does not call for an exercise of liberality towards the families of the deceased.
It must add to your concern, to be informed, that besides the continuation of hostile appearances among the tribes North of the Ohio, some threatening symptoms have of late been revived among some of those south of it.
A part of the Cherokees, known by the name of Chickamagas, inhabitating five Villages on the Tennesee River, have been long in the practice of committing depredations on the neighbouring settlements.
It was hoped that the treaty of Holstin, made with the Cherokee nation in July 1791, would have prevented a repetition of such depredations. But the event has not answered this hope. The Chickamagas, aided by some Banditti of another tribe in their vicinity, have recently perpetrated wanton and unprovoked hostilities upon the Citizens of the United States in that quarter. The information which has been received on this subject will be laid before you. Hitherto defensive precautions only have been strictly enjoined and observed.
It is not understood that any breach of Treaty, or aggression whatsoever, on the part of the United States, or their Citizens, is even alleged as a pretext for the spirit of hostility in this quarter.
I have reason to believe that every practicable exertion has been made (pursuant to the provision by law for that purpose) to be prepared for the alternative of a prosecution of the war, in the event of a failure of pacific overtures. A large proportion of the troops authorized to be raised, has been recruited, though the number is still incomplete. And pains have been taken to discipline and put them in condition for the particular kind of service to be performed. A delay of operations (besides being dictated by the measures which were pursuing towards a pacific termination of the war) has been in itself deemed preferable to immature efforts. A statement from the proper department with regard to the number of troops raised, and some other points which have been suggested, will afford more precise information, as a guide to the legislative consultations; and among other things will enable Congress to judge whether some additional stimulus to the recruiting service may not be adviseable.
In looking forward to the future expense of the operations, which may be found inevitable, I derive consolation from the information I receive, that the product of the revenues for the present year, is likely to supersede the necessity of additional burthens on the community, for the service of the ensuing year. This, however, will be better ascertained in the course of the Session; and it is proper to add, that the information alluded to proceeds upon the supposition of no material extension of the spirit of hostility.
I cannot dismiss the subject of Indian affairs without again recommending to your consideration the expediency of more adequate provision for giving energy to the laws throughout our interior frontier, and for restraining the commission of outrages upon the Indians; without which all pacific plans must prove nugatory. To enable, by competent rewards, the employment of qualified and trusty persons to reside among them, as agents, would also contribute to the preservation of peace and good neighbourhood. If, in addition to these expedients, an eligible plan could be devised for promoting civilization among the friendly tribes, and for carrying on trade with them, upon a scale equal to their wants, and under regulations calculated to protect them from imposition and extortion, its influence in cementing their interests with our's could not but be considerable.
The prosperous state of our Revenue has been intimated. This would be still more the case, were it not for the impediments, which in some places continue to embarrass the collection of the duties on spirits distilled within the United States. These impediments have lessened, and are lessening in local extent, and as applied to the community at large, the contentment with the law appears to be progressive.
But symptoms of increased opposition having lately manifested themselves in certain quarters, I judged a special interposition on my part, proper and adviseable; and under this impression, have issued a proclamation, warning against all unlawful combinations and proceedings, having for their object or tending to obstruct the operation of the law in question, and announcing that all lawful ways and means would be strictly put in execution for bringing to justice the infractors thereof, and securing obedience thereto.
Measures have also been taken for the prosecution of offenders: and Congress may be assured, that nothing within Constitutional and legal limits, which may depend on me, shall be wanting to assert and maintain the just authority of the laws. In fulfilling this trust, I shall count intirely upon the full cooperation of the other departments of Government, and upon the zealous support of all good Citizens.
I cannot forbear to bring again into the view of the Legislature the subject of a revision of the Judiciary System. A representation from the Judges of the Supreme Court, which will be laid before you, points out some of the inconveniences that are experienced. In the course of the execution of the laws, considerations arise out of the structure of that System, which, in some cases, tend to relax their efficacy. As connected with this subject, provisions to facilitate the taking of bail upon processes out of the Courts of the United States, and supplementary definition of Offences against the Constitution and laws of the Union, and of the punishment for such Offences, will, it is presumed, be found worthy of particular attention.
Observations on the value of peace with other Nations are unnecessary. It would be wise, however, by timely provisions, to guard against those acts of our own Citizens, which might tend to disturb it, and to put ourselves in a condition to give that satisfaction to foreign Nations which we may sometimes have occasion to require from them. I particularly recommend to your consideration the means of preventing those aggressions by our Citizens on the territory of other nations, and other infractions of the law of Nations, which, furnishing just subject of complaint, might endanger our peace with them. And in general, the maintenance of a friendly intercourse with foreign powers will be presented to your attention by the expiration of the law for that purpose, which takes place if not renewed, at the close of the present session.
In execution of the Authority given by the legislature, measures have been taken for engaging some artists from abroad to aid in the establishment of our mint; others have been employed at home. Provision has been made for the requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper condition for the purposes of the establishment. There has also been a small beginning in the coinage of half-dismes; the want of small coins in circulation calling the first attention to them.
The regulation of foreign Coins in correspondency with the principles of our national coinage, as being essential to their due operation, and to order in our money concerns, will, I doubt not, be resumed and completed.
It is represented that some provisions in the law, which establishes the Post-Office, operate, in experiment, against the transmission of newspapers to distant parts of the Country. Should this, upon due inquiry, be found to be the case, a full conviction of the importance of facilitating the circulation of political intelligence and information, will, I doubt not, lead to the application of a remedy.15
[Note 15: On December 31 Lear wrote to the Postmaster General: "In reply to your letter of this date requesting me to inform you of the facts or representations communicated to the President relative to newspapers, which led him to notice them in his Speech at the opening of the present session of Congress; I have the honor to inform you that it was represented to the President in such a way as to place the fact beyond a doubt in his mind, that in consequence of the rate of postage imposed on the transmission of Newspapers by the Post-office Law, many persons in Virginia who had heretofore taken Newspapers from this City, had declined receiving them any longer; and that many others declared that they only continued to take them under a full persuasion that the rate of postage would be reduced during the present Session of Congress, and that if such reduction should not take place, they would desire the printers to stop their papers.
"In addition to these strong marks of disapprobation of the rate of postage on newspapers given by individuals, he was informed that the public mind, so far as it had been expressed in that quarter on the subject, appeared very anxious that an alteration should take place in that part of the post office Law which relates to the transmission of Newspapers."
This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
The adoption of a Constitution for the State of Kentucky has been notified to me. The Legislature will share with me in the satisfaction which arises from an event interesting to the happiness of the part of the Nation to which it relates, and conducive to the general Order.
It is proper likewise to inform you, that since my last communication on the subject, and in further execution of the Acts severally making provision for the public debt, and for the reduction thereof, three new loans have been effected, each for three millions of Florins. One at Antwerp, at the annual interest of four and one half per Cent, with an Allowance of four per Cent in lieu of all charges; and the other two at Amsterdam, at the annual interest of four per Cent, with an allowance of five and one half per Cent in one case, and of five per Cent in the other in lieu of all charges. The rates of these loans, and the circumstances under which they have been made, are confirmations of the high state of our Credit abroad.
Among the objects to which these funds have been directed to be applied, the payment of the debts due to certain foreign Officers, according to the provision made during the last Session, has been embraced.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: I entertain a strong hope that the state of the national finances is now sufficiently matured to enable you to enter upon a Systematic and effectual arrangement for the regular redemption and discharge of the public debt, according to the right which has been reserved served to the Government. No measure can be more desireable, whether viewed with an eye to its intrinsic importance, or to the general sentiment and wish of the Nation.
Provision is likewise requisite for the reimbursement of the loan which has been made for the Bank of the United States, pursuant to the eleventh section of the Act by which it is incorporated. In fulfilling the public stipulations in this particular, it is expected a valuable saving will be made.
Appropriations for the current service of the ensuing year, and for such extraordinaries as may require provision, will demand, and, I doubt not, will engage your early attention.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: I content myself with recalling your attention, generally, to such objects, not particularized in my present, as have been suggested in my former communications to you.
Various temporary laws will expire during the present Session. Among these, that which regulates trade and intercourse with the Indian Tribes, will merit particular notice.
The results of your common deliberations, hitherto, will, I trust, be productive of solid and durable advantages to our Constituents; such as, by conciliating more and more their ultimate suffrage, will tend to strengthen and confirm their attachment to that constitution of Government, upon which, under Divine Providence, materially depend their Union, their safety and their happiness.
Still further to promote and secure these inestimable ends, there is nothing which can have a more powerful tendency, than the careful cultivation of harmony, combined with a due regard to stability, in the public Councils.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. A rough draft, in Alexander Hamilton's writing, is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
November 7, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you copies of certain papers relative to the Spanish interference in the execution of the Treaty entered into in the year 1790, between the United States and the Creek nation of Indians, together with a letter from the Secretary of State to the President of the United States on the same subject.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Copies of the inclosures are entered in the "Letter Book" immediately following this message.]
United States, November 9, 1792.19
[Note 19: This day at 11 o'clock the Senate waited upon the President at his house, when John Langdon, President pro tem. delivered an address, dated November 8, to which the President replied. This address and the reply are entered in the "Letter Book."]
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I now lay before you a letter from the Secretary of State covering the copy of one from the Governor of Virginia, with the several papers therein referred to,20 on the subject of the boundary between that State and the Territory of the United States south of the Ohio. It will remain with the Legislature to take such measures as it shall think best for settling the said boundary with that State, and at the same time if it thinks proper, for extending the settlement to the State of Kentucky, between which and the same territory the boundary is as yet undetermined.18
[Note 20: The inclosures mentioned are entered in the "Letter Book" immediately following this message.]
Philadelphia, November 14, 1792.
Sir: Your favor of the 24th Ulto. came duly to hand, but the variety of important matters which pressed between the receipt of it, and the meeting of Congress, allowed me no time to give it an earlier acknowledgment: and now, I pray you to consider what I am about to say, as coming from me in my private capacity.
It has always been my opinion, and still is so, that the Administration of the Affairs of the Federal City ought to be under the immediate direction of a judicious and skilful superintendant, appointed by, and subject to the orders of the Commissioners (who, in the eye of the law, are the responsible characters). One in whom is united knowledge of Men and things, industry, integrity, impartiality and firmness. And, that this person should reside on the Spot. This, I believe, is also the opinion of the Commissioners. and if they think Mr. Blodget possesses these qualifications (I know very little of him myself, and after what has happened, shall be cautious in recommending) or, that he is the most competent character that presents who is willing to undertake, and ready to enter upon the duties of such an Office; their appointment of him will meet my entire approbation.
I can readily conceive, Sir, that the motives to your communication were pure and laudable, and shall give you credit for them accordingly. On my part, permit me to add, that I have a mind open to information, and a disposition always to correct abuses (that shall come properly before me) as far as I am able; but I am sure it is unnecessary to remark to a person of your observation, that from the two great interests which divide the Federal City, and the lesser ones into which these are branched, it will be found difficult if not impossible for any set of Commissioners whatsoever to steer clear of censure. One wants this thing, another wants that thing, and all or most of them, perhaps want things which our resources are incompetent to the accomplishment of. You will excuse my candour therefore, my good Sir, for observing that there is in my judgmt. but one line of conduct proper for these Gentlemen to pursue, and that is to take a comprehensive view of the trust reposed in them, the general expectation of the community at large, and the means to effect it. form their plans agreeably thereto upon sound and just principles and to see that they are carried into effect by whomsoever they shall employ in the Execution thereof, without regard to any local concern or interest whatsoever. Such a conduct will meet general approbation; and of none, I am persuaded more than your own. With esteem I am &c.25
[Note 25: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 17, 1792.
Gentlemen: I have duly received your letter of the 13th of October, enclosing a list of the sale of lots in the federal City; with the prices of which I am more gratified than I am by the number which have been disposed of. I am pleased to find that several of your Mechanics were among the purchasers of lots, as they will not only, in all probability, be among the first improvers of them, but will be valuable citizens.
I agree with you in opinion that the ground in such eligible places as about the Capitol and the President's House, should not be sold in squares; unless there are some great and apparent advantages to be derived from specified buildings; immediate improvement, or something which will have a tendency to promote the advancement of the City.
The circumstances under which Mr. Blodget bid off the square near the Capitol, were such as occur at almost every public sale, and in that instance, his having done so, appeared very proper for the interest of the public: I agree, however, with you, that it would be best for the circumstance not to be generally known.
How far the idea which Mr. Blodget suggests of having an Agent to pass through the several States, to dispose of lots, might be beneficial or not, I am unable to say; but it appears to me, that if a respectable and responsible Character, in the principal town of each State, could be authorized to dispose of the public lots, as purchasers might appear; provided the matter could be so arranged that no confusion or inconvenience should arise from the same lot being disposed of by two or more agents, (which might possibly be done by monthly returns being made from the several Agents to the Commissioners, ascertaining the day, and even hour of each sale, to be by them confirmed previous to any payments: a small per Centum to be allowed the Vender; and all private sales to cease a month before every public sale) it would be a means of accommodating persons in different parts of the Union, and would expedite the sale of the lots. But this, as well as Mr. Blodgets suggestion (which rather appears to me to be hawking the lots about) must be weighed and determined upon according to your best judgment and information.
I think that a further public sale in the spring, or early in the summer, would be advantageous. For it is desireable that every opportunity which could be made convenient, on account of the season and other circumstances, to dispose of lots in this way, should be embraced.
In proportion as numbers become interested in the federal City, and the public works advance, a constant attendance at the spot will be more and more requisite on the part of those who superintend or direct the business thereof; and I am of opinion it will be found necessary, as neither of the Commissioners reside there, that some active and competent character, vested with proper authority by them, should be constantly on the ground to superintend the business carrying on there. But who this person shall be, is altogether with yourselves to chuse, and the various and essential qualifications requisite in him will readily occur to you. With great esteem &c.28
[Note 28: From a press copy of the unsigned letter in the writing of Tobias Lear in District of Columbia Letter and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia November 19, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have run over the four numbers of Genl. Green's letters to Congress, herewith returned; and find nothing contained in them, unmarked by you, which ought, in my opinion, to be withheld from the Public. Even those of the 3d. of Novr. 1780, tho' quite unnecessary, might pass with an explanatory note on the then value of our paper currency.
It probably is best to [leave] out the scored part of No. 1, page 14, although, I am persuaded, it is no more than a statement of a fact, and not an unimportant one. In No. 4, latter part of page 57, nearly the same sentiment as that erazed is conveyed. I am etc.29
[Note 29: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
Jefferson's note at the bottom of the letter states that Mathew Carey "was permitted to make from the Secretary of State's office a selection of state papers for publication particularly those, of the commander in chief, and of the Generals commanding in separate departments. he submitted his selection to me to see if it contained anything which ought not to be published. I marked a very few passages and stared them to the President. the above is his answer."]
[Note 32: Wayne's letter to Knox is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
November 23 [1792].
It is unfortunate, and very extraordinary that he should have suspended an opinion with respect to the disposition of the army for the winter, from a vague report of Mr. H-- declaration concerning the Western Posts. If this had been founded he ought to have looked for it from a better source, or to have disregarded it altogether. Now I presume, it is too late to carry what would, (had he not been under false impressions) have been his plan, into execution. But I think he ought to be charged in strong and explicit terms to run the public to no more expence in the Barracks he is about to build, than what is indispensably necessary to cover and secure the Officers and Soldiers from the weather. avoiding all decorations, and as much as possible all conveniences, considering them selves as it were, under marching orders to remove during Winter, or in the Spring, according to events and circumstances.
United States, November 24, 1792.
Sir: It appears to me necessary, that processes should issue without further delay, upon the Indictments found at the last Circuit Court held at York Town in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in reference to the Laws laying a duty on spirits distilled within the United States; and proper that they should be served by the marshal of the District of Pennsylvania in person. I am to desire, that the requisite arrangements may be taken, with the Attorney and Marshal of the before mentioned District, for these purposes; in doing which you are authorised to signify to the latter, my expectation of his immediate agency in the business.35
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 24, 1792.
Sir: While I acknowledge the rect. of your letter of the 20 ulto. on the subject of Indian Affairs in your quarter, and thank you for the information it contains, let me assure you that I am always ready to receive any information that relates to the public welfare; and as my sole view is to promote this to the utmost of my power and ability, I am ever open to the opinions of well informed persons in those matters with which their situation or circumstances may have given them an opportunity of being well acquainted: and I shall consider such information and sentiments as you may think proper to communicate on the occurrences which may take place in your quarter as a mark of attention. I am etc.35
[Note 37: United States marshal for the Pennsylvania district.]
Philadelphia, November 28, 1792.
Sir: In obedience to the command of the President of the United States I have the honor to inform you, that while the president sincerely regrets the cause which prevents you from immediately executing in person the service which is required, relative to the processes issued at the Circuit Court against the persons indicted for a riot in Washington County; yet so strongly is he impressed with the propriety of this business being executed by the marshall in person, and so much does he rely on your judgment and zeal in the discharge of this duty, that he considers the inconveniences which might be occasioned by a small delay in the matter, as being less than the disadvantages which might result from it's being executed by a Deputy. The President is therefore willing that the execution of this service should be postponed for a short time, in hopes that your health will then be so well established as to enable you to perform it in person.
I have the honor etc.38
[Note 38: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, November 29, 1792.
It having been represented by the Director of the Mint, that the late rise in the price of Copper, and the difficulty of obtaining it, render it improbable that the quantity authorised to be procured can be had, unless some part of it be imported by the United States; it is therefore thought proper that measures should be taken to obtain a quantity from Europe on the public account; and as it is estimated that the sum of Ten thousand dollars will be necessary for this purpose, you are hereby requested, if consistent with the arrangements of the Treasury, to have a bill for the above sum drawn on the Bankers of the United States in Holland, payable to Mr. Pinckney our Minister in Great Britain.39
[Note 39: On November 29 Lear, by the President's command, informed Jefferson of this letter and added: "The President, however, suggests, that it would not perhaps be best to confine Mr. Pinckney strictly to Sweden for the purchase of the Copper, but to leave it to his discretion to obtain it where it can be had on the more advantageous terms, after calling his attention to Sweden, for the reason mentioned in the letter from the Director of the Mint to the Secretary of State." Lear's letter is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
On December 30 Washington approved the letter from Jefferson to Pinckney of that date "but alter mentioning Sweden as the Country most likely to obtain Copper from, I think it would be better not to confine him to the purchase there." This approval is in the Jefferson Papers, as is also a press copy of Jefferson's letter to Pinckney of December 30.]
Philadelphia, November 30, 1792.
Dear Sir: Knowing that tomorrow is the time appointed for the monthly meeting of the Commissioners at George Town, I had intended to have written you a line or two on a particular subject by Wednesday's Post, but one thing or another put it out of mind until it was too late. I now set down to do it, as the letter in the common course of the Post will reach George Town on Monday, probably, before you shall have left that place.
You will consider what I am now about to say as a private communication; the object of which is only to express more freely than I did in my last letter to the Commissioners, the idea that is entertained of the necessity of appointing a Superintendant of the execution of the plans and measures wch. shall be resolved upon by the Commissioners of the federal City. one who shall always reside there, and being a man of skill and judgment, of industry and integrity, would from having a view of the business constantly before his eyes, be enabled to conduct it to greater advantage than the Commissioners can possibly do unless they were to devote their whole time to it. Instances of this are adduced by some of the Proprietors, particularly in the alteration which has taken place in the Bridge, the delay consequent thereof &ca. It is remarked by some of (the best disposed of) them, that although you meet monthly, spend much time together, and are truly anxious to forward this great object; yet, from the nature of the thing, you cannot acquire at those meetings the minute information which a proper character always on the spot would do; and which is indispensably necessary to do in order to avoid mistakes, and to give vigor to the undertaking. And besides, add they, a man of fertile genius, and comprehensive ideas, would, by having the business always before him, seeing, shewing to, and conversing with Gentlemen who may be led, either by curiosity or an inclination to become adventurers therein, to view the City, obtain many useful hints by means of which, and his own reflections, might suggest many useful projects to the consideration of the Commissioners at their stated, (say) quarterly meetings; or at such occasional ones as he might, in cases of importance and emergency, be empowered to call.
But where, you may ask, is the character to be found who possesses these qualifications? I frankly answer I know not! Major L'Enfant (who it is said is performing wonders at the new town of Patterson) if he could have been restrained within proper bounds, and his temper was less untoward, is the only person with whose turn to matters of this sort I am acquainted, that I think fit for it. There may, notwithstanding, be many others although they are unknown to me.
Mr. Blodget seems to be the person on whom many eyes are turned, and among others who look that way, are some of the Proprietors. He has travelled, I am told, a good deal in Europe; and has turned his attention (according to his own Account) to Architecture and matters of this kind. He has staked much on the issue of the Law establishing the permanent residence; and is certainly a projecting genius, with a pretty general acquaintance: to which may be added, if he has any influence in this Country, it must be in a quarter where it is most needed; and where, indeed, an antidote is necessary to the poison which Mr. F--s C--t40 is spreading; by insinuations, that the accomplishment of the Plan is no more to be expected than the fabric of a vision, and will vanish in like manner.
[Note 40: Francis Cabot(?).] But whether with these qualifications, Mr. Blodget is a man of industry and steadiness, and whether (as soon as it is necessary) he would take up a settled abode there, are points I am unable to resolve. [As an Architect Mr. Jefferson has a high opinion of Mr. Hallet, but whether Mr. Hallent has qualities, and is sufficiently known to fit him for general superintendency I cannot not even pretend to give an opinion upon. If Mr. Blodget is contemplated for this office, would it not be well to be on or off with him at once. I hear he is held in suspence on this head.]
Have you yet decided on a Plan for the Capitol? Mr. Carroll talked of their being sent hither. Is any thing done towards the foundation of the President's house? What number of lots are bona fide sold? In what squares do they lye? Let your Clerk send me a list. Do you receive offers to purchase at private Sale? If you have fixed on a time for another public Sale, ought not notice thereof to be immediately given, and measures adopted to make the thing known in Europe as well as in this Country: Inserting advertisements in the Gazettes of the latter at intervals between this and the sale, by way of remembrancer. A little expence in these would be profitably incurred: How does Ellicot go on? I am etc.41
[Note 41: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Tobias Lear.]
Philadelphia, December 2, 1792.
Sir: I must begin this letter with an apology: no apology ought to be so satisfactory as the truth; and the truth is, that not receiving the account of the taxes of a Virginia Estate for which I had written (before I left this City during the recess of Congress) as mentioned in my letter to you of the 18th. of June, the promise I then made of forwarding it to you in my next, had escaped me altogether, until I was reminded of it, lately, by a circumstance too trivial to mention.
A copy of the account is now annexed, the name of the Proprietor of the Estate is not inserted, but on the authenticity of it you may rely. That you may understand the principle on which the Land tax in Virginia is founded, it will be necessary to inform you, that by a law of that State, the Inhabitants of it are thrown into districts, say Parishes, in each of which, or for two, or more of them united, Commissioners are appointed to assess the value of each man's land that lies within it; on which a certain per centum is uniformly paid.
No Negros under twelve years of age are taxed, nor are any under Sixteen subjected to the payment of County, or Parish levies. Horses, at present, are the only species of Stock, in that State, which pays a tax. Carriages were, when I left Virginia, and I believe still are, subject to a tax by the Wheel. It was then if I recollect rightly, about five dollars each wheel; but whether it is more or less now; or whether there be any at all, is more than I am able with certainty to inform you. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.
For public taxes, and for County and Parish levies.
Note, There ought to have been in the above Account, a discrimination in the charge for County and Parish levies. The first is for building and repairing Court Houses, Goals, ca., Criminal processes &ca. The latter is for the support of the Poor, and other Parochial Charges.44
[Note 44: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
[Note 45: Of London.]
Philadelphia, December 2, 1792.
Sir: I have the pleasure to receive a few days ago, the two elegant Charts of the Sea coast of North America, which you had the goodness to send, and the politeness to dedicate to me.
It is unnecessary for me to make any comment upon the utility of such works when executed by a person of ability. The discerning part of mankind will always venerate the promoters of science wheresoever they may be found and in this instance the many who may be benefited by your useful Charts will not forget to whom they owe that advantage. At present permit me to offer my best thanks and acknowledgments to you for this mark of attention, and to assure you that I shall always feel interested in the welfare of those who may promote the cause of science and humanity by laudable exertions. I am etc.46
[Note 46: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, December 6, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: the several measures which have been pursued to induce the hostile Indian tribes North of the River Ohio to enter into a conferrence or treaty with the United States, at which all causes of difference might be fully understood, and justly and amicably arranged, have already been submitted to both houses of Congress.
The papers herewith sent47 will inform you of the result.46
[Note 47: Copies of the papers sent are entered in the "Letter Book" immediately following this message.]
United States, December 7, 1792.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you two letters with their enclosures, from the Governor of the South-Western Territory, and an extract of a letter to him from the department of War.
These, and a letter of the 9th. of October last, which has been already communicated to you, from the same department to the Governor, will shew in what manner the first section of the Act of the last Session, which provides for the calling out the Militia for the repelling of Indian invasions, has been executed. It remains to be considered by Congress, whether in the present situation of the United States, it be adviseable or not, to pursue any further, or other measures, than those which have been already adopted. The nature of the Subject does [not] of itself call for your immediate attention to it; and I must add, that upon the result of your deliberations the further conduct of the executive will on this occasion materially depend.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 8, 1792.
Gentlemen: Since the Letter which we addressed to you, requesting your valuation of a certain tract of Land in Montgomery County, another arrangement has taken place with regard thereto. It is now agreed that the price of seven dollars per acre shall be fixed and the whole tract divided into two equal parts, with respect to quantity, quality and value. In giving effect to this agreement, we must still rely on your good offices to make the necessary division, which when certified to as will enable us to determine by Lot the possession. Your attention to this request, as early as your conveniency will permit, will greatly oblige, Gentlemen, Your etc.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 9, 1792.
Dear Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your Letter of the 1st. inst:50 and expressing my sincere wishes that your personal happiness may be promoted by the election you have made to continue in your State Legislature, I cannot but regret the loss of your services to the United States in your Senatorial capacity. I am persuaded however, that your endeavours to serve your Country will be no less exercised in the station which you have chosen to hold than they have been heretofore in that which you have relinquished.
[Note 50: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
It gives me pleasure to find that Mr. Benjamin Harwood has accompanied his application for the appointment to the Loan office, with those respectable and strong recommendations which have been forwarded in his behalf, as I find a great relief in discharging this part of my duty, (which is not the least embarrassing) when the opinions of worthy and respectable characters unite in testifying to the merits, integrity and ability of the Candidate.51
[Note 51: On December 9 Washington wrote to Gov. Thomas Sire Lee, thanking him for his recommendation of Benjamin Harwood. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mrs. Washington unites in best wishes for your health and happiness with, Dear Sir, Your etc.49
Philadelphia, December 12, 1792.
Sir: Through the hands of the Vice president of the United States, Mr. Adams, I received a few days ago your acceptable present of the print representing the death of the Earl of Chatham. This work, highly valuable in itself, is rendered more estimable in my eye, when I remember that America gave birth to the celebrated artist who produced it.
For the honor you have done me in this mark of your attention, I pray you to accept my best thanks, and the assurance of my being, Sir, etc.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 57: Of Morristown, N.J.]
Philadelphia, December 16, 1792.
Sir: Your letter to the President of the United States dated the 4 of November, did not get to his hands 'till a few days ago; and in reply thereto the President commands me to inform you, that it is not at present in his power to give a decided answer to the request which you make for him to employ your brother in the management of one of his farms. Even if he was in immediate want of such a person as you describe your brother to be, it would be necessary to have certain points settled previous to his giving him encouragement to come over, such as, complete evidence of his being well qualified to manage the affairs of a farm in this Country, which is different from the management of a farm in England, and especially where the labour is performed by blacks: and a knowledge of the terms upon which your brother would be willing to engage in this business. But as the President has not immediate occasion for the services of such a person he can only observe, that the usual mode of engaging overseers of farms and plantations in Virginia where his Estate lays, is to give them a share of the Crop as a compensation for their services, for instance, if there should be on a plantation ten working hands, the crop is divided into eleven shares, one of which belongs to the Overseer: if a greater or less number of hands is employed, the Overseer's share is in proportion thereto. But the President having deviated from the common mode of cultivation practiced in that part of the Country, has been under the necessity of paying his overseers annual wages instead of giving them a share of the Crop; and the wages given to those whom he employs, as well as by other gentlemen in his vicinity who give annual wages instead of a share to the Overseer, vary from 80 to 130 Dollars pr. year, according to the extent of the farm to be superintended, and the skill of the person in managing the business of it, to these wages axe added, a comfortable dwelling House on the farm, and a stipulated quantity of provisions, adequate to the support of the Overseer. In mentioning these terms, it must be observed that the President speaks only of his own Estate, and those in it's neighbourhood where he has had an opportunity of knowing the terms upon which Overseers are engaged on them. What may be given in other parts of the Country he cannot tell; and as the skill which you say your brother possesses in gardening and surveying, would not be likely to be called into exercise in over looking such farms as the President's; they could not be taken into the account in making a compensation for his services as an Overseer; but if they were found useful to a person who might employ him, in conjunction with his duties as Overseer or manager, an extra compensation wou'd undoubtedly be made for them. I am etc.58
[Note 58: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
By the President's command, Tobias Lear wrote to the Secretary of State, December 20, to "inform the President where he can obtain a copy of the New Impression of the Federal City" [Ellicott's map] and "wishes to know if it would not be advisable, in the Secretary's Opinion, to have a number of the plans of the City sent to our Ministers abroad, in order that the object may become more particularly know [ sic] abroad than is at present." This letter is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
On December 22 Washington nominated to the Senate the appointment of Gouverneur Morris as United States Minister to France, Thomas Pinckney to Great Britain, and William Short to the Netherlands. This nominating message is entered in the "Letter Book" and a brief of the debate that ensued in the Senate thereon, December 29 and 30, is in Washington's handwriting in the Washington Papers under the heading "S--te, on the agency it ought to have in judging of the expediency of sendg. M--rs abroad."]
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 18, 1792.
Gentlemen: Your letter to the Secretary of State, dated if I recollect rightly, the 5th. instant; intimating among other things, that you had failed in an attempt which had been made to import workmen from Scotland equally with that for obtaining them from Holland, fills me with real concern: for I am very apprehensive if your next campaign in the Federal City is not marked with vigor, it will cast such a cloud over this business, and will so arm the enemies of the measure, as to enable them to give it (if not its death blow) a wound from which it will not easily recover. No means therefore, in my opinion, should be left unessayed to facilitate the operations of next year. Every thing, in a manner depends upon the celerity with which the public buildings are then carried on. Sale of Lots, private buildings, good or evil report, all, all will be regulated thereby; nothing therefore short of the absolute want of money ought to retard the work.
The more I consider the subject, the more I am convinced of the expediency of importing a number of workmen from Europe to be employed in the Federal City. The measure has not only oeconomy to recommend it, but is important by placing the quantity of labour which may be performed by such persons upon a certainty for the term for which they shall be engaged.
Upon more minute enquiry, I am informed that neither the Merchants here nor in Holland will undertake to procure Redemptioners from Germany; and that the most eligable and certain mode of obtaining from thence such Mechanics and labourers as may be thought advisable to procure from that quarter, will be to engage some person, a German, to go from hence into Germany where he is acquainted, to procure the requisite number of men and bring them to the Shipping port, which is generally Amsterdam or Rotterdam, and that any Merchant here (who is engaged in Shipping trading to Holland) will engage to have a Vessel ready to take them on board at a time which shall be fixed, and bring them to any Port of the United States that may be specified, and receive the amount of their passage on delivery of them. The person who may be employed to go over to Germany will expect, it is said, an advance of one guinea per head for the number wanted, to enable him to pay the expences of such as may not be able to bear their own from the place where he procures them to the Shipping Port, and this advance is accounted for and taken into consideration at the time of paying for their passage when they arrive here. The customary passage, it seems, is eleven guineas per head, and the compensation of the person employed to procure them is either one guinea a head for as many as he may deliver, part of which is paid by those who employ him to go over, and part by the merchant who furnishes the Vessel to bring them, as he receives a benefit by the freight, or, the person employed keeps an account of his necessary expences while on this business, which is paid by his employers, and a consideration for his services is made him according to a previous agreement.
The term of time for which these people are bound to serve, depends much, it is added, upon their age or ability as labourers, or their skill as mechanics; the former generally serve three or four years; and the latter (if good workmen at their trade) two. But in this case, that it would be better for the person employed to get them, to have them indented at the time of engaging them, specifying the number of years they are to serve to commence at the time of their landing in the U.S.; and that he ought to be furnished with the necessary forms of Indentures and particular instructions on this head before he goes over. And if mechanics of a particular description are most essential it would be well, in order to secure their Services beyond the term for which they might be engaged for their passages, to stipulate at the time of engaging them, that they should serve one, two or three years over and above that time at £ ... per year. And as it may happen, that some good mechanics may be willing to come over who are able to pay their own passage, might it not be well to empower the person sent to engage them a per year for (say) four years? In all cases to provide, that if those who engage as mechanics should be found incompetent to the business for which they engage, from a want of skill or knowledge in it, and shall appear to have used imposition in engaging themselves as such, they shall be obliged to serve the time of common labourers.
Should you be of opinion that it would be expedient to import a number of workmen, and the mode here pointed out, meet your ideas, no time should be lost in carrying it into effect; and if you have not contemplated a proper character for this business and will inform me thereof I will endeavour to obtain one in this City to go over to Germany, and a Merchant also to furnish the Vessel at the time and place which shall be agreed on between them.
It is not, however, my wish that the idea of importing workmen should be confined solely to Germany. I think it ought to be extended to other places, particularly, Scotland from whence many good and useful mechanics may undoubtedly to be had. I have been more particular in respect to Germany because they may probably be obtained from thence on better terms than from other quarters, and they are known to be a steady, laborious people. It will be necessary, if you should determine upon an importation from Germany, to state the number of mechanics you would wish in each trade, to be brought from thence, as well as the number of labourers.
Mr. George Walker who is in this City, informs me, that he shall Sail for Scotland about the first of January, and says if he could render any service in this business he would willingly do it. To get workmen, is part of the business which carries him over but how far after the part he has acted with respect to yourselves you may chuse to confide in him, is fitter for you than it is for me to decide; especially as I know no more of his private character and circumstances than I do of the terms on which he would undertake to render the Service.
A thought has also occurred to me, and though crude and almost in embrio, I will nevertheless mention it. It is, if the character of Mr. Hallet (from the knowledge you have acquired of it) is such as to have impressed you with confidence in his abilities and activity, whether in the unsettled state of things in France he might not be employed this winter in engaging from that Country and bringing over in the Spring such workmen, and on such terms as might be agreed upon.
Boston too has been mentioned as a place from whence many, and good workmen might be had but the reasons which have been assigned for the failure here are not within my recollection if I ever heard them.
Upon the whole, it will readily be perceived in what a serious light I consider delay, in the progress of the public buildings; and how anxious I am to have them pushed forward. In a word the next is the year that will give the tone to the City, if marked with energy, Individuals will be inspirited, the Sales will be enhanced, confidence diffused, and emulation created; without it, I should not be surprized to find the lots unsaleable, and every thing at a stand. With great and sincere regard and esteem. I am.
Philadelphia, December 23, 1792.
Dear Sir: I have been informed within these few days, that Major Harrison59 of Loudoun County, who owns a piece of Land adjoining mine in Fairfax, is disposed to sell it; and to convert the money to more useful purposes.
[Note 59: William B. Harrison.]
I am led from the rascally set of Tenants who occupy that land, and by no other consideration whatsoever, to become the' purchaser of it, that I may be relieved by that means from the villainies which the livers thereon are frequently committing on my property; in the practice of which their art and cunning is too great for detection. I have said my only motive to this purchase is to get rid of this pest of society, and in saying so I have declared the honest truth; for the land would not answer for a farm, being without timber, and too poor for cultivation; nor would it be profitable in Tenements, because men who intended a livelihood by honest industry, would give little or no rent for it; and my inducement to buy is to get rid of those of a contrary description.
Major Harrison must be sensible that no one can be better acquainted with the land than I am; it would be unnecessary therefore (if he has any inclination to sell it) to ask a price which it will not bear; but if he is disposed to take a reasonable price, and will act the part of a frank and candid man in fixing it, I would not have you higgle (which I dislike) in making a bargain. I will pay ready money if we can agree; but it must be on two conditions, first, that the title is good, and secondly, that it is not under the incumbrance (any part of it) of a lease; for that would defeat the sole end I should propose by the purchase; namely, to purge the neighborhood of these impure characters.
Under this view of my ideas, and the knowledge you have of my sentiments respecting the Land, any bargain you shall make in my behalf with Major Harrison, shall be binding on me.
Your Aunt unites with me in best regards for yourself and Mrs. Lewis, and I am &c.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 23, 1792.
Dear Sir: I wish you would, as soon as the enclosed letter gets to your hands, call upon Major Harrison and endeavor to purchase from him the land therein mentioned, and for the reason therein assigned.
If you can get it for a Sum not exceeding forty shillings (virga. curry.) per Acre (wch. is a great deal more than it is worth) close the bargain with him at once, provided, as is mentioned in the letter, the title is good, and it is not under the incumbrance of a lease, for in either of these cases I would not be concerned with the land unless I could obtain it on very low terms.
You might, after a short introduction of the subject to Major Harrison, shew him the enclosed letter, by way of bringing matters to a speedy explanation; but if you find his ideas of the value exceed 40/pr. acre know what is the lowest terms he would sell on; the quantity of land he holds, and all the circumstances attending it, and give me notice thereof as early as you can, engaging him to wait a certain time for you to make the communication of them to me, and to receive my answer. Draw from him his lowest terms before you make any disclosure of what you would give, on my behalf.
When you was at Mount Vernon you expressed a wish to be possessed of the stud horse that was there. If he is not sold (for it was so intended when I left home) I make you a present of him. I am etc.61
[Note 61: From a photostat of the original in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.]
Philadelphia, December 25, 1792.
Sir: I am sorry it is not in my power to give you such precise information relative to the subject of your Letter to me of the 9 instant as may be satisfactory to yourself, or serviceable to the object mentioned in it.
I do not recollect ever to have seen the Will of the Revd. Mr. Green,62 so that I can say nothing from that; but I remember it was impressed on my mind that the woman Sarah, of whom you speak, was to have had her freedom, but whether it was to have taken place on the death of Mr. Green, or on the death of his wife, or from what other period, I am not able to say. I recollect, however, that she lived with Mrs. Green while she was a widow, and after her marriage to Doctr. Savage, but whether as a slave, or upon other conditions is more than I know. The Revd. Mr. Fairfax and myself were appointed Trustees on behalf of Mrs. Savage for certain purposes, but they had no relation to this woman. If a referrence to Mr. Green's will be necessary on this subject, I presume it may be found among the records of Fairfax County. I am etc.63
[Note 62: Charles Green.]
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
December 31, 1792.
Dear Sir: I do not recollect perfectly what your sentiments were respecting the application of Mr. De la Forest;69 and being to give an answer to the Secretary of the Treasury on this occasion I should be glad to receive them previously thereto.70 The difficulty of the case you well know arises from the unauthorised request, and the hazard of advancing monies without it. I am etc.68
[Note 69: Monsieur de la Forest had written (December 27) "that the French Consuls here have a right to receive their salaries at Paris; that under present circumstances they cannot dispose of their bills, and desiring that our Government will take them as a remittance in part of the monies we have to pay to France. The trouble was caused by the depreciation of the assignats in which the consuls were paid. Jefferson thought the risk, if any, is certainly very small, and such as it would be expedient in us to encounter in order to oblige these Gentlemen. I think it of real value to produce favorable dispositions in the agents of foreign nations here. Cordiality among nations depends very much on the representations of their agents mutually; and cordiality once established, is of immence value, even counted in money, from the favors it produces in commerce, and the good understanding it preserves in matters merely political."]
[Note 70: Jefferson's report (December 31) is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 20, 1793.
Sir: Previous to the receipt of your Letter of the 10th inst. enclosing a copy of Mr. Ellicott's answer to the attempt wh. you made to dissuade him from quitting the business in wh. he is engaged, I had learnt, with concern, that there had been some altercation between him and the Commissioners of the federal District, relative to the time and money which had been expended in running and marking the lines within the City: and indeed, as I passed through George Town last fall, I understood that some of the proprietors expressed a dissatisfaction at the tardiness with which that business appeared to be executing. I was then in hopes, that there might be no substantial cause for complaint on that score, but that the dissatisfaction arose more from the impatience of those persons who were interested in the completion of the business, than from any improper delay or tardiness on the part of Mr. Ellicott; and I flattered myself that I should never hear more of the subject. But sorry I am to find that I have been disappointed in this hope, and that the matter has occasioned a serious difference between the Commissioners and Mr. Ellicott.
I perfectly agree with you, Sir, "that the City has infinitely more to dread from the discord and want of union among it's friends, than from all the power of it's enemies" and am therefore persuaded, that every considerate person, who is interested in it's establishment, will use his influence to heal differences and promote harmony among those engaged in the execution of the work.
The dispute between Mr. Ellicott and the Commissioners is, I believe, but little known at present out of the circle of George Town, and I am therefore convinced, that if Mr. Ellicott's sole object is to make its merits known, as far as a knowledge of its existence extends, he could do it as well, or better, by other means than he could by a News paper publication, which would only tend to promote personal disgust and hurt the progress of the City. And if Mr. E. is serious in the declaration of his attachment to that spot, as the permanent seat of Government, he cannot but give up a determination which will manifestly be productive of much detriment to the establishment. With great esteem, I am etc.
Philadelphia, January 20, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 6th. instant, congratulatory on my re-election to the Chair of Government. A mind must be insensible indeed, not to be gratefully impressed by so distinguished, and honorable a testimony of public approbation and confidence: and, as I suffered my name to be contemplated on this occasion, it is more than probable that I should, for a moment, have experienced chagreen if my re-election had not been by a pretty respectable vote.84 But to say I feel pleasure from the prospect of commencing another tour of duty, would be a departure from truth; for however it might savour of affectation in the opinion of the world (who by the bye can only guess at my sentimts. as it never has been troubled with them) my particular, and confidential friends well know, that it was after a long and painful conflict in my own breast, that I was withheld (by considerations which are not necessary to mention) from requesting, in time, that no vote might be thrown away upon me; it being my fixed determination to return to the walks of private life, at the end of my term.
[Note 84: Fifteen States voted in the election of 1792. The vote for Washington was unanimous, all 132 electoral votes being cast for him. Adams received 77 votes for Vice President, George Clinton, 50; Thomas Jefferson, 4; and Aaron Burr, 1.]
I am sorry to be informed by your letter, that death has snatched from us my old acquaintance and friend Colo. Bassett. The manner of it, adds to the regret. We shall all follow, some sooner and some later; and, from accounts, my poor Nephew is likely to be amongst the first.
Mrs. Washington joins me in wishing you the return of many new and happy years. With very great esteem etc.85
[Note 85: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
January 22, 1793.
Dear Sir: Nothing occurs to me as necessary to be added to the enclosed project. If the Subscription is not confined to the members of the Philosophical Society, I would readily add my mite to the means for encouraging Mr. Mechaud's undertaking; and do authorise you to place me among, and upon a footing with the respectable sums which may be Subscribed. I am etc.86
[Note 86: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
United States, January 23, 1793.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: Since my last Communication to you on the subject of the Revenue on distilled Spirits, it has been found necessary, on experience, to revise and amend the arrangements relative thereto, in regard to certain Surveys and the officers thereof in the District of North Carolina, which I have done accordingly in the manner following.
Ist. The several Counties of the said District originally and heretofore contained within the first, second and third Surveys, have been allotted into, and are now contained in two Surveys; one of which (to be hereafter denominated the first) comprehends the Town of Wilmington, and the Counties of Onslow, New Hanover, Brunswick, Robertson, Sampson, Craven, Jones, Lenox, Glascow, Johnston and Wayne; and the other of which (to be hereafter denominated the second) comprehends the Counties of Kurrituck, Camden, Pacquotank, Perquimans, Chowan, Gates, Hartford, Tyrrel, Bertie, Carteret, Hyde, Beaufort and Pitt.
2dly. The several Counties of the said District originally and heretofore contained within the fifth Survey of the District aforesaid, has been allotted into and is contained in two Surveys; one of which (to be hereafter denominated the third) comprehends the Counties of Mecklenburg, Rowan, Iredell, Montgomery, Guilford, Rockingham, Stokes, and Surry; and the other of which (to be hereafter denominated the fifth) comprehends the Counties of Lincoln, Rutherford, Burke, Buncombe and Wilkes.
3dly. The duties of Inspector of the Revenue in and for the third Survey, as constituted above, are to be performed, for the present, by the Supervisor.
4thly. The compensation of the Inspector of the Revenue for the first Survey, as above constituted, are to be a Salary of Two hundred and fifty Dollars p annum, and Commissions and other emoluments similar to those heretofore allowed to the Inspector of the late first Survey, as it was originally constituted.
5thly. The compensation of the Inspector of the Revenue for the second Survey, as above constituted, are to be a salary of One hundred Dollars p annum, and Commissions and other emoluments heretofore allowed to the Inspector of the late third Survey, as it was originally constituted.
6thly. The compensations of the Inspector of the Revenue for the fifth Survey, as above constituted, are to be a Salary of One hundred and twenty Dollars per annum, and the Commissions and other emoluments similar to those heretofore allowed to the Inspector of the last fifth Survey, as it was originally constituted.87
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The letter was read in Congress on January 26.]
Philadelphia, January 23, 1793.
Dear Sir: The Western Indians having proposed to us a conference at Au Glaise88 [not far distant from Detroit] in the
[Note 88: The conference was held at Lower Sandusky in April, 1793.] ensuing spring, I am now about to proceed to nominate three Commissioners to meet and treat with them on the subject of peace.89 what may be the issue of the conferences it is difficult to foresee, but it is extremely essential that, whatever it be, it should carry with it the perfect confidence of our citizens that every endeavor will have been used to obtain peace which their interests would permit. for this reason it is necessary, that characters be appointed who are known to our citizens for their talents and integrity, and whose situation in life places them clear of every suspicion of a wish to prolong the war, or say rather whose interest, in common with that of their country, is clearly to produce peace. characters uniting these desiderata do not abound, some of them too are in offices inconsistent with the appointment now in question, others under impediments of health or other circumstances so as to circumscribe the choice within a small circle. desirous in the first instance that you should be in this commission, I have mentioned these difficulties to shew you, in the event of your declining, how serious they are, and to induce you to come forward and perform this important service to your country, a service with which it's prosperity and tranquillity are intimately connected.
[Note 89: Benjamin Lincoln, Beverley Randolph, and Timothy Pickering were finally appointed commissioners.]
it will be necessary to set out from this place about the [1st] of [May]. the route will be by the North river and [Niagara], it will be safe, and the measures for your comfortable transportation and subsistence taken as effectually as circumstances will admit. will you then permit me, Sir, to nominate you, as one of the Commissioners, with a certain reliance on your acceptance? your answer to this by the first post will oblige, dear Sir, &c.90
[Note 90: The draft is in the writing of Thomas Jefferson. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. This same letter was written (January 31) to Charles Thomson, a press copy of which is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 27, 1793.
My dear George: I do not write to you often, because I have no business to write upon; because all the News I could communicate is contained in the Papers which I forward every week; because I conceive it unnecessary to repeat the assurances of sincere regard and friendship I have always professed for you, or the disposition I feel to render every Service in my power to you and yours; and lastly because I conceive the more undisturbed you are, the better it is for you.
It has given your friends much pain to find that change of Air has not been productive of that favorable change in your health, which was the wishes of them all. But the will of Heaven is not to be controverted or scrutinized by the children of this world. It therefore becomes the Creatures of it to submit with patience and resignation to the will of the Creator whether it be to prolong, or to shorten the number of our days. To blessthem with health, or afflict them with pain.
My fervent wishes attend you, in which I am heartily joined by your Aunt, and these are extended with equal sincerity to Fanny and the Children. I am always your Affecte. Uncle.
Philadelphia, January 30, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 15th. of October to my Nephew Majr. G: Auge. Washington, after some forward, and a retrograde movement found him at Colo. Bassetts in New Kent, Virginia; to which place for change of air, and a warmer situation for the winter, he had embarked (by water) about the middle of that month, so much reduced, poor fellow! as to be hardly able to stand. From thence your letter was forwarded to me. By the last post from Richmond we had accounts of his being then alive, but so low as not to be able, it was supposed, to survive many days.
The above detail will account for the lapse of time between the date of your letter to my Nephew, and this acknowledgment of it from me. To acknowledge it himself he could not.
Whatever sum shall be found due to me on acct. of Royal Gift (after all the charges are paid, and such other deductions made as may be satisfactory for your expence and trouble in this business) I would thank you for remitting me in the manner most convenient to yourself, perhaps none will be more so than in Bills from your Branch, on the Bank of the United States in this City.
The season is now so far advanced, that there is no alternative with respect to Royal Gift. He must therefore remain with you another Covering Season; for besides the hazard of removing him in cold weather on frozen ground, he could scarcely arrive in time, certainly not in order for the Services that would be required of him next Spring at Mount Vernon. He is therefore committed to your care and management during that period.
My best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, are presented to you and your lady, and I am etc.
Philadelphia, January 30, 1793.
Gentlemen: I was pleased to find by your representation (dated the 19 of Decemr. 1792, and which did not get to my hands 'till a few days ago) that the opposition to the Law of the United States laying a duty on distilled spirits, is not so universal in the Counties of this State, West of the Alleghaney, as it has been generally represented; and that you are determined to use your influence in your several spheres to inculcate the necessity and advantage of a peaceable compliance with that Law. Your conduct on this occasion is that of good Citizens, and certainly meritorious; for so generally acceptable does that law appear to be throughout the U.S. that I think it would not have met with the opposition which it has in your quarter, if falsehoods and misrepresentations respecting it's operation and tendency had not taken place of fair and candid explanation, which, I am persuaded, is only wanting to lead to a ready acquiescence on the part of the people at large; and I hope and trust that those good and enlightened characters, who have at heart the true interests of the public, will endeavour to effect by fair and just representations, what it would be extremely painful, however necessary, to carry into operation by compulsive means.95
[Note 95: The letter sent (an L. S.) is in the St. Louis Mercantile Library and varies from this "Letter Book" copy in minor verbal details only.]
Philadelphia, January 30, 1793.
Sir: Expecting to have occasion to pay a small sum in Amsterdam, I embrace the opportunity of a Vessel sailing from hence to that place, to enclose you the first of Exchange, drawn by George Meade Esquire on Henry Gildermeester in your favor, for Two thousand three hundred and ten Guilders, Holland Currency, at 30 days; which I wish you to retain in your hands 'till further advice from me. I shall write to you by the British Packet which sails on the 6 of February, and will then remit the second Exchange: and if the Ship by which this letter goes, should not sail tomorrow, as is expected, I will write to you further on this subject by her. With due consideration, I am etc.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On February 4 Washington sent the second bill of exchange, with a brief note, to Van Staphorst, and on March 15 he forwarded the third. These letters are also entered in the "Letter Book."]
Philadelphia, January 31, 1793.
Madam: If I had words that could convey to you an adequate idea of my feelings on the present situation of the Mr. de la Fayette, this letter would appear to you in a different garb. The sole object in writing to you now, is to inform you that I have deposited in the hands of Mr. Nicholas Van Staphorst of Amsterdam, Two thousand three hundred and ten guilders holland currency, equal to two hundred guineas subject to your orders.
This sum is, I am certain, the least I am indebted for services rendered me by Mr. de la Fayette, of which I never yet have received the account. I could add much, but it is best perhaps that I should say little on this subject. Your goodness will supply my deficiency.
The uncertainty of your situation (after all the enquiries I have made) has occasioned a delay in this address and remittance; and even now, the measure adopted is more the effect of a desire to find where you are, than from any knowledge I have obtained of your residence.97
[Note 97: A translation by Tobias Lear of a letter from the Marquise to Washington, dated from Chavaniac, Oct. 8, 1792, is in the Washington Papers. It had not, apparently, reached Washington at the time this letter was written.]
At all times, and under all circumstances, you, and yours, will possess the regard of him, who has the honor &c.98
[Note 98: From the Monroe Papers in the Library of Congress. Marked by Washington "Duplicate."]
Philadelphia, January 31, 1793.
Sir: I wrote to you yesterday by the Ship Holland and enclosed the first bill of Exchange for Two thousand three hundred and ten Guilders; at the same time I observed, that if the Vessel should not sail this day as was expected, I would write to you further on the subject of the bill. Accordingly, I have now to request that you will be so good as to convey the enclosed Letter to Madame La Fayette by some safe hand, if you know where she is to be found, and hold the amot. of the Bill remitted (2310 guilders) subject to her order.
I have taken the liberty, Sir, to trouble you on this business, as the place of Madme. La Fayette's residence since she quitted France, is entirely conjectural with me; but from the vague accounts we have had in this Country it is probable that if she should not be in Holland, it would be known there where she is to be found. I am etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 31, 1793.
Gentlemen: The regular course which the affairs of The Federal City are likely to move in by the appointment of a Superintendant, who may relieve you from details, and from all sacrifices of time except your periodical meetings, enables me now to proceed, on more certain ground, to the subject of compensation. That a proper compensation should be made you, must undoubtedly be the public expectation as well as your own, although the Law is silent thereupon. In proposing the sum, I do not see that I can take a better guide than that of the Legislature, which in fixing the compensation for members of Congress1 has furnished a kind of standard to which for services and qualifications in a certain line may be referred. I should therefore propose to you Six Dollars a day, for the days of actual service, and milage for travelling, in lieu of service and all expences to commence from the first day of the present year.
[Note 1: Congressional salaries, established by the First Congress, were $6 a day and $6 for every 20 miles of travel to and from Congress.]
With respect to the past, I have more difficulty to name a sum, because I do not know the time you have actually sacrificed, and perhaps it would not be practicable for yourselves to state it. On the best judgment I am able to form of it, however, I should propose the sum of One thousand Dollars, each, for your services preceding the commencement of the present year. Should these propositions not exactly meet your own ideas, I shall be very happy to receive your observations on them. With great esteem, I am etc.
PS. My meaning is, that the above sum of One thousand dollrs. should be exclusive of your expencies.2
[Note 2: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress. The P.S. is in the writing of Washington.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, January 31, 1793.
Gentlemen: I have had under consideration Mr. Hallet's plans for the Capitol, which undoubtedly have a great deal of merit. Doctor Thornton3 has also given me a view of his.
[Note 3: Dr. William Thornton.] These last come forward under some very advantageous circumstances. The Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty of the exterior; the propriety with which the apartments are distributed; and the oeconomy in the mass of the whole structure, will, I doubt not, give it a preference, in your eyes, as it has done in mine, and those of several others whom I have consulted, and who are deemed men of skill and taste in Architecture. I have therefore thought it better to give the Doctor time to finish his plan, and for this purpose to delay 'till your next meeting a final decision. Some difficulty arises with respect to Mr. Hallet, who, you know, was in some degree led into his plan by ideas we all expressed to him. This ought not to induce us to prefer it to a better; but while he is liberally rewarded for the time and labour he has expended on it, his feelings should be saved and soothed as much as possible.
I leave it to yourselves how best to prepare him for the possibility that the Doctor's plan may be preferred to his. Some ground for this will be furnished you by the occasion you probably will have for recourse to him as to the interior of the apartments, and the taking him into service, at a fixed allowance, and I understand that his necessities render it material that he should know what his allowance is to be.4 With great esteem &c.5
[Note 4: Dr. Thornton's plans were followed.]
[Note 5: In the writing of Tobias Lear in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, February 1, 1793.
Sir: While I acknowledge the receipt of your Letter of the 16 of february, I cannot but express the regret with which I received the resignation of your Office of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court,6 and sincerely lament the causes which produced it.
[Note 6: Of the United States. (See Washington's letter to the Senate, Feb. 28, 1793, post.)]
It is unnecessary for me to say how much I should have been pleased had your health and other circumstances permitted you to continue in Office; for besides the difficulty of finding characters to fill the dignified and important station of Judge, in whom are combined the necessary professional, local and other requisites, the resignation of persons holding that high office conveys to the public mind a want of stabiliity in that Department, where it is perhaps more essential than in any other. With sentiments of the highest esteem and regard, and sincere wishes for your health and happiness, I am etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On February 1 "The Wabash and Illinois Indians met the President on business at his house this day at 12 O'clock, where they continued 'till 3 O'clock. Present, the Secretary of State, the Secy of War, Govr. St. Clair, the Atty. Genl. Genl. Lincoln, Capt Prior and the Gentlemen of the President,s family. 8 men and 3 women of the Indians: 2 Indian Interpreters and one french Do. (see the President's speech and the Indians' reply)." No copy of the President's speech is now found in the Washington Papers, but a press copy of Jefferson's record of the Indian speeches on February 1 and 4, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. These notes end as follows: "The President then assured them that he would take into consideration what they had said, and would give them an answer on another day, whereupon the Conference ended for the present." The Journal of the Proceedings of the President records for February 4: "The Wabash and Illinois Indians met the President at his House this day at 2 O'clock, where after making speeches, and delivering a pipe and strings of Wampum, they dined with the Presidt. Present, six men and two women of the Indians and the two French Interpreters, viz Capt. Marrat and -- Jous. The Secy of State, the Secy of War, the Arty Genl. Govt. St. Clair Colo. Pickering and the gentlemen of the President's family were present and dined here, except Colo. Pickering. The Secy of State took notes of the Indians speeches."]
Philadelphia, February 1, 1793.
Dear Sir: Yesterday I wrote two letters to the Commissioners. One public, the other private. The first giving ideas of the compensation which ought to be made them for their past, and an allowance for future Services. In doing this I did not, as the Law is silent, chuse to be governed wholly by my own judgment; and therefore took the opinion of known friends to the District, and to yourselves. The result, you have handed to you in the letter above mentioned. I hope it will be satisfactory; if not, say wherein it is otherwise. The sum therein mentioned is exclusive of your expences, which, it is presumed, have been paid from the public fund.
Doctr. Thornton's Plan for the Capitol, is so much superior to any I have seen, that I have no hesitation in giving it a decided preference. He will attend your meeting in March; which, if the sitting continues a few days, or if delayed until Monday the 4th. of that month, and the Commissioners to be in George Town during that Week, They would have an opportunity of seeing most, if not all the Southern Members who will be returning home by land, as Congress must rise the third of that Month. Many advantages would result, in my opinion, if pains was taken to make them better acquainted with this matter than most of them seem to be. The exertions of next Summer will, if great, be all in all in this business. With much regard I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, February 7, 1793.
Sir: I have duly received your Letter of the 1st instant, enclosing Mr. Bennett's claim against Mr. Colville's Estate, and requesting to know when you can receive any part of the money.
It is true that Judgment was obtained against the Assignees of John Semple for the Debt due the Estate of the late Colo. Colville; but I have been informed since, that they either have applied, or mean to apply to the High Court of Chancery for an Injunction to stay execution, until it is finally determined whether they are obliged to pay the interest due on that Debt, or not, (which in fact was the only point in dispute). If this be the case (and whether it is or not Mr. Keith knows better than I do) the matter is still in suspence; and until this is decided, I should not think myself justifiable (even if I had the means in my hands) in paying the interest charged in Mr. Bennett's Account, with which this is connected; for altho' the paying or withholding the Interest can be of no personal moment to me, yet my duty as an Exor obliges me to do that justice from the Estate that is rendered to it.
I have no wish to retain for a moment any money that may come into my hands on Account of Colo. Colville's estate, when it is due and can be paid with propriety and safety; for so tedious and perplexing has been the settlement of these matters to me, that I am extremely anxious to have the business closed as speedily as possible, and no exertions that it has been in my power to make, have been wanting to effect this desirable end.
I am not able at present to go into any investigation of the particulars of Mr. Bennett's Accot. which you have enclosed, as all the papers &ca. relative to the Debts due to and from Colo. Colville's Estate, are in the hands of Mr. Keith of Alexandria, to whom I must beg leave to refer you for information on the subject of your Letter, and to request the favor of you to forward the enclosed Letter to him; the purport of which is to desire, that if an injunction is not in the way, he will lose no time in settling the business with the assignees of Mr. Semple in conformity to the Judgment of the Court. With great esteem &ca.11
[Note 11: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
[H. L.]
Philadelphia, February 7, 1793.
Sir: The enclosed Letter from Colo. Hooe with a statement of Mr. Bennett's claim against Colo. Colville's Estate, will shew you how anxious he is to have that matter settled; and you well know how extremely anxious I am to have all the business relative to that Estate closed as soon as it can possibly be done. I must therefore beg, Sir, that no time may be lost in settling the matter with the Assignees of Mr. Semple, in conformity with the Judgment obtained against them, if an injunction has not issued to stay Execution, which I was informed they would endeavour to obtain. Should an Injunction have issued, the event of another suit must be awaited before there can be a settlement of Mr. Bennett's Accot., and at any rate it will be proper to investigate the particulars of Mr. Bennett's Accot. and compare them with the documents in your possession relative to Colo. Colville's Estate; for I cannot trust to my memory enough to enable me to form an opinion of the particulars of it, but do confess that it assumes a shape very different from the idea I retain of the Legacy that was left him in the Will by the Testator.
I have referred Colo. Hooe to you for information as to the state of the business with Mr. Semple's Assignees, and at the same time I must beg you will let me know, as early as possible, the situation of that matter, and inform me of the fees that have been paid or are due to the Lawyers who were engaged in that Suit on the part of the Exors., with the other expences incurred in that business, that the whole may be laid before the Court and a final settlement take place.
I cannot close this Letter without repeating to you the anxiety I feel to have a final settlement of all matters relative to this Estate, and the reliance I have in your attention and industry to leave nothing undone within your power to bring them to a speedy close. With Esteem, I am etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 7, 1793.
Sir: I have received your Letter of the 17 of January desiring to know the terms upon which I would dispose of a tract of Land which I have in Gloucester County; and in reply thereto, I can only inform you that I receiv'd it on the 1st. of October 1789, at a valuation of £800 Virga. Curry. in part payment of a Bond due to me and that I am willing to dispose of it for the same sum, with interest, from the said 1st. day of October 1789.
If this price should be agreeable to you, and the time of payment made convenient to me the bargain may soon be closed. It would suit me to receive the money immediately on giving possession of the Land; but if that should not comport with the convenience of the purchaser, the matter may possibly be accommodated by allowing a short time for the payment, letting the debt stand upon good security, and with interest.
Should you on this view of the matter incline to purchase the above mentioned Land, you will be so good as to let me know your determination without delay, and the time in which you would propose to make payment. I am etc.12
Philadelphia, February 8, 1793.
Dear Bushrod: I am sorry to think I have cause to accuse you of inattention to my requests. When you were at Mount Vernon last, I told you I had been informed that the Assignees of Semple, agst. whom I, as the surviving Executor of the Will of Colo. T. Colville, had obtained Judgment on a Bond, either had thrown, or intended to throw the matter into Chancery; and ! desired if this was, or should be the case, that you would unite with Mr. Chas. Lee to bring the matter to issue as soon as possible, and at any rate that you would let me know the true state of the case. This you promised to do immediately upon your arrival in Richmond, since which I have not heard a word from you.
The Affairs of this Estate have been a source of extreme trouble and vexation to me, and I am very anxious indeed to have them brought to a close as soon as possible.
My Love, in which your Aunt joins me, is offered to Nancy; and I am, always Your etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 10, 1793.
Dear Sir: It was not 'till the 8 instant that I had the pleasure to receive your Letter of the 10 ulto. with a copy of the first part of the proceedings of the Society for the promotion of Agriculture, Arts and Manufactures in the State of New York, which accompanied it.
While I beg you to accept my best thanks for your politeness in sending me this book, I bestow, with pleasure, the tribute of praise that is due to the patriotic characters who have instituted, and support so useful a Society.
Convinced as I am that the prosperity of our Country is closely connected with our improvement in the useful Arts, I sincerely rejoice to find another Establishment calculated to promote it's best interests, added to those truly valuable ones which before existed. With great esteem and regard, I am etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 10, 1793.
Sir: I have been honored with your Excellency's Letter and duplicate of the 8th ultimo, enclosing the deposition of Benjamin Cleveland respecting the murder of some Cherokee Indians, which was transmitted to me agreeably to a Resolve of the Legislature of South Carolina.
I cannot on this occasion forbear expressing the extremeregret with which I learn that so cruel and unprovoked amurder has been committed by the white people, and particularlyat this juncture. In vain may we expect peace with theIndians on our frontiers, so long as a lawless set of unprincipledwretches can violate the rights of hospitality, or infringethe most solemn treaties, without receiving the punishmentthey so justly merit.
So deeply is the safety and happiness of every good Citizen and industrious settler on our frontiers involved in these atrocious acts, that unless they will exert themselves to prevent such outrages, or to bring the perpetrators of them to condign punishment, no treaties can secure them, neither will it be in the power of the Government of the United States to protect their persons and property from the depredations of the Indians. With sentiments of respect &c.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The Journal of the Proceedings of the President notes that on February 11 "The Indians of the six nations now in Phila. with Captn. Hendricks and his Brother of the Stockbridge Indians and Colo. Lewis of the Canada Indians, dined with the President, together with the Secy of War, Govr. St. Clair, Genl. Putnam, Colo. Pickering. Captns. Prior, Mills and Kersey, Lt. Melcher and Dr. Carmichael. Before dinner the President delivered a short speech to the Indians, thanking them for having gone to the Western Indians with Messages from the U.S. and requesting that they wd. attend the treaty proposed to be held the ensuing spring, and generally expressive of friendship and good will: wh. was answered by the Farmer's Brother, in a style of friendship and goodwill and promising that the Chiefs of the six nations will attend the proposed treaty."]
United States, February 12,1793.
Sir: The hostile Indians having requested that all the Treaties which have been entered into with the several Western and Northern Tribes, may be produced at the proposed Meeting at Sandusky; therefore, in order that the Commissioners for the proposed treaty should be fully informed on the subject of their mission, it would be proper that a summary view shou'd be formed of all the Treaties which have been made with the aforesaid Indians, from the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 to the present time inclusively; and any well grounded exceptions to the validity of any treaty to be noticed. The parties on both sides which made the several treaties; and in cases of the relinquishment of Lands, the consideration given should be specified. And, perhaps, to have a more comprehensive view of the subject, it would be necessary to extend the enquiry prior to the time above mentioned, so as to comprehend any treaties with the French, relatively to the cession of Lands by the Indians North West of the Ohio.
In the Enquiry it will be necessary to note, as far as the information shall be attainable, the acknowledged proprietors of the Lands relinquished to the Whites, as may have been conceded generally by other Indians bordering on the tribes who may have relinquished the said Lands.
I request that you will undertake this subject, and lay the result before me at as early a period as conveniently may be.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 13, 1793.
Sir: Arrangements may be made with the Secretary of the Treasury for the immediate payment of One hundred thousand dollars on account of the debt due from the United States to France. The statement of the Account between these Countries will, it is expected, be compleated tomorrow; and the bale. up to the last of December be ascertained; when the propriety of further, and to what extent advances shall be made will be the subject of further consideration.
The Secretary of the Treasury knows of no settlement between Mr. Jay and Mr. Otto in the year 1789; and conceives if such did take place the document respecting it must be in the Secretary of States Office.20
[Note 20: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, February 17, 1793.
Sir: Until I received your Letter of the 5 inst: it had not occurred to me that the absence of my Nephew would cause an infringement on the punctuality which has heretofore been observed in making my annual payment for the support of the poor-School in the Alexandria Academy, and I thank you for reminding me of it. As it has been usual to make this payment to the President or Treasurer of the Board of Trustees for the Academy, I shall be obliged by your requesting one or the other of these Officers to draw upon Mr. Lear, at sight, for the fifty pounds (specifying in the Draft, the purpose for which it is made), as this mode will be safer and perhaps more convenient, than to transmit the amount in Bank Bills, and especially as I should not know to whom to make the remittance, which is the reason for giving you this trouble.
It is with reluctance, Sir, that I decline a compliance with your wishes; give you letters to certain Gentlemen in Georgia; but I am persuaded that when you recollect that ! have had no opportunities of obtaining a personal knowledge of your talents and qualifications as a Teacher, you will readily see the impropriety there would be in my undertaking to recommend upon those points where I am not qualified to judge, and will therefore impute my declining to comply with your request to it's just cause.
Wishing you success in your undertaking and a continuance of health, I am etc.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
United States, February 17, 1793.
Sir: I transmit to you a Copy of a letter from the Secretary of War to me,23 with the heads of Instructions proposed to be given to the Commissioners who may be appointed to hold a Treaty with the Western Indians, in the spring.
[Note 23: The paper inclosed was Knox's draft of instructions to the Commissioners, a fair copy of which, under date of February 16, is in the Washington Papers.]
As I intend, in a few days, to call for the advice and opinion of the Heads of the Departments on the points touched upon in the enclosed paper, I must request you will give it an attentive and serious consideration, and note such alterations, amendments or additions, in writing, as may appear to you proper to be introduced into the instructions proposed to be given to the Commissioners.
I shall likewise request the opinion of the same Gentlemen upon the expediency of asking the advice of the Senate, before the end of their present Session, as to the propriety of instructing the Commissioners to recede from the present boundary, provided peace cannot be established with the Indians upon other terms. I therefore desire you will turn your attention to this matter also, in order that you may be able to give a deliberate opinion thereon, when the Gentlemen shall be called together.24
[Note 24: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, February 18, 1793.
G Washington is one of a Company who took up, in or about the year 1762, all the ungranted land lying in the Great dismal Swamp; in the vicinity of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Suffolk; and holds two twenty one parts of the Interest therein.
Forty thousand Acres of the interior and richest part of this Swamp has been (as the Subscriber is informed) patented in the names of the Members of said Company; and, probably, is all they will ever obtain, altho' it is far short of what they expected.
This swamp in fertility of Soil, cannot be exceeded. It is covered with the finest Cyprus and Juniper, and other lofty Wood. Its under growth is luxurient Canes.
In the opinion of the Subscriber it may be easily drained; and when drained is equal to the richest rice land of So. Carolina, which, in its unreclaimed State, sells from ten to fifteen pounds Sterling pr. Acre; and from thirty to fifty when reduced, and in order for cultivation.
Its vicinity to the places above mentioned, and its contiguity to the fine Rivers of Nansemond and Elizabeth on which these places are, gives this tract advantages over almost any other of equal quantity in the United States; and the Canal which is now opening from Elizabeth River to Pasquetanck, a River of Albemarle Sound, passing through the same, adds infinitely to its worth. To describe all its advantages, would require more time than my hurry, and the few minutes you allow me, will enable me to do.
The Company have a Plantation, marked on the plat herewith, Dismal Plantation; which is seperate and distinct from the 40,000 Acres. On this there are, or were a number of Negros, as may be seen by the Agents (Mr. Jameisons) letter to me, besides some money in hand, or in the loan Office. the quantum I know not.
For the whole of this Interest, be it little or much, and it cannot be less than 2/21, parts of 40,000 Acres, I will take Five thousand pounds Virginia Currency; estimating dollars at Six Shillings, and other Silver and gold in that proportion, provided the bargain is now struck; but shall not think myself bound by this offer if it is not.
United States, February 18, 1793.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I now lay before you a Report, and Plat of the Territory of the United States, on the Potomac, as given in by the Commissioners of that Territory,27 together with a Letter from the Secretary of State which accompanied them. These papers being original, are to be again deposited with the Records of the Department of State, after having answered the purpose of your information.28
[Note 27: This plat was executed by Andrew Ellicott.]
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 19, 1793.
Sir: I have given due consideration to the papers annexed29 If the usage of the Army has been, that the Officer next in seniority has not only the right to fill the vacancy which is occasioned by death, resignation, or dismission; but also (if adjudged worthy of promotion) to have his Commission dated at the time the said vacancy happened: And, as it appears that the resignation of Captn. Mercer30 of the first Regiment did actually take place on the 26th. of November 1790 (although
[Note 29: "The papers annexed were a memorial of several Captns. of the army of the U.S. against the rank of Captn. Armstrong. Extract of a letter from Genl. Harmar respecting Capt. Mercer's resignation. and the opinion of the Secy. of War on the Memorial." This note, in the writing of Lear, is on the verso of this draft.]
[Note 30: Capt. John Mercer.] for certain considerations his pay was continued until April following) and notice thereof was officially receivd at the War Office on the 5th. of January then next ensuing I can see no principle on which the Memorialists whose military existence as Capts. did not take place until the 4th. of March is founded; and therefore under the statement which is exhibited to me, do give it as my opinion that Captn. Armstrong ought to take rank of the Memorialists.
United States, February 19, 1793.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: It has been agreed on the part of the United States that a treaty or conference shall be held the ensuing season with the hostile Indians, North West of the Ohio, in order to remove, if possible, all causes of difference and to establish a solid Peace with them.
As the Estimates, heretofore presented to the House for the current year, did not contemplate this object, it will be proper that an express provision be made by law, as well for the general expences of the treaty, as to establish the compensation to be allowed the Commissioners, who shall be appointed for the purpose.
I shall therefore direct the Secretary of War to lay before you an Estimate of the expences, which may probably attend this measure.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 20, 1793.
Sir: The resignation of Mr. Johnson, one of the Associate Justices, having occasioned a vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States, it is incumbent on me to bring forward a suitable character to fill that place. In performing this part of my duty, I think it necessary to select a person, who is not only professionally qualified to discharge that important trust; but one who is known to the public, and whose conduct meets their approbation. Under this impression, Sir, I have turned my thoughts upon you; and, if you will permit me to nominate you for this office, I shall have the satisfaction to believe, that our Country will be pleased with and benefited by the acquisition.
As an appointment to this Office must be made before the close of the present Session of the Senate, which is near at hand, and it would be convenient if it could be done before the rising of the Supreme Court which is now sitting, in order that the Judges may make their arrangement of the Circuits, it is necessary that I should know your determination as early as possible. I have the honor &c.32
[Note 32: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's message to the Senate, Feb. 28, 1793, post.)]
Philadelphia, February 24, 1793.
Sir: I was much pleased with the information you gave me in your Letter of the 19 Inst: relative to the progress of the work on the Potomac, and the prospect there is of navigation being so nearly completed in the course of the ensueing Summer.
I observe, however, that you say nothing of what is doing or about to be done at the Great Falls; but as it is so obvious that the rendering that place navigable is one of the most important objects in the whole business, I presume that every exertion will be made there, in conjunction with the progress of the work in other parts of the river, that the funds of the Company will admit of, and I was happy to learn when I was last in Virginia, that there was no probability of a delay for the want of Cash.
This being the case, I am persuaded that the numerous and great advantages which present themselves, from a speedy completion of the work, will excite every exertion that can possibly be made towards it. With very great regard, I am etc.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original is in the possession of William Smith Mason, of Evanston, Ill. From the typed copy kindly sent by Mr. Mason; the "Letter Book" copy varies in spelling and capitalization only.]
[Note 34: Widow of George Augustine Washington.]
Philadelphia, February 24, 1793.
My dear Fanny: To you, who so well know the affectionate regard I had for our departed friend, it is unnecessary to describe the sorrow with which I was afflicted at the news of his death, although it was an event I had expected many weeks before it happened. To express this sorrow with the force I feel it, would answer no other purpose than to revive, in your breast, that poignancy of anguish, which, by this time, I hope is abated. Reason and resignation to the divine will, which is just, and wise in all its dispensations, cannot, in such a mind as yours, fail to produce this effect.
The object of the present letter is to convey to your mind the warmest assurances of my love, friendship, and disposition to serve you; These also I profess to have in an eminent degree, for your Children.
What plan you have contemplated, or whether in so short a time you have contemplated any, is unknown to me; and therefore I add, that the one which strikes me most favorably, by being best calculated to promote the interest of yourself and Children, is to return to your old habitation at Mount Vernon. You can go to no place where you will be more welcome, nor to any where you can live at less expence, or trouble; matters at Mount Vernn. are now so arranged as to be under the care of responsible persons, and so they may continue; which would ease you of that anxiety, which the care of so large a family, otherwise, would naturally involve you in. It is unnecessary to observe to you that Housekeeping, under any circumstances, and with the best oeeconomy, is expensive; and, where provision for it is to be made, will be found, I fear, beyond your means.
You might bring my niece, Harriet Washington with you for a Companion; whose conduct, I hear with pleasure, has given much satisfaction to my sister. I shall, under my present view of things, be at Mount Vernon about the first of April for, perhaps, a fortnight; But your Aunt and family will not, I expect, be there before the middle of July. My Affectionate regards attend you and your Children; and I shall always be your sincere friend.35
[Note 35: From a photostat of the original in the possession of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
United States, February 24, 1793.
The President of the United States requests the attendance of the -- at Nine o'Clock tomorrow morning; at the President's house, on the subject of the note sent to the--on the 17 inst: and that the--will bring with him such remarks as he may have committed to writing in pursuance of said note.
At the same time the President will lay before the Heads of the Departments and the Attorney General some communications which he has just received from General Hull.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The letter, sent to Jefferson, in the writing of Tobias Lear, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. (See Washington's letters to the Secretaries of State and Treasury and the Attorney General, Feb. 17, 1793, ante.)
On February 25, at a meeting of the Cabinet at the President's house, the following questions were propounded to the Cabinet, and the answers given:
"1. The Governor of Canada having refused to let us obtain provisions from that province or to pass them along the water communication to the place of treaty with the Indians, and the Indians having refused to let them pass peaceably along what they call the bloody path, the Governor of Canada at the same time proposing to furnish the whole provisions necessary, Ought the treaty to proceed? Answer unanimously, it ought to proceed.
"2. Have the Executive, or the Executive and Senate together authority to relinquish to the Indians the right of soil of any part of the lands North of the Ohio, which has been validly obtained by former treaties?
"The Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary at war and Attorney general are of opinion that the Executive and Senate have such authority, provided that no grants to individuals nor reservations to states be thereby infringed. the Secretary of state is of opinion they have no such authority to relinquish.
"3. Will it be expedient to make any such relinquishment to the Indians if essential to peace?
"The Secretaries of the Treasury and War and the Attorney general are of opinion it will be expedient to make such relinquishment, if essential to peace, provided it do not include any lands sold or reserved for special purposes (the reservations for trading places excepted) The Secretary of state is of opinion that the Executive and Senate have authority to stipulate with the Indians and that if essential to peace it will be expedient to stipulate that we will not settle any lands between those already sold or reserved for special purposes, and the lines heretofore validly established with the Indians.
"Whether the Senate shall be previously consulted on this point?
"4. The Opinion unanimously is that it will be better not to consult them previously."
This record, in the writing of Jefferson and signed by him, and by Hamilton, Knox, and Randolph, is in the Washington Papers.
On February 25, also, the President desired the opinion of the Cabinet on the following question: "Mr. Ternant having applied for money equivalent to three millions of livres to be furnished on account of our debt to France at the request of the Executive of that country, which sum is to be laid out in provisions within the U.S. to be sent to France, Shall the money be furnished?" The Cabinet was of the opinion "that the whole sum asked for...ought to be furnished." This proceeding, in the writing of Jefferson and signed by him, and by Hamilton, Knox, and Randolph, is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 26, 1793.
Sir: The Minister of France may, as soon as he pleases, make arrangements with the Secretary of the Treasury for the payment of Three million of Livres on account of the debt due from the U: States to France (including the one hundred thousand dollars already ordered, in part) agreeably to the requisition of M. Le Brun Minister for Foreign Affairs in that Country, and In such manner as will comport with the State of the Treasury.39
[Note 39: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
On March 2 the Cabinet decided that "The opinion unanimously is, that the Secretary of the Treasury shall inform Mr. Smith that the Government of the United States have made [or] engaged payments to France to the extent which is at present consistent with their arrangements; and do not judge it advisable to take any measures on the subject of his Application." This opinion, in the writing of Tobias Lear, and signed by Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox, and Randolph, is in the Washington Papers.]
February 27, 1793.
Sir: As the day is near at hand, when the President-elect is to take the oath of qualification,40 and no mode is pointed out by the Constitution or law; I could wish that you, Mr. Jefferson (Genl. Knox, or Colo. Hamilton) and Mr. Randolph could meet tomorrow morning, at any place which you may fix between yourselves; and communicate to me the result of your opinions as to time, place and manner of qualification.
[Note 40: Oath of office.]
P.S. Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Randolph have suggested the idea of meeting at the War Office at nine o'Clock tomorrow morning, if this is convenient and agreeable to you, you will be there accordingly; if otherwise you will be so good as to let me know.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The following memorandum, in the writing of Edmund Randolph, under date of February 27, is in the Washington Papers:
"If the qualification is to he in private, T. J, A. H H. K and E. R, are of opinion, that Mr. Cushing should administer the oath to the President at his own house, where such officers, or others, as he may notify, will attend. T. J. and A. H. think, that it ought to be in private.
"H. K. and E. R. on the other hand think, that the qualification ought to be in public: and that the Marshal of the district should prepare the house of Representatives for the purpose where Mr. Cushing shall administer the oath. The Prest. to go without form, accompanied with such gentlemen, as he thinks proper, and return preceded by the Marshall.
"Monday, 12 o'clock, is presumed to be the best time.
"But as the mode will be considered by the public, as originating with the President, it is submitted to him for his decision."
On March 1 a further opinion was given by Knox and Randolph, and a qualified one by Hamilton, as follows:
"It is our opinion,
"1. That the President ought to take the oath in public.
"2. That the time be on Monday next at twelve o'clock in the forenoon.
"3. That the place be the Senate-chamber.
"4. That the Marshal of the district inform the Vice-President, that the Senate-chamber, being the usual place of the president's public acts, is supposed to be the best place for taking the oath; and that it is wished, that the chamber be open.
"5. That it may be informally notified to the Vice-President governor [of Pennsylvania] and foreign ministers, that the oath is to be taken at the time and place above mentioned.
"6. That Mr. Cushing be requested to attend; and administer the oath.
"7. That the President go without form attended by such gentlemen, as he may choose, and return without form, except that he be preceded by the Marshal. H. Knox, Edmund Randolph.
"My opinion given yesterday was founded on prudential considerations of the moment; though I think it right in the abstract to give publicity to the Act in question. If this is to be done on the present occasion, I see no objection to the above form. I am not, however, satisfied that prudential considerations are not equally ballanced. A. Hamilton."
Hamilton's opinion is in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 28, 1793.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I was led, by a consideration of the qualifications of Willm. Patterson of New Jersey, to nominate him an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.42 It has since occurred that he was a member of the Senate when the Law creating that Office was passed, and that the time for which he was elected is not yet expired. I think it my duty therefore, to declare that I deem the nomination to have been null by the Constitution.43
[Note 42: The President had nominated Paterson, in a brief message to the Senate, February 27, which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The Senate confirmed the appointment on March 4.]
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Thursday Morning, February 28, 1793.
Dr. Sir: It is much to be regretted that the subject of Rations (encreased) had not been thought of and considered at an earlier period! It is to be feared a proposition at this time would be received with an ill grace. probably no attention paid to it. At the meeting you are about to have to would be well to mention the matter and know what the Gentlemen there would think of bringing the matter forward at a time so Mal a propos. Yrs.44
[Note 44: A contemporary copy, in the writing of a clerk.]
Philadelphia, March 3, 1793.
Gentlemen: This will be handed to you by Doctor Thornton of this City, who goes forward to lay before you a plan which he has prepared for the Capitol proposed to be built in the federal City.
Grandeur, Simplicity and Convenience appear to be so well combined in this plan of Doctor Thornton's, that I have no doubt of its meeting with that approbation from you, which I have given it upon an attentive inspection, and which it has received from all those who have seen it and are considered as judges of such things.
How far the expense of such a building, as is exhibited by the plan, will comport with the funds of the City, you will be the best judges, after having made an estimate of the quantity of materials and labour to be employed in executing it. And to obviate objections that may be raised on this head, it should be considered, that the external of the building will be the only immediate expense to be incurred. The internal work, and many of the ornamental parts without, may be finished gradually, as the means will permit, and still the whole be completed within the time contemplated by law for the use of the building. With very great esteem I am etc.47
[Note 47: In the writing of Tobias Lear in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 3, 1793.
Dear Sir: The Official letter from the Commissioners to me, dated the 8th of last month, promising their Sentiments on the subject of compensation, so soon as a meeting was had with Mr. Johnson, prevented my acknowledging the receipt of your private letter of the same date, and on the same subject, until now; nor shall I do more than slightly touch upon it until I receive the further Sentiments of the board, thereupon.
It may not be amiss, however, in this friendly, and confidential manner; previously to regret that the expectations of the Commissioners, and the opinions of those who were consulted on the compensation proper to be made them, for past, and future services, should accord so little. It is to be observed (as was mentioned in my last) that the Law authorizing the appointment contemplates no pay. Justice however requires it, and therefore, such as it was conceived would meet the concurrence of the public, was allotted. In similar cases it rarely happens, if ever, that high, if any Saileries are allowed. Instance the Directors of the Potomac Company; of the Canal; Navigations of this State; the Bank, &ca. &ca. I do not quote these cases, however, to prove that Saileries ought not to be allowed in the case of the Commissioners of the federal district, for the past, and compensation for their future Services; but only to shew that necessity of their being as low as could comport with justice. With respect to your ideas of a future allowance, I am bold in assuring you, that, no fixed Sallery in the United States (however they have been reprobated for their extravagance) from the Chief Magistrate to the Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives is equal to One thousand dollars clear of expences. The reasons are too obvious, to stand in need of enumeration; and I must candidly declare, that I see little use for a Superintendant if more will be requir'd of the Commissioners than either to form, or to adopt plans; give the great outlines thereof in Instruction; and leave the detail and execution to the Superintendant, who ought as I have declared in a letter to you dated the 30th. of November last, to be always on the Spot (unless the duties of the trust should take him away, to facilitate the objects of it). Under this idea, could it suit any person better than yourself to visit the federal City once every three or four months, suppose every two months, when you have an Estate opposite to it that has a claim to a share of your attention. As to the suspicion which may arise, if you serve for daily pay, that your Sessions will be prolonged by it, they are not worth regarding. The malevolence of man is not to be avoided; but instead of touching the subject only, in the manner I proposed, I find I am enlarging upon it, and therefore will change it.
Mr. Jefferson is at a loss to discover what could have proceeded from him to Mr. Ellicott, that should have occasioned any discontent in the mind of the latter, with the Commissioners, and having shewn me the only letters which (he says) he has written to him for many months I see nothing therein on which to found the conjecture contained in the latter part of your letter of the 8th. of February.
As I do not take the George Town paper, and have seen no extracts from it in any other, I do not know to what it is you allude in your letters of the 8 and 18th. instt. which came to hand a few days ago. Mr. Ellicot has never come near me since his return to the City; no explanation therefore on this, the case of Mr. Young, or any other subject has taken place between us.
With respect to Mr Young's renewed application for a change towards the point, &ca. I scarcely know what answer to give, at this time. A change in one instance will, I am certain, open a wide door which could not easily be shut. Therefore, before I could consent even to take the matter into consideration, it would be necessary to have an accurate plan of the parts; deliniated upon paper, with the alterations he proposes; and to have the Commissioners opinion of the consequences resultg. from the adoption of it, in writing; for unless there are some powerful reasons for discrimination, it would be bad policy to comply with the request of one of the Propriators, and reject the application of another. It is possible, and not improbable that I may be at George Town on my way to Mount Vernon about the first of April; when, if every thing was prepared for it, I might on the spot be better able to give an opinion. But, as Mr. Young is in the occupancy of the whole, I see no cause for a hasty decision, which may create (if an alteration should take place) discontents in other quarters. No letter to me, has been received from him as yet. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.50
[Note 50: From a letter press copy in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 3, 1793.
Dear Sir: From the information I continually receive from Mr. Whiting (who superintends my business at Mount Vernon) it is likely that I shall, very soon, suffer considerably for want of lime to carry on a building which is now in hand, and which will require about 40,000 Bricks for the ground work of it.
Mr. Whiting has endeavored, in vain, to engage some of the small Craft in the upper part of the River to undertake to supply me with Shells to lay the above number of Bricks; but whether, from not knowing where to obtain the Shells; because it is a trifling business; or because they find more profitable employment in other pursuits I know not, but the fact is, he has not been able hitherto to engage one. This being the case, I have now written to him, to try if he cannot hire a Vessel by the day, and send her to you, who I flatter myself will not only furnish me with the Shells (as I know your Estate abounds with them on the margins of tide water) but also in the present instance, aid in loading the Vessel. The latter however I would not have asked but from the pressure under which I am.
Do you hire any of your Negro Carpenters by the year? or do you know who is in the habit of doing, or would do it? Having work on hand and in the prospect that I wish to have compleated as soon as it is conveniently possible, I would hire two, four, or Six if they are good common workmen and who are orderly and well disposed people. Your answer to these queries, with the precise terms on which they could be obtained, if to be had at all, would very much oblige Your etc.
P.S. Mrs. Washington unites with me in Compliments and best wishes to your Lady and family.51
[Note 51: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, March 3, 1793.
Gentlemen: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 5 of January and 8 of february. The former enclosing a List of the squares actually divided &ca., copies of two letters from Majr. Ellicott, and a statement of your certain funds and probable expenditures for the year 1793.
Altho' I have written to you since the receipt of your first Letter; yet, I have not 'till this moment had time to touch upon the several points therein mentioned, which seemed to require a particular answer.
As it is of importance that the squares should be divided and finished as soon as circumstances will admit, I trust that no time will be lost in obtaining a suitable and well qualified person to complete that business, if the services of Majr. Ellicott cannot be counted upon to finish it.
I think with you that the expence of surveying and marking the lines of the District should, and I have no doubt will be defrayed by the United States; but it was not thought best to lay the matter before Congress at this Session. In justice, the expence pence of surveying the City should be refunded from the same source; but on this point a question would be more likely to arise than on the former.
The proprietor's claim of payment for a quantity of Land in the squares intersected by the two cross Streets &ca. is a subject on which I am not qualified to give an opinion; but I should suppose a reference to the terms of agreement with those Gentlemen would decide the matter. If it should not, the mode which you mention of leaving it to proper and impartial Judges appears to be the best.
When it was suggested to increase the dimensions of the President's House, one fifth. I had no idea that it would carry the expence of that building to anything like the sum of £77,900 Sterling, which is estimated by Mr. Hoben. And if that should be the case, I am decidedly of opinion that it would be best to take the plan on it's original scale as you mention. It was always my idea (and if I am not mistaken, Mr. Hoben coincided in the propriety and practicability of it) that the building should be so arranged that only a part of it should be erected at present; but upon such a plan as to make the part so erected an entire building, and to admit of an addition in future, as circumstances might render proper; without hurting, but rather adding to the beauty and magnificence of the whole as an original plan. I was led to this idea by considering that a house which would be very proper for a President of the United States for some years to come, might not be considered is corresponding with other circumstances at a more distant period: and therefore, to avoid the inconvenience which might arise hereafter on that subject, I wished the building to be upon the plan I have mentioned. But I confess, that I cannot see how so great an increase of expence would arise from the small encrease of dimensions proposed; and am much mistaken indeed if it does not far exceed any ideas he let out at the time his plan was adopted. However, as I do not profess to be an accurate Judge of these matters, I cannot undertake to say that the additional expence is inconsistent.
In order that no means in our power for raising a fund commensurate with the objects in view for the ensuing season, may be left untried, I enclose you a draft on the Maryland Treasury for the third instalment of that State, agreeably to the request in your letter of the 8 of february.
In looking over your statement of the "certain funds" for the year 1793, I observe that after mentioning the sum "now in the Treasurer's hands", you say, "his advances on account, as money has been wanted, not covered by warrants" &ca., it struck me on reading this, that it might be possible that some inconvenience might arise from having money paid without a special warrant. While the present Gentleman, who acts as your Treasurer, continues in that office, there can be no apprehension of any evil arising from having money paid without being covered by a warrant; but in the event of his death, or withdrawing of the present Commissioners, might not some difficulty arise on that head? I merely suggest this for your consideration, as it struck me, without any intention of viewing the matter in a reprehensible light. I do not mean by special warrants, that the Treasurer should have a warrant for every trifling payment that may be made; but as you will probably have before you at stated periods, estimates of monies that may be wanted before the next meeting, a general warrant might be given to the Treasurer for the amot. of the sum, accompanied with a copy of the estimate, under cover of which he could make the payments. You will, however, consider this as a mere suggestion to guard against inconveniences that might happen; but not intended by any means to dictate to you the mode of transacting your business. With great esteem etc.
P.S. I enclose a small pamphlet which was handed to me by Mr. Jefferson, who observes that it contains some ideas which may merit attention, in due time, at the Federal City.52
[Note 52: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 4, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 18th. Ulto. and its enclosure, came duly to hand. Expected, as the death of my departed relation and friend53 was, I could not but feel sensibly, when the news of it arrived; and I take the prest. occasion to offer you my Condolence on your own late loss of yr. father and my friend for whom, when alive, I had the sincerest regard.
[Note 53: George Augustine Washington.]
I wish some other competent and more active than, I can be had been placed as an Executor of the Will of my Nephew. All the aid I can give, by advice, in the management of the Estate and whatever may respect it would have been afforded without being named in it: More, cannot be done by me from that circumstance for my situation will preclude me from qualifying as an Executor and from incurring any responsibility in the management of the Estate.
The time for proving the Will, and qualifying as an Executrix, must depend upon your Sister. I expect to be at Mount Vernon about the first Week in April, and will make a point of it, if public duties do not forbid it, to be in the County on the Court day of that month; which, I think, happens on the 15th. day of it; provided she chooses to be up then, either temporarily or permanently, and with much pleasure and satisfaction to myself will give her every aid in my power to arrange the business of the Estate. My returning thither again, will depend upon circumstances; which are not always under my controul and probably will not admit it, before July or August. With these things be pleased to bring Fanny acquainted. Offer my love to her and the Children, my respects and good wishes to Mrs. Bassett, and be assured of the esteem and regard with wch. I am &c.54
[Note 54: From the draft in the possession of E. Francis Riggs, of Hyattsville, Md.]
Philadelphia, March 4, 1793.
Dear Sir: Since writing my Letter of yesterday, I have received the enclosed from Mr. Jefferson, which I send to you just as I recd. it. I am etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The following is entered in the "Letter Book" immediately following this letter: "Note. The enclosed was the copies of two letters written by Mr. Jefferson to Mr. Ellicott; wch, he says is all that he has written to him in the years 1792 and 1793.]
Philadelphia, March 6, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of the 17 Ulto: and beg you to be assured that nothing was ever farther from my thoughts than taking amiss your not coming to the road to see me the day I passed by your House on my return to this City; as an unequivocal proof of this fact, I have only to assure you that I should not have been found there, had you come out to it; for it was not until I was opposite to your House, that I sent the Servant in, without making any halt myself, being in a hurry to meet and do some business with the Commissioners of the Federal District, at George Town, before Mrs. Washington should come up, that we might proceed some miles on our journey (which we accordingly did) that afternoon. Motives of friendship and respect was all I had in view by sending in to know how you did as I was about to leave the Country and had it not in my power, for the reason just mentioned, to call upon you myself for that purpose.
I thank you for your kind condolence on the Death of my Nephew. It is a loss I sincerely regret, but as it is the will of Heaven, whose decrees are always just and wise, I submit to it without a murmur.
Before I conclude, permit me to ask if anything is done, or likely to be done in the case of Savage. I am extremely anxious to see all matters in which I have had any agency, brought to a close, altho' the issue thereof should be unfavorable, before I quit the stage of Life.
My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington unites, are presented to Mrs. Fairfax, and your family; and, I am etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 7, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have received your letters of the 4th. and 9th. of Jany. in answer to mine of the 23d. of Decr.
I would not have you seek, at least apparently, Major Harrison, but if you should, or could conveniently fall in with him soon, and without forcing the conversation, talk to him again on the subject of his land adjoining me, and extract anything farther from him on the subject thereof that might be useful to me, I should be glad to know it. The enclosed letter to Mr. Whiting, from Mr. Chichester, the only person except Thompson Mason his Son in law (who also has poor tenanted land adjoining. Harrisons should become so) that can, in my opinion step forward as a competetor, shews his ideas of the value of it: but altho' this may be the intrinsic worth, yet, circumstances considered, I would give more for it, if it is unincumbered with leases than what is there mentioned; or, I would give, by way of exchange, Lands in Kentuckey for it.
I expect to be at Mount Vernon before the 5th. of April, and shall, probably, take Fairfax Court (which I believe is on the 15th. of that month) on my way back to this City. Between these dates, if Mr. Harrison wd. call upon me, at Mount Vernon with his papers, the bargain, if made at all, might soon be concluded. I cannot as I expect to take the meeting of the Commissioners of the Federal District at George Town (about the first of April) well be at home before the 5th. of that month; nor will public business allow me to stay there longer than the 15th. The last being necessary on acct. of the Will of my deceased Nephew Majr. Washington; which, I expect, will be proved at that time. The first on the business of the New City. I shall come alone, merely for the purposes above menti[on]ed and to look into some matters of my own which require attention.
My best wishes attend Mrs. Lewis in which your Aunt joins me, and I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, March 7, 1793.
Sir: The President wishes to procure a Studhorse, to put to such mares as may not prove with foal by the Jacks, and to try mares with that may be brought to the Jacks; as well as to ascertain, after they have been put, whether they are satisfied or not, for it some times happens that they will refuse the Jack, when they will not a Horse. Conceiving that you may know of, or have on opportunity of meeting with such an one as would answer his purposes, and believing in your readiness to oblige him in this instance, he has directed me to apply to you on the occasion.
He wishes him to be at least 15½ or 16 hands high, well formed, of a handsome carriage, not exceeding Eight years of age. a bay would be preferred. His pedigree will not be considered as an object of much consequence, if it should be the means of greatly enhancing the price of such an horse; but at the same time the President would prefer one of some blood, if he cou'd be obtained upon terms nearly equal to one destitute of that quality, but equal in other respects.
From the above description you will see that the President is not disposed to give an extraordinary price for the Horse he wants; and relying upon your knowledge of and judgment in those animals, he thinks it unnecessary to be more particular in the description.
If such an Horse can be obtained for the President he must be here by the 22d. or 23d. of this month, as the President intends going to Mount Vernon about that time, and will have him taken down there at the same time. You will therefore be so good as to let the President know as soon as possible, if you can get such an Horse as is mentioned, with his price and a description of him, and the President will inform you immediately whether he shall be purchased or not. I am etc.59
United States, March 8, 1793.
Sir: Being desirous of having a full and accurate knowledge of such things as are required to be done by or through the President
[Note 59: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.] of the United States, by the laws passed during the late Session of Congress, and which are deposited among the Rolls in your Office; I have to request, that the said laws may be examined for this purpose, and that you will furnish me with extracts of such parts or clauses of them as relate to, or require the immediate or special agency of the President of the United States.60
[Note 60: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
United States, March 9, 1793.
Sir: Expecting that my private Affairs will call me to Virginia on or before the 25th of this month, I have to request that you will lay before me, previous to that time, such matters within your department as may require my attention or agency before I set out; as well as those which might be necessary for me to know or act upon during the time of my absence from the Seat of Government (which will be about four weeks) so far as such things may come to your knowledge before my departure.62
[Note 62: Cain the writing of Tobias Lear in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Sunday, March 10, 1793.
Sir: If, upon a due consideration of the letter from the Secretary of the N. W. Territory63 to Govr. St. Clair, which you sent to me yesterday, and is herewith returned, you shall be of opinion that my official interference is necessary on the subject of that letter, I must request that you will report to me wherein such interference may be necessary, as well as the authority under which the President may exercise it.
[Note 63: Winthrop Sargent.]
But I confess to you, that the long absence of the Governor, as well as of some of the Judges, from the Territory, appears to me, if not the cause of producing the irregularities complained of by the Secretary, to be a great means of encouraging a spirit of riot and disorder, by relaxing the energy of the laws. This, therefore, is an additional reason for me to wish that the Governor may be pressed to repair to the Territory without delay. And unless he does, I shall be under the disagreeable necessity of issuing a peremptory Order for that purpose. I wish to be informed whether Judge Turner has set out for the Territory.
I think it would be best for you to consult with the Atty. Genl. to determine whether transcripts of the treaties made with the Indians under the State Governmt. of N. York should be sent for or not.62
United States, March 11, 1793.
Sir: I have to request that you will examine with a careful attention, all the Laws passed during the last Session of Congress, and select therefrom such parts or clauses as require the special agency of the President to carry them into effect, and report the same to me; together with Department thro' or by which such things are to be executed.64
Philadelphia, March 11, 1793.
Sir: The President of the United States requests that you will transmit to him a statement of his Accot. with the James river Company, from it's first institution, in order that he may be fully acquainted with the payments which have been made on his account, as well as with what may be due from him.
The President's long absence from home, and the little attention that his public duties have permitted him to pay to his private Affairs, have prevented him from keeping so regular a statement of his Account with the Company as he could wish, and this is the cause of giving you this trouble. I have the honor etc.65
[Note 65: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 11, 1793.
Sir: On Saturday last the President receiv'd a Letter which was enclosed in one to you from Mr. Thos. Bowen; in which Mr. Bowen requests to be informed by the President, of the person who administered on the Estate of a Mr. George Harrison who formerly lived near Alexandria.
In reply to Mr. Bowen's enquiry, the President has directed me to give you the following information, (which is all he possesses on the subject) in order that it may be communicated to Mr. Bowen. The President can give very little satisfactory information respecting the enquiry. The only person of the name of George Harrison he ever heard of in the part of the Country mentioned by Mr. Bowen, has been dead little short of Fifty years. he left a widow, but no children, and the reversion of the Land on which he lived to a Nephew of his by the name of John West, (after the Death of his wife) from whom the President bought it about twenty years ago. The widow married a person of the name of Posey; but whether she had been appointed an executrix of the will of Harrison, or administered on the Estate, or who else acted in either of these characters, the President is unable to say, it being before his time, and having had no concern in his affairs, or knowledge of them further than buying the Land as above mentioned.
Enclosed is your Letter from Mrs. Bowen, which covered the President's. I have the honor etc.66
[Note 66: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 13, 1793.
Sir: I have been favored with your Letter of yesterday, with it's enclosures, in reply to mine of the 7 Instant.
Of the several Horses which you mention, the Colt belonging to Mr. Baker seems to strike the President as most likely to answer his purposes; but before he can determine respecting him, the President wishes to know whether he was three years old last Spring, or is but three now. If the former there can be no great prospect of his ever being much higher than he now is, altho' he will undoubtedly spread and become stouter, if the latter, the President thinks he would bid fair to be a large Horse, he likewise wishes to be informed whether he has been broken to the saddle, and performed service, or not. The President will be much obliged to you for information on these points as soon as you can conveniently give it.
With respect to Mr. Hamilton's horse, the President thinks his head might be an objection to him, (altho' in other respects answering very well) as he considers a small well-formed head and neck as constituting essential parts in the beauty of a Horse. But your view of him, you say, was slight, perhaps at a closer one, he might appear to greater advantage; and the President believes your judgment good.
The price of Mr. Phillips' horse is so much beyond what the President thinks of giving, as to put him out of the question.
For your prompt attention to the President's request, and your trouble in this business, he begs you to accept his thanks. I am etc.67
[Note 67: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 13, 1793.
Dear Sir: The returned draught of a letter to Mr. Gouvr. Morris accords with my sentiments. Taking it for granted, that the words "We suppose this will rather overpay the instalments and interest due on the loans of 18.6 and 10 Millions," mean all that could be demanded by the French Government to the dose of last year. This being the idea I have entertained of the payments, and engagements to pay.
If it has not been done in a former letter, it would be agreeable to me, that Mr. Morris should be instructed to neglect no favorable opportunity of expressing informally the sentiments and wishes of this Country respecting the M. de la Fayette. And I pray you to commit to paper, in answer to the enclosed letter from Madame de la Fayette to me, all the consolation I can with propriety give her consistent with my public character and the National policy; circumstanced as things are. My last, and only letter to her is herewith sent, that you may see what has been written heretofore. I am etc.68
[Note 68: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 69: United States attorney for the Pennsylvania district.]
March 13, 1793.
Whereas it appears to me, from the representation of several respectable persons, and from sundry affidavits, that William Kerr and Alexander Beer, who were lately indicted in the Circuit Court of the United States, holden in the Town of York, in the State of Pennsylvania, for a riot, were innocent of the offence, with which they stand charged; and they may be exposed to great trouble and expence in defending themselves unless the Indictment be discontinued: I have therefore thought fit to instruct, and I do hereby instruct you forth with to enter a Nolle prose qui on the indictment aforesaid: and for so doing let this be filed as your warrant.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 71: Of the United States Army.]
Philadelphia, March 14, 1793.
Sir: I had the pleasure to receive your polite Letter of the 1st. of November by the hands of Captn. Prior,72 and shortly after, the two Kegs of Fish therein mentioned came safe to hand. They were truly a novelty here, and if the western waters
[Note 72: Capt. Abner Prior, of the First Sub-Legion, United States Army] abound with such fine fish as these appear to be, it may be considered as no small addition to the many favors which nature has lavished upon that desirable Country.
This token of regard and attention is entitled to, and must receive the best thanks and acknowledgments of Sir, Your etc.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 14 Lear wrote to the Secretary of War that "the President approves the idea of allowing the sum of 50 dolls, Annually for the support of a School among the Indians at Brother town provided it shd. appear from the representation of the Agent for Indian Affairs in that quarter, that such an establishmt. wd. conduce to the general object of the U. S: the information and civilization of the Indians." Lear's draft is in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (March 14) Lear also wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury, that the President has no doubt of the intention of Hezekiah and George D. Usher "to defraud the Revenue; but if it shall appear to the Secretary, from his information on the subject, that the said Ushers have suffered by the loss of their goods, and expences attending the suit, enough to answer the intention of the Law, the President leaves it to his judgment, to remit the penalty in such way as, upon consulting the Attorney General of the Ud. States, shall appear best." Lear's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 15, 1793.
Dear Sir: I was exceedingly pleased to learn from your Letter of the 15 ulto., that a spirit of improvement in military knowledge was rapidly taking place among the militia of your State; and I should be happy to give a mark of my approbation of so laudable an emulation, by complying with your Excellency's request, if it could be done with propriety. but applications of a similar nature having been heretofore made and refused; and it being thought proper to avoid complying with them, from a persuasion of the necessity of keeping the artillery of the United States as much together as circumstances would permit, and from knowing that if the request was granted in one instance, it could not be denied in any. I am therefore under the necessity of declining to comply with the wish of your Excellency for the loan of some brass field peices from the Arsenal of the Ud. States, for the use of the Volunteer companies of Artillery in Charleston; and I am persuaded you will see that my conduct in this respect is unavoidably the result of my duty to the public. I am etc.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 15, 1793.
Sir: I hope you will have the goodness to excuse the delay which has taken place in transmitting Answers to your queries respecting the sheep of this Country agreeably to the promise I made you in a letter which I had the honor of writing to you the 20th. of October last. The Session of Congress which commenced the 5 of Novr. and did not close until the 3d. of this month, is offered as the principal cause of the delay.
The Paper herewith enclosed is from one of the most intelligent Gentlemen farmers of this State (Pennsylvania) living not more than five miles from the City. His details respecting the Sheep of this State will apply without much variation to those of other States in the Union. In the extremes, however, of which they are, I think, more indifferent, and in Virginia and Maryland best of all; both for wool and mutton; and easiest raised on acct. of the temperature of the climate.
On my own farms, near the head of the tide water of Potomac (which River divides the States of Virga. and Maryland) I keep more sheep than is usual in this Country (from Six hundred to a thousand head) and whilst I resided thereon and could attend to the management of them myself their fleeces averaged full 5 lbs.; and the Mutton from 18 to 22 lbs. a quarter. But this was the effect of care, and the choice of good Rams from the English breed wch. we now and then get over notwithstanding your prohibitary Laws, or customs. Mr. Arthur Young with whom I have been in the habit of Corrisponding for 8 or 10 years on Agricultural subjects and matters relative thereto requested a lock of Wool from my sheep which was accordingly sent in an entire fleece of average weight and quality; on which I received the Observations which are contained in the enclosed extract from his letter.75
[Note 75: Probably Young's letter of Jan. 25, 1791, which is in the Washington Papers.]
[In looking over the Pamphlet which you] were so obliging as to [send me, entitled "an Analysis of the political State of Scotland", which is a specimen of the useful information to be expected from your researches, I cannot but express myself highly pleased with the undertaking, and give my best wishes for its success: for I am fully persuaded, that when enlightened men will take the trouble to examine so minutely into the state of society as your enquiries seem to go, it must result in greatly ameliorating the condition of the people, promoting the interest of civil society, and the happiness of Mankind at large. These are objects truly worthy the attention of a great mind, and every friend to the human race must readily lend his aid towards their accomplishment.]76
[Note 76: The parts in brackets are in the writing of Tobias Lear.]
Philadelphia, March 16, 1793.
Dear Madam: I addressed a few lines to you on the 31st of January, in a state of entire uncertainty in what country or condition they might find you; as we had been sometimes told you were in England, sometimes in Holland, and at sometimes in France. Your letter of Octob: 8, 1792, first relieved me from doubt, and gave me a hope that, being in France, and on your own Estate, you are not as destitute as I had feared, of the resources which that could furnish. But I have still to sympathize with you on the deprivation of the dearest of all your resources of happiness, in comparison with which, others vanish. I do it in all sincerity of my friendship for him, and with ardent desires for his relief; in which sentiment I know that my fellow-citizens participate.
The measures which you were pleased to intimate in your letter, are perhaps not exactly those, which I could pursue; perhaps, indeed not the most likely, under actual circumstances to obtain our object. but be assured, that I am not inattentive to his condition, nor contenting myself with inactive wishes for his liberation. My affection to his nation and to himself are unabated, and notwithstanding the line of separation which has been unfortunately drawn between them I am confident that both have been led on by a pure love of liberty, and a desire to secure public happiness; and I shall deem that among the most consoling moments of my life which shall see them reunited in the end, as they were in the beginning, of their virtuous enterprise. Accept I pray you the same lively sentiments of interest and attachment to yourself and your dear children, from Dr. Madm. Your most obt. and devoted servt.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 17, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your Letter of the 7 Instant, respecting the issueing Executions against the Trustees of Semple, provided they should not procure an Injunction for staying them before the first of April; in reply to which I have only to observe, that I am so extremely anxious to have the Affairs relative to Colo. Colville's Estate settled, and so pressing are the claims against it, that it is my wish and desire to have every proper step be taken that can expedite the closing of the business. Upon receiving payment from the Trustees of Semple (if Execution should not be stayed by an Injunction) you will pay the fees due to the Lawyers, and reserve for yourself such compensation for your agency in the business as was fixed upon by the Gentlemen to whom the matter was referred by the Court, if this was done, if not, then such as you and they may think adequate: after which you will pay the residue (if it should not amount to more than is due on that claim) to Colo. Hooe, in discharge of Mr. Bennett's account against the Estate, first taking care to have the account strictly examined, and any errors (of which you say there are some respecting Interest) rectifyed. Below is the sums which have been paid to me, or my order, on account of the Bond; with the dates of such payments, for your information and government in the settlement of this matter. I am etc.
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 17, 1793.
My dear Fanny: I have duly received your letter, dated Hanover March 5th., and was happy to hear that yourself and the Children were well. It is not by any means a wish of mine that, you should come to Mount Vernon next month on account of my short visit to that place. It was merely on your own account, and that of the Estate, that I suggested the measure, more indeed for consideration than by way of advice; for either of your brothers, or Mr. Jno. Dandridge can speak to the latter with more propriety than I am able to do; as they know in what time, and in what manner the Will of our departed friend ought to be proved and the execution of the trust entered upon.
My last to you, enclosing the copy of a letter which I had previously written to your brother Burwell, would have convey [ sic] to you fully, my ideas on this subject; and to that communication I now beg leave to refer you.
The offer of a residence at Mount Vernon, was made to you with my whole heart; but it is with you to consider nevertheless whether any other plan will comport better with the views which my Nephew had, or with such as you may have entertained for you own ease, for the education of your Children; or for the interest of the Estate. and your decision thereon will be perfectly agreeable to me; for I can assure you with much truth I have no wish in the case beyond that of seeing you settled to your intire satisfaction. The means for doing which either in Alexandria or elsewhere you have no doubt considered and calculated; for with the best oeconomy I conceive it must be expensive to purchase furniture and keep a house.
The Carriage which I sent to Mount Vernon for your use, I never intended to reclaim; and therefore now making you a more formal present of it, it may be sent for whenever it suits your convenience, and be considered as your own. And I shall, when I see you, request that Fayette may be given up to me; either at that time, or as soon after as he is old enough to go to shool [ sic]; This will relieve you of that portion of attention which his education would otherwise call for.
It is to be feared that your Overseer in Fairfax is neither the best of that descriptn., nor the honestest of men. A month, or more ago, Mr. Whiting informed me that this said Overseer had one, if not two horses of his own on the Plantation. (fed no doubt, whatever his declarations to the contrary might be at your expence). I immediately directed Mr. Whiting to go to him and in my name to order the horse, or Horses, (if more than one) to be sent away instantly; unless he could show a written permission for their being kept on the place; and to inform him moreover that if they were to be found on it when I came home I would not only send the horses off, but himself along with them. Since then, some suspicions have also been entertained of his not dealing fairly by the wheat, which, was under his care for market. Such is the villainy of these sort of people when they have it in their power, as they conceive, to cheat with impunity. What has been done in either of these cases I remain unadvised; as poor Whiting, by a letter which I received from Doctr. Craik, dated the 6th. inst. was then confined to his bed by a more violent return of his old disorder (Spitting blood) than ever. Since that date I have heard nothing from thence, which is presumptive evidence that he is not able to write himself; and of this there is the evidence also of the Doctrs. letter, pronouncing his case critical and dangerous. The effect of these to be avoided by extreme care only.
From what Mr. Bassett said to Mr. Whiting, respecting the materials for the building which had been begun at your place, I directed him to have them put away securely, and to let your Carpenters work along with mine; keeping an account of the time, that I might allow you the usual hire. There they may remain, unless you have other employment for them; as I have work on hand that requires despatch, and I would, to facilitate the execution thereof hire others if I do not retain these.
Your Aunt joins me in every affectionate regard for you and the Childn., and in best wishes for the friends among whom you are. At all times, and under all circumstances I shall always remain Yr. sincere frd.79
[Note 79: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
United States, March 20, 1793.
Sir: It appears from your Report to me of the 18 instant, and the Statements80 accompanying it, that it will be proper to take measures for securing a Loan of Eight hundred thousand Dollars, as authorised by the Act,81 entitled "an Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1793." I have therefore to request that you will cause such a power to be prepared for my signature as will be necessary for your authorization to effect said Loan in the time and manner stated in your Report.82
[Note 80: The financial statements, together with Hamilton's letter of March 18, are entered in the "Letter Book" immediately preceding this letter.]
[Note 81: The authorization was signed by Washington, March 21. A copy is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 20, 1793.
Sir: I have to request that it may be given in charge to the director of the mint, to take measures for collecting samples of foreign coins issued in the Year 1792, of the species which usually circulate within the United States, to examine by assays at the mint whether the same are conformable to the respective standards required, and to report the result, that the same may be made known by proclamation, agreeably to the Act entitled, "An Act regulating foreign Coins, and for other purposes."83
[Note 83: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 20, 1793.
Sir: Having had occasion in some late communications to you, to speak of the District which has been decided on (under a Law of Congress) for the permanent Seat of the Government of the United States; I do myself the pleasure of sending you a plan. of the intended City, which is now laying out in the centre thereof.
It will serve to shew you, and such as may have the curiosity to look at it, that whatever our present condition is, we have vanity enough to look forward to a better. With great esteem etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Circular)
United States, March 21, 1793.
Gentlemen: The Treaty which is agreed to be held on or about the first of June next at the Lower Sandusky of Lake Erie, being of great moment to the interests and peace of this Country; and likely to be attended with difficulties arising from circumstances (not unknown to you) of a peculiar and embarrassing nature; it is indispensably necessary that our rights under the Treaties which have been entered into with the Six Nations, the several tribes of Indians now in hostility with us, and the claims of others, should be carefully investigated and well ascertained, that the Commissioners who are appointed to hold it may be well informed and clearly instructed on all the points that are likely to be discussed: thereby knowing what they are to insist upon (with or without compensation, and the amount of the Compensation, if any), and what, for the sake of peace, they may yield.
You are not to learn from me, the different views which our Citizens entertain of the War we are engaged in with the Indians, and how much these different opinions add to the delicacy and embarrassments alluded to above; nor the criticisms which, more than probable, will be made on the subject, if the proposed Treaty should be unsuccessful.
Induced by these motives, and desirous that time may be allowed for a full and deliberate consideration of the subject before the departure of the Commissioners, it is my desire that you will, on the 25th of this month, meet together at the War Office (or at such other time and place as you may agree upon) where the principal documents are, with whatever papers you may respectively be possessed of on the subject, and such others as I shall cause to be laid before you, and then and there decide on all the points which you shall conceive necessary for the information and instruction of the Commissioners. And having drawn them into form, to revise the same and have them ready, in a finished state, for my perusal and consideration when I return; together with a digest of such references as shall be adjudged necessary for the Commissioners to take with them.
And, as it has been suggested to me, that the Society of Quakers are desireous of sending a deputation from their Body, to be present at the aforesaid Treaty (which, if done with pure motives, and a disposition accordant with the sentiments entertained by Government respecting boundary, may be a mean of facilitating the good work of peace) you will consider how far, if they are approved Characters, they ought to be recognized in the Instructions to the Commissioners; and how proper it may be for them to participate therein or be made acquainted therewith.85
[Note 85: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
According to the Journal of the Proceedings of the President, Mar. 12, 1793, the President had already informed Knox "that it would be well at all events to have the sd. [John] Hackewelder to attend on Acct. of his knowledge of the language and Customs of the Indians, altho he declines acting as an Interpreter."]
United States, March 22, 1793.
Sir: I send you a Letter of the 26 ulto. from William Bingham Esquire to the Secretary of the Treasury, together with the documents accompanying it. I desire your opinion on the following points arising upon these papers.
I. Whether the proceedings heretofore by the United States in Congress assembled have transferred from Mr. Bingham to the public, the consequences of the transaction in question, so as to make the suit now depending properly an Affair of the Government.
II. Whether the Executive is competent to the requisite measures of defense and security against any unfounded pretensions of the claimants, Plaintiffs or Prosecutors, or whether further special provision by law is necessary.
III. If the Executive be so competent; what is the proper course, under the existing circumstances to be pursued.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 87: United States Minister to Portugal.]
Philadelphia, March 23, 1793.
My dear Sir: Closely engaged in the business incident to my Office during the Session of Congress, and as closely employed since in making arrangements for carrying into effect the laws then passed, and in discharging other public duties, I have not 'till this moment found myself enough at leisure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 23d. of July; and being now on the eve of setting out for Mount Vernon, I shall be able to do but little more than barely acknowledge the receipt of it, and of your favors of the 23d. of January and the 8 of february, both of which have reached my hands within these few days.
Even if I had time, it might not be proper for me to reply particularly to the several parts of your letters, especially to that of the 23d, July. I shall therefore content myself at present, my dear Sir, with making a few general observations on the existing state of things, and rely upon your being assured that, however concise my letter may be, it does not become so from any diminution of my regard for you.
If it can be esteemed a happiness to live in an age productive of great and interesting events, we of the present age are very highly favored. The rapidity of national revolutions appear no less astonishing, than their magnitude. In what they will terminate, is known only to the great ruler of events; and confiding in his wisdom and goodness, we may safely trust the issue to him, without perplexing ourselves to seek for that, which is beyond human ken; only taking care to perform the parts assigned us, in a way that reason and our own consciences approve of.
All our late accounts from Europe hold up the expectation of a general war in that quarter. For the sake of humanity I hope such an event will not take place; but, if it shou'd, I trust that we shall have too just a sense of our own interest to originate any cause, that may involve us in it; and I ardently wish we may not be forced into it by the conduct of other Nations. If we are permitted to improve without interruption, the great advantages which nature and circumstances have placed within our reach, many years will not revolve before we may be ranked not only among the most respectable, but among the happiest people on this Globe. Our advances to these points are more rapid than the most sanguine among us ever predicted. A spirit of improvement displays itself in every quarter, and principally in objects of the greatest public utility, such as opening the inland navigation, which is extensive and various beyond conception; improving the old roads and making new ones; building bridges and houses, and in short pursuing those things which seem eminently calculated to promote the advantage and accommodation of the people at large. Besides these, the enterprises of individuals shew at once what are the happy effects of personal exertions in a Country, where equal Laws and equal Rights prevail.
For myself, you see me again entering upon the arduous duties of an important Office to which the unanimous voice of my Country has once more called me. To you, who know my love of retirement and domestic life, it is unnecessary to say that, in accepting this re-appointment, I relinquish those personal enjoyments to which I am peculiarly attached. The motives which induced my acceptance are the same which have ever ruled my decision when the public desire (or, as my countrymen are pleased to denominate it, good) was placed in the scale against my personal enjoyment or private interest. The latter I have ever considered as subservient to the former; and perhaps in no instance of my life have I been more sensible of the sacrifice than in the present; for at my age the love of retirement grows every day more and more powerful, and the death of my nephew, the poor Major, will, I apprehend, cause my private concerns to suffer very much. This melancholy event took place on the 5th of last month at Colo. Bassett's, where he had gone, hoping to benefit from a change of air and situation. Altho' it had been long expected: and indeed, to me, of late appear'd inevitable; yet I have felt it very keenly.
You will receive from Mr. Jefferson every official communication necessary for your conduct, together with Laws, public papers, &ca. He will also inform you that the steps which you took in consequence of Mr. Barclay's death, met my entire approbation.88
[Note 88: Thomas Barclay, the American consul in Morocco, had died suddenly. Humphreys had taken charge of his public business.]
I set out with intimating that my Letter would be very short; but upon looking back I find it can hardly be said to have that fault, and, lest it should partake of another at least as bad, I shall close it with assuring you that you have the best wishes, for your health and happiness, of Your sincere friend etc.89
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 25, 1793.
My Dear Sir: It was not 'till the middle of February that I had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 23d. of October. If you, who are at the fountain head of those great and important transactions which have lately engrossed the attention of Europe and America, cannot pretend to say what will be their event, surely we, in this distant quarter, should be presumptuous indeed in venturing to predict it. and unwise should we be in the extreme to involve ourselves in the contests of European Nations, where our weight could be but small; tho' the loss to ourselves would be certain. I can however with truth aver that this Country is not guided by such narrow and mistaken policy as will lead it to wish the destruction of any nation, under an idea that our importance will be encreased in proportion as that of others is lessened. We should rejoice to see every nation enjoying all the advantages that nature and it's circumstances would admit, consistent with civil liberty, and the rights of other nations. Upon this ground the prosperity of this Country would unfold itself every day, and every day would it be growing in political importance.
Mr. Jefferson will communicate to you such official information as we have to give, and will transmit the Laws, public papers &c.
I have thought it best, My Dr. Sir, not to let slip this opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of your Letter, lest no other should occur to me very soon, as I am called to Mount Vernon by the death of my Nephew, Major Washington, and am on the point of setting out for that place tomorrow. I need not tell you that this is of course a very busy moment with me, it will therefore account for the conciseness of this letter by which however you must not measure my regard.
You see me again entering upon the arduous duties of an important office I do it so contrary to my intention, that it would require more time than I have prescribed to myself, to assign the reasons and therefore I shall leave them for your own suggestion, aided by the publications which you will find in the Gazettes. I am etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 25 Washington wrote the following certificate for Tobias Lear's accounts: "I do hereby certify that I have examined the Accounts which have been kept by Mr. Tobias Lear, on my behalf, from the commencement of my Administration of the Government of the United States down to the 31st. day of December One thousand seven hundred and ninety two, as will appear by the Journal and Ledger which contain them, and that I am perfectly well satisfied with the clearness and justness of them." This certificate is in the Huntington Library; a duplicate is in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 27, 1793.
Sir: In consequence of your Letter to me of the 25 inst: stating the opinion of the Secry. of State, the Secry. of the Treasury and yourself, on the subject of a Suit instituted against Mr. Bingham; and suggesting the propriety of giving instructions to the Attorney for the United States in the Massachusetts District to appear in behalf of Mr. Bingham, provided that Mr. Bingham will execute certain engagements as mentioned in your letter aforesaid, I do hereby direct you to take such steps in this Affair as may be proper, and for the interest of the United States to pursue.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1793.
Gentlemen: On my way to, and at the landing of George Town yesterday,92 had a good deal of conversation with Major Ellicott, who says, if you will give him an opportunity, he will make it appear to your satisfaction that there are not those errors in his work that have been reported; and that the work reported to have been done, and not actually executed he is persuaded he can expln. to your entire satisfaction if you will afford him a candid and patient hearing as above. This I assured him you would do, as truth was the object you were in pursuit of.
[Note 92: The President left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon on Wednesday, March 27. He was in Baltimore, March 30, and Georgetown and Mount Vernon, April 2.]
I took this occasion to repeat to him again in stronger terms than ever that I would not interfere between the Commissioners and the characters subordinate to them; and that it was to them, and them only, he was accountable for his conduct; because it was with them, and them only I could or would communicate in future. He acknowledged the propriety thereof, but observed at the sametime, that he could not be responsible for any that he did not himself employ; adding that the whole of this uneasiness arises from one Dermot93 (I think he called him) whom he did not employ.
[Note 93: James Read McDermott. He had been appointed by David Stuart.]
I informed him moreover, in unequivocal language, that his conduct, as far as it had appeared to me from the corrispondence between you and him, was not respectful to you, when it ought to have been so and was always expected by the Employer from the employed. He assured me he meant no disrespect; and declared in the most solemn terms, that he had endeavored to the utmost of his abilities to execute the work well, and with all the dispatch the accuracy of it would admit adding, as his firm belief, that no work of the same kind and magnitude was ever performed with so few errors. he seemed as far as I could discover, to be inclined, not only to stay until the first of May, but 'till the whole plan was compleated. I advised him to go to you, and in a proper manner, to make the above communications, and propose something agreeably thereto. If he does, I submit, without giving an opinion, or wishing to interfere in your business, whether an accommodation under all circumstances is not to be preferred to an open breach; and a newspaper justification which will inevitably follow.
I ought also to mention (but this I do for your information, only) that I also had a conversation with Mr. Stoddart after any I had with either of you Gentlemen on this Subject, in which he expressed an earnest desire that means could be devised to prevent the dismission of Mr. Ellicot as he thot. the event, at this time, would be attended with disagreeable consequences; especially as Mr. Ellicot wd. be able he thought to prove the chargs unfd. My reply was that I would support the Commissioners. that it was painful to me, to see such interferences of the Proprietors who, in my opinion, had no more to do with the conduct of them (farther than to receive their dues according to contract) than a Citizen of the State of New Hampshire or Georgia; and moreover, that they appeared to me to be acting the parts of suicides to their own interests, as far as their conduct could effect it. To all wch. he acquiesced.
I thought it but right to make the foregoing communication, that you might give it the consideration it deserved, and to add, that you may be assured, I am etc.94
[Note 94: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 1st. instant came to my hands yesterday. I regret the indisposition of General Knox; but hope, as there is yet time for consideration of those matters I referred to the heads of the departments, no inconvenience will result from the delay occasioned thereby unless it shd. continue much longer. At George Town I met Mr. Randolph; and by a letter just recd. from Mr. Lear, I am informed that General Lincoln was expected to be in Philadelphia about the middle of this Week.
I am so much surprized, and mortified at the Conduct of Judge Turner, that if he should be in Philadelphia at the receipt of this letter, and not the best evidence of his proceeding to the No Western Territory immediately It is my desire that you will, in my name express to him, as far as my powers will authorise you to do, that I can no longer submit to such abuses of public trust without instituting (if I have powers to set it on foot) an enquiry into his conduct. The same with respect to the Governor of that territory. Such remissness in these Gentlemen not only reflects upon the common rules of propriety but must implicate me in the shamefulness of their conduct, in suffering it.
I hope the acct. brought by the Captn. from Lisbon had no better foundation than that suggested in your letter; for I shd. be sorry to receive a confirmation of it. It was prudent, however, to guard against an event which might have proved unfortunate in case of the Capture of the Packet.
With esteem I am etc.95
[Note 95: From a photostat of the draft in the Department of State. The letter sent, in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. It varies from the draft above in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation only.]
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1793.
Sir: In addition to the several matters contained in my circular Letter to you before I left Philada. which you were desired to take into consideration, I now submit to you (and to the other Gentlemen to whom the abovementioned letter was directed, and who you will now also consult) a request of the Society of Quakers to be permitted to make presents to the Indians at the proposed Treaty at Sandusky.
You will determine among yourselves as to the propriety of granting this request at all, and to what amount, [and of what kind of Articles] they may present to the Indians. The result of your united deliberations (as I am satisfied it will meet my approbation) you may communicate to the Society; as they may want to make some arrangements, in case their request should be granted, before the Commissioners depart for Sandusky.
On my way to this place I saw Capt. Barney at Baltimore who has just arrived from the Havanna; and says, the day before he left that place, which I believe was the 10 Ulto., advice had been received and generally believed, that our friend McGillivray was dead; and that Bowles who was sent to Spain had been hanged. Whether this news is true or not, I am not authorized to say, tho' Capt. Barney seems to entertain no doubt of the facts.
Genl. Posey, who is now with me, informs me he is ready to receive any instruction you may wish to give him, and desires to know how he is to be disposed of. I expected he had received your orders before this time [to join the Main Army]; but as it is not the case, I hope you will without delay [do this, or] inform him for what particular service he is destined [if any thing more advantageous was in contemplatn. for him.] I am &c.
P.S. If General Posey is ordered to join the Main Army, he desires to be permitted to take Philadelphia in his way, in order to provide himself with some necessaries, which he cannot conveniently procure elsewhere.96
[Note 96: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 98: Hanson always signed himself "Sm Hanson of Saml."]
Mount Vernon, April 7, 1793.
Sir: A few weeks only before I left Philadelphia, your letter of the 22d. February came to my hands. Why it was so long on its passage I am unable to inform you.
I have put my name to the Subscription paper therein enclosed, although as a common centre, I am applied to for aids beyond my means, for in truth I escape few contributions to anything of this sort, or to public buildings, such as Colleges, Churches &ca. &ca. that are undertaken by Subscription within a circle of considerable extent around me. Were it not for these I wd. have given a larger sum than is affixed to my name, as the measure is entirely approved99 by Sir, &ca.1
[Note 99: To purchase an organ for Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., in honor of Reverend Mr. Davis.]
[Note 1: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, April 7, 1793.
Dear Sir: On my way to this place, at Georgetown on Tuesday the 2 inst: Messrs. Wilson and Dunlap applied to me respecting the Judgments which had been obtained against the assignees of John Semple, in favr. of Colville's Estate.
The one for £748.17. curtt. money and costs, with the deduction of £65.2.2. by consent they are willing they say to pay immediately; and offered to discharge the balance on the other Judgment for £1576 (Is this the amount of the Bond?) Sterling, leaving the interest during the war to the decision of a Court of Chancery. My reply to them was, that I could receive nothing short of the whole balance, with interest complete; and that an injunction in my opinion would only effect delay, without affording them relief. in ten days they promised to give me a decided answer, whether they would pay the balance with interest, or enjoin; and requested execution might be stayed that time.
As they professed a readiness to pay the balance due on the Judgment for £1576, leaving the interest to be paid or not according to the decision of the Court of Chancery (in case of an injunction), I desired Mr. Dandridge on Saturday last, to ask you if it would be adviseable to receive it, or to let the whole of that judgment remain until a final determination, if the matter must go into Chancery, the latter he understood to be your opinion.
Whatever may be the determination of those against whom judgment is obtained, my earnest request to you is, that no measure may be left unessayed on my behalf, to bring the matter to as speedy a close as possible; and the money (after paying the charges as mentioned in a former letter to you) paid to Colo. Hooe on accot. of the claim of Mr. Bennett &c. I am etc.2
[Note 2: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 9, 1793.
Dear Sir: At One o'clock in the afternoon on Thursday next, I mean to pay the last respect to my deceased Nephew, by having the funeral obsequies performed.
If you will do me the favor to officiate on the occasion, it will be grateful to myself, and pleasing to other friends of the deceased. No sermon is intended, and but few friends will be present: for these dinner will be ready at half after two Oclk, at which I should be happy and shall expect to see you.
If Mr. Thos. and Ferdinand Fairfax, or either of them are at Mount Eagle, I should be glad if they would accompany you I am etc.
Mount Vernon, April 9, 1793.
Dear Sir: On Thursday, at 1 oclock afternoon, it is proposed to pay the last office (in funeral obsequies) to my deceased Nephew; at which I should be glad to see you. The funerl. service will be in the presence of a few friends only; and dinner for these will be ready at half after two Oclock; at which I shall expect you.
Mrs. Washington mentioned Mr. Porter (as an intimate of her late husbd.) and I should be glad to see him on the occasion. I do not, as it is intended to be a private burial, go beyond this in formal invitations; but if you shd. see Colo. Fitzgerald, Mr. Herbert, and Colo. Gilpin, who I believe, were among the first and most intimates of his acquaintances, and would mention these circumstances to them I should be obliged to you and happy in seeing them. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, April 9, 1793.
Dear Sir: On Thursday next at one o'clock, I mean to pay the last respect to the remains of my deceased Nephew, by having the funeral obsequies performed.
Mrs. Fanny Washington and myself would be very glad to see you, Mrs. Smart and the girls here on that occasion; for this reason, and knowing they have not the means of getting down, a carriage is sent for them: and I believe it would be extremely grateful to Fanny if Mrs. Stuart would come down without more delay than she can well avoid. The funeral will be in the presence of a few friends only.
The day following, that is on Friday, if not unexpectedly prevented, I shall set off on my return for Philadelphia.
Charles takes up a Box with some things for the Girls, in which is some property of Austin's, not hard to designate, tho' hard in it's nature. My love to Mrs. Stuart, and all the family. I am etc.5
[Note 5: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1793.
Sir: Enclosed is an open Letter to Mr. Lee,6 Collector at Alexandria, requesting him to deliver up the Office books and papers to you; tho' it would be more regular, and in my opinion better that the matter should be suspended until I return to Philadelphia, (for which place I shall set out tomorrow) when a Commission will issue agreeably to Constitutional modes.7 I am etc.8
[Note 6: Charles Lee.]
[Note 7: Fitzgerald's recess appointment was confirmed by the Senate, Dec. 30, 1793.]
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 7 instant was brought to me by the last post. War having actually commenced between France and Great Britain, it behoves the Government of this Country to use every means in its power to prevent the citizens thereof from embroiling us with either of those powers, by endeavouring to maintain a strict neutrality. I therefore require that you will give the subject mature consideration, that such measures as shall be deemed most likely to effect this desirable purpose may be adopted without delay; for I have understood that vessels are already designated privateers, and are preparing accordingly.
Such other measures as may be necessary for us to pursue against events which it may not be in our power to avoid or controul, you will also think of, and lay them before me at my arrival in Philadelphia, for which place I shall set out Tomorrow; but will leave it to the advices which I may receive tonight by the post, to determine whether it is to be by the most direct rout, or by the one I proposed to have come, that is, by Reading, the canals between the rivers of Pennsylvania, Harrisburgh, Carlisle, &ca. With very great &c.9
[Note 9: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1793.
Dear Sir: In due course of Post I have received your Letters of the 5 and 8 instant, and thank you for the information contained in them.
Tomorrow I leave this for Philadelphia. the advices which I may receive this Evening by the Post, will fix my route by Baltimore (as usual), or by the one I intended to have come, that is, by Reading, the Canals between the rivers, Harrisburgh, Carlisle &ca. In either case ten days, I expect, will land me in the City.
Hostilities having commenced between France and England, it is incumbent on the Government of the United States to prevent, as far as in it lies, all interferences of our Citizens in them; and immediate precautionary measures ought, I conceive, to be taken for that purpose, as I have reason to believe (from some things I have heard) that many Vessels in different parts of the Union are designated for Privateers and are preparing accordingly. The means to prevent it, and for the United States to maintain a strict neutrality between the powers at war, I wish to have seriously thought of, that I may as soon as I arrive at the Seat of the Government, take such steps, tending to these ends, as shall be deemed proper and effectual. With great esteem etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1793.
Sir: Your letter of the 4 instant came duly to hand. I am sorry it is not convenient for you to exercise the office of Collector at Alexandria any longer; but as it was your wish to deliver up all the official books and papers belonging to your office, before the present date, I requested Colo. Fitzgerald yesterday, to receive them; altho' it is not agreeable to me to go into the detail of business with any except the head of the Department to which it belongs, or thro' him with the immediate Agent. However, as you are about to leave town, I shall depart from this rule in the present instance, and do now request that you will consider Colo. Fitzgerald as your Successor in office, and (if it be inconvenient to you to hold them until the matter can pass through the usual form) deliver the Official Books and papers to him accordingly I am etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 13, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 8 has been duly received. You, better than I, can account for the small judgments being for two hundred and odd pounds more than is due. Justice to all parties and a speedy settlement of the whole, is all I aim at, the latter, as I have often repeated, I am extremely desirous to have accomplished.
Was I to see Colo. Hooe, which is not likely now to happen, as I am in the very act of setting off for Philadelphia, I should be at a loss to know what to say to him respecting the charge on accot. of Giles, by the papers alone I could be governed in any conversation held with him, and these you have. If my memory does not deceive me, however, (but on it I never rely) there is a particular statement of this matter in the Will of Thomas Colvill. If it is justly due to the Tankervills, it ought undoubtedly to be paid, if it is not, I, as certainly, ought not to allow it. I rely therefore on you to have the matter thoroughly investigated, either by yourself, or some other eminent in Law, that I may act safely; for I have had too much trouble in this business already, to lay the foundation for more, by allowing a claim if it requires authentication.
Messrs. Wilson and Dunlap, on Tuesday the 2d. inst: required only ten days to consider whether they would pay the judgment on the Bond with, or without interest. this time is elapsed; and delay only can be their object, if they have not announced to you (to me they have not) their determination thereupon. Of course no time should be lost in issuing the execution. But who is it to be served upon? Cumberland Wilson, they say, who has no interest at all in the business! As you are so much better acquainted with this business than I am, and know my objects and wish, I shall, in one word, as I shall be out of the State in a few hours, leave the accomplishment of them to you, being Sir, etc.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Circular)
Philadelphia, April 18, 1793.
Sir: The posture of affairs in Europe, particularly between France and Great Britain, places the United States in a delicate situation; and requires much consideration of the measures which will be proper for them to observe in the War betwn. those Powers. With a view to forming a general plan of conduct for the Executive, I have stated and enclosed sundry questions to be considered preparatory to a meeting at my house tomorrow; where I shall expect to see you at 9 o'clock, and to receive the result of your reflections thereon.15
[Note 15: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress, a press copy of which is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 22, 1793.
My Lord: You might, from appearances, suspect me of inattention to the honor of your corrispondence: and if you should, I can assure you it would give me pain. Or you might conceive that, I had rather make excuses than acknowledge in time, the receipt of your favors as this is the second instance of considerable lapse between the dates of them and my acknowledgments, this also would hurt me, for the truth is, that your favor of the 22d. of last October, under cover of one from Doctr. Anderson of the 3d. of November, accompanying the 7th. 8th. 10th. and 11th. Volumes of the Bee, did not come to my hands until the 18th. of the prest. month.
Having by me the rough draught of the letter I had the honor of addressing to your Lordship in May, I do, agreeably to your request, transmit a copy thereof. It is difficult for me, however, to acct. for the miscarriage or delay of the original, as it was committed to the care of Mr. Robertson at his own request, to be forwarded along with the Portrait of me which (for the reasons therein assigned) a preference had been given of himto take, for your Lordship; both of which, I expected you hadreceived long since.19
[Note 19: On April 26 Lear wrote to Archibald Robertson, enquiring about the missing letter and portrait. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
The Works of Doctr. Anderson do him much credit, and when they are more extensively known will, I am persuaded, meet a very ready Sale in this Country. I have taken an occasion to mention his wish to a respectable member of the Philosophical Society of this City, who has promised to bring his name forward at the next meeting: entertaining no doubt of his being readily admitted; as his pretensions are known to stand on solid ground.
The favorable wishes wch your Lordship has expressed for the prosperity of this young and rising Country, cannot but be gratefully received by all its Citizens, and every lover of it. One mean to the contribution of which, and its happiness, is very judiciously portrayed in the following words of your letter "to be little heard of in the great world of Politics." These words I can assure your lordship are expressive of my sentiments, on this head; and I believe it is the sincere wish of United America to have nothing to do with the political intrigues, or the squabbles of European Nations; but on the contrary, to exchange commodities and live in peace and amity with all the inhabitants of the Earth. And this I am persuaded they will do, if rightfully it can be done. To administer justice to, and receive it from every power with whom they are connected will, I hope, be always found the most prominent feature in the Administration of this Country; and I flatter myself that nothing short of imperious necessity can occasion a breach with any of them. Under such a system, if we are allowed to pursue it; the agriculture and Mechanical Arts; the wealth and population of these States will increase with that degree of rapidity as to baffle all calculation and must surpass any idea your Lordship can, hitherto, have entertained on the occasion.
To evince that our views, whether realized or not, are expanded; I take the liberty of sending you the Plan of a new City, situated about the centre of the Union of these States, which is designed for the permanent Seat of the Government; and we are at this moment deeply engaged and far advanced in extending the inland navigation of the River (Potomack) on which it stands and the branches thereof through a tract of as rich Country for hundreds of miles as any in the world. Nor is this a solitary instance of attempts of the kind, although it is the only one which is near completion, and in partial use. Several other very important ones are commenced and little doubt is entertained that in to years if left undisturbed we shall open a communication by water with all the Lakes Northward and Westward of us with which we have territorial connexion; and an inland navigation in a very few years more from Rhode Island to Georgia inclusively; partly by Cuts between the Great Bays and sounds and partly between the Islands and Sand banks and the Main; from Albemarle Sound to the River St. Marys. To these may also be added the erection of Bridges over considerable Rivers, and the commencement of Turnpike roads as further indications of improvements in hand.
The family of Fairfax in Virginia of whom you speak are also related to me by several intermarriages, before it came to this Country, (as I am informed) and since; and what remain of the old stock are near neighbours to my estate of Mount Vernon. The late Lord (Thomas) with whom I was perfectly acquainted, lived at the distance of Sixty miles from me after he had removed from Belvoir (the seat of his kinsman) which adjoins my estate just mentioned, and is going to be inhabited by a young member of the family as soon as the house, wch. some years ago was burnt down can be rebuilt. With great esteem &c.20
[Note 20: The original letter sent is in the British Museum, Additional Manuscript 12099. The text is from the draft in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 25, 1793.
Sir: It was not until the 18 instant that I had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 3d. of Novr: enclosing one from Lord Buchan, and accompanied by the 7. 8. 9. 10 and 11. volumes of the Bee, and a copy of the pamphlet on Wool.
While I beg your acceptance of my best thanks for the polite attention you have shewn in forwarding the several volumes of the Bee, and expressing my sincere wishes for the prosperity of that liberal and useful work, I must repeat my desire of being considered as a subscriber to it, and request to be informed to whom I shall make payment therefor.
I have been hitherto prevented, by my numerous avocations of a public nature, from perusing the Volumes which you first sent me, with that care and regularity which I wished; but such parts of them as I have had an opportunity of looking into, have convinced me that the work has been conducted with that view to a diffusion of useful knowledge upon which it was undertaken, and in such a manner as must meet the approbation of the friends of science, and those who wish to promote the best interests of mankind. I am persuaded that, when the work becomes more generally known in this Country than it is at present, you will find a considerable demand for it from this quarter; for I believe I may say, without vanity, that my Countrymen are as eager in the pursuit of useful knowledge as their circumstances and necessary avocations will permit; and as these are every day becoming more favourable to such acquirements, it will not be an unfounded calculation to count upon an increasing demand here for such publications as inform the head and improve the heart.
I hope you will find it convenient to prosecute your proposed plan of publishing a periodical work on agriculture, the utility of which pursuit is so abundantly evident, and in which, comparatively speaking, so little progress has been made, at least in this Country. I am pleased to learn that you have been so successful in the experiments to improve your wool. I have been always convinced, that nothing more is necessary than an attention to the breed and management of Sheep, to produce the best wool in every Country that is suitable for tending them. I sincerely hope that Sir John Sinclair will meet with the success which his exertions merit, in this as well as in his other laudable undertakings to promote the good of Society. I am &c.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 25, 1793.
Sir: The measures which your Excellency proposes to adopt to prevent any hostile incursions into the Indian Country from this State until the proposed Treaty shall be finished, appear to me to be such as are proper for the occasion, and likely to prove successful. No others occur to me at present as necessary to secure the object; if any should, I will propose them with frankness, as I am persuaded, from the obliging manner in which you express your readiness to adopt them, that you will neglect no measure which may tend to facilitate the peace which is so desirable for our Country. I am etc.23
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On April 27 Washington made the following note on the contract between William Allibone, superintendent of the Cape Henlopen lighthouse and all the beacons, buoys, etc.; the Delaware river and bay; and Matthew Van Dusen, blacksmith of Philadelphia; a mooring chain for one of the floating beacons in Delaware bay: "Approved, so far as it respects the new chain; but is there an entire loss of the old one?" From a photograph in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 26, 1793.
Dear Sir: At the request of Mr. David Clarke, a Coach-maker of this City, I inform you that he made the carriage which I had with me at Charleston on my southern tour, and which you saw there. I am told that this carriage is pronounced a very handsome one in it's appearance, by persons of taste and judgment in that way, who have seen it and given an opinion upon it. As to the goodness of the materials and workmanship, I can pronounce with truth that they are equal to any I have ever met with; and the carriage has been put to a pretty severe test for the time I have had it.
Mr. Clarke says the reason of his wishing this information to be given you, is, that he understands you propose having a Carriage made in this City, and he is very desirous of having the job, not only on accot. of the advantage to be immediately derived from it; but he thinks it will prove the means of his getting more work from that quarter. With sincere regard, I am etc.23
Philadelphia, April 28, 1793.
Dear Sir: Two or three days after my arrival in this City, I forwarded a Commission appointing you Collector of the Port of Alexandria; to be in force until the end of the next session of Congress, longer than which I could not issue one in the recess of the Senate but there is no instance of that body with-holding its consent to appointments thus made when offered to them for confirmation.
I am now about [to] give you a little trouble on my private Account. In Alexandria, stored in the warehouse belonging to Colo. Hooe, I have 141 barls. of Superfine, and 149 barls. of common flour; and at my Mill about an equal quantity of each sort, for Sale; and would thank you for letting me know the most that can be had for it on a credit of 40, 60, or even 90 days, in secure hands.
In the Tobacco Warehouses in Alexandria I have also 25 Hhds. of Tobacco of (as I am told) the first quality, being made of the sweet scented plant, little Fredk. &ca., tho' it stands in the notes as Oronoko neatly handled, and dry, and wish to know what could be had for this? I have held it a guinea pr. Cwt. and am not disposed to take less, below is a list of the No. and weights of it. With great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, April 29, 1793.
Dear Sir: The land which was given to me by my mother, or as Heir at law I am entitled to without, I do, as I told you at Mount Vernon, make you a present of. It lies lies near the Accocreek old Furnance, and about eight miles from Falmouth, on the road leading to it; containing, as I have generally understood, about 400 acres of the most valuable pine in that part of the Country; but which, as I have been informed, has been much pillaged by trespassers. When you can ascertain the bounds thereof by a survey, for I have no papers to aid you in doing it, I shall be ready to convey to you my right.
I repeat my wish that you would attend to that small tract of mine of Potomac, about a dozen miles above the town of Bath; and to the lots which I have in that place. and when ever you may be in Winchester, I request you will make particular enquiry into the condition of a Lot which I have in that Town, and an out-lot belonging to it in the common adjoining thereto; and know if some advantage cannot be made of them. The number of either I am unable to give, unless I was at Mount Vernon; but the enclosed letter contains the most recent information of the town lot.
Do you know whether Major Harrison went to Mount Vernon as you expected he would do? Or have you heard anything further of his intentions respecting his land adjoining me. I do not wish you to appear forward in your Overtures to him; but wish, notwithstanding, to know what may be expected in this matter. Remember me to Mrs. Lewis and be assured of the friendship and regard of Your etc.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
April 30, 1793.
Sir: As there appears no prospect of your making the stipulated payments for the lands which you agreed to purchase from me, lying on the Kanhawa &c., and the object of my disposing of them being thereby defeated, I think it would be best that the bargain should be cancelled (as you expressed to Mr. Lear a readiness to do it if required by me), for it would be an unpleasant thing for me to pursue any rigorous measures to obtain payment of the Bonds. If you think fit to comply with the proposal, Mr. Lear will deliver to you your several bonds &c., upon receiving the writing relative to that bargain, that it may be completely cancelled. I am etc.24
Philadelphia, May 4, 1793.
Dr. Sir: By one of the late Ships from London, I have received from Mr. Arthur Young, two sets of his Annals, Numbered from 98 to 108 inclusively. Although no direction is given concerning them, I take it for granted that one set is intended as usual for the Agricultural Society of this City; and to you, as President thereof, I send them accordingly. With esteem etc.26
[Note 26: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
(Private)
Sunday Noon, May 5, 1793.
Dear Sir: Before you dispatch the circular letter (of wch. you enclosed me a Copy) to the several Collectors, I would speak to you respecting a particular clause in it.
In the conversation you may have with a certain Gentleman27 to-day, I pray you to intimate to him gently, and delicately, that if the letters, or papers wch. he has to present, are (knowingly to him) of a nature which relates to public matters, and not particularly addressed to me; or if he has any verbal communications
[Note 27: Vicomte de Noailles.] to make of a similar kind, I had rather they should come through the proper channel. Add thereto, generally that the peculiar situation of European Affairs at this moment my good wishes for his Nation agregately, my regard for those of it in particular with whom I have had the honor of an acquaintance; My anxious desire to keep this Country in Peace; and the delicacy of my situation renders a circumspect conduct indispensably necessary on my part. I do not, however, mean by this that I am to with-hold from him such civilities as are common to others. Those more marked, notwithstanding our former acquaintance, would excite speculations which had better be avoided. And if the characters (similarly circumstanced with his own) could be introduced by any other than himself; especially on tuesday next in the public room when, it is presumed, the Officers of the French Frigate will be presented it would, unquestionably be better. But how can this be brot. about as they are strangers without embarrassment as the F. M.28 is shy on the occasion I do not at this moment see, for it may not escape observation (as every movement is watched) if the head of any department should appear prompt in this business in the existing state of things. I am &c.
[Note 28: French Minister.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, May 6, 1793.
Dear Sir: On Saturday last your favor of the 29th. ulto. was handed to me. My visit to Mount Vernon (intended to be short when I set out) was curtailed by the Declaration of War by France against Great Britain and Holland; for I foresaw in the moment information of that event came to me at that place the necessity for announcing the disposition of this Country towards the Belligerent Powers; and the propriety of restraining, as far as a Proclamation would do it, our citizens from taking part in the contest. This Proclamation, I presume, must have reached you soon after the date of your Letter.
It gives me inexpressible pain to receive such frequent, and distressing accounts from the Western frontiers of this Union (occasioned by Indian hostilities); more especially as our hands are tied to defensive measures and little, if any thing more to be expected from the proposed Negotiation of Peace with the hostile Tribes to be assembled at Sandusky (tho' perhaps, it is best for me to be silent on this head) than, in case of failure, to let the good people of these States see that the Executive has left nothing unessayed to accomplish this desirable end; to remove those suspicions which have been unjustly entertained that Peace is not its object; and to evince to them that the difficulties which it has had to encounter (from causes which, at present, can only be guessed) has been greater than was apprehended. And lastly, if the Sword is to decide, that the arm of government may be enabled to strike home.
I come now to a more difficult part of your letter. As a public character, I can say nothing on the subject of it. As a private man, I am unwilling to say much. To give advice I shall not.29 All I can do, then towards complying with your request, is to declare that if the case wch. you have suggested was mine, I should ponder well before I resolved; not only for private considerations but on public ground. The latter, because being the first magistrate of a respectable State, much speculation would be excited by such a measure; and the consequences thereof not
[Note 29: Lee's letter stated his idea of going to France and entering the French Army. A major general's commission was to be given to him. A copious extract from Lee's letter is printed by Sparks as a footnote to this letter from Washington; but Lee's original letter is not now found in the Washington Papers.] seen into at the first glance. As it might respect myself only because it would appear a boundless Ocean I was about to embark on from whence no land is to be seen. In other words because the Affairs of--30 would seem to me to be in the highest paroxysm of disorder; not so much from the pressure of foreign enemies (for in the cause of liberty this ought to be fuel to the fire of a patriot soldier, and to increase his ardour) but because those in whose hands the G--t is entrusted are ready to tare each other to pieces, and will, more than probably prove the worst foes the Country has. To all which may be added the probability of the scarcity of Bread, from the peculiar circumstances of the contending parties and which, if it should happen would accelerate a crisis of sad confusion and possibly of entire change in the political system.
[Note 30: France.
On May 6 Lear wrote to William Hartshorne, that "it is not the intention of the Government of the United States to have any agency in purchasing or transporting produce on account of the French. the only part it can take in that business will be to furnish the means (out of the debt due from the United States to France) to such Agent or Agents as may be duly authorised by the French Government to make purchases,"
On this same day (May 6) Lear also wrote to John Mason a letter of similar purport. Both these letters are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
The enclosed came under cover to me by one of the late arrivals. If the date of it is as old as the one to me which accompanied it, it can contain nothing New. although no name will appear to this letter I beg it may be committed to the flames as soon as it is read. I need not add, because you must know it that I am always yours.
Philadelphia, May 7, 1793.
Sir: Your letter of the 25 ulto. came duly to hand. The enclosed to Mr. Keith (which I take the liberty of putting under cover to you, as there is no postage to pay, because as he does not seem to be in the habit of sending regularly to the Postoffice, letters to him sometimes sleep there) is expressive of my consent to his receiving from Mr. Wilson, and paying to you on account of Mr. Bennett, all the money that propriety will admit; for I can assure you, with much truth, that none of the parties can be more anxiously desirous of closing this business than I am, whatever is done therefore by Mr. Keith will be agreeable to me. Dr. Sir etc.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 7, 1793.
Dear Sir: As I perceive there has been some mis-conception respecting the building of Vessels in our Ports wch. may be converted into Armed ones; and as I understand from the Attorney General there is to be a meeting today, or tomorrow of the Gentlemen on another occasion, I wish to have that part of your circular letter which respects this matter reconsidered by them before it goes out.
I am not disposed to adopt any measures which may check Ship-building in this Country. Nor am I satisfied that we should too promptly adopt measures, in the first instance, that is not indispensably necessary. To take fair and supportable ground I conceive to be our best policy, and is all that can be required of us by the Powers at War; leaving the rest to be managed according to circumstances and the advantages which may be derived from them. I am &c.
Quere, Is it not expedient that the District Attornies should be written to, requiring their attention to the observance of the Injunctions of the Proclamation?32
[Note 32: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.
On May 7 Washington wrote to Arthur Young, introducing Dr. Enoch Edwards. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 8, 1793.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is Colo. Hooe's letter to me on the subject of Mr. Bennett's claim on Colvills estate. I can only again express my wish that you would do in this case what in your own judgment is perfectly legal and just. or in points which appear doubtful that which able counsel shall advise you to as proper. I want most exceedingly to close this business; and am perfectly willing that Mr. Bennett's claim should be fully discharged, upon the convictions and principles above mentioned. but I know not to this hour, whether Messrs. Wilson and Dunlap mean to enjoin on one of the Judgments, or discharge it with interest agreeably to the Decree of the Court; although they promised on the 1 or 2 of April to let me know their decision thereon in ten days or a fortnight from that date. The ground for an injunction, if that is the result, is on the score of interest during the war; consequently my allowing interest to Mr. Bennett must depend upon the Decree of the High Court of Chancery in this case (if the matter is carried thither), for the Estate of Colvill can only do, as it is done by, and if the Judgment on the Bond is hung there, it will lie with you, as I have declared in a former letter, with your Counsel, to say whether the case will be affected by receiving the principal due on the Bond, or any part thereof, whilst the interest thereof is in litigation. In a word, whether they may not avail themselves of this circumstance as a plea to invalidate the demand of Interest. By all this, I mean no more than to express my wish to act circumspectly. Keeping this then always in view, I cannot too often repeat the earnestness of my desire to make a final settlement of this administration. Whatever money you can receive properly, and pay properly to Colo. Hooe on accot. of Mr. Bennett's claim, will be perfectly agreeable to me, as I do not want to touch a copper of it, and know of no other claims to which it can be applied. I am etc.
P.S. I had closed this letter when your favor of the 3d. was handed to me. the sentiments contained in mine with the proposition of Messrs. Hooe and Little, go to your queries respecting a settlement with them as Agents of Lord Tornkerville and Mr. Bennett; and also (the controversy having ceased) to that of Mr. Wilson. The accot. rendered by Colo. Hooe, I transmitted to you some time since, the regularity and equity of which you are to judge agreeably to the caution already given; having everything before you, being better acquainted with the subject, and more leisure to do it than myself. finally, if the sum which shall be found due from Semple's trustees, on settlement with Mr. Wilson, amounts to more than the balance due to the Agents of Bennett &c. [the application thereof shall be directed as soon as it is made known to me. On the other hand, if it should fall short, I will provide for the deficiency, as far as I have Assets. The trouble which the Attornies have had in this business you are better acquainted with than I am, and whatever you may think just, I am willing to allow. I had not, however, thought their trouble uncommon: One Suit being on a simple Bond; the other on an Acct. prepared to their hands. But, as I have already said, I wish them to be adequately paid. Your trouble, I am well satisfied, has been great; and I have every disposition to reward it, as far as those who have had the matter before them formally, or any others, may think me justified in allowing. I am etc.]33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The portion in brackets is from a photostat of that portion of the original, in the writing of Washington, in the Harvard College Library.]
Philadelphia, May 9, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your Letter of the 3d. of this month, with the Bill enclosed. in which I do not perceive my name is inserted. If it had, the enclosed would have been my answer. But before it is exhibited or any use made thereof, I pray that the records of the Trustees of Alexandria, may be thoroughly examined, to see if any act of mine shall appear thereon, for my memory is too treacherous to place dependance on it in cases where accuracy is necessary. I am etc.
P.S. Upon considering my answer (unless I am mistaken in point of fact) I hope my name will not appear in the Bill, returned.
Philadelphia, May 9, 1793.
Dear Sir: When I mentioned to the President the other day, the horse which you spoke about to me; altho' from the description, he thought well of him; yet as he was supplied, he did not conclude to take him: But upon further consideration, the President conceives it might be better for him to get the horse you spoke of, as he was younger and larger than the one he has, and dispose of his: and has therefore directed me to write to you on the subject.
If I understood you rightly you represented the horse to be four years old this spring; a good bay, nearly 17 hands high, well formed and almost full blooded. the price which the man asked for him 200 dollars, but supposed he might be obtained for something less. Should this be a just conception of your description, and his head (upon the form and leanness of which the President counts much) be an handsome one and his figure just; the President will take him at a price not exceeding 200 D., and will be much obliged to you for your agency in getting him; but if the owner of him will agree to send him here for the President to see, first fixing the price at which the President may have him, if he chuses to take him after seeing him, it would perhaps be better, the President to pay the reasonable expences of bringing him here if he takes him, and if he should not, to pay also the expence of taking him back again.
Giving you many thanks for your trouble in this business, I am etc.35
[Note 35: This letter is signed "Tobias Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers, The following is noted: "Duplicate of the above sent to Colo. Lowrey 3d. June."
On May 10 the following was entered in the Journal of the Proceedings of the President: "Directed the Atty Genl. to instruct the District Attornies to require from the Collectors of the several Ports, within them, information of all infractions of neutrality that may come within their perview at the different ports, requiring the interposition of Government, particularly as to building and equipping Vessels for War."]
Philadelphia, May 13, 1793.
Dear Sir: Sometime last fall I sent to Mr. Young transcripts of the accounts respecting the Agriculture of this Country, which I had collected from Gentlemen of the best information on this subject, with whom I was acquainted in the middle States, New York and Virginia. The account which you had the goodness to draw up was among the number. I have lately received from Mr. Young a letter in reply to mine which accompanied these Accounts; in which he makes the observations and queries relative to the Virginia Statement, wch. you will find enclosed.
As I wish this matter to be brought before Mr. Young in as clear a light as the nature of it will admit; you will oblige me by giving, when convenient, such answers to the queries and such solution of the difficulties stated by him as your knowledge of the subject may enable you to do, that I may give him the most satisfactory information in my power. I am always, with much truth &c.36
[Note 36: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
May 16, 1793.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Young informs me by a letter which I have lately received from him, that the accounts relative to the state of Agriculture, which I had collected from various quarters and transmitted to him last fall, have set him afloat upon the high Seas of conjecture with respect to the agriculture of this Country. The account which you had the goodness to prepare for me was among the number of those sent to Mr. Young; and, as you have had a hand in setting him afloat, it is but fair that you should lend your assistance to get him landed again. I have therefore, my dr. Sir, taken the liberty to send you the inclosed extracts from Mr. Young's letter, and must beg you to have the goodness, when convenient, to give such answers to the queries, and make such observations thereon as your knowledge of the subject may enable you to do. This is a common cause, and I shall therefore make no apology for troubling you with it. The war he says has prevented his taking a trip to this Country that he might form from his own observation an opinion of what is, and what might be done here in the agriculture line. I am etc.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Philadelphia, May 17, 1793.]
Gentlemen: Fully persuaded, that the happiness and best interests of the people of the United States, will be promoted by observing a strict neutrality in the present contest among the powers of Europe, it gives me pleasure to learn, that the measure which I have taken to declare to the world their disposition on this head, has given general satisfaction to the Citizens of Pennsylvania.38 The friends of humanity will deprecate war, wheresoever it may appear; and we have experienced enough of its evils in this Country to know, that it should not be wantonly
[Note 38: The original address from the Merchants and Traders under date of May 16, 1793, is in the Washington Papers and indorsed by Lear as delivered May 17.] or unnecessarily entered upon. I trust therefore, that the good Citizens of the United States will shew to the world, that they have as much wisdom in preserving peace at this critical juncture, as they have heretofore displayed valour in defending their just rights.
Philadelphia, May 17, 1793.
Dear Sir: If you are among the purchasers of Flour, be so good as to let me know what you would give for about 600 barrels, nearly half, superfine, 290 of which are in your own warehouse, the rest at my Mill, but might be delivered as above. all of it, if reported to me truly, is of the best quality, of their respective sorts.
I would allow a credit of Sixty days, or, to enhance the price 90 days for the purchase money; and it is possible, matters might be so arranged as never to be drawn out of your hands by me, if the balance due from Wilson to Colville's estate is inadequate to the discharge of what shall be found due therefrom to Mr. Bennett, upon a final settlement, within the period above mentioned.
I have been offered 33/. pr. barl. for the superfine, and 31/. for the fine; but these are so much below the market price here, that I must wait longer. 46/6 case (this Curry.) was, about four days ago, given for a load of superfine flour to be shipped from this port. I have no doubt of, and would thank you for a prompt and frank answer. and am etc.
PS. If you do not buy yourself, be so good as to let me know what price you think I could obtain for it.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 24, 1793.
Very great and good friends and allies: The citizen Ternant had delivered to me the letter wherein you inform me that yielding to his desire to serve his country in the military line, you had determined to recall him from his mission as your Minister plenipotentiary to the U. S.41 His conduct, during the term of his residence in this Country, has been such as to meet my entire approbation and esteem; and it is with great pleasure I render him the justice of this testimony. in whatever line of service you may hereafter think proper to employ him, I have
[Note 41: Ternant had written to Washington (May 17), that he had been recalled by France. His letter (unsigned) is in the Washington Papers. Washington at first wrote the following reply, which, dated merely May, 1793, is in the Washington Papers:
"The first intimation, which I received of your mission to the United States, in the capacity you lately filled, gave me pleasure. I anticipated, on your part, a conduct, which, while it was calculated to promote the objects of your duty, would, in the manner, be pleasing to the Government and Citizens of this Country. My anticipations have not been disappointed. Uniformly attentive to the advancement of the Interests confided to your care, (notwithstanding the agitations and vicissitudes experienced in the government of your Country), the tenor of your official and private conduct, throughout the course of your mission, has appeared to me deserving of approbation and has acquired to you a new title to my regard.
"I give you this private and personal mark of my satisfaction and esteem, in remembrance of your Services, as an Officer in the Army of the United States and in consideration of the peculiar and extraordinary circumstances under which you have acted. With sentiments of attachment and regard, I am etc."
Washington has indorsed on the verso of this letter: "This letter was draughted in answr. to the one which covers it. But on reflection was not sent, nor any written reply given to the recalled French Minester; for as much as the motives to that recall were not communicated, and the policy of the measure questionable as the consequences could not be foreseen."
A note in the Journal of the Proceedings of the President (May 18) states that Genet presented his credentials at 2 o'clock and Ternant his letter of recall.
Another note, under date of May 24, states that the President observed to the Secretary of State: "that in the present posture of French Affairs, I thought we ought to consider very deliberately on all these measures before we acted; for it was impossible to decide with precision what would be the final issue of the contest, consequently, that this Governmt. ought not to go faster than it was obliged; but to walk on cautious ground."] no doubt he will so conduct himself as to merit well of his Country, and to obtain it's favor and protection.
I assure you, with a sincere participation, of the great and constant friendship, which these U.S. bear to the French nation. of the interest they feel in whatever concerns their happiness and prosperity, and of their wishes for a perpetual fraternity with them, and I pray god to have them and you, very great and good friends and allies, in his holy keeping.42
[Note 42: The draft, in the writing of Jefferson, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, May 25, 1793.
An Act making allowances for certain services and contingencies in the collection of the Revenue during the year ending on the 30 day of June 1792.
Whereas it has been found necessary to provide a compensation for the legal admeasurement of Stills during the year ending on the 30 day of June 1792, it is hereby established and declared, that there may and shall be allowed to the Collectors of the Revenue on spirits distilled in the United States and upon Stills, for each and every Still by them respectively measured according to law on or before the said 30 day of June 1792 the sum of Thirty Cents.
And whereas it has also been found necessary that certain services and expences of divers officers of inspection and persons actually employed in the business of the Revenue wch. have unavoidably arisen out of the first operations of the Act of the 3d. day of March 1791, and in the year aforesaid, and certain compensations to the same should be allowed and defrayed.
The Supervisors of the Revenue for the several Districts herein after mentioned are hereby authorised to allow to the officers and persons employed within their respective Districts, for services and Duties actually by them performed and expences paid during the year aforesaid and not yet compensated or defrayed, the sums set against the said Districts respectively, that is to say. In the District of South Carolina a sum not exceeding ... 600 Dollars
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Philadelphia, May 27, 1793.]
Gentlemen: At this eventful period when caution must be united with firmness to preserve to the United States the blessings of peace, and at the same time to maintain our rights as an independent nation, it affords me no small degree of satisfaction to find that my endeavours to promote these objects, by declaring the neutrality of the U. States, have met your approbation.44 While the measures of this Government are taken upon Constitutional ground, and have for their object the public good, it would be injurious to our enlightened Citizens not to rely upon their countenance and support in carrying them into effect.45
[Note 44: An address from the merchants, the original of which is in the Washington Papers, is dated May 22.]
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. On May 27 Lear forwarded this answer to Samuel Sterrett, chairman of the meeting.]
Philadelphia, May 29, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 23d. inst. came to my hands by the post of yesterday.
I agree to take your offer for my flour, and will order Mr. Whiting (my manager) to see and make arrangements with you for the delivery in Alexandria of the part which is at my mill. I wish, however, as Hay-time and harvest is, or soon will be heavy upon me, it had suited you equally to have received it at my mill or in the river opposite thereto.
I accept your offer Sir, because I am unable at present to attend to the markets, and not because flour has experienced the temporary fall mentioned in your letter of the above date, for I consider that as no more than the result of a momentary circumstance; it being well known, to me at least, that the real demand for this article in the European markets is encreasing. Want of vessels to take it off at the moment you wrote might have occasioned a fall; that has been the case here at times, and within a few days it would be up again higher than ever.
I thank you for the information of Shepherds intention to apply to the Court of Loudoun County for the purpose of having some of my land on Difficult-run condemned for his benefit. I had heard of it before, and on my way to this City last October, I wrote a letter to Colo. Powell on the occasion, of which the enclosed is a copy, but having received no acknowledgment thereof I presume it never reached his hands. therefore if you can aid me in doing what is there required of him, it will be rendering a very acceptable service to, Dear Sir, etc.46
[Note 46: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 31 Lear wrote to the Secretary of State: "By the President's command T. Lear has the honor to return to The Secretary of State the draughts and copies of letters which he sent to the President this day. And to inform the Secretary, that the President is so much indisposed that he does not believe he shall be able to meet the Gentlemen at his House tomorrow (the President having had a high fever upon him for 2 or 3 days past, and it still continuing unabated); he therefore requests that the Secretary of State will request the attendance of the Heads of the other Departments and the Attorney General at his Office tomorrow, and lay before them for their consideration and opinion such matters as he would have wished to have brought to their view if they had met at the President's, and let the President know the result of their deliberation thereon." This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 1, 1793.
Sir: To call upon Mr. Hammond without further delay for the result of the reference to his Court concerning the surrender of the Western Posts, or to await the decision of the trial at Richmond on the subject of British debts before it be done, is a question on which my mind has been divided for sometime.
If your own judgment is not clear in favor of one, or the other, it is my desire, as the heads of the Departments are now together, that you would take their opinion thereupon, and act accordingly.47
[Note 47: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
On June 1 Lear entered the following in the Journal of the Proceedings of the President: "He [the Secretary of State] also informed me that the Secty of War, the Arty Genl. and himself had met this day at his office on the subjects mentioned yesterday; but had come to no determination thereon as the Secretary of the Treasury was not present; that he should send the papers &c. for his (the Secy) perusal and opinion. I suggested to the Secretary of State that it wd. be proper for the communications from M. Genet respecting the debt, to be referred by me to the Secy. of the Treasury to report thereon; in order that the report might be given in answer to Mr. Genet and the proceedings in the business be regular."
In a letter from Martha Washington to Frances Bassett Washington (June 2) the President wrote the following: "The President says you are already acquainted with his sentiments on the propriety of renting out your land and negroes in Berkeley, As it seems to be the intention to settle another plantation there, he thinks that the negroes, with such as you may incline to move up from Fairfax, had better be divided between the two places and each rented to some man of character and responsibility, who will be able to give security for the performance of the agreement. This will ease you of much trouble and reduce your income to a certainty, which never will be the case under Overseers at a distance, as you seem to experience already. He thinks articles should be drawn up by some professional and skilful person: and every precaution taken to prevent waste of the timber, or the cutting down too much thereof and no abuse of either the Land or negroes be permitted. As to the term for which you would let the Estate, it must depend upon your own view of the subject, the Will and the advice of your friends there, who are much better acquainted with the circumstances attending the Estate, and the utility of a long or shorter term, than he is at this distance." This insertion is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
June 3, 1793.
Sir: The question of admitting modifications of the debt of the U. S. to France, having been the subject of consultation with the heads of the Departments and the Attorney General, and an unanimous opinion given thereon which involves the enclosed propositions from the French Minister, you will be pleased, under the form of a report to me,48 to prepare what may serve as an Answer, making it conformable to the opinion already given.49
[Note 48: Hamilton's report, dated June 8, discussed the situation and concluded thus: "The motives which dissuade from the adoption of the proposed measure, may it is conceived, be the more readily yielded to from the probability that the utility of it to France might not, on experiment, prove an equivalent for the sacrifices, which she might have to make in the disposition of the bonds." This report is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 3, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 25 ulto. came duly to hand. Presuming that my letter to you of the 28 of April had either miscarried, or that you were employed in the investigation ofthe Shenandoah (of which I recollected some mention had beenmade). And having occasion to write to Colo. Hooe on otherbusiness, I mentioned to him the Flour I had for sale; and have,since, accepted the offer he made me for it, precisely what youthought might be obtained.
The approaching heats, added to the uncertainty of a sufficiency of American bottoms to carry off the Crop, inclined me more to the acceptance of the Colonel's offer than to await a better market, altho' I am certain the demand for this Article will encrease rather than diminish in the course of the summer.
Altho' Mr. Whiting (as a farmer) can have no adequate knowledge of Tobacco; yet, as he has seen some of mine opened lately, and can point you to the Inspectors who examined it, and who ought to know if it is of a quality to suit the Georgetown market, I have by this days post directed him to call upon you with such information as he can give or obtain; after receiving which, and making the enquiries promised in your last I would thank you for your opinion on what is best to be done with the Tobacco, the sale of which I am not anxious to hasten if it is in good order and in no danger of suffering. But query, Can inspected Tobacco on the Virginia side be removed to warehouses on the other?
I thank you for the tender of your services on this and other occasions, and am with sincere esteem etc.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 4, 1793.
Sir: I have been too much indisposed since the receipt of your letter of the 31st ulto. to give it an earlier acknowledgment.
Placing, as you do, the want of supplies to some interruption of the communication with your father, I promise, if you will entrust a letter to him under my cover, that it shall reach his hands in ten days from the date.
I prefer doing this to advancing money myself (even if the latter was convenient for me), first, because I have good reasons to believe that the allowance made you, by your father, is as much as he conceives necessary, or as can reasonably be affored by him, beyond which your expenditures ought not to extend. and secondly, because I think there would be an impropriety in the act of another to furnish the means for a young man to exceed these limits. I am etc.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 55: The second Warner; born in 1751.]
Philadelphia, June 5, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your son having informed me that he had not heard from you for these four or five months past, and was thereby destitute of the usual supply of money to answer his expenditures here, I have promised him to convey a letter to you if he would commit it to my charge. This he has done, and I have now the pleasure to enclose it. With my complimentsand best wishes to yourself and family, I am etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 6, 1793.
Sir: Upon a mature consideration of your communication to me of the 3d. instant, recommending a still further Loan in Holland, if obtainable, to the amount of 3,000,000 florins, and stating, that in case the recommendation should meet my ideas, my special approbation thereof would be proper, I have thought it necessary, in order to make the subject clear to my mind before any steps are taken in it, to request you to give me information on the following points, Vizt.59
[Note 59: Hamilton's reply, dated June 15, is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
1st. Whether all the monies, borrowed under the Acts of the 4. and 12. of Augt., 1790, have been expended on their respective objects? If not, what is the balance?
2d. Under which of the two Laws do you propose that a loan should be opened?
3d. If under one, or the other, or both, what is the balance remaining unborrowed, of the two sums allowed to be borrowed?
4th. To what use is the money, proposed to be borrowed, to be applied?60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Philadelphia, June 7, 1793.]
Gentlemen: Placed in the situation I am by the free voice of my fellow Citizens, it becomes a duty, pleasing as it is strong, to pursue such measures as appear best calculated to promote their true interests. Under this impression I issued the late proclamation,61 declaring the neutrality of the U States in the present contest between France and other European powers. In making this declaration, I was persuaded that I spoke the wishes of my countrymen, without violating any political or moral obligation. And the evidences of satisfaction which have been exhibited on this occasion, as well as the assurances of good citizens to use their influence in preserving the peace and prosperity of our infant republic, afford a new proof of that liberal and enlightened sentiment which has been so often and so honorably manifested by them on great occasions.62
[Note 61: The Salem address, dated May 31, 1793, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: This answer, in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, is undated. June 7 is tentatively assigned.]
[Philadelphia, June 7(?), 1793.]
Gentlemen: The language of your Address63 shews that you have rightly estimated the purposes for which our general Government was established. And so evident are the benefits resulting to the industrious Citizens of every description throughout the United States from the operation of equal Laws, and from the security and tranquility with which they have pursued their various avocations, under a Government of their own choice, that it becomes the duty of those who are entrusted with the management of their public affairs, to endeavour, by all proper means, to continue and promote those invaluable blessings. And that the happiness and true interests of a people are best secured by observing such a line of conduct as will, while they discharge their political obligations, preserve to their Country peace with other Nations, and cultivate the good will of mankind towards them, I trust no one will deny. If the Citizens of the United States have obtained the character of an enlightened and liberal people, they will prove that they deserve it, by shewing themselves the true friends of mankind and making their Country not only an Asylum for the oppressed of every Nation, but a desirable residence for the virtuous and industrious of every Country.64
[Note 63: The address of the Mechanical Society of Baltimore is dated June 4 and is in the Washington Papers. The date assigned to the answer is tentative.]
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 10, 1793.
My dear Fanny: Your Aunt has lately received a Letter from you, to which an answer was given about a week ago.
As this answer, so far as it respecting the renting of the Estate in Berkeley, of which you are possessed, was dictated by me, in a hurry, I will now give you my ideas more at large on that subject; altho' they will still appear, from my immersion in other business, to carry with them strong marks of indigestion.
The Will of my deceased Nephew, if I have sufficient recollection of it, directs a second plantation to be settled in Berkeley County. This may, and I think ought to be done in conformity therewith; and in so doing it might be well to include some, if not all the hands which are in Fairfax County, as well to comply with the dictates of the Will, as because there are too many at the latter place to be employed to good profit: the Farm being small, poor and worn. As a mere small grain, or grass farm, it might be turned to good account, if an industrious man who would work constantly himself was fixed on it, with a negro fellow and boy only; with an allowance of four plough horses, two ploughs and a yoke of oxen, with other stock proportioned thereto. This force would be adequate to the cultivation of the whole of that Farm, in small Grain and grass; and might raise as much (and ought to do no more) Indian Corn as would suffice for themselves. And if you found it more convenient, the old woman there, for whom I presume no hire could be obtained, with such young Children as have no Mothers living and others that cou'd not be well disposed of, might be placed there; and would be at hand to receive your own attentions.
The force I have mentioned would be able to put in as much small grain annually, as the size of the Farm would admit, to be kept in proper order; and in case you should do what you have talked of doing for the sake of your Childrens education; that is, to live in Alexandria, would furnish you with poultry, pigs, lambs, &c., which, if always to be bought from the Butchers and others, would be more expensive than you at present have any conception of.
I have not sufficient knowledge of the Estate in Berkeley to give any other advice respecting it, than merely to say that renting it instead of keeping it in your own hands, has a preference in my mind for many reasons, which might be assigned; and as the Will enjoins a division of the Land, I should suppose the negroes had better be allotted to each parcel, and rented therewith. But of this you, with the advice of your friends on the spot, must be a better judge than I am. Among these George S. Washington, who has already acted the part you are about to do, will be able to give you useful information, as by this time he may have perceived the good, or felt the inconveniences of the measures he pursued. It would, however, seem best to me, that the Lands and Negroes should go together, in the manner already mentioned. The latter might hire for more singly, but then the trouble of collecting would also be greater; nor could there be the same attention paid to them as when together, and under the immediate eye of your brother-in-law.
You will readily see the necessity of insisting upon ample security for the performance of whatever agreement you may enter into; for the Land, Negroes and stock thereon will be none, because they are your own already; and as the transaction is important, and will be interesting to yourself and the Children, I advise you to pay a Lawyer of note to draw the articles, rather than hazard an imperfect instrument, which may be turned to your disadvantage hereafter.
Besides the usual covenants to compel payments when they become due, there ought to be a clause making all sums in arrear to carry interest. This will be some compensation for the want of punctuality; but forfeiture of the Lease, in case of nonperformance of the conditions, should be strongly expressed, as it will be the principle hold you will have on the Tenant. Reservation of Wood-land, limitation with respect to clearing, restraint upon selling or disposing of any timber or Wood except for the purposes of the plantations, and prevention of all sorts of abuse. Keeping the Houses, fences and meadows in order. Care of the Negroes in sickness and in health; clothing them properly, and feeding them as Negroes usually are, are all matters which should be noticed in the Instrument. Nor ought there to be any transfer of the Lease, or re-hire of the Negroes without your consent first had and obtained in writing.
The number of years for which you would part with the Estate deserves consideration, and a consultation of circumstances, of which you can judge as well or better than I. My own opinion however, is, that it ought not to go for more than five or seven; for less than three, I presume no good tenant would take it. The Horses, Cattle and other stock, together with the implements of the Farm, you might either sell, or let go with the places at the valuation of two, or more judicious and impartial men, to be returned in equal numbers, and in the specific articles of equal value, when the places are surrendered; paying in the mean while a regular annual interest on the aggregate valuation as above.
The peculiar situation of our public affairs is such, and likely to remain such, that I see no prospect of my being able to leave the Seat of Government but for a mere flying visit home; which I am more than ever called upon to do as, by a letter received on Saturday, it appears that Mr. Whiting is in a confirmed consumption, and so much reduced as to be scarcely able to mount a horse. What I am to do under a circumstance of this kind, I really know not; not being able, in the short time I have had to reflect upon this disagreeable event, to call to mind a single character (if to be obtained) that would answer my purposes.
I shall strive hard to be at Mount Vernon by the first of next month, but to say positively I shall accomplish it is more than I dare do. My stay there cannot exceed, if it should amount to ten days.
I request you to remember me in the most affectionate manner to my Brother, Sister and the rest of the family; my love to the Children; compliments to Mr. Warner Washington and family if you should see them. In all which your Aunt, Nelly &c. join me. With much truth I am, your sincere friend and affte. relation.66
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 10, 1793.
Sir: Colo. Lowrey informs me that you are possessed of a horse which he had recommended, previous to your owning him, to be purchased by the President; and that you are willing to part with him for one hundred and twenty-five pounds. Altho' this price far exceeds what the President had an idea of giving for him, yet as he is desirous of obtaining a good covering horse to put on his Estate at Mount Vernon, and this has been highly recommended by Colo. Lowrey, he thinks it is probable he may purchase him; but he will not engage to do so until he sees and approves of him himself. And if you will have him brought to Philadelphia immediately after receiving this letter, the President will take him if he should meet his approbation; but in case he should not like him at the price fixed, he will pay the expence of bringing him here, and returning again to Trenton. I am etc.67
[Note 67: This letter is signed "Tobs. Lear" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 12, 1793.
Dr. Sir: Major Jackson, with whom you are very well acquainted, is about to embark for Europe on business unknown to me, having made no enquiry respecting it.
It is natural to do so, and of course I presume he will call upon you, in which case, I beg leave to recommend him to your civilities as an old acquaintance.
With very great esteem etc.68
[Note 68: Practically the same letter was sent this same day to Thomas Pinckney, and Jackson furnished with a certificate of service. Both this letter to Pinckney and a copy of the certificate are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
June 12, 1793.
Gentlemen: As you are about to meet on other business, it is my desire that you would take the enclosed application into consideration. It is not my wish, on one hand, to throw unnecessary obstacles in the way of gratifying the wishes of the applicants. On the other, it is incumbent on me to proceed with regularity. Would not the granting a Patent then, which I believe is always the concluding Act, and predicated upon the Survey (as a necessary document) have too much the appearance of placing the Cart before the horse? And does not the Law enjoin something on the Attorney General of the U. States previous to the Signature of the President? What can be done with propriety I am willing to do. More I ought not to do.69
[Note 69: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, June 13, 1793.
Gentlemen: This letter will be put into your hands by Mr. Lear, who is well known to one, or more of you.
He has it in contemplation to make (in conjunction with others) a considerable Mercantile establishment in the Federal City; if he should be able to obtain such a site therein, and upon such terms, as will answer his, and the views of his associates. What these are he can best explain to you; and you from the nature of your resources, will be better able than I, to decide on the admissibility of them.
From eight years intimate acquaintance with Mr. Lear. From his knowledge of business, good sense, penetration and caution, I am certain that any proposals made by him, and acceded to by you, will be executed with punctuality. Friendship and justice require this declaration from me, on his behalf. but, as I have intimated before, it is with you to decide, whether the proposals are such as to comport with your general plan for the advancement of the City.
With sentiments of very great esteem etc.70
[Note 70: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, June 13, 1793.
Dr. Madam: While I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13 of March, I can, with the greatest truth, assure you, that I feel a sincere sympathy in your afflictions on account of M. de la Fayette. And to shew you that I have not been unmindful of your condition; and how earnestly I have been disposed to alleviate your sufferings, as far as is in my power, I enclose you duplicates of two letters which I had the honor of writing to you on the 31st. of January and 16. of March. To these I can only add my most ardent prayers, that you may be again united to M. de la Fayette, under circumstances that may be joyful to you both; and that the evening of that life, whose morning has been devoted to the cause of liberty and humanity, may be crowned with the best of heaven's blessings.
With sentiments of sincere attachment to yourself and your dear offspring, I am etc.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, June 13, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have before me your Letters of the 28 of Decr. 1792, 6th. and 10th. of Jany. and 14th. of February 1793. To do anything more at present than acknowledge the receipt of these letters, and thank you most cordially for the information and opinions contained in them, is out of my power, (especially as Notice of the opportunity is short:), for you will readily believe, my dr. sir, that, what with the current affairs of the Government, the unpleasant aspect of matters on our Indian frontiers,and the momentous occurences in Europe, I am not only pressedwith the quantity of business; but that the nature of a greatpart of it is peculiarly delicate and embarrassing.
Mr. Jefferson will improve the present opportunity to give you full information respecting our public affairs; and I shall take the advantage of it to send to your care the enclosed packet for Mde. la Fayette, which contains duplicates of letters which I have written in answer to her's; and which I will thank you to convey to her by as safe an opportunity as can be met with, and even if that opportunity should be a late one, it would be better than to trust it to an uncertain conveyance.
With sentiments of sincere regard etc.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, June 14, 1793.
Sir: By the Gazettes of to day, I perceive a Vessel is just arrived in this Port from New Orleans, on board of which are several of our Citizens; who, having passed down the Mississippi, are now on their return to the Ohio, their place of residence.
It is of great importance that this Government should be fully informed of the Spanish force in the Floridas, the number of their Posts, and the strength and situation of each; together with such other circumstances as would enable it to adopt corrispondent measures in case we should, in spite of our endeavors to avoid it, get embroiled in a dispute with that Nation. It would be too improvident, might be too late, and certainly would be disgraceful, to have this information to obtain when our plans ought to be formed. I desire therefore, that you would cause in as unsuspected a manner as the case will admit, the above persons to be examined touching the above points, and what number of Troops have lately arrived at New Orleans; and commit the result to Paper. Were they to be examined seperately, advantages might follow by comparing their accounts. I point you to the above as one source only of information; my desire to obtain a knowledge of these facts, lead me to request with equal earnestness, that you would improve every other to ascertain them with certainty. No reasonable expence should be spared to accomplish objects of such magnitude, in times so critical.
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, June 16, 1793.
Dear Sir: I should be glad if you would give the enclosed a perusal, and let me know if you think the reasons there given are sufficient to authorise the additional Loan of 3,000,000 of florins applied for by the Secretary of the Treasury in a letter which you have seen.
The answers contained in the Report, shew the points on which I required information from him. In addition to the motives assigned in the Report for borrowing the additional Sum, there are others (if the act of doing it is warranted by law) very cogent in my mind as inducements to the measure, namely, the uncertain result of the Indian Treaty, the invasion of our Southern frontiers, and the peculiarly delicate situation in which we are placed with respect to some of the European Powers, who in spite of all we can do may involve us in a dispute with one or other of them. In wch. case it might be too late for us to effect a loan.
If the propriety of borrowing on the plan, and for the purposes mentioned in the Report is clear in your mind the Report may be returned by the bearer; If not any time before nine tomorrow may do. Yours always.73
[Note 73: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 74: Of Maryland.]
Philadelphia, June 16, 1793.
Dear Sir: The China Bowl with which your good father was so obliging as to present me came safe and I beg you to assure him that I shall esteem it more as a memento of his friendship than for its antiquity or size.
Not before the receipt of your letter dated the 24th. of last month, had I heard of the death of Mrs. Fitzhugh. on this melancholy event I pray you both to accept my sincere condolance. I also sincerely wish that the evening of his life although at prest. clouded [and] deprived of one of its greatest enjoyments, may be perfectly serene and happy: that you will contribute all in your power to make it so I have no doubt.
With great esteem etc.75
[Note 75: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, June 16, 1793.
Sir: Your Letter of the 13. instant came duly to hand. I thank you for making a tender of your services to me to supply the place of Mr. Lear. At present, I have no intention of adding any one to my family for this purpose. am etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 17, 1793.
All to whom these presents shall come.
Whereas an Agreement hath been entered into by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury of the U States, under due authority from me, on behalf of the United States on the one part, and the President, Directors and Company of the Bank of the U. States of the other part, in the words following, to wit:
Articles of Agreement between Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury on behalf of the United States of the one part, and the President, Directors and Company of the Bank of the Ud. States of the other part, made and concluded the 31st day of May in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety three. Whereas by the third section of the Act entitled, an Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1793 the President of the U: States is authorized to borrow on accot. of the said States, any sum or sums, not exceeding in the whole 800,000 Dollars, at a rate of interest not exceeding 5 P Centum pr. annum, and reimbursable at the pleasure of the United States, and it is also thereby declared to be lawful for the Bank of the U. States, to lend the said Sum. And whereas the President of the United States by an Instrument under his hand bearing date the 21st day of March 1793, did empower the Secretary of the Treasury to carry into execution the authority so vested in him.
Now therefore these presents witness, that pursuant to the authority and provisions aforesaid it hath been and hereby is agreed, by and between the said parties of the first and second part as follows, vizt. 1st. The said President, Directors and Company shall lend to the United States the said sum of 800,000 Dollars, to be advanced and paid into the Treasury of the United States in four equal monthly installments; the first, on the first day of June; the second, on the first day of July; the third, on the first day of August; and the fourth, on the first day of September of this present year.
2d. The several sums which shall be from time to time advanced shall respectively bear interest from the time of each advance, at the rate of five p Centum pr annum, and shall each be reimbursed, or repaid within the term of six months after the advance thereof, reserving nevertheless, to the U States the right at their pleasure to reimburse the whole, or any part of the monies which shall have been so lent and advanced, as much sooner as they shall think fit.
In testimony whereof the said Secretary of the Treasury hath caused the Seal of the Treasury to be affixed to these presents, and hath hereunto subscribed his hand; and the said President, Directors and Company have also caused the Seal of the Bank of the U States to be affixed to the same the day and year aforesaid. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury (L. S.) witness to the signing by the Secy. of the Treasury Henry Kuhl. Thos. Willing, Prest. (L. S.) signed in the presence of Henry Clymer, Thos. M. Willing. Attest John Kean, Cashr.
Now know ye, that I, having seen and considered the said Agreement, do hereby ratify and confirm the same and every part thereof. In testimony whereof I have caused the Seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand.77
[Note 77: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 20, 1793.
Sir: I have received and paid attention to your report of the 15th instant. The result is, that the Loan of 2,000,000 of florins ought, in my opinion, to be urged without delay, if it can be obtained within the limitations of the Law. The further proposal of borrowing 3,000,000 of florins in addition, I shall (seeing no inconvenience that will arise from the delay) take a few days longer to consider; as some reasons occur against as well as for the measure, in the present unsettled state of credit, and military and other operations in Europe.
In the mean time it would contribute to my understanding of the subject better, if you was to let me know how the whole sum borrowed under the Acts of the 4th and 12. of August 1790, (instead of the sums which have been transferred to the United States) has been applied; and whether the 200,000 dollars, "first instalment to the Bank of the U. States," is a legal charge, under those Acts or any other, in the Account A referred to in the report. Also, whether the 284,901 D. and 89 Cents expended in the purchase of the public Debt, does not appear in the report of the Commissioners of the Sinking fund, or some other report made to Congress last Session as appertaining more properly to the surplus revenue.78
[Note 78: Hamilton's answer of June 24 is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I ask these questions for information, because if the answer should be in the affirmative, the difference will be very material, and when added to the balance of 565,484 Dolls. and 28 Cents, as pt. your statement A would, with the 2,000,000 of florins negotiating, cover all the ascertained demands upon the U States for the years 1793 and 1794, exclusive of what may be required for the Sinking fund; for which you have made no specific appropriation whereby to form an estimate of the aggregate sum required. I am &c.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 20, 1793.
Six: I leave it to you and the Heads of the other two Departments to say what or whether any answer should be given to the British Minister's letter of the 19th. It would seem as if neither he, nor the Spanish Commissioners were to be satisfied with any thing this Government can do; but, on the contrary, are resolved to drive matters to extremity.80 Yours &c.79
[Note 80: According to the Journal of the Proceedings of the President (June 20, 1793), the British Minister required "a more definitive answer than had been given him to the enquiry, whether the privateers would be allowed to return to the ports of the U States, and send their prizes into them."]
United States, June 21, 1793.
Gentlemen: Before I can fix upon a time for conferring with you respecting certain points relative to the finishing of your business, I have to request that you will state particularly what those points are, that I may have some little time to consider them. As soon as may be after which, I will inform you when it will be convenient for me to see you, and to give any necessary directions concerning them. I am etc.
PS. I hope the communication requested will be made, at furthest, by nine o'clock tomorrow morning, as I am under the necessity of leaving this City tomorrow evening, or early next morning.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 22, 1793.
Gent: Having considered the two questions referred to me in your letters of yesterday, I am of opinion that the Report of your proceedings may be made to the president of the U. States, and that your books and papers will be most properly deposited in the Treasury Department. You will, therefore, be pleased to deliver them to the order of the Secretary of the Treasury.
Should there be anything in this business requiring, in your opinions, my further agency, I shall be ready at any time to give the necessary attention thereto either personally or in writing. I am etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 23, 1793.
Sir: Under cover with this note, you will receive two letters and an enclosure from Govt. Mifflin, wch. are sent to you for your information. Also the Journal of a Mr. Ewing's Voyage down, and his observations respecting the Posts, Settlements &ca. on, the Mississippi. It is my earnest desire that you would prosecute these enquiries with assiduity.
It merits investigation in order to decide whether the call upon Govr. Mifflin to secure the Prize of the Citizen Genet, released by the Marshall of the District of Pennsylvania in conseqe. of the Admiralty Courts refusing to take cognizance [of the affair]84 will require the number of Militia ordered on this Service by him. After having made this enquiry, you will give orders accordingly.
[Note 84: The words in brackets are supplied from the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1793.
Dear Sir: You will find by the enclosed letter from the Commissioners that Mr. Hallet reports unfavorably of Doctr. Thornton's Plan "on the great points of practicability, time and expence." And that I am referred "to Mr. Blodget, Hoben and Hallet whose verbal information will be better than any we can give you" on which to form ultimate Instructions.
Mr. Blodget I met at Baltimore85 in the moment I was about to leave it; consequently I had little conversation with him on the subject referred; but Mr. Hallet is of opinion that the execution
[Note 85: Washington left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon, June 24, and was in Baltimore, June 26.] of Doctor Thornton's Plan (independent of the cost, which would far exceed our means; and the time allowed for the accomplishment of the buildings) is impracticable; or if practicable, would not in some parts answer the ends proposed. Mr. Hoben seemed to concur in this opinion; and Mr. Blodget, as far as I could come at his sentiments in the short time, I was with him approved the alterations in it which have been proposed by Mr. Hallet.
It is unlucky that this investigation of Doctor Thornton's plan, and estimate of the cost had not preceeded the adoption of it: but knowing the impatience of the Carrollsburg interest and the anxiety of the Public to see both buildings progressing; and supposing the plan to be correct, it was adjudged best to avoid delay. It is better, however, to correct the error, though late, than to proceed in a ruinous measure, in the adoption of which I do not hesitate to confess I was governed by the beauty of the exterior and the distribution of the appartments, declaring then, as I do now, that I had no knowledge in the rules or principles of Architecture, and was equally unable to count the cost. But, if there be such material defects as are represented, and such immense time and cost to complete the buildings, it would be folly in the extreme to proceed on the Plan which has been adopted. It has appeared to me proper, however, that before it is laid aside, Justice, and respect to Doctor Thornton, requires, that the objections should be made known to him and an opportunity afforded to explain and obviate them, if he can.
For this reason, and because Mr. Blodget is in Philadelphia and it might not be convenient for Doctr. Thornton to leave it; I have requested Mr. Hallet and Mr. Hoben to repair without delay to Philadelphia, with all the plans and documents which are necessary to elucidate this subject, and do pray you to get all the parties herein named together, and after hearing the objections and explanations report your opinion on the case and the plan which ought to be executed. Nothing can be done to the foundation until a final decision is had, and this decision ought not to be delayed one moment that can be avoided; because time is wasting fast; because the public expectation is alive, and because the dæman Jealousy may be at work in the lower Town when one building is seen to progress rapidly, and a plan for the other not yet decided on. Whether it be practicable (even at an expence) to call in the aid of any other scientific Character in Philadelphia to assist in deciding this point; or whether there be any thence, is more than I can tell. Your own knowledge of this, and judgment, will decide. The case is important. a Plan must be adopted; and good, or bad, it must be entered upon. I am etc.86
[Note 86: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 33
July 1, 1793--October 9, 1794
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
1940
lE 312
.7
1931
Copy 6
PRINTED
April, 1940
Gov't Deposit
July 8 1942
Accessions Division
The Library of Congress
Mount Vernon, July 1, 1793.
Gentn: I have considered in the best manner my small knowledge in Architecture, and the peculiar situation of my own Private concerns (which brought me here) will enable me to do, the observations made by Mr. Hallet on the Plan which has been exhibited by Doctr. Thornton; and on acct. of its exterior beauty, and the arrangement of the Apartments, had been adopted. But if this plan is as expensive as it is represented to be; will require such a length of time to execute, either of which would be an important objection to it), and withal so exceptionable in the true principles of Architecture and so defective in some of the ends which are proposed, it ought to be relinquished for one more practicable, more simple, less expensive, and which can be executed in the time allowed by Law.
Having made this declaration, Justice to, and respect for the abilities and character of Doctr. Thornton call upon me to add that he should, before his plan is laid aside, be informed of all the objections to, and observations on it. If he cannot obviate them I persuade myself he will have candour enough to acknowledge it, and will readily see the propriety of a change which will bring the Building within the compass of our means and time. For this purpose, it is my wish and desire that you would both, by Thursday's stage, if practicable, set out for Philadelphia with Doctr. Thornton's Plan, and Mr. Hallets last one, together with the sections of the first, the observations, calculations, and in short every paper relative to both, and to a final decision, that as little time as possible may be lost in fixing this matter.
The reason why I propose your going to Philada. is because Mr. Blodget is now there, and because, if it did not suit Doctr. Thornton to repair to Georgetown immediately I could not be present at the meeting. In the Packet enclosed I have written to the Secretary of State to have the matter fully investigated before him and to report the result that a plan being fixed upon the foundation may be begun and in forwardness by the Sale.
I think it reasonable that the necessary expences of your journey should be borne by the public, and if circumstances render it improper, or inconvenient for both of you to go, that one ought to do it; but both would be best as every light and understanding of the subject ought to be had as the decision must be final and ought to be prompt. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, July 1, 1793.
Gentlemen: The very polite invitation which you have given me in the name of the Citizens of Alexandria, to celebrate with them the approaching Anniversary of American Independence, is received by me as a mark of attention meriting my warmest thanks, and as the best proof I can give of my feelings on the occasion will be to accept the invitation, I shall accordingly have the pleasure of meeting them at Alexandria on the 4 instant. I am etc.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1793.
Dear Sir: I send for the information and consideration of the heads of the Departments, a letter which I recd. by the post of yesterday, from the Governor of No. Carolina, stating the measures which he had taken relative to a privateer which had been fitted out from South Carolina under a french Commission, and which had arrived, with a prize, in the Port of Wilmington in North Carolina.
I intend setting out for Philadelphia on Sunday next;2 but do not expect to reach that place till Thursday, as I shall be detained in George town, the remainder of the day on which I leave this. With very great regard, I am etc.3
[Note 2: On July 7 Washington left Mount Vernon on his return to Philadelphia.]
[Note 3: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Alexandria, July 4, 1793.]
Gentlemen: Deeply impressed with the important advantages, which the United States will experience by remaining in peace, during the present contest among the powers of Europe; it is with the highest satisfaction that I receive this manifestation of your wishes for the preservation of that invaluable blessing: and the approbation which you express, of the measures which have been taken to secure a continuance of our present happy situation. To complete the American character, it mains for the citizens of the United States to shew to the world, that the reproach heretofore cast on republican Governments for their want of stability, is without foundation, when that government is the deliberate choice of an enlightened people: and I am fully persuaded, that every well-wisher to the happiness and prosperity of this Country will evince by his conduct, that we live under a government of laws; and that, while we preserve inviolate our national faith, we are desirous to live in amity with all mankind.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 11, 1793.
Sir: After I had read the Papers put into my hands by you, requiring "instant attention," and before a messenger could reach your Office, you had left town.
What is to be done in the case of the Little Sarah, now at Chester? Is the Minister of the French Republic5 to set the Acts of this Government at defiance, with impunity? and then threaten the Executive with an appeal to the People. What must the World think of such conduct, and of the Governmt. of the U. States in submitting to it?
[Note 5: Genet.]
These are serious questions. Circumstances press for decision, and as you have had time to consider them (upon me they come unexpected) I wish to know your opinion upon them, even before tomorrow, for the Vessel may then be gone.6
[Note 6: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. Endorsed by Jefferson: "recd. July 11. 93."
Washington reached Philadelphia, from Mount Vernon, the morning of July 11. A Cabinet meeting (Jefferson, Hamilton, and Knox) had been held in the State House, Philadelphia, July 8, to consider an answer to the Governor of Pennsylvania's question as to what steps he should pursue in the matter of the Little Sarah, then being armed and fitted out at Philadelphia. Hamilton and Knox were of opinion that immediate measures should be taken for erecting a battery on Mud Island "under cover of a party of militia, with direction that if the brig Sarah should attempt to depart before the pleasure of the President shall be known concerning her, military coertion be employed to arrest and prevent her progress. The Secretary of state dissents from this opinion." This proceeding, in the writing of Jefferson, and signed by all three Secretaries, is in the Washington Papers.
A Cabinet meeting was called for July 12 at 9 a. m., at which it was decided that letters be written to the Ministers of France and Great Britain, informing them that the matters in controversy were to be referred "to persons learned in the laws," and that in the meantime "it is expected...the Little Sarah or Little Democrat the ship Jane and the ship William in the Delaware, the Citoyen Genet and her prizes the brigs Lovely Lass and Prince William Henry, and the brig Fanny in the Chesapeake do not depart till the further order of the President. That letters be addressed to the Judges of the Supreme court of the U. S. requesting their attendance at this place on Thursday the 18th. instant to give their advice on certain matters of public concern which will be referred to them by the President." This minute of the proceedings, in the writing of Jefferson, and signed by Jefferson, Hamilton, and Knox, is in the Washington Papers. It is also noted in Jefferson's Anas, July 10, 1793, printed in Ford's Works of Thomas Jefferson (Federal edition), vol. 1, p. 282, et seq.]
Philadelphia, July 17, 1793.
Revd. Sir: I should, at an earlier moment, have acknowledged the receipt of your polite letter of the 25 of June, and returned my best thanks for the acceptable work which accompanied it, had I not been at Mount Vernon when they reached this place.
You will therefore be pleased, sir, now to accept thanks and acknowledgements which are due for your polite attention in sending me a sett of The American Universal Geography, and at the same time be assured you have my best wishes that you may be amply rewarded for the time and labour spent in producing so useful a work. I am etc.
(Private)
Philadelphia, July 17, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 8 inst: enclosing papers respecting our unfortunate Citizens, Captives in Algiers, and now return them to you with my thanks for your attention in communicating them.
In all our attempts to accomodate matters with the Algierines, and to relieve our Citizens holden in captivity by them, we have been peculiarly unfortunate. Besides the deaths of Captn. Paul Jones and Mr. Barclay, many other untoward circumstances have occurred in that business to prevent it's being brought to a point; but I believe it is unnecessary to say to you, my dr. sir, that no measure, which it has been in my power to pursue, in order to terminate that matter favourably, has been left untried, and things are now in the best train for effecting that purpose, that circumstances will admit of. With very great regard, I am etc.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On July 17 Lear wrote to Charles Feurer, then at Dumfries, Va., explaining why it is impossible to comply with his request for a copy of a letter. Lear's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. Feurer's request is not now found in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (July 17) Washington wrote to Patrick Miller, near Dumfries, Scotland, thanking him for the present of Miller's work on naval architecture. This letter is also entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1793.
Sir: I duly received your letter of the 5 inst: but at a time when I was so much engaged that it was not in my power to write you an answer. And now, having no knowledge of the condition in which my house and Lot in Alexandria are, and being equally ignorant of the rent of such houses in that Town. I have requested the favor of my acquaintance and friend Colo. Fitzgerald to negotiate this business with you. Any agreement then, which you can make with him will be obligatory on, Sir, etc.20
[Note 20: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 19, 1793.
Dear Sir: The day preceeding my departure from Mount Vernon, the enclosed letter was put into my hands. pressed as I was at the time by other business, I could give it no answer; and the next day when I saw you in Alexandria this matter had escaped me. I give you the trouble, therefore (since you have allowed me the liberty) to fix something with Mr. Moore on the subject of it. Whatever that may be will be satisfactory, and shall be binding on me, with two provisos, 1st. that the term for which the lease is given, shall not exceed five years, and 2dly that whatever repairs Mr. Moore may want, and are really necessary, shall be specifically enumerated, and executed under his own auspices and at his own expence, making a reasonable allowance therefor in fixing the rent. By such enumeration, it may at any time be seen whether the work stipulated has been executed; for in default thereof there can be no claim of deduction.
I have two motives for giving you this trouble, one because I know you are a good judge of what the House and Lot ought to rent for, and the other, because I have no person in my employ at present in whom I can confide to negotiate this business for me. I am etc.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Philadelphia, July 20(?) 1793.]
Gentlemen: Having no other view, in the discharge of my public duties, but to promote the best interests of our Country, it gives me pleasure to learn, that the measures which are taken to effect that object, meet the acceptance of my fellow Citizens.
I am persuaded, that the flourishing condition of the United States, and the happy situation of our political circumstances, will not fail to impress every reflecting mind. And sure I am that there is not a well wisher to this Country who can desire to see us involved in the contest in which the powers of Europe are now engaged.
The assurances of your determination to pursue such a line of conduct as will, on your part, ensure the continuance of peace and prosperity to our Country, are no less pleasing to me, than the belief which you express, that your address conveys,24 "the common sentiments and common language of the Citizens of the State of New Jersey."25
[Note 24: The address from the inhabitants of Trenton and its vicinity is dated July 18, and is in the Washington Papers. This answer is undated, the date assigned being tentative.]
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 21, 1793.
Dear Sir: When your letter of the 15 ulto. came to this place I was in the act of setting off for Virginia on urgent private business of my own, and since my return, that of a public nature has engrossed all my time.
I write to you now, because you have requested an acknowledgement of your letter, not because there is any place vacant (known to me), or, that I would be under any promise, if there was. I have observed an invariable line of conduct in all nominations to office, and that is to hold myself entirely free from all engagements until the moment shall arrive when it is necessary to make them, and then to do it with the fittest character, from the best evidence before me, without regard to private friendship or other considerations that might warp my public judgment.
It would give me, and I am sure it would also give Mrs. Washington, much pleasure to hear that you and family were living comfortably and doing well, being, Dear Sir, etc.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 21, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have, in due course of Post, been favoured with your letter of the 11th. instant.
I thank you for the prompt compliance with my request, as I do Mr. Fitzhugh27 also for the ready belief he yielded that I would do nothing unfriendly, or ungenteel in the case you were desired to mention to him.
[Note 27: Of "Chatham."]
Before the receipt of your letter, I had dispatched Howell Lewis (who was first to go to Fredericksburg for purposes of his own) to Mount Vernon; but had I known at the time that his brother Lawrence would have undertaken the business, I should have thought him (on account of his age) the most eligable; and would have preferred him accordingly; for, possibly, if he had chosen to continue there, his conduct might have been found such, as to supercede the necessity of employing any other: because, as I could place entire confidence in his integrity, and presume I may do so in his Sobriety, Industry, care and oeconomy, with strict attention to the conduct of the Overseers, and to the plans marked out for their government, my business might progress as well under his auspices as under that of any other I am likely to get; for a married man would not only be inconvenient for me, but (by keeping a separate house) would add considerably to my expences. Whereas a single man, whether at my first (if from his walk of life he should be entitled to it) or at my second table, would with respect to his board, be not more than a drop in the Bucket.
But after all, is not Lawrence Lewis on the point of Matrimony? Report says so; and if truly, it would be an effectual bar to a permanent establishment in my business as I never again will have two women in my house while I am there myself.
It is highly probable that I may another year want Buck Wheat for my Farms. In this case I shall, undoubtedly, apply to you, supposing much of it will be brought to your Mill. My Sowing of Buck Wheat for Manure, is over for this year, and for seed, the season is too far Spent. Mrs. Washington unites with me in every good wish for yourself and Mrs. Ball, and with great esteem and regard I am etc.
(Private)
Philadelphia, July 21, 1793.
Dear Sir: I should have thanked you at an earlier period for your obliging letter of the 14th. ulto. had it not come to my hands a day or two only before I set out for Mount Vernon; and at a time when I was much hurried, and indeed very much perplexed with the disputes, memorials and what not, with which the Government were pestered by one or other of the petulant representatives of the powers at War: and because, since my return to this City (nine days ago) I have been more than ever overwhelmed with their complaints. In a word, the trouble they give is hardly to be described.
My journey to and from Mount Vernon was sudden and rapid, and as short as I could make it. It was occasioned by the unexpected death of Mr. Whirring (my manager) at a critical season for the business with wch. he was entrusted. Where to supply his place, I know not; of course my concerns at Mount Vernon are left as a body without a head; but this by the bye.
The communications in your letter were pleasing and grateful; for, although I have done no public act with which my mind upbraids me, yet it is highly satisfactory to learn that the things which I do (of an interesting tendency to the peace and happiness of this Country) are generally approved by my fellow Citizens. But, were the case otherwise, I should not be less inclined to know the sense of the people upon every matter of great public concern; for, as I have no wish superior to that of promoting the happiness and welfare of this Country, so, consequently, it is only for me to know the means to accomplish the end, if it be within the compass of my powers.
That there are in this, as well as in all other Countries, discontented characters, I well know; as also that these characters are actuated by very different views: Some good, from an opinion that the measures of the General Government axe impure: some bad, and (if I might be allowed to use so harsh an expression) diabolical; inasmuch as they are not only meant to impede the measures of that Government generally, but more especially (as a great mean towards the accomplishment of it) to destroy the confidence, which it is necessary for the people to place (until they have unequivocal proof of demerit) in their public servants; for in this light I consider myself, whilst I am an occupant of office; and, if they were to go further and call me their slave, (during this period) I would not dispute the point.
But in what will this abuse terminate? The result, as it respects myself, I care not; for I have a consolation within, that no earthly efforts can deprive me of, and that is, that neither ambitious nor interested motives have influenced my conduct. The arrows of malevolence, therefore, however barbed and well pointed, never can reach the most vulnerable part of me; though, whilst I am up as a mark, they will be continually aimed. The publications in Freneau's and Beeche's papers28 are outrages on common decency; and they progress in that style, in proportion as their pieces are treated with contempt, and are passed by in silence, by those at whom they are aimed. The tendency of them, however, is too obvious to be mistaken by men of cool and dispassionate minds, and, in my opinion, ought to alarm them; because it is difficult to prescribe bounds to the effect.
[Note 28: Philip Freneau's National Gazette, Philadelphia, and Benjamin Franklin Bache's General Advertiser, Philadelphia.]
The light in which you endeavored to place the views and conduct of this Country to Mr. G--;29 and the sound policy thereof, as it respected his own, was, unquestionably the true one, and such as a man of penetration, left to himself, would most certainly have viewed them in; but mum on this head. Time may unfold more, than prudence ought to disclose at present. As we are told, that you have exchanged the rugged and dangerous field of Mars, for the soft and pleasurable bed of Venus,30 I do in this, as I shall in every thing you may pursue like unto it good and laudable, wish you all imaginable success and happiness being, with esteem &c.31
[Note 29: Genet.]
[Note 30: Lee married, June 18, 1793, Ann Hill Carter, of "Shirley."]
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 21, 1793.
Dear Sir: The death of my late Manager, Mr. Anthy. Whitting, making it necessary for me to look out for some person to supply his place, I take the advantage of your polite tender of your services which you have heretofore been so obliging as to make me, to beg your assistance in obtaining and conveying to me information of such characters in your part of the Country, as are qualified to fill that station, and who can be obtained for that purpose.
Altho' my affairs at Mount Vernon suffer much at present for want of a manager; yet I have thought it better to bear this temporary evil, than to engage one immediately who might not have all the necessary qualifications for that place. I have directed my enquiries for a manager to different parts of the Country; but I think there is a greater probability that a person may be found in the best farming Counties on the Eastern shore of Maryland to answer my purposes, than in almost any other quarter; for there seems to be more large Estates cultivated altogether in the farming system there than in other parts of the Country; and that reclaiming Swamps, raising Grass, Ditching, Hedging &c., are the greatest pursuits on my Estate.
It is hardly possible, and indeed it is not necessary here, to point out minutely all the qualifications required in, or duties expected from a man of the character wanted. The leading points in such a person must be a compleat knowledge of the farming business in its various branches; an ability to plan and direct generally the business of four or five large farms, adjoining each other, but under seperate Overseers; and a sufficient acquaintance with business and accts. to enable him to buy and sell, with discretion and judgment, such things as may be wanted for the use of the Estate, and to be disposed of from it; and to keep. an Account of the same. An experience of many years can alone give the first qualification mentioned; and a residence of some years in a part of the Country where the labour is done by negroes, and having had the management of pretty extensive business in that line, can only give the second. For the third, it is not necessary that a man should be a complete Clerk, or particularly conversant in mercantile transactions. Perfect honesty, sobriety and industry are indispensable. In fine, if I could [find] a man as well qualified for my purposes as the late Mr. Whitting (whom I presume you know, as he managed an Estate of Gen. Cadwallader's in your neighborhood for some years) I should esteem myself very fortunate. A single man would suit me much better than one with a family; indeed is almost indispensable, as he would live at the Mansion house; and I should like the age between 35 and 45, as that period seems most likely to unite experience with activity.
The names of the following persons in your quarter have been mentioned to me as well qualified to manage a large Estate, vizt. William Pierce,32 who has done, and still continues to do business for Mr. Ringold, recommended by Mr. Ringold himself.
[Note 32: Pearce.]
Owen Crow, said to have been a manager for Mr. Chew for some years, and now rents land and negroes from him.
James Cannon, said to have been an Overseer, and in some measure a manager for Mr. Chew. But I would here observe, that a man may be a good farmer and an excellent Overseer for a single plantation, who would be wholly unequal to the duties of a manager.
-- Brisco, on an Estate of the decd. Mr. Chew of Herring-bay in Cecil County, which, I am informed he means to quit. This person is rather out of your neighborhood; but it is possible you may know or hear something of him; from Mr. Jacob Hollingworth of Elkton I have his character.
I have understood also, that Mr. Lloyd's manager, of the name of Bryant, intends leaving him. If this should be the case, and he can be well recommended by Mr. Lloyd, I confess I should feel a predilection for him, because I know Mr. Lloyd is considered as one of the largest and best farmers in the Country, and so good a manager himself, that he would not employ a man who did not fully understand his business. But it must be remembered, that I speak of this person merely as having heard that he intended leaving Mr. Lloyd, and was well qualified for my purposes; for I would not, upon any consideration, have a measure taken in my behalf that would look like drawing a man from the service of another, to whom he was engaged, with a view of taking him into mine.
I have now, Sir, given you a pretty full detail of my wants and wishes on this subject, and shall feel obliged by any information you may give me relative to it; as well as for the mention of the terms upon which persons of the character before described, are employed upon large Estates on the Eastern shore; and for what they may be induced to go to Virginia. The Estate for which I want a manager lies about nine miles below Alexandria on the river Potomac, and 12 from the Federal City. I am &c.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 35: John Jay, chief justice; James Wilson, James Iredell, and William Paterson, associate justices.]
Philadelphia, July 23, 1793.
Gentlemen: The circumstances which had induced me to ask your counsel on certain legal questions interesting to the public, exist now as they did then; but I by no means press a decision whereon you wish the advice and participation of your absent brethren. Whenever, therefore, their presence shall enable you to give it with more satisfaction to yourselves, I shall accept it with pleasure.36 With sentiments of high respect, I am &c.34
[Note 36: The answer of the justices is not now found in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Corres. and Public Papers of John Jay, by H. P. Johnston (vol. 3, p. 487).]
Philadelphia, July 25, 1793.
Sir: A letter from Colo. S. Smith (of Baltimore) to the Secretary of the Treasury, giving information of the conduct of the Privateers, Citizen Genet and Sans Culottes, is sent for your perusal: after which it may be returned; because contained therein, is a matter which respects the Treasury Department solely.
As the letter of the Minister from the Republic of France, dated the 22d. of June, lyes yet to be answered; and as the Official conduct of that Gentleman, relatively to the Affairs of this Government, will have to undergo a very serious consideration (so soon as the Special Court at which the Attorney General is now engaged will allow him to attend with convenience) in order to decide upon measures proper to be taken thereupon: It is my desire that all the letters to, and from that Minister may be ready to be laid before me, the heads of Departments and the Attorney General, with whom I shall advise with on the occasion, together with the minutes of such Official Oral communications as you may have held with him on the subjects of those letters &ca. And as the Memorials from the British Minister, and answers thereto, are materially connected therewith, it will be proper, I conceive, to have these ready also.37
[Note 37: From the Jefferson Papers; also noted in Jefferson's "Note given to the Presidt." (July 26) in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, July 25, 1793.
Gentlemen: I enclose, for your information, the copy of a letter from the Secretary of State to me, on the subject of the objections made to Doctor Thornton's plan of a Capitol. By this letter you will see, that after a candid discussion, it was found that the objections stated, were considered as valid by both the persons chosen by Doctor Thornton as practical Architects and competent judges of things of this kind; and one of them (Mr. Carstairs38) who appeared to have studied the matter with most attention, pronounced them irremidiable without an alteration in some parts of the plan; the other (Colo. Williams) proposed certain methods for obviating some of the objections, but in what manner you will see by the enclosed letter.
[Note 38: Thomas(?) Carstairs.]
The plan produced by Mr. Hallet, altho' preserving the original ideas of Doctor Thornton, and such as might, upon the whole, be considered as his plan, was free from those objections, and was pronounced by the Gentlemen on the part of Doctr. Thornton, as the one which they, as practical Architects, would chuse to execute. Besides which, you will see, that, in the opinion of those Gentlemen, the plan executed according to Mr. Hallet's ideas would not cost more than one half of what it would if executed according to Doctr. Thornton's.
After these opinions, there could remain no hesitation how to decide; and Mr Hoben was accordingly informed that the foundation would be begun upon the plan as exhibited by Mr. Hallet, leaving the recess in the East front open for further consideration. If this meets your ideas the work of that building will progress as fast as circumstances will permit.
It seems to be the wish that the Portico of the East front, which was in Doctor Thornton's original plan, should be preserved in this of Mr. Hallet's. The recess which Mr. Hallet proposes in that front, strikes every one who has viewed the plan, unpleasantly, as the space between the two wings or projections is too contracted to give it the noble appearance of the buildings of which it is an imitation; and it has been intimated that the reason of his proposing the recess instead of a portico, is to make it in one essential feature different from Doctr. Thornton's plan. But whether the Portico or the recess should be finally concluded upon will make no difference in the commencement of the foundation of the building, except in that particular part, and Mr. Hallet is directed to make such sketches of the Portico, before the work will be affected by it, as will shew the advantage or disadvantage thereof. The ostensible objection of Mr. Hallet to the adoption of Doctor Thornton's East front is principally the deprivation of light and air, in a degree, from the Apartments designed for the Senate and Representatives. With very great regard, I am etc.39
[Note 39: In the writing of Tobias Lear. From the Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, July 26, 1793.
In addition to the information given by the Secretary of War and Genl. Pickins the 24th. instant, answers to the following queries are requested.
1st. In how short a time after full powers are received, by General Pickins for instance, at his own house, could an Expedition of the magnitude mentioned in the information, be in readiness to move from the appointed rendezvous, or place of departure on the frontiers?
2d. What quota of the aggregate force designated for such an Expedition ought the several States therein mentioned to furnish? and can such quota be obtained from the frontier Counties, and of proper men?
3d. Ought not the frontier Counties of Virginia (bordering on the South Western territory) to afford their aid of Men, and in what proportion?
4th. Is the enumerated force intended to comprehend an Expedition against the Cherokees also, or is it confined solely to the Creeks?
5th. If it is not, what force would be necessary for that Service, if the disposition of that Nation should render offensive measures expedient? and
6th. Who would be a fit character to command such an Expedition? And ought it to be subordinate to, or independent of the other?
7th. At what season do the Southern streams usually swell much? Are they not generally low until the month of January, and oftentimes longer?
8th. If there should be some part of the beforementioned Nations of Indians disposed to peace, can any effectual mode of discrimination be adopted other than withdrawing, and fixing them in some place or places within the frontier by which they could be saved harmless, and rendered inoffensive? And what disadvantages would result from the attempt, in any manner, to our operations, from its being the means of disclosing our intentions?41
[Note 41: Pickens's answers are in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 27, 1793.
Dear Sir: After giving the subject of Loans the most attentive consideration I am able under the several explanations which have been required and received from you, my mind has resolved itself into the form of the enclosed paper. But if there is any material objection to the measure there directed unadverted to by me, I am ready and willing to hear it; otherwise it may be carried into effect without delay. There is a blank to fill up, to do which I pray you to furnish me with the sum. I am etc.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 27, 1793.
Sir: I have considered your application for liberty to borrow three millions of Florins in addition to the one million, now in train of being borrowed.
It appears from the documents which you have laid before me that 284,901 Dollars 89 Cents have been applied to the purchase of the general debt; and that by the Act of 2d. March 1793, 200,000 dollars, of the money for that use, have been employed in discharging the installment due to the Bank of the United States. The sum then which may still be borrowed under the Act of the 12 of August 1790, being 1,515,098 Dollars 11 Cents, and it being very desirable to embrace the present season for purchasing, I am of opinion that a loan should be opened to that amount.
In like manner, as the balance of foreign loans, now in the Treasury, which appears from the same documents to be 565,484 D. 28 Cts. may be absorbed by the installments of the French Debt due in September and November next; and another installment of the Dutch loan will fall due in June 1794 and will require the sum of 1,000,000 of florins, I am also of opinion, that a Loan ought to be effected to that amount.43
Philadelphia, July 29, 1793.
Gentlemen: It will not be amiss, I conceive, at the meeting you are about to have to-day, to consider the expediency of directing the Customs-house Officers to be attentive to the arming or equipping Vessels, either for offensive or defensive war, in the several ports to which they belong; and make report thereof to the Governor or some other proper Officer.
Unless this, or some other effectual mode is adopted to check this evil in the first stage of its growth, the Executive of the U States will be incessantly harassed with complaints on this head, and probably when it may be difficult to afford a remedy.43
[Note 43:[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 31, 1793.
Dear Sir: As there are several matters, whh. must remain in a suspended state, perhaps not very conveniently, until a decision is had on the conduct of the Minister of the French Republic; and as the Attorney General will, more than probably, be engaged at the Supreme Court next week: It is my wish, under these circumstances, to enter upon the consideration of the Letters of that Minister tomorrow at Nine o'Clock; I therefore desire you will be here at that hour and bring with you all his letters, your answers, and such other papers as are connected therewith.
As the consideration of this business may require some time, I should be glad if you and the other gentlemen would take a family dinner with me at four o'Clock. No other company is, or will be invited. I am &c.44
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 3, 1793.
Dr. Sir: Motives of Justice, friendship and candour induce me to send the enclosed for your perusal. Let me know the truth of this matter. what answer is proper to be given to it, and by whom.
The writer is urgent to receive one, having called once or twice since the delivery of it, for this purpose. I am etc.45
[Note 45: The following note is entered below this letter in the "Letter Book": "The enclosed, alluded to above, was a complaint from A. G. Fraunces, respecting the withholding payment of Certificates which he conceived he was entitled to; and which his statement explains."]
Philadelphia, August 3, 1793.
Gentlemen: Fresh occurences, but communicated through private channels, make it indispensable that the general principles which have already been the subject of discussion, should be fixed and made known for the government of all concerned, as soon as it can be, with propriety.
To fix rules on substantial and impartial ground, conformably to treaties, and the Laws of Nations, is extremely desirable.46
[Note 46: These rules as agreed upon were signed by Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox, and Randolph, August 3, and forwarded to the President that same day. They are in the Washington Papers.]
The Virdict of the late Jury, in the case of Henfield,47 and the decision of yesterday respecting the French Minister, added to the situation of Indian affairs, and the general complexion of public matters, induce me to ask your advice whether it be proper, or not, to convene the Legislature at an earlier day than that on which it is to meet, by Law?48 And if it be thought advisable, at what time?49
[Note 47: Gideon Henfield, stated to be an officer in the service of the French Republic, had been arrested on the privateer Citizen Genet, and imprisoned. Genet had claimed the intervention of the President for his release.]
[Note 48: Separate opinions from Hamilton, Jefferson, Knox, and Randolph, on the question of convening Congress, were submitted to the President. Jefferson was the only Cabinet officer who approved convening Congress. All the opinions are in the Washington Papers. Randolph's reveals that "At a past day this question was agitated; and it was the unanimous opinion, that congress should not then be called. A revival of that opinion confirms me in its propriety."]
[Note 49: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, August 4, 1793.
By a Letter which I have just received from my Nephew, Mr. Lewis,50 at Mount Vernon, he informs me that you are applying to have your wages raised. This, I think, was the case last year, and may be the case another year. Nor is this all, for when one succeeds, another comes forward; a stop therefore might as well be put to these kind of cravings at one time as at another. However, as your crop was the most productive of any I made last year; and as I hope the present one will not be bad, if properly taken care of, I agree, by way of encouraging your future exertions, to raise your wages to Forty pounds next year; and make you the same allowance of provisions and other things as, by agreement, you were to receive this year.
[Note 50: Howell Lewis.]
To make an attempt after this, to encrease your wages, will be fruitless; and I mention it, that whenever you want more, you must seek for it elsewhere. Forty pounds per annum, clear of all expences, whether the winds blow high or blow low, whether the ground is deluged with rain, or laid waste by a parching drought; by either of which, and by many other casualties, crops may be destroyed, though the expences incurred in the making do not lessen, nor the mouths which are to be fed, nor the backs which are to be clothed do not decrease, is equal to the chance of double that sum in a proportion of the Crop; which, was it not for the labour spent in making meadows, and other jobs, some on and others off the farm, I had much rather give; but have been restrained from doing it to avoid grumbling; and because I may apply the hands at such places and in such a manner as to me, or my manager, should seem most conducive to my interest, when no other was to be affected by it. With this explanation of my sentiments, I remain etc.51
[Note 51: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 4, 1793.
Sir: If the heads of Departments and the Attorney General, who have prepared the eight rules which you handed to me yesterday, are well satisfied that they are not repugnant to treaties, or to the Laws of Nations; and moreover are the best we can adopt to maintain Neutrality; I not only give them my approbation, but desire they may be made known without delay for the information of all concerned.
The same expression will do for the other paper, which has been subscribed as above, and submitted to my consideration, for restoring or making restitution of Prizes under the circumstances therein mentioned.52
[Note 52: This paper is in the Washington Papers under date of Aug. 5, 1793.]
It is proper you should be informed, that the Minister of France intends to leave this City for New York tomorrow; and not amiss, perhaps, to know, that, in mentioning the seasonable aids of hands, which the Ambuscade received from the French Indiaman, the day preceding her meeting the Boston, he added, that Seamen would no longer be wanting, as he had now 1500 at his command. This being the case (although the allusion was to the Subject he was then speaking upon,) some of these Men may be employed in the equipment of other Privateers, other than those now in existence; as the right of fitting out such, in our Ports is asserted in unequivocal terms.
Was the propriety of convening the Legislature at an earlier day than that on which it is to assemble by Law, considered yesterday?
The late decree of the National Convention of France, dated the 9th. of May, authorising their Ships of War and Armed Vessels to stop any Neutral Vessels loaded in whole, or in part with Provisions, and send them into their Ports, adds another motive for the adoption of this measure.53
[Note 53: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[August 4, 1793.]
Fellow Citizens: The Address55 of the Inhabitants of the City of Hartford contains sentiments too favorable to the public weal, too partial to myself not to claim and receive my affectionate acknowledgments.
[Note 55: To which this letter is the answer, is dated August 2, and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. It said in part: "We are fully convinced, that an impartial Neutrality is the wish of the Inhabitants of this State, and that your proclamation was received by them with cordial satisfaction and approbation."]
It, at the same time, affords a new proof of that characteristic love of order and peace; of that virtuous and enlightened zeal, for the public good, which distinguishes the Inhabitants of Connecticut.
'Tis from dispositions like these that we may hope to avoid an interruption of the numerous blessings which demand our gratitude to Heaven; or that we may be encouraged to meet with firmness, confiding in the protection of a just Providence, any attempts to disturb them, which intemperance or injustice, from whatever quarter, may at any time make it our duty to encounter?56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 4 Washington wrote to Howell Lewis a long letter of instructions. From an ignorantly made copy in the Toner Transcripts, the following excerpts are given:
"You have neglected in the general Report, as the Overseers had before done in their individual ones, to give an account of the stock, work horses and occurences [ sic] which had taken place the week. This I expect will be repaired; and for this purpose it was, I gave you a general Report of Mr. Whittings, that you might see the manner in which they were made....I shall agree, as you will see by the enclosed letter (left open for you to read) to raise Crow's Wages to £40, because his charge is great and I believe he is as good as any I could get for that Wages: Desire him to see the Grass-Seed sown in the Swamp he has been plowing, so soon as he can get it in perfect order, and laid smooth. He has already been instructed as to the mode of doing it, and quantity of Seed to the Acre....The same directions will do for McKoy...you will give him a pretty strong hint that I can have no conception of what he is employing his force about, especially the Hoe people: as he has not more corn, than eight hands instead of 18 are fully competent to: and when he knows the additional ones was sent there for the express purpose of reclaiming and putting those swamps into Grass. He must be either a very idle fellow or of hasty judgment not to arrange the work of his people to better advantage....All possible dispatch should be made by Butler to get done with his Hay, that the Waggon and a Cart, if it can be usefully employed, may assist Stuart! And as soon as all the wheat at one place is in, the Carts belonging to it, ought to be sent to some other...until all the grain is got in....
"Enquire of Peter if any of the Eleven brood Mares (not hitherto used) are without Colts and used to the Draught if so, let a couple of them be sent to Mr. Stuart to encrease his operative Plows. But tell him at the same time, that it is inconceivable to me, that out of ten Plow teams, that is, 20 horses and Mules, which I am certain was the Report to me, until they ceased to report this matter at all, he should be able to work but 7 Plows. This matter wants explanation, and I expect to receive it.
"Let Mr. Stuart be informed also that he must not feed another grain of Corn to his Work horses. Cut Oats must be given to them: and if the Clover Hay is eatable he may give them some of that also. for I find by your account of the stock of Corn on hand, compared with the week by issues to my Negroes, there is not more than enough to serve them until the end of October.
"If you could buy one or two hundred bushels of Eastern Shore Oats, for the use of Horses, that may accidentally come to Mansion House, and for my own if I should be able to reach that place, it would be very proper. For this and other purposes which may occur, I send you a Bank note for 100 Dollars; which you may change at the Collectors in Alexandria (Colo Fitzgerald's) or any other, for Cash. Keep an account of your expenditures, and be careful in laying the money out....When will the Mansion house People be done Hay Making; and what do they go about next? The Potato Grd will, I hope, be next worked whensoever they get into it for the reasons mentioned in former letters. And advise with Butler whether the Oat ground at Mansion house, which you say is so thinly spread with the Grass that was sown along with the Oats, might not, where wanting, have clover and Orchard Grass scattered in sufficient quantity over it, and harrowed in, as it now is, without plowing the ground. If it is not sprung up much with weeds I should think this mode would do. But it is impossible for me at this distance and unacquaintedness with the real state of the ground to give any precise opinion on what is best to be done....
"And desire all the Overseers to be very regular in penning their stock and not to keep the Pens long in a place. The doing of the latter destroy the use of manure, for one part of the field is made so rich by it, that the grain all lodges, and the rest is left too poor to bring anything.
"Mr. Dandridge by Wednesday's Post, sent Bill of Lading for the articles that were shipped in Ellwood; let them be brought home as soon as they arrive at Alexandria. Among these things is leather, which is only to be given out a side at a time, and that I may be sure it is cut to advantage, see a midling sized one of each sort cut out, that you may thereafter form an accurate opinion of what they ought to yield.
"Know from Thos Green what transactions there could be between Mr. Whitting and him, to raise an Acct. to £6.2.3. Let the several articles of the account be enumerated and advise him to be cautious in what he is about, lest he bring himself into some scrape, for it is morally certain that Mr. Whitting could not owe him a shilling. You must have a particular eye to this fellow, for a more worthless one does not, I believe live. Nothing but compassion for his helpless family would induce me m retain him a moment in my service.
"Look in the Book case in my Study, and in the Apartment under it, also in the closets in the said Study for Pamphlets, and send every single one you can find, well and securely packed up, by Ellwood. The family are in health and wishing you well, I am etc.
"P. S. A Dutch News Paper is sent for the Gardner."]
Philadelphia, August 7, 1793.
Dear Sir: The commissioners having given it as their opinion that one hundred and forty pounds Virginia Currency would be a proper compensation to Mr. Keith for the trouble he has had with the Accts. relating to Colo. Colville's estate,57 I have given him a draught upon you for that sum, which you will be so good as to pay out of the ballance that may remain in your hands due to me after settling the Acct. of Mr. Bennets.
[Note 57: On August 6 Lear wrote to Keith, inclosing a draft for £140 Virginia currency. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
As this ballance will not be payable to me till the middle of Septr, I suppose it will be convenient for Mr. Keith to wait until that time, unless it should be equally as convenient for you to pay it when the order is presented as at this time. I am etc.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 8, 1793.
The present being, and being likely to continue for some time a favorable season for purchases of the Public Debt, and as it appears that the whole, or the greatest part of the unexpended monies of the foreign loans heretofore made, will be requisite for satisfying the approaching installments of our Debt to France, which it has been judged expedient to pay without deduction for any prior advance. It appearing moreover from the statements submitted by you to my consideration, that of the sum authorised to be borrowed by the Act intitled "an Act making provision for the reduction of the public debt," there may still be procured for the purpose of that act the sum of one million five hundred and fifteen thousand and ninety eight Dollars and Eleven cents:
I do therefore direct and require that you take immediate measures for obtaining a Loan or Loans to the extent of the sum aforesaid, to be applied to purchases of the public debt pursuant to the provisions of the act above mentioned.
Provided always that the terms and conditions of the said loan or loans shall be according to Law.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 8 Washington authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to negotiate a loan of 1,000,000 florins to be applied to the discharge of an installment due to Holland on June 1, 1794. This authorization is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (August 8) Washington also wrote briefly to the Secretary State: "The answer to Mr. Hammonds letter is conformable to the measures which have been advised: and of course is approved." This note is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress, and a press copy of Jefferson's letter to Hammond, dated August 8, is also in those papers.]
Philadelphia, August 10, 1793.
Dear Sir: I thank you for giving me the perusal of the letters to you, which are herewith returned. And I pray you to draught, on my behalf, what you may conceive to be a short, but proper and respectful response to the letter of the Chairman, or to the resolves, or to both as you shall judge best (for they come in a form so unusual that I scarcely know the mode that will be most eligable) and let me be furnished therewith tomorrow evening, or early on Monday Morning.
Query. If the introduction of G-- C--60 in the resolutions, affords a good occasion to notice the promptness and efficacy of his aid, and that of all the Governors (as far as facts are
[Note 60: Governor Clinton.] known to me) where there has been occasion for their exertion; would it not be good policy to make proper mention thereof ? Yours etc.61
[Note 61: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. (See Washington's letter to Nicholas Cruger, chairman of a meeting of the citizens of New York, Aug. 1793, post.)]
Philadelphia, August 11, 1793.
Dear Sir: I received your favor of the 3d. instant a few days ago.
If there be any specific agreement, in writing, between Mr. Whiting and the occupant of my Lot in Alexandria, I must abide by it, however erroneous the measure; provided it shall appear that the tenant has, or is in a way and condition to comply with his part of the contract. If no such written agreement can be exhibited, I shall not think myself under obligation to suffer the present family to remain longer in possession; for I well remember the conversation you allude to, in your presence; and I recollect also, to have been told by my deceased Nephew, Majr. Washington, that this, or some other occupant of the house, a little before, or after that conversation, had engaged to inclose the Garden with a good Post and Rail or Plank fence, and to repair the Houses completely. If these are not done the most he can expect, is to be permitted to go off quietly.
Under this explanation of my ideas, respecting the business, I shall leave it to you, my dear Sir, to act for me as you would for yourself, and I shall feel myself very much obliged by it.
I am pleased to find by your statement of matters, that the concerns of the Potomac are so prosperous away, its funds so respectable, and that we may shortly look to reimbursements by the Tolls. From the Shanadoah will the great harvest come, interest and policy therefore point most strongly to exertions in that quarter. With sincere esteem etc.
Philadelphia, August 12, 1793.
Dear Sir: I clearly understood you on Saturday. And, of what I conceive to be two evils, must prefer the least, that is, to dispense with your temporary absence in, Autumn (in order to retain you in Office 'till January) rather than part with you altogether at the close of September.62
[Note 62: Jefferson had resigned as Secretary of State in a letter to Washington, dated July 31, 1793, the press copy of which is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
It would be an ardent wish of mine, that your continuance in Office (even at the expence of some sacrifice of inclination) could have been through the whole of the ensuing Session of Congress, for many, very many weighty reasons which present themselves to my mind: one of which, and not the least is, that in my judgment, the Affairs of this Country as they relate to sovereign Powers, Indian disturbances, and internal policy, will have taken a more decisive, and I hope agreeable form, than they now bear before that time. When perhaps, other public Servants might also indulge in retirement. If this cannot be, my next wish is, that your absence from the Seat of Government in autumn, may be as short as you conveniently can make it. With much truth and regard, I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, August 13, 1793.
Gentlemen: I have received your letter of the first instant, enclosing certain communications to you from the Surveyors of the Federal City, dated the 29th and 31st of July, and have duly considered the alterations suggested in said Communications.
With respect to the first alteration proposed, vizt., "to stop S. Carolina Avenue, west of South Capitol, at the public appropriation." I am perfectly of opinion with you, that the reason given therefor is sufficient to warrant it. And as to the second, "to change the place of a small canal or Inlet from the Eastern Branch, from fifth Street east, where it is marked out on the plan, to sixth street," seems to be very proper for the reasons assigned by the Surveyors; And if, as they say, the ground in fifth Street, where the Canal is marked out, is high, and that in Sixth Street the tide already flows nearly the whole distance of the intended Canal, I think there can be but little doubt of its having been originally intended to be in sixth street, but was missed in laying down the work.
The third Alteration proposed, vizt. "to strike out two short Avenues leading from the Intersection of Massachusetts and North Carolina" seems to require further consideration; for I observe in the plan, that a bridge is marked out across the Eastern branch, leading directly from Kentucky Avenue. If this is really the best place for a bridge, and one should be ever likely to be built there, I think that Avenue ought to be preserved; and if that, then the other mentioned as making an equal Angle towards the N. Et. must be preserved also. You will, therefore, Gentlemen, be pleased to have the matter respecting the Bridge ascertained, if it be not already done, and let the striking out or not of these avenues depend upon that.
I am glad to find that the Surveyors are so forward in their work as they say they are; and I hope they will have everything on there part accomplished that is expected from them before the sale. In compliance with your request I will think of some suitable Character to examine your Accts. and expenditure of the public money. With great esteem etc.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Tobias Lear in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
[August 14(?) 1793.]
Fellow Citizens: Being guided in the discharge of my public duties by our excellent constitution, and laws made under it; and having always in view the happiness and best interests of my fellow Citizens, I cannot for bear to express the satisfaction which I feel when, upon important and critical occasions, my countrymen approve my conduct, and do justice to the motives which influence it.
The sentiments publicly expressed by the people of different parts of the Ud. States, and the anxiety which is shewn by all considerate and well disposed citizens to preserve the peace of our country and a continuance of its prosperity, is an incontestible evidence of their enlightened wisdom in justly appreciating the blessings we enjoy beyond, perhaps, any other nation under the sun.
While I assure you, Gentlemen, of the great pleasure which it gives me, to see this public testimony of your particular attachment to our Government, and approbation of its measures;65 permit me to express my gratitude for those marks of personal respect and attachment, which are evidenced in your address, and let me beg you to believe that it will ever be my study to deserve them.66
[Note 65: The address, to which this letter is an answer, is dated August 14.]
[Note 66: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 15, 1793.
"almost dark"
Sir: The Captain of Marines on Board the Ambuscade has just put the enclosed into my hands. He was sent he says on purpose to do it: and waits only for an answer. Give it I pray you such an one as it ought to receive. Yours.67
[Note 67: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. Jefferson has entered thereon "this was Genet's lre of Aug. 13. addressd to the Presidt." A press copy of a copy in French of Genet's letter of August 13 to President Washington is in the Jefferson Papers, as is also a press copy of Jefferson's answer thereto, dated August 16.]
Philadelphia, August 17, 1793.
Sir: I have received with great pleasure, the resolutions of the Citizens of the County of Burlington,68 which were enclosed in your letter of the 13 of this month.
[Note 68: New Jersey.]
In addition to the high satisfaction which I feel in knowing that my measures are approved by my fellow Citizens, it affords me no small pleasure to see, that, in giving this public testimony of their approbation, they take occasion to express those manly and independent sentiments, which are truly characteristic of a free and an enlightened people. And I must beg you to assure the Citizens of the County of Burlington, that, believing as I do, that the true interest and the happiness of its Citizens depend upon remaining in a state of peace in the present important crisis, I cannot but highly applaud their patriotic resolution to use all means in their power for the accomplishment of this desirable object, and that I am no less pleased with the sentiment wch. they have expressed, respecting any foreign interference in the internal administration of our Government.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
August 18, 1793.
Six: Your letter conveying to me the resolutions of the Citizens of New York, at their late meeting, affords me much satisfaction. The approving voice of my Fellow Citizens can never be heard by me, with indifference. That of the Inhabitants of your respectable metropolis, must always give particular pleasure. A unanimity so perfect as appears to have prevailed among them, upon an occasion so interesting to our national peace and happiness, furnishes an example of good sense, moderation, and patriotic virtue, which cannot cease to be remembered to their honor.
Discerning in it a sure pledge of their firm and persevering support, I request you to make known to them, the high sense I entertain of the dispositions they have manifested, and the complete reliance I place upon those dispositions.
I cannot omit the opportunity of publicly uniting with them in acknowledging the prompt and decided cooperation of the Government of New York, towards the support of the neutrality of our Country. The disposition, hitherto shown by the chief Magistrates of the several States, in relation to this point, is a pleasing evidence of a spirit of concert for the general good, happily calculated to harmonise and invigorate all the parts of our political system.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 18, 1793.
My dear Fanny: I was unable this day week, a day I devote in part, to writing letters of private concernment, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th. instant.
As I shall always be sincerely disposed to give you my opinion upon any, and every point you may desire respecting the management of your Estate, or the Children, it is my wish that you would never be backward in laying them before me. If I cannot instantly comply with your request, I may, nevertheless, do it in time.
The sentiments contained in my letter of the 10th of June were the best I could form under the view I had of your affairs, and recollection of the Will of the Testator. As it did not get to your hands before you had adopted measures for the disposal of the property in Berkeley, and arrangement of that in Fairfax, I do not see that better can be done than to allot the Negros in Fairfax in the manner proposed in your letter of the 7th. instt. And with respect to the young fellow in Berkeley, who you say refused to be hired with the rest, but who by the bye ought to have had nothing to say in the case, it is of no great moment now, whether he be added to those who are to remain in Fairfax, or to chuse a master in Berkeley. The five you have allotted to the former, besides the old woman and independant of him, will require the same kind of cropping as usual, to give them employment; and the same sort of Overseer as at present to look after them; whereas, upon the plan I suggested, a man and boy with two plows under the direction of a Farmer (who by agreement should be compelled to work as those under him do) I conceive the profit would have been greater, than with a larger number, managed as heretofore. But it is too late, (at least for the ensuing year) to carry the latter plan into effect. It may be well therefore, if your present Overseer is indisposed to continue under these changes, to be enquiring in time for another; and by adding the fellow above you will have a better chance of getting a tolerable one; the force even with him, being too small to induce a man of character to engage; and too numerous to expect an Overlooker to labour in the manner one would do whose living depended upon it. In short, it is too large, or too small. too small to expect a good Overseer; and too large for the plan I had thought of, and which I had conceived would be better for the land, and more profitable to yourself.
A Man and his wife; just from England advertised themselves to work on Shares. He a compleat farmer and she an excellent Dairy woman; but they were engaged before I sent to them. My love to Milly and the Children, and with most Affectionate regard, I remain etc.
PS. You are welcome [ ... ]72 any thing else [ ... ]72 for the repairs proposed.
[Note 72:[Note 72: The press copy here is indecipherable.]
Philadelphia, August 19, 1973.
Sir: I send, for the consideration and opinion of the Heads of Departments and the Attorney General of the U. S. a communication from the Governor of Pennsylvania respecting the Privateer Citizen Genet, together with copies of two letters from the French Consul to the Governor on the same subject, and a Report of two persons who had examined the Aforesaid Privateer by the Governor's order.
The Gentlemen will decide whether the circumstances reported respecting the unfitness of the said Privateer to proceed to sea, are such as would make it proper to depart from the rules already adopted, and allow a longer time for her to prepare to depart than is granted by the Governor, or whether the orders given by him on this head shall be executed.
It will be seen that the Subject requires despatch, and the Secretary of War will inform the Governor of the result of your deliberations on this subject as soon as it is given.73
[Note 73: In the writing of Tobias Lear in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, August 20, 1793.
Gentlemen: This will be handed to you by Mr. James Greenleaf, a native of Boston, who has resided for some years past in Amsterdam, and has lately been appointed Consul for the U. S. at that place.
This Gentleman, I understand, has it in contemplation to make certain proposals to you for building a number of houses in the Federal City, provided he can have lots upon such terms and conditions as may correspond with his interest in the undertaking while it tends, at the same time, to promote the great object of the city. I am pursuaded, Gentlemen, that you will listen with attention and weigh with candour any proposals that may promise to promote the growth of the City in the degree that Mr. Greenleaf's undertaking upon the extensive Scale that it has been represented to me, would do. But it will lay with yourselves to decide how far the state of your funds will justify you closing with any proposals that may not tend to give them an immediate increase.
It will undoubtedly be essential to Mr. Greenleaf that you should be impressed with just ideas with regard to his means of insuring the punctual performance of any engagements he may enter into, with you (if you shd. come upon any terms with him), and he will therefore undoubtedly take measures to satisfy you on this head. He has been represented to me as a Gentleman of large property and having the command of much money in this Country and in Europe; but I can say nothing on this head from my own knowledge. Having had occasion to make enquiry respecting him before his appointment to the office of Consul, the Accounts which I received were highly favourable to Mr. Greenleaf, both as to the respectability of his connections in this Country and in Holland (where he married), and as to his own character. And I have reason to believe that if you can find it consistent with your duty to the public to attach Mr. Greenleaf to the federal City, he will be a valuable acquisition. I am etc.74
[Note 74: The draft, in the writing of Tobias Lear, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, August 25, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 13 instant, recommending Captn. Kilty81 as a fit person to succeed the late Colo. Ballard in the office of Surveyor of the Port of Baltimore, came duly to hand.
[Note 81: John Kilty.]
The numerous and respectable applications which have been brought forward for that place is a pleasing evidence of the favourable light in which the offices under our general government are viewed. And the weighty consideration of the advantages which might arise to the public, as well as to those having immediate business with the office, from appointing a person thereto whose situation has naturally led him to acquire a knowledge of the duties of it and of the laws by which it is regulated, has alone enabled me to decide among the respectable applicants. Under this impression, I have appointed Mr. Daniel Delozier, who has acted as Deputy to the Collector, and from the ill health of Genl. Williams, appears to have done a great part of the business of that department from the time of its organization. But the Character of Captn. Kilty and the respectable recommendation with which he is supported would make it a pleasing circumstance to have him employed under the General Government. And as Mr. Davidson, the present Collector of Annapolis, has given notice of his intention to resign that office, as soon as another person shall be found to supply his place, if Captain Kilty should [think] it for his interest to accept it, I will appoint him thereto with pleasure.
With very great regard I am etc.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 25, 1793.
Dear Sir: It is not my usual custom to answer letters of application for recommendation for an office; because, having made it a point to keep myself free from any colour of engagement so long as an office may be vacant, I have thought it best to say nothing that might raise the expectation or depress the hope of the Candidates. But so numerous and respectable have been the applications and recommendations for the office of Surveyor of the Port of Baltimore, that I have thought a deviation from my general rule might not be improper in the present instance.
I have been induced to appoint Mr. Daniel Delozier to the office of Surveyor of Baltimore, from the consideration, that, in addition to the Strong and respectable recommendation forwarded by him, he must, from the station he has held for a long time as deputy to the Collector of that port, have a very competent acquaintance with the duties of a Surveyor and an accurate knowledge of the laws by which the office is to be regulated, which circumstances will undoubtedly be advantageous to the public as well as to those who may be immediately concerned in the exercise of its ... 85But the weighty recommendations produced in behalf of Captn. Kilty would make it
[Note 85: Left blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.] a pleasing circumstance to have the Gentleman employed in the General Government, and as the present Collector of Annapolis intends resigning his place as soon as another person may be found to fill it, if Captain Kilty will accept that office, it will give me pleasure to appoint him to it. I am etc.
P. S. In case of Captain Kilty's declining to accept the office of Collector of Annapolis, you will oblige me by enquiring of the friends of Mr. John H. Purveyance86 (who I understand is now on a voyage to the West Indies) if it is likely that he would accept that place and letting me know the result of your enquiries. This Gentleman was warmly recommended for the office of Surveyor of Baltimore, and I felt a very strong inclination to have served him on account of the service which his late father rendered to this Country in the late War and the unpleasant situation in which he left his family, as well as on Acct. of the merits of the young Gentleman himself. Captn. Plunket87 appears to have been his particular friend in bringing forward his late recommendations and would be likely to know which would be agreeable to him in the present Case.88
[Note 86: Purviance.]
[Note 87: Capt. David Plunket, of Baltimore, Md.]
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 26, 1793.
Dear Robert: Your letter of the 12th Inst: came to hand in due course of Post.
Nothing short of a very high price, would induce me to sell my small tract (of about 300 acres) on Difficult Run in Loudoun County; for which, on Account of the Mill Seat; quantity of Meadow land; contiguity to the Great Falls (where a town is erecting), Georgetown, the Federal City, and Alexandria (from the last of which it is only 18 Miles, I was, sometime before I left home, in treaty with a Dutchman for it at the annual Rent of Sixty pounds.
The lost Mountain tract which you speak of, in Loudoun County, wants explanation. I know not where it lyes, or what tract, at this moment, you allude to.
In my present way of thinking, scarcely double the price you offer for my Frederick Land would induce me to part with it. When the Shanondoah River is made Navigable. the accomplishment of which I entertain no doubt, in a short time. the value of lands contiguous thereto will rise in a ratio above calculation. Your Aunt and the family unites with me in best washes for you and Mrs. Lewis. I am etc.89
[Note 89: From a photostat of the original in the Boston Public Library.]
Philadelphia, August 26, 1793.
Sir: The enclosed letter from the Governor of the State of Delaware dated the 23d. instt. came to hand this moment.
The occasion requires some thing to be written, or done in consequence of the information.90
[Note 90: See Washington's letter to Gov. Joshua Clayton, Sept. 4, 1793, post.]
[August 28, 1793.]
Fellow Citizens: Among the numerous expressions of the public sense in favor of the measures which have been adopted for the observance of neutrality in the present war of Europe, none is more grateful to me, than that of the Inhabitants of Richmond and its vicinity. The manner in which it is conveyed, lays claim to my affectionate acknowledgments.
In recollecting the anticipations wch. were entertained of a pacific policy, as most consonant with the situation of the United States and the genius of our Government, it is a pleasing reflection, that when the occasion for exemplifying it occurs, sentiments corresponding with it appear to pervade every part of the community. This steadiness of views, highly honorable to the national character is well calculated to support, in the administration of our affairs, a spirit constantly favorable to the great object of peace.
And tho' the best and sincerest endeavours to this end, may sometimes prove ineffectual; yet it will always be a source of consolation and encouragement, that the calamities of war, if at any time they shall be experienced, have been unsought and unprovoked. Every good citizen will then meet events with that firmness and perseverance which naturally accompany the consciousness of a good cause, the conviction that there is no ground for self-reproach.
True to our duties and interests as Americans, firm to our purpose as lovers of peace, let us unite our fervent prayers to the great ruler of the Universe, that the justice and moderation of all concerned may permit us to continue in the uninterrupted enjoyment of a blessing, which we so greatly prize, and of which we ardently wish them a speedy and permanent participation.93
[Note 93: This reply to the address of the inhabitants of Richmond was inclosed in a short note to George Wythe, who had presided at the meeting which adopted the address. The note, together with this reply to the address, is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The address, dated August 17, is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 28, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your letter of the 11 of this month, and thank you very cordially for the information contained in it. I have also received your letter of the 9 instant, recommending Mr. J. H. Purviance to fill the office of Surveyor of the Port of Baltimore. And altho' you know it is not my custom to answer letters, of this discription; yet, in the Present Occasion I have thought it proper to observe to you, that knowing the very decided part which this Gentleman's Father took in our Revolution, his perseverence in the cause, the services rendered by him to our Country, and the disagreeable situation in which he left a worthy family, I felt a strong inclination to have served Mr. Purviance in the Present instance on these Accounts; as well as on Account of his own merits and qualifications, which from the testimonies produced are undoubtedly great, but as the several offices in the Revenue department in our large Ports were intended in a great measure, as a check on each other, and one of the Offices in Baltimore being already filled by an Uncle of this Gentleman, I concluded, upon the fullest consideration of the subject, that the appointment of Mr. J. H. Purviance to the office of Surveyor, might possibly give rise to insinuations not very favourable to the Gentlemen themselves or to the Government. Altho' I am fully persuaded myself that, in the case alluded to, no collusion would ever happen.
The office of Collector of Annapolis will require a new appointment as soon as a person properly qualified car~ be found to accept it. Captn. Kilty was strongly recommended for the office of Surveyor of Baltimore; but that place being filled by another, I informed Colo. Howard, who had written to me in behalf of Captn. Kilty, that, if he would accept the office of Collector of Annapolis, I would appoint him thereto, and mentioned, that, in case Captn. Kilty should decline, the office, then I should wish to appoint Mr. J. H. Purviance thereto, provided his friends thought it would be an object worth his attention. I am etc.94
[Note 94: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 28, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 11th of the last month.
Having conceived an opinion highly favorable to General Pickens, I invited him to repair to this city, in order that I might obtain from him such facts and information as would be essential to an offensive expedition against the refractory part of the Creek Nation, whenever Congress should decide that measure to be proper and necessary. The Constitution vests the power of declaring war with Congress; therefore no offensive expedition of importance can be undertaken until after they shall have deliberated upon the subject, and authorized such a measure.
It is essential (which is communicated to you on confidence) that under the present circumstances, it is not improbable but that an offensive Creek war might bring on a war with an European power, whose possessions are in the neighbourhood of the Creeks.
From recent information from Mr. Seagrove, it would appear, that a considerable portion of the Creeks, particularly the upper Creeks, were determined to make satisfaction for the injuries which have been done by that nation; but the bearers of this message were killed by a party of militia, the consequences of which, time will develope.
I have had just reason to be satisfied with the information of General Pickens, and, if the time shall arrive when an expedition shall be directed, I shall be greatly gratified by his taking an eminent part therein. I have the honor etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 29, 1793.
Gentlemen: I enclose you an Estimate of the cost of the Capitol for the Federal City upon Mr. Hallet's plan, calculated in the Philada. prices by Mr. Carstairs, one of the Architects brought forward by Dr. Thornton on the late occasion of discussing the objections offered to his plan. Altho' it may not be proper to rely entirely upon this Estimate; yet it will probably be found a very useful document in going on with the work.
In contemplating characters suitable to inspect your accounts, agreeably to your request, I have thoughts of appointing Captn. Conway,96 of Alexandria, and Major John Ross, of Bladensburg; they having struck me as Gentlemen very competent to the business in every respect, and believing them to be as little interested in the objects for which the expenditures have been
[Note 96: Capt. Richard Conway.] made, as any proper characters in that quarter would be likely to be. on the latter point, however, you are better able to judge than I am, and will let me know if any objection could arise on that head: and in case there should be none, I will let those Gentlemen know my wishes for them to undertake the business, as soon as I hear from you. In the meantime it may be well for you to inform me how long it will probably take to amine the accounts; and whether it would be best to have it done during your meeting, or at any other time, that I may let the Gentlemen know these circumstances, upon which perhaps will depend their accepting or declining the appointment; and also whether, as the business is of a public nature, it would be expected that compensation should be made for the time or trouble of executing it.
Query. In what manner would it be proper to state the accounts with the States of Virginia and Maryland, they having advanced money which have, not been all expended on the objects for which they were appropriated?
I propose, if the situation of public business will permit, to leave this place for Mount Vernon about the 14 of next month. With very great regard, I am etc.97
[Note 97: ln the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in Letters of the President of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, August 29, 1793.
Sir: It is but a few days since that I had the pleasure to receive your polite letter of the 4 instant, which accompanied the Sermon delivered by you on the 4 of July, and I beg you will accept my best thanks for the attention shewn in forwarding the same to me. I am etc.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 1, 1793.
Dear Sir: This letter will be presented to you By Mr. Lear, whom I beg leave (if he should go to France) to recommend to your civilities. He is a person who possesses my entire friendship ship and confidence; and will not be found unworthy of your acquaintance, as he will have it in his power to give you an acct., which you may rely on, of the true situation of things in this Country.
Mercantile pursuits have induced him to leave my family; by these he is carried to Europe for a short stay, only. I shall not repeat to you the sincere esteem and regard with which I am etc.
Philadelphia, September 1, 1793.
Sir: If this letter should reach you hand's, it will be presented by Mr. Lear, a Gentleman who has lived with me more than Seven years. The last four of which as my Secretary.
He is now withdrawing himself from this office, having engaged in the Mercantile scheme; which for a short Stay, takes him to Europe. His conduct during the period he has resided in my Family, has been uniformly good as to entitle him to my affectionate regard, and is my apology for recommending him to your civilities, in case he should fall in your way during his absence from this Country. From none would you be able to obtain oral information more to be relied on, of the Situation of affairs in this Country.
With esteem and regard I am etc.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 1, 1793.
Dear Sir: Notwithstanding Mr. Lear is already known to you, I cannot suffer him to depart without this letter of introduction to your civilities, whilst he may remain in London.
He is a person whose conduct has entitled him to my warmest friendship and regard, and one from whom you may obtain the best oral information of the real state of matters in this Country.
Mercantile pursuits withdraws him from my family, and carries him to Europe for the purpose of facilitating the measure he has adopted, for his future walk.
Present, if you please, my respects to Mrs. Pinckney; and be assured of the sincere esteem and regard with which I am etc.
Philadelphia, September 1, 1793.
Sir: I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2d. of May, giving me information of the steps you had taken respecting the bill of Exchange which I remitted to you in January last. Your attention to this business merits and receives my best thanks.
This letter will be put into your hands by Mr. Tobias Lear, a Gentleman who has been [my Secretary, and] a member of my family for seven years last past. He has been making arrangements for forming an extensive commercial establishment at the Federal City on the River Potomak, and now goes to Europe for the purpose of taking measures thereto carry his plan into effect. [His uniform good conduct having entitled him to my highest esteem and regard must be my apology for taking the liberty of introducing him to your civilities whilst he shall remain in Holland. I have the honor etc.]1
[Note 1: From a photostat of the draft in the writing of Tobias Lear kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, September 1, 1793.
Sir: Instead of commencing this letter with an apology for suffering your favor of the 17th. of last Jany. to remain so long unacknowledged, I will refer you to the bearer, who is perfectly acquainted with my situation, for the reason why it has done so.
The bearer Sir, is Mr. Lear, a gentleman who has been a member of my family seven years; and, until the present moment, my Secretary, consequently cannot, as I have observed before, be unknowing to the nature, and pressure of the business in which I am continually involved.
As a proof, however, that I have not been altogether inattentive to your commands; I enclose the result of Mr. Peters's answer to some enquiries of yours; and the copy also of a letter from Mr. Jefferson to whom I had propounded, for solution, other queries contained in your letter of the above date. The documents I send, have the signature of those gentlemen annexed to them but for your satisfaction only. Mr. Peters is, as you will perceive by vein in his letter, a man of humour. He is a theorist, and admitted one of the best practical farmers in this part of the State of Pennsylvania.
But, as it is not so much what the soil of this Country actually produces, as it is capable of producing by skilful management that I conceive to be the object of your enquiry, and to know whether this produce would meet a ready Market and good prices. What the nature of the climate in general, is. The temperature thereof in the different States. The quality and prices of the lands, with the improvements thereon, in various parts of the Union. The prospects which are unfolding in each &ca. &ca. I can do no better than refer you to the Oral information of the bearer, who is a person of intelligence, and pretty well acquainted with the State from New Hampshire (inclusive) to Virginia; and one in whom you may, as I do, place entire confidence in all he shall relate of his own knowledge; and believe is given from information, as it will be handed with caution.
Mr. Lear has been making arrangements for forming an extensive commercial establishment at the Federal City on the River Potomac; and now goes to Europe for the purpose of taking measures, there, to carry his plan into effect. I persuaded myself that any information you can give him, respecting the Manufactures of Great Britain, will be gratefully received; and as I have particular friendship for him, I shall consider any civilities shewn him by you, as a mark of your politeness to Sir Your etc.2
[Note 2: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
[Note 5: Connecticut.]
[September 2, 1793.]
Fellow Citizens: The motives which have induced a public expression of your sentiments at the present juncture, are such as naturally operate upon good Citizens, when points, which materially concern the happiness of their Country are the subjects of discussion.
Your approbation of my conduct on the occasion, to which it relates, could not fail to give me particular pleasure, and to serve as a suppotto my confidence in pursuing measures which, dictated by official duty, have for [their] object the peace and happiness of our common Country.
Sentiments sincerely friendly to the French Nation, and the most cordial wishes for their welfare, unite, I doubt not, all the Citizens of the United States; but it cannot be incompatible with these dispositions to give full weight to the great and commanding considerations which respect the immediate welfare of our own Country.6
[Note 6: After approving the neutrality proclamation, the New London address stated: "We hesitate not, Sir, to allow that our feelings take a decided part in favour of the French Nation; we regard them as the Nation who were our first and firmest friends in an hour of distress...yet we conceive that it would be the heighth of Folly and Madness for the United States to unnecessarily to engage in the wax."]
Experienced as we have lately been in the calamities of war, it must be the prayer of every good Citizen that it may long be averted from our land, and that the blessings which a kind providence has bestowed upon us, may continue uninterrupted.7
[Note 7: This reply to the address from the inhabitants of New London was forwarded in a brief inclosing note to Richard Law, chairman of the meeting which drew up the address to the President. This reply and note are recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 4, 1793.
Sir: I have recd. your letter of the 31st ulto. from New York enclosing one from Sr. Edwd. Newenham, also the magazines, the Packet from St. John Sinclair &c. for your care and attention in forwarding them I beg you to accept my thanks.
Any civilities which it may be in my power to shew you while you remain in this Country, will give me Pleasure. I am etc.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 9: Eastern Shore of Maryland.]
[September 4, 1793.]
Fellow Citizens: No one can more sincerely deprecate the horrors of war, or more ardently wish to continue to our Country the blessings uniformly attending peace, than I do.
To meet your approbation of a measure resulting from these motives, and from the fullest conviction that it was the duty and interest of this Country to remain neuter in a contest which has engaged most of the powers of Europe, at the expense of much blood and treasure, cannot but be extremely pleasing to me.
The miseries attending was, are recently within our own experience; and though the issue of our struggle was glorious, and the prosperity and happiness we have derived from it unequalled perhaps in any other Country, yet, I trust the good sense of the people of these United States, will never (if peace can be preserved consistently with our dignity and honor) suffer themselves to be drawn into another.
As far as my endeavours can contribute towards the preservation of this desirable object, my most active exertions shall not be wanting.10
[Note 10: This reply was inclosed in a brief note, dated September 4, to John Eccleston, chairman of the meeting of Dorchester citizens. Both the reply and note are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 11: Of Delaware.]
Philadelphia, September 4, 1793.
Sir: Considering, as I do, a state of peace as the greatest blessing which can attend any Country, I feel peculiar pleasure in receiving from you, the assurance of the constant and steady support of the late Grand Jury of Sussex County, to preserve to our Country a happiness so truly desirable.
Influenced by this consideration, I was led to declare these States neutral with regard to the powers now at war, and I am happy in finding the measure so generally approved by my Fellow Citizens, whose welfare it shall be my constant study to promote, and whose confidence I shall always endeavour to merit.
For the favorable sentiments they have expressed towards me, my warmest thanks are offered, and my best wishes reciprocated.12
[Note 12: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 7, 1793.
Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday's date,18 and approving the measures suggested therein, desire you will make arrangements for carrying them into effect with as little loss of time as may be.19
[Note 18: Jefferson's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. It is written in the third person and concerns his answer to Hammond's letter of August 30 regarding certain special cases of vessels and the establishment of a general rule of restitution or compensation. Jefferson wished the Cabinet to approve the draft of his answer to Hammond.]
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 20: Mayor of Norfolk, Va., and chairman of the citizens' meeting.]
Philadelphia, September 9, 1793.
Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 31st ultimo, enclosing sundry resolutions entered into by the Citizens of the borough of Norfolk, it is with much sensibility I declare to you, and thro' you beg leave to make known to them, the satisfaction I derive from their approbation of, and steady and zealous determination to support measures of the Government of the U. S. arising from pure motives, and a conviction that they are essential to the welfare and happiness of our Country.
Aided by the good sense and virtuous exertions of the enlightened Citizens of these States, I enjoy the pleasing hope that we shall be able to preserve to our Country the invaluable blessing of peace at this interesting period. Whilst the Citizens of Norfolk express their serious resolution to maintain this desirable state, it gives me pleasure to find them regarding, as becomes free-men, any improper interferences which might be offensive to the dignity of our Nation.
For the marks of personal respect and attachment, which the Citizens of Norfolk are pleased to express towards me, I beg you to present to them my warmest gratitude.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 9, 1793.
Gentlemen: I have duly received your letter of Sep. 5. and in consequence thereof have authorised mr. David Ross of Bladensburg, and Colo. Robert Townshend Hooe of Alexandria, to examine the accounts and vouchers of the expenditure of the monies appropriated to your trust as Commissioners of the public buildings of the federal territory, and to certify to me the result.22 I am etc.23
[Note 22: On September 9 Washington wrote to Ross and Hooe requesting them to audit the accounts. The draft, in the writing of Jefferson, is also in District of Columbia Letters and Papers.]
[Note 23: The draft, in the writing of Thomas Jefferson, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 24: Foreman of the grand jury of Chester County, Pa.]
Philadelphia, September 9, 1793.
Sir: I feel much satisfaction in receiving thro' you, at this critical period when it becomes the duty of every good Citizen to preserve peace to his Country assurances from the late Grand Jury of Chester County, of their intention to pursue every means to ensure to the United States that inestimable blessing.
The motive which led to a declaration of the neutrality of these States, was a conviction of its being for their interest and happiness; and it affords me singular pleasure to find that measure so generally approved by my Fellow Citizens whose prosperity and ease it will always be my first care to promote.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, September 9, 1793.
Dr. Sir: It was the opinion of the Gentlemen at their meeting, on Saturday last if I mistake not, that Mr. Wolcott26 should be desired to request Mr. Webster to substantiate the language of the Minister of the French Republic as related by him in the enclosed letter.
[Note 26: Oliver Wolcott.]
Colo. Hamilton's situation, for which I feel extreme regret, does not permit his having any agency in the matter at present; I therefore send the letter which he forwarded to me from Mr. Webster to Mr. Wolcott to your care, being persuaded that whatever measure shall be deemed right and proper will be put in train by you.
I think it would not be prudent either for you or the Clerks in your Office, or the Office itself to be too much exposed to the malignant fever, which by well authenticated report, is spreading through the City; The means to avoid it27 your own judgment under existing circumstances must dictate.
[Note 27: The word "it" was inserted and afterwards crossed off inadvertently.]
As the spreading and continuance of the disorder may render it unadvisable for me to return to this City as soon as I at first intended, I wd. thank you, in case you should remain in the vicinity of it to write me a line by every Monday's Post informing me concisely of the then state of matters; with other occurrences which may be essential for me to be made acquainted with.
And I would thank you also for your advice to Mr. Fraunces or Mrs. Emmerson (the House keeper) if, by means of the Disorder my Household Affairs in this City should be involved in any delicacy. I sincerely wish, and pray, that you and yours, may escape untouched and, when we meet again, that it may be under circumstances more pleasing than the present. I am etc.28
[Note 28: To this letter Ford prints the following footnote: "On August 12th, Webster had dined at the same table with Genet, Captain Bompard, and one of Genet's secretaries. In the course of the conversation Paschal (the secretary) asserted that Washington made war upon the French nation. Genet agreed in this, and went on to say that the Executive of the United States (not the President) was under the influence of British gold, and the officers were in the British influence and had formed a plan to subject America to Great Britain. He asserted that he had very good letters to prove this." No letters of Webster or Wolcott on this matter, nor copies of them, are now found in the Washington Papers.]
Chester, September 10, 1793.
Dear Sir: I return from this place, the Papers which you put into my hands on the Road, to day.29 The unpromising state of the Negotiation at Madrid, and the opinion of the Commissioners that their Commission should be withdrawn, and matters at that Court placed in Statu quo, deserve very serious consideration. I pray you to give it; and if it rests altogether with the Executive (after the Agency the Senate has had in the business) let me know the result.
[Note 29: On the morning of September to Washington left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon, where he arrived September 14.]
Mr. Carmichael must not be the person left there; for, from him we should never hear a tittle of what is going forward at the Court of Madrid. I am &c.30
[Note 30: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 31: Chairman of the meeting of inhabitants of Kent County, Md.]
Philadelphia, September [10?], 1793.
Sir: The spirit which breathes throughout the resolutions of the Inhabitants of Kent County in the State of Maryland, lately convened at Chester town, does honor to their character as Citizens.32 'Tis by such a spirit, seconding the endeavours of the Government, that we shall have the fairest prospect of preserving our peace. 'Tis by such a spirit that in any event we shall secure the internal tranquility of our Country, its respectability, and shall be enabled to encounter with firmness any attempt, hostile to its safety, its honor, or its welfare.
[Note 32: The resolutions of the meeting were forwarded to Washington, September 2, by Lloyd.]
The expressions of confidence and attachment towards myself contained in the same resolutions, impress me with sensations analagous to their fervour and earnestness, and to the true esteem and regard which I always feel for the respectable Citizens from whom they come.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Elkton, September 11, 1793.
Sir: I will thank you to have made out and forwarded to me a Commission for the Collector of Annapolis, in place of Davidson34 leaving the name of the person blank to be filled up by
[Note 34: John Davidson. He had been appointed inspector of the port of Annapolis.] me, you will please to have the U: States Seal affixed thereto, and countersigned by you, so that it may be sent directly from me to the person who shall be appointed.35 With much esteem etc.36
[Note 35: John Randall was appointed and confirmed collector, December 30.]
[Note 36: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1793.
Sir: The receipt of your Letter of the 7 instant, enclosing the resolutions of the Citizens of Talbot County, gave me much pleasure.
The approbation which the administration of the general Government has met from my fellow Citizens throughout these States cannot fail to excite in me the liveliest satisfaction; and the assurances given by them of their firm intentions to unite in keeping our Country in a state of peace at this important moment, is an additional and pleasing testimony of the unanimity and good sense of the Citizens of the U. States.
While I beg to assure the Citizens of Talbot, of the reliance I place on their disposition towards the general Government, manifested in the resolutions, I also request you to make known to them the pleasure I receive from their expressions of esteem and attachment for my person; and to you, Sir, for your polite manner of transmitting these resolutions, my best thanks are offered.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 16 Washington wrote to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia two brief letters ordering that the sale of lots, both public and private, in the District of Columbia on September 17 be made at the terms decided on by the Commissioners. These letters are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (September 16) Washington also wrote to John Eager Howard, returning John Kilty's letter. The original of this letter is in the possession of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1793.
Sir: The Packet herewith sent, I fd. at the Post Office in Alexandria, as I passed through that Town on Saturday afternoon.
[Note 38: Chairman of the meeting of citizens of Talbot County, Md.]
The letter from the Minister of the French Republic, dated the 7th. instt, in answr. to one he had received from Govr. Clinton of the 3d. preceeding, breathes (as far as I can understand it from Mr. Dandridge's translation) the same language as all others do which have been received from that Gentleman lately.
The points in it to be decided on are two, first the proposition or rather information of Mr. Genet respecting the Privateers Little Democrat and Carmagnole, and 2d. the William Tell, Prize to the Cerf. If the latter should have got into the Court of Admiralty, it will not, (at least in the first instance) require the interference of the Executive; But if this should not have been the case, any opinion which you, the Secretary of State and Attorney General of the U. States, shall agree in (I take it for granted that Colo. Hamilton is not in a situation to attend) may be forwarded to the Governor of New York as my decision in both, or either case, without refering it to me.
With best wishes for your continuance in health etc.
[September 18, 1793.]
Fellow Citizens: Conscious of having had in view the Interest and Happiness of the people of the United States, in the discharge of my public duties; and fully persuaded that remaining in a state of neutrality during the present contest between the powers of Europe, if not absolutely necessary to these objects, would tend in a very considerable degree to promote them, I receive with infinite satisfaction, testimonies from my Countrymen, from various parts of the Union, expressive of their approbation of a measure intended to advance the welfare of my fellow Citizens; and none have given me more pleasure than receiving that of the Citizens of Annapolis.
The present flourishing situation of our affairs, and the prosperity we enjoy, must be obvious to the good Citizens of the United States; it remains, therefore, for them to pursue such a line of conduct, as will insure these blessings, by averting the calamities of a war.
The manner, Gentlemen, in which you are pleased to express yourselves towards me personally, merits and receives my warmest gratitude; and it will always be my greatest pride and happiness to receive the approving voice of my fellow Citizens.39
[Note 39: This reply to the address of the citizens of Annapolis was forwarded in a brief note (September 18) to Alexander Contee Hanson, chairman of the meeting. This note, together with the reply, is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On September 18 President Washington laid the southeast cornerstone of the United States Capitol building in the city of Washington. A full description of the ceremony is printed in the Columbian Mirror and Alexandria Gazette, Sept. 25, 1793, a photostat of which is in the District of Columbia manuscripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 40: Chairman of the meeting of the inhabitants of Caroline County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1793.
Sir: The resolutions of the Inhabitants of the County of Caroline, transmittted to me by you, were received with peculiar pleasure; because no Citizen of the U. States can have a more sincere desire, than I have, to see all attempts at subverting or violating the Constitution or Laws of the Land, frustrated; and it gives me much satisfaction, to be assured of the firm support of my fellow Citizens in preserving the peace and safety of our Country.
The expressions of gratitude and affection, by the Citizens of Caroline, towards the French Nation, for their generous aid and assistance extended to us in a time of need are truly laudable, and must meet the approbation of every grateful mind.
I beg you, Sir, to assure the Citizens of Caroline, of my fixed attachment to the free principles of our Government, and of the confidence I have in the virtue and good sense of my fellow Citizens, which I trust will always counteract any measures which might tend to weaken their affection to these principles, or to alienate them from the republican Government they have established for themselves, and under which they have hither to enjoyed unequalled prosperity and happiness.
The marks of respect and affection for my person, manifested in the resolutions, demand and receive my unfeigned acknowledgments and gratitude, which I request you to communicate to the Citizens of Caroline, and to assure them of my unremitted endeavours to advance their welfare as far as my powers and abilities extend.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 42: Chairman of the meeting of the inhabitants of the Borough and County of York, Va.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1793.
Sir: Your Letter of the 5 instant, enclosing a copy of several resolutions entered into by the Inhabitants of the County and borough of York, I have had the pleasure to receive.
That the well-being of our Country rests upon the cultivation of peace (consistently with public faith and our own rights) agriculture and commerce, I am well convinced; and I beg you to express to my fellow Citizens of York County and Borough, the satisfaction I derive from the declaration of their intentions to join in preserving these blessings to the United States, and to present them my best thanks for their favorable expressions towards me personally.41
[Note 43: Chairman of the meeting of inhabitants of Morris County, N. J.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1793.
Sir: Your Letter, conveying to me the resolutions, agreed to by the Inhabitants of Morris County, the 10 inst: has reached my hands.
Their firm and manly sentiments, declared in the resolutions, and united determination to protect and defend the honor and dignity of our Country, are such as become the freemen and Citizens of the United States; and evince their firm and commendable resolution to preserve their liberty and independence inviolate. With such aid and support, under direction of Divine Providence, I trust the flourishing condition and inestimable blessings now enjoyed, will be long continued to our Country.44
[Note 44: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 45: Chairman of the meeting of the citizens of Williamsburg, Va.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1793.
Sir: With no less pleasure than you transmitted them, I received, enclosed in your Letter of the 14 instant, sundry resolutions expressing the sentiments of the Citizens of Williamsburg, on the late declaration of the neutrality of these States.
Sentiments like these, evidencing the good dispositions of my Fellow Citizens, to retain the advantages we at present enjoy from a state of peace, must be pleasing to every friend of the United States, and add to the testimonies already given of the good sense of the people thereof.
I request you, Sir to offer my since acknowledgments to the Citizens of Williamsburg, for their pointed approbation of my personal endeavours to promote their interests, and the assurances of my best endeavours to guard their interests in whatsoever shall depend upon the Executive powers.46
[Note 46: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1793.
My dear Sir: With very sincere pleasure I received your private letter of the 11th. instant.47 This pleasure was not a little enhanced by your reiterated assurance of my still holding that place in your estimation which, on more occasions than one, you have given me the most flattering testimony, highly gratifying to my mind. This assurance came opportunely, as I had begun to conceive (though unable to assign a cause) that some part of my public conduct, however well meant my endeavors,
[Note 47: Pendleton had written: "I find however that the Officer at the head of the Fiscal department stands charged by some Members from hence, with misapplication of the public money....I am an utter stranger to the Gentn. at the head of that department, and pretty much so to the detail of his Conduct, but I will confess to you Sir, that all his reports on Ways and means, From that on the Funding System to the present day have impressed me with an Idea of his having made the System of the british Ministry the model of his conduct as assumed American Primate; chusing rather to trust to a moneyed Interest, he has created, For the Support of his measures, than to their rectitude. I do'nt say these were his motives, but such they appear to me, and I fear we shall long feel the effects of the System if it were now to be changed, wch. it is supposed would be improper, at least as to the Funding System.
"The Non-discrimination he so much laboured, appeared to me a Sacrifice of the substance of Justice to its shadow; its effects to throw unearned wealth into a few unmeriting hands, instead of diffusing it (after repaying them their purchase money) to those who entitled themselves to it by the most Meritorious consideration. The Assumption of the State debts in a lump before it was ascertained that they were created for common benefit (which would make them an equitable charge on the Union), seemed to me unaccountable, unless derived from the Secretary's position that increase of public debt is beneficial; a maxim adopted by the British Cabinet, but unsupported by reason or other example, and its National effects there strangely misrepresented.
"The various kinds and Value of the new Certificates, I see inconveniences in, gut can discover no other reason for, than to give the rich Speculators at or near the Seat of Government an advantage over the distant, uninformed, unwary or distressed Citizens; and the recommended irredeemable quality, as a means of increasing their Credit in circulation, is a paradox of which no Solution has yet Occurred to my mind." Pendleton's letter is in the Washington Papers.] had appeared unfavorable in your eyes, for you will please to recollect that, formerly you promised me, and I always expected, an annual letter from you. It is now (if my memory has not failed me) at least four years since I have had that pleasure.
Sequestered you say you are, from the World, and know little of what is transacting in it but from Newspapers. I regret this exceedingly. I wish you had more to do on the great theatre; and that your means of information were co-equal to your abilities, and the disposition I know you possess to judge properly of public measures. It would be better perhaps for that public it should be so; for be assured we have some infamous Papers, calculated for disturbing if not absolutely intended to disturb, the peace of the community.
With respect to the fiscal conduct of the S--t--y of the Tr--s--y I will say nothing; because an enquiry, more than probable, will be instituted next Session of Congress into some of the Allegations against him, which, eventually, may involve the whole; and because, if I mistake not, he will seek, rather than shrink from, an investigation. A fair opportunity will then be given to the impartial world to form a just estimate of his Acts, and probably of his motives. No one, I will venture to say, wishes more devoutly than I do that they may be probed to the bottom, be the result what it will.
With the most scrupulous truth I can assure you, that your free and unreserved opinion upon any public measure of importance will always be acceptable to me, whether it respects men, or measures; and on no man do I wish it to be expressed more fully than on myself; for as I can conscientiously declare that I have no object in view incompatible with the Constitution, and the obvious interests of this Country, nor no earthly desire half as strong as that of returning to the walks of private life, so, of consequence I only wish whilst I am a Servant of the public, to know the Will of my masters, that I may govern myself accordingly.
You do me no more than Justice when you suppose that from motives of respect to the Legislature (and I might add from my interpretation of the Constitution) I give my Signature to many Bills with which my Judgment is at variance. In declaring this, however, I allude to no particular Act. From the nature of the Constitution, I must approve all the parts of a Bill, or reject it in toto. To do the latter can only be Justified upon the clean and obvious ground of propriety; and I never had such confidence in my own faculty of judging as to be over tenacious of the opinions I may have imbibed in doubtful cases.
Mrs. Washington who enjoys tolerable good health joins me most cordially in best wishes to you and Mrs. Pendleton. I wish you may live long, continue in good health, and end your days as you have been waring them away, happily and respected. Always, and most affectionately I am &c.
[MS.H.S.]
[Note 48: Chairman of the meeting of inhabitants of James City County, Va.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1793.
Sir: Every well-wisher of the U. States must derive pleasure from the disposition which has been shewn generally, by the citizens thereof, to repel with firmness any attempts tending to disturb their present repose. It was with much satisfaction therefore that I received the Resolutions of the Inhabitants of James City County, enclosed in your Letter of the 16 instant, containing sentiments which accord with those which have been expressed by so many respectable Citizens in every part of the Union.
While such a disposition and such sentiments are retained by my Fellow Citizens, on whose aid and support, in the discharge of the trust which they have confided to me, I place entire confidence, we may expect, under the protection of a kind providence a continuation of those blessings which these States enjoy in a superior degree.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 51: Chairman of the meeting of inhabitants of Petersburg, Va., and vicinity.]
Mount Vernon, September 24, 1793.
Sir: The resolutions of the Inhabitants of the Town of Petersburg and its vicinity, were transmitted to me from Philada. by the Secretary of State.
The zealous and firm declaration of my Fellow Citizens of Petersburg and its vicinity, of their conviction of the necessity of peace in order to the preservation of our present state of tranquillity and prosperity, while the people of Europe are distressed by a calamitous war. and their determined resolution to support every measure of Government, adopted with a view to the true interests of our Country, affords me much pleasure.
That the principles of Liberty and the rights of man may be universally disseminated, is my ardent wish; and, as far as in my power, my constant endeavours will be to advance them.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 15th. instt, having unluckily passed on to Philadelphia before it got to my hands is the cause of its remaining so long unacknowledged.
I have by the Post of to day written to the Comptroller of the Treasury for most of the other offrs. are absent to obtain, on my acct, one hundred dollars for the use of your Sons in Phila. and hope it will be accomplished; but such is the stagnation of business there and so entirely chang'd is everything there by the retreat of the Inhabitants and the extention and malignancy of the fever with which it is visited that it is almost impossible from the little intercourse people have with one another to promise anything on a certainty of having it complied with. Mr. Wolcot (the Comptroller) will I am sure do all he can to fulfil your desires and it will give me pleasure if in this instance or in any other I can contribute to your happiness.
My best wishes (in which Mrs. Washington joins me) attend Mrs. Carter and your family and with very great esteem etc.53
[Note 53: From a photostat of the original draft through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1793.
My dear Sir: I congratulate you and Mrs. Hamilton very sincerely on your recoveries from the malignant fever which prevailed in Philadelphia; and hope you are both restored to perfect health, and that no other of the family has been seized with the disorder. In these sentiments Mrs. Washington cordially unites with me.
From Mr. Jefferson who has just passed this, from Genl. Knox who has set out for Boston, and from the accts. published in the Gazettes, I conceive, that under the most favourable change that can reasonably be expected, the first of November is as soon as business can, with safety, be transacted in the City of Philadelphia; but it appears necessary, at all events, that the heads of Departments should assemble, if not at that place, yet in the vicinity of it (say Germantown) at that time; where I also shall be, if well. My compliments to Mrs. Hamilton, and respects to Genl. Schuyler and family if you are with them. I am etc.54
[Note 54: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1793.
Sir: Your letter of the 20th. instt. came duly to hand. I am much obliged to Colo. Hamilton for sending me a copy of the Memorandum describing the mode of treating the prevailing fever in his case, and to you for transmitting it. It gave me sincere pleasure to hear that he and Mrs. Hamilton have got so happily over the disorder, and I hope Mrs. Wolcot and yourself will escape it. The enclosed for Colo. Hamilton you will be so good as to forward.
An old acquaintance of mine,55 a respectable character, and a staunch friend to the Government of the U States has requested of me what you will find in his letter enclosed. I am anxious to comply with it, but do not under existing circumstances well know how to draw the money with regularity from the Treasury on my own Acct. and therefore take this method of expressing my wish and leaving it to your judgment to carry it into execution. My compliments to Mrs. Wolcot. With esteem and regard I am etc.56
[Note 55: Charles Carter.]
[Note 56: The letter sent, in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge, is in the Connecticut Historical Society.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your letters of the 15th. and 18th. instt. And as the last announces your intention of setting out for Boston the next day I shall add nothing in this letter on business; but shall thank you for the information you have given me, as well private as public; and observe that, it appears to me highly necessary that the heads of Departments should assemble in Philadelphia or Vicinity of it by the first of November at which time and place I shall make it a point to be present. I have wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury to this effect and have communicated the same to the Secretary of State. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1793.
My dear Sir: I have not written to you since we parted, but had just set down to do it when your letter of the 13th. instt. was brought to me from the Post Office in Alexandria.
It gave Mrs. Washington, myself and all who knew him, sincere pleasure to hear that our little favourite57 had arrived safe, and was in good health at Portsmouth. We sincerely wish him a long continuance of the latter, that he may always be as charming and promising as he now is, and that he may live to be a comfort and blessing to you and an ornament to his Country; as a testimony of my affection for him, I send him a Ticket in the lottery which is now drawing in the Federal City; and if it should be his fortune to draw the Hotel it will add to the pleasure I have in giving it.
[Note 57: Lincoln Lear.]
We remained in Philadelphia until the 10th. instr. It was my wish to have continued there longer; but as Mrs. Washington was unwilling to leave me surrounded by the malignant fever wch. prevailed, I could not think of hazarding her and the Children any longer by my continuance in the City the house in which we lived being, in a manner blocaded, by the disorder and was becoming every day more and more fatal; I therefore came off with them on the above day and arrived at this place the 14th. without encountering the least accident on the Road.
You will learn from Mr. Greenleaf, that he has dipped deeply, in the concerns of the Federal City. I think he has done so on very advantageous terms for himself, and I am pleased with it notwithstanding on public ground; as it may give facility to the operations at that place, at the same time that it is embarking him and his friends in a measure which although it could not well fail under any circumstances that are likely to happen; may be considerably promoted by men of Spirit with large Capitols. He can, so much better than I, detail his engagements and the situation of things in and about the city that I shall not attempt to do it at this time.
Mrs. Washington having decided to let Nelly Custis have her watch and chain, is disposed to receive substitutes in lieu thereof at about 25 guineas price; and leaves the choice of them to you. The plainness of the watch &ca. she will not object to. 120 dollars in Bank notes are inclose[d] for the purchase of them.
If it should be convenient and perfectly safe for you to engage for me, on reasonable terms a compleat Black Smith you would oblige me by doing so. But as there are Laws in England prohibiting such engagements under severe penalties and such may exist in other Countries, you will understand me clearly that for no consideration whatever would I have you run the smallest risk of encountering them. You know full well what kind of a Smith would suit my purposes it is unnecessary therefore for me to be particular on this head. He must however have a character on which you can rely, not only as a compleat workman for a Farm, but as an honest, sober and Industrious man. If he comes on Wages they must be moderate, and with, or without wages he must be bound to serve me 3 years; 4 would be better.
Mrs. Washington thanks you for your kind recollection of her request with respect to Lincoln and desires me to assure you of her sincere love for him in which I join and of her friendship and regard for you. In whatever place you may be or in whatever walk of life you may move my best wishes will attend you, for I am, and always shall be Your sincere friend &c.
PS. I have just recd. a letter from the Earl of Buchan in which he says, my letter intended to accompany the Portrait had got safe to his hands but that he had heard nothing of the Picture. If you shd., while in New York, see the Painter of it be so good as to mention this circumstance to him and enquire into the cause of the failure.
The District Attorney of New Hampshire has sent his resignation. I am entirely unacquainted with the characters in that line in that State and would thank you to name the person whom you think best qualified to succeed Mr. Sherburne58 and most likely to give general satisfaction.
[Note 58: Samuel Sherburne.]
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1793.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 10th. instant enclosing a Memorial dated the 9th., never came to my hands until yesterday.
I shall transmit both to the Secretary of State, to whom it would have been more regular for you to have applied in the first instance.
The proofs will be necessary for his inspection and information (if the matter has not been acted upon by the American Minister at Paris) that he may be enabled to report the case fully for my consideration.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 27 Washington forwarded this letter and memorial to the Secretary of State in a brief note, a photostat of which, through the kindness of E. F. Bonaventure, of New York, is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 29, 1793.
Sir: A letter from you of the 20th. instant has been received, Stating the distressed and truly affecting situation in which you are. Could my ability to do it, keep pace with my sincere desire to relieve the wants of the distressed, the request made in your letter to me would be chearfully complied with; but the numerous and pressing calls upon me for pecuniary aid from real objects of charity, and from those who are more immediately within my own knowledge are such that I am under the necessity, however repugnant to my feelings, of declining to comply with your request but I can have no doubt however that all those who are acquainted with your merits and knowing to the circumstances as stated in your letter would readily contribute to make up such a sum as you require to commence business with. Sincerely wishing that you may find means to extricate yourself from your present embarrassments, as represented in your letter. I am etc.60
[Note 60: On September 29 Dandridge wrote a similar letter for the President to a Jonathan Shaw. Both letters are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 30, 1793.
Dear Sir: The continuation, and spreading of the malignant fever with which the City of Philadelphia is vested, together with the absence of the heads of Departments therefrom, will prolong my abode at this place until about the 25. of October at, or about, which time I shall, myself, (if the then state of things should render it improper for me to carry my family) set out for that City, or the vicinity, say German Town.
I shall be obliged to you therefore, if you remain at your Post, which I by no means wish you to maintain at the hazard of taking the fever, to keep me advised of the existing state of things in that quarter, and more over that you would be so obliging (if it should be thought unsafe for me to go into my own house in the City at the time abovementioned) to enquire whether a tolerably convenient lodging for myself, one Gentleman of my family, with three Servants and as many horses could be had in or near German Town. To prevent any misunderstanding of my meaning, I declare explicitly, that it is hired lodgings only I will go into, for, unless such can be had, I would repair to one of the most decent Inns.61
[Note 61: The house occupied by Washington in Germantown is stated by W. S. Baker to have been owned by Col. Isaac Franks. It was on Germantown Avenue, about 6 miles northwest of Independence Hall, in Philadelphia. Rev. J. B. Stoudt states that the President occupied the first floor of Rev. Lebrecht Herman's parsonage as an office.]
I have given notice to the heads of departments of these my intentions, requesting their attendance accordingly. The time and Place mentioned.
Have you ever examined with attention, and with an eye to the case, whether the Constitution, or Laws of the Union, give power to the Executive to change the place of meeting of the Legislature in cases of emergency in the recess? for example, whether the spreading of the fever which is so fatal in Philadelphia, thereby endangering the lives of the members who might assemble there the first Monday in December next, is a case that would come under any provision in either. If you have not, I pray you to do it, and give me the result of your opinion.
Mr. Jefferson upon a superficial view of the subject, when here, thought there was no power in either to do this; but the Laws were not examined carefully, and the Constitution is, I believe, silent respecting it. Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for you, Mrs. Randolph, and family. I am etc.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1793.
Dr. Sir: Sometime before I left Philadelphia I received a letter from you respecting your Son John, and immediately made known (by letter) to Mr. Morris your wishes concerning him; but having received no answer to it, I conclude, and think it may be taken for granted, he has not much to expect from that quarter. Indeed Mr. Morris and others in that line, have so many applications to them of this kind and have so many friends and relations for whom they wish to provide that those who are strangers to them have little to expect. My advice therefore is, as soon as your Son shall arrive in Philadelphia, for him to call upon Mr. Morris and know at once whether he will give him a birth in his Indiaman, or not, for as he has never answered my letter I cannot, again, apply to him on this subject.
Since my arrival at this place your letter of the 15th of September has been presented to me but in reply I can only say that from the moment I embarked in my present walk of life, I resolved, most firmly, never to be under any promise of an office; or to express any sentiment which could be construed into the most distant intimation of one, until the hour of nomination should arrive; and then, under a full view of the merits and pretensions of the different Candidates to name the person who seemed best qualified for the office; without suffering myself to be influenced in the smallest degree by my friendship, Relationship, or local attachments of any sort or kind whatsoever.
I do not doubt but that Mr. Brooke63 is a Gentleman of merit, but as your letter is the first intimation I have had that the naval office at Hobshole is likely to become vacant, I have made no enquiry as yet into the pretensions to, or fitness of any one to supply his place, whenever this event shall happen Mr. Brooke request will be considered with others; and wherever the preponderancy is, there my duty to the public requires me to fix. With my love to Mrs. Spotswood and the family, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, I remain etc.64
[Note 63: Francis Brooke.]
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1793.
Dear Sir: it appearing to me that the public business will require the Executive Officers to be together sometime before the meeting of Congress, I have written to the Secretaries of the Treasury and War to meet me at Philadelphia or vicinity, say Germantown, by the first of November, and shd. be glad to see you there at the sametime. The Attorney General is advised of this also.
In a letter from General Knox of the 24th Ulto. who was then at Elizabeth Town performing quarantine before he could be admitted into New York is the following paragraph.
The french fleet is still in New York, in a wretched State of disorganization, which prevents its Sailing. Mr. G--t has been low spirited for ten days past. The fleet have been told by him that the Executive of the United States prevents their selling their prizes, and Citizen Bompard, who belongs to a Club in France as well as all his Sailors, say that they shall represent the matter upon their return in its proper colours. I do not find Mr. G--t has promulgated the last letter of the Secretary of State, excepting as to the effect of the measures with the Consuls, which prevent their selling their prizes; Would to God it had been thought proper to publish the letter to Mr. Morris. The minds of our own people would have been convinced of the propriety of measures which have been adopted, and all cavil at the meeting of Congress prevented.
I should be of this opinion likewise if there is danger of the public mind receiving unfavourable impressions from the want of information on one hand, whilst the insidious attempts to poison it are so impudently and unweariedly practised on the other.
In another letter from Genl Knox dated the first instant at the same place after having lain [ sic] quarantine from the 19th. of September to that date, he says
The french fleet, excepting the Ambuscade will sail to morrow from New York upon some Cruise unknown. The Surveillant sailed on the 29th. Ult for France with despatches from Mr. G--t and such is his desire that they should arrive safely, that he will in a day or two despatch the Ceres, an armed Brig with duplicates.
If our dispatch boat should fail, and duplicates are not sent, he will play the whole game himself.67 General Knox expects to be back by the 25th. of this Month.
[Note 67: At this point Ford prints the following note from Genet to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, September 19: "At this time Genet was sending a remarkable despatch to his government, representing that his ends would be attained in the next Congress in spite of General Washington, who sacrificed the rights of France. 'This friend of Lafayette, who affects to adorn his parlor with medallions of Capet and his family; who has received letters from the pretended regent, which were brought to him by Noailles and Talon; and who continues to see these villians, calls me anarchist, Jacobin, and threatens to have me recalled because I have not delivered myself to the federalist party, who wish to do nothing for us, and whose only aim is to establish here a monarchy'."]
We are sustaining at this moment, a drought, which if of much longer continuance, will, I fear, prove fatal to the Wheat now in the ground, much of which has come up badly, and is diminishing every day for want of Rain. I am etc.
P. S. The enclosed from Mr. Leslie68 you will best know what to do with, and say to him.69
[Note 68: Robert(?) Leslie, a London watchmaker.]
[Note 69: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress. Ford dates this October 6.]
[Note 70: Chairman of the meeting of the citizens of Alexandria, Va.]
Mount Vernon, October 8, 1793.
Sir: While the public mind is engaged, and in some degree disturbed by various subjects which have arisen, consequent of a War in which most of the European powers are engaged, with the highest satisfaction I have received assurances from many parts of the United States, of the determined resolution of the Citizens thereof to be neutral, thereby securing to themselves the inestimable blessings resulting from peace, and that they will give support to measures, adopted by those to whom they have confided authority for that purpose, which are dictated with an evident regard to their interests, and by a wish to promote the happiness of all the Citizens of the Union. Among those which have been received, the resolutions of my Fellow Citizens of Alexandria, enclosed by you, have contributed not a little to afford me pleasure, and justify the opinion I had entertained of their good sense and patriotism. I request you, Sir, to make known to them my attachment, equally with their's, to a republican system, and as far as my personal endeavours will contribute, they will be employed in supporting the principles of our foederal Government, and defeating any attempts which might be made to violate them, or to lessen the confidence of the people therein.
I join with them also in expressions of gratitude to the French Nation for their timely and important services rendered to these States, and it is my earnest wish that genuine Liberty and equal rights may pervade every Nation of the Earth.71
[Note 71: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 9, 1793.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is an answer to the resolutions of the Citizens of Alexandria, which came under a blank cover to me, and which were ordered to be published in the Gazette of that place. But if the 8th resolution72 is not published along with the others, nor intended to be so, (which seems probable, as it is separate and distinct) I request, in that case, that the answer may not appear; because I have never taken notice of any resolutions, wherein one of them has not directed, and it has so appeared, that they should be sent to me, considering them without this, as no more than the expression of the sentiments
[Note 72: The 8th resolve provided that the resolves of the meeting be sent to the President and that they be published in the Alexandria newspapers.] of the Meeting to the community, without any particular application. I am etc.
PS. I wrote to you on Monday,73 and shou'd be glad to hear from you on the subject of the Letter.74
[Note 73: No copy of this letter is found in the Washington Papers, but Fitzgerald's reply of October 11 states it was "on private business."]
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 11, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your despatch of the 3d. with its several enclosures, reached Alexandria on Wednesday evening, and got to my hands yesterday morning. This afternoon I shall send to the post office the Letters from Mr. Bankson,75 with my signature to the Exequatur for Mr. Dannery,76 and Letters patent revoking that of Mr. Duplane.77 Your letter to the latter, two to the French Minister, one to his secretary Mons. Bournonville, and another to Mr. Morris78 being approved, are also forwarded.
[Note 75: Benjamin Bankson. He was chief clerk of the Department of State.]
[Note 76: Appointed French consul at Boston by the French Executive Council.]
[Note 77: Duplaine, who was vice-consul, was recalled.]
[Note 78: Gouverneur Morris.]
To a Letter written to you a few days ago, I refer for the time and place mentioned for the meeting of the Heads of Departments, and hope it will be convenient for you to attend. If I do not take a circuitous route by Frederick-town in Maryland &c., I shall not leave this before the 28th, and in that case should be glad of your company, if it is not inconvenient for you to call. Since writing that letter, however, I have received the enclosed from the Attorney General which may make a change of place necessary; but I shall wait further advices before this is resolved on.
I have also received a letter from the late Speaker, Trumbull;79 and as I understand, sentiments similar to his are entertained by others: query, what had I best do? You were of opinion when here, that neither the Constitution nor Laws gave power to the President to convene Congress at any other place than where the Seat of Government is fixed by their own act. Twelve days since I wrote to the Attorney General for an official opinion on this head, but have received no answer.80 If the importance and urgency of the case, arising from a supposition that the fever in Philadelphia should not abate, would justify calling the Legislature at any other place, where ought it to be? This, if German town is affected with the malady, involves the Executive in a serious and delicate decision. Wilmington and Trenton are equidistant in opposite directions from Phila., both on the great thoroughfare, equally dangerous on account of the infection being communicated to them, and would, I presume, be equally obnoxious to one or other set of members, according to their situations. Annapolis has conveniences, but it might be thought I had interested and local views in naming this place. What sort of a town then is Reading, and how would it answer? Neither Northern nor Southern members would have cause to complain of its situation. Lancaster would favor the Southern ones most.
[Note 79: Jonathan Trumbull. His letter of October 2 is in the Washington Papers. He wrote that, in his opinion, the discretionary powers of the President warranted the calling of Congress to convene at some other place than Philadelphia in special session, otherwise "a majority of both Houses must Convene in Phila, be the Danger what it may, before an Adjourment can be made to a place of Safety and Convenience."]
[Note 80: Randolph answered October 24. His letter is in the Washington Papers.]
You will readily perceive, if any change takes place, not a moment is to be lost in the notification; whether by a simple statement of facts (among which, I presume, the House intended for them in Philada. will be unfit for their reception), and an intimation that you shall be at a certain place ... 81 days before the first of December to meet them in their legislative capacity, or to advise with them on measures proper to be taken in the present exigency. If something of this sort should strike you favorably, draw (and if necessary sign) a proper Instrument to avoid delay, leaving the place blank, but giving your opinion thereon. Germantown would certainly have been the best place for them to have met in the first instance, there to take ulterior resolutions without involving the Executive.
[Note 81: Left blank in the original.]
I have no objection to the Director of the Mint, with your concurrence, choosing an Engraver in place of Mr. Wright. No report has been made to me relative to the Tonnage of the French Ships from St Domingo.
Major Lenox,82 I perceive by the papers, is marshal of the District of Pennsylvania. Limits of Jurisdiction and protection must lie over till we meet, when I request you will remind me of it. I am etc.83
[Note 82: David Lenox.]
[Note 83: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge from the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
This letter was inclosed by Washington, in a brief note, October 11, to Edward Carrington, asking its speedy conveyance to Jefferson. This note is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 13, 1793.
Sir: The Letter with which your Excellency was pleased to favor me, dated the 7 inst: was received on the 10, and might have been acknowledged the next day; but I waited the arrival of Friday's mail in hopes that I should have had a report from the Secretary of War relatively the Ship Rochampton. Disappointed in this, I am not able to give any opinion thereon, uninformed as I am of the specific articles of charge which have been exhibited by the British Consul. The French minister complains of the detention.
With respect to the second case mentioned in your letter, and those of the British Consuls, I have only to observe that as these Gentlemen are not ignorant, that the Custom-house officers in every port are instructed to keep a vigilant watch upon all armed vessels, and the presumption being that they also are not inattentive, there seems to have been no necessity for lodging a complaint unaccompanied with proofs.
It is scarcely possible to give instructions which will embrace every case minutely that may arise during the war; nor do I conceive it essential. Your Excellency will readily perceive by the communications which have been made to you, the principles upon which the General Government act in the recess of Congress, respecting the belligerent powers. These principles are to adhere strictly to treaties, according to the plain construction and obvious meaning of them, and, regarding these, to act impartially towards all the Nations at war. Keeping these principles in view and observing the rules which are founded on them, with your disposition to do justice and to preserve this Country in peace, I persuade myself you can be at no loss, that your decisions will be always right, and I hope they will always be prompt.
Being removed from the public Offices, intending when I left Philadelphia not to be absent from that City more than fifteen or eighteen days, I brought no public papers of any sort (not even the rules which have been established in these cases,) along with me; consequently am not prepared at this place to decide points which may require a reference to papers not within my reach. but as I find cases are daily occurring which call for attention and decision, I have requested the Heads of Departments to attend at Philadelphia, or in its vicinity, by the 1st of next month, whither I shall go and be present myself. With great esteem and regard I am &c.
[MD.H.S.]
[Note 84: Representative in Congress from Connecticut and Speaker of the House in the Second Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 13, 1793.
Dear Sir: I was duly favoured with your letter of the 2d. instant.
The calamitous situation of Philadelphia makes it necessary that some previous steps should be taken with respect to the meeting of Congress. But of what kind is a serious question. That the President has Power by the Constitution to Convene Congress in extraordinary cases admits of no doubt, but that he has power to summon them to meet at an unusual place when the Law, has designated the seat of Government is not merely equivocal, but in the opinion of those, with whom I have hitherto conversed, on the subject, absolutely beyond the powers of the Executive. On the 30th. of last month (hearing that the fever rather increased than abated) I wrote to the Attorney General for an official opinion on this point, but have not yet received an answer.
When I left Philadelphia, which was for the purpose of fulfilling a previous engagement of a private nature that made it necessary for me to be at home the 18th. of Septr. I fully expected to return to the City before the end of the month; but the flight of the Clerks from the public Offices which in a manner shut them up, and the head of Departments being also absent, my return has hitherto been delayed. But, public business of various kinds requiring their attendance I (did some time since) desire them to meet me at Philadelphia, or in the vicinity, the first of next month, whither I shall go myself. At the time of my leaving the City with these expectations and till lately, I hoped the fever would be stopped, and the City so purified by the approaching cool Season as to admit Congress with safety by the time appointed. Or, if doubts arose, then for a quorum to adjourn it to some other place. This would have been (for reasons unnecessary to mention) more agreeable to me than to do it, admitting I had power. But as this is not likely to happen unless a very unexpected change should take place, as I have had no opinion yet from the proper Law officer of Government on this head, and, as you know I wish to hear the opinion of my friends upon all difficult and delicate subjects, I would thank you for yours on this.85 particularly with respect to the place, under present circumstances least exceptionable. Your letter may meet me at this Place, if it does not, I may find it on the Road, if neither, most certainly at whatever place I shall assemble the officers of Government. I am etc.86
[Note 85: Trumbull's letter of October 2 had then reached Mount Vernon. (See note to Washington's letter to the Secretary of State, Oct. 11, 1793, ante.)]
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 14, 1793.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is the duplicate of my last. The calamity which has befallen Philadelphia and seems in no wise to abate renders it more essential than ever for the heads of Departments to Assemble; that proper measures with respect to the public Offices and Papers may be adopted. It is time also, if the President can with propriety interpose, to decide something with respect to the meeting of Congress. But what, is difficult; some being of opinion that there is no power vested in the Executive under any circumstances to change the place of meeting although there is power to call Congress together upon extraordinary occasions; Others think, admitting this, the exigency of the case would warrant the measure. It is a delicate situation for the President to be placed in. What would you advise in this predicament? If to call Congress together, where, for the ensuing Sessions? the Public Offices and Papers being difficult and expensive to remove to any distance; and the delicate situation it would throw the Executive into by naming a place far from the present establishment. My wishes would be Germantown, if the place is free from the fever, for the reasons I have mentioned; but as none can take a more comprehensive view, and I flatter myself a less partial one of the subject than yourself, and as a letter from you may reach me before we shall meet, I pray you to dilate fully upon the several points here brought to your consideration.87
[Note 87: Hamilton's answer, dated October 24, is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. He thought "the discretion of the President extends to place as well as time. The reason of the thing as well as the words of the Constitution, would extend to both. The usual seat of the Government may be in possession of an enemy; it may be swallowed up by an earthquake. I know of no law that abridges in this respect the discretion of the President; if a law could abridge a constitutional discretion of either branch."]
I shall be at, or somewhere about Germantown at the time mentioned in the enclosed; and therefore shall only add, what I persuade myself you are already satisfied of, that I am with much truth and sincerity etc.88
[Note 88: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 14, 1793.
My dear Sir: The calamitous situation of Philadelphia; and the little prospect from present appearances of its eligibility to receive Congress by the first Monday in Decembr. involves difficulty.
It has been intimated by some, that the President ought, by Proclamation, to convene Congress a few days before the above period, at some other place; and by others, (although in extraordinary cases he has power to convene, yet) that he has none to change the place. Mr. Jefferson when here on his way home, was of the latter opinion; but the laws were not fully examined; nor was the case at that time so serious as it now is. From the Attorney General to whom I have since written on this subject, requesting an Official opinion, I have received no answer; nor is it probable I shall do it soon, as I believe he has no communication with the Post Office.
Time presses, and the Malady at the usual place of meeting is becoming more and more alarming. What then, do you think is the most advisable course for me to pursue in the present exigency? Summons Congress to meet at a certain time and place in their legislative capacity? Simply to state facts, and say I will meet the members at the time and place just mentioned, for ulterior arrangements? or leave matters as they are, if there is no power in the Executive to alter the place, legally?
In the first and second cases (especially the first) the delicacy of my naming a place will readily occur to you. My wishes are, that Congress could have been assembled at Germantown (to show I meant no partiality) leaving it to themselves if there should appear no prospect of getting into Philadelphia soon, to decide on what sh'd be done thereafter; but acc'ts say that some people have died in Germantown also, of the Malignant fever. Every death, however, is now ascribed to that cause, be the disorder what it may.
Wilmington and Trenton are nearly equidistant, from Philadelphia in opposite directions; but both are on the gt. thoroughfare and equally exposed to danger from the Multitude of Travelers and neither may have Chambers sufficet. for the He. of Representatives. Annapolis and Lancaster are more secure and have good accomodations; but to name either, especially the first, would be thought to favour Southern convenience most, perhaps might be attributed to local views; especially as New York is talked of for this purpose. Reading if there are proper conveniences at it would favour neither the Southern nor Northern interest most, but would be alike to both.
I have written to Mr Jefferson on this subject; notwithstanding which I would thank you for your opinion, and that fully, as you see my embarrassment. I even ask more, I would thank you (not being acquainted with forms and having no one with me that is) to sketch some instrument for publication proper for the case you think most expedient for me to pursue in the present state of things, if the members are to be called together as before mentioned. The difficulty of keeping Clerks in the public Offices had, in a manner, suspended business before I left Philada; and the heads of Departments having matters of private concernment which required them to be absent, has prevented my return thither longer than I had intended; but I have now called upon the several Secretaries to meet me there or in the vicinity the first of next month, for which I shall set out the 27th or 28th of the present.
The accounts from that City are really affecting Two Gentlemen from New York now here (Colonels Platt and Sargent) say they were told at the Swedes ford of Schoolkil by a person who said he had it from Governor Mifflin that by the official report from the Mayor of the City89 upwards of 3500 had died90 and the disorder by all accounts was spreading, and raging
[Note 89: Matthew Clarkson.]
[Note 90: A news clipping pasted to Jefferson's letter to Washington, Sept. 15, 1793, in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress, gives the total number of deaths in Philadelphia from Aug. 1 to Oct. 11, 1793, inclusive, as 2,237.] more violently than ever. If cool weather accompanied with rain does not put a stop to the Malady, distressing indeed must be the condition of that City; now almost depopulated by removals and deaths.
I would not have sent you such a scrawl, but really have not time to copy it. I came here to look a little into my own private concerns, but have no time allowed me for this purpose being followed by other matters.91
[Note 91: From the printed text in Washington-Madison Papers (McGuire sale, 1892).]
Mount Vernon, October 14, 1793.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is the copy of what I wrote to you agreeably to the date, since which I have received yours of the 3d inst., which shews it had not at that time got to your hands.
I sincerely hope your son Peyton is in no danger from the sick person he saw, and that the rest of your family, wherever they be, are in good health. Are you certain that the disorder of which the persons in Germantown died was the real malignant fever of Philada. For every fever now, of which people die in and about that city will be so called. I was in hopes Congress might have assembled at Germantown in the first instance and there taken ulterior resolutions if the City of Philadelphia at the time should be thought unsafe for them to stay in.
I have just received a letter from the Speaker of the late house of Representatives (Trumbull) suggesting the expediency of convening Congress a few days before the first Monday in December at some other place than Philadelphia, in order to avoid the necessity of a quorum of both houses meeting there, similar sentiments I have heard, are entertained by others. Query, what with propriety can the President do under the circumstances which exist? If the importance, and awfulness of the occasion would justify calling the legislature together at any other place than Philadelphia (on acct. of the calamity with which it is visited) where should it be? This question if German Town is also visited, would involve the Executive in a serious, and decision; Wilmington and Trenton are equidistant from Philadelphia in opposite directions, but both are on the great thoroughfare through the Union, equally liable on that account to receive the Infection, and each, to the members whose distance would be increased, obnoxious. Annapolis is more out of the comn. and has conveniences, but it might be thought that interested and local views dictated the measure. What sort of a Town is Reading, and how would it answer for the purpose of a Session? Neither Northern nor Southern Members would have cause to complain of partiality on acct. of its situation Lancaster would be thought to favour the Southern Members most.
You will readily perceive that if a change of place becomes indispensable not a moment is to be lost in the notification thereof, whether by Proclamation, requiring it, or by a simple statement of facts, accompanied with information that at a certain time and place (which might be blank days before the 1st of December) I would meet the members in their Legislative capacity, or for the purpose of ulterior arrangements. The latter would I presume be a novel proceeding, the other an illegal Act, if there is no power delegated for the purpose and either would be food for scribblers; yet, if Philadelphia should continue in its present unfortunate and alarming state something preliminary seems necessary. I wish you to think seriously of this matter; and not only give me your opinion thereon, but accompany it with what you may conceive a proper and formal instrument for publication; for my consideration leaving the place and time blank thereon, but dilated upon in a letter under the sevel. views you may take of the subject, especially too as (I have heard but know not on what grounds) that it is made a question by some, whether even the Legislature itself having in this instance fulfilled the powers of the Constitution have now a right to change the places which are established by law. This to me I confess, seems to be a strained construction of the Constitution and is only mentioned to shew that caution is necessary.
The heads of the Departments you will have no opportunity to advise with on this interesting subject, nor do I suppose you will be in the way of seeing professional men of much eminence, otherwise I should request you to know their sentiments on the legality, or expediency of convening Congress otherwise than in Philadelphia.
My best wishes attend you, Mrs. Randolph and family, and I am etc.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 14, 1793.
Sir: Lest my last letter to Colo. Hamilton should have met some mischance I send a duplicate, and request your care of it; the necessity for the heads of Departments assembling by the first of next month becoming more and more apparent. Philadelphia or vicinity, is appointed for the purpose, where I shall be myself.
Let me know, I pray you, whether the malady with which Philadelphia is afflicted has extended to German town, or neighbourhood. In a word, I would thank you for precise information on this head, for I have not been able to get any. A letter requiring this of the Attorney General is, I presume, still laying in the Post Office as I have received no acknowledgment of it although written and sent from this the 30th. of last Month.
On the supposition that the Fever in Philadelphia will not have entirely ceased, and the City sufficiently purified by the first of December for Congress to assemble there, what conveniences would Germantown afford for this purpose? thereby superceding the necessity of removing the public Offices to a more distant part. If this also should be conceived an unsafe, or an improper place, what other is contemplated for the residence of Congress next Session? full information of the prevailing sense of those who are best acquainted with the true situation of things in and about Philadelphia would be very satisfactory to me, as our accts. here are so vague and contradictory that we know not what to rely on.
By report Mr. Willing93 (President of the Bank) Mr. Jno. Ross, Mr. Jonathen Sergeant, Mr. Howell,94 Colo. Franks,95 and many others of our acquaintances have fallen victims to the prevailing malignant fever; that near 4000 have died; and that the disorder rages more violently than ever. Are these things true? I hope you and Mrs. Wolcot keep your health. with esteem and regard I am etc.
[Note 93: Thomas Willing.]
[Note 94: Joseph(?) Howell.]
[Note 95: Isaac Franks.]
[C.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, October 14, 1793.
Sir: The numerous and various reports which I have lately received from people who were not possessed of any accurate information with respect to the State of the malignant fever with which Philadelphia is so unfortunately afflicted, and my intention being to return thither, or to its neighbourhood, about the first of next month, have induced me to ask this information from you, and I beg you will advise me as well of the State of the fever in Philadelphia, as whether it has extended itself in its vicinity, German town &c., to which last I have heard it has reached.
Taking it for granted, that the fever will not have entirely disappeared in the City of Philadelphia, and the Place become quite purified, so as to admit the members of Congress to meet there, with safety by the first of December, what accomodations could be had for them in Germantown, if it should be free from infection? If however, this place should be thought unsafe or improper, what other has been in contemplation, for the next Session of Congress? Full information of these matters, and of the prevailing sense of those who have had an opportunity of Judging and are best acquainted with the true Situation of things, in and about Philadelphia, is what I very much want, as the accounts we receive here are so opposite and unsatisfactory that we know not on which to rely.
By report, we learn, that Mr. Willing (president of the Bank) Mr. John Ross, Mr. Jonathan Sergeant, Mr. Howell, Colo. Franks and many others of our acquaintance have fallen victims to the fatal fever. that near 4,000 have died and that the disorder is more violent than ever. Is this a faithful representation? I hope your family are out of the way of this dreadful contagion, and that you and Mrs. Pickering are well. with esteem and regard I am etc.
P.S. What sort of a place is Reading, and how would it answer for the accommodation of Congress the ensuing Session.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 15, 1793.
Dr Sir: The violence with which (from all accounts I have received) the contagious fever in Philada. continues to rage makes it still more necessary than ever that the meeting of the Heads of Departments which I requested you to attend in a letter of the 25 Sept: should not fail to take place by the first of November [that among other things measures may be taken for security of the public Offices and Papers.] I shall set out from this place in order to meet you and the other Gentlemen in the vicinity of Philada. at that time. [The heads of Departments being absent the disputes arising between the agents of the Powers at war, and other matters, are transmitted immediately to me.]
Should the continuance of the fever in the City of Philada. render it unsafe and improper for the members of Congress to assemble there the first of December (and indeed there seems to be no hope of disappearance by that time) what in that case is to be done? Do you conceive the President is authorised by the Constitution or Laws of the U S. to interfere in such a case? Altho' the President has power to call Congress together in extraordinary cases, it [is denied] that power is given to change the fixed place of convening. [By others it is thought the exigency of the present case wd justify the measure]. Indeed it has been made a question by some whether even Congress themselves have this power. I should be glad to have your opinion upon these points as soon as possible, because if the Executive have power no time is to be lost in using it.
Admitting, however, that the President was authorised to convene Congress at any other place than Philada. where have you contemplated as most convenient and agreeable to all parties? [for the ensuing Session, considering it is a temporary measure, that the public offices are established in Phila., and the Papers difficult and expensive to remove.] German[town] would certainly have been preferred [by me] but, unfortunately, I am told the fever has reached it and several people died therein, [but all deaths now are charged to acct. of the malignt. fever.] Wilmington and Trenton are equidistant in opposite directions from Philada. but situated on the great thoroughfare thro' the Union, and exposed in a great degree to the communication of the infection, and would be equally unsatisfactory to the members whose distance would be encreased. Reading is more out of the way of taking the infection, being off the great road thro' the Country, and could not be complained of by either northern or Southern members on accot. of situation, how do you think it would accomodate Congress the ensuing Session? [write fully and promptly as I may receive your letter before I shall see you. With very great estm. etc.]97
[Note 97: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge. The parts in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Georgetown, October 16, 1793.
Sir: I have received your Excellency's Letter of the 11 instant.
When the British Vice-Consul at Baltimore exhibits all his proofs respecting the capture of the Brigantine Coningham, a better judgment can be formed than at present, whether this act is an infraction of neutrality. In doing this he ought to make no delay; because there can be no decision before the evidence on both sides is heard.
Three miles will, if I recollect rightly, bring the Coningham within the rule of some decisions; but the extent of Territorial jurisdiction at Sea, has not yet been fixed, on account of some difficulties which occur in not being able to ascertain with precision what the general practice of Nations in this case has been. With very great esteem etc.98
[Note 98: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
[MD. H. S.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, October 16, 1793.
Dear Sir: Since my arrival at this place I have been favored with your letters of the 17th. Ulto. and 7th. instt. For your kind attentions to me I pray you to receive my sincere acknowledgments.
I have always (from the accts. given of it) entertained a high opinion of Colo. Taliaferros threshing machine but knew at the sametime I had no stream that could supply water for one on any of my Farms. This was confirmed when Mr. Payne came hither and exam'd them. The model brought over by the English Farmers may also be a good one, but the utility of it among careless Negros and ignorant Overseers will depend absolutely upon the simplicity of the Constructn; for if there is any thing complex in the machinery it will be no longer in use than a mushroom is in existance. I have seen so much of the beginning and ending of these new inventions, that I have almost resolved to go on in the old way of treading until I get settled again at home, and can attend myself to the management of one. As a proof in point of the almost impossibility of putting the Overseers of this Country out of the track they have been accustomed to walk in, I have one of the most convenient Barns in this, or perhaps any other Country, where 30 hands may with great ease be employed in threshing; half of the Wheat of the Farm was actually stowed in this Barn in the straw by my order for threshing; notwithstanding, when I came home about the Middle of September, I found a treading yard not 30 feet from the Barn door, the Wheat again brought out of the Barn and horses treading it out in an open exposure liable to the vicissitudes of weather. I am now erecting a building for the express purpose of treading. I have sanguine expectations of its utility; and if I am not deceived in them it may afford you some satisfaction when you come into this part of the Country to call and look at it.
I have a grateful sense of your kind offer of Mr. Workman; previous however to the communication I had engaged a Manager from the Eastern shore of Maryland but the impression on my mind for the favor intended me is not lessened on that acct.
I have not, as you will perceive, touched the subject of Politics in this letter. The reasons are, your letter of the 17th. has expressed precisely my ideas of the conduct, and views of those, who are aiming at nothing short of the subversion of the Government of these States, even at the expence of plunging this Country in the horrors of a disastrous War; and because I wish to await a little longer to see what may be the sense of legally constituted bodies at the meetings99 which are about to take place.
[Note 99: Of the Democratic societies.]
The public service requiring it, I shall set off in about ten days for Philadelphia or vicinity. Though unknown to your lady, I beg my respectful compliments may be presented to her. I wish you an agreeable and harmonious Session, and am with much truth Your Affecte. Hble. Servt.
Mount Vernon, October 23, 1793.
Sir: Your letter of the 21st was handed to me last Night. As I expect to be in the vicinity of Philadelphia (Germantown I believe) on the first of November I shall decline saying any thing on the subject of your application3 till then. It being my invariable custom to possess myself of the circumstances of every case before I decide on a nomination to the office. With esteem etc.4
[Note 3: Moylan had applied for the appointment of naval officer to the port of Philadelphia. His letter of October 21 is in Applications for Office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 23, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 14th. only came by the Post of last night, to Alexandria; and this is sent thither to day, that it may go by to morrow's Mail, and thereby reach you as soon as the nature of the case will admit.
As you have given no positive opinion respecting the Power of the Executive to change the place for Congress to meet at, and as it is uncertain what will be the result of this business; I am really at a loss to decide which of the three houses, mentioned in the P: S: to your letter of the above date, would best suit me, or whether either of them would.
If, from the present state of the malady, with which Philadelphia is visited, and there is an unfavorable prospect of its ceasing, Germantown should be thought unsafe, and of course an ineligible spot for Congress to sit in, or meet at, even in the first instance, any kind of lodging and board would suffice for the short stay I should have to remain there; especially as all the time, not employed in business with the heads of Departments and yourself, might be spent in little excursions to places at a small distance therefrom; of course all idea of furnishing, and keeping a house myself (being entirely unprovided with Servants or means of any sort) ought to be banished entirely, if it be practicable, and some rooms, even in a tavern, (if I could be retired in them) taken in preference. On the other hand, if my stay there is likely to be of any continuance, then unquestionably Colo. Franks's (if to be had) would suit me best; because more commodious for myself and the entertainment of company; and, next to this, Bensel's.
This is the light in which the matter strikes me, at this distance; but, as you are on the spot, know more precisely than I possibly can do the real state of things, and, besides, have been in the way of having the various opinions of People on the subject of what Congress ought to do, I would leave much to your Judgment. I shall set out, so as to be in Germantown, or thereabouts, the first of November, if no difficulties should be encountered on the Road. As there can be but a short interval between your receipt of this letter and my arrival, any place might do for my first reception.
It is not in my power to despatch a servant before me. I shall have but two, neither of which can be spared for such a purpose; these, with five horses, Mr. Dandridge and myself, form the total of my family and equipage. It would be very convenient for me, therefore, to meet a letter from you at Wilmington, that I may know better how to proceed from thence, and where to cross the Schuylkill.
My best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington unites, attend you, Mrs. Randolph, and family; we are glad to hear, that your apprehensions on acct. of Peyton have subsided. With sincere esteem and regard etc.5
[Note 5: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 24, 1793.
Gentlemen: The Address of the Landholders and Inhabitants of Fairfax County, forwarded to me by you, has been received.
It is a source of much pleasure to me to find my Fellow Citizens of Fairfax among those spirited republicans of the United States, who declare to the world their firm determination to support the Government they have chosen for themselves, and to oppose with manly resolution any attempts to weaken the public confidence therein, or to interrupt the repose they now enjoy, or a state of peace to which their interest and happiness are so closely allied.
In fulfilling the duties which are attendant on the trust with which my Countrymen have honored me, my highest gratification is in meriting and receiving their approving voice; I therefore request you to communicate to the Citizens of Fairfax the pleasure I derive from their approbation of my public conduct, and to assure them of my constant and unremitted attention to the promotion of the prosperity and happiness of my Fellow Citizens of these States.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 24, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your favor of yesterday was handed to me upon my return from my usual ride, and almost at the moment I was sitting down with company to dinner, which prevented my acknowledging the receipt of it by your Servant. I am sorry, I shall not have the pleasure of seeing you and your lady before I return to the Northward, and regret the cause. On Sunday, if I can previously arrange some business that presses, I shall commence my Journey, and, if I can render you any service whither I am going, I should be happy in doing it.
On fair ground, it would be difficult to assign reasons for the conduct of those, who are arraigning, and constantly (as far as they are able) embarrassing the measures of Government with respect to its pacific disposition towards the Belligerent Powers in the convulsive dispute, which agitated them; but their motives are too obvious to those, who have the means of information, and have viewed the different grounds they have taken, to mistake their object. It is not the cause of France (nor, I believe, of Liberty) which they regard; for, could they involve this Country in War (no matter with whom) and disgrace, they would be among the first and loudest of the clamourers against the expense and impolicy of the measure.
The specimens you have seen of M. G--t's sentiments and conduct in the Gazettes form a small part only of the aggregate; but you can Judge from these to what test the temper of the Executive has been put in its various transactions with this Gentleman. It is probable, that the whole will be exhibited to public view in the course of the next Session of Congress; delicacy towards his nation, has restrained doing it hitherto. The best that can be said of this agent is, that he is entirely unfit for the Mission on which he is employed, unless, contrary to the express and unequivocal declaration of his Country (which I hope is not the case) made through himself, it is meant to involve ours in all the horrors of a European War. This, or interested motives of his own, or having become the dupe and the tool of a Party formed on various principles, but to effect local purposes, is the only solution that can be given of his conduct. I sincerely wish that Mrs. [Lee] and yourself may soon and effectually recover your health; and with very great esteem etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 25, 1793.
Dr. Sir: Your Letter enclosing accot. of expence incurred in sending an Express to the Secretary of State is received; and I now enclose you thirteen Dollars and 1/3, the amount of the acct. transmitted by you. I am very much obliged to you for the dispatch and punctuality with which you forwarded my Letters to the Secretary, and with esteem, I am etc.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 25, 1793.
Sir: Your letter of the 4th. of August had to go to Philadelphia and come back, before I received it.
The mistakes which have happened respecting the Negros of the late Mrs. Samuel Washington are somewhat singular; and it is not a little surprizing after the first mistake had happened, and so much pains had been taken to account for, and set it right, that now, after a lapse of five or Six years the whole matter should assume quite a different face. it should be Discovered at this late hour that, that lady herself had no right to the Negros, which by the bye, I believe possession alone would give her.
If I had ever intended to avail myself of the Law for my own benefit (which made me heir to those Negros) I would not have relinquished my claim without a thorough investigation of the subject of defective title. For presuming that all Law is founded on equity and being under a conviction that if Mrs. Washington had survived her husband she would have released nothing to which she would have been entitled by law, I saw no injustice or impropriety upon the ground of reciprocity of receiving for my Brothers Children that which in the other case would have been taken from them. But not having finally resolved in my own Mind (as you may readily infer from my long silence) whether to take from Mrs. Washingtons family for the benefit of my Brothers only daughter (who, from the involved State of his affairs, had left her by his Will a very small pittance; and the obtainment of that, even doubtful) the whole or only part of what the law entitled me to, I let the matter rest till your second letter had revived the subject.
I now, in order to close the business finally, have come to the following conclusions. Pay me one hundred pounds which I shall give to my Niece for her immediate support, and I will quit claim to all the Negroes which belonged to Mrs. Saml: Washington, and will release them accordingly. I am &c.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 26, 1793.
Sir: Since my arrival at this place from Philadelphia, the attachment of which the enclosed is a copy has been served upon me. I wish to be informed by you how I am to proceed in this business, and what steps, if any, are necessary to be taken by me in consequence thereof.
Notwithstanding the directions you have given to the contrary, there rarely comes a Collector who does not present (mingled with my own) Clerks notes on account of your Brother's Estate, and these, in my absence, are paid by my Manager. I hope your orders will be so pointed in future as to prevent any more coming against me, or my being subject to the payment of monies for which I receive no benefit.
I brought the bond of your deceased Father, and the mortgage of your brother with me from Philadelphia for the pose of surrendering them to you when the conveyance of the Land to me is made complete; and I beg to know from you whether my signature to that instrument (as it is so drawn) is, in the opinion of professional men, necessary. I shall not appear too pressing I hope to get this business finally closed when, besides the desire natural to me to leave nothing open that can be settled, it has become necessary, that I may take some measures with respect to the Land. I am etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 26, 1793.
Sir: I have in my possession a bond of yours assigned to me by Mr. Jno. Lewis, for £146. 13. 4d., payable with interest the 18 day of May last. I should be glad if you would cause it to be discharged as soon as convenient, as I am in want of the money.
Tomorrow I shall leave this for the vicinity of Philada. The money may be sent by any of the Delegates of this State; or in and other manner more convenient to yourself. I am etc.10
[November 6, 1793.]
Gentlemen: The readiness with which the Trustees of the public School of Germantown tender the buildings under their charge,14 for the use of Congress, is a proof of their zeal for
[Note 14: The offer of the trustees is signed by Henry Hill, Saml. Ashmead, Joseph Ferree, Christian Schneider, and Samuel Mechlin.] furthering the public good; and doubtless the Inhabitants of Germantown generally, actuated by the same motives, will feel the same dispositions to accommodate, if necessary, these who assemble but for their service and that of their fellow Citizens.
Where it will be best for Congress to remain will depend on circumstances which are daily unfolding themselves, and for the issue of which, we can but offer up our prayers to the Sovereign Dispenser of life and health. His favor too on our oft, the good sense and firmness of our fellow Citizens, and fidelity in those they employ, will secure to us a permanence of good government.
If I have been fortunate enough, during the vicissitudes of my life, so to have conducted myself, as to have merited your approbation, it is a source of much pleasure; and shou'd my future conduct merit a continuance of your good opinion, especially at a time when our Country, and the City of Philada. in particular, is visited by so severe a calamity, it will add more than a little to my happiness.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
German Town, November 8, 1793.
My dear Sir: I arrived at this place at the time appointed, to wit: the 1st. inst but did not receive your letter of the 3d. until yesterday for want of a regulr. Comn. with the P. Office and this too at a time when as you have well supposed I was immerced in the consideration of Papers from the different Departments after a seperation from the heads of them almost two Ms.
I have, however, run over your observations on the Potomac Navigation &ca &ca. and in a hasty manner, as I went along at the first reading made the notes and remarks which are returned with one of the copies.18 The Statement made by you in all other respects accord with my ideas of facts as far as a recolltn of them will enable me to pronounce; nor can I controvert by evidence even those which it would seem that I had queried by my remarks and especially if I could have had recourse to my papers. Had I more leizure I might have been more correct in some things but as the 10th. is the day appointed for your Sailing and that happening to be on a Sunday a chosen day by Sailors for commencing their Nautical movements I did not incline to miss the Post of this day to return your observations and to furnish the letters you have asked for.
[Note 18: A manuscript copy, by Lear, of his "Observations on the River Potomack--the Country about it--and the City of Washington," is in the Washington Papers under date of Nov. 3, 1793. Ford prints an extract from this letter, but dates it November 3.]
It gives me sincere pleasure to hear that Lincoln continues well as I am sure it will do the family at Mount Vernon who must remain there until it is known what Congress will do; for 'till then I move like a snail with everything on my back.
I do not yet know whether I shall get a substitute for William: nothing short of excellent qualities and a man of good appearance, would induce me to do it. and under my present view of the matter too, who would employ himself otherwise than William did; that is as a Butler as well as a Valette for my wants of the latter are so trifling that any man (as Willm. was) would soon be ruined by idleness who had only them to attend to. Having given these ideas, if your time will permit I should be glad if you would touch the man upon the strings I have mentioned, probe his character deeper, say what his age, appearance and Country is, what are his expectations and how he should be communicated with, if, upon a thorough investigation of matters you should be of opinion he would answer my purposes well for Kennedy is too little acquainted with the arrangement of a Table, and too stupid for a Butler, to be continued if I could get a better.
I once more, and I suppose for the last time before you sail, bid you adieu; my best wishes wherever you go will accompany you, for with much truth I am etc.
German Town in the State of Pennsylvania, November 8, 1793.
My Lord: Mr. Lear, The Gentleman who will have the honr. of putting this letter into your hands, I can venture, and therefore shall take the liberty, to introduce as worthy of your Lordships civilities. He has lived Seven or eight yrs. in my family as my private Secretary, and possesses a large share of my esteem and friendship. Commercial pursuits have taken him to Europe and a desire to visit some of the Manufacturing towns in Scotland carries him first to that Country. A wish while there to pay his respects to your Lordship, with whom he knows I have been in corrispondence, must be my apology for recommending him to your notice especially as it will afford me a fresh occasion to assure you of the high esteem and respect with which I have the honor etc.19
[Note 19: Practically this same letter was written to Sir John Sinclair on November 8, and is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
"On Tuesday the 12th. Nov: 1 set out for Lebanon in the State of Pennsylvania, to view the canal &c. executing under the direction of Mr. Weston; return'd by way of Lancaster &c. and arrived at Germantown, from whence I set out, on Saturday 16th. November."-- Journal of the Proceedings of the President, in the Washington Papers.]
November 14, 1793.
The President wishes Mrs. Atlee to be assured that, his disposition to prevent tears of distress from flowing, is far beyond his means to accomplish; and that he should be extremely happy if the latter were adequate to the numerous calls that are made upon the former. Mrs. Atlees case being entirely unknown to the President, Her application of course, is not well understood by him.20
[Note 20: Washington has indorsed this draft "Mrs. or Miss Mary Atlee."]
[Note 21: Chairman of the meeting of the freemen of Albemarle, Va.]
Germantown, November 16, 1793.
Sir: While I acknowledge that all power is derived from the people, and that the Federal Government has been instituted for their happiness, I cannot but unite in the attachment expressed by the freedom of Albemarle22 to the Constitution of the U States. Harmony. with foreign Nations is a blessing which we ought to prize and to cherish; and from a desire of cultivating it the proclamation was issued. Such a measure became the more eligible, as it neither cancelled nor weakened our obligations to the French Nation.23
[Note 22: The Albemarle address is in the Washington Papers under date of Oct. 24, 1793.]
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 24: Chairman of the meeting of the yeomanry of Culpeper, Va.]
Germantown, November 16, 1793.
Sir: The resolutions of the Yeomanry of Culpeper, announcing their determination to resist all attempts to destroy the foederal Government, or violate its principles, bespeak a laudable interest in the national prosperity.25 Among the means of accomplishing the general happiness, peace with all nations is an obvious policy. It is our duty too to remember the services of the French Nation, and to pursue the republican spirit of our Constitution.
[Note 25: The Culpeper Resolutions are in the Washington Papers under date of Oct. 25, 1793.]
In whatever degree I may be conceived to have contributed to the public welfare, it is very acceptable to me to know that my conduct is approved by the Yeomanry of Culpeper.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
November 22, 1793.
Dear Sir: I think Colo. Humphreys in one of his letters to you, refers to his to me, for some article of News. I see nothing therein that we have not had before; but send it nevertheless, for your perusal.
Can any thing be said, or done, respecting the Marquis de la Fayette? I send the letter that you may give it another perusal. I send a letter also from a French Gentleman in New York, offering his Services as Engineer &ca. We may want such characters ! A civil answer therefore may not be amiss to give him, although he cannot be employed now, nor never indeed27 he is well qualified. Are resignations deposited in the Office of State? If they are I send one just received. Yours always.28
[Note 27: An inadvertence. The draft, in the possession of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, has the word "unless."]
[Note 28: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
German Town, November 23, 1793.
Dear Sir: On the 21st. instt. I was favored with your letter of the 10th.
I am very sorry that so trivial a matter as that related in it, should have given you one moments pain. There must have been some misconception on the part of Colo. Burgess Ball if he understood that I had been informed it was you, who had killed my English Buck; for no such information that I can recollect ever was given to me. I had heard before the rect. of your letter but how, is more like a dream than reality, that that particular Deer was killed on Ravensworth. Nor did I ever suppose that you would have been so unneighbourly as to kill any of my Deer knowing them to be such; but as they had broke out the Paddock in wch. they had been confined and were going at large, and besides consisted as well of Country as English Deer. I wished to protect them as much as I was able and upon that principle, and that alone, declined giving the permission you asked to hunt some of my Woods adjoining to yours, knowing that they did not confine themselves within my exterior fences, and moreover that, when Hounds are in pursuit, no person could distinguish them from the wild Deer of the Forest. I thank you for yr. kind wishes, and am sorry to hear you are in such bad health yourself and sincerely wish you may be restored to that which is good. My Compliments to your Lady and Mrs. McCarty and I am etc.
[Note 29: Chairman of the meeting of citizens of Frederick County, Va.]
Germantown, November 23, 1793.
Sir: The advantages which result from a state of peace and amity (preserved upon respectable conditions) with all nations, and particularly when applied to our Country, yet in its infancy, are too striking to need elucidation, and such as must be obvious to the least accurate enquiry into the subject.
To secure these advantages to the United States, it was thought expedient to pursue a friendly and impartial conduct towards the belligerent powers; and with a view to this object, and to the advancement of the prosperity of these States, the proclamation declaring the actual state of things was thought right and accordingly issued, and I am pleased to find the measure approved by the enlightened Citizens of Frederick County.
I cherish a grateful recollection of the distinguished services rendered to our Country by the French Nation, and unite my wishes to those of my Fellow Citizens of Frederick, that it may establish a Government for itself upon those principles, which are best calculated to make it happy.
If in the discharge of the duties attendant on the trust committed to me by my Fellow Citizens, my conduct should meet their approbation, it will be my highest glory, and I am happy to have it approved by the Citizens of Frederick County.30
[Note 30: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
German Town, November 24, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 16th. Instant, from Leesburgh.
In answer to which, respecting the purchase of Buck Wheat, I send you a Bank note for two hundred dollars; being more disposed to give two and Six pence pt. Bushel in Loudoun than depend upon the purchase here, and the uncertainty of getting it round in time. What the Waggonage of it to my house from thence (as fast as it is bought, for that I make a condition, in order that no disappointment may happen) will be, I know not; but with a view to place the matter upon an absolute certainty I had rather give three and Six pence for it, delivered at Mount Vernon, than encounter delay, or trust to contingencies; because, as it forms part of my System of Husbandry for the next year, a derangement of it would be a serious thing; for which reason, a small difference in the price can be no object when placed against the disconcertion of my plans: especially too, as I am persuaded you will purchase, and transport the B. Wht. for me on the best terms you can.
Four hundred and fifty bushels, or call it 500, is the quantity I shall want; and more money shall be sent to you as soon as I know your prospects, and the expenditures of what is now forwarded. For the reasons I have already assigned, I must encounter no disappointment; if therefore your prospects (as you proceed in this business) are not so flattering as those detailed in your letter, inform me of it in time, that I may supply myself from hence before the frost sets in.
The malady with which Philadelphia has been sorely afflicted, has, it is said, entirely ceased; and all the Citizens are returning to their old habitations again. I took a house in this town when I first arrived here, and shall retain it until Congress get themselves fixed; altho I spend part of my time in the City.
Give my love to Mrs. Ball and Milly, and be assured of the sincere esteem etc.
[H. S. P.]
Philadelphia, November 27, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favoured with your letter of the 12. Instr., and the Pamphlet which accompanied it.32 I am
[Note 32: Boudinot's oration before the Society of the Cincinnati (1793).] sensible of the honor you have done me in the address, and am grateful for the flattering expression of it. I shall peruse the Sentiments which you have breathed in the Pamphlet with pleasure as soon as my leizure will allow me to read it. At present I am occupied in collecting and arranging the materials for my communications to Congress.
With best wishes for the health and happiness of Mrs. Boudinot and yourself, and, with very great esteem and regard, I am etc.33
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 1, 1793.
Dear Sir: Is there no clue to Mr. Morris's meaning respecting Monsr. Merlino?34 The next paragraph of his letter is enigmatical to me, from the want of my recollecting perfectly the subjects alluded to. What are the orders given him which he will implicitly obey, and which were, according to his acct. received so very opportunely?35 Has not a letter of his subsequent date to that laid before me yesterday, acknowledged the receipt of the Plans of the Federal City.
[Note 34: The "Letter Book" spells this name "Meilino," as well as "Merlino."]
[Note 35: Probably refers to Jefferson's letter to Morris, Apr. 20, 1793, a press copy of which is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
There can be no doubt, since the information which has come to hand from our Ministers at Paris and London of the propriety of changing the expression of the Message36 as it respects the Acts of France. And if any bad consequences (which I still declare I see no cause to apprehend) are likely to flow from a public communication of matters relative to G. Britain it might be well to revise [ sic] the thing again in your own mind, before it is sent in; especially as the Secretary of the Treasury has, more than once declared, and has offered to discuss and prove that we receive more substantial benefits (favors are beside the question with any of them, because they are not intended as such,) from British regulations with respect to the Commerce of this Country than we do from those of France; antecedent I mean, to those of very recent date. We should be very cautious if this be the case not to advance any thing that may recoil; or take ground we cannot maintain well. Yours always.37
[Note 36: To Congress.]
[Note 37: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 1, 1793.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 3d of last Month came to me by the Post of Yesterday with the George Town mark of the 27th. of November. What caused such delay in forwarding it, you, better than I, can explain. It is to be regretted, for the reason mentioned therein, that it did not come to hand sooner.
I shall not lose a Post in transmitting the enclosed order38 to you and wish it may be in time to produce the desired effect, at the Treasury of Virga.
[Note 38: A copy of this order of December 1, to the Treasurer of Virginia, to pay the third installment of the sum granted by the State of Virginia to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I am glad to hear your prospect with the Banks will enable you to look forward, with well grounded hope of another vigorous operation next year, without depending upon the offers of Dutch Capitalists. I hope, and expect, that all things will work well. With great, and very sincere esteem etc.39
[Note 39: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 3, 179341
[Note 41: At 12 o'clock the President, attended by the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, and the Attorney General proceeded to the Senate Chamber, where both Houses of Congress had assembled and there delivered this address.]
Fellow Citizens of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives
Since the commencement of the term, for which I have been again called into office, no fit occasion has arisen for expressing to my fellow Citizens at large, the deep and respectful sense, which I feel, of the renewed testimony of public approbation. While on the one hand, it awakened my gratitude for all those instances of affectionate partiality, with which I have been honored by my Country; on the other, it could not prevent an earnest wish for that retirement, from which no private consideration should ever have torn me. But influenced by the belief, that my conduct would be estimated according to its real motives; and that the people, and the authorities derived from them, would support exertions, having nothing personal for their object, I have obeyed the suffrage which commanded me to resume the Executive power; and I humbly implore that Being, on whose Will the fate of Nations depends, to crown with success our mutual endeavours for the general happiness.
As soon as the War in Europe had embraced those Powers, with whom the United States have the most extensive relations; there was reason to apprehend that our intercourse with them might be interrupted, and our disposition for peace, drawn into question, by the suspicions, too often entertained by belligerent Nations. It seemed therefore to be my duty to admonish our Citizens of the consequences of a contraband trade, and of hostile Acts to any of the parties; and to obtain by a declaration of the existing legal state of things, an easier admission of our right to the immunities, belonging to our situation. Under these impressions the Proclamation, which will be laid before you, was issued.
In this posture of affairs, both new and delicate, I resolved to adopt general rules, which should conform to the Treaties, and assert the priviledges, of the United States. These were reduced into a system, which will be communicated to you. Although I have not thought myself at liberty to forbid the Sale of the prizes, permitted by our treaty of Commerce with France to be brought into our ports; I have not refused to cause them to be restored, when they were taken within the protection of our territory; or by vessels commissioned, or equipped in a warlike form within the limits of the United States.
It rests with the wisdom of Congress to correct, improve or enforce this plan of procedure; and it will probably be found expedient, to extend the legal code, and the Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States, to many cases, which, though dependent on principles already recognized, demand some further provisions.
Where individuals shall within the United States, array themselves in hostility against any of the powers at war; or enter upon Military expeditions, or enterprizes within the jurisdiction of the United States; or usurp and exercise judicial authority within the United States; or where the penalties on violations of the law of Nations may have been indistinctly marked, or are inadequate; these offences cannot receive too early and close an attention, and require prompt and decisive remedies.
Whatsoever those remedies may be, they will be well administered by the Judiciary, who possess a long established course of investigation, effectual process, and Officers in the habit of executing it. In like manner; as several of the Courts have doubted, under particular circumstances, their power to liberate the vessels of a Nation at peace, and even of a citizen of the United States, although seized under a false colour of being hostile property; and have denied their power to liberate certain captures within the protection of our territory; it would seem proper to regulate their jurisdiction in these points. But if the Executive is to be the resort in either of the two last mentioned cases, it is hoped, that he will be authorized by law, to have facts ascertained by the Courts, when, for his own information, he shall request it.
I cannot recommend to your notice measures for the fulfilment of our duties to the rest of the world, without again pressing upon you the necessity of placing ourselves in a condition of compleat defence, and of exacting from them the fulfilment of their duties towards us. The United States ought not to endulge a persuasion, that, contrary to the order of human events, they will for ever keep at a distance those painful appeals to arms, with which the history of every other nation abounds. There is a rank due to the United States among Nations, which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it must be known, that we are at all times ready for War.
The documents, which will be presented to you, will shew the amount, and kinds of Arms and military stores now in our Magazines and Arsenals: and yet an addition even to these supplies cannot with prudence be neglected; as it would leave nothing to the uncertainty of procuring a warlike apparatus, in the moment of public danger. Nor can such arrangements, with such objects, be exposed to the censure or jealousy of the warmest friends of Republican Government. They are incapable of abuse in the hands of the Militia, who ought to possess a pride in being the depositary of the force of the Republic, and may be trained to a degree of energy, equal to every military exigency of the United States. But it is an inquiry, which cannot be too solemnly pursued, whether the act "more effectually to provide/or the National defence by establishing an uniform Militia throughout the United States" has organized them so as to produce their full effect; whether your own experience in the several States has not detected some imperfections in the scheme; and whether a material feature in an improvement of it, ought not to be, to afford an opportunity for the study of those branches of the Military art, which can scarcely ever be attained by practice alone?
The connexion of the United States with Europe, has become extremely interesting. The occurrences, which relate to it, and have passed under the knowledge of the Executive, will be exhibited to Congress in a subsequent communication.
When we contemplate the war on our frontiers, it may be truly affirmed, that every reasonable effort has been made to adjust the causes of dissension with the Indians, North of the Ohio. The Instructions given to the Commissioners evince a moderation and equity proceeding from a sincere love of peace, and a liberality, having no restriction but the essential interests and dignity of the United States. The attempt, however, of an amicable negotiation having been frustrated, the troops have marched to act offensively. Although the proposed treaty did not arrest the progress of military preparation; it is doubtful, how far the advance of the Season, before good faith justified active movements, may retard them, during the remainder of the year. From the papers and intelligence, which relate to this important subject, you will determine, whether the deficiency in the number of Troops, granted by law, shall be compensated by succours of Militia; or additional encouragements shall be proposed to recruits. An anxiety has been also demonstrated by the Executive, for peace with the Creeks and the Cherokees. The former have been relieved with Corn and with clothing, and offensive measures against them prohibited during the recess of Congress. To satisfy the complaints of the latter, prosecutions have been instituted for the violences committed upon them. But the papers, which will be delivered to you, disclose the critical footing on which we stand in regard to both those tribes; and it is with Congress to pronounce what shall be done.
After they shall have provided for the present emergency, it will merit their most serious labours, to render tranquillity with the Savages permanent, by creating ties of interest. Next to a rigorous execution of justice on the violators of peace, the establishment of commerce with the Indian nations in behalf of the United States, is most likely to conciliate their attachment. But it ought to be conducted without fraud, without extortion, with constant and plentiful supplies; with a ready market for the commodities of the Indians, and a stated price for what they give in payment, and receive in exchange. Individuals will not pursue such a traffic, unless they be allured by the hope of profit; but it will be enough for the United States to be reimbursed only. Should this recommendation accord with the opinion of Congress, they will recollect, that it cannot be accomplished by any means yet in the hands of the Executive. Gentlemen of the House of Representatives
The Commissioners, charged with the settlement of Accounts between the United and individual States, concluded their important functions, within the time limited by Law; and the balances, struck in their report, which will be laid before Congress, have been placed on the Books of the Treasury.
On the first day of June last, an instalment of one million of florins became payable on the loans of the United States in Holland. This was adjusted by a prolongation of the period of reimbursement, in nature of a new loan, at an interest at five per cent for the term of ten years; and the expences of this operation were a commission of three pr Cent.
The first instalment of the loan of two millions of dollars from the Bank of the United States, has been paid, as was directed by Law. For the second, it is necessary, that provision should be made.
No pecuniary consideration is more urgent, than the regular redemption and discharge of the public debt: on none can delay be more injurious, or an oeconomy of time more valuable.
The productiveness of the public revenues hitherto, has continued to equal the anticipations which were formed of it; but it is not expected to prove commensurate with all the objects, which have been suggested. Some auxiliary provisions will, therefore, it is presumed, be requisite; and it is hoped that these may be made, consistently with a due regard to the convenience of our Citizens, who cannot but be sensible of the true wisdom of encountering a small present addition to their contributions, to obviate a future accumulation of burthens.
But here, I cannot forbear to recommend a repeal of the tax on the transportation of public prints. There is no resource so firm for the Government of the United States, as the affections of the people guided by an enlightened policy; and to this primary good, nothing can conduce more, than a faithful representation of public proceedings, diffused, without restraint, throughout the United States.
An estimate of the appropriations, necessary for the current service of the ensuing year, and a statement of a purchase of Arms and Military stores made during the recess, will be presented to Congress.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives
The several subjects, to which I have now referred, open a wide range to your deliberations; and involve some of the choicest interests of our common Country. Permit me to bring to your remembrance the magnitude of your task. Without an unprejudiced coolness, the welfare of the Government may be hazarded; without harmony, as far as consists with freedom of Sentiment, its dignity may be lost. But, as the Legislative proceedings of the United States will never, I trust, be reproached for the want of temper or candour; so shall not the public happiness languish, from the want of my strenuous and warmest cooperations.42
[Note 42: From a photostat of the original in the files of the United States Senate.
The Senate replied to this address, December 9, and the President answered December 10. The House of Representatives replied to the President in an address agreed upon December 6, and delivered December 7, to which the President answered the same day. These addresses and answers, which are purely formal in character, are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 3, 1793.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 29th. Ulto. and thank you for your obliging offer to supply the office lately occupied by Mr. Lear. I am persuaded it would have been ably filled with your abilities, but previous to the departure of that Gentleman my arrangements were made in favor of Mr. Dandridge, who is now in the exercise of the Office of private Secretary to Sir Your etc.43
[Note 43: From the original in the William Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 4, 1793.
Sir: I have received, and thank you for the first vol: of the American Revolution. I shall read it, I am persuaded, when my leizure will allow me with not less pleasure because it is "Written in the style of ancient history." I thank you also for the favorable sentiments and good wishes you have expressed for me, and am etc.44
[Note 44: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by E. F. Bonaventure, of New York City.]
December 5, 1793.
As the present situation of the several nations of Europe, and especially of those with which the U.S. have important relations, cannot but render the state of things between them and us, matter of interesting inquiry to the Legislature, and may indeed give rise to deliberations to which they alone are competent; I have thought it my duty to communicate to them certain correspondences which have taken place.
The representative and Executive bodies of France have manifested generally a friendly attachment to this Country; have given advantages to our commerce and navigation; and have made overtures for placing these advantages on permanent ground; a decree however of the National Assembly, subjecting Vessels laden with provisions to be carried into their ports, and making enemy goods lawful prize in the vessel of a friend, contrary to our treaty, tho' revoked at one time, as to the United States, has been since extended to their vessels also, as has been recently stated to us. Representations on this subject will be immediately given in charge to our Minister there, and the result shall be communicated to the Legislature.
It is with extreme concern I have to inform you, that the proceedings of the person whom they have unfortunately appointed their Minister plenipotentiary here, have breathed nothing of the friendly spirit of the nation which sent him; their tendency on the contrary, has been to involve us in War abroad, and discord and anarchy at home. So far as his acts, or those of his agents, have threatened our immediate commitment in the war, or flagrant insult to the authority of the Laws, their effect has been counteracted by the ordinary cognizance of the laws, and by an exertion of the powers confided to me. Where their danger was not imminent, they have been borne with, from sentiments of regard to his nation, from a sense of their friendship towards us, from a conviction that they would not suffer us to remain long exposed to the action of a person who has so little respected our mutual dispositions, and I will add, from the reliance on the firmness of my fellow Citizens in their principles of peace and order.
In the mean time, I have respected and pursued the stipulations of our treaties, according to what I judged their true sense; and have withheld no act of friendship, which their affairs have called for from us, and which justice to others left us free to perform. I have gone further. Rather than employ force for the restitution of certain vessels, which I deemed the United States bound to restore, I thought it more advisable to satisfy the parties, by avowing it to be my opinion, that if restitution were not made, it would be incumbent on the United States to make compensation. The papers now communicated, will more particularly apprize you of these transactions.
The vexations and spoliation understood to have been committed on our vessels and commerce, by the cruisers and officers of some of the belligerent powers, appeared to require attention. The proofs of these, however, not having been brought forward, the description of Citizens supposed to have suffered were notified, that on furnishing them to the Executive, due measures would be taken to obtain redress of the past, and more effectual provisions against the future. Should such documents be furnished, proper representations will be made thereon, with a just reliance on a redress proportioned to the exigency of the case.
The British Government having undertaken by orders to the Commanders of their armed vessels, to restrain, generally, our Commerce in Corn and other provisions to their own ports, and those of their friends, the instructions now communicated were immediately forwarded to our Minister at that Court. In the mean time some discussions on the subject took place between him and them: these are also laid before you; and I may expect to learn the result of his special instructions in time to make it known to the Legislature during their present Session.
Very early after the arrival of a british Minister here, mutual explanations on the inexecution of the treaty of peace, were entered into with that Minister. These are now laid before you for your information.
On the subjects of mutual interest between this Country and Spain, negotiations and conferences are now depending. The public good requiring that the present state of these should be made known to the Legislature in confidence only, they shall be the subject of a separate and subsequent communication.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 6 Dandridge wrote to Childs & Swaine that the President had not time to read the public prints and "therefore desires you will not consider him as a subscriber for the Supplement to the daily advertiser, and that you will discontinue to transmit it to him." Dandridge's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 9, 1793.
Dr. Lund: Doctr. Tate46 being among those who had fled from the City during raging of the Yellow fever I was unable to lay the statement of your case before him fill his return when he sent the enclosed opinion with a request that I would read, and forward it to you.
[Note 46: Dr. James Tate. He had been surgeon of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment, Continental Army.]
As soon as I had done so, I sent Mr. Dandridge to his lodgings in order to desire him to proceed immediately to Alexandria in the Stage of this day without waiting to hear from you, but behold he had left town again not to return before Wednesday.
I thought it best, for the reasons he assigns to loose no time; and because I think his charge (even if his expences are added which I presume will be the case) is a very reasonable one for he cannot be absent much short of 15 days from his practice in these parts.
I shall repeat this request as soon as he returns, giving you notice of it in the meanwhile. My Complimts. to Mrs. Washington, and with every wish for your speedy and perfect recovery I am etc.47
[Note 47: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, December 11, 1793.
Dear Sir: I was led the other day to reflect, whether I had ever put into your hands the last, as well as the first letter, which A. G. Frauncis wrote to me concerning the Warrants. Finding no trace of any remarks from you to me, I take it for granted, that I omitted to do with respect to the last, what I had done with respect to the first. But being uncertain, how far the new matter, which is suggested, may be thought worthy of your attention, I have concluded to forward it to you; and when you have read it, you will return it to Dear Sir Yours etc.48
[Note 48: From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 12, 1793.
Sir: I wrote to you three months ago, or more, by my late secretary and friend, Mr. Lear; but as his departure from this Country for Great Britain, was delayed longer than he or I expected, it is at least probable that that letter will not have reached your hands at a much earlier period than the one I am now writing.
At the time it was written, the thoughts which I am now about to disclose to you were not even in embryo; and whether, in the opinion of others, there be impropriety, or not, in communicating the object which has given birth to them, is not for me to decide. My own mind reproaches me with none, but if yours should view the subject differently, burn this letter and the draught which accompanies it, and the whole matter will be consigned to oblivion.
All my landed property East of the Apalachian Mountains is under Rent, except the Estate called Mount Vernon. This, hitherto, I have kept in my own hands; but from my present situation; from my advanced time of my life; from a wish to live free from care, and as much at my ease as possible during the remainder of it; and from other causes which are not necessary to detail, I have, latterly, entertained serious thoughts of letting this estate also, reserving the Mansion house farm for my own residence, occupation, and amusement in agriculture; provided I can obtain what in my own judgment, and in the opinions of others whom I have consulted the low Rent which I shall mention hereafter; and provided also I can settle it with good farmers.
The quantity of ploughable land (including meadow); the relative situation of the farms one to another; and the division of these farms into seperate inclosures; with the quantity and situation of the Woodland appertaining to the tract, will be better delineated by the sketch herewith sent49 (which is made from actual surveys, subject nevertheless to revision and correction) than by a volume of words.
[Note 49: Washington seems to have had several copies of this sketch map of his farms, and the Huntington Library has the only one known to have survived. The map reproduced by Sparks ( Writings of Washington, vol. 12, p. 316) is an engraving from the original and not a facsimile. Sparks substituted, in his engraving, a map tide for the table of areas of the farms which Washington placed in the upper right-hand corner of his map. Sparks prints this table at the end of his text of this letter to Young. The Huntington map has been facsimiled in Lawrence Martin's George Washington Atlas, published by the United States Bicentennial Commission, 1932.]
No estate in United America is more pleasantly situated than this. It lyes in a high, dry and healthy Country 300 miles by water from the Sea, and, as you will see by the plan, on one of the finest Rivers in the world. its margin is washed by more than ten miles of tide water; from the bed of which, and the enumerable coves, inlets and small marshes with wch. it abounds, an inexhaustible fund of rich mud may be drawn as a manure; either to be used seperately, or in a compost, according to the judgment of the farmer. It is situated in a latitude between the extremes of heat and cold, and is the same distance by land and water, with good roads and the best navigation (to and) from the Federal City, Alexandria, and George town; distant from the first twelve, from the second nine, and from the last sixteen miles. The federal City in the year 1800 will become the seat of the general Government of the United States. It is encreasing fast in buildings, and rising into consequence; and will, I have no doubt, from the advantages given to it by nature, and its proximity to a rich interior country, and the western territory, become the emporium of the United States. The Soil of the tract I am speaking [of], is a good loam, more inclined however to Clay than Sand. From use, and I might add abuse, it is become more and more consolidated, and of course heavier to work. The greater part is a greyish day; some part is a dark mould; a very little is inclined to sand; and scarcely any to stone. A husbandman's wish would not lay the farms more level than they are, and yet some of the fields (but in no great degree) are washed into gullies, from which all of them have not, as yet, been recovered.
This River, which encompasses the land the distance abovementioned, is well supplied with various kinds of fish at all Seasons of the year; and in the Spring with the greatest profusion of Shad, Herring, Bass, Carp, Perch, Sturgeon &ca. Several valuable fisheries appertain to the estate; the whole shore in short is one entire fishery.
There are, as you will perceive by the plan, four farms besides that at the Mansion house: these four contain 3260 acres of cultivable land; to which some hundreds more, adjoining, as may be seen, might be added, if a greater quantity should be required; but as they were never designed for, so neither can it be said they are calculated to suit tenants of either the first, or of the lower class; because those who have the strength and resources proportioned to farms of from 500 to 1200 acres (which these contain) would hardly be contented to live in such houses as are thereon; and if they were to be divided and subdivided, so as to accommodate tenants of small means, say from 50 to one or 200 acres, there would be none; except on the lots which might happen to include the present dwelling-houses of my Overlookers (called Bailiffs with you), Barns, and Negro Cabins. Nor would I chuse to have the woodland (already too much pillaged of its timber) ransacked, for the purpose of building many more. The soil, howevr, is excellent for Bricks, or for Mud walls; and to the buildings of such houses there wd. be no limitation, nor to that of thatch for the cover of them.
The towns already mentioned (to those who might incline to encounter the expence) are able to furnish scantling, plank, and shingles to any amount, and on reasonable terms; and they afford a ready market also for the produce of the land.
On what is called Union farm (containing 928 acres of arable and Meadow) there is a newly erected Brick Barn equal perhaps to any in America, and for conveniences of all sorts, particularly for sheltering and feeding horses, cattle, &c., scarcely to be exceeded anywhere. A new house is now building in a central position, not far from the Barn, for the Overlooker; which will have two Rooms 16 by 18 feet below and one or two above nearly of the same size. Convenient thereto is sufficient accommodation for fifty odd Negroes (old and young) but these buildings might not be thought good enough for the workmen or day labourers of your Country.
Besides these, a little without the limits of the farm (as marked in the Plan) are one or two other houses very pleasantly situated; and which, in case this farm should be divided into two (as it formerly was) would answer well for the Eastern division. The buildings thus enumerated are all that stand on the premises.
Dogue run farm (650 acres) has a small but new building for the Overlooker; one room only below, and the same above, 16 by 20 each; decent and comfortable for its size. It has also covering for forty odd negroes, similar to what is mentioned on Union farm. It has a new circular barn now finishing on a new construction; well calculated, it is conceived, for getting grain out of the straw more expeditiously than in the usual mode of threshing. There are good sheds also erecting, sufficient to cover 30 work horses and Oxen.
Muddy hole farm (476 acres) has a house for the Overlooker, in size and appearance nearly like that at Dogue run; but older The same kind of covering for about thirty negroes, and a tolerably good barn, with stables for the work horses.
River farm which is the largest of the four, and seperated from the others by little hunting Creek, (contains 1207 acres of ploughable land), has an Overlookers Ho. of one large and two small rooms below, and one or two above; sufficient covering for 50 or 60 Negroes like those before mentioned. A large barn and stables (gone much to decay, but these will be replaced next year with new ones).
I have deemed it necessary to give this detail of the buildings that a precise idea might be had of the conveniences and inconveniences of them; and I believe the recital is just in all its parts. The Inclosures are precisely, and accurately delineated in the plan; and the fences now are, or soon will be, in respectable order.
I would let these four farms to four substantial farmers, of wealth and strength sufficient to cultivate them; and who would insure to me the regular payment of the Rents; and I would give them leases for seven or ten years, at the rate of a Spanish milled dollar, or other money current at the time, in this country, equivalent thereto, for every acre of ploughable and mowable ground within the Inclosures of the respective farms, as marked in the plan; and would allow the tenants during that period to take fuel; and use timber from the Woodland to repair the buildings and to keep the fences in order; until live fences could be substituted in place of dead ones; but in this case, no sub-tenants would be allowed.
Or if these farms are adjudged too large, and the Rents of course too heavy for such farmers as might incline to emigrate, I should have no insuperable objection against dividing each into as many small ones as a society of them, formed for the purpose, could agree upon among themselves; even if it shd. be by the fields as they are now arranged (which the plan would enable them to do), provided such buildings as they would be content with, should be erected at their own expence, in the manner already mentioned. In which case as in the former, fuel, and timber for repairs, would be allowed; but as an inducement to parcel out my grounds into such small tenements, and to compensate me at the same time for the greater consumption of fuel and timber, and for the trouble and expence of collecting small Rents, I should expect a quarter of a dollar pr. acre in addition to what I have already mentioned. But in order to make these small farms more valuable to the occupants, and by way of reimbursing them for the expence of their establishment thereon, I would grant them leases for 15 or 18 years; although I have weighty objections to the measure, founded on my own experience of the disadvantage it is to the Lessor, in a Country where lands are rising every year in value. As an instance in proof, about 20 years ago I gave leases for three lives, in land I held above the blue Mountains, near the Shanondoah River, Seventy miles from Alexandria or any shipping port, at a Rent of one shilling pr. Acre (no part being then cleared) and now land of similar quality in the vicinity, with very trifling improvements thereon, is renting currently at five and more shillings pr. acre, and even as high as 8/.
My motives for letting this estate having been avowed, I will add, that the whole, (except the Mansion house farm) or none, will be parted with, and that upon unequivocal terms; because my object is to fix my income (be it what it may) upon a solid basis in the hands of good farmers; because I am not inclined to make a medley of it; and above all, because I could not relinquish my present course without a moral certainty of the substitute which is contemplated: for to break up these farms, remove my Negroes, and dispose of the property on them upon terms short of this would be ruinous.
Having said thus much, I am disposed to add further, that it would be in my power, and certainly it would be my inclination (upon the principle above) to accommodate the wealthy, or the weak handed farmer (and upon reasonable terms) with draughthorses, and working mules and Oxen; with cattle, Sheep and Hogs; and with such impliments of husbandry if they should not incline to bring them themselves, as are in use on the farms. On the four farms there are 54 draughthorses, 12 working Mules, and a sufficiency of Oxen, broke to the yoke; the precise number I am unable this moment to ascertain, as they are comprehended in the aggregate of the black cattle. Of the latter there are 317. Of sheep 634. Of hogs many, but as these run pretty much at large in the Woodland (which is all under fence) the number is uncertain. Many of the Negroes, male and female, might be hired by the year as labourers, if this should be preferred to the importation of that class of people; but it deserves consideration how far the mixing of whites and blacks together is advisable; especially where the former, are entirely unacquainted with the latter.
If there be those who are disposed to take these farms in their undevided State, on the terms which have been mentioned; it is an object of sufficient magnitude for them, or one of them in behalf of the rest, to come over and investigate the premises thoroughly, that there may be nothing to reproh themselves or me with if (though unintentionally) there should be defects in any part of the information herein given; or if a society of farmers are disposed to adventure, it is still more incumbent on them to send over an Agent for the purposes abovementioned: for with me the measure must be so fixed as to preclude any cavil or discussion thereafter. And it may not be malapropos to observe in this place, that our Overlookers are generally engaged, and all the arrangements for the ensuing crops are made before the first of September in every year; it will readily be perceived then, that if this period is suffered to pass away, it is not to be regained until the next year. Possession might be given to the New comers at the Season just mentioned to enable them to put in their grain for the next Crop; but the final relinquishment could not take place until the Crops are gathered; which, of Indian Corn (maiz) seldom happens 'till towards Christmas as it must endure hard frosts before it can be safely housed.
I have endeavoured as far as my recollection of facts would enable me, or the documents in my possession allow, to give such information of the actual state of the farms as to enable persons at a distance to form as distinct ideas as the nature of the thing is susceptible short of ones own view, and having communicated the motives which have inclined me to a change in my system, I will announce to you the origin of them.
First: Few Ships, of late, have arrived from any part of G: Britain or Ireland without a number of emigrants, and some of them, by report, very respectable and full handed farmers. A number of others they say, are desirous of following; but are unable to obtain passages; but their coming in that manner, even if I was apprised of their arrival in time, would not answer my views for the reason already assigned; and which, as it is the ultimatum at present, I will take the liberty of repeating, namely: that I must carry my plan into complete execution or not attempt it; and under such auspices too as to leave no doubt of the exact fulfilment; and,
2dly: because from the number of letters which I have received myself (and as it would seem from respectable people) enquiring into matters of this sort, with intimations of their wishes and even intentions of migrating to this Country, I can have no doubt of succeeding. But I have made no reply to these enquiries, or if any, in very general terms, because I did not want to engage in corrispondences of this sort with persons of whom I had no knowledge, nor indeed leisure for them if I had been so disposed.
I shall now conclude as I begun, with a desire, that if you see any impropriety in making these sentiments known to that class of people who might wish to avail themselves of the occasion, that it may not be mentioned. By a law, or by some regulation of your government, Artisans I am well aware, are laid under restraints; and for this reason I have studiously avoided any overtures to Mechanics although my occasions called for them. But never having heard that difficulties were thrown in in the way of Husbandmen by the Government, is one reason for my bringing this matter to your view; a 2d is, that having, yourself expressed sentiments which showed that you had cast an eye towards this Country, and was not inattentive to the welfare of it, I was led to make my intentions known to you, that if you, or your friends were disposed to avail yourselves of the knowledge, you might take prompt measures for the execution. and 3dly. I was sure if you had lost sight of the object yourself, I could, nevertheless rely upon such information, as you might see fit to give me, and upon such characters too as you might be disposed to recommend.
Lengthy as this epistle is, I will crave your patience while I add, that it is written in too much haste, and under too great a pressure of public business at the commencement of an important session of Congress to be correct or properly digested. But the season of the year, and the apprehension of Ice are hurrying away the last vessel bound from this Port to London. I am driven therefore to the alternative of making the matter known in this hasty manner, and giving a rude sketch of the farms, which is the subject of it, or to encounter delay, the first I preferred. It can hardly be necessary to add, that I have no desire that any formal promulgation of these sentiments should be made.
To accomplish my wishes, in the manner herein expressed, would be agreeable to me; and in a way that cannot be exceptionable wd be more so. With much esteem etc.50
[Note 50: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, December 12, 1793.
Dear Sir: You would oblige me by giving the letter and Roll51 herewith sent for Mr. Young a safe, and as speedy a conveyance as you can, without saddling him with Postage.
[Note 51: Washington's plan of the Mount Vernon farms.]
Though I believe the enclosd letter from Mr. Keith Wray is little more than the child of imagination, I would, notwithstanding, thank you for directing one of your domestics to enquire into the truth of the information which it contains.
This letter will be handed to you by Mr. Willm. Morris, third Son of Mr. Robt. Morris, to whom for domestic occurances of a private nature, I shall refer you, those of another kind you will, of course receive from the Secretary of State.
I pray you to offer my best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins to Mrs. Pinckney and accept assurances of the sincere esteem and regd. with which I am etc.52
[Note 52: The letter sent is in the possession of Louis Sherfesee, of Greenville, S.C. A photostat of it is in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 16, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 9th and sample of free stone from my Quarry, sent by Mr. Hoban, for which I thank you both; and should be obliged to him for information of the spot from whence it was taken. I always knew, that the River banks from my Spring house, to the Ferry formerly kept by Captn. Posey, were almost an entire bed of free stone; but I had conceived before the late sample came to hand, that it was of a very soft nature.
As the quantity, from outward appearances is, in a manner inexhaustable; I should have no objections to an investigation of the Banks by skilful, and orderly people; as the public as well as myself might be benefited by the discovery of a quarry of good stone so near the Federal City.
Mr. Greenleaf is, I presume, with you, he left this City for George Town on friday last, he has a plan for the disposal of lots, and building thereon; to which he expressed a wish to receive the sanction of my opinion: I told him, my wish was that all matters of that sort should come to me through the Commissioners; and was approved by them (after the consideration which I know would be given to any proposition which seemed to have a tendency to advance the growth of the City) would certainly not be discountenanced by me. A similar answer I gave to a suggestion respecting the site for the Hospital in the City; which he seemed desirous of giving grounds out of the City in exchange for. My motive for hinting these things to you, in this manner, is that you may understand precisely what passed between us on these subjects. For some reasons which he assigned, he thought a Hospital in the bosom of the City improper and dangerous. I am inclined to that opinion, but really, as I told him, did not recollect that it had been so intended. I remain in haste Yours etc.53
[Note 53: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
United States, December 16, 1793.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you a report of the Secretary of State on the measures which have been taken on behalf of the United States, for the purpose of obtaining a recognition of our treaty with Morocco; and for the ransom of our Citizens and establishment of peace with Algiers.
While it is proper our citizens should know, that subjects which so much concern their interests and their feelings, have duly engaged the attention of their Legislature and Executive, it would still be improper that some particulars of this communication should be made known. The confidential conversation stated in one of the last letters sent herewith, is one of these; both justice and policy require that the source of that information should remain secret. So a knowledge of the sums meant to have been given for peace and ransom, might have a disadvantageous influence on future proceedings for the same objects.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 59: Chairman of the meeting of citizens of Shenandoah County, Va.]
Philadelphia, December 18, 1793.
Sir: The attachment, expressed by the resolutions of Shenandoah County, to the Constitution of the U. States; the importance of cultivating peace and harmony with all the world, by just and honorable means; and the grateful acknowledgment of the services rendered by the French nation, meet my full assent. For the favorable sentiments towards myself, I must entreat you, Sir, to communicate my thanks to my Fellow Citizens of Shenandoah.60
[Note 60: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 23, 1793.
Dear Sir: I have read the proposed message to the "Sachems, Chiefs and Warriors of the Six Nations" and approve of it, except that I question whether the 8th. and the 11th. paragraphs are expressed quite strong enough. The 8th. gives too much ground, in my opinion, to expect a compliance with their request in its full extent; and the 11th. although the sense is plain, seems hardly decisive enough for Indian comprehension and there shd. be no misconception. Yrs. always.
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 24, 1793.
My dear Sir: It was my wish, for many reasons (needless to enumerate) to have retained Mr. Jefferson in administration, to the end of the present Session of Congress, but he is so decidedly opposed to it, that I can no longer hint this to him.
I now wish for your permission to nominate you to it, the office of Secretary of State, and will add, that your compliance would give me pleasure. Mr. Jefferson will quit it the last day of this month and proposes to set out for Virginia a few days afterwards. I am always, &c.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 25, 1793.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 18th. instt. enclosing a statement of sales of lots in Coxburgh, belonging to us, has been duly received; and I thank you for the particular manner in which they are rendered. I did not mean to give you so much trouble; to know summarily what had been sold and what remained on hand, was all I had in view.
I hereby acknowledge the receipt of a Bank note (New York) for Sixteen hundred and fifty nine 50/100 dollars being the Balle. pr. acct. stated on the sales above mentioned.
Mrs. Washington joins me in offering you, Mrs. Clinton and family the compliments of the Season and the happy return of many, many of them. With great and sincere friendship I am etc.
[Note 65: Read was then chief justice of Delaware.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1793.
Dear Sir: Two of the unhappy female fugitives from St. Domingo have (as you will see by the enclosed letters) laid their distresses before me; which, if true in the degree they have stated, merits much commiseration. But I have received so many applications of a similar nature and some of them from Imposters, that I find it necessary to guard what little relief I am able to afford, against imposition. For this reason, and because I am not well acquainted with any other Gentleman in Newcastle (from whence the letters came) I have taken the liberty of putting my answer to them, under cover to you, open, that if upon enquiry the authors are found to merit relief it may be sealed and handed to them, if on the other hand it should prove a fictitious tale it may be returned to me.
I will make no apology for giving you this trouble because, to be employed in acts of humanity cannot, I am sure, be disagreeable to such a mind as yours. With very great etseem etc.66
[Note 66: From a photostat of the original presented by the Hon. Richard S. Rodney, of Wilmington, Del.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1793.
Madames: I have been favored with your letters of the 6th. and 10th. of the present month, but not in due time.
I wish my resources were equal to the relief of the distresses which you, and many others under like circumstances have described. But the truth is, my private purse is inadequate, and there is no public money at my disposal.
Such as the first was competent to, I placed early in the hands of a Committee in this City, to be disposed of for the benefit of the unfortunate Sufferers from St. Domingo whose necessities were greatest and means least.
I prefered this mode of contributing my mite, 1st. because it was not in my power to enquire into the degree of individual wants; 2dly. because I did not possess the means of administering to them in the extent which might be required. and 3dly. to guard against impositions, several of which had been attempted with success.
In almost every City and large Town in the United States, Committees similar to the one I have already mentioned, are established. To the one nearest you, I should conceive it might be well to make your case known. In the meanwhile to supply your momentary wants I send you Twenty five dollars in Bank notes.
With very poignant feelings for the distress you describe yourselves to be in I am etc.
United States, December 30, 1793.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: I now transmit you a report by the Secy. of State, of such laws, decrees and ordinances, or their substance, respecting commerce in the countries with which the United States have commercial intercourse, as he has received, and had not stated in his report of the sixteenth instant.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, December 30, 1793.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you for your consideration a letter from the Secretary of State informing me of certain impediments, which have arisen, to the coinage of the precious metals at the Mint.
As also, a letter from the same officer relative to certain advances of money, which have been made on public account. Should you think proper to sanction what has been done, or be of opinion that anything more shall be done in the same way, you will judge whether there are not circumstances which would render secrecy expedient.67
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 31, 1793.
Dear Sir: It has been my intention ever since my return to the City, to contribute my mite towards the relief of the most needy Inhabitants of it. The pressure of public business hitherto, has suspended, but not altered my resolution. I am at a loss, however, for whose benefit to apply the little I can give, and into whose hands to place it; whether for the use of the fatherless children and widows (made so by the late calamity) who may find it difficult, whilst Provisions, Wood and other necessaries are so dear, to support themselves; or to other and better purpose (if any) I know not and therefore have taken the liberty of asking your advice.
I persuade myself justice will be done my motives for giving you this trouble. To obtain information, and to render the little I can afford without ostentation or mention of my name are the sole objects of these enquiries. With great and sincere esteem &c.
Philadelphia, January 1, 1794.
Dr. Sir: I have been favoured with two notes from you of this date; the last, in time to prevent the mistake which the first would have led me into.
The mode which you have suggested for imparting the small pittance my resources will enable me to contribute towards the comfort of the needy in this City appears to be a very eligable one, and as you have been so obliging as to offer to place it in proper hands, for this purpose, I take the liberty of enclosing 250 dollars.
I have no desire that my name should be mentioned; if so small a sum can effect any good purpose my object will be answered, and all my wishes respecting it gratified.
I offer you the compliments of the season, and the happy return of many of them, and the sincere respects and regard of Yr. etc.
Philadelphia, January 1, 1794.
Dear Sir: I yesterday received, with sincere regret your resignation of the office of Secretary of State.72 Since it has been impossible to prevail upon you, to forego any longer the indulgence of your desire for private life; the event, however anxious I am to avert it, must be submitted to.
[Note 72: A press copy of Jefferson's letter of resignation, Dec. 31, 1793, is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
Edmund Randolph was nominated Secretary of State this same day (January 1) and confirmed by the Senate, January 2.]
But I cannot suffer you to leave your Station, without assuring you, that the opinion, which I had formed, of your integrity and talents, and which dictated your original nomination, has been confirmed by the fullest experience; and that both have been eminently displayed in the discharge of your duties.
Let a conviction of my most earnest prayers for your happiness accompany you in your retirement; and while I accept with the warmest thanks your solicitude for my welfare, I beg you to believe that I always am &c.73
[Note 73: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Thursday Morning, January 2, 1794.
The President presents his respectful regards to Doctor White. The benefit to be derived, and not the merit of bestowing it, is the only motive which has governed in the case, wch. has been the subject of this corrispondence. of course, to know from whence it flowed ought not to be an object of enquiry, and as to conjectures they are very immaterial; however, as Doctr. White has a delicacy on the subject the P-- did not intend nor would by any means wound it, he therefore leaves it to him (knowing the motives) to accompany the contribution with such explanations as he shall think proper.
United States, January 7, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: Experience has shown, that it would be useful to have an officer, particularly charged, under the direction of the Departmt. of war, with the duties of receiving, safekeeping and distributing the public supplies in all cases, in which the laws and the course of service do not devolve them upon other officers; and also, with that of superintending, in all cases, the issues in detail of supplies, with power for that purpose, to bring to account all persons entrusted to make such issues in relation thereto. An establishment of this nature, by securing a regular and punctual accountability for the issues of public supplies, would be a great guard against abuse, would tend to ensure their due application, and to give public satisfaction on that point.
I therefore recommend to the consideration of Congress, the expediency of an establishment of this nature, under such regulations as shall appear to them adviseable.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
In the Washington Papers is a paper wrapper dated January, 1794, in Washington's writing as follows: "Whilst the measure, which gave rise to these papers, was under consideration, advice was reed. from our Minister at Paris, that Mr. Genet wd. be immediately recalled which arrested the business in this Stage of it."]
Wednesday, January 8, 1794.
Dear Sir: I would thank you for giving the papers herewith enclosed a perusal, and for the result of it.
I am now deliberating on the measure proper and necessary to be taken with respect to Mr. G--t and wish for aid in so doing; The critical State of Things making me more than usually anxious to decide right in the present case.
None but the heads of Departments are privy to these papers, which I pray may be returned this evening, or in the morning. With very sincere esteem &c.74
Friday, January 10, 1794.
Dear Sir: Herewith you will receive sundry Pamphlets &c. under the patronage of Sir John Sinclair. I send you letters to me also, that the design may be better understood. From all these, you will be able to decide, whether a plan of enquiry similar to the one set on foot in G. Brim., would be likely to meet legislative or other encouragement, and of what kind, in this Country. These, or any other ideas which may result from the perusal of the papers, I would thank you for, as the letters remain unacknowledged, and the writer of them will expect this, if nothing more.75
[Note 75: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
United States, January 20, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: Having already laid before you a letter of the 16. of August 1793. from the Secretary of State to our Minister at Paris; stating the conduct, and urging the recall of the Minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of France; I now communicate to you, that his conduct has been unequivocally disapproved; and that the strongest assurances have been given, that his recall should be expedited without delay.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Ford prints the following note: "The severest critic of Genet was his successor Fauchet, who had come from France in association with three other 'commissaires' to disentangle the meshes of Genet's policy. He was armed with power to arrest Genet and the French consuls in American ports, but on consulting with Randolph, he was told that the United States only demanded the recall of Genet and did not seek his punishment; that the President could not acquiesce in such a measure. The commissioners reported to the Executive Council their views on Genet's operations. 'It appeared that he had vigorously pronounced for a party in opposition to the government of the United States; that he has also exasperated this party. That he has ruffled without example all the chiefs of executive power. We have been led to note in many of those whom he saw or with whom he was in correspondence, more personal hatred of Washington than love for France. In others we have seen a true enthusiasm for the cause of liberty....What produced his exaggeration and that of his agents? Some dissensions that later might become fatal to America and to France, the desertion of all moderate people who up to that time had been the friends of France, and who have again rallied to our cause since our arrival. Our brave men, our soldiers, our officers, our sailors, our free and loyal republicans, hearing the French officials pronounce that the American government was aristocratic, that it was sold to the English, &c., went everywhere exaggerating the proposal of the minister and the consuls....To justify his conduct, Genet had the impudence to publish a part of his instructions. This publication would have done us much harm, if he had not had the vanity to declare that he had accomplished them himself, and if this conduct had not drawn upon him the contempt off honest souls, who should think that a man ought to allow himself to be calumniated rather than bring his government into ridicule or disfavor, and if it was not generally believed that he had made an oath of allegiance to the United States.'"]
Philadelphia, January 20, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 6th. instant came duly to hand. As you appear to have taken a final determination, I can say nothing more on the subject of its disclosure than that it would have been pleasing to me, if it had been convenient to yourselves, that those who began shd. have compleated the work; and not to have left the harvest of your labours to be reaped by others.
As you are better acquainted than I am with characters in the vicinity of the federal City, and with those not so remote as to make an attendance therein inconvenient. Know also the connections of individuals, in point of interest, with the same; and how far those connections ought to disqualify them for Commissioners; I would thank you for the names of such as in your judgment are most likely to subserve the public purposes. Wishing as I do to make a good choice of successors, every aid I can derive towards the accomplishment of it would be gratefully received.
Well qualified men might perhaps be had in George Town, or among the Proprietors; but how far their local, and perhaps jarring interests and views might render them unfit for the trust, being questionable, your opinion thereon would be agreeable to Dear Sir Your etc.
United States, January 21, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: It is with satisfaction I announce to you, that the alterations which have been made by law in the original plan for raising a duty on spirits distilled within the United States and on stills, cooperating with better information, have had a considerable influence in obviating the difficulties which have embarrassed that branch of the public revenue. But the obstacles which have been experienced, though lessened, are not yet entirely surmounted; and it would seem that some further legislative provisions may usefully be superadded, which leads me to recall the attention of Congress to the subject. Among the matters, which may demand regulation, is the effect, in point of organization, produced by the separation of Kentuckey from the State of Virginia; and the situation. with regard to the Law, of the territories Northwest and Southwest of the Ohio.
The Laws respecting Lighthouse establishments require as a condition of their permanent maintenance, at the expence of the United States, a complete cession of soft and jurisdiction. The cessions of different States having been qualified with a reservation of the right of serving legal process within the ceded jurisdiction, are understood to be inconclusive, as annexing a qualification not consonant with the terms of the Law. I present this circumstance to the view of Congress that they may judge whether any alteration ought to be made.
As it appears to be conformable with the intention of the "Ordinance for the Government of the territory of the United States, Northwest of the river Ohio," altho' it is not expressly directed that the laws of that territory should be laid before Congress, I now transmit to you a copy of such, as have been passed from July to Decemr. 1792 inclusive, being the last which have been received by the Secretary of State.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Confidential)
Philadelphia, January 22, 1794.
My dear Sir: Although I am not encouraged by the joint letter which I had the honor to receive from you, and our friend Mr. E. Rutledge (under date of the 12th of June 1791); yet, in a measure to which I am strongly prompted both by judgment and inclination, I am unable to restrain myself from making a second application to you, similar to the former one.
I have cause to believe that, the private concerns of the Gentleman who is now at the head of the department of War, will occasion his resignation of that Office, unless imperious circumstances (which heaven avert) should force us into a War with any of the Belligerent Powers, and, under such circumstances, he should hold it dishonorable to retreat from his Post.
Towards, or at, the close of the present Session of Congress (which is hardly to be expected before April, if then) this event if it takes place is likely to happen. Will you, upon this hypothesis, allow me to endulge a hope that you would fill his place? It is not for the mere detail duties of the Office I am in pursuit of a character. These might be well executed by a less important one than yours but as the Officer who is at the head of that department is a branch of the Executive, and called to its Councils upon interesting questions of National importance he ought to be a man, not only of competent skill in the science of War, but possessing a general knowledge of political subjects, of known attachment to the Government we have chosen, and of proved integrity. To whom then can I turn my eyes with more propriety than on you? I mean not to compliment, but to express the real sentiments of my heart.80
[Note 80: Pinckney declined the offer from "circumstances not in my power to controul." His letter, dated Feb. 24, 1794, is in the Washington Papers.]
The intention of writing this letter, and the purport of it, is unknown to any one but myself; the result may be equally so; since it is placed upon a hypothetical base, and declared to be confidential. No more therefore than you chuse need be disclosed until the event which has given rise to the application shall have taken place, although it is essential I should know in the meanwhile on what ground I rest; without which inconveniences might result from the vacancy of the Office. With much truth and sincerity I am &c.
Philadelphia, January 23, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 23d. Ulto. came duly to hand. With regret I perceive your determination to withdraw from the Commission under which you have acted for executing the plan of the Federal City, my wish was, and still is, if it could be made to comport with your convenience and inclination, that it should be changed; or at least suspended: for I should be sorry to see others (coming in at the eleventh hour as it were) reap the fruits of your difficult labours; but if this cannot be, I would thank you for naming (which may be in confidence) such persons as you shall think best qualified to succeed you in this interesting and important business. My limited acquaintance with convenient characters does not enable me to do it to my own satisfaction; and even among those, which might happen to present themselves to my view, there might be local circumstances in the way, unknown to me which would render them inelegible in the opinion of the public, for the impartial execution of the trust reposed. Were it not for this I presume proper Characters might be had in Georgetown, or among the Proprietors of the City; but how far their connections or jarring interests therein, may be a let to such appointments, is worthy of that consideration which you can so well appreciate for my information.
With respect to Mr. Blodget I have not hesitated on former occasions to declare and I think to the Commissioners themselves from the moment his conduct began to unfold itself, that his appointment did not in my judgment answer the end which had been contemplated, at first I was at a loss how to account for a conduct so distant from any of the ideas I had entertained of the duties of a Superintendant, but it appears evidently enough now, that speculation has been his primary object from the beginning.
My letters (if not to the Commissioners, to an individual member I am sure) when compared with the conduct of Mr. Blodget, will shew that he has in no wise answered my expectations as Superintendant for my ideas of these (in the exercise of a competent character, always on the spot with sufficient powers, and fully instructed) were, that it would render a meeting of the Commissioners oftener than quarterly, or half yearly, unnecessary in the ordinary course of the business; cases it is true might occur requiring occasional ones, but these, after the stated meeting were sufficiently promulgated, would very rarely happen. according to these ideas, fixing on a plan, giving the out lines of it receiving the reports, inspecting the proceedings, examining, the accounts, revising the instructions or furnishing new ones at the periodical meetings is all that appeared to me necessary for the Commissioners to do; leaving to the Superintendant, who ought to be competent thereto and responsible, the execution in detail.
I wish you may have yet seen the worst features in Mr. Blodget's conduct. Finding that he was determined to proceed in his second Lottery, notwithstanding the admonition that had been given him by the Commissioners; that he had actually sold tickets in it, and for Georgia land; I directed the Secretary of State to inform him in explicit terms, that if he did not instantly suspend all further proceeding therein until the sanction of the Commissioners should be unequivocally obtained, I would cause the unauthorised mode in which he was acting to be announced to the public, to guard it against imposition. In consequence he has set out, it is said, to wait upon them; if this be true the result you must know. Little confidence, I fear, is placed in Mr. Blodget and least where he is best known. With much truth, I remain, etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 27, 1794.
Sir: Just before I left Mount Vernon in October last, I wrote to you respecting the discharge of a bond of yours assigned to me by Mr. John Lewis, for £146.13.4. payable with interest the 18 day of May 93; but as I have not heard from you on the subject I presume the letter never reached your hands.
My want of money urges me, Sir, to beg that you will cause the bond to be discharged with all convenient dispatch. I am etc.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On January 28 Washington wrote to Charles Simms, of Alexandria, sending money to pay his account. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 28, 1794.
Sir: I have received, and pray you to accept my best thanks for, "The New practical Navigation", which you had the goodness to send me, and also for my share of the honor of your address. I am etc.83
January 28, 1794.
Dear Sir: I thank you for keeping in mind my request concerning Oats. For Seed I wanted them. The purchase depends upon three things, yea four: 1st. the quality; 2d. the time they could be delivered in this City; and 3d. the certainty of a passage round to Potomac. 4th. not having yet heard from my Manager, how much he requires, I cannot be precise myself. All therefore I would further request of you at present, is to ascertain where I could be supplied if under these uncertainties I should, hereafter, ask your assistance in procuring them. Yours etc.
Philadelphia, January 29, 1794.
Sir: The President of the United States has been made acquainted, by a letter from you, with the situation in which you and, your family are at Charleston. Such representations are daily made to him from various parts of the United States, by your Countrymen, in the same unfortunate predicament with yourself. No man feels more for your distresses than the President, nor is any one more willing to contribute to their alleviation, than he is. In fact, he has done this as far or perhaps further, than the resources of which he is possessed wou'd strictly justify, having no public fund which he is authorised to apply to these objects, his private purse is inadequate to satisfy the deplorable cases which are brought before him by letters and otherwise, for relief. The subject has been before the Legislature of the U.S. now in Session here, and it is expected they will appropriate a sum for the immediate relief, in some degree, of the necessities of the unfortunate fugitives from St. Domingo.84 Shou'd an Act be passed to this effect, it is hoped that your case, among others, will be embraced thereby. The President directs me to assure you, Sir, that it is not from a want of inclination to
[Note 84: Such an act was passd by Congress, February 10, and approved by the President February 12.] serve you, or of sympathy for your accumulated distresses, that he gives you this answer, but from his real unability to afford you relief. I am etc.85
[Note 85: Signed "Bw: Dandridge, S. P. U States," in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 29, 1794.
Dear Sir: The enclosed came to my hands a few days ago; the means are also enclosed to discharge Colo. Simms' account, and to receive his acquittal. I would thank you to get from him, and forward to me, Mr. Lees charge also; that my Administration of the Estate of Colo. Colvill may be finally closed, and the balance deposited somewhere for the benefit of the residuary legatees.
That I may be better able to decide upon the latter point, I would thank you for an extract of that part of Colo. Thorns. Colvills Will (or the Will itself, as I presume it is no longer of any use to you) which makes this devise; and for all the claims, proofs, &ca. which have been handed to his Executors in consequence thereof; and which were deposited (to the best of my recollection) with you along with the other papers. I am etc.
PS. Are there not some parts of Colo. Simms charge which ought to be paid, or at least repaid by the defendants?
[N.Y.P.L.]
United States, January 30, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: Communications have been made to Congress during the present Session, with the intention of affording a full view of the posture of affairs on the south western frontiers. By the information which has lately been laid before Congress, it appeared that the difficulties with the Creeks had been amicably and happily terminated; but it will be perceived, with regret, by the papers herewith transmitted, that the tranquillity has unfortunately been of short duration, owing to the murder of several friendly Indians by some lawless white men.
The condition of things in that quarter, requires the serious and immediate consideration of Congress; and the adoption of such wise and vigorous laws as will be competent to the preservation of the national character, and of the peace made under the authority of the United States with the several Indian tribes: Experience demonstrates that the existing legal provisions are entirely inadequate to those great objects.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 3, 1794.
Dear Sir: In due course of the Posts I have received your letters of the 17th. of December and 21st. of the last month; and congratulate you on the birth of a Son, and the passage of your family through the Small Pox.
As you had acknowledged the receipt of the needful for purchasing the Buck Wht, and had assured me that no disappointment should follow, I have not given you the trouble of a letter until now, since I wrote from German Town; and now, principally to beg that the Buck Wheat may be got down in time for early sowing; the present frost being favorable for transportation.
I have procured for you, and it shall be sent with my own by the first vessel to Alexandria, three bushels of Clover seed which appears to be clean, and warranted fresh. It will cost delivered at Alexandria about eight dollars a bushel. It shall be directed to the care of Colo. Gilpin to whom my own things will be consigned; as the Captn. is not at liberty to land any part of his Cargo before he arrives at the Port to which he is bound. No opportunity has offered since the first frost (in december) set in, or both yours and mine would have gone e'er this. To say now when they will go is more than I am able, as the Delaware is closed, and navigation at an end until there comes a thaw.
With this letter is enclosed a box containing bracelets &ca. for Mrs. Ball, wch. I hope will get safe to hand, as I have directed them to the particular care of the Postmaster in Alexandria. Mrs. Washington and the family, join me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Ball and Miss Milly, ff with you, and with Affectionate regard I am etc.
PS. As soon as you have ascertained the amount of cost and charges of the Buck Wheat delivered at M. Vern. let me know it, and I will remit what may be due on the Acct. The freight of the Clover Seed from hence to Alexandria, as well as the first cost of it will be paid here.87
[Note 87: From the original in the Ball Deposit in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, February 9, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 6th. Ulto. by way of New York, has been lately received; That you should be without any of my letters in answer to your former favors, is matter of extreme surprize to me, as the receipt of them had been regularly acknowledged.
The Bill on Mr. Bell of this City for six hundred and seventy eight dollars and 64/100 came safe to my hands, and was punctually paid. Of this I wrote you, altho' the letter has never it seems been received.
Previous thereto, I had informed you (about this time twelve month, if I recollect rightly) that as it was improper to travel the Jack89 in the winter Season, and moreover, as he could not be got to Mount Vernon in time nor in order for covering the ensuing Spring, I requested you to keep him in So. Carolina and do for me in the case as if you were acting for yourself, until he could be removed more advantageously: and now, in answer to your last letter of the 6th. of Jany., requesting to know if those who have sent Mares a second time to Royal Gift with no better success than they met with the first time shou'd pay for those wch. do not bring foal ? I shall, under my present view of the subject answer No provided you are satisfied they have not cast them because in that case the failure is not in the Jack. But in this, as in everything else which relates to the Jack, do as (I have before requested) the same for me as you would for yourself and I shall be perfectly satisfied.
[Note 89: Royal Gift.]
His covering, while he stood at Mount Vernon was very sure; for no mare that went to him, scarcely ever missed; nor was he ever lame before he left that place; but from accounts which I have received from some Gentlemen in Virginia he was most abominably treated on the journey by the man to whom he was entrusted; for instead of moving him slowly and steadily along as he ought, he was prancing (with the Jack) from one public meeting, or place to another in a gate which could not but prove injurious to an Animal who had hardly ever been out of a walk before, and afterwards, I presume, (in order to recover lost time) pushed him beyond what he was able to bear all the remainder of the journey. However, there is no remedy now for what has happened, but if he should get over his present disorder, and recover his flesh again, he may yet be a useful and valuable animal as he will not (if he lives) be past his prime these fifteen or twenty years yet such is the90 longivity of this species of animal. I was glad to hear from Mr. Izard that he had got one very fine mule from two mares which he had sent to Royal Gift; from thence I entertained a hope that he might be growing better; be this however as it may, I would thank you for giving me advice from time to time of his condition, that I may be enabled thereby to take measures accordingly. In the meanwhile, I entreat you to derive all the advantages you can from him to your own mares, without entertaining an idea of making compensation for it.
[Note 90: Washington inadvertently wrote "their."]
Offer if you please my best respects to Mrs. Washington, and be assured of the sincere esteem and regard with which I am etc.
Philadelphia, February 13, 1794.
Sir: I received your Letter of the 8th of December, a few days ago only.
My lowest price for the Land I hold on the North River, in Gloucester County, in Virginia, is one thousand pounds, estimating dollars at six shillings. about this sum the land actually stands me in at this moment, and I shall advance the price in proportion, at least to the interest of the above sum, at anytime hereafter.
If credit is required, it may be obtained for two, three, or four years, paying Interest on the purchase money. I am etc.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 19, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you the copy of a Letter which I have received from the Chief Justice and associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States,92 and their desire, the representation mentioned in the said Letter, pointing out certain defects in the judiciary system.93
[Note 92: Dated Feb. 18, 1794, and signed by Jay, Cushing, Wilson. Blair, and Paterson, inclosing a representation, addressed to Congress, and signed by the justices. Neither this letter nor the representation are now found in the Washington Papers, but the text of both is printed in American State Papers (Miscellaneous), vol. 1, p. 77.]
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 23, 1794.
Dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 13th. instt. with the enclosures, came duly to hand. I thank you for draughting the answer which I have put my signature to; and with the Bill, now return it to you.
If I mistake not, my renunciation of the executorship of Colo. Fairfax's Will already stands on record in the Genl. Court, on some former occasion; be this however as it may, I have always refused and never intended, directly nor indirectly to have any agency in the Administration of the affairs of that Estate.
It gives me much pleasure to hear, through a variety of Channels, that you are becoming eminent, and respectable in the Law. In this, and every transaction of your life, let honor and probity be your polar star. Your Aunt and all here join me in best regards for you and Nancy and be assured of the Affecte. regard and friendship of
Philadelphia, February 23, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 6th. instant came Safe, but not until after it had lain many days in the Post Office in Frederick Town, by the mark thereon.
Your consenting to remain longer in the Commission of the Federal District gave me much pleasure; for although I have no doubt with respect to the accomplishment of the law (establishing the permanent residence of Congress), nor of the execution of the plan of the City; yet a great and sudden change of the Commissioners appointed to conduct this business is not likely, in my opinion, to produce good, but on the contrary, evil consequences. I am unwilling therefore to hazard any thing that can be avoided on this occasion; especially at a time when matters appear to be progressing fast to a favorable result.
Notwithstanding you have agreed to act longer under the Commission, than you had intended, there will, nevertheless be a vacancy; occasioned by the resignation of Doctr. Stuart; from whose last letters I have no expectation of his remaining in Office after your next meeting. With much esteem and regard I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, February 24, 1794.
Dear Sir: Near a month ago, I wrote you to this effect "that the letter therein enclosed to Mr. Keith furnished the means of discharging your claim upon me as Executor of Col. Colvill's will, requesting you to deliver, or send it by a safe hand to him." The letter for Mr. Keith contain'd a request of some papers to be forwarded to me, which I then was, and still am in want of.
Since writing these letters I have heard from neither of you. My Letter to Mr. Keith contained bank notes, and half a guinea to the exact amount of your account. No accident has happened to any of the mails since that period; delay therefore cannot be ascrib'd to that cause, and without it I am at a loss to account for his silence, and would thank you for information. I am etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 24, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: the extracts, which I now lay before you,5 from a letter of our Minister at London, are supplementary to some of my past communications, and will appear to be of a confidential nature.
[Note 5: The letter from Thomas Pinckney of Nov. 25, 1793, and the other letters mentioned in this message, are printed in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, 1, 325--326.]
I also transmit to you, copies of a letter from the Secretary of State to the Minister peniy. of his britannic majesty, and of the answer thereto, upon the subject of the treaty between the United States and Great Britain; together with the copy of a letter from Messrs. Carmichael and Short, relative to our affairs with Spain; which letter is connected with a former confidential message.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 24, 1794.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 12 inst:, and will direct my manager Mr. Pearce to pay my annual donation for the education of Orphan Children, or the children of indigent parents, who are unable to be at the expence themselves.
I had pleasure in appropriating this money to such uses, as I always shall in that of paying it. I confess, however, I should derive satisfaction from knowing what children have heretofore received the benefit of it, and who now are in the enjoyment thereof.
Never, since the commencement of this institution, have I received the least information (except in a single instance, on this head); although application for it to individuals has been frequently made. As you, Sir, appear to be in the exercise of this trust, let me pray you to have the goodness to gratify this wish of mine.7 With respect, I am etc.8
[Note 7: Muir, in answer (March 3), stated that "J[ohn] Wiley went from this School, whose improvement has been such that Dr. D. Stewart I am told has employed him as a Tutor to his Children. Thomas Sanford, Son of a widow in Town has finished his education here with much applause. At present the School consists of 1 John Smith, of indigent parents, who is attentive, and makes progress. 2 Thomas Lowe, an Orphan, who improves. 3 Samuel Benton, his mother a widow, an indigent, his dilegence is commendable 4. John Carey an orphan. 5 Henry Mars, an Orphan. These two have attended III during the winter, being badly Clothed. 6 James Grimes, of indigent Parents, he is regular in his attendance and studious. 7 Thomas Pindal, his father dead, has fallen from easy to needy circumstances. 8 John [and] 9 Mary Farmer a widow's Children. Both have made great progress in reading, writing and Ciphering, and are very deserving. 10 Mary Stewart daughter of an Indigent widow, her progress is considerable. 11 William [and] 14 John Moore children of a widow beginning Spelling only and their letters. 13 William [and] 14 Benjamin Moxley, their mother a widow, a few miles from Town, the children attend well, and begin to learn." Muir's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"E. Randolph has the honor of informing the President, that the message of to-day. appears to have given general satisfaction. Mr. M--d--n in particular thinks it will have a good effect. He asked me, whether an extract could not have been given from Mr. Morris's letter; upon my answering, that there were some things interwoven with the main subject, which ought not to be promulgated, he admitted, that the discretion of the President was always to be the guide."-- Randolph to Washington, Feb. 24, 1794. Randolph's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 9: James Angell and Paul James Sullivan. They were publishers of The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser.]
[Note 10: Publisher of The Columbian Chronicle, Georgetown, D.C.]
Philadelphia, February 26, 1794.
By direction of the President of the Ud. States, I transmit you an advertisement of his Jack's and Stud-horse; with a request from him, that you will be so good as to insert it in your paper during four weeks, omitting it one week and inserting it another alternately.
The cost attending the above will be paid, as soon as made known by you. I am etc.11
[Note 11: This letter is signed "Bw. Dandridge" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[February, 1794.]
Gentlemen: For your kind congratulations on the anniversary of my birthday, and the other obliging expressions of your Address I pray you to accept my grateful thanks.12
[Note 12: The address of the artillery company is dated Feb. 22, 1794, and it and this answer are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The date of the answer is, of course, tentative.
On March 3 Washington acknowledged to Nathaniel Pendleton, chairman of a meeting of Savannah citizens, the receipt of a commendatory address from the citizens, dated Jan. 8, 1794. Both the address and answer are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (March 3) Washington also gave a certificate to John Jay and Rufus King "as an evidence that they were not the authors of the report that Mr. Genet had declared he would appeal from the President to the People." This certificate was given to J. K. Paulding by Jared Sparks, and sold at auction in March, 1931. Reference to this matter is in the letter from Alexander J. Dallas to Thomas Jefferson, Dec. 3, 1793, in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
To cherish those principles which effected the revolution, and laid the foundation of our free and happy Government, does honor to your patriotism; as do the sentiments of commiseration for the sufferings of the unfortunate, and the good wishes for the happiness of the great family of mankind, to your philanthropy.
Your prayer for me, is reciprocated by the best vows I can offer for your welfare.
United States, March 5, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: The Secretary of State having reported to me upon the several complaints which have been lodged in his office, against the vexations and spoliations on our commerce since the commencement of the European war; I transmit to you a copy of his statement, together with the documents upon which it is founded.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 9, 1794.
Sir: After waiting several months from the time your bond, dated the 18 of May 1791, for £146.13.4. became due, to see if (without reminding you thereof) you would make payment, I hardly expected, when application was made, to learn that I was yet to wait many months more for the money. As this, however, is the case, and you ask," whether I chuse the payment to be made in Philadelphia, should you be as late as the last of June next in making it," my answer, and wish is, that this may be the case, unless you have other advice from me in the meanwhile.
I never heard, before the receipt of your letter, of the claim of Jethro Ballard Esq: to any part of the land14 which was bought of Mr. Marmaduke Norfleet; nor can I easily conceive that such a claim is founded in equity. For I recollect well that all the disputable part of it, which was known to him, was given up. My opinion therefore is, that before any more of it is relinquished, he, or his heirs ought to be consulted; as they are certainly liable for any loss that may be sustained.
[Note 14: In Dismal Swamp.]
It appears a little extraordinary, that a claim of this sort should not have been known by Mr. Norfleet; nor by Colo. Lewis and myself, whilst we had possession of the plantation, was shewn, and always viewed the contested spot as part of the premises, if Mr. Ballard was the proprietor thereof in virtue of an elder patent, especially as I am very confident the lines and corners comprehending it, were ascertained to us by Mr. Norfleet at the moment he announced a dispute in another part, which, as I have before mentioned, was given up with his consent, rather than embark in a contest.
It is, however, the business of Mr. Jno. Lewis (from whom you purchased the land or rather with whom you made the agreement) to examine into this matter; for I have not time, nor will my situation allow me to do it, and further because the land was disposed of contrary to my judgment, and given into, merely to accommodate the demands on his father's Estate. I am etc.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 10, 1794.
Sir: I have lately received from Mr. Gwinn Clerk of the Genl. Court at Annapolis a Deed which has been enrolled in that Office from yourself and Lady, Doctr. Stuart and Lady and Miss Sprigg, to me.
As this is not the deed which you and Mrs. Mercer executed in Philadelphia, and nearly a year posterior in date, I am at a loss to acct. for these changes; and should be glad to be informed of the reasons which have induced them. Whether the present differs materially, or in any thing from the former, I am unable to decide; not having the means of comparing them. In date they do essentially.
No record of the Survey is annexed to the deed, which (a reference being made to it) induces me to believe is imperfect, without; especially as the division of the Manor may be more of a private, than public act. On this subject, however, I shall write to Mr. Gwinn.
Your draught in favor of Dr. Smart was paid at sight. I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 10, 1794.
Dear Sir: The only unsettled matter in my Administration of the estate of Colo. Thos. Colvill, is a bond of one Sidney George, of Maryland. A Mr. Chalmers (now of London) who was directed to institute a suit in chancery in this case, and who has been written to on the subject, thinks, as he was in the habit of corrisponding with Colo. Carlyle about that time (1774) there may be found some letter of his, or account, relative to the payment of £100 to Mr. Jno. West in part of this Bond.
You would oblige me very much by examining, and giving me information on this head as soon as it is convenient to you, as I am now about to decide something with Mr. George respecting this bond. With great esteem and regd. I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 10, 1794.
Sir: In due course of Post I was favoured with your letter of the 25th. Jany., with the deed which it enclosed from Colo. Mercer and others, to me. This deed refers to a Survey of the Manor of Woodstock (in the year 1782) and to a division thereof made by Hezekiah Veatch, assistant surveyor of Montgomery County, on the 2d. day of January 1793.
The latter (in the body of the deed) is said to be recorded. It is essentially necessary indeed that it should be so. But neither the original, nor a copy thereof was forwarded to me. This induces me to give you the trouble of informing me, whether the above Survey of Mr. Veatch is admitted to record; and, in that case, that you would be so good as to furnish me with, either the original, or an attested copy thereof from your Office. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, March 10, 1794.
Dear Sir: To the best of my recollection, when you paid me for my flour of last year, you asked the refusal of it this year.
By the report from my Mill, I perceive about 3,000 bushels of Wheat has been manufactured; but how much flour it has made, and of what sort, I am yet to learn. If you incline to purchase what there is, let me know the best price you will give; or to make the matter short, and to save time, you may have the Superfine (if any is made) and fine flour at what they sell for in this market with a deduction of the usual freight pr. barrl. from Alexandria to this place. The cash price in this City Superfine 50/. common 47/6. Two or three months credit I should not object to. Your answer, as soon as it is convenient to you, will oblige Dear Sir etc.
PS. I have more than what is mentd. above to grind.
[N.Y. P. L.]
Philadelphia, March 10, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 1st. instr. with it's enclosures, I have duly received.
I shall, by this days Post, write to the representative of Colo. Carlyle (agreeably to the suggestion in Mr. Chalmers's letter) to know if he (Mr. Herbert) can throw any light upon the payment of £100 which Mr. Chalmers conceives he must have made on acct. of Mr. Sidney George's Bond. When I receive the answer it shall be forwarded to you. 'Till then the draught on Mr. Chalmers may be suspended.
I have no other object in this business than to bring every thing which relates to it to a speedy and equitable close so far as it respects the parties interested, and to a justifiable one as it concerns myself. On these principals I should hope Mr. George would not require (having an attested copy of it) the original bond in the possession of Mr. Chalmers; especially as the receipt for the money might recite a statement of the fact, for his indemnification.
It is of moment, however, to me, to have it ascertained whether the sum of £100 reed. by Mr. Chalmers, and the bond due from Mr. George for the payment of £90 ought not to be discharged with interest. The Administration accts. which have been settled will shew that interest has been paid by the estate of Colo. Colvill (Miss Andersons is an instance of it) and judgments in behalf of the estate have been obtained, in Virginia, with interest. To act safely is all I aim at, for I neither gain or lose by the transaction. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L]
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 14, 1794.
Gentlemen: My object in giving you a sight of the enclosed letters from Mr. Ellicott, is merely to let you see the temper, and tendency of his views; and what may be expected from his representations to others. After reading the letters, be so good as to return them to me.
In September last, after having purchased four lots in Carrollsburgh (the doing of which was more the result of incident than premeditation); and being unwilling from that circumstance, it should be believed that I had a greater predilection to the southern, than I had to the Northern part of the city, I proposed next day (the sale being continued) to buy a like number of lots in Hamburgh, and accordingly designated the spot; but as little notice was taken of it then, and none since, that I have heard; and as the sale to Greenleaf and others may have thrown impediments in the way, I should be glad to know what my prospect is; adding, that I am as ready to relinquish, as I was to imbibe the idea, of this purchase.
I had no desire at that time, nor have I any now, to stand on a different footing from every other purchaser. It was, and certainly would be convenient for me to know if there is a probability of my being accomodated agreeably to the enclosed from Mr. Blodget; first, because the means of payment are to be provided, and secondly, because my object in fixing on the spot there mentioned is to build thereon when I can make it convenient; provided the area described by him can be obtained: for less would not subserve my purpose.
Whenever deeds to others issue, be so good as to direct those for the lots which I have bought on the Eastern branch, to be forwarded to me. With great esteem and regard I am etc.16
[Note 16: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.
Under date of Mar. 14, 1794, in the Journal of the Proceedings of the President, is the following entry: "Signed Letters patent of this date, granted to Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, for an improvement in the mode of ginning Cotton."]
Philadelphia, March 15, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 9th. instt. is at hand. Nothwithstanding I have the best disposition to oblige you, and to promote the interest of your son John, yet it is impossible he can be contemplated by me as commander of one of the Frigates (should the Bill now pending in Congress pass into a Law) because a number of the old Officers who served with great reputation through the whole of last war, thereby acquiring much experience, are tendering their services; and grounding their pretensions upon merit and the losses they have sustained.
The most that can be done for your Son, would be to make him a second or third Lieutt.; and even here I would not, at this time, be under any engagement until the matter is more unfolded than it is at present.
Mr. Brooke, your Son in law, being one, among a great many others, who recommended in very strong terms Mr. Lawrence Muse as Successor to Hudson Muse, it was thought best to appoint him to the Collectorship of Rappahannock.
My love in which Mrs. Washington unites is offered to Mrs. Spotswood and the family. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, March 16, 1794.
Dear Sir: You have not informed me yet, in what condition, or under what circumstances you found my Lots in the Towns of Winchester and Bath, and my land above the latter; or whether you have visited all, or any of them since I saw you last.
I wish also to be informed how your collection stands, that I may direct the application of the money; and request you will furnish me with a corect list of all my tenants entrusted to you, the amount of their rents and arrearages of them, if any, that I may have a more precise knowledge of this business, than I am possessed of at present.
I request you to have copies taken of the enclosed Advertisement and set up at a few of the most public places in the part of the Country where you live. Among these, let Leesburgh and Fauquier Court House be two of them.
Mr. Prescoat (unless he has paid lately, which I believe is not the case) owes for the last year, and for a considerable length of pasturage. Whether he had more than one mare to the Jack or not, I am unable to say, I presume he can tell, receive the money and place it among your other collections, drawing a commission thereon. Your Aunt and the family (who are all well) join me in best wishes for you and Mrs. Lewis, and I am etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 17, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 5th. instt. came duly to hand. I know not from what source a report that, the next associate judge was to be taken from the State of Georgia, could have been derived. Nothing from me, I can venture to say, gave rise to it; first, because there is no vacancy on that bench at present. v.d. because, whenever one does happen, it is highly probable that a geographical arrangement will have some attention paid to it; And (although I do, at all times, make the best enquiries my opportunities afford, to come at the fittest characters for offices, where my own knowledge does not give a decided preference) because, 3dly., no one knows my ultimate determination until the moment arrives when the nomination is to be laid before the Senate.
My resolution, not to create an expectation, which thereafter might embarrass my own conduct (by such a commitment to any one as might subject me to the charge of deception) is coeval with my inauguration; and in no instance have I departed from it. The truth is, I never reply to any applications for offices by letter; nor verbally, unless to express the foregoing sentiments; lest something might be drawn from a civil answer, that was not intended.
A gentleman of my acquaintance has presented me with a little of the Nankeen cotton with the Seed in it; half, or more, I enclose to you; and it might have been better, perhaps, if I had sent you the other half also; as the climate and soil at Mt. Vernon is too cold, I conceive, for this plant; but it is due to the donor, that I should make an experiment. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, March 17, 1794.
Sir: The President has directed me to transmit to you the enclosed bill of lading, and to beg the favor of you to receive from Captain Denike, when he arrives at Alexandria, the articles mentioned in the bill. Two of the barrels, Nos. 1 and 5 belong to Colo. B. Ball, who is informed that they will be consigned to your care. These you will be so good as to retain, 'till a safe conveyance for them can be had to Colo. Ball. All the others are to go to Mount Vernon, and Mr. Pearce, the manager there, is directed where to call for them. The Captain has indeed promised, if possible to put them on shore at Mt. Vernon; but it is very uncertain whether he will or not. I am etc.18
[Note 18: Signed "Bw. Dandridge" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 21, 1794.
Pay to the Secretary of State, in pursuance of the Act providing for the relief of such of the Inhabitants of St. Domingo, resident within the U.S. as may be found in want of support, two thousand dollars; to be by him remitted to the Committee at Baltimore, appointed to superintend the unfortunate people of the above description at that place.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
City of Philadelphia, March 22, 1794.
For carrying into execution the provisions of the Act of the twentieth day of this present month, whereby the President of the United States is authorised and empowered to borrow a certain sum of money on the credit of the United States.20
[Note 20: The act of March 20 authorizing the loan provided that it was to be repaid out of the duties on imports and tonnage to the end of the present year. The money was to be applied to defraying the expenses of foreign intercourse.]
I do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury in the name and on the credit of the United States to borrow of the bank of the United States, or of any other body or bodies politic, person or persons whomsoever a Sum not exceeding One million of dollars, at any interest not exceeding five per centum per annum; and to enter into such agreements for the reimbursement thereof as shall be needful and proper; hereby promising to ratify whatever you shall lawfully do in the premises.21
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 23, 1794.
Dear Sir: By a letter I have just received from my Manager Mr. Pearce, dated the 18th instt. I find he had received no more at that time, than 131 bushls. of the Buck Wheat you were to procure for me. I hope there will be no disappointment of the remainder. It would fall hard upon me, as I have not the quantity of seed Oats necessary to carry my plan into effect this year, a failure of both would leave my grounds unoccupied.
My love, in which Mrs. Washington and the family unite is tendered to Mrs. Ball and yours. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 23, 1794.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 10th. instant, from New York.
I am sorry to find by it, that it no longer comports with your convenience to remain judge of that district; and am concerned that ill-health should be the cause of your resigning an Office, the duties of wch. I am sensible require a residence in, or a very constant attendance at, the City of New York.
For the flattering expressions of your letter, and the kind sentiments contained in it, I pray you to accept my best thanks. I wish, sincerely, that relaxtion from business, in ease and retirement, may have the effect you hope. With great esteem etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
United States, March 28, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: In the execution of the resolution of Congress, bearing date the 26th of March 1794, and imposing an Embargo,24 I have requested the Governors of the several States, to call forth the force of their militia, if it should be necessary for the detention of Vessels. This power is conceived to be incidental to an embargo.
[Note 24: For the term of 30 days on all vessels in the ports of the United States bound to any foreign place or port. At a meeting of the Cabinet. March 26 it was "advised unanimously, that the governors of the several States ought to be called upon, to enforce the said embargo by the militia, whensoever it may be necessary to appeal to force." This opinion, signed by Randolph, Hamilton, Knox, and Attorney General William Bradford, is in the Washington Papers. No copy or draft of the request to the Governors of the States is now found in the Washington Papers.]
It also deserves the attention of Congress, how far the clearances from one District to another, under the law as it now stands, may give rise to evasions of the Embargo. As one security, the Collectors have been instructed to refuse to receive the surrender of coasting licences for the purpose of taking out registers, and to require bond from registered vessels, bound from one District to another, for the delivery of the Cargo within the United States.
It is not understood, that the resolution applies to fishing vessels; altho' their occupations lie, generally, in parts beyond the United States. But without further restrictions there is an opportunity of their priviledges being used as means of eluding the embargo.
All armed vessels possessing public Commissions from any foreign power (letters of Marque excepted) are considered as not liable to the embargo.
These circumstances are transmitted to Congress for their consideration.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 29, 1794.
Sir: It is to be regretted that the Snow Camilia had not got off before she was arrested by the Revenue officer. To permit it now, as she is a loaded vessel, might be a delicate if not an unjustifiable measure, under the Act of Congress laying an Embargo.
Whether the representation of the French Minister in his second application is of weight sufficient to induce a departure from the obvious meaning of the Embargo, is worthy of consideration under the peculiar circumstances which are related.
I am well disposed, and think we ought to comply with Mr. Fauchet's request,26 if it can be done without involving unpleasant consequences. I am etc.25
[Note 26: For a passport for a vessel in ballast.]
Philadelphia, March 30, 1794.
Sir: The Letters to the Minister of the French Republic, appear proper. The propriety of laying those from him, before Congress, I will converse with you upon tomorrow morning at Eight o'Clock.
By whom is the request made for a passport for a vessel belonging to Mr. Jno. Brown to go to St. Domingo? I have no objection to the measure, if such cases are within the contemplation of the resolution laying the Embargo, but great care should be used, or a vessel may, I conceive, clear in ballast, and meet a load or part of one, below the custom House.
As one passport has already been granted to carry Mr. Hammonds letter to Jamaica, I do not think the revenue Cutter from Baltimore ought to be sent. If the one belonging to this port was in condition to proceed from Charleston thither, it would have met my approbation, because a double purpose would have been answered, and I confess I see no cause why a vessel capable of the voyage to the latter place, might not be adequate to the other also. I am etc.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 31, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th. instt. with its enclosures, came duly to hand; and for which you have my particular thanks. As there are those who affect to believe that Great Britain has no hostile intention towards this Country, it is not surprizing that there should be found among them characters who pronounce the Speech of Lord Dorchester to the Indians to be spurious. No doubt however remains in my mind of its authenticity: but as it is important to be satisfied (as far as the nature of the thing will admit) of the fact, I would thank you for such information as you are enabled to give, respecting this matter.28
[Note 28: Clinton's answer (April 7) is in the Washington Papers. He had no doubt of the authenticity of Dorchester's speech.]
How far the disappointments, experienced by the combined powers in Europe, may have wrought a change in the political conduct of G. Britain towards this Country, I shall not take upon me to decide. That it has worn a very hostile appearance latterly, if it has not been so uniformly, no one, I conceive, will be hardy enough to deny: and that Lord Dorchester has spoken the Sentimts. of the British Cabinet at the period he was instructed I am as ready to believe. But, foiled as that Ministry has been, whether it may not have changed its tone, as it respects us, is problamatical. This, however, ought not to relax such enquiries on our part into the existing state of things, as might enable us, if matters should come to extremities, to act promptly, and with vigour.
Among these enquiries, it appears important to me to know the present state of things in upper and lower Canada; that is the composition of the Inhabitants (especially in upper Canada); how they stand affected to their Government; What part they would be disposed to act if a rupture between this Country and G. Britain should take place: &ca. The proximity of our settlements from the Northwestern to the North Eastern parts of the State of New York with the Lake Ontario and the River St. Lawrence; the strength thereof; and of their neighbors on the other side of the line, Regulars and Militia, especially about Niagara, and Oswego.
As you have, I am certain, a pretty accurate knowledge of many of these matters yourself; and have the means from your acquaintance with characters (on whose adroitness and integrity you can rely) bordering on the British Settlements, to obtain information from others, you would oblige me very much by such communications as relate to the above, or any other points that you may conceive worthy of attention. With great esteem &c.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Philadelphia, March 31, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 23d. instt. came duly to hand.
The laws, in the cases of both Mr. George and Mr. Chalmers, must regulate my conduct. To do all that these will permit, is enough for my justification, more I shall not covet. If, however, as I conceive the fact assuredly is, the latter Gentleman has actually received, and did not pay a hundred pounds which was put into his hands as part of a Bond due to the estate of ColvilI (and was then bearing interest) it would seem but justice that he should allow interest for that sum when applied to his own use; but if there is a principle arising from analogy or reciprocity opposed thereto I must be content with what Mr. Chalmers will pay, and this I am disposed to in order that my Administration of the estate of Colo. Colvill may be finally closed.
With respect to Mr. George, I had rather his acct. should be settled and a new bond taken for the whole balance payable at a given time (when he will be punctual, and by which the money can be drawn from Mr. Chalmers) than to receive part this spring and the residue in the Fall; because the demands upon Colvills estate (except the residuary legacy) have all been discharged; and because the money that is due had better remain at interest than lye dead in my hands or subject me perhaps to the payment of it.
If the law of Maryland has stopped interest during a certain period of the War, the estate of course must (as I have observed before) lose it. The case however, was otherwise in Virginia for there I have lately recovered a pretty heavy debt with interest from the date of the bond which was taken before the war.
With very great esteem I am etc.
Tuesday, April 1, 1794.
Sir: I think the United States will be benefited by granting the request of Louis Osmont, but as applications have, and probably will be frequent, I conceive it will be adviseable to ascertain as nearly as may be the precise objects of the Embargo, and having so done to establish rules or principles that will meet cases as they shall occur, which will save trouble at the sametime that it will be a mean of facilitating business. Your etc.29
[Note 29: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, April 2, 1794.
Sir: I have received the letter which you addressed to me, accompanied by a new map of the present theatre of war, north west of the Ohio; which I consider as the best description extant of the Country to which it relates.
The value of the object is greatly enhanced in my estimation by its being the production of the officer second in command of the American Legion.
This desire of being useful in the highest degree to the service, in which you are employed, affords me great satisfaction. Nothing should have prevented my having it published, but an apprehension that an improper use may be made of the information it contains in this apparently eventful moment. This apprehension however may be obviated at a future period. I am etc.30
[Note 30: The draft is in the writing of a War Department clerk.]
Philadelphia, April 4, 1794.
Sir: Your letter of this date, enclosg. one from Captain Williamson,31 is recd. I have never entertained any doubts myself of the genuineness of the Speech wch. is published as Lord Dorchesters, nor of the intentions of the B Government to keep this Country in a state of disquietude with the Indian Nations
[Note 31: Captain Williamson lived in the Genesee country.] and also to alter the Boundary between them and us, if, by any means they can effect it. For this reason I repeat in this manner, what I have two or three times done before verbally, that Genl. Chapin32 should be instructed to leave no means unessayed to keep the Six Nations well disposed towards the U. States, and to buy Captn. B--t33 off at almost any price. Capt. Williamson affords, I presume, a safe conveyance to him. I am etc.
[Note 32: Gen. Israel Chapin.]
[Note 33: Joseph Brant. Knox suggested offering him an annuity of $1,000 to $1,500.]
Saturday, April 5, 1794.
Dr. Sir: The Letter34 appears to me to be very proper, but Genl. Chapins negotiations with the Six Nations ought to be apart from British Agents or Spies. I mean with the Chiefs, otherwise they can come to nothing. Yrs. etc.
[Note 34: Knox's letter to Chapin, authorizing offering the annuity to Brant.]
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, April 7, 1794.
Sir: If the number of recruits in the Atlantic States, can afford a detachment of fifty men to the southward, without too great an exposure of more important objects, it will accord with my opinion that that number shou'd be sent thither.35 And they may be designated for Charleston or Savannah, as shall appear most eligible to you from the information that is to be obtained. Your's etc.36
[Note 35: Knox's letter to Washington (April 7) states that these recruits were sent "in order to guard the batteries, for the present, which are to be erected upon the Seacoast of those States." Knox's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 36: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
United States, April 8, 1794.
Sir: I cannot charge my memory with all the particulars which have passed between us, relative to the disposition of the money borrowed. Your letters, however, and my answers, which you refer to in the foregoing statement, and have lately reminded me of, speak for themselves, and stand in need of no explanation.
As to verbal communications, I am satisfied, that many were made by you to me on this subject; and from my general recollection of the course of proceedings, I do not doubt, that it was substantially as you have stated it in the annexed paper, that I have approved of the measures, which you, from time to time, proposed to me for disposing of the Loans, upon the condition, that what was to be done by you, should be agreeable to the Laws.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. This letter was annexed by Washington to Hamilton's statement of "Principles and course of proceeding, with regard to the disposition of the monies borrowed abroad by virtue of the Acts of the 4 and 12 of August 1790, as to the point of authority," which Hamilton communicated to the Committee of Congress on the state of the Treasury Department This statement is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
In the Hamilton Papers, in the Library of Congress, is Washington's brief note to Hamilton of April 8, forwarding the above certificate, A printed copy is in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, April 8, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your private Letters of the 31st of March and 3d instant,38 have been duly received. Altho' it is a rare, if not an
[Note 38: McHenry's letter applied for an appointment as a commissioner to effect the release of Lafayette. This letter is in the Washington Papers.] entire new thing with me, to answer letters applying for appointments; yet from motives of esteem and regard, and our former connexion in public life, I shall acknowledge the receipt of yours on this head; altho' I can say nothing more on the subject, than to explain the motives, which have imposed silence upon me on these occasions. They are:
1st. because letters of this sort are so numerous, that to give them civil answers would employ too much of my time.
2d. because civil answers might be construed to mean more than was intended; and
3d. because coeval with my inauguration, I resolved firmly, that no man shou'd ever charge me justly with deception. Abundant reason I have had to rejoice at this determination; for I have experienced the necessity in a variety of instances, of hardening my heart against indulgences of my warmest inclination and friendship; and from a combination of causes, as well as more fitness of character, to depart from first impressions and first intentions with regard to nominations; which has proved most unequivocally, the propriety of the maxim I had adopted, of never committing myself, until the moment the appointment is to be made; when from the best information I can obtain, and a full view of circumstances, my judgment is formed.
With respect to your second letter of the 3d. of April, I have only to add, and this in confidence, that every thing which friendship requires and which I could do without committing my public character, or involving this Country in embarrassment, is, and has been for some time in train, tho' the result is as yet unknown. I am very sorry to hear of your bad state of health, but hope the approaching pleasant season will restore you. With very great esteem I am &c.39
[Note 39: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 40: Senator from Virginia.]
Philadelphia, April 9, 1794.
Sir: In reply to your letter of yesterday, I can assure you, with the utmost truth, that I have no other object in nominating men to offices than to fill them with such characters as in my judgment, or (when they are unknown to me) from such information as I can obtain from others, are best qualified to answer the purposes of their appointment.41
[Note 41: Monroe's letter of April 8, expressing his opinion that such an appointment would be "not only injurious to the public interest, but also especially so to your own," is represented in the Washington Papers by a copy in the writing of William B. Sprague, the original having been abstracted by him previous to those papers coming into possession of the Government.
Previous to writing this letter to Monroe, Washington consulted Edmund Randolph, who advised that the Secretary of State "inform Colo. M. verbally, that his station entitles his communications to attention. That it is presumed, that he has considered and made up his mind, as to the kind of interference, which a senator ought to make in a nomination beforehand: that upon this idea, the President will be ready to afford an interview at a given time. It may be added in the course of conversation, as the opinion of the Secretary, that facts are the principal things to be consulted." Randolph's letter is in the Washington Papers under date of Apr. 9, 1794.]
Having given you this assurance, I request, if you are possessed of any facts or information, which would disqualify Colo. Hamilton for the mission to which you refer,42 that you would be so obliging as to communicate them to me in writing.43 I pledge myself, that they shall meet the most deliberate, impartial and candid consideration I am able to give them.
[Note 42: Envoy extraordinary to Great Britain.]
[Note 43: Monroe's letter to the President, in reply to this letter, is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A photostat copy is in the Washington Papers.]
Colo. Hamilton and others have been mentioned, and have occurred to me as an Envoy for endeavouring by negotiation, to avert the horrors of War. No one (if the measure should be adopted) is yet absolutely decided on in my mind; but as much will depend, among other things, upon the abilities of the person sent, and his knowledge of the affairs of this Country. and as I alone am responsible for a proper nomination, it certainly behoves me to name such an one as in my judgment combines the requisites for a mission so peculiarly interesting to the peace and happiness of this country. With great esteem &c.44
[Note 44: From the Monroe Papers in the Library of Congress.]
April 9, 1794.
Sir: In reply to your letter of yesterday, I observe, that to fortify Annapolis is, in my judgment, a very proper measure. But I do not see that the Executive of the U. States can take any steps towards it until the result of the motion, now pending in the House of Representatives, be known.
It is my desire that you would examine carefully the Speeches which have been made in this City, and elsewhere, to the Tribes of Indians now in amity with us that unfulfilled promises (if any) may be complied with.
I desire also, that the requisites of such laws as have passed this Session (not already in execution) within the purview of the Department of War, may be reported to me, that directions may issue accordingly.45
[Note 45: This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" as of date of April 10. Knox's answer, under date of April 10, is in the Washington Papers.]
Friday, April 11, 1794.
Sir: The first fruit of the Democratic Society begins, more and more, to unfold itself. You will report what is necessary to be done with the specimen of it which I herewith send,46 as it is not only addressed to the Executive, but the Legislature also.47 Your's etc.48
[Note 46: This "specimen" is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 47: Randolph replied (April 12) by sending the opinions of the cabinet "on the Address from the Democratic Society in Washington." Randolph's letter is entered in the "Letter Book"; but the Cabinet opinions are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 11, 1794.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 23d Ulto. came duly to hand, but as you did not expect to meet again until the 12th. instt. I have, accordingly, postponed my reply to the contents of it 'till now.
I am sensible that the No East quartr. of square Number 21,49 is subject to the disadvantage of a North and East front (not desirable I confess) but these are more than counterpoised in my estimation by the formation of the ground, which, though expensive to improve, on account of a steep declevity on the other two sides, can never (if a quarter of the square is taken, and improved) have the view from it obscured by buildings on the adjoining lots. I was on the ground, and examined it in company with Mr. Blodget during the Sale in September last; and after comparing the advantages and disadvantages, resolved to fix on that spot if a quarter of the square could be obtained, and the price not run upon me, beyond the usual Sales; for doing which there could be no just cause; for, as I have observed before, it is not less than the area mentioned that would secure my object; and to improve it would be expensive, from the shape of the ground. If, after this explanation, I can be
[Note 49: In Hamburg.] accomodated without involving inconveniences, I would rather the matter should be fixed now than delayed to a future period, first, because I had rather be upon a certainty (one way or other) than remain in doubt; and 2dly. because it would be convenient to me to know, whether there would be a call (for some money which I expect to receive in a few days) for that purpose, or that I might apply it to some other.
I was not unmindful of your communication respecting Major Rivardy;50 but, unluckily, the Secretary of State mistook (as I have lately discovered) the purport of my direction to him on this head. It was, that your employing the Major for the purposes designated, wd. be perfectly agreeable to me if you were satisfied with his character, and that he had abilities adequate to the undertaking; that he was an entire stranger to me; and that I had rather you should pursue your own judgment in, than be prompted to, a choice by me. He understood these sentiments as applying to the measure (of the utility and indd. necessity of which I had no doubt) and not to the man. Hence the mistake has happened, nor should I have discovered it, had not our late enquiry for Engineers brought to view that nothing had been concluded between you and Majr. Rivardy. The employment as Engineer may occupy him three or four months. The fortifications at Baltimore, Alexandria and Norfolk were assigned to him that you might be enabled to judge whether under these circumstances it would be best to adhere to the Major, or employ Mr. Vermanet, or any other. Your more perfect knowledge of the business, and of the situation of things than I possess, will direct you better than any advice I could give; for in truth I have little knowledge of characters proper for such Surveying, levelling &ca. as the City requires; and besides, I have been unfortunate hitherto in those whom I have
[Note 50: Maj. John Jacob Ulrick Rivardy, of the United States Engineers.] been instrumental in bringing forward for the subordinate Offices in the City.
Mr. Greenleaf is here, and told me on tuesday last that he should set out for George town as [ sic] yesterday or today, but if he does not call upon me before eleven oclock (Post hour) this letter will go by the Mail. With very great esteem etc.51
[Note 51: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, April 12, 1794.
Sir: Your report, dated the 11th. instt. respecting the defence of Mero district52 is approved, and the Governor of the South Western Territory may be authorized to carry it into effect.
[Note 52: This report is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 13, 1794.
Sir: From a letter which I have lately received from Doctr. Stuart, I learn that depredations continue to be made upon my land on four mile run, in the County of Fairfax; and that you were so obliging as to inform him, that you would use your endeavours to rescue it from further injury if I should request it.
The offer is kind, and I thank you for having had the goodness to make it; and do hereby vest you with power to watch-over, and punish in any manner the laws will authorise, any, and every person whatsoever who shall be found trespassing thereon.
The growth on the land, I always considered as the most valuable part of the property; stripped of this, as there appears to be a strong disposition to do by lawless people, and the value of it is reduced in the ratio of the Trespasses.
Sometime since, perhaps two or three years, I desired my Nephew Mr. Bushrod Washington to bring suits against those who had been detected in taking off Wood, Hoop poles &ca., but what, or whether anything resulted from it, is unknown to me at this moment. Nothing short of vigorous measures, I am now persuaded, will stop the injustice I am sustaining, and these I am resolved to pursue. any reasonable expence therefore which may be incurred in carrying this resolution into effect, and for your trouble, will be cheerfully paid by Sir etc.
PS. I have directed Mr. Win. Pearce my Manager to converse with you on this business when he shall see you in Alexandria.
Philadelphia, April 13, 1794.
Dear sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 4th. instt., and thank you for the information respecting the depredations on my land, lying on four miles run. Mr. Bushrod Washington a year or two ago, was desired to commence a suit or suits against some of the Trespassers; but whether he did, or not, or what the result was, I do not recollect ever to have heard. The growth of the land, is more valuable than the land itself; to protect it therefore, is important.
Not knowing the christian name of Mr. Minor, or whether there may not be more than one of that name I am at a loss how to direct to him; and indeed for a safe mode of conveying a letter to him; and therefore take the liberty of putting the enclosed under cover to you, with a request (after putting a wafer in it) that you would be so good as to have it safely conveyed to the right person.
The accounts which I receive from Mount Vernon, respecting my Wheat, are very unfavorable. They could not, indeed, be otherwise, after the effect, occasioned by the drought in the fall had become apparent, which was the case before I left home in the latter part of October.
The appointment of a Martial, for the District of Georgia, had taken place before your letter came to my hands: but if the case had been otherwise, Mr. McCrea, however well known in Virginia, was too new a settler, and too little known in Georgia to have become an exceptable man for that office when half the State (in a manner) was in hot pursuit of it. and many of the ancient inhabitants and respectable characters were pressing forward by themselves, and friends, on this occasion.
My best wishes attend Mrs. Stuart and the rest of the family, and with very great esteem etc.54
[Note 54: From a photograph of the original kindly furnished by Alwin J. Scheuer, of New York City.]
[Note 55: John Jay.]
Tuesday Morng., April 15, 1794.
Dear Sir: At as early an hour this morning, as you can make convenient to yourself, I should be glad to see you. At eight o'clock we breakfast. Then, or after, as suits you best, I will expect to have the satisfaction of conversing with you on an interesting subject. Yours etc.
Tuesday Morning, April 15, 1794.
Dear Sir: Let me know whether the message (which in the evening of yesterday) I requested you to draw, will be ready by 11. o'Clock this forenoon? If you answer in the affirmative, I shall require the gentlemen, with whom I usually advise on these occasions, to attend me at that hour; for I consider that message, (both as to matter and form,) of such importance as to make it necessary, that every word of it should undergo due consideration.56
[Note 56: See Washington's message to the Senate, Apr. 16, 1794, post.]
My objects are, to prevent a war, if justice can be obtained by fair and strong representations (to be made by a special Envoy) of the injuries which this Country has sustained from G: B. in various ways; to put it into a complete state of military defence, and to provide eventually, such measures, as seem to be now pending in Congress, for execution, if negotiation in a reasonable time proves unsuccessful.
Such is the train of my thoughts; but how far all, or any of them, except the first, ought to be introduced into the message, in the present stage of the business in Congress, deserves, as I have said before, due consideration. Yours, &c.57
[Note 57: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, April 15, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you a letter from the Minister plenipotentiary58 of his britannic Majesty to the Secretary of State; a Letter from the Secretary of the territory South of the river Ohio, enclosing an ordinance and Proclamation of the Governor thereof; the translation of so much of a petition of the Inhabitants of post Vincennes, addressed to the President, as relates to Congress; and certain dispatches lately received from our Commissioners at Madrid.59 These dispatches from Madrid being a part of a business, which has been hitherto deemed confidential, they are forwarded under that view.57
[Note 58: See message to the Senate and the House of Representatives, May 12, 1794, post, on the letter from the British Minister.]
[Note 59: The Madrid dispatches related to the navigation of the Mississippi.]
Philadelphia, April 15, 1794.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 8th. of March from Chantilly.60 It did not, however, (by the Office
[Note 60: This letter is in the Washington Papers.] mark thereon) leave Westmoreland Court House until the 16th. of that month. Previously to the receipt of it, the nomination of Mr. Lawrence Muse to the Collectorship of Rappahannock had been made, consequent of strong testimonials in his favor.
The manners of Mr. Fauchet, and of Mr. Genet, the present and former Ministers from France, appear to have been cast in very different moulds. The former has been temperate, and placid in all his movements, hitherto; the latter was the reverse of it in all respects. The declarations made by the former, of the friendly dispositions of his Nation towards this Country, and of his own inclinations to carry them into effect, are strong and apparently sincere. The conduct of the latter is disapproved in toto, by the Government of both. yet, it is time only, that will enable us to form a decisive judgment of each; and of the objects of their pursuits.
The British Ministry (as you will have perceived by Mr. Pinckneys letter to the Secretary of State, which has been published) disclaim any hostile intentions towards this Country, in the agency they had in bringing about the truce between Portugal and Algiers; yet, the tenour of their conduct in this business has been such, added to their manoeuvres with our Indian neighbours; but more especially with respect to the late orders of the King in council, as to leave very unfavorable impressions of their friendship, and little to expect from their justice; whatever may result from that of the interest of their Nation.
The debates, on what are commonly called Mr. Madison's resolutions,61 which no doubt you have seen (having been published in all the Gazettes) will give you the pro and con of that business more in detail than I could do if my leisure were
[Note 61: These resolutions on commerce were introduced Jan. 3, 1794.] greater than it is; but these resolutions, like many other matters, are slumbering in Congress; and what may be the final result of them no mortal, I believe can tell.
I learn with regret that your health has continued bad ever since I had the pleasure of seeing you at Shuters hill. Warm weather I hope will restore it: if my wishes could be of any avail, you assuredly would have them. With best respects to Mrs. Lee and the rest of your family, in which Mrs. Washington unites, I am etc.62
[Note 62: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
United States, April 16, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate: The communications, which I have made to you during your present session, from the dispatches of our Minister in London, contain a serious aspect of our affairs with Great Britain. But as peace ought to be pursued with unremitted zeal, before the last resource, which has so often been the scourge of nations, and cannot fail to check the advanced prosperity of the United States, is contemplated; I have thought proper to nominate, and do hereby nominate.
John Jay, as Envoy extraordinary of the United States, to his britannic majesty.63
[Note 63: Jay's original commission and copies of his letters of credential are in the Public Record Office of Great Britain (F. O. 95:512, fols. 10--27). Photostat copies of these are in the Library of Congress.]
My confidence in our Minister plenipotentiary in London continues undiminished. But a mission, like this, while it corresponds with the solemnity of the occasion, will announce to the world a solicitude for a friendly adjustment of our complaints, and a reluctance to hostility. Going immediately from the United States, such an envoy will carry with him a full knowledge of the existing temper and sensibility of our Country; and will thus be taught to vindicate our rights with firmness, and to cultivate peace with sincerity.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 16, 1794.
Sir: I have considered your report of the 15th. instt. relatively to the Frigates which are to be built; and as soon as the important points on which the master builders have differed, is settled by the expedient you have had recourse to; and you can obtain the means for carrying the law into effect, it is my desire that the work may (be entered upon) without delay; in the manner, and at the places which you have suggested; with this alteration however, that if Baltimore does not possess advantages which Norfolk has not, that the 44 gunship shall be built at the latter, and the one of 36 guns at the former. The wealth, and populousness of the two states will not only warrant, but require this change, if there is an equality in other respects.
PS. At nine oclock tomorrow, I shall want to converse with you on your other report of the 10th. instt.65
[Note 65: On the act of Congress for the defense of certain ports and harbors.
On April 16 Washington wrote to Hamilton that he had appointed Nathaniel Cabot Higginson of Philadelphia, United States agent to the British West Indies, for "certain purposes relating to the Ships and vessels of the United States, which have been, or may be seized and sent into the ports of any of those Islands by british cruizers, since the commencement of the present war between great britain and France," and directing an advance of $5,000 to Higginson out of the contingent fund of the Government. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 22, 1794.
Sir: Upon examining my letter to you of the 27 June '93, and my two powers of the 8th of August 1793, the one for making a loan of one million of florins, and the other for making a loan of 1,515,98 dols. and 11 Cents, I wish to have some explanation upon the subject of your letter of yesterday's date.67 The questions which arise are these: whether the million of Florins, to be borrowed for the instalment, payable to Holland in June next, be not already appropriated for that purpose; and whether the appropriation now proposed of the three millions of florins will not in some measure be contrary to the appropriation contained in my power of the 8th of August 1793. For it appears to me, that I have directed the money to be borrowed under that power, to be applied to the purchases of the public debt.68
[Note 67: Hamilton's answer (April 23) is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 24, 1794.
Sir: It appears to me that my instructions on the 8 of August 1793 have fixed the appropriation of the money to the sinking fund; and I have considerable difficulty in being convinced of my power to change it at this time. However, as I wish to see the whole subject together, it may be well for you to state to me what the embarrassments are which you suppose will arise from confining the money borrowed to the purchase of the public debt, which I own I am very desirous of seeing effected as fast as it can be done advantageously for the public.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. Hamilton's answer to this (April 25) is also entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, Apr. 27, 1794, post.)]
Philadelphia, April 26, 1794.
Sir: Herewith you will receive two resolves, one of the Senate, dated the 24th., the other of the House of Representatives, dated the 25 instant, accompanying a letter from the Comittee of Public Safety of the French Republic to Congress, requesting the President of the United States to cause the same to be answered, on their behalf.71
[Note 71: The Senate and House resolves directed in varying language that the reply to the letter from the Committee of Public Safety of France express the friendship and good will of the United States for France.]
This answer you will prepare accordingly, in terms expressive of their desires.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 27, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 14th. instant came to hand in due course of post, and would have received an earlier acknowledgement had I not been pressed with other business.
I have no hesitation in declaring that the conduct of Mr. Thomas Digges towards the United States during the War (in which they were engaged with Great Britain) and since as far as the same has come to my knowledge, has not been only friendly, but I might add zealous.73
[Note 73: The difficulty was that some individuals were trying "to enrich themselves in this summary way" by attempting to bring the estate of Digges under the confiscation law.]
When I conversed with you on this subject in Alexandria, I thought I recollected a special and pointed instance of beneficial service he had rendered this Country in sending me beween the leather and pasteboard cover of a book, some important intelligence; but upon reflecting more maturely on the matter since, I am unable to decide positively whether it was from him, or another gentleman74 this expedient was adopted to elude the consequences of a search. Be this however as it may, it is in my recollection that various verbal communications came to me, as
[Note 74: Ford notes that this gentleman was Arthur Lee.] from him, by our Captives, who had escaped from confinement in England; and I think I have recd. written ones also: but the latter (if at all) must have been rare on account of the extreme hazard of discovery, and the consequences which would follow, both to the writer and bearer of such corrispondences.
Since the War, abundant evidence might be adduced of his activity and zeal (with considerable risque) in sending artizans and machines of public utility to this Country I mean by encouraging and facilitating their transportation as also of useful information to the Secretary of State, to put him on his guard against nefarious attempts to make Paper, &ca. for the purpose of counterfeiting our money. Until you mentioned the doubts which were entertained of Mr. Digges' attachment to this country, I had no idea of its being questioned. With esteem, &c.
P. S. Since writing the foregoing letter, I have seen and conversed with Mr. John Trumbull respecting Mr. T. Digges. The former, before he was committed to the Tower of London, was well acquainted with the latter in England, and much in his company. To him Mr. Digges always appeared well attached to the rights and interests of the United States. Knows that he was active in aiding our citizens to escape from their confinement in England; and believes he was employed to do so by Doctr. Franklin. Mr. Trumbull has never seen Mr. Digges since he left the Tower, but has heard that a difference arose between him and the Doctr. not from any distrust entertained by the latter of disaffection in the former; but on the settlement of their accounts.
The preceding statement is made from the best recollection I have of the subject. The expression might (if I had had more leisure) be more correct, but not more consonant with truth. Such as it is you are welcome to make what use you please of it.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 27, 1794.
Sir: I cannot, under all the circumstances of the case, satisfy myself, that I am at liberty to go contrary to my last instructions; and that I have authority to direct the money, which I have expressly directed to be applied to the purchase of the public debt, to be applied to any other object.
Still, however, I am willing that the embarassments, which you consider as probable, shall be communicated to Congress; and I have no objection to recommend to them to order the money to be reserved for the exigencies which you point out.76
[Note 76: This letter is a verbatim copy of the recommendation of Secretary of State Randolph, in his letter to the President of April 27, which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 27, 1794.
Gentlemen: The Post of yesterday brought me your favor of the 23d. instant.
I am obliged to you for the early attention which you have given to the request contained in my letter of the 11th. preceeding and I am perfectly well satisfied with the price which you have affixed on the lot, I have obtained.
If it be necessary for me to decide at this moment, whether I will avail myself of the offer you have made me of the No. West quarter of the same square, I shall answer in the affirmative; but it would be more agreeable to me (if no inconvenience would result from delay) to suspend my determination until I could examine, and form my plan on the spot; for as it is for the purpose of improvement I fix on that site, whensoever my finances will enable me, I should like to see in what manner this can be done most advantageously. Had the So. East, instead of the No. West quarter of this square fallen to the public, I should have embraced your offer with avidity; not that I think it of more intrinsic value than the other (if I recollect the ground rightly) but because the hill declining that way also, it would have laid me entirely open to the South, and have given a fine exposure for a Garden.
As soon after the rising of Congress as the business of the public will allow, I intend a visit to Mount Vernon for a few days; and if I knew the time appointed for your next meeting at George Town, a few days delay on my part, in order to meet you there, would be attended with no inconvenience to me.
Your letter to Messrs. Harrison and Tayler was sent to them as soon as I had read it. I sincerely wish you were rid of that business to your intire satisfaction. I fear, however, you will have some trouble in it before this happens.
I shall not, at this time, enter upon the subject of the letter written to me by Mr. Johnson and Doctr. Stuart, further than to express my wish that they would remain in Office until August, if it can be made to comport with their convenience. The reasons for this shall be assigned when we meet, or in another letter, if this is not likely to happen soon. With very great esteem etc.77
[Note 77: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
(Secret and confidential)
Philadelphia, April 29, 1794.
My dear Sir: Receive I pray you the suggestion I am going to impart with the friendship and caution the delicacy of it requires.
You are already informed, that I am under the necessity of recalling Mr. Gouvr. Morris from France; and you can readily conceive the difficulty which occurs in finding a successor that would be agreeable to that Nation, and who, at the sametime, would meet the approbation of the friends of that Country in this.
These considerations, have induced me to ask you, if it could be made to comport with your inclination after you shall have finished yr. business as Envoy and not before to become the Resident Minister Plenipotentiary at London, that Mr. Pinckney, by that means, might be sent to Paris? I mean no more than simply to ask the question, not intending (although the measure would remove the above difficulty) to press it in the smallest degree.
If you answer in the affirmative be so good as to return the enclosed letter79 to me, and corrispondt. arrangemts. shall be made. If in the negative,80 I pray you to forward it through the Penny Post, or otherwise accordg. to circumstances to the Gentleman to whom it is directed without delay; and in either case to let the transaction be confined entirely to ourselves. With much truth and regard I am etc.
[Note 79: See Washington's letter to Robert R. Livingston. Apr. 29, 1794, post.]
[Note 80: Jay declined the permanent appointment, April 30, and returned Washington's letter, which was probably destroyed.]
(Private)
Philadelphia April 29, 1794.
Dear Sir: Circumstances have rendered it expedient to recall Mr. Gouvr. Morris from his Mission to the Republic of France. Would it be convenient and agreeable to you to supply his place?81
[Note 81: Livingston declined the appointment.]
An affirmative answer, would induce an immediate nomination of you, for this appointment to the Senate; and the signification of your sentiments relative thereto, as soon as your determination is formed, would oblige me particularly, as it is not expected that that body remain much longer in session. With very great esteem &c.82
[Note 82: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 29, 1794.
Sir: I have read the draught of your letter intended as an answer to the British minister's reply to Mr. Pinckney's Memorial, on the Instructions of the 8th. of June 1793. Those of the 6th. of Novem: following stand unconnected with the subject.
It is essential that all the cited cases should be correct; and that the general statement should be placed on uncontrovertible ground; otherwise the argument will recoil with redoubled force.
Close attention being given to these matters, and the ideas expressed without warmth or asperity, if upon a revision such should be found to have intermingled, I see no objection to the particular answer which is prepared.83 I am &c.84
[Note 83: Randolph's draft of an answer had been submitted to Hamilton, who had noticed a "tartness of language" that was not thought advisable. "Before I began to write, I asked Mr. Jay, whether he would prefer, that the subject should be left, as it is, or taken up by me in the way of refutation. He thought, that it was better to enter upon a refutation of Mr. Hammond's memorial. Mr. Jay will otherwise be obliged to do the same thing himself. And I cannot conceive, that a foreign Minister ought to press upon the Secretary of State doctrines, of great prejudice to the U.S.; and that the Secretary should remain silent, as if he were afraid, or could not answer them." Randolph's letter of Apr. 28, 1794, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 30, 1794.
Dear Bushrod: Your Letter of the 22d. instant came to my hands yesterday afternoon. I thank you for the information contained in it and for your kindness in offering to draw my answer to Henshaw's bill, now in the High Court of Chancery, before whom it seems I am to appear.
It is really hard that I am so often called before Courts in matters in which I have no interest; but am continually saddled with the expense of defence.
To the interrogatories of the bill, I answer from my best recollection, having no papers by me to resort to.
That John Tayloe, George Mason and myself were appointed Attornies by George Mercer, and others, in England, to whom he had mortgaged his estate in Virginia, or part thereof, with directions to sell the same:
That John Tayloe and myself accepted the trust, but Mason declined doing it.
That a dispute with respect to the priority of the mortgage under which we were to sell; and one given by the former attorney of George Mercer, in Virginia, ensued, was carried into the high Court of Chancery in that State, and an interlocutory decree obtained.
That pursuant to the said decretal order Tayloe and myself (or rather myself alone, for I had the whole trouble of it) sold the mortgaged estate in November 1774; and to the best of my recollection, on the terms and in the manner set forth in the bill. The money when received to be subject to the future order of the Court.
That in the month of May following I attended the Congress which sat in Philadelphia. In June of the same year was appointed to the command of the American army, then assembled at Cambridge; and remained with it, in its different movements, for several years before I returned to Virginia.
That finding, about the time the bonds had become due, there was no prospect of my returning to Virginia in any short time, or having it in my power to render any further service in discharge of the trust which had been committed to us, I informed Tayloe thereof, requested him to place the bonds in the hands of a proper person to collect, and to take the whole matter on himself; for as I was unable to render any further assistance, I should no longer consider myself responsible for anything which might happen thereafter.
Thus stood the matter about the period when the bonds became due. After the death of Tayloe, and my continually refusing any agency in the business, further than to report what had been done by myself, and which no other was competent to in a legal sense, it was, by a decree of the high Court of Chancery in Virginia, put into the hands of John Francis Mercer, for purposes mentioned therein, and by him were the bonds put in suit thereafter.
That Henshaw may have become a purchaser at the sale in 1774 on the terms, and to the amount set forth in the bill, is highly probable. But I have no recollection of his ever having made a tender of payment to me at Cambridge, or of the conversation which he has stated; and conceive, if application had been made to me for the purpose mentioned, he would have received an answer to the effect I have here mentioned.
If I am not mistaken the Bill of Henshaw, which you have now sent, or one similar to it, has been before me once or twice already; and my answer obtained through Mr. John Mercer, to whom, when served with the summons, I sent it, and by whom it was drawn. I pray you if it be practicable in time, to enquire into the matter. There must be neglect somewhere, if it is not to be produced. With much truth, I am etc.85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 1, 1794.
Sir: The letter from General Wayne to you, of the 10th of March, I have perused.
The Contractors who supplied the articles of Hats and Shoes to the Army, which he complains of, or the person who inspected them, or both, ought to be called to a severe account for such abuse of public confidence.
The ideas communicated in the above letter, relatively to long and Short Coats are not, I conceive, bad.
Giving leave of absence to so many Officers as Genl. Wayne does, is in my opinion, reprehensible, particularly at a time when active Service may be expected; and when his complaints of their deficiency are reiterated in almost every one of his letters.
Philadelphia, May 2, 1794.
Sir: I did not think it worth while to give you the trouble of writing a formal answer, and therefore I desired the Secretary of State, who was with me on business, if he had an opportunity, to ask an explanation of the last clause in your letter of the 30th. ulto. He has just informed me, that you state that there is money in your hands, applicable to the French debt; and upon the whole, I do not see any objection to your making the payments to Mr. Fauchet, which you mention in that letter.
I return the passports signed; and I am so fully impressed with the necessity of discontinuing the issuing of them without some restrictions, that I request you to be careful in charging the Collectors, not to suffer any of vessels for which they are given, to depart without complying with the conditions expressed in your letter of this date.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
May 6, 1794.
Dear Sir: In answering your note of yesterday respecting M. Talleyrand de Perigord, I do not hesitate to declare, that I find it difficult to hit upon a line of conduct towards characters, under the description that Gentleman is. Emigrants, that is satisfactory to my own mind; or more properly, that is free from exception, by avoiding what might seem to be incivility on one hand, or unpleasant political consequences on the other. I can perceive very clearly, that the consequences of receiving these characters into the public rooms will be driving of the French Minister from them. His visits are much less frequent than they were; and an occurrence on tuesday last (which shall be mentioned when you call here) has left no doubt as to the cause.
A particular introduction of these characters (out of the usual course) would, I presume, be more noticed than the reception of them in public. It has become expedient, therefore, in my opinion, that principles should be adopted in these cases (not only for the conduct of the President, but the Executive officers also) by which evils may be avoided, and uniformity observed. What these had best be, deserves consideration.
My wish is, and it is not less my duty, as an officer of the Republic, to avoid offence to powers with which we are in friendship, by conduct towards their proscribed citizens which would be disagreeable to them; whilst, at the same time, these emigrants, if people of good character, ought to understand that they will be protected in their persons and property, and will be entitled to all the benefits of our laws. for the rest, they must depend upon their own behaviour and the civilities of the citizens at large, who are less restrained by political considerations, than the officers of government must be. Yours always.87
[Note 87: From an attested copy by Octavius Pickering in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress. (See Washington's letter to the Marquis of Lansdowne, Aug. 30, 1794, post.)]
Philadelphia, May 6, 1794.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 26th. of Jany. with a Postcript of the 30th. of the same month, by Captn. Truxton,88 and another of the 12th. of Feby. by a Vessel to New York, I have safely received. But neither the one from Glasgow (with the box) nor the other by the Peggy, referred to in the above letters, are yet come to hand.
[Note 88: Capt. Thomas Truxtun (Truxton).]
The Watch, and Portrait of the Earl of Buchan, were received in very good order. The first pleases, and for your attention to it Mrs. Washington prays you to accept her thanks. The extra: cost, together with the prices of the other articles from Glasgow and London shall be paid so soon as I can find a person disposed to receive the amount; and this I shall know, probably, when I converse with Mr. Dalton;89 who, I believe is on a visit to the Federal City, as he proposed to set out for it on Monday last.
[Note 89: Tristam Dalton. Later (1801) he was appointed a Justice of the Peace of the District of Columbia by President Adams.]
The reception you met with from the Earl of Buchan and Sir John Sinclair, gives me sincere pleasure, and I am glad to find they have introduced you to characters which may not only contribute to your present gratifications, but which, in the revolution of events, may be of service in a future walk of life; without a possible disservice that results not from imprudence; against which your own good sense will always secure you.
I am much obliged to you for the several communications in your letters which have come to hand. I place great reliance on them. The opportunity you derive from mixing with people in different walks, high and low, of different descriptions, and of different political sentiments, much have afforded you an extensive range for observation and comparison: more so, by far, than could fall to the lot of a Stationary character, who is always revolving in a particular circle.
I am equally well pleased to hear that the concerns in which you are more immediately interested, are in as promising a state as the peculiarly disturbed state of matters in Europe would allow you to expect. I hope they will continue, and that your plans may be accomplished to the fullest extent of your wishes.
Mr. Pearce, my present Manager at Mount Vernon, has been directed to send for your fruit Trees the moment he hears of the Peggy's arrival at George Town; and my Gardener is instructed to take particular care of them until they are otherwise disposed of by you; but as the Vessel had not arrived the 29th. Ulto. (when I heard from Mr. Pearce) there is too much reason to fear they will come too late, as a mild and placid March and pleasant April (except the first days of it) has caused a most luxurient vegatation this Spring, with us, from North to South.
Not knowing where you may be when this letter shall have reached London, nor the hazard it might run in following of you if you should have left that metropolis, I shall do little more than touch political Subjects.
To tell you that the order of his Britannic Majesty in Council of the 8th. of June last, respecting Neutral Vessels had given much discontent in the United States, and, that that of the 6th. of November, and its results had thrown them into a flame, will hardly be News to you when you shall have received this letter. The subsequent order of the 8th. of Januy. has, in a degree, allayed the violence of the heat; but will by no means satisfy them without reparation for the Spoliations on our Trade, and the injuries we sustain from the non-performance of the Treaty of Peace. To effect these, if possible, by temperate means, by fair, and firm negotiation, an Envoy extraordinary is appointed, and will, I expect, sail in a few days. Mr. Jay is chosen for this trust?90 Mr. John Trumbull goes as his private Secretary.
[Note 90: Randolph wrote to Washington (May 6): "The secretaries of the treasury and war department being of opinion, that it is constitutional and expedient to impower Mr. Jay to conclude a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, the powers are drawn, conformably with those ideas. But as they entertain sentiments, different from mine, and have committed them to paper, permit me to assign a few of the most operative reasons on my mind.
"1. To permit such a treaty to be signed by Mr. Jay, and transmitted for ratification, is to abridge the power of the senate to judge of its merits. For according to the rules of good faith, a treaty, which is stipulated to be ratified, ought to be so, unless the conduct of the minister be disavowed and punished.
"2. If he be permitted to sign a treaty of commerce, No form of expression can be devised to be inserted in it, which will not be tentamount to a stipulation to ratify, or leave the matter as much at large; as if he had no such power.
"3. Tho' I believe, that the people of the U.S. desire a proper treaty of commerce with G. Britain; and we could enumerate so many articles, as to insure their approbation; yet am I persuaded, that no man can undertake to say, that they would be contented with one or two articles only; as is proposed by the gentlemen." This letter is in the Washington Papers. The written opinions of the other gentlemen of the Cabinet are not now found in those Papers.]
Many measures have been moved in Congress in consequence of the aforementioned orders of the British Cabinet. Some have passed into Acts, and others are yet pending. Those which have become Laws are; one for fortifying our principal Seaports (which is now in vigorous execution) and for raising an additional Corps of 800 Artillerymen for the defence of them, and for other purposes. The Bills which are pending are to complete our present military establishment. To raise an Army of 25,000 in addition thereto. and to organize, put in training, and to hold in readiness at a minute's warning, a select Corps of 80,000 Militia. Of the passing of the first and last of these, no doubt seems to be entertained on either side of the House; but those who are fearful of what they call a standing Army, will give all the opposition they can to the other. The result therefore none will predict in the present stage of the business.
Besides these, a Bill passed the House of Representatives by a large Majority, founded on the following preamble and resolution.
Whereas, the injuries which have been suffered, and may be suffered by the United States, from violations committed by Great Britain, on their neutral rights and commercial interests, as well as from her failure to execute the seventh article of the treaty of peace, render it expedient for the interests of the United States, that the commercial intercourse between the two Countries should not continue to be carried on in the extent at present allowed:
Resolved, That from and after the first day of November next, all commercial intercourse between the Citizens of the United States, and the subjects of the King of Great Britain, or the citizens or subjects of any other nation, so far as the same respects articles of the growth or manufacture of G: Britain or Ireland, shall be prohibited.
This measure was arrested in the Senate, at the third reading, by the casting vote of the Vice-President; not, as it is said, and generally believed, from a disinclination to the ulterior expediency of the measure, but from a desire to try the effect of Negotiation previous thereto. Sequestration of British property (exclusive of that in the funds) and other expedients of a similar kind, have been agitated in the House of Representatives; but seem I think to be talked off the Stage.
The Packet from Mr. Bartrand to Mr. Jefferson was forwarded by the first Post after it reached my hands. Mr. Jefferson resigned the Office of Secretary of State the first of January, and was succeeded by the late Attorney General Mr. Randolph whose place of Attorney General is filled by Judge Bradford of this State (Pennsyla.).
Enclosed I give you the trouble of receiving the copy of a letter which I wrote to Mr. Arthur Young, by Mr. Willm. Morris, on the 12th. of december last. At the time that letter was written I had no knowledge of Mr. Youngs late appointment, as Secretary of the National board of Agriculture, nor of the change of his political sentiments. It is not improbable but that he has, already, or will, make you acquainted with the purport of the above letter. Be this however, as it may, my inducement to send you a copy of it, is, that if the case should be otherwise, if there appears to be any dereliction on his part to comply with my wishes, and a fair occasion should occur of mentioning the matter in the course of your peregrinations through England, Scotland or elsewhere and you see no impropriety from circumstances, or your views of the subject at the moment I should be glad if you were to do it. My wish further is, to dispose of the lands I have had restored to me by Mr. De Barth, and in short my settled lands in the Western parts of this State, in the Counties of Fayette and Washington. I have raised the price of my lands on the Ohio and great Kanhawa to twenty shillings Virga. currency pr. Acre; the tract in Fayette (about 1700 acres) to forty, and that in Washington to thirty shillgs. pr. Acre Pennsylvania Curry.
I have no scruple to disclose to you, that my motives to these sales (as hath been, in part, expressed to Mr. Young) are to reduce my income, be it more or less, to specialties, that the remainder of my days may, thereby, be more tranquil and freer from cares; and that I may be enabled (knowing precisely my dependence) to do as much good with it as the resource will admit; for although, in the estimation of the world I possess a good, and clear estate, yet, so unproductive is it, that I am oftentimes ashamed to refuse aids which I cannot afford unless I was to sell part of it to answer the purpose. (Private) Besides these, I have another motive which makes me earnestly wish for the accomplishment of these things, it is indeed more powerful than all the rest. namely to liberate a certain species of property which I possess, very repugnantly to my own feelings; but which imperious necessity compels; and until I can substitute some other expedient, by which expences not in my power to avoid (however well disposed I may be to do it) can be defrayed91 You are so well acquainted with the situation and quality of the lands which are here mentioned for Sale, that it is almost unnecessary to go more into detail respecting them, with you. Those however on the Ohio, between the Mouths of the little and Great Kanhawa, are in three tracts; first containing 2314 Acres, laying on the Banks of the River abt. 12 Miles below Mariatte,92 the 2d. 2448. acres, still lower down (being the 4th. large bottom on the east side of the River), and the 3d. on the same side opposite to the Great Bend in the River, containing 4395 acres. all of which are of the first quality. The Lands on the Great Kanhawa are in no respect
[Note 91: This "Private" paragraph is supplied from the facsimile in Bixby's Letters from Washington to Lear (New York: 1905). The "certain species of property" was slaves.]
[Note 92: Marietta, Ohio.] inferior. They are contained in four Patents, the first, beginning within two miles of the mouth of that river, and contains 10990 Acres of the richest bottom; stretching 17 or 18 Miles along theriver. The next of 7276 Acres is a little above the last, on the opposite side of the River, and the other two are still higher up,at the Mouth of, and on Coal River, both of the first quality and containing about 5,000 Acres.
Although it is my wish to convert these lands into Cash on the terms, and for the purposes mentioned, yet, for reasons which will readily occur to you, I would not hawk them about as some do if they were never to be sold.
I wish most sincerely that some inducement could be offered Professor Anderson93 which would bring him to this Country. His labours are certainly ingenious and worthy of encouragement; but I fear it will not be in my power to avail these States of them. His communications however are under consideration.
[Note 93: John Anderson. He was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, University of Glasgow.]
Often through the medium of Mr. Langdon,94 we hear of your son Lincoln, and with pleasure that he continues to be the healthy and sprightly child he always was. He declared if his Ticket should turn up a prize he would go and live in the Federal City. He did not consider, poor little fellow, that some of the prizes would hardly build him a Baby house, nor foresee that one of these was to fall to his lot. Having drawn ten dollars only. Mr. Bl--ts95 Agency in this lottery will, it is feared, be more productive of thorns than roses; the matter is not yet wound up, and the Commissioners appear to be uneasy. In all others respects, matters, as far as the acct. of them have come to my knowledge are going on well.
[Note 94: John Langdon.]
[Note 95: Samuel Blodget.]
My public avocations will not, at any rate, admit of more than a flying trip to Mount Vernon for a few days this Summer; this not suiting Mrs. Washington I have taken a house in Germantown to avoid the heat of this City in the months of July and August. She, Nelly and the rest of the family, unite with me in every good wish for your health, prosperity and safe return; than whom none, you may be assured, offers them with more sincerity. With Affection and regard I am and always shall be, Yours.
Philadelphia, May 7, 1794.
My dear Sir: Your letter of Sunday came to my hands yesterday,96 and for the Pamphlet enclosed, I thank you.97
[Note 96: Jay's letter of May 4 is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 97: The pamphlet was by Noah Webster, jr. The title of it was not mentioned by Jay, but it probably was Webster's French Revolution.]
The purport of my last to you, with the enclosure, are incontrovertible evidences that no offer had been, or could be made to the Gentleman you mention,98 until you had decided on the proposition which was made to yourself. The report therefore, of its having been so made, could be no other than mere conjecture.
[Note 98: Jay's letter of May 4 also stated that the news of the offer to Livingston had somehow leaked out and was being discussed before Livingston received Washington's letter of April 29 q. v.
On May 9 Washington wrote to Webster, thanking him for the copy of the pamphlet which Webster had sent. This letter is in the New York Public Library; but no letter from Webster to Washington inclosing a pamphlet is now found in the Washington Papers, and the title of the pamphlet is not mentioned by Washington.
On May 9 Washington sent to the Senate for confirmation a long list of names of officers for promotion and appointment in the Legion of the United States, as also in the Cavalry and Artillery. This message is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The names are printed in the Executive Journal.]
I take the liberty of troubling you with a packet for Mr. Lear. Where he may be when you shall have got to London, is more than I can say; but to your care I comit the letter. I do, most sincerely wish you a safe and pleasant passage, a fortunate result to the business entrusted to you, and a speedy return to your family and friends, being with the most Affecte. regard Yours etc.
Philadelphia, May 9, 1794.
Sir: Your letter of the 14th. Ulto. and the first Vol. of an American Biography, came safe to my hands. For both I pray you to accept my thanks; and to consider me as a subscriber for the latter.
I wish it was in my power to afford you any aid in the prosecution of so desireable a work. But I do not see wherein I can; and if I did, my avocations are of such a nature as to allow me no time to profit by the means. My good wishes therefore seems to be all that is left me, on this occasion. These, with great sincerity I offer you, with assurances of being, Sir etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
United States, May 12, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: As the letter which I forwarded to Congress the 15 day of April last, from the Minister plenipotentiary of his britannic majesty to the Secy. of State, in answer to a Memorial of our Minister in London,99 related to, a very interesting subject, I
[Note 99: Thomas Pinckney.] thought it proper not to delay its communication. But since that time the memorial itself has been received in a letter from our Minister, and a reply has been made to that answer by the Secretary of State. Copies of them are, therefore, now transmitted.
I also send the copy of a letter from the Governor of Rhode Island, enclosing an act of the Legislature of that State, empowering the United States to hold lands within the same for the purpose of erecting fortifications; and certain papers, concerning patents for the donation lands to the ancient settlers of Vincennes upon the Wabash.1
[Note 1: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 14, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 10th. instant, which came to hand yesterday, appears to place your reluctance to accept the appointment to France, upon the difficulty of making immediate arrangements for a permanent residence abroad.2
[Note 2: Livingston maintained his opposition, and on May 27 Washington nominated to the Senate James Monroe, to be United States Minister to France; and William Short to be Minister to Spain, Carmichael being recalled. The Senate confirmed these appointments, May 28.]
I have already communicated to you my wish, that you should enter upon the mission: and am desirous of accommodating you in point of time, as far as the public service will permit.
If therefore such an accommodation will remove your objections; I shall be glad to be informed on the return of the Mail what will be the shortest possible time necessary for your preparation. Your answer will immediately decide me. With very great esteem etc.1
Philadelphia, May 18, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 7th. instt. came duly to hand, with the Rental enclosed.
As there are no houses, or anything standing on my lots in the Town and Common of Winchester, it is of no great moment what is done with them. I am not disposed to sell them, nor to part with them on lease for a long term; but if you could obtain an annual Rent for either, or both, without running me to any expence, it would, however small, be clear. With respect to my lots in Bath, something ought to be done with them. The Buildings thereon, together with the lots, stand me in at least £200: but whether common interest can be obtained in a rent for them, you, who know the state of things in that quarter can judge better of than I am able to do; and therefore I leave it to you, to act for me as you would for yourself. If they were even let to some one who would keep the buildings in repair it would be more desirable by far than, without a tenant, or some person to take care of them, to suffer them to fall to ruin.
I do not know whether I clearly understand your proposition of an exchange of the Land on Potomac for a Lot in Berkeley County. The first contains 240 acres instead of 140, as mentioned in your letter; 200 of which is rich River bottom, which must, as the Navigation of the River improves, become extremely valuable from the produce it is capable of; besides the fine black Walnuts which grow thereon, and would fetch a good sum at the Federal City; if others can be restrained from pilfering them. On the other hand, I know of no land I hold at the mouth of Bullskin, nor any lease that was ever given to a person of the name of Dimmett. No such name I am pretty sure, is to be found in the original list of my Tenants, and equally sure I am no Leases have been given of late years (with my consent) for three lives. When you explain this matter more fully, it will be more in my power than it is at present to speak to you on this particular point. Speaking of Leases for lives, I am led to observe to you, that the lives will never decrease, nor the leases fall in, unless the Occupants, where they are not the Lessees, are put to the proof of the existence of those who were originally inserted. I do not recollect any instance of my changing names where the leases have been transferred, and but few of my consenting to transfers; which makes me more desirous of knowing how a Person of the name of Demmitt (which I do not recollect at all) should be possessed of a lease, for three lives. I hope Muse has not abused my confidence in putting blank leases into his hands, signed, in order to be filled up thereafter by, doing it improperly.
Although I can very illy spare the money arising from the Rents you have collected; yet, if the Lots are susceptible of such augmentation in the annual income, by purchasing in the Leases as you think of I consent to your applying the money in your hands to this purpose, in cases where there is a moral certainty of a considerable increase of Rent; and, that the purchases are made by the first of next November. You will ascertain precisely before you attempt these purchases. 1st. what lives are certainly existing in them; and 2dly. whether the Covenants in them, have been complied with on the part of the Tenants, for in the first case I may be purchasing that which belongs to me of right, and in the second case, that which they have forfeited by a non-compliance with the conditions on which the leases were granted. You will recollect also, that by the terms of all, or most of the leases, the Tenant is not at liberty to sell to any one without my consent.
I am sorry you should meet with any difficulty about the land I gave you, near the Accoceek old Iron works.3 I am not possessed of any Papers belonging to it, nor is it in my power to point you to any Office where they axe to be found; but I should conceive that the tract is so well known that all the adjoining landholders axe able to shew you the bounds of it. There was one John Honey that knew it well; and I believe Colo. Charles Carter of Ludlow has some knowledge of it. I have been told, that some person in Falmouth (whose name I do not recollect) had pillaged the Land of the most valuable Pines thereon; and that either he, or some other, talked of escheating it; but I never supposed injustice would prompt any one to such a measure. Perhaps this, or some such mode might be advisable for you, as the title Papers are not to be found, nor the manner in which my Mother came by it, to be traced with precision. By Will (I have understood) it was left to her by her Father (Ball)4 but what his Christian name was I am not able to tell you; nor the County he lived in with certainty, but presume it was Lancaster. This Will seems to me to be the only clue by which the title can be traced; the bequest, probably, may as usual contain some description of the Land.
[Note 3: An account of the Accoceek lands is in Worthington C. Ford's Wills of George Washington and His Immediate Ancestors. 1891.]
[Note 4: Joseph. He was second son of William Ball, of "Epping Forest," Lancaster Count, Va.]
Your Aunt and the family join me in best regards for Mrs. Lewis. I am &c.
[N.Y.P.L.]
United States, May 20, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: In the communications, which I have made to Congress during the present session, relative to foreign nations, I have omitted no opportunity of testifying my anxiety to preserve the United States in peace. It is peculiarly therefore my duty at this time to lay before you the present state of certain hostile threats against the territories of Spain, in our neighbourhood.5
[Note 5: The revived expeditions of unauthorized persons against the Spanish dominions centered in Georgia; the former ones had come from Kentucky. The documents accompanying this message are printed in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, vol. 1.]
The documents, which accompany this message, develope the measures, which I have taken to suppress them, and the intelligence, which has been lately received.
It will be seen from thence, that the subject has not been neglected; that every power, vested in the executive, on such occasions, has been exerted; and that there was reason to believe, that the enterprize projected against the Spanish was relinquished.
But it appears to have been revived upon principles, which set public order at defiance, and place the peace of the United States in the discretion of unauthorised individuals. The means, already deposited in the different departments of Government, are shewn by experience, not to be adequate to these high exigencies, although such of them as are lodged in the hands of the executive, shall continue to be used with promptness, energy and decision proportioned to the case. But I am impelled by the position of our public affairs to recommend that provision be made for a stronger and more vigorous opposition, than can be given to such hostile movements under the laws as they now stand.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 21, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you, in confidence, sundry papers, by which you will perceive the state of affairs between us and the six nations, and the probable cause to which it is owing. And also certain information whereby it would appear that some encroachment was about to be made on our territory, by an officer and party of british troops. Proceeding upon a supposition of the authenticity of this information, although of a private nature, I have caused the representation to be made to the british Minister, a copy of which accompanies this message.
It cannot be necessary to comment upon the very serious nature of such an encroachment, nor to urge that this new state of things suggests the propriety of placing the United States in a posture of effectual preparation for an event which notwithstanding the endeavours making to avert it, may by circumstances beyond our controul, be forced upon us.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 24, 1794.
The Secretary of State informs me, that as the intercourse with Europe will be opened on Monday it is expedient that an arrangement should be made concerning the million of dollars directed to be borrowed for foreign purposes. I wish therefore to know, whether any steps have been taken upon the subject, and if not, that the loan should be set on foot in order that a proper disposition may be made of the money.8
[Note 8: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 26, 1794.
Dear Sir: As I have other unproductive landed property in the Western Country besides that which you seem disposed to become the purchaser of; and some also in Virginia which, in my opinion promises the richest future harvest of any thing of the kind I have contemplated. I offer the whole to you upon the terms mentioned in the enclosed paper.
Were my prospects different from what they really are, not the sum there mentioned, or any thing like it, would alienate the property from me. But, as the case is, I prefer present convenience to future advantages; and therefore, in my own days, which cannot be many, am disposed to turn my unproductive lands into cash, that I may enjoy the comforts which may result from the interest thereof.
Mr. Casenave (through the medium of Govt. Lee of Virginia) made overtures to me for my interest in the Great Dismal Swamp. The answer to these you will find enclosed. He scarcely, as I understood from the Govr., knew whether to say yea, or nay, to my offer; and being timid, and wishing first to know if he could secure the other there, the matter stopped, and so it has remained. Mr. Casenave expected, probably on good ground, that a purchase from others might be made on lower terms than I had affixed to mine.
The plat of this land; that of the round bottom; and of those tracts on the little Miami; a sketch of the Town of Mount Pleasant at the confluence of the Ohio and Great Kanhawa; with some other Papers, are enclosed. They may be returned with such as you have, belonging to me, or retained to be added to, according to your decision.
It may be desirable on Mr. Casenaves acct., to make no mention of his views, if you do not incline to embark in the measure yourself, [illegible] I do not know what steps he proposed to take, or has taken in the business.
I have made you the offer wch. is enclosed, and given the best view I am able of facts, because I understood from you that Mr. Green leaf is to be concerned with you in purchases of this kind, and is expected in this City. With very great esteem etc.
[CH.H.S.]
Philadelphia, May 26, 1794.
My Lord: It is no uncommon thing to attempt, by excuses, to atone for acts of omission; and frequently too at the expense of as much time as (seasonable employed) would have superceded the occasion of their presentment. Sensible as I am of this, and ashamed as I am of resorting to an apology so common; yet I feel so forcibly the necessity of making one for suffering your Lordship's very polite and obliging favor of the 30 of last June, to remain so long unacknowledged, that I cannot avoid falling into the error I am reprobating.
The truth is, the malignant fever which raged in this City during the months of August, September and October of last year (of which at least 5,000 of its inhabitants were swept off) occasioned my retreat therefrom on the 10th of September, and prevented my returning until sometime in November; between which and the meeting of Congress (the first Monday in December) I had hardly time to prepare for the session. The session has been long and interesting, and is not yet closed. Little leisure therefore have I had, during the period of its continuance, for the indulgence of private correspondences.
I did however, from Germantown in the early part of November, give your lordship the trouble of receiving a few lines from me introductory of my friend Mr. Lear; and am exceedingly flattered by the polite attention with which he was honored, on my account, by your Lordship and the Countess of Buchan. He speaks of it (in a letter I have lately received from him in London) in the highest terms of respect and gratitude.
The sentiments which are expressed in your lordship's letter of the 30th of June, do honor to the goodness of your heart, and ought to be engraved on every man's heart. And if, instead of the provocations to war, bloodshed and desolation, (oftentimes unjustly given) the strife of nations, and of individuals, was to excel each other in acts of philanthropy, industry and oeconomy; in encouraging useful arts and manufactures, promoting thereby the comfort and happiness of our fellow men, and in exchanging on liberal terms the products of one Country and clime, for those of another, how much happier would mankind be.
But providence, for purposes beyond the reach of mortal scan, has suffered the restless and malignant passions of man, the ambitious and sordid views of those who direct them, to keep the affairs of this world in a continual state of disquietude; and will, it is to be feared, place the prospects of peace too far off, and the promised millenium at an awful distance from our day.
In the disturbed state at which most nations seem to have arrived, and from which it is my earnest wish to keep this Country free (if it can be done consistently with honor, and the respect which every nation owes to itself as well as to others) I shall avoid all details on political subjects, and having no other at present worthy attention, I shall conclude with asking your lordship's forgiveness for the liberty I have taken in putting the packet for Dr. Anderson, under cover of this letter to you, directed to the care of the American minister in London: assuring you at the same time of the sentiments of high respect and esteem with which I have the honor etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 25 Washington wrote to Thomas Pinckney, consigning this letter to his care "It is my wish that it should go safe, without much loss of time; but I am not willing to saddle his lordship with the Postage of it, from an opinion that he can receive it as well without this expence as with it; of this however you will be the best judge." The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers. The "Letter Book" copy is dated May 26.]
Philadelphia, May 26, 1794.
Sir: The letter with which you were pleased to favor me, dated the 15th. of August last year, accompanying sevl. pamphlets on interesting subjects, came safe; though long after its date, as you will perceive by the enclosed note from a Mr. Callender; which serves as a wrapper of six guineas which I sent for the vols. of the Bee (15 in number) which have come to my hands. As you have never authorised any one to call upon me for the cost, I am uncertain as to the amount. If the sum herewith sent is short of it, I will pay the balance at anytime, to your order; if over, it may remain in your hands for the succeeding numbers, as they shall be published.
I thank you as well for the Seeds as for the Pamphlets which you had the goodness to send me. The artificial preparation of Hemp, from Silesia, is really a curiosity; and I shall think myself much favored in the continuance of your corrispondence. When I have more leizure than at present, (just at the winding up of a long, laborious and interesting Session of Congress) I may write you more fully than it is in my power to do under such circumstances, relatively to the subjects you have touched upon.
This letter, and another which I have taken the liberty of putting under cover to the Earl of Buchan, is directed to the particular care of the American Minister in London. I wish them safe to hand, and that you wd. do me the justice to be assured of the esteem with which I am etc.11
[Note 11: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N. J.]
Philadelphia, May 29, 1794.
Sir: As the million of dollars, granted by the Act of the 20th of March, last, was certainly for the objects in Algiers, I was anxious that some steps should be taken concerning the money. But as you represent in your letter of the 27th instant, that this cannot be done yet, you will inform me when you shall find that it can be done; and in the mean time, I wish to know, whether some provisions could not be made for borrowing it if an opening should hereafter appear for a treaty with Algiers, and for the redemption of our unhappy fellow citizens there.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 29, 1794.
Sir: The communication which you made to me some time ago, of your intention to resign, and to which you refer in your letter of the 27 instant (received yesterday afternoon)14 always considered as depending upon events.
[Note 14: Hamilton's letter, to which this is an answer, is not now found in the Washington Papers. Sparks prints it as a footnote. The rough draft, in Hamilton's writing, is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Of course nothing has been done by me to render your continuance in office inconvenient or ineligible. On the contrary I am pleased that you have determined to remain at your post until the clouds over our affairs which have come on so fast of late, shall be dispersed.13
Philadelphia, May 29, 1794.
Dear Sir: I have duly received your letter of the 14th. instant. The inclosed to Mr. John Lewis, left open for your perusal, will shew what I require for myself, and am willing to do for others. Do you and he therefore, after full enquiry into facts point out what this ought to be, and no delay shall be experience from me.
The two hundred pounds for which you endorsed an order upon a Merchant of this place, has been duly paid. The remainder of the money due me for the purchase of the lots (amounting to about two hundred pounds more) I give, as I desired Mr. Howell Lewis to inform you, to my niece Mrs. Carter.15 And by these presents I confirm the gift. Give my love to her. With great esteem and regard. I am etc.
[Note 15: Elizabeth (Lewis) Carter. She was a daughter of "Betty" (Washington) Lewis.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, May 29, 1794.
Dear Sir: The letter of which the enclosed is a copy, renders further explanation on my part in a manner unnecessary. I must beg leave notwithstanding to add that when mistakes happen the sooner they can be rectified the better.
All I recollect of this matter (and that but imperfectly) is, that Colo. Lewis (your father) purchased from a Michael Robinson for, and on my account, the lots in Fredericksburgh on which my mother lived. Robinson (I believe) bought them of him; and no Deeds having been made for them, he to avoid trouble, and the expence of double transfers, conveyed them to me.
If this was done by wrong numbers it is incumbent on you as heir at law, to correct the error; and it may be necessary that I should, for the same reason, convey the lots 111 and 113 to the rightful owner of them.
I wish that you and Mr. Carter wd. examine into this matter thoroughly, and whatever is proper to be done on my part, shall be executed without delay. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, May 29, 1794.
Sir: The President of the U States has recd. your Letter together with a copy of your essay on the disease produced by the bite of a mad-dog. The President has directed me to assure you that his sincere wishes are offered for the useful effects of a work calculated to throw light on a subject so interesting; and to make his acknowledgements for your politeness in presenting it to him. I am etc.16
[Note 16: Signed "Bw. Dandridge" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 1, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 23d. ulto. I have recd. and thank you for your kind attention to the trees which were imported for my use in the Peggy, particularly for your having sent them to Mount Vernon, altho' I fear the season was too far advanced to entertain much hope of their living.
The purport of the enclosed, which I pray you to forward by a safe conveyance, is to ask the favor of your brother to take charge of my moiety of the manor of Woodstock. With esteem and regard, I am etc.17
[Note 17: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 1, 1794.
Sir: The north part of Woodstock manor in Montgomery County (lately the property of Richd. Sprigg Esqr.) has fallen to my lot by the division thereof which was made by you and Mr. Jones.
Colo. Wm. Deakins, at your request and for which I thank you, has informed me that the tenants are committing trespasses thereon. Will you permit me therefore to request the favor of you to cause, on my behalf, a stop to be put to them. You would oblige me also by furnishing me with the names of the tenants who live on my part of the manor; what rents they pay; what kind of tenements they occupy, and the order they are kept in. In a word, I wou'd thank you for paying some attention to my interest therein. With esteem etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 1, 1794.
Gentlemen: I had hopes, and at one time strong expectation, that Congress would have closed their Session before this; and that other matters would have permitted my proposed visit to Mount Vernon about the time of your meeting in the Federal City; which (by a letter from Mr. Carroll), I understood was appointed to be on the 5th. of this month.
In this expectation I have been disappointed. Congress are still in Session and it is not clear to me that they will rise this week. After which business of a public nature may, and probably will detain me in this City some days. This being the case, I decide now, to take the No. West quarter of square 21 (offered to me in your letter of the 23d. of April); and presuming it was meant I should pay the same for this, as for the No. Et. quarter I enclose 2662/3 dollars; being the amount of the first payment for both.
For the reasons mentioned to you in my letter of the 27th. of April, I should have been better pleased if I could have got the So. East in place of the No. West quarter of this square; and if you could, conveniently, and with propriety (for I do not know to whom it belongs, or under what circumstances it is), make the exchange, or obtain it by purchase (at or about the price of the others, it would oblige me. If by purchase, I mean notwithstanding, to retain the No. West quarter also. In short, it being my purpose to build on this sqr. if by some arrangements which I have in contemplation, I can obtain the means, I should have no objection, but on the contrary would wish, to possess myself of the whole square, that I might have space enough for my plan, be the design of it what it may.
Not being without hope that I may yet see you before August, I shall not in this letter, more than in my former of the 27th. of April, touch the subject which was then postponed. With esteem etc.20
[Note 20: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, June 7, 1794.
Sir: I approve of the plan proposed in your letter of the 4 inst. namely, that a power for making a loan of 800,000 dollars be lodged in Holland, to be used at the time specified in that letter. When the business of Algiers is arranged, it will be seen, whether it be proper to give the premium of two per cent for an engagement to have the loan ready when it is wanted. The remaining 200,000 dollars may be reserved for the other purposes of foreign intercourse.
I presume that the power, which you design for Mr. Adams,22 will be of the same kind with that formerly given to his predecessor Mr. Short. I wish you to have the two powers prepared in conformity with this letter.23
[Note 22: John Quincy Adams. He was United States Minister to the Netherlands.]
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 10, 1794.
It is my wish to set off for Mount Vernon on Monday next. With some inconvenience to myself, it might be delayed until Wednesday; beyond which the purposes of my journey would, in a great measure, be defeated by further delay. I therefore desire that everything which requires my attention in your Department previous to my absence, may be laid before me with as much promptitude as the case will admit of.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 13, 1794.
Dear Sir: A week rarely passes without bringing me a letter of similar contents with the enclosed. As a common centre I am addressed by all those who know not where else to apply. Altho' it is apart from my public duties, and I have very little leisure for private occupations, yet I have never failed (either by myself or some other) to make a response to the request which has been received.
This must be my apology for asking your aid in the present case, of such details as will enable me to satisfy the enquiries of Mr. Smith. These details, and his letter,25 you will be pleased to forward at your convenience to Dear Sir etc.26
[Note 25: Fitzgerald's answer and Smith's letter are not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"Had a meeting with the Chiefs of tile Cherokee Indians, now in Philada. at my house. The Secretaries of State. Treasury and War, and Colo. Pickering were present. the great pipe was smoaked by all. delivered a speech to them in writing several of them spoke. and after having eaten and drank plentifully of Cake and wine, they departed seemingly well pleased: being referred to Genl. Knox for further communication."-- Journal of the Proceedings of the President, June 14, 1794.]
Philadelphia, June 16, 1794.
Sir: Tomorrow I shall commence my journey for Virginia. My absence from the seat of Government will be as short as I can make it, to answer the purposes of my going. In the interim, occurrences may happen, out of the common rotine which might suffer by delay. Where this is the case, and the matter is of importance, advise with the other Secretaries and the Attorney General, and carry any unanimous opinion into effect, without suspending the execution for my decision thereon; but advise me thereof by Post.27
[Note 27: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 16, 1794.
Sir: I avail myself of your obliging offer, to dispose of the land I hold in the Counties of Fayette and Washington; Hereby empowering you to sell the same on the following conditions, viz, that in the first named County, at five dollars and a third pt. acre; and the other at four dollars pr. Acre. As you were of opinion when I had the pleasure of conversing with you on this subject, that six dollars pr. acre might be had for the first tract, I hope the agregate of the two will amount to the sum I ask for them.
If one fourth of the money is paid down, or within a short period, I would give four, five, or six years credit for the other three fourths; provided the payment thereof is well secured, agreeably to contract; and the interest in the meanwhile assured with punctuality, as it becomes due, in one of the Banks of this City; or in either of those of Baltimore, George Town, or Alexandria. The regular payment of which, at stated periods, being a primary consideration with me.
The tract in Fayette County, contains 1644 acs., besides the usual allowance of 6 pr. Ct. The other, by patent, is 2813 acres, but by a resurvey was found to measure more than 3000 Acs. A description of them, to you, would be unnecessary; the presumption being, that the purchaser, whomsoever he may be, will examine the land, and judge for himself. It may be amiss however, that it should generally be known, that both tracts are improved and that one of them has a Mill thereon, and a considerable show of Iron Ore within less than 30 yards of the mill house.
I have informed Colo. Presly Neville (to whom I have had occasion to write on business) of my having given you power to dispose of these tracts, and have asked him (as he is at the mart of enquiry after Western lands) to recommend Chapmen to you.
Having, from long experience, found that landed property at a distance from the Proprietor, is attended with more plague than profit; I have determined to sell all the land I hold on the Ohio and Great Kanhawa (about 33,000 Acres in eight surveys If I can obtain, by giving a pretty long credit, what I conceive it is worth. This I have estimated, under present circumstances, to be three dollars and a third pr.acre; and thought the other day I should have parted with it at that price (which was the reason I was not more particular with you when you were conversing on the subject of western land) but as it stood connected with others still more remote the result was otherwise. If it should fall in your way to mention my intention respecting these lands I would thank you. For the reason already mentioned, a description in detail of the above land would be useless. I cannot avoid adding however, that they are the cream of the country in which they lye, being the first choice of it, and all interval, and bounded by the Rivers on which they lye fifty eight miles.
Be so good if you should conclude a bargain for either of the tracts in this State, or receive an offer for them, or the lands herein mentioned, to give me immediate notice thereof to prevent any embarrassment which may arise from a direct application to myself. I have a small tract of 234 acs. comprehending the Great Meadows on Braddock road, which I would also dispose of. I will not trouble you with an apology for this freedom; but assure you of the esteem with which I am etc.28
[Note 28: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 16, 1794.
Sir: I should have written you at an earlier period but for the extreme hurry into which I was thrown at the close of the Session of Congress (wch. did not terminate before monday last) and from my not having adverted, in time, to the Pittsburg Post day of last week. This letter (as I shall set out for Virginia tomorrow) is left to go by next Saturday's Mail.
Inclosed is a blank power,29 authorizing Mr. Charles Morgan, or any other with whose name you shall fill it, to collect the rents arising from my land in Fayette and Washington Counties, in this State; together with such arrearages as may be due for the preceding years, if any there be. Another blank is also left, which I pray you to fill up with the pr. centage to be allowed as a compensation for the trouble and expense of collection The inducements to this are, 1st. because I do not recollect what Colo. Cannon has been allowed for his Services. and, 2dly. because there is no invariable allowance established. Places and circumstances varying it.
[Note 29: Entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
A letter from Colo. Cannon is also inclosed, requesting him to give the necessary information to his Successor, and to desire that he would discontinue all further agency in my business: This letter is left open, for your insertion of the name of his Successor. The emolument, arising from this collection, is too trifling to become an object worthy your acceptance, or I should never have inquired for another before I had offered it to you.
From the experience of many years, I have found distant property in land more pregnant of perplexities than profit. I have therefore resolved to sell all I hold on the western waters, if I can obtain the prices which I conceive their quality, their situation, and other advantages would authorise me to expect. Conversing with Mr. Ross (one of your Senators) on this subject, a day or two before he left the City, he gave it to me, as his opinion that the present juncture was favorable for the sale of my land in this State, and was so obliging as to offer his services to effect it. He thought the quality of my land in Fayette county, together with the improvements and show of Iron Ore within less than 30 yards of the Mill door ought on credit, to command six dollars [an acre]. The other I have always held at four dollars. The first tract contains 1644 acres besides the usual allowance of Six pr Ct. The latter, 2813 acres by the patent, but it measures more than 3000 acs. by a Subsequent Survey.
If, Sir, as you live at Pittsburgh (the probable mart of enquiry after land in that country) you should find it convenient, and not militating against any plans of your own, to make mention of mine, and to aid Mr. Ross in the sale of these tracts, it would oblige me.
If a fourth of the purchase money is paid at the time of conveyance, a credit of four, five, or six years might be allowed for the remainder; provided it is fully secured; and the interest thereon regularly paid at one of the Banks in this State, Baltimore, George Town, or Alexandria. To receive this without trouble, and with punctuality, as it becomes due, will be insisted upon.
My land on the Ohio and Great Kanhawa Rivers, amounting to 32,373 As30 was once sold for Sixty five thousand French Crowns, to a French Gentleman,31 who was very competent to the payment, at the time the contract was made; but, getting a little embarrassed in his finances by the Revolution in his Country, by mutual agreement the bargain was canceled. Lately, I have been in treaty for the same land, at three dollars and a third pt. acre, for the whole quantity; but it being connected with other m[atters] is not likely to result in a bargain as I once expected, and therefore I am at liberty to seek another market.
[Note 30: Acres.]
[Note 31: De Barth.]
To give a further description of these lands than to say they are the cream of the Country in which they are; that they were the first choice of it; and that the whole is on the margin of the Rivers and bounded thereby for 58 miles, would be unnecessary to you who must have a pretty accurate idea of them and their value. But it may not be amiss to add for the information of others that the quantity before mentioned is contained in Seven Surveys, to wit: three on the Ohio East Side, between the mouths of the little and Great Kanhawa. The first, is the first large bottom below the mouth of the little [Kanhaw]a containing 2314 acres, and is bounded by the river 5¼ miles. The 2d. is the 4th large bottom, on the same side of the River, about 16 miles lower down, containing 2448 acs. bounded by the River 3 miles. The 3d. is the next large bottom, 3½ miles below, and opposite, nearly to the great bend containing 4395 acs. with a margin on the river of 5 miles. The other four tracts are on the Great Kanhawa. the first of them contains 10990 acrs. on the west side and begins with two or three miles of the mouth of it and bound thereby for more than 17 miles. The 2d. is on the East side of the River a little higher up, containing 7276 acs. and bounded by the River 13 miles. The other two are at the mouth of Cole River, on both sides and in the fork thereof containing together 4950 acs., and like the others are all interval land having a front upon the water of twelve miles.
Besides these, I have the round bottom, opposite to Pipe Creek, about 15 miles below Wheeling; which contains 587 acs. with 2½ miles front on the River, and of quality inferior to none thereon. And 234½ acs. at the Great Meadows on Braddocks Road with the allowances.
For the whole of these tracts taken together, I would allow seven years credit, without requiring a fourth of the purchase money to be paid down, provided the principal is amply secured, and the interest also in the manner before mentioned, for to have no disappointment or trouble in the receipt of this must be a Sine qua non. If the tracts are sold separately, I should expect a fourth of the purchase to be paid down and more than 3¼ dollars pr. Acre for the round bottom, and the tract of 10990 Acs. on the Great Kanhawa know[ing] from my own view the extraordinary value of these tracts. With very great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, June 16, 1794.
Sir: The continual disappointments I meet with in the receipt of my rents under your collection, in the Counties of Fayette and Washington, lays me under the painful necessity of placing this business in other hands.
Accordingly it is entrusted to ... 32; to whom I request you will give a list of the Tenants on both tracts; the amount of their respective rents; and what is due from each farm; in so doing you will oblige, Sir, Your etc.33
[Note 32: Left blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 33: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. On June 17 Washington left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon.]
(Private)
Baltimore, June 19, 1794.
My dear Sir: The difficulty (under existing circumstances) of knowing what to write to you, had determined me to write nothing, but to let the matter rest altogether upon the public communications from The Secretary of State. Coming to this place, however, (on a flying trip to Mount Vernon) and finding the Vessel in which Mr. Monroe is on board, had not left the River, I have so far departed from my determination as to be seated in order to assure you that my confidence in, and friendship and regard for you, remains undiminished. To time, and your own observations, if you should return immediately to this country, I commit the rest; and It will be nothing new to assure you that I am always and very sincerely Yours etc.
Baltimore, June 19, 1794.
Sir: At five o'Clock this afternoon, I reached this place, and shall proceed on in the morning.
Mr. Adams' Commission, as Minister resident to the United Netherlands, was signed, if I recollect rightly, before I left Philada. If his letters of credence are forwarded to me by the post, they also shall be signed and return'd to you; to supercede the necessity of his waiting for them, in case everything else should be in readiness, before I return.
As his duties at the Hague, will be few and simple, chiefly of a precuniary sort, there will be no necessity for detaining him to obtain my approbation of his instructions; but I would have the Secretary of the Treasury consulted thereon.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 18th. instant came to me by the Post which arrived in Alexandria on Monday evening. It is not more unusual, than it is difficult, to account for the motives which induce Govr. M ... 's35 either to antidate, or to detain after they are written, the letters which I receive from him. That there is design in it, admits of little doubt in my mind.
[Note 35: Gov. Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania.]
The publication respecting Genl. Wayne, which you will find in the enclosed paper, taken from the Martinsburgh Gazette, is very unpleasant; it is said to be the production of one Glen, or Lynn,36 a resigned Officer; but which, or whether either, of these is the name Doctr. Craik, who gave it to me, was not sure. I am at a loss to decide what notice ought to be taken of such a publication, something, however, on public and private acct., seems to require that he should not be left ignorant of the accusations with which he is charged. You will consider the case well and act accordingly.
[Note 36: James Glenn (Glen). He was a lieutenant from Berkeley County and had resigned in March, 1794.]
Going from the Federal City (on Sunday morning)37 to view the Locks, and Canal at the little Falls of Potomac, my horse, whose feet had got very tender from the journey, blundered and continued blundering until by violent exertions on my part, to save him and myself from falling among the Rocks, I got such a wrench in my back, as to prevent me from mounting a horse without pain; of course it has deprived me, in a great degree, of the accomplishment of the purpose of my visit to this place. Whether it will retard my return a few days longer than I had allotted, is more than I am able, at this moment, to decide; it shall not, if I can avoid it without injuring myself. I am etc.38
[Note 37: June 22.]
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1794.
Dear Sir: I expected to have put the enclosed39 into your hands at Baltimore, on my way to this place; but you had left
[Note 39: Washington's letter to Gouverneur Morris, June 29, 1794, q. v.] it in the morning of the day I got there. I now beg leave to trouble you with the delivery, or the forwarding of it.
I hope you and Mrs. Monroe have had a pleasant passage and are well. My best respects attend her, and I am etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1794.
Dear Sir: Monday's Post brought me your letter of the 18th. instant, with its enclosures. The Minister of his Britanic Majesty,41 seems more disposed to be captious than conciliatory. Whether it proceeds from his ideas of policy, the advice of his counsellors, or a natural petulance of temper, remains to be developed.42
[Note 41: George Hammond.]
[Note 42: Secretary of State Randolph had written to Washington (June 20) that "from the whole tenor of his [Hammond's ] correspondence, he seems to be exceedingly perulent; exposes many weak sides; does his cause an injury; thinks that it is something to say the last word. however unimportant it may be; and endeavors to keep up a fog, until he sees the course which his court may take." Randolph's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
The enclosed letter, from Mr. Reuben Harvey,43 is similar to one I recd. from him some time ago, and which I either gave, or intended to give, to you. Do, as shall appear to you right with them. I shall endeavor to be back by the time I allotted, before I left Philadelphia, if I am able; but an exertion, to save my horse and self from falling among rocks at the lower Falls of the Potomac (whither I went on Sunday morng. to see the Canal and Locks) has wrenched my back in such a manner as to prevent my riding; and, hitherto, has defeated the purposes for which I came home. My stay here, will only be until I can ride with ease and safety, whether I accomplish my own business or not. I am&c.
[Note 43: Of Cork, Ireland.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1794.
My dear Sir: The sole object of the enclosed letter44 was to evince to you, that notwithstanding your recall, you held the same place in my estimation that you did before it happened. I expected to have got the letter into Colo. Monroes hands before the Vessel in which he was, had left Patapsco River; but a fresh and fair wind coming up, prevented its reaching him.
[Note 44: Washington's letter to Gouverneur Morris, June 19, 1794, q. v.]
Since my arrival at this place I have been favored with your private letter of the 12th. of March, enclosing duplicate of the 5th. of Feby. For both I thank you. To common accidents, or to the interception of letters for purposes to be guessed, are to be ascribed those disappointments of which you complain; for I am almost certain, information of what was going forward in this country, was regularly transmitted to you: possibly, and probably, not by duplicates, which ought to have been the case, for the greater certainty of getting it to you.
The uncertainty (where letters are not entrusted to confidential persons, or sent by special messengers) of their getting to hand, will restrain me from going into detail at this time. I shall only add therefore to the acknowledgment of the receipt of the above letters, that I am entirely ignorant of the source from whence, or the foundation on which, Major Jackson has erected the fabrics of your recall, and your successor. Directly nor indirectly, could he have derived them from me, for the best of all reasons, viz, that not until some considerable time after Mr. Fauchet had arrived in this country, did I entertain an idea of the first; or contemplate the latter; for until then, I had supposed you stood well with the powers that were. Sure I am, nothing short of evidence to the contrary (with the request that accompanied it) would have induced the measure. To Majr. Jackson I have never written a line since he left this Country, nor received one from him.
The prospective you have drawn is not very pleasing; but it serves to make one more anxious for a nearer view.
The affairs of this country cannot go amiss. There are so many watchful guardians of them, and such infallible guides, that one is at no loss for a director at every turn. But of these matters I shall say little; if you are disposed to return to it, leave you to judge of them from your own observation. My primary objects, and to which I have steadily adhered, have been to preserve the country in peace if I can, and to be prepared for war if I cannot. To effect the first upon terms consistent with the respect which is due to ourselves, and with honor, justice and good faith to all the world, Mr. Jay (and not Mr. Jefferson as hath been suggested to you) embarked as Envoy extraordinary for England, about the middle of May. If he succeeds, well. If he does not, why, knowing the worst, we must take measures accordingly. I am yours affectionately.
Mount Vernon, June 27, 1794.
Sir: I have duly received your several Letters of the 20. 21. and 22 instant, with their enclosures. The only matter which seems to require my immediate attention is contained in the last of them.
I am not disposed, under my present view of the case, to inform Mr. Hammond, that our Envoy at the Court of London, shall be specially instructed on the point of compensation for british vessels captur'd by French privateers, contrary to the rules which have been established by this Government; as the general powers of the sd. Envoy extends to and embrace this object. But would it be amiss to let him know informally and verbally, that Mr. Jay's powers go to this, as well as to other cases.
I well remember the precaution I used to prevent any further commitment of the Executive on this head, than a mere expression of his opinion as to the expediency of the measure. This having been complied with in the communication to Congress of the 5 of December, the matter had better remain, in my opinion, upon the ground it now stands, until things are a little more developed. In the mean time, some such written official answer as you have suggested (softened as it can well bear) might be given to Mr. Hammond.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 27, 1794.
Dear Sir: I regret not having met you at the Federal City, on my way home; and was concerned for the cause of the disappointment.
I have made no choice yet of persons to supply the places of yourself and Doctr. Stuart, as Commissioners; nor, in truth, do I know on whom to fix, for this purpose, at this stage of the business, and under present circumstances.
Mr. Grenleaf gave me some reasons to believe that you were about to become a resident of the Federal City. I was pleased therewith; because it created a hope (that if this should happen) that you might find it convenient to remain in your present Office; and because experience has shewn the expediency of the Commissioners, or one of them at least, residing on the spot.
It is too much, I am satisfied, to expect such attendance and services as they have rendered for their present allowance; nor was it ever intended, by me, to impose so much on them for such compensation. My ideas (as my letters to all, or some of the Gentlemen will prove) always were, that it was the part of a Superintendant to perform what has been done by the Commissioners themselves. But I see a greater difficulty since the trials that have been made than I did before, in getting a man adequate to this business; and therefore some change in the system seems indispensible.
I cannot, however, think of making any material change in it without placing it at the option of yourself and Doctr. Stuart to avail yourselves thereof altho' he seems resolved from the last conversation I had with him, against continuing at any rate; but suggested an idea which strikes me at first sight favorably, if the Law (which I have not by me to consult, nor would wish to bring before Congress for amendment) would justify the measure. It is, that one of the Commissioners who should be obliged to reside in the City) shall be the acting person; and be well paid for his superintendance and the particular attention he shall give to the business; that at stated periods, or as occasion might require, the other two, whether of the City or country should attend, and be compensated by the day, or otherwise, according to the trouble, or extent of their services. In this case the funds might afford adequate compensation for actual services; and in this case also, it would be gratifying to me, and I dare say to others, if you would be the resident Commissioner, and Superintendant.
I see but one thing that can be suggested as an objection to such a plan, and that is blending the Offices of Commissioner and Superintendant in the same person; but I can see many advantages that would result from it in the hands of a competent character, on the spot.
If this plan cannot be adopted, some other and better allowance than the present must be made to the three; all or some of whom, must reside in the City. But to allow £600 pr. Annum to each, is more, I conceive, than would meet approbation, although it might not be more than they deserved.
I would thank you for your full and candid sentiments upon the several parts of this letter and as soon as convenient. If I am able from the wrench I got at the lower Falls on Sunday last, to travel, I shall set out for Philadelphia on thursday next. you will be pleased therefore to direct to me here, or there according to the time you may receive this letter. With much esteem etc.46
[Note 46: From the original kindly loaned by J. Alexis Shriver, of Bel Air, Md., for transcribing.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1794.
Sir: Your Letter of the 24 instant, covering the resignation of the Collector of Hampton, and a letter from Colo. Carrington recommending a successor to that office, came to hand by the last post.
As Govr. Lee is (I believe) yet in Alexandria, I will suspend my choice in hopes of deriving some aid from his information on this head; as he has lately been a good deal in the neighbourhood of Hampton. I do it too because I expect to commence my journey for Philadelphia on Thursday next, and because I hope no inconvenience in the interim, will result from the delay.
Further communications from your department may be suspended until my return to Philada., especially as I am not determined as to my rout, wishing to travel the smoothest road.
You have said nothing respecting a Successor to the Collector of York. This matter, in order that equal justice may be measured to all, is necessary.48
[Note 48: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1794.
Sir: Your letter of the 25th. instt, enclosing letters from Generals Wayne and Chapin, and from the Contracter Williams, came safe by Fridays Post. On neither shall I say anything at present; because (if I find myself able to bear jolting over the infamous roads I have to travel) I shall, on thursday, commence my journey for Philadelphia, and proceed by easy stages. For this reason, and because it is probable (if upon enquiry at George Town, I shall find the upper road best, I may take it, It becomes expedient to detain yr. further communications until my arrival at the seat of Government.
But once since I came home, have I attempted to mount a horse, and then was obliged, very soon, to quit him. However, as I am mending fast, my absence from Philada. shall not be delayed an hour, for any private business of my own, so soon as I am in a condition to travel.
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1794.
Sir: Your letter of the 25 instant enclosing one from Mr. G. Morris of the 7 March, came duly to hand. The measures you have taken in consequence thereof, appear to be expedient and proper.
I am sorry to find by his private letters (two of which I send for your perusal, and to be returned) that he and our other Ministers abroad, are continually repeating and complaining of their want of information from the Department of State. This, I am sensible, does not apply to you, because, among other reasons, there has not been time between your coming into office and the dates of their letters, for ground of such complaints. Nor do I think it applicable to your predecessor, further than as it may have proceeded from miscarriages and the want of duplicates. As, however, the evil complained of, may be attended with serious consequences if not remedied, I am led to take this notice of it, in order that duplicates always, and in certain cases triplicates, may be forwarded for the information and government of our agents in foreign Countries.
I expect to leave this on Thursday for Philadelphia, and if, upon enquiry at George town, I should find the upper road the smoothest and best, I shall proceed by it, for these reasons it is adviseable to withhold your further communications until I shall have arrived at the seat of the government.49
[Note 49: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 1, 1794.
The letter with which you were pleased to favor me dated the 12th ultimo, I received at George Town on my way to this place.
I am much obliged to you for your ready compliance with my request, and for the trouble you have taken to examine into the trespasses which have been committed on my part of Woodstock manor. The footing on which you have placed the collection and deposit of the rents, on my behalf, is very agreeable to me; and I thank you for the assurance that you will have an eye to my interest in your neighbourhood.
I should greatly prefer the cultivation of wheat to Tobacco, on those lands, and I should have thought myself happy in having such a tenant as Mr. Oneil; but it is long since I have formed a fixed resolution never to let land to any one who does not live on it, but adjoining thereto; because I have found from experience, in all these cases, that my land has always been pressed hard to save their own; and of the improvements which it ought to receive from the stock, litter &c., it hath been robbed for the benefit of the other. I mean by no means to suggest that this would be the case with Mr. Oneil, but to shew the principle on which my resolution has been founded. Besides it might be inconvenient perhaps to the tenants that are on the land to be dispossessed. With great esteem etc.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 2, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 22d. of June came duly to hand, and for the opinion contained in it, I thank you. I always feel sincere gratification from the frankness, and unreserved advice of my friends, whether it coincides with my own sentiments or not.51
[Note 51: Hamilton had written (June 22): "The Secretary of State in referring to you the question of the answer to be given to Mr. Hammond concerning compensation for certain captured vessels will I presume transmit to you the opinions of the other Gentlemen as well as his own. Besides the reasons hastily sketched in the memorandums given to the Secretary of State, there is one of a delicate nature which I did not think fit to put on a paper which might become a public document but which I think ought to be submitted to your consideration.
"Though the form of only giving the opinion of the President that it was incumbent upon the U States to make compensation in the case has been used, yet between nation and nation this is equivalent to a virtual engagement that compensation will be made; and we were all sensible in advising the President to give that opinion (which advice was unanimous), that a noncompliance with it would be a serious commitment of the character of the Nation, the Government and the President. Indeed if the Legislature should not do its part, under such circumstances, it would necessarily give birth to considerations very embarrassing to the delicacy of the President.
"In such a posture of things is it not adviseable to narrow the obstacles to a right issue of the business? If Mr. Jay is instructed to insert a formal stipulation in a general arrangement, the senate only will have to concur. If provision is to be made by law, both houses must concur. The difference is easily seen. And it is a case where the point of honor is too materially concerned not to dictate the expediency of leaving as little hazard as possible upon the issue. It is impossible that any questions can arise about the propriety of giving this course to the business. When we are demanding compensation for our captured vessels and goods it is the simplest thing in the world to stipulate compensation for those of great Britain, which we acknowledge to have been unlawfully made within our territory or by the use of our means. It is also with me a material consideration that the coupling this with the other objects of Mr. Jay's negotiation may tend to disembarrass in future. If the compensation we seek rafts, it may be a good answer to the claim on the other side, that they were endeavored, without success to be made a subject of reciprocal stipulation. I speak with reference to the Individuals concerned.
"I may be perhaps too nice. But this is one of those questions, in which ideas of sincerity good faith and honor, in a relation which must always engage my particular solicitude, press my judgment to a course of proceeding which is calculated to dispel all doubts." Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.
Jay's powers, as noted in the Journal of the Proceedings of the President, as signed on May 7, consisted of three separate points: "I as to the treaty of peace; 2. treaty of Commerce; 3. Vexations and spoliations."]
As Congress, to whom the matter was referred, did not (from causes unknown to me) think proper to take up the subject of compensation for British Vessels, captured by the proscribed Privateers of France; and as this is one of the subjects committed to Mr. Jays negotiation, or at least within his powers, I do not feel disposed to make any further, or more pointed declaration to Mr. Hammond on this head, at this time.
My understanding of the original communication of this business to that Gentleman, differs very widely from your interpretation of it. It is well known to the late Secretary of State.52 that more than once, I pointedly desired that the expression be so guarded as to convey nothing more than an opinion of the Executive. This it may be said (and I think) ought to have been, confirmed by the Legislature; but the fact is otherwise: and although the usage of other Nations may be opposed to this practice, the difference may result from the difference between their Constitutions and ours, and from the prerogative of their Executives.
[Note 52: Jefferson.]
The powers of the Executive of the U. States are more definite, and better understood perhaps than those of almost any other Country; and my aim has been, and will continue to be, neither to stretch, nor relax from them in any instance whatever, unless imperious circumstances shd. render the measure indispensible.
Under this view of the Subject, unless the case was more urgent than I think it the matter (as it respects Mr. Hammond) had better I conceive remain on the footing it now stands; although I have no objection, as I had written to the Secretary of State (before I had received your private letter) that he might be informed informally, and verbally, that the negotiation of this, as well as other matters was transmitted to his own Court. With sincere esteem etc.53
[Note 53: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.
On July 2 Washington wrote to the Secretary of Stare "Tomorrow I commence my journey for the seat of Governmt." This letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The Journal of the Proceedings of the President notes that "the President arrived in Philada. from Virginia on Monday 7. July about 5 o'Clock P. M."]
Philadelphia, July 9, 1794.
Sir: Your letter of yesterday was handed to me this day. As delay under present circumstances may attend the negotiation of a Loan in Holland by our Minister Resident there, for the purpose of the Algierine business, it appears to me expedient to send a power to our Commissioners at Amsterdam for that purpose.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 30, 1794.
Sir: By Saturday's post I reed. a Letter from Mr. Chris: Cowper dated the 18. instant, enclosing one from you of the 23d. of June. The Letter alluded to in the last, has been recd.
It is a very singular occurrence that the Capt.-- Waglam, to whose care £140 was committed for my use, should rather choose to hazard the conveyance of it back, than deliver it to my Secretary; whom I left m this City to transact my business during my absence; who pays and receives all monies for me, and who having my books in his possession, and knowing on what acct. the money would have been paid, would have passed a rect. accordingly. And equally singular I thing is, that now I should be asked by Mr. C. Cowper (who I presume, tho' he does not say so, writes by your order) if I will take a bill drawn by Messrs. Watson Stott & Co. at 15 days sight on Messrs. Hartshorne & Co. of Alexandria, adding, "should any other mode of payment be more agreeable, be pleased to point it out."
My former Letters I conceive were pointedly expressive of my want of the money, and the bond would shew that it ought to have been pd. in May 1793. Where then is the propriety of such procrastination, when the money so idly and unaccountably returned by Capt. Waglam wou'd at any time purchase a bill on this City for the amt. without the delay of writing to enquire whether I wou'd accept a Dft. on a Gentlen. living 150 miles from me, payable in 15 days after sight; receivg. my answer; forwarding the bill to this place; sendg. it back to Alexandria; and finally, if accepted, to wait 15 days for paymt. However, Sir, if the money cannot be pd. me without all these evolutions, I will receive a Dft. on Messrs. Hartshorne & Co. for whatever sum you are pleased to allow on the bond, for wch. you will be credited as soon as the money is pd. agreeably to the tenor of the Dft. I presume (for in fact I know nothing of the state of this business) that the discharge of the bond wch. is assigned me for £ ... 70 compleats the last paymt. for the Land you bot. of Mr. Jno Lewis; otherwise there cou'd have been no pretext for withholdg. any part of the sum due thereon: but havg. been led into this correspondence from the assignmt. of the Bd. without the least intention on my part of medling at all in the business; I must now once for all, pray you to pay so much of the sd. bond as you choose; inform Mr. Lewis of your reasons for withholdg. the balce., and of the disputes abt. boundaries. It was he who sold the land to you, much against my judgmt. (for I thot. at the time it was, in a manner given away) and without my consent. Be this however as it may and under all the disadvantages attendg. it, the contract must be fulfilled with good faith accordg. to the expression of the written instrument. This Mr. Lewis has more leisure, and no doubt has the disposition to do; and what he does respectg. the disputed land, or disputes of any other kind, will meet my acquiescence. I am etc.71
[Note 70: Left blank in the draft.]
[Note 71: From a photostat of the draft in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge kindly furnished by the Huntington Library.]
Philadelphia, August 1, 1794.
Sir: As letters are liable to accidents, and I have had no acknowledgment of one I wrote you, on the 16th. June, I take the liberty of troubling you with a duplicate thereof.
A few days ago I received a letter from Colo. Israel Shreve proposing to buy the tract on which he lives, in Fayette Cty. He offered to pay a third of the price next April (at which time, he says his lease expires) and interest on the other two thirds, if the credit could be agreed on; giving the land and his own Bond as security.
A Mr. Jackson of Red-stone, according to his account, has told him that my price was 30/. an Acre; on what ground, I am at a loss to conjecture; for at no period since the dissolution of my concern with a Gilbert Simpson, and intention to part with the Land, have I ever contemplated to take less than forty shillings pt. Acre. Some person in the course of last winter called upon, and enquired of me, if I was disposed to sell my lands in the Western part of this State, and the value I set upon them ? Finding it was not on his own Acct. the enquiries were made, my answers were short, and to this effect that I could, some years ago, have got 40/for the tract in Fayette, and that I valued the other at 30/. He then asked if credit would be allowed. I replied if part of the money was paid down, Interest on the remainder, and the whole well secured, credit might be obtained. Nothing more that I can recollect passed between us. How then he should misconceive what I said, or Colo. Shreve what he said, is not easy to account for.
I have informed Colo. Shreve that as you were so obliging as to offer to dispose of these Lands on my behalf I could do no more than refer him to you lest a specific answer might militate with any negociations you might have in hand; and this communication is to prepare you therefor; if the misconception he has been under should not arrest any further overtures from him, on this Subject. With very great esteem I am etc.
German Town, August 6, 1794.
Sir: The enclosed was written agreeably to its date74 and would have been sent by the Mail to Pittsburgh (under cover to Colo. Presley Nevill) but finding that conveyance had become unsafe, I did not incline to embrace it. It will, I hope and expect, be put into your hands by Mr. Bradford, the Attorney General, who will communicate to you the purport of his visit into the part of the Country wherein you reside.
[Note 74: Starred in the text and margin as "1st of August 1794."]
The reason of my adding to the enclosed is, that yesterday a person (whose name, nor place of abode I did not enquire, being otherwise engaged, and hurried at the time) called upon me to know if I would sell my land in the County of Fayette; answering in the affirmative, he asked the price. I told him I had given you a power to sell it, and to you his application had best be made. Pressing still to know the price, I told him I could enter into no engagement, but supposed if the land was yet unsold he might obtain it at Six dollars an Acre.
This person was a driver of his own Team, and from his appearance I hardly supposed he was in circumstances to advance ten pounds in payment; but to my surprise he gave me to understand (not gasconadingly) that he could pay a £1000 down, and with sufficient time to dispose of the land on which he lives, he could pay £3000 more. I advised him to proceed to you, and he seemed disposed to go, of which I make this mention.
I am sorry I did not ask his name as he seemed much in earnest and had rid from Philadelphia to this place for the sole purpose of making the foregoing enquiries. I think he said he lived in Cumberland County. With very great esteem I am etc.75
[Note 75: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
(Private)
German Town Friday 8 Oclock PM August 8, 1794.
Dear Sir: Mr. Bradfords letter (which I presume you have seen, and) which was sent to me by Express, conveyed to my mind a different idea than it is now impressed with, from the Secretary of States account of the conversation he has had with Colo. Nevill and Major Lenox. I concluded from the-first (combined with the articles in the morning Gazettes) that the Insurrection West of the Mountains was not only general, but that the Insurgents were on the point of embodying; and would receive no mission. Under these circumstances I could see no propriety in the absence of the Officers of the government; nor how I could stand justified in permitting the measure. But I do not perceive that the Accts. of the Inspector and Marshall place matters in a worse light than they stood before, I consent to your pursuing your plan, and wish you a good journey and a safe and speedy return.78 Yours always.
[Note 78: Knox was on the point of going to Maine.]
[MS.H.S.]
German town, 2 o'Clock, August 8, 1794.
Sir: I have this instant received your note of even date with this, and desire if the request of the Attorney General accords with the unanimous sentiments of yourself and the other two Secretaries, the power may be sent agreeably thereto.
I request also that all the information that can be obtained from the Inspector Neville79 and the marshal, may be had as soon as they shall have arrived in the City; and wish it to be delivered before yourself and the above gentlemen, that all of you being thoroughly possessed of the facts, and digesting them well, may be ready to meet me at my house in the City tomorrow morning, with your opinions on the propriety of changing any measure already resolved on, or for adding others thereto, according to the information which shall be received from them. It might not be amiss that the Inspector and marshal shou'd be at hand, tomorrow at the hour appointed.80
[Note 79: John Neville. He was one of the inspectors of survey of distilled spirits in Pennsylvania.]
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
German Town, August 10, 1794.
Dear Sir: We removed to this place about twelve days ago to avoid the heat of Philadelphia, and probably may remain at it until the middle of next month. It was here I received your letter of the 5th. instant, which came to my hands yesterday.
The business of establishing Arsenals, and providing proper places for them is within the Department of War; the Secretary of which (General Knox) set out on Friday last for the Provence of main, and will not be returned in less than Six weeks. But as I am persuaded he has no idea (nor are there indeed funds provided equal thereto) of giving 25,000 Dollars for the Site of one, only, I would not have you, by any means, avoid sowing Wheat; or doing anything else which you might have had in contemplation to do on Account of what I mentioned to you, in my last, on this subject.
What (under the rose I ask it) is said, or thought, as far as it has appeared to you, of the conduct of the People in the Western Counties of this State (Pennsylvania) towards the excise Officers? and does there seem to be a disposition among those with whom you converse, to bring them to a Sense of their duty, and obedience to law, by coercion, if, after they are fully notified by the Proclamation and other expedients, of the consequences of such outrageous proceedings, they do not Submit to the Laws of the United States, and suffer the Collection of the duties upon Spirituous liquors, and Stills, to be made as in other places? In a word, would their be any difficulty, as far as the matter has passed under your observation, in drawing out a part of the Militia of Loudoun, Berkeley and Frederick to quell this rebellious spirit, and to support order and good government? You will readily perceive that questions of this sort from me to you and your answers are for my private information, and to go no further than ourselves.
I am sorry to hear that your bad state of health requires the waters of Bath, but hope they will restore you. My love (in which Mrs. Washington unites) is offered to Mrs. Ball and the family. I am etc.81
[Note 81: From the Ball Deposit in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, August 10, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 21st. of June came duly to hand. For the communications contained in it, I thank you; as I shall do for any other that is interesting to the Community and necessary for me to be informed of. That there should exist in this country such a spirit as you say pervades the people of Kentucky (and which I have also learnt through other channels) is, to me, matter of great wonder; and that it should prevail there, more than in any other part of the Union, is not less surprising to those who are acquainted with the exertions of the General government in their favor. But it will serve to evince whensoever, and to whomsoever facts are developed (and they are not unknown at this moment, to many of the principal characters in that State) that there must exist a pre-disposition among them to be dissatisfied under any circumstances, and under every exertion of government (short of a war with Spain, which must eventually involve one with Great Britain) to promote their welfare.
The protection they receive, and the unwearied endeavours of the General government to accomplish (by repeated and ardent remonstrances) what they seem to have most at heart, viz, the navigation of the Mississipi, obtain no credit with them, or what is full as likely, may be concealed from them or misrepresented by those Societies82 who under specious colourings are spreading mischief far and wide either from real ignorance of the measures pursuing by the government, or from a wish to
[Note 82: Democratic.] bring it, as much as they are able, into discredit; for what purposes, every man is left to his own conjectures.
That similar attempts to discontent the public mind have been practiced with too much success in some of the Western Counties in this State you are, I am certain, not to learn. Actual rebellion against the Laws of the United States exist at this moment notwithstanding every lenient measure which could comport with the duties of the public Officers have been exercised to reconcile them to the collection of the taxes upon spirituous liquors and Stills. What may be the consequences of such violent and outrageous proceedings is painful in a high degree even in contemplation. But if the Laws are to be so trampled upon, with impunity, and a minority (a small one too) is to dictate to the majority there is an end put, at one stroke, to republican government; and nothing but anarchy and confusion is to be expected thereafter; for Some other man, or society may dislike another Law and oppose it with equal propriety until all Laws are prostrate, and every one (the strongest I presume) will carve for himself. Yet, there will be found persons I have no doubt, who, although they may not be hardy enough to justify such open opposition to the Laws, will, nevertheless, be opposed to coercion even if the proclamation and the other temperate measures which are in train by the Executive to avert the dire necessity of a resort to arms, should fail. How far such people may extend their influence, and what may be the consequences thereof is not easy to decide; but this we know, that it is not difficult by concealment of some facts, and the exaggeration of others, (where there is an influence) to bias a well-meaning mind, at least for a time, truth will ultimately prevail where pains is taken to bring it to light.
I have a great regard for Genl. Morgan, and respect his military talents, and am persuaded if a fit occasion should occur no one would exert them with more zeal in the service of his country than he would. It is my ardent wish, however, that this Country should remain in Peace as long as the Interest, honour and dignity of it will permit, and its laws, enacted by the Representatives Of the People freely chosen, shall obtain. With much esteem &c.
[Note 85: In Knox's absence Hamilton took over the duties of the Secretary of War.]
Tuesday, 4 o'Clock, German town, August 12, 1794.
Your letter of the 12 did not get to my hands until my return from Philada. about an hour ago.
The Letters from Majors Butler86 and Bail, make it necessary, in my opinion, to vest discretionary orders with the former, to reinforce the Garrison at Pittsburgh with as many men from Fort Franklin, as can be drawn from it without hazarding that post too much; provided the hazard (on account of the Insurgents) may not be too great for the proposed advantage of the measure.
[Note 86: Majors Thomas Buffer and Erkuries Beatty, of the United States Legion.]
I sent you through the Secry. of State, two letters (of the 14 and 16 ulto.) with enclosures from Govr. Blount,87 which you will consider and report on.88
[Note 87: Gov. William Blount, of the Southwest Territory.]
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Tuesday Morning, August 19, 1794.
Dear Sir: I sincerely condole with you and Mrs. Randolph on your late loss; but as it was an event which had been long expected, I hope she will meet the stroke with fortitude.
Under the circumstances wch. exist, it is by no means my desire that you should attend to the duties of yr. Departmt. Lt the City today, unless it accords perfectly with your convenience and inclination. In that case and that only It is my wish that the files of your Office may be thoroughly examined to set if such communications are on them as Mr. Jaudenes90 refer to. and that you, and the Secrety. of the Treasury wd. give this matter full consideration between this and tomorrow when at ten Oclock I will meet you both at my house in town to know the result and to converse further on this subject which from present appearances, I think undignified, and highly insulting on the part of Spain. Yours etc.
[Note 90: José Jaudenes, Spanish Chargé to the United States.]
German town, August 21, 1794.
Sir: To your note of this date (in behalf of the Department of war) asking my opinion or direction respecting the advisability of sending (under the existing circumstances of the Western Counties of Pennsylvania) two months pay to the army under the immediate orders of General Wayne, I answer, that under my present impressions the measure had better be delayed, at least until the Commissioners who were sent into those Counties, make their report. It certainly would from all the information that has been received from that quarter be too hazardous to send a sum of money by the way of Pittsburgh, thro' counties that are in open rebellion; and besides the circuitousness of the route through what is called the Wilderness, and the length of time required to send it by a messenger that way, there would be, in my opinion, no small risk in the attempt. But as I shall be in the City tomorrow, I will converse with you on this subject.91
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Saturday night, 8 o'Clock, Germantown, August 21, 1794.
Sir: I return herewith the Letters which you sent to me by Express. As soon as you have read that from Mr. Bradford to me, you will send it tonight to the Secretary of the Treasury, together with the letter to yourself, for his perusal. I shall be in the City tomorrow morning before 8 o'Clock, at which hour I shall expect to see you; and I request you to notify the Secretary of the Treasury thereof, that he may also attend.91
(Private)
German Town, August 26, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 17th. came duly to hand, and I thank you for its communications. As the Insurgents in the western counties of this State are resolved (as far as we have yet been able to learn from the Commissioners, who have been sent among them) to persevere in their rebellious conduct untill what they call the excise Law is repealed, and acts of oblivion and amnesty are passed; it gives me sincere consolation amidst the regret with which I am filled, by such lawless and outrageous conduct, to find by your letter above mentioned, that it is held in general detestation by the good people of Virginia; and that you are disposed to lend your personal aid to subdue this spirit, and to bring those people to a proper sense of their duty.
On this latter point I shall refer you to letters from the War office; and to a private one from Colo. Hamilton (who in the absence of the Secretary of War, superintends the military duties of that department) for my sentiments on this occasion.
It is with equal pride and satisfaction I add, that as far as my information extends, this insurrection is viewed with universal indignation and abhorrence; except by those who have never missed an opportunity by side blows, or otherwise, to aim their shafts at the general government; and even among these there is not a Spirit hardy enough, yet, openly to justify the daring infractions of Law and order; but by palliatives are attempting to suspend all proceedings against the insurgents until Congress shall have decided on the case, thereby intending to gain time, and if possible to make the evil more extensive, more formidable, and of course more difficult to counteract and subdue.
I consider this insurrection as the first formidable fruit of the Democratic Societies; brought forth I believe too prematurely for their own views, which may contribute to the annihilation of them.
That these societies were instituted by the artful and designing members (many of their body I have no doubt mean well, but know little of the real plan,) primarily to sow the seeds of jealousy and distrust among the people, of the government, by destroying all confidence in the Administration of it; and that these doctrines have been budding and blowing ever since, is not new to any one, who is acquainted with the characters of their leaders, and has been attentive to their manoeuvres. I early gave it as my opinion to the confidential characters around me, that, if these Societies were not counteracted (not by prosecutions, the ready way to make them grow stronger) or did not fall into disesteem from the knowledge of their origin, and the views with which they had been instituted by their father, Genet, for purposes well known to the Government; that they would shake the government to its foundation. Time and circumstances have confirmed me in this opinion, and I deeply regret the probable consequences, not as they will affect me personally, (for I have not long to act on this theatre, and sure I am that not a man amongst them can be more anxious to put me aside, than I am to sink into the profoundest retirement) but because I see, under a display of popular and fascinating guises, the most diabolical attempts to destroy the best fabric of human government and happiness, that has ever been presented for the acceptance of mankind.
A part of the plan for creating discord, is, I perceive, to make me say things of others, and others of me, wch. have no foundation in truth. The first, in many instances I know to be the case; and the second I believe to be so; but truth or falsehood is immaterial to them, provided their objects are promoted.
Under this head may be classed, I conceive, what it is reported I have said of Mr. Henry, and what Mr. Jefferson is reported to have said of me; on both of which, particularly the first, I mean to dilate a little.93 With solemn truth then I can declare, that I
[Note 93: Lee had written (August 27): "I have talked very freely and confidentially with that Gentleman [Henry]. I plainly perceive that he has credited some information which he has received (from whom I know not which induces him to believe that you consider him a factious seditious character...He seems to be deeply and sorely effected. It is very much to be regretted, for he is a man of positive virtue as well a of transcendent talents, and were it not for his feelings above expressed, I verily believe he would be found among the most active supporters of your administration...very respectable gentleman told me the other day that he was at Mr. Jeffersons, and among enquirys which he made of that gentleman, he asked if it were possible that you had attached yourself to G Britain and if it could be true that you were governed, by British influence as was reported by many. He was answered in the following words: 'that there was no danger of your being biassed by considerations of that sox so long as you were influenced by the wise advisers, or advice, which you at present had. ' I requested him to reflect and reconsider and to repeat again the answer. He did, so and adhered to every word. Now as the conversation astonished me and is inexplicable to my mind as well as derogatory to your character, I consider it would be unworthy in me to withhold the communication from you. To no other person will it ever be made." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.] never expressed such sentiments of that Gentleman, as from your letter, he has been led to believe. I had heard, it is true that he retained his enmity to the Constitution; but with very peculiar pleasure I learnt from Colo. Coles94 (who I am sure will recollect it) that Mr. Henry was acquiescent in his conduct, and that though he could not give up his opinions respecting the Constitution, yet, unless he should be called upon by official duty, he wd. express no sentiment unfriendly to the exercise of the powers of a government, which had been chosen by a majority of the people; or words to this effect.
[Note 94: Isaac Coles, Representative from Virginia.]
Except intimating in this conversation (which to the best of my recollection was introduced by Colo. Coles) that report had made Mr. Henry speak a different language; and afterwards a Prince Edward Court house, where I saw Mr. Venable,95 and finding I was within eight or ten miles of Mr. Henry's seat, and expressing my regret at not seeing him, the conversation might be similar to that held with Colo. Coles; I say, except in these two instances, I do not recollect, nor do I believe, that it the course of the journey to and from the Southward I ever mentioned Mr. Henrys name in conjunction with the Constitution or the government. It is evident therefore, that these, reports are propagated with evil intentions, to create personal
[Note 95: Abraham Bedford Venable, Representative from Virginia.] differences. On the question of the Constitution Mr. Henry and myself, it is well known, have been of different opinions; but personally, I have always respected and esteemed him; nay more, I have conceived myself under obligations to him for the friendly manner in which he transmitted to me some insidious anonymous writings that were sent to him in the close of the year 1777, with a view to embark him in the opposition that was forming against me at that time.96
[Note 96: The Conway Cabal.]
I well recollect the conversations you allude to in the winter preceeding the last; and I recollect also, that difficulties occurred which you, any more than myself, were not able to remove. 1st., though you believed, yet you would not undertake to assert, that Mr. Henry would be induced to accept any appointment under the General Government; in which case, and supposing him to be inemical to it, the wound the government would receive by his refusal, and the charge of attempting to silence his opposition by a place, would be great; 2d., because you were of opinion that no office which would make a residence at the Seat of government essential would comport with his disposition, or views; and 3dly., because if there was a vacancy in the supreme Judiciary at that time (of which I am not at this time certain) it could not be filled from Virginia without giving two Judges to that State, which would have excited unpleasant sensations in other States. Any thing short of one of the great Offices, it could not be presumed he would have accepted; nor would there (under any opinion he might entertain) have been propriety in offering it. What is it then, you have in contemplation, that you conceive would be relished? anti ought there not to be a moral certainty of its acceptance? This being the case, there wd. not be wanting a disposition on my part; but strong inducements on public and private grounds, to invite Mr. Henry into any employment under the General Government to which his inclination might lead, and not opposed by those maxims which has been the invariable rule of my conduct.
With respect to the words said to have been uttered by Mr. Jefferson, they would be enigmatical to those who are acquainted with the characters about me, unless supposed to be spoken ironically; and in that case they are too injurious to me, and have too little foundation in truth, to be ascribed to him. There could not be the trace of doubt on his mind of predilection in mine, towards G. Britain or her politics, unless (which I do not believe) he has set me down as one of the most deceitful, and uncandid men living; because, not only in private conversations between ourselves, on this subject; but in my meetings with the confidential servants of the public, he has heard me often, when occasions presented themselves, express very different sentiments with an energy that could not be mistaken by any one present.
Having determined, as far as lay within the power of the Executive, to keep this country in a state of neutrality, I have made my public conduct accord with the system; and whilst so acting as a public character, consistency, and propriety as a private man, forbid those intemperate expressions in favor of one Nation, or to the prejudice of another, wch. many have indulged themselves in, and I will venture to add, to the embarrassment of government, without producing any good to the Country. With very great esteem &c.
German Town, August 28, 1794.
Dear Sir: Mr. Johnson and Doctr. Stuart having resolved to withdraw themselves as Commissioners of the Federal City, and not to act after the meeting which is proposed to be held on the 15th. of next month, it has become necessary to appoint two others in their places. One of whom, it is said, ought to possess a considerable stock of legal abilities; as cases are frequently occurring to render Law knowledge necessary for the purposes of deciding as well on points depending thereon as for the draughting of agreements and other instruments which are requisite in the progress of the business.
Mr. Scott97 (at present of Baltimore) a gentleman eminent in the profession of the Law, a man of character and fortune, and one who has the welfare of the New City, much at heart, has been applied to and accepts the appointed trust. And if it is convenient and agreeable to you to accept also, the Commission will be again compleated; and the business go on without interruption, from and after the ensuing meeting as before.
[Note 97: Gustavus Scott. He was a native of Prince William County, Va., and served until the board of Commissioners was abolished June 1, 1802.]
It has been found from experience, indispensibly necessary that the Commissioners should reside in the City (in George Town would be tantamount) and devote, by some arrangement amongst themselves, much of their time to the multitudinous concerns of the same; thereby superceding the necessity of employing a Superintendant. As the rendering of such duties are not to be expected on the terms the late Commissioners served (and two of them decline it under any terms) I have now fixed the Salery for each at Sixteen hundred dollars pr. annum. and am obliged to provide successors.
Were it not that I am unwilling to add any thing that might carry with it the appearance of influencing your judgment, in the decision you are called upon to make, in this case; I shd. have expressed a wish that it might be found convenient to you to accept the appointment. If, however, you should find it incompatible with your other plans and views, and should decline the acceptance, I pray you to let me know, as far as you may be able to discover, in how respectable a light Doctr. Thornton98 stands, or would be considered by the Proprietors of the federal City (amongst whom he spent sometime in the month of July last). The Doctr. is sensible, and indefatigable I am told, in the execution of whatever he engages; To which may be added his taste for Architecture; but being little known, doubts arise on that head. If (in case of your non-acceptance)99 any other person, or persons shd. occur to you, as fit for this business, be so good as to mention (under the rose) their names to me. The appointment is necessary, and can be delayed no longer. With very great esteem etc.
[Note 98: Dr. William Thornton's commission as one of the Commissioners was dated Sept. 12, 1794. He also served until June 1, 1802.]
[Note 99: Lear declined.]
[H.L.]
[Note 1: Sir William Petty, Marquis of Lansdowne and Earl of Shelburne.]
Philadelphia, August 30, 1794.
My Lord: I have had the pleasure of receiving your Lordship's letter introducing to me M. Taillerand Perigord.2
[Note 2: Lansdowne's letter was one of the many abstracted by Sprague from the Washington Papers. It is now in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A photostat of it is in the Washington Papers.]
It is matter of no small regret to me that considerations of a public nature, which you will easily conjecture, have not hitherto permitted me to manifest towards that Gentleman, the sense I entertain of his personal character and of your Lordship's recommendation. But I am informed that the reception he has met with in general, has been such as to console him, as far as the state of society here will admit of it, for what he has relinquished in leaving Europe. Time must naturally be favorable to him every where, and may be expected to raise a man of his talents and merit above the temporary disadvantages, which in revolutions result from differences of political opinion.
It would be painful for me to anticipate that the misfortunes of Europe could be the cause of an event which on every personal account would give me the truest satisfaction, the opportunity of welcoming you to a Country, to the esteem of which you have so just a title, and of testifying to you more particularly the sentiments of respect and cordial regard with which I have the honor etc.3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton, The date line is in that of Washington.]
Philadelphia, August 30, 1794.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 23d of June from London (and the duplicate) have both been received; and your safe arrival after so short a passage gave sincere pleasure, as well on private as on public account, to all your friends in this Country; and to none in a greater degree, I can venture to assure you, than it did to myself.
As you will receive letters from the Secretary of States Office giving an official account of the public occurrences as they have arisen, and progressed, it is unnecessary for me to re-touch any of them: and yet, I cannot restrain myself from making some observations on the most recent of them, the communication of which was received this morning only. I mean the protest of the Govr. of Upper Canada (delivered by Lieutt. Sheaffe,4 against our occupying Lands far from any of the Posts which, long ago, they ought to have surrendered; and far within the known, and until now, the acknowledged limits of the United States.
[Note 4: Roger Hall Sheaffs.]
On this irregular, and high handed proceeding of Mr. Simcoe, which is no longer masked, I would rather hear what the Ministry of G. Britain will say, than pronounce my own sentimts. thereon. But can that government or will it attempt, after this official act of one of their governors, to hold out ideas of friendly intentions towds. the United States, and suffer such conduct to pass with impunity?
This may be considered as the most open and daring act of the British Agents in America, though it is not the most hostile or cruel; for there does not remain a doubt in the mind of any well informed person in this country (not shut against conviction) that all the difficulties we encounter with the Indians, their hostilities, the murders of helpless women and innocent children along our frontiers, results from the conduct of the Agents of Great Britain in this Country. In vain is it then for its Administration in Britain to disavow having given orders which will warrant such conduct, whilst their Agents go unpunished; whilst we have a thousand corroborating circumstances and indeed almost as many evidences (some of which cannot be brought forward) to prove that they are seducing from our alliances (endeavouring to remove over the line) tribes that have hitherto been kept in peace and friendship with us, at a heavy expence, and who have no cause of complaint except pretended ones, of their creating; whilst they keep in a state of irritation the tribes who are hostile to us, and are instigating those who know little of us, or we of them, to unite in the War against us; and whilst it is an undeniable fact that they are furnishing the whole with Arms, Ammunition, cloathing, and even provisions to carry on the war; I might go further, and if they are not much belied, add men also, in disguise.
Can it be expected I ask, so long as these things are known in the United States, or at least firmly believed, and suffered with impunity by G. Britain, that there ever will, or can be any cordiality between the two Countries? I answer NO! and I will undertake, without the gift of prophecy, to predict, that it will be impossible to keep this Country in a state of amity with G. Britain long if the Posts are not surrendered. A knowledge of these being my sentiments, would have little weight I am persuaded with the British Admn; nor perhaps with the Nation, in effecting the measure: but both may rest satisfied that if they want to be in Peace with this Country, and to enjoy the benefits of its trade &ca. to give up the Posts is the only road to it. withholding them, and the consequences we feel at present, continuing, war will be inevitably.
This letter is written to you in extreme haste, whilst the Papers respecting this subject I am writing on are copying at the Secretary of States Office to go by Express to New York, for a Vessel which we have just heard Sails tomorrow: you will readily perceive therefore I had no time for digesting, and as little for correcting it. I shall only add that you may be assured always of the sincere friendship and Affection of your &c.5
[Note 5: The press copy has been re-inked by Washington in several places and minor verbal changes made.
On September 5 Washington inclosed a copy of this letter to Jay, with the following note: "This encloses a copy of my last; written, as you will readily perceive, with much haste; as one indication of it, I omitted the stamp of privacy; but you would not, I am persuaded, consider it as official nor in any other light than as the private sentiments very hastily thrown together of Yours etc." The press copy of this is in the Washington Papers.]
German Town, August 31, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 19th. inst: has been received; and I will answer such parts as require it.
The money in your hands, belonging to me may be lodged in Alexandria, and made subject to Mr. William Pearce (my manager) his order. This will answer all the purposes of your coming down, if he is advised thereof. At the same time write, and transmit me the acct. that I may see who have paid, and who are delinquent. Charge every thing due to yourself in the account, as I have an insufferable objection to after reckonings.
The ensuing Rents may be applied in purchasing in the Leases if to be accomplished on advantageous terms, but do not deceive yourself as to the calculation of receiving 10 pr. Ct. on the money advanced. For illucidation take this example, suppose a tenament at £5 pr. annum is bought in for £100, and rented afterwards at £10 pr. annum, what pr. Ct. do I receive in this case? not 10 pr. Ct. surely, but 5 pr. Ct. only; because £5. would have been received if no purchase, had been made, and the £100 loaned to you, or any other person would produce the other £5; of course I gain nothing by the purchase. This statement might and probably had occurred to you but to make the matter certain, I thought it would be best to mention it.
If advantageous purchases can be made, and the rents arising are inadequate, upon notice thereof I will fall upon some expedient to enlarge the fund; and the time of purchase may be extended to the days of Grace allowed by the Leases, or the Replevy Bonds where given.
In all cases of Transfer under the authority of Mr. Muse, request in my name, and behalf, a copy of the licence given by me, to him, for this purpose before you bring ejectments which you may not be able to support. The reason I require this is, because I cannot have recourse to my papers at Mount Vernon to furnish copies from thence.
I am very well satisfied with what you have done with my property in Winchester, Bath and on Potomac River but wish you had mentioned the terms on which you had offered the latter, and whether there was no condition made with the tenant at Bath, that If I should want the house for myself, or a friend, during the season of resort to the Waters, it was to be cleared and got in order for me or for such friend, without such reservation I might as well be without the house. Nor do I recollect (not having your letters by me) whether you have, in any of them mentioned in what condition they are. They cost me £150 cash to build them.
Give my love, in which Mrs. Washington Unites, to Mrs. Lewis, and be assured of the friendship and regard of Yr etc.6
[Note 6: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 3, 1794.
Sir: In acknowledging the receipt of your Letter of the 26 Ulto. to the President of the United States which he has directed me to do, I have to assure you that he is not less pleased at the readiness with which you have tendered your services (should occasion require) in support of the Constitution and laws of our Country, and the laudable Zeal manifested by you; than he is hurt at the cause which has induced you to make this tender. At the same time the President directs me to inform you, that the appointment of Officers to command the Militia which are required to hold themselves in readiness in the different States, does not belong to him, but to the Commanders in Chief of the Militia of the States from which they are called. I am etc.8
[Note 8: Signed "B. Dandridge" in the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 3 Washington wrote briefly to the Secretary of the Treasury: "As I know nothing that calls me to the City to day, I shall not be there until tomorrow; which will be in time for common occurances. The contents of the enclosed are agreeable." This note is in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress and marked "Private" on the address.]
Philadelphia, September 4, 1794.
Sir: Your letter of the 20th. Ulto. with another from Christopher Cowper, enclosing 450 Dols. in Bank Bills, came to my hands by tuesdays post. The receipt of the latter is acknowledged in my letter to that Gentn.,9 and will be placed to the credit of yr. bond to Mr. Jno. Lewis of Fredericksburg and assigned by him to me.
[Note 9: September 4, which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. The original is in the possession of J. C. Gurley, of Greenville, N. C.]
This bond I shall return to Mr. Lewis that it may be given to you upon a final settlement for the land; which I shall press him, in a letter I propose to write to him on Monday next, to the execution of without delay; and that the nature of the disputes may be known to him, with all the circumstances attending them, must depend very much on your information, which I hope you will be so good as to afford him. I am etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 6, 1794.
Sir: Your letter of the 9th. of May from Dublin, enclosing the duplicate of one written from Newry the 1st of October 1792, came safe to my hands a few days ago; but whether the original of the last and the one referred to in it of the 28th. of January 1790 ever were received, by me, is more than my memory can decide upon at this time. I rather think they were not, but if they were, it is more than probable I forwarded them to the Revd. Mr. Fairfax (the other Trustee of Mrs. Savage and) the only person in her behalf who has had any agency in the matter you write upon, since the year 1775, at which time I was called by the voice of my Country into the walks of public life to the suspencion of those of a private nature.
It would seem by your letters, six, as if you conceived that the money due to the estate of Mrs. Savage was either in my hands, and consequently at my disposal; or, that the Courts of justice in this Country were under my comptrol when you request directions may be issued by me that a finish may be put to the business, and after certain deductions are made, according to enumeration, that the residue may be placed in the hands of Mr. Pollock of New York.
With respect to the first of these ideas I am sorry to inform you, that the arts, and ingratitude of Doctr. Savage during his life time, the contentions respecting his Will or Wills after his death, the suspension of Judicial proceedings in the course of the War with Gt. Britain, the delays of our courts since that period, the chicanery of the Lawyers who were employed by the defendants to procrastinate the suit and stave off judgment; and by throwing it into chancery after one had been obtained at Common Law, have, hitherto, prevented any of the money due to and from the estate of Mrs. Savage from getting into the hands of her Trustees, whilst they or rather Mr. Fairfax, without any fund except that of his private purse is prosecuting, and it is to be feared to a fruitless issue, this Suit; as the accounts are various and unfavorable respecting the property left by the Doctor, and for as much too as the heir of his security (who is also dead) is attempting to prove the want of assets to make good this demand.
I do not mean, however, that you should receive this account as accurate information, for as I have before observed, having no agency in this business (except now and then paying clerks or sherifs fees) for near 20 years I only relate what I have casually heard at intervals from Mr. Fairfax; with whom in future, you will be pleased to corrispond on this subject as he is better able to give you the detail of the business than I am to sketch the outlines of it. Your last letter to me, and its inclosures shall be forwarded to that Gentn. who lives near Alexandria in Virginia.
With respect to your other idea, vizt. that I would direct an end to be put to this business, I beg you to be assured, sir, that I have no more right to intermeddle in the Judicial proceedings of the Courts in this Country than you have, but I can readily enter into the feelings of a person interested in the manner you represent yourself to be, and therefore wish (if that would avail any thing) it was in the power of the Trustees to administer prompt and rigid justice to all who are interested in this matter. an affair which originated in an evil hour, by an injudicious and unhappy marriage, and will end, it is to be feared in vexation and loss to all those who have had any concern in the affairs of the unfortunate Mrs. Savage.
Before I conclude I must be permitted to add, that having no private papers with me of so old a date as my letter to you in Novr. 1786, you must be better acquainted with the information therein given than I can be from recollection. But be it what it may I am persuaded the view I had of the case at that time would warrant the details. I am etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
German Town, September 8, 1794.
My dear Sir: It is not my wish to add to the trouble which I am sorry has been thrown upon you (in a manner unavoidably) in the management of the Suit against the Representatives, or Security of the deceased Doctr. Savage. But when I am written to on this subject by those who are interested therein, I feel the necessity of making some response lest silence should receive an unfavorable interpretation.
On this ground I give you the trouble of perusing the enclosed letter from a Mr. Peter Trenor, and my answer; after which, let me pray you to put a wafer in the latter, and cause it to be forwarded agreeably to the superscription by the first good conveyance that may present itself to your view.
Who Mr. Trenor is I know not. Nor have I any recollection of what he says I wrote to him on the 15th. of Novr. 1786 (having no papers of that date by me, at this place to recur to). I have some imperfect remembrance, it is true, of an application that was made to me by a person in Virginia about the period he mentions, with which I was not favorably impressed, but why I was not so, or whether it came from this person, I am unable to inform you with the least precision; nor is it of such moment as the authenticity and regularity of the papers he alludes to must decide his pretensions.
With best respects to Mrs. Fairfax, and with very sincere esteem and regard for yourself I remain, etc.
Philadelphia, September 8, 1794.
Dear Sir: The enclosures of letters from me to Mr. John Cowper, and from him to me, &ca. occasioned by his Bond to you, assigned to me; will shew you that it was not until tuesday last that I received any part of the contents of the said Bond; and his reason for not discharging the whole of it.
To hold the bond any longer, under these circumstances, would be nugatory; as he means, I perceive, to delay paymt. of it until a final settlement for the land, takes place; and for a variety of reasons this settlement cannot be adjusted with me; amongst others, because I am unacquainted with the agreement you entered into, but principally if it was, my situation and public duties would render it impracticable for me to attend to this business.
I therefore return the Bond to you, that whatever may be due thereon at the final settlement, may be received and carried to the credit of our joint concern. In the mean while, that concern will have credit for Two hundred and two pounds six shillings and five pence half paymt. received Octr. 6th. 1792. and One hundred and forty pounds recd. from Mr. Cowper the fourth instant.
Mr. Cowper, as you will perceive, is very desirous of having this matter settled; nor ought it to be less desirable on our account; for delay will work more against us, than him. Let me beseech you therefore to take prompt and efficatious measures to bring the business to an end. One or two claims, of wch. I never had any knowledge or even suspicion, have already appeared; and others may start up, if the matter lyes open any longer.
I am perfectly satisfied that we aught not to lose any thing on account of any claim set up since the purchase of old Marmaduke Norfleet, and not known at the time of this purchase; at least that the heirs to that Gentleman are liable for all discoveries; but whatever you shall do after a full investigation, advice, and consideration, with respect to such claim or claims, I will abide by.
So soon as you shall have brought this business to a close, be so good as to transmit a state of it to me. I am etc.
German Town, September 13, 1794.
Sir: By Mr. Bradford I was favored with your letter of the 3d. Instt. from Pittsburgh; together with Two hundred and Sixty seven dollars on account of Colo. Cannons Bond; for which, and the train you have placed the residue of it, in, I pray you to accept my best thanks.
I am ready, and willing, to dispose of my lands in Fayette County at the price, and on the terms conditionally offered by the man from Cumberland County, whensoever he, or any other is disposed to close the matter, agreeably thereto. And I would dispose of my other tract in Washington County on the conditions mentioned in your letter of the third, by Mr. Bradford. I do not, for reasons which will readily occur to you, repeat these, but a recurrence to, or recollection of the purport of that letter, will inform you what they are. I will only add on this head, that I am more sollicitous that interest on the unpaid sums shall be secured with punctuality, and without trouble, when due, than I am for the shortness of the credit which is to be allowed; especially if lengthening the credit would enhance the price.
The state of matters in the Western counties of this Commonwealth fill me with the deepest regret, but I shall not trouble you with more than this general expression of it. Circumstanced as things have been in them, for sometime, a letter on business of a private nature, and of immaterial consequence, was not to be expected; nor would the postponement of one until a more tranquil scene have surprized or excited the least impatience in me. With great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, September 21, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 14th. instr. has been duly received. As it was, and is, my earnest wish to discharge my obligation to Mr. Lund Washington, and all other debts; it will prove inconvenient to me to apply the money which you have lodged in the Bank of Alexandria, for my use, to the purpose of paying the debt due from my brother Samuel's estate to that of Mr. Custis'; yet I cannot, whilst there are means at my command, see the estate of the former arrested from his representatives, and suffer them to be involved in difficulty, perhaps in distress and not apply them in prevention.
The estate of my Brother Samuel being involved, and left under wretched management, has already proved a heavy tax upon me. Land which I sold twenty odd years ago to Colo. Philp. Pendleton falling into his hands, and he thereby becoming paymaster to me, has (as I never intended, under the view I had of his affairs, to ask payment) sunk me more than £800. For the board, education, and other expences of his two sons I am in a further advance for it, upwards of £1000 more, besides the support of his daughter Harriot, since she was given over to me by Mrs. Fendall, without receiving a single sous towards it.
For the past I expected no return, but it will be hard (especially as I thought my advances, except for Harriot, were at an end) to launch out a thousand pounds more with as little prospect of a re-fund as for that which has gone before it. Yet, and for the reason I have mentioned, I shall not suffer the remains of the estate to be sold without lending my aid to prevent it. I must therefore leave the thousand pounds in the Bank of Alexandria which you say is appropriated for my use, to your own disposal.
But it is my wish, and desire that the process against that estate may not be arrested short of its coming to actual Sale, at which point I would stop it; without the least intimation of my intention previous thereto, to do so; for the following reasons: 1st. because George and Lawrence Washington do not appear to me to be sufficiently impressed with the incumbrances on their estate; 2d, because both of them seem to entertain too high an opinion of the value of the property they are possessed; 3d, under this mistaken idea, or from proneness to show, they are not, nor will not be restrained from endulgencies, until they either feel, or have a nearer view of the necessity, for imposing those restraints; 4th. because they are not sensible, I believe, of the inconveniency to me of the advances I have made for their accommodation; and 5th, because the estate may (unknown to me) have made some provision to meet this demand, at least in part; and might slacken its exertions, or divert its funds, if another source is contemplated, through which the debt is to be discharged. If all, or any of these things can be effected by concealing my intention, until the period above mentioned, it may be serviceable to all, and injurious to none.
You will have found that Doctr. Thornton's Commission, bears equal date with your letter, of course it was too late for the purpose mentioned in the latter.
With great esteem &c.
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, September 25, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 10th. instr. from the Sulpher Springs has been recd.
When General Knox (who for several days has been expected) returns, I will deliver your letter to him, and from him (in whose department the business lyes) you will receive an answer to your proposition.
I hear with the greatest pleasure of the spirit which so generally pervades the Militia of every State that has been called upon, on the present occasion; and of the decided discountenance the Incendiaries of public peace and order have met within their attempt to spread their nefarious doctrines, with a view to poison and discontent the minds of the people against the government; particularly by endeavouring to have it believed that their liberties were assailed, and that all the wicked and abominable measures that cod. be devised (under specious guises) are practiced to sap the Constitution, and lay the foundation of future Slavery.
The Insurrection in the Western counties of this State is a striking evidence of this; and may be considered as the first ripe fruit of the Democratic Societies. I did not, I must confess; expect their labours would come to maturity so soon; though I never had a doubt, that such conduct would produce some such issue; if it did not meet the frown of those who were well disposed to order and good government, in time; for can any thing be more absurd, more arrogant, or more pernicious to the peace of Society, than for self created bodies, forming themselves into permanent Censors, and under the shade of Night in a conclave, resolving that acts of Congress which have undergone the most deliberate, and solemn discussion by the Representatives of the people, chosen for the express purpose, and bringing with them from the different parts of the Union the sense of their Constituents, endeavouring as far as the nature of the thing will admit, to form that will into Laws for the government of the whole; I say, under these circumstances, for a self created, permanent body, (for no one denies the right of the people to meet occasionally, to petition for, or to remonstrate against, any Act of the Legislature &ca) to declare that this act is unconstitutional, and that act is pregnant of mischief; and that all who vote contrary to their dogmas are actuated by selfish motives, or under foreign influence; nay in plain terms are traiters to their Country, is such a stretch of arrogant presumption as is not to be reconciled with laudable motives: especially when we see the same set of men endeavouring to destroy all confidence in the Administration, by arraigning all its acts, without knowing on what ground, or with what information it proceeds and this without regard to decency or truth. These things were evidently intended, and could not fail without counteraction, to disquiet the public mind; but I hope, and trust, they will work their own cure; especially when it is known, more generally than it is, that the Democratic Society of this place (from which the others have emanated) was instituted by Mr. Genet for the express purpose of dissention, and to draw a line between the people and the government, after he found the Officers of the latter would not yield to the hostile measures in which he wanted to embroil this Country.
I hope this letter will find you, Mrs. Ball and the family in better health than when you wrote last. remember me to them, and be assured that I remain Your Affectionate.15
[Note 15: From the Ball Deposit in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, September 28, 1794.
My dear Sir: You will be disposed to think I am very fickle and unsteady (if you have received the letter I wrote you abt. a week ago) when you find that the purport of this letter, is to request that you will take no measures in consequence of my last.
The reason for this request is, that since the date thereof, I have met with a man in this city (just arrived from Scotland) who from his character, professional knowledge, and the recommendation he brings, will, I conceive, answer my purpose in all respects except his unacquaintedness with negros, and the method of manageing of them. I have, nevertheless, employed him, as he is said to be skilful in making Carts, Plows, farming impliments, and wheels of all sorts.
I will add, if in consequence of the letter above alluded to, you have entered into any engagement with the person in your neighbourhood, he may come on; notwithstanding my contract with the Scotchmen; as he will be much more competent to overlook my Negro Carpenters than the latter, who may be employed principally, if not altogether, in making and repairing the articles I have enumerated. I should be better pleased, however, if he should come singly, than with his workmen; as I shall be rather overdone by the whole.
I shall leave the City the day after tomorrow for Carlisle, to decide there, on a nearer view, whether to proceed with the Troops against the Insurgents, or to return by the meeting of Congress, on the first Monday in November. Letters will not be impeded in their passage to me from the Post Office in this City but a few days longer, on that Acct. With very great regard and Affection I am etc.19
[Note 19: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.
On September 19 Washington indorsed upon the wrapper of a Treasury statement of the interest due the President, the following: "The Certificates on which the within Stock is founded, was endorsed by me, and left in the hands of Mr. Nourse the Registr. in order that the whole may be blended together and simplified for my use and benefit" Beneath it, on Nov. 2, 1795, Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott has noted to the "Cashier of the Bank of the United States, It is the desire of the President that the Interest on the Certifs. enclosed being in six p Cent Stock Dolls 3.746.29 and in 3 P Cent Stock Dolls 2.947.88 may be paid to B. Dandridge Esqr." The original of this wrapper is in Haverford College.]
Philadelphia, September 30, 1794.
Dear Sir: Under the circumstances which exist to exceed your proposed time of absence so long, is to be regretted. but hearing nothing from you for a considerable time has given alarm, lest some untoward accident may have been the cause of it.
Having occasion sometime ago to write to Colo. Ball on business, I observed that the land of which he was possessed was reported as a favorable spot on which to establish an Arsenal and desired to know if he was disposed to part with it. He answered, that he had not entertained any thoughts of doing it; but he would take twenty or twenty five (I am not sure which) thousand dollars for the whole tract; containing, I think one thousand Acres. I replied the sum, I was sure, was much more than the appropriation would allow, if the land was worth it. and therefore it was needless to think more of the matter. Since that I have received the enclosed letter, from him to you on the subject under cover to me. Ten days ago I wrote him that when you returned, his letter should be presented, and I presumed an answer would be given; thus stands the matter.
The other letter from General Wilkinson, enclosed for your perusal, you may think, and say what you please, respecting it.
I am in the moment of my departure for Carlisle, where my ulterior movements will be resolved upon; this prevents me from adding more at this time than that, with sincere esteem, regard and friendship I am etc.20
[Note 20: The following entry is recorded in the Journal of the Proceedings of the President (September 30): "Tuesday the 30 September 1 set out on a journey into the western parts of Pennsylvania, and returned to the City of Philada on Tuesday 28 October."]
October 4, 1794.
Gentlemen: In declaring to you the genuine satisfaction I derive from your very cordial address, I will not mingle any expression of the painful sensations which I experience from the occasion that has drawn me hither. You will be at no loss to do justice to my feelings. But relying on that kindness of providence towards our country which every adverse appearance hitherto has served to manifest and counting upon the tried good sense and patriotism of the great body of our fellow Citizens I do not hesitate to endulge with you the expectation of such an issue as will serve to confirm the blessings we enjoy under a constitution that well deserves the confidence, attachment and support of virtuous and enlightened men; to class the inhabitants of Harrisburgh among this number is only to bear testimony to the zealous and efficient exertions which they have made towards the defence of the laws.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[October 6, 1794.]
Gentlemen: I thank you sincerely for your affectionate address. I feel as I ought what is personal to me; and I cannot but be particularly pleased with the enlightened and patriotic attachment which is manifested towards our happy constitution and the laws.
When we look round and behold the universally acknowledged prosperity, which blesses every part of the U States, facts no less unequivocal than those which are the lamented occasion of our present meeting were necessary to persuade us that any portion of our fellow citizens could be so deficient in descernment or virtue as to attempt to disturb a situation, which instead of murmurs and tumults calls for our warmest gratitude to heaven and our earnest endeavours to preserve and prolong so favoured a lot.
Let us hope that the delusion cannot be lasting, that reason will speedily regain her empire, and the laws their just authority where they have lost it. Let the wise and the virtuous unite their efforts to reclaim the misguided and to detect and defeat the acts of the factious. The union of good men is a basis on which the security of our internal peace and the stability of our government may safely rest. It will always prove an adequate rampart against the vicious and disorderly.
In any case in which it may be indispensable to raise the sword of Justice against obstinate offenders, I shall deprecate the necessity of deviating from a favourite aim, to establish the authority of the laws in the affections of all rather than in the fears of any.
[Accept a reciprocation of good wishes for yourselves and your fellow Citizens.]23
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original is in the University of Pittsburgh Library, and differs from this "Letter Book" copy in punctuation and capitalization. It also lacks the words inclosed in brackets.]
Carlisle, October 6, 1794.
Sir: Your favor of the 27th. Ulto. was put into my hands in the moment I was leaving the City of Philadelphia and I have had neither leisure or opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of it since till now.
I thank you for your polite offer of attending me to the field, but my going thither or returning to the seat of Government in time for the meeting, Congress depends upon circumstances not within my controul nor of which have I such actual information at present as to enable me to decide.
Nothing short of imperious necessity can justify my being absent from the Seat of Government while Congress is in Session. Under this view of the matter I decline making any establishment of a Sute unless that necessity should when, in the choice of Aids, I must have regard to considerations of different kinds. Yours.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 28: 0f the Virginia Militia.]
Carlisle, October 8, 1794.
Dear Sir: In the moment I was leaving the City of Philadelphia for this place, your letter of the 24th Ulto. was put into my hands. Although I regret the occasion which has called you into the field, I rejoice to hear you are there; and because it is probable I may meet you at Fort Cumberland, whither I shall proceed, so soon as I see the Troops at this rendezvous in condition to advance. At that place, or at Bedford, my ulterior resolution must be taken, either to advance with the Troops into the Insurgent Counties of this State, or to return to Philadelphia for the purpose of meeting Congress the 3d. of next month.
Imperious circumstances alone can justify my absence from the Seat of Government whilst Congress are in Session; but if these, from the disposition of the People in the refractory Counties, and the state of the information I expect to receive at the advanced Posts, should appear to exist the lesser must yield to the greater duties of my office and I shall cross the mountains with the Troops; if not, I shall place the command of the combined force under the orders of Governor Lee of Virginia and repair to the Seat of Government.
I am perfectly in sentiment with you, that the business we are drawn out upon, should be effectually executed; and that the daring and factious spirit which has arisen (to overturn the laws, and to subvert the Constitution,) ought to be subdued. If this is not done, there is, an end of and we may bid adieu to all government in this Country, except Mob and Club Govt. from whence nothing but anarchy and confusion can ensue; for if the minority, and a small one too, are suffered to dictate to the majority, after measures have undergone the most solemn discussions by the Representatives of the people, and their Will through this medium is enacted into a law; there can be no security for life, liberty or property; nor if the laws are not to govern, can any man know how to conduct himself with safety for there never was a law yet made, I conceive, that hit the taste exactly of every man, or every part of the community; of course, if this be a reason for opposition no law can be execd. at all witht. force and every man or set of men will in that case cut and carve for themselves; the consequences of which must be deprecated by all classes of men who are friends to order, and to the peace and happiness of the Country; but how can things be otherwise than they are when clubs and Societies have been instituted for the express purpose though clothed in another garb by their diabolical leader Gt29 whose object was to sow sedition, to poison the minds of the people of this Country, and to make them discond. with the Government of it, and who have labored indefatigably to effect these purposes.
[Note 29: Genet.]
As Arms &ca. have been sent on from Phila. in aid of those from New London,30 I hope, and trust, your supplies have been ample. I shall add no more at present but my best wishes and sincere regard for you, and that I am &c.
[Note 30: Virginia.]
Carlisle, October 9, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 6th. came to hand last night. It would have given me pleasure to have had you with me on my present tour, and advantages might have resulted from it, if your return, in time, would have allowed it. It is now too late, as we shall be in the Act of crossing the mountains, or I shall be on my return to Phila. (according to circumstances and the information I shall receive) at the head of the line, before you could arrive with any tolerable ease and convenience to proceed and when the latter, from present appearances is most likely to happen.
I am very glad to hear of your safe return. We were apprehensive something more than common had happened from no one having received a line from you for a considerable time before I left the City.
Our Accts. from the Insurgent Counties are neither distinct or satisfactory, the only occurrence of consequence I have mentd. in a private letter to Mr. Randolph. Tomorrow, if I can get the Troops at this place in motion, I shall set out for Wins. Port; thence to Cumberland, and from thence to Bedford; where, about the 18th or 20th my ultimate measures will be determined on. In haste I am etc.
(Private)
Carlisle, October 9, 1794.
Dear Sir: Yesterday at 11 O dock your dispatches of the 7th. were delivered to me less than 23 hours from the rect. of them by the Express from Philadelphia.
Little, of moment, has occurred since mine of the 6th. A meeting of the Committee of 60, at Parkinson's ferry the 2d. inst. have resolved that if the signature of the submission,31 be
[Note 31: The submission varied slightly in wording, but the printed form, dated Sept. 1794, reads: "I do solemnly promise, henceforth to submit to the Laws of the United States; and I will not directly nor indirectly oppose the execution of the Acts for raising a Revenue on Distilled Spirits and Stills, and that I will support as far as the Laws require the civil authority in affording the protection due to all officers and other Citizens." In the signed submissions in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, the words "solemnly" and "henceforth" are crossed out by pen or pencil.
On October 9 Bartholomew Dandridge, who was with Washington, wrote to Knox from Carlisle: "Before the Presidents departure from Philadelphia he requested Mr. Hodgdon to prepare and hold in readiness for his use sundry Articles such as tents, &ca. &ca. which wou'd be necessary for him in case he should find it expedient to go into the Western Counties with the troops...Tomorrow the President goes on from this to William's Port and Fort Cumberland on the Potomac; thence to Bedford and he directs me to request you to cause the waggon, tents &ca. &ca...to be sent on to this place with all possible dispatch, and that you will add to the Articles which Mr. Hodgdon was desired to prepare such others as you conceive will be absolutely necessary for the President's accommodation, more than which he does not wish...he wishes, however, three single matrasses with Blankets to be among them...from every information, however, which he is possessed of at present, it does not appear necessary that he shou'd cross the mountain; but shou'd the event prove otherwise, it would then be too late for the Articles...to overtake him in time....As the President will be going, if he proceeds, into the Country of Whiskey he proposes to make use of that liquor for his drink, and presuming that beef and bread will be furnished by the contractors he requires no supply of these Articles from you." Dandridge's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. A list of the articles to be forwarded is in the Washington Papers under date of Oct. 11, 1794.
A manuscript copy of "a sketch of a course of an Indian Pea fallow, and the succeeding Crop; the mode and observations, with the proceeds" is noted by Washington: "The above is taken from a publication in the Fredericksburgh Advertiser Extra: 9th Oct 1794. Note,--It does not appear from the foregoing account, nor from the Letter which enclosed it, that the Pea Crop is Ploughed more than once after Planting, or sowing them; but that there is a disagreement as to the manner of doing. By the first, the mould is thrown to, and by the latter from the Pease. An explanation is necessary."] not universal, it is not so much owing to any existing disposition to oppose the laws as to a want of time or information to operate a corrisponding sentiment &ca. &ca. That they the Committee (unanimously) resolve to submit to the Laws of the United States and will support them &ca. &ca. That in the four western Counties of this State, in their opinion, there is a general disposition to submit to all Laws of the U S and a determination to support the Civil authy. in their execution. That Win. Findley of Westmoreland Cry. and David Redick of Washington Cry. be Commrs. to wait upon the President of the U.S and the G. of Pennsa. with a copy of these Resolns.; and to explain to Governmt. the present State of that Ctry. that the Prest. may judge whether an armed force be now necesy. to suppt. the Civil authy. there.
These Commissioners have not made their appearance yet. The Insurgents are alarmed, but not yet brought to their proper senses. Every mean is devised by them and their associates and frds elsewhere to induce a belief that there is no necessity for Troops crossing the mountains; altho' we have information at the sametime that part of the people there are obliged to embody themselves to repel the insults, of another part. The Troops at this rendezvs. will commence their march for Bedford tomorrow; at which time I shall set out for Wms. Port, thence to Fort Cumbd. and from thence to Bedford where from the information I shall receive in the interem my ultimate resolution will be taken to proceed, or to turn my face towards Phila.
I must, for the reasons assigned in my letter of the 6th. remind you of the request therein; my moving situation, and other interruptions when in Camp, will render it almost impracticable to compose anything fit for the public eye under so much expectn, and as the mind of it is filled at present; and the time would be too short after my return to the City (if that should be the result) before the meeting of Congress to do it there. I am etc.
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 34
October 11, 1794--March 29, 1796
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
1940
E312
7
1931
Copy 6
PRINTED
August, 1940
Govt Deposit
JL 15 1942
Accessions Division
The LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
(Private)
Carlisle, October 11, 1794. past 3 Oclock P M
Dear Sir: When I wrote to you yesterday, I did not expect to be in this village at this hour. But finding it difficult to get even part of the Troops off, that were ordered to March yesterday, I resolved to see the residue in motion to day before I left this place, myself. This dilatoriness does not proceed from any disinclination in the Troops themselves, to proceed; but for want of arrangement, and system in some of the principal characters among the Officers of this State, and the disjointed manner in which the former have arrived here. Those however which marched yesterday, with what have followd to day, will make a respectable corps. An Officer of respectability will be left to Organize the remaining detachments of this State's Troops as they shall arrive, and to forward them on. The Jersey Troops came on in Compe. Corps but are badly cloathed.
I had scarcely dispatched my letter to you yesterday, when the Commissioners or deputies (Findley and Redick) from the Insurgent Counties arrived.1 My Public letter, written by Colo.
[Note 1: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "with the resolves of the meeting at Parkinsons ferry on the 2d instant; and their ideas of the sentiments of the people in the four Western Counties of this State. From which it is very evident they are not a little panic struck but not yet come to thr propr Senses, this I hope will soon happen and that they will be ready to do any thing and every thing that is required of them. But it is to be feared all those of whom fit examples ought to be made will have left the Country; as they are disposing of their property at any rate and many have actually (according to their accts.) fled."] Hamilton will inform you of the result. I believe they arescared.
All the Papers which may be deemed necessary and proper to accompany my address to Congress, at the Opening of the Session, I pray you to have ready; for there will not be time to do it between my arrival in the City, and the meeting of that body. From present appearances It is not likely I shall proceed beyond Bedford. My return to Philadelphia even in that case can be but a day or two before the first Monday in next month. Sincerely and Affectionately &c.
(Private)
Fort Cumberland, October 16, 1794.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 11th. instt. were received this morning at my stage 15 miles short of this place. We arrived here in the afternoon of this day; and found a respectable force assembled from the States of Virginia and Maryland; and I am informed that about 1500 more (from the former state) either is or will be at Frankfort (ten miles on our left) this evening or tomorrow at farthest. Nothing more precise, than you were informed of in my last, from Carlisle, has been heard from the Insurgent counties. All accts. agree however, that they are much alarmed at the serious appearance of things: The truth of which I expect to be better informed of to morrow, or next day, by persons whom I have sent amongst them and whose return may be looked for about that time.
I do not expect to be here more than two days; thence to Bedford, where, as soon as matters are arranged, and a plan settled, I shall shape my course for Philadelphia; but not because the impertinence of Mr. Bache,2 or his corrispondents has undertaken to pronounce, that I cannot, constitutionally, command the Army whilst Congress are in Session.
[Note 2: Benjamin Franklin Bache.]
I believe the eyes of all the well disposed people of this Country will soon be opened, and that they will dearly see, the tendency if not the design of the leaders of these self created societies.3 As far as I have heard them spoken of, it is with strong reprobation. I should be extremely sorry therefore if Mr. M--n4 from any cause whatsoevershould get entangled with them, or their politics.
[Note 3: The Democratic societies.]
[Note 4: James Madison.
The Secretary of State (Randolph) had written to Washington from Philadelphia (October 14): "Governor Mifflin's conduct at Carlisle has been represented here in colours, so full of contempt, that the general observation is, 'how unfit would he have been to command the army.'" Randolph's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
As the Speech will be composed of several distinct subjects, my wish was that each of these shd. receive its final dress; subject however to revision; that part especially which relates to the insurrection and the proceedings thereupon. The subjects themselves, will naturally point to the order, in which they ought to follow each other; and the throwing them into it cannot, at any time, be more than the work of a few minutes after the materials are all provided. It will appear evident, on a moments reflection, that the continual interruptions in a militia camp, where every thing is to be provided, and arranged, will allow no time to clothe the speech in a correct or handsome garb; nor will there be time to do it after my return.
My mind is so perfectly convinced, that if these self created socities cannot be discountenanced, that they will destroy the government of this Country that I have asked myself whilst I have been revolving on the expence and inconvenience of drawing so many men from their families and occupations as I have seen on their march where wd. be the impropriety of glancing at them in my Speech by some such idea as the following;
That however distressing this Expedition will have proved to individuals, and expensive to the Country, the pleasing spirit which it has drawn forth in support of Law and Govt. will immortalize the American character and is a happy presage, that future attempts of a certain description of people will not, tho' accompanied by the same industry, sow the seed of distrust and disturb the public tranquillity will prove equally abortive.5
[Note 5: As first written this portion read "the American character notwithstanding the infinite pains which have been taken by certain descriptions of men and incendiary writers to disturb the public mind and lead it astray impress it with the most unfavorable ideas of its government."]
I have formed no precise ideas of what is best to be done or said on this subject, nor have I time to express properly what has occurred to me, as I am now writing at an hour when I ought to be in bed; because all the day, from business or ceremonious introductions I have been unable to do it sooner. I am, &c.
(Private)
Fort Cumberland, October 188, 1794.
Dear Sir: I have directed Mr. Dandridge to acknowledge the receipt of your public despatches of the 13 Inst, whilst I enclose those of our Envoy to you, which came under cover to me in a letter from him dated the 5. of August,6 with the following P. S.:
[Note 6: John Jay's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I shall enclose with this my dispatches for Mr. Randolph. If the William Penn shou'd be stopped by a belligerent vessel, they will respect a letter directed to you, more than one directed to him on opening it, I find duplicates only.
His private letter to me of the date above, and which he wishes may be considered as confidential, (which, and the possible risque, prevents my sending it to you by the returning Express) is a very pleasing one; as it is more indicative of a hope and expectation of general good success in his mission than any that had come from him before. He conceives, that there is no indisposition in the present ministry to settle the several matters in dispute upon what they conceive to be just and liberal terms. But what these may appear to be, when they come to close discussion, no one can prognosticate; to give and take I presume will be the result. I am led to draw more favorable inferrences from this letter however than from any of his preceding ones. I am, &c.7
[Note 7: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.
On October 18 Dandridge wrote to the Secretary of State: "By information which has been received thro' several channels it appears that the people in the western counties of Pennsylvania are at length convinced of the approach of the army, and are truly alarmed at the consequences which may attend its passage thro' their country....The President will leave this place [Fort Cumberland] early tomorrow morning on his way to Bedford, where 'tis likely he will be detained three or four days." Dandridge's letter is recorded in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 8: Also the commander in chief of the militia army marching against the insurrectionists in western Pennsylvania.]
Bedford, October 20, 1794.
Sir: Being about to return to the seat of government, I cannot take my departure without conveying through you to the Army under your command the very high sense I entertain of the enlightened and patriotic zeal for the constitution and the laws which has led them chearfully to quit their families and homes and the comforts of private life to undertake and thus far to perform a long and fatiguing march and to encounter and endure the hardships and privations of a Military life. Their conduct hitherto affords a full assurance that their perseverance will be equal to their zeal and that they will continue to perform with alacrity whatever the full accomplishment of the object of their march shall render necessary.
No citizens of the U. States can ever be engaged in a service more important to the Country. It is nothing less than to consolidate and to preserve the blessings of that Revolution which at much expense of blood and treasure constituted us a free and independent Nation. It is to give the world an illustrious example, of the utmost consequence to the cause of mankind. I experience a heart-felt satisfaction in the conviction that the Conduct of the troops throughout will be in every respect answerable to the goodness of the cause and the magnitude of the stake.
There is but one point on which I think it proper to add a special recommendation. It is this, that every officer and soldier will constantly bear in mind that he comes to support the laws and that it would be peculiarly unbecoming in him to be in any way the infractor of them; that the essential principles of a free government confine the provinces of the Military to these two objects: 1st: to combat and subdue all who may be found in arms in opposition to the National will and authority; 2dly to aid and support the civil Magistrate in bringing offenders to justice. The dispensation of this justice belongs to the civil Magistrate and let it ever be our pride and our glory to leave the sacred deposit there unviolated. Convey to my fellow citizens in arms my warm acknowledgments for the readiness with which they have seconded me in the most delicate and momentous duty the chief Magistrate of a free people can have to perform and add my affectionate wishes for their health comfort and success. Could my further presence with them have been necessary or compatible with my civil duties at a period when the approaching commencement of a session of Congress particularly urges me to return to the seat of Government, it would not have been withheld. In leaving them I have the less regret, as I know I commit them to an able and faithful director; and that this director will be ably and faithfully seconded by all.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The entire letter was published in General Lee's orders of Oct. 21, 1794.]
Philadelphia, October 31, 1794.
Dear Sir: By pushing through the rain (which fell more or less on Saturday, Sunday and Monday) I arrived in this City before noon on Tuesday; without encountering any accident on the road, or any thing so unpleasant than the badness of the ways, after the rains had softened the earth and made them susceptible of deep impression, of the Wheels. How you passed through the Glades after the various accounts we had received of them, in such wet weather, I am at a loss to conjecture; but am extremely anxious to know; as I also am to learn the operations of the Army, and the state and condition of it, since.
Nothing important, or new has been lately received from our Ministers abroad; and although accounts from London to the first of September, and from Ireland of still later date have been inserted in the Gazettes, they are not precise enough to be detailed in a letter. In general however, the French continue to be successful by land, and it might be added by Sea also, for they are capturing a great number of British Merchantmen: Nor does the fate of Robespierre seem to have given more than a momentary stagnation to their affairs. The Armies rejoice at it, and the people are congratulating one another on the occasion.
Mr. Monroe is arrived in France and has had his reception in the midst of the Convention, at Paris, but no letter has been received from him.
Few members have yet come to town. Tomorrow I presume will bring many. The papers say Mr. Trumbull is elected to the Senate, in the room of Mr. Mitchell20 who has resigned; but who has, or will, supply his place in the other house is not mentioned.
[Note 20: Jonathan Trumbull and Stephen M. Mitchell, of Connecticut.]
Husbands and the other prisoners were safely lodged in this City on Wednesday afternoon. Press the Governors &ca. to be pointed in ordering the Officers under their respective commands, to march back with their respective Corps; and to see that the Inhabitants meet with no disgraceful insults, or injuries from them. The Secretary of War will, I expect, say something respecting the deposit of the Arms and public stores in proper places; to him therefore I shall refer.
Mrs. Hamilton and your family were very well yesterday afternoon. Your letter of the 23d. has been recd. I am always, and Affectly yours.21
[Note 21: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, November 1 [--5], 1794.
My dear Sir: On tuesday last I returned from my tour to the Westward; on monday, Congress, by adjournment, are to meet; and on the day following, Mr. Bayard,25 according to his present expectation, is to leave this city for London.
[Note 25: Samuel Bayard.]
Thus circumstanced (having so little time between my return, and the opening of the Session, to examine papers and to prepare my communications for the Legislature) you will readily perceive that my present address to you must be hurried; at the sametime my friendship and regard for you, would not let an opportunity, so good as the one afforded by Mr. Bayard, pass without some testimony of my remembrance of you; and an acknowledgment, of the receipt of your private letters to me, dated the 23d of June, 21st of July, and 5th and 11th of August. These comprehend all the letters I have recd. from you since your arrival in England, to the present date.
That of the 5th. of August, dawns more favorably upon the success of your mission than any that had preceeded it; and for the honor, dignity and interest of this country; for your own reputation and glory; and for the peculiar pleasure and satisfaction I shd. derive from it, as well on private, as on public considerations, no man more ardently wishes you compleat success than I do. But, as you have observed in some of your letters, that it is hardly possible in the early stages of a negociation to foresee all the results, so much depending upon fortuitous circumstances, and incidents which are not within our controul; so, to deserve success, by employing the means with which we are possessed, to the best advantage, and trusting the rest to the all wise disposer, is all that an enlightened public, and the virtuous, and well disposed part of the community, can reasonably expect; nor in which will they I am sure be disappointed. Against the malignancy of the discontented, the turbulant, and the vicious, no abilities; no exertions; nor the most unshaken integrity, are any safeguard.
As far as depends upon the Executive, measures preparatory for the worst, while it hopes for the best, will be pursued; and I shall endeavor to keep things in statu quo until your negotiation assumes a more decisive form; which I hope will soon be the case, as there are many hot heads and impetuous spirits among us who with difficulty can be kept within bounds. This, however, ought not to precipitate your conduct; for, as it has been observed, there is a "tide in human affairs" that ought always to be watched; and because I believe all who are acquainted with you, will readily concede, that considerations both public and private combine to urge you to bring your mission to a close with as much celerity as the nature of it will admit.
As you have been, and will continue to be, fully informed by the Secretary of State of all transactions of a public nature, which relate to, or may have an influence on the points of your mission, it would be unnecessary for me to touch upon any of them in this letter; was it not for the presumption, that, the insurrection in the western counties of this State has excited much speculation, and a variety of opinions abroad; and will be represented differently according to the wishes of some, and the prejudices of others, who may exhibit it as an evidence of what has been predicted "that we are unable to govern ourselves." Under this view of the subject, I am happy in giving it to you as the general opinion that this event having happened at the time it did, was fortunate, altho' it will be attended with considerable expence.
That the self-created Societies,26 wch. have spread themselves over this country, have been labouring incessantly to sow the seeds of distrust, jealousy, and of course discontent; thereby hoping to effect some revolution in the government, is not unknown to you. That they have been the fomenters of the Western disturbances, admits of no doubt in the mind of any one who will examine their conduct. But fortunately, they have precipitated a crisis for which they were not prepared; and thereby have unfolded views which will, I trust, effectuate their annihilation sooner than it might otherwise have happened; at the sametime that it has afforded an occasion for the people of this country to shew their abhorrence of the result, and their attachment to the Constitution and the laws; for I believe that five times the number of militia that was required, would have come forward, if it had been necessary, in support of them.
[Note 26: The Democratic societies.]
The Spirit which blazed out on this occasion, as soon as the object was fully understood, and the lenient measures of the government were made known to the people, deserved to be communicated: for there are instances of General Officers going at the head of a single Troop, and of light companies; of field Officers, when they came to the places of rendezvous and found no command for them in that grade, turning into the ranks and proceeding as private Soldiers, under their own Captains. and of numbers, possessing the first fortunes in the Country, standing in the ranks as private men and marching day by day with their knapsacks and haversacks at their backs; sleeping on straw, with a single blanket, in a Soldiers tent, during the frosty nights which we have had; by way of example to others. nay more, many young Quakers (not discouraged by the Elders) of the first families, charactrs. and property having turned into the Ranks and are marchg. with the Troops.
These things have terrified the Insurgents, who had no conception that such a spirit prevailed; but, while the thunder only rumbled at a distance, were boasting of their strength, and wishing for, and threatening the militia by turns; intimating, that the arms they should take from them, would soon become a magazine in their hands. Their language is much changed indeed but their principles want correction.
I shall be more prolix in my speech to Congress, on the commencement and progress of this insurrection, than is usual in such an instrument, or, than I should have been, on any other occasion: but, as numbers (at home and abroad) will hear of the insurrection, and will read the speech, that may know nothing of the documents to which it might refer, I conceived, it would be better to encounter the charge of prolixity, by giving a cursory detail of facts (that would show the prominent features of the thing) than to let it go naked into the world, to be dressed up according to the fancy or the inclination of the readers, or the policy of our enemies.
I write nothing in answer to the letter of Mr. Wangenheim (enclosed by you to me). Were I to enter into corrispondencies of that sort (admitting there was no impropriety in the measure) I should be unable to attend to my ordinary duties. I have established it as a maxim, neither to envite, nor to discourage emigrants. My opinion is, that they will come hither as fast as the true interest and policy of the United States will be benefited by foreign population. I believe many of these, as Mr. Wangenheim relates, have been, and I fear will continue to be, imposed upon by Speculators in land, and other things. But I know of no prevention but caution, nor any remedy except the Laws. Nor is military, or other employment so easily obtained as foreigners conceive, in a country where offices bear no proportion to the seekers of them. with sincere esteem &c.
PS. Novr. 5th. Your corrisponde. with New York is, I have no doubt, too frequent and regulr. to render any acct. of Mrs. Jay from me necessary; yet as I was told yesterday by Mr. King27 that she and all yr. family were well, I chose to mention it. For want of a Senate, Congress cannot proceed to business.
[Note 27: Rufus King.]
Philadelphia, November 9, 1794.
Sir: By Mr. Bayard (a respectable young Gentleman of this City) who will have the honor of presenting this letter to you, I take the liberty of putting into your hands, a work, which only made its appearance a few days ago. "A view of the United States of America in a series of Papers."
I have not read it yet, and therefore shall say nothing for, or against the merits of it, further than that the author is a man of intelligence and accuracy; and (being the Commissioner of our revenue) possessed the means of official information; which, of course, has enabled him to detail matters depending thereon, with truth and precision.
If the performance should afford you any satisfaction, or convey any information which was unknown to you before, it will give pleasure to Sir, Your etc.
Saturday, November 15, 1794.
Dear Sir: I have not been able to give the papers herewith enclosed more than a hasty reading; returning them, without delay, that you may offer the perusal of them to whom soever you shall think proper.
The picture drawn in them, of the Genevese, is really interesting and affecting. The proposition of transplanting the members, entire, of the University of that place to America, with the requisition of means to establish the same, and to be accompanied by a considerable emigration is important; requiring more consideration, than, under the circumstances of the moment I am able to bestow on it.
That a National University in this country is a thing to be desired, has always been my decided opinion; and the appropriation of ground and funds for it in the Federal City, have long been contemplated and talked of; but how far matured, or how far the transplanting of an entire Saminary of Foreigners, who may not understand our Language, can be assimilated therein is more than I am prepared to give an opinion upon, or indeed how far funds in either case are attainable.
My opinion, with respect to emigration, is, that except of useful Mechanics and some particular descriptions of men or professions, there is no need of encouragement: while the policy or advantage of its taking place in a body (I mean the settling of them in a body) may be much questioned; for, by so doing, they retain the Language, habits and principles (good or bad) which they bring with them. Whereas by an intermixture with our people, they, or their descendants, get assimilated to our customs, measures and laws: in a word, soon become one people.
I shall, at any leasure hour, after the Session is fairly opened, have pleasure in a full and free conversation with you on this subject, being, with much esteem &c.31
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, November 19, 1794.35
[Note 35: Congress convened November 3, but a quorum not being present, it adjourned from day to day until November 18, when a committee consisting of Senators Ralph Izard and John Langdon and Representatives Elias Boudinot, Henry Dearborn, and Nicholas Gilman waited upon the President "to inform him that Congress were ready to receive any communications which he might think fit to make and to know when and where he would choose to make them. The President informed the Committee that he would meet both Houses of Congress tomorrow, at noon, in the Chamber of the House of Representatives, and make such communications as appeared to him to suit the occasion."
This entry is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers: "November 19th. Agreeably to the arrangement of yesterday, the President, attended by the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War and the Attorney General of the U States (the Secretary of the Treasury being absent) repaired at noon to the chamber of the House of Representatives, where the members of the two houses being assembled, he addressed them the following Speech."]
Fellow Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: When we call to mind the gracious indulgence of Heaven, by which the American People became a nation; when we survey the general prosperity of our country, and look forward to the riches, power, and happiness, to which it seems destined; with the deepest regret do I announce to you, that during your recess, some of the citizens of the United States have been found capable of an insurrection. It is due, however, to the character of our government, and to its stability, which cannot be shaken by the enemies of order, freely to unfold the course of this event.
During the session of the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety, it was expedient to exercise the legislative power, granted by the constitution of the United States, "to lay and collect excises." In a majority of the States, scarcely an objection was heard to this mode of taxation. In some, indeed, alarms were at first conceived, until they were banished by reason and patriotism. In the four western counties of Pennsylvania, a prejudice, fostered and embittered by the artifice of men, who labored for an ascendency over the will of others, by the guidance of their passions, produced symptoms of riot and violence. It is well known, that Congress did not hesitate to examine the complaints which were presented, and to relieve them, as far as justice dictated, or general convenience would permit, But the impression, which this moderation made on the discontented, did not correspond, with what it deserved. The arts of delusion were no longer confined to the efforts of designing individuals.
The very forbearance to press prosecutions was misinterpreted into a fear of urging the execution of the laws; and associations of men began to denounce threats against the officers employed. From a belief, that by a more formal concert, their operation might be defeated, certain self-created societies36 assumed the tone of condemnation. Hence, while the greater part of Pennsylvania itself were conforming themselves to the acts of excise, a few counties were resolved to frustrate them. It was now perceived, that every expectation from the tenderness which had been hitherto pursued, was unavailing, and that further delay could only create an opinion of impotency or irresolution in the government. Legal process was, therefore, delivered to the marshal, against the rioters and delinquent distillers.
[Note 36: The Democratic societies.]
No sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty, than the vengeance of armed men was aimed at his person, and the person and property of the inspector of the revenue. They fired upon the marshal, arrested him, and detained him for some time, as a prisoner. He was obliged, by the jeopardy of his life, to renounce the service of other process, on the west side of the Allegeny mountain; and a deputation was afterwards sent to him to demand a surrender of that which he had served. A numerous body repeatedly attacked the house of the inspector, seized his papers of office, and finally destroyed by fire, his buildings, and whatsoever they contained. Both of these officers, from a just regard to their safety, fled to the seat of government; it being avowed, that the motives to such outrages were to compel the resignation of the inspector, to withstand by force of arms the authority of the United States, and thereby to extort a repeal of the laws of excise, and an alteration in the conduct of government.
Upon the testimony of these facts, an associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States notified to me, that "in the counties of Washington and Allegeny, in Pennsylvania, laws of the United States were opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed by combinations, too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshal of that district." On this call, momentous in the extreme, I sought and weighed, what might best subdue the crisis. On the one hand, the judiciary was pronounced to be stripped of its capacity to enforce the laws; crimes, which reached the very existence of social order, were perpetrated without controul, the friends of government were insulted, abused, and overawed into silence, or an apparent acquiescence; and the yield to the treasonable fury of so small a portion of the United States, would be to violate the fundamental principle of our constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail. On the other, to array citizen against citizen, to publish the dishonor of such excesses, to encounter the expense, and other embarrassments of so distant an expedition, were steps too delicate, too closely interwoven with many affecting considerations, to be lightly adopted. I postponed, therefore, the summoning of the militia immediately into the field. But I required them to be held in readiness, that if my anxious endeavours to reclaim the deluded, and to convince the malignant of their danger, should be fruitless, military force might be prepared to act, before the season should be too far advanced.
My Proclamation of the 7th of August last was accordingly issued, and accompanied by the appointment of Commissioners, who were charged to repair to the scene of insurrection. They were authorized to confer with any bodies of men, or individuals. They were instructed to be candid and explicit, in stating the sensations, which had been excited in the Executive, and his earnest wish to avoid a resort to coercion. To represent, however, that without submission, coercion must be the resort; but to invite them, at the same time, to return to the demeanor of faithful citizens, by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of the executive power. Pardon, too, was tendered to them by the government of the United States, and that of Pennsylvania, upon no other condition, than a satisfactory assurance of obedience to the laws.
Although the report of the commissioners marks their firmness and abilities, and must unite all virtuous men, by shewing, that the means of conciliation have been exhausted, all of those who had committed or abetted the tumults, did not subscribe the mild form, which was proposed, as the atonement; and the indications of a peaceable temper were neither sufficiently general, nor conclusive, to recommend or warrant, a further suspension of the march of the militia.
Thus, the painful alternative could not be discarded. I ordered the militia to march, after once more admonishing the insurgents, in my proclamation of the 25th of September last.
It was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision, the lowest degree of force, competent to the quelling of the insurrection. From a respect, indeed, to oeconomy, and the ease of my fellow citizens belonging to the militia, it would have gratified me to accomplish such an estimate. My very reluctance to ascribe too much importance to the opposition, had its extent been accurately seen, would have been a decided inducement to the smallest efficient numbers. In this uncertainty, therefore, I put in motion fifteen thousand men, as being an army, which, according to all human calculation, would be prompt, and adequate in every view; and might perhaps, by rendering resistance desperate, prevent the effusion of blood. Quotas had been assigned to the states of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia; the governor of Pennsylvania having declared on this occasion, an opinion which justified a requisition to the other states.
As commander in chief of the militia, when called into the actual service of the United States, I have visited the places of general rendezvous, to obtain more exact information, and to direct a plan for ulterior movements. Had there been room for a persuasion, that the laws were secure from obstruction; that the civil magistrate was able to bring to justice such of the most culpable, as have not embraced the proffered terms of amnesty, and may be deemed fit objects of example; that the friends to peace and good government were not in need of that aid and countenance, which they ought always to receive, and I trust, ever will receive, against the vicious and turbulent; I should have caught with avidity the opportunity of restoring the militia to their families and home. But succeeding intelligence has tended to manifest the necessity of what has been done; it being now confessed by those who were not inclined to exaggerate the ill-conduct of the insurgents, that their malevolence was not pointed merely to a particular law; but that a spirit, inimical to all order, has actuated many of the offenders. If the state of things had afforded reason for the continuance of my presence with the army, it would not have been withholden. But every appearance assuring such an issue, as will redound to the reputation and strength of the United States, I have judged it most proper, to resume my duties at the seat of government, leaving the chief command with the governor of Virginia.
Still, however, as it is probable, that in a commotion like the present, whatsoever may be the pretence, the purposes of mischief and revenge may not be laid aside; the stationing of a small force for a certain period in the four western counties of Pennsylvania will be indispensable; whether we contemplate the situation of those, who are connected with the execution of the laws; or of others who may have exposed themselves by an honorable attachment to them.
Thirty days from the commencement of this session, being the legal limitation of the employment of the militia, Congress cannot be too early occupied with this subject.
Among the discussions, which may arise from this aspect of our affairs, and from the documents which will be submitted to Congress, it will not escape their observation, that not only the inspector of the revenue, but other officers of the United States in Pennsylvania have, from their fidelity in the discharge of their functions, sustained material injuries to their property. The obligation and policy of indemnifying them are strong and obvious. It may also merit attention, whether policy will not enlarge this provision to the retribution of other citizens, who, though not under the ties of office, may have suffered damage by their generous exertions for upholding the constitution and the laws. The amount, even if all the injured were included, would not be great; and on future emergencies, the government would be amply repaid by the influence of an example, that he, who incurs a loss in its defence shall find a recompense in its liberality.
While there is cause to lament, that occurrences of this nature should have disgraced the name, or interrupted the tranquillity of any part of our community, or should have diverted to a new application, any portion of the public resources, there are not wanting real and substantial consolations for the misfortune. It has demonstrated, that our prosperity rests on solid foundations; by furnishing an additional proof, that my fellow citizens understand the true principles of government and liberty: that they feel their inseparable union: that notwithstanding all the devices which have been used to sway them from their interest and duty, they are now as ready to maintain the authority of the laws against licentious invasions, as they were to defend their rights against usurpation. It has been a spectacle, displaying to the highest advantage, the value of Republican Government, to behold the most and least wealthy of our citizens standing in the same ranks as private soldiers; pre-eminently distinguished by being the army of the constitution; undeterred by a march of three hundred miles over rugged mountains, by the approach of an inclement season, or by any other discouragement. Nor ought I to omit to acknowledge the efficacious and patriotic co-operation, which I have experienced from the chief magistrates of the states, to which my requisitions have been addressed.
To every description, indeed, of citizens let praise be given. But let them persevere in their affectionate vigilance over that precious depository of American happiness, the constitution of the United States. Let them cherish it too, for the sake of those, who from every clime are daily seeking a dwelling in our land. And when in the calm moments of reflection, they shall have retraced the origin and progress of the insurrection, let them determine, whether it has not been fomented by combinations of men, who, careless of consequences, and disregarding the unerring truth, that those who rouse, cannot always appease a civil convulsion, have disseminated, from an ignorance or version of facts, suspicions, jealousies, and accusations of the whole government.
Having thus fulfilled the engagement, which I took, when I entered into office, "to the best of my ability to preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States," on you, Gentlemen, and the people by whom you are deputed, I rely for support.
In the arrangements, to which the possibility of a similar contingency will naturally draw your attention, it ought not to be forgotten, that the militia laws have exhibited such striking defects, as could not have been supplied but by the zeal of our citizens. Besides the extraordinary expense and waste, which are not the least of the defects, every appeal to those laws is attended with a doubt of its success.
The devising and establishing of a well regulated militia, would be a genuine source of legislative honor, and a perfect title to public gratitude. I, therefore, entertain a hope, that the present session will not pass, without carrying to its full energy the power of organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia; and thus providing, in the language of the constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.
As auxiliary to the state of our defence, to which Congress can never too frequently recur, they will not omit to enquire whether the fortifications, which have been already licensed by law, be commensurate with our exigencies.
The intelligence from the army, under the command of general Wayne, is a happy presage to our military operations against the hostile Indians north of the Ohio. From the advices which have been forwarded, the advance which he has made must have damped the ardor of the savages, and weakened their obstinacy in waging war against the United States. And yet, even at this late hour, when our power to punish them cannot be questioned, we shall not be unwilling to cement a lasting peace, upon terms of candor, equity, and good neighborhood.
Towards none of the Indian tribes have overtures of friendship been spared. The Creeks in particular are covered from encroachment by the interposition of the General Government and that of Georgia. From a desire also to remove the discontents of the Six Nations, a settlement, meditated at Presqu'isle on Lake Erie, has been suspended; and an agent is now endeavoring to rectify any misconception, into which they may have fallen. But I cannot refrain from again pressing upon your deliberations, the plan which I recommended at the last session, for the improvement of harmony with all the Indians within our limits, by the fixing and conducting of trading houses, upon the principles then expressed.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: The time, which has elapsed, since the commencement of our fiscal measures, has developed our pecuniary resources, so as to open a way for a definitive plan for the redemption of the public debt. It is believed, that the result is such, as to encourage Congress to consummate this work, without delay. Nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation, and nothing would be more grateful to our constituents. Indeed whatsoever is unfinished of our system of public credit, cannot be benefited by procrastination; and as far as may be practicable, we ought to place that credit on grounds which cannot be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumulation of debt which must ultimately endanger all governments.
An estimate of the necessary appropriations, including the expenditures into which we have been driven by the insurrection, will be submitted to Congress.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: The mint of the United States has entered upon the coinage of the precious metals; and considerable sums of defective coins and bullion have been lodged with the director by individuals. There is a pleasing prospect that the institution will, at no remote day, realize the expectation which was originally formed of its utility.
In subsequent communications, certain circumstances of our intercourse with foreign nations, will be transmitted to Congress. However, it may not be unseasonable to announce that my policy in our foreign transactions has been, to cultivate peace with all the world; to observe treaties with pure and absolute faith; to check every deviation from the line of impartiality; to explain what may have been misapprehended, and correct what may have been injurious to any nation; and having thus acquired the right, to lose no time in acquiring the ability, to insist upon justice being done to ourselves.
Let us unite, therefore, in imploring the Supreme Ruler of nations, to spread his holy protection over these United States: to turn the machinations of the wicked to the confirming of our constitution: to enable us at all times to root out internal sedition, and put invasion to flight: to perpetuate to our country that prosperity, which his goodness has already conferred, and to verify the anticipations of this government being a safe guard to human rights.37
[Note 37: 'The text is from the official broadside printed at the time by John Fenno, a copy of which is in the Library of Congress.
On November 22 the Senate replied to this address and the President acknowledged the reply on the same day.
On November 29 the House of Representatives also replied to the address, and the President acknowledged the reply on the same day. These replies, as well as the addresses from the House and Senate, are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, November 19, 1794.
Dear Lund: I have sent money to Mr. Pearce for the purpose of discharging and taking in my Bond.38
[Note 38: On November 19 Washington wrote to William Pearce, sending $1,300 to discharge this Lund Washington bond, and added: "Out of the above sum you will also pay to the Trustees of Alexandria or their agent or Treasurer, the sum of fifty pounds; being my annual donation to the charity school at the Academy in that place; due sometime in this month. And I request moreover, that you will pay my annual subscription of ten pounds to the Revd. Mr. Davis (incumbent of the Episcopal Church in Alexandria). When it became due I am unable to inform you; but you may know this from the paper itself, or you may do so from Mr. Herbert, who interested himself to obtain the subscription." A press copy of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
On my Books, kept in my absence from Mount Vernon by my deceased Nephew Geo. A. Washington, were articles charged to you as pt. the acct. No 1 enclosed amounting to £18.18.8. The cash payments in discharge of the Bond are contained in the accts. marked No. 2.
On the first, as it was an open acct., no interest is charged, but on the several payments in the second account interest is charged from the dates thereof to the 2d. of October last, and the bond is credited for the same from its date up to that period also. This was the way in which my long and complexed, and perplexed accounts, with Colo. Jno. Mercer were settled, according to the opinion of the then attorney Genl. of the United States, Mr. Randolph.
The reason why the interest account was settled up the 2d of Octr. only, is, that having provided the money in September for taking up my bond, I calculated the interest to that period to avoid odd days; intending, and indeed not doubting, that I should have got the money to you by that day, but the Insurrection, and my preparation (about that time) to move to the westward diverted my attention from this object. It may however, ever, be paid up to the present time if you require it, notwithstanding the money has lain by me ever since, for the sole purpose of discharging this debt.
If you have any acct. against me, unpaid, for Smiths work,39 let it be added to, and discharged at the sametime that the whole may be closed as I want to have all my affairs settled.
[Note 39: Blacksmith's work.]
I wish I could have heard that your sight, as well as your health, was better, from Doctr. Tare. My best regards in which Mrs. Washington unites, attend you both. And I am etc.
U. States, November 21, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate: In the negotiation between the U States and his Catholic Majesty, I have received satisfactory proofs of attention and ability, exerted in behalf of the U.S. to bring it to a happy and speedy issue. But it is probable that by complying with an intimation, made to the Secretary of State by the Commissioners of his catholic majesty, much further delay in concluding it may be prevented. Notwithstanding therefore, I retain full confidence in our minister resident at Madrid,40 who is charged with powers as Commissioner plenipotentiary, I nominate Thomas Pinckney, to be Envoy Extraordinary of the U.S. to his Catholic Majesty, for the purpose of negotiating of and concerning the navigation of the river Mississippi, and such other matters relative to the confines of their territories and the intercourse to be had thereon, as the mutual interest and general harmony of neighbouring and friendly nations require, should be precisely adjusted and regulated; and of and concerning the general commerce between
[Note 40: William Short.] the said United States and the Kingdoms and Dominions of his said catholic majesty.
It is believed that by his temporary absence from London in the discharge of these new functions, no injury will arise to the U. States....41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The omitted part of this message merely nominates some minor officials.]
Philadelphia, November 23, 1794.
Dear Sir: It has not been in my power to acknowledge, with convenience, the receipt of your letter of the 14th. Ulto. until now; first, because it did not get to my hands until my return from the Westward; and 2dly., because my attention ever since, to the present moment, has been occupied in examining the various papers on which my communications to Congress were to be founded.
I do not see how any one can decide so well on the project you have in contemplation as yourself, who has a view of all the circumstances of the case, before you; and who know how far so important a change in the scene, as that of transplanting yourself and family into a new country, is reconcilable to your feelings and dispositions. And because, from the enquiries you have undoubtedly made, you must better know than any other who has not turned his thoughts to the subject, what you can sell for here, and buy at there.
It has always been my opinion, that new countries (by this I mean the interior of our own) are the best to lay the foundation of wealth, inasmuch as lands which, comparatively speaking, are to be had there cheap, rise in a four fold ratio to what they do in the Atlantic States. and it is to this circumstance, and the opportunities of acquiring them (by being in the scene) that the advantages consist, as, until the navigation of the Mississippi can be obtained, or communication between the Eastern and western waters is made more easy, than is the case at present, the principal demand for the produce of the land is found in the emigrants who resort to it. To this cause also, is to be ascribed the rapidly encreasing prices of those lands.
In one part of your letter, you talk of removing to Kentucky; and in another, of vesting money in lands No. West of the Ohio, which creates a doubt as to your principal view. You are not uninformed, I presume, that there is no land office open at this time in the last named district; and that there is no means by which land can be obtained there, at present, except by purchase of Army rights, or from some of those companies to whom Congress have sold large tracts: and in the present stage of our disputes with the Indians, that no settlement is thought safe from the scalping knife, that is not under the protection of some fort. The same indeed may be said of the frontiers of Kentucky, while the central lands in that State are, as I have been informed, very high. But of these facts you must be better informed than I am.
I should think it perfectly expedient, so soon as you shall have resolved to sell your land on Rappahanock, to advertise it in all the principal Gazettes from Richmond to New York inclusively; and not to be too hasty in disposing of it, except for a very good price; as there are reasons to believe that in the course of this winter, and the ensuing Spring and Summer, many men of property from Europe will remove to this country, or send over their property, with a view to invest it, either in our funds, or in lands.44
[Note 44: An expected result of the French Revolution.]
With respect to the other species of property, concerning which you ask my opinion, I shall frankly declare to you that I do not like to even think, much less talk of it. However, as you have put the question I shall, in a few words, give you my ideas of it. Were it not then, that I am principled agt. selling negros, as you would do cattle in the market, I would not, in twelve months from this date, be possessed of one, as a slave. I shall be happily mistaken, if they are not found to be a very troublesome species of property 'ere many years pass over our heads; (but this by the bye). For this reason, and because there is but little sale for what is raised in the western country, it remains for you to consider whether, their value would not be more productive in lands, reserving enough for necessary purposes than to carry many there. My love to Mrs. Spotswood and the family. I am etc.45
[Note 45: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of John M. Glenn, of New York City.
On November 27 Washington wrote to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, introducing a Mr. Hatfield. The press copy of this letter is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 12, 1794.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 5th. instt, and the Receipt for the second payment of the lots I purchased on the Eastern branch in the Federal City, came duly to hand.
You are perfectly at liberty to examine my Presses and Trunks at Mount Vernon for any papers I may have respecting the transaction of the Directors of the Potomack Compy or any matters and things which may concern the navigation of that River. Mrs. Fanny Washington has the Master key of all the others; from whom you can get it; but whether the papers you are in pursuit of are to be found in the Press, or in any trunk, I am unable to inform you. The keys of the locked trunks are, if I remember rightly, in my writing table; the key of which remains in it.
For many very important reasons (unnecessary to enumerate to you) the navigation of that river ought to be pushed forward with all the celerity which the nature of the work will admit. viewing the matter as I do, I will not neglect any fair opportunity of facilitating a visit from Mr. Weston47 to that quarter, but (under the rose, I must say it) however fair the assurances of his going thither may be, you may take it for granted, that from motives of jealousy, there is a countertide to that measure; and I wish you may not find something similar to it in another quarter, if the operations on the Shenandoah are postponed much longer. Do not forget, how the trade of Fredericksburgh, Falmouth, Hanover town on York River, and indeed Richmond itself will be affected by the opening of this Navigation. I should not be at all surprized therefore, if future applications to the Assembly of Virginia (if there be occasion to make any) respecting it, shd. meet with much coldness and difficulty.
[Note 47: William Weston, an English engineer.]
I should not, any more than you; be disposed to confide in the opinion of Mr. Claiborne's48 Engineer; nor (in confidence to you) to Mr. Claiborne himself; but as he speaks in exalted terms of this man (for you must know Claiborne is now in this City, and has mentioned the matter also to me) a little money might not be misapplied in obtaining the opinion of this Engineer; to see how far it would accord with Mr. Weston's, if he can be got there; without, if he shd. follow after, letting him know what his opinion is. 'Tis possible, this person may unite (as Claiborne says he does) both science and practice. If so, and he should possess other requisites, he might be useful. Tryal of, without a reliance upon him, cannot be injurious.
[Note 48: Richard Claiborne.]
Mr. Jonathan Trumbull has once or twice asked me what reply the Comrs. of the Federal City have made to the letter of his brother John, which I sent to them, be so good as to remind them, or either of them wch. you may first see of this matter. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, December 14, 1794.
My dear Sir: The day following the one on which I wrote to you last, your letter of the 10th. instr. was received.
It is to be regretted, exceedingly, that delegated powers are, oftentimes, so little regarded; and that trusts of an important nature, the neglect of wch. may be attended with serious consequences, should be suffered to sleep in the hands of those who ought to carry them into activity. Such, from your representation, appears to be the case of the petition which ought in half of the Potomac Company, to have been laid before the Assembly of Virginia in due Season.
The notice of the presentment of such petitions (which is required by law) cannot, I presume, be dispensed with; and if there be any dereliction to the measures prayed for, the limitation to and expiration of the time for the reception of them, will be urged as a plea for postponement.
The propriety of my writing to individual members, or even to the Assembly itself on this subject is, in my mind, a matter that may be questioned; but supposing the case to be otherwise, I do not know who the members are, and such indeed has been the change of things since I mixed in the politics, or much with the people of that State, (out of the neighbourhood of Alexandria) that an entire new set, unknown to me personally, are in the exercise of the powers of government. Tomorrow, however I will communicate this matter to Mr. Randolph, and know if he has any acquaintances in that Assembly to whom he could introduce the subject and thereby aid your personal exertions. It is to be lamented however, that in plain matters, a little ticklishly circumstanced, such hazards (at least of delay) should be unnecessarily encountered. We are all well, and join in best wishes for you, and I am &c.
[N.Y.P.L.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 15, 1794.
Dear Sir: For the reasons mentioned to you the other day, viz: the Virginia Assembly being in Session, and a plan being on foot for establishing a Seminary of learning upon an extensive scale in the Federal city; it would oblige me if you and Mr. Madison would endeavor to mature the measures which will be proper for me to pursue in order to bring my designs into view, as soon as you can make it convenient to yourselves.
I do not know that the enclosed, or sentiments similar to them are proper to be engrafted in the communications which are to be made to the Legislature of Virginia, or to the Gentlemen who are named as Trustees of the Seminary which is proposed to be established in the federal city, but as it is an extract of what is contained in my Will, on this subject, I send it merely for consideration.50
[Note 50: The extract from the will is with this draft. As it varies considerably in words, but not in sense, from the will of July 9, 1799, post, it is here given as the only known surviving part of the will which was destroyed by Washington's direction, when he was dying, Dec. 14, 1799:
"It has always been a source of serious reflection, and of sincere regret with me, to see the youth of these United States sent to foreign countries for the purpose of education (perhaps, before their minds are formed, or they have any correct ideas of the blessings of the country they leave). Where, besides contracting habits of dissipation and extravagance, principles unfriendly to republican government, and to the rights of Man, may be imbibed and found difficult to eradicate.
"For these reasons, it has long been an ardent wish of mine, to see some plan adopted by which a general and liberal diffucion of learning could be dissiminated, systematically, through all parts of this rising empire; thereby, and as far the nature of the thing will admit and in itself would be proper, to do away local attachments, and State prejudices from our public councels.
"Hoping that so desireable an object will 'ere long be viewed in the important light I think it merits, my mind is unable to contemplate any measure more likely to effect it than the establishment of a University; where young men from all parts of the United States (after having passed through a preparative course of education) may, under Professors of the first reputation in the different branches of literature, Arts and Sciences, compleat their studies; and get fixed in the principles of the Constitution, understand the Laws, and the true interests and policy of their Country, as well as the professions they mean to pursue. And moreover (which is not the least, among the advantages of such a plan) by forming acquintances with each other in early life, avoid those local prejudicies and habitual jealousies which, when carried to excess, are never failing sources of disquietude in the public mind, and but two pregnant of mischievous consequences.
"Under these impressions I give and bequeath for ever, the shares I hold under an Act of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the navigations of the Rivers Potomac and James towards the endowment of a University to be established within the limits of the Federal district, provided a well digested plan for the same shall be adopted for the purpose before the year 1800. If not then &ca. &ca. &ca.
"*The shares in the James River Navigation to be otherwise disposed of."]
The Shares in the different Navigations to be located, and applied, in the manner which has been the subject of conversations. Yours Affectionately
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 18, 1794.
My Dear Sir: Since writing to you by Mr. Bayard, about the first of November, I have been favored with your letters of the 13th. of September, and 2d. of October. As the sentiments contained in the first of these, respecting the communications of Mr. M--51 to the National Convention of France, were also transmitted in a private letter from you to the Secretary of State, and replied to by him (both of which I have seen) I shall
[Note 51: James Monroe.] dwell no longer on that subject than just to observe 1st, that considering the place in which they were delivered, and the neutral policy this country had resolved to pursue, it was a measure that does not appear to have been well devised by our Minister, 2d, Aware of this himself, and that his conduct would be criticised, he has assigned reasons for its adoption; a summary of which are, that the Navy Officers, and Privateersmen of France, who had resorted to our Ports, and had been laid under such restrictions as neutral policy required from us altho' disagreeable to them; had represented this country (and not without effect) as unfriendly to the French revolution; to do away which, he found himself necessitated to counteract them by strong assurances of the good dispositions of the people of these U: States towards that Nation. and 3dly, Although I think with you, that he stepped over the true line, to accomplish this, yet under the then existing circumstances, the expression of such reciprocal good will was susceptible of two views, one of which, even in the pending state of the negotiation (by alarming as well as offending the B. Ministry) might have no unfavorable operation in bringing matters to a happy, and speedy result; Than which nothing is more desirable, or can be more ardently wished for by the friends of peace and good order, in this country.
As the Secretary of State has written to you several times since the receipt of your statement of the Negotiation, on the 13th. of Septr, I shall add nothing to the observations wch. are contained in his letters, on the subject thereof.
The business of the Session, hitherto, has been tranquil, and I perceive nothing, at this time, to make it otherwise, unless the result of the negotiation (which is anxiously expected, by all) should produce divisions. As yet no details have been handed to Congress on this subject; indeed no communication of that business has been made to anybody ex[c]ept those about me in the Executive departments.
A paragraph of which the enclosed is a copy, is running thro' all our gazettes; accompanied with a report that the United States are contemplated as Mediator between France and England. To ascertain by what authority the first was inserted, Bache, in whose paper it first appeared, has been called upon by the Secretary of State; but no satisfaction has been obtained from him as yet.(*)52 With respect to the other, it seems to have originated on the other side of the water, and is of a delicate nature; the very idea of which, under the present successes of the French Arms (admitting it should be agreeable to the other power) would, it is conceived, convey unpleasant sensations, and be considered in an evil light, by that nation, unless an intimation to the contrary should first come from them.
[Note 52: (*) "Since writing the above, an unsatisfactory explanation has been given." This note, in Washington's writing, is at the bottom of the page.]
The Virginia escheats of British property do not, as I am informed, stand upon the ground, as related to you; but as I am not accurately enough read in the law respecting these escheats to be precise in my recital of it, I will request the Secretary of State to give you the principles thereof.
As I expected, and as you were informed the result wd. probably be, so it has happened; that the western insurrection has terminated highly honorable for this country; wch. by the energy of its Laws and the good disposition of its citizens have brought the rioters to a perfect sense of their misconduct without spilling a drop of blood. In the eyes of foreigners among us, this affair stands in a high point of view. With great truth I am etc.
Philadelphia, December 21, 1794.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 17th. instt. was received yesterday, and I am glad to find that an act of the Virginia Assembly has been obtained for prolonging the term for the completion of the inland navigation of the Potomac. The like I hope has been, or will be obtained this session, in the Assembly of Maryland.
A good opportunity presenting itself on Thursday last, I embraced it, to enquire of Mr. Morris, if the Directors of that company might entertain any hope of deriving aid from Mr. Weston's opinion, respecting the Lock seats at the Great fall of that river; his answer was; "Mr. Weston, from some peculiar circumstances attending their own concerns, had been prevented from visiting that spot, as was intended, but that he was now expected to be in this City in a few days (as I understood) when he wd. propose, and urge his going thither."
The plan of Mr. Claiborns Engineer, as far as I understand it, is to avoid locks altogether. The vessels are received into a basket or cradle, and let down by means of a laver and pullies; and raised again by weights at the hinder extremity of the laver, which works on an axis at the top of a substantial post fixed about the centre of the laver. On this principle, but differently constructed, Mr. Greenleaf a few months ago shewed me a model, the efficacy of which he seemed to entertain the most exalted opinion. My doubts of the utility of both arise, first, from the insufficiency of any machinary of this sort to bear the weight of the cradle when charged with water, and a loaded boat therein; and its aptness to get out of order by means thereof; secondly I do not find that they are in general use; and thirdly because, if I recollect rightly, Mr. Weston has told me (but of this I am not certain) that no method of raising and lowering boats, had been found equal to that of Locks. Still, as I observed in my last, I should be for hearing the opinions, and explanations of any, and every Scientific, and practical character that could be easily got at, on this subject: and therefore, would hear Claiborn's Engineer, as well as Mr. Weston; especially as he professes to be particularly well skilled in the application of them, in propelling boats (in an easy and cheap manner) against the stream, and in conducting of water to cities, or for any other purpose whatsoever.
The Bill you allude to has not passed, nor do I know what shape it will take if it does, and therefore can say nothing more on the subject, at this time, than that there will be no precipitancy in engaging either the Agent, or the means of carrying the law into effect; if the measure which I have recommended should be adopted; with the importance of it I am strongly impressed, consequently, if anything should be required of the President towards carrying it into execution, I shall feel it in a particular manner my duty to set it a going under the most favorable auspices.
I now have, and for some considerable time have had, twenty five Hogsheads Tobo. in the warehouses in Alexandria; which at sometimes I have forgot, and at other times have been indisposed to take the prices which were given for Potomac Tobacco on the Virginia side. Originally this Tobacco was of the best sort, put up dry, and the quality of it reported to be exceedingly good. if the latter is the case still, it will in some respects, and for some purposes, have the advantage of new Tobacco; but what to do with it I know not. In Alexandria it might not bring me 18/. per wt. [ sic] when in George Town (I mean in the warehouses at these places) it might bring a guinea. I have thought, but whether it be practicable to accomplish it without difficulty, I am unable to decide, that if the Tobacco could be removed from the Warehouses in which it now is, to those in George Town, and be reinspected at the latter, that I might be a considerable gainer by it. But admitting that this can be done without encountering impediments which might involve inconveniences; or that would excite notice or remarks neither of which I should incline to subject myself to; it would be previously necessary to know whether the Tobacco would pass at the latter place; for if it should be brought there and be condemned; I should lose the whole, and sustain an expence besides, whereas in its present situation, it will, I presume, command the price currant in Alexandria. If the suggestion here mentioned, can be accomplished (without involving the consequences expressed above) the best expedient that occurs to me to effect it, is, under the idea of its being purchased by, or rather offered for sale to a Maryland Merchant, to have it re-examined where it is, in presence of the George Town Inspectors, who should be paid for their attendance and who should declare to the supposed purchaser, whether they would pass it, were it brought to the Warehouses in George Town. If in the affirmative, and there is no other impediment to the measure, the whole business might be easily accomplished by the removal, reinspection, and issuing of new notes; either in my name or in that of the supposed purchaser, the last of which, for several reasons I think would have the best appearance. Whether this project can be carried into execution or not, is, to me, uncertain but to avoid delay, and in order to enable you to do it if it should be thought eligable I send you the notes for this purpose, or to know what the Tobacco would sell for where it is, if it be not eligable to remove it. They may be kept, or returned, according to circumstances. In the Warehouses at George Town I have, or ought to have by this time, 9000 lbs of Crop Tobo. as you will perceive by the enclosed letter to me, from Colo. Deakins; the same by this also.
I return Doctr. Currie's letter, with thanks for the perusal of it. The picture drawn in it of the state of things in his own Country, and the details which he gives of those of the belligerent powers, are gloomy for them indeed. All here are well and all join in best regards for you, with Dear Sir Your etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, December 21,54 1794.
[Note 54: The date, from the context, evidently should be December 22.]
My Dear Sir: Looking into an old Portfolio which I had not seen this many a day, I found the papers which accompany this note, relative to the River Potomac, I do not know that any of them will be useful to you; but as well for the purpose of keeping them together as to afford you an opportunity of deciding for yourself; they are now forwarded to you.
I also send you the sketch which has been presented to me by Mr. Claiborn, of the new method of lowering and raising boats without locks. It will give you a better idea than my description which in the letter of yesterday, was capable of doing; and for that reason it is forwarded. I am etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 23, 1794.
Sir: The letter of which the enclosed is a copy, was received yesterday.56
[Note 56: The letter was from Senator Pierce Butler, of South Carolina, dated Nov. 30, 1794, and informed the President that abuses were being committed in the building of the United States frigates. (See Washington's letter to Pierce Butler, Jan. 7, 1795, post.)]
The information wch. it contains being of a serious nature I request that strict enquiry may be instituted into the matter and a report thereupon made to me.
City of Philadelphia, December 24, 1794.
For carrying into execution the provisions of the Act of the 18 day of this present month, whereby the President of the Ud. States is authorised and empowered to borrow a certain sum of money on the credit of the United States.
I do hereby authorize you the said Secretary of the Treasury, in the name and on the credit of the said United States, to borrow of the Bank of the United States, or of any other body or bodies politic, person or persons whomsoever; a sum not exceeding Two Millions of Dollars, at an interest not exceeding five per centum per annum, and to enter into such agreements for the reimbursement thereof as shall be needful and proper, hereby promising to ratify whatever you shall lawfully do in the premises.57
[Note 57: The Bank of the United States was empowered by the above act to loan the said sum or any part thereof.]
United States, December 30, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before you a report made to me by the Secretary of War respecting the frontiers of the United States. The disorders and the great expenses which incessantly arise upon the frontiers are of a nature and magnitude to excite the most serious considerations.
I feel a confidence that Congress will devise such constitutional and efficient measures as shall be equal to the great objects of preserving our treaties with the Indian tribes, and of affording an adequate protection to our frontiers.64
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 30, 1794.
Sir: The considerations which you have often suggested to me, and are repeated in your letter of the 28th. instant,65 as requiring your departure from your present office, are such, as to preclude the possibility of my urging your continuance in it. This being the case, I can only wish that it was otherwise.
[Note 65: Knox's letter of resignation is in the Washington Papers. Timothy Pickering was nominated Secretary of War, Jan. 2, 1795, and confirmed by the Senate the same day.
On Jan. 1, 1795, Washington issued a proclamation, appointing Thursday, February 19, a day of public thanksgiving and prayer. The text is printed by Richardson in the Messages and Papers of the Presidents.]
I cannot suffer you, however, to close your public service without uniting with the satisfaction, which must arise in your own mind from a conscious rectitude, my most perfect persuasion, that you have deserved well of your country.
My personal knowledge of your exertions, while it authorizes me to hold this language, justifies the sincere friendship which I have ever borne for you, and which will accompany you in every situation of life. being with Affecte. regard, always Yours.
United States, January 2, 1795.
Gentlemen of the Senate: A spirit of discontent from several causes arose in the early part of the present year among the Six Nations of Indians, and particularly on the ground of a projected settlement by Pennsylvania at Presqu'isle upon Lake Erie. The papers upon this point have already been laid before Congress. It was deemed proper on my part, to endeavour to tranquilize the Indians by pacific measures. Accordingly a time and place was appointed at which a free conference should be had upon all the causes of discontent. And an Agent was appointed with the Instructions of which No. 1 herewith transmitted is a copy.
A numerous assembly of Indians was held at Canandarqua in the State of New York, the proceedings whereof accompny this message marked No. 2.
The two treaties the one with the Six Nations, and the other with the Oneida, Tuscarora and Stockbridge Indians dwelling in the Country of the Oneidas, which have resulted from the mission of the Agent, are herewith laid before the Senate for their consideration and advice.66 The original engagement of the United States to the Oneidas is also sent herewith.67
[Note 66: The Senate ratified this treaty of Nov. 11, 1794, and the treaty with the Oneidas et al. on Jan. 9, 1795.]
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 7, 1795.
Sir: The letter with which you were pleased to favor me, dated the 30th Novr. came duly to hand, a copy of which, immediately upon the receipt thereof, I transmitted to the Secretary of War (in whose department the building of the Frigates is) with directions to cause an enquiry into the abuses of which you made a general complaint, and report the result to me.
It would have been satisfactory, and might have contributed essentially to expedite this enquiry if you had been so obliging as to have pointed your information to the particular instances of abuse. I am etc.68
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 7, 1795.
Dr. Sir: You will consider this Letter as coming from me in my private capacity, at the sametime I do not object to the communication of the sentiments to your colleagues in Office.
You will recollect no doubt that I yielded my assent to Mr. Greenleaf's first proposition to purchase a number of Lots in the Fedl. City (altho' I thought the price he offered for them was too low) because matters at that time, seemed to be in a stagnant state, and something was necessary to put the wheels in motion again. To the second sale wch. was made to him, my repugnance was greater, in as much as the necessity for making it was not so apparent to my view, and because another thing had become quite evident, viz: that he was speculating deeply, was aiming to monopolize deeply, and was thereby laying the foundation of immense profit to himself and those with whom he was concerned.
Viewing the matter in this light, you will readily perceive, at the first glance, how much my sentiments are opposed to any more large sales, if there be any other resource by which money can be obtained to carry on your operations.
The sum which will be necessary to compleat the public buildings and other improvements in the City, is very considerable. You have already, if I mistake not, disposed of more than a moiety of the Lots which appertain to the Public; and I fear not a fourth part of the money necessary for that purpose, is yet provided. The persons to whom you have sold are reselling to others (subjecting them to the conditions to which they are made liable themselves) and this they are doing to an immense profit. Lately, a Gentleman from England, has paid, or is to pay £50,000 for 500 Lots. Will it not be asked, why are speculators to pocket so much money? Are not the Commissioners as competent to make bargains?
The business, I conceive, is now fairly on its legs, to sell therefore by wholesale faster than is indispensably necessary to keep the machine in proper motion will probably (as property is rising there) be deemed impolitic. And to part with the legal title to the Lots (especially in large sales of them) on personal security, may be hazarding more than prudence will warrant.
For a variety of reasons, unnecessary to be enumerated, tho' some of them are very important, I could wish to see the force of your means directed towards the Capitol in preference to the other public buildings. With great esteem I am etc.69
[Note 69: The draft, in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
United States, January 8, 1795.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I lay before Congress copies of acts passed by the legislatures of the States of Vermont, Massachusetts and New York, ratifying the amendment proposed by the Senate and House of Representatives at their last session, to the Constitution of the United States, respecting the judicial power thereof.70
[Note 70: The Eleventh Amendment. It was ratified by Delaware, the twelfth State, Jan. 23, 1795.]
The Minister of the French republic having communicated to the Secretary of State certain proceedings of the Committee of public safety71 respecting weights and measures, I lay these also before Congress.
[Note 71: Of France.]
The Letter from the Governor of the Western territory,72 copies of which are now transmitted, refers to a defect in the judicial system of that territory. deserving the attention of Congress.
[Note 72: Gov. Arthur St. Clair, of the Northwestern Territory. His letter of Dec. 15, 1794, is printed in the Territorial Papers of the United States (C. E. Carter, editor), vol. 2, p. 499.]
The necessary absence of the Judge of the District of Pennsylvania upon business, connected with the late insurrection, is stated by him in a letter, of which I forward copies, to have produced certain interruptions in the judicial proceedings of that District, which cannot be removed without the interposition of Congress.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 12, 1795.
My dear Sir: On friday last I wrote you a few lines, and assigned reasons for not writing more fully.
In addition to what I then said, which was only to inform you that permission had been given by the Canal Company of this State for Mr. Weston to visit the falls of Potomack, and that he might be expected at the federal city about the first of next month I shall notice with concern, it being contrary to the heretofore entertained opinion, that the funds for carrying on that navigation are, from your view of them, likely to fall short £10,000 Sterlg. of the object.
What expedient had best be adopted for supplying the deficiency, merits serious consideration under existing circumstances. On an abstract view of the case I should give it as my opinion without hesitation, that the present stockholders ought to continue their advances until the final completion, and for this plain and interesting reason, with me, that no speculation to which money can be applied, will be more productive with so much honor and so little risque. But how far the majority of the company (many of whom, probably never bestowed a thought on the subject) may be of this sentiment, or how far their inclination and abilities might induce the adoption of the measure if they were is not for me to decide; and as individuals of the company will be as free as others to become purchasers if the shares are encreased, it does not appear to be a matter of much moment which of these modes is prefered or whether by loan if the money is to be obtained.
No doubt remains in my mind of what will be the productiveness of the tolls when the navigation is in full operation. To the best of my recollection they were calculated to amount (at the time of passing the Acts of incorporation) to 15 pr Ct. on the capitol, by an estimate which was then made of the several articles which, from their contiguity it was known would be water borne. Since that period, the population of the countries bordering on the river, and of course the produce arising therefrom, has encreased greatly and when the Shenandoah is added thereto (which formed no part of the original estimate) it must be equal to the most sanguine expectation.
Mr. Claiborn's Engineers (for it seems he has two for different purposes) are fixed in this City; either of wch, according to the use for which you want one, might be had at any time; but as I am not strongly impressed with a belief that men of eminence would come to this country in the manner and under the circumstances they have clone (but this I say without having any knowledge of the real characters of these Gentlemen, and without design to injure them) might it not be politic to obtain the opinion of the most competent of them, before Mr. Weston (who is known to be a scientific and experienced engineer) gives his? He will not adopt their opinions contrary to his experience and judgment; but if his opinion is first taken and transpires, it may be given into by them from the want of these in themselves, endeavouring thereby to erect a character on his foundation.
I am much obliged by the trouble of your enquiries respecting my Tobacco in the Warehouses at Alexandria and George Town; and as the disposal of it is somewhat out of my way at present, and in truth is a matter that rarely occurs to me except when I am reminded of it by Mrs. Washington you would add to the favor by making sale of it on such terms, and whensoever in your judgment the moment is favorable. I am in no hurry nor under any necessity to precipitate the Sale; and to your judgment also it is left, to continue where it is, or to remove the Tobacco from Alexandria to George Town.80
[Note 80: Lear & Co. appear to have bought this tobacco from Washington in March, 1795, paying £111:8:4 ($297.11), according to the memorandum on account filed in the Washington Papers, March 5.]
We are all tolerably well and join in good wishes, and the compliments of the season to you. With regard and Affection I am &c.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, January 14, 1795.
Sir: Your letter of the 23d. of December came to my hands yesterday.
The land on which you live is yet unsold, and such are the number of Emigrants to, and the desire of Europeans for, investing their money in this country (particularly in lands) that I have no doubt of the impolicy, considered merely in an interested point of view, of parting with mine west of the Alligany Mountains at any price they would command at the present moment; but being more dispose to receive the interest of whatever sum they will fetch, than to be at the trouble of tenanting and collecting of rents; and wishing at the sametime as you are an occupant of what I hold in Fayette county, that you should not be dispossed by the sale of it to another: I have come to a resolution to offer you the whole of that tract (which with the allowance of 6 pr Ct. makes nearly 1744 acres) for the sum of four thousand pounds Pennsylvania Curry: which is a very trifle more than what you have offered, viz., Six dollars pr acre: One fourth of this sum is to be paid at the time of conveyance, which must be on, or before, the first of June, and the other three fourths in five years with interest at Six pr. Ct. annually paid, and precisely when it becomes due, at the place of my residence; or, which would be equally convenient and agreeable to me, to be secured in one of the Banks of this city, or in one of those of Baltimore, Alexandria, or the federal city.
I will await until the last of next month (February) for your answer; before which, if there does not arrive a full, and unequivocal acceptance of the terms here offered, I shall consider myself as at perfect liberty to alter these conditions with you, or to dispose of the land to any other thereafter.
If you accede to these proposals, and notice thereof is given to me as above, I will put the deeds and other papers, into the hands of Mr. Ross for the purpose of closing the business by effectual written instruments, in behalf of us both. Until which no sale is to be made by you, nor is any change to take place with the tenants who are now on the land by proper authority. With esteem etc.81
[Note 81: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, January 15, 1795.
Sir: I avail myself of your obliging offer to dispose of the lands I hold in the counties of Fayette and Washington; hereby empowering you to sell the same on the terms which have been mentioned to you.
If one fourth of the money is paid at the time of conveyance, or within a short period thereafter, I would allow four, five or six years credit for the other three fourths; provided the payment thereof be well secured agreeably to contract; and the interest in the meanwhile assured with punctuality, as it becomes due, in one of the Banks of this city, or in either of those of Baltimore, George town or Alexandria. The regular payment of which, at stated periods being a primary consideration with me.
The tract in Fayette County contains 1644¼ acres besides the usual allowance of 6 pt. Ct. The other, by Patent, is 2813 acres but by a re-survey was found to measure more than 3000 Acres. A description of them would be nugatory, the presumption being that, the purchaser, whomsoever he may be, will examine the land and judge for himself. It may not be amiss however, that it should be generally known that both tracts are improved, and that one of them has a Mill thereon, and a considerable shew of Iron ore within less than 30 yards of the Mill house.
Having from long experience found, that landed property at a distance from the proprietor, who is not able to pay attention to it, is more productive of plague than profit, I feel strongly disposed to sell all the lands I hold on the Ohio and Great Kanhawa; (about 33,000 Acres The exact quantity in these 7 surveys is, 32,373 Acs. in Seven Surveys) provided I can obtain, by giving a pretty long credit, what I conceive it is worth. For the reason already mentioned, a particular description of these lands would, in a manner, be useless; but it may not be amiss to add, that they are the cream of the country in which they lye; the first chosen of it; and are entirely free from disputes of every kind. The whole is interval land, bounded by the rivers above mentioned, and margin'd by them 57 Miles. They consist of three Surveys on the Ohio, and four on the Great Kanhawa. The first named, are on the East side of the River; betwn. the little and great Kanhawa; the first of these tracts, is the first large bottom below the mouth of the little Kanhawa, and about 13 miles from Mariatte; containing 2314 acs., bounded by the river 5¼ miles. The 2d. tract is the 4th. large bottom (on the same side of the River) about 16 miles lower down, containing 2448 acres, bounded by the river 3¼ miles, the third tract, is the next large bottom, 3½ miles lower down, opposite nearly to the great bend, containing 4395 acres, with a margin on the River of five miles. The other four tracts are on the Great Kanhawa, as observed before. The first of them, is on the West side; beginning about two miles from its confluence with the Ohio, and bounded by the former 17 miles; containing 10,990 acres. The secd. tract is on the East side of the river, a little higher up, and contains 7276 acs. bounded by the river 13 miles. The other two are at the mouth of Cole river, on both sides the Kanhawa and in the fork between; containing together 4950 Acres having a front on the river (both sides) of twelve miles. Besides these, I have a small tract of 587 Acres on the Ohio, called the round bottom; lying opposite to the mouth of Pipe Creek, which is about 15 miles below Wheeling; but nothing short of a large price would induce me to part with this tract, it is bordered by the river 2¼ miles. The soil is of the very richest quality, is in the shape of a horse shoe, with a beautiful situation for a house thereon.
Any services you can render me in the disposal of these lands on the terms I have conversed with you, respecting them, would be gratefully acknowledged by, Dear Sir Your etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, January 17, 1795.
Sir: Your letter of the 26th. of November came safe (but not expeditiously) to hand.
I hope Colo. Cannon has, long 'ere this, surrendered, to you, all the papers respecting my business, which are in his possession; together with a full, and complete statement of what is due to me from the tenants, or from himself, up to the period of your taking the management of it yourself; and that you will be able, without further procrastination or difficulty, to collect the amount of what may be found due to me, from both.
As I am more inclined to sell, than to rent the lands I hold on the Western waters, and giving leases, although a short term, may be a hindrance to the former, I would have you rent from year to year only. I have no doubt of obtaining what I ask for the tract in Washington (giving credit), viz, four dollars an Acre; the number of full handed emigrants that are pouring into this country from all quarters owing to the disturbed state of Europe, and the quantity of money brought by them, and sent over by others, to be vested in lands have given an astonishing start to the price of this article. If therefore I do not sell soon on the terms I have just mentioned I shall raise my price.
If I do not sell my lands on the Ohio and Great Kanhawa in a lump, or at least by whole tracts, they will not be sold at all, by me; these will fetch me fifty pr Ct. more at this time than I would have sold them for two years ago. I am etc.84
[Note 84: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Lucien Buckner, of Louisville, Ky.]
Philadelphia, January 22, 1795.
Dear Sir: From a long acquaintance with, and a sincere regard for you, I always feel pleasure in hearing from you, and of you, consequently, your letter of the 30th. ult was an acceptable annuity.
Notwithstanding you have passed your 73 year, whilst you enjoy tolerable health, and retain your faculties in the vigor they are, I wish as well on public, as on private account, that length of days may be added to those which you have already numbered. A month from this day, if I live to see the completion of it, will place me on the wrong (perhaps it would be better to say, on the advanced) side of my grand climacteric; and altho' I have no cause to complain of the want of health, I can religiously aver that no man was ever more tired of public life, or more devoutly wished. for retirement, than I do.
I hope, and believe, that the spirit of anarchy in the western counties of this State (to quell which the force of the Union was called for) is entirely subdued; and altho' to effect it, the community has been saddled with a considerable expence, yet I trust no money could have been more advantageously expended; both as it respects the internal peace and welfare of this country, and the impression it will make on others. The spirit with which the Militia turned out, in support of the Constitution, and the laws of our country, at the sametime that it does them immortal honor, is the most conclusive refutation that could have been given to the assertions of Lord Sheffield,85 and the prediction of others of his cast, that without the protection of G. Britain, we should be unable to govern ourselves; and
[Note 85: John Baker Holroyd, Earl of Sheffield. He had published shortly after the treaty of peace, in 1783, his Observations on the Commerce of the American States.] would soon be involved in anarchy and confusion. They will see that republicanism is not the phantom of a deluded imagination: on the contrary, that under no form of government, will laws be better supported, liberty and property better secured, or happiness be more effectually dispensed to mankind.
The successes of our Army to the westward has, already, been productive of good consequences. They have dispelled a cloud which lowered very heavily in the northern hemisphere (the six nations); and tho' we have received no direct advices from General Wayne since November, there is reason to believe that the Indians with whom we are, or were, at war in that quarter, together with their abetters, begin to see things in a different point of view; but what effect these favorable changes may have on the Southern Indians, it is not easy, at this moment, to decide.
I accord fully in my opinion with you, that the plan of annual presents in an abstract view, unaccompanied with other measures, is not the best mode of treating ignorant Savages, from whose hostile conduct we experience much distress; but it is not to be overlooked, that they, in turn, are not without serious causes of complaint, from the encroachments which are made on their lands by our people; who are not to be restrained by any law now in being, or likely to be enacted. They, poor wretches, have no Press thro' which their grievances are related; and it is well known, that when one side only of a Story is heard, and often repeated, the human mind becomes impressed with it, insensibly. The annual presents however, which you allude to, are not given so much with a view to purchase peace, as by way of retribution for injuries, not otherwise to be redressed. These people are very much irritated by the continual pressure of land speculators and settlers on one hand; and by the impositions of unauthorised, and unprincipled traders (who rob them in a manner of their hunting) on the other. Nothing but the strong arm of the Union, or in other words, energetic laws, can correct these abuses; but here! jealousies, and prejudices (from which I apprehend more fatal consequences to this government than from any other source) aided by local situations, and perhaps by interested considerations, always oppose themselves to efficient measures.
My communications to Congress at the last and present Session, have proceeded upon similar ideas with those expressed in your letter, namely, to make fair treaties with the Savage tribes, (by this I mean, that they shall perfectly understand every article and clause of them, from correct and repeated interpretations); that these treaties shall be held sacred, and the infractors on either side punished exemplarily; and to furnish them plentifully with goods under wholesome regulations, without aiming at higher prices than is adequate to cover the cost, and charges. If measures like these were adopted, we might hope to live in peace and amity with these borderers; but not whilst our citizens, in violation of law and justice, are guilty of the offences I have mentioned, and are carrying on unauthorised expeditions against them; and when, for the most attrocious murders, even of those of whom we have the least cause of complaint, a Jury on the frontiers, can hardly be got to listen to a charge, much less to convict a culprit.
The madness of the European powers, and the calamitous situation into which all of them are thrown by the present ruinous war, ought to be a serious warning to us, to avoid a similar catastrophe, as long as we can with honor and justice to our national character. What will be the result of Mr. Jay's mission, is more than I am able, at this moment, to disclose. Charged as he has been with all matters in dispute between the two countries (not, as has been insinuated in some of the Gazettes, merely to that of spoliation) it may easily be conceived that there would be a large field of discussion; but upon what principle (except that of piracy) to account for the conduct of the Bermudian privateers, at this stage of the negotiation, is beyond my comprehension on any fair ground of conjecture; as it must swell the bill. With very great esteem and regard I am &c.
[MS.H.S.]
Philadelphia, January 28, 1795.
Gentlemen: A plan for the establishment of an University in the federal City, has frequently been the subject of conversation; but in what manner it is proposed to commence this important institution; on how extensive a scale, the means by which it is to be effected; how it is to be supported; or what progress is made in it; are matters altogether unknown to me.
It has always been a source of serious reflection and sincere regret with me, that the youth of the United States should be sent to foreign countries for the purpose of education. Altho' there are doubtless many under these circumstances who escape the danger of contracting principles, unfriendly to republican government; yet we ought to deprecate the hazard attending ardent and susceptible minds, from being too strongly, and too early prepossessed in favor of other political systems, before they are capable of appreciating their own.
For this reason, I have greatly wished to see a plan adopted by which the arts, Sciences and Belles lettres, could be taught in their fullest extent; thereby embracing all the advantages of European tuition with the means of acquiring the liberal knowledge which is necessary to qualify our citizens for the exigencies of public, as well as private life; and (which with me, is a consideration of great magnitude) by assembling the youth from the different parts of this rising republic, contributing from their intercourse, and interchange of information, to the removal of prejudices which might perhaps, sometimes arise, from local circumstances.
The federal City, from its centrality, and the advantages which, in other respects it must have over any other place in the U: States, ought to be preferred, as a proper site for such a University. And if a plan can be adopted upon a scale as extensive as I have described; and the execution of it shall commence under favorable auspices, in a reasonable time, with a fair prospect of success; I will grant, in perpetuity, fifty shares in the navigation of Potomac River towards the endowment of it.
What annuity will arise from these fifty shares, when the navigation is in full operation, can, at this time, be only conjectured; and those who are acquainted with the nature of it, can form as good a judgment as myself.
As the design of this University has assumed no form with which I am acquainted; and as I am equally ignorant who the persons are that have taken, or are disposed to take, the maturation of the plan upon themselves, I have been at a loss to whom I should make this communication of my intentions. If the Commrs. of the federal city have any particular agency in bringing the matter forward, then the information I now give to them, is in its proper course, If, on the other hand, they have no more to do in it than others, who may be desirous of seeing so important a measure carried into effect, they will be so good as to excuse my using them as the medium for disclosing these intentions; for as much, as it appears necessary, that the funds for the establishment and support of the Institution, should be known to the promoters of it; and because I saw no mode more eligable of making known mine. For these reasons I give you the trouble of this Address, and the assurance of being Gentlemen, &c.86
[Note 86: The draft is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.
On January 30 Washington, in answer to Hamilton's note of that day, wrote: "The eventual power which you applied for is herewith sent. Let the day of your resignation be made perfectly convenient to yourself. There is no necessity that your successor should be named on Monday next." This note is entered in the "Letter Book." Hamilton had written that he would be obliged to hold back his resignation as Secretary of the Treasury until Monday, in order to sign some papers then in course of preparation. "But it will reach the President in time to admit of a nomination on that day of a successor, if the President thinks fit." Hamiltons letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (January 30) the power which the Secretary of the Treasury had applied for was sent him. The power mentioned is dated January 30 and is also entered in the "Letter Book." It reads: "Presuming the legality of the propositions contained in your Letters of the 24. and 25. Instant, I consent that you give an eventual instruction to our Minister at the Hague to postpone the instalment of a Million of Florins, to become due on the first of June next on account of the Dutch Debt; and I also consent, that you cause to be allowed for charges upon the last Loan of 3,000,000 of florins obtained at Amsterdam, four and an half per Cent."]
Philadelphia, February 15, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 30th. Ulto. has been received, as has been a letter from a Gentleman, who I presume is your brother; the receipt of which, owing to one cause and another, has never yet been acknowledged.
The reason why I delayed to comply with the call upon me for eighty dollars, will be explained by the copy of a letter, enclosed, which I received from your deceased uncle Mr. Jameson of York, agreeably to its date.
By this it will appear that the company had money in his hands; besides the profits which might be expected to arise from the labor of the slaves which appeared then to be in existence. Having never received an iota from the company for more than twenty years nor never having heard of any appropriation of the sum acknowledged to be in hand, I was in hopes of receiving, instead of being called upon to advance. I wished therefore to see some statement of this matter, and intended to have requested the favor of your brother to give it to me; but occurrences of a public nature, and the pressure of business in which I was continually involved occasioned the postponement of it from time to time until I had forgot the matter altogether and it would have remained in that State had not your letter recalled it to my recollection.
I have no doubt but that the Treasurers books will fully, and satisfactorily account for the balance which is mentioned in his letter, and would thank you for causing it to be transmitted to me, that I may have some idea of the state of my interest in that concern. I do not mean however, by this, to withhold my quota of the subscription to the Canal company until it is received, if you, therefore, will be so good as to pay the eighty dollars which is the amount of it I will answer your draught at sight when presented in this City. And by the enclosed short missive I have authorized you to represent me;93 and to guard my
[Note 93: On February 16 Washington executed a power of attorney to Jameson, a press copy of which is in the Washington Papers. It reads: "I do by these presents constitute and appoint John Jameson Esqr. of Culpeper County in Virginia to be my Attorney for the purpose of representing my interest in the Great dismal Swamp. And I do hereby authorise and empower the said John Jameson to vote in my behalf, on all questions which may come before the Dismal Swamp company (of which I am a member) at any of their meetings, and to act and do for me in all things concerning the same to the best of his judgement, as he would for himself, except to sell or mortgage the property. All wch. votes, acts and doings, legally performed shall be binding on me."] interest in the Dismal Swamp Company in which I have an entire share.
Permit me, at the sametime, to request the favor of you to give me information who the present proprietors are, the shares, or parts of shares each hold, and what the reputed value of a share is, in a word what one could be bought for, or sold at; with any other details which your leizure, and intimate knowledge of the subject may enable you to afford me.
Unless a watchful eye is kept upon the timber, belonging to the Company in the Dismal Swamp, it will be swept away; and a valuable fund sunk thereby. I have no objection to an advance for the purpose of getting it ourselves, presuming the plan for the accomplishment of it will be properly digested and the execution placed under good management. With very great esteem etc.
[Note 1: Of Limerick, Ireland.]
Philadelphia, February 20, 1795.
Sir: At the moment I acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favor of the 19th. of last March, I find is incumbent on me, to apologize for delaying so long to offer you my thanks for the interesting pamphlet you had the goodness to send me, on the cultivation of Potatoes, from the shoots.
Your discovery of this mode is novel; and it must be of great utility if it can be carried into extensive practice. I shall make trial of it myself the ensuing season, and will recommend it to others to do the same, by laying your experiments before them.
It is to be regretted, that we have not, more agricultural Societies established in this country; and it is to be lamented that those wch. are formed, are not sufficiently attended to; but in this, as in other things we must have a beginning.
I pray you to accept my particular thanks for your kind wishes for me, and to accept mine in return. I am etc.
Philadelphia, February 22, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 17th. Ult came duly to hand; but the pressure of business in which I am always involved whilst Congress are in Session, has prevented my acknowledging the receipt of it at an earlier date. and now; I may not be so full as you might wish; but shall touch upon the several points of your letter, and in the order they stand there.
If the tenants are not punctual in the discharge of their Rents, when they become due, destrain for them without delay, or hesitation; unless their disability to pay, proceeds from some providential interposition, or from some other obvious cause which entitles them to indulgence; for it may be depended upon, if the failure proceeds from idleness, the man who is unable to pay one rent, will never pay two, willingly; and generally, when it goes beyond that, the score is wiped out.
With respect to the Sheriffs, shew them no indulgence; of all descriptions of men in this Country, I think them (tho' there may, and undoubtedly there are many exceptions) the least entitled to favor; I mean to be understood, as speaking of under sheriffs, and those who farm the office, merely to grind the people and get money into their hands, for speculative and other purposes of their own, instead of rendering it where due.
I shall expect the accts. of all the monies collected, and of the arrearages, as soon as you can make it out, that I may know precisely how the matter stands on this and on the replevy bonds.
Mrs. Haney2 should endeavor to do what she can for herself, this is a duty incumbent on every one; but you must not let her suffer, as she has thrown herself upon me; your advances on this account will be allowed always, at settlement; and I agree readily to furnish her with provisions: and for the good character you give of her daughter make the latter a present, in my name, of a handsome, but not costly gown, and other things which she may stand mostly in need of. You may charge me also with the worth of your tenement on which she is placed, and where perhaps it is better she should be, than at a great distance from your attentions to her.
[Note 2: Elizabeth Haynie. She was a relative and pensioner of Washington's mother, and died in April, 1796. Her daughter, Sally Ball Haynie, was helped by Washington.]
I have already given you my ideas with respect to the purchasing of leases; but to these I will add, that if you can make advantageous bargains, conclude them; as far as you have means in your own hands to carry them into effect. Beyond this, make them conditionally only, leaving the ratification to me; that I may decide from the prospect I have of commanding money; whether to carry them into execution, or not. In conducting this business, there are two things which you should never loose sight of. The first is, that the sum given to purchase in the lease, is fixed and certain; and the rent which can be had for the tenement [blurred in the press-copy] is uncertain. To go upon the supposition, therefore, that it will rent for this or that sum, is fallacious ground, unless there is unequivocal evidence on which to form an opinion. The second thing is, that the rent, whatever it may be, must be more than will afford 6 pr Ct. interest for the sum advanced for the purchase, in addition to the rent. first, because 6 pr Ct. is the legal interest of the U. States. secondly because any person who has money to lend, and will adopt the usual modes, may obtain much more; and thirdly because the rent which is received, and which I am entitled to without any advance, is equivalent to a certain principal; for instance, if I was to give an hundred pounds for a lease, the rent of which was £6, if I did not receive £12 rent, the deficiency would be lost, upon legal ground; because the land is equal to £6, and the £100 pd. by way of purchase, is equal to £100 more. But those who possess money, can turn it (where they are disposed to do it) to more profit than lending it at £6 pr. Cent. I have no inclination however to fall into those practices. therefore, after this explanation of my ideas, go on and purchase as far as you have means, absolutely; and conditionally, afterwards, for the reasons given.
I had no conception that at this day my leases were so full of lives as would appear from your acct. of them. I wish my confidence in placing blank Leases signed into the hands of Mr. Muse may not have been abused. I have not, to the best of my recollectn., sanctioned more than the rental for lives of two leases, one to Mr. Aires3; and another to a person who was
[Note 3: Ariss(?).
On February 24 Dandridge wrote to Tench Francis, by direction of the President, offering him the position of: "Purveyor of Public Supplies," which office had been established by Congress, Feb. 23, 1795. Francis's name was submitted to the Senate, February 24, and he was confirmed February 25.] formerly an overseer to my brother John; the rest were formed for a term of years wch. must have expired. I am, &c.
Philadelphia, February 25, 1795.
Dear Sir: The Gentleman who will have the honor of delivering this letter to you; is Doctr. Tare, who is possessed of the valuable secret of curing Cancerous complaints.
A call to England for some purpose of that sort, or with a view to derive benefit from his discovery, affords me an occasion to inform you (at his request) that I have, myself, experienced the fruits of his skill, in this art; being cured by him of an irritable spot on my right cheek which had for years been encreasing in pricking and disagreeable sensations; and in June last assumed the decided character of a Cancer; of which I was perfectly relieved by Doctr. Tate in about two months by an easy course, under the operation of which I felt no confinement, or other inconvenience at the time, nor any injury to my constitution since.
As he is going to a foreign country, and I am enabled from my own experience to bear testimony of his skill, in this particular, justice required I should do so; and it is with pleasure also that I embrace the opportunity of assuring you of the esteem and regard with which I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 2, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 19th of Decr. and 9th. Ulto. came duly to hand in the usual course of the Posts.
I was not unmindful of the contents, altho' I did not acknowledge the receipt of them. Genl. Knox who was in office when the first came to hand, said (as well as I recollect) that nothing could be done in the matter without an act of the Legislature of Virginia, consenting to the purchase of the spot, designated for the erection of an arsenal agreeably to the law if that state should be thought of for one of them; but that he would write to you himself on this subject. Colo. Pickering who succeeded him, and to whom your other letter has been shewn, thinks the price asked for your land is very high, and the situation rather too low down. I have desired him however to write to you, and to put you on a certainty respecting your offer. This I presume he has done, or soon will do, or, will send a skilful man in whom he can confide, to reexamine the different sites on the river fit for the establishment of an arsenal.
After giving you this information, I am not inclined to say any thing more to the Secretary of War (in whose department the business lies) respecting the matter, lest it should be supposed I am influenced thereto by the connexion which is between us.
I have so little leisure while Congress are in Session, to give any attention to matters of private concern; and generally so much hurried towards the close of it, that I shall, at this time, only add my love to Mrs. Ball (in which Mrs. Washington unites) and that I am etc.
PS. No such act as is mentioned in your letter of the 19th. of December has ever been transmitted to me by the Executive of Virga; yet such an one may have passed.8
[Note 8: From the original in the Ball Deposit in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 2, 1795.
Sir: The letter with which you favored me dated the 2d. Ulto., came duly to hand. I am at a loss for words to convey the sense I entertain of the favorable sentiments you have been pleased to express for me in that letter.
To the Great ruler of events, not to any exertions of mine, is to be ascribed the favorable termination of our late contest for liberty. I never considered the fortunate issue of any measure adopted by me in the progress of the Revolution in any other light than as the ordering of kind Providence; and if the partiality of my Countrymen do justice to my motives thro' that arduous struggle; and to those which have since occurred in the administration of the present Government, as, the result of the contest it is the only reward I ever sought, and the greatest that could be conferred on, sir, Your etc.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 2, 1795.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: It appears from the information which I have lately received, that it may be probably necessary, to the more successful conduct of our affairs on the coast of Barbay, that one Consul should reside in Morocco, another in Algiers, and a third in Tunis or Tripoli. As no appointment for these offices will be accepted, without some emoluments annexed; I submit to the consideration of Congress, whether it may not be adviseable to authorize a stipend to be allowed to two Consuls for that coast, in addition to the one already existing.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 4, 1795.
Sir: It is my desire that you would, with as little delay as can be avoided, examine all the acts of the last session of Congress; and report such parts as call for the particular attention of the Executive, that they may be put into a proper course of execution.10
Philadelphia, March 5, 1795.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 23d. instant came duly to hand. The letters which I write to acquaintances or friends, are done at no great expence of time or thought. They are of hand productions, with little attention to composition or correctness, and ever under these circumstances, are rarely attempted when they interfere with my public duties.
From what you have written and from what I have heard from others, I hope Mr. Weston is on the Potomack 'ere this and that much benefit may be expected from his Visit. He is certainly a judicious man. with both theory and practice united. I am pleased to hear that the Locks which have been erected at the little falls have stood the test of a first trial so well; and this pleasure will be increased if Mr. Weston should make a favorable report of them.
An unlucky dispute has or is likely to happen I find, between the present Commissioners [and] Mr, Johnson (one of the [old set). These thi]ngs under any view [in which they can be placed] are extreme[ly unpleasant and] are rendered more so wh[en they are brought] before me. The po[ints in dispute have not c]ome before me in [ detail; the main one I] am told is, whether the [lots adjoining Roc]k Creek above the Stone bridge come the des[cription of Water lots; a]nd would be so construed [in] the contract between the former Commissioners and Mr. Greenleaf. From what I have learnt, it is a question of some magnitude, in as much, as establishing a principle, applicable to the case, will have an extensive effect in favor of, or adverse to, the public property in the City. This being the case, let me ask you, to collect the sentiments of the judicious about you, in the City and in George Town, as far as it is to be done from casual (at least not from forced) conversations respecting the dispute, and to inform me thereof. You will readily perceive that it is for my own, and private information, my request to you proceeds; both the request and answer to it will, of course, be confined to ourselves. With affecte. regard etc.12
[Note 12: The portions in brackets are supplied from the "Letter Book," the press copy being mutilated.]
Philadelphia, March 6, 1795.
Dear Sir: About the 20th. of last month I received a letter from you dated at George Town the 12th. of Jany. but which I presume ought to have been dated the 12th. of February.
It came to hand at the time when the Session of Congress was drawing to a close, and of course when the business of it pressed upon me. I therefore laid it aside to be acknowledged by Mr. Potts, but missing that opportunity I was about to do it by Post, when your other favor of the 28th. Ultimo came to hand.
It is with great regret I found by both, that a difference had arisen between the Commissioners and yourself, the precise nature of which I have only a general knowledge. No opinion of mine, on the nature of it, has yet been given; nor, if it respects property, or the construction of a contract, may there be a propriety in my doing it. Sincerely do I wish however that this dispute had not arisen; as sincerely that it could be amicably adjusted upon principles of strict justice.
To say precisely when I shall be in the Federal City, on my way to Mount Vernon (for a very short stay) is more than I am able, but it is more likely to happen between the 10th. and 15th. of April than at any other time I could name at present.
Mr. Carroll has intimated his intention of relinquishing his present Post. To fill it with a well qualified character in its various relations and duties, is of high importance to the welfare of the City. But where is this Character to be found? Doctr. Stuart has named one, who in his opinion, would answer well; but I stand committed to none, nor for none, nor shall I before I visit the City (if this shall happen in the time that is expected). If any person or persons should have come within your view, I should be grateful for their names; and the sooner I receive them the better, that I may have a little time for reflection and comparison altho' the subject may be more fully debated upon when (from what you have written) I may hope and shall expect to meet you in George Town, at which time many other matters respecting the Federal City may be travelled over. That both of us wish it well there can be no doubt; and that justice will be rendered to your exertions to bring it to what it now is, and your future endeavours to promote its growth, and to raise its importance, I have as little hesitation in declaring. With very great esteem etc.13
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 16: An Italian sculptor. While in America he signed himself Joseph Ceracchi.]
Philadelphia, March 9, 1795.
Sir: I am directed by the President of the United States to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th. instt, and that of the present date; and to express to you his regret at your dispair of bringing your plan of a national monument to a fortunate issue.17
[Note 17: Ceracchi came to the United States in 1791 with a grandiose scheme for erecting a monument to the American Revolution. A broadside of description of the proposed monument, which is signed in manuscript by Randolph, Wolcott, Bradford, Pickering, and Samuel Meredith, is dated Philadelphia, Feb. 14, 1795, and is in the Washington Papers, bearing Washington's signature to the subscription articles, for "Four shares, or 120 Dollars. The full term of ten years if it shall be found necessary." The scheme failed and Ceracchi returned to Europe, became involved in a plan to assassinate Napoleon, and was guillotined in 1801.]
Whether there are sufficient grounds for despair, or whether more time may not be necessary to give the Subscription papers a fair trial and to ascertain the result with more precision; you can decide with more accuracy than he, who has not taken, and cannot take, any active part in this business. He has formed no opinion thereon, much less is he enabled to offer you any advice on this subject.
But as you hold out strong indications of deception, and complain of ill treatment without pointing to the instances, he thinks it necessary that an explanation should be had between you and himself; that no charges, hereafter, may lye at his door. To do this, it requires nothing more than to draw your attention to circumstances which cannot have escaped your recollection.
Of your intention of coming to this country originally, the President could have had no knowledge, and you had been in the City sometime before he was informed of it. Whilst here, your name was frequently mentioned to him in very advantageous terms. He was told of a design you had projected for the erection of a national monument; that you were preparing the Busts of particular characters in this city; and that you had expressed an earnest desire to take his. This request being reiterated, he, with the reluctance which he has always felt on these occasions, yielded his assent; and accordingly sat for you; without having any other motive than to accommodate your views, or without perceiving any other object on your part than a desire, to take copies from it, if, thereafter, any advantages were likely to result therefrom.
What more (if any thing) might have passed betwn. you and others, on this occasion, he knows not; And with respect to the public edifice, he does not now recollect whether a memorial which you had prepared for Congress was ever presented; or if presented, what the reception of it was; much less does he know of any specific encouragement that could have induced you to return to this country in expectation of prose, cuting the plan.
As a public character, he had no power to offer any, because the means of accomplishment were to flow from legislative authority; and as a private man he never could, or would, have committed himself in this affair further than as a Subscriber. Thus much relates to the first part of this transaction. With respect to the subsequent part, that is your return to this Country, and what has happened since; the President desires me to remark, that these are events which were adopted without any consultation with him or his knowledge, and he heard through a variety of channels of the model of the proposed monument the likenesses of the Busts &ca. before the pressure of business in which he was engaged, would permit him to see them. or to comply with a second request that he would set for some alterations in the Bust which was intended for himself; and with which he complied on the same principle which had produced the first sitting: always conceiving, that it was for purposes of your own it was wanted until hints were given that it was designed to be presented to Mrs. Washington. Then for the first time he knew and declared that he could not, and would not accept it as a present.
The preceeding facts are necessary, to acquit the President of having had any agency in your deception, (if you have been deceived), or of involving you in a situation which seems to have become irksome and inconvenient. What follows will shew the ground on which he declines to discharge the acct. wch. is enclosed in your letter of the 7th, before mentioned.
You cannot have forgot, Sir, that when you sent the busts of Bacchus and Ariadne to the President in 1792, and requested his acceptance of them that they were refused, and return'd to you. Upon which, with earnestness (being on the point of your departure and not knowing what to do with them) you requested that they might be permitted to remain in his house. To this he assented, and supposing the object was that they might be exhibited as specimens of your abilities as a Sculptor, he had temporary pedestals made for them to stand on; and always announced them as your workmanship and your property.
On Monday next they will be sent to you; this would have been done today, but company will occupy the Servants, and prevent their being taken down. The Bust intended for the Pre. is also at your disposal. Or if you incline to receive for it, the highest value that the best artists, or the most skilful Connoiseurs in the City will say is the intrinsic worth, he will, notwithstanding this true recital of the case, pay the amount; although it is just to observe, and it may well be supposed he would have been desirs. of knowng. the cost and consulting his own inclination and convenience before it was undertaken if he had not conceived that it was intended for your own use, and not for his.
He desires me to add, that it is with real concern he finds the abilities of our infant republic will not afford employment for a person of your talents. The cause probably is that the United States are just emerging from the difficulties and expences of a long and bloody war and cannot spare money for the purposes of these gratifns. and ornimental figures as in the wealthy countries of Europe. He is sorry also that you should quit them under any embarrassmts. or with discontent, for myself I am &c.18
[Note 18: As denoted by the star, this draft is entirely in Washington's writing. Dandridge, however, wrote and signed the letter sent. (Referred to in Madison's letter to St. George Tucker, Apr. 30, 1830, in the Congressional edition of the Works of Madison (Philadelphia: 1865), vol. 4, P. 71.)
The Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer (Philadelphia: 1893) notes the following: "March 9. At four o'clock, the Speaker with twenty-two members of the House, dined with President Washington. He was exceedingly affable to all."]
Philadelphia, March 10, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 23d ulto.19 came duly to hand. I wish, sincerely, it was in my power to comply with your request in behalf of your son; but it really is not, to the extent of it.
[Note 19: This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
My friends entertain a very erroneous idea of my pecuniary resources, when they set me down for a money lender, or one who (now) has a command of it. You may believe me, when I assert that the Bonds which were due to me before the Revolution, were discharged during the progress of it, with a few exceptions in depreciated paper (in some instances as low as a shilling in the pound). That such has been the management of my estate, for many years past, especially since my absence from home, now six years, as scarcely to support itself. That my public allowance (whatever the world may think of it) is inadequate to the expence of living in this city; to such an extravagant height has the necessaries as well as the conveniences of life, arisen. And, moreover, that to keep myself out of debt; I have found it expedient, now and then, to sell lands, or something else to effect this purpose.
These are facts I have no inclination to publish to the world, nor should I have disclosed them on this occasion, had it not been due to friendship, to give you some explanation of my inability to comply with your request. If, however, by joining with nine others, the sum required can be obtained, notwithstanding my being under these circumstances, and notwithstanding the money will be to be withdrawn from another purpose, I will contribute one hundred pounds towards the accommodation of your sons wants, without any view to the receipt of interest therefrom. With very great esteem &c.
Philadelphia, March 10, 1795.
Sir: Congress having closed their late session without coming to any specified determination with respect to the Georgia sale of Lands and the application for the extinguishment of the Indian rights to those Lands; and not having expressed any sentiment respecting the predatory war between the Southern Indians and the southern and south western frontiers of these United States, and the desire of the latter to institute offensive measures; it has become indispensably necessary for the Executive to take up the subject upon a full and comprehensive scale, that some systematic plan may be resolved on and steadily pursued during the recess.
To this end, it is my desire that you would select all the letters of recent date wch. have been received from the Governors of Georgia and the South western Territory, with their enclosures; as also those which have in like manner been received from the officer commanding the U. States' troops in the southern quarter, together with the letters of the Indian Agent there and Major Freeman, and from a careful perusal of the whole, and as they stand connected with Spanish policy, state the several points on which the decision of the Executive is necessary; and let me know the earliest day you can have it ready for presentation, that the heads of Departments may be summoned in order to consider the same.
It may not be amiss, at the same time, to examine all the Laws, relative to this subject, which were passed at the last, or at any former session; that no information, or explanation of the sense of Government on this important matter, may be wanting.20
[Note 20: From a press copy of the original in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
Philadelphia, March 11, 1795.
Sir: It has been reported to me by The Secretary of State, that among the laws of the last Session of Congress are several, which require the immediate acting of the President; and he has enumerated those, of which a list annexed,21 as belonging
[Note 21: The list of the acts referred to is also copied on the draft as follows:
"An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania for a limited time."
"An Act for continuing and regulating the military establishment of the United States, and for repealing sundry Acts heretofore passed on that subject."
"An Act making provision for the purposes of Trade with the Indians."
The same letter was sent to the Secretary of the Treasury with the following list of laws:
"An act authorising a Loan of two millions of Dollars."
"An act providing for the payment of certain instalments of foreign debts; and of the third instalments due on a loan made of the Bank of the United States."
"An act authorising the payment of four thousand Dollars for the use of the Daughters of the late Count de Grasse."
"An act to provide some present relief to the officers of Government and other citizens who have suffered in their property by the insurgents in the western Counties of Pennsylvania."
"An act making further provision for the support of public credit, and for the redemption of the public Debt."
"An act making further appropriations for the military and naval establishments, and for the support of Government."
"An act to authorize a grant of Lands to the French Inhabitants of Galliopolis, and for other purposes therein mentioned."
"An act for the reimbursement of a Loan authorized by an act of the last session of Congress."
The original of this letter and list are in the Connecticut Historical Society.] to your Department. It is therefore my desire, that you lay before me, as soon as may be convenient, the mode, which appears best for executing them, and that you note such of them, as have been already executed. If any of those laws contain powers to be exercised by the President, not immediately, but at a future day and eventually only, you will distinguish them in your Report to me.22
[Note 22: The draft is in the writing of a clerk in the Department of State.]
Philadelphia, March 14, 1795.
Dear Sir: As my back lands are not offered for sale with a view to speculate in other lands; and as I am thoroughly satisfied that Lands which are known to be good, conveniently situated, and the titles to them indisputable, will continue to encrease in price (especially in the Western counties of this State, since the restoration of tranquility and the influx of money there have taken place), I request, if you have not already entered into any positive, or honorary agreement for my land in Washington county, that it may not be disposed of at less than four dollars an acre, one fourth down, and the other three fourths in five years; with legal interest thereon, the payment of which, at the periods they become due, to be secured as in the proposed sale to Colo. Shreve.
Thirty shillings an acre was the price I fixed on my land in Washington County when forty shillgs was annexed to that in Fayette several years since. The latter having yielded 20 pr Ct. more than the estimated price I have no apprehension of the other's falling short of it, provided it be generally known that it is for sale. With very great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, March 15, 1795.
Dear Sir: I received your letter of the 23d. Ulto.; but not at so early a period as might have been expected from the date of it. My mind has always been more disposed to apply the shares in the inland navigations of Potomac and James Rivers (which were left to my disposal by the legislature of Virginia) towards the endowment of a University in the U States, than to any other object it had contemplated. In pursuance of this idea, and understanding that other means are in embryo, for establishing so useful a seminary in the federal city; I did, on the 28th. of Jany. last, announce to the Commrs. thereof, my intention of vesting, in perpetuity, 'the fifty shares I hold under that act in the navigation of Potomac; as an additional mean of carrying the plan into effect; provided, it should be adopted upon a scale so liberal, and so extensive, as to embrace a compleat system of education.
I had but little hesitation in giving the federal dist.24 a preferrence of all other places for this Institution, and for the following reasons. 1st. on account of its being the permanent Seat of the government of this Union, and where the laws and policy of it must be better understood than in any local part thereof. 2d, because of its centrality. 3d, because one half (or near it) of the district of Columbia, is within the Commonwealth of Virginia; and the whole of the State not inconvenient thereto. 4th, because as part of the endowment, it would be useful; but alone, would be inadequate to the end. 5th, because many advantages, I conceive, would result from the Jurisdiction which the general government will have over it, wch. no other spot would possess. And, lastly, as this Seminary is contemplated for the completion of education, and study of the sciences (not for boys in their rudiments) it will afford the Students an opportunity of attending the debates in Congress, and thereby becoming more liberally, and better acquainted with the principles of law, and government.
[Note 24: The press copy has "city," but the letter sent (in the Jefferson Papers) was changed to "dist." after the press copy was made.]
My judgment and my wishes point equally strong to the application of the James River shares to the same object, at the same place; but considering the source from whence they were derived, I have, in a letter I am writing to the Executive of Virginia on 'this subject, left the application of them to a Seminary, within the State, to be located by the Legislature.
Hence you will perceive that I have, in a degree, anticipated your proposition. I was restrained from going the whole length of the suggestion; by the following considerations: 1st, I did not know to what extent, or when any plan would be so matured for the establishment of an University, as would enable any assurance to be given to the application of Mr. D'Ivernois.25 2d, the propriety of transplanting the Professors in a body,26 might be questioned for several reasons; among others, because they might not be all good characters; nor all sufficiently acquainted with our language; and again, having been at variance with the levelling party of their own country, the measure might be considered as an aristocratical movement by more than those who, without any just cause that I have been able to discover, are continually sounding the alarm bell of aristocracy. and 3d, because it might preclude some of the first Professors in other countries from a participation; among whom some of the most celebrated characters in Scotland, in this line, I am told might be obtained.
[Note 25: François D'Ivernois. He had made the proposition to Jefferson. Jefferson's letter to D'Ivernois, Feb. 6, 1795, is in P. L. Ford's Writings of Jefferson (Federal edition) 8, 163.]
[Note 26: Of the College of Geneva.]
Something, but of what nature I am unable to inform you, has been written by Mr. Adams to Mr. D'Ivernois. Never having viewed my intended donation as more than a part of the means, that was to set this establishment afloat; I did not incline to go too far in the encouragement of Professors before the plan should assume a more formal shape; much less to induce an entire College to migrate. The enclosed is the answer I have received from the Commissioners: from which, and the ideas I have here expressed, you will be enabled to decide on the best communication to be made to Mr. D'Ivernois.
My letter to the Commissioners has bound me to the fulfilment of what is therein engaged; and if the legislature of Virginia, in considering the subject, should view it in the same light I do, the James River shares will be added thereto; for I think one good Institution of this sort, is to be preferred to two imperfect ones; which, without other aids than the shares in both navigations, is more likely to fall through, than to succeed upon the plan I contemplate. Which, in a few words, is to supercede the necessity of sending the youth of this country abroad, for the purpose of education (where too often principles and habits not friendly to republican government are imbibed, which are not easily discarded) by instituting such an one of our own, as will answer the end; and by associating them in the same seminary, will contribute to wear off those prejudices, and unreasonable jealouses, which prevent or weaken friendships and, impair the harmony of the Union. With very great esteem &c.
PS. Mr. Adams laid before me the communications of Mr. D'Ivernois; but I said nothing to him of my intended donation towards the establishment of a University in the Federal District. My wishes would be to fix this on the Virga. side of the Potomac, therein; but this would not embrace, or accord with those other means which are proposed for this establishment.27
[Note 27: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 16, 1795.
Sir: Ever since the General Assembly of Virginia were pleased to submit to my disposal fifty shares in the Potomack, and one hundred in the James River company, it has been my anxious desire to appropriate them to an object, most worthy of public regard.
It is with indescribable regret, that I have seen the youth of the United States migrating to foreign countries, in order to acquire the higher branches of erudition, and to obtain a knowledge of the Sciences. Altho' it would be injustice to many to pronounce the certainty of their imbibing maxims, not congenial with republicanism; it must nevertheless be admitted, that a serious danger is encountered, by sending abroad among other political systems those, who have not well learned the value of their own.
The time is therefore come, when a plan of Universal education ought to be adopted in the United States. Not only do the exigencies of public and private life demand it; but if it should ever be apprehended that prejudice would be entertained in one part of the Union against another; an efficacious remedy will be, to assemble the youth of every part under such circumstances, as will, by the freedom of intercourse and collision of sentiment, give to their minds the direction of truth, philanthropy, and mutual conciliation.
It has been represented, that an University, corrisponding with these ideas, is contemplated to be built in the federal city; and that it will receive considerable endowments. This position is so eligable from its centrality, so convenient to Virginia, by whose legislature the shares were granted, and in which part of the federal district stands, and combines so many other conveniences, that I have determined to vest the Potomack shares in that University.
Presuming it to be more agreeable to the General Assembly of Virginia, that the shares in the James River company should be reserved for a similar object in some part of that State, I intend to allot them for a Seminary, to be erected at such place, as the wisdom of the Legislature shall deem most proper. I am disposed to believe, that a Seminary of learning upon an enlarged plan, but yet not coming up to the full idea of an University, is an institution to be preferred for the position which is to be chosen. The students, who wish to pursue the whole range of Science, may pass with advantage from the Seminary to the University, and the former by a due relation may be rendered cooperative with the latter.
I cannot however dissemble my opinion, that if all the shares were conferred on an University, it would become far more important, than when they are divided; and I have been restrained from concentering them in the same place, merely by my anxiety to reconcile a particular attention to Virginia, with a great good, in which she will abundantly share, in common with the rest of the United States.
I must beg the favor of your Excellency to lay this letter before that honorable body, at their next Session; in order that I may appropriate the James River shares to the place which they may prefer. They will at the sametime again accept my acknowledgments for the opportunity, with which they have favored me, of attempting to supply so important a desideratum in the United States as an University, adequate to our necessity, and a preparatory Seminary. With great consideration and respect, &c.28
[Note 28: This letter was duly laid before the Virginia Assembly, which resolved, Dec. 1, 1795, that Washington "be requested to appropriate the aforesaid shares in the James River Co. to a seminary at such place in the upper country, as he may deem most convenient to a majority of the inhabitants thereof."
On March 17 Washington wrote to William Pearce, introducing [Ralph] Izard "to whom I request you to pay attention, and to make his visit to Mount Vernon as convenient and agreeable to him as may be in your power." A facsimile of this brief note is in the Washington Papers, presented by Emanuel Hertz, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, March 18, 1795.
Sir: On considering that part of your letter of the ... 29 instt. which relates to the establishment of a Post at Presqu' Isle I have no hesitation in giving it as my opinion that the position is eligable, in several points of view, and that the United States
[Note 29: March 6. This letter is in the Washington Papers.
On March 20 Washington signed a permit for the exportation of military stores according to the Act of Congress of Mar. 3, 1795; but no destination is given. An official contemporary copy of this permit, and also of the invoice of stores exported, is in the Washington Papers.
On March 21 Washington signed a warrant to the Secretary of the Treasury, empowering him "or any other person or persons to borrow on behalf of the United States of the Bank of the United States or any other body or bodies politic, person or persons, any sum not exceeding in the whole five hundred thousand Dollars, and to make or cause to be made for that purpose such contract or contracts as shall be necessary for the Interest of the said States." This by virtue of the act of March 3 "making further appropriations for the military and naval establishments and for the support of Government." This warrant is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.] ought to fix one there. The doubt I have is, from whence, in the reduced, and reducing state of the Legion, and the uncertainty of the negotiation of Peace with the Western Indians a competent force is to be obtain'd to possess and garrison it. On the last of these points a report will be expected from you.
Philadelphia, March 24, 1795.
Gentlemen: As I may have appear'd somewhat indecisive respecting square No 2130 in the federal city, I should not be
[Note 30: In "Hamburg."] surprised if you are at a loss to understand my meaning, in that particular.
The Commissioners on my application, agreed to let me have, first a quarter, then half, and finally the whole of that square. My mind settled on the last; but not being able (from the accident I met with) when I was at that place in June, to view the whole of it myself, nor to obtain such accurate information of the several parts, as respected the shape and declivity of the hill, to ascertain which was essential for my plan of improvement; I paid for no more than a moiety thereof.
I have since recollected, and indeed have been informed, that neither moiety will answer without the other for the purpose I contemplate, that is, buildings and a garden (when my means will enable me to encounter the expence).
This being the case, I repeat my wish to possess the other moiety of the said square. But if in your judgment, my delay has involved any inconvenience, or by paying for the half only, it argued a deriliction of the whole, and fresh terms must be made; you have only to name them; for as I mean to do nothing wrong in this business myself, it is not my wish, or desire, that you should do otherwise than right.
I should be glad to hear from you on this subject as soon as it is convenient; because I shall have the needful to provide for the first payment; and I would. take it with me about the middle of next month; when, if nothing unforeseen happens, I expect to be on my way to Mount Vernon, for a short stay. I am etc.31
[Note 31: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 25, 1795.
Sir: I have given the propositions contained in your letter of the 19th. instant32 the consideration they merit. The result is,
[Note 32: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] an indisposition to accede to them. At the same time, I pray you to accept my thanks for the tender you have made me of your services to carry them into execution.
My reasons for declining to embark in the project you have offered (at least at the present) are: 1st. the greater desire I have to dispose of the whole, than a part of any tract of which I am possessed; that I may thereby have the use of the money arising from the sale, or the interest thereof whilst it may be of service to me, rather than look forward to future advantages. 2d. If a small part only of the projected number of 870 lots in the one case, and 700 in the other should be disposed of, and these too indifferent situations, remote perhaps from one another (according to the fancy of the purchasers) they would, for a consideration of little or no value, be alienated from the proprietor of the tract, become an inconvenience to him, and perhaps a real disadvantage in the Sale of it thereafter whilst the preemption right to out lots ties up for 12 or 18 months according to the plan which is submitted, the sale of all that part which is so subjected. 3d. By the plan which is contemplated, my name, both in Europe and here must appear in the project and would be bandied about in the public prints. A measure which would not by any means, be agreeable to me, a simple sale being the extent of my object and wishes. 4th. Admitting that the scheme should succeed in the manner and to the extent which is proposed yet as I have no collateral object in view, the property as I have observed before, would in part be tied up in uncertainty for a while, and the proceeds afterwards would be received so slowly and in such driblets, as to melt away without affording me the benefits I aim at.
For these reasons I am more disposed to wait longer and try the chance of selling by whole tracts, than to dispose of parts thereof, in any manner, or for any purpose whatsoever. And tho' I am sensible that the real value of the lands I hold on the Ohio cannot be obtained at the present moment, yet I have had some reason to think that, on credit, land of such quality and so situated, with indisputable titles would command five dollars an acre.
If your estimates are formed on good data, and a proper knowledge of circumstances; and as you have a lateral object of considerable importance in view (I mean enhancing by such an establishment the value of the circumjacent lands of which you hold large quantities) the inducement which you would have on these accts. to be possessed of one, or more of my tracts, must be very great; and if you are so inclined the purchase may be made at a guinea an acre; one fourth paid down, and the remaining three fourths in five years with interest, the regular payment of which to be secured in a manner to be agreed upon. I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 25, 1795.
Dear Sir: I have been presented with your letter by Mr. H. Marshall whose detention in the Atlantic States will be longer than he expected on acct. of the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and navigation with Great Britain33 not arriving in season for the Senate to pass their opinion upon; and a considerable time is required to convene them together again, after their dispersion.
[Note 33: Known as "Jay's Treaty."]
I was glad to hear from Mr. Marshall that you continued to enjoy tolerable good health, perfect health at our time of life is not to be expected. The natural decline of men, after they have entered into; or passed their grand climacteric, will make its appearance in a variety of ways, too prominently for figures in the back ground of the picture.
I find by a law of your State republished in the Gazettes of this city, that from non-resident landholders, certain things are required to be done, by, or in the month of, November next. In the county of (what was or still is) Jefferson, I hold five thousand acres in two surveys, with which I pray you to do the needful in my behalf and I will repay the amount of the expence to your order, at any time.
As this land is far removed from me, and as I have, in the course of my experience, found that distant property produces more plague than profit; I would dispose of it, provided the sale thereof would amount to near the present value of the land. What this is, I can judge only from information; and after all, the quality of the soil, its situation, and local advantages must be decided by Hudibras's rule: "worth what they will fetch."
The plats of these tracts with the observations thereon, and Colo. Greenups opinion to which (Genl. Scott, who obtained it says) he added, that lands in those parts according to quality and local advantages, were worth from ten to twenty shillings an Acre, is all the evidence I have of the value of mine, except having Patents for it.
If with these documents, copies of which I send, you could conveniently aid me in disposing of them, I would thank you. If a fourth of the purchase money was paid down at the time of transfer, I would allow a credit of four or even five years for the residue, provided that the principal is well secured, and the interest thereof punctually paid every year, whenever it becomes due.
I should be unwilling without further and more accurate information of this land to take less for it than the lowest price above mentioned, and it would be uncandid to say, I should object to the largest, if there should be found any thing therein to deserve it. I should be glad to hear from you on the several points of this letter. With very great esteem and regard. I am etc.
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 27, 1795.
Dear Sir: The interest, which you have taken in the safety of John Mitchell, as expressed in your letter of the 19th. of January last, would be an inducement to me to go, as far in relieving him, as public propriety will admit. But the Attorney-general having made a report of which the enclosed is a copy, I think it advisable to postpone the further consideration until his trial shall have taken place.
It has afforded me great pleasure to learn, that the general conduct and character of the Army34 has been temperate and indulgent; and that your attention to the quiet and comfort of the western inhabitants has been well received by them. Still it may be proper constantly and strongly to impress upon the Army that they are mere agents of Civil power: that out of Camp, they have no other authority, than other citizens that offences against the laws are to be examined, not by a military officer, but by a Magistrate; that they are not exempt from arrests and indictments for violations of the law; that officers ought to be careful, not to give orders, which may lead the agents into infractions of law; that no compulsion be used towards the inhabitants in the traffic, carried on between them and the army: that disputes be avoided, as much as possible, and
[Note 34: Of militia sent against the Pennsylvania insurrectionists.] be adjusted as quickly as may be, without urging them to an extreme: and that the whole country is not to be considered as within the limits of the camp.
I do not communicate these things to you for any other purpose, than that you may weigh them; and, without referring to any instructions from me, adopt the measures, necessary for accomplishing the foregoing objects. With great regard etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, April 1, 1795.
Sir: Having had a more advantageous offer for my land on Difficult run, than that which is contained in your letter of the 26th. Ulto; it follows of course that the one made by you, cannot be agreed to.
I have not acceeded to the offer wch. I have just alluded to, nor shall I dispose of the Land until I come to Virginia, and can obtain more accurate information, than I am able to do at this distance, of the rise, and present price of lands within the distance mine is to the federal city &ca., with the advantages it possesses.
If you should think proper to come forward again, when I am there, with new propositions, I shall be ready to hear them.
In the meantime I am etc.
Philadelphia, April 6, 1795.
Sir: Having fixed on Monday the 13th. instt. to commence my journey for Virginia, and made arrangements to do business in the federal city on my way down accordingly: It is my desire that the instructions for Genl. Wayne's government, at the treaty which is proposed to be held with the Western Indians in June next, may be laid before me without delay, that I may have time to consider them. It is my further desire that all such other matters as may require any opinion, or directions of mine before the fifth of May, ensuing, may be submitted to me as early in the present week, as you are able to prepare them.
Philadelphia, April 7, 1795.
Sir: I have perused the Bill which you sent me for laying out a town &ca. at Presqu-Isle.
The portion of land allotted for a fortification at that place by the 4th. section, is much too small for the object; for if ever the work is assailed, the houses and other obstructions within range of its shot must be removed, or the artillery therein would be rendered useless and of course the defence insufficient; whilst under cover of these obstructions, approaches would be made undiscovered and without loss. Fortifications ought always to be placed upon the most commanding ground, as well for annoyance as defence; why therefore confine the one intended to be erected at Presqu-Isle to the South side of the harbour, when a more eligable site for the purpose might be found on the other? Why not give the Und. States while their troops occupy the Post the same interest and priviledges therein, as is required by them elsewhere? It appears to me expedient, that through the same medium, which presented the Bill to you, or some other indirect channel, the defects here mentioned, should be made known in time for amendments if it shall so please the Legislature.
By the 12th. Section of the aforesaid Bill, it would seem that as soon as troops of the United States are sent to Presqu-Isle, the Governor is required to discharge those belonging to the State; except such as shall be found necessary to cover the Commissioners &ca. How then in the present moment is this work to be executed? that is, by whom, and under whose auspices and direction? All these things are essential and ought to be clearly understood, and without delay; as I want, before I Reave the city, to know precisely upon what footing the matter can be placed.
Philadelphia, April 12, 1795.
Dear Sir: The following details will enable you to comply with the request of Mr. Henry Wade.
On the Great Kanhawa, and bounded thereby, I hold, and am disposed to sell, about 24,000 acres of land in four Patents: the smallest of which contains 2000 acres. These 2000 acres lie in the forks of the Kanhawa and Coal rivers, at the confluence of the two, and upon both. Opposite thereto, on the East side of the river (Kanhawa) I have another tract of 3,000 acres. About half way between the last mentioned, and the town Mount pleasant, which lies at the mouth of the Kanhawa and on the east side also, I have another tract of upwards of 7000 acres. And near Mount pleasant, but on the west side of the river (Kanhawa) begins the other tract of near 11,000 acres, which is bounded by the river more than 17 miles. None of these tracts have any settlers on them with, or of which I have any acquaintance or knowledge.
It does not appear by Mr. Wades letter which you have shewn me, to which of these tracts his inclinations are directed. All of them are river low grounds of first quality, but neither of them am I disposed, at present, to parcel out into lots, and selling them otherwise, depends altogether upon the price that would be given. I refused a guinea an acre for part, and not the most valuable part, of my western lands. If by dividing the land into 500 acre lots it would sell better, and more readily, it only remains for Mr. Wade (if he wants 1000 acres only) to get others to unite with him, to answer his purpose and mine also.
As my view in selling, is to place the money where I can draw the interest regularly as it becomes due, the larger the sum which is paid down the better it would suit me. For the remainder, a credit of three or four years might be given, provided the principal is secured, and interest thereon punctually paid every year as soon as it becomes due, either to me or my Agent.
As many persons are wanting these lands of mine, from the knowledge they have of their quality, situation, and the indisputableness of their titles; they will not, I am persuaded, remain long in my possession: or if they do, the price will be raised as this kind of property increases in value, or gets more in demand. I am etc.
Philadelphia, April 13, 1795.
Dr. Sir: A double sett of Youngs Annals was sent to me sometime ago, by that Gentleman, without his mentioning for whom the duplicates were intended. Taking it for granted however that they were meant to be presented to the Agricultural Society of this City, and understanding that you are Vice-President thereof I take the liberty of committing them to your care for the use of the said Society.
I also send for the information, and such other uses as the Society may think proper to make of it Maunsell's experimts. in the culture of Potatoes from the Shoots. With very great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, April 13, 1795.
Sir: It would be equally improper (on account of the expence, and other inconveniences which would attend the measure) to continue the Militia army in the western counties in this State, longer in service than the nature and exigency of the case may require or, under the reports which prevail of threatenings against the Collectors, and other indications of latent discontent, to disband it before a full submission to the revenue laws is unequivocally manifested. Under this view of the subject it would seem most adviseable and proper, to reduce the force there by degrees, and to begin this without delay, accompanying it with your best endeavours to discover, the real temper, and true state of things in that quarter, that it may be known when the whole may be disbanded with safety and propriety. Conformably to these ideas, I would have you act.52
[Note 52: The original of this letter is in the possession (1932) of Frances W. Story, of Cambridge, Mass.
On April 14 Washington wrote a brief note of thanks to Rev. Isaac Story, of Marblehead, Mass., for the sermons sent.
On this same day (April 14) Dandridge wrote to John M. Pintard that the ship Ganges, belonging to Willing & Francis, was about to sail from Philadelphia for the East Indies, stopping at Madeira on the way out, and that the owners had offered to take from Madeira two pipes of wine for the President. Pintard was therefore requested to ship two pipes of the best Madeira to the President "the cost of which shall be paid to your order." The draft of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1795.
Dear Sir: Although I have little reason to hope that, the offer I am going to make you will meet your approbation; yet from full conviction in my mind, that no one could, or would, discharge so important a trust with more energy and propriety than yourself; I am induced to make it. It is of the highest consequence to this Union, and to the Southern States in particular, that the public buildings in the Federal City (intended for the accomodation of Congress after the year 1800) and the other interests of that establishment should be pushed with vigor. The execution of this business is entrusted by law to three Commissioners, under the direction of the President of the United States. The present Commission is composed of Messrs. Danl. Carroll, Gustavus Scott and Doctr. Thornton. The first of whom, from age and infirmities, wishes to withdraw; to fill his place with an energetic successor is not only very interesting to the public and difficult, but is also of much solicitude with me; and, not being able to contemplate a character who possesses such peculiar qualities for this Office as you do, I am induced (notwithstanding your declining lately to accept another appointment, and you must excuse me therefor) to make you the offer of it: among other reasons, but of a secondary nature because, if you should refuse, to accept, I shall have the satisfaction of knowing that nothing, on my part, has been omitted to obtain a fit Character.
On the score of Salary, the Office of a Commissioner of the Federal City, is not equal, being annually sixteen hundred Dollars only, to the one I have alluded to, but it is not an Office requiring the same confinement, and, perhaps, when compared with the expense of living in Philadelphia, and being nearer to your own estate (which in your former letter you observed required your attention) may have advantages which the other did not possess.
I came to this place last night,53 to take a transient view of the situation of my private concerns in this quarter and my present intention is to leave it again, on my return to Philadelphia, on Monday next; by the Post which arrives in Alexandria on that day, it would be satisfactory to me, sooner I presume it cannot be, to hear from you on the subject of this letter, if it be convenient to give one.54 I am etc.55
[Note 53: Washington left Philadelphia April 14.]
[Note 54: Carrington's letter of April 24, declining the appointment, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 63: Former Senator from Massachusetts.]
Mount Vernon, April 24, 1795.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 22d. instant.64 Previous to the receipt of which, I had written to a Gentleman of this State (at a distance from hence) to know if he would accept the trust of being a Commissioner of the Federal City. No answer has yet been received.
[Note 64: Now now found in the Washington Papers.]
Part of the District of Columbia being on the Virginia side of the Potomac, and the State having contributed towards the expense of the public buildings gives it an equitable pretention to furnish a Character therefrom. On this principle I have proceeded. With esteem etc.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 66: Gustavus Scott and William Thornton.]
Mount Vernon, April 24, 1795.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 20th, with its enclosures, came duly to hand. The dispute between the Commissioners and Mr. Johnson67 having got into a course of legal adjudication,68 it is unnecessary for me to express any sentiment thereon.
[Note 67: Thomas Johnson. He was a former Commissioner.]
[Note 68: Johnson's purchase of water lots north of K Street on Rock Creek had been ruled out by the Commissioners.]
I regret that it could not have been settled without, because good rarely flow from disputes, evil often.
I expect to be in George town on my way to Philadelphia on Monday next, but at what hour I am unable, at this moment, to fix. With esteem I am etc.69
[Note 69: From Letters of the Presidents to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, April 26, 1795.
Sir: Our conversation of yesterday, has been the Subject of consideration with me. What follows is the result of it.
I repeat now, what I said to you then; viz, that renting the lands70 does not in the first place promote my Views. And in the second the measure may eventually be liable to serious disadvantages; for which reason, it would be much more agreeable to me to alienate the property altogether; and this I would do to you, upon the same terms I offered Mr. Bailey,71 namely £900 down, and £900 more on a credit to be agreed on, with
[Note 70: On Difficult Run.]
[Note 71: Pearce Baylor (Bailey).] interest regularly paid when it becomes due. in a manner also to be fixed.
If this is incompatable with your Views, and renting only will answer them, at least for a time, I will tho' reluctantly, agree to the following terms. namely, to receive £130 pr Ann; to cease on the payment of £2,000 in specie or current money equal thereto, at the time of payment which latter shall be done in ten years, from the date of the agreement: And not only the land, but unexceptionable personam Security shall be given for performance of the Annual payment and the sum of £2000 within the time above mentioned; And more over that if the Annual Sum of £130 shall not be paid within ... days after it becomes due it shall be optional in me to reenter, and take possession of the land, as if no agreement for it had ever taken place, And the full sum due thereon, arising from the afore mentioned rent to be paid not withstanding.
As there may appear something irreconcileable in these different propositions, an explanation, may be necessary; And thus I give it: £1800 one half or more to be paid down and the remainder in a short time, would enable me to apply the money to more profitable uses; than would result from the postponed payment. of £2000 at the end of ten years. And being assured by very good judges that I need not doubt getting five guineas an acre for it in a very little time (which at the U S. interest of 6 pr Ct. would amount to £126 pr Ann.) £130 yearly rent until the £2000 is paid, would hardly be an equivalent.
If you incline to take the Land on either of these proposals the bargain may be closed, and writings drawn. If neither is acceeded to now, I shall hold myself free at any time thereafter. I am etc.72
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 26, 1795.
Dear Sir: The continual pressure of public business has allowed me so little time to look into matters of more private concern that the enclosed accts. have not yet been entered in my book of accts and the complicated nature of them resulting from the blended admininn. of the Estates of John and Thoms. Colvill, to a person not accustomed to such intricate statements has induced me to request that you would be so obliging as to number them in the order they ought to follow one another in my Ledger and I would thank you too for making out a summary or recapitulatory account from which it would appear in a simple and short view, how the balance between me, and the Estate of Ths. Colvill to which I was Executor stands, for I am at a loss to know what is due from me, and I find it is to no purpose to wait for a settlement of the affair of Sidney George as in appeare. it is no nearer accomplishmt now than it was 3 years ago.
I shall leave home this day, on my return to Philadelphia; and pray, as soon as you are able conveniently, to comply with the requests I have now made, that the Accts. may be forwarded to me by Post. With very great esteem etc.
Seven Accts. were sent to Mr. Keith
[HV.L.]
Mount Vernon, April 26, 1795.
Sir: Your letter of the 22d. instant, I received yesterday morning. I still think of commencing my journey for Philada. at the time and in the manner mentioned to you in my last; but if bad weather or anything else should occur to prevent it, you shall be informed thereof in a P.S. to this letter before it is sent to the Post Office. The request of the Dutch Resident is embarrassing; and means more, I am persuaded, than is expressed.73 For this reason, I would not only have all further acting upon it suspended 'till my return to the Seat of Government; but it is my desire moreover, that you and the Gentlemen who are usually consulted on these occasions, would give the subject the most serious consideration, and be prepared to submit your opinions thereon in writing to me, upon my arrival.
[Note 73: Van Berckel had dismissed the Dutch consul,--Heinaken, and wanted the United States Government to send out official notification of this action.]
We have every reason (short of official testimony) to conclude, that the Government of the United Netherlands has undergone a revolution; to comply then, with the request of Mr. Van Berckel, might have an unpleasant [effect] both here and elsewhere; and not to do it, as no change has been announced, in diplomatic form, would, I conceive, be a departure from the usual and established course of proceeding in like cases. In a word, it seems to have placed the executive between Scilla and Charibdis. Much, however, I presume will depend upon the Consul's Commission, and the specific powers of the resident, if the right of suspension is not clearly established by usage, or the Law of Nations.
From our Minister in Holland, or from Mr. Monroe in Paris we surely may look every moment for official information of the events in that Country, the receipt of which might remove the present difficulty. I am &c.74
[Note 74: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 78: Of Liverpool, England.]
George Town, April 28, 1795.
Sir: You will be informed by the enclosed letter that twenty five hogsheads of Tobo. shipped pr. the Alexandria Captain Bayne,79 by Messrs Lear & Co, are to be placed to my credit.
[Note 79: Capt. Henry Bayne, of the ship Alexandria.
Washington wrote again, briefly, at the end of May, to Maury, requesting that as soon as the tobacco was disposed of, to send to him, "by the first American (neutral) vessel, bound to Potomac 500 Ells of the best Oznabrigs and 500 of the best second quality, for Negros; 15O of the best striped large blankets, 150 of the best second quality, for Negros. Make insurance thereon, and avoid hazarding them in any vessel whose Cargo or views may subject her to any legal interruption." A press copy of this letter is in the New York Public Library.]
The Tobacco is of my own growth, and the best evidence I can give you of my opinion of the quality of it, is, that after letting it lye five or six years in the Warehouse for a price, I prefered shipping it on my own acct. to the receipt of four dollars P C at the Warehouse. It was reexamined at the time of shipment, and found to be, as I have been informed, in very good order.
If the price of this article should be low at the time you shall receive it, and there is a probability of its rising, I would have it kept for this purpose; as I am in no hurry for the proceeds. I am. etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
George Town, April 28, 1795.
Dear Sir: Mr. Carroll, one of the Commissioners of the Federal City, from age, and the infirm State of his health; is desirous of quitting the employment. Permit me to ask if it would be agreeable to you to supply his place? The present Salary is 1600 dollars per annum. To discharge the duties properly, a residence in the City and close attention to the multifarious duties which occur in the execution of the trust is necessary.
I shall not go more into detail until you signify your determination on this head, which I pray you to do as soon as convenient after the receipt of this letter as Mr. Carroll is anxious to retire. I am etc.80
[Note 80: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 4, 1795
Sir: In every transaction of life I believe it will be found that candour and plain dealing (independent of the rectitude of the measure) is the best policy. Proceeding on this ground I will frankly own, that the reason why I requested other Security than the Land and your own bond for the performance of the Contract, which you were inclined to enter into, for my small tract on Difficult Run, arose from an expression which fell from you at Mount Vernon (according to my understanding of it) Viz, that you did not want the land with a View to improve it.
Hence, no advantages seeming to be contemplated from the mill seats, or meadow ground, (which in my estimation compose the most valuable part of the property) I could not conceive what the object of the purchase could be, unless to carry off the wood; the doing of which I well know would diminish the value of the land: and of course, if there should be any failure in the personal security, that I meet the land in a reduced state, would be my only resort.
If I have misconceived your meaning, that is, if your object in buying is to let the land lye dormant for the chance of a rise in its price; or if you meant contrary to my construction, (of your expression) to erect buildings thereon; to improve the grounds; I will on condition that none of the wood or coal made therefrom (both of which must be in demand at the Iron Works carrying on at the great falls) is removed from the land untill the principal Sum of two thousand pounds is paid. And moreover that as part thereof shall be left standing for the support of the premises untill payment as above, when you will be possessed of the fee Simple, and a legal right to do what you please with the Land; and every thing appertaining thereto. I say on these conditions I am still willing to let you have the land on the terms specified in my letter of the 26th Ulto. without deviation (on the score of boundary) which can effect the case very little, except waving the collateral Security there required, and fixing it on the Land and your own bond.
I pray you to be convinced that I do not mean to impute to you any unfair, or dishonorable, intention in this business; from the caution by which I have been governed.
I consider the proposed bargain as an absolute alienation of the property notwithstanding it has the appearance of a lease or freehold estate only, for the term of ten years; because, at any period within that term, I may be compelled upon payment of the principal sum of two thousand pounds, to transfer the legal title. But as misfortune in trade, or untoward accidents may render your bond of little worth, and my sole resort would in that case, be the recovery of the land; it behoves me to provide that this shall not during the ten years, be in a worse state than when I parted with it. this is the principle upon which I have acted. I am etc.81
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 5, 1795.
Madam: It is painful to me to receive the complaints of Mr. Hallet, through you. It is more so, as I see no propriety in my interfering in the differences between the Commissioners and him. The Commissioners are responsible to the public for conducting the public buildings, and other concerns of the Federal City. In the discharge of this trust, they must pursue such means as in their judgment, are most conducive to the end.
Why Mr. Hallet left the business in which he was employed by them; or why he was discontinued; is better known, perhaps, to you, than it is to me.
What assurances were given to Mr. Hallet to induce him to leave the business he was engaged in, at Philadelphia. What that business was; What money he has received for his services; and what further sum he is entitled to; are matters entirely unknown to me. All I can do therefore is, to transmit the representation you have made of his case, to the Commissioners, who are knowing of the facts; and can have no interest in withholding justice, where it is due. It is my sincere wish and desire, that it should be administered by them, to everyone; and I have confidence that, having the power, inclination will not be wanting to do so.
Having met your letter on the road, and without knowing by whose hand it was delivered, I did not examine the contents until I had reached my evening's Stage; nor have I had leizure or opportunity to acknowledge the receipt of it until now. I wish you and Mr. Hallet both, well, and am etc.
P.S. Your letter without date, but evidently written after those, the receipt of which I have already acknowledged, came to my hands since my arrival at this place; and is transmitted with the others to the Commissioners.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 5, 1795.
Gentlemen: The papers herewith enclosed (except one) were put into my hands whilst I was on horseback, passing through the city on my journey. I did not then read them, or know from whom they came.
Enclosed is my answer; which, after reading, be so good as to Seal and cause it to be delivered. As it discloses my sentiments respecting the representation of Mr. Hallet, through his Wife, I shall not repeat them; further than to assure you of my confidence that you will do strict justice to his memorial and claims as far as they merit. With esteem, etc.84
[Note 84: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May [8?]85 1795.
[Note 85: This letter is undated in the "Letter Book," but is recorded between the dates of May 7 and May 13.]
Sir: I have given the correspondence between you and Mr. Van Berckel, respecting the suspension of the Dutch Consul Heeinaken and the request to have his exequatur withdrawn, due consideration.
The papers are returned with a repetition of my desire, expressed to you yesterday, that the proper authorities may be consulted to know how fax the usage and practice of Nations, give controul to ministers in foreign countries, over the consuls of their respective nations; particularly of the power of suspending pending them in the execution of their functions. On this ground, or on specific authority from the Government of his nation, the resident must have acted, or he has acted without any. After examining into the first; and then the second, if the first does not support the proceeding, I shall be better prepared to form my opinion of the measure, than I am at present. In the mean time I request that the Attorney General's opinion may be obtained on the case as stated, laying this letter also before him. I am &c.84
Philadelphia, May 17, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 10th. instant, was received by yesterday's Post.
In answer to the enquiry therein, the following, as nearly as I can recollect, is the result of all that passed between Messrs. Scott and Thornton and myself, respecting their dispute with Mr. Johnson.
After the conversation which I had with the latter (in the presence of yourself and Doctr. Stuart the day I proceeded to Mount Vernon) and hearing his Statement, and the written elucidation of the principles on which he meant to establish his claim; I expressed to Doctr. Thornton, whom I saw soon after, my regret that so unfortunate a dispute should have happened, and a wish that it might be amicably settled. He, any more than Mr. Johnson, seemed to think this could not be accomplished, as the Commisisoners (or whether he confined it more particularly to Mr. Scott and himself, I am not certain) were clearly of opinion, and had been so advised by professional men, that the lots upon Rock Creek would, undoubtedly, be considered as Water lots under Greenleaf's contract; and being so considered and of greater value, it followed as a consequence, that they, as trustees of public property, in the City, could not yield to a claim which would establish a principle injurious to that property. He added that they had taken pains to investigate this right, and was possessed of a statement thereof which he or they (I am not sure which) wished me to look at.
Having heard Mr. Johnson's statement and reasoning upon the case, I did not decline the perusal of this; but it was observed by the Doctor,91 that there were some papers not quite ready, but which should be sent so soon as they could be prepared. Accordingly, after I had been at Mount Vernon two or three days, I received a Packet from Messrs. Scott and Thornton containing Greenleaf's contract (or a copy of it) the interrogatories, and answers to which your letter alludes; and some other papers, the purport of which I do not recollect; as, from the letters which were pouring in upon me whilst I was at home, I could only afford them a hasty reading; and all have been returned, with a repetition of my regret that such a dispute should have arisen; and a declaration, that as it had got into a course of legal adjudication it might be as improper as it was unnecessary, for me to express any opinion upon the merits of the case.
[Note 91: Dr. William Thornton.]
Thus, I have not only given an answer to the simple question propounded respecting the Interrogatories of the Clerk, but I have related, to the best of my recollection, all that passed between the other two Commissioners and myself, when you were not present, relative to this dispute. With esteem etc.
P.S. The evening of the day I parted with you I wrote to Mr. Alexr. White made him an offer of the place you have requested to resign; which he has accepted. I hope it will not be inconvenient to you under this information, to continue to discharge the duties of Commissioner until his arrival at the Federal City.92
[Note 92: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 17, 1795.
Dear Sir: About the sum which is due to me from your house, I owe the Commissioners of the Federal City. Let me request you therefore to ascertain, pay, and transmit the account thereof to me. If in doing this the balance shall be against me; it shall be paid to your order, if in my favor, let it remain there 'till called for. I am etc.92
Philadelphia, May 17, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 5th. instant93 has been duly received. That the duties of a Commissioner of the Federal City would have been discharged with ability and fidelity by the Gentleman whose name you have mentioned to me, I cannot harbour a doubt; but the An--l Gab--l, in this situation would have been charged with partiality. From a thorough conviction of this, I have never turned my attention to a character who, at the time of his appointment; was a resident either in George Town, or the Federal City.
[Note 93: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
The evening of the day I parted with you last, wrote to a gentleman of Virginia94 (from whence as part of the district of Columbia lyes in it and the State has contributed to the expence of the public buildings, I was inclined to look for the successor
[Note 94: Alexander White. (See Washington's letter to Alexander White, Apr. 28, 1795, ante.)] of Mr. Carroll) and have received his letter of acceptance of the Office of Commissioner.95 With esteem etc.96
[Note 95: His letter of acceptance is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 17 Washington wrote to William Augustine Washington, inclosing that which "may serve to remove some doubts." A photostat copy of this is in the Washington Papers, through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City. Across the address sheet of the original William Augustine Washington has written "enclosing Cabots letter."]
Philadelphia, May 17, 1795.
Dear Sir: Mr. Gill (of Alexandria) and I, have been in treaty sometime for a small tract of land which I hold in Loudoun county on Difficult run, at the bridge on the Leesburgh road. If he will agree to the following terms, from the spirit of which there will be no departure, such writings as will subserve both of our purposes, I pray you to draw.
1st. For him to hold the land by lease for the term of ten years, to commence from the date of the instrument; for the use and occupation of which, he is to pay in coin of the United States, or other money current at the time, and equivalent thereto, four hundred and thirty three dollars and a third yearly, and every year during the continuance of the said lease, at the Bank of Alexandria; for which a check is to be given.
2d. If any part of the said sum of 4331/3 shall be behind, or unpaid in manner aforesd, thirty days after the same shall become due, it shall and may be lawful (and optional in for me to re-enter and take possession of the premises as if no such lease had ever been granted. And if property should not be found thereon adequate to the rent, recourse in the ordinary mode, may be resorted for recovery of the same.
3d. That not a timber tree, stick of wood, coal made therefrom, or Ore, if any be on the land, shall be removed therefrom, under any pretence whatsoever; or used otherwise than for the purposes of the premises.
4th. That for the support and benefit of the same, there shall be left standing on the said tract, at the expiration of the lease a fourth part, at least, of the wood.
5th. It is understood and agreed, and the parties accordingly are to bind themselves as follow--viz: John Gill, his heirs &ca. to pay to George Washington his heirs &ca. on or at any time before, the expiration of the aforementioned term of ten years, the sum of Six thousand, six hundred and Sixty six dollars, and two thirds of a dollar, in the manner before mentioned; and for surety thereof, is to give his own bond with sufficient penalty. In consideration of which payment, well and truly performed, George Washington, or his heirs &ca. is to convey, in fee simple, the aforesaid tract; and the rent thence forward is to cease, and determine.
6th. Whereas by Deeds of lease and release from the Revd. Mr. Fairfax to me, the stream of difficult run is made the boundary between the land thus conveyed, and land conveyed by Deed from ... to ... on the other, or lower side of the run, and whereas by the last mentioned deed, a straight line is called for as the boundary between the two tracts, which may, according to circumstances, occasion a diminution in the quantity of my land; now it is understood and agreed, (be this as it may) that no alteration, consequent thereof, is to take place in the rent, or in the purchase money of this tract: for by the tract, and not by the acre, I sell it. The Deeds from Mr. Fairfax to me, specifies two hundred and seventy five acres only; but by a resurvey, if I recollect rightly, it measures three hundred and three acres; but I mean to give no other warrantee than I have received of it; and from this, to except what might be involved in dispute by the different lines; and so I would have it expressed, in order to avoid a controversy hereafter.
With great esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, May 17, 1795.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 11th. instt. I thank you for bringing the negotiation with Mr. Peters97 to a close, and for effectuating the transfer of the remaining lots in Square No 21 to me agreeably thereto. Mr. Lear will make the first payment therefor, according to contract.
[Note 97: Thomas Peter (Peters).]
I am much obliged by your kind enquiry into the value of the land I hold on Difficult run, although the communication respecting it has come too late, if a gentleman to whom I had made an offer of it acceeds to my terms. Your offer to assist me in the disposal of this land was friendly, and I feel greatful for it. With Esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, May 17, 1795.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 8th. instr., and if writings drawn strictly conformably to the spirit of the instructions contained in the inclosed letter to Charles Lee Esqr. (left open for your perusal) will answer your views in the purchase of my land on Difficult run, they may be prepared by him, and sent to me for the signature on my part. If, on the other hand, adhering as strictly as I do, to the principle on which I set out, does not meet your approbation, be so good as to return the letter and deeds therein; and the receipt of them will not be less acceptable than the first named writings.
You will perceive by these instructions, that not a stick of timber, wood, Coal or Ore (if any should be on the land) is to be removed therefrom, until the purchase money is paid. This may be interpreted (at first view) a rigid clause; in as much as the ground which may be cleared, and the timber which may be cut for fencing and other purposes, might afford more fire wood, than the immediate demand of the farm might require; this may be true, but it does not follow that it will be lost, if corded. To husband it therefore (while I retain an interest in the land); to avoid all inducement to fell it, faster than the farm may require; and to avoid all ground for dispute; In a word, not to lessen the value of the property until it is actually gone from me, are my motives to this precaution; especially as the removal from off the land, of a timber tree or two, or a few cords of wood, might give rise to a magnified tale which might induce investigation, and be productive of unpleasant sensations: to avoid which is more desirable than to apply a remedy. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, May 17, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 11th. instr. came to hand by the Post of yesterday.
With pleasure I received your acceptance of the office of Commissioner of the federal city. The commission98 will be forwarded to you from the Department of State, and the sooner
[Note 98: White's commission was signed May 18.] you can enter upon the duties of the trust, the more convenient and agreeable it will be.
With the candor, which I am sure will be agreeable to you, I shall intimate (for reasons which I shall not at this time enumerate, but which will appear evident, after you have been there a while) that a residence in the city, if a house is to be had, will be more promotive of its welfare than your abode in George Town. I shall add, that the motives which induced a fixed salary (which the first Commissioners did not receive) were, that they should reside on the spot; that they were not only to plan and regulate the affairs of the city, but to look to the execution of them also; To accomplish which, with the greatest ease to themselves, and best advantage to the public, I presumed that after measures were decided on by the Board they would have been so arranged as that each member would have attended to the execution of a particular part; or if found more convenient, that in rotation, each would have superintended the whole. I could not perceive however, when I was in the city last (the only time since the change in the Board) that any such arrangement had been adopted. In short, the only difference I cou'd perceive between the proceedings of the old, and the new Commissionrs. resulted from the following comparison. The old met not oftener than once a month, except on particular occasions; the new meet once or twice a week. In the interval, the old resided at their houses in the country; the new resided at their houses in George Town. The old had too much of the business done by daily wages, and were obliged to trust to overseers and superintendants to look to the execution; the new have gone more into the execution of it by contracts, and piece work, but rely equally, I fear, on others to see to the performance. These changes (tho' for the better) by no means apply a radical cure to the evils that were complained of, nor will they justify the difference of compensation from six dollars pr. diem for every days attendance in the city and Sixteen hundred pr. annum.
My time will not permit me to go more into detail on this subject, nor is it necessary; your own good judgment will supply all, and more than I could add.
The year 1800 will be soon upon us: The necessity therefore of hurrying on the public buildings, and other works of a public nature; and executing of them with oeconomy: The propriety of preventing idleness in those who have day, or monthly wages, and imposition by others, who work by measure, by the piece, or by contract, and seeing that all contracts are fulfilled, with good faith, are too obvious to be dwelt on. and are not less important than to form plans, and establish rules for conducting, and bringing to a speedy and happy conclusion this great, and arduous business. I am &c.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, May 25, 1795.
Sir: With much sensibility I received your polite letter of the 25th. of March from Kingston.1
[Note 1: In the Washington Papers, accompanied by a list of the plants sent.]
I thank you, Sir, for the plants which are mentioned in the list which accompanied it. Presuming they are arrived at Norfolk with the letter, I have requested a Gentleman of my acquaintance at that place, to forward them to my Garden at Mount Vernon on Potomack River, near Alexandria Virginia; and I feel myself particularly obliged by the offer to supply me with other plants from the Botanical gardens in Jamaica.
When my situation will allow me to pay more attention than I am able to do at present, to cultivations of this kind, which combine utility, ornament and amusement, I shall certainly avail myself of the liberty you have authorised me to take, in requesting a small supply of such exotics, as, with a little aid, may be reconciled to the climate of my garden. In the meantime, I will cause enquiry to be made for the plants which are required for your garden at Liquania; agreeably to the list of Mr. Wiles.2 I am etc.
[Note 2: James Wiles, of the Botanical Garden, Liquanea, Jamaica.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, May 25, 1795.
My Dear Sir: In due course of the Posts, I have been favored with your letters of the 17th instt. from Baltimore, and 20th from George Town. and thank you for the information contained in both.
Enclosed I send you what money I had by me, of my private funds; and an order, on the Bank of Alexandria for all I have there; both of which sums, I pray you to lay out in the purchase of Stock in that Bank; or, the Bank of Columbia; or on both; as from circumstances and the information you may possess at the moment you shall deem most advisable and advantageous.
The sum enclosed is nine hundred and Sixty Dollars in Notes of the U: States Bank.3 The sum in the Bank of Alexandria, amounts according to the information given me by
[Note 3: These notes are listed by Washington at the end of this letter as follows:
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On May 25 Washington wrote also to the president and directors of the Bank of Alexandria, requesting them to pay to Lear the above balance of $3,430.67. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
Lear replied (May 29), reporting the purchase of 5 shares in the Bank of Alexandria, at par. He intended to try to get 5 more and invest the balance of the amount $2,390.67 in shares of the Bank of Columbia. A later account with Lear (June 3) shows the purchase of 100 Bank of Columbia shares at $40. a share. This letter and account are in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 28, 1795.
Whereas John Dandridge Esquire of new Kent County, Virginia has made known to me that he can advantageously dispose of a young negro man called Anderson belonging to me and now in possession of said Dandridge, I hereby give my approbation to, and ratify any sale which he the said Dandridge may think proper to make on my behalf of said negro Anderson.
Philadelphia, June 4, 1795.
My dear Sir: Your letters of 26th. and 29th Ulto. have been duly received, but not adverting in time that the Post retd. on Wednesday I omitted answering the latter on that day.
I pray you to continue your purchases of shares in either of the Banks of Alexandria or Columbia or both (as you shall deem best) so far as the appropriated sums in your hands, belonging to me, (to which, add the three thousand dollars which you received from Doctr. Stuart on my account) will go. In doing this let the call for ten dollars on each share purchased in the Bank of Columbia, be included, because, until I receive payment for some land which I have sold, or the cash for my flour, &ca., which is not yet due I shall not have it in my power to apply a further sum to this use.
It gives me much pleasure to hear that the public buildings are going on briskly, and that persons from the Southward (for I believe it is the first instance beyond a single lot or so) are becoming adventurers with a view to improvement, in the federal city. I am clearly in sentiment with you (and the Commissioners know it) that if the business can proceed without limping that the lots which belong to the public ought to be held up except single ones, or a square at most and those only to be disposed of on the express condition of improvement.
The Senators are beginning to assemble. By Monday (the day appointed for their meeting) it is presumed they will all be here, as some of the most distant, are already on the ground.5 The members of this family are all well, and join in best wishes for you, with Dear Sir Your etc.
[Note 5: The Senate convened June 8 and adjourned June 26.]
Philadelphia, June 5, 1795.
Dear Sir: I have to thank you for the information, contained in your private letter to me, of the 19th. of last November.
The regular, and detailed accounts which you receive from the department of State, of occurrences, as they arise with us leave nothing to be added. As a private concern, I shall take the liberty of troubling you with the enclosed; requesting that it may be presented, or forwarded, as the case may be, to Madame la Fayette. The papers are under a flying seal, that seeing the scope and design of them, you may (if the money therein mentioned should not have reached her hands, of which I have received no information) be enabled to assist her in obtaining it; the favor of doing which I beg you, to render us both. My best respects are presented to Mrs. Monroe. With esteem etc.
Philadelphia, June 5, 1795.
Madam: Neither your situation or mine, will render it advisable for me to add more to the enclosed letter, which was written agreeably to its date, and received by Mr. Van Staphorst (as will appear by the correspondence between us, which is also enclosed) than to assure you of the sincere pleasure I felt in learning from Mr. Monroe's letters to the Secretary of State, that you were in Paris and at liberty, after a long and painful confinement; particularly, as he accompanied it with the pleasing information, that in behalf of this country and conformably to the dictates of his own sensibility, he had aided you with means to supply your present exigencies.
To touch on the case of Mr. de la Fayette in this letter would be still more delicate, and under present circumstances, as unavailing as it would be inexpedient. For these reasons, I shall only add a renewal of the assurances of the sincerest esteem and regard for you, and yours, with which I have the honor etc.6
[Note 6: From the Monroe Papers in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, June 15, 1795.
Dear Sir: After an unqualified acceptance of the Office of Commissioner of the Federal City, and a lapse of time at an important season for business, it would be uncandid not to say that I feel pain at your hesitating now, to enter upon the duties of that Office.
I had not heard before the receipt of your letter, that you had resumed the practice of the law; nor did I suppose that you could, with your family, transplant yourself in a moment to the Federal city; although I wished it might happen at as early a period as you could make it convenient, foreseeing advantages which would result from the measure.
The proposition was not made to you under an idea that you were skilled in the principles of Architecture, or because I supposed you had any particular knowledge of work, or the quantum to be exacted from workmen. The first is varying continually, according to the demand for, or the exorbitance of, the people: and care only is necessary when the latter is executed by contract, or the piece, to prevent, as much as the nature of the case will admit, imposition; and when day wages are given (which in all practicable cases ought to be avoided) to have an eye that the overlookers of them are diligent.
For these, I have no doubt your judgment, inclination and industry are quite adequate. In all other respects, I am equally persuaded, you are well qualified to discharge the duties of Commissioner; and it would give me, and I think I may add the public also, entire satisfaction if you could make it convenient and agreeable to yourself, to devolve your time and attention to this business.
Unless this is done, I should not feel myself justified in the change of compensation to the Commissioners, from six dollars a day while they were in Session to sixteen hundred dollars per annum. That change being the result of conviction, that as the city progressed, nothing short of constant attendance (allowing for those occasional absences which every person in file discharge of public trust require, at times) would enable the Commissioners, to answer the end of their appointment. Therefore the above sum, which was conceived adequate to this service, was resolved to be given. With esteem etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 15, 1795.
My dear Sir: Your letters of the 3d. and 4th inst. in the date of the latter I presume there is a mistake, with several accounts enclosed in the first, have been duly received; as was the certificate of the Shares which were bought in the Banks of Alexandria and Columbia on my behalf. Your preference of the former for the appropriation of the balance which remains in your hands is accordant with my Ideas; and unless you have very good reasons to believe that the shares may be had at par by delaying the purchase of them, it might be as well perhaps, to buy at the prices now being (especially if the overplus will meet compensation in the dividends) as to await for a fall.
Being pressed I shall only add the good wishes of this family to my own, and assure you of the sincere esteem etc.10
United States, June 25, 1795.
Gentlemen of the Senate: Just at the close of the last session of Congress, I received from one of the Senators and one of the representatives of the State of Georgia, an application for a treaty to be held with the tribes or nations of Indians claiming the right of soil to certain lands lying beyond the present temporary boundary line of that State, and which were described in an Act of the Legislature of Georgia passed on the 28th. of December last, which has already been laid before the Senate. This application, and the subsequent correspondence with the Governor of Georgia are herewith transmitted. The subject being very important, I thought proper to postpone a decision upon that application. The views I have since taken of the matter, with the information received of a more pacific disposition on the part of the Creeks, have induced me now, to accede to the request; but with this explicit declaration: That neither my assent, nor the treaty which may be made, shall be considered as affecting any question which may arise upon the supplementary act, passed by the Legislature of the State of Georgia on the 7th of January last, upon which enquiries have been instituted, in pursuance of a resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives; and that any cession or relinquishment of the Indian claims, shall be made in the general terms of the treaty of New York; which are contemplated as the form proper to be generally used on such occasions; and on the condition that one half of the expense of the supplies of provisions for the Indians assembled at the treaty, be borne by the State of Georgia.
Having concluded to hold the treaty requested by that State, I was willing to embrace the opportunity it would present, of enquiring into the causes of the dissatisfaction of the Creeks which has been manifested, since the treaty of New York, by their numerous and distressing depredations on our southwestern frontiers. Their depredations on the Cumberland have been so frequent and so peculiarly destructive, as to lead me to think they must originate in some claim to the lands upon that river. But whatever may have been the cause, it is important to trace it to its sources, for independent of the destruction of lives and property, it occasions a very serious annual expense to the United States. The Commissioners for holding the proposed treaty will therefore be instructed to enquire into the causes of the hostilities to which I have referred, and to enter into such reasonable stipulations as will remove them and give permanent peace to those parts of the United States.
I now nominate Benjamin Hawkins, of North Carolina, George Clymer of Pennsylvania; and Andrew Pickens of South Carolina, to be Commissioners12 to hold a treaty with the Creek nation of Indians, for the purposes herein before expressed.13
[Note 12: The Senate confirmed these nominations June 26.]
[Note 13: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 27, 1795.
Sir: Please to deliver to Mr. Ross, or send them to him by a careful hand, the Surveys of all my lands with which you have been furnished.
And let me entreat you to make, without further delay, a final settlement of the accounts between us; pay what is in your hands; and deposit the statement of all that is due to me from the tenants, with the papers respecting the several tenements, with Mr. Morgan; that he may, thereby, be enabled to go on with my business. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, June 27, 1795.
Sir: Had the terms on which I offered you my land in Fayette county been complied with on your part, the bargain, as I informed you in my letters, would have been conclusive on mine. But this not being done, and the end of June likely to be as unproductive as the first of it, of the payment which was then to have been made, I conceive myself under no obligation to fulfil the offer I made you on the 14th. of January last, of the above mentioned land. Nevertheless, if by the first day of August next you shall pay One thousand pounds Pennsylvania curry. with interest thereon, from the first day of June; and interest on the remaining sum from the sd. first of June agreeably to the former proposals, in the letter above mentioned, and do, moreover, pay up all arrearages of Rent (on account of which I learn from Colo. Cannon, to my very great surprize, much is due) the conveyance will be made to you in the same manner as if payment had according to agreement, taken place on the first of this month. If it is not, I do hereby declare, that the former agreement and the present offer, will be considered as null and void, to all intents and purposes, as much so, as if no negotiation had ever taken place between us for the said land. With esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, June 28, 1795.
Sir: Business, and other circumstances, have prevented my acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 23d. of April until now, that I do it by Mr. Ross.
I have seen Colo. Cannon, and in strong terms have represented to him the impropriety of his delay in furnishing you with a statement of the concerns between him (in my behalf) and the tenants in the Counties of Fayette and Washington, and in not making a final settlement of all the accounts between us. If any dependence can be placed in his assurances, he would as soon as he returned home be ready to render his accounts, and give in the statement which has been required of him; but he is continually reducing the Rents under pretence of allowing for improvements. This, to be sure, is singular, enough, for fencing &ca. of Plantations or farms which have been settled fifteen or twenty years. If the tenants on Millers run have carried wheat to Colo. Cannon's Mill, it behoves them to receive payment for it, and therewith to discharge their Rents to you; for I shall look to them and not to him, from whom I can get nothing without more trouble than it is worth, and who ought not to have concerned himself with the business, after it was put into your hands which are due after that period.
It would be well to ascertain what is due from Colo. Shreve on account of Rent as soon as possible for he will receive no conveyance of the land which he lives until all arrearages, due thereon (as well as the first payment of the purchase money) are paid up.
Having experienced more plague than profit in collecting the rents of my lands in the counties beforementioned. It is my intention to sell both tracts, if I can obtain what I conceive to be the worth of them as leases therefore will impede the sale, I am not disposed at this time, under these circumstances to give any. Among the papers which were deposited in the hands of Colo. Cannon, were copies of the Surveys of my lands on the Ohio and great Kanhawa; if these should have been received by you, I request that they may be given, or by some safe conveyance sent, to Mr. Ross, your Senator. And I pray you to write me, as soon as you can, what state my business is in with the Tenants; what sum you have actually received on account of Rent; what you have a prospect of soon receiving; and what is due. In short, I wish to know what the real situation of my affairs as they respect these tracts is.
I do not recollect any business, which the United States have, at this time that requires Surveyors, nor likely to be until a land Office is opened, and when this will happen I know no more than you do. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Philadelphia, June 29, 1795.
Sir: I enclose to you a copy of the resolution of the Senate,14 advising, that the late treaty with Great Britain be ratified.15 Upon this resolution two questions arise, 1st Is, or is not that resolution, intended to be the final act of the Senate; or do they expect, that the new article, which is proposed, shall be submitted to them, before the treaty takes effect? 2d., Does, or does not the Constitution permit The President to ratify the Treaty, without submitting the new article, after it shall be
[Note 14: Dated June 24, 1795.]
[Note 15: Jay's Treaty. It was signed Nov. 19, 1794.] agreed to by the british King, to the Senate for their further advice and consent?16
[Note 16: These two questions were drawn up by Randolph and submitted to the President, June 25, with the suggestion that the Cabinet members give their opinions thereon in writing. Randolph also informed the President that "Mr. Adet has proposed a conference with E. R. tomorrow morning....Whatever has been lying in his breast will no doubt then appear." This letter is in the Washington Papers. Randolph's opinion is filed in the Washington Papers at the end of June, 1795.]
I wish you to consider this subject as soon as possible, and transmit to me your opinion in writing; that I may without delay take some definitive step upon the Treaty.17
[Note 17: The text of Jay''s Treaty is printed in the American State Papers, Foreign Relations, vol. 1, and also in Treaties... of the United States, edited by Hunter Miller (Department of State, Government Printing Office: 1931), vol. 2.]
Philadelphia, July 1, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 18th. ulto.18 and Mr. Jay's resignation of the Office of chief Justice of the United States,19 both came to my hands yesterday.
[Note 18: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 19: Jay's private letter of June 29, 1795, is in the Washington Papers.]
The former gave me much pleasure, and without hesitating a moment, after knowing you would accept the latter, I directed the Secretary of State to make you an official offer of this honorable appointment. To express to you my wish that it may be convenient, and agreeable to you to accept it. To intimate, in that case, my desire, and the advantages which would attend your being in this city the first monday in August (at wch. time the next session of the Supreme court will commence), and To inform you, that your Commission as chief Justice will take date on this day (July the first when Mr. Jay's will cease) but that it would be detained here, to be presented to you on your arrival.
I shall only add, that the Secretary will write to you by Post, and by a water conveyance also if there be any Vessel in this harbour which will sail for Charleston in a few days, and that, with much sensibility for your good wishes, and an assurance of the sincerest esteem and regard I am etc.
Philadelphia, July 2, 1795.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 29th. Ulto., resigning the office of Chief Justice of the United States I received yesterday, and with sincere regret. For the obliging sentiments you have expressed for me in your private letter which accompanied it, I as sincerely thank you.
In whatever line you may walk my best wishes will always accompany you; They will particularly do so on the theatre you are about to enter upon;20 which I sincerely wish may be as smooth, easy and happy, as it is honorable. With very great esteem etc.
[Note 20: Governor of New York.]
Philadelphia, July 5, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 15th. Ulto, came to my hands at a time when my attention was much occupied on some matters of importance. To this circumstance, and to my knowledge (as you will perceive by the enclosed extract of a letter from the Secretary of State to the Commissioners of the federal city) that one of your requests had been anticipated; and to the expression of your apprehension, that another would probably come too late, is to be ascribed my silence 'till now. I have, however, desired the Secretary of State to give it as my opinion to the Commrs., that all transactions respecting the square which is in dispute between you, and them (in behalf of the public) ought to be suspended, until the pending adjudication is terminated unless they can assign reasons to the contrary wch. do not occur to me; and I cannot but again, and again, express my regret, that so unpleasant a dispute shd. have arisen. But unless the Commissioners are impeached for mal-practice in Office; or are specifically charged with incapacity and unfitness to discharge the several duties entrusted to them; I do not see on what ground, or with what propriety I could institute an enquiry into their conduct: beyond this, I am sure I should have no right to proceed.
The answer which I gave Mr. D. Carroll to a request not dissimilar to the one made by you, but more limited in its object, is herewith enclosed, as a just statement (as far as I have recollection) of all the transactions respecting this dispute, that passed between yourself, Messrs. Scott and Thornton and me, in the course of my journey to, from, and whilst I was at Mount Vernon in April last. The letter of those Gentlemen, which came to me at that place, did not, even at the moment of its reception, strike me as an official act of the Board; but rather as a comment on the existing dispute, and explanatory of the motives which had actuated their conduct. In this view, the propriety of ordering a copy to be furnished might be questioned. If it is of record, in the Office, it is already comprehended in the direction they have received in the letter of the 23d. Ulto. from the Secretary of State to them, a copy of which (instead of an extract) I have this moment recd from that Office. With the greatest esteem etc.25
[Note 25: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 29: Archibald Cochrane, (ninth) Earl of Dundonald.]
Philadelphia, July 9, 1795.
My Lord: By Mr. Jay I had the honor to receive your Lordships favor of the 9th. of April, accompanying your treatise "on the intimate connection that subsists between agriculture and chemistry." The work must be curious and interesting, and for your goodness in sending it to me, I pray your Lordship to accept the best thanks of Your etc.
[Note 30: English geographer and Fellow of the Royal Society.]
Philadelphia, July 9, 1795.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 29th. of April, accompanying your Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan, with engravings &ca. for your kindness in sending which I entreat you to accept my best thanks.
I have not had leisure yet to look over them, with attention: but I am persuaded that there is a fund of interesting information to be found in the work: for the mean of coming at which I am extremely thankful. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L]
[Note 32: An English author and compiler. He published Bishop Wilson's Bible in 1785, and Works in 1781.]
Philadelphia, July 10, 1795.
Revd. Sir: It has so happened, but really I can hardly tell how, that I have been very deficient in not acknowledging at an earlier period the receipt of your obliging favor of the 1st. of May last year, accompanying a copy of the Works of the venerable Bishop of Sodor and Man;33 which, agreeably to the Will of the late Doctor Wilson (his Son) you had the goodness to send me.34
[Note 33: Rev. Thomas Wilson's (Bishop of Sodor and Man) Works were published in 1781, the Bishop having died in 1755. Rev. Thomas Wilson, son of Bishop, died in 1784.]
[Note 34: Washington's copy of the Bishop of Sodor and Man's Bible, which accompanied the Bishop's Works, is now in the Library of Congress. Cruttwell's letter of May 1, 1794, is in the Washington Papers.]
Accept now, I pray you Sir, my thanks for the part you have executed in this business; and the assurances that my not having done it before did not proceed from want of respect to the memory of the Author, his son, or yourself; but to mere accident. With very great respect I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L]
Philadelphia, July 10, 1795.
Sir: I could not omit so favorable an opportunity, as the departure of Mr. Strickland affords me, of presenting my best respects to you; and my sincere thanks for the views of Agriculture in the different counties of Great Britain, which you have had the goodness to send me. and for the Diploma (received by the hands of Mr. Jay) admitting me a foreign honorary member of the board of Agriculture.35
[Note 35: The diploma of the Board of Agriculture of Great Britain, dated Mar. 25, 1795, is in the Washington Papers.]
For this testimony of the attention of that body, and for the honor it has conferred on me, I have a high sense, in communicating of which to the board, I shall rely more on your goodness than on any expression of mine, to render it acceptable.
From the first intimation you were pleased to give me of this Institution, I conceived the most favorable ideas of its utility: and the more I have seen, and reflected on the plan since, the more convinced I am of its importance, in a national point of view, not only to your own country, but to all others which are not too much attached to old and bad habits to forsake them, and to new countries that are just beginning to form systems for the improvement of their husbandry.
Mr. Strickland has not been idle since he came to this country. On him therefore, for a description of the clime, the soil; the agriculture, and improvements generally; the modes of carrying them on; the produce of the land; the draught cattle; domestic animals; and the farming impliments which are used by our people in the Eastern and middle States, through which he has passed I shall refer you. Nothing, I believe has escaped his observation that merited notice.
You will add to the obligations already conferred on me, by directing your Bookseller to supply me regularly with all such proceedings of the board as are intended for the public; and when they are in a fit state for it, that they may be neatly bound. To this request, I pray he may be desired to add the cost, which shall be paid at sight, to his order here, or remitted to him, as may be most convenient and agreeable to himself. With very great esteem etc.36
[Note 36: On July 10 Washington wrote to Maj. Gen. Norman Macleod, of the British Army, thanking him, briefly, for some publications respecting the British constitution. This letter is in the New York Historical Society.
On this same day (July 10) Washington also wrote a brief note of thanks to John Jones, of Dublin, Ireland, for volumes of "the Sentimental and Masonic Magazine." This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, July 13, 1795.
Sir: It is now near two months since I sent you the Deeds for my land on Difficult run, from which to draw a conveyance to yourself, on the terms, and agreeably to the instructions contained in a letter to Charles Lee Esqr., or, that they might be returned to me again.
As I can see no cause for, a propriety in this delay, I do now take the liberty of declaring it as my intention, that unless, the instruments fixing the agreement according to the stipulated terms in the aforesaid letter, are immediately executed, I shall consider the offer I made you for the above land, as null and void, and request my deeds may be sent to me accordingly. I am etc.
Philadelphia, July 13, 1795.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 8th. instt, and thank you for the information contained in it; and for the obliging tender of your services in the disposal of my moiety of Woodstock Manner. As that land was received in payment of the balance of a debt, the greater part of which had been discharged by such driblets, and in such a manner as really to have been of very little service to me, I will wait awhile to see to what height the price of land thereabouts will rise before I dispose of it, under a full conviction that it will not fall. With great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, July 14, 1795.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 24th. of May, giving an acct. of the condition of Royal Gift.
I am sorry the removal of him from Virginia to South Carolina has been attended with so little public or private advantage. If he is yet alive, and upon a critical examination of his case, it should be thought that he has sufficient health and strength remaining to stand the voyage, I would thank you for causing him to be shipped (under the care of an attentive Master of a Vessel) for Baltimore, recommended to the care of the Collector of that Port. I do not say to Alexandria, because I presume passages to that place from Charleston are rare, but, if perchance such a conveyance should present itself, a preference, for obvious reasons, would be given to it. In either case, I hope the animal will be well secured, and provided for on the passage. I am much obliged to you, Colo. Hampton and all others, who have paid attention to this Jack whose ruin was predicted by all those who were witnesses of the manner in wch. he was treated, before he left Virginia, by Allan; as hath, I believe, been mentioned to you in a former letter. I pray you to present my best wishes and respects to Mrs. Washington, and believe me to be Dear Sir, Your etc.
Philadelphia, July 15, 1795.
Dear Sir: Whether the transmission of the letter herewith sent may lead to a further discovery of the intentions of the writer; and who the writer is, is more than I can inform you. I send it because Mr. Bingham, the Author, has suggested the measure; because you are acquainted with my ideas respecting those lands; and because to know the disposition of others, towards them, can be productive of no harm, but the contrary.
In a few moments I shall set out for Virginia, to avoid (among other reasons) the intense heat of the city; wch. for the last four or five days, has been suffocating.39 With very great esteem etc.
[Note 39: Washington left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon about 8 a.m., July 15, according to the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer, "in a two-horse phaeton for one person, his family in a coach and four horses, and two servants on horseback leading his saddle horse." He arrived at Baltimore for breakfast, July 18.
On July 15, before leaving Philadelphia, he wrote briefly to William Strickland, intrusting to his care the letter for Sir John Sinclair, July 10, 1795, q. v. A press copy of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Baltimore, July 18, 1795.
Sir: At this place, and in the moment I was about to step into my carriage, I was overtaken by an Express bearing the enclosed despatches.
As the application is of an unusual and disagreeable nature;40 and moreover, is intended, I have no doubt, to place me in an embarrassed situation, from whence an advantage may be taken, I forward it to you with a request, that you, the other two Secretaries and the Attorney General, will give it due consideration, and if it be proper for me to return an answer, that one may be drawn, which will accord with all your ideas (if it can be done) and forwarded to me by post, that I may transmit it from Mount Vernon. In haste, I am etc.41
[Note 40: See Washington's letter to the Boston Selectmen, July 28, 1795, post.]
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 22, 1795.
Dear Sir: Both your Letters, dated the 17th Instant,42 found me at this place, where I arrived on Monday.43 The Letter from the Commissioners44 to you, I return, as I also do the Gazettes of Pittsburg and Boston. The proceedings at the latter place are of a very unpleasant nature.45 The result I forwarded to you from Baltimore, accompanied with a few hasty lines, written at the moment I was departing from thence; with a request that it might be considered by the confidential officers of
[Note 42: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: July 20.]
[Note 44: Of the District of Columbia.]
[Note 45: A meeting of the Inhabitants of Boston, July 13, on Jay's Treaty. The original proceedings are in the Washington Papers.] Government46 and returned to me, with an answer thereto, if an answer should be deemed advisable.
[Note 46: The Cabinet.]
In my hurry, I did not signify the propriety of letting those Gentlemen know fully my determination with respect to the ratification of the Treaty, and the train it was in; but as this was necessary, in order to enable them to form their opinions on the subject submitted, I take it for granted that both were communicated to them by you as a matter of course. The first, that is the conditional ratification (if the late order which we have heard of respecting provision Vessels is not in operation,) may, on all fit occasions, be spoken of as my determination; unless from any thing you have heard, or met with since I left you, it should be thought more adviseable to communicate further with me on the subject. My opinion respecting the treaty, is the same now that it was: namely, not favorable to it, but that it is better to ratify it in the manner the Senate have advised (and with the reservation already mentioned), than to suffer matters to remain as they are, unsettled. Little has been said to me on the subject of this treaty, along the road I passed; and I have seen no one since, from whom I could hear much concerning it; but from indirect discourses, I find endeavours are not wanting to place it in all the odious points of view, of which it is susceptible; and in some which it will not admit.
I should be glad if you would call upon Messrs. Morris and Nicholson,47 (Greenleaf being no longer concerned); and in earnest and strong terms represent to them, the serious consequences which must inevitably result to the public buildings in the federal City, if the deficiency, or part thereof, due on their contract, is not paid. Besides arresting the work in its present critical state, and compelling the discharge of some valuable
[Note 47: John Nicholson.] workmen, who may never be recovered; it would throw such a cloud over the public and private concerns of the City, and would be susceptible of such magnified and unfavorable interpretations, as to give it a vital wound. From the representations which have been made to me, by the Commissioners, it appears that twelve thousand dollars pr. month, is scarcely adequate to the present expenditures; and that the demand for more must increase, as the more expensive materials are brought into use, as they are now about to be of wrought stone &c. &c. If to pay the whole deficiency is not, at present, within the means of Messrs. Morris and Nicholson, a part thereof, and to keep pace with the current demand, might possibly enable the Commissioners, to proceed without much embarrassment in the principal work. Between forty and fifty thousand dollars, I am informed is now due on the Contract of Greenleaf &Co.
As you have discovered your mistake, with respect to the dates of the French decrees, I shall add nothing on that, nor on any other subject at this time, further than a desire to know if you have heard any thing more from M. Adet48 on the treaty
[Note 48: On July 14 Randolph made the following "Memorandum" which he later forwarded to the President:
"M. Adet came to the office, and told me that he had come to express to me in an amicable manner the uneasiness, which the treaty with Great Britain had excited in him. Professing not to have seen it, I promised him a copy, and that day delivered it to him. He stated some days afterwards in writing three objections: 1. that we had granted to Great Britain liberty to seize our naval stores going to France; while France by her commercial treaty with the U. S. could not seize Naval stores of the U.S. going to England; 2. that English privateers may find an asylum in our ports, even during the present war with France; and 3. that France could not open a new negotiation with us, as we were prevented from departing, in a new treaty, from this stipulation in favor of British privateers; and France would not give up her prior right.
"In answer to the first objection, I have written to him, that contraband is left unchanged, where it stands by the law of nations: that the working of our treaty with France is reciprocal; inasmuch as if we were at war with England, France would be just where we are now; and that this working of our treaty was plainly foreseen, when it was made. Still I tell him, that upon the principles of hardship or injury to a friend, it shall be a subject of our new negotiation; shall not wait for the general treaty; and I doubt not that some modification may be devised.
"In answer to the second, I have written to him; that English privateers will not be admitted into our ports, during this or any other war with France: that our stipulation is exactly the same with that in the treaty of France with England in 1786; that the French treaty is protected from infraction by a positive clause in the treaty with G. Britain, and that it never shall be violated.
"In answer to the third objection; I have written to him, that we would not ask him to renounce the advantages given to French privateers, in exclusion of the enemies of France; and that the old treaty might be continued in force respecting this particular, so as still to give this right a priority to the like right, stipulated by the treaty with G. Britain.
"In the last paragraph of my letter I desire, that if any embarrassment still hangs upon these points, he may afford me an opportunity of meeting them, before his communications are despatched to the committee of public safety. While I was transcribing my letter, he came to see me; and I read to him the observations on the last point. He exclaimed, that they were very good, very good; and I inferred satisfactory. I met him at the President's, some time afterwards, and asked him if he had received my letter. He said, 'Yes.'I told him that I hoped, I had placed the subject upon a satisfactory footing. He expressed a degree of satisfaction; but not so pointed, as what he had said to me, as to the part of the letter, relative to the third objection. He added something about his not intending to discuss the law of the 23d. of March; but he spoke in so low a voice, that I did not catch his meaning...My letter was dated the 6th. of July; and was sent on the 7th. or 8th. I have received no answer to it." This "Memorandum" is in the Washington Papers.] with G. Britain; and whether Mr. Jaudenes49 has replied to your letter to him on the score of his inconsistency. I am, &c.50
[Note 49: José de Jaudenes.]
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
P. S. A Solomon is not necessary to interpret the design of the Oration of Mr. Brackenridge.51
[Note 51: Hugh Henry Brackenridge.]
Mount Vernon, July 24, 1795.
Dear Sir: My Letter from Baltimore, and the one written by Friday's post, dated the 22d. inst: renders it in a manner unnecessary for me to add more on the score of the treaty with G. Britain, or on the movements which are taking place thereupon in different parts, than to inform you that if circumstances should make it more eligible for me to repair to Philadelphia, than for you to come to this place, I can set out as well on a day's as a month's notice, for the seat of Government; where, if matters are peculiarly embarrassed, I should be on the theatre of information, with documents and other aids about me, that could not be had here.
I have not, as I mentioned to you in my last, heard much respecting the treaty since I left Philada. At Baltimore I remained no longer than to breakfast. In George town my whole time was spent on business with the Commissioners; and in Alexandria I did not stop. Yet the same leaven, that fermented a part of the Town of Boston, is at work, I am informed in other places; but whether it will produce the same fruit, remains to be decided.
I shall expect, agreeably to the assurances you have given me, to be well and regularly advised of the pros and cons in this business, and the preponderancy thereof. The Letter of Colo. H.52 is returned. The one from Colo Deakins serves to shew in a greater degree, the necessity there is that Messrs. Morris and Nicholson should exert themselves to avert the threatened evil; and the French letter is forwarded for translation, or to be acted upon, if necessary.
[Note 52: Alexander Hamilton.]
The introduction of A. R. H.53 to you was, I conceive, more the effect of design than of ignorance or inadvertency. The impropriety of the measure was too palpable, even if instances in abundance had not announced, that characters in the predicament that Gentleman was, could not be noticed by the officers of Government without giving umbrage.54 The conduct of Mr M. is of a piece with that of the other; and one can scarcely forbear thinking, that these acts are part of a premeditated system to embarrass the Executive government. I am, &c.55
[Note 53: Archibald Hamilton Rowan.]
[Note 54: Randolph's letter of July 20 (in the Washington Papers), telling of the Rowan incident, states that "Rowan, who was convicted of sedition in Ireland, arrived the day before yesterday from France. Major Butler brought him to my office, to introduce him. This inaccuracy of this member of the senate [Pierce Butler, of South Carolina] did not surprise me; nor did it betray me into more than decent civility to a man, who brought a recommendatory letter from Colo. Monroe, dated in April."]
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 27, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 18th instr. from Fredericksburgh, was received on thursday, and I should have answered it by the Post of Saturday, but was hurried in preparing letters for the northern mail, which I was obliged to dispatch on that day.
I thank you for the enquiries you made concerning my land on Green River, in Kentucky and am glad to hear the reports of it continue to be favorable. I can hardly think it possible that Genl. Lee could so far forget what was due to his own character as to sell the land I had purchased of him to Genl. Spotswood; for I not only have deeds for it, but his letters also, as evidence of my title to the two tracts of which I furnished you with copies of the Surveys.
The deeds (to the best of my recollection, for they are at Philadelphia) issued from the Land Office in Richmond, in my own name, at his request, several years ago; to save the expence and trouble of double conveyances, first to him, and from him to me. To suspect Genl. Lee of fraud in this transaction I cannot; and, as it is almost improbable that it should be the result of forgetfulness, I conceive (unless you have compared the courses and distances of My Surveys with those he has sold to Genl. Spotswood) that the two sales cannot be for the same land. General Lee had, as I have been informed, a good deal of land in that part of the country; and tracts of the same size, and on the same waters, may be mistaken one for the other. Certainty, however, may easily be obtained, by comparing the courses &ca. as above, and descriptions of Genl. Spotswoods Surveys with those you have of mine.
Mine I shall not relinquish, but for the full value of the land; and if that value would be increased by the purchase of the 300 acres belonging to Mr. Wodrow, I hereby authorise you to make the purchase upon the best terms you can; taking care, however, to be under no mistake with respect to its value, and its contiguity to my land. Give me advice of what you do, and I will provide for paymt.
I wrote to Colo. Marshall56 early in the Spring, by Mr. Obannion, requesting him to enter these tracts of mine with the Commissioners; and to pay the taxes due thereon: If he has not done it, I would thank you for causing it to be done; and the cost shall be paid to your order.
[Note 56: Thomas Marshall.]
Let me pray you, to continue your enquiries respecting the circumstances, quality, situation and value of these lands of mine; and, from time to time, advise me of the result. When you go out again, as I understand you mean to do this fall, I will give you a conditional power of Attorney to sell the whole property, if in your judgment, upon a view thereof, an adequate price can be obtained for the same; and I will allow you a commission for so doing.
Unless business should require my presence in Philadelphia sooner (and then I shall go thither alone) it is not likely I shall leave this place until the end of September. If, therefore, you and Mrs. Lewis; my Sister and Harriot; or any of you, can make it convenient, and agreeable to yourselves to favor us with a visit, we should be happy in seeing you. Your Aunt joins me in love to you all, and with very great regard I am etc.
Mount Vernon, July 27, 1795.
Dear Sir: My Letters for the post office in Alexandria, had been sent off some hours before the enclosed dispatches were put into my hands by the young Gentleman, whose name is mentioned in Gov Clintons Letter to me, also forwarded.
Not willing to lose a post day, I hasten to send these resolutions above alluded to, late as it is, to Alexandria, to go on tomorrow; with a request similar to the one made from Baltimore. A day or two more will, I presume, bring to me the result of the meeting proposed to be held in Philada., which, probably will be followed by one from Baltimore and other towns; altho' I have no advice thereof further than the papers contained, as being in agitation at Baltimore before I left Philada. If one comes from the last mentioned place (Philad.) and is immediately published, as the others have been, before delivery; let me answer thereto, if answers are adviseable, follow it without waiting for my request. I have no time to add more, than that the commercal part of the treaty, as far as my information goes, is generally disliked. I am, &c.57
[Note 57: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
P. S. What says Mr. Adet upon the subject of the treaty, and the movements thereupon?58
[Note 58: Randolph answered (July 31): "Mr. Adet has been ill, ever since you left this city. So that I have not seen him; nor do I collect any of his opinions. He bolted into objections to the treaty so zealously, and retreated so suddenly, that I cannot help thinking that he conceives, he had in a degree committed his government." Randolph's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 27, 1795.
Dear Sir: On Saturday morning I received your letter of the 21st instt with its enclosures. The Post of tomorrow from Alexandria is the first by which I could answer it.
If the meeting of the Commissioners, appointed to treat with the Onondagoes, Cayuga and Oneida Indians, took place at Albany the 15th. instant, as was expected by the extract of Genl. Schuylers letter to the Governor of New York; any further sentiment now on the unconstitutionality of the measure would be recd. too late. If it did not take place, according to expectation It is my desire that you would obtain the best advice you can on the case and do what prudence, with a due regard to the Constitution and laws, shall dictate.
With respect to the meeting which is proposed to be held with the St. Regis Indians the proposition of Govr. Jay59 is regular; and I can think of no better character than Colo. Wadsworth or Mr. Boudinot60 to attend it on the part of the U States. If both should decline the service any other respectable and well known disinterested character would meet my approbation equally.
[Note 59: Gov. John Jay, of New York.]
[Note 60: Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth and Elias Boudinot.]
The extract from Mr. Higgenson's61 letter, which you were so obliging as to send me, places the proceedings of the town of Boston in a different point of view than might have been entertained from the resolutions wch. were sent to me by Express, accompanied with a letter from the Selectmen of that place. But (much indeed to be regretted!) party disputes are now carried to that length, and truth is so enveloped in mist, and false representation that it is extremely difficult to know through what channel to seek it. This difficulty to one, who is of no party, and whose sole wish is to pursue, with undeviating steps a path which would lead this Country to respectability, wealth and happiness is exceedingly to be lamented. But such (for wise purposes it is presumed) is the turbulence of human passions in party disputes; when victory, more than truth, is the palm contended for, "that the Post of honor is a private Station." With much esteem etc.
[Note 61: Stephen Higginson, of Boston, Mass.]
Mount Vernon, July 27, 1795.
Dear Sir: Not having heard from you, for sometime, I am desirous of knowing whether you have purchased any of my Berckley or Frederick leases? and if not, whether the prospect of doing it is so favorable, as to amount almost to a certainty of accomplishing the measure ? If neither I desire you would give up the idea of purchasing and let me have the money you have collected with the names of the persons from whom it has been received; as I am in want, and have only deprived myself of the use of it from the hope of its laying the foundation of a better annuity; which my heavy expenditures very much need.
Unless business should require my attendance at the Seat of government sooner, it is probable I shall remain at this place until the end of September. With great esteem and regard, and best wishes to Mrs. Lewis in which your Aunt &ca. unite I remain etc.62
[Note 62: From a photostat of the original in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.]
[Note 63: Ezekiel Price, Thomas Walley, William Bordman, Ebenezer Seaver, Thomas Crafts, Thomas Edwards, William Little, William Scollay, and Jesse Putnam.]
[United States, July 28, 1795.]
Gentlemen: In every act of my administration, I have sought the happiness of my fellow-citizens. My system for the attainment of this object has uniformly been to overlook all personal, local and partial considerations: to contemplate the United States, as one great whole: to confide, that sudden impressions, when erroneous, would yield to candid reflection: and to consult only the substantial and permanent interests of our country.
Nor have I departed from this line of conduct, on the occasion, which has produced the resolutions, contained in your letter of the 13 [instt.]
Without a predilection for my own judgment, I have weighed with attention every argument, which has at any time been brought into view. But the constitution is the guide, which I never will64 abandon. It has assigned to the President the power of making treaties, with the advice and consent of the senate. It was doubtless supposed that these two branches of government would combine, without passion, [and with the best means of information], those facts and principles upon which the success of our foreign relations will always depend: that they ought not to substitute for their own conviction the opinions of others; or to scorn expect65 truth thro' any channel but that of a temperate and well-informed investigation.
[Note 64: The "Letter Book" copy has "can."]
[Note 65: The draft is doubtful at this point. In addition to the words "scorn" and "expect," the word "follow" is crossed off, though underscored in pencil, apparently by the Attorney General. The "Letter Book" copy has the word "seek."]
Under this persuasion, I have resolved on the manner of executing the duty now before me. To the high responsibility, attached to it, I freely submit; and you, gentlemen, are at liberty to make these sentiments known, as the grounds of my procedure. While I feel the most lively gratitude for the many instances of approbation from my country; I can no otherwise deserve it, than by obeying the dictates of my conscience. With due respect, &c.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Edmund Randolph. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington. W. Bradford and Oliver Wolcott have approved this draft; Bradford in pencil. T. Pickering has approved; but offered a substitute at one point.
Addresses of disapprobation of Jay's Treaty, urging that it be not ratified, poured in upon the President from cities, towns, and counties in nearly every State. The earliest being that from the Selectmen of Boston, dated July 13, and the last coming from the citizens of Lexington, Ky., in their meeting of September 8 (forwarded September 10). To most of these addresses the same answer was returned as that to the Boston Selectman, July 28. The text of the addresses, with the President's answers, are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On the "Letter Book" copy of the resolutions of the citizens of Petersburg, Va., August 1, Washington has noted: "Tenor indecent No answer returned."
On the "Letter Book" copy of the resolutions of the inhabitants of Bordentown, Crosswicks, Black Horse, and Reckless Town, N. J., Washington has noted: "No answer given. The Address too rude to merit one." The copyist's note to resolutions of the citizens of Laurens County, S. C., is "The foregoing Resolutions &ca. were sent under a blank cover, by (it is supposed) Jno. Matthews Esqr. No notice has been taken of them."
On the "Letter Book" copy of the remonstrance and petition of the citizens of Scott County, Ky., August 25, Washington has noted: "The Ignorance and indecency of these proceedings forbad an answr."
On the "Letter Book" copy of the address from the citizens of Lexington, Ky., Washington has noted: "It would now [be] out of time to answr this address when reed Novr. Indecent besides."
The proceedings of the citizens of Richmond County, Ga., September 1, were sent to Edmund Randolph, Secretary of State, September 4, and answered by Timothy Pickering, September 30. These proceedings and the answer thereto are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
In the Washington Papers, under date of Aug. 12, 1795, is the draft of the general answer, returned to most of these protests against the ratification of the treaty. It is in the writing of Edmund Randolph and reads: "I have received your letter of the ... covering resolutions of a meeting in New York. As the answer, which I have given on a similar occasion to the selectmen of Boston is applicable to those resolutions, I think it proper to transmit a copy thereof to you. To Philadelphia instead of resolutions say 'the address.' Instead of New-York say 'Philadelphia' Instead of those resolutionssay 'that address.'" In Washington's writing is added:
"Answers have been sent to The Selectmen of Boston
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1795.
My dear Sir: Your private letters of the 24th. and 25th. instant have been received, and you will learn by the official letter of this date, my determination of returning to Philadelphia after monday, if nothing in the interem casts up, to render it unnecessary.
I am excited to this resolution by the violent, and extraordinary proceedings which have, and are about taking place, in the Northern parts of the union; and may be expected in the Southern: because I think that the memorial;67 the ratification;68 and the instructions,69 which are framing; are of such vast magnitude as not only to require great individual consideration, but a solemn conjunct revision. The latter could not happen if you were to come to this place; nor would there be that source of information to be had as is to be found at, and is continually flowing to, the seat of government: and besides, in the course of deliberating on these great matters, the examination of official papers may, more than probable, be found essential, and these could be resorted to no where else.
[Note 67: Randolph's letter to John Jay, Aug. 16, 1795, in the Hamilton Papers, in the Library of Congress, states that about a week after Washington left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon "I sent down to him...the draught of a memorial to Mr. Hammond upon the subject of the treaty....The memorial declared, that the President would ratify, upon the provision order being laid aside: that if this was not done, the President would take the subject into farther consideration: that the doing of this should be the only obstacle to the pursuing the advice of the Senate: that in order however to produce perfect cordiality, the king was invited 1. to provide by some clear distinction against the impressment of our citizens: 2. to reconsider the compensation of the negroes: 3. to cause the execution of the 7th article to be expedited and the expence thereof lessened: 4. to give instructions against the vexations of privateers and the rigours of some of the American admiralties....I ought to add, that the reason why a memorial was at all thought of, was, that the President at first believed (as I confess I did) that he could not ratify, until the new suspending article was agreed to by the British King. It thereby became necessary to assure him in writing, that we affected no delays; and meant to ratify, if the provision order was abolished."]
[Note 68: The ratification was the draft of the form to be used for Jay's Treaty. Its official date was Aug. 14, 1795. Great Britain ratified the treaty, Oct. 28, 1795, and the treaty was proclaimed in effect by the President in his proclamation of Feb. 26, 1796.]
[Note 69: The instructions were those forwarded to the United States Minister to Great Britain, covering the exchange of the ratifications of the treaty. They were not signed by the President.]
To leave home so soon will be inconvenient; a month hence would have been otherwise; and was, as I hinted to you before I left the City, in contemplation by me, for the purpose of Mrs. Washington's remaining here until November, when I intended to come back for her. But whilst I am in office, I shall never suffer private convenience to interfere with what I conceive to be my official duties.
I view the opposition which the treaty is receiving from the meetings in different parts of the Union in a very serious light. Not because there is more weight in any of the objections which are made to it, than were foreseen at first; for there are none in some of them; and gross misrepresentations in others. Nor as it respects myself personally, for this shall have no influence on my conduct; plainly perceiving, and I am accordingly preparing my mind for, the obloquy which disappointment and malice are collecting to heap upon my character. But I am alarmed on acct. of the effect it may have on, and the advantage the French government may be disposed to make of, the spirit which is at work; to cherish a belief in them, that the treaty is calculated to favor G. Britain at their expence. Whether they believe, or disbelieve these tales, the effect it will have upon the nation, will be nearly the same: for whilst they are at war with that Power, or so long as the animosity between the two nations exists, it will, no matter at whose expence, be their policy, and it is feared it will be their conduct, to prevent us from being on good terms with G. Britain, or from her deriving any advantages from our commerce which they can prevent, however much we may be benefited thereby, ourselves. To what length this policy and interest may carry them, is problamatical; but when they see the people of this Country divided, and such a violent opposition given to the measures of their own government, pretend [edify in their favor, it may be extremely embarrassing, to say no more of it.
To sum the whole up in a few words, I have never, since I have been in the Administration of the government, seen a crisis wch, in my judgment, has been so pregnant of interesting events; nor one from which more is to be apprehended; whether viewed on one side, or the other. From New York there now is, and I am told will further be, a counter current; but how formidable it may appear, I know not; if the same does not take place at Boston and other towns, it will afford but too strong evidence that the opposition is, in a manner, universal or that those of different sentiments are supine or intimidated which would make the ratification a very serious business indeed. But as it respects the French, even counter resolutions would, for the reasons I have already given, do little more than weaken, in a small degree, the effect those of the other complexion would have.
I have written, and do now enclose, the letter (the draught of which was approved by the heads of departments and the Atty Genl) to the Selectmen of the town of Boston; but if new lights have been shed upon the subject since it was agreed to, or if upon reconsideration any alteration should be deemed necessary, it being open for your perusal, I request you to detain it until I see you. Let me also request that the same attention may be given to the draught of a letter to Portsmouth, and to the chamber of Commerce at New York, as was recommended on that occasion. With sincere esteem &c.
PS. To the papers sent, I add Chancellor Livingston's letter;70 and wish, if it is best to give it an answer, that one may be prepared. Altho' this letter is a hurried (for Mr. Dandridge is not yet arrived and I have no assistance) as well as a private one, I have no objection to the confidential officers seeing it; and wish them to prepare their minds on the several subjects mentioned therein against I arrive.
[Note 70: Of July 8. Sparks prints it in his Correspondence of the American Revolution, vol. 4. The original is in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to Robert R. Livingston, Aug. 20, 1795, post.)]
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1795.
Sir: The contents of your Letters of the 21st and 24 Inst. which I received by Monday's post, the importance of some of their enclosures, and the purturbed state of men's minds respecting the late treaty with Gr: Britain together with the proceedings in some of the principal towns to embarrass the business, have determined me to repair to the Seat of Government, if I hear nothing from you between this and monday next to render it unnecessary. Two reasons delay my setting out previous to that day; the first is, the uncertainty ! shall be in, until I hear from you subsequently to your receipt of my Letter of the 24 instant, whether you may not be on the road yourself: and 2d. because a general meeting of the Potomac Compy, on important business, is to be held in Alexandria on Monday next, at which I am much pressed to be.
The proclamation71 is herewith enclosed. along with it you will receive the Resolutions of the town of Portsmouth (New: Hampe.) similar to those of Boston and New York; and the counter proceedings of the Chamber of Commerce in the last mentioned place, to those which I forwarded to you, from thence, by the Mail of Tuesday. I also return, under cover of this Letter, the draft of the memorial72 and the rough of a ratification. These are very important papers, and, with the Instructions which follow, will require great attention and consideration, and is the primary cause of my returning to Philada. Mr. Jaudenes will, in spite of himself, be arrogant and inconsistent. Perhaps a closing Letter to him on the subject of negotiation may not be amiss. Mr. Monroe's letter, and the enclosures are among the papers which I send you. With esteem, &c.
[Note 71: Of July 10, pardoning certain of the insurgents in western Pennsylvania. Sparks states that it was not published until August 6. See p. 232.]
[Note 72: See note 67 to Washington's private letter to the Secretary of State, July 29, 1795, ante.]
P.S. Mr. Adet's answer is such an one as I expected. Do with the French letter herewith enclosed, whatsoever is proper.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1795.
Gentlemen: On friday last I received your several dispatches with different signatures; and should have answered them by Monday's post; but Doctr. Thornton promising to assign his reasons for the dissent he had given to the proposed regulations respecting wharves and water lots, I postponed giving any opinion thereon until I should receive these, which I did yesterday morning. Since which I have been so extremely hurried with one dispatch and another, that I have not been able to attend to the business of the federal city.
I propose to be in Alexandria on Monday, and shall proceed to George town in the afternoon, when, or very early next morning, I will meet you and decide upon all the matters referred to. Gentlemen Yr. etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1795.
Gentlemen: I was duly favored wth your letter of the 24th. instant, with its enclosures. As you have called upon Mr. Greenleaf to come forward and substantiate the charges he has exhibited agt. you, in his letter to the Secretary of State (copy of which you sent me) I shall wait the issue, and do no more, at this time, than to acknowledge of your dispatch. With esteem etc.77
[Note 77: From Letters of the Presidents o]f the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1795.
Gentlemen: The memorial dated the 24th inst. subscribed by Messrs. Scott and White, with other papers relating to water lots and for regulating the building of wharves in the federal City, came duly to hand, as did Dr. Thornton's letter of the same date, informing me that he differed in some respects from his colleagues on these topics; but that he had not time, by that post, to assign his reasons for doing so. By the post on Monday I received them; since which I have given the whole subject the best consideration the pressure of other dispatches would enable me to do. The result is, to leave the matter where the Maryland Act has placed it, to the decision of the Commissioners.
I perceive no material difference in your opinions; nor are any of them wide of mine; which, to avoid detail, may be summed up in a few words, to let the holders of the grounds adjacent to the wall do as they please with the water opposite to them, under the following restrictions. 1st. that they shall not injure the navigation by the ex[ten]tion of their wharves; 2dly that they shall not interrupt by any buildings thereon, any of the streets, north and south, or East and west, if it be practicable to avoid it. 3dly that they shall be subject to general, or at least proper regulations. In complying with the first no difficulty will occur; and if the second can be accomplished, without involving inconveniences, and an expense of which I have not an accurate knowledge; neither the health nor the beauty of the City would be affected, if the wharves and the buildings thereon were to extend to the channels of both waters; which, in time, I have no doubt will be the case, for on commerce, more than to any other cause, the city must depend for its growth and importance. Whatever may be the determination of the board on these points, the sooner they are announced to the public the better; as an idea has gone forth not favorable or pleasing to the seekers of water lots.
I have no desire myself to alter the appropriation of any of the public squares; I only wished that the propriety of their designation might be well considered before they were ultimately fixed. And for the reasons which have been assigned, strengthened by the Report of Mr. Dermot, I approve of the site for the Mint. The Square is, I conceive, sufficiently large, and the water is essential.
In a letter received from the Secy. of State, in answer to one I wrote him from hence respecting the funds of the City, and a representation to be made thereon to Messrs. Morris and Nicholson, he replies thus in a letter dated the 25th. instant,
Morris and Nicholson inform me that a part of their arrearages will be immediately paid up; and that they have made a provision for furnishing the balance in a short time.
I am etc.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1795.
My dear Sir: On Wednesday evening, I sent the packet, now under cover with this, to the Post-Office in Alexandria; to be forwarded next morning at the usual hour (4 0 clock) by the Baltimore mail; but behold! when, my letter bag was brought back from the Office and emptied I not only got those which were addressed to me, among which yrs. of the 27th was one, but those also wch. I had sent up the evening before.
I have to regret this blunder of the Postmr. on acct. of the enclosures; some of which I wished to have got to your hands without delay; that they might have undergone the consideration, and acting upon, which was suggested in the letter accompanying them. On another acct, I am not sorry for the return of the Packet to you; as I resolved, thereupon and readg. some letters wch. I recd. at the sametime to wait your acknowledgment of the receipt of my letter of the 24th. instt. before I would set out; as I should, thereby, be placed on a certainty whether your journey hither, or mine to Philadelphia, would, under all circumstances, be deemed most eligable; or whether the business could not be equally well done without either: repeating now, what I did in my letter of the 24th, that I do not require more than a days notice to repair to the Seat of Government; and that if you, and the confidential Officers with you, are not clear in the measures which are best to be pursued in the several mattrs. mentioned in my last, my own opinion is, and for the reasons there given, that difficult and intricate, or delicate questions had better be settled there, where the streams of information are continually flowing in, and that I would set out accordingly.81
[Note 81: Randolph wrote to Washington: "July 31, 1795. 10 o'Clock. Sir, The Secretaries of the Treasury and War departments are now with me; and we concur in thinking it expedient, that, if possible, you should return for a few days to the seat of Government. Nothing, but the general crisis of public affairs, leads to this recommendation; and it may be important, that you should do some act in consequence of the communications, expected from Mr Hammond, who will sail shortly." This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. Hammond had been recalled, and in a private letter to Washington, also of July 31, Pickering wrote: "Mr. Hammond has not, as yet, communicated any part of his late advices from England; but I expect them hourly." This letter is in the Washington Papers. Pickering also wrote Washington on July 31: "I learn that Mr. Hammond has received letters of recall; and that he expects to depart in three weeks. I am disposed to believe, from accidental intimations, that before his departure some useful and perhaps very important arrangements may be made to facilitate the compliance with the condition on which the advice of the Senate for ratifying the treaty was suspended, and possibly for expediting the execution of that part of it which respects the posts...On the subject of the treaty I confess that I feel extreme solicitude; and for a special reason which can be communicated to you only in person. I entreat therefore that you will return with all convenient speed to the seat of Government. In the mean time, for the reason above referred to, I pray you to decide on no important political measure, in whatever form it may be presented to you....(This letter is for your own eye alone)." Pickering's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
To be wise and temperate, as well as firm, the crisis most eminently calls for; for there is too much reason to believe, from the pains which have been taken before, at, and since the advice of the Senate respecting the treaty that the prejudices against it are more extensive than is generally imagined. This, I have lately understood to be the case from men in this quartr. who are of no party, but well disposed to the present Administration. How shd. it be otherwise? when no stone has been left unturned that could impress on the minds of the people the most arrant misrepresentation of facts; that their rights have not only been neglected, but absolutely sold. That there are no reciprocal advantages in the treaty; that the benefits are all on the side of G. Britain; and, what seems to have had more weight with them than all the rest and most pressed is that the treaty is made with design to oppress the French, in open violation of our treaty with that nation, and contrary too to every principle of gratitude and sound policy. In time when passion shall have yielded to sober reason, the current may possibly turn; but in the meanwhile this government in relation to France and England may be compared to a ship between the rocks of Sylla and charibdas. If the Treaty is ratified the partisans of the French (or rather of War and confusion) will excite them to hostile measures, or at least to unfriendly Sentiments; if it is not, there is no foreseeing all the consequences which may follow, as it respts. G. B.
It is not to be inferred from hence that I am, or shall be disposed to quit the ground I have taken, unless circumstances more imperious than have yet come to my knowledge should compel it; for there is but one straight course, and that is to seek truth and pursue it steadily. but these things are mentd. to shew that a close investigation of the subjt. is more than ever necessary; and that they are strong evidences of the necessity of the most circumspect conduct in carrying the determn. of government into effect with prudence as it respects our own people and with every exertion to produce a change for the better from G. B.
The memorial seems well designed, to answer the end proposed; and by the time it is revised, and new dressed, you will, probably, (either in the resolutions, which are or will be handed to me or in the Newspaper publications wch. you promised to be attentive to) have seen all the objections against the treaty which have any real force in them; and which may be fit subjects for representation in the memorial or in the instructions, or both. But how much longer the presentation of the memorial can be delayed without exciting unpleasant sensations here, or involving serious evils elsewhere you, who are at the scene of information and action can decide better than I. In a matter, however, so interesting and pregnant of consequences as this treaty, there ought to be no precipitation; but on the contrary every step shd. be explored before it is taken, and every word weighed before it is uttered, or delivered in writing.
The form of the ratification82 requires more diplomatic experience and legal knowledge than I possess or have the means of acquiring at this place and therefore I shall say nothing about it. I am &c.
[Note 82: The text of the form of ratification for Jay's Treaty is printed by Hunter Miller in his Treaties and Other International Acts, etc. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1931). Miller notes that no signed original of Jay's Treaty is in the Department of State; that Jay sent two signed treaties, but one was lost in transit and the one which came safe was returned, curiously enough, to Great Britain along with the ratification.]
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1795.
Dear Sir: No mail, at two oclock yesterday, had been received in Alexandria from Philadelphia since the 29th Ulto. I am sending up this afternoon to see if the expected mail of this day is in; altho' I have little hope of it, as the violence, and continuance of the rains since thursday last, has been such, in these parts, as to sweep every thing before it; and to do great damage to the gathered and growing grain; as well as other things. Of course, by swelling the waters, and carrying away bridges, the intercourse between one place and another (where these were) has been entirely cut off. This circumstance, added to the inexcusable blunder of the Postmaster in Alexandria, will prevent my dispatches (wch. ought to have been in Phila. on Saturday last) from getting to your hands until thursday next, at soonest.
To these impediments is to be attributed, I presume, the non receptn. of the Baltimore resolutions: for resolutions, I am told, have been passed at that place. And the like may be expected from Richmond; a meeting having been had there also, at which Mr. Wythe, it is said, was seated as moderator, by chance, more than design, it is added. A queer chance this, for the Chancellor of a State.
All these things do not shake my determination with respect to the proposed ratification; nor will they, unless something more imperious and unknown to me, should, in the judgment of yourself, and the gentlemen with you, make it necessary and advisable for me to pause. But let me again, repeat my desire, that as fast as these kind of Resolutions, or addresses (call them what you will) appear in the Papers, pro, or con, that answers, if thought advisable, may be draughted, and sent to me (approved by all of you) without waiting for individual applications on each one, seperately, for this wd. occasion a considerable lapse of time in the first place; and in the second, would be saving me some writing on this subject; wch. is an object, as I have no aid. (Mr. Dandridge being with his friends in New Kent). I am etc.84
[Note 84: The draft of this letter, which is the Writing of Washington, marks it "(Private)."]
Mount Vernon, August 4, 1795.
Dear Sir: The messenger, who was sent yesterday afternoon to the Postoffice in Alexandria, returned without letters: the Mails not having arrived.
Some hours after my Messenger was dispatched for Alexandria, the Richmond production was delivered to me by Express: sent for that purpose. They have out gone all that has gone before them: but the meeting, according to the acct. given by the Express, was not numerous; and some of the principal characters not in town.
I send the proceedings to Alexandria today, to go on by the first Mail, to be acted upon as mentioned in former letters. I am etc.
Philadelphia, August 20, 1795.
Sir: Your resignation of the Office of State, is received.97
[Note 97: Randolph's letter of resignation (August 19) is in the Washington Papers. It is indorsed by Washington: "recd. the 20th. abt noon."]
Candour induces me to give you, in a few words, the following narrative of facts. The letter from Mr. Fauchet, with the contents of which you were made acquainted yesterday, was as you supposed, an interscepted one. It was sent by Lord Grenville to Mr. Hammond; by him put into the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury; by him shewn to the Secretary of War and the Attorney General; and a translation there of was made by the former, for me.
At the time Mr. Hammond delivered the letter, he requested of Mr. Wolcott an attested copy, which was accordingly made by Mr. Thornton, his late Secretary; and which is understood to remain at present with Mr. Bond.98 Whether it is known to others, I am unable to decide.
[Note 98: George Bond. He was chief clerk of the Department of State.]
Whilst you are in pursuit of means to remove the strong suspicions arising from this letter, no disclosure of its contents will be made by me; and I will enjoin the same on the public officers who are acquainted with the purport of it; unless something shall appear to render an explanation necessary on the part of Government; of which I will be the judge.
A Copy of Mr. Fauchets letter shall be sent to you. No. 6, referred to therein I have never seen.99
[Note 99: From the group of papers entitled "Randolph's Vindication" in the Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
Timothy Pickering performed the duties of Secretary of State ad interim from Aug. 19 to Dec. 10, 1795.]
Philadelphia, August 20, 1795.
[Dr. Sir: I recd. your favor dated the 8th of July (on the subject of the treaty with G B)1 the day preceeding my departure for Mount Vernon; from whence I intended to have acknowledged the receipt of it: but so many letters of a public nature were poured upon me at that place, and the urgency of the business in which I have since been engaged, have prevented my doing it till now.]
[Note 1: In the Washington Papers.]
Aiming only to promote and secure the true interests of my country, I willingly receive information concerning those interests from my fellow citizens. The opinions and reasonings of enlightened men are particularly acceptable: but, as it happens in other matters, so in this, they are extremely variant. You deem the treaty palpably defective and pregnant with evils: others think it contains substantial good. For myself, I freely own that I cannot discern in it the mischiefs you anticipate: on the contrary, altho' it does not rise to all our wishes, yet it appears to me calculated to procure to the United States such advantages as entitle it to our acceptance. My final act2 of course conforms to this opinion.
[Note 2: Ratification of the treaty, Aug. 14, 1795.]
I feel myself greatly obliged by your expressions of respect, esteem and attachment: and if the unvarying integrity of my views have deserved them, they will not now be withdrawn: for I can merit your good opinion and the general approbation of my fellow citizens only by a conscientious discharge of what I conceive to be my duty. [With great esteem and regard, I am &c.]3
[Note 3: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
August 20, 1795.
Gentlemen: I Receive, with great sensibility, your address on the subject of the Treaty lately negociated between the United State and Great Britain, expressing your confidence in the constituted authorities, and the concurrence of your opinions with their determinations, on this highly important subject. Such sentiments, deliberately formed, and proceeding from men whose interests are more immediately concerned than those of any other classes of my fellow Citizens, cannot fail to strengthen that just confidence in the rectitude of public measures, which is essential to the general welfare.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 20, 1795.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 10th. instr. with its enclosures. They contain a great deal of interesting matter; and No 9 discloses much important information, and political foresight. For this proof of your kindness, and confidence, I pray you to accept my best, and most cordial thanks.
Mr. John Adams,5 your son, must not think of retiring from the walk he is now in: his prospects if he pursues it are fair: and I shall be much mistaken, if in as short a time as can wall be expected, he is not found at the head of the Diplomatique Corps, (Let the government be administered by whomsoever the people may chuse).
[Note 5: John Quincy Adams, then United States Minister to Holland.]
The embarrassments into which he was thrown by the unforeseen events which so soon took place in Holland, after he had received his first instructions, and had arrived in that Country have long since been removed. and he can be at no loss now as to the course to pursue.
Long before this letter can have reached you, my answer to the Boston resolutions will, I presume, have been published in the Gazettes of that place notwithstanding the delays it met with in getting thither; first from a mistake of the Postmaster in Alexandria; who, mixing it with the dispatches which were addressed to me, returned it by the messenger who carried my letters to his Office, this necessarily detained it three days; and the immense falls of rain, and destruction of Bridges wch. follow'd prevented all travelling for at least three days more.
Whether it was from the sparke which kindled the fire in Boston, that the flames have spread, so extensively; or whether the torch, by a pre-concerted plan, was lit ready for the explosion in all parts so soon as the advice to ratify the treaty should be announced, remains to be developed; but as the ratification thereof, agreeably to the advice of the Senate has passed from me, these meetings in opposition to the constituted authorities are as useless as they are at all times, improper and dangerous. My best respects to Mrs. Adams, and with sincere regard I am &c.
[Note 6: President of the New York City Chamber of Commerce.]
United States, August 20, 1795.
Sir: A little before my departure from Mount Vernon for Philadelphia, I received your letter of the 22d. of last month, covering the Resolutions of the New York Chamber of Commerce, relative to the Treaty lately negociated between the United States and Great Britain. My journey, and the urgent business in which I have since been engaged, have prevented an earlier acknowledgment.
While I regret the diversity of opinion which has been manifested on this subject, it is a satisfaction to learn, that the commercial part of my fellow citizens, whose interests are thought to be most directly affected, so generally consider the treaty as calculated, on the whole, to promote important advantages to our country. With due respect I am etc.7
[Note 7: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 22, 1795.
Sir: Agreeably to your request and my promise, and as soon as it has been in my power, I send you a copy of Mr. Fauchet's letter No. 108 to the "Commissaire du department des relations exterieures."9
[Note 8: This copy is in "Randolph's Vindication" in the Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.]
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, August 22, 1795.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 3d. instant; am perfectly satisfied with all your transactions with Colo. Shreve; and will ratify them whensoever the papers shall be produced.
The Sea-port towns (or rather parts of them) are involved, and are endeavouring as much as in them lye, to involve the community at large, in a violent opposition to the treaty with Great Britain (which is ratified, as far as the measure depds. upon me). The general opinion, however, as far as I am able to come at it, is, that the current is turning.
The consequences of such proceedings are more easily foreseen than prevented, if no act of the constituted authorities is suffered to go into execution unaccompanied with the poison of malignant opposition. If one could believe that the meetings, which have taken place, spoke the general sense of the people on the measure they are condemning, it might with truth be pronounced that it is as difficult to bear prosperity as adversity, and that no situation, or condition in life can make them happy; but being hurried, I shall not dwell on this subject, and only add that with much truth I am &c.
PS. The check for 2693 dollars and 33 Cts. on the Bank of Pennsylvania was recd. with your letter of the 3d. instt.
[Note 10: Representing the merchants of Boston.]
United States, August 22, 1795.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 13th. instant, covering a copy of the dissent of a number of the Citizens of Boston, expressing their disapprobation of the votes adopted at a late meeting of that town relative to the treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Great Britain and also a copy of the proceedings of the Boston Chamber of Commerce on the same subject.
While I regret the diversity of opinion which has been manifested on this occasion it is a satisfaction to learn that the Commercial part of my fellow Citizens, whose interests are thought to be most directly affected, so generally consider the treaty as calculated, on the whole, to procure important advantages. This sentiment I trust will be extended in proportion as the provisions of the treaty become well understood. With due respect etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, August 24, 1795.
My dear Sir: The office of Secretary of State is vacant; occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Randolph. Will you accept it? You know my wishes of old, to bring you into the administran.; where then is the necessity of repeating them? No time more than the present ever required the aid of your abilities nor of the old; and proved Patriots of the country. To have yours would be pleasing to me, and I verily believe wd. be agreeable also to the community at large. It is with you to decide; if in the affirmative return to me the enclosed lettr. and I will communicate further with you on this subject the moment you inform me thereof. If it is in the negative, be so good as to forward the letter by the Post agreeably to its address. And at any rate write me the result of your determination as soon as you can after the receipt of this letter as I only remain here to get this, and some other matters arranged before I go to Virginia for my family.14 With sincere esteem etc.15
[Note 14: Johnson's letter of declination, Aug. 29, 1795, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 15: In District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Triplicate
Philadelphia, August 24, 1795.
My dear Sir: The Office of Secretary of State has become vacant by the resignation of Mr. Randolph. Is the period yet arrived when the situation of your private concerns would permit you to accept it? As a preliminary mean of information, I have resorted to your letter of the 24th. of February 1794; and tho' the time there allotted for arranging them, is not quite accomplished; there is not much wanting of it. And I have heard, besides, that you were, in a manner, retiring from the pursuits of your profession.
It is unnecessary for me to repeat sentiments, which you have so often heard me express; respecting my wishes to see you in the Administration of-the general government; the sincerity of which you can have no doubt. Equally unnecessary is it, to observe to you, that the affairs of this country are in a violent paroxysm; and that it is the duty of its old and uniform friends to assist in piloting the Vessel, in which we are all embarked, between the rocks of Sylla and charibdas; for more pains never were taken I believe, than at this moment, to throw it upon one or the other; and to embroil us in the disputes of Europe.
I shall add nothing further, however, on this Subject. For nothing, I am certain I could say on it, wd. be new to a person of your observation and information. I will come therefore to the point at once. Can you, or can you not, make it comport with your convenience and inclination to accept the appointment of Secretary of State? If you answer in the affirmative, it will occur to you instantly, that an Office of such dignity and high importance, ought not to be without a head, at such a crisis as this, a moment, if it could well be avoided. If, which I should sincerely regret, you[r] answer should be in the negative, the less (for reasons which will readily occur to you) there is said of the offer, the better. In either case, be so good as to favor me with an answer as soon as your mind is made up relative thereto.16 With very sincere esteem &c.17
[Note 16: Pinckney's letter of declination, Sept. 16, 1795, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 17: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, August 26, 1795.
My dear Sir: I discovered, after my letter of the 24th. with its enclosure was sent to the Post Office, that it would have to remain in Baltimore until friday, before it would be taken up by the cross Post for Fredericktown. This will occasion a delay on which I had not calculated; and as the return Post from the last mentioned place may not be immediate, the intention of this letter, is to request the favor of you, if my letter of the 24th. should reach your hands on friday (as expected, if you are at home) and you should be able to decide upon the purport of it by Sunday, that you would be so good as to dispatch your answer by an Express (the cost of wch. I will pay) to Baltimore, so as to be there in time for the mail of next morning. The letter for Genl. Pinckney will come under your cover to me, or to the Post master at Baltimore to proceed on with the Southern mail according to the result of your determination. To know which, on pubic and private acct. without delay is interesting to Dear Sir etc.20
[Note 20: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, August 26, 1795.
Dear Sir: The Office of Attorney genl. of the United States has become vacant by the death of Willm. Bradford Esq. I take the earliest opportunity of asking if you will accept the appointment? The Salary annexed thereto, and the prospect of a lucrative practice in this city, the present seat of the general government, must be as well known to you, better perhaps, than they are to me; and therefore I shall say nothing concerning them. If your answer is in the affirmative, it will readily occur to you that no unnecessary time should be lost in repairing to this place, If on the contrary, it should be in the negative (which would give me concern) it might be as well to say nothing of this offer. But in either case, I pray you to give me an answer as promptly as you can.21 With esteem etc.22
[Note 21: Marshall's letter of declination is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 22: From a photostat of the original in the possession of Mrs. Maria Willis Marshall Dwight, of Wilmington, Del. The draft, in the Washington Papers, varies in minor verbal particulars from this letter.]
Philadelphia, August 29, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th. instt. came to hand yesterday, and I again thank you for your Zeal in, and attention to my business in the Western hemisphere.
Your agreement with Colo. Richardson25 for my land on Millers run, I shall adhere to in all its parts. On the plan he contemplates, for the redisposal of it (but which would not answer my purposes) I am pursuaded it will become a valuable purchase to him, and I wish it may do so with all my heart.
[Note 25: Col. Matthew Ritchie (Richardson).]
Making the payments of the Installmts. and interest to become due on the first day of June annually until the whole shall be paid, is not less pleasing than it will be found convenient to me; and I am very glad it occurred to you. The tract will, if I have not been misinformed, exceed, rather than fall short of 3000 Acres, be this however, as it may, it is placed on fair ground.
Having no copy of the power given you in the case of Colo. Shreve, and being but little accustomed to draughting instruments of that sort myself, the one now enclosd may be radically defective, if so, let it serve, with the aid of this letter, to prove that I meant to cloathe you with authority to do all that is requested, and that I hereby promise to do so, in any manner you shall draft, whensoever it shall be forwarded to me.
With respect to the person of the name of Bingham, I have no other knowledge of him than was derived from his letter, never having seen or interchanged any sentimts. with him on the subjt. of my land, nor did I mean more by sending his letter than merely to let you know that there was such a person disposed to make overtures.
I hardly know under present circumstances; future prospects; and the idea I have of the worth of the round bottom; what price to fix on it. Less than forty shillings an Acre I should not be inclined to take but you, better than I, know what the most valuable River bottoms in the part this is situated do, or ought, to sell for on the credts wch. have been allowed and therefore I confide to your fixing the price but not under 40/. I shd think it cheap at a half a Joe pr. Acre.
I have only to add, that I must pray you to think (before I see you again) of an adequate compensation for the trouble you have had with my affairs over the mountains; for you may be assured that I am more willing to pay, than you seem disposed to ask this. With very great esteem etc.26
[Note 26: Following the "Letter Book" copy of this letter in the Washington Papers is a copy of the power of attorney inclosed in the letter: "I do by these presents constitute and appoint the Honble. James Ross Esq. of Pittsburgh my lawful attorney for the purpose of disposing, in fee Simple, of all the lands of which I am possessed in the County of Washington, and commonwealth of Pennsylvania. With full power and authority to convey the same; by affixing my name or his own, in my behalf, to any deed which shall be proper and adequate thereto. And I do hereby oblige myself, my Heirs, Executors, and Administrators, to confirm the same. In like manner I will ratify, and carry into full effect, any condition, stipulations or agreement which the said James Ross, may have made, or shall enter into on my behalf for on account of the said lands and premises. Given under my hand and seal in the City of Philada. this 29th day of August 1795." The original is in the University of Pittsburg Library.]
Philadelphia, August 31, 1795.
Madam: More from a disposition to evince to you that I was not inattentive to your request, than from an apprehension that the Secretary of the Treasury required any stimulus to do you all the justice, and favor, which the rules of his office would permit; I sent the letter which you were pleased to honor me with, to him.
Enclosed is the result; and it may not be amiss for you to know, that I have no power, nor would there be any propriety, in my interfering with the settlement of accounts; unless it be in cases of mal-practice in the Officer. I wish that both your own, and Genl. Hazens situation were more comfortable than you represent them. It depends, it would seem, upon himself to make it so, in part. I am etc.
United States, Philadelphia, August 31, 1795.
Sir: I received your letter dated the 18th. instant covering certain resolutions of the Inhabitants of the Borough of York28 and its vicinity relative to the Treaty lately negociated between the United States and Great Britain.
[Note 28: Pennsylvania.]
That I have assented to the Treaty pursuant to the advise and consent of the Senate is now publickly known; and you have done no more than justice to my intentions in believing that I should on this important subject, consult what appeared to me to be the welfare of my Country. With due respect I am etc.
(Private)
Philadelphia, August 31, 1795.
My dear Sir: You will have learnt from the Public Gazettes, and through other more authentic channels, that all that rested with me to do, to give ratification to the treaty between this Country and G: Britain is already accomplished. Mr. Pinckneys absence from the Court of London; the information, and aids it was expected he would derive from Mr. Shorts presence and acquaintance with matters at that of Madrid; the pecuniary situation of our affairs in Holland, requiring the attentions of Mr. Adams in that country; and the little knowledge we had of the character and qualifications of Mr. Deas29 have occasioned no little embarrassment in this business. However, a mode is adopted, which I hope will be effectual.30
[Note 29: William Allen Deas, United States chargé d'affaires at London.]
[Note 30: Deas was instructed to proceed with the exchange of ratifications, if John Quincy Adams did not arrive from Holland in time. After he reached London, he wrote the Department of State, November 11, that "the additional, article suspending the clause in the twelfth article according to the ratification of the Senate, was agreed to without difficulty." From Hunter Miller's Treaties and other International Acts (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1931).]
It has not been among the smallest of these embarrassments, that the domineering spirit of G. Britain should revive again; just at this crisis, and the outrageous and insulting conduct of some of her Officers should combine therewith to play into the hands of the discontented and sour the minds of those who are friends to Peace, order and friendship with all the world. But this by the bye.
The object of this letter, is to pray you to aid me with hints relative to those points which you conceive to be fit subjects for the further friendly negociations on the trade with G. Britain agreeably to the recommendation of the Senate; and which appears to have been in contemplation by the concluding part of the treaty signed by yourself and Lord Grenville.
I intended to have asked this favor of you at an earlier day; but a coincidence of unexpected circumstances has involved me in so much business and perplexity that it has been delayed from time to time (since my arrival in this city) until the present moment; but as nothing is now asked that you have not, I am sure, revolved over and over again during your negociation and since the decision of the Senate thereupon I persuade myself, it will require but very little time for the digest I ask, and which I beg to receive as soon as you can make it convenient to give it to me; circumstances making it necessary for me to leave this place, if possible, on monday next for Virginia in order to bring back my family; but instructions for the new Negociation must be prepared before I go. With very great esteem &c.
[United States, Philadelphia, August 31, 1795.]
Sir: I have recd. your Letter of the 6th. instant inclosing the proceedings of the meeting at Norfolk31 on the 5th. relative to the Treaty lately negociated between the United States and Great Britain.
[Note 31: Virginia.]
On subjects of so complex and relative a nature as those embraced by the Treaty a diversity of opinion was to have been expected. My determination [which] is known to have been in affirmance of the Treaty as advised and consented to by the Senate, was formed after the most mature deliberation and with a sincere regard to the public good.
Though it cannot be uninteresting to me to know that the wishes of a part of my fellow Citizens have been contravened by this decision, yet if the purity of my intentions ever entitle me to their approbation, it has not been forfeited on the present important occasion. [With due respt. etc.]32
[Note 32: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
United States, August 31, 1795.
Sir: I have recd. your Letter of the 1st. instant with the proceedings of the meeting at Savannah relative to the Treaty lately negociated between the United States and Great Britain.
My determination on this important subject and the general principles upon which it has been formed have been already promulgated to the public: next to the consciousness of having discharged my duty according to my best judgment, nothing could have afforded me a greater pleasure than to have found my decision consistent with the wishes of all my fellow Citizens.
On this occasion I have however been directed by the Great principle which has governed all my public conduct; a sincere desire to promote and secure the true Interests of my Country. [With due respect] I am etc.33
[Note 33: The draft is in the writing of Oliver Wolcott, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
[Note 38: Richard Devins, David Goodwin, Joseph Adams, Richard Frothingham, John Carter, and Eliphalet Newell.]
[United States, August 31, 1795.]
Gentlemen: I recd. your Letter of the 22d. of July containing the Votes of the Inhabitants of the Town of Charlestown, who were convened to take into consideration the Treaty pending between the U. S. and G. B.
My assent to the Treaty as advised and consented to, by the Senate and the principles which governed my determination are now publickly known. In this as in every other exercise of the powers committed to me by the Constitution I have aimed to promote the public good and to merit those sentiments of personal confidence which are expressed in your communication. [With due respt. etc.]39
[Note 39: The draft is in the writing of Oliver Wolcott, jr. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, September 5, 1795.
Dear Sir: You will perceive by the letter, of Mr. Charles Morgan, enclosed that the prospect of getting my business out of the Hands of Colo. Cannon in an amicable manner, is neither near, nor promising.
This mans candour punctuality and truth, are Violated to a shameful degree; when he was in this City, during the trial of the insurgents I sent for him with intention to remonstrate against his improper treatment of me, but his apparent concern for it and strong assurances, that he would the moment he got home send all my land papers to you, and present an exact statement, of the Rents due to me, and from whom, to Mr. Morgan, disarmed me.
I hope he will be prevented from getting the money due on the judgment Bonds of Shreve' into his hands; and if you have an opportunity of Communicating with Morgan, to desire him to forewarn the Tenants from making payments to Cannon. Any representation to the latter on the impropriety of his Conduct, would I am persuaded be unavailing, otherwise I would request this favor from you also. If nothing short of Compulsory means will bring him to a settlement, I must, however reluctantly, resort to them but would avoid it if possible. With very great esteem etc.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 6 Washington wrote to William Pearce, concerning the sowing of wheat. "I expect to set out in two or three days for Mount Vernon I shall add no more." From the printed text in M.D. Conway's George Washington and Mount Vernon, Long Island Historical Society Memoirs (vol. 4).]
Philadelphia, September 7, 1795.
Sir: I sincerely wish that my enquiries relative to your Son, pursuant to your desires, had been attended with a more favorable result than the enclosed papers Communicate. Altho the information may fall short of your wishes, they will nevertheless prove, that I was not unmindful of your Commands, and afford me an opportunity of declaring the respect with which I have the honor to be, Sir Your etc.41
[Note 41: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 44: David Hedges, Benjamin Huntting, Abraham Miller, Jared Landon, Benjamin Horton, jr., Josiah Reeve, David Warner, Nicoll Floyd, and John Howard.]
United States, September 7, 1795.
I have received your Letter of August 6th expressing your sentiments on the Treaty lately negociated between the United States and Great Britain.
It is now generally known that the Treaty has received my assent on the condition proposed by the Senate: this was not given until after the most mature deliberation: Notwithstanding the diversity of opinion which has been manifested, is much to be regretted I cannot but hope, that experience will shew, that the public Interest required the course which has been pursued. With due respct I am etc.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 7, 1795.
Sir: Since my return to this City, from Mount Vernon, I have been favored with your letter of the 30th. of July, with the accompanying Poem The invention of Letters. For the honor of Inscribing it to me, and the flattering sentiments therein expressed, I pray you to accept the best thanks of, Sir Your etc.
[M.L.]
(Private)
Elkton, Wednesday, September 9, 1795.
Dear Sir: I had no time yesterday morning to look into the Gazettes; nor did I know until the evening, that the French frigate Medusa had slipped her Cables and put to Sea on the 31st Ulto.; and was followed in a few hours by the Africa.46
[Note 46: A British frigate which had been blockading the Medusa in Newport harbor. Fauchet went to France on the Medusa, which eluded the Africa.]
This circumstance be the result what it may I regret exceedingly; because the effect of the order, for the departure of the latter, will be the same as to the British as if she had been in the harbour of Newport; and we shall obtain no credit for it from the French, and their partizans; for as the appearance (however false) is susceptible of the interpretation, so it will be said, that the order was never intended to be issued until it was known there would be nothing for it to operate upon.
The purpose, however, of my writing you this letter is to request that Mr. Monroe may be immediately and fully informed of facts, and directed to represent them truly as they are; for it may be relied upon, if the Medusa escapes being captured, Mr. Fauchet (whose mind is ardent, and who does not leave this country with the most favorable impressions of the views of the government towards his own) will paint this transaction in very high colours; and among other things will say that after waiting in vain a month, to see if the Executive would take effectual notice of the indignity offered to him, and the insult to its own Sovereignty, he was obliged to forego his passage or run the hazards he did to accomplish it. Being in a hurry, and just upon the point of proceeding47 I will only add that with sincerity and truth I am &c.
[Note 47: Washington left Philadelphia on the morning of September 8 and reached Mount Vernon, September 13.]
[Note 48: Chairman of a meeting of citizens at Warrenton, N. C.]
United States, September 14, 1795.
Sir: I received your letter of the 22d. of August, covering an address from the Inhabitants of Warren County49 who assembled to consider of the treaty lately negociated with Great Britain; and, expressing their disapprobation of it, desired that it might not receive my sanction.
[Note 49: North Carolina.]
Previous to that meeting the treaty had received my assent. The principles which governed my determination have been made public. While I regret a difference of opinion on this subject, with perfect sincerity I assure my fellow Citizens "that my attachment to the Constitution is unalterable, and my zeal to promote the happiness and welfare of my Constituents diminished." With due respect etc.50
[Note 50: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 14 Washington wrote a similar reply to William Harvey, chairman of the meeting of citizens at Fredericksburg, Va. This letter and the address from Fredericksburg are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On this same day (September 14) Washington also replied to Samuel Hopkins, jr., chairman of a meeting of "Deputies of the District of Brunswick," Virginia; to Thomas Taylor, chairman of the meeting of the Camden and Orangeburg districts, South Carolina; to Thomas Tristram, chairman of the meeting of the Cheraw district, South Carolina; and also to George Heriot, chairman of a meeting of the inhabitants of Georgetown, S.C. Copies of these answers and the addresses are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 14, 1795.
My dear Sir: The motives which give birth to this letter, proceed as much from private friendship, as they do from a sense of public duty; whatever therefore may be the effects produced by it I presume on your excuse for the trouble it will give you.
The letter herewith enclosed from Mr. Scott (one of the Commissioners of the Fedl. City) was met by me on my way to George Town, with another from Colo. Deakins to the same effect. To the sentiments expressed in the former, it would seem scarcely necessary to add another sentence: Yet upon a more detailed conversation with the Commissioners (since the receipt of the above letter) I am so thoroughly impressed with the ruinous consequences wch. must result to the public buildings from a delay of the payment which the Comrs. have requested, that I should think my official conduct reprehensible if I did not press them upon you most urgently.
There are many valuable Stone cutters, and other workmen now engaged; a number of laborers are employed on the public buildings of differt. descripns. and on difft. terms; order, and a proper arrangement of the work is established; and everything at the capitol seems to progress as well as can reasonably be expected under the embarrassments which have been encountered. But without the aid required in Mr. Scotts letter, the whole must be at a stand, at the time he mentions; the workmen must be discharged; and, more than probable, the most valuable of them will be irrecoverably lost. whilst the buildings will be left, not only in a stagnant state but in a hurtful situation; involving consequences which are too obvious to need enumeration.
It was not, as I am persuaded you are well convinced, the price of the lots which induced the first sale to Mr. Greenleaf, nor the subsequent one in which you are concerned; but to the collateral advantages which were expected to be derived from the erection of buildings, and the advance of money. Withhold these, and the contract exhibits an unproductive and a disagreeable spectacle.
I could enlarge very much on this subject; but I am sure nothing cd. be added that will not occur to you without [ sic] upon reflection; or that would be in any manner new except suggestions which may not have reached you, and which I pray you to believe have not obtained the smallest credence in my mind, to wit, that as both Mr. Nicholson's interest and your own, lie principally in another quarter, nothing but embarrassments are to be expected from you. that the object of both, is to speculate with the lots till towards the close of the period for the removal of the government and then it will be found that neither of you will have retained any, or very little property in the City. Why else, it is asked did these gentlemen take this contract upon themselves, for they must have known as well at that time as now their means for compliance, and ought not to have made these difficulties if they fd them defective. The best evidence I can give you of my thorough disbelief of these suggestions is, the communication I now make of them that being apprised thereof, their malignancy may be counteracted. Be so good as to return Mr. Scotts letter &ca. to me, and to be assured of the sincere esteem etc.
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1795.
Sir: Monday's Mail brought me both your letters dated the 11th. instant. The one containing an extract from Majr. Craig's51 letter, relative to the conclusion of the treaty with the North western Tribes of Indians, was very acceptable. and I
[Note 51: Maj. Isaac(?) Craig, quartermaster of the United States Legion.] pray you to dispatch Seagrove,52 and impress strongly upon him the necessity, and the earnest desire of, the government that he would, without delay, effect, if it can be done a peace between the Creeks and Chiccasaws. It would be a pleasing circumstance not only to be enabled to say, at the meeting of Congress, that we were at Peace with all the Indian Nations, but by the mediation of the U. States, we had settled the differences between the tribes above mentioned; the latter of whom having been always our friends, and engaged according to their own acct. in a war partly on our behalf.
[Note 52: James Seagrove, United States Agent of Southern Indian Affairs.]
My letter from Baltimore by Express (the expence of which I preferred to the delay of waiting three days for the next mail) and my other letter from Elkton will shew my anxiety to get off the sevl. dispatches for our public characters abroad, namely, Pinckney, Monroe and Adams; I request therefore to know (if they are gone) when, and by what Vessels, and what Ports they were sent: and I request moreover, that repeated copies may be sent to all of them to insure the arrival of one.
I am sorry I had not sounded Mr. Boudinot53 on the appointment to the Mint, before he left the vicinity of Phila. as Mr. De Dissausure54 cannot or will not remain at his Post longer than the early part of October.
[Note 53: Elias Boudinot was nominated director of the United States Mint in a message to the Senate, Dec. 10, 1795, and confirmed, December 11.]
[Note 54: Henry William De Saussure. He was director of the United States Mint.]
Mr. Marshall (from some peculiar circumstances) declines the offer of Attorney Genl.; and I have been enquiring into the abilities and other qualifications of the Law characters in Maryland, but not much to my satisfaction as yet.
I perceive by the Gazettes, that the Africa missed the prey she was in pursuit of, and had got back to her old Station at Newport. Have you heard whether the order for quitting it has been communicated to Captn. Holmes? If so what has been the result? and the sentiments [it] has excited in persons of different descriptions. With much truth I am etc.
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1795.
Sir: If, when this reaches your hands, there should be no contract or other obligation existing on behalf of the U.S. for the purchase of land on the Potomac, intended for the public Arsenal, I should wish all further negotiation in this business to be suspended until proper inquiries can be made and information obtained respecting the property at the junction of the Potomac and Shanandoah rivers in this State; for it has been represented to me, that this spot affords every advantage that could be wished for water works to any extent; and that no place is more capable of complete defence at a small expense. And I am also informed that from 800 to 1000 Acres of land might be obtained there on reasonable terms. The land at the junction of the two Rivers, including what is called Harper's ferry, has lately been leased for 7 years, and the lessee has the right of purchasing whenever it may be sold. Should this spot be fixed upon for the Arsenal, the Lessee will relinquish his title to the U. S. reserving only a small piece of the land for the purpose of building Stores and doing business. Six hundred Acres of land adjoining this tract is, I am told, offered for sale by Colo. Ball for fifteen hundred pounds Virga money. Colo. Ball has a lease of this tract for 70 years at £5 pr. 100 Acres, and a number of years have been already paid in the lease. The fee is in Genl. Henry Lee who I have no doubt will dispose of his right on very reasonable terms.
There is another small tract, with a saw mill upon it, adjoining the two foregoing, which I am told may be also purchased. From my own knowledge, I can speak of the eligibility of this situation for a public Arsenal; but as I have never examined it very attentively, I am not able to speak so decidedly as to the advantages of erecting works there. These, however, I am told, are equal to any on the Potomac or its branches, having the advantage of a considerable fall in both Rivers, which may be brought to operate at this place. At any rate if the thing is open it may be well to have enquiry made and prices ascertained before it becomes known that this spot is in view. I am etc.55
[Note 55: The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.]
Mount Vernon, September 18, 1795.
Sir: Your letter of the 11th. with two others from you dated the 14 instant, were received yesterday.
The summary of the dispatches from Governor Blount, was more agreeable to me than complete transcripts of his letter with the enclosures; and the same practice where information only is intended, may govern in other cases.
I am very glad to find that the Creeks are so well disposed for Peace with the Chiccasaws. I hope their professions are sincere, and that the attempt to recover their prisoners is no finesse. I hope also that Govr. Blount will go to work in earnest to accomplish this measure, effectually. If so, the request in my last that Seagrove should be immediately dispatched on this business may be superceded; but of this I leave you to judge; after expressing an earnest wish that so desirable an object as Peace betwn. these Tribes may not be impeded either by delay, or want of exertion in the Agent, or Agents who are to negociate it.
I do not, I confess, see how the application of Colo. Lowther56 is to be reconciled with the pacific dispositions of the Indians; as related from all quarters. The footing you have placed the matter upon with the Govr. of Virginia, is the best the case will admit; but I would press him not to suffer the detachments which have been drawn out by the former to remain in service longer than the exigency of the case shall absolutely require. There is too great a propensity in the Officers commanding on the frontiers to call out the Militia, and to establish such corps.
[Note 56: Col. William Lowther, of Virginia.]
Mount Vernon, September 18, 1795.
Gentlemen: The copy of the Letter which you wrote to the Secretary of State on the 21st ulto., enclosing regulations relative to the wharves and buildings in the federal City, came to my hands yesterday.
If the proprietors of water-lots will be satisfied with the rules therein established for the extension of wharves and buildings thereon, the regulations will meet my entire approbation; and of their ideas on this head, you have, no doubt, made some enquiries, and decide accordingly.
The other regulations, respecting the removal of dirt &c. and the thickness of walls, appear to me to be very proper; but in settling the latter point, the opinion of workmen, I presume, has been taken. With respect I am etc.57
[Note 57: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1795.
My dear Sir: I received with great pleasure the letter you wrote me from Boston, dated the 2d. instant; as I always shall do any others you may favor me with. This pleasure was encreased by hearing of the good health of Mrs. Knox and the rest of your family, and the agreeableness of your establishment at St. George's in the Provence of Maine. I may add also, that the account given of the favorable disposition of the people, generally, in your hemisphere, relatively to the Treaty with Great Britain, contributed not a little to the satisfaction I derived in hearing from you.
Next to a conscientious discharge of my public duties, to carry along with me the approbation of my Constituents, would be the highest gratification my mind is susceptible of; but the latter being subordinate, I cannot make the former yield to it; unless some criterian more infallible than partial (if they are not party) meetings, can be discovered as the touch stone of public sentiment. If any power on earth could, or the great power above would, erect the standard of infallibility in political opinions, there is no being that inhabits this terrestrial globe that would resort to it with more eagerness than myself, so long as I remain a servant of the public. But as I have found no better guide hitherto than upright intentions, and dose investigation, I shall adhere to these maxims while I keep the watch; leaving it to those who will come after me to explore new ways, if they like; or think them better.
The temper of the people of this State, particularly the Southern parts of it, of South Carolina and Georgia, as far as it is discoverable from the several meetings and resolutions which have been published, is adverse to the Treaty with Great Britain; and yet, I doubt much whether the great body of Yeomanry have formed any opinion on the subject; and whether, if their sense could be fairly taken under a plain and simple statement of facts, nine tenths of them would not advocate the measure. But with such abominable misrepresentations as appear in most of the proceedings, is it to be wondered at that uninformed minds should be affrighted with the dreadful consequences which are predicted, and are taught to expect, from the ratification of such a diabolical instrument, as the treaty is denominated. From North Carolina we hear little concerning it, and from Kentucky nothing.
The moment I received your letter, with one from young Fayette (which was not until the evening preceeding my departure for this place I wrote to Mr. Cabot, the Senator, requesting, without letting my name appear, that the young gentleman might be provided (at my expence) with every thing that he and his Tutor might stand in need of. And as his coming to Philadelphia, immediately at least, might, the French Minister being there, occasion embarrassments and be productive of no essential good, I proposed, until something more eligable could be devised, to have him entered at the University in Cambridge, with his Tutor. I did not write to the youth myself, for reasons which will readily occur to you; but entreated Mr. Cabot to explain them to him in the most affectionate and consoling manner; and to assure him in the strongest terms, that I would be to him as a friend and father; and that he might to all intents and purposes count upon me as such.
If your mind is still balancing between Philadelphia and Boston for Winter quarters, I sincerely wish it may fix on the former. Mrs. Washington and the rest of my family are well, and unite in best regards for you, Mrs. Knox &ca.; with Dear Sir Your etc.
[MS.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1795.
Dear Sir: Two letters from you, dated the 18 instant, were received yesterday.
For the reasons you have assigned, I think it best that Mr. Boudinot should fill the Directorship of the Mint, and request he may be informed so. At the same time, urge him to come forward, if for no other purpose than to arrange matters with the present occupant, and derive from him all the insight into the business, his experience has acquird, and which he promised me he would communicate to his successor. Inclosed is a blank commission for the Successor of Mr. Desaussure, which may take date at the close of his services, according to the arrangement proposed above.
I also send a Letter from Mr. Kinlock relative to his Nephew, who, from his account, is suffering in the cause of the unfortunate Fayette. I wish you to acknowledge the rect. of it; but what consolation to give him I know not; for if the citizens of the U States in foreign countries commit acts, which are repugnant to their Laws or usages, they certainly expose themselves to punishment: nor having any character in the Austrian Dominions cloathed as a functionary, do I know of any channel through which a movement of any sort could be made.
If the French Letter which goes under cover with this, requires any act of mine, let it be returned with a translation and your opinion thereon.
I wait with some impatience to receive an official accot. of the result of Wayne's treaty with the Western Indians. When it is recd. at the War office, give me the substance of it. By this however I mean no more than whether the representation on the part of the Indians was complete, and whether he has come fully up to his instructions: exceeded, or fallen short of them in advantages, and in what instances; what are the boundaries; whether the proceedings went on harmoniously, or were intermingled with Difficulties; and of what sort, and from whom. With great esteem etc.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
Mount Vernon, September 23, 1795.
Dear Sir: Knowing nothing of what the Dismal Swamp Compy. are doing, or mean to do with their property in that place, and having an offer for my share therein, I would take it kind of you to let me know by the first post after you receive this Letter, what you think it is worth, by the acre; or in other words the highest price any of the companies Lands have, or ought to sell for in that way [allowing a credit of 3 or 4 years the purchaser paying interest.] Whether their property is rising in value, and what it may get to (by the acre) in the course of two or three years. I would thank you also for letting me know what a full share, which I hold of the plantation and negroes belonging to the Comy. in that Swamp is worth. With Esteem etc.59
[Note 59: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Alexandria, September 26, 1795.
Gentlemen: At this place, yesterday afternoon, I received the letter herewith enclosed from Mr. Morris, in answer to one I wrote him; as much of a private as an official nature.61 It is for your information only I send it, to avoid a lengthy detail of its contents: to give which I have not time at present. When you have read it, be so good as to return it to Gentlemen Your etc.62
[Note 61: Morris's letter of September 21 is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 21st. instant, did not reach me until yesterday. A late letter of mine to you, will have fixed the Directorship of the Mint-upon Mr. Boudinot; the application therefore of Majr. Jackson, however fit he may have been for the Office, is too late. But besides the reasons assigned in your letter against such an appointment at present, I should have preferred a character from another State, if one equally suitable could have been found; for the reasons you have often heard me mention altho' they do not apply with the same force now as formerly.
With respect to Mr. Dexter,63 for the Office of Attorney General, altho I have a very good opinion of his abilities, and know nothing in his moral character or connexions that are objectionable, yet the reason which I assigned when his name was first mentioned to me has still weight in my mind; that is, after a long and severely contested, an election he could not obtain a majority of suffrages in the District he formerly represented. In this instance then the sense of his constituents respecting him personally has been fairly taken; and one of the charges agst. me, relative to the treaty you know is, that I have disregarded the voice of the people, altho' that voice has never yet been heard unless the misrepresentations of party, or at best partial meetings can be called so.
[Note 63: Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts.]
I shall not, whilst I have the honor to Administer the government, bring a man into any office, of consequence knowingly whose political tenets are adverse to the measures which the general government are pursuing; for this, in my opinion, would be a sort of political Suicide; that it wd. embarrass its movements is most certain. But of two men equally well affected to the true interests of their country, of equal abilities and equally disposed to lend their support, it is the part of prudence to give a preference to him, against whom the least clamour can be excited: for such an one my enquiries have been made and are still making: how far I shall succeed, is at this moment problematical.64
[Note 64: At this point the draft has the following crossed off: "If the choice should finally fall upon Mr. Dexter I can with truth say I have been actuated by no other motive than is here expressed for I have an exceeding good opinion of him."]
I have not relinquished my intention of being in Philadelphia about the middle of next month. With great esteem &c.
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1795.
Sir: I have lately received three letters from you: two bearing date the 15th. instant; the other the 21st. One of the former came to hand the 19th, the other the 21st.65 and the latter yesterday.
[Note 65: The draft in the Washington Papers has the "22d."]
Your signature as Secretary of State to the ratification of the Treaty having been given on the 14th. of August, and your resignation not taking place until the 19th. it became necessary, in order to be consistent (the original being dispatched) that the same countersign should appear to the copies; otherwise, this act would not have been required of you.
It is not in my power to inform you at what time Mr. Hammond put the interscepted letter of Mr. Fauchet into the hands of Mr. Wolcott. I had no intimation of the existence of such a letter until after my arrival in Philadelphia, the 11th. of August. When Lord Grenville first obtained that letter, and when the British Minister here received it from him; are facts with which I am entirely unacquainted. I have never seen in whole, or in part, Mr. Fauchet's dispatches numbered Three and Six; nor do I possess any document, or knowledge of papers which have affinity to the subject in question.
No man would rejoice more than I should, to find that the suspicions which have resulted from the intercepted letter, were unequivocally, and honorably removed.66
[Note 66: From the manuscript volume labeled "Randolph's Vindication," in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1795.
Dear Sir: Wishing to fill the Office of Attorney-General of the U States with a gentleman of acknowledged abilities, and of the best disposition to promote the welfare of this country, permit me to ask you (confidentially) if Colo. Innes67 would, in all respect, do for such an appointment?
[Note 67: James Innes.]
That he possesses great natural endowments I have always been told; and that he is a friend to the general government I have no cause to disbelieve. But what his acquired knowledge is, how well grounded he may be in law generally and particularly in the Law of Nations; and what is his depth in the science of Politicks, or in other words, his acquaintance with history and his general knowledge, I am altogether ignorant.
If, and I permit you to consult Mr. Marshall68 on this occasion, you should think he would do honor to the appointment allow me to request the favor of you to sound him on the score of his acceptance, and, whether it is agreeable to him to do so or not, to give me the earliest intimation of the result; for the successor of Mr. Bradford, whomsoever he shall be, must enter upon the duties of the function with as little delay as possibly can be avoided.
[Note 68: John Marshall.]
Colo. Innes has, I know, the character of extreme indolence. and In all employments, this will be considered as a drawback from the fitness of character or the execution of a trust; but the Office of Attorney general of the U. States does not require constant labour, or attention. At times, both must be close and deep. On such occasions his pride (if his abilities are adequate) would stimulate him to exertion and eclat.
Your sentiments on the subject of this enquiry will remain with Dear Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1795.
Sir: Two letters from you, dated the 21st. instant, and one of the 23d, came to Alexandria by the Post on Friday.
I will immediately set on foot an enquiry relative to the prospect of obtaining the lands sufficient for an Arsenal at the confluence of the Rivers Potomac and Shenandoah. From what I have heard of this site, and partly from what I know of it, it must be the most eligable spot on the whole river in every point of view, for a work of this sort. The object for which the enquiry will be made, can, and will be effectually cloaked by the Gentleman I shall employ to make it.
It is a little surprising that the Treaty with the Western Indians69 has not been received from Generl. Wayne; and very extraordinary that he should permit a copy of it to be taken; especially before it was laid before the proper authorities and
[Note 69: Pickering's letter of September 21 states: "Colo Sargeant who arrived on Friday, and called on me Saturday, showed me a copy of the treaty, without the names subscribed to it, and expressed his surprise that the original had not been received." This letter is in the Washington Papers. A certified copy of the treaty signed at Greenville, Aug. 9, 1795, is in the Washington Papers. It was forwarded to the President in Pickering's letter of September 28.] approved. I am very sorry to hear that the Shawanees were not fully represented at this Treaty. Were the other tribes more so?
If the information which Mr. Seagrove has received from his deputies, relatively to the conclusion of Peace between the Creeks and Chickasaws,70 is to be relied on, it is an event from which I shall derive much satisfaction; and shall wait anxiously for a confirmation of the news.
[Note 70: Seagrove's letter from Philadelphia to the Secretary of War (September 20) states:
"My letters inform that a Copy of the Treaty was forwarded to me by a vessel from Savannah to this place which may be hourly expected; as soon as it arrives I shall have the honor of presenting it to you." A copy of this letter is in the Washington Papers.]
The number of men you propose as a cover for the Stores, and trading Post proposed to be established at Colerain, can, if the Treaty with the Western Indians is (as we understand) concluded, be well spared; and as there seems to be as great an occasion for a force to restrain the turbulent and disorderly people on that frontier from disturbing the Peace of the United States as there is for protection against the Indians, I think a garrison of 150 or 200 men according to circumstances, at the place above mentioned, will be properly disposed of, and I desire they may be sent accordingly.
Give the dispatches to Mr. Pinckney all the chances that may offer immediately of getting them speedily to hand, or the trouble of preparing them will be lost labour. I am glad to find by Governor Fenner's letter, that the measures adopted by the Genl. Government, relatively to the British Vice Consul Moore,71 and the Captn. of the Africa has been satisfactory to the people of Rhode Island. It has not been so, I perceive, to the Editor of the Aurora; for in that paper, it is set down as a contrivance to through [ sic] the Medusa into the hands of the British.
[Note 71: Thomas William Moore, British vice consul in Rhode Island. His exequatur was revoked by the President, September 5.]
[Note 72: Chairman of a meeting of the citizens of Columbia County, Ga.]
Mount Vernon, September 30, 1795.
Sir: Your letter of the 29 ultimo covering resolutions of a number of the Citizens of Columbia County, expressing of their disapprobation of the treaty lately negotiated between the United States and Great Britain has been received.
The treaty has received my sanction, after the most mature deliberation, and consultation of the interests and happiness of my fellow Citizens of the United States and a conviction that thereby they would both be promoted. I regret exceedingly that there should have been any difference of opinion on so important a subject; but I trust my fellow Citizens will believe that the advancement of their prosperity and welfare, which I have always in view, has produced the decision I have made in the present case. With due respect I am etc.73
[Note 73: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The resolutions are also entered in the "Letter Book."]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 26th. Ulto. was received yesterday. It is not wonderful that Mr. Randolphs late conduct, and the publication of his letter to me, should have excited an anxious curiosity to know what his explanations will be; but it is wonderful that so much time should be required to give birth to them.
Embarrassed, as it is to be apprehended he is, in this business, his object, I conceive must be, to gain time; to puzzle; and to try if he cannot discover inconsistencies in the conduct of others, relative to it. On no other ground can I account for his letter to me, dated the 21st. Ulto; which, with his other two of the 15th;74 and my answer to the whole, I herewith enclose for the information of yourself and Colo. Pickering only.
[Note 74: None of these letters, the two of September 15 and the one of September 21, are now found in the Washington Papers. Randolph's draft of one of those of September 15 is in the group of papers labeled "Randolph's Vindication," in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress.]
His letters of the 15th received no acknowledgment; and at first I hesitated whether to give any to that of the 21st. After a while I thought of referring him to you, for information on those points which it was evidently as much, or more in your power than in mine, to give him; but finally I conceived it most eligable to furnish him with no pretexts, and therefore wrote what you will see in the copy.75 I did it, because if delay was his object, it would be promoted by my silence; and because
[Note 75: See Washington's letter to Edmund Randolph, Sept. 27, 1795, ante.] (which probably would have answered his purposes still better) it might have afforded him some ground for saying he was doomed to be a victim; and with a view to accomplish it, the means to his vindication was denied, or withheld.
These reasons added to a disposition to do him all manner of justice, induced me to give him concise answers to all his queries; as far as the means were within my power, although fully convinced in my own mind of the insidious tendency of them.
Whether similar enquiries have been made of you, of Colo. Pickering, or of both, by him, I know not. If they have, to see if he could involve inconsistencies in the answers, has been his aim: and to know what kind of superstructure he might build, on the information he has obtained (if any) from Mr. Fauchet, it was necessary to ascertain in the first place, whether the government was in possession of any part of that gentlemens letters numbered 3 and 6, by which, this superstructure might be endangered. I was on the point once, of hinting to him, that I hoped nothing in his vindication wd. render it necessary to publish the whole of Mr. Fauchets letter; but on second thoughts I declined it, lest he should consider it as a threat, and make an improper use of it.
As I shall be in Philadelphia shortly, I will not add on this subject; but from you, if any thing more transpires, I should be glad to hear. The present enclosures may remain in your hands until I return to the City. With very great esteem etc.
[C.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, October 4, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 12th. Ulto, after travelling to Philadelphia and back again, was received by me, at this place, the 1st. instant.
The letter from Madame de Chastellux to me, is short, referring to the one she has written to you for particulars respecting herself and infant son. Her application to me is unquestionably misplaced, and to Congress it would certainly be unavailing, as the Chevalier Chastelluxs. pretensions (on which hers must be founded) to any allowance from this country, were no greater than that of any, and every other Officer of the French Army, who served in America the last War. To grant to one therefore, would open a wide door to applications of a similar nature, and to consequent embarrassments. Probably, the sum granted at the last Session of Congress to the daughters of the Count de Grasse, has given rise to this application. That it has done so in other instances, I have good reasons to believe.
I am much pleased with the account you have given of the Succory. This, like all other things of the sort with me, since my absence from home, have come to nothing; for neither my Overseers nor Manager, will attend properly to anything but the crops they have usually cultivated: and in spite of all I can say, if there is the smallest discretionary power allowed them, they will fill the land with Indian Corn; altho' they have demonstrable proof, at every step they take, of its destructive effects. I am resolved however, as soon as it shall be in my power to attend a little more closely to my own concerns, to make this crop yield, in a great degree to other grain; to pulses, and to grasses. I am beginning again with Chiccory from a handful of seed given to me by Mr. Strickland; which, though flourishing at present has not appearance of seeding this year. Lucern has not succeeded better with me than with you; but I will give it another, and a fairer trial before it is abandoned altogether. Clover, when I can dress lots well, succeeds with me to my full expectation; but not on the fields in rotation; although I have been at much cost in seeding them. This has greatly disconcerted the system of rotation on which I had decided. I wish you may succeed in getting good seed of the winter Vetch: I have often imported it, but the seed never vegitated; or in so small proportion as to be destroyed by weeds. I believe it would be an acquisition if it was once introduced properly in our farms. The Albany Pea, which is the same as the field Pea of Europe, I have tried and found it grew well; but it is subject to the same bug that perforates the garden pea, and eats out the kernel; so it will happen, I fear, with the pea you propose to import. I had great expectation from a green dressing with Buck Wheat, as a preparatory fallow for a crop of Wheat; but it has not answered my expectation yet. I ascribe this however, more to mismanagement in the times of seeding and ploughing in, than to any defect in the system. The first ought to be so ordered, in point of time, as to meet a convenient season for ploughing it in while the plant is in its most succulent state; but this has never been done on my farms, and consequently has drawn as much from, as it has given to the earth. It has always appeared to me that there were two modes in which Buck Wheat might be used advantageously as a manure. One, to sow early; and as soon as a sufficiency of seed ripened to stock the ground a second time, to turn the whole in; and when the succeeding growth is getting in full bloom to turn that in also (before the Seed begins to ripen): and when the fermentation and putrifaction ceases, to sow the ground in. that state, and plough in the Wheat. The other mode is, to sow the Buck Wheat so late as that it shall be generally, about a foot high at the usual seeding of Wheat; then turn it in, and sow thereon immediately, as on a clover lay; harrowing in the Seed lightly, to avoid disturbing the buried Buck Wheat. The last method I have never tried, but see no reason why it should not succeed. The other as I have observed before, I have practiced but the Buck Wheat has always stood too long, and consequently had become too dry and sticky, to answer the end of a succulant plant. But of all the improving and ameliorating crops, none, in my opinion, is equal to Potatoes on stiff, and hard bound land (as mine is). From a variety of instances I am satisfied that on such land, a crop of Potatoes is equal to an ordinary dressing. In no instance have I failed of good wheat, Oats, or clover that followed Potatoes. And I conceit they give the soil a darker hue.
I shall thank you for the result of your proposed experiment relatively to the winter vetch and Pea, when they are made.
I am sorry to hear of the depredation committed by the weavil in your parts. It is a great calamity at all times, and this year, when the demand for wheat is so great, and the price so high, must be a mortifying one to the farmer. The Rains have been very general, and more abundant since the first of August than ever happened in a summer within the memory of man. Scarcely a Mill dam, or bridge between this and Philada. was able to resist them; and some were carried away a second, and even a third time.
Mrs. Washington is thankful for your kind remembrance of her, and unites with me in best wishes for you.
With very great esteem etc.76
[Note 76: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1795.
Dear Sir: Upon my return to this place from Philadelphia, about the middle of last month, I found your letter of the 1st. of September and the sum of Four hundd. and Seventy five pounds ten shillings and two pence which you had deposited in the hands of Mr. Dandridge on account of your collection of my Rents, which will be placed as desired to your credit.
I am sorry you should have been so unsuccessful in purchasing in my life leases; but if I do not misunderstand your meaning, when you say I had limited you to too long a day, viz, the first of September to make these purchases, there surely never was such a mistake as you have committed in this business, or I must have been out of my head when I wrote the letter. So far from restraining you in making purchases until the first of last month, you were told, or at least meant to be told, that if you could not apply the money which was in your hands to this purpose by a certain day (I suppose the first of Septr.) that then, and in that case, I should call for it, as I wanted it for other uses. How this could be deemed limitting you to too long a day I have no conception, when the money was left in your hands for the sole purpose of buying in the leases. I request you to look at my letter again and inform me if it will admit of such a construction as you have given it, if I understand the meaning of yours.
What money you may yet pay, agreeably to the assurance in your letter may be deposited in the hands of Mr. Pearce or in the Bank of Alexandria, giving me an account of the sum.
As land has risen so much, and so suddenly in its price, and my rents bear no proportion thereto; I shall insist, and beg that you will see, not only that the rents are punctually paid, but that all the covenants in the leases, with respect to buildings, planting orchards, making meadows, reserving certain proportions of the land in wood &ca. &ca. are strictly complied with; and I further desire that in cases of life leases, where the occupant can give you no satisfactory evidence of the existence of the lives of the persons therein named, that ejectmts. may be brought in order to make them come forward with their proofs; for these leases will never expire if vague information is received and credited, of the lessees being in Kentucky, or the lord knows where. Another thing too I would have minutely looked into, and that is, where there has been a change in the occupants from the original Lessees to know by what authority it has happened; for if I recollect the tenure of my leases there can be no alienation of the property without the consent of land lord under his hand (and I believe) seal.
You say you have repossessed two or three lots in Frederick; and have conditionally rented out two for £35 pounds pr. Ann; but you do not say whether this is the rent for each, or for both. If the latter I should think it inadequate. If the former, I agree to, and ratify the same for the term of ten years. But when leases for that term are given you should stipulate for reasonable and proper improvements, that the tenements may be restored with some advantages. I do not recollect what the quantity of Acres in the Frederk. lots are, and therefore my opinion of the adequacy or inadequacy of the rent of £35 is mere guess work. All I want, is as much as others gets for lands of the same quantity and quality thereabouts. Whenever you make out a Rental have a column always for the quantity of acres contained in each lot. Give my love, in which your Aunt and the family join, to Mrs. Lewis and be assured of the friendship and regard of Your etc.80
[Note 80: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1795.
Sir: Your communications of the 2d Inst have been duly received.
General Wayne will, I hope and expect, leave the Garrisons in his advanced Posts sufficiently respectable. In the present uncertainty of what may be the final result of the treaty with Great Britain, and from the intimations of Captn. Brant, we ought not in my opinion to oeconomise at too Great a hazard; nor build too much, in the present moment. on the treaty of peace with the Western Indians.81
[Note 81: The draft at this point has the following crossed out: "In a word no uncommon pains are taking to disturb the quiet of this country by enflaming the passions of its citizens and what will be the issue is not easy to predict."
On October 7 Washington wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury requesting that commissions be made out for several minor officials in the revenue service. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1795.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 5th. instt. enclosing a Memorial of the same date, came to my hands yesterday.
The latter shall have the best consideration I can give it, between this and Monday next; when, if nothing, unforeseen at present, intervenes to prevent, I shall be in George Town on my return to Philadelphia; and will converse fully with you on the subject matter of it. With esteem etc.
[H.S.P.]
(Private and confidential)
Mount Vernon, October 9, 1795
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 2d. instant came duly to hand, and I shall wait the result of the proposed enquiry, respecting Colo. Innes, which I wish might be soon.
The compliance with one request oftentimes begets another, and that is the case at present. You know, full well, that the office of State is vacant; but you may not know that I find difficulty in filling it. In the appointments to the great offices of the government, my aim has been to combine geographical situations, and sometimes other considerations, with abilities; and fitness of known characters. In pursuance of this system, I have tried to bring Judge Patterson82 Mr. Johnson (of Maryland) and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of So. Carolina into this office. All have declined; the latter by the Post of Wednesday. I would have made an offer of it to Mr. Henry in the first instance, but two reasons were opposed to it; 1st. ignorance of his political sentiments (for I should consider it as an act of governmental Suicide, to bring a man into so high an office who was unfriendly to the Constitution and laws which are to be his guide) and 2d., because I had no idea he would accept the office; until General (late Govt.) Lee, gave some reasons which have induced me (in a degree) to draw a different conclusion; assuring me at the sametime that he believed
[Note 82: William Paterson (Patterson).] Mr. Henry's Sentiments relative to the Constitution were changed; and that his opinion of the government was friendly.
Of these matters however (so important in their nature) I wish to learn the opinion of others; and of whom can I enquire more likely to know, than yourself?
Let me then come to the point: If in the judgment of yourself and Genl. Marshall Colo. Innes is a fit character for Attorney Genl. of the U. States; Will accept the Office; and enter upon the duties of it without delay; no application is to be made to Mr. Henry, be his sentiments what they may. If on the contrary, that event does not take place; I impose upon you the task, and pray you to have the goodness to forward the enclosed letter to him by Express (the cost of which I will pay) provided you accord in Sentiment with Genl. Lee with respect to the political opinions of that Gentleman; and have reason to believe he has expressed no opinion adverse to the treaty with Great Britain, and is disposed to give active opposition to the adoption of, for that would place both him and me in embarrassed situations.
From the instances which have fallen within your own knowledge, you can form some idea of the difficulties I experience in finding out, and prevailing on characters to fill offices of importance. In the case before us, I am sensible I am imposing a delicate task upon you, but from the peculiar circumstances thereof, it is, in some measure, a necessary one; and having a high opinion of General Marshalls honor, prudence and judgment, I consent to your consulting him on this occasion, as you did in the case of Colo. Innes.
I have, I must confess, but little expectation that Mr. Henry will accept the offer, if it gets to him; and therefore I must look forward to the consequence of his refusal; let me ask therefore if another trial should be made, and a refusal ensue; and ultimately, it should be found eligable to remove the present Secretary of War to the Office of State (if it should be agreeable to himself) would you fill his place as Secretary of War?
You will, My dear Sir, perceive that the whole of this letter is perfectly confidential, written perhaps with more frankness than prudence, but I rely on your goodness and discretion to appreciate my motives. My letter to Mr. Henry is left open for your perusal, that the whole matter may be before you. If it should go forward Seal it, if not return it to, Dear Sir Your friend etc.83
[Note 83: Carrington replied (October 13: "We are not without apprehensions, that Genl Lee estimates too highly the affections of Mr. H--towards the Constitution, General Marshall being, however, decidedly of opinion, in which I cordially joined, that your letter should be forwarded to him, I have this morning dispatched it by Express...we have changed the order in which you directed the propositions to Colo. Innes and Mr Henry to stand: the fact is, we have as yet had no opportunity of acting with respect to the first Gentleman, nor do we know when we shall; this was likely to suspend operations longer than the nature and importance of the object admitted." Carrington's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
P.S. On Monday I leave this for Phila.84
[Note 84: From a photostat of the original in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 85: Chairman of the meeting of the inhabitants of Westmoreland County, Va.]
October 9, 1795.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 29th. Ultimo covering Resolutions of a meeting of the inhabitants of the County of Westmoreland, relatively to the Treaty with Great Britain.
The approbation therein given of this measure, and the assurances of supporting the constituted authorities of our country cannot but be pleasing to all who know the value of regular government.
No wish, while I fill the office I now have the honor to hold, can be more ardent, than that the acts of my administration should give satisfaction to my constituents. The contrary will always give me pain. I know but one sure method to merit the first, or to avoid the latter, and that is, to pursue steadily such measures (of an Executive nature) as appears to be most conducive to their interest and happiness. This, to the best of my judgment, has been my invariable endeavour, and I cannot but hope, that the ratification of the Treaty (agreeably to the advice and consent of the Senate) will be viewed in this light when it is better understood than it seems to be at present.
For the expression of personal confidence in me, I feel very sensibly. I am etc.86
[Note 86: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers, where the address of the inhabitants is also entered.
On October 9 Washington wrote to Bartholomew Dandridge, requesting him to forward letters for John Jay and Dr. Priestly, "but not by Post, for this would be expensive for Pamphlets, wch. I believe they are...I expect to leave this for Phila. on Monday...Make enquiry for good footmen...Let Colo. Pickering know that I was not able to write to him by the Post of this day." This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Mount Vernon, October 9, 1795.
Dear Sir: Whatever may be the reception of this letter; truth and candour shall mark its steps. You doubtless know that the Office of State is vacant, and no one can be more sensible than yourself of the importance of filling it with a person of abilities, and one in whom the public would have confidence.
It would be uncandid not to inform you that this office has been offered to others, but it is as true that it was from a conviction in my mind that you would not accept it (until Tuesday last in a conversation with Genl. (late Governor,) Lee he dropped sentiments which made it less doubtful) that it was not offered first to you.
I need scarcely add, that if this appointment could be made to comport with your own inclination it would be as pleasing to me, as I believe it would be acceptable to the public. With this assurance, and under this belief I make you the offer of it. My first wish is, that you would accept it; the next is that you would be so good as to give me an answer as soon as you conveniently can, as the public business in that departt. is now suffering for want of a Secretary.
I persuade myself, Sir, it has not escaped your observation, that a crisis is approaching that must if it cannot be arrested soon decide whether order and good government shall be preserved or anarchy and confusion ensue. I can most religiously aver I have no wish, that is incompatible with the dignity, happiness and true interest of the people of this country. My ardent desire is, and my aim has been (as far as depended upon the Executive Department,) to comply strictly with all our engagemts. foreign and domestic; but to keep the U States free from political connexions with every other Country. To see that they may be independent of all, and under the influence of none. In a word, I want an American character, that the powers of Europe may be convinced we act for ourselves and not for others; this in my judgment, is the only way to be respected abroad and happy at home and not by becoming the partizans of Great Britain or France, create dissensions, disturb the public tranquillity, and destroy, perhaps for ever the cement wch. binds the Union.
I am satisfied these sentiments cannot be otherwise than congenial to your own; your aid therefore in carrying them into effect would be flattering and pleasing to Dr. Sir &c.87
[Note 87: Henry replied (October 16), declining the appointment. His letter is not now found in the Washington Papers. It was removed from them by Sprague and is now in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A photostat of it is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 12, 1795.
Sir: Your letters of the 2d. and 5th. instant came to my hands on thursday last, but it was not in my power, conveniently to acknowledge the receipt of them by the succeeding Post.
It is a very singular occurrence that Mr. Pinckney should make use of a cypher to which there is no counterpart, or key in the Office of State! A kind of fatality seems to have pursued this negociation and in short all our concerns with Spain from the appointment of Mr. Carmichael under the new government as Minister to that country up to the present day. If the Cyphers which have been furnished Mr. Gouvr. Morris, Mr. Jay, Mr. Adams, and Colo. Humphreys, or any of them are different from those by which the letter of Mr. Pinckney has been tried, let them also be resorted to; otherwise as the business has commenced in error, the continuance therein is highly probable, until that Gentleman is informed of this extraordinary inattention and is thereby led to correct it; of course the most material and interesting parts of his communications will be lost. Enough however appears already to shew the temper and policy of the Spanish Court, and its undignified condt. as it respects themselves, and insultg as it relates to us; and I fear will prove that their late treaty of Peace with France portends nothing favorable to the interests of these United States.
I am glad to find however that matters are going on well in Morocco; but much concerned to hear of the unfavorable decision in the high Court of Appeals on one of the Spoliation Cases in London.
I shall (as mentioned in one of my last letters) set out for Philadelphia this day88 but business with the Comrs. of the Federal City will detain me in George town tomorrow, and of course keep me a day longer from the seat of government than I expected.
[Note 88: Washington left Mount Vernon, as stated, on October 12 and arrived in Philadelphia on October 20.]
Wilmington, State of Delaware, October 20, 1795.
Sir: Meeting accidently at this place (as I was returning to Philadelphia from Mt. Vernon) with a Ship, passing for London, I request the favor of you to send me by the first Vessel bound to Potomack River from your port the following Articles, (Viz.). 2 Sacks, say 8 bushels of the field Pea of England.
The like quantity of the Winter Vetch, and
As much of the Succory, or Chicorium Intibus, as will Sow four Acres of Land.
You will readily perceive that the first and last, of these articles must be in this Country by the first of April to be in proper Seed time.
I have to request that none of them be put into the Ships hold. When this is the case, they get heated and the Vegitative properties of the Seed are almost invariably destroyed.
I pray you to be particular attentive in procuring good Seed. I shall add no more at present than that I am, etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, October 21, 1795.
Sir: In several of the public Gazettes I had read your note to the Editor of the Philadelphia Gazette, with an extract of a letter addressed to me of the 8th. instant; but it was not until yesterday, that the letter itself was received.
It is not difficult, from the tenor of that letter, to perceive what your objects are; but that you may have no cause to complain of the withholding any paper (however private and confidential) which you shall think necessary in a case of so serious a nature, I have directed [that you should have the inspection of]94 my letter of the 22d. of July [agreeably to your request];95 and you are at full liberty to publish, without reserve, any, and every private and confidential letter I ever wrote you; nay more, every word I ever uttered to, or in your presence, from whence you can derive any advantage in your vindication.
[Note 94: In the writing of Pickering in the draft. Washington had written: "a copy of the one you apply for, namely" This is crossed out.]
[Note 95: In the writing of Pickering in the draft. Washington had written "to be delivered to you." This is crossed out.]
[I grant this permission, inasmuch as the extract alluded to, manifestly tends to impress on the public mind an opinion that something has passed between us which you should disclose with reluctance; from motives of delicacy which respect me.]96
[Note 96: The part within brackets is in the writing of Pickering, in the draft, and was substituted for the following which is there crossed out: "I am induced to make this inasmuch as the extract above alluded to appears to me to have a manifest tendency to impress on the public mind an opinion that something misterious has passed between us which you reluctantly bring forward, whilst others are kept back."]
You know, Sir, even before the Treaty was laid before the Senate, that I had difficulties with respect to the commercial part of it; with which I professed to be the least acquainted; and that I had no means of acquiring information thereon without disclosing its contents: not to do which until it was submitted to the Senate, had been resolved on. You know too, that it was my determination previous to this submission, to ratify the Treaty if it should be so advised and consented to by that body; and that the doubts which afterwards arose, and were communicated to Mr. Hammond, proceeded from more authentic information of the existence of what is commonly called the Provision order of the British [government.]97 And finally, [you know the grounds on which my ultimate decision was taken; as the same were expressed to you, the other Secretaries of departments and the late Attorney general, after a thorough investigation and consideration of the subject, in all the aspects which it could be placed.]98
[Note 97: In the writing of Pickering in the draft. Washington had written: "Cabinet." This is crossed out.]
[Note 98: In the writing of Pickering in the draft. Washington had written: "as it has been expressed to you, and to the Secretaries of the other departments in your presence you also know after a thorough investigation and consideration of the subject in all the aspects it could be placed the grounds upon which my ultimate decision was taken." This is crossed out.]
As you are no longer an Officer of the government, and propose to submit your vindication99 to the Public, it is not my desire, nor is it my intention to receive it otherwise than through the medium of the Press. Facts you cannot mistake. and if they are fairly and candidly stated, they will invite no comments.1
[Note 99: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "against the suggestions contained in the intercepted Confidential letter of the late French Minister."]
[Note 1: At this point in the draft the following is crossed off: "if they are not, explanations and perhaps references must follow."]
The extract of your letter to me, dated the 8th. instant, being [published in]2 all the gazettes, I request that this letter may be inserted in the compilation you are now making; as well to shew my disposition to furnish you with every means I possess towards your [vindication],3 as that I have no wish to conceal any part of my conduct from the public. That public will judge, when it comes to see your vindication, how far, and how proper it has been for you, to publish private and confidential communications, which, oftentimes have been written in a hurry, and sometimes without even copies being taken. And it will, I hope, appreciate my motives, even if it should condemn
[Note 2: In the writing of Pickering in the draft. Washington had written: "on its passage through." This is crossed out.]
[Note 3: In the writing of Pickering in the draft. Washington had written: "general letter." This is crossed out.] my prudence, in allowing you the unlimited license herein contained.4
[Note 4: In the group of papers labeled "Randolph's Vindication" in the Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, October 25, 1795.
Sir: Your letter of the 24th6 has been received. It is full of innuendoes, I shall therefore once more, and for the last time,
[Note 6: This letter is in the Washington Papers.] repeat in the most unequivocal terms, that you are at full liberty to publish any thing that ever passed between us, written or oral that you think will subserve your purposes. A conscious rectitude, and an invariable endeavour to promote the honor, welfare, and happiness of this country; by every means in the power of the Executive, and within the compass of my abilities, leaves no apprehension on my mind from any disclosure, whatsoever.7
[Note 7: At this point in the draft the following is crossed out: "public or private that is founded in truth."]
To whom, or for what purpose you mean to apply the following words of your letter "I have been the meditated victim of party-spirit" will be found I presume, in your defence without which I shall never understand them. I cannot conceive they are aimed at me, because an hundred and an hundred times you have heard me lament from the bottom of my Soul that differences of sentiments should have occasioned those heats which are disquieting a country, otherwise the happiest in the world, and you have heard me express the most ardent wish that some expedient could be devised to heal them. The disclosure to me, by an Officer of government, of Mr. Fauchets intercepted letter after the contents were communicated to him, was an act of such evident propriety, that no man of candour, entertaining a proper sense of duty, can possibly condemn: I do not see then how this will apply to this case, more than the first.
You have, Sir, entirely mistaken the principle upon which (in contravention of the opinion of the gentleman, who is discharging the duties of Secretary of State) I gave you the Inspection of what you declared to be the only paper you were in want of, to complete your defence. My sole motive in furnishing it, was, that it might not be imputed that any thing which you conceived necessary to your vindication, was withheld: for however differently the matter may appear in the sequel, I am free to declare that I cannot, at this moment, see what relation there is between the Treaty with G. Britain, and the details and suggestions which are contained in the intercepted letter of Mr. Fauchet. And I am still more at a loss to understand the meaning of these other words in your letter "But I shall disclose even what I am compelled to disclose under the operation of the necessity which you yourself have created" Can these expressions allude to my having put Mr. Fauchet's letter into your hands in presence of the heads of departmts for explanation of the passages which related to your conversations with him? Or to the acceptance of your resignation, voluntarily and unexpectedly offered? Or to the assurance given in my letter of the ... of Augt.8 in answer to yours of the ... 9 (and most religeously observed on my part) not to mention any thing of the matter until you had had an opportunity of clearing it up, whilst you on the other hand were making free communications thereof in all quarters, and intimating to your friends that in the course of your vindication you should bring things to view which would affect me more than any which had yet appeared? if neither of these, nor an expectation that I shd. have passed the matter over unnoticed, or in a private explanation only between ourselves, I know nothing to which the sentiment can have the least reference. But I do not write from a desire to obtain explanations; for it is not my meaning nor shall I proceed any farther in discussions of this sort, unless necessity should call for a simple, and candid statement of the business, to be laid before the public.10
[Note 8: Aug. 20, 1795, q. v.]
[Note 9: Aug. 19, 1795, by which Randolph resigned as Secretary of State.]
[Note 10: This draft is indorsed by Washington: "This is the rough Draught of a Letter to Edmd. Randolph Esq. But upon re-consideran was not sent to him."]
Philadelphia, October 30, 1795.
Gentlemen: Your Letter of the 26 Instant covering one from Genl. U. Forrest of the 24th. came to me by the last post, and as the subject thereof is important, and there is no time to lose, I delay not in giving you my opinion.
From Genl. Forrest's communication, there appears to be every probability that a Loan from the State of Maryland may be effected for the purposes of the Federal City, to the extent you wish. If therefore, upon more mature consideration and enquiry, you concur in opinion that it can be done, I think you ought not to hesitate to make the attempt. I would have you, however, to be fully assured (as far as is possible) of success, before the attempt is finally determined upon; as a failure might be attended with disadvantage to the interests of the City. If the attempt should terminate unfavorably, it will then be time enough, if it should be thought expedient, to make application to the Genl. Government.
The papers which were transmitted to you on Wednesday last by Mr. Dandridge, by my direction, will shew you that your attempt for a Loan in London has issued without success. I am etc.22
[Note 22: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the District Commissioners in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 1, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 8th. 13th. and 20th. Ulto. have been duly received; the latter, enclosing one from Mr. Henry. Your motives for forwarding my letter to that gentleman, and transposing the course of the business relative to it, meets my entire approbation; and opening his letter, in answer thereto, was an act of indispensable necessity, resulting therefrom, and of course is approved.
I am not less pleased at the resolution you had taken to proceed no farther with Colo. I--s23 than merely to sound his inclinations on the subject referred; until you shd. hear further from me. The result however, of your enquiries, be so good as to communicate.
[Note 23: Col. James Innes.]
I thank you, my good Sir, for giving me permission to trouble you on similar occasions. I shall certainly avail myself of the indulgence; and as an earnest of my disposition to do it, may I ask you what temper is it expected your Assembly will meet? How will it develope itself? And what is likely to be the progress and issue, as it relates to the General government?
Enclosed is twenty five dollars, cost of the Express, which was sent to Mr. Henry. With very great esteem etc.24
[Note 24: From the original through the kindness of Forest H. Sweet, of Battle Creek, Mich.]
Sunday Morning, November 1, 1795.
Dear Sir: I thank you for the plan of the Santee Canal, which you have had the goodness to send me.
If General Pinckney25 has gone more into detail, than is
[Note 25: Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.] found in the expression of your letter relative to the Estt. at F. Johnson26 should be glad to receive an extract thereof; otherwise, the transcript would be unnecessary. It is to be observed, however, that the strength of our garrisons must be proportioned to the means from whence they are drawn.
[Note 26: Fort Johnson, S. C.]
I cannot in this moment of yr. departure but express my regret, that it was not accordant with your views to remain in the Directorship of the Mint. Permit me to add thereto that yr. conduct therein gave entire satisfaction; and to wish you a pleasant voyage and a happy meeting with your friends in So. Carolina; being with very great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, November 2, 1795.
My dear Sir: Your letters of the 19th. and--Ult. came duly to hand; and I expected 'eer this to have been decisive upon the contents of them; but the case being otherwise, I shall postpone writing fully to you, until the next, or another Post.
It may not be amiss however, briefly to observe, that Colo. Rochfontaine (being in this city) was asked how it came to pass, as he had seen the site at the confluence of the Rivers Potomac and Shenandoah, he had made no mention of it in his general report? His answer was, there was no ground on which convenient buildings could be placed, and assigned other reasons in a written report, which he made. But since the receipt of your last, with a letter from Genl. Darke to the Secretary of War, I have suggested his going there again, in order to view the ground more accurately. This, if nothing more pressing should require his attendance in another quarter, will be the case. I shall defer therefore saying anything further on the subject till this matter is decided. If the Colo. goes at all, he will probably pass through George Town, and if it could be made convenient for Colo. Gilpin (who understands the nature, and application of water well) and yourself, to accompany him, advantages, I am persuaded, would result from the journey. One of the Colos. objections to this site is, that no water work (on acct. of freshes) would be safe there. These lands, however, considering the reservations of the Ferries, buildings, &ca. will come much higher than I had any idea of.
If you have not already agreed for the Rent of my house in Alexandria at Sixty pounds pr Annum, I wish this sum might be compared with other rents, before it is fixed on. I was told by severals as I passed through Alexandria, that I might readily dispose of the lot, if I was so inclined, for £1200: Sixty pounds rent wd. be only an interest of five pr Ct, which is inadequate for house Rent.
Give my love to Fanny and the Children, in which Mrs. Washington joins, and be assured of the sincere esteem etc.
[H.L.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, November 4, 1795.
Gentlemen: In a letter hastily written to you on the 30th. ulto., I approved the plan of applying to the Legislature of Maryland for a loan of money, agreeably to the suggestion of Genl. Forest, for the purposes of the Federal city: Provided "upon more mature consideration and enquiry, you should concur with him in opinion that it certainly could be obtained." I am in the same sentiment still; but let me entreat you not to be led into the attempt upon slight grounds.
An essay and failure, may be attended with very serious consequences in the other plan, which has been approved; and would weaken, if not altogether destroy, some of your most powerful arguments with Congress. And the prospect of a foreign loan has, as you have been informed by Mr. Wells, proved abortive.
One of your board is much better acquainted with the views of different parts of Maryland, relative to the navigations of the Potomac and Susquehanna than I am; but depend, if ever the subject is discussed in the Legislature thereof, it will be found that wherever the preponderancy of interest lyes, there will be found a majority of votes also. And rely moreover, altho' present appearances may not sufficiently indicate the fact, that the weight of Baltimore will be found against you, and ought to be calculated upon. The intelligent people of that place, however tranquil from the present flourishing state of the Town and Trade, cannot view the progress of the Federal City, and the inland navigation of the Potomack without perceiving the ultimate effect, and wishing to divert the means which would contribute thereto, to another object more interesting to them: I mean, opening the Susquehanna; which is now reviving and getting into activity again; and is, I presume, equally in want of pecuniary aids.
These ideas, upon reflection, have such weight with me, that I could not resist expressing them with more force, and more in detail, than they were conveyed in my former letter. You ought not, in my opinion to proceed on delusive hopes, or on ambiguous encouragements, for the reasons already mentioned; and others might be assigned: But, rather than hazard a motion, uncertain in the result, before the ground is safely explored (in both houses) forbear to make it, relying, in preference, on the former plan.
From Mr. Scotts acquaintance with the individual members of the Legislature, he might (if his visit to Annapolis could be covered by any good pretext) contribute much to a previous knowledge of what would be the probable issue of the attempt at this loan; and advance therein, or retreat, accordingly. With esteem etc.27
[Note 27: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 9, 1795.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 31st ulto. by Mr. Hadfield,28 has been received. I have since seen Mr. Hoban, and have had a good deal of conversation with both of them, in the presence of each other with the plans before us.
[Note 28: George Hadfield, an English architect. He had succeeded James Hoban as superintendent of the Capitol building.]
From the explanations of the former, it would seem as if he had not been perfectly understood. or in other words tht. now he means no change in the interior of the building, of the least importance; nor any elsewhere, that will occasion delay, or add to the expence; but the contrary; whilst the exterior will in his opinion, assume a better appearance, and the Portico be found more convenient than on the present plan. As far as I understand the matter the difference, lyes simply in discarding the Basement, and adding an Attick story, if the latter shall be found necessary; but this (the attick) he thinks may be dispensed with, as sufficient elevation may be obtained in the manner he has explained it, without; and to add a dome over the open, or circular area or lobby, which in my judgment is a most desirable thing, and what I always expected was part of the original design until otherwise informed in my late visits to the City, if strength can be given to it and sufficient light be obtained.
However proper it may have been in you, to refer the decision of the objections of Mr. Hadfield to the Executive I shall give no final opinion thereon.
I. Because I have not sufficient knowledge of the subject, to judge with precision. 2 because the means of acquiring it are not within my reach; 3d. if they were, pressed as I am with other matters particularly at the eve of an approaching, perhaps an interesting Session of Congress I could not avail myself of them; but above all because I have not the precise knowledge of the characters you have to deal with; the knowledge of all the facts which are before you, nor perhaps the same view you can take of the consequences of a decision for, or against Mr. Hadfields proposed alteration; or of his abilities to carry them into execution, if adopted.
I have told him in decisive terms however, that if the plan on which you have been proceeding, is not capitolly defective, I cannot (after such changes, delays, and expences as have been encountered already) consent to a departure from it, if either of these consequences is to be involved: but that if he can satisfy you of the contrary I should have no objection as he conceives his character as an Architect is in some measure at Stake, and inasmuch as the present plan is no bodies, but a compound of every bodies, provided these things as I have just observed can be ascertained to your entire satisfaction. I added further as a matter of material moment, the short term for which he was engaged and what might be the consequence of his quitting the building at the end thereof, or compelling fresh, perhaps exorbitant terms if a new agreement was to be made. to this he replied, he would not only promise, but bind29 himself to stick by the building until it was finished.
[Note 29: In the letter sent, which is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge, in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, in the Library of Congress, the two words "promise" and "bind" are underscored.]
On the spot, at the seat of information, with a view of the materials on hand, the facility of obtaining others; with a better knowledge of the only characters on whom you can rely for carrying on the building, than I possess; with other details unknown to me, you can decide with more safety than I am enabled to do, on the measures proper to be pursued under the embarrassments wch. has arisen from this diversity of opinion: That decision be it what it may will be agreement to Gentlemen.
Philadelphia, November 9, 1795.
Sir: I have been favoured with your letter of the 1st. instr. and thank you for the explanations and details given therein. I must however decline giving any decisive opinion on the matter referred to me, by the Board,30 for the reasons which have been briefly stated in my official letter thereto. to which others might have been added, but the pressure of business at this time would not allow me to be more diffusive, and must plead my excuse for not enlarging to you.
[Note 30: Of Commissioners of the District of Columbia.]
In a decision on the case wch. has been referred to me, much will depend upon the real abilities of Mr. Hadfield, of which I have no adequate knowledge. If he is the man of science he is represented to be, and merits the character he brings; if his proposed alterations can be accomplished without enhancing the expence on involving delay; if he will oblige himself to carry on the building31 to its final completion; and if he has exhibited any specimens of being a man of industry and arrangement I should have no hesitation in giving it as my opinion that his plan ought to be adopted; otherwise, his mortification will be great, and it would, in a manner, be defeating the purposes of his coming hither. On the other hand, if there be any cause suspect him of ignorance, or misrepresentation much caution, and strict investigation ought to be used. With esteem etc.32
[Note 31: The United States Capitol.]
[Note 32: From the Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 9, 1795.
Dear Sir: Your two Letters of the 31 ulto. have been recd. one by the post, the other by Mr. Hadfield: and expecting that this will find you in the federal City, I shall, being much engaged at this time refer you to my official letters to the board; as well on the proposed application for a Loan to the Legislature of Maryland, as on the case of Mr. Hadfield. A private letter of mine of the 4 inst, followed my official one on the first of these subjects: both of which you will see.
If the movements in Maryland are conducted with intelligence, the probable issue of the measure with the legislature of that State may be ascertained before any direct application or commitment is hazarded: and as a Loan is of the utmost importance, two strings may be better than one. The first, in the manner suggested, before the meeting of Congress, if it succeeds, the other may be reserv'd as a dernier resort. if it will not bear to be touched, then there is no other alternative than an application to Congress, a suspension of the plan, or a forced (and most certainly a depreciated) Sale; which tho' slower in its operation, will as effectually work the destruction of it. Of the three, there can be no hesitation in preferring the first of these alternatives. With esteem etc.33
[Note 33: The contemporary copy is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
(Private and confidential)
Philadelphia, November 16, 1795.
My dear Sir: The papers herewith enclosed are so full, on the subject of my former request, that nothing more remains than to refer to them for every information I can give, as the ground work of the Superstructure you are to build. When you are done with them be so good as to return the whole to me again, with those sent before; together with the letters respecting young Fayette, and the result, relative to him.
I would beg the favor of you to run your eye over the letter from Madam de Segur and let one of your young men make some enquiry into the truth of her narrative and if found just, to seal and forward my letter to her,36 safely. The reason why I give you this trouble, is, that applications of the kind have been, and still are very frequent; and in more instances than one, impositions have been practiced on me. If this lady's tale be true, her case is pitiable; and I have only to regret that the frequent calls upon my private purse, renders it inconvenient for me to do more for her than the pittance I enclose to her.
[Note 36: The draft of Washington's letter to Madam Segur is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
With sincere, and Affectionate esteem etc.
PS. Be so good as to drop me a single line merely to say that his letter and its enclosures have got safely into your hands.37
[Note 37: From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 16, 1795.
Gentn: Having disposed of my share and all the interest I have in the Dismal Swamp Company, to Henry Lee Esq. I request that he may, henceforward be considered as being standing in my place. He is not only to receive the profits, which may hereafter arise from that concern, but if anything is due thereto, he is entitled to my share thereof, and is in like manner to pay all unsatisfied demands upon, me on this acct. passed and to come. With respect I am etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, Philadelphia, November 18, 1795.
Sir: I received your Excellency's letter dated at Stoutgard the 10th of June last, in which you ask my aid in securing to you the payment of certain legacies which you represent to have been destined for yourself, your three sons, and Mr. Franc, by the will of the late major general baron de Steuben, my highly valued friend.
Immediately on the receipt of your letter, I caused enquiry to be made about the subject of it; and lose no time to transmit to you the result. This you will find in the enclosed letter from Colonel Pickering (Secretary of War) to Colo. Benjamin Walker, in his answer, and in a copy of the Baron's last will.
If the fortune of the Baron de Steuben had been as ample as his heart was benevolent, none of his friends would have been omitted in the dispositions of his will. I have the honor etc.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, November 19, 1795.
Dear Sir: The Office of Attorney Genl. of the U. States is not yet filled. The reason why it is not Genl. Lee, at my request, will frankly relate to you.
If you can make it convenient, and agreeable to yourself to accept it,42 I should derive pleasure therefrom, both from public and private considerations; being persuaded that the duties of the Office will be well executed, and because I should be much gratified in having a confidential Officer about me, on whom I could rely. With very great esteem etc.
[Note 42: Lee's letter of acceptance, dated Nov. 30, 1795, is in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, November 19, 1795.
Dear Sir: It may seem strange to those, not acquainted with circumstances, that the office of State should be so long vacant; but causes, not within my power to controul, have occasioned it.
I have, at length, proposed to Colo. Pickering, to go from the War office into that of State, and he has agreed to do so:43 this, of course makes a vacancy in the former. Permit me, to ask you, Sir to fill it.
[Note 43: Pickering had acted as Secretary of State, in addition to his duties as Secretary of War, since August 9. He was nominated Secretary of State, December 9, confirmed and commissioned, Dec. 10, 1795.]
I shall use no other arguments to induce your acceptance than such as candour dictates, these are, that I believe the duties of the Office will be well executed by you: that I conceive the appointment will be very agreeable to the public; and though of lesser consideration in a national point of view because it would be very agreeable to Dr. Sir, etc.44
[Note 44: See Washington's letter to John Eager Howard, Nov. 30, 1795, post.]
Philadelphia, November 20, 1795.
Sir: In my communications to Congress at the opening of the ensuing Session, I shall refer to the department of War for information on the following Subjects.
A statement of our present Military force; terms of its establishment, and the disposition thereof, generally.
A statement of the fortifications, and defences of the several harbours, agreeably to acts of Congress passed for that purpose.
The present state of the frigates; prospect of their completion; and causes wch. have impeded the progress of them.
The measures which have been pursued to obtain proper sites for the Arsenals, and for replenishing the Magazines.
The train in which the 50,000 Drs. granted for the purpose of an Indian Trade is.
And, as there are some defects in the establishment of the Mint; or at least some legislative provisions are wanting to render it more complete, and to restrain some interferences which seem to be arising in other Quarters; it is necessary that the report of the late Director, with a supplimentary one from the present, if he has anything to add thereto should be prepared previous to the opening of the Session.
All these statements must be in readiness to accompany the Speech, as the latter, without them, will be incomplete, one sett for each house must be prepared.
Philadelphia, November 23, 1795.
dear Sir: Your favor of the 17th. instt. has been duly received. My enquiries after your health have been constant, and my concern for the ill state of it, has been sincere.
I beg you will not suffer the business, in which I am jointly interested, give you a moments concern; for I can assure you it has never occupied a thought of mine. But in order to make the transacting of it as easy to yourself, and as convenient to others as the case is susceptible of, I will empower you to act for me in the same manner you do for yourself, if there is no incompatibility in it, and I see none. And as you know what kind of instrument is necessary to vest a power adapted to the nature of the case I will execute and return to you any one you may draw or have drawn and forwarded to me. and with the number of witnesses to it you shall advise. I pray you to present me respectfully to Mrs. Clinton and the family, in which Mrs. Washington unites, and that you would believe me to be, as I really am etc.
Philadelphia, November 30, 1795.
Dear Sir: I have been duly favored with your letters of the 23d and 26th. instt.53 from Annapolis, the first was received with regret: the second,54 assuredly with pleasure; for while I am resolved that no mis-representations, falsehoods or calumny; shall make me swerve from what I conceive to be the strict line of my duty. and while I have suffered the various attempts to destroy all confidence in my administration to pass without notice it is grateful to my feelings to find so respectable a body as the Legislature of Maryland appreciating my motives at the expence of my Calumniators.
[Note 53: Howard's letter, dated November 23, declining the appointment of Secretary of War, is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 54: Of November 26 inclosed the resolve of the Maryland Legislature of November 25, "observing with deep concern a series of efforts by indirect insinuations or open invective, to detach from the first magistrate of the union, the well earned confidence of his fellow citizens, think it their duty to declare, and they do hereby declare their unabated reliance on the integrity, judgement and patriotism of the President of the United States." Howard's letter and copy of the resolve are in the Washington Papers.]
Had your inclination, and private pursuits permitted you to have accepted the Office that was offered to you, it would have been a very pleasing circumstance to me, and I am persuaded as I observed to you on a former occasion a very acceptable one to the public, but the reasons which you have assigned for not doing it carry conviction along with them, and must however reluctantly be submitted to. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.
Philadelphia, December 3, 1795.
Dr. Sir: I can add nothing in support of the Extract on the other side, that was not contained in a former letter from me to you on the same subject. But I would thank you for letting me know what answer I shall return to the Commissioners of the federal City.
Their credit I know has been stretched to its utmost limits, in order to keep the wheels moving, even in the slow and unprofitable manner in which they have turned. I am etc.56
[Note 56: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 6, 1795.
Dear Sir: By thursdays Post I was favoured with your letter of the 27th Ulto. enclosing a declaration of the General Assembly of Maryland.60 At any time the expression of such a sentiment would have been considered as highly honorable and flattering: at the present, when the voice of malignancy is so high toned, and no attempts are left unessayed to destroy all confidence in the Constituted authorities of this country it is peculiarly grateful to my Sensibility; and coming spontaneously, and with the unanimity it has done from so respectable a representation of the People it adds weight, as well as pleasure to the Act.
[Note 60: Not now found in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letter to John Eager Howard. Nov. 30, 1795, ante.)]
I have long since resolved (for the present time at least) to let my calumniaters proceed, without taking notice of their invectives myself, or by any other with my participation or knowledge. Their views, I dare say are readily perceived by all the enlightened and well disposed part of the Community; and by the Records of my Administration, and not by the voice of faction I expect to be acquitted or condemned hereafter.
For your politeness in making the unofficial and friendly communication of this act, I pray you to receive my thanks; and assurances at the sametime of my being, with very great esteem etc.
United States, December 8,61 1795.
[Note 61: A committee of Congress having informed the President (December 7) that a quorum of both Houses were ready to receive his communications, the President informed the joint committee that he would make his communication to Congress "in the Chamber of the House of Representatives tomorrow at 12 o'clock." On that occasion the President was attended by the Secretaries of the Treasury and War.]
Fellow-Citizens of the Senate, and House of Representatives: I trust I do not deceive myself, while I indulge the persuasion, that I have never met you at any period, when more than at present, the situation of our public affairs has afforded just cause for mutual congratulation; and for inviting you, to join with me, in profound gratitude to the Author of all good, for the numerous, and extraordinary blessings we enjoy.
The termination of the long, expensive and distressing war in which we have been engaged with certain Indians North west of the Ohio, is placed in the option of the United States, by a treaty, which the Commander of our Army has concluded, provisionally, with the hostile tribes in that Region.
In the adjustment of the terms, the satisfaction of the Indians was deemed an object worthy no less of the policy, than of the liberality of the United States, as the necessary basis of durable tranquility. This object, it is believed, has been fully attained. The articles agreed upon, will immediately be laid before the Senate, for their consideration.
The Creek and Cherokee Indians, who alone of the Southern tribes had annoyed our frontier, have lately confirmed their pre-existing treaties with us; and were giving evidence of a sincere disposition to carry them into effect, by the surrender of the prisoners and property they had taken: But we have to lament, that the fair prospect in this quarter, has been once more clouded by wanton murders, which some Citizens of Georgia are represented to have recently perpetrated on hunting parties of the Creeks; which have again subjected that frontier to disquietude and danger; which will be productive of further expense; and may occasion effusion of blood. Measures are pursuing to prevent, or mitigate, the usual consequences of such outrages; and with the hope of their succeeding, at least to avert general hostility.
A letter from the Emperor of Morocco, announces to me his recognition of our Treaty made with his father, the late Emperor; and, consequently the continuance, of peace with that Power. With peculiar satisfaction I add, that information has been received from an Agent, deputed on our part to Algiers, importing, that the terms of a Treaty with the Dey and Regency of that country, had been adjusted in such a manner, as to authorise the expectation of a speedy peace; and the restoration of our unfortunate fellow-citizens from a grievous captivity.
The latest advises from our Envoy at the Court of Madrid, give moreover, the pleasing information, that he had received assurances of a speedy, and satisfactory conclusion of his negociation. While the event, depending upon unadjusted particulars, cannot be regarded as ascertained, it is agreeable to cherish the expectation of an issue, which securing amicably, very essential interests of the United States, will at the same time lay the foundation of lasting harmony with a power, whose friendship we have uniformly, and sincerely desired to cultivate.
Though not before officially disclosed to the House of Representatives, you, Gentlemen, are all apprized, that a Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation has been negotiated with Great Britain; and that the Senate have advised and consented to its ratification, upon a condition which excepts part of one article. Agreeably thereto, and to the best judgment I was able to form of the public interest, after full and mature deliberation, I have added my sanction. The result on the part of His Britannic Majesty, is unknown. When received, the subject will, without delay be placed before Congress.
This interesting summary of our affairs, with regard to the foreign powers, between whom and the United States controversies have subsisted, and with regard also to those of our Indian neighbours, with whom we have been in a state of enmity or misunderstanding, opens a wide field for consoling and gratifying reflections. If by prudence and moderation on every side, the extinguishment of all the causes of external discord, which have heretofore menaced our tranquillity, on terms compatible with our national rights and honor, shall be the happy result; how firm and how precious a foundation will have been laid for accelerating, maturing and establishing the prosperity of our country!
Contemplating the internal situation, as well as the external relations of the United States, we discover equal cause for contentment and satisfaction. While many of the nations of Europe, with their American Dependencies, have been involved in a contest unusually bloody, exhausting and calamitous; in which the evils of foreign war have been aggravated by domestic convulsion and insurrection; in which many of the arts most useful to society have been exposed to discouragement and decay; in which scarcity of subsistence has embittered other sufferings; while even the anticipations of a return of the blessings of peace and repose, are alloyed by the sense of heavy and accumulating burthens, which press upon all the departments of industry, and threaten to clog the future springs of Government: Our favored country, happy in a striking contrast, has enjoyed general tranquility; a tranquility the more satisfactory, because maintained at the expense of no duty. Faithful to ourselves, we have violated no obligation to others. Our Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures, prosper beyond former example; the molestations of our trade (to prevent a continuance of which, however, very pointed remonstrances have been made) being over-balanced by the aggregate benefits which it derives from a Neutral position. Our population advances with a celerity, which exceeding the most sanguine calculations, proportionally augments our strength and resources, and guarantees our future security. Every part of the union displays indications of rapid and various improvement, and with burthens so light as scarcely to be perceived; with resources fully adequate to our present exigencies; with Governments founded on genuine principles of rational liberty, and with mild and wholesome laws; is it too much to say, that our country exhibits a spectacle of national happiness never surpassed if ever before equalled?
Placed in a situation every way so auspicious, motives of commanding force impel us, with sincere acknowledgment to heaven, and pure love to our country, to unite our efforts to preserve, prolong, and improve, our immense advantages. To cooperate with you in this desirable work, is a fervent, and favorite wish of my heart.
It is a valuable ingredient in the general estimate of our welfare, that the part of our country, which was lately the scene of disorder and insurrections, now enjoys the blessings of quiet and order. The misled have abandoned their errors, and pay the respect to our Constitution and laws which is due from good citizens, to the public authorities of the society. These circumstances, have induced me to pardon, generally, the offenders here referred to; and to extend forgiveness to those who had been adjudged to capital punishment. For though I shall always think it a sacred duty, to exercise with firmness and energy, the Constitutional powers with which I am vested, yet it appears to me no less consistent with the public good, than it is with my personal feelings, to mingle in the operations of government, every degree of moderation and tenderness, which the national justice, dignity and safety may permit.
Gentlemen: Among the objects which will claim your attention in the course of the session, a review of our Military establishment is not the least important. It is called [for] by the events which have changed, and may be expected still further to change, the relative situation of our frontiers. In this review, you will doubtless allow due weight to the considerations, that the questions between us, and certain foreign powers, are not yet finally adjusted; that the war in Europe is not yet terminated; and that our Western Posts, when recovered, will demand provision for garrisoning and securing them. A statement of our present military force will be laid before you by the department of war.
With the review of our army establishment, is naturally connected that of the Militia. It will merit inquiry, what imperfections in the existing plan, further experience may have unfolded. The subject is of so much moment, in my estimation, as to excite a constant solicitude that the consideration of it may be renewed, till the greatest attainable perfection shall be accomplished. Time is wearing away some advantages for forwarding the object, while none better deserves the persevering attention of the public councils.
While we indulge the satisfaction, which the actual condition of our Western borders so well authorizes, it is necessary that we should not lose sight of an important truth, which continually receives new confirmations, namely, that the provisions heretofore made with a view to the protection of the Indians, from the violences of the lawless part of our frontier inhabitants are insufficient. It is demonstrated that these violences can now be perpetrated with impunity. And it can need no argument to prove, that unless the murdering of Indians can be restrained, by bringing the murderers to condign punishment, all the exertions of the government to prevent retaliations, by the Indians, will prove fruitless; and all our present agreeable prospects illusory. The frequent destruction of innocent women and children, who are chiefly the victims of retaliation, must continue to shock humanity; and an enormous expence to drain the Treasury of the Union.
To enforce upon the Indians the observance of Justice, it is indispensable that there shall be competent means of rendering justice to them. If these means can be devised by the wisdom of Congress; and especially if there can be added an adequate provision for supplying the necessities of the Indians on reasonable terms, (a measure the mention of which I the more readily repeat, as in all the conferences with them they urge it with solicitude) I should not hesitate to entertain a strong hope, of rendering our tranquility permanent. I add with pleasure, that the probability even of their civilization is not diminished, by the experiments which have been thus far made under the auspices of Government. The accomplishment of this work, if practicable, will reflect undecayed lustre on our national character, and administer the most grateful consolations that virtuous minds can know.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: The state of our revenue with the sums which have been borrowed and reimbursed, pursuant to different acts of Congress, will be submitted from the proper Department; together with an estimate of the appropriations necessary to be made for the service of the ensuing year.
Whether measures may not be advisable to reinforce the provision for the redemption of the public debt, will naturally engage your examination. Congress have demonstrated their sense to be, and it were superfluous to repeat mine, that whatsoever will tend to accelerate the honorable extinction of our Public Debt, accords as much with the true interest of our country, as with the general sense of our Constituents.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and House of Representatives: The Statements, which will be laid before you relative to the Mint, will shew the situation of that institution; and the necessity of some further Legislative provisions for carrying the business of it more completely into effect; and for checking abuses which appear to be arising in particular quarters.
The progress in providing materials for the Frigates, and in building them; the state of the fortifications of our harbours; the measures which have been pursued for obtaining proper sites for Arsenals, and for replenishing our Magazines with military stores; and the steps which have been taken towards the execution of the law for opening a trade with the Indians; will likewise be presented for the information of Congress.
Temperate discussion of the important subjects, which may arise in the course of the Session, and mutual forbearance where there is a difference of opinion, are too obvious, and necessary for the peace happiness and welfare of our country, to need any recommendation of mine.62
[Note 62: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 12, at noon, the Senate waited upon the President at his house, when the Vice President delivered him an address in reply to his, to which the President made a formal rejoinder.
On December 17, at noon, the House of Representatives waited on the President at his house, when the Speaker delivered him an address, in reply to the President's address to Congress, to which the President made a formal rejoinder.
These addresses and rejoinders are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Friday, December 11, 1795.
Dr. Sir: I learn with concern that the statements from the W. department referred to in my Speech to Congress, are not yet handed in; and that some members are ascribing delay of business, to the want of the information which has been promised, and have been expecting. I request they may be presented without delay. I am etc.
Philadelphia, December 14, 1795.
Gentlemen: Your Letter of the 9th. Instant, covering Mr. Law's of the 2d. with your answer, has been received.
At present I decline giving any opinion upon the subject of Mr. Law's letter, as you say the state of your finances renders it impracticable to execute the object of his wishes. When you are in a situation to begin the opening of the avenues, it is presumed those which will be more immediately useful, will be first cleared. I am etc.64
[Note 64: In the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 65: Addressed to Gen. Daniel Morgan, Charles M. Thornton [Thruston], Robert White, jr., Charles Magill, and Joseph Caldwell, the committee which forwarded the resolution.]
Philadelphia, December 16, 1795.
Gentlemen: I received with great satisfaction your obliging and letter dated the 2d instant at Winchester, inclosing a resolution of the citizens of Frederic county, who met the preceding day at the County Court-House, expressing their entire approbation of my conduct, in ratifying the treaty lately negotiated between the United States and Great Britain.
Next to the approbation of my own mind, arising from a consciousness of having uniformly, diligently and sincerely aimed, by doing my duty, to promote the true interests of my country, the approbation of my fellow citizens is dear to my heart. In a free country, such approbation should be a citizen's best reward; and so it would be, if Truth and Candour were always to estimate the conduct of public men. But the reverse is so often the case, that he who, wishing to serve his country, is not influenced by higher motives, runs the risk of being miserably disappointed. Under such discouragements, the good citizen will look beyond the applauses and reproaches of men, and persevering in his duty, stand firm in conscious rectitude, and in the hope of [an] approving Heaven.66
[Note 66: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering.
On December 18 Rev. Hezekiah Balch, then in Philadelphia, wrote the President that his congregation "was poor, but we always have been, and I hope always shall be, firm, and unshaken friends to the president, and the federal constitution. It was my congregation, and their neighbours, who under providence, defeated Forgueson, at Kings mountain. But if our children are to be brot, up in ignorance, we cannot expect that they will understand the nature of true liberty. I mean to wait on the members of Congress with our Subscription; The presidents name, at the head of our Subscription, would be of unbounded Service." Dandridge had noted on this letter "The President gave 100 Dollars."]
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 21, 1795.
My dear Sir: Your two letters of the 14th. instant came duly to hand.
With respect to Mr. Pickman,68 I beg you to be persuaded, that if all things in his favor are equal, your mentioning of him will have its weight. But, in appointments of the kind he solicits, many matters must be attended to; and as I am sure we have both the same wishes respecting them, namely, to fix on characters who under all circumstances are most likely to answer the objects of their appointment and to meet general approbation, I must endeavor to be circumspect in the selection; and that I may have the greater variety to chuse from, I would thank you and my other friends for giving me the names of such Gentlemen as may occur, and are most prominent and fit for Comrs.
[Note 68: A Salem (Mass.) merchant, who wished to be appointed one of the commissioners for settling the claims of British merchants under Jay's treaty.]
My information with respect to the general disposition of the people accords with yours and I have little doubt of a perfect amelioration of sentiment after the present fermentation (which is not only subsiding but changing) has evaporated a little more. The dregs, however, will always remain and the slightest motion will stir them up. With sincere esteem etc.
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 22, 1795.
My dear Sir: I am become so unprofitable a corrispondent, and so remiss in my corrispondencies, that nothing but the kindness of my friends in overlooking these deficiencies, could induce them to favor me with a continuance of their letters; which, to me, are at once pleasing, interesting, and useful. To a man immersed in debt, and seeing no prospect of extrication but by an act of insolvency (perhaps absolvency would be a better word) I compare myself: and like him too, affraid to examine the items of the account, I will, at once, make a lumping acknowledgment of the receipt of many interesting private letters from you, previous to your last arrival in England; and will begin with those of the 3d. of July and 22d. of Augt. subsequent thereto.
As the British government has repealed the order for seizing our Provision Vessels, little more need be said on that head than that it was the principle which constituted the most obnoxious and exceptionable part thereof; and the predicament in which this country was thereby placed in her relations with France. Admitting therefore that the compensation to some individuals was adequate to what it might have been in another quarter, yet the exceptions to it on these grounds, remained the same.
I do not think Colo. Innes's report to the Govr. of Kentucky was entirely free from exceptions; but let the report be accompanied with the following remarks. 1, That the one which Lord Grenville might have seen published, was disclaimed by Colo. Innes as soon as it appeared in the public Gazettes, on account of its incorrectness. 2. An irritable spirit at that time pervaded all our people at the Westward, arising from a combination of causes (but from none more powerful than the analogous proceedings of Great Britain in the North, with those of Spain in the South, towards the United States (and their Indian borderers) which spirit required some management and soothing. But 3. and principally, Lord Grenville if he had adverted to the many remonstrances which have gone from this country against the conduct of his own; which I will take the liberty to say has been as impolitic for their Nation (if Peace and a good understanding with this, was its object) as it has been irritating to us. And that it may not be conceived that I am speaking at random, let his Lordship be asked if we have not complained, that some of their naval Officers have insulted and menaced us in our own Ports? That they have violated our national rights, by searching Vessels, and impressing Seamen within our acknowledged Jurisdiction? and in an outrageous manner have seized the latter by entire crews in the West Indies, and done the like, but not so extensively, in all parts of the World? That the Bermudian Privateers, or to speak more correctly, Pirates; and the Admiralty Court of that Island, have committed the most atrocious depredations and violences on our Commerce in capturing, and in their adjudications afterwards, as were never tolerated in any well organized or efficient government? That their Governor of Upper Canada has ordered, in an official, and formal manner, Settlers within our own territory (and far removed from the Posts they have withheld from us) to withdraw, and forbid others to settle on the same? That the persons to whom their Indian Affairs are entrusted, have taken unwearied pains, and practiced every deception to keep those people in a state of irritation and disquietude with us; and, to the last moment, exerted every nerve to prevent the Treaty which has lately been concluded between the United States and them, from taking effect?
These complaints were not founded in vague and idle reports, but on indubitable facts. Facts not only known to the government, but so notorious as to be known to the people also; who charge to the last item of the above enumeration, the expenditure of a million, or more dollars annually, for the purpose of self defence against Indian tribes thus stimulated, and for chastising them for the ravages and cruel murders which they had committed on our frontier Inhabits. Our Minister at the Court of London has been directed to remonstrate against these things, with force and energy. The answer, it is true, has been (particularly with respect to the interferences with the Indians) a disavowal. Why then are not the Agents of such unauthorised, offensive, and injurious measures, made examples of? For wherein, let me ask, consists the difference to us between their being the acts of government, or the acts of unauthorised Officers, or Agents of the government; if we are to sustain all the evils which flow from such measures?
To this catalogue may be added, the indifference, nay more than indifference, with which the government of Great Britain received the advances of this country towards a friendly intercourse with it; even after the adoption of the present Constitution, and since the operation of the government; and also, the ungracious and obnoxious characters (rancorous refugees, as if done with design to insult the country) which they have sent among us as their Agents; who retaining all their former enmity, could see nothing through a proper medium, and becoming the earwigs of their Ministers (who bye the by does not possess a mind capacious enough, or a temper sufficiently conciliatory, to view things and act upon a great and liberal scale) were always labouring under some unfavorable information and impression; And, probably not communicating them in a less exceptionable manner than they received, or conceived themselves.
I give you these details (and if you should again converse with Lord Grenville on the subject, you are at liberty, unofficially, to mention them, or any of them, according to circumstances) as evidences of the impolitic conduct, for so it strikes me, of the British government towards these United States; that it may be seen how difficult it has been for the Executive, under such an accumulation of irritating circumstances, to maintain the ground of neutrality which had been taken; at a time when the remembrance of the aid we had received from France in the Revolution, was fresh in every mind, and when the partizans of that country were continually contrasting the affections of that people with the unfriendly disposition of the British government. and that too, as I have observed before, while the recollection of their own sufferings during the War with the latter, had not been forgotten.
It is well known that Peace has been (to borrow a modern phraze) the order of the day with me, since the disturbances in Europe first commenced. My policy has been, and will continue to be, while I have the honor to remain in the administration of the government, to be upon friendly terms with, but independant of, all the nations of the earth. To share in the broils of none. To fulfil our own engagements. To supply the wants, and be carriers for them all: being thoroughly convinced that it is our policy and interest to do so; and that nothing short of self respect, and that justice which is essential to a national character, ought to involve us in War; for sure I am, if this country is preserved in tranquillity twenty years longer, it may bid defiance, in a just cause, to any power whatever, such, in that time, will be its population, wealth, and resource.
If Lord Grenville conceives that the United States are not well disposed towards Great Britain, his candour, I am persuaded, will seek for the causes; and his researches will fix them as I have done. If this should be the case, his policy will, I am persuaded, be opposed to the continuance, or renewal of the irritating measures which I have enumerated; for he may be assured, tho' the assurance will not, it is probable, carry conviction with it from me to a member of the British administration, that a liberal policy will be one of the most effectual means of deriving advantages to their trade and manufactures from the people of the United States; and will contribute more than any thing else, to obliterate the impressions which have been made by their late conduct towards it.
In a government as free as ours where the people are at liberty, and will express their sentiments, oftentimes imprudently, and for want of information sometimes unjustly, allowances must be made for occasional effervescences; but after the declaration which I have here made of my political creed, you can run no hazard in asserting, that the Executive branch of this government never has, nor will suffer, while I preside, any improper conduct of its officers to escape with impunity; or will give its sanctions to any disorderly proceedings of its citizens.
By a firm adherence to these principles, and to the neutral policy which has been adopted, I have brought on myself a torrent of abuse in the factious papers in this country, and from the enmity of the discontented of all descriptions therein: But having no sinister objects in view, I shall not be diverted from my course by these, nor any attempts which are, or shall be made to withdraw the confidence of my constituents from me. I have nothing to ask, and discharging my duty, I have nothing to fear from invective. The acts of my Administration will appear when I am no more, and the intelligent and candid part of mankind will not condemn my conduct without recurring to them.
The Treaty entered into with G. Britain has (as you have been informed) undergone much, and severe animadversion; and tho' a more favorable one were to have been wished, which the policy perhaps of Great Britain might have granted, yet the demerits thereof are not to be estimated by the opposition it has received; nor is the opposition sanctioned by the great body of the yeomanry in these States: for they (whatever their opinion of it may be) are disposed to leave the decision where the Constitution has placed it. But an occasion was wanting, and the instrument by those who required it, was deemed well calculated for the purpose of working upon the affections of the people of this country, towards those of France; whose interests and rights under our treaty with them, they represented as being violated; and with the aid of the Provision order, and other irritating conduct of the British Ships of War, and agents, as mentioned before, the means were furnished, and more pains taken, than upon any former occasion, to raise a general ferment with a view to defeat the Treaty.
But knowing that you have other corrispondents who have more leizure, and equally capable of detailing these matters, I will leave you to them, and the Gazettes, for fuller information thereon; and for a more minute account of the prevailing politics. And thanking you for the interesting information, and opinions contained in your letter of the 22d. of August,69 shall only add that with sincere esteem etc.
[Note 69: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
PS. We have not heard through any other channel than your letter, of the intended resignation of Mr. Skipwith,70 and of the proposed recommendation of Mr. Montflorence.71
[Note 70: Fulwar Skipwith. He was Consul General of the United States to France. The Skipworth mention is in Morris's letter of August 23, which is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 71: J.C. Montflorence, of North Carolina.]
Philadelphia, December 23, 1795.
Dear Sir: Receive my thanks for your obliging favor of the 6th. instant, and for other unacknowledged lettrs. of antecedent date.
As, except in a single instance, they contained informationonly, nothing more was necessary than to know they got safe to hand: this they did, and I feel myself much obliged in your attention to my request; as I always shall be for such communications as you may think, interesting or satisfactory for me to know, while I remain in my present Station.
It had been expected that the Senate would not confirm theappointment of Mr.--77 and so it has happened. This induced me to delay the nomination of a Successor to Mr. Blair;78 And as the Department of War is yet unfilled; I am waiting (expected) information to make a general arrangement, or rather distribution of these offices before I decide upon either seperately. With sincere esteem etc.
[Note 77: John Rutledge. On December 15 the Senate declined to confirm his nomination as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.]
[Note 78: John Blair, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
Carrington's letter to Washington, Nov. 18, 1795, says: "Will you be so good as to pardon my presumption in offering to your consideration for a vacancy which I learn has taken place, a character lately under your contemplation for another? I allude to the resignation of Judge Blair, and to Colo. Innes as his successor. Genl Marshall and myself have had a private consultation on the subject of mentioning the latter Gentleman to you." Carrington's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 24, 1795.
Sir: If I was more deserving of so interesting and valuable a correspondence as yours, your letter of the 6th. of Decr. last year, would not have remained until this time unacknowledged. The truth, is so little time is at my disposal for private gratifications, that it is but rarely I put pen to paper for purposes of my own.
This is offered as an apology for what might otherwise have the appearance of neglect: and when it is accompanied with an assurance which I make with sincerity, that I highly esteem your correspondence and wish you to continue it, I hope it will be accepted.
I am sorry you discontinued the publication of the Bee. I always thought, and still think it an entertaining and useful work; And if you should renew it in any manner whatsoever, I wish to be considered as a Subscriber, and to have it sent to me accordingly. Or if your attention is turned into another channel, as you have intimated, and the result is to be handed to the world, I should like to be a partaker of the information and pleasure it will give. The 16. 17. and 18 vols. of the Bee, have never reached me; and which is still more to be regretted in lending out the others the 12th. and 13th. are lost.
No pursuit is more congenial with my nature and gratifications, than that of agriculture; nor none I so much pant after as again to become a tiller of the Earth. Any books therefore on this subject giving the principles and combining practice with theory, will always be as pleasing as they must prove instructive to me; whose whole life in a manner having been little less, than a continued bustle, I must now benefit from the studies and experience of others, but a remnant of it being left to essay either myself.
Sir John Sinclair has been extremely good in sending me the agricultural Surveys of the Counties in England and Scotland. This goodness meets, as it justly merits, my warmest thanks. I have laid them by for a moment of more leisure, and when that arrives I shall read them with much pleasure.
Peat I am persuaded is rare in this Country; I do not think however that it is entirely without it, but as ages must pass away before there will be an occasion for such a substitute it would hardly attract notice, even if it was more abundant: but the want of this substance does not render your treatise on Peatmoss less curious or acceptable.
I have no inclination to touch, much less to dilate on politics. For in politics, as in religion my tenets are few and simple: the leading one of which, and indeed that which embraces most others, is to be honest and just ourselves, and to exact it from others; medling as little as possible in their affairs where our own are not involved. If this maxim was generally adopted Wars would cease, and our swords would soon be converted into reap-hooks, and our harvests be more abundant, peaceful, and happy. 'Tis wonderful it should be otherwise and the earth should be moistened with human gore, instead of the refreshing streams, wch. the shedders of it might become, instruments to lead over its plains, to delight and render profitable our labours. But alas! the millenium will not I fear appear in our days. The restless mind of man can not be at peace; and when there is disorder within, it will appear without, and soon or late will shew itself in acts. So it is with Nations, whose mind is only the aggregate of those of the individuals, where the Government is Representative, and the voice of a Despot, where it is not.
The sample of the cloth which you were pleased to send me (made from the wool which grows at the bottom of the hair of the common Goat) is indeed curious. For softness nothing can exceed it, and the colour is pleasing. How it will wear I know not, and presume the manufactory is on a small scale.
I felt both gratified and obliged in the recommendation of John Bell, in your letter of the 10th of May; and endeavour'd as far as circumstances at the time would permit to provide for him. I offered to place a farm of more than Six hundred acres, with six plows and a number of labourers under his superintendance; at the lay usually given, and to find him in provisions &c. according to the custom of the Country; but as it was in the occupation of another, whose term would not expire until the month of December, he at first hesitated and afterwards declined the offer: intimating that he would return back to Scotland, and that a number of honest and reputable farmers, were disposed to emigrate to this Country, if they could set down at once on improved farms, at a moderate rent, and for a term of years. I told him that it had been in my contemplation, to let, the farms around my Mansion house (four in number) provided the whole were taken by men of competent means, to the size of them; or, by numbers, with smaller means, if they would associate and migrate in a body; after some one in whom they could and would confide, should first view the premises, and report to them that they were susceptible of such divisions, as would accommodate each family, with the quantity of arable land wanted. And (as I do not mean to do it myself) that they were also to erect such buildings as would satisfy. themselves; and that in the latter case (perhaps in the former also) I would give Leases for fourteen years. I shewed him a connected plan of the several farms, with which he seemed pleased, and I intended to have had some further conversation with him on the subject; particular with a view to impress upon him, in case he went back, not to consider anything that had passed between us, as an attempt on my part to invite emigrants who were not predisposed, or indeed who had not actually resolved to transplant themselves, to America, and might wish (if of the latter description of farmers,) to settle in a compact body, where they might have an easy and free intercourse with each other. But something, I do not now precisely recollect what, interrupted the business at that time, and I have not heard since whether he returned to Scotland, or is yet employed in the investigation of some other part of these U. States.
I have been thus particular lest if the former be the case, he may, from an unfinished and inconclusive conversation, draw deductions which might eventually embarrass himself, me, or others; and for this reason it is, as you had an agency in introducing him to me, I give you the trouble of these details. Not that I am indisposed to rent my farms in either of the ways, and on the terms which have been mentioned, if it could be unexceptionably accomplished, and mutually pleasing and advantageous to all parties: and having gone so far into an explanation of this matter, I will go further; and as a Letter written two years ago to Arthur Young Esq: on the subject, contains more information respecting my farms, the situation of them, and my motives for letting them; I shall take the liberty of enclosing you a copy of it; which when you have little else to do may employ half an hour. It will serve to shew too, that altho' I have taken no efficient measures, to carry this plan into execution, that it has been some time in contemplation; and upon what terms any of your friends, or such an association as has been spoken of (if inclined to try their fortune in this Hemisphere) may be accommodated.
If I part with the farms to commence with the year 1797, the contracts, (and I would make contracts with none who, for the reasons mentioned in the letter to Mr. Young for him or themselves) must be made before the first of Septembr in the year 1796; because it is at that period we are in readiness for seeding, and must make all our arrangements for the succeeding year. It is not likely I shall enter into any engagements for these farms before August or Septr. next; but I would not be precluded by anything contained in this Letter or that to Mr. Young, from doing so, if a good offer should be made me.
Mr. Young in answer to mine, wrote me that he had no doubt numbers would gladly accept my proposals if he was at liberty to publish them; by this I presume he meant an article of printed notoriety. To this I then did, and still do object; tho' I have no objection, if it is not incompatible with any restrictions, or active policy of the british Government, to its being spoken of, and the matter explained, on fit and proper occasions; but I add again, and unequivocally, that I would not be the means of drawing any men from the British dominions, if it be repugnant to the views of its Governmt. as stated above.
Lands in this Country generally, and particularly in the vicinity of the federal City, have risen so much in their price since the date of my letter to Mr. Young, that I could not now consent to take less than a dollar and a half an acre rent; giving leases for the term therein mentioned: and even at that rate, nothing but the motives which lead me to adopt the measure (and which have been expressed) would justify the policy of it. So increasing is the property in that part of the Country, from the causes which have been mentioned, in its value. With very great esteem etc.79
[Note 79: The draft is in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
Philadelphia, December 25, 1795.
My dear Sir: Your several letters relative to the state of the applications, to the Assemblies of Maryland and Virginia, on the business of the Potomack Company, with the result thereof have been duly received.
The last, dated the 21st, I directed Mr. Dandridge to shew to Mr. Myers (knowing the suspence in which he was held) and to add that, if upon the strength of the information therein, he chose to visit the Directors, I wou'd give him a line of introduction.80 This communication produced the enclosed letter from him, but Mr. Dandridge having expressed no more than he was directed to do, there is no commitment.
[Note 80: This "line of introduction" was addressed to Lear and dated Dec. 26, 1795. It is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
I mention this because the letter of Mr. Myers seems to imply more, and as much depends upon the skill, industry, and other qualifications of an Engineer, or Person employed in such a work, that you may examine him critically yourselves; for it is proper I should observe that I have no other knowledge of Mr. Myerss fitness than is derived from his own Acct, and some papers which he has shewn, but which I had not leisure to examine correctly. The Post having arrived, I have only time to add, that we are all well, and join in affectionate regard to you and yours Yours always.81
[Note 81: From a newspaper facsimile of the original in the Washington Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1795.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I recd. your letter of the 3d. of Octr, and yesterday (in very good order) the Prints you were so obliging as to send me; which are indeed very handsome, and much admired by those who have had the opportunity of passing a judgment on them.
For this mark of your polite attention to me, I pray you to accept my sincere, and cordial thanks.
When the whole are compleated they will form an elegant set; and will be much desired. I will thank you for directing the remainder of mine, to be placed in frames like those now sent (which are very handsome) and the cost shall be paid as soon as it is known to me; or if you would let me know before hand what will be the amount, the money shall be remitted to you, or your order.
I fear from your silence, with respect to your return to this Country, that we are not to expect it soon; but whether here, or elsewhere, you will always possess the sincere esteem, regard and friendship of etc,82
[Note 82: Trumbull was then in London.]
Mrs. Washington presents her best wishes, and the compliments of the Season to you. Nelly Custis spends this winter in Virga. with her mother.83
[Note 83: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Adolph Sutro, of San Francisco, Calif.]
Philadelphia, December 31, 1795.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to you last, which, I believe, was by Mr. Strickland, I have been favored with two letters from you both bearing date the 18th. of July.84
[Note 84: These letters are in the Washington Papers.]
The one respecting Mr. Elkingtons discoveries in the Art of draining with the Extracts, and "Outlines of the 15th. Chap: on the subjt. of manures" came to my hands just before the meeting of Congress; the other enclosing the plan of an Agreement &ca. a few days ago only.
I will take an early occasion of conversing with some of the active and leading members in Congress on both subjects without any improper commitmt. of the first, and will inform you of the result; But I dare not, before hand, promise more than my own good disposition towds. these measures, as they may be checked by an unwillingness in the Legislative body to grant money generally and from some doubts of their Constitutional powers to do it for extraneous purposes however advantageous. But as I cannot make promises, so ought I not to anticipate evils.
Will you allow me to commit the packet herewith, for Doctr. Anderson, to your care, and to assure you of the high esteem etc.
[Note 85: See Washington's letter to Congress, Jan. 4, 1796, post.]
United States, January 1, 1796.
Born, Sir, in a land of liberty; having early learned its value; having engaged in a perilous conflict to defend it; having, in a word, devoted the best years of my life to secure its permanent establishment in my own country; my anxious recollections, my sympathetic feelings, and my best wishes are irresistibly excited, whensoever, in any country, I see an oppressed nation unfurl the banners of Freedom. But above all, the events of the French Revolution have produced the deepest solicitude, as well as the highest admiration. To call your nation brave, were to pronounce but common praise. Wonderful people! Ages to come will read with astonishment the history of your brilliant exploits! I rejoice, that the period of your toils and of your immense sacrifices, is approaching. I rejoice that the interesting revolutionary movements of so many years have issued in the formation of a constitution designed to give permanency to the great object for which you have contended. I rejoice that liberty, which you have so long embraced with enthusiasm, liberty, of which you have been the invincible defenders, now finds an asylum in the bosom of a regularly organized government; a government, which, being formed to secure the happiness of the French people, corresponds with the ardent wishes of my heart, while it gratifies the pride of every citizen of the United States, by its resemblance to their own. On these glorious events, accept, Sir, my sincere congratulations.
In delivering to you these sentiments, I express not my own feelings only, but those of my fellow citizens, in relation to the commencement, the progress, and the issue of the French revolution: and they will cordially join with me in purest wishes to the Supreme Being, that the citizens of our sister republic, our magnanimous allies, may soon enjoy in peace, that liberty which they have purchased at so great a price, and all the happiness which liberty can bestow.
I receive Sir, with lively sensibility, the symbol of the triumphs and of the enfranchisement of your nation, the colours of France, which you have now presented to the United States. The transaction will be announced to Congress; and the colours will be deposited with the archives of the United States,86 which are at once the evidences and the memorials of their freedom and independence. May these be perpetual! and may the friendship of the two republics be commensurate with their existence.87
[Note 86: The colors were duly deposited in the Department of State, which was then the depositary of the archives; but their present whereabouts are unknown.]
[Note 87: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. Adet's presentation speech is also entered in the "Letter Book,"]
Philadelphia, January 1, 1796.
My dear Sir: The enclosed under cover from Sir John Sinclair, came to my hands a few days ago. I sincerely wish as well for the cause itself, as for the zealous supporter of it that some measure cou'd be devised to facilitate Sir John's Views. Can you suggest any? Aid me if you can for I am at a loss what to say in ansr. to his present plan, and the Extracts relative to Mr. Elkingtons, discoveries in the art of draining; which, I presume, were forwarded to you at the time I received them, in a letter dated the 18th. of July from Sir John. Permit me to offer you Mrs. Jay and the family, the Compliments of the season and the return of many of them, each proving more happy than the former. With affectionate regard I am etc.88
[Note 88: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 2, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 12th. of August came safe to hand, and I thank you for discharging the taxes of my land, in Hardin County.89 Your draught on me shall be paid at sight; the order has not yet been presented.
[Note 89: Kentucky.]
As settlers are removing fast (according to yours, and other information) towards Green River and among them, my nephew, Major George Lewis; I have determined to postpone the sale of my land on Rough Creek of that River, until he gets fixed there; and can obtain such a price, as he will be restricted to. I am not less obliged to you however, for your endeavours to dispose of it; and for the enquiries you have directed to be made, relative to the quality, of the land and other properties thereof: which when recd. I wou'd thank you for communicating to me. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.88
Philadelphia, January 3, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 16th. Ulto. came Safe, but not in the time which might have been expected from the date of it.
Mr. Davie's letter is herewith returned. I do not know that more could have been done than you have attempted to do; but it is exceedingly to be regretted that villainy, chicanery, and every species of delay, should bring justice in such jeopardy, if it is not in this instance, entirely defeated by them. I shall hope however, that as long as there remains a tolerable chance of coming at it, that the suit will be prosecuted: and that Colo. Simms90 and who ever else is employed therein, will exert themselves to the utmost.
[Note 90: Charles Simms.]
I am of opinion that good policy dictates the propriety of assuring them a handsome fee or rather a certain percentage if they succeed, and nothing if they do not. Trifling fees are, thrown away upon Lawyers of any eminence for they excite no exertion and it cannot be expected that in a case which is in a manner desperate, and without any appropriate funds, that large fees can be paid from our private purses. My advances to Mrs. Savage in her life time, during the days of her distress, was pretty considerable and the Clerks and Sheriffs fees are continually adding to it. Yours I am persuaded are equal thereto, and together shew the expediency of a vigorous effort which I see no other means of making than the one I have suggested.
My respects, and the complimts. of the Season in which Mrs. Washington joins me, are offered to Mrs. Fairfax and yrself and with sincere esteem etc.
United States, January 4, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and House of Representatives: A letter from the Minister Plenipotentiary of the French Republic, received on the 22d. of the last month, covered an address, dated the 21st of October 1794, from the Committee of public Safety, to the Representatives of the United States in Congress;92 and also informed me, that he was instructed by the Committee, to present to the United States, the Colours of France. I thereupon proposed to receive them last Friday, the first day of the New Year, a day of general joy and congratulation. On that day, the Minister of the French Republic delivered the Colours, with an address, to which I returned an answer. By the latter, the House will see, that I have informed the Minister, that the Colours will be deposited with the Archives of the United States. But it seemed to me proper, previously to exhibit to the two Houses of Congress, these evidences of the continued friendship of the French Republic, together with the sentiments expressed by me on the occasion, in behalf of the United States. They are herewith communicated.93
[Note 92: This address is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 8, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: I transmit to you a memorial of the Commissioners95 appointed by virtue of an Act entitled "An Act for establishing the Temporary and permanent Seat of the Government of the United States" on the subject of the public Buildings under their direction.
[Note 95: Entered in full in the "Letter Book" immediately following this message.]
Since locating a District for the permanent Seat of the Government of the United States as heretofore announced to both Houses of Congress I have accepted the grants of money and of land stated in the Memorial of the Commissioners. I have directed the buildings therein mentioned to be commenced on plans which I deemed consistent with the liberality of the Grants and proper for the purposes intended.
I have not been inattentive to this important business, intrusted by the Legislature to my care. I have received the resources placed in my hands and observed the manner in which they have been applied; the progress is pretty fully detailed in the memorial from the Commissioners, and one of them attends to give further information if required.
In a case new and arduous like the present difficulties might naturally be expected: some have occurred; but they are in a great degree surmounted, and I have no doubt if the remaining resources are properly cherished, so as to prevent the loss of property by hasty and numerous sales, that all the buildings required for the accommodation of the Government of the United States may be compleated in season, without aid from the Federal Treasury. The subject is therefore recommended to the consideration of Congress, and the result will determine the measures which I shall cause to be pursued with respect to the property remaining unsold.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 28, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 21st and 24th. instant have been duly received. The last, in time on tuesday, to give in the Nominations of yourself and Mr. Chase for the Offices contemplated. The day following they were advised and consented to by the Senate; and the Commissions will be ready for the reception of you both on your arrival in this City. of this be so good as to inform Mr. Chase; and, if he is still at Baltimore, to remind him, that monday next is the day appointed for the sitting of the Supreme Court; and without him, there is no certainty of a sufficient number of Judges to constitute it.
For the reasons assigned in my last to you, and which press more and more every day, I shall look anxiously for your arrival. Always and Affectly. etc.7
[Note 7: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.
On January 28 Dandridge informed the Secretary of War that Washington "conceives, with the Secretary, that at the junction of the Rivers Potomac and Shannondoah combines the greatest advantages and of course is the most eligible spot. The President desires that the Secretary will cause measures to be taken immediately for purchasing the land and erecting the necessary works at the above place in conformity to the act of Congress for establishing public Arsenals &ca." This draft is in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 29, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: In pursuance of the Authority vested in the President of the United States by an Act of Congress passed the third of March last, to reduce the weight of the copper coin of the United States, whenever he should think it for the benefit of the United States, provided that the reduction should not exceed two penny weights in each cent, and in the like proportion in a half cent; I have caused the same to be reduced, since the twenty seventh of last December, to wit, one penny weight and sixteen grains in each cent, and in the like proportion in a half cent, and I have given notice thereof by Proclamation.8
[Note 8: No draft or copy of this proclamation is now found in the Washington Papers.]
By the letter of the Judges of the Circuit Court of the United States held at Boston in June last, and the inclosed application of the under Keeper of the Jail at that place, of which copies are herewith transmitted, Congress will perceive the necessity of making a suitable provision for the maintenance of Prisoners committed to the Jails of the several States under the authority of the United States.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, January 31, 1796.
Sir: I hope you will not ascribe to incivility, an omission, which has proceeded from accident, or rather from misconception.
Immediately upon the receipt of your letter dated the 26th. of Novr. it was put into the hands of the Gentleman who temporarily discharged the duties of Secretary of State, with directions to acknowledge the receipt of it; and to inform you that the Executive was pursuing enquiries which were to lead to a final decision on the Site for an Arsenal. Misconceiving the latter direction, and supposing it wd. be in time to acknowledge the receipt of your letter after the above mentioned decision was come to, it had, from the multiplicity of business in two offices, which he superintended, escaped his attention until my enquiry on the subject recalled it to his recollection.
I have now (tho' late) to inform you that another spot will, I believe, be the object of governmental choice: if not, more particular enquiry will be made of you, on what terms the Land &ca. offered by you, could be obtained. With esteem etc.
Philadelphia, January 31, 1796.
Dear Sir: I am ashamed, so much after the date of it, to have the receipt of your letter of the 15th. of Decr. to acknowledge; but truth being the best apology I can make for the omission, you will receive it as follow.
Immediately upon the receipt of that letter I sent it where all other letters relative to the same subject were referred, to the Secretary of War, who was in the act of investigating circumstances attending the different sites proposed for An Arsenal on the Potomack, that the one which appeared to combine the greatest, and most numerous advantages might be preferred; with direction that he shd. acknowledge the receipt of it, and add this information thereto. Not until an enquiry within these few days, did I learn that the multiplicity of business which two Offices involves him in, had occasioned it to slip his memory: I therefore take it upon myself to inform you that a situation above, is preferred to one below the Bleu Mountain.
With very great esteem and regard I am etc.15
[Note 15: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
United States, February 2, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: I transmit herewith the Copy of a letter dated the 19th of December last, from Governor Blount21 to the Secretary of War stating the avowed and daring designs of certain persons to take possession of lands belonging to the Cherokees, and which the United States have by Treaty solemnly guaranteed to that Nation. The injustice of such intrusions, and the mischievous consequences, which must necessarily result therefrom. demand that effectual provision be made to prevent them.22
[Note 21: William Blount, Governor of the Southwest Territory.]
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 10, 1796.
Dear Sir: On Saturday last I received your letter of the 24th. Ulto.
Presuming that Mr. Keith has sent you all the attested accounts of my Executorship of the Estate of Colo. Thomas Colvill, in which the affairs of John Colvill his brother (to whom he was Executor) were involved; together with the Will of the former and the claims originating from an extraordinary devise which you will find therein, I am at a loss to know what more you require than is contained in those papers when you wish I would give you the general out lines of the business, that you may be enabled thereby to frame the Bill.
I have no Papers now by me except copies of the Accounts which have been settled with the Court, authentic copies of wch. I presume you have received; and having very little knowledge in Chancery proceedings I hardly know where to begin or end a story that may subserve your purpose. I will, however, attempt to detail some facts relative to the business which has involved me in much unexpected vexation and trouble in order that I may, as soon as possible, be rid of it.
You must know then that in a visit to Colo. Thos. Colvill on his death bed (an unlucky one I have ever since deemed it) he informed me, that he had appointed me one of his Exrs. I told him that my numerous engagements of a similar kind, would not permit me to discharge the duties of one. He urged; I refused; he pressed again, assuring me that all the trouble would be taken off my hands by his wife and Mr. Jno. West (who married his niece) that he wished only for my name, and that I would now and then only inquire how matters were conducted by those first named. Unwilling to make the last moments of a worthy and respectable character uneasy, I yielded to his request; and having so done I would not be worse than my word and qualified accordingly: and, when it suited my convenience, occasionally assisted; until my services were required by the County in wch. I lived, to attend the State Conventions at Williamsburgh and Richmond; by these Conventions to attend the Congresses which were held in this City, and by the latter to take the command of the Army which, and my continuance with the latter comprehended a period of more than ten years. At the expiration of which and my return to private life, I found that Mrs. Colvill and Jno. West both were dead, that no final settlement of the Estate had been made. That every thing relative to it was enveloped in darkness, and that, instead of being a mere auxiliary in the business I was compelled, for my own security, to become the sole Actor.
Under these circumstances, and knowledge of Mr. Keiths fitness, from being a professional man; from having been once, a Clerk of a Court, and well acquainted with proceedings of this kind; and from his knowledge of incidents; I employed him to collect, and digest the materials, which were to be found among the papers of Mrs. Colvill and West into a final settlement: and nothing short of his assiduity and knowledge of the subject, could have exhibited the accounts in the manner they have appeared. Sure I am, that I could not have framed the accounts from the materials which were exhibited.
I ought to have mentioned in an earlier part of this detail, that one of the first acts of the Executors was to publish in the English papers an extract of the Will of Colo. Thos. Colvill making the nearest relations of his Mother, his residuary Legatees. This bequest and publication raised a host of claimants, one of whom, through the medium of General Howe, while he commanded the B: forces in America demanded in an open impudent and imperious letter which passed through the hands of that Officer the restitution of an Estate worth Forty thousand pds. which he said was the Surplus of the Estate and due to him; altho the very clause under which he claimed expressed a doubt of there being any surplus at all.
If this concise account is inadequate to the purposes of a Bill, I pray you to propound specific questions, and they shall receive immediate answers. My objects are simply these; 1st, as the surplus, after paying the debt and Legacies, is now precisely ascertained; after many lawsuits and much difficulty; I wish that those who have the best right to it, may receive the benefit of the donation; and 2d, that I may know where, and in what manner to dispose of the money; not being willing to hold it, nor to have anything to do with those who may claim it. I accordingly, as I have been advised, turn the whole matter over to the Chancellor; who at the same time that he affords relief to me, will do Justice to others. With sincere friendship, I am Your affectionate Uncle.
PS. Since writing the aforegoing letter, in a Trunk which I do not often look into, I found the bundle of Papers herewith sent. Papers which I thought were in the Possession of Mr. Keith; and doubted not, had been forwarded to you. Among them, you will find a special rect. to George Chalmers; who had Collected on acct. of a Bond from Sidney George £100 Maryland money, and thought he had paid it to Mr. Jno. West; but from a removal, or absence from Papers, could not prove it, tho' by guarding against the consequences, of it makes precaution on my part necessary in the final exhibition of my trust lest, in my own person, I become liable for what the Estate of Colvill ought to pay.
When you have got all the information which the papers now forwarded can give you, return such as may be useful to me, and let the others, if necessary, remain in the Chancery. Yours as before.
Philadelphia, February 15, 1796.
Sir: Since my last to you in December, I have been favored with your letter of the 15th. of September, on the subject of Iron Bridges.
The invention is ingenious, and if it answers as well in practice as it appears in theory, it will be a valuable and useful discovery. I see no reason why it should not, as the construction is upon mathematical principles. I should fear, however, if you have not been correct in your estimates and comparison, that a bridge formed of Iron must cost more than one of Stone, both having the same span. But as I have had no leizure to examine the matter accurately, this may be a very erroneous opinion of mine.
The Mechanics of these United States, are in the practice of building bridges of Wood, that are not exceeded any where, for span of Arch, convenience, appearance and cheapness. One lately erected over Piscataqua River in the State of New Hampshire, has a span of 244 feet in one Arch, but the want of durability in bridges built of such perishable materials, is a serious objection to them.
The more I have revolved the plan of renting the farms of my Mount Vernon Estate, the more inclined I am to the measure, and that my intention in this respect; as well as in the sale of certain lands which I possess on the Western Waters, may be known, I have caused a notification (as you will perceive by the enclosed hand-bills wch are copies thereof) to be inserted in some of the public gazettes of this country; but without much expectation of carrying it into effect the ensuing year.
Having taken the liberty of bringing you acquainted with the preliminary steps to this measure, I now offer the plan in a more advanced stage; but upon the same principle, and under the same restrictions contained in my last, namely, that it may be communicated (not by way of public notification, nor at all, if it militates in any degree with the declared policy of the British government) to any man, or set of men, who you may have reason to believe are disposed to migrate to this country; and would wish to avail themselves of the information therein contained.
As it relates to tenants, I should wish for peaceable, industrious and skilful farmers; to obtain such, I must resort to some other country than this, where little knowledge of husbandry is possessed, and less care used in the practice of it, to keep the land from a ruinous course. For many reasons, the similarity of language not least, I would prefer those of yours.
Numbers come daily, by individual families; and more from habit than any advantage I ever could discover, arrive at this City and New York. But Individuals who have not capitols equal to my undivided farms, would not answr. my views, forasmuch as it would not be convenient, or agreeable to me, to let a part, and retain a part of the same farm. With esteem &c.
PS. Enclosed also, are the terms on which I propose to give Leases.
Philadelphia, February 15, 1796.
My dear Sir: On thursday last I received your letter of--(now in the hands of Colo. Pickering, and date not remembered).
The business relative to the Arsenal at the Mouth of Shenandoah, has been shamefully neglected: and, (but under the rose I make the observation) I fear with design; for I was continually reminding the Officer whose duty it was to carry the measure into effect, of the improvident delay; and about a fortnight ago, finding the matter remained in Stare quo, I gave a peremptory order for the execution: and was informed since, by the Gentleman, that he had written to you on the subject. How it comes to pass that you should be ignorant of this, at the date of your letter, there being sufficient time for the receipt of the former, is somewhat misterious. Allowances ought, unquestionably, to be made for the multiplied duties of two Offices, which were discharged by one person; but the footing on which this business stood, and my frequent enquiries into it, ought to have produced more promptness in the Execution. I hope no change in price, will force a change of place; and that the thing will go on as if no delay had happened.
I am very glad to find that the Affairs of the Potomack Company are in so promising a train, and wish Captn. Myers may prove an acquisition in the Superintendance of them.
I pray you to let me have a statement of my account with you; and for informing me precisely, what shares I hold in the Banks of Alexandria and Columbia. My love to Fanny and the Children, and with very great esteem etc.
PS. Mr. White seems to entertain no doubt of a favorable issue to his Mission; but it goes (as everything else does) slowly on.
Philadelphia, February 20, 1796.
Sir: Permit me to congratulate you on your safe arrival in England, from your visit to America; and to hope you have experienced no inconvenience from the voyage.
Having resolved to rent my farms at Mount Vernon, a measure which has been in contemplation two or less years, but not matured until lately, I take the liberty (as you have some knowledge of them) to trouble you with the perusal of a notification which has been published in some of the Gazettes of the United States, relative thereto.
I propose, as the most convenient and equitable mode, both for Landlord and tenant, to make Wheat (which is the staple produce in the part of the country where these farms lye) the standard value of the Rents; and one bushel and an half, the quantum for every Acre contained in the Lease; all of which will be arable, and fit for the Plough; with the priviledges which are detailed in the printed notification: And to allow, in case of failure in this crop, that the Rent may be discharged in cash, at the rate Wheat bears in the Market.
I have not, I confess, much expectation of disposing of these farms by the time limited, and necessary for the ensuing year; Nor should I be inclined to do it to the slovenly farmers of this country, if there was a well grounded hope of getting them from any other, where husbandry is better understood, and more skillfully practiced than with us. Farmers from various parts of Great Britain are daily arriving in these United States (chiefly to this City and New York) but they come, generally, too unconnected with each other; in too small squads; or too weak handed, when single, to occupy farms as large as mine are, in their undivided state.
Having said thus much, on this subject, I must be permitted to request, that it may be unequivocally understood, that it is not the object of this letter to invite emigrants; it means no more, than by intimating my intentions, to put it in your power to inform such as are resolved to transplant themselves, and may incline to become tenants; and who, knowing you have travelled through a considerable part of this country may be making enquiries, to shew what these intentions are. For the purpose I have used the freedom of transmitting the enclosed, and announcing the Rent. With great esteem etc.
Philadelphia, February 20, 1796.
Sir: When I last had the honor of writing to you, I had hopes, tho' I must confess they were not of the sanguine sort, that I should have been enabled 'ere this, to have given you a more satisfactory account of the business you had been pleased to commit to me, than will be conveyed in this letter.
Doubts having arisen, from peculiar calls in the Treasury of this country for money (occasioned by the expences of our Wars with the Indians, the redemption of our captives at Algiers, obtaining peace with that Regency and Morocco, together with other demands in addition to the ordinary expenditures of government) that funds with difficulty would be provided to answer them, without imposing additional taxes, a measure wished to be avoided, I was restrained (after consulting one or two influencial members, of the Legislature) from introducing your plan for a contribution: and, under these circumstances, I avoided communicating the "Extracts from the minutes of the proceedings of the Board of Agriculture, respecting Mr. Elkingtons mode of draining &ca" except to one gentleman31 only; in whom I had entire confidence, and who I knew was always disposed to promote measures of utility. These being the grounds of my proceeding, I shall hope, altho' your expectations may be disappointed, you will receive the information as an evidence of my candour.
[Note 31: James Madison.]
Agreeably to your desire I have put the "Outlines of the 15th. Chapter of the proposed general report from the Board of Agriculture, on the subject of Manures", into the hands of one of the most judicious farmers32 within my reach and when his observations thereon are received they shall be transmitted to you. I wish my own engagements would allow me time to attend, more than I do, to these agreeable, and useful pursuits but having been absent from what I consider my proper home (except on short occasional visits) for more than seven years; and having entered into my 65th. year, a period which requires tranquillity and ease, I have come to a determination to lease the farms of my Mount Vernon Estate, except the Mansion house farm, and a grazing one 3 miles off; which I shall retain in my own occupation, for amusement, whilst life and health
[Note 32: See Washington's letter to Richard Peters, Mar. 4, 1796, post.] is dispensed to me. And as many farmers from your country have emigrated to this, and many more, according to their accounts, desirous of following, if they knew before hand where and on what terms they could fix themselves compactly; in a healthy and populous country; I have taken the liberty to enclose you the copy of a notification which I have published in some of the Gazettes of the United States; that in case any farmers answering the descriptions therein contained are about to transplant themselves, to whom you might be inclined to give the information, that you may have it in your power to do so. But let me entreat you, Sir, to believe that I have no wish to its promulgation farther than I have declared. that I have no intention to invite emigrants, even if there are no restrictive acts against it; and if there be, that I am opposed to it altogether.
As Wheat is the staple produce of that part of the country in which this estate lyes, I shall fix the rent therein, at a bushel and half for every acre of arable land contained within the lease; to be discharged, in case of failure of that crop, at the price the article bears in the market. Two or three years ago I sent Mr. Young a sketch of the farms, with all the fields, meadows and lots, with their relative situations, laid down from actual Surveys.
I have but little expectation that arrangement will be made by the time limitted, for giving possession of the farms next year, nor should I wish to do it with such unskilful farmers as ours, if there was a prospect of obtaining them from any other country, where husbandry was better understood, and more advantageously practiced. It is tim however to conclude, for I feel myself ashamed at having employed so much of it in matters interesting to myself only; and I shall do it with assurances as sincere as they are warm of being, Sir your etc.
Philadelphia, February 20, 1796.
My Lord: Having seen several persons from the vicinity of your estate of Dryburgh Abbey, with your Lordship's certificates of their honest and orderly deportment; (one or two of whom I have employed, and found deserving the character) I take the liberty of troubling your Lordship with the perusal of the enclosed annunciation of a design, wch. I have had in contemplation two or three years, but lately only have resolved to carry it into execution.
I accompany the information My Lord, with an unequivocal declaration that, it is not my intention to invite Emigrants, even if there be no prohibitory act of your Government opposed to it. My sole object is, if there are persons, on the move who may incline to associate and become tenants on such a plan as I offer, that being apprised of the measure, they may decide how far their views would be accommodated by it.
The staple produce of the part of the country in which my Mount Vernon estate lyes, being Wheat, I mean to fix the Rent in that article, as most convenient and equitable for both Landlord and tenant; and I set it at a bushel and a half for every acre contained in the lease, which will be all arable, with the priviledges detailed in the printed notification. In failure of a crop of this article, the Rent may be discharged in cash, at the price it bears in the Market.
I have but little expectation I own, of maturing this plan so as to carry it into full effect next year; nor would I wish to do it with the slovenly farmers of this country, if I had a well founded hope of obtaining this class of Men from any other (particularly from Great Britain) where husbandry is well understood, and the language similar.
Having had occasion lately, to write to Doctr. Anderson (of Col field) on other matters, I have detailed my plan much more at large than I chose to trouble your Lordship with; and have sent him a sketch of the Farms, with their relative situation to each other, and divisions into fields, Lanes, lots, &ca; from whence an idea, more accurate than can be formed from the printed notification, might be had; but it is not my wish that any man, or set of men, should engage without first, by themselves or Agents, competently qualified and instructed, viewing the premises and judging for themselves.
I pray your Lordship to present me in respectful terms, in which, Mrs. Washington unites, to Lady Bun, and that you will be persuaded of the respect and consideration with which etc.
[February 22, 1796.]
Gentlemen: The principles of benevolence on which the Society you represent is founded, and which regulate its proceedings, entitle it to the approbation of all your fellow Citizens. The congratulations of such a Society I receive with particular pleasure: and the satisfaction resulting from my constant exertions to promote the Welfare of my Country will be increased, if my public services shall at the same time have contributed to render it a grateful residence to persons emigrating from foreign Countries. Your kind wishes, Gentlemen, for the continuance of my health and happiness claim and receive my cordial thanks.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers, where the address from the Emigration Society and also the constitution of that society is entered.
On February 22 Representative William Loughton Smith of South Carolina moved that the House of Representatives adjourn for half an hour to enable the members to pay their respects to the President. After debate the motion was voted down 50 to 38.
From the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer (Philadelphia: 1893) is the following: "February 22. At noon Speaker Hare, of the Senate, and Speaker Latimer, of the House, [of the Pennsylvania Legislature] with their members, called on President Washington to congratulate him on his birthday. He stood in the center of the back room, where he bowed to each member as he passed into the front room, where cake and wine were served. At night the ladies and gentlemen had a dance at Rickett's riding place, southwest corner Sixth and Chestnut Streets."]
United States, February 26, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I send herewith the Treaty concluded on the 27th of October last between the United States and Spain39 by their respective Plenipotentiaries.
[Note 39: This treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation was ratified by the United States, Mar. 7, 1796, and proclaimed Aug. 2, 1796.]
The Communications to the Senate referred to in my message of the 16th. of December 1793 contain the instructions to the Commissioners of the United States, Messrs. Carmichael and Short, and various details relative to the negociations with Spain. Herewith I transmit Copies of the documents authorizing Mr. Pinckney the Envoy extraordinary from the United States to the Court of Spain, to conclude the negociation, agreeably to the original instructions above mentioned; and to adjust the Claims of the United States for the Spoliations committed by the Armed Vessels of his Catholic Majesty on the Commerce of our Citizens.
The numerous papers exhibiting the progress of the negociation under the conduct of Mr. Pinckney, being in the French and Spanish languages, will be communicated to the Senate as soon as the translations which appear necessary shall be completed.40
[Note 40: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 28, 1796.
Dear Sir: To the enclosed, I answered in a note, that the whole of the business to which it related, was entrusted to you: from whom, if application was made, complete information might be obtained.
A few days afterwards, Mr. Cooper41 applied to me personally; intimated that the land was valuable; that he was desirous
[Note 41: William Cooper. He was judge of Otsego County and Member of Congress from New York.] of purchasing; and would give a good price for it. I answered as before, and added that much of the land had already been disposed of. Repeating his wish to know what part remained unsold, and the terms on wch. it could be obtained, are the causes of my troubling you with this letter and its enclosure. Whatever answer you incline to give to them, let it be so framed as that it may be shewn to Mr. Cooper. With great esteem and regard. I am etc.
[H.L.]
United States, March 1, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: The Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation concluded between the United States of America and his Britannic Majesty having, been duly ratified, and the ratifications having been exchanged at London on the 28th day of October 1795, I have directed the same to be promulgated;42 and herewith transmit a Copy thereof for the information of Congress.43
[Note 42: This presidential proclamation proclaiming Jay's Treaty in effect was issued on Feb. 29, 1795. It is in the usual form and recites the entire text of treaty. The original is in the Department of State. No transcript is now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, March 4, 1796.
My dear Sir: Altho' I have but little expectation (from the information which I have received from your Sister, Mrs. Ogden)47 that this letter, with a copy of my last to you, will reach London before you will have embarked for America, I have determined, nevertheless, to take the chance of it, and accordingly have put it under cover to Mr. Pinckney.
[Note 47: Mrs. Samuel Ogden (Euphemia Morris).]
Hitherto the business of the Session, tho' slow in its progress, has been tranquil in discussion. By some misconception of Mr. Deas, or some strange fatality attending his dispatches, the formal ratification of the Treaty by His Britannic Majesty, has never yet been received;48 but having sufficient, and official
[Note 48: This was not received until Apr. 22, 1796.] evidence of the fact, both from Mr. Deas and the British charge des Affaires residing here; it was proclaimed on the 29th Ulto. as the Law of the Land: And being before the House of Representatives, their proceedings thereon must soon appear. The conjecture is, that an attempt (how successful I am unable to inform you) will be made to censure it in several points; and for being disadvantageous to these United States on the whole; but will make provision for carrying it into effect. The debates relative to this Treaty will be, I presume, animated; and if heats are occasioned in the course of the Session, they will proceed from this source. But as it is not my intention to anticipate the debates, or the votes, I shall say nothing further, relatively thereto.
That a great change has been wrought in the public mind, with respect to this Treaty within the last two months, is apparent to every one.
But in the body politic, as in the body natural, when one of its members are disordered (I confine it to members, because I do not believe the whole mass has been at all attainted) it requires sometime to effect a perfect cure; especially while there remains a morbid tumuor always working, and difficult to eradicate.
If the people of this country have not abundant cause to rejoice at the happiness they enjoy, I know of no country that has. We have settled all our disputes, and are at Peace with all Nations. We supply their wants with our superfluities, and are well paid for doing so. The earth, generally, for years past, has yielded its fruits bountifully. No City, Town, Village, or even farm, but what exhibits evidences of encreasing wealth and prosperity; while Taxes are hardly known but in name. Yet by the second sight; extraordinary foresight; or some other sight, attainable by a few only, evils afar off are discovered by these, alarming to themselves; and as far as they are able to render them so, disquieting to others.
Having come to the resolutions which are implied in the enclosed printed Notification, I have taken the liberty of sending one of them to you; for no other purpose than merely to put it in your power to say (if any enquiries after such property should be made of you, or in your hearing). See what is offered.
My wish is to stock my farm with good farmers; but it is not my intention (even if there be no restrictive acts against the emigration of this description of people) to use any means to envite foreigners to settle on mine.
The rent I propose to let mine at, is a bushel and haft of Wheat (the staple produce of the part of the country in which the estate lies) for every acre of arable, contained within the lease; or on failure of that crop, in cash at the price that article bears in the market. With affectionate regard etc.
Philadelphia, March 5, 1796.
Dear Sir: The ship Favourite, by which these dispatches are sent, having been delayed much longer in this Port than was expected, affords me an opportunity of informing you, that the Spanish Treaty arrived here on the 22d. Ulto; that it was laid before the Senate as soon after, as the accompanying Papers could be copied;49 and that, on the 3d. instant, the Ratification of it was advised and consented to by an unanimous vote of that body. Hence you may form an opinion of the general approbation of your negotiation. With very great esteem &c.50
[Note 49: See message to the Senate, Feb. 26, 1796, ante.]
[Note 50: From the Pinckney Family Deposit in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, March 6, 1796.
Sir: I have given your letter of instructions to our Minister at the Court of London, attentive consideration, and approve them; unless the last clause but one should give rise to the negotiation of an article which may not accord with the result of a motion which is pending in the House of Representatives; (introduced, if my memory serves me, by Mr. Smith53 of Baltimore) of which however I have but an imperfect recollection.
[Note 53: Samuel Smith, Representative from Maryland.]
I think too (even with the advantages proposed to be obtained by the reduction) our negotiator should adhere, even to the hazard of the treaty altogether, to vessels of one hundred tons burthen for the West India trade.
These things, and a general view of the subject, as comprised in the Instructions, added to matters which have been, and may yet be introduced into Congress, which may have relation to the proposed negotiation, incline me to think that it would be better to forbear sending the dispatches for Mr. Pinckney by the ship Favorite (as other conveyances will, no doubt, soon offer), and to take more time in consulting the most intelligent mercantile characters within your reach, on the principles and heads of the several articles which are the subject of them.
The Instructions ought, in my opinion, to be accompanied with powers. They may be offered, or not, as occasion shall require. They can, with this alternative, do no harm; whereas the want of them, if called for, may occasion a suspension of the measure. Mr. Adams's letter, and Lord Grenvill's propositions, relative to captured vessels of a certain description; and with respect to the pay of the Commissioners, require immediate attention.
Proclamations of the treaties with Spain and Algiers,54 should issue as soon as they can be prepared; and the ratification of the former despatched as soon as possible. Measures also for carrying these, and the other treaties which have been ratified and proclaimed, into effect, ought to meet with no delay that can be avoided.
[Note 54: The Treaty of Peace and Amity with Algiers was signed Sept. 5, 1795, ratified and proclaimed Mar. 7, 1796. The Algerian captives were released by the Dey, July 8, 1796. The Spanish treaty was proclaimed Aug. 2, 1796. No texts of these proclamations are found in the Washington Papers.]
And I request you would concert measures with the Secretaries of War, and the Treasury if necessary, for proceeding vigorously and securely with the Arsenal at the confluence of the Potomac and Shannondoah.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 9, 1796.
Dear Sir: Owing to some irregularity of the Post, your letter of the 29th Ulto. did not reach my hands until 8 Oclock last Night.
I shall leave the management of the chancery business respecting Colvils estate, entirely to you; not only for the purpose of closing it speedily, but effectually also; as I want to be quieted in this business, and to be finally done with it.
Mr. Keith has, to the present stage of the business, had the sole management of it; and can give you more correct information than it is in my power to do, of everything relative to it. The vouchers, I presume were satisfactory, but where they are I know not; unless they were deposited with the accts; remain in the hands of Mr. Keith, or (as I believe is the case with respect to some of them) are in the bundle I sent you. If I have any of them, they must be at Mount Vernon (packed up with other papers) and not to be got at unless I was there.
But as I mean to put your letter to me, and this answer, with a flying seal under cover to Mr. Keith, he will I hope, give you all the information you may need, for the purpose of closing the business, before the closing of the present chancery term.
The personal Estate, as I presume you will be informed by Mr. Keith, has been all accounted for; Nor is there any thing now owing to the Estate within my knowledge. Sydney George's Acct. (which kept the matter open sometime) was the last, and the settlement of that If I mistake not, was among the Papers I sent you. the whole of that matter being settled, or negociated by Mr. William Tilghman. If it was not among the Papers sent you, it was left with Mr. Keith. With Affectionate regard I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 10, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 17th. of last month did not reach my hands until the evening before last. Why so long delayed, I know not; because the passage from you to me is certain, after the letter is once in the line of the Posts; tho uncertain from me to you: and for that reason it has become expedient for you to let me know to whose care (since your mother57 has left Fredericksburgh) letters for you ought to be directed. Whether through the Post Office of that place, to be lodged at Fauquier Court House, or otherwise. Your Brother58 is so much absent from Fredericksburgh, as to render it ineligable to put letters under cover to him; of course some channel more certain must be devised.
[Note 57: Mrs. Fielding (Betty Washington) Lewis.]
[Note 58: Howell(?) Lewis.]
No good reason occurs to me for the delay in paying the money that was in your hands to Mr. Pearce, or into the Bank of Alexandria, agreeably to the letter I wrote you from Mount Vernon in October last; especially as you had been advised of my wanting it. There is no propriety and less safety (from Robbery, fire and a variety of accidents) to retain the money until every Rent is received; for upon this principle I shall be unable to form any estimate of my dependence. Paying the money, and settling the Rental, are distinct things; The first may be paid at any time, and will always stand as a credit in the Rental; the latter may be delayed with less inconvenience, but here also, there ought to be a periodical Settlement; that regularity may pervade the System.
The demands upon me for money for one purpose or another, are frequent and great; for which reason, it is, at all times convenient for me to know what my resources are. for this reason also, I wish you had mentioned the amount of your collection. If a good and safe opportunity present, to lodge it in the hands of Mr. Pearce, or at the Bank of Alexandria I wish it to be done so: if not, it may remain until I come home; and the whole be accomplished at once. But, at this time, to say when that will be, is beyond my Ken; as I can form not better judgment now of the close of the present Session of Congress, than I was able to do at the hour of its commencement. And till that happens, and perhaps for some short time after, I may not have it in my power to leave the seat of Government. If you, however, will point out the mode by which my letters to you will find a safe conveyance, it will be in my power to give you timely information of my departure from hence.
I would have you place no further dependence on what Muse has said of Colo. Simms's opinion, respecting the invalidity of my Leases, than to obtain other, and the best advice thereon; for which purpose send to your Cousin Bushrod Washington, one of each kind (for I think there are different forms) of the printed Leases, and request him, and General Marshall both, to consider, and give you there opinions in writing with respect to the general correctness; and more particularly with respect to my right of enforcing the Covenants, (with damages for past failures) or annulling the leases, and pay them for their opinions. I am very much mistaken, if the draught from which one, if not both, Leases were printed, was not made by a person of as much legal knowledge as Colo. Simms. If the gentlemen before named, shall be of opinion that there is no defect in the leases; and think it safe for you to proceed to enforce, or to annul them; I wish you to be governed by, and follow their advice. Hard indeed would it be upon me, to receive only five or Six pounds a hundred Acres, for Lands of a quality equal to that which is renting for five times the sum; and when I thought I had insured valuable improvements on the premises, so as to render the Tenements valuable hereafter, to be cut off from these also; and to have no redress.
Persuaded as I am, that you have rented the reposed lots for as much as you could get, I am perfectly satisfied with what you have done with mine, in Frederick and Berkley; altho' the Rent is lower than what your cousin George Washington59 (who is now in this City) says he rents Land at.
[Note 59: George Steptoe(?) Washington.]
The waste, which has been committed on my reserved Land, is a very serious evil to the tract to which it appertained; as the quantity, originally reserved was scanty; and, under the circumstances of the case, there appears to be no remedy. If letting out the part cleared, does not occasion a greater diminution of the Wood and Timber, I shall have no objection to your doing it; but not if it is to involve that consequence. I perceive by the enclosed, which Mr. Airy sent me by Mr. George Washington, that another attack is commenced on the said tract. It is his business to prevent incroachment on land in which he has a Leasehold estate; especially as he has it on such advantageous terms; but it may be well for you to have an eye to the matter.
With respect to the Land on Deep run, let it remain as it is untill I see you. My love to Mrs. Lewis in wch. your Aunt joins I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 11, 1796.
Sir: The letters, with their enclosures from Genl. Wilkenson, shew in an additional strong point of view, the indispensable necessity of moving the requisite quantity of Provisions and Stores to the upper Posts of the Army, North West of the Ohio. I therefore desire, you will not only make the necessary arrangements with Genl. Wayne (to whom the contents of these Papers might be communicated) but direct them to be carried into effect without delay; before the Season for Water transportation is lost.
By the returns wch. you have laid before me a number of Muskets with Bayonets (3000) are required! Enquire of Genl. Wayne on what principle, and for what purpose this demand is made. As also what is become of the Arms of those men whose terms of Service have expired.
A great number of Officers appear to be on furlough. One of whom Captn. Sedam,60 since Novr. 1791; and another, Captn. Heth,61 since March 1792; these require explanation.
[Note 60: Capt. Cornelius Ryer Sedam, of the First Sub-Legion. He was honorably discharged, Nov. 1, 1796.]
[Note 61: Capt. John Heth, of the Third Sub-Legion. He was transferred to the Third Infantry in 1796 and honorably discharged in June, 1802.]
Philadelphia, March 13, 1796.
My dear Sir: Your letters of the 26th. Ulto62 and 2d. Instant, came safe to hand, after some delay. The first, with the Will of Harper, has been put in the hands of the Attorney Genl. to aid him in the conveyances. To such parts of the second, as require it, I am about to reply; first expressing my satisfaction
[Note 62: Not now found in the Washington Papers.] at the happy termination of the business which you undertook, in behalf of the Public.
Having no doubt of the correctness of the account, which was transmitted in the last mentioned letter; I have only to beg that you would favor me with the numbers, or other designation or description of all the Shares I now hold in the Banks of Alexandria and Columbia, by your purchases. and to request if you wish to part with any of the twenty shares you purchased in the Potomac Navigation, that you would appropriate the Balance due me, by your account, in as many as it will command; first paying up the Instalment on the old; called for I perceive to be paid for on the first of the present month. If my present purposes and gratifications could be answered by prospects of future emolument, I would devote all the money I could command to this Investiture but for the few years I have to remain here the enjoyment of less, with ease and certainty, will be more convenient and desirable.
If my resources were adequate to the purchase of the Lot and houses which are offered for Sale in Alexandria, I would clearly have been the purchaser of them; on the terms mentioned in your letter of the 2d. instr.; but as these depend upon contingencies, which may baffle calculation, I chuse to tread on sure ground in all my engagements; being as unwilling to embarrass others, by uncertain contracts, as I am to be deceived myself in my expectations, from the assurances which I receive of promised payment.
From the enquiries which have already been made of you, relatively to my Farms at Mount Vernon, I take the liberty of enclosing you the terms on which I mean to lease them. My expectation of disposing of them at the Rents therein mentioned, to such Tenants as I should chuse, is not very sanguine; nor would I incline to do it to the slovenly farmers of this Country, if I had a tolerable well founded hope of getting them from any other; where husbandry is better understd. and more rationally practiced; the mention of which to some of your Acquaintance, as you may chance to fall in with them (particularly English and Scotch, the latter more especially) might be a means perhaps of suggesting it to others in the land they came from.
It is not my intention, at least at the present moment, to let the Negros go with the Land; but if enquiries on this head should be repeated, it would be useful to me, to learn on what terms, these and the lands conjointly, could be disposed of. Remember me kindly to Fanny and the Children and be assured of the Sincere friendship of Your etc.
United States, March 15, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: By the 9th Section of the Act entitled "An Act to provide a naval Armament" it is enacted "that if a peace shall take place between the United States and the Regency of Algiers that no further proceedings be had under this Act."
The peace which is here contemplated having taken place it is incumbent upon the Executive to suspend all orders respecting the budding of the Frigates, procuring materials for them or preparing materials already obtained which may be done without intrenching upon Contracts or agreements made and entered into before this event.
But inasmuch as the loss which the Publick would incur might be considerable from dissipation of Workmen, from certain works or operations being suddenly dropped or left unfinished, and from the derangement in the whole system, consequent upon an immediate suspension of all proceedings under it, I have therefore thought adviseable before taking such a step to submit the subject to the Senate and House of Representatives that such measures may be adopted in the premises as may best comport with the public Interest.63
[Note 63: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 16 Washington presented to Mrs. Walter Stewart, Madam de Brehan's miniature portrait (known as the "cameo portrait") of himself, with the following note: "Not for the representation or the value, but because it is the production of a fair Lady, the President takes the liberty of presenting the enclosed with his best regards, to Mrs. Stewart, praying her acceptance of it." The original of this letter is now in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladles' Association of the Union.]
Philadelphia, March 21, 1796.
Dear Sir: Presuming that you have received my last, sent thro' the hands of Mr. Keith, with such aids as he was able to afford you respecting my Administration of Colo. Colvils estate, and supposing, as the Chancery term is closed or about to close, that the enclosed letter from that Gentleman would not get to your hands in time to influence your measures I resolved at first not to send it. But upon second thoughts have changed my mind, leaving it to chance, and your own judgment to give it the best effect of which the information is susceptible.
My best wishes attend you and Mrs. Washington. And with sincere regard and friendship I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 21, 1796.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 14th Instant did not get to my hands before Saturday. Mine dated the 13th. acknowledging the receipt of your favors of the 26th. Ulto. and 2d Inst. must, I presume, have been received in due course of the Post, and therefore to repeat the contents of it is unnecessary.
A Mr. Summers64 of Alexandria, is very desirous of purchasing my vacant lot in that Town; and having been told that nothing short of a high price would induce me to sell it, makes
[Note 64: William Summers.] the offer contained in the enclosed letters.65 Whether this offer is high, or otherwise, depends upon comparison; the means of doing which is not within my reach, but through the medium of another, and therefore I give you the trouble of making some enquiry into the matter at any time when you are in Alexandria. I have no wish to part with the lot unless I can do it upon advantageous terms, and can dispose of the Money in a more productive manner. I had thoughts of building on it, but this would be attended with trouble, and perhaps a good deal of imposition; as it could not be properly attended to in the execution of the work. And besides workmens wages and materials are very high at this time.
[Note 65: On March 21 Bartholomew Dandridge wrote Summers that the President declined his offer of $3,000 for the lot in question, and referred him to Tobias Lear "for any further information or negotiation respecting the same." A copy of this letter is in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
A thought has run through my mind (since I began this letter) whether, as I have a prospect, from the high price of flour, of raising five or six thousand dollars from the sale of it; it might not be eligable with that sum, and the sale of the vacant lot (to Summers) to make the purchase suggested in one of your former letters to me? If that property is in an eligable place (and I wish to know where it lies) or whether or not, if it would bring ten pr. Cent on the purchase money, it would certainly be more immediately advantageous to me, than to let a part of the sum, necessary to command it, lay dead in a vacant lot; which when built on, would only be to let. Mr. Dandridges answer to Mr. Summer's, enclosed, is left open for your perusal, and may be delivered to him, or not, and at any time you may find convenient.
As the Post hour is at hand, and I have many letters to close, and prepare for the Mail I hardly know what I have written, or whether you will be able, fully to comprehend my meaning. My love in which Mrs. Washington unites, is presented to fanny and the Children, and I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 25, 1796.
Sir: The resolution moved in the House of Representatives, for the papers relative to the negotiation of the Treaty with G. Britain66 having passed in the affirmative, I request your opinion,
[Note 66: On March 7 Edward Livingston's resolution of March 2 was called up before the House of Representatives and amended by him so as to except "such of the said papers as any existing negotiation may render improper to be disclosed." The matter was debated until March 24, when Livingston's amended resolution was carried by a vote of 62 to 37, and presented to the President by a committee of the House. The President's reply, as reported by Livingston to the House, March 25, was "that he would take the request of the House into consideration."]
Whether that branch of Congress hath, or hath not a right, by the Constitution, to call for those papers?
Whether, if it does not possess the right, it would be expedient under the circumstances of this particular case, to furnish them?
And, in either case, in what terms would it be most proper to comply with, or to refuse the request of the House?
These opinions in writing,67 and your attendance, will be expected at ten o'Clock tomorrow.68
[Note 67: The opinions of the Attorney General, and the Secretaries of the Treasury and War, are dated March 26 and are in the Washington Papers. All these opinions advised against compliance with the resolution of the House. In addition, the Attorney General extracted from the journal of the Constitutional Convention, the proceedings bearing upon the treaty making powers. These extracts also are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 68: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, March 25, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: I send herewith, for your information, the translation of a Letter from the Minister Plenipotentiary of the French Republic to the Secretary of State, announcing the Peace made by the Republic with the Kings of Prussia and Spain, the Grand Duke of Tuscany and the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, and that the Republican Constitution decreed by the National Convention, had been accepted by the People of France, and was in operation. I also send you a Copy of the answer given by my direction to this communication from the French Minister69 My sentiments therein expressed, I am persuaded will harmonize with yours and with those of all my fellow Citizens.70
[Note 69: Not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 27, 1796.
My dear Sir: Your letters of the 21st and 23d. instant have filled us with pain and anxiety; from which, probably, we shall not be relieved before tuesday; tho' we shall hope, on that day, to hear that both Fanny and Maria are much better, if not entirely recovered.
Upon receipt of the first of the letters above mentioned, I made immediate enquiry in what train the business respecting the Arsenal on Potomack was in, and have since been informed by the (present) Secretary of War, that he has written to you on the subject. I wish sincerely that the sickness in your family had not prevented your journey to this City and that it may not retard it much longer as the Departments at this juncture are so full of business as to require more attention, and urging in particular matters than the pressure of my own allows me to bestow. When you come we will make room for you to lodge in some manner or other as the only spare room we have will, I expect, be occupied by young Fayette and his Tutor.
I wish devoutly, in which Mrs. Washington cordially unites, that this letter may find Fanny and Maria perfectly restored. My best regards to them and with affection. I am etc.
United States, March 29, 1796.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: I send herewith a copy of the Treaty of Friendship, Limits and Navigation, concluded on the 27th of October last, between the United States and his Catholic Majesty.72 This Treaty has been ratified by me, agreeably to the Constitution: and the ratification has been dispatched for Spain, where it will doubtless be immediately ratified by his Catholic Majesty.
[Note 72: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 29 Washington transmitted the Spanish treaty to the Senate in a very brief message covering the substance of this letter to the House. This message is also entered in the "Letter Book."]
This early communication of the Treaty with Spain has become necessary, because it is stipulated, in the third Article, that Commissioners for running the boundary line between the territory of the United States and the Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida shall meet at the Natchez before the expiration of six Months from the ratification: And as that period will undoubtedly arrive before the next meeting of Congress, the House will seethe necessity of making provision, in their present session, for the object here mentioned. It will also be necessary to provide for the expence to be incurred in executing the twenty first Article of the Treaty, to enable our fellow citizens to obtain, with as little delay as possible, Compensation for the losses they have sustained by the capture of their vessels and Cargoes by the Subjects of his Catholic Majesty, during the late War between France and Spain.
Estimates of the Monies, necessary to be provided for the purposes of this and several other Treaties with foreign Nations and the Indian Tribes will be laid before you by the proper Department.72
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 35
March 30, 1796--July 31, 1797
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
1940
LC
E312
.7
1931
Copy 2
WASHINGTONIANA
PRINTED
DECEMBER, 1940
Gov't Deposit
JUL 15 1942
ACCESSIONS DIVISION
The LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Philadelphia, March 30, 1796.
My dear Sir: Your former letters prepared us for the stroke, which that of the 25th instant announced; but it has fallen heavily notwithstanding.
It is the nature of humanity to mourn for the loss of our friends; and the more we loved them, the more poignant is our grief. It is part of the precepts of Religion and Philosophy, to consider the Dispensations of Providence as wise, immutable, uncontroulable; of course, that it is our duty to submit with as little repining, as the sensibility of our natures is capable of to all its decrees. But nature will, notwithstanding, indulge, for a while, its sorrow's.
To say how much we loved, and esteemed our departed friend, is unnecessary. She is now no more! but she must be happy, because her virtue has a claim to it.
As you talked of coming to this place on business, let us press you to do so. The same room that serves Mr. Dandridge and Washington is large enough to receive a Bed also for you; and it is needless to add, we shall be glad of your company. The change may be serviceable to you; and if our wishes were of any avail, they would induce you to make your stay here as long as your convenience would permit.
At all times, and under all circumstances, we are, and ever shall remain, Your sincere and Affectionate friends.5
[Note 5: This letter is also signed "M. Washington"]
[M.L.]
Philadelphia, April 4, 1796.
My dr. Sir: Before this will have reached you, you must have seen in the gazettes, that I have taken the liberty (without a previous consultation) to nominate you the Commissioner for ascertaining the true St. Croix and the Eastern boundary of the U States, agreeably to the fifth article of the treaty lately entered into with G. Britain. I hope it will be convenient and agreeable for you to accept the trust, the appointment having been confirmed by the Senate.
As the gazettes will give you in detail a resolution of the House of Representatives, calling upon the President for all the papers (excepting such as might respect pending treaties) relative to that treaty; also the debates thereupon,13 and my answer, it is unnecessary to repeat them. I am beginning to
[Note 13: The debate on making provision for carrying Jay's Treaty into effect raged in the House from Wednesday, April 7, to Saturday, April 30, when a motion declaring the treaty "highly objectionable" received 48 ayes and 48 noes, The Speaker then voted "No." A motion, declaring the treaty "objectionable," received 49 ayes and 49 noes. The Speaker again voted "No." A motion for carrying the treaty into effect received 51 ayes and 48 noes. On May 3 a bill making appropriations towards defraying the expenses for carrying the treaty into effect passed the House without a yea and nay vote.] receive what I had made my mind up for on this occasion, the abuse of Mr. Bache and his correspondents. The answer, which I have given, is referred to a Committee of the whole house for wednesday next; the probable result of which, it is too early yet to predict or even to guess at. These are unpleasant things, but they must be met with firmness. Present me to Mrs. Knox and the family in acceptable terms and be assured of the friendship and affectionate regard &c.
P.S. At a proper time, after knowing whether you accept the appointment. or not,14 you will hear officially from the Secretary of State.15
[Note 14: Knox declined, and David Howell, of Rhode Island, was confirmed by the Senate in his stead, May 21.]
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 4, 1796.
Dear Sir: Before this can have reached your hands, the gazettes will have announced to you that I have taken the liberty (without previous consultation) to nominate you, conjointly with Thos. Fitzsimons esqr. an intelligent merchant of this City, one of the Commissioners for carrying the Sixth article of the treaty lately entered into with G. Britain, into effect. As the nomination is confirmed by the Senate, I hope it will be convenient and agreeable to you to accept the trust;17 for the duties whereof, and other matters relative thereto the article itself will be sufficiently explanatory.
[Note 17: Innes's letter of acceptance (April 8) is in the Washington Papers.]
The compensation will not be less, I conceive, than £1000 sterlg. per annum; but as it is not absolutely fixed yet, I cannot speak with more decision on the subject; and request that this letter may not be considered as an official one; but meant only to intimate what has been done, and to know your sentiments thereon; the rest you will receive in due time from the Secy. of State. With esteem and regard, etc.18
[Note 18: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, April 7, 1796.
My dear Sister: Your letter of the 27th. Ulto. was enclosed to me by Mr. Parks, in one from himself, dated the 1st instt. on the same subject.
Harriot having very little fortune herself, has no rightproperty to expect a great one in the man she marry's; but if he has not a competency to support her in the way she has lived, in the circle of her friends, she will not find the matrimonial state so comfortable as she may have expected when a family is looking up to her and but scanty means to support it.
Altho' she has no right to expect a man of fortune, she certainly has just pretentions to expect one whose connexions are respectable, and whose relations she could have no objection to associate with. How far this is, or is not the case with Mr. Parks, I know not, for neither his own letter, or yours give any acct. of his family nor whether he is a native or a foreigner; and we have his own word only for his possessing any property at all altho' he estimates his fortune at £3000. A precarious dependence this when applied to a man in Trade.
I do not wish to thwart Harriots inclination if her affects. are placed on Mr. Park and if upon the enquiries I shall make or cause to be made into his family and connexions, there shall be found nothing exceptionable in them; that he is, as you say "very much respected by all his acquaintance, sober, sedate, and attentive to business;" and is moreover in good business; I shall throw no impedimt. in the way of their Marriage: altho' I should have preferred, if a good match had not offer'd in the meanwhile that she shd. have remained single until I was once more settled at Mt. Vernon and she a resident there which, if life is spared to us, will certainly happen to me in ten or eleven Months; because then she would have been in the way of seeing much company, and would have had a much fairer prospect of matching respectably than with one who is little known, and of whose circumstances few or none can know much about.
Having had no business to write to you upon, and being very much occupied by my public duties, are the only reasons why I have been silent. I am persuaded you will enjoy more ease and quiet, and meet with fewer vexations where you now are, than where you did live. It is my sincere wish that you should do so and that your days may be happy; in these Mrs. Washington joins with Your most Affecte. Brother19
[Note 19: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Philadelphia, April 7, 1796.
Dear Sir: Tuesday's Post brought me a letter from a Mr. Andrew Parks of Fredericksburgh, covering one from your Mother; both on the subject of overtures of marriage made by the former to your cousin Harriot Washington:20 which, it seems, depend upon my consent for consummatn.
[Note 20: Harriet, the youngest child of Samuel Washington and his fourth wife (Anne Steptoe Allerton), was born, Aug. 12, 1776. Andrew Parks, son of John Parks, of Baltimore, Md., lived at Fredericksburgh, Va. He and Harriet married in July, 1796, and moved to Kanawha Salines (then Virginia), now Malden, W. Va., in 1818. Harriet died at Kanawha Salines in January, 1822.]
My sister speaks of Mr. Parks as a sober, discreet man; and one who is attentive to business. Mr. Parks says of himself, that his "fortune at present, does not much exceed £3000, but with industry and oeconomy, he has every expectation of rapidly improving his condition" being concerned with his brother in law, Mr. McElderry of Baltimore, in Mercantile business.
As I am an entire stranger to Mr. Parks; to his family connexions, or his connexions in trade; to his mode of living; his habits, and to his prospects in trade; I should be glad if you wd. ascertain them with as much precision as you can, and write me with as little delay as you can well avoid.
Harriot having little or no fortune of her own, has no right to expect a great one in the man she marrys: but it is desirable she should marry a gentleman; one who is well connected, and can support her decently, in the line she has always moved, otherwise she would not find matrimony with a large family and little means, so eligable as she may have conceived it to be. I am etc.
This letter will be accompanied by one to my Sister which I pray you to receive from the Post Office and send to her.
[H.S.P.]
Philadelphia, April 7, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the first instt has been duly received. The subject on which it is written is a serious one, and it shall meet, as it deserves, a serious consideration.
My niece Harriot Washington having very little fortune of her own, neither she, nor her friends, have a right to make that (however desirable it might be) a primary consideration in a matrimonial connexion. But there are other requisites which are equally desirable, and which ought to be attended to in a union of so much importance; without therefore expressing at this moment, either assent, or dissent, to the proposal you have made, it is necessary for me to pause.
My wish is to see my niece happy; one step towards which, is for her to be united with a gentleman of respectable connexions; and of good dispositions; with one who is more in the habit (by fair and honorable pursuits) of making than [in] spending money; and who can support her in the way she has always lived.
As you propose being in Baltimore in the course of a few weeks, I shall not object to the receipt of any further details on this subject, which you may be disposed to give from that place: which when received may enable me to write more decisively from hence, or from Virginia when I get there: which will happen, I expect as soon as Congress shall have closed its session. I am etc.21
[Note 21: This draft, or copy, is in the writing of Martha Washington. The word in brackets is in the writing of Washington.]
April 14, 1796.
The President [of the] US. has, agreeably to his promise, caused the Laws of the U States "to promote the progress of useful arts &c." to be examined and finds that the last act passed on this subject, vizt. on the 21st of Feby. 1793 (repealing the first act of the 10 of April 1790), confines the granting of patents to citizens of the United States. The first act of the 10 April 1790 does not appear to have limited this right to any particular description of persons, and why it is thus confined in the second, the President can, at this time, see no good reason; but he will take occasion to enquire into the cause of this limitation, and if it should not appear improper, to relinquish it, he can have no doubt of the disposition of the Legislature to make such alteration in the existing law as will give to the U S the advantage which may arise from the useful inventions or improvements of foreigners, as well as of our own Citizens.
[Note 28: Then living in Pittsburgh, Pa.]
Philadelphia, April 16, 1796.
Dear Sir: I have as you probably may have heard, sold my land on Millers run to Colo. Richie. This land was to be resurveyed; and to be paid for by the acre, agreeably to what it shall actually measure. This resurvey was to have been made by Mr. Charles Morgan, of whose death I have just heard, from Mr. Ross29 (one of your Senators) who has advised me to commit this business to you.
[Note 29: James Ross, Senator from Pennsylvania.]
May I then request the favor of you to make, or cause to be made by some accurate artist, this Survey, at as convenient a moment as it can be executed. The cost of the Survey, and incident expences I will pay or cause to be paid, upon demand.
The courses and distances of the tract (copied from the Patent) are enclosed; as also the quantity therein mentioned: but having good reasons to believe that the real, will exceed the nominal amount, I preferred selling by the former. I am etc.
Philadelphia, April 24, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 17th. inst: was received yesterday. With you, I sincerely regret the death of your amiable Sister;33 but as it is one of those events which is dispensed by an All-wise and uncontroulable Providence; and as I believe no person could be better prepared to meet it, it is the duty of her relatives to submit, with as little repining as the Sensibility of our Natures is capable of.
[Note 33: Mrs. Tobias Lear.]
Mr. Lear is now in this City, and before the receipt of your letter we had had some conversation respecting the disposition of the children. At first, he seemed unwilling to part with any of them, but upon more mature reflection yielded to the propriety of your having Maria. And as he has engaged a tutor, and was on the point of taking his own Son34 home, it was concluded that the boys should remain with him until my re-establishment (next March) at Mount Vernon; when some New arrangement might be made.
[Note 34: Benjamin Lincoln Lear.]
It was always my intention, as you probably may have understood, to take Fayette35 under my immediate care, but as they are now bereft of father and mother it would be best, I conceive, and more grateful to their feelings to keep them together, in whatsoever situation they may be placed, for this reason as I have mentioned before, the ultimate decision relative to them may be postponed until I bid adieu to public life; when I will advise with you and Mr. Lear on their future destination and shall readily acquiesce in any plan which shall appear most conducive to their permanent interest, and advantage. With compliments to Mrs. Bassett and esteem and regard for yourself I am etc.
[Note 35: George Fayette, son of George Augustine Washington.]
The Children at present are all at Mount Vernon.36
[Note 36: From the original draft in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.]
Philadelphia, April 29, 1796.
My dear Sir: Yesterdays mail brought me letters which had arrived in the Commerce, Capt. Tuttell; enclosing invoice and Bill of lading for the long expected Seeds which by the by have cost me at least four times as much as I expected. The Invoice and bill of lading (lest difficulty or delay should arise from the want of them, on acct. of the duties) are now sent to you, with an earnest request that the packages may be forwarded without delay to Mr. Pearce, the Season for Sowing the peas and Succory being already far advanced. The winter Vetch cannot be sown 'till Autumn.
If you have a mind to try some of these seeds, at your place, you are very welcome to part of each kind. When the purposes for which Mr. Murrays letter Invoice and Bill of lading are sent, are answered, be so good as to return them to Dear Sir Your etc.
PS. If the seeds before the arrival of this should have been sent to Mr. Vernon, I pray you to contrive this letter to Mr. P.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, May 1, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 23d. Ulto. has been duly received. With respect to the application of Mr. Freeman,39 1 shall do, as I always have done on similar occasions, and that I am sure you will approve of, namely to lay the recommendations of Applicants by, untill the hour comes when nominations are to be made, and then after reference to them; and an attention to other circumstances (which is often essential) prefer those who seem to have the greatest fitness for the Office.
[Note 39: Thomas Freeman. He had applied for the appointment of surveyor to ascertain the western limits of the United States under the new treaties. His application, dated May 13, 1796, is in the Applications for office under Washington in the Library of Congress.]
Accompanying the information of the Election of Mr. Sprigg,40 the Instructions with which he was charged, you propound several interesting questions, such as I am persuaded your own good sense, after a resort to the debates of the important points which have been discussed, we leave you at no loss to Solve. Few however I believe acquainted with the proceedings in the House of Representatives, conceive that the real question was whether the Treaty with Great Britain was a good or bad one; but whether there should be a Treaty at all without the concurrence of that House, and taking advantage
[Note 40: Thomas Sprigg, Representative from Maryland.] of the partialities in favor of one nation, and of the prejudicies against that of Another, with the aid of such unfavorable Interpretations, as they were disposed to give to some parts of the Treaty it was conceived, that no occasion more suitable might ever occur, to establish the principle and enlarge the power they aimed at. On this ground therefore it was resolved to attempt at every hazard to render the Treaty making power a nullity without their consent; nay worse, to make it an absolute absurdity, Such as could not fail to reflect disgrace upon the understanding and wisdom not only of those who framed, but on those also who adopted the constitution, from the inconsistency of giving a power to the president and Senate to make Treaties (and when made and ratified, declaring them to be the Supreme law of the land) and in the same instrument to vest a power in the house of Representatives to fix their Veto upon it, unless bribery and fraud was apparent in the transaction (which in equity annul any contract) or ruin was so self evident as to make war or any evil preferable to the Execution.
With respect to the motives wch. have led to these measures, and wch have not only brought the Constitution, to the brink of a precipice, but the peace happiness and prosperity of the Country, into eminent danger, I shall say nothing. charity tells us they ought to be good; but suspicions say they must be bad. At Present my tongue shall be silent.
Every true friend to this Country must see and feel that the policy of it is not to embroil ourselves, with any nation whatever; but to avoid their disputes and their politics; and if they will harrass one another, to avail ourselves of the neutral conduct we have adopted. Twenty years peace with such an increase of population and resources as we have a right to expect; added to our remote situation from the jarring power, will in all probability enable us in a just cause, to bid defiance to any power on earth. Why then should we prematurely embarrass41 (for the attainment of trifles comparatively speaking) in hostilities the issue of which is never certain, always expensive, and beneficial to a few only (the least deserving perhaps) whilst it must be distressing and ruinous to the great mass of our Citizens. But enough of this, the people must decide for themselves, and probably will do so notwithstanding, the vote has gone in favor of the appropriations by a majority of 51 to 48,42 as the principle and assumption of power which has been contended for remain, although the Consequences by the present decision, probably will be avoided. With esteem etc.43
[Note 41: Embark ourselves(?).]
[Note 42: See note 13, page 12, ante.]
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, May 1, 1796.
Dear Sir: With much pleasure I received your letter of the 22d. ulto.; and if the sense of the great body of Citizens in Virginia, should be expressed in the manner you seem to expect, it would give me, and I believe I might add, every friend to order and good government throughout the United States, very great satisfaction: More so than similar sentiments from any other State in the Union; for people living at a distance from it know not how to believe it possible, that its Representatives, both in the General and State Legislatures can speak a language which is repugnant to the Sense of their Constituents; especially too, as they seem to give the tone to all the States south of them.
Whatever my own opinion may be on this, or any other subject, interesting to the Community at large, it always has been, and will continue to be, my earnest desire to learn, and to comply, as far as is consistent, with the public sentiment; but it is on great occasions only, and after time has been given for cool and deliberate reflection, that the real voice of the people can be known.
The present, however, is one of those great occasions, than which, none more important has occurred, or probably may occur again to call forth their decision. And to them the appeal is now made. For no candid man in the least degree acquainted with the progress of this business, will believe for a moment that the ostensible dispute, was about papers, or that the British. Treaty was a good one, or a bad one; but whether there should be a Treaty at all without the concurrence of the house of Representatives. which was striking at once, and boldly too, at the fundamental principles of the Constitution; and if it were established, would render the Treaty making Power not only a nullity, but such an absolute absurdity as to reflect disgrace on the framers of it: for will any one suppose, that they who framed, or those who adopted that Instrument, ever intended to give the power to the President and Senate to make Treaties (and declaring that when made and ratified, they should be the Supreme law of the land) wd. in the same breath place it in the powers of the house of Representatives to fix their Veto on them? unless apparent marks of fraud or corruption (which in equity would set aside any contract) accompanied the measure, or such striking evidence of National injury attended their adoption as to make a War, or any other evil preferable? Every unbiassed Mind will answer in the negative.
Whence the source, and what the object of all this struggle is, I submit to my fellow citizens. Charity would lead one to hope that the motives to it have been pure. Suspicions, however, speak a different language; and my tongue, for the present, shall be silent. Such further information on this head (or any other similarly important) which may come to your knowledge, and which your leisure and inclination may enable you to give, will be very acceptable to Dear Sir Your &c.
United States, May 5, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I lay before you, for your consideration and advice, an explanatory Article proposed to be added to the Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation between the United States and Great Britain; together with a copy of the full power to the Secretary of State to negotiate the same.45
[Note 45: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, May 5, 1796.
Sir: I have received from you the address and resolutions of the inhabitants of the town of Newbern,46 passed at their meeting on the 19th of April, noticing the call of the House of Representatives for the papers relating to the negociation of the treaty with Great-Britain, and my answer to that call.
[Note 46: North Carolina.]
A sacred regard to the constitution, and to the best interests of the United States as involved in its preservation, having governed my conduct on that occasion, the consciousness thereof would at all times have furnished me with strong ground of satisfaction: but it gives me real pleasure to find that conduct approved by my fellow-citizens; and the kind and affectionate terms in which the approbation of the inhabitants of Newbern has been conveyed to me, are peculiarly grateful, and demand my cordial acknowledgments. These I beg you to express to them, with my sincere thanks for their earnest wishes for my welfare.47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering. The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, May 8, 1796.
My dear Sir: You judged very right when in your letter of the 18th Ulto. you observe, I "can have very little time for private letter-writing" but if my friends will put up with the hasty and indigested ones I can write under such circumstances, there are a few (among whom permit me the gratification to place you) with whom I should feel very happy to corrispond; and while I hold my present office, to learn their sentiments upon any of the important measures wch come before the Executive of the U. States.
I am Sure the Mass of Citizens in these United States mean well, and I firmly believe they will always act well, whenever they can obtain a right understanding of matters; but in some parts of the Union, where the sentiments of their delegates and leaders are adverse to the Govent. and great pains are taken to inculcate a belief that their rights are assailed, and their liberties endangered, it is not easy to accomplish this; especially, as is the case invariably, when the Inventors, and abetters of pernicious measures use infinitely more industry in dissiminating the poison, than the well disposed part of the Community to furnish the antidote. To this source all our discontents may be traced and from it our embarrassments proceed. Hence serious misfortunes originating in misrepresentation frequently flow and spread before they can be dissipated by truth.
These things do, as you have supposed, fill my mind with much concern and with serious anxiety. Indeed, the trouble and perplexities which they occasion, added to the weight of years which have passed over me have worn away my mind more than my body; and renders case and retirement indispensably necessary to both during the short time I have to stay here. It would be uncandid therefore and would discover a want of friendship and confidence (as you have expressed a solicitude for my at least, riding out the storm) not to add that nothing short of events, or such imperious circumstances (as I hope and trust will not happen) and might render a retreat dishonorable, will prevent the public annunciation of it in time to obviate a waste, or misapplication of votes at the Election of President and Vice-President of the United States in december next, upon myself.
I congratulate you on the tranquil Session, just closed in your State, and upon the good dispositions, generally, which I am informed prevail among the Citizens therein, with most friendly sentiments I remain &c.
Sunday Afternoon, May 8,49 1796.
[Note 49: Sparks prints this letter as dated May 9.]
Dear Sir: The enclosed letter50 presents a serious, perhaps a just view of the subject which has been under consideration; and as I wish in everything, particularly in matters of foreign relation, to conduct with caution; I request that your letter to the Govt. Genl. of Canada; the Instructions to Majr. Lewis;51 and all your arrangements respecting the reception of the Posts, may accord with the ideas contained therein.52
[Note 50: From the Attorney General. It is not now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 51: There were three Captains Lewis in the United States Army at this date, but no Major Lewis.]
[Note 52: On this same day (May 8) McHenry submitted to the President, in accordance with the above, the draft of a letter to Lord Dorchester, Governor General of Canada, and also a draft of a private instruction to Lewis, whom McHenry calls Captain Lewis. McHenry's draft is in the Washington Papers.]
Let the march of the Troops wch. are to take possession of the Posts be facilitated as much as possible; and let every measure necessary thereto for supplying them on the march, and when there, be concerted without delay. I am etc.
Philadelphia, May 15, 1796.
It will readily occur to your Majesty, that occasions may sometimes exist, on which official considerations would constrain the Chief of a Nation to be silent and passive, in relation even to objects which affect his sensibility, and claim his interposition as a man. Finding myself precisely in this situation at present, I take the liberty of writing this private Letter to your Majesty; being persuaded, that my motives will also be my appology for it.
In common with the people of this Country, I retain a strong and cordial sense of the services rendered to them by the Marquis De la Fayette; and my friendship for him has been constant and sincere. It is natural, therefore, that I should sympathize with him and his family in their misfortunes, and endeavour to mitigate the calamities which they experience; among which his present confinement is not the least distressing.
I forbear to enlarge on this delicate subject. Permit me only to submit to your Majesty's consideration, whether his long imprisonment, and the confiscation of his Estate, and the Indigence and dispersion of his family, and the painful anxieties incident to all these circumstances, do not form an assemblage of sufferings, which recommend him to the mediation of Humanity? Allow me, Sir! on this occasion to be its organ; and to entreat that he may be permitted to come to this Country on such conditions and under such restrictions, as your Majesty may think it expedient to prescribe.
As it is a maxim with me not to ask what under similar circumstances, I would not grant, your Majesty will do me the justice to believe, that this request appears to me to correspond with those great principles of magnanimity and wisdom, whichform the Basis of sound Policy and durable Glory.
May the almighty and merciful Sovereign of the universe keep your Majesty under his protection and guidance.58
[Note 58: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 22, 1796.
Gentlemen: Your letters of the 13th and 14th. instant have been duly received, and the Attorney General of the United States having given his opinion relatively to the Powers of Attorney; And having pronounced the proceedings to be accordant with the Act for Guaranteeing the Loans; matters have been arranged with Mr. Gilmore for execution, and the Papers, agreeably to your desire, will be forwarded to Holland.
A duplicate of the Power of Attorney to Messrs. Wilhem and Jan Willink, is necessary to guard against the delay which would result from a miscarriage of the original. In short, as the vigorous prosecution of the Works depend upon the facility with which the Loan is obtained, no risk that can be avoided ought to be left to chance: For fatal indeed would it be to the operations in the City if a disappointment, or any considerable delay should take place. And here let me add. If I had been called upon for an opinion relative to this loan before arrangements were made with Mr. Gilmore, I should, under my present view of the subject, have given a decided opinion against placing the whole of the sum, authorized to be borrowed in one year, upon this issue; if any part thereof could have been obtained in this country within, or not exceeding, the Provisions of the Law.
In all probability it will be six months before the result of the application in Holland will be known. This may, and from the peculiar state of things in that country 'tis not unlikely will be, unfavorable. What is to be done in that case? and what in the meantime? You have declared, yourselves, that you do not place much confidence in aids from Messrs. Morris and Nicholson, and point out no other specific resources. Notwithstanding these sentiments, I am unwilling to obstruct a measure which I presume you have considered in all its relations and chances, and have therefore given facility to your plan; wishing heartily that it may be attended with success.
The year 1800 is approaching by hasty strides; The friends of the City are extremely anxious to see the public works keep equal pace therewith. They are anxious too on another account, namely, that the Commissioners should reside in the City where the theatre of the business lies. This was, and is, my opinion. It is the principle, and was declared to be so at the time; upon which the present establishment of the Commissioners was formed; that, by being on the spot, and giving close attention to the operations, they might prevent abuses, or correct them in embryo. It is said, if this had been the case, those defective walls, which to put up, and pull down, have cost the public much time, labour and expence, would never have been a subject of reproach. For these, and other reasons which might be added, it is my decided opinion and expectation that the Commissioners do reside in the City. And the nearer they are to the public Works the better, and more desirable it will be. I wish this as well on their own account, as on that of the public; because they would have it much more in their power to scrutinize all the movements of men and measures which are under their controul, than it is possible to do at the distance of two or three miles and periodical, or occasional visits. Being on the spot, and seeing everything that occurs, they would be better enabled to systematize the business, and have it conducted with greater oeconomy; and finally, would insure to themselves those honors and consolations which flow from the punctual discharge of public trust.
I have sent your advertisement of the sale of Lotts, to the places you have requested; but I beg that it may be unequivocally understood that, I am opposed to the sale of them in large parcels, to Speculators. It might be asked, if this was to happen, and with propriety too, why give these people the profit arising between the wholesale and retail prices, when, if the same means and industry in the disposal, were used by the Commissioners, it would be saved to the public? To sell by single Lots, or at most squares, on moderate terms to those who will improve them, appear most eligable to me. particular cases may arise, to render a departure from this rule necessary, but such cases must speak for themselves, and the advantages to be derived from them must be evident.
If there are any matters which you are desirous of laying before me, let me request that they may be prepared (if a decision is not required sooner) by the time I shall pass through the City; which is as likely to happen about the middle of next month, as at any period I can name at present. My stay at Mount Vernon cannot be long, and I shall have many matters of private concern to attend to while there. With great esteem etc.75
[Note 75: From Letters from the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
United States, May 25, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: The measures, now in operation for taking possession of the posts of Detroit and Michilimackinac, render it proper, that provision should be made for extending to these places and any others alike circumstanced, the civil authority of the north western territory. To do this will require an expence, to defray which the ordinary salaries of the Governor and Secretary of that territory appear to be incompetent. The forming of a new County or new Counties and the appointment of the various Officers, which the just exercise of Government must require, will oblige the Governor and Secretary to visit those places and to spend considerable time in making the arrangements necessary for introducing and establishing the Government of the United States. Congress will consider what provision will in this case be proper.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 25, 1796.
Sir: Your favor of the 20th. inst: came to hand yesterday.
I have neither received, nor heard of an Address from the Proprietors of the Federal City. Nor do I know any more of Mr. Law's sentiments relative to the concerns of it, that I do of Tippo Saib's. The ideas conveyed in my last to the Commissioners (dated the 22d) are not of recent adoption. They are as old as the change which took place in the establishment of the Commissioners; and were the cause of that change. A combination of causes have brought them more actively, and pointedly, into view than heretofore: among which, and not the least to be regarded, are the remarks which were made during the discussion of the Guarantee Bill, even by its friends (not so much in, as out of the house); the indispensable necessity for close attention, and great exertion in all those to whom the business is entrusted; with an eye to the strictest economy under the best systems that can be formed.
You cannot, I am persuaded, be entirely unacquainted with the remarks which have been made on the want of oeconmy, and due attendance to the operations which are carrying on by those who are entrusted with the management of them. Nor, acquainted as you are with the jealousies, and contracted views of the Proprietors, can the utmost circumspection, and the minutest attentions in the Commissionrs. to all the wheels that are in motion, and to all the persons who move them, appear unimportant. Consequently, wherever the scene of business is, there also should be the principal actors. And till this happens, the Jealousies between the upper and lower end of the City will not subside, nor will the injurious consequences flowing from them, cease. Nor indeed will it be believed, be the fact as it may, that while the Commissioners, or the major part of them (with the subordinate Agents) reside in George Town, that the concerns of the City will be conducted uninfluenced, and to the best advantage. We may dispise public opinion, and these kind of reports as we please, but they are not less injurious on that account. The time is very short in which a great deal for the reception of Congress is to be done; and no means, or exertion should be wanting to accomplish it. It would be ineligable, and highly impolitic to bring any new proposition before Congress, before the Government is fixed there.
I do not precisely know what the late Secretary of State may have written with respect to the alternative allowed the Commrs. to reside in the City, or George Town. But it is a fact known to everyone who ever heard me express a sentiment on the subject, that it has been decidedly in favor of the former; and that nothing but necessity, arising from the want of accommodation, could justify the latter. Nay more, it is known to the first Commissioners, that I not only coincided in opinion withthem, that a house, situated between the two principal buildingsshould be built for their accommodation, but actuallyapproved a plan for the purpose. Why it was laid aside, unlesstheir going out of Office or the want of funds was the cause Iam unable to say.
I have been thus particular, that you may see what my opinion uniformly has been; that it has not proceeded from any recent movements in the City (which were unknown to me, before your letter came to hand), and that it has appeared more necessary and has been more pointedly mentioned, since I find that the friends of the City, and I presume the Community at large, conceive (as I have always done) that the measures which have been suggested, are useful and proper.
With esteem etc.79
[Note 79: From District of Columbia letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
United States, May 28, 1796.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: The extraordinary expences to be incurred in the present year in supporting our foreign intercourse, I find will require a provision beyond the ordinary appropriation and the additional twenty thousand dollars lately granted.
I have directed an estimate to be made,80 which is sent herewith and will exhibit the deficiency for which an appropriation appears to be necessary.81
[Note 80: The estimate is entered in the "Letter Book" immediately following this message.]
[Note 81: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, May 30, 1796.
Gentlemen: As no Mail southward of Baltimore was received at the Post Office in this City on Saturday; and as you may not have understood by my letter of the 22d. instt, that the duplicate of the Power of Attorney to Messrs. Wilhem and Jan Willink was required to be forwarded through me, I address this to you, in order to remove the doubt if any there be; as copies of the other papers are ready, and only waiting your duplicates, to be dispatched.
In consequence of your recommendation of Mr. Freeman,84 he was nominated, and by the advice and consent of the Senate has been appointed, Surveyor for running the Territorial line between the United States and Spain, at the rate of (I believe of 1500$) dollars pt. annum.
[Note 84: Thomas Freeman.]
This service cannot commence before the Ratification of the Treaty by Spain, is received; and the Commissioner and Surveyor on the part of that Power are known, and ready to proceed. It will not therefore interfere with any Services you may require, and Mr. Freeman can render, until he is called upon to execute this business; which, probably, will not be before Autumn. At which time the Commissions will issue.
His request was to be employed in settling the Northern boundary between the United States and Great Britain, but the appointment of the Surveyors for that purpose is left to the Commissioners, who are to decide ultimately; I did not incline therefore to bring forward the name of any one for this service, even to our own Commissioners. With esteem. etc.85
[Note 85: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, June 5, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 25th. Ultimo from Martinsburgh, did, as you expected, come to my hands on the 3d. instant; but not untill the Mail of that day was dispatched; consequently, the Post of tomorrow will be the first, by which I can reply to the contents of it. I wish, very much indeed, that you could make it convenient, and agreeable to yourself, family, and business, to remain in the City Commission; and that you would prosecute to the end, the good work you have begun. I sincerely believe that this is the wish of all who know you, and are true friends to that place; and very sorry indeed should I be, if the absence, and attention necessary for your private concerns (which your Letter does not sufficiently define, to enable me to form a correct judgment) should be found incompatible with the duties which are expected from the Commissioners.
It is unnecessary, I am sure, for me [to remark to you (on general ground, and reasoning) the necessity there is for the closest attention and the most vigorous exertion of the Commissioners to push this work on; But, independent of general considerations, a particular occurrence has happened lately wch. makes me more than ever wish you to devote as much time as possible to this business. It is this.
It is not entirely unknown to you, I believe, that I have been hinting in pretty broad terms to your Colleagues, that I did not conceive that the trust reposed in them could be satisfactorily executed while they remained at a distance from the scene of action, and held periodical meetings only; and that where there was inattention or remissness in the head, it would be found to extend itself to all the Members. Not perceiving that these hints had all the effects that was intended. Finding, from the discussion of the Guarantee Billin Congress that serious charges were laid against the oeconomy in carrying on the business; knowing that there was no way so effectual to prevent, or to correct, errors while they were in embryo as a close inspection into them while they were in a progressive state; and no measure so likely to remove jealousies as a residence of the Commissioners in the City, I did on the 22d. Ulto. when acknowledging the receipt of their Letters of the 13th. and 14th. relative to the loan in Holland, give it as my decided opinion to that Board, that this event, for the reasons I assigned, ought to take place; and the nearer they could fix, conveniently, to the principal theatres, the more agreeable it would be.
Thus much happened before I received any advice of what was transacting in the City; but on the 1st. instant was handed to me an Address from the Proprietors thereof, dated the 24th. preceeding, requesting me to do what I had actually done, and which I find is not at all pleasing to Mr. Scott. How it may be to Doctor Thornton I know not, having heard nothing from him on the Subject.
I have given you these details (in a private letter) that you may see at one view what my situation and wishes are; and the necessity there is for my preserving consistency, at least in a degree. I shall touch upon no other parts of your letter, at this time; but that you may have a dble. chance of receiving these sentiments soon, this letter shall be forwarded to Winchester, and a duplicate lodged in the Post Office in Washington, that if you miss the first, the other may be found there on your arrival.
On other subjects I will converse with you when we meet in the Federal City, where it is probable I shall be about the 16th instant, if nothing (at present unforeseen) happens to prevent it.
With sincere esteem etc.]87
[Note 87: The first part of this draft is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers; the last part in the Washington Papers. The part within the brackets is in the writing of Washington; the other is in an unidentified writing.]
Philadelphia, June 6, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th. Ulto. has been duly received. Before I knew or had heard of any movement in the Federal City, among the proprietors thereof, I had in answering some dispatches from the Commissioners, given it to them as my clear and decided opinion, that those who were entrusted, with the affairs of the City, ought to be residents thereof. It is and has always been my Opinion. It was the principle upon which the new Establishment, and compensation took place; and what I have always expected, would happen; as soon as accommodations could be provided. To assign all the reasons for this opinion, which have weight in my mind; would run me into prolixity, unnecessarily; as few of them can have escaped a reflecting man. One however, I brought to your view upon a former occasion; when you suggested a Resident of George Town for a Commissioner. although that case may not apply quite as strongly to any of the present Commissioners, yet it does apply, and in that degree is injurious; as you see by the effects, and the complaints.
The time in which a great deal is to be done, is short; In the discussion of the Guarantee Bill, all the Faupaus, which have been committed, all the neglect, inattentions and want of close and constant instructions to those to whom the business was intrusted have undergone severe animadversions, It has been said, that if the Commissioners, and those who had been receiving compensations from the public, had been on the spot, the abuses which the principal buildings had sustained could not have happened; that they would have perceived the errors in their origin, and would have correct'd them as fast as they arose. In a word, that there can be no oeconomy without a close inspection, nor a close inspection by men at a distance &ca, &ca. Knowing these things as I do; and how much depends upon exertion, it behoves me, while I have any thing to do in the business, to attend to measures and not merely to the conveniencies of those who are to execute them. If the two can be blended, it is well; but the first is, and must be, the primary consideration.
Nothing, pointing directly to yourself (Office I mean) has been said further, than while the Agents, and principal Officers of the City, reside out of it and in G Town, the attraction is where it ought not to be, were the Interest of the former, and the accommodation of Congress (when the Government moves to it) as they ought, to be the primary object. I write in haste, the Post hour being at hand, but can assure you that I am etc.
Philadelphia, June 8, 1796.
Sir: I am sorry, that without being accused, you should think it necessary to go into a lengthy justification of your conduct and principles.
What the entire design of your letter of the 23d. ulto.89 may be, I am at a loss to conceive; and pressed as I have been, and still am, on all sides, in the discharge of my public functions, I have no leizure to enquire. If the object of it (among other things) is to intimate that you have been overlooked in some recent appointments, I can only say, that nominations are made from the best view I am able to take of the cases which come before me. in doing which I have often, if not always, where the appointments are not of a local nature, found it necessary to combine a variety of considerations, none of which, however, have originated from a desire to serve a friend or relation; or a wish to oblige this, or that man, or set of men; but from the information I can obtain (where I have no personal knowledge) of the fitness of characters to offices.
[Note 89: This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
That I may have erred, and in many instances made injudicious nominations, is highly probable: wonderful indeed would it be, if the case was otherwise; but numerous, and chagreening as disappointments may have been to individuals (and abundant they are) I can defy malignancy itself to ascribe partiality, or interested motives to any of my nominations; or omissions, to prejudice or dislike. I have naught therefore, on this score to reproach myself with.
For the attachment you have professed for my person and administration, I pray you to accept my best thanks, and the assurances of the esteem and regard with which I am &c.
Philadelphia, June 8, 1796.
My dear Sir: I wou'd not let Mr. Bingham (who says he is about to Visit you) depart without acknowledging the receipt of several letters from you; and offering Mrs. Knox and yourself, my sincere condolence on your late heavy loss. Great and trying, as it must be to your sensibility, I am persuaded after the first severe pangs are over you both possess fortitude enough to view the event, as the dispensation of providence, and will submit to its decrees, with philosophical resignation.
The footing on which you placed the non-acceptance of the Commission for ascertaining the true St. Croix, was such, as to leave no hope of your embarking in that undertaking. After the arrival of the Commissioners from Great Britain, and his readiness to proceed therein was announced. I therefore nominated; and Mr. Howell90 (of Rhode Island) by the advice and consent of the Senate, is nominated in your place and Mr. Sullivan91 [designated to prepare the business for them.
[Note 90: David Howell.]
[Note 91: James Sullivan, of Massachusetts. He was United States agent for managing affairs under the 5th Article of Jay's Treaty.]
Mr. Bingham is so well versed in the Politics of this place, and South of it. and so well acquainted with the movements in both houses of Congress, that it would be a Work of Supererogation in me, to give you the details. To him then I refer you for such relations as are interesting.
On Monday next, if not prevented by occurrences yet unforeseen, I shall commence my Journey for Mr. Vernon; but shall myself be returned to this City again before the first of September; not chusing to be longer absent from the Seat of Government. My best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington unites, are tendered to Mrs. Knox, your self and family; and with sincere friendship and affectionate regard I am etc.]92
[Note 92: The part within brackets is from a photostat of the incompleted press copy of the original, which is in the writing of Washington, in the Chicago Historical Society The first part is supplied from the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 9, 1796.
Sir: The Instructions for Mr. King, herewith returned, appear to me to be proper. To them, however, I think might be added a desire that, he should attempt to remove any doubts which may arise in the construction of the ... Article relative to our Trade with the East Indies; and to get relieved if it be practicable from the restrictions on our Vessels going from thence with their Cargoes to China.
I shall not impede the forwarding of the other Instructions to the Accomptant, for the British Spoliations, as they are now drawn. At the sametime I cannot forbear observing that I think £500 Sterling would have been ample compensation for such a character.
1st. Because no such Officer was conceived necessary by the Negociators of the Treaty; nor provided for in the estimate to Congress.
2d. Because among other inducements to the appointment of Mr. Gore,93 his supposed knowledge of Commerce was one (a legal and Commercial character being deemed necessary for the purposes of the Commission.) Why then it may be asked, seek for the latter character in an Accountant of new creation uncontemplated by the Treaty? And this question more than probable will be accompanied with the charge of favoritism to the wishes of the person designated and his friends, and,
[Note 93: Christopher Gore, of Massachusetts. He was United States Commissioner for carrying into execution the 7th Article of Jay's Treaty.]
4th. [ sic] Because our Secretaries of Legation are not allowed half what is proposed to be given as compensation to this Accountant.
Philadelphia, June 10, 1796.
By virtue of the Act entitled "An Act making further provision for expenses attending the intercourse of the United States with foreign nations;" and to continue in force the act entitled "An Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations," passed on the 30 of May in the year 1796.
I do hereby authorize and empower you, by yourself or any other person or persons to borrow on behalf of the United States, of the Bank of the Ud. States or any other body or bodies politic, person or persons, any sum not exceeding in the whole Three hundred and twenty four thousand, five hundred and thirty nine Dollars and six Cents; and to make or cause to be made for that purpose such contract or contracts as shall be necessary and for the interest of the said States.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 10, 1796.
Sir: You inform me that you have it in contemplation to leave the United States for a time, if not forever; and request from me "such a testimonial of your character and conduct as justice may entitle you to."
I know, sir, and with pleasure bear testimony to your patriotism, and to your bravery in action in the defence of the rights and liberties of your Country. In the offices you have held, military and civil, I believe you have manifested that fortitude, prudence and integrity, which entitle you to the praise of having deserved well of your Country. In whatever place you shall choose your future residence, accept my good wishes for your prosperity and happiness.96
[Note 96: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
This letter was inclosed in another letter from Washington to ex-Governor Mathews, of Georgia, of this same date (June 10): "The best, indeed the only excuse I can make for having so long delayed complying with the request of your favor written the 7th of March, is, that when it came to hand (which was not speedily after its date) the business of the session pressed so heavily on me, that I had but little leisure for other attentions; and by laying it by, to be taken up at a more convenient moment, it, in a jumble with other papers was overlooked, until a revision, after the adjournment took place, brought it to view again. This apology I thought due to you, at the same time that it gives me another occasion to express my good wishes towards you, and regret that any circumstances should arise that have, even for a moment, encouraged the idea of relinquishing your country forever." This letter is also entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 10, 1796.
Gentlemen: Your letters of the 31st. Ulto. and 3d. Instant, came to hand by the same Mail, on tuesday last.
The Duplicate of the Powers to Messrs. Willink's, have been handed over, for the purpose of transmission. Triplicates, signed by a full board may not be amiss. I will receive them however at the City.
I am very glad to hear that you have recommenced your operations on the public buildings: exceedingly is it to be wished, that you may be able to proceed therein with vigour. I much question whether any of the Banks in this City are to be relied on for a loan. The reason for this, needs no explanation. I shall, however, mention the matter to the Secretary of the Treasury; and what I can do, consistently with my official character, may be relied on. If, as I expect to do, I should receive money for some of my Western Lands which have been sold, I will (though it will be little more than a drop in the Bucket) pay the whole sum due from me for the lots I hold in the City; and request that the account (agreeably to the terms of Sale) may be made out accordingly, against my arrival. In the last Instalments, I conceive I have been charged more than was due: this, if true, can be rectified by having recourse to the dates of the Sales, times of payment, and the sums paid. Mr. Morris, I am informed, talks of visiting the City in the course of next week. You, probably, have better data than I possess, to form an opinion of the certainty of it, and the result.
Thinking it probable that I shall be in the Federal City the latter end of next Week, provided nothing new occurs, I shall only add that with great esteem etc.97
[Note 97: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, June 11, 1796.
Dear Sir: I should not have given you the trouble of receiving a letter from me, at this time but for the purpose of correcting a mistake which in a degree implicates you.
Two or three days ago a person, (whose name I did not ask) called upon me, at the request he said of Mr. Shreve [with] £100 on account of the Land he had purchased of me. I told him I would not receive money from that Gentleman in driblets; that nothing less than the whole of the Second payment which was £600, and Interest wou'd be received, and that if I was thus trifled with by Colo. Shreve, I would have recause to other means to obtain a more punctual Compliance with our bargain.
This reply produced a further offer, to the amount I think in the whole sum of £300 but conceiving as I did at that moment, that the whole second Installment was due, I refused this sum also. Nor was it before this morning it occurred to me, that in April last you paid me Eleven hundred and sixty Dollars, in part of this Installment.
Having made this discovery too late, to rectify it with the person who was charged with a paymt. by Colo. Shreve, and having authorised that person [to] inform him that nothing short of the whole sum due, would content me, I feel it incumbent on me to give you this explanation of the matter; and through you if an occasion should present of making it to Colo. Shreve.
I think it not improbable, that the person I allude to (not knowing his name,) with the aid of the 1160 dollars, recd. from you, would have paid the whole sum due on the Second instalment, with interest agreeable to the Articles; for he is a purchaser from Shreve, of part of the Tract at a price very considerably advanced.
Not knowing whether Mr. Charles Morgan is living or dead, or what has been done relatively to the Rents, which was due on the Land, will you permit me to request the favor of you, to ask him (if in being) or Colo. Shreve when I am to receive it. I am in the same predicament with respect to the Rents of the land on millers Run and shall be equally obliged to your enquiries concerning it. With very Great esteem etc.
P.S. For the government of those who may have business to transact with me, I add, that on monday next I shall leave this City for Virginia; that I shall return to it again before the 1st. Septr. and shall remain here untill the middle of the month.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, June 12, 1796.
My dr. Humphreys: I could not suffer Captain O'Brian to return without carrying along with him this evidence of my continued regard and friendship for you. In expressing of which, I shall be concise; for a long and interesting session, closed only the first day of this month; many laws wch. require immediate attention and execution; added to a preparation for a journey to Mount Vernon (tomorrow) for a little relaxation from the unpleasant scenes which have been, and are continually presenting themselves to my view, will not, however well disposed I might otherwise be, permit me to be profuse.
From the Office of State you will receive every thing that relates to business; and the gazettes, which I presume accompany the dispatches, will bring you pretty well acquainted with the state of politics and of parties in this country; and show you in what manner I am attacked for a steady opposition to every measure which has a tendency to disturb the peace and tranquility of it. But these attacks, unjust and unpleasant as they are, will occasion no change in my conduct; nor will they work any other effect in my mind, than to increase the anxious desire which has long possessed my breast, to enjoy in the shades of retirement the consolation of having rendered my Country every service my abilities were competent to, uninfluenced by pecuniary or ambitious considerations as they respected myself, and without any attempt to provide for my friends farther than their merits, abstractedly, entitle them to; nor an attempt in any instance to bring a relation of mine into Office. Malignity therefore may dart her shafts; but no earthly power can deprive me of the consolation of knowing that I have not in the course of my administration been guilty of a wilful error, however numerous they may have been from other causes. When you shall think with the poet that "the post of honor is a private station," and may be inclined to enjoy yourself in my shades (I do not mean the shades below, where, if you put it off long, I may be) I can only tell you that you will meet with the same cordial reception at Mount Vernon that you have always experienced at that place, and that I am, &c.99
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The press copy of the last two pages of the original is owned by Mrs. J. W. Williams, of St. Andrews, Scotland. It has been poorly inked over by an unknown hand and wrongly dated June 1.]
Philadelphia, June 12, 1796.
Sir: A long, and interesting Session of Congress which did not close untill the first day of this month, and the Laws which required to be carried into execution promply, will I am persuaded be admitted a reasonable excuse for my not writing to you since the 20th. of Feby. last, agreeably to assurances then given. But what apology can I offer now, that I am about to give you the result of the enquiries you requested me to make, when it will be found to fall so far short of what you might have expected from the time which has been taken to obtain them.
Your wishes on this head I have committed to Richard Peters Esqr who is one of the most intelligent and best, practical as well as theoretical farmers we have; with a desire that he wou'd advise with others, and condense their observations in a summary Statement. Why this was done; and why he could do no more, you will find in his own, original letter, with the questions and answers therein enclosed.
To Mr. Peters experience with respect to Gypsum as a manure, let me add the following as an unequivocal evidence, that it has no effect on stiff, heavy land, that does not absorb or permit the water on the surface, occasioned by superabundant falls of Rain or Snow, to penetrate quickly; which is the case, generally, with the Soil of my Estate, at Mount Vernon. The experiments I made and proofs which I allude, to were made Eight or nine years ago; at the rate of from one to twenty bushels of the Plaster of Paris to the acre (among other things, to ascertain the just quantum used). I spread it on, grass grounds, and on ploughed land. On the latter, part of it was ploughed in; part harrowed in; part scratched in with a light bush, while another part lay undisturb'd on the surface. All with Oats, in the Spring. But it had no more effect in any instance, then or since, than so much of the earth it was spread over would have had, if it had been taken up and spread again.
If any thing should hereafter occur on this, or any other subject, which I may think worthy your attention, in this interesting branch of your pursuits, I shall not fail to communicate them to you; being with very great esteem, respect and consideration Sir, Your etc.1
[Note 1: The press copy in the Washington Papers is nearly illegible and the text has been completed from the facsimile in Letters on Agriculture... to Arthur Young... and Sir John Sinclair...(Washington: 1847).]
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1796.
Sir: Your letters of the 14th and 15th instant have been received, but not in time to have been answered by the Post of Monday last; being then on my Journey to this place.2
[Note 2: Washington left Philadelphia the morning of June 13. He arrived at Washington, June 18; at Georgetown, June 19; and at Mount Vernon, June 20.]
The ground on which you place the compliance with Lieutt. Geddes's3 request, appears to be the best the nature of the case is now susceptible of; and for that purpose, I return the Proceedings of the Court Martial and other Papers relative thereto, that they may be forwarded to the Commandant at West point.
[Note 3: Lieut. Simon Geddes, U.S. Artillery and Engineers. He was dismissed in December, 1796.]
As Major Cushing4 founds his application for a furlough (among other reasons) on his having been on duty ever since he entered the service in the year 1791, and because he was permitted to visit his friends in the Eastern States I think he ought to be endulged in a reasonable absence from the Army; counting the time he has spent in Philadelphia as part of it, although it was not the place to have effected the last of the objects before mentioned; and surely not the best for restoring health, that had been debilitated by a severe intermittant last Autumn; (another reason he has assigned in favor of the indulgence he solicits).
[Note 4: Maj. Thomas Humphrey Cushing, U.S. Sub-legion, later Inspector General, United States Army.]
I forgot to obtain a certified copy from the Office of State (with the Seal annexed) of the Act Guaranteeing the loan for the use of the Federal City, and another respecting (if I recollect rightly) the authenticity of the Commissioners appointment both of which were deemed necessary to accompany the Power of Attorney to Messrs. Willinks. Let these be sent to me by the return Post, and I will cause triplicates to be forwarded from hence to those gentlemen in order to insure the arrival of one sett.
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1796.
Sir: The information contained in a letter8 of which the enclosed is a correct copy (with a reservation only of names agreeably to the request of the writer) may serve as a comment upon the conduct of the owner of the privateer Flying-fish; and as a development also of the intentions of the French Government so far as it relates to the Commerce of the United States with Great Britain. The communications in the last numbers of the Aurora (that I have seen) afford still further evidence of this system, and are calculated most evidently to prepare the public mind for this event, at the same time that they labour to make it appear that the treaty with that country is the cause of such conduct in France.
[Note 8: From Hamilton (undated but filed in the Washington Papers under the date of its receipt by Washington, June 23).]
The source from which the information comes, cannot, as to it's authenticity and knowledge of facts, be doubted; of course, if the persons through whom it has passed to the reciter are not mistaken in their details, the most entire credit is to be given to the account.
Under these impressions, and the serious aspect which they present, it is my request that you, and the Secretaries of the Treasury and War would meet; consult the treaties, the laws of nations and of the U. States, which have any relation to the subject, and after mature deliberation, to report to me your opinions of the measures, which you conceive ought to be adopted under such information and circumstances, particularly,
1. Whether immediate explanation should be asked on this subject, from the Minister of the French Republic in Philadelphia: and in that case (which I am inclined to think is right) to proceed without the delay of sending to me, to make the requisition accordingly. Unless from the tenor of the answer to the letter you had drafted before I left Philada. respecting the capture of the Mount Vernon, it should in your judgments be unnecessary.
2. Whether there is power in the Executive, and, in that case, whether it would be expedient, in the recess of the Senate, to send an extra character to Paris to explain the views of this Government, and to ascertain those of France; and in the affirmative of these, to suggest for my consideration the names of such persons as in your opinions are best qualified to subserve these purposes.
I shall expect to hear fully from you on this interesting subject, and shall only add, that if, in the investigation of it, my presence in Philada. is deemed necessary, or if any other occurrence should require my return before the time I had allotted for it, I can and will set out for that place as soon as I am advertised of the necessity.9
[Note 9: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 24 Washington wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury, directing commissions to be made out for certain minor appointments and adding: "Of this date I have written to the Secy. of State on an interesting subject, requesting him to deliberate with you and the Secretary of War on the purport of the Communication, and to transmit me the result. To this letter and its enclosure I shall refer you." This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 26, 1796.
Gentlemen: On thursday last I received your letter of the 22d. instant, with its enclosures; and should have answered it by the Post of next day, but for many letters which I had towrite by that Mail; which prevented my doing it till the succeedingone.
Approving of the proposed Suspension (until the first Monday [in December] of the year 1800) of the first and third articles of the terms and conditions declared on the 17th. day of October 1791 for regulating the materials, and manner of buildings and improvements on the lots in the City; I have subscribed, and do now return the Instrument10 you forwarded to me, and give it as my opinion that the sooner, and more generally it is promulgated, the better, and more advantageous it will be.
[Note 10: This "instrument" is the Executive Order of June 25, the original signed document of which is in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress. It directs the suspension until the first Monday in December, in the year 1800, of the first and third regulations of Oct. 17, 1791, whereby no house wall could be higher than 40 feet in any part of the city, and none should be lower than 30 feet on any of the avenues; and that "all the houses which shall be erected in the said City of Washington, prior to the first Monday in December, one thousand, eight hundred, conformable, in other respects, to the Regulations aforesaid, shall be considered as lawfully erected."]
I am glad to hear you have receive fresh assurances of considerable pecuniary aids from Messrs. Morris and Nicholson; and especially, that this assurance has occasioned no relaxation in your other endeavors to obtain a loan.
The strong impression I am under of the indispensable necessity of close attention, and great exertion to prepare for the reception of Congress by the year 1800, must, in addition to the propriety of the measure, apologize for my urging again, that those on whom the operation of the works materially depend, may be compelled to take their Stations convenient to the same. It cannot be tolerated, that the Superintendant, and others, whose duty it is to see that everything moves harmoniously as well as oeconomically; and who to effect these ought always to be on the spot, to receive applications and to provide instantaneously for wants; should be at the distance of three miles from the active scenes of their employments. The convenience of those who receive compensations from the public, cannot, must not, be the primary object of consideration; for sure I am (be the State and condition of the public buildings in the year 1800 what they may) there will not be accommodation for Congress at that period within, such a distance of the Capitol as to induce a removal, if those whose particular duty it is to be there, and to set an example, hang aloof, and fix the attraction another way. The consequences of such a deficiency, not only to the City, but to George Town, and all the interest thereabouts, is too evident to stand in need of prediction.
If I am urgent on this point, it is from the clearest conviction of the utility of the measure; and not from a desire to incommode one person, or to gratify another. Of this I beg you to be persuaded; as also, that with great esteem etc.11
[Note 11: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, June 27, 1796.
Sir: The post of friday, to Alexandria, brought me your dispatches of the 22d. instant.
Mr. Adet's answer to your communication, relatively to the capture of the ship Mount Vernon, leaves the matter as undecided as before; and his reserve may, it is to be feared, be considered as a collateral evidence of the truth of the information I handed to you in my last; and contribute to shew the necessity of having a proper understanding of this matter.
The privateer Flying-fish, might not have brought orders for capturing our provision vessels bound to british posts, but she might have received them through Mr. Bournonville who came out at the same time the French Commissioners did to St. Domingo.
My sentiments with respect to the successor for the office rendered vacant by the death of Mr. Gorham, and the changes consequent of the removal of Mr. Jonathan Jackson18 to it, were communicated by the last Post to the Secretary of the Treasury; who was also informed, that in case of the nonacceptance of the office of District Attorney for Massachusetts by Mr. H. G. Otis,19 I approve of its' being given to Mr. Davis20 the present Comptroller, provided his professional knowledge (of which I had no correct information) was deemed adequate to the discharge of the duties, and he would place himself in a situation to render them conveniently to the public.
[Note 18: He succeeded the vacancy of supervisor for the Massachusetts District, caused by the death of Nathaniel Gorham.]
[Note 19: Harrison Gray Otis.]
[Note 20: John Davis. He was appointed United States attorney for the Massachusetts District.]
If Mr. DeWitt21 should decline the office of surveyor General, give me notice of it without delay; and you may accompany it with the names of persons (if any should occur or be brought to your view) as may be thought qualified for so important and trust-worthy an appointment.
[Note 21: Simeon De Witt. He declined the appointment.]
Are there any accounts yet from Captn. Lewis? And what are the last accounts from the western posts? Let the letter which goes under cover with this for Major Pinckney, receive the earliest safe conveyance which may offer, as I find by the paper it has missed the hands of Mr. King, by whom I intended to forward it.22
[Note 22: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 29, 1796.
Dear Bushrod: You have not informed me what or whether any thing has been done in the Court of Chancery (in this State) for bringing the accts. of my Administration of Colo. Colvills Estate to a close, that my hands may be entirely clear, of it. I therefore give you the trouble of this enquiry; as I am extremely anxious to be acquitted. The balance due from me, (and at present lodged in the Bank of Alexandria) is ready to be applied in any manner and at any moment to the Chancellors order.
I drew a prize in Colo. Byrds lottery, of a half acre lot, No. 265. I believe in the Town of Manchester, and I have a lot in some Town that was established on James River (below Richmd.) by a certain John Wood for which I have a deed (but it is in Philadelphia) if these are to be found and worth your acceptance, I will give them to you. I am entitled also in partnership with, or the Heirs of Peyton Randolph, Richard Randolph, Mr. Fitzhugh of Chatham, George Wythe, Richard Kidder Meade, Lewis Burwell, John Wales, Nathaniel Harrison, Junr., and Thomson Mason, to a tenth part of two or three half Acre lots; and 200 Acre lots in the aforesaid lottery. But as Thomson Mason (with or without authority) sold this property and never to me at least accounted, for an iota of the amount little I presume is to be expected from this concern but if you think or find it otherwise upon enquiry, I give you all the Interest I have therein and you may act accordingly. With Sincere friendship I remain etc.23
[Note 23: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 1, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th. Ulto. by Post, with its enclosures (the originals of which, I return) came to my hands on Wednesday. And your other letters of the 27th. and 28th. by Express, was received about five oclock yesterday afternoon.
The accounts brought in the latter, are very pleasing indeed, inasmuch as they will serve to remove the doubts of the credulous (with respect to the Western Posts); and when realized, be productive of that tranquillity, and peace with the Indians which, in itself, is so desirable; and has been so much wished and sought for, by every real friend to his Country.
It is my desire that the charges exhibited against General Wayne by Brigadier Wilkenson, with the letters of crimination on both sides, should be laid before the heads of Departments; and yours and their opinions reported to me on the measures necessary to be pursued to do justice to the Public; the accused; and the accuser; As also when, and by whom, the enquiry is to be made; with the preliminary steps necessary thereto.24
[Note 24: McHenry's answer, dated Oct. 10, 1796, is in the Washington Papers.]
There are no Officers, I conceive, of sufficient rank to constitute a Court before whom the Commander in chief can be brought. Is the matter then to come before Congress? In what manner? My first impression relative to this business (though not maturely, or distinctly formed) is, that General Wayne ought, immediately, to be furnished with a copy of all the charges exhibited against him by the Brigadier; in order, as many of them are of old standing that he may have time allowed him to recollect circumstances; and to see what satisfactory explanations can be given; that he may not be unprepared for trial whensoever he is called upon.
It may be well if it can be accomplished, by civil expressions, to stimulate the present Governor of Tennessee to an effectual repression of incroachments on Indian Territory (secured to them by Treaties): but the honor of the government, and the Peace of the Union, require, that if he is not decisive, the Laws relative thereto, be not suspended, or trifled with; but promptly, and energetically (with temper and prudence) enforced.
I will not speak upon the new model of the Army now, but will take more time to consider the scheme for resolving the Legion into four Regiments, on the plan you have suggested.
In speaking of the Generals Wayne and Wilkinson, I omitted to add, as my opinion, that the latter (if leave has not been given already) ought to obtain the furlough he has asked; and as soon as the former joins the Army; for no good will result from both being with it in the irritable temper they are in, at the sametime.25
[Note 25: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 1, 1796.
Gentlemen: Your two letters, dated the 29th. Ulto, have been received. The enclosures for the several Printers, to whom they are directed, are franked; and will go with this, and other letters to the Post Office this afternoon. I do not think it would be amiss to add Hartford, in Connecticut (a paper of extensive circulation altho' I do not recollect the name of the Editor of it) and some Gazette in North Carolina, to your list of publications.
The decisive manner in which you treated the notification of Mr. Hadfield, was, in my opinion, very proper. There ought to be no trifling in these matters. Coaxing a man to stay in Office, or to do his duty while he is in it, is not the way to accomplish the object.
Having received (by the last Post) the certificates I wrote to Philadelphia for, I enclose them, with the Power of Attorney to Messrs. Willinks, that you may forward them by the first conveyance that offers. I am not in the way to hear of any.
The continual disappointments of Messrs. Morris and Nicholson are really painful. One would hope that their assurances were not calculated for delay, and yet they seem to admit of hardly any other interpretation. An answer from the Secretary of the Treasury might, and I think ought to have been receivedby you, on Wednesday last.
With esteem etc.28
[Note 28: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 1, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th is received. I am sorry Mr. DeWitt, from the competency of his abilities to discharge the duties of the office of Surveyor General, declines accepting it.
Colo. Tinsley's29 recommendations go more to the respectability of his character, than his scientific knowledge. The first is essential; but not sufficient without the other. I will obtain the best information I can respecting the latter; but would not have you discourage any other eligible applications on his account.
[Note 29: Thomas Tinsley, of Virginia.]
From the representation of Mr. Dinsmore,30 it appears to be indispensable that the line, between the United States and the Cherokees, should be run and distinctly marked as soon as possible. The Indians urge this: the law requires it; and it ought to be done: but I believe scarcely any thing short of a Chinese wall, or a line of troops, will restrain Land jobbers, and the encroachment of settlers upon the Indian territory. I request that you and the other two secretaries would take this matter into consideration, and report to me how soon, and in what manner this work should commence. Ascertaining the boundary removes the pretext of ignorance, and may with other applications check, if it does not effectually cure an evil which is pregnant of serious consequences.31
[Note 30: Silas Dinsmore. He had been a lieutenant of the United States Artillery and Engineers, but had resigned in 1794.]
[Note 31: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1796.
Sir: If the public dispatches which I receive, and am obliged to answer by every Post, would permit; I would go more into detail and explanation of the subject of your last (seperate) letter, than it is possible for me to do at present. I will not, however, let it pass without some further expression of my ideas; and the understanding I always had of your entrance into the Office you now hold, in the Federal City.
That the Secretary of State's letter to you (which I have not by me at this place to resort to) may have been so worded as to leave the alternative of residing in the City, or in George Town; is not necessary, if it was justifiable, to deny; because a change of circumstances would certainly authorise a change of measures. But independent of this, it must not be forgotten, that at the time the letter above alluded to was written, such an alternative was indispensable, for as much as there were no convenient accommodations for the Commissioners in the City; and because houses could not be erected in a moment, under the circumstances which then existed. In addition to this, let it be remembered also, that the first Corers. sensible of the propriety, and advantages which would result therefrom, had resolved to build a house for their own accommodation at, or near the spot where the Hotel now stands; and were diverted from it (if my memory serves me) partly by two causes; first, from a doubt of the propriety of such an application of public money; and 2dly. from an opinion that they could be accommodated in the Hotel, when built; which, it was expected would have happened long since.
I mention these things to shew there has been no inconsistency in my sentiments or conduct; and that to enable the Commissioners to comply with the views of Government, and to devote their time to its service, the present Compensation was resolved on.
Your other allegation is of a more serious nature; and if deception withdrew you from what you deemed a permanent establishment at Baltimore, it cannot be justified. But be assured, Sir, this is a new view of the subject; and that the proposal to you, to become a Commissioner, originated in assurances, confidently given to me, that you had resolved to remove to the Federal City, or to George Town; and because I knew you had a considerable interest in the vicinity of them. Was not the first application to you predicated on this information?
But I must be explicit in declaring, that not only to obviate the suspicions and jealousies which proceed from a residence of the Commissioners without the City, or in a remote corner of it, not only that they may be, where the busy and important scenes are transacting, that they may judge of the conduct of others not from Reports only, but from ocular proof, as the surest guide to Oeconomy and dispatch; Independent I say of these considerations, which are momentous of themselves, I should view the Residence of the Commissioners of the City, and their Officers of different Grades, in some central part of it as a nest egg (pardon the expression) which will attract others, and prove the surest means of accomplishing the great object which all have in view; the removal of Congress at the appointed time; without which, every thing will become stagnant, and your sanguine hopes blasted.
To be frank, I must give it to you as my opinion, that in relation to the concerns of the City, the Commissioners stand precisely in the same light (if not in a stronger one) that each does to any interesting matter in a train of execution for himself. Would you then, notwithstanding you may have an Architect to carry on your buildings on Rock Hill, and a man to superinted [ sic] your attending labourers, trust [to their proceeding] without your minute Inspection of their conduct? I think, and am sure you will answer, no. I do not mean by this question to exhibit a charge, for I do as truly tell you, that I do not know, or ever heard, how often you visit your own concerns there. It is upon general principles I argue. A man of Industry and exertion will not, on his own acct. have a work of that sort on hand without giving close attention to it. And certain it is, the Obligation (because of the responsibility) is at least equally great when entrusted by the Public.
After all, as the season is now far advanced, houses, in the situation I have described as most eligable, may not be to be rented. I am not unwilling that the removal of the Commissioners if they find much inconvenience in doing it, may be suspended untill the commencement of the operations of next Spring, when it will certainly be expected; and if known, I have no doubt but that houses will be prepared for their accommodation by that time.
You will from the length of this letter, with difficulty give credit to my assertion in the beginning of it; but as a proof, not only of its verity, but of the friendship and candour with which it is written, it shall go to you in its present rough garb; and with all its imperfections, accompanied with assurances of the esteem and regard, &c.32
[Note 32: In the writing of George Washington Craik in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Ulto. with its enclosures, was received by the Mail on friday. I wanted no delay in the Commissioning of Mr. Jno. Davis, to be Attorney for the District of Massachusetts; if to you, or those who were better acquainted with his professional knowledge (before he embarked in the Comptrollership) than I am, thought them competent to the duties thereof.
That an entire Section of a Bill which had passed both Houses of Congress should be omitted in copying of it; and that such omission should have escaped the Committee of Inrolment; is a circumstance so singular in its nature as scarcely to have a parallel.33 being desirous however, of carrying the intentions of the Legislature into effect, I have, though I confess not willingly, endeavoured to supply the defect by the Executive Act which is herewith enclosed. The consequences that might result from delay, have produced this Act on my part; otherwise, as its operation is to be Exterior I should have hesitated longer, before the signature was given; if at all.34
[Note 33: Wolcott had written (June 28): "A novel and very perplexing question has arisen in respect to the Act of Congress of the last Session for the relief and protection of american seamen. It seems that an entire section of the bill as it passed the House of Representatives, has been omitted in the Act, although the Act has still a reference to what was struck out. by this defect the fourth section of the existing Law is deemed incapable of being executed. After much consideration and different views of the subject; and pursuant to the advice and opinion of Council, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War and myself have thought that the object of the Law can be properly attained by the interposition of the Executive. The form of an act which is proposed to be sent to the Collectors of the Customs has been therefore prepared and is herewith submitted to the President's decision." Wolcott's letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers]
[Note 34: No draft, or copy, of this Executive Order is now found in the Washington Papers. A copy of the Treasury circular to Collectors of Customs, July 19, 1796, containing the Executive's general instructions in the matter is in Treasury Circulars, 1789--96, in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress.]
By the last Mail, I received a Letter from the Governor of Pennsylvania, requesting "that I would direct such cooperative measures, on the part of the Officers of the United States, as may effectually counteract the danger, wch. is apprehended from Vessels holding an intercourse with the shores of New Jersey, in evasion of the Quarantine prescribed under the authority of the Laws of this State." I expected, from what passed previous to my leaving Philadelphia, that circular orders had issued, long since, to the Collectors of the different Ports; and to the Officers commanding the fortifications of our Harbours, to afford such aid, agreeably to the Act of Congress relative to Quarantine. As there are two letters from the Governor on the same subject, I shall send both of them by this days Post, to the Secretary of State; and desire that if any thing needful, remains to be done, that orders to that end may issue immediately.
[C.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1796.
Sir: The Spanish Minister, Mr. de Yrujo35 spent two days with me, and is just gone. I caused it to be intimated to him that as I should be absent from the seat of the Government until the middle, or latter end of August, that I was ready to receive his letter of credence at this place. He answered (as I understood it) that his credentials were with his baggage on its passage to Philadelphia; and that his reception at that place, at the time mentioned, would be perfectly convenient and agreeable to himself. He is a young man, very free and easy in his manners; professes to be well disposed towards the United States; and as far as a judgment can be formed on so short an acquaintance, appears to be well informed.
[Note 35: Carlos Martinez, Marquis de Casa Yrujo.]
Enclosed are two letters from the Governor of Pennsylvania, applying for the aid of the general government to execute effectually the quarantine he had proclaimed. I left Philadelphia under an impression that circular letters had been written by the Secretary of the Treasury to the Collectors of the different ports, and by the Secretary of War to the officers commanding the Garrisons on the sea-board, to pay proper attention to theact of Congress relative to Quarantine.
From the application of Govr. Mifflin, the presumption is, that there has been an omission somewhere. Let me desire that you, and the other two gentlemen36 would meet, and see where it lies, that a remedy may be immediately applied. And I request that you will acknowledge the receipt of the Governor's letters and inform him of what is, or will be done.
[Note 36: Of the Cabinet; namely, Wolcott and McHenry.]
I desire to be informed also, if any thing is, or can be done relatively to the appointment of an Indian Agent, in place of Governor Blount; and others for carrying on the trade authorized by Congress with those people.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 6, 1796.
Dear Sir: When I inform you, that your letter of the 19th. Ulto.38 went to Philadelphia and returned to this place before it was received by me; it will be admitted, I am persuaded, as an apology for my not having acknowledged the receipt of it sooner.
[Note 38: In the Washington Papers.]
If I had entertained any suspicions before, that the queries, which have been published in Bache's Paper,39 proceeded from you, the assurances you have given of the contrary, would have removed them; but the truth is, I harboured none. I am at no loss to conjecture from what source they flowed; through what channel they were conveyed; and for what purpose they and similar publications, appear. They were known to be in the hands of Mr. Parker,40 in the early part of the last Session of
[Note 39: See "Questions submitted by the President" to the Cabinet, Apr. 18, 1793 (vol. 32).]
[Note 40: Josiah Parker, Representative from Virginia.] Congress; They were shown about by Mr. Giles41 during the Cession, and they made their public exhibition about the close of it.
[Note 41: William Branch Giles, Representative from Virginia.]
Perceiving, and probably, hearing, that no abuse in the Gazettes would induce me to take notice of anonymous publications, against me; those who were disposed to do me such friendly Offices, have embraced without restraint every opportunity to weaken the confidence of the People; and, by having the whole game in their hands, they have scrupled not to publish things that do not, as well as those which do exist; and to mutilate the latter, so as to make them subserve the purposes which they have in view.
As you have mentioned the subject yourself, it would not be frank, candid, or friendly to conceal, that your conduct has been represented as derogatory from that opinion I had conceived you entertained of me. That to your particular friends and connextions you have described, and they have denounced me, as a person under a dangerous influence; and that, if I would listen more to some other opinions, all would be well. My answer invariably has been, that I had never discovered any thing in the conduct of Mr. Jefferson to raise suspicions, in my mind, of his insincerity; that if he would retrace my public conduct while he was in the Administration, abundant proofs would occur to him, that truth and right decisions, were the sole objects of my pursuit; that there were as many instances within his own knowledge of my having decided against, as in favor of the opinions of the person42 evidently alluded to; and moreover, that I was no believer in the infallibility of the politics, or measures of any man living. In short, that I was no party man myself, and the first wish of my heart was, if parties did exist, to reconcile them.
[Note 42: Alexander Hamilton.]
To this I may add, and very truly, that, until within the last year or two ago, I had no conception that Parties would, or even could go, the length I have been witness to; nor did I believe until lately, that it was within the bonds of probability; hardly within those of possibility, that, while I was using my utmost exertions to establish a national character of our own, independent, as far as our obligations, and justice would permit, of every nation of the earth; and wished, by steering a steady course, to preserve this Country from the horrors of a desolating war, that I should be accused of being the enemy of one Nation, and subject to the influence of another; and to prove it, that every act of my administration would be tortured, and the grossest, and most insidious mis-representations of them be made (by giving one side only of a subject, and that too in such exaggerated and indecent terms as could scarcely be applied to a Nero; a notorious defaulter; or even to a common pick-pocket). But enough of this; I have already gone farther in the expression of my feelings, than I intended.
The particulars of the case you mention (relative to the Little Sarah) is a good deal out of my recollection at present, and I have no public papers here to resort to. When I get back to Philadelphia (which, unless I am called there by something new, will not be 'till towards the last of August) I will examine my files.43
[Note 43: On August 28 Washington wrote to Jefferson, according to this promise, inclosing copies of the papers the latter had requested. This letter is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
It must be pleasing to a Cultivator, to possess Land which will yield Clover kindly; for it is certainly a great Desiderata in Husbandry. My Soil, without very good dressings, does not produce it well: owing, I believe, to its stiffness; hardness at bottom; and retention of Water. A farmer, in my opinion, need never despair of raising Wheat to advantage, upon a Clover lay; with a single ploughing, agreeably to the Norfolk and Suffolk practice. By a misconception of my Manager last year, a field at one of my Farms which I intended shd. have been fallowed for Wheat, went untouched. Unwilling to have my crop of Wheat at that place so much reduced, as would have been occasioned by this omission, I directed, as soon as I returned from Philadelphia (about the middle of September) another field, not in the usual rotation, which had lain out two years, and well covered with mixed grasses, principally white clover, to be turned over with a good Bar-share; and the Wheat to be sown, and harrowed in at the tail of the Plough. It was done so accordingly, and was, by odds, the best Wheat I made this year. It exhibits an unequivocal proof to my mind, of the great advantage of Clover lay, for Wheat. Our Crops of this article, hereabouts, are more or less injured by what some call the Rot; others the Scab; occasioned, I believe, by high winds and beating rain when the grain is in blossom, and before the Farina has performed its duties.
Desirous of trying the field Peas of England, and the Winter Vetch, I sent last fall to Mr. Marray44 of Liverpool for 8 bushels of each sort. Of the Peas he sent me two kinds (a white and dark, but not having the letter by me, I am unable to give the names). They did not arrive until the latter end of April; when they ought to have been in the ground the beginning of March. They were sown however, but will yield no Seed; of course the experiment I intended to make, is lost. The Vetch is yet on hand for Autumn Seeding. That the Albany Peas will grow well with us, I know from my own experience: but they are subject to the same bug which perforates, and injures the Garden Peas, and will do the same, I fear, to the imported Peas, of any sort from England, in this climate, from the heat of it.
[Note 44: Maury.]
I do not know what is meant by, or to what uses the Caroline drill is applied. How does your Chicorium prosper? Four years since I exterminated all the Plants raised from Seed sent me by Mr. Young, and to get into it again, the seed I purchased in Philadelphia last Winter, and what has been sent me by Mr. Murray this Spring, has cost me upwards of twelve pounds Sterling. This, it may be observed, is a left handed way to make money; but the first was occasioned by the manager I then had, who pretended to know it well in England and pronounced it a noxious weed; the restoration of it, is indebted to Mr. Strickland and others (besides Mr. Young) who speak of it in exalted terms. I sowed mine broad-cast; some with and some without grain. It has come up well; but there seems to be a serious struggle between it and the grass and weeds; the issue of which (as I can afford no relief to the former) is doubtful at present, and may be useful to know.
If you can bring a moveable threshing Machine, constructed upon simple principles to perfection, it will be among the most valuable institutions in this Country; for nothing is more wanting, and to be wished for on our farms. Mrs. Washington begs you to accept her best wishes, and with very great esteem etc.45
[Note 45: From the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 6, 1796.
Sir: Having shewn you the answr of the French Minister, to the communication of the Secretary of State, relatively to the Capture of the Ship Mount Vernon, by the French Privateer Flying Fish. Having read you also, the contents of a letter from --46 respecting information from St. Domingo, of the
[Note 46: Monsieur Santhonax. Quoted by Alexander Hamilton in his letter to Washington (not dated), but received and filed under date of June 23, 1796, in the Washington Papers.] intended measures of the French government, to Harrass our Commerce with Great Britain; and also my letter to the Secretary of State on that Subject; to which I have, by the last Mail, received the enclosed acknowledgment.' Let me now ask what you think of the opinion therein given, respecting the recall of our Minister at Paris? Whether that act will authorise the appointment of an Envoy Extraordinary, or Minister Plenipotentiary? Whether it is, in that case, expedient to do it under present circumstances, as far as they are known, or await a further developement of his conduct and the views of the Directory of France?47 And in case it is judged expedient to send a Person to Paris, to explain the motives for the conduct of this government, and to ascertain the views of that, Whether you think either of the Characters mentioned in the Secretary of State's letter would go? and whether there be any other occurring to
[Note 47: The queries had already been decided by the Cabinet meeting of July 2, which report had not then reached Washington. It was, in part, "that the Executive has not the power, in the recess of the Senate, to originate the appointment of a minister extraordinary to France; and that the recall of Mr. Monroe, by creating a vacancy, can alone authorize the sending of a new Minister to that Country. On the expediency of this change we are agreed. We think the great interests of the United States require that they have near the French Government some faithful organ to explain their real views and to ascertain those of the French. Our duty obliges us to be explicit. Altho' the present Minister plenipotentiary of the United States at Paris has been amply furnished with documents to explain the views and conduct of the United States, yet his own letters authorize us to say, that he has omitted to use them, and thereby exposed the U States to all the mischiefs which could flow from jealousies and erroneous conceptions of their views and conduct. Whether this dangerous omission arose from such an attachment to the cause of France as rendered him too little mindful of the interests of his own Country, or from mistaken views of the latter, or from any other cause, the evil is the same. We therefore conceive it to be indispensably necessary that the present Minister plenipotentiary of the United States at Paris should be recalled, and another American citizen appointed in his stead. Such being our opinion, we beg leave to name for your consideration Patrick Henry and John Marshall of Virginia, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and William Smith of South Carolina; either of whom would, we believe, so explain the conduct and views of the U. States as to satisfy the French Republic, and thereby remove the danger of a rupture or inconvenient controversy with that nation; or failing of this desirable effect, to satisfy the Citizens of the U States that the fault was not to be imputed to their own Government.
"In confirmation of our opinion of the expediency of recalling Mr. Monroe, we think the occasion requires that we communicate a private letter from him which came to our hands since you left Philadelphia. This letter corresponds with other intelligence of his political opinions and conduct. A minister who has thus made the notorious enemies of the whole system of the government his confidential correspondents in matters which affect that Government, cannot be relied on to do his duty to the latter. This private letter we received in confidence. Among other circumstances that will occur to your recollection, the anonymous letters from France to Thos. Blount and others are very noticeable. We know that Montflorence was the writer, and that he was the Chancellor of the Consul Skipwith; and from the connexion of Mr. Monroe with those persons, we can entertain no doubt that the anonymous letters were written with his privity.
"These anonymous communications from officers of the United States in a foreign Country, on matters of a public nature, and which deeply concern the interests of the United States, in relation to that foreign Country, are proofs of sinister designs, and shew that the public interests are no longer safe in the hands of such men.
"The information contained in the confidential communication you were pleased to make to us on the project of the French Government relative to the Commerce of the U States, is confirmed by the open publication of the same substantially and more minutely in the News-papers. Mr. Fenno's in which it first appeared, we now enclose. The execution of the project even appears to have been commenced. The following article is in Mr. Fenno's paper of the 28th Ulto.
"'New London June 23d. Arrived brig Aurora, S. Wadsworth of Hartford, in fourteen days from port-au paix. Left there sloop Crisis, Cook of Norwich, with mules; sloop Scrub, Williams of Middletown; and a brig from Philadelphia; all carried in by French privateers. It was not pretended to make prizes of them; but their Cargoes were taken by the administration, at their own price, and due-bills given therefor. Those who go there to trade and those carried in, are all treated alike. Capt. Wadsworth received a due bill for 11,000 livres.'"] you as eligable? Would Doctr. McClerg48 go? and does he possess fit abilities if he would accept?
[Note 48: Dr. James McClurg (McClerg), of Virginia.]
Answer all these queries as soon as you conveniently can. And let me have the draught you promised (on Monday last) for the purpose of supplying the deficiency in the Act for the relief of Seamen.
Make frequent inquiries for a fit character to fill the Office of Surveyor General. I wish much to have it ably executed.
Mount Vernon, July 6, 1796.
Sir: When the letter herewith enclosed, dated the 4th. instant was written in answer to yours of the 28th. Ulto; part of it, as you will perceive, was dictated under the impression of much hesitation and doubt; for I am not fond of rectifying Legislative mistakes by Executive Acts. I determined however to take the Attorney General opinion on the case:49 resolving, if it accorded with those which had been sent me, to give the Act you forwarded, my signature.
[Note 49: The Attorney General's opinion, dated July 4, is in the Washington Papers.]
For this purpose I requested that his opinion might be fully stated to me in writing and delivered at Alexandria on the 4th. where I had promised to be at the celebration of the Anniversary of Independence; that I might, by the Post of next day, or rather the Mail of that evening, if his opinion had not a tendency to increase my own doubts, forward the Act to you. Knowing, that neither time nor opportunity would be allowed at a crowded meeting, to write, I prepared my letter in the morning, before I left home, on the supposition of a concurrence; and in that case, that I might have nothing to do but to sign and enclose the Act; but his opinion being adverse to this (as you will see by the enclosure, which I request may be returned to me) I declined doing it; and have desired him to draught something anew. This, when it comes to hand, (wch. I expected would have been in time for this days Post) shall be sent.50
[Note 50: The later opinion Is dated July 7, and is also in die Washington Papers.]
[C.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, July 7, 1796.
Sir: Consider the enclosed papers,52 which came by the post of yesterday, as entirely and absolutely confidential. Read them attentively, and let me see and converse with you on the contents of them this evening, or very early tomorrow morning.53
[Note 52: The papers concerned Monroe's conduct in France and the question of his recall.]
[Note 53: Lee's written opinion is dated Alexandria, July 7: "I had formed an opinion that our minister plenipotentiary at Paris, ought not to be permitted to continue there, any longer than until the arrival of his Successor; and that it was not only expedient but absolutely necessary that he should be recalled and another minister appointed. Upon this subject I concur in Sentiment with the heads of departments as expressed in their letter of the 4th. instant." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.] that time may be allowed me to prepare my dispatches for the post office in the afternoon.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1796.
Sir: My letters to the Secretary of the Treasury, of the 4th. and 6th. instant, with the present enclosure, convey fully the sentiments of the Attorney General with respect to the best mode of executing the act "for the relief and protection of American seamen." He has, since his opinion was transmitted in the above letter of the 6th, consulted two of our most eminent lawyers in these parts, and finds an entire accordance of opinion. I request therefore that the measure recommended may be pursued.55
[Note 55: See note to the letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, July 4, 1796, ante.]
Your letters of the 1st and 2d. instant, with several enclosures in the latter came safe and duly to hand. After that serious consideration which the subject deserves, I have determined to recall the American Minister at Paris, and am taking measures to supply his place; but, the more the latter is resolved, the greater the difficulties appear, to do it ably and unexceptionably. By this I mean one, who will promote, not thwart the neutral policy of the Government; and at the same time will not be obnoxious to the people among whom he is sent.
Proofs, little short of positive, are already in my possession, that neither Mr. Henry nor Mr. Marshall would accept of such an appointment. The chances against Genl. Pinckney's doing it are strong, tho' not quite so great; and, with respect to Mr. Smith, altho' it would be a very agreeable choice to me, I am sure it would not concenter those opinions which policy would require. Mr. Carroll, of Carrolton, tho' sensible and attached to federal measures, would find himself on quite new ground, and besides, he has such large concerns of his own to attend to, and is so tenacious of them, that it is morally certain he would not be prevailed on to go.
Having taken this view of the subject, I am by this day's post writing to Genl. Pinckney. This letter I shall enclose to Mr. Marshall (as he is in the line, Mr. Henry being much out of it) to be forwarded, or returned, as he shall decide with respect to himself. In the mean time, as the offer ends with Genl. Pinckney, other characters should be held in contemplation, in case of his refusal.
The Letter to the Minister plenipotentiary of France, in Philada. appears to be well conceived, and is accordingly approved. The transmitted copy of Mr. Monroe's letter56 to --57 must be erroneously dated "Paris, June 24, 1796." I presume it is in the year, and should be 1795.
[Note 56: This was one of the letters removed by William B. Sprague from the Washington Papers when they were in the possession of Jared Sparks. The copy in the Washington Papers is in Sprague's writing. Monroe wrote: "I give you within a short sketch of the actual state of things here, a copy of which I likewise send to one or two other friends of whom Mr. Beckley is one. If you and Mr. Beckley, if in Philadelphia, deem it worthy the attention, I have no objection to your inserting it in Bache's paper, the first paragraph excepted. And if you likewise approve, I will hereafter keep you regularly apprized of the course of events, whereby the community at large may be more correctly informed of the progress of the revolution than they heretofore have been or can be from the English prints." Monroe's letter was forwarded to Washington with the opinion of the Cabinet of July 2, 1796.]
[Note 57: Dr. George Logan.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1796.
Dear Sir: In confidence I inform you, that it has become indespensably necessary to recall our Minister at Paris; and to send one in his place who will explain, faithfully, the views of this government, and ascertain those of France.
Nothing would be more pleasing to me, than that you should be this Organ; if it were only for a temporary absence of a few months. But it being feared that even this could not be made to comport with your present pursuits, I have, in order that as little delay as possible may be incurred, put the enclosed letter undercover to be forwarded to its address, if you decline the present offer; or to be returned to me, if you accept it.58
[Note 58: Marshall declined. His letter of July 11 is in the Washington Papers.]
Your own correct knowledge of circumstances render details unnecessary, I shall only add therefore that, I am, etc.
P.S. Hearing that you propose to attend the next meeting of the Supreme Court in Philadelphia I should be glad to see you at this place in your way.59
[Note 59: From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, 1920.]
(Private and confidential)
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1796.
My dear Sir: The situation of Affairs, and the interests of this Country as they relate to France, render it indispensably necessary that a faithful Organ near that government, able and willing to explain its views, and to ascertain those of France, should immediately fill the place of our present Minister Plenipotentiary at Paris.
Policy requires that this character should be well attached to the government of his own country; and not obnoxious to the one to which he is sent, to be essentially serviceable. Where then can a man be found that would answer this description better than yourself?
It is a fact too notorious to be denied, that the greatest embarrassments under which the Administration of this government labours, proceed from the counteraction of people among ourselves; who are more disposed to promote the views of another, than to establish a national character of their own; and that unless the virtuous, and independent men of this country will come forward, it is not difficult to predict the consequences. Such is my decided opinion.
After what has passed between us on former occasions (respecting your filling some of the important Offices in our government) I must confess that I hesitated, before I resolved on this Address; lest you might think I was too importunate; and that your former answers ought to have superceded the desire of making it.
Had not the case been important and urgent, I might have hesitated longer; but in finding a character of the description I have mentioned, you will be at no loss to perceive the difficulty which occurs. He must be a man whose abilities, and celebrity of character are well known to the people of this country;60 and who ought, as far as the nature of the case will admit, be acceptable to all parties. Doubtless many such there are; but those who have been, either in the Executive or Legislative Departments of the General government, and are best known to me, have been so decisive in their Politics, and, possibly, so frank and public in their declarations, as to render it very difficult to chuse from among them one, in whom the confidence of this Country could be placed, and the prejudices of the others not excited.
[Note 60: At this point the "Letter Book" copy has "whose honor and integrity are unimpeached."]
Thus, my good Sir, you have a candid exposition of my sentiments and wishes. I have only to add to them a request, that you would be so obliging as to give me a prompt answer.61 And if in the affirmative, that you would repair to Philadelphia, prepared to proceed on the Mission, with as little delay as can be avoided. Possibly, you might have less objection to the excursion, if it would occasion a few months absence only, than to a permanent residence. But the Power of the Executive (in the recess of the Senate) extends only to the filling of vacancies; and one will be occasioned by the recall of the present incumbent; a measure resolved on. It is unnecessary to add how much, and how sincerely I am &c.62
[Note 61: Pinckney accepted the appointment. His letter of July 27 is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 62: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1796.
My dear Sir: Sincerely commisseratg. the distresses of the Citizens of Charleston, occasioned by the late unfortunate fires; I take the liberty of offering through you, my mite towards their relief without any desire of having my name mentioned.63
[Note 63: $300 were inclosed.]
With affecte. regard I am etc.
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1796.
Sir: Your favor of the 4th. Instant came to my hand by last Post.
When I inform you that Mr. Ross (who on my behalf disposed of the Land I held on Millers run, to Mr. Ritchie) is authorised to do all that is necessary on my part, toward carrying the bargain into complete effect; it almost supercedes the necessity of giving answers, in detail, to the queries you have propounded. I shall however inform you.
That three thousand dollars has been received by me, on that account.
That I executed a deed conveying the Estate in fee Simple with a relinquishment of Dower, to Mr. Ritchie; and left it in trust with Mr. Ross, to be delivered when the requisites on the part of Mr. Ritchie were complied with.
That if Mr. Ritchie should be disposed to pay a greater sum, not less than a third more than the Installment becoming due, it shall be received, provided notice thereof is given on or before the first day of April in each year. and
That, a decisive answer has already been given (through Mr. Ross) of my expectation of Interest from the first of January.
With respect to the Rents of the Land on Millers run, not knowing when, by agreement, they become due; and in truth, being very little acquainted with the circumstances attending them, it would be imprudent in me to say anything definitely concerning them: whatever, therefore, Mr. Ross may do in this regard, I will abide by; as I seek justice only, on liberal principles.
The money due on account of interest to the first of June, may be deposited with the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Wolcott and, as it was in Philadelphia soon after that period, I require no interest thereon subsequent thereto. I believe it would be best also, at this time, not to receive money on any other account: lest it should militate with arrangements under a power given to Mr. Ross. I have no doubt but that a judgment Bond executed by Mr. Ritchie and yourself will be perfectly satisfactory, but every thing of this sort is already in the hands of Mr. Ross to arrange.
The Survey has been returned to me, and the quantity I believe (not having it at hand) is as you say, 2955 Acres. I am etc.64
[Note 64: This copy, in the writing of George Washington Craik, is indorsed by Washington.]
[H.L.]
Mount Vernon, July 11, 1796.
Sir: Your Letter of the 5th instant came duly to hand. The preparatory arrangements for the sale of the Lands, remaining unsold, in the seven ranges of Townships in the No Western territory being complete; I think from the accounts given of George Wallace, he would be a suitable character for the trust of superintending the sales at Pittsburgh in conjunction with the Governor or secretary of the North W. Territory, and desire he may be empowered accordingly. Genl. John Nevill is, I conceive, a fit person to receive the money proceeding from the sales, and that from his other public employment he ought to do it upon more oeconomical terms, and if he will do it, let him be appointed thereto.67
[Note 67: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 11, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 6th. instant, with copies of other letters to the Secretaries of State, and Treasury; respecting the charges exhibited by Brigadier Wilkinson against General Wayne, has been received; and when an opinion is formed thereon, I shall expect to receive it.
I know of nothing, at present, that will prevent my being in Philadelphia between the 15th. of August and first of September: As then, there will be abundant time between that period and the 31st. of October (when the new Military Establishment is to take place) to arrange the Officers to the several Corps; and as much information may be obtained, and many things cast up between this and then to lessen the difficulty, and obtain relief from the disagreeable task of deranging Officers I am induced to postpone a final decision in this case 'till I return to the Seat of Government, unless there are causes which do not occur to me, to require it sooner; of which you will not fail to inform me.68
[Note 68: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
Mount Vernon, July 11, 1796.
Dear Sir: I have received, at this place your letter of the 23d Ulto; but long after the date of it. Whether occasioned by neglect in the Post Offices or by its having made a journey to Philadelphia and back, I know not.
With respect to the negroes, Frederick, George, Burwell and Pleasant, I have no objection to your taking them with you to your new habitation, Provided you can arrange matters with your mother, to her entire satisfaction. I shall set no price on them, because it is not probable I shall ever avail myself, or heirs, of that property in your mothers possession.
Your brother Bart69 conduct is too enigmatical for me to develope; I have conjecture only to resort to, for a solution of it: and as that might prove erroneous I shall say nothing
[Note 69: Bartholomew Dandridge.] concerning the causes, further than that I have no charges to make against his honesty or fidelity, and that his sudden and abrupt departure, was not occasioned by any difference between us, and further that I had no more suspicion of his intention to leave me, (until he was gone and left a line informing me thereof) than you had. His first letter to me, (four days after he had left the family) requested I would harbour no unfavorable opinion of him, intimating that when he was more composed, he would write me more fully, and give some explanation of his conduct. A second and a third letter has been recd. from him since (dates at Green bryer Ct House) without doing this, but expressing an inclination to return to his former station, which cannot be as another Genre. has taken his place. If however I can render him any service I shall do it chearfully, as I always entertained and continue to entertain a favourable opinion of his integrity and abilities.
With best regard to your mother and other friends I am etc.
PS. Since closing this letter your brother Bar has arrived here, as he is writing to you or some other of his friends, I shall refer you to his own explanations which ought to be the most accurate.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 13, 1796.
Dear Sir: The purport of your private letter, of the 7th. instant (that part of it I mean, which relates to the Frigate for the Regency of Algiers) has surprised me exceedingly.
That no step yet, should have been taken to carry this measure into vigorous execution; and that it should be asked, nearly six weeks after it had been resolved to comply with the Deys request, and an actual stipulation of our Agent, or Agents there; by what Department it is to be carried into effect? is, on account of the delay which has been occasioned (if contrary to the Ideas which have been communicated to the Dey, and Colo. Humphreys) extremely unpleast.
Disagreeable as this requisition was found in its reception, and more so in the compliance with it; yet, as there appeared no other alternative but to comply, or submit to the depredations of the Barbary Corsairs on our Citizens, and Commerce, the former was preferred: and I had no doubt (after pressing as often, and as earnestly as I did before I left Philadelphia, that all matters requiring my opinions, or Acts, might be laid before me) that every thing relative to this Frigate was in a perfect train of Execution, agreeably to whatever assurances had been given, by Captain OBrian.71
[Note 71: 'Capt. Richard O'Brien (O'Brian). He was, later, United States Consul General at Algiers.]
If the Laws establishing the different Departments (I have them not be me) does not expressly, or by analogy, designate the one to which the care of such business is entrusted, I must, no doubt, assign it; but where these speak, it is best for me to be silent.
If the building of this Vessel could have been suspended until the meeting of Congress, for the Agency of the Senate, the answer to the Dey might have been suspended also. But to avert, if possible, the disagreeable consequences of delay, a prompt decision was come to; and Captn. O'Brian hurried off with the result. This decision, and the letters which he carried, ought to be resorted to; and the measures accorded thereto, strictly.
Whether it will be best to purchase a Ship ready built, if one fit for the purpose can be had (and such an one on the Stocks at Philadelphia was talked of); whether to contract for the building and equipping of one (some of the materials being found) if entire confidence can be placed in the Undertaker; or whether to furnish the materials (in which case all that can be spared from our own Frigates ought, unquestionably, to be applied) and pay for the building; depends upon enquiries not within my power at this time, and place to make; and must, therefore, be a matter of investigation, and consultation among yourselves; especially with the Secretary of the Treasury, on the means.
Before I conclude, let me, in a friendly way, impress the following maxims upon the Executive Officers. In all important matters, to deliberate maturely, but to execute promptly and vigorously. And not to put things off until the Morrow which can be done, and require to be done, to day. Without an adherence to these rules, business never will be well done, or done in an easy manner; but will always be in arrear, with one thing treading upon the heels of another. With very great, &c.72
[Note 72: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
(Private and confidential)
Mount Vernon, July 13, 1796.
Sir: Yesterday I was informed by a gentleman from Richmond, that Mr. Dawson73 was gone on to Philada. in order to embark for France; and about an hour ago I received a letter, from which the enclosed is an extract, from a well informed acquaintance and a staunch friend to his Country.
[Note 73: John Dawson.]
What, or whether anything can with propriety be done in consequence of this information, must be left to yourself and the two other Secretaries to decide, from circumstances and appearances on the spot. It may not be amiss to observe further that Mr. Dawson is the son-in-law of Mr. Jones74 (one of the Circuit Judges of this State and. as I am informed, unfriendly to the Genl. Government) that Mr. Monroe is the Nephew of Mr. Jones, and has his son with him in France.
[Note 74: Joseph Jones.]
As every day brings forth matter to view, vigilance, with caution becomes more and more necessary.75
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 13, 1796.
Sir: The contract entered into between William Allibone, Superintendent of the Light House establishment for the Bay of Delaware, and Garret Hulsecamp, for placing and managing the floating Beacons and Buoys in the said Bay, of Delaware, is returned approved.
It is to be presumed that these contracts are not more frequent than necessary; yet, as they are so often repeated; and are heavy in the aggregate, for the above mentioned Bay; it may not be inexpedient to make indirect enquiries whether these frequent renewals are the result of real necessity. And to what account the old materials are carried.
[C.H.S.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1796.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 11th instant, and regret that present circumstances should deprive our country of the Services which I am confident your going to France, at this time, would have rendered it. It is difficult to fill some Offices with characters which would fit them in all respects. Another case of this sort is now before me: namely, that of Surveyor General. A gentleman well qualified to discharge the duties of this Office was appointed, but has declined accepting it. Several others have been mentioned, but the recommendations of them have gone more to the general respectability of their characters than their Scientific knowledge; whilst both are equally essential. For it is a trust, which in the execution, requires skill to arrange, instruct, Inspect and report correctly, the conduct of others; and integrity to resist the temptation which opportunities, and an overweening fondness for speculation in Lands, may throw in his way. Among the characters from the State of Virginia who have been presented to my view, on this occasion, are Generals Wood and Posey, and Colonels Tinsley76 and Anderson; the last of whom is, I believe, an inhabitant of Kentucky; and having been in that line, the presumption ought to be, that his mathematical knowledge (which should extend beyond common Surveying) is adequate to the duties which would be required. But how he is in other respects, and what may be the course of his politics, I know nothing; and but little of those of the other three; particularly of Tinsley's. The object therefore of writing this letter to you, is, to ask confidentially, such information as you possess, can acquire, and give me respecting the qualifications of the Gentlemen; or of any other fit character that may occur to you for Surveyor General; accordant with the ideas I have expressed above. The Office is important and respectable; of course the incumbent besides his scientific abilities, should possess a celebrity of character that would justify the appointment. To learn
[Note 76: James Wood, Thomas Posey, and Thomas Tinsley.
From an extract of Benjamin H. Latrobe's diary, July 16, 1796, describing his visit to Mount Vernon: "The President came to me. He was dressed in a plain blue coat, his hair dressed and powdered. There was a reserve, but no hauteur, in his manner....I told him of the silver mine at Rocketts. He laughed most heartily at the very mention of the thing...He made several very minute enquiries concerning it, and then said 'It would give him real uneasiness should any silver or gold be discovered that would tempt considerable capital into the prosecution of that object, and that he heartily wished for his country that it might contain no mines, but those that the plough could reach excepting only coal and iron.'...Dinner was served at about half past three...he placed me at the left hand of Mrs. Washington, Miss Custis seated at her right, and himself next to her about the middle of the table. There was very little conversation during dinner. A few jokes passed between the President and young Lafayette whom he treats more like a child than a guest. I felt a little embarrassed at the quiet reserved air that prevailed. As I drink no wine and the President drank only three glasses, the party soon returned to the Portico....Coffee was brought about six oclock....Breakfast was served up in the usual Virginia style, tea coffee and cold boiled meat; and for an hour afterwards he [Washington] stood on the steps of the west door talking to the Company who were collected around him. His subject was principally the Establishment of the university at the Federal City. He mentioned the offer he had made of giving to it all the interest he had in the City on condition that it should go on in a given time, and complained that though magnificent offers had been made by many speculators for the same purpose there seemed to be no inclination to carry them into Effect. He spoke as if he felt a little hurt upon the subject...as soon as my servant came up he went to him and asked 'if he had breakfasted.' He then shook me by the hand...Washington has something uncommonly commanding and majestic in his walk, his address his figure and his countenance, His face is characterised by more intense and powerful thought than by quick and fiery conception. There is a mildness about his expression and an air of reserve in his manner covers its tone still more. He is about 64 but appears some years younger, and has sufficient apparent signs to his many years. He was sometimes entirely silent for many minutes, during which time an awkwardness seemed to prevail in every one present. His answers were sometimes short and approached to moroseness. He did not, at anytime, speak with any remarkable fluency. Perhaps the extreme correctness of his language which almost seemed studied produced this effect. He appeared to enjoy a humorous observation and made several himself. He laughed heartily some times and in a very good humored manner. On the morning of my departure he treated me as if I had lived years in his house with ease and attention. But in general I thought there was a slight air of moroseness about him as if something had vexed him." The original of this extract by J. H. B. Latrobe was made for President Hayes in November, 1878, and is now in the Hayes Memorial Library,, Fremont, Ohio.] your sentiments of the characters, and on the points I have mentioned, will be in time when I shall have the pleasure of seeing you, on your way to Philadelphia.
With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, July 17, 1796.
Dear Sir: You will perceive by the enclosed letter from Mr. Bushrod Washington to me, what is enjoined by the High Court of Chancery of this Commonwealth.
By Mr. George W. Craik, I send in Bank Notes of the United States, the Sum required to be deposited in the Bank of Alexandria, by the decree. Had I known of this decree before I left Philadelphia I could, and would have drawn the Specie for this purpose; and I think, to avoid any caval hereafter, the receipt from the Bank of Alexandria ought to be expressed in such a manner as to imply this, or rather not to imply the contrary; and this it may well do, for the presumption is, that this Sum will remain there long before the proper claimants areascertained.
As Mr. Craik is young in business, you would do me a favor by accompanying him to the Bank (in Alexandria) for the purpose of arranging this matter properly, at that place; thereby placing me on secure ground. I have directed Mr. Craik to take a copy of the Decree; on the back of which it may be best, perhaps, to take the receipt from the Bank.
Not having the Will of Colo. Thos. Colville by me; not recollecting distinctly where the relations of his Mother were said to reside, and being unacquainted with characters in Alexandria who would have it most in their power to cause the notification required by the Decree, to be inserted in "some public paper in the Kingdom of Great Britain for two Months" thereby serving the parties, and fulfilling the intention of the Court; let me ask the favor of you to engage, if you can hit upon a suitable person for this purpose, the doing it. Mr. Hodgden some years ago, presented claims in behalf of some who conceived themselves entitled under the Will of Colo. Thos. Colville: and if in Alexandria, may be as eligible a character to apply to as any. With very great Esteem etc.77
[Note 77: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 18, 1796.
Dear Sir: If there be any thing yet to do, which can be done with propriety towards fulfilling the several treaties which the Ud. States have entered into (without specially, naming them) it is my desire, that there may be no delay in the execution: And if upon examining of them carefully, any matters should be found therein requiring the attention of either of the other departments, that these sentiments may be conveyed to the Secretaries thereof, as proceeding immediately from myself.
The new requisition of the Dey of Algiers, which has been yielded, will require to be laid before the Senate for its ratification; together with such papers as are necessary to explain and account for the measure. It might be well therefore to revise and prepare them accordingly in time.
The continual attacks which have been made and are still making on the administration, in Bache's and other papers of that complexion, indecent as they are void of truth and fairness, under different signatures, and at present exhibited under that of Paulding, charging it with not only unfriendly, but even with unjust conduct towards France; and to prove it, resort to misrepresentation and mutilated authorities; and oftentimes to unfounded and round assertions; or to assertions founded on principles which apply to all the belligerent powers; but by them represented as aimed at France alone. Under these circumstances, it were to be wished that the enlightened public could have a clear and comprehensive view of facts. But how to give it lies the difficulty; and I see no method at present, however desirable the measure, that is not liable to objections; unless the predicted and threatened conduct of France towards this Country, (under pretext of our treaty with G: Britain) or its demands that the guarantee of their West India islands, agreeably to the treaty of Paris, should be fulfilled, presents the occasion.
Whether either of these will or will not happen; or whether any other mode may occur, which after mature consideration, shall appear expedient, or not, I wish that in your moments of leisure, if such you have, you would go most carefully and critically over the whole of the correspondence between the different secretaries of State and the French Minister in this Country, and with our own Minister at Paris, from the period matters began to change from their ancient habits and to assume their new form in that Country. If circumstances should render explanations of this sort expedient and necessary for Congress, a previous examination of the papers with notes and remarks will be essential. If they should not, the measure nevertheless will be satisfactory and useful. I would have the whole of the transactions in all their direct and collateral relations, examined with as critical an eye as Mr. Bache or any of his numerous correspondents or communicants would do; that if there is any thing in them (not recollected by me) that can be tortured into an unfriendly disposition towards France, and not required by the neutral policy adopted by the Executive, approved by the people, and sanctioned by the Legislature; or which the peace, honor, and safety of this Country did not require, that I may be apprized of it, as my conviction of the contrary is strong.
I request also, that you will begin to note down all the subjects as they may occur, which may be proper to communicate to Congress at their next meeting; either at the opening of the session, or by separate messages in the course of it. Many things are forgotten, when the recollection of them is postponed, until the period at which they are wanted. Minute details will not be amiss, because a selection will at all times be easier to make than a collection.
Your Letter of the 8th instant did not reach my hands until the 13th nor did that of the 11th until the 15th. I mention these facts that you may know whether the delay has been occasioned by their not getting to the Post Office in time, or were detained at it. Other letters from Philada of the 8th and 11th came regularly to hand by the same mails on the 11th and 13th. I am etc.
P.S. I am frequently receiving letters from Phil: Wilson similar to the one I now enclose. Let me request therefore if his Case admits of redress, that an attempt may be made to procure it. If it does not, that he may be so informed, in explicit terms.78
[Note 78: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 18, 1796.
Sir: Your letters of the 10th, 12th and 13th. instant, with their enclosures, came all by the last Mail to Alexandria; and were received by me on Saturday morning. The contents of such parts as require it, shall be noticed.
The greatest, and what appears to me to be an insuperable difficulty in the way of running and marking the boundary line between the United States and the Cherokee tribe of Indians, the ensuing Autumn (which is certainly the most agreeable season for a work of this sort) is, that no Commissioners are, or can be appointed to superintend the same, in the recess of the Senate; which, unless extra causes should render it expedient, will not happen before the first Monday in December. This circumstance, in addition to the reasons assigned in your letters, renders a postponement of this measure until next year, unavoidable. But that it may not be delayed beyond a convenient time in the Spring, the Indians may be requested to come instructed to arrange matters for carrying the measure into effect at that period. Their interest, and the tranquillity of our frontier; requires that this line should not only be run (with as little loss of time as can possibly be avoided) but be very distinctly marked also; that ignorance may no longer be offered as a plea for transgressions on either side. and to ascertain in the interem, whether Genl. Pickens will serve as a Commissioner.
I hope, and expect that the proposed visit from the Cherokee Chiefs, will be managed so, as not to take place before the Month of Novemr. I have already, been incommoded, at this place, by a visit of several days, from a party of a dozen Cattawbas; and should wish while I am in this retreat, to avoid a repetition of such guests. The reason why I name November, is, that between the middle and latter end of August, I shall repair to the Scat of government; remain there until between the middle and last of September; and then return to this place again for my family.
The extract which you enclosed in your letter of the 10th, from the Secretary of the Treasury, declaring his inability to furnish money for carrying on Commerce with the Indian Tribes, renders the appointment of Agents for that purpose, at present, altogether improper: and whether the Act "to regulate Trade and intercourse with the Indian Tribes, and to preserve Peace on the Frontiers" does, or does not go fully to the points which are enumerated in your letter of the 12th, there seems, under existing circumstances, no expedient so proper to execute the requisites of the above Act, and the duties enjoined on the late Superintendent of Indian affairs in the Southwestern Territory, which have become stagnant by the admission of it as a State into the Union,79 as by applying the Services (under temporary regulations, and proper Instructions) of Colo. Henley or Mr. Dinsmore, or both, as the case shall, after duly considering it, appear to require. But if this expedient is resorted to, Mr. Dinsmore ought to return immediately.
[Note 79: Tennessee, June 1, 1796.]
My ideas with respect to the most eligable mode of procuring the 36 Gun Frigate, have, already (in a former letter) been conveyed to you; and your Instructions to Mr. Fox does, I perceive, accord therewith; but lest I may not perfectly understand another part of them, which relates to Timber and Plank, which certainly come under the description of "Perishable articles"; in the Act discontinuing three of the Frigates, and directing such of the Materials as are perishable to be sold; I shall give it as my decisive opinion, that all Wood, not necessary for the retained Frigates; and the one wanted for Algiers; except the large pieces which have been obtained with difficulty and at a heavy expence, and which would not answer for ordinary Vessels and would sell for little; ought to be sold, agreeably to the directions of the aforesaid Act. If they are reserved; Secured from the weather; and persons employed to take care of them; the expence and imposition will exceed all calculation: and be wasted, or embezzled notwithstanding.80
[Note 80: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1796.
Sir: Your Letters of the 12 and 13 instant, with their enclosures, were received by monday's mail the 18th.
The duplicate Commission for John Trumbull;81 the blank Commissions for the Revenue officers; and the patents passed by the Attorney General, are all signed and returned under cover with this Letter.
[Note 81: United States agent for obtaining the release of impressed American seamen.]
The want of funds to carry on commerce with the Indian tribes, agreeably to a late act of Congress, is an unanswerable objection to the appointment of agents at this time, for that purpose: and in addition to the reasons you have assigned for not appointing a Superintendent of Indian affairs in place of Governor Blount; and for postponing running and marking the line between the United States and the Cherokee nation of Indians; the want of power in the President to appoint Commissioners to attend the survey, and a successor to the other, would I conceive, appear upon investigation; as the first would be an original appointment; and the latter did not take place in the recess of the Senate. It follows then of course, that these measures must stand suspended, and the best temporary uses made of the present situations and services of Colo. Henley and Mr. Dinsmoor,82 that the nature of things will admit.
[Note 82: David Henley and Silas Dinsmore.]
Not knowing myself, the purport of the German letter herewith enclosed; and having nobody about me that can translate it, I send it to you for this purpose, in order that I may know what attention to give it.83
[Note 83: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 22, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 16th. came to my hands at the same time that your official one of the 18th. did.
From what is there said, and appears by the enclosures, I am satisfied no unnecessary delay respecting the Algerine Frigate has taken place. From a former one, and perhaps from a solicitude to execute promptly whatever is entrusted to me, I had conceived otherwise.
As I have Mr. Lisbon here, and the house full of other company, I shall only add that I am what you will always find, your sincere frd. etc.84
[Note 84: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 22, 1796.
Sir: Your Letter of 15 instant enclosing a copy of Mr. Adet's answer to your requisition of the 1st, and the circular of the Secy. of the Treasury to the Collectors, has been received; but did not get to my hands 'till the 20th.
There is a studied delay in the answer of the first, and a misteriousness in his conduct not easy to be accounted for. It did not, surely, if he had received no information from his government, and was ignorant of its intentions relatively to the points on which explanations were asked, require, (be the pressure of business what it might) fifteen days to make that declaration; nor will candour and good disposition justify the measure.
Not having papers here of [a public nature to resort to, I shall hope that the circular letter of the Secretary of the Treasury, to the Collectors; and all the Orders respecting French Prizes, have, in time and manner, been the result of necessity; and not the exercise of discretion; for the restriction now, after a contrary practice has been allowed, will be a source of much discontent; and of course calls for very correct proceedings in the execution of the Treaties, and Laws respecting the case.]85
[Note 85: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The portion in brackets is in the writing of Washington, from a facsimile in an auction catalogue, 1934.]
Mount Vernon, July 22, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 18th. instant with its enclosures, came to hand by the last Mail. Such of the latter, as are original, I herewith return to your Office.
It would appear from the extract of Mr. Habersham's letter, that the Treaty (or rather meeting) between the Georgians and Creek Indians, has terminated unfavourably; and will tend, it is to be feared, to hostilities. A favorable result could not have been predicted from the Speech of the Georgia Commissioners, at their Commencement of the business with the Indian Chiefs; and it having ended without a Cession of Land, I shall be agreeably disappointed if there are not other means, soon used, to get possession of them.
By the letters from General Wilkinson and Captn. Bruff,86 I expect the Western Posts will soon be in our possession; and I hope proper measures will be adopted to keep the Garrisons well suplied with Provisions and Military Stores.87
[Note 86: Capt. James Bruff, of the United States Artillerists and Engineers.]
[Note 87: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1796.
Sir: The enclosed letter from Mr. Landais,88 transmitting one from you to him, was received by the last Post.
[Note 88: Cadet Philip Landais. He was nominated for a lieutenancy in the Artillerists and Engineers, December 15.]
Filling the vacancies in the Corps of Artillery, before the adjournment of the Senate, was suggested; but why, as it was not proposed by the military Act, that it should under go any diminution, it was not done, my memory does not serve me.
If there are more Cadets in that Regiment than Mr. Landais; and there are not some distinguishing circumstances between his case and theirs, no discrimination, even if the authority in the recess of the Senate was competent, can be made in his favor, notwithstanding his desires, and the peculiarities which are detailed in his letter. I send it however, that you may consider the case and report thereon.89
[Note 89: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your private letters of the 19th. 19th. and 20th.90 instant, have been duly received.
[Note 90: Probably careless copying. There are now found in the Washington Papers only one private letter from Pickering dated July 19 and one dated July 21.]
The request of Mr. J. Jones, to forward his letter to Colo. Monroe, is opposed to the speedy departure of Mr. D...91 for France; and yet the gentleman who gave me the information spoke of it as a matter not doubtful; but added indeed (a circumstance I did not mention in my former letter) that it was on Mr. Swan92 he leaned for money; and possibly, if that gentleman is at Boston, this may be the occasion of Mr. D--s journey to that place, under the pretext of contracting for arms.
[Note 91: John Dawson.]
[Note 92: John Swan.]
Was Colo. Monroe requested to engage a Cannon-founder in behalf of the U States? If so, on what terms? To remove a person with his family will be attended with considerable expense; and unless with condition to secure his services, it will be done under great uncertainty. With respect to the Engineers, policy requires a further development of the unfavorable disposition, with which we are threatened, before any encouragement ought to be given to the measure. But, even if that objection was fully removed, there are no funds, within my recollection, that would enable the Executive to incur the expense: therefore, as a law must precede, in this case, any Executive act, the answer to the query is quite easy and plain.
I am continuing and extending my enquiries for a fit character to fill the office of Surveyor General, without any great prospect of doing it to my satisfaction. Mr. Ludlow, besides what is mentioned in your letter (which requires attention) has not, according to my ideas of him, celebrity of character; and is of too short standing in the community to fill an office of so much importance from its trusts, and the ability and integrity which is required, tho' deficient in Compensation; unless by means which ought to be prevented.
It is much to be regreted that you did not discover the broken seal of Mr. Monroe's letter, to you, before the departure of the bearer of it; that an attempt at least might have been made to trace the channel through which it had passed; and thereby, if proofs could not have been obtained, to have found ground for just suspicion. You confine the post mark of Alexandria to his letter of the 8th. of April; had you included that also of the 2d. of May, I would have caused enquiry to have been made at that office with respect to the appearance of the letters when they went from thence.
I am glad to find that more smoke than fire is likely to result from the representation of French discontents, on account of our treaty with Great Britain. Had the case been otherwise, there would have been no difficulty in tracing the effect to the cause; and it is far from being impossible, that the whole may have originated in a contrivance of the opposers of the Government, to see what effect such threats would work; and finding none that could answer their purpose, and no safe ground to stand on, if they pushed matters to extremity, the matter may terminate in gasconade. Be this as it may, the Executive have a plain road to pursue, namely, to fulfill all the engagements which his duty requires. Be influenced beyond this by none of the contending parties; maintain a strict neutrality, unless obliged by imperious circumstances to depart from it; do justice to all, and never forget that we are Americans; the remembrance of which will convince us, that we ought not to be French or English. With great esteem etc.93
[Note 93: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1796.
Sir: Your Letters of the 18 and 19 inst: were received by Friday's post the 22d.
If the answer which you returned to the Minister of the French Republic to his enquiry relative to the prohibition of the sale of Prizes, brought by French armed vessels into the ports of the United States, should, as it ought, preclude any reply it would be very agreeable: but it has not been found, that when the interest, or convenience of that nation is at stake, that the Minister thereof can be satisfied with reasons, however cogent, which are opposed to their views. But in this case, as in all others, the Executive must be governed by the Constitution and laws; and preserving good faith, and an unbiassed conduct, leave the rest to the good sense of our own citizens, and the justice of the nations with whom we have intercourse.
As it has been resolved for political considerations to put an American Citizen as Consul at Hamburg in place of Mr. Parrish,94 it is fortunate that so eligible a character as Mr. Samuel
[Note 94: John Parrish (Parish).] Williams of Salem presents itself, and I desire he may be commissioned accordingly, and advice thereof, as mere matter of information, given among other communications which may be made, to Mr. Monroe.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 27, 1796.
Sir: Your two letters, both bearing date the 21st. instant, with their enclosures, were received by the last Mail to Alexandria. It would have been unfortunate, and much indeed to have been regretted, if the French government had had as great cause of complaint against the conduct of the United States, as they have shewn a disposition to complain. It was natural to expect, tho' it was not easy to conceive on what ground, the French discontents, which had been so often announced, accompanied with such terrific threatenings, chiefly by anonymous writers, that the formal exhibition of them under the authority of the Directory, by their Minister of Foreign Affairs, would have had something serious, formidable, and embarrassing in their appearance; instead of which, most, if not all the charges seem to have originated either in a misinterpretation, or from want of attention, to Treaties and the Law of Nations; or to the want of a just, and timely representation of facts, with accompanying explanations; which our Minister near the French government had it in his power, and was directed to make.
Presuming that Mr. Polanen96 is regularly accredited by the proper authority of the existing government of the United Netherlands, I see no cause, accordant with the principles which
[Note 96: R. G. Van Polanen.] have actuated the government of the United States, why, when I return to Philadelphia, he should not be received as the Minister Resident of that Country. And if no objection (unknown to me) should occur to you, Mr. Polanen may be so informed. My arrival there will be by the first of September.
Instructions from the Treasury department to the Collectors, relative to the mode of obtaining Passports by American Seamen, will certainly be as effectual, and probably is as proper, as if they had issued from the Department of State; and this was my opinion to the Attorney-General: But he observed, first, that it was not in any respect connected with the Revenue of the Country. and 2dly. that there were some other Provisions in the Law (I do not now recollect of what nature) that required the Agency of the Department of State. I am satisfied, however, with the Circular which has been adopted; as the design will be equally well answered by it.
The original papers, forwarded with your last dispatches, are herewith returned.97
[Note 97: From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Robert Friedenberg, of New York City.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, July 27, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 21st instant has been received.
Mr. Monroe in every letter he writes, relative to the discontents of the French government at the conduct of our own, always concludes without finishing his story; leaving great scope to the imagination to divine what the ulterior measures of it will be.
There are some things in his correspondence and your letters, which I am unable to reconcile. In one of your last to me, you acknowledge the receipt of one from him of the 8th. of April, which I have not seen; and in his letter of the 2d. of May, he refers to the one of the 25th. of March as the last he had written. This letter of the 25th. of March, if I recollect dates rightly, was received before I left Philadelphia; and related his demand of an audience of the French Directory, and his having had it; but that the conference which was promised him with the Minister of foreign affairs, had not taken place, nor had he heard anything from him, altho' the catalogue of complaints exhibited by that minister, is dated the 9th. of March, and his reply thereto the 15th. of the same month. If these recitals are founded in fact, they form an enigma which requires explanation.
Has the letter said to be dispatched by Doctr. Brokenbrough, got to your hands? I hope it will, if it has not done so already.
Mr. De la Croix98 alludes, I perceive, in the close of his third and last head of complaints, to our guarantee of their WestIndia Islands; but whether to bring the subject to recollection only, or to touch upon it more largely thereafter, is problematical. I am etc.99
[Note 98: French Minister of Foreign Affairs.]
[Note 99: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 25th instant, enclosing the Treaty with the Creek Indians, and other Papers relative thereto, has been received.
The Papers are returned, and due consideration, it is expected, will be given them; and a report thereof made.
Four months (the time allowed by the above Treaty; for running the boundary line between that Nation and the United States) seems, under any circumstances, to be hardly sufficient to arrange matters for such a Work; but if it is to be done under the Authority of the Treaty newly entered into, and the Senate are to have an Agency in the appointment of the Surveyor &ca. The Commissioners (on the part of the United States) have agreed to the measure, the execution of which is impracticable; as there is an interval of more than five Months between the date of the Treaty and meeting of the Senate; consequently, no ratification of it in that period; nor appointments, if the advice and consent of the Senate to them, be necessary, can be obtained without convening that body.
Conformably to the Treaty of New York, with the Creeks, a Mr. Ellicot1 was empowered to run the line; but whether any person on behalf of the United States was commissioned to see it done, or whether the appointment of Mr. Ellicott was made with, or without the participation of the Senate, my memory does not enable me to pronounce. Be this however as it may, the Constitution and Laws must govern in this case.2
[Note 1: Andrew Ellicott.]
[Note 2: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
Mount Vernon, August 1, 1796.
Sir: The Post of Friday last brought me your dispatches of the 26th Ulto, with the Papers therein enclosed.
The draught of a letter to the Agent of the Department of War, and the Instructions for the person proposed as Deputy paymaster and Storekeeper in the State of Tennessee, are guarded and proper. The only doubt remaining with me, is, whether so many Officers, in that quarter, are really necessary; and whether some of them may not, in the public estimation, be considered (after the Indian Agent for that Department is appointed) in the light of sinecures. If, however, upon a thorough investigation of the duties of their several Offices, it shall be found that the service would be too hard upon a less number, or that they are necessary as checks, I consent to the appointment of Mr. Hilles as Deputy Paymaster and Storekeeper; provided his conduct in the Accomptants Office has afforded sufficient evidence of its fitness to discharge the duties required by your Instructions; to do which, properly, he ought to be a person of some experience in business; to be able to execute it with judgment; to possess firmness; and great integrity.
What will be the occupations of Mr. Dinsmore? and what is become of a Mr. Shaw (that was, if I recollect rightly, the name of a person) who was sent some time ago by Genl. Knox (while Secretary of War) into that quarter? There certainly can be no occasion for continuing the latter, if the former is retained.
A Troop of Horse, in my opinion, may, for the reasons you have assigned, be necessary on the frontiers of Georgia; and I desire they may join Conolel [ sic] Gaither5 accordingly.
[Note 5: Lieut. Col. Commandant Henry Gaither, of the Third Sub-Legion, United States Army.]
I have no objection to the releasment of Lieutt. Geddis6 from his present arrest, at the request of those Officers who have asked it; But as the Attorney General will be at Philadelphia, I would have his opinion taken on the power of granting a pardon for the Offence of which he has been found guilty, and Cashired; and the mode by which it may, with propriety be accomplished: for it may be questioned, whether a remital of the Sentence of the Court, ought not to be preceeded by an Act of approval, or rejection, as the foundation. At any rate some attention to the form (which I request may be given) will be necessary.
[Note 6: Lieut. Simon Geddes (Geddis), of the Artillerists and Engineers.]
I am glad to find by Mr. Byers letter to Colo. Henley, that Spiritous liquor is not necessary to carry on trade with the Indians. I have always been of opinion that it was productive of more discontent and mischief than good, and therefore hope it will cease to be an article of Traffic on public Account.7
[Note 7: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1796.
Sir: I am directed by the President of the United States to acknowledge the receipt of your letter to him, dated the 24th. of July. To express his concern that your prospect of recovering the Estate, which you are in pursuit of,13 is so unpromising; and to add, that Mr. Erdman who Interpreted between you, either greatly misunderstood him, or you have greatly misunderstood Mr. Erdman; for that so far from promising to have any Agency in the business, he requested that Gentleman to inform you, in
[Note 13: In Bartholomew Dandridge's letter of Aug. 10, 1796, to Washington, he notes that Wernecke had gone to Virginia "to look after the Estate which he has been in pursuit of. I retain the letter for him therefore, supposing it of no consequence that he should have it." Dandridge's letter is in the Washington Papers.] explicit terms, that he could not meddle in the affair at all. That the Courts of Justice (over whom he had no controul) were alone competent to decide on the justice and equity of your claim, and that it was to one of these if the person in possession would not surrender the Estate you would be obliged to resort for the purpose of establishing your title, if good. This he directs me to repeat to you again; and to assure you that it is Law alone not men that governs in this Country.
His advice to you however, is, to lay all your title papers before some eminent Lawyer in Richmond, (of whom there are many), and as you are not in Cash to fee him well (which in this, as in most other Countries is essential) to inform the Gentlemen you employ (if he thinks your title good, and worth prosecuting) that he shall receive a certain sum, or a certain proportion of whatsoever he shall recover if he succeeds; but that you are unable to pay any thing if he does not.
This, at the sametime that it will involve you in no expence, will be a stimulus to his exertions; and seems to be the best, indeed the only mode (in your circumstances), by which the business can be prosecuted. I am etc.14
[Note 14: The letter sent was, presumably, in the writing of and signed by George Washington Craik.]
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1796.
Sir: Herewith you will receive my signature to the Commission appointing Samuel Williams, of Massachusetts, Consul for the U. States at the port of Hamburg &c. transmitted to me in your letter of the 29th ultimo.
If Mr. La Motte possesses much experimental, as well as theoretical knowledge in the casting of Cannon &c. there can be no doubt of the utility of his services; and coming with his family will be an evidence of his intention to remain; but the latter ought not to be accomplished at the expense of the United States, unless his services are secured. But Mr. Monroe it is to be presumed will take care that one does not happen without theother.15
[Note 15: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1796.
Sir: In reply to your statement of the case of the Cadets, in the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers; I give it as my opinion that no promotion of them should take place at present, under the circumstanes you have related.
When I return to Philadelphia, it will be expected that you will bring forward the general plan for new modeling the Army agreeably to the late Act of Congress, at which time it may be expedient to take into consideration the case of Landais, and other Cadets in the above Corps.16
[Note 16: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 5, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your private letters of the 29th and 30th ulto. have been received.
If Mr. Churchman's17 account of the broken seal of Mr. Monroe's letter to the Department of State, be true, it bespeaks the man of candour and does him credit; but I do not see why, when called upon, he should require time to consider whether
[Note 17: John Churchman.] he should relate the truth, "or give a certificate, that might excite cite suspicions of innocent people "; the impropriety of the latter would strike a man of honor the moment the thought arose.
He has written to me the enclosed letter (which may be returned): but I know too little of his real character; the respectability of his family and connexions; or his former pursuits, to form any Opinion of his fitness to fill an office of such importance and respectability, to public acceptance. As a mathematician I should suppose him competent; but there are other qualifications equally necessary in a Surveyor General. I wish you would make all the enquiries respecting these matters, your opportunities will permit. And if Mr. Hawkins18 should be in Philadelphia, as he wrote the Secretary of War he should be, let me desire also, that you would indirectly and without any commitment ascertain, 1st whether he possesses such mathematical knowledge as would qualify him for the above office; and in that case, 2dly find out whether he would accept it. I have not yet, been able to hear of a character that combines the requisite qualifications for this trust; nor is it likely I shall do so before my return to Philadelphia. I am etc.19
[Note 18: Benjamin Hawkins.]
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 5, 1796.
Sir: With much pleasure did I receive the information, contained in your letter of the 30 ultimo, of the ratification of the Treaty with Spain, by the Government of that Country. The unwelcome news of the plague being at Algiers is an alloy thereto; but we must trust that Providence will prevent our unhappy fellow citizens at that place from suffering by that malady. Much is to be regretted that so many untoward accidents should have prevented the redemption money20 from getting to that regency before this event took place, but as there has been no want of exertion in the Government to accomplish this, no blame attaches itself, whatever may happen.21
[Note 20: For ransoming captured American seamen.]
[Note 21: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 8, 1796.
Sir: The Letter which you did me the honor of writing to me the 25th. of last month, came duly to hand; and the enclosure for Mr. George Fayette23 was immediately presented to him.
[Note 23: George Washington Motier Lafayette.]
The name and character of the duke de Liancourt were not unknown to me before his arrival in this Country; and the respect which I entertained for the latter (although political considerations have deprived me of the honor of a personal acquaintance with him) was, and is as great as he or his warmest friends could desire.
M. de Liancourt must be too well acquainted with the history of governments; with the insidious ways of the world; and with the suspicions and jealousies of its rulers; not to acknowledge that men in responsible situations cannot, like those in private life, be governed solely by the dictates of their own inclinations, or by such motives as can only affect themselves.
To dilate upon this observation, or to attempt to point at the distinction between the conduct of a man in public office who is accountable for the consequences of his measures to others; and one in private life, who has no other check than the rectitude of his own actions, would be superfluous to a man of information: but if exemplification of these facts was necessary, it might be added with truth, that in spite of all the circumspection with which my conduct has been marked towards the gentlemen of your nation, who have left France under circumstances which have rendered them obnoxious to the governing power of it, the countenance said to be given to them, is alleged as a cause of discontent in the Directory of France against the government of the U States. But it is not my intention to dwell on this subject: how far the charge is merited, no one better than yourself can judge; and your candour and penetration will, I am persuaded, appreciate my motives for the reverse of the charge, however contrary the operation of them may have been to your expectation or to my wishes.
With respect to Mr. La Fayette I may, without troubling you with the details, venture to affirm that whatever private friendship could require, or public duty would allow, has been, and will continue to be essayed by me to effect his liberation. the difficulty in accomplishing of which has, no doubt, proceeded in a great measure from the cause you have mentioned, and will probably exist while the war between the belligerent powers continues to rage.
No man regrets this, and the present unhappy situation of this amiable family more than I do; but it is an ascertained fact, that altho' Fayette is an adopted citizen of this Country, the Government of it, nor the people themselves, notwithstanding their attachment to his person and the recollection of his services, have any right to demand him as their Citizen by the law of nations: consequently, an expression of their earnest wishes, that liberty may be restored to him, is all they can do towards accomplishing it. to attempt more, would avail him nothing, and might involve the U States in difficulties of great magnitude.
This letter, Sir, you will consider as a private one; originating from yours to me, relatively to Mr. La Fayette. In replying to the sentiments contained in it, I could not, from respect to your character, and the indulgence of my own feelings, miss the occasion of giving you this explanation of matters, which otherwise might have the appearance of mystery. It affords an occasion also of assuring you, that, with sentiments of the highest esteem, &c.24
[Note 24: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 25: Joseph Habersham.]
Mount Vernon, August 8, 1796.
Sir: You were obliging enough a few Posts ago, to send young Mr. Lafayette a dead letter, which had been deposited in your Office (from his friends in Europe).
As his anxiety to hear from, or of his Parents, can only be exceeded by his uneasiness at their unhappy situation; I pray you to direct the deputy Post masters in the Sea-Port Towns, if any letters with his Superscription thereon, or that of Mr. Frestal (to whose care he is committed) should get to their Offices, to put them under a cover to me.
This would avoid delay; insure their safe delivery; and might be a source of consolation to the young Gentleman. With Esteem, etc.26
[Note 26: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
Mount Vernon, August 8, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 3d. instant, with the information of our possession of Fort Ontario (lately occupied by the Troops of Great Britain) and the correspondence between Captn. Bruff of the United States Troops, and Captn. Clarke of the British, was brought to me by the last Post.
Several matters are submitted by the former for consideration; among them, the mode of supplying the Garrison with fire Wood, and furnishing it with a Sein. With respect to the first of these, providing it with a Horse, or pair of Horses, and a Batteau (as the fuel is to be transported so far) seems to be a matter of necessity; but the practice of the American Army should be consulted for precedents, before the British allowance or indeed any allowance, is made to the Soldiers for cutting and transporting of it to the Fort, when the means by which it is done, are furnished by the public. If no allowance of this sort has been made heretofore, except in Towns where the Wood was to be bought, which, if I remember rightly, was the case invariably while I commanded the Army; it would be a dangerous innovation to begin it now; for it would instantly pervade all the Garrisons, and the whole Army; be their situation what it may. In time of peace, where no danger is to be apprehended, and where the duty is light, I see no hardship in the Soldiers providing fuel for their own use, and comfort. With regard to a Sein, as the expence will be small, (if it is taken care of) and the convenience great, I think the Garrison should be indulged with one.
There is another part of Captn. Bruffs letter which I do not perfectly understand, where he says, "he is at a loss what orders to give Lieutt. Rowen27 respecting the continuance of his command, &ca. &ca. or whether to join me, or stay, on the arrival of a reinforcement, or detachment." Doubts of this sort should be removed as soon as possible.
[Note 27: Lieut. Robert Rowan (Rowen), of the Artillerists and Engineers.]
There is a suggestion in Mr. Glens letter of the 17th. of July which merits consideration. I mean the purchase of a Vessel (now in use) on Lake Ontario. The Utility of this measure depends very much, if not altogether, upon the cheapest and best channel through which to supply the Garrison at Niagara, with Provisions and Stores. If by the rout of the Mohawk and Oswego, a proper Vessel on Lake Ontario would certainly be useful; If by the way of Presque-Isle and Lake Erie, it would be unnecessary; and if by a middle communication suggested (I think by Mr. Weston) to the Canal Company in the State of New York, in some report which has been published, it would depend much upon the place of its entrance into the above-mentioned lake for its utility.28
[Note 28: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 8, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your private letter of the 3d. instant, accompanying the Official one of the same date, came to hand by the last Post. The draught of the letter to the Governor of Georgia is approved. I have added a word or two to the last paragraph but one, by way of hint, where we shall look for the cause, if Peace is not preserved on the frontier of that State.29
[Note 29: See Washington's letter to the Secretary of War, July 22, 1796, ante.]
I request that you would begin to note the occurrences that have happened in the War Department (since the Adjournment of Congress) which will require to be communicated to that body in the Speech, or by messages, at the next Session. It is from the materials furnished by each Department, and the Memorandums taken by myself, that the first is framed; and it will be an omission, not to commit these to writing in the moment they occur; it being much easier to select, than to collect matter, for these purposes, when the hour arrives for digesting them into form. If other things (although they may be extraneous to your department) should occur, let them be noted also. It is better to have them in all than to escape all the Memorandums I shall be furnished with. I am etc.30
[Note 30: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 31: Of Schenectady, N.Y.]
Mount Vernon, August 8, 1796.
Sir: As it appears by the Secretary of Wars letter to me, that you have lately been to the Forts of Osnego32 and Niagara and must have a competent knowledge of the time and manner of making a tour to the latter, I request the favor of you, as well for my own satisfaction, as to enable me to answer the enquiries of others, to solve the following questions in detail, viz:
[Note 32: Oswego.]
How long would it take a small party, unincumbered with heavy baggage; who should not, on the journey waste time unnecessarily, nor proceed so as to fatiegue themselves, to perform this Tour from the City of New York?
To explain what I mean, by desiring that the above question may be answered in detail, permit me to propound the following queries:
1st. What is the usual time in going from New York to Albany by Water conveyance? the same by land?
2d. Is a passage in the Packets, or Stages, always to be had from N. York?
3d. What time does it require to go from Albany to Fort Schuyler (or Stanwix) by Water? the same by land?
4th. Could a light Boat, or two, according to circumstances, with Batteau men always be had at Schenectady? On what terms?
5th. If Boats are not to be had, could Horses be hired at Schenectady to go to Fort Schuyler?
6th. How long in getting from Fort Schuyler to Fort Osnego? Would there be any certain dependence of procuring Craft at the former, to descend by the Wood Creek, &ca. &ca. to the latter? And whether with the assistance of a Cloak, and a little roughing, one could pass through that Country without carrying tents or bedding? and would moreover be supplied with Provisions, if not taken along?
7th. What is the usual passage from Osnego to Niagara? Could there be any dependance on a Vessel at the former (as we have none of our own) without risking an uncertain, perhaps tedious delay? And is there any way, in case this should be likely to happen, of going by land? What is the distance, and axe there any settlements, and a Road between those places?
Answers as full and precise, as the nature of the case, and your knowledge of circumstances will enable you to give, would go near to ascertain the time required to preform this rout in; and the provision, necessary to be made for it. After requesting these, as soon as you can conveniently give them, and apologizing for the trouble you will have in complying with this request, I have only to add that with very great esteem, I am etc.
PS. Would such Batteaux as could be obtained at Schenectady be fit to perform the whole voyage to Niagara? And in that case could they be engaged for it with proper hands?33
[Note 33: In the writing of George Washington Craik. The P.S. is in the writing of Washington.]
Mount Vernon, August 8, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 3d. inst: accompanying the ratified copy of the Spanish treaty, by his Catholic Majesty, came to my hands by the last post. The Proclamation annexed thereto hasreceived my signature,34 and is herewith returned.35
[Note 34: The proclamation is the usual form which recites the full text of the treaty. It is dated Aug. 2, 1796, although, from this letter, it was not signed by the President until August 8. No copy is now found in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 35: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1796.
Sir: I have received, and pray you to accept my thanks, for Pinckney. It becomes necessary now to prepare instructions for him without delay: to bring him fully and perfectly acquainted with the conduct and policy of this Government towards France &c. and the motives which have induced the recal of Mr. Monroe.
As the measure, when known, will excite much speculation, and set all the envenomed pens to work; it is worthy of consideration what part, and how much of the causes which have produced this event, should be spoken of unofficially by the officers of Government.
It will be candid, proper and necessary to apprize Mr. Monroe (as the measure and his successor are decided on) of his recal; and in proper terms, of the motives which have impelled it.
In the course of next week (probably about the middle of it) I expect to commence my journey for Philada; but as I shall be obliged to halt a day at the fedl. City, and from the heat of the season and other circumstances must travel slow, it is not likely I shall arrive there before the middle of the following week.37
[Note 37: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1796.
Dear Sir: If you can recollect by whom, or in what manner the letter for General Pinckney, which went under cover to you, was sent to the Post office in Richmond, I would thank you for information respecting it.
That Letter, with a note inclosed therein, containing three Bank Bills for one hundred Dollars each, for the sufferers by fire in Charleston, had not on the 26th. of July been received by that Gentleman; although duplicates written after I had been favored with your answer has been acknowledged by him.
In confidence, I inform you that Genl. Pinckney accepts the appointment to France, and will soon be in Philada. to prepare for the Mission. With very great esteem etc.37
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1796.
My dear Sir: With sincere pleasure I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 26th Ulto; learning by it that you may be so soon expected with your lady in Phila. to proceed on the Mission to Fre.
If this letter should find you in Charleston, it is intended to express A regret that my original letters had not been received by you; and to ask, if there has been any miscarriage of a Mail in the Southern quarter; aiming thereby to come at some clueto the discovery of this accident. The sum sent was three hundreddollars in 3 Bank notes of Columbia.
My best respects attend Mrs. Pinckney, and with Affecte. regard etc.
(Private)
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1796.
Dear Sir: Colo. Hawkins is now here, on his way to Philadelphia, and proposes to proceed in the Stage of to morrow.
He has related many matters, and read many papers relative to the Treaty with the Creek Indians; the conduct of the State Commissioners of Georgia; &ca. &ca. But, as this is not the regular way of bringing business of this sort before me, I have requested that he and Mr. Clymer (who he supposes will be in Philadelphia before him) will report to you, not only what appertains to the Commission, but their observations and remarks generally as may be interesting for the government to be informed of, for the regulation of its conduct in that quarter. I wish you, therefore to be minute in your enquiries and entries.
My present intention, is to leave this about the middle of next Week for Philadelphia, but as I shall spend a day in the Federal City, and on account of the weather, propose to travel slow, it will, probably, be the middle of the Week after before I shall arrive there. With very great esteem etc.38
[Note 38: In the writing of George Washington Craik. The letter sent is an A. L. S. and is said to be in the Buffalo Historical Society.]
Mount Vernon, August 12, 1796.
Sir: The originals and drafts of letters, enclosed in yours of the 8th. instt, are herewith returned.
The publication of the letters to and from Lieutt. Colo. England was certainly improper; and the reprehension of Genl. Wilkinson for doing it, or suffering it to be done, is just; and the manner in which it has been conveyed to him is delicate.
The draught of the letter to Colo. Gaither, predicated on the information you had received, is very proper; But as Colo. Hawkins is on his way to Philadelphia, and Mr. Clymer41 probably arrived there, I would not have it dispatched until you communicate fully and freely with them on all matters and things relative to that frontier; the establishment of Posts, &ca. &ca. Many things in oral conversations often cast up that never can be well explained, and understood by written transmissions from so distant a part of the Union. It is better to encounter a little delay in acquiring perfect information, (as much so I mean, as the nature of the case will admit) than to have a second letter to write on the same subject; corrective perhaps, in some instances, of the first. This appears the more necessary in the present case, for as much as Colo. Hawkins is furnished with suggestions from the Indians themselves, relative to proper sites for the establishment of Military and trading Posts.
[Note 41: George Clymer.]
General Picken's42 sentimts. respecting the conduct of the Indian Agent to the Southward, accords precisely with the ideas
[Note 42: Andrew Pickens.] I have entertained of that person, sometime past. It is necessary therefore that every information, derivable from the Commissioners, and other sources should be obtained that the government may take its measures accordingly.
As I expect to be in Philadelphia about the 22d. instant, I shall not enlarge on these, or touch any other subject, except informing you that the Pardon for Lieutt. Geddis43 is returned with my signature.44
[Note 43: The original of the pardon of Lieut. Simon Geddes (Geddis) is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A copy is in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 44: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, August 25, 1796.
Dear Sir: Will you do me the favor to cause the enclosed notification to be inserted in some public Paper, agreeably to the Decree of the High Court of Chancery in Virginia, annexed thereto. It has been a long, troublesome and vexatious business to me; and I wish to close it finally and effectually in the manner designated. One part of which (depositing of the money) I have already complied with, and wish to do the same by the other part, namely, the Publication in England.
The Persons interested (if any of them are in existence) lives, most probably, at or near Newcastle in Northumberland County England. Whether it would be best therefore to send it there in the first instance for publication, or to publish it in the Metropolis (London) with a request that it may be re-published there I leave to your better judgment in these matters. What ever expence is incured be pleased either to charge in your public account, or send me a note of it, and the amount shall in either case be paid to the Secretary of State here.
I am sorry, and almost ashamed to give you trouble in so trifling (though to me, interesting a business) but as I conceived it would be the most effectual mode of executing it, I rely on your goodness to excuse it; and to send me one of the Papers containing the publication of the notice.
I hope you and family had a short and pleasant passage. Present me if you please to Mrs. King, and be assured of the esteem and regard etc.
[N.Y.H..S]
Philadelphia, August 25, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 24th. of March, written in cipher, never got to my hands until the 10th instant at Mount Vernon; nor were the contents of it known to me until my arrival in this city on the 21st. For the information contained in it, and your attention thereto, I offer you my best thanks.
Having no clew by which to discover the fact, I am very much at a loss to conjecture by what means a private letter of mine, written to a friend and sent by an American vessel, should have got into the hands of the French Directory. I shall readily acknowledge, however, that the one you allude to, directed to Mr. Gour. Morris, was a long and confidential one;51 but I deny that there is any thing contained in it, that the French Government could take exception to, unless the expression of an ardent wish that the United States might remain in peace with all the world taking no part in the disputes of any part of it, should have produced this effect. Giving it as my further opinion that the sentiments of the mass of citizens in this country, were in unison with mine.
[Note 51: See Washington's letter to Gouverneur Morris, Dec. 22, 1795, ante.]
Confidential as this Letter was expected to be, I have no objection to its being seen by anybody; and there is certainly some mistake in saying I had no copy thereof, when there is a press one now before me; in which I discover no expression, that in the eye of liberality and candour would be deemed objectionable.
To understand the scope and design of my letter properly, and to give it a fair interpretation, it is necessary to observe that it was written (as will appear by the contents of it) in answer to very long ones from the gentleman to whom it was addressed, which contained much political information of the state of things in different parts of Europe; and related among others, the substance of a conversation, in which he and lord Grenville, as private gentlemen, had just been engaged; and in which it was observed by the latter, that if they were to judge from the publications in this Country, the disposition of it was unfriendly to Great Britain; but in free Countries he could readily account for such publications. However, that there was one which wore a more serious aspect, as indicative of the sense of the Government, and he alluded to Colo. Innes's report of his proceedings in Kentucky.
In my noticing this part of Mr. Morris's communication, I tell him, that, with respect to the publication of that report, it was an unauthorized act; and declared by that gentleman, as soon as he saw it in the gazettes, to have been done incorrectly: and that with relation to the temper of the people of the United States, as it respected Great Britain, his lordship ought not to be surprised, if it appeared disturbed and irritated, after the sense of the Government had been so often expressed in strong remonstrances against the conduct of the Indian Agents, privateersman, impressment of our seamen, insults of their ships of War &c., &c. Adding that it afforded us very little satisfaction, their disclaiming these as unauthorized acts (which the British Administration had done in some instances) while the actors were suffered to go unpunished. I dwelt chiefly and fully on this part of his letter, and reminded him of the indifference with which the advances of the United States to form a commercial treaty with Great Britain, as well since as before the establishment of the present Government, had been received; and concluded by saying, that a liberal policy towards us (though I did not suppose sentiments of that sort from me to a member of the british Administration would have much weight) was the only road to a perfect reconciliation; and that if he should again converse with lord Grenville on this subject he was at liberty, unofficially, to express these as my sentiments.
Thus, Sir, you have the substance candidly related, of a letter which, you say, you have been told by a person, "who has read it, has produced an ill effect," when in my opinion the contrary (viewing it the light of an unreserved and confidential communication) ought to have been produced. for I repeat it again, that unless my pacific disposition was displeasing, nothing else could have given umbrage by the most rigid construction of the letter; or that will shew in the remotest degree any disposition on my part to favor the british interests in their dispute with France.
My conduct in public and private life, as it relates to the important struggle in which the latter nation is engaged, has been uniform from the commencement of it, and may be summed up in a few words; that I have always wished well to the French revolution; that I have always given it as my decided opinion that no Nation had a right to intermeddle in the internal concerns of another; that every one had a right to form and adopt whatever government they liked best to live under themselves. and that if this country could, consistently with its engagements, maintain a strict neutrality and thereby preserve peace, it was bound to do so by motives of policy, interest, and every other consideration, that ought to actuate a people situated and circumstances as we are; already deeply in debt, and in a convalescent state, from the struggle we have been engaged in ourselves.
On these principles, I have steadily and uniformly proceeded; bidding defiance to calumnies calculated to sow the seeds of distrust in the French nation, and to excite their belief of an influence, possessed by Great Britain in the councils of this Country; than which nothing is more unfounded and injurious; the object of its pacific conduct being truly delineated above. I am, &c.52
[Note 52: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
United States, September 6, 1796.
Having considered your Report of the fifth instant, I do hereby authorise you to take suitable and legal measures for procuring by contract or otherwise as shall appear to be most for the public Interest, four Revenue Cutters, to be employed on the Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina Stations. And I do hereby direct you to cause the Revenue Cutters belonging to the United States on the Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina Stations to be sold at public Auction, and to cause the proceeds of such Sales to be paid into the Treasury of the United States; and for so doing this shall be your Warrant.69
[Note 69: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 12, 1796.
Dear Sir: To open a correspondence with you on so trifling a subject, as that which gives birth to this letter, would hardly be justified, were it not for the singularity of the case: this singularity will, I hope, apologize for the act.
Some time ago, perhaps two or three months, I read in some gazette, but was so little impressed with it at the time (conceiving it to be one of those things which get into newspapers nobody knows how or why) that I cannot now recollect whether the gazette was of American or foreign production, announcing that a celebrated artist had presented, or was about to present to the President of the United States a sword of masterly workmanship, as an evidence of his veneration &c. &c.
I thought no more of the matter afterwards, until a gentleman with whom I have no acquaintance, coming from and going to I know not where, at a tavern I never could get information of, came across this sword (for it is presumed to be the same) pawned for thirty dollars; which he paid, left it in Alexandria, nine miles from my house, in Virginia, with a person who refunded him the money and sent the sword to me.
This is all I have been able to learn of this curious affair. The blade is highly wrought, and decorated with many military emblems. It has my name engraved thereon, and the following inscription (translated from the Dutch): "Condemner of despotism, Preserver of Liberty, glorious man, take from my sons hands this Sword, I beg you. A. Sollingen." The hilt is either gold, or richly plated with that metal; and the whole carries with it the form of an horseman's sword, or long sabre.
The matter, as far as it appears at present, is a perfect enigma. How it should have come into this country without a letter, or an accompanying message: how afterwards it should have got into such loose hands; and whither the person having it in possession was steering his course, remains as yet to be explained; some of them, probably, can only be explained by the maker; and the maker no otherwise to be discovered than by the inscription and name, "A. Sollingen," who, from the impression which dwells on my mind, is of Amsterdam.
If, Sir, with this clew you can develope the history of this sword,74 the value of it; the character of the maker, and his probable object in sending it; it would oblige me; and, by relating these facts to him might obviate doubts, which otherwise might be entertained by him of its fate, or its reception. With great esteem, &c.75
[Note 74: The sword was a gift from Theophilus Alte, a manufacturer of Solingen, Holland. It had been sent to the President by Alte's son, Daniel. Alte's letter of Jan. 20, 1797, requiring if the sword had been received, is in the Washington Papers. On Nov. 29, 1797, Alte wrote again to the President, asking for information of his son, who had not returned to Rhenish Prussia. This sword is now at Mount Vernon.]
[Note 75: From the "Letter Book" copy in file Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, September 12, 1796.
My dear Sir: After furnishing you with the following copies of Letters,76 it is scarcely necessary to add any thing by way of explanation of my motives for doing it. However, I will briefly add that, from the arrival of Mr. Gouvr. Morris in Europe, up to the date of his last letter to me in June of the present year, I have received much interesting and useful information from him relative to the political state of things on the other side of the Atlantic: That from the multiplicity of business with which I have been continually overwhelmed, I very rarely acknowledged the receipt of his letters: But upon receiving that of the 3d. of July 1795 (a copy of which follows) I was struck, forcibly with the idea, as well from the style and manner, as from its being [confined] to a single subject, that it had, or was intended to have passed under the eye of Lord Grenville; although no intimation thereof was given to me.
[Note 76: There were inclosed in this letter copies of Gouverneur Morris's letter to Washington, July 3, 1795; Washington's letter to Gouverneur Morris, Dec. 22, 1795; James Monroe's letter to Washington, Mar. 24, 1796; and Washington's letter to James Monroe, Aug. 25, 1796.]
Under this impression, it was natural to suppose that my answer, or the result of it would also be communicated to that Minister; I resolved therefore to frame it accordingly, that Lord Grenville might find from that mode, as well as from the ordinary course of official communications, in what light the people of this Country viewed the conduct of his towards it.
I little expected indeed, that a private letter of mine to a friend, would have found a place in the Bureau of the French Directory. Less should I have suspected, that any exception would, or could be taken at the Sentiments expressed in the one that has got there. But as intimations of the contrary have been given in Colonel Monroes letter, I have thought it expedient to furnish you with all the documents relative thereto, with this short history of the rise and progress of it; that you might be enabled, if more is said on the Subject, and occasion should require it, to set the matter right by a plain and simple statement of facts. With great esteem &c.77
[Note 77: This letter is marked "private" in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, but is not so marked on the letter sent.]
Philadelphia, September 12, 1796.
Dear Sir: By a recurrence to the acts of the last session of Congress, you will find one for disposing of the ungranted lands North West of the Ohio; and for appointing a Surveyor General for the purposes therein mentioned. And you may have heard that Mr. De Witt, who was geographer to the army at the close of the War, after the decease of Mr. Irskine,78 and at present the Surveyor General of the State of New York, a man of profound knowledge in mathematics, and sufficiently
[Note 78: Erskine.] versed in astronomy, was nominated to that Office, and has declined the acceptance of it.
It is yet vacant, and you have been mentioned to me as a gentleman to whom it might be acceptable. Without taking then a circuitous rout to ascertain this fact, I shall apply immediately to yourself for information; and will frankly ask, because I am sure you will candidly answer, if the appointment should meet your wishes, whether your knowledge in mathematics; practical Surveying, and so much of astronomy as is useful to a skilfull exercise of the latter, for discovering the latitude, meridian, &c. now are, or easily could be made familiar to you.
These questions are propounded because affirmative qualifications are essential; for it will readily occur to you, that he who is to examine and employ others, direct their proceedings, and inspect their works, ought not to be ignorant of the principles which are to be the rule for their conduct.
It is a very honorable and important office; There is none perhaps that requires more integrity and vigilance in the execution, to prevent improper speculation and abuse. The Officer holding it must reside in the Country where the business will be chiefly transacted.
As the season and circumstances begin now to press for an appointment, and as my continuance here, and the road I shall travel back to Virginia, for the purpose of returning with my family for the winter, are uncertain, I request the favor of you, to put your answer to this letter under cover to the secretary of State, who will be directed to open it and to fill up the blank Commission which I shall deposit in his Office, with your name if you are disposed to accept it; or with that of another who is held in contemplation, if you do not. You may, if not too troublesome, address a duplicate to me at Mount Vernon, to remain in the post-office at Alexandria until called for. With great esteem &c.79
[Note 79: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
At least two separate forgeries, by Robert Spring, of this letter to James Wood exist. In each of these forgeries an important portion of the letter is omitted.]
Philadelphia, September 15, 1796.
Sir: The Commonwealth of Virginia, having manifested their approbation of my design, to apply the hundred shares in the James River Company, which they had before put at my disposal, to the use of a Siminary to be erected in such part of the State as they should deem most proper; and in consequence of this reference to their opinion, the Legislature having requested me to appropriate them to a Seminary at such place in the upper Country as I should think most convenient to a majority of its Inhabitants: After careful enquiries, to ascertain that place, I have, upon the fullest consideration of all circumstances, destined those Shares to the use of Liberty-Hall Academy, in Rockbridge County.81
[Note 81: Later called "Washington College," and after the presidency of Gen. Robert E. Lee, "Washington and Lee University."]
It would seem to me proper that this determination should be promulgated by some official act of the Executive of Virginia, and the Legislature may expect it; for the purpose of general information. With due consideration and respect I am, &c.
[V.S.L.]
Philadelphia, September 18, 1796.
Gentlemen: More than once, the Spanish Minister expressed, with pleasing solicitude, the intentions of his Government to erect in the Federal City a suitable Building for the accommodation of its Representative, near the Government of the United States; provided a convenient and agreeable Site could be obtained for the purpose. I always answered that this measure would be very pleasing and agreeable to me; and that I was sure the Commissioners of the Federal City would feel happy in accommodating him with ground for these Buildings.
But on Tuesday last he told me, that application had been made to you through, or by Mr. Barry,82 and difficulties (which he was not able to explain to me) had occurred. I hope they can be removed, for in my opinion a precedent of this sort may
[Note 82: James Barry.] influence other foreign Governments to follow the example, which would, I conceive, contribute much more to the advancement of the City than any pecuniary consideration to be derived from the Sale of the Lots.
I shall not dwell however on the subject in this letter, as I expect in eight or ten days to be in the City, and will renew the matter then. With very great esteem etc.83
[Note 83: From a copy in the writing of George Washington Craik in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1796.
Sir: Your letters of the 17th 20 and 20th instant have been received.
Enclosed you have a Warrant on the Secy of the Treasury for two thousand dollars for Contingent purposes, agreeably to your request.
'Tis well to learn from Mr. Monroe's own pen that he trusted the French Councils relative to us were fixed, and that he should hear nothing more from the Directory on the subject he had frequently touched upon in his former letters. If his conjectures are right it will not be difficult to account for the cause.
It affords much satisfaction that Judge Benson87 has accepted the office of third Commissioner for deciding on the true St. Croix.
[Note 87: Egbert Benson.]
As no fit character occurs to me to supply the place of Mr. Marsh88 as District Attorney, I request that you will get what information you can on this head and transmit it to me.89
[Note 88: Amos Marsh. He was United States attorney for the district of Vermont. Charles Marsh was nominated in his place Dec. 30, 1796, and confirmed by the Senate the same day.]
[Note 89: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1796.
Gentlemen: Having been named an Executor to the Will of the late Major George Augustine Washington of Fairfax County, decd. my avocations made it necessary for me to decline Acting in that Capacity and his Widow who was also named executrix, took upon her the Execution of the trust. Her decease makes it proper that some other person should be empower'd to settle and manage the business of the Estate of the late Major Washington, as the causes which first led me to decline the execution still exist. I therefore request you will authorise Tobias Lear to act as Administrator to the Estate above mentioned. I am etc.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 5, 1796.
Gentlemen: The bad weather (rather rain) on Monday, prevented my sending to the Post Office as usual, that afternoon,. of course it retarded your receipt of the enclosed request of the Trustees.
I will give the several matters contained in your letters of the first instant due consideration,93 and inform you of the result as I pass through the City, on my return to Philadelphia, wch. I expect will be on, or about the 25th.
[Note 93: See Washington's letter to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, Oct. 1796, post.]
If this delay will involve inconveniences, let me be informed thereof, and I will endeavour to give it to you sooner. With great esteem etc.94
[Note 94: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 10, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 5th instant with its enclosure, came to hand by friday's post.
The extracts therein produced both pleasure and pain: the former, at hearing that our citizens are at length released from their unfortunate confinement in Algiers, the latter, to find that others of them have fallen into a similar situation at Tunis, contrary to the truce, and to the arrangement made with Mr. Donaldson.95
[Note 95: Joseph Donaldson, jr. He was United States Consul for Tripoli and Tunis.]
'Tis difficult to understand precisely what the French government design relative to this Country, from the accounts given by Mr. Monroe.
The enclosed letter respecting a Judge for the District of Rhode Island, has just been received; and as it is the most eligible choice I see a prospect of making, a Commission may issue accordingly, appointing Benjamin Bourne96 to that office; provided it is the same gentleman who represents that State in Congress; otherwise, not until further enquiry and consideration are had on the subject.
[Note 96: Bourne was confirmed by the Senate Dec. 22, 1796.]
A short time before I left Philadelphia last, a character was brought forward and well recommended as Attorney for the District of Kentuckey,97 and the appointment met my approbation; but whether a Commission issued in consequence of it, or
[Note 97: William Clarke. He was confirmed by the Senate Dec. 22, 1796.] not, my recollection does not serve me. His name I have forgot; but the letters of recommendation, from the attorney general of the U States and others, were, I think, put into your hands with my sentiments thereon.98
[Note 98: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 99: Now in West Virginia.]
United States, October 12, 1796.
Gentlemen: With great sensibility I receive your polite and affectionate Address of the 6th. instant.
That Beneficent Providence, which, hitherto, has preserved us in Peace, and increased our prosperity, will not, I trust, withdraw its protecting hand; while we, on our part, endeavour to merit a continuance of its favors.
Equally persuaded am I, that no inconvenience will result from my retreat to the walks of private life. The good sense of my Countrymen will always discern, and can never be at a loss to choose, a fit character to administer the Executive Government of these United States.
If it has been my good fortune, through the course of my Civil and Military employment, to have met the approbation of my Countrymen, my wishes will be consummated; and I shall have found the only reward I ever had in view.
For the favorable sentiments you have expressed for me, and for your kind wishes, I sincerely thank you, and reciprocate with great cordiality my vows for your welfare.1
[Note 1: In the writing of George Washington Craik.
On October 12 Washington inclosed this reply to the Inhabitants of Sheperds Town in a brief letter to John KearsIey and Joseph Swearingen, the committee, who forwarded the address. The copy of this letter, also in the writing of Craik, is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 14, 1796.
Dear Sir: Through you I beg leave to transmit the enclosed answer to the Address which came under your cover to me, yesterday.2
[Note 2: The address to Washington, from the inhabitants of Berkeley County, Va., is a printed broadside, dated Sept. 30, 1796, and bears the following manuscript note, signed "Wm. Darke," at its foot'. "By the Unanimous Consent of all the Officers of the 55th. and 67th Regiment of the Berkeley Militia: ordered that General William Darke do sign the above address, for and in their behalf, and that he transmit the same to the President of the United States." This broadside is in the Washington Papers.]
As the printed copy announces it to be from "The Inhabitants of Berkeley County" without noticing, particularly, the Officers of Militia, I was at a loss in what manner to make my response; for if the printed part only should be published, it would be difficult to account for my introducing them in the Answer; and if the writing at the foot of the Address should appear, the omission of them would be as hard to account for. I have, therefore, sent two draughts; One to suit each case. The other to be destroyed. With great esteem etc.3
[Note 3: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
United States, October 14, 1796.
Gentlemen: With a grateful heart I received your friendly and affectionate Address of the 30th Ultimo.
No Satisfaction in my retirement can exceed that, of meeting the esteem and affection of good men and lovers of our Country, in return for my endeavours to serve it.
The approbation of my fellow-Citizens, is the only reward I ever sought, for any services I could render. Next to the continued prosperity, and happiness of these United States, it would be the highest gratification my mind is susceptible of; and if I have obtained yours, it will be a source of pleasing reflection while I remain among you.
For the benevolent Sentiments you have been pleased to express for me, I offer you my sincere thanks; and pray you to accept my best wishes for your welfare.4
[Note 4: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
Mount Vernon, October 17, 1796.
Sir: By the last Mail I received three letters from you (with their several numerous enclosures) the first dated the 8th. and the other two the 10th. of this instant.
The enclosures are all returned under cover with this letter; and as I expect to be at the Seat of Government by the first of next Month (if the health of those who are to accompany me will permit it) I shall express no Sentiments either on your letters or those papers until then: but desire that you would, in the mean time, receive the whole of them, and make a summary of such things as shall be found necessary for me to act upon, against my arrival. Not only in the instances alluded to, but all others; that every thing which can be dispatched previously may not, by delay interfere with the business of the approaching Session of Congress. Matters of mere rotine, or Office decision, need never wait for any opinion of the President, or even be referred to him; as it serves to encrease (by the transcripts) your business, and to withdraw his attention from other concerns.6
[Note 6: In the writing of George Washington Craik.]
Mount Vernon, October 17, 1796.
Sir: The letter with which you have favoured me, dated the 28th ult. came duly to hand.
A few months more will put an end to my political existence and place me in the shades of Mount Vernon under my Vine and Fig Tree; where at all times I should be glad to see you.
It is true (as you have heard) that to be a cultivator of Land has been my favorite amusement; but it is equally true that I have made very little proficiency in acquiring knowledge either in the principles or practice of Husbandry. My employments through life, have been so diversified, my absences from home have been so frequent, and so long at a time, as to have prevented me from bestowing the attention, and from making the experiments which are necessary to establish facts in the Science of Agriculture. And now, though I may amuse myself in that way for the short time I may remain on this Theatre, it is too late in the day for me to commence a scientific course of experiments.
Your thoughts on the mode of cultivating Indian corn, appeared to me, to be founded in reason, and a judicious management of the Soil for different purposes, is as highly interesting to, as it has been neglected by, the People of this Country; to the consequent destruction of much valuable land.
How to restore it to its original fruitfulness; and to increase the means by Stercoraries etc.; to preserve it in that or an improving state; what rotation in crops is best adapted to soils, of different qualities, in order to keep our fields in health and vigour, and at the same time to derive immediate profit from them, are the great desiderata of the Husbandman.
It is what the People of the interior parts of our country must come to soon, or emigrate to the exterior parts of it for subsistence on more productive Soil.
Nothing has contributed, nor will any thing contribute more to effect these desirable purposes than the establishment of Agricultural Societies in this, as they have been in other countries: that the community may derive advantages from the experiments and discoveries of the more intelligent communicator through such channels. Besides the numerous local Societies which are to be found in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, a national one is now established under the auspices of the government of those countries; which will, I conceive, be found among the most useful and beneficial institutions in them, if it is prosecuted with as much assiduity as it has commenced, under Presidency of Sir Jno Sinclair.
I shall always feel myself obliged by your communicating any useful discovery in Agriculture; and for the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express for me, I pray you to accept the thanks of Sir, Your etc.7
[Note 7: From the printed text in M.D. Conway's George Washington and Mount Vernon, Long Island Historical Society Memoirs (vol. 4).]
Mount Vernon, October 21, 1796.
Gentlemen: According to my promise, I have given the several matters contained in your letter of the first instant, the best consideration I am able.
The following is the result: subject however to alterations, if, upon fuller investigation, and the discussion I mean to have with you on these topicks on my way to Philadelphia, I should find cause therefor.
Had not those obstacles opposed themselves to it, which are enumerated by one of the Commissioners, I should, (for reasons, which are now unnecessary to assign) have given a decided preference to the Site which was first had in contemplation for a University in the Federal City; but as these obstacles appear to be insurmountable, the next best site for this purpose, in my opinion, is the square surrounded by numbers 21, 22, 34, 45, 60 a[nd] 63.9 and I decide in favor of it accordingly.
[Note 9: This would be the area between the mouth of Rock and Tiber Creeks, bounded by 26th Street on the west, E Street on the north, 22d Street on the east, and the river front on the south.]
Conceiving (if there be space sufficient to afford it) that a Botanical Garden would be a good appendage to the Institution of a University, part of this square might be applied to that purpose: If inadequate, and that Square designated in the Plan of Majr. L'Enfant for a Marine Hospital, is susceptible of that Institution, and a Botanical Garden also, ground there might be appropriated to this use. If neither will admit of it, I see no solid objection against commencing this Work within the President's square; it being previously understood that, it is not to be occupied, for this purpose, beyond a certain period; or until circumstances would enable, or induce the Public, to improve it into pleasure Walks, &ca. &ca.
Although I have no hesitation in giving it as my opinion, that all the Squares (except those of the Capitol and President's) designated for public purposes, are subject to such appropriations as will best accommodate its views, yet it is, and always has been my belief, that it would impair the confidence which ought to be had in the Public, to convert them to private uses, or to dispose of them (otherwise than temporarily) to individuals. The Plan which has been exhibited to, and dispersed through all parts of the World, give strong indications of a different design; and an innovation, in one instance, would lay the foundation for applications in many; and produce consequences which cannot be foreseen, nor perhaps easily remedied. My doubts [therefore] with respect to designating the Square on the Eastern Branch for a Marine Hospital, did not proceed from an idea that it might be converted, advantageously, into Saleable Lots; but from the utility of having an Hospital in the City at all. Finding however, that it is usual in other Countries to have them there, the practice, it is to be presumed, is founded in convenience; and as it might be difficult to procure a Site without the City, that would answer the purpose, I confirm the original idea of placing it where it is marked, in L'Enfant's plan.
I am disposed to believe, if foreign States are inclined to erect buildings for their Representatives near the United States, the Sites for these buildings had better be left to the choice of their respective Ministers: for besides the reasons which have been already adduced, against innovations, it is very questionable whether ground as low as that in the Capitol Square, west of the building, would be their choice: to fix them there then might be the means of defeating the object altogether.
As the business of the Executive Officers will be chiefly, if not altogether with the President, Sites for their Offices ought to be convenient to his residence; but, as the identical spots can be better chosen on the ground with the plan of the City before one, than by the latter alone, I will postpone this decision until my arrival therein; as I shall also do other appropriations of public Squares, if it be necessary to take the matter up before my return to Philadelphia.
It might be well to amplify on those subjects which you conceive ought to be laid before Congress, or the national Council, and to suggest the mode which you may have contemplated as best for the purpose, against my arrival; which, probably, will be on Tuesday or Wednesday next. With great esteem etc.10
[Note 10: The draft, in the writing of George Washington Craik, is in the District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress. The word in brackets is in the writing of Washington.
On October 25 Washington wrote to the Secretary of State(?), sending a letter from the sister of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, to be forwarded to him. "I shall commence my journey for Philadelphia this afternoon; but business will detain me one day at least in the Federal City?" This letter is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.]
Philadelphia, November 7, 1796.
Gentlemen: Your two letters, dated the 31st. Ulto., with their several enclosures, were received on thursday last. The one to Mr. Wolcott has been delivered to him; but he seems to have no sanguine expectation of obtaining a loan from the Bank of the United States, for the purposes of the Federal City. He intended to communicate your offer to the President and Directors on Saturday and to support it with an expression of his wishes that you might be accommodated. He promised to write to you himself, by this day's Post, but did not expect he should be able to give the result of his application at that time.
I gave him your letter for Messrs. Willink, to be forwarded to those Gentlemen, and shewed him the copy of it, as I had some doubt myself with respect to the oiler of 7½ pr. Ct. pr. annum. His doubts of the eligibility of this offer, under the Act of Congress guaranteeing the Loan, being still greater than mine, I requested he would give the matter mature consideration, and inform you of the result, if in his judgment it was inadmissable under the Act. You will observe that the objection lyes to the words pr. annum, not because the cost and charges in obtaining the Loan may amount to this in the first instance. As Mr. Wolcott (if he is confirmed in this opinion) will write to you himself on this subject, I shall not enlarge. except to inform you that I shall detain the Letter until this point is decided.
My opinion always has been (since the first Sale to Greenleaf) and still is, oppos'd to large Sales of lots, except in the denier resort. I am more disposed therefore to try any other expedient to raise money in preference. If these fail, and it comes to the alternative of selling in the manner you propose, or suspending the operations altogether I shall have no hesitation in my choice of the first. I have no doubt of your being informed of the result of Mr. Wolcotts application here, by Wednesday's Mail (if he says nothing thereon today). If this fails, I will execute and forward the power authorising the other application to the Legislature of Maryland, by the succeeding Post.
Enclosed is a statement handed to me by the Proprietors of the Hotel in the Federal City. I told the bearer (one of them) who brought it to me that I would, simply, transmit it. If your answer passes through me, to them, let it be distinct from other matters, and so framed as that the letter may be turned over to them, under a blank cover. With great Esteem etc.20
[Note 20: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.
The letter sent, in the writing of George Washington Craik, is in Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, November 8, 1796.
Sir: The letter you have been so good as to favor me with, dated the 27th. Ulto. found me in this City immersed in papers, and preparing for the approaching Session, and busy Scenes with Congress. Let this be my apology then for doing little more, at present, than to give your letter, and its enclosure, an acknowledgment. A time will soon come, I hope, when I can do more; and be in a situation to profit from the relatns. you may give me of your further experiments. Permit me in the meanwhile, to ask your solution of the following questions being a warm frd. myself to green in preferance to naked fallows.
1st. Have you continued the alternate growth of Pease and Wheat, since the year 1794, in the field referred to in your printed letter of the 29th of January of that year?
2dly In that case what has been the product of your Crops in it since?
3dly. Has the field received any other aid than what you supposed it had derived from the leguminous crop and mode of cultivating it?
4th. If not, what is the present condition of the field? Is it improving, or otherwise?
5th Would the Pease have yielded as well on a stiff Loam, or clay, as on such light or Sandy land as you have described yours to be?
6th. Did you drop them by hand, or by means of a drill Plough?
7th. As there is a great variety in the tribe of Indian Pease, which kind of them have you cultivated? Some run, and extend their vines so fax as soon to impede the operations of a Plough.
8th. Is there always a ready sale of them? and at what price?
9th. Could as many be bought now, or in the course of the ensuing winter as would sow, or plant, at the distances, and in the manner you recommend, a field of about 70 acres?
10th. At what period would you choose the Pease should be planted or Sown?
11th. In that case when would they be suffly. ripe to harvest? or, in other words, how long do they usually remain on the ground?
12th. By your sketch and the letter also it is not expressed whether more than one plowing is given after the Pease are planted, and there is a disagreemt. betwn. the two; the 1st. throwing the mould to, and the 2d. from the Pease. Is one Plowg. sufficient (especially if the season is moist) to prevent the ground from being foul with grass, and hard as well as with large weeds, thereby rendering it unfit for the reception of Wheat?
13th. What is meant in the 4th. paragraph of the sketch, by the words "about the time of its sunning"? and when does this Sunning happen?
14 As by the rotation wch. is here contemplated the fields may be always in Culture, what propn. of Pasture or graising grd. wd. you give to the Farm of any given size?
I will make no apology, Sir, for giving you the trouble of answering these queries. The Gazette containing your printed letter to the Agricultural Society in Culpeper, is returned; with my thanks to you for giving me the perusal of it. If the experiment, mentioned in the sketch, has been continued on the same field, as successfully as it appears to have been commenced, there can be no rotation more simple; no dressing (if it is efficient) so cheap; nor any profit from field cultivation greater if progressive as you conceive it to be. With much esteem etc.
Philadelphia, November 12, 1796.
Dear Sir: A few months will put a period to my political existence, and a few days afterwards to my residence in this City; which I never expect to see again.
May I ask the favor of you therefore (if this letter should reach your hands in time, and opportunities should present themselves) to request, and even to press Colonels Shreve and Cannon, and Mr. Charles Morgan to settle and pay to you, before your departure for Congress, the balances respectively due from them, to me. Or, if the money cannot be obtained from all, or any of them, that I may at least know what is due to me, and what it is I have to expect from them before I leave this City; after which their communications with me would be circuitous, if not hazardous.
I have so often made apologies for the trouble I have given you in my Western concerns, that I will avoid doing it on this occasion, but if the above named Gentlemen would do as they ought, I could do more, and that is, to promise I will give you no further trouble in this business unless occasions should arise which may call for professional aid, and you would receive compensation for the Services rendered me. With very great esteem etc.25
[Note 25: From a photostat of the original in Princeton University.]
Philadelphia, November 13, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 12th. Ulto. did not get to my hands until I had been arrived in this City, sometime, or it should have received an earlier acknowledgment.
It would have been pleasing to me, as much on acct. of the esteem I feel for you, as for the satisfaction of viewing my land with more accuracy, to have found you at home. As the case happened, I took only a hasty and superficial view of parts of the Tract.26
[Note 26: "Woodstock," in Maryland.]
I am very much obliged to you, for the trouble you have taken to obtain a settlement with Mr. Jones for the Rents of the above Land: and as it is not in my way to do it, and besides, as I am entirely unacquainted with the circumstances attending the Tenants, in short as I know not what is due from either of them, or from Mr. Jones himself, it would render me a very acceptable Service if you would be so obliging as to bring past transactions to a close; and advise me what had best be done in future, relatively to the Rents, the Tenants; and even the Land.27 With very great esteem etc.
[Note 27: The management of these rentals was transferred from Jones to Hezekiah Veatch.]
(Private)
Philadelphia, November 14, 1796.
Dear Sir: This letter is for your eye only. It is written for the purpose of expressing my regret for your continued absence from the Seat of Government. Rely upon it, it is productive of unpleasant remarks, in which I must be involved. It will, indeed is, considered as making a Sinecure of the Office. To suppose there is no particular occasion for the Law Officer of the government at the Seat of it during the recess of Congress is incorrect; many cases have presented themselves since the adjournment, requiring the opinion and advice of the Attorney General (besides other duties marked out by the Laws). Some points have called for your aid since I have been here, and will occur without an hours previous notice in times like the present. Let me entreat you therefore to come on without delay, and to be assured of the esteem and friendship of Your Affect.
Philadelphia, November 16, 1796.
My dear Sir: I hardly know what apology to make for the positive manner, in which I declared the Certificate for the hundred shares in the Bank of Columbia, had never been in my hands. The fact is otherwise, and I delay no time to correct my error.
I found it last night, and account for it thus. Given to me, I suppose, (for I have not the most obscure recollection of the circumstance) at a time when my mind was occupied on, or immediately called to some other Object, I put it loose in my travelling Chaise-box, where Papers (frequently wanted at Mount Vernon) always remained; intending, I presume, to file it with the other certificates, in the same box; but not doing it then, and forgetting to do it afterwards, and every recollection of having seen it, it might have remained there 'till doomsday undiscovered, if I had not, for another purpose, examined every paper therein seperately; and by that means found the certificate which has puzzled both you and me, to know what had become of it.
Mr. Dandridge (as I presume he has informed you) applied, without encouragement, to the Revd. Mr. Medor of this City (one of the Moravian Clergy) for the Speedy admission of Maria34 into the S[c]hool for young Ladies, at Bethlehem. Since then, I have written to the Principal of that School, The Revd. Mr. Venvleck,35 but have not received his answer. When it comes I will forward it to you.
[Note 34: Anna Maria, daughter of George Augustine Washington.]
[Note 35: Rev. Jacob Van Vleck.]
Mr. Smith of Alexandria, to whom my flour was sold, is craving, earnestly, a prolongation of payment, ninety days. This I do not like for two reasons, 1. because it carries long with it, distrust of his circumstances; and 2. because the doing of it, would be inconvenient, and a derangement of my own measures. I have however, not wanting to distress him, placed the matter upon the following ground. Pay Mr. Pearce the aggregate of his estimate of the Sums necessary to pay his own wages; the Overseers, and other incidental expences of the Estate, on or before the 24th. of next month, and I will wait until the first day of March next for the balance, provided he can, and will give indubitable surety that these shall be done.
As Mr. Pearce may not be well acquainted with business of this sort, or indeed with the adequacy of the Security which may be offered: Personal or Real, I have taken the liberty of mentioning the matter to you, praying, if you should go down to your farm, that you would aid him with your advice.
Washington Custis has got settled at Princeton College, and I think under favourable auspices, but the change from his former habits is so great and sudden; and his hours for study so much increased beyond what he has been accustomed to, that though he promises to be attentive, it is easy to be perceived he is not at all reconciled to it yet.
That of getting up an hour before day, to commence them, is, I will venture to pronounce not the least irksome to him, at present.
Offer my respects to Mrs. Lear, and love to the Children, in which Mrs. Washington unites. and be assured of the sincere esteem etc.
United States, November 21, 1796.
Gentlemen: I am truly sensible of the honor done me by the concurrent and unanimous resolutions of the Council and House of Assembly of the State of New Jersey, passed the 15th. and 16th. instant, approving my conduct in the Administration of the Government of the United States, and regret[ing]38 my determination to retire [from public life].38 They have also been pleased to express their acknowledgments for the sentiments contained in my late Address to my fellow citizens, which affection, respect, and solicitude for their lasting welfare prompted me to lay before them.
[Note 38:[Note 38: The words in brackets are in the writing of George Washington Craik.]
Such testimonies, while they manifest the kindness of the Council and Assembly, persuade me to believe that my services have been useful to my country; a consideration which will render their recollection dear to me, to the latest period of my life.
Philadelphia, November 21, 1796.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 11th. Instant has been duly received. The altered One to Messrs. Wilhem, and Jan Willink has been forwarded to its address, and the former is herewith returned.
Your application to the Bank of the United States for the loan of money, having failed (as I presume the Secretary of the Treasury has informed you, and as I have always supposed would be the case) I have executed the Power which was sent to me authorising a similar application to the Legislature of Maryland. and hope, if made, that it will be attended with better success.39 I advise the retention of it however, a few days, until you hear from Mr. Wolcott the result of his soundings of a Mr. Hope (of the House of Hope, late of Amsterdam) who is just arrived in this City; and of whom it is supposed money might be obtained. With great esteem etc.40
[Note 39: A copy of the authority to borrow $150,000 from the State of Maryland, dated Nov. 21, 1796, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 40: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 41: She calls herself, in her letter of November 5, "the sister of Colonel Sargent."]
Philadelphia, November 24, 1796.
Madam: The letter with which you were pleased to honor me, dated the 5th. instant, came duly to hand; and is entitled to my grateful acknowledgements for the favourable sentiments your partiality has led you to express for me; and for the services I have endeavoured to render our common country.
I wish both were more deserving of the eulogium you have bestowed thereon.
Mrs. Washington adds her name to mine as a subscriber to your works, and with Miss Custis (who is with us) unites in best wishes for the success of it, and for your personal happiness, with Madam Your etc.
PS. Enclosed is a five Dollar Bank note on acct. of the subscription.42
[Note 42: The subscription was, probably, for The Gleaner, which was published in Boston in February, 1798.]
Philadelphia, November 27, 1796.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 21st instant. with its enclosures, came duly to hand; previous to which, I had dispatched the Power, authorising an application to the Legislature of Maryland, for the loan of money; accompanying it, however, with a request that, it might not be carried into operation until you should have learnt the result of an application contemplated to be made by the Secretary of the Treasury to a Mr. Hope of Amsterdam. This application has been made; the result was to be known today; and by the Mail of tomorrow you are to be informed thereof, So says Mr. Wolcott to me.
The Memorial, relative to the Establishment of a University in the Federal City, I shall retain until the meeting of Congress, and then dispose of it as circumstances may dictate.44
[Note 44: This memorial from the Commissioners of the District of Columbia was submitted to Congress December 12 by James Madison.]
The dissensions, and controversies which so frequently happen in that City, are extremely to be regretted; and nothing, I am persuaded, will contribute more to appease them, and to remove the jealousies which, without, will forever exist, than the residence of the Commissioners within the City; for which reason I do, in behalf of the public, give it as my decided opinion that they ought, and as my expectation that they will, remove into it, before the building operations of the ensuing year commences. It would, I conceive, be submitting to a novel doctrine, to have the Commissioners of any City non-residents thereof. How much greater then must it be in one, where there are such a variety of objects to attend to? and such incessant calls upon their activity?
I am persuaded, that upon due consideration of the decisive opinion (only the repetition of a former one) now given, you will equally with others, see the propriety of enforcing it, as well for the purpose of answering the public expectation, and causing jealousies to subside, as from the intrinsic benefits which must result from the measure, in many points of view.
Mr. Walkers45 attack; appears to me to be as impolitic, as it is indecent and intemperate; but as the issue of Indictments (as far as my observations have gone) has not often answered the ends of the prosecution, I thought it expedient to require the opinion of the Attorney General of the United States on the question you propounded to me; enclosed is the copy of it. Having done so, I submit the course to be pursued to your own judgments. To prosecute in this City, if Mr. Walker has become a Resident of it, would, I presume, be duly considered before it is undertaken. With very great esteem etc.46
[Note 45: George Walker. He was a Philadelphia merchant who speculated in land purchases in the city of Washington.]
[Note 46: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 47: The committee of Frederick County, Va.]
United States, November 28, 1796.
Gentlemen: The approbation of my public conduct, which you have been so good as to express in behalf of the People of your country, has not failed to excite the most agreeable Sensations, and you have made it the dearer, by the terms of personal affection with which it is accompanied.48
[Note 48: The letter of the committee, dated November 12, is in the Washington Papers.]
At all times it has been my endeavour to discern and promote the welfare of our country to the utmost of my abilities; and if in critical situations events have been finally propitious, the success is to be attributed to the unceasing support of my fellow citizens, who have known how to maintain a Government made by, and for themselves.
In the retirement, so much desired, when I shall once more return to the occupations of private life, it will be a never failing source of my happiness to recollect, the various instances in which my honest exertions to discharge the duties of public office have been more than rewarded by the benevolence of my fellow-citizens.
To you Gentlemen, and the people of Frederick county, I most gratefully acknowledge this evidence of attachment:49 and long, under the blessings of a benign Providence, may we all live to see our common country which we equally love, happy in the enjoyment of its present tranquillity, liberty and Independence.
[Note 49: The Frederick County address was in the form of a printed broadside and dated Sept. 30, 1796. Five of them are in the Washington Papers, each bearing many manuscript signatures of the various inhabitants. Its copy in the "Letter Book" bears the notation "Signed by upwards of three hundred persons."]
Philadelphia, December 1, 1796.
Gentlemen: Your letter of the 25th Ulto came to hand on tuesday last, but it was not in my power to give it an earlier acknowledgment: and now, I must do it without resorting to papers (to be perfectly correct). The pressure of my business with the different Departments, previous to the meeting of Congress; and my own preparation for that event, leaves me but little time to attend to other matters.
The discontents with which you are assailed by one or other of the Proprietors in the Federal City must, unquestionably, be very disagreeable and troublesome to you, for they are extremely irksome to me.
In the case however before us, I conceive Mr. Covachichi might have received a definitive answer, without refering the matter to the Executive. On what part of the Contract with Greenleaf he has founded an opinion that a site was designated for a University, and has built his complaints, or how it came to pass that any allusion to such a measure should have found its way into that Contract, I have no more recollection than I have a conception, of what could have induced it; for your Clerk has omitted sending the Extract.
It is a well known fact, or to say the least, it has been always understood by me, that the establishment of a University in the Federal City depended upon several contingencies; one of which, and a material one too, was donations for the purpose. Until lately, this business could scarcely be said to have advanced beyond the wishes of its advocates, although these wishes were accompanied, generally, with expressions of what might be expected; and whenever the names of Mr. Blodget, and the proprietors of that vicinity, were mentioned in relation to this business, the idea (expressed or implied) always was, that they meant to give the ground.
Is this the intention of Mr. Covachichi relative to the object he is now contending for? if it is, and a sufficient space of ground, on these terms, can be obtained there for this purpose, without interfering with the property of Orphans, my opinion is, that the University ought to be placed there. But, if this is not the design, can that Gentleman, or any other expect that the public will buy (for an exchange is a purchase, and may be of the most troublesome kind) when it has unappropriated ground nearly as convenient? and why do this? because a site has been loosely talked of? because a proprietor, to enhance the sale of his property has coloured the advantages of it as highly as he could? or because the purchaser, omitting to investigate matters beforehand, wants the public to encounter an expence, it is unable to bear, by way of redress for his own in, caution? What would have been the answer of the Commissioners if he had previously applied to them, to know if a University would be placed where he is now contending for? Certainly, that he ought not to calculate upon it. If that would have been the answer then (and unless there are facts which have escaped my recollection) I can conceive no other could have been given, it is not inapplicable at present.
A University was not even contemplated by Majr. L'Enfant in the plan of the City which was laid before Congress; taking its origen from another source. This plan you shall receive by the first safe hand who may be going to the Federal City. By it you may discover (tho' almost obliterated) the directions given to the Engraver, by Mr. Jefferson, with a pencil, what parts to omit. The principle on which it was done, I have communicated to you on more occasions than one. With esteem &c.
PS. Since writing the foregoing, I have received the extract, omitted to be enclosed in your letter of the 25th. ulto.
I do not recollect ever to have seen, or heard of it before. Nor do I see any cause to change my opinion since I have done so, unless upon the Condition which is mentioned in the body of this letter. that is, receiving the ground for the proposed Site, as a donation.59
[Note 59: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 3, 1796.
Sir: I have read all the letters of General Wayne, and their enclosures; as I have also done those of Captn. Bruff and others, which you have laid before me.
Note such matters (in all of them) as require particular directions, which I shall be ready to give whenever they are laid before me.
The other parts, which call only for Office attention, will, I am persuaded, meet with prompt and ready dispatch. It is my wish to keep the business of the Departments up, leaving no burthen on my Successor that ought, of right, to be executed while I am in Office.
Philadelphia, December 5, 1796.
Sir: I have received several letters from you in the course of this year, but as none of them required a particular acknowledgement, and as my time is generally very much occupied I have been silent until now.
The object of my writing to you now, is to request that the balance of £105.8.7 due to me, as appears by your account current dated the 23d. of February in the present year may be remitted in the articles contained in the Invoice enclosed herewith.
I pray you to send them (Insured) by the first good opportunity to Alexandria or George Town on Potomac. Accept my thanks for the Tarriers you had the goodness to send me by Captn. Butts who took great care of them, and delivered them in good order. With esteem, etc.
Invoice of Goods to be Shipped for and consigned to, the Subscriber at Mount Vernon in Virginia by James Maury Esqr. and sent by the first Vessel bound to the Port of Alexandria, or George Town on Potok.
The surplus of the balance of £105.8.7 due to me, pr. your acct. current after Commission and charges, freight and Insurance on the above Goods are added to the cost thereof, is to be sent to me in good British Oznabrigs.
Philadelphia, December 5, 1796.
My dear Sir: Not being able to recollect with certainty, whether I expressed to you my ardent desire that no favourable occasion might be omitted, by you, of signifying how much it was my wish, and the wishes of the People of this country, that that friend to it, Mr. de la Fayette, could be liberated from his confinement, is the cause of my giving you the trouble of this address.
Not in my public character have I conceived myself authorised to move in this business; but in my private one I have used, and shall continue to use, every exertion in my power to effect this much desired object. For surely if a hard fate has attended any one, the fortunes of this Gentleman has met it.
It would give me much pleasure to hear of your safe arrival after an agreeable passage; and that your reception from the French Directory has been favourable. Of politics, or on matters of public concern, I shall say nothing; because you are too recently from this country to need information on the first subject, and from the Office of State you receive all that can be given on the second. In presenting compliments to Mrs. and Miss Pinckney, Mrs. Washington unites hers along with those of My dear Sir etc.
Philadelphia, December 7, 1796.
Sir: The attempts lately made by the Commissioners of the City of Washington to borrow Money in Europe for the purpose of carrying on the public buildings having failed or been retarded they have been authorised by me to apply to your State for a loan of One hundred and fifty thousand Dollars upon terms which they will communicate. Such is the present situation of foreign Nations with respect to Money, that according to the best information there is no reasonable hope of obtaining a loan in any of them immediately and applications can now only be made in the United States upon this subject with any prospect of success and perhaps no where with greater propriety than to the Legislature of Maryland where it must be presumed the most anxious solicitude is felt for the growth and prosperity of that City which is intended for the permanent Seat of Government in America.
If the State has it in its power to lend the money which is solicited, I persuade myself it will be done, and the more especially at this time when a loan is so indispensable that without it not only very great and many impediments must be endured in the prossecution of the Work now in hand, but inevitable loss must be sustained by the funds of the City, in consequence of premature Sales of the public property. I have thought I ought not to omit to State for the information of the General Assembly, as well the difficulty of obtaining Money on loan, as the present necessity for it, which I must request the favor of you most respectfully to communicate. With very great respect etc.62
[Note 62: In the writing of George Washington Craik. The draft, in the writing of Charles Lee, with two changes by Washington, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[MD.H.S.]
Philadelphia, December 7, 1796.
Sir: Taking into consideration the critical situation of the funds of the Commissioners, I have, though with much reluctance, written a letter to the Governor of Maryland (agreeably to the request of the Commissioners) to be laid before the assembly of that state. The letter is enclosed herewith. And left unsealed for your perusal; after which you will please to seal and deliver or have it delivered to the Governor. I am etc.63
[Note 63: The draft, in the writing of Bartholomew Dandridge, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 64: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers is the following: "At twelve Oclock, the President attended by the heads of Department and the Attorney General, went to the Chamber of the House of Representatives, where finding both Houses of Congress assembled, he delivered to them the following Speech."]
December 7, 1796.
Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: In recurring to the internal situation of our Country, since I had last the pleasure to Address you, I find ample reason for a renewed expression of that gratitude to the ruler of the Universe, which a continued series of prosperity has so often and so justly called forth.
The Acts of the last Session, which required special arrangements, have been, as far as circumstances would admit, carried into operation.
Measures calculated to insure a continuance of the friendship of the Indians, and to preserve peace along the extent of our interior frontier, have been digested and adopted. In the framing of these, care has been taken to guard on the one hand, our advanced Settlements from the predatory incursions of those unruly Individuals, who cannot be restrained by their Tribes; and on the other hand, to protect the rights secured to the Indians by Treaty; to draw them nearer to the civilized state; and inspire them with correct conceptions of the Power, as well as justice of the Government.
The meeting of the deputies from the Creek Nation at Colerain, in the State of Georgia, which had for a principal object the purchase of a parcel of their land, by that State, broke up without its being accomplished; the Nation having, previous to their departure, instructed them against making any Sale; the occasion however has been improved, to confirm by a new Treaty with the Creeks, their pre-existing engagements with the United States; and to obtain their consent, to the establishment of Trading Houses and Military Posts within their boundary; by means of which, their friendship, and the general peace, may be more effectually secured.
The period during the late Session, at which the appropriation was passed, for carrying into effect the Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, between the United States and his Britannic Majesty, necessarily procrastinated the reception of the Posts stipulated to be delivered, beyond the date assigned for that event. As soon however as the Governor General of Canada could be addressed with propriety on the subject, arrangements were cordially and promptly concluded for their evacuation; and the United States took possession of the principal of them, comprehending Oswego, Niagara, Detroit, Michelimackina, and Fort Miami; where, such repairs, and additions have been ordered to be made, as appeared indispensible.
The Commissioners appointed on the part of the United States and of Great Britain, to determine which is the river St. Croix, mentioned in the Treaty of peace of 1783, agreed in the choice of Egbert Benson Esqr. of New York, for the third Commissioner. The whole met at St. Andrews, in Passamaquoddy Bay, in the beginning of October; and directed surveys to be made of the Rivers in dispute; but deeming it impracticable to have these Surveys completed before the next Year, they adjourned, to meet at Boston in August 1797, for the final decision of the question.
Other Commissioners appointed on the part of the United States, agreeably to the seventh Article of the Treaty with Great Britain, relative to captures and condemnations of Vessels and other property, met the Commissioners of his Britannic Majesty in London, in August last, when John Trumbull, Esqr. was chosen by lot, for the fifth Commissioner. In October following the Board were to proceed to business. As yet there has been no communication of Commissioners on the part of Great Britain, to unite with those who have been appointed on the part of the United States, for carrying into effect the sixth Article of the Treaty.
The Treaty with Spain, required, that the Commissioners for running the boundary line between the territory of the United States, and his Catholic Majesty's Provinces of East and West Florida, should meet at the Natchez, before the expiration of six Months after the exchange of the ratifications, which was effected at Aranjuez on the 25th. day of April; and the troops of his Catholic Majesty occupying any Posts within the limits of the United States, were within the same period to be withdrawn. The Commissioner of the United States therefore, commenced his journey for the Natchez in September; and troops were ordered to occupy the Posts from which the Spanish Garrisons should be withdrawn. Information has been recently received, of the appointment of a Commissioner on the part of his Catholic Majesty for running the boundary line, but none of any appointment, for the adjustment of the claims of our Citizens, whose Vessels were captured by the Armed Vessels of Spain.
In pursuance of the Act of Congress, passed in the last Session, for the protection and relief of American Seamen, Agents were appointed, one to reside in Great Britain, and the other in the West Indies. The effects of the Agency in the West Indies, are not yet fully ascertained; but those which have been communicated afford grounds to believe, the measure will be beneficial. The Agent destined to reside in Great Britain, declining to accept the appointment, the business has consequently devolved on the Minister of the United States in London; and will command his attention, until a new Agent shall be appointed.
After many delays and disappointments, arising out of the European War, the final arrangements for fulfilling the engagements made to the Dey and Regency of Algiers, will, in all present appearance, be crowned with success: but under great, tho' inevitable disadvantages, in the pecuniary transactions, occasioned by that War; which will render a further provision necessary. The actual liberation of all our Citizens who were prisoners in Algiers, while it gratifies every feeling heart, is itself an earnest of a satisfactory termination of the whole negotiation. Measures are in operation for effecting Treaties with the Regencies of Tunis and Tripoli.
To an active external Commerce, the protection of a Naval force is indispensable. This is manifest with regard to Wars in which a State itself is a party. But besides this, it is in our own experience, that the most sincere Neutrality is not a sufficient guard against the depredations of Nations at War. To secure respect to a Neutral Flag, requires a Naval force, organized, and ready to vindicate it, from insult or aggression. This may even prevent the necessity of going to War, by discouraging belligerent Powers from committing such violations of the rights of the Neutral party, as may first or last, leave no other option. From the best information I have been able to obtain, it would seem as if our trade to the mediterranean, without a protecting force, will always be insecure; and our Citizens exposed to the calamities from which numbers of them have but just been relieved.
These considerations invite the United States, to look to the means, and to set about the gradual creation of a Navy. The increasing progress of their Navigation, promises them, at no distant period, the requisite supply of Seamen; and their means, in other respects, favour the undertaking. It is an encouragement, likewise, that their particular situation, will give weight and influence to a moderate Naval force in their hands. Will it not then be adviseable, to begin without delay, to provide, and lay up the materials for the building and equipping of Ships of War; and to proceed in the Work by degrees, in proportion as our resources shall render it practicable without inconvenience; so that a future War of Europe, may not find our Commerce in the same unprotected state, in which it was found by the present.
Congress have repeatedly, and not without success, directed their attention to the encouragement of Manufactures. The object is of too much consequence, not to insure a continuance of their efforts, in every way which shall appear eligible. As a general rule, Manufactures on public account, are inexpedient. But where the state of things in a Country, leaves little hope that certain branches of Manufacture will, for a great length of time obtain; when these are of a nature essential to the furnishing and equipping of the public force in time of War, are not establishments for procuring them on public account, to the extent of the ordinary demand for the public service, recommended by strong considerations of National policy, as an exception to the general rule? Ought our Country to remain in such cases, dependant on foreign supply, precarious, because liable to be interrupted? If the necessary Articles should, in this mode cost more in time of peace, will not the security and independence thence arising, form an ample compensation? Establishments of this sort, commensurate only with the calls of the public service in time of peace, will, in time of War, easily be extended in proportion to the exigencies of the Government; and may even perhaps be made to yield a surplus for the supply of our Citizens at large; so as to mitigate the privations from the interruption of their trade. If adopted, the plan ought to exclude all those branches which are already, or likely soon to be, established in the Country; in order that there may be no danger of interference with pursuits of individual industry.
It will not be doubted, that with reference either to individual, or National Welfare, Agriculture is of primary importance. In proportion as Nations advance in population, and other circumstances of maturity, this truth becomes more apparent; and renders the cultivation of the Soil more and more, an object of public patronage. Institutions for promoting it, grow up, supported by the public purse: and to what object can it be dedicated with greater propriety? Among the means which have been employed to this end, none have been attended with greater success than the establishment of Boards, composed of proper characters, charged with collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums, and small pecuniary aids, to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and improvement. This species of establishment contributes doubly to the increase of improvement; by stimulating to enterprise and experiment, and by drawing to a common centre, the results everywhere of individual skill and observation; and spreading them thence over the whole Nation. Experience accordingly has shewn, that they are very cheap Instruments, of immense National benefits.
I have heretofore proposed to the consideration of Congress, the expediency of establishing a National University; and also a Military Academy. The desirableness of both these Institutions, has so constantly increased with every new view I have taken of the subject, that I cannot omit the opportunity of once for all, recalling your attention to them.
The Assembly to which I address myself, is too enlightened not to be fully sensible how much a flourishing state of the Arts and Sciences, contributes to National prosperity and reputation. True it is, that our Country, much to its honor, contains many Seminaries of learning highly respectable and useful; but the funds upon which they rest, are too narrow, to command the ablest Professors, in the different departments of liberal knowledge, for the Institution contemplated, though they would be excellent auxiliaries.
Amongst the motives to such an Institution, the assimilation of the principles, opinions and manners of our Country men, but the common education of a portion of our Youth from every quarter, well deserves attention. The more homogeneous our Citizens can be made in these particulars, the greater will be our prospect of permanent Union; and a primary object of such a National Institution should be, the education of our Youth in the science of Government. In a Republic, what species of knowledge can be equally important? and what duty, more pressing on its Legislature, than to patronize a plan for communicating it to those, who are to be the future guardians of the liberties of the Country?
The Institution of a Military Academy, is also recommended by cogent reasons. However pacific the general policy of a Nation may be, it ought never to be without an adequate stock of Military knowledge for emergencies. The first would impair the energy of its character, and both would hazard its safety, or expose it to greater evils when War could not be avoided. Besides that War, might often, not depend upon its own choice. In proportion, as the observance of pacific maxims, might exempt a Nation from the necessity of practising the rules of the Military Art, ought to be its care in preserving, and transmitting by proper establishments, the knowledge of that Art. Whatever argument may be drawn from particular examples, superficially viewed, a thorough examination of the subject will evince, that the Art of War, is at once comprehensive and complicated; that it demands much previous study; and that the possession of it, in its most improved and perfect state, is always of great moment to the security of a Nation. This, therefore, ought to be a serious care of every Government: and for this purpose, an Academy, where a regular course of Instruction is given, is an obvious expedient, which different Nations have successfully employed.
The compensations to the Officers of the United States, in various instances, and in none more than in respect to the most important stations, appear to call for Legislative revision. The consequences of a defective provision, are of serious import to the Government. If private wealth, is to supply the defect of public retribution, it will greatly contract the sphere within which, the selection of Characters for Office, is to be made, and will proportionally diminish the probability of a choice of Men, able, as well as upright: Besides that it would be repugnant to the vital principles of our Government, virtually to exclude from public trusts, talents and virtue, unless accompanied by wealth.
While in our external relations, some serious inconveniences and embarrassments have been overcome, and others lessened, it is with much pain and deep regret I mention, that circumstances of a very unwelcome nature, have lately occurred. Our trade has suffered, and is suffering, extensive injuries in the West Indies, from the Cruisers, and Agents of the French Republic; and communications have been received from its Minister here, which indicate the danger of a further disturbance of our Commerce, by its authority; and which are, in other respects, far from agreeable.
It has been my constant, sincere, and earnest wish, in conformity with that of our Nation, to maintain cordial harmony, and a perfectly friendly understanding with that Republic. This wish remains unabated; and I shall persevere in the endeavour to fulfil it, to the utmost extent of what shall be consistent with a just, and indispensable regard to the rights and honour of our Country; nor will I easily cease to cherish the expectation, that a spirit of justice, candour and friendship, on the part of the Republic, will eventually ensure success.
In pursuing this course however, I cannot forget what is due to the character of our Government and Nation; or to a full and entire confidence in the good sense, patriotism, selfrespect, and fortitude of my Countrymen.
I reserve for a special Message a more particular communication on this interesting subject.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: I have directed an estimate of the Appropriations, necessary for the service of the ensuing year, to be submitted from the proper Department; with a view of the public receipts and expenditures, to the latest period to which an account can be prepared.
It is with satisfaction I am able to inform you, that the Revenues of the United States continue in a state of progressive improvement.
A reinforcement of the existing provisions for discharging our public Debt, was mentioned in my Address at the opening of the last Session. Some preliminary steps were taken towards it, the maturing of which will, no doubt, engage your zealous attention during the present. I will only add, that it will afford me, heart felt satisfaction, to concur in such further measures, as will ascertain to our Country the prospect of a speedy extinguishment of the Debt. Posterity may have cause to regret, if, from any motive, intervals of tranquillity are left unimproved for accelerating this valuable end.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: My solicitude to see the Militia of the United States placed on an efficient establishment, has been so often, and so ardently expressed, that I shall but barely recall the subject to your view on the present occasion; at the same time that I shall submit to your enquiry, whether our Harbours are yet sufficiently secured.
The situation in which I now stand, for the last time, in the midst of the Representatives of the People of the United States, naturally recalls the period when the Administration of the present form of Government commenced; and I cannot omit the occasion, to congratulate you and my Country, on the success of the experiment; nor to repeat my fervent supplications to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, and Sovereign Arbiter of Nations, that his Providential care may still be extended to the United States; that the virtue and happiness of the People, may be preserved; and that the Government, which they have instituted, for the protection of their liberties, maybe perpetual.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 12 the Senate in a body waited on the President at his house, at noon, when the Vice President "delivered" the address of the Senate in answer to this address. This answer is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
The President replied briefly, and, in response to the Senate's reference to his retirement and his Farewell Address, said: "For the notice you take of my public services, civil and military, and your kind wishes for my personal happiness, I beg you to accept my cordial thanks. Those services, and greater had I possessed the ability to render them, were due to the unanimous calls of my Country; and its approbation is my abundant reward." This reply is also entered in the "Letter Book."
The House of Representatives waited upon the President, at his house, at 2 o'clock p.m., December 15, when the Speaker delivered to the President the reply of the House to the address, to which the President replied at greater length than he did to the Senate. He said, in part:
"To a Citizen whose views were unambitious, who preferred the shade and tranquility] of private life to the splendour and solicitude of elevated stations, and whom the voice of duty and his country could alone have drawn from his chosen retreat, no reward for his public services can be so grateful as public approbation, accompanied by a consciousness that to render those services useful to that Country has been his single aim: and when this approbation is expressed by the Representatives of a free and enlightened Nation, the reward will admit of no addition. Receive, Gentlemen, my sincere and affectionate thanks for this signal testimony that my services have been acceptable and useful to my Country: the strong confidence of my fellow Citizens, while it animated all my actions, ensured their zealous cooperation, which rendered those services successful. The virtue and wisdom of my Successors, joined with the patriotism and intelligence of the Citizens who compose the other Branches of Government, I firmly trust will lead them to the adoption of measures which by the beneficence of Providence, will give stability to our System of government, add to its success, and secure to ourselves and to posterity that liberty which is to all of us so dear." The reply of the House and the rejoinder of the President are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 7, 1796.
Revd. Sir: The letter you were pleased to favour me with, relative to my (grand) niece Maria Washington, was (a copy of it) sent to Mr. Lear, who married her mother, and is her guardian, with a request that he would ascertain the precise time for her entering the School for young Ladies, under your auspices, at Bethlehem.
Enclosed you have his answer, and you have to decide whether the first of April, or an earlier day will suit your purposes best, to receive the child. She is fatherless and motherless; to have with her therefore the daughter66 of Colo. Ball, who is the daughter of her father's Sister also, would be very pleasing to the two girls, if it could be made convenient to the School.
[Note 66: The name is not given in Lear's letter of Dec. 2, 1706, but she was Mildred Thornton Ball.]
Your answer to these requests, if put under cover to me, shall be immediately forwarded to Mr. Lear, for his government. Before I conclude, I pray you to accept my thanks for your ready consent to admit the child, in whose behalf I first applied; and for the favourable Sentiments you have been pleased to express for Revd. Sir Your etc.
Philadelphia, December 10, 1796.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to you in June last, I have been favoured with your letters of the 14th. and 30th of May and 10th. of September; accompanying the additional appendix to the chapter on manures; your address to the Board of Agriculture; and other valuable productions relative to that important subject.
For your goodness in sending them to me, I pray your to accept my best thanks, and regrets at the sametime for the inflamation in your eyes; which, to a man as actively, and as usefully employed in one of the most interesting pursuits that can occupy a rational mind as you are must be doubly afflictive. If my wishes could contribute to a removal of the malady, they would be offered with much Sincerity.
The result of the experiments entrusted to the care of Doctr. Fordyce,67 must be as curious as they may prove interesting to the Science of Husbandry. Not less so will be, an intelligent solution of those queries relative to live Stock, which are handed to the public.
[Note 67: Dr. George(?) Fordyce.]
A few months more, say the third of March next, and the scenes of my political life will close, and leave me in the shades of retirement; when, if a few years are allowed me to enjoy it (many I cannot expect, being upon the verge of Sixty five), and health is continued to me, I shall peruse with pleasure and edification, the fruits of your meritorious labours, for the improvement of Agriculture; and shall have leizure, I trust, to realize some of the useful discoveries which have been made in the science of Husbandry, Patronised by you, so much for the interest of mankind, and your own honor.
Until the above period shall have arrived, and particularly during the present Session of Congress, which commenced the 5th. instant; I can give but little attention to matters out of the line of my immediate avocations: I did not, however, omit the occasion at the opening of the Session, to call the attention of that body to the importance of Agriculture. What will be the result I know not at present, but if it should be favourable, the hints which you will have it in your power to give, cannot fail of being gratefully received by the members who may constitute the Board.
The articles entrusted to the care of Doctr. Edwards68 came safe, and while all of them are curious; and entitled to my particular acknowledgments, none deserve to be held in higher estimation than the heads of the Egyptian Wheat. They came much too late however for our usual seed time, but I delayed
[Note 68: Dr. Sydenham Teak(?) Edwards.] not a moment in sending them to my Manager at Mount Vernon, with particular directions how to dispose of them to the best advantage; reserving one head as a resource, in case of failure from late Sowing.
Certainly no good reason can be assigned why the Hemp of New Zealand should not thrive with us, as that country lyes in about the same Southern latitude that our middle States do in the Northern. The Hemp of the East Indies grows well here (from my own experience) and I have no doubt of the Tea plant succeeding in So. Carolina and Georgia.
The Gentlemen whose names you have mentioned in your letter of the 10th of September, will, I am persuaded, be gratified for your civilities. The true policy of this country is to live in peace and amity with all the World; and I am sure it is the wish of the government that it should do so, as long as is consistent with the respect that is due to itself.
I cannot conclude without requesting your acceptance of my grateful acknowledgments, for the expression of your wishes to see me in Great Britain, and under your hospitable roof; But I believe there are few things more certain than that after I have retired to Mount Vernon, I shall never go twenty miles beyond the limits of it; unless perchance, I should visit some landed property (under leases) at the distance of about Seventy miles from it. With very great esteem etc.
(Private)
Philadelphia, December 11, 1796.
Sir: The near view which you have of the Revolution in France, and of the political state of things in Europe, especially those of Great Britain, has enabled you to form a judgment with so much more accuracy than I could do, of the probable result of the perturbated state of the countries which compose that quarter of the globe, and of the principal actors on that theatre, that it wd. be presumption in me, at the distance of 3000 miles, to give an opinion relatively to either men, or measures; and therefore, I will proceed to the information required in your private letter of the 11th of September, wch I will give from the best knowledge I possess, and with the candour you have a right to expect from me.
The United States, as you well know, are very extensive, more than 1500 miles between the North Eastern, and So. Western extremities; all parts of which, from the Seaboard to the Apalachian Mountains, (which divide the Eastern from the Western waters) are entirely settled; though not as compactly as they are susceptible of; and settlements are progressing rapidly beyond them.
Within so great a space, you are not to be told, that there are a great variety of climates; and you will readily suppose too that, there are all sorts of land, differently improved, and of various prices, according to the quality of the Soil; its contiguity to, or remoteness from Navigation; the nature of the improvements, and other local circumstances. These however, are only sufficient for the formation of a general opinion, for there are material deviations, as I shall mention hereafter.
In the New England States, and to Pennsylvania inclusively, landed property is more divided than it is in the States South of them. The farms are smaller, the buildings and other improvements, generally, better; and, of consequence, the population is greater: But then, the climate, especially to the Eastward of Hudsons river, is cold, the winter long, consuming a great part of the Summers labour in support of their Stocks, during the Winter: nevertheless, it is a country abounding in grass, and furnishes much fine Beef, besides exporting many horses to the West Indies. A Milldew or blight (I am speaking now of the New England States particularly) prevents them from raising Wheat adequate to their own consumption; and of other grains they export little or none: Fish being their Staple. They live well notwithstanding, and are a happy People. Their numbers are not augmented by foreign Emigrants; yet, from their circumscribed limits, compact situation, and natural population, they are filling the western parts of the State of New York, and the country on the Ohio with their own surplusage.
New Jersey is a small state, and all parts of it, except the Southwestern, are pleasant, healthy, and productive of all kinds of grain, &ca. Being surrounded on two sides by New York, and on the other two by Delaware River and the Atlantic, it has no land of its own to supply the surplus of its population, of course their emigrations are principally towards the Ohio.
Pennsylvania is a large state, and from the policy of its founder, and of the government since; and especially from the celebrity of Philadelphia, has become the general recepticle of foreigners from all countries, and of all descriptions; many of whom soon take an active part in the politics of the State; and coming over full of prejudices against their own governments, some against all government, you will be enabled, without any comment of mine, to draw your own inference of their conduct.
Delaware is a very small State, the greater part of which lyes low, and is supposed to be unhealthy. The Eastern Shore of Maryland is similiar thereto. The lands in both, however, are good.
But the Western parts of the last mentioned State, and of Virginia, quite to the line of No. Carolina, above tide water, and more especially above the Blue Mountains are similar to those of Pennsylvania between the Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers, in Soil, climate and productions; and in my opinion will be considered, if it is not considered so already, as the Garden of America; forasmuch as it lyes between the two extremes of heat and cold, partaking in a degree of the advantages of both, without feeling much, the inconveniences of either: and with truth it may be said, is among the most fertile lands in America, East of the Apalachian Mountains.
The uplands of North and So. Carolina, and Georgia, are not dissimilar in Soil; but as they approach the lower latitudes, are less congenial to Wheat, and are supposed to be proportionably more unhealthy. Towards the Seaboard of all the Southern States (and further South the more so) the country is low, Sandy and unhealthy; for which reason I shall say little concerning them; for as I should not chuse to be an inhabitant of them myself, I ought not to say any thing that would induce others to be so.
This general description is furnished, that you may be enabled to form an idea of the part of the United States which would be most congenial to your inclination. To pronounce with any degree of precision what lands could be obtained for in the parts I have enumerated, is next to impossible, for the reasons I have before assigned; but upon pretty good data it may be said, that those in Pennsylvania are higher than those in Maryland (and I believe in any other State) declining in price as you go southerly, until the Rice Swamps of So. Carolina and Georgia are met with, and these are as much above the medium in price, as they are below it in health. I understand however, that from 30 to 40 dollars pt. Acre (I fix on dollars because they apply equally to all the States, and because their relative value to sterling is well understood) may be denominated the medium price in the vicinity of the Susquehanna, in the State of Pennsylvania: from 20 to 30 on the Potomac, both in what is called the Valley, that is, lying between the Blue Mountains and North Mountain and wch. are the richest lands we have. and less, as I have noticed before, as you proceed Southerly. But what may appear singular, and was alluded to in the former part of this letter, the lands in the parts of which I am now speaking, on, and contiguous to, tide water (with local exceptions) are in lower estimation than those which are above, and more remote from Navigation. The causes however are apparent: 1. the land is better. 2. higher and more healthy. 3. they are chiefly (if not altogether, in the occupation of Farmers; and 4. from a combination of all them, purchasers are attracted, and of consequence the prices rise in proportion to the demand.
The rise in the value of landed property, in this country, has been progressive, ever since my attention has been turned to the subject (now more than 40 years); but for the last three or four of that period, it has increased beyond all calculation, owing in part to the attachment to, and the confidence which the people are beginning to place in, their form of Government; and to the prosperity of the country from a variety of concurring causes, none more than to the late high prices of its produce.
From what I have said, you will have perceived that the present prices of Land in Pennsylvania are higher than they are in Maryland and Virginia, although they are not of Superior quality. Two reasons have already been assigned for this, first, that in the settled part of it, the land is divided into smaller farms, and more improved; and 2dly being, in a greater degree than any other, the recepticle of emigrants, these receive their first impressions in Philadelphia, and rarely look beyond the limits of the State; but besides these, two other causes not a little operative may be added; namely, that until Congress passed general Laws relative to naturalization and citizenship, foreigners found it easier to obtain the priviledges annexed to them in this State than elsewhere; and because there are Laws here for the gradual abolition of Slavery, which neither of the two States above mentioned have, at present, but which nothing is more certain than that they must have, and at a period not remote.
Notwithstanding these obstacles, and although I may incur the charge of partiality in hazarding such an opinion at this time, I do not hesitate to pronounce that, the Lands on the Waters of Potomack will, in a few years, be in greater demand, and in higher estimation than in any other part of the United States. But as I ought not to advance this doctrine without assigning reasons for it, I will request you to examine a general Map of the United States, and the following facts will strike you at first view. that they lye in the most temperate latitude of the United States; that the main River runs in a direct course to the expanded parts of the Western Country, and approximates nearer to the principal branches of the Ohio than any other Eastern water, and of course must become a great, if not (under all circumstances) the best highway into that Region; That the upper Sea port of the Potomac is considerably nearer to a large portion of the State of Pennsylvania than that portion is to Philadelphia, besides accommodating the settlers thereof with inland navigation for more than 200 miles. that the amazing extent of tide navigation afforded by the Bay and Rivers of Chesepeake has scarcely a parallel. When to these are added, that a site at the junction of the inland, and tide navigations of that river is chosen for the permanent Seat of the general government, and is in rapid preparation for its reception. that the inland Navigation of the River is nearly completed to the extent above mentioned, and that its lateral branches are capable of great improvement, at a small expence through the most fertile parts of Virginia, in a Southerly direction, and crossing Maryland and extending into Pennsylvania in a northerly one; thro' which (independent of what may come from the Western country) an immensity of produce will be water borne, thereby making the Federal City the great emporium of the United States. I say, when these things are taken into consideration, I am under no apprehension of having the opinion I have given relative to the value of land on Potomac, controverted by impartial men.
There are farms always, and every where for Sale; if therefore, events should induce you to cast an eye towards America, there need be no apprehension of your being accommodated to your liking; and if I could be made useful to you therein, you might command my services with the greatest freedom.
Within full view of Mount Vernon, seperated therefrom by Water only, is one of the most beautiful seats on the River, for sale; but of greater magnitude than you seem to have contemplated. It is called Belvoir, and did belong to George William Fairfax Esqr.; who, was he living, would now be Baron of Cameron, as his younger brother in this country (he George William dying without issue) at present is, though he does not take upon himself the title. This seat was the residence of the above named Gentleman before he went to England, and was accommodated with very good buildings, which were burnt soon after he left them. There are near 2000 Acres of land belonging to the tract, surrounded in a manner by water. The Mansion house stood on high and commanding ground: the soil is not of the first quality, but a considerable part of it lying level may with proper management, be profitably cultivated. There are some small tenements on the Estate, but the greater part thereof is in wood. At present it belongs to Thomas Fairfax, Son of Bryan Fairfax, the Gentleman who will not, as I said before, take upon himself the title of Baron of Cameron. A year or two ago the price he fixed on the land was (as I have been informed) 33 1/3 dollars pr. Acre; whether not getting that sum, or whether he is no longer disposed to sell it, I am unable, with precision to say, for I have heard nothing concerning his intentions lately.
With respect to the tenements I have offered to let, appertaining to my Mount Vernon Estate, I can give no better description of them, and of their appurtenances, than what is contained in the printed Advertisement herewith enclosed: but that you may have a more distinct view of the farms, and their relative situation to the Mansion House, a sketch from actual Survey is also enclosed; annexed to which, I have given you from memory, the relative situation, and form of the Seat at Belvoir.
The terms on which I had authorised the Superintendent of my concerns at Mount Vernon, to lease the farms there, are also enclosed; which, with the other papers, and the general information herein detailed, will throw all the light I am enabled to give you, upon the subject of your enquiry. To have such a tenant as Sir John Sinclair, however desirable it might be, is an honor I dare not hope for; and to alienate any part of the Fee simple estate of Mount Vernon is a measure I am not inclinedto, as all the Farms are connected, and are parts of a whole.
With very great esteem etc.
P.S. As I shall have an opportunity in the course of the present Session of Congress to converse with the Members thereof from different States, and from different parts of each State, I will write you a supplimentary account if essential information should be obtained in addition to, or corrective of, what is given to you in the aforegoing sheets.70
[Note 70: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
[Note 74: From Vermont.]
United States, December 12, 1796.
Gentlemen: With particular pleasure I receive the unanimous address of the Council and General Assembly of the State of Vermont. Altho' but lately admitted into the Union, yet the importance of your State, its love of liberty and its energy, were manifested in the earliest period of the revolution which established our independence. Unconnected in name only, but in reality united with the Confederated States, these felt and acknowledged the benefits of your cooperation. Their mutual safety and advantage duly appreciated, will never permit this union to be dissolved.
I enjoy great happiness in the testimony you have presented and in the other proofs exhibited from various parts of our country, that the operations of the general government have justified the hopes of our citizens at its formation, which is recognised as the era of national prosperity. The voluntary acknowledgments of my fellow citizens persuade me to believe, that my agency has contributed to produce this effect. This belief will be to me a source of permanent satisfaction, and those acknowledgments a rich reward.
My sincere thanks are due, and I beg you, Gentlemen, to make them acceptable, to the Council and General Assembly of the State of Vermont, for the very obliging and affectionate terms in which they notice me and my public services. To such confidence and support as I have experienced from Councils, Legislative Assemblies, and the great body of American Citizens I owed the best exertions of every faculty I possessed, happy now in the reflection that our joint labours have been crowned with success. When withdrawn to the shade of private life, I shall view with increasing pleasure the growing prosperity of the United States: in the perfect protection of their government I trust to enjoy my retirement in tranquillity: and then, while indulging, a favourite wish of my heart, in agricultural pursuits, I may hope to make even my private business and amusement of some use to my country.75
[Note 75: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering. The date line is in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, December 14, 1796.
My dear Sir: Immediately upon the receipt of your letter of the 2d. instant, I sent a transcript of so much of it as related to Maria, and the daughter of Colo. Ball, to Mr. Van Vleck; with a request that he would answer the queries which were propounded therein, under a cover to me. Enclosed is his answer, and of course you will inform Colo. Ball thereof.
As I know that many unsuccessful applications had been made for admission into the young Ladies School at Bethlehem, about the time I wrote to Mr. Van Vleck, the reception of Maria and her Cousin must be considered as a particular favour, and Colo. Ball should make a point of it to be exact in complying with the requisitions that are enumerated in the Directors Letter.
A treatise, on the improvement of Canal Navigation, came into my hands by Doctr. Edwards as a present from the Author, a few days ago. As I shall have no time to look into it while I remain in this City, I make a deposit of it with you, until I return to Mount Vernon. According to Doctr. Edwards' account, Fultons System is putting Lock Navigation out of Vogue. I have not read a page in the Book, but if the Potomack company can extract any thing useful from it, I shall feel happy in having sent it to you. We are all well, except having bad colds, and join in best wishes for yourself and family. I am etc.
PS. Pray procure me 200 weight of good butter against our arrival at Mount Vernon which in all likelihood will be by the middle of March.
Philadelphia, December 14, 1796.
Sir: By the hands of Doctr. Edwards, I was favoured with your Treatise on the improvement of Canal navigation. For your goodness in sending it to me, I pray you to accept my best thanks.
The subject is interesting, and I dare presume is well treated; but as the Book came to me in the midst of busy preparatory scenes for Congress, I have not had leisure yet to give it the perusal which the importance of such a work would merit. I shall do it, with pleasure I am persuaded, when I have. With esteem etc.76
[Note 76: Washington's copy of Fulton's Treatise is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. "December 17. At noon the [Pennsylvania] Assembly went to the Presbyterian church on Market Street, where Dr. Rush, a member of the Philosophical Society, pronounced an eulogium in memory of their late president, David Rittenhouse. The church was crowded, President Washington and lady, with members of Congress being present."-- Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer (Philadelphia: 1893).]
Philadelphia, December 19, 1796.
Dear Sir: A day or two ago I received your letter of the 4th. instant.
As it is more than probable that my Tenants on Goose Creek must have resolved, 'eer this, to go or stay; any opinion I can now give with respect to the terms, will have arrived too late. If the case however should be otherwise, get the best Rent you can from them for the ensuing year, or even let them remain on the old rent; as I am not disposed to give leases for more than Seven years, and wish for more time, and leizure, to consider the nature of my landed property, than I have been able to do for some years back, before I even grant them for that term. But if you find any difficulty in procuring tenants in the manner I have mentioned, you may in that case, adopt the mode which you yourself have suggested, in your letter of the above date; and confine the tenants to the fulfilment of the conditions therein mentioned with respect to cultivation, &ca. &ca.
I have not here, nor do I possess any where, I believe, a single paper relative to the Land on Deep run.78 It was originally taken up by my father and uncle; in doing which, One Warner who was the Surveyor, contrived to leave out about 170 Acres for himself, as was afterwards discovered, and recovered. My Uncle gave his part to Warner Washington, and my father left his part to my brother Samuel and myself.
[Note 78: Scribner's Magazine for May, 1877, prints the text of brief conveyance by Washington to Robert Lewis, dated Aug. 13, 1796, of the lands on Deep Run.]
The first division took place during my nonage; the subdivision I left to my Brother Samuel to make; who had, as I have always understood, disposed of his property therein to Mr. Lawrence Washington of Chotanck. In what manner the latter was accomplished I know not, not being able to attend to the matter myself. The 170 Acre Tract became mine, but by what means I am unable at this time, to give any distinct account of, but think, my elder brother Lawrence who was the acting Executor of my fathers will, recovered it from Warner (the Surveyor) and gave it to me.
The original Patent for the large Tract was for 5000 Acres; the half of which, as has been observed, came to my brother Samuel and me, by a devise in my father's Will; it was him, not me that sold to Mr. Lawe. Washington of Chotanck. I never parted with a foot of mine until I gave it to you. Who Warner Washington sold to I know not.
This is the best, indeed the only account I have it in my power to give, relative to the Lands on Deep run. You did well therefore, in my opinion, to compromise for the small tract, in preference to letigeous investigation of Rights. And you must make the most you can of the other. Your Aunt unites with me in best wishes for yourself, Mrs. Lewis and the family, and I am etc.
Philadelphia, December 22, 1796.
Dear Sir: The enclosed is a copy of a letter I took the liberty of writing to you agreeably to its date.80
[Note 80: This inclosure seems to have been a copy of the formal diplomatic letter of credence for Rufus King to the King of England, June 7, 1796, a typed copy of which was kindly supplied by James Gore King, of New York.]
Permit me to take the further liberty of entrusting the letters herewith sent, to your care. That to Count Rumford, is in answer to one without date or place, accompanying the first volume of his Essays, Political, Economical and Philosophical. This mark of his politeness required an acknowledgment on my part, but in truth I know not where to direct to him. His Essays are dedicated to the Elector, Palatine, reigning Duke of Bavaria, and dated in London, in July last, hence, I conclude he is now there.
My best respects attend Mrs. King, and with very great esteem etc.
[Note 81: Formerly Col. Benjamin Thompson, of the King's American Dragoons, British Provincial Troops.]
Philadelphia, December 22, 1796.
Sir: In the month of November, I had the honor to receive your letter, and a few days since, that of the first Vol: of your Essays, Political Economical and Philosophical. For these marks of your polite attention to me, I pray you to accept my best thanks.
Congress being in Session, and my time, consequently much occupied with the business of it, will allow me no leisure until the close thereof to give the work an attentive perusal; the doing of which will, I am persuaded, afford both pleasure and edification to Sir Your etc.
Philadelphia, December 23, 1796.
Dear Sir: Yesterday I received your letter of the 16th. instant, covering the resolutions of the Senate and House of Delegates of the State of Maryland, passed on the 13th and 14th.82 The very obliging and friendly terms in which you have made this communication, merit my sincere thanks.
[Note 82: The resolves of the Maryland House of Delegates, Dec. 13, 1796, were printed in broadside form, and are in the Washington Papers. Referring to the Farewell Address, they decree, unanimously, "That to perpetuate this valuable present in the most striking view to posterity, it be printed and published with the laws of this session, as an evidence of our approbation of its political axioms, and a small testimony of the affection we bear to the precepts of Him, to whom, under Divine Providence, we are principally indebted for our greatest political blessings." The Maryland Senate concurred in these resolves, December 14. Governor Stone's letter of transmittal, dated December 16, is in the Washington Papers.]
The manner in which the two branches of the legislature of Maryland have expressed their sense of my services, is too honourable, and too affectionate ever to be forgotten. Without assigning to my exertions the extensive influence they are pleased to ascribe to them, I may with great truth say that, the exercise of every faculty I possessed was joined to the efforts of the virtue, talents and valour of my fellow-citizens to effect our Independence: and I concur with the Legislature in repeating, with pride and joy, what will be an everlasting honor to our country, that our revolution was so distinguished for moderation virtue and humanity, as to merit the eulogium they have pronounced of being unsullied with a crime.
With the same entire devotion to my country, every act of my civil Administration has been aimed to secure to it those advantages which result from a stable and free government; and with gratitude to Heaven, I unite with the Legislature of Maryland in the pleasing reflections, that our country has continued to feel the blessings of peace, liberty and prosperity, whilst Europe and the Indies have been convulsed with the horrors of a dreadful and desolating war. My ardent prayers are offered that those afflicted regions may now speedily see their calamities terminated, and also feel the blessings of returning peace.
I cannot omit my acknowledgements to the Senate and House of Delegates for the manner in which they have noticed my late Address to my fellow citizens. This notice, with similar acts in other States,83 leads me to hope that, the advice which therein I took the liberty to offer as the result of much experience and reflection, may produce some good.
[Note 83: All except three of the State legislatures took similar action, and their addresses, or resolves, together with Washington's replies, are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. A large number of unofficial addresses from citizen committees were also sent to the President. These, together with Washington's replies, fill 84 consecutive pages in the "Letter Book."]
Their kind wishes for my domestic happiness, in my contemplated retirement, are entitled to my cordial thanks.
If it shall please God to prolong a life already far advanced into the vale of years, no attending felicity can equal that which I shall feel in seeing the administration of our government operating to preserve the Independence, prosperity and welfare of the American People. With great respect etc.
Philadelphia, December 26, 1796.
Sir: Your favour of the 15th instr. was not received until the 22d. To what the delay is to be ascribed, I know not.
The voice of Maryland, as expressed by its legislature, in the Resolutions which you enclosed, is flattering indeed, as it respects myself, personally; and highly pleasing as it relates to their federal sentiments. I thank you for sendg. them.
From what you have said of the disposition of the Senate, of that State, the presumption is, that the loan of $100,000 for the use of the Federal City, must, 'ere this, have passed through all the requisite forms. The necessity of the case justified the obtaining of it on almost any terms, and the zeal of the Commissioners (if they, in their individual capacities, which they surely may do without hazarding anything) in making themselves liable for the amount, as it could not be had without, cannot fail of approbation. At the sametime I must confess that the request has a very singular appearance, and will not, I should suppose, be very grateful to the feelings of Congress.
With great esteem etc.84
[Note 84: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1796.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 15th instr. was not received until friday last, too late for the Post of that day, of course the receipt of it could not meet an earlier acknowledgment than by the Mail of this morng.
I wish Mrs. White's determination had been otherwise than is announced in your letter; but if I understand the expression of it, as it respects yourself, I do not see what more the Public could reasonably require of you, than you are disposed to give, when after saying this determination must occasion your resignation you add, "unless my personal attendance may be considered as sufficient," and then subjoin, "My court business is so far disposed of, and I shall make such arrangements with respect to my property, that I have no doubt of being able to perform my full share of the duties of the office, if under existing circumstances, the residence of my family ought to be dispensed with."
However desirable on your account, and wished by others, that Mrs. White could have reconciled it to her inclination to have become a resident in the federal City, yet, tho' her not doing it is to be regretted, I am well disposed to accept the continuance of your services upon the terms I understand they are offered, the residence there yourself. It never was expected that a Commissioner should never be absent from his Post, though presumed always that such absence would be so timed as to produce no dereliction of, or inconvenience to, the public concerns which are entrusted to their management; and while there are three in Commission (if harmony prevails) matters may, certainly, be so arranged as to avoid these, as well as the unpleasant animadversions which otherwise might attach themselves.
I am perfectly satisfied that your own sense of propriety, will never suffer you to neglect any trust you wd. accept, and in that confidence I remain, etc.85
[Note 85: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1796.
Gentlemen: Your letters of the 30th. and 30th. of November and 5th of the present month, are now before me; the receipt of which have, until now, remained unacknowledged.
I have not been unmindful however, of the contents of that, which relates to public property, &ca. in federal City; but, laying it with the two former Powers, and other Papers before the Attorney General of the United States, you will receive his opinion thereon under cover with this letter. It would have been sent sooner, had I not been desirous of a personal conference with that Gentleman; but which, for ten or twelve days or more, has been prevented by his indisposition, and this still confines him to his chamber.
I shall be ready, while I remain in Office, to execute any Power which you may suggest; the Attorney General approve, and the nature of the case will warrant, for the purpose of designating, and conveying the different descriptions of property therein, and it will lye with the Commissioners to bring these matters forward, as their attention must be more immediately turned to objects of that sort than mine possibly can be.
With respect to the claims of individual proprietors, to be compensated for the spaces occasioned by the intersection of Streets and Avenues, I should conceive that they might, with equal propriety, ask payment for the Streets themselves; but the terms of the original contract, or cession, if a dispute on this point should arise, must be recurred to, for I presume the opinion of the President, in such a case, would avail nothing. But, if angles are taken off, at these spaces, the case is materially altered; and, without designing it, you make a square where none was contemplated, and thereby not only lay the foundation of claim for those angles but for the space also which is made a square by that act.
I have never yet met with a single instance, where it has been proposed to depart from the published plan of the City than an inconvenience or dispute of some sort, has not, sooner, or later occurred, for which reason I am persuaded there should be no departure from it, but in cases of necessity, or very obvious utility.
The Deed is returned. and with very great esteem etc.86
[Note 86: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, December 26, 1796.
Sir: Your letter of the 4th. of the present month came to my hands in the usual course of the Post; but a pressure of other matters at that time, prevented my acknowledging the receipt of it at an earlier period.
As you seem sensible of the propriety of the Commissioners residing in the City, with the concerns of which they are intrusted, I have not the smallest doubt of your removing thither as soon as you can be accommodated in the house you have chosen, with the situation of which I am well pleased, as it is in the midst of your operations; and let me give it strongly as my opinion, that all the Offices, and every matter, and thing that relates to the City ought to be transacted therein, and the persons to whose care they are committed Residents. Measures of this sort, would form societies in the City, give it eclat, and by increasing the population, contribute not a little to the accommodation of the Members, who compose the Congress; for it is of little signification to prepare a house for that body to sit in, unless there are others for their beds and board. the latter of which are more enquired after than the former, by the present Members of Congress, now in this City. I have always thought therefore, that buildings between the Capitol and Presidents house ought to be encouraged as much as possible: and nothing would have a greater tendency towards accomplishing this, than the Commissioners making that part of the City their residence, and compelling all those who are under their control to do the same, as fast as accommodations can be provided for them there, and around the Capitol. It may be relied on, that the residence in George Town, of those who are entrusted wth. the management of matters in the City is a drawback and a serious evil. Holding the Office of record there, is not a little complained of. These sentiments, although given to you, at this time, as an individual of the board, I wish to have strongly impressed upon that body. With great esteem etc.
[Note 88: Of London.]
Philadelphia, December 30, 1796.
Sir: I have received your letters of the 8th. and 9th. of September and first of October.89
[Note 89: Carey's letters of September 8 and October 1 are in the Washington Papers. The latter is indorsed by Washington: "with the Critical review for September 1796." This issue contained a review of the 1796 reprint of the Spurious Letters: ( Epistles Domestic, Confidential, and Official, from General Washington) which was unsparing in its castigation of the forgeries.]
I am much indebted to you for the interest you feel, to have the imposition that has been attempted upon the public, detected. With great truth you pronounced it such. I shall leave something on this subject, to be used when I shall be permitted to enjoy peace and repose.
In the mean while I pray you to accept of my thanks for your present, and believe me to be Sir etc.
United States, January 4, 1797.
Gentlemen of the Senate: I lay before you, for your consideration, a treaty which has been negociated and concluded on, the twenty ninth day of June last, by Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, and George Clymer, Commissioners, on behalf of the United States, with the Creek Indians, together with the Instructions which were given to the said Commissioners and the proceedings at the place of Treaty.
I submit also the proceedings and result of a Treaty held at the City of New York on behalf of the State of New York with certain Nations or Tribes of Indians denominating themselves the Seven Nations of Canada.90
[Note 90: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
January 4, 1797.
Dear Sir: As it is very desirable that the papers respecting the discontents of France should be got into Congress, and sent also to Mr. Pinckney as soon as possible; if you mean to give the other Gentleman a perusal of the statement for the latter, it would save time if this was done as you are proceeding towards the close of that Statemt.91
[Note 91: See message to the Senate and the House of Representatives, Jan. 1, 1797, post.]
It is questionable whether the present, and pressing avocations of the other two Secretaries will allow them to go carefully over it; but this, I conceive, does not apply to the Attorney-General.
I have no doubt that you have taken care, and will continue to be assured, of your facts; for as this business will certainly come before the public, not only the facts, but the candour also, the expression, and force of every word, will be examined with the most scrutinizing eye, and compared with everything that will admit of a different construction, and if there is the least ground for it, we shall be charged with unfairness, and an intention to impose on, and to mislead the public judgment.
Hence, and from a desire that the statement may be full, fair, calm and argumentative; without asperity, or anything more irritating in the comments, than the narration of facts, which expose unfounded charges and assertions, do themselves produce, I have wished that this letter to Mr. Pinckney may be revised over, and over again. Much depends upon it, as it relates to ourselves, and in the eyes of the world; whatever may be the effect as it respects the governing powers of France. I am etc.
Philadelphia, January 8, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 18th Ulto. with its enclosures, came to hand in the usual course of the Post; but the pressure of public business has prevented my giving it an acknowledgment until now.
The first thing I shall do after I am settled at Mount Vernon, will be to adjust all my accounts of a private nature; the doing of which, as they ought, has been prevented by public avocations.
What effect Mr. Adets conduct has had, or will have on the public mind, you can form a better opinion of than me. One of the objects which he had in view, (in timing the publication)92 is too apparent to require explanation. Some of his own zealots, do not scruple to confess that, he has been too precipitate; and thereby injured the cause he meant to espouse; which is, to establish such an influence in this country as to sway the government, and control its measures. Evidences of this design are abundant, and new proofs are exhibiting themselves every day, to illustrate the fact; and yet, lamentable thought! a large party under real, or pretended fears of British influence, are moving heaven and earth to aid Him in these designs. It is a fact well known, for history proves it, that from the restless temper of the French, and the policy of that nation, they attempt openly, or covertly, by threats or soothing professions, to influence the conduct of most governments. That they have attempted it with us, a little time will shew; but finding a Neutral conduct had been adopted, and would not be relinquished by those who Administered the government, the next step, was to try the people; and to work upon them; several presses, and many Scribblers have been employed to emblazen the improper Acts of the British governmt. and its Officers, and to place them in all the most exagerated and odious points of view they were susceptible; to complain that there was not only a deficiency of friendship, but a want of justice also in the Executive, towards France, the cause of which, say they, is to be found in a predilection for Great Britain. This not working as well as was expected, from a supposition that there was too much confidence, and perhaps personal regard for the present Chief Magistrate and his politics, the batteries latterly have been levelled at him
[Note 92: Sparks notes that this was probably the pamphlet which has just been issued in Philadelphia, published by Bache, entitled "Notes addressées par le Citoyen Adet, Ministre Plénipotentiare de la République Française près les États-Unis d'Amérique, au Secrétaire d'État des Etats-Unis." A copy is in the Library of Congress.] particularly and personally and although he is soon to become a private citizen, his opinions are to be knocked down, and his character reduced as low as they are capable of sinking it, even by resorting to absolute falsehoods. As an evidence whereof, and of the plan they are pursuing, I send you a letter from Mr. Paine to me,93 Printed in this City and disseminated with great industry. Others of a similar nature are also in circulation.
[Note 93: The letter, "Printed in this City and disseminated with great industry," was dated July 30, 1796, and published by Bache. It was republished in Dublin and London in 1797. It ended thus: "As to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any." No copy of this pamphlet is now found in the Washington Papers.
Paine had accepted, effusively, the citizenship and title of citoyen of France and was elected to the national convention of that nation. Imprisoned by Robespierre, he, after his release (Sept. 20, 1795), wrote to Washington that "after you were informed of my imprisonment it was incumbent upon you to have made inquiry into the cause...I cannot understand your silence upon that bead upon any other ground than as connivance at my imprisonment...I was imprisoned on the Ground of being born in England, and your silence in not enquiring into the Cause of that imprisonment and reclaiming me against it was tacitly giving me up. I ought not to have suspected you of Treachery, but...I must continue to think you treacherous till you give me cause to think otherwise." Paine's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
To what lengths the French Directory will ultimately go, is difficult to say; but that they have been led to the present point by our own People, I have no doubt. Whether some, who have done this, would choose to accompany them any farther or not, I shall not undertake to decide. But I shall be mistaken if the candid part of my countrymen (although they may be under a French influence) do not see, and acknowledge, that they have imbibed erroneous impressions of the conduct of this government, towards France, when the communication which I promised at the opening of the Session and which will be ready in a few days, comes before the public. It will be seen, if I mistake not also that that country has not such a claim upon our gratitude as has been generally supposed; and that this country has violated no engagement with it; been guilty of no act of injustice towards it; nor have been wanting in friendship, where it could be rendered without departing from that Neutral station we had taken, and resolved to maintain.
Enclosed also, you will receive a production94 of Peter Porcupine, alias Wm Cobbet.95 Making allowances for the asperity of an Englishman; for some of his strong and coarse expressions; and a want of official information of many facts; it is not a bad thing.
[Note 94: Apparently was A Letter to the Infamous Tom Paine, in Answer to His Letter to George Washington, published in Porcupine's Political Censor, in December, 1796 (Philadelphia).]
[Note 95: William Cobbett, alias "Peter Porcupine."]
I rejoice much to hear of Mrs. Stuarts restoration to health, and congratulate you, and her on it, and on the birth of a daughter. My best wishes attend her and the family, and with very great regard, etc.
[H.S.P.]
(Private)
Monday, January 9, 1797.
Dear Sir: Not having seen the conclusion of your Statement for Genl. Pinckney (if completed), and not knowing in what manner you propose to sum it up; it has occurred to me that, closing with some such sentiments as the following, might not be improper.
That the conduct of the United States towards France has been, as will appear by the aforegoing statement, regulated by the strictest principles of Neutrality.
That there has been no attempt in the government, to violate our Treaty with that country. To weaken our engagements therewith. Or to withhold any friendship we could render consistent with the Neutrality we had adopted.
That Peace has been our primary object, but so far has it been from inducing us to acquiesce in silence to the capturing of our Vessels; impressing our Seamen; or to the misconduct of the Naval, or other Officers of the British government, no instance can be produced of authenticated facts having passed unnoticed; and where occasion required it, without strong remonstrances.
That this government seeing no propriety in the measure, nor conceiving itself to be under any obligation to communicate to the Ministers of the French Republic all the unpleasant details of what had passed between it and the British Minister here, or with the Minister for foreign affairs at the Court of London on these accounts; conscious of its fair dealing towards all the Belligerent Powers; and wrapt up in its own integrity; it little expected (under the circumstances which have been enumerated) the upbraidings it has met with. Notwithstanding, it now is, as it always has been, the earnest wish of the government (and you cannot too strongly enforce it) to be on the best and most friendly footing with the Republic of France; and we have no doubt, after giving this candid exposition of facts, that the Directory will revoke the orders under which our Trade is suffering, and will pay the damages it has sustained thereby. Yours sincerely.
Philadelphia, January 12, 1797.
Dear Walker: Permit me once more to give you the trouble of forwarding the enclosed letters to their respective addresses. If you read the Aurora of this City, or those Gazettes which are under the same influence, you cannot but have perceived with what malignant industry, and persevering falsehoods I am assailed, in order to weaken, if not destroy, the confidence of the Public.
Amongst other attempts to effect this purpose, spurious letters, known at the time of their first publication (I believe in the year 1777) to be forgeries, to answer a similar purpose in the Revolution, are, or extracts from them, brought forward with the highest emblazoning of which they are susceptible, with a view to attach principles to me which every action of my life have given the lie to. But that is no stumbling block with the Editors of these Papers and their supporters. And now, perceiving a disinclination on my part, perhaps knowing, that I had determined not to take notice of such attacks, they are pressing this matter upon the public mind with more avidity than usual; urging, that my silence, is a proof of their genuineness.
Although I never wrote, or ever saw one of these letters until they issued from New York, in Print;98 yet the Author of them must have been tolerably well acquainted in, or with some person of my family, to have given the names, and some circumstances which are grouped in the mass, of erroneous details. But of all the mistakes which have been committed in this business, none is more palpable, or susceptible of detection than the manner in which it is said they were obtained, by the capture of my Mulatto Billy, with a Portmanteau. All the Army, under my immediate command, could contradict this; and I
[Note 98: This new edition of the spurious letters first published in America by James Rivington in New York, 1778, from the London publication of J. Bew, made its appearance in 1796 under the following title: Epistles domestic, confidential, and official, from General Washington, written about the commencement of the American contest, when he entered on the command of the Army of the United States...New York: Printed by G. Robinson...and J Bull and sold by James Rivington... MDCCXCVI. Many genuine papers were incorporated in this 1796 publication, along with the forged letters published in 1778. (See Washington's letter to Lund Washington, June 12, 1776, in vol. 5, p. 126, and footnote thereto.)] believe most of them know, that no Attendant of mine, or a particle of my baggage ever fell into the hands of the enemy during the whole course of the War.
It would be a singular satisfaction to me to learn, who was the Author of these letters; and from what source they originated.99 No person in this country can, I conceive, give this information but Mr. Rivington: If, therefore, you are upon terms of familiarity with that Gentleman, and see no impropriety in hinting this desire to him, it would oblige me. He may comply to what extent his own judgment shall dictate, and I pledge my honor that, nothing to his disadvantage, or the disadvantage of any of the Actors at that time, shall result from it.
[Note 99: So far as is known this "singular satisfaction" was denied Washington, although William Carmichael knew of the source as early as 1777. According to the Deane Papers (New York Historical Society), vol. 2, p. 75, Carmichael wrote on June 20 of that year from Paris to C. W. F. Dumas that it was "A junto of refugees from various parts of the continent, who meet daily in Pall Mall, London, to do this dirty work of government to earn the pittance but scantily afforded to each of them. At the head of this junto were [Thomas] Hutchinson, [Rev. Myles] Cooper, [John] Chandler, [John] Vassel, and others who would not be named but for their infamy. They have forged letters lately under the name of Gen. Washington, which the good, silly souls of Europe will swallow as genuine, unless contradicted in different gazettes."]
I offer the compliments of the Season, and you will do me the justice to believe they are warmer than the weather, to Mrs. Walker and yourself, of whose health and happiness we shall always be glad to hear. I am &c.
Philadelphia, January 13, 1797.
My dear Sir: It is nearly, if not quite a month, since I enclosed you a letter from the Revd. Mr. Van Vleck, agreeing to take Colo. Ball's daughter, along with Maria.
In that letter, he mentioned his terms; his wishes to know their exact ages; and informed you what necessaries they ought to come provided with. To these I added, that knowing many unsuccessful attempts had been made to get girls admitted to that School, the reception of Maria and her Cousin ought to be considered as a favor; and hoped that Colo. Ball would be pointed in complying with the terms, and requisitions. I requested too, that you would write Mr. Van Vleck (I think I added under cover to me) the precise time the girls were to enter. Since then I have heard nothing from you, on this subject.
That letter was accompanied with Fulton's treatise (quarto) on the improvement of Canal Navigation, which I meant to deposit in your hands until my return to Mount Vernon. No acknowledgement of this neither, leads me to apprehend a miscarriage of them; and is the cause of these details.
Another subject indeed, has stimulated the present address. I have been asked, with a degree of solicitude from the War Office, to what cause is to be ascribed the non-execution, or not coming forward of the Deeds for the land, on which the Arsenal on Shanondoah is to be erected, as these were promised in a letter from you, dated early in August; since which, nothing has been communicated, and is embarrassing to that Department; as the necessary items, and information, cannot accompany the accounts of it, in the manner that is expected. On many accounts, I hope this matter will come forward without delay and particularly for the reasons I have mentioned. With sincere esteem etc.
Philadelphia, January 13, 1797.
Dear Sir: Enclosed you will receive Mrs. Washington's thanks for the many marks of politeness she has received from you; permit me to say, that she has expressed my sentiments fully; and to add, that you will do me a favour in causing the letter, herewith, to be sent to its address. It will always give me pleasure to hear of your welfare, for I am truly, and sincerely, etc.2
[Note 2: Martha Washington's letter (January 12) is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers. It thanked Trumbull for "a proof print, engraved from the whole length portrait of the President."]
Philadelphia, January 15, 1797.
Sir: I have waited (perhaps with more forbearance than I ought) to see, if without an application on my part, you would come forward with the Rents you owe me.
As you have not done this, and no intimation of your intention to do it; and as it is not unfair to conclude from hence, that you mean to postpone the payment of them until the price of Tobo. is at a low ebb, and then to discharge the whole in that article, or at the price it bears in the Market; a practice not to be justified under any circumstances, much less in yours, who pay a Rent quite inadequate to the use of the land. I am constrained, tho' reluctantly, to inform you, that if you do not pay all that is due to me up to the commencement of the present year to Doctr. Jenifer of Port Tobacco (who will receive the same, and give a discharge therefor on my behalf) I shall take the most efficatious, and summary method, allowed by the Laws of Maryland, to obtain justice. I wd. fain avoid this appeal, but If I am obliged to resort to it, remember that it is brought upon you by your own default. I am etc.
[Note 9: Robert Barnwell.
On January 24 Washington wrote a similar, but shorter, letter to David Ramsay, president of the Senate of South Carolina, acknowledging their unanimous resolve of January 19. A press copy of this is in the Washington Papers. The resolutions of both the Senate and the House of South Carolina are entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On January 25 Washington also wrote to Gov. Samuel Ashe, of North Carolina, acknowledging in similar terms an address of the General Assembly. A press copy of this is in the Washington Papers.]
United States, January 24, 1797.
Sir: I acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favour of the 20th of the last month, covering the Resolutions of the House of Representatives of the State of South Carolina of the preceeding day.
The sense the House have been pleased to express of my public services, the declaration of their affectionate attachment, and their kind wishes for my happiness, are for those services the most grateful reward.
While I enjoy the personal satisfaction which the general sentiment of approbation expressed by my country cannot fail to produce, I derive from it, as a citizen of the United States, the greatest pleasure; as it authorises the conclusion that the important measures of their Government have been calculated to promote their true and permanent interests, which are inseperately connected with rectitude of principle and impartial justice to other Nations.
You will have the goodness to communicate to the House of Representatives these sentiments, with my sincere acknowledgments for the marks of attention with which they have honoured me. Your individual and affectionate Solicitude for my happiness is entitled to my cordial thanks.
Philadelphia, January 25, 1797.
Sir: Your letter of the 23d. instt. came to me this morning.
The tooth that formerly went into the hole (that is now filled up) has been out many months; which was the cause for putting in the artificial one. If it was not sent with the rest, I know not what has become of it; nor is it material, as the one which supplies its place answers the purpose very well.
Not knowing whether you mean to make a new sett, or to repair the old, I must again caution you against adding any thing that will widen the bars on the sides, or extend them in front at bottom. They are already too wide, and too projecting for the parts they rest upon; which causes both upper, and under lip to bulge out, as if swelled. By filing these parts away (to remedy that evil) it has been one cause of the teeth giving way, having been weakened thereby. I am etc.10
[Note 10: Greenwood has written and signed a certificate on the verso of this letter (Feb. 20, 1797), an extract of which is: "The Within letter whas rote by General Washington in Answer to one I had sent him in request to know if the tooth which I have now in possession whar in fact his own natural tooth which whar the only one that remained in his head when I fixed him a Whole Compleat sett."]
Philadelphia, January 26, 1797.
Sir: Your letter of the 24th instt. was received this day. It was not, I conceive, the intention of the Law which established the seat of the general government, that the President of the United States should enter into the detail of the business for the execution of which Commissioners were appointed. But it certainly is his duty, when charges of Malpractice, or improper conduct are exhibited against them, to cause the charges to be fairly examined. This I shall do; in the first instance, by transmitting a copy of your letter, that they may severally know, of what they are accused; that, from the answers I shall receive, ulterior measures may be decided on.
This is the line of conduct I have always pursued. For, as I never, on the one hand, suffer in formation unfavourable to the character, or conduct of public Officers (who are amenable to the Executive) to pass unnoticed; so, on the other, from motives of delicacy as well as justice, I have conceived it proper to hear, always, what they have to say in their justification before a more formal investigation takes place.
With respect to the residence of the Commissioners in the City, they are perfectly well informed of the sentimts. of the Executive on that head; and it is not to be doubted that they will conform thereto. With sincere thanks for yr. good wishes, I am etc.
Philadelphia, January 29, 1797.
Gentlemen: Having received a letter from Mr. George Walker, of which a copy is enclosed, with my answer; a sense of duty to the public, and of propriety as it relates to yourselves; requires the transmission of both, to you; for the purpose which is expressed in the latter.
After the severe weather we have had, I think it probable there will be an early Spring: In which event, I persuade myself that great exertions will be used to forward the Capitol in preference to any other object. All others indeed depend, in a high degree, thereon, and are, or ought to be, subordinate thereto. As well therefore with a view to remove those unhappy jealousies (which have had a baneful influence on the affairs of that City) as to invigorate the operations on that building, I cannot too often, nor too strongly enjoin it upon those who have not already taken their stands in the City, to do it without delay; and as convenient to the important theatre, as they can be accommodated.
It may be relied on, that even among the best disposed friends to the Act for establishing the seat of government, on the Potomac, there are many who intermix doubts with anxiety, lest the principal building should not be in a situation to accommodate Congress by the epoch of their removal; and it is not less certain, that private buildings (wch are essential for the accommodation of their members) will progress no faster than the other: nay less, as buildings around the Capitol will be erected principally by the wealthy, by those who would take in boarders, and by Shop-keepers; the whole of these, more than probable, will wait until the accomplishment of the first (the prospect of it I mean) is reduced to a moral certainty.
It is not only of infinite importance therefore to make all other measures yield, in reality to this, but in appearance also; especially, under the present difficulty of obtaining loans, and the uncertainty of your funds; which must depend upon public opinion, and the confidence which is placed in the administration of them. To what I have here said, I shall only add the esteem and regard of Gentlemen Your etc.11
[Note 11: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioner of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
February 1, 1797.
Gentlemen: Some days ago I recd a letter from you with enclosures, recommending John Rhea Esqr. for District Judge, of the District of Tennessee. The Act for establishing that Office, having now obtained all the requie. forms, the nomination of a character to fill it has become necessary: but before I proceed to it, I wish to know what specific objections, if any, there are to Mr. Dd. Campbell,12 who has been one of the Judges under the authority of the United States for that District since the establishment of the Government therein; who came very highly recommended to me for his integrity and fit abilities for that office, and against whom, no impeachment of his conduct has come to my knowledge. With respect I am etc.
[Note 12: David Campbell.]
Philadelphia, February 1, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th. Ulto. was received by yesterday's Post, and for the information it contains I pray you to accept my thanks; As I do also of the kind offer you have made me of enquiring into the quality and value of the land I hold on rough creek in the State of Kentucky which I readily accept.
I have heard through other channels, that the above mentioned Land is possessed of valuable properties; and I authorised Major George Lewis to buy the small tract adjoining; belonging to Mr. Wodrow, on my account, but it is not within my recollection, at this moment, what the final result has been. Let me ask you, therefore, to converse with him on this subject, and to pursue such measures respecting it, in my behalf, as you two shall conclude will be beneficial for me. I will follow your advice, and not dispose of the land until I receive your report respecting it, if that shall happen in any reasonable time.
Upon examination, I find I have not General Lee's Conveyances of the Land to me, at this place, of course I cannot possess you of them: nor do I believe it is necessary, as Colo. Thomas Marshall, of Kentucky, has, on my behalf, paid the taxes of those lands from the first assessment of them (as I have accounts to shew) to a certain period; and was requested to do it regularly onwards, which I am persuaded he has done or is ready to do. I will request the favor of you, however, while you are in that country; to enquire into the matter and see that I have justice done me; as there has been no remissness on my part, or intention to withhold the Tax, from the State.
I sincerely wish you a pleasant journey to Kentucky, and a safe return; and with the best regards of Mrs. Washington united to my own, for Mrs. Spotswood and the family I am etc.
Philadelphia, February 1, 1797.
Sir: Your letter of the 16th. Ulto. has been reed.
If Mr. George Fitzhugh has given up the idea of purchasing my land in Gloucester County, I am willing that you should have it on the terms it has been offered to him. which are, for the nett sum it cost me, with interest thereon, from the date of my purchase to the date of my conveyance: one fourth of which to be paid at the signing of the Deed, the other three fourths in three annual payments, with interest.
Although the latter payments would be most agreeable to me, I should have no material objection to wait two years for the second fourth, and annually for the other two fourths; but in either case interest (in order to make myself whole) will be expected.
If, Sir, you are desirous of closing the matter in a purchase it must not be delayed as others are expressing their wishes to deal for it. If nothing unforeseen prevents it, I shall certainly be at my Seat in Virga. by the 20th. of March, I expect to be there sooner, but would not calculate upon it. I am etc.
P.S. After the first payment, I have no objection to the Land as Security for the payment of the remaining three fourths.
United States, February 2, 1797.
Gentlemen: I receive with great satisfaction the Addresses of the Senate and the House of Representatives of the State of Delaware, which you have now presented to me, on the occasion of my contemplated retirement from the Presidency of the United States.
These evidences of their affection, and testimonies that my public Services have been useful to my country, will ever be dear to me.
If yielding to the calls of my fellow-citizens, I have renounced the ease and enjoyments of private life, to encounter the dangers and difficulties of the first and most arduous employments, it was because the sacrifices, on my part, were by them deemed interesting to their safety and welfare. Animated by such motives, and supported by the general spirit and patriotism of my countrymen, when the objects of my public agency were attained, nought remained to me but to seek again the private station which their partiality and confidence required me for a time to relinquish. In this chosen retirement, the approving voice of my country will ever be a subject of grateful recollection; while I behold its increasing prosperity, under the influence of the same public spirit, energy, justice and moderation, in which its independence, character and credit have been founded. That such may be the fruit of our labours, and such the happy progress of our Republic, is, and ever will be, the object of my ardent wishes.
These sentiments, gentlemen, with my grateful acknowledgments to the Senate and the House of Representatives of the State of Delaware, I pray you to communicate to them in such manner as you shall deem proper.13
[Note 13: A note from the Delaware delegation in Congress requesting an appointment with the President, for the purpose of presenting the address of the Delaware Legislature, is in the Washington Papers, under date of Feb. 1, 1797.]
Philadelphia, February 15, 1797.
Gentlemen: Several of your letters have been received within these few days; and notwithstanding the accumulation of business, consequent of the near epoch for my quitting the chair of government, the receipt of them should not have remained so long unacknowledged had I not placed such as related to the Power of Attorney, and to some disputed points, into the hands of the Law Officer of the United States for his official opinion; without having received his report; owing, I believe, to his having been hurried, almost, as much as myself.
Thus circumstanced, I shall confine the subject of this letter wholly to the expression of my sentiments relatively to the public buildings; conceiving it necessary that you should be informed of them without delay.
When in the course of the Autumn you suggested the propriety of designating the sites for the Executive Offices, and for providing materials for their erection, I yielded a ready assent; and still think that if we had the means at command, and no doubt was entertained of the adequacy of them, that these buildings ought to commence.
But, when the difficulty in obtaining loans; and the disadvantageous terms on which the money is borrowed, has since become so apparent; when I see those whose interest it is to appreciate the credit of the City, and to aid the Commissioners in all their laudable exertions brooding over their jealousies, and spreading the Seeds of distrust; and when I perceive (as I clearly do) that the public mind is in a state of doubt, if not in despair of having the principal building in readiness for Congress, by the time contemplated; for these reasons I say, and for others which might be enumerated, I am now decidedly of opinion that the edifices for the Executive Offices ought to be suspended; that the work on the house for the President should advance no faster (at the expence or retardment of the Capitol) that is necessary to keep pace therewith; and to preserve it from injury; and that all the means (not essential for other purposes) and all the force, ought to be employed on the Capitol.
It may be relied on, that it is the progress of that building, that is to inspire, or depress public confidence. Under any circumstances this, more or less would be the case; but when it is reported by many, and believed by some (without foundation I am persuaded) that there is a bias elsewhere; it is essential on the score of policy, and for the gratification of the public wishes, that this work should be vigorously prosecuted in the manner I have suggested. And I require it accordingly. Consider'd in a simple point of view, the matter stands thus. Are the funds sufficient to accomplish all the objects which are contemplated? If doubts arise, then, which of those objects are to be preferred? on this ground there would be but one opinion; every body would cry out, the Capitol. Again, admit that the resources will ultimately be adequate, but cannot be drawn forth in the ratio of your general wants, will not the same answer, as it respects time, apply with equal force to the building just mentioned? This then, seems to be safe ground to proceed on. It would gratify the public wishes and expectation; might, possibly, appease clamour; and, if all the buildings cannot be completed in time, no material evil would result from the postponement of the subordinate Offices, until the Capitol is in such a state of forwardness as to remove all doubts of its being ready for the reception of Congress by the time appointed. Another good (mentioned in a former letter) would flow therefrom; which is, that in proportion as that building advanced, and doubts subsided, private buildings would be erected where they would be most wanted for the accommodation of the members. The public offices might shift (as they have done) a while longer. I write in much haste (for this morning's Post) that the letter may get to you in the course of the week. If I have expressed myself in such a manner as to be clearly understood it is enough you must excuse the scrawl, and believe me to be, with esteem, &c.16
[Note 16: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
Philadelphia, February 17, 1797.
Gentlemen: In looking over the press copy of the letter I wrote you by the Post of Wednesday last, which was penned in great haste, to be in time for the Mail; I perceive some ambiguity in the expression of my sentiment respecting the building designated for the President of the U. States; and therefore these lines are given in explanation.
It was not, nor is it my intention, that the work on that house should cease; for that might prove injurious to the parts that are already executed, and to the materials which are prepared for the completion of the Walls and covering the same. The idea I meant to convey was, that these should go on, but with as moderate means as would accomplish the object, and guard the edifice from damage by weather; employing the remaining force on the Capitol; resting the matter upon a little time, and the prospect of your funds, to determine, unequivocally, whether both buildings can be completed by the year 1800: and until this is ascertained, to proceed on the Capitol in the manner, and for the purposes I have mentioned to you before.
It has been advised, that an Act of Congress should be obtained for incorporating the Commissioners of the City of Washington, and their successors, for the particular purpose of enabling them to take and hold in fee simple for the use of the United States, the lands within the City, set apart and appropriated by the President to their use.
It is supposed possible that some inconvenience may arise at a future day if the conveyance be made to any persons and their heirs in their individual capacity, by reason of their absence, infancy, or other unforeseen causes which will not occur in case the Commissioners are incorporated and the conveyance is made to them. A bill for this purpose is now before Congress and expected to pass. So soon as a decision is had upon it a direction will be sent for a conveyance of those appropriated lands to be made to the Commissioners if incorporated; if not then to the same persons in their individual capacity.
At the sametime, perhaps sooner, I will give you my sentimts. on the Memorial of Mr. Davidson,17 and other matters. In the meantime, with esteem etc.18
[Note 17: Samuel Davidson.]
[Note 18: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
February 17, 1797.
Gentlemen: The kindness of my fellow Citizens has given me frequent occasion to make my acknowledgments for their expressions of confidence, attachment and affection; and for their honourable testimonies that my public cares and labours have been useful to my Country.
With great satisfaction I receive your additional testimonies, that as a public man I have not lived in vain.
Though now seeking that repose which retirement and the tranquil pursuit of rural affairs are calculated to afford, and which my time of life requires, the love of my Country will indeed suffer no abatement: its safety and prosperity will be essential to the enjoyment of my remaining years. And I confide in the discernment and patriotism of my fellow Citizens for the choice of wise and virtuous men who will successively administer every branch of the Government in such manner, as under divine providence, to enforce the general happiness.
For your affectionate wishes for my present and future happiness, accept, Gentlemen, my cordial thanks.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The original address from the Pennsylvania House of Representatives is dated February 17 and is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 19, 1797.
Sir: Your favor of the 7th. instant came duly to hand, but a pressure of business, has retarded the acknowledgement of it.
My lands on the Ohio and great Kanhawa Rivers are not yet disposed of; nor do I incline to offer them for sale in Europe; where land jobbing is in much disgrace.
For some part of them (possessed of no peculiar advantages) I have refused eight dollars an acre, but have offered the whole of what I own on those two rivers at that price; a large proportion of which is of superior quality, and inferior in no other respect to those for which the offer was made.
The publication enclosed with this letter, gives a correct general description of the several tracts, where, and how situated. The quality, and value of them are so well known, that a more particular account might be had from any person who has ever been on the Ohio; and I had rather it should be derived from others, or from an occular view, than from any details of mine.
The price, as before mentioned, being Eight dollars, the printed notification designates the mode of payment and security thereof. I am etc.
Monday, February 20, 1797.
Dear Sir: I thank you for giving me the perusal of the enclosed, The sentimts. do honor to the head and heart of the writer, and if my wishes would be of any avail they should go to you in a strong hope that you will not withhold merited promotion for Mr. John Adams20 because he is your Son. For without intending to compliment the father or the mother, or to censure any others, I give it as my decided opinion that Mr. Adams is the most valuable public character we have abroad, and that he will prove himself to be the ablest of all our Diplomatic Corps.
[Note 20: John Quincy Adams.]
If he was now to be brought into that line, or into any other public walk, I could not, upon the principle which has regulated my own conduct, disapprove the caution which is hinted at in the letter. But he is already entered; the public more and more, as he is known, are appreciating his talents and worth; and his country would sustain a loss if these are checked by over delicacy on your part. With sincere esteem and affectionate regard I am etc.
Philadelphia, February 20, 1797.
Gentlemen: Reasons which I have frequently assigned, have prevented me from acknowledging sooner, the receipt of your letter of the 3d. instant; relatively to the Memorial of Mr. Davidson. Indeed I have so often expressed my unwillingness to depart from the engraved plan in any instance where it could be avoided, that I had hoped no repetition of this sort would have been made to you, by any of the Proprietors.
Whether the area in front of the building intended for the President of the United States be circular, according to Majr. L'Enfants plan, or square as the engraved one represents, is immaterial in the abstract, or as it concerns the Public and Mr. Davidson only; but if the gratification of that gentleman sets a principle afloat, and thereby opens a door to similar applications, it attaches an importance which may involve inextricable difficulties.
To what Mr. Davidson alludes in the scored part of the following sentence, "I can venture to assert that numberless deviations were made by Majr. Ellicott from the original plan, and I have reason to believe that many have been made since" you, much better than I, can explain. That many alterations have been made from Majr. L'Enfants plan by Majr. Ellicott, (with the approbation of the Executive) is not denied; that some were deemed essential is avowed; and had it not been for the materials which he happened to possess, 'tis probable no engraving from Majr. L'Enfants draught would ever have been exhibited to the public; for after the disagreement which took place between him and the late Commissioners, his obstinacy threw every difficulty it could, in the way of its accomplishment.
To this summary may be added, that Mr. Davidson is mistaken if he supposes, that the transmission of Majr. L'Enfants Plan of the City to Congress, was the completion thereof. So far from it, it will appear by the Message which accompanied the same that it was given as matter of information, to show in what state the business was in, and the return of it requested. That neither house of Congress passed any act consequent thereupon. That it remained as before, under the controul of the Executive. That afterwards, several errors were discovered and corrected, many alterations made, and the appropriations (except as to the Capitol and Presidents house) struck out under that authority, before it was sent to the Engraver; intending that his work, and the promulgation thereof, were to give it the final, and regulating stamp.
I have been thus particular to show that Mr. Davidson is not treading on solid ground, or in other words, that he is claiming as a matter of right what can only be yielded on the principle of harmony, or for mutual benefit; and therefore, it only remains to be repeated, that if the proposed alteration would have a tendency towards inviting applications of a similar nature I shall be decidedly against the measure. If on the other hand, the case is singular, and no consequences would be involved in the acquiescence; as it is immaterial whether the area is semicircular or square; as contention may be avoided, and both parties, in a pecuniary point of view benefited, I leave the question, under the provisos before mentioned, to your own decision; as you must have a more comprehensive view of circumstances than I can acquire.
The other part of Mr. Davidson's memorial is yet more extraordinary; for if the Proprietors, in consideration of having the permanent Seat of the Government established among them, yielded a portion of their property for public uses, shall, afterwards, take upon themselves to decide what shall not be done with it, they may, by the same parity of reason, direct the uses to which the squares shall be applied. This is too absurd. With esteem and regard, I am etc.
P.S. I am informed that Mr. Had field is enquiring, in this City, for Carvers. I earnestly recommend, that all carving not absolutely necessary to preserve consistency, may be avoided; as well to save time and expence, as because I believe it is not so much the taste now as formerly.21
[Note 21: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
[February 24, 1797.]
Gentlemen: The sentiments expressed in the address you have delivered to me from the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, sentiments as honorable to them as to me, have excited the most grateful emotions. Whatever services I have rendered to my country, in its general approbation I have received an ample reward. Having nothing in view but to vindicate its rights, secure its liberty, and promote its happiness, I might expect the most efficient aid and support in the exertions of able and upright men, and in the general spirit of my fellow citizens. All this I have experienced; and our united efforts have resulted in our independence, peace and prosperity. And I entertain the pleasing hope, that the intelligence and superior information of my fellow citizens, enabling them to discern their true interests, will lead them to the successive choice of wise and virtuous men to watch over, protect and promote them, who while they pursue those maxims of moderation, equity and prudence, which will entitle our country to perpetual peace, will cultivate that fortitude and dignity of sentiment which are essential to the maintenance of our Liberty and independence.
Should it please God, according to the prayers of your constituents, to grant me health and long life, my greatest enjoyment will be to behold the prosperity of my country; and the affection and attachment of my fellow citizens, through the whole period of my public employments, will be the subject of my most agreeable recollections: while the belief, which the affecting sentiments of the people of Massachusetts, expressed by their Senate and House of Representatives, with those of my fellow citizens in general, have inspired, that I have been the happy instrument of much good to my country and to mankind, will be a source of unceasing gratitude to Heaven.24
[Note 24: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering. The address from the Massachusetts Legislature is dated February 13, and is in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 27, 1797.
Gentlemen: As the curtain is about to close on the political scenes of my life; and consequently to terminate the agency I have had in the affairs of the Federal City; I will, as far as a very hurried situation will permit, take notice of such parts of your several letters as remain undecided on.
Having already informed you, that a Bill is pending in Congress for Incorporating the Commissioners of the City of Washington, I shall say, or rather do nothing, relative to the Power you sent me, until the fate of that Bill is known.
I am obliged also to be silent respecting the reference of the dispute with Mr. Law; as the Attorney General, into whose hands the Papers were placed for an official opinion, has not yet made his final Report. So soon as it is received, it shall be transmitted, and my sentimts. therewith.
With regard to the open areas in the City, occasioned by the intersection of the Streets and avenues, explained more minutely by one of the Commissioners (Doctr. Thornton) in a letter to me, dated the 12th. instant, my opinion is, if I understand the matter rightly, that the Proprietors are entitled to no allowance for the spaces which are occasioned, simply, by the width of those Streets and avenues: but, where the areas have been enlarged by taking off the angles, in order to encrease the size of the squares, or to throw them into a circular form, it appears reasonable and just, that they should receive payment for the proportion secured to them by contract, for all such additions; but without any encroachment thereon, or change in the plan.
The Plans of the buildings for the Executive departments are in the hands of the Officers who are at the head of them. If possible, I will give some direction concerning them before I resign the Chair of Government; in order that every thing which has been refered to me, may have met with a decision.
I come now, Gentlemen, to the consideration of your sevl. letters relative to the representation made to me by Mr. Geo: Walker. It is not to be supposed that, my communication to you proceeded from any alteration in the good opinion wch. I have always had reason to entertain of you; but from other motives which were on a former occasion expressed: and it affords me pleasure to declare to you, before I go out of Office, my real satisfaction with your conduct as Commissioners of the City. I think the United States are interested in the continuance of you in their Service, and therefore I should regret, if either of you by resignation, should deprive them of the assistance which I believe you are able to give in the business committed to your care.
As those representations were more particularly pointed against Mr. Scott, a sense of justice seems to require me to express, that according to the best of my information the charges are unfounded; and that nothing in him is wanting, except residence in the City, to render him a useful and valuable member of the board of Commissioners. the necessity of which I am persuaded he must see and will yield accordingly. With very great etc.25
[Note 25: From the House of Representatives Collection in the Library of Congress.
On February 27 Washington replied to addresses from the common council of Philadelphia; and to the select committee of Philadelphia. The drafts of these brief replies are in the Washington Papers.]
United States, February 28, 1797.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: Having maturely considered the Bill to alter and amend an Act entitled an Act to ascertain and fix the military establishment of the United States which was presented to me on the twenty second day of this Month I now return it to the House of Representatives, in which it originated with my objections.33 First. If the Bill passes into a law the two Companies of light dragoons will be from that moment legally out of service, though they will afterwards continue actually in service, and for their services during this interval, namely from the time of legal to the time of actual discharge, it will be unlawful to pay them, unless some future provision be made by law. Though they may be discharged at the pleasure of Congress, in justice they ought to receive their pay not only to the time of passing the law, but at least to the time of their actual discharge. Secondly. It will be
[Note 33: The veto was considered by the House, March 1, and the vote taken thereon being 55 to 36, the veto was sustained. A new bill was drafted, "exactly the same as the former, except an omission of the parts objected to by the President." It was passed March 1 and approved by the President, March 3.] inconvenient and injurious to the public to dismiss the light Dragoons as soon as notice of the law can be conveyed to them; one of the Companies having been lately destined to a necessary and important service. Thirdly. The Companies of Light Dragoons consist of one hundred and twenty six non commissioned Officers and privates, who are bound to serve as dismounted Dragoons, when ordered so to do; they have received in bounties about two thousand dollars; one of them is completely equipped, and above half of the non commissioned Officers and privates have yet to serve more than one third the term of their inlistment; and besides there will in the course of the year be a considerable deficiency in the complement of infantry intended to be continued. Under these circumstances to discharge the Dragoons does not seem to comport with oeconomy. Fourthly. It is generally agreed that some Cavalry either Militia or regular will be necessary and according to the best information I have been able to obtain, it is my opinion, that the latter will be less expensive and more useful than the former, in preserving peace between the frontier settlers, and the Indians and therefore a part of the Military establishment should consist of Cavalry.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, February 28, 1797.
My dear Sir: Your favour of the 14th. instt. with a Postscript of the 24th. came to my hands yesterday: and I hereby acknowledge the receipt of Mr. Wilkes's draught on the Cashier of the Bank of Pennsylvania for the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars on account of our joint concern in the lotts in Coxburgh, and which, as appears by the items of an account enclosed overpays my dividend of the receipts £26.0.1½ York Currency.
Whenever it shall suit your convenience I would thank you for informing me what lotts remain unsold, and at what price you think it probable they will sell, and when. No injury, I am persuaded, has been sustained hitherto, but the contrary by delay in the Sale; but whether a further postponement will be advantageous, or not, your means (greater than mine) will enable you to decide.
Future payments may be made by draughts on the Bank of Alexandria or Columbia; in Post notes; or (which is less desirable because more hazardous) in Bank Notes of the United States by the Mail.
I have been constant in my enquiries after your health and with sincere pleasure heard, latterly, that it was well restored. As early in next week as I can make arrangements for it, my journey for Mount Vernon will commence. Twenty miles from which I think it is not likely I shall ever be again. But if business, inclination, or any other cause should ever induce you to visit that hemisphere, I can assure you with much truth, that I shall be extremely happy to see you under the shade of my vine and fig tree. Mrs. Washington unites cordially with me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Clinton and family, and with sincere esteem and affectionate regard I am etc.
United States, March 1, 1797.
It appearing to me proper that the Senate of the United States should be convened on Saturday the fourth day of March instant; you are desired to attend in the Chamber of the Senate on that day at Eleven OClock in the forenoon, to receive any communications which the President of the United States may then have to lay before you, touching their interests.35
[Note 35: In the writing of a Senate clerk. From the summons sent to Senator Samuel Livermore, of New Hampshire.]
[N.H.H.S.]
United States, March 2, 1797.
Gentlemen of the Senate: Application having been made to me to permit a Treaty to be held with the Seneka Nation of Indians, to effect the purchase of a parcel of their land under a pre-emption right derived from the State of Massachusetts and situated within the State of New York, and it appearing to me reasonable, that such opportunity should be afforded, provided the negociation shall be conducted at the expence of the applicant, and at the desire and with the consent of the Indians; always considering these as pre-requisites, I now nominate Isaac Smith to be a Commissioner to hold a treaty with the Seneka Nation for the aforesaid purpose.36
[Note 36: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 2, 1797.
My dear Sir: Amongst the last Acts of my political life, and before I go hence into retirement, profound, will be the acknowledgment of your kind and affectionate letter from Boston, dated the 15th. of January.37
[Note 37: In the Washington Papers.]
From the friendship I have always borne you, and from the interest I have ever taken in whatever relates to your prosperity and happiness, I participated in the sorrows which I know you must have felt for your late heavy losses.38 But is not for man to scan the wisdom of Providence. The best he can do, is to submit to its decrees. Reason, religion and Philosophy, teaches us to do this, but 'tis time alone that can ameliorate the pangs of humanity, and soften its woes.
[Note 38: The death of three children.]
To the wearied traveller who sees a resting place, and is bending his body to lean thereon, I now compare myself; but to be suffered to do this in peace, is I perceive too much, to be endured by some. To misrepresent my motives; to reprobate my politics; and to weaken the confidence which has been reposed in my administration, are objects which cannot be relinquished by those who, will be satisfied with nothing short of a change in our political System. The consolation however, which results from conscious rectitude, and the approving voice of my Country, unequivocally expressed by its Representatives, deprives their sting of its poison, and places in the same point of view both the weakness, and malignity of their efforts.
Although the prospect of retirement is most grateful to my soul, and I have not a wish to mix again in the great world, or to partake in its politics, yet, I am not without my regrets at parting with (perhaps never more to meet) the few intimates whom I love, among these, be assured you are one.
The account given by Mr. Bingham and others, of your agreeable Situation and prospects at St. George's, gave me infinite pleasure; and no one wishes more sincerely than I do, that they may increase with your years. The remainder of my life (which in the course of nature cannot be long) will be occupied in rural amusements, and though I shall seclude myself as much as possible from the noisy and bustling crowd, none more than myself, would be regaled by the company of those I esteem, at Mount Vernon: more than 20 Miles from which, after I arrive there, it is not likely I ever shall be.
As early in next week as I can make arrangements for it, I shall commence my journey for Mount Vernon. To morrow, at dinner, I shall, as a servant of the public, take my leave of the President Elect,39 of the foreign characters, heads of Departments, &ca. And the day following, with pleasure, I shall witness the inauguration of my Successor to the Chair of government.
[Note 39: John Adams.]
On the subject of Politics I shall say nothing; you will have an opportunity of seeing and conversing with many of the Legislators; from whom, so far as it relates to the proceedings of their own body, they can give you the details. The Gazettes will furnish the rest.
Mrs. Washington unites with me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Knox and family, and with unfeigned truth, I am yours always, and affectionately.
[MS.H.S]
[Note 40: Of Philadelphia, Pa.]
[March 2, 1797.]
Gentlemen: To this public testimony of your approbation of my conduct and affection for my person I am not insensible, and your prayers for my present and future happiness merit my warmest acknowledgments. It is with peculiar satisfaction I can say, that, prompted by a high sense of duty in my attendance on public worship, I have been gratified, during my residence among you, by the liberal and interesting discourses which have been delivered in your Churches.
Believing that that Government alone can be approved by Heaven, which promotes peace and secures protection to its Citizens in every thing that is dear and interesting to them, it has been the great object of my administration to insure those invaluable ends; and when, to a consciousness of the purity of intentions, is added the approbation of my fellow Citizens, I shall experience in my retirement that heartfelt satisfaction which can only be exceeded by the hope of future happiness.41
[Note 41: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering.]
March 2, 1797.
Sir: In answer to your enquiry concerning the Land I sold to you, last year, I can inform you from my own knowledge.
It is part of the great Dismal Swamp, about ... 42 Miles from Norfolk convenient to the Canal now Cutting, its soil extremely rich covered with Cypress and Juniper, the under growth Cane &ca. I am etc.43
[Note 42: Left blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 43: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, March 3, 1797.
My dear Sir: Before the curtain drops on my political life, which it will do this evening, I expect for ever; I shall acknowledge, although it be in a few hasty lines only, the receipt of your kind and affectionate letter of the 23d. of January last.
When I add, that according to custom, all the Acts of the Session; except two or three very unimportant Bills, have been presented to me within the last four days, you will not be surprised at the pressure under which I write at present; but it must astonish others who know that the Constitution allows the President ten days to deliberate on each Bill that is brought before him that he should be allowed by the Legislature less than half that time to consider all the business of the Session; and in some instances, scarcely an hour to revolve the most important. But as the scene is closing, with me, it is of little avail now to let it be with murmers.
I should be very unhappy if I thought my relinquishing the Reins of government wd. produce any of the consequences which your fears forebode. In all free governments, contention in elections will take place; and, whilst it is confined to our own citizens it is not to be regretted; but severely indeed ought it to be reprobated when occasioned by foreign machinations. I trust however, that the good sense of our Countrymen will guard the public weal against this, and every other innovation; and that, altho we may be a little wrong, now and then, we shall return to the right path, with more avidity. I can never believe that Providence, which has guided us so long, and through such a labirinth, will withdraw its protection at this Crisis.
Although I shall resign the chair of government without a single regret, or any desire to intermeddle in politics again, yet there are many of my compatriots (among whom be assured I place you) from whom I shall part sorrowing; because, unless I meet with them at Mount Vernon it is not likely that I shall ever see them more, as I do not expect that I shall ever be twenty miles from it after I am tranquilly settled there. To tell you how glad I should be to see you at that place is unnecessary; but this I will add, that it would not only give me pleasure, but pleasure also to Mrs. Washington, and others of the family with whom you are acquainted; and who all unite in every good wish for you, and yours, with Dear Sir, Your sincere friend and Affectionate Servant.
Philadelphia, March 3, 1797.
Gentlemen: Three things relative to the City of Washington call for my decision, and this is the last day I have Powers to give any.
The first respects the dispute with Mr. Law, touching the conveyances of Lotts; the second, to my approbation of the Plans for the Executive Offices; and the third, to the Instrument you transmitted to me in your letter of the 31st. of January.
With regard to the first, however hard and unexpected the case may be as it affects the public interest, and whatever my private opinion on some points may be; I think it safest, and all things considered perhaps the best, to let the opinion of the Law Officer of the government, herewith enclosed, prevail; and I advise it accordingly. The second, not only meets my approbation, but is much approved also by the heads of Departments; and may, when the funds and other circumstances wall permit be carried into effect; for which purpose the Plans are returned with my approving signature. On the other, or third point, the Bill for incorporating the Commissioners of the City of Washington, has not been passed into a Law, in consequence of the superior claim of more important matters upon the attention of Congress in the close of the present Session. The instrument you transmitted to me, as mentioned before, having been altered according to the advice of the Attorney General you will herewith receive, formally executed.44
[Note 44: A copy of this power of conveyance, dated Mar. 2, 1797, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Another matter occurs which is necessary to apprise you of. In your letter of the 31st. of Jany. it is said
We have fowarded to the Secretary of State, a plan of the City undercover to Messrs. Willinck, with all the public property particularly designated on the face of it; and have written to those Gentlemen, pressing them to forward the loan by all the means in their power.
Inquiring the other day of the Secretary if it was dispatched, he answered that no such packet had been recd. by him.
Your letter of the 27th. Ulto. is received and I am sorry your prospt. of a loan in Holld. is so bad. With esteem etc.45
[Note 45: From Letters of the Presidents of the United States to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in the Library of Congress.]
[Philadelphia, March 3, 1797.]
[Dr] Sir: At the conclusion of my public employments, I have thought it expedient to notice the publication of certain forged letters which first appeared in the year 1777, and were obtruded upon the public as mine. They are said by the editor to have been found in a small portmanteau, that I had left in the care of my Mulatto servant named Billy,46 who, it is pretended, was taken prisoner at Fort Lee, in 1776. The period when these letters were first printed will be recollected, and what were the impressions they were intended to produce on the public mind. It was then supposed to be of some consequence to strike at the integrity of the motives of the American Commander in Chief, and to paint his inclinations as at variance with his professions and his duty. Another crisis in the affairs of America having occurred, the same weapon has been resorted to, to wound my character and deceive the people.
[Note 46: William Lee.]
The letters in question have the dates, addresses, and signatures here following.
At the time, when these letters first appeared, it was notorious to the army immediately under my command, and particularly to the gentlemen attached to my person, that my Mulatto Man Billy had never been one moment in the power of the enemy. It is also a fact, that no part of my baggage, or any of my attendants, were captured during the whole course of the war. These well-known facts made it unnecessary, during the war, to call the public attention to the forgery, by any express declaration of mine: and a firm reliance on my fellow-citizens, and the abundant proofs they gave of their confidence in me, rendered it alike unnecessary to take any formal notice of the revival of the imposition, during my civil administration. But as I cannot know how soon a more serious event may succeed to that which will this day take place, I have thought it a duty that I owed to Myself, to my Country and to Truth, now to detail the circumstances above recited; and to add my solemn declaration, that the letters herein described are a base forgery, and that I never saw or heard of them until they appeared in print.
The present letter I commit to your care, and desire that it may be deposited in the office of the department of state, as a testimony of the truth to the present generation and to posterity. [Accept, I pray you, the sincere esteem and affectionate regard of, dear Sir, &c.]47
[Note 47: The draft is in the writing of Timothy Pickering. The words in brackets are in the writing of Washington.]
Philadelphia, March 5, 1797.
Madam: The multiplicity of business which occurred in the course of the last Session, particularly in the latter part of it, placed it entirely out of my power to attend to matters of private concern. This reason, I hope, you will have the goodness to accept as an apology for my delay in acknowledging the receipt of your very polite and obliging favour of the 16th. of January,49 at an earlier period, and even now, being not less occupied in preparing to leave this City, I perceive the necessity of asking further forgiveness for this laconic epistle. I have, however, conversed freely on the subject of your letter with our mutual friend Mr. Boudinot, who will inform you fully of the circumstances under which I find myself relative to your request. To his information therefore, I beg leave to refer you.
[Note 49: Not now found in the Washington Papers.
Near the end of his administration Washington drew up several lists of the articles in the President's house, preparatory to moving to Mount Vernon. These lists are in the Washington Papers at the end of February, 1797, and are those of "Household furniture" under which are listed the "Plates" and "Plated Ware"; "Japan Ware"; "Looking Glasses "; "Knives and Forks "; "Andirons "; "Fenders "; "Shovels and Tongs"; "Clock"; "Upholstry"; "Counterparos"; "Rugs and Blankets"; "Lustres"; "Gerandoles"; "Sconces"; "Lamps"; "Cabinet Work"; and "Stoves." "Nothing herein has been said relatively to the Table Linnen, Sheeting, China and Glass-ware which was furnished at the expence of the United States; because they have been worn out, broken, stolen and replaced (at private expence) over and over again. Nor has any account been taken of the Kitchen furniture, as that also, except a few of the most durable articles, which will be left, has been broke, burned out, and otherwise reduced as above. The Carpets also are entirely worn out. all on the floors, at present, have been purchased on private account." Another list gives "Articles in the Green drawing Room which will be sold" and "Articles in the above Room which may be purchased although the sale of them is not desired." The last list is of "Prints purchased; and at what prices. Size of the impression" and "Size within the impression."
A copy of a conveyance dated Apr. 10, 1797, of 400 acres of land in the "City of Gloucester," Va., from Washington to George Ball, for£200. Virginia currency, is in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress. On Nov. 3, 1805, Ball indorsed a memorandum, on the original, consenting that this land which was "intended to be conveyed to me by the within contract" be sold and transferred by the executors of the late General Washington to Burwell Bassett.]
I cannot conclude however, without offering you my sincere thanks for the honor you intended me; for the enclosures accompanying your letter; and for the favourable and flattering sentiments which you have expressed for me therein. To which permit me to add assurances of the high esteem etc.
Philadelphia, March 6, 1797.
Sir: On the 11th of Decr. I wrote you a long letter; and in. tended before the close of the last Session of Congress (which ended on the third instant, conformably to the Constitution) to have addressed you again; but oppressed as I was with the various occurrencies incident thereto, especially in the latter part of it, it has not been in my power to do so during its continuance; and now, the arrangements necessary to my departure from this City, for a more tranquil theatre, and for the indulgence of rural pursuits, will oblige me to suspend my purpose until I am fixed at Mount Vernon, where I expect soon to be; having resigned the Chair of government to Mr. Jno. Adams on friday last; the day on which I completed my Second four years Administration.
Under the circumstances here mentioned, I should not have troubled you, at this time, with so short a letter, but for the purpose of accompanying it with two or three Pamphlets on the subjects of Agriculture; one of which treats more extensively on Gypsum as a manure than any I have seen before. The other two will only serve to shew that essays of a similar kind are making in this infant country.
I am sorry to add, that nothing final, in Congress, has been decided respecting the institution of a National board of Agriculture, recommended by me at the opening of the Session. But this did not, I believe, proceed from any disinclination to the measure, but from their limited setting, and a pressure of what they conceived, more important business. I think it highly probable that next Session will bring this matter to maturity. With the highest esteem etc.
Philadelphia, March 6, 1797.
Sir: Enclosed is the copy of a letter I wrote to you in answer to yours from Lancaster, and to that place directed it supposing your residence to be in that County. This letter will be directed to the care of the Postmaster in Fredericksburgh; but as you are not particular in designating the place at which you are to be found, it may not, anymore than the former, find its way to you.
The receipt of your letter of the 16th Ulto. should have had an earlier acknowledgment, had not the business of the Session pressed heavily upon me towards the close of it. I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 6, 1797.
Dear Sir: I will turn over your letter of the 13th. instant to the President of the United States. You may be assured that I have not been wanting in disposition to serve you in anything that was consistent with my duty as a public Officer: but permit me to add that you seem to have lost sight of three things: 1st. that there are a number of very deserving men to be provided for, whose situation during the War, was, by no comparison, harder than yours. 2d. that offices cannot be created for men. and 3d. that you have estimated the emoluments of the one you have had at two low a rate.
Eight hundred dollars, or £240 lawful money per ann, added to the private resources of a man without adding a fraction, necessarily, to his expences is by no means a dispisable thing, but as it is no longer in my power to nominate men to offices these observations might have been spared.
I heartily thank you for your good wishes, and reciprocate them sincerely to you, and yours, being etc.
Philadelphia, March 8, 1797.
Dear Sir: Before I leave this City, which will be within less than twenty four hours; permit me in acknowledging the receipt of your kind and affectionate note of the 6th, to offer you the thanks of a grateful heart for the Sentiments, you have expressed in my favor, and for those attentions with which you have always honoured me. In return, I pray you to accept all my good wishes for the perfect restoration of your health, and for all the happiness this life can afford. As your Official duty will necessarily call you to the Southward, I will take the liberty of adding that it will aways give me pleasure to see you at Mount Vernon as you pass and repass. With unfeigned esteem and regard, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, I am etc.
Philadelphia, March 8, 1797.
My Dear Sir' Your conduct during a six years residence in my family having been such as to meet my full approbation and believing that a declaration to this effect would be satisfactory to yourself and justice requiring it from me, I make it with pleasure. And in full confidence that those principles of honor, integrity and benevolence which I have reason to believe have hitherto guided your steps will still continue to mark your conduct, I have only to add a wash that you may lose no opportunity of making such advances in useful acquirements, as may benefit yourself, your friends and mankind. And I am led to anticipate an accomplishment of this wish when I consider the manner in which you have hitherto improved such occasions as have offered themselves to you.
The career of life on which you are now entering will present new Scenes and frequent opportunities for the improvement of a mind desirous of obtaining useful knowledge; but I am sure you will never forget, that, without Virtue and without integrity the finest talents of the most brilliant accomplishments can never gain the respect or conciliate the esteem of the truly valuable part of mankind.
Wishing you health happiness and prosperity, in all your laudable undertakings I remain etc.51
[Note 51: The draft is in the writing of George Washington Craik.
On March 9 Washington left Philadelphia for Mount Vernon. He dined at Chester, lodged at Wilmington, and reached Baltimore on March 12, where he received and answered an address from the mayor and council, which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 26, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 22d. instant has been received, by which I find you have fixed the commencement of your journey to Kentuckey to the 3d of next month. Although some passages in your letter lead me to conclude that mine to you of the first of Feby. had got to hand, yet, as you have not acknowledged the receipt of it, I am left in doubt, and having a press copy thereof by me, I forward duplicate from that.
To the sentiments contained therein, relative to my land on rough Creek, I have nothing to add. I thank you sincerely for your kind congratulations on my return to this place; and with every good wish, in which Mrs. Washington unites for your prosperous journey and safe return; and with best regards for Mrs. Spotswood and the family I am etc.
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1796 [1797].
Gentn: The time for transferring to me seventy shares in the Bank of Columbia, agreeably to your obligation dated the 24th of February, having elapsed, I have to request a compliance therewith, which I presume will immediately take place; especially as I received these shares at forty dollars each, to accommodate Genl. Lee in a payment which he was to have made to me, when the same may be bought for 33 dollars Cash.
Your early attention to this business and immediate answer to this will oblige Gentn. Yr. etc.56
[Note 56: The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear, who has inadvertently dated it 1796.]
[Note 57: Alexandria, Va.]
[April 1, 1797.]
While my heart acknowledges with Brotherly Love, your affectionate congratulations on my retirement from the arduous toils of past years, my gratitude is no less excited by your kind wishes for my future happiness.
If it has pleased the Supreme Architect of the Universe to make me an humble instrument to promote the welfare and happiness of my fellow men, my exertions have been abundantly recompensed by the kind partiality with which they have been received; and the assurance you give me of your belief that I have acted upon the Square in my public Capacity, will be among my principle enjoyments in this Terrestial Lodge.58
[Note 58: The draft is in the writing of Tobias Lear.]
Mount Vernon, April 2, 1797.
Dear Sir: If this letter should happen to find you in Philadelphia the intention of it is to bring you acquainted with the situation of Messrs. Reed and Ford's engagement to transfer (after the 28th of Mch) Seventy shares in the Bank of Columbia on your Account for my benefit.
On my way home I placed their Obligation in the hands of a Gentleman within the District of Columbia for the purpose of having this Transfer made. The following extract of his letter to me was received on Friday last but not in time to forward it by the Post of next morning, altho I instantly wrote and took the chance, of a letter getting to Messrs. Reed and Ford by the mail, of that day; and now enclosed a duplicate open for your perusal before it is delivered.
Inclosed is Reed and Fords obligation wch you left with me but on Application to one of the Officers in the Bank, to Transfer to you the Shares in question, he informed me it could not be done without a power of Attorney from them to some person in this Town to make the transfer. It is suspected by some persons here they have failed, and today I was told by a Director they had no shares in the Bank of Columbia; Perhaps you may think it advisable to write on immediately that you may secure yourself in this business.
This business you will recollect my, good Sir, was not of my seeking; that it was not agreeable to me to be paid in that way (because it was the money I wanted) and that it was to accommodate you, under strong assurances that the obligation of Reed and Ford, was as good as the Bank &ca. &ca., that I yielded to the measure. How far this assertion was well founded, may while you are on the spot, be worthy of enquiry, as my confidence in and disposition to oblige you, has involved this result.
I would fain hope that that part of the extract which relates to the failure is without foundation; and for the honor of honest men and his dealing, I also hope it will not be found that they have been Selling property to which they had no right and of which they were not possessed. At any rate I shall lose what I ought not and what I should not, if the money had been properly paid, for from my unacquaintedness in these matters and from the motives mentioned before, have allowed 40 dollars a share when, at the time and now, the money (If I had been disposed to apply it so) would have procured these Shares, at 33 dollars each by which means in 28 hundred dollars, I sustain a loss of 490, besides losing the Interest on the former sum from the 24th of Feby. until the Transfer is made. I am etc.59
[Note 59: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1797.
Dear Sir: Mr. Lear informs me that the president60 has declined, finally to take any part of the furniture in the Green drawing room and that you were requested to have the lustre in the middle of it packed up and sent round to this place.
[Note 60: John Adams.]
If the latter should not have taken place before this letter reaches your hands let it be sent to Mrs. Morris, who I beg will receive it as a present; and to whom I will write so soon as you inform of its having happened assigning the reason why it was not done before. Let me know the result of this direction as soon as you can.
I wish you a pleasant passage in which your aunt joins and the full fruition of all your reasonable and proper wishes; being your Sincere friend and affectionate Servt.61
[Note 61: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
(Private)
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th. Ulto. has been duly received, and I thank you for the information given in it: Let me pray you to have the goodness to communicate to me, occasionally, such matters as are interesting, and not contrary to the rules of your official duty to disclose. We get so many details in the Gazettes, and of such different complexions that it is impossible to know what credence to give to any of them.
The conduct of the French government is so much beyond calculation, and so unaccountable upon any principle of justice or even of that sort of policy wch. is familiar to plain understanding that I shall not now puzzle my brains in attempting to develop their motives to it.63
[Note 63: The French Directory refused to receive Pinckney as Minister from the United States. James Monroe had been given a public audience at the end of December, at which the general feeling had been strongly shown. In February, 1797, Pinckney was told by the Directory to leave France. This became known in America the latter part of March.
On April 3 Washington replied to an address from the General Assembly of Rhode Island. This reply is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
We got home without accident, and found the Roads drier, and better than I ever travelled them at that Season of the year. The attentions we met with on our journey were very flattering, and to some whose minds are differently formed from mine would have been highly relished, but I avoided in every instance where I had any previous knowledge of the intention, and cd. by earnest entreaties prevail, all parade, or escorts. Mrs. Washington took a violent cold in Philadelphia, which hangs upon her still but not as bad as it did.
I find myself in the situation, nearly, of a young beginner; for although I have not houses to build (except one, which I must erect for the accommodation and security of my Military, Civil and private Papers which are voluminous, and may be interestg) yet I have not one or scarcely anything else about me that does not require considerable repairs. In a word I am already surrounded by Joiners, Masons, Painters &ca &ca. and such is my anxiety to get out of their hands, that I have scarcely a room to put a friend into or to set in myself, without the Music of hammers, or the odoriferous smell of Paint.
I will make no apology for putting the enclosed under cover to you. If General Lee should have left Philadelphia, let me request the favor of you to open the letter to him and cause the one under that cover to be delivered to Messrs. Reed & Ford by a person who you can inform me certainly has done so, that I may know to what cause to ascribe (should it happen) any delay in their answer, and add, if you please, whether there be any cause to suspect a failure in these Gentlemen.
You will readily perceive that what is said of them, and what I write to Genl. Lee is of a private nature, and not to be mentioned unless the reports respecting Reed & Ford are facts of notariety. Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis thanks you for your kind remembrance of them and joins in best regards for Mrs. McHenry and yourself with Dear Sir etc.
[N.Y.P.L]
Mount Vernon, April 7, 1797.
Sir: A few days since, through the Channel of our Minister in London, I was favoured with the receipt of your third Volume of Essays relating to Agriculture and Rural Affairs; for which I pray you to accept my best thanks.
I am once more seated under my own Vine and fig tree, and hope to spend the remainder of my days, which in the ordinary course of things (being in my Sixty sixth year) cannot be many, in peaceful retirement, making political pursuits yield to the more rational amusement of cultivating the Earth.
To do this in the small way, I find I shall need a Gardener in October next, the time of the one I now have terminating the 10th of that month and no inclination on my part to employ him any longer. You have not only skilful persons of this profession in Scotland, but generally speaking, they are more orderly and industrious than those of most other nations, and besides the dissimilitude of climate between the Southern and middle parts of Scotland, and the middle States of this Country, is not great. These considerations have induced me to turn my eyes that way; presuming that the emigration of men in that line are not under governmental restraints.
My present manager (Mr. James Anderson, an honest, industrious and judicious Scotchman five years since from the county of Fife) has written to a Mr. Foreman and to a Mr. Harper, (whose places of residences and professions, together with what was formerly his own, are to be found in his memorandum enclosed), to procure, and send me a Gardener. He thinks it is much in the power of Mr. Harper, who according to his account has been several years principal Gardener to Lord Murray, to do this; but I have desired him, to request them, to consult and advise with you on this Subject before any agreement is entered into, as I shall place more confidence in a Gardener who is approved by you, than by them alone, without this check. For taking the liberty of requesting this favor of you, and for the trouble it must necessarily give I shall rely on your goodness and usual complaisance for a pardon.
I would prefer a single man to a married one, but shall not object to the latter if he has no children, or not more than one, or at most two; and his wife would undertake to superintend my Spinners, and if required a Small dairy at the Mansion house (where the Gardens are). The man ought to be a good Kitchen and Nursery Gardener; to have some knowledge of a Green house and hot house, and how to raise things in hot beds. He would have two or three labourers under him, but not placed there with a view to exempt him from manual labour. He would be furnished with a good apartment, convenient to his work, to reside in; and would have an ample allowance of good Provisions with fuel; and if a single man, with his washing also.
My Manager conceives that such a character, with the assurances here given, might be had for twenty guineas pr. Annum: but if he should be mistaken in this, and a well recommended Gardener could be engaged for twenty five guineas a year, I would allow the latter sum and pay his or their passage (as the case may be) provided he (or they) would enter into articles with you (or some other in my behalf) to remain with me three years, four would be still better, without which, that is for a single year only, I would not encounter the expence of the passage, and run the hazard of being left to seek another at the end of it. Both of us would be placed on surer ground by the longest term; while one, or the other, perhaps both ultimately might be incommoded by the shorter.
You would do me a particular favor by acknowledging the receipt of this letter as soon as convenient after it gets to your hands informing me of the prospect of succeeding, for I shall be without a Gardener in October, and cannot engage one here permanently until I know the result of my application with you. With great esteem etc.
PS. Upon second thoughts, It appears best that the letters of my Manager to Messrs. Foreman64 and Harper shd pass under cover with this letter open to you that you may know precisely what is requested of them and give your advice accordingly.
[Note 64: The following memorandum, in the writing of Washington, is in the possession of E. Francis Riggs, of Hyattsville, Md.: "Mr. James Anderson, to Mr. Jno. Foreman dated 7th. Aprl. 1797. To cause Mr. Richmond, or any other Nursery man of character to put up 20,000 Thorns of 4 yrs. old; one half; and the other half of 3 years old; closely packed in Boxes with fog and some little earth. Also to have gathered 12 firlots of the best kind of Haws from the real white thorn. 3 plows Invented and made by James Small. All to be sent to London to the care of ... on whom draw for the amount of cost. Also a Gardener who understands the Nursery, Kitchen and flower Garden; and who understands the Hot and Green house, and raising early things under glasses."]
Mount Vernon, April 9, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 31st. Ult. from Culpeper County, came to my hands late at night on the 5th. inst., and the enclosure for your brother Fielding was sent to him early next morning.
The melancholy of your writing has filled me with inexpressable concern. The debt of nature however sooner or later, must be paid by us all, and although the separation from our nearest relatives is a heart rending circumstance, reason, religeon and philosophy, teach us to bear it with resignation, while time alone can ameliorate, and soften the pangs we experience at parting.
It must have been a consoling circumstance to my deceased Sister,65 that so many of her friends were about her. I find myself almost in the Situation of a new beginner, so much does my houses, and every thing about them, stand in need of repairs. What with Joiners, Painters, Glasiers, etc. etc. I have scarcely a room to go into at present, that is free from one, or other of
[Note 65: Elizabeth Washington Lewis, who died Mar. 31, 1797.] them. But the inside will soon be done, tho' it will require a good deal of time to make good the decays which I am every day discerning in the out buildings and Inclosures.
This leads me to ask if you know of a good House Joiner (white or black) that could be hired by the year, or month, and on what terms. I want one who is capable of making a rich finished pannel Door, Sash, and wainscot; and who could be relied on for his sobriety and diligence.
At any time, and at all times, we should be very glad to see you and Mrs. Lewis at this place; and with best regard to you both, in which your Aunt joins, I am, etc.66
[Note 66: From the printed text in the catalogue of Autograph Letters of George Washington in the Frederick S. Peck Collection, Barrington, R. I.]
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 5th. instt. with its enclosures, and also one of prior date, forwarding (at the request of Doctr. Edwards) a Pamphlet from Sir John Sinclair have come duly to hand. For your kindness in sending these, and particularly for the information given in your letter of the 5th. I feel myself very much obliged.
The conduct of the French Directory towards General Pinckney is I believe, unexampled, of course has baffled all calculation: how far it has come up to, or exceeded the expectation of their partisans among us remains to be developed, and the approaching Session of Congress will make the discovery. The good humour, and friendly disposition of the Dey of Algiers, arc pleasing circumstances; and if of duration, would be very fortunate ones for the Commerce of these United States. My complimts. (in wch. Mrs. Washington unites) are offered to Mrs. Pickering and the family, and with sincerity and truth I am etc.
P.S. The Buckles67 of which you make mention are from Colo. Humphreys to me.
[Note 67: A pair of knee buckles and a pair of shoe buckles; but no further description is given.]
Mount Vernon, April 22, 1797.
Dear Sir: I should not have taken the liberty of giving you the trouble wch the enclosures must occasion but for the request of Genl. Lee who left this yesterday and is implicated in the business to which they relate.
Messrs. Reed & Fords obligation, paid me by Genl. Lee to discharge in part a debt he owed me, the letter of the latter with Mr. Lingans note (all of which are enclosed) will be sufficient I presume, to enable you to obtain the transfer promised by Messrs. Lingan & Smith of 41 Shares; but it may not be amiss notwithstanding to add that as there seems to be delay and difficulty on the part of Messrs. Reed & Ford in a matter where in my opinion none ought to exist; it excite suspicions not very favourable for those Gentlemen, which makes me anxious to know what I have to depend upon, especially as I requested them immediately after the 28th of March to fulfil their Obligation without even having reed. an acknowledgment of my letter except in a verbal message (which I did not understand,) through Genl. Lee; I will not however add more on this Subject at present, than to beg the favor of hearing from you relative to the transfer of the 41 Shares. With great Esteem and regard I am etc.70
[Note 70: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, April 28, 1797.
Dear Sir: Owing to my not sending to the Post Office in Alexandria with the regularity I used to do whilst I was in exercise of Public duties I did not receive your favor of the 21st. instr. until yesterday. Nor have I before, acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 11th which also came safe.
Not expecting to have much business to transact in Philadelphia I appointed no Agent there; and if Colo. Shreve would do as he ought, it would give me, and others, less trouble than is occasioned by his drib'ling payments. He was to pay for the lands purchased of me (after the first advance) by Instalments; one of which becomes due the first day of June next and by his obligation the money was to have been paid into the Bank of Pennsylvania not expecting any part before I had made no arrangemts. therefor, and I see nothing better under the circumstances you have mentd. than for the Jersey man to pay the money into that Bank and send me the evidence of it, as I expect on that day, a payment at the same place by Colo. Ritchie to whom I sold other land.
As the Jersey man may be, as I certainly am, unacquainted with Bank transactions your advice in the matter might do both of us a kindness. and information given to me relative thereto would much oblige Dear Sir Your etc.
PS. Colo. Biddie used to do all my business in Phila. after the War, until my residence at the Seat of Government rendered it unnecessary; and this he did much to my satisfaction. If he is free from the embarrassments under which he laboured sometime ago and safe I should be glad to employ him again. Will you be so good as to inform me, in confidence, how this matter is with him.
[Note 72: Mrs. Robert Morris, sister of Bishop William White.]
Mount Vernon, May 1, 1797.
My dear Madam: The lustre which stood suspended in our large Drawing Room in Philadelphia, I pray you to accept from Mrs. Washington and me, as a small testimony of our Affectionate regard for you, Mr. Morris and family.
To bring it from Philadelphia, and then to send it back, carries with it an appearance so singular, as to require explanation, the following will give it tho' it may be uninteresting and tedious to receive.
It was intimated to me, that if the President took the house in wch I lived that he would (in case I was disposed to part with it) be glad to take the furniture of the two large Rooms also. Part of both I had intended to sell; the residue, in my own mind I had designated for other purposes; but to cull the best, and offer him the rest would I conceived be indelicate and therefore with the exception of the Pictures, all of which were fancy pieces of my own choosing, I made a tender of the whole; at such reduced prices as he, or any other, should adjudge them to be the worse for ware. The expectation of his taking them, and the pressure of many matters previous to my departure caused me to leave the City without giving any precise directions relative to the disposition of the furniture of these Rooms beyond the offer that had been made of them to the President; of course, when in the last moment, he declined taking them, it rested on the judgment of Mr. Lear and Mr. Dandridge to dispose of them in the manner they conceived best; and the lustre was accordingly packed up to be sent to this place.
The moment the acct. of it reached me, I wrote to Mr. Dandridge to stop the shipment, and to send it to your house as the harbinger of this letter; but the Vessel, unluckily had sailed a day or two before the order reached him. I hope however, from the external appearance of the Package (for I have not opened it) it will be received without damage.
Mrs. Washington unites with me in every good wish for you, Mr. Morris and the family; and we beg to be presented in respectful terms to Doer. White and his family. Nelly Custis and her brother are in the Federal City, or they would, I am sure, join us cordially in offering their best regards. With sentiments of the most perfect esteem and attachment, I have the honor etc.
PS. The Case with the Lustre will go round by Captn. Elwood, who is, I am informed, now in the Port of Alexa.73
[Note 73: A photostat of a memorandum in the writing of Washington, dated May 6, 1797, in the Washington Photostats, shows the following clothing on that date: "1 Full Suit of Regimentals; 1 Ditto Do half--Ditto; I Ditto Do Spanish Cloth; 1 Ditto do Olive colour; 1 Ditto do dark brown; 1 Ditto do lighter Do; 1 Do Do half mourning; 1 Do Do Raven grey; 1 Do Do Black--Velvet, Silk, and Cassimer: 1 full Suit--Velvet; 1 Do Do Uncut Do."]
Mount Vernon, May 7, 1797.
Sir: By the Post of friday I received, with no small degree of surprise, your letter dated the 24th. Ulto. with a Post mark on the back dated Lancaster Court house the 29th.
Had not the matter you complain of been discussed and explained, at the time our bargain was closed for the Gloucester Land their might, in appearance, have been more cause for the observations you have been pleased to make than you have ground for at present. But, in turn, let me observe that there are some views of the subject which seem to have escaped you altogether.
First then I never did, or could, (unless I was so hurried or distracted with business at the time as not to know what I wrote, and have entirely forgot since what I did write) offer the Land to Mr. Fitzhugh with an interest on the Cost of 5 pr Ct. or the legal Interest of Virginia, because I was a resident of a State where the legal Interest is 6 pr Ct., and because the Interest of the U. States by which all my money transactions have been regulated in 6 pr Ct. also.
Secondly, for argument sake, admit, that I did, in explicit terms offer it to Mr. Fitzhugh for £800 with an interest expressed of 5 pr Ct. from August 1789 until it was conveyed ¼ of the money to be paid down, and the other ¾ths in annual instalments, and moreover, that upon his declining to take it, it was tendered to you on the same terms. What followed? Did I not inform you upon your applying to me on this business that I should certainly be at home by the 20th. of March when the bargain might be compleated? Did you not promise to be there by that time? Yes. Did you come? No. Did you not then write me that you would certainly be here by the first of April, hoping I would not dispose of the land to another? Did you come at that time? No. Does the latter, under the circumstances of your own failures, prove that you thought me bound by the offer I had made? was it reasonable that I should be tied and you left at liberty to come at this, or that time, or not at all as it might suit your convenience? I am mistaken indeed in my principles of justice and ideas of propriety, if I was not as much at liberty the day you came here to make a new bargain for the land as I was to offer it in the first instance; having however settled the terms in my own mind I was not disposed to take any advantage of your then seeming solicitude to avail yourself of the purchase.
But, thirdly, I will go further, and for argument sake, put all these matters aside, and then ask, how far you have acted up to what I had a right to expect from the purchaser, according to your own ideas of the proffer made to Mr. Fitzhugh? £800 with an interest of 5 pr Ct. from August 1789 until April 1797 would have amounted to about £1150. the fourth of which wd. have exceeded £287. How much of this did you Pay me? the receipt will answer £197.
There is a strong insinuation in your letter, though you scorn to take advantage of it, you add, that I have brought myself under the lash of the Law. If you think so Sir, and feel the least disposed to inflict the penalty, spare me not, try it. I believe you would soon be convinced that there is a material difference between fixing a price on land for Sale wch may be purchased or not and receiving an interest of 6 pr Ct. on a Bond, or other debts which is due and must be pd. I had resolved in my own mind (and if I am not mistaken I told you so) that if I parted with the land at all, I would have the sum I paid for it with an interest of 6 pr Ct. as compensation for lying out of my money (more than 8 years) and for some incidental expenses which have been incurred. When then a Gentleman at the distance of 2 or 300 [miles] applied by letter to know if I would sell, and on what terms; and when I knew that this way of transacting the business might be attended with delay I conceived the most eligable mode to place both parties on a certainty was to declare what it cost and that I expected interest until it was paid. To have named a gross sum would if the bargain had been long in negociation, have defeated my own views, or if interest thereon at the close was added it might have been considered as an imposition by the purchaser. How, in the name of common sense, a case of this sort could be brought under the Statute of Usury is beyond my comprehension.
All this however, is to shew that I have acted no unfair or inconsistent part in this business, and to convince you more fully of this, if you do not like the terms of Sale, return me my receipt on, or before the first day of June next (which is allowing you ample time, as you have yourself informed me where you will expect my answer which goes by the first Post after your letter was recd.) and your money shall be returned, and an end put to any further difficulty on the subject. I am etc.74
[Note 74: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1797.
Dear Sir: I thank you for the information contained in your letter of the 19th. Ulto; and infer from it, with pleasure, that you must be better, if not quite recovered of the indisposition of which you complained, by your being enabled to write. To know this however would give me satisfaction, as I entertain an affectionate regard for you.
Various conjectures have been formed relatively to the causes which have induced the President to convene the Congress at this season of the year; among others, that of laying an embargo, is supposed by some to be in contemplation: whether with, or without foundation, you who are acting on the great theatre have the best means of judging. For myself, having turned aside from the broad walks of political, into the narrow paths of private life I shall leave it with those whose duty it is, to consider subjects of this sort; and (as every good citizen ought to do) conform to whatsoever the ruling Powers shall decide. To make, and sell a little flour annually; to repair houses (going fast to ruin), to build one for the security of my Papers of a public nature, and to amuse myself in Agricultural and rural pursuits will constitute employment for the few years I have to remain on this terrestrial Globe. If to these I could now and then meet the friends I esteem, it would fill the measuse and add zest to my enjoyments but if ever this happens it must be under my own Vine and Fig tree as I do not think it probable that I shall go beyond the radius of 20 miles from them.
To detail matters of private concern, would be as improper as it would be uninteresting; and therefore, upon the principle I have adopted, it will never be in my power to make adequate returns for your kind communications; which I wish may be continued when you are at leisure, and at liberty; for there is so little dependence on Newspaper publications which take whatever complexion the Editors please to give them, that persons at a distance, and who have no other means of information, are oftentimes at a loss to form an opinion on the most important occurrences. Mrs. Washington and Nelly Custis unite with me in cordial remembrance of Mrs Wolcott and yourself and with much sincerity I remain Affectly yours.
Mount Vernon, May 19, 1797.
Gentn: Your letter of the 20th Ulto. came duly to hand and through the medium of a friend in George Town to whom I sent it and who made application to Mr. Walter Smith for the fulfilment of your obligation, I have obtained the following result.
"I have seen Mr. Smith and had conversation with him respecting Messrs. Reed & Ford and the probability of their producing the residue of the shares due to you. They intimate in their correspondence no idea of obtaining them any other way than by their funds in this place, due 11 or 12 months hence. How far their earlier necessities may compel them to part with these I know not; but Merchantile men who depend upon such distant resources for immediate purchases, cannot I think be much in cash; or they have no just ideas of Merchantile punctuality."
Let me hope Gentn. that the case is otherwise, in a word let me find that you do not mean to trifle with me in this business. I had no Idea that I was buying Shares in the Bank of Columbia (contrary too to my wishes) of which you were not possessed, I have as I informed you in my former letter, sustained a loss by receiving these Shares ni payment of 490 Dollars, in the receipt of 2800, for the 70 Shares you obligated yourself to transfer, a greater, I cannot submit to willingly, nor to the withholding of the remaining 29 Shares any longer.
Yours Ansr. as soon as convenient letting me know in decisive terms what I am to expect will oblige Gentn. Your etc.76
[Note 76: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your kind and friendly letter of the 17th. Ulto. has been duly received and I beg you to accept my sincere thanks for the affectionate sentiments you have been pleas'd to express for me, therein.
I can assure you, Sir, I never ascribed a motive to the letter you wrote me, on my Election to the Chair of Government, so unworthy of you as to suppose it was written with a view of "Pressing yourself into notice, or seeking for a Place." On the contrary, I was led to believe that domestic enjoyments in rural pursuits, had more charms for you, and were more congenial to your inclination, than any appointment that would draw you from home.
I hope, as you do, that, notwithstanding our Political horison is much overcast, the wisdom, temper and firmness of the Government (supported by the great mass of the People) will dispel the threatning clouds, and that all will end without any shedding of Blood. To me, [this is so demonstrable that not a particle of doubt would dwell on my mind relative thereto if our Citizens would advocate their own cause instead of that of any other Nation under the Sun; that is instead of being Frenchmen, or Englishmen, in Politics, they would be Americans; indignant at every attempt of either, or any other power to establish an influence in our Councils, or that should presume to sow the seeds of distrust or disunion among ourselves. No policy, in my opinion, can be more clearly demonstrated, than that we should do justice to all but have no political connexions with any of the European Powers, beyond those which result from and serve to regulate our Commerce with them. Our own experience (if it has not already had this effect) will soon convince us that disinterested favours, or friendship from any Nation whatever, is too novel to be calculated on; and there will always be found a wide difference between the words and actions of any of them.
It gives me great pleasure to hear from yourself, that you are writing Memoirs77 of those transactions which passed under
[Note 77: Heath's Memoirs were first published in Boston in 1798. They have been republished several times.] your notice during the Revolution war. Having always understood, that you were exact and copious in noting occurrances at the time they happened, a work of this kind will, from the candour and ability with which I am persuaded they were taken, be uncommonly correct and interesting. Whether you mean to publish them at your own expence, or by Subscription, is not intimated in yr. letter. If the latter, I pray you to consider me as a subscriber. and in any event as a purchaser of your production. That you may enjoy health to complete the work to your entire satisfaction, I devoutly pray, and that you may live afterwards to hear it applauded (as I doubt not it will be) I as sincerely wish. If I should live to see it published, I shall read it with great avidity. Retired from noise myself, and the responsibility attached to public employment my hours will glide smoothly on. My best wishes however for the prosperity of our country will always have the first place in my affections, while to repair buildings (gone much to ruin) and to cultivate my farms (which require close attention) will occupy the few years (perhaps days) I may be a sojourner here, as I am now in the Sixty sixth year of my peregrination through life.] Mrs. Washington is very thankful for your kind remembrance of her, and joins cordially with me in a tender of best regards for you. With assurances of great esteem etc.78
[Note 78: From a facsimile (partial) in Thomas F. Madigan's Word Shadows of the Great (New York: 1930). The portion in brackets is supplied from the autograph draft in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1797.
My dear Sir: I rely more upon your goodness than upon any excuse I can make, for not having given an earlier acknowledgment to the receipt of your obliging letters of the 10th. of January and 12th. of Feby.
The truth is, they were rather long on their passage; but a more weighty reason than this is, they arrived towards the closing scenes of my public life, when every moment of my time was occupied either in the discharge of official duties, or in preparing for the change which was about to take place; and for these causes, were laid aside, under an idea that when I got seated under my Vine and Fig tree, I should have little else to do than to discharge all my obligations of an epistolary nature. But so far otherwise has the case been, that upon examining the state of my buildings, and other matters of private concern, which had only been transiently viewed for the eight years preceding, I found so much occasion to attend to workmen of different descriptions, and to such other diversified employments, as that at no period have I been more engaged than in the two months I have been at home.
This account is due to friendship, and to that respect which I have always entertained for your character.
Now let me congratulate you, my dear Sir, on your safe return to your native Country and friends, after the important services you have rendered to the former; and to thank you, as I most cordially do, for the favourable sentiments which you have been pleased to express for me, and of my public conduct. The approbation you have given of the latter, be assured, is highly pleasing to me. To receive testimonies of this kind from the good and virtuous, more especially from those who are competent to judge, and have had the means of judging from the best sources of information, stamps a value which renders them peculiarly grateful to one's sensibility.
It remains to be seen whether our country will stand upon Independent ground, or be directed in its political concerns by any other Nation. A little time will shew who are its true friends, or what is synonymous, who are true Americans; those who are stimulating a foreign nation to unfriendly acts, repugnant to our rights and dignity, and advocating all its measures, or those whose only aim has been to maintain a strict Neutrality, to keep the United States out of the vortex of European Politics, and to preserve them in Peace.
The Presidents Speech81 will, I conceive, draw forth mediately or immediately, an expression of the Public mind; and as it is the right of the People that this should be carried into effect, their sentiments ought to be unequivocally known, that the principles on which the government has acted, and which from the Presidents Speech, are likely to be continued, may either be changed, or the opposition that is endeavouring to embarrass every measure of the Executive, may meet effectual discountenance. Things cannot, ought not to remain any longer in their present disagreeable state. Nor should the idea that the Government and the People have different views, be suffered any longer to prevail, at home or abroad; for it is not only injurious to us, but disgraceful also, that a government constituted as ours is, should be Administered contrary to their Interest and will, if the fact be so.
[Note 81: Made to Congress on convening the special session, May 16, 1797, to consider the affairs with France.]
But, as I did not begin this letter with an intention of running into any political disquisition, I will stop where I am, and only add, that with sincere and affectionate regard I am &c.
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1797.
Dear Sir: The business I shall have to transact in Philadelphia will, more than probable, be of so pidling and triflng a nature as to produce more trouble, than profit from the Commission, to whomsoever undertakes it.
Notwithstanding (this being premised) as it has always been done by you, while I was not myself in Philadelphia as a Resident I could not think of applying to another without first enquiring whether it would be agreeable to you to engage in it on the usual terms, or not.
If you answer in the affirmative, the first thing I should require of you would be to receive the Interest of my certificates at the Treasury, or Bank of the United States, amounting to about one hundred dollars pr. quarter; one of which became due the 31st of Mar: last, and the rest will be so in succession: and (as I am not acquainted with the form) that you would send a Power of Attorney for me to execute, thereby enabling you to do this. From this fund I would then ask you to send the things mentioned in the enclosed Memorandum. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, May 29, 1797.
Dear Sir: I am indebted to you for several unacknowledged letters; but ne'er mind that; go on as if you had them. You are at the source of information, and can find many things to relate; while I have nothing to say, that could either inform or amuse a Secretary of War in Philadelphia.
I might tell him that I begin my diurnal course with the Sun; that if my hirelings are not in their places at that time I send them messages expressive of my sorrow for their indisposition; then having put these wheels in motion, I examine the state of things further; and the more they are probed, the deeper I find the wounds are which my buildings have sustained by an absence and neglect of eight years; by the time I have accomplished these matters, breakfast (a little after seven Oclock, about the time I presume you are taking leave of Mrs. McHenry) is ready. This over, I mount my horse and ride round my farms, which employs me until it is time to dress for dinner; at which I rarely miss seeing strange faces; come, as they say, out of respect to me. Pray, would not the word curiosity answer as well? and how different this, from having a few social friends at a cheerful board? The usual time of sitting at Table; a walk, and Tea, brings me within the dawn of Candlelight; previous to which, if not prevented by company, I resolve, that, as soon as the glimmering taper, supplies the place of the great luminary, I will retire to my writing Table and acknowledge the letters I have received; but when the lights are brought, I feel tired, and disinclined to engage in this work, conceiving that the next night will do as well: the next comes and with it the same causes for postponement, and effect, and so on.
This will account for your letter remaining so long unacknowledged; and having given you the history of a day, it will serve for a year; and I am persuaded you will not require a second edition of it: but it may strike you, that in this detail no mention is made of any portion of time allotted for reading; the remark would be just, for I have not looked into a book since I came home, nor shall I be able to do it until I have discharged my Workmen; probably not before the nights grow longer; when possibly, I may be looking in doomsday book. On the score of the plated ware in your possession I will say something in a future letter. At present I shall only add, that I am always and affectionately yours.
Mount Vernon, May 29, 1797.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 18th. instant with its enclosures, and thank you for both. The President has, in my opinion, placed matters upon their true ground in his speech to Congress. The crisis calls for an unequivocal expression of the public mind, and the Speech will, mediately, or immediately, bring this about. Things ought not, indeed cannot remain longer in their present State; and it is time the People should be thoroughly acquainted with the political Situation of this Country, and the causes which have produced it, that they may either give active and effectual support to those to whom they have entrusted the Administration of the government (if they approve the principles on which they have acted); or sanction the conduct of their opponents, who have endeavoured to bring about a change, by embarrassing all its measures; not even short of foreign means.
We are waiting with no small degree of solicitude for the answer of the House of Representatives, that an opinion may be formed from its complexion, of the temper of that body since its renovation.
Thus much for our own affairs, which, maugre the dessolating scenes of Europe, might continue in the most happy, flourishing and prosperous train, if the harmony of the Union was not endangered by the internal disturbers of its Peace. With respect to the Nations of Europe, their situation appears so awful, that nothing short of Omnipotence can predict the issue, although every humane mind must feel for the miseries they endure. Our course is plain; they who run may read it. Theirs is so bewildered and dark, so entangled and embarrassed, and so obviously under the influence of Intriegue, that one would suppose, if any thing could open the eyes of our misled citizens, the deplorable situation of those people could not fail to accomplish it.
On the first of next month, there ought to be deposited in the Bank of Pennsylva. on my acct, for the land I sold to Colo. Matthew Ritchie, the Sum of 3469 20/100. Dollars; and for other land sold Colo. Israel Shreve £720 Pennsa. Curry. Of the latter sum £200 I presume is actually paid into that Bank, as Colo. Pickering was kind enough to inform me that some Jersey man (who had bought part of the Land from Shreve) was enquiring of him, if I had any Agent in Philada. authorised to receive money; In answer, I requested he might be directed to Deposit the same in the aforementioned Bank.
And now, my good Sir, let me ask, if these sums should be lodged there, agreeably to contract, whether in the course of business you could make it convenient to the Treasury, to receive them at that Bank, and give me a draught on the Bank of Alexandria, or on the Collector of that Port for the amount thereof? If you answer in the affirmative, let me request the further favour of asking you for the form of such an order on the Bank of Pennsa. as would enable you to effect this Exchange.
With sincere and affecte. regard I am etc.
[C.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, May 30, 1797.
Sir: Your favor of the 24th. Ulto, from Winchester, came duly to but presuming you were on a Circuit, I have allowed time for the completion, to offer you my acknowledgment of its receipt.
My Sollicitude for the establishment of a National University in this Country, has been great, and unceasing; but as the Sentiments of the Legislature have not been in unison therewith, I had postponed the further consideration of the subject to a moment of more leizure (than has lately been my lot) to see if I could devise some Plan by which my wishes could be carried into effect.
In this situation your Essay found me, and as every aid, in a measure so interesting and important, will be thankfully received, your thoughts could not fail of being acceptable to Sir, Your, etc.83
[Note 83: From the original through the kindness of Forest H. Sweet, of Battle Creek, Mich.]
Mount Vernon, [June]85 7, 1797.
[Note 85: Misdated by Washington, May.]
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 31st Ulto. enclosing draughts on the Collector of the Port of Alexandria for Three thousand four hundred and sixty nine dollars and 20 cents, came to hand by the Post of Monday; and for so convenient and agreeable an accomodation, for the money received by you from Mr. Ross on my account, I pray you to accept my best thanks.
Enclosed is a receipt for the above Sum, with a certificate of its endorsation on the Bond of Matthew Ritchie Esqr., to be delivered to Mr. Ross; to whom I pray you to present my best respects, and thanks for his Agency in this business.
I must, moreover, ask the favor of Mr. Ross (if there be no in the Bank of Pennsylvania previous to his leaving the City) to inform Colonl. Shreve in decisive terms, that I cannot submit to his trifling conduct. He has sold a part of the land for nearly double of what he was to give me, and yet, instead of paying me according to the Instalments, he sends the money (always short) by such driblets, and in such manner as to be of no real use to me. I shall be obliged, contrary to my wishes, to put his Judgment Bond in suit, to obtain justice. And this (the Bond I mean) I would transmit to Mr. Ross before the close of the Session, if he should advise the measure. Remember us in the kindest manner to Mrs. Wolcott, and be assured, always, of the esteem and affectionate regard of, Dear Sir Your etc.
[C.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, May [June] 7, 1797.86
[Note 86: The press copy is indorsed by Washington: "should be 7th. June."]
Dear Sir: A person by the name of Perry called upon me yesterday the, exchange mentioned in the enclosed letter, and seemed very desirous of effecting it.
I told him that whatever Mr Craik had done, or should do respecting it, I would abide by; or as his return from Congress must be uncertain as to time, if you were acquainted with the circumstances of this case (which indeed is more than I am) and would take the trouble of acting the part of a mutual friend between us, seeing that the equivalent proposed by him was just, I was equally disposed to leave the matter to your decision; and now take the liberty of repeating it to you, according to the promise I made him, being willing to oblige Mr. Perry if it can be done without injury to myself.
I thought too, that as you would probably have occasion to see Mr. Dunnington (concerning the rents he owes me) who must be well acquainted with the lands and all the circumstances relative to the proposed exchange that the two things might be accomplished at the sametime, and therefore I had less reluctance in making this request. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1797.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is the Power of Attorney (you sent me) Executed before, and authenticated by a Notary public in Alexandria.
Let me requ[est the favor] of you to inform Mr. [Aitkens Cabinet] maker in Chestnut Street, [that no Key] came for the upper part of [the Secreta]ry (writing desk) he sent me[; and that] part of one of the side Tables [also] wanted a key. Whether it is in hi[s] power now to remedy this neglect, [I] know not; but this omission render[s] each piece of furniture less value[able,] at the same time that it makes t[he] part of the side board (wanting the key) useless as it cannot be opened.
Mrs. Washington presents her Compliments and thanks to Mrs. Biddle for her kind offer, and I am etc.87
[Note 87: The press copy is mutilated and the portions in brackets are supplied from the "Letter Book," in which is also a copy of the power of attorney, dated June 8, appointing Biddle to receive "as well the Interest as the Dividends, which are or shall be payable according to Law on the whole of the funded debt of the United States wch. is or may be stock standing in my Name in the Books of the Treasury of the United States."]
Mount Vernon, June 10, 1797.
Dear Sir: By Majr. George Lew[is, I re]ceived your letter of the 2d. ins[tant, toge]ther with two hundred and t[wenty six Dol]lars; being the principal [and Interest] of two hundred dollars l[ent you in the year] 1791.
The latter, that is [the Interest I] return as it was not from p[ecuniary] motives I advanced the money. [If the] loan of that small sum has been [atten]ded with any pecuniary advantag[es] to yourself, my object in lending of [it] will have been fully answered.
My best respects in which [Mrs.] Washington unites are offered to your good mother, and I am etc.88
[Note 88: The press copy is mutilated. The portions in brackets are supplied from the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 12, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 6th instant came by the last post; and find by my unacknowledged letters, that I am undebted to you also for your letters of the 27th Apl. and 16th. Ulto.
For the mellon and other seeds you were so obliging as to send me I thank you; and when the Barbary wheat is recd. much attention shall be given to the cultivation of it. The buckles sent by Colo. Humphreys, were delivered safe by Mrs. Harrison; and in a little time I shall take the liberty of committing to your care, to be forwarded to Europe, a few letters in Ansr. to those, you have had the goodness to send me, under your Covers; The paper herewith sent, I now request the favor of you to present, with my best respects to the President of the United States. it belongs to the files of his Office; and is the Original. of what you put the seal of your Office to; at my request, since I left Philadelphia.
I had some hopes that the late conduct of our great and magnanimous Allies,89 would have produced but one sentiment in the Representatives of the people I could not be otherwise than disappointed therefore (in a degree, for there are some, I fear who under all Circumstances, are resolved to support their measures) at the opposition by so great a minority to the Reported Address.90 But so it has been; and, so it will be, whilst men are actuated by different motives and views. It is to be hoped notwithstanding, that even those who are so tenacious of the honor, dignity and Interest of our good friends, will not be averse from guarding against their enmity by the Adoption of such means as will enable the Executive to defend the Country, against a continuation of the Outrages it has sustained on our Commerce. This being the most effective if not the only means to obtain their friendship, or forbearance. If Justice is lacking we ought to render it. On the other hand let our rights be claimed, and maintain'd with a dignified firmness. No just offence can be taken at this, by France whilst it must be approved by all the rest of the World. Mrs. Washington joins me in best regards to Mrs. Pickering and yourself, and with very Great Esteem etc.91
[Note 89: France.]
[Note 90: Of President Adams to Congress, on the condition of affairs with France.]
[Note 91: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 12, 1797.
Dear Sir: Encouraged by you[r former] kindness, I take the liberty of se[nding you] another letter of Messrs. Reed [& Ford] on the subject of the Shares[, due from them] to me, in the Bank of Co[lumbia; and to re]quest the favour of you to [enquire of Mr.] Smith, or at the said Bank, [if any effici]ent measures are in train [for trans]fering the remaining twenty n[ine shares] to me agreeably to their obligation.
Your information on this head when you are at leizure will much oblige, Dear Sir, Your etc.92
[Note 92: The press copy is mutilated. The portions in brackets are supplied from the "Letter Book."]
Mount Vernon, June 19, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favour of th[e 16th. Inst.] enclosing the letter of Mr. Walt[et Smith,] to you has been received. [If Messrs. Reed] and Ford trifle much lo[nger with me,] in the transfer of the [deficient shares,] their conduct shall [be exposed in the light] it deserves.
Nothing I more [wish than to] improve the Breed of my Ca[ttle and Sheep;] and to effect the former, had [caused en]quiry to be made of Mr. Gough [if he had] any young Bulls (of his English [breed) ] for Sale: the result was, that he ha[d] only one (except calves) of about eight [months] old; for wch. he asked 200 dollars. Thinking this high, for one so young, [I have] authorised Mr. Peter to buy Mr. Thre[lkalds] at £75, as he is of sufficient age.
I thank you for your i[ntimati]on to Colo. Lloyd (and since to his s[on) of what you] supposed my wishes we[re; but not] knowing on what terms th[ey proposed to] supply me, I am at a los[s for the prelimi]nary steps on my part. If these Gen[tle]men intended the Calf as a present [wch.] costs my feelings more, always th[an any] sum would do my purse; writ[ing to Colo.] Ramsay (whom I should prefer [to the other] Gentleman you have named) [wou'd have] the appearance of a sti[mula, which I] should wish to avoid: [And on the other] hand, if I am to poss[ess him as a Common] purchaser, I should li[ke to know before]hand what sum I am to [pay. If you can] give me further inform[ation on this] head it would oblige, Dear Sir Your etc.94
[Note 94: The press copy is mutilated. The portions in brackets are supplied from the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1797.
Dear Sir: The last Eastern mail brought me your favor of the 8th Inst., accompanyed by a Copy of the American Gazetteer; for the latter I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments, and the assurance of my belief that it will be found a most useful and valuable work; as evidence of this belief, I had just before the receipt of your letter, requested my Correspondent in Philadelphia (where I found they were to be had) to send me a copy. and for the kind and flattering Sentiments which you have expressed for me and Mrs. Washington in the former, I offer you my grateful thanks, being with much Esteem etc.95
[Note 95: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 96: He had been aide-de-camp to Rochambeau in America.]
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1797.
Sir: Through the medium of General Pinckney I was honoured with your letter, of the 24th. of January accompanying your Pamphlet on the military and Political situation of France. for both I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments and thanks. That you should have given me a place in your remembrance is equally flattering, and grateful to my feelings; as I could not but Esteem you while I had an opportunity of being acquainted with your merits in our Revolutionary War.
For want of a Competent knowledge of the French language, I cannot, in reading your Treatise, on the above Subjects, do complete justice to the sentiments it Contains; but I know enough to be persuaded of its merits, and to wish that they may contribute to the restoration of that peace and harmony whatever the motives may be for carrying on the War, which is so congenial to the feelings of humanity.
That it may (if not sooner accomplished) be the means of restoring our mutual friend Fayette, and his family to their liberty, health and the confidence of their Country, is my ardent wish; as it also is, that all his friends would exert themselves to effect it: the first if no more. His Son (with a Mr. Frestel who appears to have been his Mentor) are, and have been residents in my family since their arrival in this Country, except in the first moments of it, and a modest sensible and well disposed Youth he is.
I am very glad to hear, that my old friend and acquaintance Genl. Rochambeau is alive and in the enjoyment of Tolerable good health. It is some years since I had the honor to receive a letter from him; but, if it shou'd fall in your way at any time to recall me to his remembrance, by the presentation of my best regards to him, which I pray you to accept also yourself it would oblige me.
This letter will be presented to you by Genl. Marshall, one of our compatriots in the American war, and now a joint Envoy wth. Genl. Pinckney and Mr. Gerry, (all of whom I beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance as men of honor and worth) appointed for the purpose of adjusting the difference which exist unfortunately, between our two Nations; which no man more sincerely regrets than I do, or who more devoutly wishes to have them accommodated upon principles of Equity and justice. I have the honor &c.97
[Note 97: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1797.
My dear Sir: To learn from your favor of the 25th of January that you were well, gave me singular pleasure; but as I had left Philadelphia before your letters dated in Paris had been received at the Secretary of States Office, and not having seen Mr. Horry98 yet, I have only such accounts as have been given to the Public, of the treatment you met with from the French Directory. So extraordinary indeed it is, as to require no comment; nor shall I add any thing more on the subject than that your conduct on the occasion is universally approved: that it deserves to be so, is my decided opinion.
[Note 98: Peter Horry.]
I had nothing more in view by giving you a genuine copy of the intercepted letter from me to Gouvr, Morris than to enable you, if a spurious one should be exhibited for insidious purposes, to place the correspondence in its true light. If the matter sleeps, I have no wish to awaken it. Should it, however, be brought before the public, it will prima faciæ carry along with it the mark of private intercourse; but if the case were otherwise, there is no sentiment expressed, that I have a disposition to retract.
I am much obliged to General Dumas for the Pamphlet he had the goodness to send, and for his kind remembrance of me. I recollect him well, as an Officer of high estimation in the French Army, that served in this country, and hope he, and others, friends to the oppressed, and distressed Fayette, will use their exertions to obtain the release of him, and his family, from the ignominious treatment which has been inflicted with so much rigour on the one hand, and borne with so much fortitude on the other.
From the proper Department you will, no doubt, be informed of every matter that is interesting for you, as a public character, to know, and from your friends and connections to the Southward you will I am persuaded, receive all such as concern you as a private one. As for myself I am now seated in the shade of my Vine and Fig tree, and altho' I look with regret on many transactions which do not comport with my ideas, I shall, notwithstanding "view them in the calm lights of mild philosophy", persuaded, if any great crisis should occur, to require it, that the good sense and Spirit of the Major part of the people of this country, will direct them properly.
The occupation of my time, unimportant indeed to all but myself, is not spent in idleness; for an absence of eight years (except short occasional visits which allowed me no leizure to inspect matters accurately) has so deranged my private concerns, and committed such depredations on my buildings, and all around them, that I have found as much occasion for workmen of various kinds, and as close employment in looking after them as if I had commenced a new establishment altogether.
This letter will be handed to you by Genl. Marshall, who with Mr. Dana of Massachusetts was appointed joint Envoys with yourself, to try if the differences with France can be amicably adjusted. You will find him well worthy of your friendship and confidence. He is a firm friend, upon true principles to his Country, sensible and discreet.
I pray you to present my best respects to Mrs. and Miss Pinckney, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, and that you would be assured, always, of the sincere esteem and affectionate regard of etc.
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favor of 22d. Inst. was received by the Post of last night, and by Mondays Mail I will request the favour of Colo. Ramsay to receive, and notify me, of the arrival of any Calf Mr. Lloyd may be so good as to forward to Baltimore, on my Account.
By the last letter of Reed and Ford, to me, I had an assurance, that under any circumstance the deficient shares should be transferred by this time; if then, before you set out for Philadelphia it should be convenient for you to know whether they have taken effectual measures for this purpose, it would oblige me. If this is done, the matter, as it respects them, will be closed; on the contrary, if you will be so good while in Philadelphia to let those Gentlemen know that their obligation is in your hands and that I can not let the matter rest upon the event of their buying the shares under the Market price, and that I must do myself justice if they will not, it would add to the obligations you have already conferred on me in this business. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1797.
Sir: Apologies at best, are but indifferent things, although at times they are necessary. That is the case with me at present: for having your obliging favor of the 4th of August last to remain so long unacknowledged, it is incumbent on me to assign the reasons for it now.
The truth is, it was long on its passage, and arrived at a time when my official duties engrossed all my attention, to prepare for the Session of Congress which was then about to be held; and which, as was intended, closed the scene of my political career. That Session being an interesting one, occupied during the whole of it, all my time. Accordingly, matters of private concern were suspended until a moment of more leizure shd. arrive; and this I presumed would certainly happen so soon as I should get seated in retirement: but in this also I found myself mistaken; for an absence of eight years from home (except occasional short visits for a few days) had so deranged my private concerns, and has committed such depredations on my buildings, and every thing around them, that at no period have I been more engaged than in the last three months, to re-establish myself comfortably, under my Vine and Fig tree.
This apology, Sir, for not having acknowledged the receipt of your letter at an earlier period, is due to your politeness, and to the friendship with which you have been pleased to honour me.
Young La Fayette, to whom your letter was delivered immediately upon the receipt of it, has, together with Mr. Frestal his friend, been living with me since his arrival in this Country, except in the first moments thereof. He is a modest, sensible, and deserving youth; deserving of the parents who gave him being. Much, very much indeed to be regretted, is the rigorous fate they have met with.
Everything in my power, as a private man (and in a public character, I could not commit myself, or rather the government entrusted to me) has been essayed to effect his enlargement, as you possibly may have heard: these endeavours have been warm and unremitted, but hitherto in vain: but I hope, notwithstanding, that a period is arrived when the joint efforts of Mr. La Fayettes friends will be able to accomplish what neither my wishes, nor exertions have been able to do.
To see, or even to hear that his health is restored, that he is in possession of his liberty, and again enjoying the confidence of his Country, would add pleasure to the days I have to live; and would be grateful to the feelings of humanity, which are deeply wounded in the unjust and rigorous treatment which has been inflicted on him.
I would, before I conclude, take the liberty of introducing to your civility the bearer of this, General Marshall, one of our compatriot in arms in the American Revolution and now joint envoy with General Pinckney and Mr. Dana, for the purpose of adjusting the unhappy differences between your country and mine, and which no man can regret more sincerely than I do. He is a man of great worth, and of the best disposition. With great consideration and respect etc.
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1797.
Dear Sir: I have been honoured with your letters of the 12th. of Novr. of the last, and 6th of Feby. and 26th of April in the present year; and feel myself much obliged by your kind and prompt attention to the publication of the Decree of the High Court of Chancery, of the State of Virginia:99 the evidence of which you were pleased to forward in the London Gazettes.
[Note 99: In the Colvill estate matter.]
As you will have the Political Situation of this country transmitted to you from the proper Department; and, no doubt, will be informed of the causes wch. have produced it, and which create a continual opposition to the Administration, detailed with more accuracy by such of your friends as are at, or near, the fountain of intelligence, than I could do, I shall say but little more on the subject of Politics, than that matters are pretty much in the train you left them; and that it is my firm belief, that no occurrence or event of whatsoever kind or nature it may be, will change the sentiments, or (which perhaps would be more correct) the conduct of some characters amongst us. However much to be regretted this is, by those who think differently, yet, having taken my seat in the shade of my Vine and Fig tree, I shall endeavour to view things in the "Calm lights of mild Philosophy." Persuaded that if ever a crisis should arise to call forth the good sense and spirit of the People, no dificiency in either, will be found.
For the interesting details you have had the goodness to communicate in your several letters, I pray you to accept my thanks. It is reported, and with a confidence which gives it a currency, that the preliminaries of Peace between France and Austria are actually signed. For the sake of humanity, I hope it is true, but it is an accommodation of the differences between the former and Great Britain that is to produce harmony in this Country; for nothing short of that, while there is a Party determined to advocate French measures under all circumstances, and to withdraw this country from that strict neutrality which its policy adopted, and the Administration has adhered to, can effect this purpose.
Let me ask the favor of you to present me in respectful terms to Mrs. King, and that you would be assured of the great esteem etc.
PS. The expence of publishing the Decree has not been transmitted; but shall be paid whenever it is made known to.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 11th of Feb: and a duplicate thereof, have been duly received; and I pray you to accept my best thanks for the trouble you have had in tracing to its origin, the history of the Sword which came to my hands last year, in the manner communicated in a former letter. As it is more than probable you will have left Holland before this letter can be received, I shall give you no further trouble in the affair than merely to inform you that I have never seen, or heard more of Alte than the account given of him in your letter of the above mentioned date.
I am now, as you supposed the case would be when you then wrote, seated under my Vine and Fig-tree; where, while I am permitted to enjoy the shade of it, my vows will be continually offered for the welfare and prosperity of our country; and for the support, ease and honor of the Gentleman to whom the Administration of its concerns are entrusted. I have expressed to him my sentiments, and wishes, that you may be induced to continue in the Diplomatic line; and these sentiments and wishes, are the result of the surest conviction of its utility, as it relates to the public interest.
For the kind expressions you have extended to me, and the approbation of those sentiments, I took the liberty of submitting to my countrymen, in my late Valedictory, I have a grateful sense; and thank you for communicating them, and the approbation of good and Virtuous Men, is the most pleasing reward my mind is susceptible of, for any Service it has been in my power to render my Country.
With great truth etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, June 26, 1797.
Dear Sir: Until last week, I had no suspicion that the Hessian fly was among my Wheat; but upon examination I found there were many. They have come too late, this year, however, to do me much damage; but as I view them as the harbingers of those who will visit me next year, I would guard, as far as it may be in my power, against the threatened evil.
Permit me therefore to ask, if from your own experience, or from that of others on whom you can rely, it is ascertained whether Rye or Barley (winter or Summer) is liable to this calamity? In the country above me, the Wheat, I am informed, is entirely destroyed (in places) by this fly; and from the appearances of them among mine, It is but too probable it would be the case with me next year, if I do not substitute other grain in its place. But What grain is the important question. Are Oats affected by these flies?
Where this calamity has not visited the Wheat, the grain is remarkably fine, and the quantity not to be complained of. Present me, if you please, in respectful terms to Mrs. Peters, and add thereto the compliments of Mrs. Washington. With great esteem etc.
P.S. Is there any truth in the observation that the yellow bearded Wheat will resist the injury which the common wheat sustains from the above named fly?
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, June 26, 1797.
My dear Humphreys: Since I did myself the pleasure of writing to you by Captain O'Brian, I have been favoured with your letters of the first of Jany. and 18th. of Feby. The last in date was the first received; but neither came to hand until long after I had left the chair of Government, and was seated in the shade of my own Vine and Fig-tree.
The testimony of your politeness and friendship to Mrs. Washington and myself, which accompanied the latter, are accepted with the same cordiality and chearfulness with which I am sure they were presented. Presents however, to me, are of all things the most painful; but when I am so well satisfied of the motives which dictated yours, my scruples are removed; and I receive the Buckles (which are indeed very elegant) as a token of your regard and attachment; and will keep, and wear them occasionally for your sake.
As the Gazettes of this Country are transmitted from the Department of State to all our Diplomatic characters abroad, you will, of course, have perceived that the measure advised by you, relative to the disavowal of the forged letters (attempted to be imposed on the public, as written by me in 1776) had been previously adopted; without any of the accompaniments contained in your draught, wch was received long after the publication of it.
I am clearly in sentiment with you, that every man who is in the vigor of life, ought to serve his country, in whatsoever line it requires, and he is fit for; it was not my intention therefore to persuade you to withdraw your Services whilst inclination, and the calls of your country demanded your service. but the desire of a companion in my latter days, in whom I could confide, might have induced me to express myself too strongly on the occasion. The change however, which I presume has 'ere this taken place in your domestic concerns, would of itself, have annihilated every hope of having you as an inmate if the circumstance had been known at the time.
On this event, which I persuade myself will be fortunate and happy for you, I offer my congratulations, with all the sincerity and warmth you can desire; and if ever you should bring Mrs. Humphreys2 to the U. States, no roof will afford her and you a more welcome reception than this, while we are the Inhabitants of it.
[Note 2: Ann Frances Bulkeley.]
To the Department of State, and the Gazettes which will be transmitted from thence, I shall refer you for the political State of our affair,; but in one word I might have added, that nothing short of a general Peace in Europe will produce tranquillity in this country, for reasons which are obvious to every well informed, observant man, among us. I have a confidence, however, in that Providence, which has shielded the U. States from the Evils which have threatened them hitherto: and as I believe the major part of the people of this country are well affected to the Constitution and government of it, I rest satisfied that if ever a crisis should arise to call forth the sense of the Community it will be strong in support of the honor and dignity of the Nation. Therefore, however much I regret the opposition which has for its object the embarrassment of the Administration, I shall view things in the "Calm light of mild Philosophy" and endeavour to finish my course in retirement and ease.
An absence from home of eight years, except short occasional visits to it (which allowed no time to investigate or look into the real state of my private concerns) has very much deranged them; and occasioned such depredations upon buildings, and all things around them, as to make the expence of repairs almost as great, and the employment of attending to Workmen almost as much, as if I had commenced an entire new establishment.
The Public buildings in the Federal City go on well: one wing of the Capitol (with which Congress might make a very good shift) and the Presidents house, will be covered in this autumn, or to speak more correctly perhaps, the latter is now receiving its cover, and the former will be ready for it by that epoch. An elegant bridge is thrown over the Potomack at the little Falls, and the navigation of the River above will be completed, nearly, this season; through which an immensity of Produce must flow to the Shipping Ports thereon.
Alexandria you would scarcely know; so much has it increased since you was there; two entire Streets where Shallops then laded and unladed are extended into the River, and some of the best buildings in the Town erected on them. What were the Commons, are now all inclosed, and many good houses placed on them.
As my circle is now small, my information will be, of course, contracted; as Alexandria and the federal City will, probably, be the extent of my perambulations. If you have entered the Matrimonial list, I pray you to present me in respectful terms to your lady, and at all times, and under all circumstances, that you would believe me to be, as I really am, etc.3
[Note 3: A draft of a letter from Martha Washington to David Humphreys, thanking him for a gold chain, and making personal mention of Mrs. Stuart and others, is in the writing of Washington. This letter is in the Washington Papers under date of June 26, 1796.]
Mount Vernon, July 2, 1797.
Dear Sir: I have been in continual expectation of hearing that Colo. Shreve had deposited the amount of his second instalment in the Bank of Pennsylvania, agreeably to contract; but as a month has elapsed since it ought to have been done and no account of a payment there, and as it has been usual with him to offer these in driblets, by any body, at any time, and in any manner, regardless of his obligation thereby depriving me of the advantage of counting upon the money at the period when it becomes due which was a principal inducement to the Sale I have enclosed you his Bond with a request that you would put it suit, or take such measures to obtain payment, at his cost as you shall deem expedient. Below is the sums which have actually been recd., of the Instalments. My best respects are presented to Mrs. Ross, and with very great esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, July 3, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 11th Ulto. from Knoxville has been duly received, and for the kind and affectionate sentiments expressed therein towards Mrs. Washington and myself, we pray you to accept our best acknowledgements, and an assurance of our esteem and regard for you. Should you ever pass, or repass this road, we should be glad to have an opportunity of repeating them to you in person, at this retreat of ours from the bustling scenes of public life.
The intercepted letter,4 of which you were at the trouble to send me a copy, if genuine, is really an abomination; disgraceful to the Author; and to be regretted, that among us, a man in high trust, and a responsible station, should be found, so debased in his principles as to write it. With respect to the sentiment which relates to me, as late President of the United States, I hold it, as I shall do the Author, if he uttered it, in the most
[Note 4: Dated Apr. 21, 1797, from William Blount to James Carey, an Indian interpreter. A copy by Henley is in the Washington Papers.] sovereign contempt; but such an attempt as is therein exhibited to poison the minds of the Indians, and destroy the utility and influence of the Agents employed by Government for the express purpose of preserving Peace and harmony with the Indians, and this too for the avowed design of facilitating a Plan which he is unwilling, or ashamed to express; and more than probable from the complexion of the letter, is of an injurious nature to the Country, deserves an epithet which he can be at no loss to apply.
I hope the original letter, if it carries the marks of genuineness, has been carefully preserved and forwarded to the proper department, that the person guilty of such atrocious conduct may be held to public view in the light he ought to be considered by every honest man, and friend to his Ctry. With great esteem etc.5
[Note 5: From the "Washington Photostats."]
Mount Vernon, July 3, 1797.
Dear Sir: I presume my letter, enclosing the Power of Attorney, had reached your hands before your favor of the 20th Ulto. was dispatched, altho' the rect. thereof was not acknowledged; and that the latter has enabled you to draw the interest of my Certificates in the Bank. Presuming on this, the letter to Mr. McAlphan6 is sent, and open for yr. perusal.
[Note 6: James McAlpin.]
Mr. Morse having sent me his American Gazetteer, superceds the necessity of your purchasing one for me. The Keys sent by Mr. Aikens7 are returned, being too large, and of course useless to me, although they may be otherwise to him. With esteem etc.
[Note 7: Robert Aiken.]
PS when McAlpins acct. is paid be so good as to send it to me.
Mount Vernon, July 3, 1797.
Dear Sir: The enclosure, contained in Colo. Henleys letter me (which with the letter itself is forwarded) needs no comment. Had it come to me as a confidential communication, the transmission of it to you might have been attended with some embarrassment; but as it is free from this, I have no hesitation in making the government acquainted with this transaction.
The presumption indeed, and I hope the fact also is, that the letter of which the enclosure is said to be a copy, has been transmitted to your Office, or to the Department of War by Mr. Byers;8 and if found genuine, will, no doubt have proper attention paid to it; for if such nefarious practices by men in high and responsible stations are suffered to escape without such punishment as the Constitution and Laws of our Country have provided, we may bid adieu to all order, and submit to have the wheels of Government clogged in all their movements.
[Note 8: James(?) Byers.]
If The original letter has been received at either of the Public Offices, the copy, with Colo. Henleys letter to me may be returned; for having no Amanuensis I could retain no copy of them; if it has not, the copy may remain with you, and such use thereof as the case will warrant, may be made of it. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1797.
My Lord: Under cover from Mr. Cambbell of New York, about the time of my bidding adieu to the Walks of public life, I had the honour to receive your Lordships letter of the 1st of July 1796 from Kirkhill.
Congress being then near the close of an important Session, many matters of a public, and some of private concern (preparatory to the change which was on the eve of taking place) engrossed so much of my time and attention as to induce me to suspend the acknowledgment of all letters not of a public nature, or requiring immediate answers, under an idea that when I should be fixed in my retreat abundant leizure would be afforded to discharge all my epistolary obligations. In this however I have found myself mistaken, for at no period have I been more closely employed, than within the three months I have been at home, in repairing the ravages which an eight years absence (except occasional short visits which were inadequate to investigation) have produced on my Farms, buildings, and everything around them.
I have taken the liberty of troubling your Lordship with these details to avoid the imputation of being inattentive to your favours; which I should be unwilling to incur, and ungrateful if I deserved to be so charged.
At the age of 65 I am recommencing my Agricultural pursuits and rural amusements; which at all times have been the most pleasing occupation of my life, and most congenial with my temper, notwithstanding a small proportion of it has been spent in this way.
I was not sanguine in my hope of obtaining tenants from Great Britain, for my Farms of the estate on which I reside, although the experiment was made. It appeared to me more probable that Capitalists, and such as would answer my purpose would rather become Proprietors than tenants; although the latter, in reality, might prove the best medium to attain the former; experience having shewn, in many instances, that some by making precipitate purchases, have made injudicious establishments; while others, by holding off too long, have expended their means, when small, before they had decided on the part of the Country, or on the plan to be adopted.
It was my constant endeavour whilst I had the honour to Administer the Government of these United States, to preserve them in Peace and friendship with all the World. Humanity, interest and policy all combined to dictate the measure; and I have reasons to believe that the Gentleman who has succeeded to the Chair of State will pursue a similar policy; and if to stop the further effusion of human blood; the expenditure of National wealth; and the cries, and distresses of fatherless children and widows made so by the most destructive Sword that has ever been drawn in modern times, are sufficient inducements for returning it to the Scabbard, a general Peace must surely be at hand. Be these things however as they may, as my glass is nearly run, I shall endeavour in the shade of my Vine and Fig tree to view things in the "Calm light of mild Philosophy." With Mrs. Washington's compliments to Lady Buchan to which I beg leave respectfully to add mine, I am etc.
[Note 9: Published in New York by Philip Freneau and Alexander Menut.]
Mount Vernon, July 5, 1797.
Gentn.: Declining by public notification to receive any of the Gazettes of United States after the first of March last (unless particularly ordered) I presumed the design of sending the "Time piece" was to discover whether I was inclined to become a Subscriber or not.
Under this persuasion I expected after a laps of sufficient time to ascertain this fact that every succeeding paper would be the last, but as they are still continued, I have to offer you my thanks for those which have been forwarded and to request that no more may be sent; having no disposition to engage in Politics and receiving all the news (foreign and Domestic) from the Gazettes at the Seat of the Government I require nothing more. I am etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 11: Member of Parliament.]
Mount Vernon, July 7, 1797.
Sir: Your "View of the Causes and consequences of the present War with France,"12 which you was pleased to send to me through the medium of Mr. Bond of Philadelphia, has been duly received; and I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments for this mark of your polite attention, particularly for the exalted compliments which accompanied it.
[Note 12: Published in 1797.]
To have so conducted my steps in the intricate walks of public life and through a long course, as to have met the approbation of my Country and the esteem of good men, is, next to the consciousness of having acted in all things from my best judgment, the highest gratification of which my mind is susceptible; and will, during the remainder of a life which is hastening to an end, and in moments of retirement better adapted to calm reflection than I have hitherto experienced, alleviate pain, and soften any cares wch. are yet to be encountered, though hid from me at present.
For me to express my sentiment with respect to the Administration of the concerns of another government, might incur a charge of stepping beyond the line of prudence; but the principles of humanity, will justify an avowal of my regret, and I do regret exceedingly, that any causes whatever, should have produced, and continued until this time a war more bloody, more expensive, more calamitous, and more pregnant of events, than modern, or perhaps any other time, can furnish an example. And I most sincerely and devoutly wish that your exertions, and those of others having the same object in view, may effect what human nature cries aloud for, a General Peace. I have the honor &c.
Mount Vernon, July 7, 1797.
Dear Sir: By the last Post I was favoured with your letter of the 3d. instant and thank you for its enclosure, although, on the same day, I had, myself, transmitd. a copy thereof to the Secretary of State.
I had doubted a while, whether to forward it to your Office or that of State, but finally resolved to send it to the latter, as it seemed, more properly I thought, to belong to that Department.
If the letter (intercepted by Mr. Byers) is a genuine one, and the Gentleman's handwriting is not easily mistaken, or counterfeited, what excuse can a late Governor and present Senator of the U.S.,13 or his friends for him, offer for such Nefarious
[Note 13: William Blount.] conduct? The defence must be curious, and will, I have no doubt, be conducted with as much effrontery as art. I hope, notwithstanding, if the fact is proved, that the author will receive all the Punishment which the Constitution and Laws of this Country can inflict and thereafter be held in detestation by all good men. To seek private emolument at the expence of Public Peace, perhaps at the expence of many innocent lives: And to aim a stroke at the reputation of a virtuous character,14 hazarding his health, probably life, to promote tranquility between the Indians and our frontier Inhabitants; and by destroying his influence, and well earned good name among the former, 'to render him incapable of serving his Country and this forsooth because he may be a stumbling block in the way of a plan which he has in contemplation, is a crime of so deep a dye as no epithet can convey an adequate idea of to my mind. A poor wretch stealing the worth of a shilling, possibly to buy bread, would be hung, or confined to hard labour; and here, a plan (at which I can only guess) is on foot to defraud the public of its rights; deprive Citizens perhaps (in its consequences) of their lives; to stigmatise characters; and ultimately to produce War, with all its concomitants, wch. will, more than probable, meet with advocates.
[Note 14: Benjamin Hawkins.]
But as you inform me that the matter would be laid before Congress, as on Monday last, I shall wait (with some degree of impatience I confess) to learn the result.15 Always, I remain &c.
[Note 15: From Frederick J. Turner's Documents on the Blount Conspiracy, 1795--1797, in the American Historical Review, X, pp. 274, 574--606, it is stated that the United States Senate expelled Blount, July 8, by a vote of 25 to 1. Impeachment proceedings were initiated in the House, but did not come before the Senate until January, 1799, when they were dismissed. Blount's plan was to seize Florida and Louisiana from Spain and turn them over to Great Britain.]
Vernon, July 7, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 1st instant was brought to me by last Post.
The Journals of the 1st. 2d. and 3d Sessions of the first Congress, I have, and no later. These are in folio; one volume of the Senate, and another of the House of Representatives. If no complete set can be had, either in folio or octavo, it would be useless to obtain a copy of what I now possess; but if they are to be continued in the latter, and an entire set could be had of that size, it would be prefered on account of the uniformity.
Please to accompany the copying Press with the account of cost, and the amt. shall be transmitted in Bank notes.
With great esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
[Note 16: William Pleydell-Bouverie, third Earl of Radnor.]
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1797.
My Lord: The sentiments which your Lordship has been pleased to express in your favour of the 19th. of January last)17 relatively to my public conduct, do me great honour; and I pray you to accept my grateful acknowledgment of the unequivocal evidence it conveys, of the favourable opinion you entertain of the principles by which it was actuated.
[Note 17: Radnor's letter of Jan. 19, 1797, in the Washington Papers, and printed by Sparks as a footnote to this letter, is represented now by a copy in the writing of William B. Sprague.]
For having performed duties, (which I conceive every Country has a right to require of its citizens) I claim no merit; but no man can feel more sensibly the reward of approbation for such services, than I do. Next to the consciousness of having acted faithfully in discharging the several trusts to which I have been called, the thanks of one's country, and the esteem of good men, is the highest gratification my mind is susceptible of.
I am now placed in the shade of my Vine and Fig tree; and at the age of Sixty five, am re-commencing my Agricultural and Rural pursuits; which were always more congenial to my temper and disposition than the noise and bustle of public employments; notwithstanding so small a portion of my life has been engaged in the former.
I reciprocate with great cordiality the good wishes you have been pleased to bestow on me; and pray devoutly, that we may both witness, and that shortly, the return of Peace; for a more bloody, expensive, and eventful War, is not recorded in modern, if it be found in ancient history. I have the honor etc.
Mount Vernon, July 10, 1797.
Dear Sir: By the last Post I was honoured with your "observations on the dispute between the United States and France"18 and for your polite attention in sending them to me I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments.
[Note 18: Published in 1797. It attracted much attention and went through several editions.]
Being on the point of celebrating Harvest home, I must be allowed, as a Farmer, to make every other matter yield to the accomplishment thereof; that being over, the Pamphlet, I am persuaded, will be read with edification and pleasure by Dear Sir Your etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
[Note 21: Son of Washington's brother Charles.]
Mount Vernon, July 12, 1797.
Dear Sir: I perceive by your letter of the 7th Instant that you are under the same mistake that many others are, in supposing that I have money always at Command.
The case is so much the reverse of it, that I found it expedient before I retired from public life to sell all my Lands (near 5000 Acres) in Pennsylvania in the Counties of Washington and Fayette, and my lands in the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia, in order to enable me to defray the expences of my station, and to raise money for other purposes.
That these lands might not go at too low a rate (for they sold much below their value) I was induced after receiving prompt payment for part, to allow credit for the remainder, of the purchase money, in obtaining payment of which from two of the purchasers, I find much difficulty; but a third having within these few days paid me an installment of three thousand Dollars, I will rather than you should be compelled to sell your land, lend you a third of them, altho' it will be inconvenient for me to do so; and may be the means of retarding my purchase of wheat for my mill: which for want of it, has been very unproductive to me for several years; I might indeed say an expence to me.
It is because you have assured me that misfortunes have brought on your present difficulties (tho' by the by let me observe if you had inspected as you ought, the staking of your wheat more closely, the spoiling thereof might have been avoided) and because I have heard that you are industrious and sober that I put myself to the inconvenience, of parting with the above sum; for I wou'd not lend it for the purpose to enable you to indulge in any thing that is not strictly oeconomical and proper; and I shall add further, that it will be my expectation that the money be immediately applied to the uses for which you have required it, for you may be assured that there is no practice more dangerous than that of borrowing money (instance as proof the case of your father and uncles) for when money can be had in this way, repayment is seldom thought of in time; the interest becomes a moth; exertions to raise it by dint of Industry ceases, it comes easy and is spent freely: and many things indulged in that would never be thought of, if to be purchased by the sweat of the brow. in the mean time the debt is accumulating like a Snow ball in rolling.
I mention these things to you, because your inexperience may not have presented them to your mind; but you may rely on it, that they are indubitable facts, and have proved the ruin of thousands, before suspected. Great speculations and sometimes trade may be benefitted of obtaining money on Interest, but no landed Estate will bear it.
I do not make these observations on account of the money I have purposed to lend you, because all that I shall require is, that you will return the nett Sum when in your power, without Interest. It may and at any rate as it was22
[Note 22: From the unfinished copy in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1797.
Sir: I have been honoured with your favours of the 30th. of May and 5th. of September of last year.
As the first was, in part, an answer to a letter I took the liberty of writing to you, and the latter arrived in the middle of an important Session of Congress, wch. became more interesting as it drew nearer to its close inasmuch as it was limited by the Constitution to the 3d. of March, and on that day was to give political dissolution to the House of Representatives, a third part of the Senate, and the Chief Magistrate of the United States I postponed from the pressure of business occasioned thereby the acknowledgment of all private letters which did not require immediate answers until I should be seated under my own Vine and Figtree where I supposed I should have abundant leisure to discharge all my epistolary obligations. In this however I have, hitherto found myself mistaken, for at no period have I been more closely employed in repairing the ravages of an eight years absence (except short occasional visits which allowed no time for that investigation which, since my re-establishment here I have found my buildings, gardens, and every thing appertaining to them so much required.) Engaging workmen of different sorts, providing for, and looking after them together with the necessary attention to my Farms have occupied all my time since I have been at home.
Unimportant as these details must be to you, an apology in my estimation seemed necessary for suffering so interesting a letter as yours of the 5th. of September to remain so long unacknowledged. and I could offer none better than the facts which occasioned it.
I was far from entertaining sanguine hopes of success in my attempt to procure tenants from Great Britain but being desirous of rendering the evening of my life as tranquil and free from care as the nature of things would admit I was willing to make the experiment.
Your observations with respect to Occupiers and Proprietors of Land have great weight, and being congenial with my own ideas on the subject was one reason, though I did not believe it would be so considered, why I offered my Farms to be Let: Instances have occurred, and do occur daily to prove, that capitalists from Europe have injured themselves by precipitate purchases of free hold estates immediately upon their arrival in this Country, while others have lessened their means in exploring States and places in search of locations; whereas, if on advantageous terms they could have been first seated as tenants, they would have had time and opportunities for the propensity to become holders of land themselves should continue for making advantagious purchases. But it is so natural for Man to wish to be the absolute Lord and Master of what he holds in occupancy, that his true interest is often made to yield to a false ambition. Among these the emigrants from the New England States may be classed and will account in part for their migration to the Westward. Conviction of these things having left little hope of obtaining such tenants as would answer my purposes, I have had it in contemplation ever since my return home to turn my Farms to Grazing, principally as fast as I can cover the fields sufficiently with Grass, Labour and of course expence will be considerably diminished by this change; the Nett profit as great and my attention less divided; whilst the fields will be improving.
Your Strictures on the Agriculture of this country are but too just, it is indeed Wretched, but a leading if not the primary cause of its being so is, that instead of improving a little ground well we attempt much, and do it ill. a half; a third, or even a fourth of what we mangle, well wrought and properly dressed would produce more than the whole under our system (if it deserves that epithet) of management yet, such is the force of habit that we cannot depart from it. The consequence of which is, that we ruin the lands that are already cleared, and either cut down more wood if we have it, or emigrate into the Western country.
I have endeavoured, both in a public and private character, to encourage the establishment of Boards of Agriculture in this country, but hitherto in vain; and what is still more extraordinary and scarcely to be believed, have endeavoured, ineffectually, to discard the pernicious practice just mentioned from my own estate; but in my absence, pretexts of one kind or another have always been paramount to orders. Since the first establishment of the National Board of Agriculture in Great Britain, I have considered it as one of the most valuable institutions of modern times; and conducted with so much ability and zeal as it appears to be under the auspices of Sir John Sinclair, must be productive of great advantages to the Nation, and to mankind in general.
My system of Agriculture is what you have described, and I am persuaded, was I to farm it on a large scale, would be improved by the alteration you have proposed, at the sametime I must observe that I have not found Oats so great an exhauster as they are represented to be. But in my system they follow Wheat too closely to be proper, and the rotation will undergo a change in this, and perhaps in some other respects.
The Vetch of Europe has not succeeded with me; our frosts in winter, and droughts in Summer, are too severe for them. How far the mountain, or wild Pea, would answer as a substitute by cultivation is difficult to decide, because I believe no trial has been made of them and because their Spontaneous growth is in rich lands only; that they are nutricious in a great degree in their wild State, admits of no doubt.
Spring Barley (such as we grow in this country) has thriven no better with me than Vetches. The result of an experiment made with a little of the true sort, might be interesting. Of the field Peas of England (different kinds) I have more than once tried, but not with encouragement to proceed; for among other discouragements they are perforated by a bug which eats out the Kernal. From the cultivation of the common black eye peas I have more hope and am trying them this year both as a crop, and for plowing in as a manure; but the severe drought under which we labour at present, may render the experiment inconclusive. It has, in a manner, destroyed my Oats and bids fair to do so by my Indian Corn.
The practice of ploughing in Buck Wheat twice in the Season as a fertilizer is not new to me; it is what I have practiced, or I ought to have said rather, attempted to practice the last two or three years; but like most things else, in my absence, it has been so badly executed that is the turning in of the plts. has been so lily timed, as to give no result. I am not discouraged however by these failures, for if pulverizing the soil by fallowing, and turning in vegetable Substances for manure are proper preparatives for the Crop that is to follow; there can be no question that a double portion of the latter, without an increase of the ploughing must be highly beneficial. I am in the act of making another experiment of this sort and shall, myself attend to the operation, which however may again prove abortive from the cause I have mentioned, viz, the drought.
The lightness of our Oats, is attributed more than it ought to be to the unfitness of the climate of the middle States. That this may be the case in part and nearer the Sea board in a greater degree I will not controvert; but it is a well known fact that no country produces better Oats than those that grow on the Alligany Mountains immediately Westward of us. I have heard it affirmed that they weigh upwards of 50 lbs. the Winchester bushel. this may be occasioned by the fertility of the soil and the attraction of moisture by the Mountains, but another reason and a powerful one too, may be assigned for the inferiority of ours, namely that we are not choice in our Seeds and do not change them as we ought.
The Seeds you were so obliging as to give me, shared the same fate that Colo. Wadsworth's did; and as I believe seeds from England generally will do if they are put into the Hold of the Vessel, for this reason I always made it a point whilst I was in the habit of importing Seeds to request my Merchant, and the Masters of Vessels by which they were sent, to keep them from the heat thereof.
You make a distraction, and no doubt a just one, between what in Engld. is called Barley, and Big or Beer; if there be none of the true Barley in this country, it is not for us, without experience, to pronounce upon the growth of it; and therefore, as noticed in a former part of this letter, it might be interesting to ascertain whether our climate and Soil would produce it to advantage. No doubt, as your observations while you were in the United States, appear to have been extensive and accurate, it did not escape you that both Winter and Spring Barley are cultivated among us: the latter is considered as an uncertain crop So. of New York, and I have found it so on my farms: of the latter, I have not made sufficient trial to hazard an opinion of the Success. About Philadelphia it succeeds well.
The Cassia Chamoecrista, or Eastern shore bean as it is denominated here, has obtained a higher reputation than it deserves; and like most things unnaturally puffed, sinks into disrepute. Ten or more years ago, led away by the exagerated accounts of its fertilizing quality, I was induced to give a very high price for some of the Seed; and attending to the growth in all its Stages, I found that my own fields wch. had been uncultivated for two or three years, abounded with the same Plants, without perceiving any of those advantages which had been attributed to them.
I am not surprised that our mode of fencing should be disgusting to a European eye; happy would it have been for us, if it had appeared so in our own eyes; for no sort of fencing is more expensive or wasteful of timber. I have been endeavouring for years to substitute live fences in place of them, but my long absences from home has in this, as in every thing else frustrated all my plans that required time and particular attention to effect it. I shall now (although it is too late in the day for me to see the result) begin in good earnest to Ditch and hedge, the latter I am attempting with various things but believe none will be found better than Cedar; although I have several kinds of white thorn growing spontaneously on my own grounds.
Rollers I have been in the constant use of many years; in the way you mention; and find considerable benefit in passing them over my Winter grain in the Spring, as soon as the ground will admit admit a hoof on it. I use them also on Spring grain and grass Seeds after Sowing, and sometimes before, to reduce the clods when the ground is rough. My Clover, generally, is sown with Spring grain, but where the ground is not too stiff and binding, it Succeeds very well on Wheat, sown on a light Snow in February, or beginning of March; It sinks with the Snow, and takes good root. And Orchard grass, of all others, is, in my opinion, the best mixture with Clover: it blooms precisely at the same time, rises quick again after cutting, stands thick, yields well, and both horses and Cattle are fond of it, green or in Hay. Alone, unless it is sown very thick it is apt to form tussacks; if of this, or any other Seeds I can procure, you should be in want, I shall have great pleasure in furnishingthem.
I should have been very happy in forming an acquaintance with the Gentleman of whom you speak so highly (Mr. Smith of Ross-Hall) but unless he has been introduced on a Public day, and among strangers, unaccompanied by any expression to catch the attention, I have not yet had the pleasure to see him, nor have I heard more of Mr. Parsons than what is mention of him in your letter. Your sentiments of these Gentlemen, or others, or giving letters of introduction to any of your acquaintance, requires no apology, as I shall always be happy in shewing civility to whomsoever you may recommend.
For the detailed account of your observations on the Husbandry of these United States, and your reflection thereon, I feel myself much obliged; and shall at all times be thankful for any suggestions on Agriculture subjects, you may find leisure and inclination to favour me with, as the remainder of my life (which in the common course of things being now in my 66th. year cannot be of long continuance) will be devoted wholly to rural and Agriculture pursuits.
Mrs. Washington feels the obligation of your polite remembrance of her, and Mr. and Mrs. Law, who went from hence yesterday, have added a daughter to their Stock, and are all in good health. For the trouble you took in going to Hull, to see if any of the emigrants who were on the point of Sailing from thence for America would answer my purposes as tenants, and for your very kind and friendly offer of rendering me Services, I pray you to accept my sincere thanks, and an assurance of the esteem and regard with which I am.23
[Note 23: From the original through the kindness of George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.]
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1797.
Sir: Since my last to you, dated in Philadelphia the 6th. of March, I have been honoured with yours and Lord Hawke's joint favour of the 28th of March 1796 introductory of Doctr. Scandalla; who gave me the pleasure of his company in June last, and whom I found a very sensible, and well informed man.
I have also received your seperate favours of the 21st. of February and 29th. of March, in the present year: The last accompanying your printed account of the origin of the Board of Agriculture and its progress for the three years after its establishment. For your kindness in forwarding them, I pray you to accept my best thanks.
I will keep one copy of this Work myself, and shall read it, I am sure with pleasure, so soon as I have passed through my harvest, which is now nearly finished; the other copies shall be put into such hands as I conceive will turn them to the best account.
Your not having, in either of the letters acknowledged above, mentioned the receipt of two from me dated the 10th. and 11th. of Decr. 1796; the last a private and very long one, fills my mind with apprehension of a miscarriage, altho' I do not see how it should have happened, as they went with several other letters under cover to Mr. King (our Minister in London) who in a letter to me, dated the 6th of February following after giving information of what he had done with my other letters, adds "and as soon as Sir John Sinclair returns to Town I will also deliver the letter addressed to him."
Was it not for this information I should, by this conveyance, have forwarded a duplicate.
The result of my enquiries of Members of Congress, attending the December Session, varied so little from the details I had the honour to give you concerning the prices of land &ca. in my private letter of the 11th of December as to render a second edition unnecessary. The reduction however, in the price of our produce since last year, (flour having fallen from fifteen to seven or eight dollars a barrel, and other articles in that proportion) may occasion a fall in the price of Lands. A stagnation it has already produced, and I have been told a reduction also, in some of the latter Sales.
Our Crop of Wheat this year from the best information I have been able to obtain, will be found very short, owing to three causes; an uncommon drought last autumn, A severe winter with but little Snow to protect it, and which is still more to be regretted, to what, with us is denominated the Hessian fly, which has spread devastation, more or less, in all quarters; nor has the latter wheat escaped the rust. The grain however, except where the rust appeared before it was hard, is extremely fine. We are equally unlucky in our Oats, occasioned by a severe drought since the month of April. With sentiments of high esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L]
Mount Vernon, July 21, 1797.
Dear Sir: I again take the liberty of requesting that the letters herewith sent may accompany your dispatches to Mr. King, who I also hope will have the goodness to excuse the trouble I give him in this business, to insure the safety of the dispatches.
I hope I shall not have occasion to give either of you much more trouble in this way, as correspondencies of this sort were not of my seeking, and I have no disposition to keep them up, except with Sir John Sinclair (President of the National Board of Agriculture) on Agricultural Subjects.
One of the last productions of this Gentleman I transmit to you, with a request that if the Plan of establishing a similar Board in these United States should be re-entered upon at the next Session of Congress, you will be kind enough to lay it before the Committee which may be appointed for the purpose of preparing that business. I am etc.
[N.Y,P.L.]
Mount Vernon, July 23, 1797.
Dear Sir: Receive my thanks for the information given in your letter of the 3d. of July, and for the offer you have obligingly made, of procuring for me, Seed of the Yellow bearded Wheat.
Influenced by the opinion which prevailed some years since that that kind of Wheat would resist the Hession fly I then procured seed of it, and have kept myself in stock ever since, to make use of it upon a larger scale, if occasion shd. render it necessary. And so well persuaded as I am that the attack of this insect will be severe next year, I shall reduce considerably, my seeding of Wheat the coming Autumn; and fill the deficiency with rye, principally. Of Wheat, however, I shall sow three kinds: The early, or May Wheat, as it is called here, in a small proportion; and the residue of the Yellow bearded, and a very fine white (also forward) wheat which I obtained last Fall from the Mountains.
Soon after I wrote you last the Rust seized my Wheat straw, and a good deal injured the latter grain. And a severe drought which we have laboured under since April, until this day week, has rendered our Crop of Oats extramely short and rendered our meadows scarcely worth cutting and till now, by a second fine rain yesterday, left us little hope of making Indian Corn.
Present me and Mrs. Washington in affectionate terms to Mrs. Peters, and be assured of the sincere esteem, etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
July 28, 1797.
Dear Sir: Mr. King our Minister at the Court of London, to whom I sent the decree of the High Court of Chancery of this State with a request to have it published according to the Direction therein contained "in some public Paper in the Kingdom of Great Britain for two months successively," has caused the same to be inserted agreeably thereto in the London Gazette as may be seen by One herewith enclosed (Several of which has been forwarded to me) And wrote to me as follow on the occasion.
I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 25th August and Doctr. Nicholl whose Advice I have asked has been so obliging as to give me information respecting the manner in which the order of the Court of Chancery shd. be published. In a day or two I will procure its insertion in the proper News Paper, Some little attention will be requisite to avoid as far as practicable the great expence which commonly attends this kind of publication. The News Paper containing the notification, shall be transmitted to you agreeably to your directions.
I have thought it expedient to make this Communication to you that any use you shall adjudge proper may be made of it. Always and Sincerely etc.26
[Note 26: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1797.
Dear Sir: I did not expect that I should have had occasion to trouble you again relative to my Administration of the Estate of Colo. Thomas Colvill. But the Gentleman who instituted the suit in the Chancery Court of the State, on my behalf informs me that it is indispensable that an affidavit of the Decree's having been published two months successively in an English paper (as appears prima facia to be required) should be returned; and he wishes much to possess the same by the next term, in March, early.
Taking it for granted that the Decree has been published two months successively, I presume and hope there can be no difficulty in having it testified by the Editor of the Paper in which it was inserted, and forwarded to me by duplicate.
Excuse me, I pray you, for giving you this trouble; and be assured always of the high esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th Inst. came to hand by last post.
The demand of Mr. Monroe is no more than another card played in the same game.27 The moment I can get at my Papers (for having no convenient Place yet to arrange them; they remain in an indigested mass) I will send you a copy of that which you require.
[Note 27: Lee had written (July 2.4): "Mr. Monroe has lately demanded in a letter to the Secretary of state an explanation of the letter of recall which was sent to him in France." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
A Lady of my acquaintance (who lives at a distance from hence) being under some apprehension of an approaching cancer, has written several times without obtaining satisfactory information to know if the Nephew of Doctr. Tare (his name I am unacquainted with) still lives in Philadelphia. in what part of the City, and whether his Applications for Cancerous complaints are attended [with the success his Uncles were.
If it is not too much trouble you will oblige me, and in a more especial manner the Lady by solving the foregoing questions. Let the information be the entire subject of a letter, that I may send it with or without your signature to the person, for whose satisfaction it is required.
Several late publications in France, speak a language which it is presumed was not expected by some of its advocates here; And considering the characters from whence it proceeds And the changes which have taken Place in their late Actions, augur something more favorable, than was to be expected from the conduct of the Directory, of that Country. With Great Esteem etc.]28
[Note 28: From a photostat of the incomplete original in the Chicago Historical Society. The part within brackets is supplied from the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 25th Inst. was received by the last Post.
Mr. Monroe's application, is nothing more than a continuation of the old game, in a new form; and as I presume he means to play it with all the advantages that are to be derived from his auxiliaries here, I will thank you for the whole of what will come before the public, now, or then, according to circumstances.
I would thank you also for forwarding the letter herewith sent by the first conveyance to Mr. King, and the duplicate by some other Vessel.
I hear with much pleasure that the Public sentiment in France towards these U S is not in union with the Directory. It would be to be regretted on every account if it was. Yours etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 36
August 4, 1797--October 28, 1798
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
1941
LC
E312
.7
1931
WASHINGTONIANA
PRINTED
JUNE, 1941
Gov't Deposit
JUL 15 1942
ACCESSIONS DIVISION
The LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Mount Vernon, August 4, 1797.
Dear Sir: In a late letter from the Attorney General (Lee) he has requested a copy of the opinion he gave relative to the recall of Mr. Monroe.
Among the Packages most likely (as I conceived) to produce it, I have searched for the original in vain; nor among these do I find the opinions of the Heads of Departments on various other subjects. How to account for this I am unable, unless the bundle containing them, which I once put into your hds. for a particular purpose was never returned, or left by Mr. Lear and Mr. Dandridge (who were employed in seperating and packing up my Papers) put them by mistake among the files which were intended for my Successor in Office.
I have not yet opened all my packages of Papers, nor can I do it until I have provided some place in which they can be deposited with safety; but I pray you to let me know whether the bundle I have alluded to was returned, or not, by you. Your answer may save a further search and some anxiety.1 With very great esteem &c.
[Note 1: Pickering's answer (August 10) stated that he had two bundles of the abovementioned papers; that he would let the Attorney General take a copy of his opinion and then send the papers to Washington. Pickering's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 4, 1797.
Dear Sir: Agreeably to my promise I have looked among those parcels which I conceived most likely to procure the Paper of which you required a copy, without the desired effect. How to account for it I am at a loss unless Mr. Lear and Mr. Dandridge (whom I employed to seperate and Pack up my files) may have left it, with Papers of a similar nature, which I also miss, with those designed for my Successor in Office.
I have not, nor is it in my power yet, to open all my packages; because I have no place to put them at this moment in a seperate State. When I do this, if I find the opinion you have given, in a certain case, among them a copy of it shall be transmitted to you. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, August 6, 1797.
Dear Sir: I am so much your debtor in the epistolary way, that it would upbraid me too severely was I to go into a particular acknowledgment of the receipt of all the letters with which you have honoured me in the course of the last two or three years: and avoiding this accustomed mode, I scarcely know how to begin my letter to you, or what apology to make for so long a silence.
As honesty however (in every transaction of life) is in my estimation, the best policy, I shall frankly declare to you, that soon after I entered upon the duties of my late station, I found that the multiplicity thereof allowed no leisure for the indulgence of private correspondencies; and having made it an invariable rule through life, to discharge every trust I engaged in, in behalf of the public, to the utmost of my judgment and abilities, I did not hesitate long in determining to relinquish the latter. I supposed, too, that when I should quit the arduous duties attached to the Presidency of this Country and return to the walks of private life, that I should have found abundant leizure to discharge all my epistolary obligations; but here also I have, hitherto, been disappointed; for my long absence from home (except in short occasional visits, which allowed no opportunities to look into the state of my personal concerns, and buildings) has so deranged matters which related thereto, and has committed such depredations thereon, as, at no period have I found closer employment than in the last five months I have been at home, to repair the damages: and this will continue to be the case for sometime to come.
I am now seated in the shade of my own Vine and Fig tree, and shall devote the remainder of a life, nearly worn out to such Agricultural and rural amusements as will afford employment for myself, and cannot, or ought not, to give offence to any one; offering while I am on this Theatre, my sincere vows that the ravages of war, and the turbulance of passions; may yield their sceptors to Peace and tranquillity that the world may enjoy repose.
Having withdrawn myself from the scenes of political life, Politics will not be the theme for my letters; and having little to relate from the humbler, and placid walks into which I am now entered, that would be interesting or amusing to a person who is engaged in important matters, I shall only add that I have the honor etc.
Mount Vernon, August 13, 1797.
Sir: Having occasion to send a light carriage to Baltimore, I have directed the person (Mr. Jno. Anderson son of my Manager) who has charge of it, to call upon you and get a ram, and two ewe lambs of the Cape (broad tail) Sheep, if you have any to dispose of, and such as you would recommend for breeding.
I want them on account of the Mutton, and if the Ram was of the size and age to serve a score or more ewes this season, it would be desirable. If Mr. Anderson succeeds in his application for these sheep, the cost of them shall be paid to your order on demand. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, August 14, 1797.
Dear Sir: It is a little out of time, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 9th ulto, but "better late than never," and one object in doing it, is to pray you to thank Mr. Bordley in my name, for the work he had the goodness to send me, through the channel of your conveyance.
I presume the affair of Mr. Blount will lye dormant until the Committee of Congress make Report at the ensuing Session. It will be to be regretted, much, if this business is not probed to the bottom. That Government may not sleep or be forgotten in the meantime, I perceive Mr. Monroe has opened a Battery; but if his subsequent fire does no more injury than the first, his Artillery will recoil upon himself.6
[Note 6: Pickering had written (August 9): "Mr. Monroe has anticipated me in furnishg. you, by his publication in the news-papers, the correspondence between us on the subject of his demanding the reasons of his recall. After such a solemn demand, so zealously maintained, and after such professions of candour, I did not imagine he would have had the folly to avow, as in his last letter, that he in fact wanted no information on this point: proving, what I supposed was his real object at first, that he made the demand in order to be denied. I kept a table ready for him in my office during a week, while I expected him to review his correspondence with the department: but he has never called, altho' he stated this as necessary for his information in his intended vindication." Pickering's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
It had escaped me, until reminded by a re-perusal of some of your first letters, that my Table ornaments and Coolers were in your possession. Not for the value of the thing, but as a token of my friendship and as a remembrancer of it, I ask you, Colonel Pickering, and Mr Wolcott to accept, each one of the two bottle Coolers; I think there are three of them. the other articles I pray you to have carefully packed (the Porcelain in fine Saw dust) and sent to Colo. Biddie, who will be directed what to do with them, and will pay the cost of packing.
What is the character of Porcupine's Gazette? I had thought when I left Philadelphia, of ordering it to be sent to me; then again, I thought it best not to do it; and altho' I should like to see both his and Bache's, the latter may, under all circumstances, be the best decision, I mean not subscribing to either of them.
Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis thanks you for your kind remembrance of them; and unite with me in best regards for Mrs McHenry, yourself and family. With much truth I am etc.
P.S. I shall rely on you to present the Coolers in my name to the Gentlemen above mentd. Since writing the letter which encloses this scrap, I have determined to let the Table ornaments and large Coolers go into the hands of Colo. Clement Biddle unpacked, to see if he can dispose of them; and I pray you to cause them to be delivered in that manner accordingly.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, August 14, 1797.
Dear Sir: Not having any thing to communicate of sufficient moment to give you the trouble of receiving a letter from me, I have delayed until now, to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 10th. and 25th. Ulto.
When I left Philadelphia, Mr. Lear and Mr. Dandridge who remained, were directed to dispose of my Household furniture (such parts I mean as were not packed for a removal to this place) but from some misapprehension the Ornaments of my dining Table, and some Plated bottle Coolers, were not disposed of as were expected; but left in the care of Mr. McHenry (Secretary of War) subject to future orders, when they came away.
I have now to request that you will receive these from him, and if you can, to dispose of them (one of the Coolers excepted, concerning which I will write to you some time hence) on the best terms you can. it is not probable that any one, unless the Presidt. or any of the foreign Ministers should be so disposed, would take the whole of course to retail them, would be the most likely means of getting them off.
The articles you will receive, if I mistake not, will consist of two four bottle Coolers. A Platteau in nine pieces. three large groupes with glasses over them, two vases, and twelve small single figures, of Porcelain.
The Invoice of the Platteau I am unable, at present, to come at; but that of the figures is enclosed, as is the ones which contains the Cost of the Coolers, which were never used; there being four, originally, and two were found sufficient to answer my purposes.
I do not expect, notwithstanding they are new, that the one offered for Sale will fetch the cost, and the other things I am certain will fall much below it, as they have not only been used, but the Porcelain in some of its nicest parts, is injured. Although I have not been able to find the cost of the Platteau I have a memorandum which informs me that they stand me in 486 Livres in Paris exclusive of all the subsequent charges of transportation from thence to Havre, freight Insurance duty &ca &ca.
I send the Invoices for the satisfaction of yourself, and any who may be inclined to purchase; when this purpose is answered they may be returned to me.
Will you be so good as to ask Mr. Dobson7 if there are no more Volumes of the American Edition of the Encyclopaedia out: the 16th is the last I have received, and inform him at the sametime, that it is my wish that my second Sett (for I subscribed for two setts to encourage his undertaking the work) was neatly bound and sent to me, having given away the sett in Boards. With esteem etc.
[Note 7: Thomas Dobson, a Philadelphia printer. He published the British Encyclopedia in 20 volumes.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1797.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 22d May last, from Belfast; and wish it was in my power to give you a more satisfactory statement of the decd. Mrs. Savage's affairs in this country than I am about to detail.
True it is I was one of that unfortunate lady's trustees, and as true, that while I was in a situation to render her any services I performed them (jointly with the other trustee) as far, and as fast as the tedious delays of our Courts would suffer justice to be administered.
But from the year 1774 until the beginning of the year 1784, it was not in my power to attend to hers, or any private concerns of my own, being absent from this State (Virginia) eight years of the time; during the whole of which, and for sometime after, I believe there was a suspension of all law and all justice, except such as proceeded from a sense of honour, the last of which was no trait in the character of Doctr. Savage, husband of the Lady, for of all ingrates he was the most ingrateful.
While alive, and the Courts were open, he had recourse to all the chicaneres of Law, and all the subterfuge of Lawyers to avoid paying her annuity; and since his death, his Estate, if any, for there are various opinions concerning it, and much contention arising therefrom, would render it uncandid were I not to add, especially as the heirs of his Security (also dead) have pleaded the want of Asserts that it is my opinion, strengthned by the Report of the Revd. Mr. Fairfax, the other Trustee (who I believe has done all that circumstances would permit) that little is to be expected from the prosecution of this business.
The Suit is still going on, but without sufficient means to support it from hence, and the circumstances already mentioned, it has too much the appearance of throwing away good money after bad, to proceed. So far as I have an individual interest in the matter, the hope of a return of the money which I advanced Mrs. Savage in her distress, when it was not in the power of her Trustees to force payment of the Annuity, and other expenditures in common with Mr. Fairfax, has vanished long since.
Having but lately returned home from a second eight years absence, which with many interruptions for public purposes between while, has prevented my taking active share in this business for upwards of twenty years, I have given it as my opinion to Mr. Fairfax, that it would be best to offer a percentage, or a good fee to the Lawyers prosecuting the Suit for the Claimants under Mrs. Savages Will, for all they can recover on this account; and to receive nothing unless they do, by way of Stimula to their exertions: What effect this will have, or whether any, remains to be decided. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, August 21, 1797.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you on the 14th Inst. I have received your letter of the 12th with the cost of the Picture frames and Glasses; to receive which soon would be convenient and agreeable to me.
The large Plated wine cooler reserved from sale in my last, I pray you to have carefully packed up and sent with the letter enclosed by a safe conveyance to Colo. Hamilton of New York.
I am in want of an open stove for a room that has no fire place in it. this stove is intended to stand crosswise an angle in a Garret room and must have a conductor from the upper part thereof into the flue of the adjoining Chimney. An Iron hearth and a fender to suit the same of a cheap kind must accompany it.
Enclosed I have endeavoured to describe in a parallel sketch my idea of the kind and size I want; but if this should be imperfectly understood I wou'd then ask you to look into what was my private study (over the bathing room) in the house I occupied in Philadelphia. I do not however see any occasion for the second turn wch that Pipe takes; and which probably is the cause of its smoking; an evil to be avoided if possible.
The sooner I could receive this Stove the more convenient it would be; as the room into which it is to be placed is now in hand.
I presumed when the Congress exempted me from postage of letters it was intended that I should be placed on the ground I formerly stood; that is, that letters to and from me should pass free: if it is not so understood and you are charged postage for the letters I address to you it is my desire that this postage should be paid at my cost as it was not my intention for the trifling and troublesome business you transact for me to saddle you therewith. With Esteem etc.10
[Note 10: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 23, 1797.
Sir: I feel, sensibly, your kind and polite attention to me, in the presentation of a bull calf of your improved breed. A very fine one indeed it is, and merits my particular thanks, which I pray you to accept.
My Stock of all sorts has been much neglected during my eight years residence from home, and will take more time than in the usual course of Nature will be allowed me, to improve them much; but with the means you have been so good as to furnish me, and other aids, I shall, by proper attention, put my black cattle into a way of improvement.
I am sorry to hear of the disease and consequent degeneracy of your Sheep. Before I left home in the spring of 1789 1 had improved that species of my stock so much as to get 5¼ lbs of Wool as the average of the fleeces of my whole stock; and at the last shearing they did not yield me 2½ lbs. By procuring (if I am able) good Rams and giving the necessary attention, I hope to get them up again; for they are with me, as you have declared them to be with you, that part of my stock in which I most delight. With esteem and regard I have the honor etc.
[N.Y.P.L]
Mount Vernon, August 23, 1797.
Dear Sir: I am extremely sorry to find by yr. letter of the 17th instant and the Philadelphia Gazettes of that date, that the yellow fever has again made its appearance, and devoutly wish that it may soon be removed from your City.
Your motive for delaying the sale of my Table furniture is not only good as it respects the yellow fever but if you think any advantage would result from the measure it might be delayed until the assembling of Congress in Philadelphia some of the members might incline to become purchasers if the articles are retailed. Be so good as to ask Mr. Simmons what he has done with my old Coach and make the most you can of it. I will wait the publication of all the Vols. of the Encyclopedia before the Sett intended for my use is bound, but could wish to know when this may be expected, as I no longer possess the sett which are in boards. With esteem etc.11
[Note 11: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favours of the 9th, l0th, and 19th instant have been duly received; for your care of my European letters, and attention to the copying Press, Laws of the U.S. and journals of Congress, I feel myself obliged. If the Vessel has not already left Philadelphia, the Tryal, Captn. Hand, is up for Alexandria; and will afford a good conveyance for the above articles, as it has other small matters on board for me.
Colo. Monroe passed through Alexandria last week; but did not honor me by a call. If what he has promised the public does him no more credit than what he has given to it, in his last exhibition, his friends must be apprehensive of a recoil.
From a variety of accounts, as well as from extracts you had the kindness to send me, I have no doubt of a change in the sentiments of the People of France favourable to the interests of this Country; but I can scarcely believe that it will be so great, or so sudden as some imagine. Candour is not a more conspicuous trait in the character of Governments, than it is of Individuals. It is hardly to be expected then, that the Directory of France will acknowledge its errors; and tread back its steps immediately. This would announce, at once, that there has been precipitancy, and injustice in the measures they have pursued; or that it was incapable of judging, and had been deceived by false misrepresentations. Pride would be opposed to all these, and I can scarsely think the Directory will relinquish the hold it has upon those who, more than probable, have suggested, and promoted the measures, they have been pursuing. I rather suppose that it will lower its tone by degrees and (as is usual) place the change to the credit of French magnanimity. The report, as coming from Captn. Towers, that General Pinckney had been invited to Paris by the Minister of Foreign Affairs attached itself in its passage to Philadelphia or passing through different hands; for General Lee (who hearing various reports of what the Captn. had related of his conversation with the General) went on board the Saratoga and got the details, without any mention of that fact, which wd. have been of too much importance for omission.
That the statement of facts in the printed letter to Genl. Pinckney will work conviction, and produce a change of conduct in those who are desirous of information, and not obstinately bent upon wrong measures, I have no doubt, and I can say with truth, that my mind has never been alarmed by any fears of a war with France. I always knew that this Government had no desire to go to war with that, or any other Country, and I as firmly believed that no Power, without a semblance of justice wd. declare war against it. That France has stept far beyond the line of rectitude cannot be denied; that it has been encouraged to do so by a party among ourselves, is, to my mind, equally certain; and when it is considered, moreover, that enriching themselves, and injuring Great Britain were the expected consequences of their Spoliations, I could account, (though not on honourable principles in them) for their going to a certain point, but I never did believe that they would declare an open war against us, or compel us, if they foresaw that would be the result, to declare it against them.
Enclosed you will receive, if this letter gets safe, $35 in bank notes of the United States; and it would add to my convenience if Mr Taylor would be so obliging as to have the press fixed for copying: for as the use of one was not practiced by me I may be at a loss in doing it. I do not mean that it should be accompanied by a Table, but board only between the Rollers, as the screws which I have to a small press, will I presume answer for the other, I wou'd pray him also (if the press is still with him) to use it, and that if there be any imperfection, that it may be corrected before it comes hither, as I should be unable to do it afterwards. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1797.
Sir: Your favor of the 19th, and the Vole. of Reports12 which accompanied it, have been duly received. For your care of the latter, and particularly for having it bound, I pray you to accept my best thanks; and an assurance that, if inclination or business should induce you or Mr. Rich to visit the State of Virginia, I should think myself honored in seeing of you at my Seat.
[Note 12: Of the British Board of Agriculture.]
Little doubt can be entertained of harmonious proceedings in any business, where men of character and honor, well disposed to do justice, are appointed to conduct it. That this is the case as it respects the Commissioners13 under the Sixth Article of the Treaty between this country and Great Britain, I am persuaded; and that the fair and liberal decisions of the Board will be a means to strengthen the good understanding which happily exists between the two Countries, while justice is administered to all, I sincerely hope. I have the honor etc.
[Note 13: Thomas Macdonald and Henry Pye Rich were the British Commissioners for carrying into effect the VIth Article of Jay's Treaty. They visited Mount Vernon Oct. 14--16, 1797.]
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1797.
Dear Sir: Having just been informed of your safe arrival in America, I was on the point of writing you a congratulatory letter on the occasion, welcoming you to the land whose liberties you had been so instrumental in establishing, when I received your favour of the 23d instant from Philadelphia; for which, and the Packet that you had the goodness to bear from Sir John Sinclair, I offer you my thanks.
I beg you to be assured that, no one has a higher respect, and veneration for your character than I have; or one who more sincerely wished, during your arduous struggle in the cause of liberty and your country, that it might be crowned with Success. But the ways of Providence are inscrutable, and Mortals must submit.
I pray you to believe, that at all times, and under any circumstances, it would make me happy to see you at my last retreat; from which I never expect to be more than twenty miles again. With great esteem, I remain &c.
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1797.
Dear Sir: The last Mail brought me your favour of the 24th instant, covering a letter from General Kosciuszko. And presuming that the Attorney General is on his way to Virginia, I hope to receive soon, the Packets you committed to his charge. Not knowing where Genl Kosciuszko may be I pray your care of the enclosed to him as it is probable his movements will be known to you.
It is with extreme regret I hear of the Yellow fever being in Philadelphia and that so many families will be incommoded by a removal from it. Will it not render the meeting of Congress at that place uncertain? I sincerely hope that you may all escape, by steering clear of the malady.
With great esteem etc.
P.S. Hearing that Mr. Monroe's production is in the Press, I wd. thank you for a copy so soon as it issues from thence.
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1797.
Sir: Your letter of the 30th. of July has been received but not untill within the last three days. Your judgment Bond was, long before, sent to Mr. Ross to bring suit on. What he has done in the matter I know not.
To sue, cannot be more unpleasant and disagreeable to you, than it is to me; but as the want of money, and a punctual payment of it, were the only motives to sell my lands in the Counties of Fayette and Washington, so a disappointment in these must defeat the objects which I had in view, and has been the cause of the prosecution to which I have resorted.
You could not be unacquainted with the nature of your contract for the land in Fayette county, nor with the tenor of your judgment Bond, given to fulfil it: of course, you must have known the amount of the Sums as they became due and that they were to be paid at the Bank of Pennsylvania on a certain day, by Instalments; why then would you trust to others to do your business; and by sending a little money by this, and a little by that man who knew not what to do with it when they got to Philadelphia, hazard the disappointments which followed? especially as that mode of payment was purposely guarded against in the contract, as one from whence I could derive no substantial benefit; whereas regular payment in the manner Colo. Richie has made them would have given me (although the land sold low) all the advantages I expected to derive from the Sale of those lands.
Not knowing what Mr. Ross has done in the premises, I know not what further to say in reply to your letter. If the arrearages are paid up, with interest to the time they became due; and the instalments regularly discharged afterwards, agreeably to the conditions of your Bond, it is all I require and all I can wish; for far is it from my desire to embarrass, or injure your character by a Law Suit: but if punctuality is not observed on your part a Suit (for the reasons I have already assigned) will be the inevitable consequence. And I do now, in explicit terms declare that it will be of no avail to say that such an one is to pay so much another so much, and so on. I shall have nothing to do with any of them; because I shall expect each years Instalment will, by the time it becomes due be deposited in the Bank of Pennsylvania, and made liable to my draught. This is a very simple mode, and what I shall rigidly exact. I have no Agent in Philadelphia to whom I would give the trouble of receiving money, nor do I want partial sums lodged there. The amount of the Instalmts. must be known to you, and the times of their becoming due. My appropriations will correspond therewith. Nothing short of the whole sums will answer my purposes. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, September 6, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 30th Ult was received by the last Post.
As the Encyclopaedia might be useful, to have by me (though wanting the last Volume or two) I would if the binding business goes on as usual, request Mr. Dobson to have all that are published, neatly bound and sent to me, except the last Vole. which may be retained as a sample to bind the remainder by. I do not recollect, but suppose the receipts will show, whether he has been paid for both sets I subscribed for, or only one; be this as it may, he shall be satisfied on the delivery.
I feel very sensibly for the alarm of the Citizens of Philadelphia, and for the calamity brought on that place by the Yellow fever; and devoutly wish the speedy disappearance of it. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, September 8, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 27th. Ulto. with its enclosures, came safe to hand.
When the negociable note for $1000 is paid, and the 30 barrels of Corn are received, the amount of both will be carried to your credit.
I am told that the present price of Wheat in Alexandria is 8/. but I can fix no price now for what may be delivered 2, 3, 4 or even 6 months hence, or perhaps, not at all (if you depend upon purchasing) in case of a rise; when there is no obligation to deliver a specific quantity, or at any specified time. All I can say on this subject is, that if you have Wheat of your own to dispose of, or can purchase and deliver it at my Mill, where, with my convenience of Boats and hands, it can be done as expeditiously as at Alexandria, I will allow, at the times of delivery, the full price that is given in cash at the latter place; more I cannot, less I do not wish to do, as the price of my flour must be regulated by the cost of the Wheat.
You cannot, I presume, be at a loss from the statement of the acct. between us, when you will recollect that $6,666 32/100 was, by agreement, with interest on the whole sum of $20,000; to have been paid me on the first day of december last; and that on the 27th. of Feby. following, you paid me seven hundred dollars in cash, and gave me Reed & Fords obligation to transfer 70 shares (a month after) in the Bank of Columbia; the value of which you estimated at 40 dollars each, when they were actually selling at that moment in the market, at, or near, 18 pr Ct. under par; by which I actually received no more than about $2300 in lieu of $2800; besides loosing a months interest on the last mentioned sum, for which my receipt was passed.
As the payments here mentioned, are all I have received, except 90 Barrels of Corn delivered the -- day of last month at 21/8, I presume the object of your request must be to know in what light I view the payment of the 70 shares. I shall therefore frankly declare, that if a disinterested judge is to be found, who will say that I ought, under the circumstances which prevailed at the time, to loose the difference between the nominal and real price of the shares, I will never utter another word on the subject; if there is not, or if there are no other circumstances of which I am ignorant, I conceive you yourself will not think it reasonable, or just, that I should loose near $500 in the payment of $2800 when my sole motive for receiving these shares at all was (inconveniently for myself) to accommodate you.
You say you informed me at the time that they were selling a little under par, and as you have said, so I will admit it; though my hurried situation at that time leaves no trace thereof on my memory; while there are several facts which cannot have escaped yours: was it not more than once (without urging it ardently) I informed you I was in want of money to clear me out of Philadelphia properly, and was obliged at last to leave the City (without providing many articles of which my family stood in need of), that I had declined receiving Wilsons Notes when they were proposed because I could not depend upon converting them into cash; that the offer of Columbia stock, was late and unexpected, of course seeing no other prospect of obtaining any part of the Instalment; I took them as an accomodation to you; for it will not be denied that if I had been disposed to appropriate money to this use, I could, and would have been my own caterer, as I was coming to the City, that under these circumstances, hurried and perplexed at the close of the Session as I then was with Executive and Legislature business, and with the necessary attention to the change wch. was about to take place in my private concerns, afforded no leisure to inquire into the value of Columbia Bank Stock, even if I had attended to your information concerning it, and I should from a cursory enquiry only have been struck with no other idea than what occurs continually at the Bank of Alexandria, viz, that just before a dividend, the stock is a little above, and just after a little below its nominal Value.
I have expressed myself thus, because it comports with my ideas, of truth and justice and propriety; but I mean to enter in no contention, or dispute on the subject being with very great esteem and regard Dear Sir Your etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, September 15, 1797.
Dear Sir: The Picture frames are received and without the smallest injury to the glasses, for the careful packing of which I feel myself obliged.
I pray you to send me four more gilt frames at a dollar a foot running measure for paintings, no glasses; the size of the frames to shew the canvass one foot 7¾ Inches by 1. 4¼ within the frame.
Upon a more careful examination of the Place which the stove written for some time since is wanted, I find I was not correct in the direction I then gave and have endeavoured now to explain it better by transmitting the exact form of the Room, shewing the angel in which the stove is to be fixed; the manner of fixing it and the exact size and proportions of the same with its relative situation to the Chimney (wall) and partition as mentioned in the Plan.
I have written thus far on a supposition that a Stove, has not been provided agreeably to the directions in my last, and provided also than one agreeably to the enclosed plan, without difficulty and without delay could be sent, but if the first is already procured, I would have it sent on without loss of time; if not and the one I am now furnishing a plan of could be substituted I would prefer it: nor should I object to both if the former is on hand and the latter could be obtained with ease and without much delay.
The first of Octr. will put you into the receipt of another quarters interest of my certificate otherwise I would forward money to you for the purpose of meeting the expences of those calls as it is by no means my wish or desire to run you into any advance for me or on my account. With esteem etc.
PS. I wou'd thank you for causing the Advertisement herewith sent, to be inserted agreeably to the endorsation thereon, and for paying the expence for doing it. Send me the History of the United States (by whom I know not) but the one which contains Nos. 5 and 6 alluded to in Colo. Hamiltons late Pamphlet.19
[Note 19: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The pamphlet is known as the Reynold's Pamphlet. It was printed by John Bioren for John Fenno (Philadelphia: 1797) under the title Observations on Certain Documents Contained in Nos. V and VI of The History of the United States for the Year 1796, etc.]
[Note 20: Clerk of the Peace of Durham, England.
On September 20 Washington wrote to Augustine Davis, publisher of the Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser, at Richmond, and to Matthew Brown and Leonard Yundt, publishers of the Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser, Baltimore, requesting the insertion of an advertisement for the sale of covering jacks, descendants of "Royal Gift" and sundry horses and mares. This letter and the text of the advertisement, which was signed by James Anderson, manager, is in the New York Public Library.]
Mount Vernon in Virginia, September 15, 1797.
Sir: Your letter of the 12th. of May has been received, but not until within these few days: to which you will please to consider the following as a reply.
Having been long in public life, and but little in this State for the last five and twenty years; and moreover having had but very little agency in the Administration of the deceased Colo. Thomas Colvils affairs even antecedant thereto, no consideration short of being the surviving Executor of his Will and the imperious necessity occasioned thereby of bringing matters to a close, could possibly have induced me to resume any Agency therein.
Under these circumstances however, I have at all times, of late, when it was in my power, used my best endeavours to have the accounts closed, in order to ascertain the surplus which that Gentleman had bequeathed to the nearest relations of his Mother, of the names of Stott, Wills, Richardson and Catharine Smith, of Durham; or their decendants: and with much difficulty and the aid of a Gentleman (Mr. Keith) well acquainted with this sort of business, have accomplished it, as you may see by having recourse to a notification in the London Gazette of December last consequent of a decree of the high Court of Chancery in this State.
The persons just named, or those claiming under them, may, perhaps, be disappointed at the smallness of the sum, viz, nine hundred and thirty two pounds seventeen shillings an seven pence three farthings, estimating dollars at Six shillings; which, upon the final settlement was found to be the surplusage of the Testators estate after his Debts and special legacies were discharged; but if they will advert to the clause of the Will under which they claim, and which was published in England many years ago, there ought not to be any surprize, as it there appears that the Testator himself was in doubt whether there would be any overplus at all.
The reason why that sum (now actually in the Bank of Alexandria) was submitted to the decision and disposition of the Chancellor, was, because there had been so many claims exhibited; of so vague a nature; and some of them accompanied by such unjust and indecent insinuations, that I did not incline to enquire into the merits of the respective claims, or to become responsible for the distribution of the Money. All those who have pretentions under the Will to a Share of the before mentioned sum, will now know where to send their proofs; and to receive an order for their proportion of the Devise, having nothing more to do in the matter myself. I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, October 2, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your note of the 28th Ult. by Mr. Frestal, was received on Friday last.
My expences are so great and my resources so small, that it is but little in my power to promote such plans as you advocate. To clear me out of Philadelphia, and to lay in a few necessaries for my family, I sold two valuable tracts of land in the State of Pennsylvania a short time before I left the City. for 22,000 dollars; and since my arrival have sold other lands in Virginia the proceeds of all which (so far at least as hath been received) are nearly expended.
To encourage however a Hotel at the Capitol, I authorise you if the plan is likely to succeed, on the terms you have suggested to put my name down to five Shares.
I am glad to hear that the public buildings progress well. As the period for their accomplishment approaches, there can be little doubt but that private buildings will also advance rapidly; I wish they were in such a state of forwardness as to claim the attention of Congress, if the Calamity which is inflicted on Philadelphia and other Sea port Towns, should render the removal of that body from the present Seat of the Government necessary.
We rejoice to hear that Mrs. Law and the little girl are well, we are so. And all Unite with Affecte. regards for you and them, With Dear Sir etc.
[Note 21: Of King and Queen County, Va.
On October 7 Washington wrote to Dr. William Thornton: "Genl. Washington presents his compliments to Doctr. Thornton. Mrs. Washington recollecting her promise of saving him a few of the Spanish Chestnuts, some are now sent. They are immediately from the tree, and should, without delay, be planted where they are intended to remain, or put into a box with earth, otherwise they will soon get hard and worm eaten, and the vegitation be prevented." This note is in the William Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1797.
Sir: I have already erected a threshing machine on Mr. Bookers plan, and was on the point of putting up one or two more when I received a letter from a Gentleman of my acquaintance informing me that you had invented one which did more execution with less force. This has induced me to suspend the erection of those on Mr. Bookers plan, until I can receive better information relative to yours, and this is the cause of my giving you the trouble of receiving this letter and praying that you would be so obliging as to give it.
The advantage which Mr. Bookers has over the Scotch Machine (which I never saw) lyes, it is said, in being less expensive, and less complex, particularly in the substitution of a band in place of cogs and rounds; which, as I have understood, (with the expence thereof) is the principal objection to the latter.
Not having heard whether you have obtained a Patent for the invention of yours, or mean to apply for one, I would not have it understood that my application for information into the principle on which yours act, the power which works it, or the execution, is calculated to deprive you of any benefit which might result in either case.
The object of my enquiry is merely to know whether yours (nothing being more interesting to the farmer) is upon a simple plan and not easily put out of order in the hands of ignorant negros, and careless Overseers; whether cheap, and easily erected, what the execution; and with what force it is worked; together with the manner of working it, and the house proper for its reception.
If in these particulars, on a fair comparison with Mr. Booker's, it obtains a preference, I shall certainly, as I am about to provide conveniences of this sort for getting my grain out of the straw, erect yours instead of his: and whether built by my own People or others, I am perfectly willing to allow the Patent fee if it exists, or to stand upon the same footing that others do to avail myself of the best discovery in this or any other country to effect so valuable an end. Your answer to these queries would very much oblige me as my ulterior measures depend upon them and my want of machines to get my grain out in a clean and expeditious mode, pressing. I hope you will have the goodness to excuse the liberty I have herein taken and believe that I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, October 8, 1797.23
[Note 23: The "Letter Book" copy is misdated 1798.]
My dear Sir: This letter will, I hope and expect, be presented to you by your Son, who is highly deserving of such Parents as you and your amiable Lady.
He can relate, much better than I can describe, my participation in your sufferings, my solicitude for your relief, the measures I adopted (though ineffectually) to facilitate your liberation from an unjust and cruel imprisonment, and the joy I experienced at the news of its accomplishment. I shall hasten therefore to congratulate you, and be assured no one can do it with more cordiality, with more sincerity, or with greater affection, on the restoration of that liberty which every act of your life entitles you to the enjoyment of; and I hope I may add, to the uninterrupted possession of your Estates, and the confidence of your Country. The re-possession of these things, though they cannot compensate for the hardships you have endured, may, nevertheless soften the painful remembrance of them.
From the delicate and responsible situation in which I stood as a public officer, but more especially from a misconception of the manner in which your son had left France (till explained in a personal interview with himself) he did not come immediately into my family on his arrival in America, tho' he was assured in the first moments of it, of my protection and support. His conduct, since he first set his feet on American ground, has been exemplary in every point of view, such as has gained him the esteem, affection and confidence of all who have had the pleasure of his acquaintance. His filial affection and duty, and his ardent desire to embrace his parents and Sisters in the first moments of their releasement, would not allow him to await the authentic account of this much desired event; but at the sametime that I suggested the propriety of this, I could not withhold my assent to the gratification of his wishes, to fly to the Arms of those whom he holds most dear; persuaded as he is, from the information he has received, that he shall find you all in Paris.
M. Frestal has been a true Mentor to George. No Parent could have been more attentive to a favourite Son; and he richly merits all that can be said of his virtues, of his good sense, and of his prudence. Both your son and him carry with them the vows, and regrets of this family, and of all who know them. And you may be assured that you yourself never stood higher in the affections of the People of this country than at the present moment.
With what concerns myself, personally, I shall not take up your time; further than to add, that I have once more retreated to the shades of my own Vine and Fig tree, where I shall remain with best vows for the prosperity of that country for whose happiness I have toiled many years, to establish its Independence, Constitution, and Laws, and for the good of mankind in general, until the days of my sojournment, whh. cannot be many, are accomplished.
Having bid a final adieu to the walks of public life, and meaning to withdraw myself from the Politics thereof, I shall refer you to Mr. Frestal and George, who (at the sametime that they have, from prudential considerations, avoided all interference in the Politics of the Country) cannot have been inattentive observers of what was passing among us, to give you a general view of our situation, and of the party, which in my opinion, has disturbed the Peace and tranquillity of it. And with sentiments of the highest regard for you, your lady and daughters, and with assurances that, if inclination or events should induce you, or any of them, to visit America, no person in it would receive you with more cordiality and affection, than [Mrs. Washington and myself would do, both of us being most sincerely and affectionately attached to you and admirers of them, yours, ever, &c.]24
[Note 24: From the original in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. The part in brackets is supplied from the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 9, 1797.
Dear and Revd. Sir: I have duly received your several letters of last month; but as an expression of my regret, at the conduct and behaviour of young Custis would avail nothing I shall not trouble you by the attempt.
I am persuaded that your conduct towards him, has been such as friendship inspired, and the duties of your important trust required. And as you have seen, in a degree what my solicitude, advice and admonition have been, he will have himself only to upbraid for any consequences which may follow, and this perhaps come too late.
By Mr. la Fayette who is on his way to New York to embark for France, I send you Bank notes to the amount of £100 in discharge of the balance of the acct. transmitted (£65); the twenty advanced Mr. Custis when he left Princeton and any other unpaid bills which may hereafter appear. And with thanks for your polite attention to, and care of him while he was under your superintendance, I remain with the highest esteem, regard and respect etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, October 9, 1797.
Dear Sir: Mr. Thomas Pearson, heir intail to Simon Pearson, his Brother, has brought suit in the Court of this County, for the lands which the latter sold to Wm. Triplett, George Johnson and myself, five and thirty Years ago.
I understand from Colo. Simms who is Pearsons Lawyer, that his complaint is founded upon some irregularity in the proceedings of the Jury, who met on the land to value the same, pursuant to a Writ of ad quod damnum. And the examination of the evidence to prove these irregularities went (for I attended) to the establishment of two Points: 1st. that there was no survey of the premises in presence of the Jury, that the time of their enquiry into the value of the land. and 2ly. that the said Jury did not explore it sufficiently to ascertain with exactness what the real value of the land was.
This is the amount of Grafton Kirks evidence, who was one of the Jurors, and who from your Practice in Fairfax County you may have learnt, is a rare hand at all obsolete claims that depend much on a good memory.
As I shall be ultimately affected in this business if Pearsons claim obtains (having sold my part of the Tract (178 Acres) to Mr. Lund Washington it behooves me to look into the matter timously. let me then ask your opinion on the following points?
1st. Does the Law providing for the Docking of Entails, by a writ of ad quod damnum, make a survey in presence of the Jury an essential Part of the proceedings?
The Writ itself (of which I retained a Copy) directing the sheriff to summon respectable men of his County for the purpose of ascertaing. the value of the land &c., requires no such thing.
2d. Who is to Judge of the mode by which a Jury on Oath is to report their Opinion of the value of the land if they are not to do it themselves?
Mr. Kirk swears he did not on the day traverse a foot of the land. Why because says he living adjoining thereto; I could not be made better acquainted with it than I was; neither did Jno. Askins (another of the Jury men) stir from the house at which they met; on the Land. Why again? because Jno. Askins knew it as well as he did. The rest of the Jurors he acknowledged rode but were not gone long enough to go over quarter part of the land. These if not the words are the literal meaning of them, and the sum of Grafton Kirk's evidence. No tampering with the Jury to under value the land is even hinted at. and the transfers devises and descent to Simon Pearson are admitted to be good in order to prove that the said Simon held the land in fee tail and dying (as they say) without legitimate Children that Thos. Pearson his brother is heir in Tail.
3d. Whether as Simon was lawfully married and never legally devorced the children of that woman though begotten (no matter by whom) in the state of separation from him is not a barr to the claim of Thomas?
4th. What operation will the Act of Assembly Of Virginia for Docking all Entails, (passed many years after the land in dispute was Docked by a writ of ad quod damnum, and sold in 1762) and many years too before the death of Simon Pearson which only happened last Spring have in this Case? It being understood that the said Simon conveyed the 178 acres, to me with a general Warrantee.
5th. I would ask how far my conveyance of the said land to Mr. L. Washington with a general Warrantee also, make me liable for the buildings as well as the land which has been placed thereon? and
6th. Whether I had better interest myself in defending the suit already commenced in the County Court, or await the decision there and take it up in the dernier resort if it shd. be adverse. I wish also as the case in my Judgmt. turns upon simple points which do not require much study, or research, to be informed (confidentially) whether in your opinion Mr. Swan's demand for defending the suit is not unreasonable? viz.: $100 in hand and the like sum at the close of the business?
You may think me an unprofitable applicant in asking opinions and requiring services of you without dousing my money, but pay day may come. If the cause should go to the higher Courts I shall expect you will appear for me, and Mr. Marshall also (if you should not have quit the practice). If the latter should not be returned in time, say who else had I best employ? I beg you will send me and as soon as you can certified copies from the Records of Richmond, of the papers mentioned in the enclosed. With sincere friendship &c.
P.S. Whether Colo. Simms has any thing in petto I am unable to say, I am told however that he is sanguine and some add that he is to go snacks.25
[Note 25: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, October 10, 1797.
Dear Sir: In answering your favor of the 28th. Ulto. which has been duly received; I wish it was in my power to give you more satisfactory information than you will find, in this letter, relative to the lands near Suffolk.
Some years ago (before, if my memory serves me, I was called to Administer the Government of the U States) Mr. John Lewis, as Exectuor of his father, Colo. Fielding Lewis's Will, informed me that the circumstances of that estate required that his father's interest in the lands wch. were bought by him, your father and myself, lying as above, should be sold. In reply, I told him that any bargain for it that Doctr. Walker and himself would make, I would abide by. Since which I have never heard a tittle from either, on this subject. Nor do I know in whose possession, or under what circumstances the lands now are. That they are not sold I am inclined to believe, because the title papers are still in my care, and no application has ever been made for them.
These, from a cursory examination, appear to be from.
[Note 27: Thomas Walker.] and FL.28
[Note 28: Fielding Lewis.] for 2 tracts ... 872
I thank you for offering to sell me your interest in the above lands, but I have no disposition to become the purchaser, having lately sold my share of the Company's property in the Dismal swamp, and formerly a tract adjoining thereto, held by the deceased Colo. Lewis and myself; I shall be willing, however, at any time, to join you and Mr. John Lewis in disposing of them to any other purchaser. With esteem etc.29
[Note 29: From a photostat of the original owned by Dr. Wm. C. Rives, of Washington, D.C.]
Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Ulto. has been received, and I sincerely regret the continuance of the Malady which afflicts the City of Philadelphia, and other Seaport Towns; but hope the frosts which we have lately had, and the approaching cold, will eradicate the disorder.
The Season rendering the Room for which I wanted a Stove in a manner useless for the purpose it was designed, I have procured one in Alexandria. Although it is not altogether such as I wanted, a very good shift can be made with it; and as it superceds the necessity of those I had written to you for, I have now to request you will decline sending them, or either of them. The other matters you will be so good as to send when an opportunity offers. With esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
[Note 30: Senator from Massachusetts.]
Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.
Dear Sir: The Fish you had the goodness to send me, arrived very safe; and are excellent; for your recollection of that request of mine, and the trouble you were at to obtain the best kind, I pray you to accept my grateful thanks.
The money, as you desired, was paid to Captn. Silver, to the amount of your memorandum of their cost; and they shall be stored, and dressed agreeably to the directions contained in your letter, for giving which I feel myself obliged.
No man wishes more devoutly than I that a stop was put to the further effusion of blood; that harmony was restored to all nations; and that justice was done to ours: but I must confess that my hope of seeing them accomplished soon, exceed my expectation. The affairs of Europe seem to me to be in so purturbed a state, and the views of the principal Actors so discordant that it is not easy, on rational principles and fair calculation to predict events.
Nothing is wanting in ourselves to steer clear of the vortex of misery, which has brought so many of the Nations of Europe to the brink of ruin in this desolating war, but unanimity; and if a steady adherance to the principles which have hitherto directed our councils is unable to effect this, it will nevertheless I hope, avert the evils which, otherwise might be expected to flow from the persevering opposition which is levelled at our government; and all those who stand forward in support of it. This is my Creed, and I shall believe in it until the contrary is verified, which Heaven avert! Adieu, with very great esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.
Revd. Sir: Your favour of the 20th Feb: has been received, and I am indebted to you for many other unacknowledged letters. The truth is, I soon found after entering upon the duties of my late public station, that private correspondences did not accord with official duties; and being determined to perform the latter to the best of my abilities, I early relinquished the former, when business was not the subject of them.
It might be asked, why suffer the letter of the 20th. of February (which is of the latter description) to remain unacknowledged, after I had, months past, bid adieu to my public walks? The answer is easy; an eight years absence from home (excepting short occasional visits) had so deranged my private affairs; had so despoiled my buildings; and in a word, had thrown my domestic concerns into such disorder, as at no period of my life have I been more engaged than in the last six months, to recover and put them into some tolerable train again.
Workmen in most countries, I believe, are necessary plagues; in this where entreaties as well as money must be used to obtain their work, and keep them to their duty they baffle all calculation in the accomplishment of any plan, or repairs they are engaged in; and require more attention to, and looking after, than can be well conceived. Numbers of these, of all descriptions, having been employed by me ever since I came home (to render my situation comfortable the ensuing winter) has allowed me little leisure for other occupations.
Rural employments while I am spared (which in the natural course of things cannot be long) will now take place of toil, responsibility, and the sollicitudes attending the walks of public life; and with vows for the peace, the happiness, and prosperity of a country in whose service the prime of my life hath been spent, and with best wishes for the tranquillity of all Nations, and all men, the scene will close; grateful to that Providence which has directed my steps, and shielded me in the various changes and chances, through which I have passed, from my youth to the present moment.
I scarcely know what you alluded to in your letter of the 20th. of Feby. when you say "I observed in the Philadelphia Papers, mention made of a publication of a volume of your epistles, domestic, confidential and official." unless it be the spurious letters which issued from a certain Press in New York during the War; with a view to destroy the confidence which the Army and Community might have had in my political principles; and which have lately been republished with greater avidity and perseverance than ever, by Mr. Bache, to answer the same nefarious purpose with the latter.
I suffered every attack that was made upon my Executive conduct (the one just mentioned among the rest) to pass unnoticed while I remained in public office; well knowing that if the general tenor of it would not stand the test of investigation, a Newspaper vindication would be of little avail. But as immense pains has been taken by this said Mr. Bache, who is no more than the Agent or tool of those who are endeavouring to destroy the confidence of the people in the officers of Government (chosen by themselves) to dissiminate these counterfeit letters, I conceived it a piece of justice due to my own character, and to Posterity to disavow them in explicit terms; and this I did in a letter directed to the Secretary of State to be filed in his Office the day on which I closed my Administration. This letter has since been published in the Gazettes by the head of that Department.
With respect to your own request, I can say nothing, so many things are continually given to the public of which I have no previous knowledge, nor time indeed to inspect them if I had been therewith informed, that I may mistake the meaning of it. The late Secretary of State (now Vice President) permitted a Mr. Carey,31 my consent being first obtained, to take copies under his inspection of the letters I had written to Congress; which letters have since been published and are I presume
[Note 31: John Carey.] genuine and must be those which you refer to. But as they are the work of another who is now in England on this business, I cannot suppose that you had it in contemplation to derive a benefit from his labours. I shall only add therefore that discretion in matters of this sort must be your guide, without a Yea, or nay, from me.
For Politics I shall refer you to the Gazettes of this country, with which I presume you are acquainted; and with respect to other matters, I have nothing wch would be entertaining, or worth narrating.
Mrs. Washington unites with me in best wishes for the health and happiness of yourself and Mrs. Gordon, and I am with esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favour, dated Elizabeth Town October, has been duly received. I am sorry that the state of your health should deprive me of the pleasure of your company at this place, and I regret still more that the pain you feel from the wounds you have received, though glorious for your reputation, is the occasion of it.
Whatever I can do as a private Citizen (and in no other capacity I can now act) consistently with the plan I have laid down for my future government, you may freely command. You will find however, contrary as it may be to your expectation or wishes, that all pecuniary matters must flow from the Legislature, and in a form which cannot be dispensed with. I may add I am Sure, that your claim upon the Justice and feelings of this country will meet with no delay; Nor do I suppose that the loss of your certificate will be any impediment. Your rank and services in the American Army are too well known to require that testimony of your claim; and the Books of the Treasury will shew that you have received nothing in discharge of it, or if any part, to what amount. With the highest esteem, etc.32
[Note 32: The original letter sent is in the Library of Prince Czartoryski, Krakow, Poland. Sparks prints this letter under date of Oct. 25, 1797.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, October 16, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 2d instt. came duly to hand. For the perusal of the enclosure I thank you. It is returned.
We heard with much concern, but long after the thing had happened, of the accident which befel your son. We hope he is perfectly recovered from the fall, and you from your billious attack.
Having no news to entertain you with, and could only fill a letter with the perplexities I experience daily from workmen, and other occurrences of little moment to any besides myself, I shall conclude this letter with best respects, in which Mrs. Washington and Nelly Custis unite, to Mrs. McHenry and yourself, and with assurances of being etc.
PS. My mind during the last days of my remaining in Philadelphia was so much occupied with public and private concerns that I always forgot, when I was in your company, to enquire whether Mr. Lear had accounted to the War Office for the money he had received to purchase the Site for the Arsenal on Potomac. As I was, in some measure, the cause of his Agency in that business, I wish to know whether it is settled to your Satisfaction.
Be so good as to send the letter to Mr. Dandridge to his lodgings if he has not Sailed, or left the City.35
[Note 35: From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 30, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 30th of August and 8th. of September have remained unacknowledged, because I had nothing to communicate that could compensate for the loss of a moment of your time, which I know is too much occupied in matters of business to be interrupted by unimportant letters.
Having received the enclosed letter by the Ganges, in the twilight, and attending to the first part of the Superscription only, I broke the Seal before I discovered that it was of a public nature. And the direction of the Spanish letter being somewhat equivocal, I send it also, as well for that reason as because I could not read it after it was opened; both to be disposed as you shall see fit.
I thank you for sending me your answer to the very improper letter of Mr. de Yrujo,37 who merited less respectful treatment. The Copying Press came safe, but does not work well; whether for want of more Springs I am unable to determine. Having a small one (which used to be getting out of order frequently, but at present does tolerably well) I do not use it at all. Should the small one fail, I will send you the other, and ask you to have its defects rectified.
[Note 37: Carlos Martinez, Marquis de Casa Yrujo. He was Spanish Minister to the United States.]
From the last Philadelphia Reports respecting the Yellow fever, it is to be hoped that that dreadful malady has ceased, and the distressed Inhabitant are returning to their long forsaken homes. I wish it devoutly, on public as well as private considerations, for an equivocal state of that disorder would place the President in an embarrassing situation. With great esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, October 30, 1797.
My dear Sir: Your several letters, opinion and copy of the deed to Williams for 589 Acres of Land have been duly received and for which I offer my best thanks.
It is a little singular that the proceedings for Docking the Intail of the above mentioned Land should not be found among the Records of the Genl. Court or in the Secretary's office from whence it issued and to which it was most assuredly returned.
As the Intail of this Land was docked on account of my purchase of a part of it I retained a Copy of the writ the Pannel and Sheriffs return, from whence the enclosed is taken and is the best Information and clue it is in my power to give to direct a further search. With Affece. regard etc.38
[Note 38: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 26th Ulto. has been received. To Mr. T. Whiting for presenting and to you for forwarding the orchard grass seeds, I feel myself obliged and request you to mention it to him accordingly.
I approve of your placing a Tenant on my small Tract of Land above Bath at a moderate Rent for the purpose of preserving the Timber thereon: and if decisive proof could be had of the Trespasses I think suit should be brought against them in the District Court by way of terror to others. In this Court if the proof was positive justice might be expected, in the County Court I should expect nothing but to pay the Cost of the suit. I would not let the land for more than 5 years, limit the quantity of ground to be cleared and reserve all the walnut Timber for my use which may stand thereon.
The other depredations mentioned in your letter will not I hope escape unpunished. Remember us to Mrs. Lewis and be assured of the friendship of Your etc.42
[Note 42: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 4, 1797.
Sir: Your layouts of the 21st of June and 3d of August last have both been received and are entitled to my best acknowledgements and thanks.
The last was presented by William Spence, who arrived here the 27th. Ulto via New York, in very good health and in very good time, my old Gardener having left me, as I wished it might happen, about a fortnight before.
For the prompt attention you paid to this business I feel myself under very great obligation; and shall strictly fulfil the engagement you have entered into on my behalf with Spence; who, though rather younger than I should have chosen (if time and circumstances had admitted of a choice) seems to be decent in his appearance, and as far as time and opportunity have hitherto allowed me to form an opinion is orderly in his conduct. Experience must decide on his skill as a Gardener. He speaks of this confidently, and goes to work handily, as one who knew what is to be done. He has deceived you or me however, with his tale of Matrimony; for he has brought no wife with him, and says it was a promise only, of marriage from the Girl you saw; which, ultimately, she would not comply with. I am well satisfied as matters are, and perfectly approve, and thank you for every step you have taken in this business.
This letter will, I expect, find you in your new abode and if my best wishes could contribute any thing to the happiness you must enjoy in the circle of an amiable family, I offer them to you with the utmost sincerity. The circumstance attending it, as related by yourself are not only singular, but from the independence with which it is accompanied, must be the source of pleasing reflections to you, rare indeed is the case, in countries composed, in great parts, of such numerous fleets and armies, as is that of G. Britain, that neither the father or any of a numerous off spring should be engaged in either, and be under no other controul than the Laws of the Country: When to this, the reflection, that all parts of it are in competent circumstances and happy, it must be highly gratifying to your feelings. A situation of this sort is free from cares and more to be envied than wealth or honours by a rational mind.
Free as I now am from the toil, the cares and responsibility of public occupations and engaged in rural and Agricultural pursuits; I hope aided by the reflection of having contributed my best endeavours to promote the happiness and welfare of that Country which gave me, and my Ancestors birth, to glide peaceably and easily on in the shade of retirement; and with good will to all men until my time shall be no more. In doing this I promise myself more real enjoyment than in all the bustling with which I have been occupied for upwards of 40 years of my life which as the wise man says, is little more than vanity and vexation.
I shall thank you for any information you can give me of the prospect of disposing of the Lands I had advertised for sale, and to be let but would have no engagements entered into respecting them as overtures are making to me in this Country for part of them in both relations.
I pray you to accept my thanks for the addition to the two first volumes of your Essays on Agricultural Subjects and to be perfectly assured of the high Esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, November 6, 1797.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you a few days ago, I have been favoured with your letters of the 26th. and 30th. Ulto.
If you should have occasion to write to Mr. Parish44 of Hamburg, you would oblige me, by thanking him in my behalf, for his very polite and friendly offer of sending me any thing I might have occasion for from that place.
[Note 44: John Parish, formerly United States Consul at Hamburg, Germany.]
It would be more formal than necessary, to introduce Mr. Bucknall's Orchardist to the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia otherwise than through you. If then you will be so good as to relate the manner in which it came, and present it with my best respects to that body, I will thank you. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, November 6, 1797.
Sir: Since I had the honor of writing you on the 15th of July, I have been favoured with your letter of the 13th of Feby. introductory of Thos. Macdonald Esqr. and your note of the 9th of June by Genl. Koscuisko; together with the Surveys, and papers accompanying both. For your goodness in sending them, I pray you to accept my best thanks, and that I may not be a burthensome member of the Board, I enclose a small Bill of Exchange to be deposited in the hands of your Bookseller to defray the cost of the several copies of your works which may be forwarded to me. When this is expended, I will make another deposit for the same purpose.
As neither of the notes, the receipt of which is acknowledged above, nor any other, has intimated in the most distant manner that my letters of the 10th and 11th of December (the latter a private one) had ever reached your hand, I now do, as well for the purpose of evincing that I was not inattentive to your request, as to give information which may yet (though late) be useful, forward a duplicate of the private letter from a Press copy taken at the time, and of my last also, of the 15th. of July; being more disposed to trouble you with a repetition of the sentiments then expressed than to lay under the suspicion of inattention to yr. commds.
I can now, with more certainty than on the 15th. of July, inform you that lands have fallen in price; ascribable to two causes, the shocking depredations committed on our Commerce (within the last Six or eight months by the French) and the reduction in price of our produce. Both contributing to render Cash a scarce, and of course a valuable article.
Our Crops of Grain are, in places, tolerable, but upon the whole below mediocrity in quantity, whilst the grain is fine. This also, that is the shortness of the Crop, will assist in reducing the price of lands still lower.
An eight years absence from home (except occasional short visits to it) has thrown my buildings, and other matters of private concern, into so much disorder, that at no period of my life have I ever been more engaged than in the last six or eight months to repair and bring them into tune again. This has prevented me from looking into the Agricultural Surveys of the Countries of England and Scotland with the attention I propose to do the ensuing Winter I shall certainly be very desirous of having a compleat sett of them, and if any are missing will apply accordingly; as it is my intention to have them classed, and bound, Neatly. With great pleasure I receivd a visit from Mr. Macdonald a few days ago, who fully answers the character given of him, as a polite and sensible man.
With great respect, etc.45
[Note 45: From the traced facsimile in Letters on Agriculture from...George Washington...to Arthur Young and Sir John Sinclair (Philadelphia' 1847).]
Mount Vernon, November 6,46 1797.
[Note 46: The "Letter Book" copy is dated November 3.]
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 2d. Ulto. with its enclosure came duly to hand, and I feel myself very much obliged by the favourable footing on which you have placed matters with Colo. Shreve. These are perfectly satisfactory to me, and of which I should have informed you sooner, had I not supposed that the most certain though perhaps not the quickest way of making it known to you would be to lodge my letter in Philadelphia against your arrival there. This I am about to do in the hands of Colo. Pickering.
Whatever mode, under the derangements occasioned by the sore calamity which has afflicted that City, you shall find most convenient to yourself, will be agreeable to me, for depositing the sum in the Bank of Pennsylvania which has been paid you by Colo. Shreve on my acct. but it may not be amiss to add that, if $500 have been paid into that Bank for my use, no advice of it has been given to me.
I am perfectly convinced that your observations and opinion with respect to the most advantageous mode, to wit, laying off my lands on the Ohio into lots of about 200 Acres is correct; and the best way to make the most of them. The reasons which have weighed against it hitherto, with me, are first it is troublesome, 2d. may be tedious in its operation, and 3d. my object being to convert the Land, aggragately into money, or some kind of Stock that I might derive a convenience and benefit from the interest during the short stay which from the natural course of things I have to remain here, the end would not be answered in a retail way without, in a manner, sinking the Capitol, receiving money in driblets is tentamount. But as you have been so good as to mention this mode, will you permit me to ask what you think the lands would sell for by the Acre, divided in the manner you suggest; and whether there is within your view, any person in whom confidence could be placed as an Agent to manage this business, who has leisure and inclination to undertake it, for an adequate compensation?
I wish you an agreeable Session, and perfect unanimity in all great questions which involve the dignity, honor and interest of our Country. With very sincere esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
[Note 52: John Fitzgerald, William Herbert, and George Gilpin.]
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1797.
Gentlemen: On Monday last, in Alexandria, Colo. Marstellar53 applied to me to rent my lot with the house on it in that place for three years, from the expiration of the year for wch it is now engaged (at Sixty pounds until Feby.).
[Note 53: Philip Marsteller.]
I answered, that I was well disposed to receive him as a tenant and for the term above mentioned, but was unable to fix the rent then; being unacquainted with such as were usual in Alexandria, or might be expected within that period, but that I would leave it to you three Gentlemen, or any two of you who should agree, to say what it should be. And moreover to enumerate what repairs it would be indispensibly necessary for me to make again, it not being long the houses and inclosure were put into complete Order.
Your compliance with the request will very much oblige me, and I shall hope to be excused for the trouble it will give you. Be assured of the esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1797.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 13th Inst. has been duly received, as I believe all your others have. The order for settling my Acct. as Exor. of Colvill was immediately sent to Mr. Keith who asks as
The order of Court must be published for a month in the Alexandria Gazette, and the time fixed upon for auditing the accounts made known at the foot of the order, a copy of the order served upon Mr. West, with a notification for the time for the review of the accounts, and as the defendants live out of the Country, a considerable length of time may be necessary to allow for entering upon the business, I could wish to be made acquainted with what you suppose to be a reasonable time before I determine any thing respecting it.
As this business has been entered upon in consequence of your advice be so good as to let me know what answer to give Mr. Keith.
We have heard nothing more of Mrs. Forbes. If it shou'd fall in your way, without formality, I should be glad if you wou'd ask Mr. Robt. Brooke if he did not receive a letter from me in Octr. on this Subject? If he did, and I see not how it shou'd be otherwise, his conduct towards me has been very ungenteel, such as I would not have meeted to him or any other.
The first knowledge we had of Mrs. Forbes was communicated by his Brother Mr. Jno. Brooke to Mr. Anderson my manager who being at Fredericksburg and expressing our want of a house keeper, the former strongly recommended Mrs. Forbes; and promised to ascertain whether she would come or not. upon a second application (by letter) from Mr. Anderson, Mr. Jno. Brooke wrote him that he had written two or three times to Richmond on this business but had recd. no answer. A few days afterward however he wrote again that Mrs. Forbes was willing to come for $150 pr Annum, and was desirous to know soon, if she wd. be accepted on those terms; advising in the same letter to avoid delay and accidents, that the answer might pass to her through his brother Robert. The first post after the receipt of this letter, viz, on the 27th Octr. I wrote to the latter enclosing this letter as an apology for giving him that trouble) requesting as a favor that he wou'd let Mrs. Forbes know that I acceeded to her terms, and wished her to proceed immediately to this place and that he would be so good as to give me some item of her character.
Since which I have never received a line from him and presume (if I had not as much by accident as by a premeditated design) brought the matter to your View I might (if the Case is not jepordized now) have been defeated altogether in obtaining the above person as a house keeper. If any miscarriage attended my letter the thoughts I entertain of Mr. Robert Brooke are unfounded if he recd. it they will mark him pretty strongly in my estimation. Remember us kindly to Mrs. Washington, and be assured always of the friendship of Your etc.54
[Note 54: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1797.
Sir: The enclosed result, from our conversation on Monday last. It is left open for your perusal and presentation, and I shall consider the decision of the Gentlemen to whom it is addressed, as obligatory on me.
As no time ought to be lost in securing the stone work of the Stable, I now authorise you, to get it effectually done upon the best terms you can, without awaiting for their report, and without delay, to avoid accidents, and a greater expence. With esteem etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1797.
Dear Sir' I have lately received a letter from a Mr. Small of Philadelphia, informing me that the Coach I used in the City, was yet unsold; that it was accumulating expence; and not more than two hundred dollars had been offered for it; when, according to his acct. $300 was the value fixed thereon.
I intended to have sent his letter to you, but it has been mislaid, or lost. I shall beg the favour of you, however, to sell, or cause it to be sold, for whatever it will fetch. Who limited the price to $300 I know not, but took it for granted that it had been disposed of many days ago. Receive, and place the proceeds to the credit of Dear Sir Your etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1797.
Sir: Your letter dated "Doncaster August 28th. 1797" has been received.
In answer thereto, I inform you, that I had engaged my largest farm to Gentleman in the vicinity of it for the ensuing year (on the terms mentioned in the plan I took the liberty of transmitting to Sir John Sinclair, and which, having seen as you say, it is unnecessary for me to detail) but some circumstances afterwards occurring, unforseen at the time, induced a postponement of the measure until the year 1799, when it may, or may not, as I shall find it most convenient, be renewed.
The other farms are entirely free, and must remain in my possession until the crops of 1798 (the greater part of which being in the ground) are harvested. Of course, if you should come to this country in March next, shall then like any of my farms, and we should be mutually disposed to bargain for one of them, on lease, it is not probable there will be any impediment in the way. In the meantime, you may be assured that it would be highly satisfactory to me, to have English, or Scotch farmers who are able and willing, and who can be well recommended to me, to be the Cultivators of the farms of my Mount Vernon estate.
I not only approve of your circumspect conduct in viewing the farms previous to engagement, but can assure you that I should be unwilling to enter into any contract with any person for either of them before it was done as no agreement would be pleasing to me that did not give mutual satisfaction.
I thank you for your kind intention of sending me your treatise on Agriculture, entitled, "the practical farmer" and will chearfully pay the cost of it. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1797.
Sir: The Copy of Mr. Parkinson's letter and my answer both of which are enclosed for your perusal and the latter to be forwarded is the best apology I can offer for giving you the Trouble of this Address.
As he has taken the liberty of naming you as a Gentleman to whom he is well known I have followed his example (as he writes to me on an interesting Subject) in doing the same to enquire if he shou'd make the Application in person which his letter contemplates, whether his character, abilities as a farmer and capital are such as to enable him to stock and manage a farm the rent of which would be (according to his choice of those I have to let) from a thousand to eighteen hundred Dollars per annum, or wheat equivalent.
I should not my good Sir have used the freedom to ask this information had not Mr. Parkinson declared that it was by your advice he has made the Application and means to pursue it in March next. If he comes under such auspices it would recommend him strongly to me; and to know it in time wou'd be pleasing to Your etc.55
[Note 55: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 59: Philologist and professor of Greek in the University of Leyden; editor in chief of the Gazette de Leyde.]
Mount Vernon, December 2, 1797.
Sir: The letter for which I am indebted to your politeness, dated "Leyden the 10th. of September 1797" with the book which accompanied it, I had the pleasure to receive about three days since, and, in thanking you for both, I hasten to acknowledge the sense I have of the favorable sentiments you have been pleased to express of me.
To have steered my Bark amid the intricacies of variegated public employment to a haven of rest with an approving conscience; and while receiving the approbation of my own country for the part I have acted, to meet similar proofs of it from many of the moderate and virtuous of other countries consummates my greatest wish and all my ambition and in my eye is more precious than any thing, that Power or riches could have bestowed.
In times of turbulence, when the passions are afloat, calm reason is swallowed up in the extremes to wch. measures are attempted to be carried; but when those subside and the empire of it is resumed, the man who acts from principle, who pursues the paths of truth, moderation and justice, will regain his influence. Such, I persuade myself will be, if it has not already been, your case.
To the writings and conduct of men of this description (amongst whom you have always been placed) America is much indebted. And as a private citizen, for that is the class in which I now move, I offer you my thanks for the part you have acted, and for the Annals you have been pleased to record of one, who with pleasure subscribes himself your obedient, &c.
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 18th. of June has been duly received, and gave us the first certain acct. of your arrival in Holland, which we received with pleasure.
My family are much as you left them, and my avocations being altogether of a domestic nature I concern myself little in matters beyond my outer Inclosures; indeed I find enough to do within them, for upon a more critical examination of my buildings and appendages it has been discovered, that in a year or two more some of them wou'd not have been susceptible of repair. More by accident than design it was (luckily) discovered in time, that the great girder which supports the sleepers in my new room was so much decayed that a Company only moderately large wou'd have sunk altogether into the Cellar. In short I have been surrounded with workmen of different descriptions ever since I came home and am not yet done with them and shall for some time to come have occasion for a Joiner.
As it may be in your power to give some explanation of the matter, I shall inform you that in looking over my public Accts. which you closed at Philadelphia, previously to your embarkation for Europe, I was surprized to find the following article of charge when but the April before I was similarly debited in a sum of two hundred and odd Dollars "By errors, losses and accounts paid at different times and omitted to be entered $1147.15."
This is a large omission in the space of a twelve month; It wou'd require a number of small accounts to form such an aggregate, and the receipts to large ones ought to have corrected the error. I mention it however to see if you can furnish an explanation.
We suppose your mother and friends arc well because we have heard nothing to the contrary. Your brother William I know is, because I see him but a few days ago. Your Aunt and others of the family unite with me in very good wishes for your happiness and prosperity and with Affectionate regard etc.
P.S. Mrs. Peter has got another daughter, Mr. and Mrs. Law and their daughter are now here and well.
[Note 60: A French émigré at Philadelphia. He had been adjutant general of the National Guard of France when Lafayette was in command of it.]
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1797.
Sir: Your favour of the 21st. ulto.61 came duly to hand; for the pleasing and interesting contents of it, I offer you my best thanks; notwithstanding I had received by the same Mail, similar accounts from our Ministers at London and the Hague, inclosing extracts of letters to them from the Consul of the United States at Hamburgh.
[Note 61: In the Washington Papers.]
I congratulate you, on the happy event of the liberation of our mutual friend Genl. Lafayette, whose reception in this country will be, I am sure, cordial from all descriptions of people; from none more than myself.
The answer given by him to the Minister is noble, and worthy of himself. The only regret I should feel on his arrival in America (if it shd. happen soon) would be his disappointment at not finding his Son here. I said all I could, with decency, both to him and Mr. Frestel to induce their awaiting direct accounts from the Prisoners before their departure; but the eagerness of the former to embrace his Parents in the first moments of their release from a cruel imprisonment was not to be restrained. Among other arguments I observed that although it was not probable, yet it was at least possible that they might be crossing the Ocean in different directions at the same time. Unfortunate indeed would this be for both, especially the Son, should it so happen. Slow travelling, and a little delay at Hamburgh of Genl. Lafayette and family, may give time for the arrival of the Son at Havre; and I hope it will be the case; for the shock must be great to both parties, if they should pass each other. With esteem &c.
PS. As the enclosure seems to have been a Paper transmitted for your satisfaction I return it at a [illegible].
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 26th of August (and a duplicate) and 16th. and 17th. of Septr. with the enclosures have been duly received, and meet as they ought my particular thanks. The letter alluded to in the first is yet missing, but may notwithstanding get to hand.
I feel much obliged by your polite attention to me, and though from retirement you can receive little more in return from me than sincere friendship I shall hope for a continuation of your correspondence. I rarely stir from home, never beyond Alexandria or the Federal City; indeed if my inclinations were more extensive business would restrain them; for at no period of my life have I been more closely engaged (though more importantly employed) than during the months I have been at home. Hardly a resident for the last five and twenty years at this place, eight of them at file close thereof, I have found upon an examination into the state of my buildings, that time and want of attention (which short occasional Visits while I was in the Administration of Government allowed me not leizure to bestow) have caused such depredations thereon and every thing connected with them and have so deranged all matters of private concern, that what with the plague and trouble proceeding from the number of workmen I have been obliged to employ, and of other matters little interesting to any but myself I have been occupied from the "rising of the sun to the setting of the same," and which as the wise man has said "may be all vanity and vexation of spirit," but as I did not seek it a source of happiness, but entered upon as a case of necessity, a line may be drawn between his disappointmts. and mine.
Your account and others, which I received about the same time of the liberation of Genl. De Lafayette, is interesting and highly pleasing. Should he with his family proceed immediately to America as is enjoined upon him by the Emperor he will experience one source of regret on his arrival, namely that his son sailed for Havre about the last of Octr. in expectation of finding him in Paris (from the measures the Directory had taken to obtain his releasement). I proceeded as far as a strong opposing opinion would allow me to induce him to await direct advice of this event from his father but his eagerness to embrace his parents and Sisters, in the first moments of their liberation; the belief that the Prisoners at Almutz were released, before it actually (as it seems) had happened; and conviction that he wou'd be under no embarrassments in France even if they were not, overcame all opposition. I went so far however as to observe, that it was possible though perhaps not probable that he and his friends might be upon the Ocean steering different courses at the same time. But as this, under the then appearance of things was not supposed likely to happen, his fear of a winter passage gave the preponderance, and on the 26th. of Octr. he set sail from New York for Havre de grace.
I am very glad to find that the Colleagues of General Pinckney had arrived safe in Holland, and that all three according to Newspaper accts. were set down in Paris. What their reception has been and what may be the issue of the negociation with which they are charged, is not for me to pronounce, the late revolution however at that place, will not introduce them under the most favorable auspices in my opinion; but this event like all other Acts of the French Government is extolled by men amongst us as a master piece of Vigilance, wisdom and patriotism. The means used to effect this are not overlooked, but applauded; of course then Constitution, like Treaties, are not obligatory when they become inconvenient. but I will quit politics and having nothing of a domestic nature to entertain you with shall soon put an end to my letter. Congress are in Session and as the Gazettes are transmitted to you, you will learn more from them than I could say. Mr. Izard I have not seen. The enclosed letters I take the liberty of committing to your care, and with compliments for Mrs. Murray in which Mrs. Washington unites, I remain with much truth, etc.
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1797.
My dear Sir: With much pleasure I received your letter of the 19th. of September from Rotterdam; and that pleasure proceeded in a great measure from the congeniality of sentiments which prevail between you and Genl. Marshall; having taken the liberty of introducing him to you as a Gentleman, in whom you might place entire confidence.
What has been the reception of the Embassy by the French Directory, is, to me, unknown; and what will be the result of it, is not for me to predict. The change, however, which took place at Paris on the 4th of September adds nothing to my hope of a favourable issue. In this I may be mistaken; but of another thing I am certain I shall not, and that is, that the failure (if such be the case) cannot be attributed to the want of justice on the part of the United States or from the want of an able representation of it, on the part of their Negociators. Of course the issue must be favourable, or conviction will be produced in all, except those who do not want to be convinced, that we have nothing to expect from the justice of the Nation with whom we are treating. In either case we shall ascertain our ground.
That the Government of France views us as a divided people, I have little doubt; and that they have been led to entertain that opinion from representations, and the conduct of many of our own citizens, is still less doubtful; but I shall be very much mistaken, indeed, in the mass of the People of the United States, if an occasion should call for an unequivocal expression of the public voice, if the first wd. not find themselves very much deceived; and the latter (their leaders excepted) to change their notes. I pray devoutly that the Directory may not bring the matter to trial.
I have received the letter and Book62 from Mr. Luzac of Leyden, which are mentioned in yours, and have offered him my thanks for both, in a letter put under cover to Mr. Murray at the Hague, expressive also of the sense I entertain of his uniform and friendly sentiments towards these United States.
[Note 62: The title is not mentioned either in Luzac's or Pinckney's letters, but it is probably the volume listed in the "Inventory &c. of Articles at Mount Vernon," made by the appraisers of Washington's estate, as "Luzac's Oration."]
Mr. Izard, I have not yet seen, if he should call upon me on his way to Charleston I shall be very happy; on many accts.; to shew him all the civility in my power. The enclosed for young Lafayette I must request your care of. Having received premature advice (from some of his correspondants in Hamburgh) of the liberation of his father and friends, his eagerness to embrace them in the first moments of it, could not be restrained; although I endeavoured to convince him that it would be more prudent to await the confirmation from themselves; and among other things observed to him, that although it was not probable, still it was possible, that his Parents might be on their Voyage to America whilst he was seeking them in Europe. Should this prove to be the case (as appears not unlikely from the injunction of the Emperor) it will be a matter of sore regret to both. The confidence however, which he placed in his information; the advancement of the Season, and his fear of a Winter passage; gave the preponderancy to his inclination over my opinion. He is a sensible and well disposed young man, full of felial affection and every sentiment to render him estimable.
Information with respect to public matters, will go to you from a more direct, and purer fountain than mine, I mean from the Department of State; and that which more immediately concerns myself, is too unimportant to trouble you with, further than to assure you, which I can do with much truth, that in your public mission, and in your private capacity, I wish you all the success, and prosperity that your heart can desire; and that with the greatest sincerity I am, etc.63
[Note 63: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your conjunct letters from New York and 2nd: of Novr. from Sea, and your seperate letter of the 22d. of October64 from the former place, have all been received with that
[Note 64: All three of these letters from George Washington Motier Lafayette and Frestal are in the Washington Papers.] satisfaction which I shall always feel in hearing that you are well, and happy; as I sincerely wish you may be in a meeting of your friends in the bosom of your native Country.
For the flattering terms in which you have expressed your sense of the civilities, which your merits alone independent of the consideration of being the mentor and companion of our young friend, richly entitled you to, I offer you my thanks. And for the sentiments of friendship with which you are pleased to honor me, I shall always entertain a lively and grateful remembrance. You carried with you the regrets of the whole family, at parting; and I can assure you Sir, that if you should visit America again we shall feel very happy in seeing you under this roof; and in your walks.
Except the commencement (if we are to judge from appearances) of a very hard Winter, nothing have occurred since you left us, which is at all interesting. The branches of this family with which you are acquainted, remain in Statu quo; except that Mrs. Peter has added another daughter to the Stock, and my nephew Lawrence Washington a wife to his bosom; at the ceremonial of which Lawrence Lewis attended, and is not yet returned.
I will engross no more of your time than while I can assure you, of the very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your very interesting and obliging favor of the 15th. of September from the Hague, came duly to hand, and I thank you sincerely for the important details with which it is fraught, and pray for the continuation of them.
I congratulate you too on your safe arrival from Ship-board; and, as the Newspapers tell us, at Paris; and I wish in a little while hence I may have it in my power to do the same on the favourable conclusion of your Embassy, and happy return to your family and friends in this Country. To predict the contrary might be as unjust as it would be impolitic, and therefore, Mum, on that topic. Be the issue however, what it may, three things I shall be perfectly satisfied of; and these are, that nothing which justice, sound reasoning, and fair representation would require, will be wanting to render it just and honorable; and if it is not so, that the eyes of all, in this country, who are not wilfully blind, and resolved to remain so (some from one motive, and some from another), will be fully opened; and lastly, that if the French Directory proceed on the supposition that the parties in these United States are nearly equal, and that one of them would advocate their measures in the dernier resort, they will greatly deceive themselves; for the Mass of our Citizens require no more than to understand a question to decide it properly, and an adverse conclusion of the Negotiation will effect this. Indeed, I believe it may be said with truth, that a very great change in the public mind has taken place already. The leaders, it is true, attempt to keep up the Ball: which is evidently declining; but as both houses of Congress have formed quorums, and received the Presidents Speech, the response of the Representative branch will be some criterian by which this opinion of mine may be tried, though not a conclusive one.
The situation of things in Holland is a good lesson for us, if we are disposed to profit by it; but unfortunately the nature of man is such, that the experience of others is not attended to as it ought to be; we must feel ourselves, before we can think, or perceive the danger that threatens; but as this letter (after it quits the Office of the Secretary of State, to whose care I shall send it) may pass through many hands, I shall dwell very little on European Politics. It is laughable enough, however, to behold those men, amongst us, who were reprobating in the severest terms, and sounding the Tocsin upon every occasion that a wild imagination could torture into a stretch of Power, or unconstitutionality in the Executive of the United States, all of a sudden become the warm advocates of those high handed measures of the French Directory which succeeded the arrestations on the 4th. of September: and this too without denying that the barriers of the constitution under which they acted have been overleaped, but do it on the ground of tender mercy, and an unwillingness to shed blood. But so it always has been, and I presume ever will be with men, who are governed more by passion and party views than by the dictates of justice, temperance and sound policy. If there were good grounds to suspect that the proscribed and banished characters were engaged in a conspiracy against the Constitution of the People's choice, to seize them even in an irregular manner, might be justified upon the ground of expediency, or self preservation; but after they were secured and amenable to the Laws to condemn them without a hearing; and consign them to punishment more rigorous perhaps than death is the summit of despotism.
A very severe winter has commenced. Since the first of November we have hardly experienced a moderate Day; heavy rains following severe frosts have done more damage to the Winter grain, now growing, than I recollect ever to have seen. At this moment and for several days past, all the Creeks and small waters are hard bound with Ice, and the Navigation of the River, if not entirely stopped is yet, very much impeded by it. The Crops of Indian Corn in the lower parts of the State, have been uncommonly great: midway of it, tolerably good; but under the Mountains and above them, extremely bad, with partial exceptions. The Wheaton Crop, in quantity turned out better than was expected; in quality remarkable fine; the white or early wheat, weighing from 60, to 64 lb. pr. bushel.
The Virginia assembly is, or ought to be, in Session; but what the temper of it is I know not. Its composition you must be better acquainted with than I am.
Young Lafayette, too fondly led by his eagerness to embrace his Parents and Sisters in the first moments of their releasement from Prison; and unintentionally deceived by premature accounts from his frds. at Hamburg, that this event had actually taken place; embarked for this purpose on the 26th. of Octr. at New York for Havre de Grace. Since which, official accts. having been received of the terms on which his liberation was granted by the Emperor the meeting in Europe is become problematical; a circumstance, should it happen, which will be sorely regretted on both sides. I said all I could to induce him to wait here until he should receive a direct advice from his father but his impatience on the one hand, and his confidence in the information he had received that his Parents were on their way to Paris, on the other, his apprehensions from a winter passage, and belief that, he should not be illy received in France; even if they were not there, turned the scale against my opinion and advice that he should postpone his departure until he heard from him or one of the family. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1797.
My dear George: With that pleasure which I shall always feel at hearing from you, or of any thing which may contribute to your happiness, I received your several letters from New York, dated in October and that of the 2d. of November from Sea, by Mr. Latimer. If my best vows would have contributed to a prosperous Voyage, and a happy meeting with your Parents and Sisters in France, both must have happened to the utmost extent of your wishes 'ere this, for they were offered on the Altar of Sincerity; and are now followed with assurances that, if you should ever return to America again, that you will find the same cordial reception within the Walls of this Mansion, as you have heretofore experienced.
Great as my wishes are that you may have met with your Parents in France, I am not without fear, from our late accounts that you have been disappointed. How far the event which took place in Paris, on the 4th. of September, may have effected their prospects in that Country, is not for me (who knows so little of the principles which governed on that occasion) to express any opinion thereon; but as I have seen an official report from the American Consul at Hamburgh, of the terms on which the Prisoners at Olmutz were released, the proceedings of your Parents after their arrival at Hamburgh, is rendered equivocal with us.
Few things have occurred, since you left us which merit attention, except an earlier Winter than has almost ever been known; for since the beginning of November we have scarcely experienced a moderate day; and at this moment the Mercury in Fahrenht. is standing at 10° only above 0. The Creeks and smaller Waters are all shut up, and the navigation of the River is much impeded by Ice.
Mrs. Peter has added another daughter to the family and both mother and child are well, as are Mr. and Mrs. Law and their child, who are now here on a visit before their departure for Philadelphia, at which place they propose to spend the Winter. The younger parts of this family are also in good health, and unite most cordially with me in tendering you their best wishes, to which I add assurances of the sincere friendship and affectionate regard of Yours etc.
P.S. As you noticed in one of your letters from New York Christopher's excursion to Bethleham, I have pleasure in informing you, that he derived so much aid from the medicine he took as to have remained perfectly well ever since; and has placed such confidence in his Doctrs. skill, that he wou'd not again dispair of being cured of the bite of a mad dog; if the Hydrophoby was strong upon him.
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1797.
My dear Sir: Not knowing when, where or whether ever this letter may reach your hands the contents will be small, and the purport merely congratulatory on your releasement from a cruel imprisonment; the official acct. of which we have at length received.
On what principle you have undergone this rigorous treatment, I have been unable to divine, but be this as it may, no one rejoices more than I do that a period is put to it.
By the Gazettes we are informed and it is confirmed by the American Consul at Hamburg, who received it from the imperial Minister, that you were to proceed immediately from Olmutz to that place where eight days only was allowed you to remain before you were enjoined to embark for America or steer for Holland; thus far and no further are we informed and under this alternative we are unable to decide, since the event of the 4th. of Septr. at Paris, what has been your choice. If to come to this Country it will be a matter of extreme regret that your Son led by an ardent desire and premature advice of your liberation, has flown to France in hopes and expectation of embracing his Parents and Sisters in the first moments of their releasement. If the latter, the meeting with such a Son deserving of all your care and attention must be supremely happy; and may considered I hope as an indication of a favorable disposition to receive you again into the bosom of your country. Viewing the matter on either point it renders a further expression of my sentiments unnecessary: for if by going to Holland you shou'd meet your son he will present a letter from me to you, of which he is the bearer: on the other hand if you should proceed from Hamburg to America, this letter which I shall also put under cover to George, cannot find you in Europe. I shall only add therefore, that if the latter shou'd happen to be the case, that of all the numerous friends which you will find here none will greet you, Madam Lafayette and your daughters with a more sincere and cordial welcome than myself and all parts of this family would do. all of whom have felt for your suffering and rejoice exceedingly that a period is so far put to them, as to be released from a cruel imprisonment; to go further in assurances of my friendship and regard would be unnecessary, as you must be convinced of the affectionate attachment of him who has been always Sincerely Yours.
P.S. Mrs. Washington Unites with me in respectful complts., and every good wish for you Madam Delafayette and Daughters.65
[Note 65: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 6, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 6th. of September has been duly received, and for the information contained in the enclosure, respecting Genl. Lafayette, I offer you my thanks. The footing on which his releasement is placed by the Emperor, and the succeeding event in Paris, on the 4th of September, renders his proceedings after he gets to Hamburgh, problematical.
Should these circumstances (for it is not easy to say what effect the latter may have on his prospects in France) induce him to steer his course immediately for this Country, it will be a matter of sore regret to him, and his Son, that they shall have passed each other on the Ocean.
Deluded (though not designedly) by premature information of his parents liberation and journeying to France, by a correspondent at Hamburgh, his eagerness to embrace them, and his Sisters, in the first moments of their reception in France; the fear of a Winter passage (should he delay his departure); and persuasion, as he left his native country under the authority of the Government, that he had nothing to apprehend from his return to it; overcame my advice to him to await a direct account from his father which would not only have ascertain'd the fact but might also have pointd. out a course which he would have him pursue. Nay, I went so far as to tell him, that although it was not probable, it was nevertheless possible, he might be disappointed of his object, by the means which seems likely to have happened; but his purpose, from the considerations already mentioned, were not to be diverted and being excited by the purest filial affection, for he is really a sensible, amiable, and valuable youth, I shall feel much for the disappointment of both parties, if they do not meet in Europe. With the highest esteem etc.
[N.Y.H.S.]
Mount Vernon, December 11, 1797.
Dear Sir: At the sametime that I acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 20th. Ulto. enclosing a translation of the Spanish letter, and one from Mr. King let me beg the favour of you to forward these which go under cover with this, to their respective Addresses, along with your own if you should have occasion to write soon to our public characters abroad; or by the first conveyances if you should not. That to Sir John Sinclair I wish, more than the others, might be forwarded soon.
The probability is that young Lafayette will be disappointed in his expectation of meeting his parents and Sisters in France, or even in Europe. I said everything to him I could, with decency to induce him to await direct advice from his father, before he departed from this Country. I even went so far before the condition annexed to his releasement by the Emperor was known, or the Explosion in Paris was suspected, to tell him that altho' the event was not probable, it nevertheless was possible, that he might be going to Europe when his relations were coming to America, and endeavoured to impress the idea upon him that the moment his father was in a situation to write to him that he would; and more than probable point out the course he would have him pursue; but having received letters from some of his correspondents in Europe, informing him of his liberation, and that he was actually on his journey to Paris, his eagerness to see them could no longer be restrained particularly as delay might involve him in a Winters passage, of which he was affraid, and having come out under the authority of the French Government, because he was under no apprehension of ill treatment, if the information he had received was premature.
It will, however, be a matter of sore disappointment and regret, if his Parents have embarked for America before he sees them in Europe, and will be a source of much concern to me also, for he is an amiable and sensible youth; and his eagerness to go, the effect of ardent filial and fraternal affection, and a longing desire to embrace them in the first moments of their liberation from cruel captivity. The disappointment will be as sorely felt by his Parents if they should miss each other.
I hope the calm, with which this Session of Congress has commenced, will not be succeeded by a storm; I shall confess however that my expectations fall far short of my hopes on this occasion. Tranquility will not continue to the end of it; nor can harmony be looked for, while the same men who were sounding the Tocsin at everything that a wild imagination could construe into even a tendency to stretch the Powers of Government here, are advocating the most outrageous violations of it, elsewhere. But no conduct is too absurd, or inconsistent for some men, to give into. To hasten (as you will perceive) to get my letters to the Post office in time; I am with very great Esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1797.
Sir: Since my last of the 28th Ult, a copy of which you will find on the other side I have received your letter of the 27th. of Septr: to which I find little to add, further than to assure you, that it would be very pleasing to me to have my Farms in the hands of skilful Agriculturists, who are able and willing, to manage them properly. Such if their capitol be sufficient to afford me the necessary security, might enter upon mine with very convenient advantages, as the draught Cattle, stock of every kind and farming implements, or such parts thereof as they might want and I could spare, might go along with the farms at a reasonable valuation; to be paid for at such time or times, and in such manner as may be agreed upon; all of which being on the spot, and assimilated to the Farms, would be convenient to any one, but infinitely more so to a stranger, on his arrival, who would and perhaps without knowing where, have these things to provide, to enable him to prosecute his plan of husbandry.
From the plans of my farms, which have been shewn you by Sir John Sinclair, you will have perceived that they are large, and require a good deal of force to carry on the various operations of them, I mention this circumstance to caution you against an expectation which you might otherwise have entertained, that labourers in this, as in the old Countries are always to be had: The case is otherwise, and besides the difficulty of getting them, their wages (unless you were to employ slaves) and these are not to be had but by the year (and not always then) are high.
For the reasons mentioned in my last letter, there is scarcely a doubt but that that three of my farms will be unengaged from hence untill the first of May; and if other Farmers were disposed to follow your fortunes, they might be accommodated also. Nor, as the farms are large, am I indisposed to a division of them into many smaller tenements if the measure would be more agreeable, and a plan could be adopted. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, December 17, 1797.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th. Ulto. has been duly received; but one cause or another has prevented the acknowledgment until now, when I thank you for the Presidents Speech which it enclosed, and your obliging offer to render me any services I might need, in Phila.
One reason why I did not sooner notice the offer of a Mr. Barker to pay you on my A/c $500 in behalf of Colonl Shreve, was my expectation that Mr. Ross, for whom I had deposited a letter in Colo. Pickerings hands, to remain there until his arrival, would have been in Philadelphia long 'ere this, and have settled all that business. If, however, it should have happened that Mr. Ross is yet absent, I would thank you for receiving and remitting me the $500 above mentioned; and further, as he has received more money on my account from Colonl Shreve, you would oblige me (if it be convenient for you to do so) to receive the whole amount there, and give me an order for the like sum in Alexandria.
It is time, now, to hear what the reception of our Envoys at Paris has been; and what their prospects are. It surely cannot be, that Fauchet and Adet are appointed by the Directory to negociate with them! If the fact however, be otherwise, it requires not the spirit of Divination to predict the Issue.
I cannot conclude without offering you my condolence, and I do it sincerely, on the death of your worthy, and much respected father. As it was an event however, which for sometime has been expected, you could not have been unprepared for the stroke; and amidst the affliction, you have the consolation to know that he died "full of years and honours" and regretted, by all who knew him. With best respects for Mrs. Wolcott, in which I am joined by Mrs. Washington and Nelly Custis, I am etc.67
[Note 67: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Mrs. James W.T. McCrea, of East Rockaway, Long Island, N.Y.]
Mount Vernon, December 18, 1797.
My Dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 26th. ulto. came safe in the usual course of the mail, and about a week ago Mrs. Forbes arrived; and from her appearance, and conduct hitherto, gives satisfaction to your aunt. Having, as she says, obtained ten dollars of you, to defray her expences to this place; I herein return them, with thanks for the aid it afforded to get her here. and as you may have paid for the copies of sundry papers taken from the Records of the General Court, let me know the amount, and it shall be remitted also.
About a month ago, a Mr. Woodward, living, according to his own account, at Greenbrier Courthouse, presented draughts (of which the enclosed are copies) from the Sheriff of Kanhawa for taxes of my land in, that County. As I was unacquainted with the Law imposing these; with the drawer; presenter of them; and certifier that Alderson was the Sheriff of that County, I did not incline to pay the amount without making further enquiry into the matter. Upon this he informed me that I might obtain the necessary information at the Treasury, or Auditor's Office in Richmond; to which the returns were made, and where the money might be, and often was, paid, instead of doing it to the Sheriff of the Back counties, by Non-residents. You would oblige me by making this enquiry, and if the taxes are correctly stated, and the amount of them can be paid with propriety in Richmond, to inform me thereof; and measures shall be taken as soon as I am in Cash, to discharge the same. The enclosed paper, after it has enabled you to make the necessary enquiry, may be returned to me again. The family here, join me in offering you and Mrs. Washington the compliments of the approaching festival and I am with much truth Your sincere friend and affectionate uncle.
Mount Vernon, January 2, 1798.
Sir: I am just informed by the President of the Potomac Company, that the application to the Maryland Assembly on be half of that Company, for aid to complete their works, has met with much delay, and even at this time, is uncertain in its event. A circumstance which I learn with no small regret.
Understanding also, from the same source, that some persons have expressed a doubt whether I still entertain the same favourable opinion of the importance of the Navigation of the Potomac that I formerly did. I take the liberty, Sir, (as you are at Annapolis) of troubling you with a repetion [ sic] of the opinion which I have invariably expressed, concerning the advantages of that undertaking; and you have my permission to communicate it whenever it may be necessary and proper, to obviate any doubts as mentioned above, or even otherwise promote the interest of the Company.
So far from being less sanguine than I formerly was, of the many and great advantages which will accrue from completing the navigation of the Potomack, I have every day additional reason for supporting my former opinion, and new proof of its advantages extending beyond the calculation of the most sanguine.
To the States of Virginia and Maryland it offers benefits too obvious to mention, and too numerous, to detail in a letter. To the United States, as well as to the two before Mentioned, it holds out the desireable advantage of perhaps the most direct and easiest communication between the Waters of the Atlantic States and the Western country. To the Stockholders, the completion of the work promises an ample increasing, and secure interest.
Under these impressions, it is astonishing to me, that, if the State can, conveniently spare the means, there should be wanting (unless the measure appears differently in the eyes of its Representatives) the disposition to complete this great and interesting work, especially too as the money already expended must be lost, without the addition of a comparatively small sum to finish the object; and especially also, as the few Individuals who at this time have the command of money find so many objects in which they can employ it to immediate advantage that they cannot be induced to come forward in aid, however flattering the future emoluments may be. Wishing you success. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, January 2, 1798.
Dear Sir: This letter will be presented to you by Mr. Elliot, the son of a meritorious Officer in the Revolutionary War. He has equitable (if not legal) claim to Land. I have advised him to shew you the nature of it. If it is within your power to serve him, I am sure you will. If not, you can advise him as to the course best to be taken. Always, and sincerely, I am etc.
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1798.
Dear Sir: A few days ago, Mr. Herbert handed me your letter of the 30th. Ulto. with the Papers to which it refers; and for the trouble you have lead in that business, I offer you, and General Posey also, when you have an opportunity of presenting them, my best thanks for the parts you have respectively acted therein.
Having perused the Papers attentively, and, fortunately, having by me, the original Patents which were granted to Doctr. Skinner, with the original surveys also, which were made for John Sanders, on which the Patents for 2000 and 3000 acres issued to the Doctor, I have been enabled to discover to my entire satisfaction, that I am not at all affected by Mr. Stephens's entry, Survey, or present claim.
It appears by the Surveys (two of them for 2000 Acres each, returned on the same sheet of paper, one dated the 20th and the other the 24th of Feby 1784) that the tract of 3000, and the lower survey of 2000 Acres on rough Creek (the two for which Doctr. Skinner obtained Patents, and is now held by me, in virtue of my purchase from Genl. Lee), are too remote from Mr. Stephens's Survey to be injured by it. How far his claim may affect the upper Survey made for Sanders of 2000 Acres, I know not; nor is it necessary for me to enquire having no interest therein.
But to place the matter in a more perspicuous point of view, I have, from the surveys above mentioned, laid the three tracts down in a connected form, by which it will appear at the first glance, that it is the upper tract only (to whom belonging I know not) which can come in contact with Mr. Stephens land: and as that Gentleman is unknown to me, and you have correspondents, or acquaintances in that Country, through any one or another of whom you could inform him of the real state of the case, I would thank you for giving him these explanations that neither he, nor I may be embarrassed hereafter in the disposition of our Lands.
I have not retd. the Papers which you sent me by Mr. Herbert; but if you should be of opinion that they will be useful in explaining matters more fully to Mr. Stephens, they can be sent to you by the first Post after notice thereof is given to me.
My best regards, in which those of Mrs. Washington and the family are united, are presented to Mrs. Spotswood and all with you, and I am etc.
(Confidential)
Mount Vernon, January 9, 1798.
Dear Sir: The attention which the Papers you transmitted, required I should give them, and the form which my land assumed by connecting the two tracts together, evinces most dearly, the necessity there is of my becoming possessed of Andrew Wodrows 300 Acre tract, which is surrounded thereby, if attainable.
If you can, therefore, be instrumental in making the purchase on my behalf, it would render me an acceptable favour. The price (but this under the rose) must not be regarded, unless in comparing it with that of the circumjacent lands, and other circumstances, it should appear enormous.
I could wish however (if an opportunity offers) that you would talk with, or write to, Major George Lewis on this subject; because, as he was authorised at least two years ago to make this purchase for me, there might be an interference, between your Agent and his, that might serve to enhance the price, and render the purchase more difficult.
If you recollect the width, and kind of Navigation at, and from these lands of mine to the Green River, and have heard how it is from thence to the Ohio, I would thank you for information respecting them: And if you know what sort of land lyes opposite to mine, on the North side of rough Creek; to whom it belongs, and at what price it probably could be bought; I would thank you for information on this head also. To add, by a line from D to G, all the land with in, would give shape, as well as quantity to my lands; and secure the entire Command of the Water, of the Above Creek, (if Wodrows land be purchased) for more than Six Miles. With very great esteem etc.71
[Note 71: From a photostat of the original in Cornell University Library.]
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 22d Ulto. came duly to hand. As Mr. Burwell is disinclined to part with his Cook, and Colo. Finnie's74, is too much incumbered with a family, I must make the best shift I can with those I have; and indeed, with a housekeeper that understands that business, I believe it is best that I should do so.
[Note 74: Col. William Finnie.]
As you kindly offered to become the purchaser of Corn for me, in case I should need any for my Distillery, I now request the favour of you to procure, and send me (not of the gourd seed kind) a Vessel load, say from five to twelve hundred bushels, so soon as all danger of the River, freezing, is over. I shall be enabled, I expect, to pay for the Corn on delivery; but a month or two after, would suit me better. I had rather the Vessel should have no Corn in it but mine; and I expect the price exclusive of freight, will not exceed fifteen shillings pt. barrel, and twelve and six pence would suit my finances much better. Let me hear, as soon as convenient, what is likely to be the result of this application. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1798.
Dear Sir: By leaving the enclosed letter to Mr. Kitt (who was my household Steward in Philadelphia) open for your perusal, it supercedes the necessity of my saying more on the subject than to beg your attention to and aid in the measure which is requested therein. Mr. Kitt lives, I believe, at the United States Bank, and if not, Mr. Wolcot, I am persuaded can inform you of the place of his residence.
Pray send a set of strings for Miss Custis's Harpsichord agreeably to the enclosed Memm. under cover to me by the first Post, and at the sametime inform me at what price good German and other Oznabrigs could be bought by the quantity. and that I may not, at any time over draw, or order goods please to let me know how my acct. stands with you. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, January 11, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 8th has been duly received, and I now write, more for the purpose of acknowledging the receipt of it, than from any sentiment I have to communicate relative to the Public buildings in the Federal City.
You are perfectly acquainted with my sentiments on that subject already, and if not, they may be comprised in a few words, thus: every effort should be made to obtain the means, and every exertion used (in the short time left) to accomplish the end, for which they are obtained. And, if they could be had without applying to Congress, I should prefer it; but, if this is impracticable (of which you are the best judges) then to do it; because there is no alternative, and because no event is more to be deprecated than the arrestation of the buildings, or a limping progress of them this year.
If the answer which the Commissioners expect from the President, should result in your journey to Philadelphia, I shall sincerely wish you all the success your assiduity in, and management of the business will entitle you to. If you should not go thither, or from Frederick if you do, I shall hope to see you in George Town at the meeting of the Stock holders of the Potomack Navigation, the 8th. of next month, by notification; for I think that business requires serious attention also, and perhaps amendment, or explanation of the licence to a subordinate, or other Company, to open the navigation of the River Shanondoah; having understood that the Resolution entered into at the last General meeting of the Potomack Company, relative to this matter, has not had the effect wch. was expected, or, that in [ sic] lingers at least. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, January 12, 1798.
Dear Sir: This letter will be presented to your Excellency by Mr. Lear, President of the Potomack Company, who waits on the Legislature to solicit the loan of a sum of money to enable the Stock holders to proceed with vigour, to the completion of an Enterprise so great, honourable and useful, as is that of laying open the shortest and easiest communication between the Atlantic States and the extensive Country westward of us, on the Waters of Ohio. A communication which will be found not less beneficial than honourable for the States of Virginia and Maryland to encourage.
Mr. Lear has other matters relative to the Falls &ca. to lay before that Honble. body, equally claiming its attention.
Such facility as your Excellency can, with propriety give to these important objects, will not, I persuaded myself, be wanting.
Permit me to introduce Mr. Lear to your notice and civilities, and to assure you of the respect and regard etc.
Mount Vernon, January 12, 1798.
Dear Sir: Permit me to request your care of the enclosed letter to Mr. Williams, our Consul at Hamburgh, in answer to a very polite and civil one informing me of the arrival of Genl. Lafayette and family at that place. Allow me also to ask the favour of you to send me Colo. Monroe's, and Mr. Fauchet's Pamphlets; and if you have leisure (not else) to let me know what the public sentiment respecting them, is. In one of these, or in some other way, I find by a writer in the Richmond Paper, a private letter of mine to Mr. Gouvr. Morris is given to the public. If given fairly, with the cause which produced it, I have no doubt of its operating against the measure it was intended to promote.
As Silver could not be transmitted in a letter, and I had no other small notes, I send two of the Bank of Columbia, to pay for the Pamphlets. Yours always.
Mount Vernon, January 15, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 28th of Decr. with a P.S. of the 7th. instr. was delivered to me the 12th by Mr. Lear, with ninety one dollars enclosed therein on A/c of Rent due from Mrs. Beall, together with a statement of the A/c against her by Mr. Veatch.
I ought also, though late, and indeed to my shame for the delay, to acknowledge that your obliging letter of the 26th of Decr. 1796 came safe to my hands; but at a time (during the busy scenes of Congress) when I had no leisure to attend to private business, and laying by for a more convenient moment it had escaped me altogether until a revision of some papers the other day brought it to light again.
Let me now; my good Sir, request the favour of you alone, or in conjunction with Mr. Veatch, to fix the value of the Tobo. due from Mr. Beall to me in money. In doing wch. permit me to assure you, that you cannot fail in giving me satisfaction, as I had rather you should under than over rate it in her case having no disposition to bear hard upon the Widow, but on the contrary to favor her.
It would much oblige me also if Mr. Veatch under your superintendance and concurrence would settle with all the Tenants up to the close of the last year (1797) and convert (if they have not the Tobacco to pay) the balances of Tobacco into cash at a reasonable rate, making an aggregate sum with other charges in money and reducing the same to specialties (with securities if necessary) that I may start anew from the commencement of the present year.
And as you and he are much better judges than I am, of what would be a reasonable cash rent for the Tenants respectively, to pay, I leave it to you also to file what each shall pay for the present year, and until altered (if just for both parties) after a few years have elapsed, and whatever you shall do in the premises I will abide by.
A settlement with, and a specialty from Mr. Jones should also be had. If he has paid all the Tobacco, and Cash which he has received on my A/c he can be at no loss I presume, to produce vouchers for the same and it is necessary that the account with him should be closed.
Mr. Veatch will keep the specialties in his own hands for collection furnishing me with a list thereof and their amount. His commission on these will be the same as if they were not reduced to specialties. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, January 19, 1798.
My dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 8th instant came to hand opportunely, as Mr. Augustus Woodward (in whose favour the Sheriff of Kanhawa had drawn for the taxes of my lands in that County) was here on his return from Philadelphia, and received the full amount of his draught.
I am perfectly at a loss to know what is meant by the Auditors, A/c as coming from "The Sheriff of Greenbrier who says he has returned a tract of land the property of Genl. George Washington Esqr, amounting to 15940 acres for non-payment of the Revenue tax due thereon, for the year 1789. The tax is. £35:17:3."
I neither do, or ever did, hold such a tract, and must request the favour of you to investigate this matter; and that you may be enabled to do it with accuracy, I enclose you a list of all the lands I hold in this State on the Western waters, with the dates of Patents; to whom granted, for what quantity, and in what counties they are supposed to lye at the time they were surveyed. By which you will perceive, first that I have no such tract in any county, and 2d. that no two or more of those, contained in the list, will make the exact quantity of 15940.
The Sheriff, in his draught on me in favour of A. Woodward, does not specify the quantity of Acres I hold on the Kanhawa; but the number of tracts only, on which the taxes are due for the years 1791, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 1796: and for 2 tracts only on the River Ohio, when there are three tracts on that river; This puts it out of my power to know whether I am justly dealt by, or not; and it would seem by some calculation and figures on a piece of paper (which I return that I am charged for more land than I ever held there.75 A small tract of 240 acres between the Representative of Genl. Andrew Lewis and myself, is there inserted also. Pray what is the state of that matter? No tax has ever been demanded of me, therefor, and it may, for ought I know to the contrary, be in jeopardy likewise. It contains the burning spring. Several matters relative to these lands want explanation, and you would oblige me by endeavouring to obtain it, and for this purpose, as it may assist I return all the Papers you sent me.
[Note 75: Washington inserted an asterisk (*) here and noted in the margin: "See under Kanawha land and remarks."]
By comparing them you will find that Sheriff Alderson charged taxes for the years 1791 a 1796, both inclusive, for four tracts on the Kanhawa and two on the Ohio: and that the Sheriff of Greenbrier returns 15940 for non-payment of the Revenue tax, for the year 1789. What becomes of the tax 1790 on all these lands; or was there any? Why return 15940 acres, and not the whole when all were under the same predicament? Why are two tracts on the Ohio charged, and the third not? except it should be in another Cry.76 The enclosed list contains those on the one, as well as the other River; and if (as I conceive ought to have been the case with the Sheriff, and I suppose is so at the Auditors Office) the number of Acres in each tract, and at what assessed had been inserted, these difficulties might have been removed without giving you the trouble I am about to do in examining the aforesaid Office; but as there is a cloud over the business; as I am as willing to comply with the Laws, as I receive justice in the execution of them. As I wish to have a full understanding of the case, of both, and shall not willingly, nor neglectedly, or knowingly put it in the power of any one to
[Note 76: The phrase after the interrogation mark is inserted in the margin by Washington.] deprive me of my property, through any failure on my part, I must beg the favour of you to obtain from the Auditor at your and his leisure, provided I put nothing to hazard by the delay, a complete statement of the taxes on all the land mentioned in the list I enclose; the small tract of 587 Acres I had almost forgot, though extremely valuable for its size. With sincere and Affectionate regard, etc.
P.S. Since writing the aforegoing letter, wch as you will readily perceive is done in much haste I find I was mistaken in saying none of the tracts united would make 15940 Acres, those of 10990, 2950 and 2000 do this. I send you $120 to pay the £35 17.3 and 7/. Tax for Lots, though I did not know that any thing was due on the latter. nor do I believe any tax has ever been paid on the 587 acre tract, or others before.
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 12th Instr. has been duly received; and an Order from the Treasury of the United States and the Collector of the Port of Alexandria for $1,961.30 has also been received; a receipt for which (for your satisfaction, or that of Colo. Shreve) is herein enclosed; with my acknowledgements, and thanks for your kindness in negociating this business for me. The delay, occasioned by the indisposition of Mrs. Ross, has been attended with no inconvenience to me; and on her happy recovery from it, I congratulate you, and her, sincerely.
Colo. Shreve's Bond being in your possession, it is not in my power to endorse the above payment of $1961.30 thereon: but Colo. Ritchie's, which I herewith enclose for the purpose of depositing the same in the Bank of Pennsylvania, (that the Instalments may be collected agreeably to the tenor thereof) has the payment which was made inserted on the back. By placing both Bonds in that Bank, and transmitting me its statement, you will add to the obligations you have already confered on me in this business. Having made an important contract (if the person with whom it is made can fulfil his part) for all the lands I hold On the Great Kanhawa; which are more than half I possess on the Western Waters; I have become less inclined than before, to lay the residue off into lots for the purpose of retailing them; conceiving, however advantageous it might prove in the end, my immediate purposes would not be answered thereby: while expence, trouble, and probable imposition unless a person of known integrity as well as activity could be engaged as an Agent, would be the inevitable result.
Could I dispose of the three tracts which I hold on the River Ohio (between the mouths of the little and Great Kanhawa, on the terms my lands on the latter are Let. and my other lands in the Northwestern territory, composed, on each side of the River, of three tracts, containing aggregately 9,157 Acres on the Ohio (exclusive of what is called the round bottom, of 587 acres) and 3,051 acres on the little Miami, not more than ten or a dozen miles from Cincinnati. I say, if I could get these lands off my hands on similar terms with those of the Kanhawa, my views would be completely answered. These, I shall take the liberty of mentioning to you (as it would seem you are frequently troubled with enquiries relative to my Western Lands) although I do not expect a like offer will be suggested to you in my behalf.
The four tracts of Land which I held on the Great Kanhawa, amount to 23,216 Acres: these I have leased for 30 years, at the expiration of which, by doubling the Rents, thence forward, they are engaged for 99 years more; for the first yr. (1798) the Rent is to be $5,000; for the 2d. $8,000 and thence to the completion of the 30 years, the Rent is to be equal to the interest of eight dollars an Acre, upon the aggregate quantity of 23,216 Acres; with the priviledge at the end of Six years from the commencement of the Lease (the 1st of the present month) to purchase the fee simple at the price of two hundred thousand dollars; paid in four years, $50,000 annually.
The Rents for the first six years are secured (besides the usual mode of Distress and recovery) by a Deed of trust, for a considerable landed property; to be sold for ready money if I should be inclined to resort to it for payment thereof; and the writings are so well drawn, I believe, as to save me against every contingent that can happen, except tying my hands against any other disposition of the lands untill the inability of the Lessee to perform the Covenants of the Lease, are clearly ascertained.
The person with whom this agreement is entered into, lives in the county adjoining the Land, is perfectly well acquainted with all the land; and seems to be morally certain of stocking it with tenants (which he is authorised to do) immediately. That he is a Speculator; I need not add; but he must be a fool as well as a Speculator, if he does not see his way tolerably clear to fulfil the bargain on his part. His mind (he acknowledges) is made up for loss in the outset, but he looks forward to ample compensation in the result. His grand object is apparent to me, without any confession thereof on his part; Knowing the quality, situation, and value of the Land; he wanted, but for lack of means, was unable to become, at this time, the purchaser in fee; and therefore he agreed to pay a Rent equivalent to the interest of what would have been the purchase money, had he taken the whole quantity, viz, eight dollars pt. acre. His interest (and all his exertions now) coincide with mine to plant the land with settlers; which, admitting he should be unable to comply with the contract in all its parts, will render the property more valuable on account of the improvements, to me.
I should not, my good Sir, have given you the trouble of all this detail respecting my concerns, at a time when I know your head and hands must be engaged in National matters of the utmost importance to our country, but from a consideration, if further enquiries should be made of you, of my intentions respecting the lands On the Ohio, between the Kanhawas, and of those No. Wt. of that River, that you may be enabled to say what I have done and am willing to do. For the round bottom alone an offer of eight dollars an Acre has been refused already. The quantity in this Survey, is less than in either of the others on that River, or on the Miami; but whether the quality of it is much, if any better, I am not sufficiently acquainted with them to pronounce.
If Mrs. Ross is with you in Philadelphia, I pray you to present me to her in respectful terms. And at all times be assured of the sincere esteem, and affectionate regard, etc.
Mount Vernon, January 25, 1798.
Dear Sir: The period for payment of the second Instalment of your Bond is past, and the first Instalment is only partially complied with. Mr. Simms note, endorsed by you for $1000, is protested at the Bank, where it was deposited for collection.
It, Cannot be more unpleasant for you to hear, than for me to remind you of these things, but it is necessary for me to do so, and to express a hope that some vigorous measures are in train to fulfil your engagement with me. My own want requires it. For depending upon this fund, and induced thereto by my manager's statement of the utility of the measure, I have encountered a considerable expence in building a large Distillery (at my Mill) providing Stills, &ca. &ca.; and shall be unable to carry it on without cash to purchase the Grain that is requisite for this purpose. Let me entreat you to believe, that at the time I entered into the contract with you for the property I held in the Dismal Swamp, I had no conception of such disappointments, and that it is a mode of dealing to which I am not accustomed.
If the purchase money for it, is to be paid in small driblets, instead of annual Instalments, the value of it will, in a manner, be lost to me: Yet as I must purchase Corn and Rye, or let my Distillery (now it is erected) stand idle, I will receive of either, and allow the Cash price for what you will deliver my landing, Or, if you think this is too indefinite, I will give the price pr. Barrel or Bushel that Mr. Burwell Bassett purchases for me at, being authorised to send me up a Vessel load. In short I am disposed to accomodate you in any reasonable manner I can, although nothing would answer my purposes like money, as the business would then be wholly in my own hands, and I should know my ground.
If you are able, and are inclined to furnish me with Corn, or Rye, or both, say with precision what quantity, and certainty by what time. And I pray you not to deceive me by erroneous calculations, either as to the quantity or time of delivery. If you have neither for sale, I beg to be informed thereof as soon as possible, as I must be supplied in some manner or another. With great regard etc.
Mount Vernon, January 26, 1798.
Dear Sir: The return of your brother Howel, affords me a direct and safe opportunity of enquiring whether any, and if any, what money you have of mine in your hands? What are your prospects of collecting the past years Rents, seasonably, and when I may look for the receipt of them?
I have been induced, by the experience and advice of my Manager, Mr. Anderson, to erect a large Distillery at my Mill; and have supplied it with five Stills, Boilers &ca. which, with the (Stone) House, has cost me a considerable Sum already, but I find these expenditures are but a small part of the advances I must make before I shall receive any return for them, having all my Grain yet to buy to carry on the business. To accomplish this, all my resources are needed, and I beg you to exert yourself in the collection of my Rents, and that you would let me know, upon the best data you can form an opinion, what dependence I may place on you; not only as to the amount of the sum, but also as to the period of its payment, that I may regulate matters accordingly.
As a Rental, according to former Instructions, should be annually exhibited, in order to show, not only what has been received, but the arrearages, if any at the sametime, in one view, that by a referrence thereto I can always see the state and condition of each tenement. I must now add, as a further Instruction, that all casualties, such as the exchanging of Tenants, Increase, or decrease of Rents, etc. etc., may be specifically noted at the foot of the Rental; Which is considered always as a kind of Record of the Collectors proceedings. Columns in which, for the size of the tenements, Sums paid, and the arrearages due, you know are necessary.
Mrs. W. and Nelly Custis unites in best wishes with Your etc.
[Note 86: Secretary of the Northwest Territory.]
Mount Vernon, January 27, 1798.
Dear Sir: A few days since a Mr. Josh. Massey said to be a Surveyor of the North Western Territory passed through Alexandria on his way to Philadelphia, and there said to a Gentleman, without assigning reasons or having them asked, that I should lose my lands on the little Miami in that Country.
Never having heard of any claim to it, or being able to conjecture on what ground it can be jeopardised, I take the liberty of troubling you with this address: requesting the favour of you as the land lyes in the vicinity of Cincinnati, to make enquiry into the matter and to inform me of the result.
I hold 3,051 acres in three seperate tracts, under a Military claim. the first containing 839 Acres was surveyed the 28th of Decr 1787. and lies within a mile of the River Ohio. the second is about seven miles up the little Miami and contains by the Survey thereof, made the 26th of May 1788 Nine hundred and 77 Acres, and the third about three miles higher up the Miami was Surveyed the day following i e. the 27th of May for 1235 Acres: And letters Patent were granted by the Commonwealth of Virginia under the hand and Seal of the then Governor, Beverly Randolph for the same bearing date all the first day of Decr. 1780. The number of the Warrants and on what occasion granted was recited in the Deeds: but I presume for the mere purpose of an enquiry it is unnecessary to be more particular at present, until I learn upon what ground my right is assailed, or at what tribunal I am to defend that Right; for until the Report (as coming from Massey) was made to me, I had no suspicion of being disturbed in the property.
Under persuasion that you will oblige me in this request, I shall make no apology for giving you the trouble to make the enquiry. but will pray for your Answer as soon as convenient. With great esteem etc.87
[Note 87: The press copy is badly faded and the text of this letter is checked by the "Letter Book" copy.]
[Note 88: Member of Congress from Massachusetts.]
Mount Vernon, January 27, 1798.
Sir: It is not long since the Papers herewith sent have been in my possession, altho' from the date they bear, one would be led to think otherwise.
If the statements are just, the case merits attention; and as Mr. Goodwin has mistaken the road by which the application (if redress can be afforded) is to be made, I have taken the liberty of transmitting them to you, on the supposition that he is a resident in the District you represent. I wish you an agreeable and harmonious Session, and am etc.
Mount Vernon, January 28, 1798.
Dear Sir: The letter, of which the enclosed is a copy, I had written to Colo. Sargant; but it having occurred to me since, that if my right to the Lands therein mentioned should be called in question, or any ungenerous advantage attempted to be taken from any defect, or informality in my title, of which, and the ground on which it is questioned I am entirely in the dark, that it must, in some shape or another come before you as Surveyor General of that Territory. Should this be the case, I not only crave the same favour of you that I have done of Colo. Sargent but pray that any interference with my right may be arrested until matters can be fully explained.
For the Right, purchased many years ago; for looking out the Land and making the locations; and for Surveying, and other incidental expences, I have already paid fully what was supposed to be the value of the land at the time I obtained it. It would be not a little hard, not to say unjust, to have it taken from me now, even admitting (which I do not, because I am not knowing to it) that there may have been some faupas in the proceedings on my behalf.
If you have heard, or should come to the knowledge of this attempt you would oblige me much by giving me information thereof, and on what plea I am to be disturbed in property of which I have possessed so many years. With very great esteem, etc.89
[Note 89: The original of this letter is in Marietta College, Ohio.]
Mount Vernon, January 28, 1798.
Dear Sir: Knowing that the War Office has an Agency in the Western Lands, I take the liberty of putting the enclosed letters to General Putnam and Colo. Sargent under cover to you, open. By doing so, it supercedes the necessity of a repetition of what is therein mentioned. Another reason for giving you this trouble, is, that if Mr. Massey is a Surveyor in the Northwestern Territory, it is highly probable that his business in Philadelphia is with your Office. In which case, let me pray you to obtain what information he can give, respecting the claim upon my land, and transmit the same to me; and to request, after sealing my letters to the Gentlemen above mentioned, that you would be so kind as to put them into the safest channel of conveyance, that is afforded from Philadelphia.
What means this calm, and apparent harmony in the Representative body?90 Is it because no collisive subject has come on? or does it proceed from a change of sentiment in the opposition
[Note 90: McHenry replied (February 1): "The calm in the house of Representatives has been lately interrupted by an attempt to trench upon the power of the President relative to foreign intercourse and more recently by one member spitting in the face of another. Whether this affair has more meaning than appears I cannot say but the spitter [Matthew] Leon [Lyon, of Vermont] is a great beast."] members? Are there no accounts yet from our Envoys? If not, to what is their silence attributed, when the News Papers are filled with accounts of them, as late as the middle of November from Paris; where they must have been at least six weeks?
What, as far as it can be guessed at, is the public sentiment relative to Monroe's voluminous work? which I have not yet seen, but have sent for it. And what of Fauchet's?91 Another elaborate work, I presume, will appear soon, from the late Commissioner of the Revenue;92 the cause of whose dismission has never (that I have seen) been hinted in the Gazettes.93
[Note 91: McHenry stated, in his letter of February 1: "Monroe's memoir has been little read and has made no converts to his party. He has I think sunk in the public opinion. Fauchet's publication has done no harm, and has been as little successful as Monroes." McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 92: Tench Coxe.]
[Note 93: President Adams had removed him from office in December, 1797.]
What has been, or is it supposed will be done by the house of Representatives in consequence of the extraordinary application which was made to them on that occasion, by the Ex-Commissioners.94
[Note 94: To France. McHenry's letter (February 1) stated: "Not one word direct from our commissioners."]
I have exhibited a long string of questions, but if you have not leisure, or if any of them are embarrassing, I require no answer to them. Mrs. Washington and Nelly Custis unite with me, in every good wish for Mrs. McHenry, yourself and family, and I am always, and Affectionately Yours.
Mount Vernon, January 29, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 16th. has been received, and the Music Strings95 came safe.
[Note 95: For Nelly Custis's harpsichord.]
If you conceive any advantage will result from a delay in the sale of the old Coach, until the Spring, it will be quite agreeable to me that it should be postponed. To avoid the accumalating expence of Ho. room, and the injury such articles sustain by lying, and often by neglect and tossing about was my inducement to the disposal of it now. But it rests with you to chuse the time.
If the Plateaux are not sold, nor a probability of getting nearly what they cost, say currency for Sterling, I request that they may be carefully packed up and sent to me, together with the two smallest of the large groups of Porcelain, and the twelve single images (Arts and Sciences) with which my Table, on Public days, was ornamented. The large group (Apollo instructing the Shepherds) and the two Vases, may be sold for what ever they will fetch. Great care, by a skilful hand, must be used in packing the Porclain, or all the delicate and finer parts will be broken off.
I have not yet heard (although it may have happened) of Ellwoods arrival at Alexandria. As Dobson's bill is not exhibited, I am unapprized of what is charged in it, or of what is coming from him. My wish was, and still is, to have the second copy of all the Volumes (as far as published, intended for my own use) of the Encyclopedia, to be neatly bound and sent to me, the last volume excepted, which he will retain to bind the remainder by (if more are yet to come) that all may be alike. If this is not the case, pray let it be so as soon as possible, and he shall receive the cost without delay.
I must again trouble you in forwarding the enclosed (after sealing) to Mr. Kitt, and will say now what I did not do on this subject in my former letter, and that is, that if you have any dereliction to the business, be frank in declarg. it.
Inclosed is a letter, and receipt of Doctr. Barton's96 for Sixty dollars which I pray you to receive, if you can, and place to my
[Note 96: Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton. He was professor of natural history and botany, University of Pennsylvania.] credit, but I inform you before hand, that you will never get a copper of it if it depends upon him alone. You will perceive by the letter, that the money borrowed, was, punctually, to be returned in a month. After waiting near, or quite a year, he was applied to, and then, I was, assuredly, to have it in two or three days; after as many months waking, without hearing a tittle from him applications were again made and the same answers have been received and so it went on until the Scenes of my Public life were closed and he was informed that I was desirous of adjusting all my pecuniary matters in Philadelphia before I left it when the most solemn assurance (without any intention I am persuaded to fulfil it) were given that the money should be instantly paid.
It is necessary for me to observe here that Doctr. Barton is an entire stranger to me. Never, to my knowledge, or recollection, did I ever exchange a word with him in my life, nor should I know if I was to see him. I did by him (supposing from his connections that he was a man of honour) as I had done by many others, although I found it not a little difficult to make all my receipts in addition to my compensation, keep pace with my expenditures, that is, to advance a little money (not on Usury) for immediate purposes.
It is not my wish (nor will I) for so trifling a sum, have my name called in a Court of Justice; but (and as his promises alone you may be assured will deceive you) I would suggest the expediency of your obtaining his note, with security, for payment of the nett sum of Sixty dollars, (and I want no more lest it should be conceived that interested motives induced the loan) and then, at the expiration of whatever credit is given, call upon that Security if the money is not punctually paid by Barton. This, if the latter has credit to obtain the former he cannot object to. With esteem etc.
PS. If you could send me samples of some of the best German Oznabrgs. with the prices marked thereon, by the Ell, it would enable me to decide, whether to purchase in Philadelphia or Alexandria. I may, probably, require a thousand Ells.
In some of the late Philadelphia Gazettes I have seen Advertised a number of Passengers from Hamburgh, who are to make their own contracts. Among these it is said their are Clerks in different languages. If one could be had who is competent in English; who is master of a fair hand in English character; and who has testimonials as to his sobriety, morals and general good character, such in short as would satisfy you, were you in want of such a Person, I should be glad to contract with him on as long terms as could be obtained, having a great deal of copying to do. And if a complete Country blacksmith, One who knows how to make Ploughs, and all other impliments for a farm would be acceptable also.
Mount Vernon, January 30, 1798.
My dear Bushrod: I had heard with much concern, before your letter of the 21st instant was received, of your illness; and congratulate you on your recovery. Be careful in guarding against a relapse, by taking cold.
I hope my letter of the 19th of this month got safe to your hands (by the Post); contained therein, were $120 to enable you to do the needful relative to the taxes of my Western Lands; accompanied by some statements which might assist in the investigation of that business.
As Genl. Lees Deed to me was not recorded in the time prescribed by Law; what, if it is thereby rendered invalid, is necessary to be done to Secure my right to the Land therein conveyed?
The family here, are all well, and unite in every good wish for your perfect recovery and in best regards for Mrs. Washington. With Your Affecte. Uncle.
Mount Vernon, February 6, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 20th and 27th. Ulto. have been duly received; and the Pamphlets, with Colo. Monroe's View, came safe.
If no direct opportunity to Alexandria should present itself soon, by which the works of Mr. Nancrede could be sent with convenience and without liability to damage, I would thank you for putting them (carefully wrapped up) into the hands of Colo. Biddle, who is the Agent employed by me for transacting the small matters I have to do in Philadelphia; and who, generally, sends such things as I require, by the Packets to Alexandria.
I am sensible of the honor done me by Mr. Nancrede97 in the dedication of this work to me, and for his politeness in sending it; and shall, as soon as I know on what terms the Studies of Nature are offered, make him my acknowledgement accordingly.
[Note 97: Paul Joseph Guérard de Nancrede, who published, in Boston in 1792, L'Abeille François.]
I have not had leisure, yet, to look into Monroe's View, nor to read more than the first numbers of Scipio although I have them to the 15th. inclusive. Postponing the latter until I had obtained the former.
Notwithstanding there existed no doubt in my mind that the charge exhibited against you in the Aurora was a malignant falsehood yet, satisfied as I am of the motive, and the end intended to be answered by the publication, I have read with much gratification your explicit disavowal of its application. But the more the views of those who are opposed to the measures of our Government are developed, the less surprised I am at the attempt and the means, cowardly, illiberal and assasin like, which are used to subvert it; and to destroy all confidence in those who are entrusted with the Administration thereof. Among these, is to be classed an assertion, in the Pamphlet written by Mr. Fauchet in these words "It is the general opinion that Mr. Talon came to Philadelphia on a confidential mission from the Pretender" to Genl. Washington. "He was admitted to a very particular audience with the President before the arrival of Mr. Genet at Philadelphia." What the general opinion0 of the French party might have been is not for me to say, but I pronounce the latter part of the quotation to be an impudent, a wicked, and groundless assertion; and accordingly authorise any and every person who chuses to be at the trouble of doing it, to contradict it in the most unqualified terms. With Mr. Talon I had no acquaintance. If he ever was in my company it must have been in the drawing room (or at what was called the Levies) on company days. Whether I ever exchanged a word with him during the time of his stay in this Country, is more than my memory at this time, is able to decide. If his arrival in it was posterior to the proscription, or cloud which hovered of [ sic] such characters, the probability is that he never did; be this however as it may; I will pledge myself that, I never, directly nor indirectly ever exchanged a word with him out of the public rooms, on public days, and on common place subjects. And if it could be adjudged expedient by you, and those with whom I usually conversed on subjects of this sort I would announce as much in the Gazettes; when it might not be amiss perhaps to let my whole letter to Mr. Gouvr. Morris, and his to me, to which it was an answer, appear also in order to do away the effect of another charge which extracts drawn from the former, was intended to make on the public mind, namely, a dereliction to France and the contrary to Great Britain. To produce a justification of one's conduct in matters of this sort wou'd be unpleasant, if it was unconnected with public concerns, I should treat the assaults to injure me with the contempt they deserve; but when it [illegible] becomes a matter of more magnitude and merits [illegible].
Mount Vernon, February 7, 1798.
My dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 1st instant came to hand by Saturdays Post, with the Auditors Receipts. If no bad consequences flow from the delay, in that Office, it is immaterial when I obtain the result of his investigation of the State of my taxes, on the Western Waters; but to prevent it, let me request you, to keep his enquires alive. The tract of 587 Acres lyes, I presume, in the County of Harrison; or if divided, in the part taken therefrom, below, on the River Ohio, lying about 15 miles below Wheeling. The other tract, on the Ohio, is situated3 or 4 Miles below the Mo. of little Kanhawa; and if not in the County bearing that name, must be in the one next above it. And the other missing tract, assuredly lyes in what is now called Kanhawa.
Yesterday, the enclosed came to my hand, and is forwarded without delay. I am exceedingly glad to hear that you are quite well. Accept, and present, our Affectionate regards etc.
Mount Vernon, February 7, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your two letters, both dated the 1st. instant, came to hand yesterday only. I thank you for giving me the perusal of their enclosures; and as I am upon the point of setting out to a meeting of the Stock holders of the Potomack Navigation, and may be from home two or three days, I return them without delay.
I had, it is true, entirely forgot my old Coach until reminded thereof by Mr. Small; upon which, I wrote to Colo. Biddle (who transacts all matters of that sort for me in Philadelphia) to sell it for whatever it would fetch, and took it for granted that all expences (as he had money of mine in his hands) had been paid. Let me entreat you, therefore, to direct Mr. Small to that source for payment.
As the Gout and Rheumatism are said to be cousin germans, it is no matter on which Acct. (I hope I may) congratulate you on a recovery from. Complimts. &ca. and I am always etc.
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1798.
Dear Sir: I am glad to find by your favour of the 1st. instant, from Eltham, that you had postponed entering into any contracts for Corn until you should hear from me, relatively to the advanced price of that article with you.
Since Corn has arisen to 15/. with you, I find I can purchase, and supply my Distillery with all it requires, on better terms here than to fetch it from below. When the freight, Insurance or risk are added to 15/. the cost of that article on York river, it will amount to 17/6 at least; when it is to be bought in Alexandria at 16, or 16/6 at most.
Under these circumstances I pray you to desist from buying, and to accept my thanks for the trouble I have already given you in this business. The family here are all well, and unite with best regards for you etc.
Mount Vernon, February 11, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 14th Ulto. and 6th. instr. have been duly received. The receipt of the first, would have met with an earlier acknowledgment, had I not waited for the coming of the latter, agreeably to your assurances of forwarding one, so soon as the documents could be obtained from the Records in Richmond.
The description which you have been at the trouble to give me in your former letters, of my lands on Rough Creek; the view of the country generally, contained in that of the 14th. Ulto; and the particular description of the Waters of Rough Creek and Green River; together with the bounteous provisions made by Providence to accommodate the Inhabitants of it, is clear, precise, and extremely satisfactory; and I fell myself much gratified, and obliged by the recital of them.
All the Papers transmitted in your letter of the 14th of January, are herewith returned, as they may be of use to you in the prosecution of the business, which you have kindly undertaken in my behalf, and can be of none to me, in the present stage of the business; nor ever, perhaps, if matters are amicably settled, and I should not become the purchaser of the tract formerly Wodrows.
From your account of the prices of Land on rough Creek, I should suppose that twenty shillings an Acre for Hite's 300 Acre tract (formerly Wodrows) would be considered a high price, especially as the whole, in a manner, is periodically flooded; to this extent I would go; having a little previous notice after the purchase is made to provide for the paymt. If the Land cannot be obtained at this price, Mr. Short might be requested as from yourself to ascertain the lowest sum Mr. Hite would take, and await the result of an answer, from me. Mr. Short is, I have no doubt, a Gentleman of character; but it will not escape you, that in treating with a neighbour, perhaps an intimate friend, he wd. feel no disposition to bring Mr. Hite to his lowest price, or ultimatum. But if he should make the purchase, one thing will be indispensably necessary, and that is, to see that Mr. Hite's title is clearly derived; for it does not appear from the Papers you sent me (which are returned) by what transfer, or process, Mr. Isaac Hite became the Grantee. The Record says, that Andrew Wodrow assigned the Survey of 300 acres to Isaac Hite, Abraham Hire junr., and Joseph Hite. and by another endorsement Andrew Hynes is introduced, as standing between the Hite's and the Grantee.
With respect to the other contemplated addition to my land on Rough Creek, I would not wish to proceed further, in the first instance, than to an enquiry whether all the Lands, to be included by a straight line, to be run from the upper corner of my 2000 Acre tract, at G in the connected plat, I sent you, to the lower corner on the Creek, of the 3000 acre tract, at D, could be had? At what price? and on what credit? If Mr. Field, at your request, would be so obliging as to ascertain these points, it would be rendering me an acceptable service; and my ulterior measures would be regulated thereby. As it is not an unusual thing for People to have their expectations raised, and to raise their prices accordingly, upon enquiry of this sort, it may not be amiss for him to understand, that my sole object is to shape my land, and to include the waters, having very little inclination to increase the quantity, and none for the purposes of speculation. If, therefore, the Proprietors of the lands, which would be included by such a line as is described above, should be induced to advance their price in consequence of these enquiries, they will deceive themselves, at the sametime that they defeat my object.
I pray you to keep an A/c of the cost, of obtaining copies of any Records in behalf, and to let me know the amount; as also of any other expences which may be incurred in the transaction of this business, and they shall be paid on demand, with thanks, and with pleasure: for though I give you trouble in it, I do not mean to load you with expence. I wish also to be informed whether the Postmaster in Fredericksburgh charges postage on my letters to you, or not, when they are Franked with my name.
We are all tolerably well, and unite with best regards to you, Mrs. Spotswood and the rest of the family. With very great Esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, February 11, 1798.
Miss Salley: I have received your letter of the 28th. of last month, and without enquiry at this time why you left Mr. Lewis's family or how you employ your time, I have requested him to furnish you with ten pounds to supply you with such necessaries as you may be in immediate want.
But as you have no fortune to support you, Industry, oeconomy, and a virtuous conduct are your surest resort, and best dependance. In every station of life, these are commendable. In the one in which it has pleased Providence to place you, it is indispensably necessary that they should mark all your footsteps. It is no disparagement to the first lady in the Land to be constantly employed, at some work or another; to you, it would prove, in addition to a chaste and unsullied reputation the surest means of attracting the notice of some man with whom your future fortune will be united in a Matrimonial bond and without which it would be in vain to expect a person of worth. I wish you well and am Your friend.
Mount Vernon, February 11, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 31st Ulto. came safe to hand, and the Deed therein enclosed, shall be executed in the manner, and in time, to obtain a certificate from the Clerk of this County at the Court next to be held for it, on the 19th. instant, and transmitted to you.
Enclosed is a letter for Sally Haynie, left open for your perusal before it is forwarded to her; with the contents of which, respecting the payment of ten pounds, I request you to comply; and charge the same to the A/c of your collection of my Rents.
With regard to my Land above Bath, I am really at a loss what direction to give concerning it. To have the valuable Walnut trees, with which it abounds, taken off, by a parcel of lawless intruders, is extremely disagreeable (if they can not be punished) on the one hand, and for the sake of obtaining a better Rent, to engage to take them off myself, within a given period, and that perhaps a short one, would be attended with great inconvenience, perhaps expence and loss, on the other. For unless I could get them to this place the cost of felling, preparing them for transportation, and attending them down the River would be a dead charge, and without the latter was done, that is to attend the logs down, I should not get one of them; of course all that preceeded would be lost. I see but two modes by which I can be benefitted by these Logs; one to let some person occupy the land without paying Rent, for the sole consideration of taking care of them. The other, if a good rent could be obtained, to oblige the Tenant to deliver them to me, noting the quantity of the trees, at a certain price, to be allowed out of the Rent. A third method indeed occurs, but it is one by which I should, apparently, get little for them, namely, to sell them on the spot: and yet, ultimately, if they would sell there for near their value, it might be the most productive mode of the three.
Under this dilemma, make the best investigation of the subject you can, and act as shall seem most conducive to my interest. I am not inclined to give a lease for more than Seven years, and if the tenant is permitted to kill the Walnuts by girdling the trees, I do not believe that the Crops would sustain much injury by their standing. They would season in this manner, and a few years hence, when the Navigation of the River is in a more improved state might be brought down with more ease and safety. Perhaps, upon the whole, this may be found the most eligable Plan.
We are all tolerably well at this time and unite in offering our best wishes for you, Mrs. Lewis and the family. With sincere friendship, and Affectionate regard, etc.
Mount Vernon, February 12, 1798.
Dear Sir: For the mere purpose of acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 2d. instant,98 covering a receipt from the Bank of Pennsylvania for the Bonds of Colonels Shreve and Ritchie, deposited therein for Collection, is this letter written.
[Note 98: Ross had written: "The legislature is much divided, and the parties in it, as much embittered against each other, as it is possible to conceive. The more our danger encreases, the factious, discontented spirit seems to become bolder, and to assume a more desperate [ sic] attitude. One party or the other must obtain a decisive Victory before the Machine of Government can move with efficacy. The sooner this is decided the better, At present the House of Represts. is engaged in a deep, learned discussion of a knotty question. Whether Spitting in the face of a Member while attending his duty in the house is an insult or not. Those who know the house best seem to think that the ruffian who was guilty of this rudeness, will be protected by his party." Ross's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I will add however, while the Pen is in my hand, that with you, I think it is vain to expect any change in the sentiments, or political conduct of those who are, in every form it can be tried, opposing the measures of the Government, and endeavouring to sap the foundation of the Constitution. A little time now, must decide what their ulterior movements will be, as they have brought matters to a crisis. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, February 16, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 13th instant was received yesterday, Previous thereto, a young man of Hanover County, who writes a beautiful hand; said to be well acquainted with accounts; and can obtain good recommendations, has offered his services as a Clerk; but asking more than I am disposed to give, I had wrote him, that if he would fall to my mark, I would employ him in that line; and until I receive his answer, I am not enabled to say any thing definitively relatively to the Nephew of Mr. Davidson.
I may add however, that if my proposal is not acceded to (of which I shall be informed by the middle of next week) I would engage Mr. Davidson's Nephew as a Clerk, at the rate of $100 pr. Ann: provided he will Indent himself to me for three years, or (being as you say about 18 until he is of age; and provided also he has had a classical education or is capable of writing gramatically, and has some knowledge of accts. and Book keeping or could soon acquire it; and above all is sober and discreet, and of a good disposition.
It does not appear from your letter that Mr. Davidson has been apprised that, whoever comes to me as a Clerk, will not set at my Table. It is necessary that he should be previously informed of this, the one I have written to is acquainted therewith, and does not expect it. The person whosoever he may be, will eat as I do, but at a second table with the Housekeeper, who is a decent and respectable woman. He will have a bed room over the Office, where he will write (the one at present used by Mr. Anderson) and will be very comfortably fixed, having his washing, as well as bed and board found him. These things are mentioned before hand, that matters may be clearly understood.
If they are agreeable and Mr. Davidson or his Nephew will intimate as much, they shall hear further from me so soon as I receive the expected answer from Hanover; and if the Nephew possesses the qualifications I have enumerated, and will come bound, he will be accepted, if the other refuses my oiler. I wish to be informed in this matter without delay, and at the sametime to receive a specimen of the young man's writing. Mrs. Washington who is well unites with me in best wishes for yourself, Patcy and the Children, with etc.
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1798.
Dear Sir: In answer to your letter of yesterday's date, I request you would inform Mr. Sim's that I cannot with my own consent, and consistent with my own engagements, grant the time he asks for payment of the money due me, and which ought to have been paid weeks ago.
If my hold is not weakened by the Act, and he will give me unequivocal security (such I mean as you would be satisfied with) that the money with interest from the time it became due, and cost of protest &ca. at the Bank, shall be paid on, or before the first day of April next I will consent (although it may involve me in embarrassment) to wait until that then, for payment; beyond which I cannot extend it; and must request to be informed, and decidedly, whether he accedes to this, that my measures, if he does not, may be taken Accordingly. If he should to you as the mutual friend to both, I submit the Negociation. The former note is yet at the Bank. Mr. Sim will not forget, I trust, that his first application was for a few days only; and the forbearance has been upwards of six weeks. I stand, at this moment, engaged to pay for a quantity of Rye and Corn, and must buy more, or let my Distillery remain Idle, wch cannot, reasonably be expected. Yrs. etc.
[Note 99: Senator from North Carolina.
On February 22 Martha Washington wrote to Mrs. Robert Liston, wife of the British Minister. The draft of this, in the writing of Washington, is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, February 22, 1798.
Sir: The last Post brought me your favour of the 4th instant, accompanied by a Dramatic piece of Poetry. For both I thank you.
The latter I have read with pleasure; highly applauding the motives wch gave birth to it: for lamentable, and much to be regretted indeed it is, that in a crisis like the present, when all hearts should be united and at their Post, ready to rejoice at the good, or repel the evil which await us, that nothing but internal dissentions and political hostilities are to be found in the Councils of our common Country.
Although no longer an Actor on this Theatre myself, I cannot but view these things with deep concern. I have the honor etc.
I do not know what Road you usually travel to and from the Seat of Government, but if it be by the way of Alexandria I should always be glad to see you at this place of my retreat.
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1798.
My dear Sir: Mr. Rice called here in his way to Alexandria, and delivered me your letter of the 15th. instant.
Of the recent afflicting event,1 which was related therein, we had received previous accounts; and on that as on former occasions of a similar nature, sympathised sincerely in your sorrows. But these are the decrees of an Allwise Providence, against whose dictates the skill, or foresight of man can be of no avail; it is incumbent upon him therefore, to submit with as little repining as the sensibility of his nature will admit. This will have its course, but may be greatly ameliorated by philosophical reflection and resignation. As you have three children left, I trust they will be spared to you, and sincerely hope that in them you will find consolation and comfort.
[Note 1: Ford thinks this was the death of the second wife of William Augustine Washington, who was Mary, the daughter of Richard Henry Lee.]
Had your intimation of Mr. Ashton's2 wishes been announced to me about a fortnight ago, I would, gladly, have employed him in the character you have mentioned; provided his expectation of compensation had come within my means; which, in truth, are hardly able to support the heavy expences I am, in a manner, unavoidably run into, Finding it impracticable
[Note 2: Burdett Ashton. He married Ann Washington, the sister of William Augustine.] to use the exercise (on horseback) which my health, business and inclination requires, and, at the sametime to keep my Accounts, and perform all the writing which my late public occupations have been the means of involving me in, I resolved to employ a Clerk (if to be had on moderate wages) and accordingly, about twelve or fourteen days ago, engaged one who writes a very good hand, and said to understand Accounts and Book keeping, at $150 a year. What would have been Mr. Ashton's expectations I know not; beyond this sum, or $200 at most, I could not have gone: and if he would have been contented therewith, and the application had been made in time, I should have received him with pleasure, in preference to the person who is to come, and who I expect here about the middle of next month, if he fulfils his promise.
The reason which you assign for giving the rudiments of education to your sons at home is a weighty and conclusive one; but much will depend upon the qualifications, and fitness of the Preceptor you employ, to render it more or less beneficial. To a certain point, tuition under the eye of Parents, or Guardians of Youth, is much to be prefered; because, the presumption is, that the propensities and passions, will be watched with more solicitude and attention by them, than by their Tutors: but when the direction of these are unfolded, and can be counteracted by the discipline of Public Schools, and the precepts of the Professors. Especially too, when the judgment is beginning to form; when pride becomes a stimulus; and the knowledge of men, as well as of Books, are to be learnt; I should give the preference to a public Seminary.
I make use of no Barley in my Distillery (the operations of which are just commenced). Rye chiefly, and Indian Corn in a certain proportion, compose the materials from which the Whiskey is made. The former I buy at 4/6 for the latter I have not given more than 17/6, and latterly 17/. delivered at the Distillery. It has sold in Alexandria (in small quantities from the Waggons) at 16/. and 16/6. pr Barrl. but at what it goes now I am unable to inform you. So large a quantity as you have for sale may command a good price.
Is there any person in your neighbourhood in the practice of selling staves, proper for flour barrels? If so, be so good as to inform me, and at what price they could be delivered at my landing (at the Mill). Any letters for me, put into a Post Office meets a safe and ready passage but how to insure mine to you, you can best tell, and I wish to be informed.
Did you ever receive a letter from me transmitting the request of Sir Isaac Heard of the Heraldry Office in England respecting the Genealogy of our family? and my own desires to be furnished with the Inscriptions on the Tombs of our Ancestors on [illegible] Bridges Creek? Among your father's Papers, I thought it was likely, you might obtain some information on this head. From the coming over of John and Lawrence Washington brothers in the year 1657 I have been able to trace the descendents of the former; being the one from whom our family came; those of Lawrence, from whom the Chotanckers proceeded, I have not been able to give any correct account; and that is the Branch to which Sir Isaac Heard's enquiries particularly point, being tolerably well informed of the descendants from John. The enquiry is, in my opinion, of very little moment, but as Sir Isaac has interested himself in the matter and seems desirous of tracing the family from whence we are descended back, I wish to give him as correct information of it as I am able to procure.
I am very glad to hear that you enjoy tolerable good health at present, and that your children are perfectly well. It is unnecessary I hope to assure you, that at all times, when you can make it convenient, and the situation of your health will permit, that we shall be very happy to see you at this place. Where is Mrs. Washington of Bushfield? I hope She is well. I acknowledged the receipt of her latter to me by the Post, but whether it ever got to her hands or not, I am unable to say. Probably not, as you lye out of the Post Road, and they may not be in the habit of sending to the Post Offices. Poor lady! I fear she will soon have another afflictive trial of her resignation to the Divine Will, in the death of Mrs. Corbin Washington, who from the last accts. we have had of her, cannot remain long among us. This family unite in best wishes for you, and yours, And I am &c.
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1798.
Dear Sir: In the latter end of Jany. I acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 16th. of that month; writing you fully relative to several matters; on some of which (one in particular respecting the price of the best German Oznabgs.) I was in hopes I should have received an immediate answer to. Not having heard of the miscarriage of any Mail, I am at a loss to what cause to ascribe your silence; and yet, none appearing so likely, as a mishap of the letter, I forward a duplicate of it.
Ellwood arrived about the date of my last, and the articles sent by him were delivered in good order. By the first Vessel bound to Alexandria, I pray you to send me the several Articles mentioned in the enclosed list, addressed to the care of Colo. George Gilpin of that place. I am etc.
Sundries, to be sent from Philadelphia by Colo. Clement Biddle, for, and on A/c of George Washington; and addressed to Colo. Geo: Gilpin in Alexandria.
Mount Vernon, March 1, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th. Ulto. was received yesterday. For the information it has given I thank you; although it is not of the most pleasing sort, some parts of it indeed has surprised me not a little, but neither the surprise or the cause of it, shall be communicated to any other.
My sentiments relatively to the memorial you are already possessed of, and therefore I shall add nothing more on that Subject, than the expression of a fear, that the disgraceful topic which has so long occupied the time and oratory of the House of Representatives3 will contribute nothing to the favorable reception and issue of it.
[Note 3: Representative Matthew Lyon's attack or, Representative Roger Griswold.]
If time should hang a little heavy on your hands, while the memorial is pending in Congress the appropriation of an hour or two of it now and then, not only to inform me of the progress of that business but as a calm observer (and in confidence if you choose it) to give me your opinion of matters as they pass before you in review; for misrepresentation and party feuds have arisen to such a height, as to distort truth and to become portentous of the most serious consequences. Where or when they will terminate, or whether they can end at any point short of confusion and anarchy is now in my opinion more problematical than ever.
I had until lately entertained a hope, that the continued depredations which are committed on our Commerce, the Pacific measures, which have invariably been pursued to obtain redress, and to convince the French of our earnest wish to remain in Peace with them, and all the World; and the indignant treatment those efforts have met with, would have united all parties, and all descriptions of men (except those who wish to see the waters troubled) in a firm and temperate demand of Justice; or, in preparations for the worst: but the reverse seems more apparently than ever to be the case; and every thing that can be by the most unnatural construction is exhibited as a justification of the Conduct of France towards this Country, and in condemnation of the measures of the latter.
What seems to be the prevalent Opinion of Colo. Monroe's "View of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States?" I do not mean the Opinion of either party; but (if such are to be found) of the dispassionate, or at least of the moderate part of both. I will make no remarks on it myself inclining rather to hear the observation of others, which I would wish to hear with the most unreserved frankness. But I will not enlarge on this or any other subject at present but conclude with assuring you that with sentiments of very great esteem etc.4
[Note 4: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, March 3, 1798.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you on the 27th and 28th Ulto, your letter of the 22d. has been received. I should be glad to know, as soon as you are enabled to furnish me with the means of judging, whether it will be best to buy Oznabrigs, or Ticklenbergs in Alexandria, or to send to Philadelphia for them; and to know it, I shall await the result of your enquiries and information.
I have already left it to your own judgment, to fix a period for selling the old Coach; and repeat it. You will have perceived however, that the expences thereon are accumulating; whilst, in all probability, the Carriage is growing worse and worse in its appearance. The A/c wch. has been exhibited for keeping it (if the charge is not unusual) must be paid; to me it appears very high.
I prefer having the Encyclopedia (second set) bound in gilt calf; and I hope it will be done neatly: and when put into your hands and the A/c rendered to me, the money shall be immediately paid. The sooner I could receive them, the more agreeable it would be to me.
I have already employed a young man to come to me as a Clerk: but a blacksmith, if one of good appearance and character could be had as a redemptioner, it would suit me well, provided he was well acquainted with the construction of farming implements, Shoeing horses, &ca. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, March 4, 1798.
Sir: Your favour of the 9th Ult came duly to hand, and would have received an earlier acknowledgment had not causes of one kind or another intervened.
Always desirous of promoting works which are calculated for the use and benefit of mankind, and believing that the one you have in contemplation if well compiled, will contribute to this end, I readily become a Subscriber to it.
For the flattering terms in which you have been pleased to introduce the subject to me, I pray you to accept the thanks of Sir, etc.
Mount Vernon, March 4, 1798.
Dear Sir: Knowing nothing of Mr. John Parker (whose letter I enclose you); of his fitness for the work he contemplates; or the utility of it when done; except bringing all these matters into a connected view; which indeed might be useful. But knowing as I well do, that many men when they want money, and do not readily know how else to come at it, are too apt to set projects of this kind on foot, to obtain it; sometimes for the mere purpose of catching a penny, without meaning more than to get hold of the money; and oftentimes without abilities to execute their designs in useful undertakings, by which attempts more competent pens lye unimployed. I say, viewing things in this light, and presuming you have a better knowledge of what is stated in his letter than I can pretend to, of his views, and of the propriety of encouraging the proposed undertaking, I have taken the liberty of putting along with his letter, my answer, to be forwarded to him, or not as your judgment and from existing circumstances, you shall deem best. With truth and sincerity etc. Are our Commrs.6 Guilotined? or what else is the occasion of their Silence?
[Note 6: To France.]
Mount Vernon, March 5, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th Ulto. from George Town, enclosing Mr. Veatch's7 letter to you, and account of Rents due to me; got safe to my hands.
[Note 7: Hezekiah Veatch.]
It is not my wish, or request, that any of my tenants near Monocasy (who manifest a real disposition to discharge their Rents honestly) should be injured by distraining on their affects. All therefore that is incumbent on Mr. Veatch to do, in this case, is to keep an eye upon them, and not to suffer the means by which these Rents are to be discharged, to slip thro' his fingers; and to take care also, if they are not paid in the specific article stipulated, that is Tobacco, that he receives the value thereof in money at the price it actually sold, at the time it became due, and ought to have been paid. Of these matters you will please to inform Mr. Veatch, and with whatever else you and he may judge it expedient to do, in my behalf I shall be perfectly satisfied, and will abide the issue.
If Mr Lear has received the Bale. due from Mr. Jones,8 he has no doubt given me credit for it, and it will appear in his A/c when I come to settle it.
[Note 8: John Jones, of Cecil County, Md.]
I can only repeat to you, my thanks for the trouble you have taken in these concerns of mine, and add to them, assurances of being Dear Sir etc.
PS. At the moment I was going to close this letter for the Post Office, I was informed and heard with sincere regret, the death of your worthy brother, Colo. William Deakins, for whom when alive I had a high esteem and regard. On this melancholy occasion I offer you my heartfelt condolance.
Mount Vernon, March 5, 1798.
Sir: Your favour of the 10th Ult. accompanying the first Vol: of the continuation of Massachusetts history, came to my hands yesterday, and I delay not a moment to acknowledge the receipt of it, and to thank you for this fresh instance of your politeness; and for the sentiments you have been pleased to express for me.
From the accuracy of your pen, and the purity with which your former productions have been given to the Public, I entertain no doubt of the correctness and valuableness of the present work. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1798.
My dear Bushrod: As some time has elapsed since I heard from you, and something remained to be done by the Auditor of which you were to give me the result I have been apprehensive of a return of your fever and wish to hear of a perfect recovery of yourself and Mrs. Washington who we are informed has also been sick.
In one of my last letters to you, was enclosed a certified copy of the publication of the Chancery decree in the London Gazette relative to Colvills Affairs. Did it get safe to your hands? and in that, or another letter I asked what steps I ought to take to legalize Genl. Lee's Conveyance of Land to me, as the proof thereof was not in time? and whether the Postmaster in Richmond charged you with the Postage of my letters? To none of these have you made any response.
But the motive which has induced me to write to you, at this moment, will be found in the enclosed correspondences and with the observation and enquiry which follow, will explain the object of giving you the trouble of reading them.
Mr. Nicholas (who is a conspicuous performer in this business) is a Gentleman with whom I have no recollected acquaintance, and the political conduct of all those of the name, whom I do know, adds nothing to my esteem of them. He seems very desirous of drawing me into a correspondence on Party subjects; which of all others, is not the most pleasant; and even civil answers upon this topic to one of whose character I know nothing, might be imprudent.
Enquiring, upon the receipt of the first letter from Mr. Nicholas, who he was, I was answered, I think by Doctr. Stuart, that he was Clerk of Albemarle Court; was a respectable man; well disposed to the Government; and the reputed Author of a number of pieces under the signature of Americanus. Since that, he has doubted whether it was the person he had in view, or not; this circumstance, and Mr. Nicholas in his last letter speaking of you as his intimate friend, has induced me to give you the reading of all the letters; and to rest it with you, from a view of the subject, and the knowledge you possess of the character of Mr. Nicholas, to forward, or return to me, the letter herewith enclosed, to its address. It is left open for your perusal. If it goes on, seal and put it under another cover, or not, as you please. The other Inclosures will be returned to me of course.
Our love to Mrs. Washington and with sincere friendship &c.
(Private)
Mount Vernon, March 13, 1798.
Dear Sir: A few days ago I received the enclosed letter and Papers from Mr. Lear, but before I execute the Deed to the President of the Potomack Company alone, I wish to be informed from you (as one of the Directors) whether this would be agreeable to the letter of the Resolutions, on which the measure is founded, and if not strictly so, whether the Act of the President and Directors in this case had not better be made to be so. I shall not enlarge; but submit the matter to your reflection on the mode most secure, and satisfactory to those who place their Stock in this situation. I do not recollect precisely enough, the transactions on that occasion, to give a pointed opinion thereon; Nor do I know for the same reason what is to follow the Conveyance of the Stock to the President of the Company, intermediate between that Act, and the moneys getting into the hands of the Treasurer. This is a matter which claims the serious attention of All those to whom the business is entrusted, and in whom confidence is placed. A letter in answr. to this, with the Papers returned, lodged in the Post Office by thursday morning will come safe, and be in time. With great estm. etc.
Mount Vernon, March 19, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 11th instant has been received; and I shall depend upon receiving samples of the Oznabrigs and Ticklenbirgs, with the prices annexed, so soon as you are enabled to give them; as I can not much longer delay purchasing the quantity I want, and am now making partial purchases to supply immediate calls, and not on good terms.
By the first regular Packett from Philadelphia I shall expect to receive the Groceries, the Table Ornaments, and the Encyclopedia:: Let the latter be accompanied by Mr. Dobsons acct. of cost; and say what sum will be necessary, in addition to any balance which I may have in your hands, after paying for such articles as have been ordered and which I am about to request; and the money shall be immediately remitted.
In consequence of the opinion given by you of Mr. Savages15 Print16 (presuming it is his you allude to) I pray you to request
[Note 15: Edward Savage.]
[Note 16: Probably the prints from Savage's first portrait of Washington, which was painted in 1789 for Harvard University.] him to chuse four for me; and have them put into handsome, but not costly, gilt frames, with glasses (supposing them to be of a size to admit glasses) and send three of them to me; the other, Mrs. Washington (I believe) is under promise of presenting to Mrs. Green (now Mrs. Miller).17 This is the additional expence alluded to in the last Paragraph; and which I request may be paid as soon as presented to you.
[Note 17: Widow of Gen. Nathanael Greene, who married Phineas Miller.]
I am very sorry to hear of the Capture of the Ship New Jersey. Where, or how, or when, these violations will end, is not for me to say. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, March 25, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 10th and 14th Instant have been duly received, and for the information contained therein I feel grateful. Rarely going from home, I have nothing in the way of News to offer you in return.
It has always been my opinion, and so I have expressed it, that the Proprietors of the City of Washington (with some exceptions) are, by their jealousies, and the modes they pursue to promote their local interests, amongst its worst enemies. But if your present exertion to obtain a loan from Congress should succeed, of wch the prospect seems good, all doubts respecting the intentions of that Body, towards the permanent establishment of the Government, at that place, will be removed; Confidence will take place in every mind; and the Public buildings will be accompanied by private ones for the accommodation of its Members. My wishes, and my labours have always tended to the accomplishment of these points; the first is all I have left, to offer, and these shall be fervent. The principle which operated for fixing the sites for the two principal buildings, were well understood, and found necessary at the time to obtain the primary object; i e the ground, and means for either purpose: but it is always easy from an ignorant or partial view of a measure, to distort and place it in an unfavorable attitude. Nothing short of insanity can remove Congress from the Building intended for its sittings, to any other part of the City in the present progress of the Work. Where, or how the houses for the President and other public officers may be fixed, is, to me, as an individual, a matter of Moon-shine; but the reverse of the Presidents reason for placing the latter near the Capitol, was my motive for fixing them by the former. The daily intercourse which the Secretaries of the Departments must have, with the President, would render a distant situation extremely inconvenient to them; and not much less so would one be close to the Capitol; for it was the universal complaint of them all that while the Legislature was in Session they could do little or no business; so much were they interrupted by the individual visits of Members (in office hours) and by calls for Papers. Many of them have declared to me that they have been obliged, often, to go home and deny themselves, in order to transact the current business.
No person will congratulate you more sincerely than I shall, on the final success of your mission, if it answers yr. expectations; nor is there any one, who reprobates more than I do improper interferences of all sorts. As your perseverance, however, is likely to be accepted, and as this will open a view which promises a pleasing prospect, I hope you will suffer no difficulties, or differences, to divert you from your course; and that you will not quit the business until you see the Legislature seated in the Capitol of the United States.
The last Message from the President to the Houses of Congress has brought matters to an Issue, and how it will...18 to repeat with names,...could be fixed...that some Members of Congress...been selected...correspondence, with the. Directory of France and among other matters...advising that; or be received under...continued...If that report be true"What...would be too great...beast...owe their greatness to their Country....
[Note 18: The press copy is badly mutilated. The words indicated by leaders [...] are illegible. The "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers ends with the word "Issue."]
The conversation related in your last, will never be repeated by me nor any thing else which is related in confidence. With very great esteem etc.19
[Note 19: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, March 27, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favour of -- came safe, and in due time; for the information contained in it I thank you; your request was immediately complied with, as every one of a similar nature shall be.
A Report is circulated in Alexandria and its vicinity, transmitted, (it is said) in private letters from Philadelphia, that a correspondence has been discovered, or more properly, letters have been intercepted from some M--rs of C--g--ss to the D--ct--y of F--, of a treasonable nature. Containing, among other matters, advice not to receive our Envoys; on the contrary, to menace us with hostile appearances, and they might rely upon bringing the U. States to her feet. The name of one person has been mentioned to me.
Cruel must these reports be, if unfounded; and if well founded, what punishment can be too great for the Actors in so diabolical a Drama. The period is big with events, but what it will produce is beyond the reach of human ken. On this, as upon all other occasions, I hope the best. It has always been my belief that Providence has not led us so far in the path of Independence of one Nation, to throw us into the Arms of another. And that the machinations of those, who are attempting it, will sooner or later recoil upon their own heads. Heaven grant it may soon happen upon all those, whose conduct deserve it. With truth I am etc.
Mount Vernon, March 27, 1798.
Sir: A few days ago I was favored with the receipt of a letter from William Strickland Esqr. of York in England; which, as it was introductory of you, to me, I presume it must have passed through your hands.
It would have afforded me much pleasure if you had been the bearer of that letter; and if at any time, business or inclination should induce you to make a tour in this State (Virginia) I should be much gratified in seeing you at this retreat. and in conversing with you on the principles and practice of Husbandry, notwithstanding my thread is nearly spun, and my wish is to Lease out my Farms (containing from five hundred to 1200 Acres of Ploughable ground) before it is broken. I live within eight or nine miles (by land and water) of Alexandria. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1798.
Dear Sir: General Spotswood, in my behalf, has requested Mr. Short to purchase a small piece of land (from a Mr. Hite) adjoining one of the tracts I hold on Rough Creek, in the State of Kentucky; and wch, it is said, would add much to the value of mine.
Should this purchase take place, and a good and sufficient conveyance thereof be made, and duly executed to your satisfaction, I hereby authorise you to draw upon me in payment thereof, for any sum, not exceeding Three hundred pounds or One thousand Dollars, at Sixty days sight, and the Bill shall be punctually paid.
I have had no further draughts upon me for the non-resident tax upon the 5000 Acres of Land which I hold on the Rough Ck. of Green River, but shall be ready to pay at all times such Bills as may be presented for this purpose. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 23d. instant only got to hand last night, and whether this reply to it may reach you in time, is questionable.
Your suggestion I have adopted; and you will perceive by the enclosed letter to Colo. Marshall, left open for your perusal, sealing, and forwarding, that I have authorised that Gentleman in case Mr. Short should make the purchase from Mr. Hite, to draw upon me at Sixty days sight for any sum not exceeding Three hundred pounds, upon due execution of conveyance of the same to me.
Mrs. Washington will have an opportunity this day of informing Mr. Lewis of the recovery of his daughters health, as she proposes to call there. This family are all well, and unite with best regards to you and yours, with Dear Sir etc.
Mount Vernon, April 4, 1798.
Dr. Sir: Your favour of the 25th Ulto. with a piece of cloth of your own Manufacture, were presented to me a day or two ago, by Mr. Law.
For your polite attention to and kind recollection of me in sending the latter, I pray you to accept my best thanks, and an assurance of my wearing it with pleasure. The cloth is of an exceeding good texture, and well dyed; and I am persuaded will wear well; and let me add that no one will wish you greater success in the prosecution of your plan than I shall; for it has always been my opinion that the United States will be independent in name only until essential Arts and Manufacturies are so established in them, as to subserve our purposes in case of War, with any of those Nations on whom we rely for our supplies. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1798.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 23d. Ulto. addressed to the care of Mr. Edmd. Lee has been received, and I feel obliged by your endeavours to discover the genealogical descent from Lawrence Washington, the young brother of our Ancestor John; and for your enquiries after flour barrel Staves. If any material information should be obtained relatively to the first matter, I shall be obliged by the communication thereof.
At a crisis like the present, and enveloped as our foreign relations seem to be in clouds and darkness, it is not easy to decide on what to ask, or what to take, for the produce of our fields. By the last Accts. from Paris, our Commissioners to that Republic had not been received, nor was it likely they would be; and appearances, as far as it is to be infered from the Presidts. message to Congress on the 19th. Ulto, indicated nothing good, and afford no hope of redress for the injuries we have received from violated Treaties, and the arbitrary and unjust measures of the French Directory. Under these circumstances, and the present uncertain state of our political concerns, it would be hazardous to offer you any advice with respect to the disposal of your Corn: but was I in your place, I should, I believe, be more inclined to take the best price I could obtain now than wait for a better market sometime hence; and I should be more solicitous to secure the fulfilment of the contract than to enhance the price of the article if credit is given, and without giving it, the sale will be dull: such is the state of Mercantile transactions, occasioned by the outrageous spoliations it has sustained, and the consequent distresses of those who have suffered by them. Under this view of the subject, and upon these principles too, I have disposed of my flour: the only article I had for market.
In speaking of Corn, and knowing that you raise a quantity every year for sale, it has occurred to me to ask, if you would be inclined to contract for 500 barrels annually, for the term of five or Seven years, and at what price. My lands are not congenial with this Crop, and are much injured by the growth of it; having an under stratum of hard clay impervious to water, which penetrating that far and unable to descend lower, sweeps off the upper soil in the furrows, although the land is generally level, and runs it, in spite of all I can do to prevent it, into injurous and eye-sore gullies. Nothing but the indispensable use of this food for my negros (and indeed for Hogs) has restrained me from discontinuing the growth of it altogether, or in small well improved lots only, but the uncertainty of obtaining a given quantity, at stated periods of the year, and from a person on whose ability and punctuality I could confidently rely.
I am not insensible that the moment is unpropitious (after the unnatural high prices which grain of all kinds has borne, from the peculiar circumstances of the times) for the purchaser to fix a price that is to prevail for five or seven years; and I know of no mode, if to be ascertained at the time of delivery, or a designated period of the year by which the currt. price can be determined, that might not liable to objection, or subject to disputes.
Having, however, brought the matter fairly to your view, you may, after giving it a consideration, let me have your sentiments thereon. A contract with you, would put me upon a certainty of getting the Corn, and you upon a certainty of the money for it, on the terms to be stipulated in a written contract.
With best wishes for you and yours in which the family here unite I remain etc.44
[Note 44: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, April 8, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 25th. Ulto is before me, but I have not yet heard of the arrival of Captn. Tice, at Alexandria.
Not being able to wait any longer for Oznabrigs, I have made the purchase of what I stood in need of, in Alexandria, further enquiry therefore after this article and the price of it, may be discontinued by you, in Philadelphia, on my Account.
The Bills for the other articles, purchased by you, with the A/c currant, have been received. By the latter, a balance of $138.38 appears against me; but as interest on my Certificates became due the first of this month, and you will have the Coach and other things to sell, belonging to me, I have not remitted it.
About the middle of August, the term for which my present Miller is engaged, will expire; and it is not probable it will be renewed, as he is not, in the first place, though a pretty good Miller, the most industrious man in the world; and in the 2d. place, requires an increase of Wages.
His present wages, and allowance of Provisions are. $166 2/3 pr. ann, the first: the 2d. ample, but specified. A Cow is allowed to afford Milk, and wood is furnished and laid at his door; the house is comfortably large, and a Garden adjoining to it. In short I do not see that any convenience is wanting that a person in that line, can reasonably require.
The Mr. Lewis's, formerly, have aided me in procuring Millers; perhaps they could recommend one now. Mr. Oliver Evans is much in that line, to him I have wrote, as he is acquainted with my Mill, having fixed some of her Works, and understanding that he lives in Philada. I leave the letter open for your perusal before delivery, wishing you to converse with him as well as the Mr. Lewis's on the subject of it, and inform me of the result. My enquiries, as you will perceive, go no further at present than to discover a fit character, who would be willing to engage on the terms here mentioned, and could be hereby the middle of Augt. With esteem, etc.
[H.S.P.]
[Note 52: Senator from Maryland.]
Mount Vernon, April 15, 1798.
Sir: For your kindness in forwarding a copy of the dispatches from our Envoys in France to the Government here, I pray you to accept my best thanks.
What a scene of corruption and profligacy has these Communications disclosed in the Directors of a People with whom the United States have endeavoured to Treat upon fair, just and honorable ground!
If they should be attended with the effect of "Speedily uniting our fellow-Citizens in a firm determination to support our Government, and preserve our Independence" as you seem to expect, it wd. indeed be cause for much congratulation and no one would rejoice more at such an event than I should--But--I wish it may be so. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, April 15, 1798.
Sir: The papers which you were pleased to transmit to me from Baltimore are, agreeably to your request, returned.
Not perceiving what has been your object in addressing such sentiments as your letter of the 4th instant contain, and not being conscious of having merited the reprehension you have judged it expedient to inflict on me, I shall not give you the trouble of reading an answer in detail.53
[Note 53: Fevot signed himself as "Lawyer at the Sovereign Council of Berne." His grievance was that he had come to America as a political refugee, because of a book titled "Answer to all the questions that might be asked relating to the United States of America," which assured travelers that "The most generous hospitality is shewn to Strangers," and had encountered very different treatment. He complained, too, of Washington's coolness toward him at Mount Vernon. Fevot's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
I cannot forbear observing however, that as it is not usual with me to treat any Gentleman with incivility, or even with indifference (especially under my own roof) I am unable to recollect any part of my behaviour which could give rise to such mis-conceptions of my motives.
As to the deceptions which may have been occasioned by the quotation in your letter, I shall only remark that I had no agency in the fabrication of it, or of anything similar thereto; that it is to be regretted, that we should have Land-jobbers and other Speculators among us, who, to promote their interested views will publish such accounts, and that foreigners should be imposed upon by them. I am &c.
Mount Vernon, April 16, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your obliging favour of the 11th. instant, enclosing copies of the Instructions to, and Dispatches from the Envoys of the United States at Paris, was received with thankfulness, by the last Post.
One would think that the measure of infamy was filled, and the profligacy of, and corruption in the system pursued by the French Directory, required no further disclosure of the principles by which it is actuated than what is contained in the above Dispatches, to open the eyes of the blindest; and yet, I am persuaded, that those communications will produce no change in the leaders of the opposition; unless there should appear, manifest desertion of their followers. There is a sufficient evidence already, in the Aurora, of the turn they intend to give the business, and of the ground they mean to occupy; but I do not believe they will be able to maintain that, or any other much longer. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, April 22, 1798.
Sir: In answer to the enquiry contained in your letter of the 18th instant, respecting the issue of the suit which had been brought against Thomson Mason, I am sorry to inform you that I can say nothing which would be explicit, or satisfactory.
It is near 20 years since I had any Agency in the concerns of the deceased Mrs. Savage. My Public occupations, and long absences from this State, threw the whole of that business on the Revd. Mr. Fairfax; from whom alone you will be able to get the information Mr. Dixon has asked. And very unsatisfactory I fear it will prove, as Doctr Savage while living, and his followers since, have had recourse to all the chicane and subterfuge which could be practiced, to wrong the above Lady and defraud her creditors; of whom I am one, for money lent her. I am etc.
P.S. It is possible Colo. Simms can give you some information respecting this business as I believe he was employed as an Attorney to prosecute in behalf of the trustees.
Mount Vernon, April 22, 1798.
My dear Bushrod: Enclosed are Deeds from me to General Lee, and from him to me. They were copied from his original Deed to me, without my previous examination of it, supposing (I understood it was drawn by Mr. Charles Lee) that it was correct in all its parts. When we were about to execute the New ones I found that his title to the old one was not recited; whether this is essential to the conveyance I know not, as the Lands are accurately described and he has, as he says, Doctr. Skinners conveyance to him wch. he will send me. The Patents from the Commonwealth to Skinner I have. If the Deeds enclosed are valid please to have them recorded, if not return them with your observations. I hope they are good wishing to have no more trouble with them. Yours Affectionately.
Mount Vernon, April 25, 1798.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 9th. Ulto, but am not enabled to answer it satisfactorily. The burthen of obtaining the Grants for 200,000 acres of land under Governor Dinwiddie's Proclamation of 1754, and indeed the greater part of the expence attending this business, from the first move that was made therein until the issuing of the Patents, were thrown upon me, nor has the latter been re-embursed to this day.
It was with great difficulty after Peace was established in the year 1763, that I could obtain a recognition of the above proclamation; and then, instead of assigning a district, and permitting every Claimant to locate his own quantum therein, we were compelled to take the whole quantity in twenty Surveys; or rather not allowed to exceed that number. This it was that occasioned so many names to be jumbled together in the same Patent and has caused the difficulties which have since occurred to the Patentees, to obtain their respective quantities. The same happened to myself; but rather than be at the trouble and expence of dividing with others, I bought, and exchanged, until I got entire tracts to myself.
After the Patents were granted and the Land thereby secured, I concerned myself no further with any part thereof except my own, than to give the notice you have alluded to; and am altogether ignorant of the measures the Patantees have taken to ascertain their proportions; consequently can afford you no satisfactory information on the subject of your enquiry. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, May 6, 1798.
Dear Sir: Permit me to give you the trouble of the enclosed letter to Mr. Horry, in acknowledgment of one I received from him at Baltimore. I do this on the uncertainty of its finding him in Philadelphia, and because, in his letter to me, he did not say whether he should return to Charleston by Land or Water.
I am sorry to find by the Gazettes that you have had but indifferent health since your arrival at Philadelphia. When you return, but when will that be? I hope you will not forget that this place is very little out of your direct route, and that halting days are essential in long marches.
Mrs. Washington &ca. unite with me in best respects to Mrs. Pinckney and yourself, and I am etc.
Mount Vernon, May 6, 1798.
Dear Sir: Amongst the variety of matters which have come before Congress for the purpose of preparation, in the dernier resort; in short as a salutary measure at all times, and under all circumstances; Arsenals and Cannon Founderies, have occupied its attention.
This leads me to ask what steps have been taken relative to the site for one at the Mouth of the Shanondoah? I will pledge myself that there is not a spot in the United States wch. combines more, or greater requisites for these, than that does; considered either as a place of immense strength against, and inaccessible by an enemy; although open to inland navigation in all directions, as well crosswise as to the Shipping Port at the Federal City, and water transportation to the Western Country; for its centrality among Furnices and Forges. for its inexhaustible supply of Water, having the whole River of Shanondoah as a resourse, and for the populous and plentiful country in which it lyes.
I do not suppose that a place of this importance, and which has already cost the United States several thousand dollars (to be possessed of the ground) has passed unnoticed; but not having heard it mentioned in the progress of the discussions, or that any thing has been done on the premises since the purchase of it under the former Act, has induced this enquiry; which you will answer, or not, as it suits your convenience, not doubting but that you have matters of more importance to attend to than the solution of my question.
The Demo's seem to be lifting up their heads again, according to Mr. Bache. They were a little crest fallen; or one might say, thunder stricken, on the publication of the Dispatches from our Envoys; but the contents of them are now resolved into harmless chit-chat and trifles, less than was, or ought to have been expected from the misconduct of the Administration; that it is better to submit to such chastisement than to hazard greater evils by futile resentment. So much for a little consultation among them. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, May 6, 1798.
Sir: A Post or two ago favoured me with a note from you dated the 23d. Ulto, accompanying your answr. to Paine's letter, addressed to me.
For the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express for me in both, I feel grateful; and pray you to accept this acknowledgment of the sense I entertain of them.
Until the Gazettes announced your arrival in Philadelphia I was unacquainted with your route from Baltimore. Should your return to Charleston be by land, I shall be happy in seeing you at this place; about nine miles from Alexandria and but little out of the Post Road. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, May 7, 1798.
Dear Sir: After you left this on friday last, Mr. Lewis put into my hands your letter without a date.
It is unnecessary I hope, to assure you that your generous offers of a lot near the Seat of Congress, and of five thousand dollars on loan to commence a building in the City, were received with grateful sensibility, and thanks; at the sametime, let me entreat you not to consider as a slight, my declining to accept the advantages of either.
Already, I have more lots in the City than I shall be able to improve; and I have no disposition to speculate in them. To prevent jealousy, while the concerns of the Government were under my guidance, and suspicion that I had a greater predeliction to one part of the City than to another, I purchased four lots at each end of it; valuable in my estimation for different purposes; those on the Eastern branch on account of Commerce, which I always did, and still do think, will center there; the other as a site for a private Gentleman to live at.
It has always been my intention to build on the latter, whensoever the means were within my reach; hitherto they have not; and as it has been a maxim with me from early life, never to undertake anything without perceiving a door to the accomplishment, in a reasonable time and with my own resources, the measure has been delayed, rather unexpectedly.
My Estate (though it might sell, on credit, for a tolerable sum) has been, and probably will continue to be, far from a productive one: and it has so happened, that the proceeds of Landed and other Sales from it, hitherto, have been appropriated in a great measure to the expences my late situation obliged me, in a manner, to encounter; and I might add, in another way also which was neither expected or desired, but became necessary from causes which it would be useless to mention.
The buildings which I have erected and yet find occasion to erect on my Mount Vernon Estate (and which may, by some, be considered as no indication of the want of money) have required very little advance of that article, being done almost wholly within myself: far otherwise would be the case with undertakings of a similar kind in the City, where workmen's wages and every material (although they may have fallen from what they have been) would come very high.
We shall always have pleasure in visiting Mrs. Law and you, in New Jersey Avenue; and if Mrs. Washington keeps well, we will, after Nelly Custis returns give you a Sample of it. We unite in Affectionate regards for you both, and for the Child, and I am etc.55
[Note 55: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, May 8, 1798.
Dear Sir: The Notes undermentioned you will please to deposit in the Bank of Alexandria; and when the contents of them are received, to carry the same to the credit of Dear Sir Your etc.
(*)Mr. Wilson has a demand upon me for about 400 Bushels of Salt, for the amt. of which he shall receive a Check on the Bank so soon as the precise sum is ascertained by Go: W.
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1798.
Sir: Your favour of the 26th. of Novr. last, introductory of Mr. Miles Smith; I have had the pleasure to receive; but not that of seeing the Gentleman himself. I have, however, expressed in a letter to him, the gratification this would afford me, if business or inclination should induce him to visit the State of Virginia.
The chief object of giving you the trouble of receiving this Address, at this time, is to introduce to your civilities my good friend and neighbour, the Revd. Bryan Fairfax; who is, though he has not taken the title, Baron of Cameron since the death of the late Lord, Robert Fairfax.
Bad health, and the recommendation of Sea Air, have induced this Gentleman to make a Voyage to England, whether he will travel in it, or not, depends, I presume, upon the state of the former. but if he should visit Yorkshire, I can, from a long and intimate acquaintance with him, say that he will be found worthy of your attentions. With very great esteem, etc.
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1798.
Sir: The motive which I assigned in my letter of the 6th. of Novr. (a copy of which, with others, is herewith enclosed) for transmitting you a duplicate of a long, private letter of the 11th. Decemr. 1796, having encreased for my not having yet received an acknowledgment of it; and having undoubted information that the Vessel by which the duplicate was sent has been taken by a Frh. Privateer, the masters of whom pay little respect to private letters; or any thing else indeed which they lay their hands on; has induced me (for the reasons assigned in the aforesaid letter of the 6th. of November) to forward a triplicate thereof. And as few of our Vessels escape their search, I send copies, as mentioned above, of all the letters I have had the honor of writing to you since that epoch, by my neighbour and friend, the Reverend Bryan Fairfax, who, though he has not taken the title, is the legitimate Baron of Cameron, and father of Ferdinando Fairfax, to whom, as you are informed in my letter of the 11th. of December, the Estate of Belvoir now belongs by devise from his Uncle, the Honble. George William Fairfax deceased.
A long continuance of bad health and a desire to try the effect of Sea Air are the principal, perhaps only, motives which have induced my neighbour to undertake a Voyage to England. He possesses as good a heart and as pure intentions as any man living, as such, I have no scruple in recommending him to your acquaintance and civilities. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1798.
Sir: Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance and civilities my good friend and neighbour the Reverand Bryan Fairfax who is, though he has not taken upon himself the title, the Baron of Cameron.
Ill health, and advice that Sea Air might be a mean of restoring his health, have induced him to take a Voyage to England. The integrity of his heart and benevolence of his mind, need only to be known to procure him esteem, and as I can vouch for these I shall introduce him to you as a Gentleman worthy of your attention. I have the honor etc.57
[Note 57: Introductory letters, similar in substance, were also written, May 15, to Rufus King and the Earl of Buchan. Press copies of these are in the Washington Papers.]
[Note 58: Widow of George William Fairfax.]
Mount Vernon, May 16, 1798.
My dear Madam: Five and twenty years, nearly, have passed away since I have considered myself as the permanent resident at this place; or have been in a situation to endulge myself in a familiar intercourse with my friends, by letter or otherwise.
During this period, so many important events have occurred, and such changes in men and things have taken place, as the compass of a letter would give you but an inadequate idea of. None of which events, however, nor all of them together, have been able to eradicate from my mind, the recollection of those happy moments, the happiest in my life, which I have enjoyed in your company.59
[Note 59: Cf. Washington's letter to George William Fairfax, Feb. 27, 1785 (vol. 28), ante.]
Worn out in a manner by the toils of my past labour, I am again seated under my Vine and Fig tree, and wish I could add that, there are none to make us affraid; but those whom we have been accustomed to call our good friends and Allies, are endeavouring, if not to make us affraid, yet to despoil us of our property; and are provoking us to Acts of self-defence, which may lead to War. What will be the result of such measures, time, that faithful expositor of all things, must disclose. My wish is, to spend the remainder of my days (which cannot be many) in rural amusements; free from those cares [from] which public responsibility is never exempt.
Before the War, and even while it existed, altho' I was eight years from home at one stretch, (except the en passant visits made to it on my March to and from the Siege of Yorktown) I made considerable additions to my dwelling house, and alterations in my Offices, and Gardens; but the dilapidation occasioned by time, and those neglects which are coextensive with the absence of Proprietors, have occupied as much of my time, within the last twelve months in repairing them, as at any former period in the same space. and it is matter of sore regret, when I cast my eyes towards Belvoir, which I often do, to reflect that the former Inhabitants of it, with whom we lived in such harmony and friendship, no longer reside there; and that the rums can only be viewed as the memento of former pleasures; and permit me to add, that I have wondered often, (your nearest relations being in this Country), that you should not prefer spending the evening of your life among them rather than close the sublunary Scene in a foreign Country, numerous as your acquaintances may be, and sincere, as the friendships you may have formed.
A Century hence, if this Country keeps united (and it is surely its policy and Interest to do so) will produce a City, though not as large as London, yet of a magnitude inferior to few others in Europe, on the Banks of the Potomack; where one is now establishing for the permanent Seat of the Government of the United States (between Alexandria and Georgetown, on the Maryland side of the River). A situation not excelled for commanding prospect, good water, salubrious air, and safe harbour by any in the world; and where elegant buildings are erecting and in forwardness, for the reception of Congress in the year 1800.
Alexandria, within the last seven years, (since the establishment of the General Government) has increased in buildings, in population, in the improvement of its Streets by well executed pavements, and in the extension of its Wharves, in a manner, of which you can have very little idea. This shew of prosperity, you will readily [conceive, is owing to its commerce,] the extension of that trade is occasioned in [a great degree] by opening of the Inland navigation of the Potomack River; now cleared to Fort Cumberland, upwards of 200 miles, and by a similar attempt to accomplish the like [up the Shenandoah,] 150 miles more. In a word, if this Country can steer clear of European politics, stand firm on its [bottom], and be wise and temperate in its government, [it bids fair to be one of the greatest and happiest nations in the world.]
Knowing that Mrs. Washington is about to give you an account of the changes wch have happened in the neighbourhood and in our own family [I shall not trouble] you with a repetition of them;...60 receive accurate information...from particular friends, from...and having only one...miles...I have not been as far as Occoquan these seven years;...from hoping it. Be that as it may,...and under all circumstances, I shall...be...61
[Note 60: The press copy was poorly made. Words indicated by leaders [...] axe illegible.]
[Note 61: The draft of thus letter from Martha Washington is in the writing of Washington. It is dated May 17, 1798, and is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Ford's edition of Washington's Writings.]
Mount Vernon, May 27, 1798.
My dear Sir: Yesterday, brought me your Letter of the 19th. instant.65 You may be assured, that my Mind is deeply impressed with the present situation of our public affairs, and not a little agitated by the outrageous conduct of France towards the United States; and at the enemical conduct of its partisans among ourselves, who aid and abet their measures: You may believe further, from assurances equally sincere, that if there was anything in my power, which could be done with consistency to avert, or lessen the danger of the Crisis, it should be rendered with hand and heart.
[Note 65: Hamilton's letter was removed from the Washington Papers by John C. Hamilton and placed in the Hamilton Papers, which are now in the Library of Congress. Parts of it state: "In the event of an open rupture with France, the public voice will again call you to command the armies of your Country." He further suggested "a circuit through Virginia and North Carolina under some pretence of health &c. This would call forth addresses public dinners &c. which would give you an opportunity of expressing sentiments in Answering Toasts &c. which would throw the weight of your character into the scale of Government and revive an enthusiasm for your person that may be turned into the right channel."]
The expedient however, which has been suggested by you, would not in my opinion, answer the end which is proposed. The object of such a tour could not be vailed by the ostensible cover to be given to it; because it would not apply to the state of my health, which never was better: and as the measure would be susceptible of two interpretations, the enemies to it, always more active and industrious than friends, would endeavour, as much as in them lay, to turn it to their own advantage, by malicious insinuations; unless they should discover that the current against themselves was setting too strong, and of too serious a nature for them to stem; in which case the journey would be unnecessary, and in either case, the reception might not be such as you have supposed.
But, my dear Sir, dark as matters appear at present, and expedient as it is to be prepared at all points, for the worst that can happen; (and no one is more disposed to this measure than I am), I cannot make up my mind, yet, for the expectation of open War; or, in other words, for a formidable Invasion, by France. I cannot believe, although I think them capable of any thing bad, that they will attempt to do more than they have done; that when they perceive the spirit, and policy of this country rising into resistance; and that they have falsely calculated upon support from a large part of the People thereof, to promote their views and influence in it, that they will desist, even from those practices; Unless unexpected events in Europe, and their possession of Louisiana and the Floridas, should induce them to continue the measure. And I believe further, that although the leaders of their party, in this country, will not change their sentiments, that they will be obliged nevertheless to change their plan, or the mode of carrying it on; from the effervescence which is appearing in all quarters, and the desertion of their followers, which must frown them into silence. at least for a while.
If I did not view things in this light, my mind would be infinitely more disquieted than it is; for if a crisis should arrive when a sense of duty, or a call from my Country, should become so imperious as to leave me no choice, I should prepare for the relinquishment, and go with as much reluctance from my present peaceful abode, as I should do to the tombs of my Ancestors.
To say at this time, determinately, what I should do under such circumstances, might be improper, having once before departed from a similar resolution; but I may declare to you, that as there is no conviction in my breast that I could serve my country with more efficiency in the command of the Armies, it might Levy, than many others, an expression of its wish that I should do so, must somehow or other be unequivocally known, to satisfy my mind that, notwithstanding the respect in which I may be held on account of former services, that a preference might not be given to a man more in his prime. And it may well be supposed too, that I should like, previously, to know who would be my coadjutors, and whether you would be disposed to take an active part, if Arms are to be resorted to.66
[Note 66: Hamilton replied (June 2): "I have no scruple about opening myself to you on this point. If I am invited to a station in which the service I may render may be proportioned to the sacrifice I am to make; I shall be willing to go into the army. If you command, the place in which I should hope to be most useful is that of Inspector General with a command in the line." Hamilton's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Before this letter can get to your hands, you will have seen the Resolutions and proposed address from Citizens of Charleston, in South Carolina. Their proceedings will, I am persuaded, give the ton to other parts of that State. Two or three very good Addresses have already appeared from No. Carolina; one with the Signature of a late Governor thereof, Spaight. All the upper most populous and hardy yeomanry of this State, have come, and are coming forward, with strong Addresses to the Executive and assurances of Support. The Address from Norfolk (I do not mean the impertinent one from Magnien's Grenadier Company) is a good one. The middle counties of this State, with two or three exceptions, have hitherto been silent; they want leaders; but I shall be much mistaken if a large majority of them do not forsake, if they have heretofore been with, those who have pretended to speak their Sentiments. As to the Resolutions which were entered into at Fredericksburgh, it is only necessary to point to the Manager of them; and add, that the meeting was partial.
From Georgia no development of the public sentiment has made its appearance; but I have learnt from a very intelligent Gentleman just returned from thence, where he has been sometime for the benefit of his health; travelling, going and returning, slowly, and making considerable halts, that the people of that State, as also those of South and North Carolina, seem to be actuated by one spirit, and that, a very friendly one to the General Government. I have likewise heard, that the present Governor of the first (Georgia) professes to be strongly attached to it. These disclosures, with what may yet be expected, will, I conceive, give a different impression of the sentiments of our people to the Directory of France, than what they have been taught to believe; while it must serve to abash the partizans of it for their wicked, and presumptive information.
Your free communication on these political topics, is so far from needing an apology, that I shall be much gratified, and thankful to you, for the continuation of them; and I would wish you to believe, that with great truth and sincerity, I am always Your Affectionate friend, &c.
Mount Vernon, May 27, 1798.
Sir: An absence for more than eight days from home (on a visit to our friends in the Federal City) is offered as an apology for my not giving your polite, and obliging favour of the 9th. instant, an earlier acknowledgment.
I pray you now, my good Sir, to accept my best thanks for the Pamphlet and Song,67 which accompanied it; and still more, for the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express, in my behalf. To expect that all men should think alike upon political, more than on Religious, or other subjects, would be to look for a change in the order of nature; but at so dangerous a crisis as the present, when every thing dear to Independence
[Note 67: "Hail Columbia."] is at stake, the well disposed part of them might, one would think, act more alike; Opposition therefore to the major will, and to that self respect which is due to the National character, cannot but seem strange!
But I will unite with you in a fervent wish, and hope, that greater unanimity than heretofore, will prevail; for enough, I think we have seen, to remove the mist entirely; and that, the young men of the present day will not suffer the liberty for which their fore fathers fought, bled, and died, and obtained, [to] be lost by them; either by supineness, or divisions among themselves, disgraceful to the Country. I am, &c.
Mount Vernon, May 28,68 1798.
[Note 68: Sparks and Ford date this letter May 30.]
Dear Sir: The present dangerous crisis of public affairs, makes me anxious to know the sentiments of our citizens in different parts of this Commonwealth;69 and no one hag. a better opportunity to form an opinion of the central part thereof, than yourself. this will be my apology for giving you the trouble of a letter at this time.
[Note 69: Virginia.]
Several Counties above the Blue ridge have come forward with warm addresses, and strong professions of support. From Norfolk two meetings, one good the other bad, have their proceedings detailed in the Gazettes. Meetings have taken place in a few of the middle Counties, with unpromising results; and an invitation was given for one, in Davis's Paper of the 15th to be held in Richmond, but I have heard nothing more concerning it. Let not any enquiries or gratifications of mine, interfere with your more important concerns; the devotion of a moment or two, of leisure, will suffice for Dear Sir &c.
Mount Vernon, May 28, 1798.
Dear Sir: Enclosed you will receive my Power of Attorney to sell the sum of three thousand four hundred and ninety four dollars and thirty one cents, Six pt. Cent stock of the United States, which stands in my name on the Books in Philadelphia, and also the certificates of sd Stock.
This stock is loaned by me for the use of the Potomack Company, and in the application thereof you will be pleased to follow the advice of Mr. William Hartshorne, of Alexandria, the Treasurer of that Company.
There will yet remain a small sum to be received quarterly on the 3 pr Ct. Stock; but that I may not at any time draw for more than you have funds to answer, I pray you to inform me, (after the Coach and Table ornaments are sold) how the A/c between us stands, that I may make my remittances accord with the draughts. With esteem etc.
[Note 74: U.S. District Judge in Pennsylvania.]
Mount Vernon, June 3, 1798.
Sir: I was favoured with your letter of the 17th. Ulto. by the last Post.
Not to have received the Instalment due to me on the Bond of the deceased Col. Ritchie (lodged in the Bank of Pennsylvania for collection) at the appointed period, is attended with considerable disappointment to me; and if it should not be paid (in whole) at the time mentioned in your Note the inconvenience will be sorely felt by me. To raise cash was the sole inducement to the Sale of my lands in Fayette and Washington Counties; and not to receive it, agreeably to contract, will defeat my object, and the expectation of others.
I pray you, Sir, to accept my thanks for the Pamphlet you had the goodness to send me, containing your remarks on Mr. Gallatin's Speech in the house of Representatives of the United States, on the foreign Intercourse Bill, and for the Gazette containing an Oration delivered in the Town of W--75 on the day recommended by the President to be observed as a General Fast.
[Note 75: Washington, Pa.]
Both of the productions I have read with equal attention and satisfaction; and although it has been justly observed in one of them, that to offer conviction to a person convinced before hand would be labour lost, yet, much good may, and I am persuaded will result, from the investigation of Political heresies, when the propagation of them is intended, evidently, to mislead the multitude; who, it is to be hoped, and as I verily believe, only require correct information to enable them to decide justly upon all National matters which are brought fairly, and properly before them; who, not like the Demagogues that attempt to impose upon their understandings, and are affraid to open their eyes, lest something should accost them, which might flash conviction, and embarrass them more in the prosecution of their system of opposition to the Wheels of Government which they have adopted, and at all events, it would seem, are determined to adhere to. With esteem I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1798.
Revd. Sir: I received with thankfulness your favour of the 30th. Ulto., enclosing the discourse delivered by you on the day recommended by the President of the United States to be observed as a general Fast. I have read them both with pleasure; and feel grateful for the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express in my behalf; but more especially for those good wishes which you offer for my temporal and eternal happiness; which I reciprocate with great cordiality, being with esteem and respect, Revd. Sir Your etc.
[H.L.]
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1798.
Madam: Strange as the relation of it may appear, it is not less true, that your letter of the 29th. of March did not get to my hands untill yesterday; at which time your other favour of the 28th. Ulto was also received; for they came by the same Mail.
The Books, which were reed. in very good order, and has been read with very great pleasure; came at the times, and in the manner you directed, and are entitled to my best thanks. This acknowledgment would have been made at an earlier period had I not waited expecting to be advised, to whom, or how I should make payment (having forgot the terms of the Subscription) and request now to be informed.
Had I received your favour of the 29th. of March with the first set of the Gleaner, I should, however I might have been indebted to your goodness for an excuse, have reproached myself severely for any delay in the acknowledgment of it, and of those favourable sentiments which on all occasions that have occured, you have been pleased to express in behalf of Madam Your etc.
P.S. Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis are grateful for your kind remembrance of them and requests that their compliments may be presented to you in acceptable terms.
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 23d. Ulto. has been received.
Mr. Airess's draught on Mr. Russell (of Alexandria) has been presented and accepted, payable in ten days.
I am glad to hear of your good luck with the eloped tenant in Berkeley county; Recovery of the Tenement is of more importance than the security of the Rest. I am not disposed to lease it for more than seven years, and if you could let it for a shorter term, to a good tenant I should prefer it: but act from circumstances and your best judgment in the case. If there is any defect in the old leases they must, by this time, have become obvious to you, and will, of course, be amended; I recollect nothing that requires alteration, if the Covenants are complied with, and if the old ones are not, it is not probable New ones will.
I am sorry to hear the unpromising account of your Wheat. Mine is bad enough, but many degrees better than the description of that in your parts; nor do I perceive any fly, as yet, amongst it; but there is sufficient time between this and harvest for the entire destruction of it by that Insect. The drought could not have been more severe with you than it was here, until the 23d. ulto. Since which we have had (for my lands) a superabundance of Rain. If it had continued a few days longer we should have made neither Oats nor Hay, and our Pastures would have starved the cattle that had escaped the Winter. What effect it might have had on the Wheat I know not, but I never form an opinion of Corn until the month of August; nor dispair of making a tolerable crop of that grain unless a drought happens when it is shooting and filling, be the weather what it may before. All here unite in best regards for Mrs. Lewis and yourself, and I remain your etc.
Mount Vernon, June 13, 1798.
Dear Sir: I have received, and thank you, for your favour of the 6th. instant and its enclosure.
It is very consoling to perceive such expressions of the spirited feelings of the Yeomanry, and other description of the people of this Country as appears in the Addresses, going from all quarters, to the President of the United States, and to Congress; and it is peculiar pleasing to find that this Spirit pervades the western parts of the Atlantic States.
Much is it to be wished that, this unanimity might effect a change in the conduct, even if it should produce no conviction in the minds, of some of the leaders of opposition.
What are the Sentiments of the People of Kentucky? Or has there been any reverberation yet? With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, June 15, 1798.
Revd. Sir: Your favour of the 29th Ulto. accompanying the Discourse delivered on the day recommended by the President of the U States to be observed for a Fast, was received in the usual course of the Mail, from Boston; and the copies therewith sent, were forwarded agreeably to your desire. My best wishes attend the prosecution of your American Biography, and (not recollecting whether the request was made before) I desire I may be considered as a Subscriber to the first Volume. To the Proposal which came under cover to me, I have fixed my name; and will lodge the Paper in the hands of a Gentleman in Alexandria for the convenience of those who may incline to become Subscribers thereto; and thereafter to return it to you.
My information relative to the family of Calvert, is more limited than the one detailed by you. I know little more of it than what is recited in the history of Virginia; but I will send a transcript of so much of your letter as relates to this subject, to a well informed Gentleman of my acquaintance in Maryland, Judge Chase, and give you the result.
I know of no other Histories of Virginia than those mentioned in your letter. But I recollect well, to have heard the late Richard Bland of Prince George Cty. say, before the Revolution, that he was either possessed of, or was collecting materials, and hoped to furnish a more correct history of it than any that was then extant. He was very competent to the undertaking, being a man of erudition and intelligence; long a member of the Councils of this State, and afterwards a member of the first Congresses that were held in Philadelphia: I cannot add however that he was the Author of the M. S78 transmitted to you by Carter B. Harrison. Colo. Bland, the person of whom I am speaking, has been dead more than twenty years. Bishop Madison, with whom you seem to be in the habit of corresponding, is as likely to give information on the point saught after by you, as any one person I am acquainted with. To the descendant of a Gentleman, (the Honble Richd Corbin, many years deceased) who it is said possessed some valuable notes relative to ancient transactions, and the actors of those times in this State, I will write; and if any thing worthy of notice is, obtained, you shall be furnished therewith.
[Note 78: Manuscript.]
If I can render you any service, in procuring materials for your valuable Biography, I shall feel pleasure in doing it. I hope both life and health will be dispensed to you by him, in whose hands all things are, until this and many others of your good works are completed. For the Discourse, which you were so obliging as to send me, and for the favourable sentiments with which it was accompanied, I pray you to accept the best thanks of Revd. Sir, &c.
Mount Vernon, June 17, 1798.
Dear Sir: I have heard with much pleasure, that you contemplate plate a visit to the City designated for the permanent Seat of Government of the U. States, in the course of the Summer, or early in Autumn.
It is unnecessary, I hope, for me in that event, to express the satisfaction it would give Mrs. Washington and me to see Mrs. Adams, yourself and Company in the shade of our Vine and Fig tree; but I shall request that while you remain in these parts, that your would make Mount Vernon your Head Quarters. It is but about 17 Miles by land, and less by water from the Federal City; and only half that distance from Alexandria, which is on the direct rout between them.
I pray you to believe that, no one has read the various approbatory Addresses, which have been presented to you, with more heart-felt satisfaction than I have done; nor are there any who more sincerely wish that your Administration of the Government may be easy, happy, and honorable to yourself, and prosperous for the Country.
Present, if you please, the best respects of Mrs. Washington, Miss Custis and myself to mrs. Adams and Miss Smith, accept them yourself, and be assured of the high esteem and regard, with which I have the honor &c.
Mount Vernon, June 17, 1798.
Dear Sir: A letter of which the enclosed is an extract, has lately been received by me from the Reverend Mr. Belknap (of New Hampshire) who is writing an American Biography.
As Mr. Belknap is a man of character and abilities, writes well, and seems anxious to be correct in what he gives to the World, he merits encouragement; and Aid from those who have it in their power to afford it. If I was able to solve the queries contained no knowledge of the family of Calvert, further than is recited in the history of Virginia, and believing that no person is better able to give the particulrs. of it than you are, must be my apology for troubling with this Address: to which let me add assurances of being, Dear Sir, Your etc.79
[Note 79: From the press copy in the Washington Papers. The original is in the possession of Mrs. Theodore Vogel, of Washington, D. C.]
Mount Vernon, June 17, 1798.
Gentlemen: Unaccountable as it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that the Address with which you were pleased to honor me, dated the 12th. of April, never came to my hands until the 14th. Instant.
To promote Literature in this rising Empire, and to encourage the Arts, have ever been amongst the warmest wishes of my heart. And if the donation which the generosity of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Virginia has enabled me to bestow on Liberty-Hall, now by your politeness called, Washington Academy, is likely to prove a mean to accomplish these ends, it will contribute to the gratification of my desires.
Sentiments like those which flowed from your Pen, excite my gratitude, whilst I offer my best vows for the prosperity of the Academy, and for the honor and happiness of those under whose auspices it is conducted.
Mount Vernon, June 17, 1798.
Sir: I have been favoured with your letter of the 3d. instt, and pray you to receive my thanks for your attention in chusing the Prints which you sent to Colo. Biddle, for my use. As Mrs. Washington also does for your politeness in presenting her one in colours. We are pleased to hear that the undertaking has succeeded so well. Colo. Biddle, I presume, has paid you for the first four; being so directed. Mrs. Washington offers her Compliments to you and Mrs. Savage, and I am etc.
Mount Vernon, June 17, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 9th. instant is received. I am sorry to find that the old Coach is likely to find so bad a Market. This was slipped by Mr. Dandridge, at the time I left Philadelphia. As the case now is, it will be better to break it up for the old Iron than keep it longer on expences. And if, after trying the Table Ornaments awhile longer, at a reduced price, they will not sell, I must give some further order respecting them.
After the Pictures from Mr. Savage are paid for, and such other exhibits as are against me, entered, let me know how our A/c stands, as I shall be unwilling, at all times, to call upon you faster than you have means to answer. In the meantime please to send me one gilt frame, for a Picture, of the following dimensions, viz, four feet by three feet, two Inches in the clear; allowing a rabit of an Inch, all round, to receive the Picture; and ¾ of an Inch deep for the same purpose. Let this frame cost a dollar a foot. What I mean by the clear is, that so much of the Canvas, or Picture is to be seen, and by the Rabit, that so much thereof is to be covered by the Frame.
When the Picture for Mrs. Miller (late Mrs. Green) is sent, be so good as to accompany it with Mrs. Washington's compliments. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, June 17, 1798.
Sir: A letter, of which the enclosed is an extract, has lately been received by me from the Revd. Mr. Belknap (of New Hampshire) who is writing an American Biography.
As Mr. Belknap is a man of character and abilities, writes, well, and seems anxious to be correct in what he gives to the Public, he merits encouragement; and aid from those who have it in their power to afford it.
Recollecting to have heard, many years ago, that your deceased father possessed many valuable notes of his father, relative to men and things in the early period of our history, I have conceived that it might be in your power to furnish Mr. Belknap with some useful information from that source; and it is the only apology I can make for giving you the trouble of receiving this Address from Sir, Your etc.
Mount Vernon, June 18, 1798.
Sir: The letter with which you were pleased to honor me, dated "City of Washington 14th. June" instt. was forwarded by Mr. Law, and received from the Post Office in Alexandria yesterday.
The pleasure this family derived from the favour of your Company in our retired Situation, could only be equalled by the regret we felt at parting with you; and by our wishes if you should again visit this part of the United States, that you would not pass the shades of Mount Vernon without participating in the refreshment of them.
That your country is not as happy as your struggle to make it so, was Patriotic and Noble, is a matter which all lovers of national Liberty and the Rights of Man, have sorely lamented: and if my Vows, during the arduous contest could have availed, you would now, have been as happy in the enjoyment of these desirable blessings under your own Vine and Fig Tree, as the People of these United States may be under theirs.
The flattering expressions of your letter, excites all my Sensibility, and in making a tender of the best wishes of Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis for your polite remembrance of them, I do not forget to pray, although I am persuaded, nothing can eradicate from a mind susceptible as yours is, the recollection of those misfortunes which have befallen your Country, that you may experience in this, such attentions, as may have a tendency to alleviate the poignancy of them.
With very great esteem etc.81
[Note 81: The letter sent is in the possession (1938) of Pierre Beres, of Paris, France.]
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1798.
Dear Sir: I am not disposed to withdraw your attention from more important matters; or to be troublesome in any degree; or to press my Correspondence upon you. But not having even heard whether my letter, of which the enclosed is taken from a Press copy ever reached your hands, I am induced to make the enquiry.
I wish also to know what has been done with a letter of mine, put under cover to you (early in March last) to be forwarded, or suppressed at your discretion, to a Mr. John Parker, who exhibited Proposals to the Public, for compiling a complete Edition of All the Journals of Congress from the earliest period of them down to the present day?82 With respect, I am etc.
[Note 82: McHenry answered (June 26): "With respect to Parker. I would have delivered him your letter, had I not learned, that he had connected himself with a Democrat printer, one Follwel, who conducts the work he had undertaken, I thought it best therefore, not to give a person the countenance of your name whose politics, according to my information intitled him to none." Later, in this same letter, he wrote: "Gerry has been playing the double politician, and besides a very foolish and hurtful game. He held conversations and consultations with Tallyrand, which he concealed for some time from his colleagues, or till they could no longer be concealed...he has been addressed today, in a manner which he will find it difficult to misconstrue, and which...will prevent him from doing further mischief, or longer sporting with the honour dignity and interests of his country....I think it probable that letters of Marque and reprisal will be shortly declared. You see how the storm thickens and that our vessel will soon require its antient pilot. Will you, may we flatter ourselves, that in a crises so awful and important you will accept the command of all our armies? I hope you will, because you alone, can unite all hearts and hands, if it is possible that they can be united." McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers.]
[N.Y.P.L.]
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 25th. Instant has been duly received, and I feel much obliged by your polite attentions to me.
I rejoiced to hear of General Marshall's arrival, and wish sincerely that he had been accompanied by his Colleagues, for I believe no Country will afford them better protection than their own. The stay of one of them,83 has a misterious appearance after having jointly declared, "that no one of them is authorised to take upon himself a Negociation evidently entrusted by the letter of the Powers and Instructions to the whole," and that too, after the invidious distinction was made by the minister of foreign Relations; which ought in my opinion, to have filled him with resentment, instead of complaisance.
[Note 83: Elbridge Gerry,]
I wonder the French Government has not more pride than to expose to the world such flimsy performances as the ministers of it exhibit by way of complaint and argument. But it is still more to be wondered at, that these charges, which have been refuted over and over again, should find men...84 The Editor of the Aurora...and bolder! Whence his support? How does the advocating French...account for the...the British?...
[Note 84: The press copy was poorly made. Words indicated by leaders [...] are illegible.]
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1798.
Dear Sir: You will perceive by the enclosed what manner I am disappointed in receiving the Rent for my house in Alexandria. These things put you, the payer and myself, in an aukward situation; for it must seem strange to demand what has been paid. I must therefore request, in explicit terms, that you will receive no more monies due to me; and I should be glad to have a statement of the A/c as it stands between us, since the last was rendered; it appearing by information from my Collector in Montgomery County, Maryland, that some part of my Rents there, had been paid to you since the period above mentioned.
I have not the smallest doubt of my being credited for every farthing you receive on my A/c; but that does not remedy the evil. With sincere esteem and regard, I am etc.
Mount Vernon, June 26, 1798.
Dear Sir: Mr. Anderson requesting that the boy who was going to the Post Office yesterday, might call and deliver a letter to you, from him, concerning flour. Availing myself of that conveyance, I sat down, and was in the act of writing the hasty lines you received from me by him, when I was summoned to dinner. In my hurry to close and Seal it, I omitted the enclosure then refered to, and which is now forwarded.
I can only repeat, what I mentioned yesterday, that I never had the most distant suspicion that every farthing that you had received, or might receive on my A/c, would be justly credited; but this will not supply my wants, and it would be uncandid and inconsistent with the frankness of friendship, not to declare that I have not approved, nor cannot approve, of having my money received and applied to uses not my own, without my consent; and even without advice of it; which, among other improprieties of the measure, involves the aukward, and pleasant consequences mentioned in my letter of yesterday.
You must be too well acquainted with the product of my Farms, and the expence I live at, to need information that my income, arising from them, would not meet my expenditures; and that, had it not been for monies arising from the Sale of Lands, my business must have stopped; or my embarrassments at this moment would have been great: and in this last resourse, I have met with disappointments; for of three, nay four, Instalments for different tracts of land, now, and sometimes since due, I see no likelihood of receiving a shilling.
I do not bring these facts to your view with intention of reminding you of your Debt to me. On the contrary, take your own time, and convenience, to pay it; but let the whole a/c be settled, that I may see, and know the precise statement of the Balance between us. With the greatest esteem and friendship, I remain etc.
Mount Vernon, June 26, 1798.
My dear Sir: If you could have foreseen the length of passage, to which your letter of the 23d. of April was destined, there would have been no occasion to have hurried yourself in writing it in order to receive a conveyance by the brother of Mr. Neale: for Saturday last was (and by the way of Richmond too,) the first of its appearance in my hands.
Knowing that Mr. Corbin Washington had arrived safe in Westmoreland, and presuming that he had delivered my letter to you; I was unable to account for your silence; as a letter, deposited in any of the Post Offices, would be certain of a conveye.
It would, I am certain, be very difficult to fix a price at this time, in a contract for Corn of seven years continuance, that might not bear hard upon one side or the other before the expiration thereof, and my only reasons for proposing of it (the chances being equal) was, that each party might know precisely what it had to trust to. I have no objection however to make the quantity, while both of us are alive, certain; that is, five hundred barrels; and leave the value to the Alexandria cash price at the moment of its delivery, to be ascertained by one, two or more respectable purchasers of that article in that place.
You will observe that I have marked the Cash price. the reason is obvious, for all others are vague and indefinite; because there are too many purchasers in that, as well as in other places who will engage to give anything on credit, and pay nothing; as I have, and you might have experienced, if your Agents had not been cautious men. and because I would contract to pay on the delivery of the Grain.
The times most convenient for me to receive it, would be in the months of Aprl. May and June; after the Vernal Equinox: and if there were intervals between the delivery of the respective loads of a fortnight, three weeks, or even a month it would be more accomodating than inconvenient to me.
If you accede to these proposals, I will contract for five hundred barrels annually; and if my Distillery goes on, to the contrary of which I know nothing, at present, it is more than probable I might take five hundred barrels more from you, yearly, which would give you a certain market and sure pay, at the Alexandria Cash price at the time of delivering each load; to be ascertained in the manner before mentioned; to do which there can be no difficulty as the Books of the purchasers will shew what it was on any day in the year. On credit this would be uncertain, because the man who means to pay punctually at the end of two, three, four or six months, will not go beyond a certain price; whereas another, who knows before hand that he shall not be punctual, or possibly, that he shall never pay, is not very scrupulous with regard to price.
If I should see Mr. Anderson (my Manager) before this letter is closed, I will enquire if he is in want of Corn for the Distillery and let you know. He (though I do not blame him) has made a bad hand in the purchase of that article, this year; having given Sixteen, and from that to 18/. in the Winter ready money when two dollers Cash cannot now be had for it at Norfolk. So Doctor Stuart informs me, who has received this advice from the Manager of Mr. Custis's Estate on York River, where there is a large quantity of it for Sale. The price of Corn in Alexandria, at this moment, I know not. Our best wishes attend you and family, and I am etc.85
[Note 85: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach. of New York City.]
Mount Vernon, June 27, 1798.
Sir: Accept my thanks for your favour of the 21st. Instant, and its enclosure. When the whole correspondence between our Envoys and the French Minister of Foreign Relations86 and his agents is brought into one view, and laid before the Public, it will be extremely interesting; and must, I conceive, carry conviction to every mind that is open to it, of what the French now are, and have been aiming at, from the beginning of their Revolution; or from an early period of it, at least. And will, at the sametime shew them, in what manner they have been imposed upon by those whose objects were not to be promoted by truth, or a clear understanding of matters.
[Note 86: In the so-called "X. Y. Z." affair.]
Genl. Marshall is so capable of making accurate observations, that I am persuaded his information may be relied on with certainty. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1798.
Dear Sir: I have given the enclosed as attentive a reading as the time allowed, and the letters I had to write by the Mail of this day, would permit.
The observations appear to me to be well founded. But as I have formed no decisive opinion or determination with respect to my own S--s.90 As there are blanks to be filled in the Address. And as there is a Reference to a work I have either never seen, or if seen have forgotten; I would request, under these circumstances, that the Dedication of your Work to me for which I feel sensible of the honor, may not be accompanied with the Words "by permission." With very great esteem etc.
[Note 90: Status.]
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1798.
Dear Sir: I have received your letter and A/c of the 2d. Instt. and presume it is all right. I wish however you had charged the Scow, and given credit for the articles had from Mr. Anderson, as it was my wish to have seen a complete State of it.
The thousand dollars lent, was not on usury; and therefore I desire it may be struck out of your A/c, as I shall do it out of mine, when it comes to be entered in my Ledger. I mean the Interest, which you have given me credit for $60. And it is not my desire, as I mentioned in my former letter, that you should put yourself to any inconvenience in paying the principal.
I have been so much engaged for the few days, past, that I have been unable to look into my accounts whatever; of course, I cannot now say what has been charged to me, as paid to you. I recollect however, that this was plead, when my Collector in Maryland was called upon for my Rents.
My Papers are yet in such a jumble, that I know not where, readily to look for your former A/c; but it dwells upon my Memory that in that, I was charged with £50 paid the Trustees of the Academy in Alexandra. if I am right in this, the Treasurer thereof, has received a years annuity more than the School is entitled to. Reference to your Books, if you have them by you, or to the A/c rendered to me when I come across it, will decide the matter at once. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, July 4, 1798.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 2d, which I received yesterday; I inform you that I am not indisposed to part with my small tract (587 Acres) fifteen miles below Wheeling on the Ohio: nor to receiving improved property in the Town of Alexandria in exchange for it; provided you will allow the value I set upon my land, and will take what indifferent and disinterested men shall say is the worth of yours.
I have refused eight dollars an Acre for the tract above mentioned and have held it at ten dollars. If you have ever been on it, a description thereof is unnecessary. If you have not I believe I may venture to pronounce it the most valuable tract, for its size, on that part of the River; being in the shape of a horse shoe; and all bottom of the richest quality, excepting high ground for buildings, &ca. I am etc.91
[Note 91: The original of the letter sent is in the possession of Paul Steinbrecker & Co., of Chicago, Ill.]
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1798.
Sir: I have been favoured with your obliging letter of the 24th. Ulto,92 explaining a matter which before the receipt of it, was to me, an enigma.
[Note 92: In the Washington Papers.]
A case to my Address was of course opened, when two elegant Prints appearing therein, unaccompanied with a letter, made me suspect that there must have been a mistake in the direction; and, under this impression, I was about to repack them; and should have done so, if I had known where, or to whom to have sent them.
Permit me now, my good Sir, to offer my grateful thanks, through you, to Mr. F. Philips your brother,93 for this instance
[Note 93: Francis Philips.] of his politeness to me, and to request the favour of you to make my apology to him for not having done so at an earlier period, for Pictures so much, and so deservedly admired.94
[Note 94: Philips states that his brother (Francis Philips) "felt himself so much obliged by your attention to him that he has sent out to me an etching and proof Print of a celebrated Painting by the late Mr. Wright of Derby in England, with a request that I would beg your acceptance of them in his name, which I now beg leave to do; the Print is called 'the Dead Soldier.'"]
Present me, I pray you, in terms most acceptable to Mrs. Philips, to which Please to add those of Mrs. Washington, and our joint respects and compliments to Mr. Chews family. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1798.
Dr. Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 2d. of July; and enclosed are the two Tobacco notes which were forwarded to me by you, and another which had been paid some time before to Mr. Lear. Nos. &ca. as below.95 and request the favour of you to dispose of them in safe hands, for what they will fetch. In this case giving 60 or 120 days credit will make but little difference with me; A promissory note being given for the amount. We are glad to hear you are all well. we are as usual, and I am etc.
[Note 95: The numbers and weights are entered at the end of this letter.]
Mount Vernon, July 10, 1798.
Sir: It is not more strange than true, that your letter of the 15th. of July 1797, was not received by me until the 28th. Ulto; accompanied with the original Surveys of the Counties of Clackmannan, Kinross and Sterling. The Packet appeared to have passed through the hands of Mr. King (our Minister) and to have been forwarded by a Mr. Frederick Lee in the Ship Adriana; but through what circuitous route, to be eleven months on its passage, is not easy to determine, as it came from the Post Office to me without explanation, but in very good order.
I perceive too, in looking over my file of unanswered letters, that I am indebted for your obliging favour of the 24th. of February: received since I had the honor to Address you on the 15th. of May by my neighbour and friend the Revd. Mr. Fairfax and that my thanks are, in a particular manner also due to the politeness of the Board of Agriculture for directing a compleat set of its Works to be neatly bound, and sent to me.
The manner in which the early Wheat (respecting which you enquire) came into this Country, is not ascertained. The history of it, so far as it has come to my knowledge, I will relate. A Farmer, walking in a field of Wheat when it was in bloom, discovered a plant or two, that was perfectly ripe, and carefully separating it from the rest, sowed it at the usual time the following Autumn. From this small beginning (abt. seven years ago) this State, and those adjoining, are well in Seed. The grain is white, full and heavy; weighing, generally, two or three pounds more in the bushel of Winchester measure. It makes excellent flour; and in tight loamy land inclining to Sand it is said to be more productive of grain, and less of Straw than Wheat in common. It is a tender plant, and apt to receive damage, both in the field and Garners. It will not, from report, bear transportation. Of a vessel load sent to Philadelphia for Seed, hardly any of it vegitated; and some farmers go so far as to declare, that they are obliged to spread what is intended for Seed, thin on their Barn floors and turn it frequently to prevent the injury above mentioned. From my own experience I can add but little, for as my land is heavy, stiff and slow, not much of it has been sown; but, from the growth of the present year, I send you a sack; that by experiment you may ascertain the utility of cultivating it in England. It is fit to harvest three weeks sooner than the Lamas. To give it the best chance to escape injury on Ship board, I have requested the Owner of the Vessel (a Mr. Wm. Wilson of Alexandria) to give it in particular charge to the Master, desiring him to keep the Sack in his Cabbin or Steerage.
The Egyptian Wheat, a head or two of which you had the goodness to send me (about two years ago) has not answered, with me. The first year it shot out lateral branches from the heads pretty generally; but this year the heads had hardly any, and in neither year did the grain fill well, and appears to have sustained more injury from the severity of our last Winter, than the wheat in common; although that was great in the extreme in the middle and upper parts of this, and the States bordering thereon; occasioned by the long winter and severe frosts with very little Snow. Nearer the Sea Board, contrary to what is usual, they have had more Snow, and of course the Crops of Winter grain are better; but on the whole they are remarkably short. With very great esteem, &c.
Mount Vernon, July 12, 1798.
Revd. Sir: Agreeably to the promise contained in my last, I put your "Proposal for continuing and enlarging the Subscription for the American Biography &ca." into the hands of a friend of mine in Alexandria, for the purpose of obtaining Subscribers, and enclosed you will receive the result. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1798.
Dear Sir: In discharge of Rent, for some land I have in Charles County, State of Maryland I have received the Tobacco, noted below.
If it will sell in George Town for its worth, I would thank you to dispose of it along with that last sent you, on the best terms you can, and it will much oblige Dear Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1798.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 9th in reply to the answer I gave you, relative to the proposed exchange of property in Alexandria, for my small tract of Land on the Ohio, generated ally known and distinguished by the round bottom.
You undoubtedly, have a right to fix your own price, upon your own property. but to prevent trouble, I beg leave to inform you, in decisive terms, that I will allow no more than what disinterested men (each of us chusing one, and a third, in case of disagreement, by those two) shall say it is worth.
Doctr. Craik has forgot the situation of my land. It is on the hither side of the Ohio, about 15 Miles from Wheeling and if I mistake not, in the same County. It is, without question (and allowed to be) the most valuable tract for its size in that Country and it is a matter of perfect indifference to me, whether I dispose of it for ten dollars an Acre, or not, two, or more years ago I refused eight dollars an acre and at this moment I have letters (unanswered on my Table) from four persons in pursuit of the tracts, some to buy, and others to Lease it.
That land within eight miles of Pittsburgh is to be bought for 20/. an Acre, I have no doubt; and if you had said for half that sum, it would have met with my entire belief; and yet the bargain might have been a hard one. I sold land 40 miles from it to Colo. Shreve for about 50/. an acre, and what followed? Why he kept as much as he wanted and sold the residue for upwards of four pounds an Acre, almost in the same breath. The value of land is estimated for the quality and local advantages; not by the cost. I am etc.
PS. Mr. Anderson my Manager, will look at your property in Alexa. and report any thing that you are disposed to say to--G. W.
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 6th, enclosing notes for two hogsheads of Tobo. paid you by Mr. Dunnington on a/c of Rent due me, has been received; and a receipt given to him for the same.
For your continued trouble in this business, I thank you; and although I am in real want of the amount of the Bond he gave, payable last January; yet, if he will exert himself to discharge it in the course of the year I shall [not object to?] waiting that time to [enter] a suit for the recovery of it as you conceive he means fair; otherwise it would be only gaining on his, and loosing time on my part.
If you should have occasion to visit the Neighbourhood where my land lyes, I would thank you to visit, and give me your opinion of the adequacy of the Rent for the present rent is altogether of Mr. Dunningtons own fixing. If you should not have any call into those parts, it is yet possible that you might obtain this information from others who know it well; and the relation it bears to the Rent of other Tenements of similar size and quality of Soil thereabouts and at what price it would sell by the Acre giving a credit, payable in Installments, with interest. With esteem etc.7
[Note 7: The words in brackets are inserted as probable readings, as Washington inadvertently omitted some.]
Mount Vernon, July 15,8 1798.
[Note 8: The "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers dates this July 16.]
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 6th inst. has been duly received, but it came to hand when I was so much engaged, as not to be able to give it an earlier answer.
With respect to the land which Mr. Short was authorised to purchase for me, I have nothing to add; save a wish that he would get it as much under the price limited, as he can; for I have been disappointed in the receipt of money where I thought no disappointment could have happened. But will, notwithstanding, honour any draught of Mr. Short's that is made conformably to my former letter.
As the business committeed to Mr. Field, went no further (if I recollect rightly) than to make preparatory enquiries, nothing further need be said on that head, until his report is received.
But from your Acct. of Colonel Marshall's inactivity, corroborated by his silence, it seems indispensible that the situation of my lands on Rough Creek should be looked into without delay; and if Mr. Short would be so obliging as to do this, and would pay, or give me advice of what taxes are due upon those lands, it would intitle him to my best thanks; which should be rendered with a re-fund of any expence he may incur in the business the moment it is made known to me.
The family here, are much as usual, and unite with me in best regards for you, Mrs. Spotswood and all with you. With very great esteem I remain.
PS. I have written a Letter to Mr. Short,9 and placed it under cover with this, for you to read, seal, and deliver, or to forward, as the case may be.
[Note 9: See Washington's letter to Peyton Short, July 16, 1798, post.]
Mount Vernon, July 16, 1798.
Sir: Your letter of the 1st. of last month got safe to my hands, but long, very long after its date.
It would give me great concern if any act of mine should produce difficulty, or loss, to any of the purchasers of Colo. George Mercers land, sold under the Power of Attorney given to me, and others, for that purpose. But as this business has been taken out of my hands by a Decree of the High Court of Chancery, of this State; after the Papers have passed from me, and without recollecting (at this time) why a Deed did not pass in due form and time, or what, what the circumstance of the case is now; to render my Agency, after an absolute relinquishment of it, conveys to my mind an odd appearance. Besides, the Conveyances which were made at the Sale, had a number of parties to them; to all of whose signatures there were Witnesses. Not less than five or six of these parties (to my knowledge) are dead; and the witnesses for the most part dead also, or dispersed; and, supposing the case otherwise, of what avail would their evidence be to Deeds of 25 years standing, which ought to have been recorded within eight months?
The farthest I have ever gone, since relinquishing the trust, was where the old Deed has, by neglect of the person to whom it was granted, been suffered to exceed the time, required by Law for its record, to certify before fresh witnesses on the back of it, that it was duly executed at the time and in the manner therein expressed. And this I am ready to do in your case, if the case will admit of it; but to go into an entire new Conveyance under the circumstances I have mentioned, I should be very unwilling; unless I was well advised of the necessity and propriety of the measure by a professional and well informed character; who would consider, thoroughly, the case in all its relations, and under all its circumstances; to encounter the expence of which, I am not disposed; having already been saddled with a good deal on account of my Agency in that business, without ever receiving, or charging a copper for the trouble or expence for my several trips to Bullrun, Shannandoah, &ca; and paying Clerks and Sheriff notes, for many of the Bonds put in suit by Colo. Jno. F. Mercer for as much as they were instituted in my name, and being blended with others, could not well be separated or a farthing for Commission.
If Genl. Marshall, as the mutual friend of us both, would consider the case as above, with my difficulties, express in this letter, I dare say before hand, but I should find no scruple in carrying what he would advise, into effect. I am etc.
[Note 16: Then in Kentucky.]
Mount Vernon, July 16, 1798.
Sir: General Spotswood having informed me of the trouble he was about to give you on my account, I have only to hope that it may not be great, at the same time that I assure you, that whatever is done under that Power and conformably thereto, shall be strictly complied with on my part.
One trouble Sir, frequently draws on another. It is some years since I requested my old acquaintance and friend, Colo. Marshall, to see that the Lands I hold on Rough Creek, in two tracts, of three and two thousand Acres, were not involved in any difficulty on acct. of the non-payment of Taxes. It is now sometime since he has drawn on one for the amount; to what cause owing I am unable to say. It is incumbent however on me to enquire, as I always have been willing, and still am ready, to pay whatever is due on them.
Will you permit me, my good Sir, to request the favour of you to make enquiry into this matter; and inform me of the result. And if time and the circumstances of the case, will not await a remittance from hence; that some means may be devised to pay the money there, which shall be returned with thanks and interest, so soon as it is made known to Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1798.
Madam: I have been duly honoured with the receipt of your obliging favour of the 15th Ulto,20 and should have presented you with my acknowledgment of it sooner, but for the interesting event (to me) which has lately occurred, and has occupied all my time and attention.
[Note 20: In the Washington Papers.]
For the highly flattering sentiments with which your letter is replete, and for the good wishes you are pleased to bestow on me, I render you all my gratitude, and reciprocate them with great cordiality, in doing which I am joined by Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis. I have the honour etc.
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1798.
Esteemed Sir: Your favour of the 8th. of February came safe, and would have received an earlier acknowledgment if any thing had sooner occurred, worthy of communication.
I hope you have not only got relieved of the fever from which you were then recovering, but of the langour with which it had affected you; and that you are now engaged in the literary pursuits of which you gave the outlines, and which with your pen and under your arrangement of the subjects, must be curious, entertaining and Instructive. Thus persuaded, if you propose to carry the work on the plan of subscription, it would give me pleasure to be enrolled in the list of subscribers.
I little imagined, when I took my last leave of the walks of Public life and retired to the Shades of my Vine and Fig tree that any event would arise in my day that could bring me again on a public theatre. But the unjust, ambitious and intoxicated conduct of France towards these U: States has been, and continues to be such, that it must be opposed by a firm and manly resistance, or we shall not only hazard the Subjugation of our Government but the Independence of our Nation also; both being evidently struck at by a lawless Domineering Power who respects no Rights, and is restrained by no Treaties when it is found inconvenient to observe them.
Thus situated, sustaining daily injuries, even indignities, with a patient forbearance, from a sincere desire to live in Peace and Harmony with all the World; the French Directory, mistaking the motives; the American character; and supposing that the People of this Country were divided, and would give countenance to their nefarious measures, have proceeded to exact loans (or in other words contributions) and to threaten us, in case of non compliance with their wild, unfounded and inconsistent complaints that we should share the fate of Venice and other Italian States.
This has roused the People from their slumbers and have filled them with indignation from one extremity to the other of the Union, and I trust, if they should attempt to carry their threats into effect and invade our Territorial, as they have done our Commercial Rights, they will meet a Spirit that will give them more trouble than they are aware of in the Citizens of these States.
When every thing Sacred, and dear to Freemen is thus threatned, I could not consistent with the principles which have actuated me through life, remain an idle spectator, and refuse to obey the call of my Country to lead its Armies for defence and therefore have pledged myself to come forward whensoever the exigency shall require it.
With what sensations at my time of life (now turned of 66) without Ambition or interest to stimulate me thereto, I shall relinquish the peaceful walks to which I had retired, and in the shades of which I had fondly hoped to spend the remnant of a life worn down with cares in contemplation on the past and in scenes present and to come of rural growth; let others, and especially those who are best acquainted with the construction of my Mind decide, while I believing that a man was not designed by the All wise Creator to live for himself alone prepare for the worst that can happen.
The Gardener you were so obliging as to send me continues to conduct himself extremely well. He is industrious, sober, and orderly, and understands his business. In short I never had a hired servant that pleased me better, and what adds to my satisfaction is that he is content himself, having declared that he never was happier in his life. My best wishes will always attend you, and with very grt. esteem &c.
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 6th. of Mar, with the proofs of the two first Prints of the American Revolution came duly to hand, and merit those thanks which I offer with great cordiality.
Such repeated proofs of your kind attention to me, affect my sensibility without enabling me to express it in the manner I wish; further than to assure you, in strong terms, of my sincere friendship; of which I hope, and trust, you had no doubt before.
New Scenes are opening upon us, and a very unexpected one, as it respects myself, is unfolding. What will be the final result of these measures is only known to that Providence in whose directions all things are. When I bid adieu last to the Theatre of public life, I thought it was hardly possible that any event would arise, in my day, that would induce me to tread that stage again.
But this is an age of Wonders, and I have once more consented to become an Actor in the great Drama. The conduct of the French Nation towards our own, has been so extraordinary and outrageous, as to have drawn forth an expression of the public sentiment as unequivocal, and pleasing to the friends of this Country, as it was unexpected, and must be mortifying to the Rulers of that, and their Partizans here. Both of whom, it is now evident, have been greatly mistaken in their calculation of the Temper of the People from one end of the Union to the other.
When may we look for the pleasure of seeing you in this Country again. Mrs. Washington (who is as well as usual) and Miss Custis unite with me in every good wish for you; and with much truth I remain, etc.
[Note 38: Of Falmouth, England.]
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1798.
Sir: Bearing in grateful remembrance the very fine Cheeses, you had the goodness to send me, Mrs. Washington prays your acceptance of half a dozen Hams of her own curing.39 I am etc.
[Note 39: Washington wrote (July 28) to Thompson & Veitch, of Alexandria, Va., the text of which letter is not now found in the Washington Papers; but may be judged from their reply (July 30): "We are favoured with yours of the 28th Instant and have warded the Hams pr ship Suffolk (that sailed this day)...We with pleasure accept your friendly invitation to a family dinner, and shall soon make it convenient to doe ourselves the Honour of waiting on you at Mount Vernon." This letter is in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1798.
Sir: Your favour of the 11th. Instant, dated in Philadelphia, has been received; accompanied by one from Colo. Pickering, advising me of his having received, from you, on my A/c, the Sum of Seventeen hundred dollars as part of the Installment due the 1st. of June last, on the deceased Colonel Matthew Ritchie's Bond.
For want of the Bond, which was deposited in the Bank of Pennsylvania, at Colo. Ritchie's request, I am at a loss to understand the meaning of your question, and statement. "The amt. of the payment due on 1st of June last is Dollrs. 3292.80 of which 352.80 is interest; will the Interested [ sic] be calculated on 3292.80 or on 2940?" If the Bond had been complied with, and the Instalment of $3292.80 had been paid at the time it became due no question could have arisen. If then I rightly comprehend the meaning of it, it can hardly be expected that, besides sustaining the inconvenience of a disappointment of the receipt, that I should feel an injury also in the payment, occasioned by that delay. Had I received $3292.80 on the 1st day of June agreeably to the tenor of the Bond, that sum might, and would have been actively employed in stopping interest, or vesting it so as to have produced it. In this light I persuade myself the matter will strike you, and when I add, which I can do with truth, that the non-reception of the above Sum, and an Instalment due on Colo. Shreves Bond for a similar purpose, and due at the sametime, has been attended with a serious disappointment, your doubts will be removed and the full sum be paid so soon as you are enabled.
Amicable decisions are, in my opinion, always to be prefered to litigeous contentions; but I little expected after it was agreed to fix the price of the Land by a re-survey of its contents, and that, that resurvey probably was made with knowledge, if not in the presence, of Mr. James Reed, that I should ever be called upon for a deduction of it thereafter. If I have a right understanding of the matter, it is of little moment what Mr. Reeds Patent says if the words of mine are opposed to it, for I am much mistaken indeed if my Survey was not made, and Patent granted long before any others on Millers run. And I have perfect recollection of the fact (when I examined the land myself in Autumn of 1784) but not of the persons name, who I was told was then extending his clearings on my side of the line. More than probable, Read is the Man, and being in possession, claims it as a Right.
As all the Papers relative to this land have been transfered to Colo. Ritchie; As all of them passed through the hands of the Honble. Mr Ross who drew the writings; and was well acquainted with the understanding of the parties at the time, acting the part of a mutual friend to both. I am willing if he should think I ought to have any further concern in disputes arising after the price was fixed in the manner aforesaid, that he on my behalf and you (shewing him this letter) should agree on the most speedy, and equitable mode of adjusting that which exists with Mr. James Reed. I pray you to excuse this scrawl, as I write in much haste. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, July 29, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 9th. Ulto. (to which I replied on the 17th following) is the last I have received from you. And nothing more have I heard of the Pictures from Mr. Savage and the last Vole. of the Encycloedia which you say you were then about to Ship in a Vessel loading for Alexandria.
For my sentiments respecting the old Coach and Table Ornaments I refer to my last of the above date 17th June, and repeat my request of a picture frame of the quality and size therein mentioned. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, July 30, 1798.
Sir: In the course of last Winter A Mr. Massay passed through Alexandria on his way to Philadelphia, and reported at the former place, that I should lose my land in the North Western Territory, on the little Miami.
Not perceiving how this could happen, fairly and not supposing that it would be taken from me otherwise, without allowing me a hearing; I paid but little attention to the Report until Mr. George Graham called upon me the other day, and in conversing on this subject gave it as his opinion that, the land was in real jeopardy by re-entry under some error in the former proceedings, and advised me to write to you relatively thereto.
This I now do, under full conviction however, that as the former Surveys were made under your Auspices; examined and recorded in your Office; and Patents granted thereupon in the year 1790 with the following recital "In consideration of a Military warrant of 3000 Acres granted to John Roots by Lord Dunmore the 7th December 1770 and assigned by the said Rootes unto George Washington Esqr the 14th. February 1774 and exchanged by a Resolution of General Assembly passed 30th Decr. 1784 for a Warrant of 3000 Acres No. 3753 and dated the 14th. Feby. 1785." I say, under full conviction that you would not suffer the land to be wrested from me by any Subsequent transaction in your Office, without giving me notice thereof in time to assert my prior claim, I now give you the trouble of this Address; adding at the sametime that if any thing is necessary on my part to give more validity or greater legality to former proceedings, I am willing to encounter the expence, rather than enter into a tedious and expensive Chancery suit, which I assuredly will do before my property shall be taken from me.42
[Note 42: The difficulty arose from the Virginia cession of her western lands to the United States, which changed the method of establishing titles of private ownership. Washington had complied with all the regulations of the Virginia land recording laws; but seems not to have noticed the necessity of reentry, or transfer of record, with the United States. The land formed a portion of Washington's estate and was mentioned in the inventory accompanying his will. In 1806 Joseph Kerr then deputy surveyor of the Virginia military district of Ohio and later United States Senator from that State, deliberately took advantage of the technicalities of the law and filed on this Washington land. The subsequent suits and legal disputes and claims continued down to 1909. A full account of the matter by E. O. Randall is published in the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 19 (1910), pp. 304--19. (See also Prussing's Estate of George Washington, Deceased.)]
I would thank you Sir, for full information, and your advice relative to this matter, as soon as it is convenient.43 Being Your etc.
[Note 43: Anderson was fully persuaded that Washington's title was clear and unassailable, as his reply to thus letter (of September 5, in the Washington Papers) shows.]
Mount Vernon, August 2, 1798.
Dear Sir: I was glad to hear by Charles that you were much better than when we saw you last. If you have missed the Ague, care, and Bark,48 is necessary to prevent a return, and this prudence requires.
[Note 48: Quinine, which was often called "Jesuit's bark."]
Monday next being the day fixed on by the Constitution of the Potomac Company for its annual meeting, and as you seem resolved to relinquish your present Office of President, I wish you would turn your thoughts attentively to the situation of it, and resolve seriously on characters fit and proper to supply the place of those who perhaps ought to, as well as those who will quit, the Director ship; that our struggles in that interesting and expence concert [ sic], the labour of years, may not end in disgrace and loss.
The little leisure I had before my late appointment (from Visits, my necessary rides, and other occurrences) to overhaul, arrange, and separate papers of real, from those of little or no value, is now, by that event, so much encroached upon by personal and written applications for Offices, and other matters incidental to the Situation of the Commander in Chief that without assistance I must abandon all idea of accomplishing this necessary work, before I embark in New Scenes, which will render them more voluminous and of course more difficult. A measure which would be extremely irksome to me, to submit to, especially as it respects my A/cts. which are yet in a jumble. My earnest wish and desire being, when I quit the stage of human action, to leave all matters in such a situation as to give as little trouble as possible to those who will have the management of them thereafter.
Under this view of my situation, which is far from being an agreeable one; and at times fill me with deep concern, when I perceive so little prospect of a complete extrication. I have written to the Secretary of War to be informed whether (as my taking the Field is contingent, and no pay or emolument will accrue to myself until then) I am at liberty to appoint my Secretary immediately; who shall be allowed his pay and Forage from the moment he joins me. If he answers in the affirmative, on those terms, can you do this?
Have you heard from the Master of the Academy at Charlestown? At any rate, my opinion is, that you had better, with the least possible delay, get the boys fixed permanently at some good school. They will, otherwise, lose precious moments. Let me hear from you. I am, in haste, but aways Your Affecte.
[Note 52: Hanover, N. H.]
Mount Vernon, August 4, 1798.
Sir: Your favor of the 13th. Ulto. accompanying the Oration delivered by you on the Anniversary of American Independence, I recd. by the last Post. For both I thank you. The sentiments expressed therein do me much honour. They flatter me highly and cannot fail to make a grateful impression on the sensibility of one who offers you in return his very best wishes and the assurances of being Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1798.
Dear Sir: I doubt not, but that you have already set me down as an unprofitable correspondent, and with too much truth perhaps; but not with as much culpability on my part, as appearances may indicate.
I have written you several letters, and having put one or two for Mr. Dandridge66 under your covers, without receiving any acknowledgment of them, the presumption is, that they have fallen into other hands. Nothing however was contained in either of them that could entitle them to the honor of a place in the Bureaus of France, to which several of my private letters, it seems, have found a passage. And but for the impropriety of such conduct, and the deprivation, and invasion of anothers right, all might go; as I write or say nothing I wish to conceal from that Nation; My Politics being straight, and my views undisguised towards it, and all others.
[Note 66: Bartholomew Dandridge.]
In examining my file of unanswered letters, I find two of yours, dated the 9th. of October and 1st. of November among them. In acknowledging the receipt of which, permit me to thank you for the interesting communications which are detailed therein; and to express a wish, that in your moment of leisure, you would favor me with a continuation of matters so satisfactory to be informed of.
I should have wrote oftener to you, if, in retirement, I had found matter sufficient for amusement: but revolving days producing similar scenes of domestic and rural occurrences, none interesting except to those who were engaged in them; knowing that all things of public concern, together with the Gazettes of different complexions were regularly transmitted to you, from the proper Department, and knowing also that you had friends near the fountain of Intelligence who were in the habit of corresponding with you, I conceived that details of the latter kind, from me, might be less correct and at best but second hand information; and therefore avoided giving you the trouble to receive it.
But new, and unexpected scenes opening upon us, and all my plans of my retirement likely to be marred by the Domineering spirit and boundless ambition of a Nation whose Turpitude have set all obligations divine and human, at naught, may in time to come, enable me to communicate some things more interesting than are to be found in the circle of my present perambulations. In doing which I shall always feel pleasure.
Little did I expect, when my valadictory Address was presented to the People of the United States, that any event would occur in my day, that could draw me from the peaceful walks and tranquil shades of Mount Vernon; where I had fondly hoped to spend the remnant of a life, worn down with public cares, in ruminating on the variegated scenes through which I have passed, and in the contemplation of others which are yet in embrio.
I will hope however, that when the Despots of France find how much they have mistaken the American character, and how much they have been deceived by their partisans among us, that their senses will return to them, and an appeal to Arms for the purpose of repelling an Invasion at least, will be rendered unnecessary. To be prepared for them, however, is the most certain, and perhaps the least expensive mode of averting the evil. Neither they, nor their abetters here, expected I believe, that such a spirit would be roused as the occasion has manifested, amongst all classes of our Citizens, except the leaders of opposition; upon their obtaining correct statements of the treatment they have received from their good and magnanimous Allies. The difficulty under which they will find themselves, lyes in treading back their steps. But Envoy Logan67 may be sent to keep them out of it; or, which is to the full as likely, to direct them into another course to obtain the same end.
[Note 67: Dr. George Logan, a self-constituted envoy from the United States to France.]
Present me, if you please, to Mrs. Murray; in which Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis unite, as they do to yourself; and in remembrance to Mr. Dandridge, And be assured of the sincere regard and esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, August 12, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 9th. was handed to me yesterday, enclosing one from Colo. Deakins, and a Tobacco Note as below,68 for which I transmit a receipt.
I am ignorant of the principle, on which I am called upon to pay for picking a Tenants tobacco; but presuming it was proper, I thank you for having done it. And I pray you to add to the expence as much Tobacco as will make the Hhd. sufficiently heavy: and to deposit it with the rest in the hands of Mr. Peter, your father, to be69 disposed of in whatever manner, and on whatever terms, he shall part with his own.
[Note 69: Washington wrote this "de."]
Enclosed is a Post note on the Bank of Columbia for One hundd dollars which I pray you to receive, and after deducting what I owe you, and what may arise in making the Tobo. Note (which is returned) sufficiently heavy, forward the balance, at a convenient time to Dear Sir Your etc.
Mrs. Washington, Nelly and Washington (now at home) are all well and join in love to Patsy, yourself and the Children. Genl. Spotswood and famiy are here.
Mount Vernon, August 12, 1798.
My dear Sir: I have received your letter of the 7th. instant, giving an extract of Mr. Nicholas's letter to you. With respect to the request contained int it,70 I leave the matter entirely to his own discretion, with your advise, to advance or halt, according to the tenableness of his ground, and circumstances.
[Note 70: Sparks states that this was "A request to publish a statement of the affair respecting the fictitious John Langhorne;" but Bushrod Washington's letter of Aug. 7, 1798, is not now found in the Washington Papers. Sparks does not print the latter portion of the above letter to Bushrod Washington which begins: "If a trick so dirty etc."]
If he could prove, indubitably, that the letter addressed to me, with the signature of Jno. Langhorne, was a forgery, no doubt would remain in the mind of any one that it was written with a view to effect some nefarious purpose. and if the person he suspects, is the real Author or abetter, it would be a pity not to expose him to Public execration; for attempting, in so dishonorable a way, to obtain a disclosure of Sentiments of which some advantage could be taken. But Mr. Nicholas will unquestionably know, that if the proofs fail, the matter will recoil, and that the statement must be full, and not a partial one that is given to the Public; not only as the most satisfactory mode of bringing it before that tribunal, but shortest in the result: for he will have a persevering phalanx to contend against.
It seems to me that he would be obligd to disclose the manner, in which his correspondence and mine began, and the motives wch. led to it; for until the discovery was made, and communicated by him to me, that Jno. Langhorne was a fictitious name, I had not the smallest suspicion thereof; but, on the contrary, viewed the production as that of a Pedagogue, who was desirous of exhibiting a few of his flowers. and after returning a civil, but short answer, I never thought more of him, or his letter, until the history of the business was developed by Mr. Nicholas. All this must appear; or contrivance would be retorted. I will only add that, as Mr. Nicholas has made you a confidant in this business, I shall acquiesce with pleasure in any steps he may take, that will bring me forward, with your concurrence. If a trick so dirty and shabby as this is supposed to be, could be clearly proved, it would, in my opinion, be attended with a happy effect at this time; but, on the other hand, if it should be attempted and fail, the reverse would be the consequence.
I little thought when I retired to the Shades of Private life, last year, that any event would happen, in my day, that could bring me again, on the Public theatre; but so it is; and the remnent of a life which required ease and tranquillity, will end more than probably in toil and responsibility.
Your Mother left us on friday; for your Brother Corbins, after giving us the pleasure of her's, and Nancy Washington's Company, eight or ten days. Corbins wife is much better, and hopes axe entertained of her being perfectly restored.
Your Aunt and the family unite with me in best wishes for yourself and Mrs. Washington; and I am etc.71
[Note 71: From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.]
Mount Vernon, August 13, 1798.
Dear Sir: Since my last to you I have received your letter of the 31st. Ulto. enclosing a Statement of the A/c. betwn us, and have also received the Pictures and Books in good order.
When I sent Doctr. Bartons Note to you, I accompanied it with information, that there was no other way of dealing with him than to obtain security for payment of the money at a future day, for if I was to bestow the epithet on him which he deserves it would not be a mild one. It is not the value of the money I regard, but to be imposed upon in such away by a man who was an utter stranger to me is somewhat vexatious.
Some money being paid to Colo. Pickering by Judge Addison, for land I sold the deed. Colo. Ritchie, I have requested Two hundred dollers thereof to be delivered to you, in discharge of my balance. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1798.
Revd. Sir: I know not how it has happened, but the fact is, that your favour of the 8th. of Novr, last year, is but just received; and at a time when both public and private business pressed so hard upon me, as to afford no leisure to give the "View of the causes and consequences of the American Revolution" written by you, and which you had been pleased to send me, a perusal.
For the honor of its Dedication, and for the friendly and favourable sentimts. which are therein expressed, I pray you to accept my acknowledgment and thanks.
Not having read the Book, it follows of course that I can express no opinion with respect to its Political contents; but I can venture to assert, beforehand, and with confidence, that there is no man, in either country, more zealously devoted to Peace, and a good understanding between the two Nations than I am, nor one who is more disposed to bury in oblivion all animosities which have subsisted between them, and the Individuals of each.
Peace, with all the world is my sincere wish. I am sure it is our true policy. and am persuaded it is the Ardent desire of the Government. But there is a Nation whose intermedling, and restless disposition; and attempts to divide, distract and influence the measures of other Countries, that will not suffer us, I fear, to enjoy this blessing long, unless we will yield to them our Rights, and submit to greater injuries and insults than we have already sustained, to avoid the calamities resulting from War.
What will be the consequences of our Arming for self defence, that Providence, who permits these doings in the Disturbers of Mankind; and who rules and Governs all things, alone can tell. To its all powerful decrees we must submit, whilst we hope that the justice of our Cause if War, must ensue. will entitle us to its Protection. With very great respect etc.
[Note 72: Publisher of The Columbian Mirror and Alexandria Gazette.]
Mount Vernon, August 19, 1798.
Sir: Having had time to reflect more at leisure on the application made to me yesterday by you and your brother, for a tract of land of which I am possessed in the Ohio, containing by the patent two thousand four hundred and forty eight Acs. I have determined to offer it to your father on the following terms. viz.
First. At ten dollars an Acre, provided it has nothing more than its situation, and the quality of its soil to recommend it.
Second. If more than these appertain, for instance a valuable Mill Seat; Ores of any kind, &ca. these shall be valued by disinterested men chosen by the parties, and be added to the above value, or
Third. If to avoid this trouble and uncertainty Mr. Gird would prefer a definite sum, I will (although it might be disadvantageous to me, and notwithstanding the price fixed thereon yesterday) take One thousand dollars in addition to the ten dollars an Acre.
Fourth. The Land shall be granted on a lease for Seven years, paying an Interest annually, and punctually, of Six per Centum pr. Annum durg that term, the first of which to become due on the first of January in the year Eighteen hundred, and the same sum, on the same day, in every year thereafter during the above red. term of seven yrs.
Fifth. It shall be optional in the said Gird, to be possessed of the said tract of Land in Fee simple, on conditions that he shall pay the whole sum of ten dollars an Acre, and the thousand dollars as before mentioned, within the said term of Seven years; but not in less sums than five thousand dollars at a payment.
Sixth. That upon the receipt of such payment, and every of them, the next annual payment thereafter, of Interest, shall be on the Balance of the principal Sum.
Seventh. Proper Instruments of writing may be drawn by a skilful professional man, to carry the true intent and meaning of the parties into effect.
Eighth. The regular payment of interest on the principal sum, until discharged, must be so secured as to give me no trouble in the collection. I mean upon whatever Balance shall be due, if payments are made.
If Mr. Gird is disposed to bargain on these terms, which I conceive are very favourable for him, the matter may be closed as soon as he pleases, and the sooner the better, as other offers are made to Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, August 27, 1798.
My dear Bushrod: At the time your letter of the 20th. instant (with others) was brought to this place, I was not in a situation to acknowledge the receipt of it; and no Post has happened since, by which I could do it. That of tomorrow, of which I shall avail myself, will be the first which offers.
On the 18th at night, I was seized with a fever, of which I took little notice until the 21st; when I was obliged to call for the aid of Medicine; and with difficulty a remission thereof was so far effected, as to dose me all night on thursday, with Bark: wch, having stoped it, and weakness only remaining, will soon wear off; as my appetite is returning.
I learnt with much pleasure from the P.S. to your letter, of General Marshall's intentions to make me a visit. I wish it of all things. and it is from the ardent desire I have to see him, that I have not delayed a moment to express it; lest, if he should have intended it on his way to Frederick, and hear of my Indisposition, he might change his route.
I can add with sincerity and truth, that if you can make it comport with your business, I should be exceedingly happy to see you along with him.76 The Crisis is important. The temper of the People of this State in many (at least in some) places, are so violent and outrageous, that I wish to converse with Genl Marshall and yourself on the Elections which must soon come.
[Note 76: John Marshall and Bushrod Washington visited Mount Vernon on September 3. They attended a public dinner, given by the citizens of Alexandria to John Marshall, September 5, and left Mount Vernon before breakfast, September 6.]
The fictitious letter of John Langhorne may be had at any time. I do not send it now, beause if you come up it will do then; and we will let Genl Marshall into the whole business and advise with him thereon. for good or evil must flow from Mr. N--ch--s' attempt, according to his establishment of facts: Present my best wishes to Genl Marshall; My love (in which your Aunt unites) to Nancy; and believe me to be always Your Most Affect.
[Note 81: Speaker of the Assembly of Antigua, West Indies.]
Mount Vernon, September 4, 1798.
Sir: I had the honor to receive by Captn. Evelett, in the Brig Philanthropist, your very polite and obliging favor of the 21st. July, accompanying five Sheep, and a number of exotic Plants: of which the Captain appears to have been carefull, although a number of the latter have died. Those which have survived look lively, and probably will do well, as all possible care shall be taken of them.
This flattering testimony of your polite recollection of the hours I had the honor to spend with you at this place.82 is grateful
[Note 82: Athill was at Mount Vernon, Nov. 13--16, 1797.] to my feelings; and while I regret that the days you remained here were so few, permit me to add that, if induced by inclination or other motives, you should again re-visit the United States I shall feel happy in an increase of them; and shall always have pleasure in shewing civilities to any Gentn. you may please to introduce personally or by letter.
It gave me great pleasure to hear of your safe arrival in Antiqua; and it would have added to it, to have been told that the good health which, in appearance you carried from these United States had continued.
If there be Plants, or other things Sir, the growth or produce of the middle States of which you are desirous, and conceive they would bear the heat of the tropical Sun, I should have much pleasure in furnishing you with them. and although it is a fact well ascertained I believe, that the Woolly tribe of Animals change their Coating when ever they are removed to hot Climates, for to a course wool, and then to hair, yet as it may be curious to observe the gradation and time required for this process of nature I have taken the liberty of sending you a Ram and five ewes of the last yeaning, that if you are so disposed, the fact may be established under your own eyes.
Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis are grateful for your kind recollection of them, and pray you to accept their Compliments I have the honor etc.
Mount Vernon, September 4, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of yesterdays date was received last night; and I consent to Ship the 4 Hhds. of Tobacco which I have in the Warehouses at George Town, and the 2. at Nanjemoy, in Mr. Carltons Ship, and to his friends in London,; supposing them to be good men for they are strangers to me.
I shall rely on him to order Insurance thereon. The freight and Primage seems high, but if it is paid by Messrs. Wilson & Potts I cannot expect it for less, presuming I am not charged more.
I require no advance on the Tobo, but when the proceeds are known, I may draw for it in Goods. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 11th. Ulto. was received in the usual course of the Post. That the City of Phila. should again be visited by that dreadful malignant fever which has made such impressions upon it heretofore, is matter of sore regret and that it should baffle more and more the skill of the Physicians adds poignancy to the misfortune.
The only intention of giving you the trouble to receive a letter from me at this time is to request that the one which accompanies it may be safely delivered to the President of the Board of Managers. with esteem etc.
[Note 89: Of Philadelphia, Pa.]
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1798.
Gentlemen: Among those who commiserate the afflicted Citizens of Philadelphia, I beg you to be persuaded that none do it with more sincerity, or with more feeling than I do. And the poignancy is very much increased by the declaration of the malignancy of the fever,90 and difficulty of cure.
[Note 90: Yellow fever.]
That I may contribute my mite towards the relief of the suffering and unfortunate poor of that place, I enclose two Post notes of one hundred dollars each. You will be so good as to inform me by a line of their getting to hand, which is all the notice I wish to be taken of the donation. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, September 12, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 8th. instant, with a plan of the Squares in the vicinity of the Capital, came to me on the 10th; and for the trouble you have been at in designating such lots as you think would answer my purpose, I feel much obliged.
From what you have said, and from the recollection I have of the ground, I give a decided preference to lot No 16 in square 634;91 but the price I fear (upwards of $1200) will sink too deep into the fund which must be appropriated to the buildings; and therefore, if the following queries respecting lot No. 2 in square 73192 are satisfactorily answered, I must content myself with that; as it is not with a view to accumulate property in the City, but merely to contribute a mite to the accomodation of Congress, that I purchase at all.
[Note 91: This was the site on which Washington's two houses were erected. It was near the middle of the square, on the west side of North Capitol Street, between B and C Streets. A bronze tablet now marks the location in the Capitol Grounds.]
[Note 92: This lot was in the middle of the square bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue, B, 1st and 2d Streets, S. E. The Library of Congress now occupies this site.]
facts I wish to ascertain are.
As I never require much time to execute any measure after I have resolved upon it; if an Undertaker could be engaged in ye City, or its vicinity, to dig the Cellars and lay the foundation; and the Commissioners would do me the favour to enter into a contract therefor, to the basement story, I could wish it to be set about and executed this fall (and the earlier the better). Any engagement they shall enter into on my behalf, shall be most religiously complied with. If an advance of money to carry on the work is required, it may be engaged; and as two houses joined and carried on together, will look better, and come cheaper than building them separately or at different times, I have determined to commence two, and if I can procure the means, complete both in the course of next summer.
I am not skilled. in Architecture, and perhaps know as little of planning, but as the houses I mean to build will be plain, and (if placed on lot 16 in sqr. 634) will be adopted to the front of the lot leaving Allies or entries to the back buildings, I enclose a sketch, to convey my ideas of the size of the houses, rooms, and manner of building them; to enable you to enter into the Contract.
This sketch exhibits a view of the ground floor; the second, and third, if the walls should be run up three flush stories will be the same, and the Cellars may have a partition in them at the Chimnies. My plan when it comes to be examined may be radically wrong, if so, I persuade myself that Doctr. Thornton, (who understanding these matters well) will have the goodness to suggest alterations.
I shall make no apology for soliciting this favor of the Commissioners. To promote buildings is desirable; and is an object under present circumstances, of the first importance to the City. If then they can comply it conveniently, I persuade myself they will do so, but if they cannot it would be unreasonable in me to ask it, and I wave the request accordingly. With very great esteem etc.93
[Note 93: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, September 14, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 11th. came to my hands yesterday. Two causes, indeed three, prevented my answering the first, after your return to New Post sooner; namely, debilitated health, occasioned by the fever, wch. deprived me of 20 lbs of the weight I had, when you and I were at my Mill Scales, and rendered writing irksome; the expectation of hearing from you again, relative to the Carpenter and Farmer, to whom you informed me, you had written; and the daily expectation of hearing from Rawlins, who had been informed that if he could forward satisfactory recommendations of his qualifications, to make a good Overseer, that he would be employed by me in that character. These reasons must apologize for your not hearing from me sooner.
By the same Mail that brought me your letter of the 11th. Rawlins sent me satisfactory testimonials of his fitness for my purpose, of course I stand engaged to him; but I have yet one place certain, perhaps two, requiring Overseers: but not at the advanced wages your Overseer asks, viz £50, &c. These are my home house, which requires an active, stirring, and spirited man; but not an ill-tempered or severe one. The other, in which I have been in some doubt, is what I call Dogue run Farm (where the Octagon Barn and treading floor is). I could not well afford more than £40, and the usual allowance of Provisions for the latter; and £35 is the most I ever gave for the former, and seldom more than £30. A single man would suit the home house best, would be cheaper to me, and he himself would live much better, in as much as he would eat of the Provisions that went from my table with the Housekeeper and other hired people about it: on the other hand, a married man would be prefered for Dogue run.
The reason why I doubted about employing an Overseer at the latter Farm, is, that as Union and Dogue run Farms are under one Overseer this year, and the latter conducted in a great measure by the foreman, I had some thoughts of entrusting it solely to him next year, under the direction of the Steward, but when I perceive but too clearly that Negros are growing more and more insolant and difficult to govern, I am more inclined to incur the expense of an Overseer than to hazard the management, and peace of the place to a Negro; provided I can get a good Overseer on moderate terms: and why any of them should think of an increase of wages when the produce by which they are to be paid is reduced to half price, and taxes to their Employer (wch. they will not feel) are becoming very high, is to me inconceivable, for these causes I am lowering the wages of my Farms.
I mention these things to possess you of my ideas relative to these matters, but will add, notwithstanding, that I will keep one of the two places before mentioned open until you hear from Richard Rhodes, and learn his terms, if he will come to me at all. I think he would have a better opportunity of displaying his Knowledge and skill as a farmer at Dogue run (which is really a good Farm) than at the Mansion, where there is nothing done by the hands that are kept there but jobbing, and running from one thing and from one place to another; and for overlooking this Farm, I would stretch the wages to £45. though I should hope to get him for £40. And if he declines coming altogether, or asks higher wages, I will, in that case, offer the same lay, for the same place, to your Overseer. But if Rhodes accepts, and your Overseer will come to the Mansion house for £40 (which is ten pounds more than I had intended) I will allow him that sum, which I am persuaded would be better and more profitable to him (if a single man, as I understood from you he was) than £50 at a separate farm, where he would have to find himself many small, though expensive articles from which he would be exempt by eating at my second Table with the Housekeeper.
So much for your Overseer and Rhodes, I must add however, that both must decide immediately: Yea or Nay, of which you will be so good as to inform me without delay, as others are offering (said to be good) which I may also miss, the season getting late for valuable Overseers to be disengaged.
From the character you have received of Brookes (the Carpenter) I have no hesitation in requesting that he may be engaged immediately, and I did not care how soon he would come up; for as he is spoken of as a complete Joiner, I have work enough for him in that way before the time of the present Overlooker of my Carpenters expires; which will be about the first of November. I go, in this case, upon the supposition that Brookes is a single man. If on the contrary he is a married one his wife cannot be brought here (altho' he might come himself immediately) until my other Carpenter moves his family away, and the house in which they live, is given up. If he is single, he wd. not live in that but in one of the houses in my Yard, and eat, as before mentioned, with the Housekeeper and others.
You will oblige me very much by having all these matters adjusted as soon as possible, and by informing me of the result; that I may be placed upon a certainty, and conduct myself accordingly. As it will not be in my power to hold those, who offer here, in suspence more than a few days longer.
You forgot to leave me the names and grades of those Officers whose celebrity were Known in the Revolutionary War; and by expecting it, I did not charge my memory with them, and have forgot the names of those you did mention.
I have had no return of my fever, and am recovering my flesh fast, nearly a pound, and a half a day; at which rate if I should hold it for a twelve month I shall be an overmatch for Major Willis.97
[Note 97: Francis(?) Willis.]
We were very glad to hear that you got safe home in the extreme hot weather you travelled from hence.
Mrs. Washington, Nelly and Washington Custis are all well, and unite in best regards and wishes for your self, Mrs. Spotswood, and the family, with Dear Sir, &c.
PS. To insure this letter's getting to you without any delay at the Post Office, I have requested Mr. Parks to send it to you by Express.
[Note 7: Of Fredericktown (now Frederick), Md.]
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1798.
Sir: Many apologies are due to you, for my not acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favour of the 22d. Ulto, and for not thanking you, at an earlier period, for the Book8 you had the goodness to send me.
[Note 8: Proofs of a Conspiracy &c, by John Robison.]
I have heard much of the nefarious, and dangerous plan, and doctrines of the Illuminati, but never saw the Book until you were pleased to send it to me.9 The same causes which have prevented my acknowledging the receipt of your letter have prevented my reading the Book, hitherto; namely, the multiplicity of matters which pressed upon me before, and the debilitated state in which I was left after, a severe fever had been removed. And which allows me to add little more now, than thanks for your kind wishes and favourable sentiments, except to correct an error you have run into, of my Presiding over the English lodges in this Country. The fact is, I preside over none, nor have I been in one more than once or twice, within the last thirty years. I believe notwithstanding, that none of the Lodges in this Country are contaminated with the principles ascribed to the Society of the Illuminati. With respect I am &c.
[Note 9: In a letter from Snyder (Aug. 22, 1798, which is in the Washington Papers), it is stated that this book "gives a full Account of a Society of Free-Masons, that distinguishes itself by the Name of 'Illuminati,' whose Plan is to overturn all Government and all Religion, even natural."]
[Note 16: Of Middletown, Conn.]
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1798.
Sir: Your favour of the 8th instr. is received, and I thank you for your obliging attention to the articles promised me, when I had the pleasure of seeing you at this place.
I will direct twenty of my best ewes to be reserved for the Ram you have kindly promised me; which, with the Chaff machine, I shall look for when an opportunity will allow you to send them.
The cause which has prevented their shipment, is very afflicting to humanity, and must be sorely felt by the City of New York, and other places under the same calamitous circumstances.
I have sent to the care of Mr. Thomas Porter of Alexandria, fifteen bushels of fine forward wheat, in five flour barrels, agreeably to your desire. Having none of my own growth that was pure and unmixed, I purchased this quantity from a neighbour of mine who raises no other kind, and am assured it is genuine.
I feel very much obliged, Sir, by your present of the Ram, and further kind intentions; for the trouble you have taken to procure the Chaff machine for me; and not less for your kind wishes, which I reciprocate with great cordiality being Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, September 28, 1798.
Gentlemen: Your favour of yesterday's date is received. and enclosed are checks on the Bank of Alexandria for $428.40 amount of payment for the lot had of Mr. D. Carroll;17 which you will please to deliver when the Conveyance is received; and $178.57 being the third of $535.70 to be paid for lot No. 16 in square 634 purchased from you.
[Note 17: Daniel Carroll, of "Duddington."]
I feel very much obliged by the trouble you have taken in this business; and you will add considerably to the obligation, by examining Mr. Blagdins18 estimate accurately, to prevent any imposition upon me: your knowledge of prices, and perfect acquaintance in matters of this kind, will enable you to form a correct judgment of the componant parts, as well as the aggregate amount of the proposed buildings, whereas my unacquaintedness in the present price of materials, Workmen's wages, &ca. &ca. might subject me (if the Undertaker was so disposed) to great imposition. I am willing to pay the full value, according to the Plan, and will sign any agreement you shall approve; relying infinitely more on your judgment in this business, than on any skill I have in it.
[Note 18: George Blagdin (Blagden). He was the builder of the two houses Washington erected on North Capitol Street.]
There is a matter I often intended to mention to the Commissioners of the City, but have always forgot to do it, when I was at their Board. Eventually it may be interesting to me, and I shall therefore do it now, as it has again occurred.
When I purchased lots No. 5. 12. 13. and 14, in square 66719 (at public sale), it was declared at the time, and I have the Surveyors sketch (without any signature however) shewing it, that they were (that is No. 12. 13. and 14) water lots. There is a street between them and the Eastern branch; and if any, not more than a slipe of the bank between the Street and the water. On the strength of this declaration I purchased, and paid pretty smartly for the lots; but in the evidence (received from the former Commissioners) of this purchase, nothing therein contained gives assurance of this fact, and hereafter it may become a disputable point, very much to my injury.
[Note 19: Square 667 is bounded by Water, V, W, and First Streets SW.]
I have troubled you with this statement, accompanied with the Surveyors sketch (to be returned) that you may be enabled to point out the measures necessary to be taken, for my surety, in this case. Indeed, it appears to me that my title to all the lots I have purchased from the Public is incomplete; having no more than certificates thereof; when, on my part the conditions have been fully complied with. With very great esteem etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, September 29, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letter of yesterday's date from George Town is received.
You know perfectly well what my inducements were to part with the property you purchased of me, but rather than have any difficulty, or unpleasant disputes respecting the payments, agreeable to contract, I would take productive property in the Federal City, in Alexandria, or almost any where, or any thing productive, or unproductive, at what it would fetch in the market; provided the title is indisputable; but I protest decidedly against receiving any where their is the smallest pretensions of others.
As to the present being an unfavourable time to dispose of property in the City, or elsewhere, permit me to observe that, it is a question of very equivocal solution. The rise or fall, depends upon events, which, under present circumstances, few among us are able to penetrate, or foretell the issue. But all this is matter of opinion or speculation, and but little to the purpose.
Point out, if you please, the precise property; the precise situation of it; and, if absolutely free from any incumbrance or disputes. This will enable me to determine, at once, if there be a probability of accommodating matters in the way you propose. It is necessary I should inform you, that I have tried every expedient in my power, to obtain payment of Jesse Simms's note, but, as yet, without effect, and that, by looking to my letter of the 8th. of Sepr. Last year, you will perceive that credit was only to be given when paid.
With respect to Corn, I have partly contracted with my Nephew, Colo. Wm. Washington of Westmoreland, for an annual supply of 500 Barls.
I hope nothing will occasion your leaving these parts without my seeing you. I want much to do it on account of some military concerns, and the sooner it can be made to suit your convenience the more agreeable it would be to me. But for the daily expectation I have been in of this pleasure, I should long since have written to you on this subject. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1798.
Dear Sir: You will perceive by the enclosed letters, left open for your perusal, the delinquency of Colo. Shreve, and my determination to enforce payment of the Instalment of his judgment Bond, the 1st. of June last.
Whether, as the Bond was deposited in the Bank of Pennsylvania for collection, it rests with me to draw it from thence for the purpose of putting it in suit, or for them to order it, your better judgment, and knowledge of the practice, will decide, and you will act accordingly.
My object is to enforce paymt. as soon as the usual course of things will admit. 1st. because I am in real want of the money, and 2d. because I believe there is not other certain dependence to obtain it, for Shreve, from first to last has done little else but trifle, both with himself and me. With very sincere esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1798.
Gentlemen: Be pleased to deliver to the Honble. James Ross, or his order, the Judgment Bond of Israel Shreve to me. Deposited in the Bank of Pennsylvania for Collection, that the same may be put in suit for recovery of the Instalment due the first of June last. With respect I am etc.
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1798.
Sir: I have waited four months to see if, in that time, you would discharge the Instalment of your judgment Bond, due the first of June last. and am determined to wait no longer than the proceedings in a regular course will compel me to do: for which reason I give you notice that by this days Post I have requested Mr. Ross to obtain from the Bank of Pennsylvania (where it was deposited for collection) your judgment Bond and put it in suit without further delay.
I think myself extremely ill used by your Conduct in this business. You know that it was in order to raise money I sold the land. You have sold a part at nearly the double of what you was to have given me; and yet I have been trifled by you more than by any person I have had to deal with.
My own want of money, to fulfil engagements, is such that I inform you before hand, that any application for further indulgence will be unavailing, and need not be attempted. And further, that henceforward, if the Instalments are not paid at the times they become due, the bond will be enforced without any questions being asked. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1798.
My dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th. of July has remained unacknowledged 'till now, that I embrace the opportunity afforded by General Lee's return, to do it.
To a person not in the habit of sending regularly to the Post Office, nearest to them, it is almost useless to write by the Mail; and with very few exceptions, addressing letters by private hands, is almost as bad, very few people paying much attention to them; which, with the shifting of hands, rubbing in the pocket, and sometimes idle curiosity to know the contents, are great lets to a safe conveyance, in that way.
With respect to the proposed contract for Corn, as my primary object is to be certain of getting it, I will agree to divide the freight from your landing to mine (at this place) equally with you; although it would make the Corn come all the higher to me; as neither land, or water transportation, would be more to my Mill (where it will be chiefly wanted) than it would be to the Warehouses, or Wharves in Alexandria. March being a windy month, often cold and disagreeable, about the middle of April would be better, and I would agree to receive it at that time. If with these alterations, from the proposals contained in my letter of the 26th. of June last, you incline to enter into a contract upon the terms therein mentioned, for five hundred Barrels of Corn, annually, I am ready to close the contract, to be binding for, and during our lives.
Your answer to this point would be agreeable, as Genl. Lee is desirous of entering into a contract with me for the same quantity of Corn (500 Barls.), and, on A/c. of the payments, it would be very convenient for me to make it; but from the uncertainty of its fulfilment on his part, I feel no disposition to enter into one with him.
I thank you for the old documents you sent me, respecting the family of our Ancestors. but I am possessed of Papers which prove beyond a doubt, that of the two brothers who Emigrated to this Country in the year 1657, during the troubles of that day, that John Washington, from whom we are descended, was the eldest. The Pedigree from him, I have, and I believe very correct; but the descendants of Lawrence, in a regular course, I have not been able to trace. All those of our name, in and about Chotanck, are from the latter. John, was the Grandfather of my father and Uncle, and Great grand father to Warner and me. He left two Sons, Lawrence and John; the former, who was the eldest, was the father of my father, Uncle and Aunt Willis. Mrs. Hayward25 must have been a daughter of the first Lawrence, and thence became the Cousen of the second Lawrence, and John. We all unite in best wishes for you and family, and I am etc.
[Note 25: Martha Washington. She was the daughter of Lawrence, the rector of Purleigh; emigrated to America and married Samuel Hayward, of Stafford County, Va.; and died in 1697.]
Mount Vernon, October 4, 1798.
Dear Sir: A day or two ago, I received the enclosed letter. Will you be so good as to enable me to answer it.
Observing to you, not long since, that the want of money prevented my doing something (I have forgot now what) you said, if I understood you rightly, that I might be accommodated at the Bank of Alexandria.
I think it not unlikely that in the course of next spring, or summer, if I undertake a measure which is in contemplation, that I shall have occasion for a larger Sum than I see a prospect of receiving from what is due to me. Let me ask then (if I was not mistaken in what you said) what sum you think I could obtain? On what terms? for what time? And what security wd be required? I am etc.
Mount Vernon, October 4, 1798.
Gentlemen: I had the honor to receive your letter of the 3d. instt, last Night.
Mr. Blagdens estimate of the cost of the houses I had proposed to build, far exceeds any aggregate Sum I had contemplated; or think I could command; unless more punctuality was to be found in the fulfilment of Contracts than is, I believe, experienced by any one. Eight, or at most $10,000, was the extent of my calculation. The house Mr. Law is about to build (not much if any less than my two) is undertaken for less than $6,000 as he informed me. This information, and the report that Materials and workmens wages were low, disposed me to build houses of better appearance than is necessary perhaps for the primary object which induced the measure.
But I will suspend any final decision until I see Mr. Blagdens estimate in detail, with your observations thereupon; and what part of the work I can execute with my own Tradesmen, thereby reducing the advances. I shall only add, that with a high sense of the trouble you have had in this business, and with very great esteem etc.26
[Note 26: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 8, 1798.
Sir: Your letter of the 20th Lilt came duly to hand. William Herbert Esqr. of Alexandria will receive, distribute, and collect the money agreeably to the subscription I sent you; but it will be necessary to accompany the Books, with the original Paper, or a copy thereof for his information with respect to the Subscribers.
You will please to recollect that I am in possession already of the first Volume of the American Biography written by your deceased and worthy father. and I will just add that, if to my name is annexed more than one Copy, it was done with a View to encourage the work in continuation; more therefore would be useless to me. And if the surplus could be disposed of where they are, it would be more agreeable to me. but do as you please in this respect. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, October 8, 1798.
Dear Sir: I thank you for the information contained in your letter of the 5th. instant and will avail myself of your kind offer, if circumstances shd. render it expedient for me to have recourse to the Bank of Alexandria. Either of the sums mentioned therein, is more than I shall want; and if I could receive what I ought to do, I shall have no occasion for any from thatsource.
I will inform young Mr. Belknap of your obliging offer, and with very great esteem and regard am Dear Sir etc.
[Note 33: Of Fredericktown (now Frederick), Md.]
Mount Vernon, October 14, 1798.
Revd. Sir: Your favour of the 10th. instant has been duly received, and I feel grateful for the honor of your proposed Dedication of an "Uniform System of Education, adapted to the United States" to me.
Had I not declined similar honors, in all cases where previous applications have been made, I certainly should, with much pleasure, have yielded to one on so important a subject as you have written. But this being the case, I am compelled for the sake of consistency to decline accepting the compliment of yours.
I sincerely wish success to your undertaking and shall, very chearfully, become a subscriber to the Work. With respect I am etc.
Mount Vernon, October 17, 1798.
Gentlemen: Your favour of the 15th, enclosing Mr. Blagdens statement, relative to my proposed buildings, did not reach my hands until last night.
He has not accompanied this Statement with Specific prices; nor has it altered my opinion of the unreasonableness of the former estimates of some of its parts. But being desirous of closing the matter with Mr. Blagden some way, or other, I make him the following offer, viz:
To take the Painting, Glasing and Iron mongery to myself; and allow him besides, Ten thousand five hundred dollars in full of Commission and every other charge for completing the buildings agreeably to the Specification which he handed to me, and is now in his possession.
If he will agree to this proposal, the contract may be immediately drawn; and he may proceed in all the preparatory measures as soon as he pleases. Money shall be furnished for the purpose. and if it would be convenient and advantageous to him, to have the whole of the Scantling and Plank provided by a Bill of the same, and he would funish me therewith, I would immediately order it from the Eastern Shore of Maryland.
On the other hand, if he will not agree to it, I must have recourse to some other mode to accomplish my object. The final answer of Mr. Blagden must be received without delay; as the opportunity of providing materials on good terms may be missed. With great esteem and regard I am etc.43
[Note 43: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 18, 1798.
Dear Sir: I regret, not having received your letter of the 16th. until last night. Had it reached me before I wrote to the commissioners yesterday morning by Mr. Thos. Peter, I should have inclined more (although my wish is to have no trouble with the buildings) towards engaging Mr. Blagden's undertaking the Masonry, agreeably to his estimate; doing as much of the wood work myself, as my people are competent to, and employing others to do the remainder of it; the Painting, Plastering &ca; to the offer that was made Mr. Blagden, for compleating the whole; and furnishing every thing as therein expressed (except Painting, Glasing and Iron mongery): and if he boggles at that offer, I must proceed in this manner, to the Execution of the Work; and would be glad to have a contract entered into with him accordingly.
If this mode is adopted, I shall expect from Mr. Blagden, and without delay, a compleat Bill of Scantling and Plank; enumerating the quantity and quality; and the length, breadth and thickness of both scantling and Plank, to suit the different parts of the buildings, that I may take measures for obtaining them in the manner you have suggested. The length, width and thickness of the flooring plank ought to be specified; and whether Sap and knots are to be excluded. In short great particularity and exactness must be observed in making out the Bill, that every thing proper and useful may be had, without superfluity or waste. It would be expected of him too, to give the mouldings, and dimensions of such parts of the Work as would be prepared by my own people at this place.
It would be quite agreeable to me, that the foundation of the buildings should be laid this Autumn, if the weather will permit. At any rate, I conceive all the foundation Stone and sand should be carried to the Site. Sure I am, the Carting will be infinitely better before, than after Winter, and workmen I should think easier obtained. The materials must be good whether used in spring or Autumn.
The length of your letter, my good Sir, required no apology. It was kind, and I thank you for the details, as I shall do on similar future occasions. For the haste in which this letter is written I ought to ask your forgiveness. Mr. Law is waiting, and you know he does not wait patiently for any thing not even for dinner. If you can get at my meaning, my object will be ' answered. Complimts. to Mrs. Thornton from this family, and with very great esteem I am etc.45
[Note 45: From the original in the William Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
[Note 46: John F. Grimké, Thomas Pinckney, and Adam Gilchrist.]
Mount Vernon, October 20, 1798.
Gentlemen: I have been honored with your favor of the 30th. of August, communicating the Resolve of the Cincinnati Of the State of South Carolina respecting the propriety of altering the Ribband to which the badge of the Society was directed by the Constitution, to be appendant, as indicative of the Union between the United States and France; and have transmitted it to the Secretary General, to be laid before the Society at the next General meeting of its Delegates.47
[Note 47: The alteration of the ribbon, which by the constitution of the Cincinnati, was indicative of the union between the United States and France, was proposed because "It was thought that such a distinction was no longer applicable to the relative situation of the two countries and that it became incumbent on us at such a moment to renounce every military Badge or appearance of connection with a nation whose civil and political Union by Treaty had been declared by the Legislative authority of our Country to be void and no longer binding on Us." The committee's letter (Aug. 30, 1798) is in the Washington Papers.]
With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, October 21, 1798.
Sir: It is not more than three or four days since your letter enclosing one from Mr. Thomas Marshall, has been received.
That Gentleman is, as I myself also am, in doubt whether more than one draught has not been made upon me by Colo. Marshall, for the taxes which he has been so kind as to pay for my land in Kentucky. But as the voluminous papers which I brought from Philadelphia are not yet finally adjusted, and I am not in consequence, able to ascertain this fact by an easy reference to them; I shall pay to your order, on demand, the full balance as stated by Mr. T. Marshall, viz £17.7.3: leaving the sum of £8.17.3. to be49 discounted hereafter, if, upon the assortment of my Papers it shall appear (as I think it will) that it has been paid to some one, authorised by Colo. Marshall to receive it. I am etc.
[Note 49: Washington wrote this word, inadvertently, as "de."]
Mount Vernon, October 22, 1798.
Gentlemen: Your favor of the 18th. instt, enclosing a letter from Mr. Blagdin of the same date, came duly to hand, and although I am perfectly satisfied by doing the Carpenters and Joiners work with my own People, by a correct Bill of the materials required, and obtained from a reputable Mill on the Eastern Shore to suit the buildings, that I could save a thousand dollars under that head alone, yet, to avoid trouble to myself, to avoid disputes between workmen, having no controul over, but acting independently of each other; to avoid sending Negro Carpenters to the City, and having them to provide for there; and above all, taking into consideration what may, eventually, happen next year, and my employment in consequence. I have resolved to agree to Mr. Blagdin's terms: that is, to give him Eleven thousand dollars to build the two houses, according to the plan agreed on, and agreeably to the specification which has been presented to me; and must be produced and refered to, as the criterian by which the work is to be judged. I, taking upon myself the execution of the Painting and Glasing; and furnishing the Iron Mongery agreeably to the Bill which he exhibited; the quantity of nails not to over-run the specification; that is, by allowing him the amount of that item, he is entitled to no further call upon me for an increase.
I have never entered into a contract of this sort, and of course little skilled in drawing one; for which reason, it would be an act of kindness if you would cause efficient articles to be drawn under your Inspection and correction:54 the cost of wch. I am willing to pay. Whatever is customary on the part of the Employer, I am willing to comply with; nothing occurs to me as necessary, at present, except defraying the cost; and this I am ready to do by depositing the means in the Bank of Columbia, to be drawn for by a Gentleman in the City, upon Mr. Blagdin's producing Bills of cost, of the materials for carrying on the Work, and the amount of Workmens wages, every Month, fortnight, or week, as shall be stipulated.
[Note 54: The "Letter Book" has "direction."]
On the part of the Employed I presume there are many essentials, requiring him to be bound to the performance of. And is it not necessary, and usual, that these should be secured by Bondsmen?
But I will add no more on a Subject with which you are much better acquainted than I am. I shall be punctual in the fulfillment of my part of the agreement, and only wish to have the counter part equally well observed. For I find, including the price of the Lots and enclosing them, with the cost of the buildings, in the manner I am proceeding, the Rent I shall be able to obtain, will scarcely give me common interest for the money that will be expended. But having put my hand to the work I must not now look back. With very great esteem etc.55
[Note 55: From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 22, 1798.
Sir: Your favor of the 4th. of August came safe to my hands under cover from Mr. Colston, whom I have authorised to draw upon me for the full balance as stated in the a/c transmitted by you.
It dwells however upon my mind (but not perfectly) that the first item therein, viz, £8.17.3 has been paid to some person who appeared authorised to receive it; but as my voluminous Papers (brought from Philadelphia) are not yet all opened and assorted, I am not able to ascertain this fact, or speak with the least decision on the subject, and therefore have, as before mentioned, desired Mr. Colston to draw upon me, in favor of his correspondent in Alexa, for the whole amount.
If, hereafter, it should be recollected by Colo. Marshall, or appear by any receipt I shall find, that the above sum of £8.17.3 has been paid, it can be allowed in the next account.
I feel much obliged by your kindness in paying the Taxes of my land upon Rough Creek, for the years 1796 and 1797; and for the services you have rendered me in entering them at the Auditors Office for future taxes, agreeably to your late Act of Assembly, relative to Non-residents. and you would add to the obligation by continuing to pay the dues thereon as they arise, and drawing upon me for the amt.
But previous to this, let me request the favour of you to enquire of Mr. Short (if you should see him) whether he has done any thing in this matter, or not; for not having heard for a long time in what Situation, or jeopardy the Land might be, Genl. Spotswood who had business to transact with that Gentleman, and he understood it was threatened, was requested to ask him to examine, and do what was needful to rescue it, if really in danger, from the threatned evil, which he kindly promised to do. My best wishes and respects are offered to Colo. Marshall. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, October 24, 1798.
Dear Sir: You letter of the 17th. instant was handed to me by Mr. Lear, and I should have sent you the enclosed check on the Bank of Alexandria for two hundred and fifty dollars sooner, had we not expected you at this place on friday or Saturday last, according to promise, and been looking for you every day since.
All I ask is, that you would have me secured in the loan of this sum, for the purpose of erecting a Hotel for Mr. Turnicliff,56 in the same manner you do the $750 lent on your own A/c.
[Note 56: William Tunnicliff.
On October 24 Washington wrote to Bushrod Washington: "I think you are perfectly right in accepting the appointment of Associate Judge, [of the United States Supreme Court] not only for the reasons you have mentioned but on every other account...The Elections in New Jersey are not favourable, and in Pennsylvania, so far as we have heard, are bad. What these and such like will produce, is left for wiser heads than mine to foretell. I auger very ill of them. I wish your Circuit may be pleasant and honorable to you and that you may return safe to your family and friends. The season is propitious for a Southern tour, and I hope your attention to the duties of your present office will give satisfaction." This extract was printed in a sales catalogue, 1921. Bushrod Washington's letter, to which this is answer, is dated October 19, and is in the Washington Papers.]
The family here unite in love and best wishes for Mrs. Law, Eliza and yourself; and I am, with great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, October 24, 1798.
Revd Sir: I have your favor of the 17th. instant before me; and my only motive to trouble you with the receipt of this letter, is to explain, and correct a mistake which I perceive the hurry in which I am obliged, often, to write letters, have led you into.
It was not my intention to doubt that, the Doctrines of the Illuminati, and principles of Jacobinism had not spread in the United States. On the contrary, no one is more truly satisfied of this fact than I am.
The idea that I meant to convey, was, that I did not believe that the Lodges of Free Masons in this Country had, as Societies, endeavoured to propagate the diabolical tenets of the first, or pernicious principles of the latter (if they are susceptible of seperation). That Individuals of them may have done it, or that the founder, or instrument employed to found, the Democratic Societies in the United States, may have had these objects; and actually had a seperation of the People from their Government in view, is too evident to be questioned.
My occupations are such, that but little leisure is allowed me to read News Papers, or Books of any kind; the reading of letters, and preparing answers, absorb much of my time. With respect, etc.
Mount Vernon, October 27, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 18th. Inst: has been duly received.
Your application for an appointment in the Provisional Army (if one should be necessary) required no explanation. The application, and the manner in which it was made, do honor to you as a Citizen and Patriot; and affords a pleasing specimen of what may be expected from the lovers of order, good government and the rights of their Country, if either should be invaded. I can assure you that, to see your name on the list of Candidates, afforded me pleasure; and the sentiments with which it was accompanied, were praise worthy. With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, October 27, 1798.
Gentlemen: When Mr. Blagden came here yesterday with your favor of the 25 inst, and the plans, specification &c. of my houses I was out on my usual ride about my farms, and when I returned home, I found Company, which prevented my answering your letter by him.
The sketch of an agreement enclosed in your letter, comports fully with my ideas.57 I have made one or two trifling alterations in it in consequence of some conversation with Mr. Blagden, and I now take the liberty to enclose two Copies
[Note 57: Drafts of the Articles of Agreement with Blagdin for building these houses are in the Washington Papers at the end of October, 1798. Blagdin signs his name to it "Blagdin."] of the Agreement and an additional Copy of the specifications. The agreements are drawn in unstamped paper; but I presume it may be stamped in George Town. If it cannot be done there, Doctr Thornton will be so good as to have new agreements drawn for me on stamped paper.
I pray you, Gentlemen, to accept my best thanks for the trouble you have had in this business, which I assure you I should not have given, had I not been induced to build these houses more with a view to promote the necessary improvements in the City, than for any expectation of private emolument from them. With great respect etc.58
[Note 58: The draft, in the writing of Tobias Lear, is in District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, October 28, 1798.
Dear Sir: When Mr. Blagden came here on friday, I was engaged in my usual ride; from which I only returned a little before dinner, and found Mr. and Mrs. Law, with Govr. Crawford and his lady here. These circumstances, and Mr. Blagden's return immediately after dinner, allowed me no time to acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favor of the 25th. Instant.
For the information you have been so kind as to give me relatively to General Lee's City property, I thank you; but I had no idea of allowing him more for half lots than whole ones were to be obtained at.
If you have determined, to build a house or houses of similar elivation with those I am contracting for, you shall be extremely welcome to avail yourself of my end wall and to run up your Chimneys accordingly, without any allowance being made therefor (which I cannot accept) as the kindnesses I have received from you greatly overpays any little convenience or benefit you can derive from my Wall. If Mr. Frost is disposed to build a house immediately, or very soon; and will give it an accordant elevation, it would be agreeable to me that he should erect Chimnies on the South end similar to your's on the North end of my buildings. With respect to your own accomodation you will please to give Mr. Blagden such Instructions when he enters upon the Walls as to suit your views perfectly.
Whether, as there is water so handy, it be necessary to sink a Well, is a matter that circumstances must regulate. If one should be dug, I would range it with the partition Wall of the buildings, that if ever they are occupied as distinct houses, one Pump with two leavers and pipes may subserve both.
I am in sentiment with you and Mr. Law, that a five feet Area is too narrow; but whence the remedy? If the regulations will not allow more, and cannot be altered, it must be indured, or the buildings must recede from the Street which would be exceptionable in another respect.
Although the Commissioners have been obliging, and ready throughout the whole of this business to render me every aid I could wish, and am I persuaded would continue to do it; yet, as I shall be bound by Contract (with Mr. Blagden) to supply his wants, agreeably to the Conditions of it, and this can be accomplished with more ease by an Individual than by the Board; the setting of which, at times, may be impeded by the absence of some of its members when most inconvenient for his calls; and as you reside in the City, and always there; and have moreover been so obliging as to offer to receive the Bills and pay their amount (when presented by Mr. Blagden) I will avail myself of the kindness: and accordingly, send a Check upon the Bank of Columbia, which will carry a credit of five hundred dollars (left there) when I was in the City last, to be drawn for by you, for the above purpose, as occasion may require: and at all times on notice being given, the Bank shall be replenished, and subject to your draughts to satisfy the Bills of expenditure, of which you will be so good as to inform Mr. Blagden.
Upon conversing more fully with Mr. Blagden upon the frontispiece of the Doors, and considering that to make them of Stone instead of Wood, will add durability to the work, I have agreed to allow the difference, viz $150 that they may be executed with the latter. And as he represented in strong terms, the wishes of Mr. Francis that a part of the Cellars should be vaulted, for the benefit of Wine, I have agreed to this also. He thinks the additional cost may amount to $100 dollars more; but having made no estimate thereof it shall be charged at what it really stands him.
Whether he begins, or not, to lay the foundation of the building this Autumn, he ought by all means to have the Stone and sand on the spot to begin early in the Spring. The carting now, is so much better than it will be then, that he must find this an eligable measure. His lime too ought to be secured, and his flooring Plank to be good and procured early, tried up, and seasoned, or the floors will shrink. With very great esteem etc.59
[Note 59: From the William Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 37
November 1, 1798--December 13, 1799
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
1940
LC
E312
.7
1931
WASHINGTONIANA
PRINTED
November, 1940
Gov't Deposit
JL 15 1942
Accessions Division
The LIBRARY of CONGRESS
Mount Vernon, November 3, 1798.
Mr. Anderson: By the way of Boston, I have just received a letter from Mr Richd Parkinson, dated "Liverpool 28th. Augt. 1798"
The contents of this letter have surprised me; and that you may know from whence this surprise has proceeded, I shall lodge in your hands (as I am going from home, and may be absent four or five weeks) Mr. Parkinsons first and second letters to me; and my answer to him; (a duplicate, and I think a triplicate of which I forwarded).
By this correspondence you will perceive that, Mr. Parkinson, through the medium of Sir Jno Sinclair, had seen the Plans of my Mount Vernon Farms, and was acquainted with the terms on which they were to be let. These terms I also deposit with you. It appears moreover by his first letter, dated the 28th. of Augt. 1797, that he intended to be in this Country in the month of March; and by his second letter of the 27th. of Septr. following, that his arrival might be delayed until April or May. It is evident also, from the tenor of these letters that he knew my farms could not remain uningaged longer than the month of September. Yet, he neither comes; sends an Agent to act for him; nor even writes a line, to account for the delay; and to know on what footing his former proposition stood.
Under these circumstances, I had no more expectation of Mr. Parkinson's arrival (especially with such a costly Cargo as he represents) than I had of seeing Sir Jno. Sinclair himself, until his letter of the 28th. of August from Liverpool came to hand.
Nor under the circumstances I have detailed, (which will appear correct from the papers I leave) do I know what Mr. Parkinsons views now are. He surely could not expect, after having placed the Occupancy of one of my farms on a contingency, that is, his liking it upon an examination thereof; after promissing that this examination should take place by the month of May last; after letting me hear nothing more from him for a whole year; and after knowing that I was obliged to make arrangements for the ensuing year by the month of September in the present year, to find a farm ready for his reception in Novr.
If he did not expect this, Mr. Parkinson stands in no other relation to me, than he does to any other Gentleman in this Country; and if he did expect it, it may with justice be observed, that, he has done so unwarranted by the information that was given him, and has entered upon the measure precipitately, having made no adequate provision for the heavy expence he is running into. But, as matters are circumstances, the question now, is not what ought to have been, but what can be done to serve him.
With respect to my paying £850 for the freight of the Vessel, it is beside the question altogether, for the best of all reasons, viz, because I have not the means. And with respect to the animals which are said to be embarked, I would put myself to greater, or less inconvenience in providing for them (upon just and reasonable terms) according to what shall appear to be his intention with respect to my River Farm. If it be to lease It on the terms which have been proposed. If there is a prospect of my being secure in letting it; and a prospect that the bargain will be durable; and lastly, if you can devise any expedient by which the business can be accomplished under existing circumstances, as they respect the coming and the going Overseers; the Negroes; Stock; and growing grain; I should be well disposed to lend all the aid in my power towards the temporary accomodation of the animals he has brought over. Except the Stallions, for whom, and more especially for their Keepers (who are generally very troublesome people) I have no conveniency at any of the Farms, and to suffer them to be in the Barns, or Stables with their horses, would be to risk the whole by fire. Nor have I any place at the Mansion house for either horses or men, as the conveniences thereat, are not more than adequate to the permanent, and occasional demands by visiters.
In a word, under the present aspect of things; and without seeing Mr Parkinson or knowing under what auspices he comes, I scarcely know what sentiment to express respecting him; or what is proper to be done in this business; and therefore must leave it to you to form an opinion when you can take a nearer view of the subject, after his arrival, if this shd. happen during my absence, and act accordingly. To obtain a good tenant for River Farm, on just terms; with the prospects before mentioned, wd. be an inducement to me to go great lengths in a temporary accomodation: but if this is not to be expected from Mr. Parkinson, I feel no obligation on my part, to rectify mistakes which I had no hand in causing, and endeavoured to guard against. I remain etc.4
[Note 4: From a photostat of the original in Cornell University Library.]
Mount Vernon, November 4, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letters from Fredericksburgh and Stratford, have both been received; and their contents will be attended to when the list of applications come under consideration.
Tomorrow (being requested thereto by the Secretary of War) I shall set off for Trenton. This, of course, will deprive me of the pleasure of seeing you, while you are on the promised visit to this County. It is necessary therefore I shd. inform you that, no report (as indeed I expected would be the case) has been made by Mr. Jesse Simms relative to Major Harrisons Land, adjoining my mill. And that, to my surprise, when I came to examine the details of your City property, more attentively than it was in my power to do, in the hurried manner in wch the list of it was presented, and to make enquiry into the value thereof, I found that instead of lots of the Standard size (as I took it for granted they were) that each of those lying on Pennsylvania Avenue have been split into two parts (having only 25 feet front to them) and for these half lots, that I am asked more than lots equally convenient sell at. To receive payments on such terms, when my object was solely to accomodate you, could hardly be expected.
If you are disposed to part with your land near Harpers Ferry; Your land in Loudoun; any unincumbered property in the City; or, in short, almost any other that can be rendered productive, at a reasonable valuation by disinterested men of good character, I would accept it in payment rather than make difficulties, or be involved in disputes; although you well know that nothing will answer my purposes like the money, of which I am in extreme want, and must obtain on disadvantageous terms. But it is not to be expected from hence that I will receive the former at an arbitrary price, which every well informed person knows it cannot command.
The Deeds which passed between you and me in the Month of April last, I sent to Mr. Bushrod Washington to have recorded; asking him at the sametime if they were not defective in proper recitals? Enclosed, or rather with this letter, Mr. Anderson will, when he hears of your being in Alexandria present you with his opinion thereon, with a Deed ready drawn, according to my Nephews directions for your signature. The one from me to you, I have acknowledged before Evidences, and request you will do the same by that from you to me. With great esteem etc.
[Note 5: Of Leesburg, Va.]
Mount Vernon, November 4, 1798.
Sir: It has often been in my mind to ask, (if your tenements near my Mill are not under leases already) whether you would be inclined to let them to me, for a term of years? for what term and at what Rent?
I can assure you, most sincerely and candidly, that it is not because I want these tenements, that I make this enquiry; but to be relieved from Neighbours who are really a nuisance: and who could not live on the Land but by the practice of unjustifiable shifts. No care or attention within the compass of my power to use, can preserve my fields and Meadows from injuries, sustained by their Hogs, and other Stock. Rails are drawn from the Posts, in order to let in the latter, and slips made to admit the former, in many places through my ditches, to the destruction of my grain, and grass.
To guard against damages of this sort, is, I do aver, my sole inducement to this enquery. But it is not to be infered from hence, that I am disposed to pay a Rent disproportioned to the real value of the Tenements.
I need not to observe to you, Sir, that the land was originally poor; that it is exhausted beyond measure; that there is no timber on it; very little firing; and scarcely any Fencing. In short, that without aid from the adjacent Lands, which the tenants cannot obtain from the present Proprietors by fair means, the tenements cannot be supported much longer. This is a fair statement, and ought to be taken into consideration in fixing the Rent.
Under these circumstances, it is scarcely necessary to add, that I am not inclined to take the Tenements upon a short lease; for the reasons before mentioned; and because I should be obliged to have recourse to my own land to supply the deficiencies of yours; and that in a very short time too, to render the fields of any use. Unless the term therefore, for which it is granted, is commensurate with the expence to which I, or mine would be run, It would not answer my purposes to rent it.
It is not my expectation, or desire to disturb the present tenants, or such as you may have engaged, the ensuing year. My views extend to the year after, only, presuming your arrangements are made for 1799. Your answer will be agreeable to, Sir, Yours etc.
Philadelphia, November 22, 1798.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 13th. Inst. enclosing a publication under the signature of Gracchus, on the Alien and Sedition laws, found me at this place deeply engaged in business.
You ask my opinion of these Laws, professing to place Confidence in my judgment for the Compliment of wch. I thank you. But to give Opinions unsupported by reasons, might appear dogmatical, especially as you have declared that Gracchus has produced "the rough conviction in your mind of the unconstitutionality and inexpediency of the acts above mentioned." To go into an explanation on these points, I have neither leisure nor inclination, because it would occupy more time than I have to spare.
But I will take the liberty of advising such as are not "thoroughly convinced" and whose minds are yet open to conviction to read the pieces and hear the arguments which have been adduced in favor of as well as those against the Constitutionality and expediency of those laws before they decide. And Consider to what lengths a Certain description of men in our Country have already driven and even resolved to further drive matters and then ask themselves if it is not time and expedient to resort to protecting Laws against aliens for Citizens you certainly know are not affected by that law) who acknowledge no allegiance to this Country, and in many instances are sent among us (as there is the best Circumstantial evidence to prove) for the express purpose of poisoning the minds of our people and to sow dissentions among them, in order to alienate their affections from the Government of their Choice, thereby endeavoring to dissolve the Union, and of Course the fair and happy prospects which were unfolding to our view from the Revolution. But as I have observed before I have no time to enter the field of Politicks, and therefore shall only add my best Respects to the good family at New Post, and the assurances of being, Dr. Sir etc.16
[Note 16: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Philadelphia, December 6, 1798.
Sir: Your favor of the 21st. Ulto., enclosing thoughts on the "Liberty of Speech and of the Press" in a Charge to the Grand "Juries of the County Courts of the fifth Circuit of the State of Pennsylvania" has been duly received, and I pray you to accept my thanks for this fresh haste. of your attention and politeness to me.
I am persuaded I shall read it with the same pleasure, and marked approbation that I have done your other productions of a similar nature which have come to my hands. I say shall, because my occupations since I came to this City have been such as scarcely to afford me time to look into a News-paper. With great esteem etc.19
[Note 19: From a facsimile in a sales catalogue, 1914. The original is in the Chapin Library, Williamstown, Mass.]
Philadelphia, December 7, 1798.
Sir: What you sent me last, answer exceedingly well; and I send the first to be altered and made like them, if you can.
Your recollection of these, with the directions and observations contained in my two last letters, the latter especially, supercedes the necessity of being particular in this.
I will however just remark that the great error in those (now returned to you) is, that the upper teeth and bars do not fall back enough thus??? but stand more upright, so??? by which means the bar at (a) shoots beyond the gums and not only forces the lip out just under the nose but by not having its proper place to rest upon frets, and makes that part very sore.
I shall add no more than to request you will be so good as to let me have them as soon as you conveniently can; altered or not altered. Direct for me at this place, or at Mount Vernon, as it is not likely I shall be here more than two or three days longer.
I thank you very much for your obliging attention to my requests, and am Sir With esteem and regard, etc.
P.S. I am willing and ready to pay what ever you may charge me.20
[Note 20: From the original in the Greenwood Bequest in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1798.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is a Check on the Bank of Alexandria for five hundred Dollars, to enable Mr. Blagden, by your draughts, to proceed in laying in Materials for carrying on my buildings in the Federal City.
I saw a building in Philadelphia of about the same front and elevation, that are to be given to my two houses, which pleased me. It consisted also of two houses united, Doors in the centre, a pediment in the roof and dormar window in each side of it in front; skylights in the rear. If this is not incongruous with rules of Architecture, I would be glad to have my two houses executed in this style. Let me request the favor of you to know from Mr. Blagden what the additional cost will be. I am etc.33
[Note 33: From a photostat of the original in the "Washington Photostats" in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, December 25, 1798.
My dear George: Having written a long letter to General La Fayette I shall write a short one to you; and it shall relate principally, if not altogether, to domestic concerns.
At the time you left this country you would not, less than I did, believe that in the course of events any occurrence could arise, which would again take me from the walks of Mount Vern. But the injuries we have received, and are threatened with, have induced me once more (if occasion should require it) to tread the thorny path of public life, and for this purpose I have accepted a Commission to command the Armies of the United States, if, unfortunately, we should be forced into a War.
Your acquaintance Lawrence Lewis is appointed Captain of a Troop of Light Dragoons; but intends, before he enters the Camp of Mars to engage in that of Venus; Eleanor Custis and he having entered into a contract of marriage; which, I understand, is to be fulfilled on my birthday (the 22d. of Feby). Washington Custis prefering a Military career to literary pursuits, is appointed Cornet in Lewis's Troop, and Washington Craik a Lieutenancy. Young Carroll of Carrolton, will be a Volunteer Aid of mine, and Mr. Lear is my Secretary.
Young gentlemen of the first families, fortunes and expectations in the United States, are offering their Services; but I hope, and most ardently pray, that the Directory in your Country will not, by a perseverence in the insults and injuries which they have heaped on this, make it necessary to resort to Arms to repel an Invasion, or to do ourselves justice. I can undertake to affirm, that necessity only will drive us to it, although I am but just returned from a six weeks visit in Philadelphia to make arrangements there for it, eventually.
Mrs. and Mr. Law and their pet Eliza, Mr. and Mrs. Peter and their two children, and Doctr. Smart and family (whom I ought to have mentioned first) are all well; and would, if they knew I was writing to you, request to be remembered to you in the most affectionate terms. I recollect no material change that has taken place in men or things since you left America. Alexandria continues to thrive, and the Public buildings in the federal City go on well: and many private ones are commencing for the accommodation of the Members of Congress, and Officers of Government, preparatory to the removal of the Government to that place.
Mrs. Washington holds you in constant remembrance, and offers you every good wish, which she prays you to extend to your amiable mother and Sisters whenever it may be in your Power. Nelly, Washington and Lewis would, I am sure, unite heartily in these, were they at home; but all of them are absent, the first at Hope Park, and the other two beyond the Mountains. When the clouds which at present overcast the Political horrison are dispelled, it would give all your friends great pleasure to see you in your old walks, and to none more than to your Sincere and affectionate friend.
PS. If Mr. Frestal should be with you, or you should have occasion to write to him, be so good as to present him with the best wishes of this family.
Mount Vernon, December 25, 1798.
My dear Sir: I am indebted to you for the following letters, dated the 6th of Octr. and 20th of Decr. of the last year. And 26th. of April, 20th. of May, 20th. of August and 5th. of Septr. in the present. If more have been written they have fallen into other hands, or miscarried on their passage.
Convinced as you must be of the fact, it wd. be a mere waste of time to assure you of the sincere and heartfelt pleasure I derived from finding by the above letters, that you had not only regained your liberty; but were in the enjoyment of better health than could have been expected from your long and rigorous confinement; and that madame La Fayette and the young ladies were able to Survive it attall. On these desirable events I can add with truth, that amongst your numerous friends none can offer his congratulations with more warmth, or who prays more sincerely for the perfect restoration of your ladies health, than I do.
It is equally unnecessary for me to apologize to you for my long silence; when by a recurrence to your own Letters you will find my excuse; for by these it will appear that if you had embarked for this country at the epochs mentioned therein no letters of mine cou'd have arrived in Europe before your departure from thence; untill by your favor of the 20th. of Augt. I was informed, that your voyage to America was postponed for the reasons then given, and which conveyed the first Idea to my mind that a letter from me might find you in Europe.
The letter last mentioned together with that of the 5th. of September, found me in Phila. whither I had gone for the purpose of making some military arrangements with the Secretary of War, and where every moment of my time was so much occupied in that business, as to allow no leisure to attend to any thing else.
I have been thus circumstantial in order to impress you with the true cause of my silence and to remove from your mind if a doubt had arisen there that my friendship for you, had undergone no diminution or change. And that no one in the United States would receive you with open arms, or with more ardent affection than I should, after the differences between this Country and France are adjusted and harmony between the nations is again restored. But it would be uncandid and incompatible with that friendship I have always professed for you, to say (and on your own account) that I wish it before. For you may be assured my dear Sir that the Scenes you wou'd meet with, and the part you wou'd be stimulated to act, in case of an open rupture or even if matters should remain in Statu quo, would be such as to place you in a Situation in which no address or human prudence, could free you from embarrassment. In a word you would lose the Confidence of one party or the other (perhaps) both were you here under these circumstances.
To give you a Complete View of the politics and Situation of things in this Country would far exceed the limits of a letter; and to trace effects to their Causes would be a work of time. But the sum of them maybe given in a few words, and amounts to this. That a party exists in the United States, formed by a Combination of Causes, which oppose the Government in all its measures, and are determined (as all their Conduct evinces) by Clogging its Wheels indirectly to change the nature of it, and to Subvert the Constitution. To effect this no means which have a tendency to accomplish their purposes are left unessayed. The friends of Government who are anxious to maintain its neutrality, and to preserve the Country in peace, and adopt measures to produce these, are charged by them as being Monarchists, Aristocrats, and infractors of the Constitution; which according to their Interpretation of it would be a mere Cypher; while they arrogated to themselves, (until the eyes of the people began to discover how outrageously they had been treated in their Commercial concerns by the Directory of France, and that, that was a ground on which they could no longer tread). the sole merit of being the friends of France, when in fact they had no more regard for that Nation than for the Grand Turk, further than their own views were promoted by it; denouncing those who differed in Opinion; whose principles are purely American; and whose sole view was to observe a strict neutrality, with acting under British influence, and being directed by her counsels, now with being her Pensioners.
This is but a short sketch, of what requires much time to illustrate; and is given with no other view, than to shew you what would be your situation here at this crisis under such circumstances as it unfold.
You have expressed a wish, worthy [of] that benevolence of your heart, that I would exert all my endeavors to avert the Calamitous effects of a rupture between our Countries. Believe me my dear friend that no man can deprecate an event of this sort with more horror than I should and that no one, during the whole of my Administration laboured more incessantly and with more sincerity and zeal than I did to avoid this, and to render every justice, nay favor to France, consistently with the neutrality which had been proclaimed to these sanctioned by Congress and approved by the State legislatures, and the people at large in their Town and County meetings. But neutrality was not the point at which France was aiming. for whilst it was crying peace, Peace, and pretending that they did not wish us to be embroiled in their quarrel with great Britain they were pursuing measures in this Country so repugnant to its Sovereignty, and so incompatible with every principle of neutrality, as must inevitably, have produced a war with the latter. And when they found that the Government here was resolved to adhere steadily to its plan of neutrality, their next step was to destroy the confidence of the people in, and to seperate them from it; for which purpose their diplomatic agents were specially instructed; and in the attempt were aided by inimical characters among ourselves not as I observed before because they loved France more than any other nation, but because it was an instrument to Facilitate the destruction of their own Government.
Hence proceeded those charges which I have already enumerated, against the friends to peace and order. No doubt remains on this side of the water, that to the representations of and encouragement given by these people, is to be ascribed in a great measure, the intentions of our Treaty with France; their violation of the Laws of nations, disregard of Justice and even of sound policy. But herein they have not only deceived France, but were deceived themselves, as the event has proved, for no sooner did the yeomanry of this Country come to a right understanding of the nature of the dispute, than they rose as one man with a tender of their Services; their lives and their fortunes, to support the Government of their choice, and to defend their country. This has produced a declaration from them (how sincere let others judge), that, if the French should attempt to invade this Country that they themselves would be amongst the foremost to repel the attack.
You add in another place that the Executive Directory are disposed to accommodation of all differences. If they are Sincere in this declaration, let them evidence it by actions, for words unaccompanied therewith will not be much regarded now. I would pledge myself, that the Government and people of the United States will meet them heart and hand at fair negotiation; having no wish more ardent, than to live in peace with all the world, provided they are suffered to remain undisturbed in their just rights. Of this their patience, forbearance, and repeated solicitations under accumulated injuries and insults are incontestable proofs; but it is not to be infered from hence that they will suffer any nation under the sun (while they retain a proper sense of Virtue and Independence) to trample upon their rights with impunity, or to direct, or influence the internal concerns of their Country.
It has been the policy of France and that of the opposition party among ourselves, to inculcate a belief that all those who have exerted themselves to keep this Country in peace, did it from an overweening attachment to Great Britain. But it is a solemn truth and you may count upon it, that it is void of foundation; and propagated for no other pose, than to excite popular clamour against those whose aim was peace, and whom they wished out of their way.
That there are many among us, who wish to see this Country embroiled on the side of Great Britain, and others who are anxious that we should take part with France against her, admits of no doubt. But it is a fact on which you may entirely and absolutely rely, that the Governing powers of the Country, and a large part of the people are truly Americans in principle, attached to the interest of it; And unwilling under any circumstances whatsoever to participate in the Politics or Contests of Europe: Much less since they have found that France, having forsaken the ground she first took, is interfering in the internal concerns of all nations, Neutral as well as Belligerent, and setting the world in an uproar.
After my valedictory address to the people of the United States you would no doubt be somewhat surprised to hear, that I had again consented to Gird on the Sword. But, having Struggled Eight or nine Years against the invasion of our rights by one power, and to establish an Independence of it, I could not remain an unconcerned spectator of the attempt of another Power to accomplish the same object, though in a different way, with less pretensions indeed without any at all.
On the Politics of Europe I shall express no Opinion, nor make any inquiry who is Right or who is Wrong. I wish well to all nations and to all men. My politics are plain and simple. I think every nation has a Right to establish that form of Government under which It conceives It shall live most happy; provided it infracts no Right or is not dangerous to others. And that no Governments ought to interfere with the internal concerns of Another, except for the security of what is due to themselves.
I sincerely hope that Madame la Fayette will accomplish all her wishes in France and return safe to you with renovated health. I congratulate you on the marriage of your eldest daughter, and beg to be presented to them both and to Virginia in the most Respectful and affectionate terms; to George I have written. In all these things Mrs. Washington (as the rest of the family would do if they were at home) most cordially joins me: as she does in wishing you and them every felicity which this life can afford, as some consolation for your long cruel, and painful Confinement and Sufferings.
I shall now only add what you knew well before that with the most Sincere friendship and affectionate regard, I am always &c.
P. S. Your old aid de camp, and my worthy nephew George A. Washington; died about 5 years ago of a palmanory Complaint, he left 3 fine Children a daughter and two Sons, the eldest of the boys was called after you.
The letters herewith enclosed and directed one to yourself, another to George, and the third to Mr. Frestel, have been some time in my possession and detained to be delivered to you here upon the same principle that prevented me from writing to you at an earlier period.34
[Note 34: From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.]
Mount Vernon, December 26, 1798.
Dear Sir: Having some cause to believe the Vessel was captured, in which went the original of the enclosed copy, I forward a duplicate.
I returned a few days ago from Philadelphia, whither I had been for the purpose of making some Military arrangements with the Secretary of War respecting the Force wch. is about to be raised. It was there I received a letter from Mr. Dandridge, announcing his intention of returning to America, (partly on account of his health), expressing in lively and grateful terms his sense of your attentions to, and kind treatment of him, adding that as experience had more and more convinced him, that a sedentary life was incompatible both with his health and turn of mind (a sentiment he had often expressed whilst he lived with me) he wished for an appointment in the Army we were about to raise. The application arriving in the nick of time, he stands arranged as Captn. of a Company of Infantry in one of the Regiments wh will be raised in Virginia, and it is necessary he should enter upon the duties thereof as soon as it can be made convenient.
Mr. Envoy Logan, who arrived at Philadelphia about the time I did, brings very flattering accounts of the Disposition of the French Directory towards this Country. He has dined with one, supped with another, and in short has been as familiar with them all, (that were in place) as the hand is with its glove: and is not a little employed in propagating this Doctrine in all parts of the U: States by means of the Presses which are at the command of that Party. He says the inclination of France to be upon good terms with the United States is now so strong, that it must be our own mismanagement, and disinclination to Peace, if matters with that Country are not accommodated upon terms honorable and advantageous to this.35
[Note 35: On Jan. 30, 1799, the President approved "An Act for the punishment of certain crimes therein specified," which described precisely activities like those of Dr. Logan, and affixed a punishment of a fine not exceeding $5,000, and imprisonment of not less than 6 months, not more than 3 years. A similar law is now in force.]
Both houses of Congress were formed before I left Philadelphia, but had not been long enough in Session for an opinion of the result to be prognosticated.
Their answers to the Speech would, it seems, have passed unanimously, could Mr. Varnum36 of Massachusetts have retained his Spleen. How far this measure is indicative of a tranquil and energetic Session, remains to be decided by more unequivocal evidence.
[Note 36: Joseph Bradley Varnum, Member of Congress from Massachusetts.]
The Alien and Sedition Laws,37 are now the desiderata in the Opposi[t]ion. But any thing else would have done; and something there will always be, for them to torture, and to disturb the public mind with their unfounded and ill favored forebodings.
[Note 37: Approved July 6 and 14, 1798, respectively.]
The family join me in presenting Mrs. Murray and yourself with the Complimts. of the Season, and in wishing you many happy returns of them. With very sincere esteem, &c.
Mount Vernon, December 28, 1798.
Sir: At all times, when it is in my power to do it with tolerable convenience to myself, I feel pleasure in aiding the deserving and meritorious.
But let me observe at the sametime, that a very mistaken opinion prevails, with respect to my means of accomplishing this, in a pecuniary way; for was I to judge of these opinions by the numerous applications which are made to me for money, it must be conjectured by them, that I have resources far, very far indeed, beyond what the fact will warrant.
I can assure you, that I find it no easy matter to keep my expenditures within the limits of my receipts; and that, without travelling out of my own circle, I find more than enough to require all the surplusage of the latter, when I have any to spare.
I return the papers contained in your letter of the 24th. instant, agreeably to your request; and as I want no evidence of your request, I send the letter also. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, December 30, 1798.
My dear Sir: If General Pinckney should have left Richmond, let me request the favor of you to forward the packet herewith sent, in the manner he may have directed; or, as your own judgment shall dictate, to ensure its delivery to him in Hallifax, or on the Road thro' North Carolina.
The Alien and Sedition Laws having employed many Pens, and we hear a number of tongues, in the Assembly of this State; the latter, I understand, to a very pernicious purpose; I send you the production of Judge Addison on these subjects. Whether any new lights are cast upon them by his charge, you will be better able to decide when you have read it. My opinion is, that if this, or other writings flashed conviction as clear as the Sun in its Meredian brightness, k would produce no effect in the conduct of the leaders of opposition; who, have points to carry, from which nothing will divert them in the prosecution. When you have read the charge give it to Bushrod Washington, or place it to any other uses you may think proper. I wish success to your Election, most sincerely, and if it should fail (of which I hope there is not the least danger) I shall not easily forgive myself for being urgent with you to take a Poll. I offer you the compliments of the Season, and with much truth remain etc.
Mount Vernon, December 30, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 25th. instant, enclosing Messrs. Blagden and Lenthals estimate of the cost of adding a Pediment, and Parapet to the roof of my buildings in the Federal City, has been duly received, but the plan, to which it refers, did not accompany it.
This plan, and other accounts, I ought to be possessed of, and Mr. Blagden is under promise to take a copy thereof for his own use, to work by, and send me the original draught. I pray you to remind him of this promise.
Presuming that it is not necessary for Mr. Blagden's convenience that I should, at this moment, decide upon the above estimate; nor whether I shall adopt the measure at all; I shall, if no disadvantage will attend the delay, suspend my determination until I can visit the City, and receive some further explanations respecting the consequent alterations which will be occasioned by this Pediment, not at present well understood by me; owing to my entire ignorance of the technical terms in which they are expressed. At which time also, I will make arrangements for giving further pecuniary Aids.
Rules of Architecture are calculated, I presume, to give Symmetry, and just proportion to all the Orders, and parts of building in order to please the eye. Small departures from strict rules are discoverable only by the skilful Architects, or by the eye of criticism; while ninety nine of a hundred, deficient of their knowledge, might be pleased with things not quite orthodox. This, more than probable, would be the case relative to a Pediment in the Roof over the doors of my houses in the City.
That a Parapet in addition (for the reasons you have assigned) would have a pleasing and useful effect, cannot be doubted. When the roof of a building is to be seen, and when it is designed for Chambers it must be seen, something to relieve the view of a plain and dead Surface, is indispensable: for this reason it was, I thought, and still do think that Dormars are to be prefered to Sky lights in the front; on the other hand, if the roof is so flat as not to be seen at all, or so low as, in a manner to be hid by a Parapet, I should give a decided preference to Sky lights.
These ideas, as you will readily perceive, proceed from a person who avows his ignorance of Architectural principles, and who has no other guide but his eye, to direct his choice: I never, for a moment; contemplated two Pediments, one over the door of each house: my great object, was to give them the appearance of one. But as I have observed in the former part of this letter: I will suspend coming to any decision until the consequences of the proposed alterations are better understood by me.
The freedom with which you have expressed your sentiments on this occasion, is highly pleasing to me. Sorry indeed should I have been on this, as I shall be on any future occurrence, when your opinion may be asked, if they are not rendered with the utmost frankness and candour.
The compliments of the Season are presented to Mrs. Thornton, yourself &ca. by all parts of this family, and with great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, December 31, 1798.
My dear Sir: It gave me pleasure to hear by Judge Cushing, that you had returned from your Southern Circuit in good health. I presume you will soon have to undertake another journey, when I shall hope to see you.
I was not unmindful of your application in behalf of Captn. Blackburne.40 But when the list of applicants came to be unfolded, it was found that there were so many requests of a similar nature, from Officers of the existing Corps, that it was impossible to comply with them, and difficult to discriminate; for which reasons, it was deemed best to reject them in toto; especially, as in the raising of New Corps, it rarely happens, that Officers are drawn from the old; and nothing but length of Service, or very distinguished merit, or powerful interest or influence, gives birth to the measure.
[Note 40: Richard Scott Blackburn (Blackburne). He was captain of United States Artillery and Engineers.]
By this conveyance, I have sent to Genl Marshall, Judge Addisons charge to the Grand Juries of the County Courts of the fifth Circuit, of the State of Pennsylvania, and requested, after he had read it, to give it to you, or dispose of it in any other manner he might think proper. This charge is on the Liberty of Speech and of the Press, and is a justification of the Sedition and Alien Laws.
But I do not believe that any thing contained in it; in Evans's41 Pamphlet;42 or in any other writing, will produce the least change in the conduct of the leaders of opposition, to the measures of the General Government. They have points to carry, from which no reasoning, no inconsistency of conduct, no absurdity, can divert them. If, however, such writings should produce conviction in the minds of those who have, hitherto, placed faith in their assertions, it will be a fortunate event for this Country.
[Note 41: Thomas Evans, a Member of Congress from Virginia.]
[Note 42: Supposed to be the Address to the People of Virginia Respecting the Alien and Sedition Laws, by "A fellow-citizen of Virginia." (Richmond: 1798.)]
Has any thing been done, and what, with my correspondent Mr. Langhorne? I have heard, since my return from Philadelphia, that there has been some stir in the matter, but of the result I am ignorant. The family here present the Compliments of the Season to you and Mrs. Washington. I remain your sincere friend, &c.
PS. Let me pray you to get General Lee's Deed to me, drawn agreeably to your directions, acknowledged before Witnesses; who will prove it in the General Court; and I would thank you for causing this to be done.
My Deed to Lee is also sent, to be dealt with as you and he may deem proper: for further elucidation of this subject, I send (in confidence) my letters to Genl. Lee open for your perusal; after which please to seal and deliver them. You will perceive by the duplicate in what manner I am likely to be plaughed on obtaining payment for my Dismal Swamp Land, Sold him, but not conveyed.
Mount Vernon, December 31, 1798.
Dear Sir: Presuming you have not received the letter, of which the enclosed is a copy, I trouble you with a duplicate of it. And have sent to Mr. Bushrod Washington the Deeds to, and from you, for Execution; and pray you to acknowledge before Evidences that from you to me, Now, also out of date.
With great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1799.
Sir: Your letter of the 15th of November, was received by me whilst I was in Philadelphia, on public business; and too closely engaged to pay attention to matters of private concern. Being but lately returned to this place, must be my apology for not informing you sooner, that the land after which you enquire, as son of Captn. John Rootes deceased, was purchased of your father by the Honble. John Page (then of the Council of this State) for, and on my Account, and the full Sum, viz, One hundd pounds (to the best of my recollection) paid for the same, as can be made appear at any time; and the assignment satisfactorily exhibited at the Secretary's Office, on which a warrant issued, and a Patent was granted to Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, January 6, 1799.
Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Ulto with the parcel that accompanied it, came safe to hand; and I feel obliged by your attention to my requests, and for the directions you have given me.
Enclosed you have Bank notes for fifteen dollars, which I shall be glad to hear has got safe to your hands. If you should remove to Connecticut, I should be glad to be advised of it; and to what place;43 as I shall always prefer your Services to that of any other, in the line of your present profession. I am etc.44
[Note 43: The text of Greenwood's reply (January 11) is printed in George Washington and Mount Vernon, Long Island Historical Society Memoirs (vol. 4). In the P. S. Greenwood says: "I never make any Charge Against you either in book or other ways."]
[Note 44: From the Greenwood Bequest in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, January 6, 1799.
Sir: I have been duly favored with your letter of the 20th. Ulto. and however desirous I was of receiving the Ram, and the Straw Machine in season, I am well apprised of the difficulties which were opposed to their passage, and must submit to the disappointment, in hopes of obtaining them in time for the next.
Such a ground borer as you describe, will be of singular use to me; and I shall thank you for sending it with the other articles, and the cost thereof; which shall be paid on demand. Having much Posting and railing to do, when the weather will permit, the sooner I could bring this borer into operation the more useful it would be to me.
I pray you to accept my best thanks for your kind wishes, and mine that you may see the return of many happy new Years; being Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1799.
Sir: Your letter of the 21st. of last Mo, came to my hands by the last Western Mail: But as to your Brother, I have never seen, nor heard a tittle from him: and to be plain, I never expect to obtain what is due from you, to me, but by a resort to a Court of Justice.
You know full well, because you have often been told it in serious and solemn terms, that the only inducement I had to sell the land on which you live, was necessity; to raise money, to enable me to pay the expences of my public Office; to which the compensation was inadequate; and for which I was oblige to have recourse to other means, to effectuate. I am now obliged to borrow money at the Banks, on notes for Sixty days, renewable at the end thereof for 60 days more, and so on; by which I am playing an interest nearly the double of what I shall receive. I appeal to your own judgment therefore to decide, if you think this right; especially, as you sold the greater part of the Land for the double of what you gave me, and had always time to prepare for my demands if proper measures had been pursued to meet them. But there are some people in this world (of which I fear you are one) who from inattention to engagements, or disinclination to pay debts, but by compulsion, that never are, nor never will be prepared, and when this is the case, endulgences are unavailing.
But I have made similar remarks to these, to you so often, that it is unnecessary to repeat them in this place, I shall therefore, and for the last time inform you, that if you can give the Sheriff satisfactory assurance of his receiving what was due on your judgment Bond last June (according to the Tenor thereof) on or before the first day of April next, this letter deposited in his hands, shall be his authority for staying the proceedings against you in whatever stage it may be till then; beyond which I cannot extend the time.
It is not my wish to ruin, or even to distress your family; but knowing the terms on which you bought the Land, and my motives for selling it, you have no right to distress me by withholding the money, and ought to be as unwilling.
I shall not conclude without informing you in explicit language, that I shall expect the next payment due on the Instalment Bond, when it becomes due (the first of June next) without fail; and expect measures will be taken to accomplish it, instead of resorting to fresh excuses for staving it off. I am etc.
(Confidential)
Mount Vernon, January 15, 1799.
Dear Sir: At the threshold of this letter, I ought to make an apology for its contents; but if you will give me credit for my motives, I will contend for no more, however erroneous my sentiments may appear to you.
It would be a waste of time, to attempt to bring to the view of a person of your observation and discernment, the endeavors of a certain party among us, to disquiet the Public mind among us with unfounded alarms; to arraign every act of the Administration; to set the People at variance with their Government; and to embarrass all its measures. Equally useless would it be to predict what must be the inevitable consequences, of such policy, if it cannot be arrested.
Unfortunately, and extremely do I regret it, the State of Virginia has taken the lead in this opposition. I have said the State, Because the conduct of its Legislature in the Eyes of the world, will authorise the expression; because it is an incontrovertable fact, that the principle leaders of the opposition dwell in it; and because no doubt is entertained, I believe, that with the help of the Chiefs in other States, all the plans are arranged; and systematically pursued by their followers in other parts of the Union; though in no State except Kentucky (that I have heard of) has Legislative countenance been obtained, beyond Virginia.47
[Note 47: The "Kentucky Resolutions," so called, were adopted by that legislature Nov. 16, 1798; Virginia adopted similar resolves December 24. The gist of both sets of resolutions was that a State had the right to nullify an act of Congress, to which it did not accede. Thomas Jefferson drafted the Kentucky resolutions, and James Madison those passed by the Virginia legislature. The cause of the adoption of these resolutions was the Alien and Sedition laws.]
It has been said, that the great mass of the Citizens of this State are well affected, notwithstanding, to the General Government, and the Union; and I am willing to believe it, nay do believe it: but how is this to be reconciled with their suffrages at the Elections of Representatives; both to Congress and their State Legislature; who are men opposed to the first, and by the tendency of their measures would destroy the latter? Some among us have endeavoured to account for this inconsistency, and though convinced themselves, of its truth, they are unable to convince others; who are unacquainted with the internal policy of the State.
One of the reasons assigned is, that the most respectable, and best qualified characters amongst us, will not come forward. Easy and happy in their circumstances at home, and believing themselves secure in their liberties and property, will not forsake them, or their occupations, and engage in the turmoil of public business, or expose themselves to the calumnies of their opponents, whose weapons are detraction.
But at such a crisis as this, when every thing dear and valuable to us is assailed; when this Party hangs upon the Wheels of Government as a dead weight, opposing every measure that is calculated for defence and self preservation; abetting the nefarious views of another Nation, upon our Rights; prefering, as long as they durst contend openly against the spirit and resentment of the People, the interest of France to the Welfare of their own Country; justifying the first at the expence of the latter: When every Act of their own Government is tortured by constructions they will not bear, into attempts to infringe and trample upon the Constitution with a view to introduce monarchy; When the most unceasing, and the purest exertion; were making, to maintain a Neutrality which had been proclaimed by the Executive, approved unequivocally by Congress, by the State Legislatures, nay, by the People themselves, in various meetings; and to preserve the Country in Peace, are charged as a measure calculated to favor Great Britain at the expence of France, and all those who had any agency in it, are accused of being under the influence of the former; and her Pensioners; When measures are systematically, and pertinaciously pursued, which must eventually dissolve the Union or produce coercion. I say, when these things are become so obvious, ought characters who are best able to rescue their Country from the pending evil to remain at home? rather, ought they not to come forward, and by their talents and influence, stand in the breach wch. such conduct has made on the Peace and happiness of this Country, and oppose the widening of it?
Vain will it be to look for Peace and happiness, or for the security of liberty or property, if Civil discord should ensue; and what else can result from the policy of those among us, who, by all the means in their power, are driving matters to extremity, if they cannot be counteracted effectually? The views of Men can only be known, or guessed at, by their words or actions. Can those of the Leaders of Opposition be mistaken then, if judged by this Rule? That they are followed by numbers who are unacquainted with their designs, and suspect as little, the tendency of their principles, I am fully persuaded. But, if their conduct is viewed with indifference; if there is activity and misrepresentation on one side, and supinehess on the other, their numbers, accumulated by Intriguing, and discontented foreigners under proscription, who were at war with their own governments; and the greater part of them with all Government, their numbers will encrease, and nothing, short of Omniscience, can foretel the consequences.
I come now, my good Sir, to the object of my letter, which is, to express a hope, and an earnest wish, that you wd. come forward at the ensuing Elections (if not for Congress, which you may think would take you too long from home) as a candidate for representation, in the General Assembly of this Commonwealth.48
[Note 48: Henry's answer (February 12) is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, being one of the letters abstracted from the Washington Papers by William B. Sprague. A photostat is in the Washington Papers. In it Henry says: "My Children would blush to know, that you and their Father were Cotemporarys, and that when you asked him to throw in his Mite for the public Happiness, he refused to do it."]
There are, I have no doubt, very many sensible men who oppose themselves to the torrent that carries away others, who had rather swim with, than stem it, without an able Pilot to conduct them; but these are neither old in Legislation, nor well known in the Community. Your weight of character and influence in the Ho. of Representatives would be a bulwark against such dangerous sentiments as are delivered there at present. It would be a rallying point for the timid, and an attraction of the wavering. In a word, I conceive it of immense importance at this Crisis, that you should be there; and I would fain hope that all minor considerations will be made to yield to the measure.
If I have erroneously supposed that your sentiments on these subjects are in unison with mine; or if I have assumed a liberty which the occasion does not warrant, I must conclude as I began, with praying that my motives may be received as an apology; and that my fear, that the tranquillity of the Union, and of this State in particular, is hastening to an awful crisis, has extorted them from me.
With great, and very sincere regard, and respect, I am &c.
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1799.
Dear Sir: Since your departure from Mount Eagle, I have been favored with three letters from you.
The first, dated in Hampton Road, June the 17th, came speedily to hand; the 2d, begun on the 21st. and ended the 23d. of August, in London and the 3d. from York of the 7th. of September, have also been received at the following times viz. That from York, a day or two before I commenced a journey for Philadelphia on the 4th of November, and the other from London, a few days after my return from thence, on the 20th of December.
For the details contained in these several letters, I pray you to accept my thanks; and congratulations on your safe arrival in England, although the Passage, on the whole, was not altogether as expeditious and agreeable as you expected. To this prayer, let me add my best wishes for the perfect restoration of your health, and the accomplishment of such other objects as might have induced you to undertake the Voyage. After which it would give your friends in this Country much pleasure to hail your return.
For your care of the letters I took the liberty of committing to you, my grateful acknowledgments are offered.
When I presented my Valedictory address to the People of the United States, in September 1796, I little thought that any event would occur in my day that could again withdraw me from the Retirement after which I had been so long panting; but we know little of ourselves, and still less of the ways of Providence. The injurious treatment this Country had received from France, in an open violation of the Treaty between the two Countries, and of the Laws of Nations. The Insults and Indignities with which all our Overtures for an amicable adjustment of the disputes were treated. The increasing depredations on our Commerce, accompanied with outrage and threats, if we did not comply with their demands, leaving no hope of obtaining restitution for the past, or preserving the little that remained, or the Country from Invasion, but by the adoption of vigorous measures for self-defence having come fully to the view of the People, their resentments have been roused, and with one voice as it were, have made a tender of their lives and fortunes to repel any attempts which may be made on the Constitution or Government of their Country. In consequence of which, and to be prepared for the dernier resort, if unhappily we shall be driven to it, Troops are to be raised, and the United States placed in a Posture of defence. Under these circumstances, and it appearing to be the wish of my Countrymen, and the request of the governing Powers that I should take charge of their Armies, I am embarked so far in the business as will appear by my letter to the President of the 13th. of July last; which, as it has run through all the Newspapers here and Published in many of the Foreign Gazettes, you probably may have seen; and though still at home, where indeed I hope to remain, under a persuasion that the French will discover the injustice and absurdity of their conduct, I hold myself in readiness to gird on the Sword, if the immergency shall require it.
Notwithstanding the Spirit of the People is so animated, that party among us who have been uniform in their opposition to all the measures of Government; in short to every Act, either of Executive or Legislative Authority, which seemed to be calculated to defeat French usurpations, and to lessen the influence of that Nation in our Country, hang upon, and clog its wheels as much as in them lye; and with a rancour, and virulence which is scarcely to be conceived. torturing every act, by unnatural construction, into a design to violate the Constitution, Introduce monarchy, and to establish an Aristocracy, and what is more to be regretted, the same Spirit seems to have laid hold of the major part of the Legislature of this State, while all the other States in the Union (Kentucky, the child of Virginia, excepted) are coming forward with the most unequivocal evidences of their approbation of the measures which have been adopted by both, for self preservation. In what such a spirit, and such proceedings will issue, is beyond the reach of short sighted man to predict, with any degree of certainty. I hope well; because I have always believed, and trusted, that that Providence which has carried us through a long and painful War with one of the most powerful Nations in Europe, will not suffer the discontented among ourselves, to produce more than a temporary interruption to the permanent Peace and happiness of this rising Empire. That they have been the cause of our present disquitudes, and the means of Stimulating (by mis-representing the Sentiments of the mass of Citizens of this Country) the Directory of France to their unwarrantable Acts, not from more real affection to the Nation than others possess, but to facilitate the design of subverting their own government, I have no more doubt than that I am now in the act of writing you this letter.
It was at the request of the Secretary of War, my Journey to Philadelphia was undertaken, to assist in the formation of the Augmented Force and to effect some other Military arrangements; and although your letter from York of the 7th. of September came to hand before I set out, and was taken with me to be acknowledged from thence, yet my time, and attention, was so much occupied with the business that carried me there, that I never found leisure to do it.
Lady Huntington as you may have been told was a correspondent of mine, and did me the honor to claim me as a relation; but in what degree, or by what connexion it came to pass, she did not inform me, nor did I ever trouble her Ladyship with an enquiry. The favourable sentiments which others, you say, have been pleased to express respecting me, cannot but be pleasing to a mind [ sic] who always walked on a straight line, and endeavoured as far as human frailties, and perhaps strong passions, would enable him, to discharge the relative duties to his Maker and fellow-men, without seeking any indirect or left handed attempts to acquire popularity.
Our Crops of Wheat and Indian Corn last year (except in places) were extremely short. The drought of the Autumn exceeded any thing that has been recollected, insomuch that the Mills were scarcely able to work before New Years day, and the Fly has again begun its ravages on the Wheat in the Counties above us. This calamity, with the severity of the Drought on the Fall seeding, has given a discouraging aspect to the ensuing Crop of Wintr Grain.
We have the pleasure, frequently, of seeing or hearing from Mrs. Fairfax; and on Wednesday last, Mrs. Washington and myself took a family dinner at Mount Eagle, and left all the family in good health and Spirits in the afternoon. Miss Custis was, at that time, with her Mother at Hope Park, or she would have accompanied us on that visit. She is now returned, and unites with Mrs. Washington and myself in offering best wishes for your health and safe return. And with very great, and sincere esteem etc.
P. S. Finding that I could not comprise what I had to say in one sheet of Paper, I have rambled on until I have almost filled a second.
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1799.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 13th. Inst. has been duly received.
It would oblige me very much if you could procure, and send me by the first opportunity which may offer, One bushel of English, or blue grass seeds, Fresh and good, without which, or if it be defective, or foul, my purpose, which is to sow a Lawn before my door, would not be answered.
If Blue grass-seeds cannot be obtained, send white Clover seed, if to be had, of equal quantity as above.
From Mr. Parish I expected two Hats, which may come with the Boots and Book case; the last of which it would be pleasing to receive. Mrs. Washington unites with me in offering the complimts. of the Season to Mrs. Biddle yrself and family. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1799.
Sir: On the 10th. of last July I had the honor to write you a pretty long letter on various subjects, and hearing, some considerable time afterwards, that the Ship (Suffolk) by which it had been sent, was Captured by a French Cruiser, from whence none of my letters ever reach their Address, I did, not long since, transmit a duplicate; which, though unaccompanied with the early Wheat that the above Vessel contained, I hope has met a better fate.
I wish also that the proceedings of the National Board of Agriculture, which you informed me It had the goodness to direct should be neatly bound, and sent to me, may not have fallen into the same rapacious hands; as they have never been received.
It is now sometime since I had the honor to receive your favor of the 6th. of June, accompanying the history of the origin and "progress of the Statistical account of Scotland" for which I pray you to accept my best thanks. That letter should not have remained so long unacknowledged had it not been received a few days before I commenced a journey to Philadelphia on business with the Secretary of War, where I was detained near seven weeks, and so closely occupied in the matters which carried me there, as to render all Minor considerations inadmissible.
It is not for me, Sir, to express an opinion with respect to the change in the Presidency of the National Board of Agriculture. I have no doubt but that Lord Somerville is a very meritorious character, and well deserves the honor to which he is Elected. I am also perfectly well satisfied that no one as far as my opportunities have enabled me to judge, could fill that office with more zeal, more honor to himself, and more usefulness to the Public, than Sir John Sinclair; and none who will merit in a higher degree than himself, the thanks he has received. Happy is it then for the Nation, to possess such characters to chuse from.
No one is more deeply impressed than I am, of the importance of National encouragement to Agriculture. No one can approve more of such an Institution as you have been the promoter of than myself. Nor no one who wishes more ardently than I do, to see such a measure adopted in the United States. but we must look I fear to a more tranquil period for the accomplishment of it; Endeavouring in the mean while, to draw all the advantages we can from the labours of others. With great respect, and sincere esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, January 23, 1799.
Dear Sir: In my last, written to you a few days ago, I intended, but forgot it, to enquire what price flour and Wheat bore in your Market.
I would thank you for giving these in your next. There used to be the prices current in one of the Gazettes of Philadelphia, which, tho' a very useful thing, seems to be discontinued. Let me pray you therefore, when at any time you may have occasion to write to me, to mention the price of the above Articles, and whether they are likely to rise or fall.
As a Farmer, Wheat and Flour constitute my principal concerns; it behoves me therefore to dispose of them upon the best terms. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Mount Vernon, January 23, 1799.
Dear Sir: It is quite time that you shd. determine whether you will take Young Royal Gift to cover at your House the ensuing Season, or not; that he may be advertised accordingly.
And for your information it is necessary to add that, he is rather slow in covering; indeed will not cover at all, unless there is a Jenny by, to excite and stimulate him to the Act. He is now in his prime being 7 years old, spring coming and about 13½ hands high; Son of Royal Gift, out of one of the Imported Jennies, from Malta. If you take the Jack, and have no female Asses in your neighbourhood, it will be necessary to take one or two from hence; and this perhaps would be the safest and best mode.
Some very careful person should have the care of them on the Road; the contrary of which, occasioned the loss of the old Spanish Jack. Let me hear from you on this subject as soon as you can, after this letter gets to hand, that I may know, in time, whether young Royal Gift is to be advertised for covering here, or with you.
It would be very convenient and acceptable thing, for me to receive my Rents, or even a part of them, at as early a period as you can furnish me with them. On what I supposed, at the time, a moral certainty of receiving considerable payments (before Christmas) for Lands I had disposed of, I have entered into a Contract for building two houses in the Federal City (for the accommodation of Congress, the members I mean,) and am obliged by that Contract to make considerable advances of money this Winter, and early in the Spring; which I shall not be enabled to do, under the above disappointments, without having recourse to borrowing from the Bank (at its ruinous interest) unless I can be aided by my Rents, and other resources on which I did not calculate. Let me know what dependence I can place on the first.
How far does Major Harrison, who owns the land near my Mill, live from you?
The latter end of October, or beginning of November last, (dated I perceive the 4th. of Novembr.) I wrote him a letter of which the enclosed is a Press Copy, taken at the time. But never having heard from him since, the presumption is, it never reached his hands, or an acknowledgment of it, at least, would have been made. If you should see Majr. Harrison, show him the Copy, and ask what answer he is disposed to give it. The family here are all well, and unite in best regards to Mrs. Lewis and yourself, with Dear Sir Your etc.
Mount Vernon, January 25, 1799.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 16th. instant enclosing one from Mr. Hesekiah Veatch of the 1st. of December last, with a statement of the A/c against Mr. Charles McDavitt is received.
Your directions to, Mr. Veatch's proceedings in consequence thereof, respecting the mode of obtaining the Rent due from McDavitt, were very proper, and are very satisfactory to me. The Bond of the latter may either remain in Mr. Veatch's hands, or yours, as you shall judge best, to be acted upon when it becomes due.
I have received also, enclosed in your letter, a Hogshead of Tobacco, on account of Rent due to me from Mrs. Priscilla Beall, as pr. receipt enclosed; and feel very much obliged by your kind attention to my interest in these matters. With very great esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, January 29, 1799.
Dear Sir: When I wrote to you a few days ago for Blue grass-seed, and if that could not be had, then white clover seed in equal quantity; I expected to have finished a piece of ground sufficiently large to receive it. dispairing of this now and keeping seed over the year is not a good practice. I request, if you have not already purchased a bushel of the one, or the other, as then mentioned, that the quantity may not exceed [25 lbs.]68 of which ever of the kind that is sent. If it be purchased, however I am ready to receive the whole quantity.
[Note 68: Blank in the press copy. The "25 lbs." is supplied from the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.]
Conceiving I must now be in your debt, if you will transmit the a/c, I will pay the balance as soon as known. With esteem etc.
Mount Vernon, January 30, 1799.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 28th. instant, enclosing Deeds for my Lots in the Federal City, and Messrs. Blagden and Lenthal's estimate and drawing of the Windows, dressed in the manner proposed, came to my hands yesterday.
The drawing sent, gives a much handsomer appearance to the Windows than the original design did; and I am more disposed to encounter the difference of expence, than to lessen the exterior shew of the building, and therefore consent to the proposed alteration. At the foot of the estimate sent me (relatively to the Windows) is an application for 152, two inch sash pullies (brass wheels in iron frames) and two groce of 7/8th. Inch Screws. Be so good as to direct Mr. Blagden to purchase these articles on the best terms, and of such sorts as will suit him. And also to employ a Painter to prime the Sashes and Doors, although I know it will cost me five times as much as I could do it for myself. The job is too small to send a Person from hence for that purpose only.
As a Pump will, ultimately, be necessary for the Well, it may as well be fixed there now as hereafter, remembering in the construction thereof, that it be calculated to serve both houses.
I do not clearly comprehend how it should come to pass, that the Specification of the Work, should be at variance with the Plan of the Buildings. I had always conceived that when a Plan was exhibited and agreed to, that it gave the precise dimensions, and that the only use of the former was to ascertain the cost, and to explain the manner, in which the work was to be executed. Professing myself, however, to be a Novice in these matters, I shall readily conform to whatever you shall think right; and so I will do if any thing else of a similar nature should occur, in prosecuting the Work.
If a change in the Windows, should affect the size of the glass, I ought to be informed of it in time; indeed without delay; that no error may be committed in providing the latter.
Is my Deed for the Lot on which I am building, yet in the City Office, or have I mislaid it? I do not find it among the others. Complimts. and best wishes. etc.69
[Note 69: From the original in the Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.]
Mount Vernon, February 1, 1799.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th. Ulto. was received last Night. As the whole quantity of Blue-grass seed was purchased before my last letter to you got to hand, it may be sent on without diminution.
Let it be accompanied, if to be had fresh and good, with twelve pounds of White clover seed; and the like quantity of Lucern. You will remark how pointed I am with respect to the goodness and quality of the seeds I buy; the reason is, that no imposition upon a Farmer is felt so sorely as that of foul, and defective seeds; because it deranges a whole system, besides occasioning the loss of a year in his plans.
If Captn. Ellwood would heave to when off my house; or send a Boat a shore, which would be more certain, I would send off my Boat wch. would bring the Book cases without delay. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
[Note 84: Of Foxley, Herefordshire, England.]
Mount Vernon (in Virginia), February 5, 1799.
Sir: At the sametime that I pray you to accept my thanks for your polite, and obliging favour of the 31st of March in the past year, it becomes necessary that I should apologize for what, otherwise, might carry with it the appearance of inattention to your kindness, in sending me your Essay on the "Picturesque."
This Work, Sir, did not reach my hands until within a few days; which will account for my silence 'till now.
The subject is curious, and I persuade myself I shall read the two Volumes with pleasure and edification in my first leisure moments. In the meantime I have the honor etc.
Mount Vernon, February 6, 1799.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 24th. Ulto., and thank you for your kind assurance of suffering no tenant to remain on your land (near my Mill) who is a nuisance to me.
But it was from a thorough conviction in my mind that no person, or persons, who meant to get a livelihood by dint of labour. In short who did not depend more upon slight of hand, and unwarrantable shifts than labour, for a support, who would live on it in the exhausted state in which it is, that induced me to propose becoming your tenant, for the whole tract.
To this application of mine, your letter gives no answer; which is the cause of my giving you the trouble of the second Letter; forasmuch, if you are inclined to lease the Land to met for a term of years (and I could not take it on a short one, for the reasons mentioned in my last) I may know on what conditions; and if agreeable, be making my arrangements accordingly for the next year.
You will be able to judge, without any observations of mine, whether it will not be for your interest, and the advantage of the Land, that the whole should be in the hands of one persons who will pay the rent regularly as it becomes due, without trouble; and who, by proper inclosures (the fencing of which I should be oblidged to do with timber from my own land) wd. be improving, instead of rendering it less and less valuable every year, leaving it totally divested of even firewood, or any thing to support it, in the manner, and under the circumstances it now is, and is going on. I say your own good sense will enable you to judge of these matters as well as can. All I request is, to be informed, whether you will lease the land to me, or not; and in the former case, on what terms; being certain that my enclosures will forever be subject to depredations while the tenements are in the hands of persons who cannot support their families by fair and honest labour, without being in a starving condition great part of the year.
With respect to John Javins I have nothing particular to charge him with; nor do I know any thing with which to impeach his honesty. Nor am I able to fix by legal proof anything against the others; but certain it is the best fences I can make are no proof against their hogs &ca.; and my meadows and grain are continually destroyed by their Stocks. And it is not less certain that my Stock (of Hogs and Sheep in particular) are constantly diminishing and while one of the Pools has no visible way of raising them, sells more things than any person of his condition in the County. In a word, I have lately been told that he keeps a tipling house which is a receptacle for such articles as Negros can steal from their Owners. I am etc.
Mount Vernon, February 6, 1799.
My dear Sir: By the Ship Nancy from London, just arrived at Alexandria; I have received four copies of the Prints of the Deaths of Montgomery and Warren (the number of setts I presume I subscribed for)87 sent me by your Brother.88
[Note 87: A set of these prints (the one of the death of Warren is better known as the Battle of Bunker Hill), the property of Walter G. Peter, of Washington, D. C., is in the Washington Collection in the National Museum. One set was hung in the "new room" (Banquet Hall) and one set in the central hall of Mount Vernon.]
[Note 88: John Trumbull.]
It is my wish to make him a remittance agreeably to the terms of the Subscription; but having taken no copy of it, and not being able to recollect what is to pay, must be my apology for troubling you with this letter: presuming that the original Paper or a copy thereof, might have been left with you; and moreover, that you may be empowered to receive from the Subscribers in the United States, the amount of their subscriptions, in which case, upon receiving the advice, I shall, instead of making the remittance of mine to London, transmit it to you.
Whether any thing was to have been paid in advance, and whether in that case I paid mine, is more than I can decide without a resort (for the latter) to my Papers from Philadelphia, which are yet to be unpacked, and arranged.89
[Note 89: Washington had already paid half of the subscription (3 guineas) for two sets of the prints on Apr. 17, 1790 ( Cf. Washington's letter to Joseph Anthony, Sept. 30, 1799, post.)]
By a Paper accompanying the Prints of Montgomery and Warren, the other part of the original design is suspended, on account of the peculiarity of the times.
As I shall not write to Mr. Trumbull until I hear from you, the sooner you can make it convenient to give me the information herein required, the more agreeable it will be.
I enquire frequently after you, and with pleasure hear always that you enjoy good health. Mrs. Washington who is as well as usual, and Nelly Custis who on my birthday (the 22d. instant) will change her name for that of Lewis, a Nephew of mine, and brother to those who lived with me in New York and Philadelphia, unite in best wishes and respectful compliments to Mrs. Trumbull and yourself, with My dear Sir etc.
Alexandria, August 18, 1772.
Dear Sir: Harvest, Company, and one thing or another, equally unforeseen and unavoidable, has hitherto prevented Mrs. Washington and myself from paying our respects to Mrs. Boucher and you; but if nothing happens more than we at present know of, you may expect to see us the first Week in September, perhaps the middle of it. This I have mention'd, that, in case you should have any call out abt. that time you may [feel] free enough to signify it, as any other time will be equally convenient and agreeable to Dr. Sir Yr. etc.23
[Note 23: The text is from a facsimile in Lettres Autographes composant la collection de Madame G. Whitney Hoff (Paris: 1934). The word in brackets was, probably, inserted by Washington in pencil and does not show in the facsimile, but there is a caret at this point in the original.]
GEORGE WASHINGTON
BICENTINNEAL EDITION
THE WRITINGS OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON
GEORGE WASHINGTON
BICENTENNIAL EDITION
THE WRITINGS OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON
Letters to Washington
AND
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS
PUBLISHED BY
THE SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES
OF AMERICA
EDITED BY
STANISLAUS MURRAY HAMILTON
Editor of the Writings of James Monroe
VOL. I
1752--1756
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
The Riverside Press, Cambridge
... 1898
[Note 1: 1 The father of Thomas Nelson, Jr., Brigadier-General of the Virginia Militia during the Revolution, and Governor of the State of Virginia in 1781.]
YORK Feby 22 1753.
SIR,
I have received yours of the 12th. Instant, in which you express a Desire to be removed to the Adjutancy of the Northern Neck.2 I think the thing so reasonable, that I wish you may succeed: however, I presume you are not unacquainted, that two Gentlemen have apply'd for it, & both strongly recommended; yet, Reason, I hope, will always prevail at the Board over Interest & Favour; upon which Principle you may expect all the Service that can be done you in the Affair by the Secretary, as well as by,
[Note 2: 2 Washington received the appointment November, 1753.]
... Sir,
... Your most hble Servt.
... WM. NELSON
[Note 1: 1 Charles Carter, son of John and Elizabeth (Hill) Carter, grandson of Robert and Judith (Armistead) "King" Carter, and great-grandson of John and Sarah (Ludlow) Carter (founder of the family in Virginia), was born at "Corotoman," Lancaster County, in 1732, married in 1756 his cousin, Mary W. Carter, of "Cleves;" secondly, Anne Butler Moore, of "Chelsea;" issue by first marriage eight, and by second fifteen children, whose numerous descendants include the best esteemed family names in Virginia. His daughter, Anne Hill Carter, was the second wife of "Light Horse Harry" Lee, and the mother of General Robert Edward Lee. Colonel Carter was a member of the House of Burgesses continuously from 1761 to 1766, and in the latter year a member of the Council also. He, later, fitted up "Shirley," James River, and moved thither. He died in 1806, leaving an estate of 35,000 acres of land in the counties of Loudoun, Fauquier, Prince William, Lancaster, Richmond, Westmoreland, King William, Hanover, Henrico, and Charles City; about 1000 negro slaves; £12,000 in money, and various bonds, mortgages, etc. In his will he requests his family and friends not to "go into mourning nor wear black clothes." His grave is at "Shirley," which seat is now owned by his grandson, Captain Robert Randolph Carter, late Confederate Navy.--BROCK.]
FREDERICKSBURGH June 5 1754
SIR
We had ye. agreable news of the victory obtained by ye. Partie under your Command.2 I heartily congratulate you and all ye. Brave gentlen. that were of ye. company. From this happy begining I am led to hope you will soon make those cruel men know that numbers can't support an unrighteous cause God grant you may be blest with ye. like success and drive them Out of our Colony I had this affair in the begining much at heart and you are a witness to ye. share I had in promoting the Bill for defending our Frontiers and you may depend I shall be always ready to serve such brave men, to the utmost of my power
[Note 2: 2 The skirmish with M. de Jumonville, May 28, 1754.]
We are told the officers are very uneasy on acct. of some late resolve of the Comittee I am not yet satisfied what their complaint is as it comes from a youth in the service I hope much may be imputed to his not being well informd while I was at the Committee I can aver there was ye. greatest readiness to promote and encourage the officers and men and make the most effectual provision no doubt any just complaint will meet immediate redress for my part I shall always be a true friend to such deserving men I know ye. hardships you must suffer and I hope you will be amply rewarded and return crownd with Laurels. I should be glad to know the name of ye. unfortunate man that died in our Cause please to favour me with an Acct. of every Important occurrence and the grounds of the Complaint you are so well satisfied of the importance of the trust reposed in you that it would be impertinence to use any arguments to excite you to a courageous discharge of it My Compliments to all the officers I am charm with their Bravery
... I am
... Sr.
... Yr. most obigd hume. Servt.
... CHS. CARTER
P. S. The above was wrote in the dark but I could not omit an opportunity to congratulate you on this happy occasion.
For Colo. GEORGE WASHINGTON
at Youghyoughgane.1
[Note 1: 1 Youghiogany.]
[Note 1: 1 Colonel John Carlyle, of Alexandria, was a native of Scotland, who early in life became a merchant on the Potomac. He was twice married; first to Sarah, second daughter of the Hon. William Fairfax, of "Belvoir." He was in business in Alexandria as early as 1745. In 1753 he erected, on Fairfax Street, a large stone residence, which is still standing, and in which he entertained General Braddock in 1755 and the governors of the five provinces who met there to concert measures for the campaign against the French on the Ohio, which ended so disastrously. He was appointed by Governor Dinwiddie in 1754 commissary of provisions and stores for the expedition of that year to the Ohio. His mercantile and shipping business was conducted under a copartnership with John Dalton. When, in 1748, a charter was granted for the town of Alexandria, he was named in the Act as one of the trustees. On the death of his father-in-law, William Fairfax, he was appointed as royal collector of the Potomac. He and all the members of his family were frequent visitors at Mount Vernon. His second wife was Sybil West, daughter of Hugh and Sybil (Harrison) West.--TONER.]
ALEXANDRIA June 17 1754.
DR SIR
I received your favor of the 6th by Mr Gist2 & am Very Sorry that its not In our power to Supply you faster & better than We doe; its not for want of Will, but for two reasons first a Scarcity of Cash & Secondly We are Deceived by Those that we depend opon. I Wrote you that I had Agreed with Mr Croghan1 for 50,000 Wt of Flour to be Delivered at his risque at the Camp In 15 days from the time of his Making the Agreement the 31 May at Winchester, he told the Governour that he had 40,000 & by what I can Learn he had not 400£ but has Sent his Bros. Word to purchase, as he is With you pray oblige him to perform his Agreement, I understand he's not a man of Truth, & therefor not to be depended on, the Governour See into him, before he left Winchester, & Was Sorry he put him into any Trust but as he's to Act by your Directions, doubt not but you'l Take care of him,
[Note 2: 2 Christopher Gist was of English descent. His grandfather was Christopher Gist, who died in Baltimore County in 1691. His grandmother was Edith Cromwell, who died in 1694. They had one child, Richard, who was surveyor of the Western Shore, and was one of the commissioners, in 1729, for laying off the town of Baltimore, and presiding magistrate in 1736. In 1705 he married Zipporah Murray, and Christopher was one of three sons. He married Sarah Howard; his brother, Nathaniel, married Mary Howard; and Thomas, the third brother, married Violetta Howard, aunts of General John Eager Howard. From either Nathaniel or Thomas descended General Gist, who was killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., near the close of the late civil war. Christopher had three sons, Nathaniel, Richard, and Thomas, and one daughter, Nancy, none of whom, except Nathaniel, were married. Because of his knowledge of the country on the Ohio, and his skill in dealing with the Indians, Christopher Gist was chosen to accompany Washington on his mission in 1753, and it was from his journal that Sparks and Irving derived their account of that expedition. With his sons, Nathaniel and Thomas, he was with Braddock on the fatal field of Monongahela, and for his services received a grant of 12,000 acres of land from the King of England. Richard was killed in the battle of King's Mountain. Thomas lived on the plantation, and was a man of note then, presiding in the courts till his death, about 1786. Nancy lived with him until his death, when she joined her brother Nathaniel, and removed with him to the grant in Kentucky, about the beginning of this century.
Nathaniel Gist, the grandfather of Hon. Montgomery Blair, of Maryland, married Judith Carey Bell, of Buckingham County, Va., a grand-niece of Archibald Carey, the mover of the Bill of Rights in the House of Burgesses. Nathaniel was a colonel in the Virginia line during the Revolutionary War, and died early in the present century at an old age. He left two sons, Henry Carey and Thomas Cecil. His eldest daughter, Sarah Howard, married the Hon. Jesse Bledsoe, a United States senator from Kentucky, and a distinguished jurist; his grandson, B. Gratz Brown, was the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 1872. The second daughter of Colonel Gist, Anne (Nancy), married Colonel Nathaniel Hart, a brother of Mrs. Henry Clay. The third daughter married Dr. Boswell, of Lexington, Ky. The fourth daughter married Francis P. Blair. The fifth daughter married Benjamin Gratz, of Lexington, Ky.--LOWDERMILK.]
[Note 1: 1 An Indian trader who received from Braddock a commission as captain to command the savages during the campaign.]
Mr Gist Tells me he has Agreed with Robt. Callinder for 80 horse Load of Flower to be Delivered Also at his risque In 30 days & We have Wheat now At the Mills to make 50,000 Wt., you cannot Immadgeon, but that we do all We can, & as soon as the New Crops Come In, you Shall have plenty.
Your people you may Ashure them from Me, Shall be paid to the last Farthing, in A few days. I have A Messinger at Williamsburg for Money, Which Shall Immediately Send or bring up to Wills Creek, & have Sent up per Mr Gists. What Shirts we have ready, & Shous & are Getting Red Coats made for All that has not got for the 25c\ Given by the Country By the order of the Governour, as the Intention of the Gift, to put them all In one Dress if possible. Theres none but yr Men that Went out first have much to Settle for, they are to be paid to the 29 May. Capt. Stobo's Men & that Division was settled with to Ist May & Capt. Lewis's Was pd. to the II the day they Marchd
The Carradge on horses is so expensive that Sum Method must be Thought of to mend the roads, that Waggons may pass its the Govr. directions, that you shoud keep Castleman's waggons, &c. Also Basenton & Henry Vanmeter Was to purchase Another to goe with the Oxen & Ill see if I Can Gett Two more & Capt Stobo has one to Make Out 6 waggons & they Going Constantly from Wills Creek to Redstone Will Supply you but the Road might be Mended for the Waggoners Will not Carry farther than Wills Creek & if our own Waggoners Coud Carry from thence, we Shou'd run no risque Cannot you Spare a few Men to blow up any Rocks that may be Needful &c.
As to Tools Shall gett out as many as We Can, but as Stobo has A Smith, & tools, & you have Iron & Steel I believe you may gett trowels &c made Easier than we can Send them out, as they Take A Small Quantity of Iron & Steel.
Mr Gist brings you Cloath for Britches & by the first Shipe Expect you May have Ye things from London that Ye Sent for.
I Expect my Messinger in three days With Cash & then Shall Either come up myself, or Send Mr Wood, to pay of your men a Little Money Will put them In high Spirits.
I would have you Caution them not to run In Debt for befor their pay becomes due again, Ill have Goods up, & Let them have Necessarys on the cheapest Terms, as Cheap as Mr Croghan buys himself.
Their is plenty of powder & Lead With Col. Muse & at the New Store & Mr Gist has orders to hurry it out as Soon as possible
I have given Mr Gist orders to Agree with Mr. Cooper to Come out & take upon him Cap. Hays Post, & hope he may give Satisfaction, tho. desire you take care to put no more than his duty upon him, Which is only to give to Each Company their provisions & the Sargints to devide & not he, for no one I can Employ will Undertake the whole upon any other Terms.
I Shall write you by Mr Wood or when I come up to Wills Creck Which I Expect to be in ten Days.
We have No Certain acct. that the New York forces are Yet In the River, We dayly Expect them, & Col. Fairfax is to revew them, & to report their Condition, We are Also dayly Expecting the No. Carolina forces & the South Indians they are to Come to Winchester, & Col Fairfax & I are Appointd Commissioners to Give them part of the Goods their & the Remainder is to be Sent up to you
Jno. West is Raising 30 men to Compleat your Regiment & Will be With You In Ten or 15 Days. his Friends Expect he'l gett a Captain's Com. Tho their is a Good many Vacanses, yett he cannot Expect it, as he's but third or fourth Lieut. I am in hopes you'l think on Towers & that his behavior will Deserve yr favour.
The Two Cols Fairfax's are not Very well the Old Gentleman with Sumthing of the flux the Young Gentleman the fever & ague I am In hopes they are both on the Recovery.
Mrs Fairfax is still below. My Sally promises to write to you but know not whether She'd be so Good as her Word.
We have no particular news here only We have had great Rejoicings on Yr Good Success & are now out of fear for you As We Are well Ashured the forces under Mase & Capt Mackay must have joyned you the Latter & his Officers you must Like.
... I am Dr Sir
... Yr Very Affectionet &c
... JOHN CARLYLE.
p. S.
I have got 2 hhd. of your Tobacco down & have pd of yr Carpinters yr. order. the Tobacco is but Indiferent & with Sum trouble passed Inspection.
... J. C.
... Copy of an agreement with Mr Croghan May 30 1754
This day Agreed with John Carlyle Comr of Stores for to Deliver Ten thousand wt. of Flour to the Comr In Chief at the English Camp at or near Red Stone Creek at my risque for which I am to receive 3d paper perCt. In Two months paymt
As Witness my hand this Day Abov
... GEO. GROGHAN
Test DRAPER S. WOOD
N. B This to be Delvd. In 15 Days from the Date Inclosed is Invoice of Sundrys Sent you I pattern for [mutilated] for yr Self. Two others may Lett any of the officers have The shirts are Ill made but Good Linnen & we understood Mr pirvance wanted --
Their 20 cheqd Shirts which may Let those have thats In the Greatest Want, & Shall send 500 more soon the other things belongs to the Country.
June 17, 1754.
DR. SIR
I Received your Letter dated the 15 May, Which gave me both pleasure and pain, the first to heare of your health, the latter to be Informed of the many Risques you run, but am hopeful your good Constitution and a kind protecter will bring you out of them all as it has In the last Ingagement preserved you from harm. If I thought my Letters were Agreeabel to you, I wou'd Continers a Correspondence that I must own Agreeabel to me, but must not Expect it to be Carred on (on my Side) with the Spirret it ought to Inliven you Which wou'd be my desire If I cou'd --
those pleasing reflections on the hours past ought to be banished out of your thoughts, you have now A Noblier prospect that of preserveing your Country from the Insults of an Enimy. and as god has blessed your first Attempt, hope he may Continers his blessing, and on your return, Who knows but fortune may have, reserved you for Sum unknown She, that may recompence you for all the Tryals past, however you have my Warmest Wishes and may be assur'd that I ever am
... Your Sincear Wellwisher and
... Your Humbel Servent
... SARAH CARLYLE
ALEXANDRIA June 24th: 1754
DEAR SIR
The agreeable and long wished for News of the detachments under the Comand of Major Muse and Captn. Mc.Koy having joined you in time to prevent the Success of any Attacks from the french, was very satisfactory to me; whose mind was continually alarmed with the Apprehensions of your being forced to another battle when unprepared for it.
The Triton arrived here the 22d. with the two Companies from New York, tho' not compleat. And a fair Wind yesterday brought up a Schooner with 107 Men, belonging to the No. Carolina Regiment that are on their March.
My Sisters are not yet returned from below, but expected in ten Days.
With best Respects to the whole Corps, and wishing you all imaginable Success I remain
... Yr. assured friend and
... Very humble Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX
[Note 1: 1 The immediate ancestors of Governor Dinwiddie were denizens of Glasgow, and had been, for some generations probably, merchants in honorable esteem, as was his father, Robert Dinwiddie. His mother was also of an old Glasgow family of the same calling. She was Sarah, the daughter of Matthew Cumming, who was Bailie of the city in 1691, 1696, and 1699, and the owner of the lands of Carderock in the contiguous parish of Cadder. The son, Robert Dinwiddie, was born in 1693, at Germiston, a seat purchased by his father in 1690. He was disciplined in the counting-house, and was probably for a time a merchant in Glasgow. He was appointed, December 1, 1727 a Collector of the Customs in the Island of Bermuda, which position he held under successive commissions, until April 11, 1738, when, in acknowledgment of his vigilance and zcal in the discharge of official duty, in the detecting and exposing a long practiced system of fraud in the collection of the Customs of the West India Islands, he received the appointment of "Surveyor-General of Customs of the southern ports of the Continent of America." He was named, as his predecessors had been, a member of the respective councils of the American Colonies. This mandate was recognized by Governor Gooch, of Virginia [in which colony Dinwiddie appears to have fixed his chief residence], but was resisted by the Councillors, who, jealous of interference with their prerogatives, refused to allow him to sit with them, and transmitted a remonstrance to the King for his exclusion. The controversy was decided by the Board of Trade, in May, 1742, advising that the royal purpose should be enforced, in opposition to claims dangerous because they were new. Dinwiddie was specially commissioned, August 17, 1743, with the designation of "Inspector-General," to examine into the duties of the Collector of Customs of the Island of Barbadoes, and in the discharge of this trust exposed to the English government an enormous defalcation in the revenues there. In 1749 he appears to have resided in London as a merchant, engaged in trade with the colonies. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, July 20, 1751, and with his wife and two daughters, Elizabeth and Rebecca, arrived in the colony November 20, following.--BROCK.]
WILLIAMSBURG June 25th.. 1754
SIR --
This will (I hope) be deliver'd you by Colo. James Innes, who has my comission to comand in chief on the Expedition, which I dare say will be very agreeable to you, & am in Hopes when all the Forces are collected in a Body, You will be able to turn the Tables on the French and dislodge them from the Fort, & in Time to take full possession of the Ohio River.
As I am affraid of Disputes from the Officers of the Independt. Companies, to prevent that I have orderd. Colo. Innes to Comand in Chief, & You are to be second in Comd. I have seen a breviate comission of Lieutn. Colo. to Capt. Clark,1 to be third in Comand, & the same to Capt. Mackay2 to be fourth in Comand on this Expedition; & have desired Colo. Innes to allow their Lieuts. to rank with our Capts. this is only Feathers in their Caps & to prevent any ill Blood in regard to Rank; as Unanimity is the only step towards success in ye Expedition, & I doubt not all the officers will perceive my meaning in this regulation.
[Note 1: 1 Captain of an Independent company from New York.]
[Note 2: 2 Captain of an Independent company of one hundred men from South Carolina.]
I have directed His Majesty's Present to be sent out, to be given among the Indians as Colo. Innes may think proper with your advice. I have given orders to keep you duely supplied with Provisions, & am in great Hopes, when joined in a Body, you will be a proper Match for the French, as I am in hopes you will have a good Number of our friendly Inds. to your Assistance.
I have no more to add but recomending you to the Protection of God, & wishing success to attend all your undertakings I remain in Truth
... Sir
... Ye most hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
P. S. My service to all Ye Brother Officers.
WMSBURG June 27th. 1754
SIR
Yr Letter without Date I recd. am sorry you have occasion to complain for want of Flower &c it gives me much uneasiness, & have wrote strongly to Maje. Carlyle to prevent any such Complaints for the Future, & I hope you will have no room to complain of Provsions or Amunition having desired that the last may be imediately sent out.--Before this reaches you I doubt not Colo. Innes will be with you, who has my full Instructs. for conducting the Expedition, & a regulantn. in regard to the Comdrs. of the Independt. Compas. which I hope will prevent any murmuring in regard to rank.
I wish you had suspended going to Red Stone Creek till you was joined by the other Forces, being much affraid of a Surprize. You know the French act with great Secrecy & Cunning, & therefore I do not doubt you will be on yr. Guard.--I shall be glad Mr. Penoney1 be appointed Adjutant, I have left the Appointmts. to Colo. Innes & on yr. Applicatn. I daresay he will appoint him; & regulate the Affairs in regard to the Regulars working on the roads building Forts &c.--I am excessively hurried with Affairs of great Consequence, that I cannot answer Yr. Letter fully, but be always assured that I have a true regard for Yr. Merit & good Conduct, & I shall be very careful in representing the same when I have the Oppty of serving You. I refer You to Colo. Innes, who no doubt will consult in most Things.
[Note 1: 1 Peyronney, or Peyronie.]
I have orderd. two Hhds of rum out, & when in want desire Colo. Innes to write to Majr. Carlyle for more.
... I am with Esteem & Respect
... Sir
... Yr. Friend & hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
P. S. The Frenchman You recomended does not appear. Let Capt. Trent & his Lieut. lie dormant for some time. I am well pleasd. to have the Half King1 my namesake, 2 & my service to him --
[Note 1: 1 Tanacharisson, the Half King of the Six Nations, assumed the name of Dinwiddie.]
[Note 2: 2 The exchange by an Indian of his name with a white man was in token of his respect, and was attended with much ceremony.--BROCK]
FALMO 28 June 1754
DR. SIR
I was agreeably favour'd with yours of 31st. March last & would have wrote you sooner but was prevented for want of a proper opporty.; I have since had the pleasure of Seeing the Bearer, Mr. Splittdorff 3 with the fruits of your Victory over the French, the Sight of whom gave me & your other friends such satisfaction as is only felt by those who have hearts full of Mutual affection & friendship. In this affair of the Skirmish the world hereabouts with whom I am conversant talk of you, as I would have them, & I hope this is only a prelude to your further Conquests. I am very certain that you have grander & more beneficial Objects in view than sitting down to read & write Letters of no importance to the Publick, but if you knew what pleasure I receive by hearing of your Circumstances & wellfare you would steal a little time, if it was no more than to say you are well &c. But I hope you are not so much pinch'd for time but that you can enter on particulars, which I would now do to you but nothing remarkable or worth your ear has happen'd here.--The converted Brethren whom you justly Stile so, have answer'd that Character, & nothing reigns but peace & harmony of which I wish the Continuance; On the first Saturday of this month (Our Lodge Day) Coln. John Thorton was unanimously voted to the Chair, as was Dr. Halkerst to the Senior Wardenship & Mr. Wm. Mc.Williams to the Junior, Mr. James Strachan Treasurer & Mr. Jas. Mc.Kittrick Secretary. I intend (God Willing) Shortly for Scotland which I hope will not break our Correspondance for we can at least have an intercourse by letters yearly & I shall take care to write you from thence, as you may to me Via Falmouth. Your Mother &c. whom I frequently see are well, very lately I had the honour to dance with her, when your health was not forgot. Mr. Splittdorff waits on her this Evening for her commands to you.--I sincerely thank you for the countenance you shew'd Angus Mc.Donald on my Account, I have been lately surpris'ed with a story that he was Shot for stricking one of his Officers, which I hope is false, if not I pity his fate, & rather wish he had dyed as a Soldier in the field of Battle, If he is alive please desire him to write me under your Cover. I hear that there are 270 Men at Alexandria of New York & Carolina forces which are to join you soon. This day Mr. Innis (who I hear is to have the command in Room of Colnl. Fry) passed through this town in his way to you, as did also two of the French deserters in their way to Williamsburgh, five more are Expected to morrow. I expect you'll embrace the first convenient opporty. of writing me either by Winchester or Alexandria & if you have time be particular as to your own & the French Circumstances; Mr. Alexr. Woodrow & your Falmo. friends desire to be remembered to you. With such wishes as you would desire from the sincerest friend & Brother, I am Dr. Sr.
[Note 3: 3 Carolus Gustavus de Splitdorff, commissioned ensign July 21, 1754, and killed at the defeat of Braddock.]
... Your affecte. Hue Servt.
... DANIEL CAMPBELL
P. S.
Make my Complts. to Messrs.
Vanbraam, Stephens, Mercer
& Stobo.
At a Council of War held at Mr. Gists June 28th. 1754
After the Junction with our own Detachmt. and the Independent Company To Consider what was most prudent & necessary to be Done in the present Situation of Affairs: It was Unanimously Resolved that it was Absolutly necessary to Return to our Fort at the meadows & Wait there until Supply'd with a stock of provisions Sufficient to serve us for some months.
The Reasons for so doing were very Weighty:
Monacatootha1 a man of Sense and Experience & agreed friend to the English Had left the French Fort only two days before & had seen the Reinforcmt. arrive & heard them declare their Resolution to march and Attack the English tw 800 of their own men & 400 Indians.
[Note 1: 1 Monacatoocha or Monacatootha, also known as Scarroyaddy, and earlier, to 1748, as Skwoniatta, was an Oneida chief, one of the mixed band of the various tribes of the Six Nations, who, in 1754, lived near the Ohio. He served in the expedition of Braddock [at whose defeat his son was killed], and was through life a staunch ally of the English.--BROCK.]
There was a Reinforcemt. hourly expected, we learned from French Deserters.
We knew, that two of our own men had deserted to them and acquainted The Enemy of our Starving Condition and our Numbrs. & Situation.
We had wanted meat & bread for six days already; and were still uncertain when any would arrive. We had only about 25 head of Live Cattle the most of them Milch Cows to depend upon, for 400 men, and about one quart of salt to use wt. our Meat, or preserve it.
The Enemy being thrice our Number & knowing our Circumstances would not give us a Chance to fight them, but Strive to starve us out by intercepting our Convoys. The Live Cattle were Uncertain as the Enemy strove to Block us up. If the Enemy were so Void of knowledge in Military Affairs as to Risk a Battle, We must give a Total defeat to thrice our Number,--Otherwise be Cut to pieces by so prodigious a Number of their Indians in our Retreat, who are the best people in the World to improve a Victory and at the best lose all our Warlike Stores & Swivles. Compell'd by these Reasons it was Unanimously Resolv'd to Decamp directly, and to have our swivles drawn By the men by Reason of the Scarcity of horses.
Besides the Indians declar'd that they would leave us, unless we Returnd to ye Meadows. The distance Between that & Mr. Gist's house, is thirteen miles of hilly road form'd Naturally for Ambushes. The French could not so Easily Support themselves at the Meadow as at Gist's, by reason of distance to Carry the Stores and Provisions & their want of horses to do it. They can come within five miles of Gist's house by water; thirteen miles further of bad Road was a Great obstruction to them & gave us an Opportunity of Obtaining intelligence, & Securing our Convoys. While we lay at Gist's house They might pass us unobserved by a different Road from Red Stone that Lay about nine miles from us. But at the Meadows, both Roads are United, and the Bearing of the Mountains makes it difficult for an Enemy to come near or pass us without Receiving Advice of it. From all these Considerations this Resolves was Signed by [Signatures wanting].
ALEXANDRIA June 28 1754
DR. SIR --
I recd both your favours by Wm Jinkins & am sorry you have so just Grounds for Complaints from My Deputys & the persons I engage with but particularly with Mr Gist & Mr Croghan, the Latter as he's with you I am In hopes you'l oblige him to make good his Agreements & the former has promised to do all he can hereafter. --
Your men have reason to complain by not been paid regularly but I am not In fault, I have got but 1800£ of my own Warrent & not one penny of Col Frys yett. So may judge Whether I can pay them fully or not, however I have sent up the Bearer Mr Wood with what cash I can spare & have Desired him to Settle with each Captain for his Company & to bring me Regular Muster Roales Which hope you'l order to be done he has My Soldiers Ledger & by that My Accts. may be settled & when I gett the Money from below Shall Settle with them wholly.
The men that went out with you Should be paid but Col Muses Division & Capt Lewis Compr. was pd. the first to the I May & the Latter to the II & I am In hopes before their 2 months is out to be Inabled to pay them off.
I have 300 Shirts 500 pr. Stockings & 100 pr. Shoes & abt Fifty Red Coats Coming up In the Next Wagons for Such of the men as have not Supplyd themselves.
What you mention In Relation to paying the Regiment, In Answer If you are Appointed, I Suppose you must have Sum one here to Gett your money [mutilated] Williamsburg & to Settle with the Comitte, Col Fry1 & I had agreed I was to gett the [mutilated] & Send it up to him & he to over Look the payment with Every Captain & we was to Devide what Comission the Comitte thinks proper to Allow for the Service which I Expect had he Lived would been 5 perCt. but what it will be now I know not as I dare say they would given him more Than any other man --
[Note 1: 1 The death of Colonel Fry was considered an essential loss to the service. He was born in Somersetshire, England, and educated at Oxford. Excelling in the mathematical sciences, he was at one time Professor of Mathematics in the College of William and Mary; and, after resigning that station, he was member of the House of Burgesses, and otherwise employed in public affairs, particularly in running the boundary line at the westward between Virginia and North Carolina. In concert with Peter Jefferson he made a map of Virginia, which had much repute. By these employments he had gained such a knowledge of the interior country as, with other qualifications, pointed him out for this command. He was one of the commissioners from the government of Virginia for making a treaty with the Indians at Logstown, June, 1752. In a notice of him written at the time, it is said, "He was a man of so clear a head, so mild a temper, and so good a heart, that he never failed to engage the love and esteem of all who knew, or were concerned with him, and he died universally lamented."--SPARKS.
Colonel Joshua Fry was the officer in command of the entire expedition, and was on his way to join Washington with a force of about one hundred and fifty men. While on the road to Will's Creek his horse stumbled and threw him to the ground with great force, whereby he sustained fatal injuries. The wounded officer was conveyed as tenderly as possible to Will's Creek, where he was made as comfortable as his condition would permit. Dr. James Craik, the surgeon of the regiment, a Scotchman by birth, was with him, and attended him faithfully, but all to no purpose, and on the 31st of May, only a few days after the accident, Colonel Fry died, and his remains were buried on the side of the hill. The death of Colonel Fry left Washington in full command, and the force at Will's Creck marched forward to Great Meadows at once.--LOWDERMILK.]
I am this day setting of for Col Loyds & Philadelphia for money, never was man so duned as I am turn what Way I Will Still I have demands upon me & my Supplys are So Short & uncertain that I dont know what to doe --
Mr Wood will Inform you of the News that the New York forces are here Also 2 Companys of Col Innasses1 Regiment the former Will March on Tuesday next they would go on Sooner but their Commander is Very Ill --
[Note 1: Innes.]
All the Nessarys you Write for Shall be sent you next week except those already Sent & am with Comp.n to All Ye Officers Dr. Sir
... Yr Very Affectionet H Sert.
... JOHN CARLYLE.
[Note 2: 2 See Waddell's A Colonial Officer, p. 53.]
WINCHESTER5 July 1754 Eleven Oclock.
GENTLEMEN
I have this moment received your Express & am very glad to find you are Joined. I wish My Regemt. with the New York Companys were arrived here they are upon the march, nor can I learn the reason of there so long Stay att Bell Haven you may depend I will make all the heast in my Power to join you if you Should be Obliged to retire you must demolish your Works other ways it is making a Cover for the enemie. I have forwarded your Express to the Troops on there march. It is what I daily expected they would by a Strong Detachment inquire about there parley Sort. pray leave no room for A Surprize but be vigilant, & depend We will make them retire in there turne. I long to be with you & this would be a fine Oppertunity to prevent there returning to there forte.
... I wish you good Success
... & am your Most
... Hue. Servt.
... JAMES INNES
To Coll. WASHINGTON or Capt. JAs. Mc.KAY
[Note 1: 1 William Fairfax was the son of Henry Fairfax, of Yorkshire, England, and grandson of Thomas, the fourth Lord Fairfax. His father died when he was young, and he was educated under the care of his uncle, Lord Lonsdale. At the age of twenty-one he entered the army, and served in Spain. He went also to the East Indies, and after his return engaged in the expedition against Providence Island, at that time in possession of the pirates. He was appointed governor of the Island, after its reduction, and married, in the year 1724, the daughter of Thomas Walker, a major in the army, who had accompanied the expedition, and received the appointment of chief justice of the Bahama Islands. The climate not agreeing with the health of Mr. Fairfax, he removed to New England, where he resided, holding an office of considerable trust and emolument, till he was desired by his kinsman, Lord Fairfax, to remove to Virginia, and become the agent for managing his large tract of lands in that colony. His first residence was in Westmoreland Country, where he remained several years; but he afterwards established himself at Belvoir, on the Potomac River, a little below Mount Vernon. He died at that place on the 3d of September, 1757. He was a gentleman of great worth and respectability, held the offices of lieutenant of the Country of Fairfax, and collector of the customs of South Potomac, and was one of the King's Council in Virginia, which last station he retained many years, and was for a considerable time president of the Council. From him have descended the various branches of the Fairfax family in Virginia. He was twice married: first, to Sarah Walker, by whom he had four children, George William, Thomas, Anne, and Sarah; secondly, to Deborah Clarke, of Salem, Massachusetts, by whom he had three children, Bryan, William, and Hannah. George William was educated in England. On his return to Virginia he married the daughter of Colonel Cary, of Hamptoon, became one of his majesty's council, and resided at Belvoir till the year 1773, when, some estates in Yorkshire having devolved to him, he went to England. The political troubles which followed induced him to remain. Part of his property in Virginia was sequestered, by which his income was reduced, and he removed to Bath, in England, where he lived in a private manner, and during the war contributed generously to the relief of the American prisoners. He died at Bath, on the 3d of April, 1787, in the sixty-third year of his age. Thomas, the second son, was an officer in the navy, and was killed in the East Indies, on board the ship of war Harwich, in an action with the French squadron, June 26, 1746. Anne, the eldest daughter of William Fairfax, was married to Lawrence Washington; and, after the death of her husband, she was married a second time to George Lee, of Virginia. Sarah, the second daughter, was married to John Carlyle, a merchant of Alexandria. Bryan, the third son, who afterwards became the eighth Lord Fairfax, married a daughter of Wilson Cary, and lived at a place called Towlston, in Fairfax County. He had two sons, Thomas and Ferdinando, and two daughters. As George William Fairfax, who died in England, had no children, he bequeathed his estates in Virginia to Ferdinando, this second son of his youngest and only surviving brother. William, the fourth son of William Fairfax, was educated in England. He entered the army, and was killed at the famous siege of Quebec. He was a young man of much promise. It is related that when General Wolfe had landed, he saw young Fairfax sitting near the bank of the river, and, touching him on the shoulder, said, "Young man, when we come to action, remember your name." Hannah, the youngest child, was married to Warner Washington, cousin-german to General Washington.--SPARKS.]
ALEXANDRIA 5th. July 1754
DEAR SIR
I came hither at our Governer's Request to view Captn. Clarke's Compa. & Captn. Rutherford's under the Care & Comand of Captn. Ogilvie,1 who I am told have been delayd & retarded many Days, By the Muster It appeard they are not compleat. Colo. Innes is at Winchester, waiting for these and two Compa. of his own Men now here the rest to march from No. Carolina by Land. It will yet require a long Time before They can join You and make You regret the Hours--till then You can do little but Guard, Look out, and now & then bring in a stragling Party of other Embassadors. Tho' I sometimes flatter my Self the brave Dinwiddie1 & Monocatooche (whom I desire to take the Name of Washington) will exert their Power & Skill to defeat all the Wiles of the Suttle French, And as by our Forces not joining Sooner, the French have gained the more Time to augment and strengthen their Garrison, the most effectual & least hazardous Method to regain our Fort and Lands Seems to be, a Prevention of all supply of Provisions, which a good Encampment near them and active Scouts of our brave Indian Warriors might accomplish, And I hope our Treaty at Albany has engagd the Six Nations & Allies who reside between the Ohio & Canada to intercept all Supplys intended; whereby their present Provisions must Soon be expended. Majr. Carlyle dayly expects a £100 from Mr. Allen of Philadelphia, and is to be with the Governer in less than a Fortnight to receive abt. £1500, the Governer having applied to the Council who have consented that the Receivr. Genl. Should lend £2000 out of the 23. per Hhd Fund to the public Treasurer to answer the Drafts on Him. In short every probable Step has been taken to purchase and send You the necessary Provisions & to assist the March of the Forces that are following. You cañot well guess at the Fatigue Mr. Carlyle undergoes to acquit Himself of the various Demands, the Different Corps make. It will give me the greatest Pleasure to know from You that Colo. Innes, Captns. Clarke, Mackay & Ogilvie begin and likely to hold a good Union of Friendship, Councils and Joint Operations to fulfil his Majesty's Comands and Expectations from them--I have no doubt of your friendly Agreement with Them on yr. own Merit, but may be enlarg'd for yr. late Brother's Sake, formerly known to Colo. Innes & Capt. Clarke on the Carthagena Expedition.
[Note 1: 1 Lieutenant William Ogilvie, in command of Captain Rutherford's Independent company from New York.]
[Note 1: 1 Tanacharisson, the Half King.]
G Fx has been lately visited wth. the wonted Agues & Fevers, but hopes soon to amend as Mrs. Fx, Miss Bety Cary & Miss Hannah return'd to Us last Sunday, And I left them on Monday to muster the Soldiers here; have not heard from Them who know not of my present Writing. I suppose You will at least have Weekly Matter to insert in our Gazette which your Friends & Mr. Hunter will be glad to Publish, Lt. Colo. Grainger & Capt Woodrow I believe You will find worthy of Yr. Acquaintance. Mr. Henry Vanmetre now here has engag'd to Send You Beeves and wt. else his Influence can get for You that's wanting--In short yr. Friends are very anxious to have You constantly & wel supplied. As Mr. Carlyle writes, I need not add more particulars, referring to Him, Majr. Clarke & c. Please to make my Sincere Compliments & best wishes known to your worthy Officers, my Brethren & faithful Warriors Dinwiddie, Washington & Fairfax likewise to all others the cordial Allies of Great Britain--I remain dear Sir
... Yr. truly affecte. Friend & c.
... W. FAIRFAX
BELVOIR1 10th. July 1754
[Note 1: 1 "Belvoir," the residence and estate of the Hon. William Fairfax, was situated on the right bank of the Potomac, and was described by Washington as "within full view of Mount Vernon, is one of the most beautiful seats on the river" (letter to Sir John Sinclair, December 11, 1796). The estate was founded by William Fairfax, cousin and agent of Lord Thomas Fairfax, of Greenway Court, Virginia. On the death of the proprietor, in 1757, it descended to his son, Colonel George W. Fairfax, who from youth was the friend and neighbor of George Washington. In 1773 the colonel went to England, and, not returning, the place was advertised for rent, and the furniture was sold.--TONER.]
DEAR SIR
I did my Self the Pleasure to write to You by Majr. Thos. Clarke now on his March from Alexandria, but He appeard to have So infirm a State of Body as Some doubt He can't undergo the unavoidable Fatigues of his present Travel. Colo. James Innes has been at Winchester more than a week impatiently waiting for the remaining Forces expected by Water from Cape Fear now arrived; but when They will reach You cant be well guessed: Suppose three Weeks; what a Tedious Suspense to You that Languish for Strength eno to undertake Some notable Action against an Enemy that now Seems to dare Your Meeting in the Field.
In the D. of Marlbro's Campaigns You'l observe many wise Retreats performd that were not called Flights; perhaps when all the brave Officers and Soldiers are Joined by King Dinwiddie, Prince Washington, Col F--x, Majr. Montour and their gallant Warriors, Yr. Councils may even then advise and execute such Stratagems of War as to ambuscade decoy and circumvent the subtil French. In the mean Time no Pains are spar'd to have You wel Supplied with Provisions, And because the Indian Familys now with You and more expected will consume a large Quantity, the Carriage of which would be saved if those Familys were lodgd at the So Branch or Winchester, the Governor by Letter desird You to advise with his Namesake and let Him know your Result wch. I should be glad also to know. The Reduction of the necessary Provision to be Sent to the Camp, would greatly ease Majr. Carlyle who is indefatigable in his Endeavors to discharge the Duty of his Office to general Satisfaction. If Mr. Croghan had punctually fulfilled his Engagements with the Governor at Winchester You would not have wanted Flower lately. I will not doubt your having public Prayers in the Camp especially when the Indian Familys were your Guests, that They seeing your plain Manner of Worship may excite Their Curiosity to be inform'd Why We dont use the idolatrous and Superstitious Ceremonys of the French which being wel explained to their Understandings will more and more dispose Them to receive our Baptism and unite in strictest Bond of cordial Friendship.
Capt. Mackay borrow'd of Cr Fx, but carried away your Draft of the Ohio, having Buffaloe Creek, the Forks of Monengelah,1 Youagenah 2 &c therein delineated; And I want much to travel with You, Please at your best Leisure if any to draw and Send me another Sketch, markt Wth Red Stone Creek the great Meadows &c--I have Sent our two latest Gazettes I recd. wherein you'l observe, your memble. Acts are not forgot. and hope when joynd, to have good Matter to embellish first our Council Chamber and Office of the Board of Trade.
[Note 1: 1 Monongahela.]
[Note 2: 2 Youghiogany.]
I expect yr. Bro. John dayly to receive your Money yet in my Hands tho I sent him Advice by Bro: Sam as I came from Wmsburg and further told Him at Winchester.
Mr Carlyle went to meet Colo. Innes at Winchester, is expected home to Night and expects to set off next Monday for Wmsburg where the Comittee sit on Wednesday next. The Govr. has given Mr. Carlyle hopes of receiving £1000 or more.
For other pticulars referr to Mr. Gist. This Family & Friends assure You brave Officers & Soldiers of our constant good Wishes and Prayers for good Success and Soon to convince the unbelieving French that they can never beat the English in a fair Engagement.
...I am most cordially Dear Sir
... Your assurd & affect. Friend
... W. FAIRFAX.
... Minutes of Council 23 Feby. 27th. Apl. & 18th. July 1754.
... Feby 23 1754.
300 Men to be raised by the Govr. with the advice of the Council
... Apl. 27 -- 1754.
£1--6--0 to be allowed for each Man Enlisted, and no more for Enlisting Money and all other Incidentl charges
[Note 1: 1 Major George Muse, of North Carolina, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel, also one of the four District Adjutants of Virginia, and Washington's early instructor in military science.]
July 18th. 1754
Resolved
That application be made to his Hr. Ye Govr. To Issue his warrt to the Treasurer for paying to Colo G. Washington 300 Pistoles 2 to be by him distributed among the Soldiers of the Virgn. Regiment & those of So. Carolina under ye Commd. of Capt. McKay at a Pistole for each Man as a reward for their bravery in a late engagement with the French.
[Note 2: 2 The value of a pistole was $3.60.]
Colo. Joshua Fry
Lt Colo. Geo. Washington
Majr. Geo. Muse
Captns. A. Stephen
... Robt. Stobo
... Andr. Lewis
... Geo. Mercer
... Peter Hog
Lieutts. Jacob Vanbrahan
... Thos. Waggener
... Wm. Polson
... John West
... Jro. Savage
Ensigns Jas. Towers
... Wm. Bronaugh
... Jro. Mercer
... Wm. Peyronney
... James Craik
WMSBURG Aug 1st 1754.
SIR--
The Council met yesterday & considering the present State of our Forces, & reason to think the French will be strongly reinforced next Spring--It was resolv'd that the Forces should immediately march over the Allegany Mountains, either to dispossess the French of their Fort, or build a Fort in a proper Place that may be fix'd on by a Council of War. Colo. Innes has my Orders for the executing the above Affair. I am therefore now to order You to get Your regiment compleated to 300 Men, & I have no doubt but You will be able to enlist what You are deficient of Yr. Number very soon & march directly to Wills's Creek to join the other Forces. And that there may be no Delay, I order You to march what Companies You have compleat; & leave orders with the Officers remaining to follow You as soon as they have enlisted Men sufficient to make up their Compas.
You know the Season of the Year calls for Dispatch; I depend on Yr. former and usual Diligence, & Spirit, to encourage Yr. People to be active on this occasion.
Consult with Majr. Carlyle what Amunition may be wanting that I may send it up imediately. I trust much on your Diligence & Dispatch in geting your Regiment to Wills's Creek as soon as possible. Colo. Innes will consult You in the appointing of Officers in Yr Regiment. Pray consider if possible or practicable to send a Party of Indians &c. to destroy the Corn at the Fort & Log'stown, this would be of great Service, & a very great Disappointment to the Enemy. I can say no more but to press Dispatch of Yr. Regiment to Wills's Creek, & what Success may attend our Arms & just Expedition is the sincere Desire of
... Sr
... Yr very hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
... Enclos'd you have Yr Comc.
WILLIAMSBURG Augst.. 3d: 1754
SR
I recd. Yrs of the 28th: ulto.--the Bearer brings you £600 which is all can be got, & I hope it will answer for the present. I have no doubt when the Assembly meets they will grant a Supply in such manner to Comand Money: the want thereof I know has been a great Loss to the Expedition. I am sorry Yr Regimt. have behav'd so very refractory, tho' they have a right to their Pay they shou'd have been easy till You return'd.
It's strange the Officers shou'd have allow'd them to Desert with their Guns, I hope he sent a Party after them, & an Example shou'd be made of the Ringleaders; at this distance I cannot conceive the reason, but it appears to me the want of proper comand. Muse wrote me, & I answer'd he was welcome to resign & I suppose Majr. Stephens succeeds him. I sent You orders to recruit Your Regimt. with all possible Diligence, that You may be ready to join the other Forces at Wills's Creek to execute the Scheme sent Colo. Innes; I repeat my orders now, & I am in hopes you will meet with little Difficuly in complying therewith, & that with Expedition as the Season of the Year calls for it; & I am so convinc'd of Yr hearty Inclinations, which I desire You will now exert.
I have & will do all in my Power in prosecuting the Affair in hand; & I hope in a short Time we shall have our Hands better strengthen'd with Money; & I expect to hear Yr. Regimt. is compleated & will soon march for Wills's Creek.
I send You the Warrant with 6'00 indors'd on it, the other 500 if any Person with You will advance it they will have 6 PCt: interest; which shall be glad if You can procure it.
I cannot end without repeating Despatch which will be very agreeable to
... Sr
... You Friend &c
... ROBT DINWIDDIE
I send You a Letter to Majr. Clark wch deliver it came to my hand a few days ago --
WINCHESTER 11th. Augst 1754
DEAR SIR
Your favour of the Eight inst I receivd & observd the contents. I received no other Letter from the Governor than what you brought & expect I communicated to you only with the Sheem of building a Logg Forth & Magazeen to receive the Provisions with which I have Acquanted Major Carlyle by Mr. Wood fully, & to which I referr you, I also referr you to him for my Account in Relation to my Late Regement, & that you have hear Armes Tents & Amunition Suficient when Your Regement is compleet I intend to proceed fer Wills Creek tomorrow or Tewsday & Shall long much to See you. I have some better hopes to day than I had yesterday of being able to raise one Company from the Regement.
... I am Sir Your Most Obed" Servt
... JAMES INNES.
[NOTE.--On MS. in handwriting of Jared Sparks: "N. Car. troops went off"]
[Note 1: 1 Washington writes, in a letter to Robert Sinclair, of Scotland, in 1792: "My acquaintance with Captain Mackay commenced in the army, in the year 1754, when I commanded the troops, which were sent to prevent the encroachments of the French upon the western boundaries of the then colonies. Captain Mackay then commanded an Independent Company, either from Georgia or South Carolina, and was captured with me by an army of French and Indians, at a place called the Great Meadows. In 1755, he left the service, sold out, and went to Georgia.
"I heard nothing of him from that time till about five or six years ago, when he went by water from Georgia to Rhode Island on account of his health. On his return to Georgia by land, he was seized either by the complaint for which he had gone to Rhode Island, or by some other disorder, and died at Alexandria; not at my house, as your letter mentions. I was not informed of his being at Alexandria until after his death, which was a circumstance that I regretted much, not only on account of the regard which I had for him, from our former acquaintance, but because I understood that he was then on his way to pay me a visit, and had expressed an anxious desire to see me before he died. I do not know whether Captain Mackay left any family or not; for, from the time of his quitting the service until his death, as I observed before, I knew nothing of him. I have, however, been informed that he was possessed of a handsome property in Georgia."]
WILLS CREEK 27 Augst 1754
DEAR SIR
I was favourd with yours of the 15 Inst. by Mr. Cowpar which was the first I heard of the Suddent Resolves, and your being So Well provided to enable you to Comply Wt your Instructions gives grate hops of the Success of the Interpraise what ever it is. Not doubting but that every other thing upon which an expedetion of Such Importance depends Will be equely taken care of; Some days ago we had 12 head of Cattle but they went away and I Suppose after the example of the No. Carolina Regt have gon home but this is not all our dependance for we have about 40 lb of Beacon and 3 Milk Cows one of which we have cot this day So if we go Soon on this new Sceam there is no doubt of our being well supplyed there being Such large provision made for it
We have been almost drownded here being threatened Wt. a Second Deludge for it has Reand 40 days and 40 Nights which has caused great Sickness among my people, and the Rivers are so high that Colo. Innes and the New York Comps have not been able to cross the So Branch
I shall take care that you shall have your Rifle but the man that has it hops that youl be So good as to gett him Some other Rifle for it, as you was plasd to auquaint every person that whatever they carried Should be their own and every person have payd for what ever they Returnd
I most begg of you when you are getting nesessarys for your Regement that you think of your fellow suffers and put the Commissary in moind that we have no tents or any other nesessarys fitt to take the Field Wt
I shall be obligd to you If youl be so good as to let me know the Resolves of your assambly when you are lett into that Secrats the Gent wt me Joins in our Complments to you and the Gents. of your Corps
... I am Dear Sir
... Your Most Obedient Humble Servt
... JAMES MACKAY
[Note 1: 1 Secertary to Governor Sharpe.]
ANNAPOLIS August 27th. 1754
SIR
As Several of the Soldiers lately belonging to the North Carolina Companies under the Command of Colo. Innes have applyed to the Recruiting Officers who have His Excellency's Commission for raising Men in this Province; declaring they were discharged by Colo. Innes & petitioning to be admitted into the Maryland Companys have upon their producing a Sort of Discharge signed by Colo. Innes's Order, been enlisted here. His Excellency desires you would please to inform him of what you know of Colo. Innes Design by giving such Discharges whether You think He will expect the Men ever to return to him again, or whether you would make any Objection to them if any of them were to offer to serve under your Command.
... I am Sir Your Mo obedt. humb. Servt.
... J RIDOUT --
[Note 2: 2 Appointed a trustee of the town of Dumfrees, Prince William County, March, 1761. Married a Miss Washington. Their daughter Nancy married Colonel Roger West.]
DUMFRIS Sept. 3 1754
DR. COLO.
Mr Wright returnd from Wmsburgh on Monday Night, & woud have immediatly have waited on you, but I knew Your Goodnature, & hatred of Ceremony will excusd it, as he had no Letters for You, or indeed to any others tho he called on both the Colo. Fairfax's for their commds. He was kindly recd. by the Governr. Who told him there Could be nothing done till the rising of the assembly, when he should be rememberd, & is the Case with all those, who were in waiting for Comissns.; I am very sensible the kind reception Mr. Wright met with, is chiefly owing to your kind & generous Recomendation, which justly challenges his, & my grateful acknowledgements: I hope he will be able to Shew, it was not a Misplaced Generosity, but that a Commisn. is only the necessary reward of Merit --
Mr Wright brings nothing more remarkable than that the assembly had Voted £20.000 to be rais'd by a poll tax of 5/. 2/ whereof to be paid in Decm. & the other 3/ or 30hd Tobo. to be paid in June next. We Cant tell how it is to be applyd, or by whom Disposed. The assembly 't was thought woud rise this day.
I should be glad to know Mrs Fairfax is quite recover'd, & that the Ladys are as you wish them to be pray my acceptable Complimts. to the Ladys & Gent. of the Regimt. & am--usque ad: as far as you pleasd
... Dr Colo
... Y Most Obbg'd & obed Servt.
... ALLAN MACRAE
Its said Letters from the atty. indicate some hopes of yet succeeding in having the pistole affair determined in favr. of the Country,1 & that he is establish'd in this attorney's place. Its thought this favourable turn of his affairs is owing to the alacrity with which the assembly Voted the 10.000£ as appear'd by the Journals of the House sent to Brittain.
[Note 1: 1 It had been a custom in former times that when the Governor signed a patent for land he should receive a fee of a pistole for every such signature, which was a perquisite of his office. This fee had been revived by Governor Dinwiddie, but the House of Burgesses considered it an onerous exaction, and determined to resist it. As the Governor refused to sign patents on any other terms, the Burgesses had the year before passed some spirited resolves, and sent an agent to England with a petition to the King's Council, that this custom might be abolished. The agent was Peyton Randolph, then Attorney-General of Virginia, and afterwards President of the first American Congress. While he was absent the Governor wrote to a correspondent in England: "I have had a great deal of trouble and uneasiness from the factious disputes and violent heats of a most impudent, troublesome party here, in regard to that silly fee of a pistole; they are very full of the success of their agent, which I give small notice to." The Attorney-General returned, without effecting his whole object, but the Board of Trade made new regulations, by which relief was afforded in certain cases, and the fee was prohibited except where the quantity of land was more than one hundred acres.--SPARKS.]
WILLIAMSBURG 5. Sept. 1754.
SIR,
Capt. Stobo by the trust and care of Delaware George had a letter conveyed to the Governor, in which advice was by no means to let Mon. la Force1 return which is considered & accordingly ordered. The news of your engagement & rout at the Meadows did not give the public more affecting concern than the unhappy conclusion of our present meeting. Instead of augmenting our forces, the Governor perhaps will have some difficulty to get means for the pay and maintenance of the remaining few you now have. There have been solicitors waiting in hopes of getting commissions, of which number Dr Stuart is foremost in the Governor's list, but all are likely to be disappointed. We have some information that the King has ordered all the officers of the late American Regiment now on half pay to repair thither and do duty. We had a bill for mutiny & desertion before us; but it being for no longer than one year, we amended it for two years or so long as the expedition required. It was disagreed to so that all our efforts to promote the public service have miscarried. Mr Carlyle has had hard reflections cast on him by warm Calumniators which are great discouragements. In short our prospect is gloomy. The expectation of our ship of war in which Govr. Dobbs comes to consult & advise with ours about the operations of the Ohio adventure, may bring on his Maj'rs further instructions & some aid, which admits a little hope our affairs may have a better aspect. I shall be glad when I can write on a more pleasing subject. In the mean time I wish you may be able to enjoy the fruits of that philosophic mind you have already begun to practice. If your winter quarters should be at Alexandria, we may pass some of your leisure hours together at Bellevoir. Pray make my compliments to all inquiring friends, & continue to believe that
[Note 1: 1 A prisoner taken in the skirmish with M. de Jumonville.]
... I am, Dear Sir,
... You assured friend &
... affec servt
... W. FAIRFAX.
[Note 1: 1 The Chevalier de Peyrouny was a Frenchman who had come to Virginia. He was much esteemed by Washington, who writes of him in a letter to Governor Dinwiddie, dated June 10, 1754, as follows: "Mr. Peyrouny may justly claim a share of your favor. His conduct has been governed by the most consumate prudence, and all his actions have sufficiently testified his readiness to serve his country, which I really believe he looks upon Virginia to be. He was sensibly chagrined when I acquainted him with your pleasure, of giving him an ensigncy. This he had twelve years ago, and long since commanded a company. He was prevailed on by Colonel Fry, when he left Alexandria, to accept the former commission, and assist my detachment, as I had very few officers, till we all met on the Ohio, which commission he would now have resigned, and returned to Virginia, but for my great dissuasion to the contrary. I have promised to solicit your Honor to appoint him adjutant, and continue him ensign, which will induce a very good officer to remain in the regiment. ... Should you be pleased to indulge me in this request, I shall look upon it in a very particular light, as I think the personal merit of the gentleman, his knowledge of military duty, and his activity will render him highly worthy of the favor." Peyrouny had been wounded in the battle at Fort Necessity. He received a Captain's commission on August 25, 1754, and was killed at the defeat of Braddock, 1755.]
September 5, 1754
SIR
As I imagine you By this time, plung'd in the midst of Dellight heaven can aford: & enchanted By Charms even Stranger to the Ciprian Dame. [+ M's Nel] I thought it would Contribue a litle to the variety of yours amusemens to send you few lines to peruse.
I Shan't make Bold to Describe the procedings of the house, which no doute you have had already Some hint of. I only will make use of these three expressions related to those of the oracle: furtim venerunt} invane Sederunt} & perturbate Redierunt}
But all that is matere of indifference to the wirginia Regiment. Collo. Washington will still Remain att the head of it, and I spect with more esplendor than ever: for (as I hope) notwithanding we will Be on the British stabichment, we shall be augmented to Six houndred & by those means entitle you to the Name not only of protector of your Contry But to that of the flower of the wirginians, By the powers you 'll have in your hands to prove it So.--
Many enquired to me about Muses Braveries; poor Body I had pity him ha'nt he had the weakness to Confes his coardise him self, & the inpudence to taxe all the reste of the oficiers withoud exeption of the same imperfection. for he said to many of the Consulars and Burgeses that he was Bad But th' the reste was as Bad as he:1--
[Note 1: 1 The Major [Muse] in the expedition had been accused of cowardice at the affair of the Great Meadows, and his name was omitted in the vote of thanks to the officers by the legislature.--SPARKS.]
To speak francly had I been in town at that time I cou'nt help'd to make use of my horse's wheap for to vindicate the injury of that vilain.
he Contrived his Business so that several ask me if it was true that he had challeng'd you to fight: my answer was no other But that he should rather chuse to go to hell thand doing of it. for had he had such thing declar'd: that was his Sure Road--
I have made my particular Business to tray if any had some Bad intention against you here Below: But thank God I meet allowais with a goad wish for you from evry mouth each one entertining such Caracter of you as I have the honnour to do my Self who am the Most humble
... And Obediant of your Servants
... LE CHEVALIER DE PEYRONEY
his honour the Governor did Grand me the Capt. Comission after having being recomand to him from the house of Burgess and parlament and you Sir to whom I am infinitly oblig'd if th' was your pleasure I should stay some few dais more here below I should take is as a great favour not beeng yet well relaevd from my wond I beg'd it already from the governor which granted. I hope the same indulgence from you when you 'll be please to send me your orders my adress is at williamsburg at Mr. finis?
CAMP ATT WILLS CREEK 8th Septr. 1754 --
DER SIR
Your favour of the 4th Sepm. I received this moment but as yett have not Seen Major Stephens. as for my giving you Orders to proceed here I cannot see to what purpose without you have your regiment Complite, here being Sufficient to guard the place if I had enny Tools to work with to throw up a proper Intrinchment. I have mounted Five Guns which is all I can do. Nor can I gett as much as a Spaid to Trench Rownd my Tent. though I have recomended the getting of Tools to do Camp Dewty ever Since my first Account of the Stores. I have recomended what I think may be done this Winter. & if we be Strong Enough before the Winter Setts in Strong, or perhaps it may prove a favourable Winter then we may do our Business Before they gett Stronger: You may depend the French do not Slip there time though I am ashamed to Say I think we have. & Next year you may Depend they will be Suffisiently Strong to hold you Way with all the Forces that leakly may be Sent against them. You may depend they will have boeth men & Stores Sent them in time from home. I shall allways be glad to hear from you.
... I am Dr Sir Your
... Most Hubl Sertt
... JAMES INNES
P. S. I have studied everything Since my first Setting forth for the good of the Country & as I can have no private Views of my own I Expected att least to have their good Wishes untill I deserved Otherways but my private Accounts as I have some few friends give me poor Incuragement. if I am found fault with without a Cause what must the Case be if I Should comitt a Blunder as all men are mortale and Subject to common frailty. A Surfite is verey Soon hade here in these woods & I am a good Deall of money out of pockett fer verey poor returens
WILLIAMSBURG Septr. 11th 1754
SR.
No doubt You have heard that our Assembly is prorogu'd without granting any Supplies;1 Under this unexpected disappointment, I fear we are not Numbers sufficient to attack the Fort taken from Us by the French: Therefore I order You to give a Detachment of Forty or Fifty Men to Capt. Lewis, with them he is to march imediately for Augusta County, in order to protect our Frontiers from the Incursions of small Parties of Indians, & I suppose some French, order him to march imediately & to apply to Colo. Patton the County Lieut. who will direct him where to proceed, that he may be the most usefull--With the remainder of our regiment You are to march to Wills Creek, to join the other Forces in executing such Orders as I may see proper to direct: Major Carlyle will supply Your Men with Necessaries, not doubting they will agree to have the said Supplies stop't from their Pay; I therefore desire You will imediately march them to the Place above mentioned. You know best whether You can venture to march them from Rock Creek to Wills's.--This late Disappointment from the Assembly has entirely defeated the Operations I had proposed, however its probable on their next Meeting they will more seriously consider the great Danger our Country is exposed to & grant proper Supplies -- I am sorry my Clerk sent Yr. Comission unsigned, it's a very great Omission, if you had sent it down the Date should have been alter'd, I mean a few Days after Colo. Fry's Death, & I would have signed it & returned it to You.
[Note 1: 1 The agent's expenses [Peyton Randolph, the Attorney-General of Virginia, sent to England by the House of Burgesses to settle the affair of the pistole fee] were two thousand five hundred pounds. The Governor refused to sanction any bill for their payment. Piqued by this obstinacy, the House of Burgesses affixed the amount to a bill for raising twenty thousand pounds for his Majesty's service. Equally indignant at this presumption, the Governor sent back the bill without his signature, and prorogued the Assembly for six weeks. Thus no supplies were granted, and the Governor was induced to write that "there appeared to him an infatuation in all the assemblies in this part of the world." The treasurer of the colony had already paid the agent by order of the Assembly, without any special grant, which was no doubt a high disrespect to the Governor and Council. In giving an account of this affair to Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, Governor Dinwiddie says: "I am now persuaded that no expedition can be conducted here with dependence on American Assemblies; and I have written to that purpose home, and proposed a British act of Parliament to compel the subjects here to obedience to his Majesty's commands, and to protect their property from the insults of the French."--SPARKS.]
I have appointed M. Peyroney Capt. agreeable to Your recomendation. And I now send you Comisss. agreeable to Your List, which deliver to them, & let them know, that I expect they will discharge their Duties with good Spirit, & a proper Example of Courage & good Conduct. I have only sent You four Comissions for Ensigns, till I have a proper Supply for their Payment. I think You may order Wm Wright to join Capt. Lewis when he goes to Augusta.--As to Fraizer, he is not here at present, I shall consider what You write in regard to him.1
[Note 1: Lieutenant Fraizer had with Captain Trent been tried by a court-marital on account of his absence during the attack in which Fort Duquesne was taken by the French, and had been found partially excusable on account of permission having been granted him, when he accepted a commission to act as lieutenant, to reside at his own house, ten miles from the fort, and visit it only at stated times. Washington, however, had later on recommended him for adjutant, saying, in a letter to Governor Dinwiddie, dated August 20, 1754: "I should, therefore, take it extremely kind if you would be pleased to confer the office upon Mr. Frazier, whom I think I can fully answer for, let his former conduct be what it may."]
Mr. Campbell is to have 50 per Ann. from Your Salary as Adjutant, & that is what Finnie receives from Mr. Muse. I expect You will march accordingly for Wills's Creek, & send me an Acct. of the Number of Men. You have not sent Acct. of the Pay of Your Regiment; as the Pay was ordered for the whole Number, there must be great Saving from the Dead & Deserters. I have not yet been able to procure a proper Allowance for the poor Sick & Wounded, which gives me Concern; Majr. Carlyle in the mean Time must maintain them till I can obtain some Allowance for their Misfortune in the Service of their Country; & for the Future send me a Monthly Muster Roll, with the Pay due to each Company & I doubt not I shall be enable'd to pay them duely.
Let me know the day You march & I sincerely wish You Health & Happiness & I remain
... Sr
... Your Friend & Sv
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
[Note 1: 1 The Speaker of the House of Burgesses at this time was John Robinson, who also held the position of Treasurer of the Colony. He died in 1766, and these offices were then divided, Peyton Randolph succeeding him as Speaker, and Robert Carter Nicholas as Treasurer.--BROCK.]
Septr. 15th. 1754
SIR\
I have the pleasure to acquaint you that the House of Burgesses have taken particular notice of the Bravery of Yourself, and the rest of the Officers and Soldiers under your command, in the gallant Defence of your Country,2 and have ordered me to return you their Thanks for it, which I cant do better than by transcribing the Order. "Ordered, That the Thanks "of this House be given to Colo. George Washington, "Captn. Mackay of his Majesty's independent Com-"pany, and the Officers under his Command; Major "Adam Stephen, Captns. Robert Stobo, Peter Hog, "Andrew Lewis, George Mercer, Lieutenants Thomas "Waggener, William Polson, John Savage, James "Towers, Ensigns William Bronough, John Mercer, "William Peyronie, and James Craig, for their late "gallant and brave. Behaviour in the Defence of their "Country; and that the Speaker be desired to ac-"quaint him of the same to desire him to inform the "other Gentlemen of it, and to communicate to the "Soldiers the just Sense this House have of their "Bravery also." I heartily wish you Success in all your undertakings and am
[Note 2: 2 In the action of Fort Necessity at the Great Meadows, July 3, 1754.]
... Sir
... Your Most Obedient Servant
... JOHN ROBINSON.
[Note 1: 1 Horatio Sharpe arrived in the province as Governor, August 10, 1753, serving until 1769.--BROCK.]
ST. MARY'S COUNTY. 20th. Septr. 1754
SIR
Information having been given me in May last that certain Inhabitants of this County, called Jerrard Jordan. Joseph Broadaway. William Harrison & Robert Harrison. had committed a Riot. & spoke treasonable Words against His Majesty & his Government. which Information was supported & confirmed by several Depositions to the same purports that were transmitted me as from some Soldiers in the Virginia Regiment in whose presence such words were said to have been uttered while they were recruiting in this Provinc: I thought proper to order the Apprehension of the reported delinquents who accordingly were produced at the Assises held in this County Yesterday, but no Evidence appearing against them, by reason I was not timely advised of their apprehension, they were dismissed by the Court upon recognizing for their Appearance at the next Court: which I will by special Commission order to sit at any time You may think suitable & convenient for the Witnesses to attend to give testimony, if You think upon making particular Enquiry into the Affair that there is a probability by such testimony of proving the Charge & information that has been laid against the abovenamed Rioters. Your speedy Answer to this will much oblige
... Sir
... Your Humble Servt
... HORA. SHARPE --
CAMP MOUNT PLEASANT1 27th Septr. 1754
[Note 1: 1 Fort Cumberland, named in honor of the Duke of Cumberland, Captain-General of the British Army (sometimes called Fort Mt. Pleasant), stood on the Bank of Wills' Creek, near its junction with the Potomac, on the site of the present city of Cumberland, in Alleghany County, Md. In ancient days the site of the fortification had been a Shawanese village, with the Indian name of Cucucvetuc.--SCHARF.]
DR. SIR
Your favour of the 22d. from Alexa. I recd. & shou'd be extreamly glade to see you at Winchester, was it any way consistant with my situation to leave this without orders, with which you'll please aquaint Major Carlyle and that he would forgive me for not writing to him for I realy have not the time without delaying the Express, if the Governr. hath order'd your Regiment, here it would be very imprudent in me to Countermand them Especially as I expect Governr. Sharp with his Forces very soon and tho it be now turning towards Winter I would propose the doing something to forward the Service in the Spring. I have with great difficulty labourd hard and only with a few Tools found in this neighborhood brought in from the Meadows on which I seized. I have erected a puntion Fort which when compleated must of Course be of good Service in this part of the Province, as well as to the present Expedition. notwithstanding when Governr. Sharp and you join us I propose if we agree to goe thirty miles or more to the Westward to do something of the same kind there, tho by last night's advice, I have Account the French have gether'd three Hundred Indians to their Fort. since Mr. Lyon my Messenger came from that which was the 21st. Curtt to what purpose these Indians are I know not, but if to pay us a visit. I should be Glad of Your good Company. I observe what you write in regard to Ranking with His Majesty's Troops and I do assure you they are the same with me, and now afresh as Captain Rutherford is arrived with respect to my Commission from Governr. Dinwiddie, but my Commission from His Majesty being the Oldest leaves no room to cavil so all that subsides and tho I have the Command with the greatest harmony. as things are Circumstanced at present I undergoe Fatigue. Plagued & Continualy harrassed in that station more than if otherways, to all which I freely submit tho not for any obligation the Commitee hath lay'd upon me, as I have the present service at heart and would do anything in my Power to help the opperation of every Part, that you should do duty seperately and live in good harmonie untill His Majesty's Pleasure is known I will take the labouring our upon myself do double duty by giving out seperate orders, if any better expedient can be found shall be very ready to concur. poor Capt. Stobo is sent to Mount Teal and will be kept there till he is exchanged,2 the Chiefest Reason I can give for this, I am afraid as he wrote two Letters to You and them Letters were open'd at Mr. Croughans and to Publickly spoke of and handed aboute the Knowledge thereof came to the Commanding Officers' knowledge, and he is strongly watch'd ever since, so that the wou'd not so much as let Mr. Lyon see him, I am sorry to hear many of your People are sick but thank God we are all well here and live in Cover, only I am obliged to spare some of my Rum as we want Spirits as the cold weather comes on.
[Note 2: 2 Captains Stobo and Vanbraam were held as hostages by the French for the prisoners taken in the skirmish with de Jumonville.]
... I am with my complimtts. to all
... Friends Dr. Sir
... Yor Most Humble. Servt.
... JAMES INNES
P. S. Mr. Splidolph wrote me a lettir sometime agoe about His Comission I have no objection please Aquaint him Your Recomendation will be sufficient for him to Act untill he arrives hear when he will certainly have one if you appoint him.
... CAMP MOUNT PLEASANT NEAR WILLS CREEK 28 Septr. 1754
DEAR SIR
About a fortnight ago I went down to Penselvania and on my Return about Three days ago I was favour'd wt. yours without a date. I am sorry to find your assembly met to so little purpose. Govr. Morris is arriv'd at Philadelphia by this time, he was at New York these ten days, they are in hopes of grate matters when there new assembly meets (which is to be Elected the first of Octr.) as they are every where endeavoring to get out the Quakers.
I had several disputes about our Capitulation1 but I satisfy'd every Person that mention'd that Subject as to the Artickles in Question, that they were owing to a bad Interperter and Contrary to the translation made to us when we sign'd them. We are now fortifying ourselves here, and I am affraid no prospect of going farther this winter. Capt. Rutherford who Commands one of the New York Comps. is Just arriv'd from England and cam up with me from Philadelphia, he expects that Govr. Dinwiddie will have sum particular Instructions by Govr. Dobs which will enable him to Proceed more Vigorously but I believe all will be two late for this year. I have no more to add for we have at present peace and plenty the Genn. with me Join in our Compliments to you and the officers of your Corps.
[Note 1: 1 Articles of capitulation granted by M. de Villiers, and signed by James Mackaye, G. Washington, and Conlon Villiers at Fort Necessity, on the evening of the action of July 3, permitting the English troops to retire with drums beating and one swivel gun, and to hide and return for whatever they were unable immediately to carry with them, on condition that they put up no more buildings on that side of the mountains, and left Captains Vanbraam and Stobo as hostages for the prisoners taken at the "assassination" of M. de Jumonville. These articles, which were written in French, were read to Washington by Vanbraam, a Dutchman, who possessed a poor knowledge either of French or English, and who, either intentionally or otherwise, translated the word "assassination" as "the killing of."]
... I am Dr. Sir
... Your Most Affectionate Humble Servt.
... JAMES MACKAY
ANNAPOLIS 1 Oct 1754 --
SIR
I am sorry to learn that any Person has represented any Expressions or Observations of mine concerning the late Engagement1 to You in such a light as may give You cause for the least uneasiness. indeed at seeing some things inserted in the Public papers soon after the Action & at hearing other Stories that were propagated, & which for want of a more timely Confutation, made an impression on many Minds; I might perhaps have observed that if the measures taken before & the Terms accepted upon the Engagement were really as we had them represented to us, I was apprehensive the Action might be attended with evil Consequences, & would but little encrease the Reputation of the Gentlemen who had been principally concerned therein. that such Conclusions were by many People drawn, I believe You cannot be much surprised if You are not an entire Stranger to the Stories & Representations that were at that time received; but after some of the Gentlemen who had been Witnesses of the Affair had honourably submitted an Account thereof to the publick, & Circumstances were made known, & the Actor's Conduct scrutinized, it appeard appeared in a more Advantageous View & many found themselves disposed to exculpate who had been forward to condemn Your Behaviour, & I believe there were few Readers in whom a Different Description of the same Action did not raise different Sensations, & induce them to entertain very dissimilar Sentiments of the Agents; the Prejudices they had before contracted I make no doubt but they again divested themselves of, & Your Reputation again revived. for my own part I assure You I am not insensible of the Difficulties You had to encounter & I do not by the Issue of that Enterprise in the least measure the Merit of the Gentlemen concerned therein, that the Blame with respect to the Terms of Capitulation does not lye at your Door concurrent Circumstances would have inclined me to think, had You not made such Professions as confirm me in my opinion. Your writing to me with so much freedom & such ingenuity is highly agreeable, & I make no doubt but Your future Behaviour will convince the World of the Injustice done You by the Suspicions they have entertained. As You express an Intention to be at Annapolis e'er long You will excuse my being more prolix & particular in answering Your Letter. but I should be glad You would detain those at Belhaven if the Regiment leaves that place before the Beginning of next Month, because I cannot possibly have the reputed Rioters brought to a Trial in St. Mary's County before that time.
[Note 1: 1 At Fort Necessity, July 3.]
... I am Sr
... Your very Humble Servt
... HORA SHARPE.
ANNAPOLIS: October. 14. 1754.
SIR
The Receipt of Yours by the Express Yesterday His Excellency desires me to acknowledge; which that I do so briefly You will be kind enough to excuse & attribute to my being in some hast to make preparations for accompanying the Governor to Williamsburgh, for which place He is just about to embark, & from the Contents of Your Letter expects to have the pleasure of seeing You there also. in the mean time believe me with great Regard
... Your mo obedt. &
... Mo humb. Servant
... J. RIDOUT.
[Note 1: 1 Colonel William Fitzhugh, of "Rousby Hall," near the mouth of the Patuxent River, Maryland, was second in rank, and commanded the Maryland troops in the absence of Governor Sharpe. He was probably a grandson of the emigrant William Fitzhugh, lawyer, planter, merchant, and shipper, born in Bedford, England, January 9, 1651; settled in that portion of Stafford now comprising Prince George County; died at his seat, "Bedford," Virginia, in October, 1701.--BROCK.]
ROUSBY HALL Nov' 4th. 1754
DEAR SIR
Since I had the Pleasure of Seeing You, I am Convince'd by the Governor of Maryland that You may Hold your Commission with Honour & satisfaction. In regard to Innis he has only a Commission to be Camp Master General which will Confine him to a Seperate Duty. I shall have the Honour to Command in the Governor's Absence, & as I shall act by his Particular Instructions, You may rest Satisfy'd that Every will be Conducted to your Satisfaction, at least so far as to prevent your being in any Shape Oblig'd to Submit to those who have been heretofore under yr. Command. The Governr. has wrote to Mr. Dinwiddie on this Subject, I inclose you the letter in order to its being Deliver'd in case you return to the Service & If not Please to return it to me.
I am very Confident the Generale has a very Great Re Regard for you & will in Every Circumstance in his Power make you very Happy. for my Part I shall be Extreamly fond of your Continuing in the Service & would Advise you by no means to Quit. In regard to the Independant Company's they will in no shape interfere with you, As you will hold your Post, During their Continuance here & when the Regiment is Reduc'd, will have a Seperate Duty. Pray Excuse hast as the Messenger waits & I wou'd by no means miss this Oppertunity.
... I am yr. Affect. & Obedt. Sert.
... WILLM. FITZHUGH.
[Note 1: 1 Robert Hunter Morris, son of Lewis Morris, Governor of New Jersey. He was for twenty-six years one of the Council of New Jersey; Lieutenant-Colonel of Pennsylvania from October, 1754, to August, 1756; died, February 20, 1764, "full of years and honors."--BROCK.]
SIR
Good Intelligences being of the utmost Consequences at this Juncture, and Mr. Gist knowing more of Indians and of the Nature of the Country than any man here I have avail'd myself of his coming and desir'd him to go by Mr Weisers & consult with him in what manner to obtain true Accts. of the Motions of the Enemy & to settle a Correspondence will you at Fort Cumberland. He will not be long detain'd in doing this & by him you will receive full & certain Intelligences.
Several of my Letters say that there is a large Body of French & Indians destin'd against this Province & Virginia & that they were seen to pass the Alleghany Hills.
The Party intended for Virginia will no doubt begin their Hostilities at or near the Fort. That wch marches this way it is suspected have a Design to seize and fortify Shamokin & to send their Indians especially the Delawares whose scheme this is said
to be as a means to put them again in possession of their Country to scalp the Inhabitants and hinder them from obstructing this grand Design.
I hope this Scheme is not in the Intention of the Enemy for if it be I know not how it can be prevented without large assistance from the Neighboring Provinces & a Detachment of regular forces.
I have ordered that the earliest Intelligences be sent to You of the Motions & Progress of the Enemy, yt in case you can spare any assistance it may be properly employ'd or want it from our Inhabitants who are all Volunteers & without any compensation or Pay for their serving they may assist you.
... I am
... Sir
... Your most humble
... Servant
... ROBT. H. MORRIS.
As there may be more danger in Cumberland County than in York County I desire you will direct your Letters to the Care of Genrl. Stevenson Esquire at York who has my Directions to forward your Dispatches to me.
[Indorsed in Washington's handwriting, and note made by him, "No date--but must have been written in 1754."]
WHEREAS some Doubts have arifen with regard to the Rank and Command, which Officers and Troops railed by the Governors of Our Provinces in North-America, fhould have, when joined, or ferving together with Our Independent Companies of Foot, doing Duty in our faid Provinces. In order to fix the fame, and to prevent for the future all Difputes on that Account, We are hereby pleafed to declare, that it is Our Will and Pleafure that all Troops ferving by Commiffion figned by Us, or by Our General commanding in ... Chief in North-America; fhall take Rank before all Troops, which may ferve by Commiffion from any of the Governors, Lieutenant or Deputy - Governors, or Prefident, for the Time being, of Our Provinces in North-America: And it is Our farther Pleafure, that the General and Field-Officers of the Provincial Troops, fhall have no Rank with the General and Field-Officers, who ferve by commission from Us; But that all Captains, and other inferior Officers of Our forces, who are, or may be employ'd, in North America, are on all Detachments, Courts-Martial, or other Duty, wherein They may be joined with Officers, ferving by Commiffion from the Governors, Lieutenant or Deputy - Governors, or Prefident for the Time being of the faid Provinces, to command and take Poft of the faid Provincial Officers of the like Rank, though the Commiffions of the
... faid faid Provincial Officers of the like Rank, fhould be of elder Date.
... Given at Our Court at St. James's
... this Twelfth Day of November
1754, in the Twenty-Eighth Year of Our Reign.
... By His Majefty's Command.
... T. R. INSO.
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Bryan Martin, who was the son of Frances, sister of Lord Fairfax, and succeeded George William Fairfax, as the agent of the Fairfax estates.--BROCK.]
GREENWAY COURT Jany. 4, 1755.
DR. SIR.
The Bearer hereof Capt. Bailis is now going up to Joyn the Prince Wm. Detachment, by Order of Colo: Lee he Apply'd to me for a discharge which I Refus'd, as I daly Expect to hear from you. He Informs me that the Men are almost Naked and as the Expence of mentaining them is very great, I think they ought to be discharged, as soon as it can be done with Safty.
... I am Sir
Your very Humbl. Servt.
B. MARTIN
[Note 2: 2 Robert Orme, Esq., of the county of Devon, entered the army as an Ensign in the Thirty-fifth regiment of foot, and in 1745 exchanged into the Coldstream Guards, in which he became a Lieutenant, April 24, 1751; accompanying Braddock, he served as his aid-de-camp, and was wounded with him; returned to England the same year, and in October, 1756, resigned his comission, and married the Hon. Audrey Townshend, only daughter of Charles, Lord Viscount Townshend, sister of Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Townshend, who fell at Ticonderoga in 1759, and of George, afterwards first Marquis Townshend who succeeded General Wolfe at the capture of Quebec. Captain Orme was a faithful, brave, and capable officer, and left an interesting journal of Braddock's campaign, which was published by the Pennsylvania Historical Society in 1855, with a highly valuable introductory memoir by Winthrop Sargent, M. A.--BROCK.]
WILLIAMSBERG. Mch. 2d. 1755.
SIR
The General having been inform'd that you exprest some desire to make the Campaigne, but that you declin'd it upon the disagreableness that you thought might arise from the Regulation of Command. has order'd me to acquaint you that he will be very glad of your Company in his Family by which all Inconveniencies of that kind will be obviated.1
[Note 1: 1 Since his resignation in October, Colonel Washington had remained inactive at Mount Vernon, and if he found it derogatory to his honor to hold a commission under Governor Dinwiddie's scheme of Independent companies, it could not be expected that he would subject himself to the humiliating terms of this order from the King. His passion for a military life, however, had not abated. General Braddock, knowing his value, and the importance of securing his services to the expedition, directed Mr. Orme, his aid-de-camp, to write to him proposing an expedient by which the chief obstacles would be removed.--SPARKS.]
I shall think myself very happy to form an acquaintance with a person so universally esteem'd and shall use every opportunity of assuring you how much I am
Sir
... Your most obedt. Servant
... ROBT. ORME aid de Camp.
DUMFRIES May 13. 1755.
DR. SIR
Your disinterested friendship for the Young Man I ventur'd to Recommend to your Notice on a former Occasion, Encourages me to apply to you once more in his behalf. As I see every day almost, produces new Councills & new Regulations, I know not what may be his Fate, as he is without an Acquaintance, or Friend, & as you will now have Oppty. of making Observations on his Conduct, I fondly flatter myself you'll do his Merit justice--& in this hope I leave him to you--I have by this Conveyance sent him the Governrs. Speech, & the latest Accts. we have this way from Brittain, tho' I imagine they Cannot be new to you, who must have, not only the best, but Earliest intelligence. It may be agreeable to you if you have no later Accts. to know Miss Hanah & Mr. Bryan Fairfax pass'd this on fryday in their Way to Westmoreland when the Belvoir Family were well, & yesterday I had a Messenger from Nomony when your Sister Lee &ca. were well.
Colo. Fitzhugh was at Aquia two Days attending a survey on some of his Lands in Dispute with Peyton, as soon as it was finish'd, he went off full of Spirit & Zeal for the Service the General had Commissd. him to Execute --
Our hopes are very Sanguine--which are still heightned by the Expedition & Regularity with which the Army seem to proceed. Mr. Dobbs seems to have some Stout fellows at Alexanda., not a Despicable Reinforcement --
As you have my Warmest Wishes, none would more Sincerely rejoice at any Good fortune which should arrive to you as there's none who is with greater sincerity
... Yr. Friend than
... ALLAN MACRAE
[Note 1: 1 Edward Braddock, son of Major-General Edward Braddock, entered the army as ensign in the Coldstream Guards, October 14, 1710; fought a duel with Colonel Waller, with sword and pistols, May 26, 1718; Captain, February 10, 1736; served in Flanders; became Second Major to his regiment in 1743; present at Fontenoy, May 11, 1745; Lieutenant-Colonel, November 21, 1745; Brigadier-General, April 23, 1746; served again in Flanders in 1747--48; colonel Fourteenth Foot, 1753; Major-General, March, 1754, and September 24 Commander-in-chief of His Majesty's forces in America; sailed from England, December 21, and arrived in Virginia, February 19, 1755. He was fatally wounded at the hapless engagement on the Monongahela, July 9; was borne from the field in his officer's sash, improvised as a stretcher, and died on the 31th. inst. following. His arrogance made him obnoxious to both the native soldiery and the Indian allies, and the generally accepted tradition is that he was murdered by one of the former--Thomas Fausett, a subsequent resident of Fayette County, Pennsylvania, who in later years avowed the fact. Braddock's private character appears to have been that of a heartless, broken-down gambler and spendthrift. Yet those who most bitterly censured him allow him certain merits. "Desperate in his fortune, brutal in his behavior, obstinate in his sentiments," says Walpole, "he was still intrepid and capable."--BROCK.]
FORT CUMBERLAND May 15, 1755.
... Instructions to George Washington Esq.
[Note 2: 2 Colonel John Hunter, of Hampton, Commissary.]
... E. BRADDOCK.
... CAMP AT
I have received the Message you Sent by Mr. Ross To Advise me of Your Being Come to Fort Frederick.1 I Rejoice at Your Arrival and I bid You Welcome by this String of White Wampum. Brethren
[Note 1: 1 This fort was built upon an elevated plateau, about one fourth of a mile from the Potomac. It was constructed of the stone so plentiful in that neighborhood, and its walls were some fifteen feet in height, with bastioned corners. As a place of defense against small arms it was all that could be desired, but was not calculated to resist an artillery attack. The shape of the fort was quadrangular, each of its exterior lines being three hundred and sixty feet in length, and its walls strengthened with earth embankments. The work was done in the most substantial manner, as it was designed for permanent use, and the expense of construction was something more than £6000. Barracks sufficient for the accommodation of three hundred men were erected inside, as well as a substantial magazine. The walls of this fort are still standing, firm and strong, covered with wild vines, and shaded by the foliage of large trees which grow in the inclosure. It is thirteen miles east of Hancock, and may be seen from the railroad cars in passing over the Baltimore & Ohio Road.--LOWDERMILK.]
I have heard of Your Fame & Your good Intentions towards us from Your Brother of Virginia & have for a Long time had a great desire to See You, but it happens now You are Come, I am Unable to Meet You, this I Am Sorry for but I hope You will Excuse me since, I have Sent Mr. Walstenholme & Mr. Ridoubt to Communicate my Sentiments to You, I have Appointed them, because I know that they have a particular Regard for You, & Because I am Confident they will Deliver my words Faithfully, They will in my Name and on Behalf of the People of Maryland make a League with You which I hope will Last as long as the Sun and Moon shall Endure to Confirm it I present You this Belt of Wampum --
Brethren
When Mr. Ross was wt. me I gave him Orders to Supply You With Such provision as You should stand in Need of, as a farther Mark of my Friendship towards You, I now Send You a present. Was it in my Power, I would send You a Larger, but as it is Not, I hope You will not Consider the Nature of the Present, so much as The Inclination of him that gives it. ...
Brethren
Now we have made a League of Friendship and are known To Each Other, I will speak to You more Freely on the purpose for Which You are Come, You say that Your good Brother the Gov'ner of Virginia, has Signified to You that our Father King George Desires you will Join the English, and Declare War against the French and their Indians, who without any Just Cause or Provocation have fallen upon our people and Scattered Their Bones Over ye Country You also tell me that upon our Father's Pleasure being made known To You, You have taken up ye Hatchet against our Enemies, and that You will hold it fast till You have used it against the French & The Indians in their Alliance, I am well pleased that You have already Taken Such a Resolution, I hope You will soon make our Enemies Sensible of it, and that You will prosecute the War Vigorously against Them to make your Hatchets sharpe, and to fasten it in Your hand I Present You with this String of Black Wampum.
You Were told You say when You Came to Fort Frederick that You Were No Longer in Virginia but in another Province, this was true But I must Observe to You that we and the Virginians are Nevertheless one People, The Inhabitants of Carolina Virginia Maryland Pensilvania and of all of the Provinces to the Northward are Brethren, Subjects of the Same great King, and they that are Friends to some of Us, must be friends to All, You are then the Friends of All, Let us become one People and Unite against the French and their Indians our Enemies; Let our Men go out to War with You; Look on them as Your Brethren; Teach them to Fight after Your Manner, and then Neither the French nor their Allies Will be Able to Stand before You; for Your Encouragement and as a Reward to those that fight Bravely, I will give You a Present as Large as that which I have Now Sent You, for Every Two Enemies that You shall take Prisoners, and Deliver up to me, Or that You shall Kill, and Bring me the Scalps of, Or I will give You the Value thereof in Money. Let this Sink Deep Into the Minds of Your Young Men, and Let Them Remember my Promise in the Day of Battle--I have Ordered Captain Beall who Commands the Men at Fort Cumberland to Receive and at all Times treat You and those of Your Nation that Shall Join You As Brethren and as my Best Friends; I have also Notifyed Your Arrival to Your Brother the Governer of Pensilvania; In this I hope I have done According to Your Desire, and that the words which I have Spoken are Agreeable to You; to Confirm the Truth of them and to Convince You that they Flow from my Heart, I give You this Belt
[Indorsed in Washington's handwriting, "A Copy of Govr. Sharpe's Speech to Yc Cherokee Indns 1755.]
[Note 2: 2 One of the aids-de-camp of General Braddock.]
June 19. 1755
DEAR WASHINGTON,
I am desired by the General to let you know that he marches to morrow & next day but that he shall halt at the meadows two or three days, It is the desire of every particular in this family and the general's positive Commands to you not to stir but by the advice of the person under whose care you are till you are better which we all hope will be very soon. This I can personally assure you that you may follow the advice of Doctor Murdock, Surgeon to Col Dunbar to whom I know you were recommended as a proper man by Dr. Stephen Camp at this side of the Youghangany.3
[Note 3: 3 Washington rejoined the Army only the day before Braddock's defeat, and while he was yet in a low and enfeebled state of health.]
... Yours &ca.
... ROGER MORRIS
Monday 5 o'clock P. M.
WMSBURG. 28th. June 1755.
SIR
I rec'd your Favor of the 7th. inst. which I Show'd to our particular Friends. We rejoyce at your safe Return with the necessary Cash wanted to begin your Progress and are concern'd at the G ... 's unreasonable Impatience and the unmerited Censure of our Want of public Zeal to answer all his Demands. We allow He may know his Wants, and We are the Judges to know our Ability in the Supply. If We are misrepresented home, our Correspondents will acquaint Us therewith and give Us an Opportunity to acquit our Selves of any unjust Complaints--G: Fx writes to me, that He thinks himself obligd to go as far as Will's Creek in quest of and to get Enquiry of his Plowman and Horses, unduly taken from the Plow and carried away without a Valuation and perhaps without Remedy. Will any military Officer take Such a violent Method in Great Britain with Impunity! If so, I do not understand what I read in the Articles of War. We shall be a little impatient till We can know You have passed the rugged and Sometimes thought impassable Mountains call'd the Allegany and have descended into the fertile Plains of the Ohio, driving back the French to their narrow Limits in Canada--The Ho. of Burgesses are now in Debate and forming a Lottery Bill as the most probable Means of raising Money to defray the public Contingencys, Others imagine a Land-Tax would be more Effectual.1 Our latest advices inform, that the King embarqu'd for Hanover the 29th of April--The Duke at the head of the Regency. A French Squadron from Brest sayld to the Wtern Parts of Ireland, Sr Edwd. Hawke & Adml. Boscawen gone after them. The Bearer Capt. Shaw lately from England, last from So. Carolina is recomended by the Duke as an Officer worthy of General Braddock's Regards and goes to receive his Commands. I cant doubt but your Merit prevents You from being Maltreated on Accot. of your endeavoring to vindicate your Countrymen wherein they may be fairly vindicated. Please to make my kind Complts. to Capt Cholmondly, Lt Locke and Such other Officers as appear to think Me worthy of their Remembrance. Yr Mother & family are well and Send their Several Greetings, desiring often to know of yr Welfare & Progress.
[Note 1: 1 Governor Dinwiddie writes in a letter to Governor Dobbs, dated July 8, 1755, "Our Assembly, now sittg. have given me by vote, 2:000£ to guard the Frontiers from these Depredats. I have in Consequence thereof order'd three Compas. of fifty men each to be imediately rais'd. They have further voted 10.000£ more for the Expeditn. and 600£ to raise Men for Fort Cumberld. They have laid 15d. on every 100 acres of Land and 2s on every tithable Negroe, and 10 per Ct. more than former Duties on all Negroes imported, to be pd. by the purchaser. As Silver and Gold is very scarce they issue 20.000£ in Treasury Notes, to be discharg'd and pd. next June, and a Lottery for 20.000£ to be drawn next Decr."
The lottery was to be conducted by six directors: John Robinson, Charles Carter, Peyton Randolph, Landon Carter, Carter Burwell, Benjamin Waller, and James Power. The price of the tickets was fixed at £1, 1s. 6d. each.--HENING.]
... I am dear Sr
... Your faithful & affect Friend &c
... W. FAIRFAX
[Note 1: 1 Son of William, Sheriff of Prince George County, 1726, and Margaret, daughter of Francis Thornton and Alice, daughter of Anthony Savage. Sarah Strother, the grandmother of Zachary Taylor, was a daughter of William Strother.]
FREDR. July 9th. 1755.
SIR
The extraordinary favour you have confer'd on me and my Son in procuring him a Comission on the establishment calls for our most gratefull Acknowledgments, which give me leave to assure you I shall ever retain a sense of. When I was at Alexandria I could not be informed for certain whether you were to go out, and indeed must own my Attention was so taken up with so unusual a sight that I never once thought of Applying to you for your interest, which neglect you have been too generous to resent --
Our friends here are all well, your sister Lewis has got another son--I wish you health and prosperity & am
... Sir
... Yr. most obliged
... Humble Servt.
... ANTHONY STROTHER
[Addressed]
... To
... Colo. GEORGE WASHINGTON
... at the
... Ohio
per favr. of
Mr. BOYDE
BELVOIR 26 July 1755
DEAR SIR
Your safe Return gives an uncomon Joy to Us and will no Doubt be sympathiz'd by all true Lovers of Heroick Virtue. From our first inexpressible affecting Intelligence by Colo Innes of the total Defeat of our Forces, Genl. Braddock and many Officers Killd, the whole Artillery taken, we have been in torturing suspence, Each one for their best belovd. Now You are by a kind Providence preservd and returnd to us, we can say the Catastrophy might have been worse. You kindly invite us over, rightly judging our Curiosity wants to be informed of some particulars yet unacquainted with, And if a Satturday Nights Rest cannot be sufficient to enable your Coming hither to Morrow, the Lady's will try to get Horses to equip our Chair or attempt their strength on Foot to Salute You so desirous are they with loving Speed to have an ocular Demonstration of your being the same Identical Gentn. that lately departed to defend his Country's Cause.
Mr Carlyle rec'd a letter from G. Fx, at Winchester after his return from Will's Creek, expressing his Concern for Missing You and accounting that He stayed there to meet Lord Fx in order to consult on the necessary Measures to be taken by the Militia, as Colo Dunbar seems to intend marching its supposed, to Philadelphia.
... Yrs Affecy
... W. FAIRFAX
[There is added in the handwriting of Sally Fairfax, the following]
DEAR SIR,--After thanking Heaven for your safe return I must accuse you of great unkindness in refusing us the pleasure of seeing you this night. I do assure you nothing but our being satisfied that our Company would be disagreeable should prevent us from trying if our Legs would not carry us to Mount Virnon this Night, but if you will not come to us to morrow Morning very early we shall be at Mount Virnon
... S. FAIRFAX
... ANN SPEARING
... ELIZTH DENT
You are to receive into your Care and Charge all such Powder, Shot and Other ordinance Stores as are to Be Left in Fort Cumberland, or its Environs Belonging to the Trane of Artillery and to Give Mr. Furnis a Satisfactory receipt or Indent For the Same----
You are not to Isue or expend any of the Said ordnance Stores But By Written order from the Commander in Chief From the Commander in Chief of the Troops, or from Ye Governor or Commanding Officier of the Garrison for such as may be for its Defence Only: And You must be Carefull Always to take a receipt from ye Person To Whom the Isue is Made, Specifying therein for What Service and By Whose order --
You are to Draw on Mr. Furnis Pay-Master, for Your own & the Detachment's Subsistance (that are Not in the Hospital) as it Becomes Due, and to Cause every man You pay, to Sign a Book & pay list for the Same: Wch. Latter You Are to Transmit to Mr. Furnis monthly, to Discharge You of What Money You have Drawn--------
If at any time You Shou'd Want a fue Men to help You to Secure any of the perishable Stores from The Weather, or Other Necessity, You are to Apply to Governor Innis Who Will Comply With Every Reasonable request for the Good of the Service You are Employ'd in
Lastly You are to Transmit to Mr. Furnis a Remain of Stores by Every oppertunity, With a Return Of Your Receipts and Isues, so that it may be always known What You have under Your Charge Given under our hands at Fort Cumberland in Maryland the Thirty-first Day of July 1755 --
... THOMAS ORD ... JAMES FURNIS
... Commanding Officier of Artillery Commissary
A True Coppy ...
To Colo GEORGE WASHINGTON
[Note 1: 1 Captain, subsequently Major Charles Lewis, a younger brother of Colonel Andrew Lewis, was born in 1736; killed, October 10, 1774, at the battle of Point Pleasant; married Sarah Murray, a half-sister of Colonel Cameron, of Bath County. Left issue.--BROCK]
WARNER'S HALL Saturday Evening
Aug. 1755?2
[Note 2: 2 This date is in pencil in the handwriting of Jared Sparks.]
DR SIR
My Man waits on You with a Letter from my Brother, I suppose to give You Notice of the good Opinion the Governour Assembly &c. entertain of Yr Conduct, I assure You Sir scarce anything else is talkd off here, & I with the whole Country most heartily join in congratulating yr. safe Return from this last most Dangerous Expedition, and wish with the greatest Sincerity yr. Speedy Recovery from an Illness that we hear has so long deprived us of the Pleasure of seeing You. I think tis unanimously agreed, you shall command our Forces in the next Scheme to be executed, which I hope will be confirmd on yr arrival in Williamsburg. I have been down some Time in Order by my Friends Interest to procure me a Commission, your Interest Sir may be of the greatest advantage to me would you be so kind to favour me wth it, the People in these Parts seem very desirous of serving under the brave Colo. Washington, and want nothing more to encourage 'em out, but yr Declaration of going to command them, I hope I shall see you in Wmsburg, till when conclude me Dr Sir yr most humbly devoted Servt to command
... CHARLES LEWIS --P. S.
Pray excuse Haste my Brother desires I hasten the boy.
... C. LEWIS
[Note 1: 1 Philip Ludwell, son of Secretary Philip and Lady Frances (Berkeley) Ludwell. His daughter Hannah married Thomas Lee, president of the Council, and acting Governor of Virginia, and his great-granddaughter, Matilda, was the first wife of "Light Horse Harry" Lee.]
WILLIAMSBURGH Augt. 8, 1755
DEAR WASHINGTON
I most heartily congratulate your safe return from so many Dangers & fatigues; & by this Time I hope you are well enough recovered to give us ye. pleasure of seeing you here which all your Friends are extremely desirous of.
The House has voted 1200 Men but it is very probable they will determine at last for 4000. In conversation Wth. ye. Govr. about it, I said if this should be done, I supposed his Honour would give ye. Command of them to Col: Washington for I thought he deserved every thing that his Country cou'd do for him. The Govr. made a reply much in Yr. Favour; tho' I understand there is anor. warm Sollicitation for it; & if we cou'd be so happy as to have you here at this Time, & that it were known you were willing to to take such a Command; I believe it wou'd greatly promote ye. Success of our Endeavours with the Assembly. Mine, as they have allways been, uniformly continue to procure for such eminent Merit, ye. utmost Encouragement: for, Dear Colo. whilst I am serving so deserving a Man I think with pleasure that I am serving my Country as well as testifying the Sincerity with which I am
... Sir
... Your most Obedt. Servt.
... PHI: LUDWELL
WILLIAMSBURG Augst: 14th: 1755.
Memo. for Colo. Washington
Take a particular Acct. of the Clothing at Majr. Carlyle's, & those at Winchester, & send me an Acct. of the Whole.
The Provisions that remain at Alexan--belonging to this Colony, is to be shipt for New York, desire Mr. Carlyle to hire a small Sloop for that Purpose & have the Pork & Beef trim'd & pickled. Consign the same To Robinson Esqr. & desire Remittans. in Flour--speak to the Treasurer for a Letter on that Head.
If Mr. Dick does not incline to continue Comissary. when You find a proper Person to succeed him, You must take Security for the due discharge of his Duty; & it's necessary he remain at the Fort the Time they are Salting the Provisions to prevent embeslemt.--Endeavour to get Mr. Dick's Acct. Settled, so that the Ballance due may be known, that he may be paid.
You have a Power to appoint an Aid de Camp & Secry, write me their Names that they may be on the List with the other Officers, & that their Pay may be settled; the same as to an Adjutant & Quarter Master.
You no doubt will have regard to prudent Frugality that the Money voted by the Assembly may be properly managed, & as the Payments must be by my Warrants I must know the Standing & daily Charge of Your Regiments Pay.
Whatever may be due by the Country at Fort Cumberland, or any other Place, endeavour to ascertain the same in order for Payment, that You may begin Your Operations on a new & clear Proceeding, that You may be free from all old Demands & the Credit of the Country supported.
... I am
... Sr.
... Your most hubl. Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
Instructions for Colonel George Washington
Commander in Chief of the Virginia Regiment.
Whereas the French have unjustly invaded His Majesty's Lands on the Ohio, and have sent flying Parties of French and Indians, to robb, and murder our back Settlers to the Westward; which the Legislature of this Dominion having seriously taken into their Consideration, and voted Money for the Protection of our Frontiers, and for conducting the necessary Expedition to drive the French from the Ohio: In Consequence thereof, I have granted Commissions for raising Sixteen Companies of Men, to be formed into a Regiment -- The Command of which Regiment, together with the Forces that now are, or may be employ'd in the Country Service, being given to You; You are as soon as possible to use Your utmost Endeavours to compleat the said Regiment, by sending the Officers to recruit in the different Counties of this Dominion, as You shall see most Convenient, leaving six Officers to do Duty with the Men who remain at Fort Cumberland.
As it will facilitate the Recruiting Service to have the Regiment seperated You are to divide them in three Places viz. at Winchester, Alexandria, and Fredericksburg; at each of which Places a Field Officer is to reside, to receive such Recruits as are fit for the Service which shall be sent by the Officer in his Division: As Winchester is the nighest Place of rendezvous to the Country which is exposed to the Enemy, You are hereby required to make that Your head Quarters.
The Clothing of the Regiment is to be provided by the County, & to be sent to You, in order to be delivered to the Effective Men of each Company.
The Men to be regularly paid their full Subsistance without any Deductions; excepting two Pence per Month from each Non-Commissioned Officer and Private Man, for the Surgeon to purchase Medicines; this Money to be stoped by the Pay-Master, and to be paid to the Surgeon Quarterly; As also Six Pence per. Month from the Drummers, to be paid to the Drum. Major. to repair the Drums, and teach the Drummers.--You are hereby required to preserve good Order and Discipline among the Officers and Private Men of the Regiment under Your Command and to Conform Yourself in every Respect to the Rules and Articles of War. --
You are to transmit to me Weekly Returns of the Regiment and a Return the first Day of every Month, with the Variations that may have happened the preceding Month. When any of the Non-Commissioned Officers or Private Men should happen to die, they are to be continued on the Returns and Rolls as Effective Men for Twenty eight Days, to pay for his Coffin, that the Commander of the Company may be no looser by his Death.
It is strictly recommended to You that You take particular Care, that no Officer Commanding a Company shall supply their men with Necessaries, deducting the Price out of the Men's Pay; they are only to take Care to see the Men lay out their Money in purchasing what they may stand in need of, And in order that the Men may not suffer for want of those Necessaries; You are hereby empowered to contract with any Person or Persons, to supply the Camp with such necessary Cloathing &ca. as is requisite.
You are also impowered to purchase suitable Goods for the Indians; and to offer them Presents in such Manner, and at such Times as You shall think adviseable, either for attaining their Interest, or promoting the Service.
You will be entrusted with a Military-Chest which You are to use as You see the Nature and Good of the Service requires.
As it will be necessary, in order to facilitate any Measures that may be taken next Spring to lay in Stores of Provisions &ca. &ca. at Fort Cumberland, or some other convenient Place; and to make all the necessary Advances that the Season, and other Conveniencies will admit; You are hereby Ordered to take such Steps to do it, as Your own Prudence, or my further Orders shall direct.
As an Aid de Camp, and Secretary are necessary to ease the Duty of your Command; I do hereby invest You with full Power and Authority to appoint and Commission such Person and Persons as You shall think most advis'able--And as Mr. Dick has declared his Intention of declining any further Services as Commissary; I also empower You to appoint a Commissary in his room, together with an Adjutant, Quarter-Master, and such other inferior Officers as You shall find absolutely necessary to carry on the Service with Spirit and Vigour.
And as the Conduct and Success of the whole must entirely depend upon the good Regulation and Discipline of the Forces, which cannot be attained but by a due and proper Exertion of the Military Law.
You are therefore, in every Respect, to conform Yourself to the Rules and Articles of War herewith given You, for which I will see You justified in the just and due Conformance thereto.
I sincerely desire that You will inculcate Morality and Virtue among Your Men, to punish Drunkenness and Swearing--Wishing You Health & recommending You to the Protection of God, I am
... Sir
... Your Friend and
... humble Servant
... ROBT DINWIDDIE.
DOGUES NECK Aug. 21st. 1755.
DR SIR.
I fully intended to have waited on You this Evening at Belvoir, but find myself so very unwell after my Ride from Court, that I am not able to stir abroad --
I have taken the Liberty to inclose You two Bills for £300, Ster: drawn by Mr. paymaster Genl. Johnston on Colo. Hunter, & an ordr. on Gover. Dobbs from his Son for £18..15.--Ster: also a Letter for Colo. Hunter, & another for his Honr. our Govr. If Colo. Hunter shou'd be in Town whilst You stay there, I shou'd esteem it a particular Favour if you 'll be so kind to negotiate the Affair wth. Him: it is indifferent to Me whether He pays Cash or Bills, pble in London, at the prevailing Exchange at the time: 't is probable it may suit Him to take up the ordr. on Govr. Dobbs. If you shou'd not see Colo. Hunter, please to leave the Bills wth. Govr.. Dinwiddie --
I beg You 'll escuse the Trouble I have taken the Liberty to give You on this Occasion. & give Me Leave to assure You that nothing wou'd give Me more sensible pleasure than an Opportunity of rendering You any acceptable Service.
I heartily wish You Health & every Felicity, & that You may find the new Regulations in our Milatary Affairs agreeable to Yr Wishes, & such as will enable you to accept the Command of our Troops with Honour 1 --
[Note 1: 1 A few days after the defeat of Braddock, Washington returned quietly to Mount Vernon, arriving there on July 26. On the 14th of August he writes to his mother, "If it is in my power to avoid going to the Ohio again, I shall; but if the command is pressed upon me, by the general voice of the country, and offered upon such terms as cannot be objected against, it would reflect dishonor upon me to refuse it; and that, I am sure, must or ought to give you greater uneasiness, than my going in an honorable command. Upon no other terms will I accept of it. At present I have no proposals made to me, nor have I any advice of such an intention, except from private hands." His commission as commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces dates from the same day.]
... I am wth. my compl. to all at Belvoir
... Dr Sir
... Yr. most Obedt. Hble Sert.
... G. MASON
Augt. ye. 25th. 1755.
MY DEAR GEORGE
Your Letter gave me infinite Pleasure as every Mark of your Friendship & Remembrance ever will do for believe me I shall ever, however separated, cultivate as close an Intercourse as our Distance will permit. I thought you very long before you wrote and fear'd some Accident which your ill State of Health at parting from us seem to confirm. The Part of your Letter mentioning the Reflections upon the General gives me much uneasiness tho' I feel a Contempt for the Detractors which alleviates in some Degree my Concern I know the ignorant and rascally C D. is one promoter through Resentment and Malevolence, and the thick head Baronet another intending to build his Character upon the Ruins of one much more amiable than his can be. For my Part I judge it a Duty to vindicate the Memory of a Man whom I greatly and deservedly esteemed and I think every Man whom he regarded should be his Advocate keeping litterally to Facts which must always improve the goodness of his Disposition. I am convinced the Affection he bore you as well as your Integrity and good Nature will make you assiduous in removing those abominable Prejudices the generality of People have imbibed and publish. It is very hard the Bluntness and openness of a Man's Temper should be called Brutality and that he who would hear Opinions more freely than any Man should be accused of Obstinacy and Peremptoriness. In short in a thousand Particulars I find such Lies and Opposites that I will say no more--1
[Note 1: 1 Considering the opinion in which General Braddock's character has been held, it is a pleasure to be able to produce testimony that may vindicate his memory, and it is an especially agreeable instance of the loyal impulse of the generous heart of Robert Orme.]
Pray write to me in Philadelphia and direct at the Governor's and to me in London in Hollis Street sending me from time to time the American News and commanding my Services in England which will ever give me the greatest Happiness.
Colo. Burton and Morris desire their Compliments & I am
... My dear George
... Yr. most affectionate Friend
... ROBERT ORME
[Note 2: 2 The Governor of North Carolina.]
30 Augt 1755
SIR
The Under Sherif of this County Carries Down three Deserters which were taken up here, and as they are of our Brave Blues, I most Earnestly Intreat your Interest in Procuring a Pardon for them, Smith has a Sweetheart & 2 Childen here & Barker a Wife which I Presume were the Loadstones that Attracted them, Permit me now Sir to Congratulate on Your Late Escape & the Immortal Honr. you have Gain'd on the Banks of ohio & in the most Glorious of Causes the Defence of your Country, and to beg the Honour of your Company & army friends if you return this Way. I live within two Small miles of Kingway House. & there you may be Directed to
... Your very Obdt.
... &
... very Hbl Servt
... JOHN MARTIN
Since Writing the above two have broke Prison & run off & Smith Carried [obliterated]
[Note 1: 1 Born in Lancaster County, March 11, 1689; died in Westham, England, January 10, 1760. Married Frances Ravenscraft, of Westham.]
STRATFORD 5th. of Septr. 1755.
GOOD COUZ.
It is a Sensible Pleasure to me to hear that you have behaved your-Self with such a Martial Spirit in all your Engagements with the French nigh Ohio. Go on as you have begun; and God prosper you.
We have heard of General Braddock's Defeat Every Body Blames his Rash Conduct.
Every body Commends the Courage of the Virginians and Carolina Men: which is very Agreable to me.
I desire you, as you may from time to time have opportunity, to give me a Short Account how you proceed. As I am your Mother's Brother, I hope you Can't deny my Request.
There is Little News here. One of our Men of War has taken in our Channel a French Ship of 16 Guns, 2 Brigs, and a Schooner, bound for Martinico, and brought them in. And there were 11 more in the Fleet; after after which another Man of War is gone out in Chace.
What will be done with them 4 that are taken I Can't tell.
There is no War Declared yet Either by the French or us; though it is expected there soon will.
The King is not Returned from Hanover yet; but is lookt for very soon: The Yachts are gone for him.
I heartily wish you Good Success, and am
... Yr. Loving Uncle
... JOS. BALL
Please to direct to me at Stratford
by Bow nigh London. --
Since the writing the Letter above, there are 6 more French vessels brought in. Though they pretended to be bound to the west Indies, they were really bound we found to Louisburgh.
Please deliver the Inclosed to your Mother. --
... To
Major GEORGE WASHINGTON
... at the Falls of Rappk. River
... or Elsewhere in
... Virginia
By favour of
... Mr. BUTLER
[Note 1: 1 A merchant in Alexandria, and one of the trustees named in the act incorporating the town. The family of Dick was long on terms of intimacy with that of Washington, and Dr. Elisha C. Dick was one of the attending physicians of the President in his last illness.--BROCK.]
Septemb. 6th. 1755.
SIR
I wish I had been at Home when you was pleased to call last Night, it might have saved this Trouble of writing, However as you desire I now send You all the Information I can as to the Commission as Commissary, Which I think I had from the same Authority you seem to have Yours, and with very full powers and Instructions. Agreeable to which Mr. Walker & my Self imbarkd. in the Affair, happily compleated what we had undertaken, I have sunk my Money in the Service (tho we were assured of being constantly supply'd) in confidence of the Publick faith that I shoud not suffer, instead of which I am denied my Money, Provisions Wagga. &c. contracted by us on the said Faith & Instructions for the use [of the] Expedition refused to be paid for, or to send Money to dischare [mutilated] for which there are Suits now commenced against me, have [mutilated] need my own Charges & not one farthing paid me for all I have done, As this is the Case besides 50 things more too tedious to mention, I leave you to Judge what Man can bare such usage.
As for retaining anything belonging to the Expedition it is not my Intention, As I have the Governors hand writing by me to Support & pay every thing we shoud engage for the Expedition, Else I assure you I should dispute any Obligation I had to give up any thing till it was paid for & I secured, So that Whoever you appoint may have all the right & Title I have over all the Stores belonging to the Expedition, You are pleased to be of Oppinion that if I continued at least till the Committee meets in Octobr. when they may obviate all my Objections which as they are not well understood by them, there will be a Necessity of my being there, else the same Usage I have had I should meet with, And any one to undertake the Business cannot spare the time to go to Wmsburg if I rightly guess or know what is or ought to be done as Comry. Neither have you made any Mention of what I should have in engaging in such an affair again, As I should now be thoroughly satisfied by a certain Agreement well knowing what it is to leave Things undetermined in serving the Public.
... I am ... Sir
... Your very Obedt. Humble Servt.
... CHAS. DICK.
Indian Goods at Fort Cumberland Sept. 17th. 1755.
[Note 1: 1 Adam Stephen succeeded to the command of Fort Cumberland with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel; commanded expedition to South Carolina against the Creek Indians, and was later placed at the head of troops for defending the frontiers of Virginia, with the rank of Brigadier-General. At the commencement of the Revolution he was commissioned a Colonel, promoted a Brigadier-General in the Continental service, September 4, 1776, and Major-General, February 19, 1777. He behaved gallantly at the battle of Brandywine, but, as is generally known, was dismissed from the Army in 1778. He died near Winchester, Virginia, in November, 1791.]
WINCHESTER 6 9ber 1755.
SIR,
There is nothing that I can inform you of for Certain.--There is a very good Spirit in the back Inhabitants of Pennsylvania, but a person to direct, order and discipline are wanting much. The hurry of the Alarm disappointed us of Waggons, and I was on the point of marching to watkins Ferry to defend the Stores there. --
I cannot Learn that any person to be depended on, has Seen this Body of French & Indians.2--Sure we are that 52 Delawares went last week agt. the Frontiers of Pennsylvania. Two of this party was kill'd by One of their Prisoners Mc.Swine who brought in both their Scalps to Fort Cumberland last Friday --
[Note 2: The Maryland Gazette of August 21, 1755, stated that an officer, returned to Fort Cumberland from reconnoitring, had reported meeting two Indians, who advised him to retire, "and save his Party from the Hands of 400 French and about 100 Indians, who were at the place where Col. Dunbar was encamped, when he received the news of General Braddock's misfortune."]
Upon Receiving this Intelligence; and learning the Designs of the Enemy, A party of 150 turn'd out Volunteers to Intercept them with their Prisoners, at their place of Rendezvous which was appointed about 12 miles above Reas Town.
This Mc.Swine had been 11 days prisoner, was taken by a party of Shanoes, and carried over the Allegany mountains but being met by this party of 52 Delawares going to War The Shanoes made a present of him and a Dutchman, to the Delawares, who brought them in over to Raes town to help to drive Some Cattle and horses to the French post--They proceeded about twelve miles with the Drove--when Mc.Swine took his Opportunity and Made Pork of them--took off the Bells, and turned the horses and Cattle loose in the Woods--This Mc.Swine would Certainly have Obtain'd Some knowledge of the matter, or Seen some Signs of them had such a large Body come on this side the mountains --
The fighting Faction in Pennsyla. are ready and threaten to put to Death all the Non-resistents--Dunkers, Moravians, Dutch and Quakers, Seem to think it better to take their chance agt. the Common Enemy, than to Stay peaceably at home and meet with Certain Death for their Obstinacy & Stubborn, Absurd principles, but they want to Send to Virginia for an Officer to lead them on, and Let them No something of the Matter--They blame us much for driving the Indians that way.--I am now getting the Wagons loaded and am
... Sir
... Your most Hume. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
Sept. 14. 1755.
DEAR SIR,
I received your favor by the Express and much approve of the method you propose of supplying the men with necessaries, and doubt not but the Committee will readily agree to it at our next meeting when I shall mention it to them.1 As to the other matters you mention I am satisfied they will appear so reasonable upon consideration to the Committee that the will not hesitate about them as they know very well it is not designed from sordid or lucrative views. You may depend upon my representing them in the strongest and clearest light I am able, for
[Note 1: 1 See Washington's letter of September 11, 1755, Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. i. p. 186.]
... I am with unfeigned truth,
... Dear Sir, Yr sincere friend & servt.
... JOHN ROBINSON.
[Note 2: 2 Peter Hog (as the name is spelled in his will), son of James, born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1703. He emigrated to America with his brothers James and Thomas about 1745, and located in Augusta County, Virginia, where he married Elizabeth Taylor; commissioned March 9, 1754, Captain; served continuously; delegated Council of War, held at Fort Cumberland, to construct a line of frontier forts which had been ordered by the Assembly; served also in the Sandy Creek expedition in the same year; licensed to practice law May 10, 1759, by certificate of Peyton Randolph, Robert Carter Nicholas, and George Wythe, examiners; appointed by Lord Dunmore, April 10, 1772, deputy to the Attorney-General for the county of Dunmore [formed February, 1772, from Frederick, and renamed Shenandoah County by act of October, 1777].]
FORT DINWIDDIE1
23d Sept. 1755
SIR
I arrived here on the Sunday Evening which Majr. Lewis can inform you was using great dispatch for
the badness of the Road. I send you Inclosed a return of the Men remaining at the fort. with a List of the Tents tools Arms & Ammunition you will observe the smal. proportion of Each considering the great distance from Supplies, the fort is Inclosed on the four sides but the Bastions are yet to finish the Barracks to Build, & much timber to be Cutt down to Clear a space from the fort; the many parties sent out to Scour the Country has prevented Majr. Lewis from doing this hitherto, and if the Indians continue to harass. the Inhabitants parties must be sent out to protect them especially during the time of gathering their Corn, this will leave the fort very defenceless, as well as make it late in the Season before the fort is finished if the Company is not speedily Augmented or reinforced, as an Ensign will be appointed to the Company I Expect he will bring up his quota of Men to Compleat the Company agreeable to the New Regulation. As the Inhabitants on Green Briar, new Rivr. and Holstens are all scattered from their plantations and have Left the best Crops of Corn in the Colony it will become a Settlement for the Indians during the Winter if more Companies are not Sent up to protect the farmers while they gather their Corn, and by Building forts on the two first of these Rivers Encourage them to Continue their Settlements. if this is not done I Expect that you will order a detachment of 20 or 30 under a Subaltern from another Company to Enable me to Send out parties without Leaving the fort Exposed to the Enemy, a Supply of Ammunition will Likewise be wanted as soon as it can possibly be sent As to provisions there is not any in the fort in case it Should be Besieged, there is no Salt to Cure any, or even to Season the fresh Meat till it Comes up from Fredericksburg. Majr Lewis has Engaged about 24 days provisions, but he has no money to Leave with me to purchase more, neither should I incline to take the trouble for a Sett of men who repay such Services with scandalous reflections, therefor I hope you will Send up some person to provide for the Company as it will be Impossible to keep the men in this remote place without Necessary & timeous Supplys: pray Let me know to whom I shall Apply very first Oppty as I shall be entirely at a Loss in this strange part of the Country, and must of Consequence Abandon the fort. Wishing you Success I am with Respect
Sir
... Your Very hum Servt.
... PETR. HOG
Another officer will likewise
be necessary over & above the
3 belonging to the Company
in order to hold a Court martial
and punish the Delinquents without
which I know it is impossible to keep
up discipline on such Commands
... P. H.
[Note 1: 1 Fort Dinwiddie, also called Warwick's Fort, Hog's Fort, and Byrd's Fort, was located on the Irwin place on Jackson River. Garrisoned from 1755 to 1789.]
FORT CUMBERLAND Sepr. 25th. 1755.
SIR,
Sunday about 9 O'Clock two Indians took a fuzee from a Boy within Musket Shot of the Sentry in the Bottom as you pass Will's Creek--They took hold of him and asked him to go along--why they did not kill him I cannot Say, but upon his refusing they gave him a Couple of Blows with their Fist--and upon his retiring a little, they Shot two Arrows into him, the wounds are but slight --
He Roard out murder, & the Savages Ran.
I sent out a party under Lt Stewart to intercept them, and about twelve, Burris came in wounded. They took him about a mile below the Fort where the Old Path enters the Waggon Road, and carried him to the Top of Wills Creek mountain, crossing Potomack above the New Store,1 and going Stright to the Gape. They there discovered our Party and were only 300 yards behind them--Burris encourgd by the Sight of our men, while the Two Frenchmen and 5 Indians were Sculking, Sprung off--an Indian pursud him and coming up Sides with him threw the Tom hawk and woundd him. Notwithstanding, Burris was lucky to Escape.
[Note 1: 1 A storehouse, or magazine, established by the Ohio Company on Will's Creek.--LOWDERMILK.]
Lt Stewart Saw nothing of the Enemy; Burris was oblig'd to take another Course. He learned from the Indian who Could Speak Shanese, That there were Parties all round us & We have discoverd Numerous Tracks in Several places.
I have no men to Spare to Send in pursuit of them--I have advisd the Inhabitants to be on their guard, and have movd into the Fort--leaving the Tents standing for Shew, as we believe them daily looking at us. They have taken a Man belonging to Capt. Dagworthis Company, who would not venture to Run with Burris, and another Man who was batman to Doct. Craik when he was out. By this means, they will get perfect Intelligence of our Situation, and Weakness--The Indian was very inquisitive at Burris about our numbers--We ply the Work from Dawn to twilight, and for all that the dispatch is not equal to my wishes. I fire a morning Gun, and Rouse officers and Men by the Break of Day, who all repair to their Posts and wait untill it is light enough to Call the Roll.
No Soldier or Servant is allow'd to Stragle or be Absent, and no Gun fird within hearing of the Camp. A Serj. Command is Sent a Couple of miles Round reconnoitring every morning--It Sits heavy upon me, to be obligd to let the Enemy pass under our noses without ever puting them in bodily fear. --
This increases their Insolence, and adds to the Contempteous Opinion The Indians have of us. --
If we may credit the Indians, Every one that Our people has Conversd with, declares that the French design an Attack on Fort Cumberland. The Conduct of the Enemy at this time Seems to be, to obtain Intelligence, more than Scalps; and not knowing how far off a Considerable Body of them were. I Sent down for the Light Horse, and applyd to my Lord Fairfax for Militia, untill we are in a better posture of Defence. I am with respect
Sir,
... Your most obt. huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
[Note 1: 1 Of "Sabine Hall," son of Robert King and Betty (Landon) Carter.]
Sept 25. 1755.
DR. SIR
As I know I shall not be troublesome to you with my little intimacy I have ventured to recommend John Sallard2 to you for a Serjeant he comes by my persuasion and is in Youth and Stature and indeed in Capacity Such an one that I can not be ashamd of his family have been well respected and I shall be pleasd and obligd with any Countenance you shall shew him perhaps he may want a litel helping but I know he will be docile I shall give you the trouble of a letter more at large and refer all my good wishes to that Serious moment
[Note 2: 2 Sallard received the appointment and was serving as sergeant in 1756.]
... I am
... Sr.
... Your most Obedr
... LANDON CARTER
[Note 1: 1 John Tayloe, son of John and Elizabeth (Gwynn) Tayloe, and grandson of William and Anne (Corbin) Tayloe; married Rebecca, daughter of George Plater, Governor of Maryland.]
Sepr. 27. 1755
DEAR FRIEND
As I have but a slight acquaintance with Colo. Washington must ask the favour of you to recomend John Sallard the bearer to his favour he is the brother of my Steward I have wrote to Capt. Woodward in his favour.
... I am
... Dr Sir
... Your Afft frd. & Obedt.
... JOHN TAYLOE
Addressed
... To
... Colo. JOHN CHAMPE
[Note 2: 2 Appointed a trustee of the town of Falmouth, King George County, February, 1752. Married Anne, daughter of Charles Carter, of "Cleves." Their daughter Jane married Samuel, a younger brother of Washington.]
30th. 7ber 1755
SIR
You 'l observd by the inclosd what is requested of me. I know nothing off the Bearer. but can Safely say Colo. Tayloe is a Gentleman of great Honour & presume must know something of the Man therefore I am in hopes his own behavor will be the Only recommendation. & am
... Sir your most obedt.
... hum : Servt.
... JOHN CHAMPE.
[Indorsement by Washington--Inclosing a letter from J. Tayloe to himself.]
FT CUMBERLAND Sept 27th. 1755
SIR,
This morning One Packton a Hunter came in quite Spent, being pursued by Indians in Sight of our Sentrys, and having been chas'd five days from the grounds about the Extremity of the Road upon which the Pensylvaneans were Employ'd. The Savages pursued him so close, that the Sentry at the Magazine heard him hollow; upon which a party of The Guard was detached, and brought him in. The Man is well known by Several in the Garrison, having hunted for them when they Covered the Road-Cutters.
A party of Volunteers were ordered out, under command of Capt. Savage to reconnoitre the Bottom of Will's Creek. They Rous'd three Indians and fired at them but Soon lost Sight of them. We Continue Alert, and want men much. The Indians discover our Parties by the Track of their Shoes. It would be a good thing to have Shoe-packs or Moccosons for the Scouts. --
... I am with Respect
... Sir,
... Your Most Obt. Hub Servt
... ADAM STEPHEN
The Cooper has been here, but there is no Tools--He comes to work On Tuesday--I congratulate You on the News of Our Success to the Northward Now is the Time to push, on this Qr. Nurs. of the Officers are gone from Fort Du Quesne, to the Northward--I imagine they are weak there, and Send out the Indians to procure intelligence --
This night Sullivan on the S. Branch is to receive 600 lashes for uttering treasonable Expressions
[Note 1: 1 Of Richmond County, son of Austin and Mary (Metcalfe) Brokenbrough; born, June 15, 1715; married Elizabeth Fauntleroy, November 25, 1735; died, 1778.]
RICHMOND the 29th of Sepr. 1755
DR COLO. WASHINGTON
The Parental feelings I have at the parting with a dutifull Son I hope will be some apologie for my troubling You with this Epistle, his great inclination to go into the Army, and the friends he has got & the favours he has receiv'd made it quite agreeable to his going But I am afraid as he's young and knowing little of the world or mankind That he 'l be more lyable to Errors, But Dr Sr. if I cou'd but prevail on you To favour him with a look now & then & if you find him inclin'd to do amiss That you would spare him one word of advice, and in case of Sickness that you wou'd just see him & give him a word of comfort for fear of his Spirit Fail'g then I shou'd be intirely easie and I am sure that a word from you at those times will do wonders with him --
He now comes up to inform you that he has Try'd Every place where there was the least liklyhood of getting recruits but to little purpose, for the People are deaf to reason persuasion & Even intrest for his friends had got two pistoles to give Every Man besides what he wou'd give him self in short they are determined not to go till they are force'd and wn it comes to that I can't help dreading the Consequence tho' I realy beleive that if the Law was put in Exc. that Several wou'd then take the money freely But they won't believe there is such a law, My Son listed at first two pretty young Fellows his Neighbours as recruiting Serjeants & thot it wou'd be some Encouragmt. to others but nothing will do. I realy beleive those two young Fellows Vizt. Wm. Stuart Packet & Jno. Sallard are deserving Fellows & only Want to be just above the Common Soldiers which I hope they will if yo. think they deserve it, As tis impossible to get his full compliment of Men by recruiting he comes up for your orders but is desireous of staying to be inform'd and make himself Perfect in his duty as Lieutenant, and Wn. the Law is put in Exc. we have in the Neighbourhood young Men Eno. Which he is to have Directly,--There is one favour more I have to beg and then have done. he has a great desire to be under Capt. Henry Woodward and if it suited I shou'd be highly pleas'd --
May the Almighty direct and enable you to drive those Mercely Savages out of our once happy Country and force them to a lasting peace that may be to the Glory of God & honour to ye King & Country & Eternal Satisfaction, and happiness to yr. Self these are & shall be the Sincere prayers of your
... Most hble Servt.
... WMBROKENBROUGH
29th Sept: 1755.
SIR
As Capt: Brockenbrough s: Confusion at parting with his Son prevented his writing You have this to request yr. Interest in favour of this young Adventurer (and so from the most truly noble & laudable Motives) with Col: Washington
... I am
... Dear Sir
... Yr: Most Hble Servt:
... W JORDAN
Addressed
... Colo. JOHN CHAMPE
... LAMB. CREEK.
30 Oct. 1755
SIR,
I am again solicited to write you in favor the bearer Mr Brockenbrough, am in great hopes his modest behaviour will recommend him. His circumstances are such that nothing but a view of serving his Country could induce him to this undertaking. Your protection, so far as is right & justifiable will extremely oblige
... Dear Sir,
... Yr most obedt.
... JOHN CHAMPE
WINCHESTER Oct 4th. 1755
SIR,
Matters are in the most deplorable Situation at Fort Cumberland--Our Communcation with the Inhabitants is Cut off--By the best Judges of Indian affairs, it's thought there are at least 150 Indians about us--They divided into Small parties, have Cut off the Settlement of Paterson Creek, Potomack. Above Cresops, and the People on Town Ck about four miles below his house--They go about and Commit their Outrages at all hours of the Day and nothing is to be seen or heard of, but Desolation and murder heightened with all Barbarous Circumstances, and unheard of Instances of Cruelty. They Spare the Lives of the Young Women, and Carry them away to gratify the Brutal passions of Lawless Savages. The Smoke of the Burning Plantations darken the day, and hide the neighboring mountains from our sight--Frazer has lost two of his Family and moves to the Fort to do the Arms --
Ramsay the Cooper came up, and got Some money of Mr. McLean by Commisary Dutys Direction, went down again to bring up his Sons, on Tuesday last, but has never been heard of Since, at home, or at the Fort--So there is another Cooper to be looked for. I dispatched Barney Curran after Montour, who brought me an Account, that the last news receivd from him was at Great Island in Susquehanna, where at the Earnest Sollicitation, and by the warm assistance of Monocobbtter1 he had assembled 300 Indians, and was intended agt the French and Indians in their Interest at Winingo.--He had Intelligence that there were very few of Either at that Place. --
[Note 1: 1 Monacatootha.]
Deprived of any hopes from that Quarter, I detached two men well acquainted with the Roads, to make the best discovery they Could, who have not yet returnd. --
Unless Relief is Sent to the Back inhabitants immediatly None will Stay on this side Monocasy or Winchester. --
The Magazine is Secured, and a Well Set about on the Fort--So many Alarms prevented the Work Going on with dispatch.--I have reason to believe Capt Dagworthy will look upon himself as Commanding Officer after You have joind the Troops.--The Province he Serves has 30 Effective men in the Service. I was attacked by the Indians on my way down, and lost a man. I Saved my Bacon by retreating to the Fort--The party who conveyd me yesterday discoved four'teen and fird upon them, but it was to late to pursue them. --
It is by all means adviseable to Send up all the Recruits Immediatly, untill we have men enough, to keep the Enemy in awe, So that they keep without Reach of our Sentrys. --
... I am with Respect
... Sir,
... Your most Obt huble Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
We are entirely acquainted with the Routes and Courses of these Bodies of Indians, but have not Men to spare to Intercept them--I detached a party of 25 men under Lt Bacon, Who came up w' them and prisoners, but was obligd to retreat w' the loss of two men --
I was apprisd of the Indians designd Attack, and Sent to My Lord Fairfax for 200 militia--alarming the South Branch1 and all the Neighborhood--I made a pressing demand of the Militia Sunday Seven night--I heard My Lord was very Urgent, and assiduous in the Affair, but there is only a few Sent up under Capt Vorne--Had my directions been Observed by Harry Vanmeter, or the Militia Come from Fredrickb The Lives and Liberty of 100 people would have been saved.2
[Note 1: 1 Of the Potomac.]
[Note 2: 2 Dinwiddie, writing to General Shirley at this time, stated that Fort Cumberland had not above 130 effective men, and that the enemy, hearing of the departure of the Regulars, had murdered, carried off, and burnt the houses of over 100 people.]
FORT DINWIDDIE6th. Octobr. 1755
SIR
Inclosed I send you the Weekly & Monthly Returns, by which you will Observe there is no Variation in the State of the Company the Drumr. is not Yet Come so that I imagine he is either Sick or has deserted, the party Mentd. in the Monthly Return was Sent to Green Briar to protect some of the Inhabitants in Securing their Crops they all Intend to goe out during the Winter if they can be protected, the sd. Command only Returned Last Night which made me delay Sending off the Command to Wills Creek till I should hear what danger might be Apprehended as they met with no disturbance I thought it best to Send a Serjeant With some private Men for the Ammunition, as a Miscarriage would have Incurred the Reflection of Carelessness, besides the danger of disappointment. the Bastions are Compleated; But the Barracks not Yet finished, as we had Axes But what we borrowed of the Neighbors When they Could be Spared, for this Reason the Wood Cant be felled till the Iron arrives to Make the Axes, which I entreat may be hastened, I have Spoke to all the Coopers Near to this who ask Extravagant Rates for Casks to wit 4/ a barl. I have offered 3/ for barls. and 2/ for 1/2 barls. tho none has yet agreed to take it, besides I understand they will only Serve the Season as the Timber is green. I shall gett the Timber, but will only provide Tubs to Cure the Meat, and Employ the Cooper to make the half barls. till I hear further from you. these will Cost 2/6 each, but I think the Meat may be preserved in tubs till the Warm Weather, when the half barls. may be broke on.
I have Engaged between 30 & 32 thousd. Weight of Beeff I have delayed the Sale of more Untill I recd. further orders, So Desire an Express may be Sent with all speed if more will be Wanted. I Likewise Entreat you would Use your Endeavor to gett the Money Lodged in Mr. Dicks hands immediatly as I have been oblidged to promise the pay agt. the Court for this County the first of Next Month, in order to keep the Large droves from going into Pensilvania, I have not yet been able to Engage any quantity of Corn at a Stated price they promise in general that I shall have what they can Spare, but will not fix the price till they gather their Crop.
I have been forced to Employ a Doctr. to cure some of the Men of Diseases that rendered them Useless and which they Insisted to be paid by the Country as it was what they were Entitled to, as well as the other Companies; also to Cure the Wounded Indn. Boy. I hope the Ensign will Come soon With Men to Compleat the Compy. and should be glad to hear if any more Companies may be Expected up,
I am with Respect
... Sir
... Your Very hum Servt.
... PETR. HOG
Octob. 7. 1755.
DR SIR
Captain Peachey calling to give me the Compliment of his Departure gives me opportunity of acknowledging the obligation you laid on me in the favour by Mr. Brockenbrough, And you must give me leave to encrease the debt by a further recommendation of Mr. Peachey From experience I say his Merit has intitled him to every respect I can shew him and I shall forever acknowlege myself mistaken if he does not in every matter committed to his care distinguish himself by a Close attachment to yr. example Calmness, Diligence & Resolutions Perhaps I shall not transgress if in my Expectations I say he will even oblige others to confess that every Countenance shewn him is but consequence of what he will deserve But it is time to let him speak for himself by his behaviour And now Dear Colo. let me exhort you to tread the same Path that you first cut out to your own Glory that your Country may in the end feel the good effects that she promises herself from your Singular Virtues & Fortune
Shall I recommend to you the utmost Caution never to depend on a fancy'd security nor trust too far to the information of those who may be benefitted by deception And always in your Leisure hours regard the inward Man for in Very Deed the Hand of the Lord bringeth mighty things to Pass. I am P. S. ... Sr.
Let Colo. Stephen know ... Yr. hearty Wellwisher & that I will shortly pay my ... Most humble servt debt to him for his kind Letters LANDON CARTER
FORT DINWIDDIE 13th Octobr. 1755
SIR
I am oblidged to send this wt. the Weekly Return under Cover with other Letters to Colo. Stevens the Barracks are finished But not a Tree cut down further than we Used, for want of Iron to make Axes, all being Employed in getting timber for the Cooper who began Yesterday. Majr. Lewis has not yet Sent up the Salt Iron &c nor doe I hear that he spoke to any person on this side the Ridge to fetch them; it is now Winter here, and the food destroyed by the Severe frosts we have had, the Magazine is not finished for Want of Nails, nor can the Cattle be killed till the Salt comes up, I have been oblidged to pay Seven days hire for a horse to fetch a Load of Salt from the Courtho for present Use & pay 8/ per bush. there, pray order up the things wanted as fast as possible, I am under a Necessity to send Scattering parties all abroad to quite the distant Inhabitants, who will not remain on their farms while their husbands are gone over the Ridge.1 The Louisa "Company under Capt: Fox marched out from Dicki-"son's fort abt. 10 agoe with 4 of the Inhabitants of "Green Briar and the first Night after they got there "one of the Country Men was killed & scalped "Supposed by the Indians they continued 2 or 3 "days there & returned complaining of Hunger & "Hardships after devouring 2 beeffs & a sufficient "quantity of potatoes this is all the good They have "done and the only Expedition they have Under-"took notwithstanding they were fired with Military "Courage & greatly desirous of doing something "Glorious for their King & Country when Mr. John Todd preached to them a Military Sermon mentd. in the Gazette 19th: Sept. These Volunteers have not been of of half the Use to the Inhabitants of Green Briar as a Serjts. Command placed there in a fort would have been, and Unless a Command can be Sent up there in 3 Weeks all the Crops will fall a prey to the Indians, as well as the Stock of Cattle not yet got up. I am with respect
[Note 1: 1 The Blue Ridge Mountains.]
... Sir
... Your Very hum Servt.
... PETR. HOG
OPEEKON Octr: 15th: 1755 --
DEAR SIR
I got home last night af getting Business Settled with Proper Certificates Recorded &c
Colo. Dunbar with the Army took Shiping at Amboy 9 days this day for Albany and whither after I cannot tell Som people would not be Sorry if It was to heaven. Yr. Name is More talked of in Pennsylvania than any Other person of the Army and every body Seems willing to Venture under Your command and if you would Send Some descreet person doubt not but They will Inlist a good Nomber and especially to be erigular for all their Talk is of fighting in the Indian way. The Assembly of Pennsylvania is now Sitting and will for a for night Mr. Franklin and Indeed Mr. Peters both Told me if you was write pressing letter to them informing them of the Damage and Murder and Desire their Assistance you would now get it Sooner than any one in America I will do you All the Service in My Power if you have any business or Commands for me please to let Me know it as Soon as possable ther is great Expectation that Genl: Shirly will Send Me to Get the Cattawbees Indians for Yr. Assistance and perhaps Woods Men and the Cherokees in Spring Should be glad you would be Quick in Dispatches for Pennsylvania as I doubt not but it will Rase both Men and Money Very quick I have Told them you will want blankets Stockings and Shoes for Winter as I knew Ye New Rased Men Must be Naked. I would Come to you but have noe cash to Carry me any Where --
... I am yr. Well wisher and
... Most Humbl. Servt
... CHRIST: GIST
At Wm WETHS Fryday 17th. Octr 1755
DR SIR
This will be deliver'd you by Capt. Elzey & our Draft from the Militia of Fairfax. We hope that they will be Approved of as they Are All Young healthy fellows tolerable well mounted & Accouter'ed --
A Waggon woud Sett of this day from Alexandria with the powder & Lead you desired also the Cloaths for the Soldiers & hope they will be up in time for you, I Coud Nether gett Carradge horses, nor a Waggon, before this, nor did I think it Safe to Send the powder on horse back the Casks was So bad --
Their is but about Six recruits In Alexandria, Mr. Buted has Nine In Prince William, he & Mr. Dennis Mc. Carty Will be Able to Gett (they Say Twenty Recruits --
Mr. Kirkpatrick desired to Acquaint you he waits yr. Commands to Wait on You At Winchester or Where you order --
I am With Wishes for Yr Health &c
... Ye Affectionet Servt
... JOHN CARLYLE
WILLIAMSBURG Octr. 18th. 1755
SIR
Your of the 8th: per Colo. Stephens I recd. & am heartily sorry for the Acct. he brings, but am in hopes from the Assistance of the Militia, & the Recruits you will be able to drive those Banditti from our Frontiers; I wish You may get a Troop of Horse from Fairfax County, as they will be of great Service in clearing the Woods, & I shall be glad if they can send down a Number of their Scalps.
One hundred Tents are making & shall as soon as finished be sent up to You, I refer You to Messrs Prentis & Withers, who send up many Necessaries by a Sloop. As I was told the Regulars cou'd not be supplied at Philadelphia I tho't it needless to send those, but have sent to New York for some Camp Kettles &c.
There comes by the Sloop all the Small Arms fit for use in the Magazine--ten barrels of Powder & some Lead. I expect by XMas, 1000 or 1500 Small Arms from London. I hope those now sent, & what You may have at Winchester, & Fort Cumberland, will be sufficient till that Time.
I am very sensible the Militia Law is very deficient, & several other Points proper to be adjusted; I have therefore called the Assembly to meet next Monday Week, when I expect they will pass a proper Law in regard to our Forces, & I hope You will be there by that Time, & I expect to have Your Men under the Military Law.
I have spoken to the Treasurer, & I doubt not Colo. Stephens brings You some Money & when You come here that You will have sufficient for a Military Chest to pay for Necessaries as wanted.
I think there are near 500 Beeves from No. Carolina near Winchester, give Directions about them. I am sorry Your Officers do not punctually obey Your orders; Capt. Harrison (now here) says he has been laid up with the Fever & Ague for some Time.
I have nothing further to add at present, but that I am with kind Respects --
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
The following Young Gentm. propose joing. the Forces as Volunteers, their Friends desired me to recomend them to Your for Your Countenance & Friendship Agreeable to their Behaviour
SIR WM BECLEY
MR. WM JONES
MR. SUMNER --
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Bullet (Bullitt) appears in 1771 as a distributee of the land pension provided in 1754; appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, and Deputy Adjutant-General, February 22, 1777, and died in the service during the Revolution.--BROCK.
Washington writes of him in a letter to Governor Fauquier, in 1758, "Bullitt's behaviour is matter of great admiration."]
ALEXANDRIA Octobr. 18th. 1755
SIR
Having recd. your Orders Shall Comply with them As to sending Subns Comands up to you I see no Hopes of doing it for I have not Recd. but two Men from any of the Recruiting Officers Ordered to Rendevous at Alexandria Since Capt. Wagoners Departure Mr. Triplep has Recruited one Man & I am Satisfied has bin at no Small Expence I have about Ten Men In Town Seven Whereof I Recruited I have Let my Brother have money to Recruit a Subn Comand And shall be Greatly oblig'd to you to Let me know by the First Opertunity Whether there is any Hopes of his Giting an Ensigns or Lieuts Comision, upon his Recruiting the Compliment of men In one Fortnight that is ordered to be Rais'd by A Subn (or in any short time after he has Got th [obliterated]) [obliterated] I Expect Mr McCarty & he will Mo [obliterated] out a Fortnight with Thirty men I this Instant Furnish'd them with Money and sent them Recg As to my Accts. with the Country you was so Kind as to promise to Git them Settled with the Cometted. I shall State them And by the First Opertunity Enclose them to you & Hoping You'l Excuse me for Giving you the Trouble of Giting them Settled
I am with Respect Your Most Obedient Humble
... Servt
P. S Sir ... THOS. BULLITT.
If the Service will admit of My Going to Wmburgh Shortly hope youl Give me Leave also to Go One Fortnight Recruiting as I am Satisfyed I Can Get Nigh thirty Men
... I am Yours &c --
WM.BURG. 20th. Octr. 1755.
SIR
I had the Pleasure to receive your Favor by Colo. Stephen. As the Genl. Asembly is Summond to meet the 27th. inst. which may hold ten Days and as some Alteration in the Militia Law will be propos'd agreeable to What We talkt of, I hope the Service You m'ent to do has been so successfully effected on the Orders You may leave, in a probable Way as to admit your Coming whilst the Ho. of Burgesses are Sitting.
Mrs Fx went with her Sister Amblen to Hampton after I show'd her yr Letter and We all please our Selves with the Expectation of seeing You at furthest Next Week and perhaps of having your Company on our Return
In a late Letter our Governor rec'd from Genl. Shirley A Proposal is made for our Sending Comissioners to meet others From the neighbouring Colony at N. York to consider of and agree on a Proportion of Expenses for the present Service and what may be thought necessary for the collecting our Forces early in the Spring to begin the Operations. If the Ho of B. consent, Comissioners will be Soon Sent and I coud Wish You one of Them --
For pticulars I must also Refer to Colo. Stephen.
Wishing You an Encrease of Honor in extirpating the bloodthirsty Savages, A Safe and quick Return to Us I remain
... Dear Sir
... Yr affectt. Friend &c
P. S. ... W. FAIRFAX
Since Writing the foregoing have been told that You have detected some daring Persons that have disgst & painted themselves like Indians and frightened many the Govn. thinks fit to be sent hither to receive due Punishment --
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Cocke was commissioned Captain, December 13, 1754. He appears to have been intimate with the family of George William Fairfax.--BROCK.]
[Note 2: 2 A fort upon Colonel Thomas Cresop's farm, "Shipton," a few miles above the north and south branches of the Potomac.]
PHILADELPHIA Novr. 1st. 1755
MY DEAR FRIEND
I have taken all the pains in my Power to find the true Intents of the Indians. Monnacatootha is return'd from the Six Nations, but is not yet come from Shemokin. but I understand he and the Other chiefs will on Sunday or Monday be at John Harrises Ferry where I intend god willing to meet them. but I am to go to Conrad Wiser and get all he knows; I have the governor's Letters to him on that Head. so I shall be Able to give you all the Intelligence that can possibly be got. The Governor Morris Last night Offer'd me a Capt's. Commissn. in this province not Knowing I had one under you. I find By that they Intend to do Something in Arnest--the Two Lower County's have passed the Militia Law and Offers £2000 the governor has wrote you by Express--I will be with you or Send an Express when I am Rightly Certain of the Indians Intentions pray Excuse hast ... Sir yr. Most Hume: Servt.
... CHRISTR: GIST.
FORT DINWIDDIE 3d. Novr. 1755.
SIR/
Inclosed you have the Return for Last Month I have been Obliged to Inclose the Weekly Returns to the other field Officers as I am much put to it for papr. by my baggage being not yet come up, tho' it will be a month to-morrow Since Jno. Roe sett out for it. the Salt Lies still at Fredericksbh. and the Folks now Insist on having their beef Slaughter'd as they fall away greatly, the Severe frosts having destroyed the food: the Men begin to grumble for their pay and I am utterly at a Loss where to Apply for it, or when to promise them, as you have not yet Instructed me how it is to be remitted. The Country people likewise Expect the pay for their beef agt. the Court for this County about a fourtnight hence; pray Let it Lodged as soon as possible at Mr. Dicks to Save the time & Expence of the Express going to Wmsburg. I should be glad to know whether the Country pays the reward for taking up Deserters, & if not how it shall be Levied on these old ones.
... I am Sir/
... Your Very hume. Servt.
... PETR. HOG
[Note 1: 1 Roger Morris, born in England, January 28, 1717, died in York, September 13 1794; married Mary Philipse in 1758.]
PHILADELPHIA Nov 3d. 1755
DEAR WASHINGTON.
Yours of the 17th. Octr. from Winchester I receivd from Gist, when I was down at Winchester with Governor Morris.
I own, I am at a loss what to say in answer to some particulars in your Letter & shall only appeal to your own judgment, from what I say.
I have not since we parted at Fort Cumberland, receivd a single Line from you; Orme indeed had a Letter wherein you desird I would send you a Copy of the Orders given from the time you [obliterated] left the little Meadows, to the Time of the Action on the Monongahala.
Major Helkets [obliterated] orderly Books, being lost I could not gett an authentick copy that was proper, & therefore was oblig'd from Necessity, to omit what I would have comply'd with with Pleasure, if I had had it in my Power --
We are here greatly alarm'd the Particulars of which you will receive a better Information of from Gist1 --
[Note 1: 1 After the attack on Fort Cumberland, a body of French and Indians, reckoned by Governor Dinwiddie at about 1500, marched into Pennsylvania to the Susquehanna with intent to build a fort there, committing murders and other barbarities on their way.]
I am left here recruiting, but I am told Application is made, to Genl. Shirley to order back, the two Regts. that are now at Albany, or such part of them as he thinks can be spared--I own I dont imagine they can come or if they do that they will come time enough to prevent the Mischief, that will be done by the Indians --
I must now conclude, as Gist is waiting, and desire you to forbear your Judgment, till I am convicted by Proof, or very strong Presumption, of [obliterated] sure at present I am innocent of --
... I am as I always was
... Your very well Wisher
... & obedt. Servt.
... ROGER MORRIS
WINCHESTER Novr. 7th. 1755
SIR,
Last night the Detachment marchd with only Eight waggons at Last; There is no more Salt here, of which I have acquainted Mr. Dick, and desir'd him to forward the Quantity necessary, while the weather favour'd us So much. --
The Cattle from Carolina fall away much, and unless They are Slaughtered soon, they will not be worth while.--I have procur'd Several Cooper's Tools here, and mentiond what we want to Mr. Dick.--I am told Shepherd herds the Cattle Sent us by Govn Dobb's at £60 per month.--The Cattle from Augusta are all Save at Fort Cumberland; and as soon as Conveniences for Salting can be made--The Next Shall be ordered up--I wait here to See the Detachmn. from Frd by which is expected to-day; and to give Some necessary Orders, when I follow the Convoy which will halt at Edwards this night.--I have found it necessary, to prevent the people from Abandoning Their Valley on this Side the Blue Ridge, to Send a party of men to Henry Enoch's on Cape Caps--and promise a party to Walkin's Ferry to guard the Magazine of provisions there. I hope this will meet with your approbation, when you hear that the Pannic which prevails, is so great as to make them leave their plantations on Opecan, ...
If a party is not Stationed on Cape Caps, the Enemy may come within four miles of Winchester before they are heard of, and indeed to Secure that Frontier properly--Maryland ought to have 100 men at Cressops, 100 at the Conattaways--With a party at the mouth of Little Cape Caps, another at Enochs, and another at the Mouth of Back Creek on Walkins Ferry.--However, a proper Number at Fort Cumberland; and a Fort with a Garrison of 1000 men near to Ross Town in pennsylvania, would render all this a great deal less necessary.
The Inhabitants of Pennsylvania are more scared than hurt--I can hear of no person that has seen this large Body of French & Indians--and am of Opinion that the Intelligence is not to be depended on--tho' by Govr. Morris' Letter to you it Seems he believes it,--But Mr. Irvine would certainly have heard Something of the matter if such a Number had come on this Side the mountains --
Capt. Woodward is returned with the party from Ross Town; without Seeing the Enemy; They Stay'd too short a time; The Indians being disappointed in their Attacks did not return as soon as they propos'd.
You see by the inclosed from Mr. Cittendon, that the French leave no stone unturned to secure all the Indians, on Susquehanna, and their Immisarrys are at this instant among the Cherokees--I have reason to believe His Honr. the Govern has been much Abus'd by the five Indians who pretend to be of the Cherokee Nation--I have reason to believe that they were straglers--There were only two Cherokees--The fellow who pretended to be Chief is a Shanoe,1 one was an Adopted Catawba, another a Mingo--While Traders are employd in these important affairs nothing to our Advantage is to be Expected, and if ever we Secure an Interest among the Savages it must be Accomplished by men of weight and Integrity--I must own I look upon this to be So important to the Colonies, that no Expence, No pains, even by the Persons of greater Abilities is to be thought too much--Paris1 pretensions to bring in the 200 Cherokees, appears to me by Advice from a Rational person, to be only a trick, to procure forgiveness, and recover the Govr Countenance, after so many Charges as have been justly lodged agt him by Mr. Gist. --
[Note 1: 1 Shawanese.]
[Note 1: 1 An Indian trader on the Holstein River.]
By a particular & intimate Acquaintance of Paris', it has been acknowledged that he was the principal Cause of our not having the Cherokees Last Spring. --
This moment arrived here Capt. Caton from Carnegochiga, who informs that 150 Marylanders, and 350 Pennsylvanians have marched towards the head of the Creek, but in the greatest disorder, without Command or knowledge of what they were about. There is not above ten men killd or taken which has occasioned all the Confusion in Pennsylvna. Sweringham was orderd out last tuesday w 100 men, to reconnoitre towards Sleepy-Creek, and the Warm Springs; but is not gone yet. he & Caton cannot make up the resu. between them--so many have run off. The Inhabitants are dastardly, and in a proper temper to have any joke impos'd upon them.--This argues the necessity of Compleating your Regimt. --
Would the three [illegible] join, we could destroy the Ilillanan & Shanse 1 towns this winter--This Vigorous Step would most Effectually Secure our Frontiers.--If Paris ed go ag' the Shanse town they will Certainly be beat.--I have learned the French have a Fort at that place--I am with Respect
[Note 1: 1 Shawanese towns.]
... Sir.
... Yours
... ADAM STEPHEN
... Please to Order Up A Doctr. immediatly
NANTASKET BAY Nov. 10th.
... MY DEAR FRIEND
Just before I left Boston I received your very friendly and affectionate Letter be assured it met with that Return in my Mind which ever attends the Acknowledgement of a wished for friendship Your aimable Character made me desirous of your Acquaintance and your Acquaintance confirmed the Regard and Opinion your Character had imprinted in my Mind and be assured my dear George. Distance Absence nor change of Circumstances shall ever alter the sincere Friendship and Affection which I have ever had for you. and which I will endeavor to convince you of by doing that Merit to your Disposition Conduct and Gallantry which they deserve and which a Friends Representation shall at least make better known that they may be at present on the other Side of the great Lake.
I am sensible your Integrity and Love of Justice would have led you to the Justification of our dear departed Friends1 Character but friendship nevertheless gives a warmth in Argument that dispels bad Opinions and confirms good. My whole Time upon this Continent since I saw you has been employed in removing Prejudice confuting Lies and showing the Tenor of the Generals Conduct what it was instead of what was represented I found all along my own Character greatly involved in his. that I was proud, rash inveterate fond of Mischief and Discordance a promoter of High Measures and in short ignorant and every thing else. I have neglected my own Justification to promote that of the Genls. and am unconcerned at general Opinions whilst I flatter myself my Friends and those whom I esteem think of me otherwise. I was not without an Opinion of myself and of my Situation I saw myself a Slave. constantly engaged in keeping Peace. ever advising Councils and gentle Measures and not likely nay almost impossible ever to exercise any other Advantage than the serving of my Friends and the Man I loved. You know best if the World or I judge of my Conduct most unprejudicedly for as you think I deserve. commend me and dispraise me when I deserve.
[Note 1: 1 General Braddock.]
If you can get confirmed at home I shall think it very lucky you accepted of the Commission if you are not I think Mount Vernon would offered you more Happyness. It is the Weekness and Frailty of Mankind to judge by Success and not by the Pretensions to it every man is a Politician and his different Plans and Projects one only can be pleased the rest will be dissatisfied and censure. I wish all Promises may be kept to you. But payment into Money and Provisions may not be wanting to give you Uneasyness. I am confident only of this that your Conduct will be always approved by Men of Sense and Virtue --
If you see Mr. Carlisle pray tell him of my Surprise at his not sending the Box of Books and Maps which was left in my Bed Chamber and which he has not sent as it by Accident was left out of the List. I have suffered much by the Want of it. pray let him send it directed to me in Hollis Street near Cavendish Square London. write to me often and assure me of your Friendship as I have the greatest Pleasure in telling you I am
... Dr George
... Yr. Affectionate Friend &c
... ROB. ORME
[Note 1: 1 Captain Robert Stewart, afterwards promoted major, was engaged in the action on the Monongahela, and in August, 1755, was voted by the Virginia Assembly thanks and a gratuity of £100 for his gallant behaviour.--BROCK.]
WINCHESTER 21st. Novemr. 1755
... SIR
I arriv'd here last night where I found Colo. Stephen, Mr. Boyd & Mr. Gordon, and as the latter returns immediately to Fort Cumberland, Colo. Stephen thinks it unnecessary to send any Express; I by Mr. Gordon send for Sergt. Hughes and a return of the Troop, which when recd. will transmit per first oppy. or by Express if any other Papers should e'er then come to hand, there's no Letters but those herewith sent by Colo. Stephen--I'm inform'd that there's no less than six Light Horsemen Deserted & one Dead. The late incursions of the Enemy have struck so great a Panic into the generality of the people in this neighbourghood that I'm afraid it will be very arduous, if not impracticable to Recruit here. All your orders will be punctually obey'd by him who is
... With due Respect
... Sir
... Your Most Obt. hble servt.
... ROBERT STEWART.
WINCHESTER Novr. 22d. 1755
DR. SIR,
I had just finish'd my Letter of this date, when Capt. Stewart deliver'd me yours of the 18th. Inst.
The men I am in great hopes will answer your expectations. They shoot extreamly well, but are much harass'd at present with the Cattle--I make the Butchers, Cutters, Salters, & Coopers wait on Mc.Lean for Orders every morning.--and a Return is made to me every night of what work is done. --
To keep things alive I hurry'd down to Expedite Salt; want of which, brings us to a Stand. The Drovers threatn'ed to bring us up the Carolina Cattle, which I thought necessary to prevent, untill I had receiv'd yr. Instructions --
Your orders with respect to the Maryland, and Carolina Companies, I will take particular Notice of.
As Recruiting is the only method of compleating Our Regimt. I should be glad to know your pleasure about Sending out any Officer who has a mind to go, we Can Spare Some. --
I will despatch one up the Branch. --
Capt. Waggener desired me to mention his inclination of going to Philadelphia, please to take Notice of it in your next. Be so good as forgive my not Sending A Return per Bearer, of the pr. of Regiment at fort. Cumberland--I had one for that purpose, but in a mistake put it by in my pocket Book.
I remember there is 330 in the whole fit for duty of whom Carolina and Maryland furnish about 50 between them. --
I have discharged four in Winchester enlisted by different Officers, that never would be fit for the Service. --
Two of our Old men, One Shot in the Wrist and thereby disabled, named Brington--One Old Man worn out & infirm Beaumont, Some of Majr. Lewis' Company.--The State of Your Regimt. in these parts is nearly this
At Fort Cumberl'd. Effectives' 280 & 40 Serjeants a great Number of Corp1.
... At Enoch's Mill pr. 17 I Serjt.
... At Walkins Ferry 16 I Serjt.
... At Winchester 30 new Recruits Please to Consider the necessity of a party at Covos Ferry. --
Regular Returns shall be duly transmitted to you, and we shall behave as much like Soldiers as possible. I am hurry'g off some Waggons to Talmuth, and some to Belhaven as is most Convenient. --
I set off now to Walkin Ferry to View the Stores, and should be glad [multilated] Something about that Lodged in Maryland side--They will [multilated] a Right to them, it is like, when provisions are stopt at the [obliterated]
There are Sixty of their Militia at Cressops but I believe they will Stay about the same time their Volunteer Company did. We shall wait your Instructions about Building with Impatience. --
The Accounts of our Behaviour is much Exaggerated, we must give them Credit and pay the publick the Balance next Campaign.
Commissions from his Majesty would give us New Spirit, and at any Rate we will Continue to deserve them--I am with Respect,
... Sir,
... Your most Obt. hube Sert.
... ADAM STEPHEN
LANCESTER TOWN PENNSYLVANIA Nov 24th. 1755
DEAR SIR
I have Sent twenty of My Soldiers to York Town who are all in good Sperritts there and Two I now Send to them. to Morrow I Shall follow them I have been forced to Borrow Money; and if Could have had Money enough I believe I Should have had 50 Men by this Time, I hope I Shall be properly Supply'd with Cash to Answer what I have done and if We want Men I think I Can Soon get them. We have had no Scalping work hear this Week. we have a flying Story of 7000 French Going to Attack Genl. Johnston which hope is Not true. I Shall be at winchester with all Possible Speed in Intrum I am
... Sir yr. Most Humbl Servt
... CHRIST. GIST
P S
Ditr. Giles is with me with whos Company hope you'l be pleased
... C G
[Note 1: William Fleming, a native of Scotland, migrated to Virginia in early manhood. He is said to have been of noble descent. He acted as surgeon for the Virginia troops with the rank as above. He settled, in 1760, in what is now Botetourt County, taking up extensive tracts of land. In 1774 he raised a regiment, which he commanded at the battle of Point Pleasant. He was long a member of the House of Burgesses. Being the only member of the Council at Richmond in June, 1781, the remaining members with Governor Jefferson and the Legislature having fled before the invasion of the traitor Arnold, Colonel Fleming was for a time the acting governor of Virginia. His acts were subsequently legalized by the Assembly. He married and left issue. One of his daughters married the Rev. George A. Baxter, D. D., rector in 1798 of Liberty Hall Academy, and a member of its faculty, minister of New Monmouth and Lexington churches, and in 1831 Professor of Theology in Union Theological Seminary.--BROCK.]
FORT DINWIDDIE Novr. 26. 1755
An Acct of the Pay due to the recruits of Capt Bells Compy. that Joind Capt Hog at Fort Dinwiddie to the First of October
... John Walters Inlisted Sept 18.--12 days pay due
... Robt Bredger ... 22--8
... Beryn. Rodgers ... 24--6
SIR
Before this no doubt you have heard of Capt Bells Misfortune which keept me from Settling my recruiting Accts. with him. but left duplicates of these Accts. when I marchd. it detained me some days in expectation of hearing from him. which I did not. and hinderd me from Paying the men Agreeable to your order to the First of October, I was Able only to Join Capt Hog with four men Occasion'd by desertion of the recruits on being Acquainted with Capt Bells Affairs
... I am Sir
... Your Verry Humble
... Servt
... WM
... FLEMING
FORT DINWIDDIE 26th. Novr. 1755
SIR
I have Sent under Cover the Return of the Company which tho more than a Week distant from the former I believed would be Satisfactory as it Includes the recruits by Mr. Fleming and the Serjt. and some of my Enlist: & Mr. Mc:Neils I Shall Endeavour to Compleat the Company with all Expedition and desire to know the Allowance Settled for Recruiting agreeable to the new Regulations. As the second Month is almost Expired the Men are Uneasy abt. their pay, I hope it will be soon remitted, and a Method Settled to have it remitted punctually agreeable to the Custom of the other Companies.
The Express is retd. from Fredricksburg & Wmsburg without the Cash as Lt. McNeil Writes from the Court ho: where I sent him to receive the money & pay off the Accots. he does not Let me know the Cause of the failure at Comisy: Dicks but sent me up a Lettr from Mr. Withers who Lets me know by the Govrs. orders that I must Apply to Comy. Walker who is gone to Wills Creek wt money for that purpose or to you, as his Honr. did not concern himself wt those affairs, As I am Uncapable of Judging whether it will be most Expedient to send to Fredricksburg or Wills Creek and the People are Clamourous for their money have ordered Lt McNeil to hire an Express to send to the Creek if necessary if it arrives I hope you will order the Comisy. to dispatch the money and also the paymastr to Remit the pay.
I am
... Sir
... Your Very hum Servt.
... PETR. HOG
[Note 1: 1 The ancestors of Dr. Thomas Walker, by tradition, were from Staffordshire, England. Captain Thomas Walker was a Burgess from Gloucester County, Virginia, in 1662, and again, in 1666, is so listed with the rank of Major. His grandson, Thomas Walker, lived in King and Queen County, and married there in 1707. He was the father of Thomas Walker, of the text, of "Castle Hill," Albemarle County; born, January 25, 1714; died, November 9, 1794. He is believed to have been the first white man who explored Kentucky. In 1753, Colonel Joshua Fry recommended to the Virginia Assembly an exploration with the view of the discovery of a route to the Pacific coast, and according to the Rev. James Maury, his "worthy friend and neighbor, Dr. Thomas Walker, was to be the chief conductor of the whole affair." He was a member of the House of Burgesses, of the Virginia Convention of 1775, and of the Council in 1777; one of the commissioners to treat with the Indians after the defeat of Andrew Lewis, and again, to run the boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina. He married twice, first in 1741, Mildred (Thornton), the widow of Nicholas Meriwether; second, Elizabeth Thornton, a cousin of General Washington. A deduction of his descendants is given in the "Memoir of Colonel Joshua Fry," by Rev. Philip Slaughter, D. D., and they comprise the honored names of Lewis, Fry, Duke, Gilmer, Wirt, Maury, Lindsay, Rives, Thornton, Page, and others.--BROCK.]
WINCHESTER November ye 26 1755
SIR
I received the instructions you left here, last night Colo: Stephen being a Connigochig1 occasioned my not having them Sooner--. I have made enquiry into the state of the Cattle Under the care of Mr. Shepherd & Capt. Perry and am told by Capt. Perry and others than many of them are so weak they cannot be drove to Fort Cumberland, those that are fit to Slaughter I shall order up as fast as Salt can be provided to Salt them. The others I dont know what to do with unless you think proper to order them to be sold or leave them on the Hands of the Drovers. If they are ordered to be Sold the Publick must sustain a considerable Loss. if left on the Hands of the Drovers they perhaps ruined. Unless you think proper to lay in provison for more than twelve Hundred men I think five Hundred Hoggs with what Beef is already purchased will be full as much as will be Used before the last of July at which time no doubt but fat Cattle may be had on good terms--Colo. Stephen informs me the Gentlemen in Maryland propose passing our money as theirs which I am doubtfull will Occasion Difficulty in geting so many watermen as is at this time wanted--Our stock of seasoned Timber is not near sufficient to make Cask for all the Beef and Pork that must be provided, that I think it may be best to dry the Pork and the best of the Beef as it will save Salt and be more convenient to carry--Salt is much wnted at the Fort but as some Waggons are gone from here and some from Connigochig hope that want will soon be removed--Should be glad of Particular instructions what to do with Mr. Shepherd as the matter is wholly left to you by the contract a copy of which is inclosed--Shall Spend some days at Conigochig in engageing watermen and hope to contract for what Pork we shall want at Court next Tuesday except what is on the South Branch which the owners will doubtless carry to Fort Cumberland as I shall give them all proper notice--If you should not approve of any part of my intentions hope you will as soon as oppertunity permits acquaint me therewith and you may depend I shall always follow your directions to the utmost of my Power but as many unexpected things happen hope you will impute my freedom in giving My opinion in in this free plain manner to nothing but a desire of doing all I can for the good of the Service which I assure you nearly affects your
[Note 1: 1 At Conecocheague.]
... Most Humble Servt
... THOMAS WALKER
It is hereby agreed between Andrew Shepherd of the Colony of North Carolina and Charles Dick one of the Commissarys for the present Expedition on Account of Virginia --
That whereas by an Agreement made between Andrew Shepherd and his Excellency the late General Braddock that the said Shepherd was to Deliver at Fort Cumberland three hundred Head of Cattle, one half in July & the other half in August, but on report of the late Defeat was hindered from complying in the Time as will appear by a Certificate from Governer Dobbs. However as things have so happend & to prevent and Disputes the said Andrew Shepherd hath agreed with the said Charles Dick that the said Dick will receive the Cattle on Account of the Expedition now under the Command of Colo. George Washington that he the said Shepherd is willing to leave it to the said Colonel Washington to pay him for what Quantity of Cattle he Shall now deliver to the said Dick on Account of the Expedition not exceeding one hundred & fifty head at the Rate as agreed for by General Braddock or as the said Colonel Washington shall thinck fit but not under twelve Shillings & Sixpence per Hundred Neet Beef & to be paid for the fifth Quarter. The said Andrew Shepherd also agrees with the said Dick to deliver the said Cattle and as many more as he shall receive into his Care, at Winchester within five Week or sooner if demanded and to pay for any that are lost double their Value, in Consideration of wich the said Dick agrees to pay to the said Shepherd for keeping & grazing of the said Cattle bought of him, as also Above three Hundred head more to be delivered him for wich the said Shepherd gives his Receipt sent by Governor Dobbs from North Carolina at the rate of Sixty pounds pr. Month and at the Delivery of All the said Cattle at Winchester the said Shepherd obliges himself to Deliver them at Wills Creek for two thirds of the Charge at the rate of Sixty pounds pr. Month not exceeding five or Six Day on their Way from Winchester to Wills Creek and to the performance of all the foresaid Agreement the said Andrew Shepherd doth bind himself in the sum of two thousand Pounds.--this 22th. September at Winchester 1755
WINCHESTR. Novr. 29th. 1755
SIR,
The Commissary1 has arrived, and I suppose You will learn a State of his Affairs by his Letter. I was as Active as I could be, in hurrying up Salt. I would have been at Fort Cumberland two days ago, but have been employd in the disagreeable Service of Apprehending Deserters--Four, out of a gang of 20 Banditti, all with Arms and ammunition, are apprehended, We are in hot pursuit of the rest through Augusta. Please to Send me Up the late Act in order we may know how to proceed to Examples--Broadaxes are wanted, narrow axes I have been obligd to order some to be made.--I expected the pleasure of receiving yr Commands before this time, Jenkins left this place yesterday Se'en night.--I found the Stores at Walkins Ferry ill accommadated, and ordered over the Flour in Maryland Side.--Lt. McManus is gone to Carolina.--Nothing remarkable on this Quarter, but Desertion, which shall be Quash'd as much as lies in our power.--and all diligence used in apprehending them.
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Walker.]
I am with respect,
... Sir,
... Your most obn. huble Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
N B. Mr. Boyd was sick, which obligd me to send Ensign Gordon with two months pay To the Commander of Fort Dinwiddie2 Where was Deheysen orderd to Recruit I cannot approve the Conduct of that Young Man --
[Note 2: Captain Peter Hog.]
FORT DINWIDDIE 29th Novr: 1755
SIR/
Since mine of the 26th. Inclosing the returns which I imagine Lt: Mc..Neil has carried to Winchester where he is gone to Meet with Comisy. Walker to gett the money for the Beeves as the people are terribly harrassed for Cash and Complain greatly on the Disapointment which I could not prevent as I was Ignorant of Mr. Dicks being out of place Mr Gordon has arrived with the pay of the Company for two Months till 1st: Decr. I mentd. to the Soldrs: when drawn up the Deduction of 2d. per Month with the Reduction of the Drumrs: pay to 8 per day neither of which they seem Satisfied with I have two Negos. & 2 Multatoes in the Company the 2 last are Butchers and really Usefull as well as Likely, But if I can Compleat the Company should be glad to have your Instructions what to doe with the Negos. I have the 4 Deserters still prisoners besides Jno Johnson & Arthur Watts I formerly mentd. Johnson's plea to you, and Expcet you will Let me know how I am to proceed with the others as I have not officers for a Court Martial, and if any New Law is made respecting the Virga: forces to transmit it to me to make the Men acquainted with it. I also desire that money may be sent up by the pay master for the 14 recruits wanted to Compleat the Company after deducting the 4 brot. by Mr. Fleming, I hope the pay also of the Men deserted the 21st Aug will be remited from 1st: July to that date Collo Stevens has the Accot. the Men are very Clamorous abt the 2 Months pay from the 29th. Decr last to the 1st March and Expected it now as Swiney says you made such a promise at Winchester. Let me know also the Allowance for Carpenters & Smiths when they are employed at their Trades.
There is nothing Extraordinary happened in these parts since the Burning of the Fort on Green Briar, I intend to Send a party there next Week, tho we have still a great deal of Work in Cutting the Covert Way to the Spring building a Magazine & Clearing the Woods for we have but two Axes and cannot gett Iron to make more or any other tool as they wrote me there was none at Fredricksburg Let me know where or how I am to be Supplied I am with Respect
... Sir
... Your Very hum Servt:
... PETR. HOG
P:S I did not gett any kettles at Fredricksburg and the Men suffer prodigiously for Want of them as the Large Kettle is now useless on their smal Barrack fire-places I hope you will order 2 doz first Oppy. P. A:
WINCHESTER Der. 3d. 1755
SIR,
I receiv'd Your Letter of the 28th. Ult. and am very sorry at the cause of Your uneasiness from the Conduct of Yr Officers Sent to recruit; and cheerfully approve your resolution to Convince them that there is more, or at least ought to be, in an Officer than that of the Name, which some of them seem to acquiecse in, without assuming the Conduct or Activity which is absolutly necessary to Support the dignity of that Name. --
The Waggons are ordered down for Belhaven. --
Lt. McNeil has been down for money, which he has received of the Commissary to pay for provisions, and is returned. --
We have retaken 6 deserters, and are now prosecuting a person for entertaining One. --
Forteen more are gone through Augusta, two of whom I hear are taken up; and many hands in pursuit of the rest. --
I pay two pistoles for any taken dead, or alive, and untill we know the Law, will make Examples of all, who harbour them, give them Victuals, or buy their Cloaths, Arms &c --
Nineteen of Capt. Gists recruits are come to town. --
I have just st. Mr Manus Letter to Williamsburg by Mr. Dick to be forwarded from that City--The Indians are very active against the Non-resistants of pennsylvania, and put numbers to death without asking their Religion. I am with Respect
... Sir,
... Your most obt. hube Sert.
... ADAM STEPHEN
Memoranda, We want Kettles much
WINCHESTER December ye 4th 1755
SR.
I have ordered all the Cattle that are fit for Slaughter to Fort Cumberland in two droves have bargained for wintering some and stall feeding some. Colo. Stephen has agreed with Lord Fairfax for ten. The other weak ones I have instructed Mr. Andrew Shepherd to bargain in my behalf for the Wintering.--I have offered fifteen Shillings Per hundred for Pork deliverd at Fort Cumberland and cannot Purchase any at that price here, but am in hopes of geting all that is wanted, on the South Branch Pattersons Creek and the north Fork at that or a little more. As the Hamshire Election is next Wednesday I intend as soon as I can to bargain with some of the South Branch People least at the Election they agree among them selves not to Sell under too great a Price.--The Stores here are in bad order also at Conigockicg1 Some of the Meat quite Spoild and more I am afraid in danger, that I shall as soon as the business at the Fort is in a good way come down to put things right here. --
[Note 1: 1 Conecocheague.]
Mr. John Jones has been very ill some time and is now like to die, which has obliged me to employ Mr. Robt. Rutherford2 to do the duty here and has occasioned much loss of time to me.--Your contracts for Cattle are paid except Vaumeters who I have not seen, and when I do shall not know whether to allow him for the fifth quarter or not as it is not mentioned in his contract.--By the advice of Colo. Stephen I have sent Capt. Hog two hundred Pounds as Mr. McNeal assured me less would not do, the Beef purchased amounting to one hundred and fifty Pounds beside Pork & Grain--The Money I had of you will soon be Expended Therefore desire you will send about one Thousand Pounds more to pay Waggonage and for Pork. Some part in Small Bills will be Necessary as change is hard to be got
[Note 2: 1 Deputy to Commissary Walker.]
I am at a loss in many things for want of your advice; but hope for the Pleasure of seeing you at leasure soon that my Difficultys may be removed. I have bought two Hundred Busshells of Salt at Conigochig1 of Mr. Ross Expecting at that time to have had part of it sent of directly up but the water fell so fast the watermen did not care to Venture --
[Note 1: 1 Conecocheague.]
... I am Sir your
... Most Humble Servt.
... THOMAS WALKER
WINCHESTER Decr. 4th. 1755
SIR
By Captn. Hog's orders I came down here for money to pay for Provisions Contracted for: I now return to Fort Dinwiddie with it, from which I hope you'll be so good as to give orders for my being soon releas'd, that I may Join the Troop in which (I learn) you have been pleas'd to promise me an Appointment, the requesting this favour will I hope be the more readily forgiven as it proceeds from the high oppinion I have of your inclination to do justice to those who have the honour to Serve under you and to prevent my being Subjected to the misfortune of last Campaign labor'd under wh. the Governor is pleas'd to assign as one of the principall reasons for my being superceeded. In the mean time I beg leave to Subscribe myself,
... With profound Respect
... Sir
... Your Most Obt. hble. Servt.
... JOHN Mc. NEILL
[Note 1: 1 Of Prince William County, Virginia.]
WINCHESTER 5th. Decem 1755
SIR
I sent to the Fort for a return of the Troop, and was inform'd that it was included in the General Return, which was regularly Transmitted You; however if you choose to have a seperate Return of the Troop including the small Detachmt. at the Grass-Guard, You'll Please signifie it by Mr. Boyd's return hither, and I shall be particularly carefull in having it done exactly to your Orders --
As Colo Stephens has been here ever since my arrival, and has no doubt fully advis'd you of the occurrences in these Quarters I will not Trouble you with a Detail of them.
The Backwardness of the Populance, and a prevalent Spirit of opposition, to the Service in some of whom better might be expected, has render'd my utmost Efforts to compleat the Troop in a great measure ineffectual; with all my Industry, and all the address & vigilence Hughs is master of, have only been able to procure five Recruits in near two weeks; this has determin'd me with consent & advice of the Lieut. Colo. to send Hughs with a Drum into the Back Counties of Pensilvania & Mariland with Letters to some Gentn. with whose assistance I make no doubt of his meeting with Success. --
I expect Sr. William Bickley here in ten Days with some Recruits for me; I hope by the time limited for Hughs's return vizl. a month from this Date is elapsed; I shall be compleated, at least to my Establishment; notwithstanding the Troops suffering so much by Desertion, and should be vastly glad timious Orders were given for our Arms & Accutremts. as having them sometime before taking the Field, would greatly facilitate the Training of the Men & Horses, which you know is absolutely essential to their being serviceable
... I am with Respect
... Your Mo:Obt:hbLeServt.
... ROBERT STEWART
FORT CUMBERLAND Decr. 9th. 1755
... SIR,
Inclosed are the Returns of the State of the Regiment, and Beeves killed, and on hand.
I think it would be adviseable the Govn. of N Carlina, and Maryland should be acquainted with the Resolution of our Government, concerning the Provisions necessary for their Companies.
You only desired me to acquaint them, that they were not to be supply'd out of their Stock, Please to give me peremptor Orders to prevent it, and then Capt. Dagworthy will I suppose give them orders to be Supply'd from what they Call the Kings, though did he give that Order, I believe I should desire Mr McLean to serve all wt Kings Stores untill they were Exausted. The province we belong to Supply'd the Regiments wt the greatest Share of what was Used by them, when on this Quarter, and from that, I imagine we are as much intituled to a share of Fish and Butter as any Troops of an other Province, In the mean time, I want this affair managed with address, and let the Orders Come from the proper Source, that if their is any Odium in the Case, it may fall on the right place, and the officers be clear of it, Otherwise they are jealous enough, to think it proceeds from Us, being picked at their having the Command.1
[Note 1: 1 The old difficulty about rank between the provincial officers and those with King's commissions had been revived at Fort Cumberland.
Immediately after the affair of the Great Meadows, the Assembly of Maryland granted the small sum of six thousand pounds for the defence of the frontiers, and in the December following they passed an act authorizing the Governor to raise a military force. A few soldiers only were enlisted, and at this time a Maryland company of thirty men was stationed at Fort Cumberland, under the command of Captain Dagworthy, who had been an officer in the Canada expedition during the last war, and had received a King's commission. Governor Innes had gone home to North Carolina on his private affairs. Dagworthy assumed the command, and refused to obey any orders of a provincial officer, however high in rank. This created wranglings and insubordination among the inferior officers, who took sides. The Governor of Maryland was tardy in giving any decisive orders to Dagworthy, because the fort was in that province, and he seemed willing to consider it under his command. Governor Dinwiddie argued, that it was a King's fort, built by an order sent to him from the King, chiefly by forces in the King's pay, and that it could in no sense be regarded as subject to the authority of Maryland. And, moreover, as Captain Dagworthy had commuted his half-pay for a specific sum of money, his commission had thereby become obsolete, and there was no propriety in his pretending to act under it; and it was an absurdity for a captain with thirty men, who in reality had no other commission than that from the Governor of Maryland, to claim precedence of the commander-in-chief of all the Virginia forces.
Colonel Washington refused to interfere, but made a forcible remonstrance to the Governor and Council at Williamsburg, and insisted on a speedy arrangement, that should put an end to the difficulty. To effect this purpose, Governor Dinwiddie sent an express to General Shirley, commander of His Majesty's forces in North America, stating the particulars of the case, and requesting from him brevet commissions for Colonel Washington, and the field-officers under him; proposing, at the same time, that these commissions should only imply rank, without giving any claim to pay from the King.--SPARKS.]
In short, I am Anxious untill this affair is Settled, and am Big with Jealousy, as well on our Own Acct. as of a Generous and Active Province, which I imagine to be Concerned in the Decision. I talked by the by, of Sending a Large Detachmt. over the Mountains, and an told Capt. Dagworthy should Say. No men Should leave this place without his Orders.
I intend to put things to a Tryal Shortly, because I think I might relieve all the Militia on the S Branch is Soldiers from your Regiment, had I your Orders, without being obliged to acquaint any person at this place. --
I believe there are goers between, who endeavour to Sow the seeds of Dissention, but all is harmony, and Ability hitherto.
There is a drunken impertinent fellow, Defever, come down to Winchester, Conductor of the Train, Who has the Care of the Kings Stores here, and I think is negligent--I wish you would order him to be taken up as Deserter, to scare the fellow; and reprimand him for coming down.
All the gentlemen here would receive a great pleasure from Seeing you at Fort Cumberland, as would
... Sir
... Your most ObthubSert.
... ADAM STEPHEN
Cattle received in two Droves ... 630 from Virginia
Cattle Slaughtered of the above ... 432 of Ditto
Cattle not killed--of ye above ... 128 of Ditto
Cattle not killed of ye Carolina, A Drove &c Philadelphia
Present to the Army-- ... ... 63 Head
FORT CUMBERLAND Dbr 8th 1755
... Testes ... ALLAN McLEAN
[Note 1: 1 Colonel William Byrd, of "Westover," James River, the third of the name; County Lieutenant of Halifax County; member of the Council; Colonel of the Second Virginia Regiment; died, January 1, 1777, aged forty-eight years.--BROCK.]
WILLIAMSBURGH Decr. 12, 1755
DEAR SIR
The bearer Mr. Duncanson was recommended to me by Capt. Stewart, to succeed a Lieutenant in his Light Horse who is desirous to resign. I applied to the Governor and he said he would write to you on the subject. Should you approve of preferring the young gentleman, I shall be much obliged to you. I wish I could entertain you with news, but we have none here.
... I am
... Dr. Sir,
... Your affe. & Obd: Servt.
... W. BYRD
WILLIAMSBURG Decr. 14th. 1755
FORT DINWIDDIE Novr. 8th. 1755
SIR
Your Letter by Capt. Morris I receiv'd. I hope the Treasurer will send You the Money to make up the 10.000 which I have desired him. If You find it for the good of the Service to remain below I have no Objection to it; but I hope the Men are duly exercised & taught the Indian Method of fighting, that they may be prepar'd for Action in the Spring. I am surpriz'd the Vessell with arms &c is not arrived, if she had gone for Fredricksburg she would have been there Weeks ago.
The Express is return'd from N York, but the General was not come to that City; but Colo. Hunter, who is now there, & soon expected here has Orders to bring answer to my Letters, & hope they will be satisfactory; but I am of Opinion You might have obviated the inconsistent Dispute with Capt. Dagworthy, by asking him if he did not Command by virtue of Governor Sharpe's Comission as that he had formerly from His Majesty now ceases, as he is not on the Half-Pay-List; if so, the Method You are to take is very obbious, as Your Comission from me is greater than what he has.
I expected You wou'd have appointed a Comissary pro tempore to prevent any Inconveniences from the Delay of the former at Williamsburg. The Printer has been so engaged in printing Bills for Money, he has not been able to print off the Acts; but I shall soon send You a number of the Mutiny Bills & shall consult with the Attoy. Genl. in regard to granting blank Warrants for trying of Delinquents.
I hope by this You have more Camp Kettles &c. from N York wch were forwarded from Hampton ten Days ago--I cannot say what can be done for Cloathing, am sorry Messrs. Carlyle & Dalton disappointed You, & I expected You would have sent me a particular Acct. of the Cloathing You had belonging to me from Majr. Carlyle & at Winchester. The Treasurer complains for want of Gold & Silver, & I thot. our Paper wou'd have pass'd in the neighboring Provinces as they bear Interest. You cannot expect Success in recruiting in Pensylvania, as that Province has voted 60000 for raising Forces &c. & Carolina are raising three Companies, that I was in hopes of success in our own Colony.
As to the Quantity of Provisions You are to lay in, must be left to Your Care, what You can, & endeavour to send the rest of the Beeves to grazing for the Winter, to be ready in the Spring to fatten. As You have appointed Mr. Livingston to be Adjutant I agree to it; tho' there is one Mr. Gordon, Brother to Capt. Gordon that commanded the Station Ship here, strongly recommended to me, & was in Flanders all the last War, him I thought of for Adjutant; but he must remain till something falls.
As before, its the first Colo. of a Regiment that ever had an Aid de Camp, but as You have appointed him, five shillings per Day is sufficient. Capt. Stewart of the Light Horse fifteen Shillings per Day; but I see no Necessity to augment the Pay of the others, as I observe there are more Officers to be had than Men in proportion. Capt. Carter Harrison by persuasion of his Friends & to serve his Brother, who was with Genl Braddock, resignd his Commission in his Favo.--he has my Approbation, & the Brother is to wait on You with the Brother's Commission, & to have Your Consent to the Change. I fancy he will make as good if not a better Officer than the other; the Dates of the new Commission I leave to You.
The Cherokees have taken up the Hatchet against the French & Shawnesse, & have sent 130 of their Warriors to New River, & propose to march immediately to attack, & cut off the Shawnesse, in their Towns. I design they shall be join'd with three Companies of Rangers, & Capt. Hogg's Company, & I propose Colo. Stephens or Majr. Lewis to be the Commander of the Party on this Expedition. I therefore desire You will Order one of these Gentlemen to proceed immediately to join those Forces, & take the Command upon them by Directions from me.--I am extremly hurried in sending Amunitn &c up to them; & if we have success in this Attempt it will probably reclaim some of our friendly Indians that have join'd the French, & keep others of them in Awe: but be sure send away one of those Officers immediately, that there may be no Delay, & to encourage the Indians, who they say, are very fond of this Attempt.
Colo. Peter Randolph & Colo Byrd are going Commissioners to the Catawbas & Cherokees, with a handsome present to confirm them to our Interest, & to prevail with them to send a Number of their Warriors to our Assistance in the Spring, & I hope they will succeed.
You may believe I am very much hurried--I wish You all Health & am
... Sir
... Your Friend & hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
P. S. Communicate the Contents of this Letter to my Friend Colo. Fairfax, for I cannot write him now
P. S. Capt. Hogg sent a messenger here for Money to pay for Provisions for his Coy. the Quantity he mention'd I think was sufficient for twenty Months, & charg'd 10£ for a Trough to salt the Meat in besides the Barrells. I hope You will look into the Acct. as I order'd him to apply to You or the Commissary for Money--It's proper all Accts. shou'd be examin'd & Calculations made on each Supply --
I send you Twenty of the Acts against Mutiny &c.
PETER HOGG --
Decr. 16. 1755.
DEAR SIR/
I recd your favour by Mr. Mercer and am very Sorry I could not dispatch him sooner, but it was impossible, and at last have not been able to Send the Whole ballance having got ready for him only Four Thousand Pounds ten Shillings which I hope will be Sufficient to answer all your present Occasions and the Ballance you may have whenever you please to order it. I gives me great Concern to find you meet with so many obstacles in the discharge of your Duty in the Service of your Country, which I know you have much at heart, it astonishd me to hear that a petty Officer1 should pretend to command the Forces raised by this Colony and its a Fort erected at our Expense and that our Govn. should suffer us to be made such dupes of, but I hope his Majesty will soon do Justice to your Merit and release you from the disagreeable situation you are now in, and that you may be at liberty to ask for the good your Country to which I am sure your inclination strongly leads you, I am with real truth
[Note 1: 1 Captain Dagworthy.]
... Dr Sir
... Your affect. Friend.
... JOHN ROBINSON
FORT CUMBERLAND December ye 17 1755
SR
I have done the best in my power with the Carolina Cattle, Having killed ten of the best that was brought up and finding them unfit for use drove the others up to Daniel Cresaps Plantation which is the best chance we have of keeping them alive--As I could not engage the wintering of them below through the scarcity of Fodder.--Some are left below & some on the south Branch to winter Some are sold and some to be stall fed many are dead & missing as it was impossible to keep them from eating Ivey when drove through the Barren hills that abound with that Shrub. Mr. Shepherd will Shew you a State of his account on which I have wrote to prevent changing the weight of the Beef is Right according to Mr. Dicks Tryal. --The Ballance due to Shepherd is 437 --7 --9 I docked him of nine days keeping ye Cattle [illegible] in consideration that he was to have only a proper proportion for driving to Fort Cumberland & my having taken some off his lands at the South Branch which will be some cost to lodge at proper Stations.
Yours of ye 3d Inst: I received here when it was too late to propose drawing back to Carolina as Provinder could not be had on the Road to keep them alive.--I have ordered Mr. Rutherford to forward the Salt with all possible Dispatch.--I shall spare no pains to do everything in my power for the good of the Service, & am Sensible Much depends on me but could I have the pleasure of your assistance a few days, I make no doubt things would soon be in a fair way here. Your tender repremand I must agree there was room for as I was detained five days longer than was Expected when I parted with you by bad weather & other accidents but am in hopes it will not be attended with any great Inconvenience.1 The weather is extreamly cold that our Beef cannot take hurt at present I am Sr.
[Note 1: 1 Washington writes to Colonel Stephen, November 28, 1755: "I received your two letters by Jenkins last night, and was greatly surprised to hear that Commissary Walker was not arrived at camp, when he came away. He set out from Williamsburg about the 12th instant, with orders to proceed immediately up; but such disobedience of commands, as I have generally met with, is insufferable, and shall not go unpunished."]
... Your Most Hble Servt.
... THOS WALKER
FORT CUMBERLAND 10ber ye 17 1755
SR.
If you will lodge one Hundred pounds in the Hands of Mr. Robert Rutherford to Pay for such Necessarys as may be wanted for the Servis I will be accountable for it. If Mr. Rutherford wants any direction beg you will give Such as you think proper & oblige your Most
... Humble Servant
... THOMAS WALKER
FORT DINWIDDIE 17th. Decr 1755
SIR/
I recd yours of the 28th. Nov. and can only Say that the Uncertainty of knowing where to find you and the little care taken to forward Letters in this part of the Country Occassions great Suspense on my side and great Uncertainty on yours with regard to the State of the Company. Else you would not have doubted my care to prevent the Desertion for by the Subsequent returns you would Observe that the 4 first were Apprehended but 2 Escaped by the Simplicity of the Constable before the Serjt. sent got up with them; however he brot Jno: Johnson and Arthur Watts two old Deserters for the two that Escaped, and he had not returned above 10 hours before I sent him off after the other's of which he caught 2, the other two having been Concealed by some Lawless fellows who assaulted him but on whom he was Amply revenged by Cutting off the Arm of one! this I hope will remove Your Fears as to Using all the Means I Can think of to prevent it; and I was so much bent to Apprehend them that I would have paid the Charges out of my own pocket if the Serjt. had not been Successfull: tho' the Adjacency of Carolina & the Uninhabited Neighbourhood afford too good Shelter for those who know the Woods.
I have formerly wrote you Johnson's Claim to a discharge and the State of the other Deserters whom I still Detain prisoner Untill I receive your Orders; as I am determined to Conform strictly to my Instructions & the Articles of War; and where my good Usage of the Men cannot induce them to behave well, my Clemency shall not be a temptation for them to trespass. Serjt. McCulty has brot: in a Charge £8 odd for his travelling Expences after the deserters, I have stopt half of their pay: But as it will take double of the reward commonly allowed, to pay that and horse hire, should be glad to know how it is to be Answered, as also a Bill of Serj Welper for his Charges from Winchester together with Mr. Flemings Charges on his March from [illegible] I have money Sufficient to answer these, provided I have your Instructions to discharge them. I have also some tradesmens Accots. to pay out of the money you Left in my hands for Contingencies which will pretty near take up the Whole.
I have recd. £200 by Mr. McNeil only his Expences deducted, which shall be applied as fast as the Notes Come in for the Beef & the Coopers Accot and a State of it transmitted to you first oppty.
I never had any Accot. from Majr. Lewis of things ordered up by him nor did I receive the Salt or any other Article from Mr. Dick Untill I sent down Mr. McNeil to the Court ho to press a Waggon which did not arrive Untill the Command Came up with Mr. Fleming on the 24th Ult: & then I recd. but 16 Beefes: Salt, and no Iron; I have Since been oblidged to Buy Salt at 10/ per beefe, and before then to pay a Vast Cariage for some that I borrowed; I have also been under a Necessity to pay for what some of the Cattle Lost after the first of Novr Untill the time I was prepared to Cure them; being Valued by 2 Indifferent men duely Qualified.
I have Inclosed 2 Weekly Returns by which you will observe the Men grow Sickly; as the Medicines have not arrived from Wmsburg that Mr. Fleming Comissd from Doctr. Gilmour, I have ordered Serjt. McCulty to hire an Express to goe from the Court ho, as it is Uncertain when any Conveyance can be had to this part of the Country, I have Sent the Serjt. to the Election to Enlist Men to Compleat the Company agreeable to your orders and desire money to pay this Expence, and also that all the Acts of Assembly any way relating to the Service may be transmitted with all the New Regulations; of the Regt. and any Alterations in the Exercise.
If Lt: Mc..Neil is not Called to take the Command of a Company would request on any Less promotion his Stay here till the Spring as I want to know the Woods and Neighbourhood before his departure.
The Early Frosts destroyed the Corn so much after your Visitt that I find a great defiency in the Estimates of their Crops & cannot Engage possitively more than 300 Beefs. But it depends much on the Goodness of the Winter. I have been very particular in every point that at present Occurs; as Offtys. are so Uncertain, and request your Answer first Conveyance. I am respectfully
... Sir
... Your Very hum Servt.
... PETR. HOG
F CUMBERLAND Decr. 30 1755
SIR,
I received yours of the 28th. by Jenkins and will do myself the honor to wait on you as soon as the accounts you order are made out, which will be without delay. I will likewise sound C. D1 on the topics you mention, and am with great respect
[Note 1: 1 Captain Dagworthy.]
... Yr most obdt.
... ADAM STEPHEN.
F CUMBERLAND Decr. 21st. 1755
SIR,
I suppose Majr. Lewis informed You that the Valley at the mouth of Pattersons Creek did not extend above 800 yards from hill to hill. I went up to Ashby's and Saw Mr. Boyd pay the men--He sold us some Liquor for our Detachmt as the weather was Cold, and we found that three months pay was due to some of his Men whilst otherwise paid off to the 4th. inst.
I really do not like the mouth of the Creek for our purpose,1 nor any place in that neighbourhood on the Virginia Side.--I imagine you have receivd no Answer from Genl. Shirley, because the last advice from him informd he was w Johnson at Lake George.--Capt Peachy is dangerously ill, and Several of the Men are in a Bad Way.--We lose more Trips and fees for want of Kettles than would pay for them twice over. I am wt Respect
[Note 1: 1 The erection of a fort.]
... Sir
... your most Obt. hubl Servt
... ADAM STEPHEN.
FORT CUMBERLAND Decr. 23d. 1755
DR SIR
Such a Spirit of Revenge an Indignation prevaild here, upon hearing you were insulted at the Fairfax Election, that we all were ready and violent to run and tear Your Enemies to pieces. As I imagine myself interested in all that Concerns you, I cannot forbear telling you that it would have been far better to have acquainted me with your Intention of Standing Candidate for Frederick, my acquaintance there is very general, and I would touchd on the tender part So gently, that with a Weeks Notice, I am perfectly Sure you would have gone Unanimously, in the mean time I think your Poll was not despicable, as the people were a stranger to your purpose, Untill the Election began.
It is certain there was no declaration of War Octr. 10th. tho' this is Second hand News to you. The Blood & Burning of the Back inhabitants has Effectually rous'd the Pennsylvanians. --
The Commissioners for disposing of the £60,000, and transacting Military affairs, Sit every day Sundays not excepted to Expedite measures for their defence. I was mistaken in my last when I mentioned general Shirley at Lake George, it was at Albany.
A proposal is on the Carpet, but kept very Secret, that The Jersey & Pennsylvania Troops join ours, and make an Attempt at the Ohio very Early in the Spring.
No accounts from Genl. Johnson latly, the Boston people complain of his Inactivity; as he on the Spot was not the best Judge of what might be done.
By the last Accounts, it was reported in London that the French Gt had made New Overtures of an Accommodation, promising to Relinquish all their Encroachments on the Ohio & Elsewhere, but that our Ministry insisted further that the Marine of both Nations remain on their present footing, without any Augmentation, and that the French should deliver into their Cussody, a Certain Number of their Capital Ships as a Security for their performance of Conventions; But it seems the French Ambassador to this pleaded non Sum Informatus.
They divide the French Federals in the most Convenient manner they Can among the Townships to the northward.
I am well pleasd with the Notion of Hostages--to Judge of their Behaviour from their perfidious Conduct with respect to the Neutral Islands; we have all the reason in the World to believe we would be Cut to pieces when we went to take possession of F Du Quesne or then perhaps be Obligd to Return with our fingers in our Cheeks for This they Could easily blame the Indians.
Mr. Polson has got a Commission in one of the Regiments My Brother lies Sick at New-York and is uncertain whether he is provided for, or Not, It would be a great additions to former favours to keep Mr. Polsons Commission Vacant, untill I hear further from him.
Mr. Calder has bought Ensign Dagworthy's Commission at £200 St and Dagworthy has bought Lt Morgans at £300 St 10 Officers were sent over for the Regiments from home. --
It is certain Gl. Shirley has orders to Raise two New Regiments I should be glad to know if any Troops &c were esputed in Virginia from England, and the Authority. I am with due Respects,
... Sr. Your most Obt. hube Servr.
... ADAM STEPHEN
I wish you the Complimts. of the Season!
Last night Mr. Campbell1 Returned from Recruiting on the Branch--without the least Success, and informs me ten of Ashbys men went off Bodily, and told him of it before. As I have reason to believe it is a Scheme to go home & keep the Holly-days--I have sent Majr. Livingston to Examine into the Affair.--Capt. Ashby asked Leave for a good many of them; and for himself, when I was there. --
[Note 1: 1 Deputy Adjutant to Washington.]
FORT CUMBERLAND December ye 26 1755
SIR
I have got most of the Cattle Slaughtered except those that were under the care of Shepherd & Perry, and to my great satisfaction assure you those we now kill are better than they were in august, Occasioned by the Corn remaining in the Fields of the poor unhappy Familys that are Slaughtered or captured by our savage enemys. Most of Shepherds & Perrys I am in hopes to keep alive at a small expence & by Herding them in proper Woods they may be fit to eat in June. I dayly expect Pork & am just out of Cash and as I have promised the People ready money, they will think themselves ill used if they are not paid on the delivery of their Hoggs, that if You can conveniently send Six or Seven Hundred Pounds and lodge the sum mentioned in my last with Mr. Robt. Rutherford or more, if you think necessary it will save me the trouble of Rideing down and also put it in my power to comply with my promis's to the Persons with whom I have bargained for Pork. I should be glad to know as soon as is consistent with Your convenience what Provisions you would have provided at Ashbys & Cox's Forts also what I am to provide For the Expedition such as Tools, Pack Sadles, Bells, Horse Shoes, Nails &c.
... I am with the Complements
... of ye Season your
... Most Hble. Servt.
... THOMAS WALKER
F. CUMBERLAND u. 26th. 1755
SIR,
The State of the Regiment is much the Same as at last Return. Capt. Peachy is a good deal Better--Mr. Lowry pines after the Babby, and has been of no Service here, the gentlemen who are best acquinted with him, tell me they are of Opinion he is tired of the Service and being a Malingeror here, I gave him Leave to Wait on you to inform how he stood affected.
I had the honour to dine at the head of 24 fine Gentlemen yesterday--We had an extreamly Good dinner, and after drinking the Royal Healths in a Huff and a Huzza at every Health we pass'd an hour in Singing and taking a Cheerful glass. We then amus'd ourselves with acting part of a Play, and spending the Night in mirth, Jollity and Dancing, we parted very affectionatly at 12 O'Clock, remembering all Absent Friends. The frequent Applications to me from the Hospital, obliges me to Renew my Sollicitations about a Surgeon and Medecines. The Small panel I got of Docr. Gilmore lies at Falmuth --The then Commissarys forgetting to Send them up --
Bauler is entirely useless. I am with Respect, wishing you a happy Year, and that it may be remarkable for your Victorious Atchievements,
... Sr, Your most Obn. huble.Sert
... ADAM STEPHEN
FREDRICKSBURGH Decemr 30th 1755
SIR
The Early opportunity I had of being acquainted with you, will I hope Excuse my adressing you at this time in favour of my Brother who being a stranger to you, has Carry'd Recommendations from Gentlemen who have the Honour to share some part of your friendship, & I wou'd fain flatter myself that after he is known to you, youll have no Reason to blame them; Lieutent Stewart on acct. of the friendship he has Conceived for my Brother, will be agreeable to Resign in his Favour, The Governor who has been applyed to has Referr'd it to you, & as Capt. Harrison has obtain that Liberty, hope it will excuse the applycation, as it is not unprecedented, if my Brother is not fortunate enough to succeed, must beg that it may not be of any Prejudice to Mr Stewarts future preferrment, as this Condescension of his is intirely to oblige my Brother, & thro no Distaste he has Concevied for the service. I wish you the Complements of the Season & beg live to subscribe my self with the higest Esteem Sir your most
... obedient Servant
... ROBT DUNCANSON
ALEXANDRIA Jany. 12 1756
DR SIR/
I Wrote you the 9th Inst Acquainting you of the Arrivale of the Cloathing, they are landed at Mabbrough 1 In Maryland, & I have Sent Six Waggons to bring their Load, & Expect them on Saturday Evening. I thought it better to Land them their at this Season of the Year & I wish to Land rather than Watter Carrage & Ye. Men Will be upon a Certainty of Getting Cloathed 14 days Sooner & phaps a Month if a Spell of bad Weather shoud Sett In --
[Note 1: 1 Marlborough.]
Inclosed is a true Copy of the Invoyce of goods you desired might be Sent for in order to Supply the Officers &c &c As I then told you I woud Referr the profit to you I have Stated on the other Side the real Cost & as I Showd you the Genuin Cost I am In hopes You'l Not think me Unreasonable to Expect 100 perCt Cary. on the N first Cost, & ready money Or A few Months Credit, Remittances must be made & Must give As Little Credit as possible, I woud not take less than 125 In our Own Store of any other person for the same Goods, they Are rely Cheap, & Good of their kind.
I Expected before this Mr. Lewis Woud Wrote Me he had purchased Negro's for You At Col Lomax Sale, but as he did Not, I Yesterday purchased Two Men & A Woman for you & a boy for Myself & ye. Brotho. John thought Yours A Good Bargin at 8£6 Sterling, to be paid the 1' of March Next In bills of Exchr or pistoles 16/6 Ster W or per of Eight at 4/5 it woud be Most for Your Advantage to gett the Latter but Where I Cannot Advise they Coud, Not Take Our paper at any rate, & I thought them So Good A Bargin I did not Care to Miss them, & took A Little time to pay it In I hope you'l have Good Luck with them.
You have Gott ten hogshead of Tobacco on board Thompson & Two more to Inspect & Ship, She Will Go Away Soon & may be Asshured I Will Send A Second Copy of your Invoice & Additions by her--two hogsheads of yr Mt Vernon Crop is Come here & Capt Copythom having A Sloop Loading to go round to A Ship in Rappahanock for Mr. Knox at Bristoll, I have lete him have Those Two hogsheads & Shall Send home ye. Bristoll Invoice by that Ship & as yr. Tobacco Comes In & We have Oppertunitys Shall Ship them as Directed.
I am hourly Expecting orders What Good to Send You Up first. & With My hearty Wishes for Your health &c In Which Mrs. Carlyle Joyns & Compts to all the officers I am Known too I remain
... Yr Most Obedt Servant
... JOHN CARLYLE
January 18th. 1756
SIR
In obedience to your Commands I reconnoitred to Ross's Mill on the South Branch--from that to Fort Lewis, and found it may be made very easily a good Waggon Road.--Waggons have been carried that way already. only four miles which may be Cut by a Single Company in a day. I also reconnoitred the ground on Patterson's Ck. and found a most Convenient place for a fortress, about a mile and a half above where Ashby has built. The ground [illegible] part of [illegible] plantation, and part of Tibbots; Mesrs Walkers & Rutherford Survey it tomorrow, and I will Send a platt the first opportunity; I am most impatient for orders in this particular, as factions have rose to a great height amongst us: you will See by the proceedings of a Certain Court inclosed which I am ashamed of, how much Your Officers know what they are about, and how much they Can discern. --
Any Scoundrel who takes upon him to determine your Authority, or Sides so palpably agt the dignity of the Virginia Regiment is not worthy to bear a Commission in it.--A Regiment that has Obtained honour & Character and never was beholden to him, or any of the Court but the president; for the Name it enjoys. I shall take upon me to insist on your Examining into this Affair, & pushing this Gentleman as far as the Case will allow:--He declares that he does not value his Commission; and from what I know of him we Need value his Service as little--for I will agree to be whipt if ever he adds any thing to our Credit--he came to me this Evening and desired me to put a Gentleman out because he Call'd him a Coward. If you think proper this is a good handle to arest and bring him to a Tryal, [a line mutilated] any further Resentment, makes me Suspect much, that the Assertion is well grounded, and I'm persuaded you would not like to be Supported by Such a person in the Day of Battle.
We have been alarmed twice in the night since I came up, which occasioned my Sending out one party up the River--another towards Martins, which is returned and brought advice of Some Tracks. Capt Waggener is wanted for the South Branch and all your other Orders are Complyd with, only the Relief of Lt. Lomaxs which I beg you to Order from Winchester, as it woud be a most fatiguing march for a party from Fort Cumberland.
Drums & Drum-Cord is much wanted.--half a dozen of Bed-panns for the Hospital, without the Drum-cord we Shall not have one to do duty in a few days.--You cannot conceive the great inconvenience of paying the men in Such Large Bills. They do not get half the good of it.
Messieurs [mutilated] & King go Recruiting, and as it is to a great distance, altho' they had orders to meet at the place of Rendezvous By the first of March, I promisd to Interceed with you for them, Should they have Success & Stay to the 20th.
I'm sorry the face of affairs is so unpromising. The season far advanced, and we Strangers to the plan of Operations--with one third of a Regiment, and little hopes of great Success in Recruiting--This Sits heavy on an Active Spirit.
Northamptonshire in Pennsylvania; the Indians had a Skirmish wt a Company of 35 men on the first of January, wherein were killed Seven Indians & 22 Whites.
The Indians fled & the Christians burried the dead. --
There is Report here that General Johnson has Resigned the Command. --
Shall we try and Whip these deserters, or Shall we keep them 'till further Orders!--
I have Sent Captains Woodward, Spotswood, Charles Lewis, Lt. Hass, Eustace, King, Campbell, & Ensign Weedon to Recruit, with Strict Injunctions to be diligent and acquit themselves with honour in that important Service--The party up the River is returnd.--A Serjeants Command Continues there to take Care of the Cattle which are as well off as can be expected--The Gentlemen are fond of Mr. Wodson for a Salter, and I wish every Commission were as well filld. --
... I am with great Respect
... Your obt & huble Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN ... FORT CUMBERLAND
WILLIAMSBURG Janry 22d: 1756 ...
SIR
Your two Letters of the 13th: and 14th: I shall answer Paragraphically. The Expedition against the Shawnesse I hope will be attended with Success, as two Women, who were taken Prisoners, made their Escape mention their being in their Towns & did not hear of their intention of moving.
You have done very right in ordering the Men to be train'd in the Indian Method of fighting; but I can give You no express Commands in regard to taking the Field; but during Your absence order them to be employ'd in any Thing that may be necessary to keep them from Idleness. I approve of the Forts You have built, as it encourage the People to return to their Plantations, & will be a Protection to them.
I expect the Govr. of Pensylvania will send me a Plan of Operations for next Year for my Approbation; & on Your return from General Shirley call on him & desire a Letter to me, I wrote him lately & cannot now write him; therefore Nothing can be determin'd on till Your return. I agree with You, we cannot expect Horses, Waggons &c. till the old Score is paid; I wrote pressingly to Genl. Shirley on that Head, but as yet no Answer; if he shou'd give his Orders there is Money here. sufficient to pay them all, but as yet I am not furnish'd with their Demds which they shou'd choose a proper Person to sollicit the Affair for them.
I enclose You a Commission for calling a General Court Martial drawn up by the Atto. Genl. agreeable to the Act of Assembly, which You are to fill up the Blanks. As for Cloathing, You shou'd apply to the Committee, for You know I don't touch their Money; but I expected You wou'd have furnish'd me with an Accot. of the Cloathing issued to the Men by You & Colo. Fairfax, that was at Maj Carlyle's &c that I may be paid for them, & I doubt not You make the proper Stoppages on this Acct.--pray send me a particular Acct. of the Cloathing.
I think Provisions for 1000 Men for one Year is sufficient; & You did well to turn out those Beeves not fit for Slaughter to grazing, which may be of great use next Summer. I agree to Your appointing Mr. Dennis Mc.Carty in the room of Mr. Polson; & I shall be glad the Vacancies that may happen be fill'd up from the Volunteers, giving me previous Notice thereof for my Approbation.
I doubt not Capt. Hogg will comply with Your Orders to account for the Money he has received. Capt. Stewart's purchasing his Horses &c must also remain till You return. I am fully of Opinion, & hereby order Ensign De Keiser 1 be dismissed the Service; at the same time I expect You will give Orders to discourage Gaming, as it viciates the Mind & occasions Excesses & Quarrels.
[Note 1: 1 Ensign De Keyser had already been suspended for misbehavior and insubordination.]
It was a great Neglect of Mr. Prentis not to send You the Particulars shipt in the Sloop, I have now order'd him to furnish You therewith.
Yours of the 15th. gives me a good deal of Concern. It is very just that the Maryland & No. Carolina Forces, shou'd furnish their own Provisions, or a particular Accot. kept of the Supplies given them to make a proper Charge to Each Colony--tho' Capt. Dagworthy very unjustly says they have all an equal right as it's in the King's Garrison, tho' purchas'd by this Colony--That Fort was built by His Majesty's Money & this Country's; & as a King's Garrison it is not to be esteem'd the Property of the Proprietor of Maryland, as His Majesty has an undoubted Right to build Forts in any of the Colonies, & I order'd it to be built by his Commands. Genl. Braddock appointed Colo. Innes to be Governor, & when he left he directed Colo. Stephens to Command till his return; how Colo. Stephens came to give the Command to Capt. Dagworthy I know not; but this Step is the Origin of the great Dispute subsisting; & I cannot help blaming Stephens for tamely giving up the Command given him by Colo. Innes, which he assured me, when here, was the Case.
As to his detaining our Provisions till he sees proper to deliver them is inconsistent with Reason & Justice; as we are at the Charge of a Commissary to take care of them, & the Fort I judg'd the safest Place to keep them; which You must represent in the strongest Terms when You go to General Shirley--His Answer to my Letter was, that he left the Accomodation of that Affair to Govr. Sharpe; which is what I cou'd not have expected, as I applied to him as Comdr In Chief of the Forces, & he knew the Attachment that Mr. Sharpe had to Capt. Dagworthy; it was giving the Power out of his own Hands, & no Doubt the Govr. press'd this Method of adjusting it. which I do not take kind of Mr. Sharpe.
I agree to Your going to Genl. Shirley; You may present the Memo from the Officers to him, which I have recommended, but I fear Success, because His Majesty sends over Officers to the different Regiments to be rais'd; but You will know his Sentiments thereon--However I again repeat my desire to him, to grant You & the two Field Officers Brevate Commissions to put an End to [obliterated] Dispute; how far he may have Power to put Your Reg [obliterated] Establishmt I know not--but I have earnestly applied for blank Commissions from Home, I wish I may succeed. You have my Letter to the General with a Detail of the whole Affair, but You will be able to represent it more fully when You come to converse with him.
I cannot see Capt. Dagworthy can deduce any right on his former Comission from the King, as that was cancell'd by his receiving a sum of Money in lieu of half-Pay; & that he now Command a very small Company of Provincials, himself, & them paid by the Govermt of Maryland--His Majesty's Comission takes place of any Governor's Comission when the Regulars are join'd with the Provincials; but this is not the Case in this Dispute, which You must urge to the General.
I have lately wrote to all the Governors & now I have no Time, or have I any Thing now to write them--Deliver my Letter to the General with Your own Hand, & I hope he will comply with my Request. In Your return see Govr. Morris & make Yourself Master of what Plan that Gent. proposes for next Campaign, which will in some measure make me able to concert a proper Plan for our Forces. You know Dispatch is absolutely necessary. I wish You an agreeable Journey & a safe return.
... I remain
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
P.S. I think it will be proper You do not
divulge Your Intents. in ye. Journey
as You pass thro' the different Govermts.
P.S. You did very right to threaten the Officers for not compleatg. their Campa. agreeable to their Promise when Comission'd let them know I am greatly uneasy at their Deficiency on their Engagemts & now expect by Yr. Return they will have each Company compleat.
The Skipper of the Sloop must be sent down Prisoner to be tried for the breach of Trust & the Robbery he has committed in stealing some of the Goods sent up--apply to the Magistrate to send him to the Prison here under a proper Guard.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
The followg. is Wt. I wrote to G. Shirley yt. You may be govern'd thereby in Yr. Applicatn. to him --
Gr. Sharpe has not answerd. Yr. Ex's. Intents in removg. the Dispute between Co. W. & Ct. D. he has orderd. him to keep the Comd. of the Ft. wch he does in an absolute Manner. We have purchas'd & laid in Proviss. for 1000 for one Year; as the Ft. was the most safe Place they were deposit'd there, & a Comissary appointed at the Charge of ye Cotry he will not allow him to discharge his Duty, but refuses any of the Proviss. to be touch'd but by his Orders; & tho' the Proviss. are supplied by ye Cotry he insists on a Right to supply his own Men from our Magazine tho' Myld pays no part of the Charge--he otherways acts in an arbitrary manner, & insists on his Rank--superior to any of our Offs. & he has not above 30 Men Wn Co. W. has upwds of 500. This Ft. was built by Virtue of H My's Instructs. to me, & by my Orders to Co. Innes Yr. in the Pay of ye. Govt. & Wth. a great Charge to ye. Cotry; 'tis true it happens to be in Myld but I presume H My has a Right to build a Ft. where he pleases in any of H Colonies--& the Guns mounted are Guns sent by H My for the Ser. of Virga. it cannot reasonably be suggested yt. H. M. intended 'em for the Proprietor of Myld--G. B--d--k gave a Como to Co. Innes to be Gr. of the Ft. his private Affairs calld. him to his Estate in No. Caro. he appointed Lt. Co. Stephen to Comd. in his Absence--Ct. D. with his pretended Rank wrested the Comd. from him witht. any Rule but his Como. of Ct. in the Canada Expedtn, tho' not on the half pay List, but recd. a Sum of Mo. in lieu, by his acceptg yt. Mo. I am of Opinion be revok'd the Como.--This Asr. 1 makes much Noise here yt. I thot. it necessary to send Co. W. to You who can be more particular--If I was to call the Assembly now I know Yr. Asr. has rais'd the rancour of the People so much yt. they Wd. go into Extremes of resentmt. & do no Business for the Sercc.--I am sorry I have occasion to be so long on Yr. Asr. but as it makes much noise here, witht. You interpose Yr. Autho. I do not know Wt. will be the Consequence--As formerly I desire the Favo. of a Brevate Como. to Co. W. & the other two Fd. Offrs & Yt. You Wd. please reinstate Co. Stephens to the Comd. of the Ft. till Gr. Innes retrs--As Comdr in Chief of the Forces yt. is in Yr. Power only & witht. some Regulatn in regd. to ye. unhappy Dispute I shall not be able to do any Thg. with our Assemy. And really Myld has behav'd so very tardy in regd. to the Expedtn yt. they have no Claim to any Favrs I must refer You to Co. W. for any further Particulars. I forgot to mentn. yt. Ft. Cum. being a King's Ft. I cannot see the Propriets. Gove. can have any Right to appt. a Govr.--& more so as it has been built by ye. Govt.--the Right is in You & I doubt not You will assume it in order to restore Peace --
[Note 1: 1 Answer.]
[Note 1: 1 William Withers, the private secretary of Governor Dinwiddie, was born in Lancaster, England, in 1731, and came to Virginia in 1745, as the heir of an estate called "Chotauk," in Stafford County, devised by a relative, John Withers, by will dated August 29, 1698. His estate had been sold by Sarah Withers, the daughter of the testator, to Augustine Washington, who had devised it to his son Samuel. The title of Washington being contested by Withers, the rights of the latter were satisfied by the consideration of £600, and the transaction affirmed by Act of Assembly.--HENING.
Withers was first employed in Nansemond County as clerk by Anthony Walke. He afterwards found like employment in Williamsburg, and located finally in Dinwiddie County, at a place still known as "Kingston." He married, in 1761, Priscilla Wright, of Nansemond County. Their descendants include the worthy names of Atkinson, Adams, Broaduax, Clay, Draper, Grammar, Hawkins, Lay, Le Vert, Walke, and Wright.]
WILLIAMSBURG Janry 22d. 1756
SIR
Mr. Prentis omitting to send Majr. Carlyle the Particulars in each Package ship'd on board the Rawley occasions You the Trouble of this--I am very sorry for Anderson's misbehaviour, he was recommended by Capt. Tate, his Owner, as an honest industrious Man, & well qualified for such a Business; but I find he has given sufficient proof to the contrary, for which I hope he will meet with his Desert --
... I am
... Sir
... Your most obedt. hble Servant
... WM WITHERS
[Note 1: 1 Robert Carter Nicholas, Esq., was chosen treasurer in 1766 to succeed John Robinson, Esq., and served until after 1775.--TONER.]
WILLIAMSBURG 23d. Jany. 1756
DEAR SIR.
I was favour'd with yr. Letter some Time ago, but knew of no Opportunity of answering it sooner than by Capt. Mercer, as, upon Enquiry, I have not been able to hear any Thing of Jenkins. 2 The Snuff Box was properly return'd, & I took the Liberty of communicating the extatick Paragraph of your Letter; what Blushes & Confusion it occasioned I shall leave you to guess. It is with no small Concern that I hear of Your being impeded in the Enterprize you've Undertaken by Pretensions that appear to me groundless & unreasonable; but I hope Matters will be soon accomodated to your Liking. There is a Ship lately arrived from England, which brings Nothing worth mentioning, except His Majesty's Speech & the Addresses of both Houses; the former of which breaths such paternal Tenderness for the Subject, & the Latter are fill'd with such Expressions of Loyalty & Confidence that our Enemies can have no Room to hope for Success from the much wished for Disunion of Sentiments in the King & People, but rather I hope have just Reason to dread the Resentment of a British Parliament I heartily wish you a more succesful Campaign than you have hitherto met with & I should at all Times be glad to hear of yr. Welfare being truly
[Note 2: 2 Jenkins appears to have been regularly employed as an express.]
... Yr. affte. hble Sert.
... ROBT. CARTER NICHOLAS
... Mrs Nicholas's best wishes
... attend you.
[Note 1: 1 The Tuscaroras were originally of the Iroquois Confederacy, but before the advent of the European in America had separated themselves, and settled in North Carolina. They were divided into seven clans, and in 1700 occupied fifteen villages, and numbered about four thousand souls. In 1711 and 1713, they made desperate war upon the whites, but were subdued, and greatly lessened in numbers. The remainder fled northward, and again allied themselves with the Five Nations, constituting the Six Nations, the Iroquois League. In 1763, Sir William Johnson estimated this once powerful tribe to number only seven hundred souls.]
TO KING BLUNT, CAPT. JACK, AND THE REST OF THE TUSCARORA CHIEFS --
Brothers, & Friends, This will be Deliverd you by our Brother Tom, a Warrior of the Nottoways, who, with others of that Nation, have distinguished themselves in our service this summer, against our Cruel and perfidious Enemys--The intent of this, is to Assure you of our real Friendship and Love--and to confirm & Strengthen that chain of Friendship, which has subsisted between us for so many ages past,--a Chain like ours, founded on Sincere Love, and Friendship, must be strong and lasting, and will I hope endure while Sun & Stars give Light --
Brothers, You can be no strangers to the many Murders & Cruelties--committed on our Country Men, & Friends, by that False & Faithless people the French, who are constantly endeavouring to corrupt the minds of our Friendly Indians--and have Stirr'd up the Shawnese & Delawares, with severall other nations to take up the hatchet against us--And at the head of many of these Native Indians have invaded our Country, laid waste our lands, plunder'd our plantations, Murdered defenceless Women & Children, & Burnt & destroy'd wherever they came--which has enraged our Friends the Six Nations, Cherokees, Nottoways, Catawbas, and all our Indian Allies, and prompted them to take up the Hatchet in our deffence, against these disturbers of the Common peace --
I hope, Brothers, you will likewise take up the Hatchet, against the French & their Indians, as our other Friends have done,--and Send us some of your Young Men, to protect our Frontiers, and go to War with us, against our restless and Ambitious Foes--And to encourage Your brave Warriors, I promise to furnish them wl. Arms, Amunition, Cloths, provision, and every necessary for War,--And the Sooner you Send them to our asistance, the greater mark will you give us of your Friendship--& the better shall we be enabled to take our just Revenge of their Cruelties --
May You Live Long, a happy & prosperous people, and may we Act with mutual Love & Friendship--While Rivers run, or Trees grow--is the sincere Wish, of
... Your Friend and Brother --
... G
In confirmation of the above & in hopes
of your Complyance w'. my request
-- I give you this String of Wampum.
Janry 27. 1756
DEAR SIR.
I recd your Letter by Capt Mercer and as the Sum he mentioned was more than I cared to issue without the direction of the Com. I went the next day to Wmsburgh and summoned a Com. tho. I could not get one to meet before fryday, when they directed me to send you £3000--which I have now done by Capt Mercer, I could not possibly dispatch him sooner, as there were no large Bills ready for me to sign, but I hope his delay will be of no prejudice to you. I am very sorry to hear of the very odd Situation you are at present in, and tho' I have at present very little Interest at Court, I waited on the Govr. the night I got to Town to acquaint him of your desire to wait upon the General to sollicit the Affair in person, he told me he had recd a Letter from you to the same Purpose, and as there would be a Council the next day he would take their Advise upon it, and I have heard that it was agreed you should go, of which I suppose he will inform you himself, tho' I am afraid your Journey wont answer your Expectation, as the Govr. said he had received a Letter from the Genl. wherein he acquainted him that he had left the Matter to be settled by Mr. Sharpe, and he further in discourse let fall some Expressions as if Govr. Sharpe would have the Command of the Forces, however I heartily wish my Fears may be groundless, and that you may in this and every other undertakeing meet with the desired Success. I mentioned to the Com. what you said about the Officers being paid what was due to them from the Men that were dead killed or deserted out of the Arrears that were due to them, but they were of Opinion that the Officers ought to lay their Acct.s before them, and indeed seemed to think that as the Officers had reserved full pay for their Companies when they were seldom compleat, they would be made amends by it for any loss they had sustained by the others. Mr. Finney produced an Acct. to the Committee for some pay advanced to several of the men, but was to you and directed to send their Receipts that it might be stoped out of the Arrears of such that are in the Service, as to any other Matters that were agreed on Capt Mercer can acquaint you with them and therefore I shall not trouble you any further about them.
I have inclosed a Letter for my Bror. in New York which I hope you will take the trouble of delivering yourself, I am with my unfeigned Wishes for your health and Prosperity
... Dr Sir
... Your Sincere Friend & Servt.
... JOHN ROBINSON
FORT DINWIDDIE 27th. Jany 1765
SIR/
I Recd. Yours by Capt. Bell of 10th Instant 10 Days before yours 27th: Decr by Majr Lewis which only came to hand Last Night, you will See by the Inclosed Return that the Company wants but one of being Compleat.: only the Mulatoes & Negos are still Included.
I have Inclosed an Accot. for Comisy. Walker of the money I recd from Mr. McNeil and have all the Vouchers Lodged to Send by the first safe & direct Conveyance that will grant Recps: for them & Each Voucher attested by the Subalterns. By the Accot. you will Observe the qty. of provisions does not Exceed that Agreed on by Majr. Lewis & you at the Fort, & will barely Suffice for 10 Months ... It is true I did send down an Estimate to the Govr. that he might not send half the Sum wanted, and there I sett down 32 thousd. tol. of beeff at 10/, £160--20 tubs to Cure the Meat at 10/ each £10--& so much for Barrels.
Now Sir I think it is really Amazeing that his Honr. should mistake 20 tubs for a trough of which I am possitive there is not the least mention as will appear both by the principal in the Govrs. hands & the Copy in mine, how far his honr. may be unacquainted with the qty. of Beeff necessary to Support a Company for 10 Months I shall not determine; but certainly it must be great Inattention to mistake a Charge of 20 tubs for a trough which would rather deserve the Name of an Ark. It was much against my Inclination to Undertake playing the Comisry. for the Compy. as I knew that Instead of its being Esteemed an Extra Service it would Subject me to Insidious Reflections & Illnatured Censures. But I am unlucky in having prejudices Entertained agt. me without any foundation, & as readily believed.
Majr. Lewis would not Send up the Act relating to deserters, but desired me by a Verbal Message to try & punish them before we Marched tho he Expects we will Sett out this Week; Johnson says that in Consideration of his taking the Dutch men that deserted from Lt. Solson's Detachmt. at the Dunkers he was to have his discharge of Cap Peyroney who on his Application said he did not care to Sign a Discharge but that he might goe abt. his Bussiness he would never Advertize him nor Send after him and refers to Collo. Stephens as an Evidence. It is only such as doe real Carpenters work that I intend to pay, and there is a great many little jobs of Smiths Work from the scarsity of tools & the many hands they goe thro & many of them Unskillful I have never had any tools from Fredricksburg since those that Came by the Salt Waggon nor are they to be purchased here but if you can order up some Iron & Salt from Fredricksbg. per first Waggon for the Courtho. it will Supply those Wants ... I am sory that you are either Misinformed or Misapprehend the Case of Chew's Servant, I never spoke to her in may Life Untill I was ordered by Genl Braddock to take the Command of the Detachmt. for the pensilva. Road when she was recommended to my care in her way to Phila: by some of the officers who Lodged at her Masters & by Mrs English who waited on Mr. Allen & me, it is here I made her Change her resolution of going to Phila: and brought her back to Wills Creek where she was openly Seen in the Camp, I never intended to Conceal her, but on the Contrary tho there was never no Enquiry made after her all the time I had her at Wills Creek, I Emploied Mr. Slatker to buy her time and told him he might draw on me for the money. But my Station here prevented his Answer I suppose, and you are Sensible I have not had an Oppty. of Sending to Alexandria Since you Left this, besides I have never had any Conveyance to Send money from this Except Mr. Gordon & he went to Wills Creek so that I dont See that I have acted either Unlike an officer or a Gent. unless that a Great many would have made the same Use of a Mans Maid without making any Satisfaction to the Master or reckoning themselves under any Obligation to free the Maid from a harsh Servitude, which I all along Intended and declared, tho' I never had any Application made to me by Mr. Chew or any other person for him till ye note that Came with Yours: and Accordingly have Sent Bills to Capt. Stewart for £10--who will deliver them to any Safe hand that you shall order going to Alexandria who may Deliver bring up the Indenture & deliver it to him.
She tells me that was the original price given by Chew to Mr. Kirkpatrick & she served him 9 Months however if it is a trifle more Capt. Stewart will advance it for me. I cannot yet send the pay Roll & Recpts: for Decr. as the Serjt. who pays off the Men was Sent to press horses for the March But shall Answer that and the other particulars of Capt: Bells Lettr before I march
... I am
... Sir
... Your Very hum Servt.
... PETR: HOG
... Inclosed is the pay Roll for Septr:
P. S. Mr: McManus Writes to me for one Aug. Cole a deserter from Capt. Dobs Compy. ... I recd. him over from Majr. Lewis & have desired him to apply to you to determine it he is Left behind in the fort under the Serjt:--the Recpts are Left Wt. serj McCulty Sealed up for Commiss Walker
[Note 1: 1 The Catawbas were one of the eight Indian nations of North America discovered by the Europeans in the seventeenth century. Their region lay southward of the Tuscaroras, between the Yadkin and Catawba rivers. They were brave, but not aggressive, in warfare, and although at one time they belonged to the powerful league of southern Indians who were determined to extirpate the whites, later on they allied themselves with the English, and remained staunch friends to them ever after.]
CAPT. JOHNNE,
We Desire you to go to the Cherokees, and tell them the Road is now clear and Open; We expected them to War last Spring, and love them So well, that Our Governor Sent Some few men to build a fort among them; but we are mighty Sorry that they hearken so much to lies French tell, as to break their promise and not come to war, when they might have got a great deal of honour; and killd a great many of the French, whose hearts are false, and rotten as an old Stump--If they Continue to Listen to the What the French Say much longer they will have great cause to be sorry, as the French have no Match locks, powd and Lead but what they got from King George our father, before the War began and that will soon be out; when they will get no more, and all the French Indians will be starving with Cold, and must take to Bows and Arrows again for want of Ammunition. --
Tell them we long to Shake hands with them;
Let them get their knives and tomhawkes Sharpe, we will go before them, and show them the way to honour, Scalps, prisoners, and money Enough, We are mighty sorry they stay at home idle, when they should go to War, and become great men, and a terror & dread to their Enemies. --
Tell them they shall have Victuals enough, and be used very kindly.
FREDRICKSBURG Jany. 25th.. 1756
SR.
The inclosed is a Letter from Colo. Stephen, with which I should have waited on You, had I not have heard You were gone to Williamsburg; I am now a recruiting much discourag'd by the Gentlemen's Success, who have lately been, but no Pains shall be wanting on my Side to compleat my Company, but but I fear it will be without Effect, Colo. Stephen's Orders to repair to Winchester by the first of March I presume, is too Short a Time to do much Business in, wherefore should be glad You would increase the Time either to the first of April, or alow us as many more Days as yr. superiour Judgment shall think proper, this if you please You may let me know perr. Bearer hereof, and Whatever Questions You may desire to ask me relative to the Enquiry you'll find in Colo. Stephen's Letter shall be faithfully answerd, either by Letter or Mouth according to yr. Directions by the Bearer. I am Sir with the greatest Esteem--yr. most obedient most Hble Servt.
CHARLES LEWIS --
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Waggener is believed to have been a member of a family of respectability and early seating in Rappahannock County. He was a Captain at the defeat and death of Jumonville, May 28, 1754, and was slightly wounded. He had previously served under Governor Shirley in the projected Canada expedition of 1746. He received the thanks of the House of Burgesses for his gallantry at Fort Necessity. Others of the name also served during this period. Ensign Edmund Waggener was killed at the defeat of Braddock, and Captain Andrew Waggener received lands under the proclamation of Governor Dinwiddie.--BROCK.]
At a Court of Enquiry held at Fort Cumberland Jany. 16th.. 1756 by Order of Lieut. Colo. Adam Stephen to enquire into the Conduct of Lieut William Stark of the Virginia Regiment.
Capt THOMAS WAGGENER President
Members
Capts. WILLIAM BRONAUGH ... Capts. JOHN MERCER
... JOSHUA LEWIS ... HENRY WOODWARD
... ROBERT SPOTSWOOD
Captain Charles Lewis Informs the Court that he heard Lieut. Stark say that He would not turn out His Guard to any Colo. of the Virginia Regiment.
Lieut. John Williams says that He heard Lieut. Stark say that He would not turn out his Guard to any Field-Officer of the Virginia Regiment unless it was Order'd by Capt. Dagworthy who he looked upon to be Comanding Officer --
Lieut, Roe Informs the Court that He heard Lieut. Stark say that He would not turn out his Guard with Rested Arms to any field Officer of the Virginia Regiment
Lieut. Campbell says he heard Lt Stark say he would not make his Guard Rest their Arms to Colo. Washington or Colo. Stephen while Capt. Dagworthy was Comanding Officer, or pay them any Complement that was not due Them, I went from that to see whether there had been Orders given to that purpose --
Lieut. Stark in his Defense says that he would not Rest his Arms to Colo. Washington or any Field Officer of the Virginia Regiment unless he was at that Time Commanding Officer
It is the opinion of the Court that Lieut. Stark has only Acted conformable to the Comanding Officer's Orders --
... THO WAGGENER
[Note in Washington's handwriting--"Proceedings of a Certain Court of Enquiry --
The members of which have render'd themselves obnoxious not only to Censure but a general Court-Martial--having tryd the Prisn upon No Article of War, and consequently could not determine whether guilty or not.--"]
You are not to Leave your guard till Relieved nor Suffer More that two Men at A Time to be Absent ...
Your Guard is to turn out & Roll to be Called at Retreat Beating. When the Fort Major is to go his Rounds. Receive the Parole & know What Orders You have Given ...
You are to go your Rounds A little after Tatto & take Proper Notice of those Who are out of their Quarters. or any Ways Disorderly. You are Allso to go the Rounds A Little before the Morning Gun ...
A Serjeant to Patrol once Between the Reliefs if not Relieved Every Hour ... When you have Recd. the Report of the Magazine Guard you are to Wright it Over Fair at the bottom of Your Own Including the Officers Name ...
The Corprall who Relieves is to have the Guard Room Delivered to him Clean and All things Belonging thereto in good Order. and the Drummer your Guard Room in the Like good Order ...
Your Guard is to turn out With Rested Armes to the Commanding Officer as he Passes and once per Day Stand by their Arms to a Colo ...
Your Centries are to Rest to a Commanding Officer Or their Field Officer of their one Redgment as Often as they Pass and shouldered to other Officers ...
the Gates are to be Shott as soon as the Fort Major Returns from the Out guard that he May Cary the kees to the Commanding Officer When he Makes Report ...
In Case of an Alarm the Guard is to turn out and Wright for Orders--Ye Guard to turn out at the fireing of the Gun in the Morning and Continue Under Arms Untill the Gates are Opened. Given under My hand at Fort Cumberland this 3rd. day of Novr. 1755
... JNo. DAGWORTHY
... per THOS. CARTER SERGT.
Note.--Stephen absent till December 9 --
[Note in Washington's handwriting--"A Copy of the Order by what the Court pretended to determine, and According to Which Their Opinion is most Erroneous."]
[Note 1: 1 William Trent was a friend and business partner of Benjamin Franklin.--BROCK.]
MOUTH OF CONICOHEG2 21st January 1756
[Note 2: 2 Conecocheague.]
DR SIR
I received yours by Mr Fraser at Carlisle as I was returning from Philadelphia as you don't acknowledge the receipt of one from me dated at Carlisle makes me imagine it miscarried in that Letter I acquainted you with the reason why I could not procure the Indians then--I have now engaged three, Crissopia to goe to Kittannen and Fort Du Quesne and two others to goe to the Twigtwees3 provided you choose to send them--Crissopia asks Twenty Pounds and each of the others Twenty five pounds--I thought it a great deal of money therefore did not choose to agree with them Punctually till you were acquainted with their demands--If you choose to send them if you'll draw out your Instructions and send any Officer with them to Fort Littleton about Twenty Miles from Stodards first giving me Notice of the time you intend to send there I will send to M Croghan to bring the Indians there against the time, he promised to bring them if I wrote to him that you wanted them and I will send any goods or Wampum you will have occasion for--This was the best mannor I could manage it for you should I have carried them to the Fort, & they would not goe without a White Man with them & you have thought it too high Wages they would have been affronted unless they had been paid as much allmost as they were to have had to gone to the Fort so I thought this the most prudent way & am in hopes you will be of the same way of thinking I parted with Governour Morris & the Commissioners at Carlisle the 19th there was no Indians at the Treaty except those that keep with Mr. Croghan either the 22d or 23d of this Month General Johnston is to meet the the Six Nations at his House to demand the Reason why they suffer the Delawares and Shawnesse to kill the English and to demand their Assistance and to insist upon a positive answer General Shirley has given orders for a Treaty with the Southern Indians, the Governments of Pennsylvania Virginia and Maryland are to send Commissioners and he has wrote to the Governours of ye Carolinas to assist at the Treaty and appoint the place where it is to be held --
[Note 3: 3 Mr. Gist, who visited the Twigtwees in February, 1751, described them as follows: "The Twigtwees are a very numerous people, consisting of many different tribes under the same form of government. Each tribe has a particular chief, or king, one of whom is chosen indifferently out of any tribe to rule the whole nation, and is vested with greater authority than any of the others. They are accounted the most powerful nation to the westward of the English settlements, and are much superior to the Six Nations, with whom they are now in amity. They formerly lived on the farther side of the Wabash, and were in the French interest. They have now revolted from them, and have left their former habitations for the sake of trading with the English." The town visited by Mr. Gist was on the north bank of the Miami River, about a hundred and fifty miles from its mouth. The town consisted of about four hundred families. Wynne says that the Twigtwee Indians were the same as the Ottawas. The French wrote the name Tuigtuis.--SPARKS.]
The Pennsylvanians have Raised three Hundred Men in Cumberland County who are building Four Forts to be Garrisoned with 75 Men each, the Forts about 20 Miles distant each from the other, One at the Sugar Cabbins called Fort Littleton Commanded by Capt. Hanee Hamilton, One at Aughwich Capt. Geor. Croghan called Fort Shirley, One at Mockingtongs called Pomfret Castle Capt. James Patterson they give their Men 45/ Pr Month the Capts 7/6 Lts 5/6 Ensigns 4/6 Pr day though its thought they'll raise the Capts. pay to 10/pr day --
By the Last Accounts from England they expect an Invasion and are fortyfying the Coast, they had then 343 Sail of Vessels lyeing in the Harbours which they had taken from the French I am
... Dr Sir
... Your most humb St
... WILLIAM TRENT
PS You'll oblige me to send me
... the Ballance of that Accot
... by ye first oppertunity W T
FORT CUMBERLAND January 31st 1756
SIR/
I forgot to acquaint you, that The Governor, when I was at Williamsburgh, desird if possible to procure Some Indians of Repute among their Tribes, to carry a Message amongst the Confederate Nations of the Twightwees, To Sound their Intentions, know their Affection to the English, and how far they are attached to the French.
I wrote him afterwards that Captain Trent had promis'd to procure them; having Sent Fraser to bring it about, as I look upon it as an Important piece of Intelligence, and desird his Honor to Send his Instructions and Speeches to you to be deliver'd to the Messengers at Fort Cumberland or where you pleasd, with your Own proper Injunctions.--Whether you have receivd such Instructions I cannot Say, but you will See by Trent's Letter the Indians are ready, and had they been brought to Wills' Creek, Nothing being Ready for the Ambassy, we Should have been brought into further Contempt with them. I think that the Expence is inconsiderable, compard with the Service, and Intelligence; and the Sooner they are dispatched the Better.
We were alarum'd on the 23d by having one Barnet of the Light Horse, Scalp'd within 300 yards of the Command tending the Cattle up the North Branch: One Batemore of the Troop and Peckwood who was about the first of October chasd all the way from Ray's Town by the Indians, are missing Since That morning, from the Same place.--I detachd Capt Bronaugh with Captain Josh Lewis and 100 men to Scour the mountains, and bring Intelligence, with orders to proceed as far as William's plantation, to Examine towards george's Creek and pursue the Enemy towards the South Branch, If they found that they had crossed the North Branch.--To my Surprise They Returned the Same night, without the least Intelligence. I afterwards Sent out Capt. Jno Mercer, Captain McKenzie and 80 men to Scour the mountains towards the Alleganay and from George's Creek towards Martins as far As the North Branch, never touching the road in the march--They are not Returned, and I expect a Satisfactory Acct from them as soon as they do.--I have ordered the Watermen to Land the flour they Bring up from Cannogochigoe1 at Walkers at the Mouth of Pat-Creek, where I shall be Obligd to Send a guard. We have no Room for it here, and we wait to hear from you before we build any more Storehouses. If we build on Patterson's Creek, It is convenient to have it there.--We want a Storehouse for the Quarter Mr. --
[Note 1: 1 Conecocheague.]
A Very Rich affair has Happen'd latly.--I indulged Mr Roe in Carpenters and Nails planks &c to build a house, and now it is finishd, he has sold it to Buckner for £20. --
And I hear it Whisperd that They design to have a Chemny2 put to One of the Storehouses within the Fort for him to live in, which I will take Care to prevent untill I hear from You. --
[Note 2: 2 Chimney.]
I have given up nothing hitherto. The Report of the Redoubt Regard is made to me daily, where all the prisoners of the Regmt. Are; I send out what parties I think proper, and do with the Regmt w'out Contract. You will see what they are about in pennsylvania by Trent's Letter.--There is a Recruit of Captain Bronaugh's, and One of Lt Blag's, who were both Cloathed, and brought up here, and being judged Useless and discharg'd, The Cloath therefore, and charge of bringing up are a dead weight. I long to hear from you, and am with Respect
... Sir,
... Your most Obet huble Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN.
Feby 26. 1756
SIR
The Bearer Mr. John Lawson having heard of nothing to discourage his Military inclination now comes to put himself in the situation of a Cadet he is of a Family in Lancaster descended from ye Stephen by the mother side and I have told him that there are many waiting before him but as I learn there are three vacancys in the Company of Ensigns the number standing before him will be fewer I have told him the duty of a Cadet is to take his turn on guard and no Ways allowd above a Common Man wch do not discourage him and as his character to me was pretty good I have ventured to recommend to ye and I shall be oblgd to yo. for yr. Advice what it will be best for ye Young man to do he has a little Patrimony and I have recommended great diligence, Circumspection & frugality to him & he has a Countenance that does not ill bespeak him
I am ... Yr. Most humble servt
... LANDON CARTER
WATKINSES FERRY Febury ye 12th.. 1756
DEAR SR.
I wrote to you on Sunday Concerning the Imbaselment of the Stores which I have Recoverd and am going to Serch, and to have men upon tryal this day Concerning the Loss with Lieut. Lomax which I have great Reason to think will be found out, Mr. Rollins as one of the Soldiers was standing Centenie at the Barn Came & leand over him & Looked at the flower and said it was almost gone & that if Lomax was their he would not want for that nor Beef Neither & if the said Elliot would get him some flower that he would give him 1/2 pr pound in Rum for it which he Refused till that he made him Drunk & persuaded him to it,
... [Signed] by JNo. DEANE
... and Directed to Lieut. BLAGG
The above Elliot when made Drunk by Rawlins persuaded to Steel A Quantity of flower out of the Store which Rawlins Recd, and for which he was tried before Capt. Swearingham & Capt. Caton and found guilty & fined in five Pounds Sterling according to act of Parliament for embezling his Majesties Stores he was allowed some time for to Pay the fine, and when it Became Due Mr. Deane whent to ask for it he tould him he would not pay him any, upon which he applied to Capt. Caton1 who gave A Distress Warrant against him & when the Constable went to execute it; Caton forwarned him to doe it, told the Constable he would bear him harmless, & that Rawlins should not pay the fine, So that it Can be proved by A Letter from under Catons own Hand that he Screen'd Rollins from having Catons own Sentence Executed against him
[Note 1: 1 A civil magistrate.]
... W HUGHES
FORT DINWIDDIE 3d. Feby 1756
SIR/
Inclosed are the pay Rolls for the Months of Decr & Jany you will See I have abt. £4 in my hands over the pay Bill But Advanced Serjt. McCulty a dbloon when he went after the Deserters, the Men grumble to have their pay Stopt for his Charges, and he he thinks hard that he has not his Charges horse hire & the pistole Reward which Last the Men think can only be Stopt In Justice from their pay, he has drawn up his Accot. which Comes under Cover, I have paid Serjt. Wilper 25/ which I think a Reasonable Allowance from the fort Cumberland to Winchester You will Observe that I have Expended all the Cash in my hands for the Victualling Accot. Except a small balla. there is a thousd. wt. of pork still Unpaid for besides all the Grain & the barrels making for the Meat, I have Sent Inclosed my Recruiting accot. to Capt. Stewart Amotg. to £21--4..--& have Drawn on You in his favr. for sd. Sum, I have deductd. Mr Fleming Charge for his Recruits & Wilpers, he has not got any Great Charge agt. the Compy. as yet and Majr. Lewis Must Regulate his practice on the Expedition, I know the Men pay for their own Nursing Lt. McNeil is Expressly ordered out on the Expedition by the Majr. also 40 privates 2 Corporals 2 Serjts. and all my officers ... I have left Serjt. McCulty with 9 Men and a Corporal in the Garrison he is Strengthened wt. a Militia Capts & 40 Men they have provisions from our Stores, I am just going to March and am Respectfully
... Sir
... Your Very HumeServt.
... PETR. HOG
P:S 2 of the Men that were to March are taken Sick.
March ye 2d. 1756.
DR. GEORGE
I writ to you the very day I sailed from America to convince you I left the Continent with all those Sentiments of Friendship towards you I ever professed I hope now to convince that I retain the same and shall ever have the greatest Happyness in the Continuance of it.
Letters from America had made the Generals Character as odious in this Country as there but since my Arrival and my having writ a true and impartial Narrative of the Affair the Opinions of Men are altered and his Character will be rather revered than disapproved. I was told upon my first coming here you had writ several Letters to England speaking in very disrespectful Terms of Genl. Braddock. I absolutely denied it could be so as I had Letters from you of a very different Language and that I knew too well your Integrity and Honor to believe you capable of such Conduct this like all other idle Reports blew over and soon was disbelieved. I want very much to hear of your Virginia Battalion how recruited disciplined and regulated what are the Conditions of your Frontiers and how covered from Indian Inroads. I fear every day some very bad News your Country is much exposed and as all the Troops are to the Eastward I think you must suffer this Spring.
American Affairs are not very well understood at Home and the Want of Men and Money make the true defence and Protection of the Colonies very difficult. The Parliament has consented to the raising an American Regiment of four Battalions I doubt very much the Possibility of compleating it and if it is the Country may derive some immediate Advantage but will suffer in the End as the draining the Colonies of men is certainly a very pernicious Measure I thought I should have returned but am not included in the American Promotions except the Pleasure of once more seeing my dear George I am as well contented. I dont know whether a good House and comfortable Living is not as well as the Palace of Enoch Enoch's
I shall expect from you the State of the Colonies I know your Abilities and Integrity the one entitles you to speak the other will prevent your ever advancing any Impropriety.
Whatever Acquaintance of mine you may meet with present my Compliments
If you should have any Orders or Commissions in these Parts pray employ me and assure yourself my dear Friend no one can be more ready to give you every Instance of his sincere Regard
God bless you and believe me with the greatest Truth your Sincere Friend & humble. Servt.
... ROBTORME
[Note 1: 1 Joseph Chew was an emigrant from Virginia who settled in New London in 1750, and held positions of trust there. He was a son of Thomas Chew, of Virginia, and Martha (Taylor) Chew, a daughter of Colonel James Taylor, the progenitor of James Madison and Zachary Taylor. Silas Deane, writing to his wife in 1774, says, "We spent the day agreeably at Mr. Bayard's, with some of the delegates and a good old standby on festival occasions, Mr. J. Chew."]
NEW LONDON March 4th. 1756
DEAR SIR
I find by the Papers that you Arrived in Boston the Fryday after we Parted, and I hope had an agreeable Journey Considering the Severity of the weather. the many agreeable objects you there met with I conclude prevented my having a Line from you by the Post, this you can Very Easily Settle by Spending one day at New London when you Return.
I Engaged a Good Boatman to Call on me this day when I Promised to let him know the time you would be here that you might meet with no disapointment in getting to Long Island as I could not inform him he has promised me not to Engage himself this week in which time hope to hear from you ... Your Riding mare as had a Pretty Large Swelling under her Belly occasioned I believe by the Buckling of the Girths two Tight and Capt Stewarts horses legg have been much Swell'd they are both got Very well, all your other horses are well and hearty --
My Compliments to Capt Stewart and Capt Mercer Accept the same yourself and be assured that I am with the greatest Esteem
... DrSir
... Your most ObedtServt.
... JOS CHEW.
I have this moment a Letter from our worthy friend B Robinson to Mrs. Robinson The agreeable Miss Polly and all his family are Very Well
... Yrs
... J.C
[Note 1: 1 William Shirley, Governor of Massachusctts, 1741--56, born at Preston, Sussex, England, 1693; died at Roxbury, Mass., March 24, 1771.]
BOSTON March 5th. 1756
Governor Dinwiddie at the Instance of Colonel Washington having referred to me concerning the right of Command, between him and Capt. Dagworthy, and desiring that I would determine it, I do therefore give it as my Opinion that Capt. Dagworthy who now acts under a Commission from the Governor of the Province of Maryland, and where there are no regular Troops join'd, can only take Rank as Provincial Captain and of Course is under the Command of all Provincial Field Officers, and in case it shall happen, that Col Washington and Capt. Dagworthy should join at Fort Cumberland. It is my Orders that Colonel Washington should take the Command
W SHIRLEY
Dated ANNAPOLIS March 8th. 1756
SIR,
As I have receivd instructions, to take the Command of all the Forces, that are or shall be rais'd in these Colonies, for the protection of the Frontiers; This is to inform you thereof, and to desire that you will without Delay make me a particular Return of the Troops under your Command, Specyfying their Numbers, how. Cloathed, armed and acoutred, You are also to acquaint me, what Quantity of provisions, what Arms, Ammunition, Horses, Waggons or other Stores, you have in Custody or the Care of
... copy ... HORACE SHARPE
To the Commanding Officer of the Virginia Forces at Fort Cumberland
March 12th . . 1756
[Note 1: 1 Fort Loudoun.]
VI. And whereas it is now judged necessary that a Fort should be immediately erected in the Town of Winchester, in the County of Frederick, for the protection of the Adjacent Inhabitants from the Barbarities daily committed by the French and their Indian Allies, Be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, That the Governor, or Commander in Chief of this Colony for the time being, is hereby impowered, and desired to order a Fort to be built with all possible Dispatch in the aforesaid Town of Winchester, and that his Honor do give such orders and Instructions for the immediate effecting and garrisoning the same, as he shall think necessary for the purposes aforesaid. And the Governor or Commander in Chief of this Colony is hereby also impowered and desired to issue his Warrant to the Treasurer for the payment of so much Money as he shall think necessary for the purposes aforesaid, not exceeding the Sum of One Thousand Pounds, who is hereby required to pay the same in Treasury Notes, to be emmitted by Virtue of the said Act of Assembly. For raising the sum of Twenty Five Thousand Pounds for the better protection of the Inhabitants on the Frontiers of this Colony and for other Purposes therein mentioned. --
FORT CUMBERLAND, March 29th. 1756
SIR
There is no remarkable Occurence on this Quarter since my last, only the Murder of Ensign Gordon.1 for the particulars of which, I refer you to Capt. Stewart.
[Note 1: 1 Ensign Gordon was killed in a fray.]
I regret him much, as he was a diligent Officer, Staunch, and firmly attached to the Virginia Interest, and had a particular Regard for you.
I have learned that you have been a long Journey,2 purely to pay your Compliments, and hear some Handsome things, which one is always to Expect from persons Conversant at the Courts of Princes, and especially from One3 who has resided so long at Paris the Metropolis of a polite Nation.
[Note 2: 2 To Boston.]
[Note 3: 3 General Shirley.]
The labour you have undergone ought to endear you more to the Gentlemen Concerned, and on some of your Officers will have the proper Effect.
We were dilatory in beginning to push the Affair,4 but I hope, Sir, as you have been so good as to embark in it, you will persevere, and leave no Stone unturned, but push the thing in the proper Channel--You may depend on my Concurrence, and what lies in my power to promote Your Interest and honour. I think the more our Form resembles that of the Regmts. in the Establishmt.--The better pretension we will have to be Established.
[Note 4: 4 Of rank, and King's commissions.]
If modelled after this manner, we have a great many Officers to Spare, and Several we Can spare, without hurting the Service.
I can appeal to the orderly Book for my good intentions, but they have not avail'd So much as I good wish.
I have desired Mr. Walker, to be ingenuous with you, if you ask him any Questions--In short, Sir, we have Several who do little honour to the Regiment, and who seem to me to have entered the Service out of mercenary rather than honob. Views.
If they can Comply with their Duty as far as to keep their Commissions They have no anxiety about the Desolation of the Frontiers, or Interest of their Country.
We stand in need of a purgation, and after you have reduced our numbers to men of spirit & honour proper things may be Expected from Us, and we Can better answer the Expectations of Our Country.
The number of Officers, to our Number of Men, is a Burthen to the Country, for which Reason I beg you would insist upon a Regular Form. But what do I say? I am informed that a Certain Person,1 who declares openly that He has the greatest Influence over governor Sharpe; will insist upon our being reduced to Independent Companies again, will have poor Livingstone Broke--because he insists upon doing his duty, and I suppose will bring about Several other great Changes worthy of the gun Room? Unheard of Insolence!
[Note 1: 1 Captain Dagworthy.]
I shall look upon my Interest to be Inseperable from yours, will Steer for the same Port, and as I dare Obey what governor Sharpe, or any Commander dare Command--I will never Submit to any Regulation but what You approve; nor will I ever Serve in the provincialls below the Rank I bear, If the Duke of Cumberland were to Come in, besides a Braddock--I have the honour to be
... Sir,
... Your most Obn. huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
P. S. We have been much harassd by the Indians; which occasioned Several Parties always on the Scout.
You will find the men come on in Exercise and Bull fighting better than the Officers
FORT CUMBERLAND March 29th. 1756
SIR,
Inclosed you have the monthly Return--George Hedgeman resigned last month. --
Captain Gist is the only Officer who, as near, has had good Success in recruiting--I have sent him, at his Earnest Request, £100 to pay off Some Expenses on the Recruits left in Maryland. --
The Sickness continues among the men, and I have a thought of fiting up the New Store for a hospital, but wants Your Orders how to Act at this Juncture.
Mr. Boyd1 being down at Belhaven,2 and lately up at Capt. Waggener has not finished his Acct. so far as he was paid.--Ensign Milner Hedgeman, an Lt Frazer have paid off the Balance of the Recruiting Accns. The rest have not Settled, I shall give in their. Balances due, to Mr. Boyd, who has not paid the officers off for January & Febry--but is about it now; as far as the money in hand will go. I have examined Mr. Walkers Voucher's for the Inclosed Account, and think them Sufficient. --
[Note 1: 1 The paymaster.]
[Note 2: 2 The old name for Alexandria.]
I sent him down, thinking that he might probably be of Use in the House, and nothing of importance to be done here, untill further Orders from you. --
Lieut. Stark; who is not one of Us, as you have learnd by mine per Capt. Lewis, declares that he will give up in case he is ordered to Augusta in room of Frazer--It will be very agreeable to me, and I think for the Interest of the Service that you order him there immediately.
To order Capt. Joshua Lewis to Green Brier, To Relieve Capt. Hog; or elsewhere, upon our distant Frontiers, would disappoint him who has declard himself Counsellor & Aid de Camp to Govr. Sharpe.1 He is by with hopes and Expectations, Exults for Joy at the Change, Struts like a Bull Frog, and is ready to Enter the Service of Maryland.2
[Note 1: 1 Captain Dagworthy.]
[Note 2: 2 Governor Sharpe had been appointed by General Shirley commander of 4000 troops to be raised in the southern colonies.]
Capt. Coxs Company about 38 Noncommissioned Officers includ--He is here at this time, perfectly happy, and cannot tell me his Exact number. --
Capt. Ashby had 40 men Serjt. included, but taking a disgust at him, Eight of them came to Fort Cumberland to join the Regemt. I sent a Detachmt. of Volunteers in their Room.
I shall Wait your Orders with Impatience, and am with Respect
... Sir,
... Your most Obt. Huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
FORT CUMBERLAND March 30th. 1756.
SIR,
The inclos'd is a Rough but Exact Copy of Mr. Boyd's Accounts. The First contains the Disbursements from The 1st. of Sept. to the 1st. of January.
The other The disbursemts. for January & February & Arrears. The Balance in Mr. Boyd's hands is £311 . . 5 . . 3½ which I shall desire him to Apply to the Paymt. of the Officers for Jan & Febry--nor forgetting to Settle their Recruiting Accts. which Balances in the Country's Favour are very Considerable--I have Examind The Receipts and Vouchers, and find them to.Answer, and am with Respect,
... Sir,
... Your most Obt. huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
FORT DINWIDDIE 3d. April 1756
SIR/
Inclosed is the Return for this Month of my Company. I arrived here this Evening with the greatest part of the Men I carried out, greatly fatigued & mostly reduced with famine & a flux however Mr. Fleming thinks that Rest & Regular Diet will recover Most of them & therefore has returned but one Sick of those that are present. Maj Lewis no Doubt will Inform you of the State of the Ill concerted Expedition that Miscarried from the Disobedience of Men Undisciplined, & Subject to no Military Law, a too Smal Store of provisions; & the most Impassable Route that ever was Attempted.1 I have not time to give you the particulars, as I have just Embraced a Sudden Oppty. of Conveying this to Augusta Courtho., with the Return; & to Desire the Remittance of the Companies pay for the 2 Months by gone; as the Men are really in Want of Shirts Shoes & Every part of Cloathing, and Expect new Regimentals this Spring. I hope as formerly hinted that the Arrears for Jany & Feby 55 will be Sent for the Men under me Draughted from the other Captains Recruiting Officers Last Spring I am w Respect
[Note 1: 1 Major Lewis had been sent in command of an expedition against the Shawanese town, situated at the junction of the Great Kanawha and Ohio rivers, with Captains Hog, Preston, Smith, Alexander, Breckenridge, Woodson, and Overton and their several companies, also Captain Paris in command of friendly Cherokees. The entire force, including Indians, amounted to 365 men. After six weeks of fruitless suffering and absolute starvation, they had been obliged to abandon the attempt, and return, without ever having reached their destination.]
... Sir
... Your Very hume Servt
... PETR: HOG
P. S: I shall Also Expect money to Enlist Men to Compleat the Company first Oppty. P. H.
[Indorsed by Washington-- "April 1756."]
DEAR SIR/
I am under some difficulty in giving my Advice in your present situation, as I think your presence may be necessary in both Places, tho from the complaints I have heard from some Gent, who perhaps know nothing of the Matter, of the Behaviour of some of the Officers at the Fort,1 and the Opinion they have that things would be conducted much better if you was present, and the Apprehensions many of them are under at this time from the Enemy, which I know would be considerably lessened if you was with the Forces, I am induced to think it will be best for you to proceed up, as I am afraid it will be some days before the Assembly will come to a Resolution in what manner to Act, and I am persuaded the Committee will excuse your not attending when your presence may be necessary above, I would advise you however to wait on the Govn. and have his sentiments on the Matter ... I am
[Note 1: 1 "Yesterday I received yours by Mr. Kirkpatrick, and am sorry to hear of the reflections upon the conduct of the officers. I could wish their names had been particularized that justice might be done to the innocent and guilty; for it is extremely hard, that the whole corps should suffer reproaches for the inadvertence and misconduct of a few."--Washington to Robinson, April 24, 1756.]
... Dr Sir
... Your Affect. Friend and
... Servant
... JOHN ROBINSON
WILLIAMSBURG Apr. 8th. 1756
SIR
You formerly had a Commission to appoint Courts Martial, as that was not explicit enough, but rather a Repetition of the Act of Assembly I therefore send You enclos'd an Order to appoint such Courts when You shall see proper, & its agreeable to Colo. Innes's Order from General Braddock --
I hope the Affairs of the Regimt. are not in so bad a Condition as represented here. The Assembly were greatly inflamed being told that the greatest Immoralities & Drunkenness have been much countenanced and proper Discipline neglected;1 I am willing to think better of our Officers, & therefore suspend my Judgement till I hear from You. I desire You will keep them properly employ'd in Patroling the Woods & if possible to scalp some of the barbarous Enemy, to prevent & discourage the inhuman Murders in our back Settlements. Majr. Lewis & his Men are return'd having done nothing essential. I believe they did not know the Way to the Shawnesse Towns, I expect him in Town to give a proper Acct. of his March &c. I wish You Health & hope to see You here soon. I remain
[Note 1: 1 "It gave me infinite concern to find in yours by Governour Innes, that any representations should inflame the Assembly against the Virginia Regiment; or give cause to suspect the morality and good Behaviour of the Officers. How far any of the individuals many have deserved such insiduous reflections, I will not take upon me to determine: but this I am certain of; and can call my conscience, and what I suppose will be a more demonstrable proof in the eyes of the world, my Orders to witness how much I have, both by Threats and persuasive means, endeavored to discountenance Gaming, drinking, swearing and irregularities of every kind. While I have, on the other hand, practised every artifice to inspire a laudable emulation in the Officers for the Service of their Country, and to encourage the Soldiers in the unerring exercise of their Duty."--Washington to Dinwiddie, April 18, 1756.]
... Sir
... Your Friend &hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
To GEORGE WASHINGTON Esqr.
By Virtue of the Power and Authority to me given and granted by his Majesty I do hereby authorize and impower You to hold and appoint Courts Martial for the Tryal of Non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers as Colonel and Commander in Chief of the Virginia Regiment for all Crimes and Offences whatsoever pursuant to the Act of Assembly for punishing Mutiny and Desertion And for so doing this shall be Your Warrant
... Given under my Hand and Seal
... this Seventh day of April 1756--
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
By the Governor's Command
WM WITHERS Sy
WILLIAMSBURG April Ye 14 1756
SR.
As the Committee have not Settled my accounts with Mr. Kirkpatrick I shall endeavor to settle them my self, for the following reasons to wit, As I have the Vouchers here it will be attended with trouble & Hazard to carry them up to fort Cumberland, & when that is done they must be brought here again. The Road from the blue ridge to the Fort being at this time dangerous is a further reason for should I be cut of or my Vouchers lost my Family might suffer much and further, I expect it will be agreeable to you as it will save you the Trouble of Settling with the Committee, after Settling with me.--I should much rather choose to Settle with you than that Set of Gentlemen, was it not for the reasons above mentioned. As what I have wrote is truth & though in my plain way hope no apology is necessary.--As soon as my Accounts are Settled I shall proceed to you as fast as possible and in the mean time you may assure your self nothing in my Power shall be wanting for the good of the Common Cause & Honour of every worthy Individual of the Virginia Regiment. I hope the diligence of my assistants will prevent my absence being of the least ill consequence to the Common Cause. That the Governour of all things May Protect, & Direct you, is the Prayer of
... Your Most Humble Servant
... THOMAS WALKER
WMBURG 14 April 1756
DEAR SIR
Yr. Letter to the Governor has been read in Council, but as no Shipping has arriv'd Since your Departure the Genl. Assembly is at some Loss what to propose, debate on and finish--Some Jealousies interupt the good agreement wisht for-- Your Appointment of an Aid de Camp & Secretary1 is thought extraordinary and think the Committee will not allow Pay for--The Ho. of Burgesses adjourn to Monday next hoping Some London Ship may bring Us Intelligence of our public Affairs whereon to Act--Mr. Fielding Lewis now here tells Us the Indians since the Scalping of the Sieur Domville2 have made another Attack, cut off a Family burnt the House & which has added to the former Panic, prevailed to make Colo. Wood & Family desert his Fortification & Plantation to the great Discouragement of Others. I hope the Cash Mr. Kirkpatrick carrys will enable You to keep your Soldiers in due Obedience and make all possible Efforts towards repelling & vanquishing the restless Enemy of our Country. Will not the Marylanders act against our common Invaders! who come over Potomack from their Province which they first pass through--Major Dobbs returnd th' other Day to his Father whence He is to proceed wth two hundred Soldiers to N York there to receive Genl. Shirley's Orders--who if not assisted Soon from Home is unlikely to begin the concerted Operations wth Success.3
[Note 1: 1 "I have appointed Captain George Mercer (whose seniority entitled him to it) my aid-de-camp; and Mr. Kirkpatrick of Alexandria, my secretary, a young man bred to business, of good character, well recommended, and a person of whose abilities I had not the least doubt."--Washington to Dinwiddie, October II, 1755.]
[Note 2: 2 The Sieur Donville, in command of a small party of Indians, had been killed and scalped by a party under Paris, on the North River.]
[Note 3: 3 The expedition against Crown Point and Niagara.]
Mr. Lewis told me It was expected Yr Brother John would be married this Day. We wish He may Soon carry his Bride to Mount Vernon to make ye Neighbourhood more agreeable to Belvoir and Beneficial to You --
It's talked of among the Burgesses that an Enquiry in intended relating to the Misbehaviour of some of your Officers--whilst enlisting or pretending to Enlist men and discharging them at Pleasure.
For particulars I refer to Mr. Kirkpatrick and remain wishing You all Happiness
Dr Sr
... Yr very affecte Friend
... & obedt. Servt.
... W: FAIRFAX
WILLIAMSBURG Apr. 15th: 1756
SIR
Your Letter by Jenkins I recd. & it's now before the House of Burgesses, I have reason to expect they will pass a Law for a Draught from the Militia to augment the Forces to 2000 tho' they are very slow in their Proceedings.
I am very sorry for the Acct. you give of those Miscreant barbarous Murders; I hope You have sent a proper Reinforcemt. to Conegachege, & for the present, with the assistance of Lord Fairfax, raise as many of the Militia as You may see necessary, till the Act of Assembly passes for Draughts from the Militia.
I am endeavouring to prevail with the Cherokees to have a number of them sent to the Fort, but they also are very tedious in their Consultations, but I hope to prevail with them to send forty or fifty.
I am extremely hurried must therefore be excused writing further, but sincerely wishing You Health & Protection from the Banditti I remain
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
Apr. 15th: 1756
SIR
The enclos'd Letter from Gov. Sharpe relatg. to the Murder of Lieut. Gordon was omitted to be forwarded with the Governour's, therefore by his Orders I write, to desire You wou'd inform Yourself of the Affair & direct the Evidences to attend at Frederick Court in Myld agreeable to Gov. Sharpe's Letter.
... I am
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
... W. WITHERS
ANNAPOLIS, March 30th. 1756 --
SIR
I send this to acquaint you with an unhappy Affair that I am told has lately happened at the Mouth of Conegochige within this Province; I have my information only from Report, but by what I can learn there was a Party of Colonel Washington's Regiment posted somewhere in Virga. opposite the Place above mentioned; Lieutenant Gordon who commanded it on some Account or other came over into Maryland & falling into a Fray of which I cannot learn any thing particular, was killed by an Inhabitant of this Province who was thereupon apprehended but thro' the Ignorance of a County Justice was soon after admitted to Bail. As soon as I was advised thereof I ordered a Provincial Warrant to be instantly issued requiring the Sherif of Freds. County where the Fact was committed to take the Offender into Custody & carry him before a Provincial Magistrate, to be dealt with according to Law & to take his Tryal at the next Assizes for the Country which will be held at Frederick Town the 5th of May next: when the Attorney General will be sent up to prosecute: You will therefore be pleased to direct the Surviving Officer of the above mentioned Party to order such Soldiers or other Inhabitants of Virginia as may have been Witnesses to this unhappy Accident to attend at the Assizes & give their Evidence. In case such Witnesses should be afraid of being molested (of which however I think they have not the least reason to be apprehensive) they shall on the Officer's making Application either to the Court or myself have a Protection which Your Honour will be pleased to signify to him that what ever might be the Issue of the Tryal, there may not be the least room given any Person whatsoever to insinuate hereafter that every Step was not taken to bring the Criminal to Condign Punishment. Your Honour will I hope be persuaded that every Measure shall be taken by this Government that is agreeable to Law & Justice; & believe that I am
P.S. ... with great Respect
A Copy of this Letter is ... Sir Your most humble
sent to the Commanding ... & most obedt. Servant
Officer of the Virga. Troops ... HORo. SHARPE.
posted near the mouth of
Conegochieg --
[Note 1: 1 Son of Edward, and gradson of Edmund Ashby, born, 1707, died, 1797. Married Catherine Huffman, 1781. Captain Ashby was the bearer of Washington's dispatches containing the news of Braddock's defeat from Winchester to Williamsburg, and became a Colonel during the War for Independence.]
Aprl. 15th 1756
An Extract of Capt. Ashbys Letter/
SIR/
this day my fort was Demanded of me by four hundred Indians and we came to a party, I told the interpreter that I would not give up my fort untill I was killed and all my men, they first told me to make ready, I told them I was Ready, any time to give Battle & I would give them Battle They also told me that there was two thousand gone to Juniata and fifteen hundred to Cumberland fort, and four hundred to attact me, and also four hundred to attact the upper fort Cocks and that their order was not to kill but to take all to Allegheny, I told them that I was but a Captain & I cold not give it up, nor would not, but I would send to our great man, and he might do as he pleased & they Agreed that I should send an Express1 ... Test by --
[Note 1: 1 "Ashby's letter is a very extraordinary one. The design of the Indians was only, in my opinion, to intimidate him into a surrender."--Washington to Dinwiddie, April 22, 1756.]
JOHN ASHBY
I give him a dram and so Departed without one fire of a gun & in the Evening I heard them attact the fort at the mouth of the Creek and a number of guns fired but what is done I know not.2 I believe Every word that they told me was a lie, I seen a vast number but not four hundred. ... Sir
[Note 2: 2 "A small fort, which we have at the mouth of Patterson's Creek, containing an officer and thirty men guarding stores, was attacked smartly by the French and Indians; they were as warmly received, upon which they retired."--Washington to Dinwiddie, April 22, 1756.]
... I am Your most Humble Servt.
... to command
... JOHN ASHBY
To Colll. HENRY VANMETER and
so to Capt. WAGGONER these
April 17. 1756
DEAR SIR/
I recd your Letter by the Express and am sorry to find by it the unhappy situation our back Inhabitants are in from the frequent Incursions of the French and Indians, owing in my Opinion in a great Measure to the obstinacty and dastardlyness of the People themselves, and, I am sorry to say it, I fear from the Conduct of some of our Officers, of whom there are terrible reports, but I make no doubt you will by your Presence and Prudence put a stop to their irregularities, and quiet the Minds of the desponding inhabitants, The Assembly has determined to raise as many men as will make the number in pay 1500, not by new Companies but by adding to the old ones, the men to be raised are to be drafted out of the several Counties except Hampshire Frederick Augusta Bedford and Halifax, which were excepted because if any of the Militia should be sent out it is imagined they will be taken out of those Counties. I have detained Mr. Kirk Patrick longer than I intended owing to some misunderstanding between the Governor and myself, he refused to give me a Warrant for the last 3000, and continued so to do till this morning, I have now sent you by him £ 2416. 14 which is all I could get ready for him, the Assembly has ordered £ 25.--to be divided among the Party that killed M. Donville which I desire you will pay them, and I will account with you for it, I must also desire you will pay Capt. Stewart £ 11.--for me. The Memorial of the Officers is now before the House and I daresay their request will be readily complied with you may be assured of my Assistance and that I am with the greatest Truth
... DrSir
... Your affect. Friend
... JOHN ROBINSON
Apr. 21. 1756 at Candle light
DR. SIR
Mr. Swaringham intending up to morrow for Winchester gives me an opportunity of expressing my great concern for the Death & Defeat of Capt. Mercer1 and for the dismal apprehension that those who yet Survive the Indian Massacre must necessarily be under. And indeed my friend I must add that this Concern is greatly aggrevated when I find by your letter to Colo. Carter that you have suffered your self to be affected with some reflections that at most were only hinted at some few of the Officers who perhaps may have behaved like disorderly young men When you can't but know that it can only be the want of more power in your Country to have added every honr. & reward that even Perfect Merit could have entitled itself to, how are we grievd. to hear Colo. George Washington hinting to his Country he is willing to retire Sir Merit begets Envy and should such A thing happen at this hour it must Glut the malice of those who wish you ill. Will they not then say see Yr. darling cloaking fear under the Colour of disgust Give me leave then as your intimate Friend to persuade you to forget that if any thing has been said to your dishonr. and recollect that it could not have come from any man that knew you or your Country and as I perceive by another letter it may have been the artifice of one in no esteem among your Countrymen to raise in you such unjust suspicions that would enduce you to desert the cause that his own perfermt. might meet with no Obstacle1 I am confident that you will endeavour to give us the good effects not only of yr. duty but of ouerr great cheerfullness & satisfaction you place in such a service If I expostulate with you so warmly tis only to save my self and your other friends from much difficulty that must attend our endeavours to Justifye yr. Conduct should yo. decline No Sir rather let Braddocks bed be your aim than anything that might discolour those Laurels that I promise my self are kept in store for yo.
[Note 1: 1 Captain John Mercer had been killed in a skirmish with the Indians at Edward's Fort.]
[Note 1: 1 At this time [April, 1756] an effort was made by the enemies of Washington to remove him, and place Colonel Innes in the chief command of the Maryland and Virginia troops. Washington, in consequence of this, again threatened to resign.--SCHARF.]
The Govr. no doubt will effect something that may put it yr. Power to save your declining Country & revenge the blood of yr. Slaughterd Companions and that these are my Wishes observe my heart attends my pen when I subscribe my self
... Yr. most respectfull Servt.
... LANDON CARTER
A whole crowd of
Females have orderd me to tender
their best wishes for yr. success & I don't doubt
but this night will in a great measure be dedicated to heaven for yr. protection
My respects to all yr. officers and tell them that honr. & regard are not only the usual but must be the certain effects of a vigorous & successfull past and For Gods sake since you find that our enemy shew only small parties to draw our men into ambuscades let these be most Cautiously guarded agst. Colo. Carter is gone to see poor Colo. Carter Burwell whose relapse has alarmd his friends and perhaps may not write by this Oppertunity. President Burwell is also fallen into a kind of Reverrye wch I am apprehensive will remove him from these our continual fears
April 22 1756
DEAR SR
Your favour without date came to my hands yesterday; from a conversation with Lt. Rutherford I judge it was wrote on Sunday last from which circumstance I conclude you had not seen Mr. Kirkpatrick nor Capt. Stewart who I believe would have satisfied you that the House of Burgesses have ye greatest expectations from yr. Personal appearance on our Frontiers and are so far from imputing any mistakes or irregularities of the Officers to you that I am satisfied they would have resentd it to yr. satisfaction if any person had.
We all know there are many men to be found in All armys abandon'd to ye greatest vices but that can't be imputed to the Comr. whose example is strictly aimiable and that that is yr. general character I dare afirm. and from my constant attendance in the House I can with great truth say I never heard your conduct questiond When ever you are mentiond tis with the greatest respect I hope you will therefore arm yr Self with patience and despise such reflections as May be cast by any Malevolent enimies to you and every upright member of society. The end of those sort of men is to raise uneasiness in yr. Breast and to creat a distrust of yr. friends in hopes of carrying into execution there secret dangerous designs. I have communicated yr. letter to many of yr. friends and we are much at a loss to guess at ye authers and the charge unless some irregularities of the Officers that have been mentiond has lead unshrinking individuals into reflections on the whole from a letter wrote by ye worthy capt. Peachy your orders and Instructions appear in a light worthy the character of ye most experienced officer and I assure you a very great majority of our House would prefer you to any Person and in order to prevt a superior command are determind the men to be raisd by lot shall not be marchd out of the Colony. The Number in the whole is 1500 they are to be raisd by lot out of the able bodied men in all the countys except five frontier countys and with the greatest expedition so that you may expect to have yr regt compleat early in may and without an additional Numr of Officers a Chain of Forts are to be built on our western Frontiers.
Several Ships are arrivd in Rapc and York but the acct are not meterial as little alteration is made in ye State and the same expecn of a sudden rupture continues.
Mr Benjn Grymes Returnd in a mary land Ship who says France offers 4 millions and to comps: with ye Treaty of Utreck but our King demands 8 millions sterg. and a large numr of Men of Warr to be deliverd as Security and every thing Settld to his Satisfaction in America before he will put a stop to reprizals. I have not yet seen him.
I am concernd to hear of Poor Mercers and latters fate and I pray God to bless you and defend you upon all occasions and may yo. be the happy instrument of deliverg us from ye Barbarous incursions of our Enimies. The Cherokee Indians are to be marchd directly to Winchester I hope you will use yr utmost indeavours to prevail with ye Inhabitants to continue at their respective Settlements as deserting ye Country of Frederick will be a fatal Step and Subject them to ruin My compts to My Lord Fairfax and all my Acquaintance and believe me to be Dr Sr
... Yr Most obedient and afft
... huml Servt
... CHAS. CARTER.
WILLIAMSBURG Apr. 23d. 1756
SIR
Your Letr. of the 19th: by Mr. Rutherfurd came to my Hands Tuesday last, but Yours of the 16th. by Express did not reach me till the day after. I am heartily sorry for the Death of Capt. Mercer, & the other poor Men that were killed with him, it appears to me that the Enemy drew them out after them, pretending to fly, in order to destroy them from their lurking Places; but it surprizes me that we do not hear of any of the Enemy being killed, probably as usual they secret their Dead.
It gives me much Concern to think of Your Situation & seeing our Numbers are so few, & that the Militia are so backward in rising on so necessary an Occasion & in so imminent Danger & Necessity. I am endeavouring with the Assembly to hasten the Bill for draughting the Militia to augment our Forces to 2000; & I expect this Day or To-morrow it will pass both Houses, & I shall very soon give my Assent to it--Your Proposal in regard to them is entirely agreeable to my Proposal to the House, excepting two more Field Officers, which I did not mention, but I shall agree thereto, tho' shall not appoint any more Officers till I see or hear from You--I have not the least Objection to yr. Brother's being a Lieut.1
[Note 1: 1 Washington, in a letter to Dinwiddie, dated April 16, asked that a lieutenant's commission might be reserved for his brother.]
The Cherokees propose sending us 600 Men if we will build a Fort in the Upper Cherokee Country, which is agreed on, & Maj Lewis is appointed to oversee the building of it,2 & I shall send 60 Men with him--I have had great Trouble with the Cherokees that are here to persuade them to go to Fort Cumberland, at last they have consented, there will be about 60 of them; & Lieut. Baker here got four- teen of the Nottaways, who are now here & will march To-morrow--I wish I could augment Your Forces imediately so as to scower the Woods of those mischievous Miscreants; however keep up Your Spirits & in Time I hope we shall be able to vanquish them.
[Note 2: 2 These Indians [Cherokees and Catawbas] demanded, as part of the treaty, that a fort should be built in the territory of each tribe by the English, as a place of refuge and protection for their women and children in the event of their warriors marching against the French. Virginia and South Carolina built the Cherokee fort, and North Carolina undertook to build the Catabas'.--WADDELL.
The latter fort was never completed, and its exact location is unknown. It is supposed to be the same as "Old Fort" in McDowell Country.]
The Men draughted from the Militia will be under the same Regulation as those now under Yr. Command. Letters from England leave us still in Uncertainty as to Peace or War--Two Generals are appointed for America, Lord Loudoun, & Genl. Abercrombie, & its thot. they will bring over two Battalions, but whether for this Place or NYork remains uncertain, its further said H. Majesty intends to send blank Commissions for the Americans, if so, I doubt not You will be taken care of.
Pray examine Yr. Pay Master in regard to the Stopages for the People's Cloathing; for I cannot have my Supplies settled without Your Assistance. I am excessively hurried with many different Affairs that I cannot write any more but that I am with Respect.
... Sir
... You most hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
P: S: If the Militia are order'd to meet & do not appear, they shd. be fined agreeable to the Act of Assembly --
WMSBURG 26th April 1756.
DEAR SIR
I rec'd your Favor with the enclosd Estimate of your present Corp and proposd Regulation for 2000 Men to be formd into two Battalions. Those I have talkt with Seem to approve of the Scheme and wish it may be Effected.1 The Proceedings below Stairs2 go on slowly notwithstanding on hearing of the many and repeated Invasions of our Enemys, They appear alarmd and are for imediate Dispatch, Yet a few Hours lull their Fears and all's well again. I hope You will receive this under the Escort and Convoy of our Cherokee and Nottoway Indians under the Care of Majr. Andw. Lewis When being joynd You and known abroad to be under Yr. Command will be a great Checque to the French and their Indians. In the Account given of Captn. John Mercer's Defeat, I suspect the Indians Who are Swift on Foot drew our unwary People by a pretended Flight into an Ambuscade. Our Agent Mr. Abercrombie writes, that the Lord Lowden3 & his kinsman Colo. Abercrombie4 were namd for the Comand of the Several Forces to be employd in No. America and three Regiments to be Embarqu'd with them, but their long tarrying gives too great an Advantage to the Enemy who are dayly projecting and doing Us manifold Mischiefs. No Advances in the Ho. of B. relating to Your's and Officer's Memorial--A long Sessions but little of Importance done. In the Genl. Court a Judgment is obtaind for your late Brother1 agt. Keyes who on pressing Solicitation is allowd Six Months for Payment; also agt. Colo. Lomax who flatters himself with the Prospect of great Wealth from his Share of a Copper Mine given Him and Colo. Chiswell and Colo. Joshua Fry which has a Show of much rich Ore --
[Note 1: 1 Washington had submitted a plan for the disposal of the two thousand men by which he proposed to save the country five thousand and six pounds, sixteen shillings, and eight pence, claiming that they would be better appointed, and "established more after the British custom," adding,. "And I humbly conceive, where we can pattern after our Mother country upon as easy terms as pursuing plans of our own, that we should at least pay that deference to her judgment and experience."]
[Note 2: 2 The lower House of Assembly?]
[Note 3: 3 John Campbell, born, 1705; succeeded his father, Hugh, as fourth Earl of Loudoun, November, 1731; arrived in America, July, 1756; returned to England in 1757; Lieutenant-General in 1758; General in 1770; died, April 27, 1782.--BROCK.]
[Note 4: 4 James Abercrombie, of Glassaugh, was born in 1706. Sent to America in June, 1756, with the rank of Major-General, he held the chief command until the arrival of Loudoun, and resumed it on the return of the latter to England. Superseded by Amherst, he returned to England in 1759, and died, April 28, 1781.--BROCK.]
[Note 1: 1 Lawrence Washington.]
On the 27th last Night the Governor told me He was concernd that in your Letter to Him You should express great Uneasiness of Mind for not having every Thing as You wish, observing his own frequent Disappointments, And that his Endeavors has been to make your Situation easy. Accordingly yesterday P. M. issued his express Orders to the Lieuts. of the Countys of Fairfax, Prince Wm, Culpepper, Spotsylvania, Orange, Stafford & Caroline to send half their Militia to Joyn You forthwith, the Officers to consult with and have yr. Directions in what Manner Your Corps & They can best repel and drive away or humble the Savage Enemy. The Ho. of B. are pleasd with his Honor's Orders and depend on your Vigilance and Success. Your Endeavors in the Service and Defence of Your Country must redound to Your Honor, therefore pray don't let any unavoidable Interruptions Sicken your Mind in the Attempts You may pursue, Your good Health and Fortune is the Toast at every Table, Among the Romans Such a general Acclamation and public Regard shown to any of their Chicftains were always esteemd a high Honor and gratefully accepted --
Yr. Brother John is espoused to the late Miss Bushrod.1 500 Small Arms, 40 Brs. of Powder, Shott & Flints are orderd imediately to Fredricks'burg under the Care of Doctr. Walker who is also appointed Commissary to Supply the needful Provisions--We here hope when these Bodys of Militia & the Indians Joyn, You will be able to March agt. the Enemy if advisable --
[Note 1: 1 Hence the name Bushrod Washington.]
All Your Friends Salute You, in which Gratulation and cordial Wishes for every Felicity that can reward a Soldier, None can exceed
... Dear Sir
... Yr. affect. Friend &c
... W. FAIRFAX.
WILLIAMSBURG Apr. 26th: 1756
SIR
I recd. Yr. Letter by this Express last Night, & this Morning laid all the Letters before the House of Burgesses & really it gives me very great Uneasiness & Concern to observe the dismal Situation our back Settlers are in--And when I consider the Slowness of the House in raising Men--I have sent Expresses to the Counties of Frederick, Fairfax, Prince Wm, Culpepper, Orange, Stafford, Spotsylvania, Caroline, Albemarle, & Louisa, ordering the Commanding Officers of each to march one half of their whol Militia imediately to Winchester; & I shall send directly to Fredricksbg. 40 bls Powder 500 Small Arms, with Shott & Flints to Commissary Walker who goes up from this to take the necessary Care in distributing the same.
I am excessively hurried with the above Dispatches that I can write no more at Present but recommendg. You to the Protection of God I remain
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
WM.BURGH Aprl 27 1756
DR SR
I recd yr Second and third of the 22d of this instant since which I have not had leisure to answer it I am now in ye country and have just stole a moment to tell you all I can learn is that a few of yr youths in the service have been at times imprudent and drank too Freely and in their cups have said what none of them in their sober moments would willingly own I think as you have never in the least been reflectd on you are too much affectd I hope you will have a better opinion of yr. Country and not condemn us upon a misrepresentation. I hope the reinforcement orderd will enable you extricate yr. Bleeding Country from ye. threatd danger.
... I am Dr Sr
... Yr afft hume Servt
... CH CARTER
DR SIR
The bearer of this will God willing be my son Landon whose inclinations for the Army have been before discovered but then I had no relish for it because I foresaw in the Number of Masters and one ignorant director many things would fall to an officer's lot to account for when every truth received no credit that should be admitted for mis conduct adventure for these reasons I put him by but now under an Association where the whole body are evidences and the world only their judges thro' impertinence I have given him leave and would recommend him to a little of yr. respect tho' I would not have you be particular in any instance least it might raise the jealousy of others, altho I must at the same time tell you that it will puzzle you to avoid it for without ever once I believe endeavouring at it he is become the favorite of every acquaintance by a mild easy, familiar and inoffensive way, a Youth of great temper, great Virtue and great resolution will Always find a friend and yo. may tell Peachey if he is in the way that he may shew that Landon and he are acquinted without givig offence
Your letter got to me yesterday that you wrote in answer to mine of the 21. April I am glad to find yo. still reflect that it must be some misrepresentation God knows where and how founded that has occasiond so many letters from yr. Corps as if all were affected with the Poison of one babling tongue or rather as if there was not one rake or debauchée ever heard of in an army. Some are very daring, charging the Country with ingratitude, boasting of their great toil, and willingness, to serve her when they had ease and plenty at home, and telling her that tho she ought have boasted of her gratitude to her Sons of Valour yet now she has cancelled and effacd every pretence to such a claim Surely Sr. These fellows write letters with the points of their Swords & Seal them with pistol bullets--truely--truely I laugh at such stuff is it not babling for babling. This made many friends to Yr. Corps ashamed that their imprudent Correspondents should shew them about and at a time when the Regiment was Augmenting and a Memorial was preparing to move his majesty to take it under his protection and recommending the Officers to his gracious favour. there is some attonement due for this and were I the judge it should be a fine of five Indian scalps for every letter that wore such a Complexion and when all comes to all as the saying is who believes it Perhaps one man in a hundred
As to Want of Regulation in the method of providing I have been sensible of it but it has all along been owing to want of experience had Virga. from first to last one man in it that was not obligd to guess at the way and then clear it or stumble as he will Certainly no. You were Compelld to grope in the dark and now Necessity giving a Glimpse of the proper methods we are really so poor as not to provide cash enough to execute yr. plan altho tis a good one in short she has been a neglected Colony by her mother Country and had there been a more active King on the throne of France they must have made a Conquest of it long agoe--should we talk of oblying men to serve y Country yo are sure to have a fellow mumble over ye words Liberty & Property a thousand times Sr. I think as You do I have endeavourd tho' not in ye field yet in the Senate as much as Possible to convince the Country of danger and they know it but like Stingy creatures they are willing to wait for rains to wet the Powder and Rats to eat the bow strings of the enemy rather than attempt to drive them from their Frontiers perhaps when they are at their gates they may be more thoughtfull--These considerations sent out the Patriot blues and if they are not lucky themselves it will not have the effect for altho the law does now in a manner give £10. a man for enlisting I fear next monday altho I have but ten twenty to find in Richmond that I shall be oblyd to hunt the swamps for them as you do Indians--If yo can read this tis as much as yo can I write with an uneasy head and let my pen run as it will perhaps it is the word I mean but ten to one it is not
... My best Wishes attend yo I am
... Yr. most humble servt
P. S. Daniel Williams ... LANDON CARTERa brother to the Lieut. is one enlisted under last list & so is Hendrew & the Others from Richmond & they desire me to inform yo that their time expires the Ist. Decr next I should be Glad they could be under Peachey I believe they will be have well
WILLIAMSBURG April 29th.. 1756
SIR
Your Letter of the 24th: was delivered me by Capt. Peachy, which Letter with his Information gives me great Pain & Uneasiness for the back Settlements, & your present distress'd Situation,1 I have & continue to do every Thing in my Power for Your relief.
[Note 1: 1 "Three families were murdered the night before last, at the distance of less than twelve miles from this place; and every day we have accounts of such cruelties and barbarities as are shocking to human nature. It is not possible to conceive the situation and danger of this miserable country. Such numbers of French and Indians are all around, that no road is safe; and here we know not the hour when we may be attacked."--Washington to Dinwiddie, April 24, 1756.]
The Militia of ten Counties are ordered to march directly for Winchester, Small Arms, Powder, Shott &c. have been sent from this to Fredricksburg two Days ago, as the Winds have been tolerably fair I think they will be at Fredricksburg To-morrow. Commissary Walker is sent up to forward the Ammunition to You, to provide Provisions & any other necessary Services; & I hope soon after the arrival of the Militia You will be able to open the Communication with Fort Cumberland--Mr. Walker has My Orders to send for the Irish Beef at Alexandria, & I hope we have Men sufficient to guard the Provisions at Conegochege.
The Cherokees left this on Monday for Augusta Court House, & I send an Express to Major Lewis to hasten them to Winchester. As to an Attempt against the Towns of the Enemy it must be suspended a little till we secure our Frontiers.
As to a Supply for the Militia, if the Comissary should be disappointed in his purchase, You must order any Provisions You have for their Support, without any regard to what they were provided for.
I dread the Consequence, if You have not Men imediately to Your Assistance, I have therefore given positive & strong Orders to the Commanding Officers of each County to march their Militia imediately to Winchester.
I am surpriz'd at the Information You have of the Cabales of the People in the Neighbourhood of Winchester in forming themselves in Parties to capitulate with the Enemy, if You can make a Discovery thereof when the Militia reaches You, You are to make Prisoners of them all, that they may be tried for High Treason & punish'd according to Law, for I cou'd not think we had such Wretches among us, & if there is any Foundation for the Report endeavour to detect them, to be made Examples of to deter others.1
[Note 1: 1 "I have been just now told, that numbers about the neighbourhood hold councils and cabals for very dishonorable purposes, and unworthy the thoughts of a British subject. Despairing of assistance and protection from below [as they foolishly conjecture] they talk of capitulating and agreeing upon terms with the French and Indians, rather than lose their lives and fortunes through obstinacy."--Washington to Dinwiddie, April 24, 1756.]
I have carefully perused the Copy of Your Council of War & the Letters You have enclos'd, I am sin- cerely concern'd & heartily griev'd for Your present Situation & be assured every Thing I can shall be done for Your relief & Assistance. I recommend You to the Protection of Heaven with sincere Prayers for Your Safety, & those poor People that are so much exposed to the Barbarities of a cruel & inhuman Enemy--I am Sincerely
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
My kind Service to
Govr. Innes --
May 3d. 1756
DEAR SIR/
I recd your favour by the Express and am extremely concerned to hear of the distress the poor Inhabitants of Hampshire and Frederick are in but am in hopes from the Steps that are now taking here they will be soon relieved and encouraged to return to their habitations, You will receive a Letter from the Attorney, by which you will find that he at the head of a Company of Gent Volunteers are proceeding with the greatest dispatched to your Assistance,1 We have passed a Bill for creating a Fort at Winchester, and the Council and House of Burgesses have agreed to a Representation to his Majesty in which You and the other Officers are recommended to his Majesty's favour, tho' I am in great hopes it will be done before that representation reaches his Majesty; as we have advice that My Lord Loudon is coming over, and that he is to raise four More Regiments upon the Establishment in America, Our hopes Dear George are all fixed on You for bringing our Affairs to a happy issue, and I am very sure if you are properly assisted they wont be disapointed in their Expectations, that the Lord of Hosts will guard & protect you in all Dangers is the hearty prayer of him who is with the greatest sincerity
[Note 1: 1 The Gentlemen Associators, a company of gentlemen volunteers of whom Peyton Randolph, the attorney-general, assumed the command.]
... DrSir
... Your Most Afft. Friend
... JOHN ROBINSON
WILLIAMSBURG May 3d: 1756
SIR
I am sincerely concern'd for Your Situation from the many flying Parties of French & Indians, but I hope before this reaches You a large body of Militia are at Winchester to reinforce You, & if possible to drive the Enemy over the Allegany Mountains; besides the Militia there are to be Drafts from each County to compleat Your Regiment to 1500 or 2000 Men, but I fear it will be a Month before they are all drafted.
I observe Colo. Stephen's Letters vindicating his Character, & I hope the Reports were without Foundation & in course malitious.
I approve, for the Reasons You assign, the fortifying of Winchester, & when the Militia arrives You may employ many of them on that Business, & if they expect extra Pay for that Service, You must agree with them accordingly; there are ten Cannon at Rock Creek with all the Ball & all other Appurtenances, of the same weight as those at Fort Cumberland; if You can get clear of the cruel Invaders You may send for them & mount them at Winchester.
As to Provisions to the poor distress'd who have fled to You for protection, Humanity calls on You to grant them Relief & & I am persuaded Your good Nature therein will be approv'd of by every Person.
We are in great want of Lead now in the Magazine after the three Tons sent to Fredricksburg. Do you know what Quantity is at Fort Cumberland?
I am now sending up some more Powder & Small Arms for Alexandria--I have ordered every Thing in my Power that I cou'd conceive necessary for Your relief, & I wish it was further in my Power to send Forces sufficient & all other Necessaries for extracting the Men & the poor Frontier Inhabitants from the Cruelty of a barbarous Enemy, & I doubt not in a short Time to turn the Tables on them; keep up Your Spirits & hope that all will be right soon.
If they have ordered some of the Forces from Britn here it will be very agreeable, but at present I cannot tell where they are to be landed.
The Gentlemen here have enter'd into an Association, one hundred mounted & accouter'd on Horseback, & propose carrying two hundred Volunteers with them, & intend to be at Fredricksbg. in their way to Winchester by the 20th: of this Month, to be Comanded by the Attoy. Genl. which I hope will give great Spirits to our Common People.
My Respects to Colo. Innes, I remain with Prayers for Your Protection & am
... Sir
... Your hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
At CAPT DANSIE'S 4, May 1756
SIR
Your Letter by Butler the Express was presented by the Governer & read in Council and imediately after Sent to the Ho. of Burgesses
A Vessel fraught'd Wth. Gunpowder &c has been already sent to Fredricksburg under Dr. Walker's Care for yr. Direction, and another is Since orderd Wth. 500 Arms, half Barr1. of Gun Powder of which I am to have for our County fifty Small Arms & Powder &c wanted. I hope early last Week the Militia of our County, Pce Wm. & Culpepper &c. have joynd You. G Fx. Colo. Martin &c Set off from Wmsburg last Fryday. Hoping the best I remain
Dr. Sr.
... Yr affecte. hb. Servt.
... W: FAIRFAX
P.S.
It would Surprize You to Add that Mr. Attorney Genl. talks of setting out Wth. Warner Lewis, Barnard Morse &c. proceed to march Wth. about Sixty Gentlemen &c Associates to See You at Winchester by the 25th. inst. at farthest --
What You may expect from Such Voluntiers &c
WILLIAMSBURG May 8th: 1756
SIR
Your Letter of the 3d: I recd. Yesterday, & observe its Contents. I have recd. the Indian Scalp & I doubt not but many more were killed in that small Skermish.1
[Note 1: 1 The skirmish at Edwards Fort in which Captain Mercer was killed. The dead body of Indian from which the scalp was taken was found later, thrust under some rocks.]
I am glad the Indians are gone over the Mountains, but I cannot think they were so numerous as represented, unless they have prevailed on the Twightwees to join with them; I am of Opinion if You cou'd send a Message to them by some trusty Indian, to let them know our Intentions against the French, & the Number of Warriors sent by their Father the King, to exterpate the French, & to protect their Lands, they wou'd continue steady in our Interest, for they will never forget the Insults & Murders committed against them by the French in the Year 1752.
We must not be too secure, for probably the Indians are gone to the Fort with their Plunder & may return reinforced, or more probable are ordered to the Northwd. where the greatest Push is intended against them, but we must be on our Guard.
I have by this Express wrote to Fredricksburg to stop the rest of the Militia from marching to Winchester; And the Draughts from the different Counties to compleat Your Regiment, I have ordered to be marched to Fredricksburg by the Majors of each County, where I expect they will be the End of this Month; I therefore desire You to send some of the best & most sedate of Your Officers to Fredricksburg by the last of this Month to receive them from the different Majors to be march'd to You.
A Chain of Forts are proposed, & an Association of Gentlemen will march from the North to the South with Your Advice to propose the proper Places to erect these Forts.1
[Note 1: 1 Governor Dinwiddie had formed a project of an extensive chain of forts, embracing the whole line of frontier from Crown Point, to the Board of Trade on the 23d of February. A peculiar feature of his plan was, that the expenses of erecting and supporting these forts should be provided for by a land and poll tax, to be levied by an act of Parliament, which would take effect equally throught all the colonies. He proposed a poll-tax of one shilling sterling for two years, which he thought would be sufficient for building the forts; and a perpetual land-tax of two shillings on every hundred acres of land, as a fund for keeping up the garrisons. "I know," he adds, "that our people will be inflamed, if they hear of my making this proposal, as they are averse to all taxes; but in my duty, and in obedience to your commands, I cannot but think it the most eligible, and it will remain as long as the land; but, if not done by an act of the British Parliament, I may venture to affirm, that no governors on this continent will be able to prevail on the Assemblies to pass laws for this purpose."
By his calculation there were at least a million of taxable polls in the colonies. Hence this tax would produce fifty thousand pounds a year. And the land-tax, estimated by the quitrents paid in Virginia, he believed would yield annually sixty thousand pounds.
The population of Virginia he considered at this time to be 293,472, of whom 173,316 were white, and 120,156 black. The militia were computed at 35,000 men fit to bear arms.--SPARKS.]
I have given Orders to be particularly careful in making the Draughts from each County, by choosing the best of their Young Men. As to the Plan of Operations, what can I concert when our neighbouring Colonies are a Sleep & afford us no Assistance? no Great Guns or Ingineers to attack their Fort which I much desired to be on the Offensive, but as we are now situated we can only remain on the Defensive to protect our Frontiers, unless we should be assisted by Lord Loudoun, for which Purpose Colo. Ludwell goes to New York with a Representation of our present Affairs, & to desire his Assistance, which if agreed to, I fear will come too late for this Year--So that on the whole I must depend on Your conducting the Forces in the most eligible manner for the protection of the People on our Frontiers; by persuading the Inhabitants to return to their Plantations, & directing by proper Signals their retiring to the Forts contiguous to them on any Emergency. When the Draughts arrive with You, You will then be able to dispose of Your Forces in a more regular Manner, by each Captain's having the Command of his own Company, at such Places, as You, by a Council of War may order, & their Pay may then be properly sent to them.
I could not prevail with the Assembly to put the Articles of War in Force, but as it is now, by their Act, You may conduct them pretty well; & I think the Act provides against Cowardice or Corresponding with the Enemy; & as to other Neglects, You may venture to take it upon Yourself by inflicting Corporal Punishment for quiting their Post, or sleeping on their Post. The Assembly was prorogue'd last Friday, so Nothing more can be expected at present. I hope e'er this You have Militia sufficient till the Draughts join You, having stop'd any more marching to Winchester. I suppose this will be delivered You at Fort Cumberland, where I doubt not You will find Affairs in a much better Condition than were represented here.
Cloths for the Men I cannot supply, as no Ships are arrived; I think the Men lately enlisted, if not Cloth'd shou'd have no Stoppage made, if that will please them till clothed; You shou'd have wrote to the Treasurer on that head as You know I do not meddle with their Money.
The Commissary must be with You before this, he carried some Money with him & I spoke to the Treasurer to send him more--I am sensible You must have much Fatigue, but hope soon Affairs will be more regular than it possibly cou'd be under the late great Surprize & unexpected Invasion.
I send You a Death Warrant for shooting Sergeant Lewis, which I doubt not You will order to be executed, by having as many of the Forces present as You can, that he may be a public Example to deter others from such like Offenses; You are to fill up the Blank to the Day You may think most proper, declaring the Crime for which he suffers.
I paid Jenkins to the Time You was order'd a Military Chest, & You are to continue to pay him as it's a necessary Service, & I shall support You therein.
Pray God protect & direct You in every Thing for the Service of the King & Country And I remain with Esteem & Regard
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
Enclos'd You have
the Act of Assembly.
If more of the Militia
are with You, than You
have occasion for, order
them back ...
VIRGINIA to wit
Wheras Nathan Lewis hath been legally tryed by a Court Marital, held at Winchester, on the Second Day of this Instant and convicted of Cowardice and Disobedience to the Commands of his Officer which is a Breach of the twelveth Article of War.
These are therefore in His Majesty's Name to require You ... that on ... the ... Day of ... between the Hours of Ten and Twelve in the Forenoon of the same Day You cause the said Nathan Lewis to be carried to the Place of Execution and there to be shot dead.
Given under my Hand and Seal of this Colony at Williamsburg this eighth Day of May in the 29th: Year of His Majesty's Reign Annoq. Dom. 1756
... ROBT: DINWIDDIE
[Note 1: 1 Colonel George William Fairfax, the oldest son of the Hon. William Fairfax, was born at Nassau, in the West Indies, in 1724; married Sarah, daughter of Colonel Wilson Cary, of Hampton, Virginia, in 1748; and died at Bath, England, April 3, 1787.]
ALEXANDRIA May 9th: 1756
DEAR SIR
Upon hearing the many Alarming Accots: at Williamsburg, I hasten'd away as soon as possible, tho' there was some particur: Acts I should have been glad to have seen pass'd, as they were Relative to our Militia, But upon my arrival, I found the Militia ordered out by Colo: Carlyle, when march'd many days before; otherwise I believe I should have Accompained them. Your letter dated at Winchester Sunday Evening my Father received at Williamsburg after I left it, and Yesterday put it into my hand, by which I am sensible of the distressed condition poor Frederick must have been in, but by late Letters from Capt: Dalton and others, I am pleased to hear that the causes are greatly Removed. But if those cruel Savages should hereafter return or while you are up I beg that you'l freely Command me. being willing and always desirous of serving my Country under so experienced a Commander. My Father writes you Running News therefore shall only add that your continued favour will greatly oblige your
... Affectn. and very humble Servt.
... G. W. FAIRFAX
I am extremely sorry to hear that our People have misbehaved, and I hope my Father and the Officers under him will punish them as they deserved, and those sent back will I dare say meet with their Reward. Remember me to Capt: Mercer &c.
ALEXANDRIA; 9th May 1756
DEAR SIR
Your Letter to the Governor, G. Fx, and what accompanied them from Colo. Carlyle &c describing the calamitous State & Condition of Hampshire & Frederick Countys, And Some Apprehensions of the blood thirsty and savage Enemy's near Approaches to Shannondoah River and the blue Ridge, both the Council and Ho. of Burgesses thought it necessary the Governor Should issue his Orders for half the Militia of the nearest County imediately to march to joyn and assist You. The Spirit of just Resentment on the repeated Insults & Attacks has So far prevalid as to animate Mr Attorney and many Gentlemen to enter into an Association for a vigorous Defence and Repulse of our comon Enemy and propose being at Fredricksburg Soon. Mr Fielding Lewis is their Comissary to provide Provisions. As the Several Detachments when met at Winchester will be a larger Body than You may now want and put Doctr. Walker to Some Difficulty to Supply them, yet it must be remembered when They were order'd out, the Causes assigned for their being required made every One think the unavoidable Expences accruing not worthy Consideration. Your proposal to have a good and Strong Fort at Winchester is approv'd and think It will be undertaken. The E. of Loudoun is dayly expected, Majr. Genl Abercromby &c with Some Regiments, four if not more --
One Matthew Bowyer who had been Wth Captn. Overton under Majr. Lewis on the unsuccessful March towards the Shawanese Town, applied to the Governor for a Lieuts. Comission in Your Regiment, but was answerd the Appointment of filling up Vacancys was left to You. I am therefore become a Solicitor in behalf of Bryan Fx. who Seems now to like a Military Life, that on a Vacancy You would please to appoint Him a Lieutenant in Some Company whereof the Captain is an exemplary worthy Officer, And if agreeable to Bryan, of which I am not certain; I persuade my Self He will diligently apply Himself to learn the Arts of War under your leading Example. The Governor thinks You will and perhaps the Regiment be put on the English or Irish Establishment.
Colo. Jas. Wood's Removal with his Family, added to the fears of many People below, thinking He would not desert his Plantation without the utmost Necessity.
You have now a fair Occasion to free your Country from the Savage Invaders which beside the Pleasure it will give You in being the happy Means under God, Lord Loudon will be acquainted with your Merit, and being our Governor in Chief consider You as fitting to Serve on future necessary Employments.
We all here Pticularly Salute You Which I witness as
... Yr very affecte & obedt Ser
... W: FAIRFAX
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Gage succeeded Hutchinson as Governor of Massachusetts Bay, April, 1774. He was the second son of Viscount Gage, and was born about 1720. He entered the army in youth; was made Lieutenant-Colonel, March, 1750; Major-General and Governor of Montreal, May, 1761; succeeded Amherst in command of the British forces in America, 1763; and became Lieutenant-General, 1770. In December, 1758, he married Margaret, daughter of Peter Kemble, President of the New Jersey Council; and died in England, April 2, 1787.]
SCHENECTADY May 10th. 1756 --
DEAR COLONEL,
I received your obliging Favor of The 14th. of April, A few Days ago, & return you many Thanks for the good News you sent me, of the Defeat of a Body of Indians, by one of your Partys; which tho no decisive Affair; nor attended with great Slaughter; may produce very good Effects, & I make no Doubt but it will give new Life & Courage to your People: The many Defeats we have had, & The Terrors communicated to The Troops, by the frightened Inhabitants; have all contributed to depress the Spirits of The Soldiery; any little Advantage will raise Them, & Shew Them they have not to deal with an Enemy that is invincible, & that a proper Conduct in those that lead Them, joined to their own good Behaviour & Courage will procure Victory.
It's not at all Surprizing you should be disgusted at The Service, when a Command you was so justly entitled to, was given another; and your continuing to head The Virginia Troops after Such a Disappointment, is no small Instance of your Zeal for the Publick Service, for which you have been ever remarkable.
Affairs in this part of The World, are at present at a Stand; Genl. Shirley is at Albany waiting The Arrival of Coll. Webb & The Two Regts. from Ireland, which are hourly expected at New York: It's thought Coll. Webb, who it's reported, is made a Major Genl. in America; will bring over Instructions for the Operations of the Campaign, & I hope to see The Kings Troops & Provincials, & Indians, acting together; I expect little from their acting Separately; notwithstanding The ridiculous Gasconades of The New Englanders, who I believe are to be The greatest Boasters & werst Soldiers on The Continent; We have inlisted Soldiers from all the Provinces, & I never Saw any in My Life So infamously bad, as those that come from New England. I hear they are very averse to Such a Junction, fearing, I suppose, to have Witnesses to their behaviour.
Lord Loudoun, & Major Genl. Abercrombie, are also very soon expected; and it's said for certain that there is a Scheme to raise a German Regiment in Pensylvania of four Battalions, each to contain one Thousand men. There was certainly People in England well enough acquainted with America, to inform Them that Such a Scheme was impracticable. I know not indeed, whether they design falling upon some new Method to engage The Germans to inlist but I am certain by The ordinary Methods of Inlistment, They will never be able to inlist one Battalion of Germans in a twelve month. I don't believe we could muster two Hundred Germans out of All The Forces now on Foot. Our Officers who recruited in Pensylvania, tell me they are the last People in The Province that are willing to turn Soldiers. I wish you Joy of your new Governor, & that I may soon hear of your farther Success against The Enemy, & dont doubt as soon as The Indians join you, but you will very Soon clear The Frontiers & oblige The Enemy to defend their own habitations. All Success attend your undertakings whatever they are & believe me
... Dear Coll.
... Your faithful
... & Obedient Servt.
... THOS. GAGE
P ... S
I should be obliged to you
if you would desire Capt. Stewart
to order The Soldiers he had from us
to return to his Regt. with all Expedition.
BELVOIR. 13.th. May 1756
DEAR SIR
I had the Pleasure to receive Yrs. of the 11th. inst. by Bryan Fx. who I find is so well pleased with the little military Atcheivement He has experienced, that He is desirous of pursuing that Life. I have accordingly encouraged Him and to hope that You have Affection enough to give Him a Lieutenancy as no doubt there are some Vacancys and I heard the Governor tell one Matthew Bowyer [who applied for such a Commission] that such Appointments Were left by Him to You. And I should be glad if Bryan's Lot was to be under a Captain of sober and exemplary Morals. And even this Request I should not make for Bryan if I had not a good Opinion of Him and that his known Esteem and Attachment might add to the Number of your faithful Followers --
You seem'd concernd that a great Number of Militia Should be Orderd up to your Assistance. When You reconsider your Letter to the Governor, to G. Fx and what accompanied them from Colo. Carlyle and Others all expressing the most calamitous and distrest State of Frederick County and it's encreasing Miserys, which being read in Council were afterwards Sent to the Ho. of Burgesses, who imediately joynd in advising and desiring the Governor to issue his Orders to ten Countys for half their Militia to March to your Assistance: As to the Expence thereof It had no Objection on the Consideration of the important Service they were going upon. I am Sensible Such Medly of undisciplind Militia must create You various Troubles; but having Caesar's Comentaries & perhaps Quintus Curtious You have therein read of greater Fatigues, Murmurings, Mutinys and Defections than will probably come to your Share, tho' if any of those Casualtys should interrupt your Quiet I doubt not but You would bear them with equal Magnaminity those Heroes remarkably did.
I think I before mentioned, but here not amiss to repeat that Your Health & Success was toasted at almost all Tables at Wmsburg; that the Council and Burgesses are mostly your Friends, So that if You have not always the particular Instructions always from the Governor You may think necessary and desire, the Omission or Neglect may proceed from the Confidence entertaind of your Ability and Discretion to act what what is Fit and Praise-worthy. That You may see a Chain of Forts are to be Erected, tho'as G. Fx was not in the House of Burgesses, the Mistake of Cacapehon has been instead of Pattns. Creek or So. Branch,1 yet as the Direction is left to the Governor perhaps on your Recommendation joynd with Colo. Innes's You may get the Position alterd to your Liking.
[Note 1: 1 The Assembly had voted to erect a chain of forts "to begin at Harry Enochs, on Great-Cape-Capon, in the county of Hampshire, and to extend to the South-Fork of Mayo-River, in the county of Halifax, to consist of such a number, and at such distance from each other, as shall be thought necessary and directed by the governor, or commander in chief of this colony."--HENING.]
I observe You mention the having left most of your Things now much wanted at Mount Vernon. If John had rec'd your Orders, He might have carried up your Commands and accompanied Bryan Fx. who if He is enlisted according to his Desire I have advisd to Study the Theory of Fortication and Gunnery as the Practice will be better understood--and is a knowledge that adds much to a Soldier Character. It is Reported that that the E. of Loudon who succeeds the late E. of Albemarle as Governor Genl. of Virginia comes hither with three Regiments, and four are Orderd for No. America of 1000 Men each Wch Troops when arrivd will want Waggons I suppose, now difficult to be got. As I canot Want Introduction to Lord Loudon I will improve every good Occasion to Speak of You as become our Friendship --
When I cautiond Bryan against Gaming, I told him I imagind You would also discountenance it as a pernicious Tendency. I have given Bryan a little Mony, but in Case any unforeseen Case should happen requiring more Please to supply Him with what You may think needful Wch I will thankfully repay to your Order. His Regimentals will be got ready against the next good Conveyance, But the Coat will be Lapel'd tho' plain, Waistcoat a little low &c suitable for a Subaltern not for Shew. For pticulars I refer to Bryan. The Family here and at Alexandria return your Compliments and offer their Sincerest Wishes that every Good may attend You which with my kind Compliments to all equiring Friends I remain dear Sir
... Yr very affecte. & assurd Friend &c
... W: FAIRFAX.
Sign at ALEXANDRIA 14th. May --
FORT DINWIDDIE 14 May 1756
SIR/
On Saturday the 9th: Instant I rec'd advice that the Track of 7 Indians had been discovered at the house of Vanderpool at the head of this Rivr: by two Men of the party detached from my Company for the protection of Mesrs: Millers & Wilson's Families; I immediately ordered a Sergt. to gett a party ready to March next Morng. to join the 2d. Detachment. & goe in Search of the 2d. Tracts
But that Evening a Messenger arrived Express from the plantation of Robt. Armstrong to Inform me that 6 Indians had Called at the house that Morning & Spoke in their own tongue to the Woman, Signified that they were going to War agt. the Cherokees Called themselves Senekas & Wanted to goe down the Rivr. Immediatly Sent Ensign Fleming Wt. 12 Men & a Sergt. Who arrived there that Night tho' the Rivr. was so high that 3 of the Men Lost their Arms & it was near Sun Sett before the Messenger gott to the Fort the party of 8 Men &Sergt. gott to the head of the Rivr. on Monday where they Tracted the Indians from Vanderpool's house down along Back Rivr. & By the Account given by the Ensign they were the same who Came thro' the Gap at Armstrong's where he traced them down the Rivr. down this Rivr. near Dunlops place & there they seemed to have turned back & soon after the Tracts were Lost by which he Imagined they had taken a Spur of the Mountain towards Green Briar.
on Thursday the 13th: a Messenger arrived from Alexr Galespies abt. 12 Mile from the Fort to Acquaint me that 2 Girls belonging to his Family being out after the Cattle as they were digging some Roots of Ginsang heard the tread of feet Crossing a dry Run at the foot of the Spur which on Looking up they discovered to be 2 Indians. I Sent off a Sergt. Wt. 10 Men & a Corporal from the parade as the Compay. happened to be under Arms, it was then abt 6 o'Clock in the Evening they came on the tracts but could not make them out far as they look up the Side of a Stony Mountain. I sent out another Command to day But after a Large Range they could only discover their Tracts at the Draughts of the Mountain where the Ground was Soft & then they appeared to have no direct Course this afternoon Felix Gilberts Came up from Armstrongs & told me that on Wed. Evening Nicolas Canute being out a hunting as he sat on a tree to Listen for his Dogs was Shot at by 5 dift: pieces on Starting up he saw an Indn: running up to him wt. a Tomhawk & another run a Cross to head him. he took to a tree & his pursuers soon Concealed themselves behind others he fired his Rifle at the head of one & going to Load he missed his Shot Bag which had been Carried away by one of the Shots another wounded his Side he then took to his heals & reaced Armstrongs in a Miles distance where I had a Corporal Command ever since the first Alarm. This eveng. I saw a party of the Militia who were going to sd. place where they were Stationed & they told me that the other Compy: would be on the other parts of the Rivr. tomorrow, On the Whole I Believe they are only Spies But that we may Expect a Visett soon, I formerly desired your Concurrence to Lineing & Covering the passage to the Water as it would be attended Wt. some Expence But you did not give me any Answer as it is absolutely Necessary in case the Garrison is Attacked I have Sett abt: in as frugal & Imperfect away as I can to make it answer the End. I Inclosed one Return to you of the 3d April the day of my Arrival here & desired the 2 Months pay for the Company might be Sent up, as also Cash to Compleat the Company, there is now 3 Months due and the Men very Clamourous for their money & Cloathes as Indeed they are greatly in Want of both most of them having neither Shoes Stockings nor Coats. You will See by the Inclosed Returns that I have Enlisted 2 Men since my Arrival & would probably have gott more if I had money. Henry Shelly a Batman is so Grievously tormented wt: Convulsive Fitts that he is of no manner of Use But rather a Burthen as he requires 2 Men to Attend him when the Fitts are on him which are seldom Less than once a day. he offers to gett another good Man in his Room But I would not discharge him Untill I had your Approbation, there is also one Robt. Bridget a Recruit of Mr Flemings who is a Soft sort of Fellow & dull of Hearing. He was imprest into the Service just before the Expiration of the Act. I should take it as a particular favr. if you would allow me to Accept of a Likely Young Fellow in his Stead which he is Willing to procure by his own Industry, and Which the Officers shall allow to be fitter for the Service. There is the Arrears due to the Recruits that were draughted from the other officers Last spring which I now Send you an Accot. of as also the pay from 29th: Decr. to the 1st. Mar. 55 due to Jno. Roe & 4 Months from 29th: Sept. Due to me that I hope will be Sent up with the pay as the Men think it hard that those under Majr. Lewis should be payed & they Left out of it, I now Send the Pay Roll for Sept which was made out but forgot to be Inclosed in the hurry of my Going off I can find no Conveyance to Send the Receipts & Send this to meet wt. one at Court I am respectfully
... SIR
... Your Very hum Servt
... PETR. HOG
FORT DINWIDDIE 17th: May 1756.
SIR
I forgott to Mention in mine of the 14th. a Supply of money from the Comisy. to pay for Corn, and Flower which Last I am now oblidged to Buy tho' at no higher Rate than 15/ p:c delivered here: as there was not Corn Sufficient made on this side the Courths: to Sustain the Inhabitants. Salt & Iron are also Wanted wt: several other Necessaries for which I must pay the Cost: pray order the Comisy. to Remit money for sd. purposes as soon as possible As I Engaged to pay the folks folks for their Grain this Courth time.
... I am
... Sir your Very huml Servt
... PETR. HOG
FORT CUMBERLAND May 19th. 1756.
SIR,
I recd yours of the twelveth --
I am sorry that I did not receive yours from Quantico dated March 25th. untill my Boy Came Up--I would have turned the Table directly, to the great Confusion of a Cringing Tatling Set, whom I cannot easily forgive--However I gave up nothing; I had my own guard, my Own report, I ordered out all detachmt. and gave them all their Instructions --
The Old Gentleman meddles with nothing; not even the Parole; desird that we Would look on him as a mere pasenger--a transient person willing to give advice if necessary.
I think you should be very Cautious in discharging the Militia--Expense is not to be Considered at this juncture --
It would have been a Saving to the Colony that an Equal number had been kept in pay since Christmas last. --
What Assurance have you, that 2000 of the Enemy are not Settled at the great Crossings Get proper intelligence before you dismiss any.--Consider if any thing happened to Scare off two or three thousand more inhabitants, would not your Country justly upbraid you for dismissing the Men Sent out for a Barrier? Youll easily pardon me this freedom, when I assure you that it proceeds from the regard I have for your interest, w out any arrogance, or inclination to direct.--I should be extreamly glad to see you here, with a sufficient number of men to bring intelligence from Gists plantation--You could then judge better what was to be done. --
If the Militia cannot be ordered out that farr--you will find Volunteers enough for that purpose. --
This juncture may afford hopes to some gentlemen that do not well deserve--if things are not taken notice of in a proper manner, Expectations will never be answered At mutiny, I shall represent Several things to you, in the most disinterested manner, and you can do as you think proper; and after doing So, I shall have discharged my Duty.
There are signs of more Indians come down --
... I am with Respect,
... Sir,
... Your most Obt. huble Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
ALEXANDRIA. 20th. May 1756
DEAR SIR
I receiv'd Yrs. by the return of Mr. Dorrel. I am glad that your Presence has encouragd the few remaining Inhabitants in Winchester and Neighbourhood to wait and See the Issue of your Resolutions and when it was known Colo. I. Wood deserted, no doubt his Example causd many to think their Case desperate --
It gives me concern, that your Causes of Uneasiness continue. You have heard the Governor Sometimes and I often, say that his being unacquainted with Military Operations, gives Him much Trouble in forming the requisite Instructions & Directions which are consequently liable to Mistakes. You mention his Orders to build a Fort at Winchester, but the Size, Form, Costs &c not inserted. It must be therefore supposed, As You are on the Spot You can best judge of the Size and Form which if You will accordingly send a Plan of and an Estimate of the Charges I imagine It will meet with Approbation, Also in other Matters where You have no express Instruction, Your own Judgment and on great Purposes [the Advice & Concurrences of your Officers] will be a Sufficient Satisfaction to justifie your Proceeding; and I have before said Your Friends have a good opinion of your Merit and will Support your Endeavors, being very Sensible You have the Countrys Cause at Heart and I have no doubt that Lord Loudon will give You Proofs of his Friendship--As to Bryan Fx if You think You have not warrantable Authority to appoint Him an Officer, after having told You the Governor mentioned to me that You had his Leave I think Bryan should return, for to remain as a Cadet in any Regiment can answer no Reasonable Purposes. If He desires to lead a Military Life I may perhaps make Interest wth Lord Loudon to give him Some Commission--I have Suspended getting the Regimentals till I further know the Result.
We at Belvoir shall be very glad when Mr John Washington prevails wth worthy Espoused to come and reside at Mount Vernon if agreeable to Your Liking--Wishing You every desirable Enjoyment I am with Affecte Esteem
... Dr Sr.
... Yr assurd Friend &c
... W: FAIRFAX
FREDBG May 22d. 1756
SIR
My friend & kinsman Capt. Wm Peachey informing me that he stood in need of a little more money than his pay I take the freedom to request to favour of you to supply him & I will gratefully discharge any of his engagements to you or your order & hope his Conduct may intitle him to that from you which to a generous mind is more valluable than even Gold.
I have engaged to one Briggs who comes with the Patriot Blows to mention him to your favour after he is discharged from that Service as he is desirous then of entering into Your Regiment if he can be preferred to any Post --
he comes under my subscription & will be mentioned to you by my best friend Colo. Presby Thornton who will have the best opportunity of Judging of his Meritt I heartily wish to Laudable an undertaking may have its desired good ends & that you may have the satisfaction of speedily restoring tranquility to our Country
I am with a Sincere regard for your Meritt Sr.
... Your Obedt. Hble Servt.
... JOHN TAYLOE
WILLIAMSBURG May 27th: 1756
SIR
Your two Letters of the 23d: I recd. last Night & note their Contents. I recd. Your Journal relating to the Militia which gives me some surprize to observe their dastardly Behaviour, in deserting & returning Home,11 I am sorry their Officers had no better Comand over them, & indeed I always was of Opinion they wd. not answer my Intentions in sending them to Winchester. I observe the Council of War held by the Field Officers of the Militia which is very agreeable that none of the Forces were sent to the So.ward, as I have order'd the Militia in Augusta & Albemarle to range the Frontiers to the So.ward.
[Note 1: 1 May 8th ... In the evening of this day Captain Dalton, with not only his Volunteers, but Captain Russel and his, with the remaining few of the Militia, came to town. Upon enquiring the reason of this I was answered that Captain Russel and his volunteers had got tired and must needs go home, and that the Militia, which were only 13, were too small to post as I had ordered, as indeed they were.
May 9th. Captains Dalton, Russel, with the Volunteers and Militia, set out on their return homewards ; so that there only remains of the Fairfax Militia those who went on to the Branch.
May 17th. Some time last night an express from the Branch arrived with letters from Ashby's Fort and Pearsall's Fort informing that a considerable body of Indians were about again and had taken a prisoner. Upon this all the Militia of Louisa and Stafford, save 6 of the first and 8 of the latter deserted ... --WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL.]
I dreaded the Desertion of the Militia wou'd be a bad Example to Your Regmt. therefore on Receipt of Your former Letter I wrote to Fredricksburg ordering such of the Militia that had not march'd to Winchester to return to their Countries to make Draughts according to the Act of Assembly; the draughting of them at Winchester is not regular.
I observe by a Court Martial Jas. Thomas, and Henry Campbell were found guilty for desertion to suffer Death, You have enclos'd a Warrant for Campbell, but as Frans. Thomas has been a long time in the Service & formerly behav'd well I remit his Punishmt. let him know it was on Your Intercession & get his Promise for good Behavior for the future; Henry Campbell's suffering I think absolutely necessary to deter others from that growing Fault; & I hope hereafter the Men will exert themselves in a regular Conduct, proper Spirit & a due Obedience to their Officers.
I doubt not but Your remaining at Winchester may be more for the Service than going to the Fort, but I desire to know how Affairs go on there, & I doubt not Gov. Innes will do every Thing in his Power for the Service.
I hope the Officers You ordered are at Fksbg by this time, as I believe many of the draughted Men are march'd for that Place.
The Gentln. Associators being Volunteers at their own Expence, I gave them no Instructions, but recomended them to consult with You what was proper to be done, & as they went with great alacrity I doubt not of ye readiness to do every Thing that may be for the Service of the Country.
I believe the Assembly out of a saving Scheme levied the Troops or Draughts only to Decr. thinking they would not be much wanted in the Winter, but I wish they had been for eighteen Months; I must observe to You that the Draughts in most of the Counties paid Fines rather than go to Wincht, these Fines were given to Volunteers that enlisted & recd. the 10£ these People I think are to be incorporated into Your Regmt. without any Limitation of Time, & I expect the Lieuts. or Commanding Officers in the different Counties distinguish these People from the Others, so that they remain with the Regmt. & if you see it necessary You may give them a Pistole more enlisting Money to confirm them in the Service, for it appears absurd that they should have 10£ in hand besides the Pay for six Months Service; indeed the Act of Assembly is not explicit on that head, but Justice & Reason is plain in Your favour, & I hope You will accordingly be able to enlist them all.
I suspend the Scheme of forming the Regmt. into two Battalions till I see You, when it shall be fix'd in the most eligible Manner, the same Reason in regard to the Forts & the Companies to be apointed to them, & the Vacancies shall at that time be fill'd up. I think the building a Fort at Winchtr. absolutely necessary, after the Plan is properly laid down they can be at Work on it when You come here, but Yr. absence must be very short--& Conegochege is also a very proper Place, & I doubt not Ct. Stewart will follow Your directions therein.
I wou'd fain hope on Lord Loudon's arrival that the Order for drawing the Amunitn. & other Stores from Ft. Cumbld will be countermanded, as I presume he has a large Train with him, in the mean Time You shou'd endeavour to have sufficient for the Forts already built.
You need not have wrote me to recomend You to the Earl of Loudon--Colo. Ludwell leaves this in a few Days for N York to Complimt. his Lordship on his arrival, by him I write fully to Genl. Abercrombie who is Second in Comd. & my particular Friend, in Your favr. which I think much better than writing directly to his Lordship, as I know the Influence he has with him.
I wish You to order the Pay Mr. to give You an Acct. of the Deductions from the Mens Pay in regard to their Cloathg. that my Supply may be adjusted when You come here--I have 1000 pair of Shoes come in I shall keep them till I see You, if wanted You shall have them --
... I remain with great Respect
... Sir
... Your Friend & hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
F CUMBERLAND May 29th. 1756
SIR,
You have no doubt heard of the Party of Volunteers who went out under command of Colo. Cressop; He returned about noon w about 60 of them & six of the Nottawais--About bare Camp, his men mutinied, Some were for one thing and some for another--Lt. Gist went from this place with him, with Eighteen men of the Regmt. and Seven Indians--In Compliance w the mutinous tempers of the men rather than w any reasonable view they divided their men --
Mr Cressop w the men under his Command Set off to fall in upon y--youghgane1 above the g crossing,2 whilst Lt. Gist marched w the Soldiers, Indian Capt. Tom, & sixteen Volunteers, straight to it, and about a Quarter of a mile above the Spring on the Top of the mountain fell in w a party of the Enemy.--The Skirmish lasted near hour, The Enemy behaved w great resolution and constantly aimed at Surrounding our men, who on their part behaved extreamly well, prevented the Enemies designs and, according to our Art, killed six of them, with the loss of two of themselves--There are only two of the men who were in the engagemt. Come in yet.--They overtook Mr. Cressop on his Return, w the numr. above mentd., instead of marching for the River, which I am afraid will lead Mr. Gist into a mistake --
[Note 1: 1 Youghiogany River.]
[Note 2: 2 The Great Crossing of the Youghiogany River.]
In their Return they fell in w three or four Indians, about They fell in with three or four Indians, one of whom they Scalpd, & wounded two more mortally, but his men were in such a pannick that he could not prevail on them to Stay and look for them. --
The Enemy with whom Lieut. Gist fell in were on their way down--I have not heard their number--They may be the Advanced guard of an Army for what I know.--The Sergt. who is come in, Says that they left the field upon hearing a Gun fired at a distance, and a great hollowing coming from the Crossing --
I am anxious about Mr Gist and the men under his Command. --
I hope you will Send us up Some of the Recruits as soon as possible
... I am
... Sir,
... Your most obt. huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
FORT CUMBERLAND May 31st. 1756
SIR,
I wrote you Saturday last, concerning Cressop's Party, who has behaved very ill, and about the Skirmish Mr Gist's Party had with the French and Indians --
The Enemy was observed to Dispatch a Runner towards the Crossing immediately on their meeting our Party--Lieut. Gist brought off the men very prettily, but with the loss of four, as You will see in the Return--Both parties behaved with great Resolution, and altho our men quit the Field at last They Seem to have more Courage, and are all of Opinion that they had the Advantage, giving a Circumstantial Acct. of a Frenchman and Seven Indian's being killed --
I forgot my Acct. in my last, and missed inclosing it in the Packet.--I have been Oblig'd to Borrow £21,, 19,, 1 to Pay Some of Gist's Recruits According to the Within Muster Roll--Lt Gist being out on Command when the Paymaster paid the Troops of the Garrison--The men are Scandalously naked.
The Indians have Blazed a path1 from the Crossing of Savage River on the Allegany Road, cross towards Potowmack a nearer way than to Come to the foot of the mountain on this Side.
[Note 1: 1 Blazing among the Indians and early settlers was an expression for marking a road through the woods by cutting the bark from the trees,]
... I am, Sir,
... Your most obt huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Tabb, of "Clay Hill," Amelia County, a member of the House of Burgesses from 1748 to 1768.
Samuel Cobbs, first of York, afterwards of Amelia County, married Edith Marot, daughter of Jean Marot, a Huguenot emigrant of 1700.]
AMELIA COUNTY June 1st 1756
SIR
We have this day sent twenty Seven Soldiers Inlisted the twenty Sixth day of last Month, under the Comand of Maj Wood Jones to be delivered to the Officer appointed by the Govn. to receive them at Fredricksburg the whole Number Inlisted Voluntarily. Most of them are Men of Midling fortunes and were in good Business and we believe go with a hearty desire to Serve their Country. many being Carpenters must be usefull on the present occasion. Richard Rogers and four of his Apprenteses are in the Number and has desired us to interseed with you that they may be kept together, and we do in a particular manner recomend to your favour Saml. Sherwin Thomas Eastey and Robert Woodlief as Men deserving your favour notice, and if convenient and agreeable to you they desire they may all be in one Company that they may be well used we are Sure you will endeavour. That there has been complaints against some officers you are not a Stranger to, and should these Men have just cause to complain It will deter others from Inlisting hereafter
We heartily wish you well, and are Sir
... Your Most Obedient
... and Humble Servants
... SAML. COBBS
... THOMAS TABB
WILLIAMSBURG June 1st: 1756
SIR
The Bearer hereof Mr: Richd: Baker has been very active in getting Men from the Isle of White Coty & unless he had engag'd to go with them none wou'd have enlisted, his Friends have applied to me for a Commission, which I cou'd not regularly give, not knowing what Vacancies may be. I therefore take this Method of recommending him to You, & if You can fill up a Vacancy by giving him a Commission, it shall be approv'd of by me
... I remain
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
WILLIAMSBURG June 12th. 1756
SIR
I have read over Yr. Memo. & observe therein; I cannot advise how the Virga: Regmt will be compleated if the Draughts from the Militia do not answer that End, but must here observe, if the Officers had perform'd their Engagements the Regmt wou'd have been in good Order, their Neglect & Breach of Promise is a great Loss to the Country.
The Scheme of forming the Regmt into two Battalions is very agreeable if compleated to a proper Number, but till I know the true Number of the Men, that must be for some time laid aside, at present the Officers are very near as great a Charge to the Country as the Men; when the Regmt is compleated to 1500 Men I do think the Scheme very proper, & when the Companies are compleated to 100 Men each, an Addition of Field Officers & two Lieuts I think will be very necessary. The building the Forts in proper Places must be left to You, as You know the Situation of the Country, so fix them in Places most convenient & necessary for our Protection; and the Form of the Fort must be agreeable to the Situation of the Ground, & the Distance from each must be from Yr. own Judgement; I am of Opinion 100 Men should be appointed to each Fort, & a Detachmt. of 50 or sixty from each to way-lay & watch the Enemy's coming over the Mount. at proper Places to attack them will answer better than hunting for them, as they are so well acquainted with the Woods they will always disappoint any such Attempts; whereas if they are surprized in their March it's probable it may be of more Service; in that Case the Detachmts from the Fort must be under strict Orders when to return, & if possible to have a proper Communication from one Fort to the other--Tools must be supplied if possible they can be purchased, the Sorts & Quantity You can best determine.
Till I have an effective return of each Company I cannot tell the Number, or the Deficiency of the Officers in compleating their Companies, which is Your Duty to annimadvert on.
As we must remain on the Defensive I think there is no occasion to compleat the Troop, but that they do Duty on Foot, unless You hereafter see an absolute Necessity for them, in that Case, the Numbers to be as formerly. You must be a better Judge than I am who may be proper to act as Comissary if Mr. Walker declines longer serving.
I shall be very glad if you can prevail on the Rangers to incorporate with Your Regmt, in that Case You know they will be included in the Number of 1500.
It's comonly in the Kings Armies a contingent Charge on the Regmt for taking up Deserters & always with the Colonel to order therein.
It will be of much Service if You can enlist any of the Draughts, & if they will voluntarily enter into the Service will help to compleat the Number propos'd; I think they are not entitled to the two Pistoles unless they continue longer than December, You probably may prevail with them for a longer Time, enquire of the Speaker if he thinks they should have the two Pistoles for the Time limited by the Act--When You are in a Body the ordering them to the Allegany Mounts. as Kings Forces is proper & may be necessary on occasion, as I conceive these Mounts. are in the Limit of the Government tho' not settled--Fort Cumberland is a King's Fort & built chiefly at the Charge of the Colony, therefore properly under our direction till a Governor is appointed.
It's absolutely necessary to detain a sufficient quantity of Stores now at Fort Cumberland which You may do by my Command & Orders.
The Militia return'd to the different Counties shou'd be draughted tho' part of them are now out on Duty.
These are my Thoughts on Your different Queries, but as it is impossible to be explicit on every Point, & as many Things may occur that cannot be directed, Your own Judgement must be Your Guide, as a great deal is left to Your own good Sense & Conduct. Pray God protect You and annimate You with Knowledge for his Service, & that of the King's & the Country, is the sincere Desire of
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
DOGUES NECK June 12th. 1756
DEAR SIR
I take the Liberty to address You on Behalf of my Neighbour & Your old school-fellow, Mr. Piper; who, without duly considering the Consequences, when he was at Winchester enlisted as a Searjeant in Capt. Mercer's Company; he has been down to consult his Father upon it, & finds him excessively averse to it, & as his principal Dependance is upon the old Man (besides the Duty naturally due to a parent) his disobliging him in an Affair of this Nature cannot but be highly detrimental to Him--I need not then say that it wou'd be an Act of Humanity in Colo. Washington to discharge him--Mr. Piper tells me that he has never yet been attested, which seems so essential a part of the Enlisting that I conceive he cou'd not be legally detain'd against his Will, but has still a Right to depart upon returning whatever The Money he may have received--This I only hint, & submit it to Your better Judgement--Be that as it will, Mr. Piper had Mr. Piper would much rather chuse to receive his Discharge from You as a Favour than insist upon it as a Matter of Right--I wou'd be superfluous to add that Your good Offices to Mr. Piper on this Occasion will ever be esteemed the greatest Obligation on
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. most obd Servt.
... G MASON.
FORT DINWIDDIE 14th June 1756
SIR/
Inclosed are the Returns of the Company Untill this date that goes by the party for the pay. --
It is strange that Majr. Lewis should Mistake his Instructions in refusing to pay arrears to any but the Men originally belonging to his Company. Lt. Colo. Stevens who was pay mastr. at that time can Inform you how I Came to have 2 Mns. Arrears due more than the other Officers vizt: from 29th Octr. till 29th: Decr: pray Let me know where I am to Apply for the payment of that, as well as the Arrears due to my former Company, as most of it is owing to Majr. Carlile for goods Advanced them & he complains of Lying out of his money. I formerly Sent under Cover to you the pay Rolls for Jany & Decr: Last in mine dated 3d: Feby, and at same time the Accot: of Debursements to the Commisy. to him directed tho both he & the pay Mastr. Write as if they had never Recd: them Advise if the sd: Lettr. Came to hand
... I am/
... Sir/
... Your Very huml: Servt:
... PETR: HOG
P. S. the Men are Importunate
... to know where they are to
... Receive their Cloathes & Sergt:
... McCulty how he is to be reimbursed
... for his Expences after the Deserters
... the Accos I inclosed in mine of 3d Feby P: H:
WILLIAMSBURG June 18th: 1756
SIR
I desire You to send me a List of the Volunteers You are to appoint to the Vacancies in Your Regiment--& the Number of Draughts from the Militia, which I am sorry to think will be much fewer than I expected.
As the Regimt. will be pretty much divided in Forts &c I thot. it proper & necessary to appoint Mr. Boyd the Pay-Mr., Muster Master, by which on paying the Men he will be able to make an exact return of each Company to You, & in course will be a Check to the Officers to keep their Companies as compleat as possible.
... I wish You Health & Success in Your
... Operations & I am
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
[Note 1: 1 Captain Robert Stewart, afterwards promoted Major, was engaged in the action on the Monongahela, and in August, 1755, was voted by the Virginia Assembly thanks, and a gratuity of £100 for his gallant behavior.--BROCK.]
MAIDSTONE June 20th. 1756
SIR/
I last night night had the pleasure of receiving your favours of Yesterday and am glad you are safely return'd. The Spirrit of Desertion was of late so prevalent here, that I once dreaded no other expedient than Hanging or shooting could affectually crush it. One Rollins who keeps a little tippling House here is in some measure the cause of that infamous and pernicious practice when I first arrived here I sent a Serjeant to him desiring him at his Perril not to sell Liquor to the Soldiers, this he paid no regard to, I then went to him and told him the terrible consequences of hurting the Service by making the Soldiers Drunk especially at such a Juncture but he still parsevered, I then plac'd a Centary on at each of his Doors with orders not to suffer a man of the Detachment to go in the House, but most of the Centrys were corrupted by his giving them liquor for liberty to supply others. I applied to Capt. Caton for redress the only Civil Magistrate in this Neighbourhood, he promised but put it off I renew'd my Application again and again at last I assured him that unless he would immediately take cognizance of this affair that I would complain of him to the Governor. Caton at length vouchsafed to have it tried, and when the allegations were plainly proven against Rollins by several of those who had been severely punished for Drunkeness and irregularity he granted a Supress Warrant to prevent his selling any more till the following Court, when he said his License would be taken from him however Rollins depended on the great Friendship Caton had for him and continued his Malicious Practices. We had daily Court Martials & constant punisments thro' the means of this Scoundrel which made me almost mad I sometimes thought of confining Rollins in the Guard House, and taking all his Liquors from him, but to put it out of their power to complain of illegal proceedings wch. the generality of people are apt to do of our Officers when without any foundation I once more applied to Caton he then truly told me that the Supress Warrant he had granted against Rollins was of no use unless it was sign'd by two Magistrates. I then immediately wrote to Capt. Swearingen informing him of the affair, but had no answer Ensign Crawford then went to his House. he came up here in a few days after but Caton was out of the way, thro' Catons neglect of this affair to call it no worse Rollins and the Soldiers always found some new method of getting the better of every precaution I could think of to prevent their getting drunk notwithstanding of the severe punishments that were almost daily inflicted which and the want of Clothes & necessaries first gave rise to the Hellish Spirrit of Desertion. --
By the Inclosed Letter you have an instance of the part Caton Acted (before I came here) notwithstanding of his pretended regard to his Country's welfare I would be extreemly glad you would apply to My Lord to have Rollin's License taken from him and to the Governor that he would order Caton's Conduct as a Justice of the peace to be enquired into If Rollins goes on with impunity it will be an encouragement to other such Scoundrels to follow his example and the Soldiery will at last begin to believe that their Officers can never effectually suppress such disturbers of orders and discipline to maintain which in the strictest sense you will at meeting see by the orders I have given and the care I have taken to see them executed that nothing in my power has been wanting I have 6 Deserters now in Irons & will be glad of your orders about them. One of them repented and help'd to discover and apprehend the others Inclosed you have a return of the Detachment I had many Sick but I have got an Hospital made and has a nurse by which means several are got well & the rest recovering
Its two weeks to Morrow since Governor Sharpe came up here, he Honour'd us with a short Visit but did not offer to give any orders or so much as view our Intrenchment, he set out immediately for the North Mountain where he now is & Preposes to remain for some Weeks, to expedite the construction of a Fort which they say is to be a strong regular & to Mount a quantity of Ordinance the Ground mark'd out for it is 14 Miles distant from the mouth of the Creek1 I can't learn that Maryland is to Build any other and they are to have but two Companys Commanded by Capt. Dagworthy & Bell for the defence of the Province to be supported till next December. they have only a Corperal and 6 Men at the Mouth of the Creek nor do I understand that they are to have any Garrison there
[Note 1: 1 This fort was called Fort Frederic. It was a work of considerable magnitude, situated on an eminence about five hundred yards from the Potomac River, of a quadrangular form, and constructed of durable materials.--FORD.]
Yesterday one Morgan from Pennsylvania inform'd us that on Munday last one of the Forts on the Fronteer of that Province had surrender'd to a large Body of the Enemy--As the Axes &c. you order'd did not arrive and as I was oblig'd to return the few I had borrowed, and was uncertain of remaining here any time did not attempt adding anything to the Strength of the place since you went down the Country. However I think I can do pretty well for double our Number of the Enemy if they only bring Musquetry against me--Inclosed is return of all the provision now on hand theres about 12000 lb Flower in a House of Colo. Cressop's which his Wife has positively denied delivering. I hope for your Orders soon & am with great respect
... Sir
... Your Most Obedt.
... Humb Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
MAIDSTONE JUNE 23rd 1756
SIR
I just recd. yours of yesterday by Rollins and upon Examination it appears that what he complain'd of to you are literally as follows Vizt
Amongst the other precautions I had taken to prevent Drunkeness and Irregularity which by Rollins' means then became prevalent amongst the Soldiers here, I order'd the Officer of the Guard to visit the Tippling House every Night sometime after Tatoo Beating, and to confine any of the Soldiers that might then be found Drinking there--Lieut. Campbell happened Officer of the Guard the night Rollins complains of, and went into his House at a Door that was quite open but that he did not abuse Rollins nor even speak to him he and those who went the Rounds with him are willing to swear thus --
One Day Rollins who was much incens'd at a stop's being put to his Selling Liquor to the Soldiers was cursing all the Officers in the grossest terms and said many audacious provoking things upon which Sergeant Hughes told him that if it were not for the Law he would whip him, Rollins replied that he would take no advantage of the Law desir'd one of the Inhabitants to be his second & stript, then he and Hughes went at it and Hughes gave him a most sincere Drubbing--Rollins never complain'd to me nor did he apply to you till after he found that Govr. Sharpe would not hear his Scandalous falsehoods against the Virga. Officers--he has since had the assurance to tell my Servant that unless I gave him Liberty to sell Liquor to the Soldiers that you would send me from here--I hop'd you would have mention'd something of Caton's affair and his as by it the Country has been defrauded and Laws trappl'd upon--The Deserters will be tried agreeable to your orders But any punishmt. a Regimental Court Martial can order will I'm afraid have little weight with some of them. Governor Sharpe is Building his Fort 14 Miles from the mouth of the Creek at Johnson's Plantation on Potomack River--Inclos'd is a Return of the Detachmt. and the provisions on hand, and doubts not but you will order us a supply of Flower before what is on hand is exhausted--Last night I was oblig'd to put a Soldier [one of Rollin's Customers] in Irons for Mutiny
I was yesterday favour'd with a Letter from Maj. Halkett Dated at Albany May 26th. He informs me that there was then a Total Stagnation in the affairs of the Regulars till the arrival of orders from home--That General Windslow was forwarding everything from thence with the greatest Expedition, that he expected to be able to Encamp at Fort Will Henry on the Lakes in 3 Weeks from the time and wou'd proceed towards Crown Point without waiting for further orders--Colo. Gage desires I would send back Winterbottom one of my Corporals who I had from his Regmt. to Train the Troop Horses what am I to do in this Affair? Your answer by the return of the bearer will oblige him who is with respect
... Sir
... Your Most Obthble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
Majr. Halkett desires me
to present his complimts. to you.
FORT DINWIDDIE 26th. June 1756
SIR/
Refering to mine of the 14th. Instant this Comes Express by Corporal Smith to Inform you that When I had Drawn up the Men on the parade to Acquiant them of the Arrival of their pay for 5 Mon: they all Exclaimed because their Cloathes were not Sent along with their pay; Saying they were Imposed on. & Cheated out of their 2d: per day: that the Sd: arrears of 2d: per day had run now almost 18 Months & for that time they had only Recd: one shirt a pr: of Stockgs: & a pr: of Shoes: notwithstanding they were promised 2 of Each Last Spring at Winchestr. by Sir Jno St Clair & the Adjutant, as well as Rollers for their neck: that they heard the Rest of the Companies had recd: their Cloaths & that 2 Companies from No Carolina had been lately Compleated with the Cloaths belonging to them: In Short after they were Dismist from the parade their discontent was so great, & Vented in Such Speeches, that the Officers came and advised me to Send off a Messenger Express to quite the Men: & Even the Sergt: came privately And Complained of their being Used Worse than the other Companies. & Neglected because of their distance from the Regt: I told them it was owing to the distraction that had been in Frederick County, and the Embargoe that had taken place at home which delayed the Arrival of the Shipping : however as I mentd: In both my Letters the tattered Condition of the Men Occasioned by the hard March & difficult paths on the Expedition It Surprises me you should overlook it. As the Opportunities are so Infrequent and the Conveyance of Letters so Indirect & Uncertain I could Wish you would be very particular In answering Every paragraph I was Informed by Majr. Lewis that the other Companies of the Regt: were to Garrison a Chain of Forts to be Erected from the Mouth of the So: Branch, along this River & so by Craigs Creek to Roanoke Now I should be glad to know Whether this Fort will be Continued In same Spott as I would Enlarge it this Summr. if it is to Remain Also if we are to Lay in our own provisions or if a Commy. is to be appointed to Act for the Whole as Beeff will be scarse, & some allready Begin to Buy up In order to Drive them away in the Fall. I Inclos'd Sergt: McCultys Accot: of Charges in going after the Deserters & Wrote to You his demand of a pistole reward besides : Which Last the Men think is all that can In Justice be Stopt from their Pay. Let me know how his Accot. is to be Satisfied. I also Inclosed pay Rolls & Recpts: for the Months of Decr: & Jany together with the Accot: of Debursements for the Comisy: the Whole in a Letter dated the 3rd: Feby advise if it Came to hand I Likewise at that time Sent my Recruiting Accot: to Capt: Stewart & Desired the Amot: to be paid to him being £2I--4--I have Enlisted two or 3 since and as the Company is not Compleat desire you would Send money for that purpose.
Inclosed is the Weekly Return the others were Sent in mine of the I4th: I have just taken up one David Currie a Young Fellow that Came out in a Compy. of Militia from Albemarle & stayed behind here to Evade being Draughted I shall Confine him untill he agrees to Enlist or have a return from you I am wt: Respect
... Sir/
... Your Very huml Servt.
... PETR: HOG
P. S as the Bearer comes
on publick Bussiness and
such as I hope you will judge
Necessary Expect you will allow
of his Expenses. P: H:
WINCHESTER June ye 30 1756
SR:
As I am very unwell and Our numbers decreasing here I propose going home to-morrow, & shall go to Fredricksburg as soon as I am able to Settle my affairs there. I have given Mr: Rutherford 216--17--8 in gold and paper which sum is as much or more than I have had in my hands of the Publick money when that is gone any sum may think proper to supply him with for the publick service I will be answerable for, I have ordered him to engage a young Man to assist him. Seven of the Militia Deserted last night & I am doubtfull many more will follow them as some Gentlemen below have been so imprudent as to offer for a Small Consideration to defend them against any damage for deserting. I am your most Humble Servt
... THOMAS WALKER
ALEXANDRIA 1st. July 1756
SIR
I rec'd Yrs. by a Messenger sent by Captn. Hamilton who I observe acquainted You He came down from his Post in quest of 12 Men that had deserted, but did not I suppose let You know that He intendd. home whither He is come as signified by his Letter without any Leave mentioned I have therefore ordered his immediate Return and to notific to the Deserters who He probably knows that if They dont also very soon repair to their Duty, They will be prosecuted according to Law. Indeed as the Drafts from Prince Wm & our County were so considerable as an 100 Men each, and the other eight Countys Drafts mostly allow'd to return or never got up to Winchester has given some Cause of Uneasiness to Our's, And it must be those Countys the Governor meant in the Direction given You in his Answer. Most of our young Men went out in the two Companys of Captn. Miner & Capt. Hamilton, and tho' Some of Them have deserted and perhaps gone to No Carolina Whereby are lost to Us, yet as our People were the first appear'd to receive Your Commands, They imagine You will rather expect to be reinforct from the Countys that have not equally Sent You assistance. However I have Suggested what the Militia of this County plead for due Consideration and the Hardship undergone if They are mere calld upon and obey, Yet I think We shall willingly exert our Selves when You think the Exigency of the Service requires.
As I am assur'd You was to set off for Fort Cumberland on Tuesday last I shall defer answering Your Letter relating to the Plan of your Fort at Winchester, till Bryan Fx's Return. If You approve and can employ Him under any Officer that has your Commands over the Workmen, It might be improve Him, as it would give a little Taste of Fortification &c
To Conclude. As at this Time our Harvest for Wheat & other Grain is at Hand It would be very prejudicial to Send out a Reinforcement as Capt. Miner & Capt Hamilton are desirous of and hope the other Countys will Soon Send their Quota to enable your giving Leave for our Militia Soon to Return after Wch. We shall draft as the law directs.
... Wishing You every Felicity I remain
... Yr affecte. Friend & obedt.
... W. FAIRFAX.
WILLIAMSBURG July 1st: 1756
SIR
Last Night I recd: Yrs of the 25th: Ulto.--I am sorry for the Delay of the Waggon with the Tools probably occasion'd by the badness of the Horses, but I hope e'er this they are with You.
I approve of Your consulting at a Council of War in regard to building of Forts, which I fear will be attended with very great Delays from the small number of Men You have, & I think it will not be proper to divide Yr. Men at too great Distances therefore You must build them one after another, so that on occasion You may collect a proper number to repell any Forces that may appear against You. As the Six Nations have sumon'd the Delawares & Shawnesse to Onondago, I hope they will comply therewith & in course be ordered to live peaceably with us.
Inclos'd You have a Letr. to Capt. Hogg & another to the Commanding Officer of the Militia in Augusta; & I desire You will give Ct. Hogg Your Opinion & Direction in regard to building of Forts on their Frontiers, which I hope will answer the Intent of protecting our Frontiers by Forts. I very much approve of the Field Officers having each a Company, which You may now put in execution, tho' I am sorry to think we have so many Officers & so few Rank & File. --
I am surpriz'd there are no more than 246 draughted Men & so bad as three to be discharg'd, send me an Acct. of the Number from each County--If the six Quakers will not fight You must compell them to work on the Forts, to carry morter Timber &c. if this will not do confine them with a short Allowance of Bread & Water till You bring them to reason or provide others in their room2.
[Note 2: 1 Washington had written to Dinwiddie, June 25, "There remain in confinement six Quakers, who will neither bear arms, work, receive provisions, or pay, or do anything that tends, in any respect, to self-defence. I should be glad of your Honor's directions how to proceed with them."]
I am glad Gov. Sharpe is building a Fort which will be so useful, but the Assembly of Myld allow no more than 1100 to enlist & maintain 200 Men build a Fort & three Block Houses & I daresay the Gov. will not exceed the Note of Assembly.2
[Note 2: 2 The Assembly of Maryland had passed a bill for raising forty thousand pounds for his Majesty's service. Eleven thousand to be appropriated to building a fort on the frontiers, and twenty-five thousand for carrying on any expedition for the public service, in which the other colonies might join. The Governor was authorized also to raise two hundred men to be employed in constructing the fort. Acts of Assembly passed in May, 1756.]
I consulted the Treasurer3 now here, about the Militia, & he is of Opinion they will all desert therefore he & I agree that those that will not remain shd. be return'd to their Counties, & that You write to the Lieut.s of those Countys to make Draughts from their Militia agreeable to the Act of Assembly & send them up to You by the Major of each County but if You can prevail on any of them to remain till Decr. let them know they will be paid as Militia to that Time--I recomend to You to persuade those that are Tradesmen & can handle the ax &c. to remain in building of Forts & You may augmt. their Pay as You & they can agree--I am fully convinc'd the few Men You will have remaing. are not sufficient for Defence & building the Forts, nor can I at present propose any Method to augmt. Your Regmt. I am really ashamed of the dastardly pusillanimous Spirit of the People in general at this time of Danger. & we must depend much more on the Protection of Heaven, than on the second means expected from us by God.--I recomend You to his guidance, & wishing You Health I remain
[Note 3: 3 1John Robinson, who held the position of Treasurer of the Colony as well as Speaker of the House of Burgesses.]
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
I hope You will send me a
proper Roll of all our Men
by this Expres--We have no
Acct. of Lord Loudon's arrival
Present
Colo. JOHN BUCHANAN
DAVID STEWART
Major JOHN BROWN
Captains JOSEPH CULTIN
... ROBERT SCOT
... PATRICK MARTIN
... WILLIAM CHRISTIAN1
[Note 1: 1 The William Christian mentioned could not have been Captain Israel Christian's son of the same name, who twenty years after was a prominent man, unless he was a wonderfully precocious boy in 1756.--WADDELL.]
... ROBERT BRECKINRIDGE
... JAMES LOCKART
... ISRAEL CHRISTIAN
... SAMUEL STALNAKER
... THOMAS ARMSTRONG
Who having taken their Seats proceeded to Business ... Whereas his honour the governor has Sent Repeated orders to the officers of the militia of this County to meet and consult on the most proper places to build forts along the fronteers for the protection of the inhabitants. It is therefore unanimously agreed by the said council that a fort be built at Petersons on the south branch of Potowmack nigh mill Creek at Some Convenient Spot of ground for a fort, which is left to the Direction of the officers appointed for that Service, also another fort to be built at Hughmans mill on Sheltons track--And Another fort to be Constructed at the most Convenient place and the pass of the Greatest Importance between the above said track and the house of Mathew harper on Bull pasture which is to be built at the Discretion: of the officer appointed for that purpose Also a fort to be Constructed: at Mathew harpers on some Convenient Spot there, and as fort to be Erected at Capt. John millers on Jacksons river, and as the fronteers are properly protected by the forts of Capt. Hog, Breckinridge, & Dickinson, There is no want of a fort unto the mouth of Johns Creek, a Branch of Craigs Creek, at which place a fort is to be Erected and as Fort William is Sufficient to guard that Important pass the next Convenient Place South West of fort William is at Neal M.Neals where a fort is ordered to Be Built at or night that plantation, and the next fort to be Built at Capt. James Campbles and a fort is to be Built at Capt. Vanses where a Large Body of men is to be kept as it is a Very Important pass also a fort to be Constructed at John masons on the South Side of Rounoak ...
It is Agreed that the Following number of Men is necessary to be placed at Each fort
... Men
At masons fort ... 30
At Vanses ... 70
At Campbles fort ... 50
At Mo.Neals fort ... 30
At fort William ... 50
At Johns Creek ... 50
At Capt. Dickinsons ... 40
At Capt. Breckinridge fort ... 50
At Capt. millers fort ... 50
At harpers fort ... 50
At Trout Rock fort ... 50
At Hughmans fort ... 50
At Lestersons ... 50
Dinwiddie ... 60
680 men in all to protect the fronteers
It is agreed that the Commanding officers give Orders that Fort Vans be made at least one hundred feet Square in the Clear and that the Stockades be at least 14 feet Long that all the other forts be made 60 feet Square with Two Bastions in each fort provided the Same Be agreeable to Capt. Peter Hog who is Supposed to have his honr. the governors orders to oversee the Constructing of the said Chain of forts The Distance Between Each fort above mentioned or the places agreed for them to be Built are as follows (Viz)
Miles
From the County Line to Petersons ... ... 2
From Petersons to Hughmans mill ... 18
From thence to Trout Rock ... 17
From Trout Rock to Mathew harpers ... 20
From Thence to Capt. Millers ... 18
From Thence to fort Dinwiddie ... 15
From Thence to Capt. Breckinridges fort ... 13
From Thence to Fort Dickinson ... 13
From Thence to Johns Creek ... 25
From Thence to Fort William ... 20
From fort William to Neal Mc.Neals ... 13
From Thence to Capt. Campbles ... 13
From Thence to Capt. Vanses ... 12
From Thence to John Masons ... 25
From Thence to the first Inhabitants in halifax County South Side of Ye Ridge ... 20
... By which we find our fronteers Extends ... 250 Miles in all1
[Note 1: 1 Of these forts but one or two were built before the project was abandoned.]
The afored. Resolves are Signed by All the officers Present the 27th. of July 1756
... Test ... JOHN BUCHANANWM PRESTON CR. County ... DAVID STEWART
... JOHN BROWN
... JOSEPH CULTAN
... ROBT. SCOTT
... JAMES LOCKART
... ISRAEL CHRISTIAN
... WM. CHRISTIAN
... JAMES MITCHELL
... ROBERT BRECKINRIDGE
... THOMAS ARMSTRONG
... PATRICK MARTIN
... STALNAKER
MAIDSTONE July 3rd 1756
SIR/
I recd your favours by Capt Gist and agreeable thereto Capt Bell, he, their Ensigns & Men Marches this day for Fort Cumberland. Capt Gist could not get ready sooner there now remains here only the Sick and my own Men, who till within these few days have been all well and are now turning Sick when the Duty is become hardest, theres 3 of them Sick 2 lame and 1 Confined for Mutiny, I have sent off Corporal Winterbottom & have sent for the Deserters at Carlyle all which has vastly diminish'd my small Number I'm under a necessity of having three Centrys vizt. 1 at the Guard House Door, 1 on the Store & 1 on the rising Ground above the Intrenchment therefore can't mount less that a Corporl. and 9 Men So that very few will remain to Range with however will make the most of those few and punctually obey your Orders I have spoke to several of the Country Men and endeavor'd to procure some of them to go as guides, Ensign Crawford who is well acquainted with them has likewise spoke to them & wrote amongst his Acquaintances and many of them say they would chearfully go were it not for their Harvest which makes it impossible for them to leave home at this Juncture So that we can't expect the least Assistance from them the few I have fit for Duty must be constantly on Guard or Command--The Inhabitants are alarm'd at the Troops Marching from hence and say that if this place should be evacuated they must abandon their Plantations, I assure them that what now Marches will return again and that you will keep men here as long as their safety requires it. The Enemy may easily pass Govenor Sharpe and come down here, its true there are but few Stores left But I should think myself as much concern'd in makg. a good Defence if attack'd as if the Royal Bank of England were deposited here tho' I don't apprehend much Danger at present but should anything happen I'm certain you'll do me the Justice to remember the trifling Number I have fit for Duty with which I have the Guard House Hospital and Intrenchmts. to Defend & perhaps a small Party out at that time--It gives me great Joy to hear of yr. Intention of coming this way for several reasons, I'm persuaded that this will appear a place of more Importance than is generally imagin'd as it & Mendenhalls Covers a well Inhabited Country I am with Great Respect
... Sir
... Your Most Obt hble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
Since writing the above one of Capt. Woodford's Men came here and informs me that all their Men except 11 Desertd in two Bodies--The night before last one Martial a Blacksmit hand his Family in all 8 Persons were Kill'd & Captivated by the Indians several Circumstances concur in making it certain the Enemy are return'd this way--Martial lived on Connegocheige Six Miles below Governor Sharpe's Fort
WESTOVER, July 8th. 1756
DEAR SIR
The young Gentleman who will deliver you this Letter is the Associator I mention'd to you, when I had the Pleasure of seeing you in Williamsburgh, Should it be convenient for you, Sr, to give him some Commission in your Regiment, I don't doubt but you will approve of him on Tryal. I wish for nothing more than an Opportunity to entertain you at Westover, for I assure you I am with great Regard
... Dear Sr.
... Your Most Obdt. Hbl. Sert.
... W. BYRD
BELVOIR, 10th July 1756
DEAR SIR
I receiv'd Yrs. of the 22d. Ulto. by Jenkins--enclosing two Plans of the intended Fort You are erecting at Winchester but the Bastions of the different Plans appearing to vary in the Dimensions You have not distinguisht which is the One Made Use of; however as I apprehend your Scale is feet I think either of them well design'd and notwithstanding Colo. I--'s1 invidious Calling it a Citadel, will be as small as can be formed to receive and entertain a suitable Garrison for that Part of the Country and expected to sustain the lesser Fortresses on the Frontiers. You having represented that on that Side of the Fort markt O there is an Hill at about 100 Yards Distance which forms and overlooks a Second Valley so as to cover an Enemys Approach where also the most likely to begin an Attack I think it advisable to build a Redoubt on that Hill as soon as the greater Work begins to be defensible, And as the Practice of Sallying out is to interupt and destroy the first breaking of Ground and near Approaches of the Enemy whilst Entrenching and raising of Batteries I have markt the Sally-Port on the said Curtain. In the Passage thro' the Wall which should be kept clear during War or apprehended Invasion there should be two strong Doors especially the outermost well studded with large Nails, Substantial Locks and Barrs; for the further Security thereof against the Enemys Shot and Fire, a Blind like a Ravelin necessary to conceal the Sally Port. It is many Years since I was in One but if I mistake not, they are so guarded. I am well aware the Planning and principal Direction being the Duty and Employment of an Engineer, must Occasion You much Thought and Fatigue, for which your Friends of the Martial Comittee should be put in Mind to prepare One another to give an adequate Recompense.
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Innes.]
If Bryan Fx is not pticularly designed to be stationd under some One of the Captains on the Frontiers, He seems disirous if You approvd, to be employd under the Officer entrusted with your Commands over the Workmen at Fort Washington, which may give Bryan an Introduction and Small Taste of Fortification. As perhaps You may want the Plans sent Me tho You did not mention it, Bryan has drawn two Copys herewith enclosd: I am persuaded You don't imagine I would recomend Bryan to any Favour He had not some Claim to by his respectful Behavior.
Captn. Miner & Capt. Hamilton have repeatedly of late writ representing their own and Companys Uneasiness at being very long detaind on Duty in so much that Many have Deserted. I have answerd them, that probably the Drafts from the lower Countys Militia will soon be compleated and enable You to admit their Return, before which We can't make our Drafts or think of punishing the Deserters. I shall be very glad when your Regiment is mannd according to the Sea Phrase. Genl. Abercrombie and Many &c are arrived and proceeded for Albany. Lord Loudon dayly expected. The D. of Richlieu wth. 15,000 Men are landed in Minorca. A Ship passing by from Genoa heard the Discharge of several Guns and after sayling a few Leagues met Adml. Byng with 15 Ships of the Line to whom the Captain told what He had heard--It is supposed We had abt. 8 Ships of War before at Port Mahon to assist the Garrison under Genl. Blakeny the Governor, I hope our next Advices from thence will give Us the great and Welcome News of the French Squadron and Land men being well drubb'd; wch. also reminds Me that Adml. Hawke has met a French Squadron off Cape Finisterre, taken 3 sixty and seventy Gun Ships, drove 3 more ashore and blockaded those that escapd. It's imagined these Fr. Ships were outward bound for Cape Breton & Quebeck, which being so prevented must distress their Affairs & Views.
If we can prevent the Enemy from annoying our People whilst Harvesting, I imagine the Invaders will soon be calld for, as the Operations will be chiefly carried on at Crown Point & Lake Ontario.
I doubt not your maintaining a free and friendly Correspondence with the Gentn. of the Martial Comittee.
Wishing You, Officers and Soldiers of your Regiment good Health and a Completion of your laudable Desires, in which G Fx his belovd Dame &c Joyn I remain dear Sr
... Yr affecte. & obedt. Servt,
... W. FAIRFAX
P. S.
For pticulars from Us & Mt. Vernon
referr to Bryan Fx --
WILLIAMSBURG July 12th: 1756
SIR
At the Desire & Request of Colo: Wm Byrd I recommend the Bearer Mr. Henry Timberlake to Your Favour & Countenance he has great Inclinations to serve in Your Regiment & I hope his Spirit & Behavior may recommend him to Preferment, in proper Course upon any Vacancy.
I have Acct. that a number of French & Indians have invaded Augusta & committed horrid murders &c as usual I have ordered out Part of the Militia of four Counties to oppose them & to repell their Violences, & I am in hopes they will be able to drive them over the Mountains; but I think we shall be in continual Alarms of this kind unless an Expedition is undertaken to drive them from the Ohio. I have wrote fully to Lord Loudon on this Subject; I believe he is arrivd at N. York tho' I have not any acct. thereof as yet.
I wish You Health & Success in all Your Operations & I remain
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
ALEXANDRIA 22d. July 1756 --
SIR
We have repeated Advices of the Deserters of our Militia, wherefore We have had a Meeting of our Officers and agreed that the respective Captain shall on Sunday next wth a Sufficient Number of armd Men make diligent Enquiry after and a Search for such Deserters as are within their District and when found and Secured, to have Them conveyd to the public Prison here and afterwards by an Officer to be sent up to Winchester under your Orders. This is all we can do at present. We shall be glad when You are re-inforc't so as to discharge the Remains of our Militia, who have done more Duty than Others. Wishing You Health and all possible Consolation I remain
... dear Sr.
... Yr. affect & obedt. &c
... W. FAIRFAX.
[Note 1: 1 Beverley, son of John Robinson [President of the Council and Acting Governor of Virginia from June 20 to his death in September, 1749] and grandson of Christopher Robinson, of "Cleasby," in Yorkshire, England, who settled about 1666 at "Hewick," near Urbanna, Middlesex County, Va. Beverley Robinson moved to New York, and married Susannah, daughter of Frederick Phillipse, who owned an immense estate on the Hudson River; became wealthy, adhered to the King in the American Revolution, and was commissioned Colonel of the Loyal American Regiment, and commanded also the corps called Guides and Pioneers. His son Beverley was Lieutenant-Colonel of the first. Peace being declared, Colonel Robinson, with a portion of his family, went to England, and resided at Thornbury, near Bath; died in 1792--BROCK.]
ALBANY 23d July 1756
DR. SIR/
Your favour of ye 1.1th June I rcd at this place the 14th Inst. for wh I am Very much Obliged to you, and am quite Ashamed I have never answered your first, but as I have had Very Little to say worth Communicating to you hope you will Excuse me
Your Lettr Inclosed to me I immediately Return to New York under Cover where I make no doubt it got safe, and Likewise forwarded the one for our friend Child. I am extreamly Affected with the Bad Accots you give me of ye Situation of poor Virginia as I Still Retain the greatest good Wishes for that Collony, and hope the Expeditions this Way may Divert ye Enemy from investing your frontiers till ye America Regiment can be Raised which I believe is principally intend for your protection.
I have been in this Town about a month and I shall Return is quite uncertain our Governor having placed me here to forward ye provisions & everything Else Supplyed by this province for ye Crown point Expedition but as there are three of us appointed for that Service I hope to be Returned soon by one of them --
The provinces altogether has Raised about 6000 men now Effective Commanded by Genl. Winslow, the main Body of them are now as far as fort Edward [ye upermost fort on the Hudsons River] with all their Train &c &c, The present plan of Operations for ye Campaign is that Winslow with ye provintials shall make ye first Attack on Crown point by themselves the Regular Army is only to March after them and take possession of ye ground as they leave it to be Near at hand to Support them in Case of an Accident this plan I believe was agreed to only to please ye New England men for which I am afraid they will Severely feel ye Rod of Correction, for it seems to me they are going on headlong to Destruction. but they must try and are above having either Regulars or Indians with them, agreeable to this plan Collo Burton with ye 48th Regt Marched after them and Otways & ye Highlanders will follow as soon as their Camp Equipage Arrives wh is Expected every day, Genl. Abercromby & Colo Webb are now in this place, and If I may presume to give my Opinion of such great men must say that I think them Very Clever Worthy men particularly ye Latter, who I believe will go Very Soon with ye 44th. Regt. to Oswego to Secure that place where every thing is in the greatest Disorder & Confusion, and ye place thretned every day with an Attack from ye Enemy, Collo Bradstreet who has ye Management of The Battoes & Transportation of Provisions to Oswego in his Return from thence about ye 10th Instant was attacked by about 5 or 600 french & Indians, against whom he Bravely Defended himself & killd 80 or 90 of them by ye Scalps & Guns &c his people brought off & put ye whole to ye Rout. We had 24 Wounded & 40 or 50 Killed and missing some of wh has since got to Oswego
Capt Rogers who Commands a Company of Rangers two days ago brought in 6 prisoners & 4 Scalps wh he took on Lake Champlain and Destroyed two Large Battoes Loaded with provisions going to Crown point, we have people frequently Scalped & taken in this Neighbourhood.
Majr Dobbs is posted at ye German Flatts in ye way to Oswego where I believe he is like to Continue & has Little prospect of Joyning ye Regulars this Camphain, Lieut Godfry Rowe has agreed for a Lieut in ye 44th. Regt
Please to give my Compty. to Capt Merser and Lett him know his Uncle is Very Well, I have Red his Lettr & will Write him as soon as I have any thing New as you will be kind Enough to Communicate to him ye News above, I shall be Extreamly Glad of ye Continuance of your Correspondence and Am
... Dr. Sr. Yr Afft friend
... BEV. ROBINSON
Lord Loudon is Expected
every hour --
MAIDSTONE July 23rd 1756
SIR
Your favours of yesterday Covering the Plan of a Fort to be Erected between Sleepy Creek & Berwick's I just now had the pleasure of receiving, with which I'm extremely delighted all but the Gate that I conceive to be too narrow as it will not receive even a Cart which would make the Reception of any Quantity of Stores quite dilatory but this [if you think proper] might be easily remedied by adding 2 ftt to it's width which would lessen each of the Guard Rooms 12 Inches, But in this I may probably be in an Error as you may not intend it for a Receptacle of that kind The Plan is Drawn in such an exact, particular & conspicuous manner that I'm under no apprehensions of committing mistakes
The Tools will be dispos'd of & employ'd agreeable to your Orders but unerring Experience has convinced us that we can neither Buy Wire or Borrow any from the Country people and as there's a few things omitted without which we cannot possibly carry on the Works I have Inclos'd you a List of them & doubts not but you'll be Pleas'd to give orders for their being immediatly sent us1--I shall not make choice of the Ground [which I apprehend to be of great Importance] nor indeed undertake any thing of the least Importance without the advice & approbation of the Officers as their concurring in opinion is one of the best defences I can have in case of any thing miscarring for which I have not a positive Order I fear that our Essays towards Expediting a Work to wch. we are all Strangers, the Inconveniences we may be Subjected to by frequent Alarums, Sickness, bad Weather being at a distance from Inhabitants and several unfor'seen accidents concurring in preventing it's being carried on with that Expedition that might be expected however this you may absolutely rely on that doing every thing for the best & thereby gaining approbation will be the constant Object of my Care and Ambition --
[Note 1: 1 Washington had said, in the letter of directions to which Captain Stewart refers, "Enclosed you will find a list of such tools as I have been able to procure, with which and such as you may get of the inhabitants by borrowing, hiring, and buying, you must be content."]
From the best Intelligence I can get [to procure wch. I have taken all imaginable pains] I think there's only small Detach'd Parties of the Enemy come into this Neighbourhood to harass and disturb the people in their Harvest nor do I believe that any of them have cross'd into Virgina. as I have had parties constantly out since the Ist. Alarum without discovering so much as any Tracks It gives me infinite Pleasure that your Orders were put in Execution before they came to hand I Detach'd Lieut. Gist up Sleepy Creek to Strengthen and take the Command of the Party that's Covering the Reapers that way, who I'm inform'd will finish their Harvest by tomorrow night--A few Women & Children are come into this place but all the Men on this side the River keep at their Plantations and I am quite satisfied with the Steps taken for their Protection--You may depend on my giving you the Earliest Intelligence of every Material occurence this way --
When you think proper to send us our Marching Orders [which I hope will be very soon] I beg you'll give orders for our being supplied with Provisions Mr Ross will supply us with Flower & Deliver it at Fort Frederick was the Assistant Commissary at this place Order'd to move up with us it would save a great deal of an Officer's time's being spent in an Affairs in which an Officer is suppos'd to know nothing of and which no Officer would willing undertake, as well as save Money to the Country
The Detachment is a little discourag'd at the thoughts of Marching without a Surgeon & Medicines at a Season & to a Place that Sickness & Action may be expected [at least not improble] and as no Doctor will be near us many Lives may be lost that a small Assistance from Art might easily preserve And to send to send our Sick or Wounded to so great a distance as Winchester would inevitably be productive of the worst Consequences not to mention the vast Danger of sendg them without a Guard which our small numbers would not admit of. To prevent those almost certain Evils would you be Pleas'd to Order the Surgeon that now attends us some small matter to which the Officers and Men would cheerfully contribute and to Order us a small Assortment of Medicines from the Grand Hospital or give us Liberty to take them from here This freedom I hope you'll the more readily forgive as it proceeds from my concern in what the Detachment is so nearly interested in I am
... With Respect
... Sir
... Your Mo: Obt: hble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
FORT CUMBERLAND July 25th. 1756
SIR,
Nothing Remarkable has occured in this neighbourhood since you left us--I think we omitted, My Lord, at the beginning of Our Address, you will please to observe before you send it off, and likewise Write to the governor and Some of the Council to charge Mr Ludwell to support & inforce it.1 I heard once from the Branch Since, but expect you have all the reports from that Quarter before this time.--Please to hurry up the Officers as Several of the gentlemen are Ailing here, Mr Rutherford is now on the Recovery after a very Severe Spell, and give orders for our men to join us, as we want 30 to Complat us to the Number agreed to, and have forteen more Sick. This makes Duty set heavy. We catch'd two in the very Act of Desertion and have wheal'd them till the Spectators shed tears for them--which will I hope answer the End of punishment. --
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Stephen probably refers to address to Lord Loudoun from the officers of the Virginia Regiment. Philip Ludwell had been chosen bearer of an address from the Governor and Council of Virginia.]
The Detachmt of Militia at Ashby's, absolutely refusd to Escort the Express to this place, and am afraid never will get over the pannick which Seiz'd them under Command of Mr Rutherford.2 --One of them named Croucher has always behavd well, and came up w the express in the night--Pray Urge the necessity of having more men, the Militia will add to our disgrace but nothing to our Strength.--I shall be Oblig'd to Recall Capt McKenzie, unless we are joind shortly by the men Belonging to these Companies.
[Note 2: 2 "I make no doubt, that your Honor has ere this heard of the defeat of Lieutenant Rutherford of the Rangers, escorting an express to me at Fort Cumberland, and of the dastardly behaviour of the Militia, who ran off without one half of them having discharged their pieces, altho they were apprised of the ambuscade by one of the flanking parties, before the Indians fired upon them; and ran back to Ashby's Fort, contrary to orders, persuasions, threats," &c.--Washington to Dinwiddie, August 4, 1756.]
Send us Little Crocus, to ease my Burthen, which would have overset me by this time, but for the Assistance of Sergt. Feint who Promises very well.--Let the Docr. Send what medicines he knows to be wanting. --
We have had Sermon the two last Sundays; The Genuine product of Fort Cumberland. Capt. Woodward Offciates. If you can come across a Cargo of second hand Sermons please to forward them by the first Waggons, for as we have no Books; memery will soon fail us. I have the honour to be with Esteem
... Dr. Sir,
... Your most Oblig'd huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
Memorandy
To be sent per first opportunity
a map of Lake George, Crown Point, &c
Advices from Majr. Lewis, and an acct. of Loudons arrival The number of killd and woundd in the last engagemt on the Lakes
[Note 1: 1 This letter, without signature, is addressed to Washington, "to the care of Benj. Franklin, esq. Phillad." and appears, from a similarity in handwriting, etc., to have been from Colonel Gage.]
SCHNECTADY July 26. 1756
DEAR SIR
In my last I inform'd you that our Regt. was to march to Fort Mc:Henry, but the scheme is alter'd; the 48th is moved that way; but we are the latter end of this week to set out for Oswego, whether we are to remain there in order to fortify that post which at present is in a bad condition, or to move against Niagara I cannot give the least guess; The Provincials destin'd for the Crown-point Expedition have absolutely refus'd to act either with Indians or Regulars, and are to share among themselves either the glory or the shame of the event of the expedition; if they fail, `twill not be for want of Numbers, as they are about 6000 fighting men. Ld. Loudon is not yet landed; Col Web is to go to Oswego with us and to act as Major Genl. When we get there, you shall hear from me again; All the Publick news was in my last; the change of our destination occasion'd this short letter; You must not expect that I will sign any, lest they should miscarry, or be open'd which is a common practice, I hear among the people of this country, a damn'd villainous one, I think, for I believe a man, that would make free with your letters out of your sight, would in your absence make pretty free with your purse. Adieu dear Sir
... Your's most sincerely
... and most affectionately
[P. S.] We have just heard that Ld. Loudon arriv'd last Saturday.
CONEGOCHEEG 30th. July 1756.
SIR
Inclosed you have my Companys Receipt˙s as far as I have been able to have them Signed, the two Wilsons are yet with Govr. Sharpe, Thomas Pritchard is with You, or at Edward's, Gus Waughar is on Command after Deserters, that left us sometime before we went to Fort Cumberland; George Plummer and William Fulton are dead.
Pray speak to Mr. Kirkpatrick to Settle my Country Accots. with the Bearer, I have sent what Accots. I have paid here with the Receipts, hope to receive that money with the Ballance of the Country Accot. by the Bearer, as I imagine there is a large Sum due to me & my Son for Recruiting --
I should be obliged to You for your Interest to Mr. Welden to be Deputy Commissary at Maidstone if any occasion for one there
... I am
... Sir Your most humble. Servt.
... CHRISTR. GIST
Please to forward the inclosed
Letters ...
MAIDSTONE July 30th 1756
SIR
Yours of the 27th & 28th Inst. I was favour'd with--Since my last the Enemy have been within five Miles of us on the opposite side of the River where they kill'd one Man & Captivated three Children, the day before yesterday Nine Indians were seen on the Main Road they have attempted nothing on this side the River nor has any of our Parties who are constantly out yet had the good Fortune of seeing any of them--These last Murders & Depredations have struck a vast Panic into the people on the other side, I'm inform'd many of them are flying with the utmost precipitation to the Interior Settlements, some of those on this side are uneasie at our going so far above them and say they will soon be in the same Situation with those on the other side ye River but as our staying here a week or two longer would give them but little satisfaction and would greatly retard our Operations and as our Numbers are too small to Divide I have with the Advice of the Officers here fixt upon Monday next or Tuesday at Furthest to March, by that Time the Harvest will chiefly be over --
The Tools wrote for can for some time be done without but we can't begin without a Grind Stone For the future I will apply to the Commissary & Docr for any thing wanted in their way--I fancy Mr. Ross1 could supply us with Nails--Inclos'd is a Roll of the Troop agreeable to the Form sent me & the Rects. for their Pay for the months of May and June last--Please let me know if I'm to send Expresses with our Weekly Returns or if I should have occasion to inform you of any material occurrence whether I'm to send an Express to you wherever you may be or direct it to be forwarded by the Officer who may Commd. at Winchester in your absence?
[Note 1: 1 The Maryland commissary.]
The Bloody Flux spreads amongst our Men Ten of them are now ill with it --
I omitted in my two last to inform you the tent & Marquee which went from here to Frederick Town was several Months ago sent from thence to the No along with Baggage that belong'd to Mr. Alsop of the 48th. Regimt. There's none such as yours either on the other side this Creek or in Frederick Town. I am
... Very Respectfully
... Sir
... Your most Obt. hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
Shall I send up a Waggon with the
Sick that are here? or what is to be done
with them?
MAIDSTONE July 31st. 1756
SIR/
Tho' I wrote you yesterday by Capt Gist's Clerk, by whom I sent my Roll & Receipts for the Months of May & June yet judge it necessary to write you again by this Express as I have now certain Intelligence of the Enemy's having got in the Virginia side of the Potomack. About 9 oClock last night one of our Sentrys Fir'd [he affirms at two Indians who was creeping up to view the Entrenchment] upon which we immediately got to our alarm Posts but as no Attack ensued, immediately detach'd a party to Reconnor. the adjacent Risings the outside of where our advanc'd Sentrys were plac'd and remain'd under Arms at our Posts, soon after the Party return'd without making the least discovery; at Reville Beating this Mourning sent out a Command to protect some Reapers & to endeavour to procure some Intelligence--Between 12 & 1 oClock this Day had intelligence that a party of the Enemy had this Morning at Sun rise Captivated Clem Gilleham a Man & John Huffman a Boy, four Miles from hence on the Winchester Road, just after had information from the other side the River that about 10 oClock a Party of the Enemy was seen Cross from Virginia to Maryland with 2 Prisoners therefore as we were almost certain it was the same Party that had Captivated the above prisoners, and as we had then a Party out, our Men prodigiously harrassed with constant partys and many of them Sick, and the whole getting in order to March from hence the day after to Morrow did not think it Expedient to detach any more till the others return'd except a few single persons by way of Spys and to give Notice of the Enemy's vicinity to the Inhabitants.
Some of the Sentrys at Fort Frederick have been Fir'd at & Fort Granvile on the Frontier of Pensylvania was last week attack'd by a large Body but the Pensilvanians after sustaining a constant Fire for five hours repuls'd the Enemy chiefly by the Assistance of some Swivells that were well serv'd Colo. Crisop this day inform'd me that every Family between the mouth of this Creek and Carlile Town in Pensilvania are fled and that the Inhabitants of that Town are abandoning their Houses in the utmost consternation
I am at this Moment inform'd that a man was this day found Scalp'd on the Main Road between the Mouth of the Creek and Governor Sharpe's Most People imagine that there's a very considerable Body of the Enemy, and that they have some particular place of Rendevous in the Mountains from whence they send these partys into the different Provinces The People on this side are excessively terrified and some are mov'd in here, and 'am inform'd by severals who are come up the River that most of the Inhabitants on this side the River quite down to the Mouth of Shannandoe1 have resolv'd to fly so soon as we decamp from here, therefore I am much at a loss what to do without Your orders for our Number is too small to divide and should we deferr Marching we will not have time to compleat our Operations before the rigorous Season comes on, and should we March, this part of the Country will by the timidity of the Inhabitants be laid Waste I am
... With great respect
... Sir
... Your Obedt. huml Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
[Note 1: 1 Shenandoah.]
FORT CUMBERLAND August Ist. 1756
SIR,
It appears to me that the Works unanimously agreed to here in Consequence of the Assemblys Resolution cannot be Carried on untill more of the Draughts come up ;1 The present disposion will never answer.
[Note 1: 1 The Act of Assembly here referred to had ordered a draft of militia to be made in every county, city, or borough respectively. The men drafted to be continued in service until December first.]
Mr. Wilmer cannot afford an Escort. to Capt. McKenzie, He divided, cannot furnish one as far as Ensign Thompson's. At Sellars Plantation are XVIII f. f. D. I have wrote to Capt. Waggener to send the men belonging to this garrison, but I Imagine he had been prevented by parties of the Enemys about--I have omitted sending a monthly return in case of Accident; we want thirty of our Complemt. & have Nineteen Sick. These Circumstances considered, makes it appear to me preposterous, to build in so many different places. When we cannot keep the Communication open, nor maintain to advantage the Works already rais'd.
The resolve to build the Chain, has certainly been Consequent to a Resolution of the House determining a Certain number of Men, but as that has unhappily fail'd, The other must of Course; and cannot be Expected. It was upon a Supposition of the Draughts arrival, or of the Continuance of the Militia on the Frontiers, that I gave my Opinion relating to erecting Forts. The Militia has brought disgrace upon our Arms and are in a great measure Useless, but could have defended a Fort, whilst the Regimt. or Rangers, went in pursuit of the Enemy.
Unless such a Body of Men are kept together at any of the Forts as can spare a Detachmt. to Cope with any party of the Enemy we cannot Protect the Inhabitants, nor Answer the end intended by raising Troops. Such Petty Divisions Invite the Enemy to watch and hang about, well knowing that after weakening them by picking up Some Straglers, they have a Chance for reducing the Whole. --
They show themselves by way of Bravado at the Small garrisons as they pass to destroy the Inhabitants, and as this insulting Behavious escapes with impunity it increases their insolence and demonstrates that Forts w a Sufficient number of men to defend them & Scour the Country About, are a Useless Burthen to the province; whereas were there a Body of men in them, from which a Detachmt. Could be Constantly out, we would take off a number of the Enemy, & it would be impossible for them to get below us with impunity, to Annoy the Inhabitants: We are entirely out of Rum, Wine & several medicines, a List of which I have desir'd Mr. Johnston to send to Docr. Craik, which I beg you'll please to order up as soon as possible. I have been obligd to Send Mr. Feint to Ashbys where five men are ill of a fever that prevails there.--Parties of the Enemy are Constantly about, one of about 20 Encamp'd latly w in half a mile of The Fort; near the place where the Picket of the Left was posted last Year. I have the honour to be,
... Sir,
... Your most Obn. huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
Present the following Members
Capt. THOMAS WAGGENER President
Capt. THOMAS COCKE
Capt. WM. BRONAUGH
Capt. ROBERT SPOTSWOOD
Capt. DAVID BELL
Lt. WALTER STEWART
Lt. MORDICAL BUCKNER
Lt. JOHN KING
members
Ensn. SMITH
Ensn. DEAN
Ensn. SUMNER
The President produced to the Council Orders from Colo. Washington of the 5 & 7 of August that the President & the two remaining Companys are to be disposed of in the most eligible manner for the protection of the Inhabitants above ye Trough, & as the Militia Stationed upon the Branch are determined to leave their Stations directly, We judging the Welfare of our Country requires that as many of the Inhabitants as possible remain on the Branch, which without protection it will be impossible to Detain,
It is therefore the opinion of the Council that the Forces Detached from the Regiment and now upon the Branch without a further Supply of Men it will be impracticable to proceed in building the Chain of Forts Ordered.
We are likewise Informed that the upper Inhabitants that is those twenty miles above Capt. Waggener's upper Fort is without a Mill, & that neither meal or flour can be had without sending a Detachment at least twenty Miles for it, so that the whole except Capt. Bells Company remains here 'till further Orders
HARNESS FORT Augt. 10th. 1756
SIR
I had got as far as this Place in my way to the Upper Track; and Imediatly upon Rect of your Letters, I held a Council of War, The Resolve of which you have Inclosed, together with a Return of each Compy on the Branch, Capt. Field with 30 of his Men are willing, to Remain at the Upper Fort till decr. so I Cant Station the Men at the Difft Forts, untill I know, whether his Staying will be agreeable to you or not--Since I wrote you last their has been a Man killd and Scalpd within half a Mile of the Town Fort, And Two of his Sons taken Prisoners--the Men belonging to Fort Cumberland went off Sunday last, And Capt. Bell Marches Imediatly to his Station--I am
... Sr. yr. most Obedt. hue. Servt.
... THOS. WAGGENER
BELVOIR, 13th. Augt. 1756
DEAR SIR
I had the renew'd Pleasure to receive your Epistle brought down by Captn. Mercer. I suppose the Govrs. Orders to dismiss our Militia after Harvest were conditional in Case You had Men eno' in your Regiment to garrison the little Fortresses and repel the sculking invading Enemy. However I am glad the Militia are on their Return, tho' by their many and frequent Desertions They discover that a good public Spirit is not among them. I have issued Orders for apprehending in Hopes to have them punishd, but they find Favor, get private Hints and are conceald. War was proclaimd at Wmsburg last Satturday,1 So that may dayly expect Directions to proclaim the Same in each County, and wish It may animate our young Men and encline Them to enlist and compleat your Regiment--I have before told You, that Lord Fx was formerly acquainted with the Earl of Loudon, and will no doubt at Your Request mention You to Lord Loudon, and according to it's good Reception You may proceed to Address in behalf of the Regiment which will likely be continued and Subsisted at least during War. I also advise your Sending a Plan of the Fort you are erecting which I suppose is to have a Ditch and enclosd with strong Pallisados.
[Note 1: 1 War against France had been formally declared in England on May 17th, but was not announced at Williamsburg until the 7th of August.]
It is whispered that the N England Forces under Genl. Winslow have declard their Dislike to be comanded by or receiving Orders from Genl. Abercrombie who it's said to avoid any Interruption to the public Service expected from that Corps, wavd his Right; but how that Matter will be carried on now Lord Loudon is arrivd, perhaps the News Papers of Next Week will give some Intelligence; and heartily wish We may then be informd of General Blakeney's Success against the formidable Attacks of the Marshal D. de Richlieu; for the Loss of that important Island of Minorca would greatly lessen the Brittish Interest & Influence in the Mediterranean. And further if We should make Conquests at Crown-Point &c unless We could seize all the Neutral and controverted Islands I know not what valuable Aquisitions We should refuse to restore in Exchange for Minorca, as Port Mahn. has been found greatly useful and necessary to our Navy being oblig'd before that Posession in 1708 to refit and winter our Ships destin'd for the Mediterranean, at Lisbon.
... 16 August.
This Day Capt. Mercer favourd Us with his Company. He says You sent some Posts ago an Address to Lord Loudon in behalf of your Regiment. As it is very probable His Lordship at his first Arrival & some Time after, may have such Multiplicity of Business as not to admit a requisite Attention to your so early an Address; which if You find by being unnoticed, A kind and favorable Letter from Lord Fx may give You a successful Introduction; and perhaps Colo. Gage &c at your Request may mention You in a genteel Manner natural to that worthy Gentleman. As the Address was not recomended from Wmsburg, I doubt P. L. may'nt think proper to espouse it.
I am greatly oblig'd and thankful for your appointing Bryan in Capt. Mercer's Company, trusting He will improve all Opportunitys towards acquiring usefull Knowledge in the Military Science and show his Gratitude for your Favours.
Capt. Mercer says, your Soldiers working on the Fort are paid Sixpence extraordinary a Day. I paid the Soldiers at Providence sixteen pence st. each Day they workt, I therefore think on your Representation of the hard and painful Service in hot Weather the Comittee would allow a reasonable Quantity of Rum and Sugar twice a Week for their Refreshment & Encouragemt
That You may enjoy good Health, Contentment, and Fruition of your Hopes is the Sincere Wish of
... Dr Sir
... Yr affecte. and
... Obedt. Servt.
... W. FAIRFAX.
WILLIAMSBG. Augt. 14 1756
SIR,
An Opportunity offering to Frederickbg. I thought it requisite to Acquaint you of Our progress, & prospects of dispatch,
The Speaker was from home, when we call'd,--its Said on Courtship of Miss Cheswell,--and only came to town last night--today he proposes a Comittee, but the uncertainty of Collecting a Sufficient Number is so great that I fancy, this day Will Stand a Blank in Business--& then we can expect, he says, no Comittee before Tuesday--However we must Assume patience and waite the Conviency of the Grandees of Government --
Nothing new here to inform you--Colo. Bird I am told has repudiated his Wife, who is now in a Delirium for his Behaviour, and is Resolved to make a Campaign under Lord Loudon--he has committed his Estate to the Charge of Some Friends, & Settled all w a design never to return to Virginia--Monsr. La Force had like to have escap'd but luckily catch'd1--Brookes was not to be found when I pass'd there, but desir'd Capt. Lewis to Consult him, & to advise You the result --
[Note 1: 1 La Force had been taken prisoner in the attack upon de Jumonville, May 28, 1754, and had been treated by Dinwiddie with extraordinary severity. He succeeded, by almost incredible efforts, in escaping from his prison in Williamsburg, and in reaching King and Queen courthouse, without a compass, and in absolute ignorance of the country through which he was passing. There he was arrested by a backwoodsman, who, in spite of bribes of every description, delivered him to the authorities at Williamsburg.]
... I Am in haste--Tho' w great Esteem--&c.
... Sir. Your Very Obt & Hum Servt.
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK
WILLIAMSBURG 18th. Augt. 1756
DEAR SIR.
Our Committee has been engaged for two Days in considering the several Accounts In your Letter, which were laid before us, & I think have redressed every Grievance which Prudence & our Authority as a Committee would allow of; As to your own particular Case, we have thought fit to refer the Consideration of that to another Time, for the Reasons that our Chairman, from whom they will come more properly than myself, will give you, & which I hope will be satisfactory.2 This will be deliver'd to you by Mr Butts Roberts an unfortunate young Man, who is sent up to your Regiment for not appearing at the Draught of Yk County; he is born of very reputable Parents & his Father is a Man of no inconsiderable Fortune; The young Man some Years since being desirous to study the Law, at the Request of his Father I took him under my Tuition; he continued with me upwards of a Year & by his extraordinary Application made a surprising Progress in his reading & his Behaviour was so commendable that I thought it entituled him to a great Share of my Esteem; I believe the young Man would gladly have continued his Studys under me, but for some Reasons his Father upon marrying a second Wife thought fit to remove him into the Country; where by being, I believe, too much neglected he has not employ'd his Time to so good Advantage as he formerly had done with me. It seems from the Account he and another Man gives me, that at the Time the Act for draughting the Counties was upon the Anvil, which he knew of, but before it passed, he went to Maryland upon some Business & did not return 'till the Draught was over; but as he was a single Man upon the Muster Roll & did not appear at the Day appointed, he was of Course deem'd an inlisted Soldier, & has been accordingly taken up & will be sent by the several Constables; I believe every one of the Officers are concern'd for the young Man, but think it their Duty to comply with the Law. If the Young Man did know before he went to Maryland that such a Law had pass'd, I think it was highly imprudent in him to do so; but at the same Time I'm persuaded that it was owing to his Father & not his own choice: but since it is his Misfortune to be sent to the Army I must intreat your Favour towards him, so far as may be consistent with your Rules & Regulations; if it would suit you to employ him as an under Clerk, I daresay he would give you great Satisfaction, as he did me; he writes a good Hand a pretty good Style, & is pretty accurate in his spelling, & I dare say to make the Time pass as agreeably as possible to himself he will be content with small Wages. I do assure you, Sir, as his Father is so Backward in assisting him, tho' I'm convinced he had been a very dutifull Son, out of Compassion & Regard to the Young Man I would cheerfully advance the ten Pounds, which has excused so many,1 if that would procure his discharge. I have been desired to go with him to the Governour, but I have no Interest there & never intend to have any: tho' to serve a poor Man in Distress, if I thought it would avail, I would nerve my Face for once; but His Honr. upon a somewhat similar Occasion having declared that he will not interfere with the Law, I am discouraged from the Attempt. My best Wishes attend you being Dr. Sir,
[Note 2: 2 Washington had written a long letter on August 5th to Speaker Robinson, setting forth the various needs of the officers and soldiers, and asking more explicit directions for himself.]
[Note 1: 1 A person drafted was permitted to pay a fine of ten pounds and escape service.]
... Yr. affte. hble Servt.
... ROBT. CARTER NICHOLAS.
You see the Hurry I'm
in, therefore hope you'll
excuse this Scrawl.
WILLIAMSBURG 28th. Augt. 1756
DEAR SIR.
Since writing of the within Letter I've prevail'd with myself & Colo. Degges to wait on the Governour & represent Mr. Robert's Case to him; he left the Matter entirely to us & agreed that he might be discharged if We could procure another Man to go up in his Room; this I'm afraid will not be in our Power; We have however pass'd our Words that Roberts shall surrender himself to you, to be disposed of as you think proper. If you can't discharge him without having another Man in his Stead & can't employ him in some such Office as I've mentioned in my frt. I would to serve the poor young Man go as far as five or six Pounds in Hiring a Man in his Room, tho' I imagine one may be got cheaper, & a more able Man for a Soldier too, as he will be discharged by the Act of Assembly the first of December. If the young Man should Want a few Necessaries, I will be Security for such as you think he can't well do without. I am prompted to say thus much out of Regard to the Young Man & by no other Motive: when his Father dies he will have a pretty good Estate independent of wt. he may think fit to give him, & make no Doubt but that, when he is able he will repay me Whatever I advance for him. I heartily Wish I could contribute to make your Office more agreeable to you than it seems to be as I shall be always well pleased to shew with how much Regard I am, Dr. Sir,
... Yr. affte. hble Servt.
... ROBT. C. NICHOLAS.
At a Committee held August 14, 17, & 18, 1756 Col Washingtons Accounts were examined
The Article of £50 stolen from Cap Peachy referred to the Assembly
Patric Flougherty to be allowed a reasonable price for his Horse if really killed.
The stoppage of 2d. per day for clothing and 2d. per. month day to ye Surgeon to cease.1
[Note 1: 1 Two pence a day had been heretofore deducted from the pay of the soldiers for their clothing, and two pence a month for medicine, which was paid to the surgeon. Washington had complained of this in the letter of August 5 to Speaker Robinson.]
The Surgeon's Pay to be augmented to 10/. per Day
The Surgeon to be paid £50. to reimburse his extraordinary
Expence for Medicines & to recruit his Chest.
Col Washington is directed desired to hire a House at Winchester for an Hospital for the Sick and to purchase Necessaries for them.
To pay Chris. Gist's balance of £95. 3. 5.
Also to pay Ferry Keepers such Allowances as he thinks reasonable
WILLIAMSBG Augt. 19th. 1756 --
SIR.
Capt. Cocks after a Melancholy stay of ten days, Spent in Murmur, Silence, Complaints, Grief, and Remorse, hurrys homewards to taste true happiness in Content & retirement, ... protesting never to risque his fortune to the Caprice of Committeemen hereafter ... declaring his Loss & Sufferings were never to be repaired ... nor expects any Satisfaction, by his being Shifted from Man to Man, for Money--The Governr. sends him to the Committee, they return him to the Governor, & he Referrs to Lord Fairfax, & the Colonels--However his Complaints are, both the Governor & Committee, have delt Generously by him --
By this Muddy Mortall I thought it incumbent to advise You, that I shall be detain'd a Couple of days longer in town, being obliged to leave a Copy of all Accounts as they now have been examined, & stand stated in your Book, so that the next Comittee, will have easy work with you--We was exceeding Lucky in a Committee of Rational & intelligent Beings, who Soon dispatch'd every thing with great Judgement, & Resolved £5000, should be sent you--As I am not inform'd what were all their Results--I can only hint at Some, as their discontinuing the 2d. for Clothing, & 2d. per Month for the Surgeon--from all the Men encreased Dr Craik's pay to 10/, order'd him £50 to defry his extra. expence of Medicines, & promis'd he should Suffer nothing at the Years end in that article--&.c. &.c.--You'll be fully inform'd from the Speaker of Every circumstance--He has promised to compleat the Cash today, but I am afraid it will be in the old Stamp of 4 & 5 pounders ... On Saturday we shall doubtless leave the Town.--Not a Syllable of New to write You --
Excuse haste--I am with Due Deference & Esteem
... Sir,
... Your Much Obligd &
... Most Obt Hum Servt
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK.
WILLIAMSBURG Aug. 19th. 1756
SIR
Yr. Letter of the 4th: I recd. & note its Contents--I observe You have been much engag'd in settling the proper Plans for the Chain of Forts propos'd to be built; & I doubt not the Places You have fix'd on are the most proper, as You know the Situation of the Cotry You are the best Judge thereof.
With Concern I see the Roll of Yr. Companies & I am sorry they are so deficient in Numbers, the Officers by no means compli'd with their Promises & Engagemts when they recd. their Commissions; & the Draughts from the Militia much short of my Expectations, & indeed the laying the Fine of 1O £ on those that wou'd not march out entirely defeated the Law, & was much against my Opinion, but I was glad of any Law that had a prospect of augmentg. the Forces; but even with that Inconvenience, the Affair has been poorly conducted in the different Counties the dastardly Spirit in our common People, & the want of proper Rule in the Officers, has been of very bad Consequence to our Affiars.
I approve of your disposal of the two vacant Companies to Yourself & Colo. Stephens--I shall be glad the Draughts made after the return of the Militia be as You desire those from Prince Wm Fairfax & Culpepper to march directly to Winchester, & please write to the Comanding Officers accordingly, as I am so much hurried that I have not Time, You may write in my Name.
I am sorry for the Behavior of the Militia that were with Lieut. Rutherfurd, the Officers are deficient in keeping them under strict Command.--Till an Expedition is concerted to the Ohio Capt. Stewart's Company must do Duty on Foot. & their Pay must be reduced during that Time, & You may assure them as soon as the Troop is again form'd, their Pay shall be augmented as at first.
The building the Forts is a necessary Work, but the protecting the Frontiers is more essential; therefore I would recommend as much as You possibly can to have Your Men at Call on any apparent Danger, tho' I fear it will be impracticable when divided at such distance, unless You appoint a proper Place for a general Rendezvous on any Alarm given which You are the only Judge of from Your Knowledge of the Country.
If You can enlist Servants agreeable to the Act of Parliamt. the Master of such Servant shall be paid for the Time they have to serve in Proportion to the first Purchase,1 but I think You shou'd be careful not to enlist any Convicts, who probably may be fractious, & bad Examples to the others, & I wish this may have the desir'd Effect for I cannot think of any Method to raise Men 'till the Assembly meets & that at present is very uncertain.
[Note 1: 1 Washington had written to Dinwiddie, August 4, as follows: "There is an act of Parliament to allow all servants to enlist, and the owners to be paid a reasonable allowance for them. If we had this privilege, we could soon complete the regiment."
The servants mentioned in this paragraph were emigrants from Europe, or persons imported, whose services were purchased for a term of years, either from the masters of vessels, who brought them over, or from the individuals themselves. By a law of Virginia, all servants, except convicts, imported without indenture, if they were Christians or of Christian parentage, and above nineteen years of age, could be required to serve only five years; if under nineteen, their term of service was limited to the age of twenty-four. No such person could ever be sold as a slave.--HENING.
These servants were exempt from military duty.--SPARKS.
When Lord Loudoun succeeded Governor Shirley, as commander of the forces in America, he was empowered to raise a regiment consisting of four battalions, to be commanded by officers bearing the King's commission, and called the Royal American Regiment. He was authorized, also, to enlist servants of the above description, paying to their masters a proper compensation for the time they had yet to serve.--BROCK.]
I am glad You have thot. of Lieut. McNeil who I belive is a very deserving Man--As to Fort Cum bld, its a King's Fort & a Magazine for Stores, its not in my Power to order it to be deserted, & if we did it wou'd encourage the Enemy to be more audacious; when Ld. Loudoun comes here which I expect wil be about the 20th. of Nov. he has full Powers to do what he thinks proper & a Representation to him will be regular, at present it must be properly supported with Men, & I think from the Plan of Your Forts one of them is not above Miles distant from Fort Cumbld.
I observe You mention Your Men want many Necessaries; I do not touch the Public Money, I shewed Your Letter to the Speaker & I suppose he will answer it--I told him I thot. the men shou'd be paid the full 8d. per Day witht. any Deduction, which is agreed to, & that the new Cloathing on arrival be given them by way of Encouragement, & I hope this Step will raise their Spirits & engage them to the discharge of their Duty with Alacrity; if You had sent Word what they mostly wanted might be purchas'd here, as I suppose the Cloathg. will be here before Xtmas.
If I hear of any Oppty I shall send you two Drums, but I suppose you may have the old ones mended, the Associators had two which were left at Winchester or Fredricksbg., which You shou'd call for--I now write to Colo. Fairfax to pay You the Balla. in his Hands of 600 £ he had of me--I know Nothing of Capt. Gist's Accts probably they may be with the Comittee, I shall be glad to do him any good Offices in my Power.
The Acct. Capt. McNeil writes You about the Rangers in Augusta I believe is Truth & shall take Care when they come to be paid, having several Informations to the same purpose.
I believe You will not be summon'd on Napp's Affair if Witnesses sufficient without You can be procured as I shall be glad You were here about the 20th. of Nov. when I expect the Earl of Loudoun--I desire You will order Lieut. Hall down here the 14th of Octr. to be Evidence against Mr. Hedgeman who has treated my Character in a villanous manner, & with great Injustice & I am determin'd to make an Example of him.
A great Body of Quakers waited on me in regard to their Friends with You, praying they may not be Whipped, use them with lenity, but as they are at their own Expence I wou'd have them remain as long as the other Draughts --
I have had no proper Application in regard the Militia that have enlisted & if they do I shall give little Attention to it, as from what You mention they enlisted without any Compulsion, & took the Money without Objection, or offering to return the same in twenty-four Hours--The incorporating the Rangers with the Regiment will be very agreeable, if done with their Consent, & I hope by Arguments You may be able to prevail on them, for the Fund apropriated for paying them as Rangers is exhausted; they will now receive 8d. per Day & a Suit of Cloaths as soon as they arrive without paying for them.
The Nottoway Inds. are not return'd, I think they shd. be paid to encourage the Tuscarroras to our Assistance--Mr. Timberleak, if he inclines to serve as a Volunteer, must wait the course of Preferment with the other Young Gentlemen.
I wrote fully to Ld. Loudoun about an Expedition to the Ohio, but his Attention to the Affairs to the No.ward is so great, that I cannot expect any Thing of that kind to be done this Year, but when he comes here I shall have an Oppty of speaking fully on that & several other Matters.
I cannot tell how to prevent the Pennsylvania Butchers driving of our Cattle, unless You threaten them in a Military Manner; it's a Grievance that shou'd be amended & therefore what present Steps You take to prevent it, I shall support You therein--And no doubt Provisions must be purchas'd for the Regiments & the Forts, I shall speak to the Treasurer on that Subject, & a Commissary must be appointed, I shall therefore press the giving of Money to purchase Provisions of all kinds.
I did hear of one Cherokee's being with the other Indians that took Vass's Fort,1 & I understand there are numbers of each different Tribe, & they assume the Name of Alleganey Indians. I have not heard from Major Lewis since he left this; I sent a Messenger to the Cherokees about five Weeks ago & expect his return very soon, I hope he will bring Nothing but what may be agreeable--Pray cannot You procure a trusty Indian or two to go to the Twightwees to endeavour to keep them in our Interest, & to let them know the Number of Warriors the Great King the other Side of the Water has sent for our mutual Protection, such a Message I conceive will be of great Service.
[Note 1: 1 Joseph Waddell, in the Virginia Historical Magazine for April, 1895, states that there is a family tradition among the descendants of Captain Smith, then in charge of Vass's Fort, Augusta County, that in 1756 the place was attacked by a large body of French and Indians. After a sharp resistance the garrison yielded on a promise of being permitted to retire, but when they emerged, the enemy, enraged at the small number that had held them at bay, fell upon them, killing some and capturing others. Captain Smith and his son Joseph were made prisoners, and his son John was killed. There is to be found in Hening an Act of Assembly providing for the pay of Captain Smith during his two years' captivity.]
I have order'd three Forts in Halifax & one in Bedford to be built by the Militia, & garrison'd by them for some Time--Colo. Stewart of Augusta proposed, & sent the Sketch for fourteen Forts to be garrison'd by 700 Men, but I took no Notice of it, waiting for Capt. Hog's report of what he thinks may be necessary, & to be Manag'd with Frugality, for the People in Augusta appear to me so Selfish, that private. Views & Interest prevails with them without due Consideration of the Public Service, which makes me much on my guard with them.
I have sent up a new Como. of the Peace for Frederick County, & I have wrote Ld. Fairfax to apply to the Court to curtail the Tippling Houses, which is of great prejudice to our Men, & I hope this will have the desir'd effect; I doubt not You sent Yr. Drum about the Town forbidding to hurt Your Men, or entertaing. them at improper Hours, if guilty that You will take them into Custody, this may probably terrify them.
I doubt not You are strongly solicited for Men on every Alarm; Your own Prudence must direct You in sending Parties out; I am Weekly solicited from Augusta & the other frontier Counties to the So. ward, & I am oblig'd to write many Letters to the Comandg. Officers to assist the Frontier Settlements--I am convinc'd from the Number of Men You have it's difficult to give attention to all Complaints & Solicitations.
The Militia that Ld. Fairfax order'd to range about Conegacheg, may be continued as long as You may think them absolutely necessary--I think I have fully answer'd Your Letter & in what I may be deficient Your own Prudence must supply--War was proclaim'd here the 7th : & I order'd Mr. Walker to enclose You a Copy to be proclaimed at the head of Your Companies, & to be sent to Fort Cumbld & in case of miscarriage I send You a printed Copy--Pray God it may be attended with Success, in all our Operations at Home & abroad.
Have You order'd the Guns at Rock Creek to be brought to Winchester?
Your Accounts I think have pass'd the Committee & I have given my Warrant for £5000--I wish You Health & Success in all Your Operations & I remain
... Sir
... Your humble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
P. S. When the Draughts are discharg'd in Decr. Yr. number of private Men will be very few, in course there must be a reduction of Officers, as each Company should not be less than fifty, but I shall speak to You on this head when You come here.
Lieut. Ensa. Fleming with Ct Hog has wrote me for Leave to come here to settle some private Affairs; if You think proper to indulge him I shall approve of it.
WMSBURGH Augst. 19. 1756
DEAR SIR
I recd your favour by Mr. Kirkpatrick, upon which I called a Committee as soon as I could, before whom I laid your Letter to be considered of by them, the result of their Deliberations on most of the Matters refer'd to them by you, You will see by the inclosed Minutes, The Committee examined all your Accts. but could not make a final Settlement of them as there were several Accts. open agst. Sundry Persons who had recd Money for from you, and not Accounted for by them, the rest of the Acct. was approved of and passed, they also examined the Paymaster's Acct. and passed them, but they observed a new charge in them of 2/6 pr. day to him as Commissary of Musters which they think unnecessary and inconsistent with his other office, and therefore came to a Resolution that it should be discontinued and that the Pay for it should be no longer allowed: The Com also examined the several Accts. referred to them by you, some of which they have ordered to be paid the rest they have referred back to you, their reasons for so doing are endorsed by the Clerk on the back of the Accts. The Com were all of Opinion with you that the keeping Fort Cumberland was an unnecessary Expence, but upon my mentioning their Opinion to the Govr. he appeared very warm and said my Lord Loudon might do what he pleased but for his part he would not remove the Garrison or order the Fort to be demolished for his right hand, and at the same time said that there was such a quantity of Ammunition & Arms besides the Cannon & Provision that it would cost more to remove them to one of the other Forts than the maintaining a Garrison in that Fort would amount to, and as this was his resolution the Com could not come to any determination about it.1
[Note 1: 1 Fort Cumberland at this time seems to have been used as the principal storehouse, and Washington frequently complains that, owing to its remote situation, and the small number of men that could be spared to garrison it, it was "not capable of an hour's defence."]
The Com were likewise of Opinion with you that it would be more for the Interest of the Service and no prejudice to the Country if you could be allow'd to pay for Deserters out of the Money in your hands, but did not think they had Power to order it against the plain and express words of the Act. It is very plain by the Act of Assembly that only the Draughts are prohibited from marching out of the Colony, and I can't think it could be looked upon as a breach of the Law to carry even them out upon an Emergency, if they consented to it.1 You will see by the Minutes that the Com have determined that the Soldiers shall for the future receive their full pay without any Deductions, but the Officers pay they would not meddle with at present, as they seem to think that their pay is high for the small number of men they have in their Companys, and that if their Companys are not compleated in a reasonable time the number of Officers ought to be reduced, and the remaining Companys compleated and then it will be time enough to make a further regulation in the Officers pay. As to the provision for the maim'd and wounded it is not in the Power of the Com to make one, but there can't be the least doubt but the Assembly will always, as they have hitherto done, provide for all that shall suffer in their Countrys Service.
[Note 1: 1 "Another thing, which I should be glad to know, is, whether the Act of Assembly prohibits the whole forces, or only the drafts, from marching out of Virginia, and whether it is contrary to law, even to take the drafts out, provided it is done with their own consent. If we cannot take any of the forces out of the colony, the disadvantages, which the country may labor under, are not to be described; for the enemy, in that case, may commit the most unheard-of cruelties, and, by stepping across the Potomac, evade pursuit, and mock our best endeavours to scourge them."--Washington to Robinson, August 5, 1756.]
As to your pay it was settled by the Com. when you took the Command at 30/ pr. day and it is so entered in their Journals of which I did not doubt but you had been informed before; which his Honor thinks very large, nor does he seem well pleased with the Allowance of Two pct., but says as the Com has agreed to it, he will not oppose it, but the Com. had under Consideration an Allowance for your Table, but did not care to fix a certain Salary for it, as it might be establishing a certain President 1 for it, which they were unwilling to do, if it should happen that you should have the Command, but were unanimously of Opinion that you should not be a sufferer, and that they would readily agree to make you any allowance to recompense you for your time and fatigue in the defence of your Country, but for the reasons above, thought the best way of doing, would be by giving you at the end of the year such a Sum of Money as would (be) sufficient for the purpose and satisfactory to you.
[Note 1: 1 Probably intended for "precedent."]
I have sent you by the order of the Com. £5000 ... I could not possibly send it in smaller Notes as there were not any signed by the other Govr., and Col. Chiswell being out of the way could not get them signed now, but will take care to have it done as soon as he returns, and in the next payment there shall be a large Proportion of them.
The Govr. has laid his Acct. for Cloathing the Soldiers before the Com. and demanded payment for them, which the Com. did not think they could do, till they knew to whom they were delivered and how disposed of, the Govr. says they were delivered to Mr. Carlyle, and I must beg the favour of you to write to him to transmit to me an Acct. of the number of suits he recd and to whom he delivered them, that we may know whether the poor Soldiers ever had them. I am with the greatest Truth.
... DEAR SIR
... Your Affecte. Friend and
... Servant --
... JOHN ROBINSON --
WILLIAMSBURG Aug. 20th. 1756
SIR
Since writing You Yesterday the Express I sent to the Cherokees arrived & they have engag'd to send us 150 Warriors, who I expect with Major Lewis in about a Fortnight; I shall order the Majr. to march them to Winchester to be under Your direction.
The Cherokees & Catawbas are at prest. strongly attach'd to our Interest; the Catawba King is gone to Chas. Town So. Carolina & on his return he promises to send fifty of his Warriors--I am greatly hurried & have only Time to write the above.
... I remain
... Sir
... Your humble Servant
... ROBT: DINWIDDIE
P. S. Pray write to Mr. Mason
to know if he has any Guns fit
for Inds. or any other Person of
Yr. acquaintce.
FORT PLEASANT1 Augt. 21. 1756
[Note 1: 1 Fort Pleasant stood on land afterwards owned by Isaac Vanmeter, on the South Branch of the Potomac.]
SIR
I Received Yours of the 12th. Instant, And am glad to find you so far Approve of our Proceeding--Lieutn. Lomax with 20 Men are gone to the Upper Tract--Capt. Field & 30 of his Compy Remains at the Upper Fort, and are very willing to Remain to the first of Decr., those that have Returned left their Arms with me, as Winchester was far out of their way in going home--Capt. Spotswood I have order'd down with a Comand & 3 Waggons for Salt--what Came up before is mostly Expended--he brings a Return of the Compys. together with a Size Roll of Mine & the Mens Receipts for their Pay June last, & the £5--Allowed by the Country--A Old Man & his wife were kill'd & Scalpd about Sunset, this Evening within a Mile of this Place, a Comand went out Imediatly upon hearg. the Guns fire but Could not Come up with the Enemy, which we have always found impossible to do, their Party, I believe are but Smal, which favours their escape.
Having some Accts. to lay before the Comittee, which I have never yet Received, And been advised by Some of them to Come down my Self Next General Court--Should be very glad of yr. Permission to go about the first of Octor. if nothing Extraordinary Should happen to Prevent me, the Sum is Pretty large, & am Convinced my own Presence would be of great Service--Your Compliance will greatly Oblige --
... Sr.
... Yr. most Obedt. hule. Servt.
... THOS. WAGGENER
WILLIAMSBURG Aug 21st: 1756
SIR
Yours of the 14th: Inst. I just now recd.--La Force was taken two days after he made his escape & is properly secur'd--No doubt Your Men will be fully employ'd in garrisons &c. I have in my former given You my Opinion in regard to Fort Cumbld, & now I am of Opinion that You shou'd send for some of the Stores from thence to Winchester for fear of Accidents or an Attack of the Enemy against that Place; & I agree with You that it's absolutely necessary, as much as with prudence You can, to protect the Inhabitants, & I approve of the Disposition of Your Forces & doubt not Capt. Hog will take proper Measures in building Forts for security of the Frontiers of Augusta--You may be assur'd the Enemy will endeavour to make Incursions & destroy our People where they know we are weakest, or least provided to receive them.
I hope the New Establishmt. of the Pay of Your Men will give them Spirits & engage them to do their Duty, they are now on better Terms than the Regulars & hope for the Future You will not have many Desertions, those from Ct. Stewart will be publish'd in our Gazette, but I fear to no Purpose.
I doubt not but the Enemy will endeavour to attack Fort Cumbld, but if properly inform'd, witht. Cannon they may be repell'd but I have no Acct. from Gov. Morris about it, & therefore hope it's only Surmise or a false Alarm, however be removing some of the Stores to Winchester I think will be proper.
The two Deserters to Fort Du Quesne gives me much Concern1 & from thence I think is the greatest Danger, but I am told most of their People are gone to the No. wd. to assist in the Defence of Niagara & Crown Point, to keep proper Lookouts that way is absolutely necessary--I hope the Militia sent to their Counties will be draughted & sent to You.
[Note 1: 1 "We have certain advice that two of our deserters have reached Fort Duquesne."--Washington to Dinwiddie, August 14.]
As Yr. private Affairs require Your Attendence at Alexandria the middle of next Month, I cannot refuse You liberty of absence, leaving proper Orders to the Commandg. Officer & making Your Stay there as short as possible. The Method You are to declare War, is at the head of Your Companies with three Vollies of Small Arms for his Majesty's Health & a successful War.2
[Note 2: 2 Washington closes his letter of the 14th as follows: "If war is to be declared at this place, I should be glad if your Honor would direct the manner. I know there is ceremony required, but the order I am ignorant of."]
I pray God protect You & Your Men from all Assaults of the Enemy & I am sincerely
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
FALMOUTH 25th. August 1756 --
DEAR SIR.
Thus far from Williamsburg and pretty much fatigued--On friday evening had the pleasure of receiving yours, and agreeable to your desire copied the Governor's, Delivered it, and would have Shown it to the Speaker had he not left the Town that forenoon--The Governor at that time told me [tho' I imagine he has since wrote you] that he had no Objections of any kind to your Attendence at Alexandria--& that he cou'd wish The Cherokees & Catawbas, who are on their way to You, were Arrived before you left Winchestr, as there is Some Ceremony in the Reception of Such Chaps--As to other particulars You'll be better informed from the Governors & Speakers Letters--vizt. the Deductions from the Soldiers being discontinued--the Settlement of Referr'd Accots:--The Office of Muster Master to be distinct from the Paymaster--The increase of Doctr. Craiks pay--& promise of Support in Medicines, so as he shall be no looser--The fitting & preparing a house w necessarys for the Sick--Reasonable Allowance at all ferrys, & a promise of Supporting You Genteelly in every Expence you may be induced to in the Service--&c. &c. with other things that I can't inform you of --
You would learn by Capt. Cox that All your Accots. were pass'd & approved, & that transcribing the whole transaction would detain me 2 or 3 days after him--The Speaker gave me the Cash on Friday, Composed of Large Bills as usuall, his Appology he has no Doubt wrote you, on Saturday the Governor went to York, I finished the Accots. that Afternoon, left them w Mr. Palmer--& next Morning waited on the Govr. for his Dispatches to you--wc Consists of 2 letters--that Morning Mr: Boyd was to Settle an Accot. w his Honr. wc had been delay'd by the Govr. from day to day. & after all woud have nothing to say in it, tho' he had entertain'd Mr: Boyd w promises of Settling it, till at last referr'd him to the Comittee after they had Disolved for three days --
Out of the £5000, I have Disbursed these Sums following, I hope not Disagreeable to you--Vizt.
To Mr: Boyd Paymaster ... £215. 13--
To Mr. ChaB: Dick his Acct. per Rect ... 275. 13--
To Finnie, Quales prenium ... 5----
To J. Kirkpatrick in part of pay ... 43.14.
... £540----
Cash per Mr. Boyd--335 Sheets a £12.--£4020----
... 117 Sheets a £3. 15 ;
... & Loose Bills 25/. in all 4.40
... ... 4460.----
... £5000----
Lt: Walter Stewart Sent me the inclosed List of Workers on the Roads, thro' mistake I fancy--There is nothing of news to inform You,--I inclose the Gazette--A Barren piece--Everybody is in Suspence about Minorca, So uncertain are all accounts--tho' wishing for Confirmation to Capt. Browns --
Mr: Boyd sets out to day for Winchester, and I, under favour of your kind indulgence, Bend towards Alexandria, where a few days recess, I hope will serve my purpose--& then make my best Dispatch to Attend you--I send a Lock for the Letter Box--better than the former--please acquaint Capt. Mercer I brou' up his horse from Capt. Dansies--in good Order & Sent him to his Fathers per his Brother James --
I am w unfeign'd Esteem
... DeSir
... Your Most Obedient &
... Much Oblig'd Hum servt
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK
To Receive from Mr. Boyd1--vizt.
The Leger--The Receipt book --
a Bundle of Accots. Recets. &
Capt. Hogs papers--4 Letters for Yourself --
2 qrs. Gilt paper for Cap Stewart --
[Note 1: 1 A memorandum for Washington of what he was to receive from Mr. Boyd, the paymaster.]
[Note 2: 2 Thomas, sixth Lord Fairfax, and Baron of Cameron, born 1691. Son of Thomas, Lord Fairfax, and Catherine, daughter of Lord Culpepper. He remained all through the Revolution a stanch loyalist, and died at "Greenway Court," December 12, 1781. He was succeeded by his only surviving brother, Robert, seventh Lord Fairfax, who died at Leeds Castle, England, in 1791. Bryan, son of William Fairfax, of "Belvoir," succeeded to the title, and was eighth and last Lord Fairfax.]
Sept. 1. 1756.
SIR,
Your I rec'd last night with the melancholy account of the people on Potomack deserting their plantations. I had ordered Capt. Paris to relieve Capt. Caton with thirty six men from several Companies of their party, as I had notice of the disagreement between him & Capt. Swearingen who has alway done every thing in his power to occasion confusion if his advice was not taken in every thing. Capt. Paris is to meet his detachment at Mr John Wytes on Friday and to proceed to Potomack. If any further assistance is wanting nothing shall be omitted in the power of
Sir
... Yr humble servt.
... FAIRFAX.
NEW YORK 2d Sepr. 1756
DR. SIR
Your favour inclosing the address of your Regiment I received, and immediately sent the address Covered by a line or two of my own to Capt. Cuningham first Aid De Camp to Lord Loudoun, and two Days ago Red ye following Answer from him (Viz) "I Received your Lettr. with Col Washingtons Address inclosed, to which my Lord will Return an Answer Very soon. We are so much Hurried that I have no time to send you any Ansr. of what is going on here"
As soon as the Answer comes to my hands shall forward it to you with all Dispatch,
You no doubt will have heard before this Reaches you, of the fatal Stroke America has had Lately in the Loss of Oswego which is no Longer a doubt, we have no particulars about it as yet & can't tell how in what manner or by Whom whether french or Indians it was taken or what Numbers they had; I have Lately had a Lettr. from a good hand at Albany who Says. "Oswego Scandalously gone, Provincial Army Very Low Spirited & Sick, Very Small hopes of any good," by this you may Judge our Situation to be Very bad. Lord Loudoun is greatly perplexed finding our Affairs in so bad & Confused Condition. I don't doubt but he will put them in a better way if time will permit but am afraid that will be too Short for this Campaign. The Provincial Army which was once 7000 do not make 4000 Effectives at present and Declining every day by Sickness & Desertion.
Remember me to Mercer Stewart & all friends & believe me to be
... Dr Sr
... Your Assured friend
... BEV. ROBINSON
ALEXANDRIA, 3d Septr. 1756
DR SIR
On Monday the 30th. August past We held here a Council of War and had the single Men present drawn up in a Line and being askt if any inclined voluntarily to enter into his Majesty's Service, None offering We proceeded to call over the Lists given in by the respective Captains whereby above Sixty not appearing and no reasonable Excuse made for their Non attendance I have issued Warrants to have them apprehended to be deliver'd to such Officer You may appoint to receive them at Mr Wm. West's1--I hope it is more than probable that some may be taken, Securd and carried to Mr West's and You may think proper to Send an Officer Wth in ten Days for that Purpose, I am concernd to see a great Unwillingness in our young Men to enlist, especially as most of Them appeard yesterday in the Field almost naked and in a poor Condition--For pticulars referr to Mr Kirkpatrick.
[Note 1: 1 The act of Assembly for drafting militia had authorized the holding of a council of war of the field officers and captains of militia of the different counties; which council of war was to enter the names of all able-bodied single men in their respective muster rolls upon a written list, and to appoint a day upon which these men were required to be present at the court house, where another council of war was to be held, and each of these men, who refused voluntarily to enlist, should be represented by a slip of paper; on each twentieth slip was to be written, "This obliges me immediately to enter his Majesty's service." These slips were then to be put into a box, and every man compelled to draw therefrom.]
... Wishing You every Consolation
... I remain Yr affecte. & obedt. Servt.
... W: FAIRFAX
vizt.
Demy 7\8 Garlia from 18\--to 44\ prs.
3\4 Do.--from 16\6--to 27\6 --
somewhat dissorted a good many prs being sold, but a large Quantity still remains
Tandem & Nuns Hollands from 27\--to 52\--some of these exceeding fine
Cambricks from 35\--to 44\
yd. wide Muslins from 35\--to 44 --
6\4 Do.--@ 68\
printed Calicoes gay Colours from 20\--to 40\ --
striped Callimane: @25 \6 --
Bandannoes @ 19--Cotton Romales @ 10\
Linnen & Holland Checks from 8d--to 15d per yd.
strip'd Cotton Hollands from 1\3--to 2\ --
Emboss'd Flanneles--@ 12d 7 --
half thicks--@ 14d --
strip'd & scarlet worsted Caps from 5\--to 12--per dozn.
Silk Han kers: from 28\--to 33\
Silk Caps--@ 40\ --
Mens worsted Hose from 24\ to 45\--per dozn.
grey, green & red yarn Do.--from 10\6--to 15\--not many left
Mens beavr: Carolina Hats from 4\6--to 6\--not many left
Worsted Creseles sorted from 3\6--to 4\6 per
12. Ribbons all different Colours sorted from 5\9--to 6\3 per prb.
narrowed Ribbons--@ 4\3 --
Star-Lace, blue, green, yellow & red from from 12\--to 13\ per Gross
Gartering, scarlet & green Star, & scarlet in Grain--from 10\--to 13\ --
Threads of all sorts & prices --
Stripd Duffields--none left --
Strands from 72\d--to 80\--but little left --
purple & red Black lists @ 10\--but little left --
Vermillion--at 7\--per O
Small Bar Lead--@ 18\3 --
Gun-powder--all Sold --
abt. 2 dozn. fusee Guns proved Barrells @ 14\--very good at the price but rather larger Bows than those commonly used in the Indian Trade ; they wou'd answer very well for a Bullet & Shot & believe wou'd suit the Southern Indians ; as I have been told they do not use a single Bullett so much as the Northern Indians
at Mr. Chapmans
abt. 1 dozn. 4. ft. square barrell'd Guns very small Bores best Iron mounted & stock'd like Rippells, a Bullet Mould to each.
@ 27\6
abt. 1 dozn. Rippells 4. ft. Barrells, best Iron Bullet Mould to each @ 41\6
Gun flints all sold --
Buck horn handled Cutlasses @ 2\6--but few left --
Brass & tin Kettles--all sold --
common oval Eyed Indian Hatchets all sold --
pipe--Tom-hawks--@ 4\3--each --
bright Indian weeding Hoes @ 14\ per Dozn.
Tolee. Tongs--@ 2\6--per dozn
padlocks--from 10\ to 15\ per dozn.
fine Indian Awl blades--@ 3\9 per Gross not many left
plain brass Rings--@ 1\6--per Gross
Stone Do. sorted from 2\10--to 9\6 per Gross
plain Silver Rings--9\ per dozn.
Stone Rings set in Silver from 4\ to 5\ per dozn.
Neat Stone Ear-bobs set in Silver from 2\6 to 3\6--a pr. --
painted Sleeve Buttons sorted from 3\3--to 4\3 per Gross
brass Jews-harps @ 21\--but few left
Wood screw Boxes for paint--@ 3\6 per Gross
Monrie Bells @ 12\ --
Looking-glasses, plate Glass--@ 15\ per dozn
Barley Corn Beads black & white from 2\8--to 3\ per Bunch
small round Beads at 2\4 per O --
Knives of all Sorts used in the Indian Trade from 2\--to 6\3 per Dozn.
Wampum none here, but I believe Colo.. Cresap has some belonging to the Company.
WILLIAMSBURG Septr. 13th. 1756
SIR
Your Letter of the 8th. I recd. last Night--I am affraid the Draughts from Prince William, Culpeper & Fairfax are not made agreeable to expectation, as I hear many of the Young Men have made their Escape & do not appear at the Musters.
Sir, I mention'd in my Letter of the 9th: Ulto.. to enlist Servants agreeable to the Act of Parliament; that of Act of Parliamt. I wrote from Yr. Letter to me, I know of no Act of Parliamt. on that head, but I have Directions from His Majesty, by the Secy of State ; as also from Lord Loudoun on that Subject, which I shall represent to the Assembly which I have summon'd to meet next Monday, & I desire You may send me any Thing necessary to be laid before them in regard to Your Regiment--I did speak to the Treasurer & he did agree to pay the Masters of such Servants for the Time they had to serve ; & I doubt not but the Assembly by an Act will facilitate that Service.1
[Note 1: 1 Washington, writing August 5 to Speaker Robinson, complains of the difficulty of understanding the directions given him by Governor Dinwiddie, saying, "In all important matters I am directed in this ambiguous and uncertain way."]
I am sensible of the base Usage the Service meets with from the Entertainmt. given to Deserters all over the Country which I have long complain'd of, & have promis'd by Publication Pardon to all those that wou'd return to their Duty. You shou'd have sent down Acct. of the Necessaries Your Men indispensably want, as there are some Goods imported since You was here.
I gave several Drums to the recruiting Officers however when Oppty offers shall send up some more. I am sorry any of the Officers of the Rangers prevent their Men enlisting in Yr. Regiment; I told Capt. Cocks, that the Money is exhausted that was appropriated for their Pay; on which he desir'd me to recommend him for some Service at Winchester, I told him that I left to You; & I cannot give You any Orders but to endeavr. to persuade them to enlist.
The Nottoways' are gone to the Tuscarraroes, & I promised to pay them on their return--I shall mention the Affair of the Pennsylvania Butchers to the Assembly, & I hope they will fall on some Method to put a Stop to that ill Practice.1
[Note 1: 1 "The Pennsylvania butchers are buying quantities of meat here, which should be put a stop to, if we are to march towards the Ohio."--Washington to Dinwiddie, August 4.]
I do not know who is Commissary of Stores, as I hear Mr. Walker declines, & I think Money shou'd be lodg'd with a proper Person for the Purchases, which I shall speak to the Treasurer about--You are not to notice the Selfishness of Individuals, but order Yr. Men where most Danger & where You see proper.--I wonder the Lieut. of the Coty does not put the Act of Assembly in force, against such of the Militia as refuse Orders.
I hear 400 Cherokees are come to our Assistance, but I have no Express from Co. Lewis, I have provided Arms sufficient for them; I order'd them directly to Winchester, & if they are with You, I think You shou'd send them out in Parties a Scalping, & let them know they will receive 10 £ for every Scalp or Prisoner they may take; & I doubt not You will see the Necessity of using them kindly & desire You may give Orders accordingly.
I am glad You have been so long quiet & hope it will continue till You are able to send Parties to harrass the Enemy in their own Country--I have sent up five Chests of Arms, Powder & Shott to Augusta with some Cloathing for the Inds. when I hear particularly of their Arrival I shall send more Arms &c--I cannot send any Gold or Silver to make any Purchase at Philadelphia & am of Opinion they may be supplied here.
I paid Jenkins a Year's Pay, & after You had the Command that Charge shou'd be included in Yr. Contingencies, I conceive the Expresses with Declaration of War, & in regard to La Force were paid here, but this will be explain'd at Meeting.
As Lord Loudoun is expected here in Novr. when the Roll of Yr. Men must be laid before him, it will not surprize him to see sixteen Sett of officers to such a Number of Men, & no doubt he will Order a proper Reduction.
As to Crisop the Ship Carpenter if not further useful he must be discharg'd & paid by You, as he has been employ'd in the Service of the Country, I suppose he help'd to build the Ferry Boats & Bridges--I hope the Assembly will fall on some proper Measures for reinforcing Your Regiment before December.
You are not to depend on the Tranquility but to be watchfully on Your guard, for fear the Enemy this Fall will make some strong Attempt against us--I hope Oswego is not taken, as we have it not confirm'd & I wish to hear the Contrary.
I can give no Orders about Servants till the Assembly meets, the Officers recruiting in Maryland can have no other Directions, than those, or such similar Orders as I sent You in my former Letter. I send Jenkins imediately back that I may receive Your Remarks what is necessary in regard to Your Regimt. to be laid before the Assembly --
... I am
... Sir.
... Your humble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
[Note 1: 1 William Ramsay, of Alexandria, Va., was born in Scotland in 1716. He came to America, and settled in Alexandria as a merchant, of the firm of Ramsay & Carlyle, in 1744. He was appointed commissary, through Washington's recommendation, November, 1756. He married Ann McCarty, a relative of the mother of Washington. His son, Dr. William, was surgeon throughout the Revolutionary War, and another son, Dennis, mayor of Alexandria, in 1793. In Washington's diary, February 12, 1785, is entered. "Received an invitation to the funeral of Wm. Ramsay Esqr of Alexandria--the oldest inhabitant of the town: & went up--walked in procession as a free-mason--Mr. Ramsay in his lifetime being one & now buried with the ceremony & honours due to one."]
ALEXANDRIA Septr. 22d. 1756
DEAR SIR
Yours to Mr. Kirkpatrick I have just perused, of my truth yo. may depend on, & that I wish my Capacity was equal to my inclination of advising you for the best.
Know sir, that ev'ry Gentn. in an exalted Station raises envy, & ev'ry person takes the Liberty of judging, or rather determining [with judging] from Appearances, [or information] without weighing circumstances, or the proper causes, on wch their judgemt. ought to be founded. When the most rash attempts are attended with success, they generaly meet Applause; but the best plan'd & executed schemes to all human Appearance, are branded & loaded with ev'ry odious Epithet.d if they fail Our Author seems to reflect more on the Governor & the Gent. recomending many officers to Comission, [you are not culpable in at all] than you as Commander in Chief. "When Men are advanced according to Seniority, the Interest & influence of Friends &c, and not according to merit," has no meaning [in my Oppinion] to you, if the Scribler intended it, he mistakes greatly; for at the time yo. were call'd, you had given signal proofs of your regard to your Country, of your disinterestedness in exposing your self witht. any Commission, & of your courage & bravery both in that & many other actions, wch your Friends think of with pleasure, & was no doubt, the sole cause of your being Appointed to so important a trust--"When the common Soldiers are abused in a fit of humor or passion & thro' an ostentation of authority; &c" the Scribler must take things on trust with regard to you, your humane disposition will clear yo. in One part, & your not calling the Offenders to justice, if such there were, your ignorance of such treatmt. must at all events acquit you of ev'ry other. Upon the whole, Sr., triumph in your innocency, your disinterestedness, your unwearied Aplication & Zeal for your Country's good, determine you to continue in its service at a time there may be the greatest call for you, & when probably some signal Day, may mark you the bravest (as hitherto you have been) of persons --
Shew your contempt of the Scribler by your Silence, your watchfulness & care, and thereby disappoint him. I have just snatch'd a few Moments from a thin Court to thro[w] these few tho'ts together, but they & any services I can do you are offer'd by your sincere friend & welwisher
... WM. RAMSAY.
ALEXANDRIA Septemr. 22d. 1756
DEAR SIR
I had your favour at Noon, before Which the Express had set out for Mount Vernon after giving him half a Dollar for Expences --
The uneasiness you Lye under from the Vain Babling of Worthless, Malicious, Envious Sycophants, give me much Concern--Conscious of a Due & Honorable Discharge of Your Duty, [as undoubtedly you Must be] Their Censure, & Scurrility loses its force & Vemon by Your Silent Contempt, and Disdain--No Character or Station is free from Calumny, and to be Sure, You can't expect a Singularity of that nature, Especially in that Conspicuous Office You so justly hold--The Self evident Falsitys aserted by that Witty Writer of the Centinell, must Condemn him in the Judgement of every Rationall, Reflecting Being--and to Regard his Ill natured Slander by Vindication of Facts woud be a Condescension, arguing a Consciousness of the Crime--Which is all his Spite Aims at --
In the Short time I have had to dive into the Generall Opinion of Your resignation I find it disagreeable & unpleasant to all their inclinations, and wou'd certainly be at a Loss for Such another to fill your place--I Communicated yours to Mr. Ramsay who thinks as every Body else must, that to Lay down Your Commisso. now, woud be the Means of More reflections, and less Satisfaction to you--Tho, Two, three or four are gathered together to foment an ill spirit of Slander, and propagate Lyes, to Amuse the Unthinking Mob--You & every Reasonable person is Sensible that the whole thinking part of the Legislative power,--are Much in Your Interest, & pleased with your Conduct for the preservation of the Country--How far you have miss'd in the design cannot be Laid to your Charge,--on a Single review of the Circumstances, Difficulties, and Extent of Frontier--might I be allowed to offer my Opinion--I woud Overlook the Scurrility of the Centinell,--Continue to Serve My Country wt the usual Zeal--Remark the Determinations of this Assembly, & their future Behavior--Wait upon His Excellency Lord Loudon--& take my Measures in Consequence of their issues--For as Pope Says --
... Envy, will Merit like a Shade pursue,
... And like a Shadow prove the Substance true.
I have hurried off these few thoughts irregularly wc. I hope you'll excuse, on Account of keeping the Boy for Some information --
The Sentiments you entertain of my Sincere Respect & Attachment to Your Person & Interest do Me much Honor, & I wou'd urge the truth--I shall transgress on your hand permission of stay here, not a Moment beyond my necessity--I hope to be Able on the pleasure of seeing You, to be more explicit on the above--Believe me now
... DeSr.
... Your Most Obt. Hum Servt.
... JNo. KIRKPATRICK.
Mr. Ramsay has wrote you --
WILLIAMSBURG Septr. 30th. 1756
SIR
Last Night I recd. a Letter dated the 23d: from Alexaa. not signd., but by its purport I believe it from You--Jenkin's delay prevents laying any Thing before the Assembly as they were prorogued the Morning he arriv'd--I am of Opinion You may enforce the Articles of War the same as in the British Establishmt. that with tenderness as the Exigency of Affairs may require; & tho' no Crimes but Mutiny & Desertion are mention'd in the Act of Assembly, yet other lesser Crimes are to be punish'd by a Court Martial, or the Commanding Officer agreeable to Act of Parliament.
You have frequently complain'd to me of the Situation &c. of Fort Cumberland, & I have wrote You how disagreeable it was to me to give up any Place of strength, as it wou'd raise the Spirits of the Enemy & at same time suspect us to be in fear of them; & therefore if that Place cou'd be sustain'd with Safety till Lord Loudoun gives Orders thereon I shou'd be glad, but as You are on the Spot & You think it very prejudicial to the Service to keep that Fortress, I desire You may call a Council of Officers & consult whether the most adviseable to keep it or demolish it; if the last You must take care to have all the Ammunition &c. brought to Winchester, & destroy every Thing You may conceive can be of any Service to the Enemy; this Affair is now left to the Determination of a Council of Officers, & I desire You to be very explicit in Your Arguments on the Head as they must be laid before Ld. Loudoun.--I was always averse to small Garrisons on our Frontiers, as they in course divide our Men into small Parties; but You know that the Assembly were so fond of them that they pass'd a Law for that purport, & I cannot at present alter that Determination.--If Jenkins had return'd to my expeciation, some Thing of what You offer shou'd have been laid before the Assembly.
You know the Difficulty of raising of Men here, Lord Loudoun, by Orders from His My. has directed raising of Men here to help to compleat his Regiment of Royal Americans, the Assembly voted Money for that Service, but where to get the Men I know not, tho' several Persons are now employed in several Parts of the C [ ... a line mutilated ...] which is the reason of the late Invasion there, they have neither Courage, Spirits or Conduct.
I have frequently wrote about the tipling-Houses at Winchester, & desir'd the Court to suppress them, if they do not when Your Fort is finish'd You must it of Yourself for the Service of the Garrison--A Chaplain for the Regiment I have recommended to the Commissary to get one, but he cannot prevail with any Person to accept of it, I shall again press it to him.
All I can do cannot prevent the People entertaining & protecting of Deserters. & if properly inform'd some of the Magistrates, it's a growing Evil & too general--I applied for a short Law to prevent driving of Cattle out of the Colony but the Majority of the House was against it--Jenkins shou'd be paid & Charg'd in Your Acct. of Contingencies, surely the Committee cannot expect me to pay it--I suppose You will think it necessary to have some Person to ride from this to You, with Acct. of the Occurrences, & it's a matter indifferent who the Person is.
You are to send me a distinct List of Your Regiment every Officer's Appointment & Pay, or any other Allowances they may have with the Number of Men in each Company; sign'd by You & the other Field Officers, to be transmitted to the Earl of Loudoun, the sooner You supply me with this the better.
The Invasion in Augusta I had Acct. of some time ago, & gave such Directions as I thought proper on the Occasion, but very little Dependence is to be put in the Militia.1
[Note 1: 1 A register of persons killed in Augusta County, published in the Virginia Historical Magazine for April, 1895, records 44 men, women, and children killed on September 11, 12, 13, and 14, 1756. This was probably the result of the invasion referred to.]
The Copy of a Letter from Wm Armstrong brings agreeable News if confirm'd; I suppose the Detachment mention'd in that Letter was from Pennsylvania.2
[Note 2: 2 Colonel John Armstrong, a Scotch-Irishman, from Carlisle, commanded an expedition of Pennsylvania provincials against Kittanning, called by the French Atiqué, a stronghold and storehouse of the French Indians, on the Allegheny River. The expedition, planned in the preceding July, culminated on the 8th of Sepetember, 1756, when Colonel Armstrong at daybreak surprised the enemy, and, after a sharp attack, completely routed them, killing Captain Jacobs, a famous chief, and burning the entire settlement of about thirty houses.]
The Cherokee Indians are not yet come in, but daily expected, & it's said there will be 400 of them;3 I wish they were now in Augusta, & if they with some of our Forces wou'd proceed to the Indian Towns I think they might be of much Service. I cannot account for their Delay in coming, only that naturally they are lazy & must be humour'd as to their slow marching,
[Note 3: 3 Washington, on the way to Augusta, a few days later, met Major Lewis returning with the Cherokee Indians he had been sent to escort, and was much disappointed that the four hundred proved to be only seven men and three women.]
I am much hurried & therefore remain
[Signature mutilated, but indorsed by Washington, from "The Hon. Govr. Dinwiddie."]
[Note 1: 1 Augustine Washington was half-brother to George, and the son of Augustine and Jane [Butler] Washington.]
WMS BURG Octr. 16th. 1756
DR. BROR.--\
I came down here the first of the Court, to consult yr. friends on that unlucky 10th Centinel. the Author of which I think has reason to keep his name concealed for being so general in his reflections on a sett of Gentlemen who deserves better treatment at his hands &c Was not the paper to go further than our own Colony I am sensible it wou'd not be worth your while giving yr.self the lest concern abt. it for I am certain your Character does not in the lest suffer here, for I do assure you as far as I can inform myself (& I have taken great pains) you are in as great esteem as ever with the Govr. here & especially the house of Burgesses, but what effect it may have in the Neighbouring Colonies I can't venture to say, but it is the Opinion of those who wishes You well & especially the Speaker & Mr. Power that the best way is to take no notice of it or at lest yet a while as there is a very modest piece published in the Gazette which will oblige him to answer & I flatter myself will do you Justice by distinguishing the Inocent from the Guilty.
As it was the Opinion of the Speaker not to publish yr. letter to me I have postponed it. he promised me he would write to you very fully on the subject. It is his opinion, mine & all your friends you ought not to give up yr. commission, as your country never stood more in need of yr. assistance & we are all apprehensive if you give up Innes will succeed & then only consider how disagreeable it will be to the whole Colony [a few Scotchmen excepted] & I must believe as much so to you as any in particular. I am very desirous of your holding yr. Commission till you see Lord Louden then you will know what prospect you stand to be put on the British establishment & you ought to wait at lest 'till we have some acct. from home how our address to his majesty in favr. of the Virga. Regiment was received. I hope Sr. for the above reasons you will calmly consider of it & not at this time of eminent danger give up yr. commission in doing of which it will in some measure be giving up yr. Country, consider if you resign, what will be the consequences, all the officers (but those who wou'd be a proper subject for the Centinel) will follow your example, & the common soldiers will all desert, our Country then then left defenceless to a barbarous & savage Enemy & you will then give a handel to that Scandalous Centinel as I am sensible you will be blamed by your Country more for that than every other action of yr. life. I wou'd have you to consider what liberties are taken at home with men of the greatest power & Characters nay even the king himself does not escape the liberty of the Press. (I have consulted several Lawers & they are unanimous Lee has not right to the claim he pretends to.)
I must own you have great reason the paper is a most Scurrilous oneis more Scandalous than General re by any means agree to yr. giving upnotwithstanding the great regard [Mutilated.] not flatter you so far but honefor my Country believe in regard for your Character yr.
... Yr. af
... AUGST. W
WILLIAMSBURG Octr. 26th: 1756
SIR
I rec'd Your Letter from Augusta & observe its Contents--the Behaviour of the Militia is very unaccountable, & am convinc'd they are under no Command; I order'd Part of the Militia to the Frontiers & there to remain till reliev'd by others, which I propos'd shou'd be done in a monthly manner, & so to be continued by a proper Rotation, instead thereof they go & come at their own Pleasure, & many of them come here with large Demands, as if they had done the Duty directed; they are a dastardly set of People & under no management or Discipline, much owing to their Officers, who I fear are little better than the Private Men.
In my last I desired You to call a Council of Officers in regard to Fort Cumbld, & if thot. absolutely necessary to dismantle that Fortress & bring the Ammunition &c. to Winchester--Since that I have a Letter from the Earl of Loudoun, dated from Albany the 22d. of Septr. in which is the following Paragraph --
"And do hope & trust that the Government of Virginia will not suffer the Post of Fort Cumberland to be wrested from them; I cannot also but highly approve of Your building a fortified Magazine at Winchester, such may not only be of use to the present Defence of His Majesty's Dominions, but may be of the greatest Service when ever His Majesty's Arms shall have Opportunity of acting in that Quarter. "
From which You may observe His Lordship's great Desire of retaining Fort Cumbld, therefore notwithstanding my former Orders, if You & the other Gentlemen Officers think it can be maintain'd with Safety, I shall be glad, which must still be left to Yr. Consultations; in the mean Time, if agreed on to be supported, I desire You may be bringing what of Ammunition You may think proper to Winchester. Your last Letter from Winchester came to my Hands the Day the Assembly broke up, so that I cou'd not lay before them the Requisites propos'd therein.
I have two Expresses now with my Lord, till they return I am uncertain of his coming here this Winter, & I fear the Affair of Oswego will detain him. I have sent two Drums to Alexandria--The Soldier's Cloathg. is expected in a Month's Time. I have been much out of Order & confin'd to my room this Fortnight, that I write this with Pain --
... I remain
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
[Note 1: 1 Major Andrew Lewis, son of John and Margaret [Lynn] Lewis, was born in Ulster, Ireland, in 1720. His father was of a Huguenot family which settled in Ireland, and came to Virginia in 1732. In 1756 he commanded the Sandy Creek Expedition; in 1758 was made prisoner and taken to Montreal in the expedition under Major Grant. He was made brigadier-general in 1774, and October to commanded the victorious Virginia troops at the battle of Point Pleasant against a most formidable force of Indians. Major Lewis was a prominent member of the House of Burgesses. He died September 25, 1781, at the residence of Captain Talbott, in Bedford County, Virginia, and was interred in the burial ground on his home farm on the Roanoke River.]
AUGUSTA Octr. ye 28th 1756
SIR\
I Received a Letter from Capt. Paris Deated the 21t. of this Month, he tels me that he sent for guns and other Necessarys for the Indians with him, the Indians are highly pleased with ye Arms and the Large preparation made for them the wareour proposed Sending a Runar to the Nation with one of ye guns, and Likewis to Aqueant them what is provided for them, he Makes no Dout but of a great Number: Coming in, he would not Do any thing in ye Mater Before he had my Aprobation, I aproved of his Seame and has wrot to Capt. Pearis to Dress the Runar as well as posable and send a white man with him which is the wareours Desire; I have wrot to Outosity2 and aquented him of Every thing provd. he will publish it in ye. Nation if he has not Marched Before he Receives my Letter--the Indian and white men who were a pointed to go to Houlson's River is Now on thire March in Order to make thee Discovery--the Enemey are Frequantly Seen Neare Variss, what few Indians we have are there Now in Sarch of them --
[Note 2: 2 Outacite, Wootassitie, or Mankiller, king of the Cherokee Indians.]
Sir As Sargt. McCulty has ben in the Service from the Begining and has Behaved well I hop Sir you will Advance him, he has been Long Over Lookd. --
I am Much Recovered I purpos to take my Journy for Willm,burg to Morrow or Nixt Day --
... I am Sir your most
... obedt. & very Hume. Servt.
... ANDW. LEWIS
STAUNTON Octor. 31st.. 1756
SIR
Yesterday Mr. Mc.Clanachan, Colo. Stewart, & Capt. Brackanridge Came home here from Willg. and they report, that they made enquirie of the Gover: how they were to be paid for their Servts., and that the Govr. deny'd he had given any orders to Inlist Servts. nor would have any Concern in the Matter, I can find by them they are design'd to Cause me some Trouble, therefor Shall be much oblidg'd if you'll Send me my Orders in writing Wh. I'll engage to put in execution in no thanks to the Iote, I believe they intend to Secure me or the Servts.
I am Sir
... Your Most Obt. Servt.
... JOHN Mc.NEILL
CAMP AT MAIDSTONE Novemr. 5th. 1756
SIR\
We are inform'd that a vacancy has lately happen'd in your Regiment, by the Resignation of Ensign Mc.Carty, and begs leave to Recommend the Bearer Mr Speake, a young Gentn. who has ever since he join'd us, made the study of his Profession the principal object of his care and attention; he has with chearfulness undertaken, and with the utmost Spirit and alacrity executed, every kind of Duty that has occurr'd in the course of his Service, he constantly embrac'd every Opportunity of exposing himself to dangers and Fatigues, and with uncommon ardour and keeness sought after Action; he has on all Occacasions strickly adher'd to the principles of Virtue and Honour (as far as we are judges) which adds such a Lustre to his Genteel and unexceptionable behaviour as gives us very sanguine hopes of this Young Soldier; In fine we could say a great deal more in his favour, tho' perhaps not so much as is due to his Merit but that we judge it Superfluous to a person who seems to make a Point of doing Impartial justice to all who have the pleasure of serving under you, and the declaration you are was pleas'd to make in the General orders of last Jany. would render even this unecessary did we not dread that a Multiplicity of Important affairs in which you are immers'd. might possibly make some things escape your memory, and give way to the Pressing Sollicitations of others whose Friends may be more assiduous and less remote, To this Mr. Speake and we wou'd willingly ascribe his being already superceeded by Mr. Lawson, As we are influenc'd by no other motive, than a regard to Merit and his Title of Seniority [which we conceive Justice has indespensably oblig'd us to remind you of it] We doubt not but your good Nature will readily enduce you to excuse this Trouble from them who have the Honr. to be
... With great Respect
... Your most Obedt. &
... Most hume Servts.
... ROBERT STEWART
... CHRISR: GIST
... JOHN CAMPBELL
... HENRY RUSSELL
... WM: CRAWFORD
Dated at FORT CUMBERLAND 12th. Novr. 1756
SIR,
On the 5th or 6th of October, We met with a papr. in the Virginia Gazette1 entitled the Centinel N: 10, wherein some person or persons have undertaken to calluminate Us in the most vile & scandalous Manner, on which we Address'd ourselves to Lieutn. Colo Stephen [a Copy of which Address you have herewith] desiring him to apply to the Governr. for Redress, but as his Honour has not thot. propper to give it Us, & the Time We proposed to resign being nigh at Hand, We hope You will lay our Case before the Assembly now sitting, being determined, if they take no more Notice of our Grievance than the Governr. has, no longer to serve a Country that is guilty of the basest Ingratitude to a Sett of Men who have made it their Study to defend, & protect it, at all Times: But as the Time prefixed by us for giving up our Comissions, seems to you too short, [thro' the Regard We have for his Majesty, the best of Kings, as knowing it must be of infinite Disadvantage to his American Settlemts: to leave this Quartr: exposed to a rapacious & merciless Enemy] We agree at yr. Request to defer the Matter till We hear from You, whether we shall receive Satisfaction in some Measure equivalent to the Injury done Us, [and We think that Nothing less will be sufficient than the Thanks of the Assembly in the Publick prints for what We have already done & are still willing to do, might we with Honr. continue in a Capacity for that purpose, join'd with as publick a Declaration of their Disbelief of ev'ry Article the Centinel has alledged against Us] or, that they or the Governr. are pleased to choose & appoint a Sett of Gentlemen who will more fully ansr. their & his Expectation & perform that for their Country which it seems the Governr., if not they, little hope for from a Company of dastardly Debauchees; We say, We agree to defer it, provided either of the two things proposed be speedily done, otherwise we are as we inform'd Collo. Stephen determined soon to make good our Resolves, & expect that they or the Governr. will be answerable to Lord Loudon, or to his Majesty for the Consequences.
[Note 1: 1 The Virginia Gazette made its first appearance August, 1736,--the first newspaper published in Virginia. John Esten Cooke describes it as a "small dingy sheet, containing a few items of foreign news; the advertisements of the Williamsburg shopkeepers; notices of the arrival and departure of ships; a few chance particulars relating to persons or events in the colony, and poetical effusions celebrating the charms of Myrtilla, Florella, or other belles of the period."]
for We think that We cannot with Justice be blamed for any Event that shall happen after our Departure, having first acquainted the Governr. with our Determination & now the Country in General in comunicating it to its Representatives.
We are not, Sir, induced to address You thro' a Concientiousness of any Neglect, for You yr.self know & can witness for us that We have faithfully done our Duty & always with Alacrity perform'd [as far as was in our power] the Orders of our Superiour Officers, but because we imagined that you were particularly aim'd at as any among Us, We having acted in Obedience to yr. Commands.
You know & can represent better than We the Reasons why We have not with a thousd: Men [which Number We have not been always fortunate enough to have] cover'd the whole Frontiers of Virga. & made more Excursions to the Westward [tho' We don't know but that quite the Reverse to what our latent Enemy mentions of our lurking in Forts, was the Matter scrutinously examined we shou'd rather be blameable for having made them so frequently as We have] --
You can inform them, of our luxurious and dainty Living You can in short fully answer ev'ry Article that the Centinel has urged against Us & made it appear that He or his Informers were malicious, wilfull and [as they fear to discover themselves] cowardly Lyars.
We beg of you that you will push the Matter immediatly & as soon as possible let us know their Resolves, for, as indigent as some persons have hinted Us to be we are resolved to let them see, that Men of Spirit will not bear patiently any Thing unbecoming the Character of Gentlemen--We are Sir with due Respect
Yr. mo: Obedt: and
... Very humble Servts:
[Note 1: 1 This very interesting manuscript is without address and anonymous, but upon the back is inscribed in Washington's handwriting, "Written It is supposed by Colo. Richard Bland 1756."]
Quilibet Nautarum vectorumque tranquillo Mari gubernare potest; ubi orta saeva tempestas est, ac turbato Mari rapitur Vento Navis, tum Viro et gubernatore opus est.
... LIV. L. 24, N. 8.
SIR
I give you many Thanks for your Observations on the Dispute which is likely to arise between the Virginia Centinel and the Officers of the Forces employed on our Frontiers. But you must permit me to tell you, that the Reason you give to persuade me the Centinel has good Grounds for what he advances, appears to me, not to carry that Conviction with it, which most Things do, you have been used to communicate to me.
I do, indeed, approve very much, of the Centinel's Vigilancy; and am convinced he advances nothing, but what he thinks is right, and for the public Good; but yet, he certainly judges from the Appearances of things and not from the things themselves.
I confess I have a very good Opinion of most of the Officers: they have given sufficient Proofs of their Resolution in their Country's Cause; and their moral Characters, I must believe are unexceptionable. But Opinion shall never influence my Judgment; I will examine Facts, and from them discover Truths, which the Centinel may not have adventured to; if he had, I am certain, he would have set them forth, to the public View, in much more proper and lively Colors, than I can pretend to do.
If what I may say should give Offence to any, for I give you free Liberty to communicate it, tell them, that I have the Honour to be a British Subject; and, under that glorious Character, enjoy the Privileges of an Englishman, one of which, is to examine, with Freedom, our public Measures, without being liable to the Punishments of French Tyrany; and, if I think proper, to expose those public Errors which have had too long a Course, and which have been blindly embraced by many, as the most true Opinions. Be that as it will, you are my Friend, and in that Quality, I am going to tell you, my Thoughts of the present Conjunctures, so far as they concern my dear Country.
And I pretend to shew you, as clear as the Day, that the unhappy Situation of our public Affairs, is not to be imputed to the Persons, to whom the executive Power of the Government is committed nor to the Officers appointed to command upon our Frontiers; but that it arises from another Cause: a Cause which I really, am unwilling to name; but which the Truth forces me, not to conceal.
You must excuse me; if I remind you of several Transactions, with which you are acquainted, but which I am obliged to recapitulate that I may give you a just & honest Resolution to this Controversy.
And you, who are so well acquainted with History, know that from the Reign of Lewis the XIVth.., the French have been particularly attentive, to gain the Superiority of the English, in North America; and have been constantly flinging Men into Canada & Louisiana.
Some Writers, perhaps of no great Esteem in other Respects, pointed out, with a kind of prophetic Spirit, the fatal Consequences of this Conduct to the British Plantations. But they were not regarded; nor was any Notice taken of the French Designs 'til about three years ago; when the Governor received a Letter from the Earl of Holderness one of his Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, informing him of these Designs, and giving him particular Instructions how to conduct himself.
In Consequence of these Instructions, the Governor sent out Major Washington, to discover whether the French had made any Encroachments on this Colony; and if they had, to desire them to withdraw: and calling the General Assembly, he laid before them the Earl of Holderness's Letter, and demanded from the Burgesses, such Supplies as would enable him to put the Royal Instructions, effectually, into Execution; but this Information was treated as Chimerical, and without Foundation and the Burgesses peremptorily refused to grant any Supplies.
Major Washington returned, with a Letter from the French Commandant, in which he declared, he had taken Possession of the Lands on the Ohio; and was determined to hold them for his Master the French King. The Governor laid this Letter before the Burgesses and desired, with great Earnestness, such Assistance as would enable him to frustrate the Attempts of the French, now become visible, and apparent. But he could obtain only £10.000 which was put under the Direction of a Committee, the Burgesses not being willing to entrust the Administration with the Disposition of it.
With this Supply, between 3 and 4 hundred Men were raised, under the Command of Colonel Fry; but, upon his Death, the Command was given to Major Washington who was made a Colonel, and conducted the Expedition with Courage and Resolution; but, being attacked, on his March, by above 900 French and Indians, he was overborn by Numbers; and tho' he lost the Day, he acquired the Character of a good Officer, and a brave Soldier; and, with the other Officers, received the Public Notice of their Country for their gallant Behaviour.
This Defeat obliged the Governor to demand fresh Supplies; and the Burgesses granted £20,000 under the direction of a Committee. With this Sum, about 500 Men were raised, to reinforce General Braddock, who was arrived, from England, with a Body of British Troops to the Assistance of the Colony.
That General, being attacked, by the French, in his Passage over the Monongehala, was defeated. The Virginians, in this Action fought like Lions, and behaved with prodigious Valour; they bravely stood the severest Fire from the Enemy; and after the Flight of the British Regulars, brought off the wounded General, who would otherwise have fallen into the most barbarous and savage Hands. Colonel Washington, acted as Aid de Camp to the General, and distinguished himself very remarkably, and with the other Officers, surviving this bloody Carnage, received, a second time peculiar Tokens of Regard from the General Assembly.
This Defeat flung the whole Colony into the ut most Consternation, which was increased by Parties of the Enemy committing the most cruel and horrid Ravages, upon the Frontiers, which were left defenceless by Colonel Dunbar, who retiring with the Remains of the British Troops, made all possible Expedition to get into Winter Quarters.
And now, that noble Ardour, which ought to have inflamed every Breast with Resentment and Indignation against the inhuman Invaders of our Country; That Zeal, which ought to have animated every Patriot Spirit to revenge the Robberies, Plunderings, Massacres, Burnings and Rapes with which the Frontiers were filled, were not to be found. Most Men were agitated with unaccountable Terrors; all Thoughts of an Offensive War were laid aside; Fort du Quesne was looked upon, as an impregnable Fortress; And no Considerations could prevail with the Majority of the Burgesses to grant more than £40.000 under the same Directions as the former Supplies, for subsisting 1200 Men, to act upon the Defensive only. And so entirely had this strange Panic taken Possession that the Government was restrained from marching any Part of the "Militia, or causing them to be marched, more than five Miles beyond where the Inhabitants of this Colony shall be settled on the Western Frontiers."
Nor could a Proposition, sent from New-York, for a Union of the Colonies against the French, which the Governor communicated to the Burgesses, divert them from their favorite System. They refused to be concerned in this Union and employed their whole Attention, to secure the Country on the Eastern Side of the Allegany Mountains by a Chain of Forts from Cape Capon to Mayo River.
From this short Detail of our public Transactions, for the Truth of which 1 appeal to the Burgesses Journals, and to the Acts that have passed at the several Sessions of the General Assembly since November 1753, the Cause of the present unhappy Situation of our public Affairs, so far as they concern the French Invasion may, in my Opinion be easily discovered.
In a British Government, where the Laws controul even the Sovereign's Power, it is impossible that military Enterprizes can be carried on with Advantage without a proper Assistance from those who are intrusted with the Disposition of the People's Money. If the Supplies, necessary to give Life and Vigour to our Arms, are refused or granted with too much Frugality, we must never expect to succeed against an Enemy subject to a despotic Prince, who can dispose of the Lives and Fortunes of his Subjects as he pleases
The Government was convinced of this, and in order to facilitate the new Scene that was just opening upon us, was desirous to act with Resolution and Magnanimity; but this was not in their Power, without proper Supplies. Supplies were indeed granted, but with so frugal a Hand, and in so peculiar a Manner as not to answer any kind of Purpose.
Ten thousand pound was first given, to dispossess a politic and powerful People, who were perfecting a favorite Scheme, they had been planning for more than half a Century. This Sum was found insufficient and 20,000 pound was granted; but this would not do; the Enemy was too strong and too well secured to be beaten out, by such a trifling Supply; then only 40,000 pound could be obtained, to raise 1200 Men, tho' General Braddock had just been beaten with more than twice that Number. The Men raised upon this Supply could not restrain the Ravages of the Enemy; Then Forts were thought of, which have proved an ineffectual Barrier against the Enemy, but will be a certain Means impoverish the People. Thus have we gone on blundering, 'til we are become the Derision of the Enemy, and seem to be sunk in Oblivion, and forgot by our Mother Country.
The Government cannot be blamed; whoever reads the Speeches to the several General Assemblies since the beginning of these Troubles, must be of this Opinion. I am no Flatterer and want no favour; but the Truth shall always prevail with me.
The Officers are as little culpable; what can they do? Are not the greatest Part of the Forces under their Command, composed of the Militia drafted out of the Northern Counties, and are they not restrained from marching more than five miles beyond where the Inhabitants of this Colony shall be settled to the Westward? Can they be compelled to march beyond these Limits? the Law is plain that they cannot, and if the Officers attempt to lead them further, the men may, legally, refuse to obey Is it not evident, that as the Inhabitants abandon the Frontiers, and it is well known that they abandon them very fast, the Officers are more and more circumscribed in their Boundaries? Besides the Forts are to be garrisoned, and consider, I beseech you; the Figure 1,200 Men must make, dispersed upon so extensive a Frontier as ours is Nothing in my Opinion can, nothing ought to be expected from the Officers, under such a Regulation. The French and their Indians are secured in Forts at a great Distance; those, of them, who commit such Havock amongst us, are small Parties, sent out, like Wolves from their lurking Dens, and are scarce ever to be met with; when they are, I think, we have no Reason to accuse our Officers of Pusilanimity. In short, can it be possible, that Officers, who have, heretofore, behaved with remarkable Courage and Resolution; who have marched over vast Mountains; supported with invincible Patience, the rudest Fatigues; and shewed the most intrepid Valour in the greatest Dangers, and the warmest Desire to preserve their Country; I say, can these Officers so far forget their Duty and themselves, as to sacrifice that Character, they have so justly acquired; that solid Glory, that results from noble Actions, to idle Entertainments; extravagant Gaming, and glittering Pageantry. Such a Reflection is too improbable, and too illnatured to gain Credit even with the most invidious and malevolent; and I am certain it can make no Impression on you, who think so justly and are not to be influenced by party Prejudice.
Thus have I, my Friend, given you my Thoughts upon our public Affairs. The Prospect is gloomy! the Erors great! but I hope; not irretrievable: a Field of Glory is yet open to our View; if we will but enter upon it, and play the Men; if we will behave, as becomes true Sons of Britain, we may recover our Reputation and deliver our Country.
The Earl of Loudoun, like another Fabius, is watching the Motions of the French to the Northward: and all the Northern Colonies are in Motion to assist him. and shall that Colony which calls itself1 the most dutiful and loyal; which has been so frequently fired with Resentment and Indignation at the Encroachments and Depredations of the French; and offered the Lives and Fortunes of it's People to defend his Majesty's just Rights; shall the eldest, and, I am persuaded, the richest Sister of all the British Colonies, sit supine and negligent; and, like a proud Boaster be only big in Words, while her younger Sisters are gaining Laurels in the Field, and Creidt and Reputation with their common Sovereign? No, my Friend! let it not be said; but let yours and every Patriot Spirit be roused and really fired with Resentment and Indignation against the cruel Ravagers of their Country. Let us not be persuaded, that the French have any Pretense of Title to the Lands which they have so unjustly taken possession of; But let us give, freely and liberally, such Supplies, as will enable the Government, to act with Spirit and Resolution, and, at last least to attack, with success, Fort Du Quesne; that Source from whence all our present Evils flow. By a vigorous Effort, on this Side, early in the Spring, we shall oblige the French to divide their Forces, and thereby give real Assistance to Lord Loudoun, by preventing them from turning their whole Force against him, or, we shall be certain of Success, against that Fort, which will be, to this Colony, an ivaluable Acquisition. Let us leave the Government to act as it will; at least, let us try them for one Year; Let us shake off all Diffidence & Suspicion; and take off all Restrictions. Let their Power over the Militia be as extensive as the Service requires. and let them, if they think proper, offend and distress the Enemy. Believe, my Friend, the Operations of War are not to be conducted as common Affairs. Generals and Commanders of Armies, must be left to act as they find it most expedient for their Country's Interest. These few Observations will, I doubt not, have their proper Weight with you, as they come from your Friend, and, what perhaps may have a greater Influence in this Case, one of your Electors. Your good Sense will improve upon them, and, I hope at your next Meeting, we shall hear of nothing, but a laudable Emulation, to discharge your Duty to your King and Dear Bleeding Country, with Honour, Reputation and Disinterestedness.
[Note 1: 1 "See the Addresses of the House of Burgesses in Answer to the Governor's Speeches at the opening of the several General Assemblies from the Year 1753."--A note upon the original manuscript by its author.]
... I am, very sincerely
... Sir
... Your very affectionate Servant
... PHILO PATRIA.
Letters to Washington
AND
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS
PUBLISHED BY
THE SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES
OF AMERICA
EDITED BY
STANISLAUS MURRAY HAMILTON
Editor of the Writings of James Monroe
VOL. II
1756-1758
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
The Riverside Press, Cambridge
... 1899
E312COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY
THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
WMS.BURGH Novr. I6. 1756
DEAR SIR/
I recd your Favours by the express and am extremely sorry to find you are made so uneasy in your Duty; while you are venturing your Life and fortune for the good of your Country, to be aspersed and censured by a vile and Ignorant Scribler,1 I must confess is sufficient to raise the indignation of every Gent of Spirit, and no Man can blame you for shewing a proper Resentment at it, but my Dear Sir, as you justly observe in your Letter, consider of what fatal Consequence to your Country your resigning the Command at this time may be, more especially as there is no doubt most of the Officers will follow your Example, and then our Frontiers must be left exposed to cruelties and Barbarities of our merciless Enemies, and therefore I hope you will allow your Ruling Passion, The Love of your Country, to stifle your Resentment at least till the Arrival of Lord Loudoun or the meeting of the Assembly when you may be sure of having Justice done You. Who those of your pretended friends are that give Credit to the Malicious Reflections in that Scandalous Libel I assure you I am ignorant, and do declare that I never heard any Man of Honor or Reputation speak the least disrespectfully of you or censure your Conduct in the least, and I am sure there is no well wisher to his Country, that would not be greatly concerned to hear of your resigning, and therefore I must repeat my wishes that you will continue still in the Command. I could not possibly get the money signed to dispatch to Mr. Mercer before this day tho' I have applied myself as closely as possible, considering the Multiplicity of Business I have been engaged in. I am with the greatest sincerity
[Note 1: 1 Referring to rumors circulated to the disparagement of the army, charging the officers with gross irregularities and neglect of duty, and indirectly throwing the blame upon Washington. The malicious tales seemed for the moment to receive public countenance. See Note, vol. i. p. 382.]
... Dr. Sir
... Your Affe. friend & Servt.
... JOHN ROBINSON
WILLIAMSBURG Novr. 16th: 1756
SIR --
Yr. Letter of the 9th: I recd: with a Report of Yr. Journey along our Frontiers -- The Abuses mention'd in Yrs. I have been made acquainted with from several Hands; but I expected You wou'd have been more particular in regard to the Officers neglecting their Duty, & the different Forts not being properly garrison'd with Men -- nay witht. their Officers: this vague Report makes it impossible for me to call on the Delinquents -- I agree the Militia Law is very deficient, and I hope the next Assembly will make proper Amendments.
The Charges attending the Militia of Augusta is monstrous, & I believe a great Imposition on the Country; I have sent up Money & order'd a strict Scrutiny to be made into each Officer's Acct. & the actual Service done by their Companies--I pity the poor Inhabitants, Majr. Andw. Lewis has my Orders to bring the Militia into better Order.
The establishing of Regulars wou'd be very agreeable to me, but where are the Men to be gotn. when You have not been able in a twelve Mo. to compleat Yr. Regmt--Commissions granted to Rangers upon producing Subscriptions was only to those that went Volunteers witht. Pay, the others were by proper Recomendats.1
[Note 1: 1 "The wretched and unhappy situation of the inhabitants needs few words, after a slight reflection on the preceding circumstances, which must certainly draw after them very melancholy consequences without speedy redress. They are truly sensible of their misery; they feel their insecurity from militia preservation, who are slow in coming to their assistance, indifferent about their preservation, unwilling to continue, and regardless of everything but their own ease. ... I promised at their particular request, to address your Honor and the Assembly in their behalf, and that a regular force may be established in lieu of the militia and ranging companies, which are of much less service, and infinitely more cost to the country. Were this done, the whole would be under one direction, and any misbehaviour could never pass with impunity. Whereas the others are soldiers at will, and in fact will go and come when and where they please, without regarding the orders or directions of any. And, indeed, the manner in which some of the ranging captains have obtained their commissions, if I am rightly informed, is by imposture and artifice."--Washington to Dinwiddie, November 9, 1756.]
I have repeatedly wrote Lord Loudoun the Necessity of an Offensive War, & an Expedition to the Ohio with the Assistance of our neighbouring Colonies, but no Answer, I hope to see him here this Winter.--I am of Opinion the String of Forts propos'd in only weakening our Strength, & will be a poor Defence to our Frontiers--I hope You will keep the Inds. properly employ'd--Majr. Lewis has Orders to send up the Cherokees--You seem to Attribute Neglect in me, in not having proper Conductors, the Charge is unmanerly, as I did what I thot. proper, tho' disappointed by the villanous Traders.1--You have a Quantity of Indn. Goods at Fort Cumbld for Your distributing among the Indians as You see proper; & Majr. Lewis will send You some Indn. Guns for the Catawbas.
[Note 1: 1 "I am very sorry any expression in my letter should be deemed unmannerly. I never intended insults to any; on the contrary, have endeavoured to demean myself in that proper respect due to superiors."--Washington to Dinwiddie, November 24, 1756.]
There is no Exception in the Act of Assembly giving Premiums for Scalps--Ct. Spotswood is paid for the one he sent down, the Method of paying them is by Law, and must be adhered to, or can I see much Inconveniency in it.
I cannot propose any means to replace the Drafts I wish You cou'd engage them to list--You know how far short the Officers have been of complying with their Promises when Commission'd--You have a Right to agree with the Workmen employ'd on any Public Works.
If You had sent down the Amo. of the Money due for the Servants enlisted, I wou'd have given a Warrant for the Money--It's probable I might have refus'd Paymt. to the Masters of some of the Servants enlisted, for want of Certificate, but never said You did not act properly in enlistg. them--but surely You cannot think I cou'd order paymt. witht. an Acct. from You.
Mr. Walker when last here determin'd to continue Comissary, with the Assistance of his Depty one Mr. Rutherford, he then had some Money, & Ct. Mercer brings more for that Service--You mention Yr. having made choice of a Person for that Employ, witht. sending his name for my Approbation, if Walker declines, which is irregular, & I cannot consent to it;1--The same in regard to a Captn. Chaplain, You shou'd know that it's necessary his Qualificat. & the Bishop's Letter of License shou'd be produc'd to the Comissary, & Self, but this Person is also nameless.2
[Note 1: 1 "I should not have presumed to have appointed a commissary, had not your first instructions been plain and explicit on this point, and reiterated letters since that invested me with power. The omission of the name was a neglect indeed accidental, not designed."--Washington to Dinwiddie, November 24, 1756.]
[Note 2: 2 "When I spoke of a chaplain, it was in answer to yours. I had no person in view, tho' many have offered; and only said, if the country would provide subsistence, we could procure a chaplain, without thinking there was offence in the expression."--Washington to Dinwiddie, November 24, 1756.]
I recd. the Opinion of the Council of War in regard to Fort Cumbld; as it was an Affair of great Consequence I call'd the Council for their Advice, & I enclose You my & their Sentiments thereon--In consequence thereof I hereby order You imediately to march one hundred Men to Fort Cumberland, from the forces you have at Winchester, which Capt. Mercer says are 160 listed Men [mutilated] are to remain at Fort Cumberland, & make the Place as strong as You can in Case of an Attack; You are to send out Parties from the Fort not absolutely necessary for its defence, You are to send them to Winchester.
You are to order one of Your subaltern Officers (on whom you can confide) to Command at Winchester, and to oversee the finishing of the Fort building at that Place These Orders I expect You will give due obedience to & I am with Respect1 --
[Note 1: 1 Washington bore with patience and fortitude Governor Dinwiddie's impracticable and contradictory orders; but on occasions he strongly remonstrated. In reply to this order, he observed: "So, if I comply with my orders, which I shall literally do, if I can, not a man will be left there to secure the works, or defend the King's stores, which are almost wholly removed to that place."]
Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
P. S. I have sent a Copy of the Council of War Proceedings to Lord Loudoun --
The Governor was pleased to communicate to the Board a Letter from Colonel Washington dated at Winchester the Ninth of November, with his Observations on the Situation of our Frontiers; and inclosing a Copy of the Council of War held in behalf of Fort Cumberland, with his Sentiments on the Matter. Upon reading which the Governor desired the Opinion of the Council, whether it would be adviseable in our present Circumstances to demolish Fort Cumberland, or reinforce it with a Number, and what Number, of Men, from the other small Forts. The Council having maturely considered the Affair were unanimously of Opinion by no means to abandon that Fort, as it would be giving up a large Extent of Country, but to reinforce it with a Hundred Men from Winchester; that Col. Washington be directed by his Honor to reside at Fort Cumberland; make the Fort as tenable as possible; and frequently send out strong Detachments to reconnoitre the Motions of the Enemy.1
[Note 1: 1 With this view of the subject Washington concurred, but was still of opinion that a better position ought to be chosen, and suggested that it should be in advance of Fort Cumberland, and somewhere in the vicinity of the Little Meadows. This he thought a proper enterprise for the combined efforts of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, as the main object was to facilitate an expedition to the Ohio, or prevent an irruption of the enemy into either of those colonies.--SPARKS.]
... A true Copy
... NATHL. WALTHOE CL. COU.2
[Note 2: 2 Nathaniel Walthoe, Clerk of the Council, Brock describes as an eccentric bachelor, and a warm personal friend of the second William Byrd, of "Westover," to whom he presented a fine portrait of himself, wearing his hat, and stipulated that it should be hung amongst others of distinguished personages possessed by Colonel Byrd. It is still in the possession of the Harrison family at "Lower Brandon," James River.]
ALEXANDRIA Decr. 2d. 1756
DR SIR
I was furd. with yours of the 30th. Ulto, & Observe Your directions Abt. Your orders for London finery depend they Shall be Executed with the Greatest Exactness--Capt. Thompson is here & has Agreed to take half the Tobacco to Yr. Namesake, he has Gott the Tobacco that is here & as fast if more Comes it Shall be Shipd.--I am Afraid We Cannot gett You Good Crop Tobacco under 14 perct. but will get You the Quantity mentiond & Such as Shall be known to be Good On the best Terms We Can --
What You Mention Relating My Accompts Your not Examining them here, Need be no hinderance & Anything Wrong may be Rectify'd, as to the Letter you mention it Was Wrote before I went to Williamsburg, & I then had Not Seen the Govr. he tells me I must keep in my own hands to pay my Self for I Shall gett No More from the No. Ward for My pay & Storage, Sr. John St.Clairs Acct. With Me is Not Above the Sum You Mention & at that time I Wou'd Given Up All for the Ballance of My Acct., but now I am Not Willing to doe So As My pay as Store keeper is Near £100 More & think With justice I shou'd make the most of them, & you must be Clear from any Reflection When the Comittee Will See the Vallueation & In My Letter the dates Was Not Thought of, tho' they Included Sr. John StClairs Acct. & If the Officers themselves are to pay. It I Must Apply to them I have Receipts for every Bushell that was Deliver'd, & If you please to Lay the Acct. before the Comitee I must be Satisfyed With their Determination --
As to the List of Tools &c I have made Enquiries & find I can Gett the Greatest part here and Shall go to Annapolis for the Remainder I am at A Loss as to the Quantity & Sorts of Cartridge paper but will Send up Sum of both Sorts for the Price sent, the Season of the Year Is too far Advanced to depend on Sending to Annapolis Philadelphia as the Passage may be Nearly Stoped by the time I Can gett their & back & dare Say I Can Gett All the Most Material Artickles to Come Up by the Return of the Wagons Next Week --
I dare say you may depend on back loads for Your Wagon as the Rice, Rum & Wine, the Railes You formerly Order'd, the Tools & the Cloathes dayly Expected will be many Loads for Several Wagons --
I Can gett 100 Blankets of the Right Sort of Capt Copethon & More perhaps If Necessary, but as the Country wants has A large Quantity coming In & they are dayly Expected Cannot You Wait Yett A little Longer --
The People In Winchester have Reason to be In Fears & perhaps More of this Collony may have the Same Reason, Occation'd by that, fatell Order of the G-- & C--1,1Cannot A party of Militia In Frederick be Gott together in the Town Wh by A Proper Application to the Governor they might be Releaved from other County's Militia --
[Note 1: 1 Governor and Council.]
My Compts. to Capt Mercer Mr Kirkpatrick & I am
... Dr Sir Yr obliged humble Sert
... JOHN CARLYLE
P. S. the Inclosed is A Copy of A Letter Mr McCarty Lodged in My hand as A Voucher for Me to Deliver him Provisions for his Recruits As I Wou'd Not do it Without & I Send you this Copy for yr. Satisfaction You may burn it after perusal--he has only 5 Yett Come In --
... J. C.
STAUNTON 8th. Decr. 1756
SIR/ I am favoured with yours of the 15th. Accompanying the £500 with which I have paid off the Company to the Last of Oct: as also the Wages of the party working on the fort the rest has been Expended in paying the provisions Bought at fort Dinwiddie. But as Lieut. Bullet has Laid in a Large qty. of Beeff, there Is yet a great deficiency of Cash to pay off the Whole, I imagined you would Left particular Orders respecting the provisions of that Garrison, as that at Vanses has not been provided in any more than a Sufficiency to Support the Men there a Short Time, I should be glad to know whether I am to Remain at that place during the Winter or to Repair to fo: Dinwiddie, If the former I hope you will order me, my proper Command, as you are Sensible that it is more necessary on Roanoke than Jackson's Rivr: particularly as the Militia from the Neighbouring Counties are drawn off by the Governors Orders and some Obstacles hinder the Augusta Militia from Supplying their place at that Garrison, which is now very Weak on that Accot: I am thus far on my Way to Wmsburg to Endeavour a Settlement of my Accots. with the Committee on my Return shall be glad to Receive your Orders where I am to be Stationed this Winter, and how the Deficiency of the money for provisions is to be Supplied, & where I am to Meet the Comissy: & pay Mastr: to Settle the Accots: agreable to your Instructions the Time I will fix as soon as possible after my Return. I am with great Respect
... Sir/
... Your Most Obedt. &
... Very Huml servt.
... PETR. HOG
P. S. I have Enlistd. some Servants If agreable to you should be desirous to have your Orders If I may pay the Valueation to their Masters ... P. H.1
[Note 1: 1 As Governor Dinwiddie had forbidden Washington to enlist any more servants until further orders, Captain Hog was directed accordingly.]
[Note 2: 2 The Council, from the year 1680, constituted an upper house of the Assembly. The position was one attended with many privileges, and was deemed a high honor. A member of the Council was exempt from taxation; he was a judge, colonel of his county, and usually engrossed the offices of emolument in the colony,--naval officer, collector, auditor, and farmer of the quitrents.--BROCK.]
The Governor was pleased to communicate to the Board, and to desire their Advice upon, a Letter from Col. Washington dated from Ford Loudoun the 2d. of this Instant, signifying his apprehensions that the Order of Council of the 15th of last month will be productive of many Evils, and inclosing, the Returns of their Strength at Winchester, amounting to Eighty One Effectives, exclusive of the Drafts. Also a Letter from his Excellency the Right Honorable the Earl of Loudoun, dated from Fort Edward the 25th of October, signifying he should immediately write to Col. Stanwix to send off directly proper Officers to Virginia for recruiting; that he concur'd in Opinion with his Honor for supporting Fort Cumberland this Winter; that he can't agree with Col. Washington, in not drawing into him the Posts from the Stockade Forts, in order to defend that advanced one; and imagines much of the Frontier will be exposed, by retiring the advanced Posts near Winchester.
Whereupon it was the Opinion of the Board that the former Order of Council for reinforcing Fort Cumberland with One Hundred Men should be carried into Execution; but, as that Number can't be supplied from Winchester, where they think it necessary a Hundred Men should remain with a proper Officer, that all the small Forts, except that on the South Branch commanded by Capt. Waggoner, should be evacuated for that Purpose.
... Copy
... Teste
... N. WALTHOE Cl Cou.
WILLIAMSBURG, Decr. 10th: 1756
SIR/
Your Letter of the 2d. by Jenkins I recd. two Days ago, & observe its Contents, the Returns of Your Strength at Fort Loudoun surpriz'd me, when I consider'd that Capt. Mercer declared to the two Mr. Nelsons & the Speaker, that You had there 160 enlisted Men which with the fifty Servants recruited after, I thot. You might have march'd 100 Men from thence for reinforcing Fort Cumberland, & left a sufficient Garrison at Fort Loudoun; but as Capt. Mercer's Information was wrong, I on receipt of Yr. Letter call'd the Council, not caring to act in an Affair of that Consequence without their Advice, Copy of the Minute of Council You have enclos'd; by which You may observe, that it's thot. absolutely necessary to reinforce Fort Cumberland; at same Time to leave a proper Garrison at Winchester; in order thereto it's further thought proper to call in the Forces from the Stockade Forts, to qualify You to march a proper Number of Men to Fort Cumberland, & to leave a proper Garrison at Fort Loudoun with Officers suitable, also to appoint a Person to command, who may continue the Finishing of that Fort, to employ Artificers for that Service, & with him to leave Money to defray that Expence, paying for Waggons, & any other contingent Charges; to be accountable to You, by producing Vouchers for his Payments, which I think will answer the same as if You was personally present.1
[Note 1: 1 Governor Dinwiddie first ordered Washington to march from Fort Loudoun to Fort Cumberland more men than he had under his command at the former post, and still to leave a number sufficient to keep up the garrison and continue the works. When this order was countermanded as absurd and impracticable, another was issued for calling in all the men at the stockade forts, sending 100 to Fort Cumberland, and retaining the same number at Fort Loudoun, by which means the smaller forts essential for the defense of the people would be evacuated, and a large number of men left unemployed. A third order was necessary to remedy the blunders of the other two, by intrusting the matter to the discretion of the commander-in-chief. Governor Dinwiddie's settled determination to sustain Fort Cumberland, contrary to Washington's opinion, betrayed him and his council into a series of hasty resolutions and wild mistakes; and, as Sparks further notes, it is no wonder that Washington should complain, as he often did, of the confusion and inconsistency of his orders. Cf. Washington's reply, Ford, Writings of Washington, i. 397.]
I am glad the Stores of every kind are brought from Fort Cumberland, excepting those indispensably necessary to be left there--Why did not You send me a particular Acct. of the Quality & Quantity of each? which I desire You may supply me with to be sent to Lord Loudoun--Upon evacuating the Stockade Forts, the Forts may be left standing for service of the Inhabitants, if they think proper to garison them with their own People.
Since my last to You I recd. a Letter from Ld. Loudoun, a Paragraph thereof in regard to Fort Cumberland is as follows. "As to the Affair of Fort Cumberland; I own it gives me great Uneasiness, & I am of the same Opinion with You, that it was very material to have supported that Fort this Winter, & after that, we cou'd easily have made it a better Post than ever it has been, from what I hear of it; I cannot agree with Co. Washington in not drawing into him, the Posts from the Stockade Forts, in order to defend that advanced one; & I shou'd imagine, much more of the Frontier will be expos'd, by retiring Your advanc'd Posts near Winchester, where I understand he is retired, for from Your Letter, I take it for granted, that he has before this executed his Plan, without waiting for any Advice; If he leaves any of the great Quantity of Stores behind, it will be very unfortunate; & he ought to consider, that it must lie at his own Door--This Proceeding, I am affraid will have a bad Effect as to the Dominion; & will not have a good Appearance at Home."
By which You may observe his Opinion in keeping up that Fort; no doubt he has been inform'd from some of the Officers the Situation & Consequences thereof.1
[Note 1: 1 Lord Loudoun's remarks, notes Sparks, as applied to the acts and designs of Colonel Washington, are literally without meaning. Having never visited Virginia, he had no accurate knowledge of the transactions in question, and his remarks were based on the state of the case as represented to him by the governor.]
Mr. Walker has been here lately, who says his assistant, Mr. Rutherford, has contracted for flour sufficient for 1000 Men for twelve Months, & no doubt Mr. Walker is with You before this, with whom consult for Supplies to Fort Cumberland--And I hope from the above Regulation You will be able to leave so many in Garison at Fort Loudoun as to afford a proper Convoy for Provisions, & on occasion a Number may be sent from Fort Cumberland to meet them on the Road--It gives me pleasure that going to Fort Cumberland is so agreeable to You, as without Doubt it's the proper Place for the Commanding Officer.2
[Note 2: 2 Washington, after stating many reasons why, in his estimation, Winchester was the proper place of residence for the commanding officer, had said: "Some, Sir, who are inclined to put an unfavorable construction upon this generous recital, may say that I am loath to leave this. I declare, upon my honor, I am not, but had rather be at Fort Cumberland (if I could do my duty there) a thousand times over: for I am tired of the place, the inhabitants and the life I lead here; and if after what I have said, you should think it necessary that I reside at that place, I shall acquiese with pleasure and cheerfulness, and be freed from much anxiety, plague, and business."]
There were many Indian Goods left by Co. Innes at the Fort, enquire into the Distribution of them, & what remains order a particular Acct. of them, to be sent me, to be compared with the Invoice left by him
You may observe that it's thought absolutely necessary to support Fort Cumberland & Fort Loudoun with a proper Number of Officers & Men, which I expect You will give due Attention to & give Your Orders accordingly.
I am sorry the Catawbas only propose staying one Moon longer, I hope You will be able to prevail with them to stay the Winter; You do well in giving them good Usage, it is also my fix'd Inclination; but their Demands are unreasonable, let them know that for the Cherokees, consistg. of forty Men, I bought only two Horses to carry their Baggage; Soldiers march on Foot,--if they want one or two Horses You may purchase them--There are some Goods in Augusta under the Care of Majr. Lewis, from thence they may have some Supplies:--I propos'd sending Lieut. Mc.Neil to command the Men for the Garison built in the Cherokee Country; if the Catawbas will not remain longer, is not he a proper Person, with an Interpreter to convey them Home? by his return probably shall have occasion to send out the Men as above. --
As to Silver Trinkets for Wrists & Arms, they were never given but to the Chief Warrior of the Party; but if they are determin'd to go, let them know on their return, I shall oblige them with every Thing in my Power that's reasonable; And write Majr. Lewis to supply them with Necessaries for the present from the Goods under his Care.
If You have paid the Masters of the Servants You have enlisted from the Money in Your Hands, send down an Acct. thereof & I will give a Warrant for the amount to Your Order--I hope the Cherokees are with You before this; & Arms for the Catawbas, Majr. Lewis having my Orders to that purport --
Since writing the above I recd. Yours of the 4th The Villainy of Mc.Carty is without Precedent, & I think he shou'd be taken into Custody to answer for his Intentions to encourage a Desertion from the Regiment, & on Tryal & Proof will undoubtedly be severely punish'd--He applied to me for his Discharge from the Regiment, which I told him I wou'd not grant, but if You discharg'd him I wou'd approve of it; after that he applied for a Commission to enlist men for the Royal Americans, but if I had known his Intention he shou'd not have obtain'd the Commission--If Capt. Mercer shou'd be so lucky to apprehend the Deserters, I think an Example shou'd be made of two of the Ringleaders, to be shot, after being properly tried, which I now impower You to do; or the whole to take their Chance by throwing the Dice; one or two of them to suffer for Example & Terror to others.
In the mean Time I desire You will in my Name recall my Comission from Mc.Carty, I know not where to write him, but if at Alexandria, our Friend Co. Fairfax will do the Necessary, & I desire You to write him accordingly.
I have some Petitions from the Inhabitants of Winchester & Frederick County which I cannot comply with, as Your last Orders are by Advice of the Council & agreeable to Lord Loudoun's Opinion, which I desire You strictly to comply with but on the Regulation sent You they will have no Reason to complain; as a proper Garison is directed to be left at Winchester, & I hope that Step will be agreeable to the Inhabitants--they shou'd not know any Thing of the Orders sent You till ready to be put in execution --
... I remain with Respect
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
P. S. The enclos'd Letter for Mc.Carty forward by a safe Oppty. I wish you may get all the Men Mc.Carty has enlisted --
WILLIAMSBURG Decr. 15th: 1756
SIR
Yours of the 9th: I have recd.--I am glad Ct. Mercer has brought back sixteen of the Deserters, upon Promise of Pardon, which I agree to on Your Recommendation; but I hope You will make them sensible of their Crime & that they are pardon'd on Your Solicitation
You recomend Messrs Carlyle & Ramsay to be Commissaries in the room of Mr. Walker, which I by no means approve of--the first resign'd when formerly appointed, & when most wanted; I do not incline to give him that Oppty again; the other I doubt not is a Gentleman of Capacity, but a Stranger to the Business, & not sufficiently acquainted with the People to make Purchases therefore not eligible.
Mr. Walker has a very good Character for Probity & Capacity, I have therefore order'd him to continue in his Office, & I expect You will give him Your Countenance & Advice; & supply him with the Money, sent up by Capt. Mercer, appropriated for the Purchase of Provisions;--I have order'd him to send Mr. Rutherford with You to Fort Cumberland, & he to remain at Winchester to do the Necessaries there; I therefore expect You will give him all the Assistance in Your Power; it wou'd be cruel to superceed him after he has made such large Contracts for supplying Your Regiment, & at this Time of the Year to leave it to those not so well acquainted with the Business.
The villainous Actions of Mc.Carty really surprize me, & I shall take Care to make him repent of it. I really pity the poor Men this cold Weather for want of their Cloathes, they are daily expected & will be sent up as soon as they arrive.
It is reported here that Lord Loudoun may be expected in a Month, when he arrives I shall give You notice of it1--Having nothing to add to my former Orders I remain
[Note 1: 1 Lord Loudoun was then in New York. Washington had resolved to await his arrival in Virginia, and to lay before him a general exposition of the state of affairs, and if possible to have the Virginia troops put on the regular establishment under the direction of his lordship, as the only mode by which the command of them could be useful to his country, or honorable to himself.--SPARKS.]
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
WM.BURGH Decr. 17, 1756
DEAR SIR/
I recd your favour by Mr. Ramsey and as soon as I could get the Committee together I communicated the Contents of it to them, they were generally of Opinion that the Commissary ought to resign, and they also approved of Mr. Carlyle and Ramsey in Case Mr. Walker resigned, but did not care to appoint them till Mr. Walker informed them himself of his intentions to resign; I am sorry to hear your last Money is gone, and more so that I must tell you that fund is just exhausted, but will have some ready for you when you send for it I am
... Dr. Sir
... Your Most Affece. Friend
... and Servant
... JOHN ROBINSON
WILLIAMSBURG Decr. 27th: 1756
SIR
Yours of the 19th: by Jenkins I recd: last Night & do observe You have ordered the Garisons on the Branch to Perceall's, to escort the Flour to Fort Cumberland.
The Provisions lying in Bulk at the different Forts if possible shou'd be Smoked, which wou'd be a great Saving to the Country, & I hope You have ordered it so.--As we have had great Rains lately I hope a sufficient quantity of Flour may be secured, as Mr. Walker told me he & his Assistant had contracted for as much as wou'd serve our Forces twelve Months.
The Orders given You at first, were on Capt. Mercer's repeated Assurances of Your having 160 enlisted Men at Winchester, which, with the Servants You mention'd to be enlisted, I conceived You cou'd march 100 Men from Fort Loudoun to Fort Cumberland, but by the Return You write of only 85 Men at Fort Loudoun--It was thought proper to call in the Forces from the Stockade Forts to garison the above Forts compleatly; but not knowing Your Numbers in those Out-Forts I gave general Orders to call them all in, however after Garisoning Fort Cumberland & Fort Loudoun properly, the Surplus Men You are to fix at any Forts You think proper between the above two Forts, & where You think they may be of most essential Service.
I am surpriz'd Mr. Walker shou'd leave his Duty after the Assurances made me (last Time he was in Town) of discharging that Duty with all Diligence. I fear he was not properly countenanc'd, his Probity, Knowledge & Experience makes him as equal to that Service as any in the Country, & as he & his Assistant have made so large Contracts, I shall not appoint another till I have his Reasons for resigning.
Colo: Stephens had the Keys where the Indian Goods were lodged, & he must render an Acct. of them; I have a Copy of the Invoice from Colo. Innes.
I am of Opinion that Capt. Mc.Neill is a proper Person to conduct the Catawbas Home (if you cannot prevail with them to remain some Time longer) & he probably may engage some of their Warriors to come in the Spring.--Capt. Pearis & 20 Men, were employ'd to escort the Cherokees and Catawbas, but You may observe how I am disappointed.1
[Note 1: 1 In the number of Indians escorted, "six Cherokees and two squaws."]
I sent Capt. Mc.Neill 500£ to pay the Masters for the Servants enlisted, & order'd him to engage as many as that Money wou'd answer & send them up to You; but I cannot give Directions for enlisting more till I see the Treasurer, to know what Money he may have applicable to that Service.
Fort Cumberland is to be kept as Defensible as You can till the Spring, when I expect Lord Loudoun will give Directions therein, but not to be made Cannon proof unless it can be done at a small Expence, which the Country must pay unless Lord Loudoun otherways directs.
The paragraph of Lord Loudoun's Letter to me, is entirely confin'd to Fort Cumberland, he was affraid You wou'd have evacuated, & dismantled that Fort before his Letter reached me, which wou'd have had a bad Effect as to the Dominion, & no good Appearance at Home--As to the String of Forts he knows Nothing of, or can You, from the Paragraph sent You, think that he either prejudges or has any bad Opinion of Your Conduct, & as Fort Cumberland is reinforc'd he will be much pleas'd.1
[Note 1: 1 The governor afterwards thought to add a palliative by this assurance.--SPARKS.]
I confirm my former Leave of Your coming here when his Lordship arrives, as You will be able to give him a good Acct. of our Back Country; & I desire You will give the necessary Orders to Your Lieut. Colo. before You leave Fort Cumberland--And I expect You left Directions with Ct: Mercer to continue the Constructing of Fort Loudoun, & that with all possible Expedition.
I was in hopes the Interpreter for the Catawbas would have serv'd for the Cherokees; however I have sent up the Country to engage an Interpreter--You must keep the Indians employ'd in Scouting, if idle they will be thinking of Home.
I approve of the Leave You have given to Lieutts. Baker & Lawry, & I shall be glad to see them--I have paved the Way & I expect a good Number of the Tuscaroras & Nottaways early in the Spring, & I think Lieut. Baker will be of great Service with those People.
I am in Pain & greatly uneasy for the poor Men's Cloathing--I understand the Treasurer appointed Colo. Carlyle & Mr. Chas. Stewart to provide them, & I hope the first Vessell from London will bring them; the Severity of the Weather & the Work they have to do gives me Concern when I think of their naked Condition,--I wish You cou'd purchase some Blankets for the present tho' I think it cannot be long before they arrive; endeavour to keep them in Spirits for a short Time longer.
You do right in writing to the Treasurer to provide Money You know I am only to grant my Warrant, & when I see him I shall speak to him on that Head.
I shall be glad to have a regular Return of Your Strength to lay before Lord Loudoun when he arrives--I wish You Health & I remain
... Sir
... Your humble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
Decr. 31. 1756 --
DEAR SIR/
I am truly concerned at the uneasiness you are under in your present Situation, and the more so, as I am sensible You have too much reason for it, The Resolution of defending Fort Cumberland, and evacuating the other Forts was taken before I knew or mistrusted any thing of the Matter, I must confess I was not a little surprised at it, and took the Liberty to expostulate with many of the Council upon it, who gave me for Answer that Lord Loudoun had insisted that Fort Cumberland should be preserved at all Events, and as we had so few Troops, it could not be done without breaking up the small Forts and taking the men from them it was to no Purpose to tell them that our Frontiers would thereby be intirely exposed to our Cruel and Savage Enemy, and that they could receive no Protection from Fort Cumberland, as it was in another Province, and so remote from any of our Inhabitants, and further that by such a Conduct the Act of Assembly which gave the money solely for the Defence and Protection of our Frontiers--would be violated and the Money applied otherwise than the Assembly intended, yet notwithstanding all I could say they persisted in their Resolution without alledging any other reason for it than that it was in pursuance of Lord Loudoun's desire, it can't be any difficult matter to guess who was the Author and Promoter of this Advice and Resolution, or by whom my Lord Loudoun has been persuaded that the Place is of such Importance, but supposing it was really so, surely it ought to be defended by the People in whose Province it is1 or at least at the Expence of the three Colonies jointly,2 and not to leave our own Frontiers exposed for the defence of a Place from which we can't receive the least advantage or Protection, the present unhappy State of our Country must fill the minds of every well wisher to it with dismal & gloomy Apprehensions, and without some speedy Alteration in our Counsels, which God send, the Fate of it must soon be determined.
[Note 1: 1 Maryland.]
[Note 2: 2 Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.]
I am extremely sensible of the miserable situation the poor Soldiers are in for want of their Clothes and do from my heart compassionate them for the hardships they must undergo and sincerely wish it was in my Power to relieve them I was in hopes that Cloths would have come in before this time, as I saw a Letter from the Mercht. to whom they were sent for, that they would be shiped the beginning of Octr. I think it cant be long before they arrive and I have ordered them up to Alexandria as soon as they come, in the meantime I shall use my utmost Endeavours to procure Blankets for the Poor Soldiers.
I am sorry you should have any Occasion for money again so soon, especially so large a Sum, as I dont know how you will be supplied with it, for the money that was given by the Assembly for the Payment of the Forces is so near exhausted that I am very sure that there is not in my hands one third part of the Sum that you say will be wanted to clear you off to the first of Janry. and how the deficiency will be supplied or how the Forces will subsist till the Assembly meets in Febry. I cant imagine; when Capt. Mercer came for the last Money he informed the Committee that the reason of so large a Demand at that time was to pay for the Provisions which were laid in for a Year, and for the pay of the men to the last of November, and we were then in hopes that what was left would be near sufficient to pay the men that would be left to the last of Febry. Janry., and then the Assembly when they met would make such further Provision as they should think proper, if any Prejudice should happen to the Service for want of money before the Assembly meets, it must be charged to those by whose Advice the meeting was delayed so long; however I will call a Committee to meet on Monday the 17th. of next month, as I cant possibly do it sooner, and lay your Demands before them, and shall then be ready to pay Mr. Kirkpatrick whatever Sum the Com. shall direct. I am
... Dr. Sir/
... Your Affece. Friend
... and Obedt. Servt.
... JOHN ROBINSON
[Note 1: 1 John Stanwix (nephew to the Brigadier-General Stanwix famous in the wars of Queen Anne) entered the army in 1706, and was appointed colonel commandant of the 60th regiment of Royal Americans, January 1, 1756. The following year he was put in command of the southern district, with his headquarters at Carlisle, Pa. He was appointed brigadier-general, December 29. In 1758, being relieved by General Forbes, he proceeded to Albany with directions to build a fort (called in his honor Stanwix, afterwards Fort Schuyler) at the "Oneida carrying place," on the Mohawk River, on the site of Rome, Oneida County, New York. He was made a major-general, and returned to Pennsylvania in 1759. Repaired Fort Pitt and considerably strengthened it. Resigned in favor of Sir Richard Monckton, May 4, 1760, and returned to England, where he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the Isle of Wight. He was lost at sea while crossing from Dublin to Holyhead, December, 1765.]
LANCASTER Janry. 13th. 1757
DEAR SIR
it is with great Pleasure I own the favour of your obliging letter by Capt. Stewart and am much rejoyced to hear of your being in a fair way of recovery Wch: is wish'd for by all your friends both for their own sakes as well as that of your Country whose services you are known to have so much at heart
I am told from my Friends in England that his Majesty intends me an Old Regiment but whether it is to be here or in Europe is not certain, as these things are often talked of a long time before done that may possibly be my case I have a strong notion that I shall come towards Winchester but hope the Spring will be a little advanced first, if this should happen propose great satisfaction to myself in having the Opportunity of consulting with you on any service I may be Order'd upon, beg you will believe that I am with great truth
... Dr. Sir
... Your most Obedt. &
... most humble Servt.
... JOHN STANWIX
PHILADA. 14th. Jany. 1757
SIR
By order of Colo. John Carlyle of Alexandria I send you by the bearer John Spore. Two Marked Bales qr. 22a Rheams of Cartridge sorted.--one long Box contg. four X Cutt saws, and 4 Whip saws, with the Handles, Files, Setts, and every thing ready fitted, the Saws are also Sharpd. & as they are extremly well packed up. I hope they'l come safe to hand: they are the very best of the kinds I could meet with in the City, and I daresay will give Satisfaction. As Mr. Carlyle only mentioned Cartridge paper in general, I was at some Loss what to send, but by the advice of some of the Gentlemen of the Army here, I think the kinds will answer, their 1½ Quires, say Rheams, for the Great Guns. If any thing further of this kind, should be wanted the orders should be more particular. They are from the best hands, the Bills of Parcels of them I send to Mr. Carlyle. they amount to £31.15.7. this Curry. to his Debite --
They weigh just Five Hundred & Fourty pounds and I have agreed to pay him the same Philip Bush does. which is Twenty Shills. Per qr.--& has taken his receipt accordingly. It will always give me pleasure to receive your Commands. being with much respect.
... Sir.
... Your most obedt. Servant
... ALEXR. LUNAN.
ALEXANDRIA Jany. 22 1757
DR. SIR/
After I had wrote to Capt. Mercer I find the Wagons Will not Leave The Town before I finish This, In Answer to Yours of the 20th Inst. When I Wrote you & Capt. Mercer I Cou'd give no Guess at the packages Nor coud I tell What Quantity of Wagons Will doe, for the things Under Contract I believe Twelve or fourteen Wagons will doe the other Goods Ordered by Yr. Letter of June The 20th. Such as Blankets, Camp Kettles, Canteens Spare Shirts &c will Take at Least Six or Seven Wagons. I Will Observe Yr. Directions In Sending Up Sumthing of Every Kind & to the Amount of the Number of Men In Yr. Return --
Yr. Brother Mr. John Washington See the Negro's When I purchased & Liked them, & the Owner woud not Take Virginia Paper money at more than Maryland & I dare Say you may Get Bills at 35 perct. --
I am Next to Observe what you Say Abt. the Goods for the Officers, You desired Me to Send for a Quantity of Cloaths & Lace ½ ¾ & Inch Wide of one Patteron, I Immediately Sent for a Quantity that I Allotted for 30 Officers & Several other things, & ordered no Cloath Cheaper than 12/6 per Yd. Which is A Good Cloath When Well bought as I Expect this is When Capt. Mercer Came here I consulted him & he made Sum Small Alterations Which In my Letter to London by the Next Oppty. I ordered, it Was Not Gott to hand When These Goods Came Away & Mr Bowden tells Me the Gorgetts Sashes &c Which I Suppose to be the Remainder of the Shoulder Knotts Woud Come per Next Ship Capt. Jno. Johnston is dayly Expected, the Subsequent order & our own Goods Amounts to A Large Sum £1500 Ster: & Another Reason I had to think I had Sent for Sufficient Capt. Jos: Lewis, & I think Capt. Mercer told Me they was Supply'd & I doubted not Many other also was their is 36 Sword Knots & I expect the Like number of Shoulder Knotts, Sashes, & Gorgetts, the Lace is by Yr. Direction all of one kind only different Widths, I Never Was Made Acquainted With the Officers Wanting more than One Suit & If I have Lost by Not having Sufficient Quantity, I am Sorry for it, the Dificulty of Getting bills are Such that I was afraid of Exceeding farther; These Times are Dangerous & A Disappointment might be of bad Consequence
As I knew Nothing of the Officers Leaving money In Your hand & Expected to Stay for my pay Sum time & to Cut Goods or keep A Store is Expensive If the Goods was All Taken of at once I woud be farr from Asking one Penny more than the Country pay Me, I can have 125 perCt for Any Single Artickles, & 100 perct. for half the goods (the Shoulder knotts Excepted) but the price I Will Referr to Yoursel If the Officers Chouse any Or All of them, & this You may depend they are Well bought, & Cheaper by 75 perct. Than they Will gett at Philadelphia or any where Else, I am sorry for the disappointment to the Officers; more so than my own Loss, as I Rely Cannot blame Myself having Sent for What I Expected you Wanted, as farr as I thought woud Sell, the only Error Mr Bowden has Committed is the Coursest Blew Cloath 7/6 & Shoud have been 12/6 & as many of the Goods as are Come to hand I think Extreamly Neat & Well bought, Inclosed I Send you A List of the Packages that You May Judge of the Quantity of Wagons Wanted & With Mrs. Carlyles Compts.
I am ... Dr. Sir Yr.
... Very hble Sert.
... JOHN CARLYLE
P. S. I Shall Write you In Answer to yrs. from ft Cumberland In My Next I have not Now time.--J. C.
BELVOIR. 22d. Janry. 1757
DEAR SIR
This Evening I had the Pleasure to receive your Favor of the 13th. inst. I desir'd only a Sketch and You have kindly sent Me an expressive One of what I desir'd to know. Bryan Fx has partook of several merry Meetings and Dancings in Westmoreland and Essex and it's said addresses Miss T--ville. If He succeeds, his Friends may excuse his quitting the Military. A Life that do's Honour to the Worthy and generally rewarded with one's Country's Esteem and Munificence. Those who unjustly and snarlingly Censure whom They can't imitate or equal are to be overlookt and contemnd.
Our last Advices said Lord Loudoun was gone to N. England. Capt. John Clarke from Salem is now with Us on a Visit, and declares if his Lordship appears affable and treats those People in a kind manner They will assure at least 50,000 wel armd & disciplind and with more Chearfulness if his Lordship would lead Them to Qu--k & Mt--real, rather than cause Them to march the round to Albany as before. This Evg. Colo. Carlyle advised Us, He had an Account of three Regiments being just arrived at N. York. I suppose a good Squadron of Ships conveyd them that are to assist any Operations agreed on. Its expectd the present Parliament will enquire after every Mismanagement in the Ministry; Some say the D. of Newc--Ld. An--&c will be impeacht, insomuch that the most vigorous Measures will be attempted towards regaining our lost Honor in the Mediterranean and at Oswego. I have seen your Regiments Cloathing at Mr. Carlyle's and think them well chosen and made:1 hope You will soon have them; also the expected Pay as Mr. Kirkpatrick was to meet Mr. Treasurer2 and the Committee on the 17th. at Wmsburg G. Fx, Mr. Carlyle & I lost our Necessarys sent for, being shipt on board the Friendship Capt. Robt. Lee bound for Patuxent & sayld with Channel Convoy but in August was taken by a Privateer and carried into Bayonne.
[Note 1: 1 The regimental dress prescribed in general orders of September 17, 1755, was as follows: "Regimentals of good blue Cloath; the Coat to be faced and cuffed with Scarlet, and trimmed with Silver: a Scarlet waistcoat, with Silver Lace; Blue Breeches, and a Silver-laced Hat, if to be had, for Camp or Garrison Duty."]
[Note 2: 2 John Robinson, Esq., Speaker of the House of Burgesses.]
I am sensible yr. Self, Officers & Men undergo uncommon Difficultys as well in your provisionary Support as in carrying on the additional Works directed. If as I suppose the Workmen were paid some Consideration for what They did and are doing at Fort Loudoun You may expect likewise the same Justice for what You have and are doing at Fort Cumberland, Wch the Govr. writes Me, Lord Loudoun is desirous by no Means to have dismantled or the Garrison withdrawn. No doubt You cause to be kept regular Accots. of the Soldiers extraordinary Labour and other Incidents. The Revenue of 2s. Per Hhd &c under the Disposal of the Govr. & Council is I believe mostly exhausted, therefore it may be expected the Assembly will pay the Expences on the Governor & Council setting forth the Reasons and Necessity of their Orders to You. As the Matter appears in this Light, You may think proper perhaps to correspond some Times with Mr. Treasurer letting Him know the Occurrences, what Obstructions and Discouragements when You meet any, As He & most of the Committee if not All, are your Friends and undoubtedly will advise and assist your Endeavours especially whilst acting in the lawful Defence of your Country. As to Mr. Commissary Walker I don't yet know whether He is to continue or who are to succeed. Messrs. Carlyle & Ramsay are in Suspence --
Denis Mc.Carty supported by Mr. Thos. Campbell an Officer sent from the No.ward to recruit among Us, comitted several illegal Acts lately at Alexandria, forcing open Doors in the Night time, taking Men out of their Beds and carrying them to their Guard &c Wch. Mr. Kirkpatrick then in Town can pticularly acquaint You with. I sent by Him Depositions relating the Facts to the Governor.
Mr. Campbell &c went afterwards to Westmoreland where They acted other gross Enormities countenanced by Colo. Ph. Lee. Such Irregularities must obstruct the recruiting Service and cause all Freemen to disesteem the licentious Officers--The Genl. Assembly is prorogued to Feby.--When Mr. Kirkpatrick returns He will inform whether It may then meet or No.
As perhaps You may'nt have Seen th' enclosed relating to the British Ministry, I send it for your Perusal. Please to favor me with an Accot. of Occurrences as may further happen. G. Fx, his Dame & Miss Hannah (Bryan in Westmoreland) heartily joyn in wishing You every Felicity, your Station can admit. You'l also do me the Justice to believe that I am as much as any Person can be
... Dear Sir
... Your Affect. Friend &c
... W. FAIRFAX.
[Note 1: 1 From a copy, the original probably being one of many other autographs given away by Bushrod Washington.]
Feb. 7, 1757.
Sir,
I received yours by Mr. Buchanan with the cash to purchase Mrs Buckner's Carpenter, but as I am apprehensive there is a mortgage or some other incumbrance as I well know that estate is much in debt, it will be prudent to act cautiously lest there should be any dispute hereafter. I have already inquired about the Carpenter and have been informed that he will be sold sometime hence, but who has the selling of him I know not, Shall be as speedy as possible in letting you know how I succeed.
Yours by Lieut. Williams I received with the cash inclosed. If I fail in the purchase of Buckner's Carpenter I will immediately send mine to your home to carry on your building till another can be got.
... I am Your Most Humble Servt.
... FIELDING LEWIS.2
[Note 2: 2 Colonel Fielding Lewis was born in 1736, and died at "Kenmore House," December, 1781. He married first Catherine Washington, cousin to George, and afterwards Betty, his only sister. The issue of the first marriage was three sons, and of the second nine sons and three daughters. The grave of Mary, the mother of Washington, is on what was then the Kenmore estate.]
John and his lady went from here yesterday on their way to the Bushrod's.
WILLIAMSBURG Jany. 26th. 1757
SIR
Yrs. of the 12th: I recd:1--I am very sorry for the Mutiny You mention on the So. Branch, & I greatly approve the Steps You took to stop it; I hope the six Deserters have been apprehended & punish'd;--the Persons under Sentence of Death, I hear some of them are Serjeants & Corporals, it's a most aragant Affair in them to promote & countenance Mutiny for which they deserve the Sentence pass'd on them; however take proper Methods to make them sensible of their atrocious Crime; I desire You may pardon them, but some of them for Example shou'd be reduced & put into the Ranks, & others appointed in their room, but this is left to You.
[Note 1: 1 See Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. i. p. 411.]
As Your People are enlist'd with the Money rais'd for His Mty's Service, paid with the same, & incorporated into a Regmt in his Pay, I conceive they are subject to the Articles of War, & every other Regulation as His Mys more immediate Regular Forces, in this Opinion the Attoy. Genl. agrees with me.
Mr. Walker has broke his Promise to me, but never intimated any ill Usage from You, I cou'd not imagine his Reasons & only suggested that he might have some Hindrance or Disappointmt. in discharge of his Duty; I expect him in Town when shall talk with him fully on the Affair;--he sent me an Acct. of 690 Anual Charges attending his Duty, besides his own Pay which wou'd be a monstrous Charge on the Country; I therefore intend to put the Victualg. in another Channel when the Assembly meets, at present I cannot see any Inconveniency, as Provisions are contracted for to supply You for some Months, which Mr. Walker says were by his Orders to Mr. Rutherfurd.
As Capt. Mc.Neill is at Winchester it will be too long to wait his coming here to go with the Catabaws;--they are an [mutilated]1 sett of People; I think You was wrong in giving them all Horses. I fear it will be expected by others, I am much plagued & troubled to please them.
[Note 1: 1 It has been suggested to the Editor to supply these mutilated portions of Governor Dinwiddie's letters from the printed Dinwiddie Papers. The object of this edition, however, is to print the originals as they now exist in the Washington Collection; comparisons may be readily made.]
Mr. Mercer tells me he has engag'd a number of Servants;--I wrote You to engage no more till I knew where to get Money to pay them; there is none to be had from the Treasury; however if he can put off the Paying for them till April I hope then to supply him for those he has enlisted, I desire him to purchase no more.
I am sorry that Gentn. cou'd not understand Yr. Directions in regard to the Ambrozures & I [mutilated] no doubt You made a Draught of the Works for his Conduct. --
You have acted properly in evacuating no more Forts than were necessary to reinforce the two Garrisons.--I have the Return of your Strength which shall transmit to Lord Loudoun--Great Clamours here against the many Officers in Commission to comd. so few Men, & I dare say Lord Loudoun will take Notice of it--I wish You had a better supply of Tools.
Yr. Letter of the 14th: I shall answer by Jenkins who I detain till my Express arrives from my Lord I expect him daily as he left N. York the 9th: of this Month, I shall then be more able to write You, in the mean Time I remain
... Sir
... Your hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
Capt. Pearis says You have order'd his Men to be continued in Pay--I wrote Majr. Lewis to send them to You to be incorporated into the Regmt.--I know no Service they [mutilated] at prest.--but it seems [mutilated] naked they cd. not march --
WILLIAMSBG. Feby. 2d. 1757
SIR
I detain'd Jenkins here till my Express arrived from Ld. Loudoun.
His Lordship has desired all the Soern Governors to meet him at Philada. the 17th. of this Month, to consult what is proper to be done in these Parts; as this appears to me the Design of their Meeting I cannot conceive what Service You can be of in going there, as the Plan concerted will in course be communicated to You & the other Officers; however as You seem so earnest to go I now give You Leave; & desire You will give proper Orders at Forts Cumberland & Loudoun, that the Works may be duly carried on in Yr. absence1 --
[Note 1: 1 Washington attended this meeting, where he met with a flattering reception from Lord Loudoun, who solicited and duly valued his counsels. The result was, however, only a partial fulfilment of his hopes. In the grand scheme of operations, it was decided that the main efforts should be made on the Lakes and Canadian borders, where the enemy's forces were embodied, and that the middle and southern colonies should continue on the defensive. Washington had the satisfaction to find, nevertheless, that his advice was followed in regard to local arrangements.--SPARKS.]
I am in a Hurry providing for my Departure--I am
... Sir
... Your hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
[Note 2: 2 Captain Robert McKenzie again applied to Washington to use his influence to procure him an appointment in the regular army of Great Britain in 1760, which was accorded him. In the war for independence he remained upon the British side, and was wounded at the battle of Bunker Hill. He was afterwards appointed secretary to General Howe.]
PEARSALLS Feby. 18th. 1757-
SIR
I have been lately advised by my Friends to take a Step, which though it may tend to my Advantage, may equally prove detrimental if too rashly undertaken. And as I would not enter into an Affair of the Kind, without previously acquainting you with it, & begging your Advice; I hope you will candidly impart it to me, by which I shall regulate my Conduct --
The Regiment has been for some Time in a totering Condition, occasiond by the late Differences; & the Poverty of the Colony has given some small Room to surmise, that at least a Part of the Corps will be soon reduced. Indeed it seems almost certain, that we cannot be long supported; that we have scarce reasonable Hopes of being taken Notice of by the Superior Powers; & then, to put the best Construction upon it, we can hope for nothing more, than bare Thanks for our Services, when the present Exigencies cease.
If this is really the Case, it behoves every Person in my Condition, to push his Fortune in the best Manner he can. Wbg1 Dependance is too small to maintain me without some other Assistance; And my Desire to enter myself on the military List, induced me first, to lay aside the Study of that Profession, by which I was to make up the Deficiency. --
[Note 1: 1 Williamsburg.]
To explain myself more fully: the Scheme proposed, is to enter myself a Volontier in the British Troops, whereby I may in Time be introduced to a State of Independence. This (as far as the World goes at present) I know cannot be effected, without the Intercession & Interest of Friends, which Benefit I have not had an Opportunity to cultivate.--If this Step should appear rational & adviseable to you, I hope you will not think it Presumption in me, to beg your Assistance & Favors, & to move the affair to the Governor, whom I understand you accompany to Philadelphia --
I flatter myself I have not forfeited his Esteem by my Behaviour, since he honoured me with my present Comsion, which as it was unexpected, I shall always remember in the most grateful Manner.--If I knew your Sentiments, I should address myself to him instantly by Letter; but as I shall act accordingly, will postpone it, untill I receive your Answer. --
I assure you upon Honour, that I esteem this Service as much as any Person in it, & would chuse to continue in it before any other, provided, I could make it conform any Way to my Interest. I hope a Regard to that Principle cannot reflect in the least to my Discredit, which (if I am not mistaken) operates in the Breast of the most zealous Patriot.
I must again sollicit your Advice in this Affair, & repeat my Entreaties for you to excuse this Freedom in
... Sir
... Your dutiful & obedt. Servant
... ROBT. MC.KENZIE
P. S. On the 15th. Inst. a Party of abt. twenty Indians, took a Man nigh Fort Defiance, & chased another. They burnt some Houses, Stacks of Hay, killed several Cattle & A Party went out after them from Fort Pleasant as quick as possible, but I have not heard their Success --
... Yours as above
... R. MC.
Feby. 19th. 1757 --
SIR
It is not Agreeable to my Inclinations to be Thus Troublesome as to my Repeated Letters for Leave to be Removed from this Compy. and as it is much against my Inclinations the Continuing it Hope you will Indulge me in this my Last Request. I have Marched the Detacht. from Fort Dinwiddie to Vass's, and Shall be as Officious as in my power for three Weeks or A month in Carrying on the Works--In which Time I hope there will be An Officer to Relieve me pray Sir Consider the Manner I came to the Regt. & Time I had the Honour of Serving under you, & if you do not think proper give to remove me to some other Station hope you will not Refuse me the Liberty of Resigning As being Broke by a Court Martial will give Room for Reflection tho will submit to any thing you Direct before I stay in the Manner I am--from Sir your most Obt. Humble Servt.
... THOS. BULLITT.
P. S. Serjt. Wilper Recruited one Morgan he Advanced the money, the Fellow was Entertained 34 day & deserted after receiving Cloths from Serjt. the Sd. Soldr. was one of the Rects. you see at Fort Dinwiddie and was Taken up after desertion and is now with Capt. Mc.Neal Capt. Hog refuses to pay for advance money or any Time he was Entertained tho he sent Instructions to us to Recruit all Servts. and others.
[Note 1: 1 Aid-de-camp to Lord Loudoun.]
NEW YORK 27th. Feby. 1757
SIR
I had the honor to receive your letter From Fort Loudoun with one Inclosed to Lord Loudoun who begs that you will excuse his not writing to you by this opportunity, the hurry of business which he is in at present having prevented him. His Lordship seems very much pleased with the Accounts you have given him of the situation of our affairs to the South'ard. The good Character given of you by the gentlemen I have met with of your acquaintance makes me wish to have that Honor, & I hope that next Summer will afford me an opportunity, as his Lordship proposes seeing Virginia
Captain Roger Morris General Webbs Aid de Camp desires his Compliments to you.
... I am Sir
... Your most Obedient
... & most humble Servant
... JAS CUNINGHAM
... Aid de Camp
NEW YORK March 14th. 1757
DEAR SIR
I arrived here from New London a few days agoe and hearing you was at Philadelphia trouble you with this, and Capt. Mercer with the inclosed. I hope and Flatter my Self my Lord Loudoun will Concert such Plans as will Effectually Secure our Frontiers and distress the Enemy, and that he will do that for you which you have so justly merited and let your Command be Equal to your deserts. I am sure I can with truth say I know of none who has done so much for their Country, and been so little Noticed and as yet so Poorly Rewarded--however hope soon to hear it is done to your Satisfaction--our New England Heroism seems to be mostly at an End.
I have a Brother who has acted as under Commissry. for Mr. Walker at Winchester he is young and I hope of a good Disposition, I trouble you with the inclosed for him and Pray the favour of you to show him any--Countenance his Situation may admit of; and give him on my Acct. any Friendly Advice you think Proper, I hope he himself will be greatfull, and I assure you I Shall Ever be so, indeed I make no doubt but you will Receive a satisfaction in Showing Favour to a Poor Youth whose Fathers bad economy has turned him into the world to shift for himself, but this subject would be only troubling you with Mellancholly Scenes you have no Connection with.
I am now at Mr. Robinsons, he Mrs. Robinson and his Dear Little Family are all well they desire their Compliments to you.1
[Note 1: 1 It was at Beverly Robinson's house, when in New York in 1756, that Washington lodged, and where he was kindly entertained. It happened at this time that Miss Mary Philipse, Mrs. Robinson's sister, was an inmate of the family. We know the deep impression Miss Polly's charms made on the heart of the Virginia colonel; an impression deeper than when, at sixteen, his heart was softened by the graces of his "Low Land Beauty."]
Pretty Miss Polly is in the same Condition & situation as you saw her--my best Respects to Capt. Mercer & Stuart accept the same and my most sincere wishes for your welfare and happiness and be assured that I am
... Dear Sir
... Your most Obedt. Servt.
... Jos. CHEW
Minutes taken at a Meeting of the Governors of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Pensilvania, with the Earl of Loudoun, Commander in Chief of his Majestys Forces in North America began at Philadelphia March 15th. And Continued by several Adjournments to March 23d. 1757.
The Meeting having been Informed by the Earl of Loudoun that there was a Plan approved of by his Majesty of employing the greatest part of the Troops this Campaign to the Northward, and that he had Invited them to this meeting in order to Concert in conjunction with them, a Plan for the defence of the Southern Provinces whilst the other operations were carrying on.
His Lordship further acquainted them that he was willing to leave for the defence of the Southern Provinces, one Battalion, to be Compleated to one thousand Men, And the three Independant Companys in South Carolina of one Hundred Men each which may amount to 200 Effective Men. And that he thought it Necessary for the Security of the whole that the Several Provinces should furnish by the following Proportions.
And the Several Governors, do engage to use their best endeavours with their several Provinces, to raise and Support the above number to Act in Conjunction with the Regular Forces, and under Command of his Majestys General, or the Officer Properly authorized According to his Majestys Regulation.
The meeting taking into consideration the Situation of the Several Provinces, and the Intelligence received from different parts It appears to them, that there is danger of the Enemys making an Attack on the Province of South Carolina, either by Sea from St. Domingo, or from the Alabama Fort in the Creek Indians, on the head of the Mobile, for which reason they have agreed that there ought to be Two Thousand Men Employed in defence of that Valuable Province of South Carolina, and to Secure Georgia And that they should be composed as follows --
That the said Troops should be put under ye Command of Lieutn. Colonel Bouquet & transported to Charles Town as soon as Possible the Regular Troops and the 200 Provincial Troops from Pensilvania by Sea from hence,
And the 200 Troops from North Carolina to March by Land --
The Earl of Loudoun on the part of the Crown, agrees that he will at the Kings Expence Supply the 200 Men from North Carolina, the 400 Men from Virginia, and the 200 from Pensilvania, with the Kings Provisions, from the time they arrive in South Carolina during the time he keeps them there, but that he expected the Several Provinces from whence they are detached, should transport them there, at the expence of the Province, from where they are sent --
And to prevent any mistakes hereafter arising in relation to any demand that may be made, its agreed that the Several Provinces shall Maintain the Remainder of the Troops raised by them for the Service in every article, as on this Occasion they are entirely employed in the defence & for the Security of their respective Provinces
And it is further agreed that we the Governors shall in our respective Provinces take particular care to form such Regulations, and to see them properly executed, that in all time coming Carriages for the transporting the Baggage of his Majestys Troops shall be prepared at stated reasonable rates, and that all the Troops of whatever denomination, either passing through our Provinces, or while in fixed Quarters therein, shall in time of Peace be properly Quartered, and in time of War whatever Number of Troops the Commander in Chief may Judge Necessary for defence or Carrying on the General Service shall be Quartered according to Custom or the Exigencies of Service
... ARTHUR DOBBS
The above resolutions are agreed
... WILLIAM DENNY
to by the Severall Governors And Signed
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
by us in the Presence of the Earl of Loudoun
... HORATIO SHARPE
his Majestys Commander in Chief
... Signed LOUDOUN
It is further agreed that the Remaining 200 Men to be raised by No. Carolina are to be employed, a Hundred in Garisoning the Catawba Fort & Fort Dobbs on the back parts of the Colony and the other 100 Men in Fort Johnstown the Fort at Topsail Inlet, And the Fort at Beaufort for Defence of their Coast That the remaining 600 of the Virginia Forces, shall be employed in the following Manner one 100 Men to Garrison Fort Loudoun by Winchester 50 Men to be Posted at Fort Enochs to be Built to Secure the Communication between Fort Loudoun & Fort Cumberland--And the Remainder of those Troops to be Posted for the Security of their West Frontiers and 100 Men at the Fort in the upper Tract 100 Men at Fort Dickeson and 100 at Vass Fort and the remaining 100 men to be sent to the Fort lately Built in the Cherokee Country
That the 500 Men raised by Maryland shall be Posted Viz 300 of them to Garrison Fort Cumberland 150 at Fort Frederick and 50 at Cressops to keep up the Communication between these Two Posts
[Note 1: 1 Clement Read was one of the most influential men in Lunenburg County, as that county was originally laid out. He was appointed in 1745 the first clerk of the court, was county-lieutenant, and burgess for a series of years, first of Lunenburg and subsequently of Charlotte County. He was the ancestor of a numerous and distinguished family. His son Isaac was the lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Virginia Regiment in the Revolution, and died in the service at Philadelphia. His son Thomas was also a leading man in the Revolution, was county-lieutenant of Charlotte, and its clerk for more than half a century. One of the daughters of Colonel Clement Read was the wife of Judge Paul Carrington the elder, and thus the progenitress of numerous distinguished descendants.--BROCK.]
LUNENBURG March 15th. 1757.
DEAR SIR,
About 10 Daies agoe, there came to my House twenty Six Indians of the Catawbas Nation, with two War Captains, Capt French, or the French Warrior, and Capt Butler, who I sent under the care of Robert Vaughan to Williamsburg where they desir'd to go before they March'd to you.
About 5 Daies agoe, there came to my House 93 of the same Nation with their King, Haglar, after they held a Council, it was determin'd, that the King, with his Brother and Conjurer, shou'd go to Wms. burg also and that ye others shou'd March directly to you; Whereupon, as their Numbers were great, the Country thro' which they were to pass thinly Inhabited, and as the Frontiers might be frightned at such an Appearance of painted Indians, I deemed it necessary to send a White Man along with them, And as Robert Vaughan was gone with the first 26, and as the Nation seem'd very fond of him, I thought I might please them in Sending his Brother Abra Vaughan with these to you, and they seem'd pleas'd that I did.1
[Note 1: 1 Washington's theory was that, unless Indians were opposed to Indians, but small success was to be expected. He encouraged, therefore, every effort to conciliate both the Catawbas and Cherokees.]
What I have to desire you Sir, is, that you would please to Satisfie Mr. Vaughan according to the trouble he has taken & must take I need not inform you that they are a very troublesome set of people, and their manner of travelling thro' the Inhabitants, must give their Guide a vast deal of trouble & fatigue, And as from this Consideration, & the Necessity of Keeping up a friendship with them, I have taken these Steps, in the Absence of his Honour the Governor, which I hope may be approved of.
As from Information of these Indians, I every day expect, Capt Johnny a Catawba & Mr. Abra Smith a Virginian, with 200 Cherokees and some more of the Catawba Nation which I must also send a White Man with as a Guide I must hope and take the freedom of recommending to you, the paying of Mr. Abra Vaughan to his Content, otherwise I have reason to fear, We shall hereafter get none to go on this Slavish Service; I need not add, that I am,
... Dear Sir,
... Your unknown, but mo Obed Hum
... Servant
P. S. ... CLEMENT READ
I have given Abra
Vaughan twelve pounds
ten shillings, all the money
I have, to assist him in
Carrying on to Winchester
... C. R.
WMS. BURG 22d. March 1757.
DEAR SR.
I recd. your Favor from Philadelphia dated the 2d. inst. since which finding the Governor likely to stay there longer than at first expected and many Matters of Government requisite which could not be done without Me I set off from Belvoir and arriv'd here the 17th. The next Day I was duly qualified in Council as President & Commander in Chief, which has given Me an Opportunity of seeing and treating with Numbers of the Cherokees & Catawba Indians, discoursing with Major A. Lewis & Lieut. Williams on their Affairs. I hope They Will Soon be under your Command as They appear to be of a Warlike Temper and Disposition, fit & willing to encounter any difficult Attack. I shall be very glad to know your Success with L. Loudoun and his Comands to You in the ensuing Campaign--Tho You may hear of the Genl. Assembly's being prorogued to the last Thursday in next Month, yet as Several Things as well for your Regiment as the public Weal of the Colony are wanted to be examin'd, settled and adjusted, We expect the Governor will soon after his Arrivel call & appoint a much earlier Meeting--when We shall be glad to See You and give Testimony of our hearty Affection.
As the Cherokees and Catawba Indians appear to Us well attacht to our Interest We are desirous of preserving Them, therefore endeavor to please & satisfy them. We have furnished them wth what could be got here: what is yet wanted and you can procure Please to accommodate them and Send or bring the Accots. thereof --
Pray remember Me kindly to yr. Officers and the brave Men of Yr. Regiment, and continue to believe that I am with all affect Regards
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. assurd, & loving Friend
... W. FAIRFAX
P. S. I referr to Majr. Lewis for pticulars ---
VASES1 March 24th. 1757 --
[Note 1: 1 Fort Vass (written Voss, Vaux, Vause) was on the Roanoke River, in Augusta County, ten miles from where Christianburg now stands.]
SIR as I have not bin Troublesom to you with my Cilititations on acct. of my Brothers prefermt. make free to Trouble you this Opertunity with Something of that sort.
It may appear uncomendable for a brother offering anything of ye Like In behalf of Another still as he was Very Officious in Recruiting for your Regmt. (winter was a Year) and Raised fifteen men (the promise of which, was Terms many your Officers obtained their Comissions on) and since have served as a Cadit, this must be sinking a small Country Living, (which is Certain Bread with Frugality & Care), for an Uncertainty while we only Injoy provincial Comissions, tho as I am Very Censible my Brother is Very Desirous of serving his Country. Hope you will Take him into Consideration and if Vacancy's & Establishmt. will admit provide for him, Otherwise Let him know it. Except your Regt. is Like to be on a better Footing or he Can Shortly obtain a Comr. I am Sir your Most Obedt. Hble Servt.
... THOS. BULLITT.
WMS. BURG 31st. March 1757
DEAR SIR
Yesterday by the Return of Capt. Ouchterlony I had the Pleasure to enquire of Him concerning your State and Welfare, but He said the Uncertainty of his coming hither prevented his acquainting You with it: however left You well.
Lieut. Baker setting off with the about Sixty of the Nottoways & Tuskarora Indians equipt with Arms &c to joyn the Tribes of Cherokees & Catawbas before Sent under the Care & Conduct of Majr. Lewis & Lieut. Williams will I hope be a welcome Re-inforcement and productive of good Events --
Captn. Jack Chief of the Tuskaroras produc'd to Me in Council your Letter of Invitation, wrote by Bryan Fx, who I wish, had not resignd but continued with You. I will not doubt that You had a kind Reception, from Lord Loudoun, and that his Orders for the Destination of your Regiment will be agreeable to the Corps.
The Governor came to Town this Day abt. 12 o'Clock accompanied wth Govr. Dobbs in seeming good Health and little fatigued. Every Member of the Council is Summond to meet at the Capitol on Monday next, Col. Ph. Lee included lately sworn & admitted. Colo. Tayloe has also the King's Order and may soon be expected to show it for the Same Purpose. By the Governor's Discourses whatever the intended Disposition of our Troops may be, is to be an enjoin'd Secret: But I suppose You was consulted and thought worthy of being entrusted at least with our Southern Attempts. As I apprehend You will not go up to Fort Cumberland (now expected to be given up to Maryland1) before You get Money to pay the Arrears due to the Regiment I have desird Mr. Baker to leave this Letter at Fredricksburg. He has taken kind Care of his Charge and appeared to be of a sober and good Disposition: if wanted, writes a good Hand, and to Him referr for pticulars.
[Note 1: 1 According to the plan concerted at Philadelphia for future operations, Fort Cumberland was henceforward to be garrisoned by Maryland forces, and the Virginia troops, provisions, and stores were to be removed to Fort Loudoun. Hence, notes Sparks, Washington's views, as far as Virginia was concerned, were at a late hour adopted, after a tedious winter had been spent, and much money had been wasted on the works at Fort Cumberland.]
I dont yet know whether the Genl. Assembly will be calld before Time of prorogation the last Thursday next Month.
My best Compts. to yr. Mother, Bro: Sister and Friends --
... I am with all friendly Regards
... Yr. affect & obedt.
... W. FAIRFAX
WILLIAMSBURG Apr. 5th. 1757
SIR
I hope by the Time this reaches Your Hands that Govr. Sharpe has relieved Fort Cumberland by sending into it a Garrison from his Maryland Forces, if so, this is to order You immediately to send down to Fredricksburg, two hundred Men Officers included, to be transported to South Carolina, under the Command of Lieut. Colo. Stephens, Captain Waggoner, Capt. Joshua Lewis, Lieuts. John Blag, John Campbell, Peter Stenburgen, & John Hall, with Sergeants Corporals & Drums, & let me know on return of this Express when they may be at Fredricksburg that I may order a Vessell or Vessells to take them in; I desire You may be as expeditious as possible in ordering them down, for by Letters from the Governor of So. Carolina, I have reason to apprehend the Enemy have a Design to invade that Province by Sea & Land. I therefore desire You will use double Diligence in having them ready at Fredricksburg, & write me accordingly, that I may do the Necessary for their Accommodation in So. Carolina1
[Note 1: 1 Governor Dinwiddie sent these two hundred men, and promised the remainder out of the one thousand men to be raised in the colony. They were never sent.]
As You will have a Number of Indians at Fort Loudoun, I desire they may be entertain'd with great Civility, & send them out in scalping Parties to such Places You shall see proper, with such Numbers of Your Men as You can spare, giving Directions to acquire what Intelligence they can procure of the Enemy & thier Motions, keep them constantly employ'd in the Service to the best Advantage.
On my Arrival here I found it necessary to call the Assembly to meet me Thursday the 14th. Instant so that after You have complied with above Orders, & given proper Directions, You may come down bringing a distinct List of each Company in the Regiment, with Acct. of Arrears due, and Endeavors may be made to have them compleatly paid;--by a particular Acct. of what may be due to the Men that are to proceed to So. Carolina, that the Money may be ready for them before they leave this Colony--I expect an exact Obedience to the above Orders, & I remain
... Sir
... Your Humble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
I intend Capt. John Mc.Neill to Command the 100 Men to be sent to the Cherokee Country to garrison the Fort built there--ask him if he can raise that Number of Men in Augusta & the other frontier Counties
WILLIAMSBURG Apr. 7th. 1757
SIR
I recd: Yours of the 2d: last Night & must refer You to mine of the 5th: which I sent You by Express, & doubt not You will receive at Fort Loudoun;1-- The pressing Letter from Govr. Lyttleton makes it absolutely necessary to send 200 of our Regmt. to his Assistance; & I must therefore repeat my Orders for their marchg. to Fredricksburg, & I hope they will be there by the 20th: of this Month & I am endeavouring to hire Vessells for transporting them to So. Carolina & refer You to my Letter by Express--I shall be glad if You can send three Tons of lead Ball to go with them, I shall send 100 bls Powder from this.
[Note 1: 1 This letter of the 5th had miscarried, and Washington had not received it when he wrote his letter of the 2d.]
Mr. Sharpe told me he had wrote by You to Capt. Dagworthy to march his Men to take Possession of Fort Cumberland when You withdrew Your Forces from thence, & I was in hopes it wou'd have been immediately done--No Doubt You shd. bring all the Stores belonging to the County from thence, as well as the Indian Goods, and take particular Acct. of the Provisions that they may be replac'd at Fort Loudoun agreeable to Mr. Sharpe's Promise.
I am fully of Opinion that we comply with the Regulation made by Lord Loudoun in the Disposal of our Forces, therefore they are to be at Fort Loudoun for that Disposition--The Indians must be taken care of, those that went from this were supplied with Shirts Blankets & Legins; I hope You can supply them with some & what may be deficient, with Provisions &c. must be taken Care for when You come here--I think if You are here by the 22d. of the Mo. will do, in the mean Time order them out in Parties with some of Your Men a Scalping &c.
I leave it to You to dispose of the Troops, after the 200 Men are sent to Fredricksburg, as You shall think most proper till I see You here;--I am very sensible we have too few Men on our Frontiers, but hope the Assembly will resolve to increase our Numbers by a generous Vote.
I wonder Govr. Sharpe shou'd hesitate in sending Capt. Dagworthy with his Men to Fort Cumberland, when he knew You had positive Orders to withdraw our Troops on his Arrival at that Place, & Delays my now prove of bad Consequence.
I have been very much indispos'd ever since arrival here that I can write no more at present, but remain
... Sir
... Your hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
AUGUSTA Apl. yo. 8th. 1757
SIR
I have no Instruction at this time by which I Can Act. I have Been at Wms.burg Latly as the Governor was not at home Nothing Could be Done, tho I Represented the Distressed Condition of the Frontiers in as Just a manner as in my Power. I was Referd to you Sir for furder Orders. as it was suposed you would Receive Orders from Lord Loudon. my Remaining longer here will be of no Service. I impationtly weat your Orders which Shall be Strictly Observd
When I was at Wmsburg I heard of 180 Cherokees Coming to Virginia. but has not Since heard any more of them--As there is no Assistance orderd from Our Nighbouring County Our Forts will Soon be Deserted --
... I am Sir your Most Obedean Servt.
... ANDW. LEWIS
April 21. 1757 --
DEAR SIR/
It gave me great Concern that Capt Gist went back without carrying a Letter from me in Answer to your several Favours, which he should not have done had I known any thing of his going, but I never had the Pleasure of seeing him after he delivered your Letter, in compliance to your request in his behalf, I spoke to the Managers for carrying on the Trade with the Indians the only thing that was in Power to serve him in, and they seemed very inclinable to employ him in that Service, but what was the result, or whether that Business was suitable to him I cant tell, as I never saw him after; As there are three Companies of Rangers to be raised, I should think he would be the properest Person they could fix upon to command one of them, tho' I cant tell when they will be raised as the Govr. seems determined not to raise any of them, till the Regiment is compleated, and whether that will be done by the Method directed by our Act, I cant pretend to say, tho' I am afraid not, The Act so far as relates to the raising of the Men you have in the news Paper otherwise would have sent you a Copy of it,1 The Mutiny Bill that we have passed is copied from the Act of Parliament, and the same Punishments for the same Crimes inflicted the Court Martial to consist of the same Number and to be held in the same Manner as directed by our former Act, the Title of it is "An Act to prevent Mutiny & Desertion,"
[Note 1: 1 The Assembly passed an act in April, 1757, authorizing a general draft to augment the Virginia forces to 1270 men, including non-commissioned officers. They directed a court, consisting of the sheriffs, justices, field-officers, and captains of the respective counties, the city of Williamsburg and borough of Norfolk, to meet and inquire into the occupation of the inhabitants between the ages of eighteen and fifty, and to "prick down all such able-bodied men within their respective jurisdictions, as shall be found loitering and neglecting to labor for reasonable wages; all who run from their habitations, leaving wives or children without suitable means for their subsistence, and all other idle, vagrant, or dissolute persons, wandering abroad without betaking themselves to some lawful employment," also deserters drafted under the former act.]
I have now sent by Mr. Boyd Ten Thousand Pounds, Six Thousand of it for the Arrears due to the Officers & Soldiers, and four Thousand for the Arrears due for provisions &c. The Govr. by his Warrants directed the Money to be paid to Mr. Boyd, but I told him he must at least deliver that for the Provisions to you, and you was engaged to See most of them paid, and tho' I could not at this time get a Com. to know their Sentimts. upon it, I make not the least doubt but they will allow you for your trouble and risque in redividing and paying it away.
Mr. Atkins wrote it seems very pressingly to the Govr. to send up Money to pay the Indians for Scalps, and the Govr. accordingly issued his Warrant to me to pay £240--for that Purpose, which I have paid tho' not justified for it by the Act of Assembly, for the Act directs that only Ten Pounds for every Scalp should be paid by me, and the remaining thirty to be paid at the next Assembly, and the Govr. by the Act is desired to buy goods for the Indians to the amount of that Sum of any Person that shall be willing to let them have them [mutilated] stay till the Assembly meets to be paid for them, but as I was afraid the Indians, if they did receive the whole, might be disobliged, and I could tell of what fatal consequence the disobliging them at this critical juncture might prove I to send them the whole money and run the Hazard of the Assembly's Approbation.1 From the Accounts recd by your Express we have but a Gloomy Prospect of our Affairs, and after lulling ourselves asleep in our Security, and even flattering our selves with being able with the small force we could raise, to take Fort Duquesne, to be in danger of haveing our Country overun by a force from that very Place must be a Melancholy consideration to every one that is effected with the distresses and Miseries of his fellow Creatures, who, if the Accts. of the Indians be true, tho' I cant help flattering myself they are exaggerated, must be in the most deplorable Situation when it is considered what a small force we have on foot to oppose them, it would be the highest vanity & Presumption to flatter ourselves with being able to defend them ourselves or preserve our miserable Inhabitants on the Frontiers from destruction, the Militia it seems of Six Counties are ordered out for their protection but I must confess I have no great dependance upon them, but should I be mistaken in them, there can be little hope of their getting together time enough to prevent the mischief, and the only Expectation we can have from them is, they may prevent the Enemy penetrating far into our Country, which if their number is so great as the Indians represent we have too much reason to apprehend, and I am afraid Col. Stanwix and the Forces of our neighbouring Colonies wont use much more dispatch in coming to our Assistance, and then we have only the divine Assistance to rely on, for tho' I am assured that every thing will be done for our Security and defence that can be with so small a force, yet what can be expected from one Man against an hundred, however We must not despond but put our Trust in him that is only able to save and protect. That he may guard you in the day of Battle and danger is the sincere prayer of
[Note 1: 1 This runs exactly as in the original.]
... Dear Sir
... Your Affect. Fr.end and
... Servant--
... JOHN ROBINSON
WMBURG 6. May 1757.
DR SIR
Capt. Gist tells Me You was unwilling to write as You could Not avoid touching on a Subject that must have lately greatly afflicted Me: And indeed I have been so for near a Week, when submitting to the Apprehension of Bryan being no more in Life and reducd so by the most deplorable & shocking Case, I recd a Letter from Him dated at Annapolis certifying that He was taken up, examind and having no Pass was comitted as one Wm. Fisher. On the usual Fare among Felons, Runaways, Deserters &c He was Sensible of his Condition and writes to Me by the Post wch. Mr Carlyle seeing at Alexandria, suspected the hand Writing, opened and found it to be from lost Bryan; next Day sets off for Annapolis to redeem the Captive, and sent Me Bryan's Letter to the great Relief of my Mind. Thus You will observe how a Youth endeavouring to go from Himself is capable of distressing his affecte. kindred. I guess Bryan after being twice refused in his Love Addresses had formed the Resolution to throw himself as a private Centinel in some of the Noern Regulars, and as such to be Conceald. I hope He will return compos'd wth. Mr. Carlyle, and submit to God's Disposal and the best Manner We can assist. I expect to Set off homewards with G Fx & Dame on Thursday next.
Capt. Gist tells Me that He is dischargd as a Captain from your Regiment Wch I did not before know. He has hopes of being some Way employd by Mr Atkins and says the Governor has desird You to recomend Him accordingly. I have joynd in it and shall be glad Mr Gist can get any comfortable Support. It begins to grow Dark and I must conclude With wishing You every desirable Happiness as Dr Sr Yr affect &c
... W. FAIRFAX
at new york the 6th. May 1757.
By His Excellcy. John Earl of Loudoun Lord Mauchline and Farrinyean &c &c &c1
[Note 1: 1 Earl of Loudoun and Baron Farriyean and Mauchline.--Burke's Peerage.]
To John Stanwix Esqr. Col Commandr of the First Battalion of his Majestys Royl. American Regmt.
Whereas I have thought it propr. for the good of his Majestys Service to put a Body of Troops under your Command, and Whereas it may be necessary during your Absence with the said Comd. that General Court Martials should be held for the better preservation of Discipline in the said Troops, I do therefore by Virtue of the power & Authority to me Given & Grant'd by his Majesty, hereby direct & impower you from time to time to call & Assemble, One or more courts Martial as there may be Occasion, and to Appoint Presidents of the Same. And I do also impower You to cause the said Sentence or Sentences of the said Court Martial to be put in Execution or Suspend the same as You shall think proper. Except in the Case of Comingd_ [commanding] Officers, which you are to suspend until you receive further Orders from me, And for your so doing this shall be your sufficient Warrt. & Authority
... Given under my hand and seal
... at New York the 6th. May 1757.
... LOUDOUN [L S]
By his Excelly Comd ... (a Copy)
J. APPY.
SIR
You are, as soon as you arrive at Fort Loudoun, to inform the Officers that the Assembly having considered the great expence the Virginia Regiment has cost the Country from the Number of Companies it consisted of, and those Companies not half compleat, in proportion to the vast Charge of Officers--It is resolved, for the better Saving of expences establishing a proper Regulation, that The said Regiment shall Consist only of ten Companies, of one hundred Men each--that all the Captains but Seven, be reduced--Those I have thought proper to continue, are Captains Mercer, Waggener, Stewart, Joshua Lewis, Woodward, Spotswood, and Mc.Kenzie--to those Discontinued in the Command of Captains (not from any Particular Misconduct or Demerit imputed) You are to offer Lieutenancys--and Compleat the Number of Lieutenants to Twenty, out of the oldest Subalterns, unless there be some, whose Conduct does not entitle them to the preference--The Ensigns for the Regiment are to consist of ten and to be fill'd up in the same manner, having regard to their Characters and Behaviour --
After the Companys are formed. You are to Occupy the following posts in the following manner, till Your numbers are encreased vizt. --
You are to remain at Winchester, and there use your utmost Diligence and care in forwarding the Public Works, with all possible expedition --
You are to continue all the Assistant Commissaries that are requisite, till such time as The Assembly comes to Some further Resolutions on this head,--and issue your Orders Accordingly --
You are no longer to have concern with, or management of, Indian affairs; The Honble Mr. Atkin is appointed by His Majesty for that extraordinary Service--He is now repairing to Winchester for that purpose, and will I suppose, if he should be obliged to leave it before the Indians return home, appoint some person to transact the Business in his Absence --
So Soon as The Assembly have resolved on the Ways and Means of raising men I shall advise You thereof, that You may be prepared for their reception--and send Officers to meet them if Ordered so to do. --
Given at Williamsburg this 16th. Day of May 1757 --
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
SIR
Whereas I have thought proper to discontinue the two pr ct. Commissions, (which the Country Committee have allowed you) for Your trouble, Risk and loss, in receiving and Paying away the Publick Money; settling and adjusting of accounts &c. : I shall only lodge a fund of Money in your hands to answer Contingent Expences; as they shall arise from time to time in the Execution of your Command. --
The Paymaster Commissary and others, are for the Future, to receive Money of Me to answer the purposes of their Calling; and to Me, are they to render accts. of their Disbursments; unless any Person, or Persons with my consent and Approbation, shall be appointed to transact this Business. --
You shall receive your usual Pay; and allowance for your Batmen1 (as the Committee have fixed it) and the additional Sum of Two hundred Pounds pr. Annum for your Table and Expences. --
[Note 1: 1 Batmen, or baromen, were originally servants to take care of the horses belonging to the train of artillery, baking, baggage, etc. Men who are excused from regimental duty for the specific purpose of attending to the horses belonging to their officers are called batmen.--Duane's Military Dictionary.]
In all other Respects you are to be on the same footing as formerly; and to Act as you heretofore have done. --
Given under my hand at the City of Williamsburg this 16th. day of May 1757.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
LANCASTER May 23d. 1757.
SIR
His Excellcy. the Earl of Loudoun having ordd. five Companys of my Battalion to serve in the back parts of the Southern Provinces and likewise that I am to be Supply'd with Amunition & Millitary Stores from Fort Loudoun in Winchester, to prevent any dissapointmt. in Carriages I have sent from this place nine Waggons which will be sufficient to bring to Lancaster the following Amunition &c ... 100 Barrells Gunpowder, 12000 Musquet Flints, .100. Rheams Cartridge paper, .50, pounds of Mueth, .50 pounds Brimstone, .50 pounds Saltpeter, .50. Three pounds Ball,--.3. Tons of Lead --
which youl please to Order to be deliver'd to the Waggoners whose names are mention'd in the Warrant herewith sent you of this date with all imaginable Speed, they have-ing undrtaken without an Escort to deliver these Stores to Edward Shippen Esqr. (for which you'l please to take their Receipt) at Lancaster, from thence I can as it may be want'd, supply myself at my Camp at Carlisle or between that and Shippensburge, please to send me a list of the particulars you send, as likewise the remains of all the Ammunition Artillery Millitary Stores &c belonging to his Majesty at Fort Loudoun in Winchester, that if the service should require more I may not send for what you have not in Store, I have with me, 2 Brass Cannon, 6 pounders & 1 Brass Canon--3 pounder--shall therefore be glad to have the nine Waggon's loaded with as many iron Shot as can be sent (over and above the 50, three pound ball) without over loading the Carriages, and what over addition you send shall return you after the War for the same who am
... Sir Your most Obedt.
... humble Servt.
... JOHN STANWIX
Since I wrote this letter the Waggoners (who first refused an Escort) have changed their minds and have therefore sent one Serjt. 1 corpl. and eleven men --
WILLIAMSBURG May 23d. 1757
SIR
This probably may be deliver'd to You by the Hon Edmd. Atkin Esqr. who has his Majesty's Commission to transact & superintend all the Affairs with the different Tribes of Indians the back of Georgia, South & No. Carolina & this Dominion; I desire You will receive him in a genteel Manner, & on his meeting with the Indians now at Fort Cumberland, give a Grace to his Operations by having a Company under Arms when he opens his Commission & talks with them--As the whole Negociation is left to him he probably may acquaint You with every Thing he transacts with them.
Our Assembly has not fix'd on the Supplies, & in course not yet printed any new Currency, but am told it will be done very soon; & You may assure the Officers & Soldiers that as soon as Money is coined, I will send up by Mr. Boyd when he comes here, sufficient to pay all their Arrears.
If the Cherokees return Home I think it will be necessary You shou'd send
The Assembly proposes raising 1200 Men & three Compays. of Rangers of 100 Men each, but the Mode for raising them is not yet concerted, & I fear will be attended with great Difficulties.
I am surpriz'd Colo Stephen is not come here with the two Companies; by his Letter of the 12th. he said he shou'd be at Fredricksburg last Sunday was a Week, by which I expected him last Saturday.
I cannot write You any Thing further till the Assembly goes thro' the Business before them, in the mean Time I doubt not You will keep Your Men properly employ'd.
Capt. McNeill tells me he has a Ballance of the Money in his Hands that I gave him to pay for the Servants enlisted in Augusta; I have order'd him to pay it to You.
... I remain with Respect
... [Signature mutilated.]
[Note 1: 1 William Ball, of "Millenbeck," St. Mary's, White Chapel Parish, Lancaster County; son of William and Margaret (Ball) Ball, and grandson of William and Hannah (Beale) Ball; married Lettice Lee, daughter of Colonel Henry Lee and Mary, daughter of Richard Bland. He was Burgess for Lancaster County, 1757--58, and a cousin many times removed of Washington.]
WILLIAMSBURG May 25th. 1757
DR. SR.
Waited on the Governor this day in Company with Capt. Mc.Neale, on my applying to him to be paid for my Servant Man Samuel Poe, was directed to you I hope Sir you will think it Reasonable to send Me Fifteen pounds Nothing could induce Me to value Him so low only that he is in my Countrys Services & has behav'd so well as to be made a Serjeant his first cost was £30 after he had serv'd two years I gave twenty odd pounds, having then five years to serve, He has not serv'd Me one Moment nor have I seen Him since I purchas'd Him, by our Law he would be Oblig'd to serve Me Nine years he has been gone two years last Christmas though at this time can't justly Recollect, Should you not be of Opinion to give Me ye above Sum pray put Him in proper Officers Hands to be convey'd to Me in Lancaster cty, I hope Dr. Sr. you will pardon my troubling you with this, With Due Respect I Am your ... Very Afft hle Servt &c
... WM BALL --
[Note 1: 1 A John Hall married Anne, daughter of Robert and Anne (Meriwether) Bolling. The name of Instant Hall is found among the vestry of Bristol Parish in 1720, and in 1718 a Robert Hall was burgess from Prince George County.]
NEW YORK June 1st. 1757
SR/
I have to inform you I have been at this Place this 7 days,--I have made use of all my Credentials, & got admitted to an Interview with his Lordship--he seemed much displeased at my leaving the Virginia Regiment, & I believe it was owing to the influence of yr. kind Sr. he did not reject me,--being apprehensive I presume too favourable a Reception might encourage others of that Chore2 to revolt.--I am appointed to Join the 44th. Regiment & this day embark.--the general Embarkation has been made this fortnight, his Lordship & Admiral Hardy going abroad this Evening, gives the Alarm for sailing--6000 Regulars. & 500 Provincials with Rogers in 90 sail of Transport, convoy'd by a 50. three 20s & a Sloop of War accompanys--an infinite Qty. of Stores & Provisions--fine train of Artillery, vast qty. of scaling Ladders--floating Batterys &c. Yet to what Purpose no one can with certainty determine. --
[Note 2: 2 Corps?]
We are this moment alarm'd with an acct. from a Vessell just arrived, that 6 large french men of War, are laying near to intercept us--this acct. agrees with others we have before had--how far it may influence his Lordships Intentions none knows, tho' its generally believ'd we sail to morrow--I hope to give you more agreeable news in my next,--while you'd do me the honour to receive my Lr. I shall not be remiss--that the motions of the Troops under yr.Command--may conduce to yr. honour & that you may enjoy health & felicity
... are the cordial Wishes
... of Sr. Yr. mos obt. humble Servt.
... JNO. HALL
WILLIAMSBURG June 6th. 1757
SIR
I recd. Yr. Letter of the 30th. Ulto. per Ct. Gist I am sorry the Indians are so refractory, which I conceive is entirely owing to Capt. Mercer's promising them Presents, which he had no Power or Authority to do --
Those Indians had a sufficient Supply at Bedford Court House agreeable to the Treaty; but their Avarice is such that if they had all their Expectations, they wou'd demand more, & it is a very great Error to make them any Promises whatever, further than to recommend their Demands without any positive Promise.
As Mr. Atkin is to transact all Indian Affairs, he in course may appoint a person to act in his Absence--Captain Gist is (I believe) a good Man, but is unhappy that he cannot speak their Language, however You may recommend him to Mr. Atkin & indeed I think when he met him on the Road, he shd. have return'd with him--I think whoever Mr. Atkin appoints is to be paid from Home.
The Assembly has pass'd a Bill for augmtg our Forces.--Money for paying Arrears, & all Charges on the Forces now in pay, & those to be rais'd; as it will lie with me to confirm it, You may suppose it to be a Law, & if You will send down the Pay Master, he will have Money to pay them to the 1st. of this Month.
Capt. Bullin's Scheme must be laid before Mr. Atkin & I agree with You that he shou'd be particularly distinguish'd.1--I observe Colo. Stanwix has recd. from You 100 bls Gun Powder, 3 Tons Lead, 100 six Pound Shott & 1200 Flints--Let me know the Number of Spare Arms & Amun now at Fort Loudoun, I fear we shall not have Arms sufficient for the Men propos'd to be rais'd, & when You write to Colo. Stanwix advise with him if he can supply us.
[Note 1: 1 A scheme for bringing in the Creek and Cherokee Indians, which Washington pronounced "worthy of Bullen," a Catawba warrior, of whom he spoke in the most complimentary manner.]
As the Bill pass'd the council but two Days agoe I cannot send You a Copy, but I have order'd it to be printed
... I remain
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
P. S. I hope the Men now
with You are employ'd in
finishing the Fort--.
[Note 1: 1 "Colonel Richard Bland of Jordans."]
WILLIAMSBURGH June 7. 1757
DEAR SIR
I have the pleasure of receiving your letter by Mr Gist; and I assure you I should look upon it as a singular felicity if I could contribute towards perfecting any scheme for the advantage of my country: My endeavours, so far as my influence will reach shall never be wanting. I have the mortification of finding the majority from Home against the most vigorous measures for effectually putting a stop to the French attempts upon our frontiers: But tho' numbers carried it against my opinion I am not yet convinced that an attack upon Fort Du Quesne or a lodgment near that place, with a sufficient force so as to keep them in perpetual alarm is impracticable. This is my favorite scheme; and I should be very glad to hear of its having your approbation.
We have had a dispute with the Council who flung out our first bill of supply, by an equal division of 5 on each side; upon the question being put for a third reading. This strange conduct under our present situation gave our house great resentment. They voted a severe resolve against the Council, & immediately ordered the same bill under a different title to be brot' in which was passed in two days, & sent again to the Council who gave their concurrence to it upon more mature consideration, so that you are to have this year 1272 men including non commissioned officers to compose your Regiment; and I do not at all doubt but you will do every thing in your power for the advantage of your Country that can be done by so small a force; & I most heartily wish you success in all your undertakings.
Another Bill has passed our House for laying out 5000£ in a proper cargo of goods to carry on a trade with the Indians for the public benefit under the direction of Col Peter & Wm. Randolph, Mr. Cary, Mr. Walker, & myself. This bill is now before the Council. If it passes into a law, we shall I believe engage with Mr. Gist as Factor, to carry it on: Your recommendation of him will have all proper weight with me & I am persuaded with the other Trustees or Directors.
As I have some thots' of writing an account of our transactions which I desire to communicate to public view in order to wipe off all reflections from my country and the several persons concerned in the conduct of our military enterprizes so far as they can be Justifed, I shall take it as a particular mark of friendship if at your leisure hours, if you have any,you would send me the heads of such things relative to the french invasion with the dates when they happened as you judge most interesting & proper for such a Work. I will speak the truth with boldness & I hope with approbation from every honest and good man, amongst whom I assure you without flattery I place you in the first rank.1
[Note 1: 1 Cf. Washington to Dr. Belknap, Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. xiv. p.11.]
... I am Dr. Sir, Yr most humble Servt.
... RICHARD BLAND.
If I have the pleasure of hearing from you please to direct to me at Jordans in Prince Geo. County.2
[Note 2: 2 This print is from the copy deposited in place of the original letter which the editor supposes to be of the number given away after Washington's death.]
[Note 3: 3 The original is indorsed, in an unfamiliar handwriting, "From Captain John Baker," and is so indexed among the manuscript letters of Washington. The editor, however, takes it that this letter is from Lieutenant James Baker, as it was he who had been sent out. Washington's opinion of Lieutenant Baker was a high one. His successful encounter with the enemy on Turtle Creek, twenty miles from Fort Du Quesne, elicited Washington's complimentary letter of June 12, 1757, of which the following is an extract: "To Lieutenant Baker: Dear Sir,--I embrace this opportunity of congratulating you upon your safe return; and of thanking you for the services you have done the Public, in your late Scout and Skirmish. I was greatly surprized at not receiving an account of this matter from yourself; but am satisfied there was some particular reason why I did not. For I cannot believe that you who have behaved so well in one respect wou'd be so deficient in your duty in another."--Washington's Record Book, 2, p. 189.]
FORT CUMBERLAND June 10th. 1757.
SIR
I Yesterday returned to this place with the Cherokees and have the Satisfaction to acquaint you that on the 5th. Instant we fell on two Tracks about 35 Miles beyond the three Forks of Yohagany in a small path that led towards this place, we had not followed those Tracks above eight or Ten miles, before we met 10 Frenchmen returning from a Scout, our foremost Indian discovered them first and sat down very cose [close] we all following his example, when the Frenchmen came within about fifty paces they saw our Men all Naked, and called to us and ask'd us who we were, at which time we all rising together fired on them which they returned, we waited not to lode again, but run in with our Tomahawks the Frenchmen then making of as fast as possible they cou'd, but the Indians out running them took two of them prisoners, the French lost six Men two killed dead on the Spot, two wounded, and two taken prisoners
Our loss tho' fewer in number is greater to us, the Swallow Warrior was Shot dead by a Ball in the head, and another Indian Wounded in both Thighs The Indians was so enraged at the loss of their head Man that it was impossible to save the other prisoner, Among the Frenchmen there was three Officers,1 two of which was killed and the other we have here. I send the Instructions of two of the Officers here inclosed. We have suffered greatly on our return not tasting a morsel for four days, and carrying the Wounded Man on our backs, I cannot tell when I shall be come down the Indians are not determined
[Note 1: 1 "Velistre, Lososais, and St. Oure, all ensigns."--Washington to Stanwix, June 15, 1757.]
... I am
... Sir
... Your Mo Obt. Humble Servant
... J. BAKER.
[Note 1: 1 Commanded Maryland forces at Fort Cumberland. Governor Sharpe refers to Dagworthy as "a Gent born in the Jerseys, who commanded a company raised in that Province for the Canada expedition, and since the miscarriage of which he has resided in this Province upon an estate which he purchased in Worcester County." He was always a favorite with Governor Sharpe, and, in the expedition of 1758 under General Forbes, commanded the Maryland forces as lieutenant-colonel.]
FORT CUMBERLAND June 14. 1757.
SIR
Six Cherokee Indians who just now came from Fort Du Quesne, say that six days ago they saw a large body of troops march from that garrison, with a number of Waggons & a train of Artillery, & by their route, must intend an attack on this garrison.
... I am, sr, yr most humble Sert.
... JNO. DAGWORTHY2
[Note 2: 2 From a copy.]
WILLIAMSBURG June 16th: 1757
SIR
I am to acknowledge the Receipt of Yrs of the 10th but I am so much hurried that I cannot answer it, but as Mr. Boyd is daily expected by him I shall write You more fully.
Otassity of Ostenaker,1 conducts thirty Cherokees to You with Intention to go out against the Enemy;--I think he is a brave Indian, & talks much of Majr. Lewis; I believe he may be prevail'd on to stay with his People all the Summer.2
[Note 1: 1 Outacite, Outacita, Wootassitie, or Mankiller, king of the Cherokee nation. See Dinwiddie Papers; also Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. i. p. 457.]
[Note 2: 2 The friendship and assistance of the Cherokees were well worth cultivating, and Washington thought that, under the circumstances then existing, they were indispensably necessary.]
They were desirous that Mr. Gun shou'd go with them & if he goes with them to fight he shall have Lieuts. Pay if You shd. think him a proper Person--Excuse Hurry
... I am
... Sir
... Your hble Servt.
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
FORT CUMBERLAND June 17th. 1757 --
SIR
Yesterday in the Evening Six Indians Arrived from Fort Du Quesne who left that Place last Sunday & Brought with them two Scalps which they took within a hundred yards of the Fort, I learn from them that the Fireing of the Cannon & Small Arms which I mention'd in my last was occasioned by a large Scouting Party leaving that Place to come this Way, they say the Indians who came in before made a false Report as to their bringing Waggons and Artillery & Account for it by their being young Warriors & much Frightened, this last Party lay some time in sight of the Fort but could not Discover either Waggons or Horses & but few Men,1
[Note 1: 1 The first letter from Dagworthy had caused a universal alarm. Governor Sharpe had gone immediately to Frederick to send a reinforcement of 500 men; seven regiments of Virginia militia had been called out; and Colonel Stanwix had begun preparations to march to Fort Cumberland with five companies of Royal Americans, and some of the Pennsylvania forces. Stanwix received the second news in time to countermand his orders, but it was some time before the alarm subsided.]
... I am sir
... Your most humble Servt.
... JNO. DAGWORTHY
ALEXANDRIA 17th. June 1757.
DEAR SIR
I received yr. Express this Morning at Belvoir in Compy. with Mr & Mrs Carlyle and soon after Set off hither to consult wth. Majr. West, the Captains Ramsay, Dalton, Terrett &c On which have sent Orders to have the several Companys meet at different Rendezvous to morrow and Sunday, in hopes of making therefrom a Detachment of an hundred Men to meet at Mr Wm West's on Monday night or Tuesday next at Farthest well accoutred except. Amunition which You'l be able to furnish the needful. If You find this Party insufficient We expect to Send more as Required--Bryan Fx has desir'd a Command wch. has been granted, in Hopes his Courage & good Conduct will give Testimony of his Capacity. The manner of his conceald Departure & Recovery He can best relate. He has experienct Yr Kindness, therefore need not repeat my Desire in his Behalf--Ye late Alarm from Capt. Dagworthy may Serve to put your Soldiery in a fit Posture for Defence, but it seems unlikely the Enemy can Spare many Men from their New Garrison as They must expect to be visited by Lord Loudoun, Genl. Webb or Colo. Stanwix. And your present Expectation will undoubtedly engage the Towns men at Winchester and Neighbourhood to assist Your Endeavors to make Fort Loudoun more & more defensible against a common Enemy wthout battering Cannon wch they canot bring this Sultry Season wthout stronger Horses than it may be supposed They can be furnished with --
We desire to be further acquainted with the Occurences as they happen Wishing You &c every Happines, The Family at Belvoir & here joyn in all hearty Gratulation and desires that yr. brave Men may keep the Enemy far from them, So Says
... Yr very affect. Friend &c
... W. FAIRFAX
[Note 1: 1 Edward Shippen, son of Edward and Sarah (Plumley) Shippen, and grandson of Joseph and Abigail (Grosse) Shippen, was afterwards chief justice of Pennsylvania. He was born February 12, 1728, and died April 16, 1806.]
LANCASTER 17. June 1757
SIR
I had the pleasure to receive your favour of 28 ult. by John Spore and Company waggoners with the Ammunition for His Majestie's use, but there came A hundred and One Barrels of Gun Powder; and instead of 3 Tons of Lead, specified in the Receipt given you by Spore, there were but 48 boxes, designed at Home I suppose, to contain One hundred pounds gro or 112 lb : and I See that Mr. Hamilton the Qr. Mr. mentions in the List he Sent by the serjeant 48 boxes calling them 120 pound each with the tare; however I caused one of them to be emptied, and the lead to be weighed which proved to be but 111 lb : So that if they all turn out the Same, it will amount to no more than 5328 lb : I mentioned this to Colo. Stanwix as Soon as I discovered the difference. I beg you will believe me to be (tho' I have not the Honr. of yr. acquaintance) Sir Yr. affectionate Friend & most Obedt. Hume Servt.
... EDWD. SHIPPEN
CAMP NEAR CARLYLE1 June 18th. 1757
[Note 1: 1 Carlisle, Pennsylvania.]
SIR
I recd. both yours of the 15th: & 16th: of June, by the Favour of Colonel Armstrong & some hours before that had recd. intelligence from Capt: Dagworthy & Capt Beal of their intelligence of the Motions of the French & Indians towards Fort Cumberland, on the receipt of which I directly apply'd to the Magistrates here for Waggons, for the Baggage Artillery, Ammunition and Provisions, & the moment they are provided shall March with the Five Compys. of the First Battalion of the Royl. Americans and what I can get together of Colonel Armstrongs Battalions wch I am hopeful will amount in the whole to six hundred men, shall march to Shippensburgh and from thence towards Winchester as I am inform'd there is thirty miles the other way to Fort Cumberland thro' the woods where there is no road cut, and am the more inclin'd to come to Winchester to joyn you as it seems to be (for the reasons you give) the properest place to make a Stand & concert such measures as may be best for his Majesty's service and shall depend a good deal upon your judgment & experience in the Opperations in this Country, which you know by being long in it & I a Stranger have consult'd Col. Armstrong who thinks with me that Winchester will be the properest place for a Rendezvous & except I meet with other intelligence on my March must make that my first object, hope soon to have the pleasure of kissing your hands who am
... Sir Your most
... obedt. humble Servt
... JOHN STANWIX
I have a letter from Capt Croghan who tells me he stay only two or three days at Winchester as on his getting my letter would be uncertain please if you think propr. to acquint him with what I propose, & am a good deal hurryd. or would have wrote to him dare say he will do that upon consulting with you, which may make the Indians of service both you and he know infinitely better than I can possibly know of Indian affairs,
P. S. I have just recd. intelligence from Fort Allen in Pensilvania that an Indian lately came from Alleghany Says that the French Indians has actually cut a Road within ten miles of Fort Augusta, it appears they design, to amuse us in sundry places, And as I am leaving a Large Country Open into which into which is a great Road cut from the Alleghany Hills, I must depend on your Intelligence being expeditiously sent that I may take my measures accordingly.
[Note 1: 1 The King's Agent for Indian Affairs in the South (from Pennsylvania to Georgia). His duty was to regulate the trade with the Indians, redress their wrongs, and keep them in alliance with the English. His salary was £250, and his bond was fixed at £200. The first agent appointed by Great Britain to the southern Indians was Thomas Nairne; and the last, Captain John Stuart, who succeeded Edmund Atkin about 1763.]
WINCHESTER. 19 June 1757.
SIR
When the Swallows People2 came to Town this afternoon, with the Young French Officer their Prisoner, they came Strait to my Lodgings, to pay their Compliment; and soon after carried him away to their own, to eat some Victuals, Hunger being uppermost in their Thoughts. In the Evening, before I would put you to the Trouble to attend (as I had determined to examine him then in the presence of yourself, & Mr. Croghan Sir Wm Johnson's Deputy), I Sent to inquire whether I might have him brought to me. And he was not to be found. Soon after Standing at my door, I saw your Quarter Master Mr. Hamilton3 hastening by, in quest, as I learnt from himself, of my Interpreter (that is the King's) Mr. Smith, & of a Frenchman whose name he declined telling me, in order to carry them to Heath's Ordinary to interpret for one or two Persons that wanted to talk with the Prisoner. In answer to my Question, how the Prisoner came there, he said, he was carried there by an Indian and to another, who was it that wanted to talk with the Prisoner, I could get no Satisfactory Answer at all from him. At his Return with Mr. Smith in Company, Standing Still in the Door, I charged the latter to go to Heath's, & bring away the Indian with his Prisoner directly to me. At the same time directing myself to both I said, I wondered how any Person whatever could presume (I believe in my Warmth I said also, dare) to take that Method to examine the Prisoner, before I myself, or you the Commanding Officer of the Forces here, had had an Opportunity of asking a single Question of him? Major Finnie coming up to me presently afterwards, I told him what had happened, that I could not conceive who it was had been guilty of so extraordinary an Action, and desired him to be so kind as to enquire into it, & help to get back the Prisoner. He said, he was sure it could not be any of your officers, because he had but just left them all at the Fort (and indeed not long after I saw a great many pass by from that way towards Heath's). In a little time Major Finnie & Mr. Smith came back, with the Chief Indian, & the French Prisoner in his Possession; telling me, that it was only Lieutenant Baker that came to town with them & wanted them to drink a Glass of Wine with him. Here I thought the Affair might have ended.
[Note 2: 2 "Swallow, the brave Cherokee Indian chief, was killed at Turtle Creek,--20 miles from Fort Duquesne. "--Washington to Colonel Stanwix, June 15, 1757.]
[Note 3: 3 John Hamilton.]
I then sent Mr Davenport to acquaint you, that the Prisoner was with me, and I should be glad of your Company, as I purposed to examine him. He brought me an Answer, that you were so very busy writing Letters, you could not possibly come. Wherefore I put off the Examination till to-morrow. But to my great surprise Major Finnie who had undertook to desire one of your Officers to stand Interpreter of French on this Occasion, brought me Word that he found many of them at Heath's, who were one & all so very angry thinking themselves affronted by me, that it was declared among them not one of the Regiment should do that Service for me (that little Service for their King & their Country). It seems your Quarter Master Mr. Hamilton, had told some at least of those Officers what he had heard me utter (with some Additions), as a Message from me to them. I endeavoured as a Gentleman, by means of Mr. Croghan as well as Major Finnie, only to Set the Matter in it's true Light, as I have now done to you. But in vain. They will have it, I have given an Affront; and not less than all must be concerned in it, and so forth. By the way, had I known which I did not, that it was One or More Officers that sent for the Prisoner to examine him, there was nothing amiss in what I said, bating the word dare, which indeed is not very genteel if said to them. For that officer must know very little, of Military Duty, who imagines he may freely examine a Prisoner of War before, or without the privity of, his Commanding Officer. Something may be discovered on such Examination, that no Person else whatsoever ought to have had the least Knowledge of, and may be of the last Importance to the Service to keep concealed.
To compleat the whole Affair, learned Discussions have been held publickly on this Occasion, at another Publick House (Brinkers) by a Young Ensign of your Regiment, Supported by a young Volontier who says he thinks himself obliged to stand by the Officers, right or wrong. This Ensign who pretends to know the Length, Breadth & Depth of my Rights & Powers by my Commission, in the end bid Mr. Davenport in the hearing of one of my Domesticks & others, "to tell Atkin (mark his polite Stile) that he & every officer in the Regiment had as much Right & Power to examine the Prisoner as I had." This from Ensign Thompson to his Majesty's Agent & Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the four Southern Provinces.
It is easy to foresee the Tendency of this ill judged silly Spirit & Behaviour of the Officers. It cannot but affect me in my office, & consequently in his Majesty's Service; for which reason I think fit to lay it before you, not in the least doubting from your natural good Sense & Prudence, that you will check it in the Bud, & take proper Notice of Ensign Thompson & Mr. Hamilton in particular. And I hope you will think this a proper Opportunity for making known to all these Officers of your Regiment (what I believe is not yet known to all), the Governor's Proclamation concerning the Behaviour of People towards me & the Indians.
For my own part, as I have nothing in view but actual Service, so without entering into critical Disquisitions of the exact bounds & limits of my Right & Power, I shall always think it a part of my Duty to keep up a good Understanding with all Commanding Officers in the different Places I go to, as I know it will be their Duty to countenance & support me to the utmost of their Power.
... I am
... Sir
... Your most Obedt. Servant
... EDMD ATKIN
June 19, 1757
SIR
We understand that Mr. Atkins has either complained or intends to complain to you that we had the Insolence to desire one of the Cherokee Warriours with the french Prisoner to come & drink a Glass of Wine with us, if it is so, we shou'd be very much obliged to you if you wou'd inform that Gentleman that as our Officers & Men risk'd their Lives in taking of the Prisoner we are entitled to speak to him when we please, Mr. Baker in particular imagines that without any Offence to Mr. Atkins he may take that Liberty, & we apprehend that whatever command he may have over the Indians he can have none over us--We can't help observing that from the former Behaviour of Mr. Atkins that imagin'd he had been better acquainted with the Rules of good Manners than to send such a Message to Gentlemen who from their Station in Life their Births & Education ought to be treated with Respect--We are with great Esteem --
... Sir
... Your most Obedient Servts.
... THOS WAGGENER
... and all the officers1
[Note 1: 1 The original is in Captain Waggener's handwriting, and is signed by him in this manner.]
We are likewise inform'd that Mr. Atkins said that neither you nor any of us had a Right to speak to the Prisoner until he had done with him --
[Note 2: 2 In command at Fort Frederick, Maryland.]
FORT FREDERICK June 19th. 1757.
SR.
the enclosed Letters Came from Collo. Stanwix about 11 oClock this Night, and I have Imediately Dispatched them to you, as the Collo. writes in a Very Important Manner for intilligence, I Shall Send a Strong party out to Fort Cumberland to Morrow, tho we want Indians Very much for Such Service, and if a few Could be Spared this way, I Apprehend it would be Very much for the Benefit of the Service; pray Favour me with What Intelligence you have Received Since the 14th from the Frontiers, that I may Convey it to Collo. Stanwix, which will be an Easier way of Communicating it to him, than if you Sent an Express directly from Winchester, I Shall Send it by Fort Loudoun, and the Messenger will be picking up something that may be of use in his way, if you Can Give me Any hints, of your Intentions, that may Enable me the better to Act for the Publick service you Will infinitly Oblidge
... Your Most Obedt. Hum. Servt.
... ALEX BEALL
P. S. a Soldier who Seems to have deserted from Fort Cumberland Left it the 16th in the Morning but brings Nothing New, only he discovered five Indians in his way down about five miles from this Place, we Expect the Millitia of this County here to Morrow --
ALEXANDRIA. 19. June 1757
DR. SR.
This is intended to be delivered You by Bryan Fx, who is appointed by Commission Captain of one of the two detacht Companys of our Militia which its hopd will amount to the Number of fifty private Men each, and Sufficient at this Time to answer yr. Expectation from Us. I sent immediate Notice to Colo. Hy. Lee to act the needful with the Pce. Wm. Militia, and Yrs. for Govr. Sharpe Sent over to Mr. Marshals. directly. As no doubt Govr.1 Dagworthy Sent an Express to Colo. Stanwix He may expect a Reinforcement of the Regulars & some Provincials by Order of Govr. Sharpe, so that probably the Enemy Will be prevented marching towards Your Fortress --
[Note 1: 1 Captain.]
We have given Orders to have our whole Militia in a Readiness to March on a Sudden Notice and further Advices of Your needing any certain Number. What are now orderd to attend yr. Commands as They are at some Distance from each Other, may Want Ammunition and Provisions but suppose will be supplied & victualled as the Detachments were last Year--which being an additional Expence to the Country You will please to return to Us as soon as the public Weal & Service can spare them.
In the Extract of an Act of the last Assembly.
... A Clause inserted --
"That every able bodied Person willing to enlist to serve in the Regiment shall be entitled to Five Pounds, And if no Person present will advance the sd. Reward, then the Person so enlisting shall be paid the same within three Days after his Arrival at the Place of General Rendezvous, by the Commanding Officer of the Forces in the Service of this Colony"
As it is very unlikely that any such Sums will be advanced by private Persons, so You may expect a direct Application will be made to You by the Persons so enlisting, therefore You will think it necessary to be furnished with a Sufficient Sum of Money from the Treasurer to answer the Demands aforesaid.
For pticulars referr to Bryan Fx and Him to your friendly Advice &c. Lodged at yr. Mother's the 12th. inst then left her &c well --
... Sr. very affecte. & assurd Friend &c
... W. FAIRFAX
ALEXANDRIA 19th. June 1757
DEAR SIR
I share in the anxiety and concern that you must undoubtedly undergo in the present melancholy prospect and very warmly wish a happy issue--Shou'd my service be requisite in any shape at this juncture, I shall be glad to know it, and will immediately obey with the greatest chearfulness in whatever you are pleased to command.
This County sends 120 Men to your assistance, tho' experience gives but little hopes of the service to be expected from undisciplined Militia--How infatuate are our Assemblys! heedless to the reports of Danger, and indifferent in their Measures for the General safety--otherwise, the spring woud not have passed idly over without a single step taken to augment your Regiment.--The case in short is, we pay more regard to the Welfare of our Nighbours, and look upon our own situation as quite Secure--a Benevolent Disposition indeed! --
Yesterday Colo. Fairfax gave me a Letter from Captain Mercer of 29th May from York--in which he writes me the Method he has taken to reimburse Captain Cock's money, as you may observe on the other side--which method I am certain won't be agreable to said Cock --
I imagine Mr. Boyd is sometime since, gone to Williamsbg shoud I not receive your orders to go up before his return,--I design to take the pleasure of waiting upon You then --
The new regulations, to be made in Your Command, may probably afford an opportunity of continuing Your kindness and good offices, which I have so often received--and for which I shall allways gratefully acknowledge myself --
Dear Sir
... Your Most Obedt. & much Obliged
... Hum Servant
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK1
[Note 1: 1 John Kirkpatrick, Washington's secretary, as we know from the latter's own words, was a young man bred to business, of good character, well recommended, and a person of whose abilities Washington had not the least doubt.]
[Note 1: 1 Father of Major George Baylor, aid to Washington at the battle of Trenton, alleged possessor of MS. of the letters of Junius. See Mr. Brock's biographical sketch of Colonel Baylor in the Dinwiddie Papers, vol. ii. p. 103.]
NEW MARKET 20th June 1757
DEAR SIR
Yrs. of ye. 10th. I rec'd & have by the Bearer sent yr. Mare which I make not the least Doubt of being in Foal & you are kindly welcome to send a couple of Mares yearly to my Horses. When we come to recounting Favours I find my self so largely yr. Debtor that I shall allways insist on yr. Commanding with Freedom any & every thing wherein I can be serviceable. Sorry I am for the unhappy Fall of ye. poorest or least of our back inhabitants. I wish it were in my Power to prevent it. The tenderness of my Understanders render me incapable of Atchevts in that Part of the World Could we get a peacable or even Forcible Possession of that fine Country lying between the Mississippi & Ohio I had rather live there than any Part of America & more so after a late Confab. with Capt. Gist. I wish my good Friends Capt. Spotswood & Lieut. Baker may not have ventured too far with so small Partys but as the brave Harry ye. 5th. told his soldiers that Victory was not so much owing to Numbers as to the Conduct & Courage at the remarkable Battle of Agin-court so I make no doubt but these Gentlemen of whom I have an extry. esteem will render a good account of their Behaviour. If ever an Oppy. offers pray remember my little Friend Capt. Woodford.
And that you may always succeed in all yr. Undertakings will be ever the most joyful news to
... Dear Colo. yr. most Obedt. Hbl. Sert.
... & sincere well wisher
... J. BAYLOR
CAMP NEAR CARLISLE June 22d 1757 two O Clock --
SIR
I wrote you a letter this morning about 6 O'Clock since which I have the Favour of your's of the 20th. with the Excommunication1 of the French Officer your Prisoner for which I [am] extreamly obliged to you, shall only add to what I say'd in the morning that I highly approve of the Council of War you held and think your Fort Loudoun the properest place to make a Stand for which reason it was there I intend'd to joyn you with six hundr men, had Fort Cumberland been taken which by the notion I have of the place is in no sort tenable against such an attack as we were made to believe was in agitation against it, I confess my self a very great stranger to Indian affairs yet can not help thinking but that these Cherokees are well worth encouragmt. I am made to believe that Fort Augusta is to be attack'd but should think these works in some forwardness, must leave to a little time to discover to us what the Enemy realy intend to do, this province will maintain a French Army well, but where they can have Armys for all places I can't divine, beg you will believe that I am with great truth
[Note 1: 1 The result of the official examination of the prisoner, forwarded to Colonel Stanwix by Washington.]
... Dr Sir Your most
... obedt. humble Servt
... JOHN STANWIX
CAMP NEAR CARLISLE, 22d June 1757
DR SIR
had I not had a letter last night from Capt. Dagworthy of Fort Cumberlands being safe and the intelligence of Artillery, Waggons &c &c &c being a Mistake, should have march'd this morning every thing being ready, but was stop'd some days for want of Carriages, and it will be always the Case here in this deserted Country as I shall ever be obliged to Carry my Provisions tent Ammn &c so that at least forty Waggons will be necessary, which at soonest will require eight or ten days to Collect.
Capt. Beall writes as follows. "as the Virginia Militia will be in motion for the Defence of his Majestys Fort & Stores at Winchester perhaps Colo. Washington can spare some men to reinforce Fort Cumberland till we see the Event of this invasion,"--this I send you only as hint but at this distance can give you no order, but must leave it to you to do and act the best you can for the publick service,--I have intelligence from Col: Weiser that the French Indians are Clearing a Road within ten Miles of Shamokin near Fort Augusta and are morrally sure by Indian intelligence that of that Fortress being Attack'd by which we may learn the French are buise [busy] everywhere, which they will continue to be 'till Lord Loudoun begins the Execution of his great plan of Opperation, on the Success of which the very being of this Country and that of England depends, God send him that success which I think his great attention to the publick service & his great knowledge in Military affairs deserve believe me
... Dr. Sir your most
... obedt. humble Servt.
... JOHN STANWIX
got all the Ammunition you sent by my Waggons from Lancaster & on taking an acct. of the number of Barrells of powder they amount'd to one hundred and One --
BELVOIR 26. June 1757.
DEAR SIR
I have receiv'd yr. Favour by Danl. Jenings,1 and am pleasd that the Enemy have not made any nearer Approaches with a considerable Body, so as to require a further Re inforcement of our Militia, especially as the Detachment sent You proves difficult for Your Supplying Them Wth the necessary Provisions &c which We could not procure & accomadate them With at the Several Distances They were drafted from, and Surely as our Detachment is on the Country's Service, they are to be victualled as such, And it would be an extraordinary Charge for each County to Send a Commissary, therefore Suppose the Account for victualling will be readily allowed You--As to the Skulking Party that has infested the Neighbourhood about Maidstone, they may be thought as heretofore to be but a few and Such as Capt Gist if He had continued in Command woud probably very soon have disperst. If the Govrs. Orders should come to march one third of our Militia, as You now don't want that Number I can easily answer, But other Countys not knowing that You don't at present want more may send You a Number disagreeable as They will all want Provisions &c I am glad Lt. Baker had good Success, and yet hope Captn. Spotswood & his Compy. may be forct to hide Themselves for some Days & happily return--Outasite &c will be a great Scourge to the prouling Enemy. You will please to order the Captains Minor & Fairfax to keep exact Muster Roll For my examining and passing to entitle Them for Payment &c. I expected a Letter from Bryan &c. The Family here salute You in the kindest Manner and wish You every Felicity which I Witness as Dear Sr.
[Note 1: 1 Intended probably for Jenkins.]
... Yr. very affecte. & assurd
... Friend & Servt.
... W. FAIRFAX.
WILLIAMSBURG June 27th. 1757
SIR
I recd. Yrs of the 21st. per Jenkins--I am glad the first Intelligence of the French & Indians formidable March with Artillery, Waggons &c proves false,--that they will continue to send scouting Parties to harrass these Colonies, I always expected, & probably they may now increase their Numbers to make a strong Push; but still as it's Indian News, who cannot count Numbers, I woud gladly hope they are not so formidable as represented; however I think it prudent that You keep of Frederick, Fairfax & Prince Wm one hundred of each till the Draught arrive at Winchester, I suppose many of them are now at Fredricksburg where I hope You have sent Officers to receive them.
The French Officer's Information, who is Prisoner with You, may partly be true in regard to the Strength at Fort Du Quesne; but I cannot think they will send any Forces from Montreal, as it's natural to think they will keep all the Forces they can to the No.ward to oppose Ld. Loudoun's Operations; or can any Number of Cherokees or Creeks come to their Assistance; all the Cherokees have declar'd for us, & taken up the Hatchet, except the Town of Tellico, in the upper Cherokee Country; & from So. Carolina it's reported the Creeks declare themselves our Friends.
The Indians who harrass our Frontiers are partly some of those that formerly did so, as the 48 Indians that parted with them the Day before they were attack'd, as reported were Shawnesse; & no doubt they have many of the Western Indians. I hope the Acct. of their Cannon is true.
Or can I believe the arrival of 3000 Soldiers at Montreal, we shou'd have had an Acct. from Home if any such Embarkation was made. --
I approve of Yr. Orders to Majr. Lewis, & I hope You will not have occasion to evacuate those Forts, tho' on the first Intelligence sent here of the Designs of the French, with Artillery &c the Council advis'd the evacuating those Forts to reinforce Fort Loudoun.1
[Note 1: 1 "In consequence of the first intelligence which I received from Fort Cumberland, and the result of the Council of War held on that occasion: I gave Major Lewis (who at present commands at the South Branch) orders to give all the country-people warning of the danger with which they were threat'ned; and that he, and the troops under his command, shou'd hold themselves in readiness to retreat hither, in case it shou'd prove expedient; but not to evacuate the Forts on the Branch, until he shou'd have certain accounts of the enemy's intentions against that Quarter."--Washington to Dinwiddie, June 21, 1757.]
You wrote to Co. Stanwix which Letter he answer'd, but did not that Part relating to the Small Arms; I think You shou'd have communicated to me the Contents of that Letter, for I do not know where He & his Forces are.
I have Reason to think most of the Draughts will be at Fredrickbg this Week, & I doubt not You have sent Officers to receive them; & as I order'd the Militia of several other Counties to Your Assistance, You are to order them to return Home excepting those three Counties above.
No News from Britain, & I am quite in the Dark as to Ld. Loudouns Motions, not having any Letter these two Months.--The Treasurer this Day sends to Fredricksburg Money to pay the Volunteers & Draughts their enlisting Money, who are to be incorporated with the Regmt. I much want to know Co. Stanwix's Opinion & his Disposition of the Troops on this late Information of the Enemy's Motions.
My Respects to Mr. Atkin, I cannot write him now, I remain
... Sir
... Your most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Archibald Cary, of "Ampthill," Chesterfield County, was the son of Henry, grandson of Henry, and great-grandson of Miles Cary, who settled in Virginia, 1640--46, and died in 1667. Colonel Cary (who was an influential member of the Assembly of that Colony in 1768, and prominent during the Revolutionary period) married Mary, daughter of Richard Randolph. One of his daughters married Thomas Mann Randolph, and another Carter Page. Colonel Cary died in 1787.]
CHESTERFD. June 28--1757
DEAR SIR,
By Capt. Bell I receiv'd yours and am Greatly Oblig'd to you, for your Good Intentions to Serve him, and must believe that the hopes the Govr. has Given him is due to you.
Notwithstanding I hold no Military Commr. I thought it my Duty to do all I Could to raise the Men due from our County for the present Service and I judg'd those most proper who would Voluntaryly Inlist, I Apply'd to the Bearer Drury Pucket a person who was last Year in the Service (& as I have been Inform'd behav'd well) he is a Person of Good report here and has been Extremely Active on this Occasion, he has desired me to Mention so much to you, and if he should Continue to behave Well & should deserve to be Taken Notice of A Serjts. Post is the Most of his Ambition at present; I hope you will Excuse this freedom
We are here a little uneasy on a report of an Army of French Marching Your Way if it should be so, I hope it will Give you an Opportunity of Gaining Fresh Laurels And I do Assure you no Man more Wishes to See You Crown'd with them than Your
... Most Obedt. Humble Servt.
... ARCHD. CARY
P. S. Mrs. Cary & Miss Randolph joyn in Wishing you that Sort of Glory which will most Endear you to the Fair Sex,
... A C
June 29, 1757.
DEAR SIR/
I wrote you last by Mr. Boyd by whom I sent Ten thousand Pounds, Six thousand for the Arrears due to the Regmt. and Four thousand for Provisions &c. and Two Days ago I recd an Order from the Govr. to send up to the Officers, appointed to receive the drafted and enlisted men, Two Thousand Pounds to pay the Men the Reward given them by the Act, and I have embraced the Opportunity by the Capt that goes with our drafted men to Fredricksburgh to send the Money to be delivered to one of the Officers there appointed to receive the Men, to be by him delivered to You, I have paid Eleven of our Men who enlisted voluntary, a List of whose names I have sent to be given to the Officer that they mayn't demand again, and there are only five that are drafted and who are to receive their Reward from You. I flatter myself the Conduct of our County in this Affair will meet with Approbation, as we have sent our full Compliment, and most of them likely young fellows I wish every other County may do as well, whereby you may be enabled to make some defence against our numerous and vigilant Enemy, of whose Motions and destination we are impatient to hear, And of the Fate of poor Spotswood, who is much lamented among us. In your last letter you hinted something of Capt Mercer's being indebted to the Country but as you did not speak out or let me know on what Acct. it is I can't tell how to Act, the Com to has settled his Accts. and there is due to him about 160.--which I shall retain in my hands till I hear further from You1 I sincerely wish you all the happiness you can desire & I am with the greatest Truth
[Note 1: 1 "The matter which I hinted to you about Mercer, is since cleared up."--Washington to Speaker Robinson, July 10, 1757.]
... Dear Sir
... Your Affecte. Friend
... JOHN ROBINSON
ALEXANDRIA 1st. July 1757.
DEAR SR.
I am glad You had no repeated Advices of the approaching Enemy wch. has admitted the Discharge of Captain Fx and Company of ill disciplin'd Militia and generally compos'd of malevolent Persons. A Proof of our inconsiderate Medley is given in our not been able to send more than nine Persons from this County to add to yr. Regiment. I referr to Colo. Carlyle's giving You an Acct. how our odly mixt Court had its Interruptions and Some Delinquents escaped. And I much doubt whether the County's below will have better Success--If Money had been placed in every County a more likely Chance to enlist Men. Every one that has Seen Fort Loudoun Speak Well of it's Structure, Situation & Commander. I wish it was in my Power to give the Workmen a suitable Encouragement. Your Care no doubt is to compleat your Walls, Ramparts & Parapets, to mount your Guns, Secure yr. Gates and come at Water against any sudden Approach of an Enemy. Another Set of Workmen if You have them, can finish Yr., the Officers Lodging & Barracks. I suppose You do not much converse with Mr. Atkin as You are silent about Him. The disbanding our Troops of Horse Militia has put the Officers under Suspence It can't be intended the late Horse Officers shall be placd in the common Rank and how to be posted is not exprest. Other Inconsistences might be mention'd, but suppose You have observd them. That We have not yet heard of the expected Shipping & Transports from England & Cork's Arrival is a Matter of Wonder & Concern. No doubt Ld. Loudoun has many Uneasinesses on their Delay. Genl. Webb, Colo. Stanwix &c lamenting their Inaction unless the March of the Enemy in Pensylvania cause some of their Troops to watch & Interrupt their Motions. As Outasite is a noted Warrior, perhaps he will undertake some notable Exploit to revenge Capt. Spotswood if fallen.
... For pticulars referr to Colo. Carlyle.
The Family here together offer their affect Complts. and Wishes that all your Desires may be fully answer'd which I attest and confirm as
... Dear Sr.
... Yr. very affecte. Friend
... and obedt. hb. Servt.
... W. FAIRFAX
NOVA September[???]CO HALIFAX July 5th. 1757
SIR/:
I wrote you last from New York, & have now to acquaint you Our fleet arriv'd at ys. Place ys. 30. Ultimo, after a blustring passage of 9 days
Heaven propitious to our Designs, happily carrd. the french Fleet under Marq. Beaufremont off this Coast a very few days before, where he had been cruising sometime with 2 Sail of the Line--had they fell in with us, the Event wou'd have disconcerted all Measures for the ensuing Scene, & frustrated the grandest Design that ever was projected in this Quarter,1--Since we have been here, 11 of the English Fleet with a 60 Gun Ship have drop'd in, who seperated from the Whole in a Fog on the Bank of Newfoundland--they have on board 11 Regiments, convoy'd by 15 Sail of the Line & 5 Frigates, under the command of Vice Admirl. Holbourn2 evry moment we expect to see them in the Offing, & immediately on their Arrival we proceed, but God knows where, tho' generally supposed to be against Louisbourgh--We are well assurd theres 21 or 22 french sail of the Line laying ready for us, who brõ over lately 12 french Regiments, & an hourly Expectation of more, with the 3 Regiments at ye Place We shall have in all 20. 19 of wch consisting of as many thousands they being all compleat will embark on ye. Expedition, & yet many are diffident of our Success, for by so considerable an Armament as the Enemy are said to have against us, they are appris'd of our designs, & the Opposition will be violent. Hitherto we have been crowned with Success, all Health & Spirits greatly elated at our good Luck in escaping the French Fleet.--What but ye Influence of Heaven cou'd induce Beaufremont after he had cruised off this Place 6 Weeks, having known of our Embarkation, & confident of our Weakness to leave it 6 days before our Appearance, had he fell in with us, not only the Loss of our Troops but the taking of our General must have been the Consequence. -- In all likelihood the Fate of America is impending, & the Revolution of 6 Weeks will greatly change the face of Affairs in regard to the british Interest in America.--Heaven avert the worst1--I send the List of our Squadron & the Regiments on this Expedition,2--if it gets to hand soon it will be the more amusing.--I shall make it my business at any time to transmit you, what I may think new or agreeable, & I hope whilst you do me the honour to receive them, you'l think I execute the Task with great Pleasure --
[Note 1: 1 Lord Loudoun's expedition against Louisburg.]
[Note 2: 2 Francis Holburne, Vice-Admiral of the Blue, who had sailed from Cork in May with a fleet of ships of war and transports intended for the reduction of Louisburg. He reached Halifax July 9.]
[Note 1: 1 Captain Hall's gloomy forebodings were realized in the pestilence that subsequently scourged the fleet, and in the violent storm on the night of September 4, which drove many of the ships on shore and dismasted almost all. Governor Dinwiddie, in his letter of November 24 to Colonel Bouquet, mentions having "news of the disaster attending the Squadron under Admiral Houlbourn in a violent storm, when the Tilbury a 60-Gun ship and a sloop was lost."]
[Note 2: 2 See Wynne's History of the British Empire in America, vol. ii. p. 70.]
here is all the Preparations you can conceive, such a design can require, more than I can imagine & much more than I can describe.--If I am well, I shall write you from the next Place
... Interim wishing you ye greatest Felicity
... I subscribe Sr. with
... [???]g. regd. F.[???]m;. obt.
... JNO. HALL
[Note 3: 3 Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania from August, 1756, to October, 1759. This, the original letter, evidently forwarded by Colonel Stanwix to Washington.]
PHILADELPHIA 7th. July 1757.
DEAR SIR
I acknowledge the Receit of your kind Letter of the Twenty Eight of June with the Papers, which I have copied and are all returned You. I am glad the Affair does not turn out so bad as was expected, tho' a great deal of Mischief may be done by such a strong Party dividing itself into small ones, and murdering the Inhabitants--Woud but the People take up Arms, and hunt the Indians as they are hunted themselves, they might better protect their Wives, Children and Plantations.
I think with Mr. Croghan that the Cherokees shoud be well rewarded, and shall recommend it to the Commissioners to furnish the necessary Presents.
I have this morning received a Letter, giving me an Account, that Teedyuscung1 is arrived at Fort Allen, and expects One Hundred Seneca Indians there, to accompany him to the Treaty which is to be held at Easton. I will not proceed to treat till Mr. Croghan either comes to me, or I know he is at Easton. It is left to him to take which Road he pleases. Pray send an Express with my Letter to him wherever he is. He can likewise assist the Commissioners to provide things for the Cherokee Present, which may be sent up to You, if You please to take upon You the Trouble of employing some proper Person to distribute them.
[Note 1: 1 King Teedyscung, chief of the Delawares, whose behavior had already given much concern. "The King and his wild Company were perpetually drunk, very much on the gascoon, and at times abusive to the inhabitants, for they all spoke English more or less. The King was full of himself, saying frequently, that which side soever he took must stand, and the other fall; repeating it with insolence, that he came from the French, who had pressed him much to join them against the English, that now he was in the middle between the French and English, quite disengaged from both sides and whether he joined with the English or French he would publish it aloud to the World that all nations might know it." -- Diary of Major Parsons, Pennsylvania Archives, vol. ii. p. 724.]
I very much approve of your burying the bad Provisions, and ordering the Men to be supplied with good, which I shall communicate to the Commissioners with your Remarks on the new Doctrine in Service, in not trusting the Commander of a Battalion with a single Shilling of ready Money. The Governor is upon the same Footing.
Mr. Peters sends You the Gazette, in which You will see a Paragraph of the sailing of Admiral Holbourne with Fifteen Sail of the Line &c, of which I give You Joy. Capt. Rankin is a Person of Character and may be depended on.
... I am, Dear Sir, very sincerely
... Your most obedient
... humble servant
... WILLIAM DENNY.
Pray make my compliments, and say something for me to the Officers.
Please to forward the enclosed Letter to Mr. Atkin at Winchester; it comes from Sir William Johnson, & contains Matters of Consequence. If he shoud be gone, Col. Washington will send it after him wherever he is.
FORT CUMBERLAND July 10th. 1757
SIR
Yesterday in the Evening came to this Fort a whiteman & a Negro, the whiteman have Examin'd upon Oath which have Inclosed, and the Negro being separately Examin'd confirms wt. the other Says, I am Sir
... Your most Obt.
... humble Servt.
... JNO. DAGWORTHY
FORT CUMBERLAND July the 10th 1757.
The Deposition of John Street formerly a Drummer at Fort Granville in Captain Ward's Company, taken before me one of his Lordship's Justices for Frederick County in the Province of Maryland, Deposeth and Saith that sometime In Last Harvest, that Fort was Attack't in the Captain's Absence, and the Second day Surrender'd thro the Cowardice of the Serjant, who Succeeded in Command Lieutenant Armstrong he being kill'd in the Engagement, that after they had Surrendered, this Deponant with the rest of the Prisoners was Caryed to the Kittaning Town, where they made no Stay but proceeded in a Battoe to Fort Duquesne with Such Prisoners as was given to the Shawnees a Dividend first being made, of all the Prisoners to the different nations, who composed the Party that took the Fort, they made but one Nights Stay at Fort Duquesne, then Proceeded to a Small Town Two Miles below that Fort where he Continued till the Spring, when he was Removed to Logg Town, where he Continued till some time in May, when he went to Fort Du Quesne to wait on an Indian Trader, and Continued with him near a month and then came off for this place, and was Sixteen days on his Journey here, during what time he saw no Signs of a Man till he came to this Fort, This Deponant farther Saith that when he came Last to Fort Du Quesne with the Trader, that Garrison Consisted of Between three and Four Hundred French and a few Indians, that about three weeks Agoe they were Reinforced by two hundred French from Massapipi with a great Quantity of Provisions, what they brought in About Twelve Large Boates, that there was great Rejoicing by firing Canon and Small Arms at their Arrivall, that About Two Hundred men French and Indians went out a few days after in Pursuit of our Scouting Partys who had taken kill'd and taken three of their Officers and three Soldiers, but on hearing of two Squaws being Scalp'd near the Garrison after they had Left it, they all Immediately Returned, that Several Partys have since went out to these Frontiers, and Particularly one to prevent this Garrison being Supply'd with Provisions, which they understood was in great need of. That Seven hundred Frenchmen was Waiting at a Fort on this Side the Lakes for the Waters Rising, when they are to come down to Fort Du Quesne, and from thence with a body of Indians to attack this Fort, that the Officer who Commanded the Party from the Massapipi is to Command on this Expedition, and that the train of Artillery is to Consist of Six Canon two mortars &c and farther saith not
... his
JOHN ... STREET
... Mark
Taken before me the day and year above written
... JNO. DAGWORTHY
CAMP NEAR CARLISLE 11th. July 1757
SIR
had I had any Oppertunity of returning an Answer to the Favour of yours of the 24th. of June should have acknowledged it much sooner but would not mis the Oppertunity of this Express to Mr. Atkins wch. I send in the manner as Goverr. Denny tells me the letter is to him of moment from Sir William Johnson and that if he has left your Country you will know how to Forward it to him. I have had severl. partys out Scouting on these Borders as far as Raystown & so on over these North Mountains nothing material, a few stragling Indians this week who have shot on Women & Children but killed as yet one Horse, Col: Wesser1 tells me his is pesterd with a good many more of them on their borders from the Susquehanna & where a good deal of Mischief has been done but they should have there & at Shemokin 600 Provincials at least or 800 as none are yet gone to S. Carolina,
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Conrad Weisser?]
as to your Country Militia all I believe we are to expect from them is their Guarding the Forts in Case the Provincials march forward except they were to go upon a Comand they liked this might carry them out of their Country.
there is no doubt but Adl. Holburn has joyn'd Lord Loudoun before this off Hallifax we may soon expect to here of something being attempted in the North which at present takes up the whole attention both of Europe & America, your willingness to allow me to wait upon you wth. the Troop, and your Command is very Obliging, and no orders from me shall move you from your present Station where you had Instructions to remain, except the most Urgent Necessity, my General Instructions are to remain here where I am trying to throw up some useful retrenchmts. but shall think myself justified to march when it appears to me that the publick service on the back of any of these southern provinces may want Assistance, I beg you will believe that I am very truly
... Dr Sir Your most
... obedt. humble Servt.
... JOHN STANWIX
WILLIAMSBURG July 13th: 1757
SIR
I recd. yrs. of 27th. Ulto. As to Mr. Gun, if he rejects Lieuts. Pay, I shall not give him more, & I hear he is come down the Country.
I wrote You pretty fully by Jenkins to which be refer'd. I now send You 400 Arms, which with those You have will be sufficient to Arm the Draughts &c. they come in under the Care of Serjeant Fent, who appears to me to be a deserving Young Man, I therefore desire You to give him an Ensign's Commission. I now send You sixteen Blank Comissns to be fill'd up for Subalterns according to their merit, which You must be a better Judge of than I.--As I have not a Return of the Draughts from each County, I cannot tell their Numbers, but hope they are at least sufficient to compleat the eight Compas. remaing. in the Country; if enough for twelve Companies, that is, ten here besides those gone to So. Carolina, write me, & Yr. Opinion who shd. have Capts. Comisss.
And after You have compleated the Company to 100 Men each in Rank & file, I desire You to detach Sufficient to Augusta, agreeable to the Disposition made by Ld. Loudoun; but as I remember, You thot. some other Places more proper (than were there determin'd on) for covering that Frontier, I refer that to You; & I think an Officer shou'd be sent there to supervise the whole; if You think Majr. Lewis a proper Person for that Service I agree to it--And the Men remaing. with You, You are to dispose of them in the most eligible Method for the Service & Protectn of the Inhabitants reserving sufficient to finish Fort Loudoun.
I wonder You did not send me Copy of Colo. Stanwix's Lr. to You.--I acknowledge I am surpriz'd at the long Time the Fort has been buildg. & hope You will with all possible Dispatch complete it.
I hope before this You have all the Draughts at Fort Loudoun, & put them in proper Order, after which read the Articles of War at the head of each Company--I observe what You write about the Militia their refractory Temper & not coming up properly provided according to Law which I shall particularly notice when they come to be paid; I think You had 100 Militia from Prince Wm., but I doubt not before this You have sent them all Home.
I approve of Yr. delivering some of the Ammuntn to the poor Inhabitants, as I doubt not Yr. frugality on that Head--I read Dr. Ross's Letter in regard to the Provisions delivered Ct. Dagworthy at Ft. Cumbld I have wrote fully to Govr. Sharpe on that Head; there can be no Objection to their replacing the other Species at Ft. Loudoun, that they do not find Fault with, & that of the Beef to be adjusted afterwards which You are to insist on.
I believe the Treasr. sent up 2000£ to pay the Draughts, as he had my Warrant for that Sum, wch was suppos'd here to be sufficient.--I know not what may be wanting to pay the Demands with You, on that Head You should be more explicit--Mr. Boyd had 6000 to pay the Arrears of the Regmt which with 2000 formerly paid the two Compas. sent to So. Caro. I understood from him wou'd pay the Arrears, & 4000 for Provisions, if deficient You shd. write how much, at same Time I think he had all that was sign'd.
The Guns at Co. Hunters cannot be paid at present, but 14 Great Guns mounted at Fort Loudoun I think will make a good Defence. I have been much fatigued in getting Goods for the Inds: wch I now send with Invo. under Cover to Mr. Atkin; if he he is gone open the Letter; & if he has appointed a Deputy deliver them to him; if Mr. Gist is the Person I think he must have Capts. Pay; but Mr. Atkin wrote me he expected Maryld. to contribute to the Charge at Present &c. as it's hard on this Cotry to be at the whole Expence--Whoever is left in trust by him must be particularly careful in keeping an exact Acct. to what Natn. of Inds. & at what Time the Goods are given to them--Mr. Atkin desired a B1 of Powder & Some Lead--which You are to supply.
It is not thot. necessary to have a Comissy. of Musters, as the Pay Mr. must make a Return of the Men as he pays them.
You see the great Confidence I place in You which I hope You will discharge with Care & Probity. --
... I remain
... Sir
... Your hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
CAMP NEAR CARLISLE 14th. July 1757
SIR
tho' it is very probable Captain Dagworthy has sent you a Copy of a Deposin. from John Street a Drumr. yet least this should not be so have inclosed that which he sent me what Stress there is to be laid on it I can not say, but by your Corpl. give you the trouble & if there should be any truth in it will put us upon our Guard, tho' I rather think if the Enemy are so strong as represent'd at Fort Duquesne & the Lakes they would be more likely detacht to the North where Lord Loudoun is trying to make the Greatest Effort as I wrote You two days ago Shall only add that I am
... Sir Your Most obedt.
... humble. Sert.
... JOHN STANWIX
ALEXANDRIA July 15th 1757 --
DR. SIR
I am favored with yours, Mr. Barnes Accepts your proposals. Mr. Barnes did not doubt the goodness of the Mine, but was rather too sanguine in his expectations from the prospect. As he was incumbred he hop'd to raise three or four hundred pounds that way, but was to return it if the Search shou'd not answer, by the Sale of the whole Land, if not otherwise to be Accomplish'd.
I have engag'd you two Shares, Mr. Carlyle two wch are all that are to be dispos'd of. I suppose you will give Mr. Carlyle instructions with regard to your Share, if I can be of any service you know you may commd. me--A Gentn. in Town Yesterday from the head of the Bay says we may depend on the Fleets being Arriv'd, if so, we may hope to have it confirm'd next post--There are already employ'd in the Works 6 Men, two more I think will be enough to carry on two Shafts at a time, & if Industrious, three Months may determine our search, at most four. I wish you great Success in this & all your other enterprizes & am with regard
... Dr. Sr.
... Your Afft.
... H Servt.
... WM. RAMSAY
BELVOIR, 17. July -- 57.
DEAR SR.
I recd yr. Favor by Mr. Kirkpatk. and sorry that our Men have deserted in the great Number You mention, to Remedy Such an evil Tendency appears improbable and whilst a branch of the Legislature seems afraid to enact a more forcible Law, all Delinquents will find an Asylum to skreen them--I am glad You are in a near Prospect of making Fort Loudoun defensible against an Enemy not very numerous and assisted with battering Cannon. You have or will be furnished with two good Mortars, some Coehorn's and Granado Shells & c--I hope as most necessary
If Mr. Atkyn continues to disoblige the Indians thereby causing a general Dissatisfaction, I think You should acquaint the Governor therewith, who together with the Council may let him know their Sentiments that if He persevers in his uncomon Manner they will represent the Facts to Ld. Loudoun who is to pay his Salary I suppose on his meriting it--I wish You may be able to form the Companys so as to admit your visiting Us abt. the first of next Mo
I have been lately advisd, that My Son William Hy. was seen abt. a Week ago at Mr. Nicholas's, supposing He came in the late Ships from England. He signified to Me that his Desires were to Serve and act in the Military, of which I acquainted You when You set off for Philadelphia--If therefore a Lieuts. Commission in yr. Regiment be vacant, Please to acquaint the Governor as I shall do as soon as Billy comes up, for I would not have him loose much Time in equipping himself for the laudable Undertaking. I persuade my Self Billy will be more Steady than Bryan has prov'd, and give You more Pleasure to encourage his Improvement in Military Skill --
I am glad Capt Gist is likely to be employed in Indian Affairs to his Advantage. His Daughter lives with Us and is kindly treated by Mrs. Fx and Miss Hannah --
At ... set1
[Note 1: 1 Identical with the original, meaning Sunset.]
Billy this moment arrived, and I have acquainted him with the foregoing Article relating to his being Comissioned in our Regiment. He has brought Letters of Recommendation to Ld. Loudoun & Genl. Abercrombie, but as it is obvious there are many young Gentn. with Ld. Loudoun serving as Volunteers as Cadets which no doubt expect to be first Comission'd It may be a long Time before Billy may have the Chance to be an Officer--The Letters to Ld. Loudoun & Genl. Abercrombie may be sent And I shall request Ld. Fx to joyn his kind Recommendation of Billy to Ld. Loudoun. In the mean time Billy can begin his first Rudiments under yr. Discipline and if Ld. Loudoun shd. favor him Wth. his Commands, they can be attended. I hope We are not too late for a Comission under You, wch please to make known to the Govr. as I shall soon do. The best Wishes of the Family attend You. Witness
... Yr. affect & obedt. Servt. &c
... W. FAIRFAX
WILLIAMSBURG July 18th. 1757
SIR
Your two Letters of 10th. & 11th. I recd. by Jenkins & observe their Contents--I wrote You the 13th. wch sent up by Serjt. Fent--There will soon be Publicats. for any Person inclineable to contract for Provisions for the Forces at Winchester, & those in Augusta; they are to give in their Proposals in Writing, & by this Method I hope they will be properly supplied.
The Money remaining of the 2000£ for Drafts may be applied to Contingt. Charges, the Accts. to be kept seperate--And this Day have sign'd a Warrant for 1500 more paymt. of Arrears due on Provisions, which the Treasurer is to deliver to Mr. Walker--that I expect will be sufficient to pay all Arrearages.
-- I do not understand the Demands of the People for Inds. an Acct. of them shd. be sent down here.--jenkins has recd. £31 ".3 ".3 for the two Receipts for Skins for the Inds.--& You are to continue Jenkins in Pay he giving close attendance.
I sent You by Fent 16 blank Coms. which I doubt not You will fill up carefully & to those of most Merit & Spirit.--Our Printg. Office is so much engaged in printing the Paper Money, that I cou'd not get the Mutiny & Desertion Act in Print, but You have a Copy of it atested by the Clerk of the Assembly. The former Como. for holding Genl. Court Martials wou'd have done, but in Case of its being mislaid I send You a new one; & six blank Warrants to be made use of as occasion may require.
It's too premature to appoint Ct. Mc.Neill in the room of Ct. Spotswood, as I hope we shall have some good Acct. of him. You are to allow the two Officers to resign on their Application, appointg. as good Men in their room--When You have form'd Yr. Compas. send me a Muster Roll of each Company seperate with the Names of each private Man, Serjt. Corporal & Drums, sign'd by the Capts. & Subalterns.--The Detachmt. intended for Augusta will be supplied with Provisions from Colo. Clemt. Read, Coty1 Lieut. of Lunenberg, who will order them to the Place the Forces may be destined to.
[Note 1: 1 County.]
I am uneasy on reading the List of the Many Deserters from the Drafts, I shall advise & publish Advertisemts. for apprehending them if possible, tho' they are too much countenanc'd & protected to the Shame of the Country.
Colo. Stanwix's Acct. I have perused, & must observe thereon, that Your Allowance is much more than there specified; & as the officers have very great Pay, I adhere to my former Regulation as to Bat Men, & that they appear in Rank & File;--You well know the Country has always paid the Waggons, & Colo. Stephen employ'd no less than nine Waggons to his two Companies--The Rations mention'd by Colo. Stanwix I conceive is in lieu of Provisions, but if the Officers are supplied with Provisions these Rations are out of the Question.
The Information of Jno. Street I hope is sent Colo. Stanwix; I cannot believe the Acct. of 700 French Men from the Lakes to Fort Du Quesne, as its natural to think they will collect all the Force they can to form a strong Body to the No. Wd. against Lord Loudoun, but however its necessary to be greatly on Your guard & look out. --
I shall be very glad to have a specifick Acct. of the number of Drafts those that were paid the Bounty Money & had their Regimentals before they deserted--As I wrote You in my last about the Provisions left at Fort Cumbld, You must settle it in the best manner You can.
I hope I have omitted nothing essential, indeed I am not in Health for writing long letters.
... I wish You health & am
... Sir
... Your hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.
WMS.BURGH July 18. 1757
DEAR SIR/
I recd your favour of the 10th. Instant by Jenkins, and am not a little concerned, that you should harbour the last least thought of my forgeting you, which if I know myself is impossible for me to do, but shall always with the greatest satisfaction remember that I have the friendship which has and I flatter myself will always subsist between us1 --
[Note 1: 1 "I did indeed," Washington had written, "begin to think (tho' I cou'd scarcely believe it) that you had quite forgotten me."]
I have procured a Copy of the Mutiny Act for you and delivered it to the Govr. who will send it you by Jenkins, by which you will see better than I can inform you by Letter how you are to proceed, the Govr. will also send you a Commission for the Trial of Offenders, I am very sorry to find such a dastardly spirit among our Drafts, & I think a speedy Example should be made of some of them, that others may be deterred from following their destructive Example.
As we could not tell what the Arrears for provisions amounted to the Govr. though the £4000---- Sent by Boyd would be sufficient till the Accts. could be sent, and he would now upon your Letter have sent a further Sum, but it was not thought proper to send so much by Jenkins, but he has given me a Warrant for £1500,--payable to Mr. Walker, who I expect to see this Week, when I shall pay it to him, and I suppose he will go immediately up with it, the Govr. will direct how the overplus of the £2000 -- shall be applied. I have sent by Jenkins £164.1.5. As to Mr. Carlyle you may pay him deducting only the 25.1.--as there is little doubt of the Com allowing him the ¾ of his former Accts. As the Govr. has the sole disposal of Money that was last given for the Support of the Regiment, the Directions and Orders for cloathing must come from him and I am afraid you will have some difficulty to persuade him to let you reserve any Benefit from it.1
[Note 1: 1 "We are greatly distressed for want of arms for the Draughts. I have mentioned this to the Governor; but on this head, as on most others, he is silent."--Washington to Treasurer Robinson.]
I am heartily concerned at the unhappy fate of poor Spotswood as I am afraid there is little hope of his being alive. We have no news here worth writing, I am with the greatest truth
... Dr. Sir
... Your Sincere & Affect. Friend
... JOHN ROBINSON
CAMP NEAR CARLISLE July 18th. 1757
DEAR SIR --
a Cherokee Indian is just arrived here & has put the ten Indians waiting at this place for presents from this Collony into very ill humour, by telling them that their Brothers have been put into Prison at Winchester,2 so that it [was] with the Greatest difficulty I could prevail with them to stay till this afternoon to take with them to our Fort Loudoun1 £400 worth of presents to be there distributed after they joyn, but these Cherokees have insisted upon their interpreter Mr. Smith going off directly to you to know the worst and have given them the strongest assurances (Wch I am sure I could do with great safety) that you will do them the greatest justice, and if any mistake has happened that you will make them the most ample satisfaction as Mr. Smith their interpreter & the bearer of this is press'd much by the Indians to set off it prevents my saying any more than that I am with great truth
[Note 2: 2 Some Cherokees having come into Winchester and been unable to give a satisfactory account of themselves, Mr. Atkin had demanded their arrest as spies, notwithstanding Washington's representation of the consequences of such hostile action. Some difficulty was experienced in persuading the rest of the Cherokees that it was a mistake, and retaining the friendship of this important tribe.]
[Note 1: 1 In Pennsylvania.]
... Sir Your most obedt
... humble Servt
... JOHN STANWIX
ALEXANDRIA, 20th. July
DEAR SIR
I recd yr. Favor of the 17th. inst. this Day by your Messenger.
The Narrative of the Deposition recited, seems to agree with what is contained in the Northern Papers as to the Reinforcement of Men, Provisions, &c. brought up the Mississippi, which together with what's imported to Louisburg and Quebeck the French have found Time eno' to strengthen every Fortress and Place We have been long Whispering to attack, So that notwithstanding the Endeavors of Ld. L. to keep his intended Operations a Secret, they are too well known or guest at in Europe --
I writ this Day by the Post to the Governor acquainting Him of my Son William Hy being now with Me and desirous of a Lieuts. Commission in yr. Regiment, being told of some Vacancys. I am unwilling to discourage so good a Disposition especially as I find him capable of the highest Attainments, And if He is favor'd With the desir'd Comission I am persuaded He will do Credit to the Corps and merit your Friendly Countenance. He has made a Beginning towards acquiring Some Knowledge in the Theory of Fortification &c I shall be glad to know yr. Thoughts that I may equipp Him accordingly. Having a Report that some Indians have been lately taken up and imprisond at Winchester being more than Suspected as Spies I am Somewhat doubtful of the Truth as You are Silent about it--If any circumstantial Proof to corroberate what the noted Warrior Jemmy Bullen Suggested, They deserve to be punishd as Spies.
Colo. Carlyle is as desirous as You can be to have yr. late Brother's Estate Settled to mutual Satisfaction. We all send our Friendly Greetings, and I am
... Dr. Sr.
... Yr. very affecte. & obedt.
... W. FAIRFAX
WINCHESTER 20 July 1757
SIR
When the 10 Indians were taken into Custody yesterday was Se'ennight, you may remember I expressed my Desire, that they might be treated in point of Necessaries rather better than before, because it was pretended that two of them were Cherokees--On Saturday Morning being informed, that the Prisoners made great Complaint for want of fresh Meat and that Some of them had contracted Fluxes by a Diet they had not been used to, I took the Liberty to Send for the Provincial Commissary's Clerk, & made an Inquiry from him about it. He told me, "it was true they had before that time had no fresh Meat; that the Commissary was disappointed of Some Cattle he expected the Evening before, which would certainly be here that Night; and the Prisoners should have fresh Meat the next Morning." I remember you told me Soon after my first coming here, that the Indians in general might have fresh Meat (of which they were desirous) as well as Salt, it being all one to the Publick. On Sunday afternoon Dr. Craick, who had been called in to the Relief of the Sick Prisoners, told me, that they had had no fresh Meat; and that he thought it was absolutely necessary for them, being in a bad Condition. And I desired, that he would require it.
This forenoon the Jailer was with me expressing his Concern for the Resentment the Prisoners shewed for their Treatment having had only about 4lb of fresh Beef brought & dressed by the Cook (one of your Soldiers) on Monday, and yesterday 4 or 5lb (besides Bacon), among them all. Whereupon I sent again for the Commissary's Clerk, who told me, "that he delivered to the Cook for those Prisoners 35th of fresh Beef on Monday, & 18th yesterday besides the remainder of the Allowance in Bacon; And that he had not any fresh Meat to give them this day, but proposed to send Bacon;" which the Jailer said, most of the Prisoners Stomachs Nauseate so much, that they cannot Swallow it.
This gives me no Small Concern; because if when the Cherokee Chiefs now out at War come to Town, it should appear that two of the Prisoners are Cherokees for whom they shall think fit to interest themselves; and it should unluckily prove to be the Case of either of those very Indians to die in the Prison, I cannot answer what will be the consequence to his Majestys service. My own Opinion is, that while any fresh Meat is to be had, those Prisoners ought not to go without it, whoever else do. I would rather go without any myself, for one.
Had I any Authority over the Persons concerned in this Affair I would certainly punish some Body or other. As it is, I lay the Matter before you, not in the least doubting that you will inquire further into it, & do whatever shall appear to you to be right.
I am
... Sir
... Your Most Obedt. Servt.
... EDMD. ATKIN
P. S.
The Beer sent to the Prisoners was so bad, that they could not drink it, and one of my Servants who tasted it, said it was not fit to drink.
I think it very odd, that the getting fresh Provision should be left till the Indians are waiting to eat it.
ALEXANDRIA 21st. July 1757 --
DEAR SIR
I am honor'd with yours of the 17th. inclosing a list of articles necessary for the Artillery--which cannot readily be procured here by what endeavours I have yet had occasion to make--indeed some trifling things may be had, vizt. Sheepskins, Hair Cloths, Old Junk, Sifters and some spirits of Wine--the others will be difficult to meet with nigher than Philadelphia--if there--the Match I believe is not made in the Country--& had we Copper & tinn, the Ladles & Measures might be made, as also the Lanthorn--unless it is of a Particular kind--However, no pains shall be spared to accomplish any part of them--I shall be at Rock Creek in a day or two, and will enquire if any of them are amongst the Stores left in Colo. Beales care--Mr Carlyle tells me The Magazine at Williamsburg is well Supply'd with all or most of these things--from whence you may be Compleatly furnish'd--but, on what Authority he grounds his information, I cannot affirm --
You have, I dare say before now reced. Mr Ramsay's Letter in respect of your mining adventure, in which I desired he might be explicit as you was anxious to know the terms--He has procured You two shares I think, the rest being taken up before--I wish You great Success in it --
The Dangers that threatend., Fort Cumberland. I observe, are not entirely blown over,--by severall presumptive Circumstances we may imagine an Attempt intended, and in Consequence of its weakness will fall a Sacrifice--Then May we Listen for Melancholy Accompts from every Quarter--Your Disappointment in the Augmentation of Your Regiment--the Fatigue, Uneasiness, and Dissatisfaction, You daily encounter in every Branch of the Service are Subject of Much regret--I sincerely wish You every Happiness this Life can Afford, or the next can Bestow, & am
... Dr. Sr.
Your Much Obliged Servt.
Jno. Kirkpatrick
P.S. I shall be glad all ways to be employed in any thing You have occasion for, this way.
[Note 1: 1 Of the parish of Frederick in Frederick County.]
26th. July 1757
SIR/
When I did myself the pleasure to wait on you this morning, I proposed being in Town sometime to-morrow Afternoon, with a view to assist all in my power, those unhappy wretches under Sentence, in preparing for Eternity. Something has happended Since that obliges me to absent myself, and not to attend agreeable to my then resolutions. If you are desirous to know the motives that have induced me to such a sudden (and seemingly inconsistent) change, shall referr you to Mr Thomson, who, I flatter myself, will conceal no part of what I have already told him. I am wth unfeigned regard
Sir
... Your most affect &
... most obedt. Humble Servt.
... WILL: MELDRUM
Given at ANNAPOLIS the 26th Day of July. 1757
To all and Every of the Officers both Civil & Military in Baltimore County
It having been represented to me by Ensign Fell that there are many Deserters from the Virginia Regiment at this time harboured & concealed by sundry of the Inhabitants of Your County, and Colonel Washington having informed me that he has sent Mr. Fell to search for and apprehend such Deserters, I hereby desire and require You to assist him to the utmost of Your Power in the Execution of his Orders: & I recommend it to You in an especial Manner to secure or have secured all Deserters that may retire from His Majesty's Regular or the Provincial Forces to Your County for Shelter & Protection.
... HORO. SHARPE
ANNAPOLIS the 27th of July 1757.
SIR
This serves to acknowledge the Receit of Your Letter by Mr Fell1 & also to inclose You a Copy of a Deposition that was made by a Sergeant who was sent some time ago to apprehend the Deserters that You say are harboured in Baltimore County. Could Mr Fell have named the Deserters I would have desired One of the Provincial Magistrates to issue a special Warrant for apprehending them, but as he did not recollect their Names I could do no more than give him a general Order directed to all the Civil Officers in that part of the Country where the Deserters are as it is supposed harboured, requiring them to assist him to the utmost of their Power in the Execution of Your Orders. I think it is now three Quarters of a Year since the Case of these Deserters & the Conduct of Captain Gist while he was recruiting here was represented to Me in such a Light as inclined me to think that he had used some Artifices that would on Examination be scarcely thought justifiable, however I gave the Gentlemen that addressed themselves to me on that Occasion no other Answer than that if the Fellows would enlist in the Royal American Regiment they would not be called to Account for Leaving the Virginia Service, which Assurance was I think given by Governor Dinwiddie in a Proclamation that was issued about that time, but whether any of them did thereupon engage I know not, neither did I hear any thing more of them untill April last when the Sergeant Davis came to Baltimore & complained that a Deserter which he had apprehended had been rescued; On Enquiry it appeared that instead of carrying his Prisoner before a Magistrate who would have committed him, the Sergeant left him confined in an upper Room of some Constable's House, whence at the End of two Days he made his Escape thro a Window. Understanding that the Deserters whom the Sergeant was sent after were the persons in whose behalf some Gentlemen of the County had before made Application to me, I asked him several Questions concerning them & received for Answer what is contained in the Deposition above mentioned. The Sergeant afterwards asked me whether the four Men that he had enlisted could be punished for Desertion & on my saying that if they or any others had actually served the time for which they engaged They ought not, be desired to know whether he should then pursue his Orders & apprehend them, to which I answered that it was certainly his Duty to do so. From the Contents of the Paper that You sent inclosed I presume that he afterwards carried some of them before the Justices who signed that paper & that they upon the Sergeant's or some other Evidence thought proper to release them, but as I never heard of that Transaction before, I cannot tell what induced them to proceed in that manner, neither can I conceive how they came to mention my Name unless the Sergeant acquainted them with the Answer that I had given him vizt. "that if the Men had served the Term for which they were enlisted they ought not to be punished as Deserters. I shall write to Mr. Boyce and desire to know what Men those were that he & the other Justice discharged & what Reasons moved them to do so, by the first Opportunity of Conveyance that shall offer after I receive it I shall communicate to You his Answer. With great Regard
[Note 1: 1 Ensign Robert Fell.]
... I am Sir
... Your most obedt.
... humb. Servt.
... HORO. SHARPE
BALTIMORE COUNTY SS/
On the 20th Day of April 1757. Came Richard Davis Serjeant in Captain Christopher Gist's Company in the Virginia Regiment before Me the Subscriber One of His Lordship's Justices of the Peace for the afd County of Baltimore Who being duly Sworn on the Holy Evangels of Almighty God deposeth & saith that on or about the fifth Day of February 1756 he was enlisted in Baltimore County by the afd Captain Gist to serve his Majesty in the Virginia Troops during the Space of Six Months from the Day of Enlistment and no longer. That immediately after the said Captain Gist made him this Deponent a Serjeant & gave him Orders to enlist any of his Comrades or other good Men for the same time. That in Obedience to such Orders He this Deponent did soon after enlist into the afd Regiment a certain William Stoxdale, Francis Brothers, Patrick Constantine, & Edward Constantine, who then resided in the County afd, assuring all & Each of them that They would not be required to serve longer than Six Months. that soon afterwards the said Recruits were marched to Winchester & joined the Regiment & continued to serve therein as Soldiers for sometime; but that they have now left the said Regiment & declare that they will not return thereto as they ought by their respective Agreements to have been regularly discharged at the End of Six Months
... BUXTON GAY
ALEXANDRIA July 30th 1757
DR. SIR
I wrote you in answer to both yours about the Mines to wch referr.--I am now to address you on a more interesting, but a more disagreeable Subject.
Know Sr. that I have been extreamly unfortunate in all my affairs, wch has greatly embarrass'd me, in Ordr. to remedy wch, I have made Application to the Monied ones--My Ld. Fx, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Corbin, Mr. Cary & many others witht. success, wch I put to the Accot. of my perverse fortune, not their want of ability to serve me.
As I hope a share in your friendship, permit me to request of you the loan of Two hundred or £250 before or at Octr. Gen Court next, for wch you shall be secur'd; you will do a very singular service to me witht. prejudice I hope to your self, & also add to the many obligations I am already under, from your great inclination & desire to serve me, & tho hitherto without success, yet calls for my gratefull acknowledgemts.1 We may now depend on the Arrival of the Fleet at Halifax. A report prevails with great probability of truth that Prussia has taken Prague in wch he found 250 ps. of cannon & made Upwds. of 12000 Prisrs. May Fortune attend him & victory wait his Banners 'till he humble the proud & crush the ingratefull & that you may triumph over your Enimies & succeed in all your enterprizes is the sincere wish of my
[Note 1: 1 Washington responded to this appeal (as is shown by his ledger for 1757) by lending Mr. Ramsay £80 on August the 22d, and £70 on September the 20th.]
Dr Sir Your very Afft
... H Servt.
... WM RAMSAY
CAMP NEAR CARLISLE Augst 1t 1757
DEAR SIR
in answer to the favour of yours of the 30th July I am to say as to Indian affairs Mr Atkins should know better than I, but treating them with severity & not being able to carry it thro': would not do with any other sort of People I had a long letter from him upon this head am glad however at last all was made up, have had a letter from the six chief themselves who have assured me they are well satisfied.
tis more than a fortnight ago that I answered your letter where you mention'd its being convenient to your private affairs to attend them for a fortnight, in wch. letter I express'd my Concern that you should think such a thing necessary to mention to me as I am sure you would not choose to be out of call should the service require your immediate attendance, & hope you will always take the liberty upon yourself which I hope you will now do as soon as possible & have given your Drumr all dispatch possible who am
... Dr Sir Your most
... Obedt. & most humble Servt.
... JOHN STANWIX
ALEXANDRIA, 6th Augst. 1757
DEAR SIR
I had yr. Favor of the 28th. July by Tede. My Writing to You relating to the desir'd Comission for Billy Fx was principally for You to acquaint the Governor if any Vacancys, without the Knowledge of which his Honor could not make out a Comission, and being told there were Several Vacancys I did write to the Governor for a Comission. As they are all filld up Billy must wait. In the mean Time He is learning the Manual Exercise and other Necessary Accomplishments that He may appear with a good Face when he is receiv'd into yr. Regiment. If Mr. Milner whom You mentioned, should quit the Field, Please to inform the Governor and know his Pleasure concerning Billy's Expectations--As Ld. Loudoun may at this Time be engaged in Action Somewhere, So that Billy could not if attempted, easily follow his Lordship, I have wrote to Mr Comissary Pitcher, desiring him to let his Lordship & Genl. Abercromby know, Billy has Letters of Recommendation but as its imagind there may be many Cadets unprovided for, Billy is aiming at making Some Beginning in yr. Regiment and continue till He has the Honour of knowing his L'ps Pleasure.
If You had not been at Fort Loudoun when Mr. Atkyn's imprudent Orders to imprison the Cherokees were given And their forcible Delivery out of Goal, no doubt but the Indians when inflam'd would have made Mr. Atkyns their first Sacrifice and then judging their sd. Fact beyond Repair might go on and slaughter All they could overcome. I hope your Messenger has got timely to prevent the Nation at their Homes beginning Hostilitys, as it would take some Time to collect their Warriors and form Resolutions after the Arrival of the first Intelligence. Yr. Brother wth. Colo. G. Lee are here expecting to have met You, but now imagine you don't think proper to leave Fort Loudoun till You know the Disposition of the absent Cherokees etc. If you dont come soon, Please to favor me wth. the Number of private Men in yr. Regiment and where garrisond, for my own Notice--All here and at Belvoir offer their best wishes And I remain
Yr. very affect. & obedt. Servt.
... W: FAIRFAX
NEW YORK 8th Augt. 1757
DR. SIR/
The Inclosed Letters came to my hands Yesterday by a Vessel from Halifax, they will I suppose give you all ye News from that Quarter. Except ye arrival of ye Highlanders wh. has been since they were wrote, all well, and in good Order Lord Loudoun had not Left Halifax a fortnight ago
We are now under the greatest apprehensions for fort Wm. Henry having Certain Accots. that it is Beseiged by a Large Body of french & Indians Mr MontCalm himself at ye head of them, a fryday Last the Express came away from fort Edward & they were then Very hotly Engaged--Govr. our Lieut. Govenor went up Last week to forward ye Militia, Genl. Johnson was gone up with two thousand Militia & 100 Indians, & ye Militia was going up from the adjacent Counties, Col Young Command at Wm Henry he had Just got into that place with a Reinforcement of 1000 men. We hope the Best --
... I am Dr. Sir Yr. Hl Servt.
... BEV. ROBINSON
FROM JOSEPH CHEW, ESQ.1
[Note 1: 1 This is written on the same sheet as the letter from Beverly Robinson, dated August 8, 1757, to which it forms a postscript.]
DEAR SIR
you shall hear from me at Large Next Post this being just going off I can only inclose you the Papers & Pray tell my Brother I will Write him under Cover to you next week, I arrived here a few days agoe Mrs. Robinson & her Dear little Family are well Miss Polly has had a pain in her Face but is on the mendg. hand. I pray Heaven to Protect you and Assure that I am my Dear Sir
... Your Obed Servt.
JOS CHEW
WILLIAMSBURG Augst. 8th. 1757.
SIR,
The Bearer hereof Sam. Akerling has desir'd me Leave to go to see his Brothers near the Monongahelay proposing to give Security with you of his return to be here in the Octr. Court;--as I am a Stranger to the Evidence against him on Suspicion of being a Spy, which he sincerely denies & begs to be tried, but that cannot be 'till Octr.--wherefore I refer him to You, & if You have any favourable Circumstances in his Affair, I give You Leave to allow him to go to his Brothers, giving Security for his Return by the above Time; and then the Evidence against him must be collected & sent here.
I have several Letters from Augusta, Halifax & Bedford, giving Acct. that the Enemy has murder'd some of our poor People & taken 11 Captives, praying my Assistance--I have order'd out some Companies but wrote them You was to send a Detachment from the Regmt, which I hope You have done, if not, I desire You will imediately do it agreeable to what was concerted at Philade
I expected Mr. Atkin before this--we are informed here that there has been a great Breach and Uneasiness among the Indians, from some of them being put in Prison, but as I have no Particulars of that Affair, I hope its without Foundation.
By Your long Silence it's to be expected You are in great Peace & Quietness. I remain with Respect
... Sir
... Your. mO.hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
NEW YORK Augst. 15th. 1757
DR SIR
This just serves to inform you that since my last this Country has been in Continued Allarm and hurry you will see by the inclosed that the French have made themselves masters of Fort Wm. Henry the Acct I send you has the greatest Appearance of truth, but there is as yet no Certainty what Terms the Fort was surrender'd upon or who of that Garrison are safe1 I will write you again before I leave new York and as soon as I can Come at the truth, our friend Beverly is gone to Albany, Please to forward the inclosed to my Brother and be Assurd that I am with the sincerest Love and Respect
[Note 1: 1 Fort William Henry was situated on the southern coast of Lake George, with a view to command that lake and protect the English colonies. The fort was garrisoned by about three thousand regulars.--WYNNE'S History of the British Empire in America.]
... Dear Sir
... Your Obedt. Affectionate
... JOS CHEW.
Inclosure in Letter from Joseph Chew, Esq.
NEW YORK August 15th. 1757
On Wensday the 3d. of Augst. the Enemy Set down before Fort Wm. Henry with an Army, according to sundry Accos. from 9 to 12,000, men and train of 35 Ps of Cannon & six Mortars and the same day open'd the Trenches
The firing Continued with great Vigour & Resolution on both sides untill Tuesday the 9th. during which time the beseiged had several Cannon burst and some of their best Mortars and others Render'd useless it is also said their Ammunition was nearly Expended when they Surrendered the Fort on the Following Terms That the Garrison and troops Should march off with all honours of war, with 4 Cannon and all their arms Baggage &c and should not be Molested but Escorted to Fort Edward--That they should not serve in America for 18 months That after the French had got Possession and the Garrison had Marched about two Miles the Indians were let Loose amongst them who killed and Cut numbers to Pieces and striped the others naked in which Condition they were Coming into Fort Edward Genl. Webb, Lord Howe, Sr. William Johnson & others were at Fort Edward and notwithstanding all the Industry of them, Governor Delaney, Mr. Olliver Delaney & others of great note and merit his whole force last Thursday was scarcely 7,000 including the Raw Militia, but great Numbers were dayly Joyning him and few days will discover where monsr. Montcalm will next bend his Course or whether General Webb will be able to dislodge him from Fort Wm. Henry --
our Fleet was in Halyfax Harbour the 28th. of July 1st of august when they will sail the Lord knows
[Note 1: 1 Son of Colonel John Mercer, of "Marlborough," born June 23, 1733; educated at College of William and Mary; married in England, August 8, 1767, Mary, daughter of Christopher Neville. Captain Mercer was wounded at the defeat of Braddock, where he received praise for his bravery. In 1756, Washington appointed him his aid-de-camp; in 1758, he served in the campaign under Forbes; in 1761, was elected a member of the House of Burgesses; later, was sent to England as agent of the Ohio Company, and returned as collector for the Crown under the Stamp Act; declining to act, however, he returned to England. In 1768, he came again to America as lieutenant-governor of North Carolina. He held this office but a short time, and prior to the Revolution returned again to England, where he died in 1784.]
CHARLES TOWN August 17th. 1757
DEAR COLONEL
I wrote you Viâ Philadelphia a few Days after my Arrival, but as We have certain Advice of that Vessel's calling in at Cape Francois, I set down to write you the same as near as I can guess, only adding the News that We have had in the Interim
No Doubt youl expect a particular and authentic Account of this Place and its Inhabitants--I shall endeavor to satisfy you in both as far as my Knowledge of Them & Capacity will admit--& to begin I never, from Accounts, was so much disappointed in my Expectations of both--The Town in the first Place is little larger than Wms. Burg no Buildings in it to compare with our Public Ones there, far inferior to Philadelphia N York, Boston or even New Port itself. The Town is on a Point of Land between two Rivers on the Bay there are some very good Houses, & it is from thence it shows to the greatest Advantage--The rest of the Town is indifferently improved, many very bad low clapboard Houses upon their Principal Streets which are in general narrow & confined. The Inhabitants who you remember were esteemed the politest genteelest People on the Continent are egregiously misrepresented--I believe tho they will mend for I find a considerable Alteration since I first came here, but they never will come up to the Character given Them. What adds to make this Place at present disagreeable is that most of the Gent of Note are out at their Indigo Plantations, so that We have nothing left but a Set of trading Ones, who esteem you for Nothing but your Money, & who dont very genteely treat you for that Youl be surprized I have not yet mentioned the fair Ones I wish I could call Them so, I assure you they are very far inferior to the Beauties of our own Country, & as much on the Reserve as in any Place I ever was, occasioned by the Multiplicity of Scandal which prevails here; for the chief of your Entertainment even in the best Houses & at the first Introduction is upon that agreeable Subject. then you hear the Termagant the Inconstant, the Prude & Coquette the fine Gent & the fine Lady laid off in their most beautiful Colors, with their Observations if they had so behaved (which you are sure to have the Pleasure to hear at the next House you go to) what they should think of Themselves in short two Families here are sufficient to inform you of the Character of every one in the Place. A great Imperfection here too is the bad Shape of the Ladies, many of Them are crooked & have a very bad Air & not those enticing heaving throbbing alluring plump Breasts comon with our Northern Belles--I am afraid I have tired your Patience & doubt not but you are as much surprized disappointed at reading This, as I was of having an Opportunity of writing it to you --
The many Favors my dear Colonel that I have received at your Hands would make Me blush at begging an Addition to Them, did I not know your Goodness in excusing such Freedom--I believe you are very sensible of the Governors great Inclination to deprive Me of any Thing that he genteely coud, and I am certain that he would be glad of an Opportunity of putting any One over my Head, but I hope Sr. you will be kind enough to see Me Justice done in that Respect. You are the only Friend I have to apply to at this Distance, & in whose Power it is to assist Me. I rely solely upon your Goodness in Case of a Vacancy, as it is now my Right, thro your Friendship, to see Me preferred in Turn --
We have Advice here and it seems to be well attested that the Austrian Army met with a total Defeat. They had upwards of 7000 taken Prisoners about 9000 killed in the Field took above 200 Pieces of Cannon and all their Field Equipage fell into the Hands of the Prussians, who imediately entered Prague Sword & Hand, where they made Prisoners & killed the greatest Part of the Austrian Army who had taken Refuge there. You will I hope hear it confirmed e'er you see this. No one doubts it here --
I take the Liberty to mention the Inconvenience which I see must necessarily arise if the Troops are not properly clothed against next Year. They make a very good Appearance here, and are much esteemed for their orderly Behavior. They are extreamly well satisfied at their present Situation, besides their usual Allowance in Virga. of 1lb of Meat & Bread per Day, they get 1/2 pt. of Rum 1 pt. of Rice & pt. Pease Pepper Salt & Vinegar besides Greens of some Kind every Day.
We have met with a Set of very genteel pretty Officers here of the Royals Harmony & Unanimity prevail greatly among Us--and their is no Demand made for Necessaries for their own Troops in which ours are not joined. We do Duty of all Kinds with Them, & our Men are exercised in Battalion wth. theirs.
As I know the Major Tulliken1 is an Acquaintance of yours I need not say any Thing in his Praise, as every one who knows him, must imediately discover the polite well bred Gent, as well as the good & diligent Officer in Him--He is much esteemed here by Civil & Military--Colo. Bouquet I shou'd have done Injustice to, to have omitted particularly in my Letter. He is I believe well acquainted with his Duty a good natured sensible Man, very obliging to all under his Comand, and the only one of the Foreigners I am told to on whom his Lordship much depends. In short We are looked upon in quite another Light by all the Officers than We were by Genl. Braddock or Mr. Orme and do our Duty equally without any Partiality or particular Notice taken of one more than the other. I conceive great Hopes of our living here vastly happy so soon as the chief Families of this Place resume their Posts in Town, their Absence now I assure you makes the Town very unsociable. Nothing but the good Harmony that subsists among ourselves would make it tolerable.
[Note 1: 1 Major John Tulliken]
It is a very odd Method of judging but however its the Plan upon which most of the World goes, and therefore to find ourselves judged for the Errors or Imperfections of others is not very unaccountable--but We have been told here by the Officers that nothing ever gave them such Surprize as our Appearance at entering Hampton for expecting to see a Parcel of eagger disorderly Fellows headed by Officers of their own Stamp (like the rest of the Provincials they had seen) behold they saw Men properly disposed who made a good & soldierlike Appearance and performed in every Particular as well as coud be expected from any Troops with Officers whom they found to be Gent. to see a Sash & Gorget with a genteel Uniform, a Sword properly hung, a Hat cocked, Persons capable of holding Conversation where only comon Sense was requisite to continue the Discourse, and a White Shirt, with any other than a black Leather Stock, were Matters of great Surprise and Admiration which engaged Them all to determine give Us a polite Invitation to spend the Evening, & after to agree to keep Us Company which they had determined before not to do--agreeable to what they had practised with the other Provincial Troops. We have lost that comon Appellation of Provincials, & are known here by the Style & Title of the Detachment of the Virga. Regiment.
They have passed a Vote here for granting a Sum for raising 700 Men subject to the Orders & Disposal of Lord Loudoun, have put them on the same Establishment with our Troops, and have given your old Acquaintance Howarth the Command of Them, as Lieut. Colo. & Commandant of the So. Carolina Provincials. I fear they will be a long Time raising. I dare venture to engage not before the Act expires which is only for 12 months two of which are now lapsed, & not one Man recruited, or a Comission given out--strange Delay --
I cant tell what to expect on this Quarter this Sumer whether Peace, or War--One Day they are secure, the next alarmed by hearing of a large Embarkation of Troops for Cape Francois--We have had an Account of 2 or 3 several Squadrons with Troops on Board touching there, since We have been at this Place. Tis known some of Them have gone to the Mississippi--they are still under Apprehensions but I think without a Cause.
Our latest News is of so long a Date that I imagine it coud be none to you before this will come to Hand. The Defeat of the Austrians is confirmed.
In Case of Colo. Stephens Removal from this Comand wch I believe he is tired of, I hope it will be agreeable to you that I shoud succeed him. Youl scarce believe that the Colonel never appears here but in full dressed laced Suits--so great a change has Carolina produced.
I hope dear Colonel youl favor Me with a Letter now & then. I assure you nothing would give Me greater Pleasure than to hear frequently from you. None of our Detachment has ever yet received a Line or heard from Virginia --
If I remember well, I informed you before that Mr. Stretch had promised to be particularly careful of, & forward any Letters to or from Me. Philadelphia too woud be a ready Conveyance for Letters from your Quarter
Virginia has gained great Credit by sending Troops here, tis more than any of the other Colonies or Provinces have done; & I assure you our Men behave extreamly well.
Three or four of our Serjeants will get Comissions in the Charles Town Regiment.
I fear I have tired your Patience by this, therefore beg Leave to conclude & assure you that with great Esteem and Respect I subscribe myself
... Dr. Colonel
... Your most obliged Friend
... obedient humble Servant
... G. MERCER
CHARLESTOWN, S. CAROLINA Augst. 20th. 1757
SIR,
I have the pleasure to inform you that the two Companies of your Regiment under my Command are well--They are well disciplined and have this advantage of all other troops in America that they know the parade as well as Prussians, and the fighting in a Close Country as well as Tartars.
We are all peace & Quietness on this Quarter, But notwithstanding Some of your Officers have not escaped being wounded--That mighty Conqueror Love has made havock in the Corps--I only Appeal to Captt. Mercers Letter; cant you plainly discover it? --
I am but little acquainted with the Ladies, but if you will allow me to be a Judge, The Fair in this place must give way in Beauty, easy Behaviour, & other female Accomplishments to the Daughters of the more northern Climes--Capt. mercer has wrote you a mere pamphlet, & Majr. Tulleken informs me that he writes you also, I shall therefore only declare that I am as formerly, with great Respect,
... Sir,
Your most Obtt. humble Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
[Note 1: 1 Captain William Peachey, born in 1729, was the son of Samuel and Winifred (Griffin) Peachey, a grandson of William, and great-grandson of Samuel Peachey, who settled in Virginia in 1659. Captain Peachey (made a Colonel during the war of the Revolution) married Million Glasscock in 1748.]
RICHMD. COUNTY 22d. Augst. 1757
DR. SIR
Having but an indifferent Hand at Complimts. I have hitherto referr'd writing to you & sho'd have still continued to do so, untill I cou'd hear something that might be new or entertaining, had not an Affair happened a little while since, that lays me undr. the Necessity of it, in Ordr. to prepare you (if not too late) for the hearing of a ps. of malice that none but the Devil or some of his Crew cou'd have invented, & to clear up my Character to you in that particular --
The Matter is this, I being on a Visit the other Day to Mr. Chas. Carter of Shirley or Corotomon, was asked in a very serious Manner by yt. Gent: in the presence of others (desiring me at the same Time to excuse his Curiousity) What was the real Intention of my Express to Wmsburg last Spring was a Year? The Question put me a little out of Humour, but as that Gent: used a good Deal of Ceremony to bring it about, I told him it was to Allarm the Country wt. ye great Danger the Frontiers were in from the Enimy & I related to him such particulars as I cou'd recollect of my Information at yt. Time; He held up his Hands & seemed to be surprised; I then thot. it was Time to know his Reason for asking me such a Question; To which he said as he was at Wmsburg wn. I came on that Express he heard me give ye. same Accot. as I did to him at his own House and therefore cou'd not but be surprised to hear a very different Tale told & Me given for Authority to it, which determined him, the first Time he saw me, to know the Truth of the Matter. He says that Mr. Christopher Robinson told him he heard Colo. Richard Corbin say, that I affirmed that my whole Business at that Time was to execute a Scheme of yours to cause the Assembly to levy largely both in Money & Men, and that there was not an Indian in yt. Neighborhood, that the Frontiers or even Winchester & the adjacent County did not appear to be in any more Danger at yt. Time than any other; Mr. Robinson also informed Mr. Carter, it was said, yt. that pe. of Deceit, or Imposition of yrs. (as they term it) has lessened the Governours & some of the leading Men's Esteem for you; or at least they make Use of it as a Reason for their Ill Treatment and the worse Opinion (they say) they have than formerly of you:--I hope Colo. Washington knows me bettr. than even to suppose I cou'd be guilty of a Thing of this Kind, therefore shall only add that You may depend I shall Use my Endeavour to trace the Matter till I find the Scoundrel that dares make himself the Author of such a scandalous Report--If you think fit to make Use of the above you are at full Liberty so to do.--There is another fine story the Governour is pleased to report of me, viz. That I generally mustered between 30 or 40 Men & had only 6 or 7. Pray Sir where was yr. Care or that of yr. Officers? to overlook so palpable a Breach of a well known Article of War: However I am only waiting to get a person who heard his Honr. say so, to make it appear how false & mean that Aspersion is. --
As I shall go to Wmsburg shortly I hope, if I shou'd find it necessary, you wont take it a miss, that I make Use of yr. Last to me on the So. Branch, for I understand that it is generally supposed in that part of the World, that some leading Man has placed my Character in a very bad Light to the Governr. or say they, his Honour wou'd never have reduced him & appointed a younger Capt. to be continued in the Regiment --
When I left Winchester I really forgot to draw up a Remonstrance as you directed for the Ballance of my pay, therefore wrote to the Governr., for ansr. he said he had not the least Objection to it, but I must apply to the pay-Master; I coud see that was only an Evasion, so hope if you can put me in a Way to get it, you will, for I not only think it an Hardship to loose it, but a great piece of Injustice as I was not paid off till the 5th. or 6th. of July & consequently cou'd not leave the Service if there is no other method to be taken you'll be pleased to send me a Certificate that I was only paid to the first of June & continued in the Service till the 4th. of July, the Day that I came to Winchester--We have various Accots. of poor Spotswood I shou'd be extreamly glad to hear if you have had any News of him since I left you.--I wish I cou'd have continued wth. you, for the idle or rather sedentary Life that I am now obliged to lead & the Salt Water Air has brot. on an ugly Fevr. which I make no Doubt I shou'd have escaped if I had continued in the Mountains, tho' indeed, otherways I cou'd not have enjoyed much Satisfaction after hearing how my Character as well as most of the Gent.--of the Virga. Regimt. has been traduced & vilified, as I am inform'd by those too who ought chearfully to have supported, & stood by, Us--We have no News but wt. comes by the Norwd. papers which you generally get before We do, except that some French Privateers have been seen in the Mouth of the Bay & our Station Ship is gone out on the Cruise, so shall conclude wth. an hearty & sincere Wish that you may meet with more Satisfaction than I believe you have for some Time, and assuring you that I am wth. ye greatest Respect
... Dr. Sir Yr. mo: obedt
... Humble Servt.
... WILLM. PEACHEY.
Pray excuse incorrectness
for I am at this Time much
disordered --
Sworn to this 27th. day of August 1757 --
BALTIMORE COUNTY SS The Deposition of Thos. Hudson, taken before me the subscriber one of his Lordship's Justices of the peace for the County aforesd. in the Province of Maryland; who being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists declares. That he this Dept. was present with Mr. Nathaniel Gist & John Hall when the said John Hall was going to sign his assent to being Enlisted in his Majesties Service; That the said John hall on taking the Pen in his Hand, said I will not sign for any more than Six months, Upon which said Mr. Gist made answer, Thats what I want; (or thats what I desire) but which of those words this Dept. can't exactly remember. That Mr. Saml. Owings a Magistrate for this County was then also present; and on the said John Hall going to sign as aforesd.--Said unto the aforesd. Nathl. Gist, this Boy is too Young; to which the said Gist made answer he was the highth of their Standard; and farther Saith not --
... before
... BUXTON GAY
AUGUSTA COURT HOUSE Sepr. ye Ist. 1757
Last Night I arrived here in Order to fall upon some Method to Ingage provitions for the troop stationed in this County--his honr. the governor has ordred me to Regulat the Militia of this County, & as there is a General Muster here this Day it is part of my Business.
As soon as Capt Woodward arrived at Fort Lyttelton Lt. Bullet Marched & Joined me at Dickensons Fort Some Days Before I left that. Inclosed you have Returns According to my Instructions with Size & Necessary Rolls--my old Company had not thire hats, Neither were they sent from Winchester ye men is very uneasy about ye want of them as they are in a manner Bareheded--I sent Mr. Allan with some Assistance afture ye men which Deserted from me at this place on my March out, they had not ye Fortun to take Either of them. but hering of some others took 2 who Deserted from Lt. Buckner on his march from Fredricksburg. these 2 with one Inlisted which you may see by my Return want thire Cloathes & Inlisting money. as you will have frequent opertunitys of Sending Necessarys which we are in want of as you will see by ye Necessary Rolls, by waggons or Carts Coming to this place I hop you will send them.--In Answer to a Letter I sent to his honr. ye governor he writs me to Abandon Fort Lyttelton or Continue ye troop as I think proper. As that Fort in time may be of Some Service I think it Best to Continue one Officer with 20 men at it. Capt woodward with 50 at Campbells the remainder of ye Detachment under Capt Woodward which will be Neare 30 at old Cloyds. Capt. Dickenson with his Company I have ordred to the mouth of Crags Crek, by which Means I Believe ye people will Return to thire Habitations, before my arrival here with ye Troops, there was not a Soule Between ye Nh. Rr. & Vauses, but since most of the fork people has Returned--I shall send a small party of my Company to Fort Dinwiddie--I have stationed Capt. Preston in ye Bull-pasture--there is two Companys of ye Militia Now on Duty which I know not how to Dispose of, tho I wrot to ye governor in a partickular manner about them he wrot me he knew of none but Preston & Dickenson, notwithstanding ye other was stationed by his & ye Counsels Order. there is one place yt Vacant which is not garrisoned ye Consequences may be bad. that is ye So. Branch or So. fork Between Capt. Woodwards. old Station & Prestons, as ye governor has not given me a Direct Answer nor I Believe wont, I am afraid that place must be Deserted --
his honr. wrot me Colo. Reed was appointed to supply ye troops under my Command with provitions. I hant as yet heard from Reed nor Cant larn that he has provided one mouth foull. which has Layd me under an Oblegation to provid I suppose I shall ly out of my money Sume years perhaps afture taking as many Jurneys to Wmsburg as will Ocation ye spending ye hole I may Receive it
... I am Sir your most Obedeant & Very
... Humble Servant
... ANDW LEWIS
P. S. few Days since a Sarjt. of ye Militia was kiled by ye Enemy Near Fort Dinwiddie which is all ye Damage done in this Country Since my arival --
WILLIAMSBURG Septr. Ist. 1757
SIR
My Friend Colo. Fairfax earnestly desires his Son Wm Henry may have a Lieuts. Commission in the Regiment; if any Vacancy I desire You may give him a Commission accordingly, & as You have Blank Comisions fill one up for him if any Vacancy, which will be agreeable to
... Sir
... Your mo-hble Servant
... ROBT DINWIDDIE
WILLIAMSBURG Septr. 2d. 1757
SIR
Yours of the 27th. Ulto. I recd. last Night.--Colo. Read from Lunenburg says he had sent You up twenty nine Soldiers, probably in two Parties, the last I suppose were not arrived when You wrote me. --
I am sorry so many have deserted since Yr. last, or do I know what to do unless they will Out-law all those that so desert, & I wish You wou'd send the Names of those that deserted after receiving the Bounty order'd by the County, & receiv'd their Cloathg. & Arms.
The Reason I am so earnest in having the Numbers with You, & those sent to Augusta is, to qualify me to agree with Contractors for supplying them with Provisions; as the Contractors will naturally desire to know the Number they are to provide for.
I see the Difficulties You mention in sending a Return of the whole Regiment, yet You will observe the Necessity of having it. As to the Beef at Fort Cumbld I despair of Yr. making much of it, but do what You can; I hope the other Species not objected to will soon be replac'd at Fort Loudoun.
I am sorry the Enemy have appear'd on the Branch & of their having kill'd five & captivated eight, this I fear will be the Case by surprizing the poor unguarded People, & Nothing further can be expected than our People employ'd in Parties searching for the Enemy.
We must suspend Recruiting for some Time till a method is found out to reclaim the Deserters, which at present appears to me very difficult, but hope You will be able to compleat the present Companies to 100 each rank & file.
I approve of Your pardoning the poor Prisoners & I hope Your Reproof to them will have its desired Effect, & they become good Soldiers.1--I cannot think Colo. Stanwix will leave our Frontiers in these perilous Times.
[Note 1: 1 Governor Dinwiddie had left to Washington's discretion the punishment and pardoning of deserters; and in this instance Washington resolved on the latter, having found the example of the former of little weight, and since, as he expressed it, "these poor unhappy criminals have undergone no small pain of body and mind, in a dark prison, closely ironed."]
I understood Mr. Boyd that the Money he carried last up was more than wou'd pay the Forces to the last of August & I suppose there remains in Yr. Hands some of the 2000£ sent for the Drafts, which may be applied for Contingencies.
I accused You of looseness in Writing, vizt. tho' You are not concern'd in Indian Affairs, yet when an Insult & Quarrel subsists where You Command it was reasonable to expect You shou'd have given an Acct. thereof, not having heard from Mr. Atkin till this Minute by Mr. Richd. Smith.
As formerly I can say Nothing to the Accts. or Demands of the People for the Indians till I know their Amo. & for What--& it's not to be expected the Cotry is to employ a Person for to settle every little Demand. — The Detachmt. to Augusta, I expected an Acct. of the Officers & the Men in each Compa.--Majr Lewis writes he arrived there the 4th. Ulto. with 140 Men, that he was inform'd Colo. Clemt. Read was to supply them with Provisions; did not You direct him to apply to Mr. Read for Provisions? he writes me to appoint some Person to purchase Provisions; I hope Mr. Read has sufficient for three Months,--as before I want the particular Numbers in order to contract for supply of Provisions --
You shou'd have acquainted me of the Arms being at Falmouth, & that You had sent for them, howr. as they are now with You it's very well.
I have a monstrous long Letter from Mr. Atkin which I cannot answer particularly, but shall in general.--Colo. Fairfax has wrote me earnestly for a Commission for his Son Wm. Henry to be a Lieutenant, if any Vacancy I shall be glad he may be oblig'd in this, as I have a great Regard for the old Gentu: I wrote a short Line to You under his Cover to the above Purpose which he probably will forward to You.
I desire You will send a particular Acct. of Provisions remaing. on Hand, & how long You think they may serve the Men &c. that the new Contractors may know the Time they are to commence their Supplies. I understand from Govr. Sharpe that Mr. Ross wou'd either supply the Species of Provisions left at Fort Cumbld, in Kind, or pay You in Cash, when adjusted advise me thereof. --
... I remain with Respect
... Sir
... Your mo. hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
Pray write me whether one Robt. Holmes is amongst the Number of Deserters.
WILLIAMSBURG Septr. 3d. 1757
DR SIR
Yesterday my proposals were agreed to by the Govenr. this Day I set out for Hampton in order to purchase some Salt. I hope to be at home in about 8 days, after a short stay I intend myself the pleasure of waiting on you, when your advice &c will be kindly taken & added to your other favors. the Flour you mention'd shall take. No News this way.
If in any respect I can serve Colo. Washington I shall with the greatest pleasure & am with real Esteem his obliged and very --
... H Servt.
... WM. RAMSAY.
[Note 1: 1 Associate editor with Franklin of the Pennsylvania Gazette, from 1747 to 1766. The partnership being then dissolved, the Gazette was published by Hall & Sellers until 1804, when it passed into other hands.]
PHILADA. Septr. 8. 1757.
SIR,
I received your Letter by the Post, and am very sorry I misunderstood your Directions, as I should be always glad to have Colonel Washington for a Customer for our Paper. You [We] have now sent you thirty Papers, according to your Orders, for which I have debited you; the Charge for each Paper three Months 2/6 our Money, which makes the whole £3. 15. 0. What the Post will take for carrying them to Lancaster I don't know. As he is a private Post, he makes his own Bargain I suppose, if you should continue to take the Papers longer than three Months, you will let us know in Time, otherwise we shall stop sending them when the Time is up. I am,
... Sir,
... Yours very respectfully
... D. HALL
N. B. Your Letters are forwarded, Mr. William Dunlap1 manages the Post Office in Mr. Franklins Absence, and will take proper Care of what Letters you may send.
[Note 1: 1 In the Revolution, printer to the Continental Congress.]
[Note 2: 2 Commissary to the Maryland regiment.]
BLADENSBURG Septr. 28, 1757.
SIR
I am favoured with yours of the 6th. & delayed answering it, in expectation of hearing something from our Officers relating to the Survey of the Beef, but I have not yet received the least Syllable. you very well know the power of Officers in Garrison with regard to Condemning Provision and as I am only paid for the Provision as it's delivered out to the Troops if they should think proper to refuse it I must bear the whole loss, however as my Brother is going to Fort Cumberland I shall know whether Captain Dagworthy has any objections and inform you what they are. You may be assured I shall make none that can be avoided, but if they should Continue in the same sentiments with regard to their Condemning the Beef, would it not remove all Cavil, for you to receive from me for what they have used, and as you have troops on the South Branch it may be Conveyed to them, As they will be satisfied of the Goodness of it, on the Report of the Officers you sent to Inspect it, which its Probable ours will not, as it does not appear by the Copy of the return you sent to me that any of them were Consulted in Regard to it, and as its intended they should use it, they will think they are pretty much Interested.
They had no fresh provision when the Complaints were made about the badness of the Beef, they had I believe even wrote to Coll Stanwix about it, and every letter from every Officer at Fort Frederick at that time was fill'd with Complaints about it, I have even some letters in my Possession from the Fort Major Mr. Livingston to the same Purpose, wrote much about the time he was Informing you that they had not acted fairly in regard to the Condemnation of it, But I can write you in a more Satisfactory manner when I hear from them but in the mean time whatever has been used shall be paid whenever you please to order it, tho I could wish to have the whole affair settled at once that neither of us may have any further trouble about it.
... I am Sir,
... Your most Obedt. huml. Servt.
... DAVID ROSS
ALEXANDRIA 17th. Septemr. 1757 --
DEAR SIR
I am honoured with your very kind letter by Mr. Hamilton,1 confirming the Obligations I lye under from the many instances of Your Friendship and Regard.--For which I can only offer my grateful Acknowledgements--a poor return for such unmeritted kindness --
[Note 1: 1 John Hamilton, quartermaster in the Virginia regiment.]
Your candid and Just remarks, on the scheme of Settling a Store by Mr. Watson at Winchester, carry their due weight with me, and corroborate the Conclusions I drew from the proposal--Among severall reasons that discouraged our design, that of Mr. Watsons unfitness was one, very matterial--and the infirm State of Health I have been in, this Summer, rendered me unable to undertake the Affair--So that, I judged it more prudent to drop the design--at least for some time--I am now, thank God, upon the recovery & wou'd Gladly attempt some Way of Business conducive to an easie passage thro' life--and, believe shall break off my Connections with Mr. Watson--as My Brother is fit to undergo some fatigue and willing to join me in any Adventure of probable Advantage --
The Scheme you kindly hint of Suttling--and From which, as you observe, (under proper conduct) Advantage might arrise--is foreclosed--Mr. Ramsay return'd about Four days ago from Williamsburgh having Contracted to Victuall the Forces of Your Regiment Stationd in Frederick & Hampshire Countys--at what rate, I know not--but in Conjunction with Carlyle and Dalton--and with resolutions to pursue the plan of Suttlers, Retailers, Commissary, and what not, for the Compleat and proper Accomodating Your Regiment in every Requisite whatsoever--This much, I had learn'd, was their intentions, before I had the pleasure of receiving Your Affectionate Address--and was pleased with the Approaching prospects of the Commodious & Satisfactory entertainment so necessary & desirable amongst Your Troops --
You may rely on the Secrecy injoind on this Subject--and shall not add Further till I have the pleasure of seeing you--which I hope will be in a Fortnights time --
Inclosed is Mr. Johnson's recet. for the five Years rent of his Plantation £12. 10--Cury. --
Mr. Hamilton hastens to be gone,--& shall only add my sincere wishes for Your Health & happiness--and Am with very much Esteem
... Dear Sir
... Your Much Obliged and
... Most Obedt. Huml. servt.
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK
CAMP NEAR CARLISLE Sepr. 19th. 1757.
DEAR SIR
I am to own the Favour of your letter by Lieut. Campbell. wish he may meet with the Deserters he is in pursuit of, this is a crime grown to so enormous a height on this Continent it will require some adequate remedie from the Commandr. in Chief and fear it will require so severe a one as to make it necessary to put to death every deserter we take. I have lost near fifty of the best men of the five Comps. of the First Battalion, retook twelve and a week ago hang'd four, and am sure it would have been right and for the good of the Service to have hanged the other eight which I pardon'd against my judgment. Lord Loudoun is return'd to N. York with ten Battalions and presume by this time that he is with them gone up to Albany & 'tis said proposes to take post at the ruin'd Fort Willm. Henry and to rebuild the same if time for it, but this [is] conjectural,1 'tis talk that eighteen French Ships of the Line [are] in Lewisbourg and that this and the river St. Laurance &c will guard it that most peoples hopes are over for the present from the North. no body believes the Story of the Duke of Cumberland's defeat, some smal Skirmish only with part of a rear guard of no consequence2--one of the ten Battalions return with Lord Loudoun comes here the second of the Royal American's, seven Companys join me, two go's to Reading at Governor Dennys request, half a Company stay's to recruit and Guard our Magazeen at Lancaster the Other half to York Town to recruit the Strength of the Companys I don't know yet but believe they'r far from Complete, I beg you will believe that I am with truth
[Note 1: 1 "My Lord Loudoun has returned to New York, with ten regiments, prevented in his expedition by the arrival of a superior force of twenty-three sail of the line and 15,000 land forces at Louisbourg. His lordship is honest, brave, and wise, and yet there is no character so sacred which envy and malignant obloquy will not attempt, no merit so great which ill-nature will not sacrifice."--Captain Thomas Lloyd to Major James Burd, September 4, 1757.]
[Note 2: 2 The rumor that the Duke of Cumberland was slain, and his army in Flanders routed.]
... Dr Sir Your most
... obedt. humble Servt.
... JOHN STANWIX
[Note 1: 1 Son of Peter Stephens, who came to Virginia in 1732. The town of Stephensburg, in Frederick County, was established in September, 1758, on 900 acres belonging to Lewis Stephens. Kercheval states that according to tradition Lord Fairfax was more partial to Stephensburg than to Winchester, and used his influence to have it made the seat of justice, but Wood, by treating one of the justices to a bowl of toddy, secured his vote for Winchester and settled the question. In 1887, Stephensburg and Newtown were incorporated and called stephen City.]
September ye. 20th. 1757 --
HONOURABLE SR./
I think it my Duty Indispencibly to acknowledge with Greatfullness Your Timeous Sending Immediate relief in our deep Distress also by Leaving a Number of men, for our Protection the which had it not been done we Should not had men to protect us, and certainly must have moved my Family to Some post for their Safety and Further Inform Your Honour, that by all Probability our Enemy is round us as by the Inclosed affadavit will Inform You also one of the Sentrys Last night heard 3 Indian Hallowing in Different Parts, and a Gunn was heard Yesterday in the Evening by People Going to their habitations, about 2 miles distant from this place it was So near them and Samuel Nowels Plantation, and they Seeing Cattle run they Immediately returned and Gave in this account, all which Gives me Just reason to Suspect that the 3, Indians Seen Last night were Detached from their body in order to discovr the Country & thereby find where they may Strike, the next Stroke, there are about 46, People Safely Came in from Cacapon To Fry's Fort women & children Besides I am of oppinion that the Place of their General Randisvous, is about in the Cove between the heads, of this and Stony Creek Rivers, in the mountains, a Place Commodeous for Such Enemies to resort--I and others are well acquainted with the Place, and Could Pilot men there but have not a Sufficient Number of men to Go in Search of them, for we are weak at this time and know not when we shall be attackd, we Shall always Give Intelidgence of what Occurence, and am with Due regard Your
... Honours obedient
... Humble Servant
... LEWIS STEPHENS
Thursday ½ after 3 oClock
DR CHARLES
Lieutn. Charles Smith about ½ an Hour since unfortunately killed a Man (to whom he was intire Stranger) by a slight Stroke on ye Nose without any Malice, his Friends here will enter into Bond as ye Magistrates think him intitd. traditur in Ballium Mr. Smith is very desirous of seeing you & desires me to write to you to come immediately here in haste
I am with my Love to Lucy yr
... Br.
... W TALIAFERRO
FREDRICKSBURG, 7 br. 21st. 1757
DR. COLO.
Nothing could have given me more Dissatisfaction than the inclosed Letter from our Friend Colo. Wm. Taliaferro, I am inform'd Mr. Smith has been prudent enough to send you a Coppy of the Depositions. He is to Day releas'd honourably by a call'd Court of Inquiry, neither Murder, Man Slaughter, or even Chance Mud. found against him.
I thought it my Duty to do him all the Service in my Power, tho' little was by a reasonable Court wanting --
I hope this Accident (for it cannot be otherwise term'd) will render him no less in yr. favour, with the inclosd & other Authorities given yr. good Sence will excuse Mr. Smith & I little Doubt yr. good Wishes for
... Yr. hble Servt.
... CHS LEWIS --
VASS--March ye. 24th. 17571 --
[Note 1: 1 This letter, although dated "March," is placed here on account of the following indorsement by Washington--"From Capt. Thos. Bullitt 24th. Sep 1757."]
SIR
I Recd. yours Janry. Ist. wherein you was pleased to Signifie that I had not proceeded in a Regular Manner in not Laying in a formal Complaint if I was not well used by my Capt. I am not unsensible Sir, of the Difficulty an Enferiour Officer Encounters, when he Says, in a Compt. of that Nature against one of his Superiours in Clearly proving Alligations, especially when such Superiour by our Doing Duty so far from ye. Regt. Chiefly Comands, for this Reason did not Care to be Concernd in any such affair if in my power to avoid --
Since Capt. Hog has bin pleased to Signifie in his Letters to you that I am in Fault, and that his Honr. the Governor thought so, Beg Leave to Lay my Reasons before you for Writing my former Letters
Capt. Hog at his Departure from fort Dinwiddie Left Injunctions with me to purchase Beef to be Recd. in Fall Season, also Injoyn'd me to send him returns from Time, to Time of the Quanty. I agreed for, that he might give further Instructions when I had a Sufficiency & ye Quantity to Receive, pursuant to which I agreed, for a parcel of Beeves, Likewse Capt. Hog & Mr. Fleming for Quantity's, tho Different persons who had Ingaged their Beeves to us, about the first of Novembr. Drove them in, at which Time I had no Orders how to proceed (further than Above Mentioned) Nor any Acct. of those purchased Except my own Engagmts. more than by a Letter from Mr. Fleming Acqg. me he had by his Capts. Orders bought for use of that Fort, Upon which I sent a Messengr. for full Instructions who returned in about Sixteen days without any such (& Informed me he had Leave from his Capt. to go by Stanton) at this Suspence I was Kept Till December (tho sent Three Times) And Noumbers of Beeves Tendered me the Owners whereof threatened the suing for Damages if I did not Receive them, from this, the Cold Reception I met with from Capt. Hog in his Behaviour on Return to Fort & also his Informing Majr. Lewis I had not Acted well in Regard to Victualling the Garrn I coud not but Immagine it was more than probable (on some Dislike Taken at me) he Intended to make all Opertunity's for my Being Guilty of some Misconduct, then get Clear of me in a Maner that might Reflect Dishonour on me.
Tho as I have Recd. all the Civilities Due from a Gentn. of Capt. Hogs Rank to one of mine (Since the Rect. of your Letter my own Inclosed) should not have Troubled you with this, & do it in my own Vindication. Tho shall on All Occasions (while I Receive the Like Usage) discharge my Duty in his Company, Till you will be pleased to Favour the Gentn. with a Subn. in my Room of a More polite Taste, & Liberal Education, in which I shall Think myself under as Great Obligations, to you as what Capt. Hog can be, I am Sir, your Most
... Obedt.
... Humbl.
... Servt.
... THOS. BULLITT
WILLIAMSBURG Septr. 24th. 1757
SIR
After closing my Letter to You of this Date I recd. Yours of the 20th. by Brinker giving Acct. of the miserable Distress our Frontier Inhabitants are in, which gives me the greatest Concern & Uneasiness--Really it is not in my Power to do more for defence against the Incursions of our barbarous Enemies, than to recommend Your speedy executing my Orders to You, for raising a Company of Rangers to consist of 100 Men &c. to effect which I pray You to exert yourself.
I agree to Lieutt. Fell's Resignation, & Your appointg. Mr. Chew--You will observe what I write about Ct. Mc.Neill in my former--I remain --
... Sir--
... Your humble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
FORT LOUDOUN Sep 27th 1757
SIR,--Yesterday afternoon an unexpected occurence brought in part a very extraordinary Scheme of Villainy to Light--The Girl kept by the Quartermasr. had some difference with Bonnet a Soldier that waited on Hamilton, Bonnet reported that Hamilton in Compy. with Jones (late Serjts.) went off wt. an intention not to return; upon which I order'd a Court of enquiry & Inclose you a Copy of its Proceedings from which & various hints I receiv'd in different Channels concluded it possible to make further Discoveries by getting Hamilton's House and those of his intimates Searched, the preparative steps thereto I conducted wt. the utmost secrecy & after a number of Warrants were Sign'd by Justice Speake the only Constable in Town (Thos. Wood) refus'd to act nor was one in Town would serve his Country on that office till Mr. Woodrow very generously accepted & with indefaticable assiduity executed it he accompanied by several officers spent the whole night in searching many of the Houses in Town & some in its Neighbourhood, and several things belonging to the Regiment were found; those in whose possession the things were found, was this day brought before the Justices Swearingen, Linsey & Speake who Bound them over to the next Court as they were at a loss how to act for want of the Laws relative thereto Inclos'd is a Copy of their proceedings--Lieut. Buckner and the Adjutant went off last night to King's Ferry where it's said some things are conceal'd but are not yet return'd --
As there's no Quarter Masr. and the Stores in the greatest Confusion I judg'd it expedient to postpone their removal till your further Orders --
Twenty Cherokee Warriours and a Squaw arriv'd here this Evening I heard of their coming last sunday and desir'd Mr. Gist to acquaint his Father by Express of it which he says he did, but no accots. from ye. Father The few Indians that were here before went out to meet the 20 just arriv'd, they had some Conversation together, none of them would come into Town but Encamp'd on a Rising near it. Burras says that they told him Captn. Gist stays away designedly and thinks the Cherokees not good.
Lieut. Campbell brought back Walker--he saw another of our Deserters amongst the R. Americans in Lancaster but the Commanding Officer there refus'd to deliver him up--I am
... With the highest Esteem & Respect
... Dear Sir
... Your most assured &
... Very obedient hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
[Note 1: 1 Indorsed by Washington--"from Govr. Wm. Denny, Inclosing a letter from Sir Wm. Johnson, also an answer to Govr. Denny, with instructions to Ensign Ray."]
PHILADELPHIA Oct 9th. 1757.
SIR.
Inclosed is a copy of Sir William Johnson's letter delivered to me by the person, who conducted the Cherokees to this city, by which you will perceive that they are upon an important errand, & should not be delayed one moment. I desire you will be so good as to mention the day & hour they arrive with you. This province cheerfully bears the expenses of their journey to Winchester. I make no doubt of their receiving from you as kind treatment, as they have met with here, & that they will be enabled to perform the rest of their journey with satisfaction, safety, & dispatch.
... I am, Sir,
... Your most humble Servt.
... WM. DENNY.
[Note 1: 1 Superintendent of the Six Nations and Indian Affairs in the North: born in Meath County, Ireland, in 1715; died near Johnstown, New York, July 11, 1774.]
ALBANY 25r. September 1757 --
... (Copy.)
SIR/
Four Deputies from the Cherokee Indians who were sent by their Chief on a visit of Friendship to the Six Nations, with whom they have had a meeting at my House and by whom they are charged with a Message and invitation in conjunction with me to their Nation and others to the Southward in our Alliance, to hold a Congress at my House in order to renew and strengthen their mutual alliance and friendship--These Deputies are now setting off from hence for their own Country accompanied by some Indians of the Six Nations. They will pass thro' your Province and City, and as their speedy delivering the Message they are charged with may be a point of considerable Moment to his Majesty's Interest and Service. I beg leave to recommend it to you to do what lays in your power to forward their Journey, to prevent them and the Indians who accompany them from being delayed by any imprudent quantity of Liquor. as this may overset the Advantages hoped for from their Journey.
... I am Sir, with the Greatest esteem,
... Your most humble
... Servant
... WM JOHNSON --
FORT YOUNG. Octobr. 10th. 1757
SIR
As we are well assured You take pleasure in distinguishing Merit where ever it is found, We beg leave to recommend to Your notice a Person not altogether unworthy of it If we may Judge from the diligence & Fidelity he has shewn in a low Station we may still expect he will support his Character in a higher where he will meet with frequenter Opportunities to exert himself & do Justice to Our Recommendation.
That we may not impose on Your Judgement through Partiality we shall endeavour Justly to draw his Character & Pretensions to preferment.
His Education, seems to have been a Good Country Education he writes a Good hand & is Acquainted with figures. his Courage We believe is indisputable, his Conduct as farr as We can Judge from many Months Observation is faultless. he was made a Sergt. when forces were first levied in this Collony. in which Station he has serv'd with Vigilence & Obedience ever Since. By Majr Lewiss Order he has acted as Commissary for near a twelve Month, as he understands there are some Vacancies at present, And as it is not without president [precedent] he hopes You will remember him, which we beg leave to enforce, as he had some expectancy before.
From this description we hope You imagine the Person we would recommend to Your Favour is John McCully.
... THOS. BULLITT
... JOHN EDS LOMAX
... WM FLEMING
... WM CRAWFORD
... GEO: SPEAKE
ALBANY Octr. 15th: 1757.
DEAR SIR,
Your Favor was transmitted to me by Mr. Beverly Robinson, by which I received great Pleasure, as I may judge by it, that you are perfectly well; A Circumstance that gives me no Small Satisfaction, having had no Acct. of you for a considerable Time, particularly as I think your Welfare will contribute to that of your Country. I am extreamly glad to find your poor Inhabitants enjoy that calm under your Protection, which alone can make life desirable, & hope soon to hear that you are not only enabled to protect your own Frontiers, but carry the War into the Enemy's Country; which I look upon as the Surest Means to put An End to it.
The Same Fatality that has, since my Memory, attended all our Expeditions, attended that of this Summer to the Northward, which you will have been long ago acquainted with. A very considerable regular Force is now in these Parts, but what They will be employed in, is more by far, than I can inform you.
You may be assured that your Recommendation of any Person, will be an inducement to me to do him every Service in my Power. Mr. Hall, Whom you recommended in your last, purchased an Ensigncy in our Regt. at Halifax, & I think we are lucky in getting a Gentleman of his Understanding & good Behaviour amongst Us. His Conduct being not only approved by me but every Officer in the Regt.
Nothing Material has happened since my Arrival here, I wish something may happen to our Advantage. I shall always be glad to hear of your health, Happyness & Success, I am
... Dr. Sr.
... Your Most Obedient
... a most humble Servt.
... THOS. GAGE
NEW YORK 16th. Octr. 1757
DEAR SIR
I had the pleasure to receive a letter from you by Mr. Fairfax, to whom I shall shew every civility in my power. Mr. Hall continues extremely deserving of any favour that may have been shewen him. I have it only in my power to assist Mr. Fairfax with my Advice, which is to Continue with the Army & to pursue the necessary Steps towards obtaining a Commission soon, which is that of serving as Voluntier in Genl. Abercrombys Regt. who patronises every Young man that is deserving, & if I can Judge well of Mr. Fairfax, he will soon obtain his favour. I have laboured under an Indisposition several Weeks, and my disuse to writing makes it awkward to me, as you will see by this Scrawl which is my first Attempt, And Which I wish you may receive as I am indebted to you a former letter.
Continue Sir to Inform me of Any Gentleman that you wish to serve that may be determined to follow an Army life & they shall have Always my best Advice & when in my power my Assistance shall not be wanting As I shall be glad to Shew that I esteem Colo. Washington & that I am his very faithful & Obt. Servant
... JAS. CUNINGHAM
P.S. Your Countryman Mr. Byrd Still does us the honor to remain Amongst us. & makes us all very happy in his Company. I mention him to You because he seems to have that good opinion of you that you deserve
NEW YORK Octr. 17th. 1757 --
DEAR SIR
After a very Pleasant journey we arrived here the 12th. instt., and had the good fortune to find the Parties here, since which I have spent my time very agreeabelly with those Gentn. you where [were] so kind to introduce me to by Letter, and found those very serviceable at Philadelphia.
A Packett from Falmouth arrived Yesterday with certain Accts. that the Duke of Cumberland was forced to a Battle with the French Army, which lasted three days. The second he gained great advantage, and would have carried the day had not Marshial Richlieu joined them with 20 m1 fresh Men. which turned the Scale, and obliged the Duke to Retreat to Hemlin, which he did in great Order, and with such Conduct that even the Enemy applauds him. They are Entered into Hanover and appointed a Governor for that Electrate, and its wisperd from the Fort where his Ld.ship resides, That the French King has sent to our Court, threating that if Hawkes Fleet put to Sea. they will destroy Hanover with Fire and Sword, and the Capt. of the Packet assures us that his Fleet was at Spithead the 1st. of Septr.--which I fear will have a bad tendency, and perplex our good old King.
[Note 1: 1 Thousand.]
Since writing a Gentn. has sent me a Paper confirming the Action mentioned with other News, which you'll have in the next Philadelphia Paper, to which I must refer being just called upon to prepair to Embark with about fourteen Passingers severall of which are Officers --
Colo. Provoe 2 has Resigned, Ld. Charles Hay still under an Arrest at Halifax, and much blaimed. Sr. John St. Clair just upon his last legs. and tomorrow his Ld.ship Embarks for Albany where it seems Genl. Webb has demanded a Court of Inquire, after which its thought his Ld.ship will soon Return to this Place, having ordered several Regiments into Winter Quarters. Therefore you must not look for, or expect any thing from this Quarter. And we hear nothing of our Fleet of Louisburg. So that I fear the Campaign will end as the last. I am in great haste
[Note 2: 2 James Prevost, appointed colonel commandant in 1756.]
... Dear Sir
... Your affect: and very humble Servt.
... G. W. FAIRFAX
I understand neither Colo. Young or Monroe where [were] in Fort Wm. Henry during the Seige, and that the command of it devolved on a Militia Officer who had not so much as an Engineer, and that the Signal to surrender was made from the intrenchments, and that the Fort Commanded their ground.
WILLIAMSBURG Octr. 24th. 1757
SIR
I wrote You by Jenkins to which be refer'd. As I have contracted with Mr. Ramsay to Supply the Forces in the Pay of this Country, that are in the Counties of Frederick & Hampshire, I enclose You a Copy of the Contract, that You may see the several Articles thereof properly perform'd & I am convinc'd this Contract will be a great Saving to the Country--& if Mr. Ramsay shou'd at any Time have occasion to transport any Provisions to the Forts in Hampshire, You are to grant him a proper Escort;--he is to furnish the Inds. with fresh Proviss. so that You will have no Trouble on these Affairs.
Several People have applied to me for the Bounty on taking up Deserters, which I cannot pay till I have an Acct. from You of receiving those People from the Constales, wch I desire you will send me by first Oppty, that they may be paid in order to encourage others to take them up.
This comes by Mr. Richd. Smith the Indn. Interpreter, who is to rema. at Winchester till the Indians come in, with whom he is to go out to War--Mr. Gist is to take care of the Indian Goods appropriated for Presents, which he is to dispose of on occasion in the same Method Mr. Atkins did.
The Duncard's Petition was heard before me & the Council, & Yr. Letter in regard thereto; & as the People on the Frontiers are uneasy with them, believing them to be Spies;1 it was resolv'd that You send a Party out to bring in the other two Brothers, with their Cattle & Horses & any Thing they have that they conveniently can bring with them, & to remain among the Inhabitants durg. the present War, after which to be restored to their Lands, which Order You are to comply with in the most prudent Manner
[Note 1: 1 The Dunkers, Dunkards, or Brethren refuse to go to law or to engage in war.]
... I remain
... Sir
... Your humble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
CHARLESTOWN SOUTH CAROLINA Octr. 27th. 1757
DEAR SIR.
Your very Agreable letter of the 12th. of May I but very lately had the pleasure of receiving, I am much oblig'd to you for the good Opinion you have of me. And it gave me great pleasure to be Congratulated on my Promotion By a Person that I have so great an esteem for. As I have for Colonel Washington; I shou'd be glad to hear that your Campaign was well over. And that you had got safe into good Quarters. We are all much concern'd here to find how different things have turned out, to what we expected, when I had the pleasure of seeing you at Philadelphia; We hope to be recall'd from this Provice in the Spring. If we are. I hope we shall serve the next Campaign together with Colonel Stanwix, as to what little news there is. I refer you to Captain Mercers letter As he tells me he writes to you, I have the honour to be.
... Dear Sir.
... Your much obliged
... & very Obedt. Humble. Servt
... JNO. TULLIKEN --
ALEXANDRIA 30th. Octobr. 1757 --
DEAR SIR,
I intended before now to have taken the pleasure of writing you, but have always, somehow, been put off --
The late instance of your Friendship when last at Wincher. demand my acknowledgements, which I offer with the warmest gratitude--nor cou'd I help regarding your Kindness without a mixture of Fear--lest, my not accepting these offer'd services, shoud be construed, an unjust contempt of your respect--which woud have been a very unfavourable construction--and equally repugnant to the sentiments, I entertain of your sincerity--& the duty I owe your Merit--but, why this Apology, when I consider your Generous & Candid disposition?--yet, the miscarriage of My answer to your affectionate Letter by Hamilton, partly requires it --
How deserving you may think me, of the Honour of your Friendship, woud be vainity to suppose, in any degree--yet, the repeated proofs of your regard, are strong motives to stand approvied in your Esteem--a Wish (above all wishes) I have desired to accomplish, since my First Lucky admission to your Acquaintance--and coud rejoice in an opportunity of giving more convincing proof than it is at present in my power --
I have laid aside my design of going to Williamsbg--as I get my business done without the trouble of a journey--if at any time you desire my assistance, here or elsewhere, before you go down to Williamsbg I am obedient to your command--and beg you woud use me, without ceremony, in any thing I can serve you --
We can entertain You with nothing new From this place--Our Admiration & pleasure is raised, to see the preparations For the entertainment of Your Troops this Winter--which must be elegantly--if we dare conclusions From the apparent transportation of Necessary's From hence to Winchesr.--I am with great truth. Dear Sir
... Your very Much Oblig'd & Obt Servt.
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK
VAUX HALL November 1st. 1757
DR. COLO.--'Tis now some Time since I wrote to Mr. Woodford, desireing him to procure me the Papers I left in yr. Hands relative to my Affair with Reynolds, I am now in want of them, and as he inform'd me You would send them if wanting. I beg you'll contrive them pr. first Opportunity. I received Yrs in which You inform me of Yr. giving Jackson the Liberty to inlist a Man in Lieu of himself, I am much oblig'd to You for the Indulgence, & indeed could have expected no more.
I should not desire the Papers but Reynolds has sued me & I can't possibly do without them, I should think a Coppy of them would do for yr. Bussiness, I am Sr. Yr. oblig'd
... Hble Servt.
... CHS. LEWIS --
WILLIAMSBURG Novr. 2d: 1757
SIR
Yr. Letter of the 24th. ulto.: I recd.--And as You observe the absolute Necessity of having a Company of Rangers, I agree to the raising sixty, seventy or 80 Men to be Comdd. by Mr. Rutherford, but You must be certain of his raising the Men, not to load the Country with a Charge, as formerly, without Men to the different Companies;--I do not doubt of Yr. keeping them strictly to their Duty--his Pay, with first and second Lieuts. to be the same as the Officers in Your Regmt--& as the private Men are to have 12d. per Day they are to have no enlisting Money or Clothing, & if possible they are to furnish their own Arms, but if they cannot You are to supply them by delivering a Number to Ct. Rutherford, on his Receipt to restore them Causalties excepted; & they are to be provided with Provisions by the Contractor; this I hope will encourage the Settlers to rema. on their Plantations.
I always was strongly of Opinion that an Offensive War was most eligible, & I have repeatedly urg'd it, tho' always disappointed, & before I leave this I shall endeavor again to represent it to his Lordship.
You did very right in furnishing the Cherokees from Pensylvaa. with Horses &c. i wonder Ct. Gist writes Nothing of the Indians that were on the Branch, returning Home; I hope they did not go disgusted.
As formerly, I leave the Settlemt. with Dr. Ross, entirely to YrSelf, & what You do therein will be approv'd of--I am much indisposed--I remain
... Sir
Yr. Care in havg. proper ... Your mo. hble Servant
Lts. for Ct. Rutherford ... ROBT. DINWIDDIE
will be for the Public Serv.
CHARLES TOWN Novr. 2d. 1757
DEAR COLONEL --
Tho I have not been favored with an Answer to one of the many Letters I have wrote you since I came here, yet I will not let any Opportunity slip, agreeable to my Promise; as I shall attribute this, to your Letters miscarrying, for I woud not suppose but you have wrote.
Notwithstanding every Precaution which the Governor pretended he had taken, to have Us regularly paid, We have already been three Months without Pay, & so far advanced in a fourth that I doubt it will not be the last--Colo. Stephen sends an Express to inform the Governor of this, and of the Impossibility of keeping the Men without Pay--They have yet behave extreamly well, & tis Pity the Country shoud lose so many good Men after becoming serviceable; and I dont much doubt but they may with one Consent refuse to serve Us, & enlist with the Regulars; some of Them have attempted it already, & been severely punished, but I am certain shoud it come to that, as they all know We cant oblige Them to continue without their Pay, they woud give Them any Encouragement to enlist with Them--Tho to do the Gentlemen Justice they have yet done all in their Power to prevent it, but it woud be for the Interest of the Comon Cause to have Them enlisted in another Regiment rather than suffer Them wholly to quit the Service--What must add greatly to promote Uneasiness & Discontent in Them, is that they see every Soldier here (except Themselves) paid Weekly --
We have lately had a Reinforcement here from Britain of 1000 Highlanders under the Comand of Lieutenant Colonel Montgomerie--I assure you they are a Set of fine Fellows, but quite undisciplined yet--They take great Pains with them tho, & they improve daily --
I coud but think my Friends had forgot Me, when the Drumer who came from you never brought Me a Line from any Body; I have interrogated him often in Regard to the Disposition & Strength of our Regt. he coud give Me no very satisfactory Account of either, as I imagine, tho he seems positive in his Assertions--What made Me give the less Credit to his Reports was, that he says Bell--who I remember when I left Virga. was struck off the List, is sent to the Cherokee Fort with 200 Men, surely they would scarce reinstate him, & after trust him with such a Comand I can't think it possible, the most unfit Person that ever was in the Service for such a Charge--Capt. Paul Demere is sent from this Place, to the So. Carolina Fort built there, really two very proper Men to manage Indians.
We have still hoped to see Virginia this Fall, till the Arrival of a Man of War from Lord Loudoun--Colo. Bouquet says perhaps We may get Home in the Spring if there is nothing material to do--but if there is--Says he, by Way of Hum Bug, We cant do without you.
I find my long Stay in this Place has only encreased the very bad Opinon I at first conceived of it--To say no more of it 'tis the most extravagant & uncomfortable Place I ever was in--Upon my Honor tis with some Degree of OEconomy that I can live here upon my Pay--The Towns People dont desire to cultivate an Acquaintance or maintain a Society with Us, so that were it not for the Harmony that subsists between Ourselves (the Officers) it woud be intolerable
I am not a little surprized that We have no late News with Us--A Vessel from Britain in Seven Weeks has given Us very little fresh Intelligenc; Save only there being a very Strong Fleet of at least 30 Men of War, 400 Transports & 10,000 Troops, among which is about 4 or 500 light Horse being ready at Plymouth when they left it to undertake a secret Expedition which Sr. John Mordaunt conducts, & has two other Generals with him There are three Admirals too with the Fleet--Hawke Knowles & Boscowen --
A French Prize was sent in here last Week, computed to be worth £40,000 Ster --
I assure you I long much to see you again--were I safe at Home So Carolina woud be the last Place I ever woud come to --
Be pleased the first Opportunity to present my Compliments to your Mother & all your Family --
I am
... Dr Sr.
... Your much obliged Friend & hble Servant
... GO. MERCER --
WMS.BURGH Novr. 3. 1757
DEAR SIR/
I received your favour by Brinker, and am Sensibly affected with the Miserable Situation of the unhappy People in your part of the Country, and am greatly concerned at the uneasiness I know you suffer on their Acct. in not having it [in] your Power to prevent their Miseries, or put a Stop to the cruel and inhuman Murders comitted upon them, I, and every Body else, must agree with you that the acting offensively is the only method of doing it, and of the Impossibility of guarding against the Wolfish cuning of the Savages by keeping the Men in Forts and Garrisons; I had occasion to wait on the Govr. soon after I recd your Letter, when I asked his Honor if he had not recd a Letter from You, he told me he had, and asked the Same Question of me to which I answered in the Affirmative, and informed him of the Contents, his answer was that he was always of Opinion that an attempt ought to have [been] made last Summer to take Fort Du Quesne, and annoy the Enemy in their Settlements, and that he had pressed Lord Loudoun two or three times on the Subject, but his Lordship told him that he had received a Plan of Operations from home and that he would not deviate from it; The Govr. at the same time told me that he should send a Commission to Rutherford to raise a Company of Rangers to consist of Eighty men, which he hoped would be of some use in preventing the Savages from coming so far down to destroy the Inhabitants, for my part, I confess I expect no great Matters from them, I was this Morning told that the Govr. should say part of the Royal American Regiment was upon their march to our Frontiers, but he mentioned nothing of it to me, his Honor is at this time almost wholy taken up with settleing his Affairs for his departure, as he expects a Man of War every day to carry him, We have not yet heard who is to succeed him, God send it may be some Body better acquainted with the unhappy Business we have in hand, and by his Conduct and counsel dispel the heavy cloud at present hanging over this distressed and unhappy Country, till which happy Event, I beg my dear Friend, you will bear, so far as a Man of Honor ought, the discouragement and Slights you have too often met with and continue to serve your Country, as I am thoroughly convinced you have always hitherto done, in the best manner you can with the small assistance that is afforded You I sincerely wish You all happiness and especially that you may [be] speedily eased from that Anxiety which a generous Spirit must labour under from not having it in his Power to relieve the distresses of his unhappy Country more--I am
... Dr. Sir
... Your Most Affte. Friend
... and Servant
... JOHN ROBINSON
FORT LOUDOUN Nov 9th. 1757
HONBLE. SIR
... (A Copy)
For upwards of three Months past Colo. Washington has labour'd under a Bloody Flux, about a week ago his Disorder greatly increas'd attended with bad Fevers the day before yesterday he was seiz'd with Stitches & violent Pleuretick Pains upon which the Doctr. Bled him and yesterday he twice repeated the same operation. This complication of Disorders greatly perplexes the Doctr. as what is good for him in one respect hurts him in another, the Doctr. has strongly recommended his immediately changing his air and going some place where he can be kept quiet (a thing impossible here) being the best chance that now remains for his Recovery, the Colo. objected to following this Advice before he could procure Yr. Hons. Liberty but the Docr. gave him such reasons as convinc'd him it might then be too late and he has at length with reluctance agreed to it; therefore has Directed me to acquaint Yr. Honr. (as he is not in condition to write himself) of his resolution of leaving this immediately and of his reasons for doing it which I have now the honor to do--1
[Note 1: 1 Washington went to Mount Vernon, when his disorder settled into a slow fever that confined him several months, and reduced him so greatly in strength that he was not able to resume his command until April following.]
Yr. Hons. Letter of the 24th. Ulto. (by Smith) did not reach the Colo. till the afternoon of the 6th. Inst. he has since sent a Copy of Yr. Contract with Mr. Ramsay to the Commandg. Officer of each Garrison in this and Hampshire Counties and issued the necessary Orders relative thereto --
There's no Deserters been brought to the Regiment by Constables or others for which the Colo. has not paid Rewards
In consequence of your Orders the Colo. has Commanded Captn. Waggoner to Form as strong a Party as he can by Detachments from the different Garrisons on the Branch to bring in the Duncards But he humbly conceives it would have been prudent to have confin'd the Duncard Docr. till the Return of this Party as it's more than probable that if he's disaffected to our Government which many violently suspect he and his Brothers will immediately move to Fort Duquesne, give the Commanding Officer there Intelligence of our Intentions and thereby enable him to Form some Plan for the Destruction of our Party But as the Colos. Orders were positive he did not choose to defer the Execution of them --
When I last had the honor of writing You I inform'd Yr. Honr. of my Intentions of applying to Lord Loudoun so soon as could hear of his Lordship's going into Winter Quarters I have since communicated my Intentions to Colo. Washington, who was Pleas'd to approve of it but exprest some Inclination to have Yr. Honrs. approbation of my leave of absence to Wait on his Lordship wherever He may be, this I flatter myself You will be Pleas'd to do which will much oblige & c
... (Sign'd) ROBERT STEWART
[Note 1: 1 Provost, of the "College, Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia," was a Scotchman, educated in the University of Aberdeen. During the Revolution Dr. Smith and other trustees of the Institution were accused of "Toryism," the charter of the college was annulled, and the University of Pennsylvania, with Dr. John Ewing at its head, established in its stead.]
PHILADA. 10th. Novr 1757
SR
You'll perceive your name in the list of those who 'tis hoped will encourage the enclosed Magazine,2 & I hope you'll forgive the Liberty we have taken as you are placed in good Company & in a good design. Tis a work which may be rendered of very general Service to all the Colonies. We shall be under particular Obligations for every Subscriber you can procure, to give the work a general Run. I have not been unmindful of the Papers you sent relating to the French Memorial, & you would have seen proper use made of them before now, if they had not been designed to be inter [mutilated] in the general History of the present War, which you find promised in the Magazine I shall therefore, be greatly obliged to you for every Light you can throw upon that Subject, relating to the Representations made by the Ohio Company, the first Steps taken by your Government with the French & Indians from 1749 to 1753, & from thence to the Defeat of General Braddock. As you acted a principal part in all these Affairs, and as it is our design to do the utmost Justice to all concerned, & especially those Patriots & brave men born in America, who have distinguished themselves in the present war, I must rely on your Assistance, so far as comes within your knowledge. I doubt not you have Journals of every Thing, & you may depend the most prudent Use shall be made of them. To you in particular we shall do all Justice, without suffering our Friendship to influence us farther than the world shall confess your just merits require. As this history is to be a full one & will probably be long preserved, I flatter myself that your Regard for your Country & Desire to have its Interests understood will excuse this trouble, & induce you to send me as soon as possible what I have requested. If we delay long, the Thing may fall to other hands, less inclined to a disinterested Execution of it. I have already had many Materials from the Northern Governments. Send the Subscribers Names for the Magazine to me, but do not mention my name to any Body. I am with much Esteem
[Note 2: 2 Probably the American Magazine and Monthly Chronicle for the British Colonies, the second periodical of that name published in Philadelphia, and volume i. of which appeared during this time. There is, however, in Washington's Ledger an item of interest in this connection showing his subscription to the "Pennsylvania Magazine" (so he calls it) at "50/. deducting 25 pr. ct."]
... Your obedt. Servt.
... W. SMITH
[Note 1: 1 From a copy.]
RICHMOND COUNTY 14th. Novr. 1757
DEAR SIR
I received your kind letter of the 18th September about a week ago, the sight of which caused at almost the same instant both a pleasing, & disagreeable sensation; a pleasing that I had so agreeable a friend & correspondent: a disageeable that I had once enjoyed the company of that friend, whom I had scarcely known to be such, but I lost the sweets of a Friendship I had long and greatly desired, by being under the necessity of leaving that part of the world, where alone I could meet with that friend. In poor Spotswood I lost a man I loved as a brother. I lament the untimely fate of Bullit. Both of whom I am convinced would have made good soldiers in any other service but that of Virginia where a man must either push himself into the jaws of death & that too without the least hope of redemption, or be subject to the calumnious tongues of a sort of base seducers, whose knowledge does not extend farther than perhaps the information of a parcel of dastardly cowards who thro' fear, Laziness, or indolence, joined with a duly hoggish disposition have deserted the Virginia Regiment & tell a pack of scandalous lies, to screen themselves, which as effectually answers the end, as gunpowder does to throw a bullet out of a cannon. Your letter tells me you wish I had been continued in the regiment. Ay, I wish so too with all my heart; at least till I had had an opportunity to convince the world I was not afraid to face the most dreadful enemy of human life, when necessary--Your letter also says. Can't you get one of the additional companys? I believe I could. What then? Can I think that Colo. Washington would desire me to come into the Regiment upon such terms (viz. the loss of my rank) No I believe he knows me too well & is more my friend, for if I should, I should imagine that not only the Officers but every soldier in the corps would point me out for a fool & Bagge. who could no other wise subsist. Tho I confess freely that some of the follies of the army too soon crept on me, for which I now condemn myself, can you think that my Foibles were glaring enough to have subjected me to the extreme ill treatment I met with in the Reduction. I am upon a scheme in which I would take your advice. If I could procure letters recommendatory from the leading men of the Colony with one from yourself to Lord Loudoun, What service do you think it would be of to me in the military Way to the Norwrd. Might I not expect a commission of some sort in a few Months provided there was a small matter of cash in the way; for you must know, that tho' I have a sufficiency to live genteely on at home, my estate would not long hold out in the volunteering way nor should I care to advance much for a commission as I have children to provide for. Your sentiments freely on the matter will be taken as a particular favour. There is a flying report here that some expedition is on foot in your quarter, that Colo. Stanwicks has order'd the Virga. troops to join him shortly at Rays Town, if so, do give me notice as soon as possible, for I am determined if a thing of that kind should happen before I am otherwise provided for, to have one brush with you, as a volunteer. Upon a second application to the Governor about my arrears, he insists that Mr. Boyd has the money for those purposes & he had nothing to do with it, so that if I don't get the cash through their means I suppose I must go without it altogether. N. B. he saw the certificate. I was going to conclude but I can't help giving you a piece of conversation that passed not long since between the Governor & my brother, the clerk of Amelia. says his honour, Well, master Peachey, I am very sorry your brother is reduced, for I understand he was a very useful man, but it was not my fault, I assure you, I could not help it, for it came in turn, & all this he said without the things being mentioned or even thought of by my brother. Now what do you think of this? I shall now conclude with this assurance, that I am with respect,
Your most obedt. Servant
... WM. PEACHEY
WILLIAMSBURG Novr. 14th. 1757
SIR
Yr. Letter of the 5th. I duly recd. & I am much surpriz'd at what You write that the Indn. Affairs have been impeded by a Train of Mismanagemt. when I consider Mr. Atkin's Report that he had established every Thing in regard to those People in a most regular Manner I have wrote the Necessary to Ct. Gist on that Head, & order'd up a Qnty of Goods from Petersburg for that Service wch I hope will be at Winchester before this reaches You. I have it much at Heart to encourage the Cherokees & did not doubt but Mr. Atkin had agreeable to his Declaratn. fix'd every Thing in proper Order, if any Deficiency I hope the Goods sent up will supply; & Ct. Gist writes that he sent away the last 20, & nine that came before, tolerably pleas'd, by the Advance of some Goods;--& You write that with the Advice of Yr. Officers You stretched a point in supplyg. them with some Necessaries, wch I suppose was more than what Ct. Gist had given them.
I am glad the last Party had the Success of scalping two & wounding a third of the Enemy, they are to be applauded & rewarded for their Service--Gist complains he has no Goods which surprizes me, when Mr. Atkin says he left upwards of 800£ in Goods, with him; I believe they were design'd for the Catawbas, but on Occasion they shd. be made use of for those Indians that may come to our Assistance, & those for the Catawbas may hereafter be compleated, as the Cotry has sent Home for a large Qnty.
The Interpreter Smith left this a Month ago contrary to my Opinion Mr. Atkin sent him by Augusta but I hope he is with You long before this reaches You. Gist's Employmt. is to take Care of the Inds. & to deliver them Presents with discretion, & he has Goods for that Purpose, if not restrain'd by Mr. Atkin's Instructions, but I suppose he now writes him fully how to act.
Mr. Boyd carried up Money to pay Ct. Gist & the others employ'd by Mr. Atkin till the 14th. of last Month:--the Neglect or Delay of the Interpreter has Occasion'd some Difficulties entirely owing to Mr. Atkin sending him by Augusta but I hope he is now with You.
I have formerly wrote You to know the Demands of the poor People on Acct. of the Inds. wch I dare say is but a Trifle if any Thing, Mr. Boyd carried up Money for several of them:--Gordon's Acct. was paid, Brinker was also pd.--& a Person from the So. Branch carried up Money to pay several Accts. there; & if any is now due it is the People's own Fault in not giving them to Mr. Boyd there has been a considerable Sum pd. this Court on that Acct.--besides 220 to Mr. Atkin for the Inds. Expences durg. his Time, & indeed I was in hopes there was no more due.
... I am with Respect
... Sir
... Your mo. hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE1
[Note 1: 1 Governor Dinwiddie sailed for England in January, 1758. His departure was not much regretted, although the Council together with the municipality of Williamsburg addressed him in language expressive of their esteem and respect. Sparks writes of the governor that, however amiable in his social relations, however zealous in the discharge of his public trusts, he failed to win the hearts or command the respect of the people. Least of all was he qualified to transact military affairs. His whole course of conduct was marked with a confusion, uncertainty, and waywardness which caused infinite perplexity to Washington. Every one regarded the change as salutary to the interests of the colony. Dinwiddie's place was filled for a short time by John Blair, President of the Council, until the arrival of Francis Fauquier, the next governor. The Earl of Loudoun had been commissioned as successor to Governor Dinwiddie, but his military occupations at the north prevented his entering upon the duties of his office.]
WILLIAMSBURG Novr. 15th. 1757
SIR
I recd. Your Letter by Jenkins last Night--The violent Complaint Colo. Washington labors under gives me great Concern, it was unknown to me or he shou'd have had Leave of Absence sooner, & I am very glad he did not delay following the Doctrs. Advice, to try a Change of Air, I sincerely wish him a speedy Recovery.
I observe what You write in regard to the Contractor, & Instructions given to Capt. Waggoner all which I approve of--I desire You will in Your next give me a List of Deserters recd. & to whom the Money was paid, as I have been much troubled with Applications for the Reward;--it is wrong to pay the Constables, for they are not the People that apprehend them --
I wrote You lately about Yr. waiting on Lord Loudoun, & if You obtain Colo. Washington's Consent I shall not to object to Your going to the No. w. as You propose, & heartily wish You Success.
I am Respectfully
... Sir
... Your Most hble Servant
... ROBT. DINWIDDIE.1
[Note 1: 1 This is a kindly letter from the governor, and shows that he was not entirely devoid of sympathy. If his "confusion, uncertainty, and waywardness" had been exhibited towards any one other than Washington, might not certain views of him be somewhat modified, and a higher standing in American annals be accorded to him? It has been said that he was one of the best governors that Virginia ever had.]
[Note 1: 1 Son of Thomas and Susannah (Dobbin) Rutherford, married Mrs. Mary Howe; their daughter Susan married John Peyton. Robert Rutherford represented Frederick, Berkeley, and Hampshire counties in the Senate, 1777--1785.]
WINCHESTER the 22d. of Novr. 1757
SIR
It is much against my desire, to give you trouble in your Circumstances; but as I am inform'd that it is your Misfortune not to be free'd of Publick Business even now: I write you the Present Circumstance of the Company--I imagine by this time they are about 40 and as the Enimy is discovered Nigh Capn. McKenzy's have Ordered Lieut. Swearingin with the men recruited by him, to Scour the woods about back Creek & c. and to Send Out Scouts along the banks of Potowmack Cape capon, & the Warm Springs to make discoveries, and have ordered Lieut. McDowell to act in the Same Manner in the District of Creedon Creek--but among the Populace (ever grossly Ignorant) there seems to Prevail Some Objections that Retard the Speedy raising the Company--which I hope you can readily remove--Notwithstanding they have been assured to the Contrary in the Strongest terms--they are Possess'd of the Notion that they are to be ensnar'd, into the Regiment So that if you can Certify 2. or 3. words under your hand that they are not to serve inlisted as Soldiers or to serve as such in Keeping Garrison, Mounting Guards & c. but only to act as Rangers under their own Officers, it would greatly facilitate, and Expedite the Matter, or if they Coud be inlisted at First for 12. Months. it would be infinitely the best Scheem & woud render it in my Power to make my own Choice of men imediately, and should always be able to keep the Company Compleate, as very few of those, woud ever Leave the Company while their Service Should be wanting
I greatly regret your Indisposition, Sincerely wish you a Safe Recovery, and am with Just Esteem
... Sir
... Your most
... Obt. Hble
... Sert.
... R. RUTHERFORD
FORT LOUDOUN Novem 24th. 1757
... (A Copy)
SIR
For near Four Months past Colo. Washington has Labour'd under a Bloody Flux which till of late he did not conceive could be productive of those bad consequences it now too probably will terminate in, at least he would not be prevaild upon in any Degree to abate the exertion of that steady Zeal for the Interest of the Service he in so eminent a manner has always been remarkable for, however about two Weeks ago his Disorder greatly encreas'd and at the same time was seiz'd with Stitches & violent Pleuretick Pains under that Complication of Disorders his Strength & vigour diminish'd so fast that in a few days he was hardly able to Walk and was (by the Doctr.) at length prevail'd upon to leave this place as change of air & quietness (which he could not possibly enjoy here) was the best Chance that remain'd for his Recovery he is now Retir'd to his Seat on Potowmack River (about 90 Miles from hence) his Physicians give him no room to hope for his speedy Recovery. I heard from him yesterday, he expresses much concern for his omission of not giving you previous Notice of the necessity he was under of leaving this place and as he's not in condition to write himself desires Me to inform you of the reasons of it which I have now the honr. to do & begs leave to subscribe myself
... Very respectfully
... Sir
... & c
... (Signed) ROBERT STEWART
FORT LOUDOUN Novem 24th. 1757 --
DEAR SIR
When big with the hopes of your speedy Recovery indulging myself in the pleasing thought and impatiently expecting the agreeable Accots. Jenkins handed me your very obliging & affectionate Epistle of the 20th. Inst. But how great was my Disappointment at Acct. of the bad State your obstinate & deeply rooted Disorder has reduc'd you to? I easily conceive how disagreeable it must be to a person of sense to be laid under a necessity of paying a due deference to the Pompuous Grimace and formal Prescriptions of the Learn'd Faculty under whose hands you have the misfortune of being, but I hope My Dear Colo. that not only regard to Self Preservation but to your Country in general and the Regiment in particular will induce you implicitly to obey every Order your Physicians may Judge necessary for the Conservation of that Life all Justly rate so high and for which you are undoubtedly in some measure answerable to your Country I Beg you'll Pardon this Freedom which proceeds from the deep Concern I'm under. --
By the Inclos'd from Mr. Rutherford you'll observe his Success--Capt. Swearingen requests you'll send him a Line signifying that the Rangers will not be Incorporated into the Regiment and if you cou'd limit the time of their Service it would greatly accelerate the Recruiting--Cunningham (of the Mill) says that Mr. Ross Bargain'd with him for a qty of Flower to be Deliver'd here, and that the Contractor won't receive it he begs to be inform'd what to do ? Captn. Trent wants to know if you'll be Security for the Indian Goods Captn. Gist wants from him?--Bush says the things you ordered for the Artillery will amount to a pretty large Sum, he daily expects them and as he's to pay ready money for them begs you'll Please give orders for paying him--In consequence of the Inclos'd from Capn. Mc. Kinzie I sent up the Dun1 Docr. which I hope you'll approve of--no accots. of the Enemy since--The Works goes on here as well as can be expected both your Smith & Trigg have been sick for several Days but are now got to work again--Mr. Boyd arrived some time since with four Months Pay 2 of which he has paid I Beg you'll [mutilated] neasiness from the affairs on the Frontiers as they are in as good a Posture as can reasonably be hop'd for.
[Note 1: 1 Duncard.]
Agreeable to your Desire I have wrote to Colo. Stanwix (who is now mov'd to Lancaster) Inclos'd is a Copy thereof likewise of my last to the Governor and his answer by which you'll observe he Orders me to send him a List of the Deserters that were brought back to the Regiment and to whom the Rewards were paid? this I cannot do unless you'll Please send it me from your Cash or Rect. Book His Honr. has given his approbation to my going to the Northd. and when I reflect how far the Season is already advanc'd how much time it will require to perform my part in the Event of Success the Difficulties Delays may occasion and how vastly improbable my ever having such another chance I begin to Dread I have stayed too long, therefore requests you'll be Pleas'd to give me your Leave and would it not fatigue you too much a Letter to His Lordship and another to Captn. Cunningham would be of infinite Service to me as you must be suppos'd to know me (as a Soldier) better than any that have Recommended me I would [mutilated] s give you so much trouble in your present Situation did not this seem to be my last Effort for being extricated out of that disagreeable uncertainty in which I have so long liv'd and were I not morally certain your Letters wou'd be of vast advantage to me --
I return you Mr. Smith's Letter Magazine & c with a List of what have and will beyond a doubt Subscribe will exert myself in getting all I can -- I'm vext I have tir'd you with the tedious length of this will only add my most fervent Wishes for your speedy Recovery which would make everybody here immensely happy particularly him who ever is
With the most perfect Esteem & Respect.
... Dear Sir
... Your most Affecttionate &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
As for Election [mutilated] ry thing goes on
in all Quart [mutilated] sfaction--No Accots.
... [mutilated] W Governr.
[Note 1: 1 Dr. James Craik (a lifelong friend of Washington, and his attendant in his last illness) was born at Obigland, Scotland, in 1732; married, in 1760, Marianne Ewell, daughter of Colonel Edwin and Sarah (Ball) Ewell; and died on his plantation, "Vaucluse," near Alexandria, January 6, 1814.]
FORT LOUDOUN Novr. 25th. 1757
DEAR SIR
The disagreeable news I recd. by Jenkins, of the Increase of your disorder, is real concern to me--I had been flattering myself with the Pleasant hope of seeing you here again soon--thinking that the change of Air, with the quiet Situation of Mount Vernon would have been a Speedy means of your recovery--however as your disorder hath been of long Standing, and hath corrupted the whole mass of Blood--it will require some time for to remove the cause--And I hope by the Assistance of God and the requisite care, that will be taken of you, where you now are; that tho' your disorder may reduce you to the lowest ebb; yet you will in a short time get the better of it--And render your friends here happy, by having the honour of serving once more under your Command--As nothing is more conducive to a Speedy recovery, than a tranquill easy mind, Accompanied with a good flow of Spirits--I would beg of you; not as a Physician; but as a real friend who has your Speedy recovery Sincerely at heart; that you will keep up your Spirits, and not allow your mind to be disturbed, with any part of Publick bussiness; that perhaps may not be going on so well, as your concern for the Publick could wish--Any little slip of this kind, that might happen, would be triffling to the Neglect of yourself--The fate of your Friends and Country are in a manner dependent upon your recovery--And as I am sensible of the regard you have for both I make no doubt, but that you will use every endeavour that will be in the least conducive to your recovery--so that both may still rejoice in the enjoyment of you--I am very much Surprised at Doctr. Browns Neglect in not coming to see you, I cannot see how he can Account for it.--I wish Doctr. Jameson could be got, I have a great oppinion of his judgment and I really believe he would be of Service to you --
Colo. Stanwix I am inform'd is to continue in Winter Quarters at Lancaster--If it is agreeable to you, I should be glad of your permission to go there, in order to see my Cousin Captn. Stewart--The Sick in the Hospitall are very few at present, which emboldens me to apply for leave--As reading & writing must be very troublesome to you in your present Circumstance--I shall only Pray God, who is the best of all Physicians, that he in his infinite mercy, may restore you, to your wonted health, and preserve you in the Command which is so agreeable to many, and none more so, than to him, who has the honour to subscribe himself with the greatest Duty & Esteem
... Dr. Sir
... Your Most Affe. & Devoted hume. Sert.
... JAS. CRAIK
P. S. Please hint to me
in a few lines, if your
disorder hath yet taken
a turn for the better
[Note 1: 1 This letter, without date, was written early in 1757, and is placed here because it is so arranged in the original manuscripts.]
SIR/
I make bold to address you & require your permission to leave the Virginia Regiment as likewise if you think I deserve it yr. Lr. recommendatory to his Honr. the Govr. or any other you may be pleas'd to offer that might be serviceable to me in carrying Arms to the Northward in some of the British Regiments
From the small Acquaintance I can boast you have hond. me with I have discovered that a few Apologies & a good deal of Sincerity are amongst the things you like best I offer you as little of the first as is consistent with Politeness, as much of the latter as I am capable of affording, & if a frank & open Declaration of my Intentions entitles me to yr. Esteem, perhaps you may think I deserve it--Truth & Sincerity shall flow from my Pen destitute of Adulation, destitute of unbecoming Design, destitute of ev'ry thing wch. shou'd not accompany it.
Know then Sr nothing less than the Fear of Indigence prompts my Inclination--Nothing but the hope of disappointing it to seek for other Service--I feel no Reluctance in leaving a Country I had but adopted--for she has treated her own Sons with unbecoming Severity--Nor any Regret but for leaving you & those Officers I esteem--What then but the Want of a Subsistance, the daily Decay of a scanty Fortune is oblidged often to repair, can induce me to take this step? The Apprehensions of swelling the Number of the unfortunate which a Reduction or general Dismission may create amongst us--These are ye coercive Motives--I have all that Regard for Colo. Washington he can possibly expect, & it would be easy for him to carry me through the World was I one of the Number he'd choose to accompany him, & on whom he'd bestow the Assurance of, Bread--I only aim at such Certainty that the Malice of Fortune, or the Caprice of People we have to deal with coud not affect--this is Affluence to me--& here centers all my Ambition--I aim not at Riches but Freedom--nor value 1 the one but as it helps me to the other--It renders me independent--that Share of Independence I mean consistent with a Soldier's Character--I flatter myself your Reflections will square with mine & I hope for your Approbation--I trust to the Good Nature I have often observd. in you, to apologise for the Freedom I take--I hope speedily the honour of a Line from your hand permission to wait on you--I rest in Confidence Give me Liberty to subscribe myst.
... with great Regard
... Sr.
... Yr. mo obt. hble Servt
... JNO HALL
LONDON Decr. 6th. 1757 --
... DEAR SIR
I arrived here the 25th. of last month, since which there has not been an Opportunity to America, And now to the conveyance so uncertain that I hope you'l excuse this short Epistle, and permit me good Sir to acquaint you that our applycations remain doubtfull, And that its difficult to have a hearing by reason the great ones are so much taken up with affairs of much greater consequence.
The Parliament met the 1st. of this instant, and Unanimously concurred in very Loyal Addresses, and with a firm Resolution to Aid the Victorious King of Prussia who has Surpassed all Expectation and I hope yett will give the French a more definitive stroke.
There has been a Court of Enquiry on the late Secret Expedition and the other day a Court Martial fixed to try Genl. M--t1 &c. In short it ingrosses the whole Legislature, so that those in America are not thought of. But its suggested by some that there will be great alteration there and that Ld. Geo. Sackvile may be expected, but this is a Secret,--The Duke has certainly Resign'd, Sr. John Legonier and two more appointed Field Marshals, and the former created an Irish Peer.
[Note 1: 1 Referring, probably, to the expedition against Rochefort, which failed through the irresolution of Sir John Mordaunt.]
The Parliament will Adjourn for the Holydays, when I shall go with Mr. Fairfax into Kent, and afterwards to Yorkshire where I shall tarry till the approch of the Spring, in which time if you have any other Commands it will give me pleasure to Execute them.
When matters are more Ripe, I will take time to give you a particular Acct. till when I remain with the greatest Esteem
... Dear Sir
... Your Affect and very humble
... Servt.
... G. W. FAIRFAX
FORT LOUDOUN Decemr. 6th. 1757
SIR
Inclosed is an Account of Monthly Disbursts. from January 1st. to June 1st. made by me & settled with the old Comittee which I humbly conceive will answer the End required in Ballancing my Accos. on your Book: The Vouchers are left in Mr. Palmer's hands at Williamsbg.
Agreeable to your Instructions to Capt. Stewart I have sent by him Your Subsistence to Janry. 1st. 1758. I have also paid off the Troops to Novemr. 1st. and shall pay them again at the Conclusion of this month, as His Honor was so good as to let me have a Fund sufficient for Four Months.
I shall write to Major Lewis for Officers to attend me at Staunton on the 10th. of next month.
I am heartily sorry to hear of your being so greatly Indispos'd; I sincerely wish for your speedy Recovery
... With profound Esteem I am
... Your most Obedient humble. Servt.
... ALEXANDER BOYD --
NEW-YORK Decr. the 9th. 1757
SIR/
As you shewed your Desire for my Welfare by your kind Recommendation to Capt. Cunningham; I think it necessary to apologize for not acquainting you sooner with my Reception and Situation here. -- I was kindly received by Lord Loudoun, but as I was in daily Expectations of joining some Regiment either as a Volunteer or commissioned Officer, I was willing to acquaint you with my being well received & well settled at the same time. My being well settled was chiefly owing to Capt. Cunningham. For after delivering my Letters to his Lordship; I intended to have returned to Virginia & serve in your Regt. till his Lordship should think proper to give me a Commission. At this time Capt. Cunningham was so ill that I could not see him. But when I delivered him your Letter, & acquainted him with my Intentions, he insisted so strongly upon my continuing with the Forces here; that I immediately laid aside all thoughts of returning to Virginia then; & determined to do nothing without his Advice, while I continued near him. I accordingly went up a Volunteer to the 44th. Regt. Wch. was then encamped at Albany. When I arrived there I was informed that about 100 Volunteers were at that time following the Army here; many of them very well recommended either by Service or Interest, who must all have been provided for before me had I waited till a Commission was given me.--This made me embrace the first Opportunity of purchasing; Wch. happened in a few Days after my Arrival at Albany by a Vacancy in the 28th. Regt. to Wch Lord Loudoun very willingly consented.--I am now waiting here for Orders when to join the Regt. (wch. is at Beausejour) or to go on any other Duty. My commission cost 200 £ Sterling wch. is the settled Price here & 100 £ more for a Lieutenancy, unless by a private Bargain.--I imagine, Sir, that the Vacancy occassioned by my Resignation would be filled up in Consequence of Capt. Cunningham's Letter to you after my Arrival here. Which was the reason of my not sending a formal Resignation.--I am sorry to have received a Commission in a Regt. for wch. I have done no Service.--However my being appointed will save the Expence of an Officer during the time I had Rank in the Regt.--I have been with Major Livingston very much since his Arrival in these Parts; who desired me to acquaint you with his being here. He went with me up to Albany; where he was with my Lord Loudoun; who examined him very particularly about the Number, Pay Cloathing &c of the Forces in the Pay of the Southern Colonies. He talks much in favour of the Virginia Regt. in all Companies, & sometimes makes Comparisons between them & the Regts. here, disadvantageous to the latter. --
... I am, Sir,
... Your much obliged
... humble Servt.
... WILLM. HY. FAIRFAX.
Colo. Cunningham is now recovered.
DOGUES NECK 4th Jany. 1758
DEAR SIR
The Bearer (my Cousin French Mason) waits on You with an Acct. I recd. from Capt. Trent, amounting to £165.. 12.. 2¾ as I have an imediate call for a pretty large Sum will particularly oblige Me in Sending the Cash per this Bearer; who will give a Rect. for what he receives--if you happen not to have the Cash at Home, I must beg the favour of You to order it for Me by the first safe Hand from Winchester. I intended to have waited on You myself this Day or To-morrow, with this Acct. but am prevented by an Express this Morning from Chappanamsic, to acquaint Me that my Sister Selden (who has been ill a long time) is now given over by her physician, & not expected to live Many Hours, & I am just setting off upon the Melancholly Errand of taking my last Leave of her! --
I hope You will comply with the Opinion & Advice of all Your Friends, & not risque a Journey to Winchester till a more favourable Season of the Year, or a better State of Health, will permit You to do it with Safety; & give Me Leave Sir to mention another Consideration, which I am sure will have Weight with You--in attempting to attend the Duty of Your Post at a Season of the Year when there is no Room to expect an Alarm; or anything extraordinary to require Your Presence, You will, in all probability, bring on a Relapse, & render Yourself incapable of Serving the public at a time when there may be the utmost Occasion; & there is nothing more certain than that a Gentleman in Your Station owes the Care of his Health & Life not only to Himself & his Friends, but to his Country--If You continue any time at Mount Vernon, I will do myself the pleasure of spending a Day or two with You very soon
I am wth. Mrs. Mason's Comps. & my own to Yr. Brother, his Lady, & Yr.self
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. affecte. hble Sert.
... G. MASON
P. S. You will be pleased to return the Acct. per the Bearer; for I have not any Copy of it; & if it's necessary for you [to] take it in, I will enter it in our Books & send it [to] you again --
WILLIAMSBURG 5th. Jany. 1758
DEAR SIR
Capt. Mc.Kenzie hd1 me yr. Fr, which inclosed Sundry Papers relating to yr. Dispute with Mr. Strother. 2 Mr. Power, poor Man, is gone from Home to try for the Recovery of his Health, which I fear will never be restored to him. Mr. Wythe is also out of Town, so that I can't with any Exactness say when we shall have an Opportunity of giving an Award; however I'll get it done so soon as I can. I am very glad to hear of yr. Recovery from so dangerous an Illness. If you've any good News twou'd be kind to tell it me; The Govr. & his Family it is Thought will embark on Saturday next. I wish you many happy Years & am Dr. Sir
[Note 1: 1 Handed.]
[Note 2: 2 In regard to land. See letter from Anthony Strother, May 18, 1760.]
... Yr. most obt. hble Sert.
... RO. C. NICHOLAS
[Note 1: 1 John Blair, President of the Council of Virginia, son of Archibald, and nephew of James Blair, D. D., President of William and Mary College, was born in Williamsburg, 1689, and died there November 5, 1771. He married Mary Munro, daughter of Rev. John Munro, and had two sons and five daughters. His eldest son, John Blair, was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court by Washington in September, 1789.]
WMS. BURG Jany. 25 1758.
SIR,
We had a Council here yesterday in which was considered a letter from Col. Clement Read of Lunenburg, advising his intelligence from an Indian Harbinger, that a large body of Indians to the number of 7 or 800, were on their march 5 days behind him to our assistance, and would take his house in their way to Fort Loudoun' notwithstanding the directions given by Col. Atkins for another route thro' Augusta. The Council do not suppose their number can be so large as Col. Atkins had directed their coming in small parties; but whatever number comes to you, we hope you will be able to employ them in small parties, as may be judged by you most beneficial. I understood by the Govr. who sailed the 12th. inst. that there was I think £1000 worth of Indian Goods for presents left with Mr. Gist who had directions from Col. Atkins for the proper disposal of them. I hope you will do all in your power for having it conducted in the best manner. I take the opportunity of Mr. Binn Clark of Loudon to give you this intelligence of their coming.
... Sr. Yr. most obedt. Servt.
... JOHN BLAIR Prest.2
[Note 2: 2 From a copy.]
[Note 1: 1 Major John Baylis, of Prince William County, a member of the House of Assembly, 1768.]
JOHN BAYLIS 30th. Jany. 1758
SIR
I send you here Inclosed an Advertisement such as contains fewer Lines than the other you saw & answers my purpose equally as well.
I am not naturally Inclined to expose the Foibles of mankind because many of them happen in the course of my own Actions, but in this case I am too sensibly touched to content myself without giving to my Acquaintances a circumstantial acct. of the whole Affair--which must consequently expose those who were concerned in it as well as the Intolerable Insolence & cowardice of Alixand Woodrow, who has no way Left to contradict this Just Asspertion but by shewing the World to the contrary.
Your Observation in Regard to the Officers not being particularized was Just. Which you must Rember I gave up & confessed my error--& told you I would Rectify it But putting yr. self in a passion & openly espousing the causes of the Officers before you knew whether they were Justly or unjustly charged--this I say accompanied with such Menacing Air to a Person whom you are sensible always preserved the greatest Regard for you was a little Imprudent and unjustifiable.
It's certain some of yr. Officers behaved Ill if the following hints have the least connection with Truth.
I can prove the Soldiers who came to my Lodgings to Mob me said (upon my asking Questions) they had good Backers & that their Officers sent them. Which seem'd true to me--for in conversation with the Officers--after that I never heard a Soldier blamed for it nor no care was taken to punish them for their Insolence--till the Sheriff Complain'd to a Magistrate--who Ordered the Offending Soldiers to Goal for want of Security for future good behaviour.
Indeed Capt. Bullett behaved well--in everything but a Neglect of punishing the soldiers he Dispersed himself after I sent for him. Tho' he appeared Ready upon complaint made as aforesaid to put the Offenders under Military punishment
I can prove sundry ungentleman like Actions--as well as Words--droped from Some of yr. Officers--which did not escape my Notice & Inteligence
Their abusing Lord Fairfax by setting Woodrow on & speaking disrespectfully of him--as well as Threatg. his person--they must upon mature Deliberation condemn themselves for.
It was observed that one Mr. Cooper went from my Lodgings in the Night & got most Inhumanly Beaten by the soldiers for no other offence but that they thought it was I--so I was credibly Informed. This Sir is far from a circumstantial Acct. Which if delivered minutely would confirm as bad an opinion of the matter as I have.
I have in this narrow Detail confined myself to truth without exagerating the matter--truly the Motive of these Lines is to gratify yr. Request & keep up that good Harmony that usually subsisted between us--I Hope that a few Hot & ungarded words--from both sides--will not make the least breach in friendship between us.
Please favour me with a Line by the first opportunity intimating yr. sentiments on the Matter. I am Sir with (the usual) Respect yr. most Obedt.
... Hble Servant
... JOHN BAYLIS
28th Jany. 1758
Whereas Alixander Woodrow under the encouragement & Imediate protection of a party of the Regimental Subaltern Officers--then at Winchester on Wednesday the 25th. of December 1757 at night did challenge the subscriber to Fight a Duel
Therefore (to avoid prolixity) I take this short Method to Inform the World that I waited on the said Alixander Woodrow next Morning with my sword & Pistol's in order to give or take satisfaction conformable to the Punctilio's of Honour But was surprized to find he would not fight & even denyed he had ever challenged me. From this I hope the Judicious part of the World will alow me the Liberty to say without censure--that the said Alixander Woodrow is an Arrant coward--& has no way Left to wipe off the Odium but to Re-assume the Challenge first given--& carry it to a necessary Length to Retrieve his Honour.
WINCHESTER Febuy. 3d. 1758
D SIR
Yours of the 31th. Ultimo I recd. this day, am very much Oblig'd to you for ye Acct. of the Indians being on their March, Some flying report we had before which few Credited, your Account is all we have for certain as yet,
I have Made up the Accts. for the last year and Sent them down by Mr. Cromwell with a Return of all the goods on hand to the Last day December last. very little has been Disposed of Since. Blankets guns and Ammonition is none excpt 12 guns in the last cargo and they very bad. but as You are going to Williamsburg you will see the Returns with President Blair, you will then be a Judge what may be Nessary for the ensuing Season
As to the Price of Goods left in my hands by Mr. Atkin I cant Say, what the Amount May be, but I think I Could have bought as Much and as good for £300--if the Governor Says they are worth £1000 it may be so, I have renderd the Accts. where they are and how Disposed of to the President. Inclos'd is my Acct. for Recruiting I have Sent Certificate of Jacob Sowers omitted in My Accts. Sent please to get it for the Poor Man
Pray Excuse hast I am with the Kindest Wishes for your helth
... Dr. Sir
... Yr Most Humle &
... Obedt. Servt.
... CHRIST. GIST
WMSBURGH Feby. 5th. 1758.
SIR
Your two Letters of 30th. & 31st. Ult. were brought to me by yor. Express, on Friday afternoon; by whom, being desirous to consult, I sent them to Mr. Nelson immediately (his horse & he being well able, he said, to go on) but he & Mr. Secretary happening to be out of Town, I did not get them back till this afternoon, with their Advice.
As to your Several Reasons for leave to come hither we think them very cogent; and therefore, as I apprehend no damage can be expected to arise from it, and strong reasons for admitting it, You have my Leave to come to Williamsburgh for the Purposes mention'd in yor. first.
As to the contents of your Second, expressing yor. concern at such a Number of Indians coming to us, at such an unseasonable Time; we wish the Spring had been advanced first, & ye rigour of Winter over, before they came; but as Col Read in his of the 3d. Ult. says that a Runner was come to him with the News of 7 or 800 of them being but five days march behind him, and we have yet no certain Intelligence of them, I see no dependance on it. Once Mr. Adam Dickinson from Augusta who came to me the 28th. Ult for some Arms & Ammunition for his son John, Captain of a Company of Rangers, told me he heard that 600 were at Col. Reads, and that they were going to my Lord Loudoun, but that afterwds. he heard it was a Company of 40 or 50 only, & that the rest were behind; of which however we have no certainty. On the Report of their going to my Lord, Sir John St. Clair seem'd pleased, & said my Lord would make them wellcome; and by Mr. Nelson's advice I have writ, by that Mr. Dickinson, to Mr. Gist (as I intended to write to you) to encourage the Indians (of any number) to go to my Lord, who would receive & reward them well: and I desire you will press it upon him. But we are much surprised to hear that Mr. Gist is in no wise prepared to receive them, as our late Govr. told us that he had a £1000, pounds worth in Indian Goods left in his hands for such purpose. I desire a particular Acct. of what he has. We do not imagine their number will be any thing near so large as talkt of, and I hope they will not come this good while yet, unless they are going to my Lord. They are said to be Creeks & Cherokees together.
Col Read represented his want of Ammunition in the Magazine he built last year, to comply with Majr. Lewis's Orders to the severall Captains under him. Whereupon by advice of the Council I sent up to the Glebe als Osburns 6 Barls. of Powder ten Boxes of Shot 200 lb. wt. in Each, making 2 Ton of Shot, wch. is more than sufficient for the Powder, but he wanted Shot for the Powder he had by him. I likewise sent up to Capt. Dickinson 100 lb of Powder & 200 lb of Lead to supply his Company, and also ten Muskets wth. Bayonets & Cartouches, 20 Swords, 200 Gunflints, & 8 Trading Kettles for their Use.
We have hired two Transports to bring back our Two Companys from So. Carolina & are providing a large quantity of Bread & Flower to be sold there to pay off their Arrears to their coming away, & they are to be landed at Fredericksburgh.
I have not [to] add, but my hearty wishes for your perfect recovery, and to assure you that I am
... Sir
... Yor. most hble Servant
... JOHN BLAIR, P.
We hear Colo. Young
has got his Comission come
for this Government --
WILLIAMSBURG 6th. Feby. 1758
DEAR SIR,
I have heard of Letters from the dead, but never had the Pleasure of receiving one, till your agreeable Favour came to Hand the other Day. It was reported here that Colo. Washington was dead: as you are still alive, I must own myself obliged to the Author of that Report, as well because my Pleasure was greatly increased upon hearing it contradicted, as because I enjoy the additional Satisfaction of Reflecting upon the Concern, which your Friends shew'd on the Occasion; & this you'll allow near the most proper Time to judge of their Sincerity. I wish the agreeable News you kindly imparted may prove true, but I'm apt to think that the two Reports were blended together by some bungling Retailer of News. We have Nothing here worth communicating. I am with the greatest Sincerity
... Yr. affte. hble Sert.
... RO. C NICHOLAS --
N. LONDON Feby. 11th. 1758
DEAR SIR
I wrote you by the last Post to which must now Chiefly Refer you, this being just to beg your Pardon for the freedom I have taken to direct a small Box to you for my Brother. this Box will be forwarded to you by Mr William Coxe of Phila. who will at the desire of Mr. Robinson send you a Line acquainting you by what Oppertunity & which way it is sent, if we have any thing new I shall take Care to advise you & am with great Respect
... Dear Sir
... Your Very Obedt. Servt.
... JOS CHEW
SUFFOLK IN VIRGA. Feby. 14th. 1758
DR. SIR/
I have yr. acceptable favr. from Mt. Vernon--& I sincerely rejoyce at yr. beginning to master the Indisposition Mr. Boyd acquaints me you have long labour'd under--I hope to meet you perfectly recover'd, I shall impatiently wish to hear of yr. being at Wmsburgh --
Will you excuse the Liberty of intruding a Subject not so agreeable as many others--I've this day received a Lr. from Col. Gage--& There cite his happy Paragrh. | == I must acquaint you of a Resolution lately taken to raise a Reg--of light Infantry under my command & in wch. Corps Ld. Loudoun has appointed you a Lieut. | with a Grace truly becoming that Gn. he waves the honour of the Obligation & throws it on another--& dont think I flatter you when I say to the more happy Influence of a third Person I owe my present Rise--him I look upon as my Patron & Benefactor--Accept the kind Wishes of a heart replete with Gratitude for ev'ry future blessing--I am in great haste to send off my recruits--heres a Capt. 3 Subs & recruiting Partys from this new C[orps] here now moving to this Place --
... I am
... Ys sincerely
... JNO. HALL
[Note 1: 1 Lieutenant in the Virginia regiment, commissioned July 24, 1757.]
FORT LOUDOUN February the 20th 1758 --
SIR
I am very sorry that the Lies of Majr. Baylis should give much Uneasiness to You or make You look upon Officers who are Willing to abide (in Respect of that Affair) by the severest Tryal in a disadvantageous Light. Majr. Baylis has falsly aspersed our Character--but he has not prov'd it nor can he -- He has sayd it, but where? in Prince William, the County in which he lives where he never expects to see one of the Persons that he has accused & where there is no one to contradict him. We did not imagine that You or the World would have believed him & therefore we did intend to have made ourselves easy by taking private Satisfaction. But we now think it incumbent on us to satisfy the Publick tho' we can't well find out the best Method. I talked with Mr. Keith who saw his Advertisement & he says there is Nothing in it against the Officers that will bear an Action at Law but he says he believes he may be indicted for a Libel provided we can get one of them. We hear that you have one which we hope You will keep & let us have--I have wrote Baylis my Sentiments of the Matter & withal demanded a Copy of his Advertisement which I think he cannot well refuse--for if he does the World must readily conceive that he has either advanced or affirmed a Falsity or that he is afraid to abide by the Truth. I shall be extremely obliged to You for Yr. Advice in this Affair as soon as possible. Believe me, Sir, I know no Reason why he should say or even conjecture that I have behaved amiss. I believe that it will not hurt yr. Interest as a Candidate for there are too many Witnesses for it to gain Credit in this County. We can easily I think acquit ourselves to Yr. Satisfaction for there were Men enough by, Friends to Baylis & Strangers to us & therefore if they are prejudiced at all it must be in Favour of Baylis & I am much mistaken if those very Persons will not acquit us of any Thing to our Discredit-- I am very sorry to hear that Yr. Indisposition continues--I am, my dear Colonel,
... Yr. sincere Friend & very hle Sert.
... NATHL THOMPSON --
FORT LOUDOUN February ye 23d. 1758
SIR
I have had the Happiness of Seeing the Letter You wrote, To Doctor Craig, and am Sorry to hear of your being so Much Indisposed in Your Health, and I must own that I am at Present much disturbed in my mind by Majr. Baylist who Has blasted my Character in A most Cruel manner, Without the least reason, It's true when Majr. Baylist was Last in Town there Was some disturbance between Him and Mr. Fells, Majr. Baylist and I never had any Words to gather, which I have Sufficient proff of, I have Wrote to Majr. Baylist Concerning it, and Shall Soon Convince him that I am not the Man he takes me to be--I deny the Name of a Rioter or a Coward, Which I hope to Have liberty to get Satisfaction, and you Need not to fear but I will Clear it up with Honour, and with Shame to him,
Concerning the work at Fort Loudoun has gone on tolerable Well in your Absence the third Barrack is Intirely Coverd In, and the Last one now a framing in Order to raise, the Parapet on the Last Curtain is up, the Last Bastion Is Layd Over with logs and two of the amburiers done and now is about the other four, we have done all the joyners Work in the Second Barrack, We are in Great want of a Barrel of Double tens for the last Barrack we not having One, Our Stone Masons has been Sick, Ever Since you have been Away, and our Stone Work is much Behind hand, The well has been allmost full of Water But now is Cleared and they are at Work in it AGain And is near Ninety foot deep, I Cant Say that there is any Likelyhood of Any Spring, We are almost out of Iron and plank, and am Afraid I shall find it Very difficult to be Supply'd without a Small quantity of money to pay them off the old arrears I have advanced all the money I Can possibley Spare,
The Black Smiths belonging to the publick work has behav'd Extreamly well, I Should Send you the particulars of The Work they have done but being in Haste and my Books not being Settled,
... Sr. I am your most Humbe.
... Servt.
... CHS. SMITH
[Note 1: 1 Author of the "wild scheme" mentioned by Colonel Stanwix. (See his letter of March 10, post.) Major Smith's scheme was for the reduction of the enemy on the Ohio and the planning of a forced march on Detroit. Cf. Washington to Stanwix, March 4, 1758.]
WINCHESTER 2d. Mch. 1758
SIR
I am just returned from my Exile & have but a Short time to write to you (being desirous to see my Family after so long a Captivity) and therefore shall write as brief as I can. I was Sir Ordered by my Lord Loudoun to wait on Colo. Stannacks whose Orders is that I should Consult with you concerning the defence of this Colony and not meeting with you at Winchester desire you'l meet me at Augusta Court-house or at Williamsburgh by the 20th. of this Instant (where I am Obliged to be) to pursue the above Orders. Or if you shall be so indisposed that you could not Attend desire you'l send one of your Officers according to the Time mentioned above to Consult the same I should have been glad to see you myself but being so long from my Family am very Desirous to see them & therefore I can only at this Time subscribe my Self
... Sr.
... Yr. very Hble Servt.
... JNO SMITH
NEW YORK 1st. March 1758
DEAR SIR/
Inclosed is a Letter from my friend Joseph Chew of New London which he Desires me to forward to you, he has also sent me a Trunk for his Brother Coleby in your Regiment, and Desires I will forward it to some Gent. in Philadelphia, who will send it from thence to your Care, as Mr. Chew is noted for being a Most Obliging person in things of this sort and seems Very Desirous his Brother should get the Trunk, I must beg you'l Excuse his taken the Liberty of Troubling you about it, I shall send it to morrow by the Stage Boat to the Care of Mr. William Coxe in Philada. and Desire him to write you a Line to Acquaint you by whom or what way he sends it from thence.
No Doubt you are Acquainted with the Expedition under the Direction of Lord How he has 2500 or 3000 picked men given him to make an Attack on Ticonderoga, we have no Acct. of his having Marched from Albany, but as we have had fine Weather for this week past make no Doubt he is Marched and Dare Say every thing will be Done on his part Lord Loudoun has lately met the New England Governors at Hartford in Connecticut, and from thence has gone on to Boston, what to do there the Lord knows --
An Expedition your Way under the Command of General Webb is talked of, and Mr. Byrd is gone to South Carolina & so to the Cherokee Indians to get a number of them to Joyne us.
Inclosed you have a Supplement to our News paper giving the good Accts. of the Brave King of Prussia.1
[Note 1: 1 The king at the head of an army of not more than 25,000 men utterly routed nearly 40,000 French and nearly 20,000 German troops on November 5, 1757.--LECKY.]
Mrs. Robinson & her Little Boys are Very Well, She Desires her Compts. to you. I beg you Will Remember me to Capt. Mercer, and believe me to be
... Dr Sr Yr Afft. Hl Ser
... BEV: ROBINSON
WMS. BURG March 10th. 1758
SIR
The Bearer James Holloway is a Soldier in your Regiment sent from York County & under capt. Lewis at Patterson's Fort, but being very infirm got a Furlow from his Captain for 3 Months, wch. was continued by the Governor for 2 more. I thought of discharging him, but waited in hopes of seeing you to do it. He says he has received but 2 months pay, if so there is 6. mos. pay due to him & better. He now applies for a discharge for his brother John & himself, on consideration of his having enlisted two men before Mr. Smith a justice of York which he will shew you and of his delivering them to you at his own Expence, which I think may be accepted, as their Ancient Father wants John's assistance & James can be of no use to you. But as he could not travel with them with out money & he had been at abt. 403. Expence upon them, I have furnished him with £5. from the Treasury, wch. you will deduct from their wages; unless you think any part of it due to him for enlisting one in his room who I am persuaded you would have discharged as useless. One of them John Carter says he has 10. Guineas due to him from Captn. Whelden of a ship at Holts, Wch. as he is enter'd into his Majesty's service he hopes the Captain will be obliged to pay him; if you can be of any service to him in it, it will be kind, & help to equip him with Linnen &ca By him I send you Letter of the 8. Inst. but shall write again on the subject lest that should miscarry I give him too a Letter for one George Speake an Ensign in your Regiment that came to me t'other day by an Express from Lord Loudoun--I heartily wish you health & am Sir
... Your most obedt. hble. Servt.
... JOHN BLAIR, P.1
[Note 1: 1 President of the Council, now acting as Governor.]
James tells me he knows of 5 Deserters in Northumberland wch. with Assistance he could take up. & believes he could enlist some more men if he had direction for it.
LANCASTER, 10th. March 1758.
DEAR SIR
I was on the 8th. Favour'd with your obliging and find your judgment tally wth. Lord Loudouns & mine in reguard to Major Smiths wild schem. Shall not trouble you with a long letter upon it, but write upon a Theme much more interesting wch. is the State of your health wch. I am much concern'd to hear is in so bad a Condition as to put you upon resigning your Command wch. I am very sure will not be so well filled for the Interest to the Country in General and for my own wishes in particular, but be that as it may no one can more ardently wish for every thing that may be agreeable to you. Am sorry to tell you that I hear that Lord Loudoun is to go home & Lord George Sackville to command in his room with many other alterations, that a very large fleet is expected & seven Thousand men, As I have not seen any papers since the arrival of a Twenty Gun ship at New York with despatches, can only give you an imperfect sketch of what is talk'd on and beg you will believe that I am very truly Dr. Sir, your most Obed. humbl. servt.
... JOHN STANWIX
WILLIAMSBURG April ye. 9th. 1758
SIR/
Friday afternoon I received yours of the Second Instant,1 with a Letter from Governor Denny and the Speech of the Indian King, as also Captain Bullets Letters, and the Proceedings of Officers held at Fort Loudoun, which I laid before the Council next Morning, who concur in the Opinion of the Officers above for the Reason by them given, and for the certain Intelligence that has lately been received of many Murders lately been committed upon our Frontiers by those Western Indians. As to the Supplys you write for, I have sent up above Seven Hundred Pounds in Indian Goods that Mr. Rutherford Purchased here by my Direction and are to be Landed at Falmouth. I had sent Mr. Gist Three Hundred Pounds to Purchase Necessaries for the Indians by Mr. Cromwell besides paying what was then Due, about 500 Pounds, but finding that would not be Sufficient for such Numbers as I hear are coming, I have sent him by Mr. Rutherford 500 Pounds more to Purchase Arms, and Such Things as are not to be got here, and if any more is wanting you will send me Word, for I would not starve the Cause, or have the Indians Disobliged if Possible to avoid it. I am unlookily saiz'd with an Ague and Fevor,1 but hope you are in good Health. I have not to add but that I am Sir, your most humble Servt
[Note 1: 1 To the President: written on the Road to Winchester, April 2, 1758. --
"HONBLE SIR,--The Bearer, unfortunately pursuing me instead of continuing on from Fredericksburgh (when he heard that I had passed that place in my way to Alexandria) is the cause of the enclosed being detained so long from your Honor. The business which carried me by Alexandria was partly of a public and partly of a private nature, and I embrace this opportunity of accomplishing both, doubting whether another might offer before I should be obliged to take the field.
The enclosed papers contain matters of amost important and interesting nature. The subject is exquisitely handled; for which reason, I shall urge nothing more on it, than to recommend in the most pressing and submissive manner, the necessity of providing for the reception of our Indian friends. The consequence of inviting these people to our assistance,--and their finding us so unprepared when they come, may be destructive of our interests; it being the cause already of much murmuring and discontent. These people are too sensible of their importance to be put off with vague promises. I do not know at whose expense those numerous parties of Indians are to be furnished; whether at the charge of the southern colonies in general or the government in particular? But of this I am fully satisfied that, until such time as the Indian agent or some other person is invested with power and the means also of laying in suitable necessaries for them we shall never be in a condition either of fitting them for war or giving them content. For, although much money hath been laid out for goods to present them with, yet those presents have been so injudiciously chosen that when they have been offered to the Indians, they have laughed at and refused them. I have no other motive for representing this matter so freely to your Honor, than as the Assembly are about to sit, these inconveniences, if they should appear such, being fully represented may be redressed. I have now Sir to apologize for my paper &c., The Bearer overtook me on the road within less than a days ride of Winchester; and being unwilling to detain the enclosed put into the first house to dispatch him, which was unprovided with paper, except such as could be taken from a Book; and such is made use of by your Honor's most obedient servent,--G. W." The foregoing is from Washington's Manuscript Record Book.]
[Note 1: 1 President Blair is not to be held responsible for this spelling. The letter is in the handwriting of his clerk.]
... JOHN BLAIR, P.
P. S. As the Assembly intend to garrison the Forts with Drafts from the Militia I hope you will keep your Out Parties in a readiness to rendesvous on short Notice.
PATTERSON'S April 10th. 1758
SIR
Yesterday in the afternoon as Mr. Miller & 2 or 3 Countrymen more was riding from here to Jenkins's about 4 miles from this, they were fired at by Cocks & Lane who was lying under the fence, the Countrymen came in on a full gallop and inform'd me that they were fired on by some Indians. I immediately sent out Lieut. Weedon with a Command of Men who followed their Tracts till dark, returning home I sent Ensign Chew out again this morning to Reconnoiter on the other side the Mountain where he fell on their Tracts, and after pursuing them about 10 Miles he found a Beef that they had killed and cut out the Toungue and part of the hind quarters, he continued following them about a Mile farther and discovered a smoke in the hollow of a Mountain, Coming nigh perceived them Bacueing their Meet, they being acquipt every way like Indians and as he had followed their Tracts from pretty near the place where Lt. Weedon left them last night had great reason to believe they were Enemy/and immediately fired on them. Lane was killed Dead and Cocks mortally wounded, they brought to Bells Fort where he left him with a Sergt. & [manuscript torn] Men, he confessed it was their own fault & blame know one else but themselves for the Accident.1 I am Sir Your mo obt. Servt.
[Note 1: 1 "Lane and Cox appeared to have been disguised as Indians, and it was under the impression they were such that Lieutenant Chew shot them."--Washington to President Blair, April 17, 1758.]
... J. BAKER
[Note 1: 1 To Captain Bullet, or commanding officer at Winchester.]
PHILADELPHIA April 13th. 1758.
SIR,
Last night I received an Order from Brigadier General Forbes, to purchase some Match Coats and all the light arms I could get at this Place, to equip the Indians that are at Winchester, which I shall send from hence tomorrow. I have sent Mr. Gist £300. Virginia Currency, to supply them with any thing that he may find in Virginia. You may acquaint them that nothing in our power shall be wanting to accommodate them.
I am here still employed about Artillery and Laying in Stores of all kinds, that we may take the field as soon as possible, so soon as I am able to finish it I shall be with you, of which you will please to acquaint the Indians.--take care to Keep them in Spirits as much as you can, and give them all the encouragement you can to go out on Scouting Parties, and if possible to bring in one prisoner with each Party--You will please to let me know the Number of each Nation that is with you and what more are expected. I hope you have received the Express I sent to you about a week ago; if he has fallen into the Enemy's hands it will be a great loss to us.
I must desire you will speak to my friend Charles Smith to prepare for me at Winchester, materials for building a couple of large Flats, so that we will have nothing to do but join them together and Caulk them; They are for Cox's on Pottomack. I shall be glad if You can get a few Barrels of tarr made near you. I beg my Express may not be detained. I am, Sir, your most obedt. humbl. Servt.
... JOHN ST. CLAIR
NEW YORK 16th. Apr 1758
DEAR SIR/ Your favour of the 5th. Instant came to hand last Night by ye. Post, Inclosing a Letter for Mr. Richard Washington1 in London Wch shall be taken care of and forwarded by the Earl of Halifax Packet, Captn Rand who it is imagined will sail soon.
[Note 1: 1 To Mr. Richd Washington, London.
DEAR SIR,--Captain Whiting is arrived & my Letters by him are come to hand, but not the Goods: the latter I apprehend is in bad order as I understand the Captn. entered a protest immediately upon his arrival. The Locks and Hinges I fear are slight if I am to judge from their sizes and price. The sword pr. Captn. Nicholson I have received.
The Inclosed is a Bill of Excha. for £100 Sterlg. 60 of wch. ye Cash is received must go to the Credit of Lord Fairfax. Mr. Carlyle will send the others of the same Tenor and write fully on the matter. I lodged the other day £72--10s with Fielding Lewis Esqre. to buy me a Bill of £50. and hope you will receive that also in a very short time as he had hopes of purchasing of Mr. Hunter upon Lyde of London.
You will perhaps think me a crazy fellow to be ordering and Countermanding Goods almost in a breath. It was but the 18th Ulto. from Williamsburg that I wrote you via Bristol, advising the arrival of my Goods pr. Captn. Dick & desiring you would desist sending me the China wrote for in a Letter of the 8th Jany. and in lieu thereof to send me a compleat sett of Horse Furniture I must here beg you will forbear sending either as I am now provided with the latter but dispatch the following things by the first ship bound to any part of Virginia (viz)
A Compleat hunting saddle & Bridle with two neat Saddle Cloths to cost 40/. the whole.--As much of ye. best superfine Blue Cotton Velvet as will make a Coat Waistcoat & Breeches for a Tall Man with a fine silk button to suit it & all other necessary Trimmings & Linings together with Garters for the Breeches.--Six pair of the very neatest shoes (viz) 2 pr double Channel Pumps--2 pair turned Ditto & 2 pr. Stitched Shoes to be made by one Didsbury on Colo. Beilars last but to be a little wider over the Instep.--Six pair Gloves, 3 pr. of Wch. to be proper for Riding & not to have stiff Tops, ye whole larger than ye. middle size. --
I shoud. be extreamely glad to have the above things in as soon as possible. If they go either to - York or James River, Recommend the Package to Peyton Randolph Esqre. Attorney Genl. Williamsburg and he will see that they are forwarded--This Letter is intended to go by the Packet from New York, and the Post is just setting out for that place which prevents my adding more than that I am Dear Sir, with great truth and Sincerity yr. most obedt. & Affect. Hble. Servt.--Go WASHINGTON/Winchester 5th April 1758/P. S. You are pleased to Dub me with a Title I have no Pretensions to--that is--Ye. Honble. --]
The York Bill you Inclosed will over pay the postage of your Letter, there being no Charge paid on Letters sent from this by ye. Packets to England, so that all ye. Expence Attending your Letter is ye. postage from Fort Loudoun here. Sr. Charles Hardy is off Louisburgh with 8 or 9 Sail of ye. Line, & hope he will be able to prevent any succours getting into that place.
Mrs. Robinson & family are very well & Desire their Compts. to you as does Mr. & Mrs. Morris1 and your Most Oblidg. Hble. Servt.
[Note 1: 1 Who as Mary Philipse, we remember, had held the heart of our Virginia colonel.]
... BEV: ROBINSON
PHILADA. April 20. 1758.
DEAR SIR,--I received your agreeable letter of the 12th. by the return of the Express sent to Winchester; it is very acceptable news to General Forbes, Major Halkett and myself to hear you was so well as to be able to make the campaign with us.2
[Note 2: 2 Washington felt "a degree of satisfaction," as he expressed himself to Major Halket, upon the prospect of again meeting his old companions in arms. And he was happy to find also, writes Sparks, that his early and constant wishes were at last to be realized by a combined expedition to the Ohio. New energy had been recently infused in the British councils by Pitt's accession to the ministry. That statesman, continues the same historian, always guided by an enlarged policy, always friendly to the colonies, resolved on a vigorous prosecution of the war in America. One of his first acts was a plan for the campaign of 1758, in which offensive operations were to be pursued throughout the frontiers. Colonel John Forbes, who had been Lord Loudoun's adjutant, was commissioned a brigadier-general and appointed to succeed him. He was directed to undertake a new expedition against Fort Duquesne. Washington, in a letter of March 10, 1758 [Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. ii. p. 6], had asked to be recommended to General Forbes in favorable terms, "not as a person, who would depend upon him for further recommendations to military preferment, for I have long conquered all such inclinations (and serve this campaign merely for the purpose of affording my best endeavors to bring matters to a conclusion), but as a person who would gladly be distinguished in some measure from the common run of provincial officers, as I understand there will be a motley herd of us."]
This letter goes by one Riker: I have not time to write to you so fully as I could choose; but Mr. Rutherford is here; I shall write to you more fully as he sets out in a day or two.
Be so good as to tell Mr. Gist that I rec'd. his letter last night, and have received orders from Genl. Forbes to provide every thing the Indians may want. I have sent to Winchester about 60 Fuzees wt. 100 match coats, and am now about collecting 300 arms more with other Indian goods; all which shall be sent from hence as soon as possible. The arms are good.
The bearer is in a great hurry to be gone so that I must conclude with saying that I am, Dr. Sir, Yr. most obedt.
... JOHN ST. CLAIR1
[Note 1: 1 Sir John St. Clair was quartermaster-general of the combined army.]
FREDERICKSBURG April 22d. 1758
SIR,--I am this moment arrived, and find your orders to march which shall be Comply'd with; tho' the President gave directions for refreshing the men and paying them off here.--As soon as the men are on their march I will come on, and hope the pleasure of seeing you Thursday night; in the mean time; I am with Respect Sir, your most obt. hub. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
The Proceedings of a Council of Officers held at Fort Loudoun April 24th. 1758. to consider whether it was most for the Interest of the Service or whether it was practicable to comply with the Instructions contained in a Letter from the President of Virginia to Colo. Washington.
... OFFICERS PRESENT
1st. That Part of the President's Letter in which he advises Colo. Washington to incorporate part of the Officers and Non Commissioned Officers of his Regiment with the Second Regiment, and to take part of them into his was considered and it was unanimously agreed that the first Regiment would receive a greater Detriment thereby than the Second would gain an Advantage as the Officers (were they exchanged) would not have sufficient time to Discipline the new raised Regiment and our Non Commissioned Officers & Soldiers would with Reluctancy change their Officers to be Commanded by those they must be convinced were entirely ignorant of the Duty either of Officer or Centinel and it is also imagined that such a change would be look'd. on as an Imposition by the Officers who might be ordered into the Second Regiment.
2dly. We considered the Abstract from Brigadier General Forbes, his Letter and find that the Performance of but a small part thereof can be in the power of the Commanding or other Officers of this Regiment for as our Troops cannot march (by express Orders from the President) from the Places at which they are stationed 'till they are relieved by Militia it is impossible to assemble them so soon as the General desired; for the time is past and no orders issued even for the Assembling of the Militia, nor for the same reason 'till we are relieved can we quit our Post to attempt clearing the Road nor do we know wch. way the General intends to march as there are different Roads.
3dly. We considered that part of the Letter in which he leaves a discretionary power in the Hands of Colonel Washington in draughting the Militia and we verily believe that were he to order out the Militia of the frontier Counties (who always have been taken out on every Immergency) it would be productive of an almost General Mutiny--besides the Disadvantage in case of an Invasion on the South-western Parts of the Colony as the Militia in those Counties would be present to assist the Militia that were ordered from the Interior Counties and in case he orders the Militia from the Lower Parts of the Country we think that they would be so long assembling and marching that Colo. Washington might be blamed (if not by the Colony) by the General who desired the Companys of this Regiment to be at this Place by the 20th. of this Inst. tho' the Colo. has received no orders about it 'till this day. Besides Colo. Washington ought to have the County-Muster Rolls before it will be possible for him to make an Equitable Draught of the Militia to relieve the Garrisons nor can he (as he has not the Acts of Assembly, nor himself nor any of us know the Act past in June last) either call out or appoint such Officers as is there directed & as the President orders.
Upon the whole it appears to be an affair so interesting to the Colony; so nice & of such importance for the service of His Majesty that (as it will take only three or four Days more to assemble the Militia) it is our unanimous opinion that it is more adviseable for the President or his Council to give Orders to the Militia and proper directions concerning those things that we have had in consideration than us to determine on them
FORT FREDERICK 27th. April 1758
SIR, -- I am sent here by Sr. John St. Clair to repair the Roads &c on both sides of the Potowmack; to forward which service he told me he had Ordered 200 of the Virginia Troops to take Part at Enoch's: whenever this is done you will please to let me know & I shall be ready to attend them.
Lieut. Shelby who is employed to buy Forrage, has contracted for Some Oats & Indian Corn to be delivered at Captn. Caton's on your side of the Potowmack: As it may be a Week or Ten Days before he can send for it & as he thinks it a dangerous Place, he desired I would mention it to you; being assured that, if you think it necessary, you will order a small Guard there from Patterson's Fort or elsewhere.
I am Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant
... T. BASSET, Engineer
WMSBURGH May 3d. 1758
SIR,--Col. Taylor, Col. Lee & Col. Geo. Mason have strongly recommend to me Mr. French Mason,1 the Bearer, for an Ensign's Commission in your Regiment, which the late Promotions they hope will make room for, after your Volunteers. They assure me he is a young fellow of Integrity & Spirit, & has a small Fortune that might well support him in no despicable way; so it is not necessity, but a Zeal for his Country's Cause, draws him into the Field, where they are confident he will behave so as to merit approbation.
[Note 1: 1 Probably the son of George Masons uncle of the same name.--MISS ROWLAND.]
I told them I had yesterday by Jenkins sent you Six blank Commissions for that purpose, which you had promised to fill up wth. a just regard to justice & the Rules of War; but as I hear you have only two Volunteers to provide, I should be glad if you could find room for this hopefull young man so powerfully recommended. I am Sir Your most obedt. hble Servt.
... JOHN BLAIR
[Note 1: 1 Brigade Major to General Forbes.]
PHILADELPHIA 4th. May, 1758.
DEAR SIR,--General Forbes having information that a party of our Catawbas are just return'd to Winchester, from a Scout to the Ohio, and have brought in with them several Prisoners and Scalps,--as the General is extreamly desirous of Knowing the condition of Fort Duquesne, & the situation of the Enemy's strength in these parts, he has ordered me to acquaint you, that if the Intelligence the Prisoners give is so distinck, and of such consequence, as to be of service to the General, that you will take the first opportunity to send them to Philadelphia--and to facilitate their Conveyance, you will send an open letter to the Commanding Officers at the different Posts upon their Route, that they are to forward them with an escort from Post to Post You will at the same time be pleased to send the General any information that you have taken from the Prisoners.1
[Note 1: 1 The reply from Washington was that nothing of this kind had occurred this year, nor had any prisoners been taken, nor scalps, except two taken near Fort Duquesne by the young warrior, Ucahula.]
Their is a Treaty on foot just now between the Shawanees, the Delawares and the people of this province, and he is very sorry to learn that several of the Cherokees have taken into their heads to ramble this way, that several of them are come to Carlisle, and he is just now informed that some of them are coming into this Town. The General therefore desires that you will be at particular pains to prevent any more of them coming this way, and that they may be employed as much as possible in Scouting parties, to cover our Posts, and Magazines & Keep the frontiers of the Country quiet; & as the most effectual Route for that purpose, he would recommend to you, the sending of them out by Rays Town, & Franks Town, to long Island in the West branch of the Susquhana, and examine all the Paths leading to wards the Ohio.
The General is very much alarmed with a letter which he has this moment Received, with an Account that the Raven (a Cherokee Captain) and 30 of his men, having returned to their own Country much displeased with the English, he therefore must press it in the warmest manner that the utmost attention be paid by every body under your Command towards keeping the Indians in a good disposition, & that all means be used in bringing back the Raven & those Indians who have Return home.1
[Note 1: 1 The Raven warrior was on a scout from Fort Frederick, Md., in which he was unsuccessful. On his return to Fort Loudoun he produced two white men's scalps, which he brought from his own tribe, and wanted to pass them for the enemy's, taken in his unsuccessful scout. In this villainy he was detected by the other warriors, who were highly offended at so base a deceit and threatened to kill him for it. A consciousness of his guilt and a dread of being called to a severe account by his own tribe were the reasons which many of them assigned for his going away in so abrupt, but to Washington by no means dissatisfactory, a manner. See Washington's letter to Major Halket of May 11, 1758.]
The General is just now employed in buying all the strouds, and goods that will be necessary to make in presents to the Indians & has laid an Embargo upon every thing in this Town that will be of service in that way.
Provided that the Catawbas are not disposed to part with their Prisoners, you are not to send them, but if they can be procured without giving umbrage, the General will be very desirous of seeing them. I am with great regard, Dear Washington, Your most obedient & most humble Servant
FRANCIS HALKETT
P. S.--You will please for the future, to send all your Returns to me at Philadelphia, that I may make up a general State of the Whole to be laid before General Forbes at the different times as they shall offer.
RACE GROUND AT BOGGESS'S Saturday 6th May 1758--5 O'Clock p: m: --
DEAR SIR,--The Bearer French Mason, a Relation of mine, has an Inclination to serve his Country upon the Intended Expedition: I recommended him to the President for a Lieutenancy in the Regiment now raising; but unfortunately before he reached Wmsburg every Commission was disposed of; otherwise he was sure of succeeding, as the President would have done him any service in his power--As there are some Vacancys in your Regiment, his Honour has been so kind to give him a Letter of Recommendation to you--Had I known of these Vacancys I should have taken the Liberty of applying to you sooner on his Behalf; for as he proposes to continue longer in the service than this Campaign & push his fortune in that way of Life, I would prefer a Commission in your Regiment; & it would give me great satisfaction that he was under the immediate Command of a Gentleman for whom I have so high an Esteem. You may be assured, Sir, that I would not recommend a Person to your Favour, whom I did not from my own knowledge, believe to be a young fellow of Spirit & Integrity--He has lived a good while with me & if I am not greatly deceived, he has personal Bravery that will carry him thro' any Danger with Reputation & this Opinion I am the more confirmed in, as he never was a flashy fellow. He has been but little in Company & has not that Address which is requisite to set a Man in an Advantageous light at first; but he is a very modest lad, & does not want parts; & I am confident will endeavour to deserve your good opinion as well as to support the Character I have given him. He this moment came up from Wmsburg & found me here & as I thought there was no time to be lost I advised him to set off instantly for Winchester, as soon as I could procure this scrap of paper, & get a place in the Crowd to sit down to write--If he fails in a Commission, he had thoughts of going out a Volunteer but as he has but a Small Fortune, I advised him against it--Whatever you are so kind to do for him on this occasion I shall always regard as a particular obligation on me--I beg You'll excuse this trouble & believe me on all occasions very Sincerely, Dear Sir, Yr. most obt. Hble Servt.
... G. MASON.
I have really wrote this in such a Hurry that I am afraid its hardly intelligible.1
[Note 1: 1 The "Race Ground at Boggess's" from which this letter is dated is pointed out to-day as near the present Pohick Church [about six miles below Mount Vernon]. And the race of Bogges has disappeared as completely as the race-course itself, though the older inhabitants in the neighborhood still recall the name. It is difficult now, in driving over this quiet, rather deserted locality, to picture the gay scenes of the early days, when the gentry of the country, the Fairfaxes, Lees, Washingtons, Masons, and others, indulged in one of their favorite amusements on this old race-ground. The yellow manuscript, with its faintly traced characters, penned by Colonel Mason in such haste, amidst the crowd and confusion of that May afternoon in 1758, still seems, however, to carry with it a suggestion of the genial, stirring, eighteenth-century life of which it was once a part.--MISS ROWLAND.]
PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY May 16th. 1758.
SIR,--In obedience to His Honr The Presidents Orders to me Wch. I inclose you a Copy off, I have sent One hundred Men of this Militia Commanded by Capt. Thos. Mc.Clanahan & Capt. William Tebbs to Garrison Fort Loudoun at Winchester.
I have directed them to apply to you for arms and ammunition & to the Commissary for provisions: the Arms sent for the use of this County not being yet arrived, I am, Sir, Your most Obedient Hble Servt.
... HENRY LEE
SIR,--As the Law directs the Forts to be garrisoned by the Militia in the absence of the Forces belonging to the Regiment, I do therefore by Virtue of the Power and Authority with which I am invested as Commander in Chief hereby require and Command you to Raise and send one Hundred men of your Militia under the Command of two Captains 2 Lieutenants. 2 Ensigns & 6 Sergeants, with 2 Drums to Garrison Fort Loudoun at Winchester to continue there till the 20th of December next or the Return of the Regiment and you are immediately to return to me an Acct. of your proceeding Herein with the names of the Officers and soldiers sent on the service aforesaid.
Given under my hand this 4th day of May 1758
... (Signed) JOHN BLAIR, P.
A Copy
May 5, 1758
DEAR SIR
The Bearer Mr. Charles Tomkins an Officer in Colo. Byrds Regiment will deliver you this, and shall be obliged to you for any thing wherein you can be serviceable to him, not doubting your readiness to oblige me in a thing of this sort, I have taken upon me to recommend him to you as a Gentleman of worth & particular friend of mine. I heartly wish you success, & may all happiness attend you. I am Dr. Sir
... Yr. Affect Kinsman
... WARNER LEWIS
WARNER HALL, May 6th 1758.
DEAR SIR,--Lieutenant Thurston of Colo. Byrd's regiment will deliver you this & I beg leave to recommend him to you, for your kind advice, notice, & assistance, & shou'd anything happen in the course of this undertaking, wherein a friend may be requisite, I hope (upon my account) You will think of Mr. Thurston & do him all the good services in your power, as it will be doing me a singular favour. Mr. Edwd. Cary will be with him, who I likewise recommend to your kind notice. I am, Sir, yr. most Obedt. & Affectionate Servt.
... WARNER LEWIS
YORK, May 7, 1758.
DEAR SIR,--Two days ago I received your Letter of the 1st. which I transmitted yesterday morning by Express to General Forbes, this morning the Post gave me your other Letter of the 4th. which I shall send likewise to the Genl. You'll see by Major Hackett's Letter that the Genl. was greatly alarmed wt. a Report which prevailed of some Cherokees having left Winchester. I am glad not to find it mentioned in any of yours. I am sorry to hear of the Incursion the Indians have made in Augusta.
I coud easily foresee the Inconveniencys you wou'd labour under at Winchester, I have and shall do everything in my power to have the service carry'd on. There is to be a meeting the 18th. Inst. at Winchester of Mr. Sharpe, Mr. Blair and Myself to regulate many things, Untill that time I do not see in what manner you can get in your Out Garrisons. Cou'd I be of any Service to you before that time I wou'd come to you.
I am busy about Roads, Hay, Oats, Indian Corn, & Waggons, & I am to have a meeting with all the people of this County the 11th., that done I shall set out for Winchester, but I must return this day to Lancaster.
I have got 360 Match Coats & a Dozn. more light Guns with some Vermilion, I shall send them off tomorrow for Winchester, with Mr. Henry & two men more who I sent to repair your arms. I shall be with you the 16th or 17th at furthest. I beg the Favour of you to get me a Lodging.
Please to make my Compliments to the Gentlemen of your Corps and be assured that I am with great Regard Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servt.
JOHN ST. CLAIR.
YORK the 9th. May 1758
SR.,--I take the liberty to Recommend the bearers hereof, Mr. Thurston & Mr. Cary to your favour, they have I believe raised about 30 Men for the new Regiment, the former is in hopes of a 2d. Lieutenancy & the latter to be an Ensign, they are both very Sober young men & I doubt not but will behave themselves in such manner as to merit your esteem. Any civilitys you shew them will much oblige Sr. yr. most hubl. Servt.
JOHN NORTON
WMS.BURGH May 11th. 1758
SIR,--I have just received a Letter from the Honble. Wm Nelson, Esqre., in favour of Lieut. Baker now here with yor. permission. His friends have prompted him to think of filling the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Captn. Joshua Lewis, and have strongly solicited Mr. Nelson to intercede with me for that promotion, in consideration of his bold and gallant behaviour in his Excursion toward Fort Du Quesne. His Honor was afraid lest it might be thought unjust to the Senior Lieutenant, who seemed to have a Right to a Preference. They replied that when a junior officer had signalized himself by his remarkable good behavior on any particular occasion, as Mr. Baker had, it was not unjust nor unusual to promote such an one, as it would inspire others to emulation; and that Rewards to merit are the best means to make good officers, rather than to adhere invariably to seniority. Upon the Whole His Honr. was so convinced of Mr. Bakers merit that he strongly recommended him to me, if it could be done without prejudice to the service & that it would be very obliging to him. I have had other solicitations to the same purpose, but I need not mention them after Mr. Nelsons, whom I would fain oblige; only Col. Robt. Burwell urges the Governor's promise to promote him for his gallant conduct on that occasion. I told Colo. Burwell I was convinced of his merit & would gladly oblige; but that I had at yr. request sent you up 6 blank Commissns abt. 10 Days ago. If that is yet blank I desire it may remain so, till I hear from you. I wish you had mentioned Mr. Baker's courage & conduct on that occasion, at the same time with Lt. Bullits Seniority, that it might have been considered here.1
[Note 1: 1 Washington replied as follows: "It will cause great dissatisfaction in the regiment if Lieutenant Baker is put over the heads of older officers. It is granted that Mr. Baker is a very deserving officer, but there are others equally deserving and have adventured equally to seek glory, and to merit applause. Ensign Chew, for instance, was with him when the scalps were taken; Capt. McKenzie, Lt. Gist, Mr. Woodward and many others have adventured as far into the enemy's country, tho' with less success. I therefore hope (to prevent the disorders consequent upon his advancement) that your Honor will suffer Colo. Mercer's company to be given to Mr. Stewart, the oldest Lieutenant, as Captn. Lewis was in the like case to Mr. Bullitt."]
... I am Sir your very hble Servt
... JOHN BLAIR
At least I hope Mr. Baker may fill Col. Mercer's Post in your Regiment for this Campaign.
May the 11th 1758
SIR,--I Have in Listed twenty two men & thare is eight or tenn more that Has Promised if Can Gitt the money to Give them for they will Not take orders for any Part the Officers of the New Regiment Has Made a Practiss of Giving the full Bounty so that they are not to be Gott with out Pray send me Some money Down for I have Borrowed upwards of a Hundred Pound in town & Promised to Return it before I Left this Colo. Stephen Has a Return of the Stores which I sent up by Serjt. Edmonson I am Sir with Respect your Hum Servt
... JOHN BLAGG
FREDERICK TOWN Sunday forenoon May 14th. 1758.
DEAR SIR,--Yesterday afternoon the Post gave me your Letter of the 11th. which I transmitted to Brigdr. fforbes. I expect Govr. Sharpe at this place every moment, and if I was at Winchester I cou'd do but little untill he & Mr. Blair arrived. I shall be with you at furthest on teusday morning which makes me not enter upon particulars as I am to see you so soon. I am with great Sincerity Dear Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant
JOHN ST. CLAIR.
WILLIAMSBURG May 15th. 1758
SIR,--I have yours now by Mr. Jenkins of the 10th. with the advice of your Council of Officers, on the Straits you are reduced to in recruiting, for want of Money. I have called a full Council to meet on Friday next; which considering their distance, could not be sooner, and shall lay it fully before them; and you may depend on all in my Power to serve you in it. I write this now by Majr. Finnie to let you know the occasion of my keeping Jenkins 'till the Council, when I propose to write fully to you.
General Forbes expects a proposal from Govr. Sharp to me to take the Maryland Forces in our Pay. I have writ fully to Sir John, and to Colo. Peter Randolph about it, so need only refer you to them, as I expect they will both be with you as soon as this. It is now past Eleven so I bid you Good Night and am Sir
... Your very Hum Servt.
... JOHN BLAIR
BEDFORD 15th May 1758
SIR
The Circumstances of afairs at this time causes my Boldness in hopes To Receive Information what was ye. Reason of our frend Indions as we Call them Returning Home if they are Returned & To inform you how we are opressd & what has hapened Last week by several Parties of Indions by Computation about 70 or 80 which Cald themselves Sumtimes Cherokees and sumtimes Shonees & has acted Vilinously Robing & Stealing, Plundering houses; Puling men of their horses striping & whiping Beating with tomahoaks & Stoning many People in so much that the People Gathering demanded Reasons & their Horses to be Returned On that they have had two scrimidges There was four white men folowed & Come up with three Indions who Put our men to defianc & shott at them several runs & then went of our white men being Joynd by seven other white men folowed ye Indions who when they Came to them was Joynd by Ten more Indions Our men Told ye Indions they were brothers & that they wanted their horses The Indions told them that they must fight for them and Prepared themselves for Battle Our People Told ye. Indions they did not want to fight they were Brothers they only wanted their horses ye Indions called themselves Shawnees & fird three guns at our men & omediatly three more & shot down Wm Hall one of our men on which although our men had not all got guns & sum of them wood not fire they Returned ye. fire so Brisk that they Kild three Indions & wounded several Took the stolen Horses & plunder there was one white man kild. & one wounded--Likewise another Party Comited ye. same vilony with Cuting open beds & throughing out ye. fithers & was folowed & when the white men Came near a Cap of Luningburg and a Leutenant of this County went up to talk with ye. Indions & Cald them Brothers & desird to be in frend ship with them. The Indions answd. no Brothers no Cherokees they were Shonese Took the Cap & Leutenant & strapd them & Beat Them That they were Glad to Got off naked to save Life on which the Rest of their men Pursued & Gott before the Indions & had a scurmidge with them But ye. number of Indions computed sixty or Seventy & white men about forty & sum Part of ye. white men Run before a gun fird Others Broke soon after without being of any service the Indions Kept the grounds when the white men went ye. next day there was but one Indion But many Horses & sum Bagidg The Consequence of this time only Is to determine If the Indions should be Cherokees Acting this to open a War It may Hasten the Crises if not they must Explain their frendship on better tirms Our County as well as the Neighbouring Countys is in the greatest Consternation Imaginable I thought it most Expedient to Comunicate this to you & hope you will mutely consider the Case & as we are not aprised Whether those Indions if Cherokees is diserted or not that its Quite nesary you should know their behavour you may the better deal with those still at that place though the distance was great it must be Expedient to Comunicate the Case which I hope you will give your self the Trouble to send an answer by ye. bearer & other news if not agst. your athoritys Intrests
I shall subscribe my self your most
... oblid your Hume. sert.
... WM. CALLAWAY
DOGUES NECK 16th. May 1758
DEAR SIR
I am favour'd with yrs. of the 8th. Inst, pr. French Mason, & am perfectly satisfied wth. the Justice of yr. Reasons for not providing for him in yr. Regiment at this Time. I am Convinced from your State of the Case that it Could not have been done without prejudicing the service. He tells me you were kind enough to promise him a Commission the next vacancy that happens. I shou'd have been very glad his Fortune would have supported him as a Volunteer: both he & I were very found of his entering as such in yr. Regiment; but I really did not think it advisable that he shou'd run his own little Estate in Debt upon the occasion: You know what kind of an establishment our Virginia Troops are on--Nobody can tell how soon they may all be disbanded without any provision for a broken Leg, or a shortened Arm! or if they shou'd happen to be kept up for a good many years, how possible is it for an Officer to be reduced without being guilty or so much as accused of any Misbehaviour? Faith these are discouraging Circumstances. On the British Establishment a young fellow may venture to dip his Estate a little on the Road to preferment, where he is sure, if he behaves well that a Commission is some sort of a provision for Life; but here I really think a young man who Enters into the service, & has but a small Estate of his own ought if possible to preserve it unimpaired, to return to in case of a Disappointment, or an Accident.--These Reasons have influenced me to dissuade French Mason from entering as a Volunteer; & as he is very fond of trying a Soldiers Life & indeed I found it absolutely necessary that he should do so, as the only means of getting clear of a very foolish Affair he is likely to fall into with a Girl in this Neighbourhood, I have advised him to enlist in the new Regiment, if he can be made a Serjeant: my Reason for advising him to enlist in that Regiment, is that if he shou'd be disappointed in getting a Commission, he may if he pleases, quit the Service the first of December next; whereas, from the Act of Assembly, it appears to Me, that the Men who enlist in the old Regiment may be detain'd as long as any Troops are kept up in the pay of this Government; at least it may admit of a Dispute--I speak this to you only as my own private Opinion, without any Intention of making it public to the prejudice of the recruiting Service --
If he shou'd have the good fortune to get a Commission, tho' he will accept of the first that offers in either Regiment, he will prefer an Ensignsy in yr. Regiment to a Lieutenancy in the other, & I have advised him if he shou'd get a Comn. in Colo. Byrd's Regiment to exchange it if he can by any Means for one in yours--I shall relye Sir on your good Offi
in his Favour whenever a Vacancy happens, &
flatter myself that, by a strict Adherence to hi
Duty, he will strive to deserve your good
Opinion--I very sincerely wish you
... [mutilated]
Health & every Felicity & am Dr. Sir
... Yr. most obd: Ser
... G MA
NEW LONDON May 10th. 1758
DEAR SIR
I Reced. your Very kind Letter by my Brother and assure you both my Little Partner and self Return you our sincere thanks for your kind wishes, how Earnestly Dear sir Do I wish your Business would now Call you to the northward, that I might have an opportunity of behaving to you in a more suitable manner than I could when you was last here, believe me when I say my Sincere hearty good wishes accompany Every undertaking & step you take and Permit me to add that you have my Earnest Prayers, that you may make a Glorious & successfull Campain, after which I hope you will meet with that Reward and notice from your king & Country you have so Long merited; and so greatly deserved,
The Transports & Troops for Hallyfax sail'd last Wensday from New York--we have a Report that Admiral Boscowin is arrived, but that the post must determine who will be [here] in about one hour if so you will find it in the Boston papers wch. I shall inclose you,--our Levys here do not goe on with that success & spirrit I could wish, N. England Vanity seems to be at as high a flow as Ever, it would divert you to see many of the Officers they have appointed, one of the finest Fellows in this Colony was absolutely Rejected by the Assembly, for no other thing than using the following words at Lake George (1755) when the forces seem'd inclynable to give way--Dam ye my Lads, stand to the Breastwork & fire away,--you kill them Faster than the Devill can Carry them off
This was & is Esteemed by Our Pious sanctified Brutes, as great Prophaness & shows the want of Faith & Grace
if I Receive a more than ordinary Joy at the Preparations which are making this season it is at the Promising Prospect from those in my own Country. I am much Pleased to hear of the number of Indians you have and hope your operations will begin before they are disatisfied at Lying still. I will Write you Every Post and pray give you as Early accts. as Possible of what is doing here, and hope to hear from you what passes in your Neighbourhood, be assured that I am with Real truth & Respect my Dear Sir
... Your most affectionate
... JOS CHEW
PATTERSON'S May 21st. 1758.
DR. SIR/
As John Ward, a Soldier in my Company was seting at the Indian Camp Eating some Victuals, one of the Cherokees askt him for some whiskey, he not giving him a Direct answer, pickt up his gun and shot him through the back, I imediately sent out a Camand to the Camp which place was found Avacuated by all of them but one which was found dead with his throat Cut from Ear to Ear by one of their own men, by what I can Understand of them it was he that Shott the Soldier, Some part of them Imediately took to the woods, the others Remains att this place, I took the Oppinion of the Gentlemen, and it was agreed not to use any harsh means with them till you ware Acquainted with the Accident, Please send the Doctr. down with all Immagenable speed as there is some hopes of the mans Recovering also the Indians Desires Mr. Smith to Come down as soon as Possible he can I cant give you a true Light of the affair till Mr. Smith comes down.--I be obliged to you if you'll tell the Doctr. to bring down some sarve fore sore Leggs.
... I am Dr. Sr. your most Obt. Hble.
... THOS. BULLITT
NEW YORK 21st. May 1758.
DEAR SIR/
Yours of the 27th Apr. I Rcd as I did Sometime before yours of ye. 6th. Inclosing one for Mr. Richar [mutilated] ton. which Letter I forwarded by [mutilated] pshire Man War she Saild the 3d. Instant [mutilated] Sandy Hook With Lord Loudoun on Board [mutilated]ve no News but what you is in the Inclosed paper Except that some of our Rangers & Indians have brought in about 20 french prisoner & 8 or 10 Scalps Lately but what Accots.. they give I dont know
... I am Dear Sir Yr. Afft. H Sert.
... BEV: ROBINSON
NEW LONDON 17th. May 1758
DEAR SIR
The Post waits I can therefore only stop him to cover the inclosed paper to wch. Refer you for news. my Little Woman Returns you her most sincere thanks for your kind wishes and says she Longs to have the Pleasure of seeing you in this Part of the world having heard me often mention you--I Pray you to accept of Both our Compliments & best wishes for your sincere Happiness & believe me to be my Dear Friend
... Your affectionate
... JOS CHEW
WILLIAMSBURG May 24th. 1758
SIR
The distresses in Bedford and Halifax had occasioned my Calling a full Council to meet on the 19th. Instt. which obliged Col: Maury to a long attendance here, in which time Jenkins brot. me yours of May 10th. with the Opinion of your Council of Officers on your Necessity of imploying the £400--sent you for Contingencies in the recruiting Service; and the utter insufficiency of that, to discharge your Engagements. Being under Difficultys about it, I kept him several days 'till the Council; who did not apprehend you was warranted to give more than £5--bounty Money, for the Recruits of your Regiment; and yet I cannot see how it could at this time be expected, while we were giving Ten pounds for the other. Be that as it will, we determined to send you a Supply of Money; and I sent presently to the Treasury for £1000--for you. But to my great surprise Mr. Cock whom I expected to deliver it out) was gone out of Town. As I had kept Jenkins 'till then, it vexed me heartily to find a further delay. I first endeavoured to get if from the Gentln. Signers here, but the Attorney was gone too, who should have signed Mr. Nicholas's Book. I then thought to send express to the Speaker, and writ for an Order to some Gentn. here but hearing that Mr. Cock had the Key with him I sent an Express to him at Colo. William Randolphs, and got him to Town last Night, and at last got the money this Morning, as I thought it vain to send him up without it.1 During this delay, I received a Letter from Govr. Sharp, acquainting me that his Assembly had broke up without so much as paying the arrears of their Men from the 8th. of Octo. Last. He purposes, if we are in want, to offer some of his, on terms of your paying their Arrears, which he thinks will be less than our Bounty. But I perceive he has some view of getting the General to take them; and I imagine we are near full. Jenkins2 has brot. me two lusty able Sailors, that are willing to enlist for this Campaign, so I send them to you by him, as he was earnest to carry up two such fine fellows. Last Saturday brot. me an Accot. of a large party of Indians who in passing thro' Bedford spread themselves in smaller Companys many Miles wide and Robb'd every Plantation they came at. This provoked the Inhabitants to a great degree; Col: Talbot sent out Militia to protect them, who came up with a Party of them and seeing some of their Horses demanded restitution; but the Indians answered they must fight for them, and fired upon them, and killed one Man; whereupon they fired upon the Indians and killed some of them. But to save my writing I send you the accounts I received, having ordered a strict enquiry to be made above, by Col: Read, Colo. Talbott and Col. Maury, which when transmitted to me I purpose to send by express to Govr. Lyttleton to beg his Assistance, to prevent the disaffection of the Nation and the ill consequences that might ensue on a misrepresentation. I writ some accot. of this by Lieutt. Waller who I hope will be up this day, and I desired Colo. Mercer to communicate it to Sir John St. Clair and you and to Mr. Gist. You may assure them if our Men were the aggressors they will be severely punished and if the Indians were guilty of what is charged upon them the Wise great Men our good Friends will not blame what was done, but think they brought it upon themeselves by their own folly.
[Note 1: 1 By reason of the great scarcity of gold and silver in Virginia at this time, the taxes, imposed for augmenting the forces in the pay of the colony, could not be collected in time to answer the purposes intended. It was therefore made lawful for the treasurer to issue treasury notes to answer the demands made upon him. Such notes were to be printed, engraved, and numbered in such form and after such method as the treasurer should judge most safe from counterfeits and forgeries; and were to be signed by Peyton Randolph and Robert Carter Nicholas, each of whom were to receive the sum of twenty shillings for every thousand notes by him signed and delivered to the treasurer. In September of this year William Prentis, James Cocke, and Thomas Everhard, gentlemen, were appointed commissioners to examine, state, and settle such accounts as should be referred to them by the governor or commander-in-chief. Benjamin Waller, Philip Johnson, and Edmund Pendleton were added to the signers of notes, and John Palmer and George Davenport were appointed to overlook the press during the time of the printing of the notes.]
[Note 2: 2 Jenkins, the indefatigable bearer of dispatches on the "express" between Washington and Williamsburg, deserves more than passing notice. Among Washington's accounts for this period are many items paid by Washington to William Jenkins by order of Governor Dinwiddie and President Blair in recognition of his services.]
... I am Sir Your very humbl Servt.
... JOHN BLAIR.
P. S.
I have been obliged this day to change the Militia I had ordered to garrison in Augusta, and to order 50 from Goochland and 50 from Hanover for that Service, which will unavoidably retard Majr. Lewis in joining you at Winchester which I am sorry for One of the Men I send by Jenkins whose name is Hugh Glass, says he was Armourer in the Spy Privateer of Liverpool, and Gunners Mate in the Monmouth Captn. Twentyman a Letter of Marque now here. He hopes as he is an able man 5ft:.. 10In:.. and used to business, some little post above the comon level (if not rather in his former imployment may be bestowed upon him.
[Note 1: 1 Sent by President Blair to Washington.]
BEDFORD COUNTY
This Day Timothy Dalton made Oath before me one of his majestyes Justices of the peace for the Said County: that yesterday there Came to his house three Indians and Quickly after Came four white men in Pursuit of the Said Indians namely John Wheeler Robt. Dalton Henry Wooddy William Hall from whom the Said Indians had Stollen horses from the Demanded the horses of the Said Indians but they Refused to let them have them on which the Said Wheeler went to take one of the horses on which they Shot at the Said Wheeler three times but Missed him on which the Said Indians went away and the Said white men in a Small time Joined with Seven more white men and went in Pursuit of the Said Indians again and them Indians being Joined by ten more Indians went over Stanton River a mile above the mouth of Pigg River and Threw off there Packs and Prepared them Selves for Battle then William Vardeman Sener and Some of the Rest went up to them and told them they Did not want to fight they only wanted there Horses and Did not want to hurt them on which the Indians told them they Should fight for them and Immediately the Indians fired on them three Guns Still the white men would not Shoot at them then the Indians fired three Guns more at them on that the Battle Began in which William Hall was mortally wounded of which wound he Died this Morning: and Likewise Richard Thompson was wounded in the Shoulder and Buttock; and that the white men Like Wise Killed and Scalped three Indians on which the Rest of the Indians Ran away and Left the horses and the Chief of the Plunder they had Stolen; and farther this Deponent Saith not Certified under my hand this the 9 Day of May 1758
... ROBT. BABER
May ye. 8th. 1758
SIR
With Sorrow I inform you that this Instant I was Pursueing the Indians we take to be our friend and meet Jno. Echoles who was a Comeing from Thos. Morgans who inform me that the Indians has taken all Thos. Morgans family and all are Carried away or killd. and all the Goods Carried away and destroyed and it is the opinion of the men that Some are Killd. by the Signs they Saw--and as you render the Good of your Self and Country beg youl Send men immediately without Calling them together and give Express or send orders for the men to march immediately out to our assistance as we have but about Seventeen men and they are thirty Large odd in Company and if men Comes directly to Pursue them make no doubt with gods assisting Power to relieve the Poor distressed Prisoners I shal directly Pursue them they made Signs at my house that all the rest of the Indians are a Comeing from Winchester and think it would be Proper to Send to other Countyes for assistance So with Expectation of your best Assistance Rest your obedient friend and humble Sert.
... WILLIAM MEAD
... To COLO. MATTW. TALBOT
May 11th--10 of the Clock 1758
DEAR SIR
Pray be so good as to Send an Express to Prince Edward if Father has not thought to put you in mind of it Yesterday I understand that that they had theare Companys Called togeather to Draft Sum men to Send to our Relef but I have no opportunity to Send Theare Thearefore I hope you will as we have no Friend to Depend on for pore Bedford but you you will do what you Can for us for we never had the Like need of help I am Dr. Sir Yr.
... Hum Sert.
... CHAB. TALBOT.
To
... COL. CLEMT. READ
... on his Majt. Servis
BEDFORD May 10th. 1758
DEAR SIR
Last Thursday Co[???]lll. Witton Order'd me out to Blackwater Fort to Releave Capt. Cargill tho Instead of Releaving any we want five Times as many more, Tuesday Morning I Received an Express from Co[???]ll. Talbott to March immediately to Join Capt. Mead with another party of men to follow some Indians that had done some Mischef on Goose Creek we follow'd hard after Still till this Morning about 10 OClock we Came to an engagement in which we were forced to give Ground, by all that I Can gether from my men & Com.y we have killed 16 or 17 of them, we have Six Men Mising tho hope they are not all killed for they Still keep Comeing inn the Battle was faught 9 Miles from hence; if Lieutenant Mitchell has not 30 Men Make up that Quantity and 30 More besides at Least, the Wood is full of Indians and few White; we faught 35 Men to at Least By all Accts. vs 70 or 80 Indians, I offered them a parley which Occasion'd me to fall in their hands, they beat me and Strip'd me and then sent me away, pray dont fail making Mitchell's Company Sixty men for these back Parts wholey Depend on Lunenburg for Sucker; healp is now so much wanting that these Parts dont Gett Immediate help Coll. Talbott will be the frontear house in one Weak, pray be as expeditious as Possible
... I am
... Dear Sir Yr. Most
... hbl Sert. &ca.
... PINKN. HAWKINS
P. S. pray be so good as to Write to my Brother I have no time Likewise to James Coleman that his son is well. ... P. H.
To
... COLL. CLEMENT READ
... Lunenburgh.
DR. SIR
in what Manner Shall I Represent to you the Horror and anxieties that at this time reigns among our Inhabitants (indeed as I have not words I must be Silent and Leave it to your immagination) Occasioned by these banditties of Cherokees who daily are traveling through our County (either as they Say) going to Winchester or returning from thence in which travel they Rob our houses of all things they Like So that oftentime they Leave us not one rag of Cloaths to Shift our Selves withall nor never a horse to goe mill or plough withall, yet these people are Called our friends our people will bear it no Longer Indeed I think they have bore it to Long allready and I do not know but the persons who have exerted them Selves in defence of their rights and properties may be Called to a Strict account for it, but if nobody all persons had the Same Sentiments of it that I have, they would incourage and Commend them for their bravery and Resolve resolution in not tamely resigning up their Goods when they Can get no restitution for them a Specimen of which you have in the affidavit of Timothy Dalton which I have Inclosed in the Letter to the president and have Left open for you to peruse and beg youl Seal it before it goe from you and beg youl Send it away as Soon as you Can that I may have an answer and See what Measures are to be taken in it the men not one of them will budge a foot I beg youl write to me and Give me your Sentiments on the affair, Last Sunday there passed by 33 Indians in another parCel which Robed and pillaged as they went Capt. mead with Seventen men went in pursuit of them and wrote to me to beg I would Send him Some assistance on which Letter (which I Shall Incll Inclose to you a Copy) I Sent an Express to Pinkey Hawkin (who went from my house the evening before) to Join mead--and if they Come up with the Indians as I expect they will and the Indians will not deliver the Horses and other things they have Stole a Battle will insue for our people is determined to bear Such usage no Longer--our County County is intirely broke by them I really bleive if the people Continue to move as they have done I shall be Left the frontier plantation toward Blackwater fort before the Last of this week (that is where no men are Stationed) I have been uneasey ever Since Since Sunday that I have not heard from you for it is from you and only you that I expect relief from, I beg if this Come to yr. Hand before you Send to me that youl be so good as to Send Isham up to me to be Some assistance to me in these troublesome times for I am very much afraid I must move my wife and what Small effects to Some place of Safety and I wish you would be pleased to Look out for a west house a Small one would do for my wife and I though I will be hear as Long as I Can Yr. Complyance will Greatly
... oblige Dr. Sir yr very Hble
... Sert.
... MATTW. TALBOT
May yo. 10th. 1758
Ps SIR I beg youl Hasten up what men you design for our relief Dr Sir I beg youl Let Isham Come up to me directly and be So good as to Send me a 100 flints and if you have not a horse to Spare Let him Come afoot the Bearer if you order him will goe to Wmburgh with the Letter to the President--I this minute Recd yrs by Hicks and alas See our frontiers (as you observe) is) Little regarded I Sent Hicks to Agusta with the Letters for there and have Sent a Messenger to Colo. Howard to Albemarle--if I had the Eloquence of Cicero I Could not tell you the anxiety of my Soul at this time for my Self family and Inhabitants here--Keith Daughter is dead Likewise I am informed to day that Bruff wife is Likewise dead
[Here follows a copy of the letter of Wm. Mead from James Turner's Goose Creek May ye. 8 1758]
DR. SIR/Theo. Morgan is at my house now but time will not permit me to give you an acct. of it through mistake I broke open yr. Letter for God Sake Send help immediately I refer you to MeSheer Hole for farther particulars.
To
... CLEM. READ ESQ
... Lunenburgh
for God Sake Send us all the assistance you Likewise order us arms a[???]munition and flints immediately
SR I am Credibly Informed that the Indians 50 at least if not Sixty has Broke on the Inhabitants of pigg river & proclaims wars openly with us & I am Inform d that above me the people are Some gone against them namely Jas. Dild. Jas. Collins & others & I understand ammunition is very Scarce & partly believe it to be so thro the County So pray Sr. fail not to make application to Co1. Reed according to the advice of the prest. Immediately if we have any regard to our offsprings for it appears on the face of my mind that we Shall be farther alarmd soon when perhaps unprovided give Notice to as many as possible but prayg to Co1. Reed & yourself
... From a friend &c. JOS. COLLINS
A widow woman of varassity Came running from my Brothers to me & with this melancholy News--says they are and has Been Certainty of the whole of what I have writen & more also
... TO JON BATES
The woman tells me that two men ran from She says the battle to Cap. Dillard & says that mischief had happend. on Each side some Indians killd & some of our men Likewise
... J. C.
Dear sir my oppinion is that it would be good to Send to Capt. Spraggen that he might acquaint
... COL MURCEY
that the Militia might be might be raised
OTTER RIVER May yo. 3 1758
DR. SIR
I write this now expecting to have an opportunity to Send to you--I Recd. yours by the Revd. Mr Townshend of April 19th. which was a great pleasure to me to hear you was Setting of to Wm.burgh because I knoes you will be so Good as to Lay our deplorable Situation before his Honr. and the Council and I am in Great hopes you will be Invested with Such a power as to relieve our Poor unhappy Country on any emergant accession who without Sending to town--I Sent the Express by Majr. Smith who Promised to Contrive it with the Greatest Expedition but I as yet hear nothing of them--I do everything I can to keep a few men out on the frontiers of this County but alass I fear it will not be long they will Continue indeed it is very hard for men to be from there plantations at this time of the year when they Should be planting Corn to make bread for their families--it did not ly in Majr. Caldwell nor Capt. Duggin power to keep your men out--I Could get Some men to keep out if I would engage they Should Stay out all the Summer and So make a Crop out of their wages to maintain themselves and families (those that have any) Dr. Clem I am very uneasy about the Cherokees there was about fifteen Came through the Settlement where I Live and Spread themselves at least ten miles in breadth and went to Every plantation in their way I Cant Say they did much mischief or behaved very ill but their presence frithen the women very much So much that if they be allowed to Come without white men without with them I do not blieve our County will Stand a month Longer there Came about nine or ten to my house they reley Seemd to me as if they Came to See what white men and negroes we have and so see what our Strength we are of, the people in general Seem to fear the return of them with more force they made for Stanton and So to Pig river which Course lies intirely open to them their being no Inhabitants or very few and Every time they Come they Still keep Lower down I Just now heard after they Got over Stanton they went to a house where there was not any body but a man and his wife and ransacked the house of every thing they thought Proper to take and I expect to hear of Some murder Committed by them when they Get to the outward Inhabitants--my Son James told me when they got about Sixty miles of Winchester they meet three Indians Comeing from thence and then there was a Council held agm among them and on the Breaking up of it one Capt. and about forty Indians would goe no farther but returnd back and that the Capt. told James the french were Good Shawnees were Good and The English were Rogues James told him the reverse he told him he was a d--md. Liar Lyar and I am very apt to blieve these are Some of the forty and if so what may we not Expect to be done by them So that Look which way we will we are really in a miserable Situation --
my Son Matt is endeavouring to raise men to goe out after the Indians and to lie in wait for them and tell me he is determind if it be possible to goe till he get Some of there Scalps and or Leave his he immagines to get about five and twenty men--I told him he had better Join Capt. Anthony he says no if he goes he will have none but what is Select Gunners and Gunners good woodmen I know he refuses Several who offer to goe because they are not Such he Seems to be very ambitious that way and I Cannot forbear incouraging him in it he hath Listed the Last the Last prisoner which made his escape and yesterday went to get marris Griffith and I dare to blieve if Peter Luney do not wait in expectation of Majr. Smith goeing he will goe with him--he tell me he will goe as far as he Can without running so Great a hasard to no Effect he Says he wants but eight days provision and Some a[???]munition he tell me he doth not design to be in again under two months he will Leave his wife and Children with me or at Charles--Majr. Samll. Harris Came to my house this evening and we have agreed to Settle our affairs by arbitration at our next Court So that beg youl Send me the Copy of the Judgmt. and beg youl be So good as Contrive it without fail the Letter he hath wrote to mr. Goode to meet at that time for if I Can Settle that affair it will be of Great Content to me--Sir as I expect the rangers Daily and am at a Loss to dictate a warrant to Send them I Should take it extreamly kind of you to be so good as to form one Leaving the places Blank that they are to range and the places they are to be Stationed at--and Inclose it to me--and the favour Shall be gratefully acknowledged by him who is Dr Sir Yr very most hhble and
... Affect--Sert.
... MATTW. TALBOT
Ps/as to yrs Relating to Chiles Negroes he Sold one to mr. Arther which with Some tobo. he let mr. Hossy have they have Compromised the matter and if their had been a Sale I would have done my utmost to Serve you I am yr
... M T'
I Likewise beg Dr Sir that youl be So good as to write me Such a bond as may oblige Harris and Goode to Stand to the Settlement they make and Inclose it to me
To
... CLEMT. READ ESQ.
... Lunenburgh.
A merandom of what of what we the supcribers have seen by the indins when we come to the house we saw a indin with a knife in his hand gun acting as tho he had a mind to kill us and went out and gave a hallow and then several more apeard and he returnd in again and took my gun and took site at my face and the rest Jumpt of their horses with their guns and knives dran in their hands and hallowing and runing as fast as they could to the hous and when we told them they should not doe so they with their knives opened to stab us so we maid off as fast as fast as we could and we heard them braking open the chests as we took it to be as witnes our hands
... THOMAS MORGAIN
... JACOB DILINN
... CHRISTIAN CHOAT
May yo. 12th. 1758
DR SIR
When Hawkins Letter Came away I had not finished the president Letter and I was not willing to detain the Bearer from Comeing to you I have Sent the president Letter with the Inclosed open that you may perruse them Send the messenger of Directly and Seal the Letter--I at present live in danger of my life every moment being alone none but my wife the neighbours all round me is moved and moveing I intend to Station Some of our or your Militia at my house I being now allmost the frontier and Shall be quite So by Sunday Night I expect to hear of another ingagement in a day or two our people is Reinforceing themselves to overtake them our people Seems to be in high Spirits I hear but I hope it is not true that Wm. Irvine was killd. in the Last ingagement--Dr. Sir be pleased to order Some arms and ammunition with Some flints for our defence Pray if Isham is not Come away I beg youl Send him to assist his mother to Some place of Safety if you Cannot Spare him a Horse Let him Come afoot I expect the Messenger to Come this afternoon which is to bring this --
I am very Scant of paper haveing used what you gave me and one Quire more and have but one Sheet Left and the waggon is not Come which was to bring mine up if any thing material happens you Shall hear from me if Life be Spared me
... I am Dr. Clem as allways
... your most Hble Sert. to Comd.
... MATTW. TALBOT
... [A postscript has been blotted out.]
To
... CLEMT. READ, ESQ.
... Lunenburgh.
May 12th. 2 of the Clock
DEAR, SIR
This moment I Recd. a Letter from John wood & Paul Chiles and he says that Yesterday the Indians and the white folks had a very hard Battle and the we are much betten and many Killed on both Sids the Last Battle was fought at the Mouth of pigg River that we are all Like to be Killed & taken thearefore for God Sake Send Your Men as fast as possabel or thear will not be a man Left in pore Bedford Paul Chiles and all his fammilly is now at my Hows and pays Negrows and a grate many money more I Expect this Night thearefore Dear: Sr: Do what you Can for our Relif I am
... Sir yr. Hum ... CHS. TALBOT.
To
... COL. CLEMT. READ.
[Note 1: 1 These orders were received the same day, and Washington immediately proceeded to their execution, impressing it upon his officers that not a moment was to be lost. On the same day, in obedience to orders, he left Fort Loudoun for Williamsburg to advise with the President and the Council respecting many essential points. Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen was left by Washington in command during his absence.]
I am directed by the Commander in Chief of the Forces in the Southern district of North America to acquaint you that it is his orders that you call the whole Regt. that is under your Command to Winchester excepting the Two Companys on the So. Branch of Pottomack & if the Militia should come up to relieve those they are Likewise to Join at Winchester.
You are to hold your Regt. & the 2d. Regt. ready to March at the first notice, either the whole or any part of them & prepare every thing for taking the Field You will take care that your Commissarys have always in readiness for your March 8 Days Provisions until you can reach the Kings Magazines from ye time you come to them the Virginia Forces will be victualled as his Majestys Regular Troops.
You are to give 40 Men to Capt. Stewart for a Troop of Light Horse from the 1st. Virginia Regt. those Men to be replacd from the 2d. Regt. & the 40 Men given to Capt. Stewart to be carried on the Rolls & Returns of the 2d. Regt. & paid by them as a part of the Troops furnished by the Collony of Virginia.
You are to compleat the 1st. Regt. and are to receive directions from Mr. Prest. Blair in what manner he would have it done. I have sent to Philadelphia for Tents for the 2 Regt. which shall be deliverd you upon Mr. Prest. Blairs engaging to pay what they Cost. It will be expected that these Genl. Forbes's orders will be complyd with so that the whole may be in readiness to move in Fifteen days from the date hereof.
Given under my Hand at Winchester this Twenty fourth day of May 1758.
... JOHN ST. CLAIR.
WINCHESTER 6th. June 1758
SIR
Agreeable to what Past when last I had the Honr. of Confering with You--Inclosed are copys of the Instructions which I have given to the officers acting under me--by which You'l discover that they are Divided & Weekend in such a maner that Puts them intirely in the Power of the Enemy as they must consly Range--besides they cannot Be of the same service to the Inhabitants being unable to Oppose a strong Party that may sudinly Rush into the Country1--You will further Discover that all the support that the whole of the upper part of the County has, is Ensign Fry & 25 of the Rangers whereas it is absolutely Necessary that Different Partys of the Militia should be in those Parts--Namely at the fine new Mill formerly Lewis Stephens.--Holemans Fort & Pennywitz Mill as the Inhabitants cannot subsist Except those Mills & that Fort is Kept up--& small Numbers at Each place would answer the End together With the Inhabitants--which would enable Mr. Frys Party to join Lt. Mo. dowell, & then they could Range in a strong Body--Pray give me Leave to say it is absolutely Necessary for Militia to be Stationed at the afforesaid places Otherwise the Comunication Between Winchester & Augusta will be Emediately Cut off--I am truly sensible nothing in your Power will be Wanting--I have Done every thing in mine --
[Note 1: 1 Inclosures in letter of Captain Rutherford, June 6: --
... LIEOT. JOSEPH MO. DOWELL
... SIR
... You are to Detach Ensign Fry a serjent & twenty Five men with all imaginable Despatch to Daniel Holemans Fort on the North River of Shannandoah which is to be his place of Rendezvous from which he is to Rang back as far as the Lost River of Capcapon & Downwards towards Potamack as far as the most convenient place for your party and his to Meet Wendalls Fort being the place most advisable in my Opinion that point you are to settle to your liking--When Ensign Fry is Marched with his party, you are with the Remainder of the Compj. to Act in the Best manner in your power for the safety of the Inhabitants According to your former Instructions Received from time to time. I shall order part of Lt. swaringens party to join you soon as Possible--you are to hold the strictes correspondence with Ensign Fry that you may join his Party or his yours on the first emergency
I Depend greatly on your good intentions and Conduct I wish you success
... & am your
... Respectful Friend
... R RUTHERFORD
... Given at WINCHESTER the 22d. of May 1758--
... LIEUT THOS. SWARINGEN
... SIR
... You are imediately on the Receipt of this to Detach serjant Morgan with thirteen men to Join Lt. Mo. dowells party, and with the Remainder of your party you are to continue to observe the Instructions which you have Recd from time to time, of me
I Depend greatly on your constant care--Wish you success
... & am
... Yr. Respectful friend
... RT. RUTHERFORD
... Given at WINCHESTER the 23d. of May 1758--
... ENSIGN SAMUEL FRY
... SIR
... You are to depart with all Imaginable Dispatch and March the Party assignd to you, by Lt. Mo. dowell to Daniel Holemans Fort on the North River of Shannandoah which place you are to make your greates Rendezvous from whence you are to Range Back as far as the Lost River and towards Potomack as far as the place agreed on on by Lt. Mo. dowell for his party & yours to meet and as your party is But small their greatest use will be for Intelligence which you are to give the Inhabitants and Lieut Mo. dowell on the Least discovery and then you are to Act as the Nature of the Case will Best admit of by Persuing the Enimy Joining Lt. Mo. dowell or any other party most Convenient and Expedient for the Common good--you are to observe to Tread every step with caution you have a Crafty Warlike Enimy to Cope with which you are not to let Escape if ever in your power Nor are you to Expose your men Rashly I Depend greatly on your Resolution Care and Conduct in Keeping your Men in a Deep sense of their duty as men & Christians and the Constant care they owe to their fellow subjects in this Branche of Business
... I wish you success--
... & am your Respectful Friend
... R RUTHERFORD
... Given at WINCHESTER the 22d. of may 1758]
Am Obliged to set out to consult some Skilful Physition --
May the Guardian Powers Protect you my Worthy Friend & give me leave
... Dear Sir
... to subscribe myself
... Your Most Obliged
... Huble. Sert.
... RT. RUTHERFORD.
June 10th. 1758.
DR. SR.
I have sent you 4 pk. Blankets wch. contain 60 Blankets, as I have no receipt for them shall be Oblig'd to you to give one to Mr. James Strawhan, or the Cash wch. will be more acceptable as it often proves Troublesome gitting of it below.
... I am yr. most Hume. Servant
... FIELDING LEWIS
A Baler No. 2
... Colo. Washington for the Country Dr.
Dotr. Halkerston desires me to inform you that he has never recd. a farthing of his last Acct. given in to the against the Country, and says that he hopes you will assist him in getting of it as you directed him to take care of the Sick. The acct. amts. to Eighty Five Pounds & upwards.
Capt. Thompson is arriv'd in Potomack from London
As you will receive near 700 Arms for the 2d. Virginia Regiment from Williamsburg, you are to take into your Store at Winchester the Maryland Arms which were deliverd to the 2d. Regiment, these Arms are to be delivered to Govr. Sharpe or his Order.
The same proportion of Tools that the 1st. Company of Artificers had, to be delivered to the 2d. Company, with an addition of 12 Pick Axes and 12 Spades or Shovels. The half of the Sand Bags at Winchester to be sent to Connsgochieg, and the other half will serve to carry up to Fort Cumberland the Corn that may be got about Winchester and the South Branch: --
Five Companies of the first Virginia Regiment to beigin their March for Fort Cumberland the 24th. of June, with the 2d. Company of Artificers of the 2d. Regiment. Colo. Byrd with as many Companies as are ready of his Regiment to March the 26th and the Rest of that Regiment to follow with Lieutt. Colo. Mercer so soon as they can be got ready.
One Company of the 2d. Regiment to be station'd at Job Pearsalls and Edwards on the South Branch & Edwards's till all the Convoys of Provision's have passd and then to join--Whatever Escorts are required by Mr. Commissary Walker are to be furnished to him; he is to lay in Provisions for 1800 Men for Six Weeks at Fort Loudoun Cumberland from the day of their arrival, and victual them on their March. The Officers are only to draw single Ration's of Provisions for themselves as the Genl. has no more
Capt. Stewarts Troop of Light Horse are to March up to Fort Cumberland. 30 Barrels of Powder and 100 Boxes of Shott to be carried from Fort Loudoun with 8 Whip Saws to Fort Cumberland.--Given under my Hand at Conegocheague this 13th. day of June 1758
... JOHN ST. CLAIR
June ye. 17th: 1758
HONOURABLE SR.
I return you thanks, for Complying with my requests & hope to give content for your goodness--I shall take ye. Roof off ye. House,1 as soon as ye. Carpenters gets ye. Laths for to shingle on; having ye. chief of ye. Work fream'd at this Instant, I shall want two inch plank for to Cover ye. Balustrade, & am of Opinion that Pine, is before Oak for that purpose. But if you think proper to have ye. Latter, ye. Carpenters can get it. Likewise its requisite ye. weatherboarding that is up, & will be, had a coat of Paynt, for which I spoke to Mr. Washington & he desir'd I would make Uce of ye. red Paynt, when Oyle was got; ye. sooner ye. better that ye. Work may not suffer. The sd. Genl. desir'd I woold write, what Mr. Possey Kitchen amounted to, ye. Value whereof being fourteen Pound. And ye. other work View'd by Mr. Adams Six. Depend Sir on my deligence to forward ye. Work, & will stick to it early & laite til finish'd; & shall allways make it my study to please & serve a Gent. that has done me such a singular piece of Service I remain Honrble. Sir with ye. greatest respect Your Honours Most
[Note 1: 1 At Mount Vernon.]
... Oblidg'd, Most Humble Servt.
... JOHN PATTERSON.1
[Note 1: 1 From Washington's ledger it appears that John Patterson was engaged in this work, as overseer, from December 20, 1757, to September 15, 1759, for which he received £335. 0. 5. This included supplies.]
P. S Sr. please to send ye. Wallnut plank
... with ye. Oyles, The Demensions is
... 6 feet long by If: 6 In Broad & 6 In thick.
[Note 2: 2 Washington's overseer.]
MOUNT VERNON 16th June 1758
SIR
I Receivd. yours by Mr. Posey and Emeadiatley wrote up to you to aquint you of all affairs but fearfull the Letter miscarride, I instantly proceeded in Geting Possey work Vallued and after it was Vallued to Settle with him, he told me at first he would pay the hole acct, but afterwards would pay but £25: 0: 0 which you will see in his Credit, I have sent his Acct and Crdit in the Letter which I hope will Safeley Get to you I Expect to Discharge moxleys acct which is in the hands of Mr. Piper at Court, I Expect all the rents in next week without fail, I shall act according to your orders in paying piper, John Berry Refuses to pay what adams Vallued his work to the other people is willing to pay and I believe ready but not without an Order from you or Mr. John Augt. washington Sir I hope you will not be Douptfull of my Digles Diligence in your business Ile Loose my life before any thing should Go amiss if I can help it, our people has bin very sickly which has hurt us and a Great Deal of hinderence in building which I hope your Hr. will Consider ye. fraime is all sawd but the Leaths which will soon be done ye. house will be raisd next week, Mr. Grymes has had 6 hhds. of Sweet Scented Tobco. from muddy hole which is all of that sort and 3 hhd. which Come from the mountain Quartrs. which was to light & I Carried Tobco. from mudy hole and reprizd & maid one heavier In all Mr. Grymes has had 9 Plese to Excuse our making So little Tobco. I hope we Shall make a good Crop this year I have planted Seventy thousand and Shall finish next season our Corn is very likely and in good Order ye. water fails at the mill Very mutch I sent in the other letter how mutch Corn She has got sence Christmas and wheat All our stock is well and a fine parcell of Lambs the roan mairs Colt groes very fast, I Delivd. to the Sloop belonging to Norfolk 168½ bushels of wheat which was all we could Get ready and I Delivd. the Receipt to Colo. Carlisle their is few people in our County will plant their Crops Our wheat is midling Likeley our oats is very good we sewd of oats 90 bushels I have Drawd Poseys acct of of the book right and set Down all his Credit I shall be Diligent in geting your Debts in and all other things I hope, and shall with Safety Keep the money for you or your order and Should be glad to see Your Honr Down at your Estate in fairfax County
I am Sir your Most Hble Servant to Comd
... HUMPHREY KNIGHT
CARLISLE June 18th. 1758
SIR
Yesterday at Noon I was favour'd with your Letter of the 14th.1 with several others enclosed in it. I hope by the time you receive this that you have got the better of all your difficultys, but after all that has been done if any thing is wanting let me know it and I shall bring it with me to fort Cumberland.
[Note 1: 1 Washington returned to Fort Loudoun the night of the 13th of June, and, finding letters there addressed to Colonel St. Clair, forwarded them. Concerning these letters he observed: "should hardly have opened them, notwithstanding you desired me to do so (with any that might be directed to you at this place relative to the public service), had not Col. Byrd, the bearer, advised it; conceiving there was something contained in them which I might be preparing to execute." This is but one of the many evidences of the implicit confidence reposed in Washington, and of his own strict observance in such matters.]
I must beg you will send me to this place 8 or 10 of Capt. Stewarts light Horse with an Officer and for an Example to the Pensylvanians I shoud be glad of those that are best mounted.
I send you all the News that I can pick up so that I need not repeat what you see in Print. Mr. Hoops writes to Mr. Walker about provisions.
I shall represent to the General the difficiency of Bayonets to Colo. Byrds Regt. if he thinks them necessary he has it now in his power to supply them. I expect the Genl. will leave Philadelphia this Week.
I beg you will make my Compliments to all the Gentlemen of the Virginia Brigade, I am with a most Sincere Regd.
... Dr. Sir
... Your most obedient and most humble Servant
... JOHN ST. CLAIR
[Note 1: 1 "James Sinclair, Esqre," aide-de-camp to Colonel St. Clair. In indicating the names and ranks of the writers of the letters, the editor follows Washington's own wording, as shown by his indorsements on the originals.]
CARLISLE 20 June 1758.
SIR,
I am desired by Sir John St. Clair to acquaint you it is his desire that you send six men of the light horse that he already required to the mouth of Conogockuk, to escort Mr. Glen2 the late Govr. of S. Carolina from thence to Winchester, where he is going to meet Col. Boyd with instructions from Genl. Forbes relating to Indian affairs.
[Note 2: 2 James Glen.]
... I am, Sir, Yr. most obed servt.
... JAMES SINCLAIR
... A D C M G
MARYLAND CONNIGOCHIG June ye. 20th 1758.
May it Pleas Your honers Gentlemen it not With any Pleasure that I Give You This Trouble Therefore I hope You Will Excuse the freedom I have Taken With You it is from the Good personal Carrecture You bear As to adhearing Strictly to Do or Cause Justice to be Done by all Such Persons As You have the honour to Command Therefore it is to You only that I Adress my Self To for Justice The Matter is As followeth Capt. Feilos Came to my house With A parceil of Wagins Said to belong To A Sutler And Turned All Their horses into my medow that was fit to mow I Applied To the Capt. And Complained of the Hardship Who Replied if I Was Displeased With What he had Done he Would Turn them into my Grain And Confine me A prisoner Also And in As much As All Wagins Are hired by the Day I am of Opinion they have No Right to Any thing but What They pay for And in As much As I Am one of Them Whose Lot it is to be one of the Distresed fronters family Not Dareing to Go out to Worke Even to Raise Bread This Treatment from Such As Ought to be our Protectors is unjust And What We Could Only Expect from The Enemy And Ading Distres on Distrest persons in Stead of Protection You Are not un Sencable how hard it Was And is With Such As had the Lot of being The Frontears As Well as my Self Therefore I hope You Will Cause Justice To be Done me by Which it Will Induce me To Acknowledge And Confeirm That Good Carrecture of You Which I have heard of You before As Well As my own private Opinion
... I am Gentel men Your Obeadent Humble Servant
... To Command
... JOSEPH WOLGAMOTE
CONEGOCHEAGUE 21st. June 1758
SIR
I have made Inquiry Concerning the 200 Hatchets Mention'd in your's but has yet got no Information Concerning them
... I am Sir
... Yr. Most Obedt. hble. servt
... JNO. KIDD
[Note 1: 1 Addressed to Colonel Washington, "or the Commanding Officer at Winchester."]
CARLILE THE 22d. June 1758
SIR
I am extremely sorry that a great Quantity of Powder Horns for the second Virginia Regiment were sent up from this place before my Arrival, so there will be no possibility of getting them for you untill you arrive at Fort Cumberland, you must do the best that you can without them. I hope you have received the Kettles & Canteens from the mouth of Conegogie, I have received the three hundred Arms that was sent there, but by mistake they have sent me up the two hundred Hatchets, which likewise shall be sent up to you to Fort Cumberland. I have enclosed you a march Route for a hundred of the N: Carolina Provincials that ought to be at Winchester, they will serve for an Escort for Mr. Walkers second Convoy of Provisions. You'll please tell the Commanding Officer that any Carriages he may want upon his march shall be paid for upon his giving them a Certificate of their Service. The other two hundred of them that arrived at Alexandria are to march up by Fort Frederick I wish you with all my heart a good march and hope soon to have the pleasure of Joining you. My Compliments to Mr. Commissary Walker, tell him a Commissary is sent down to Alexandria to take Care of the N: Carolina Provincials there and that he'll be so good as victual those at Winchester.
... I am Sir
... Your most Obedt. &
... most humble servant
... JOHN ST. CLAIR
The Black is arrived1
[Note 1: 1 In his letter of June 14 to Colonel St. Clair, Washington wrote: "Among the enclosed you will find a letter from Mr. Strother, concerning the French negro I wrote to him for, by your desire. This Negro is a shrewd, sensible fellow; and may be useful, if he was not sent in to the Inhabitants for the purpose of discoveries, rather than of his own accord, for the purpose of escape. He is well acquainted with the Ohio and its dependancies, but hath been longer from Fort Du Quesne than I at first understood. He will set from this tomorrow with a waggon which I shall send towards Fort Loudoun (in Pennsylvania) and I shall desire that he may be forwarded to you from thence."]
June 25th. 1758.
DEAR SIR
I recd. yours inclosing Forty Pound wch. I have placed to your Credit,2 and shall settle your Acct. with Mr. Strother.
[Note 2: 2 Cash paid his brother, Charles Lewis.]
James Gallemore the bearer some time since deserted from Colo. Byrds Regt and is now return'd on my promise that he shall be excused for it, as he voluntarily surrenders himself I immagine he will meet with a ready Pardon
... I am yr. most
... Humble Servt.
... FIELDING LEWIS
[Note 1: 1 Addressed to "Colonel Washington, Commanding at Rays Town or Fort Cumberland."]
PHILADELPHIA Sunday 25th. June 1758
DEAR WASHINGTON
I Receiv'd your letter yesterday from Connogochieg of the 13th. June, and I am thoroughly satisfyed of your way of thinking, in the importance that Indians are of to us, the great application you have given, with the opportunities, and experience you have had not only of acquiring the knowledge of their usefullness, but likewise the proper methode of managing them, gives you very good pretentions to advise the General how to act with them, it would be doing injustice both to you, & the General, if I did not say that he puts that confidence in your way of thinking, which your merit deserves, nor does the General debar any body from telling their way of thinking, when at the same time he only makes use of that part of their way of thinking, which corrisponds with his own, by which means he forms his judgment from the Whole, & acts accordingly, your proposal for a proper person being sent to the Cherokee nation, to remove any disgust that those Indians may have, from the treatment they met with going home, as likewise to endeavour to persuade some of them to Return, & join us, requires a proper attention, and to which the General will pay a due Regard when ever he gets up the Country, as also to the Management of the Indians with us, which till he arrives, can never be properly Regulated--he leaves this upon Wednesday, and the last of Montgomerys Battalion, & Artillery, Marches to morrow. The last accounts from General Abercromby was, his takeing post at Lake George, no News from the Fleet since they saild from Hallifax, Compliments to Stewart, and I Remain Dear Washington
... Yours most sincerely &c
... FRANCIS HALKETT
RAES TOWN June 27th. 1758
SIR,--I Acknowledge the Recct. of your Letter by Capt. Fields, Inclosing me a Blank Commission; but his being detain'd so long upon the way to Fort Littleton, prevented my sending ane Express to Winchester, & I was told by Coll. Bouquet that the day I got your Letter, you was to set off for Fort Cumberland--I Confess myself greatly Obliged to you for your kind offer, and agree with you in oppinion, that a Compy. in the Regiment is preferable to the Lieuty. of the Troop, therefore shall keep the Commission you sent me, & trust to the event of this Campaign for my Continuance --
... I am Sir
... with due respect
... yr. most Obedt. humle. Servt
... WALTER STEUART
[Note 2: 2 Colonel Henry Bouquet, the first in command under General Forbes in the expedition against the French at the head of the Ohio in 1758, was born in Ralle, Switzerland in 1719, and died in Pensacola, Florida, in February, 1766. His taste led him into a military life. He first entered the Dutch service and afterwards that of Sardinia, and in 1748 was again in the service of Holland as lieutenant-colonel of Swiss guards. He entered the English army with the same rank in 1756, and became Colonel of the Sixtieth Foot 19th February, 1762, and brigadier-general in 1765. Secretary William Pitt in planning the campaign of 1758 against the French, in North America, assigned Bouquet's troops, the Royal Americans, then in South Carolina, as was also Colonel Montgomery's Highlanders, to place themselves under General Forbes, at Philadelphia. These were the regulars upon whom General Forbes relied. They arrived in Philadelphia early in June, 1758. Bouquet was a man of courage and a soldier of ability, with the large amount of self-conceit and dogmatism so common [then] to British officers. His devotion to duty minimized these limitations in his character as a soldier. It was chiefly through his influence that the new road from Raes Town was opened and the Braddock road ignored, though recommended by Washington, the delay in the making of which came so near the defeating the purposes of the expedition under Forbes. (See the Washington-Bouquet Letters.)--TONER.]
CAMP AT REAS TOWN, 27th. June 1758
SIR
I hope this Letter will find you Safely arrived at Fort Cumberland; as Soon as you are Settled in your Camp, I beg you will begin to cut the Waggon Road to open the Communication between us.
I have ordered Nichols the Pilot to blaze the Road in going, and to Stay wth. you His Escort may rest one day or two, then come back again.
I have wrote to Col. Byrd to engage the Indians to cover you in your march. I need not recomand you to keep always Strong flanking Parties besides, as you are perfectly acquainted wth. the dangers of a Sudden attacq.
We have not discovered yet any trac or appearance of Ennemis, but we expect to be harrassed as Soon as they know our position.
Mr. Walker has not engaged I hear to Supply you for more than a fortnight after your arrival, and it will be necessary therefore that we join here as Soon as possible.
You will be pleased to provide for the Safety of the Fort, in leaving a Sufficient Garrison wth. Provisions and Ammunition. I think the Maryland Troops could be lefft untill we have further orders from the General.
As I allow no other Pay than one Jill of Rum a day here for common Work as Roads & Intrenchments, I beg you will give the Same Allowance to your men
I shall be extremely glad to See you Soon and am wth. great Regard
... Sir
... Your most obedt.
... & most hble. servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
CAMP AT RAYSTOWN June 28th. 1758
SIR
We arrived at this place on the 24th. with 500 of the Pennsylvanians--Col. Bouquet designs a place of Some Strength hereabouts--From Shippensburg to Fort Loudon 22 miles from that to F. Littleton extreamely bad Road, hilly & stony 20 miles From that to Juniata where there is built a Small Stocade 18 miles From that post to Raystown Camp ... 14 miles The road from Loudon to Juniata worse by far than any betwixt Cumberland & Duquesne, which has engaged Col. Bouquet to adopt the Scheme of Carrying horses.
I recd the Cash of Capt Fields 20/Short in the first Sum, and only Currency instead of Sterling from Mr. Lawson.
Messiers Gist and Allen came up with us the night before we marched from Littleton, and as it was Col. Bouquets Opinion that you would have left Winchester before they could reach it--He thought it could be no great disappointment to have them join you at F Cumberland. --
Hayton Joind us at this place only two days ago--The Waggons were overloaded & all broke on the Road, without any loss of the Cargo --
There were Regulations made here, by Which two Batmen are Batmen are Allowed to Each Company, two hatchet & two Camp Colour men clear of all Camp Duty. --
The Gentlemen here will be at a loss for Carrying Saddles, and as there were Some left at Cumberland belonging to Virginia as I imagine; They will be obligd to you for Sending them a Dozen besides paying for them.
The men are a good deal harassd, but we have lost none--I am with respect,
... Sir,
... Your most Obt. hube. Sert.
... ADAM STEPHEN.
June 29th. 1758
SIR
As the Stationing Twenty of capt. Rutherfords men at Fort Loudoun Gives ye. Greatest uneasyness to ye. Inhabitants In General for Several Reasons First it being Contrary to our Ingagements to ye. men on Capt. Rutherfords behalf Secondly ye. Grate Incouragement we have by So many Active Men Rangeing on our Frontier Thirdly ye. greate Dislike ye. men have to be Stationed There--and fourthly the Inactive Company of Militia could Part better be Spared from Pattersons Fort as we cannot Expect to Receive So much Sattisfaction from the hole Company of Militia as we Should Do from Them Twenty men Besides other Militia I hope to be had
Not as I wood have you Think that we Emagen you to be the author of Such orders But that we Expect it will be in your Power to have those orders Coundermanded and a more Sattisfactorey one Put in Execution that Those men may go to Their former Station
I heartly wish you your health a Successfull Campain and a Safe Return and am Sir
... your Friend and Verey Hum Servt
... JACOB HITE
FOURT LOUDOUN July 1st. 1758
SIR
Since Your Departure there is Nothing happened Extronery, June the 29th. I Settle'ed with Comisary Walker Your Accots. & Your Brothers Which Yours was 7809 Pound of Flour which Amounted to £39 " 0 " 10 & his Account, Against You for Rum was £21 " 13 " 4 The Ballance Reced. by me is £17 " 7 " 6 & Mr. Washington Accot. comes to £7 " 10 " Which I Reced.
Your Over Seear informs me that there was Wheat Enough Carried to Purkins Mill for Teen or Eliven Thousand Weight of Flour which I Cannot Get no Account of only the Above mentioned Mr. Purkins he Denies as he Knows any thing of but I beleave as You may find out by Mr. Ramsey as Mr. Purkins Sold him a Prety Deal of Flour in Barrells which the Over Sear Says that they were Yours,
I should be glad to Know if I am to Supply the Overseer with a Suffitient Sum of Money for to Secour his harves as he has been at me for Sum,
I hav Setled with the Miner & Mr Reddiford Accoding to Your Orders, which the Ballance due to the Miner was Eight Pound,
I have 28 of the New Ridgt. Left here Very sick & has a Deal of Trouble with them,
The Raingers that is Lef with me is Very uneasy as they Should kept in a Garrison & Did Refuse Mounting Guards which Six of them Deserted but now is Brought back they seem to be Satisfyd now as Capt. Bideford [promised] them if he Can Get them Relevd he will The inhatance is Very uneasy as there was no more men Left here for there Safety, the Most of them sems in a fare way to Move off, without more Assistance, the has been a Small Party of the Ennemy In the Inhabitance best Part of the Time as You have been away but has Dun but Little Mishchief any more then Making the People flye off, from there Farms
I Should be Glad to hav Your Advise at all Oppertunities, & to hear of your Health & well fare, from Your Humble Servt. to Command
CHS. SMITH
[Note 1: 1 John Hite, James Wood, and Robert Rutherford, gentlemen, were commissioners for Frederick Country, to examine and state the accounts of provisions, and the pay of the militia, and of the damages done the inhabitants by the Cherokee and Catawba Indians. Hite was also one of the trustees for the enlargement of Winchester, and the building of Stephensburg and Leesburg.]
July 2th. 1758
SIR
Our Inhabitants is most all Fled from Messenuting and we are Generally in Great Expectation Fair of the Enemy upon us at Some Quarter or other and as we have No other Dependens for any Intiligance But ye. Ranging Company, and that Being Weakend by Party Stationed at Fort Loudoun and Part at Daniel Holemans Fort I hope therefore you will think it Reasonably to alter that Property So that Those Rangers May be Restord to their former Duty to ye. Sattisfaction of our Inhabetants in General
I am Sir with Regard your Sincear friend and Hum Servt
... JNO. HITE
... To
... COLLO. GEORGE WASENTON
... These
WINCHESTER the 2d. of July 1758
DEAR SIR
The Stationing of the Rangers in Fort Loudoun gives Such general discontent to the Inhabitants that it obliges me to apply to you to Countermand the Orders, or direct me how to apply to have it done--for I am from being a Person of as much Interest, as any among the Common People, become almost Liable to be Stoned. In Short it is so opposite to the Terms of inlisting the Company, and the engagements made with the men & the People in general at the time of their inlisting, that I am not Surprized it Produces things of this nature.
The Inhabitants (whom I have taken Care to inform that those orders were Contrary to your desire) Rely wholy on you for redress as also dos the Company and as the turns of affairs Since the Issuing those Orders are reasons Sufficient for revoking of them Shall hope for your Interposition in this Case, as the Inhabitants of Messanutting and the whole of the upper Part of the County are intirely gone off, which I very Plainly foresaw, for Some time Past, and it will be the Case here if every endeavour is not used to Support and Comfort the People, as the greatest Pannick now Prevails--Whatever I have done was with a view to Serve the Country and have altogether depended on you for Protection and am Sensible that far as Justice is on my Side I may depend on your favour, and it Coud never be offered to me more timely than in this Distressd Sircumstances.
I am sorry to give you this trouble, but am forced by meer Extreemity, and as you are at Present blessd with Health, I hope it will Sit Light on you, Which may every toil you are now intering into and the Hours Pass cheerfully, till you enjoy the inexpressible Sattisfaction of Compleat Victory and Return with wreaths of Laurel, Elate, with Youth and Success to your friends and fortune, to Compleat and forward which may the Guardian Powers aide is the unfeignd wish of
... Dear Sir
... Yr. greatly affectionate
... and Most Obt.
... Hble Sert.
... R. RUTHERFORD.
CAMP AT REAS TOWN 4th. July 1758
DEAR SIR
I Desire you'll be so good as forward the inclosed to Capt. Gist that he may not be imposed upon by a Scalp which Captn. Johnny pretends to have taken with his Catawbas, Colo. Bouquet is well convinced of the Deceit & desires you will take Care Gist's letter getts to Winchester before Johnny can, The Circumstances are so Strong against him that they admit of no manner of doubt, therefore think he has been sufficiently rewarded for the Service he has done us & deserves not the least Countenance for such a Scandalous attempt,1 I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you soon & am
[Note 1: 1 According to Colonel Bouquet, the Catawbas under Captain Johnny had behaved in a most shameful manner and run away, he wrote, like a parcel of thieves rather than warriors. They had never even killed a deer, and Colonel Bouquet had every reason to suspect that this scalp, which they pretended to have taken, was an old one. When Washington wrote to Governor Fauquier, he touched on the Catawbas, who had "so egregiously misbehaved."]
... Dr Sr
... With perfect regard
... Your most Obedt Hble Servt.
... A. BOTOMWORTH
My Complts. to Colo. Byrd &ca.
Please to Seal Gists letter
CAMP NEAR REAS TOWN 1st. July 1758
SIR
General Forbes having ordered a Communication to be opened from Fort Frederic to Cumberland; I must desire that you will order three Hundred men (Including the Maryland Troops under your Command) to begin to cut on your Side the Said Road already blazed towards Fort Frederic, and to proceed until they meet the 500 men employed to cut from Ft. Frederic. They must have Waggons to carry their Tools, Rum, and Provisions.
If you want Tools, Please to apply to Sir John St. Clair, or to Governor Sharpe.
Besides that Detachment, you will garrison Fort Cumberland, and with the remainder of your Troops, open the Road to Reas Town, where I hope to have Soon the Pleasure to See you, and Col. Byrd.
... I am with the highest regard
... Sir
... Your most obedient
... and most hble servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
[Note 1: 1 Gabriel Jones was appointed deputy attorney of Augusta County, April 14, 1746, "as a fit person to transact his majesty's affairs in this county," and qualified the following May. He was a learned lawyer, and married a Miss Strother, of Stafford Country, a sister of Mrs. Thomas Lewis and Mrs. Madison, mother of Bishop Madison. Peyton's History of Augusta County. At this period Washington's friend was also actively engaged as county commissioner on the militia, town building, etc. This letter was written on the eve of Washington's election to the Virginia House of Burgesses.]
WINCHESTER July 6th. 58.
DR. SIR
The Writs for Election being so long on their way that it was ye. 4th. (our Court day) before they came to ye. Sherifs hands, made it Impossible to have ye. Election before the 24th. as ye. Law directs 20 day's between ye. time they come to hand & that day of Election. I am sorry to find that ye. people & those whom I took to be yr. friends in a great measure change their sentiments & now raise doubts in M[???]res2 that seem to be clear wth. them before, this is ye. consequence of ye. back being turned--your Potowmack people I am afraid will not be stedfast they talk now of the Old Burgesses. West has been two days wth. them, & intends to be very busy till ye. time comes. Colo. Martin publickly accused him with some low transactions, which the other could not clear up, & stands condemned by some of his best friends for such scandalous proceedings--the whole [???]mre is to be laid open the day of the Election. Colo. G. Fairfax will be up & am in hopes will make a great Alteration upon Potowmack the disturbance in Colo. Hites neighbourhood is occasioned by ye. Ranger's being garrisoned--if the removing this Obstacle could be consistent with ye. Interest of the Country & your Duty should be heartily. glad there is now ye. Carolina forces in ye. Fort.
[Note 2: 2 Matters.]
The late blow in Massanutting & the Harvest will prevent a great many from being down, this I don't think will prejudice you so much as my other friend,1 his Interest I think declines among the Quakers where I imagine your's is pretty good, in short affairs are totally changed & may be many times so yet before ye. day, your being elected absolutely depends on your presence that day, this is ye. Opinion of every thinking friend & therefore must in ye. most pressing manner desire it. it happened very unluckily that the writs was so long delayed as it was the Case in Augusta. so that both Election's will interfere, however as I have undertaken to serve you no Consideration shall deter me from it. I shall give up mine, in order to be at your's, where if possible I hope you'l be. I think I have said every thing that ye. little time I have to spare allows me, only be assured of the best endeavour's of
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Washington, Colonel F. B. Martin, Mr. Hugh West, and Thomas Swearingen, were the candidates for Frederick County.]
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. most Obedt. &ca.
... GABRIEL JONES
P. S. Pray tell Capt. Stewart I shall kindly think of him till he return's
WINCHESTER 6th. July 1758
DEAR SIR
I received your very welcome favour from Pearsals--and embrace your kind offers of Correspondence, with the highest pleasure--truely sensible of the Honour you do me. --
The disapointment I met with in not seeing you before marchg. gave me much concern--and your necessary hurry, plague and perplexities--attending the preparations for the field--plead an excuse for not writing you--satisfied of your dispositions to think me incapable of declining a Friendship which every Motive of Gratitude bids me esteem in the warmest manner--and this kind instance Confirms me, I share your friednly regard--in condescending to Communicate your intelligence, and make me a Correspondant--'tis a favour I greatly Value--and will omit no means on my part to continue and Establish a lasting intercourse --
You have no doubt, many disagreable & fatiguing matters to engage with--'tis the case of a Military profession--which your good sense and prudence enables you to support w' wonder--By this time I suppose You at Rays town--from whence a Road we hear is to be open'd to Fort Cumberland--and thro' that Fort the Rout of Your Army is intended--we are also told the General is got to the Camp--tho' Reports are very false --
Our news here and below--are very triffling--Election of Burgesses take up the whole talk at present--this Country Chuse their Representatives the 24th. inst.--when your presence will avail Vastly to accomplish your point--the promises of the Vulgar are too precarious to build your hopes upon--unless you could attain to influence their performance--they entertain a notion of the inconvenience you lye under of attending the Assembly and defending them at the same time--but, you coud speedily reconcile that paradox was it suitable to be here --
The candidates for Fairfax are Colo. Mason--Chas. Broadwater--and Geo: Johnston--the days of Election for Loudoun & Fairfax happen both the 20th. which will weaken Colo. Lee's interest, & it is thought occasion him to be Drop't --
Yesterday 120 North Carolina Men arrived here--they waite orders, for some necessarys to enable them for following you--Winchester has lost its attractions to me, since your departure--All are Dull & dead--Tho' the Court call'd me hither--on Business--yet I am uneasy to begone--When Your Complements shall be duely deliverd your Friends--Continue Your Correspondence & believe me unfeign'dly Dr. Colo. Your Sincere Servt. & Obliged --
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK
CAMP AT RAYSTOWN July 6th. 1758
SIR,
I congratulate you on your Arrival at Fort Cumberland;1 It would have saved Us a deal of trouble to have taken the Same Route--From 800, which is about our Number here, besides Capt. Field's Company There is about 200 on Guard & 150 at the different Works every day. The Engineers have made Choice of a piece of Ground very much resembling that on which F Cumberland Stands, only not So strong
[Note 1: 1 On the 2d of July.]
A Detachment of the Pennsylvanians went towards Laurel-Hill in order to discover a Road that way, but returned without any Satisfactory Account --
There has been no Sign of the Enemy about Us since we incamped at this place --
The first week we were at Raystown our men were so dispersed in Scouting parties, Commands and work, that Col Bouquet did not receive a Return of Troops under his Command at this Place before last Sunday--I am with respect
... Sir
... Your most Obt. huble. Sert.
... ADAM STEPHEN
CAMP AT REAS TOWN 7th. July 1758
DEAR SIR
I take this opportunity of acquainting you that I have sent off this morning 24 Pickt Warriors to Fort Du Quesnes, with Orders to take a Prisoner if possible, and make what Discoveries they can about the Fort; I make no doubt from the good Opinion I have of them, but on their Return we shall receive some Intelligence of the Strength and Motions of the Enemy. Colo. Bouquet has thought proper to send Williams and Vaughan two Serjeants of your Regt. along with them, to prevent Imposition, and desired me to inform you that all our Indians are now distinguished by a yellow Badge, or Fillett which they wear round their Heads, or tye about their Arms or Breast, as they think best and are very conspicuous, & easily seen at a distance in the woods. You'll therefore please Direct the Same Marks to be affixed to all those Indians with you at Cumberland and let them know they are never to appear from Camp without them, as by Neglect thereof, they will be deemed Enemies and fired upon by the White People; You will therefore be so good as recommend the Strict Observance of this Destinction in the Strongest Terms you can, to prevent the fatal Effects of killing one another & Communicate the same to Colo. Byrd on his Arrival, & in case any of his People should go a Scouting, or be sent to the French Fort he will take Care they are all distinguished in the manner described, I have sent you a Pattern enclosed & am
... Dr. Sir
... With all Sincerity
... Your much Obliged Hble Servant
... A. BOTOMWORTH
My best Complts. to Colo. Byrd
& all your Gentlemen
I shall be glad to hear from you if your Time will permit we hear nothing extraordinary at this Camp but wait in daily expectation of the Arrival of the General & the Artillery--I have heard nothing yet about the Canteens which I wrote to Philada. for but dare say they will be here soon.
[Note 1: 1 The Associate of Gabriel Jones. It was Colonel Wood who sat on the bench and represented or took the poll for Washington, and who was "carried round the town in the midst of a general applause and huzzaring for Colonel Washington." Joseph Carroll was clerk of Washington's poll.]
WINCHESTER 7 July 1758.
SIR
The 24th. of this month is appointed the day for the election. Mr. Jones has promised to be here. I wish with him & the rest of your friends that it was possible you could be present to give life to the cause. I have done my endeavor to search into the opinions of the people, and cannot perceive your interest on the decline, tho' some try to persuade me to the contrary. I must own experience has convinced me there is no relying on the promises of the common herd, the promise is too often forgot when the back is turned. There are many of us embarked in the same cause with you, and a disappointment will set heavy on us. If the duty of your station will permit, come down and show your face.2 I think I can then promise success. If you cannot, depend nothing in my power shall be wanting to promote your interest. Mrs. Wood and the rest of the family send their compliments.
[Note 2: 2 Having resolved to quit the army at the close of the present campaign, Colonel Washington had proposed himself to the Electors of Frederick County, as a candidate for the House of Burgesses. The election was now approaching, and some of his friends had urged him to be at Winchester on that occasion, fearing the successful activity of three rival candidates. Regarding his duties in the army, however, as outweighing the considerations of personal interest, he remained at his post, and the election was carried through without his presence.--SPARKS.]
... I am, Sir, with respect,
... Yr. humble servt.
... J. WOOD.1
[Note 1: 1 From a copy. Throughout the original manuscript collection of the Letters to Washington there are copies of letters inserted in lieu of the original letter. The originals were given away probably by Bushrod Washington when the manuscripts were at Mount Vernon.]
CAMP NEAR REAS TOWN 8th. July 1758
SIR
The only Reason I had to desire you to march wth. your Troops to Reas Town was the Scarcity of your Provisions, as it would otherwise not be adviseable to move you, till the General is fully determined upon the different Roads.
As I See that you can be Subsisted for a Sufficient time, you will Stay at Cumberland till further orders.
All your Waggons must be Sent immediately back for the other Convoy. Keeping only with you the number wanted to carry Provisions to the 300 men who are cutting this Road taking the Same precaution for the 200 Marylanders who are to cut towards Fort Frederic.
As I have not here a Number of Troops sufficient for all the different Services of Partys, Escorts, & Works, You will be pleased to Send me to morrow a detachment of 200 men by the Path, and as your Troops are allowed Bat money, I Suppose that you may provide them wth. the necessary Carrying Horses for their Tents.
I Shall in the beginning of next Week open our Communication on this Side to meet your 300 men.
I have ordered a Party of 100 men on the other Side of the Allegheny. --
Mr. Fraser the Capt. of the Guides, and Jo. Walker being best acquainted wth. the different Path, I Shall be obliged to you to Send them both to me to morrow.
General Abercrombie has taken Possession of the Lakes; Genl. Forbes was expected at Carlisle the first Inst. no Letters from him. I am, Sir
... Your most obedt.
... hble Servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
[Note 1: 1 Washington's mill superintendent and one of his tenants.]
July ye. 9: 1758
Most honourabel Cornal this with Great Submishon and i hope with out a fens and i hope your honour is in good health, i have hear made Bold to let you no the Qualatys of your mill i have in gande now gaind 604 Barels of Corn and Sixteen Barels of wheat and have in gaind a Great Deal of Custum from meariland as well as heare and now She fails for want of water By reason of a good Deel of Dry weather which makes me Sorry that i cant grind faster for your Custumers and by have in soCloes in ploy with the mill the fore part of the year it has hind ard me from tendin the ground which i was to have and by Mr. John Washingtons Desiers i throd up the ground to humphry Knight and Mr. John washington told me he would be bound your honour would Sattis fy me for it in which i make no Dout of your honours goodness as i am reaDy to obay and have in a Large famalea to maintane i must in Deaver for a maintaneance for them in which i hope youre honour wont tak it amiss and that you will bepleast to let me no in time if i am to minde the mill argane and upon what tirms as i Can maintane my famalea i be in very willin to serv your honour with out hurtin my Self the hors which your Brother put here Dyd. with a Distemper which is a great Dis a pointment to the meariland Custumars and now Sur i must begg a line as to from your honour that i ma no what i have to Doo up on which i Shall rely. and so to Conclud from your humbel Servant at Command
... WILLIAM POOLE miller
... To
... The HONOURABEL CURNAL GEORGE
WASHINTON--att Win Chester or
... Elsewheare
... This.
CAMP AT RAYS TOWN 11th. July 1758
DEAR SIR
I recd. your favor of the 6th. and Communicated the Contents to Colonel Bouquet; I acquainted you in my last of a Party of 24 Indians being gone off to Fort Du Quesne, when they come near the Place they will divide into two or three small Parties by which means we shall have the greater Chance of getting a Prisoner, I expect them back in 14 days when I hope to send you good news, I really believe the French are but weak & that there are but few Indians at Du Quesne tho' Moskingo is so far distant that there's little Dependance upon the Intelligence we receive from that Quarter, I hear Paris has Carried the Indians who took the Scalp in all 17 down to Fort Loudoun & is now on the road to this place; Majr. Lewis arrived here last night Colo. Bouquet is mightily pleased with their Dress,1 I am Dr. Sr. your most Obedt. Servt.
[Note 1: 1 Washington had equipped Major Lewis's companies with the Indian costume. In writing on this subject to Colonel Bouquet he said: "My men are bare of regimental cloathing and I have no prospect of a supply. So far from regretting this want during the present campaign, if I were left to pursue my own inclinations, I would not only order the men to adopt the Indian dress, but cause the officers to do it also, and be the first to set the example myself. Nothing but the uncertainty of obtaining the general approbation causes me to hesitate a moment to leave my regimentals at this place, and proceed as light as any Indian in the woods. It is an unbecoming dress, I own; but convenience rather than show, I think, should be consulted." It appears that Colonel Bouquet so much approved of "the dress" that he encouraged the army to adopt it.]
... A. BOTOMWORTH
BULLSKIN July ye. 11th. 1758.
HONBLE. COLO.
This Serves to inform you that all's Well Since you left this or my seeing you last. Likewise Serves to inform you of the great Drought Since then, that I have not had a Season to Plant one Single Plant. Every thing fit to Burn up with heat if any Should offer though late I Shall use my best Industry that Way. The Wheat is now Ripe which Shall be laid up as soon and as Safe as Possible, I am at loss in regard to the hands after harvest is over if there's no Tobo. Made Should be glad of Advice Whether to let or Agree with Mr. Stephen's About them to Cut Wood as I am very Willing to do the best I can--I should be glad to know when to let the two Pigs loose which you had of Mr. Dick they are grown very large
... I conclude with the greatest regard
... Your honours most humble
... Servant
... CHRISTOPHER HARDWICK
CAMP NEAR REAS TOWN 11 July 1758
SIR
Major Lewis with the two hundred men under his command arrived here last night. I am extremely obliged to you for this extraordinary despatch. Their dress should be our pattern in this expedition.
The mistake of the 6000 of flour is a great disappointment. I beg you will continue to supply provisions for the Maryland troops, as they are to be supplied by the crown. As soon as the communication will be opened, I will replace what may be consumed. We begin tomorow to cut the road on this side to meet Col. Mercer & save him the trouble of going so far.
I have heard nothing of General Forbes since the 19th. June.
... With the most sincere regard,
... Yr most obedt. Serv
... HENRY BOUQUET.
Camp 6 miles from Fort Cumberland July 12th. 1758.
SIR
The four days provision we brought from fort Cumberland exclusive of Monday, will be exhausted tomorrow night, & as I am so little advanced, & no waggon road to Raes Town I find it impossible to send there for a supply.
I have detached a serjeant & 15 men with 3 waggons which I beg you will despatch to me again to day with provision. I imagine what those 3 waggons will bring, may carry us at least so near, if not to Raes Town, that I shall not be troublesome to you again upon this head.
The woods are open here, but as I have orders to make the road wide, I find it very difficult to clear the timber being all large. A road for one waggon might be cleared as fast as it could drive, we only cleared half a mile the day before yesterday, Yesterday we made out more than two but we are now encamped only 6 miles from you. I had a most violent fit of the ague & fever Tuesday, which confined me all day from 8 in the morning to a waggon, & did not leave me till the same hour next morning.
There were 2 barrels of powder put into the waggons for us of which I informed Mr. Kennedy, & he took out one in my presence. The other the Waggoner suffered too to be taken from him by a little serjeant in a green waistcoat (he says) by the description Sir our quarter master serjeant; of whom I much suspect such a thing as I know him to be very ignorant, impudent & stupid. I beg you order me another barrel as our men are not at all fully supplied & in case of an accident, we have no remedy save two boxes of ball. Pray Sir dont allow the waggons to be overloaded.
If I have my health dont doubt but I will be very diligent in completing the road, but I assure you 2 or 3 more fits will make me incapable of any thing.
... I am
... Sir
... Your most obedient & humble
... Servant
... GEO. MERCER1
or CAPT WAGGONERS
[Note 1: 1 From a copy.]
If any of the men of my company which I left behind sick are recovered, I hope you'll please to order them to join me with this command as I am very weak here.
ALEXANDRIA July 13th. 1758
SIR,
I wrote to you as often as proper but fearfull Some of the Letters miscarried I sent you an Acct. of all I Recd. and what is Due to you, by the boøcks Mr. John Augt. washington Left with me, I shall be Cairfull and Dilligent you may be sure In Your business an all Accts. I have paid Mr. Piper and Recd. all Rents and Cash I Can and Shall Render a Just Acct. you need not Doupt, the Great house was Raisd. about 6 Days ago the bricks is all burnt, in Quantanty 16000 Sixteen thousand all things Goes on well I hope, our negros & stock [mutilated] Well your Colts Groes well, we have [mutilated] Planting which is a Strang thing in our Parts but short seasons and hot weather some is mising but we Shall be Diligent in making it Good When a season permits, I shall work the Carpntrs. to your advantage I hope and all the Rest of your people that I am Consernd with We have a very fine Crop of Corn and in Good Order I am Sir Your Very Hble Servt. to Comd.
... HUMPHRY KNIGHT
CAMP AT RAES-TOWN July 13th. 1758
SIR,
Inclosd is a Return of the Strength of the Six Companies at this Place. --
I wish you would order by the first Opportunity Breech-Clouts for the men; Send the Paymaster and the Store Accounts, in order the Officers of Companies might have time to Settle those matters before the General Arrives, when Some of us will be Orderd to pass the mountains, & perhaps have no Opportunity of Joining again, before We get in a place too much hurried for Settling Accts.
I doubt not but you will think it proper to have all the mens Cloaths at one place, before we march and as it is uncertain which way they march across the mountains, it would be adviseable to lodge them at Fort Cumberland as soon as possible.
I receivd no orders about the New Coats Majr. Lewis brought along with him, but imagine you will have all your Regiment, dress or regr. undress in the Same Manner. It will be necessary the Qrmaster comes with the Paymaster, to prevent any disputing accounts
I am with respect
... Sir
... Your most Obt. huble. Sert.
... ADAM STEPHEN
ALEXA. July 14th. 1758 --
DR. SIR
This Serves Chiefly to Inform you that I recd. the favr. of yours the Day before you marched for Which I am Much Obliged, & Also to Inclose you A Letter from Mr. Richd. Washington the things Shipd. by him for You per Capt. Mirrias is in our Warehouse Safe As your own house is Now Uncover'd We Shall keep them for Some Time, Yr. People Shall Want No Assistance in our Power I Intend to be At the Election In Frederick & may depend on Every thing In My Power, We Are told the Two Rd. Lee's are gone for Westmoreland, Frans. Lee & Thompn. Mayson1 for Strafford --
[Note 1: 1 Thompson Mason.]
The Ladys here Joyn Mr. Dalton & Self In Wishes for yr. health & Safe Return & believe me to be
... DR. SIR
... Yr. Obliged Hble Sert.
... JOHN CARLYLE
To
GEORGE WASHINGTON, ESQ
... To be forwarded by
Liet. Smith at
... Fort Loudoun
CAMP NEAR REAS TOWN 14th. July 1758
SIR
Having been out to visit the Roads I received this afternoon your two Letters of yesterday --
I am obliged to you for the notice of the Sad Accident happened to your Men. This Warning may prevent more effectually than orders the Carelessness and disobedience of our People.1
[Note 1: 1 The killing of two men by the enemy, due to their going out in a careless, straggling mass contrary to Washington's positive and repeated orders.]
The General recommends me to Send frequent Partys to harrass the Ennemies at home, I have actually four out, besides the Indians Sent by Col. Byrd. If you Should think proper to Send Some of your brisk young fellows under the Care of a prudent Officer, we could keep them busy at home.
As I am entirely unacquainted wth. this Country I would look upon it as a favour, if you would let me know your opinion, upon the Possibility of Sending a Strong Party to the Indian Settlements upon the Ohio; If their houses and familis were in danger, I would think that a great inducemt. for them to provide for their immediate defence and leave to the french their own quarrels to fight
Before the General could be acquainted wth. your New Dress, he has approved it extremely upon a hint I gave him Some time ago.2
[Note 2: 2 "It gives me great pleasure to find you approve of the Dress I have put my men into. It is evident soldiers in that trim are better able to carry their provisions; are fitter for the active service we must engage in; less liable to sink under the fatigues of a march and by this means get rid of much Baggage, which would otherwise lengthen our line of march.--These and not whim or caprice were my reasons for ordering them into it"--Washington's reply.]
It takes very well here, and thank God, we See nothing but Shirts and Blanketts, &ca.
The Convoys fall So thick upon us, that we have no time to do any thing but to lodge them and I am obliged to beg the assistance of your Second Compy. of artificers for a few days after they have cut the Road, and build two Logg houses half Way, for a detachment and Some Stores if wanted.
The General desires you would Send a Party to reconnoitre Braddocks Road, and begin to clear a few miles, repairing the Bridges, &ca.
We have not a Soul idle in the Camp The Field Officers being themselves overseers
We Shall have Carrying horse, and few Waggons and Still less Bagage;
Our new comers Cherokee, are gone away after having Stolen our goods. It is a great humiliation for us to be obliged to Suffer the repeated Insolence of Such Rascals; I think it would be easier to make Indians of our White men, than to cox that damned Tanny Race.
You will receive the General's Standing Orders which we have read this morning to the Troops here.
I am at a Loss how to Settle the money between the two Provinces; If you could tell me the way, I woud be obliged to you.
My Respects to Mr. Glen & Col. Byrd
I am most Sincerely, Sir,
... Your most Obedt.
... humble Servant
HENRY BOUQUET
You have forgot the Letter from Capt. Dagworthy1 I write to Col. mercer.
[Note 1: 1 Washington swore once, it is said, in later years, at the battle of Monmouth; perhaps twice, but this is the first and only time, I believe, of record, that he was told, "You have forgot." "The enclosed," he had written, "I this instant receive from Captn. Dagworthy--If it is not in your power to afford him assistance, he must suffer, as it is entirely out of mine to do it."]
CAMP AT RAESTOWN July 14th. 1758
SIR,
I wrote yesterday, intended by Capt. Botomworth but was out when he sett off --
Nothing new Since, only two men have deserted Viz John Clandinnon a damnable tall fellow & Adam Clandinnon his brother inlisted lately by Lt. Charles Smith--I have sent Advertisements through Pennsylvania, & have trusted to the Officers of their Companies to send you by this Opportunity --
I have thirteen of Capt. Flemings Company left here sick, one of Capt. Fields Company had his Leg broke yesterday & another cut him himself much on the Road, These beside our own sick are a Burthen to me, which would be much relievd by a Surgeons mate--I Expected Mr. Johnston yesterday,--And Beg--you will order him off immediately if the Bearer should find him at Fort Cumberland
I am with Respect
... Sir
... Your most Obt. hbe. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN.
CAMP RAYS TOWN July 17 1758
SIR
Capt. Robt. Stewart writes me he show'd you my letter ... wherein I wish'd to be in the Light horse--and tho he is Engag'd if tis left to his Choice--and you will not interfere in it --
Give me leave to Accept the Friendship Colonel Bouquet has for me--who told me he wou'd ask it for me of the General--I wait your permission (if it is not promis'd tho indeed I'm afraid it is, Col Bouquet will Endeavor to get it for me)
therefore as he is kind enough to Interest himself so much in my behalf ... permit me Receive this favor ... which will give me great pleasure and the more as I shall still Continue under your Command
... I am Sir
... your very Obedt.
... Humble Servt.
... EDW HUBBARD
CARLILE the 19th. July 1758
SIR
I am desired by General Forbes to acquaint you that there is sent up to Rays Town in Order to be forwarded to you at Fort Cumberland Eighty tents with Tent poles compleat for the use of your Regiment & Colonel Byrds. This number is all we have at this place at present. I am
... Sir
... Your most Obedient & most
... humble Servt.
... JAMES SINCLAIR
... A: D: Qr. Mr. Genl.
[Note 1: 1 Late Governor of South Carolina.]
CAMP REAS OR BOUQUETSBURGH July 19th. 1758
GENTLEMEN2
[Note 2: 2 Colonels Washington and Byrd.]
The civilities I received from you at your Camp were many, but at present my acknowledgments must be few, for I have borrowed this single sheet of paper to pay my thanks to you both.
The beauty, regularity and cleanliness of this camp will charm you, It is slightly fortified with a parapet of wicker work, extreamly neat, rammed full of earth taken out of a small ditch on the outside and (which is surprizing) it was begun and finished in one day, altho' it be near 400 feet square, with small bastions in the middle of each side, and no interruption of the other Camp duty; There are at present 1500 men in it, but it is capable of containing 4000 by placing the Tents nearer, which are all so disposed, that in case of an alarm, every man who stepps out of his Tent finds himself at his post. There are also Forts, Redouts, Raselins, Magazines &c &c and all this without one farthing expence (except about nine pence per day to the best house Carpenters) such wonders does the admirable Bouquet work in the Wilderness. Come and see, or will you defer it till your return from Du Quesne?
I wish Col Washington could be prevail'd upon to think with me that his presence is more necessary at Winchester, for one day at least, than in Camp Cumberland, had I the pleasure of being better acquainted I would press it, had I any authority I would command it, I hope he will permit me to pray it. A propos I was at public prayers this morning before four Oclock. I hope Mr. Barcklay is better. A hint.
I hope the party that were sent to view the road have not lost themselves for they have not been able to find their way back yet
The General is expected at this Place the beginning of next week depend upon my writing to you every thing that happens--now and then what is likely to happen
My Compliments to my friend and fellow-traveller Capt. Stewart and all the Gentlemen Officers of both Battallions I am with truth
... Gentlemen
... Your most Obedient Servant
... JAMES GLEN
CAMP AT RAES TOWN July 19th. 1758
SIR,
Col. Bouquet was at first in a great dilemma betwixt his great inclination to serve you, & the Attachment he has to regularity, duty & discipline. He is sensible the Enemy we deal with is Active and Enterprizing, & thinks himself answerable for What happens in your Absence. But as he is really a good man, & willing to Oblige, His Inclination to Serve you gaind the Superiority, and He has such a favourable Opinion of you that, That he will not easily believe that matters go Right until you return1
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Bouquet gave Washington leave to attend the election. In acknowledgment Washington said: "I am exceedingly obliged by the handsome and polite manner in which you are pleased to give me leave to attend the Election at Winchester. Altho' my being there on any other occasion would, at any other time, be very agreeable to me; yet I can hardly persuade myself to think of being absent from my more immediate Duty, even for a few days. I will not however come to any absolute determination on this matter till I receive answers to some letters on that subject (which I expect this night or tomorrow) In the meantime I beg you will allow me to subscribe myself &c., &c."]
I have sent a provision Return of this Detachmt. and will Obey your Orders respecting the Dress &c.
John Dow never wrote me whether you paid him my order, £30 for Alexander & Lochard & £23 Lt. Blagg amounting to £53 If it is not paid be so good as take up the Order, now you are going down, and oblige
... Sir
... Your most Obt. hble. Sert.
... ADAM STEPHEN
July the 19th 1758
dere Coll I Shold take it as a greait favor if you wold Send the Cash for the iron by the first opertunety to me as ihave got the order and it is in Closed in this Leter and we are all youere a mos frendes are dowing all that Lyes in there power to have you alectid and I hope it will be mead out if you wore here youere Self it wold be out of despute So no more at present from youere
... frend and hombil
... Sarvent to Comand
... EDWARD SNICKERS
N B Mr. Balindine
Sent Mr. Linton up
after the pay for the
[mutilated] Mr. Smith
and as he Cold not
geat it he give me an
order. iam yours
... E. S.
WINCHESTER July the 20th. 1758.
SIR
here with you you have the agreeable News of taking all the Outworks at Lewisburg your Papers will come by the Command & as the Carolina Soldiers had no Arms I Sent Capt. Tom with 25 Indians as far as South branch who is to come back to this town, from ther; as no doubt you will Send a Guard to South Branch, to take Care of these 50 Waggons with Stores & Provisions, & as your waggons will come again the Same Indians will come then with Me. I have advices from the Cherokee Country that the Indians will not come untill the heat is a little over, I Sent Smith away the 14th. the express Met him at augusta I ordered Mr. Cromwell with him who will Delay no time, they cannot be here in less than forty days from this day, I believe it is a good thing Smith is gone there as he will Set every thing right.
I have a Letter from Mr. Turner to General Forbes, which I am going with My Self. he is at Carlyle the waggons is at Parrises the Bearer will Set Out at 10 OClock hope you will See him to morrow let him come with the next command or Sooner excuse hast
... Sir
... Yr. Most Obedt.
... Huml. Servt.
... CHRIST. GIST
WMS. BURGH July 20th. 1758
SR.
I recd. your Favour of the 10th. on the 18th. with an inclosed Acct. of the Stores left at Winchester, and of the Tools deliver'd for the use of the 2d. Regiment: but had no Acct. from Mr. Smith of the Arms, nor from Mr. Ramsay of the Provisions issued for the Subsistance of the Men since Sr. John St. Clair's Arrival at Winchester, when I apprehended our Men were to be provided for out of the Stores belonging to the Crown.
In Relation to Coll. Bouquets paragraph about the Catawba's I am not much surprized for I have never entertain'd any high Opinion of the Friendship of any Indians, nor form'd any great Expectations from their Services. as for sending any Messenger to them as he proposes I apprehend it will be too late to undertake any Thing of that Sort for the Benefit of this Campaign, and according to their Behaviour in it, we shall be better able to know what to say to them at the End of it. All that is now to be done seems to me to be this, to keep those in good Humour who still remain with you, lest they should do Mischief to the Inhabitants in their Return home (as some have done) if they leave you in an ill Humour. But as you have already wrote to General Forbes on this Subject I shall readily acquiesce in any Measure you shall agree to be proper.
I beg you would assure the General and Sr. John St. Clair of my Respect to them, and of my Readiness on all Occasions to assist his Majestie's Forces in all their Operations, in which I sincerely wish you all imaginary Success and am with great Regard
... Sr.
... Yr. very Humble
... Servt.
... FRAN: FAUQUIER
FORT LOUDON 20th. July 1758
SIR
In my last I omitted to inform you that I sent four Boxes in room of the three Barrells of flints ordered in your letter of the 10th. Inst.; Since which I have the favour of your letters dated the 11th. & 14th. I sent your horses imediatly to your Quarter and shall take the first safe oportunity of forwarding them to your house in Fairfax; The answere I had from old Mr. Stinsons, was, that Valentine Crawford had deliverd the Hanger your Brother left there to Bishop, about six week months agoe.--I gave your Overseer Seven pounds with instructions to pay none of it away without Receipts, and to produce the same at his settling with me, when, he shall have more if wanted, I take this to be the most prudent manner.
Imediatly on receiving your last, I obeyd your orders relating the Rangers as you'l observe by the Inclos'd returns and as soon as a reduction of the men is made if under 40 shall apply to Capt. Rutherford for sufficient to make that number up; But Pray Sir of what service can fourty men be off, to this place? alowing (which I have reason to think will be the case all this Summer and fall) thirty of them not able to crawl out of their Beds: They are not indeed a Sufficient Guard to the Stores nor will those that are well be able to bring water to the Sick; Besides with this number I am ordered to Carry on the Well and cover the Barracks, which no doubt is expected from me. I shall take it kind after considering on this if you'l assist me with your advice; In the mean time I shall act according to the orders I have and endeavour as far as in my power to do for the Best.
I receiv'd a Letter from Quarter Masr. Kennedy wherin, "by your orders" he sends for 1000 pair of Shoes, 200 Shirts, with a Drum & Sticks; Mr. Kennedy is no doubt sencible that there was a Receipt given for only 708 pair of Shoes however I found four pair more which makes 712 pr.: As I imagin'd no Officer wou'd presume to make use of your name without your orders I have sent by this Escort these things, Notwithstanding yours orders to me are, not to deliver any stores without letters from yourself or orders from the Governor, Of Consequence I was also oblig'd to give out to Capt. Bayly for his men that are in this Escort, Twelve Musketts; My not having your own Letter to send these Stores gives me uneasyness, and I shall be glad to hear from you by first Oportunity whether or not I have Acted right, I imagind this might be the last Escort and that it woud have putt the Country to much Charge and perhaps a Delay to the forces if I had denyd Mr. Kennedys order, or waited till I sent an Express to you.
This day I am to receive from the Armourer all the Arms belonging to the Country in his Charge, these, with what are here I shall imediatly make an Exact return of, and send a Copey to the Governor and one to you by first oportunity after this
I had almost omitted to inform you that the Magazine has sprung a Great many Leaks which keeps every man in Garrison that is fitt to move besides myself constantly employed, to make it tight
I am hopefull the Small pox will do no mischief; The Soldiers are never out of Garrison nor your men from the Shop day or night except for water which is a Different Course from where the Man lyes that has that Dissorder
I wish Sir it was in my power, to give you more incouragement than I can with truth do in relation to the Election; A great many of your pretended Freinds at the time you was here, now seem doubtfull, and will not promise whether they'l give you a vote or not; Your Freinds here have not yett determin'd who, will be the properest person to take the Pole for you--Colo. Wood is propos'd, as it is thought Colo. Hite and Mr. Jones as active men can be of more service out of door & perhaps my standing might give disgust to some of the weaker freeholders whose votes goe as farr as those of men of sence. You may be assured we will consult for and do for the best before the Election begins, This farr you may depend, on having the most Creditable vote of the Whole Candidates, as there is not one of your real Freinds but what are more active and industrious in your behalf than they wou'd be was you present. Your Brother Colo. Lewis coud not be carryed in Spotsylvania, Col. Waller and Zachrey Lewis went by a Vulgar Majority from Matapony.--Colo. Wood at this time is desperatly Bad with the Gout, he wanted to write you but is not able.
I heartyly Congratulate you on the Good news from Lewisbg. the Particulars you'l receive by the Papers which acompany this. I am
... Sir
... Your most Obedt. Hume. Sert.
... CHAS. SMITH
WINCHESTER July 20th 1758
SIR
It gives me Real Concern to trouble you further--but the Continued Complaints of the Inhabitants and intreaties of my men; as almost the whole of them that have been in the Fort have Contracted Severe fluxes which has vastly weakend the Company; Obliges me to Presume to Mention One Step which Might be taken to Relieve them; which is this; there are in Fort Loudoun Several of the new Regiment in Such a State that it is impossible for them to undergo the fateigues of Marching this Season, even if they are removed from that Place, their Corps must inevitably inrich the Soyl only a Little further from home & were they Continued there where they Can be Comforted with Proper Nourishments, it woud render them Capable of Performing duty in the Garrison very soon. by this time I am also truly Sensible there are many others of that Regiment in the Same Circumstance, and were they Sent back to this Garrison 2/3ds. of them Might be recovered, which wou'd be treating the Poor wretches with the Hospitality due to Human Creatures, and Disposing of them for the Common Good--I am truly Conscious that every thing in your Power will be done for the best --
There is a good Prospect of Success in the ensuing Election, as your friends Push every thing with the greatest ardour; even down to Will the Hatter and his Oyly Spouse Show the greatest Spirit in the Cause
... I am with Sincere Esteem
... Dear Sir
... Your most obt
... Hble Sert.
... R RUTHERFORD
CAMP AT RAYS TOWN 20th. July 1758
DEAR SIR
I have the pleasure to acquaint you that Yesterday a Runner arrived here from one of the Parties of Indians which I had sent out to Fort du Quesne & brought the agreeable News of their having killed & Scalped one Frenchman & mortally wounding two others near the Fort, they only saw a few Indians but that a great Number of Frenchmen were at work in some Trenches at a small distance from the Fort I verily believe they are but weak & that their main Body of Indians is certainly gone to the Northward. I have the Satisfaction of assuring you that our Troops were all landed in Gabrouse1 Bay and had sufferd much from the French in their Trenches & Battery which they had erected to annoy them the Highlanders2 distinguished themselves greatly in this action by falling upon their Flanks & forcing their Trenches the French abandoned all their Batterys along Shore & we had made ourselves masters of the Lighthouse Battery & hope before this we are in Possession of Louisbourg,3 we have also taken a 64 Gun Ship coming in there with a Transport or two. I'm sorry to tell you that the brave Lord1 was killed in dispossessing the French of one of their Posts in a Small Island upon Lake George that we had taken 140 Soldrs Prisoners & 8 Officers after landing & were in Possession of the same, I can't give you an exact account where Genl. Abercromby was but its thought he must be in Possession of Ticonderoga before this or repulsed there are various Conjectures. Your Canteens are not yet come up but are upon the road as soon as they come here shall take Care to send them, I have desired Mr. Gist to deliver you a dozen of Lemons wch. were all I could gett The Artillery is at Shippens Town & I expect the Genl. here the beginning of next Week I have heard that Genl. Stanwix is at Albany collecting all the N York Militia nothing further remarkable but this I am
[Note 1: 1 Gabarouse or Gabarus Bay.]
[Note 2: 2 Frazer's Highlanders. General Wolfe was so pleased with the behavior of two of these Highland soldiers that he gave each of them a guinea.]
[Note 3: 3 Until the 7th of June the high winds and surf had prevented every attempt of the British to land. On the morning of the 8th, however, wind and swell having abated, the cannon of the English fleet began to play upon the French works, and shortly after a landing was effected. It is to this action, known as "the battle of the surf," that Captain Botomworth refers. It was the opening move against Louisburg, and is of additional interest from the fact that then the gallant Wolfe made his first appearance in American annals.]
[Note 1: 1 Lord Howe was killed at Ticonderoga on the 6th of July. For an admirable account of this distinguished officer, see Letters of an American Lady, vol. ii.; Biography of James Wolfe, Wright. Read, also, Thackeray's Virginians.]
... Dr. Sir
... Your much Obliged Hble Servt.
... A BOTOMWORTH
my Complts. to Capt. Stuart &ca.
RAES TOWN July 20th. 1758
SIR
As you did not Acquaint me, when I was to Date the Commission, you was Pleased to send me, I have referr'd filling it up, untill I had the Pleasure of Seeing you; But as you Seemd to be of Oppinion, when I spoke to you at Winchester, that I had a right to the Pay, from the Date of Col Mercers Commission, I drawd Pay from Mr. Boyd--from the first of May--If the thing is Disagreeable to you, I shall Return the money again to him --
Col. Bouquet has been Pleas'd to Appoint me Major of Brigade, for this Division of the Troops, untill the General Came up, & tells me there is one to be Appointed for the Virgns. As your letter gave me reason to believe you was willing to do me a kindness, I beg leave to request your interest again in this, which favr. shall be gratefully acknowledged by
... Sr. Yr. most Obedt. humle. Servt.
... WALTER STEUART
ALEXANDRIA 21st. July 1758 --
DEAR SIR
Your intelligence of the 12th. came regularly to hand--in which no circumstance equals the agreable account of your good health--the only blessing necessary for Life--but more especially to promote Spirit & pleasure in the Toils of a Campaigne
The invariable attention, indefatiguably pursued by the Pennsilvanians, without regard to the common interest, for advancing their private fortunes--have long been glaring proofs of a Selfish & Sordid principle -- which will ever prevail to obstruct the Generous attempts of their associates for Liberty and Property--and this instance of the partiality paid them by Signior St. Cl--r the Bashaw1--is certainly owing to the influence of that meaness--wrought upon his Foible by some fellow of address--but Quere,--how far the Bashaw's penetration can carry him to distinguish in matters of such importance--where prejudice--or rather pride in the first place--attended wt. the love of power--passion--and Self Sufficiency--Conspire to put him into Motion--We must undoubtedly expect nothing but irregularities & inconsistancies, from Such a Contrasted Character --
[Note 1: 1 The writer by "Signor St. C--r" substitutes Major St. Clair for General Forbes. The latter was believed by the Virginians and Marylanders to have been too much under a Pennsylvania influence, in resolving to make this new road across the mountains from Carlisle to Fort Duquesne, by way of Raystown, in opposition to the Braddock road by way of Forts Frederic and Cumberland favored by Washington. Washington wrote to Governor Fauquier on this subject: "The Pennsylvanians, whose present as well as future interest it was to have the expedition conducted through their government, and along that way, because it secures their frontiers at present, and their trade hereafter, a chain of forts being erected, had prejudiced the General absolutely against the old road, and made him believe that we were the partial people, and determined him at all events to pursue that route." See, also, Governor Robinson's letter of September 13, 1758, with particulars regarding the action of the Virginia Assembly on what they imagined was partiality shown to Pennsylvania.]
We who view the actions of high life at so vast a distance, can only form conjectures--agreable to the small extent of our knowledge--& ignorant of the comprehensive Schemes intended--mistake plaguily in Judging by the piece--Perhaps the Pensilvanians--had plan'd Some grand Affair--to be perfected a Century hence--by cuting a Road from Rays Town--however, all Jesting apart--this delay and triffling of time is a Lamentable matter--We had accounts last Post of the armys landing & incamping at Louisburg--and expect by this time they have reduced it--however, you have the news more particularly & readier at Fort Cumbd. than we--therefore I need not repeat them --
Your Regiments attachmt. and Spirit to the Service, shews itself not only in Change of Dress--adapted to the Service--but in every Steddy purpose for the publick Good--that motives of patriotism and principles of true Honour can inspire--as they have always been the Spring of Your Actions--may they produce their due reward for the toils that accompany them--A Glorious & Peaceful retirement--to the pleasures of private Life --
To tell you our Domestick occurrences woud look silly--& ill sute your time to peruse--We have dull Barbecues--and yet Duller Dances--An Election causes a Hubub for a Week or so--& then we are dead a While--Yesterday Geo: Mason & Geo: Johnston--were Chosen for Fairfax--Francis Lee & James Hamilton for Loudoun--Other Matters are not worth notice--to speake of Tobo. to You--is Still more impertinent--tho' it is Tobo. in reality this Summer--& exceeds the highest prices for many Years--30/ Curry. has absolutely been given & 25/ is frequent--whoever consigns Tobo. surely must be Enemys to their own interest --
Your friends Salute You wt. the greatest Respect -- & Unite their Wishes with me for Your Health & Happy Success--I am
... Dear Colo.
... Your Most Affect. Servt.
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK.
P. S. I'm astonish'd Doctr. Craik1 does
not write--I fancy his hands are full
[Note 1: 1 Dr. Craik undoubtedly had "his hands full." He was working zealously for Washington: the election was to take place on the 24th.]
CRESUPS July 23rd. 1758
8 oClock P.M.
DEAR SIR
Your favour of yesterday's Evening was handed me this morning before Reville Beating--In answer I beg leave to assure you that should that formidable Body of Indians attempt this place I will exert myself to the utmost in giving them a proper Reception --
It was some time after dark before the Junction of the little Partys that compose my small Command could be effected, then I did not loose a moment in placing advanc'd Sentrys and appointing Alarum Posts &Ca. on rect. of yours we repair'd to these Posts and so soon as day came Detach'd some of our best woodsmen different ways to endeavour at making some discoverys, employ'd a Party to repair the Fences and finish the Penns and at present thinks I have little to fear from double my numbers
The Doctr. & Mc.Neil desir'd I would have an Escort for them at Enocks's Wednesday night as the Enemy is about will send every body I can spare
There's glorious Grass here, I wish to God you would use your Interest to keep me here till we begin our long March--I beg you'll Please present my Complimts. to Colo. Byrd and the rest of my good acquaints. with you & believe me to be with unalterable Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your truely affecte. &
... much obliged hble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
July 24th 1758
DR. BURGESS1
[Note 1: 1 Such term being more expressive of McNeill's joy at Washington's election than "Dear Colonel" or "Dear Sir."]
I have the infinite pleasure to Let you know that you exceeded all the Candidates here and carry'd it over the highest 71 Votes Extrodinary
... I am
... Sir
... Your Most humble Servt.
... JOHN MC.NEILL
P. S. Mr. Martin is
your Collegue
24th. July 1758
... Bush's
DR. SIR
Permit me just as I am going off to wish you joy of yr. Election & tell you that I am very sincerely
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. most Obedt. Servt.
... G. JONES
CAMP AT RAYS TOWN 24th. July 1758
DEAR SIR
I recd. your favour & am sorry to tell you that we have been repulsed at Fort Carillon,1 we lost 1000 men & the brave Lord How fell the first fire they all landed at the bottom of the Lake without opposition the French Indians run away at the first Fire, Major Rutherford & Captn. Rutherford are in the list of the Slain, The Remains of Lord How are brought to Albany; we have taken a French Frigate coming out of Louisbourg with the Governor's Lady & all the Treasure of the place there is not the least reason to doubt of its being in our Possession--The Delaware Indians have sued for a Peace Old King Tudyuscanny has taken up the Hatchett against the French I wish this may not be a Stroke of French Policy, they Promise to join us from the Ohio and have settled Signals for that Purpose I shall have some dependance upon them when they bring in their Women and Children They are to release 300 English Captives, the Genl. sleeps at Fort Lyttleton this night & will be at this Camp on Wednesday for certain. I am
[Note 1: 1 As part of the military operations for 1758, it was intended to dislodge the French from Ticonderoga or Carillon (as the French called it), and accordingly on July 6, Major-General James Abercromby determined to carry the place by assault. The siege lasted until the 9th, and ended in Abercromby's complete rout, so much so, says Mr. Gerald E. Hart in his admirable paper, The Fall of New France, read before the Soceity for Historical Studies of Montreal, that had he been followed by Montcalm he would not have escaped without a tremendous loss of life. According to the same authority, the English forces consisted of the Royal Artillery, the 27th, 42d Highlanders, 44th, 46th, 55th, 1st, and 2d Battalions of Royal Americans (the 60th), commingled with 9000 provincial troops. Major Rutherford and Captain Rutherford, of whom Captain Botomworth writes to Washington, were of the latter, and our own countrymen, who gave up their lives in the winning of Canada for Britain.]
... Dr. Sr.
... Your most obedt. Hble Servt.
... A. BOTOMWORTH.
Your Canteens are upon the road/
FORT LOUDOUN July ye. 24 1758
DEAR SIR
I have the Pleasure of congratulating you on being Elected by a great majority of the freholders of Frederick
I am at present very Ill with the Rheumatism in my knees which with the different contradictory orders from Mr. Hoops puts me much to it, how to act and indeed almost determines me not to be concernd further than I have already engaged, of which I will write you more fulley when oppertunity Permits
... I am Sr.
... Your Humble Servt.
... THOS. WALKER
P. S. I propose to send ye. next Convoy on ye. 14 of next month & hope for some waggons down from you & a Guard
FORT LOUDOUN July ye. 24th. 1758
DR. BURGIS1
[Note 1: 1 Captain Smith must also make use of some term more expressive of his rejoicing than commonplace "dear Sir." He was one of Washington's devoted friends.]
I have the Happiness to Inform You your Friends have been Very Sincere So that were Carried by a Number of Votes more than any Candidate, as by the numbers. under Certifyed. Colo. James Wood Sat on the Bench, and Represented Your Honour, and was Carried round the Town with a General applause, Huzawing Colo. Washington, pray Excuse my haste I am Entertaining Your and my Friends,2 and am with Due Regard Your most
[Note 2: 2 "I am extremely thankful to you and my other friends for entertaining the Freeholders in my name. I hope no Exception was taken to any that voted against me, but that all were alike treated, and had enough. It is what I much desired. My only fear is that you spent with too sparing a hand."--Washington to Colonel Wood.]
... Humble Servt.
... CHARLES SMITH.
P. S. the representatives that Sat up were as Followeth and Number of Votes Viz.,
This is the True State of ye. Ellection
WINCHESTER July 25 1758
DR. SIR
I Reced. yours per Dr. Craiks with 75£ Wch Shall Immediatly Lay out In A bill & Remit as Directed--the Goods In my Care Seemed to be Chairs & a Small box that has yr. Armes In it Cut In Wood--If your Letter that you mention Comes to my hand Shall Immediatly forward up to you, I cannot Say how Mr. Washington has Settled the Insurance but Shall Write him Abt. it per first Oppertunity --
I have Yett not given up hopes of Copethorn I have Ten hhds.1 on hand without one Penny Insured & now woud not Give 25 per ct. I heartily Congratulate you on yr. Election here you Need Not doubt but We did Every thing in our Power to Serve you We Came here on Purpose
[Note 1: 1 Of tobacco. Washington's crop or sales at this period (July 22, 1758) amounted to £244, 10. 10.]
I Wish yr. Health & us a happy Meeting Concludes Me Dr. Sir
... Yr. Very Affectionate Hble Sert.
... JOHN CARLYLE
WINCHESTER July 25th. 1758
SIR
I heartily wish you joy on your Election and hope you will soon return crownd wt. Laurells to take your place in the house
I shoud not now trouble you farther was it not necessity obliges me, as a word from you may bring the Gentn. to a just sense of gratitude which all the methods I have taken cannot. In April 1755 At Capt. Woodwards earnest supplication & his promise to repay me very soon I let him have above £22 "Cash to clear him of small debts out of Fredg., many months after I got ten pound of it from Anthy. Strother on Accot. of a £100 Bill Capt. Woodward drew on London endorsed by Col. Tayloe who has Since been obliged to pay it as it came back protested. I have repeatedly wrote Capt. Woodward when in Augusta & the Lrs. delivrd to his own hands but no Answer, the inclosed order Mr. Strahan showd him when here he promised to pay it before he went up but took care to march without doing it, I beg the favour you will speak to him so as I may get my money which is too much to lose as I have a family & it is no charity to let him have it wantonly to spend wt. the Sutlers &ca. I have endorsed the Note payl. to Mr. Ramsay as he will soon return, your friendly Assistce. therein will very much add to the many Obligations conferrd on
... Sir Your most Humbe. Servt.
... CHAS. DICK
WINCHESTER July 25th. 1758
DEAR SIR
Since my Arrival I have been much indisposed and am now troubeld with slow Fevers every day. But yett was determined to try my old friends for you and Colo. Martin, and have scarcely time to acquaint you that we have succeeded in our Wish and that your Colleague sett of tomorrow to Attend the Assembly which is thought will be but Short.--Upon the Receipt of your favour I went to Mount Vernon in Order to assist Mr. Patterson with my advice if wanted. But I found every thing fraimed and prepaired to put up. and when I was last their the Roof was Raised and they were larthing of it, so that I hope it will soon be coverd, but if any thing will prevent it, it will be for want of Shingles. But I expect John Gladin will soon be up with some. Triplett has made and burnt the Bricks and intends immediately to sett about the underpinning--I propose and shall Recommend their priming the weather boards as soon as possible to prevent Warping--and any thing else that I see to your interest 1--I congratulate you on our Success to the Northward and hope we shall soon have the Dunkirk of No. America 2 in our hands, and I think I may Venture to say Mr. Pitt woud give it up for Minorca or any other Island, as his grand and favourite Object is these Colonies 3--I have not time to add more than my best wishes attend you and that you may add Sprigs to your Laurels and sit down quiet and easy for the future on the banks of Potomack, which will be the greatest inducement to keep me on this side the water.
[Note 1: 1 Details of the rebuilding of the mansion at Mount Vernon.]
[Note 2: 2 Louisbourg.]
[Note 3: 3 Our forefathers bear testimony that we should ever honor the name of William Pitt Earl of Chatham, as our staunch friend. "It was the zeal of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, that had produced a change in the Counsels of his Majesty's ministers respecting America. He stipulated that the colonial troops should be supplied with arms, ammunition, tents, and provisions, in the same manner as the regular troops, and at the King's expense; so that the only charge to the colonies would be that of levying, clothing, and paying the men. The governors were, also, authorized to issue commissions to provincial officers, from Colonels downwards, and these officers were to hold rank in the united army according to their commissions. He had from the first requested and secured the hearty cooperation from the Colonial Assemblies, and had his liberal and just system been adopted at the outset it would have put a different face upon the military affairs of the colonies." --SPARKS.]
... I am Dear Sir your very humble Servt.
... WM. FAIRFAX
Pray excuse haste our Horses being
... at the door
CRESAPS July 25th. 1758 8 oClock P M --
DEAR SIR
From the bottom of a heart that overflows with Joy I beg leave to offer my Congratulations on you happy Election! doubly so in it's manner, which considering the vast majority of votes, your absence and your having so long Commanded the whole of that Country in the worst of times,1must greatly redound to your honour and in all true human probability will be thrice happy in its consequences
[Note 1: 1 Considering the command which he had been obliged to exercise in Frederick Country for near five years, and the restraints which the exigency of circumstances required him occasionally to put upon the inhabitants, this result was deemed a triumphant proof of his abilities, address, and power to win the affections and confidence of the people.--SPARKS.]
Tomorrow morning a Strong Party Marches from hence to Escort our two Heroes up
Inclos'd is my weekly Return --
Nothing remarkable has happen'd since my arrival here--Our Reconnoitring Party have made no Discoveries --
My bad State of Health continues or rather encreases--That you may enjoy Health and every thing else agreeable are the sincere wishes of him who ever is with the highest Esteem & Regard
... My Dear Colo.
... Your most affecte. &
... Obt. hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
Please offer my Complemts.
to Colo. Byrd & Colo. Mercer
WINCHESTER July 26th. 1758
SIR
The Punctual discharge of every trust, in you reposed--Your humane and Equitable treatment of each individual and your Ardent Zeal for the Common Cause; (so Obvious to every uniprejudic'd rational Person) has gain'd your point with Credit; as your friends Coud with the greatest warmth & truth urge, the worth of those noble endowments & Principles; as well as Your Superior interest, both here & in the House; in which I am truly Sensible you will acquit yourself with Equal Honr. if the fates decree you there a Seat,--to Complete which and in the intermediate Space; Crown you with Laurels, joy and Success, may every Guardian Power of the Just; be Propitious is the unfeign'd wish of
... Dear
... Sir
... your Most Affectionate
... and
... Most Obt.
... Hble Sert.
... R. RUTHERFORD
NEW LONDON July 17th. 1758
DEAR SIR
I was on a Vissit over to Long Island a few days agoe and unexpectedly Came here, shall Return in the morning for New London --
am Very sorry to give an Accot. of the Repulse our Forces met with before Ticondoroga we Landed on the 7th. near that Fortress with the Loss of abt. 30 men, but what was Very Fatall the Gallant Lord How there Lost his Life, we drove the Enemy from all their out Posts and killed an took abt. 400 Prisoners1--the 8th. our army attacked the Retrench'd Camp with before The Fort sword in hand, there is so many Various Reports of the Attack and Loss, that it is Very hard to Come at the truth, however we met with a Very Warm Reception the Enemy were trebly intrenched to their Teeth, how Long the attack lasted I cannot say but the General has Retreated in good order to the Place where Fort William Henry Stood with the Loss of near 1600 men killed missing and wounded it is said 97 Officers are killed missing & wounded their is as yet no Returns or List Come to hand therefore I can give the Names of but Very few and them only of the greatest Note Vizt.
[Note 1: 1 A skirmish with the advance guard of the French in which they were quickly deleated. The Annual Register has it that Lord Howe was killed in this skirmish.]
Lord How,1 Colo. Donaldson, Colo. Beaver, Majr. Proby, Majr. Rutherford, Majr. Tulither these most People agree are Certainly amongst the slain Wounded, Colo. Gage, Colo. Delaney of the Yorks Colo. Grant Majr. Ayers, Mr. Clark Enginere & I am Very sorry for an occasion to give you any Accot. of this kind but as it is so wish it was in my Power to give you a more Particular one, of this severe and unexpected blow--I Sincerely hope we shall have a Better story to tell Very soon from you in the Neighbourhood of Fort Duquesne, where may he who governs the universe have you under his Peculiar Care and send you back Loaded with Honnour a thing you have always so much merrited. Please to give my Love to my Brother. I have not time to write to him. Excuse this scrawl being in great haist and Accept of my most sincere wishes for your safety & welfare and Assure your self that I am my Dear Sir
[Note 1: 1 "Soon after the news of Lord Howe's death arrived in England, the following advertisement appeared in the public papers; an application worthy of a Roman matron, in the virtuous times of the Republic, and which could not fail of success, where the least spark of virtue existed: To the gentlemen, clergy, freeholders, and burgesses, of the town and county of Nottingham.--As Lord Howe is now absent upon the public service, and Lieutenant Colonel Howe is with his regiment at Louisbourg, it rests upon me to beg the favour of your votes and interests, that Lieutenant-colonel Howe may supply the place of his late brother, as your representative in Parliament.
"Permit me, therefore, to implore the protection of every one of you, as the mother of him, whose life has been lost in the service of his country. CHARLOTTE HOWE, Albemarle Street, Sept. 14, 1758."--Annual Register.]
... Your affectionate
... JOS CHEW
our Friend Beverly is
at Albany wth. Govr. Delancey
his Dear good woman and
Prety Boy are Very well--
if Doct Thomas Walker is with you Pray give my
best Respects to him, I greatly thank him for his
kindness to my Brothers
NEW LONDON July 26th. 1758
DEAR SIR
I have only time to forward you the inclosed Paper I most sincerely Long to hear from you. May the almighty giver of all good; Preserve Protect and have you under his immediate Care I Pray you also to be assured I am my
... Dear Sir
... Your affectionate
... JOS CHEW.
CAMP AT RAES TOWN July 27th. 1758 --
DEAR SIR
Colo. Bouquet has directed the Comand to return to you, but desires Me to remain here till the General arrives Which who is expected this Day. This Camp furnishes no News. We expect to hear of a Party of Shawnesse & Delawares having joined you, one of the Pennsylvania Light Horse having assured us that he saw 30 or 40 come in the Day he left Fort Cumberland. ... I am
... Dr. Sr.
... Your most obedt. hble Servant
... GEO. MERCER
CAMP NEAR REAS TOWN 27th. July 1758
DEAR SIR
I received the favour of your Letters of the 24th. & 25th. Inst. with the inclosed Papers.
The Maryland Troops at Cumberland have received the General's orders to march to Reas Town, and the Garrison at Fort Frederic is to join them here by Loudoun in Pensilvania where they are to receive Tents.
I Shall Supply the 200 actually Wtr. you on their arrival here; Therefore Please to Send them as Soon as you can bring them together: I thought that one Part of them Should garrison Fort Cumberland, but Since they have orders to the Contrary, they must follow them.
I have received about 100 Tents to compleat your Troops, the marylanders, and Pensilvanians, which is by far not Sufficient: I expect Soon another Supply: I Shall compleat your Six Companies here Wh. the two of Col Byrds: Be So good as to let me know the number you Will want absolutely to compleat the four comps. wh. you, and the 8 of Col. Byrd: Lt. Col. Mercer tells me that the Second Regt. will want about 12 Tents in all. Soldiers Tents for officers have not been provided, and if they can not get them made I am afraid we Shall be in want.
I have no directions about your Waggons, but if you receive no orders to the Contrary from the Genl. or Sir John &c.a they are to be Sent back immediately for another Convoy; and ordered to make all possible dispatch.
The case of Mr. Dow had been misrepresented (as usual) your Regulations for that material Branch are very just.
I come now to the most important article the determination of a Road: nothing can be greater than your generous dispositions for the Service, and the candid Exposition of your Sentiments: I See wh. the utmost Satisfaction that you are above all the Influences of Prejudice, and ready to go heartily where Reason and Judgment Shall direct I wish Sincerely that we might all center in one and the Same opinion; Therefore I desire to have an Interview1 with you at the houses built half Way betwixt our Camps: I will communicate to you all the Intelligence I was able to collect, and weighing impartially the advantages and disadvantages of Each Communication We Shall I hope be able between you and I, to determine what is most eligible: and Save to the General trouble and loss of time in inquiring upon the Same Subject. I hear that he was still at Carlisle on Sunday, a little Indisposed,2 as he takes an Escort of Col. Montgomerys Regt. he can not well be here before Sunday next: Therefore if we meet Saturday 29th. Inst. we have time enough--Col. Byrd may give in your Short absence the necessary Directions for the Convoy and Waggons &ca.
[Note 1: 1 This interview took place, at which the subject of the two roads was fully discussed, without, however, bringing the general to Washington's views.]
[Note 2: 2"General Forbes, it is to be remembered, was taken seriously ill with camp dysentery at Carlisle, early in July, and was rarely or never after able to ride on horseback. His movement with the army was upon a litter fastened to poles suspended at the sides of horses, one walking behind the other, as in shafts, the General's litter being placed upon the poles between the horses. A detail of soldiers marched by his side to steady the General's couch."--TONER.]
In the mean time Please to order back your Partys advanced upon Braddocks Road, to prevent any accident as that Road can be opened as fast as we can march if we make use of it.
It was a great Neglect in the Quarter Master General not to have given directions in time, to make magazines of Hay at Cumberland, having Such facility, and So many Hands to employ: That omission is Sufficient to ruin the Expedition, as I hear that grass is very Scarce in Several Places upon the Road, and we Shall be unable to Support the horses in the Several transports, as we can not carry the whole at once, but proceed by Deposite.--besides the continual Supply, when arrived upon the Ohio, This Consideration Seems to me of great Importance, and a Strong argument for two Communications, but that I defer to Saturday.
... I am most Sincerely
... Dear Sir
... Your most obedt. hble servt.
... HENRY BOUQUET
FORT LOUDOUN July ye. 26th. 1758
SR.
I have this Day Discharged the Expence on acct. of Ellection, as by the Enclosed accts. I have Sent an acct. of The proceedings by Express, also I have Sent your two horses By Colo. John Carlyle, who is to receive them at your quarter and Take them down to your Place, according to your Order, The Small Pox has not Spread in Town as yet, but the Flux is Very bad in the fort, there has been two of ye. old Regiment Dead, and five of the new, Since your departure. I am but weack in the Ga[???]rison, as by my weekly return to you will appear, I have Sent You a True Copy of the Poll whereby you will be a Compitent Judge of your Friends. Your Friend Joseph Carroll whom I Employ'd To take ye. Poll as one of the Clerks Desires to be remembered to you. Pray Sir Excuse hast, as I am your sincere friend, and Hble Servt.
... CHS. SMITH
July ye. 24th. 1758
George Washington Esqr. Commander of ye. First
Virginia Regiament ... Dr.
... FORT LOUDOUN July ye. 26th. 1758
Received of Lieut. Charles Smith the above acct. in Behalf of Colo. George Washington
... perr me HENRY HETH
Test
JOSEPH CARROLL
FORT LOUDOUN July 26th. 1758
Receivd. of Leut. Chs. Smith the above Accot. in the Behalf of Colo. George Washington
... perr me,
... JOHN FUNK
Test
JOSEPH CARROLL
Corl. George Washington Dr. To Henry Brinker July ye. 24 1758 one the Acct. of the Election
To Thirtey Galls. of Strong Beer at 8d perr. Galln ... 01£ -- --
Recd. ye. above Acct. of Leut. Charles Smith one the Acct. of Corl. George Washington
July ye. 25th perr. me ... HAWKINS CHILDS.
1758
Test
ROBT. FOX
Dr. Colo. George Washington By order of Lieut. Chas. Smith
... TO ALEXR. WODROW
WINCHESTER
... 1758
... July 24
Recd. of Lieut. Charles Smith Ten Pounds Eight Shills. and nine pence in full of the Above Accot.
... ALEXR. WODROW
Test
JOSEPH CARROLL
1758
July ye. 24th
[Note 1: 1 The list of voters sent to Washington by Captain Smith gives the names regardless of alphabetical arrangement. Washington's own fair copy is entirely in his own characteristically clear and well-balanced handwriting. It is from his copy that this print is made. In addition to enabling Washington "to judge of his friends," it is an interesting list of the freeholders of Frederick County.
By the Act of Assembly declaring who should have a right to vote in elections of Burgesses to serve in the General Assembly, for counties, and for preventing fraudulent conveyances, in order to multiply votes at such elections, the qualification of voters was that no person or persons whatsoever should have the right to vote at any election who had not an estate of freehold, or other greater estate, in one hundred acres of land at least, if no settlement or improvement had been made on it; or twenty-five acres with a house and plantation, in his possession, or in the possession of his tenant or tenants, for term of years, in the same county where he gave such vote. But if any person or persons should have such estate in one hundred acres of land, uninhabited, or upwards, lying in two or more counties, such persons should have the right only to vote in that county wherein the greater quantity of said land lay, although the same should not amount to one hundred acres in either county.--HENING, vol. iv. pp. 475--478.]
CAMP NEAR RAES-TOWN July 27th. 1758
SIR,
There is nothing new here--By last accounts the General was indispos'd & had not left Carlisle, on Sunday.
By all reports, there has been a great miscarriage at an Enimy's post calld the Saw-Mill within two miles of Ticonderogo--We have have no distinct account of the Affair, nor is it known here, who Commanded the Attack; It is imagind that the Advanced Party, or rather First Division, made too great hast forward; befor the Body of the Army were at hand to Support them.
I expect you soon will have the Regiment together, but as you will have an interview with Col. Bouquet in a few days I shall refer saying any thing of it --
The purport of your meeting is to Consult measures for expediting matters, & the Roads will be the Chief Subject, I give you this hint, that may you have in readiness, what is to be said on that head, and am with respect
... Sir
... Your most Obt. huble. Servt.
... ADAM STEPHEN
Letters to Washington
... AND
... ACCOMPANYING PAPERS
... PUBLISHED BY
THE SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES
... OF AMERICA
... EDITED BY
STANISLAUS MURRAY HAMILTON
Editor of the Writings of James Monroe
VOL. III
1758--1770
... BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
... The Riverside Press, Cambridge
... 1901
... COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY
... THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA
... ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FORT LOUDOUN July ye. 30th. 1758
SIR/I Received Your favour July ye. 25th. by Mr. Campbel's man, the Inclosed I have Sent Down by a Safe Hand, and According to your Directions I have Sent by the bearer Six plates and a dish, I received a Letter ye. 20th. Inst. from the Governor of Virginia wherein he has Informed me that Lord Fairffax and Captn. Rutherford has Wrote to him, Concerning ye. 20 Rangers that was Stationed here which has Given Displeasure To the Inhabitants, But he Say's Let what measures will be taken it Gives Dissatisfaction to one or another, for which he blames Captn. Rutherford and his Officers Very much, and Say's he Can't See that they are out of their duty at all as they are Paid by the Province, he Immagin's they Can be Orderred To any part for the Good of the County, & as there Is a Quantity of the Country Stores at Winchester he thinks it Necessary that the Same twenty Shall Continue as a Guard, as it is not In his power to have them Reliev'd by the Millitia or any Other Effective Men, Else he would Freely do it, he has also Wrote To Lord Fairffax & Captn. Rutherford, and Says he is Informed that the Company is More out of their duty by being Stationed by Sixes and Sevens at Particular houses, as he Immagine's yt. no person ought to be Indulged more than another, he Says if Lord Fairffax has Ninety miles of ye Frontiers Diserted, he Immagin's it to be his own Ground, and he may have as many Commissions as he pleases to Raise in his own County, of ye. Millitia, but he Immagin's them all to be a Dissatisfyed People, and no Person whatsSoEver Can plese them, Captn.. Rutherford thinks it Necessary to Divide his Company into three parts, and order one of them to make this place their Randisvows, and Constantly Keep rangeing Under the Mountains, and on the Watters of Cape Capon, and To return with what Inteligence they Can Get, In Every Two or three days, which I believe will be Greater Satisfaction to the men, to have one of their own Officers with them, it will answer the Intent of Guarding Ye. Stores Near as well as to have them Constantly Garrisoned here, as their Return may be Every two days.
The Governor has Ordered me to Carry on the Well and Close the Buildings, and then to make a Return of what is Next wanting to be done, but has not mentioned one word about money, to Carry on those buildings it is not an Easie matter to Carry on So heavy Buildings without Subsistence, but Still I must be Contended & obey Orders, but Could wish times Better.
Thare is 25 of the Caralinians here & has not one Gun among them & I Dont know in What manner they will Get up to Fort Cumberland I have Inclosed an Axact Return of all the Spare Arms left here belonging to the Country -- Colo Wood Still Very Bad yet with the Gout & is not able to write, but Begs to be Remember'd to You, as Well as Your Hum Servt.
... CHS. SMITH
WINCHESTER 31st. of July 1758
DEAR SIR
I Re˜cd your kind favour of the 29th. in a Large Packet, the other Letters therein Contained, I have given mostly with my own hand, and shall take Particular Care that the remainder be delivered Punctually, also to make known to your friends in genl. how deeply you are Possess'd of Gratitude1 --
[Note 1: 1 See Washington's letters to Gabriel Jones and to Colonel James Wood, Writings of Washington, Ford, vol. ii. pp. 58, 59.]
Too Sensible of your Good intentions towards my Self and Company as well towards the whole of the Distressed frontier Inhabitants, which has been clearly manifested in every of your actions; it was with the greatest reluctancy, that I urged you further on the Subject, as I was truly Conscious that nothing in your Power wou'd be wanting for the Common Good, but when you Consider the Strong incitements I had for so doing, I hope you will be good Enough to Pardon it in me --
I am Sincerely touch'd to find my Doubts of an inglorious Campain, (or an attempt of a Campain) So greatly increased by the Most immoderate delays which Seem to attend it -- I fear Our Country has Lavished a Large Sum for Little or no Purpose -- in short, there Appears so great an infatuation throughout the whole, that I have realy almost Lost hope of a Person's either gaining Credit or giving Sattisfaction: for even this new man at the Helm, Seems to be already Prepossess'd and Certainly entertains the most inconsistent notion of the Frontiers, that ever enter'd the Mind of Man1 -- I am indeed Oblig'd to Say that it would give me Real Pleasure to See you injoy your Estate in a Private Capacity; Since I See no other Prospect, than, that, of your noble and greatly Laudable design (in taking on you the Toilsom Post you now hold) at Last Baffled and all your Zealous Efforts Prove fruitless -- May the Power infinite direct you for the best and Protect you is the ardent wish of
[Note 1: 1 Washington, as well as all in correspondence with him, appears at this time to have been greatly discouraged over the delay attending the expedition. As the season advanced this feeling increased, until even General Forbes himself despaired of reaching Fort Du Quesne in season. On the 11th of November a council was held at Loyal Hannon, over which the general presided, where it was decided that, on account of the lateness and severity of the season, it would not be expedient to proceed farther during this campaign. Information of the indefensible condition of Fort Du Quesne, brought in camp by three prisoners on the 13th, however, entirely changed their plans. On the 15th of November they set out, opening the road as they went. They arrived on the 23th, to find the fort, of which they took possession, destroyed by fire and descerted by the enemy. Washington, writing on the 28th to Governor Fauquier, says: "The enemy, after letting us get within a day's march of the place, burned the fort, and ran away (by the light of it) at night, going down the Ohio by water, to the number of about 500 men -- from our best information."]
... Dear Sir
... your Most obedt.
... Hble Servt.
... R. RUTHERFORD
CAMP AT CARLISLE 2d. August 1758.
DEAR WASHINGTON
I Received your letter, & Returns from Fort Cumberland. -- as to my giving you my advice about the covers for your locks, I think you are the properest judge what cane be done at F. Cumberland, being immediately upon the Spot, and we can send you no assistance from hence, as many as can, I would provide, those you cannot, their is no helpe for, their Blankets will always be a great safety to them.1 --
[Note 1: 1 "DEAR HALKET, -- ... It is morally impossible to get at this place covers for our gun-locks; having nothing but neats hydes to make them of, and an insufficiency of those to answer the purpose -- The Commissarys ask 18/ a piece for them. Pray give me your advice on this case... . Yours most affectionately, GEO: WASHINGTON."]
It is necessary the Troops from Virginia -- should have a Brigade Major the same as Pensylvania, and the General expects that you will be provided with one against you join, it is intirely a Provincial affairs, & to be of your own appointing, the recommendation General Forbes leaves to you, if it is to be Stewart, he must be as Captain to your Battalion, & Brigade Major, an other Officer must be appointed Captain to the Troop, he already holds two Commissions, both as Captain in your Battalion, & of the light Troop, his having more would be inconvenient. -- Major Shippen has ten Shillings pr day extraordinary, allowd him by the Commissioners of Pinsylvania, for being Brigade Major.
Make my appology to Captain Stewart for not being able to write to him at this time, he will send his Return of the Troop to me, the same as he did with General Braddock, as he is a distinct Corps, the detachment that he sent down to Lancaster, are all sent to Reastown. --
The General has been much afflicted with the Flux, he still is extreamly weak, but I am in hopes he will soon be able to set out for Reas town.1 I am
Dear Washington
[Note 1: 1 Early in July General Forbes contracted camp dysentery, from the effects of which he never entirely recovered; but he never lost his characteristic energy and indomitable will. He continued in command of the expedition during the entire campaign, discharging his duties stretched upon a litter slung between two horses, in this condition he performed the perilous journey from Loyal Hannon to Fort Du Quesne. He returned to Philadelphia January 14, 1759, and died in that city March to. In a letter to Governor Fauquier of November 28, Washington bore testimony to the conduct of this gallant soldier, saying: "General Forbes is very assiduous in getting these matters settled upon a solid basis, and has great merit for the happy issue to which he has brought our affairs, infirm and worn down as he is."
On the site of old Fort Du Quesne stands to-day the rich and prosperous city of Pittsburg. To John Forbes, William Pitt (after whom Forbes named it), and to George Washington, with his Virginians, it is indeed a noble monument.]
... Your most obedient Servant
... and ever well wisher
... FRANCIS HALKETT
CAMP AT RAES-TOWN August 2d. 1758
DR. SIR
It gives me great Concern to acquaint you that Lieut Lawson & two men of your Regiment are down in the Small Pox -- It first discovered it self yesterday, when I immediately Set about Building an Hospital at a distance from Camp to receve the Infected -- and reconnoitred ground for a New Camp for the Virginians, which is to be mov'd to day 2 miles S-E of this Place -- All the men taken with the disease shall be movd to the Hospital immediately where they will have a particular guard of men who have had the Small Pox; a Doct & Nurses to Stay with them, without any Correspondence with us. I am in hopes that in a fortnight, following this method, the disease will disappear -- I would advise you to have Capt. Flemings Company encamp by themselves, least they Should have Carryd the Infection to Fort Cumberland --
Yesterday Sr. John St. Clair marchd with Seven days provisions to the Westwd. escorted by 160 men and forteen Light Horse --
Munday afternoon about 2½ miles from the Camp on Cumberland Road Michael Scully was driving in two horses; when an Indian presented his Gun at him, which missd fire -- Scully Springing forward in Surprise, found another Savage within ten paces of him, who did the Same, and his Gun also missd fire, The Indian immediatly run up with his Tomhawk, when Scully Shot him within four paces of him. Another Indian made at Scully directly, whom he knocked down with the Butt of his Gun; and was that Instant Seisd by the third, who wounded him twice on the head with a hanger & cut Slightly across his Face with his Scalping knife, with an Intent to carry off his Scalp; Scully being Very Strong Seisd him & throwd him down on the Other -- gave him a Stroke with his Gun, & run off imagining there was more, and Came into Camp, with two wounds in his head, a Scratch with a knife over his face, a wound in his Arm, one in his hand defending his head, one in his Thigh & a wound with a Tomhawk in his Leg which he received in Running Off -- -- Mr. Chew & the Indians sent out; believe one of the Indians killed & that the Story is true having seen where Scully had Struggled &c --
Col Bouquet orders me to desire you'll be so good as send out Capt. Poseys Company to Bridge & Mend Some of the Road leading to this place from Fort Cumberland. I am with respect
... Sir,
... Your most Obt. hble. Ser
... ADAM STEPHEN
P.S.
Capt. Blag mentiond his Forage money to me you only sent him as a Sub.
BULLSKIN August 3d. 1758 --
HOND. SIR
Your's of the 13th. Ulto. I have Received by Mr. Smith, I have done my Endeavours to get you a satisfactory Acct. about the flour, but can get no Other than what you have already got, but that Mr. Perkins received one order from you to the Baker for 200Wt. & accordingly Deliver'd it, his Miller also says that serveral persons at Different Times came from you to him for flour & that he Accordingly Deliver'd it to them not knowing or thinking that there wou'd be any after Disputes about it, yr. Waggoner Brought fifteen Barrels of Flour from Mill & left it between the smith's shop & yr. Stable, of which I have found Then Barrels & Deliver'd them to the Contractr. & can give no Acct. of the other five, -- your people are all in good health, and am Glad to inform you that we had a very good Rain on Monday last, we have not had any of any Consequence since the Season in May last, in the Drought there was a great deal of our Tobo. burnt up, & our Corn suffer'd pritty much, but we are as well of as our Neighbours, notwithstanding, we reserved our plants, & planted them on Monday and Tuesday last, & do hope, if we have Seasonable Weather that we shall make some Tobo., The Stray Creatures that were on the Plantation last year & which I posted are now come back again, & the mare has got a young Colt, they are troublesome to me as they were last year, so that I am forced to hamper the mare, & keep her in an Inclosure to keep her & her Colts out of Mischief, plese to let me know what I must do with them, 'tis dangerous for me to keep them as I am sure they were Stolen from me last year, we have a good harvest I Conclude with my Sincere wishes for yr Success & safe return and am yr. most humble & Obedient Servt.
CHRISTOPHER HARDWICK
P. S. pray send me an answer by the first Opportunity.
CAMP NEAR REAS TOWN 4th. August, 1758.
DEAR SIR
I forgot to mention in my Letter of Yesterday your Second Company of Artificers, which I beg you will Send here with their Tools, Tents & Baggage.
By the Waggon which brought here the Cloathing for Capt. Field's Company, I send 12 Tents for the four Comps of your Regt. at Cumberland; I think it is the number wanted, but if I was mistaken having not the Return under my hand, Please to let me know how many more will compleat you
... I am
... Dr. Sir
... Your most obedt. hble
... Servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
ALEXR. Augt. 4th. 1758
DR. SIR
The Inclosed I took out of the Mail going to Wm.burg Expecting it Woud Meet a Reader Passage to You from hence I Send it Up to the Care of Mr. Smith --
I have the Pleasure to Acquaint You that Copethorn is Arrived Safe at Bristoll tho' its said he has Damaged Sum of his Tobacco --
We have No News here Yr. Work seem to Me Goes on Well Mrs. Carlyle & Mr. Dalton Joyn Me In Compts & am
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. Very Hble Sert.
... JOHN CARLYLE
CRESAP'S August 4th. 1758 --
DEAR SIR
Last night 37 Waggons with Muskett Ball came here from Fort Frederick 18 of which were unloaded here and returns to Fort Frederick for more the other 19 proceeds to Fort Cumberland, Govr. Sharpe desir'd Captain Ware Commandg. the Escort to apply to me for a small Reinforcement to the Convoy now going to Fort Cumberland I have added a Serjeant & 12 to it which makes it near 50 Effectives Lieut. Pretter remains here with 7 Men & no Provisions, he applied to me for a supply and as he has so few and these quite in want I have agreed to supply him till I receive your orders he informs me that the 19 waggons that's now going up to Fort Cumberland is to return to morrow for the Ball left here and that he by Govr. Sharpe's orders has applied to you for an Escort for them -- If you think proper I imagine it would be a good way to Relieve the Grass Guard1 to morrow in place of next day, the waggons to come down with new Guard & to return Loaded with the old, which would save a Command for that purpose --
[Note 1: 1 Good pasturage was an essential feature of encampments, and as well as the horses was most carefully guarded.]
Many of the Boxes are in very bad order and some of the Ball lost by their own acknowledgment
I wrote by almost every opportunity that's gone to Winchester for these 3 weeks past for hair to Stuff our Saddles but could get none, by which many of the horses backs are almost ruin'd, our Jaunt to Rays Town added two less than six to that Number, the whole wou'd soon be hurt without I can remove the cause therefore sent off Serjeant Baltimore and Hensock last night to Winchester for hair and new Scabbards for the Swords which they are in great want off, this I hope you'll approve off as it's absolutely necessary --
If any thing new or Interesting has occurr'd will be vastly oblig'd by your droping me a line -- I beg you will offer my Complimts. to Colo. Byrd & the rest of the Gentn. and believe me ever to be
With the highest Esteem & greatest Deference
... My Dear Colonel
... Your most Affecte. & Mot. Obt. Hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
OLD TOWN July August the 4th. 1758.
SIR
Agreable to my Instructions from his Excellency Horatio Sharpe Ime ordered to write to you for an Escort, with Waggons; to take Nineteen Lode of his Majesties stores from this to Fort Cumbld. & I shall Like wise waste here with Eight men to Assist with them up & Shall want Provision sent with the Waggons as we have none but what I borrow
... Am with Respect your
... Most Obedient Humbel St.
... HENRY PRATHER
FORT LOUDOUN Augt. 5th. 1758
SIR
I Receivd. Your Favour by the Indians Which According to Your Orders I have Furnished the Carolina Detachment with Armes & Ammonition, Your Over Sear & myself went Yesterday to Capt. Perkinse's to see if we Could Get any Intelligence of the Remainder Part of Your Flwor which the Miller Informes me that by Your Orders Lestways Bishops that he was to Deliver to Smith the Baker 200,Wt. & no Several Different People besids further he says that Your Waggoner at Different Times, Carryed Large Baggfulls of Flour Down to Your Quarter, I Can Realy Git no Further Sattisfaxtion then before but belivs they have Actted Very Cearliss in the Matter, Your Peter smith has been Extreamely ill with the Plurycy but is some What mended, I have Inclos'd another Small Accot. that I have Paid Colo. Hite on the Accot. of the Ellextion I Dont know Weather I have Acted Prudent or not but is Paid of all Accots. that was Contracted at that time which Will not amount to more than Forty Pounds, the 25 Pound You left with me, is allmost made Use, of, In Paying the Miner as there was Eight Pound Due before You went away the Smiths Accot. will Run Prety High in Makeing & Pointing the Orgors for the Well, I have been Oblige to Pay a Doctor for Attending the Sick in the Fort, I Should be mutch Oblige to You to Inform me, in what Manner I am to be Supplyd with Subsistance my Money being allmost out the Governor wrote Very kind to me & Desires as I will still Carry on the Building but is Never Mentioned one Word about Money, I am Dr. Sir Your Friend & Very Hble Servt.
... CHAS. SMITH
I have Inclosd Your News Paper & the Rest of the Gentlemens I Jest now Recavd. orders from General Forbes to Deliver us an Axacte of all the Stores & Working Tools at Winchester --
CRESAPS augt. 5th. 1758
MY DEAR SIR
I last night had the pleasure of receiving your very agreeable and obliging favour by Mr. Gist, 15 of the men that he brought down with him Join'd to the old Guard Escorts the waggons with the waggons with the Remainder of the Ball to Fort Cumberland
Jenkins with a Corporal & 6 Horse set out from here highly pleas'd with his Escort I gave the Corporal orders to see him over Spring Gap Mountain and much farther as the old Gentn. should judge necessary as there's no Signs of the Enemy lately discover'd I hope he'll get down save --
Last night Tom Join'd me without arms and destitude of every necessary, I have return'd Mc.Kenzie of Capt. Woodward's Compy. in his room but as Mc.Kenzie did not care to part with his Regimentals I'm at loss how to get a Coat & Jacket for Tom as many of our men must soon, one way or other be provided for I imagined a Coat and Jacket might be spar'd without any inconvenience to the Service --
The Intelligence of our affairs you are pleas'd to favour me with gives me the deepest concern -- Our once well grounded hopes will too probably be Blasted and the Glorious Prospect that once appear'd so full in view will dread be intersepted by Clouds of Gloomy Disappointments But as Genl. Renchild told Peter the Great it is our Business to obey -- I wish to Heaven it was possible you cou'd have a Conference with the General My heart Bleeds -- I dare not proceed -- I ever am with the most perfect and unalterable Esteem & Regard
... my Dear Colo.
... Your mo: Affectt. & mo: Obt. hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
Please offer my Complemts. to Colo. Byrd & Ct.
BELVOIR Augt. 5th. 1758
DEAR SIR
I have scarcely time to acquaint you That I was Yesterday at Mount Vernon to Visit Mr. Patterson, who consulted me about taking up the upper Floors, as you gave him no orders about them, whereupon I had them clear'd in order to View them the better, and found most of them very uneven and several defective plank, upon which I made Patterson calculate the difference of Expence, between New laying them & intire new, which you'l see is too trifling to hesitate a moment provided you choose either.
Undoubtedly they may do with a little plaining, but that cant bring them even, or make them of a piece with the rest of the House. If you prefer a new Floor, their must be new Doors also, So that we beg you'l consider this matter and lett us have your directions -- This word reminds me of breaking one of yours, which we hope you'l pardon, But it was upon seeing full imploy for the joiners, and that it would take too much of their time That I took the liberty to hire a hand to paint the House, which is suffering for want of it -- I think the Chimneys above are to much contracted and would be better were they inlarged. For if you remember they are taken in but whether to prevent Smoaking or for a Stove you perhaps can best tell, and the only one that can direct us -- I have the pleasure to acquaint you, That you have some of the finest Tobacco & Corn I have seen this Year and a pritty full Crop of both which I believe is more than any in this or the next County can say. But yett we want much rain to make it, and the Grass spring. for I have never seen so melancholy a Prospect. It is reported pritty confidently that our Fleet, has Landed a body of Troop under the Command of the Duke of Marlborough at St. Maloa or near it, and taken Seven Ships of War all the Privateers and many Transports, but I hope soon to see it confirmed and some further particulars
Mrs. Fairfax Miss Cary Hannah & the Miss Dents join in their best wishes with Dear Sir
... Your most Obedt. and very humble
... Servt.
... WM. FAIRFAX
ALEXR. Augt. 8th. 1758
DR. SIR
I Wrote You A few days Ago & Acquainted you that the Newgent Only Capt. Copethorn had gote Safe home tho' had damaged A little of his Tobacco (Yours I hope & Mine are out of that Quantity) to the Above Letter I desire to be referr'd & Now I have Very little to Say more than that I wou'd not Lett an Oppertunity Slip Without Giveing you the Trouble of A few lines to keep Up A Correspondence So Agreeable to Me --
Yr. house I am to let this day is Cover'd In & believe Everything their Goes on well (as Col Fairfax tells Me) You have the Only Good Crop In these parts In both Tobacco & Corn --
Tobacco Continues at 25/ per Ct. & If any Number of Ships Comes In Next Year I do not know What price it May Be -- We have No News here, Mr. Dalton & All yr. Acquaintances Mrs. Carlyle Amongst the first. Wish & Pray for yr. Safe return As does yr. rely Affectionet & obliged Hble Servant.
... JOHN CARLYLE
CRESAPS Augt. 8th. 1758
MY DEAR SIR
Early this morning I had the very great pleasure of recg. your very acceptable Letter of yesterday, Covering Major Halkett's of the 2d. Inst., and with infinite satisfaction observe that fresh mark of your sincere Friendship, and would be quite happy by Fortune's presenting me with opportunities of testifying the high sense which my grateful heart will ever retain of it1 --
[Note 1: 1 ... CAMP AT FORT CUMBERLAND, August 11, 1758.
MY DEAR LIEUTENANT, -- I am sorry to transmit an order that will give you pain, but must nevertheless tell you that the following came in a letter from Colo. Bouquet to me last night. "As our troop of light-horse is too much harassed by continual service, I desire you will send me half of Captain Stewart's troop, with one or two of his officers, as you may think necessary to take care of them". As the Colonel gives me a discretionary power to send one or two, one must be his lot; and that I think should be your Cornet, as Mr. Crawford is appointed to the Troop pro tempore only, he should be put to little inconvenience. -- It will be scarcely worth your while to confine yourself to the other half of your troop; I should be glad, therefore, to have your company at this place, as I think you may trust to Mr. Crawford's care. However in this case, pursue your own inclinations.
Your letter to Major Halkett got to Raystown in less than 24 hours after you wrote it. I shall appoint no person to do Brigade-Major's Duty, until I hear from that Gentleman, as you may be assured in this, as in all things else I have the strongest inclination to serve you; being Dear Stewart, with most Unfeigned truth your affectionate friend, and obedient servant, ... GEO: WASHINGTON.]
I need not say how happy I should be in being with you but from the Majr's. method of mentioning it I imagine it might not be agreeable, and perhaps might be made use off as an acquittance from other Promises -- On the other hand should any thing happen the General for whose Recovery I begin to be afraid, I should be very unhappy in the Horse -- I have wrote at large to the Majr. on the Subject which I inclose you open, when you peruse it be so good as to Seal & forward it if it can remain undetermin'd till you receive an answer it's well if not without inconvenience I must give up thoughts of it and trust to Promises as usual -- O! wretched Dependance! how severe are your Laws, and how miserable your Votarys! Would Heaven be pleas'd to extricate me from your Clutches no fair Promises nor Gilded Prospects should even tempt me to venture in your reach But notwithstanding unerring Experience has taught me how little the Promises of the Great are to be depended on yet alas! it's all I have to Trust to -- After having wasted so much of my Youth, impair'd my Constitution and sank the means of getting a livelyhood in another way, I with horror behold myself plung'd in greater uncertaintys Than when I first Enter'd the Service But such are often the Fruits of Ambition -- Should I survive the war my ruin appears inevitable
As the Officer who came to Relieve Mr. Gist did not get here till near Reville Beating Mr. Gist thought it would be imprudent to set out before Evening, but as he proposes leaving Fort Cumberland before day to morrow makes no doubt of overtaking Capt. McKenzie.
Tom waits on you for your orders for a Coat & Jacket, I will furnish him with Shirts, Stockgs. & Ce. and as there must soon be many more Coats than Men I imagine a Coat & Jackett might readily be spard he is extremely willing to be put under Stoppages till your accot. against him is paid --
As the Grass here begins to grow scarce, I send all the Horses to a Plantation about half a mile from hence for 5 or 6 hours every day, and reserves what remains here for the Sheep & Horned Cattle --
I ever am with the highest Esteem & greatest Deference
... My Dear Colonel
... Your most Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
Please offer my Complemts. to Colos. Byrd & Mercer
CAMP AT RAYS TOWN 9th. Augst. 1758
DEAR SIR
I recd. your Canteens by the Waggons which brought up the Artillery & delivered them immediately to the Care of Capt. Stewart who informs me he forwarded them by Lt. Campbell the day they arrived. I wish you could have had them sooner, they cost £3.19.0 at Philada./ & 18s for their Carriage to Carlisle the Ballance due you Shall repay when I have the pleasure of seeing you again I'm afraid somebody has made free with two mustard Bottles as there seems a Deficiency, I had no particular accot. of the Contents therefor cant say what number of bottles there were Colo. Stephens is on Command upon the road over the Hills with a Detachment of 500 men from the whole, the remaining Companies of your Regt. all march to morrow upon the same Duty & Colo. Byrds. I believe I may with some Certainty tell you that the Destination of all the Troops is this way, I know that will not be agreeable to you and my Friend Colo. Byrd but we must Submit Sr. Jno. and some Engineers have reconnoitred as far as Lowalhannan1 (within 50 miles of Du Quesne) and report it practicable to make a very good road, superior to Braddock's, the Genl. was to set off the 5th. from Carlisle we have two Waggoners Scalped and two wounded betwixt this & Lyttleton by two Separate Parties of Enemy Indians I have sent off two different Parties of Cherokees from hence to endeavour to intercept them excuse extreme hurry and believe me with all Sincerity
[Note 1: 1 Loyal Hannon.]
... Yr. most Obliged Hble Servt.
... A. BOTOMWORTH
Yesterday 48 of the Cherokees
went away to their Nation.
CAMP AT RAYS TOWN Augt. 9th. 1758
DEAR SIR
Mr. Long the Waggon Mr. of Maryland arrived here last night with 18 Waggons, which are to be loaded this day and shall set off for fort Cumberland with about 50 Waggons empty, these with Mr. Longs 18 are to return to this place loaded as follows, which I beg you will give directions about.
What Waggons Remain are to be loaded with Corn or Oats, and lest the Baggs be insufficient I have sent 700 Bushel Sand bags which are not to be used but in case of Necessity.
The Convoy of 18 Waggons which are now on the Road from fort frederick to fort Cumberland are to be forwarded to this place, and the Convoy that is said to be at Pearsalls the 15th. are likewise to be sent on from fort Cumberland to this place. We are in great want of Grindstones ours not being come from fort frederick if you cou'd spare us a Couple, I shoud be much obliged to you, they may be replaced to you immediately. If you can send us any Entrenching Tools it will very much accelerate our Work.
... I am with great Regard
... Dear Sir
... Your most obedient and
... most humble Servant
... JOHN ST. CLAIR
P. S. you may give the Waggoners
for 4 Horses 6 Bushells of Corn
for 14 Days
REAS TOWN CAMP 10th. Aug: 1758
DEAR SIR
Capt. Possey's Company is marched upon the Road, and as the Small Pox broke out some days ago in your Regt. I have Sent them all wth. Col. Stephens over Allegheny Hill: The first Batt. of Pensilvania will follow them and we shall have about 1200 Men in the distance of 36 miles.
The Road will be cut to morrow night to the foot of the mountain, where different Parties are to join to cut the Gap, and join the Division wth. Col Stephens.
I have Sent you Provisions, and the Waggon Master has his Directions for his Load, I beg of you to give the necessary orders to expedite that Convoy, Sir John has wrote you upon it and given directions for the forrage to be issued to the Waggoners.
Your men have lefft their Coats here, but as this Expedition goes on So Slowly, I am afraid the Winter will overtake us, before you can get your Cloathing again; for my Part I have Sent for the Coats of the R. A.1 and make them wear them: Please to give your orders to L Col Stephens on that Subject. They could be lefft at Loyal Hanning our first deposite and would be at hand at all Events.
[Note 1: 1 Royal Americans.]
Besides the two Waggoners Scalped and the two missing, one of our Escorts was attacked the Same day had two men wounded, but lost none: another man riding down was shot thro' the thigh: but Saved by immediate assistance: I hope that Some of those rascals will fall in wth. Some of our Parties.
We have lost 50 of our Indians, but I don't look on them to be of great Service if we are once over the Mountains, which will Shortly be the Case.
As our Troop of Light Horse is too much harassed by continual Service, I desire you will Send me half of Capt. Stuart's Troop, with one or two of his Officers, as you may think necessary to take care of them.
I expect daily the General or his orders to march my-Self to Loyal Hanning : We find happily less difficulty in opening the Road than we imagined. To this moment the choice of Roads has not contributed to retard the Expedition: The artillery horses are So harrassed that they can not move for 8 days.
No Letters nor News from the Settlements -- a Letter from Boston 24th. July makes no mention of Louisburg, which I do not like.1
[Note 1: 1 "I could wish most sincerely that our accounts from the northward were clearer, and more favourable than they appear to be. If you have any intelligence from Ticonderoga I should be extremely thankful for the account thereof. We have expected hourly to hear that Louisburgh is in our hands. Pray Heaven, we may not be disappointed at last." -- Washington in reply, August 13.]
5600 men under the Comand of Brig. General Stanwix are marched to the Carrying Place upon Mohawk River, to oppose a great Body of french coming down that Way.
Please to write to Mr. Walker to Send us as soon as possible a Supply of Cattle: The Calculation upon Paper will Starve us.
If the Tools from Fort Frederic are Sent to Cumberland, Send them to us.
... I am
... Dr. Sr.
... Your most obedt. hble servant
... HENRY BOUQUET.
If you have any miners
Please to order them here2
[Note 2: 2 "No tools are yet arrived from Fort Frederick, nor have we any miners at this place: There were one or two pretty good ones in my own company; and where that company is you best can tell." -- Washington's answer.]
Dry Goods to be Sold at 25 pr ct. at Reas Town allowing 4d. pr Pound for Carriage to Reas Town 50 Pr. Ct. at Loyall Hannon & 75 pr Ct. at the Ohio upon the Invoices and all Charges to Reas Town.
All the Suttlers are to provide a Dinner & Supper for the Officers of the Corps to which they belong (they giving in their Rations & paying Sixpence a day for Cooking and Likewise for what Liquor they Drink
... Signed JAMES BURD Colo. 2d B. P. R.
... President
... & approved by me
... HENRY BOUQUET
ALEXANDRIA August ye. 13th. 1758
HONOURABLE SR.
I have got ye. outside of ye. House finishd, ye. Closets excepted, & that by not having plank; which Mr. Balendine has got a bill for, but having no dependance on his word, shall strive if posible to finish ye. inside according to expectation (in case hands can be got) I have tryd my friends in raising, & kivering, ye. House but those men cannot be prevaild upon to assist me longer, having business of there own to be done. Having consulted Col. Fairfax concerning ye. old floors up Stairs, pasage floor also, informs me, he would write & have your answer, its just ye. Nail holes of ye. latter, looks but indifferent, but ye. Joynts makes amends for that; & in me would be base to take it up, when I am confident, its not in my power to lay a better one, ye. Stuff of it being dry, & when playnd over will have much a better look. As to yr. former floors Col. Fairfax, will write his opinion of them. I Likwise consulted Mr. Triplet of ye. Plan, he says its not in his power to do it, this year, as there is Bricks to be made, & as to ye. other jobs he can compleat. In regard to pleacing ye. Stairs up to ye. Garret, I do not intend to adopt them in ye. Room mentiond, in ye. last Letter, but opposite to ye. head of ye. old Stair Caise, takeing them off from ye. store room that was; & shall advise with Col. Fairfax in this point, as in every other article. I hope to give your Hon. a greater sadisfaction by my actions than words, & shall allways remain with ye. greatest respect, Your Honours Most obligd, Most Hble. & Obedient Servt.
... JOHN PATTERSON1
[Note 1: 1 The following item in Washington's Ledger is in connection with the repairing or rebuilding of the Mount Vernon mansion: "Sept. 15, 1759. By the amount of your [Patterson's] Acct. for work on my House &c. Including all charges against me to this day. -- £ 328.0.5."]
WINCHESTER, August ye. 14 1758
DEAR COLO.
This day the Waggons set off from Pearises and about five Hundred Beef Cattle are to set off tomorrow. I am surprised at Colo. Bouquets Paragraph as I have Letters from Mr. Hoops of very Late Dates in one of which he writes that he has 600 Beef Cattle of 500 Each & in another that Yeiser has Sent up 400 That I need only send those gathered there not being an occasion for so much expedition, as he had before desired & I have no Orders for any further Purchase as yet. If I had timely Orders & money I am persuaded you need not fear Wanting Cattle Hogs & Sheep for six months from this time.
It gives me great concern to find by you that we have so little Hopes of doing any thing to our Credit or advantage. Por Virginia will not for some time be able to make such another Struggle for the Common good As it is said our next Crop of Tobacco will be at Least 250,000 Pounds Sterling short of a Common one. It is impossible for me to Join you I am now reduced to a mere Scelleton not able to walk without Crutches & have not yet got clear of My disorder. This afternoon I intend Homewards on a Litter where I have hopes of recovering some flesh & strength.
Was I in health it would give me pleasure to see you though would not make the Campaign in any office of Drudgery.
That things may take a more Favourable turn than in all Human Probability can be expected & that the Virginians may be rewarded as I expect they merrit is the Prayer of
... Dear Sir your Most Humble Servt.
... THOS. WALKER
FORT LOUDOUN August 15th. 1758
DR. SIR
I Receiv'd your Favour Augt. 9th. Concerning The Ten Barrels of Flower, I have spoken to Mr. Walker about it he tels me he Dont know as he Receiv'd it or not, but says he will Settle with me as soon as he Gets a Supply of Money as he at this Time Intirely without, Mr. Walker Lyes Extreamly ill with the Rumetizem, I am a Makeing a Letter this Day to Carry him Home.
As it is not in your Power to Supply me with Any more money to Carry on Publick Work at this Place notwithstanding Every Man that is able shall still Labour Sooner than the Building Shall Suffer --
I have Inclos'd a Pay Rol for the Month of July For Subsistance & Working Pay to Mr. Boyd & hav Inclos'd a Recet. to him in your Letter as it will be most Proper for you to Receive the Money & Inclose it in a Letter to me by Boras or some other safe hand1 --
[Note 1: 1 ... 1 Augt. 1758
Receivd.
... of Allexd. Boyd Pay Master of the Firs Virga. Regt. the sum of Sixty Eight Pound Eleven Shillings & Ten Pence as Subsistance & Working Pay for the Month of July for the Soldiers Left at Fort Loudoun under the Comd. of Lieut. Chs. Smith. as Witness my hand
... To
Mr. Boyd when the
money Receivd.]
Your inclos'd Letters I have sent by a Very safe hand, The Soldier you Wrote to me about that come off with the Cherokeys, is now gone with them to their Nation, & was seen Carrying of a New Drum belonging to the Virga. Regt. I have Advertised them but I believe to Little Purpose, there is Richd. Bolton and Old Soldier who You Discharged is Returned to this Place & Begs Your Clemency to stay here & Receive subsistance as a Soldier, as he is in a Poor Condition, & no one to Apply to but You, I Should be Glad to know Your Pleasure in this Case -- There is four of the Carolina Detachment Left here with me Sick one among them Charles Allsbery a Deserter from the 1st. Virga. Regt. but not being able to march.
The Twenty Raingers Who was Ordered to Garrison This Fort is now a Rainging from this Place to the Head of mill Creek & From there a Cross to Back Creek take their Rout through Hoop Peticoat Gap & Returns to this Place Every two Days Wherein they Give me & Accot. of any Discoveryes made -- the Reason to my Leting them Rainge is to Give Satisfaction to the Common sort of People tho I must Needs say it is no Matter where they are for the Good they do only having the Name of Rainger. I Should be Glad of Your Advice in this Case, When any of them Deserts & is Brought Prisoners to me if I Should send for there Officers & have them Tryd there is three of them Prisoners now, Mr. Rutheford & myself took Last Night a Going off with a Party of Indians With there Hair Cut & Painted & Got Presents from Capt. Guest as Indians but I have them now safe --
This Day I have but Fifteen men in the Garrison Fit for Duty out of Fifty Six Rank & File --
Colo. Wood's is Very ill with the Gout but offers his Complyments to You I have nothing Particular to add be sure that I am Dr. Sir
... Your Most Obedient Hble. Servt.
... CHS. SMITH
CAMP NEAR RAYS TOWN Augt. 17. 1758
DR. SIR
Nothing of moment has Occurr'd since I came here, otherwise wou'd have inform'd you. The Genl. expected ev'ry day, this expectation has existed many. The road up the Allegeny Mountains so far as clear'd (by information) is Steep, Stony & of very difficult access, even Alpine difficultys, attend the lightest carriages How the Artillery &c. will be got up this & the Laurel Hill, must be left to better judges and time to determine. I am sorry to hear these delays & proceedings gives you so much uneasiness, tho', 'tis owing to your zeal for the common cause & good of your Country, your prudence, your great desire to serve your Country and being not in the least culpable, shou'd & I hope will support you, in this & ev'ry cause you imbark in. I need not tell you that however grating orders are to the brave & active, those of superiors must be obey'd. It is very probable after the Genls. arrival, a few days may bring you here. Adieu my Dr. Sir & believe I wish you content & happy & am Your
... Affect. & obdt. Servt.
... WM. RAMSAY
REAS TOWN CAMP 17th. Aug. 1758
DR. SIR
The Waggons are arrived safe to this Place, and the Detachmt. of Light Horse.
As it is not impossible (between us) that a Body of Troops under your Command Should march by B -- Route, you will keep at Cumberland a Stock of Provisions for one Month, when your Convoy joins, and the Rest is to be forwarded to Reas Town.
As it is highly necessary to keep the Ennemy in doubt about our Roads, The General desires that you continue sending Strong Partys along, with orders to reconnoitre where the Junction of the two Roads could be made. I hear by Kelly who is gone from Loy: H -- to the Salt Lick that it is about 16 miles a cross from that Post to the End of Chesnut Ridge where this Path goes: and the Woods So open that without cutting, Carrying horses may easily go thro', all pretty level --
Every one of your Partys, (who are to succeed one another constantly) are to detach Small Partys to reconnoitre the Ennemys, take if possible a View of their Works, and if they could get a Prisoner, know What Reinforcement they either have received, or do expect.
I am impatient to know what Success your first Party has met with, as I can hear nothing from the Indians and all the Partys I have continually Sent out.
The Woods about us are full of little Partys of Indians, and I know that they have discovered our New Road, which go on pretty well. -- To morrow or next Day, The Waggons will be at Edmunds Swamp 32 mile from here, and I hope the worste part of the Route. The rest to L -- H -- will not take 8 days, and I keep all our Carrying horses and Waggons constantly employed in Sending Provisions forward We have 1600 men over the mountains, and Several Partys out, besides one of 100 Men that Set out to morrow.
If the french have received their Reinforcements as I Suspect, They will not fail to Send white men out, and we Shall Soon hear of Some Skirmishes.
The Accounts of Louisburg are very good, and I make no doubt, that the Place is actually or will fall Shortly in our hands.
It Seems that the operations to the Northward are turned upon the defensive, a very bad Circumstance for us, as the Ennemy can Send any Number of Troops this way.
All the Vacancies at Louisburg and at Lake George are immediately filled up.
Capt. Graham is made major to the Highlanders
Beckwith major to the 46
Eyres Lieut. Col. and West major to ye. 55.
Munster -- Major to the Royal Amer:
The General is at Shippensburg, and on his way to join us, but is Still So weak that he can not travel very fast.
I hear that your Camp is very Sickly and I think it would be proper to move to another Ground, wherever you find it convenient, without going to far from the Fort.
... I am
... Dr. Sr.
... Your most obedt.
... hble Servant
... H. BOUQUET
Pray my Compliments
to Col. Byrd
P: S: as Soon as the Catawba &c. join you Let them be forwarded here. If by chance your Indians had lefft any Stores, Please to Send them to us as we have little or nothing and chieffly no Blanketts to give them
CAMP NEAR RAYS TOWN Augt. 19th. 1758
DR. SIR Your requests obliges me. I hope they are intended to do justice to our injur'd Colony, this I have long wish'd for; We have bled freely, yet are made hewers of Wood & drawers of Water --
Colo. Bouquet is gon this day to view the road up the Mountain. The Genl. is expected on Tuesday. 'Tis generally tho't, L Hannin will be the ne plus Ultra of our Operations this Campaign. I shall endeavor to inform myself speedily of the several things you mention, tho; many may be very accurately got from the Philadela Gazette, this I shall take pleasure in & always of Obliging you. The restoration of your health and its continuance, will be among my chief felicitys. My next will give you what facts I can collect & the whole I hope when I have the pleasure of seeing you --
'till then farewell & trust me I am
... Dr. Sir Your Affe. & Obliged
... H Servt.
... WM.. RAMSAY
... turn over
... 20th.
The Colo. return'd last Night, the road clear'd to the Top of the Mountain & said to be much better than representd. a Letter now in Camp from a Gentn. of Credt. in Lancaster says, we may rest assured, Louisburg was in our possession the 1st Inst. of this I wish you joy1
[Note 1: 1 "The taking of Louisbourg [July 27, 1758] was an event the most desired by all our colonies; that harbour had always been a recepticle convenient to the enemies privateers, who infested the English trade in North America. It was the most effectual blow which France had received from the commencement of the war. By the taking of Louisbourg, the last the only place from whence she could carry on the cod-fishery; and the only place she had in a convenient situation for the reinforcements that were sent to support the war in the other parts of America; and with Louisbourg fell the island of St. John's and whatever other inferior stations they had for carrying on the fishery towards Gasperie and the bay De Chaleurs, which our ships soon after this event entirely destroyed. It is incredible how much this success in America, joined to the spirit of our other measures, operated to raise our military reputation in Europe, and to sink that of France, and consequently how much it influenced our most essential interests, and those of our allies." -- Annual Register, 1758. "The fall of the French stronghold," says Parkman, "was hailed in England with noisy rapture. Addresses of congratulation to the king poured in from all the cities of the kingdom, and the captured flags were hung in St. Paul's amid the roar of cannon and the shouts of the populace. The provinces shared these rejoicings. Sermons of thanksgiving resounded from New England pulpits. At Newport there were fireworks and illuminations. ... At Philadelphia a like display was seen, with music and universal ringing of bells. At Boston 'a stately bonfire like a pyramid was kindled on the top of Fort Hill which made a lofty and prodigious blaze,' though here certain zealous patriots protested against celebrating a victory won by British regulars and not by New England men. At New York there was a grand official dinner at the Province Arms in Broadway, where every loyal toast was echoed by the cannon of Fort George; and illuminations and fireworks closed the day." -- Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. ii. p. 52.]
... I am as before Yrs &c
... WM.. RAMSAY
REAS TOWN CAMP 21st. Aug. 1758
DEAR SIR
I Send you 20 Pack horses for the use of your Scouting Partys, wth. Pork. Your Convoy will I hope arrive Soon, and restore Plenty in your Empty Stores. If the Cherokees Acct. could be depended upon, The French must have a Camp concealed near the Fort, as they have certainly received a Reinforcemt. I Expect Some Intelligces. from the Several Partys actually out.
I had last night a Letter from the General, who is, thank God, better than he has been for Six Weeks. Nothing will prevent his journey, but his extreme Weakness; he proposes to Set out to morrow from Shippensburg.
I went Saturday to the Top of the Allegheny Hill where I had the Satisfaction to See a very good Road. 20 loaded Waggons went up without dobbling their Teams: and proceeded as far as Edmunds Swamp: To morrow the Road will be cut 30 miles beyond Kickony Pawlins, Remains 13 to Loyal Hannon:
The 23d. Inst. 1500 men are ordered to take Post there, and as I remain here wth. about 800 men, I beg you will Send me the Marylanders, and Pensilvaniens, who might be wth. you:
Our affairs to the Northward are in a bad situation, There is a flying Raport of Louisburg being in our hands but I doubt of it.
Mr. Hoops who goes to Cumberland, will give directions for the number of Bullocs wanted from Virga.
... I am ... Your most obedt. hble
... Dr. Sr. ... Servt.
... HENRY BOUQUET
Be So good as to Send me for the Genl. an Exact Return by Companys of every man, under your Comand. My Compl: to Colo. Byrd, I received last night the inclosed.
[Note 1: 1 Brother of Joseph Chew.]
RAYS TOWN Augst. 22d. 1758
SIR
As I think it my duty to Report any thing to you that is Extraordenary I take the Fredom to Inclose you a Journall that I kept from the time I Reced. my Orders till I Return'd, Which is as Exact a one as the place Would permit of pray Excuse my Freedom and believe me
... to be Dr. Colo.
... Your most Obt. Servt.
... COLEBY CHEW
Monday August the 7th. 1758
I Set of from Rays town by order of Colo. Boquet With a party of indians & White men to make What Discoverys I could of the strenth & situation of the Enemy to the Westward & proceeded as far this night as the Shawanese Cabbins abt. 8 miles S 80 W -- Tuesday the 8th. We continued our Course a long the Old Traiding Path Crossing the Alligany Ridge & encamped -- at Edmunds Swamp 12 miles N. 70 W -- Wednesday 9th. We marched abt. 9 miles N 60 W to Quimahony Creek at Which place we continued thursday ye. 10th. -- Friday the 11th. We proceeded Early in the morning on our Way crossed the Lauril Ridge & came to & Encampment at the Loyal: hannon Old Town 15 miles N 55 W---
Saturday the 12th. We continued on our way along the Old Tradg. path Which kept for ten or twelve miles for the most part a long the low Ground of the loyalhannon, tho it sometimes turned off from the River & Crossed some Ridges & points of hills -- the high land is well Timberd the Ridges not high, the low Ground of the River & in general of all the Creeks: Very bushy & thick. We this Day Discoverd some Very late sign of Indians 15 miles N 60 W---
Sunday the 13th. we marched very early & continued on tell 10 oClock When our indians halted to Conger as they had all the Day seen a fresh sign of Indians; the low Grounds & Swamps were Very thick & Bushy: We Sent out Scouts Who continued out tell Near Dark Which Occasioned us to Encamp there that Night. We Were informed by the scouts that the Enemy had gone on directly towards F. Duquesne: this Afternoon When the Sun was a bout an hour high we hear 12 Cannon fired as we imagined at F: D: 5 m: N 80 W --
Monday the 14th. We continued our march & sent out Scouts who could not discover the fresh Signs of indians Except those that had gone along the path but heard several guns fired The Path Went over a Great many Ridges Well Timberd 7 m Course Near W. Tuesday the 15th. We marched Very Early and Came in Abt. 3 miles from our camp to a large path that came from the Northward into the Old Traiding path in Which we saw the Tracks of a great many Indians going Both Ways: We imagine the guns that our Scouts heard yesterday were fired by a party that was going a long this Road. Several: horses some of Which were shod had been along this path yesterday toward F: D: The Way was good: the Ridges low & well timbered but all the Branches very thick With crab Trees & White Haws: 12 miles W: as the provision was Near spent the Indians this Night held a Council in which it was Determined that all Except my self a Serjt. & five indians should Return.
Wednesday the 16th. We sent Back those that were to Return & proceeded on our way being only seven in Number : We came to where a large party of Indians had been abt. to Days a goe I imagine from the size of their Encampment abt. 100. They had Cleared five or six feet Square Very clean & had left in five pieces of Bark with two or three pipe fulls of Tobacco in Each piece : It is Abt. It is Abt. 6 miles from our last Camp to this place the path But in different Crossing many Ridges & Course Abt. N 80 W -- N B : the hills End at this place & it is a plain Country from here to F : D : We here left the Old Tradg. path & went abt. 3 miles : N W : then turned : S W : crossed the path & kept a Course S 70 W till we Were within two miles of : F : D : then went to the N of W : & came to an Old indian Town on the Ohio Abt. 11/2 m. Above the Fort We had a Very good View up & Down the River : We saw some Cattle grasing on an Island Down the River : We hid our selves in a thickett till the indians had conjured and painted after Which we Went Down The River Within ¾ of a m : of the F. then turned S. E. & went up on a stony Ridge where the Chief Warriour took his conjuring Implements & tyed them abt. the Necks of three young men indians & told them they could not be hurt : Round my Neck he Tyed the Otter Skin in Which the Conj'g. : Implements had been kept & round the Serjts. neck he tyed a Bag of Paint that had been kept with the Implements, he then told us that not one of us could be shot for those things Would turn the Balls from us -- He then made us Strip ourselves of all our Cloaths Except our Breech Clouts & mocasons, then shook hands With us & told us to go & fight like men for nothing could hurt us. The first View had of the fort was from the Banks of the Ohio but a Great Distance : we saw one Batteau two Cannoes, there were indians in the latter fishing. We were there in a pasture fenced in With Trees sett one on another. We saw by the Tracks that this pasture, the farthest part of Which is only abt. ¾ m : from F : D : was much frequented by indians. from Which I Could make no Great Discovery Except of the Number of tents till Almost sun seting at Which Time I let the Indians know that I wanted them to Accompany me to the top of a Ridge that Run Down in the forks Directly towards the F : but they disliked the proposal & refused as they were in great Expectations of geting a Scale there -- however When they saw that I was Determined to go & had proceeded on towards the place they followed me -- from the top of this Ridge I had an extraordinary good View as it was considerably higher than the F & scare half mile Distant from it, there were fifty or sixty tents pitched on the Ohio abt. 100 yards from the Fort & there are several houses on Monongahala. there were Neither Cannoes nor Batteaus in this that I Could perceive, nor Could I discover any New Works abt. the fort. I do imagine the men parade in the Fort as I saw them going in at Retreat Beating but from What I Saw I do not judge that they have above 300 Frenchmen, the Indians kept a continual Hooping but I Could not see their Camp unless the Tents I mentioned were pitched for them Which I judge were from the fires & the Appearance of the people at them whom by their looks, noise &c. I imagine to be Indians -- I could see no Sign of a Camp or Buildings on the other Side of either of the Rivers -- After Dark the Indians got to Singing & Dancing from their noise I judge them to be Abt. fifty in Number all which the Cherokees told me were Shawnese. As I have taken a plan of the place & Fort as well as I could upon a Separate paper, I shall make no mention of it here---
This march had we kept the path would have been Abt. 12 miles the Course Abt. N : 80 W -- The Ohio Runs near S : 20 : W : the monongahala at the mouth from Near : E : From the top of this Ridge I moved to another place nearer to the monongahala but could make no further Discovery From this place we went back to the Chief Warriour & after some consultion a greed to return home -- upon Which we came abt. a mile & Near the Tradg path encamped -- We heard the Indians singing & Dancing all night---
Thursday 17th. As soon as Day break we began our march which we continued Very fast till 1 oClock in Which time we came about 30 miles & overtook our party that was ordered back We then made a short half & refreshed our selves after which we continued our march together & came Abt. 12 miles Abt. 2 miles before we encampt we came upon some fresh Tracks that came along the path Eastwards---
Fryday the 18th. we continued on our Way pursuing the Tracks that we Came on last Night. The low grounds & Branches I mentioned in my Journal as I went towards F : D : are Very low & liable to be Overflowed & consequently Very moist & Soft so that I am a fraid a Road tho' them Will be Very indifferent for Carriages We followed the Tracks till night When we encamped abt. 4 miles from the Camp at Quimahony Creek --
Saterday the 19th. We marched Early in the morning & came to the camp Where we found that it was Ensn. Allens party that we had tracked & that they they arrived a Camp But last Night --
ALEXR. Augt. 22d. 1758
DR. SIR
I Was favd. with yours of the 9th. & 20 Int. In Answer to the former you have A Letter from Me to Mr. Simons. Yr. Other covers the rect. of my two last & am Glad I had it In my power to give you the Satisfaction of Copethorns Safe Arrival, the General Accounts of Sales for Tobacco this Yr. has been from 7 to 10£ per hhd & its the received Opinion it must be higher, The Prospect at Present being So bad that All Agree this Whole Colony will Not make more The 10000 hhds. & those that Can will keep up their Tobacco for a Price & by All Accounts from home their is No Quantity on hand --
The Present Prospect of any Thing being done this Year To the Wt.ward Seems very bad but as I am a prejudiced Person Agt. Sum of the Gt -- Men on that Comand, I dare not find fault Least I Should not make Proper Allowances, I am greatly Obliged to you for Yr. Account of Affairs, & heartily am Sorry for Yr. & many other Gentns. Situation Who If they had Leave wou'd be of Service to a Country that has done all (nay more than was( In Their power to Carry on The Warr to Advantage --
Colo Fairfax has Wrote You lately, as Also has Jno. Pattinson Relateing Your Buildings. It must be from Sum Currious Eye or Sumthing of that kind that hinders Your Not Receiveing Letters from him, for I have Seen Several & have forwarded Sum As to Knight I cannot Say So much for As I donot So Often Converse With him only In General I am told Youl make A Good Crop & What of It I have Seen You have the best Corn & Tobacco In this County & dare Say Jno. Pattinson has your Interest At heart as much As If it Was his Own --
Nothing New has happen'd here Since You left this the Ladys here & at Belvoir desires their Compts. to You -- They Joyn Colo Fairfax (who is here) Mr. Dalton & me In hearty Wishes for Yr. Health & Safe Return to a Life of Ease & Plenty -- I am
... Dr. Sir Yr.
... obliged Hble Sert.
... JOHN CARLYLE
P. S Mr. Ramsay is much Wanted at Winchester & here & dayly Expected -- Yrs. &c
... J. C.
The Inclosed Letter for Mr. Ramsay Contains Matters of Moment to him & Us & If his Come Away Wch We Are In hopes he is We desire Youd Inclost. it back to us -- Excuse this Trouble from
... Yrs. &c
... C & D1
[Note 1: 1 Carlyle & Dalton.]
FORT LOUDOUN Augt. 22. 1758
DR SIR
I Receiv'd Your Favour Dated the 20th. -- & have sent Down Your Inclos'd Letters to Alexandria by Mr. Cooper --
You say I Did very Rong in Keeping Govenours Faiuquars Letter to Governour Sharp so Long, & then sending it to you I can assure You to my knowledg I Never see the Letter but allways takes the Greatest Care of there Letters, as Well as Yours Which I Shall Resarve as Part of My Care --
I Receivd. a Letter From Governour Sharp Dated the 18th. Wherein he Informs me that it is Reported, as Lewes Burg was given up the 22d. of Last Month -- but with What Foundation he knows not --
it Gives me a Deal of Sattesfaction to here that You & the Rest of the Gentn. Lives so agreable to Your one testes, it is more then I can say, for this is the Dulest Place You ever See,
I hav Wrote to hardewick at Every Oppertunity to Answer Your Letters, as I am sensibel he ought so to do, I am in Hast, & no more to ad, believe I am Your
... Friend
... & Very Humbe. Servt.
... CHS. SMITH
P. S. Nothing is hapened since Last
Return, & when I send the Papers You shall
have an Exact Accot. of the Whole,
... C. S.
REAS TOWN CAMP 23d. Aug 1758.
DEAR SIR
The Governors in America have no Comand of the Troops even of their own Province as soon as they are joined wth. any other of his Majestys Forces: unless they have a Comission from the Commander in Chief for that Purpose
I have commanded the Forces at Philada and at Charles Town, tho' the Governor was Capt. General in his Province, and was intirely independent from them.
Governor Sharpe will not expect to have the Comand as Governor, and as Lieut Col. he can not; and would not I suppose choose to serve in that Rank: Therefore you are very Right in keeping it.1
[Note 1: 1 See Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. ii. p. 83.]
I send Capt. Trent to bring here the Indians wth. you.
The Intelligences received by Lieuts. Allen and Chew of your Regt. are full and very Satisfactory
... I am
... Dear Sir Your most obedt.
... Hble. Servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
CAMP AT RAYS TOWN 23d Augt. 1758
DEAR SIR/ I have scarce been able from a Sprain in my Wrist to hold a pen for this sometime past, or would have done myself the pleasure of writing oftener, the Current News I made shift to scrawl to Colo. Byrd once or twice which I desired him to acquaint you with. Colo. Burd of the 2nd Batn. Pennsylvs. Major Grant with a Detachment of 300 Highlanders and all the Royal Americans march this day to take Post at Loyalhannon, The General still remains below for the recovery of his health and I presume will not move till the road is cut to our Advance Post. Every thing has but a bad aspect with General Abercromby, His Troops are intrenched at Fort Wm. Henry, Montcalm has an Incampment within 16 miles of him wch. Col. Haisland is gone to attack, Bradstreet is gone with 4000 men as is supposed to Frontinac; The two Parties of Cherokees which were out at the French Fort are returned Ensn. Chew was with them they had a very fair & full view of it there are about 200 or 300 Indians there & as many White men no New Works at all abt. 18 pieces of Cannon I dare say no Reinforcement is yet arrived from the Northward. I wish you may soon join us & am Dr. Sir Yr. most obedt. Servt.
... BOTOMWORTH
N. B. There is a Grand Treaty going to be held with all the Ohio Indians & those as far as the Lakes in Septr. which will be an excellent Diversion if accomplished.
MOUNT VERNON, Augst. the 23d 1758
SIR/ Yesterday we had a very fine rain which has wet things to the Roots. Ellse we have had None before this sumer, to Do Corn mutch servis We have a very likely Corn field I believe the best in the parts, As to Tobco. we have a good Deal mising but it is the worst of the ground I hope to make a smart Crop of Tobco. if weather premits, I should be Glad to no what Quantanty of wheat you would have savd, Our people has bin very sickley ned and Ruth is sick now, & betty but I hope no Dainger Our Stock is all well, I have taken some people out of The Crop and put to work on the new meadow which we begun last fall) and shall get it in use again as I can not hurting the crop the mill has not gone this 4 or 5 weeks past, Willm Gates and Nathan Williamson two of your Tenants has Given notice that theyr. Going of, As to the rest they seem to want to stay If your Hnr. thinks proper they should I have Got all the rents in as I shall get this year, Ben Williamson, Will Nelson Wm. Gates Neither of them has paid all their rents, John Crook has paid none, the widow Ransom Did not pay Quite all hurs, plese to send word if any of the Tenants is to be movd: that wants to stay or if ye places that is void must be rented again because several sponsible people is after them I am Sir your Most Hble Servt. to Comd.
... HUMPHREY KNIGHT
The place of Nathan Williamsons is on that track of Land you bought of Mr. Dorrell lies over ye road against the Orchard where ye widow Ransom lives
... H. K.
NEW LONDN., Augt 23d 1758.
DEAR SIR
I assure you my not having a single Line from you for a Very Long time gives me no small Pain, -- I make no doubt but you are much engaged however one moment may be afforded to an Old Friend,
inclosed you have all the news I can send you and I congratulate you on the same, it is not a tryfling Blow to the Grand Monarck the taking of Louisburgh with so many ships of war in the Harbour -- I hope we may give them many more as weighty strokes and that very soon -- I earnestly pray for your success and am not out of hopes of some good accounts Coming shortly from the neighbourhood of Ticonderoga. I pray you to give my Love to my Brother and all Friends. Accept of a large portion of the same with my best Respects yourself and be assured that I am my Dear Sir
... Your affectionate obedt Servt
... JOS. CHEW
ALEXANDRIA 23rd. Augt. 1758.
DEAR SIR/ I am no less honour'd than entertained by your kind Letter of the 20th. which has had a speedy passage hither -- and gives me the wished for intelligence of your good Health, amid all your Anxieties, and Troubles -- May it long continue -- & improve with a full enjoyment of all your wishes -- whether in the active attempts to Liberty and Honour -- or in the passive paths of Virtue, peace and pleasure.
You have a large share of sympathy from me -- coud it avail to change the situation of affairs -- or my ineffectual Wishes add any thing to the service of my country -- which now, more than ever, calls aloud for Redress -- In vain does your Generous Zeal, -- oppose the Torrent of headstrong prejudice or attempt to clear the Mists of Mistaken Parties -- It has long been the luckless fate of Virginia, to fall a Victim to the Views of crafty neighbours and yield her honest efforts to promote their common interest -- at the expense of much Blood and Treasure -- While her Sincerity Justified her measures -- We now, can only bewail that Blindness -- and wish for happier times -- which seem at so remote a distance -- that it is rather to be wished than expected
Your kind detail of the Delays and disappointments that attend You, are extremely acceptable -- and we all acknowledge the favour -- Could it suit your leisure to give us an Account of the Road from Phila. to Rays Town -- thence to Du Quesne -- their distance -- and how passable for carriages -- &c. -- a better notion can be form'd of this surprising folly -- when laid in Contrast to the old Roads -- A particular list of Your Army woud likewise oblidge -- and what other intelligence you are pleas'd to communicate -- as we shall be better Judges of the Injustice offered by the Pensilvanians -- who are all in all.
To drop the dull topick of politicks -- and touch the subject of social entertainment -- woud require a readier genius, to dress the insipid occurancies so as to yield you any degree of Satisfaction -- but to take them according to your own Arrangemt. -- Love, reigns with gentle sway -- and rarely in this Age warms the heart beyond the common degree of Fondness -- hence, this defficiency of Romantick Lovers Knight Errants -- &c. in short his influence is seldom seen. However as an exception I hear Charles' Eskridge intends to Batter down the Gates of Miss Guby's affections in a little time, The Surrender being suspended till Monsr. Ramsay the commandant consent to the Terms of Capitulation -- Charles' Colo. vizt., C -- le resists the scheme with fruitless arguments. I am almost induced to believe our Friend B. Fairfax has some thoughts of softening his austerity in the arms of some fair Nymph -- coud he reconcile the Toying, Triffling, Billing Sports of Love to the Solemnity and Gravity of his Deportment -- Amusements and joys unbecoming his Philosophic Temper -- tho' I cant think he has any inherent aversion to what some esteem the end of Creation.
I am hurried to Conclude because Cowper who brought me yours carries this to Winchester -- & waits for me. I have resolved on paying a visit to my native country & may probably take the first occasion in 3 weeks or a Month hence -- however shall do myself the pleasure of writing You before I go -- & give you a Direction for me -- that when it shall please you to honor me with a Letter, I may not suffer a disappointment by miscarriage -- I am not resolved to continue at home -- but -- there -- here -- or Wherever Fortune fixes me -- I am extremely Yours in every respect -- as in Duty I ought -- & always will be dear Sir Your very much oblidged &
... Obed: Hume. Servt.
... JNO: KIRKPATRICK
FORT PEARSALL Augt. 24th. 1758.
honble. Sir I hope no Eval will accrue from my detaining a Letter derected to you So Long by me, when had opertunety to send it sooner but humbly hope the Severity of my Disorder will pleed my Excuse -- Mr. Mc. Cullouch must apply to Sir John for Cash to Discharge the Branch forrage Acct. Mr. Walker hath wrote only for what will be sufficien to discharge the debts allredy Contracted below -- I could not by any means bring a Total of the Forage Recd. below. Mr. Walker much ailing and in a hurry home, bundled up all the papers I had Relating to Three Large Quantitys -- Forage before I had Entered them in my book --
please To Charge The Waggon masters To have all the Wagns. well secured both sides and ends That no Horses can teare their Bags; and cover the Seames in the bottoms of The wagns. underneath the Lode to prevent the bags from falling or working in which if they do, the motion of the wagn. will soon weare holes and lose the grain -- Much damage hath been sustained that way notwithstanding repeated orders ware given to have the wagons secured as above -- Please allso to order the wagn. Masters to bring in all the Empty baggs both flower and forrage baggs and Deliver them To The Commissarys proper to Receive Them --
There are three men from Culpepper which Mr. Walker and myself are under promises to that they shall not be obligd any farther than Fort Cumberland. I beg your honr. may pay a regard To our Reputations.
I hope You'l not blaim me for ordering the Teams To be well fed this time -- one Team well fed will do you more Sarvice in yr. march out, Then two that are meanly fed and its the Good of the Sarvice I have at hart -- I hope no person of Knowledge or that is To be Regarded will Sensure me for the Loss of so many Cattle -- I had no Gard assign'd me which was Exceeding ill usage -- Nither Should I have left Edwards's Til next day and so push'd on to Pearsalls under my own Gard in one day; had not several Gentlemen laid down many Reasons why I should joyn them that night -- but I hope the most of those beeves will be recovered again.
Thus Dr. Sir I Conclude a most Imperfect Letter beseeching The Great Disposer of Events to Defend and Prosper you Through all perrils and fatigues of War Bring you of Victorious at the close and Long Continue you the Delight of all well Effected Virginians -- I am Sir your most oblig'd hble Servt.
... RICHD. VERNON
MOUNT VERNON Augst the 24th. 1758
SIR/ Yesterday your Waggoner came down from your Quartrs. in Fredrick with one mair and four colts and Delivered em to John Allton Colonel Carlyle tells me you mention to him that we Neglect righting to you. I shall Evedently make it appear if I live to see your Honr. that I have lodgd. Severall Letters in Alexandrea. to be sent to your Hnr., but I find Severall has miscarried Tuesday Last we had a very fine rain which is all the rain we have had this Summer that has bin to mutch acct, we planted our Crop all over but want of rain Causes a Deal to be wanting but it happens to be ye. worst of the ground that is wanting we have the best Cornfield I believe in our Parts Our stock is all well our people has been sickly and Ned and Ruth is sick now but I hope no danger of Loosing them I believe we have as good a crop of Tobo. growing as any in ye. County. the great house goes on as brisk as Posable the paintr has bin painting 3 Days Our Carpentr. is now giting leaths to Sheath ye Great house and shall Sheath it Mr. Patterson tells me he will see it well Dun, I keep all the people I can spair out of the Crop making the new meadow which we begun last fall, I shall Stick Close to your business and work your people I hope to your Satisfaction Our mill has been no sarvis to us this 4 or five weeks and more I Dair say for want of water ye. miller says I am Sir yr. Most Hble. Servtt. to Comd
... HUMPHREY KNIGHT
We have made a very fine Crop of Oats and only Seven and sixpence Cost in Mowing. We have thrasht all our wheat with our one people. We have now in the barn thrasht about 40 bushels of old wheat and about 25 of New -- Never was any destroyed of either As to what your Honr. would have sewd this fall I am quite a stranger to and as Mr. John Washington has not cum up yet I must aply to your Honr. for advise. I could make what wheat I pleased if I was to sew at Mudy Hole1 but where you please. Please to wright word where you would have it sewd and what Quantaty.
[Note 1: 1 One of Washington's farms. It contained four hundred and seventy-six acres, situated on the road from Mount Vernon to Alexandria; divided into seven "fields and clover lots." It was Washington's practice to number, in each division of his four farms (Union, Dogue-Run, Muddy-Hole and River Farms), the separate fields or lots. By this means his overseers were enabled in his absence to follow closely his careful and minute directions regarding his crops and their proper rotation. Throughout Washington's life he took an active interest in and direction of his farms. He excelled in that art as in the other duties to which he was called by Divine Providence; and his tables of rotation of crops, etc., would serve to-day as models for the agriculturist. From no class of correspondence did he, in later years, derive more satisfaction than in that with Sir Arthur Young on topics relative to practical and scientific agriculture.]
... H. KNIGHT.
BULLSKIN August 26th., 1758.
HONBLE SIR/
Your's of the 8th. Instant came to hand the 20th.. I wou'd have wrote to you as often as you Desire, but that I have nothing material to Mention so often to write to you about, neither have I at this time any Agreeable News or Acct. to send to you in regard to our Crop the Weather being so excessive Dry, had not one Shower of rain since my Last Letter to you 'till Sunday last, makes me fear it will be but a poor Crop, 'tho. Better with you than with any other in our Neighbourhood, our last planting is but very small by the Drought & a great deal of it burnt up -- According to your Directions I have sent the Mare with her four Colts to Mount Vernon, & wrote to John Alton to take particular Care of them: I shall have the Wheat Threshed out as soon as possible, people wont [mutilated] hired to thresh at this Time, nor can I spare any of our own people [mutilated] it, as yet. Please to let me know what Quantity of wheat you'l have sowed this year, your people are all well, I have nothing else material to Mention but am with due Respect Sir your most
... Humble & obedient Servant
... CHRISTOPHER HARDWICK
P. S. Sir please to write to me by the first opportunity concerning the wheat --
REAS TOWN CAMP 26th Aug. 1758.
DEAR SIR
I had last night your favour of the 24th. 308 Beeves were brought here, and as 320 had been sent from Cumberland 12 must have been lost. They are extremely bad, and I hope we shall have no more such Cattle from the Contractors.
I expect to-day your Convoy with the Indians. I regret extremely the loss of poor Bullen which very truly is a great one at this juncture.
If there is any team fit for service in the Waggons that brought you the flour, I beg you will Keep them in the Service, and send them here, where we have employment for them.
The first division of the artillery is over the Allegheny, and had no Stop or difficulty to go over the Gap: the Road will be cut tonight to the foot of L. Hill and in three days Sir John promises to be over to Loy. H The second division will follow immediately and I expect wth. impatience the arrival of the General to move on myself: We must shortly enter upon action, and I know that we have time enough to carry our Point, if we meet with no new difficulties.
The first Point to Settle is the disposition of your Troops, of which I shall inform you immediately -- Please to keep constant Partys upon your Road. I am with great truth my dear Sir your most obed & humble servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
If Mr. Hooper Should want any Escort I beg you will furnish him one.
Mr. Fraser went to Cumberland for two days and I have not seen him Since.
In case you sent any Waggons this Way, he could take the opportunity of removing his family Which he told me was his Intention.
My compliments to Colo. Byrd, Am very sorry of his Indisposition.
... H. B.
Any troops not belonging to your two Regts. who could come to you, Please to order them all here.
FORT LOUDOUN, Aug 27th. 1758.
DR. SIR/ I have inclosed you three Weekly Returns Wherein you will se what strengt I am off, at this time.
there is one Christopher Hencely a Deserter from the First Virga. Regt. I have taken up. he promises for the time to come to be a very Dutifull Soldier but did not Imagin any officer would a meddled with him, as he had been out of the servis so long he Left us with Six more from the Dunkers just before the Scrummage at the Great meadow.
by a Letter yesterday from the Governour wherein he says you inform'd him that I had about 20 £ left with me to finnish the Well & to Close in the Buildings, the Miners Account is come to more than that sum all ready but still we continue for the want of water makes Duty very hard, as I am still ordered to carry on the well I Imagin you know best how the Blacksmiths is to come at thier Parts as their Parts runs pretty high.
Hardwick was here Yesterday & tels me there is a Worst Prospect this Year for a Crop as ever he see, I Persuaided him if he had not constant work for the Negroes to set some of them to cuting of Wood for the Iron Workes.
we have no News here worth Relating as I Refaire it to the Papers sent up.
the Raingers still Keep on the Scout & has not Put them in my Weekly Returns to you but shall take Your advice before I send to the Governour as he thinks it necessary as They Should Guarde the Stors but Let Duty be Ever so hard I would sooner have them away than shuch a Grumbling.
so many men being Sick in this Garrison as I am Oblig'd to Advance a Prety Deal for Doctrs. Medisens & other Necessary -- as they cant Possibly do without -- some with the Flucks Rumatics Fits Sore Leggs, & the Foul Deseas it cant be suppos'd that these men can be sav'd. without sufficient care taken of them and I being not a gudge the Doctrs. may Impose on me, as they think Proper.
... I have no more to ad as all Friends is Well
... believe I am Dr. Sr. Your Friend & very
... Hhbl. Servt.
... CHAS SMITH
CAMP NEAR RAYS TOWN Augt. 29th. 58.
DR SIR
Inclos'd I send you the best intelligence I cou'd get & tho; not precisely to aday, I fancy near the truth; tho; the publick papers will give a better Account of Cape Breton, Hawk, and St. Maloes, I believe may be depended on. -- I shall continue to keep a jounal of ev'ry occurence while I stay here, but my dear friend I am heartily tir'd, & my business calls me home.
... I wish you ev'ry happiness & am Dr. Sr.
... Yr. affect. H. Servt.
... WM RAMSAY.
[Intelligence inclosed in Mr. Ramsay's letter.]
4th. or 6th. June The Highlanders landed at Philadelphia, Abt. the 25th. or 28 July, part came to the Camp near Rays Town abt. the 10th. June, the train arrived at Philadelphia. Abt. the 1st. Aug. At the Camp near Rays Town.
The Virginians open'd the Road from abt. 10 Miles this side of Shippys Town to Rays Town, 70 Miles.
N. B. -- The Pensylvanians clear'd part of the road the Virginians were on, but it cost the Virginians three days labor to make the same passable --
N. B. By persons of undoubted veracity & in the imploy of Pensylvania, do publickly assert, that the new road from Shippys Town to the Camp, is worse than any part of the old road from Fort Cumberland to Fort Du Quesne --
The Crown pays carriage of Provisions from Philadelpa. & I dare say costs gorty shillings per hundred --
Augt. 23d. Highlanders, Royal Americans & second Battalion of Pensylvanians Marched & escorted 2. 12 pounders, 2 Six pounders & sundary Provisions towards Loyal Hannon.
26th. 5 or 6 Waggons sent from the Camp near Rays Town to Loyal Hannon with Shingles, Quere -- is not this imprudt when they have plenty of fine Timber & Workmen on the spot --
Soldiers here very Sickly & die fast --
27th The General suppos'd to be yet at Shippys Town. The old Camp broke up & remov'd near the Fort where I am inform'd a breast Work is to be thrown up.
Augt. 22d. Provisions in store. Vizt. at Carlisle, Shippys Town, Fort Loudoun, & Littleton & Rays Town & with the advanc'd Troops are as follows Vizt.
54 days Flour, 32 days Salt Provisions, & 21 days Rice no dependance on Salt Provisions.
N. B. I heard some Persons of Credit Publickly declare that the Waggons employ'd in the Kings Service in Pennsylvania were Apprais'd upon an Average to £20 above the intrinsic worth.
They further said they knew Horses bought a few days or hours before Appraisement, valued by the Appraisers to £9 & £15 wch. only cost 50/ & 60/. Honest Appraisers & a disinterested Colony --
28th. Louisburg surrendered the 26th. July -- the Garrison Prisoners of War.
Six French Ships of War taken by Hawk & 100 Transports St. Maloes in France said to be destroyed with all their Privateers, Docks Yards &c.
The Genl. at Shippys Town.
"NOTE. St. Maloes if destroy'd, is the fruits of our secret expedition, & indeed the first fruits -- "
REAS TOWN CAMP 30th Aug 1758.
DEAR SIR
I have your favour of the 28th. and am very glad to have it in my Power to relieve you of that long inactivity which you so justly complain of.1
[Note 1: 1 In response to Washington's melancholy reflections on the campaign.]
The Generals orders are that you march with the Virginia troops actually under your Command, by Braddock's Road, and that you take Post at the Salt Like,2 that Strong natural Encampment described us once by Sr. John. Our advanced Partys on this Way will take Post beyond the Chestnut Ridge, and will look for the shortest Communication wth. you.
[Note 2: 2 Salt Lick Creek, now known as Sewickly Creek, -- JONES. Washington did not, however, repair to Salt Lick. He did not march from Fort Cumberland until the 21st of September. "If it were possible that I could march with carrying horses only, and those good, I could be at the place you mention in six days: But if I am encumbered with waggons it will probably be 10 days; and if the teams are bad, there is no guessing at the time. ... I am very desirous of a conference with the General before I march as there may be many things necessary to settle, I shall lose no time in attending him when I have notice of his arrival." -- Washington's answer; from Washington's Letter Book, iv. p. 135.]
I beg you will let me know what you may want in ammunition &c. Provisions you must have for Six Weeks from the day of your departure, including 3 weeks of fresh Meat or live Cattle.
I shall send you a Proportion of Intrenching tools and Compleat your Men at 100 Rounds each.
As we have no Waggons here, I cannot See that you will be able to march before the 8th. of 7ber and if you could by your Interest procure a number of Waggons from Virginia they would be of great Service, were they 100: The last Teams you have had from Winchester are very good, but before I received Your Orders, I had Sent them to Carlisle. These 100 additional Waggons or Part of them could be loaded wth. what flour cou'd be got in Virga. The Rest with Indian Corn, proceed to Cumberland, where they would find further orders, according to Circumstances and either go to the Ohio by your Road or this as would be found most convenient.
The first good Waggons that will come up I shall Send you, with what you may want.
The General was to Set out yesterday from Shippys and I hope will be here in a few days. It will be very necessary that you See him; as soon as I know the day of his arrival, you will be informed. Prepare in the meantime your Queris &c.
If you will have Pack horses to carry Provisions besides the Waggons, you may have any number of them, but they cannot easily carry Pork, Liquor or Tools, otherwise you would have had little occasion of incumbering your march with waggons.
Let me know in how many days you could be there, either wth. Pack Horses only, or with Waggons.
The Ration is fixed at 7lb. flour and 7lb. fresh Beef per Week, and in lieu of Beef five Pounds of Pork and one Pint of Rice, or in lieu of Pork, four pounds of Bacon and also one Pint of Rice.
A Head of Bullock is given here for 5lb. and the Heart for two.
I write you in a great hurry, not to differ a moment informing you, of your happy delivery. I shall let you know, how the Fort is to be garrisoned. I believe it will be by 250 men of the Militia of Maryland, commanded by the Governor himself.
Your Sick Should be Sent to the Genl. Hospital here, or lefft at Cumberland, if they can be well attended there. Your sentiment upon that.
If you have any hopes of getting Waggons from Virginia, how could they be escorted to Cumberland without weakening you?
I have had the misfortune to have had One Express to the General intercepted last Week. I can hear nothing of the two Light Horse, the Carriers, whether deserted, killed or taken; and yesterday another Experss from our advanced Post deserted with Letters; Therefore the French may pretty well be informed of our Proceedings: I am ashamed that they Succeed in all their Scouting Partys and that we never have any Success in ours.
My Compliments to Col. Byrd. I shall be very glad to see you here, and am with great truth Dr. Sr. your most obedt. humble servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
Our troops will be tomorrow at L--H--n. Louisburg was taken the 26th. We shall make a feu de joie, fire also at Cumberland. Keep the above disposition of your troops Secret till you hear more about it.1
[Note 1: 1 It may be of interest to note that the original letter, although over a century old, yet retains, attached to it, an excellent impression in red wax of Colonel Bouquet's seal. It is an indication of the excellent care taken of these manuscripts.]
CAMP NEAR RAYS TOWN August. 31st 1758.
DR. SIR
Since my last nothing remarkable hath occurr'd, only an Express by Colo. Burd from the Mountains, is suppos'd to be gon to Fort Du Quesne. This may be of very ill consequence indeed, It seems this fellow was for sometime a Prisoner amongst them, & had the character of a great willain, yet was made one of the Pennsylvania Light Horse, & intrusted it seems with affairs of such moment; how imprudt. this was, needs no comment. Another sent down to the Genl. is tho't, to be taken.
Amidst this gloom of ill fortune & delays, we have the strongest assurances of Louisburg being ours, that our Fleet ravages the Coast of France & that we may hope some important blow may be struck there, God grant this, for I'm affraid, as I hinted before, Loyal Hannan will be our utmost effort this year. The Genl. was to leave Shippenburg at yesterday, but I am affraid he neither is, nor will be able to get here this season. I cannot divine why Men born down with age & infirmities & thereby rendered incapable of action, should be imploy'd in affairs of such momt. & in a Country that requires robustness to bear fatigue, resolution to execute with celerity this enterprise; especially as we have great reason to suppose, chief part of their force were employ'd to Oppose Genl. Abercrombie, & how dear Genl. Braddock's delays cost us.
I daily hope to be releas'd. from this place; my affairs really call me home, tho; my stay will be short there, for I must soon set out for Williamsburg, where you may probably have some affairs to transact Wch the greatest care shall be taken of if intrusted to me. Yesterday an old Indian named Capatee, who was sent about three Weeks ago from this place, has been at Loggs Town & some other adjacent ones, & has bro't. with him three Indians of the Six nations, but what they report has not transpir'd. I have nothing further to add, but a tender of any service in the power of Dr. Sir
... Your very H. Servt.
... WM RAMSAY
REAS TOUN CAMP 31st. Aug 1758.
DR. SR.
The Officer who commands the Escort you sent wth. Mr. Hoops having not been near me I did not know till this moment that there was one, and adventured a Letter to you last night by a man going in the night, which I would be very sorry should be intercepted.
The Beeves lost in driving are to be paid by the Crown, upon Certificate that they have been lost, Therefore I beg you will order the commanding officers who escorted them from Winchester, and from Cumberland to give such Certificates.
If you have any Person acquainted wth. the Country between the Salt Like and the old trading Path by Reastown, Inquire of the shortest distance between the two Roads and of the nature of the Ground, where the Junction could be made
... I am with a sincere Regard Dear Sir
... Your most obedt hble. Servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
BELVOIR Septr. 1st 1758
DEAR SIR
I have this instant rec d. yours of the 23d. & 27th. Ultimo. The first Mrs. Fairfax undertakes to answer, as I dont care to detain the bearer, and having several Culpeper People now waiting upon business -- You may depend Sir. that Mr. Patterson shall have all the Assistance I am able to give him, and shall do all I can to forward his Work. But I begin to doubt whether it will be finished before we may reasonably expect you down. One very great reason for my thinking so is. The goods from York are not arrived, neither do I know when they will, altho' I have wrote to your Brother John & Mr. Ambler if possible to hasten them up. --
Your Overseer has housed some Tobacco and by the help of a late very soaking rain, I hope he will secure a good Crop of both Corn and Tobaco:, which is more than any I hear can boast of. For I never Remember so very dry a Season, and 'till this late blessed rain, there was not a green blade of Grass to be seen on my Plantation, and every thing began to wither, indeed most of my Pear, and many of my Apple Trees are dead (and I am sorry to say your two Chestnuts before the House) But thank God the face of things begin to revive. But never so as to make in Genl. more than quarter Crops.
Knowing that you have the Philadelphia Papers more frequent and regular than we, I think it needless to recite the particulars of the reduction of Louisburg, and some advantages gained in Europe. And shall only rejoice with you and every Loyal and well affected Person, upon having the Dunkirk of America in our hands, and at so little loss of blood. I was going to Expatiate upon its Advantages, 'till I recollected it was needless to one of your knowledge of the Continent. And being called upon by an impatient Man at my Elbow, which I hope will be a sufficient Apology to conclude with all our Compliments, and to wish you and our Countrymen may return with Laurels sufficient to Perpetuate their Names to the latest Ages, I am Dear Sir
... Your Most Obedient and very humble servt.
... WM. FAIRFAX.
P. S. As there is no dependence on Mr. Ballendine, I shall endeavour to get Plank for the Floors elsewhere, otherwise to see whether we can do without, and make the old look as well as possible. I am really sorry the Ladies wont dispense my going with them to Hampton, but I will put it off as long as I can in hopes of seeing the goods from York (which I believe will be about three weeks hence.
ALEXANDRIA Sept 1, 1758
DR. SIR/
I wrote you about Eight days Ago to the Care of Lut. Smith Also Two days Ago Another Letter Inclosing You Several from Mr. Patterson, Knight & Jno. Alton wch. Suppose You have recd. & to which desire to be referr'd, Yours of the 27 Augt. Is Now before Me & In answer I have not recd. one Letter for You or Myself Since the Last I Sent You Six weeks Ago from Mr. Rd. Washington When I doe Shall Send them forward Immediatly I owed Mr. Washington Abt. Sixteen pds. & I recds. & I recd. from Mr. Meldrum Abt. Twenty-five Wch With yr. Money I remitted him In one bill of 93£ by Two Ships of this Fleat I Shall by Sum Oppertunity Write to Mr Lewis If the Goods Comes Up their to Immediatly Send them Over to Eaves Warehouse & to Acquaint Me therewith & I Will Send for them, We have Very little Intercourse With York they may Lay their Twelve Months before an Oppertunity May offer of Your Getting them If A Vessel is Not directed to call for them on purpose had they been Sended At Either Hampton or Norfolk We have Oppertunitys Weekly -- We have Occasion to Send our Schooner down to Norfolk Soon & If I do not have Sum Acct. Abt. them before Will direct the Captain to Call for them --
I Answered Mr. Simons Letter & Sent it Open to You In my Letter abt. Ten days Ago --
We doubt not Long before this you have rejoyced On the News of Cape Brittoon being In our hands & With So Small A Loss The Good Effects from it may be to keep the French at home to Guard their own Country & Inable Genl. Abercromby to make Another & more Successful Attempt & If you cou'd once gett out We are Still In hopes the Ohio Will fall an Easey Pray to You (wch God Grant) --
I am Extream Sorrey for our Loss In Capt. Bullen He was the Indian I had the greatest Opinion of for his Truth to English Nation --
On Your Return from Rays Town or When it Suits Your Time the favour Of A Letter Shall be Gratefully Esteemed -- Mrs. Carlyle Mr Dalton & all yr. Friends here Joyn in Good Wishes & Am -- Dr. Sir Yr Very Affectionet Hble Sert.
... JOHN CARLYLE
P.S. I have made free to put A Letter Under your cover for Mr. Ramsay Wch Please Send him If he's Not at Ft. Cumberland by A Speciall Messinger the Expence of Wch. he'l readily pay -- Yrs. &c.
... J. C.
It is Extream Wett Weather & Burris In his Shirt I Recolected I had the Suit of Cloaths that was At Williamsburg I therefore Lett him have them to Carrey Up & Deliver to You.
MOUNT VERNON: Sepbr the 2d: 1758
SIR I Receivd yours and I am very sorry you have not Receid. all the Letters I have sent, I can Evedently make it apear that I have wrote six and Lodgd, to be carried up to you but sending some has miscarried I shall write the oftner for the futer I must Needs think you want to hear from your Estate often Especially this year as mr John Washington is Absent, but I hope all things will be taken cair of that your Honr was pleasd to Intrust me with,1 as to our Crop I believe we have as good as any in the County our corn is Exceeding good according to the Drouth of the summer and I Dont see a better crop of Tobco. any where than we have got we have not housd above a room yet, but shall cut very fast now, we have about 50 thousand that will soon be In the house the other a smaller Size but I hope will be good Yesterday we had a very fine rain which has set the Mill to work again She has lain IDle chieff of the Sumer but I hope will want water no more this fall, I hope we shall make a hhd. a shear if the fall turns out favourable our negros has been very Sickly but lost none 2 or 3 is Sick now but I hope soon will get out our Stock is all well we have raisd Eight Calves this Summer which is all we had Dropt, As to the oats I think we shall make 300 bushels and I hope more I believe theyr. the best sort, As to ye Carpentrs I have minded em all I posably could, and has whipt em when I could see a fault Old Kit is a very poor hand at any thing, the great house has took a vast Deal of Sawing work besides a vast Deal of other work which the Carptrs Did, puling Down the old works and Raising the new which was a long time about and puling ye nails out of ye shingles making Scaffield for the workmen as to puling Down the old plastering and leaths out of ye rooms I made the home house people Do and all other work as they could, ye Carptrs has repaird some old Tobco. houses at muddyhole and mended ye. mill house set up some hhds. and built a new Quartrs. at muddy hole, which I wrote to you before to A Quint your Hr. the misfortune we had in loosing the Quartr by fier ye Scantlin for the great house is all got out of white oak which made it abundance ye Teadiousn. to get, Searching ye woods to get all white oak this Day we Counted ye sheep their is 65 old sheep and 48 Lambs I beleive no Mistake The Carpentrs now is geting leaths to leath the great house and has got a great part of them they are to leath it Mr. Patterson tells me he will see it is well Dun, and hurry em about it we shall keep no more about it than Needfull I have taken other work for em to Do when that is Dun, as to the wheat our one people has thrasht it out and safe headed in hhds. their is 45 bushels of old wheat the Rest went in Colo Carlyles Sloop which was 168 bushels which I wrote to you before As to the new wheat we Sewd but 5 bushels which has made about 20 bushels the old field ground will not bring wheat worth while Sewing I have 70 thousand Tobco hills which we tended Last year at muddy hole and this year I have put it in Corn and it is very fine Corn I gave it a good Distance on purpose to sew it in wheat I purpose Soon to Sew it, it will bring as good wheat as the ground in fredrick the Drouth has bin so Despart it was not posable to plow the old fields in time for wheat besides it is Useless to Sew mean ground Sir I hope your opinion will agree with mine in that affair I shall wait some time hoping for your answer Mr Grymess. Vessell first and last had nine hhd of Tobco. of yours from hunting Creek wairhouse I have got in all the Rents I can and has paid Moxleys order that was in ye hands of Mr. piper and taken in ye order, I have paid the leavies and other Small Accts which I was oblidgd to pay I hope no Extravagant Charges I shall Receive all the money I can for you and take cair of it after I Receive it I cant posable now Draw up the acct of my Receiving and paying for you, but I will Imeadiatly Draw it up and inclose it in a letter and send it up I shall Drive on making ye meadow we begun last Fall but I am scar'd it wont stand I am Sir Your Most Hble Servant to Commd
[Note 1: 1 This is the last letter from Humphrey Knight to his employer: the faithful steward was soon to finish his labors. In Washington's Ledger, opposite his account, is the following: "Note, this Humphrey Knight was an Overseer of mine & died while his second crop was growing -- his share of which it is supposed coud. not amount to so much as the Ballce. of the Acct. for which he is here credited -- viz -- £ 30. 15. 9½" Knight's term of service was from June 20, 1757, to about September 9, 1758.]
... HUMPHREY KNIGHT
Will Gates & Nathan Williamson is design'd. to move of your land. Sir I was oblidge to let Burrus have 2/6 shillings before he would go away:
... H. K.
SATURDAY MORNING MOUNT VERNON Sepr. ye 2nd 1758
HONOURABLE SIR
I understand you have not recd. Letters that I wrote, its certainly by some bad management, for I readly comply'd in puting Letters in Col. Carlyle's Store, & directed to ye. care of Lieutenant Smith &c. I asure you Sir its not true any negligence of mine, for as you are pleas'd to desire hereing how your building goes on, I think its a satisfaction more than otherwise. In my last I wrote ye outside of ye House being finish'd, ye Closets excepted, that by reason of not having flooring plank; which Mr. Balendine has got a Bill of. I shall have ye Old dineing room, with ye Room ajacent to it finish'd, about ye ninth of this Inst. I will have ye Doors ready at ye sd. time. The goods from York is not ariv'd, but Col. Fairfax informs me he will do his endeavor to procure them as soon as possible; that Gent. asits me withhis advice, & every other article lyes in his power, for certainly I would be at a stop in laying floor if he had not supply'd me with flooring Bords as there were none to be had here about. For fear ye. last letter has been miscarried Mr. Triplet cant do ye. two Houses and Yard in all this year, as Bricks is to be made for them, & at ye same time having ye House to Plaster. And as your Hon. seem'd to be urgent in having them finish'd off directly, I inclos'd your letter to Col. Fairfax to know his opinion of it, he writes its best to have ye underpinning, & all ye outside work to be done first, But I imagine he does not include those two little Houses (for if so) ye Plastering of ye great House would not of consequence be done against your return, as Mr. Triplet cant even lath to Plaster on, having work elsewhere engaug'd; as he did not know of those Houses &c. sooner, and as he will direct ye Carpenters to lath it will be equally as well. He has finish'd ye top of ye Chimney's some time ago & when finish'd Major West's House intends here. I layd befor him ye disappointment that may accrue from ye Work not being finish'd, but he seems to be positive in compleating ye Plastering & underpinning against ye last of Novr. Col. Fairfax advisd me to employ a person to paynt ye House, as I had as much Joiner's work as I could do in ye time, & with his consent agreed with a man for four Shill. per day, & in my next will let you know how ye Paynt, & Paynting goes on.
As to my being positive in fixing a time to have ye whole finish'd, its not in my power, but may add without vanity its out of ye power of man to stick more diligent, & take all proper means I am master of to forward ye whole, & shall always make it my study, to Oblidge Your Honour & remain Your Honours.
... Most Oblidg'd, Most Humble Servt.
... JOHN PATTERSON
P. S.
I make all ye enquiry that posible for hands likewise gives directions to my acquaintance to do ye same, & if no accidents happens hopes with ye men I have got to finish ye House towards ye last of Novr.
BULLSKIN September 3d. 1758
HONBLE SIR
I have Received yours of the 27th. Ulto. by wch. I find you have not received my last Letter to you, in which I have given an Acct. of the Crop both of Tobacco & Corn lest it shou'd miscarry I also send you an Acct. thereof. viz. -- The Tobo. is very Backward on Acct. of the Drought, as also the Corn, We have hous'd I believe about fifteen Hundred which I wou'd rather was still out, if it wou'd allow it, as it might have been better since the late Rain we have had on Thursday & Friday last what is out is much better since the late Rain.
In regard to the Oats, we have made but a very small Crop By Reason of the Drought also, not more I believe than about Twenty Bushels out of Ten Bushels Sowing. I cant get any one at present to Thresh the wheat without giving an Extraordny. price which is a penny half penny more than usual, & if you'l have it Thresh'd at that price I shall get it done, as I cant spare any of our own people to do it, the Tobo. being so Latter that they can't be spared from it. I have sent the Mare & four Colts to Mount Vernon, we have lost no horses nor anything else since you have been gone, Mr. Smith has Employ'd the Waggon last Week at the Fort, & Employs it also this Week, I have wrote to Mr. Snickers abt. the Mares, his answer is that the Mare he sold you, had Bought of one Samuel Givens in Augusta County, to whom he wrote about her to make a strict enquiry for her and if found that he should be well rewarded, & says also that if the Mare you had of Capt. Lindsey is not stopt, she will come up to the Blue Ridge within about nine miles of where he lives, & if she does that he will secure her for you.
your Negroes are all well, except Adam & old Bland. Adam has had the fever & Ague & now is troubled with a Swelling in his Throat, but is getting better. We have two Oxen here, for which I dont see any use, More so as we have Horses Enough to do any Business we have to do, Also they are very troublesome to the Neighbours Destroying their Corn &c. &c. if you approve of it, I shall fatten them & make them fit for Market, as we have Six head more that I can make fit for the Market, since I have sent the Mare & Colts to Mount Vernon there has been one Pritchard with me who lays Claim to them, I asked him how he came by them last Winter, he told me they were brought to him by a Man whose Name he does not know, if you Remember I have told you that one of the Waggon Horses went off with them last Winter. I Desired the Man to write to you about them as the year & a Day was Expired in posting them, --
I have wrote to you always when I had any thing material to mention to you, & shall Continue so to do, --
Our last planting is Just the same since planted by reason of the long Drought we have had, 'till this last rain, & am afraid it will never come to any perfection -- but shall do my Endeavours to make the most I can of it.
... I am with due Respect yr. most humble &
... Obedient Servt.
... CHRIS. HARDWICK
CAMP AT RAYS TOWN, Sepr. 3d: 1758
DR SIR
I am Sorry to inform you we have at this time in camp three French Spys as I take them to be, at Least they have been takeing our people Prisoners & at this time one of them, has 3 English Prisoners & I am afraid all I can & have Said will be of no weight, with those in command here never the less I shall press every thing I think for our good. pray forward the inclosed
... Dr Sir yr Most Hum Servt.
... CHRIST. GIST
ALEXANDRIA 3d. Sepr. 1758
DEAR SIR
A few days ago I had the pleasure of Writing you -- and now avail myself of an opportunity to Winchr. to inform You of my intentions of taking the Benefit of the Convoy which will sail the 20th. instant -- and not having the opportunity afterwards of addressing You perhaps, -- Let me Offer my Warmest Wishes and sincerest Complements of Respect which are the just tribute of Gratitude -- for the many instances of Your Friendship and Affection -- and beg a Continuance of that Honour your Agreable Correspondence has and will always confer upon Me -- A letter will find its way to me -- at Kirkcudbright -- the County Town of Galloway in the South of Scotland -- from whence Doctor Craik and I derives the honour of our Births -- should Monsr. François, forbear his polite importunitys of Visiting the Kingdom of his Grand Monarque in my passage -- I propose to make a short stay -- and return to share the Pleasures of a Possession upon the Ohio -- which Your Successfull Attempts I hope will bring About this Fall -- At all Events, may Providence in a Peculiar manner protect You in every point of Your Life and Crown Your Troubles with Content & Honour -- I need not assure You how much pleasure I shall derive from Your Correspondence -- as News from a far Country is a proverbial proof -- how much more, from a person of Your Rank & Distinction -- whom Merit and Fame has justly made a worthy Object of Esteem -- At Convenience Condescend, Dear Sir, to please me with accounts of Your Health &c. -- intermixt with remarks on the Publick Affairs -- to which you have been so warmly & Justly attached to your lasting Honour -- Perhaps a letter from You may reach me e're I leave the Country -- in the Mean while Believe me with Consumate Affection & Real Regard
... Dear Colonell
... Your Very Obt. and
... Much Obliged H. Servt.
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK
Please inform Doctr. Craik of my Sailing -- in case he should not have reced. my Letters -- because he has Commands homewards --
CAMP NEAR RAYS TOWN, Septr. 3d.1 1758
[Note 1: 1 This letter, dated the 3d, is indorsed by Washington "Sept. 13th," although as Ramsay's letter of the 12th appears to follow it, the indorsement is probably incorrect.]
DEAR SIR
Yours of yesterday I have, you ought to have no uneasiness, you are not the cause of any delay, your friends, & even those of ev'ry Core, 2 who know you only by Character, wish for you. I presume you know Lt. Col. Stephens has been under an arrest for some time by Sr. John Wildair,3 Stephens says he is right & will not be releasd without a publick justification, even Lieut Colo. Loyd of the Pensylvanias has taken the Command from the B---ly,1 this has mortified him much, & probably may humble his pride. To morrow Colo. Dagworthy marches with his Tatterdemalions & by report is to advance towards Fort Du Quesne, & there to throw up a breast work, or make some place of defence. The Genl. not yet come. the 1st. inst. we had Sixty one Guns fir'd & three feu de joys for taking Louisburg. I wish Capt. Woodward ev'ry success, also Sergt. Scott. I shall make evry remark in my power, but I hope to see you soon --
[Note 2: 2 Probably intended for "corps."]
[Note 3: 3 Sir John St. Clair appears to have been so designated by Mr. Ramsay on account of his tempestuous disposition, which also showed itself in his attitutde during the Braddock campaign. The Commissioners from Pennsylvania write of him to the Governor that he "stormed like a lyon rampant," and that he in his accusation that Pennsylvania was retarding the expedition, declared "that he would kill all kinds of cattle, carry away horses, burn houses &c. and that if the French defeated them in consequence of the delays of this Province, he would, with his sword drawn, pass through it, and treat the inhabitants as traitors to his master." In regard to this later quarrel between Colonel Stephen and himself, however, General Forbes writes to Colonel Bouquet, September 23, 1758, "Sir John St. Clair says that if I say he was in the wrong to Colonel Stevens, he will readily acknowledge it. I do not choose meddling, but I think Colonel Stevens might act, and trust to Sir John's acknowledgement." Sir John St. Clair was appointed in October, 1654, Deputy Quarter-Master General of all the forces in America, with rank of Colonel, and arrived in this country on the 10th of January, 1755. Sargent, in his Braddock's Expedition, says, "St. Clair remained for a long time in service in America. On the 20th March, 1756, he was made a Lieut. Col. of the 60th; in Jan., 1758, the local rank of Colonel in America was bestowed on him; and on Feb. 19th, 1762, he was made a full Colonel. He is said to have dwelt near Tarbet in Argyleshire. At the defeat he was shot through the body, under the right pap, but soon recovered."]
[Note 1: 1 Bully?]
... I am Dr. Sir Yours Most Affectly
... WM RAMSAY
REAS TOWN CAMP 4th. September 1758
DEAR SIR
I detained your Express in Expectation of receiving a Letter from the General which is just come to hand, he Sets out to day, and orders me to go to our advanced Post, where there is Some appearance of an attack, and as soon as their Intrenchmts. are raised, and the necessary dispositions made for the Communication I am to return here. It seems by his Intelligences that the French expects a large body of Indians from beyond the Lakes, and as it is not in their Power to keep them long, he judges that they could be prevailed upon to make a Push at our Head.
He desires me to inform you that the Militia of Maryland and Governor Sharpe himself will be the 10th. at Cumberland, where you will leave no Body who is able to go upon the Expedition. That Militia is to be victualled, and to have some Liquor.
As we have no Accomodation here for your Sick, you will leave them in the Fort, where I shall Send a Surgeon and Medicines, wth. furnitures of the General Hospital, Please to let me know their Number; and to order a Sufficient number of Women to attend as Nurses, they will be paid.
I cannot fix the day of your march as it depends on two things out of my Power, the arrival of the General, and a Sufficient Number of Waggons, to Send you from here Provisions, Tools Liquor &c.
I am sensible that your March would be more Expeditious had you only carrying Horses, but we have no Keggs for Pork nor Boxes for the Tools, therefore you must have at least 28 Waggons which will be chosen among the best, They will not make a long line.
Your march will be covered by our advanced Post and 300 of the best Woodsmen, and the Indians who are marched to day under Comand of Lt. Col. Dagworthy, and are to be advanced nearer to the fort, Keeping continually Spyes and little Partys about it to give Intelligence of the Enemy's motions: When you are upon your march, I will propose to the General to send 500 men from our Deposite to take Post at the Salt Like, and help you to fortify your Camp.
I hear that the most dangerous Place for an attack upon you would be from Lead Stone Creek, as the Ennemy has boats and would go up Mononghehela, It would therefore not be improper to have that Side reconnoitred before you march by, and as it is at a great distance of the Roads, you would have time to make the necessary dispositions, and prevent a Surprise, the only thing I am in fear of with our new Soldiers.
Here is the Calculation I make for your Ammunition, and Provision 20 Rounds carried by Each man, and 80 in Reserve will require
I make the Computation for 1000 Effective, including the Waggoners, Drivers, &c. and I propose 4 Weeks of Pork as I think live Cattle a very precarious thing.
If I have omitted any article, I beg you will let me know it. We are entirely stopped for Want of Waggons, and if it is possible to get any in Virga. and Maryland, they would be of infinite service; We have a considerable quantity of forrage on the So. branches which they could carry to Cumberld.1
[Note 1: 1 Edward Shippen, writing on May 28, 1758, from Lancaster, Pa., to his son, Major Joseph Shippen, states that he was "engaged to send off at six o'clock A. M. of Tuesday morning 60 waggons to Col. Bouquet at Carlisle, which he shall be a little puzzled to do, as drivers are very scarce and saucy since the late enlistment. -- Toner's Forbes Expedition of 1758.]
I am very sorry of Col. Byrd's Indisposition, I hope he will be able to march wth. his Regt. My best Wishes attends him
I desired Col. Mercer who will have the Comand here to inform you of the General's arrival.
I am wth. a Sincere Regard
Dear Sir
... Your most obedient
... hble Servant
... HENRY BOUQUET
FORT LOUDOUN Sept. 7th 1758
DR SIR/
your Letter of the first come safe to my hand, which I sent the Inclos'd Emediately to Hardwick & Desired him at the same time to write you Every Particular
I have kept, an Exact Accout. of your smith's work Done for the Public & Privet People, I have Wrote to the Governour for a small Supply, to Discharge some Diferent Accots. Against the Contry & with all to buy some Necessaryes Shuch as nales, to Shingle the Barrax as I have most of my Timbers in --
The stone work of the south Bast End is intirely Droping out & without a Preaty Deal of Labour, the Whole must Fall before Winter as I have stone & Lime if you think Proper I will Employ a mason to Rectefie the same an on as Reasonable Terms As Can be got --
you never wrote to me concerning Christopr. Hensley a Deserter from Your Regt. from the great Meadoes the Yr. of 54 he is an Exstronary Good hand for Assisting about the Buildings at this Place as there is, an Absolute Necessity to keep some men Labouring --
am I to make my Pay 'Roles for the Month of Augt. concluding Davis Trottor Allsberg Bolton Hensley who has Recvd. no Subsistence since been here
The men is very Sickly here with Different Disorders I employ'd a Docr. for some time but has Discharg'd him by Reason his being Extravagant & noing but Little of Phisick
I Receiv'd your trunk by the waggons which I will take care to send Down by the firs safe Oppertunity.
I was oblig to keep Burris one Day after he came from Alexandrey, there being many Gentlemen at cort [court?] wanting to write to their friends at camp & withall to send the Last Papers up, I have kept a hors Burris Woode1 Down here very Poor, which most People says he is yours, & as Mr Hughs wants to send his Rideing horse Down I have sent one for Bagage for him --
[Note 1: 1 Probably intended for "rode."]
I Receiv'd a Desertion Yeasterday Name David Davis who belong'd to Colo. Stephen's Detachmt. which I shall send up by Lieut. King
I have sent you Eight Dozn. eggs & 6lb of Allmonds, by Lieut. King which I hope will Get safe to hand, if you should want any Particular Necessary's up by the convoy of waggons I hope you will make free of writing to me Mentioning the Particulars --
I Emagin you have heard of poor Colo. Spotward Dying about seven Days ago & old Colo. Russell is dead.
by all Accot. there is a worse Prospect of corn & Tobacco as ever has been in Virginia
I have Inquire'd of Everyone about your mare but can get no Account of her, it is talkt of by some People the man you bought her off keeps her in Possession which I am Desiread not to advertise her yet, & to send a Private Peson [person] to his house I intend this Day to Concult with Mrs. Sniggers & see if I can get him to go up, I am informd a Mare you bough of Capt. Linsey's son is gone to her old walks on Spout Run this I shall Inquire into
your Peter is extreamly ill I believe with the Pleurisy, I have Hired a Dutch Smith for a few Days, until he gets better
we have got the well 103 Feet Deep, but no likelewhood of water yet, I have no more to add, but Dr Sir. Believe
I am Your Friend & most Obedt.
... Hhble. Servt.
... CHS. SMITH
CAMP ON LOYAL HANNON Septr. 9th. 1758
SIR,
Please to send up the mens Cloaths & Bayonets; The Season approaches which requires the Use of Both --
Your men in the Detachment have been greatly harrassed since the first of June; on which we Left Winchester by Sr John St Clairs Orders -- Without any from Genl Forbes, or Col Bouquet, nay contrary to their intention as the Latter informed me; we are all obliged to the Qr. Mr. Genl. for that; as likewise for his particular regard for having us at Work rather [than] any other troop. His fondness in this respect, with his daring to Call us Mutineers; occasion'd a difference betwixt us which at present lies under the determination of Genl Forbes, Upon Whom Sr John waits, all the Way from Laurel Hill, to give his reasons for his behavior -- The Cloaths belonging to my Company were sent to Fort Cumberland, those of the Other Companies were Left, in store at Raystown -- You have no reason to Alter your Opinion of the Rout of the Army. -- I can make it Appear that the Virginians have Contributed their Utmost to forward his Majestys Service -- I inclose you a Return of the Detachmt, and am with Respect,
... Sir,
... your most Obt. huble. Sert.
... ADAM STEPHEN
... NB: In Cludet me Self and
... one Corpt. of Capt. McNiells Compy.
... John David Wilper Sergt.
FORT PEAR SALL the 9 of Setber 1758.
HONNORABLE COLLONEL
I sent the 21. of augst, a Return of the Garrission in this fort, the Gentlmen Who tack the return with him, Come in a Spall hast regin1 on the road, So that the return, git so pasth, and all torn to Pieces, here by I Sent another one to you, Capt Mc kensie Call one of his men away to Join his Compy again, it is all Well here, I mus Pagk [beg] your Parton, for what I Want to Trouble your Honr. it is now 3 Mounths June. July. and augst. that I recd. no monye, [money] I do not [k] now, from how I shall recd. me monye, I sent r Letter to Lt. Wm. Fliming, about it, I never git annye [any] anderws [answer] again, I pagk the favour of your honr. to favour me Whit Some monnye I be in Graet Niet [need] of it, Here you obleigt me most, and I be In Duty bound for ever, to you --
[Note 1: 1 This is a literal copy. What the gentleman came in it is difficult to fathom.]
... JOHN DAVID WILPER.
S. P.
your horss and Cow are not Come this Way, if the Come up, Whe will not miss to tack them up, I aquint your Honr. that I tack one the Contery Cow up, and the Bill Cavf, Here Son, So Son as she hat Caft, I Will Sent here to you, it is a fein Cow,1
[Note 1: 1 The remarkable postscript of Sergeant Wilper may possibly be interpreted as follows: "your horse and cow are not come this way, if they come up, we will not miss to take them up. I acquaint Your Honor that I took one, the County cow up, and the bull calf, her son. So soon as she has calved I will send her to you. It is a fine cow."]
[Note 2: 2 Dr. Hugh Mercer was born and educated in Scotland. He entered the army during the French and Indian war, and served until its close. In the Revolution he again became a soldier, and rose to the rank of general. He was fatally wounded at the battle of Princeton. Congress, on the 8th of April, 1777, resolved that a monument be erected to his memory, and his son be educated at the expense of the government.]
CAMP AT REAS TOWN Septr 10th 1758 --
SIR,
I am favoured with Yours and have sent to collect all our Packhorses (for the Waggons are gone forward) and propose sending off forty, if so many are to be found, loaded with Flower --
They will be at CumberLd on Teusday night, and a further suply, may be afterwards sent when the General's pleasure is known with regard to your march --
I could have wished to inform you of the Generals arrival here, We looked for him Yesterday, but understood in the Evening that he remained at Fort Loudon on friday Morning, with little probability of his disorder permitting him to march for sever1 Days --
[Note 1: 1 The ink in the original of this letter has become so faint that the remainder of the word "several" is entirely obliterated.]
... I am Sir
... Your most obedt. humble
... Servt. HUGH MERCER.
CAMP AT REAS TOWN 11th Septr. 1758
SIR,
I have sent thirty Packhorses and one Waggon loaded with Flour, amounting to about Seven Thousand Wt.; More would have been sent, had horses or Waggons been here; --
By intelligence from Major Halket I find the General leaves Loudon to day, so that Colonel Bouquet may be expected from the Westward before, the Genl arrives here; And a further suply sent your forces, if their stay at CumberLd makes it necessary --
... I am Sir
... Your most obedt Servt
... HUGH MERCER
NEW YORK Septr. 11th. 1758
DEAR SIR
I arrived here a few days agoe from New London and still find Cause of Complaint against you having had not a single Line from you for a Very long time. I make many Allowances for the Hurry you must be in and the Place where you are --
I have the Pleasure to inform you that Govr. Delancey last night Recd. An Express from Albany giving him an Accot. of Colo Broadstreets taking Fort Frontinack with all the Vessells on Lake Ontario two of which is Loaded with Furs &c just arrived from Niagara -- this is a Glorious stroak. Cuts off all Communication with their Western settlements & Forts & will I hope make the Conquest of Duquesne Easie of which I impatiently Expect to hear --
Inclosed is a news paper to which I must Refer you the Post being just Ready to set out, and my head something out of order having Set up late last night and finished several Bottles to the health of Colo. Broadstreet and his Army -- our Worthy friend Mr Robinson his good Lady and Family are All well and speak of you with the great Affection, believe me at all times to be with the greatest truth my Dear sir
Your Affectionate
... JOS CHEW
P.S.
Please to give my Love to my Brother, who I hope behaves well /
RAYS TOWN CAMP Septr. 12th. 1758
DEAR SIR
The General I believe yet at Loudoun very ill & Weak, some say worse than ever, tho; Capt. Cameron who kindly call'd just now to say how do you, says, he is expected tomorrow. This Gentn. with the rest, has the highest Idea of your kind entertainment & manner of living --
I am affraid provisions cannot be well spar'd from this place at this juncture. It is not in my power to get Waggons here, I must request, you will be kind enough to furnish Mr Hite with a small Escort for two Waggons, I have order'd him to send immediatly on your granting my request -- What I have to send is Wine Shrub Lo. Sugr. Vinegar, Candles &c &c. It is not from any advantage from the sale of Wine, but that you may be better supply'd & to give content. The Enemy has scalp'd one Highlander & Captivated one Virginian & one Shamokin, about five Miles from LowalHanan Major Grant with 1000 Virgs. Highlanders and Royal Americans are gon to Fort Du Quesne1 Sir John is gon to Philadelphia to engage 150 Waggons, some say he does not return. I wish you health & evry happiness we in reason ought to desire & am
[Note 1: 1 Major Grant requested of Colonel Bouquet permission to withdraw five hundred men from the work of cutting the new road, and proceed with them to Fort Du Quesne, ostensibly to reconnoitre; but the ambitious major appears to have secretly enterained a scheme of achieving alone the downfall of the French fort.]
... Dear Sir
... Your Aft. HServt.
... WM.. RAMSAY
Sept. 13, 1758.
DEAR SIR/
Tho' I must acknowledge I had no right to expect it, a letter from you before you marched from Rays Town would have given me great pleasure and satisfaction;1 and as I not only should hear of your own Situation but that of the Forces in general, and whether there was any real design of making an attack on Fort Duquesne this Season which we much doubt here, The Assembly met the 12th. of September, and from the long delay of the March of the Forces, and the partiality they imagined shewn to Pensylvania, were not in a very good humor, and not thinking any attempt would be made on Fort Duquesne so late in the Year, they passed an Act to withdraw the first Regiment from the Regulars after the first of Decr. and station them upon the Frontiers of this Colony for the Protection of the Inhabitants but upon some Letters that the Govr. received, abt. a fortnight after that Assembly broke up, assuring him that an Attempt would be made, He thought it proper to call the Assembly again, and they accordingly met on Thursday last, when he laid the Letters before them, which they immediately took into Consideration, and that no blame might be laid to this Colony, for the failure of the Expedition which they imagined some people would be glad of having an Opportunity of doing, they proceeded with a dispatch never before known, and in three days passed an Act to empower the Govr. to continue the Forces in the pay of this Colony on that Service till the first of Janry. if the Expedition was not over before that time, this was done, not from any Expectations many of us had that an Attempt would be made, after so many repeated delays, to reduce the Fort at this Season, but as I said before that the blame might not lie at our door, but to be charged upon them who I fear will too justly deserve it. a strange fatality surely governs all our Counsells, what else could occasion such delays, whereby such large Sums have been expended without any Advantage to the Common Cause, and so many brave men perish with cold & sickness who if led to the Enemy would have done their Country Service, I am perplexed and tried with finding out reasons for such unaccountable Conduct, for such it is to me, and shall endeavour to think no more of it, till I see the Event, which I am afraid will not be very favourable, I heartily pity our poor men who must be now very illy provided to stand the Severity of the Season, I wish they were all back, for I really expect nothing from their continuing longer there, that they may have things that are now absolutely necessarily for them, I wish my fears may be groundless and that the Fort may be in our possession before this reaches you, as the taking of it is of the greatest Consequence to this Colony. I heartily pray that the Lord of Hosts will defend & protect You and am
[Note 1: 1 Washington did not leave Raes Town until the 14th of October. He reached Loyal Hannon on the 23d.]
... Dr. Sir
... Your very Affecte. Friend
... JOHN ROBINSON
CAMP ON LOYAL HANNON Sepr. 13th 1758
SIR,
We have fortifyd this place; & taken post ten miles to the westward on Kishiminatos,1 about forty miles from Fort du Quesne. In obedience to Col Bouquets Commands I wrote you by Sergt. Boynes to send up the mens Cloathing, but humbly Conceive, that Blanket Coats would suit Better than any that can be got for your Regiment. -- You will be so good as to excuse me for not being particular about our Situation & designs; as I cannot depend on your getting Letters that I write -- Some of great importance wrote by others; have fallen into the hands of the Enemy I offer my Compliments to the Gentlemen with you and am with respect,
[Note 1: 1 The name Kiskaminities was by some applied to the Loyal Hannon. Later it has been restricted to the stream between the junction of the Kiskaminities and the Allegheny River and the forks of the Loyal Hannon and the Conemaugh rivers. -- J. M. TONER.]
... Sir, Your most Obt. hbe St
... ADAM STEPHEN
ALEXANDRIA 14th Sepr. 1758
MY DEAR COLO./
I snatch a moment before I take horse, to tell you the pleasure I have received by intercepting Your very kind favour of the 11th. directed for Kirkcudbright -- and return you my hearty thanks for the trouble you have taken in favouring me wt a Detail of Your Situation, and Circumstances, for attempting Du Quesne -- it is a further proof of the friendship I possess, -- which yields me unequall'd pleasure -- and I have only to Conjure a Continuance of that agreeable correspondence, to confirm it, in my absence from this Country --
I am touch'd with sincere grief to leave You and a few Friends, whose Intimacy & Friendship have attach'd me with ties of the warmest Affection -- And nothing would make it tollerable, without the hopes of Returning, and the pleasure of hearing of my Friends happiness when Absent -- persist then Dear Sir, in kind Offices of Communication, by all opportunities -- for nothing will afford me more real Delight -- or confer greater Honour --
My Departure will interupt that immediate intelligence, I have hitherto had -- of the progress in the Campaign -- but, I have this satisfaction in return, that My Authority will be more Authentick -- and give better satisfaction in Matters of Importance when they Occurr --
I am concern'd at the Uneasiness this Summers Expedition has given you -- whose Attentions were impartially, and prudently attach'd for the Common Good -- in every circumstance you have engaged in -- and Now have only My wishes that Heaven may may turn your troubles, to an Honourable & Happy issue -- which in the highest Degree, is the just reward for your Zeal & Merit --
Health & Happiness attend you, & a peculiar protection from all Dangers that Life in every circumstance is Subject to -- are the fervent & Unfeigned prayers of Your Most Obliged & Obedt. Hume. Servt.
JNO. KIRKPATRICK
CAMP ON LOYAL HANNON Sepr. 14th 1758
SIR,
This is brought to Raystown Camp, by a detachmt. of Invalids from the Troops on their side the mountains --
In primeval times, you remember our state of provisions at Gists house, from that you can judge of present Circumstances --
To testify our Inclination to post the service we have sent down our Own horses to Raystown for a supply --
You can judge how much that will Avail --
Majr. Grant march'd the Eight with a Chosen detachmt. of 800 including Officers. -- In three days we Expect interesting Advice from him.
The Enemy have evacuated Venango, & the Fort on the head of Riviere de Beuf --
The Genls Indisposition prevented his Answering the Sollicitations made him to determine the dispute Sr John St Clair as Qr Mr Genl & I, had about Command; & Col Bouquet has therefore ordered me to take upon Me the Command of the Detachmt. again; promising that, as far as depends on him; it shall not prevent redress for any Insult offer'd me or the Gentlemen under my Command -- It is a doubt with me whether it is necessary to send up the Cloaths or not -- I am with respect
... Sir,
... your most Obt hubl Sert.
... ADAM STEPHEN
BELVOIR, Sepr. the 15th. 1758,
DEAR SIR,
In Answer to your Enquiry I can scarce say whether I am alive or dead: I have been so long disorder'd both in Mind and Body that I am really between both. Disappointments in Love & repeated Colds have reduced me much; however tho' I am sensible of the Follies of this Life I am no ways desirous of leaving them: I had rather bear the Slings and Arrows of outrageous Fortune than venture upon the unknown Regions of Eternity. The Prospect is gloomy even when viewed by a Mind that thinks itself prepared for the Journey; but how dismal it must appear to those who are unprepared for it! As this is Case there seems to be no Wonder why we are so unwilling to leave this World of Troubles and Anxieties.
I am concerned Sir to find you want Employment for from Experience I know a State of Idleness to be very disagreeable. Such a close Confinement and such a constant Round of Inactivity must prove very irksome to one capable of Action; and if you had complained more of the Follies of this Life and the Uncertainty of it's Enjoyments; in your present Situation Sir I should not have been surprised at it.
As we have now begun I shall be extremely proud to cultivate a Correspondence, and if you choose to give me your Sentiments on the Campaign whatever you desire to be kept secret shall remain so --
My best Wishes, Sir, attend You to the Woods of Action; and that you may return in Safety is the sincere Desire of
... Yr. most obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
We have heard
Nothing of my Brother since
he left N. York --
BELVOIR Septr. 15th, 1758
DEAR SIR
Your favour of the 12th inste: I had the pleasure to receive last Night, and was sorry your last Messenger neglected so much of your business as to oblige you to send a second.
The detention of your goods is really a very great disappt., for nothing can be done (I mean finished) till the Glass is in, consequently you cant expect the Work can be done by the time you expected. But I will spur Patterson on to gett everything preparative for there coming -- I am glad you approve of our Plan for the Garret Stairs being diffident of our own in many cases -- And as this may be the last Opportunity I may have, should be glad to have your positive directions about the Passage Floor, which seems to stand very well, but the Nail marks always will remain, -- for in all things shall endeavour to make your Directions the Standard and follow them as near as Possible --
Mr. Triplett has certainly used you ill, for he might have put the work a good deal forwarder by doing only a part of his. But he promises to do better, and was the things but arrived from York, I should please myself with the hopes of seeing the whole carried on properly.
Your Brother Auge kindly Visited me the other day, to advise me of his intention of Sailing with the London Flat the 24th. inst. from York, and would have wrote to you, but was obliged to attend Mr. Chapman about business of importance, therefore hoped you would excuse him.
Few things have occurred since my last worthy your Observation; neither have we any other Newes, than that you see in the Northward papers -- so shall, to convince you that your business wont stop my Journey to Hampton, inform you that the 25th. is fixed for our departure, and hope to Return in time to Rejoice in your successes --
I am sorry to hear that you have such Mortality in your Troops, and that desertion is yett as prevalent among them, and more so to find that Colo Byrd is so dangerously ill. To whom, his Lieutt. Colo. and the rest of my acquintance, I desire you'l present my best wishes, and accept those of
... Dear Sir
... Your most Obedt. and very humble
... Servt.
... W. FAIRFAX
CAMP AT REAS TOWN 15th Sept. 1758
SIR
I have the Pleasure to inform you that General Forbes arrived yesterday at Juniata Crossing, and is looked for here by twelve OClock; It is but this minute I understood he had left Fort Loudoun; It seems the Generals health exceeds our Expectations, as he bears the Journey well & has proceeded with great expedition these two days past1 -- Your Letters were forwarded immediately on my receiving them --
[Note 1: 1 General Forbes arrived at Raes Town on the 15th of September.]
Some live Stock will be sent by the Return of the Party of Virga Troops from hence, & I propos'd conveying you a Quantity of Flour under the same Escort, but am prevented by an unexpected demand from our advanced Posts; Col Bouquets anxiety on account of supplies of Provisions oblidges me to employ even the Artillery Horses for transporting the Flour -- I mention this, that What Horses & Waggons can be mustered up at Cumberland may be sent here if you find a further supply necessary --
... I am
... Sir,
... Your most obedt humble St.
... HUGH MERCER
... [A Copy.]
RAESTOWN 16 Sept. 1758
SIR,
I have the favor of yours of the 12th. and I am told Mr Rutherford's complaint is occasioned by Col Bouquet's having refused some cattle of Mr Walker's, that really was not fit to be used in our way, and therefore Col B. gave orders not to purchase any more such.
I am extremely obliged to you for your good wishes of recovery which I now really stand in need of, being quite as feeble now as a child almost -- however here I am and I hope profit daily -- I am sorry to hear my poor friend Cl. Byrd has been very bad. I wish he were able to come here where I should hope to prove a better physician than he will probably meet with at Fort Cumberland. They tell me here that you threaten us a visit soon, which I should be glad of whenever it happens, being very sincerly
... Yr most obedt.
... JO. FFORBES.
[Note 1: 1 Francis Fauquier, appointed Lieutenant-Governor to succeed Dinwiddie, February 10, 1758, arrived in the colony in June following; died March 3, 1768. -- Brock.]
WILLMSBURGH Sepr. 16th. 1758
SR.
I am obliged to you for the particular Acct. you have sent me of the State of our Affairs, wch. Irecd by Jenkins on the 9th. with Mr. Gists Letter (by Wch. it appears he is not very solicitous to make such a Return) and a Copy of your Correspondence wth. Coll. Bouquet: All Wch. tend to corroborate the Opinion we had before entertain'd of your Zeal for the Service of this Colony. I have not returned Coll. Bouquet's Letter, as the Assembly Wch. are not convened may perhaps call for it: but it shall be returned to you whenever you desire it.
Since it is determined to go by Loyal hanning, I hope the Difficulties attending that Road are not so great as apprehended, that the Army may reach Fort Du Quesne this year; otherwise I much fear whether the Ardor this Colony has shewn to support the War will continue for another Year, the Flame being a little stifled by the inactivity of this Campaign. But one glorious stroke will reanimate us. My Interest here can yet be of no Consideration, yet I will use my Endeavours wth. the Assembly that our Troops may not be weaken'd for another year but I much doubt of my Success.
The Treasury is exhausted and I cannot yet say what the assembly will do to replenish it. Arrears must undoubtedly be paid; and you may be assured the first Money that comes there shall be applyed to the Payment of the Army, that they may not have any Room for Discontent from that Quarter.
I have directed the Letters I have recd from you and Coll. Byrd to be laid before the Assembly as you will see by my Speech1 Wch. I send your herewith, and must wait their pleasure in Relation to the Major of Brigade, as I have it not in my power to issue such a Commission the number of Officers being limited by the last Act of Assembly by Wch. the second Regiment was raised. I shall always recommend it to them, to let you have everything that is necessary for the Service.
[Note 1: 1 GENTLEMEN OF THE COUNCIL, MR. SPEAKER, AND GENTLEMEN OF THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES,
I have deferred calling you together as long as the exigencies of Government would permit me, being desirous of accommodating your particular Affairs to the Concerns of the Public, as much as possible; and if these had not demanded it I should not have given you this Trouble now, merely to notify you, in this Place, His Majesty's Appointment of me to succeed to the Honorable Robert Dinwiddie, Esq.; as Lieutenant-Governor of this his Colony and Dominion of Virginia, an Honor and Trust conferred on me to which it behoves me to pay the greatest Attention and Regard.
That I may, in some Measure, merit this Honor, and answer to this Confidence which His Majesty has most graciously been pleased to repose in me: it becomes equally my indispensable Duty to provide for the Prosperity and Well-being of this Colony, and to promote the Honor and Dignity of His Majesty and the Crown of Great-Britain in all its Branches and Appendages. If I, on my Part, steadily pursue the First, I make not the least Doubt, from the many great and recent Proofs you have given of your Fidelity and unshaken Loyalty, but that you, on your Parts, will heartily and chearfully concur with me in all Measures which may tend to establish and strengthen the Last.
It is my earnest Wish that a perfect Harmony may at all Times subsist between us: and to this Purpose it shall be my constant Endeavour to consult the Happiness of the People committed to my Charge, by taking Care that effectual and speedy Justice be rendered to all His Majesty's Subjects in Virginia, as far as in me lies; and by all other means which may conduce to that desirable End. But whatever Assurances I may give of my future Conduct, I am very sensible that I shall be judged of by my Actions: These are the Tests by which you, as reasonable Men, will form your Opinion of me, and will hereafter either give me, or withold from me your Confidence. To this Test I hope I shall always be willing to submit.
By Letters I have lately received from the Army, which I have ordered to be laid before you, it is doubtful whether the great End of our Wishes can be obtained this Year, but the Operations of this Campaign tend at least to prepare Matters for an early Attack the next.
... Gentlemen of the House of Burgesses,
The Part you have so nobly taken in the present War, by granting the large Sums of Money you have done in Support of His Majesty's Arms, and the common Cause, has given great Satisfaction, and is worthy the Imitation of our neighbouring Colonies; but sorry am I to say, that the Sums already given, great as they are, are insufficient for the Purposes for which they were designed, and for the Services actually entered upon, and more will be necessary to make good the Deficiencies now subsisting from the Expences already incurred: I am confident that the bare mentioning these Circumstances will be a sufficient Inducement to you to have the greatest Attention to the Distresses of our Country; and I hope that what is necessary to be raised, will be done in the Manner the least burdensome possibly to the People.
... Gentlemen of the Council, and of the House of Burgesses,
I would not willingly detain you long at this Time, yet my Inclinations to serve this Colony are so ardent that I cannot help recommending one Thing to you, which, from the many Representations that have already been made to me (short as the Time is since my Arrival here) appears to me to demand and merit your most serious Consideration, and in our present Situation not to admit of the least Delay, as the Defence of the Colony, the Protection of the Property, nay the very Lives of our People depend upon it; I mean the Revisal of the Militia Law, which, notwithstanding the many Alternations it has undergone, and Amendments it has received, still wants some great Regulations to make its Use for the Defence of the Colony bear some Proportion to the Expence it creates. The Letters which I have received on this Subject, and my Answers to them, shall be ready to be laid before you whenever you shall call for the same.
Unanimity and Despatch give Vigor to all public Resolutions; on this Account I earnestly recommend them to you, and they will also most assuredly bring with them the additional Pleasure of your being able, by their Means, to return the sooner to your respective Counties, where your Presence, if not necessary will certainly, be acceptable.]
I have detained Jenkins till the House of Burgesses have taken the affair of the Regiments into Consideration and voted their Subsistence, for all the Money before granted was exhausted. I hope your Men are not uneasy but it was impossible for me to provide for their pay before. Mr. Boyd may have £5000 whenever he pleases to come or send for it as I have wrote to him this Day.
We are impatient to have frequent News from your Quarter in the present Situation of Affairs.
... I am ... Sr.
... Wth. great Esteem
... Yr. Very Hum. Sert.
... FRAN. FAUQUIER
Sepr. 29th.
FORT LOUDOUN Sepr. 18 1758
DR. SIR,
Your Letter of the 12th, came safe to Hand. According to Your Desire I Immediately sent the Inclos'd Down to hardwick --
I have Imploy'd a man of Skill to Assist me in Doing the stone worke of ye. Bastiane which I am affraid it will be a very Troublesom undertakeing as all the old work must be Taken away & new Pillars rais'd, you may be sure there is no Soldier here fit for Duty but what is kept constantly at Labour to keep things in Repair --
Now I have wrote to Saml Givings for the Brand & markes of your Black Mare, & then will take Every Method, I can to get them. I will Advertise them at Every Publick Place, I can think off --
The Horse that Burris rode Down is a Light bay about 14 Hands high, favours a horse I have seen you have no brand's, only some white hairs Groing on the top of his Neck the Reason of my Stoping him -- Burris first told me he was Your's & you Lent him & afterwards Offered him for Sale, hardwick says he Does not know him to be Yours --
Your Peter has mended very Little since my Last but is able to do some small Trifles in the Shop
Hardwick has been a Speaking to me that he is Realy Intended to Leave Your Inploy as soon as his time is up -- Your Waggoner John behaves Extreamly ill, & Consults his own Interest more than Yours --
I have got one of your waggons & Neagre [nigger] addam to Drive for the Publick, & some Imploy I get about Town that is when it can be spard from the Quarter --
As there is many of the officers Looses men by Desertion, Writes to me Desireing, to Advertise them at £2 Reward, I must Certainly pay Ye. Money when any Soldier Deliver'd to me as a Deserter, & they haveing my Advertisement I take a Receipt for the money I advance that I know, but I should be vastly oblige to you for your advice, in Leting me know, how I Shall be Repaid; as I have sent Advertisemts. to all Parts of Virga. & some to North Carrolina this I look upon to be my Duty when Requir'd for the good of the publick, I Receive one of the Ist. Virga. Regt. Deserter from Lieut King's Commd. of the 10th. & 3 belonging to the north Carolinia Detachment (that Scoundral) Hansley after being pardin'd Deserted Last night as I am in a Hurry, of writeing an answer to the Governour's Letter I hope you will Excuse my not sending you the weekly Returnes, but there is nothing happened Extraordenory Since my Last only Receivd. 4 Deserters, hansley Deserted & one Dead of the old Regt. --
it make our Duty Very hard to keep so many Prisoners I think it would be very Advisable to Clap them to Labour as there is a Nessaity at this time --
Mr. Rutherford will have about, 30, or 40, Waggons Ready to start from this Place of the 22d. Loaded with Flwor & Forrage, but is at a Loss what to do for a Guard of Men if you think Proper I can spare the 20 Raingers as far as pierce halls, but must have your advice in this Case --
I have Inclos'd my Pay Role for the Month of Augt. for Subsistance & Working Pay, concludeing myself as SuperIntendent of the Publick work -- there is David Davis of Colo: Stephen's Compn. Richd. Trotter of Capt. Woodwards Compy. has not Receivd. any Subsistence for -- 6 Months, Past, I Did not know if it was Advisable or not to Put them in my Pay Roles or not, but have at the bottom -- without you spake to Mr. Boyd Concerning the men that is Join'd me sence your Departure he will not send whats Due to them --
As Mr. Redeford1 has Aplied to me for a Guard to go up with the Waggons as Lord Farfax denys sending One of the Militia & the teams Lying here at Expence Loaded with forrage I thought its Nessasary for the good of the Service to Send Express to You to know if I am to Send the 20 Rangers that is under my Command as far as Piercealls Or not I beg for an imediate Answer as the Waggons Lyes here upon Expence
[Note 1: 1 Rutherford.]
The Express from Alexandria has not Return'd as Yet I am Dear Sir
... Your Very Humble. Servt.
... CHS. SMITH
[Note 2: 2 Colonel Presley Thornton, son of Anthony and Winifred (Presley) Thornton, grandson of Francis and Alice (Savage) Thornton, and great-grandson of William Thornton, of Gloucester and Stafford, represented Northumberland county in the House of Burgesses from 1748 until he was appointed to the Council in 1760. Colonel Thornton was twice married. His second wife was Charlotte Belson, adopted daughter of John Tayloe, of Mount Airy. He died December 8, 1769, in the forty-eighth year of his age, leaving two sons and three daughters, Elizabeth, Peter Presley, Winifred, Presley, and Charlotte. He was a grandson of Peter Presly, from whom, through his mother, Colonel Thornton inherited Northumberland House.]
WMSBURG 26 Sepr. 1758.
MY DEAR COLO.
To hear of the welfare of my Friend will always give me great Satisfaction, but your kind Letter of the 8th. Sept. has afforded infinite Pleasure, as in a paragraph of a Letter you some time ago wrote to Colo. Tayloe you mention'd my being unmindful of you, by not answering a Letter that you had wrote to me soon after I had the Pleasure of seeing you last, wch. I have never received therefore I must believe it has fallen into the Hands of the envious, I shou'd be pleased if I cou'd find out the person, & will endeavor to do it, tho' I am afraid it will be a difficult task.
Your kind wishes for my Happiness deserve my most thankful acknowledgements, mine you have, with unfeigned sincerity, and I am truly concern'd to find that the prospect of yours is so distant. I can only wish & that I will do most ardently that success may attend all your undertakings (& that soon) of wch. Happiness must be the consequence.
I wou'd write to you the resolutions of the House of Burgesses but none of them as yet are completed. I am inform'd that the Govr. detains Jenkins until they are, that you may be fully advised of them, and my Business obliges me to be absent for a few days, & lest he shou'd be sent off before my return, I shou'd have been wanting in my Friendship to you, if I was not to write, tho' it shou'd be nothing more than to assure you that I am with the greatest Truth
... My dear Colo.
... Your Mo: Afft. Obedt. Servt.
... PRESLEY THORNTON.
W.S BURGH Oct. 7th. [mutilated]
SR./
I read your Dispatches containing the [mutilated] able Accts. of the Check we received before Fort du Quesne as forwarded by Lieutt. Smith from Fort Loudoun on [mutilated] 2d. instant, and laid them immediately before the House who are still debating, one Day resolving on one Sch [mutilated] the next, on another in Relation to Military affairs [mutilated] that nothing is yet determined upon.
Our Loss is great if we consider the brave Off [mutilated] men who fell, but if we think only of numbers [mutilated] inconsiderable, and can be of no great Consequ [mutilated] for by the Behaviour of your Men they shew they [mutilated] not to be soon daunted: They have acted in the Man [mutilated] that was expected from them, and in wch. I don't doubt they will continue to act, and so merit, and meet the applause of their Country.1
[Note 1: 1 In the disastrous affair of September 14, in which Major Grant was defeated, the Virginians under Captain Bullitt behaved with great fortitude. Colonel Bouquet, writing to General Amherst, September 17, says, "At last our men yielded, and there remained only a scene of confusion, notwithstanding all the efforts of Major Grant to rally them. They would have been cut to pieces probably had not Captain Bullet of the Virginians, with 100 men, sustained the combat with all their power, until, having lost two-thirds of his men, he was driven to the shore of the river, where he found the poor Major. He urged him to retire, but he said he would not quit the field of battle as long as there was a man who would fight. My heart is broke (said he) I shall never outlive this day."]
I have ordered the Blankets up to Winchester to be delivered as soon as possible that you may repay the General those he furnish'd you with. And have sent up the blank Commissions you desired, and dont doubt but you will fill them up according to merit.
The same Messenger who brot. yours brought also an acct. of the blowing up a Magazine at Fort Cumberland wch. surely was owing to Neglect somewhere; for I should think it highly improper that every Officer should have free Admission into a Magazine, and suppose it is some particular Officers Duty, whether Store keeper or other [mutilated] to go in; and fetch what is wanted from Magazines [mutilated] this is the Case at present I think Inquiry ought to [mutilated] made where the Neglect lay, if it is not a Rule, I think [mutilated] ht to be made one.1
[Note 1: 1 Washington replied to this that "Govt. Sharpe, in person, commanded a Garrison of Militia (from his Province) at Fort Cumberland, when the Magazine was blown up; and had I believe his Store-keeper included in the blast."]
[mutilated] ry to give you any additional Trouble, but must [mutilated] you will give orders, that whoever is sent down to [mutilated] wth. Expresses may be furnish'd with Money in advance to proceed on his Journey, for want of which Davis a Soldier in your Regiment (I think) who brought the Dispatch to me, came almost dead having lain three nights in the Woods Almost without Sustenance. He having no Money, no House would receive him, or supply him wth. common necessaries of Life. This can [mutilated] no hardship on any Body as they are sure to have it allow'd and repaid.
I most sincerely wish you better and speedy Success, being
... wth. great Esteem
... Yr. very Hum Servt
... FRAN: FAUQUIER
[mutilated] Davis applyed to Lieut. Smith
[mutilated] money and was refused, at least his Desire was without Effect.
NEW LONDON Octr. 11th. 1758
DEAR SIR
it is Very hard for me to tell you the Great uneasiness I have Labour'd under since Last Post -- on Accott. of the Affair near Fort Duquesne. where it is said our Troops commanded by Majr. Grant where Repulsed with the Loss of many Virginians amongst whom I am informed my Poor Brother makes one1 -- I pray you my Dear Friend to let me know how that matter was and what Fate my Dear Brother met if the Circumstances of it have Come to your knowledge -- I have Very Little hopes that he is on this side death but hope his behavour merrited a Better Fate. -- all his Letters have been full of Expressions of Gratitude towards you and I flater my self had he Lived his Actions would have Corresponded with them -- as it is I Pray you to believe my heart overflows with greatfull sentiments in his behalf and that I am my Dear Sir
... Your most obed Servt
... JOS CHEW
FORT LOUDOUN Octr. 12 1758
DR. SIR/
I Receivd. Yours from Rays Town bareing no Date, but an Answer to mine of the 18th. of Sepr. Lieutt. Swearingen with 20 Rangers in Compy. with Lieutt. Slawter & 20 of the Culpepper Militia is a Guard to the Waggons as far as Fort Cumberland as there was no Others to be had.
I have Imploy'd two Very good Masons to Assist in Underpinning the Bastion which we have Laboured at this ten days past. I Could not Ingage any Person of Skill for Less than 5s/Pr. Day for Each & finding them Diet --
I have Advertis'd Your two Mares in the Virga. Gazite & at Fredricksburgh & Several Other Places at 20s/ Each Mention'd Stray'd away On the the first of June, from Colo. Spotswoods, the Mare You Bought from Capt. Linsey is a bright Bay & about 14 hands high well Sett, a Trotter, & Branded with fore S s --
The One You bought from Saml. Givends is a black Mare Trotts, About 14 hands & a ½ high no brands, but a Small Star in her forehead, & a Small S on her near shoulder --
I have sent the Horse I Stopt from Burris to Your Quarter, I have Imploy'd Your Waggon 7 Days in fetching Stone, Lime & Water for the Masons & Timber for Covering the Barricks which is done for the Publick, I have Imploy'd her 5 Days more for the Towns People, at 10s/ pr. Day. & now must imploy her a few Days, in fetching Cole Wood for Your Smiths & after that I shall have more Business for Different People, as for Your Smiths work I have not time to give You a full Account but Shall take Care to Let You know Every Particular in my Next --
the Country People about here is Very Uneasy to find there Accounts not to Pass at Williamsburgh for Plank, Iron, Steal & Many Other Nessasarys that I was Desired by You to Contract in the behalf of the Country. to furnish those Nessasarys for the Use of the Publick Work I believe the Sum due, when You Left this Place, Amounted to £217 for Waggonage & all --
the £25 You Left with me I have Paid to the Miner which I have taken his Recept. for & he has near £20 More due besides what I am in Debt for Cartridges Paper Brimstone for Matches Smiths Work & Masons & Waggonage must at Least amount to £140 --
I wrote to the Governour for a Small Supply of Money, Where he Return'd in his Letter, as You left £25 with me to furnish the Well & Cover all the Buildings, You must be Sencible there was 8 Or 10£ due to the Miner When You Left this & his Work since is Amounted to near £40 the Masons Near £12 & many Other Expences that must be Paid the Governour & Council Seems to think that I have Run the Country to this Expence by no Ones Orders but my One, as they imagine by Your Letter Leaveing me £25 would Compleat the whole, I am Still Desired by them not to Let any of the Building Suffer, & Carry On the Well, I will Leave You to be a Judge if You think Workmen is to be had Or any Nessasarys got without Money therefore I have Advanced some Money of my Own Credit, I am now desired by the Council to Let them know by whose Orders I Contracted, but at the Same time they have Promised to Pay what is Due, as What is Done was highly Nesasary for the Good of the Country, I Shall Just send all Accounts Against the Country Down, & then if they Order me to Carry On the Well they must Raise more Money --
I have Ingaged 30 Bushels of hair for You & Shall send them Down by the first Oppertunity to Your House in farfax --
I have sent You the Exact Return of this Garrison inclos'd with some Letters, I have no News worth Notice --
I am Dr. Sir Your
... Most Obedient & Very Humble. Servt.
... CHAS. SMITH
WMSBBURG Octr. 17th 1758
DEAR SIR
We have no News of late only repeated Accots. of the King of Prussia's beating Count Daun, wch is generaly believ'd. The 1st. Virga. Regimt. had like to have been broke by a Vote of the House, but the Old and Judicious, carried it against the Young Members by a Majority of five. however they have so far prevail'd, that unless the Regimt. return into this Colony by the 1st. of Decr. next & guard our Frontiers, they are to be no longer in the pay of this Colony. There is to be no Lieut. Colo. Quarter Master, Adjutant nor Chaplain, & the yearly allowance for your Table is voted away. This is tho't, a meanpeice of Parsimony and condemn'd in general & indeed their whole proceedings relative to that Regimt. --
They have voted 57,000 Pounds to pay of the Arrears & the Regmt. till the 1st. day of Decr. next.
Tis reported the Govr. has reciev'd advice, that the Cherokees are much irritated against the County of Bedford & are determin'd to be revenged for some men killed by those people, but tis tho't, shou'd they attempt this, the Creeks may be play'd upon them, who only want an Oppty, for they have been hardly restrain'd by the Govr. of So. Carolina from doing it some time ago -- The Govr. is in general well Spoken off. Mr. Hite says, Messrs. Barr & Slough has disappointed me in 10 Hhds of Rum & 3 pipes of Wine I engag'd them to bring me from Philadelphia, this I am affraid will cause Mr. Hite & Mr. Hayton to labor under great difficulys, to supply properly, the Regimt. so well as I wou'd wish -- The great Credt. I was oblig'd to give, the Regimt. being not duely paid, I hope will be obviated when the Cash arrives, your good offices so farr as you can, will be very obliging. My business down here I am affraid will not be attended with Success, no Money in the Treasury & making the New will be attended with delay.
Your friends rejoic'd to hear you were well & wishes a safe return, amongst whom none more sincerely than
... Your affect.
... H Servt.
... WM. RAMSAY
... 19th
A report prevails in Town, that Admiral Hardy has taken near the Mouth of St. Lawrence two 50 gun French Ships and many regulars conveyed in a large Number of Transports; they were intended for Louisburg, but being inform'd by a fishing Vessel that it was taken, they bent their course that way. This is very fortunate if true.
W. R --
SIR --
I am glad to find by your Lettr. to Capt. Waggener that the Duncard Doctr. is not escaped, which we took here for granted. There is not a Man upon the Branch that can positively undertake to pilot the Party to his Settlemt. & at this Time of the Year it is very dangerous to go such a Distance & over such bad Mountains witht. a proper Guide. I wish you would undertake to send him up immeadiately, & if his Bail is not yet released I will be bound to return him safe, or bring a certain Certificate to prove that the Country will suffer Nothing from him for the future. I am to command the Party, & am therefore more anxious for its Success -- I am sure the Good of the Service necessarily requires his Presence. --
A Party of 8 Indians fell upon two Hunters abt. Sunsett. They fired 4 shot at the Enemy but upon seeing the rest (three only being seen at first) they run off two different Ways both untouched. One is come in the other missing -- I shall endeavor to know what is become of him in the Morng. -- The man missing is Lane, the other Cox --
... I am Sir
... Yr. Mor. obedt.
... Saturday Night) ... ROBT. McKENZIE
Addressed. -- On his Majty Service
... To ---
... Robt. Stewart Esqr.
... Commanding at
... Fort Loudoun --
CAMP AT REAS TOWN Octr. 17th. 1758
DEAR SIR
Since my last nothing remarkable has come to my knowledge -- 'ere now I imagine you'll have a perfect accot. of the affair at Loyalhannan which here still remains an impenetrable Secret --
Stalnaker brought up some Cabbages & Potatoes for you which I in your name sent to the Generals -- Colo. Byrd has procur'd some Forrage for your Cow & Calf and we will take particular care of them -- As the weather is good and Waggons arrives very fast I flatter myself with the hopes of being with you soon -- I beg you will please present my Complemts. to the Docrs. McNeil & Mc Kenzie and give me leave to subscribe myself
With the most perfect Esteem
... My Dear Colo.
... Your truly affectionate &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
CAMP AT REAS TOWN
Ocr. 22d. 1758
MY DEAR SIR
I had the pleasure of receiving your kind favour of the 16th. Inst. and am extremely sorry your March prov'd so disagreeable and doubly so at its cause1 unless the Weather continues good I dread the consequences --
[Note 1: 1 The almost impassable condition of the road.]
Your Letter for Winchester I deliver'd Jenkins who sets out this morning yours by Mr. Chew will be sent by the first Conveyance for Philadelphia --
Yesterday Orders were issued for the Troops & Artillery to March to morrow so that I flatter myself with the hopes of being with you soon --
Majr. Wells who is left to Command here promises to take the greatest care in forwarding any Letters that may come up for you after we March --
Speirs & Smith have got a thousand Shirts and engages to supply any qty. of Flannels, half thicks Shoes and Stockgs. and thinks they can get you about 200 Blankets in 6 or 7 days but the Blankets they cannot engage for and would be glad to know as soon as possible what qty. of each kind you will want -- to whom they will deliver the Goods & how they are to be sent up I have with difficulty prevail'd upon them not to part with any till they hear from you --
Colo. Byrd is inform'd from below that your Regiment is to be kept up and that his will be kept in Pay during the Campaign whatever time it may continue
The Assembly of Pensylvania have voted another hundd. Thousand Pounds -- C W. Steuart is by the Doctor's Advice and the Generals Permission gone to N. York Colo. Byrd & Sr. John has given him an unlimited leave.
Colo. Byrd desires his Complemts. may be made you & that he wrote to Govr. Fauquier the cause of your not being able to write to him -- Mercer is not yet come up -- your Cow will come up with us -- Please offer my Complements to our Officers & allow me the pleasure of Subscribing myself with the greatest Esteem --
... My Dear Colo.
... Your most Affece. &
... most Obt. hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
CAMP AT REAS TOWN Ocr. 24th 1758
MY DEAR SIR
A Light Horseman was just setting out for Loyal hannan with an Accot. of what things could be procur'd here in a short time for our Men when yours of of the 21st. Inst. by Mr. Grant came to hand upon rect. of it I immediately applied to the General for a Party to Winchester to Escort up the Necessaries but he told me it was impossible -- therefore I gave the Returns to Speirs & Smith with Directions to send up what of the things could be immediately got by Capt. Waggener and the rest which is expected in 5 or 6 Days to follow Majr. Wells is to send them up to Stony Creek and the Commanding officer there to forward them -- I wrote to Capt. Waggener to give Speirs a List of Necessaries the Men of his Detachmt. may want that they may be sent up at the same time -- I have ordered Blue Duffils half thicks & Flannel for the Coats Jackets & Breeches & Leggins and 100 Shirts & 150 Blankets more than in the Returns -- As we are just going to March I beg you'll forgive my hurry &ca. & allow me to be on all occasions with unalterable Esteem --
... My Dear Colonel
... Your truly Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
please make my Complemts.
to all our Gentn.
Mr. Duncanson's Recovery
affords me
infinite Joy1 I have
not a minute to spare
else would write to him --
I have wrote to his brother about him.
[Note 1: 1 Lieutenant Duncanson had been wounded in the action at Loyal Hannon, October 12.]
CAMP AT RAYS TOWN Octr. 25th. 1758
MY DEAR COLONEL
Just now an Express arriv'd from Winchester with the Inclos'd Letter, the Cover of the Governour's was quite to Pieces before it came to hand I observe it contains some Commissions I hope mine is amongst them as nobody here has any accots. from Virginia I beg you'll be so good as to let me know the News by first oppy
I wrote you yesterday Just as I was getting ready to March relative to Necessaries for the Men and as no oppy has since occurrd I send it Inclos'd notwithstanding the hurry in which it was wrote as its now late and the Express that brings you this sets out before Day in the morning --
Colo.'s Montgomerie and Byrd March'd yesterday -- the Light Horse and Grenadeers waits with the General who defer'd Marching till this day which prov'd too rainy -- The last Division of the Artillery March'd this forenoon but I fear the heavy rains will greatly retard its progress
Colo. Mercer with the last of the Waggons and Pack Horses will be in to morrow and its said we shall then have a sufficient Quantity of Provisions
An Express for Philadelphia sets out to morrow morning by him I send your Letter for Mr. Chew -- No news of any kind are stirring at this place -- as the General will push on when he sets out I hope to have the pleasure of Joining you soon and in the mean time I beg leave to Subscribe myself with the highest & most unfeigned Esteem
... My Dear Sir
... Your truly Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
MONTREALL October ye 31st. 1758
DR. SIR
I have the hapiness of Aquanting you that I am in perfect helth -- and tho I had the Misfortun of being made prisoner the 14 Last month, ame as hapy and much more So, than should have Expected under Such Sircomstances. Nothing this Country Can afford but I have in plenty -- with the greatest Complesance --
The time as well as mannar of my Being releved I ame a Strangear to. -- Cash I have non nither know I how to get a Suply unless you be So good as to procure a Bill of Exchange which may inable me to Draw my pay -- Cloaths I must if posable have, and Should any Gentleman in this place advance me Cash for that purpos I should be Sorry to leve this Country with out paying him --
Colo. Skilar by home1 I have the pleasure of Sending this, has promised if you Send the Bill to him he will Send it So that I shall have it --
[Note 1: 1 Whom?]
I supos I shall be Soon Sent to Qubeck where I shall have the pleasure of Seeing Capts. Stobo and Vanbram I here they are in good helth --
pray make my Best Complements to all the officers of my aquentance -- I ame Your Most Obedt. Hble. Servant
ANDW. LEWIS
WMSBURGH Novr. 4th. 1758
SR./
By an Act of the last Assembly the Regiment under your Command was remanded back to Virginia to protect the Frontiers, and in that Case they were provided for; but if they were not permitted to return by the first of December their pay from this Colony was to stop from that Day. Some other saving schemes were obliged to be complyed with, for fear the whole should be given up.
By a Letter I received from Coll. Byrd I find the Army will be in the Heat of Action, and the Fate of Fort du Quesne depending at that Time, I have therefore summoned an Assembly to meet on Thursday the tenth instant, in order to prolong the Time for both the Regiments to remain in the Field in Conjunction with the rest of his Majesties Forces. This is the only Step I could take to prevent the Ruin of the whole Expedition, and save this Colony from the Censure They would lie under as being the sole Cause of the Miscarriage of the whole; If the Fort should not be reduced by that Day.
I make no Doubt but that the Resolves of this Assembly will be favourable to our Wishes; as they have always proved themselves strenuous Asserters of his Majesties Rights. Whatever they are, you shall have them by Express as soon as they are known.
Mr. Turner who brought me Letters from the Army carries five Thousand pounds up with him for the Payment of the Regiments. Whether this is sufficient I do not at all know, as I have had no Account either from Mr. Boyd, or Major Peachey of what would be necessary: however it will serve to stop a present gap, and more shall be sent on the first Notice. But I desire you will give Orders to the paymasters to send down an Acct. of the Time to wch. the Forces are paid and what more will be wanting to compleat their pay to the first of December.
I long to see you returned Victorious, that I may have the pleasure of taking you by the Hand, and assuring you with what Truth and Regard
... I am Sr.
... Yr. Very Hum.
... Servt.
... FRAN: FAUQUIER
P. S. As the Money of the new Emission that is signed is in two large Notes for the purpose of Payment of the Troops; Captn. Turner will remain here till the Assembly meets, so I have sent this Letter by [obliterated] of the last Messenger who came from the General.
... F: F:
FORT LOUDOUN Novembr. 16th. 1758
DR. SIR
I Receivd Yours the 30th of Octr. Likewise one of the 5th. Inst. that of the 30th. mentions Supplying Expresses with money that I have Done Allways Allso. I have Convinced the Governer that what Davis told him was Entirely falce --
Your Letters I allways Distributed Likewise Yr Trunk with 20 Bushels. of havie, I have sent to Colo. Carlyle which I have Receivd. his Answer --
According to Yr. Orders of the 5th. Inst. I have mad out my Pay Rolls for Subsistance & Working Pay Ready to Settle with Mr. Turner when comes from WmSburg --
I am not able to give You a full Accot. of the Sum yr. Blacksmiths has Earnt yet but with Great Care & Driving I am Pretty Sure I Shall make them Earn one Hundred Pounds Cleare in a Year --
Your Waggoner John is come to me with a Sad Complaint against hardwick he says hardwick beats him & Abuses him at Shutch a Rate he Cant Stay with him & hinders him from Takeing Care of Yr. horses by the Reason. of his takeing in Sundry horses belonging to Sundry People to Winter, I have sent John home again to his business & Declair'd I would Informe You of the Matter, John has Apply'd to me for Money to Get him Cloathes for the Winter I let him have Twenty Shillings & Did not Care to let him have a Great Sum untill I new Yr. Pleasure --
Sergt. Wilper Sends his Returnes to me & Desires to know in what Manner himself & Detachmt. under him is to be Paid or who to Apply to, as there Chiefly naked for Shoes & Stockings, I have sent an Axact Returne of this. Garrison Inclosd. Yr. Man Peter is takeen very ill with the flooks, but I hope no Danger -- I am in hast & no more to add, but Dr. Sir I wish You Safe Returne at this Place again, & believe I am Yr. Friend & Very Humble. Servt.
... CHS. SMITH --
N.B. Colo. Wood & Colo. Hite & all Yr. Friends about Town Desires to be Remembered to you,
... C. S.
[Note 1: 1 Addressed. -- On his Majesty's Service
... To
... Colonel Washington
... Commanding the Troops to
... ye Westward]
CAMP AT LOYAL HANNAN 16th Novr 1758
DEAR SIR
I am directed by the General to inform you that he had receiv'd your Letter, and Sends you 42 falling axes which could not be collected Sooner.
The General thinks that Col. Armstrong is not upon the good Road, Therefore desires that you Send Capt. Shelby to blaze the road before you and bring Col. Armstrong's Party in it.
The distance of his last Encampment being only 16 miles from here, does not answer our Purpose and the General wishes that you would join him, (in cutting the Road) to day, and march together or his Detachmt. before you as you may think best. and mark out an Incampment at about 20, or 22 miles from here, as we had agreed, where you are to Stay intrenching your Camp untill Col Montgomery joins you;
You will then take the necessary Tools and march wth. a Sufficient force to the heads of Turtle Creek where you [mutilated]1 Camp -- leaving to Col. Montgomery's Brigade the Road to cut to you.
[Note 1: 1 The mutilated parts of the original of this letter appear to have been burned.]
The Beeves for your four days meat go wth. Col. Montgomery's Brigade, and I shall bring wth. me a Supply for Col. Armstrong's Party, whose men are to join their respective Corps as they come up.
I hope to be wth. you as Soon as Col. Montgy. tho' I Set out only to morrow.
... I am
... Dr. Sr.
... Your most obedt
... hble Servant
... H. BOUQUET
P. S. as the Troops behind you have no Tools, the General desires that nothing be left undone upon the Road, of what you judge necessary; & begs you would get a Chimney built for him, in Each of the extreme [multilated]1 Camps.
[Note 1: 1 The mutilated parts of the original of this letter appear to have been burned.]
[Note 1: 1 Washington's indorsement -- Genl. Forbes -- by Brigade Majr. Halket.]
[Note 2: 2 Addressed -- On His Majestys Service
... To
... BRIGADIER WASHINGTON on his
... March]
WASHINGTON CAMP 21st November 1758
SIR
In consequence of your letter, the General has ordered out a Working, & Covering party from Col: Bouquets Brigade, who are to begin at the Camp, and open the Road upon Capt. Shelbys Blazes till they meet your party. The Commissary has orders to have the provisions for the men of your Brigade ready to deliver immediately upon your Returning to Camp, and to set it apart by Corps, which will make as little delay as it is possible, the numbers he Calculates by the Return you sent back to the General when on his March, so any errors as they must be small, can easily be rectifyed upon your coming in The General desires that you will Reconoitre the length of the old Path, & begin to open the Road as near to it as you think you may venture to do so that the two parties may finish it this day & send him an account by the Light Horse man of the nature of the Country -- Fifty Felling axes which are all that are good ones, with a proportion of Shovels, & Pickaxes are given to this Party I am Sir
... Your most obedient humble Servant
... FRANCIS HALKETT
... Brigade Major
WMSBURGH Novr. 22d. 1758
SR./
Jenkins brought me yours of the 30th. Octr. and 5th. instant. I hope this will find you full of Joy and all Difficulties removed that those represented you to be involved in. I hope Captn. Turner who left this place on Tuesday the 14th, with the provision the Assembly made for impowering me to keep the Regiments a Month longer abroad, and £5000 for Pay of the Forces has reach'd the Army some Days before the first of December, that the Commander in chief, you, and the rest of the Forces might be fully apprized of the Determination of the Assembly before it was too late. I have nothing particular to add but my most hearty good wishes for your Success, being with great Regard
... Sr.
... Yr. Very Hum.
... Servt.
... FRAN: FAUQUIER
FORT LOUDOUN, Decembr. 2d. 1758 --
DR. COLO.,
As You wrote to me in Yr. Last Concerning Deischargeing Different People's Accots. that had Money Due by the Contry for Services Done at this Place, Every Person that brought there Accots. in to Me I Sent Down to Williamsburgh Which they past and is Now Discharg'd.
Your Accots. of Smith's Worke & Waggonage is Past & the Money is Now in My hands, for Smiths Worke Amounts upwards of £50, Waggonage upwards of £10, I have Drawn the Whole Accots. between You & I I shall be Ready to Settle with You at any time by Writeing or Self present,
there is a Number of the 2d. Virga. Regt. come Down to Me but by Whose Orders I know knot, there in Great need of a Doctor but to Imploy one I am afraid to do as I have no Orders but at the same time has Receivd. them in to the fort & Draws provision as they Others untill further Orders of Your's or Some Other Commanding Officer --
I have no News Worth Notice but as all Your friends in this place is Well & Daily Wishing to heare of the Reduction of Fort Dequzne. & Your Safe Returne at this place as they Immagin there Greatly Imposd upon in this County as there is Orders come up to Draught the Milisa of the Above sd. County, I am Dr. Sir,
... Your Most Obedient & Very
... Humble. Servt.
... CHS. SMITH
Decr. 12th. 1758
One Marke & Tent Table (Iron Screw to Do Missing) 4 Camp Stools Bedstead, 2 Mattrases, 4 Blankets, 6 Pack Saddles (one of Which Miles Carrys with him) 2 Oyl Cloths, 2 Candle Sticks 1 Pr. Snuffers, 1 Pr. Curtins, 1 Bottle Oyl 5 Cups & Six Saucers (some of which have peaces broke out of them) 2 Tumblers, 1 Do. Broke, 3 Table Cloths, 2 Pr. Sheets, 1 Box of Candles, 1 Curry Comb & Brush, 1 Pr. Saddle Bags, 3 horse Beels (one of Which is at Winchester) 1 Cag of Wine, 13 Plates 1 Bason, 1 Blanket Coat, 4 Wanteys, Hors Shoes & Nails, 2 Boxes, 2 Pr. Legings 1 Copper kettle (the Cover missing Miles says it is at Winchest. 1 Tin Quart Mug, 1 Tea Kettle, 1 Small Tent 1 Tomehock 2 Delph Bowls 7 Knives 9 Forks -- Part of a Bottle of Musterd -- some Spices, 2 Pewter much bent Dishes, 7 Table Spoons, 3 Tea Do. 2 Pieses of Supe [soap] 3 Neats Tongs --
... Decr. 12th. 1758
I have Recd. the before Mentiond things (except such as is excepted in the Memorandom) I say Recd. Pr. Me
... CHRISTOPHE HARD WICK
WINCHESTER Decem. 12th 1758
DEAR SIR
The Baggage arriv'd here the night before last but the horses so low and jaded as they could not proceed before this day I have sent Keating & two others to see it safe to the Quarter --
There's no place to receive the Sick and that there should be no Surgeon or Nurses to take care of the Sick & wounded appears shockingly Barbarous --
Mr. Smith says there's no materials to finish the Barracks & no money to procure them, those that stays in the Fort must suffer greatly for want of Wood & water -- As the men are in great want of Necessaries would you think proper to have the Shirts and Stockgs. in the Store issued to them --
Mr. Boyd got here last night, he parted with our Troops at Reas Town, and says that before he left them eight or nine had Parished with Cold, and that the Sick Encreas'd fast --
My Fever still continues and nobody here that can give me the smallest Relief nor is it diminish'd by the Intelligence we had of the Assembly's Determination about our Regt. (if it now may be call'd one) the very name of Ranger is horrible. its Duty if well executed insupportable by at least 9/10ths. of the Human Species, its nature inconsistent with order & Discipline and that Brave Corps equally Distinguish'd by their Discipline and Intrepidity before the Enemy will too probably dwin[d]le to a Licentious Crowd -- As I would willingly make every effort to secure some kind of Retreat from what I so much dislike I would (if it should not appear like an abuse of that good nature & disinterested Friendship so often Demonstrated in my behalf) Beg you would be so good as to use your Interest with the Governor to make me an Adjutant to the Militia this the late Governor often told me should be a back door for me in case I should be disappointed in my military expectations, which (he added) could not well happen I am told there is a Vacancy and a total ignorance of the Service must render some of those that enjoy them very unequal to the office -- I know how disagreeable it is to ask a favour of a great man and nothing but dire necessity could induce me to beg your doing it -- from the present Circumstances of Affairs and your Situation in Life I'm persuaded such a favour at this juncture would not be refus'd you I am really ashamed at my giving such great & frequent trouble indeed it seems odd I should give you the most who is best dispos'd to do for me, tho' that is natural cause
I shall ever retain the most grateful sense of the manifold Friendly & obliging offices you have been pleas'd to do me, to merit which, will always comprehend a share of his ambition who is with the most perfect & unalterable Esteem
... My Dear Colo. --
... Your most Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servant
... ROBERT STEWART
My present situation will I hope render an appology for my writing &ca. badly unnecessary --
FORT LOUDOUN Decem 20th.1758
DEAR SIR
Inclos'd are Returns of the First V. Regt. and the Stores here, the former left for you to sign the other sign'd by Mr. Smith -- I likewise take the liberty of Inclosing you a Copy of my accots. relative to the Troop, if any thing can be done I hope you will Please remind the Governor and Assembly that I nor my Officers have never received any Pay, allowance for Horses, Bat or Forrage Money and the high Pay and Emoluments the Pensylvania Horse Officers receiv'd tho' each of them Drew Pay in the Foot agreeable to the different Ranks, they therein held -- Your placing the manifold Essential Services the Horse perform'd in the Course of the Campaign of which the Foot were incapable in a Just point of view to the Assembly might probably alter their Sentiments and produce the desir'd Effect.
The wretched Situation want of Cloathing, necessaries, a long series of uncommon of uncommon hardships severe Duty and even want of needfull Food & rest has reduc'd your Regiment to makes no small addition to the horrible Impression the last Campaign has given the 2d. V. Regt. of a Military Life, and as yet render'd our utmost Efforts in Recruiting any of them abortive -- I humbly conceive that if any Recruits can be got it must be where they are Strangers to the melancholy Condition our men are in We yesterday had them under Arms and the miserable and shameful appearance they made was really moving It certainly would be for the Interest of the Country either to have them immediately cloath'd, properly equipt as Soldiers and render'd fit for Service or Disbanded as in their present deplorable Situation they are an Expence and can be of no real use, and Dejection, murmurs and Desertion must be the inevitable consequences of this unaccountable Neglect
I long till I know what you have or can do in that affair I sollicited you for in my last by Miles, as the very thoughts of being a Ranger is insupportable, tho' I am creditably inform'd that these Compys are very beneficial and that some of the Ranging Capts. make more money than ever you did by the Regt. But surely he that wou'd for the sake of money swerve from the Principles of Honr. does not merit the Title of Officer and for my own part I solemnly Declare I would rather serve in the Ranks than deviate from my Honr. But as you are perfectly acquainted with my Sentiments, the Circumstances I am under and am fully satisfied with your Inclination towards me will add no more on this Subject --
If the Assembly sits soon I should be extremely glad to get Liberty to go down for a few days and in the meantime I beg leave to Subscribe myself With the most perfect Esteem
... My Dear Colo
... Your Most Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
WINCHESTER Decr. 20th. 1758
DEAR SIR
We arrived on saturday last after a fatigueing & most severe march -- The men & officers both suffer'd very much from hunger & cold -- Many of our men were obliged to be left at Raes Town & other places on the road through sickness; numbers of which, I fear will never see this place -- Great numbers are dayly flocking to the Hospital; and what is still more dreadfull not one medicine to give them for their relief -- I heard when I came down the Surgn. was broke -- Yet rather than let brave fellows suffer -- I have despatched an Express to Fridricksburg for some material things; at my own risk --
If the Troops are keept up medecines must be had for them -- Therefore have inclosed a list of the most necessary Articles, And those will be immediately wanted -- for what I sent for; were but few, & I doubt much if they can be got at Fridricksburg -- As you are present; Remonstrating the hardships the men ly under when sick for want of proper Accomodations, such as beding, Barley, Oatmeal, Sugar &c) probably they might be redress'd -- We are very anxious here to know the fate of the Troops, and who will be Commander. When the Regiment meets with that irreparable lose, of loseing you -- The very thoughts of this lyes heavy on the whole whenever they think of it -- and dread the consequence of your resigning -- I would gladly be advised by you whether or not you think, I had better continue, if they choose to keep me untill my Medecines come from England; or whether I had better resign directly -- for I am resolved not to stay in the service when you quit it -- The Inhabitants of this place press me much to settle here -- I likewise would crave your advice whether or not you think I had better except of their importunities -- or settle in Fairfax where you was so kind as to offer me your most friendly assistance -- I hope you'll pardon my freedom in giving you this trouble -- For as I have experienced so much of your friendship, and received so much friendly countenance from you -- I cannot help consulting you on this occasion as my most sincere friend --
I am extremely sorry to hear your bad state of health remain'd with you when here -- However I flatter myself with the hopes that you are well -- And that as the fatigues of war are now mostly over, you will recover dayly --
By Mr. Boyd I have sent down all my Accots. that were not settled, & hope now to clear off all old scores -- If you don't expect to be up soon; would beg the favour of a line from you -- I ever am with the greatest Respect & Sincerity
... Dr. Sir
... Your most obliged & obedt. huml. Servt.
... JAS. CRAIK
LAKE GEO. Dr. 22d. 1758
DEAR SIR/
this is the 4th. Lr. I have wrote you ye. Campn. for all wch. have not been so happy as to receive one in return --
I cant acct. for the Loss of yr. favr. any other way than by attributg. it to Business, wch. your Warfare must naturally involve you in -- an active mind like yours steadily bent on a glorious pursuit, ought not to be wean'd to a more trifling Attention, yt. as to this point I freely absolve you, earnestly hoping, when you have devested yourself of Business, you'l once more look on me in the Numr. of yr. Acquaintance.
What may they be the fate of our Arms yr. way I know not, but I hope for Success, not more through a Spirit of Patriotism, or the principles of a Soldier, than a Certainty of its throwing an additional Lustre, on the Man I esteem.
I read with infinite regret, the Loss of poor Baker & Campbell, I think the Bullets fly your Way as ours -- They seem more to be directed by Envy, than guided by fate --
Its out of my Power to write any news --
... & Its none to tell you I am
... with sincere Affection
... Yr. Mot. obt. hbl Servt.
... JNO. HALL
... PS/
My kind Coms. Wait on Majr. Hackett
& Col. Bird to whom I now wri
... [mutilated]
pardon the freedom of the inclos
FORT LOUDOUN
Decem. 29th. 1758
DEAR SIR
Your affectionate and obliging Letter of the 18th Inst. I with infinite pleasure received the very genteel manner in which those fresh marks of your disinterested Friendship are therein given at once Demonstrate your refin'd Sentiments of that Celestial virtue so rarely found genuine in this world and your steady perseverance in the prosecution of it -- If I know anything of myself I think no distance of time or place can ever diminish that gratitude with which my heart overflows for the particular manner in which you have long been pleas'd to take notice of me --
About 9 days ago Lt. Colo. Stephens arrived here, I immediately waited on him, shew'd him your Orders and offer'd to give them up to him as Commanding Officer but he before several Officers said that as he understood that the Assembly had voted away the Lt. Colo. he would no further be concern'd with the Command, only to Sign the Discharges of the Drafts upon which I retain'd the Command till yesterday he without giving me the least notice, order'd the Adjutant to make him a Return of the Regiment, and that Jenkins might be got ready to go to Williamsbg. -- as I knew him, was at no loss to account for this extraordinary Behaviour, and plainly saw his Intentions by Signing the Discharges and Transmitting the Returns was to make it appear to the Governor and you that he Commanded while I did the Duty, therefore I desir'd he would either take the Sole Command or no part of it, the former he made choice off, as his being reduc'd was not given out in Orders, and I suppose till then he will be entitled to his Pay -- should be vastly glad to know from you what is done in that affair and whether he is an officer in your Regiment or not? or if he is what his Rank is?
The Inclos'd came here 2 days ago and as I knew the hand & that it could contain nothing relative to your private affairs I thought it better to open it and see if it was necessary to send an Express with it -- if I have done amiss I beg you'll forgive me -- my being formerly accustom'd to it in similar cases could alone have induc'd me to use that freedom on this occasion -- no Letter came along with it except the Inclos'd for Docr. Hay; one of the Expresses that went from here proceeded no further than Reas Town where he found the Inclos'd Letters & forwarded those he had for the General by an Express he there met with going to Loyalhann
It's whisper'd here that Lt. C. Stephens has receiv'd a Letter from one of the Council intimating the Governor's intention of giving him the Regts. whenever you Resign -- I need not tell you how alarming this is to the Corps but as I did not till Just now know of this oppy. I'm oblig'd to write you in a great hurry but as an Express will set out in a few days with an address from the Officers to you will write you more at leisure The fear of losing you has struck a general Grief & Dejection in both officers and Soldiers the men have already begun to Desert -- no doubt Colo. Stephens has sent you an accot. of the Situation of affairs here I take the Liberty of sending the Inclos'd Advertisements to be Publish'd and begs leave to subscribe myself with the highest Esteem & most perfect Regard
... My Dear Colo.
... Your most affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
FORT LOUDOUN Decr. 31st. 1758
The humble Address of the Officers of the Virginia Regiment.
SIR,
We your most obedient and affectionate Officers, beg leave to express our great Concern, at the disagreeable News we have received of your Determination to resign the Command of that Corps, in which we have under you long served.
The happiness we have enjoy'd, and the Honor we have acquir'd, together with the mutual Regard that has always subsisted between you and your Officers, have implanted so sensible an Affection in the Minds of us all, that we cannot be silent on this critical Occasion.
In our earliest Infancy you took us under your Tuition, train'd us up in the Practice of that Discipline, which alone can constitute good Troops, from the punctual Observance of which you never suffer'd the least Deviation.
Your steady adherance to impartial Justice, your quick Discernment and invarable Regard to Merit, wisely intended to inculcate those genuine Sentiments, of true Honor and Passion for Glory, from which the great military Atcheivements have been deriv'd, first heighten'd our natural Emulation, and our Desire to excel. How much we improv'd by those Regulations, and your own Example, with what Alacrity we have hitherto discharg'd our Duty, with what Chearfulness we have encounter'd the several Toils, especially while under your particular Directions, we submit to yourself, and flatter ourselves, that we have in a great measure answer'd your Expectations.
Judge then, how sensibly we must be Affected with the loss of such an excellent Commander, such a sincere Friend, and so affable a Companion. How rare is it to find those amable Qualifications blended together in one Man? How great the Loss of such a Man? Adieu to that Superiority, which the Enemy have granted us over other Troops, and which even the Regulars and Provincials have done us the Honor publicly to acknowledge. Adieu to that strict Discipline and order, which you have always maintain'd! Adieu to that happy Union and Harmony, which has been our principal Cement!
It gives us an additional Sorrow, when we reflect, to find, our unhappy Country will receive a loss, no less irreparable, than ourselves. Where will it meet a Man so experienc'd in military Affairs? One so renown'd for Patriotism, Courage and Conduct? Who has so great knowledge of the Enemy we have to deal with? Who so well acquainted with their Situation & Strength? Who so much respected by the Soldiery? Who in short so able to support the military Character of Virginia?
Your approv'd Love to your King and Country, and your uncommon Perseverance in promoting the Honor and true Interest of the Service, convince us, that the most cogent Reasons only could induce you to quit it, Yet we with the greatest Deference, presume to entreat you to suspend those Thoughts for another Year, and to lead us on to assist in compleating the Glorious Work of extirpating our Enemies, towards which so considerable Advances have been already made. In you we place the most implicit Confidence. Your Presence only will cause a steady Firmness and Vigor to actuate in every Breast, despising the greatest Dangers, and thinking light of Toils and Hardships, while lead on by the Man we know and Love.
But if we must be so unhappy as to part, if the Exigencies of your Affairs force you to abandon Us, we beg it as our last Request that you will recommend some Person most capable to command, whose Military Knowledge, whose Honor, whose Conduct, and whose disinterested Principles we may depend upon.
Frankness, Sincerity, and a certain Openness of Soul, are the true Characteristics of an Officer, and we flatter ourselves that you do not think us capable of saying anything, contrary to the purest Dictates of our Minds. Fully persuaded of this, we beg Leave to assure you, that as you have hitherto been the actuating Soul of the whole Corps, we shall at all times pay the most invariable Regard to your Will and Pleasure, and will always be happy to demonstrate by our Actions, with how much Respect and Esteem we are,
... Sir.
... Your most affectionate
... & most obedt. humble Servants
FORT LOUDOUN Decem. 31st. 1758
DEAR SIR
In my last of the 29th Inst. by Mr. Smith the Interpr. I inclos'd you a Letter from Colo. Bouquet and inform'd you of some things which I beg leave to remind you off the afternoon of that day Colo. Stephens went out of Town when he returns I don't know --
As the Season for taking the Field will soon draw near, there cannot be much time to loose in commencing the necessary preparations for what share Virginia may Judge necessary to bear in the operations of the next Campaign -- There are many bad men in the Regiment and it will take a great many good ones to compleat it -- the best of our men are greatly dispirited by their want of Clothes -- Discontents and Desertion has already begun and how soon they can be effectually suppress'd without removing the cause is hard to determine; these added to the almost insuperable Difficulties of Recruiting and the sad pass that Service is arriv'd at may possibly require the attention of the Legislature to provide an expedient adequate to its exigency -- Tents Bill of Arms, Camp Colrs Kettles &Ca. will be wanted -- an Armourer to repair the number of arms that are here out of order would be necessary --
There is no money for Recruiting nor any Contingent Fund. No way of Paying Expresses, Defraying the Expences of Parties Detach'd after Deserters, giving Rewards for apprehending them, horse hire &Ca. without sending the Accots. down the Country which greatly clogs and retards the Service -- There was no Provision made for supplying the Hospital and Guards with Wood and this Garrison with Water those urgent wants would admit of no delay and I was indispensably oblig'd to hire a Waggon to draw Wood and a Sledge and 2 Horses to draw Water this I hope will meet with your approbation and be paid for by the Country you know the great distance we are now at from Wood and Water and the difficulty of carrying them at this rigorous Season by Naked men --
Some Compys. had very few of the Drafts whose time of Service was limited others a great many of them, mine had by much the largest share of them some Regulation in this affair you may perhaps Judge necessary -- Many of the officers have applied for leave to go down the Country for a few weeks to have a little Relaxation from Duty after the great Fatigues they have lately gone thro' and enjoy the Company of their Friends and Relations, But as my Command is so accidental and temporary I thought it would be taking too much upon me to grant their requests tho' they appear'd so reasonable Lieut. Buckner in particular begs to be indulg'd -- Be pleas'd to favour me (or the Commanding Officer here) with your Orders on this Head --
You omitted to send up your Orderly Book I fear I shall not be able to collect the Orders from the time you spoke off -- Poyne till within these two days has been disabled from writing by a Rheumatism if you think proper to have your Book brought up I will get it done in the best manner I can or if you please to have what of these orders can be got put in a Book by themselves it shall be done --
Last night Lieut. Gist, Sergeant Ostin (who Mr. Gist got from the Indians) and three men on Furloueh with Liberty to stay at this place only 3 days arriv'd here in 7 days from Pittsburg where Fort Barracks & Store Houses were erected, three Months Provisions laid in and three Months more on the Road -- this Fort is 120 feet in the interior Square with four Bastions in each of which they have got a small Mortar Mounted -- the Barracks Form the Curtains and the Bastions are Stockaded -- the Duty there is hard and our Men suffers vastly for want of Clothes -- The Indians informs our peole that 150 of the French went down the River with the Cannon and 350 more (the remainder of the Garrison) went up to Venango where they now are and from whence (the Indians add) a Body of Troops will pay our Garrison a visit whenever the River is open -- Mr. Gist says that night before he left Pittsbg. an Indian came there to inform them that a Runner had just arriv'd at the Cuscuskus Town with an accot. that a considerable Body of the Twittwees had Attack'd a French Settlement near Fort Detroit, Burn't two small Villages to the Ground and put all their Inhabitants Men Women and Children to Death not sparing even one of those that Surrender'd So formidable a Nation's having heartily imbarked in a war against the French will probably effect a happy exchange in that Quarter -- and if we improve those advantages which Heaven has presented us with and act with proper viguor and Expedition What may not be done next Campaign?
I'm afraid I have tir'd you with the tedious length of this Letter which insensibly grew longer than I intended it -- The absence of that immense pleasure of your constant Company and Conversation in which I have been so long happy and which I dread I will in a great measure be forever depriv'd off so sensibly affects me that I cannot refrain from indulging myself when I write to you -- If we must be so wretched as to loose you I cannot think of remaining in this Service -- That your highest expectations may be fully answer'd by a change of Life -- that you continue the Darling of a grateful Country for the many eminent Services you have render'd her, that you may constantly enjoy new Scenes of Pleasure, Health, Prosperity all the Sweets of a Retired Life and every requisite that must necessarily concur in the completion of your Felicity are the most ardent wishes of him who is with the greatest and most unalterable Esteem & Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your Most Affectionate & most Obliged Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
P. S. It was unanimously agreed on by all the Officers that at least a Captain ought to wait on you with our Address which is the reason of Capt. Mc.Neil's going down to you --
Should not our Address have its fervently wish'd for effect about which we are under the greatest uneasiness Colo. Fitshaugh would be the most agreeable successor his Publick Character exhibits him in so distinguish'd a Light that he has already attract'd our attention and in him we believe we should have some small Reparation for the inexpressible Loss we should sustain by the Loss of You --
FORT LOUDOUN Janry. 16th. 1759
DEAR SIR
I had the extreme pleasure of receiving your very agreeable favour by Mr. Boyd and beg leave to present my hearty Congratulations on your happy union with the Lady that all agree has long been the just object of your affections -- May you long enjoy all the Felicity you propos'd by it, or that Matrimony can possibly afford -- Be so good as to offer my Complements in the most respectful and obliging Terms to Your Lady (a new Stile indeed) and tho' she had rob'd me and many others of the greatest satisfaction we ever had or can enjoy in this Service yet none can be more sollicitious for her happiness -- 1
[Note 1: 1 Washington was married to Martha Custis, widow of Daniel Parke Custis and daughter of John Dandridge, January 6, 1759.]
The regret, dejection and grief your Resignation has occasion'd in the whole Corps is too melancholy a Subject to enter on at this Juncture will therefore wave it. --
I am at a loss for words to express the grateful sense I have for the particular manner in which you have been Pleas'd to Interest yourself in my welfare and your constant attention to its promotion, I know it to be so entirely the pure dictates of sincere Friendship, that acknowledgements are not only unnecessary but troublesome But how can I silence Gratitude? -- The Govrs. answer was candit polite and obliging, tho I think from it we may naturally infer that long Service claims no particular exertion of his Power to reward it -- You see with what freedom I write the secret Sentiments of my mind -- I had concerted a Plan for resuming another way of Life had that you propos'd taken place, but it like all my other Schemes however apparently well laid is render'd abortive -- I have long been the sport of an adverse Fortune and dreads I must lay my accots. with living and dying so --
On the 7th Inst. my appointment to a Lieuty in the Royal Americans was given in publick Orders at Carlyle by General Forbes and an Express sent next day with a Commission for me (but by a mistake of Major Halket's Blains was Inclos'd to me) with Orders to Join the Division of the first Battalion with which we did Duty last Campaign as soon as my Affairs will permit me -- I need not inform you how disagreeable that Corps is to me, and that all my often well grounded hopes of Military Preferment is too likely to terminate in a pittance barely sufficient to keep Soul and Body together -- It sometimes happens that when Provincial Officers gets inferior Commissions in the Service, that they are suffer'd to retain their Commands in the Provincial Pay, of this, I know two Instances vizt. Colo. Glazier of the N. York Regiment and Colo. Parker of the N. Jersey Regiment both Lieuts. in the R. Americans; and as I will if Colo. Stephen should not get our Regt. be a Field Officer in course, the Governor's Interest and yours would probably procure me an Indulgence of this kind, which would make me excessively happy, as I should thereby be not only freed from doing Subs. Duty render'd doubly disagreeable by being under the Orders of many I have long Commanded which would be gratting to the last degree, But in time enable me with the Price of my Lieutenancy and a small assistance from my Friends to Purchass a Compy. the Summit of my present ambition -- But if this or what I sollicited you for cannot possibly be obtain'd, what will you advise me to do? to enter at my time of Life, youngest Lieut. in His Majesty's Service and spin out the remainder of an unfortunate Life in want and Toils or search for an obscure livelyhood in some private Business -- I have not nor wou'd not mention this to any other upon Earth. --
Six days ago General Forbes left Lancaster on his way to Philadelphia where General Amherst waits his arrival it's said to concert the Plan of operations for next Campaign -- when the several Detachments of Highlanders, R Americans and Pensylvanians that are March'd for Pittsbg. arrives there it's Garrison will consist of near 800 Effectives -- There's nothing new here -- We have lost 8 Men by Desertion -- Jenkins goes down with a Letter from the Genl. to the Govr. I by him send his Honr. a Return of the Regt. in which there's little alteration from the last I sent you -- I long to hear from you and ever am with the highest Esteem and most entire regard
My Dear Colo.
... Your most Affectionate &
... Most obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
P. S. I leave it to you to mention my having got a Commission in the American Regt. to the Govr.
WMS.BURGH Feb. 7th. 1759
SR.
Captain Stewart was very sure of succeeding in his Wish, as I shall always have pleasure in gratifying you, in any thing I dare say you will ever ask of me, and in obliging the Gentlemen of the Army. As for the other Affair we will talk of it when we meet I shall have no Objection. Mrs. Fauquier and my Son are well and join in Their Complits. We all wish you and Mrs. Washington as well as you wish each other in which perhaps you are not now on a par. I should be glad Captn. Stewart would see the Regiment Station'd as he is second in Command before he leaves it. at least the posts to the Southward.
... I am
... Yr. Very Hum. Servt.
... FRAN: FAUQUIER
KIRKCUDBRIGHT March 19th, 1759
DEAR SIR
I should come short of the duty I owe you, if I omitted to cultivate your correspondence by an opportunity now offering from Whitehaven -- by wc. I make free to convey my warmest and kindest wishes for Your health and happiness --
Since my return I have been pretty much confin'd thro' the tenderness of my constitution and the inclement season of the year, which prevented me hitherto from enjoying that pleasure I promised myself amongst my friends and acquaintances -- and cuts me short of that intelligence to be met with from Virginia and other Places relative to public affairs -- however, we had a speedy and particular account of your success at Du Quesne1 -- which fell at length an easy prey -- after the numberless risks your person happily escaped -- let me give you joy on this occasion -- and welcome the wishfull prospects of Peace that must undoubtedly result from this circumstance, to the Poor and oppressd inhabitants of Virginia -- whose calamities and sufferings deserve Royal sympathy -- however disregarded and misrepresented they have hitherto been I have not learn'd further particulars than the reduction of the place -- and leaving Capt. Waggener in it with 300 Men -- What the remainder of the forces are employ'd in -- What your destiny and inclination leads you to -- or what are intended by the General this ensuing summer I am quite unacquainted -- As to your own dispositions, whether you incline to mix again in military matters, and share the honours & dangers of another Campaign -- or prefer the peacefull enjoyment of that happiness you have helped to restore, to a retired life -- Your are equally my concern -- and my best prayers are ever attending you --
[Note 1: 1 Fort Du Quesne was evacuated by the French, and taken a peaceful possession of by the English and American troops November 25, 1758.]
The favour of your Letter with accounts of the roads and forces was vastly acceptable and entertaining to many -- Could you contine to oblidge me with a letter now and then -- it would be a great honour -- and if I coud contribute any thing towards your service while here -- nothing would please more than to be employ'd --
I have not heard from Doctr. Craik since I arrived, by this time I suppose he is sufficiently tired of Fighting, and no doubt has prudently pitch'd his tent -- in some of his own tennements -- where he can, have & hold it, to him and his, forever -- He and some others of my friends promis'd me a Plantation, or two in the Plains of Pittsbourgh but I fancy they forgot me -- The Pensilvanians I suppose will reap the fruits of this Harvest -- which the Virginians have Long toild and Labourd for -- I saw Plainly the whole Campaign, was favourd For them --
There is nothing new to tell you of -- Preparations are making For large fleets and expeditions -- Guardaloupe you wou'd hear is taken -- and Martinico expected -- The forces in Germany have not left Winter Quarters --
I conclude with Assurances of Real regard & Unfeigned esteem -- Dear Sir
... Your Very Obt. & Oblidged Servt.
... JNO. KIRKPATRICK
[Note 1: 1 This letter without date is placed here on account of the reference to Mrs. Washington, although in the original we find it bound in vol. ii. with the letters of 1757.]
MY DEAR SIR
Yesterday about noon we arriv'd at this place where the loss of some Waggon Horses, want of Provisions for the Waggoners, and Forrage for the Horses oblig'd me to remain last night, I this morning sent to Reconnoitre Cedar Creek which is found immensely swell'd by the heavy Rains and deem'd impassable, so that we are likely to remain here at least for this Day.
I flatter myself that the Success of your excursion yesterday was such as to make up in some measure for the disagreeable Ride you must have had, I need not tell you how happy a Line from you after the Election is over would make me, and when you get to Mount Vernon I beg you'll be so good as to offer my Respectfull Complimts. in the warmest and most obliging Terms to Your Lady and my hearty Thanks for her highly valued present May Heaven Bless You with every thing you desire, or wish, & be assured that I am and ever shall remain with the most unalterable Esteem & Supreme Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your Most Affecte. & Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART.
QUANTICO 14th Septr. 1759
SIR/
I received your letter of the 10th Inst. and have Sent you a Copy of Spencer's Deed to Osborn the original Deed, is marked on the Record, delivered to Wade. There are no Deeds Recorded in this office from Spencer to French or Manley, I have Searched for them very carefully, I apprehend they may have purchased from Some person that Spencer conveyed to, tho' we cannot feind any such conveyance --
You have a true Copy of the courses of Harrison's land from the record, we examined them when Copied, and have again, compared them, with the paragraph in your letter, the course is thence 70d. wt. 22 Po. without mentioning whether it is No. or South, I hope this will come Safe, my fee for the Copies is not yet due1 -- I am with respect
[Note 1: 1 By a lease dated 30 July, 1708, Francis Spencer leased to William Harrison, 200 acres of land on Dogue River. William Spencer in 1739 gave a release to Lawrence Washington for 200 acres of land in Prince William County, and in 1739 a similar release was given for land in the same county by George Harrison. -- Ford.]
... Sir Your most Obedt. Servt.
... JOHN GRAHAM
WINCHESTER Septr. 16th. 1759
DEAR SIR
I know you will excuse Me for addressing you on so coarse so comon Paper, when I assure you tis the best our Town affords.
Had your Favor reached my Hands a few Minutes later, I shoud have lost this Opportunity of acknowledging the Receipt of it; for my Express was already mounted.
You are not the first Person that has been deceived by the Gentlemen in Black,1 but whoever gave you such Information must have done it with a premeditated Design to lye, or something as bad; for I really have not been at Prince William Court these three Years, nor have I even crossed the Blue Ridge since last June; but Sir I allow it a sufficient Apology for your not writing, as I coud say many Things to you that I cannot put upon Paper, & in particular concerning the Land.
[Note 1: 1 Lawyers?]
Your Proposal concerning an Entry on the Ohio I am fully of Opinion will answer; indeed it is what I had before determined upon, and am much rejoiced that you propose to be a Partner in the Scheme. I had obtained Leave to be at Williamsburg on the Meeting of the Assembly in November, with no other View, than that of securing to myself so much Land as I was entitled to by the Governor's Proclamation;2 which allowed Us such Terms that We cant possibly lose by it -- and as I determined to go to England this Year, I thought it proper to settle that Point before I embarked. it must be of Service in Time to come -- Lands on the Ohio will be valuable. You may bid Me do any Thing you think necessary till We meet at Williamsburg, no Doubt you will be there on the Assembly, then We may surely secure it to ourselves. Gist I believe knows the Country well, therefore woud be a good Partner. I have the Copy of all our Entries We made with Gist now by Me -- he told me, he had entered Them for Us; but I know not whether it woud be of any Advantage to Us, if he has done it. As We shall meet at Williamsburg, we will leave no Stone unturned to secure to ourselves this Land,1 I cant think of any previous Step that will be necessary, but shoud any occur to You, that I can execute pray inform Me of Them.2 As to News --
[Note 2: 2 Dinwiddie's proclamation of 1754.]
[Note 1: 1 Washington's land on the Ohio amounted to 32,373 acres. He describes these lands in 1794 as "the cream of the country in which they are, that they were the first choice of it, and that the whole is on the margin of the rivers [Ohio and Great Kenawha] and bounded thereby for fifty-eight miles."]
[Note 2: 2 Colonel George Mercer was appointed surveyor of the lands on the Ohio November 10, 1759, and agent for the Ohio Company in London in 1763.]
All is well -- and quiet on the Ohio -- Single Persons come from Pittsburg down. The Savages come in to the General in great Numbers begging Remission of their Sins, and Forgiveness for past Offences. The General told Me, there were Sometimes 1000 there at once -- The French, you certainly must have heard, have evacuated and burnt their Forts at Venango -- Presque Isle, and Le Boeufe, and retired to Detroit.
We are going to build a very respectable Fort at Pittsburg, of Brick, to contain 4000 Men on Emergency, and capable of holding out against Shells -- as 'tis to be covered --
Bullitt is imediately to appear before 12 & a President -- as tis generally supposed poor Tom was intimadated (to use his own Word) when his Party was attacked -- God knows whether he was or not but he made his Escape -- with a Guard for his sacred Person, in a most percipitate Manner, consisting of about 60 of his Men -- The Remainder were almost cut to Pieces -- there were only 60 of the Enemy, and Bullitts Comand consisted of 100 Rank & File -- but he took Care of 60 of Them -- 21 or 22 of the remaining 40 were killed, & tho they were so hotly engaged, Bullitt never returned to the Charge -- notwithstanding the most earnest Entreaties of his Men -- Thus the Story is told by the two Officers whom Bullitt left in the Scrape -- I hope it will turn out better, but I always supposed Bullitt more capable of being comanded, than comanding -- I have thought him brave -- but this Tale tells badly --
I am much obliged to Mr. & Mrs. C -- for their good Wishes, tho I must confess I am not sorry they were disappointed in their Expectations -- I can, as Affairs have turned out, and I am safely recovered, offer no other Apology to Them for not being so complaisant as they expected -- than as one of the Family had once deceived Me, I thought it was my Turn then to take the Advantage -- tho I really cant charge myself with ever promising either of Them that I woud die -- therefore they have nothing to object to Me upon the Occasion.
Pray Sir don't think for what I have said concerning them, that my Acknowledgements to you on this Head are less sincere, for I really am obliged to you here, as well as for your Compliments on my late Appointment -- You wish Me much, when you desire I may derive as much Honor & Profit, as Fatigue and Anxiety from my Office. I shall do my utmost that the General may not be deceived in the Confidence he has reposed in me -- but no Profit I can make, can equal the Trouble I am obliged to go thro -- tis true I coud not be deceived in the Affair, as I well knew the Duty -- and I will say 'twas against my Inclination that I entered upon it but I found a Refusal woud disoblige the General &c so I acquiesced, but never did my Mind war more against my Hands, than when I received the Comission -- As I have got it tho, I must do the best -- I'll take care not to err thro Neglect. Indeed I found if I woud not concern myself that no Part of the Trade woud come to this Colony. and I believe it was in Consequence of some Letters I had taken upon me to write the General concerning the Roads Travelled &c that I was ordered up to have a Conference with him.
If you have Wheat Rye Corn or Oats Cattle, Sheep or Hogs to dispose of there is a Ready & great Market for Them here, and will continue for two or three Weeks -- Till We lay in our Winter Stock --
While I was on the So Branch a Man brought in your grey Horse, and upon my Return here Yesterday waited on Me & offered to swear he was mine, nay even reminded of the Place & Time I bought him, and that I had paid so many Pieces of Money which I took out of my left Pocket with my right Hand for him; indeed I coud scarce persuade him I had Transferred my Right & Title of him to you -- I wanted him to take him down, but he woud not, so I tipped the Fellow a Crown, & shall send him down to your Quarter to Day by a soldier,
Capt. Waggener is here on his Way to Williamsburg, from whence he expects to return a Field Officer.
If I shoud write you often, & such long Letters, I believe you woud soon desire a Stop to Them, but I have wrote on many Points the next shall be shorter. Even here tho I must add one Line.
[mutilated] beg youl present your Lady with my [mutilated] and assure you as I have often before that I am
... Dear Colonel
... Your Friend & very hble Servant
... G. MERCER
CAMP AT PITTSBURGH
Sepr. 28th. 1759
MY DEAR SIR/
A few days ago I with inexpressible pleasure receiv'd your Affectionate & most obliging favour of the 30th. July from Mount Vernon. -- I'm sorry that the Noble Profession of Arms, so much rever'd in all Ages, is become the Subject of Ridicule to the most ignorant & foolish Tattlers & newsmongers amongst the Mob; tho' its no small alleviation of the intended Injury that these vain Speculative Arbiters of Military Actions, can neither add to, nor diminish from, their intrinsick value; which will always be ascrib'd to them by ye knowing & Judicious part of Mankind, and from them receive the grateful acknowledgements & just Tribute due to genuine Merit. -- I flatter'd myself that our distance from the Inhabitants, would have prevented, Bullets Affair from being exhibited amongst them in that Light in which its generally beheld in this Army, where it's talk'd off in such a manner that some of our Officers have refus'd to Rank with him. A Court of Enquiry is soon to sit on it, which most imagine will only be a Prelude to a General Court Martial; I wish to God for his sake & that of the Corps it may turn out very differently from what many think it will --
We have here besides the Artillery, the Ist. Battn. of R. As., 656 R & F. of ours, part of our Artificers and the Ist. Battn. of Pens. are daily expected; and by the great pains the General has taken, his indefatigable application to Bussiness & constant Regard to the Interest of the Service, we seem to run no risque of wanting, & will be able to maintain a respectable Garrison at this place in the Winter. The Troops here are incessantly employed on the Works, expediting which, engages the General's closest attention; he himself overlooks them every Day (sundays not excepted) almost from Reville to Retreat Beating; and as many Guards are now become unecessary, very few are Mounted, and these Reliev'd but once a week -- This Fort, which is yet but in embryo, will when finish'd, be the grandest that has yet been in this new World, but it will require much Time, great perseverance and immense Labour: -- The Engineers & indeed almost every body else, are so extremely Bussie that I cannot for some Time possibly procure a proper Plann of it, but that you may form some Idea of it I Inclose you a Rough Sketch, done with a Pencil & without Rule &ca. and so soon as I can get a proper one, will do myself the pleasure of Transmitting it to you; it's hoped the three Bastions on the Land side and all the Barracks will be finish'd this year and the rest will be Stockaded till next Spring.
Our Camp at present resembles a Military Colony, where Labour, Industry and Arms, go hand & hand; you can't cast your Eye any where, without seeing, Tradesmen & handicrafts of various kinds at work, and often the same Men alternatively Soldiers & Mechanicks, this hight'ned by a view of three glorious Rivers, and the many Beauties Nature has been so lavish in adorning this place and it's Environs, forms a most delightfull Prospect, terminated by high romantic Mountains, which nearly encircle it! in fine the more I see of this Charming Country, the more I'm enamour'd with it, which leads me to enquire after what Steps have been taken in securing to us, those Lands which poor Capn. Gist was to have enter'd for us, I hope the needfull is done, they surely will soon be very valueable. --
The Indians not only of this Voisinage, but of several remote Nations beyond the Lakes, are of the best Disposition towards us, & sincerely inclin'd to enter into & cultivate a strict & permanent Friendship with us, they have already brought us near Fifty of their Captives & Promise to Deliver up the whole at a Grand Treaty to be held here in about three weeks -- We find the Ohio Indians, (compos'd of Scatter'd & Detach'd Parties from different Tribes) to be much more numerous than they ever were thought to be, notwithstanding the great Loss they acknowledge to have sustain'd on our Frontiers, These call'd Delawares, are now eight hundred fightg. men, which is accounted for by their Junction with the little Tribes, that at different Times went from the interior Settlements of our Province; the Shawaneese are likewise more powerfull than we imagin'd, tho' we cannot yet exactly ascertain their Numbers: Both those Nations are greatly incens'd against you, who they call the Great Knife & look on you to be the Author of their greatest misfortunes; the Delawares confess they had 50 of their best Warriors Kill'd and many disabled, the Shawaneese have also had a very considerable Loss, they have between them just Detach'd 64 Warriors agt. the Cherokees, which at this Juncture, may be productive of very desirable consequences. If it is true that the Creeks & Cherokees have enter'd into a League against us I tremble for our Southern Colonies! as from what the Ohio Indians have done, we may easily conceive, what the united Force of such Warlike & Formidable Nations can effect to our Prejudice. -- In the mean Time we here enjoy Peace & tranquillity, and the Pens. ever attentive to Gain & tenatious of their Interest, carry on an extensive and most advantageous Furr Trade with the Savages, conducted under such prudent Regulations, as cannot fail of Success & producing immense Fortunes, so easy a Road to attaining which, is now so plainly pointed out, that I'm astonish'd our Province remain dormant & inactive, We certainly have many Public Spirited Gentn. and some of them who must have an Inclination to advance the Interest of their Country by increasing their private Fortunes, What can be the reason that none of them embrace so favourable an opportunity of accomplishing so desireable an End?
On the 5th. of this Month I wrote you a long Letter from Legonier, which I sent under Cover to Lieut. Smith and desir'd him to forward it to you by Express, But in case it has contrary to my expectations miscarried I beg leave to recapitulate the Heads, of the disagreeable Subjects on which it was wrote, & which are, That I was & still am under great uneasiness about my own private Affairs for by the Regulations of the Army, I cannot without Purchass (which is impracticable) hope to arrive at a Compy. in less than Twenty or Thirty years -- I'm already an old Fellow, and my Constitution impair'd by Fatigues and Sickness, and after the Rank I have so long enjoy'd, doing the Duty off and living on the scanty Pay of a Subn. for the remainder of my life, would make me extremely miserable, & involve me in insuperable Difficulties, the very thoughts of which, are mortifying beyond conception; on the other hand, to give up a certainty tho' a pittance, and live under the constant apprehensions of being sent adrift towards the Decline of Life, might be construed imbecility of mind & want of Prudence; therefore could your Friendly Interest in my behalf added to Colo. Byrd's which he is exerting to the utmost, procure me the vacant Adjutancy of the Militia it would effectually extricate me out of this sad Dilemma, & be a competency Wt. which I would contentedly live in a Country where my Freinds & connextions are too Dear to me to think of giving up, and (as I wrote you) if you could get me Commission for it, the Pay to Commence when the Regt. is reduc'd, it would make me quite happy, and I think I may without vanity venture to Promise, that I would execute the Duty with more propriety & skill than it has been done by most who have lately fill'd that Office; If this can possibly be obtain'd, I will not hesitate a moment in what step to take when Order'd to Join the Battn., which I must soon expect; But if you have no well grounded hopes of my Success, I again entreat you, that you will not loose any Time in sending me your Advice (on which I rely infinitely more than on my own Judgment) what I shall I do?
Some Letters from General Amherst's Camp, says that three Regiments are to be rais'd in America, and Colo. Byrd immediately offered his Interest with that General for a Compy. to me, But I have been so often amus'd with Golden Dreams of a similar Nature, that I look on every thing of the kind, in the same manner as I do on a Gilded Cloud, which affords for a moment an agreeable sensation but is soon eradicated by an overcast Horizon, and gloom and Disappointment naturally succeeds -- I begin to wish sincerely that I had never aspir'd at Military Preferment But its now too late and making the best Retreat I can seems to be most eligible Expedient that remains for me to prosecute, and almost despair of doing it, tho' Covered by the constant & close fire of your Friendship -- Pardon my Dear Colonel, the freedom I use, and the tedious length of this scribble which has insensibly swell'd beyond its proper limits. --
Inclos'd I remit you £16 10 -- £15 of which is for your Tent and the rest for 3 Pack Saddles, there was five came up from your Quarter, but 2 of them belong'd to me, & were by mistake carried down there (when we return'd into Quarters) along with your Baggage. --
I am vastly oblig'd by your Lady's kind remembrance of me and your Joint Invitation to pass part of the Winter at Mount Vernon should I go down the Country I shall certainly do myself the pleasure of paying my Respects to you both at your Seat where in that Event I promise myself much pleasure from the enjoyment of your agreeable Company, I beg you will be so good as to present my Respectfull Complemts. to Mrs. Washington and tell her that our Freinds at Mount Vernon is a constant Toast in this Camp -- I ever am with the most perfect Esteem & unalterable Regard
... My Dear Colonel.
... Your truely Affecte. &
... Sincerely Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
P. S. I inform'd you in my last that Capn. Waggener had got leave to remain down the Country till the Regt. return'd into Quarters, and was apprehensive that assisted by his Freinds Steps. Lettrs., my absence, and your distance from Town, he might possibly attempt something to the prejudice of my present Rank in ye Regt. --
WILLIAMSBG Janry. 25th 1760
MY DEAR SIR
When I recd. the Inclos'd I propos'd to have done myself the pleasure of delivering it with my own hands, and in person return'd my unfeign'd thanks for your Friendly & Affectionate Epistle by Finnie, which had taken the Tour of Fort Cumberland, Pittsbg. Legonier &Ca. before I recd. it at Winchester, But deferr'd waiting on you at Mount Vernon till after I had visited this City for the two following reasons vizt. Ist. Colo. Byrd was of opinion that your prior applications in my behalf back'd by his subsequent ones in the most pressing Terms would take place of any he had made in favour of Colo. P ---2d. as Finnie for many reasons had little room to expect a continuation of his, he would take a small matter for it, tho' I had no opinion of the Ist., the 2d. carried a shew of probability, therefore hasten'd hither, But found both equally ill grounded, and learn'd that I have no chance happen what will, as 4 oyrs. besides P were mention'd as having a prior Right, so that after having spent much Time & thought in concerting a thousand different difficult Plans for steering thro' the remainder of an unfortunate Life I find myself reduc'd to the sad alternative of being & continuing a Sub: (than which nothing can to me be more horrible) or running some risque of making my best Friends suffer by using their aid towards the Purchass of a Compy., and as ten thousand concurring circumstances Demonstrates the Noble motives that actuated you to make me the Generous offer of your Friendly assistance, I concluded the last to be the most eligible I have therefore wrote to Colo. Byrd & to Majr. Gates to give in my Name at Head Quarters for the Purchass of a Compy. or Capt. Lieuty. and in cas either should come as low down amongst the Subs. as Ime [I am] to transmit me the earliest Intelligence of it, in which Event Colo. Hunter has engag'd to negotiate the money part provided he can have proper Security of being soon reimburs'd. I have told them I would prefer the Capt. Lieuty. as Rank is the principal Object of my ambition and as I could accomplish the Payment of it without the aid of Friends, But if good Fortune of which I have hitherto enjoy'd so small share should bring a Compy. as low down in the Line I beg you'll be so good as to Inclose me a Letter for Colo. Hunter informing him that in case I can have an oppy. of Purchassing a Compy. you will pay him £300 Sterg. which my dear Colo. is a great Sum But as my future Happiness depends upon it and when I solemnly Declare which I now do by every thing thats Sacred to a Christian and an Officer that no method consistent with Hon -- will be unassay'd to reimburse you the Principle & Interest as soon as possible and to prevent your suffering in case I should fall I would fain hope you will not hesitate to grant this great favour of which and the manifold others you have conferr'd upon me I shall ever retain the most Just and gratefull sense -- I would say much on these Subjects but my Heart is full -- I fear I'm too unreasonable --
Please Direct for me at Petersburgh where I Recruit -- I'm told the Assembly will sit in about six weeks hence against wch. Time I shall be here to wait your arrival Be so good as to present my Respectfull Complemts. to your Lady and allow me to Subscribe myself
With the highest Esteem and most perfect Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your unalterably Affectionate &
... Most Obliged hble. Servant
... ROBERT STEWART
WINCHESTER Febr. 17th. 1760.
DEAR COLONEL --
I have just received a Letter from Bullitt wrote in his own Style, concerning my Application for the Surveyor's Place on the Ohio, affirming that I was told, "when I applyed thro Washington to the Comissary, that the Place was engaged to him" this you know to be false, and I am sure he never heard so; you may well remember our Conversation on the Occasion, in going down to the Capitol, We both guessed, there had been some Kind of Promise, but agreed that it was right for Me to wait on the Comissary again next Day as he had directed Me --
Bullitt has wrote Me the Place is to be divided and each of us to have a District; he has already fixed on his, & writes Me for my Approbation of it, tho at the same Time he says, "this I believe you may readily agree to, as I have got an Order entered by the Socioty of the College nigh to that Purpose" -- I need write Nothing to convince you of the Modesty of a Man you know so well, yet if youl give Me Leave I'll beg your Patience to read the Proposal he has made Me in his own Words -- "&ca as prior in Application expect for my Department all the Lands from a Line run from the Head of the Potomack, to the Head Spring of the Cheat River thence down the Channel of said River to Pittsburg, including all the Land from said Line & River to the Bound of the Northern Neck, Maryland & Pennsylvania -- and on the North Side of the Ohio, to go the Channel of said River down to the Wabash, thence up that, to Lake Erie, including all the Land between said River and New England, then you have all the Land South West of Monongahela to Carolina and on the other side the Wabash, as far as Virga extends, this I believe you may readily agree to, as I have got an Order entered by the Socioty of the College, nigh to that Purpose," but by Way of Conclusion farther adds -- "In Case the British Plantations are not extended over the Ohio, these are not to be the Bounds of our Division" Now Dear Sir I would beg the Favor of you to be my Friend on this Occasion, as Bullitt is to be down at the Assembly to direct them what to do, (Kennedy says) no Doubt he will endeavor to get the Affair settled as he thinks proper, indeed he has wrote Me that he expects Me down there for that Purpose. My Business calls Me to Phila., it is impossible I can attend, nay coud I, I woud still ask you for this Kindness on my Behalf -- The least I think I can expect if the Office is to be divided between Us, that I should have a Vote on the Occasion, as well as Bullitt, for from the Acquaintance I have with that Man, I dont think his Abilities or any Thing else, entitle him to a Superiority over Me, indeed I shoud think myself capable of any Meanness, were I to submit to be under his Direction in any Particular -- Stephen is to be down at the Assembly too, not only to direct Them, but also to back Bullitt -- he rubs his hands, shrugs his shoulders, and says he knows if Tom gets the Place he will serve a Friend -- Tho I was once very easy about this Affair, I cant say now but it woud give Me the greatest Joy imaginable to disappoint these mighty Schemers -- they are to have all the best Land on the Ohio &c in Partnership -- The Plan has been long concerted, and they already think Themselves absolute Proprietors -- tho Ill be crucified if they'll leave the two Men to themselves, if ever they describe its Bounds and Situation by Chain & Compass --
I have wrote Bullitt that he may depend I'll do all I can, to have at least a Refusal of a Place, as well as himself, & that I shoud beg the Favor of my Friend Washington's Assistance -- It woud vex Me much to be disappointed in any Thing I attempted by him & his Friend Stephens. I shall also write the Comissary on this Occasion.
I beg Pardon for using this Freedom with you, and after so much upon my own Affairs, allow Me Sir to assure you, that it will give Me Pleasure to oblige You in every Particular, when my Situation in Life may afford an Opportunity. You may depend upon my utmost Care in executing the orders you have already favored Me with in Regard to your Man, I expect to be called from hence every Hour, and shall return again as soon as possible.
Do you not think it will be proper to put the Council in Mind of our Memorial concerning the Land; I coud wish the Point were settled.
There is a Report here of Montreal being taken by Genl. Johnson with his Indians, it comes from Pittsburg, and as We are told here was brought there by a Mohawk Indian whom Johnson sent with the News to General Stanwix.
My best Compliments wait on Mrs. Washington and I am
... Dear Sir
... Your obliged & obedient hble Servant
... G. MERCER
WILLIAMSBG. March 8th. 1760
MY DEAR SIR
With a heart that overflows with Gratitude I return my most unfeign'd thanks for that fresh mark of your true Friendship and Noble generosity to me, so amply evinc'd in your's of the 20th Ulto which I yesterday had the infinite pleasure of receiving, But I should never forgive myself if I should by making use of your uncommon goodness, in the least degree embarrass, much less cause a material disappointment in the prosecution of your affairs, therefore my dear Sir let me entreat you not to think of being off any Bargain or do anything that might cause the most distant risque of a Bill's returning for I solemnly declare it would give me much more uneasiness to be instrumental in occasioning either, than to continue a Sub. for ever -- besides there's but a very small chance for my procuring a Purchass supposing me possessed of never so much Money another reason is that by a Memorial we have given in to the Assembly (which is referrd to the next Session) we have great room to hope that we will when reduc'd receive Half Pay or an equivalent to it these reasons added to the strong Attachment I have to this Colony which a number of concurring circumstances obliges me to Love, has determin'd me to apply for Leave to Sell out, or, if that can't be obtain'd to Resign.
The Assembly has voted Twenty thousand Pounds to support the Regt. till next Novem -- and 300 Men till the following April if the Govenor should Judge it necessary to keep up that Numr., It's said the Assembly will rise in 4 or 5 days -- We have no other News of any kind here that can merit your notice and as the Bearer (who assures me you will receive this in 3 Days) is just setting out have only Time to beg you that you will be so good as to render my Respectfull & most obliging Complemts acceptable to your Lady and be assur'd that I am & ever will be With the warmest & most Gratefull sense of your vast Friendship
... My Dear Colo
... Your Most Affecte &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
MADEIRA 28th. March 1760
SIR
Agreeable to an order we received from Messrs. Cary & Co. inclosed you have a Bill of Loading for a pipe of wine which altho' very dear we hope will prove Satisfactory after Standing a Summer to show its quality in which as well as the Color we have endeavored Carefully to please you. The demand for new wines having been pretty brisk & the expectation of a Wt. India Convoy touching here make the Portuguese stand out for such extravagant prices as the English Factory have hither to been obliged to pay.
At bottom you will observe the Cost for which we shall value on Messrs. Cary &Co.
We are with much respect to you & Mrs. Washington Sir
... Your most ready & obliged Friends
... HILL LAMAR & HILL
WINCHESTER April 14th. 1760
MY DEAR SIR
Next day after parting I got here, where I found Colo. Byrd and Paddy is to join him in a few days; I hope 'ere now Bishop is with you, Colo. Byrd says you must send the General a man in his room -- Major Lewis by Express informs the Colo. that on the 30th. Ulto. Capt. Gist was at Bryant's attack'd by a Body of Cherrokees which he by the advantage of some Houses that he avail'd himself off Beat them off and took a Scalp, the Majr. adds that 4 different Posts were attack'd in one day, at 3 of which the Enemy were repuls'd, but had not learn't the Fate of the 4th. these incursions according to custom spreads much terror amongst the Inhabitants, and leaves us no room to doubt what part our old allies are determined to act. --
I hear that Genl Morton is appointed to Command in this Quarter, that a Post is to be establish'd at Presque Ile and the Conquest of Detroit undertaken; But as it's fear'd (notwithstanding of what we hear'd) that Pensylvania will do little if any thing; Maryland as usual nothing, and a great part of our Regiment (whose strength is vastly diminish'd by Death Desertion & Sickness) will probably be employ'd on the Fronteers I dread this Plan will be greatly obstructed if not render'd impracticable.
I'm extremely sorry to find the Regiment in so bad a situation Steps.1 (whose gone to Pensylvania to Buy Land) employ'd several of the Soldiers on his own Plantation, in driving Cattle &Ca. and many have had Furloughs of whose return there's little probability; Scarce a man has a Bayonet, Lock Cover, Hammer Cap, Brush or Picker; Order and Discipline much neglected, the Adjutant laid up with a broken Leg, the Sergt. Majr. several Sergts. Corpls. and many private down with the small Pox -- we have only 166 fit for Duty at this place, tho' we have 4 Compys. & some from 3 more so that we must cut a very poor Figure both as to numr. & appearance. By the Colos. orders I have since my arrival been constantly employ'd in exer'sing them seeing them Drill'd and in endeavouring to get things restor'd some Order But almost every Day adds to the disagreeable Prospect my own affairs present me with, since my arrival I had the mortification to learn that none of 8 Recruits which I enlisted at so great an Expence ever got to the Battn. nor can I hear that any of the 14 I sent from Virginia is got to the Regiment, those that undertook to Recruit for me spend a great deal of my Money without doing me any Service, and I'm well assur'd that Bouquet is determin'd to make a point of my Joining him immediately or giving up my Commission But for the reasons we talk'd over I will depend on my Virga. Half Pay tho' a disappointment therein and my late misfortunes would leave me quite destitute, in fine the Train of perplexing embarrassments I have long been and never more than now involv'd in would make an honble. Passage to anothr. World not disagreeable.
[Note 1: 1 Stephens.]
I beg you will be so good as to present my Complemts. in the most respectfull and obliging Terms to Your Lady & allow me the pleasure of subscribing myself with unbiass'd Esteem & unalterable Regard
... My Dear Colo.
... Your Most Affecte. &
... Ever Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
Excuse haste.
WINCHESTER May 14th 1760
MY DEAR SIR
Three Days after I parted with you I got a Man to Inlist in the room of Allen, for about 50/. Expence, and wheneve[r] the Compys. from Augusta arriv'd I found out Allen, but every argument I could use could not prevail upon him to engage for more than two years, nor would he take less than £20 -- per ann. his Terms are so extremely unreasonable that I have not apply'd for his Discharge, as I'm persuaded you will not have him at such an exorbitant rate, I cannot hear of any other of the Proffession in the Regt. I shall write to Capt. McKenize to enquire for one amongst the troops at Pittsburg --
We are here to our great surprise inform'd that the Assembly is to meet on the 19th. Inst. in consequence of some Intelligence from So. Carolina -- Various are our Conjectures -- We are all impatience! most are of opinion that the Regt. will be compleated and [a] new one rais'd; should this affair whatever it may be, cause any considerable change in our Military Affairs, I hope you will be so good as to have an Eye towards me, if it should be judg'd necessary to have a Major of Brigade, surely my long Services and having acted already in that Capacity gives me an indubitable right to it, in preference to any other, and much more so to Mr. Irwine --
Colo. Byrd writes to the Governor on the Half Pay Scheme, and from the opinion of the House last Session our hopes are rais'd high and very sanguine, It would be a vast encouragement for us to have some Provision made for our future support before we enter on a new S[c]ene of Dangers and Fatigues perhaps of the most horrible nature we have ever encounter'd -- Colo. Byrd has taken upon him to prevent my obeying Orders for Joining the R As for 8 or 10 Days longer, and if it was possible for you in that Time or a few Days more to inform me what I may hope or fear from the Half Pay Scheme it would be of the last Importance to me -- I am really asham'd to be so extremely troublesome to you, but when you know that my welfare or misery depends on the determination I must make I flatter myself it will appologise for it I ever am with the highest Esteem and invariable Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your most Gratefull &
... Most Affecte. hble Servt. --
... ROBERT STEWART
Be so good as to present my humble respects to your Lady I hope she is got perfectly recover'd --
BULSKIN May 18th 1760
SIR)
we are disapinted in sending two Wagings down Magnis Talt has declind coming down & Mr Crafords waginner Refus'd to Carey the two mars [mares] down So that I was fosed to send down nat with them which I Cud very elley Spare I am in hops I shall soon be able to see about my beseness we have no more people taken with the Small pox as yet nor I am in hops shant I have prepared them acording to your orders & the doctors structions & are all well but the two that had the Small pox & Fortin & Wing & they seame to be very mulch amnded [amended] I beg you will Disspach nat as soon as posable -- . I am your most obednt Humble servant
... CHRISTOPHER HARDWICK
FRED18th. May. 1760
SIR --
I reciev'd yours, in answer to which I can only say that I think that land was conveyd to your Father by Mr. John Grant and his wife,1 and the money there ariseing was paid to me as Guardian to my Brothers Children to whom I paid it as the came of age, so that I fear I shall be brought in my self, however as your right seems to be very clear, I only desire youl let it lye till I can consult the Gentlemen who married those Children who I will prevail on if possible either to refund the money, or submit it on the terms we did our dispute. they live at a great distance so that it will probably be a month or two before I can inform you what can be done.
[Note 1: 1 See will of Augustine Washington, Appendix.]
I am
... Sr. Your most Humb: sert.
... ANTHONY STROTHER2
[Note 2: 2 Indorsement by Washington: "Respg. ye. Land bot. of his Brotrs. Estate."]
WINCHESTER May June 3rd 1760
MY DEAR SIR
In my last by Colo. Martin I inform'd you that I had Inlist'd a Man to Serve in Allen's room, but that the extreme unreasonable Terms which Allen insisted on prevented my applying for his Discharge till I heard from you, I have since wrote to Capt. McKenzie to see if he could possibly procure a good man for your purpose upon reasonable Terms.
It was with great concern I was inform'd that you did not get timeous notice of the sitting of last Assembly as I am convinc'd beyond any doubt, how much the General Service and the Interest of this Colony in particular suffer'd in being thereby depriv'd of that salutary Advice which must naturally result from your Military knowledge and great experience which probably would have prevented the Planning of an Expedition1 that a thousand Circumstances concurr in rendering impracticable, and tho' it does not become a person so short sighted and ignorant of Politicks to discant upon the proceeding of so august a Body yet as a Solider I think I may presume to say, that to attempt with a handfull of raw undisciplined (I don't know what to call them) Men to carry on so long an Expedition and penetrate into the Country of so warlike and formidable people who from the Nature of the Ground in general their numbers & mode of warfare have so vast a superiority, and push headlong without establishing Posts, forming Magazines & no chance of securing a Retreat is contrary to all Military Rules & carries no probability of Success, tho' its miscarriage would be productive of the most alarming & fatal consequences -- Colo. Byrd has prudently refus'd the Command of it and told Stes.2 as he was 2d in Command he might wait on the Governor about it, what his going down will produce I know not and as you so well know the man will not trouble you with any of my conjectures -- yet I cannot help fearing much for its consequences, for if they go on I think there's a moral certainty of their failing, and if they do not an immense sum will be sunk without deriving any honr. or advantage from it --
[Note 1: 1 The expedition against the Cherokees.]
[Note 2: 2 Stephens.]
Another of our Companies Marches to morrow for augusta, with the remainder which will not exceed 150 fit for Duty Camp. Colrs. Hatchet and Batmen included we March the Day followg. for Pittsbg. with this trifling Party which is not a sufficient Guard for our Colrs. & Baggage we are to Escort a large Convoy and repair General Bradocks Road -- General Mockton is to be at Carlisle on the 5th. Inst. and it's said he proposes to push the Expedition against Detroit with great vigour. But I wish his operations may not be obstructed by the Ohio & Lake Indians for our last accots. from Pittsbg. say that an Indian alarm'd that Garrison with an accot. that a very considerable Force would soon Attack that place and our Friendly Indians (as they call them) to man slip'd off without giving Crochan1 or any other the least previous notice of it -- and a few Days ago an Express was Kill'd & Scalp'd between Legonier & Pittsbg. --
[Note 1: 1 Croghan.]
I shall with great pleasure embrace every oppy. of transmitting you the earliest and best Intelligence I can procure of our proceedgs. Operations and Intentions and need not inform you how happy I should be by hearing often from you, I beg you will be so good as present my most hble respects to your Lady in the warmest & most obliging manner, that every requisite may concurr in forming your lasting and mutual Felicity are the most ardent wishes of him who entertains the most entire regard for you & is with unalterable Esteem
... My Dear Colonel
... Your ever Affecte. Gratefull & Obliged hble Servant
... ROBERT STEWART
[Note 1: 1 The Rev. Andrew Burnaby, A. M., Vicar of Greenwich, was the author of a small publication which appeared in London in 1775, entitled, Travels Through the Middle Settlements in North America, in the years 1759 and 1760. With Observations upon the State of the Colonies. His descriptions of the country are quaint and original. In one of his notes he says: "In several parts of Virginia the ancient custom of eating meat at breakfast still continues. At the top of the table, where the lady of the house presides, there is constantly tea and coffee; but the rest of the table is garnished out with roasted fowls, ham, vension, game and other dainties. Even at Williamsburg, it is the custom to have a plate of cold ham upon the table; and there is scarcely a Virginian lady who breakfasts without it." Mr. Burnaby appears several times in the course of his travels to have visited at Mount Vernon.]
[A Copy.]
WILLIAMSBURG June 4, 1760.
SIR,
I arrived here yesterday and take the first opportunity of writing to thank you & Mrs. Washington for the many civilities I received at Mount Vernon. It gives me some concern when I consider the obligations I am under in Virginia to think how I shall be able to return them: indeed I am afraid it will only be in my power to retain a proper sense of them; which I always shall do.
I have the pleasure to acquaint you that your friends in these parts are all well. They enquire after you, particularly the Govr. and Mrs. Fauquier, and even to regret very much that Mrs. Washington & yourself are so far from Williamsburg.
We have little or no news -- there having been no late arrivals either from Engd. or the Northward. The Speaker was married I believe last week: on which occasion nothing appeared but youth and gaiety. The new married couple are now gone to their seat in the country. As a counterpart to this, I find that Mrs. Burwell of James River was buried a few days ago; that Gen. Braxton has been dying of a pleurisy; but is now something better; I believe out of danger.
... Yr. much obliged & humble servt.
... A. BURNABY.
June 8th. 1760
DEAR SIR /
My friend Colo. Thomas Moore has applied to me, to assist him with a Sum of Money, to discharge a Debt due to You which he is very anxious of doing, and was it in my power at this time, I would readily advance the Sum he wants, but it realy is not, if your Affairs would permit you to wait a little longer for it, I will engage to see you paid in Six Months. I am with my Compliments to Mrs. Washington
... Dr. Sir
... Your Affece. Friend
... and hble Servt.
... JOHN ROBINSON
[Note 1: 1 Brother of Colonel Bernard Moore, of "Chelsea," King William Country.]
[A Copy.]
KING WM June 9. 1760
SIR,
According to my promise in my last, I sent over to the Speaker who sent me the enclosed for you. I am very sorry if your not receiving the money immediately should be any disadvantage to you, but I have done all in my power to get it for you, and as the demand at first was what I did not expect, so was I the less prepared for it. However I hope a few months will not make any great alteration in your affairs.
... I am your obed. Servt.
... THOS. MOORE.
[Note 2: 2 Thomas Hanson Marshall, whose home on the Potomac (Marshall Hall) is still in a fine state of preservation, was one of Washington's immediate neighbors. He was commissioned Captain in the Continental army March 7, 1776.]
MARYLAND the 21st. of June. 1760 --
SIR / Your's of the 20th. Instant I Recd. this Day. I have not the Least thought, (nor Ever had) of making Sale of Any Part of my Land in Virga unless I had an opportunity of Purchasing Immediately (Lands) Joining to me in Maryland, which there is not the Least Prospect off Just now, as the Lands are in the hands of Genn. who have not the Least thought of making Sale thereoff; --
Captn. Posey was mentioning to me sum short Time Past, that he had agreed to Let Mr. French have the Woodland (Tract of Land) he bought of your Brother, for the Same he gave for it; on which I told Captn. Posey (in a Bantr.) that I must Let Mr. French have that Slipe of mine which run by Mrs. Manleys As Immagend he would give me a great Price for it, as it Lay Verry Convent. & was well stocked with Timbr. tho At the Same Time hand not the Least thought of offoring Said Land; I am Sensable how your Lands Surround mine, & Probabilly will In a short Time be more so, However Sir / If I should have an oppertunity of Purchasing Lands In Maryland Conveniant, would willingly sell my Land in Virga; if this should Happin, or if I should Incline to Sell my Land In Virga. at Any rate, you may Depend on my Giving you the Refusal &c
... I am With Great Regard
... Sir
... Your Most Hble servt.
... THOS. HAN. MARSHALL
PHILADELPHIA June 23d. 1760. -- --
SIR
I arrived here the 15th. past, after an Agreeable journey; and desire you will think me extremely obliged to you for the favour you did me in sending me to Annapolis, and by the letters you gave me to recommend me. I had not an Opportunity of seeing Mr. Sharp; but Dr. Macleane has behaved with the greatest Politeness to me, introduced me to General Stanwix by Mr. Doe his Aid de Camp, and contrived for me to go on a fishing Party with about 15 or 16 Ladies & 8 or 10 Gentlemen to the Schuilkill. We dined Upon a Turtle &c drank Tea in the Afternoon & returned in the Evening. Philadelphia is beyond my Expectation; and when I consider that it contains near 20,000 Inhabitants of Many Nations and Religions; that it Employs one Year with Another 350 Vessels; that it has a well regulated Police; and is in beauty, Trade, Riches, not inferior to many cities in Europe, I am lost in Admiration of that Great Man Mr. Penn, who by his Wisdom and vast foresight, has been able to accomplish such things. I believe I shall set out for New York either Wednesday or thursday, shall stay there about a Week, and from thence to Boston for about the same time, from Whence in about a Month I shall expect to see England, where I shall hope to have the pleasure of hearing from you very soon. -- -- We have very little News here; the Seige of Quebec is certainly raised; and it is said we have taken about half a dozen store ships; from Whence it is hoped the Remains of the French Army must certainly be reduced to the greatest distress. The Merchants in this Place were much Alarmed the other day by hearing that Many of their flags of truce Ships to the Value of better than 100 000 £ sterling were taken in the West Indies; this Evening however they have recovered their looks a little, as a Vessel from Jamaica has brought them an Account that About Eleven are already Acquitted. ---
General Amherst has not yet left Albany, at least he had not, when the last accounts arrived; People begin to Wonder. One of the Miss Hopkinsons (perhaps you may know her) was married last thursday to Mr. Duchè a Young Clergyman here. This I think is everything that can possibly come under the Article of News, Unless I was to tell you of a very violent thunder Gust which happened last Monday & struck two or three horses in Town here; though this to an American has very little Novelty in it;1 for which reason, Sir, I believe I must desire you to make My Compliments to Mrs. Washington, & conclude by Assuring You that I am with the greatest respect
[Note 1: 1 In summer there are frequent and violent gusts, with thunder and lightning; but as the country is very thinly inhabited, and most of the gentry have electrical rods to their houses, they are not attended with many fatal accidents. -- Burnaby's Travels in North America.]
... Your Much Obliged, Most Obedient, and
... Most Humble servant
... A. BURNABY
August 1th 1760
SIR) BULSK'N
You wrot to me bout Beaves Cattle Sells Considerable dearer than ever I knew them & are scase to be had at any rate I am told Beafe at Winshester Sels at Six pence pr pound So that I dont know as yet whether there is any to be bought as small Common Cows pricess between three & four pounds each I dont know what quntety [quantity] you may want we have five stears & two Charmen baron Cows which one of them hant had a Calf this two years which may be mad extroney good Beaf If you think that will not be anofe let me know what quntety to purchis as I Shall be glad too oblige you. I shall take Care to Save what sweat sented Tobaco seed You want of each sort -- we have got our Harvest safe in stouts of about two or three hundred Sheves in a place well Hudderd -- the hind wheals of the wagin is doted So that one of the fellows is brok out & we have her to Carey to the wagner to gtt her mended if She Can or new ons made & as son as that Can be done I shall take Care to gtt it in & Cornelos has promist to Stak it for me --
I Sent Fortin & Winey som meale last Sunday when I herd Fortin was as bad as ever & Winey Sum better our Summer Crop Coms on very fast as the weather has benn very seasenable the Tobaco grows mutch larger than last last yeare we are over the higt of toping & shall be quit by the last of next week done. we have all the three Colts salted three times a week when they dont com I have them fetcht up but they are often up every day leatly [lately] I forgot to inform you in my last letter that blease bay mare I boug at Anderson outcry has got as likely a Hors Colt as any I have seen this yeare. I am hartely Sory to tell you of my unhappy misfortin I am as yet not Capable to do any thing but am in hops I soon shall Jams Maser follows my Derictons in every thing & gows on very well I am in hops we shall make as mutch as Ever we have yet I am your Humble servant to Command
... CHRISTOPHER HARDWICK
CAMP AT VENANGO Augt. 12th 1760
DEAR SIR
Though I have as small a Title as any Person whatever to the least Share of your Esteem, yet, by often observing with what Pleasure you seize all Opportunities of using your good Offices for the Assistance of others, I dare to address you and to sollicit your Interest in an Affair of the greatest Importance to me, which from your Benevolence alone I hope to obtain. --
My Relations in Europe have procured recommendatory Letters from Ld. Barrington, Ld. Elibanks & Colo. Douglass, to General Amherst in my Behalf & have engaged Colo. Robertson & Capt. Abercrombie, his first Aid de Camp, to present them, and to back them with all their Influence. They have desired me to send a Memorial to the Genl., which I have accordingly done, & to apply to you for a Testimony of my Behaviour, while under your Command. This is the Favour Wch. I have to request; and if my Conduct has ever merited your Approbation, I hope you will do me the Justice to declare it to Genl. Amherst, or in any other Manner, Wch. you think will be equally conducive to my Interest -- As soon as I can get Genl. Monctons Liberty I shall repair to the Head Quarters of the Army; & lest such a Step should hurt me in Virginia, I have wrote very fully to the Governor on the Subject, desiring to know what I may expect in the Colonys Service at the Reduction of the Regt; if Nothing, I have begged the Honour of a Letter from him to Genl. Amherst, & by a Memorial to his Council have sollicited the same Favour from them. In every Thing I have acted agreeable to the Advice of my Friends, and though my Expectations are far from being pleasing, I am under a Necessity either to disoblige them, or to accept of whatever their Interest may procure for me. --
I am with Major Stewart, erecting a Post at this Place, which is to be a Block House, extended by a Ditch & covered Way -- Colo. Bouquet with 250 Pensilvs. is doing the same at Presqu' Isle. The Indians are very passive, and except four Men killed and taken the other Day at the Lake, we have not met with the least Disturbance from them this Campaign --
I should be glad to hear from you as soon as possible under Cover to Major Gates; and shall esteem it a singular Favor to be ranked among the Number of Dear Sir
your Friends & very humble Servants
... ROBERT MACKENZIE1
[Note 1: 1 Washington's reply.
MOUNT VERNON Novr. 20th 1760
DEAR SIR,
Had your Letter of the 17th. of August come to my hands before the 18th. Instt. I should not have given you the trouble of perusing my answer to it at this late Season. -- I am sorry you shoud think it necessary to introduce a request that is founded upon Reason and equity with an Apology, to me -- had you claimd that as a Right, which you seem rather to ask as a favour I should have thought myself wanting in that justice which is the distinguishing Characteristick of an Honest Man to have with held it from you. --
But how to answer your purposes and at the same time avoid the Imputation of Impertinence, I am I must confess, a little more at a loss to determine. -- That Genl. Amherst may have heard of such a person as I am, is probable: And this I dare venture to say is the Ultimate knowledge he has of me; how then should I appear to him in an Epistalory way and to set down and write a Certificate of your behaviour carries an Air of formality that seems more adapted to the Soldiery than Officers. I must therefore beg the favour of you to make what use you please of this Letter. --
For, Sir, with not more pleasure than truth, I can declare to you, and to the World, that while I had the honour of Commanding the Regiment your Conduct both as an Officer and Gentleman were unexceptionable good; and in every Instance as far as I was capable of judging discerning such, as to have merited applause from better judges. Since my time Colo. Byrd has been witness to your Behaviour and his Letters Recommendatory must I am persuaded do you more service than my sanguine endeavours can -- Altho he, nor no other Person, is more sensible of your worth, nor more Inclined to contribute their best Offices towards the Completion of your wishes than]
CAMP AT VENANGO 2d October 1760
MY DEAR SIR
Since my last long Letter from this place I recd. Intelligence from the neighbouring Indians that they discover'd where a large Body of the Enemy had just passed about 28 Miles above us and seem'd to bend their course this way, a Delaware spoke to some of their Savages who told him they were off a large Party design'd for this place, I at 2 oClock this morning Detach'd an officer & 20 alert Virgs. with some six nation & Delaware Indians to Reconnoitre the different Paths & Passes leading towards where the Enemy were seen & to Scour our Environs, they are just return'd without making any other Discovery than where a few Indians lay on the top of an adjacent eminance which overlooks our Camp nor can I conceive the Enemy to be now in condition to undertake any thing serious or send out more than a few Scalping Parties, however we have got into a tolerable Posture of Defence against Musketry and ready for them come as soon as they will some of their Scalpers have been frequently about us at different Times but as yet have not been able to get the least advantage, tho the nature of this Service obliges me to have small Parties sometimes Detain'd a considerable distance from Camp nor have we sustained the smallest Loss except that of our Engineer poor Du Plesis who on the 2d. Ulto. Detach'd to Reconnoitre French Creek, he & the few that were with him have not been heard off for upwards of 3 weeks his Loss is more sensibly felt as the construction of Works cannot be carried with such propriety as they would have been under the direction of so able an Engineer, nor is it now in my power to have the pleasure of presenting You with Planns of our different Posts nor the Draft of this River which I Promised in my last --
You will undoubted receive the accots. of the Success of His Majesty's Army (under the Orders of The Generals Amherst & Murray and the great probability there is in their succeeding in Enterprises still more Glorious which must terminate in the totall Reduction of the French Territories in this part of the Globe) in a speedier Channel than I from this remote Post could convey them I will not therefore trouble You with a less perfect repetition of them --
We are here extremely impatient to hear something of our Virginia Expedition our last accots. from that Quarter was in a Letter I recd. from Colo. Byrd Dated at Campbell's Augt. 10th. I cannot imagine he will proceed after he is inform'd that Fort Loudoun the principal Object of his Destination is surrender'd to the Savages, and I would fain hope that War will now attract some part of the Ministry's attention and that such measures will be concerted as that our ulterior Operations against them will end in their extirpation, than which nothing could more effectually promote Our General Interest with the Indians and give them the most tremendous opinion of our Prowess All the Savage Nations would then be convinc'd beyond doubt how carefully they ought to cultivate our Friendship and how much our just resentment was to be dread this Measure would undeniably cost an immensity of Blood and Treasure but the happy and permanent Good that would certainly result from it would amply repay all --
In the different Letters I had the Pleasure to write You from Pittsburgh & this place I inform'd You how happy we are under the Orders of so consumate an Officer & so fine a Gentleman as our General appears to be and the genteel Politeness of His Behaviour particular marks of which and indeed of real kindness he has been Pleas'd to Honr. me with of which unlook'd for lucky incident I avail'd myself to procure a continuation of both my Commissions notwithstanding that Colo. Bouquet in the name of the Corps warmly sollicited for my being Order'd to Join the Battalion but as I hitherto have been no Favorite of Fortune's I did not think it prudent to trust to any of Her superficial smiles and therefore I have applied for Liberty to sell and if I cannot be indulg'd therein to Resign being determined to attach myself solely to our own Regt. and rely upon the Generosity of the Colony which I have so long had the Honr. to Serve for a future Subsistence, tho' I with great regret observe that my Interest there declines, this declension is evinc'd by an Order Mr. Boyd tells me the Governor has given for my returning my Major's Pay for last Campaign when I did the entire Duty of that Office with such assiduity and punctuality as to give perfect satisfaction to the Colo. of the Regt. and all my Superiors in the Line, this unexpected Stroke astonish me the more as it is most certain that Major Lewis drew Pay as Majr. from the Date of his Major's Commission tho' Major Stobo was in fact Major of the Regt. and that as Majr. Lewis was till his Imprisonment to Majr. Stobo what I was to Majr. Lewis during his detention with the Enemy, consequently if Major Lewis had then a right to Majrs. Pay the same reasons entitled me to it from the Date of my Majority till Major Lewis rejoin'd the Regt. which was all I did or desired to but another recent Instance in my favour places this (if possible) in still a stronger & more striking view vizt. Lt. Colo. Peachy drew Pay as Majr. from the Date of his Major's Commission in our Regt. till the Day of his Promotion in the Fronteer Battn. tho' he never did the least Duty nor even Join'd our Regt. as Majr. but notwithstanding the combin'd force of these (I hope) coercive Arguments I recd. the Orders of the Commander In Chief of the Colony Troops for it. I would by no means desire You to ask a Favour from Govr. Fauquier because I know how disagreeable it would be to You but if I have a right to that Pay and that I have Imagine is obvious by the above State of the Affairs It cannot be deem'd a favour to procure Justice or to rectify a mistake to which I ascribe this Order therefore I doubt but your good offices will be us'd in obtaining a Countermand to it. When I applied for the Majority I endeavoured to represent the hardship of Major Peachy's having got it and told the Governor that Rank was what I chiefly regarded but that I should do the sole of that fatigueing Duty without Pay when there was two Precedents so clearly in my favour for drawing it I never imagin'd would admit of the least hesitation.
I am extremely uneasy at your long and uncommon silence I have not been favour'd with a Scrape from you since the Date of the Letter you wrote me from Bulskin the Day after parting -- I am certain that either your Letters have miscarried or which is infinitely worse the want of Health prevents your writing how happy it would make me to be assured that You and your Family are well for God's sake releive me from my vast uneasie apprehensions on this Head --
I cannot even guess at where I shall be order'd to this Winter -- I beg you will be so good as to present my Respectfull Complemts. in the warmest and most obliging Terms to Your Lady & the Children and believe me unalterably to be With the most sincere & perfect Esteem & Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your Most Affectionate &
... Most Obliged Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART.
All the Officers of this little Camp
offer their best Respects particularly
Mc.Neill & McKenzie
Pray excuse inaccuracy &ca. being hurried
WINCHESTER 13th. Febry. 1761
MY DEAR SIR
I arrivd here the 11th Inst. after the most severe and longest Campaign I ever Serv'd and the excessive pleasure I enjoy by hearing of your welware [welfare] rises in proportion to the great uneasiness I from a dread of the reverse was long under, not only, by the uncommon Secession of your so much desir'd, till then uninterrupted, & truely valueable Correspondence, but, my not being able to learn any thing of you, and tho' I was very sensibly affected by this misfortune, an unalterable persuasion of your incapacity (without the clearest reasons) of dropping a Friendship which I esteem one of the greatest Blessings of my Life, would not suffer me even to suppose a possibility of its proceeding from any other cause, than the miscarriage of one of our Letters, and it is with inexpressibly satisfaction I find my opinion thereon so well grounded for our mutual Friend Craik tells me that you did me the favour to write to me which Letter he gave to Heath but Heath cannot recollect to whom at Pittsburgh he deliver'd it, I suspect the villainous curiosity of some mean Scoundl. for robbing me of the pleasure the rect. of it would have afforded me, nor am I free from apprehension of the many Letters I in the course of last Campaign wrote you, their having met with the same Fate, should that be the case, I flatter myself, that those generous Sentiments of Friendship, so eminently conspicuous in every part of your Behavior to me, for a space that fills a considerable share of Life, has render'd every Avenue to your Heart impregnable to every suspicion of neglect or Ingratitude in me, for it is with great Truth I assure you, that I never let slip one opportunity of transmitting you every occurrence which I imagin'd could in any degree entertain or amuse you --
I had resolv'd after a few Days rest to have waited on You at Mount Vernon, but I am informd that you are going to Annapolis, and is to be here soon, which frees me from the pain that would inevitably arise from asking for Leave of absence from Steps. who I'm certainly inform'd is incessantly employ'd in traversing this County and with indefatigable pains practices every method of making Interest with it's Inhabitants for Electing him their Representative in Assembly, his claims to disinterestedness, Public Spirit and genuine Patriotism are Trumpeted in the most turgid manner; it's said he will reduce these shining Virtues to practice (for it's undeniable that if his pretensions to them had ever an existence it must have been in Idea) by Introducing various Commerical Schemes, which, are to diffuse Gold & opulency thro' Frederick, and prove (I suppose) as Sovereign a Remedy against Poverty and Want as Glen's red Root was in removing hunger and imbecility from our Horses in Campaign 58 when they were destitute of Forrage and Sustenance of every kind, But however strange & chimerical these nonentity's may appear to common sense, yet by his striking out of the beaten Road he has attracted the attention of the Plebeians, whose unstable Minds are agitated by every Breath of Novelty, whims and nonsense, yet with his speculative Wealth and an immensity of Flummery he has brought over many, which and some groundless Reports gave me extreme uneasiness till I was certain that the Leaders and all the Patrician Families remains firm in their resolution of continuing for You, But tho' there is every appearance of your going with a greater Majority at the next than you did at the last Election, yet as in affairs of that Nature it is difficult to form a certain Judgement from appearances, I conceive your own presence, as soon as you can conveniently come, would highly conduce to fix it beyond the most distant doubt --
I was astonish'd to hear that Jones is suspected of becoming an opposer, But in that Event (which I can hardly believe) it would appear that he is actuated by the most selfish motives, and I'm persuaded that the cause of his opposition will be shewing your watchfull care for whatever might affect your Constituents, promote in place of diminishing your Interest with them -- I need not tell you how happy McNeill and I are in arriving at a Juncture when the Flame of Burgessing kindles every Breast --
I hope to have the great pleasure of seeing you soon and I beg you'll be so good as to offer my Complemts. in the most respectfull and obliging Terms to Your Lady & the Children & believe me ever to be with the highest Esteem and most perfect Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your most Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
WINCHESTER 12th. March 1761 --
MY DEAR COLO
Agreeable to your desire I send you Inclos'd a List of such things as the Regiment is most and in immediate want off, I could not get an accot. of their cost but it may be known from the Commissioners examining the Regimental Accots. who no doubt are poss'd of the original accots. Colo. Byrd gave in -- I likewise transmit you my Sentiments on the affairs we talk'd off at parting, which I fear you'll think are exprest with more zeal and freedom than Judgement and discretion
On my return there I talk'd over the several things you mention'd to me with our particular Friends, and Craik Woodrow and Jacob Hight makes an excursion to the lower part of the County tomorrow Ss.1 continues indefatigable and I'm inform'd intends to make use of every method to arrive at his point de vue but nothing can raise the most remote suspicion of your Interest's being immutably establish'd -- I wish Colo Byrd was here -- I shall be impatient till I have the pleasure of a Line from you & am unalterably
[Note 1: 1 Stephens.]
... My Dear Colo
... Your's most affectly.
... ROBERT STEWART
WINCHESTER 12th. March 1761 --
MY DEAR COLONEL
I on many accots. am encourag'd to take the liberty of Inclosing You a List of several indispensably requisite Accoutrements and Necessaries for the Regiment, which are not yet provided, and which we ought to receive previously to our Marching, it is needless to inform you of who so perfectly knows their utility & how much the Men would be Distress'd by wanting them, which, and their small Expence consider'd, it's more than probable, that The Assembly will Order their being immediately furnish'd; there are several other things wanted, to complete us for the Field, particularly Tents and Bayonets, but it's probable the Crown will supply us with Tents, and the Nature of the Service we are likely to be employ'd in, will in some measure dispense with Bayonets, we can make Lock Covers of Cow Hides, and Hammer Slatts of Deer Skines &ca. --
It is with infinite concern I observe, that, various unfortunate circumstances seems to have concurr'd in rendering the Regiment incapable of making that Figure and doing that Service, which it has always been remark'd for, and which will naturally be expected from it. The mean unmilitary Cloathing provided for the non Commission'd and Rank & File, plain Hats, and Leggins of different Colrs., has caus'd a general murmur discontent and heartburning and greatly depress'd that spirit hitherto constantly exerted in eclipsing other Provincials, and even vying with The Kings Troops, in uniformity, in appearance, exactitude, regularity, firmness and Intrepidity in executing the most arduous essential Duties of Soldiers, hence it's evident, how much that Spirit ought to be encourag'd and cultivated, and with what care every thing tending to damp or diminish it should be avoided, as it's certain, that to it's happy effects, & to Discipline are owing that establish'd good Character of our Troops, which redounds no less to the Cr. of the Colony than the Honr. of the Corps -- I believe its' allow'd that Rewards and Punishments are the principal Springs of human Actions, and Experience evinces their particular influence over the whole Rotine of a Soldr.
The number of our good Men are by Death, accidents and numerous infirmities vastly reduc'd, what good Men remains, under their present uneasiness and dejection mix't with Invalids and raw Recruits, cannot be suppos'd capable of doing much, and as its' a most incontestable Fact, that, a few good Men well Disciplin'd and properly equipt are infinitely superior to a much greater number of bad Men, or even to themselves, when mix't with bad Men, I think it follows, that Discharging all our bad Men would highly conduce to the Interest of the Service, and I have always thought that the number of raw undisciplin'd Recruits with which we commonly take the Field diminish, instead of increasing our real strength, as it is impossible, that even Officers of Address, application and Experience, can without Time, inspire the Peasant or Mechanick with knowledge of and Love for Arms, and so precipitate a transition from ease and plenty to the Toils and Hardships of the Field, makes them appear intolerable and induces them to seek the most infamous means of abandoning a way of Life which under these Dificulties seem insupportable; to that, and the encouragement they find in the misplac'd compassion of the Inhabitants are chiefly owing the great and scandalous Desertion peculiar to the Corps, such of them as do not Desert, in place of doing Service, require some of our nonCommission'd Officers and best Men to take care of them, and bring them up when they lack behind on a March bore down with the weight of Fatigues which till inur'd to them they are unable to bear, nor can that viguor, exact obedience, emulation and desire to excell, so requisite in Soldiers, be expected from such Men, who in place of shewing an arduor for Action will dread it, and too probably communicate their fears to those in the Ranks with them, nor would such an Event be new or surprising, as we know that the Roman Legions have under the Orders of an able Officer retir'd in a confusion, which took its' rise from the timid Skreams of one private Soldier, probably a Recruit. History furnishes numberless instances of a similar nature, tho' not so striking yet sufficiently so, to shew the absolute necessity of taking every precaution to prevent Disorder in the Face of the Enemy, I therefore humbly conceive, that nothing can be more injurious to the Regt. than deferring the Recruiting Service till near the openning of the Campaign, which has always been the case, I know that in defence of this method its' alledg'd, that, as the continuance of the Regt. is always uncertain, fitting it up before its' continuance can be certainly known, would be run'ing a risque, of incurring a great and unnecesary Expence, but when its' consider'd that in case of our being disbanded, these Recruits could be turned over to the Regular Troops, for as much, or near it, as they cost the Colony, and that if the Colony should have occasion for them, they would be of more Service than double their numr. pick'd up of any sort in a hurry, and Join'd Just at or before our taking the Field, these Objections would consequently be remov'd; and instead thereof, Beating Orders1 were issued in the Fall, the officers employ'd in that Service would have Time to make a proper choice, and bring them to the Regt. in the Winter, and undoubtedly it is in Winter Quarters, that Recruits ought to be Drill'd and initiated into an exact habitude of doing their Duty, which the Service requires them to understand and not to learn when they Join the Line; practice would make it easy and familiar, and create a confidence in themselves, and would naturally facilitate their performing with alacrity (when mix't with Soldiers) what they were before taught even [in] the Face of the Enemy's Fire; whereas, by our present Method Recruits are instantly remov'd from Tilling the Ground and Tradesmen's Shops to the Camp, where Novelty disconcerts and Regularity appears to them impracticable --
[Note 1: 1 Orders to gather in recruits: "That each Captain shall, by beat of Drum or otherwise, Raise Thirty men; Each Lieutenant Eighteen, and each Ensign, Twelve men." -- General Instructions for Recruiting Officers.]
We have a numr. of Men quite wore out, and unfit for Service, and consequently of great disservice, as its' certain that they are as large an Expence as the same of good Men would be off, and a dead weight upon the Regiment by including them in it's Effectives --
The Gross of our Arms have from the Nature of our Service always suffer'd extremely in the Field of course in constant want of repairs, which have hitherto been neglected till late in the Spring when any Armourers that can be got are hir'd at an exorbitant rate, and as these Fellows are not Subject to the Articles of War and do not attend us in the Field, they may be suppos'd to be more anxious in getting Money than doing their Duty well; this misfortune which is productive of very great ones, might be easily prevented, by appointing a Soldier bred to that Bussiness Armourer to the Regt., and supplying him with a Carriage anvil, Bellows and other necessary Implements, by which means our Arms would be kept in constant good Order, and at much less Expence to the Province. --
These things may to many appear too trivial to merit the notice of the Legislature, but you well know, that the good of the Service is more frequently obstructed by inattention to the small Details of it, than, by what appears to those unacquainted with its nature to be of the greatest consequence, that the most minute thing in it, becomes, important by viewing it's consequences, and that the neglecting the smallest affairs commonly produce Capital Errors --
But this Scrible has insensibly become longer than I intended, by setting down things as they occurr'd, without regard to Order or conciseness, knowing that with you, Form or Dress makes no difference -- Military Knowledge & approv'd abilities for instiling the most salutary Regimental Regulations uniting with the Senator in you, naturally points you out as the properest person to represent them to that House, which is the Source from which every advantage of that kind, we can reasonably hope for, must originally flow, and allow me my dear Colo. to assure you, that, I do not propose these reformations from any vain desire of Interesting myself in things however obvious in themselves may (perhaps with Justice) be deem'd above my Sphere, and would come with greater propriety from severals in the Corps whose Rank, Genius and knowledge of our Profession gives them a better title to represent them to you in your Publick Character, Zeal for the good of the Service, and a fear of their being omitted by them, alone have prompted me to hint them to you on the foot of that Intimacy that to my inexpressible pleasure has so long subsisted between us and than a continuance of which nothing can more effectually promote his Felicity who ardently wish you everything that can forward and accomplish the completion of yours & ever is with the highest Esteem and most perfect Regard
... My Dear Sir
... Your most Affectionate &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
LIVERPOOL 24 March 1761
... COLL. WASHINGTON
... SIR
This I hope will be Convey'd to you by Capt John Marshall in the Snow Virginian, who is again destined into Potomac River by Mesrs. Crosbies & Trafford to make farther Interest in the Tobacco Comm. way -- and as I shall transact this branch of Business for these Gentlemen, I take this oppertunity in Acquainting you as well as my other Friends, that if you'll be kind enough to favour Capt Marshall with a few Hheads of your Tobacco's upon Tryal perticu-lar care will be taken in the Disposal of them to the best advantage, any orders you give for Goods will be punctually comply'd with, and I make no doubt but you will meet with such encouragement as will enable you to ship another year, In Short you may rest yourself Assur'd that do you chuse to make Tryal of these Gentlemen Nothing shall be wanting to render you or any other Shipper all the satisfaction that is in the power of
... Sir
... Yr. Most obedt. Hble Servant
... For Messrs Crosbies & Trafford
... GEO: BOWDON
WINCHESTER 6th April 1761 --
MY DEAR COLO
I have just had the great pleasure of receiving your agreeable Favour of the 27th Ulto. and am glad that there is some prospect of the Regiment's being supplied with these necessaries --
Capt McKenzie to the great Joy of the Corps has just rejoin'd us, by him we learn that Colo Byrd is appointed to Command the Expedition against the Cherokees,1 and that a Demand of a thousd. more Men is made upon Virga if complied with, it will cause several changes in our Military Affairs and as no doubt but Colo. Byrd will have a Staff, a hint from you in my favr. might [be] of great Service to me, I do not mean as to B Majr. as Paddy1 will have that, and I not envy it, but as the Gross of his Army will consist of raw Troops an Adjutant Genl. or an Officer to do that Duty will become the more necessary, and tho' the Colony will make no Provision for anything [of the] kind yet as all Contingencies are to be paid by the Crown the Officer Commanding in Chief could without any inconveniency make that matter easy -- I have given the Colo. a distant hint -- he has been very kind by applying unask'd to Genl. Amherst for my remaining with him and succeeded --
[Note 1: 1 The Cherokees at this time had become very aggressive. In May, 1760, the Virginia Assembly appropriated £32,000 for the fitting out of an expedition against them; and in the following October passed an act withdrawing the Virginia forces from the north, and concentrating the strength of the entire regiment upon this troublesome and powerful nation.]
[Note 1: 1 Major Andrew Lewis.]
There is vast uneasiness and heart burnings amongst our Officers on accot. of a Report (which gains Credit) that Capt. Van Braham2 is to have Rank as oldest Capt. in the Regiment notwithstanding that no Vacancy has been kept for him and that no mention was made of him, much less any exception made in his favour in any one of the many Promotions that were made since he left the Corps (if it can with propriety be call'd the same Corps) some of the Officers seem determin'd to leave no Stone unturn'd to retain their present Rank and its' too probable the consequences of his coming will prove fatal to some. I am vastly hurried & must beg you'll forgive the inaccuracy &Ca. of the above I ever am Wt. the most perfect Deference & regard
[Note 2: 2 Jacob Vanbraam.]
... My Dear Colo.
... Your Most Affecte. & mo: Obliged Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART.
N.B. I would not have anything said
abt. V Brams. affairs till it comes from Colo.
Byrd who will be applied to on the Subject
LONDON, April 14th. 1761
DEAR SIR,
I should not have been so long in England without writing to you, had it not happened that I was undertermined whether I should not return to Virginia again: but as I am now come to a fixed determination to continue in these parts, I do myself the pleasure of writing this, to return you my sincerest thanks for all the favours you showed me in America, and with the hopes that you will give me the pleasure of hearing from you, when you may happen to be disengaged from any Affairs of greater consequence: for believe me, Sir, to the Obligations you have already laid me under, it is impossible you can add any greater, than by honouring me so far as to let me hear of yr. Wellfare and happiness. - - - The transactions of these parts are so little interesting to any Inhabitant of Yours, except in the Article of Politics, that I persuade myself you will readily Excuse my omitting to give you any Account of them. We talk much of a peace, and a Congress is appointed at Augsburg; but whether it will come to a ratification, must be left I believe to time to determine. The terms are said to be, in general, the keeping of N. America, and giving up Guadaloupe. The Kings Marriage with the Princess of Brunswick, Sister to the hereditary Prince, is certainly Agreed Upon, and will be speedily compleated. And it is said that the Lady Augusta is to have the hereditary Prince, supposing him not to be killed; which there is a report of. The Coronation is to be in October. Your Neighbour Col: Fairfax is in London I believe, as I saw him the other day: the Ladies are in Yorkshire. I don't think you will see them in Virginia of one while. -- Col: Ludwell is, I think, in a declining way; he is at present in London. -- When I was last at Mount Vernon, you told me of a Natural Curiosity Near Winchester, namely an Ebbing and flowing Well, I shall take it as a very particular favour, if when you go into those parts again you will make some observations upon it, as 1st. how it is situated? Whether near any high Mountain? if there is any descent from the Well? to What height the Water May Ascend? if it rises and falls regularly? and at What Period of time? how long the time of the flux, and how of the Ebb? if there is any intermediate Space when it may be quite at rest? Whether the Well is some Natural Cavity, or dug for the Uses of any Plantation? Whether When it rises or falls, it begins Slowly and is Accelerated or how it proceeds? In short as exact an Account of the Curiosity as you can; and if you will be so good as to send me a detail of it, I shall think myself extremely obliged to you.1 -- You have probably heard before this that Col: Thornton is appointed of the Council. He had a promise of it some time ago which I believe I informed you of. Ld. Halifax is appointed to Ireland. Ld. Sandys to the board of Trade. What alteration this may make in the Colony Affairs, I will not pretend to say: though I should think not a deal: Any more than the Other Ministerial Changes, and Lord Bute's being at the head of the Ministry, - - - I shall hope to hear soon from you, and if you should send me an Acct. of the Well, desire you will send duplicates of the letter. I desire you will make my best Compliments to Mrs. Washington, and all my friends you may fall in with, and believe me to be, dear Sir,
[Note 1: 1 Mr. Burnaby used this information in a publication which appeared in London in 1775. "Sixteen miles north-east of Winchester, a natural cave or well, into which, at times, a person may go down to the depth of 100 or 150 yards; and at other times, the water rises up to the top, and overflows plentifully. This is called the ebbing and flowing well, and is situated in a plain, flat country, not contiguous to any mountain or running water." -- Burnaby's Travels in Virginia.]
... Your most Obliged most Obedient
... and Most humble servant
... ANDW. BURNABY.
P. S.
I have wrote in a very Slovenly way
to you being under an Engagement to
go out, but hope you will be good
enough to Excuse it.
CAMP NEAR STAUNTON June 10th. 1761
MY DEAR SIR,
I had the extreme pleasure to receive your most affectionate Letter containing the Joyous accot. of the Election1 than the pleasing circumstances of which nothing could have afforded more solid satisfaction Two days preceedg. the 18th. the Adjutant applied to me for leave to return to Winchester which I absolutely refus'd, however in about 20 hours an Express brought me a positive Order for his immediate return poor Price (tho under previous Recruiting Orders) was Order'd to Join me forthwith, the Day after his Junction I was by an Express from Colo. Byrd directed to send a carefull Officer to James River and gladly embrac'd that oppy. of sending Price down. You may be sure that Broughton shall not suffer by his Zeal for your Interest --
[Note 1: 1 A copy of the poll taken at the election of burgesses in Frederick County, May 18, 1761, prepared by Thomas Wood, one of the poll-takers, shows that Washington received 505 votes, Colonel George Mercer 400, Colonel Adam Stephen 294, Mr. Robert Rutherford 1, Colonel John Hite 1, and Henry Brinker 1.]
After a tedious and disagreeable March of 23 Days I arriv'd here where I found Colo. Byrd to whom I gave a full State of our Regimental Affairs whilst in Quarters, our Lt. Colo.2 lately Join'd us and to my great surprize he and Hughes are of the Colos. Family. Want of Provisions and Forrage detain'd us here these 12 Days and tho' I can't learn that there is much of the former nor any of the latter procur'd We March tomorrow morning for the Advance Post and after our Invalids are Discharg'd I believe our R & File will not exceed 700 including Batmen & Camp Colr. Men this you'll say is a small number for the execution of our intended Operations If I may be allow'd to form any Judgement of our Affairs in this Quarter it is that our Fate will solely depend upon that of Lt. Colo. Grants who must ere now be far advanc'd.1
[Note 2: 2 Adam Stephen.]
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Grant had arrived at Fort Prince George May 27, 1761, with one regiment from England, two companies of light infantry from New York, one regiment of South Carolina provincials, and many Indian allies. On the 7th of June he began his march through the Cherokee country, burning their towns, and driving the savages before him.]
By an Express from Philadelphia we have the agreeable accots. of General Monckton's promotion to the Rank of Major General on the Establishment and Governor in Chief of New York. It's said he is invested with the Supreme Command of N. America and General Amherst to that of the West Indies, a large Embarkation to be made from this Continent all the Ships fit for Transports taking up & 14 Battalions Encamp't on long Island. there is a Report that the French are coming up the Myssissippi with 700 Batteaux, its thought either to Join the Southern Indians or attack Pittsbg. tho' its not probable they can send so formidable an armament yet a much less considerable one will cut out hot work for us whatever happens in the course of our Campaign you may depend upon my doing myself the great pleasure of transmitting you the earliest and best Intelligence I can in the mean Time I beg my most humble Respects to your Lady and Family and that to my last Breath I shall remain with the highest and most perfect Esteem
... My Dear Colo
... Your most Affecte most Obliged &
... Most Obedient hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
CAMP BEFORE FORT CHISWELL July 7th. 1761 --
MY DEAR COLo.
I did myself the great pleasure to write you by Mr. Jo: Watson from the Camp near Staunton from which we mov'd the day following, and after a tedious and fatigueing March we arriv'd last week at this our most advanc'd Post, about three hundred Miles from Winchester --
Major Lewis March'd from hence yesterday with 3 Compys. to open the Road leading to Holston's River, the Colo. myself and 5 Compys. will follow in 2 or 3 Days. Lt. Colo. Stephen with the 2 remaining Compys. will stay here some Time to forward up Provisions -- We have yet heard nothing certain of the North Carolina Troops -- the last Intelligence of the Enemy (now of an ancient Date) say they had some Skermis with the Troops under the Orders of Lt. Colo. Grant and were Assembling their whole Force to give him Battle on the issue of which I conceive our Fate will greatly depend1 the obstructions our Operations met with by delays in the Contractors Department are very unlucky as it now appears impracticable for us to get near the Enemys Country in Time to co-operate with Colo. Grant which I understood was to have been the principal Object of our destination, for in the Event of his being foil'd or by any means be obliged to Retreat we will have to cope with the united Force of all their various Settlements, to which you'll I believe readily grant our small number encumber'd with Stores, Baggage, Sick and diminish'd by the Garrisons of several little Posts is inadequate, but we have this comfort that in the event of the worst we cannot with Justice be censur'd and if contrary to expectation we should prove victorious we will derive the more honr. from it. We are in daily expectation to receive accots. of a very interesting nature from Colo. Grant when they arrive or when anything occurs that can merit your notice I will be happy in transmitting you the best information I can.
[Note 1: 1 Five miles from the Cherokee town of Etchoe, near the spot of Colonel Montgomery's defeat the preceding year, Colonel Grant had a long, but successful, engagement with the savages.]
Mr Kennedy informs me that a resolution is taken to bring Suit against him for something he drop't about a certain horse affair and as it's so long since these extraordinary affairs were transacted he fears it will be difficult to evince them, without the assistance of a paper you receiv'd in Winter 581 and as a Copy of which would be of the highest importance to him I hope you will be able to procure it against next Winter I beg you'll be pleas'd to tender my most respectfull and obliging Complemts. to your Lady and Family & believe me ever to be
[Note 1: 1 Vol. ii., page 260.]
With the highest Esteem & most perfect & unalterable regard
... My Dear Sir
... Your most Affecte. most Obliged &
... Most Obedt. hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
[Note 1: 1 Attakulla-kulla (Little Carpenter), a prominent warrior among the Cherokees, and the avowed friend of the English.]
As I was Sent out by You a Messenger, to Deliver Your talk to the head Men of our Nation, and to bring You in an exact Acct. of The Disposition of The People in Regard to The present war, of all Their Transactions, & News Stiring among them, I am now Return'd for that Purpose and Shall be Very Open & Sincere in Telling You every Thing I know. Two Days before I set out two of our People came in from The Northward, where having talk'd with The head men of The Northern Nations gave us to understand, They intended to Strike the wite people again and were Desirous that all the Red people might unite, and as They Look'd upon Them to be Nothing, it would be easie to Distroy Them. -- They Desir'd The Cherokees to be strong in The War and Not by any Means to listen to Peace, That They would join them heartily, and had sent word to all The French Down the River to Lend Their assistance.
That they would soon fall upon all The Forts which The white People had taken from The French, Not to Lurk about Them, but to Surprize and cut them off all at once, Then they would fall upon The Northern Colonies, while the Cherokees should Attack the Carolin's.
That they had sent Large belts of Wampum to Invite the Creek, Chekasaus,2 Choctaws &c. to Ingage with them in falling upon The English. -- I do not tell this as a truth but only as News which I heard and this is all I know from The Northward.
[Note 2: 2 Chickasaws.]
A man who had been in the Creek Nation and Lately Return'd Inform'd me, that the People of that Nation had Lately kill'd all their Traders, & had taken up The Hatchett.
N. B. Afterwards he said he believ'd This to be true; but That Two Towns Nearest to Albaney Remain'd Neuter, gave Shelter to The Traders that escap'd, and Did this by The advice of the French who Disswad'd them from entering into a war, as they were Not able to Supply them with Necessaries.
when I heard that Col. Grant was coming with a Number of Warriers towards the Nation I went to Keowe to Meet him he was Not came up so far, and After I had Staid as Long as I Could to get home in The time Limitt'd for my Return, I Set out for Chota again.
Before I had got far I recd. a Message from Col. Grant, Desiring me to Stay untel he came up, as he had Something Materiall to say to me. I accordingly Return'd and at his talk he told me That he well knew my Attachment to the English, and the Service I had already Done them, on which Acct. he had The Greater friendship for me, and was so Desirous to see me that he Intended to Visit me in my Own Town this Summer to talk to The head Men, That he came as friend not as an Enemy, & that all the people might Remain in the greatest safety at home provid'd they would behave in The same amicable manner, Neither Molesting him nor any of the white people in Any Place whatever, if they Did he was Determine'd to kill them all and for that Reason Desir'd me to go back through the Towns immediately, Acquaint them of his talk'd [of] Resolution and then Return to Meet him in ten Days.
I accordingly went home and told Occonnerstota Otoseita The Standing Turkey and all the head Men who had been Active in The War what Col. Grant said to me, they were all Sensible of Their Error, Confess'd the English had always Spoken The truth to them, in saying That they Never should Ingage in a war against them, if they Did they would Loose all Their trade be Naked for want of Cloaths, and in fine be all Cut off, which They now saw would be the Consaquence, wherefore they were Determined to stay at home & Leave the Young Warriors to Themselves (they Refus'd) Though I prest Them to go with me to Col. Grant Alledging they were afraid. I then went of alone and the Second Day Met a Man who came from the Lower Towns Who told me I might save myself The Trouble of going Down for They had two Days before had a Battle with The White people. I immediately upon this Return'd & Determined Never to Interfere in The publick Affairs again, but Leave Every one to follow his Own Inclination.
I have since understood that it was Beemers Son in Law who Attacd. The white People, That he took a Little Flower from Them which was on Horses, but upon the coming up of Col. Grants Indians Immediately Run away with the Loss of Four Men & two women Kill'd, I did not hear of his taking any white mens Scalps upon This all The Indians below the Valley betook Themselves to The woods whose Towns Col Grant Intirely Destroy'd, & all in The Valley Likewise went off except a few Old men and Women Beemer himself went with his gang to settle in a small Town Near the Creek Nation call'd Chota -- Since this I have Not heard of Col. Grant, Nor have Seen The Least Appearance of War --
The People are so starv'd for Provision That Several have been found Dead in The Paths, & were Reduc'd to kill Their Horses for Subsistance.
While I was at Keowe a Northern Indian Warrior wth Col. Grant took me by the hand, Said he esteem'd me as a friend & after some talk gave me a Twist of Tobo. Saying all Your People are sick give Them this Tobo. to Smoak, it is good Phisick, will Soon make Them well, bring Their Senses to Them again, and will make Them Think of The English as I do.
This is all I have to Tell You, believe it to be true, if it were Ten times worse I should Acquaint you with it. --
In Conversation afterwards he Mention'd That The great Warrior and Some Others had been to Visit The French talk'd Humerously Humourdly of Their Poverty giving Them Buffaloe Skins instead of Cloathing, That a French Governer (I Sopose Orleans) Advis'd Them as his Children to come & see him after but above all things not to War with either the English or them, and it was Their Interest to Remain in peace.
That Many of the Cherokees who came into Keowe Settled Their were treated very Friendly.
Desir'd to have a full talk from Col. Byrd whom The nation Generally esteem'd a friend who always told Them The Truth, That when he Caried it home & gave it to the Head men he would go to Col. Grant & Offer his Service to carry any Letter The Col. would send by him & Return with it Imediately. --
the above is the substance of the Carpenter's Talk which very incorrectly wrote my own Indisposition havg. oblig'd me to employ a Serjeant to set it down.1
[Note 1: 1 This paragraph is in Captain Stewart's handwriting.]
CAMP AT STALNAKER'S ON HOLSTEIN RIVER 20th. July 1761 --
MY DEAR COLO.
Two days after the Date of my last. we March'd from Fort Chiswell (where Stephen, Woodward & their Compys. remain) and after a March of six Days we Joind Majr Lewis at this place where I understand a Post is to be Built --
On the 16th. two runners from the little Carpenter came into Camp, the Day following himself with 42 of his Friends Encampt about ½ a mile without our advanc'd Sentries, on the 18th. he, Willynawa,1 the Swallow's Nephew & 5 others of some distinction waited on Colo. Byrd and deliver'd a Talk a Copy of it as well as I can recollect you have Inclos'd. I think the Carpn. shews some address in forming (by his Intelligence) an union of all the Savage Nations against us to deter us from leaving our own Fronteers, and the French Governor refin'd Policy in discouraging the Cherokees from carrying on the War from which the French can derive no essential advantage and may in Time terminate in the destruction of their Southern Settlements as being the surest method by which we can put an end to the Indian War -- a Fever which has confin'd me some Days to my Tent prevented my hearing Colo. Byrd's answer, but I learn he was very concise, gave them to understand that nothing but their making Peace with Colo. Grant could prevent their destruction to accelerate wch he (Colo. Byrd) was Marching into their Nation, and as they valued their preservation seriously to prosecute the means of procuring Peace.1
[Note 1: 1 Willianawaugh of Tohoe.]
[Note 1: 1 Attakulla-kulla repaired immediately to Colonel Grant at Fort Prince George and sued for peace. Colonel Grant furnished him with a guard to Charlestown, where the Cherokee monarch in a speech of great pathos presented the sufferings and destruction of their nation, and asked that peace be granted them. His request was not refused, and the war against the Cherokees thus ended.]
We yet know nothing of the Numrs. or Situation of the N. Carolina Troops, or whether they are to Join us -- We hear that all our Recruiting Parties are got to Reed Creek with only fifty eight recruits.
We have twelve Officers, a number of the non Commission'd and near a hundred private out of the 8 Compys. here ill with a Fever which seems to be Epedemick and it's fear'd will go thro' the whole we have not yet got near the numr. of Carriages or horses necessary to carry us on, nor one Grain of Forrage, our next Post is to be a Big Island and our last at Broad River forty Miles from the Imperial City of Chota. But how our small numbers are to make Roads, Construct Posts, furnish Escortes &ca. &ca. for so great a distance & with the trivial remains Conquer a formidable Nation is to me quite a Mystery! But the will of the Great be done --
It is with great difficulty I am able to write being excessively out of order which obliges me to conclude by begging you'll forgive the incoherency of the above Scrawl, that you'll be so good as to offer my Respectfull and obliging Complemts. to your Lady & believe [me] ever to be With the most perfect Esteem & unalterable Regard
... My Dear Sir
... Your Most affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
PHILADELPHIA Sepr 17th 1761 --
MY DEAR SIR
I arrived here last Saturday in Compy. with Doctor Stuart who laid a State of your case before Doctor Macleane and now send you their opinions But as the changes to which your Disorder are Subject and the distance of Time and Place may probably in some measure destroy the efficacy of what they prescribe I would earnestly beg leave to recommend your coming here as soon as the circumstances of your affairs can possibly permit for when I consider the advantages you must derive from being under the immediate care of the most eminent and universally acknowledg'd ablest Physician on the Continent in a place where you could enjoy variety of agreeable Compy. &ca. as well as from change of air I cannot help again repeating my entreaties of your loosing none of that valueable Time requisite to re-establish your Health with which no Business however important ought to be put in competition --
This place is at present very barren of News, this Days Paper which I enclose you contains what little there is except a Report of a Peace which it's hop'd will turn out groundless,1 -- nothing as yet has transpired with regard to the destination of the Troops Encampt on Staten Island but a man of war is daily expected from England with Despatches for the General --
[Note 1: 1 "No other news stirring, than that everybody thinks we are at the eve of peace. All Canada, and the country down as far as Louisiana, but not Louisiana itself, to be ceded to the English, as also Minorca, and we are to release Gaudaloupe, and all other conquests, to the French." -- Edward Shippen to Colonel Burd, October 3, 1761, Shippen Papers.]
I have applied to General Monckton for leave to attend him as a Volunteer on the intended Expedition (in case our Governor will agree to it) I have likewise requested his Interest to procure me the Purchass of a Compy. and in the event of my Success will give you the earliest Intelligence of it -- I propose to set out for Camp in a few Days from whence I will do myself the pleasure to write you whatever I can pick up that may merit your notice -- I am extremely anxtious to know how you do and were it not that writing may be disagreeable in your present situation I would beg a line if ever so short by every oppy. for this place Directed to the Care of Messrs. Macleane & Stuart for I'm persuaded you will not hesitate to believe that nothing could make me so happy as an accot. of your perfect Recovery which I with all my Soul most ardently wish -- Please offer my Respectfull Complemts. to your Lady
I ever am with the most perfect & unalterable Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your most Affectionat &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
LEICESTERSHIRE, Decr: 16th. 1761
... ASFORDBY NEAR
MELTON-MOWBRAY
DEAR SIR,
I received the favour of your letter dated the 27th. of July, some time ago; which would have given me much greater pleasure had it brought me a better account of your health; I hope however you are perfectly recovered, and that if you come to England, which I can assure Dear Sir would be greatly to my wish, it will be upon some much better Errand than ill health. - - - I am much obliged to you for the Account you give me of the Cavern; I think it very curious, and long to have the other particulars of it. - - - Since I wrote last to you, we have had many alterations in these parts. The Kings Marriage, Coronation, and Mr. Pitts resignation you have doubtless been informed of. This last, it is thought, will be attended with great consequences. The City seems to lament the loss of him, and probably will be backward in subscribing to the Supplies. The Spaniards are making prodigious preparations, but still profess great friendship for us; However we are guarding agst: them. Lord Bristol, it is said, is recalled from Madrid; and Lord Tyrawley going in his stead. The Ministry here is still unsettled. The French talk high of invading us; They are manning all their fleets; but we think it is impossible to Escape us. The Nation seems to regret that we suffered Bussy to come to England; Every thing is laid to his Charge; It is thought even that the French had no intention of making peace; and only sent him to make divisions amongst us; He is said to have negociated a loan during his stay here for the French King, and to have made a great fortune himself in the funds. Whether this is true or not, I will not pretend to say: It is certain he is one of the Cleverest, most artfull Men in Europe; but yet he was watched so strictly, that one would think it impossible he could do so much mischief in so short a time. ... Our Armies in Germany are going into Winter quarters; Nothing decisive has been struck in that Quarters; Nothing decisive has been struck in that Quarter. I don't know whether you ever saw Lord Downs1 Character who was unfortunately killed there the last Campaign; It is rekoned so just, and is at the same time so fine, that I shall make no Apology for giving it you whether you have or not.
[Note 1: 1 Henry Pleydell, Lord Downe, born April 8, 1727, commanded the 25th regiment of foot at the battle of Campen, near Wesel, October 16, 1760, where he received a wound from which he died the following December.]
The Writer speaking of our surprising the French Camp near the Convent of Campen, Says; --
"On this Occasion the English Nation regretted "the loss of one of its most shining ornaments in the "death of Lord Down, who whilest his gratefull "Sovereign was destining him to higher honours, "received a Mortal Wound in this battle. He was a "person of free and pleasurable life; but of an Excel-"lent understanding, amiable manners, and the most "intrepid Courage. In the beginning of this War "he had a considerable Share in rousing a Martial "Spirit amongst the young people of rank in England, "And having long showed them by a gallant "Example how to fight, he at last by a Melancholy "one, shewed them how to dye for their Country." --
I am much Obliged to you and Mrs. Washington for your partiality and good wishes for me, I desire you will both accept of my unfeigned thanks and most sincere respects; and believe me to be, what I really am, dear Sir,
... Your most faithfull and Obedt. Servant
... ANDW. BURNABY --
[Note 1: 1 A miller for many years employed by Washington as overseer.]
SR. I Received yours By Giles and do not hesitate a moment to Say I Gladly Embrace the offer of going to york for I like the Description of the plantation in every particular but that of the Marshes & that does not amount to 1/100 of an objection and as to the part of the Country I am Very fond of because I of Late Seem determed to marry and there I immagine I may probably meet with Some Girl that may make an agreeable Wife and in the Back woods there is Very few (of my Rank) that I think I Could live with at any Rate---
I Could not Sell the foder at any Rate. I got the tops and Cheif of Blades at the uper place and all at the Lower one is Lost by the frost to about 7 or 8 thousand C [obliterated] hills my hemp I have Roted all that grew at the uper place to about two acres and that Lies at the water Side & will be put in to day and By than that comes out Shall get that up from the other place and as I have made another pond I can put it all in at once I have found by Experience that your Observations on the Roting hemp are Very Just. only mine Stays in Longer I have Sent you down two parcels the course is of the Smallest Sort that Grew about the house was in the water 7 or 8 days the other is of that that grew near McCarmicks was in 8 ½ Days I have Broke about 100 lb by way of Trial and if we donot mend upon practice it will be Very Tedious the best hands not Breaking above 10lb. a day -- The Tobaco you may depend I will Send down as Soon as possible Connell will be down next week I expect wth. the flour and the Next Trip Shall be the Tobaco or Sooner If I can get another waggon
... I have a Little Corn bit by the frost
... am Sr. yr. Very Hbl. Sert. JO DAVENPORT
P. S. Colo. fairfax and I had Some talk about his placees in frederick. but did not agree. he left it to me to See whether I Could not better myself. and if not agreed to Leave it to you to Settle the Lay. But I prefer this place if it is to be had. and if it is Not perhaps I may Get the Colos. afterwards. & if I do not I Shall not much regard the disappointment
... J D
I have thrashed about 50 Bushels of wheat Since you was up and Doubt it will not turn out So well as I Expected
The cow that was Left by the way was Left at old dods. and is one of the Best in the Stock. therefore I Should Suppose not fit Swap.
however if you think fit Send word by Connell and I will fetch her up immediately
AT DOCTOR WALKER'S IN ALBEMARLE COTY. Janry. 25th 1762
MY DEAR SIR
Soon after our last very mortifying Parting I was attack'd with a Rheumatism which confind me till some Time after I had the infinite pleasure to hear of your being so much recover'd as to be in condition to return home -- So soon as I got able to ride I went to Petersburgh where I put myself under the Direction of Doctor Jamison from whose skill I deriv'd considerable advantage and on the sitting of the last Assembly I returned to Williamsburgh where I had the further great satisfaction to hear of your being almost well --
You would no doubt have heard of the Proceedings of the last Assembly with regard to the Corps,1 but tho' it was vastly short of our expectations yet we had the great satisfaction to see the most eminent Men in the Country warmly espoused our Cause which we esteem a propitious Omen that portends better Success in the next effort our Friends may exert in our Favour -- we miss'd your Friendly Offices excessively -- I would fain have applied for Liberty to have return'd to Camp by the way of Mount Vernon but as I was by various and unforeseen accidents detain'd from the Regiment much longer than I expected I could not with any Grace ask it -- whenever we go to the right about which in all probability will happen in about two Months nothing shall rob me of the Happiness I promise myself from seeing you perfectly recover'd at your own House -- I am this far in my way to Join the Regiment from whence I will do myself the pleasure to write you more fully --
[Note 1: 1 An Act for giving Recompense to the Officers of the Virginia Regiment. -- "Whereas the regiment in the service of this Colony will shortly be disbanded, and the officeres thereof, by their bravery, and the hardships they have undergone, have recommended themselves to their country, and therefore called on this general assembly for some recompense in consideration thereof, which deserves the attention of the publick, although it cannot in the present circumstances of the colony be proportioned to their merit, or the inclination of this assembly, Be it therefore enacted, by the Lieutenant-Governour, Council, and Burgresses, of this present General Assembly, and it is hereby enacted, by the authority of the same, that as soon as the said regiment shall be disbanded, John Robinson. Esquire, treasurer of this colony, or the treasurer for the time being, appointed by or pursuant to an act of assembly, shall out of the money now remaining in his hands, or that shall hereafter come into the treasury, arising from bills of exchange drawn or to be drawn in pursuance of an act of assembly made in the last year of the reign of his late majesty king George the second, entitled, An act for appointing persons to receive the money granted or to be granted by the parliament of Great-Britain to his majesty for the use of this colony, pay to the several commissioned officers of the said regiment hereafter named, that is to say, the honourable colonel William Byrd, lieutenant-colonel Adam Stephen, major Andrew Lewis, captains Robert Stewart, John McNeil, Henry Woodward, Robert McKenzie, Thomas Bullet, John Blagg, Nathaniel Gist, Mordecai Buckner, captain-lieutenant William Dangerfield, lieutenants William Fleming, Leonard Price, Charles Smith, George Woodon, Jethro Sumner, John Lawson, William Woodford, Joseph Fent, John Sallard, Thomas Gist, Alexander Boyd, William Hughes, David Kennedy, Robert Johnson, Walter Cunningham, William Cocke, Alexander Menzie, Larkin Chew, Reuben Vass, and John Cameron, ensigns Henry Timberlake, Philip Love, John Sears, Burton Lucas, David Long, Alexander McLangham, George McNight, and Surgeon John Stewart, one full year's pay, over and above what shall be due to them until the disbanding the said Regiment." -- HENING.]
That Heaven may Bless you with the Re-establishmt. of perfect good Health and confer on you every thing else that can contribute to compleat your Felicity are the most fervent wishes of him who ever is with the most perfect Esteem and unalterable Regard
... My Dear Colonel
... Your most Affectionate &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
I Beg you'll be so good as to offer my Respectfull Compliments in the most obliging Terms to Mrs Washington
FORT LEWIS Febry. 26th. 1762
MY DEAR SIR
Your most acceptable Favour of the 31st Decemr. I this Day had the very great pleasure to receive and as you therein make no mention of your Disorder I would fain flatter myself with the pleasing hope of your being quite recover'd than a confirmation of which nothing could afford me more real Joy -- I had not the good Fortune to receive that you was Pleas'd to write me from Colo. Bassets -- In my last from Doctor Walkers I inform'd you of the several unforeseen accidts. that rob'd me of the pleasure of waiting on you at Mount Vernon there's nothing I wanted more than the pleasure of a Confab -- I have many things to inform you off which I'm persuaded will surprise you but as nothing Travels on Paper in this part of the World without great Danger from Robbrs. and Highwaymen or rather lurking Barbarians who are possess'd with an infernal Passion for Pillaging others of what can do themselves no Service, I will defer mentioning some things till I have the Happiness of seeing you which I am at all Events determin'd to enjoy before I leave this Country -- Stephens is busy in Discharging the Men and indefaticably Industrious in Recruitg. them for an Independant Compy. in His Majesty's Service for the Protection of the Frontiers -- I confess this Scheme of his astonish me and notwithstang that Govr. Fauquier exerts his utmost Efforts in Sts. favour, that Genl. Monckton (who knows Sts.) is absent and that the Men can at this juncture be got -- yet I cannot conceive that Genl. Amherst will give a Compy. to a man who has made such a Fortune by the Service and overlook others who have suffer'd so severely by it, however his assurances from Mr. Fauqr. are so strong that he has nam'd his Subs. & Serjts. Cameron, Gist and Menzie are to be his Subs, -- Mr. Fauqr. has by Express wrote him a Publick and Private Letter the First which he hands about is full of warm Thanks for his and the Corps Service, the other I am told contains the stronger assurances of his Interest to Serve & promote him amongst other things says that Sts. Scheme is so rational that he cannot see how the Genl. can be off and that he (ye. Governr.) soon hopes to congratulate Sts. on his getting an Indept. Compy. -- If so what Perquisites will he not make from his Compy. and the Indian Trade &ca.
The last Division of the Regt. will be Disbanded abt. the 18th. of next Month, I then will go to the warm Springs (about 80 Miles from hence) to remove (if possible) the Rheumatism with which I have of late been much afflicted. I propose to be at Williamsburgh towards the last of April and should I not have the pleasure of seeing you there will certainly see you before I embark -- I am asham'd of the above confus'd ill wrote Scrawl but when you know that I write upon my Knee, with Frosen Ink, in an open Smoaky Hut, crowded with noisy people you will forgive it -- I beg my most obliging and Respectfull Complements to your Lady That Heaven may Bless you with Health and everything else that render you truely Happy are the most fervent wishes of
... My Dear Colo
... Your unalterably Affecte. & Gratefull
... ROBERT STEWART
I would not have wrote you till I had found more Time & some better conveniency but Mr. Lucas who goes thro' Alexa. is just setting out I would not slip an oppy. of sendg. you my best respects --
MADEIRA 28th. Feby. 1762
SIR
Inclosed you have a Bill of Loading for a pipe of pale wine shiped by order of Messrs. Moorey Cary & Compy. -- which we doubt not proving to your Satisfaction a few months hence having been carefully selected. It is 40/per pipe cheaper than the particular wines of last year & promises to be much better than any we saw of the former vintage
We shall value on those Gent. for the Cost as at bottom.
... We are very respectfully, Sir
... Your most obliged humb. Servts.
... HILL LAMAR & HILL
STAUNTON March 19th. 1762 --
MY DEAR COLO
I did myself the pleasure to write you from Doctor Walker's, I have since from Fort Lewis acknowledg'd the rect. of your extreme Friendly and affecte. Letter of the 31st December. --
A number of our Officers are by Orders assembled here to Settle some Regimental Affairs, which we have just finish'd, and now the Virginia Regt. exists no longer, I wish they have not been premature in Disbanding a Corps which might have been very Serviceable in prosecuting a War that does not yet seem to draw to a conclusion -- I set out to morrow or next Day for the hot Springs in this County in hopes that the efficacy of their Waters will effectually readicate my Rheumatism & reestablish my Health I propose to stay three or four weeks at the Springs & will then proceed to Winchester on my way to Mount Vernon and as I can by no means think of leaving this Country without enjoyg. the happiness of your Compy. for a few Days I would be much oblig'd by your sending me a Line to the next Winchester Court, informing me whether it is most probable I should find you at Home or at Williamsburgh about the latter end of April --
We have just receiv'd accots. from Phila. that Sir Jeffry Amherst has made a requisition of a considerable Body of Troops (or rather Men) from all the different Colonies, if this should be true our Assembly will undoubtedly be call'd, and something may occur that will cause a material change in Affairs -- I would gladly avail myself of any Expedient that could extricate me out of the very mortifying alternative of Joining The Royal Americans as a Sub: or quiting the Service -- should a Body of Men be rais'd I imagine it would be no very difficult matter to get me Introduc'd into pretty high Rank, for I cannot think that Colo. Byrd will Serve again, Stepn. makes sure of a Compy. in the Service and Colo Lewis has repeatedly declar'd that he never will Serve unless a permanent Provision is made for him, under these circumstances the great object of my endeavours must be to prevent Mr. Peachy's getting Superior Rank which for reasons that will instantly occurr to you I could not Submit to -- Whatever may cast up I'm well assur'd that you will have a Freindly Eye towards me -- The Speaker who possesses a real regard for you would I conceive be the most certain Channel, for by a proper exertion of his Interest which is very prevailing at the Palace, any reasonable point might be carried. Should you not be at the Assembly yourself may I beg your writing by a certain oppy. to him on this Subject --
There is nothing here new or entertaining -- I most ardently wish you every thing that make you supremely happy and ever am with the most exalted and unalterable Esteem
... My Dear Sir
... Your most Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
I Beg my most Respectfull and obliging Complemts. to Mrs Washington --
CAMP AT STANSTID Novemr. 15th 1762
MY DEAR SIR
Since parting with you I have view'd the Plan I laid before you with the closest attention, and the reasons for attempting the execution of it are so vastly corroborated by your approbation, that I am stimulated with the keenest fervour to essay the Success of the first essential step, previously necessary to my appearing at Head Quarters -- In the event of our disolution as a Corps I am perfectly convinc'd that, that Friendship so often employ'd in my behalf is now exerting it's best endeavours in accomplishing the primary Object, on which the Fate of my ulterior efforts must greatly depend -- But should the Regt. be kept up till the King's pleasure relative to our being taken into His more immediate Pay can be known, do you think it impracticable for me to obtain the honr. of bearing the Despatches on that Subject to the Ministry? or if the first proposal is to be made at Head Quarters to go there, near which I think I have a Friend whose great Interest and powerful Connections would render his good offices very prevailing. This expedient has occurr'd to me by a proposal made to me by severals of the Regt. for Detailing an Officer to London to prosecute with that assiduity which the pleasing view of Promotion would leave no room to doubt, the most spirited perseverance in representing our Sufferings and Services -- Should the War continue the Difficulties in raising new Regts. and Recruitg. those whose Effectives have been so much diminish'd by severe Service will be so great and the advantages resulting from taking a Regiment, rais'd tolerably Disciplin'd and already in America, must appear so strikingly obvious, that the Ministry would on a proper Representation probably go into it, as a Measure highly conducive to the Interest of the Service, and at the same Time give an opportunity of obliging perhaps some of the Great Families in Britain by making Field Officers of some of their Sons, Brothers or near Relations who may now be Capts. in the Army, for 'tis certain that no Provincial Officers will at once be exalted to the Rank of Field Officers in the Service --
If Sir Jeffrey should of himself take us into the Pay of the Crown I would immediately rejoin the Regt. -- At any rate it seems to be pretty certain that the Colony will not retain us much longer in their Pay But supposing that we are kept up for the Winter I appeal to you or any other Military Judge whether the absence of Lt. Colo. in Winter Quartrs. can be of any prejudice to the Service. If it cannot, if our standing even for that Time is doubtfull, if my going to London properly recommended may be of Service to the Corps in case the war continues and at all Events be of Service to myself, all which is very probable, I would fain hope the Governor may be prevail'd upon to honr. me with his Letters to the Secretary of State; I can assure you that my being absent on this Service would be so infinitly remote from giving any umbrage to the Officers that many of them earnestly desire it -- As my going to the Metropolis this Winter (where I think I could thro' the means of the Earles Bute and Loudon and some others of distinction in the army and about Court form a tolerable Interest) is of the utmost Importance to me, I doubt not but you'll be readily induc'd to forgive my anxious sollicitude about this most Interesting and decisive affair on the Success of which, in all human probabilty will greatly depend my future welfare or Misery, and will certainly be my derniere resource for making a vigorous push in the Military, on which, my heart is so much set -- In the happy Event of your Succeeding I would be extremely glad to receive the Letters open or under flying Seals that the General may be the more easily prevail'd on -- and that no Time may be lost McNeil or Weedon will immediately send a Servant or an Express with them --
May Heaven Bless you my dear Colonel and amply reward you for your steady and vivid Regard for
... Your Truely Gratefull & mo: Affecte.
... ROBERT STEWART
Allow me to remind you of the Bearer's
Affair, as you know him to be ancient &
Faithfull Servant to the Colony
P. S. If you can possibly procure the Governrs. Letters I would be glad to receive some kind of Certificate from you specifying the Time I have been under your Command and my Behaviour during that Time Be so good as to make my Complemts. to Colo. Byrd for a Letter of the same kind while he Commanded the Regt. which I cannot imagine he will deem any great Favour, and am persuaded that Genl. Gage will not hesitate to write nor will Genl. Monckton I'm pretty certain as well as severals of Rank in America -- in fine I am resolv'd to spare no pains nor leave nothing unessay'd that yield even the most distant chance of promoting the Success of my Plann --
LEWIS'S PLANTATION Decemr. 14th. 1762
MY DEAR COLLO.
I a few days ago had the pleasure to receive your obliging favour from Hoe's Ferry and am under the greatest concern for the return of your Lady's Indisposition, I would fain hope that the skill of the Faculty, your return and the excellent Weather will effect her recovery and perfectly reestablish her Health an accot. of which would afford me immense Joy -- After rect. of yours I lost no Time in endeavouring to procure some of the Disbanded Soldiers to undertake your work in the manner you mention but so intoxicated were they with their temporary Liberty and the enjoyment of a few Shillings they had just recd. & which they were squandering in riot and Drunkenness that they were quite deaff to all proposals of that nature -- Mr. Lewis whose Plantation is within ½ Mile of the Ground on which we were encamp't could not for double Price prevail upon any of them to get a few Rails of which he was in great want, they swore they would not strike a stroke for any man till they should partake of the Christmass Frolicks, and then perhaps some of them would call upon you, however I with some difficulty prevail'd upon the Bearer Allen (who has been at Redstone Creek ever since Campaign 58) to wait upon you, in order to view the Ground in your Garden and propose the Terms upon wch. he will Serve you in Quality of Gardr. But with this Preliminary article of not Settling till after the approaching Holydays --
I yesterday Evening by Mr. Posey recd. your extreme kind favour from Williamsburgh and am really at loss for words to convery adequate Ideas of that pure Regard & genuine Gratitude your firm and uninterrupted Goodness has indelibly impress'd in my heart which is replete and will over flow with the warmest sentiments of the most exalted Esteem for you my best of Friends & dearest of acquaintances, Your own Letter is drest in that Stile and exhibits that ease candour and energy that clearly evinces it's proceeding immediately from the heart and is perfectly adapted to answer the Intention in the most efficacious manner -- there are two Expressions in the Governs. which I apprehend must take of the force and in a great measure destroy the end of a Recommendation, But as you Justly observe the Peace which will probably be concluded before I can make use of it will render every effort of this Nature ineffectual.
You no doubt have heard that the Assembly has given each Field Officer £100 -- each Captt. 75 & each Sub: £50 for the Expence they were at in Field Equipage & given all Six Months Pay -- that they are to address The Throne in our Behalf & to grant a Sum to defray the Expence of the Officers that may be appointed to present the Address. Public rewards of Military Services conferr'd in so in genteel a manner must in future Wars be productive of the most happy consequences -- I am told that B -- t1 according to his wonted modesty deems himself a proper person to present the address -- for my part tho' I had previously determin'd on going home, yet a conscious inability of conducting myself with that propriety and address the representative of a Corps should display deterr'd me from dropping the most distant hint even to my greatest Intimates in the Regimt. -- So many favourable Circumstances must concur to attract the notice of the Great so many difficulties to be encounter'd which I fear a Peace will make quite insuperable and leave no glimmering Ray of hope for getting any thing done for the whole -- Major Mc.Neill is daily expected with the Cash whenever he arrives I will set out for Head Quarters & will soon be able to determine whether I shall continue a Soldier or recommence Mohair,1 in the Event of a Peace, I think the latter will be the most eligible as then in the Military way even hope the unfortunate's last comfort will be cut off -- I believe I need not say with how much reluctance I must leave the Country without enjoying even a single hour's Coversation with him I of all others esteem the most to prevent this misfortune I as long as I possibly could carefully avoided going to Fredericksbg. at length the Colo. Ss. illness at disbanding of the Regt. indispensably requir'd my going over 2 or 3 Times therefore would not run the most distant risque of a mere possibility of conveying the Infection to any of that Family whose happiness will ever be dear to me -- God knows my dear Colo. if ever we shall meet again but this I am absolutely certain off that the longest absence will not diminish that pure Affection & superlative Regard I have for you & I am too well acquainted with the warmth of your Heart & the sincerity of your Friendship to imagine that the one can ever cool or the other abate. May Heaven Bless you & Mrs. Washington with Health & every thing else you desire or may be necessary in completing yr. Felicity an accot. of wch. especially from yourself will always [be] an essential part of his who will ever remain with Supreme Esteem My Dear Sir Your Truely Affecte. Gratefull & mo: Obliged Servt
[Note 1: 1 Bullett?]
[Note 1: 1 A mercantile life.]
... ROBERT STEWART
this Paper is so greasy that I fear you will hardly make out what is wrote on it
NEW YORK Janry. 18th. 1763
MY DEAR COLO
Two Days ago I arrived here, after a tedious Journey render'd doubly disagreeable by the excessive badness of the Roads & the extreme rigour of the weather, I was detain'd three Days at the River Susquhana, which was fill'd with such quantitys of driving Ice, as to make it impracticable for Boats, it at length shut up, and I at some risque cross'd upon the Ice. --
On my arrival at this place, I immediately waited upon Genl Monckton, who I found the same warm Friend I left him, he prevented my application, by enquiring what my Plan was, regretted my being so long unprovided for, and in the genteelest manner offer'd his best offices in promoting the Success of whatever I might deem the most eligible, I therefore without reserve communicated my Intentions to him, which he approv'd off, and instantly applied in person to Sir Jeffery for his leave, for my going to London, where I shall carry G. Ms. warmest Recommendations: my Plan is, to propose to the Ministry (amongst whom I hope to find 2 good friends in Lord Bute and Mr. Charles Townsend) to raise in America at my own Expence a Battalion of 5 Compys. on condition of being made Major Commandant & having the appointment of the Officers which of late have been the common Terms, and however aspiring this may appear, yet I am assur'd by the most knowing here that the great demand for Men (for all thoughts of a Peace seems now to have vanish'd) the insuperable difficulties of getting them at home, the powerful Recommendations I shall carry with me, my Rank in the best of Provincial Corps, long Services &ca. so well attested and strongly enforc'd, will more than probably secure the Success of my Plan -- You'll by this Time pronounce me too sanguine, But allow me my dear Sir to assure you that Series of Disappointments sometimes when my hopes were rais'd to the highest pinnacle by the most flattering Prospect of Success have convinc'd me beyond any possibility of doubt how incompatial with reason & repugnant to common Prudence it would be to place my happiness on any unattain'd terrestial Blessing however alluring & near it may appear, yet as this yields a good probability I am willing to essay one vigourous Effort, and if I should not arrive at the summit of my views I may perhaps reach a Compy. at the worst I can get a Purchass there with more facility than here; I am therefore getting in readiness to embark with the next Packet which will ('tis imagin'd Sail in about ten days) -- I hope I need not tell you how happy you will make me by charging me with the execution of any thing you may have to do in London: I have tolerable knowledge of most things you can want from thence, and I am certain that none can take greater care in executing them well, as the immense pleasure of obeying the Commands of the Person I so highly revere, will infinit'ly more than compensate for any pains it's possible to be taken Your Letters will find me by the underneath Direction -- I beg my warmest Complemts. & most hble Respects to Your Lady and Family, Could my most ardent Wishes or anything else within the utmost limit of my ability avail, nothing should be wanting to completion of your Joint Felicity, which will always promote mine God Bless You My dear Colonel & believe me ever to be with the most exalted Regard
... Your Most Affecte.
... &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
Please Direct for me To the Care of Messrs. Levern & Stuart at the Corner of Eagle Street In great Jermyne Street London
Nothing new or entertaining here, I will do myself the great pleasure to write you again before I embark --
NEW YORK March 2d. 1763 --
MY DEAR COLO.
On the 18th. of Janry. I did myself the pleasure to write you a long Letter from hence, which by Post I sent under Cover to Mr. Ramsay at Alexandria, and which I hope has long since got to hand, In that I inform'd you of the Plann I had form'd for my Promotion, the encouragement I met with, and the high probability there was of Success; for sometime thereafter my affairs under the auspices of Genl. Monckton wore a very promising aspect, and the different Steps previously necessary and leading to the commencement of my Operations were by his good Offices so far effected that I would have been ready to have embark'd with the first Packet when the dire accots. of the Cessation Thunder'd on my disconcerted Mind and at once annihilated my Plann and Blasted my well grounded hopes, an event the more alarming to me, as at that Juncture it was so unexpected that the most sagacious here made no doubt of our Serving at least another Campaign,1 which would have done for me, But as despondency can be of no Service and is often the mark of a weak mind, I would be willing like the drowning man to exert the remains of my enfeebled Strength in strugling against the stream of adversity and as I foresaw the impossibility of getting anything done for me here I persever'd in the resolution I had taken of going home where I am told I shall have a much better chance to Purchass a Compy. or if that should fail a Civil Employment, But my leave of absence has for various assign'd reasons been put off from Time to Time tho' that Genl. Mn. applied in person no less than three different Times -- By my long detention here (where I am Subjected to an inevitable Expence I can very ill bear) I have not only lost perhaps the best oppy. for applying at home, but lost an oppy. of embarking on a Commercial Scheme, which my Mercantile Friends had a considerable Time ago concerted, and which I was either to have enter'd on or declin'd by the Ist. of last Febry. You may perhaps think I ought to have Sold out or Resign'd -- the Ist. impossible as none will Buy in the Americans till their Fate is knowen and as to the 2d. when you consider that what I expect for my Lieuty. must constitute a very considerable part of the Pittance I have to depend on, I'm persuaded you will think that a measure repugnant to prudence, so that I am oblig'd to make a Virtue of a necessity & wait with Patience -- I am assur'd that the next Packet (which is daily expected) will bring Orders for the arrangement of the Troops &Ca. & that I then will most certainly go home, where I will too probably stand in great need of that aid which you have often been Pleas'd to offer with that Polite candour and sincere warmth peculiar to genuine Friendship, which I with the less difficulty prevail upon myself to use as all Danger of Death (except in the common way) is now over & consequently yields me a much fairer Prospect of reimbursing you than I had in the war. But as I am not certain that I shall have reason for it the Favour I would now Beg is that you will be so good as to give me a Letter of Credit upon your Correspondent in London for Four Hundred Pounds Sterling in case I should want it,1 You may probably be surpris'd at my now applying for more than I did 3 years ago, to remove which, I will only inform you that Capt. Wood one of Genl. Mns. aid de Camps who arriv'd from London a few Days ago says that the price of Compys. rose £500 -- before he came away and this you may absolutely rely on, that I will take up as little as I can upon your Letter & that no Expedient consistent with honr. will [be] left unessay'd to Pay you as soon as possible, But as all human affairs are precarious I would likewise beg that the Sum I may Draw upon you for may be so enter'd in your Books that in the Event of your Death (which I pray Heaven may long prevent) your Heirs would not have it in their Power to distress me, One Copy of the Letter of Credit to be sent by first Ship from Virginia under Cover to me Directed agreeable to my last or to the Care of Messrs. Richard Oswald & Compy. Merchts. in London, another Copy under Cover to me here and to be forwarded by Mr. Beverly Robinson by first Packet -- I will not attempt to Trouble you with appologizing for this freedom as I so perfectly know your Sentiments for which I hope Heaven will reward you & enable me to prove worthy of it --
[Note 1: 1 The definitive treaty of peace was concluded at Paris, February 10, 1763.]
[Note 1: 1 "I wish my dear Stewart that the circumstances of My Affairs would have permitted me to have given you an order upon any Person -- in the world I might add -- for £400 with as much ease & propriety as you seem to require it, or even for twice that sum if it woud make you easy; ... I do not urge these things [his own indebtedness] my dear Sir in order to lay open the distresses of my own Affairs, on the contrary they should forever have remained profoundly secret to your knowledge did it not appear necessary at this time to acquit myself in yr esteem, & to evince my inability of exceeding £300 a sum I am now labouring to procure by getting money to purchase Bills of that amt to remit to yourself, that Mr Cary may have no knowledge of the transaction since he expected this himself, and for which my regard for you will disappoint him -- A Regard of that high nature that I could never see you uneasy without feeling a part and wishing to remove the cause." -- Washington to Stewart, April 27, 1763.]
I am persuaded it will give you pleasure to know that your old Acquace. Governor Morris is appointed Govr. of No. Carolina -- It is conjectur'd here that the Commander in Chief will visit Virginia this Spring Not a word of News here -- I hope to have the extreme pleasure of hearing from you before I'm long in London I beg my most obliging & Respectfull Complemts. to your Lady & Family & ever am with Superlative Regard
... My Dear Sir
Your Most Affecte. & mo: Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
NEW YORK June 6th. 1763
MY DEAR COLO
Both your favours of the 27th April & 2d. May, Covering your Bills for £302 -- -- Sterg I recd from Mr. Robinson last week and would have instantly acknowledg'd the rect. of them but that I knew the Bearer would set out for Virginia in a few days which is a better and perhaps a safer conveyance than by Post the irregularity of which I have long since been convinc'd off -- But where shall I find words to convey an adequate Idea of those emotions which your most Affectionate Letters has caus'd in a heart replete with the most lively Sentiments of genuine Gratitude or how can I sufficiently admire that exalted Friendship which absence the bane of common Friendships encrease, which is invigorated by difficulties, and shines with additional lustre when put to the severest trial? -- the most pleasing reflections certainly result from viewing that uncommon Species of happiness I enjoy in having such a Friend, yet it gives me the deepest concern that my unhappy Situation in Life forc'd me to do what has Subjected you to many inconveniencies to lessen them in some degree I will leave no expedient unessay'd and will not use the Bills for myself till every thing else has fail'd
Since my last I have not been able to get any thing done I have been put off from the arrival of one Packet to another at length was told that I must remain here till the distribution and arrangement of the Troops arrives for which there is yet no Order tho' a man of war with them has been for some time expected -- had Sir Jeff. told General Monckton when he first applied for me that I could not go home I would have sold our which I could then have done without much difficulty and in all probability would 'ere now have either been provided for in the Service or Settled in Business But by giving me hopes from Time to Time he has not only involv'd me in that perplexity inseperable from uncertainty but Subjected me to a very heavy Expence a great part of which I might have shunn'd by going into the Country could I have foreseen that my stay in this very extravagant place would have been near so long -- my Recommendations grown obsolete, the Time for Military Promotion gone I fear never to return in my Time -- a Commercial Plann my Mercantile Friends had concerted for me defeated by my not being able to engage in it at or near the Time stipulated for its commencement in fine I have too much reason to dread that his extraordinary procrastination will be productive of very fatal consequences to me But it seems Fortune is not yet tir'd of persecuting me I must therefore submit and endeavour to bear it with all the firmness I can, use all means and strain every nerve to extricate myself out of this accursed State of Attendance & Dependance worse than no Life --
We have nothing new or entertaining here -- General Monckton has obtain'd his Majesty's permission to visit his native Country 'tis thought that he will soon return to releive Genl Amherst in the supreme Command who they say has likewise applied for leave to go home I wish to God he had been gratified in his desire some time ago -- All the Officers of the Army here are extremely impatient for the arrival of the man of war, those of the old Regiments in a State of uncertainty with regard to their destination and those of the young Regiments as to their Fate -- Whenever I know what is to become of me which a short time must now determine I will do myself the pleasure to write you and in the mean Time I beg you'll be pleas'd to offer my Respectfull Complements in the warmest and most Obliging manner to your Lady and Family that Heaven may Bless you and them with every requisite of happiness are his most fervent wishes who is and ever will be with supreme Regard and Esteem
... My Dear Sir
... Your Most Affectionate &
... Most Obliged hble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
PS. June 7th
It is said that the Savages of some of the back Countries have cut off one of our small Posts near Lake Huron Garrisond by 15 R. Ams. commd. by Ensign Mosser and it is very certain that last night Orders were issued from Head Quarters for the Light Infantry of the 17th. 42 & 77 Regiments to hold themselves in readiness to March at the shortes notice under the Orders of Major Allan Campbell of the Royl. Highlanders
PHILADELPHIA Sepr. 3rd. 1763
MY DEAR SIR
I had the extreme pleasure to receive your very Affecte. Favour Covering your 2d. Sett of Bills --
From the Date of my last I was kept in daily expectations of getting leave to go to England, and put off writing to you in hopes I should have been able to have wrote you something decisive with regard to my affairs, but Sir Jeff always found new reasons for my detention, I could not by any means obtain his Liberty, nor did he give me an absolute denial, but kept me in the most painfull suspence, and disagreeable attendance, from the middle of last Jany. till the latter end of last Month, at length when I little expected it he gave me his leave in writing accompanied by a heap of Friendly professions (which I set down for nothing) and as the place where I had suffer'd so much uneasiness had long since become perfectly disagreeable to me I embrac'd the earliest oppy. of getting away, and arriv'd here yesterday to take my Passage in a Ship which I was told would sail in a few days for London but I find that none will sail from hence in less than three weeks, for that place where I still continue determ'd to make a vigourous effort for a Compy. I readily foresee the most insuperable difficulties with which the Peace has obstructed the road to Military preferment But as I think I can rely upon Genl Monckton's Interest and some others of distinction and as the necessary Regulations for the due Government of the Conquered Countries will occasion a number of new Appointments both Civil and Military I would fain hope I shall be able to procure something genteel at any rate it is my last resource -- should I fail the attempt will indeed be against me but in my situation I think it would be timidity rather than prudence not to make a Trial --
The Engineers Gordon and Basset are here and present their Complemts. to you they have both obtain'd leave to go home; Basset acted as aid de Camp in that very fortunate Affair near Bussie Run1 and extols the firm coolness uns[h]aken intrepidity and vast alacrity of the Highlanders which compos'd that little Army even to a hyperbole -- certain it is that nothing could be more fortunate for these Colonies than the hardly to be hop'd for Success of that day, as the very existence of the back Country depended on the safety of that Convoy for ('tis said) that Fort Pitt and consequently all it's dependencies must have fallen for want of Provisions and Ammunition the consequences of which especially to the midle Colonies would have been dreadfull beyond description, there may be reasons for neglecting a Post of such vast importance which was the cause of the last war and which has cost Great Britain and Her Colonies so much Bloud and Treasure to acquire and maintain and on whose safety the Lives and Properties of so many Thousands of His Majesty's Subjects depended, But Success gives the most alureing gloss even to the most egregious Blunders2 --
[Note 1: 1 Immediately after peace was concluded with France in 1763, there was a general uprising of the western tribes of Indians, who, after capturing nearly all the frontier forts, united in a fierce attack upon Fort Pitt. Captain Ecuyer, in command there, held the fort under an exhausting blockade for over a month. Colonel Bouquet, who was sent to his relief, was attacked by, but overcame, the savages at Bushy Run, within twenty miles of Fort Pitt, near the headwaters of Turtle Creek.]
[Note 2: 2 "Things being in that situation I received orders to march with the above troops, the only force the General could collect at that time for the relief of this fort [Fort Pitt], which was in great want of provisions, the little flour they had being damaged.
"In that pressing danger the provinces refused to give us the least assistance. Having formed a convoy, I marched from Carlisle the 18th. of July with about 460 rank and file, being the remains of the 42d and 77th regiments, many of them convalescents. I left thirty men at Bedford, and as many at Ligonier, where I arrived on the 2d instant. Having no intelligence of the enemy, I determined to leave the waggons at that post, and to proceed with 400 horses, loaded with flour, to be less incumbered in case of an action.
"I left Ligonier on the 4th, and on the 5th instant, at 1 o'clock P. M., after marching seventeen miles, we were suddenly attacked by all the savages collected about Fort Pitt. I shall not enter into the detail of that obstinate action, which lasted till night, and beginning early the 6th continued till 1 o'clock when at last we routed them. They were pursued about two miles, and so well dispersed that we have not seen one since; as we were excessively distressed by the total want of water, we marched immediately to the nearest spring without enquiring into the loss of the enemy, who must have suffered greatly by their repeated and bold attacks in which they were constantly repulsed. Our loss is very considerable. Of the 42d: Captain-Lieutenant Graham, Lieutenant McIntosh, Rangers Lieutenant Randall killed. 42d: Captain John Graham, Lieutenant Dun Campbell wounded. 77th: Lieutenant Donald Campbell. Volunteer People: killed, 50; wounded, 60; in all, 110." -- Colonel Bouquet to Major Gladwin, August 28, 1763, Bouquet Papers.]
The noble expedient they have fallen on in Virga. to employ the Militia in order to save Money and perform actual Service would do honr. to the most sublime Military genius and I think exceeds even the wise heads of the Assembly here -- Some torgid accounts of the mighty Atchievements of Ss.1 Parties have already reach'd this place, but his Letters do not make that impression they used to do --
[Note 1: 1 Stephens.]
I propose to go into the Country for a few weeks till the Ship gets ready in order to avoid Expences and need not say how happy you would make me by a Line by Post or otherwise, In the mean Time I beg my most Respectfull and Affecte. Complemts. to your Lady and Family & ever am with the highest Esteem & most perfect regard
... My Dear Colo
... Your Most Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
[Note 1: 1 Inclosing letter of September 3.]
PHILADELPHIA Octr. 13th 1763
MY DEAR COLO
On my return from the Country I happen'd to call at the Post Office to see if there was any Letters for me and to my great surprise found the Inclos'd which I sent upwards of 5 weeks ago by an acquaintance's Servant (for I have had none of my own these six months) to the Office, the Postmasrs. boy insists it was only deliver'd a few days ago and as the Gentn and his Servant is gone to the West Indies I can make nothing of it -- surely such infamous neglect (to call it by no worse name) would not pass with impunity in any other part of the Globe -- Since writing the Inclos'd nothing material has occurr'd in this Quarter but what you must be made acquainted with before this can reach you especially as it comes by our Acquaintance Mr Watson who generally finds it difficult to part with his Friends, will not therefore Trouble you with a dry Detail of Stale News --
I am told by some Officers lately from Head Quarters that the Indian Commotions begin to be look'd upon in a more serious light and that the Great Skygusta has said at his own Table that the publick will soon be satisfied with regard to these Affairs I could on this occasion be almost tempted to borrow a phrase of old Glenn's but --
I have returnd from the Country in order to embark but I find it is a false alarm for tho' the Ship is Loaded the Sails bent and to appearance everything ready for the Sea yet something detains the Super Cargoe that will prevent our Sailing for some days and tho' I have been so long habituated to disappointments that ought by this Time to have made me quite a Stoick yet I cannot help being anxious for our Departure as I ardently long to see my native Isle from which I have been so long absent tho' alas! to very little purpose -- Basset is gone in the Packet (too expensive a Conveyance for me) and Gordon and I go together -- I cannot refrain from intimating the particular pleasure I derive from the warm respectfull manner in which many of your old acquaintances in the Army frequently mention you particularly Gordon who you would think quite extravagant on the pleasing theme -- I beg my warmest and most respectfull Complemts. to your Lady I unalterably am with transcendent Regard
... My dear Sir
... Your Most Affecte &
... Most Obliged hble Servt
... ROBERT STEWART
May I beg the favour of you to
present my Complemts. to
Mr. Kirkpatrick --
... R. S --
LEGHORN Decr. 14th. 1763 --
DEAR SIR,
Few things give a susceptible mind more real satisfaction, than to find Oneself remember'd by those one esteems. This satisfaction I had a few days ago by receiving a very kind letter from you dated the 14th. of August past. I assure you Nothing could flatter me more, as it was a proof to me of the continuance of your friendship; and Nothing give me greater pleasure, as it brought me an Account of your and Mrs. Washingtons Welfare.
Give me leave to thank you both for the kind congratulations you make me upon my present situation; I find it extremely Agreeable; and have never had better health or better spirits than since I came here. I took the rout of France in my journey, and made some stay at Paris. I had an Opportunity of visiting most of the King's palaces, and of seeing the cheif curiosities; I passed through the following Cities; Boulogne; Montruil, Abbeville; Amiers; Lyons, Avignon; Nismes; Monpelier; Aix; and Marseilles. Here I embarked upon the Mediterranean, and came to Leghorn by Sea; My whole journey took me up near three Months. You must not expect a description of places, for it would take up a Volume: I shall only say of Leghorn; that it is a small, neat, pretty fortifyed city; containing about 40,000 Inhabitants, which consist of all Nations under the Sun. I have an Excellent house here, and a comfortable Appointment. At the same time I meet with every mark of Civility and Attention. I have an Opportunity of being absent about two Months Every Summer, which will find me occasion in a few years of seeing all Italy. This last, I went to Florence, Luca, Pisa, and Pistoya: the former of these places is magnificent, and stored with the finest Curiosities in the World.
We are at present in expectation of the Duke of York; he is now at Genoa. His arrival will make this place very gay; though gayety is a thing we seldom want here; for we have Opera's, Batledo's, Music, Balls, Masques, all the Year round. Some of these things I attend now and then; but in general am too serious to keep up with the Italians; the business of their lives is amusement and dancing;1 they have lost all the Spirit of the Romans, and you cannot find the least traces of the Antient Italia, except in the quickness of parts which distinguishes its Natives. However the fine Climate, fine Arts, sweet language, and remains of Antiquity, make it upon the whole so entirely to my taste, that without something very extraordinary or extremely advantageous, I shall be perfectly satisfied to continue here great part of my life. What will still add to my satisfaction will be the pleasure of hearing from my friends in America now and then, for I assure you I shall never forget them; and there is None I shall remember with More Affection than yourself and Mrs. Washington; I wish you both Every happiness this life can furnish, and beg leave to assure you that I remain, dear Sir, with great sincerity, Your very faithfull and Obedient Servant
[Note 1: 1 Mr. Burnaby, in his Travels in Virginia, describes the "jiggs" of the Virginians, and notes their similarity to the "trescone" of the Tuscans. "These dances," he says, "are without any method or regualarity: a gentleman and lady stand up, and dance about the room, one of them retiring, the other pursuing, then perhaps meeting, in an irregular fantastical manner. After some time, another lady must sit down, she being, as they term it, cut out: the second lady acts the same part which the first did, till somebody cuts her out. The gentlemen perform in the same manner."]
... ANDW BURNABY.
I beg to be remembered to your Neighbours at Belvoir. When you do me the favour to write to me, direct for me to the Care of Messrs. Mestrezat and Liolard Merchts. in London
LONDON Janry. 14th 1764 --
MY DEAR SIR
I was detain'd at Philadelphia some time after Date of my last to you (by Mr. Jo: Watson) however we at length embark'd, on the 28th of October we lost sight of the American Coast and after a Passage of 35 Days in which we had very boisterous weather and two dreadfull Storms on the French Coast from which we with the utmost difficulty escap'd Shipwreck, we arriv'd at Dover, where we gladly Landed and found the Papers fill'd with accounts of the dire effects of these tremendous Hurricanes -- On my arrival here I immediately set about forming an Interest that might enable me to procure a provision in some degree adequate to my long Services and manifold disappointments in America, resolving not to attempt Purchassing till every other Expedient should fail; I had the pleasure to find Genl Monckton, Lord Loudoun and the rest of my American Friends perfectly well dispos'd towards me, I have likewise been able to add some others of Rank and distinction to them, But these unhappy Party heats and animosities of which all here seem more or less to participate has for a Time depriv'd me of the weight & Interest of some who could have been of the utmost Service to me, in the mean Time I am so far fortunate as to get included in a Compy. of 25 Gentn. most of them Officers and severals of them Men of Fortune who have Petition'd for a Grant of the very valueable Island of St. Johns Situated in the Bay of St Lawrence between the 46th. & 47th. Degree of No. Latitude; the Terms propos'd is that each of the Associators shall have Twenty Thousand Acres with all Mines and Minerals therein for themselves and their Heirs forever, free from Qu[i]t Rents for ten years in which Time we oblige ourselves to Settle thereon one person for every Two hundred Acres: We have had frequent hearings before the Lords Commissioners for Trade & Plantations & have been very genteely receiv'd: This Island was deem'd the most pleasant fertile and best Cultivated in French America, its Coasts abounds with immense quantitys of Fish, has two very fine Harbours vizt. St. Peters and Port Joy, is extremely healthy and a great deal of Land clear'd and laid out into fine Farms, the French having upwards of fifteen hundred Families who were Settled there for many years we propose that the environs of these Harbours on which the principal Towns must stand, Likewise all the improv'd Lands shall be equally divided amongst us -- Some who are well acquainted with this Island seem quite extravagant in it's praises I have been assur'd that each of the propos'd Dividends by laying out a thousand Pounds Sterg. Judiciously will in ten years yield two thousand per ann: and that this Calculation is rather under than over the mark however for my part I should be very well satisfied with a ¼th. of that Sum -- certain it is this Island is deem'd very valueable and our Compy. is oppos'd by severals of high Rank & Fortune but as we applied near twelve Months before the others, have some Interest and in general merit a little notice from former Services we are assur'd that we will have the preference and that the affair will in a few weeks be Settled to our Satisfaction God knows how this affair will turn out but at present it wears an aspect that merits all the pains and expence I am at about it.
Your Bill on this place is accepted & that on Liverpool I have sent there to be negotiated be assur'd that nothing but the most pressing necessity will prevail on me to use them on my own accot. --
For News even this Metropolis affords little at present; Last night arriv'd, the Hereditary Prince of Brunswick, no less renown'd for the Glory he has acquired in the Field, than the amiable Princess to whom he will in a few Days be united is celebrated for her Beauty and Virtue, the approaching Nuptials of this exalted pair takes some place in the general Conversation here which till of late was solely engross'd by Political disputes -- American Affairs is become a standing Topic -- It is said I'm afraid from too good authority that the Colonies will be Sadled with a Tax of no less than three hundred thousand Pounds Sterg. per ann: in order to support the Troops Judg'd necessary for their Defence -- the Conduct of the late Commander in Chief in that Country is severely handled by many here, his Errors, contempt of Indians, ill tim'd parsimony, rigour and unfeeling Severity to those who Serv'd under him is expos'd to the publick by some very keene and able Pens these who have the Interest of his Majesty's Service and the good of the Colonies at heart ardently wish he may be succeeded by General Monckton whose superior Talents and consumate Military knowledge added fresh lustre to the Glory of the British arms at a period when their prowess and honr. was thought to have arriv'd at their highest Summit, and who is universally acknowledged to be the most equal to the re-establishing the prosperity of our Colonies and restoring Peace and Tranquillity to the Fronteer Inhabitants who now Groan under a complication of the most shocking Miseries -- But I fear that G Monckton will not easily be prevail'd on to accept of the Command as he has refus'd it once already --
I deferr'd writing you for some time in hopes that some Ship for Virginia or Maryland would Sail soon but as I cannot hear of any that will go soon I could no longer refrain from the pleasure I enjoy in writing to you therefore I send you this by a man of war for N. York
I beg you'll tender my Respectfull Complemts. in the warmest and most obliging Terms to your Lady and Family -- Capt. Wat Stewart is just arriv'd by whom I had the great pleasure to hear of your welfare that Heaven may pour down it's choicest Blessings on you & yrs. and grant the completion of your desires are the fervent wishes of him who is with the purest regard and most exalted Esteem
... My Dear Colo
... Your Most Affecte. &
... Most Obliged hble Servt.
Please Direct for me in ... ROBERT STEWART
Lisle Street Leicester Fields
POTOMACK TRYAL 6th June 1764
SIR
I have sent by the first opportunity the little commission I received of yours executed in the best manner I was able the St Froine seed has never been out of my cabbin since it came on board.
Capt Boyes having persuaded Mr Cary & Co to buy or employ a very large and old ship and being pretty well informed they had laid aside all thoughts of sending a ship this year into Potomack prevented my delivering your elegant recommendatory letter for which I shall ever have the most sincere and sensible gratitude I still continue my intention of leaving this disagreeable business as soon as I can conveniently my reasons for my coming now are that I thought it better than an unsettled precarious employ or staying at home sometime idle. Inclosed with this are bills of parcels for the things the bearer has to deliver you. I have taken the liberty to desire him to leave at your house a letter and a box of goods for Mr Green. Please to present my best compliments to your Lady as it will make me very happy to acquire your regard or esteem to be employed in doing any kind of business you or your Lady may have in London or elsewhere will be a real proof of it to
... sir your obliged and most Obedt Servt
... WM. MC. GACHEN
LEGHORN April 29th. 1765. --
DEAR SIR,
Want of Opportunity alone has prevented me from answering your obliging letter of the 10th. of Augst. last sooner. Indeed we have so seldom any Ships bound from this Port to America, that I am necessitated to hazard this by a very round about way and send it first to London. Believe me it gave me real pleasure to find I was still in your remembrance, and I assure you it has recalled very Agreable Moments to me, for I have frequently in fancy been sitting, or conversing, or walking with you at Mount Vernon, since the receipt of it. I wish the Vision could be realised; or at least that you could make us a trip to Leghorn, where we would shew you a new World, with nothing so magnificent as that fine View of the Potomac except a distant prospect of the hoary and indignant Appenines, but still with many beauties and much Welcome. I have got an Excellent house, and should enjoy it more than I have ever yet done, if I could have the satisfaction of your Company, and yet I have enjoyed it not a little. To say the truth I am much pleased with my situation, and have many agreable prospects opening upon me; if it was not for Ambition, I possibly should never be induced to quit it; but that may in all likelihood recall me to England in a few years. These last six months I have resided entirely in this City, but in the Autumn I intend to be absent for a Couple of Months in order to go to Rome and Naples. The remaining parts of Italy will lye within the Compass of my journey home whenever that may happen. --
At present we are making great preparations here for the Arrival of the Arch-Duke and Duchess. No expense or Magnificence will be spared Upon this Occasion. The Italians have a remarkable turn for Splendor and Shew; and the Tuscans who are much the most accomplish'd People of the Whole Country, will pique themselves upon this Occasion. They are to meet first at Inspruck, and so to come on to Florence, which we expect will be about September. - -
The Corsicans in this part of the World are a Subject of very interesting Conversation, though possibly in yours they may be as little talked of, as the Indians are except by the English in this. Paoli will have no intercourse with the French garrison, nor will suffer the Islanders to supply them with any provisions. The French common soldiers desert to him in great Numbers. --
I hope your back Settlements are delivered from their troubles, and that peace, both within and without, is fully restored again. -- I lately had the pleasure of seeing Governor Ellis late of Georgia here I found him exceedingly Agreable, and of very great abilities as well as extensive knowledge. -- I have been lately much out of order, but am now grown better, though I can't say well. --
I will not tire you however with any further accounts of Myself. Begging therefore that you will accept of my best thanks and wishes, and that you will be so good as to present my kindest respects to Mrs. Washington and the Family at Belvoir, as well as any friends who may do me the honour ever to inquire after me, I conclude with the regret of taking leave of you till some future Opportunity, dear Sir --
... Your very Obliged and
... Affectionate Servant
... ANDW. BURNABY
LIVERPOOL 3 August 1765
SIR/
We have before us Your favour 6 March Covering Bill Lading of four Hhds Tobo per Our Snow Virginian Capt McCabe which we doubt it will not be in our Power to Render You the Sale by this Opportunity as the slow Demand for that Article & the Long detention of our Vessell in the Country which has obliged us to fitt her out with all Despatch will deprive us of that pleasure we always Shall make a Point to Observe, You will find Inclosd Invoice & Bill Lading of the Goods You Orderd which hope may be agreeable, We Shoud be always Glad to be further favord with Your Commands & believe us to be Sincerely
... Sir Your most hble Ss
... CROSBIES & TRAFFORD1
[Note 1: 1 Shipped, by the Grace of God, in good Order and well condition'd, by CROSBIES and TRAFFORD, in and upon the good Ship called the Virginian, whereof is Master, under God, for this present Voyage Wm Buddicome and now riding at Anchor in the Port of LIVERPOOL, and by GOD'S GRACE bound for Maryland & Virginia to say, -- One Bundle, one Plough Twenty five Bags of Salt---being marked and numbered as in the Margin; and are to be delivered in the like good Order and well Conditioned at the aforesaid Port of Virginia (the Danger of the Seas only excepted) unto---Mr. George Washington at Mount Vernon or to his Assigns he or they paying Freight for the said Goods, Nothing & Primage paid here at Shipping---with Primage and Average accustomed. IN WITNESS whereof, the Master or Purser of the said Ship hath affirmed to Three Bills of Lading, all of this Tenor and Date; the one of which Three Bills being accomplished, the other Two to stand void: And so God send the good SHIP to her desired Port in Safety. Amen. Dated in Liverpool 3 Augt. 1765
... WILLIAM BUDDICOM
GW]
LONDON August 18th. 1765
MY DEAR SIR
In my last which has distanced this much farther than I intended I gave you a circumstantial Detail of Lord Egmont's Plan,1 the motives that induc'd us to Join him, and the various Causes that occasion'd it's overthrow; upon which, we resumed our original Claim at the Board of Trade, where it was intimated to us by the First Lord Commissioner that, had we stood upon our own Legs, we might probably 'ere then have been in possession of our Grants; But as the value and fertility of that Island, had made much noise in the Nation, and occasioned some heartburnings amongst the Great, it was indispensably necessary for the Board to proceed with Caution, and therefore, had determined to Recommend it to His Majesty that no Grants should be made till the extent and Contents of the Island could be exactly ascertained; for which purpose, they had sent out Capt. Holland (Surveyor general for America) with four Assistants to make an exact Survey of it, after which (by their Orders) the whole is to be laid off into Lots of twenty thousand Acres, as near in value with respect to soil and situation as it will admit of, and if practicable each to contain some part of the improved Lands and Sea Coast, as the Island is long and narrow, no part of it being 15 Miles from Navigation, and the French Inhabitants having settled in a very Detach'd manner these Instructions can with the more facility be in a great measure be obeyed, however to avoid every inconvenience of that kind as much as possible, Each Adventurer is to have a small Lot for Warehouses &c. either on Port-Joy or St. Pierre the principal Harbours, where Towns are to be built, the Lots to be mark'd and Number'd upon the Map, Capt. Holland is to make of the Island, and to be drawn for by the Adventurers or, their Agents, at the Board of Trade; the last accots. the Board recd. from Capt. Holland he was in hopes to finish his Survey by the First of next Month so that by the last of October we may expect that this very tedious affair which has cost, so much Time, trouble, attendance and expence will be finally adjusted I flatter myself to our advantage and satisfaction --
[Note 1: 1 While men were taken up with the politics of the age, there was a Minister so smitten with the exploded usages of barbarous times, that he thought of nothing less than reviving the feudal system. This was the Earl of Egmont (John Perceval, second Earl of Egmont), who had actually drawn up a plan for establishing that absurd kind of government in the island of St. John. He printed several copies of his scheme, and sent them about to his brother peers. And so little were they masters of the subject, and so great was the inattention of the Ministry to the outlying parts of our empire, that his Lordship, in the following year, had prevailed with the Council to suffer him to make the experiment, if General Conway had not chanced to arrive at Council and expose the folly of such an undertaking, which occasioned its being laid aside. Lord Egmont was such a passionate admirer of those noble tenures and customs, that he rebuilt his house at Enmere in Sommersetshire in the guise of a castle, moated it round, and prepared it to defend itself with cross-bows and arrows, against the time in which the fabric and use of gunpowder shall be forgotten. -- Walpole's Memoirs.]
I fear you will think it strange that I should so readily have engaged in a Land Scheme, and under a number of Difficulties so long persever'd in what must appear to you not only incompatible with my views in the Army to which I was almost an enthusiast, but, repugnant to my former Sentiments of Life, But some of my Friends here so clearly shewed the great and almost immediate advantages that must result from Settling in a Fertile Island water'd with fine Rivers which abound with Salmond and other excellent Fish, indented with commodious Harbours, advantageously situated for an extensive Commerce, particularly with Europe and the W. Indies, near the great Fish Banks where many thousands are annually employ'd, and indeed it's own Coasts swarm with such quantities of Fish particularly Cod, that the New England Fishers resort thither in Crowds, and two Ships from this place have made a Successful Voyage there -- When I began to consider this affair seriously and saw that it was not Ideal, but facts evinced by the strongest testimonials it attracted my attention very closely, and confess that, the more narrowly I view'd it, the better I was satisfied, not withstanding my settled aversion to even the appearance of Scheming -- Severals have applied to be interested in my Lot, (to be), and as there are some Noblemen and several Flag and General Officers some of them very opulent become Adventurers they imagine that they have Interest enough to get it form'd into a separate Government in which Event I am promised a valueable Civil Employment at any rate I am to superintend the management of four Lots besides my own for which I am to have a genteel Salary -- It is proposed to carry the Mechanicks from this Country, and the Fishermen and Peasantry from Germany, Scotland and Ireland -- I lik'd every part of the Plan except the very tedious Time requisite to effect those steps Judg'd previously necessary to the Commencement of our operations, which very nearly exhausted my patience, and at some periods made me think seriously of relinquishing it, particularly when the Offices for Collecting the Stamp Duties were about to be filled up, it was hinted to me by a Friend in Power that he conceiv'd it would be no[t] very difficult to obtain one of them, as a compensation for my long Services in that Country, But when I reflected that it would be giving up my prospect in St. John's entirely for perhaps an uncertainty and at best a subsistence, in an Office that would have render'd me disagreeable to a People amongst whom I had long liv'd, and for some of whom I always did and ever will retain the warmest regard and Esteem I declined applying --
I have been the more prolix on my own little Affairs not only from a firm persuasion of that Interest in which you have long been pleased to take in my welfare, but that I look upon myself accountable that no part of my conduct should merit a diminution of that Noble and disinterested Friendship for which I have so long and Justly admir'd you and which has impress'd my heart with indelible marks of genuine Gratitude
I long vastly for the pleasure of a Letter from you, and to know how the Draining &c. of your Lake goes on, and what hopes you entertain of Success in the completion of that truly great enterprise,1 not less calculated for publick utility than your private Emolument; I dread that the Expence incurr'd by this undertaking may occasion your missing that Sum you so generously furnished me with, which would give me excessive uneasiness: Drawing it from me before I am settled, would distress me extremely, But this you may absolutely rely on, that neither you nor your Heirs can run any risque of loosing a farthing of either principal or Interest, and that the moment I am able (of which you shall have the earliest Intelligence) I will with infinite thankfulness reimburse you --
As for News I beg leave to refer you to the Bearer Colo. Mercer who returns to Collect a Tax upon his native Land, the Mode of imposing which, we are told, the people of America in general, and the Virginians in particular, look on as an infringement of their Priviledges, which has occasioned such a ferment, that a Majority of their Representives in a Legislative Capacity, made some very warm and bold Resolves, Printed Copies of which are handed about in this place but it is asserted that the last and most violent of them is spurious --
Here the whole Political frame has for some time been strangely agitated, by the most unexpected Revolutions; the principals of the new Administration have been for some time appointed, and their Friends are by degrees taking possession of the inferior offices, occupied by those of the late Ministry; with respect to the Abilities, Parliamentary Interest and permanency of the present, people are so much and generally divided in their opinions that time can alone discover the rectitude or fallacy of their different Sentiments which are maintained with such heat on both sides; How happy My dear Colonel are they who indepe[n]dent of all Parties can, collected within themselves, enjoy that tranquility and Peace of mind which these others must ever be Strangers to? I pray Heaven may ever Bless you and yours with that and every other Species of Felicity; I beg you will be pleased to render my Dutifull and affectionate Respects to Your Lady -- I often think with immense satisfaction on the many very pleasant days I have so agreeably passed in your most desirable Company, and severely regrett my hard Fate in being deprived of so inestimable a Blessing, Tho' it is so far from proving impossible that I am big with the pleasing hope that when I get affairs properly arrang'd at St. John's to have the immense pleasure of making an excursion from thence to Mount Vernon -- I flatter myself that I shall towards the beginning of next Summer embark for St. Johns properly equip'd for effecting a small Settlement there, long 'ere then I hope to have the great pleasure of hearing from you, when you are pleased to write be so good as to Direct to the Care of Messrs. Savern & Stuart Great Jermyn Street St. James London --
I am ever with the most exalted Esteem & entire Regard
... My Dear Colo.
... Your truely & unalterably Affecte. &
... Most Gratefully Obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
I beg my most obliging Complemts. to your Brothers, Col. Fairfax Mr. Kirkpatrick and the rest of my good Acquaints. with you --
BULSKIN Octr. 16th. 1765 --
SR
I this day fill'd the pond at home with hemp and Tomorrow intend to fill One that I have at the Lower Quarter tho I am doubtful it will not hold all the hemp besides, what Bore Seed and that I know not what to do with for by than this comes out the water will be too Cold -- the Seed turns out Very indifferently I have Cleaned about 25 Bushels and do not believe I shall have above 7 or 8 more I have Broke very Little hemp Since I wrote by Giles But Expect to be at it next week with Chief of the hands as Connell has made it so late I have sent all the Buter and Cheese which is 346lb of Nett Butter the Caske being 12lb Fare Each and 81lb Cheese. & should be glad to know what Mrs. McCarmick is to be allowed for her part and whether I may settle with her. as she seems to be in want of her pay I in hopes you may have heard by this time whether may depend on going under Mr. Valentine or not and if not if it is not too Late I would Serve Colo. Fairfax in this County, and as he agreed to Leave it to you to Settle the day if you will be kind Enough to take the Trouble on yr.self I will enter into any Article you and he shall agree on. and Esteem it a particular favour.
... from Sr. your very Hble Servt.
... JOS. DAVENPORT
N. B. the Negroes are all
well at present tho Several of
them have had a touch of ague
I myself have had 3 or 4 fits
of it But am in hopes it has left me
[Note 1: 1 Addressed, "To Colo. Geo: Fairfax & Colo. Geo: Washington."]
GUNSTON-HALL 23d. Decemr. 1765.
GENTLEMEN
Inclosed is the Scheme I promised you for altering the method of replevying Goods under Distress for Rent: I thought it necessary to explain fully the Land-lord's Right by the common Law, to shew that our Act of Assembly2 was a mere Matter of Indulgence, & that an Alteration of it now will be no Incroachment upon the Tenant: the first part of it has very little to do with the Alteration proposed, & only inculcates a Doctrine I was always fond of promoting, & which I cou'd wish to see more generally adopted than it is like to be: the whole is indeed much longer than it might have been, but that you will excuse as a natural Effect of the very idle Life I am forced to lead. I beg you will alter such parts of it as either of you think exceptionable.
[Note 2: 2 Hening, vol. vi. p. 9.]
If I had the Act of Assembly obliging our Vestry to pay for the Glebe3 &c. I wou'd prepare a petition for Redress, & get it signed in Time.
[Note 3: 3 Hening, vol. vi. p. 89.]
Wishing the Families at Belvoir & Mount Vernon all the Mirth & Happiness of the approaching Festival, I am Gentm.
... Yr. most obdt. Hble Sert.
... G MASON
Scheme for Replevying Goods and Distress for Rent.1
[Note 1: 1 Inclosed in letter of December 23.]
The policy of encouraging the Importation of free people & discouraging that of Slaves has never been duly considered in this Colony, or We shou'd not at this Day see one Half of our best Lands in most parts of the Country remain unsettled, & the other cultivated with Slaves; not to mention the ill Effect such a practice has upon the Morals and Manners of our people: one of the first Signs of the Decay, & perhaps the primary Cause of the Destruction of the most flourishing Government that ever existed was the Introduction of great Numbers of Slaves -- an Evil very pathetically described by the Roman Historians -- but 'tis not the present Intention to expose our Weakness by examining this Subject too freely.
That the Custom of leasing Lands is more beneficial to the Community than that of settling them with Slaves is a maxim that will hardly be denyed in any free Country; tho' it may not be attended with so much imediate profit to the Land-holder: in proportion as it is more useful to the public, the Invitations from the Legislature to pursue it shou'd be stronger: -- no Means seem so natural as securing the payment of Rents in an easy & effectual Manner: the little Trouble & Risque attending this Species of Property may be considered as an Equivalent to the greater profit arising from the Labour of Slaves, or any other precarious & troublesom Estate. The common-Law (independant of any Statute) gives the Land-lord a right to distrain upon anything on his Land for the Rent due; that is, it puts his Remedy into his own Hands: but as so unlimited a power was liable to be abused, it was found necessary to punish the Abuse by penal Statutes, made in terrorem, to preserve Justice, & prevent the Oppression which the poor might otherwise suffer from the rich, not to destroy the Land-lord's Right, which still remained unimpeached, and has not only been exercised in this Colony from its first Settlement, but has obtained in our Mother-Country from Time immemorial. Uninterrupted life & long Experience carry with them a Conviction of general Utility.
The fluctuating State of our Trade, the Uncertainty of our Markets & the Scarcity of Money frequently render it impracticable for the Debtor to Raise Money out of his Effects to discharge a sudden & perhaps unexpected Judgement, & have introduced a Law giving the Debtor a Right to replevy his Goods under Execution by Bond with Security (approved by the Creditor) to pay the Debt & Costs with Interest in three Months; which Bonds are returnable to the Clerk's Office whence the Execution issued, to remain in the Nature of Judgements, & final Executions may be obtain'd upon them when due by a Motion to the Court, with ten Days notice to the partys. The Legislature, considering Distresses for Rents in the same Light with Executions for common Debts, has thought fit to extend the same Indulgence to them; tho' it would not be hard to shew that the Cases are by no means similar, & that the Reasons which are just in the former do not hold good in the latter: by comparing the Laws there also appears such an Inconsistency in that relating to replevin Bonds for Rent as may render the Method prescribed difficult if not impracticable; there being no previous Record (as in the Case of Executions) the Bonds do not seem properly returnable to the Clerk's Office, nor is that Matter clearly express'd or provided for in the Act. This has not hitherto been productive of much Inconvenience; tho' contrary to the Course & Spirit of the common-Law, the Land-lord may thereby be brought into a Court of Judicature before he can get the Effect of a just & legal Distress; but in our present Circumstances it will occasion manifest Injustice.
If the Officer making a Distress, upon being offered Security, refuses to take a Bond for Want of Stamp'd Paper, the Goods of the Tenant must be imediately exposed to Sale, & he deprived of the Indulgence intended by the Act of Assembly.
If the Officer takes a replevin Bond as usual, the Land-lord will lose his Rent, the Tenant then having it in his power to keep him out of it as long as he pleases, for in the present Confusion & Cessation of Judicial proceedings the Land-lord will not have an Opportunity of applying to Court for an Execution when the Bond becomes payable, or if he does, the Clerk will not venture to issue one. In either Case there is such a Hardship as calls for the Interposition of the Legislature.
These Inconveniencys it is conceived may be obviated if the Tenant, instead of replevying his Goods by Bond, had a Right to Supersede the Distress for three Months by Application to a single Magistrate, who shou'd be empowered & required, upon the Tenants producing under the Hand of the person making the Distress a Certificate of the Rent distrained for & Costs, to take from the principal & good Securitys a conditional Confession of Judgement, in the following or some such Form.
"Virginia ... County ss.
"You A. B. -- C. D. -- & E. F. of the sd. County do confess "Judgement unto G. H. of the County of ... for the Sum of "... due unto the sd. G. H. for Rent, for which Distress has been "made upon the Goods of the sd. A. B. and also for the sum of "... the Costs of the sd. Distress: which said sums of ... "and ... Costs with legal Interest from the Date hereof to be "levyed of Your and either of Your Bodys Goods or Chattels for "the Use of the sd. G. H. in Case the sd. A. B. shall not pay & "satisfy to the sd. G. H. the said sums of ... and ... Costs "with Interest thereon as aforesaid within three months at far- "thest from the Date hereof -- Taken & acknowledged the ... "Day of ... before Me one of his Majesty's Justices of the "Peace for the sd. County of ... Given under my Hand the "Day & Year aforesaid. -- To J. K. Sherif -- or Constable (as "the Case is)"
Which Confession of Judgement should restore to the Tenant his Goods, & be return'd by the Officer to the Land-lord, who at the End of the three Months (giving the partys ten Days Notice) shou'd be entitled to an Execution thereon, to be awarded by a single Magistrate also.
This Method will protect the Tenant from Oppression by confirming the Indulgence the Act of Assembly formerly gave him, at the same Time that it secures the Land-lord in the payment of his Rent, & it can hardly be objected to as giving a single Magistrate a new & dangerous Jurisdiction, when it is considered that the Application to a Court on replevin Bonds for Rent was mere Matter of Form, in which the Court cou'd exercise no judicial power, and that an Execution might as safely be awarded by a Magistrate out of Court in the Case of Rents, where (as has been before observed) there was no original Record or Jurisdiction in the Court, but by the common-Law the sole power vested in the Land-lord; who, shou'd the proposed Alteration take place, will be as liable to be punished for the Abuse of it as he was before. If the Form of the Judgement recommended is objected to as subjecting the Body to Execution in a Case where the Goods only were originally liable; let it be considered that it is at the Tenant's own Request the Nature of his Debt is changed, that when the Land-lord sues for Rent, he may upon a Judgement order a Fi: fa: or a Ca: sa: at his own Option, & that he may do the same thing in the Case of replevin Bonds.
If some such Alteration as is here proposed shou'd be thought necessary, any little Errors or Deficiencys in this Scheme may be easily corrected in drawing up the Law. --
LONDON 15 Feby 1766
SIR
Among the Gentlemen that honour me with their regard on your River I shall be happy in your Condescension, and as I have the Privilege of not being entirely unknown I take the Liberty of recommending Capt. Rabemen to your Favour -- His Ship Charming Sally is at your Command for Freight, and if you dignify in some Share of the Address, my name, I shall have no doubt of rendering a satisfactory accot. as the Price is now good & I give my Friends all the Advantages of the ready money Duties --
I have the honour to be with due Respect
... Dr Sir
... Your most Obedt. Servt.
... WILL HUNTER
[Note 1: 1 Bernard Moore, of "Chelsea," son of Augustine and Elizabeth Moore, married Anne Catharine, daughter of Governor Spotswood. One of their daughters married Charles Carter, of Shirley, and was grandmother to General Robert Edward Lee. Bernard Moore was for many years a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Brock, in the Spotswood Papers, connects Colonel Augustine Moore, "of Chelsea," Virginia, with Sir Thomas More, of "Chelsca," England.]
21 Oct. 1766
MY DEAR SIR,
Your favour received & should have answered it long before this, but expected to have had the pleasure of seeing you at Williamsburg this Court, but am prevented by a long spell of the ague and fever, and am so unwell as not to attend the Genl. Court. I am extremely obliged to you for your kind offer in taking my bond for principal & interest of my old Bond. I declare to you it is not in my power to collect in what moneys are due to me or else should be able to pay you the interest. I shall be obliged to you to let me know what sum I owe you and then I will give you the bond with security; such as I have no doubt you will approve of. Your great kindness to me heretofore convinces me that you will not distress a family so large as mine is, and you may depend no one shall fall on more speedy and honest methods to extricate themselves out of their troubles than I will do.1
... With great truth
... Yr. Affect.
... BERD. MOORE
KING WILLIAM Octr. 21. 1766 --
DEAR SIR
Haveing from time to time beg d your Indulgence in regard to the money I owe you and haveing as often reced it with the greatest kindness and good nature I have not now the face to ask any longer time but least you should think I have bin faulty & have not truly indeavoured to procure it I must assure you I have done every thing in my power to collect the money for you and tho I have severall thousands due me for great part of which I have brought suits above two years ago but to my great mortification and disapointment I have not yet got Judgements Others I have not sued but intreeted and persuaided but to no purpose as money was so scarce it could not be got by them nay if they sold their Estates (as some offered to do) they could not expect above half price In short Sir I promis you I have not bin Idle and can prove if required what I have mentioned to be realy the truth --
I am Assured now I shall have Judgements very soon and get my money and others that are not sued have promis'd considerable sums shall be paid I therefore have all the reason in the World to beleave the time draws near that I shall wate on you with the money & with my acknowledgements -- As to the interest due you, my intention & full purpose is to pay Interest on that also as the severall sums become due -- I flatter my self the want of the money will for a few months longer will be no material hurt to you If you should want it to purchase Negroes rather than you should be disapointed I will furnish you out of my own I only mention this to show you I am ready and willing to do every thing in my power to keep you from sustaining any damage on my Accot..1 -- I am very respectfully
... Dr. Sir
... Your obt. hble Sert.
... THOS. MOORE
NB.
If I should be disapointed
in part of the money I expect to
receve my Crops as soon I can get them
sold I hope will be more than make
up the deficientecy
29th. Decr. 1766.
DEAR SIR
My inclination to do the Strictest Justice to the Several Gentlemen to whom I am indebted & the distrest state of the Country making it impossible for some of them to wait untill the produce of my Estate can raise sufficient to satisfy the demands upon it, has induced me to make Sale of all my lands in King William to clear my incumbrances. I am willing to flatter my self from our long acquaintance that you have some regard for me and my large family, and that if its in your power to serve me that I may hope for your kind assistance to promote the Sale, Should it suit yourself to lay out monys in the purchase of Land perhaps those I intend to sell may answer your purpose. The Lands I propose to sell is where I live, the Tract contains about 3500 Acres, its of a long square, from River to River about 3 miles long & about 2 miles in width, the quallity you partly know, and if you will be kind enough to come and see the whole your good Judgement will goven you in what manner to Act. there is 500 fine bearing Apple trees, about 2000 fine young Peach trees that will begin to bear next Summer. The plantations for 20 of 30 hands in as good order for Croping as any in the Country. Buildings on the plantations of all sorts and in good order, many of them new. The house I live in is as good as new, compleatly finished 5 rooms on a floor, garden, out Houses &c., all new, and in good order. If this tract should suit you, or you should think proper to purchase it for Master Custis I shall be glad to see you down here, I am most sure when you come to see the conveniences, and the Situation of the Land that we shant disagree1
[Note 1: 1 "Chelsea," the home of Colonel Bernard Moore, was situated on the Mattapony River, in the parish of St. John, King William County.]
My best complements attend on you & my old friend Mrs. Washington and am
... Dear Sir
... Your Most Aff Servt.
... BERD. MOORE
[Note 1: 1 The emigrant ancestor of the Savage family in Virginia was probably Thomas Savage, who came over in the John and France in 1608. He married Hannah -- . Their only son John, who was born in 1624, was a magistrate of the Colony, and a member of the House of Burgesses.]
DUMFRIES 25th. May 1767 --
SIR
I was cal d away last Monday upon Business that I neither foresaw, nor coud postpone, tho' I had appointed both Col. Lee & Mr Payne to be at Alexandria that day, the latter of whom kept himself in readiness till late in the Evening to accompany me -- I am obliged to be at next Essex Court upon very urgent Business which also happens to be your Alexandria Court Week & perhaps the following Court I may be disappointed or it may happen not to be Convent. for the two Gentlemen that I have already proposed for the Counter Security of You, & Col. Fairfax to attend -- As I am now really uneasy till I can make you think yourselves perfectly Indemnifyed I shall propose to you that these 2 gent together with one or more of some Note in this County shall Join in a Conditional Bond for the particular sum that you are already bound for which you may depend shall be properly drawn by some Atty. & witnessed by two, or more People, I shall inform myself of the exact sum by examining the Record -- . This will be very Convenient for me to have done next Monday being our Court Day & if you think it suffictly. Satisfactory it will be doing me a particular favor -- otherwise I shall endeavour (however Inconvent. to myself or others) to attend next Alexandria Court & have the requisite decree.1
[Note 1: ... 1 MOUNT VERNON 27th. May 1767.
SIR
The Security, and manner of giving it, propos'd in yours of the 25th. will be perfectly satisfactory to me, if any Inconvenience attends the other method of doing it; but as colo. Fairfax is equally concernd, and from home, I woud choose to answer for myself only; persuaded nevertheless, that it will be agreeable to him also to give you as little trouble as possible on this head: In the meantime, and in his absence, let me desire that this matter may not interfere with any other business you may have on hand, or give cause for uneasiness: -- it affords none to me, & I dare venture to say the same for Colo. Fairfax. --
I was in hopes before this to have received money from Mess. Carlyle & Adam, & therewith dischargd my Bond to the late Revd. Mr. Green, -- they have hitherto disappointed me -- but having Mr. Adam's promise to see you in a few days for this purpose, I hope he will fulfill it in paying the money. --
... I am Sir
... Yr. Most Hble Servt
... G WASHINGTON.
Washington's reply to Doctor Savage.]
... I am Sir yr.
... most obedt
... hble Servt
... WM. SAVAGE.
[Note 2: 2 Hugh Stephenson, son of Richard Stephenson, of Frederick County, was, on Washington's recommendation, appointed in March, 1776, colonel of the regiment of Virginia riflemen, but died shortly after his appointment.]
BULSKIN July 1st. 1767
SIR/
I am sorry it was not in my power to Come Down according to prommise my bisness Lay so ilconvenent that I Cold not Come which I hope your Honnour will Excuse me for not Comeing at that time and you may Depend upon my Comeing in two or three weeks at the Longest the man that Lives on the Cole Plantation be Low me is now down and is to Let me now when he returns what time Mr. Fairfax will be at home that I mant miss of him when I go Down -- mr Crawford desired me to Let you now that he had spoke to a woman to Spin for you but I do not think it is proper to send her before that he had an oppertunity to send som of her work to you that you mite see if she would sute you
... I am Sir your Humble St
... HUGH STEPHENSON
[Note 1: 1 Captain, afterwards Colonel, William Crawford was born in Virginia about 1722. He moved with his family to Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in 1766. Captain Crawford served under Washington all through the Forbes campaign of 1758; he also took an active part in "Dunmore's War" of 1774, and in 1776 entered the Revolutionary service as lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. As a surveyor also he held many positions of importance. In 1782 he commanded the expedition to Sandusky against the Ohio Indians, by whom he was taken prisoner, and tortured to death. His aid-de-camp on this occasion, Major John Rose (Baron Rosenthal), in a journal of the expedition, describes Colonel Crawford as "a man of Sixty and upwards. ... In his private Life, kind and exceedingly affectionate; in his military character, personally Brave, and patient of hardships. ... As a Commanding Officer, cool in danger, but not systematical. ... No military Genius & no man of Letters."]
Sepr. 29th. 67 by --
DR SIR/
I was favoured, with two Letters from you, one dated ye. 13th, and ye. other the 17th. instant2 --
[Note 2: 2 Washington's second letter was dated the 21st.]
I believe I can procure you What Land you want in Pensilvania, but cannot tell what Quantity they will allow in a survey, I shall inform my self they first Oppertunity -- I have bin through great part of the good Land on the North Side of the Monongahalia, as far up as the mouth of Cheet River, on both sids of Youchagania3 to the mouth and all its Branches on the western Side of the Mountains Chief part of the good Land is taken up between the two rivers when I cam down there was som un setled. yeat very good which I think would Please you, Few or none had settled over the Monongahalia, as they did not care to setle there for fear of Disturbing the Endians1 -- I have pitchd upon a fine peace of Land on a Camp called Shirtees2 Creek near the head about 25 Miles from Fort pitt, it Emtys into the Ohio about 5 miles below the fort on the south side, the Land Consist of Choice Bottems from a Quarter to half a mile wide, the up Land is as Lavel, as Comon for that Country to be Rich and well timberd. a good streem, fit for water works, there may be had one Tract about 2 or 3 thousand Acres or better, I beleve, where I was on the Creek, and I am told by the Endians it holds good Down to the mouth of the Creek, you may if you Please Joyne me in that, if no Person has taken it before I get out, the Chiefest Danger is from the Fort3 as I understand there has been some surveyors gone up Latly from Pensilvania in order to Run out some Land, but where or for home [whom] I now not
[Note 3: 3 Youghiogany.]
[Note 1: 1 All that portion of Pennsylvania west of the Alleghanies was then in possession of the Six Nations.]
[Note 2: 2 Chartier's.]
[Note 3: 3 Fort Pitt.]
I will get you what you want near my settlement if it should not be all taken up before I get out
I have hands now ingaged to work for me, and when I go out I shall Raise a Cabin and Clar som Land, on any Land I shall Like, or think will sute you -- I shall take a sett of Survayers instruments and Pitch upon a begining, and run round the [w]hole and slash down som bushes taking the several Corses which will inable you the better to make the Entry
As to the Land in the Kings sid[e] of the Line, there has been but few setled there yeat or was at Least when I cam down, as they Line Runs farther south of Pittsburgh than was ever amagened, the Line Croses Cheet River at McCulecks Landing, about 5 miles from the mouth, they have Run as far as monogahalia, but is stopt. there by the Endies ho1 I understand says the shall not Run any farther till they are paid for the Land, which will put a stop to the Lines. being Run till a Counsil is held, and they Result of that Known, but as to they Truth of it I Donot now, as it was only flying news, but I am Redy to think there may be som thing in it, as the Endiens are not payd. for the Land, The have told me that they cold not tell they Reason that Sir William Johnston Shold Ask them for Land to setle his poor People in, and then not pay them for it, nor alow they poor People, to setle on its som of them says they beleve som of the Great men in Philidelphia wants to take the Land them selves, but however be that as it will, it cannot be setled till the Line is Run, and then the Crown will know what Each has to pay the Endiens for, which would have bin done this fall if they are not stopt., There is no Liberty for setling in Pensilvania or that part soposed to be in Pensa. yeat, but I beleve there would as soon as the Line was Run, they Line if Run out would go over Monongahalia about 30 Miles, and where the North Line will Cross Ohio I do not now till I see the end of the west Line, and then I can com midling near to it, but I am apt to think it will Cross below Fort Pitt, that I shall be better able to satisfie you in my next Letter.1
[Note 1: 1 Indians who.]
[Note 1: 1 The boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland was surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, who came from England for that purpose. A few extracts from Mason's original journal may be of interest in showing the time involved (noting dates) in this then stupendous undertaking.
I com now to your next proposel in Regard to Looking out Land in the King part I shall heartily imbrass your Offer upon the Terms you proposed, and as soon as I get out, and my Afairs setled in Regard to the first Matter proposed, I shall set out in scharch of the Latter, as it may be don under a hunting sceem, which I intend befor you wrote me, and I had the same Sceem in my head but was at a loss how to Accomplish it, wanting a Person in home I cold confide, and one [w]hos[e] intrust cold answear my ends and there own, I have had serveral Offers, but have not agreed to any nor will I concearn with any but your self and home you think proper1
[Note 1: 1 "I offered in my last to join you, in attempting to secure some of the most valuable lands in the Kings part, which I think may be accomplished after a while, notwithstanding the proclamation [of 1763], that restrains it at present, and prohibits the settling of them at all; for I can never look upon that proclamation in any other light (but this I say between ourselves) than as a temporary expedient to quiet the minds of the Indians. It must fall, of course, in a few years, especially when those Indians consent to our occupying the lands. Any person, therefore, who neglects the present opportunity of hunting out good lands, and in some measure marking and distinguishing them for his own, in order to keep others from settling them, will never regain it." -- Washington to Crawford, September 21, 1767.]
There will be a Large body of Land on the south side of the west Line towards the heads of Monongahilia waters, and head watters of Green briar and new2 River but the Latter I am apt to think will be taken befor I can get to see it, as I understand there has bin some Gentlemen that way this summer Doctr Walker and som others but you can inform your self of there intentions
[Note 2: 2 Kanawha, which in the Indian language signifies "new."]
I shall Examine all the Creeks from the head of Monogahalia down to the Fort, and in the Forks of the River Ohio and New River, or as far as time wil allow me between this and Crismus, you may depend upon my Loosing no time, I will Let you know by all Oppertunitys What may hapen worthy your notis, and I should be glad of your advise by all oppertunitys
I think it would be adviseable to write to Colo. Armstrong the First opertunity -- I understand that he is one of the Survayers, and may have the office in Carlyle for all I [k]now, but I shall [k]now soon my self
You may depend upon my Keeping the hole as a profond secret,1 and Trust the Searhing out the Land to my own Care which shall be done as soon as posable, and when I have Completed the hole I shall wait on you at your own house wheare I shall be able to give you a more satisfactory account of what I have Transacted --
[Note 1: 1 "I recommend, that you keep this whole matter a secret, or trust it only to those, in whom you can confide, and who can assist you in bringing it to bear by their discoveries of land. This advice proceeds from severalvery good reasons, and, in the first place because I might be censured for the opinion I have givenin respect to the King's proclamation, and then, if the scheme I am now proposing to you were known, it might give the alarm to others, and, by putting them upon a plan of the same nature, before we could lay a proper foundation for success ourselves, set the different interests clashing, and, probably, in the end, overturn the whole." -- Washington to Crawford, Sept. 21, 1767.]
As to Nails and Compys2 Grant it was Laid on the fork of Monongahalia and Yochagania which if Pensilvania taks its Charter will take it at any Rate, they Ohio Company you are the best Judge your self what will be done in it, or wheare it will be Lade1 --
[Note 2: 2 Neale and Company.]
[Note 1: 1 The Ohio Company possessed a grant of five hundred thousand acres of land in this vicinity; it was, however, never surveyed.]
As I have a mind to Trade som with the Endiens and may be of advantage to me, in som Respect towards find[ing] out the best Land, as they Endiens is more oblidging to those ho Trade with them than others, and it would put me on an Equil footing with other Traders at fort pitt ho might want to take an advantage of me if I Trade without Lisences
Sir if it was not to much Trouble for you to procure them for me, if you would do it, it would greatly Oblidge me --
As to the particqualars of what you wrote I cannot satisfie you better at Present than I have but Everything else you may Depend upon time and my own industry to Comply with as soon as in my power, Sir Excuse any Eror that I may have comited --
... I am with Regard your very
... Hume. Sarvant
W. CRAWFORD2
[Note 2: 2 Between the Washington-Crawford Letters (edited by C. W. Butterfield), including quotations from them used as notes elsewhere, and the present publication, there are some discrepancies, as The Colonial Dames are publishing verbatim copies of original letters.]
NB there is nothing
to be feared from the
Maryland back Line
as it dos not go
over the Mountain3
[Note 3: 3 At this period, "the Maryland back line" was a subject of controversy between the provinces of Maryland and Virginia, depending upon the question of the location of the "first fountain of the Potomac," as the line was defined to be a meridian, extending from that point to the southern boundary line of Pennsylvania. The province of Virginia claimed all the territory west of the head of the south branch, while Maryland insisted that her territory extended as far west as the head of the north branch. As in neither case would it be beyond "the mountain," Crawford could, with propriety, declare there was "nothing to be feared from it." -- BUTTERFIELD.]
[Note 1: 1 Major-General John Armstrong was born in Ireland in 1720, and died at Carlisle, Pa., March 9, 1795. He emigrated to Pennsylvania between the years 1745 and 1748, and settled in the Kittatinny valley. He was by profession a surveyor, and in that capacity rendered many important services to the Colony. In 1756 he entered the military life as a private soldier, and steadily rose, until, on June 5, 1777, he was commissioned Major-General and Commander of the Pennsylvania troops. Previous to the Revolution he performed many important services in expeditions against the Indians. In November, 1778, he was elected a member of Congress. A fort erected at Kittanning in 1779 was named in his honor, and in 1800 a new county was designated Armstrong County. He was the father of General John Armstrong, Secretary of War under Madison.]
CARLISLE, 3d. Novembr. 1767 --
DEAR SIR
With particular pleasure I acknowledge the receit of your favour of the 21st. Septr. but know not when it may meet with a Safe conveyance, I shall detain the letter a little, and if none appear, shall risque it by the way of Winchester or Philda
Your Information that part of the Lands on the Yaughyaughgheny & Monongahela formerly conceived to lie within the bounds of yr. Governmt. is now likely to fall within the Limits of Pensylvania may I think prove very true; but that part of it that respects the making of Entries or issuing Grants at Carlisle, is entirely vauge & without foundation, that Office being alwaies restricted to Philadelphia & kept by the Proprietaries Secretary (at present James Tilghman Esqr.) who in extraordinary Cases consults the Governor & Board of Property -- wch. Board are only Assistants to the Governor he being Sole Commissioner of Property, nor is the Governor himself as yet by any means at Liberty to grant any Lands beyond the Aleghany Mountains until they are first purchas'd of the Six Nation Indians which purchase has been on foot for some time past & its said will be concluded by Sir Wm. Johnston this ensuing Spring or Summer, at which time 'tis also said Sir Wm. will make a Purchase on behalf of the Crown, of larger extent than the limits of Pensylvania, perhaps West of Virginia, but of this I have no certainty -- so that at present Sir, you may firmly depend that nothing cou'd be farther attempted than a distant or conditional application to Governor Penn for a Tract or two on them Waters when the Purchase shall be confirm'd, which done in your Polite manner & under good pretentions too, I'm persuaded cou'd give no Offense, nor easily fail of Success -- and if any Offices of mine either on the present or any other Occasion, may be of the least use I beg you wou'd freely command them, as they are now tendered and shall be chearfully employed as often as you shall give me leave. and perhaps on the first opportunity I have of going to Town I may take the Liberty of feeling his Honrs. Pulse at least assist the foundation for any application you may afterwards think proper to make
As to the mode of taking up or having Lands granted in our Province, it has been considerably loose -- the general intention of the Proprietaries has been a Competant Plantation of 2, or 300 acres to each Settler more especially since the Government became populous; but their Rule for various reasons has not been generally adher'd to, nor cou'd it well be, and however just in itself as a general guide, has been much eluded especially of late when the Artifice of borrowing Names, or taking Out Warrants & Orders of Survey in the Names of other People as tho' they were for their use & afterward procuring conveyances from those whose names they had made use of, has so much prevail'd yt. many & not the most deserving has ingross'd large quantities. this occasion'd some noise among the populace, has made the Governor and Agents very uneasy & indeed prevents the moderate gratification of many deserving persons to whom some distinction is due; for the cry is that we shall have no strong Settlements backward because of those ingrossers. In locating of Lands we generally describe the Spot as nearly as we can, and the Surveys are expected to be made as regular as the nature of the Land will any way admit, that is by a four lin'd figure in order to prevent Culling, but our Mountanious Country Seldom admits a regular Survey, and the discretion of the Surveyor must take place.
As to the expence of our Proprietary Land the terms are now somewhat different from what they have been, £15,,IOs. Currency consideration Money per hundred Acres & one halfpenny Sterling per Acre ground Rent per Annum, has formerly been the price, but latterly they have fix'd the Consideration money per hundred Acres only at £5 Sterling & the yearly Quit Rent is rais'd to One penny Sterling per Acre -- what the Next purchase beyond the Mountains may be I cannot tell but immagin it will be on the terms last described above, as landed people seldom come down Stairs, and indeed there are so many desirous of taking up lands, that they know very well that their terms will be comply'd with tho' so distant from trade & other conveniences of life. In regard to the line now running betwixt us and Mary-land -- it will very probably be establish'd, but that in my opinion, must at least be pronounc'd by the Commissioners on each Side the question, or perhaps be confirm'd by the Partys on the other Side the Atlantick before it be a final boundary to these provinces, and how far yt. consideration may happen to retard the grant of Lands near ye line may be questionable. I know a Certain Case depending near the line, where neither Province at present, seem willing to assume the Jurisdiction.1I'm sorry these Subjects had not happen'd to Occur when Hast the pleasure of seeing you -- but here permit a Single remark flowing from Old friendship, and it shall be on the infatuating Game of Card-playing, of which on thirty years observation I am not able to say so much good, as a witty person once did of what he Censur'd as a Culpable & extravagant piece of Dress that it cover'd a multitude of Sins; but that game always unfriendly to Society, turns conversation out of Doors, and curtails our opportunities to mutual good. I can easily presume on your good nature to forgive this piece of unfashionable freedom, and Believe me to be with great respect --
[Note 1: 1 Many perplexing questions arose at this time in consequence of the re-adjustment of the dividing line. William Edmiston wrote to Lord Baltimore in July, 1767: "In the year 1701 a large Quantity of Land was purchased of Mr. Penn by a Number of Adventurers, which was located to them in the Township of West Nottingham in the lower End of Chester County nearly adjoyning to what was then supposed to be the Boundary between the Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland; but as it appears by the late Settlement of the Line between the Two Provinces that great part of the Tract Purchased as afordsd of Mr. Penn falls within the Province of Maryland my humble request is that I may obtain from my Lord Baltimore a Patent for such Part of the sd. Land as I now Inherit from my Father, who was one of the Original Purchasers and which is part of what falls into the Province of Maryland as aforesaid."]
Dear Sir
... Your Most Obedt.
... And Most humbl. Servt.
... JOHN ARMSTRONG
P. S.
Mrs Armstrong and
myself beg you'll please
to present our best respects
to your Lady & also to yr. worthy
Neighbours, Coll. Fairfax & Lady.
we have both I hope been better'd
by the Warm Springs, except some
returns of the Rheumitism that
attend Mrs Armstrong, which I apprehend
is so constitutional yt. we
can scarcely expect a perfect cure.
... J. A.
20th. Decembr.
We have just recd. information that Genrl. Gage has wrote Governor Penn, that Sir Wm. Johnson apprehends the Indians will break out this ensuing Spring -- and that the Generals letter is conceiv'd in such terms as has mov'd the Governor to advise in Council whether the Assembly shou'd be call'd; but as they Sit early in Janry. the Governor has not issu'd a Summons -- May God avert such a Calamitous Scene, for shou'd it happen a third time so near together, Our Frontier People appear to be undone. Capt. Callendor has very lately recd. a letter from a Trader at ye. lower Shawna Town, who says that them Indians are at present very quiet, but express some fears of your Government 'tis also said that Mr. Croghan has lately had an amicable interview wth. various Tribes at Detroit. these last appear to be agst. Sir Wms. Intelligence.1
[Note 1: 1 In 1767--68, another savage war menaced the colonists on account of the dissatisfaction of the Indians in regard to the encroachments on their lands. At Sir William Johnson's suggestion, a great council was held at Fort Stanwix in the latter part of October, 1768, at which over two thousand Indians were present, besides the governors of several of the colonies. A treaty was here concluded on November 5, in which the Six Nations relinquished their claim to all the land within a boundary extending from near Lake Ontario, at the junction of Canada and Wood Creeks, to Owego on the Susquehanna, thence through Pennsylvania, Maryland, etc., to the mouth of the Tennessee. This was called the New Purchase.]
KINGSTON IN JAMAICA March 10th. 1768
MY DEAR SIR
In my last from London I gave you a detail of the various schemes I had form'd and of the great disappointments I had experienced in endeavouring to carry them into execution, I was at length appointed Comptroller of his Majesty's Customs in this place, an Office which I was inform'd was a very reputable one and worth at least a thousand Sterling per ann: the first part of the information I found Just, but I have the mortification to find that the value of my Office is by the opening the free Ports in this Island and by some late regulations in the Revenues diminished near a half: however even what I enjoy would in some Countries do very well for a Batchelor in my way but in this extravagant and very expensive place where all the necessaries and most of the conveniencies of Life are exorbitantly dear, it is barely sufficient to support me in a decent manner. I likewise informed you that your old Acquaintance and my very good Friend Mr. Macleane had directed me to desire you would Draw upon him at sixty days sight for the amount of the money you was generously pleas'd in the handsomest and most Friendly manner to advance to me, before I left N. America, for which and your invariable and polite attention to my welfare my heart will never cease to glow with the most lively ardour of the strongest Friendship and genuine gratitude, and allow me My dear Col to assure you with sacred truth that few things could yield me more pleasure than opportunities of evincing that these are the sincere sentiments of a heart that will ever love and esteem you, I likewise desired that you would please address your Bills for that Sum to Lauchlin Macleane Esqr. in Queen ann Street, Cavendish-Square London.
A few days after date of my last I embarked in the Ship Trent Capt. Gillis and had a Passage of 14 weeks from Gravesend -- our very tedious Passage was rendered doubly disagreeable, whilst in Northern Climates by a great deal of bad weather and on our getting to the Southd. by Calms not less alarming from the dreadfull consequences a continuance of them would inevitably have produced -- We stopt near two weeks at Madeira, an African Island peopled by and under the Dominion of Portugal, that Island is well known by its excellent Wines is in a most delightfull Climate where extremes of heat and cold are never felt, it is covered with an eternal verdure which runs up even to the summit of its immense high Mountains, which branch out into a variety of odd Figures that form many Vallies now converted into rich Vineyards which produce no less than twenty three different species of Grapes from which nineteen thousand Pipes of wine are annually made -- Citrons, Lemons, Oranges, Aples, Peaches and in short most of the Tropical and European Fruits grow there to perfection -- Its principal Town Fench Hall1stretches along a spacious Bay nearly in the form of a Crescent it is defended by a number of Forts & Batteries which the Portuguese think very formidable but in reality they are but trifling it contains near twenty thousand Inhabitants the whole number in the Island is eighty thousand Blacks included Their houses are quite white in the outside, in Town as well as on the many Plantations on the Face of the Mountains, the whole yields a prospect perfectly Romantic and as charming as the imagination can well conceive -- The British Factory chiefly composed of Scotch are about thirty Families and Live in the utmost harmony and socibility, they have Card and Dancing Assemblies, Parties to the Country, and they participate of every amusement that retired Mountanious place will admit of, By their frequent excursions to the Country and an emulation to excell, the Ladies ride their little Horses and Mules with a spirit and tranquility, precipes that the very sight of would strike an American or English Lady with terror, and amazement. The Portuguese Ladies do not associate with our Ladies nor even with their own Gentlemen, their Churches which are open every day are the only public places at which their rigorrious Customs permits them to appear, thither I sometimes went to gratify my curiosity and tho' they were generally filled, chiefly by Females, I did not see one fine Woman amongst them, some of them are tolerably genteel, severals have good Eyes and Teeth and they in general have very fine hair which they dress in a taste peculiarly pleasing -- A few days before I left that Island a man of war arrived from Lisbon with a new Governor, all the Men in the Island were ordered under Arms to receive him, they cut but an indifferent Figure and made very awkward regular Fires both from their Artillery and Musketry; The Govr. went immediately to the principal Fort, and his Lady to Church, she appears not above fifteen, was drest in a man's hat fiercely Cocked with a broad Gold Lace and her hair in a Bag with a Sollitaire, she was attended with an English and French Lady -- The next day the old Governr. embarked; a venerable looking man, he was double the usual time Govr. and went off poor, nor did he live splendidly but employed all his Money in acts of charity and humanity, he was attended to the waterside by all the Inhabitants of the Island the whole in Tears praying for his happiness, a sight as moving as uncommon especially in an Arbitrary Governmt.
[Note 1: 1 Funchal.]
As you must be tired with the very tedious length of this scrawl I defer saying anything about Jamaica till my next when I hope to be a little better qualified to write about it for at present my knowledge of it is superficial and imperfect -- I beg you will do me the honr. to present my respectfull Complements, in the warmest, most obliging and Affectionate terms to your Lady and believe me to be with the highest Esteem and most perfect Regard
... My Dear Colo.
... Your unalterably Affectionate &
... Most obliged hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
March 25th. 1768
DEAR SIR
I have only time to inform you, that I received your's at Frederick last Court, & have communicated the Contents to Mesrs. Madison & Lewis my Neighbours, they agree with me of the right of your demand of Mr. Strothers estate,1 & as soon as you fix the sum paid, you may Draw on me for our proportionable parts, Mesrs. Henry Tyler, Francis Tyler & John Frogg are the other person's who married Mr. Strothers daughters, I am with True esteem & respect
Dear sir
... Yr. most Obedt.hble Servt.
... GABRIEL JONES
Apl. 30th. 1768
DEAR SIR
Since I came from your House I have seen Colo. Bradston who has acquainted me that what passed between you and him self proceeded from his being unacquainted with my sircumstances in short we have made up all matters and as it may be opening the breach again to give fresh security to you I am desireous the Bond may stand as it is taking out the Interest for which I now send you fresh Bond which you may depend on my dischargeing when I receive my Money which will be due the 2d. day of November next for the Security of this last Bond I send you some notes of hands of Gentn. of distinguished fortune and merit -- I shall ever acknowledge the kind treatment I have reced. from you in your indulgence and am
... Dear Sir
... Your very obliged
... hble Sert.
... THOS ... MOORE
May 3d. 1768 Winchester
DEAR SIR
I acknowledged the receipt of yours of 25th. February & recommended it to ye. care of Colo. F. Lewis in hopes it might call meet you in your way to ye. Assembly in March, but whether it did I have not as yet learned & least a miscarriage should have happened, I write this to inform you of my acquainting Messrs. Lewis & Madison with your proposal of paying what you had advanced for ye. deficiency of ye. Land purchased from Mr. Strother Executor, they as well as my self do readily agree to advance our proportionable parts as soon as you let me know what it is --
... I am with much esteem & respect Dr Sir
... Yr. most Obedt.hble Servt.
... GABRIEL JONES
May 12. 1768
DEAR SIR
I am very sorry to fine the meathod I took to prevent your loosing any interest on the money I owe was not agreeable to you but as I am resolved not a farthing shall be lost for your kind indulgence to me I am willing to do any thing in my power you may think right If you think proper to let the Bond lay as it is till next Octr. Court you may then depend on great part of the money if not the whole and at any rate no interest shall be lost but if this way should not be agreable pray direct me and depend on my doing any thing in my power to comply with your desire -- As my money will not be due till the Octr. Court it will not be in my power to pay it sooner & therefore hope you will not run me to the Charge of a Suit, which will not answer any satisfactory end --
I am with my best complements to your Lady & with distinguished regard to your self Dear Sir
... Your Obt. hble Set.
... THOS. MOORE
[Note 1: 1 Jonathan Boucher was born in England, March 12, 1738. In early youth he came to America as tutor to the sons of a Virginia planter, and in 1762 entered the Anglican ministry. He seems, however, to have had an especial fondness for his early profession, as he continued to practice it after taking orders, and carried on a boarding-school of from thirty to forty boys. John Parke Custis became his pupil in 1768, at fourteen years of age, and remained under his charge for several years. Dr. Boucher was an avowed loyalist, and so offensive were his tenets to the colonists that in 1775 he was obliged to return to England, where he was appointed vicar of Epsom. He died there April 27, 1804.]
CAROLINE, June 13th. 1768.
SIR
I think myself much obliged to You for the flattering Preference given Me, in thinking Me a proper person to undertake the Direction of Master Custis's Education. And I will not hesitate to confess to You, that it wou'd mortify Me not a little to be deprived of so acceptable an Opportunity of obtaining some Credit to myself: which I flatter myself there wou'd be no Danger of, from so promising a Youth. -- Yet I am under a Necessity of informing You of a Circumstance in my affairs which may probably lead You to look out for another Tutor for your Ward. -- Preferments in the Church in Virginia are so extremely scanty, that I have for some time been endeavouring to establish an Interest in Maryland, where, I doubt not but You know, the Livings are much better. I happened to be in Annapolis, chiefly upon this Business, at the Time your Letter reach'd this Place: and tho' I have already met with two Disappointments, yet, I have received fresh Promises that I shall now soon be provided for. If This happens at all, as I have all ye Reason in ye World to believe that it will, the Parish I expect is That of Annaps., where also I propose to continue superintending the Education of a few Boys.
Now, Sir, it will be necessary for You to consider, whether in Case such a Change shd. take Place, it wd. be agreeable to You that Mastr. Custis shou'd accompany Me thither: for, otherwise I can hardly suppose You will think it worth his While to come down hither, probably, for a few Months only. For my Part, I cannot help imagining that You will think Annaps. a more eligible Situation, as it is, I believe, rather more convenient to You, & a Post Town from whence You might have Letters, if necessary, every Week to Alexandria. But This is a matter on which You alone ought to judge, & in which perhaps it becomes not Me to give my Opinion. All I have to add, is, that shd. You resolve, at all Events, to trust the young Gentleman to my Care, either Here or in Maryland, I will exert my best Endeavours to render him worthy of Yours, & his Family's Expectations. And as He is now, as You justly observe, losing Time, wou'd it be amiss to send Him down immediately, if it were only upon Tryal, as I presume He has never yet been remov'd from under the Wing of his Parents: You will then, from his own Reports of Me, & my Management of my Pupils, be better able to judge of the Propriety of continuing Him with Me. And tho' it be usual for Boys to find their own Beds, in this Case, that wou'd be unnecessary: I will furnish Him for the little Time He will have to stay before I know what my Destiny is to be. As to Terms &c, these may be settted hereafter: all I shall now say of Them is, that, from what I have heard of Collo. Washington's Character, They are such as I am well convinc'd He will not think unreasonable.
I have been under much Concern that it was not sooner in my Power to acknowledge the Rect. of yr. obliging Letter: this is forwarded by a Servt. of Mr. Addison's, whom I have requested to send it over to Alexandria, by wc. means I hope You will receive it sooner than by Post.
... I am, very respectfully, Sir,
... Yr. most Obedient, &
... most Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
CAROLINE June 16th. 1768
SIR
Altho' I have already return'd an Answr to yr. obliging Letter of the 30th. Ult: by a Servt. of the Revd. Mr. Addison's who went from hence a Day or two ago, yet as You seem'd desirous to hear from Me as soon as possible, & as Collo. Lewis now informs Me that He can furnish Me with an Oppty. directly to your House, I am desirous to convince You, that I have not been inattentive to the Matter of yr. Request. In my former Lr., I have inform'd You of my Expectations of removing shortly to Annaps., where I propose also to continue to take Care of a few Boys, & have left it to Yrself to judge whether, in that Case, it wou'd be agreeable to You & Mrs. Washington, that Mastr. Custis shd. accompany Me thither, as, unless He shou'd, I imagin'd You wou'd hardly think it worth while to send Him abroad to a School, wc. may probably be broke up in a very few Months. I added also, that shd. You approve of This, I shou'd be glad He might come down hither, in the manner You have propos'd, immediately; which, I suppose, He may easily do, as there will be no Occasion for his making much Preparation; since, if I shd. be so unfortunate as to be again disappointed in Maryland, & be obliged to remain still where I now am, it will be as easy for You hereafter to furnish Him wth. any thing He may happen to want: and in the mean Time, it will be no Inconvenience to Me to let Him use one of my Beds &c -- And This is all, or nearly all, I yet have it in my Power to give You for Ansr.: I sincerely wish the Uncertainty of my present Prospects wou'd allow Me to speak more positively.
Ever since I have heard of Mastr. Custis, I have wish'd to call Him one of my little Flock; and I am not asham'd to confess to You, that, since the Rect. of yr. Letter, I have wish'd it much more. Engag'd as I have now been for upwards of seven Years in the Education of Youth, You will own it must be mortifying to Me to reflect, that I cannot boast of having had the Honr. to bring up one Scholar. I have had, 'tis true, Youths, whose Fortunes, Inclinations & Capacities all gave Me Room for ye most pleasing Hopes: yet I know not how it is, no sooner do They arrive at that Period of Life when They might be expected more successfully to apply to their Studies, than They either marry, or are remov'd from School on some, perhaps even still, less justifiable Motive. You, Sr. however, seem so justly sensible of ye. vast Importance of a good Education that I cannot doubt of your heartily concurring in every Plan that might be propos'd for ye Advantage of yr. Ward: And what I am more particularly pleased with; is, the ardent Desire You express for ye. Cultivan. of his moral, as well as his intellectual Powers, I mean that He may be made a Good, as well as learned & a sensible Man. That Mastr. Custis may be both, is the Sincere Wish of
... Sir,
... Yr. most Obedt. &
... most Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
DUMFRIES 3d. July 1768 --
SIR
I recd. yr. favor of the 28th June, which I showed to Mrs. Savage, after some little consideration she again repeatedly assured me that as her desire to revoke the Bond was perfectly voluntary, that she wou'd take every method which you & Mr Fairfax cou'd possibly desire to convince you both that it was so & also make you perfectly secure in Joining her to relinquish the Bond -- It gives me some uneasiness for fear you shou'd think that I am in the least Urgent in this affair -- But this uneasiness is much lessened upon in my full satisfaction that you wd. find upon the strictest Enquiry that this is quite a Voluntary step in Mrs. Savage, with these sentiments I think Sir I might stand excused in avoiding payment particularly as Mrs. Savage has in as effectual a manner as she cou'd without the concurrence of her Trustees revoked her Right -- But when I reflect that it is very unreasonable that either You or Mr. Fairfax shoud receive the least trouble that cou'd be avoided in a Trust which you both have undertaken to serve Mrs. Savage, I am almost decided & that whatever Reason's you may have against Joining her Revocation of the Bond must be also to serve her I am almost induced to forego any immediate advantage & [obliterated] offer any inconvency. that may attend the Refusal of Her Voluntary offer -- But still I flatter myself that you & Mr. Fairfax will upon further Reflection think with me (& in this case I think I think I have perfectly devested myself of any kind of prejudice in Judging of it) that when the Person for whose sole Benefit & Advantage a Trust was Created has a desire to Renounce or Revoke the same that it is to be Reasonably expected the Trustees can have no sort of objection -- In the mean time I acknowledge the Justness of the demand of £100 payable last January & shall take some speedy opportunity to make payment I am
... Sir very Respectfully
... Yr most obedt Servt
... WM. SAVAGE
CAROLINE, July 15th. 1768
DEAR SIR,
I have just Time to put a Cover over The Inclosed, and to add to the Informans. I suppose Mastr. Custis himself has given You, that He has enjoyed perfect Health ever since You left Him, exceptg. two or three Days that He complained of a Pain in his Stomach, which I at first took for the Cholic, but since think it more likely that it might be owing to Worms. As it easily went off, by two or three Medicines I gave Him, and as He has had no Returns, I did not think it necessary to consult Dr. Mercer; which however I shall immediately do, if You desire it.
You will oblige Us by looking into yr. Books for a Work of Cicero's, De offices, or his Familiar Epistles. & [mutilated] Livy: & sending Them down by ye first Opportunity that offers.
Be so obliging to Me as to excuse the shortness of this Letter, it shall not be Long, ere I will write to You more fully -- The Messenger, who is to carry This to ye. office now waits for Me.
... I am, very respectfully
... Yr. most Obedt. Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
ALEXANDRIA July the 20th. 1768 --
DEAR SIR
I have received your favor of the 20th. and am the more confirmed in the Opinion I had of Doctor Savage's being fully persuaded that his Wife really & sincerely desires the Relinquishment of the Bond, and therefore am not at all surprised that he should in such case desire it also. The Week before the last she sent to me desiring that I would make a demand for the money, and also that I would make meet her at Greenhill, and by the return of the Messenger I wrote to Mr. Savage & in plain terms told him that his Wife was averse to the giving up the Bond, and that I informed him of it to save him any further trouble about it, and yt. I might not be under any Necessity of giving another Refusal; at the same time making a Demand for the Money due. When I met her on Thursday last she shewed me my Letter to the Dr. and told me it had given her vast uneasiness, and gave me to understand that she was notwithstanding to ask me again for the Bond at that meeting; which must certainly in my opinion be her own proposal to him. I told her I wished the Bond was given up, being heartily tired of it, and again begged of her to be frank & candidly own her Sentiments, which she seemed to promise; but in the manner in which she proposed to declare her Sentiments, convinces me that she will not own her real Inclination, and moreover makes me doubtful whether she will not deny that she ever expressed her Desire to keep the Bond -- I see nothing to blame in him about it, for it is very reasonable that he should join with her Desire to obtain it, but from some circumstances I am apt to think he looks upon me as interested, and for that reason if you have no Objection I should be glad if you would also satisfie him with regard to her real Inclination that we may be no more plagued about it. Upon proviso however that you believe with me that she is in no fear of her Life, which is the only thing which can excuse her present Conduct.
I shall be very glad of your Company at Towlston when it is convenient to spend three or four days or more -- I can't say my hounds are good enough to justifie an Invitation to hunt, but out of that Regard I have always entertained & which I perceive encreases with Time I shall be extremely glad of your Company and we may then partake of that diversion or not as it may seem agreeable; in the former Case a change of dress would be very necessary. I shall be at home from the Ist. of August 'till our Court except the Monday & tuesday of Loudon Court, and if in that time it should be convenient & you should have an Opportunity of seeing Doctor Romney or any other you choose to attend you No one will be more proud of your Company than
... sir ... Yr. most obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
TOWLSTON July the 30th. 1768 --
DEAR SIR
Since I wrote to you last I have reced a Letter from Dr. Savage wherein he says that his Wife acknowledges that she had once in a discontented Mood expressed a Dislike to parting with the Bond, but that she had fully convinced me at our last meeting of her earnest desire to relinquish it: At the same time Mrs. Savage also wrote to me begging a thousand pardons of you & me for the trouble she had given us, and mentions her Intention of going to Ireland immediately, and desires the Bond may be given up. I am to acknowledge your favor of the 25th: and entirely agree with you in Sentiments -- I have thought proper to mention the contents of the two last Letters, tho' I don't know that it can make any Alteration in our proceedings to obtain the Sum due.
... I remain
... Dr. Sir
... Your most obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
St. MARY'S August 2d. 1768.
SIR
I do not recollect that Mastr. Custis has had any Return of ye. Pain in his Stomach which I told You I suspected to be occasioned by Worms: but as it is but too probable that He may have a little of the Ague & Fever in This or ye. next Month, this Complaint, it is not unlikely, may return; and if it does, in any considerable degree, Dr. Mercer shall be consulted.
Mastr. Custis is a Boy of so exceedingly mild & meek a Temper, that I meant no more by my Fears, than a Doubt that possibly He might be made uneasy by ye. rougher Manners of some of his School fellows. I am pleas'd, however, to find that He seems to be perfectly easy & happy in his new Situation; and as the first Shock is now over, I doubt not but He will continue so. You know how much the Question has been agitated between ye. Advantages of a private & a public Educatn.: & this young G--man has afforded Me Occasion to reflect upon it rather more than I had done before. His Educatn. hitherto may be call'd a private one; & to This perhaps chiefly, He owes that peculiar Innocence & Sanctity of Manners wc. are so amiable in Him: but then, is He not, think You, more artless, more unskill'd in a necessary Address, than He ought to be, 'ere He is turned out into a World like This? In a private Seminary his Passions cou'd be seldom aroused: He had few or no Competitors, and therefore cou'd not so advantageously, as in a more public Place, be inured to combat those little oppositions & Collisions of Interest, wc. resemble in Miniature the Contests yt. happen in ye. grt. School of ye. World. And let our Circumstances in ye. World be what They will, yet, considering the thousand unavoidable Troubles that human Nature is Heir to, This is a part of Educatn. tho' seldom attended to, wc. I think of more Importance than almost all ye. Rest. When Children are taught betimes to bear Misfortunes & cross Accidents wth. becomg. Fortitude, one half of ye. Evils of Life, wth. wc. others are dejected, afflict not Them. Educatn. is too generally considered merely as yr. Acquisin. of Knowledge, & ye. Cultivan. of ye. intellectual Powers: And agreeably to this Notion, wn. We speak of a Man well-educated, We seldom mean more than that He has been well instructed in those Languages wc. are ye. Avenues to Knowledge. But surely, this is but a partial & imperfect Acct. of it: & ye. Aim of Educatn. shd. be not only to form wise but good Men, not only to cultivate ye. Understanding, but to expand ye. Heart, to meliorate ye. Temper, & fix ye. gen'rous Purpose in ye. glowing Breast. But whether This can best be Done, in a private or public School, is a Point, on wc. so much may be said on both Sides, that I confess myself still undetermined. Yr. Son came to Me teeming wth. all ye. softer Virtues: but then I thought, possess'd as He was of all ye. Harmlessness of ye. Dove, He still wanted some of ye. Wisdom of ye. Serpent: And This, by ye. Oeconomy of my Family he will undoubtedly sooner acquire than at Home. But then, how will You forgive Me shd. I suffer Him to lose in Gentleness, Simplicity, & Inoffensiveness, as much as He gains in Address, Prudence, & Resolun.? And I must assure You fm. Experience, that This is a Dilemma by no means so Easily avoided in Practice, as it may seem to be in Theory. Upon the Whole, however, I can honestly give it as my Opinion, (& as it must give You & Mrs. Washington much comfort & Pleasure to hear it I hope You will not suspect yt. I wd. be so mean as to say so, if I did not think so) that I have not seen a Youth that I think promises fairer to be a good & useful Man than John Custis! 'Tis true, he is far fm. being a brilliant Genius, but This so far from being considered as a Reflection upon Him, ought rather to give You pleasure. Parents are generally partial to grt. Vivacity & Springhtliness of Genius in thr. Children; whereas I think, that there cannot be a Symptom less expressive of future Judgement & Solidity: as it seems thoroughly to preclude not only Depth of Penetran. but yt. Attenn. & Applican. wc. are so essentially requisite in ye. Acquisin. of Knowledge. It is, if I may use ye. Simile of a Poet, a busy Bee, whose whole Time passes away in mere Flight fm. Flower to Flower, witht. restg. upon Any a sufft. Time to gather Honey.
He will Himself inform You of ye. Accident He lately met with; and as He seems to be very apprehensive of yr. Displeasure, cd. I suppose it necessary, I wd. urge You & his Mamma to spare Rebukes, as much as He certainly deserves Them. Mrs. Washington may believe Me that He is now perfectly well. He seemed to expect Me to employ a Doctr., but as He met wth. ye. Accident by his own indiscren., & as I saw there was no Danger, I thought it not amiss not to indulge Him. The calling in a Physician upon every trifling Occasion, I think, is too likely to render Children needlessly timorous & Cowardly.
I did not misunderstand ye. Meaning of yr. Request,1 in ye. Matter wherein You suspect I possibly might; being persuaded that You know as well as I do, that such pr.ticular Attention is not only unnecessary, but impracticable. He will probably inherit a much more considerable Fortune, than any other Boy here; and I thought it by no means an improper or unreasonable Request that a pr.ticular Attenn. shd. be bestowed on a Youth of his Expectan. But as any Partiality to Him in ye. trifling Circumstances of his Diet, or other Accommodans. wd. be rather disservicable than otherwise, I have taught Him not to expect it. The only pr.ticular Attenn. You cd. wish for, I also think Him entitled to; & that is, a more vigilant Attenn. to ye. Propriety & Decorum of his Behavr., & ye. restraing. Him fm. many Indulgences, wc. I shd. willingly allow pr.haps to anor. Boy, whose Prospects in Life do not require such exalted Sentemts. yt. allowg. Him more frequently to sit in my Company, & being more careful of ye. Company of Those, who might probably debase or taint his Morals. -- Had I my Choice, believe me, it wd. be more agreeable to Me to superintend ye. Educatn. of two or three promisg. Lads, than to lead a Life of ye. most voluptuous Indolence: but the Truth is, oblig'd as I was to engage in it by Necessity, & not by Choice, I have often found myself so ill requited, & ye. office itself considered as so low, & so often taken up by ye. very lowest Fellows one knows of, that after having laboured in it for upwards of seven Years, witht. havg. added much either to my Fortune or Reputation, I am almost resolv'd to drop it entirely. Yet, whilst it continues to be agreeable to You to let Mastr. Custis remain wth. Me, it will be a Pleasure to Me to have ye. Managemt. of Him, nor can I indeed come to any decisive Resolun. as to ye. other Matter, till I know more certainly ye. Fate of my Expectans. in Maryland.
[Note 1: 1 That Doctor Boucher might give to his (Washington's) ward a "peculiar care," "as he is a promising boy, the last of his family, and will inherit a large fortune."]
Be so obliging as to find some speedy & safe Conveyance for a Lr. to Mr. Addison, wc. I take ye. Liberty of recommendg. to yr. pr.ticular Care, as it might be of much Detriment to Me, shd. it fall into ill Hands as has been ye. Case once before.
I beg Pardon for this very tedious Letter, wc. I have taxed You wth. ye. Perusal of, and, wth. Mine & my Sister's Compts. to Mrs. Washington
... I am, Sr.
... Yr. most Obedt. & most
... Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER.
CAROLINE Sept. 5th. 1768
DR SIR
I am much concern'd for Mastr. Custis's Indisposition, wc. yet I foresaw, & shd. have told You so, as I did Him, had I not been unwell at ye. Time He left Us. He is fond of Fruit, &, wt. is worse for Him, He is fond of Cucumbers; & to These, I doubt not, in a grt. Measure, He owes his bilious Complaints. A better Air, & stricter Attention, I trust, will soon restore Him to his former Health.
I did intend to have dismiss'd my Boys a Week ago; but thr. Parents & Friends havg. neglected to send for Them, Many of Them have had, & still have this vile Disorder. And both my Sister & Usher are also down in it, I see no Chance I have of quitting ye. Place durg. ye. sickly Season, wc. was my chief aim. Thank God, the Fevers are not very obstinate this Year, & easily give Way to Vomits & Bark.
Unless You hear from Me again, I shall be glad to see Jack here agn. abt. ye. latter End of this Month, if his Health will then permit Him: & I hardly expect He will be in a Capacity to leave Home much sooner. Then, I hope, He may come without Danger. Mr. Addison is expected here every Day, who will probably either come or return Your Way.
I beg my Compts to Mrs. Washington, & her Son, & am
... Yr. most obedt. Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
SPRINGGARDIN1 Jany. 7th. 1769
[Note 1: 1 Spring Garden was one of the names by which Crawford designated his home upon the Youghiogheny. -- BUTTERFIELD.]
DR. SIR/
By V Crawford2 Receved your Letter dated Novr 13th and inclosed twenty pounds Pensilvania mony I wrot you by Mr Harison,1 he told me he gave Mrs Washington my Letter but you was not at home
[Note 2: 2 Valentine Crawford, brother of William.]
[Note 1: 1 Lawrence Harrison, Captain Crawford's son-in-law.]
At my Return from Fredrick over the mountain, the Survayor was Runing Land out for such as was Redy to pay him, Emedatly I got him to Run out your Land, have done it as if for my self taking all the good Land and Leveing all that was sory only som Joyning the Mill Seat
It came out in Locations as other Land -- but was all Run out in one body but the survayor will be paid for Every 300 Acres notwith standing he run the hole in one body, he says it is the Rule of the Office, there is in Each Survay 332 and 333 Acres so I had good Meashure.
The Land you was to have to My Brother John Stephenson2 when the survayor come was Located, he Lost all that is good without he can Purches the man's Right which he intends to do if he can, but I dout it as People from Pensilvania hold Land High You mentioned the Lins of the Colonys being Extended soon or at Least such a plan was on foot and that they officers would Obtain there Lands Agreeable to his Majesties Proclamation.3
[Note 2: 2 A half-brother of Crawford. He had five half-brothers, sons of Richard Stephenson: John, Hugh, Richard, James, and Marcus. -- BUTTERFIELD.]
[Note 3: 3 Of 1763. See Hening, vol. vii. p. 666.]
I am at a Looss where they will Lay it of[f] as they Land to the Southard of Penns Line is very Sory Except in som spots unlass it is Layd of as you in a Letter before wrot me
I have not bin Down on any Part of the Little Conaway1 but has Conversed with Numbers that has bin from from the head to the Mouth ho tells me there is no Large bodys of Good Land on it is Chiefly mountains and brooken Land with hear and there a peace of very good Land.
[Note 1: 1 Kanawha.]
In a few days I intend of Monongahalia to Run out som Land there which Draft I shall bring Down with [me] to your house About the first of Feby. or Midle, I should have gone before but was stopt by the Road as I had it to finish
I have found out a peace or two More of good Land in Pens Line which you may have I have taken them good for you, if you Chuse them I cold have taken more if I had thought they Quitrents would have bin Lesend as it is from a pany to a half pany an Acre
As soon as I return from down up the River I am to go over Monongahalia to Look at som Land two men has found on a Creek Calld. Ten Mile Creek and if I Like the Land you shall have any of it you may Like I shall be better able to satisfie you when I see you Sir I am your most Huml. Sarvt.
... W CRAWFORD
N B by the Commanding Officer at Fort pitt there is a Negro woman sent me ho was taken2 from a place Calld. Drapers Medows then they property of one Majr Winston ho is since Dead there was at first 22 taken in all from him but sevaral got away and got to there Master again
[Note 2: 2 By the Indians during Pontiac's war of 1763--64?]
I understand the Colony paid for them if so she now belongs to the Colony1
[Note 1: 1 Virginia.]
If it is not to much Trouble for you I should be oblidged to you to inquire and find out the Truth of the Matter and you to Purches her of the Colony for me Provided they would wait any time for the money it would be doing me a great favour
There is three more I belive I can get from the Nation2 with som Trouble, they wench I have Run away from them & Cam to Fort pitt
[Note 2: 2 Six Nations.]
I am afraid there is som on the scent [of] bying her alredy
... WC--
FREDERICKSBG. 11th. Janry. 1769
DEAR SIR
I have been much concerned that it has not been in my Power to spend a few Days at Mount Vernon, as I hop'd I should. A very painful Disorder I labour'd under when Mastr. Custis left Me, confin'd Me to my Bed a Fortnight, and now it is too late to set out, when I expect all my little Flock to return immediately, as Some of Them already are. You will please therefore to let Mastr. Custis know, that it will be to no Purpose for Him now to wait for Me, as We proposed when We parted; & that I shall expect to see Him at St. Mary's as soon as ever a good Day or two may tempt Him to set out.
If Mr. Magowan be still with You, be so good as to enquire, if He recd. a Lr. Fm. Me abt. a Month ago : The Parish in Louisa I mentioned to Him is still vacant, tho' warmly sollicited for by his Fellow Candidate Mr. Coutts, & others.
... I am, very respectfully,
... Yr. most Obedt. Hble servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
KINGSTON IN JAMAICA Janry. 25th. 1769
MY DEAR COLO.
I was some weeks out of Town for the benefit of my Health, which I seldom enjoy here, on my return to this place I had the immense pleasure to receive both your Affectionate and most acceptable Favors of the 5th. August via Barbados and of the Ist. Novemr under Cover from my Friend Mr Jameison from Norfolk, breathing those Sentiments of real Friendship which I have on all occasions had the happiness to experience by which I think myself greatly hond. and which I will ever deem one of the most happy and valueable acquisitions I made in Life, the kind manner in which you are pleased to enter into my present situation and the fears you apprehend on my accot. from the nature of this Climate at once evince the warmth of your regard and the rectitude of your opinion, which from a great variety of instances in the course of that agreeable part of my Life in which I had the honor and very great satisfaction to Serve under your Orders I ever found supported by those powerfull reasons that are the certain marks of real Genius and a solid Judgement which seldom unite in one person; The Physician who I have chiefly employ'd in this Island (where I in general have been Sick and at best rather enjoy the absence of pain than good Health) has given it as his opinion that a perfect Recovery from my Bilious Disorder with which I am so much afflicted is not to be hoped for but in a Cold Climate, I have therefore resolved to embark for England the first good oppory. after the vernal Equinox and tho my Constitution is much injured I have hopes given me that my native air exercise and a proper Regimen will in time effect the re:establishment of my Health, the deprivation of which in a great measure destroys the relish of most other enjoymts. you see by my dwelling so long upon this disagreeable Subject how much an Invalid I am -- I sometime ago wrote for leave to appoint a Depy. but should it not come in Time the Governor can on such an emergency grant 12 Months leave of absence and for that time appoint a Depy. who I hope to get confirm'd in London in which event I shall be able to save more from the part I shall receive than from the whole Emoluments of my Office if I continue in this very expensive & to me disagreeable place, whenever I get my Affairs settled in London I propose to return either to the Highlands of Scotland or to the South of France as the Physicians shall direct till I can recover my Health and get clear of the heavy Burthen my long and very expensive attendance unavoidably brought me under, this I hope to accomplish in about four years and then I flatter myself with the pleasing hope of passing the Eveng. of my Life with some degree of independence & comfort in that dear Country called Old England which I must confess I would prefer to all others -- I observe with the utmost Gratitude that you have Drawn only for the Principal of the Money you was generously Pleased to advance for me! I really want words to convey the Ideas of what I feel on this Noble Act and fresh mark of your uncommon Friendship, I pray Heaven may one day or other enable me to demonstrate by actions what words can so imperfectly express in the mean time accept my dear Friend of my most Gratefull Thanks --
The accots. you indulge me with of some of the Officers of the Virginia Regiment are very pleasing, I often think of that Corps who ow'd it's distinguished Character to your Military Talents with uncommon satisfaction tho blended with much regret from the situation of many of its brave Officers, who certainly have not been rewarded in any degree adequate to their Merit and uncommon Sufferings, I think without vanity we can assert that there never was and very probably never will be such another Provincial Regemt. I am truely glad that honest Weedon1 (for whom I have a great regard) is well and still maintains the same happy flow of Spirits and Joyous turn for which he was always remark'd what is become of your Secretary Mr. Kirkpatrick whose lively Conversation and very Elegant Letters have so often made me happy? I see Mercer is appointed Lt. Govr of No. Carolina but I do not yet learn whether it's intended as a real advantage or a mere Feather -- I observe with great pleasure that you prosecute your great and arduous undertaking on the Dismal Swamp, I most sincerely wish that your most sanguine hopes may be fully gratified which would produce the most desirable end of encreasing that Fortune which you so highly deserve & at the same time shew the Colonists what enterprise & perseverance can effect -- The discontents and heartburnings which were some time ago rekindled in the Continental Colonies and were once likely to be productive of very serious consequences gave me great uneasiness, But as that Subject has been so much and so often handled by the most masterly pens it would be extreme presumption in me to say anything upon it, especially to so excellent a Judge who is so immediatly interested as you are, I hope and very earnestly wish that Parliament may hit upon some expedient that will put all right again.
[Note 1: 1 General George Weedon, of the Continental Army.]
I am astonish'd how my Letters to you from London could have miscarried I generally sent Jack (your old Courier) who still lives with me to the Virginia Coffee House with them, for I very seldom went into the City which I hate, and Mercer can tell you how often I lamented the great misfortune of not hearing from you, tho' by incessant enquires I frequently had the great pleasure to hear of you. To recapitulate the various Planns I form'd to continue a Soldier and the infinite pains I took at different times to get into the Service of the East India Compy., of Portugal and at length of even Russia, the numberless incidents that concurr'd at different Periods to thwart my views and to destroy sometimes the fairest Prospects would fill a large Vol : that even to you who is pleased to interest yourself in so Friendly a manner would prove insupportably tedious and insipid, however as you shew an inclination to be inform'd how I was disappointed in my Expedition to the Island of St. John Please know that after reiterated applications, after the strongest assurances of Success, either a change of Ministers or Measures for in the course of our attendance there was no less than five different Lords presided at the Board of Trade constantly blasted our hopes for upwards of three years, in which time however the Island was Survey'd and laid off in Lots of Twenty thousand Acres each, a magnificent Plan of the whole on which each Lot was mark't & Numd. was sent by the Surveyor General to the above Board, and the Council at length determin'd that the Lots should be Drawn for by the different Memorialists at the Board of Trade & in presence of the Lords of that Board by way of Lottery, however they added so great a number to the original Claimts., that very few got more than half a Lot and some not 1/10th. -- Capt. Allanby late of the Navy a Gentleman of considerable Landed Property in the N. of England1 and I had the good Fortune to Draw one of the best Lots between us, lying on the principal Harbour, he, his Lady and Family goes over there next Spring, but I dread that my inability of settling my ten thousand Acres, and pressing demands to pay off old Scores will force me to Sell it for a trifle, the great number that were by Ministerial Interest admitted without any just claim disgusted several of Rank & Fortune for whom I was to have acted and made them relinquish their pretensions -- I am one of those Officers who have commenced a Suit against the Great Rhansler of New York for a considerable part of his Estate in that Province,1 where I understand it is given against us, which indeed we expected, but make no doubt of its being given in our favour by the King & Council, I was very active in this affair (in the course of which three Changes happen'd in Administration) however we with infinite pains got it passed the Board of Trade and afterwards the Council and at length got the Lords of the Treasury to agree that the Suit should be carried on at the Expence of the Crown a point of vast importance to half Pay Officers who had to Cope with a Man of vast Estate, which he and his Fore Fathers have long possess'd, We likewise obtain'd a Royal Instruction to the Govr. & Attorney Genl. of new York to prosecute the Suit with vigour & in the event of its being given against us to appeal forthwith, But procurings the Surveys, Copies of all the different Grants, Vouchers &ca. likewise defraying the Expences of the Officers employ'd in that Service and an infinite detail of Contingences cost a great deal of Money each pays according to his Rank I pay as Lt. Colo. and consequently in case of Success will receive five thousand Acres, My Rank tho' well known to be in your Regemt. (I carefully avoided calling it a Provincial Corps) was never in the least objected to, either by any of those Great Boards nor by any of the Officers adventurers in this uncommon undertaking, the Lands are situated on the Banks of the River Hudson between the Cities of N York & Albany, and a great part of them highly cultivated -- I have been often told in London that I was Virginia mad, I fear you will begin to think that I am become Land mad, but even should we miscarry which is exceedingly improbable I will in a few years get over it, and in case of Success I shall soon be reliev'd from my present Difficulties --
[Note 1: 1 I find no mention of Captain Allanby in Burke's Landed Gentry.]
[Note 1: 1 ... NEW YORK 11th. October 1764.
MY LORDS
Captain John Campbell late of his Majesty's 42d. Regiment and several other Reduced officers of his Majesty's army, have presented Petitions to me, in consequence of the Royal Proclamation of the 7th. of October 1763, Praying a Grant of Lands which lye within the pretended Bounds of a large Tract of Land claimed by one Renslaer. When the Petitions were laid before his Majestys Council, they were of opinion that it did not appear with sufficient clearness that the Lands were vacant, for them to advise me to grant them to the Petitioners. The officers resolved to abide in the suit they had commenced, & to carry their application to his Majesty, and at their desire, I inform your Lordships that I have seen the state of the Case which they have got drawn up by Mr. Kemp, the Kings Attorney General for this Province, which may be depended on.
I imagine One single Observation will set the dispute in a clear light before your Lordships.
Ranslaers Indian Purchase & Pattent extends from Hudsons River to a place call'd Wawaniaquasick which is therein said to be 24 miles from the River, Wawanioquasick is a heap of stones erected by the [Indians] as a Monument of some Memorable Event, & has been known by the Christians from the date of Mr. Ranslaers Purchase down to the present time but is only nine Miles & three quarters from Hudsons River. It cannot be supposed that the Indians at that early Day, had any notion of English Miles, and even the Christians in computing distances thro' Woods, obstructed by Morasses Hills & Rivers have often supposed the distance double of what it was found to be when measured.
The Place & distance mention'd cannot both stand in construing the bounds given to this Tract; the Place is most certain, & by leaving out the Distance mentioned (24 Miles) and keeping to Wawaniaquasick, the Tract is clearly & distinctly bounded on all sides; whereas if we go beyond Wawaniaquasick, to the end of 24 Miles, no bounds are given for one very extensive side of the Tract, and that which Renslaer assumes gives him 170,000 acres. I am, my Lords, &c. (Governor Colder to the Board of Trade and Plantations.)
Although the governor of New York appears to have favored the suit of the officers, it was decided against them, and the estate remained intact in the possession of the Van Rensselaer family. Schuyler, in his Colonial New York, describes the entire tract as being "twenty-four miles north and south, and forty-eight miles east and west," and that "it contained seven hundred thousand acres," adding that "the present cities of Albany and Troy are within its limits."]
Your old Acquaintance Docr. Cockburn has been Dead some time, his widow is in the Country but I on rect. of yours immediately waited on his Son and had the pleasure of delivering yours and your Lady's Message he herewith sends you a Letter --
Here we have nothing new or entertaining and as we have our News from the same Source with you it is almost impossible we can ever transmit you any. should no opporty. offer soon from your River for this Island I beg you will do me the honor to write to me at London under cover to Lauchlin Macleane Esqr. Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, Macleane is now become a Member of the British Senate and can in a very great degree enable us to carry on an uninterrupted Correspondence whatever part of Europe I may be in, than which nothing can be more agreeable to me --
I beg you will do me the honor to present my humble Respects to Mrs. Washington in the warmest strain of affectionate Gratitude where are her Children? if in England I beg to know what place? that I may have the pleasure of waiting on them and paying them every degree of Respect and attention in my power -- I ought now My dear Colo. to apologize for the tiresome length, inaccuracy and want of arrangement in the above Scrawl all I have to say is, that I cannot write you a short Letter tho' hurried and that I know, that I am writing to a kind indulgent Friend who has always cherish'd my intentions and overlook'd my weaknesses --
May Heaven Bless my Dear Colo. with everything you desire or that can make you happy, even a Distant Accot. of which will constitute a very essential part of mine, I ever am with the strongest Regard and most Exalted Esteem
... My Dear Sir
... Your unalterably Affecte.
... Most obliged and
... Faithfull hble Servt.
... ROBERT STEWART
Since writg. the above I have sent three different Times without Success for Dr. Cockburn's Letter the Masr. of the Vessel will wait no longer, if any comes will forward it by next oppy.
[Note 1: 1 John Posey, a captain in the Virginia Regiment, who served under Washington in the Forbes campaign, married Lucy Frances Thornton, a daughter of George Thornton, of Orange County, Va. Captain Posey's estate in Fairfax County lay along the Potomac, adjacent to Mount Vernon, and later became the property of George Washington.]
MARYLAND January the 28. 1769
SIR
If you can conveniently lett my son hanson have few Bricks, to mend two ovens, it wou'd infinitely, oblidge me, besides Paying,---
If my daughter Amelia wants any kind cloaths, that is Agreeable to Mrs Washington Please to lett her have -- I will thankfully Pay -- I thought been at home this month, but am afraid it will be the last next---
... I am Dear Sir,
... Your obt. hble Servt.
... JON POSEY
GUNSTON-HALL 5th. April 1769.
DEAR SIR
I have yr. Favour of this Day, enclosing the Resolves of the Merchts. in philadelphia &c. which I return by the Bearer, as I had before recd. Duplicates of them from our Friend the Doctor.1
[Note 1: 1 Dr. Ross, of Bladensburg.]
I entirely agree with you that no regular plan of the sort proposed can be entered into here before the meeting of the Genl. Court at least, if not that of the Assembly; when a Number of Gentlemen, from the different parts of the Country, will have an Opportunity of conferring together, & acting in Concert; in the mean Time it may be necessary to publish something preparatory to it in our Gazettes, to warn the people at least of the impending Danger, & induce them the more readily & chearfully to concur in the proper Measures to avert it; & something of this Sort I had begun; but am unluckily stop'd by a Disorder which affects my Head & Eyes in such a Manner, that I am totally incapable of Business, proceeding from a slight Colds checking an Attack of an Erisipelas of St. Anthony's-Fire (a Complaint I am very subject to) so soon as I am able, I shall resume it, & shall then write you more fully, or endeavour to see you: in the mean Time pray commit to Writing such Hints as may occur.
Our All is at Stake, & the little Conveniencys & Comforts of Life, when set in Competition with our Liberty, ought to be rejected not with Reluctance but with Pleasure: Yet it is plain that in the Tobo. Colonys We can't at present confine our Importations within such narrow Bounds as the Northern Colonys; a plan of this kind, to be practicable, must be adapted to our Circumstances; for not steadily executed, it had better have remained unattempted -- We may retrench all Manner of Superfluitys, Finery of all Denominations, & confine ourselves to Linnens Woolens &c, not exceeding a certain price: it is amazing how much this (if adopted in all the Colonys) would lessen the American Imports, and distress the various Traders & Manufacturers in Great Britain -- This wou'd quickly awaken their Attention -- they woud see, they wou'd feel the Oppressions We groan under, & exert themselves to procure Us Redress: this once obtain'd, We shou'd no longer discontinue our Importations, confining ourselves still never to import any Article that shou'd hereafter be taxed by Act of Parliament for raising a Revenue in America; for however singular I may be in my Opinion, I am thoroughly convinced that (Justice & Harmony happily restored) it is not the Interest of these Colonies to refuse British Manufactures: our supplying our Mother-Country with gross Materials, & taking her Manufactures in Return is the true Chain of Connection between Us; these are the Bands, which, if not broken by Oppression, must long hold Us together, by maintain[in]g a constant Reciprocation of Interest: proper Caution shou'd therefore be used in drawing up the proposed plan of Association. It may not be amiss to let the Ministry understand that until We obtain a Redress of Grievances, We will withhold from them our Commoditys, particularly refrain from making Tobacco, by which the Revenue would lose fifty times more than all their Oppressions cou'd raise here. --
Had the Hint I have given with regard to the Taxation of Goods imported into America been thought of by our Merchants before the Repeal of the Stamp Act, the late American Revenue Acts wou'd probably never have been attempted. --
I am wth. Mrs. Mason's Comps. & my own to Yourself & Family
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. most obdt. Servt.
... G MASON
PS --
... Next Friday is the Day appointed
... for the Meeting of the Vestry1 --
[Note 1: 1 "The Virginia vestry held a very unique place in the local system, for, besides electing churchwardens, presenting ministers to the governor for induction, providing glebes, 'parson houses,' and salaries, the vestry had, together with the churchwardens, charge of the poor, the processioning of the parish bounds, counting tobacco, and many minor duties." -- CHANNING, in Johns Hopkins University Studies.]
GUNSTON HALL 23rd: April 1769.
DR SIR
Upon looking over the Association, of which I sent you a Copy, I have made some few Alterations in it, as per Memdm. on the other Side. --
I beg your Care of the inclosed Letters; & heartily wishing you (what I fear you will not have) an agreeable Session, I am Dr Sr
... Yr. most obedt. Sert.
... G MASON
PS
... I shall take it as a particular
... Favour if you'll be kind
... enough to get me two
... pr. Gold snaps made at
... Wms.burg for my little Girls;
... they are small rings with a
... joint in them, to wear in the
... Ears, instead of Earrings: also
... a pr. of Toupee Tongs. --
Among the enumerated Articles Goods after the Articles Oyl & Fruit is added -- Sugars -- after Millenary of all Sorts is added -- Lace of all Sorts -- after the Article of Gauze is added (except Boulting Cloaths) --
In the fifth Resolve the Word -- Slaves -- in the second Line is struck out, & the word -- hereafter -- is added between the Word, any, & the Word, imported, -- At the End of the Sixth Resolve after Tobacco-Debts, are added the Words -- due to them
NB. the Reason of making this last Alteration is that at a time when the Government endeavours to call everything Seditious, it might be urged that the Subscribers took upon them a Sort of legislative Authority, in declaring they wou'd make Regulations relative to Tobo. Debts, now they have an undoubted Right to make what Regulations they please in Debts due to themselves as the Option will still remain in the Debtors
1767 & 17741
[Note 1: 1 This is Washington's indorsement, written on a small slip attached to these papers.]
The Merchants, Traders, Gentlemen, and other principal Inhabitants of the Colony of Virginia in general & of the County of ... in particular, deeply affected with the Grievances and Distresses with which his Majesty's American Subjects are oppressed, and dreading the evils which threaten the Ruin of themselves and their posterity, by reducing them from a free and happy people to a Wretched & miserable State of Slavery, having taken into their Serious Consideration the present State of the Trade of this Colony, and of the American Commerce in general, observe with anxiety that the Debt due to Great Britain for Goods imported from thence is very great, and the means of paying this Debt in the present Situation of affairs likely to become more and more precarious -- that the Difficulties under which they now labour as a Trading people are owing to the Restrictions prohibitions, & ill advised Regulations in several late Acts of parliament in Great Britain; in particular that the last unconstitutional Acts imposing Duties on Tea, Paper, Glass &c. for the sole purpose of raising a Revenue in America, being injurious to property, & destructive to Liberty, have a necessary Tendency to prevent the payment of Old Debts or the Contracting of New, and are of Consequence ruinous to Trade -- That notwithstanding the many earnest applications already made there is little reason to expect a Redress of these Grievances. -- Therefore in justice to themselves & their posterity, as well as to the Traders of Great Britain concern'd in the American Commerce, the Subscribers have Voluntarily & Unanimously entered into the following Resolutions, in Hopes that their Example will Stimulate the good people of this Colony to be frugal in the Use & Consumtion of British Manufacture, and that their Brethern the Merchants & Manufacturers of Great Britain may from motives of Interest justice, & Friendship be engaged to exert themselves to obtain Redress of those Grievances under which the Trade & inhabitants of America at present Labour. --
First It is unanimously agreed on & resolved this ... Day of ... 1769. That the Subscribers as well by their own Example as by all other legal ways & means in their power, will promote & encourage Industry & Frugality & discourage all manner of Luxury & Extravigance. --
Secondly That they will not at any time hereafter directly or indirectly import or cause to be imported any Manner of Goods Merchandize or Manufactures which are or shall hereafter be taxed by Act of Parliament for the purpose of raising a Revenue in America (except such only as orders have been already sent for) nor purchase any such after the first Day of September next of any person Whatsoever -- But that they will always consider such Taxation in every Respect as an absolute prohibition, and in all future Orders direct their correspondents to ship them no Goods whatever taxed as aforesaid. --
Thirdly That the Subscribers will not hereafter directly nor indirectly import or cause to be imported from Great Britain or any part of Europe (except such Articles of the produce or manufacture of Ireland as are brought hither imediately from thence, & Fruit & Oyl imediately from the Mediteranean & except also such Goods as orders have been already sent for) any of the Goods here in after enumerated vizt. Spirits, Wine, Cyder, perry, Beer, Ale, Malt, Barley, peas, Beef, Pork, Fish, Butter, Cheese, Tallow, Candles, Oyl, Fruit, Sugar pickles, Confectionry, Pewter, Hoes, Axes, Watches, Clocks, Tables, Chairs, Looking-glasses, Carriages, Joiners & Cabinet Work of all Sorts, & Upholstery of all Sorts, Trinkets & Jewellery, plate, & Gold & Silver Smiths Work of all Sorts, Ribbons & Millenary of all sorts, Lace of all sorts India Goods of all Sorts (except Spices) Silks of all Sorts (except Sewing Silk) Cambricks, Lawn, Muslin, Gauze except Boulting Cloths Callico or Cotton Stuffs of more than 2/ pr. yd. Linnens at more than 2/ pr. yd. Woolen Worsted & Mix'd Stuffs of all sorts at more than 1/6 pr. yd. Broad Cloaths of all kinds at more than 8/pr. yd. Narrow Cloaths of all kinds at more than 3/ pr. yd. Nets, Stockings, Shoes, & Boots, Saddles, & all Manufactures of Leather & Skins of all kinds until the late Acts of parliament imposing Duties of Tea, paper, Glass &c. for the purpose of raising a Revenue in America are repealed; and that they will not after the first of September next purchase any of the above enumerated goods of any person whatever, unless the above mentioned Acts of parliament are repealed --
Fourthly That in all orders which any of the Subscribers may hereafter send to Great Britain they shall & will expressly direct their correspondents not to Ship them any of the above enumerated goods, untill the bfore mentioned Acts of parliament are repealed; and if any Goods are ship'd them contrary to the tenor of this Agreement, they will refuse to take the same, or make themselves chargible therewith. --
Fifthly That they will not import any Slaves, or purchase any hereafter imported Slaves untill the said Acts of parliament are repeale'd. --
Sixthly That if the Measures already entered into shoud prove ineffectual, & our Grievances & oppressions shoud notwithstanding be continue'd; then & in that case, the Subscribers will put a stop to their exports to Europe of Tar, pitch, Turpentine, Timber, & Lumber, & Skins and Furs of all sorts, and will endeavour to find some other Employment for their Slaves and other Hands than cultivating Tobacco, which they will entirely leave off making, & will enter into such Regulations as may be necessary with Regard to Rents & other Tobacco Debts. --
Seventhly & Lastly That these Resolves shall be binding on all & each of the Subscribers, who do hereby each and every person for himself upon his Word & Honour agree, that he will strictly & firmly adhere to & abide by every Article of this Agreement from the time of his signing the same for & during the continuance of the before mentioned Acts of parliament; or untill a general Meeting of the Subscribers, after one Months public Notice, shall determine otherwise; the second Article of this Agreement still, & forever continuing in full power & Force1 --
[Note 1: 1 This paper is Mason's original draft of the Association, which, with a few alterations and additions, was adopted unanimously by the Burgesses, at a private house in Williamsburg (Governor Botetourt having, in alarm, dissolved the Assembly), May 18, 1769, and sent, for the signatures of the people, throughout Virginia.]
... PHILADA 15th March 1769
GENTLEMEN
We need not remind you of the Acts of Parliament lately passed for raising a Revenue in America whereby the Liberty, Property and Trade of the Colonies are greatly Affected. We are sorry to inform you that from the latest accounts received from England there are little hopes of a repeal of those Acts notwithstanding the ernest applications that have been made for that purpose.
The Merchants and Traders of this City after mature deliberation, apprehending there is no way so effectual to obtain redress, as declining the importation of Goods from Great Britain untill the Acts are repealed, have entered into an Agreement for that purpose, a copy of which we enclose you. By this means, it is hoped that, the Traders and Manufacturers of Great Britain may be engaged to exert themselves in our favour. Experience has evinced the good effects of this measure in the case of the Stamp Act.
As it is of great importance that America should appear United and indeed as the good effects of this measure will depend upon such an Union, we are desired to apply to you and hope we need not use any Arguments to induce you to pursue a Similar Plan. It may appear hard upon individuals to give up their Trade and the present prospect of gain; but by those who have a just sense of Liberty and love for their Country, no Sacrifice of that sort can be deemed great when those come in Competition.
We would just observe, that though the Merchants and Traders here have entered into this Agreement without any Condition, yet many will be very uneasy under it, if you do not come into the like.
As the Agreement now sent you is not intended to be put in the Public Papers, we hope you will be careful in that respect. We shall be glad to hear from you as soon as Possible and are
... Gentn.
Your assured Friends
... JOHN REVNELL
... WILLM. FISHER
... SAML. HOWELL
... ABEL JAMES
To MESSRS. CHARS. WALLACE & CO
... JAMES DICK & STEWART
... WILLIAM STEWART
... NICHS. MACCUBBIN
Your very humble Servants
... WM. WEST
... CHAS. THOMPSON
... JAMES MEASE
... THOMAS MIFFLIN
... J. M. NESBIT
... DANL. BENEZET
... ALEXR. HUSTON
... JOHN GIBSON
... TENCH FRANCIS
... ROBT. MORRIS
Agreement of the Merchants of Philadelphia Entered into the 6th. February 1769 --
That no orders shall be sent to Great Britain by any Vessel or Way whatever for any line of Goods before the 10th. of March next --.
That all those who have sent forward any Orders for any Goods shall by the first Vessel to Sail send positive Orders to countermand them unless they are Ship'd before the first of April next; that if in consequence of any Orders already sent, any Goods are Ship'd after the first of April, or if any Goods are sent by any Person to Us to be sold on Commission they shall be put into the hands of a Committee to be chosen by the Merchants or shall either Store or dispose of them as they shall think proper, Provided always that the Goods shall not be delivered to the Person to whom they belong or to whom they are sent, untill advice is received that the late Revenue Acts against America are Repealed.
The following Agreement was entered into by the Merchants of Philadelphia the 10th. March 1769.
The Merchants and Traders of the City of Philadelphia having taken into their serious consideration the present State of the Trade of this Province and of the American Commerce in general observe with Anxiety That the Debt due to Great Britain for Goods imported from thence is very great and the means of paying this Debt in the present situation of Affairs likely to become more and more precarious. That the difficulties under which they now labour as a Trading People are owing to the Restrictions, Prohibitions and ill advised Regulations in several late Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain in particular that the last unconstitutional Acts imposing Duties on Tea, Paper, Glass &c for the Sole purpose of raising a Revenue being injurious to Property and destructive to Liberty have a necessary Tendency to prevent the payment of old Debts or the contracting of New; & are of consequence ruinous to Trade. That notwithstanding the many earnest Applications already made there is little reason to expect a Redress of these Grievances. Therefore in Justice to themselves and their Posterity as well as to the Traders of Great Britain concerned in the American Commerce they have Voluntarily and Unanimously entered into the following Resolutions in hopes that their Example will Stimulate the Good People of this Province to be frugal in the Use & Consumption of British Manufacture and that their Brethren the Merchants and Manufacturers of Great Britain may from Motives of Friendship and Interest be engaged to exert themselves to obtain Redress of those Grievances under which the Trade and Inhabitants of America at present labour.
First Confirming the Agreement entered into the sixth of February last it is unanimously Resolved and Agreed. That the Subscribers will neither directly nor indirectly import from Great Britain nor any other part of Europe (except Linens & Provisions from Ireland immediately) any kind of Goods Ship'd after the first of April next except the following Articles, Tin Plates, Wire, Powder, Shot, Lead, Sail Cloth, Wool Combs, Wool & Tow Cards, Sheerman Sheers Drugs Medicines, Dye Stuff, Salt, Coal, Brimstone, School Books, Sugar Moulds, Chalk and Whiting untill the late Acts imposing Duties on Tea, Glass &c for the purpose of raising a Revenue are repealed.
Secondly That in all Orders which any of the Subscribers may send to Great Britain after the ninth instant for other Articles than those above enumerated they shall and will direct their Correspondents not to Ship them untill the above Acts are repealed.
Thirdly That if any Person, Strangers or others shall Contrary to the Tenor of this Agreement import any Goods the Subscribers will by all lawfull & prudent Measures discountinance such Persons and will not purchase any Goods so imported.
Fourthly That these Resolves shall be binding on all and each of the Subscribers who do hereby each and every Person for himself upon his Word & Honour agree that he will Strictly and firmly adhere to and abide by every Article of this Agreement from this time for and during the Continuance of the above mentioned Acts or untill a General Meeting of the Subscribers after three Days Public Notice shall determine otherwise.
... ANNAPOLIS March 1769
GENTLEMEN
We are favor'd with a Letter from you of the 15th. Current directed to us, in behalf of the Merchants and Traders of this place inclosing a Copy of an Agreement entered into by the Merchants and Traders of your City respecting the non-importation of certain Goods from Great Britain untill the repeal of the several Acts of Parliament laying oppressive and unconstitutional taxes on the American Colonies. Truly Sensible of the expediency of the measures recommended by you, we immediately on receipt of your Letter procured a meeting of all the Gentlemen concern'd in Trade in this City, and they having considered the Matter so far as the time and circumstances would allow, have desired us to communicate their sentiments to you on that Subject.
The Agreement entered into by you is approved of by the Merchants here and they have Unanimously resolved to pursue such a Plan, provided the importers of the Province in general or nearly so, can be brought into the like measure.
But the Importers of Goods in this City are so few in number when compared to those of the whole Province that it would be in vain for them to Attempt the puting such a Scheme in execution without a general Concurrance. To obtain which the Merchants here will exert themselves not only by shewing their readiness to enter into the proposed Measure, but by their communicating your Letter and forwarding therewith a Copy of your Agreement to the Principal Merchants throughout the Province. Which step at their last meeting they desired us to pursue with all convenient speed and is now in great forwardness.
You must no doubt be sensible from your knowledge of the different manner in which the Trade of this Province and Pensilvania is carried on, that such an Agreement as yours cannot be so readily entered into here as in your Province. The Importers in the one are chiefly if not wholly confined to the City of Philadelphia; but in Maryland the Merchants are Scattered all over the Province consequently their general Consent to any particular measure cannot be readily Obtained. However that Difficulty might be easily got over if the Importation of Goods was entirely confind to Merchants; But here every Gentleman and Planter Imports Goods more or less for their Family use by which means [I] may venture to say that not above ... of the Goods brought into this Province are imported by the Merchants & Traders. Such being the case not only the Consent of the Merchant importers is necessary, but that of all the Gentlemen & Planters who import Goods for their own use, otherwise the end proposed by the Agreement would be entirely defeated.
We must likewise observe that when the Agreement for not importing Goods is entered into here, many Articles must be added to those exceptions in yours which the circumstance of the Province will render absolutely necessary tho' they may not be so in Pensilvania.
But we shall Write you more fully on this Subject when we receive Answers to the several Letters which we have sent out, and in the mean time have only to Assure you that we have no reason to doubt, but that the Scheme will meet universal Approbation We are
... Gentn.
... Your mo: Obt Hble Servants
... JAMES DICK & STEWART
... NICHS. MACCUBBIN
... CHARLES WALLACE
... WILLIAM STEWART
... ANNAPOLIS March 25th. 1769
GENTLEMEN
Last Monday we received a letter from the merchants in Philadelphia, relative to an agreement they have entered into for the non importation of certain goods from Great Britain. --
Having communicated the Same to the Merchants here they have directed us to transmit a Copy thereof to you together with a Copy of said agreement and a copy of our letter in answer thereto. All which we Submit to your Consideration and that of the other Merchants and Importers to whom it is Convenient for you to communicate the same. And we beg your Opinion thereon when you have duly considered the matter and We are
... Respectfully ... Gentlemen --
... Your mo hble Servts
... JAMES DICK & STEWART
... NICHS. MACCUBBIN
... CHARLES WALLACE
... WILLIAM STEWART1
[Note 1: 1 These letters and papers from Pennsylvania and Maryland Washington inclosed to George Mason, April 5, 1769, with an accompanying letter commending the "scheme," and asking Mason's opinion as to how and when it would be best to promote it in Virginia.]
... WILLIAMSBURG, May 31, 1774.2
[Note 2: 2 This is a broadside, and is one of the papers which Washington has fastened together and labeled "Old Papers Respecting Non-importation of British Goods."]
GENTLEMEN,
Last Sunday Morning several Letters were received from Boston, Philadelphia, and Maryland, on the most interesting and important Subject of American Grievances. The Inhabitants of Boston seem to be in a most piteous and melancholy Situation, and are doubtful whether they will be able to sustain the impending Blow without the Assistance and Cooperation of the other Colonies. By the Resolutions of their Town Meeting, it appears to be their Opinion that the most effectual Assistance which can be given them by their Sister Colonies will arise from a general Association against Exports and Imports, of every Kind, to or from Great Britain. Upon Receipt of this important Intelligence, the Moderator judged it most prudent immediately to convene as many of the late Representatives as could be got together,1 and yesterday, at a Meeting of twenty five of the late Members, we took the Business under our most serious Consideration. Most Gentlemen present seemed to think it absolutely necessary for us to enlarge our late Association, and that we ought to adopt the Scheme of Nonimportation to a very large Extent; but we were divided in our Opinions as to stopping our Exports. We could not, however, being so small a Proportion of the late Associates, presume to make any Alteration in the Terms of the general Association, and therefore resolved to invite all the Members of the late House of Burgesses to a general Meeting in this City on the first Day of August next. We fixed this distant Day in Hopes of accommodating the Meeting to every Gentleman's private Affairs, and that they might, in the mean Time, have an Opportunity of collecting the Sense of their respective Counties. The Inhabitants of the City were convened yesterday in the Afternoon, and most chearfully acceded to the Measures we had adopted.
[Note 1: 1 The Governor had dissolved the Assembly on May 27.]
We flatter ourselves it is unnecessary to multiply words to induce your Compliance with this Invitation, upon an Occasion which is, confessedly, of the most lasting Importance to all America. Things seem to be hurrying to an alarming Crisis, and demand the speedy, united Councils of all those who have a Regard for the common Cause. We are, Gentlemen, your most affectionate Friends, and obedient humble Servants,
PEYTON RANDOLPH, Moderator; ROBERT C. NICHOLAS, EDMUND PENDLETON, WILLIAM HARWOOD, RICHARD ADAMS, THOMAS WHITING, HENRY LEE, LEMUEL RIDDICK, THOMAS JEFFERSON, MANN PAGE, JUNIOR, CHARLES CHARTER, LANCASTER, JAMES MERCER, ROBERT WORMELEY CARTER, GEORGE WASHINGTON, FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, THOMAS NELSON, JUNIOR, ROBERT RUTHERFORD, JOHN WALKER, JAMES WOOD, WILLIAM LANGHORNE, THOMAS BLACKBURNE, EDMUND BERKELEY, JOHN DONELSON, PAUL CARRINGTON, LEWIS BURWELL.
LONDON June 17th. 1769 --
SIR
I take this opportunity to acquaint you of the Death of Mr. Capel Hanbury & as he chiefly managed the Business it will Probably be a means of some of their Friends changeing their Corrospondants here, I therefore beg leave to Offer you my best Services & to assure you if it suits you to make Tryal of me that you shall be dealt with by the Strictest Rules of Justice & Honor --
There is very little Tobacco at present in this Market & what comes home this Year will sell well, I am very Respecy.
... Sir Your most Obed St
... SAML. GIST
MARYLAND the 18th. of June 1769
SIR/
Having sum Company, and the Wind Blowing fresh, Prevented my Attending on you this day, as Intended: However immagin this may satisfy you, in Answer to your's, by Mr. Lund Washington, Relative to my Lands in Virginia -- I would Readily make an Exchange, for Mr. Alexander's Land on this side, Provided I could be made safe in Regard to Conveyance, As his Wife is not of sufficient Age to Co[n]vey the same, And the Land Under a Strong Intale, However that would be Easilly wiped of, (heare) was Mrs. Alexander of Suffitiant age -- On your giveing me a suffitiant Indemnification in Regard to Mr. Alexanders Land bein made over to me &c. when his Wife is Qualified so to do, And we can Agree on the Part of the Land you will Take in Exchange, Shall be Ready to Comply. And as to the Ballance of my Land in virginia, (When An oppertunity shall offer, that I can make a Conveneant Purchase heare) Will Let you have the Remainder at 40/ Virginia Cury. Pr. Acct, Paid in English Guns. Pistoles & Silver Dols. or Ither of them, at their Current Value, -- these Are the Terms, and no Other that will Induce me to Part with my Virginia Land, And as I am not well Acquainted with the Situation thereof Should be Greatly oblige to you for the Platt you sent over to me sum time ago, by Mr. Lund Washington which will Take Care of and Return safe
... I am Sr. your Most Hble Servt.
... THOS HAN, MARSHALL
[Note 1: 1 Born in Caroline County, Virginia, September 9, 1721; died in Richmond, October 23, 1803. Philip Pendleton, grandfather of Hon. Edmund Pendleton, came to this country in 1676.]
EDMD PENDLETON July 3d. 1769.
DR. SIR
I have at last found leisure to peruse & consider the papers you left with me for my Opinion on the nature of your Interest in your Fairfax Lands.2
[Note 2: 2 For wills of Lawrence and Augustine Washington, see Appendix.]
The deed of Settlement made by your Father on your brother Lawrence is long & complicated occasioned chiefly by an Intention to provide against the contingencie of the Prince Wm. Lands which were the Subject of that deed & the Wesmoreland Lands Formerly Settled upon Augustine, from coming into the same hands by the death of one of your brothers without Issue, but as I take it for granted that your brother Augt. chose to keep the Westmorld. Lands, & not to give them up & take to the Prince William Lands as he had Power to do upon the death of Lawrence without Issue, great part of that settlement is of little consequence, as to the Point you Now want to be Satisfied in.
The Prince William Lands then are limited to Lawrence in fee simple upon the Contingencie of his leaving Issue at his death: He takes notice of a daughter in his will & if she survived him, your fathers Will has no operation upon the estate, but it must go according to the Will of yr. brother Lawrence by which you take an estate tail, with a remainder to your brother Augt. in fee simple. For tho' the words of the devising clause would give you a fee, yet by a Subsequent one he directs that if you, Saml., John & Charles or any of you, die without Lawful Issue such Land as was given you or any of you, would become the property of you or any of you his brother Augustine & his heirs forever, which changes your & their Estates in all the Lands Claimed under his Will into estates tail.
If indeed the daughter of Lawrence died before him, then as he left no Issue, The Land by the Settlement was to be subject to your father's disposition and by his Will, you have a fee simple in the Prince William Lands, under the Remainder limited to you if Law. died without Issue, since one of the contingencies upon wch. you were to have a fee, has happened, that of your arriving to full age, altho' you have no Issue. If this latter was the case, and you would choose to support yr. fee simple, it might be proper to bring a Bill in Chancery to Perpetuate testimony to prove the fact of her dying before her father, as without testimony the presumption would be that she survived, being named in his Will; Nothing Further Occurs to me necessary to be mentioned. I am
... Sir
... Your mo: Obt. hble Servt.
EDMD PENDLETON
CAROLINE 20th. July 1769
SIR
In Consequence of your Lr., Mastr. Custis now waits on You; & as this is a pretty busy Time with Us in School, I shall be glad He may set off back again at ye. same Time You do for the Springs.
Enclosed You have his Acct. for ye. last Year, which as You were so obliging as to offer Me when I was at Mount Vernon, I will beg ye. Favr. of You now to send by Jack. I hope it will not appear too high to You; it being just what I charged ye. only Boy (Mr. Turner) I ever had living wth. Me in ye. same Manner He does. For my own Part, I must own to You, I charge his Horses merely by Guess, havg. never very nearly attended to ye. Expence of maintaing. a Horse: Those I have mentioned ye. Matter to here, think it too low: You, probably, may have had Occasion to consider ye. Matter, & therefore I beg Leave to refer it entirely to yr.self. I have yet to mention to You on this Subjt., that, persuaded by my own Experience, I have lately come to a Resolun. of takg. no more Boys for less than £25 perr. Ann: There are now four upon these Terms, & more expected soon. Unless therefore You object to it in Time, You must expect next Year to find your Son charged so too.
I have a Pleasure in informing You that I please Myself wth. thinking We now do much better than formerly: You will remr. my havg. complain'd of Jack's Laziness, which, however, I now hope is not incurable. For I find He will bear driving, which heretofore I us'd to fear He would not. He has met wth. more Rigr. since I saw You than in all ye. Time before, & He is the better for it. This I mean only as to his Books; in other Matters He is faultless. His new Boy too is infinitely fitter, for him than Julius; & if He be not spoil'd here, which, in Truth, there is some Danger of, You & He & I too will all have Cause to be pleas'd at his having made ye. Exchange.
Miss Boucher was very intent on going to the Springs, but being now convinced that she cannot, consistent wth. Associae. Principles, She is contented to drop it. She begs her respectful Compts. to Mrs. Washington & Miss Custis may be join'd to Mine, heartily wishing Them as well an agreeable Jaunt, as that They may reap all the Benefit They expect from the Waters.
... I am, Sir, very respectfully
... Yr. most obedt. &
... most Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
I had forgot that the Dancing School is to be at this House next Friday. He has already miss'd two, & shd. not therefore, I think neglect attending this.
... J. B.
September 15th 1769
DEAR UNCLE
Inclos'd you have an Order on Mr. Robart Alexander for the Ballance remaining in his Hands of my Wifes Fortune which I shall be oblig'd to you to receive for me, and purchase Slaves to the amount thereof, I shall chuse to have Strong likely Young Negro Men if they cost the more, as those which I have allready bought are but indifferent Hands, the sooner the Money is disposed off the better, as I shall go to live in Frederick this Fall and shall want the Negro's I am your most
... Affectionate Humble
... Sarvant
... FIELDING LEWIS Junr.
September the 16th. 1769
DEAR SIR
I expect with this you will receive a Letter from my Son Fielding inclosing an Order on Mr. Robert Alexander for the Ballance of his Wifes Fortune which I am very apprehensive is reduced to a small Sum as Mr. Alexander writes me that he has paid several Orders and requests that the Ballance may be taken out of his Hands and disposed of in the manner I shall think most to Fielding's advantage, I shall therefore be oblig'd to you to purchase Slaves to the Amount; he has allready bought three very Ordinary Hands and unless he gets very good ones for the remainder of his Money, he will not be able to live, indeed I am allmost certain that he will in a year or Two spend every Shillg. as I cannot perceive the least amendment since his Marriage, nor has he the least regard to any advice I give him. I hope you have had an agreeable journey to the Springs and that Miss Custis has been benefitted by them, we have nothing new, nor have I lately heard from Nansemond: the late Wind and Rain has done incredible damage below; all the Fother entirely lost and the Corn blown down, Tobo. that was in the Fields lost and several Ships &c drove ashoar, we have suffer'd in this Neighbourhood yet not considerably. Our Election comes on next Monday, cannot say who will be our Burgesses1 tho' expect B. Grymes will be one altho' every Man of any tolerable understanding I believe will be against him. Mr. Dixon & Mr. Marye2 are the other two that offer and it's believ'd Mr. Dixon will be chosen I am
[Note 1: 1 According to Washington's copy of the Virginia Almanac for 1769 the Representatives from Spotsylvania were Benjamin Grymes and Fielding Lewis, and for 1770 Benjamin Grymes and Roger Dixon.]
[Note 2: 2 Peter Marye.]
... Dr Sir your most Affect. Hume. Servt.
... FIELDING LEWIS
MOS. MONTGOMERIE 5th. October 1769
SIR
Nothing else than Mr Grayson's not returning Home untill the day before yesterday, could have prevented me from giving you an answer relative to the payment of Mrs. Savages annuity long before this time -- I now beg leave to inform you, that it is his opinion as well as myne, that it would not be prudent or safe in me to answer your demand in behalf of Mrs. Savage. With my best respects to Mrs. Washington
... I remain Sir
... Your most obt. Servt.
... MOS. MONTGOMERIE
OLD TOWN Octr 13th 1769
SIR
They Survayrs is to be [here] to survay your Land soon and will want there cash which I have not for them
You may send it by Mr Harrison seald. up in a Letter to me half Joes or Pensilvania mony will sute best for them
I beleve no Person interfares with you -- I shall have the [W]hole Run out before the Surwayr. comes on the spot I have bin unwell or I would have had it don befor now I shall have that Land Entred1 and survayd. and shall joyn another survay to it if I can that you had of my Brother as Mr. Harrison will be up befor I shall have it don you give me your sentiments on it. I beleve I can make about 700 Acres there or may be more As to news I shall Referr you to Mr Harrison
[Note 1: 1 The Pennsylvania Land Office was, on the 3d of April, 1769, opened for the location of lands in that province, west of the Alleghany Mountains, below Kittanning. -- BUTTERFIELD.]
... I am Sir Your most Hume. Sarvat
... W CRAWFORD
[Note 2: 2 The ancestor of the Alexander family in Virginia was John Alexander, who settled in Northampton County in 1659.]
ROBT. ALEXANDER Octobr. 27th. 1769 --
SIR/
I have examined the Books and find a Ballance of about two hundred pounds Cury. due from us to Mr Fielding Lewis on Acct. of his Wife's Fortune, which please to pay to Mr. Lewis, or otherwise, dispose of it (according to his order) in the purchase of Negroes -- or any other manner, as you shall think most proper, and the first time I see you will give you a receipt for the said Sum in the interim I am yr. humble St.
... ROBT. ALEXANDER
[Note 1: 1 Captain, afterwards Colonel, Daniel McCarty, of Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County, married Winifred, daughter of Francis and Sarah (Fitzhugh) Thornton, of "Society Hill."]
Decr. 6th. 1769 --
SIR
I send you by Mr Pierce Bayly the Deeds made by me, and my wife to Mr Chichester, and likewise them from him, and his wife, to me, as also my Grandfathers will, Wherein you will find in the 3d. Page how he Gave the Land, Fairfax County was then Stafford, and by Looking over the will you may see some hardships which my father was laid Under more than Either of his Brothers -- My wifes fathers will I have not, neither is it in my Power to Get it at this time, it being on the Records of Lancaster but you may see by the Deeds made to Mr. Chichester in what maner it was Given, Which I hope will be Sufficient -- We have at last had a Vestry to lay the Parish Levy which is Sixty three per Pole 34900 being Levy'd Towards Paying for the Church, and by those Very Gentlemen who was so much against it formerly, Mrs Posey and old Mrs Johnston are both Dead within two or three Days of Each other -- You will Remember that I informed you that I have Near Six thousand acres of Land more which is all intail'd lying in the County of Loudoun, and I must beg your Care of the Papers Now sent, My Wife Joyns me in our Compliments to your Self, Mrs Washington, and Miss Patsy, hopeing to see you all Return in Good health, And I Remain with Great Esteem
... Dr. Sr. Yr. Most
... Obet. Hble. Servt.
... DANIEL MC.CARTY
N. B. I never Recd. yr.
Letter Untill the 24th. of
Novr. --
[Note 1: 1 Rev. Josiah Johnson, master of grammar school, William and Mary, married Mildred Moody, May 26, 1768. He died in 1773, leaving no issue.]
Decr. 20th. 1769.
SIR/
It is with great Pleasure I now sit down to inform you, that it is now in my Power to contribute my little Mite of Service to one of the gallant Defenders of his their Country. Nor shou'd I (however cautious it may be necessary to be in general) have hesitated a Moment to have given my hearty Assent, when you first did me the Honor of applying to me on the Subject of appointing Mr. Crawford Surveyor of ye. 200,000 Acres2 specified, had I not been apprehensive, that it might intefere with a prior Engagement I lay under to Mr. May. While this doubt subsisted, Col. Washington wou'd, I am confident, have condemned me, if I had entered upon a new Resolution; but it is now totally removed, & he may depend upon my Concurrence.
[Note 2: 2 The land on the Ohio granted by Virginia to the officers and soldiers of the Virginia regiment who served in the French and Indian War.]
... I am
... Sr./
... with great Respect
... Your very humble Servant
... JOSIAH JOHNSON.
WM. & MARY Decr. 21. 1769.
SIR/
I am much obliged to you for the clear Account you have been pleased to send me to Day concerning the Lands to be surveyed.
I dare say you will agree with me in Opinion that it is for the Honor of the College as well as the interest of the Officers & Soldiers, that (to use the Words of the Council) "a Person properly qualified to survey these Lands be appointed by us -- I have no Doubt of Mr. Crawford's being such as you have mention'd, & I beg Leave to assure you very sincerely that this my first Duty to the College being satisfied, I shall be happy in the Opportunity of shewing due Respect to the Advice of the Honble. The Governor & Council, & of properly Regarding Col: Washington's Recommendation --
I have communicated to Mr. Johnson my Sentiments on this Subject, & I believe his agree very much with mine -- Mr. Camm1 is not in Town & I imagine we shall not be collected again till after the Holy Days -- I am of Opinion it wou'd be adviseable for Mr. Crawford to be here as soon as possible, I mean with his own Convenience, as I see no Impediment to retard or prevent his Success.
[Note 1: 1 Rev. John Camm, president of William and Mary College from 1771 to 1777.]
I can, Sir, say no more with Propriety, & therefore I am sure you will not expect more than this --
... I have the Honor to be
... with great Respect
... Your very Humble Sert.
... J. HORROCKS
LONDON Jan: 27. 1770.
SIR,
Having determined to make an essay of the tobo. trade we have bo't the Liberty a new ship, which Capt. Walker now carrys out to load for us in Potomac, and as we design her to be a regular annual ship, our friends will always have a certain conveyance for their goods, & their tobo. to market. Being determin'd to act on an upright plan, we beg the favour of your assistance to Capt. Walker, & can assure you that if we are so happy as to receive your tobo. no House will be more assiduous for your interest either in the sale of yr. tobo. or in the purchase of your goods. If it shd. be at any time convenient for you to lodge money in our hands, we shall very willingly allow you the full benefit in discounting the dutys on yr. tobo. -- Capt. Walker will send to York river so that he can easily take tobos. from thence & we hope you will favor us with some of yours.
Our Compts. to Mrs. Washington & yr. family & with esteem remain
... Sir, yr. mo : obt. hble Servts.
... DE BERDT'S, LEE & SAYRE
... DENNYS DE BERDT
... DENNIS DE BERDT Junr.
... WILLIAM LEE
... STEPHEN SAYRE
March the 8th 1770
SIR/
On my way to my Quarter on this side (this day) I observed several Valuable Trees &c. cut down Worked and Working up, on my Land; as they are on that Part the Land we was on Making An Exchange, for the same Quantity in Maryland, Induces me to Immagen, you miss apprehended me in my offer's to you Relative to the same. Which I Remember well was neare as Followes, when I was at your House, I made this offer, that I would Exchange the Land I held Between the Mane Rode and Potowmack River, for the same Quantity of Land (off Mr. Alexanders) to be laid off Sutable to my Plantation in Maryland, Provided I could have the same in Immediate Use, which was then agreed to, Provided Mr. Alexander could so Dispose the same; -- At Poseys sale you mentioned to me, you should be Glad to have that Matter settled Before you Went down the Cuntry, as you wanted (If the Exchange could be now made) to order sum Rales &c. cutt off the Part of Land, On which we Prevailed on Mr Alexander to cross the Rivr. with me that Evening, in order to Look at the Land, and the Part I would Exchange for, which he did, tho' then did not chuse to give Any Determined Answer, On my Seing you the Next Day (at the Sale) I acquainted you Therewith, on which you seemed still desirous of being on sum Sertenty before you Left home, I then tould you I Immagened it Would make Little Differance, for as soon as Mr. Alexander should agree to the Part I was to Take of his Land, I would then Acquant Mr Lund Washington thereof when he might Proceed as you should Instruct. I never could get any Sertenty from Mr. Alexander, Consequently could not give any such Information. Indeed on the first of Jany. last I sent to Mr. Alexander Pressing him to Let me be on sum Sertenty (Inclosing him a Ruff Draft of the Plat of his Land, Shewing the Part I would have [a line mutilated] Any Particular Part of the Land, I would [mutilated] Any Part for you, But think its out of my Power this Year [mutilated] it Before &c. The Reason Mr. Alexander Mention's Peavock, (his [mutilated] I would have had, took from his Plantation, tho', Let a Viny [mutilated] for his fence, However on the Rect. of Mr Alexanders [mutilated] myself no farther Trouble, Not in the [mutilated] Suspecting, any [mutilated]1 Would be made up of, until the Within Mentioned Proposal was Complyed with. However as I impute this affair to sum Miss apprehension, Hope you will order a Stop, to any further Damage, & Make No Doubt but you will Likewise make Satisfaction for what is already dun.2
[Note 1: 1 This part of the original letter is so badly torn that the sense is entirely destroyed.]
[Note 2: 2 An entry in Washington's Ledger, under "Mr. Hanson Marshall," dated 1771: "By an Allowance for Timber off y Land ... 5 . 0 . 0"]
... I am Sir your Most Hble serv.
... THOS. HAN. MARSHALL
[Note 1: 1 Son of the Honorable John Custis, of Arlington, born 1652, died January 26, 1713. He married first Margaret, daughter of Mr. John Michaell, second Sarah, daughter of Colonel Southey Littleton.]
IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN I John Custis Esqr. of Northampton County in Virginia being at present in perfect Health and sound in memory, thanks be to the Almighty, but considering the State of Mankind, how soon they are taken out of this life, and being willing to Settle those Worldly Goods, God of his infinite mercy and goodness far beyond my deserts, he hath bestowed upon me, do make, ordain, and appoint this my last Will and Testament revoking all former Wills and Deeds of Gift whatever.
IMPRIMIS I Give my Soul to God, that gave it me, my Body I Give to the Earth from whence it came, to have a decent Burial at the discretion of my executors hereafter named, no ways doubting through the Mercy and merits of my dear Saviour Christ Jesus to have a joyful resurrection.
ITEM my Will and desire is, that my dear and loving Wife Sarah Custis live during pleasure at my now dwelling House, and Plantation at Hungars not to be disturbed by any pretence whatever while she liveth, but if it please God she Marries, her Husband immediately enter into Bond with Security to keep all the Housing, fencing, and Plantation in good repair, and in Case of failure my son Hancock Custis, or his heirs enter into the said Houses, and Plantation the Bond to be made to Hancock Custis, or his heirs, in the sum of five hundred Pounds Sterling.
ITEM My Will and desire is, that my dear Wife Sarah Custis have, besides what I shall hereafter give her the feather Bed & Furniture, we usely lye on, one pair of good Sheets, one pair of Blankets, her choice of all my riding Horses with her riding furniture with her choice of any Copper Kettle she please.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my said dear Wife all the Negros & Slaves of what sort soever, that I had with her, I likewise give her my Mulattoe Woman Chocolate withall her increase that she now hath or shall have, my Negro men named Peter, and Trout, and my girl Dennis to her, and her heirs forever.
ITEM I lend to my said Wife during her Widowhood, my Negro man called Michael, my Indian Woman called Sarah, and my Mulattoe Girl called Emananuel. But in case of my said Wifes Death or marriage, then the said Slaves to return to those that I shall hereafter give them to, in this Will, and my Negro man Bristol during her Widowhood, this with my hand.
ITEM My Will and desire is, that what goods, Household Stuff, Cattle, and Sheep, I have hereafter given to my Children, the like proportionable part shall be set apart for my now Wife before the rest of my Estate be divided, the particulars of which, I shall hereafter insert.
ITEM I give and bequeath to my son John Custis1 my Chiconessex Plantation with all the Stock that shall be found thereon of what nature soever to him and his heirs forever. I likewise give to my said son Arlington House together with two hundred and fifty Acres of Land thereto belonging which I bought of Mr William Willett, and have Patent for it, in my own name with the Appurtenances thereto belonging to him and his heirs forever. ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my said son all my Stock of Male Cattle, that be found upon Smiths Island, and Mackean Island after my decease, I say Male Cattle with my own hand.
[Note 1: 1 Father of Daniel Parke Custis.]
ITEM I likewise give and bequeath unto my said Son one large Silver Dish, six large Silver Plates, one large Silver Bason, two Silver Candlesticks, with a Silver Snuff Dish, and two Silver Snuffers, one good feather Bed, and furniture, and the second choice of my riding Horses, my best Saddle and furniture, and his choice of my Cases of Pistols, and Holsters, and my best Sword to him and his heirs forever.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my son Hancock Custis after my dear Wifes decease or relinquishment, my now dwelling House & Plantation containing fifteen hundred Acres of Land withall the Appurtenances thereunto belonging during his natural life together with that Tract of Land, I bought of Captain Isaac Foxcraft containing by estimation three hundred and forty Acres of Land (be the same, more or less) commonly called and known by the Davis, with that Land I bought of Pierce Davis, which makes upon that quantity, and after his decease, to the heir of his Body lawfully begotten (That is to say) it is my true intent and meaning, that my said son hath power to divide the said Land between two of his issue Male How and what quantity he shall think fit, and they to enjoy it, and their heirs forever. But if it should happen that my said son should dye, without heir Male, the I Give it to his heirs female, and their heirs forever, but for want of such heir to my heir at common Law forever.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my said son Hancock Custis, and his heirs forever, my Plantation at Jolys Neck in Accomack County containing by estimation two thousand Acres of Land together with three hundred Acres of Swamp low Land lying near the Land, I sold to William Bradwater, which I have reserved for Timber for the supply of the two thousand Acres of Land which I Give to my said son, and his heirs forever. But it is my Will & desire that my now Wife Sarah Custis have free liberty of range of twenty Steers during her natural life, all the rest of my Land lying at Pocomock that I shall not be disposed of; in my lifetime, I Give and bequeath to my son John Custis, and his heirs and assigns forever.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my son Hancock Custis besides what already I have given him, these following Negros & Slaves (Viz) Simon, Dum, Harry, Bristol, Michael and Emmanuel always excepted, that my Wife have the use of the said Michael and Emmanuel as before excepted in my Will: -- and Bristol.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my son Henry Custis five hundred, & fifty Acres of Land on Jingoteague Island which I had of Captain William Kendall together with an Island adjoining thereto by a Bridge commonly called and known by the name of wild Cat Island by estimation two hundred and fifty acres of Land withall Marshes and other advantages thereto belonging to him the said Henry Custis, and his heirs and assigns forever; Always Provided, and it is my Will and desire that my now Wife have liberty of range for twenty Steers upon the said Island during her natural life, with free liberty of bringing of and carrying on at her pleasure.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my said Son Henry Custis these following Negros and Slaves (Viz.) Daniel at Pocomock, Ben, Bull, Jack, Rufby, the boy Will, Bridget, and Lankeston to him the said Henry Custis his heirs and assigns forever.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my two daughters Elizabeth Custis and Sorrowful Margaret Kendall five hundred Acres of Land which I bought of Henry Towles lying and being on Jingoteague Island in Accomack County together with an Island that I bought of Joh- Morris in the said County containing by estimation three hundred Acres of Land, and Marsh, to be held in common between the two Sisters during their natural lives, and after their decease to any two Children of their Bodies lawfully begotten, And if it should happen that either of my two daughters should dye without issue, then her part to be and remain to the issue living of either of their Bodies, and their Heirs forever, and in case of failure of any such Heir, then I Give and bequeath the said Land to my Son Henry Custis his heir and Assigns forever, the true intent and meaning of this my Will is, if the issue of either or both of my said Daughters enter upon the Premises at full age, then they or either of them enjoy the said Land, and their heir forever, my meaning is that my daughters, or their now Husbands give the Land above given to which Child they please of my daughters body begotten.
ITEM I Give unto my said daughter Elizabeth Custis these following Negro Slaves (to wit) George, Sunto, Daniel, her Son Lucretia, her daughter Yamnone Indian Sarah, and her son Jemme, and Notse to her during her natural life, and for the life of her Husband Thomas Custis, and after their decease them and their increase I Give to any Child or Children of their Body lawfully begotten, but for want of any such Issue, then to Thomas Custis her husband, and his heirs forever. Always provided that my now Wife hath the use of the Indian Woman Sarah during her Widowhood.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my daughter Sorrowful Margaret Kendall these following Negros or Slaves Nicholas, Jenny his Wife Abigail, Moriah, John a boy, all children of the said Jenny, Indian Betty, Lettitia, Festus, withall their increase, that they ever shall have, my Negro man named Cesar to her my said daughter during her natural life, and for the life of her Husband William Kendall, and after their decease to be to the issue of the said Sorrowful Margaret Kendall of her body lawfully begotten to one or more, as he shall think fit, and for want of such Issue, then to the said William Kendall and his heirs forever.
ITEM I Give to my boy John Atkinson a Horse, four Cows, and Calfs, four Ewes, and Lambs, one feather Bed, bolster, one pair of Sheets, two Blankets, and one Rug, and if it should happen that I should dye having either Sloop, or Sloops the said John Adkinson to take his choice of them, with their Apparrel, all which I Give to the said John Atkinson his heirs and assigns forever, but my will is, that the said John Adkinson live with my now Wife until he is at the age of one and twenty, unless my now Wife cause to the contrary in whose hands I leave every particular given to be delivered at the aforesaid age, or sooner if she think fit.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto Sarah Custis Matthews two Cows and two Ewes.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto Yardly Michael the remaining part of that Tract of Land, I bought of Joseph Benthall Senr him and his heirs forever, Always provided that [whoever?] lives upon my Plantation at Hungars have liberty to get Timber thereon for the use of this Plantation, I now live on.
ITEM I give and bequeath unto my daughter Elizabeth Custis my Negro man Toney besides what I have already given her, to her and her heirs forever. Upon mature and deliberate consideration relating to all the Negros and Slaves given to my aforesaid two daughters Elizabeth Custis and Sorrowful Margaret Kendall, and the more fuller to explain my meaning and will I do make void the word give, and I do lend the said Negros and Slaves during the lives of my said two daughters, and their husbands, and in Case it should happen that either of my said two daughters dye Childless, they shall have liberty to dispose of the said Negros and Slaves to any of their relations as they shall think most fit.1
[Note 1: 1 It is interesting to note that John Custis in disposing of his slaves seems to have desired to prevent the breaking up of families among them.]
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my Son John Custis, my quarter part of the Brigenteen the Northampton; built by John Bowdoin, and to his Assigns forever and I likewise give to my said Son John Custis, my bigest Silver Tankard, and likewise my father's picture now standing in my Hall.
ITEM I Give to my Wife Sarah Custis, my next largest Silver Tankard.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto Elias Taylor of Accomack County five hundred Acres of Land lying and being at Acaconson in the said County to him and his heirs forever. Always provided, and it is my true intent and meaning that the said Taylor pay to my executors hereafter named, the sum of seventy pounds Sterling by good acceptable Bills of exchange, and fifteen thousand pounds of good Tobacco and Cask according to a Verbal agreement made between us which if he refuseth then I do empower my executors hereafter named to make Sale of the said Land for the best advantage they can.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto Henry Toles of Accomack County and to his heirs and assigns forever five hundred Acres of Land lying and being at Pocomock near Hyleys Neck according to an Agreement made between us, and likewise ten thousand Nails, Always provided that he makes over, all his right, title and Interest of five hundred Acres of Land which he lives on: on Jingoteague Island, and acknowledge the same in Accomack County Court to those Persons, that I [have] given it to, by Will, and in the same nature.
ITEM My Will is that before -- my Estate is divided, these goods hereafter excepted, or the worth of them, be set apart for use of my now Wife, it being to make her part even of what I have given before to my Children, three feather Beds, Bolsters & Pillows, three Rugs, three Blankets, two sutes of Curtains and Vallens, ten pair of Sheets, eight pair of pillowbeers, eight Towels, five dozen of Napkins, six Table Cloths, ten pewter dishes, two Basons, three dozen of Plates, one Chamber Pot, two Candlesticks, one chafing dish, two Iron Pots, one Skillet, one pair of brass and- Irons, one pair of fire Tongs, one Shovel, one Iron Spitt, one smoothing Iron and Heater, one dozen of silver Spoons, one Silver Porringer, one large Trunk, covered with Russia Leather one Seal Skin small Trunk marked J. S. C. one Chest that she keeps her Clothes in.
ITEM I Give and Bequeath to my said Wife all her Wearing Apparel both Linen and Woollen of what nature soever they be, and Silks withall her Rings, Jewells, and a Gold chain, or locket -- ITEM I likewise give to my said Wife Sarah Custis twenty four head of Cattle, and twenty two Sheep.
ITEM my Will and desire is, that before my Estate is divided, that all my just Debts and Legacies be paid; and that is my desire that my executors make no delay to pay them; All the rest of my Estate I Give and Bequeath unto my loving wife Sarah Custis, Hancock Custis, Henry Custis, Elizabeth Custis, Sorrowful Margaret Kendall to be equally divided amongst them whether they be goods, Chattels, Creatures, Money or Debts, and upon Division if my Wife have a mind of any particular thing to have her first choice. I desire my Good friends Captain William Harmanson, George Harmanson, and Mr. Hilary Stringer to be aiding and assisting my wife and Children to divide my said Estate, I do nominate and appoint my loving wife Sarah Custis, my son Hancock Custis, my son Henry Custis, to be my executors of this my last will & Testament & I do make void all former Wills by me made and Deeds of Gifts whatsoever.
ITEM I Give and bequeath unto William Harmanson, Mr. George Harmanson, and Mr. Hilary Stringer each of them a Gold Ring of the Value of fifteen shillings apiece to be sent for by my executors. I Give to my Sister in law Elishe Frank two Cows and Cafs and as much stuff as will [make] her Gown and Petticoat as much new good Linen as will make her three Shifts.
ITEM I Give all my wearing apparel to my two Sons Hancock Custis and Henry Custis, of what nature soever to be equally divided amongst them by my now Wife.
ITEM I Give to Robert Howsen1 fifteen Shillings to buy him a Gold ring, to be sent for as aforesaid, and either a young Mare or Horse.
[Note 1: 1 The site of Alexandria was included in a grant of 6000 acres of land fronting the Potomac River, and extending from Hunting Creek to the Little Falls, from Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, to Robert Howson, in October, 1669. -- BROCK.]
In Testimony that this is my last will & Testament I have hereunto set my hand [and] Seal this third Day of December in the Year of our Lord God, one thousand seven hundred & eight.
Test ROBERT HOWSEN ... JOHN CUSTIS (L S)
JOHN SATCHELL ... NORTHAMPTON COUNTY Ss1: March the 10th. 1713/14
SARAH S P PALMER ... The said Will and Testament of John
ELISHE Signum FRANK ... Custis Esqr. was presented to Court by
ELIZABETH × her mark ATKINSON his Relict Mrs Sarah Custis, and his two Sons Hancock Custis and Henry Custis his Executors who made Oath thereto, and upon their Motions it is proved in Court by the Oaths of Robert Housen, John Satchell, and Elishe Frank Witnesses thereto is admitted to record, and according to order it is recorded.
... Teste ROBERT HOWSON
Recorded Teste ROBERT HOUSEN1
C. Cirt. Cot. Northampton
[Note 1: 1 This name in the copy of the will sent to Washington is spelled Housen, Howsen, and Howson. The latter is correct.]
A Codicil which I Annex to this my last Will & Testament, and I desire that it be truly and punctually performed as any part of my Will whatever.
ITEM that whereas I have in my Will given my now dwelling House and Plantation withall the Appurtenances thereto belonging I mean the use of it to my loving wife Sarah Custis during her natural life, Always provided that if she Marries that her husband immediately enter into Bond with good Security as in my said Will is set forth, Now my desire is that if my said Wife should Marry, and her Husband refuse to give Bond with Security to my said Son Hancock Custis or his heirs then it shall be lawful for my said Wife to enjoy her thirds, as the law in such Cases provides.2 Whereas I gave a parcel of Land to Yardly Michael containing three hundred Acres whereon he formerly lived, I do revoke that Gift, as if it had never been made, and I do give the said Land withall the advantages thereto belonging with one hundred Acres of Land thereto belonging to the sole use and Benefit of my now dwelling Plantation to be used by them that are the true Possessors of this my now dwelling Plantation for Timber or otherwise forever. Whereas I have given five hundred Acres of Land on Jingoteague Island in my Will in common as is there expressed to explain my meaning, my Will and desire is, that my said daughters enjoy the said Land & Negros during their natural lives, and likewise their Husbands, but after their decease, then to go to which Child of their two Bodies lawfully begotten my said two sons in law, and my daughters shall think fit, that is if they are not pleased to give it to the eldest, then to any other which they please, still to be held in common; I mean the Land; but the Negros to be distributed amongst my Grand Children as they shall think fit, and whereas I have given my dear wife liberty of range for twenty head of Cattle, on Pocomock, and Gingoteague Island if she is not pleased to accept of that consideration for her thirds on that Land she may refuse, and then her thirds not to be debared her. this I have Writ with my own hand the more to confirm the same.
[Note 2: 2 There is a striking contrast in the affectionate manner in which this John Custis provides for the comfort of his wife and the tombstone of his eldest son, on which is the following inscription: --
... Beneath this Marble Tomb lies ye body
... of the Honorable John Custis, Esq.,
... of the City of Williamsburg and Parish of Bruton
... Formerly of Hungars Parish on the Eastern Shore of
... Virgina and the County of Northampton the
... place of his nativity.
... Aged 71 years and yet lived but seven years ... Which
... Which was the space of time he kept
... A Bachelor's House at Arlington
... On the Eastern Shore of Virginia.
... This information put on this tomb was by his
... own positive order.]
Teste ... JOHN CUSTIS - - - (L S)
... ROBERT HOWSEN
... MATTHEW NEWMAN
... SARAH CUSTIS × MATTHEWS
... Signum
And my desire is, and I will and bequeath to my dear wife all the grain of what sort soever shall be found on my Plantation either in Growing in the field or lying in the Houses together withall my Hogs for her support, and my Will and desire is that the Smith Tools I shall be or am Possessed with shall go, and I give them to my daughter Elizabeth Custis, and her heirs forever, and my Will is, that the Male Cattle given to my son John Custis in my Will bars him of any further claim, I owed him of nineteen head, and I owed him for the exchange of his part of Pocomock being I am sensisible many more; and my Will and desire is; that my Girl Abigail that I formerly gave to my daughter Margaret in my Will be and remain withall her increase to my Grandson Custis Kendall and his heirs and Assigns forever: Whereas I am sensible of my interlinings in my Will all that can be thought of my Writing or Mr. Howsons I do confirm, and desire that this part of my Codicil with the rest may be perpetually performed Signed, Sealed and Acknowledged as the part or Codicil Annexed to my Will before ... JOHN CUSTIS - - (L S)
JOHN ATKINSON
ELIZABETH FOX
ROBERT HOWSEN
... Witnesses ... March the 20th 17 11/12
Upon consideration of a late Act of Assembly made at Williamsburg the last Sessions,1 my Will and desire is that none of my Estate be appraised as the law set forth, but that my Estate as formerly given in this my Will and Codicil hereto Annexed be divided accordingly, and everyone to enjoy his part in Special. I well hope my Estate will not be in debt, to this I set my hand -- the Day and Year above written. The Pistols I design for my son John, I have sent them to him.
[Note 1: 1 Hening, vol. iv. p. 12.]
... JOHN CUSTIS - - (L S)
Signed, Sealed & acknowledged as my
Act and Deed as a Codicil annexed to
my Will amongst the other Codicils
before Inserted ...
... Nor my executors to
... give security
... JOHN CUSTIS - (L. S.)
ROBERT HOWSEN
... Signum
PHILIP P. H. HAMMON
... Signum
WILLIAM N. BANUM
... Signum
BATT W NOTTINGHAM
NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, March the 16th. 17 13/14
The said three Codicils of John Custis Esqr. decd. being annexed to his said last Will and Testament also presented in Court by his said executors with the said Will, and upon their Motions the said three Codicils was likewise proved in Court by the Oaths of Robert Howsen, Sarah Custis Matthews, John Atkinson, Elizabeth Fox, Philip Hammon, Batt Nottingham Witnesses thereto is admitted to record, and according to order, it is recorded.
... Teste ROBERT HOWSEN
Recorded Teste ROBERT HOWSEN
C. Cirt. Cot. Northampton
Copies Teste GRIFFIN STITH, Cl: N C
[Note 1: 1 Second son of John the emigrant, and grand-uncle of George Washington.]
Recordat 5 May 1697
IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN this 22d day of January in the year of our Lord 1697/8 & in the Ninth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King William I John Washington of Washing[ton] parish in the County of Westmld. Being Sick & Weak of Body but of Perfect mind & Memory thanks. be Givein to God therefore Calling into mind the Mortality of my Body & Knowing it is appoynted for all [mutilated] ce to dye doe make & ordain [mutilated] my Last will & Testamt. in maner & form following that is [mutilated] first & principally I give my Soul into ye. hands of God who gave it me & for my Body I Commend it to the Earth to be buryed in Christian & Decent manner in ye. Burying place on ye. plat [mutilated] where I now Live, by my Father mother & Brothers nothing Doubting but at the general Resurreccon I shall receive ye. Same again by the Mighty power of God & as touching Su [mutilated] it hath pleased God to Bless me with [mutilated] this Life I give devize bequeath & dispose ye. Same in Man [mutilated] form following first I give & Bequeath unto my welbeloved [mutilated] Ann Washington the platacon I now dwell on at appomattox Dureing Her Natural Life ITEM I give & Bequeath unto my Eldest Son Law. Washington that tract of Land which I Bought of Mr. Francis Dade Commonly called Barnets Quater it Lyes on uper Machotickes In Stafford County I give it to my Sd. Son and his Heirs for Ever ITEM I give to my Son John Washington that tract of Land wch. I now Live on after the decease of my Sd. Wife, to him & his Heirs for Ever but if it please God that my sd. Son John Should die before my Said Wife then I give the Sd. Tract to my Son Lawrence Washington to him & his Heirs for Ever, & if Both my Sons John and Lawe. should die before my Sd. Wife or without issue of their Body's Lawfully begotten then I give it to my Son Nathaniel to him & his Heirs for ever & if my three Sons Lawe. John & Nathl. Should die before my Said wife or without Issue Lawfully begotten of their bodys, then I give the Sd. Tract to my Son Henry Washington to him & his [heirs] for Ever & if it please God that all my Four Sons Should dye before my wife or without Issue of their body's Lawfully begotten then I give to the Next heir at Law to him & his heirs for Ever ITEM I give to my Son John Washington that Tract of Land Lying on popes Creek wch. John Llewelling now Lives on to him & his Heirs for Ever ITEM I give to my Son Nathl. Washington that tract of Land wch. Lyes at ye. Head of appomattox Creek which Anthony Rawlins & Joseph Smith & John Betts Now Lives on to him & his Heirs for Ever ITEM I give to my Son Henry Washington that tract of Land which was Between me & Robert Richards John Whitcraft lives now on part of it it is in Stafford County on the Dam Side where the Head of Machotick makes I give it to my Sd. Son and his Heirs for Ever ITEM it is my Will that if my Son Lawe. should dye without issue of his Body Lawfully begotten or before he arrives to the Age of Twenty one years that then my Son John Washington have the tract of Land wch. I bought of Mr. Francis Dade Called Barnetts Quater to him and his Heirs for Ever ITEM it is my Will that if my Son John Washington Should dye before he Come to the Age of twenty one Years or without issue of his Body Lawfully begotten that then I give to my Son Lawe. the tract of Land that I now Live on after my wifes decease to him & his Heirs for Ever and I give that Tract of Land on Popes Creek that John Llewelling Lives on to my Son Nathaniel Washington to him & his heirs for Ever ITEM it is my will that if my Son Nathl. Washington should dye without Issue of his body Lawfully begotten or before he Arrives to the Age of Twenty one Years that then I give to my Son Jno. Washington that tract of Land at the head of Appomattox Creek which Anthony Rawlins & Jos: Smith & John Beatts Lives on to him and his heirs for ever. ITEM It is my will that if any three of my aforesaid Sons should dye without issue of their Bodyes Lawfully begotten or before they arrive to the Age of twenty one years that then all the aforementioned lands I give to that Son that is Living & if it please god that they should all dye without Issue of their bodyes Lawfully begotten or before they arrive to the age of twenty one years or if I have no more Issue that then I give to my wife those two tracts of Land that Lyes in Stafford County to her and her heirs for Ever the three other tracts to bee divided between what Children It may please god to send my brother if he have but one I give it to him or her if more the Eldest Son to have his Choice of the tracts the next Eldest his next Choice if two Sons, if it be a Daughter that she have her Choice after her brother them & their heirs for ever ITEM It is my will that all my personl. Estate in Generall be Equally divided into five parts and that my wife have her first Choice & my Son Lawrence the next my Son John the next my Son Nathl. the Next & my Son Henry the other ITEM it is my will that if [it] please God any of my Sons should dye without Issue of their bodyes Lawfully begotten or before they arrive to the age of Twenty one years that then his part of the personall Estate be divided between my wife & the other three Sons Living & if it please God that three of my Sons should dye without issue of their bodyes Lawfully begotten or before they arrive at the age of twenty one years that then the pers.onall Estate be Equally divided between my Wife and that Son that is Living, and if [it] please God that if all my Sd. Sons should die without Issue of their bodyes Lawfully begotten or before they arrive at the age of twenty one years that then my per.sonall Estate be Divided Equally between My wife Ann Washington & my brothers Children ITEM it is my will that my brother [some words appear to be left out] & tuition of my Son Lawr. Washington & that my Sd. Brother have the keeping of my Sd. Sons Estate &c of this my Last [will] & Testamt. I make & ordain my well beloved brother Capt. Lawrence Washington & my Loving wife Ann Washington my full & whole Excr. & Executrix. and I do hereby utterly Disallow revoke & Annull all & Every other former Testamt. Wills Legacies bequests & Exs. by me in any wise before this time named willed & bequested ratifying & Confirming this & none other to be my last will & Testamt. In Witness whereof I have hereunto Set my hand & Seal this day & year as afores'd Signd Seald publishd Pronounced & declared by the Sd. John Washington as his Last Will & Testament in the perrsence of ITEM it is also my will that Mrs. Elizabeth Hardid [mutilated] have my Watch that was given to me by Capt. Wm Hardidg's Will ITEM it is my will that my well beloved godson John Dudlstone have a gold Signet which was given me by his father on his death bed ITEM it is my Will that my well beloved brother Capt. Lawe. Washington have my Wearing Rings
... JOHN WASHINGTON [Seal]
JOHN SCOTT ... A WEBSTER THOS. HOWES PETER HYATT
Westmld
At a Court held for the 2d. County the 23rd. day of ffebry. 1697
The above will was Duly proved & a probat thereof granted the Execrs. therein Named And Ordered to be recorded
... perr. Cur
... Pr. JA: WESTCOMB Cle Com pb.
Copy Test GEORGE LEE C Ct --
[Note 1: 1 Martha Hayward was presumably the daughter of the sister to whom Colonel John Washington the emigrant, in his will, leaves "ten pound out of ye mony I have in England for transporteing herselfe into this Country." Martha Washington married Samuel Hayward, clerk of Stafford County, and brother of Nicholas Hayward, of London.]
IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN -- I Martha Hayward of the County of Stafford being Sick & weak of body but of fit Sense & memory thanks be given to God therefore Doe make & ordaine this my last will & testament.
--
Imprs. I give and bequeath my Soul to God and my body to the Earth to be buryed in Christianlike and Decent manner att the discrestion of my Exes. hereafter named and as for what wordly Estate it hath pleased God to bless me wth. all I give devise and dispose of in the following manner & forme Item I give and bequeath unto my two Couzins John & Augustine the Sons of my Cozn. Lawrence Washington of Westmorland County one negroe Woman named Anne and her future increase and in Case of their deaths before they Come to age then I give the Sd negroe to the aforesd Lawrence Washington & his heirs for Ever --
Item I give unto my Cozen Lawrence Washington Son of Mr. John Washington of Westmorland County one mullatto Girl named Suka to him and his heirs for Ever --
Item I give and bequeath unto my Cozen John Washington son of the Sd. John Washington of Westmorland County one mulatto Girl named Kate to him and his heirs for Ever --
Item I give and bequeath my Cozn. Nathaniell Washington son of the Sd. John Washington one negroe boy named John to him & his heirs for Ever
Item I give and bequeath unto my Cozn. Hen: Washington Son of the Said John Washington one negroe boy named George William to him and his heirs for Ever --
Item I give and bequeath unto my Kinsman Mr. John Washington of Stafford County one negroe Woman named Betty and her future Increase to him & his heirs for Ever --
Item I give and bequeath unto my Kinsman Mr. Richd. ffoot two thousand pds Tobbacco to him & his heirs for Ever
Item it is my will and desire that my Exes. & wth. all Convent. Speed after my decease Doe procure and purchase for Each of my Two Sisters in Law vizt. Mary Wing & Sarah Todd a Servant man or Woman as they or Either [of] them Shall both like haveing att least four or five years to Serve vizt. I doe give to them and their heirs for Ever --
Item I give and bequeath to my aforesd Six Cozens the Sons of my two Cozs. Lawrence & John Washington of Westmorland County Each of them a feather bedd and furniture to them and their heirs for Ever --
Item it is my will and desire that my Exers. with all Convenience. Send to England to my [word obliterated] Sister Mrs. Elizabeth Rumbold a Tonn of good Weight of Tobbacco and the Same I give to her and her heirs forever -- Item it is my desire that my Said Executrs. doe likewise take freight and Send for England to my other Sister Mrs. Margt. Galbut a Tonn of good Weight of Tobbacco which I give to her and her heirs for Ever --
Item I give and bequeath unto Mr. Wm. Buckner of the County of York a gold Signet --
Item I give and bequeath unto Capt. Law. Washington and his wife Mr. John Washington of Stafford County and his Wife Mr. John Washington of Westmorland County and his wife, Mary and Miss Sarah Todd and Mary Wheatly Each of them a gold [ring ?] of twenty Shillings price to be procured with all Convent. Speed after my decease --
Item I give and bequeath unto Samll. Todd Son of Wm. Todd a heiffer about three years old --
Lastly after all my just Debts are pd. all the rest of my Estate whatsoever and whosesoever I doe give and bequeath unto Capt Lawrence Washington Mr. John Washington of Westmorland County & Mr. John Washington of Stafford County to be Equall divided between them and doe hereby [word obliterated] Constitute and ordaine the aforesd Lawrence Washington of Westmorland County Executrs. & John Washington of Westmorland County Executrs. of this my last Will & Testament In Witnesse whereof I have hereunto Set my hand & fixed my Seale this 6th. day of May Anno Domi 1697/ MARTHA HAYWARD [Seale]
Signd Sealed and Delivered In the presence of us GEO. WEEDON SARAH KELLY SARAH ∞ POWELL her marke JOHN PIKE
Proved and Recorded the 8th December 1697/
Vera Copia Test
... W. PARRY.
D Co Cur Com. Stafford
[Note 1: 1 Grandfather of George.]
IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN I Lawrence Washington of Washington parish in the County of Westmo[re]land in Virginia gentleman being of good and perfect memory thanks be unto almighty God for it and calling to mind the uncertane Estate of this transitory Life and that all flesh must yeild unto death when it shall please God for to call doe make constitute ordaind and declare this my last will and Testament in manner and form following, revoking and annulling by these presents all and every Testament and Testaments will or wills heartofore by me made and declared either by word or writing and this to be taken only for my Last will and Testament and no other. and first being heartily sorry from the bottom of my heart for my Sines most humbly deserving1 forgiveness of the same from the allmighty God my saviour and Redeemer in whom by the merits of Jesus Christ I trust and beleive assuredly to be saved and to have full remission and forgiveness of all my Sines, and that my -- Soule with my body at the general day of resurrection shall rise againe with joy and through the merits of Christs death and passion possess and inherit the Kingdom of heaven prepared for his Elect and chosen, and my body to be buryed if please God I Depart in this County of Westmorland by the side of my father and mother & neare my Brother and Sister & my Children. and now for the setling of my temporal Estate and such goods Chattells & debts & it hath pleased God farr above my deserts to bestow upon me I doe ordaine give and dispose the same in manner & form following In primis. I will that all those Debts and dues that I owe in right or conseince to any manner of person or persons whatsoever shall be well Contented & paid ordained to be paid by my Executor or Executrix hereafter named. Item I give and bequeath to my well beloved friends Mr. William Thompson Clerk Mr. Samuel Thompson each of them a mourning ring of thirty Shillings price each Ring. Item I give and bequeath to my Godson Lawrence Butler one young mare & two cowes. Item I give and bequeath to my sister Ann Writts Children one man Servant a piece of four or five years to Serve or three thousand pounds of Tobacco to purchase the same to be delivered or paid to them when they arrive to the age of twenty years old. Item I give and bequeath to my Sister Lewis a mourning ring of forty Shillings price. Item I give my Cozen John Washington Senr. of Stafford-County all my wereing apparell. Item I give unto my Cozen John Washington eldest son Lawrence Washington my Godson one man Servent of four or five yeares to serve, or three thousand pounds of Tobacco to purchase the same to be paid him when he comes to the age of twenty years old. Item I give to my Godson[s] Lawrence Butler and Lewis Nicholas -- that tract of Land joyning upon Meridah Edwards and Danil White being two hundred and Seventy five acres to be equally divided between them and their heirs for ever. Item I give to the upper and Lower Churches of Washington parish each of them a pulpit Cloath and Cushing. Item it is my will to have a funerall Sermon at the Church & to have now other funerall to exceed three thousand pounds of Tobacco. Item it is my will after my debts & Legacies are paid that my personall Estate be equally divided in to four parts my Loving wife Mildred Washington to have one part my Son John Washington to have another part & my daughter Mildred Washington to have the other part. (to be paid and delivered to them in Specie when they shall come to the age of twenty years old) Item I give to my Son John Washington this seat of Land where I now Live and that whole tract of Land Lying from the mouth of Machotick extending to [a] place called the round hill with the addition I have thereunto made of William Webb and William Rush to him and his Heires for ever. Item I give a[nd] bequeath unto my Son Augustine Washington all the dividend of Land that I bought of Mr. Robert Lissons Children in England, Lying in Mattox between my Brother and Mr. Baldridges Land Where Mr. Daniel Lisson formerly lived by estimation four hundred Acres to him and his heires for Ever, as likewise that Land that was Mr. Richard Hills. Item I give & bequeath unto my Said Son Augustine Washington all that tract of Land where Mr. Lewis Markham now Lives after the said Markhams and his now wives1 decease by estimation Seven hundred acres more or less to him and his heirs for Ever Item I give and bequeath my daughter Mildred Washington all my Land in Stafford County -- Lying upon Hunting Creek where Mrs. Eliza. Minton and Mrs. Williams now Lives by estimation two thousand five hundred acres, to her and her heires for Ever.1 Item it is my will and desire if either of my Children should die before they come of age or day of marriage, his or her personal Estate be equally divided between the two Survivors and their mother. Item it is my will and desire if all my Children should die before they come of age or day of Marriage that my brothers Children shall enjoy all their estate, excepting that Land that I bought of Mr Robert Lissons Children which I give to my Loving wife and her heires for ever, and the rest as afore said to them and their heirs for ever. Item I give my personal estate in case of all my Childrens death as aforesaid to be equally divided between my wife and Brothers Children my wife to have the one halfe. Item I give that Land which I bought of my Brother [blank] Wright being two hundred acres Lying near Markhams2 Quarter to my Son John Washington and his heirs for Ever. Item it is my desire that my Estate should not be appraised but kept intire, and delivered them as above given according to him3 and my Children to continue under the care and tuition of their mother till they come of age or day of marriage and she to have the profits of their estates towards the bringing of them up and Keeping them to School. Item I doe ordaine and appoint my Cozen John Washington of Stafford County and my Friend Mr Samuel Thompson my Executors and my Loving wife Mildred Washington my Executrix, of this my last will and Testament. In witness whereof I have hereunto Set my hand and Seal this 11th day of March Anno Domini 169 7/8 LAWRENCE WASHINGTON [Seal] Sign'd Seald declared and pronounced in presence of ROBERT REDDMAN GEORGE WEEDON THOMAS HOWES JOHN ROSIER.
[Note 1: 1 So in manuscript.]
[Note 1: 1 So in manuscript.]
[Note 1: 1 There appears here in this will as given in Ford's Washington Wills, "Item I give my water mill to my son John Washington to him and his heirs forever." This item is not in the copy found in the manuscripts.]
[Note 2: 2 In Ford's Washington Wills this reads "Storkes."]
[Note 3: 3 So in manuscript; should read "time."]
Witness At a Court held for the said county the 30th day of March 1698.
The last will and Testament of Lawrence Washington gentleman dec'd within writing was proved by the oaths of George Weedon Thomas Howes and John Rosier three of the witness's thereto subscribed A Probat thereof granted to Samuel Thompson gentl one of the Executors therein named, and the will ordered to be Recorded Pr. Cur.
... JA: WESTCOMB Cla Com pb
... Recordat tertio die April 1698 Eundm Chum
Copa. Eai Pr THOMAS BORRELL
Letters to Washington
AND
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS
PUBLISHED BY
THE SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES
OF AMERICA
EDITED BY
STANISLAUS MURRAY HAMILTON
Editor of the Writings of James Monroe
VOL. IV
1770--1774
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
The Riverside Press, Cambridge
... 1901
COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY
THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Published November, 1901
MARYLAND, the 12th. March 1770.
SIR
Your's of the 10th. Inst. I. Recd. and have now before me, tho' was not at home at the time it was brought to my House. Am Verry sorry any Act of Mine should give the Least Surprize, or Concern, to any Gentn. Whatever, as it was not, or is, the Least of my Intentions so to do; As to any Testimony to make it appear there was no misapprehension, in Regard to the Proposals Made and agre'd to between us, Relative to the Slipes of Land, I have nothing more to say, than I am Possitive it was not my Intention, to make such an agreement as you mention, tho' make not the Least Doubt But you apprehended it in that light. I never had the least Doubt or Suspetion, that you would order the least Incroachment, on mine or any other Persons Property (Designedly) which was the Reason I Imputed the timber cut down on my Land, was owing to a Misapprehension, in our Bargain--I have not forgot (I think) any Material Part of the Conversation that Passed between us, Relative to the Land, Nor never denyed any Part to my knowledge. The End that a cash Price was agreed to (as I took it) was upon its being mentioned there was a possibillity of Mr. Alexander's never haveing it in his Power to Convey the Land in Maryland, I then said, should that be the case, I would then Receive a Certain Price in Cash pr. Acct. for them slipes, this was my Sense and Meaning of the Matter, and thought I was understood so--&c.
You signify that my Conuversation with Mr. Alexander and Manly is a Proof that I Looked on them slipes of Land to be sold to you, for a Certain sum of Cash. Beleeve me Sir, you know me not, If you think I would alter in the Least, from any Bargain I had made, (agreable to my Sense and Meaning) had it have been a Matter of much graver Consequence to me, than that now Between us,--As to the Conversation I had with Mr. Manly, If I Remember right was nearly this, At Poseys sale Manly was mentioning sumthing to me in Regard to the Slipe of Land of mine adjoining his plantation, that he would Ither Rent or Purchase, I Replyed that I was on a Bargain for the same with Col: Washington, or I might Possabilly have said I had bargained for it, As I at that time might not have had any Doubt but that the same Quantity of Land would be given up to me in Maryland, conveniant to my Plantation, &c.
As to what Mr. Alexander informed you, of his answer to my Letr. to him, said Answer will shew whether it is agreable to what you mention, And as to the Conversation Mr. Alexander said Passed Between us when he last saw me, I must absolutely Deny. As No such Conversation Ever Passed between me and the Tenant, Consequently could not (in Truth) pass between Mr. Alexander and me; However on the Whole I Declare I looked on our Agrement as I have already Expressed, That is, on the same Quantity of Land being given into my Possession, Adjoining my Plantation in Maryland (the Ruf Draft Mr Alexander has will shew the forme) I was then to give you up them slipes of Land, Between the Road and River, and in case Mr. Alexander should not be able (Hearafter) to make a good Right to the Land in Maryland, so as to make convey to me, then and in such Case, I was to Receive a Certain Price of you pr Acct for them Slipes of Land above mentioned, this I was Ready to Comply with; My Letr. to Mr Alexander will shew the application I made to him. Pressing him to let me be on sum Sertenty, the Answer to which I have already given you; I never had the least Doubt but Mr Washington could at any time Pay a much Larger sum than them Slipes of Land would have cum to had I agreed for Cash, but as I did not nor now do Look on our agreement in that Light, That Matter never once Entered my thoughts.
... I am your Verry Hble servt.
... THOS. HAN. MARSHALL
BELVOIR, March 12th. 1770
DEAR SIR
I think you are extremely right in not submitting to Mr. Barrys1 terms, and I wish it was in my Power to give you a more Satisfactory Accot. of what you desire, not only to oblige you, but to flusterate Barrys intentions for I despise such.--All I know about Mr. Russels1 Claim to the Chaple Lands, is from a Will now in my Possession of Mr. Johnstons,2 wherein he devises all his Real & Personal Estate to Mr. Russell, who particularly desired me to litigate the matter with the present Possessor, and to take Possession of the Place on Bull Skin where Patrick Mathews lived.3 the latter I did, but did not choose to take up a dispute of that sort with a neighbour, and since I have heard that Mr. Waller4 or some of the Gentn. below are employ'd to Prosecute it.
[Note 1: 1 John Barry]
[Note 1: 1 William Russell, of Fairfax County.]
[Note 2: 2 Captain George Johnston, of Fairfax County.]
[Note 3: 3 Washington in his Ledger describes this land as "552 Acres of Land on the south fork of Bullskin."]
[Note 4: 4 Benjamin Waller, of Williamsburg?]
When Doctor Cockburn5 wanted to purchase the Land, I remember the bar to it was from Mr. Johnstons not being willing to join in the conveyance unless they would pay him a hundred pounds, and the Doctor shew'd me old Mr. Mercers opinion which was clear in Johnstons favor, and since it has been corroborated by that of the Attorney Genl. in England, but how just I cant pretend to say, I suppose you know that Jonston administered on Browns Estate and has paid several Sums of Money, not only for the Principal, but to his Widow in lieu of Dower, &ca. and that the Act of Limitation will not run against Mr. Russell in this Case. Tho I must confess I wish it was determined one way or another, if in Mr. Russells favor I am to have the refusal, and in that case you should be soon accomidated, and I Question whether you cannot do it now, for you must know your and the Chaple Corner Tree near the Road, which is also my mine and I believe yours, for upon running my Line it takes in a slipe of Land joining along the Creek. However Sir, I will look over some Papers, and perhaps may give you a better insight to this affair, shortly.
Colo. & Mrs. Fairfax joins in their Compts. to you Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis, with
[Note 5: 5 Martin Cockburn was from the West Indies, and Mrs. Cockburn was a Miss Bronaugh, a relative of the Masons, of Gunston.--BISHOP MEADE.]
... Dear Sir
... Your Most Obedt. humble Servt.
... G. W. FAIRFAX
KING'S COLLEGE,1 NEW YORK, 22d. Mar. 1770.
[Note 1: 1 A bill was ordered, October 22, 1746, to raise £250 by lottery towards erecting a college, and from that humble start Columbia College, known at first as King's College, has grown.--ROBERTS' New York.]
MY DEAR SIR,
I hold myself much obliged to you for good will, as well as good offices, towards this College, as instanced in your Conduct respecting Mr. Custis: and I am under still weightier Obligation, when I consider your very friendly Suspension of Belief, with Regard to some Reports, which, You tell me, have been circulated in your parts to our prejudice. I am conscious that we have Enemies in Abundance--that every Dissenter of high principles, upon the Continent, is our Enemy--that many of their Missionaries, from the northern into the southern provinces, make it their Business, nay, have it in Charge from their Masters, to decry this Institution by all possible Means; because they are convinced, from its very Constitution--(being in the Hands only of Churchmen,--which is very far indeed from being the Case of any other College to ye. northward of Virginia,--and I know of none to the southward of it--they are convinced) that it must eventually prove one of the firmest Supports to ye. Church of England in America:
Hence there arose an Opposition coeval with ye. College itself--or, rather, with the very first Mention of an Institution so circumstanced; which hath been continued, without Interruption, to this very Day, with much Resentment, Inveteracy, and Malice.1 The College of New Jersey--and those of New England--were already in their own sole Direction, and yet they could not be satisfied that ye. poor Church should have any Influence in one: not that Dissenters of any Denomination are excluded from either Learning or Teaching; nay, we have educated many, and have several at this very Time, who do Honour both to us and themselves.
[Note 1: 1 Trinity Church gave the college a part of its estate in 1752, and over an effort to place the control under Episcopal supervision a controversy arose which divided parties and arrayed partisans, so that in politics as well as in religion Presbyterian and Episcopalian served as distinctive titles.--ROBERTS' New York. This dissension began even before the gift to King's College in 1752. Trinity Church rented from Governor Fletcher in 1697 a tract of sixty-two acres of land known as the King's Farm and Garden, situated north of the present Fulton Street, between Broadway and the Hudson River. Originally this land had belonged to Anneke Jans Bogardus, and by her heirs was sold to Governor Lovelace in 1667, but the deed transferring the property was not signed by her grandson, Cornelius Bogardus, or his mother. In 1746 the descendants of this Cornelius Bogardus laid claim to the property, and a long contest with the Church was begun. As the Bogardus family were Presbyterians, this continued dispute, enhanced by the controversy over the control of the college, led to such bitter partisanship that it entered even the politics of the day, until the contending political parties in New York became known as the Episcopal or Aristocratic party and the Presbyterian or Livington party.]
However, owing either to the very Opposition, or to our own Care & Circumspection,--which may, perhaps, have arisen from the former, our numbers yearly encrease, and our present Apartments overflow. It would ill become anyone, to boast of the Advantages enjoyed by a Seminary over which he himself presides: but I will venture to affirm, that, with Respect to Discipline (which, it seems is one heavy Accusation exhibited against us,) we are far from being outdone by any College on the American Continent: and I know of none in Europe, to which, in this Article, we are really inferior. Add to this, that the Expence--however such Things may be magnified by our Adversaries, is not half so much as at any of the latter; and, I believe very little, if at all, more, than at most of the former. Our Tuition is only five pounds--one Dollr. passing for 8 Shillings--New York Currency; Room-rent four; and Board, including Breakfast, Dinner and Supper, at ye. Rate of eleven Shillings a Week, for ye. Time each Student is actually in College. Those, (saving Firewood, Candles, & Washing, which must be had every where) are the principal Expences, indeed almost the only ones, of the truly Collegiate kind: Others, indeed, may run higher--as in Dress, and sometimes in Company, than they do at Colleges in the Country; tho' even these will not be materially different to a Student of real gentility: For such a one will chuse to appear handsomely-habited in all Situations; and when he does go into Company, he will chuse the best for his Associates.
With Regard to our plan of Education, it is copied, in the most material parts, from Queen's College in Oxford; with the whole System of which (having been for many years both Learner and Teacher in that Seminary, with the Character of which you are by no means unacquainted,) I looked upon myself as perfectly acquainted familiar:
The young Gentleman's Guardian may rely on every Thing in my Power for his Ward's Emolument: but as to my turning private Tutor, as it were--it seems to me so inconsistent with my Office (whatever others in my situation may think of it) that I must beg to be excused. But I repeat--That I will shew Mr. Custis every Mark of Care & Attention, and see that his other Teachers shall do the same.
I have only to add, that I wish he may be here in June, as we do not admit enter pupils when absent--that I beg my best Respects to Coll. Washington, whom I shall be exceedingly happy to wait upon in New York (yourself, I hope, in Company)--and that I am, Dr. Sr. yr. affe. Friend
... and very obedt. servant &c
... M COOPER.
I hope you will have patience with me,--
at present I suffer much by a severe
Fit of the Gravel.
CAROLINE April 2d. 1770.
DR. SIR
I felt so strongly the Truth of your Remarks, that I took Shame to myself for having reduc'd You to so distressing a Dilemma. Believe it however, Sir, that it was Necessity & not Inclination, that urged Me to the Step, which yet I shd. hardly have taken, at last, cou'd I have supposed the Circumstances of Mastr. Custis's Estate to have been as you represent them.
I have now the Pleasure to inform You that I trust my present Difficulty will be surmounted, witht. laying my Friends under a Contribution--I am almost sure it will, if Mr. Claiborne will only be punctual in paying his £50, which I was Security for. A Debt, of long standing, & which I had almost despair'd of, fortunately for Me, has just been paid: & This, with some Collections I have made from the Estate of a deceased Friend, on wc. I administered, have enabled me to make up my sum of £230. this last, indeed, was an Expedient I very unwillingly had Recourse to; but I now learn, by Experience, that real Distress is very Effectual in teaching a Man to get the Better of certn. delicate Qualms of Conscience--& let This teach Me to view, wth. Candor, the Peccadillos of Others in similar Circumstances. I purpose replaceing This with what I am to receive of You on Mastr. Custis's Acct., &, therefore, if not highly inconvenient to You, wou'd this Year prefer a Bill to Cash. And shou'd I again be obliged to call on You before it is due, as I hope I shall not, I flatter myself with being again excused.
--Might not your proposed Improvemts. of ye. Navigan. of the Potomac to the Wtward be accomplished on some such Plan as This? I mean by obtaing. an Act of Assembly, empowering certn. Commissioners to be therein named to borrow the Sum supposed to be wanted, at a high Interest (suppose 10 pr. Cent) & this Interest to be rais'd fm. a Tax proportioned thereto, on all ye Vessels makg. Use of sd. Navigan.? Or, if ye Navigan. wd. bear it, wc. tho pr.haps it might not at first, yet, undoubtedly it soon would, might not this Tax be rated so, as to produce a considerable Surplus, enough not only to sink the original Loan, but to raise a Fund for still farthur Improvemts.--Are not some of the Canals in Engld., & ye. Turnpike on this System? &, if I mistake not, the very grand Canal now carrying on in Scotland is so too.--You, doubtless, have heard long ago wt. was done on this Matter by the Maryland Assembly; but, as I fear, fm. ye. Acct. of Things, our Assembly wd. not easily be persuaded to advance any Cash towards the Scheme, tho' I can have no immediate Interest in it, I shd. be grieved so beneficial a Project shd. be dropp'd.
I guess my Friend Mr. Addison1 met with some Difficulties in ye. Bargain He proposed to make for Me, as I have never heard from Him nor about the Boy.
[Note 1: 1 Rev. Walter Dulany Addison, of Annapolis, a lifelong friend and warm admirer of Dr. Boucher.]
Custis, who, as well as myself, is but just return'd from a Trip I took Him into Richmond County, is gone to write to his Mamma, to whom, & to Miss Custis, with many Thanks for thr. obliging Helps to my Garden, I beg my affectionate Compliments.
... I am, very respectfully, Sir,
... Yr. Obedt. Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
[Note 1: 1 Robert Hanson Harrison was born in Maryland, 1745; became Secretary to Washington, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, November 6, 1775; was made Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court, March 10, 1781; and declined an appointment to the United States Supreme Court in 1789. He died at his home upon the Potomac in Charles County, Maryland, April 2, 1790.]
Aprill 5th. 1770.
SIR
I am of Opinion that by the Common Law, you cannot divert the natural course of the Run by cutting of a Race through your own Land; It being stated by Mr. Washington that thereby J Barry would be deprived of Water necessary for his Cattle &c....As on the authorities ... 1 Bar Abgt 45--54-Carth 117-Com 69--5 Mod &c.2
[Note 2: 2 Barnardiston, Carthew, Comberbach, and Modern Reports.]
I also am of Opinion that was a Jury by an Order of Court founded on a petition preferred by you, agreable to the Directions of the Act of Assembly made in 17483 ch. 26 (Vid the Act) to report that introducing a Race thro your Land, would deprive J Barry or the person Intitled to the Land from necessary water, that the Court would Reject your petition; and should they not do It, that Barry might maintain an Action upon his Case against you for any Damage or Injury sustained by means of your diverting of his water; and that for every new Injury which would probably happen once every year, he might maintain a New Action--I must therefore Advise you to obtain his consent by an Instrument of Writing for that purpose--If you should, you will still be Subject to the same Inconvenience from the Heir at Law or person Intitled to The Land after Barry's death unless you can procure his or her consent then or now, If of full age, as no Agreement of Barry can bind longer than his life he being Tenant by the Courtesy only
[Note 3: 3 Hening, vol. vi. p. 55.]
... I am, Sir
... Yr most Obedt H Servt
... ROB H: HARRISON
MARYLAND the 8th. of April 1770
SIR/
Your's Acquanting me that Mr. West had Promised to be at your house this Afternoon, In order to Run the Dividing Line between Washington & Spencer, came to hand, tho' am afrade shall not be able to give my self the Pleasure of Wating on you in the Morning, Owing to a Verry severe Cold, which affects me in such a Manner, that I can scarsly git a Moment's Rest Should I be Better in the Morning will wate on you Arly. However should I not, don't Doubt but you and Mr. West will Lay the dividing Line of, agreeable to the True Intent and Desine thereof
... I am yr. Most Hble serv.
... THOS HNA MARSHALL
Wednsday Evening 11th. April 1770
SIR/
Am greatly obliged to you, for the Trouble you have Given your self in Leting me no Mr West is to be Down this Evening, or in the Morning; tho cannot at this Time Promis my self the Least Prospect of Joining you, As Mrs. Marshall (who has been much aleing for sum time Past) is this day so Ill, (that without a Great amendment) cannot by any meens Leve her, Should that be the Case, Weather &c. Permiting you may Depend I will be over in the Morning Arly,
... I am Sir
... Yr Most Hble servt.
... THO HAN. MARSHALL
NB. Should I not be
at your Hous by Eight
oClock, in the Morning
you may take for Granted
I cannot Leve home--
April the 16th. 1770
DEAR SIR
Having been travelling five days and not getting home till 11 oClock last night, I find myself & Horses rather too much fatigued to go to Court as I intended--
Mr Montgomerie informed me at the last Court that he shd. be up at this in order to have his power of Attorney fully proved--and I wrote to Colo. Mason desiring to be informed of the date of his power of Attorney, the one to Mr. Montgomerie being dated the 6th. of October 1769--
I have directed Joe to enquire for a Letter from Mr. Mason and deliver it to You, and I shall be obliged to You to open it, and if the date is not posterior to that of Mr. Montgomerie's and you incline to receive from him as Mr. Savage's Attorney the three years Annuity due, being £300, and pay it to him as Mrs. Savage's, I am also willing, and your Receipt will be as effectual as a joint one from us both. Mr. Montgomerie receiving the money as her Attorney will be answerable to her for it, and this may be a speedy way of getting the money paid to her--for Mr. Montgomerie told me he would settle it in that manner if agreeable to you.
I proposed to have spoke to you in person upon the Subject but being much fatigued I am in hopes this Letter will answer the same End.
... I am
... Dr Sir ... Your most obedt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX
I shall be obliged to you to
excuse my not coming to Mr Montgomerie to whom I
made a promise of being at Court, and I have hurried myself too much in order to perform it--
May ye 5th 1770
DR SIR
Inclosed is a Rough Draft of your Land and Calculated with the alowence of ten per cent in the hundred.
I did not Enter that Land for you on they teen Mile Creek as it Epear to me from the new Map Don by Mr Scull1 that the Monogahalia will be left out when they back Line is Run at that bent at the Mouth of they teen Mile Creek or at any Rate where the Land Lyes.
[Note 1: 1 George Croghan, writing to Thomas Wharton, November 11, 1772, says: "Scull's Map is a very fraudulent one & has been published with a view to D'ceive the publick here, wh. they have done effectually & rob'd ye. people of vast sums of Money & phaps they had in view likewise to get a line settled with ye. proprietors of ye. New Colonie by that Map."]
I ofard to pay the Office fees if they would Return me the Purches money if that Land did not fall in Pensilvania the would not agree to Return me the money at any Rate
But told me if I did not think it in Pensilvania not to enter it as such Presedents would be attended with Confusion and Trouble to them
Therefor I thought proper to Refair2 it till I went up and Run a Line from Fort pitt till it Entersects the Line now Run which will Determine the matter without dout and if it should be in Pensilvania then the Clark will send me a Warrant sending to him as we have agreed on it3 I shall have the other Peace at the mouth of the River Run out as soon as I go out as they survayor will be there again I go out
[Note 2: 2 Defer.]
[Note 3: 3 Warrants of survey were issued by the secretary of the board of property at Philadelphia subject to the direction of the commissioners. This board of property, organized in 1765, consisted of the governor, the secretary, the survey or general, the receiver general, and the auditor-general; the latter official being added to the board in 1769.]
There is no sertenty about the Quit Rents what they will be and it is suposed they will Open the Office on the former Terms as no Land from Over the mountain has bin Enter since they new manner of opening of it nor will any be fond of it which will oblidge them to Open on the former Terms1
[Note 1: 1 The quitrents at that time in Pennsylvania were one penny sterling per acre.]
The Endien Traders Land2 is to be laid on the north side of the Little Khanaway from the mouth to the head and by they Lalarel3 hill till it falls in with the Pensilvania Line and then with it till it falls to the head or as far as it goes and so a straight Line West till it Entersects or stricks the Ohio which will Leve out great part of all the Land on the west side of the Monongahalia to the Ohio from the Proprieter Line as According to the Opinion of Such as Judge the matter the Western Bounds will [be] a Crooked Line agreed to the Meanders of Dolawar River
[Note 2: 2 During hostilities with the western Indians in 1763-64, known as Pontiac's War, a number of traders met with serious losses at their hands. A the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in the autumn of 1768, grants of lands were made to several of these traders by the tribes there represented. These lands were located between the Kanawha and Monongahela rivers. Titles, however, to be valid, needed confirmation by the crown.--BUTTERFIELD.]
[Note 3: 3 Laurel]
The Endien Traders have not got there Land Confirmd to them yeat from any Account they have had yeat Capt Trent is still in Ingland wating to have it Setled4
[Note 4: 4 William Trent, a native of Pennsylvania, was early engaged in the Indian trade. He also took an active part in the Seven Years' War; and during Pontiac's War saffered the loss of a trading-house near Fort Pitt. He was allowed a grant of land by the Indians, at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, along with other Indian traders; these grants he was seeking to have confirmed.--BUTTERFIELD.]
I shall do Every thing in my Power to inform my self in Regard to the Lands where the are to be Laid of till I see or hear from you I am your most Humble Sarvant
... W. CRAWFORD
N B When you com up you
will see the hole of your Tract
finisht and have it all Patent
in on[e] Tract I spook to Mr
Thilman1 and told him you wanted
to Command som part of the
River and he Agreed the Survayor
should Run it out and you pay all
under one and have a patent for the
hole in one
[Note 1: 1 James Tilghman, Secretary of the Land Office at Philadelphia.]
Colo Carlyle has promised me to show
you Mr Sculls. Map just Dun from the
best intelligents som Actual Survays
Som from Report or best Accounts
he cold get--
MARYLAND THE 7th. of May 1770--
SIR/ You have hearwith the Counts & Distances of Mr. Alexanders Land (Corrected). Viz
S39[???] W, 280 Pole, S 40 E, 199, East, 140,--
N N W, 128, N 60 E 57, N N W to the Begg.2
[Note 2: 2 Beginning.]
... I am yr. Verry Hble serv.
... THOS. HAN. MARSHALL
CAROLINE, May the 9th. 1770.
SIR
There are some particular Circumstances in my Affairs, at this Juncture, which make Me desirous to know your & Mrs. Washington's final Resolution respecting Mr. Custis's Visit to Europe. Should You think it adviseable for Him to go, & I be thought a proper person to accompany Him, I still am willing to accompany do it, & on Terms which, I can hardly think, You will judge unreasonable.--I mean not to take upon Me to advise You in the Matter: Yet, I cannot help giving it You as my Opinion, that, from what I know of Him, Travelling will be of peculiar Service to Him. And as He is now advancing fast to that period of Life, much the most hazardous, this Expedient, if ever adopted at all, should be resolved on Early, & put in Execution, at least, in two Years from this Time. The Expectan. of it will engage his Attention, & divert Him from what I think a very wrong System, tho a very common one, with the Youth of Virginia: it is to be hoped too, that it will stimulate Him to pursue his Studies with greater Earnestness, when He recollects how often He must be put to the Blush, if He appears illiterate amongst Men of Letters, into whose Company, in Travelling, He will often fall. Surely, it will not be thought that I can possibly have any interested Views in this Matter. It is true, indeed, I wish to revisit my native Country, & I have too a strong Inclinan. to see the difft. parts of the World. In point of Prudence, however, I believe it were better, for Me to remain contented as I am: I consider it in this Light, that I am unconnected in the World, with no very violent Passion, but that of increasing my slender Stock of Knowledge, which I persuade myself I shall most effectually accomplish by a Tour thro' those Countries where Arts and Sciences have been most successfully cultivated. These, believe Me, are all the interested Motives I feel the Influence of: & if I have either heretofore or now, recommended it to Mr. Custis to travel, it was from a full Conviction how necessary & how useful it wd. be to Him. I have many Reasons for this Opinion, Some of which, I believe, are not unknown to You.
Happening, at present, to be a good deal hurried, I have only Time to add, that I wou'd by no means have mentioned this Matter to You now, had not my own Affairs required it: & that I can never consent to his leaving Virga. unless He is first innoculated, which therefore should be resolved on as soon as ever You can be advised of a good Opportunity.
I beg my respectful Compts. to Mrs. Washington & Miss Custis, & am, very truly,
... Yr. most obedt. Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER.
P. S.
I have shewn Jack what I have wrote, & desir'd Him to think of the Project calmly & coolly, & then sit down, & write You fully his own Sentiments on the Subject.--
ST. MARY'S May the 21st. 1770.
SIR
So hurried as You know Me to be at present, I flatter myself You will not even now expect more of Me than the Outlines of a Plan of Travelling: the filling it up may be the Work of further Leisure, & mature Consideration. And, as I have Nothing to lay before You, but mere Conjectures & Opinions, unsupported by any experience of my Own, let Me again have Leave to remind You not to pay any greater Deference to These, or to any Opinions, than They are found fairly to deserve. It is a Project of sufft. Importance to warrant yr. collectg. ye. Opinions of All who may be suppos'd to have ever attended to, or thot. of the Matter.
Travelling, You are well aware, is still and long has been much in Vogue in our Mother Country; yet has it so frequently been attempted & executed in so absurd & preposterous a Manner, that it is now become a Question, whether, rationally considered, it be really useful or not. And as warm an Advocate as I profess myself for this Method of completg. an Educatn., I yet readily own that it is only some Persons to whom Travelling can possibly be useful & that there are perhaps equally many to whom it cod. certainly be pernicious. The light, giddy, fantastical frothy & frivolous Characters amongst Us, Wd. only be made worse, & rendered incurable: but, let Sedentary Men talk as much as They please of ye. Loss of Time, ye. Expence, & ye. unsettled & roving Habits acquired by Travel, to Me it is beyond a Dispute, that to an observant Mind, & to a Person Enducd wth. Judgmt. to draw profitable Knowledge fm. ye. various Objects wc. various Countries are perpetually presentg., there is not anor. so eligible a System to be taken to form & polish ye. manners of a liberal Youth, & to fit Him for ye. Business & Conversan. of ye. World. And if You will be pleased to apply this Remark to some living Instances to be met with Even here, I am mistaken if it will not account for that Objecn. so often started by the Opposers of this Plan--that such, & such an one have travelled without being any better for it. Depend upon it, They were either originally unfit for the Experiment, or it has been conducted on wrong Principles. Let This be sd. witht. any Suspicion of my aimg. to reflect on any Individuals: the Reflexion is not confin'd to Virginia. But there is a certn. Captiousness in some of yr. Countrymen wc. I sincerely cannot but lament, tho I very freely pardon as being but ye. ebullitions of Zeal for thr. Country, wc. will hardly allow a Foreigner (& such I must be called in Spite of my sincere Attachmt. to Virga. & Virginians) to censure find Fault wth. any Thing belonging either to Them or to their Country. But, as I am well convinced This is not ye. Case wth. you, I return to my subject.
It being then agreed, at least by You & Me, that, generally speaking, Travelling is useful & necessary, to young Persons in all Countries, let Us, as more immediately interesting Us, now more particularly enquire, if it be not particularly so to a Virginian & to Mr. Custis. The peculiar Advantages we result to Youth from Travel, are sd. to be first, an Easy Address, ye. wearing off national Prejudices, & ye. findg. nothg. ridiculous in national Peculiarities; & above all, that supreme Accomplishmt. wc. we call a Knowledge of ye. World. A Service so useful as to supersede or disgrace all ye. Rest: for I understand not ye. Phrase in ye. sense in wc. Fops or Rakes use it, but mean by it that easy that elegant that useful Knowledge wc. results fm. an enlarged observan. of Men & Things, fm. an Acquaintance with ye. Customs & Usages of various and distant Countries, fm. some Insight into their Politics, Governmt., Religion and Manners, in a Word, fm. ye. Study & Contemplan. of Men, as They present Themselves on ye. grt. stage of ye. World, in various Forms, & under Difft Appearances. This is that Master Science, wc. every G-man shd. know, & wc. yet no school nor College can teach Him. To apply this to ye. Country We live in where will You point out to Me another so circumscrib'd in its Intercourse wth. Mankind at large, as Virga.? Saving here & there a needy Emigrant from Gt. Britain, an illiterate Captn. of a Ship, or a Mercht. subaltern Mercht. to a Mercht, to whom can a Virga. Youth apply, for a Speciman of ye. Manners &c of any other People? Thus limited in ye. Oppty. for Observan., must not his Ideas necessarily resemble Those of a Carribee Indian, mentioned by Lafitan, who, offended at being called a Savage, exclaimed, I know no Savages but the Europeans, who adopt none of our Customs; or Those of ye. Inhabitants of the Marean Islands, who, being persuaded that Theirs was ye. only Language in ye. Universe, concluded from thence that all other Men knew not how to speak? He finds his Lot cast in a Country amazingly fertile, & thence learns to conclude that even ye. rich Plains watered by ye. Nile, the Grecian Temple, the Roman Campania, the Spanish Andulusia, are all mean & contemptible wn. compar'd wth. his low Grounds; & pursuing this train of Reasoning, soon supposes also like the Baron of Thonder ton Tronck; that both his Country & Countrymen, are the finest of all possible Countries, & People. Now, if it were only for ye. Sake of Truth & Decency, if it were only to avoid ye. Ridicule to wc. these palpable Absurdities expose Them, one cannot but wish our Youth cd. be taught to open thr. Eyes, & extend Them beyond thr. own foggy Air & dirty Acres. But, This is not all: there is not a Country in ye. World, where a Man of Capacity cd. be more eminently useful by promotg. & encouraging ye. Arts, than in Virga. Till very lately You cd. hardly any where see a piece of Land tolerably plough'd, or a person who cd. be persuaded that plowing made any difference: & even yet it is more than probable, even Those who have made ye. greatest Improvmts. in this most natural, most useful, & most amusing Art, fall infinitely short of some other Countries. In a political View then, Travelling appears to be exceedingly necessary: since a Man may thus learn to double ye. value of his Estate.
I mentioned too ye. Improvemt. of Manners; by wc. I mean an Ability for ingenious, manly, & useful Conversn. For a Traveller who makes a proper Use of his Opportunities, will be all of a piece, & return as polished in his Mind & Understanding, as in his Person. To this it is frequently objected yt. wt. is gain'd in Civility & Politeness, is lost in real Goodness & Virtue, by ye. various temptg. Scenes of Vice to wc. a Youth must be exposed in ye. course of his Travels. In Ansr. to This, let Me observe that there are some Tempers who cd. not possibly be preserved fm. ye. Taint of Vice, even wth. ye. Benefit of a private Educan. Or, grant it were practicable to retain ye. Purity of their Morals by such narrow Regulans., do not You think that if, by this Means, They shd. chance to have fewer Vices, They wd. also have fewer Excellencies? And it shd. be remembered that solitary Virtue, however pure & immaculate, is but imperfect Virtue: We are formed for Society, & ye. Business of ye. World is a Duty we owe to Society: & it is therefore our Duty to qualify ourselves for ye. performance of these Duties in ye. best Manr. wc. is by prudent & well conducted Travel.
Let Us now, if You please, as a Contrast to This, for a Moment figure to Ourselves ye. future History of our Pupil, shd. this Expedient not be approv'd of. The chief failings of his Character are that He is constitutionally somewhat too warm, indolent, & voluptuous. As yet these propensities are but in Embrio: Ere long, however, They will discover Themselves, & if not duly & carefully regulated, it is Easy to see to what They will lead. At best, He will soon lose all Relish for mental Excellence--He will unwillingly apply to any Improvemts. either in Arts or Sciences--. Sunk in unmanly Sloth, his Estate will [be] left to ye. Managemt. of some worthless Overseer; & Himself soon be entangled in some matrimonial Adventure, in wc. as Passion will have much to say, it is not very likely Reason will be much listened to. I appeal to You, Sir, if this Acct. be exaggerated, & if it be not sadly verified by many living Instances yt. have fallen under yr. own Observan..
The Contrast is so striking, to Me, at least, it seems so, that I cannot think it possible for any one to hesitate a Moment in determing. Let Me then hasten just to repeat wt. I yesterday mentioned to You of ye. Manner in we. I cou'd wish my Scheme to be executed.--In the first Place then, I wou'd have Him make the Tour of N: America, at least, ye. Northern Colonies, wc. might very well be done in six months. And This chiefly to avoid ye. Absurdity of going so far to get acquainted wth. other Countries, ere He knew any Thing of his own. After This, He shd. go to Engld., & there immediately to be enter'd in One of ye. Universities, not so much fm. any Prospect of Advantages to be gain'd by Study in ye. little Time He wd. stay there, as that it wou'd be by much the safest Place for Him. After a Winter or so spent there, He shou'd be conducted thro' ye. principal Countries & Towns of the three Kingdoms, which wou'd possibly take up nearly a Year; After This He might conveniently spend six Months in the Metropolis, & from thence set out on his Tour thro' some of ye. principal Countries on ye. Continent, wc. He shd. travel thro' not as a Virtuoso to collect Rarities, or as a Connoisseur, to gaze at excellent Pictures or magnificent Buildings, but rather like a Really sensible & Sentimental Traveller, such as Horace intimates Ulysses was, who travell'd thro' many Cities to see ye. Manners of many Men.--These are the Outlines of my Plan; which however I no otherwise recommend to You, than as my first Thoughts, wc. I shall be proud to see improv'd by Yr. self or others. The Expence of the Undertaking yet remains to be spoken of, in estimating of which, I am even more at a Loss than in what I have heretofore mentioned. However, as I had much rather have my Judgemt. called in Questn. than my Inclinan. to comply wth. every Request of Yours, I hesitate not to give You my Opinion, such as it is. I cannot then believe that it can possibly be undertaken excuted in any such Manner as You wd. wish, or as it ought, for less than sterg £1000 per ann: if so little: which I calculate in this Manner. It cannot be thot. unreasonable that my Appointmt. if finally I shd. be pitch'd upon to accompany Him, shd. at least be equal to wt. I relinquish here; as I take not into Acct. ye. Injury I may thus eventually do to my Prospects in Life, since This, I think, ought to be charg'd to ye. Pleasure I propose to Myself fm. ye. Scheme. This then I set down at £250: My Expences & those of a servt. & a pr. of Horses, at as much more: His own, & servt. &c. at £250--the remaining £250 I allot to Cloathg. Him & sundry other unforeseen Expences, such as Purchasg. Curiosities, visitg. public Places, &c &c. For Aught I know, This may be too much--tho' I hardly think it is: shou'd it be so, as I know his Circumstances, it shd. be my Study to proportion his Expences, as far as They possibly could, to his Income. And, whoever be his Preceptor, shd. have it strictly in Charge Punctually to render You a faithful Acct. of every Disbursemt., that so You might have it in yr. Power to subject Him to whatever new Regulans. You might judge expedient.
I am much ashamed to lay before You so confused & ill digested a Letter, wc. I beg You to impute to my Hurry, & my being constantly interrupted by Company: If, however, You can only collect from it ye. Substance of my Plan, & if that only appears tolerably plausible to You, I am not very anxious for ye. Rest, relying so entirely as I do, on yr. Candor to excuse any Inaccuracies You may meet wth. in wt. I have wrote. This only I have to request of You, that wn. You consult any of yr. Friends on this Matter, You will be so good as not to produce this Letter, which tho' I am not afraid to trust to You, I am yet unwilling shd. be perused by Strangers.
As to Mr. Custis's living wth. Me in Annapolis, shou'd I resolve to remove thither, as I suppose I shall, I have not anything to add to what I yesterday told You. I purpose calling on Mrs. Washington in my Way to Maryland, & shall then request Her immediately to write to You her Sentiments, so that I shall hope to be obliged wth. your final Resolution before I leave Annaps., which will hardly be before the Middle of next Month.
... I am, with much Esteem, very truly
... Sir, Yr. most Obedt. & most Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
LONDON the 25 May 1770
SIR/
In my last I troubled Coll. Hunter to get forwarded to you Messrs. Colvill & West as Ex rs to the late Mr. Colvill a letter from Newcastle, covering the Pedigree of Dulcibella Stott & Certificate of her then residing there, which has been formed in consequence of an Advertisement put into the News Papers by the direction of the Will of the said Mr. Colvill.1
[Note 1: 1 The following extract from Thomas Colville's will is bound with the Washington manuscripts: "Paragraph of the Will of Thos. Colvill decd. And whereas my Mother Catherine Colvill had several near relations in Durham of the Names of Stott, Wills, Richardson and a Woman called Catherine Smith--it is my will & desire that the overplus or residue of my estate when sold as aforesaid (if any surplus there be) be divided into four equal parts and that each of the before mention'd Stott, Wills, Richardson & Smith have one fourth part of the overplus of my Estate my meaning is that those of these Names the nearest related to my said Mother or their direct descendants have each their fourth parts of the said residue after having made sufficient proof of their respective relationship to my said Mother--And that they enter their several claims & make proper proofs as aforesaid to my executors within five years after my decease as in and by the said Will reference being thereto had will more fully appear"--]
I then represented to you the distressed Circumstances this poor Woman was laboring under & how salutary a speedy relief would be to her, but above all beged to have some answer to satisfy her about her great Expectations, which I fear by Coll. Hunter's Account given me will never profit her much.
I can hardly suppose my letter has miscarried as it was forwarded by one of this Gentleman's friends: I have seen him since I came to Town & he has assured me that if I could write to you, you would have the goodness to enquire if my letter was ever received, & to send me an answer thereto.
If there is a possibilty of getting anything for this poor old woman, I hope you will be so charitable as to use your Interest in her Behalf; I however flatter myself that you will very soon favor me with an answer to this, directed to Newcastle upon Tine, setting forth the State of the Case, that I may satisfy her how Things are, which Coll. Hunter say'd I might depend upon your doing, if I made use of his name, the same as if he had given me a Line to you himself, to desire you would take this Trouble.
I do assure you I have no other Interest in the affair than a desire of getting this poor woman who now lives upon Charity a certain Information whether she is or is not to expect any advantage from the Will of the late Mr. Colvill, for without some advice from one of you Gentlemen concerned there will be [no] satisfying her or making her easy about it.
You will excuse the Liberty I take in troubling [you] with this letter, if you will favor me with a speedy answer to it, you will very much oblige
... Sir/
... Your obt. hble Servt.
... WM. PEARETH.
ANNAPOLIS Aug: 18th. 1770.
SIR
Jack comes a Day or two sooner than I intended, in Consequence of an Invitation from Mr. Galloway, & Mr. Magowan, to go to West River, which He does this Day.--He brings you some Samples, which I hardly expect will please. Mr. Antho. Stewart1 has a Cargo just arrived, not yet opened, in which, He says, are Assortmts. of Coating: Shou'd You rather incline to wait for a Choice out of These, if You will be so good as to give Me Yr. Directions, I will endeavour to attend to Them.--Their common Rate of selling, for ready Money is at 100 per Cent, which I think is cheaper than with You.--A Vessel will clear out from hence for London, in abt. a Week or ten Days. I will be careful of any Letters You may want to put on Board.
[Note 1: 1 Anthony Stewart of Annapolis, proprietor of the brig Peggy Stewart, burned by the owner at Annapolis in October, 1774, for carrying tea.]
They are still going on wth. thr. Subscripn. for clearg. ye. Potomac, &, as I am told, wth. Spirit. Four hundred pounds are subscribed in this City; nor have They yet got all They expect. Messrs. Jacques & Johnson set off for Frederick to-morrow, & talk of fixing a Day for a general Meeting, before They return. Will it be convenient & agreeable to You to attend--about a Month hence, if You have Notice in Time--at the Spot, i: e: at, or near Semple's?
Dr. Ross yesterday shew'd Me a Letter He had just recd. from Croghan at Pittsburg, which informs Him that a new Government is certainly determin'd upon in that Western World2 & that either Coll: Mercer3 or one Mr. Wharton4 are to be appointed Governor. He speaks of its Boundaries &c wth. Certainty, as a Matter of Fact. Have You heard of it--& the Particulars? It will be an immense Acquisition, if not immediately to the Wealth, certainly to the Strength of these Governments--& a fine Field for a projectg. Spirit to advertise in.
[Note 2: 2 Walpole's grant.]
[Note 3: 3 George Mercer.]
[Note 4: 4 Samuel Wharton.]
... I am, Sir, yr. most Obedt. Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
[Note 1: 1 Born in 1755, died November 5, 1781.]
... [A Copy.]
August 30 1770
MY DEAR SIR
I have sent you according to your directions patterns of all Mr. Stewarts beaver Coating with the lowest ready money prices fixed to each of them, which I have directed the boy to leave with Mr. Ramsay. When I crossed the River I saw Mr. Mason who told me that Mr. Christian had been at his house, and told him that he was to teach 4 days at our house the next time; 2 therefore I should be glad, if convenient, to know before the time, whether I must come over, & likewise whether I shall have the lace taken off my green coat, I think it had better be turned by which means it will serve me very well this winter. I have nothing new to tell you of. Mr. Boucher has sent your letter by George Buchanan. My love to Mama & sister, and my compliments to all who enquire after me.
[Note 2: 2 There are several entries in Washington's journal for 1770 showing that the young people from time to time assembled at the different houses in the neighborhood to attend a dancing class, conducted by Mr. Christian.
"May 9. Mr. Christian danced here, who, besides his Scholars, and those already mentioned to be here. Mrs. Peake & Neice Mr. Massey--Mr. Piper & Mr. Adams dined here."
"10. Mr. Christian and some of his Scholars went away this afternoon."
"18. Patsy Custis & Milly Posey went to Colo. Mason's to the Dancing School."
"Sept.12. Mr. Christian & his Scholars came here to Dancing."]
... With the greatest respect
... Yr. obedt. Son
... JOHN PARKE CUSTIS
MARYLAND the 17th. Sepr. 1770
SIR/
The Tenant's on Mr. Alexanders Land (on this side) Are Desirous of knowing what Part of the Lands will be Left, after Laying of the Quantity we are makeing an Exchange for; As you have all the Lands collected in one Plat (If I mistake not) that is in Dogue Neck; If you will be kind enuf to Let me know the Quantity of Land I hould (in slipes) on the South side of the Mane Road that Leeds from the head of Dogue Creek (That is, from the [mutilated] Landing Place) to the Gum Spring which I immagin you can Nearly do by your Plat, I can then satisfy the Tenants heare, by Strikeing and Sighting the Line, agreable to the Forme, have sighted in a Ruff Draft of Mr. Alexanders Land, sent you,
... I am yr Verry Hble servt.
... THOS. HAN. MARSHALL.
[Note 1: 1 Born in Prince William Country, Virginia, about 1740; died in Dumfries, Virginia, March 12, 1790.]
... [A Copy.]
SNIGGERS Sept. 23. 1770.
SIR,
We [?] have met here to day, and we [?] have your evidences agreeable to appointment, but only 2 commissioners have appeared which is not sufficient. Mr Scott is sent for, and on his arrival, we shall proceed to business, when you may depend I shall do everything necessary on your behalf.
Mr Thos Hite has this day acknowledged he has Thomas' bond for the money the land was sold for and offered to relinquish his claim to the land provided I would undertake to pay the amount of the bond which is about £12 & interest. This I did not incline to do, as I have no instructions from you relative to such a proposal; and my own opinion was against it; as I conceived Thomas & his heirs were liable for it, and that the land was not subject to it in the hands of an asignee.
... I am, Sir, yr Most Obedt.
... WM GRAYSON.
MARYLAND the 23d. of Sepr 1770
SIR/I'm sorry it is not in my Power to appoint any Day (at this time) that I could wate on you in order to Ascertain the Quantity of Land of Woud2 on the South side of the Road, that Leads from your Stile to the Gum Spring, owing to the to the Declining state of health Mrs. Marshall still Labrs. Under, she being in such a Loe state, that I cannot Leve her Scarcely a Moment--
[Note 2: 2 Wood?]
Should be Verry Glad, could I be on sum Sertenty in Regard to the Quantity of Land, as I wanted the part (much) to have inclosed (off Mr Alexanders pt. Adjoining me heare) Arly this fall, On which Acct. should Mrs. Marshall's situation alter, so that I can Leve her, before the time you Propose Leveing home, I will Acquant you therewith, and wate on you in Order to have the affair setled as far as we now can do--
... I am yr verry Hble servt.
... THOS. HAN. MARSHALL
ANNAPOLIS 1st. Octr. 1770.
DEAR SIR
I much wish'd to have accompany'd Jack, but cannot: &, what is worse, We part on an Uncertainty, which may be disagreeable. I have some Thoughts of setting off for St Mary's this Week; & if I do get away, I can hardly expect to return again till I remove finally, which cannot well be sooner than the latter End of next Month. So that, if I do not come by Mount Vernon, Jack needs not come hither, till You or He hear from Me again.
A quondam Schoolfellow of Jack's wrote to Me last Week to apply to Dr. Stephenson of Baltimore to take Him to be innoculated. I have done so; & at ye. same Time mentioned Custis to Him. He seem'd particularly desirous of having an Opportunity of testifying his Esteem for You by shewing Civilities to any person connected with You. And, cou'd You by any means resolve on this Measure, I cannot but think the present a favorable Time, as there are now, or soon will be, many of his Acquaintances there on the same Errand.
Probably, ere long, You will find out that He has lost his Watch; & He deserves to be severely reprimanded for his Carelessness. I have the Watch, but do not care soon to put Him out of Pain.
I heartily wish You an agreeable Tour thro' yonder Tramontane Regions, & am, very truly,
... Yr. much obliged Frd. & Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
TOWLSTON Decr. the 6th. 1770.
... DEAR SIR
I am very glad to hear of your safe Return1 which I had begun to doubt of--
[Note 1: 1 Washington set out on his journey to the Ohio on October 5, and reached home December 1, 1770.]
Poor Rockwood died on his way Home--
I have inclosed a Letter which I received this Fall from Mr. Montgomerie. Please to let me know your Determination, and if you should be inclinable (which I doubt of) to receive a payment from him, and make one to him as Mrs. Savage's Attorney, and will inform me of the place it would be agreeable to you to meet him I will endeavor to be there if possible and the Weather tolerable.
... I am Dr Sir
... Yr. most obedt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX
I think Mr. Montgomerie will be answerable to Mrs. Savage--
I had almost forgot to inform you that Mr. Harrison could not undertake the Suit vs Mr. Mason as he had been retained by him and no Suit has been yet brought as I expected to have seen you soon after I received Mr. Harrison's Letter: so that in Case you don't agree to Mr. Montogomerie's proposal, I hope you'll direct the Suit to be brought by any one you think proper; For tho' we can't refuse an actual payment from Mr. Montgomerie, we may one upon condition of repaying it to him1--
[Note 1: 1 DR. SIR,
Having received your favour of the 6th. I profess myself at a loss to know what answer to give to it, and to consult a Lawyer every time we are puzzled by the duplicity of Mrs. Savage's Conduct woud sink a large portion of her Annuity, or entail a heavy expense upon ourselves.--
I think as you do, that it woud seem odd to refuse the actual tender of Mrs. Savage's Annuity from the Doctrs. Agent at a time when we are threatening his Security with a Suit on this Acct.;--And I am of opinion, that if we were to do receive the money from him, we coud can not legally withhold payment thereof from her Attorney (who is one and the same person) without submitting our Reasons for so doing to the Publick attention, and her Letters she has expressly required may not be seen--Without exposing these as the grounds of our refusal we can have no pretext to detain the money in our hands--to keep it there would contribute nothing to the relief of Mrs. Savage's necessities but very probably expose ourselves to Censure--and to pay the money to any Person not legally authoriz'd to receive it would I believe be equally Imprudent--In short, view the matter in whatever light one will, there is nothing but doubt & difficulties before us; and I see no effectual method of serving Mrs. Savage without falling into some snare which we may not easily extricate ourselves from for I must confess that I have no good opinion of Mrs. Savages honour on the one hand--On the [other] our attempts to serve her will give us little to expect from the Doctors Friendship if we should [several illegible words] on the whole, can we, do you think, avoid coming to a Settlement with Mr. Montgomerie without Incurring the Imputation of disengenuity on the one hand--or, being too particular in plain in our Reason's for it on the other; If this can be done I should be for letting the matter sleep awhile till we cou'd write a joint Letter to Mra. Savage informing her of the predicament in which her Affairs respecting the Bond stand & to beg that she will be steady & fixd to some point or no longer expect us to become the dupes of her fickleness and folly.--If you think this method can be adopted no time shoud be lost in putting it in execution, if you think it cannot or ought not I am willing to pursue any other you shall advise as I own that I am more per [manuscript torn], more I think of the matter.--
... I am Dr. Sir
... Yr. Most Obedt.
... Go. W--N
... Decr. 12th. 1770
... (Washington's reply.)]
Decemr 6th. 1770
DR SIR/
Agreeable to your Desire I have Bought the Great Meadows from Mr Harrison1 for thirty Pistols to be paid to Mr. Jacob Hite and inclosesed is an order on you from Mr Harrison in faviour of Mr Hite, and the bill of Se'al filld. up by Mr MClaine2 and a Draft to be Run as you think Proper any alterations you want done Please to Let me now and I will see it done when Mr MClaine Coms up next Summer.
[Note 1: 1 Lawrence Harrison.]
[Note 2: 2 McLain.]
I intend to Fort pitt in a day or two the Snow that fell the time you Left my house Continued on the ground with the help of som more Ever Since so that there was no Looking at the Land with they Cation3 you Desired
[Note 3: 3 Caution?]
I shall send you a full Account by My Brothers [w]ho is to be up by Christmass if I can have the ground Clear of Snow Long a nough to have it done, at any Rate I will see it next Weeke, Colo. Croughan is at Fort pitt still and I understand is to stay Chief part of the Winter
... Sir I wish you a Mery Christmass
... and I am Sir your very
... Humb. Sarvant--
... W CRAWFORD
NB Mr. Hite has an order of the
... sam[e] on[e] is to be paid only
... WC
[Note 1: 1 William Carr was in March, 1761, appointed one of the trustees of the town of Dumfries.]
DUMFRIES 17th. Decr 1770
SIR
Your favour of the 12th. Currt. came to hand yesterday which confirmed what Mr Lawson told me regarding your wheat as you Manufacture yours it will not be in may power to procure a ship Load in this part of the country being only desird to ship from one to 200 Barrels of Flower & that on condition its of Equal Quality with the Baltimore & Philadelphia. I am empowerd by Mr Russell to Settle & adjust some of his affairs here amongst which are his claim to Mr Johnstonns Estate the tract of Land adjoining you will I am informd clearly appear to be Mr Russells Property of this I am not certain as I have not yet got the title Papers Mr. West1 wrote me lately I need not bring suit against him if Mr. Russells title should be thought good he woud not dispute the Point with me I have been so busy this Fall that I really coud not spare time to search Fairfax County office where all the papers relative to the Land may be found I shall look into this Matter immediately then let you know how it stands you may be sure Sir your inquiries shall remain with me & Mr. Russells claim to the Land when the papers are proved shall be forwarded to you so that if you are inclinable to Purchase from Mr West or Mr Russell you may be on a certainty Should I have any orders to Buy Flower you shall know I am Sir
[Note 1: 1 John West, of Fairfax County.]
... Your most Obt hble Servant
... WILLIAM CARR
DUBLIN Decr. the 18th. 1770--
DEAR COLONEL
I wrote you from hence about two Months since, at the Request of Mrs. Savage, praying you to do, what her own Letter now she says repeats, and enforces. I believe the poor Woman has but a bad Time, as she is amongst other Things, at the tender Age of three score & ten, denied the Use of Pen Ink Paper & Romances, and a frequent Use of the Strap is substituted in the Place of these Amusements--this she tells me herself, and an old Lady who visits me with her assures me--it is--but--too--true.
This Country affords no News--various are the Opinions concerning War--all the Officers who had Leave of Absence are ordered to join their Regiments--every Pacquet boat imports Us at least half a dozen--and if We may judge by the Appearances at the Castle, all the Country seems to have got into his Majesty's Livery--as ¾ of the Levee is always composed of red Coats.
I wrote you several Letters on the Subject of the Lands We were promised by Govr. Dinwiddie's Proclamation--in my last, before I left England, I mentioned my having agreed with, or I may rather say prevailed with, the great Land Company there1--that the 200,000 Acres claimed by the officers of the Virginia Troops, should be allowed, out of their small Grant; but I wish however the Affair might be settled in Virginia, and I hope it is over by this, as the 25th. of Octr. is past.
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Mercer was the agent for the Ohio Company in England, which had been merged into Walpole's Company.]
I hope to kiss your Hand in our native Country the Beginning of the Summer, as I shall go to England in a few Days, & put myself on Board the first Spring Ship bound to the Land of Promise. My Compliments wait on Mrs. Washington. I am
... Dear Colonel
... Your obliged Friend & hble Servt.
... GEO. MERCER.
ANNAPOLIS, Dect. 18th. 1770.
SIR
I thank You much for your Intimations respecting Master Custis. Were all Those who have the Care & Direction of Children as attentive to their real Interests, We shou'd not have so many Complaints of Children spoil'd by Parental Indulgence.
It is not without much Concern I own to You, that your Sentimts. of this young Gentleman have, for some Time, been my own. I have observ'd his growing Passions taking this unpleasing Cast, without the Power of preventing it. To a Youth, brought up in the calm, easy, & rational Manner that He has, the ordinary Means of violent Restraint or Controll, wou'd, I believe, rather defeat, than promote a Reformation. The System, we set out with, that of tender persuasion, must still be pursued: and tho' it may not, perhaps, work a speedy Cure, it certainly will in the End. I consider his rising Passions as some little Streamlet, swelling by successive Showers, into Something like a Torrent: You will in vain oppose its Course by Dams, Banks, or Mounds: & the only certain Means to prevent its becoming Mischievous, is to lead it gently along by a Variety of Canals, lessening its Force, by dividing it.--There are but two Cases in which I can foresee much real Danger to this young Gentleman; & if He can be preserved from These, I shall not be greatly apprehensive as to others. I mean, his Love of Ease, & Love of Pleasure--Pleasure of a Kind exceedingly uncommon at his Years. I must confess to You I never did in my Life know a Youth so exceedingly indolent, or so surprisingly voluptuous: one wd. suppose Nature had intended Him for some Asiatic Prince: Against these two insinuating & most dangerous Foes to all that is truly valuable in a Character I have exerted all my Opposition: and I trust not altogether without Success. For, in a Contest of this Sort, not to suffer a total Defeat is in some Measure to gain a Victory. There is a Period in Life when these Passions will wage a War with Reason: and, if You can but keep Them [at] a Stand perhaps a reasonable Man will be contented. It could not be but that at one Time or other Mr. Custis must have been introduc'd into Life, as 'tis call'd; and is it not almost too much to expect from one brought up in so very guarded a Manner as He has, that He shou'd pass the fiery Trial unhurt? He knows even now extremely little of the various Enjoyments of social Life; & yet He is peculiarly susceptible of Them. Is it not better then, think You, that He shou'd be suffered occasionally to mix in Company, unreserved, while He can have the advantage of a Monitor at Home, even tho' He shou'd, as indeed is too often the Case, go farther than One wou'd wish? It is, possibly, a Misfortune to Him, that every where much Notice is taken of Him. Whether This may be owing to his Family, his Fortune, his Manners, or his Connexions, or all together, I will not now enquire: But This is certain, that tho' I am often pleas'd with it, yet it is the Source of infinite Disquietude to Me. It is here, as with You: He has many Invitations to Visits, Balls, & other Scenes of Pleasure, to which neither You nor I can refuse his going--more especially, if We go ourselves. Indeed, I do not know that it wou'd be right to refuse, even if good Manners wou'd allow it. Yet so it is, He seldom or never goes abroad without learning Something I cou'd have wish'd Him not to have learn'd. There are not, that I know of, more idle or pleasurable People in Annaps, than there are in any other Town containing an Equal Number of Inhabitants: yet somehow or other He has contriv'd to learn a great deal of Idleness and Dissipation amongst Them. One inspires Him with a Passion for Dress--Another for Racing, Foxhunting &c--Even the grave Coll: Sharpe, You see, led Him to talk of Guns & Rifles, with much more Satisfaction than I can persuade Him to talk of Books, or literary Subjects. In Truth, it is one of the worst Symptoms that I know of in Him, that He does not much like Books: & Yet I have been endeavouring to allure Him to it, by every Artifice I cou'd think of. I hoped that Cargo of Books wou'd have done it.1--Let Me, however, do Him the Justice to own, that He has labour'd under some Disadvantages in this Place: My late unsettled manner of Living has been unfavourable to Him. He dislik'd the House We lodg'd at, & wth. some Reason. I cou'd not always be with Him, nor He always at his Book; & at such Times, there was no Body in the House, with whom He could, spend a leisure Hour but tolerably agreeably. Unluckily too, there lodged a Youth with us, of a Character exactly calculated to spoil such a Lad as Custis. He is sensible, wild, volatile, idle & good natured. You will know that I allude to a Son of Mr. Sam: Galloway's. I by no means aim to reproach the young Gentleman, whom really I like exceedingly myself, yet can I not help giving it as my Opinion that He has done your Ward more Harm than He or his Family can Easily make Amends for. You cannot conceive wth. wt. Delight Custis Wd. listen to his droll Tales, & Accts. of his Pranks at School in England.--There is another Particular too which perhaps Discretion wou'd bid Me suppress, but which I think I cannot honestly conceal from You. Sam: Galloway has also a Daughter, young & pretty. Out of Respect to You, as I suppos'd, He frequently invited Custis to his House: it was disagreeable to Me to be oblig'd to refuse Him, because it gave offence; but I believe He never was with them but twice--once when I was, & once when I was not. It was about the Time of the Players being here. Miss Galloway came to Town. Jack has a Propensity to the Sex, which I am at a Loss how to judge of, much more how to describe. I observ'd somewhat of a particular attention, exceeding bare Civility to this young Lady. I took such Steps as I judged most likely to wean Him in Time--and it was done, I believe, effectually. I am asham'd to add, because it is but a mere Conjecture of my own, & imparted to You in great Confidence, that I cou'd not help thinking This gave some Disquiet to the Family. I wou'd not willingly suspect People without Cause: but, however absurd & foolish such a Project must have been, were I to give You a Detail of all my Reasons, I am inclined to believe You wou'd think as I do. I am mistaken, if You or Mrs. Washington have not also had an Opportunity given You of penetrating thro' such a Design; there are here, besides Me, who think Them capable of it; tho' I do not know that there are Any, besides Myself, who have suspected Them in this Instance. But, be my Suspicions well or ill-founded, I have very peremptorily refused an importunate Application, repeatedly made to Me since my last Return, to admit this sd. Son of His into my Family.--Let Me have Leave to request, that these Surmises of mine, which perhaps I have view'd in too serious a Light, may never transpire. I can hardly need to say to You, that were it known, I shou'd have the whole Family on my Back.
[Note 1: 1 It will be remembered that poor Dr. Boucher, in expressing his appreciation of the prospect of having John Parke Custis as a pupil, confessed that it was a source of mortification to him that, after teaching seven years consecutively, he had not had "the Honr. to bring up one Scholar."]
This is no pleasing Picture of his Conduct here: nor will it, I fear, make You much in Love with his Situation. I have so often said how unwillingly I shou'd part with the Boy, that I am afraid of being suspected of Selfishness, if after This, I still advise You to continue Him. Yet I do advise You, &, if I know my own Heart aright, with the most cordial & disinterested Sincerity. As I have already observ'd, He is now arriving fast to that Time of Life, when He must mix with Mankind: This He can no where do without Danger; & I think He will be in less Here, than almost any where Else, And for a Reason, which did I not well know your Candor, I wou'd hardly venture to assign. Because, I believe, there is not (nor is it likely that now there ever will be) another Person who has such Influence over Him as I have. I hope I am not deceiv'd in the persuasion, that He has a very affectionate Regard for Me: & I am sure I can have no Motive's that shou'd lead Me to wish to deceive You, in assuring You, that not the least of his Actions escapes my Notice--I watch his every Motion, & tho' He is perpetually doing something or other displeasing to Me, yet upon the whole, I still hope & believe, He will turn out, if not a very clever, what is much better, a good Man. That He may, I shall not cease to use my best Endeavours, as well as my fervent Prayers.
I am aware of the Expensiveness of his living here: to lessen it in some measure, I have resolv'd to return his Horses back to You. He agreed They shou'd not be sent to Him till Easter: nor then, indeed, unless You hear more promises. Let us try what this Winter's close Application will do: We are now well fitted for it, & I think have a prospect of spending it as We ought. Let Joe bring back all his Vols: of Cicero, Livy, & as many others as his Portmanteau will hold: as well as a Small Parcel of mine, which He brought up from Mr. Brook's, when We last came from St. Mary's.
... I am, Dr. Sir
... very truly, yr. much obliged
... & most obedt. Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
TOWLSTON, December the 20th. 1770--
DEAR SIR
I have received your Favor of the 14th. and now inclose a copy of my Last Letter to Mrs. Savage, wherein I have told her my Sentiments very freely--and if you disire we should write a joint Letter Letter when we have the pleasure of meeting I shall be agreeable to it. I can't conveniently go down till the middle of January so that at present I cant appoint any place of meeting even Mr. Montgomerie--I have some thoughts of being at Alexandria in January Court, but it will depend on the weather & Circumstances. But as to the payment of the Money, I am inclined for my Part, either to settle it as Mr. Montgomerie proposes, or to write to her to know whether she still objects to the payment of the Money to Mr. Montgomerie or not, and if she does to send over another power in room of the other to some other Person--
... I am
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. most obdt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
12th. Jany 1771
DEAR SIR
My Circumstances are so situated as to make it Necessary for me to sell my whole Estate to pay my debts, & I am sory to inform you it will take every shilling I have to effect that end, this will leave my Family (for whom only I feel) in a very distressful situation unless my friends will assist me in this my day of distress.
My long acquaintance with you and the Friendship that has ever subsisted between us, emboldens me to request the favour of you to join my other Friends in lending me money for a few years without interest, in which time, I hope to be able to work it out, as I have the advantage of working good Lands without paying Rent, but should I be mistaken I would not by any means have my friends suffer by me, I propose the Negroes should be bought in the name of the Gentleman who is so kind to lend the money & allways remain as Security to him for refunding his Principle.
My Nephew Mr. Aug: Seaton waits on you with this, who will inform you what my other friends propose doing, by whom I hope to receive your approbation of this Scheme & your kind assistance towards its execution.
... I am sincerely
... Dear Sir
... Your Affectio: Servt
... BERD. MOORE
P:S:
I had given a Mortgage to Mr. C. W. Claiborne
for several things to the amount of a thousand
pounds for his security for my Executorship
to Spotswoods Estate1 besides several
hundred pounds I had a wright to
draw out of the' hands of the Speakers
Administrators, all which (as I owe Spotswoods
Estate not one farthing) I have Mortgaged to you and others, that you may assure yourSelf your Brothers Estate cannot suffer one Shilling was his debt much larger.1
[Note 1: 1 Bernard Moore was one of the executors to the estate of John Spotswood, elder son of Governor Spotswood.]
[Note 1: ... 1 COLCHESTER Jany. 23d. 1771
DEAR SIR
Your Letter of the 12th. Ins. by Mr. Seaton was delivered to me at this place in my way to Dumfries where I was am going upon an Arbitration fixd to this day.-- ... I am exceedingly sorry to hear of your unfortunate Circumstances and wish that my own affairs and the situation of my own Engagements, woud suffer permit me to subscribe more largely to your relief than they will; but having several pretty large Sums of my own to pay in a short time it is utterly out of my power (with any sort of convenience) to advance more than One hundred pounds for the purpose and on the terms you mention; this I am willing to do, and accordingly have wrote to the Trustees informing them thereof--I have no doubt but you will put of your putting me upon as good a footing as any of the rest other Subscribers & therefore I shall say anything do not condition with you for terms or further on that head but again beg that something effectual may be done to secure myself & Brothers from the payment of your Bond to Mr. Lightfoots Estate this woud not only be a hardship upon us to do but be exceedingly inconvenient to accomplish as I am sensible it would be attended with great Inconvenience to some of them to advance this money & be a hardship upon us all
... I am Dr Sir
... Yr. Most Ob
... H Servt.
... GO. W--
COLO. BERND. MOORE.
GENTS
Colo. Bd. Moore having informed me that he is endeavouring to make up a Sum of Money to purchase some Slaves for the immediate Support of his Family I do hereby agree to become Answerable to you you as his Trustees on this acct. for the Sum of One Hundd. pounds Curry payable a year hence.--
... I am Gentn. Yr. Most Obt.
... Go. W--
... Jany. 23d. 1771
To
CARTER BRAXTON Esqr. &
the Gentn. Trustees of Colo.
B Moore.]
... B. M.
ALEXANDRIA Janry the 20th: 1771--
DEAR SIR
I have just time to inform you by Mr. Henderson that I sent up to Mr. Smith and acquainted him that I had sold the Tract on little River provided he had not done so; and that he informed me that he had not, having been with some to look at the Land but as they had no Money he would not agree with them; so that you may depend upon having it if you don't dislike it when you come to see it.
With my Compliments to Mrs. Washington I remain
... Dr Sir Yr. most obedt. & obliged hble St.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
I beg the favor of you to give the inclosed to Mr. Rind.1
[Note 1: 1 William Rind.]
ANNAPOLIS 11th. of Apl. 1771.
DEAR SIR
I do very cordially sympathize with Mrs. Washington in the uneasiness I can easily suppose She must necessarily be under during this State of Suspence. Her Son was, last Monday Ev'ning, innoculated in Baltimore: and tho' there really be in his Favour Every Thing that could be wished for, yet, I know She will be anxious & impatient till it be over. All I can do to ensure Success She may depend on: & I can with Truth declare, that, at present, there is but a bare Possibility of his taking it unfavourable. In Truth, They make so very light of it in Baltimore, that one is almost ashamed even to mention a Suspicion of a Possibility of Failure.--We went upon the Monday; & for Fear of his possibly catching it in the natural Way, I had Him innoculated immediately; more especially as He was very eager for it, & in high Spirits. The Pill He took that Night made Him a little sick; & Joe complain'd that His purged Him very unmercifully. I left Him yesterday at the Doctor's, where every thing seemed agreeable to Him; I purpose being with Him again on the Monday, as his Fever will likely be a coming on, on the Tuesday or Wednesday, & Eruption on Thursday: all which Time I will be there. The Doctor promised to write to You as You requested. And should any occasion arise, You may depend on hearing from Me, ev'n by Express: So that, if You do not hear from Me, to the Contrary, Mrs. Washington may rest assur'd all is well--as I give You my Word & Honour that, if there be but ever so distant an Appearance of any thing unfavourable, I will not fail to communicate it to You immediately. There is a young Gentleman there (& but One, tho' more are daily expected) from Northampton County, of the name of Savage; a modest, well-behav'd Man, & I believe the Clerk of a County there. He promised to be a Companion to Jack, & I dare say will be an acceptable one.
If any Thing should be the matter with His [word mutilated] They are to send Express to Me; & if They do, I shall have an Oppty. of letting You know of it by the Post--if I do not, conclude All is well.--Shou'd I not write [mutilated] Week from Baltimore, which yet I intend to do, be not uneasy.--This will be brought to You by Mr. Templeman, & being written in a Hurry in a crowded Store, must I fear be confused. All I am & wish is to make You & Mrs. Washington easy; & I hope You will be so, in Confidence that if there really were any Appearance of Danger, I wou'd not, from a mistaken Tenderness, Conceal it from You.
I beg my afft. Compts. (as Jack also does) to his Mamma, Sister, yr.self & Mr. Washington, & am, very truly
... yr. most obedt. Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
SPRING GARDEN April 15th. 1771
SIR
I Receved yours. of March ye 11th and I am much suprised at Mr Brooks beheaviour in Regard to that Land he never had the Least Claim or pretentions to the Medows that I Ever herd of Mr Harrison maid use of the Name of Wm Brooks Expecting that Wm Brooks as his son in law would do him the faviour to give him an Asignment at any time, but as Mr Harrison has got a permit there was no Occasion of an Asignment or of an order of survay for any survayor would have survayd. the Land on the permit and Returnd it into the Office which would have bin Excepted of, any order of Survay that he cold have got would not do inclosed you have a bond from Mr Harrison for the Setling the Matter and Making good the Title he says if that you want it don it shall be Returnd in your own name as soon as the Survay is Completed it and he will Setle all Dispute in Regard to it.
There is one William Brooks here [w]ho has agreed to sign the Bill of Sail which is Equil as any man of that name will do as well as him, his having no claim or Right more then any other man of that name, he says that is all he can do at Present, any thing more that is Requeset he will do if Required and if not the Bargain must be Void and he have his papers again as he can sell it Emedatly to Several People who will pay no Regard to Brooks Claim Looking unpon it as nothing worth.
As the Bearer Moses Crawford1 is Obliged to go of Emedatly I shall Refair give2 a full Account of my Proceedings here for a few days longer as I have an [opportunity???] in a few days and then will give as full an account as I am able
[Note 1: 1 Captain Crawford's nephew.]
[Note 2: 2 Defer giving.]
I am Der sir in hast your most Huml. Sarvant--
... W CRAWFORD
ANNAPOLIS 19th. Aprl. 1771.
DEAR SIR
I feel much Heart felt Satisfaction in having it in my Power to inform You that Mr. Custis is now out of all Danger of the Small-Pox, in Dr. Stephenson's own Phrase, He cannot now die if He would. I have been with Him all this Week, & shou'd not yet have left Him, but that I knew You wou'd wish & expect an Acct.--& I cou'd only give one, by coming down hither, to catch the Post that sets out this Ev'ning. Yesterday when He left Baltimore, no Pocks had appear'd; & I was unwilling to write, till I cou'd have something more certain to say. This Morning, I found three, & about five Hours ago, when We parted, I could but count Eight, which I believe will be his whole Number. His Fevers began on Monday, & were sometimes pretty high; yet never so much as to confine Him above now & then an Hour or so to his Bed. In short, I think I have now seen better Authority than ever to say, that the Small Pox, in this artifical Manner, is really nothing; its Virulence is so abated & subdued, that I now no longer wonder to find Men think so little about it as They do in Baltimore. And to Me, the whole secret seems to be in keeping Them cool: Custis, I believe, has not been within five yards of a Fire, since He went to Baltimore. I shd. wrong Him not to add, that He has been exceedingly manageable, & always in Spirits; much more so than his Country man Savage. The Doctor bestows many Encomiums on Him: I believe He wou'd hardly have had one Pustule, had not the Doctor, at my Request (for I thought, tho' in Point of real Usefulness, it seems it was a matter of no kind of Consequence, his Mamma wou'd chuse He shou'd have Some) given Him somethg. warm to provoke them out Joe, I fancy, will hardly have one; unless the same Means try'd this Morning may bring them out: it is, however, quite sufficient that the Arm is enflamed, & that He has had the Fevers. Jack's, as I remember, are one on his Neck, an other by his Ear, one on his Breast, two on one Arm & one on Another, & two on one Leg; not one on his Face. Ere I left Him, his Fever was quite gone, and I never in my Life saw Him better: so that I cannot but congratulate You & Mrs. Washington on this dreaded affair's being so easily & happily over.
He is not to be down till the Monday Sennight, which, I guess, will be about the Time of your setting out on your Trip downwards.
Dr. Stephenson desir'd Me to apologize for his not writing to You, as being very busy, & not having any Thing very particular to communicate. His general Price is, two Pistoles, & 25/. a Week for Board. I shall have Occasion, next Week, to write more fully on this & other matters: at present, being a good deal fatigued, & a little unwell, I beg leave only to add, that
... I am, with great Truth
... Yr. very faithful Frd. & Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
P.S
Wheat, in yonder busy Town
I have just left, I think is 6/.
some Days ago, 'twas 6/3; &
Flour 16/.--You know they
have 112 lb to the Cwt.--
Aprial 20th 1771
SIR
Agreeable to your Request I want1 to vew Colo. Cro[g]hans Land but before it cold be done the Line was to [be] run which I Attended [to] and vewd. the [w]hole, but cold not find the Quantity of Land you wanted nor one thousand [acres] such as you wanted or such as I would have to be Laid of as he wanted me to Lay it of, there was som good Land on Rockoon2 Creek along they Creek but very hilley of from the Creek they hills of they Poorest sort all Piney where the bottoms is of any goodness, What Land is worth anything is alredy taken by som body that coms within the Line we run, but the Cols is not Content with that Line as he thinks it dos not includ Lands enough I am Afraid he has not a proper title to what he now is Claiming, but I have waved giveing him any certain Answear about the Land any how as Long as I can Posably avoid it, I have found som good Tracts of Land on the head of Shirtees Creek and the head of Rockoon Creek that is good Level farming Land and good Medow but not that Quantity you want I beleve I can procure you a Tract in one body of 3000 Acres very good well watered and about 15 or 20 Miles from the Fort I have not told him where the Land Lys and I am Afraid to tell him till he Runs the Line for I think if he new of it he would run it in one purpose to have the Seling of it to you as he Peeks him self much upon it, and makes it a handle to all bargin he is on Making with other People
[Note 1: 1 Went.]
[Note 2: 2 Raccoon.]
I have told him that I have found som Land, and if it Coms in his Land or in his Line I will agree with him for it I have Run it out and have hired som hands to work on it in order to hold the Land till I now how to com by a right for it as it is very good. I think you may have between 3 or 4 thousand Acres in on body very good Land for farming
You may Depend on my being as casous1 as you cold wish in every Pertiquelor of the Solder Lands2 and as soon as I can finish the out Lins shall wait on you which I hop will be in the first of Augt. I shall the [n] run out Lins going Down and the River coming back as it then it will be Low and I can Mashure up the beach, you shall hear from me by all safe Oppertunitys
[Note 1: 1 Cautious.]
[Note 2: 2 Soldier lands. William Crawford had been appointed surveyor of the 200,000 acres granted to the officers of the Virginia regiment.]
... I am Sir your most Huml
... Sarvant
... W,, CRAWFORD
ANNAPOLIS, May the 3d. 1771.
DEAR SIR
I have seldom found myself worse disposed to write, than I now am; being exceedingly displeased with Mr. Custis, that, according to my express Desire to Him, He is not Here Himself, to write to put both Yourself & his Mother out of all further Anxiety on his Account. On Saturday last, He sent Me word, He would come down on the Monday, but the Doctor being of Opinion that possibly He might give some Alarm to the People here, advis'd Me to let Him remain a few Days longer. I did so; & it having happened that a Mr. Gough, a Gentleman of Rank & Fortune of his Acquaintance in Baltimore, was to be married either Yesterday or to-Day, I take it for granted He has been prevail'd upon to stay on that Account. For I have seen a Gentleman of Baltimore, who tells Me He was quite well on Wednesday. So that there wants nothing but Himself to say so, to put every Thing out of all Doubt. And this being the Case, I guess you will continue to think it right still to Forbear mentioning it to Mrs. Washington, till the next Week,1 when (shou'd He not have wrote You from Baltimore, as I hardly dare to hope He has) We will assuredly both write. In the mean Time, I thought it wou'd be more acceptable to You to have Ev'n this imperfect Acct., than none at all.
[Note 1: 1 Washington had preferred to keep his wife in ignorance of his intention in sending her son to Baltimore. In a letter dated April 20, 1770 (71?) (see Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. II. p. 276), he says, "Indeed I believe was she come to the knowledge of being at Baltimore (under Innoculation) it woud put an infallible stop to her journey to Williamsburg."]
... I am yr. most Obedt. & very Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
ANNAPOLIS, May the 9th. 1771--
DEAR SIR
The Season of Suspence, I thank God, is now over: Mrs. Washington, without the Fears that wou'd have been unavoidable during a State of Uncertainty, will have the Pleasure of learning from undoubted Authority, that her Son is happily & easily releas'd from a formidable Disorder, without hardly one Mark to tell that He ever had it. He is as well as ever He was in his Life: indeed has such strong Symptoms of Health, as we almost find inconvenient at this scarce Season of the Year, & dear Markets.
A Mrs. Buckner of the Parish I left in Virginia gave Me a Power of Attorney to settle a Law Suit She had here. I have agreed to take 50£ this Currency for her Claim, which Money is to be paid to my Order this Week in Baltimore, & out of it, I have ordered my Friend there to pay Dr. Stephenson's Acct., as well as some other little Claims Mr. Custis has left there. His Acct., I fear, will run high, as I see They have charg'd Him at the Rate of 10/. a Week for the Pasturage of his Horses, & This in the Country; which I have refused to pay. He has also, very idly I think, exchang'd his Grey Horse, for a large clumsy black One, & is to give £4 Boot.--Having receiv'd Nothing from my Parish here, nor indeed being likely soon to receive any Thing; & as You may easily conceive that I have been put to pretty much Expence, I begin to find it difficult to find Cash to support my Family. I have therefore thought of desirg. the Favr. of You to pay this £50 Maryld. Curry., in your Way up from Wms.burg, on my Acct., either to Coll: Jno. Thornton, or if You shou'd not chance to see Him, to Mr. James Maury, a Mercht. in Fredricksbg. I hope this will not be inconvenient to You; &, after paying off all Mr. Custis's Accts., there will not be very much left for Me, which, however I will be duly careful to acct. for when We settle. Exchange here, I am told, is at 661/3, which will regulate your Paymt. of this Money.
Sundry Papers have been put into my Hands by a Mr. Harrison, from some Person in England, attempting, in Consequence of an Advertisemt. of Yours in the English Papers, to prove his being true & lineal Heir to--Colvill, to whom, I think, You were left Executor,1 I have promised to Speak with You on the Subject; but as the Papers are bulky, shall Forbear to send them, till your Return to Mount Vernon. In the mean Time, I hope They will not be excluded from their Claim for Want of asserting it in due Time.
[Note 1: 1 The Colville estate in 1792 was still unsettled, as is shown by two entries in Washington's Ledger.
Mr. Johnson has also left with Me another large Cargo of Physic for Miss Custis; of the Efficacy of which in working a total Cure, He seems unusually confident. This too I shall not send till You return.
A Letter for You, brought by a Vessel to this Place, I take the Liberty of directing to You in Williamsburg.
You will not wonder that I request to know, as soon as it may be in your Power, what your final Determination is wth. Respect to this young Gentleman's going Home.1 On his Account, it were better to have it certainly known: &, on my own, it is highly necessary. However eager my Inclination might be for the Scheme, should it still, after mature Deliberation, appear to Yourself & your Friends, prudent to be at such an Expence, I am not now sure it would be in my Power to embrace the Offer. I am not indeed sure that I could resist the offer; tho' it would certainly be highly indiscreet in Me to turn myself once more adrift into the wide World, without first securing to myself a comfortable Retreat. And I have not, at present, such fair Prospects as I thought I had, but a Week ago. There is a Parish vacant, not twenty Miles from Mount Vernon where I shall hardly need to say I wou'd rather be than any where else in Maryland. And I thought I had been sure of it: indeed I hope I still am, tho' the Governor says He expects from England a Schoolfellow & a Relation of his own to fill it up. If this Gentelman does not come in, which I fear may not be known for some months to come, I think I shall be appointed to it. If I am, I flatter myself I shall, without much Difficulty be able so to settle Matters as to put it in my Power to pursue this favorite Plan: of which, however, it is but Justice to myself to own that, with Respect to myself, I am not nearly so anxious as I have been.--Life wastes apace, &, unmindful of ye. silent lapse of Time, I have already trifled away but too great a Part of it: it is not therefore to be wondered at, if, in my cooler moments of Recollection, I wish for a Settlement.
[Note 1: 1 The project of sending his ward to Europe to complete his education was finally abandoned by Washington, but he was still undecided in his reply to Dr. Boucher. "My own inclinations," he says, "have always been strong in favour of prosecuting the plan you formerly laid down for him--is Friends a good deal divided in theirs. ... I conceive there is much greater circumspection to [be observed] by a Guardian than a natural Parent who is only accountable to his own Conscience for his conduct."--FORD's Writings of Washington.]
I beg your pardon for all this Egotism, uninteresting to You; this Week or two I have not been very well; if in This, & my former Letters, I have been disagreeably troublesome, I trust You will be so obliging as to impute it to that Cause.
If it be at all inconvenient to You to pay this Money on your Way upwards; or, if You may probably stay longer than June, I beg You to inform Me, as I can then [covered by seal in original] upon some Expedient.--I will also put your English Letter into the Post Office here, & hope They will forward it from Alexandria, without any fresh Cover.
I beg my respectful Compts. to Mrs. Washington & Miss Custis: & am, Dr. Sir
... Yr. much obliged
... & most obedt. Hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
posey, I hear, is in Prison
Bounds.
QUEENS TOWN, May 25th 1771
SIR,
I wrote you Last month, when I was at the Provinsiall Court, and to Mr. Thos. Lawson, to be kind Enough, to Lett my son John, come here, that he shu'd Return in few days, his not Coming, I suppose the Letters never got to hand, these [I] Expect will by Mr. Haul Mercht. Alexandrae--Your Letter you wrote me the 20-January Last, I Recd. the first of Last month--Contents Observd.,--Your not having any Conection, with the Appeal, of Captn. John West, to the Generall Court, the Reasons you give, is Satisfaction to me--I am convinc'd Mr. West will never Recover it, if I have Justice done me, if he has not got Judgment against for them few Acres, this Last Generall Court, I [will] be Prepair'd, for Esqr. West against the fall, he has been Very Troublesome body to me, during his Aunt[s] Lifetime, he had many sutes, Brought against me, if any [treated???] the old woman in the familiar way, or negros acquaiantd. him any foolish thing, a sute was Emediatly Brought--Mr. Harrison was my Counsell, And I gave him Six Dollars in hand, Conserning Mr. Rosss1 sute against me, he sd. there was noe such thing as Law, or Reason, for Reale Est. to be made Liable to be sold, for Debt--I confess that I know nothing about the Law, in I want Justice--my Oconomy has been bad, its wou'd be Excessive hard, for them few Acres, and what little Improvements, to be sold for Little or nothing, in case Mr Esqr. West shu'd be mistaken and Luse it--Mr. Thos. Ringgold Treated me, Excessive Ill, in Emplying to you for negroe Jack, he knew that the fellow was your Property, I show'd him the Instrement writing you gave me, he then said, notwithstanding, he wou'd give me £90-0-0. Maryland Currency, my Answer to him, if he wou'd give £200. he shu'd not have the fellow unless it was Agreeable to you, Mr. Ringgold was my Security for gitting Letters to Administer on my wife's Est. I Loug'd2 five negroes with him, untill her debts was Paid, after they were Apprais'd, he want'd them at the Apprays'dment, I want'd them sold to the highest bidder, he wou'd not Allow it, that made him Angry, its still in that Possession--as he is Very Able Person--And I was under Dread, he mite git Possession of Jack--and give you trouble, coming or sending for him, Perhaps a Law sute before you could get Poss[ess]ion of him again--Caus'd me to Send him to you--I have all my Life time Acted honest and is determ'd to doe so, my Life time Lett me suffer ever so much--If Mr. West, has not got Judgment, for my Little Lands, And Improvements, on Potowmack River, Pray will you be kind enough, to send me some cash by my son John, I Really am in great want, my Letting Hanson, have Part my Cloaths, when he was over last fall, causes me to suffer--I ow'd for my son St. Lawrences Schooling--I had my old Shirrts, and things cut up for him, to keep him his in cloaths, that he mite be at scool--I Dont Pay anything for his Board--he will understand Arithmetick well enough by the fall, [to be] Put into some Business Mr. Cowdon the scool master says he is [a] fine boy & Learns fast--If I can be able to keep him at school untill the fall, I shall be satisfied--with your assistance I can--If Mr. West has not Judgment for the Land, You dont owe me any Rent--untill November,1 things [of] this sort, I know is Disagreeable, to you, its [a] Case [of] necessity Causes to me to be so Presing,--my son Johns, Receit if you are kind Enough, to send me Any Cash, will be good, I made Bold to give Hanson [an] order on you, for twenty shillings Maryland Currency, Last month, when I was at Annapolis,--it Gives me Double Satisfaction, that my son John, is with, so worthy a man as Mr. Lawson,2--I have wrote Mr. Law son if he could spard him to come here, that he shu'd Return in few days,--I am much Oblidge to you, for Prevailing on Mr. Lawson to take him--I have wrote Mr. Lawson that If John Does not obey his orders, to Give him Severe Repremand, to keep him Closly Imployed--You was speaking to me Last spring that there was Probility, of the offisers, in the Virginnae Regments, having some Lands on the Ohio, if so you [are] inclin'd to Purchass, if there is any such thing, you may have my Part, for what you think is the Value of it1--I hope to be clare of this Place, by the fall, its Disagreeable Life to me to be Idle--
[Note 1: 1 Hector Ross, of Colchester.]
[Note 2: 2 Lodged.]
[Note 1: 1 For the use of the ferry which crossed the Potomac from Captain Posey's place to Thomas H. Marshall's (Marshall Hall). The charge for a man and horse was one shilling each. See Hening, vol. vi. p. 375.]
[Note 2: 2 Robert Lawson, of Fairfax County.]
[Note 1: 1 1772
Octobr. 14. By Cash pd. Capta. Posey for his Right to 3000
... Acres of Land undr. ye Kings Proclamation
... of Octr. 1763--5 half Joes ...
... £11.11.3
... (Washington's Ledger.)]
I could [have] been able to [have] Satisfied all my old Arrears, Some months A Goe, by marrying [an] old widow woman in this Country, She has Large soms [of] cash by her, and Prittey good Est.--She is as thick, as she is high--And gits drunk at Least three or foure [times] a weak--which is Disagreable to me--has Viliant Sperrit when Drunk--its been [a] Great Dispute in my mind what to Doe,--I beleave I shu'd Run all Resk's--if my Last wife, had been [an] Even temper'd woman, but her Sperrit, has Given me such [a] Shock--that I am afraid to Run the Resk Again, when I see the object before my Ey[e]s [it] is Disagreable--Your favour, with my Request, will lay me under the Greatest Obligations---
... I am Sir
... your obt. and most Humble st.
... JNO POSEY.
[Note 1: 1 Of the firm of Carlyle & Adam, afterwaards Adam & Co., merchants in Alexandria. Robert Adam was the son of Abednego Adam, of Fairfax County, Virginia.]
ROBERT ADAM June 24th. 1771 (Daylight quite gone.
DEAR SIR
I m favoured with yours and Observe the Contents your Orders by the Adventure shall be pointedly and particularly taken notice of--I was this Morning a good deal Alarmed when we began to Overhaul your Herrings2 the first 3 or 4 Barrels we opened were in exceeding Bad Order On the top they were laid in promiscuously without either form of packing or Salt and most of those they were filled up with were realy Spoiled Herrings I had then determined to Relieve you of it and proceed no further, thinking it would be against your Interest to ship them as at all Events you had the freight to pay, but I was determined to have a Generall View of them and to my Satisfaction I found them in Generall turn out much better than they did at the begining, some of them I had repacked half way down, and filled up with fresh salt and after overhauling the whole which I have done this day they have lost a Barrel & taken about 1/3 of a Barrel of wine 2½ Bushels Salt and the Labour of a Cooper & 2 other hands so that you have now in your Mark Shiped 39 Barrels in pretty good Order.
[Note 2: 2 "Agreed with Mr. Robt. Adam for the Fish catchd at the Fishing Landing I bought of Posey, on the following terms.--to wit
He is obliged to take all I catch at that place provided the quantity does not exceed 500 Barls--and will take more than this qty. if he can get Cask to put them in--He is to take them as fast as they are catchd without giving any interuption to my people; and is to have the use of the Fish House for his Salt, fish, &ca. taking care to have the House clear at least before the next Fishing Season
In consideration of which he is to pay me Ten pounds for the use of the House; give 3/a thousd. for the Herrings (Virg Money) and 8/4 a hundred (Maryland curry) for the white fish.
... Mr. Piper and Lund Washington present."--
... (Washington's Diary, February 3, 1770.)]
In regard to your former sales I Observe yours from Robert Mc.Mickan, And see that the whole quantity shiped was Consigned from you to him so that the £50.10.1 which he says may be nigh the net proceeds Includes the Freight, Commission &c., All he says to us on the Subject is Viz. The goods Collo. Washington Ordered are Ship't to him & I believe will be full as much as the proceeds of his herrings will amount to.--This is all I know of the matter and believe I may be right that the freight is included I have not yet had their sales but Expect them dayly when I shall better inform you.--
I cannot Ascertain the quantity of Herrings as I was but now & then down I thought that Mr. Washington1 & Mr. Campbel2 had fixed that as I repeatedly desired them when they were packing them to Count 3 or 4 Barrels every day and at the End to Average them & this I looked upon to be the most equitable way both for you & me And this I hope they have done so that it may be fixed to your Satisfaction I am with all my most sincere Endeavours to Serve you Most Respectfully
[Note 1: 1 Lund Washington.]
[Note 2: 2 John Campbell.]
... Your Most Obedt. & very
... Humb: Servt.
... ROBERT ADAM
ANNAPOLIS, July the 4th. 1771.
DEAR SIR
I am sorry to have thrown any additional Difficulties in your Way, respecting the Affair of Mr. Custis's Tour. At the Time I wrote, Difficulties seem'd to be starting up before Me, which I fear'd could not otherwise be remov'd than by dropping all Thoughts of leaving Maryland. I wishd, from many Motives, to accompany Mr. Custis: it was, however, as You will readily allow Me to declare, but the second Wish of my Heart, my first was, that I might be independent. After what I had already experienced, it wou'd have been terrible to have again thrown myself into the wide World, without having first secur'd a comfortable Retreat to return to. And, I fear'd, it was too much to ask both a competent Living, & such extraordinary Leave of Absence. I have now, however, the very high Pleasure to inform you, that, with Respect to myself, things are much altered; and, if you can make it suitable in other Respects, I am willing & ready to accompany Mr. Custis, on the proposed Tour--I am at Liberty to add, on this Condition only, that we set out some time in the next Year--Contrary to the Sentimts. of my Friends, who thought it better that I should first get my Induction into the Living I mentioned to You in my Last, ere I presum'd to make this other Request to the Govr. I resolv'd openly & candidly to lay before Him my real Views; with which He was so well pleased, as to promise Me the Parish, so soon as ever it should be in his Power, & also Leave of Absence for one Year only, at a Time, but renewable: an Expedient He is obliged to Use, thro' a Fear of giving Cause of Offence to the People here so unreasonably jealous of any Extension of Prerogative.--I have had much Talk with Him on the Subject. He had often taken a particular Notice of Mr. Custis, &, on this Occasion, professes a strong Desire to oblige Him, and You: and it may be, that I owe, in some Measure, the exceeding obligi[n]gness He shew'd to Me in this Matter, to his Desire of being instrumental to the promoting a Scheme He so highly approves of. It will be in his Power to give Mr. Custis Letters, which may be very useful to Him; and This He will do with much Pleasure. In short, both He & Mr. Dant. Dulany, with whom also, at your Request, I have convers'd on the Subject, highly approve of the Project--in Case, Mr. Custis's Estate will afford it. I said, I believ'd it might be now worth £1000, or 1200 Sterg. per. ann:, which Mr. Dulany, judging from his own Experience wth. his own Son, thinks abundantly sufficient. Yet, he says, Expences in Travel are so exceedingly vague, uncertain & variable that there is no ascertaining, exactly, what may be a proper allowance. His Son has cost Him from £100 to 1000£ In Paris, I think, He says, He spent £500 in three months, besides the Salary to his Tutor. Upon the whole, however, He is of Opinion, that, one Year with another, Mr. Custis can hardly need to exceed the Income of his Estate.
In debating this part of the Argumt., it deserves no little Attention to enquire, how much of his annual Income He would probably expend, if He should continue these three Years in Virginia. Living with You, or under your immediate Influence, He probably wou'd be restrain'd within proper Bounds, especially, as I do not think He naturally is of an expensive Turn. But, I am mistaken, if, with the most rigid Oeconomy, adapted to his Circumstances, He fell much short of what it will cost Him at Home, exclusive, I mean, of the Expence of his Tutor. And shou'd He unluckily fall into the Habit of dealing in Horses, or but in a very moderate Degree, Sporting as it is called, neither of which He could well avoid, from the general Prevalence of Example, I need only direct your Eyes to many young Gentlemen, of fair Hopes, so circumstanced, to convince You, that it is not likely to be much more costly to Him to spend these three perilous Years abroad, than at Home.--But, what a Difference, my dear Sir, in the manner of spending them, & in the Consequences! To Me, it is so very striking, that I own I shall sorely lament, if, with your very proper & right Sentiments on the Matter, any untoward Circumstances shou'd yet arise from any other Quarter, to prevent it
I have, in many of my former Letters, already said so much on the Subjt. of Travelling, that I am fearful of falling into Repetitions. I will only add now, what I do not recollect ever before to have mentioned, that it is more peculiarly necessary to Him, than most Youths I have known. He has that Placid Indolence of Nature, & Flexibility of Temper, in his Mind & Manners, which require some better Knowledge of ye. World, than He is likely here to acquire, to guard Him against ye. Consequences of too much Compliance & Confidence in the Generality of Mankind.
There is, to a delicate Mind, much force in some specious objections which You suppose may be urged, from the Consideration of your being but his Guardian. But, They vanish at the approach of fair Reasoning, as it were at the Touch of Ithuriel's Spear. You are in Duty, bound to promote Mr. Custis's Interest by every Means in your power, & I am sure it is not more your Duty, than it is your Inclination. If, therefore, both Yourself, and every other cool, dispassionate, & well-informed Friend be fully persuaded that thus alone You will most effectually promote his true & lasting Interest, ought You to be deterr'd by the vain Fears & mistaken Apprehensions of others? At this Rate Nothing good or great must ever be done in Life, & You have already far exceeded your Commission, even wth. Regard only to this young Gentleman. I reason upon This, as upon ye. other Occurrences of Life. I wou'd gladly do what, upon mature Deliberation & the fullest Enquiry, appear'd to be my Duty; and if, after This, malicious or ignorant People wou'd still put an ill-natured or unfair Construction on my well-meant Aims, I must be contented to bear it, as I do the other Ills of Life, as Something that might vex Me, but shou'd not make Me very uneasy, nor unhappy.
Upon the whole, I do very earnestly wish, and, if I might have Leave, I would request, that this Matter may, as soon as possible, be determined either the one Way or the other. The next Spring, if I recollect aright, is the Era I always fix'd on for setting out; and there are many Reasons why it should not, and not one that I can recollect why it should, be postponed beyond that Period. And, to Me, as You will easily believe, it must be desirable, as well indeed, as essentially necessary, to know what is resolv'd on, as soon as may be. My little Affairs will require some Time to put Them into such a position as I shall wish to leave Them in; and, I suppose, it might be convenient to You too, to know certainly, e're you sent home this Year's Invoice. If Mrs. Washington & Yourself, & his nearest Friends approve of it, there is little Likelihood, that the General Court will disapprove: would it not be a strange Exertion of Power, if They should? Yet, it is right, They should be consulted, & their Consent obtained. Govr. Eden strongly urges the Expediency of a six Months Tour thro' America 'ere He cross'd the Atlantic: it is certainly right, if for no other Reason [mutilated] that a Man might not seem totally unacquainted with his own Country. Is it quite romantic in Me to expect, that, possibly, You might find Leisure to spend a few Months in our Party? April or May wou'd be about the Time for setting out.
I am much concern'd at your Apprehensions of Mr. Custis's slender Improvements. And, to shew You how thankfully I receive such Notices, I will not deny, that, possibly, there may be some Foundan. for yr. Fears, & that, moreover, some part of ye. Blame, possibly, belongs to Me. I will go farther, & say that both He & I, as the K. of Prussia said, hereafter will do better. After This, let Me now have Leave to add that his Improvemts., tho' not equal to what They might have been, are, I believe, not inferior to Those of any other young Man so circumstanced. Nay, I will venture to say, He is a better Scholar than Most of his Years & Standing. He is not, indeed, as You observe, much farther advanced, than under Mr. Magowan. I cou'd here say a good deal: let This suffice, that I hope He now knows, by just principles, what heretofore, He had acquir'd by Rote only. He has apply'd more closely of late, & has begun Arithmetic, over again; & on his Return, is to enter upon French. There is a Deal of Difference to be observed in ye. Educatg. a Gentleman, & a mere Scholar.
You will receive Physic from Mr. Johnson, & enclosed, his Directions, as well as Dr. Stevenson's rect., & mine. And the papers, respectg. ye. Claim to Colvill Esto., of wo. I beg yr. Care, as well as that You will, wn. in yr. power, direct Me wt. Ansr. to return to yr. Man, who put Them into my Hands for You. I am &c J. BOUCHER
In the Hurry of Writing, I had well nigh forgot a Commission a Friend gave Me to You. Mr. Lloyd Dulany of this City, is going to the Springs this Season--He understands You have a House there--if unoccupy'd & unengag'd, He wd. be much oblig'd to You for Leave to make Use of it.
I saw Coll. Cresap yesterday--He seems quite confident, the new Grant will take Place, & is taking his Measures accordingly.--Govr. Eden hears, that many of ye. Regulators have pass'd thro' this Province, & is surpriz'd Govr. Tryon has not sent Expresses to the sundry Govrs. on ye. Supposin. that They would.
[Note 1: 1 Sixth son of Thomas and Hannah (Ludwell) Lee, born December 20, 1740; died December 12, 1792.]
LONDON July 10th. 1771.
DEAR SIR/
When I sit down to sollicit your patronage; I trust more to your goodness, than to any claim I can have on your favor from merit or acquaintance.
Having understood, that it is probable the Assembly will revive the Agency-bill; I take the liberty of entreating your vote & interest, in being appointed. Knowing what influence you very justly possess; I shall greatly depend for success, on your approbation. The desire of serving my immediate Country, in so respectable a character, is I think a laudable ambition; & if an entire devotion to her interests, be a sufficient recommendation, I can plead it with truth.
Shoud, however, the revival of the Agency-bill, appear to you, not tending to the good of the Colony; I woud not be understood to wish, that you shoud depart one jot from that great line, to promote me. It is only on a supposition, that an Agent shoud be deemed necessary, that I offer my service. In doing the duty of this office, I hope zeal & assiduity will supply the want of great abilities; & enable me to serve the House, with satisfaction & success.
I beg the favor, Sir, of being remembered to Mrs Washington, & to her fair Daughter; who is I hope entirely recovered from the indisposition, that formerly affected her.
... I have the honour of being
... with great esteem,
... Dear Sir Your most Obt.
... Humbl Servt.
... ARTHUR LEE.
STEWART CROSSING1 Augt 2d 1771
[Note 1: 1 Stewart's Crossing (frequently written in the plural) was so called from the circumstance of William Stewart having lived near the place in the year 1753 and a part of 1754, when he was driven away by the French. It was Crawford's home, situated on what, at that date, was known as Braddock's road, the place on the Youghiogheny where Braddock crossed on his march against Fort Duquesne in 1755. It was in Augusta County, Virginia, as claimed by that province; subsequently, in the district of West Augusta; and, finally, in Yohogania (not Youghiogheny) County, until 1779, when Virginia relinquished her claim to that section. As claimed by Pennsylvania, it was, at that date, in Bedford (formerly a part of Cumberland); afterwards in Westmoreland; and, finally, in Fayette County--where the town of New Haven is now located, opposite Connellsville, forty-three miles from Pittsburg.--BUTTERFIELD.]
SIR/
I have done nothing With Colo. Crohan in regard to the Land you want of him as yeat, as I cold see none of his Land in his Line now run that will answear to be Laid of as he wants it Laid of--I have found som at about 15 or 16 mils distance from Fort pitt which is very good farming Land and good Medow Land as any, the up Land [is] Level or no more hilly in common to to Lay the ground dry. The Tract is Like Gist and full as good as his Land and as Level The Draft of which I shall show you when I com Down. I do not now wheather Croghan will take this in his Line or not, he is to have a Tract Laid of by his Survayor for you on Mingo Creek which is good Land but I do not no as yeat what Quantity there will be as it is not done but is to be done and I am to bring for your Porusel the Draft when I com Down it is to be as large as the good Land will admit of Any how in a Square which is the way he will have his Land run out I shall Close nothing any how with him till I see you which will be as soon as posable I can get my bissness don up the river but I dout much runing any Land on Tigert. Valey1 as people in general is very contentious for want of the Law properly Established amongst them but if Posably to be done I will do it
[Note 1: 1 So called from David Tygart, who, with Robert Foyle, was the first occupant of West Virginia, west of the mountains; his settlement was the site of the present town of Beverly, Randolph County; it was destroyed by the savages in November, 1753.--BUTTERFIELD.]
I have run out the difernt tracts of Land discribed in your memorandum between the Little Canaway and the big Canaway and that Tract above the Captining2 or opposit to Pipe Creek, it is not Large I have [not] made out the Draft yeat nor shall I do any till I com Down to your house I saw a Letter from Mr Tilghman in regard to Colo Croghan and he says. Croghan has no right to any Land as yeat nor can not tell weather he ever will have any from the Crown, he claims it from an Endien Deed, and is making out patents to such as will by of him, but Mr Tilghman says. in his Letter I hope persons. should ask themselves how they would com by there mony again if in a few years this title should be fond not good.
[Note 2: 2 Captina Creek.]
I am to vew his Land on Mingo Creek again before I com Down and if it should not be his Land, it may be you can make it your Own Land hereafter
I have nothing Matiral more of Let you now that I can think of but I am with respect your most
... Huml. Sarvant
... W[???] CRAWFORD
N B Mingo Creek Emtys into
monongahalia above the
mouth of Youchagania
and the Land is near the
head it is a small Creek
[Note 1: 1 George Croghan, who was perhaps one of America's most popular Indian agents, was born in Ireland. He settled in Pennsylvania, and in 1746 began trading with the western tribes of Indians, whose language he familiarized himself with, and over whom he gained an influence that he ever afterwards retained. In 1756 Sir William Johnson made him deputy Indian agent, and in 1763 sent him to England to confer with the ministry on the question of the Indian boundary line. In 1766 he made a settlement on the Allegany four miles from Fort Pitt. Colonel Croghan served as captain of guides and scouts through the Braddock campaign, and up to the beginning of the Revolution performed many important services in reconciling the Indians to British rule and invasion. He died in Philadelphia, August, 1782.]
FORT PITT Augst 18th. 1771
DEAR SIR
I Should have Wrote you long ago in answer to yrs. of 24th. Nobr. [?] butt ye. Spring Turnd. out Such Wether as prevented My Survair from Runing ye. out Lines of My Grant, on Capt. Craffords Reconsterg [?] however this Sumer I have had that Don & ye. Whole Layd. of in Townships,
I Now Inclose you a Draft of one Near the Mononongela Capt. Crafford has been Chieffly over ye. whole & Tells Me he Knows the Land will So that I shall Say Nothing About the quality Butt Refer you to him, if [you] Like the Tract you Shall have itt at five pounds Sterling per hundred Subject to the Kings Quitrents only as I promisd. you when hear1
[Note 1: 1 An entry of October 21 in Washington's journal of his tour to the Ohio in 1770 records this promise of Colonel Croghan's: "All the land between this Creek & the Monongahela & for 15 Miles back, is claimd by Colo. Croghan under a purchase from the Indians (and which Sale he says, is confirmd by his Majesty). On this Creek where the Branches thereof interlock with the Waters of Shirtees Creek, there is, according to Colo. Croghan's Acc. a body of fine Rich level Land--this Tract he wants to sell, & offers it a £5 Sterg. pr. hundd. with an exemption of Quitrents for 20 years; after which, to be subject to the payment of 4/2 Sterg. pr. Hund; provided he can sell it in 10,000 Acre Lots. Note the unsettled state of the Country renders any purchase dangerous"--]
My last Leters from England was ye. 5th of June wh. Leves No Doubt butt the New Charter Government wold be Confirmd, Confirmd. in Some Days after
By My Leters it apears that Nothing Retarded that Meter2 but the Diferancess att home between the parlament & City of London, as I hourly Expect Capt. Trent he having Determind to Sail in ye. July packett, on his A Rival I shall Know whether I yett Stand a Shair in ye. New Colony or Nott, and Shall Write you on that Subject, if I Stand a Shair I will Make you a proposial
[Note 2: 2 Measure.]
If itt be in My power to Serve Capt. Crafford in the New Colony you May be AShurd, I will and am prety Certain there will be a Number of persons Wanting--
... I am Sir with Great Respect your
... Most Humble. Servant
... GEO: CROGHAN
ANNAPOLIS August 18 1771
MY DEAR SIR
I am exceedingly thankful for your Remarks on my Letters, which I am sorry to say, are but too just It is however really true, that I was in a hurry, when I wrote; and though undoubtedly I might have found time, I am obliged to own, that I am one of those who put off every thing to the last. And how it should or does happen, I know not, but so it is, that tho I can certainly write as good English, & spell, as well as most people yet when hurried I very seldom do either. I might perhaps account for it in a manner less reproachfully to Me, but, as you have attributed it to Carelessness alone, & as Appearances are so much against me, I suppose it is so. All therefore that I can now do is to p[r]omise to be more attentive & watchful for the future: your gentle, yet very striking observations shall have their due weight with me; they shall by no means deter me from writing to you every opportunity & I desire you would whenever you find a mistake point it out to me to the end, that by discovering my errors I may endeavour with more sucsess to amend, and at lentgh be capable of holding a Correspondence with you, more agreeable than at present, on account of my incapability. I am glad that Wells dealt with you, which may perhaps be a means of introducing your stock to a better market, & I think I may venture to say, you might were you to come over, find persons who would give you 20/ I am sure they can afford it when they can sell it again at 6d. pr. pound. Mr. Boucher presents his Compliments to you & Uncle Bassett & kindly offers to your acceptance a Room in his House, it being almost impossible to get a Room at any of the ordinaries, the Rooms being preengaged to their customers which puts strangers to a very great inconveniance in attending the Races. Mr. Boucher begs you would let him know as soon as you are certain whether you are a coming or not, as he expects many acquaintances here at the Races whom he would be glad to serve should you not come.
... I am dear Sir your most effectionate
... & dutiful Son
... JOHN PARKE CUSTIS
[Note 1: 1 Joseph Valentine was manager or agent of the Custis estate on the York River.]
August 24th 1771
SIR/
The last time I Rote to you I acquainted you with the misfortain of our Crops Being drounded & overdone with the wet and now it is ass Bad the other way we have had no Rain Sence to do any Service to the Corn or tobaco & it Burns up for being over done with the wet before it Cannot stand the drouth now the Corn Cannot Shoot out nor fill the tobaco the Roots of it was So mutch Sobd [?] and overdone with the Rain before that the drouth Burns it up at the Bottom & fires at Sutch a Rate that I Can Scarsly tel what to do with it. and more particular on the Leavel Stiff Land wheare the foundation would not let the water Sink from it for Sum time it is not Quite so bad on the light or hilley Land. if providence pleases to Send us a good Rain in a little time I hope it will make a great alteration in our Crops for the Better. Sir the young negro fellow will Shag who formerly lived at old Quarter and ass he was allways Runaway I movd him down heir to Settle theis places and thought he might do better but he Runaway Sum time in June went to Yorke and past for a free man By the name of will Jones but at last was taken up and put in prison and Sent a Letter up to me & I was up at the Quarters in new Kent at the Same time & the over Seer went down for him and Brout him up to the plantation and then will Beat him and got away & he Cant be got Sence I have heard he has Ben Seen on his way Coming up to you and ass their is a good many of his acQuaintence their he may Be harberd and no white person no of it he is advertizd and out Lawd he went away for no provocation in the world but So lazey he will not worke and a greater Roge is not to be foun. no more to add but Remain Sir your most hble sert
... JOSEPH VALENTINE
ANNAPOLIS, Novr ye. 19th. 1771.
SIR
I have seen your Letter to your Son, &, I will own to You, it has given Me a sensible Concern. That my Attention to Him has not lately been so close nor so rigid, as I wish'd, or, as it ought to have been, is a Truth I will not attempt to deny. The Peculiarity of my Circumstances & Situation, as well as of my Temper & Disposition, are All I have to offer in my Excuse, which, however, I do not myself think to be sufficient. I know I might have taught Him more than I have, &, sincerely as I wish his Welfare I wish I had; but I know also, that there are not many Masters under whom He would have learn'd more, than He has done under Me. This Business of Education is a complete & extensive Subject, & a man should be well acquainted with it, before He ventures to pronounce how far another has, or has not, done his Duty. Dr. Witherspoon, it seems, said I ought to have put Him into Greek. Now, how much Deference soever I owe to his Authority, I will venture to say, that this Declaration, at least, must have been made much at Random. It was not possible He should know what I ought to have done, from the few, & the Kind of, Questions He ask'd. To be acquainted with the Greek is thought to sound well, but, to determine upon a Youth's literary Attainments from that Circumstance alone, is not, in my Judgement, a much wiser method that the vulgar Way of enquiring how far a Boy has got; and if He has run thro' a long Catalogue of Books, to conclude He must be a good Scholar. Had Dr. Witherspoon been pleased candidly & fully to have examined this young Gentleman, I shou'd have had nothing to fear. He would not, indeed, have found Him possess'd of much of that dry, useless, & disgusting School-boy kind of Learning fit only for a Pedant; but I trust, He would have found Him not illy accomplished, considering his manners, Temper, & Years, in that liberal, manly, & necessary Knowledge befitting a Gentleman. I ever did hold in Abhorrence that servile System of teaching Boys Words rather than Things; & of getting a parcel of Lumber by Rote, which may be useful & necessary to a School-master, but can never be so to a Man of the World. In these, chiefly, Sir, your Son is deficient: & but that These are thought necessary to make a Shew of, it were not, I think, much to be lamented, should He ever remain so.--I neither have attended, nor dare I promise that I can attend, to Him with the Regularity of a School-master. But, Sir, tho' the little unessential Minutia of School-Learning may have sometimes been neglected, & thro' my Fault; I think I know You to be too observant & too candid a Man to believe that He has been wholly unattended to. His particular Genius & Complexion are not unknown to You; & that They are of a Kind requiring not the least Judgement & Delicacy to manage properly. Pardon Me, Sir, if I assume somewhat a higher Tone in claiming some Merit to myself, in having faithfully done my Duty in this the most arduous, &, doubtless, by far the most important Part of Education. I have hitherto, I thank God, conducted Him with tolerable Safety, thro' some pretty trying & perilous Scenes; &, remiss as I am, or seem to be, I doubt not, in due Time, to deliver Him up to You a good Man, if not a very learned one. It will not be thought necessary for Me to enter into a fuller Detail of this Matter: what I should say, I persuade myself, will occur to You.
Annapolis was as unfit a Situation for Me as Him, which I knew not, till Experience told Me. I am now, however, at length, again to return to the Country with a Prospect of fewer Embarrassments on my Hands, than it has been my good Fortune to be without for these five Years. I once was, I think, a good Preceptor: I have never been so, in my own opinion, for the Period just mentioned. If, however, You think proper to try Me a little longer, I think I can & will do better for Mr. Custis, than any other Man: if You do not think proper, convinc'd that You will be influenced only by your Regard for Him, most ardently wishing that You may most effectually consult his Interest, I shall never blame You for removing Him--if, indeed, my Blame or Approbation needed to be of Consequence to You. You will do Me the Justice to believe that I can have no other Motive for wishing his Continuance with Me, besides a kind of affectionate Attachment to the Boy, & a piece of Pride, perhaps, it may be, that another should not reap the Merit, if there be any Merit in it, of finishing what I have begun. I am now, I trust, happily set above the Necessity of teaching for a Livelihood; nor will I, as far as I can now Judge, ever take Charge of another Youth besides the Three now with Me. For the last Year, I have long ago mentioned it to my Friends, I never intended charging either Custis, or the other Two, any Thing for Education; & this only from what I thought a Consciousness that I had not deserved it. [mutilated] he continues with Me, & I do my Duty as I now intend (& if I do [mutilated] be the first to tell You of it) I will charge Him, at the least, four or five Times as much as I have ever yet done.
If, after all, You resolve on removing Him, all I have to add is a Request, that it may not be to Princeton. Pay Me the Complimt. of believing that I know something of these Matters: and there is not any Thing I am more convinced of, than that your own College is a better one--better in every Respect. You live contiguous to it, & hear every objecn. to it, often magnify'd beyond the Truth: & were this the Case wth. Respect to the Jerseys, I am mistaken, if You would hear less there. If, however, the Objections to Williamsburg be insuperable, I wou'd then recommend New-York: it is but a Step farther, & for obvious Reasons, infinitely deserves the Preference.1
[Note 1: 1 It is not difficult to imagine why so ardent a Loyalist as Dr. Boucher objected to the staunch patriotism of Princeton.]
I am, Sir, yr. most obedt. & very Hble Servt.
JONAN. BOUCHER
KING WM. COUNTY Decr. 9th. 1771.
SIR
Colo. Carter Braxton & Mr. Phil. Claiborne inform'd me some time ago that you Immagined you should be in want of a Man to overlook your Business, & as Mr. Valentine is now Dead I shall be glad, to serve you, & will wait on you immediately well recommened, provied you will let me know by the Bearer leaving a letter at King Wm. Court House from you to inform me if you should be in want or not. I am Sir.
... Yr. mo: obt Servt.
... JAMES HILL--
11th. Decr. 1771
DEAR SIR
As you have had the misfortune to lose your Agent Mr Joseph Valentine, give me leave to recommend Mr. John Pendleton to your favour; I know him to be an Honest, industrious, Sober Man, And a good planter and I think him as capable of undertaking such a trust as any one in the Colony, and shall be glad to hear he meets with your approbation. I am sincerely
... Dear Sir
... Your Affectionate
... BERD. MOORE
Decr. 13. 1771.
DR. SIR
My friend Colo. Moore has just informed me of the death of Mr. Valentine, & sent a Lre[???] to you, recommending my brother as a proper person to succeed him in the Stewardship of Mr. Custis's Estate. I am not a competent Judge, nor am I inclined to say much in recommendation of my brother. All I can say is he has been always esteemed an Industrious good planter, I know & will become bound for his Integrity, & while he had the care of the late Speaker's Estate, he gave Genl. Satisfaction. You are a good Judge your self & will no doubt make proper Enquiry, & all I presume to add is, that if you find it consistent wth. the young Gentleman's Interest to employ him, your doing so will oblige
... Sir
... Yr mo. hble Servt.
... EDMD. PENDLETON
FREDERICKSBURG, Decr. 15. 1771.
DEAR SIR.
You'll Receive with this: a Letter from Colo. Bernd. Moore, & one from my Broth. Edmd. Pendleton: the latter informs me that the late Steward for Colo. Custis's Estate, is Dead; & Advis'd me to Apply to you for the Business--I came thus far, in hopes I should meet you, on yr. Way to the Court of Oyer; but as ye. are not come, I suppose you do not intend there--
The Business I am now Engagd. in, prevents my coming up to yr. House; but if you are willing to Employ me in that Estate; be pleas'd to Signifie it, in a Line by the Post to my Bror. Edmd. and I will go to any place you shall direct--and Doubt not but I [will] discharge that trust to my Credit, & your Satisfaction
... and am
... Sr.
... yr. mo. Obedt. hble Servt.
... JOHN PENDLETON
[Note 1: 1 Burke's Landed Gentry mentions a Thomas Addenbrooke being appointed one of the governors of King Edward's school, Stourbridge, by the charter of 1752.]
16th December 1771
SIR/
I have been Informd by My Mother and by some papers in my Custody find that my Grandfathers Mother a young Widdow her name Broadhurst, Married a Gentleman Called Collonel Washington of Virginia,2 one of your Ancestors, if so I have the Honour of being a relation to you, which makes me take the Liberty to Trouble you With an Enquiry after an Estate which belonged to my Grandfather, and an Estate left my Mother and her Sisters by their Unkle Gerrard Broadhurst. After the Death of my Grandfather the Daughters sent one Person to Virginia to Manage their Affairs and imprudently Trusted him with their Writeings, he for some Years made them regular remittances Afterwards took no Notice of their Affairs, by What I can learn kept possession as his Own, as the Estate I believe Joyns to yours shall take it as the Greatest favour you Woud inform me of the Situation of the Estate and Persons heirs, and if you think the Estate is recoverable I am the only representative of the Family of Broadhurst, My Grandfather1 left Virginia at the Age of 9 Years to take Possession of some Effects left him by an Unkle in Shropshire in England--as I am Unacquainted with any body in Virginia beg you will Excuse the Trouble I give you in this Affair, the favour of an Answer to this will be gratefully Acknowledged
[Note 2: 2 Tyler, in the William and Mary Quarterly, says: "The will of Col. John Washington, the immigrant, speaks of a second wife; but it has been supposed that this wife (name unknown) preceded the marriage to Anne Pope. I am satisfied that the first wife of Colonel Washington was Anne Pope, and that the second wife was Anne, widow of Walter Brodhurst."
Walter Brodhurst, who came to Virginia about the same time as Dr. Gerrard, was the son of William Brodhurst, of Lilleshall, Shropshire County, England.]
[Note 1: 1 Walter Brodhurst, son of Walter and Anne Brodhurst.]
... by Sir Your Most Obedient Humble
... Servt To Comd
... THOS. ADDENBROOKE
at COALBROOKDALE near Shiffnall
... in Shropshire
... England--
[Note 1: 1 Judge Dandridge, brother of Martha Washington, and son of John and Frances (Jones) Dandridge, was born December 25, 1737, and married Mary, daughter of Julius King Burbidge. He was a member of the Virginia Convention of 1776, also member of the Privy Council, and Judge of the General Court. The Virginia Gazette records the death (April 18, 1785) of the "Hon. Bartholomew Dandridge of New Kent, Judge of the General Court."]
NEW KENT Decr. 18. 1771.
DEAR SIR
As the death of Mr. Valentine makes it necessary for you to employ a new Steward for your Business below, it is probable that many Persons will apply for the Place, and I have no doubt of your readily choosing a good one, which may make any information from me on that subject very unnecessary, Yet as the fullest information & the greatest choice can do no harm, I cannot refuse the request of Mr. John Hopkins, to apply to you on his behalf, not only as I think him, in every respect, very well qualified to succeed Mr. Valentine, but as I have a great inclination to oblige & serve him, as far as lies in my Power, I must therefore beg leave to inform you that during the course of many years acquaintance, & large dealings, I have always found him a Gentleman of uprightness & integrity, I have been well acquainted with many of his transactions in business of great consequence, and have found him remarkeable for his industry, activity & prudence, I likewise know him to be very capable of Accounts, & of a good temper & behavior, I may not be a good Judge of Plantation Affairs, & therefore it would not be doing Justice to Mr. Hopkins to say only that it is my Opinion he understands them very well, but I must further say that this is likewise the Opinion of those of his Neighbourhood, whose Judgmts. are to be depended on, and that his Father under whom he was brought up was reckoned a good Planter, & for many Years an Inspector, I likewise know that this has always been a part of his Employment & that he cannot be at a loss for want of Experience, Mr. Hopkins has a small independant Fortune of his own, on which he can live comfortably, but for the advantage of his Family is willing to improve it in this way, I cannot help wishing him Success, which I would by no means do, if I had not the best reasons to believe he will deserve it, and if you have no recommendation that you think you can better depend on, or no better opportunity of obliging your other Friends on this Occasion, I should esteem it a great Favor if you would prefer Mr. Hopkins, which your kindness on all other Occasions leaves me no room to doubt of,--
I write to my Sister by this Opportunity and will trouble you no further than to assure you that I am sincerely
... Dear Sir
... Your very affect. & obliged hble Servt.
... B DANDRIDGE
[Note 1: 1 William Armistead, son of Colonel John Armistead, of New Kent, was major in 1772 and 1775, and a vestryman of Blissland Parish. He married Mary, "widow of Baker, who kept ordinary at the Brick House for Bassett, the niece of James Nicholas, who left her £500 in event of the death of Abraham Nicholas, son of his brother Abraham Nicholas, also a specific legacy of £1,000." (Letter of William Nelson, 1767. See the Nelson Letter-Book at Episcopal Seminary.) He had issue, an only daughter, Susanna, who married first William Dandridge, son of Bartholomew Dandridge, the brother of Mrs. Washington, and second, about 1805, David Dorrington. Major William Armistead died before 1784.--TYLER.]
NEWKENT COUNTY, Decr. 21. 1771.
SIR
At the request of Mr James Hockaday, am to Signifye to you, my knowledge & Opinion of him; he has ever been an inhabitant of this County, beleive him to be a very Honest man, know him to be very Sober, & Well qualifyed to keep Accots. & his general Character is that of being Very Industrous also--he seems desirous of Succeeding Mr Valentine in your imploy. if he shou'd believe 'twou'd give general Satisfaction to his Friends, as well as answer every purpose you wou'd expect by employing him--
... I am,
... Sir,
... Your Mo, Obedient Servt.
... WILLIAM ARMISTEAD
[Note 2: 2 Probably Julius King Burbidge, father-in-law of Bartholomew Dandridge.]
December 21. 1771.
SIR,
Mr. James Hockaday is desirous of succeeding the late Mr. Valentine in that Stewardship, & has apply'd to me to recommend him to you as a fitt Person. I believe him to be a very honest, sober diligent Man, and as far as I know well quallify'd for the Business.
Capt. Jno. Hopkins apply'd to me some Time ago for the same Thing, and I give the same Character of Him.
... I am, Yr. hble. Servt.
... J BURBIDGE
NEW KENT Decr. 21st. 1771.
DEAR SIR/
Mr. James Hockaday of this County informs me that he intends to apply to you to succeed Mr. Valentine in the Management of your Estate below, and notwithstanding my warm recommendation of Mr. John Hopkins who first applied to me, I think it my duty, in Justice to Mr. Hockaday, at his request, to inform you, that I have always been acquainted with him from my Infancy, & that his Character for Sobriety Integrity & Industry has been one of the best of my Acquaintance, he has been used to keeping Accounts which he has been allowed to understand very well, I cannot say I am acquainted with his management of Plantation Affairs, but am convinced that a Person of his Experience and good Understanding cannot be at a loss in that; I must further beg leave to recommend him to you as a Person who I believe will suit very well the Station he applies for, & one whom I should be glad to oblige, I am
... Dr. Sir
... Your affect. & obedt. Servt.
... B DANDRIDGE
[Note 1: 1 Son of Colonel William Dandridge, of "Elsing Green," King William County; married Agnes, daughter of Colonel Francis West. William Dandridge was a first cousin of Martha Washington.]
KO. WM. COTY. Decbr. 21st. 1771.
SIR/
Mr. James Hill has Liv'd within a few Miles of me for some Years, He bears a General good Caracter, and is much esteemd by his Neighbours;
From the Dealings we have had, believe him Strictly Honest. I have heard Colo. Braxton and others mention him as a good Manager of Plantation Business, but am unacquainted with that part of his Conduct, as I never was on his Land. have understood he is possessd of a pritty Estate and improves it fast which is a Surcumstance much in his favour; please to make my Complymts. Acceptable to yr. Lady & Family I am Sir
... yr. much Oblig'd
... Hble Servant
... W DANDRIDGE
[Note 1: 1 Hon. Burwell Bassett, of Eltham, New Kent County, born in 1734; married Anna Maria Dandridge, sister of Martha Washington. He was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1764 until the Revolution.]
ELTHAM 21 Decr. 1771
DEAR SIR
Your favour of the 15 Inst I receive in Wmsburg yesterday, As to the Candidates for Valentine Place Graves you know as much of as I do & Hill I know nothing of But what I heard Mr Claiborne say, There has been a great many people apply'd to me to recommend them, But as I new nothing of them but by the recommendation they brought with them from Gentlemen I advise them to apply to you that you was well acquainted with The Gentleman that recommended them &, that I could say nothing more to them But as I find none of these has been with you I will just mention a few of them Mr Joseph Eggleston of James City recommended by Mr Ralph Wormly Sen & Mr John Cooke Booth of James City recommended by Mr John Sherman & Mr Nicholas, Mr Pendleton informed me that Colo B Moore & himself had recommended his Brother John Pendleton, I will inquire perticularly into James Hill character & give you the best information I can get, I went to the Plantation where Valentine Died & found that he had put his Corn in the Open Tobo Houses & that it laid at the mercy of every person that was rogue Enough to take the advantage of it, I sent for the Overseer from the Marsh Quarter & order him to have the houses mended up & Locks put on the doors, which he informd me to day was done I also made him take a perticular Account of all the Negroes & Stocks of all sorts that are at the plantations about Wmsburg & bring it to me, which I intended to inclos'd to you but find it will make my letter two large so shall keep them till I have the pleasure of seeing you, If there is any thing I can do for you before you fix on a manager please to command me.--
The Assembly is to meet the six of February as you will see by the Papers when we hope to have the pleasure of yours & Mrs Washingtons Company I do assure you nothing would give me so much pleasure as to be able to come to M Vernon, But I am so unwell that I must defer that pleasure till the Spring of the year when I hope I shall be able to come without endangering my health, Mrs Bassett and the little ones are pretty well and join me in Love & best Wishes to the family at M Vernon I am
... Dr Sir
... Yr Most Affect & obt Servt
... BURL BASSETT
21 Decr 1771
DEAR SIR
Just as I had finish'd my Letter I was apply'd to by Mr James Hockaday who is desirous of geting into Business, all that I can say of him is that he is a very Honest industrious Man and understand Accot pretty well, But as he was never in Business and only look after a little Plantation of his own whether he is capable of undertaking the Business he now aply for I cannot tell I am
... Dr Sr
... Yr Affnate Hble Servt
... BURL BASSETT
SR.
in Compliance to your General Letter I have Sent you an Exact List of the Negroes Stock of Cattle &c on this plantation but as you may not think that I did not pay the Regard due to your Letter to me before on that Subject; I assure you that this is the third List I have made out and Sent to you As to the Duty of an Overseer I Shall as Strictly Adhere to as if there was a Chief. but there is 26 Hogs to Spare from the place wch. Mr Robt. Ruffin informs me that he had engaged of of Mr Valentine be fore his death, they are not Extrordinary fat but have got to Eating dirt at Such a rate they do not mend but Seems to be Eating Corn in waste--now as you have Wrote and did not mention what Should be done with the pork I am doubtful whether I ought to deliver it or no however if I do not hear from you in ten days I shall Venture to deliver it to Mr Ruffin or they will destroy More Corn then the pork will be worth--
I'm Sr. yr. Very, Humble Sert.
... JOS DAVENPORT
FROM JOSEPH DAVENPORT.
CLAIBORNES Decr. 23d. 1771
[Note 1: 1 little.]
24th. Decr. 1771
DEAR SIR
I find Mr. James Hill has applyed to you for your business below, and that you are desirous of having my opinion of him; I know him to be a very Sober, Honest, industrious Man, and a very good Planter, & I make no doubt but he will answer your desires. I am sincerely
... Dear Sir
... Your Affectionate
... BERD. MOORE
ELTHAM 25 December 1771
DEAR SIR
Not knowing of the return of this messenger I wrote you by the last post to which I now refer you, I have meet with noBody yet to enquire into Hill Character But will make it my Business next weak to go to king Wm & when I am informd will let you know by the next Post, In my last I inclos'd you two letters recommending Mr James Hockaday one from Mr Burbidge the other from Mr Bat Dandridge, Hockaday apply'd to me I know him to be Sober Honest & industrious & understand Accot pretty well, But as he has never been in any Business accept looking after a small pla[n]tation of his own I thought it right to mention it, & leave: The Assembly meet the six of Febry when I hope to have the pleasure of yours & Mrs Washington Company at Eltham, If there is any thing that I can do for you before you fix on a manager please to command me, Inclos'd you'll receive and Accot of the Negroes & Stocks of all sorts at the plantations below which I made the overseer take and bring to me--
Please to make my Love & best Complements acceptable at M Vernon I am
... Dr Sr
... Your Mo: Affect & Obt Servt
... BURL BASSETT
ALEXANDRIA Jany 10. 1772
SIR
I do not think you would be safe in purchasing the land in dispute between Messrs West and Posey. that is that you would be liable to the penalties of the Stat 32 H 8ch 9 which I have transcribed & herewith send you for your perusal1--It does not appear by this Stat that Bonds &c respecting Sales of pretended Titles are void; It only subjects the purchaser to a forfeiture of the Value of the Land, that is the bona fide price paid; as It does the Vendor to that of the Sum received; Nor does It avoid a Conveyance--But should you & Mr. West incline to conclude a Bargain, risquing a prosecution On this stat, the best way would be to have Two Deeds; One for the Land to which he is Indisputably Intitled recitg the Considn paid for that & a separate one for that in dispute.
[Note 1: 1 By 32 H 8ch 9 It's enacted
... That no person shall from thenceforth, bargain, buy "or sell, or by any ways or means, Obtain, get or have any pretended rights, or titles, "or take, promise, grant, or Covenant to have any right, or title of any person, in or "to any Lands (Except such person which shall so bargain, sell, give, grant, covenant "or promise the same, their antecessors or they by whom he claims the same, have been "in possession of the same, or the Reversion or Remainder thereof, or taken the Rents "or profits thereof, for one Year next before the said bargain, Covenant, Grant, or "promise made) upon pain that he that shall make such bargain, Sale, promise, Cove- "nant or Grant, to forfeit the whole value of the Land, bargained, Sold, promised, "Covenanted or Granted, contrary to the said Act: And the Buyer or Taker thereof "knowing the same, to forfeit the Value of the Land, by him bought or Taken; the "one Moiety of the Value to go to the King the other to him who will sue for the "same.
And for the due Execution of the sd Act, the Justices of Assize within England & "elsewhere within the Kings Dominions shall in every County, twice a year, cause open "proclamation to be made of the same, to the Intent that no manner of persons, hear "ing the same, should be Ignorant or Miscognizant of the Dangers & penalties, "therein contained and specified.
Provided, that no person offendg against the same shall be Subject to the Penalties "thereof, Unless Sued within 1 Year after the Offence Committed.]
I think that the Court will not Allow make a Restoration in the decree as to Barry's Crop, as he might by his Answer to the Bill (had It been filed at the Court after the Bill was brought) have had his part of the Land ascertained by a Division and then only Cultivated his own--proof of his avowed design of keeping you out of your part, will do not harm, probably be of Service--I shall endeavour to get It tried as soon as possible & If I can get the division to be made upon a day not Interfering with my Attendance at some of my Courts, will most certainly be present1--
[Note 1: 1 Entries in Washington's Ledger.
I shall apply to the Doctor2 next Prince William Court for payment tho shall not expect It--If he shall refuse I think It will be Advisable to Waite & arrest him here.
[Note 2: 2 Dr. William Savage.]
I observe your kind postscript but as my being appointed to the Office depends upon Mr Graysons3 leaving the Court & his leaving the Court (probably) upon his being a Representative, I am afraid that the Office is remote--and as Mr Randlop4 has given his promise I immagine that another Application will not be necessary, however if you think It necessary you will please to do It--I heartily wish you a much better journey to the Capitol than I think you will have1
[Note 3: 3 Hon William Grayson afterwards U. S. Senator.]
[Note 4: 4 Peyton Randolph.]
[Note 1: 1 Extract from Washington's Journal for 1772.
Feb. 25. Set of for Williamsburg but not being able to cross Occatinck (which was
... much Swelled by the late Rains) I was obliged to return home again--
... 26. Sett off again and reached Colchester by nine Oclock where I was detaind
... all day by high winds & low tide--
... 27. Crossd early & breakfasted at Dumfries--got to Fredricksburg in the
... afternoon & lodgd at Colo. Lewis's
... 28. Stayd all day in Town with my brother John &oa dined at Colo. Lewis's
... & spent yo Evening at Captn Weedon's
... 29 Prosecuted my journey--dined at Caroline Ct House & lodged at Todds Bridge.
Mar. 1st Reachd Colo. Bassetts from Todds Bridge by 12 Oclock--stayd there the remainder of the day.--
... 2 Set out for Williamsburg and got in about 12 Oclock--dined at the Speakers and supd at the Treasures
The following items from Washington's Ledger for 1772 denote the cost attendant upon a journey from Mount Vernon to Williamsburg.
... And am sir
... with great respect
... Yr much obliged
... Hble Servt
... ROBT H: HARRISON
PS
As to the matter of Interest
I dont know that the Court
can in the present case make
Barry pay It but I will Consider of It
PRINCE GEORGE'S 15th. Janu. 1772.
DEAR SIR
I now take the Liberty of inclosing to You Mr. Custis's Account for the Year & half that He has spent in Maryland. Undoubtedly, it makes a formidable Appearance, and, at first View, may go nigh to Scare You: I cannot, however, believe, that, when You come to descend to particulars, You will think it very extravagant, unless it be in the Article of Clothes, which He got by your Permission. I should, indeed, except out of this Remark, the Charge of the Man, at whose House We boarded; the highest & most unreasonable, I ever paid in my Life. I am firmly persuaded, I never eat as many Dinners with Him, as He has charged Me pounds; and yet no Deduction could I obtain for two or three Months of the Time, that I was in Virginia, & nearly as much that Mr. Custis was. You will believe, that I disputed it as long as I could, but Custom was against Me, & so, what could I do? There are, perhaps, some other Articles, a little in the Annapolitan Stile of charging: All I can say, is, that I have been as careful of his Interest, as my own; & if, after all, his Bill be a very extravagant one (for I have, of late, been so used to such, that I have almost Forgot what is a reasonable one) You will do Me the Justice to own, it is not From any Profits that have accrued to Me. As Many of these Bills are undischarged, & totally out of my Power to discharge, an Attention to his Credit, as well as my own, obliges Me to remind You, that, unless it should happen to be inconvenient to You, I shou'd be much pleas'd to have it in my Power immediately to pay Them off. For what is properly owing to myself, it will be particularly agreeable to Me to receive a Bill of Excha. on London, as I just about owe as much Money there, as I believe This will amount to. The State of Excha. here seems not to be nearly so determinate & fix'd as it is in Virginia: I enquir'd in Annapolis, last Week, solely for the Purpose of directing You in this Business; & tho' I met with different Informations, the most general Account was, that They did Business there at 55, which, You will observe, I endeavour'd to attend to, in my Acct., in reducg. Virga. into Maryland Money, which, yet, after all, may not be right. The Money He yet owes, charged in my Acct., You will see, is about £76; the Rest I wish You to give Me a Bill for, which I reckon will be somewhat more than £50 Sterling. I fear, I am not a very exact Accountant, not having been much used to such Business; You will therefore do well not to rely altogether on my Calculations, without examining them, I trust, however, there are not any very material Errors.--I must not forget to let You know, that He just now tells Me he owes a Silversmith an Acct., which, the Man being out of the Way, I could not get in, which He supposes may be 4 or £5, & some other little scattering small Debts amounting He fancies, to 30/. or 40/.--If not disagreeable to You, I shou'd be glad these Accts. cd. be return'd, as I also am interested in some of Them. I have some others, not sent, in which Things that He had are charged to Me, & which has cost Me no little Trouble to separate, & perhaps, after all my Pains, They are not quite exact. If it be necessary You shou'd have These also, I will send Them. Some I doubt, I have lost; amongst which are L'Argeau's & Dr. Stevenson, if perchance I have not already transmitted Them to You. No Charge is made for his Education; and This not only because I was uneasy to see his Bill already run so very high, but also, because, as I have before intimated to You, my Attention to Him has not been so regular & constant, as that I could conscientiously make a Charge of it. For the coming Year, however, I purpose to charge Him ten, if not twenty Guineas; which lest You should consider as a Finesse, to make the Amends for my Loss of the last Year, I mentioned to You, that I might at the same Time inform You, Mr. Calvert had agreed to give Me that Sum for his Son, but which, for the same Reason, I have not yet charged Him.--I know full well your Sentiments of my Conduct last Year, & I honour You for Them: It is a Subject I love not to think on, still less to speak or write about. Could I have foreseen how I shou'd live in Annaps., He never shou'd have gone there with Me: nor shou'd He have continued, but that I thought every Day, I shou'd certainly alter Things, & live to Myself. The Truth is, with many Demerits & Imperfections, I still love the Lad, & I cou'd not find in my Heart to part with Him, without an absolute Necessity. Thank God, it is now over; & tho', with my Acquaintances & Connexions, I never can be a very diligent Preceptor, yet I doubt not soon to make Amends For all that is past. I have much Pleasure in informing You, that We All of Us seem perfectly happy in our new Situation: it is quiet & comfortable, & I Fondly hope, healthy. A cruel Something, as Prior says, is, however, still wanting--this House is none of mine: but, as I am now resolving in good Earnest to become Frugal, I must comfort Myself with the Hope, that I soon shall be in a Capacity to get One of my own.
Lord Baltimore is certainly dead. All that has hitherto been talk'd about his Will, is mere, random Guess-work. There are, however, some pretty good Reasons to believe, that the Proprietaryship of this Province, & the most considerable Part of his immense Property in the Funds, are left to the Family of our Friend, Govr. Eden. The will, suppos'd to be his last, was in Naples where He dy'd. Septr. 4th., after a Fever of three Days, & not transmitted to England, when the only Lr. the Govr. has yet recd. from his Ld.ship's Agent on this Subject, came away. Doubtless, this Event will give Birth to many little Revolutions, of Consequence to Us here. Most People I converse with seem anxious to have it confirm'd, that Mr. Eden is Proprietor: Beyond all Question, it is the happiest Thing that can possibly befall the Province.
I enclose You some Proposals for a New Map of the Back parts of America. It was put into my Hands by a Friend from Philada. with a Request that I wou'd transmit it to You. Possibly you know this [mutilated] Hutchins, & can guess whether He is likely to play Henry with You. If I thought there was any Chance of its being well executed, I shou'd like to subscribe. Shou'd it fall in your Way to procure Him any Encouragement You will hand his Paper about; & if You return it to Me, I will take Care to have it properly transmitted to the Author.
I beg my most respectful Compts. to Mrs. Washington, & Miss Custis, & am, Dr. Sir,
... Yr. most obedt. & very Hble servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
ALEXANDRIA, Feby 15. 1772
DR SIR,
It was rather late in the day when your Man handed me your favor of the 10th. Inst: therefore did not care to detain him to acknowledge the receipt of your Bill for £53. Sterling for the use of Mrs: Savage which I shall take care to send to Mr. Dixon by the first Oppy, & dare say he will remit her the value immediately, shall at the same time send your Letter of advice to Mr. Gildart--I hope you have fully explained to Mrs: Savage your late transaction with regard to her Annuity--to be sure Doctr. Savage can have no objections to pay you for the future, so that you may have this Money replaced again--I shall take care to see her Power of Attorney to Mr. Montgomerie tho I fear it is as the Doctor says--I wish you health to prosecute your journey, as I fear it will be a very disagreeable one--& am. Dr Sir,
... Yrs. &c
... HARRY PIPER
Febry. 21st. 1772.
DEAR SIR
I congratulate You, & the World with Us, on our Restoration to a temperate Zone: for, in Truth, We have had a kind of a Greenland Winter. And, for my own Part, I own to You, I now have a much stronger Idea of the Nature of a Winter pass'd in a Cave, than I could ever have learn'd from Books alone. I sometimes almost regretted, We could not become quite torpid, & sleep out the whole dreary Season, as snakes & some other Animals are said to do: or that, as, like Bears, we were shut up in our Dens, We could not, like Them also, live without Fire, & by sucking our Paws: for I had some Cause to imagine, if the Weather had held much longer, We should have had some Temptation to try.
To What I have heretofore said on the Subject of these Accounts, I have little now to add; unless, I should beg leave to suggest to You, by way of diminishing in some sort their enormous Amount, that they take in a Period of Eighteen Months, at the least--& that They are in a Currency so much worse than yours. Comparing Him with the Youths around Him, He really seem'd frugal; &, as far as I knew, never indulged in any expence that I could have suppos'd You would have had him restrain'd in. I knew You expected Him to make such an Appearance as He did, & keep such Company as He did: I knew not of the twenty pounds, & am indeed somewhat surpriz'd at it: how it has been spent I know not. I have just enquir'd of Him, & can only hear that He bought Oranges & Pine-Apples &c, & gave away a Ticket or two. But, as This is by no means a satisfactory Acct., I have ordered Him to write to You about it; & if He cannot account for it, at least to apologise to You for his Remissness. I hope it was rather trifled & fooled away, than spent in a more blameable manner, which I think could hardly have been without my knowledge. And, a very few venial Peccadillos excepted, I have little of this Sort to charge Him with.--The boarding a Person is not, I should imagine, to be considered as finding Him just such a Quantity of Provisions &c. In Frazier's Case, it was his Livelihood, & a handsome one it is to Him. He considers his House-Rent, & all his own Attendance, Servants, & a long et cetera. My Charge was govern'd by His, which, knowing my Board to be so much better, I thought a sufficient Warrant for Me. I never aim'd to make a Living by taking Boarders: in Virginia, I am persuaded I lost by it. You will, however, be so good as consider, that no Man can, even with the most Easy & manageable Boarder, be quite so Easy in his Family, as without Them--& something shou'd be allow'd for the Inconvenience He puts himself to. I do, however, agree with You that £25 a year for a Boy in a Kitchen, is an extravagant Charge: but, I suppose, it is considered as making some amends for other Disadvantages--at least, this was the Apology Frazier made to Me.
I observe the Errors You have pointed out: in answer to which, all I can say is, that I well know I paid the Money to the Man, at the Time I have charged it; & This I am the surer of, as Mr. Custis also remembers it. Galloway was represented to Me as a Man who had once seen better days, & deserving of Compassion. He was exceedingly needy, & constantly sending to Me for Money. How it has happened that He charged these Sums over again, & that I overlook'd Them, I cannot account for, till I see Mr. Jacques, who was so obliging as to take the trouble of settling with Him for Me. I will, however, have it rectify'd, & accordingly, I have already given You Credit for it in my Book.
I find much Trouble & Vexation in this said Country about this Article of Exchange; &, hitherto, have generally lost by it. They seem to have no standard, no fixed Regulation, as with You. I enquir'd of some of the principal Annaps. & Baltimore Merchts. before I wrote to You; but, I will enquire again; & if Bills either have been, or shall be, Either in this or the next Month sold at 60 perr. Ct., I will allow it. Some Allowances Y [mutilated] is to be made for the Medium thro' which are generally receiv [mutilated] gence of this Sort: there are always a few degrees difference betwe [mutilated] buyer & a seller.
I fear, it will be impracticable to lay in Provender &c for [mutilated] Horses in this Neighbourhood; as I can hire but one Stable, & that a most wretched one. This Article, however, cannot possibly hereafter be so heavy a one as it has been--nor, indeed, I hope, any other.
Ld. B: is certainly dead; but I believe it is still unknown [mutilated] Will is. It had not been sent to Engld. from Naples where He dy [mutilated] the last Letters I saw or heard of came away. Every Thing, howev [mutilated] known, is in favour of Govr. Eden. At all Events, I guess, He [mutilated] have a fight for it: & I join with You in wishing that every [mutilated] may be as much to his Advantage, as I should fancy it is, that He [mutilated] possession. The chief Difficulty seems to be, whether the Proprietary [mutilated] or was not Entail'd & so whether willable or not. If this Doubt [mutilated] be answer'd in the Affirmative, I believe Mr. Eden has little [mutilated] being Proprietor.--I have not seen Him this month, or upwards [mutilated] of trying to get thither next week, when I shall not fail to remem [mutilated] to Him.--Our Assembly, I hear, on Acct. of this desperate [mutilated] is prorogued till late in March.--Shou'd I hear any thing that I can [mutilated] it wou'd be agreeable to You to hear of, I will write to You in Wmsburg I wish You a pleasant & agreeable sojournment.
I am, most truly, Dr. Sir Yrs. &c JONAN. [mutilated]
I send back the accts.--as I can do without them--& tho' I wish'd to [mutilated] had Rects. under Them, yet, I fancy, my general Rect. may do.
Be so good as to take the trouble of two or three Lrs. to drop in your way down.
PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY March the 5th 1772.
DR SIR
At length I have seen an Abstract of the Will of The Lord Baltimore: more absurd, & more vexing than You will easily believe. It appears to have been made Fifteen months before his Death, in Venice, & is as follows
To Mrs. Browning (Sister of Mrs. Eden) & Mrs. Eden, each--£10,000 on condition, that They sign a Release to all Claim on the Province.
To Robt. Eden, Robt. Morris (a busy Lawyer, & lately Secretary to the Society of the Bill of Rights) Hugh Hammersly (lately L. B--'s Steward or Agent in England) Richd. Prevost 1 (his Attorney, & of a good Character) Esqrs. his Exrs., on Condition They prove the Will within twelve months, Each--£1500
[Note 1: 1 Scharf, quoting Mr. Charles Browning, gives this name as Peter Prevost.]
To Robt. Eden one hundred pounds per annum.
To Henry Harford (a natl. Son, abt. 13 years of age) the Province Remr. to Frances Harford 2--Remr. to Mrs. Eden.
[Note 2: 2 Sister of Henry.]
To Henry Harford--£30,000
Remr. to Frances Harford--Remr. to Mrs. Eden
To Frances Harford £30,000. Remr. to Henry Harford--Remr. to Mrs. Eden.
To Mrs. Hales (a Woman whom He has been dragging round Europe, &, for a Lady of Easy Virtue, of good Character) £1000.
To two Miss Hales s (his Daughters by the above Mrs. Hales) each £2000.
Hen: & Frances Harford residuary Legatees.
I think I remember nothing more; &, if I mistake not, You will think This quite enough. Two Wills that He had left in England, in both of which I believe He had left the Province, & the Bulk of his Fortune, amounting, it is said, to more than £100,000, [to Mrs. Eden???] were remanded & destroy'd: tho' there has not been known any Coolness between Them, but, on the contrary, an increasing affection, at least, in professions. I am but little able to inform You what Steps the Governor intends to take, tho I happened to be with Him, when He received the Will: only that He is resolved to try to overset it, & with good Hopes of Success. They suppose the Province to be of that kind of Property which is not deviseable, contrary to the opinions espoused some time ago, when there was no doubt but the Will was in Favor of Mrs. Eden, or her Family; I find Precedents in the Case of the Duke of Athol with respect to the Isle of Man.1 In Case of Success, then, You see, the two Sisters will be Coheiresses, &, of Consequence, Mrs. Eden come in but for half: which however, will be no contemptible Acquisition. You will readily believe how heartily I join with You in wishing Success to this only Reputable Branch of a Family once so respectable: but, in Truth, their prospects seem sadly overcast; &, at least, they have a World of Difficulties to Encounter.2
[Note 1: 1 Charlotte, surviving her brother and sister, succeeded, at the death of her father, to the barony of Strange, and the sovereignty of the Isle of Man. Her ladyship m. her cousin John Murray, Esq., who succeeded as 3rd Duke of Athole.--BURKE'S Peerage.]
[Note 2: 2 Henry Harford was acknowledged proprietary of the province, of which Robert Eden (as he was one of the executors of the will, and guardian of the boy) remained the Governor. The Hon. Mrs. Browning, however (who, by her father, Charles, Lord Baltimore, had been left the reversion in case of the death of her brother Frederick without issue), through her husband, John Browning, entered suit in the Court of Chancery. Charles Browning, in his appeal to the citizens of Maryland in 1821, says that this case "was in part argued before the Lord Chancellor, but between that time and the time appointed by his Lordship for a second hearing, news had arrived in England that the United States of America had declared themselves independent of Great Britain, which the Lord Chancellor stated to the Council on the day appointed for the further hearing of the cause, and objected to hear it, alleging, it was only a waste of time, as let it belong to which it would, he had no power to give the rightful owner possession."]
If any Thing that a wicked & a foolish Man does, could justly be Matter of Wonder, this Will wou'd really be unaccountable. Till now, this Boy was scandalously neglected: his Mother1 long ago displac'd on a very scanty Pension. Whilst Mrs. Hales was thought to possess a plenary influence over Him, was constantly with Him, as well as her Children.
[Note 1: 1 Hester Wheland.]
I shall hardly need to say what Confusion this Event is likely to produce amongst us. The general Opinion seems to be, that the Crown, if not urged by an Attention to the Safety of the Subject, yet as constitutional Guardian to the illegitimate Boy, will immediately appoint to the Government. The Northern Papers, I hear, have already mention'd Mr. Zachary Hood, the Man that came in here as Stamp-Master, for the Govr.. I think it is far more probable that your Friend Coll. Mercer will be the Man; unless Governor Eden & his Friends should apply, which hitherto He seems by no means determined upon. It certainly is, by no means, a very romantic Conjecture, to imagine that We shall now ere long become a royal Goverment: a Revolution but little wish'd For by the people here.
I hardly ever have seen a Man bear the Shock of ill news with such Composure as the Governor: undoubtedly, nothing was remoter from his Expectations, than so absurd & reproachful a Distribution of so immense an Estate, which He had been repeatedly assur'd wou'd belong to his Family. Mrs. Eden indeed is more affected. She well may, having been tormented by him thro' the whole Course of her Life, &, at last, most villainously dup'd & cheated. Cajol'd by his specious assurances, the Govr. was tempted to give up his Prospects in the Army, which were Flattering, & Mrs. Eden, decoy'd hither [mutilated] against her Inclination. It is happy for them, that They have [mutilated] comfortable Competence to retire to, Fortunately out of his Re [mutilated]
The Govr. begg'd Me most cordially to thank You for your Friend [mutilated] & to assure You of his great Esteem & Regard for You. I expect [mutilated] next Week, & had You been at Home, We shou'd certainly have [mutilated] other tempted You to join Us. He has got You a very handsome & [mutilated] Whale Boat, for £20, which, I fancy is by this Time at Mount [mutilated]1
[Note 1: 1 By Cash pd. Colo. Fitzhugh, by Govr. Eden for a Whale-Boat £19.15 Maryd Cy eql to . . 15. 16
... (Washington's Ledger.)]
I beg the Favour of You to speak to your two Printers, & [mutilated] my News-Papers, if by this Time, I owe Them for a Year. I shall [mutilated] also, You will be so good as remind Them to direct for Me To the Care of [mutilated] Merchts. in Bladensburg, as I have hardly seen one Virga. Paper since Xmas [mutilated] Purdie & Dixon will oblige Me by sending Me, the Address of the Clergy [mutilated] ward, & Dr. Chandler's Appeal &c & Gwatkin's Ansr.2 which I have seen advertised by Them.
[Note 2: 2 The Rev. Thomas Bradbury Chandler, D. D., of Elizabeth Town, N. J., published in 1767 an Appeal in Behalf of the Church of England in America, which urged the appointment of bishops for that country. This Appeal led to a great controversy throughout the colonies. Virginia took up the question warmly; Rev. Thomas Gwatkin (professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at William and Mary) being one of four Virginia clergymen to oppose the measure.]
I hope to see You in Maryland soon after your Return, &, in the mean Time, am, Dr. Sir,
... yr. affe. Frd. & most obedt. hble Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
STEWARTS CROSSING 15th March 1772
SIR/
I Received yours of the 6th. of Decemr I should have had your Land Run out at the Great medows but Mr McClain is not com up from his fathers as yeat but is to be up in a few days and I will have it don and send you a Draft of the hole by the first oppertunity I would have had it done as soon as I cam up but he cold not do it before he went to Philadelphia
As to Craughans1 Claim of the Land near Fort pitt, he Claims and is selling any Land that any Person will by of him in sid or out side of his Line and offers his bond to make a Title for it and have no mony till then, at ten pounds Sterling pr 100 acres, and has his Survayors Runing out Land now Constanly and the have taken and Run out Land for himself teen Miles Clear of his Line I saw his order to his Survayor and they was to Run out 30 thousand acres of Land at 1000 acres in a tract and if the People will not Purches of him upon those terms he will Let them go to the first that will So People does not Know what to do, Som in order to Pervent Disputs Entered the Lands with him and then the have Six pound pr Tract to pay his Survayor which Ocasions much Disputs amongest the people where it will end I do not now
[Note 1: 1 Croghan's.]
There is no sartanty yeat of the Charters Government taking place as was proposed when you was at Fort Pitt or of Colo Craughans Grant being confirmd. and som Disputs it being ever Confirmd and I hear no talk of the Traders having Any Land on the Ohio There is som talk of a goverment to be on the Ohio at the Mouth.
I shall do my Endeaviour to keep your Land I took up for you but I am afraid I shall be hard put to it, but I have Built four good Cabins on it, and Cleard about an Acre of Land at Each Cabin fit for the Plough which I think will hold it till there is Som way of Securing it farther.
I have seen McMahons. Land he had to Seell but it was not such as it was Recomended to me and be sids there is a Disput about part of it a man has Built a Cabin on the best of it but if had not a bin so it would not suted you it is two Hilly and not Rich neither
There will be [no ???] Posability of taking up such a Quantity as you want near Fort pitt as there is such numbers of People out now Looking for Land and one takeing Each others Land from him as soon as a mans. back is turnd an other is on his Land the man that is strong and able to make Others. Afraid of him Seems to have the best Chance as tims. go now
Probaly I may fall in with such a body of Land on som of the small Creeks Down the Ohio if so I will take it for you and as soon as I can I will send to you a Draft and Description of the the Place
... I am Sir your
... Hume. Sarvant
... W CRAWFORD
[Note 1: 1 Born in St. Leonard's, Calvert Countery, Maryland, November 4, 1732; died at Rose Hill, Frederick Country, October 25, 1819. Elected first Governor of Maryland February 13, 1777. The vote for governor was as follows: Thomas Johnson, Jr., 40; Samuel Chase, 9; Matthew Tilghman, 1; George Plater, 1; William Paca, 1.]
ANNAPO 26. Mar 1772.
SIR.
I inclose you a Letter from my Bror. John to your Lady2 he was at my House last Week and intended then to have sent it but the post made so little Stay that tho' my Bror. went to the Office several Times he slipped him.--
[Note 2: 2 ANNAPOLIS 21 March 1772.
MADAM.
The very bad Weather which prevented almost any Communication and my Expectation that the Means left with Miss Custis are not yet expended occasioned my not sending any more so soon as I designed--I now send by the Post a small Phial to be frequently smelt to as Hartshorne or other Drops commonly used to prevent fai[n]tness and a small Bottle of Ointmt. to be applied as before directed. The Decoction I left must be ap taken if Occasion requires it tho' I hope Nature will perform her Office without. I imagine it will be unnecessary to assure Miss Custis that I have the greatest Hopes her Happiness will be much promoted by regular moderate Exercise, temperate living which she may think Abstemiousness and her being attentive to keep her Body cool and open which last may I hope be effectually done and agreeably to herself by the Use of Barley Water and light cooling Food--Frumenty made of Barley or even of Wheat wou'd I think be very proper Food is agreeable to many and perhaps might be so at Times to Miss Custis--I hear that Master Custis said in Annapolis she was better I have great Pleasure in it and should be glad to hear more particularly of her State
... I am Madam
... Your most obedient Servant
... JOHN JOHNSON]
There were some Expences on the Bill passed last Session in favr. of Mr. Semple it is usual here in Imitation of what I think a bad procedg. in England to tax fees on private Bills--this was taxed
To the Speaker--6.--.--
... the Clk of the Lo Ho--3. -- .--Comon Money i e Dollars at 7/6--and I believe in the Upper Ho. as much. I should be obliged by your having the Money remitted as I have paid part of it and promised to write to you on the Subject.
... I am sr.
... Your most hble Servt.
... THS. JOHNSON. JUNR
LEESBURG April the 14th. 1772.
DEAR SIR
Doctor Savage tells me that it would be very convenient to him, if you cou'd pay the £150, which you have kindly offered to advance for me, and for which I return You Many Thanks; to him or to Mr. Montgomerie at the Genl. Court when the Merchants meet, and has desired me to write to you for that Purpose if it should be convenient1
I did myself the pleasure to write to you a few days agoe; so that I have nothing further to add but that I am
... Dr sir
... Yr. most obedt. St.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX
May ye 1 day 1772
SIR/
I have still Keept. your Land but With much Dificulty I turnd six men of in the first of March ho had built a house and cleared about 2 or 3 Acres for which paid them five pounds and I have Built houses on each part, four in all and Cleared som Land and hired a man to stay and Keep possision till I Return as nothing will do now but possision and hardly that I do not find I can get you the Quantity of Land you spook to me for without I cold stay all Summer and be on the spot as People Crowd out in such numbers the Like never was seen. I beleve thays setled as Low as wheelin1 and som Lower down as Low as Grave Creek--I have herd that they Charter Goverment is Confirmd but on what terms they Land will be [granted] I do not now
[Note 1: 1 Wheeling.]
Colo Croghan is still survaying of Land and selling to any body that will by but I can hear nothing of any Confirmation of his Grant by any Person but himself When the Survayor com up Vale. Crawford will Attend the Survay of your place at the Great Madows and have the Draft sent you by the first oppertunity
... I am Sir your most
... Huml. Sarvant
... W CRAWFORD
ANNAPOLIS 10TH May 1772
SIR
Mr. Tilghman the Speaker of our House of Assembly not being in Town I could not procure a Receit from him. I send you one from myself for £6. as recd for his Use if that is not sufficient I will get one from himself and inclose it to you: as soon as I have an Opportunity--I inclose you a Receit from the Clerk of the Upper Ho and another from the Clerk of the Lower House for £3. each I thought there was the like ffee to the President of the Upper House as to the Speaker but on Inquiry finding myself mistaken I return you 16 Dollars.
Mr. Ballendine has been here two or three Days but Mr. Mason has not yet come I fear our Governor is still under an Impression that a Concurrence by our Assembly in a Scheme with yours for clearing Potowmack may weaken the proprietary Claim of Jurisdiction over that River and consequently that he is not at Liberty to assent to such Bill tho' I believe in his own Judgment clearing the River is an Object which deserves immediate Attention and that he wishes to see it effected. If the Governr. should be under such Impression and should not write Home to be set more at large or should write unsuccessfully as the delay that might be thereby occasioned would at all Events be highly prejudicial I would submit to your Consideration whether it might not be prudent that a strong Representation should be sent to England, to be made use of in case it should be necessary, to procure an Intimation from thence that a Bill ought to pass here: If Instructions ought at all to be sent to Governors as the Rule of their Conduct I have no Idea but that propry Instructions might properly be superseded by Instructions from the King in Council and if so I cannot apprehend there would be the least Difficulty in obtaining an Order for the passage of a Bill in which the Trade and Subjects are so much interested though it might possibly collaterally affect the prors Claim of Jurisdiction--I shall be glad that our Govrs. Letters to Virginia may evince that my Apprehensions are Groundless but if my Conjectures are well founded I much wish that no Time may be lost.1
[Note 1: 1 The Potomac Company was organized in May, 1762, for the purpose of opening navigation "from Fort Cumberland on Wills Creek, to the Great Falls." It was a favorite project of Washington's, but was opposed by the Baltimore merchants. The war absorbed all lesser schemes, but in May, 1785, the Company was reorganized, and Washington elected its first president. In 1820, after much fruitless expenditure, the idea was abandoned, and the organization merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company.]
... I am Sir
... Your most obedient Servant
... THS. JOHNSON JUNR
[Note 1: 1 Of Hampton, Elizabeth City County, father of Dr. George Balfour, U. S. A., who "braved the perils of the west under the gallant Wayne, who, at a subsequent period, on Presque Isle, breathed his last in his arms."]
WMS.BURG May 10th. 1772--
SIR,
A Power of Attorney has just come to hand from the heir of Magdalen Stott, who claims under the Will of Thos. Colvill decd. by virtue of the inclos'd paragraph of his Will2--
[Note 2: 2 See letter from Dr. Boucher dated May 9, 1771, ante.]
I shall be extremely Oblig'd to you to drop me a line of information as I am perfectly unacquainted in this affair--what steps I ought to take in behalf of the Claimant, and whether any Money on Account of the Residuary Legatees have ever been remitted to London--or what this Claimant has a prospect to expect--or rather I mean what will be the Sum that the Residuary Legatees may expect, or any other information you think necessary to enable me to fulfill the trust reposed in me--
Pardon me for this trouble and permit me to remain with respect Your ob Sert
... JAMES BALFOUR
N B Please to mention what Claimants
have offerd as Stotts heir desires to know
11th. May 1772
DEAR SIR
Your favour of April the 27th. came to hand, I am to inform you that my Estate was sold on purpose to discharge the debt due to you, and others that my friend Colo. Baylor was bound for me, Young Mr. Edmund Pendleton has all the Bonds to collect for all the Negroes that was sold, by the particular desire of Colo. Baylor before his death, and if you will be so kind to write to him, or his Unkle Colo. Pendleton he will I believe pay both the Principal & interest; Colo. Pendleton is Colo. Baylor's Exetor, who I am sure will discharge the interest immediately, if not the principal.
Mr. Walker is now making out a proper list of the Negroes that was purchased by my friends for my use,1 and you may be assured that every thing proper will be done to secure you, and my other friends who was so kind to assist me. Mrs. Moore joins in our Love to you & our good friend Mrs. Washington & be assured that I am most sincerely
[Note 1: 1 There is in Hening, vol. viii. p. 476, an Act of Assembly passed November, 1769, "to vest certain lands whereof Bernard Moore, esquire, is seized in fee tail, in trustees, to be sold, and the money laid out in the purchase of other lands and slaves, to be settled to the same uses." The trustees named in this Act are John Baylor, Carter Braxton, Thomas Walker, Thomas Jefferson, and John Walker.]
... My Dear Sir
... Your aff Hble Servt
... BERD. MOORE
WMSBURG 13 May 1772
DEAR SIR
We got to Eltham the third day after we left you & found the Children & family pritty will, my Eyes was so much afected by the dust that I was afraid I should have lost my sight they are a little Better now Mrs. Bassett and Betsy have been very unwell since we left you But are better now the other Children are very well, I did not get to town before Colo Fairfax had left it or should have wrote by him I apply'd to Colo Moores Trustees about & let them know that you had sent the Money by me that you agreed to lend Colo Moore & the terms that you expected to advance it on, there answer was that you was upon different terms with others for you had wrote to them to give Colo Moore Cr for £100 & that you would pay the Money upon which I pay the Money by there order to George Brookes a day or two after this Mr Thos John Walker come to town & I spoke to him on the subject & he has agreed that you shall be on the same terms as others & has given me and Instrement in writing Obliging himself to make us a Deed for the Negroes to return to us after the Death of Colo Moore & his Lady
I have engaged the Bills you sent by me for 20 pr Ct & the Rise's & expect to get the Money to day & pay it to Hill, I mention to the Hanover Mercht. what you desire about the fistr1 But could get know infermation from them as the thing had never been trid, they all promis'd to make Enquiry when they went up & let me know & as soon as they do I will write to you, Colo Banister took the Horse at thirty two pounds Str & will pay you in October, Let Miss Patsy know that I sent her the things that her Ant promis'd to get her by Mr Mongory, please to let Mrs Washington know that her Sister will write to her & send the Letter to Ruffins to go up by some of the Mercht,--
[Note 1: 1 First?]
I desire you'll offer my best respects to Mrs W & Love to Patsy & Except the same from
... Dr Sr
... Yr affnate Hble Servt
... BURL BASSETT
YORK COUNTY 14th May 1772
SIR/
On my way to Rockahock the 9th of this Instant I met with Colo. Bassett with your letter & instructions to Receive some money for you I made all the dispatch I could back & have waited on all the gent. you Directed, & received from Colo. Geo Brook Executor to Mr. Philip Claiborne 14£ the 11th of this Inst. of Mr. William Dandridge Junr for Mr. William Dandridge Senr. £22-0-5 the 13th, and of Mr. Thomas Prosser £7-5-9 the 13th. & have seen Augustine Seaton & he told me he Expected the mony Had been Paid long ago by Colo. Moore & believe there is but Little chance to Get any at all from him, & Mr. Foster I went to him from Rockahock & he coud not Pay the Hole till New Kent Cot1 & have sent to Cot. But have not had the returns yet, as it was out of my Power to go up myself Colo. Bassett has paid me 400£ & I have Paid Jackson off & have Taken a Rect. on the Back of the Note of Hand in full & Stopd the 50£ for Chrosia Graves which will pay him immediately--I have not made Sail of But very little of the Corne for the Easten shore Vessels run over & sold at 14/ & Did not care to take less than 15 for what I had which will not be Near so much as I expected for the Spring proving so very Backward & the weather so cold & the fodder has been out Ever since you went away at Every Plantation was oblige to Keep the Stocks upon Corne & have Lossd but few Below & not many above they have Destroyed a good deal of corne--the Seins at Rockahock Rented for 90£ which was £7-10 for Every man that took a day & made out his Gang I expected when you was down the Seins would hire at £9 instead of 7£ 10 But when I went up the People woud not Give it I Recd all the money to £3 which I lookd upon to be bad & woud not be concernd with it--The fellow that always run away in Mr. Vollentines time is gone again his Name is Will Shagg I have not struck him a blow since I Lived on the Place I wish you woud agree to sell him I was offerd £80 By Jackson cash if he coud be Got, for him
[Note 1: 1 Court.]
I have Hird a man to worke with Carpenters at a very high Price I coud not get a young man for Less than 30 od Pounds & I had an Extrodinary carriter of this man & he formerly worked in the Estate his name is Roger Tandry I coud not get him for Less than 45£ a year tho we are not confined to Each other for more than 6 Months tho think it a very High Price but applyed to Several Good Judges & they advised me to give it rather than a young man at 30£ tho would not agree for more than 6 Months, & if you disapprove of it Believe I may Get of sooner for he ant fond of takeing that his Price was 50£ he at last fell to 45 & he woud not confine him Self for more than 6 Months--I have Purchased a horse of the Miller at 9£ for a worke Horse at Mill Quarter I think worke Horses are much wantg. in the Estate but they are so Excessive dear there is no such thing as Purchasing Down with us if its in your Power to Purchase on Reasonable Terms with you shoud be much oblige to you to Purchase one or two by the fall as I immagine they dont sell so dear up the country as they do below--in regard to our Crops there appears to be a plenty of Plants but the weather Proveing very Dry & Cool the fly destroys them very fast & at Rockahock they are Very Backward they have not worke Horses Enough for that Plantation as I think it an Extrodinary Place for Grain you desired to enquire what Mr. Vallentine did with your Horreses upon breakg up your Plantations he sold one to a man that ant worth one farthing I dont think it worth while to bring Suit for not one friend he has will be his Security & he has Parted with the Horse his Name is Wm Blasingham Mr. Vallentine has taken his Note of Hand & I offerd if he woud Give Security I would wait 6 Months but he cant get any one to undertake--Mr. Lyon applyd to me to know what to do with Frazer as the Suit abates on Mr. Vallentines death as the Bond was taken in his Name & the Exrs. wants to Assign it to me but I would not be concernd without yr. Instructions for if the Suit had not abated the money might a been got for since his death Trimbles is gone off by the bond being taken in his Name that if youl Please to write to me your advice I will follow your Instructions but Shant be concernd with the Bond untel I hear from you, & Mr. Lyons desires to know what you'l have done in it
... from your Mo. Hble Servt
... JAMES HILL
22d. May, 1772.
DEAR SIR
I send Joe over on purpose to let you know that the Govr. & Mrs. Eden will not wait on You this Trip: Some unforeseen occasions call them again to Annaps. sooner than They expected; They therefore desir'd Me to beg your Excusing Them at this Time. They still talk, if it be practicable, that They will visit You before Mrs. Eden leaves the Country: but, of this shou'd I chance to get notice, as I probably shall, I shall find occasion hereafter to inform You--The Govr. dines with yr. Neighbr. Mr. Digges tomorrow, & sleeps at Mr. Roger's, where I am again to meet Him. Shou'd You be quite at Leisure, & your Whale Boat be arriv'd, perhaps You may be tempted to try her. 'Squire Calvert alone accompanies Him. Mentioning this Gentleman's Name, reminds Me of a Request He made to Me, that I wou'd engage of You for Him & myself, thirty or forty Weathers, for Muttons, in the next Fall, if You shou'd then have so many to spare. I beg You to attend to This, & to give Us the Preference to any other Chap: We will hereafter contrive about getting them over, if We can but have Them.--I forgot too, in my Lr. by Peale, to tell You from Mr. S. Galloway, that He had sent You two Cases of excellent Claret (I have tasted it, & it really is good) to Mr. Ignatius Digges's I think each Case contains 6 Doz:, & I believe at 45/. perr. doz: I guess You will have it carted down to Piscaty., & fetch it thence by Water: & if I can be made assisting to You, surely You will not hesitate abt. commandg. Me.
With this vile Pen & ink, even were I not exceedingly hurried, I have some doubts whether You will be able to read what I attempt to scrawl: I will not therefore add a Word more but that
... I am most truly yrs. &c ... J. BOUCHER
[Note 1: 1 Probably to Lund Washington.]
ALEXANDRIA June 28. 1772.
SIR,
I rec'd yours and Col Washington shall have freight for 250 or 80 barrels of flour at 5/ pr barrel. I believe the vessel will sail to Barbadoes, In her way taking the markets, but this is not yet determined. If she does, she still goes to Jamaica where we have considerable effects to bring home.
As to her Despatch here you may depend on it, and I expect to have her down channel & ready this week and hope to have her loaded and to sail the week afterwards.
... Yr humble Servt.
... JOHN CARLYLE.
TOWLSON July the 15th 1772.
DEAR SIR
I have received a Letter lately from Mr. Smith wherein he makes no mention at all of the Tract of 600 Acres on Goose Creek & chattins Run; so that I may dispose of it [to] you without waiting longer for the Man he had agreed with, which it was kind in you to propose. I wish we could agree about the Land on Pohick or that on the Kittochtan for which I must take a less price still than I have fallen to; especially considering the Sum you still purpose to advance on Accot. of Mr. Muirs1 Bill which Mr. Baynes lately pressed me to pay. I had some thoughts of riding to Mr. Vernon soon; in order to attend you to pohick but being uncertain, on Account of my harvest and haying being backward, I take the Opportunity My Sister Washington2affords me of writing. Mrs. Fairfax & Sally desire their Compliments with
[Note 1: 1 John Muir, of Alexandria.]
[Note 2: 2 Hannah, youngest daughter of Colonel William Fairfax, was the second wife of Warner Washington.]
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. most Obedt. &
... obliged hble Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX
If it should happen that either
of the Hounds sent down lately should
not please you I beg to have the first offer of them; I mention this because I am convinced that all Sportsmen do not look on Dogs in the same Light, of which you are also satisfied from the many superexcellent dogs you have had given you, which have not answered yr. Expectation. Some allowance must be made for prejudice, perhaps therefore you'll not think Rouser equal to Ringwood, tho' I do expect that he is closemouthed. Dabster tho' a great Babbler at first I liked the best of the three; which I mention lest he should at first for want of Practice return to his Babbling and you should condemn him too soon. Tho' you did not seem to like Ranger I really think he was as good a Dog as ever I had except his want of a good Nose--Rouser is exactly such another in every Respect. Two of my hounds running a Fox yesterday great part of the day hath revived the Subject in my Mind & hath caused this postscript.
ALEX July 21 1772
DR SIR/
Capt Brodie woud Inform you the Reason I did not Call on You, If he did not I Assure You it was for no other Reason but the Great Company I See & heard of at yr house & I thought myself & my little Companion not In A proper Dress for Straingers You or Yr family I woud have made free with, Therefor hope for Yr Excuse--
The Captain Comeing Up this Evening Surprised me & tells me You wanted bills of Lading I have filled up Two as many as I think Necessary Without You Consigne Yr Cargo to any Person on the Islands In that case you may Take three I have Consigned mine & Mr Daltons Interest on board to the Captains & Mr Adams Joyntly, & therefor take but two bills of Lading the Freight I Intend is the Currency Of the Island where the Comodity is Sold & No more
I hope ye Sailes & Returns will Please You & that the Vessel may make A Short Voyage for the bennifit of All Concerned, tho Mr Lun Washington has not given the Assistance he promised but Suppose he was Tyerd with harvest & now Rejoyceing the Labr is Over--I am with great Regard Dr Sir
... Yr. Very Hble Sert
... JOHN CARLYLE
WMSBURG July 24th. 1772--
SIR/
I reced your Letter the 18th. of June after I had set off from Home to the Easten Shore where I was gone a fortnight & Have been over the Hole Estate there & have Acted in the best manner I coud in respect to the Stocks of Sheep on Mockon Isleland wherein Mr. Vallentine Joind Stocks with one Mr. John Stratton & I have broke up the Partnership & am desirous of no Persons Joining without your Consent, I shoud have Wrote to you Sooner But have waited for the Ship to come in yt. I might write to you for Instructions abt. Shipg. the Tobo. whether the Hole go on board Capt. Peterson as he tells me he Expects the Hole & Capt Easton was at my House this morng. & says he Always carried 10 or 12 Hhds that in Particular from the Easten Shore which is 6 Hhds which will not be as much as he wants & he goes of Next week that if he is to have any I must get an Answer from you as Quick as Possable--I shoud have Shipd the Hole on board Capt. Peterson if Capt. Easton had not Applyed, but shant do any thing abt. it abt untill I receive yr. Answer--you wrote me concerning the money that I had not Sent you an Acct. of the Hole money I recd the reason the 10£ 16 was not mention'd in my Letter Colo. Lewis Recd it him self & After I had wrote to you he gave me a Rec: for it & I had seald my Letter to you & knew he would Give you an Acct of it which I immagined woud make no Material Difference whether I gave you an acct. or not as I was certain he woud as he Received it tho I stated it in my Acct. with you--I have not sold The corn yet am now waitg. in Town to make Sail but the Price of corn appear to be falling I cant get more than 13/ & 13/6 per Barl. what I sell from Home I get 15/for there is one or two Gent from the Easten Shore that wants to Purchase that Corn from there but they offer but 13/ per Barl. & am waitg for a Better Price I am in hopes the Price will rise before the court Brakes there is Several Gent. that is now waitg. to make Sail of theres & they tell me they Expect a better Price--our Crops are Likely as can Possably be Expected for Quantity of Poor Ground we are obliged to tend there only Rockahock & there is but a very Indifferent Prospect there for Every thing we have lost a fine young wench in childbed there Doctor Pasteur was sent up to her but she was Delivered before he got up & appeared to be Tollerable well & drank Cold water & Killd her immediately
I have Lost an old fellow from Mill Quarter with the consumption & a negro child from yr. Quarter in King William That I had brought down to be convenient to the Doctor that we might [not] be at the Expence of Paying for Visits but the child Did not Live more than 3 or 4 days after I got it down it appeared to have the mange as bad as I ever saw a Pigg & has been in That Condition for some time & the overseer told me he had Purged it Several times but to no Purpose & I gave it a Purge as soon as it came down but I saw it was Past cure I sent it to the Doctor & he was from Home all the Rest at this time is very well only a wench at Rockahock has a Complaint in her Eyes & have ordered her down to get curd--I have not got that Fellow Will Shag that was Run away But I think to send him to the Easten Shore as soon as I get him being in a Hurry the Post Just going of
... Yr. Mo. Hble Servt.
... JAMES HILL
TOWLSTON August the 3. 1772
DEAR SIR,
I am about setting off for the Springs, & as I have very little time to spare, having been busy at my Meadow to day & been at the Mill & Great Falls, & having some other Letters to write this Evening, I hope you'l excuse the concisencess of this.
As to the most material Business of Mrs. Savages I have reced a Letter also from Mr. Bomford. On the Receipt of your Favor at Alexandria I went to Mr. Harrison and asked him about the deeds of Settlement when he told me there must have been such before Marriage because the Bond relates to them--and there must be the deeds together with an authentic Copy of the Bond which Mr. Bomford writes for, but where they were recorded neither of us knew but we supposed in the Genl. Court or in Loudon where the Lands lie, & if I omitted to mention this in my subsequent Letters it was thro' Forgetfulness. As Mr. Montgomerie as you mentioned was expected to be at Alexandria at June Court I desired Mr. Harrison to let me know if he came up and I would go down with his Receipt however inconvenient--And now I have thoughts of sending it by your Boy as I am to be a month from home but am doubtful at present in case it should miscary. I imagine the Deeds executed at Dumfries are not what Mr. Bomford writes for because he mentions all Deeds and Papers executed on or before her marriage.
I have sent inclosed the patent for the 600 Acres which is the only title I have except another deed of the same Tenor & date. I inherit it as heir at Law to My Brother Wm:--I shall be ready to go with you to Pohick when it may suit you after my Return. I am not uneasy tho disappointed a little (tho' indeed I have no Reason to call it a disappointment as I could not have raised the money without your Assistance) And shall wait till it may suit your Convenience.
As I pass thro' Loudon I will write to Rogers & direct him to send copies of the deeds to you if any such as I mentioned above be recorded in that office.
What you mention about your Puppies is surprising--Murich's Litter last year decreased daily from 8 to 4 and she was observed each day carrying one out.
Mrs. Fairfax tells me it was conjectured by some at Mt. Vernon that I wanted my hounds back again that I had sent down; but altho' I have given away hounds before now & been afterwards been sorry for it I should never ask for them again even in an indirect manner--but that was not the case with these--I was glad I could accommodate you so well without any disadvantage to myself, and it is not unusual with me to ask for the return of good hounds if they should not please, because as I said before Sportsmen differ, and I should be sorry that you should have occasion to return 'em. Mine have been reduced in their speed I hope by parting wth. them, having run a Fox lately so long that I had time to come home to Breakfast & to Dinner before the chace ended to the disgrace of the whole tired pack.
Mrs. Fairfax &c Complts. with mine to Mrs. Washington & Family . and I remain with much Esteem
... Dr Sir Yr. most obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
[Note 1: 1 A wealthy merchant of Philadelphia, son of Mayor Robert Strettell and Philotesia (Owen) Strettell; born in England; came to America with his parents and two sisters in 1736. His older brother, John Strettell, remained in London with his grandfather, John Owen, where he became an eminent merchant. Amos Strettell had one son, Robert, who died without issue, and two daughters, who married Benjamin and Cadwalader Morris. He died in Philadelphia, 1780.]
PHILADA. 4th. Augst. 1772--
SIR,
By yesterdays post I recd. a Letter from our mutual good Friend Coll. Fielding Lewis ordering £600 Pensilva. Currency Insurance For your acct. on 273 Barls. Supfine Burr Flour Shippd on board the Brigt. Fairfax Samuel Brodie Mr., but as I am not advisd where she is bound, nor cannot by any means discover, as the ship Entrys are not printed in the late Virginia papers, I am obligd to wait his or your Information; on rect. whereof, my best Endeavours shall be us'd to procure your Insurance on the most Favourable terms wch. may be in the power of
... Sir, ... Your very Hble servt.
... AMOS STRETTELL
no time should
be lost in advising
me where the Brigt. is bound to.
PHILADA. 18th. Augst. 1772.
SIR,
Your Favour of 14th. Currt. has enabled me to compleat your Insurance per the Fairfax as per above acct. (say annexed acct.,)1 so far as the Nature of your Adventure will admit without running you to an extra advance of praemo. subject to conditional Returns afterwards, which on several accts. might prove disadvantageous to you, altho' [it] is often done on risques not comencing in our own Port.
[Note 1: 1 Acct of £600. Insurance, procured by order of Coll. Fielding Lewis, on Goods for Acct of Coll. George Washington, on board the Brigt. Fairfax Samuel Brodie Mr. at and from Virginia to Barbados, at 2 ½ perCt premo., under Agreement that if the above Vessel proceeds to any other Islands, ½ perCt. more Praemium shall be allowed For each Island she touches at; & if she proceeds to Jamica, 1 perCt. From the last Island she touches at.
£200. per Samuel Mifftin.
... 200. per Willing & Morris.
... 100. per Robert Morris.
£100. per James & Drinker.
£ 600. at 2½ per Ct.præmo. to Barbados only, amtn. to ...
15..--..--
... Policy-----.. 5 ..--
... my Commission at ½ perCt. on £600 .. 3 ..--
Amount carried to the Debit of Coll
Fielding Lewis his Rect. Currt. is
eighteen Pounds & Five shillings at present.--£18 .. 5 ..--
... Philadelphia 18th. Augst. 1772.
... Errors Excepted
... AMOS STRETTELL.]
I presume Coll. Lewis may not be returned Home From the warm springs, & defer writing to him until next Post.
... I am very Respectfully,
... Sir, yr. assd. frd. & servt.
... AMOS STRETTELL
WHITEHAVEN Augt. 19th. 1772--
DEAR SIR/ I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your very kind & agreeable favour conveyed to me by my friend Mr. Dixon, with the amount of the Bill £.53-, you were so good as send for my relief, which believe me my dear Friend came most seasonably; my situation is terrible, but without it, it would have been wretched indeed.--It would argue a base, & ungratefull mind to omitt this opportunity of tendering you all in my power to bestow, the tribute of an Honest, Sincere & gratefull Heart for this Act of generosity & Friendship, which suffer me to solicet your continuance of, & under your protection, I doubt not the recovery of my Settlement, from that cruel Man, by which I shall, I trust in God, be able to spend the remainder of my days with some little peace, which, or Comfort, I have been a Stranger to since I parted with you.--The loss of the four Years Annuity was a terrible stroke on me, but this I was fearfull of, for before his departure he made me Sign a paper, the Contents I knew not:--I refused it, till my life was in danger from him, for Oh did you know all you would truly pitty me.--My kind friend Mr. Dixon gives me some little glimmering hope that you will yet be able to recover the £400--that Mr. Montgomery was going to pay you, to assist which he advises my making a declaration on Oath, that I did not know the Contents of the paper I signed, & that he compelled me to the Execution, this I intend to do before I leave this, & indeed was one principal cause of my coming here, & to consult with Mr. Dixon, to whom any Letters you are so kind as send me, will come safe: The Money you will be so good as continue to pay Mr. Piper, who has my Power for the same, who will remitt it in like manner, this I must intreat Mr. Piper to adhere to, being my real wish & desire, & should be receive Letters to the Contrary he must not attend to them, for my Situation may be such, as to cause me to write in a manner I do not like, for my desire & Order is for Mr. Piper to remitt the Money to Mr. Dixon 'till that Gentlemn. receives it him self.--The Negro Wench Sarah & Children I apprehend to be my property under the deed of Settlement, as such could wish they were turned into Money, & remitted me by Mr. Piper, should be rejoiced she would suit you, in which case any price you would fix on them would be agreeable to me.--May I now Solicet my most Affectionate Compliments being tendered your Lady, Colo. Fairfax & Lady, and all my other good Friends, relying on your goodness & protection, I remain.--Dear Sir,
... Your ever obliged & affect. Hble Servt.
... MARGT: SAVAGE
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Everard held many important positions in Virginia. He was clerk of the General Court, clerk of York County and of Elizabeth City County, and, in conjunction with James Cocke, Auditor of the State from 1761 to 1780. He married Diana, daughter of Major Anthony Robinson, of York County.]
29 August 1772.
SIR
Inclosed are the Original Deeds from Green to Savage there are no other Deeds between these Parties recorded in the General Court.
... I am Sir
... Your most hble Servt.
... THOS. EVERARD
Sunday Morng. 30th. of August 1772
SIR
I reced your Letter from the Post office dated August 3d & it did not Come to me in several days after & yr. Directions in respect to the Tobo. coud not be complyed with for I was informd that Capt Easton Had his Load so that I never Heard from him after yr. Letter came to hand & our Tobo. in New Kent happend not to be Inspected & I have had more Trouble to get it Inspected than I ever had abt. any one thing in all my Life. I offerd the Tobo. to the Inspectors in April Last & they desired me not to have it Brought for they were Quite full & Begd that I might continue the old Custom wch was when the Ship was in & sent for the Tobo. they Brought the Tobo. & had it inspected & carried of immediately & before The Inspection was out I goes three Different times to have the Tobo. inspected & they desired the overseer not to bring it for they coud Not take it they were Quite full & they sd if the Ship made it Late they woud inspect it after the Inspection was out, & when the Ship carried down the Tobo. They woud not Inspect it they sd the Law was against it & must wait to have ye Lawyers opinions & some was of oppinion they might Look at it & others to ye contrary at Last they agreed if I woud Get Mr Wallers oppinion they woud Inspect it wch Mr Waller readily gave as it was through there Instigations it was not Lookd at in time they ought to do it wch was done a wednesday & thursday Last, & have Purchased the overseers parts at the Cash Price wch should be Glad to know if you approve of it or not, as I had not yr. Instructions to do it I was informed it was Generally done in Mr Vallentines time--As John Vallentine was not there I left a Hhd for him & when he swore to his father's agremt with him I woud setle with him Accord gly & left word with one of the overseers to let him know if he woud take the same Price as the Rest did I woud take it the ships fleet--is to take the Ballce. tomorrow--Rockahock 9 Brick House 9 old Quarter 4 Harlows 5 Home house 11 Mill Quarter to Jacksons 6 Mallory over the Mill 2 Claibornes K Wm 14 Easten Shore 7 & 1 for New Kent in Hanover I coud not get a price to my Likeing & Shipd it on board Peterson the Hole if John Valletine let us have his is 78 Hhds. Shipd on board Peterson; I have turnd of two of the overseers the one at the white House & the other at Brick House & the two that I Intend to replace has Large familyes one has 6 Children & the other 5 tho they agree to take 600 wt meat & a grass beef at the fall They are two men that I am well acquainted with in respect to there Honesty which if you dont Dislike there family being two Large believe they will Answer very well tho think it my Duty to inform you before I finally agree with them, wch if you dislike will be off & get others I have agreed for 6 Sping wheels at 10/per wheel to have Sping done at Every Quarter in Bad weather & times when the wenches Lays in, & at Rockahock there is a wench that is Kept for Sping. & has been all this year asping 47lb wool & says that Mrs. Washgton orderd. that she shoud spin no more than 3lb a week & old Nanny wont Spin a thread & Says her Mistress left her only to Sew wch we have a great deal of wool to Spin from the Easten Shore for I cant sell it for more than a bit a lb & think we had better have it Spun up & wove for the wenches & children if you think Proper, & this wench Nanny has Raisd 71 Turkeys Besides other Fowls of all Sorts & Says her Mistress allows of it please to apply to her & let me have yr. Directions how to Proceed in them Particulars there is Several Old wenches that might Spin for the Estate that cant work out one on the Easten Shore that might Spin that dont work out not 1/3d of her time only minds the Children--I send you inclosed Strattons agrmt with Vallentine in respect to the Ship on Mockon Island 1 which is a very Great dispute with Stratton & me he wants his 40 Ews. & to let me have the 20 & then divide the Balle. after Lettg. the man that he Put on take the Sixth Part with some the man he Put on for Lookg. after them this man was owing of Stratton money as I am informd & he agreed with this man if he woud Put on some Small Quantity that he shoud have the 6th. Part for Lookg. after them without the consent of Mr. Vallentine only the consent of Biggs wch Stratton has Bought the sheep yearly of this man untill he has got Paid as I am informd now whether I must Continue the Man & let him find Part & believe he will take the 8th. Part for Lookg. after them & is to Bring of & carry on all the Cattle & Bring of what Ever we Want of for his Living there & Ive got Jacksons Deposition in Regard to the agremt. with Stratton & Vallentine tho it was not mentiond Particularly that he Looked upon it that when Ever a Division they were to Divide Equally the other Says he will Swear the Same wch are the two witnesses to y agremt. tho Stratton Says he has three that will Swear to the Contrary tho they did not assign the agremt. as witnesses I am a going upon Receiving Yr. Answer to my Letter to the Easten Shore in order to have it finishd & the Sheep Divided as the Lambs were two Small & the weather two hot when I was over or Shoud Endeavourd to have finishd when I was over the man that is on the Island Bears the Carecter of a very Honest man tho Stratton at this time has a very Great Dislike to him & wants him turnd off his name is John Handby But from the Carrecter that other People gave him I thought to continue him if you was agreable as there must be some one to look after the Stock or they woud Be all Killd by the Watermen Stratton wants to rent the Place But I told him I chose to make tryal my Self Before we woud Rent it; as for an Invoice you wrote to me for I am at this time at a loss to know what we have in already & as you have a list of Every negro & the Invoice of what came in this Year immagined you knew Better than I did what woud Serve them tho the Calculation to Every Grown fellow & wench woud be 3 Ells of Bro Ling to Shirt or Shift, & 5 yards of Cotton to suit for a wench or fellow there is a number of the negroes that has applyd for Shirts that had but one Last year & am informd by the overseers that there Shirts was always so small in General that they were even of Little or no Service to them
[Note 1: 1 An Agreement made between Joseph Valentine and John Stratton that the Aforesd. Joseph Valentine is to put on Twenty Ewes and John Stratton forty Ewes for which they are to have the Wool of their Own Sheep the first year and Ever after to Divide Equally as long as they Can Agree and the Afore said John Stratton is to put on Twenty One head of Cattle for Which he is to find Water and Pasturage for the same & to Carry on and Bring off and Kill all Cattle that shall be Wanted Carried Or Kill'd by James Biggs and the aforsaid John Stratton is to have Liberty to put on any person or persons whom he shall Chuse.
... JOSEPH VALENTINE
... JOHN STRATTON, ... SEAL
... Test by
... WILLIAM JACKSON
WILLIAM BIGGS]
I have got a mill[w]right to come & View the mill & he Says she must Be Rebuilt that she is not Sufficient to Hold a head of water & has given me a Bill of Scantling & after I have the timber Brought in place he will work with our Carpenters at £3--15 per month till I get her done I had a notion of haveing her Patched up but he thinks its runing of a great Risk so have concluded to have her Rebuilt if you think Proper & there Will Be wantg. A pr. of Mill Stones for the wheat mill
You desire to know How our Crops are frequently when I wrote to you Before they were Extreamly Likely But at this time they are much to the Contrary for we hant had a rain to wet the Ground 1½ Inches since last thursday was 4 Weeks that our Tobo has moulterd Prodiously at Bottom & fird away with the Dry weather; & they are as much to the Contrary up at the new Kent Quarters they are full Wet up there, that if there woud come Rain now in a few days it woud be of Great service both to Tobo & Corn for our Crops below,
In selling our corn below people dont care to take because I dont care to take there money by count they Say it has always been taken in that way & Others in Neighbourhood take money by count, therefore dont care to do it without you'l take it of me in the same way which is takeing Pistoreens & as the rest of the Neighbours does it, I think we had better take it in that way. for I trade but Slowly as to the Bro Ling. & Cotton I ve had no kind of Memo of what came in & I take it out the Bales no faster than we make Use of it as the Store house is much Pesterd wth Leather Salt & Iron &c. Yt. I had not Room to take the goods out only as we made Use of them, Yt. I dont know What has came in tho am Doubtfull there wont be Linning Enough as there is Several of the People that has had Shirts out as they had but one this winter which was oblige to give them another & we were short of Broad Hoes & if ye. coud not have Spared out of yr. Store us some must been oblige to abought I shoud a made an Exact List of the Hole but have been so very Ill with the fever & Ague yt I am Scarce Able at this time to set up But hope as you have an Exact List of negroes you can make out the cloathg. & tools & Nails the same Quantity as came in this year I believe will do another tho I think it a good way to have a plenty as it woud be Bad to buy Hose at there Extravagant Prices--& as to the other Materials I send you a list of what I can Recollect--please to Excuse my desireing you to put yr. Self to so much Trouble, I woud have waited till I got better but did not know but it might make a Material Difference with you wch was Willing to let you know how Every thing was as quick as posable & upon receiving yr. Answer if you cant conveniently do it if I Get able will let you have a list of the Hole but in case you shoud send By a Rough Draft for two much you may depend on the Greatest care Being taken of it, at a rough Calculation 896 Ells ozngs. & 544 Yds. Cotton
I have Shipd to Norfolk on board of Chrosia Graves Vessel 50 Barrels of corn from the New Kent Quarters which he tells me he can get me 14/ Cash or 15/ Apl pay & he is to Engage yours at yr. Quarter in King William & what there is to Spare at the Highest Price he can Get But did not know how to direct him in Respect to the price which you might chuse the cash or to give the Cr which you I please to inform me he is now gone to Norfolk with mine & 200 of Mr. Foster Webbs Mr. George Webb wants him to take his but I had engaged him--& he tells me Colo. Bassett has gone to Norfolk to make Sail of his I cant Get more for the Easten Shore corn than 13/6 & that Mr. Wilkins who Lives very near the Place has offerd & have waited a great while in order to see if it woud not Rise, the Market, but dont perceive it does in any other way than as I write you above what Narrow Hoes you send for Please to write for them to be Larger for they are so small that they are of Little or no Service being so very Sick ant able to write any more
... & conclude Yr. Mo. Hble Servt.
... JAMES HILL
PS I wanted to a known if you woud chuse yt.
I shoud Buy wheat at 5/ per Bushl. for what we shall Want to Sew after Sewg. what the Estate makes or to make Tobo. untill we can Raise Grain of our own.--
Likewise if I must dispose of the oats upon the Easten Shore or Intend Yrs. for yr. own Use
Augt. 31. 1772.
DEAR SIR
I have your favr. by Mr Manly, who I think has a very good right to the 2400 acres of Land called Hallows Marsh, but must bring a writ of right, being barr'd of an Ejectment, For which he is luckily just within time, & I shall order it out immediately, I forget whether I spoke to Mr. Mason or not, & therefore he says he will write to him immediately.
I left your papers with Mr. Attorney in May, to consider of the Point, Wch. is of consequence & necessary to be settled by us previous to drawing your Answers, whether the proceedings are not to stop during the Infancy of Masr. Custis, as his Real Estate seems to be the Fund out of which the demand, if recovered, is to be satisfied. On this we propose a consultation in October when we meet, & then if the result makes an Answer proper it will be drawn & filed--In the mean time, I suppose the Plts. Counsel is impatient & has taken out a New Attachment to quicken Our Motions, which is of no consequence.
I beg you will not suppose I have been inattentive to the suit, perr Account of Fees, in which you have been very Liberal For what I have hitherto done & to drawing the answer, which, if that is resolved on in October, shall be done immediately after by
... Sir
... Your mo.hble Servt.
... EDMD. PENDLETON
Sept 12th 1772
DEAR SIR
I Receved yours of 2d of June and am a very sorry I Mist Seing of you as I Went to Colo Samuell Washingtons in order to weight upon a talke about this Matter on Thursday Morning and Mist of you I should have Came to Mr Warnar Washington to you but Meeting with Mr John Aris Who told Me you was Left the Country and as I had Not the Money it wase useless to folow you and thrugh the bad management of My people when I wase over the Mountains Last fall have had all My Tobaco Refused which I thought to have Made you a payment out of and as I must Ac-Knowledge you have Ever been a frend to the family and have Endulged us very Much and I hope as you have Endulged us So Long you Still will for bare a Little Longer and My Mother and My Selfe will Make you all the payment we Can by the first of october there wase 40 Bushells Sead wheat that wase Deliverd to Edward vilot to soe which Mr Lound washington promised to give Credit on the bond for that is Not done when william Crawford Coms down he will pay you part of the Bond and My Mother and Selfe will Make you up all we Can against that time and you May depend on the hole by the first of March
... I am dear Sir your Most Hble Servt
... HUGH STEPHENSON
[Note 1: 1 This letter is thus indorsed by Washington. In a narrative of his imprisonment (Penn. Hist. Mag.) Connolly says, "Though I had obtained a lieutenant-colonel's commission under his Majesty, yet whenever they had occasion to mention me in their resolves and public proceedings, they wrote plain John Connolly, without the least mark of distinction, or affected to call me Doctor, thereby bringing to the remembrance of those who knew me, that it was once intended I should pursue the practice of physic, if that were any disgrace, and insinuating to the world at large, that a Doctor would not have been in such a situation, had he not been a busy factious person." By biographers and historians in general Connolly is referred to as a physician, not a soldier. He came originally from Lancaster Country, Pennsylvania, and afterwards settled in Augusta County, Virginia. He was very active during Dunmore's war, and in the boundary question between Pennsylvania and Virginia. Connolly was a most aggressive loyalist, and was prisoner during all the first part of the Revolutionary War.]
PITTSBURGH Septembr. 18th. 1772.
DEAR SIR.
Since I had the pleasure of seeing you here, some apparent favorable Circumstances induced me to Revisit the Western World, & cursorily to feast upon, the various Novelties afforded, in so ample a Speculative Field.--
In my Return form the Illinois I could not refrain from accompanying Majr. Hamilton & the other Gentn. on a Visit to the great Licks, where the ELEPHANT'S Bones render them more particularly Remarkable; & as they were all employed in collecting Curiosities agreable to their respective inclinations, I just stumbled upon the Tooth I now present you with, begging your Acceptance thereof, as a Testimonial of my Regard for your Person, & those Abilities contributing to the Protection, & formerly to the Reduction of this extensive & valuable Territory.--
As some Account of the place may be (perhaps) satisfactory to yourself, as well as to your Friends, I shall attempt giving you as instructive an Idea of its appearance. Situation &a as my confined knowledge may permit, & leave you (Sir) & the interested Enquirers into these abstruse matters to ascertain the true Species of these Animals, the course of their Route into that Country, & suchlike Relative Speculations, as must naturally arise in the Breast of the inquisitive, from so extraordinary a PHENOMENON. About twenty five Miles below the great Miamis River, East of the Ohio, & at the entrance of a small Creek you will perceive a Path, which by pursuing Easterly leads you into plainer & larger Roads, untill having continued the same Course a Mile, or perhaps better, you find yourself conducted by a large well beaten Way, thro a most delightfull Country, to the Licks, in my Opinion about four Miles from the Ohio.--
These Licks (so much frequented by Buffaloe at present) are an Assemblage of a Variety of Springs (the head sources of the small Creek allready mentioned) tho not currently discharging the Water as generally happens, but slowly oozing thro the Earth it becomes strongly impregnated with nitrous or saline particles & nearly resembles the Washings of a dirty Frazil,1 communicating a Salt Taste to the Tongue when applied. The Lick particularly where the large Bones are now found, is the most Westerly One; having a high reddish Bank upon the West, in the sides of which you may perceive a number of Bones, of different sizes, variously projecting.--The black Mud forming the Lick, may contain near half an Acre, of a glutinous & oily-like substance, so that unwieldy as these Animals must have been, no doubt became so effectually engulphed, that all attempts to extricate themselves became fruitless, & thus accounts for their general destruction at this place. What confirms me in this Opinion, was my incautiously attempting to run a-cross the Lick, to secure a large Bone on the opposite side, when I found the Way impracticable; being so bogg'd that it was not without Assistance I made my Road back again.--
[Note 1: 1 Anchor ice.]
I discovered an under Jaw very little affected by Time with all the Teeth perfectly secure. This was really a Curiosity, & could not fail giving One an Astonishing Idea of the vast BODY it helped to constitute. An Officer of my Acquaintance earnestly requesting it, I was prevailed upon (tho not without Reluctance) to part with my property--
I have seen Doctor Hunter's Lectures upon some of the Bones sent to the Royal Society by Coll. Croghan & Capt. Gordon; in which He calls them the PSEUDO ELEPHANT & says such are yet found in different parts of Siberia, but rather abruptly concludes, by affirming the whole Race to be now extinct. It would be construed presumption in Me to question the Authority of so judicious a Man, however, inconsistent with the general Operations of Nature so extraordinary an Assertion may appear. It is certainly thus far authenticated, that no such Animals are at present found upon the Continent.--I must not omit informing you, for the entertainment of your Philosophic Friends, that about 8 hundred Miles up the MISSOURI River similar Bones have been found, tho' not the appearance of more than One SKELETON. Thus the SPECULATIVE may have some Reason to determine their Course from the Westward. We find that HANNIBAL in his expedition against the ROMANS was particularly delayed in conveying them over the RHONE on his March to ITALY by Bridges &ca. how then these Animals could have passed the Missippi is & Ohio Rivers only, exclusive of looking so far back as a supposed Strait between the Eastern part of Asia & the S. W. parts of this Continent added to the known obnoxiousness of a Northern Clime, will no doubt be puzzling to the most refined Enquirers. These Matters I refer to the more penetrating Researches of inquisitive Investigators, & just beg leave to touch another View.
It is astonishing to me that notwithstanding your Colony of Virginia is honored with a Number of Spirited & enterprizing Gentlemen you have so long neglected an Acquaintance with the true value of this Western Country. I am sensible that the cultivation of Tobacco could be no where more advantageously carried on, than in different parts of West Florida Government; & I am at this present acquainted with large Bodies of Land unappropriated, & excellently adapted to that purpose, open to a Market by a very good, at least tolerable Navigation for Boats of any Burden. Any Association amongst a Number of Your Friends to send down Negroes with proper Managers by the Ohio, would not only laudably promote & encourage the Settlement, but it must also tend to your very great emolument.--I must ask your pardon for thus communicating my unsollicited Opinion, & can only apologize by assuring you, that it proceeds from the great passion I have for facilitating a Settlement in that quarter; which must rise with so many grand Advantages.--The NATCHEZ is now flourishing fast, & as I plainly see what may be effected, I sigh to find matters out of my power, & the few Abilities I am possessed of, obscured, by irresistible Necessity urging Me to Pursuits of a different Nature.--I have already exceeded the Bounds of a Letter; I must therefore after requesting your forgiveness for (possibly) intruding upon your Time for Matters of more Moment, beg leave to subscribe myself with much Respect
... Dr. Sir
... your Friend & most obed: Servant
... JOHN CONNOLLY
N : B Permit me to present my
Compliments to yr. Lady altho I have not the
happiness of her Acquaintance.
LONDON 29th septr. 1772
SIR
I had the Honour of Receiving your Letter with instructions concerning your Saines I shall always pay due attention to the contents I persuade myself you'll say I have fulfild your instructions given me in these 3 saines which I heartily hope will come safe to your Hands, & hope at the same time they will be in time for the intended fishery--am not Afraid but they will meet with your Approbation And if you Should see any alteration wanting if you'll be so Obliging as to send a line in the same Channel it Shall be attended to with Great Care. Your order his for the Corks to be put on flat ways I have only put them on upon the 65 fath Saine for these Reasons we have tryd that Method before wh every other invension for the Satisfaction of our Fishermen here but they have assurd us they realy do not bear the net up so well for they are Oblig'd to be tyd on so tight that the twine Cuts ym and are much apter to break and after all in Dragg. the Net they will Swim Sideways. Now Sr. you'll readily see the Above inconveniences I have also put 6 floats in the middle 2 together for to Shew the Center of the Net Likewise the Length of Nettg 120 yds fath for the 80 fathom the other 2 in proportion I now enter upon Tanning this you may Assure yourself they are pritty well wore if you have them Tand for we are Obligd to Hawle them in and out to take the Tan & after that hawlg them about to Get them thoroughly dry before we Can possible pack ym. or else they wd soon rot And among the Hundreds of Saines I sent Abroad Last Year or this I only tand one besides yours therefore have not tand any of these I think the ¾ Inch Mashes that I have put in in the middle of the Netts this yr. will be a Cure for the maladie you mention of the herrings hangg in the Mash for last year I only put Inch Mashes which upon Examination you'll soon perceive therefore Sr I intreat the Honour of a Line wether or no the 2 above ¾ Mashes ansr the purpose I have taperd them away at the ends too Inch & ½
... I am Sir Your most
... Obliged Humble
... Servant
... JAMES DAVIDSON
[Note 1: 1 Washington's Ledger shows business dealings with Gilbert Simpson, Senior and Junior, from 1760 to 1787, and a partnership entered into with "Mr. Gilbert Simpson" in March, 1773, the accounts of which were not finally settled until September, 1784.]
October: ye: 5: 1772
HONOURED SR
I am informd you have not purchast Mr Fairfaxs and Thralkels2 Lands the which I was in hopes you had for then I should have Expected to have Leest Sum more a joining to my loot which is Quite two Small as it is but Sr I hope thes lines will Find you in perfect good helth and bee kindly Received by your honour it is now I am going to inform you Sr of what I have been perposeing and thinking of perposeing to you as you have a plenty of good lands lying out at red Stone and unsetled I would undertak to Settle it in pardnership with you on terms of this kind which is for me to find three or foor workeing hands and as many breeding mairs and the same number or more of Cows and other Stock in perption Sr if you Should think proper to Join this with the Same Quantity of hands and Stock and Could Confer the Charge of the Same to me I should think it my greatest duty to discharge the same with the utmost Care and onnesty and as the land is so good for indion Corn and meddows I make no dout but it would in a Five years add Sumthing more to your Fortune and a Reasonable Compency of Good liveing to my Self Sr if these lines Should have the good Sucksees to find you as I hope they will in a little time I pray you would Send me answer by the first opertainity So Sr I remain
[Note 2: 2 Elijah Threldkeld?]
... your humble Servant
... GILBT. SIMPSON ... LOWDOUN
KINGSTON JAMAICA 13 Novr. 1772
SIR
Want of opportunity Since closing the Sale of your Herrings has delayed the remittance, which shall go by first Vessel to Alexandria.
Flour at this time is in tolerable demand here, What I have Seen of yours by the Fairfax was not of the best quality & I believe Sold not for more than Common flour. Mr. Adams Sails for the Bay of Honduras in a few days--
If you intend exporting your Own Flour, you should endeavour to push out a Vessel in the Winter & another as early in the Spring as possible, during the Winter there is no Supply from Philadelphia & I apprehend your River is not so much frozen up but that Vessels may Sail.--
The French & Spaniards buy great Quantitys of flour here & will give 12d to 18d. a Ct. for it more, if in Casks that contain 160 a 180 Lb Wt. than, if in Casks containing 200 lb & upwards--the reason of this is, that they sell it at so much a Barrel & not by the Lb or Ct. Therefore should you Ship any considerable Quantitys of flour here, let one half of it be in small Barrels. ... I am with much respect ... Sir
... Your mo: Obdt. Servt.
... ROBT. MC. MICKAN.
Prices currt.
Supr. fine flour 25 @ 27/6
Comn. ... do. 20 @ 22/6
Bread ... 20/
Corn ... 4 @ 4/½
Bla Eyd Pease 5 @ 6/3
Pork ... 85 @ 95/
Barr from ... 25 a 30 £ per Ton
... Excha. 40 perCt.
[Note 1: 1 Indorsed by Washington, "promg. to pay Tower's Expe. towd. the Ohio Lands."]
PISCATTAWAY 14th Novr. 1772
SIR
The 23d of this Month I must Attend at our Court, therefore it will not be in my power to meet at Fredericksburgh. But whatever is Concluded on by you and the other Genta. that may be there, I will on Acct. of the Heirs of James Towers,2 be agreeable to And what Money may be wanting for there part towards defraying any Expence I will Advance for them, when I see you to know how much it is I am
[Note 2: 2 The representative of James Towers [Lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment] received 6000 acres of land granted under the proclamation of Governor Dinwiddie.--BROCK.]
... Your very hum Servt.
... JOHN BAYNES
[Note 3: 3 Addressed to "Mr. Lund Washington."]
November 22d.
SR
according to Colo. Washingtons Directions I went to Frederick Town in order to inquire into the price of hemp and as I immagined a Sample would be necessary (and I wanted Some Trifles from there) I took 100lb. for Wch I got but 40/ and was informed that the Markett was not till Towards Spring--& as Mr Cary has wrote to the Colo. I need Say no more. only they liked the hem Very well.----I received the Letter you Sent by Carney tho I did not See him therefore I could not answer it by him however the hogs are up There is 13 about a year old that I do not believe will weigh over 70 apiece 3 Sows that are Large will weigh 170 apiece 20 Shoats and Sow that has 9 piggs that She is now weaning which I Suppose Carney will have. I have been for Some time Engaged about my Corn (have made 132 ½ hoghseads & shall have it lofted by Monday night) So that I have Broke but about 700 lb hemp it is all Rotted but that Wch. Bore Seed and that is now in But I cannot pretend to Say what Quantity will be made nor when I Shall be done Breaking the people have Something improved and believe I can break 1000 or 1200 Every fair week but at that Rate I Shall not be done by Christmas and I am Sure it will be high time Should be away by that time am as anxcious to Get to the place intended for me as can be and Shall use all imaginable despatch to get done here Voilett's1 Crop of Wheat 670 Bushl. I Shall go to thrashing mine immediately & Mr Little at the Bloomery has agreed to give 3/ & Receive it on the plantation if it is approved of and I know that a great many Sells for 3/ & delivers at the Mills------
[Note 1: 1 Edward Violet, overseer at Bullskin.]
Connell has Brought down the Tobaco at last & I confess I am ashamed it was not done before notwithstanding I do not think I could have done it before without prejudice to Colo. Washington I really did get no hasle nuts the Reason we had a Very Early frost Wch. Occationed them to Drop Sooner then common. tho I sent my people out one day when anyone that had not been in the Barrens would have thoght the might have been plenty. I had the ague too bad to go with them & they Returnd and Said the nuts were all fallen.
I have been to Rutherfords Miller and he Blames a Deputy for the pacage of flour what is there Shall be he says Shall be Repack'd and agrees that the wheat was Merchantable and that the acct. of flour Shall be agreeable to Such and will See that it is.
... Am Sr yr Very Hbl Sert
... JOSEPH DAVENPORT
P. S. I can get no body to
hire that understand breaking hemp
Decemr. the 2d. 1772
DEAR SIR,
When I parted with You on Pohic You did not seem inclinable to take my Land there, and I have therefore been bargaining with Mr. Henderson about it as I owe a debt to the Store in Alexandria: But as I did not know but what You might come to some Terms with Mr. Mercer and in that case choose to purchase mine, I chose to wait till your return before I shewed the Land to Mr. Henderson, that if you thought proper you might have the preference; for I think myself under many obligations to you. Mrs. Fairfax has been unable to travel so that I could not get the Deed acknowledg'd on her part before Witnesses going to the Genl. Court. But would not the Relinquishment of Dower before the Justice be sufficient? I hope to hear that Mrs. Washington & Family have returned in good Health. I am Dr sir
... yr. most obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
Decemr 3rd 17721
[Note 1: 1 Indorsed by Washington, "Order for paying Jno. Hite £100--"]
SIR
I wrote you by V Crawford I was indebted to Mess Jacob Hitte & Son a Sum of mony which I have not the mony to pay and afraid I Shall be Sued for it
If you can answer they Sum in the inclosed order and Charge it in my Wages for Survaying the Land of the officers it would much oblidge Sir your Most Hume. Sarvant
... W,, CRAWFORD
[Note 2: 2 An entry in Washington's Diary dated September 13, 1771, reads, "Agreed with Edwd. Jones to continue Overseer at the place my Mother lives at who is also to be constant in his attendance on the People he looks after (five in number) for which he is to be allowd the Seventh of Corn Wheat & Tobo.--He also is to have two Horses added to those two he already has."]
December ye 7th. 1772
SIR
I Recd. your Letter of ye. 4th. Instant in which I find you Desire an Exact Account of all things Relating to my proceedings Since I Have Been your Overseer &. In the first place you Inquire if I have done Lofting & prizing which I have not But if weather Permit I Shall be Done by the Latter End of Next week as for what Quantity I Shall have of Each I Cannot tell as yet But I Shall Know by then your fellow Comes up again But I will Safely Secure the whole Mr. Powel & I am to Carry the Hogs Down this week and Concerning what you wrote about the Larger hogs I told Mr. Powel as for the other Stock I will take Care of as Long as I Stay--& the fodder is Safely Secured & as for the Rails & out houses I do not Intend to burn them Nor Let any Body do it if I Can help it but I hope Sir you do not Desire me to watch them a nites I paid your Mother 5£ 10/ Last fall She had 2 Shotes and 3 Lambs in the Summer a Large Shote. I had 4 Barrels of Corn of her and when it Came to be measured it was But 17 Bushels the Rest I have not had an acct of as yet But you Shall know the whole in my next--I think Sir I have Been as perticular in Every thing as the Exactness of your Letter Could Direct or you Could Desire I add no more but Remain your Most Huml. Sert.
... EDWARD JONES--
Sunday Morng 13 Decr, 1772
SIR/
your man got down on monday last & I was up the country at The Quarter & did not Get down till fryday night & when I got Home found yr. Man Giles there & after makg. inquirery found your Letter was deliverd agreable to your Instructions But the Gent coud not get the Answers ready till, Satterday
& in respect to Mr. Fra foster1 whiles I was up the country I sent one of the overseers to him to know if he reced yr. Letter & he was from home & his wife told the overseer he had reced per Mr. Geo Webb whom I delivered it to Soon after you came away, But another of the overseers Met with Mr. Foster after sendg. to his house & he desird to know if I had any oppertunity of sendg. up to you that he had got fifty Pounds of the money & had no oppertunity of sendg. it to You & as Giles is down have thought Proper to send him By for one of the overseers to go with him to receive the money & send it up to you, but have been at a Loss to know whether I coud intrust him with so Large a sum or not as you did not write for him to bring it--tho I Shall write to Mr. foster that if any Accident shoud happen that the money does not get safe to hand yt. he must Stand to the Loss of it or send a man with it up to You, for you were in want of it, Ive not got the wts. & numbers of the Tobo. we have been so Extremely busy abt. Getg. our Corn in & my being up the Country the Inspecters dont attend the ware house Every day that I have not had it in my Power to get them yet for I have been up at your Quarter endeavourg to have the Ball of the Hogs got up for they have got 23 of them & coud find no more till a day or two before I got up the overseer got one of his Neighbours to Assist him Serch the Marsh & they Started two of yrs. As they suppose but got nare a one of them & one of the Neighbours was in Serch of his out in the woods & came upon Eight as he adjudged to be yrs. wch. they have not been got yet the overseer tells me he has been in Serch of them seven days But cant find ym., & my being from home at the time of the oyer Court have had no oppertunity of wrighting to Biggs abt. the oats But expect a vessell every day from the Eastern Shore for the corn Corn I sold to Mr. Wilkins the Ballce. of old Corn that I was tellg. you of Mr. Wilkins has Never Sent for it yet, & if he comes or Sends Shall have an oppertunity of wrightg. tho its a matter of Doubt with me whether Biggs can get a vessell to go that distance with so Small Quantity--As they are not Allowd to take any in but yrs. for several of the Easten Shore men has told me that the freight of so Small Quantity woud not be worth while going that Distants, tho will write to him to send them immediately if they are not Sent
[Note 1: 1 Francis Foster.]
When you was down you did not conclude what you woud Have done in Respect to the wheat mill Stones--
I have had at your Plantation 4 beeves Put in corn field & Several Mutton which are now fat & have directed the overseer to send them Down Expectg. to get a better Price for them in town then he coud up the Country But Roger Tandey was at worke in town with [manuscript torn] Carpenters & informs me that the muttons was so Plenty in [manuscript torn] this Cot that they sold at 7/6 which I shall endeavour to have y [manuscript torn] Stopt till the Meetg. of the Mercts. 25 Jany. I expect to make a very good Crop at ye Plantation in K William tho they hant finishd Getg the corn in nor wont till Next week
I have got the wench down from the White house that was sick now takg a means from Doctor Pasteur she is Troubled with the Colleck is the cheafest of her complt.
The Little negroes at ye Plantation is without cloathg & if you chuse to have them any Thing Bought Please to write by the first oppertunity as their is but very Little Roles in ye Store not Enough to give them Shirts & Shifts or whether you intended to give them any thing er not our People has not near Enough Bro Ling nor Cotten to Cloat hym. I have got 40 lbs Bro Ling & 20 yds. Cotten & Expectmust get near as much Ling agn. to give them to make them two a piece
I have not reced any money for the Corn Chroshea Graves sold of yrs. nor dont Expect it till the Meeting of the Mercts. the 25 of Jany--
I have Been sadly Plagud to get Mr. Averends Answeres to yr. Letters--I wrote Expectg without fail to get the answers Satterday But Mr. Everend being from home his boys sent Back, the Answer was sent by some one Else & thought it did not seem fesable & sent Back to Mr. Everend & it was not sent & then his boys coud not be found wch obliges me to send on Monday Sunday morng. Mr. Craigs Answer I understand By Stanhope Vaughn is inclosed with Mr. Blairs--
... from yr. Mo. Humble Servant
... JAS. HILL
QUEENSTOWN Dec ye 15th 1772
SIR
At the time Capn. Posey was in this Goal, his Son St Lawrence was in a Starving Condition about the Town from mear pitty I took him into my House, and a Small time after Sent him with my own Children, to the Free school, where he Continued till his Father Left this place for Virginia, who then told me the Boy should be under my Care till he himself or his friends sent for him; till which time it was my intention to Continue him on in Learning which he took fast, having a Good Master, But to my great surprize his Father was no sooner gone than an order was produc'd, By Mr. Wm Miner from the Captain to take the Boy to his House, where he has been Ever since, in Character of Barr keeper, Hostler &c. Subject to Catch the Vices & manners of the Meaner sort of people, of which the House is often full, as I keep a Publick House, I could have had him myself in the same way, But seeing the Inocence of the Boy, I could not think of giving him a Tavern Education, he Cost me while at School £10 in Board & other things, & for his Age when he went to Mr Miner there was not his match for Writing, any Merchant would gladly have such an Assistant, I would not trouble you with this Information But from hearing you are a Friend to the Boys family--and that Charity will Excite you to make known whoever is, acquainted with the matter, as his Continuance a Year Longer may be his total Ruin--I am Sir,
... Your Very Hble Sert--
... FRS BAKER
December. 19th. 1772.
DR SIR
I will pay you the Sum of Four hundred pounds. which my Nephew Informs me. he is to give you for the Land he Purchased of you in Frederick. I am.
... Dr. Sir
... Yr. Mo. Obedt. Hble Servt.
... EDMD. PENDLETON
DECEMBER: 26 the : 1772
SR
I Received yours of the 18 of this instant by the hand of Mr Crawford and I am agreable to your perposeal in makeing of Corn the next Summer prvided there Could be Corn got to Live on which I doubt of at that time of year but you and I Shall be more able to judg of that in the month of Febuary if Mr Crawford Coms in as he Say he will and if any goos out there must goe more than two for I perpose to goe my Self and my Negro fellow and you must Find one fellow and one wench I shall stand good in labor against against one [of] them for one Summer for I should not Care to trust a thing of that Conciquin C with any Common person and there mu[s]t [be] a wagon imployd for to go out for I should Chuse to take tools of Every Sort Sutable for plantation business and to Carry Two of my horsses and two Cows and Calves and other NesCesryes Sr there is one thing in the artickels of your ag[r]ement and mine which is not as I perposed to you or Elce I mistake the mening of it which is that my Family was to hold the plantation 21 years after my decees but it looks to me as tho it was but for that Teerm in my lif and theres which is not according to my Expectation and the Shortnes of your Leeses has put the people much out of heart of Setling your Lots which they was very intent to have don but Sr I hope you will Consider that the time is two Short as the Rents is high Sr I should be glad to see you or to Receive a line or two from you the First opertunity I shall Com down to you when Mr Crawford Coms if I should not Chance to see you before So no more but Remain your humble
... Servant GILBT. SIMPSON
... LOUDOWN
WILLIAMS BURGH Jany. 1st. 1773
SIR/
I this moment recd your letter & in answer to it the reason why I have neglected sending up this good Spell of weather I have endeavoured to make as good a Collection as Possable but Am disappointed altogether only the £60 of Colo. Phill Johnson which I shall send up But am doubtfull I shant make a Collection to answer the Demands agst the Estate & my wages I have waited to make Sail of my Porke But am Likely to get no more then 20/ per Hundred & that not payable till Apl. & have endeavoured to make What advantage I coud of the good weather in finishg the the Crops to get in readyness to settle your Late purchase of Mr. Blackes I shall Settle Both plantations & to get in Readiness has Engaged my people so tightly yt. I coud not well Spare the same for I have but Lately got my wheat fans & have been very Busy aheading out wheat & have not finished yet I shall send the people of a monday to Settle them plantations but am apprehensive Mr. Black has told Mr. Bat Dandridge he woud give up a few of the Houses but that you Coud not Expect him to Move at any rate as yet I have been up to his House in order to see what he intended But he was from Home, & I coud by no means prevail on Roger Tandey to go over & Must Send the young man over that Lived with me last Year who was the person I intended to a sent up for the Bull but was Doubtfull he woud not be Back time enough to take place at Blacks Home House--I will send up as soon as Possable I can But on Receivg your Letter Shall endeavour to Collect those Sums agreable to your Instructions & shall Make the greatest Despatch I possable can to send up tho it will be a Very Great Hurt to my Crop as I Expect they will be gone a good while & the Loss of the Horses as I expect I shall be obliged to let the Boy have a Horse as I think it will be two far for him to ride behind & am now much plaged with the tennant in Brick House Lott in Town as I am Doubtfull they wont throw me out of the Rent I have for some time been Uneasy for some time & by makeing a bad Collection & my Endeavouring to get the Business forwarded so as to seat them places as Quick as Possable I coud not well spare the people & Horses was the reason why I add not send; for I had many Promises of money But have almost altogether fell through in my Collection & am now in Hopes of getg some But my Business will not admit of my waiting on them as often as they require but time being Short & the Post Just going off conclude
... Yr. Mo. Hble Servt.
... JAS. HILL
P.S.
Please to Excuse Hast
& a very Sore thumb--
TOWLSTON Janry the 1st; 1773
DEAR SIR,
Mr. Muir has sent me an Account of the Charges on the protested Bill which has run up very high. As it will be very inconvenient to me to go from home at this time I have inclosed a half Sheet indorsed on which I shall be obliged to You to have drawn the Set of Bills payable to me, and delivered to the person Mr. Muir may send for them. You may have a Mortgage on any of my Lands as a Security till the repayment of the whole money shall be done from the Sale of the Land in which Mr. W. Washington is concerned either at once or in small Payments as I happen to receive it. We had an Expectation of receiving £500 Pensylvania Money each before this time, but according to Custom have been disappointed.
... I am Dr Sir ... Yr. most obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
[Note 1: 1 Son of Thomas and Amy (Hutchings) Newton, grandson of George and Aphie (Wilson) Newton, was a merchant of very considerable influence in the borough of Norfolk. He was on the county committee in 1775; was appointed one of the board of naval commissioners, May, 1776; was for many years alderman; and in 1786 became mayor of Norfolk. He married Martha Tucker, and had two sons, George, a wealthy citizen of Norfolk, and Hon. Thomas Newton, representative in Congress for thirty years.]
NORFOLK Janr. 11--1773.
Superfine flour from 15/6 to 16/8. & the Cash 1/8
Common - Do. - 15/---Do. - Do.
Biscuit Stuff ... 9/ to 10/---Do. - Do.
Herrings---12/6--15/ few at market.
Indian Corn ... 11/6--12/6 per Barrell
SIR
Above is the prices current here at this time, if you incline to ship any thing this way I will endeavor to get the highest price going at the time I receive them. you must note that if we sell for ready money dollars pass at six shillings & what we contract for payable at the Courts in Williamsburg is received at the weight if in silver or gold. we have no encouraging markets just now either from the Eastward or West Indies but hope the adventurers will not lose. I am
... Yr. Most Hble. Servt.
... THOMAS NEWTON JR.
CASTLE-MAGRUDER Janry. the 19th. 1773.
DEAR SIR
It is certainly expedient to remove Mr. Custis to some Place of publick Education, and speedily. And when there is so noble, so princely an Institution of this sort, in his own Country, it is lamentable to Find there still shou'd be a Necessity for sending Him to Another. I had, as You know, been endeavouring to believe the many Stories We are perpetually hearing of the Mismanagement at Wm. & Mary as partial & exaggerated: but, the Carefulness of your Enquiries on the Spot precludes all farther Doubt about the matter.
I can truly say, I do not differ from You in Opinion, but with Diffidence of the Rectitude of my own; nor wou'd I venture to mention my differing with You at all, had I not long ago experienced your Candor in allowing for the prepossessions or Prejudices of your Friends. I will therefore yet again take the Liberty of declaring my Opinion in favour of N. York, rather than Philada. It is but justice to premise, that I am not personally acquainted either with the one Place or the other. You, I believe, are; & can therefore better judge, whether what I say on the Report of others, be well or ill Founded.
Philada: is a large, populous, thriving, commercial City: & so is N. York. The Former, is this only; the latter is more. It is inhabited by some People of the most considerable Rank & Fortune: it is a Place of the greatest Resort for Strangers of Distinction; it is the Head-Quarters of the Military; &, on all these Accounts, is, I am told, generally reckon'd the most fashionable & polite Place on the Continent. As a Situation, therefore, for a young Gentleman, who is to be Educated a little in the World, as well as in Books, it wou'd seem, that it deserves the Preference. In Fact, a little Residence in such a City is the best Substitute I know for the Tour that was once projected: as He stands a better Chance for receiving that Liberality of Manners, which is one of the best Uses of Travel, mixing occasionally with truly well-bred People. This, tho' I have not Leisure to pursue it Farther, is of some Importance in the Determination of this matter.
Confident that my Letter is for, & will be kept to, Yourself alone, I will not be afraid to speak out, tho perhaps I may be mistaken, persuaded that I shall be pardoned, if wrong. I wou'd not rashly reflect either on any Bodies of Men, or Individuals: what, therefore, I am about to say, must be read with great Candor, & large Allowance. From the best Observations I have been able to make on young Gentlemen educated in America, one general Fault is, that They come out into the World, furnish'd with a kind of smattering of Every Thing, &, with very few Exceptions, arrant Coxcombs. Were it not too invidious, I cou'd name to You Individuals, who are really clever, but hurt One by this silly Humour. And, I think, as Many have brought away this Sort of Spirit from the Coll: of Philada., as any other I have taken notice of, I know not a Fault one wou'd more earnestly wish to avoid; nor one, considering ye. Character & manners of your Ward, that You shou'd more guard against. How far this may be owing to any peculiar Discipline, or Mode of Instruction in these Colleges, I presume not to say: certainly, however, the Fact is, as I have hinted, & I have heard the observation made by others as well as myself. That This is not also the Case with Respect to King's College in New York, is more than I have any authority positively to assert: I have, however, some Reason to believe, that it is not, at least, not in so great a degree. Most other Colleges are formed on the Plans of those in Scotld., Leyden, Gottingen, Geneva: Wm. & Mary, & King's College resemble more Those of Oxford & Cambridge. In the Former, Men often may become Scholars, if They will; in the latter, They must often be made so, whether They will or no. The Presidt. of the Coll: of Philada., whose Abilities are unquestionable, was himself brought up in Scotland, in a less regular manner, than is the Fortune of Scholars in general: &, in spite of his great merit, This must be some disadvantage to Him, in the office He holds. By dint of superior Genius, He has himself arriv'd at Eminence in Literature, by a nearer Cut, as it were: but, the Bulk of Men, must be enforced to travel thither, along the beaten Track. It is therefore, in some sort, necessary that He who undertakes to guide Us, shou'd himself have travelled the Road He is to shew Us. The President of King's College is allow'd to be as sound & sensible a Scholar as any in America: He was first train'd up regularly in a large School in England, & afterwards completed his Education by a ten or twelve Years Residence in Oxford.--I do not, however, lay much Stress on the comparative Merits of the Professors: both of Those I have nam'd posess extraordinary Merit. But, were the Matter to be so determined, no Reason cou'd be given for his leaving his own Country, as I know very few better Scholars, than either Mr. Camm, or Mr. Johnson.
It is but Fair in Me, to advertise You, that I have, & long have had, a very warm & close Friendship with Dr. Cooper, Presidt. of the N. York college, that He is my Countryman, & constant Correspondent, & that, moreover, I am under some Obligations to the Trustees of his College for an honorary Degree, They were pleased to confer on Me some time ago. How far, these Things may have bias'd my Judgement, You will judge better than I can. I profess, however, that I have not willingly suffered private Friendship or Attachment to warp my Judgement. And I the less suspect myself, inasmuch as I know, that the Dulanys & the Revd. Mr. Addison, by far the best educated Men, & best Judges of Education in this Province, agree, in this Matter, in Opinion with Me. The Last of these Gentlemen will proposes to give this least equivocal Proof of his Judgement on the Matter, the sending his own Son thither, his youngest, I mean, whenever the ill-Health of Mrs. Addison shall permit Him to take Him from Her. And, I think I have heard Mr. Walter Dulany also talk of sending his youngest Son, tho Mrs. Dulany is, I believe, a Native of Philada., & has many Relations there.
The Difference in point of Distance, I shou'd imagine gine too inconsiderable to deserve much Attention, even from a Fond Parent. He may write every Week, from the one Place as well as the other: & as his Visits neither can, nor ought to be very Frequent, a Day or two's difference in the Journey can make but little odds.
And now, my dear Sir, relying on your believing what I have said, to have been delivered with the best Intention, I beg Leave to refer the Determination of the Matter, where doubtless it ought to be left, entirely with Yourself. I have not now to inform You of my Regard For the Youth: his Welfare, believe me, is the only motive that I wish to influence my Judgement; and were I not pesuaded, that That wou'd be more effectually promoted by sending Him to York rather than Philada. I had never taken the Liberty of troubling You with this long Letter.
Whenever You have Finally determined the matter, I beg the Favour of You to let me know: and, if it be for Philada., as I happen to have no personal Acquaintance with Dr. Smith, for whose Character, however, I profess the highest Respect, I will give You the Letter You ask.
I have a Wish indeed, a strong one, to accompany You on this little Tour: the Indisposition of my Eye makes it almost absolutely necessary for Me to seek assistance somewhere, & which, They tell Me, can only be Found to the Northward. But, whether I shall be able to set my House in such order, as that my Absence so long may be dispensed with, is more than I can now judge. This only I know, that if I possibly can, I will.
A very disagreeable Controversy with two of our patriot Lawyers, which I was too easily persuaded to enter into, seems likely to cut Me out [of] a good deal of Work: This, however, if other Matters can be got over, is certainly not of moment enough to detain Me.
Mrs. Boucher begs her aff. Compts. to Mrs. Washington & Miss Custis, to which I request mine may be join'd.
... I am, Dr. sir, very truly
... Yr. much obliged Frd. & Servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
YORKE COUNTY the 5th Feby. 1773
SIR/
I recd your letters in the office the 30th. of Jany. one dated ye 21st Decr. & the other Jany 11 which I understood had been in ye Office for upwards of Eight or 10 Days as I did not Expect a letter from you till ye meetg of ye Mercts. made no inquirery & was up at ye Quarters in ye time however there was nothing very matererall in them only yr. Directions to Mr. Everand which I went to immediately & delivered & his answer was that ye Patents has been made out ever since the 15th of Decr. to ye Best of Memory [mutilated] to ye Mill Stones we have no great deal of Custom in wheat [mutilated] have contrived to fix them so as to grind what wheat has Come without complaint as yet, tho they are but sorry & hope to make them to till we take her up to rebuild which will be the first dry Spell yt comes for I have been geting in readiness to rebuild her Every oppertunity the Carpenters er had since you was down I have had all ye frameing got ready in case She Brakes or dry Spell for we have a very good run of Custom in corne provided of our mill did not waist her water in ye manner She does, We could make a good deal of corne in a year by her but she waists near as much water as she Treads with--I have Attended this Meetg of Mercts. in order to receive the money for yr. corne & part of the Estates money for corne at ye same time yt. was Sold; but did not receive one farthing for there was so much bad money of ye. new koin yt. I coud not receive it with Safety therefore woud not receive any for they woud not agree if it was bad to take it again therefore made the man underwrite his note of Hand to pay intrest till Apl.--I have Sold the Porke for 27/6 Wt. but have not recd the money for it yet Mrs. Dandridge has had of yrs. 10 Hogs Gross 1536. to Mr Jo Fox 1098lb Wt. at what I sold owes below at wch is 27/6 wt. & Mr. Thos. Averce 337 Wt. at same & 7 of ye indifferentest the overseer had & what they weigh over 600 Wt. he is to pay for & two has been catched out of ye Marsh Since a sow & a Barrow & the Sow has Pigged since She has been put up to fatten that I dont Suppose we Shall make Sail of her this year I have had 14 Muttons & two Beeves of yrs. Brot. from ye. Quarter to make Sail of to this Meetg but have sold but 6 mutns. @ 6d perr. & one beef almost @ 4d ye others Still remain here unsold as they broke up so soon coud not get cent for ym. therefore keep an acct. of what Hominy they Eat & charge you with it if its agreable it should be so done please to let me know when when you write again--whether they shoud be Kept for the Next Market in Apl. or whether you woud have them sent back the young man Livg. with me when you was down left me Just before Chrismas So yt. I was obliged to Stay at home abt. the time of Negroes Hireing that I had not time to look out for any for ditchers & one of the two that I Kept to ditchg is run away & has been for Some time so that I have only one at it; whch makes us go on but very Slow with our Ditchg. the fellow that is run away is namd Coachman Jamey which is one of the Greatest Raschals I ever lookd after in all my life he went of without an angry word or a blow from any one, which woud Recommend it to Mr. Custis & you to part with him in ye same Manner you did the other for there is no getg. of him to do any thing more then he Pleases & he only corrupts the Rest & if you dont conclude to Sell him am determined to send him to the Easten Shore that he never Shall Strike a Stroke this side while I stay in the Estate & if he runs away there will have a pr. Iron Spancels for him if agreable to you for its of no Use to put them on Here for the negro Blacksmiths in town will soon file them off wch he will not have the Same oppertunity on ye Easten Shore & will have one Brot. over in his Sted if agreable to you & Mr. Custis I cant write you any thing relative to ye Quantity of Corne made at your Place for am Just agoing to have it measured but in Hopes it will turn out very well for there appears to be a large Bulk of it I intended to ahad it measured When I was in New Kent But was obliged down with the Expectation of receiveing the money for ye Corne sold at Norfolk--the inclosed is Wts. & numbers of the Tobo. Shipd last year they all went on board of one Ship wch was to Cary & Co. & one Hhd of Hanover Tobo. for the Rent of that Place wch Weighd 1010 Wt. to ye. Best of Memory--tho by what I can learn am in Hopes of seeing you down very shortly for it is Expected the Assembly will be Calld together on Acct. of this Counterfit money1--I had one five pound Bill & had Just Paid it away before they were found to be bad & did agree that if it was bad I would take it again it has not come back yet So by that I am in Hopes its good or it woud abeen returned before this & think my Self very Lucky that I had made no better a Collection then I have for 2 thirds of the money is Counterfit now Circulating that I dont know well what to do in receiveg. Unless its gold & Silver & a good deal of that is bad of Dollars yt. I dont know well what to do that if I have any in the House that is bad or shoud receive any bad hope you wont think of Makeing me Stand to ye loss of it as I shall do for ye best haveing nothing more at this time to add that I can recolect only am at this time have a very bad cold & pain in the Head & Remain yr. Mo. Obet. & Humble Servt.
[Note 1: 1 For Act of Assembly passed in March, 1773, in regard to the counterfeiting of paper money, see Hening, vol. viii. p. 651.]
... JAMES HILL--
ALEXANDRIA Feby 12. 1773
SIR
I must premise to you, That I profess an Intire ignorance of the Laws and proceedings of the Courts of Justice, of the Island of Jamaica; and therefore what I say respecting any proceedings had or to be had there, or of any matter to depend upon the Laws and decisions there, is merely matter of con jecture, not founded in certainty.
If then the Laws and Court proceedings there, do not materially differ from ours, I think that Mr Mc Mickan by virtue of the Missive sent, with a State of your claim or case, might Institute a suit against Mr Adams in your name, to Oblige him to pay for the Fish sold here, and to account for the proceeds of the Flour; But that It will be advisable to send him a Power of Attorney, as the Missive It's more than probable would not be adjudged sufficient upon the a Trial to be had between you--
A Power of Attorney Executed here by you before a Credible person, and that execution proved to the Mayor of Norfolk by such person, will I think Obtain his seal of Office; and that a power so proved with a Certificate of such probate under his Seal, will be valid--
His property or Effects, whilst his person coud be had, here would not be liable, to any legal proofs, untill Judgement had against him; how It may be in Jamaica, I cannot undertake to say--
If you have an Account of Sales from Mr Adams, you may by the Laws of Maryland, Attach his Lands & personal Estate, not by way of Security, for they would be absolutely condemned . . (IE) the Lands Effects would be appraised & delivered to you according to Appraisement, as also the Lands valued at their annual worth & delivered to you to hold at the valuation fixed upon by the Appraisers, till you might be fully satisfied--If they are under a Mortgage you would be under the necessity of paying the money due thereby and of taking an Assignment of the Mortgage before you could Secure yourself that way.
I would advise you to make out a State of your Affairs with Mr. Adams, by way of an Account and make an Affidavit thereto agreeable to the circumstances of the Case, in Court next Week, and Transmit it under the Clerks Seal to Mr McMickan--If you should not Incline to act so publickly in the Affair--I would have you prove it before Mr Rob Adams & have It certified by the Clerk under his seal of Office, that Mr Adams was a Magistrate--not that I know that such Evidence is admisible there, but It appears to be the best that you can furnish in the present case--I would also advise you to take a Copy of the Power of Attorney inclosed and acknowledge It, at our next Court and Transmit that to Mr McMickan, attested by the Clerk under the Office Seal; one of which Powers or both, I am of opinion will be adduced Authentick and legal.
If any other matters should occur to you respecting this Affair, I have only to add, that I shall be happy if you can receive the least assistance therein from
... Sir,
... Your very Obedt Servt,
... ROBT H: HARRISON
BELVOIR Feby. 22d: 1773
DEAR SIR
Altho' I can hardly hold a Pen, yett this is to acknowl: the Receipt of yours, with a Letter for your Brother, and Colo. R: H: Lee in Westmoreland; which I hope they will Rece: this Week, as I am determined as soon as this very inclement touch of Weather is over (for I think I never felt any more severe) and I can pass the River to sett off, and heartily wish you and Company good sport a Hunting, and hope you'l come into this Neck then, and at all times without Ceremony
I hope the Pistols I have will do, if not will take the liberty of sending for yours. What you have done respecting the bound. of the seventy two Acres of Land, is very satisfactory
Our Complements, and best wishes, attend you, Lady, and Miss Custis, and am Dear sir
... Your Most Obedt. humble Servt.
... G: W" FAIRFAX
I felt another touch of the
Gout last Night, but hope its
only the Effect of the Weather
[Note 1: 1 John G. Frazer was among the first volunteers in the war of the Revolution, and rose to the rank of major. The following extract is from Washington's Order Book, dated September 22, 1775: "John Gizzage Fraizer Esqr: being appointed Assistant to the Quarter Master General, for the District of Prospect and Winter hill, he is to be obeyed as such." In 1778 Major Frazer went to Bordeaux, from whence he kept up a correspondence with Washington, and continued to take an active interest in American independence.]
KING WILLIAM CT. HO. Mch. 16th. 1773
SIR
I shou'd have spoke to you on Sunday last as you returned from Williamsbg. concerning your suit against me in our Court, but had desired Mr. Wm. Aylett to speak to you when at Wms.burg. and not hereing from him prevented me; I am not able at this time to discharge my Debts, meeting with several misfortunes at Sea and elsewhere has occasioned it, and am now prevented from going about my business, keeps me from geting in any way to discharge my Debts so soon as I wish. I have a Letter of Licence on foot only to give me Liberty three years to pay up, which I am sure of doing if I have my Liberty and Health; every Gentleman I have applyed to yet has willingly signed it, and hope you will signify as much to Mr. Lyons or [mutilated] by a line, wch. will infinitely oblige Yr. Hble Servt.
... J. G. FRA [mutilated]
NORFOLK March. 22. 1773.
SIR
I am very sorry to inform you that we have very slow sale for flours at this time, owing to the large quantity's from every part of the country, together with a report of the best superfine selling with you at 14/ per Ct. I have not sold as yet above sixty barrels of your best kind & not one of the inferior sort, but do not doubt of disposing [of] the whole of it payable at the July & OCtober meetings, as yours has the preference of any at this market. we have had no arrivalls lately that I cannot inform you of the state of the markets abroad for the sale of flour much depends on the accts from Spain & Portugall & as the ports of Britain are opened I doubt not of many buying on speculation, which will occasion a rise here. I will inform you if any demand shou'd happen this way, that you may govern your Contracts thereby. I am.
... Yr Most Hble Servt ... THOS NEWTON JR
[Note 1: 1 Benedict Calvert was a member of the Maryland Council, and one of the judges of the Land Office all through the administration of Governor Eden. He belonged to a collateral branch of the family of the Lords Baltimore.]
MOUNT AIRY Apl. 8th. 1773
DEAR SIR
I Received the favour of yours of the 3d Instant by Mr. Custis which I feel myself highly honoured by, and am truly happy in your Approbation of that young Gentlemans future Union with my Second Daughter.2 I should be dead to Parental feelings, were I untouched with the polite manner in which you are pleased to compliment Nelly's Qualifications; Being her father, it would illy become me to sound her praise, perhaps I might be deemed partial--I shall therefore only say, That it has ever been the Endeavour of her Mother and me, to bring her up in such a manner, as to ensure the happiness of her future Husband, in which, I think, we have not been unsuccessfull--if we have, we shall be greatly disappointed.--I intirely agree with you, that it is, as yet, too early in life for Mr. Custis to enter upon the matrimonial State, and hope his being placed at New York may be attended with every advantage to him which you and Mrs. Washington can, at present, desire, or I could hope for, in the future happiness which I sincerely wish him and my Daughter long to enjoy, to which that must, as you observe, greatly contribute.1 Permit me at the same time to hope with you, that this separation will only delay, not break off, the intended Match.
[Note 2: 2 "My son-in-law and ward, Mr. Custis, has, as I have been informed, paid his addresses to your second daughter, and, having made some progress in her affections, has solicited her in marriage. How far a union of this sort may be agreeable to you best can tell; but I should think myself wanting in candor, were I not to confess, that Miss Nelly's amiable qualities are acknowledged on all hands, and that an alliance with your family will be pleasing to his."--Washington to Benedict Calvert, April 3, 1773.]
[Note 1: 1 "As his guardian, I conceive it my indispensable duty to endeavour to carry him through a regular course of education (many branches of which, I am sorry to add, he is totally deficient in), and to guard his youth to a more advanced age before an event, on which his own peace and the happiness of another are to depend, takes place." -- Washington to Benedict Calvert, April 3, 1773.]
Mr. Custis I must acknowledge, is, as a match for my Daughter, much superior to the sanguine hopes which a parents fondness may have at any time encouraged me to indulge; He is luckily so circumstanced in point of fortune, that the Inconsiderableness of the portions, I shall be able to bestow on my Daughters, is, in this Alliance, a mere matter of a very secondary consideration--And that circumstance seems to prognosticate great happiness to Nelly, being a clear proof of the young Gentlemans disinterested affection for her--I can only add, on this subject, that, from the largeness of my family (having ten Children) no very great fortune can be expected: What that may be depends upon the Issue of my present depending Claim. Of this, Sir, however be assured, nothing in my power shall be left undone to promote so pleasing an Union--Nelly's portion, as far as my personal Estate will go, shall, at least, be equal to any of my other Children, nor will you, Sir, I am sure, desire more--I shall at all times, when convenient, be happy in bringing my family to wait on Mrs. Washington, and equally glad to see her & Miss Custis with you at Mount Airy, where I hope it will suit you to call (next week early) in your way to Annapolis, and I will have the pleasure of attending you thither.
... I am Dear Sir Your Most Obedt & humble Servt.
... BENEDT CALVERT
I expect the pleasure of the Governors & Mr. Haywoods Company a Saturday Evening, they stay with me till Monday Morning, when they set off for Mr. Bouchers where they purpose to dine, and then go for Annapolis, I shall attend them there & return home in the Evening, without it will sute you to come here on Sunday and go up with them
... B C
PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, 8th. Apl. 1773.
DEAR SIR
I hardly remember ever to have been more surpris'd, than I was a few days ago, on being informed by the Governor of the Engagement that had taken Place between Mr. Custis, & Miss Nelly Calvert: and, I beg Leave to assure You, on my Word & Honour, that, never till that moment, had I the most distant Suspicion of any such Thing's being in Agitation. It gives Me great Uneasiness to learn, from the same Authority, that You think Me, in some measure, to blame. To this, I can only reply, that, if I have err'd, the Error was of the Head, & not of the Heart. Mr. Custis will do Me the Justice to own, that I have repeatedly warn'd Him of the Hazard every Man must necessarily run, who precipitates Himself into so important an Attachment, ere the Judgement be fully matured. He has Reason to be thankful, that He runs as little, as any one can. The peculiar & extraordinary Merits of the Lady He Fortunately, has singled out to place his Affections on, assure Me, he never will have Cause to repent it, from Her: I wish, I cou'd be half as sure, that his own future Conduct & altered opinions, may never tempt him to wish, that He had let it alone, a little longer.
You will remember, I always thought, that He was enamoured of Miss Betsey; tho' even in that, I suspected not, that there was any Likelihood of its be coming so serious, without my first knowing more of it. Why, He has carried it so Far, without ever deigning to pay Me that common Compliment, which, I think, my Friendship For Him well entitled Me to, He best can tell: I will not, however, impute it to a worse Cause, than a false Shame. If He had consulted Me, He would have Found Me in that, as I hope, He has, in other Things, candid & indulgent. But, when I recollect, that He neglected also to inform You, I forbear my Murmurings, asham'd to insist too much on a Break of Friendship, with your Example before Me, who have Forgiven a Breach of Duty.
I beg You to recall to your Mind, what my Conduct has been in other Instances respecting this Young Gentleman: and I am sure You will do Me the Justice to own, that my not having advertis'd You of This also, has been owing solely to my not knowing it, myself. However infatuated I may have been in my political Pursuits, I wou'd not have been wanting in so essential an Instance of Duty. I therefore, will hope, that You will not continue to judge hastily of my Negligence, inasmuch as I again assure You, that, if I have been to blame, I have been so unintentionally.
I should belie my real Opinion, were I not to say, that, I think, it had been better for Mr. Custis not to have engag'd Himself: but, since This could not be, I should hardly belie it less, not to own, that I think He cou'd nowhere have enter'd into a more prudent Engagement. Miss Nelly Calvert has Merit enough to fix Him, if any Woman can: and I do, from the Fullness of a warm Heart, most cordially congratulate his Mother & Yourself, as well as Him, on the Happiness of his having made this most pleasing of all Connexions, with this the most amiable young Woman I have almost ever known. I know Her well and can truly say, She is all that the Fondest Parent can wish for a darling Child. Warmed with the Ideas of her Merit, I can almost persuade myself to believe, that the Advantage which may be deriv'd to his Morals from this Engagement, rash as it has been, are enough to compensate for the ill Influence it may be supposed to have on his intellectual Pursuits. There is a Generosity, a Fortitude, a Manliness & Elevation of Mind, which such true Gallantry inspires, that is not so easily otherwise taught. As I will not suffer myself to think, but for a moment that He will ever be wanting in Honour or Integrity, so as to tempt Him to shrink from an honourable Engagement, I trust, He will also consider Himself as not less bound in Honour, to avoid all those sordid & less noble Pursuits, which wou'd debase, & render Him unworthy of Her. Nay, I trust that He will find himself enabled to collect the dissipated Powers of his Mind, & apply with Earnestness to his Studies, which, it seems, He now Confesses, He has not been able to do these twelve months, owing to the Impression of this Passion. Upon the whole, it appears to Me, considering his Temper & Situation, I cannot that think his Friends have rather Reason to rejoice, than be uneasy, at this Engagement.
I enclose You a Letter from Dr. Cooper, which, I assure myself, will not be displeasing to You. He is a Man of True Merit, in Every Sense of the Word; and You may safely depend on his doing every thing becoming such a Man. You see You have all this & the next Month, before You: He shou'd be there, before their Commencement in June, that He may not lose a Term and, as his Friend & old Companion Carr, has some thoughts of accompanying Him thither, on the same Errand, I will be obliged to You, if, without Inconvenience to Yourself, You can give Him three weeks or a Month, to consult his Friends, & get ready.
I am told, You have Business to our Provincial Court, the next week; I hope to see You either agoing, or returning. The Govr., Mr. Calvert, the chief Justice, & Mr. Dulany dine here on Monday: shou'd You set out on that Day, You know, You can be here in Time to Dinner.
... I am, most truly & cordially, Dr. sir,
... Yr. most obedt. Hble servt.
... JONAN. BOUCHER
Aprel: ye: 11: 1773
honoured Sr I Send you a Few Lines to Let you know that with Great diffeculty I Got Safe to your Land which I believe there is no better in this part of the world but whether it has been wet and Cold that I Sufferd in my Jurney and about Teen days after I Got out by Lying in an old Leekkey Smooke Cabbin or whether the water and Climent is disagreble to me or not I Cannot Tell but never have been to Say well Sence there I have Been which has Given me a Great distast against the Cuntry but Sr I intend to do the best I Can to improve your Land untel the Fall and then to Quit the Consern but Sr I hope you will not tak it a miss for my wife never was agerable to Com to this part of the world which is a Clog to me but I all ways was in hops that I Could Recommend the place to her in Such a manner that would make her agreable but I Cant Recommend a to so near a frend that I have but a Still Likeing to my Self and I Com now to Let you that you may have all the afairs of mine that I Brought out Such as wagon horses Geers Tools and Every thing Else at the apprasement and vallue of them besid a Good feather Beed and furneture puter and water vessels and several things Elce that was not valued in the Concern Likewise my part of the Crop that is to be Raisd but Sr if you do not Chuse to Continue your hands on the plase or or to send more under an overseer which there is many out heare at would Gladly undertake to Look after I do belive it if it is not agreable to you to do so pray Let me know as Soon as possable for I Can Sell all your artickels and mine under an advantage and bring the Negros back again and would higher your Two hands my Self if you Chus higher them Sr please to Let me know what you would have don in the affair and I will undertake to do the best I Can for you that there Shall nothing of yours Suffer or go a mis that I Can hinder Sr I Remain yours to Command
... GILBT. SIMPSON
... YOUGHIOGAHANA
[Note 1: 1 Born in Radnorshire, Wales, 1705; died in Philadelphia, 1777. Watson, in his Annals of Philadelphia, relates the following anecdote of this influential Quaker: "Reese Meredith, a merchant of Philadelphia, seeing Washington at the Coffee-house [in 1755], was so pleased with his personal demeanour as a genteel stranger, that he invited him home, to dine with him on fresh venison. It formed a lasting friendship, and caused afterwards, it is said, the appointment of another Meredith of the family [his son, General Samuel Meredith] to be first treasurer of the Union. As this acquaintance was formed without formal introduction, it long remained a grateful recollection in Meredith's family, as a proof of his discernment."]
PHILADELPHIA May 5th. 1773
ESTEEMED FRIEND
... COLONEL WASHINGTON
From the little acquaintance I had with thee formerly, I take the liberty of recommending the bearer Capt. John Harper who is in partnership with William Hartshorne--John Harper comes down in order to see the Country, if he likes it, they propose to come down and settle with you; they are Men that have a very pretty Interest--Wm. Hartshorne lived with me some Time--They are Industrious, Careful, Sober Men; If Capt. Harper should want to draw on this place for Five hundred Pounds, I will engage his Bills shall be paid--Any Civilitys shewn him will be return'd by
... Thy Friend
... REESE MEREDITH
SATURDAY May 8th. or 9th. 1773
DEAR SIR
Buckner was here last Tuesday and promi'd to do the needful if possible, left the Town on Wednesday and I am this Evening inform'd by Mr. Whiting that he would not return, and as I hear'd a Gentleman this day say he was to receive Three hundred pounds from Buckner I conclude you will get no Money, have therefore parted with agreed for your Bills to Mr. Charlton at the Currt. Exchg Wch. is not setled as the drawers expect 30 perCtt & the buyers offer 25perCt am now going to get the £300--to send you to the care of your Brother Charles as wrote you by Mr. Henderson have paid all demands agt. you and have recd & paid as per Margin, Mr. Mongomery will not pay the Balle. of Whitings Bond Colo. Banister says he will pay before he leaves Town, Warner Lewis have not seen shall go that way John Fry not in Town, Armisted not in Town, Trustees of Bernard More will pay as soon as possible but no Money at this time, in short disappointments so general that I never before have seen so little business done nor one Tenth so many disappointmts. I was fearfull from the beginning that Buckner would disappoint as I knew Gloster County to be the worst in Virginia to have any Money matters to collect from, I wish you a good Journey, as you pass Prince Town call and see my Sons who will I am sure have great pleasure in seeing you I am Dr Sir Yr. most Affectionate
... Hume Servt.
... FIELDING LEWIS
P.S
Since writing the above Mr. Hill informs me that he will be able to pay a farther Sum of Money, so that I shall have return'd one of your Bills £80 -- 0 -- 0.
[Note 1: 1 John Parke Custis's former tutor.]
May 9th. 1773
SIR
Yours of the 7th. Inst. is just come to hand: The Tickets in Lord Sterlings Lottery which I had of you are all disposed of, and indeed I am sorry that I did not advise you of this before now. Wishing you an agreeable journey, I am
... Sir Your Obliged Hble. Servt.
... WALTER MAGOWAN.
Monday Morng the 11th May 1773
SIR
I reced yr. Letter per Colo. Lewis some few days after his coming to town & agreable to your instruction I have endeavourd to proceed wherein have recd of Doctor James Carter 4th May £10. 16 ds. of the Exrs. of Mr Claibornes £14-of Mr. Francis Foster £33-8. of Mr. Thomas Prosser 32 Dollars by count at 5/9 1/4 £7-5-0 his money Lost 9d when I weighed it I took it in dollars & he had no Scales at his Lodgings tho have given the rect for ye Hole £7-5-9 & as to my own Accts. have made a very Poor collection tho have paid Colo. Lewis upon ye. hole includeg. the Above sums 198-5-1 which immagine he will acquaint you with Mr. William Dandridge was not in Town he sent by a young man who he Expected would make some Small Collection for him Sufficient to discarge that sum but he made none at all
I have reced our goods wherein There is 2 Dousin of Grind Stones & some of them the Largest I ever saw full Large for Mill Stones if they were the right sort Stone I think if it woud not be two great expence I would have ym Sent back there is part of them very Siseable & fit for the purpose they are intended for; please to write to me if there is any Powdor & Shott come in as the Crows destroys & pulls up Near all our corne & I dont care to open all the goods to Serch; ye. Bale of Cotten is partly Damaged tho am in hopes it dont run far in I wanted to know What you would have done with it & likewise if we must have the Easten Shore Tobo. sent on board of Capt. Peterson & consignd to Cary & Co. & whether I must Purchase the overseers Tobo. as Tobo. wont Exceed 2d
I have engaged all our corne to some Gent. on the Easten Shore at 12/6 per to be delivered by the last of June payable Octobr. Cot. which hope youl come down to as I was in hopes you would a been down to this as there is Several Matters I wantd to consulted you upon in respect to land in dispute on the Easten Shore & likewise that in New Kent Colo. Pendleton advises me to bring suit in ye County Court for that on the Easten shore & if [it] goes agst. us then to appeale & we shall get it determind much soonner than if I have it first brot in Genl. cot.
Coachman Jammey Lay out at least three months & I took the Overseers & drove a Neck of ours & Started him & a boy of ours who he had taken in Camp With him & was obliged to Catch him with a dog he has not Started since & promised he wont again but there is no dependence in him tho I did not Petition the Genl Court for Liberty to Ship him off for I intend to make a tryal of sendg. him to ye. Easten Shore & [if] that wont do will Petn. in Octob. with your Concent they & others had Killd five of Mr. Graves Largest Hogs & he confest Sliping a board of one of our Barns & had taken Corne twice or three times tho I whipd him But very little as I thought useless for he appeard as if he had been in time Past Severely Corrected he told me he was by old Mr. Moody advised him if they would all run away you woud turn me off, & I cant see what its for unless it is because I am enclosing the land that he wont have the same range for his Stock that he Usually had as this fellow Jammey was one of the Ditchers tho he is so great a raschal there is hardly minding any thing he says but by the Negroes Abscondg. as they have, there appears to be something of truth in it tho we have none out now I should abeen Glad to have had a little more time to wrote you few more Particulars that I dont at this time Recollect being in a hurry to go [to] town before the Mercts. brake off as they have put of till last Lewis that he shoud leave Town to day if Possable & desired if I intended to write by him to have it ready as it was uncertain what time he should leave Town; that I cant write so fully As I woud Willingly do--& conclude
... Yr. Mo. Hble Servt.
... JAMES HILL
May: ye: 20: 1773
HONOERD SR I have Sent you Two Letters before but wheather they Ever ketcht your hands or not I do not know the perport of them was to acquaint you of the Great aversion my wife had in Coming over the mountains and I do not Like the Cuntry well anufe myself to Live in it but if you Chuse to Continue your hands on the Land you may have all belonging to me at the vallue of them as they are all Reydey on your Land and as it is not Conveniant for me to moove my family over I will under take to Com out once or twise a year To Serve you and if you Chuse I Should and Could Serve Severel other gentel men besids in Coming out Spring and fall and Contrive and plan of ther affairs for them for your Land is vastly fine for medo and Corn I Shall be down at home in about four weeks time from this and I Beg Sr you would send me a leter about that time or after awhile to let me know what you would do for I Shal not Com out again until the Latter End of Summer and then [if] you have a mind to Send out more Slaves and a horse or two and winter Close for those that are out heare I Shall be Reydey to Conduct them a long and if you Should want to purchas Stock and will Send money and let me know what you want I will indevor to Sute Everything in the Best manner as I Can no more but I Remain your humble Servant to Command GILBT SIMPSON
... YOUGAGHANAY
[Note 1: 1 Eldest son of John, and favorite nephew of Hon. Edmund Pendleton. He married the youngest sister of Judge Pendleton's second wife, and their second son, Edmund, was adopted by his great-uncle, and became his heir. He married, first, Jane Byrd Page and afterwards Lucy Nelson. He was the father of William Nelson Pendleton. The eldest son of Edmund and Milly (Pollard) Pendleton was John Pendleton, auditor of the State of Virginia, 1787--1794. Among the marriage bonds published in the William and Mary Quarterly is the following:--
"August 14, 1764. Edmund Pendleton, Jr., of Caroline county to Milly Pollard, daughter of Joseph Pollard, gentleman; sec; Jesse Payne; with., Val. Wood. John Pendleton's letter of consent to his son's marriage; witnessed by John Madison and Wm. Campbell."]
May 23. 1773--
SIR
I received your favour at Wms.burg, and deferred answering of it until I could see Mr. Armistead. The money arising from the Sales of those Negroes Mortgaged by Colo. Moore to Colo. Baylor, is not sufficient to discharge Colo. Baylor's engagements by near £3000. and the debts due him, got in only as fast as will make easy with his own Creditors; and The Executors could wish you would wait til next Spring, for that they intend to sell some of the Estate this fall payble. then. If it is out of your power to wait that time, you will please take the further trouble of writing me another Letter, that I may advise the Executors of your determination.
... I am
... Sir
... Your very Hble Servant
... EDM: PENDLETON JR.
May 24th. 1773
DEAR SIR
Inclos'd you have Whitings Bond the Ballance of which Mr. Montgomery refuses to pay, also Buckners Bond, no part thereof paid, also Armisteads Ex. Protest have not seen him since you sent me the protest; Inclos'd is a State of Money recd. & paid for you at Wmsburg by which you will be able to settle your Accts. Our Wheat is better than common and I think it's generally so that I have seen, Tobacco is become a drug the highest price with us is 12/6 Cash per hundred, and I believe little could be sold for the ready at that price, as there appears to be little or no Money in cerculation, the Merchts. will not make any Money engagements on that account as it is almost impossible to comply with them, I expect there will be a necessity for the Assembly doing something in the matter unless times mend, for all the Specie will be sent away & the Treasury get the paper.
... I am Dr Sr. Your most affectionate
... Humble Servant
... FIELDING LEWIS
June the: 14: 1773
SR this Coms to acquaint your honour that I am Returnd home from youghagahanay and have left all well when I came from there I left provision Enuf for the people to Eat and work anuf to do and I have Got a nye neibour to have an Eye over them and there work. tho my fellow is Sufficient to take Care and is as trusty I believe as most white men and will Carrey on work as well as most when Laid down to him Sr I Should be Glad to get a few Lines from you to know what you determine upon wheather you take my part of things or not as I have wrote you about and Sr I want to know whether you will be at Leesburg any time this Summer or not for the it would save me the trouble of Coming down to you for I have had been Saddeld with a Great del of trouble and hard Ship alreaydey and Should not be fond of much more untell I Goe out again which perpose to do about the first of September when I think the flies is a Little more moderate and then if you perpose to Send more hands and horses and Clothing for them that is there I Shall if God willing be a going out and pray Sr Send me in your Letter whether you are Going from home this Summer to Stay any lenth of time or not that I may not mis Seeing of you when I com down I send you in the inclosed a true account to Shew you how your meney is Laid out and Sum more to it So no more but Remains Your umble Servant to Command
... GILBT. SIMPSON
... LOUDOUN
N: B: I understand that Mr Lun Washingtons overseer has Got 15 acers of Land in Corn and I heard Just before I Came away that one of the negros had thrasht the overser but no Great hurt on Either Side
[Note 1: 1 A merchant in Williamsburg in 1773.]
WMSBURG June 19th. 1773
SR.
I recd. Your letter this day, and sent it per Captn. Younghusband for Liverpool, Colo Lewis recd. £200. from me at first, then Exchge. was not settled, but before he left town, I Paid him the remaining £8. -- -- I suppose he sent you the Accot. before, is the reason of his not accounting with you for it
... I am Sr. Yr. Hble Servt.
... EDWD. CHARLTON
19 June 1773.
SIR
Not havg. five Minutes to write by the Post your first Letter got Mislaid in the Office so as I never got it till the 16th June & by not havg. yr. Instructions how the Tobo. was to be Shipd I have put it all on board of Peterson & after recg. yr. Letter went up in order to stop the Quantity you orderd but was two Late so there is none but the Easten shore Tobo. which is Expected Every hour to Peterson all our People at Mill Quarter are now down with the Measles & Expect all ours to have it every hour havg no time Prevents my writeing to you more fully you never Mentiond any thing abt the Tobo. in the letter by Colo Lewis the Post Obliges me to conclude
... Yr Most Obt Servt
... JAS. HILL
[Note 1: 1 Henry Hill, son of Richard Hill, mayor of Philadelphia, was born in Maryland in 1732, and died September 15, 1798. He was a very prominent merchant in Philadelphia, and engaged extensively in the Madeira wine trade. He held many positions of importance both before and after the Revolution, and was a member of the Convention of 1776. He married Ann, daughter of Reese Meredith.]
PHILADA. 22d. June 1773
SIR
I have perused the Letter you favor'd Mr. Meredith with of the 17th. and am obliged by your inclination to correspond with my partners at Madeira--Altho it's not usual to ship fine wine but for bills of Excha. I have inclosed a letter to the house requesting they wou'd comply with your orders for a few pipes of that quality for your own use & take the payment in flour as you propose--It's an article likely to answer your purpose as well as I can judge--I think if the quality is very good it will not clear less than 15 per Ct. or more--& Corn as much--for the proceeds of the last your returns may be order'd in wines most salable with you of any denomination except particular.
In every part of the transaction at Madeira I have so much reliance on my partners' skill & integrity that you may freely consider me as accountable to you for whatever ought to be expected from good factors.
You will please to insert in the Bill of Loading frt. payable in wine of any kind except particular or Bill wine: and shou'd the owners be disengag'd to any house there I shall thankfully acknowledge your interposition to get the vessel & remainder of the Cargo consign'd to your frds. which as a considerable shiper only you'll have some right to apply for--
Your Congratulations on my happy marriage are extremely acceptable to Mrs. Hill who joins me in presenting our best respects to your & yours--I am, Sir Your most obedt. friend & Servt.
... HENRY HILL
PITTSBURGH June 29th. 1773.
DEAR SIR.
Since my Return from the Illinois Country, where his Majesty's business, as well as my own private Affairs had called me, I have had the honor of two Letters from you; I have also had the pleasure of Mr. Wood's company here, and esteem him a very proper person for the accomplishment of your purposes, whose abilities (I conceive) will direct him to the proper choice of Country, when he has once taken a View of the Northern Parts of West-Florida, & considered their dependence upon, & connection with the commercial situations upon the Sea Coast.1--
[Note 1: 1 James Wood, father of James Wood who preceded Monroe as governor of Virginia, and whom Washington describes as "a gentleman well esteemed in Virginia," was commissioned by him to select and have surveyed ten thousand acres in West Florida, which Washington claimed under the royal proclamation of 1763.]
As I have the honor to know how laudably solicitous you are to be made acquainted with whatever may be curious or instructive in this Western Country; & as I experience a particular happiness in communicating any thing tending to your amusement, or satisfaction, permit me to present you with some of my Remarks made during my last Journey. As the Falls of the Ohio generally afford matter of conversation, when this River, is considered in an extensive & Political Sense, I shall begin with a description thereof. This remarkable place lies in Lat: 38,, 22 & is not formed by the continuation of any Mountain, or part thereof crossing the Stream; altho from a superficial View one would be induced to adopt the opinion.--There is a small Island about three miles above the Falls, the Westerly End of which you scarcely leave behind, when an increased Stream is perceivable, & on the North, a flat kind of Lime-Stone Rock stretches along the Shore, advancing from the Wood to the River a considerable distance, & affording a good Portage. Upon turning the next Point, & keeping in with the South Bank, (which is requisite going down) the Falls are discovered, the North part of which runs with great violence, the Water dashing over the hidden Rocks, attended with the consequent Roar, presents to the View a Sight pleasing enough; altho the necessity of passing thro the noisy Tumult, will somewhat take of the edge of enjoyment. This side altho mostly esteemed impassable, is the best Route in low Water, & is the channel thro' which I went my last voyage. On the South opposite to the head of the Rapids, stands an Island, which from a rugged scaley Rock crossing the River forms the beginning of the Falls; however from the Island to within two hundred yards of the North Shore, (which may be three quarters of a mile) the Water runs moderately, enough & being but shallow, stops a multitude of stately Trees which are borne down by the successive Floods; these being parallel to each other, with their Roots opposed to the stream & spreading themselves across, add to the natural obstruction of the Water: For the distance of two hundred yards close in with the North Shore, the Fall is great, & a vast number of hidden Rocks just under the surface, together with others which appear, render this way not the most eligible to a stranger; altho' (as I before observed) in dry Seasons, it is the best. If the distance of two hundred yards be ran down without striking, the danger is then over; & altho you toss on with wonderful rapidity, & may ship some little Water, there is nothing to be feared. About two hundred paces above the Island last mentioned, & on the same side enters a small Water, called Bear-grass Creek, into the Mouth of which most People are directed to put, to examine the condition of the Falls. If the River is full or moderately high, they set out, keeping the North side of the Island about 150 yards upon the Lar-board side, & thence gradually gain the middle of the River, which direction is to be kept untill they come opposite to the West point of the Island, when the shore must be approached to within the distance of two hundred paces, & then continue on, observing this last course, which shoots the Boat thro' the Southermost opening & end of the Rocks, & Falls immediately below the Falls, the Road for the Portage of goods comes in upon the River, which does not exceed one mile & an half to where the Adventurer disembarks his Property, if any Risque is apprehended.--At the West end of the Falls, the Rocks with the accumulated Sand & Mud retained by their roughness & inequality, pushing out various Shrubs, & vegitable substances, together with the beautifull Cascades made by divers Breaches thro' the Rocks of different descent, render the prospect variegated, & delightfull.
Batteaux in coming up Stream find it most expedient to keep the second opening from the South side, & by severe dragging, are capable to force up such Vessels half loaded in the lowest Water--This Route Major Hamilton with the Royal Irish pursued last year in returning from the Illinois.
Altho both sides of the River afford good Portage, the North being a smooth Rock, & the South a Level Country with a tolerable open way; yet the Preference is to be given to the South Shore, both on account of the Creek's Mouth before spoke of, affording a close approach to the Land, denied on the opposite Shore by the Rocks irregularly projecting into the River, rendering the Landing difficult if not impracticable for Loaded Boats; as well as on account of the smaller distance of portage on the South. Troublesome as the Falls are in low Water, they are scarcely perceptible in Floods. The 14th. of March 1772 I past over them in company with 8 other Batteaux under the command of Majr. Hamilton, & could only observe an increased Rapidity in the Water with a small noise towards the North Shore. Various Petrifactions are to be seen upon the Shores, & upon the Rocks at this Place; even Buffaloe excrement, with the small vegitable substances discoverable therein, curiously turned into Stone, yet so nicely retaining the original appearance as to be immediately known.--
On the East side of Scioto not far distant from a House known by the Name of the blinking Woman's (a Shawanese Squaw), is to be seen a very curious Piece of antiquity. I mean what is generally called an Indian Fort The Country hereabout is level; however this Work (as well as every other of a similar Nature, which have fallen under my observation) is placed upon an Eminence. Major Collins (who perhaps you know) was in Company with me returning from the Shawanese Towns, when I went to examine an Affair of which I had received such various Reports.--People who are not happy in speculation have a speedy method of accounting for every thing of this Nature in America, by attributing the whole to the Toil of Nature. I must acknowledge that I was apt to give in to the general Opinion, from the slight Vestiges which I had frequently met with, until I saw One upon the Shawanoe River, which altered my conception, & this I am about to describe thoroughly convinced Me of the falsity of the general conjecture. It is of an oblong Figure, or rather two ovals joined together, which junction cannot be observed from without; the sides appearing to the external observer indented parallel to each other. A Ditch of about twelve Foot perpendicular depth surrounds the whole; the Earth thrown upon each side forms an oblique descent to the bottom thereof, & renders the Levé on each side of an equal height. On the North you enter by a Gateway of 20 Foot which for that distance intersects the Ditch, being level with the common surface: by this means you are conducted to the Centre of the first inclosure, the Area of which may be about 350 yards. From hence may be seen a seperation by another Levé, the ear[t]h composing which is thrown from the East side, leaving the North inclosure entire & level, exclusive of the Gate-way just mentioned, & another to communicate with the Eastern Oval of the same Nature. From the middle of the East work, you may discover three large Openings, & by a Compass found the largest East, one N. E. & the third S. E. all corresponding in Point of Appearance to the North Gate already described; except that the Walls on each side of the East Gate seem mouldering away, & the opening increased by the depredation of Time--The Ruins of Fort Pitt twenty years hence, will not exhibit half the labour discoverable at this place; altho by whom performed, is an impenetrable secret to the Savages who inhabit the Country. I shall not trouble you with a more minute description than what I have just extracted from a rough Journal, which alone I flatter myself, will convince you & every other reasonable Gentleman, that it is not the irregular & fortuitous effects of Nature, but the consequence of a laborious, & even an indefatigable Body of Men. To corroborate this belief let me assure you that from a Work equally astonishing which I saw upon the Shawanoe River, I took a Cruse the handle of which had been broken off, the One side bearing the appearance of a Man's Face, with an opening at the Top & another at the Eye for the receipt & discharge of any Liquid. These Traces together with a variety of other Circumstances equally true, & astonishing, have induced me to believe that this Country hath been formerly inhabbited by a politic, & numerous People; & that those appearances under the general denomination of Indian Forts, have been places rather of Religious Worship than Fortification. In support of this Hypothesis I could produce many Arguments founded upon plausible conjecture, but as it would inevitably lead me into a train of reasoning exceeding the Limits of a communicative Letter, I shall not here attempt so arduous an Undertaking; yet I am irresistably induced somewhat to connect my suppositions in support of my opinion. Might not a Warlike Sett of People from the North, or North West part of this Continent have overan & defaced a cultivated & polite Country; burying in obscurity, every Sign of former Accomplishments, & Government? All Europe underwent, nearly a similar change. An Opinion so new may appear singular; but as the conjecture may afford entertainment, so neither does it want some plausible reasons to alledge in its support. The Antient Inhabitants of South America were by no means destitute of civil policy & order; the Arts & Sciences flourished amongst them in no contemptible degree, if we credit the Reports of the first European Invaders.
Altho the Use of Letters was not one of their accomplishments, by which traditional accounts might have been handed down to after Ages, yet the Traces of a Polite People, were many, & evident; particularly in their Public Edifices, dedicated to the Deity. If to these appearances We add a comparative View of the rude, & uncultivated state to which the most famous Countries on the other side of Atlantick were Reduced, by the destructive Rage of their despoylers the supposition may not seem altogether Chimerical. Antient Italy the Seat of Roman elegance & refinement, appears to have been covered with Forests & Marshes, of vast extent in the eight century, by the overflowing of Rivers, & the scarcity of its inhabitants; neither were these confined to small & barren Tracts, but comprehended large districts, which antient Writers represent as very fertile, & which at present are highly cultivated. In many Charters given from Charlemagne, & his successors Lands have been granted to Private Persons, because by them they had been taken from the Desert improved, & inhabited.
Famine & Pestilence which generally march in the rear of a Numerous Body of Men, in the Northern, as well as the Southern parts of the Globe, might have probably diminished & dispersed the Conquerors over the different parts of North America, & reduced them to the trifling Tribes now known to Us, speaking different Languages, & retaining their independency. The Arts, & Sciences, together with different systems of Policy advanced in Europe from evident Causes, & at present equal if not exceed what might have been remarkable in former Ages in point of human Attainments, but in America the Omniscient Judge of all things may have re-illumined accomplishments, as glorious, as any of the Mother-Country, by means equally efficacious, & manifestly more expeditious, in pointing out the discovery to Columbus. These are only Hints rudely thrown together upon which I might greatly enlarge, & perhaps support my Hypothesis from many Circumstances; but as I fear, it is a Task to which I am unequal, I wave farther suppositions, & shall leave the matter to the scrutiny of some more adequate Capacity. I would be much obliged to you Sir, to acquaint me what expectation I might have in procuring a Right to two thousand Acres of Land from the Government of Virginia, by Virtue of his Majesty's Proclamation, being entitled thereto as a Staff-Officer. I have given Capt. Bullit a Location, & should be proud of your advice, & interest--Who am with true Respect
... Your most obedt. humble : Servt.
... JOHN CONNOLLY.
NORFOLK June 30. 1773.
SIR
I received yours of the 14th will take care that your Letter to Mr. M Micken shall be forwarded by a vessell that will sail in a few days. I now send you the prices of the flour herrings & ship stuf sold for which I hope you'l approve off. the first quantity is not all sold yet tho there is but few barrels left. I am realy at a loss what I shall do with the middlings as the Bakers will not touch them & they will not answer at the West India markets. I am now fitting a vessell for Madeira where I have been inform'd they will answer, if you incline to send them I will ship them for you, your answer will much oblige me by the first post as I expect the vessell will sail in a few weeks. We have no demand for ship stuff at present but if you incline to send what you have on hand imagine I cou'd get ten shillings & freight down for it. I am
... Yr. Hble. Servt.
... THOMAS NEWTON JUNR.
Superfine at 16/8 most of it freight paid down payable Octr.
Ship Stuff - - @ 10/ - - freight paid - payable in July Herrings payable in July at 15/ per Barrell--
July : y [mutilated] 1773
HONOERD SR I Receved your Letter of the 8 of Junly in which I Find you are much disturevd and I am Reyley Sorrey that you Should be so much uneasey at a thing of that kind before you know that you are a Loosing anything I Full well know I must bear all the blame and Sure I am to bear all the Loos tho verey Ill able to bear any for I know my Self to be a Great Looser in this present year and not only So but I verely beleve I am a Greatter by not Going to yor Land for Good by but what must becom of that house that devids against its Self for my wife never Let me fairly know her intencions unteel your Negro,s and other things Came to me and then I thoug[ht] it was best to gooe out and Settle In hoops She would Com in to another way of thinking but I the more I Strove to persuad the Further She Semd to be of and to Give a person so Nearly Connected as a wife is uneasenes perhaps all there days I Could not So I think my Self at this time to be in a fare uneaseye way than what you Can have any Right to be in For Sr I am Going [to] Let you know why I think you Can be at no los in the first plase you Furnish me with two hands as Sorrey as they Could well be for the fellow is a worthless hand and I beleive allways will be so Sum occasiond by his feet and Sum Natural in his boons1 as for the Garl She knew nothing of work but I beleive She will make a fine hand after two or three years in the next plase I Saved you teen or twelve pounds by Settleing on yor Land as I did for it was taxt as unCultavated Lands but Capt. Crawford told me that my Coming on the Land he would have the tax taken off in the Next plase there is a hansom Little Improvement made on your Land according to the time and hands For I Neve[r] Lit of harder work nor did more of it in the time than I did ther for I find the Clearing is as hard there as any where for tho the Grubing is Lit[t]l[e] the Cuting is vastly heavey occasiond by the Great Number of old trees Lying on the Earth tho I Got Six acers in Corn and under Good fens from the 6 of aprel unteel the 7 of may and the Ground well brook up and Cleard th two acres more and had my Corn all hild up before I Came awaye which was abot the first week in June which was a fort night Sooner than intended to Com in in but had I not a Com when I did I mus have Lost my horses by the Great Number of Flyes and no paster to keep them in and as I had a Good deel of harvisting at home I Could not a Stayd above a fort night Longer and as for the work Going on I am not the Least affrade for I Laid off anuf to bee don and am nowise affrade of its being don according to the Goodnes of the hands for I allwise found my fellow faithful to his trust and to do more when I was from him thn when I was present and as I Got a nye Neibur to Com onst a day to derect them I think there is but Little daynger of the work Going on by which meens Sr I think your Land 50 better this day than it was the first day I Set feet on it for to Consider the hardship of Going into the woods and haveing Every mouthfull of bread to buy and not noing wheare to buy it for Sum time Conciderable and no house to put ones head in Except an of old bark Cabbin of Nine feet SQuair in which I was forst to Remain for fifteen days and Nights occasiond by bad wether which had Like to have been my Last by Catching bad Colds unteel it flung me in to fevers but now the worst is over there is a Good Large Cabben of Eighteen feet SQuair and the inside hulld all down and in Good order to make a Qu[a]rter of or to take of ruff and to put a Shingeld on whch was the in tent of it at first So to Concider all things I beleive Sr you will not find your Self at Such a Loos as you Complan of as for I am Certain that ther is not Such another plase to be found as yours is booth for the Goodness of the Land and the Convenans of the plase for I do beleive had I a been provided with Corn and oats and pastering that I Could have maid fifteen pounds this Spring by Travelers and a been at Little trouble So your plase is now in a fine begining way and I do verely beleive that you may See more profit in Seven years time by keeping Six hands and Stock on that plase with an overseer if he be a fathfull person than you would by twelve hands on any of your other Lands otherwise if you was to Rent it out I Look on it to [be] worth Six or Eight pounds a year from the Jump and your hands Could be brought baik and all your other affairs Could be Sold to a Great advantage So that I am Sorrey Sr Should Complain before you Consider the matter aright it is true you may be at a Loos to Get a proper person to undertake your buysness for you tho there is ma[n]y will offer of which this Letter Coms by one of the Name Richard Stogdon from the Nor[t]h and a utter Strainger to me by whos hands I hope you will Send me a Line or tow mor to Let me know whether you will bee at home at your august Cort or not for then I would Com down to alexandria I would have Com to you Long Sens but I have been Tormened with boyles insomch that I Could not Ride ever Sence I have been at home but Sr my advise to you is to Get an Overseer if you Give him Standing wag[e]s for depend it will bee more to your profit than to bee in partnership with any person for the profits ariseing from the plase must bee Great I would bee Glad to know whether you perpose to take any part or all my things or not So Sr I Remain your humble Srt GILBT SIMPSON
[Note 1: 1 Bones?]
... LOUDOUN
YORKE COUNTY 2d July 1773
SIR/
I have been very uneasey relative to the Shiping the Tobo. since I have recd your instructions to put 10 on board Eastin but yr. Letter got Mislaid in ye. Office for I applyd the 25th or 26th of May & the young Man Appeared to be at a stand But at last said there was None & Capt. Peterson hastend me to put what Tobo. I had on board immediately & by your Shiping to no other Person last year Made Shure you intended it all for the same agn. as Easten Applyd last year & ye let him have none for I have put my Self to a Great deel of Trouble since I got your Instructions for Just as I returnd from up the Country from havg. an Acct of the flat being loaded there was abt that Qnty. left & I immediately after recg. yr. Letter went up to Stop that Qnty. but was two Late which hope it will Make no Great difference with you As I have Acted & don for ye best--The inclosed is the Wt. & Numbers of the Tobo. yt. was shipd; at the time I sent & took the Wt from Litlepages Trowers Tobo. Was not put on Board only one & there was one Hhd of Richd. Streets yt was not heavey Enough wch I had Reprised to a 1000 Which is since Shipd & Trowers too & one Hhd of Hanover Tobo. for the Rent of that Land in Hanover 1005 Nt. to ye Best of my Recolection I woud have sold it in ye Country but they gave me a Tollerable Carrecter of it & Tobo. Sold Low; I had Purchased the overseers Tobo. Before your letter got to hand at 2d the Tobo. in New kent & Davenports in K Wm. the overseers below did not care to take that Price & agreed to take what Wm Graves Gave the overseers in that Estate which is not yet setled--Joseph Davenport & my Self had some Conversation when I was up last respecting his Lay he has Always had the 8th of what was made in Corne & Tobo. & a 3d of the Butter wch I refused Givg. & he desired it might be Refered to you & that he hoped you woud not think of Alterring his Lay the agremt with what men I have employ d has been A Shair for Every 8 hands & he thinks its two little & Likewise what part of Butter you woud think of Givg as you have A list of the Hands & there Ages please to give me yr Opinion he says you know what Business he left to come in your employ--You desire me to inform you how our Crops come on I think they are tollerable Considg. the Poverty of the Land & the Sickness of the people I am in Hopes to make a Crop of wheat but have had the most Trouble with my Harvest I ever had in all my life the people at Mill Quarter has lost a perdious deel of time with the Measles which has put that Plantation much behindhand I expect to make a very Good Crop my own Place where I live I am in hopes of makg between 4 & 5 Hundred Bushls. wheat & our oats are pretty Good but not in yet, I sew d 35 Bushels at home & Near that Qnty. at the Quarter over the mill our wheat is much Better below than above our Corne is Low & the Tobo. all Standg. Very well & looks Very well only Small we have some Just a comg in the Top--
I woud have Sent you an Acct of the Tobo. Shipd before this but have Waited for to know if the Eastenshore Tobo. was come over I spoke to Capt. Peterson at KWilliam Court & it was not come then & he informed that he had his load for some time & only waited for that Tobo. which woud fill him up & they wrote me from the Easten shore that Wilkins Vessell was Expected in Every day which woud be Sent of immediately with the Tobo. which was abt. the 10th. June & I have tryed Every Vessell that I saw at the Capt. Landg. & coud not get one some two small in ye Hole & those yt. were larger Were otherways engaged & no one on the Easten shore will undertake but Wilkins there Vessells Genally two Small but hope he wont let us meet with Another Disappointmt. as he promisd a second time at ye last meetg as he had disapptd. Last he woud be shure to send it now however Capt. Peterson said if it came two late for him they had another Ship in Jas. River which he woud have it sent on board of her, I wrote over yesterday to know the reason of its not comg. tho much Expect it is on board but had not an oppertunity of Seeg the Capt since K WmCt Relative to an Invoice Please to look at the Last years invoice & Qnty. of Ognabgs fell short 80 Ells wch was obliged to Purchase & 20 yds. of Cotton there woud abeen Cotton Enough or near it but the man I got to Cut out Cut Several Suits two Small which will do for this year & as I shall have a good deel of Woollen Cloth Spun hope we shall have some negro Cotton to spare & as you Sent for no Blankets must have it Cut up into Blankets for the wenches with Child & those who have young Children & make it go as far as it will & as to Nails hoes & Rakes &c there was Just Enough & not any to Spare I have sent you a list of what other Nessaryes I think will be wantg. or what I can at this time recollect--the above I wrote yesterday & Sent to town for yr. Letter on Satterday morng. & in answer you desire I will give year to what yr. Direction Which by that you think I have Invented a falcity abt. the yr Letter being Mislaid in ye Office as Ive above Mentiond I applyd the 25 or 26 of May & they Sd. there was none for which reason I supposed you Intended the Tobo. to go as it did Last year to Cary & Copy. & as to followg. yr. Direction there is no man has ever endeavourd to come up to any Direction more then I have to yrs in Every respect, & there is no man Borne that has undergone more to Serve you & the Estate then I have done & as to a falcity I Scorne to tell one as much as any man Breathg., which I told you when I took the Business that if you thought I did not answer every Purpose I was willing to give up to those you thought answered the Business Better, it was no advantage to me to Send the Tobo. contrary to your Instructions I last year told you that Capt Easten applyd for abt. 10 Hhds wch you Sd. you formerly let him have the Easten Shore Tobacco but if you think Proper for me to continue I never will ship one Hhd. without yr. Direction nor woud not now only the Capt desired I woud make all the Despatch I Possably coud & I expected you was to ye Norw,d & by my Getg. no Instruction thought it might be a disappointmt to wait till you returnd
I have had the Misfortune to Loose the Miller dyed a satterday last which obliges me to put one of the old Carpenters old ned which by his Caracter when he was there Before I came in ye Estate was not approved of by the Custommers therefore I think it the Best way to Continue him Till the Mill is rebuilt this fall as the Person employd Will be Idle while the Mill is buildg.--I am Likely to Make a Tollerable Crop of wheat & whether you woud like of my Geting of two wheat Fans to clean the wheat I think to the Best of recollection Colo. Syms told me his was 5£5 or there Abts. wch I did not care to Engage two of them till I acquaintd you wch please to direct whether I must get one for the upper Plantations & one for the Lower; I have been so busily Engaged for this fortnight Past with my Harvest the people provg. Sickly & the rest so very Auquord that I have been fateauged almost out of my Life that I at this time Recollect nothing more then if Mrs. Washgton & yr Self woud let nanny & her Famyly Come down as its so vastly Ilconvenient at these Busy times to spare a boy & horse to send the cloaths up to be made as She cant Spin that wench Better that you were Lookg at when at the white house I have [had her] down & put her under the Doctor & she begd to go up to see her Children & she ant able to go into ye Crop so she is a spinner & thought they did not do so much there as if they were down & proposed Bringg. ym down & it seems like death to them to be removed wch I think if they were down it might be an advantage to ye Estate for the Teemsters & Spinners all to be up there dont do half as much as to be down
... Yr. Very Hble Servt.
... JAMES HILL
[Note 1: 1 Born in England, 1735; died in Edinburgh, Scotland, May 1, 1785. Thomas Jones in his History of New York referring to Dr. Myles Cooper, says: "I knew him well. He was honest, just, learned, and liberal; judicious, sensible, friendly, and convivial; he loved good company, and good company loved him; he was by no means dissipated. He loved God, honoured his King, esteemed his friends, and hated rebellion." On account of his tenets and publications, Dr. Cooper was obliged to flee from America.]
KINGS COLLEGE, NEW YORK, 2d. July 1773.
DEAR SIR,
I recd. Your's the Day before Yesterday Unfortunately, Mr. Custis himself, having taken it from ye. Man employ'd by ye. Post Master to carry Letters about, brought it to me: so that I gave the inclosed to him immediately, little suspecting the mournful Contents.2 The Shock, You may suppose, was severe: however, he is grown much more composed; & I hope his good sense and Christian Fortitude, in a reasonable Time will perfect ye. Cure.
[Note 2: 2 The announcement of the sudden death, on the 19th of June, of Patsy Custis.]
He lives now altogether in the College, and dines with the Professors and myself in the College-hall. He has fitted up a Room in a neat plain Taste, attends his Instructors punctually, and, I doubt not, will make a proficiency equal to ye. Warmest Wishes and Expectations of his best Friends. At present, indeed, as must be expected, his Mind is not in a State to admit of any Intentness of Application; but I am persuaded, as his Grief wears off he will do every Thing that is reasonably to be expected from a young Gentleman in his Situation. He has already gained much upon ye. Affections of his Instructors; which is a Circumstance that cannot fail of producing very beneficial Effects, with Regard both to his Learning and Happiness, during his Residence in this Place.
I fancy he will not chuse to write to you himself for a few Days; but he has desired me to inform you that his Situation among us is perfectly agreeable.
... I have ye Honour to be, good Sir,
... yr. Most obedt. and obliged Servt &c.
... M COOPER
WMSBURGH July [multilated] terday 3d. 1773--
SIR/ on Receivg. your Letter I went to Mrs. Molley Davenport who informs me the Mourning will be ready by Satterday Next & not Sooner & went in Serch of the Post But could not find him howeer Mr Purdee Informs me he Applyd to him & agrees to take the Care of them. I Shall go to Town agn. on Satterday Next & if the Post dont undertake to Carry them I must send a messenger but how he will Carry them I know not as we have no Port Mancher as I suppose it will require somthing of yt Sort to Carry them with Safety--there is a Matter I omited in my other Letter wch is you write me you Woud be Glad I woud make Sail of what corne I have payable in Octor. I have Sold what I have at your Plantation KWm. & the New Kent Qrs. at 12/6 payable in Octobr. to two Gent on the Easten Shore Henrey Guy & Isaac Moore who was if Possable to take it away by the Last of June & that from the Easten Shore by the Last of May which By the overseers Letter to me dated the Last of May he had not Deliverd his Corne for there Vessell was not returnd from the West Indias but was Expected Every day & then they take Whats upon that shore & then send over for a load of ours from New Kent & yours from King William I made inquirey if they were Good for that much & am informd they are very Able people begin to think much to give 15/below & if I make an alteration people who have been Customers to the Mill will think much of givg. of that Price & others purchaseg. of @ 12/6 However I think to Sell where they take as much as five Barls. at 12/6 & over & under that Qty. 14/ I have sold 50 Barls. to Doctor James Carter 50 Barls. for Mrs. Nobe @ 15/ & have Deliverd 45 of it, & Likewise 40 to ye best of my Memory to the Joaler & taken an order on the Parish Collector & as to the Ballce. I sell out but Slowly as they think the Price two Great
I recollect no more at Prest But remn.
... yr. Mo. Obedient Hble Servt
... JAMES HILL
[Note 1: 1 John Murray, Lord Dunmore, born in 1732, died in May, 1809. Governor of Virginia from July, 1771, to June, 1775.]
WMBURG July 3d. 1773.
DEAR SIR
I received the favour of yours of the 20th of last Month on saturday last, as I did your former in April, & most certainly should have answered it then If I had not expected to have been in your Neighbourhood before your return from the North, & I then proposed to have waited upon you at Mount Vernon, where I was in hopes we should have settled every thing for our intended journey; But I am now most exceedingly sorry to learn by your last that you have so good a reason for chainging your resolution, & I do sincerely condole with you, & poor Mrs. Washington for your loss, tho as the poor young Lady was so often Afflicted with these fitts. I dare say she thinks it a happy exchainge. I propose to leave this in a day or two in my way to Mr Wormly's, to take up the Old Gentleman, who has promised to accompany me up to your part of the world, & if I thought it would not be disagreeable to Mrs. Washington I certainly would do myself the Honor of calling upon you, but if it should not be agreeable to Mrs. Washington to see company I hope I shall have the pleasure of meeting you at some of your Neighbour's which will oblige
... your most Obt.
... & very Hble. Sert.
... DUNMORE
KINGS COLLEGE July 5th. 1773
HOND. SIR
Pardon me for having thus impos'd upon your good Nature by not writeing to you sooner, I neither could nor had it in my power to say any thing with certainty concerning my establishment here till now. It gives me Pleasure that I now have it in my Power to inform you how agreably every thing is settled. there has nothing been omitted by my good Friend Doctor Cooper which was necessary to my contentment in this Place, And Gratitude as well as Truth oblidges me to say, that the other Professors are not the least remiss in their Duty but give all the assistance they can consistant with the Duty, they owe to the other students, I attend at stated Hours, the Professors, in Mathematicks, Languages, moral and experimental Philosophy. & I Hope the Progress I make in these useful branches of knowledge will redown not only to my own Credit, but to the Credit of those who have been instrumental in placeing me here, & in particular render you some compensation & Satisfaction for the parental Care and Attention you have always & upon all occasions manifested towards me, & which demand my most grateful thanks & returns, to make which shall be the constant Care of J. P. Custis--
I found great difficulty in disposing of my Grey Horse. his Colour made so much against him that I was oblidged (to avoid expence) to sell him at public Vendue for only 34 pounds this Currency a price tho below his value I was oblidged to take. The Bay I have kept & shall keep unless I hear from you to the contrary. He is a Horse I know to be good, & one I have a vast effection for, & except riding; there is no other exercise to be us'd here, which makes it necessary either for me to keep a Horse or hire a poor miserable hack to take an Airing twice or thrice a Week. the Distance of 4 or 5 miles into ye Country for the Benefit of my Health.--
There is nothing now, which interrupts my tranquilyty, but the melancholy Subject of your last Letter, & the uneasiness I fear my poor Mother suffers on that account, I myself could not withstand the Shock, but like a Woman gave myself up entirely up to melancholy for seveal Days, I shou'd most gladly have answer'd your Favor when Doctor Cooper did & have endeavoured to administer some comfort to my distrest Parent, but my Mind was too much agitated to admit a thought, & was illy capable to give others what, it stood so much in need of itself. But I am perswaded your goodness left no stone unturn'd to render this shock as easy as possible, And I think the only & most effectual means to remove from Her Mind the Impressions of my Poor Sister, is to carry her from home for some considerable Time, for every thing at Mount Vernon must put Her in mind of her late Loss. shoud this thought of mine be approv'd of, the seeing of you at this Place would render me extremely Happy and answer fully the end of Her Comeing. Doctor Cooper was speaking to me on this Head the other Day, & said then, that He would write to you to that effect, and recommend it as strongly as He could. if you should approve of this Scheme & will let me know beforehand I will exert myself in getting you Lodgeings, & every thing else convenient. Dr. Cooper has some thoughts of takeing a tour to the Southward & of making you a Visit this Fall, which if he does I shall accompany him, as there is a Vacation then of four or five Weeks.
before I conclude I must beg you to write me immediately on the receipt of this Letter, as I am extremely anxious to hear how my Mother bears this Misfortune, & of your own Health, & be certain that I shall do every thing in my Power; to prevent your good advice being thrown away upon me.
I am with sincere regard & effection
... your's
... JOHN PARKE CUSTIS
KINGS-COLLEGE July 5th
MY DEAR MAMMA,
I have at length the Pleasure of informing you that I am settled in every respect according to my Satisfaction. There has Nothing been omitted by the Professors, which could be in any means condusive to my Happiness, & contentment; during my residence at this place, and I beleive I may say without vanity that I am Look'd upon in a particular Light by them all, there is as much Distinction made between me, & the other Students as can be expected. I dine with them (A liberty that is not allow'd any but myself) associate & pertake of all their recreations, & their Attention to my Education keeps pace with their other good offices, and from their Words, as well as, Actions, I have reason to form the most pleaseing Hope of Pleasure, & Satisfaction entertainment in the pursuit of my Studies. It does not become me to Speak much in praise of my own attendance but I assure you that I have done as much or more in 2 months than in the eight Months before, and I flatter myself you will never hear any thing but what is agreable from Doctor Cooper or any other of the Professors.
It is now time to give you a short plan of my apartments, & of my way of living. I have a large parlour with two Studys or closets, each large enough to contain a bed, trunk, & couple of chairs, one I sleep in, & the other Joe calls his, my chamber & parlour are paper'd, with a cheap tho very pretty Paper, the other is painted; my furniture consists of six chairs 2 Tables, with a few paultry Pictures; I have an excellent Bed, & in short every thing very convenient & clever. I generally get up about Six or a Little after, dress myself & go to chappel, by the time that Prayers are over, Joe has me a little Breakfast, to which I sit down very contentedly, & after eating heartyly, I thank God, & go to my Studys, with which I am employ'd till twelve than I take a walk & return about one dine with the Professors, & after dinner study till Six at which time, the Bell always rings for Prayers they being over College is broak up, & then we take what Amusement we please.
Things My dear Mother were going on in this agreable Manner, till last Thursday, the day I receiv'd Pappa's melancholy Letter, giveing an account of my dear & only Sister's Death. I myself met the Post, & brought the sad Epistle to Doctor Cooper; who I beg'd to open his Letter immediately, the Direction I did not know, but the Seal I knew too well to be deceiv'd, my confusion & uneasiness on this occasion is better conveiv'd than expesst. Her case is more to be envied than pitied, for if we mortals can distinguish between those who are deserveing of Grace & who are not, I am confident she enjoys that Bliss prepar'd only for the Good & virtuous. let these considerations, My dear Mother have their due weight with you, & comfort yourself with refecting that she now enjoys in substance what we in this world enjoy in imagination, & that there is no real Happiness on this side of the Grave. I must allow that to sustain a Shock of this kind requires more Philosophy than we in general are possest off, my Nature could not bear the Shock, but sunk under the load of oppression, and hinderd me from administring any consolation to my dear & nearest relation; this Letter is the first thing I have done since I receiv'd the malancholy News, & could I think my Presence wou'd be condusive to the Restoration of your Tranquillity neither the distance nor the Fatigue of traveling cou'd detain me a moment here. I have put myself & Joe into deep Mourning & shall do every Honour in my power to the Memory of a deceas'd & well belov'd Sister, I will no longer detain you on a subject which is painful to us both, but conclude with beging you to remember you are a Christian & that we ought to submit with Patience to the divine Will, &, that to render you happy shall be the constant care
of your effectionate & dutiful Son
... JOHN PARKE CUSTIS.
NEW YORK July 5th 1773.
July 7th. 1773
DEAR SIR
On examining my papers I find that Mr. Charlton paid me only Two hundred pounds owing to my mistake in returning him part of the Money he had paid me for the whole Bills wch. he was to have had, I must endeavour to convince him of the matter when I go down or I must lose it; Mr. Montgomery gave me no reason for not paying the Money, only that he could not advance it. Mr. Whiting will pay it on demand I dare say. I only sent you the Acct. of my last transaction at Wmsburg by Mr. Washington I should have stated the whole Acct. and sent the Ballance but as there was between Twenty & Thirty pounds to pay Mr. Fras. Thornton for pailing ye. Lott I immagin'd we might settle at our next meeting.
I am a Stranger to Mr. Mercers Affairs but am apprehensive the heavy debts his Father left with his Brother George's long stay in England must have distressed him greatly, as the Mortgage he gave you was not recorded I think he cannot refuse to give another, or other satisfactory Security for its difficult to say who at present is safe, I am likely to suffer Two hundred pounds by Mr. Roger Dixon who used to say he was worth £20,000--indeed I think where any person refuses to give undoubted security for Money but the principle should be got as soon as possible. Our Crop Wheat is large, the quallity not so good as last I finish'd on Munday & I think there may be on an Average Twenty grains in a head thro' my Crop, its said here you will make Nine Thousd bushls. I wish it may be so, it will make a pritty Sum after grinding, I can't immagine Mr. Adams motive for giving 5/ for Wheat, as our last advices from Urope were that the Crops were promissing, The distress of the Merchts. in England will prevent any Commrs. or very few will come be sent over to buy Wheat, indeed times are so very precarious that I dont know any body that would, chuse to purchase on Commn. as the risque is more than equal to the Comn. Money very scarce. no person this way will engage for any & the Crops on James River are I am told near double, so that I cannot account for Mr. Adams conduct, perhaps the frost has destroy'd the Wheat in Pensylvania & the Jerseys wch. I think we must have heard off was it so; Flower is a drug in the West Indies and in Virginia no Money to be had for it, in short I am determined to give no more than 4/ untill I am convinced it will be my Int. to give more wch. I do not expect, Mr. Adams cannot buy all the Wheat let him get his Quantity and he will be satisfied. As the heat of the Weather will damage your flower I think you had best get clear of it as soon as you can the Biscuit Stuff will sell readily at Norfolk at 10/ Corn on this River may be bought at 10/, no purchasers for Money at any price, Corn & Flour has been very high as I am [mutilated] but you may depend by the time you could send them [mutilated] be as bad as any in the West Indies. I shall prefer [mutilated] but if you chuse to have Bills I advise the sending of it to Lisbon or Cadiz and order the proceeds, to be remitted to yr. Friend in London tho' I had rather take 10/ than Ship it any where if it was mine, You cannot get the best Wines from Madeira for Corn, or flower, Bills only will command the best sort; You may get of the New York Quallity which is the best they will send you for goods altho' You Order the highest price to be given, I intend to be in Frederick the beginning of August on my way to the Springs but must dispatch my Brigg before I go, she being just come up & is to load Tobo. for Liverpool. poor Patsys death must have distressed Mrs. Washington very much, but when she considers the unhappy situation she was in and the little probability of ever getting well, she must conclude that it's better as it is, as in all for there was little appearance of her ever being able to enjoy Life with any satisfaction
... I am Dr Sir your most
... Affectionate
... Hum Servt
... FIELDING LEWIS
NORFOLK July 22. 1773--
SIR
I Received your favors of the 5th & 10th of this month, shall take care to follow your directions in shipping the midlings & hope you'l have a good sale of them the vessel will sail in fifteen or sixteen days from this she has been detain'd longer that I expected owing to some necessary repairs; I shall be glad to know if you'd choose to have these midlings insured & whether it shoud be done here, the insurance from this to Madeira is from two & half to three per Ct. we have no sale for Indian Corn at present I do not think we cou'd get 10/ Cash for it & unless a hurricane happens in the West Indies I realy believe it will fall very much I will apply to Mr. Hite and pay him the money I receive for the goods sold on your acct. and give him the accts. sales. I am
... Yr. Most Obt.
... THOMAS NEWTON JR.
PS
I shoud have answerd your
letters before but have been very sick. I also receved yours inclosing an order for wine for your ward you may depend that I will take perticular care to send it as you direct--
YORKE COUNTY, 23d July 1773--
SIR/
when your Letter came down I was at the Easten shore to make Inquirey about the Tobo. to know if it was Carried on board the Ship As I never Coud hear & when I got over found it was, & Never has been right well Since for I was Catchd in a squall & being much afrighted & Sea Sick withall have not yet recovered; The Tobo. was Brought on board the 3d of this month As soon as I returnd Capt. Peterson was ready to give me the Bills of Lading & was to go sail the first fair wind there was 90 Hhds in all with yours with that one for the Rent in Hanover The crop of corne on the Eastenshore is Tollerable Likely & there oats but Midling the overseer sowd 120 Bushels but they had Great waist in the Mowing please to let me know if you want all that is made for yr own Use & Whether any must be disposed off I intended to [have] removed old biggs & put Mr. Tandey over there but the old Man begs to continue he is very carefull but I think I coud have more made by makg wheat then he makes by makg oats but he thinks not & Petisions as he has been so long in the Estate that you woud let him Still continue & I have postponed turng him of till I consult you he has five Negroes with a young suckg one & 3 Horses with a mare & colt which he says he finds the Hole out of His share & insists they are no expence to ye Estate & appears to be Vastly carefull of what he has under his care otherways tho think I coud have more maid then he makes for I dont think his conduct is quite so good as some others I coud chuse provided you insist to make the most I can he must go off unless you are a mind to indulge the old man as an old Slave in the Estate.
respectg that suit on the Easten Shore I realy did not know in what manner to order it tho Colo. Pendleton advises me to bring Suit in County Court & upon an appeal we may come at much sooner than to sew [sue] to the Genl cot & I was at aloss to know in what manner to order the Suit but at last thought sew him for a trespass tho there is three or four old Standers that will sware hard agst. us, & thought it might be Easyly determind if I coud find how old Colo Custiss land was bounded if it was Purchased or Patented for that is all ye young man Claims by is what them three old Standers has to say--& if you can inform me whether any Part was Purchased & where I must Serch for the deed suppose it must be Enterd upon Record I had a Notion of Serchg the Record but thought I would write to you first I saw one old Custis Kendall who says old Colo. Custis was his Uncle & that he will Sware his Uncle has had the Land in his Possession 40 Years & had not left him but a Little while before I heard from aNother Person that he had Said that it was the young mans Property that I am put to it to know how to Act as I look upon it they have taken Possession in this way that we may shew our Title & to be at no Expence him self; Tho at all Events have instructed Biggs to sew him for a Tresspass but it is Possable you can informme how to Carry it on for that is the only Plea I have is havg Possion on it for a Considerable time some Says the Colo. Purchased part of ye Tract of one Willett who is the Person this young man Claims from; by marrying some of The Family which if the Colo. Purchased any Land of this Willitt The deed will inform us how it was bounded the Man that now Claims it is named Southy Nelson & fixt a Tent much to the Prejiduce of our Plantation for he Keeps a tipling house at the Gate where there is a Company frequently leavg open the gates & by all acct. Purchases come of Negroes & Every other thing that he lives on
I once thought I should have had the pleasure of Writeing to you that I had as Likely a Prospect as coud have Possably been Expected from so poor a Piece of Earth at my Plantation where I live but it is Very far from it now for we have not had as much rain as to wet the Earth one Inch for 7 or 8 Weeks which make Every thing Look very Shockingly they have been more Seasonable up the Country--yr. Mourng was Sent by the Post Which I hope got Safe to hand I was much put to it to Get the Post to Get undertake, for our fellow Billey who is the only one that coud agone & he has been down with the measles & a Violent Lax & Vometing that follow it which have carried A Number of People off Abt. us he is now very Ill & have not yet imployd a Doctor or they Have had bad Success to those where they have been imployd tho Shant Trust to my Judgmt. incase it shoud have a change for the worse If you have not sent your Memo. Home I have thought Proper to mention our being in Great want of Salt &c, Cant get any under 2/ per Bushl. & want to advise with you if woud not come Cheaper to import Salt as all the Plantations are in want of Bags to send for Sacks of Salt Except your Plantation I was obliged to purchase Bags in Town & for one of the others I have made Use of some of the Rolls as it was very Good & provided we had aplenty Shoud have Supplyd more with the Same Which I think will answer very well as we Generally go to mill in Carts--As soon as the Merchants brake up I shall go up to see about that Suit in New Kent I had A Mans Deppostion to take before I orderd A suit that Mr. Dandridge Might perruse it which I have been much Put to it to get & cant tell whether it is done yet I left instructions with one of the overseers to get it & give it to Mr. Dandridge when I was up Last which was the begining of Harvest I dont at this time recollect any thing more
... But remn. your Mo. Hble Servt.
... JAMES HILL
26 July 1773
SIR
In December 1771 I took the liberty to write to you requesting the Favour of you to Enquire After An Estate in Virginia that I had a right to not being favour'd with Your Answer makes Me imagine my letter Miscarried by some papers in my Custody I find my Great Grandfather (by my Mothers side) Walter Broadhurst left a Widdow who Married Mr John Washington of Westmoreland County I suppose an Ancestor of yours by which I have the Honour of being related to you--My Grandfather came to England very young left a Brother whose name was Gerrard Broadhurst, at Virginia who died after a Short illness at the House of Mr. Lawrence Washington in Christmas 1677 and left all his real and personal Estates to My Grandfathers Children of whom I am the Only descendant, his plantations Were Situated at Nemanie in the County of Westmoreland, he left Mr. Nicholas Spencer and Mr Washington Trustees for My Grandfathers Children, upon the Death of My Grandfather My Mother and her sisters sent one Penson to manage the plantation and very imprudently trusted him with their papers Penson made remittances for some time but for a great many years past took no Notice of them but possessed himself of the Estate and as I am informd his son now enjoys it--I shall think myself greatly Obliged if you will favour me with a line, if you think the Estate is recoverable or not, what may be the Value, and if It woud Answer for me to come over, I am told that According to your Laws No time takes away my right. I hope you will excuse the Freedom I take in giveing you this trouble but presumeing you are a relation Occasiond. me takeing this freedom, and hope you will favour me with an Answer as Soon as Convenient Directed to Sir
... Your Very Humble Servt To Comd
... THOS. ADDENBROOKE
... at Coalbrookedale near
... Shiffnal Shropshire
... England
[Note 1: 1 This copy, inserted in the manuscripts in lieu of the original, is very illegibly written.]
... [A Copy.]
MY DEAR SIR,
I persuade myself you and Mrs Washington as well as the hospitable [illegible] family you are in will readily excuse my not waiting on you, when I assure you that nothing should have prevented me, but my being in a situation which renders me totally unable. It is but the third time I ever had the toothache, and no ideas I had formed how painful so slight a cause could be are adequate to what I have felt and still feel I have gone thro' all the nostrums to no purpose; like Macbeth it has murdered sleep beyond the power even of laudanum to recall.
Making sure of being with you last evening or the Saturday, I ran out Mr Custis's account, which if it be right, you will much oblige me by leaving me a Bill on London for the amount. You spoke last year, I remember, of my having to allow you something on the score of Exchange; but I see I have made a mem: in your letter that the state of it then was in Annapolis as I had said. You will now please to be guided by the information you will receive from his Excellency and Mr Calvert. The inclosed letter from Jack may not be unacceptable to Mrs Washington nor perhaps to somebody else; at the same time that it justifies a little, I hope not unbecoming pride in me. I have often owned with shame and terror [?] that I did not do so much for him as I could or ought, but I really did more than I feared you thought, or than many would who appear more regular & attentive
It is peculiarly vexing to be interrupted & disappointed in the pleasure I had promised myself from this visit to a family and some friends, I am proud to rank by far the nearest to me. Your humanity will plead my apology to them, and in the hurried, distracted condition I am placed to write, excuse my adding more than
... that I am with great regard
... Yr. most obedt. servt.
... J. BOUCHER--
... 2, Augt. 1773
ROVERS DELIGHT1 Augt. 9th 1773
[Note 1: 1 The name of Captain Posey's place on the Potomac.]
SIR/
You have granted me many Favors since I have been Acquainted with you--I am now Reduc'd Very Low--And Advanc'd in years--I have noe Person in the world to Apply to, for Assistance--And Really am not Able to work--Pray would you be kind Enough to Let me have the Some About £50--Maryland Currancy I think with that Some I could fix myself for Life, and not to want Again--If I should not Succeed with my Plan--you may Depend I will Return the first of Aprill--And. Doe any kind business for you that I Can--If I Die in Few month you will Luse Principle & Interest If not you would be shore of it. I wanted to mention'd this Affaire to you when I was at Your house--but I could not have the Face to Doe--I am to Return by first next month If I Can--You have never mention'd St. Lawrence to me since I have been at yr. house--I suppose you heard he was in a Barr--If you knew the Truth, I am not so much to blame, as you may think for, while I was over here Last summer St. Lawrence was taken sick at Mr. Pattons--Mr. Wm. Minor Living neare there having Regard for me, and St. Lawrence--he took him home--he tend'd I beleave in Minors Barr for near three months--yr. Letter that you kindly wrote Mr. Francis Baker that you would Pay Broad & Schooling for St. Lawrence--I never gave it Mr. Baker--I beleave I have Lost it Baker acquaint'd me he wrote you & sent his Acct.--You nev[er] sent Ret'd[?] to Pay Baker--Mr. Moor Pd. him in June Last--I am Yr. obt. Sert.
... JNO POSEY
WILLIAMSBURG August 13th. 1773
... Mr. Hill has the Sales of Flour & herrings.
SIR
I have Just time to inform you I have paid Mr. Hill one hundred and ninety five pounds, and one hundred & ten dollars in the whole two hundd. & twenty eight pounds. I am sorry that I cou'd get no more but am in hopes the whole sales will be paid at the next meeting. I have not been home since I received yours for examining the seconds but will follow your direction's and make the most of them shou'd they prove bad. I am
... Sir
... Yr. Hble Servt
... THOMAS NEWTON JR
ANNAPOLIS 13th August 1773
SIR
Col: Thomas Colvill having bequeathed "unto the "Youngest Daughter of Mr. William Anderson Mer-"chant in London the Sum of Eighty Pounds Ster-"ling" --- I beg leave to inform you that Harriot Rebecca Anderson is the youngest Daughter of Mr. William Anderson, & that her Guardian Mrs: Rebecca Anderson has sent me a Power of Attorney to receive that Legacy--
As it would be inconvenient for me to wait upon you at present, & my Residence on the Eastern Shore will prevent my seeing you, when you may be in this Province, I shall be obliged to you to pay that Money into the Hands of Mr. Anthony Stewart of this Place; & you will please to write to him by return of Post whether you can make immediate Payment, or whether you judge it necessary for me to take any further Steps previous to your paying the Money--I am Sir
... Your obedt: humb: Servant
... EDWARD ANDERSON1
[Note 1: 1 TO--MR. EDWARD ANDERSON--
... To the care of Mr. Anty. Stewart
SIR,
Your favour of the 13th. of last Month came to my hands a few days ago.--you will be pleas'd Sir, for the justification of Colo. Colvills Exrs., to have the Powr. of Attorney sent you by the Guardian of Miss Harriot Rebecca Anderson recorded in the Court of this County (Fairfax) after which the Money shall be paid to you on your Order.--This Step we are told, is essential to our justification, and will therefore plead an excuse I hope, for the trouble we are forced to give you on this occasion
... I am Sir
... Yr. Most Hble Servt.
... GO. WASHINGTON
MOUNT VBRNON Sept. 10th. 1773]
CARLISLE 17th. August 1773
DEAR COLL.--
Such is the uncertainty of human affairs, that I have again the unexpected occasion of giving you a Letter on Some business, which if it is to be done at all, it seems must be transacted in your Government.
Sundry Gentlemen who had formerly held Military Commissions in the Pay of Pennsylvania & Serv'd in conjunction with the Establishd troops, have lately fallen upon a method of asking their respective Quotoes of Land (pursuant to his Majesty's Proclamation) within the jurisdiction of Virginia, prompted I presume partly by Captn. Bullets Advertisement (WCh. by the by I never well understood) and partly as they inform me by assurances given them by some Gentleman from Virginia whos Name I forget, that Lord Dunmore wou'd undoubtedly order Patents to all such Officers as shou'd produce Governor Penns Certificate of their Commissions & Service as above; In consequence whereof we have Sent off Captn. Wm. Thompson 1 to attend Captn. Bullet at the Mouth of Sioto, who is furnish'd with Our Governors Certificate &c. in order to get the Lands Survey'd in that new Country. On the 6th, Ist: of July Thompson arriv'd at the mouth of Sioto, but found that Mr. Bullet had left that place and was gone quite out of his reach to the Falls or a place called Bigg-bone-Lick. not expected to return till Spring or Summer next. This being the Case Captn. Thompson writes us, that as the lands are Survey'd on the Front of the River (on the South Side) a great distance above & below the mouth of Sioto, he is determin'd to go back from the River & lay Out & Survey the lands expecting that thro' the good Offices of Some Gentlemen of your country, those Surveys to be made for the Officers by him, may be accepted & approv'd in the land-office of Virginia--and indeed 'tis now evident to me, that if this favour cannot be obtain'd, we fall through, and shall be Subjected to a considerable loss of expense. having thus Stated the whole as far as I know it & being totally a Stranger to the usage & conduct of your Government, I now on behalf of a great number as well as my Self who always respect your name, beg to be favour'd with your advice, whether this thing is practicable, and if you think it is, by what Steps or means you shou'd be of Opinion it may best be attain'd--and to this favour I shou'd never doubt the addition of your Salutary influence if at all in your way, or not contrary to yr. Judgment. I expect Dr. Mercer will either write or wait on you on the same errand of this letter.
[Note 1: 1 General William Thompson, of Carlisle, Pa.]
Permit me to add, 'tis very possible Thompson may get nothing done (altho' he has about Sixty Men of whom there are Several Surveyors in expectation of being deputed by Captn. Bullet for the sake of dispatch) as of four Men with ten or twelve Pack Horses which he Sent by land, at Set of Villains of the Minggo Tribe for such I'm told is their Character has actually Kill'd One or two of the Men & taken all the Horses &c. of which Thompson knew nothing when he wrote. 1 Tis also said they are ill pleas'd with Bullets going down the River--but the Shawanees at least appear to disapprove the act of the Minggoes mention'd above. Time prevents me to add farther, than
[Note 1: 1 "The whole of the Delawares, Shawnose and Six Nations in this Country are much alarm'd at Capt Bullott & Capt Thompson going down ye River with numbers of people to Settle a Country wh they were Informed by the Kings Messages was not to be settled."--Letter from George Croghan to Thomas Wharton, published in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.]
That I am with perfect respect, Your Most Obt.
... humbI. Servant
... JOHN ARMSTRONG
[Note 1: 1 An English name of antiquity. If the threadbare tradition of the "three brothers" is correct, there is another family of this name in Virginia which descended from "three brothers of the name who came from France with La Fayette, fought through the Revolution with him, and located in Va., married and raised families on the James River." (Power's Sangamon Co., iii. p. 331.) Lieut. Thomas Glasscock, of Virginia, served in the Continental Line. ... Bishop M. names the Glasscock family as among the prominent ones of Richmond Co. from 1692 to 1775.--HAYDEN.]
RICHMOND COUNTY Augt. 22. 1773
SIR.
I have seen your Advertisement in the Gazate for the disposal of your lands on the Banks of the Ohio and the Kanhawa's, 2 You have not been so particular as to mention that the Leases are to be for Years or lives, but I am willing to suppose they are intended for Life or Lives, and therefore (as I am now in the Gout, And consequently Cannot be at the meeting of the Ohio Company, where I might probably see you in person) Write, and desire that you will lay me out 500 Acres of as good land as I may have a right to expect, and as near the supposed intended seat of Government as possible, to which (as soon as I can receive advice that it is really done and where) I will repair, With the remains of my shattered fortune, and shall farther hope that the Lease will be for my life at least, and one or two I shall hope for, Of this you will be kind enough to advise me as soon as may be that I may sell out and be ready for movement as soon as may be, in the Interim I am Sir
[Note 2: 2 In an advertisement dated July 15, 1773 (see Ford's Writings of Washington, vol. i. p. 386), which appeared in The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, and in The Pennsylvania Gazette, Washington offered his lands upon the Ohio and the Kanawha for lease in desirable quantities. In a letter to Henry Riddell, February 22, 1774, he enters into an explanation of his scheme for importing "Palatines, or people from Ireland or Scotland," at his own expense, to settle on these lands.]
... Your devoted hble Sert.
... THOMAS GLASSCOCK
P. S. Could I serve you in the Capacity
of a Clerk, (tho' my pain now vexes
me) or in any other capacity, so that
there may not be too much travelling
I shall hope for your favours--
... T G--
MOUNT AIRY Augt. 25. 1773.
... [A Copy.]
DEAR SIR,
I rec'd yours by Major Jennifer at Annapolis and have given orders to my deputy to look out for such a person as you want. He tells me that Tradesmen well recommended sell very high. I have desired him to buy none but such. I was in hopes to have had the pleasure of attending the Govt. to Mt Vernon; but some business at my office on the Eastern Shore obliged me to set off on Sunday. I expect to be back the last of next week. If you have any commands there, shall be glad to execute them. I am very much obliged to you for the wheat you were so kind as to spare me--I wish mine in return had been better. Every body here joins in their respectful Compliments--Nelly who goes with the Govr will deliver hers in person.
... I am, Dr Sir, Yr most obedt.
... BENEDT. CALVERT.
PITTSBURGH August 29th. 1773
DR: SIR.
I have lived some time past in the greatest hope of seeing you at this place; but whatsoever might have deterred my happiness in that respect must be attributed to purposes superior to my expectations; tho if consistent with your happiness nothing inferior to my warmest wishes.--Lord Dunmore bath done us the honour of a visit, 1 I dare not presume to give my opinions touching the Character of so considerable a Personage, but if I flatter myself I shall not widely differ from your sentiments if I conclude him to be a Gentleman of benevolence & universal Charity, & not unacquainted with either Man or the World.--I have his Lordships promise for 2000 Acres of Land at the Falls of the Ohio, which will induce me to wait upon his Excellency this Fall at Williamsburg, & in the excursion, I have the satisfaction to hope I shall have the agreeable opportunity of enjoying your Company on my Journey thither, in making your house a Stage.--
[Note 1: 1 Burk (History of Virginia, vol. iii. p. 374) ascribes to Lord Dunmore something more than idle curiosity in his prolonged visit to Pittsburg, and accuses him of then selecting Connolly as his instrument in the unfortunate scheme that later on involved him in such difficulties,--the scheme "to engage Virginia and Pennsylvania in a civil war about their territorial boundary, and to rouse once more to arms the warlike tribes of savages, whose fury had so often deluged the western settlements with blood." Later historians, however, scout the idea that such motives should be attributed to Dunmore.]
I have been at the expence of sending a person from this place to survey the Falls, not having a sufficient dependance upon Captt. Bullit, whose Aerial Schemes have urged him to act in an extravagant manner; laying off Towns, & Townships every sixty miles upon the River; & corresponding to his Ideas has concluded the Falls to be a proper place for such intention, amongst others.--The Bearer of this Mr Wilper a german Gentleman has been with him & reports him to be so extraordinary a Genius, that I am glad I have had his Lordships permission to appoint a person to transact my business in that Country. Comparing the Date of this Letter with my expectations of your arrival here, urges me to think that I must postpone the pleasure of seeing you, untill I may have the honor of giving you a personal Visit, which will at any rate, be highly satisfactory to him who is with respect
... Dr Sir
... your most obedt: Servt:
... JNO: CONNOLLY
LOUDOUN August : ye: 31: 1773
Sr With the almightys permission I Will do my Endevour To See your Land Tax discharged before the Last of next Week from this date and Sr I hope To See you before you Go To Williamsburg but For Feare any Thing Should happen That I Could not Com inn as Soon as I hope To do I Beg the Favour of you To Leve all That is To be don With Mr Lum Washington Which is one Good Stanch Negrow Fellow That understands how To work With horsses and other plantation business and one youngish Negro Woman and money To Carrey on your Mill For if the Mill Should not be begun This Fall The provisions must Cheifly be Laid in This Fal Whil it is To be had For I inten To have her begun Early in the Spring provided I Cant begin This Fal Which I Would do With all my heart but I am affrade it Will [be] Late before I Can moove my Family out heare is one Joseph Croos Who says he has don Sum Work at your Mill and Says your Miller know him perfectly Well and he is Said To be an Exstronary Mill Right and is at work on a Mill For Mr Simon Triplet at This Time Who Gives him a dollar a day and alows that he is very Worthy of his higher and the said Croos says he Will undertak To buld your Mill if he and I Could agree and I Told him that I would Give him and answer after I saw you again So Sr I Would be Glad you in Quire of your Miller and by that means you Would Likely Find out his workmanship as I Expect the Miller is a Good Judg of Mill work
Sr I Send you in Closd the vallue of my horse and Gun and Remains your humble Ser To Commd
... GILBT. SIMPSON
[Note 1: 1 Brother of Archbishop Carroll, and one of the commissioners for laying out the Federal City.]
ROCK CREEK Sepr. 1st. 1773
SIR,
In the winter 1771 I received a letter from a Mercht. of my acquaintance in Galway, in Ireland, strongly recommending, some Irish families, who had embark'd for America: These poor people, finding they cou'd not live under the exactions of their Land-lord, on their leases falling, resolv'd to venture into this part of the world, were able to pay their passages, & bring with them some family goods, & working utensils; besides the particular, & strong recommendation I received, they will shew you the testimony given in their Favor by the Mayor, & principal inhabitants of Galway. They have had house room, & fireing on my land since their arrival: The men have work'd abroad, & by their Conduct, justified the recommendations given of them, & I am certain will be of Singular Service whereever they Settle, particularly in making meadows to which they have been chiefly accustom'd: Thus much in justice to these poor people, I have thought propper to say, as they have an intention of treating with you about some of yr back land; Three of these men have been as far back as Buffaloe land over the Monongahela--Upon their report, they had all concluded, to move with their families, & occupy lands, as many others have done, in expectation of haveing the refusal, when the property is ascertained; but on seeing your advertisement, I adviz'd them to wait on you, & know yr terms. I have reason to expect, if these people settle themselves to their Satisfaction, a very Considerable number of their relations will be soon with them, who are now only waiting to hear from them: It would not I apprehend be bad pollicy in those who may possess large bodys tracts of land to lay out a Glebe for a Clergyman, this wou'd have considerable weight with many Irish Roman Catholicks, who woud probably bring their own Clergyman with them. I intended myself taking a trip into these new Countries as they are call'd, & purchasing some land if the terms & title were agreeable, in hopes of making it turn to advantage, as my Connections in Ireland, enable me to procure a number of very industrious settlers, & among them some of property with whom, I correspond. I have lately received a letter dated New York July 26th. from Mr. Foxcroft one of the 72 intended proprietors, by which I find the Charter was not then obtaind: shou'd matters be settled, time enough this fall, I shall putt my resolution into execution, & if you intend to make an excursion that way, shall be glad to attend you--& am, Sir with esteem,
... Yr most Obt Servt
... DANIEL CARROLL
ALEXANDRIA Sept 8. 1773
SIR
I hope that my indisposition will be received as a sufficient excuse for my not having done your Lease sooner, and for the Several black lines and erasements in it, when done; had I been perfectly well, they should not have appeared; however I hope that it will appear sufficiently plain & legible for the printers--I have made it as short as I could, to be substantial which I flatter myself it is, in all its parts; indeed it is in substance, the same with yours, differg very little therefrom, but something in form--I think your Clause or Covenants No 1 & 2 very material & consistent; they give distinct Remedies, the former a distress, and the latter an Action of Debt or Covenant, which often times is of material use--I have Introdd. the right of Entry in case of Nonpaymt of Rent & no distress to be found, under a Proviso which is more agreable to Law, than by way of Covenant; the word Proviso being a favorite expression of our Law, to raise or imply a Condition for Suppor [multilated] Ejectment in case the Lessee or any other should hold after breach--Tho I think in point of reason & in point of Law, that Covenant will Answer the purpose, but as the other has been used & approved of by the Judges from the earliest period of english jurisprudence as the most proper, I have adopted it--It is not usual to Incur a forfeiture of the Lease upon breach of all the Covenants contained in this Lease; however as It may be the means of enforcing an exact compliance with & performance of the several matters, I think the whole proper enough; but should you apprehend that it may alarm any who may incline to be Lessees, you may draw your pen thro any part that you incline--You'l Observe that I have not Inserted the Heirs of the Lessees respecting the Estate, It would have been improper; It being a Term for years, it is a Chattel real and devolves in case of death not upon an Heir, unless he is Exor Admtr, but not as heir, Yet I have bound the Heirs for the performance of all the Covenants--Your Observtns about the unny multitude of Words & Repitns in Conveyances, are very just & can only be accounted for upon Principles of Interest, the longer the Deed the greater the price being the rule established when Scriveners formerly were paid per Word or side--pecuniay penalties would have Answered no purpose but what the Covenants within will--I have only to wish that it may be agreable to your min [covered by seal] you conceive that it may want [covered by seal] alteration please to communicate it with freedom and it shall be done by
... D Sir
... Yr most Ob Servt
... ROB H: HARRISON
ROB H HARRISON Sept 11. 1773
DEAR SIR
The Lease which you have & which I immagine you Intended to have sent, instead of an Inventory of Col Fairfax's Furniture &c, may be made to answer every purpose by an Erasement of the words, "his Executors, Administrators and Assigns in three "places. Viz have demised, granted & to farm letten "and by these presents do Demise, grant & to farm "let unto the said his Executors, Admtrs & Assigns--To have & to hold &c to the said his Executors, Administrators & Assigns. Those please to Erase and also the same in your Covenant in the end that he his Exctors, Administrators & Assigns shall Enjoy--And have blanks left in those places, & then you can fill them up accordg to the estate you Intend to Grant--If for life, insert in these places, to the said his Heirs or Assigns for and during the life or lives as the case may be of--if for years to the said his Executors, Administrators or Assigns for & during the aforesaid Term of years--There is no [covered by seal] except the above between Leases for Lives & for years [covered by seal] the word Heirs should be inserted in a Lease for [covered by seal]. It would not affect its validity in the least, but it would be nugatory and appear to have been drawn by a person not skilled in the Laws of England; for by these Laws, All Leases for years as before Observed in my other Letter, devolve upon the Extrs or Admtrs of the deceased, tho limited to Heirs, They being a Chattles real & a Chattles cannot descend to one as Heir; Tis otherwise in case of a Lease for lives, they being a Free hold Estate, may descend--I hope that you will readily perceive how the Alterations may be made, and would wish you to direct the printer to leave large blanks in every case, in common they do not give room enough; I cannot very well account for my having thought that you wanted Leases for years in preference to those for lives or why you might not use both; If you think that any other alterations than those I have mentd should be material or If they will not Answer upon your lookg at the Lease, I will most chearfully make one anew
... I am Sir
... with very
... great regard
... Yr most Ob H St
ROBERT ADAM Sept. 16th 1773
SIR
The Pall or Black Cloath that was sent down to you on a late Occation Mr. Carlyle Informs me was Originally your property, but as we are yet unprovided with one in town we must request the favour of you to send it by the bearer--Our Friend and Acquaintance Mr. Joseph Wattson Departed this life last night about Eleven OClock of a Bloody Flux, he neglected himself much in the begining of the dissorder & only begin to think seriously of it when too late--We have in generall been very Sickly but most people are now on the mending hand
... I am Respectfully
... Your Most Humb: Servt.
he is to be intered this Evening
about 5 oClock
KING'S COLL: NEW YORK, 20th. Sepr. 1773.--
Dr. Cooper presents his most respectful Comps. to Coll. Washington; & returns him his Son in Law, without any Vices that he knows of, and with many Virtues, wherewith he is perfectly acquainted.
His Assiduity hath been equal to his Rectitude of Principle; and it is hoped his Improvements in Learning have not been inferior to either.
KING'S COLLEGE, Sept. 20 1773
SR
I have taken the Liberty of addressing a Letter to you, on a Subject extremely agreeable to me, & which, I am sensible, must be particularly so to you. The Conduct of your Son, during his Residence at this Seminary, has been such, as that it would be injustice to deny him the Intrite of Approbation he deserves, & you Sr. the Satisfaction which a generous Parent must receive from the Reputation of one he loves. At a Period of Life in which the Passions are most violent he has discover'd a remarkable purity of Morals, &, when Gaiety invited him to pleasure, has with such constancy devoted himself to his Studies, as to give us the surest ground to expect that he will hereafter attain to that excellence which his natural powers render him capable of. When I inform you, that his Affability & Courtesy have endear'd him to mine, as well as to the Affection of all who are concern'd in his Education, you may suspect me of partiality: But this Friendship itself would prompt me to the strictest Sincerity in this Description, least I might injure one whom I esteem, by imprudently lulling Parental Caution into a dangerous Security. If the Intrusion of this Letter wants an Apology, I can only confess, that I could not deny myself the satisfaction of giving this testimony to Merit, of presenting my humble respects to you Sr: & your amiable Lady, of congratulating Her on the hopes that her Precepts & Example of Piety will be practis'd & imitated by her Son, & of professing myself, with all sincerity Sr
... Your friend & humbl servt:
... JOHN VARDILL
DUBLIN, FISH AMBLE STREET Sepr. 27th. 1773--
SIR/
As neither Mrs. Savage nor I have had the honor of hearing from you since your Letter of the 20th of Sepr. Seventy two, we begin to apprehend her affairs are not in that prosperous situation we had reason to hope from your favors of that date, from this reflection, and from Mrs. Savages anxiety on account of her Circumstances being on so precarious a foundation, Life is almost a burthen to heavy for her to bear, She still exists on this hope that good Coll. Washington will not let her be betray'd into the hands of her persecutor, nor Suffer him by the Chicanery of the Law to ruin her intirely, and by that means bring down a Head now in the decline of Life (and formerly supported in the utmost ease and affluence) with Sorrow to the Grave, I am at this present vastly distress'd, and really and truly at a Loss how to make a proper appoligy to Coll. Washington for the many troublesome Letters I have been under the necessaty of writing to him on this Subject, for tho' a literary Correspondence with Mr. Washington, wou'd, I'm sensible, do me great honor, and also be a most particular gratification, yet I'm well convinc'd Letters on Business are not agreeable either to receive or answer, I must therfore Sir, request your forgiveness on this occasion, and implore you on Mrs. Savages account, who is at present in good health, but in the utmost misery and distraction of mind to let her hear from you in the speediest manner, that is--by the Post, she, unhappy Woman objects to this method of Conveying Letters because of the expence, but that for the future shall not deprive us, of the pleasure of hearing form you, as Coll. Washington's Letters give much satisfaction, Mr. Bomford will most chearfully pay the Postage, the last inteligence we received from Virginia did not come to hand for Six Months after date, and now Six Months more are past, and not the least prospect of Letters by the way of Whitehaven, this Sir, if you wou'd please to recollect is an Age in Mrs. Savages time of Life, I therefore shall for the future take the liberty of sending my Letters by the Packet, and humbly hope, you will, in pitty to her Misfortunes give her the Satisfaction of hearing from you as soon as possible--
... I am Sir, with great respect,
... Your Obedient, humble
... Servant SARAH BOMFORD
PHILEE, Septr. 30th: 1773
SIR,
In Answer to your Favour of the 22d. Current, I really find myself much discouraged by the Terms You propose to rent or lease out Lands on, that are situated on the Waters of the Ohio; and must confess that I think it impracticable for any one to comply with them, and to me they appear to be entirely inadmissible. My Objections are not confined to any particular Article, but if you please, I will make a few Observations, which, when duly considered, will, I am almost convinced, induce you in some Measure to coincide with my Opinion.
Will it not Sir, be readily admitted that the Increase or Population of a Country, is in a great Degree, owing to it's wholesome Laws and good Government? and as there is still a great Uncertainty with Respect to the Foundation of any Government at all where those Lands of yours lie; Can there be a Probability that People of Property or only in moderate Circumstances, will settle so remotely from some civil Authority? except such as do not regard any Authority at all. This Consideration must deter those of a quiet and peaceable Disposition, and who wou'd be willing to become good Subjects of that or any other Province or State, from embarking on such a hazardous Enterprize.--Others indeed, less scrupulous in those Matters, and probably in desperate Circumstances, might venture themselves to the following End,--to get a Home for a Time and desert it at Pleasure, without paying any Rent to, or performing the Services enjoined by, their Landlord. This wou'd have a double bad Effect, as the leased or rented Lands Would be deserted, and the industrious, honest People who staid behind, would find a Scarcity of Supplies in the commercial Way, on Account of this Depopulation, and that wou'd unavoidably deprive them of the Means to discharge their Rents.
Indeed from many unfavourable Accounts already received from Travellers, I am induced to prophecy, that the Population of the Country round Fort Pitt has encreased with more Rapidity for the last seven Years, than that down the River will for three Times seven to come.
I should be apt to think, that when you consider this Matter, you will be content to procure Tenants for your Lands on much easier Terms to them than those you now propose.--But to the Point.
If you can think of listening to such Terms as the following, which I wou'd be thought to infer are nearer in Proportion to the intrinsic Value of the Lands at this Time, and what, in all Probability they may be worth twenty or thirty Years hence, than those I am favoured with from you; there may be a Prospect of our coming to some Agreement.
1st: It is proposed to have a Lease on a Quantity of Lands, not less than 5000 Acres, for thirty one Years, and then, at the Discretion of the Lessee, his Heirs or Assigns, renewable to the Period of ninety nine years from the first Date of the Lease, and thence forward forever,--on performing the following Articles and Conditions,--Viz--
2dly: That the whole be Rent free to the Lessee, so long as it is Quit-Rent free to you; and no Conditions or Performances enjoined him the sd. Lessee, or his Heirs more than settling and cultivating one particular Plantation on the whole, during that Time; and from the Time that the Quit-Rents become payable, to pay you Rent for the first or next ensuing seven years, at the Rate of twenty Shillings Sterling for every hundred Acres and the Quitrents of the whole likewise,--for the next seven Years, 30/- Sterling & Quitrents, for the then remaining Part of the 31 Years, 40/: Sterl: and Quitrents--for the Residue of the 99 Years 50 Shillings Sterl: & Quitrents, and--from the Period of the 99 Years £5 .. Sterl: perCt: & Quitrents for ever.
3dly: The Lessee, his Heirs &c shall from the Commencement of the Lease, have full and ample Liberty to place on the said 5000, Acres as many Sub-Tenants as he, his Heirs &c may think proper, provided that no more than three taxable Persons, in any one Year, after 20 Acres for every 100 thereof are cleared, shall be suffered to work on any Tenement of 100 Acres, and so in Proportion for a greater or smaller Quantity; and they shall all be enjoined by the said Lessee from Time to Time, to make such Improvements thereon as your other Tenants, who may hereafter rent Lands of you belonging to the same Tract or contiguous thereto, under a Penalty to be agreed on. But this shall never be understood to compel the Lessee or his Heirs to make any Improvements on the said Land further than they may think proper, and shall only be construed to relate to the Subtenants he or they may at any Time contract with, either on Lease or otherwise.
But the Plan I have next in View, and which I humbly conceive will be very conducive to your Interest in Future, as well with Regard to the immediate Benefit resulting therefrom, as to the promoting a quick Settlement of your Lands in that Part of the World (though I do not presume to dictate) wou'd be your establishing a small Trade at the Place you are at present most desirous to have cultivated: and this is the Part I wou'd gladly embark in on your Account, if you are intent on adopting the Scheme. I have just thrown these few Hints together for your Contemplation, and if countenanced, will readily enter into a Detail of Matters agreeable to my own Sentiments; but fearing I may be deficient in Matters that may occur to you, I am in Hopes you will be kind enough to set me right where I may err, and to pardon the Errors likewise. As this is only intended by Way of Introduction to a personal Conference I must premise to you, that I must beg the Favour of you to keep the whole Matter a profound Secret until the Dissolution of my present Copartnership, as it might tend to do me an Injury if revealed, and that I am confident is neither your Wish nor Intention. I therefore subscribe myself very respectfully-- ... Sir
... Your most obedt. Servant
... RICHARD THOMPSON
October: the: 1: 1773
SR This is To Let you know That I have paid your money To Capt Crawford who says it has been alreydy paid and I have Found all my affairs out heare well but very hard Seet to get any Carpenters work done and seems as hard seet To Get wagons To move me out and very dear if I Geet awey and I am affraid I shall not Com down before you seet out for Williamsburg but as our out Goings is Great at First I hope in almighty God the inCom Will be Great at Last and I Sr beg you would Leeve money To Support The partnership at present For as yet I do nont know how money will stand with me unteel I Return home For I Expect To be under nesessaty to Credet out the Greatest part of my affairs at home For sum months and Sr pray let me have Two Negros of the kind I wrot To you For and Sr please To leeve The money For the mill For I beleive ther is no dout of her Going Teen months out of Twelve and I shall want 5000 Nails and Eight bushels of salt Four of Fine and Fore Cors Should be very Glad To See you but my being disapointed of Geting Carpenters has put me To as Great unplus but do Expect To be down by the 20 of the month and shall bring you Letters From Capt. Crawford So Sr I Remand your humble Servant
... GILBT. SIMPSON
... YOUGHAGAHANAY
MARLBOROUGH 2d Octr. 1773--
SR/
I had forgot to request the favour of you To order down by the vessel that comes For the Wheat a Cask of the best flower. it will save me the trouble of sending to Mr. Brent's Mill. which in winter is sometimes daingerous---
... You'l Much Oblige
... Sr.
... your Obt. Humle
... Sart.
... THOS. OLIVER
[Note 1: 1 A joiner employed by Washington.]
NEW CHURCH Octr 16: 1773
SIR/
I am apprehensive that in the Bill of Scantling that I sent you it was orderd. so as to have the Sleepers of Both the additions to Ly Length ways with the house if so the will not be Right by that means the floor will be aCross and the Gelling plank the Length of the addition will not answer the intended purpose of haveing no heading Joints in the Lower floors, the S[l]eepers Need not be More then 16 feet Long to Join on a Summer in the Middle that must be Layd Length ways of House, the Sleepers Must be the same Breadth & thickness as them Mentiond. in the Bill & the Two Summers 10 by 14 and 22 foot Long
... I am Sir Yr Most Humle: Servt
... GOING LANPHIER
N B I preposd. from the
beginning to Lay the flooring
& seeling Jousts Length
way of the House it will be a
Great Means to Strengthen
the additions--G L
[Note 1: 1 For the following full and interesting note I am indebted to Hannah Milnor Ljungstedt (Mrs. Olof Ljungstedt), of Washington, D. C.
Born in New Jerscy; settled near Falsington, Buck County, Penn.; finally made his home in Philadelphia, where he became a prominent merchant, and after, the Revolution was appointed first gauger of the port, in which office he was succeeded by his son Isaac, and grandson Robert Milnor. He was anxious to obtain a captaincy in the regular army, but was dissuaded by family and friends. He made himself very useful, however, in carrying despatches, etc. (in a false-bottomed chaise), and for this and other services was disowned by the Friends. I have been told, but cannot verify, that his "reading out" was for owning slaves. He became a "Free and Independent Quaker," but before his death reunited with the regular body. William Milnor married Anna Brientnall, probably of the same family as the Joseph Brientnall mentioned by Franklin in his autobiography. "Joseph Brientnall, a copier of deeds ... a great lover of poetry ... writing some that was tolerable ... very ingenious in making little knick-knackeries & of sensible conversation." Anna Brientnall Milnor died aged seventy-three, and was buried in the old graveyard at 5th and Arch streets, where Franklin lies. They had five children: Isaac, a merchant in Philadelphia, and, like his father, gauger of the port, married Hannah Parrish, and left descendants; Hannah married Rev. John Palmer Robinson, and Mary married William Dick. Although Isaac Milnor had eleven children, the male line in this branch is extinct. James (second son of William and Anna), a lawyer, for a while in Congress, became finally a noted divine, and was rector for many years of St. George's Parish, New York. He married (Feb. 28, 1799) his "best of friends," Eleanor Pawling, and was for this marriage "read out of meeting." William (son of William and Anna) was in Congress, and later became mayor of Philadelphia. From him it is believed descended the Burlington branch, New Jersey. The Coates are also connected with this family by marriage or blood.]
PHILADA. Octobr. 19th: 1773
HONOUR'D SIR/
Agreable to your request, I sent you 2 Yds Boulting cloth, which I hope you have receiv'd ere now, 'tis I think much finer than the sample I receiv'd from Mr. Addams I am authorized by Mr Williams to inform you, that if it should not suite, he will take it again.--
The several Arcticles Capt. Cox left with me for Mrs Washington, I have ship'd on board of the sloop Norfolkpacket Capt. Francis Gilbert bound to Allexandria and directed them to the Care of Mr William Herbert, Mr Dougherty the Owner of the Sloop, was fearfull of taking them on board, least they should cause his Vessel to be seized, it was in vain for me to Urge the Weakness of his timidity, I therefore at his request Packed them carefully in a fishbarrel with two Rowes of Middletons biscuit at each End, an Account of which, I have sent to Mr Herbert--
Permit me, dear sir to remind you of our Salthouse and be Assured, that we will At any time Obligate ourselves to pay you the rent of it for any term of years you may think necessary, I am determin'd for my part to carry on the fishery with spirit & resolution,1 your exceeding kindness, to us hitherto, is the greatest encouragemt. for us to proceed, & with the Permission of divine Providence under the Countenance of so great an encourager of Industry I fear not but our labours will be crownd with success--be pleased (sir) to give my best respects to your Lady, to those young ladies I saw at your House & to Mr Lund Washington, & blieve me to be, Sir Your most Obedient Humble Sert
[Note 1: 1 There were in Philadelphia two fishing associations to which many men of prominence and social proclivities belonged. The earlier society, called "Fort St. David," had its house at the Falls of Schuylkill; the other, "State in Schuylkill," built their fishery on Rambo's Rock, below Gray's Ferry. Watson, in his Annals of Philadelphia, says that "much good living was enjoyed there." It is to the latter company that William Milnor refers, of which he was an enthusiastic member.]
... WILLIAM MILNOR
... [A Copy.]
WMSBURG Nov. 9. 1773
SIR,
In the hurry I was in yesterday to finish my letter &c lest I should detain Miss Bassett too long, I believe I forgot to inform you that with respect to any claim which may now be made in Right of a deceased officer or soldier, it was the opinion of the Board that under the words of the King's proclamation it is necessary that such officer or solider should have personally appeared to claim his proportion, and that when that has not been done, the claim cannot survive to his Representative.
Col Byrd has certified that Alexr. Finnie made personal application for the land he was entitled to, under the proclamation, & I understand his son is to have that.
In the order I sent you yesterday I mentioned how far the several grantees were interested in the different grants; which I thot' was proper that in case of any dispute that might arise on the partition hereafter to be made, it might appear from the order itself how it ought to be settled--But I suppose the forms of the Secretary's office will not admit of its being so expressed in the patents but that they will be made out in the same manner as to joint tenants equally interested.
... I am, sir, yr most respecful
... & obed Sert.
... JOHN BLAIR
SPRINGGARDIN Novr. 12th 1773
SIR
I Received yours of July 27th Septemr 25th and 26th [in] one of which you blame me somthing in Regard to not Discovering those Lands nearly Oppesite to the other Survays on the Kanhaway, the two bottoms below the mouth of Porketalin I saw my self, but the land on Porketalin I did not see but sent the men I had hired to serch and see what sort of Land there was Whilst I was Runing the Other Side but they Diseved me and told me there was no Land worth taking and sence has went on the same and maid som small improvement with the intend to hold them, but has Left them sence I Survayd the Land those 2 Bottoms below the Porketalin when I Survayd the Rest, seemd to be much Overflowd but not much more than other Bottom Was at that time nor dose any of the Kanhaway bottoms seem to have any signs of Overflowing more then Common sence that time nor from all Accounts they never was so sence any person I can hear of ever was Equinted with the Country, som Large Freshet has bin in the River Last Spring but none by many feet so High as that
As to your Chance in your Lots of Land I think them much the best on the hole River from one end of the Survays to the other, and those Gentlemen seem a good deal shagereend on the vewing them after there Lots was Laid of, as there front on the River was not over a Mile and half the most of them and Run back almost five mile and you in Chief of your Survay s have all bottom as also Doctor Crages1 Land none in that County is so good as your Land and his Land
[Note 1: 1 Craik?]
You Each have they Advantegue of Cabins I beleve on every five hundred Acres of your Land on ye Ohio Several of those Person ho had improved those Land com to me this fall and on seeing they Patent of those that went to Devid there Land Quit and went of in serch of Land for them Selves I indeavioured to Lease them som of your Land on the Ohio but never cold get any one to offer taking upon any tearms any of you or any of the Gentlemens Land The Reason those people set down they told me was that Colo Croghan on [l]y of the Tr[a]ders told them the Officers and solders cold never hold one foot of the Land and farther told them that I had noe orders from the Governer to survay any Land on the Ohio it was only a skeem betwen you and my self
The only Chance you have to get Land setled is to get som of your People near whare you Live to setle on it upon some lay or other, or bring up som hand and set them to work and Clear som Land and then you may Rent them for som thing and I beleve that will be the shurest way to improve your Land and with the Least Expence, Several Person is waiting for your Lands Relapsing ho intends to fall on it imediatly should you com in the Spring please to Let me now, and also what number of hands and I will Provid you with Every thing in my Power such as vesels for to cary Down your people
Sir what I wrot you Relating [to] the uper Survay in the Great Kanhaway I think you have not apprehended me in what I wanted, there is the full Quantity of Land of 200000 and 600 Over and above, besids that Survay, I did [not] mean you should alow me any that should be the solders Property
Sir in my Last Letter to you I wrote you that Lord Dumore had promisd me that in case the new Government did not take place before he got hom he would patent them Lands for me, if I would send him the Draft of the Land I Survayd. on the mouth of the Little Kanhaway; now as my Claim as an officer cold not includ the hole, if you will Joyn as much of your Officers Claim as will tak the hole Survay, and you shall think it nessesary, if you will, you may Depend I will make any Equil Devesion you shall propose: I told Lord Dumore the true state of the matter
Your Letters came to my hands not till the 15 [mutilated] and then I was ingaged with the Gentlemen hew was a going Down to Devid there Land. I Spook to Captn Bullet and he has promist me a District of Survaying and has Promised me that he will wait on you on his way Down the Country and he has maid a survay he intends [mutilated] you, som he maid for him self, he seems to want [mutilated] Court your intrust much at this time, he has Se [covered by seal] which he says you shall have Choyce as you will see [covered by seal] your self he can inform you more fully
I hope to have the Pleashure of your Company Down the River this Spring I will go with you as far Down as you Please, these will be enough to prevent any Endiens doing any hurt to us
Should you com com soon as you can and I will be Ready
... I am Sir your most
... Huml Sarvant
... W . . CRAWFORD
WINCHESTER 11th Decemr 1773
SIR/
About 8 Days agoe I got to this Town on my return from the great Kanhawa after a Division of our large Survey made with more Equality & Satisfaction to the several patentees than could have been reasonably expected in such a large & consequently unequal Tract as to Quality Situation &c, Tho Collo Stephens & myself have got little better than 8,000 Acres in full of our Claim of 9,000, Time will not permit me to descend to the particulars of the partition, tho this much I may add that the Interest of the absent was peculiarly regarded, & strict Justice, or rather a Degree of Generosity was extended to them, I have also to observe to you that by our resolves on the Division, the Deficiency of 199 Acres in the Survey to the Amount of our united Claims were alotted to me this I expect will be allowed me in the last Surveys returned together with 400 Acres for Duncan Ferguson a Drummer in my Company at the Battle of the Meadows & my Servant as I purchased his Time on our March somewhere about the little Meadows of his Master, from whom he had run away. I have further to inform you that Mr Thruston purchased Collo Muse's Share in the large Survey for £900 & consequently is the largest proprietor in our Tract.
Since my return to this Side of the Mountain I have seen Mr Wormley who informs me that the Governor has had Letters from Administration acquainting him that the proprietory Goverment on the Ohio is not to take place, but whether their Grant of the Soil still subsists or not, he could not inform And as your Bror Mr Chas Washington (whom I had the pleasure of seeing at the same Time) informed me you were at Wmsburg & had not returned when he left Frdsbg. I expect you will be able to advise me as to the Changes that have taken place in the long expected System of the Seventy two petitioners & whether we are to consider our Ohio Lands as Still within the Colony of Virga. how far our Governor is at Liberty to grant our Claim under the royal proclamation, or if his Instructions like the Govr of West Florida are solely restricted to the Officers on the british Establishment,1 pray write me fully as to the particulars of what I have only here hinted at, also the Mode of Application you judge the most likely to succeed, or what you intend to adopt, the Fate of Bullet, & what Method you would think the most eligible to explore, locate & survey our Claims under the Kings proclamation & also what you have done, or rather what the Govrs. Council have resolved on, relative to the last Surveys returned to compleat the 200,000 Acres: and if you could oblidge me so far as to get my Claim to the Deficiency of 199 Acres & Duncan Fergusons Quota of 400 Acres, laid for me in the pokestilicoe Survey; as it would be just on my road down the great Kanhawa which is the route that I shall hereafter take to my Lands in the large Tract, if so I shall be ready to pay my proportion of the Charges I shall esteem it as a signal Instance of your Friendship if you will give me a satisfactory Answer to the undigested Hints here thrown out which the Hurry of seeing my Family (after an Absence of 11 Weeks) will I hope sufficiently excuse, & shall further assure you that none of the patentees who were on the Spott seem the least inclined to part with their Lands, if they can follow any Method to secure them by Cultivation, of which they are well resolved to attempt by sending out hands next Spring, pray give me your Sentiments on this Head also & believe me with great Esteem
[Note 1: 1 "The Military Company of Adventurers," an association composed of many provincial soliders of the French war, sent representatives to West Florida in January, 1773, expecting to receive from the Governor large grants of land there. Charles M. Walker (History of Athens County, Ohio) describes their reception: "After a long voyage they arrived at Pensacola, and there, to their great disappointment and chagrin, found that the Governor had no authority to grant them lands as had been represented."]
... Sir/
... your very huml. Servt
... PETR. HOG
[Note 1: 1 Born in Elizabeth City County, Virginia, in 1726; died in Richmond, June 8, 1806.]
15th of Decr. 1773--
Col. Washington seemed to be satisfied as to the King & Queen lands, which belonged to Mr. Story, without inquiring into the title before the date of his Will in 1717, if the title be regularly deduced from him.
I think by the Will the estate devised to the daughter was a contingent fee, determinable by her death, without leaving issue or without having alienated, so that the estate in fee, limited upon that event by executory devise, as she survived her child, and had made no alienation, took effect, and was well conveyed by the deed of the 12th of April, 1750, from Charles Story to John Robinson esqr. supposing the recitals and suggestions in the deed to be true. If my opinion be wrong, and the daughter took either a pure fee simple, or a qualified fee, determinable, not upon her death without leaving, but upon her death without ever having had, issue, in that case Mr. Robinson had a good title by that conveyance, if Charles Story was the daughter's heir at Law, otherwise not.
Mr. Robinson, by a deed to him from Thomas Hickman and Barbara his Wife, 14th Jany. 1734 purchased 600 Acres of Land adjoining Wyatts, sold to Story; Whether this be part of the Land agreed to be sold by Mr. Black to Col. Washington I know not, neither have I seen any other paper concerning it. the deed from Hickman, if he had a title, I think a good conveyance--
By act of general Assembly, 10 Geo. the 3'd, some land in King and Queen County, purchased of Richard Johnson by Mr. Robinson, who with others claiming under him were in possession, was vested in William Lyne and some other Gentlemen, in trust, to convey to such persons as claimed under Mr. Robinson, with a saving of the Titles of all persons other than those claiming under the will of a Testator who had devised to Richard Johnson the seller: whether the part reserved by Mr. Robinson be included in the Land agreed to be sold by Mr. Black; Whether the testator had a good title; or whether the Trustees have conveyed to Mr. Robinsons admors the part so reserved, which I think they the Admors were intitled to as a resulting trust, I can give no opinion, having seen no papers relating to these Matters.
If Romonkocke be part of the 1683 acres purchased by col: Bernard Moore from Mr. William Claiborne, & from Mr. Robinson, who it seems derived his title from the Claibornes, as I suppose it is; and if Claibornes title be good, which I understand Col. Washington was satisfied with, and be properly deduced to Col. Moore, as, from what Mr. Dandridge says of the Wills of N Claiborne the Father and Son, and from his abstracts of the conveyances from the heir and Executors of the Claibornes, to Robinson, and from Robinson to Moore, I am persuaded it is; yet I am apprehensive there is still a chasm, having in vain searched in the Secretary's office for a Conveyance from Mr. Robinsons administrators, who had B. Moore's title, to Mr. Black: but this unquestionably may be supplied. I have the conveyance from Carter Braxton, T. Walker, T. Jefferson and Power to W. Black which is recorded in the Secretary's Office, but, without conveyances leading to it, is insignificant.
I find no deed from Col. Thomas Moore to Bernard Moore to convey, nor any writ, in the nature of an ad quod damnum, to dock the intail of any land of the former; but I found the certificate of a survey, with a plot, of 89 acres of land belonging to Thomas Moore, said to have been made 2d of August 1765 by virtue of a writ of ad quod damnum, the writ is mislaid (for it appears one did issue) and perhaps the deed, because the fees were not paid, without which it seems such papers are never Recorded. a copy of the certificate is inclosed with this. perhaps these 89 acres are those intended to be sold with the Mill, and supposed to be an hundred; if so a description of the land may be inserted in the blank left in the conveyance, and proper steps be now taken to secure the title.
The deed from Thomas Moore and his trustees, to William Seton, conveys, not an hundred acres, but one acre only with the Mill. Col. Moore's title I know nothing of--I find no material fault in the conveyance.
Col. B. Moore's title being allowed, Mr. Blacks title to the 550 acres called Gooch's seems unexceptionable.
... GEO. WYTHE.
GUNSTON HALL Decemr: 21st: 1773.--
DEAR SIR,
The embarrass'd Situation of my Friend Mr. Jas. Mercer's Affairs gives Me much more Concern than Surprize. I always feared that his Aversion to selling the Lands & Slaves, in Expectation of paying the Debts with the Crops & Profits of the Estate, whilst a heavy Interest was still accumulating, wou'd be attended with bad Consequences, independant of his Brother's Difficulties in England; having never, in a single Instance, seen these sort of Delays answer the Hopes of the Debtor. When Colo. Mercer was first married, & thought in affluent circumstances by his Friends here, considerable purchases of Slaves were made for Him, at high prices (& I believe mostly upon Credit) which must now be sold at much less than they cost: He was originally burthened wth: a proportionable part of his Fathers Debts; most of which, as well as the old Gentleman's other Debts, are not only still unpaid, but must be greatly increased by Interest; so that even if Colo. Mercer had not incurr'd a large Debt in England, He wou'd have found his Affairs here in a disagreeable Situation. I have bye Me Mr. Mercer's Title-Papers for his Lands on Pohick Run & on Four-mile Run, in this County; which I have I have hitherto endeavour'd to sell for Him in Vain; for as He left the Price entirely to Me, I cou'd not take less for them than if they had been my own; this Difficulty will not be lessened, but the Contrary, by your becoming the Purchaser. Had I sold them to an indifferent Purchaser, I shou'd, in the common way of Business, have stretch'd my Demand as far as it wou'd bear, but between You & Mr. Mercer I wou'd fain consider myself as a mutual Friend & Arbiter; & from my Connections with Him, I know He wou'd wish Me to Act in that Manner; which renders it an Affair of some Delicacy, & takes it out of the common Mode of Business--I have some applications from Maryland, to only one of which I paid much Regard; this was from a Gentleman whose Circumstances I was well acquainted with & knew his payments He cou'd be relyed on; I expected, in Answer to what I said to Him, that He wou'd have appointed a Day to meet Me on the Lands & examine them; but have heard nothing from Him lately; which I ascribe merely to an Indolence of Temper, for which He is pretty remarkable.--The tract upon four-mile Run is contained in two Patents, one granted to Stephen Grey for 378 Acres, the other to Gabriel Adams for 790 Acres, they appear by the platt to overmeasure considerably, & contain, clear of Strutfield's elder Patent, (with which they interfere) 1225 Acres. I have formerly been upon this Land; but its so many years ago, that I now know very little of it, from my own Knowledge, but from the best Information I have had, that part of it upon Four-Mile Run (in Stephen Grey's Patent) is tollerable good, & the other was mean; but from its vicinity to Alexandria; which now bids fair to be a very a considerable Town, I think it must be worth £1000--Curry.--Colo. Carlyle (whose Lands adjoin) told Mr. Mercer that it was worth 20/ an Acre, & that if He had the Money, He wou'd give that Price for it; perhaps this might be only one of the Colonel's--;yet it has raised Mr. Mercer's Expectations. Upon the Whole, Sir, if You will appoint any Day after Christmas, I will wait [covered by seal] You, & We will ride over the Land together; when we shall both be better able to judge of its Value. There was some little Difficulty in the Title from Stephen Grey; which Mr. Mercer has been very Candid in laying open to Me, & which Mr. Pendleton (whose Opinion I have) has I think clear'd up in a very satisfactory Manner.--
I am much obliged to You for yr. Information concerning the Lands upon the Western Waters. I long to have a little Chat with You upon the Subject; & if Doctr. Connolly, who has promised to spend a Day or two with Me as He returns from Wms.burg, is as good as his word, I will do myself the Pleasure of taking a Ride with Him to Mount Vernon.
I heartily wish Mrs. Washington & You a Merry Christmas, & many, very many, happy New-Years and am, very sincerely,
... Dr. Sir Yr. affecte. & obedt. Servt.
... G. MASON
P.S. Mr. Lund. Washington was so kind to promise my Son, He wou'd have some Corn I bought of yr. overseer Cleveland, waggoned to my Quarter on little Hunting-Creek; I beg the Favour of You to remind Him of it.
FREDRICSKBURGH Decembr: : 23d. 1773
DEAR SIR.
I am extremely sorry that I am forced to debar myself the pleasure of waiting upon you agreeable to my proposal & wish; but when you consider the Season of the year & the distance I have before me, I hope I shall stand exculpated in your opinion.--I have very luckily succeeded as far as I could well have expected, so that I have the satisfaction to find my Fatigue & trouble, hath not been for nothing.--His Lordship thinks with you, that there is a necessity for the Pennsylvanians closing their Western Bounds; & I should conceive no means so effectual to that purpose could be devised, as the striking off a new County including Pittsburgh, & and at least two miles to the East, & up the Monongahela to the enterance of Buffaloe Creek. perhaps Grave Creek, below Wheaton, might be a good west Boundary for yt. County. this scheme will include at least two thousand Subjects, who will by an Act of Assembly, be wrested from the oppressive Tyrany which is now exercised over them.--
If the Proprietaries conceive themselves really agrieved by these means, they will then close their Lines, & you will find no other Step will answer. His Excellency hath made some Civil Appointments at Fort Pitt, as in the County of Augusta, but they can have no good effect untill a County Town can be conveniently fixed, to which the Subject may be amenable to his advantage. Excuse haste & any incorrectness you may herein perceive & believe me to be with all Regard
... Dr: Sir
... your Frd: & Servt.
... JOHN CONNOLLY
CARLISLE 24th. Decembr. 1773
DEAR SIR
Your favour of the 28th: Sepr. from Annapolis, and that of the 10th: Octobr. from your Own House, I now most gratefully acknowledge, and shou'd have done it Sooner, had any promising conveyance occur'd. I have communicated your Sentiments and representation of the matter in question to sundry Gentlemen in Pennsylvania belonging to our reduc'd Tribe,1 who are all thankfully Sensible of that obvious Candour with which you have wrote. Doctor Mercer who has also been kind enuff to write me at some length differs nothing from yours, only that in the important point of his Lordships inclinations or rather power to grant the Patents in that part of the World, the Dr. has not been so explicit, but his Silence on that point is fully suppl'd by yr. letters, and particularly from the paragraph you have quoted from the Governors letter to yr. self--from which Paragraph, and particularly from the sundry phrases you have mark'd, some expectations may naturally be infer'd.
[Note 1: 1 Provincial officers of the French war.]
A report has lately prevail'd here, that by means of General Gage, the New Governmt: (to be call'd Barrataria) is laid aside--The Suffering Traders to get the Soil, and the Country or Settlement at least for the present, to be thrown under the jurisdiction of the Governmt. of Virginia--Shou'd this prove true, I shou'd think it much in our favour, as it wou'd extend the Powers of Lord Dunmore to the Western waters. I have also Seen a letter contradicting the above report, alledging that Dr. Franklin had been able to Obviate the arguments advanc'd by General Gage again[s]t Erecting the New Government--but however that matter may be, Our Pretensions being replete with equity And, also so fairly comprehended in the natural construction of the Proclamation itself, that the best judges of law in Maryland & Our Province have declar'd in favour of Provincials, nor shou'd we by any means give it up. Some its' true have thought we were not Originally in the contemplation of his Majesty's Ministers--Supose that to have been the Case, yet for the reasons but now hinted, we shou'd make our just claim, and the Proclamation itself being the only true Standard or Test, whereby that fact can be determin'd, most certainly from the face of the Procn. tis more apparent that we were, than that we were not within the designs of his Majesty's Ministers. And unless there is an Express prohibition to the Kings Governors respecting the Troops of the different Colonys (which can hardly be Suppos'd) there is not the least doubt, but sooner or later the Lands may safely be granted, and the Surveys now or hereafter made on the footting of that Proclamation of 63, the Claim being kept up, will in my humble Opinion eventually succeed. The Officers of this Governmt. have already been considerably Out of Pocket in paying for the Surveys and attending expences, and Captn. Thompson is soon to proceed to Williamsburgh, in Order to Solicit a Deputation for the Surveys of the Pennsylvania Officers only, and State to Lord Dunmore & the Gentn. of Your College1 what he has done, with the reasons of it &c. He is determin'd to Call on you, on his way out, and I make no doubt of your cordial advice & influence in what your better acquaintance there may dictate to you as most expedient--A Survey of about 1200 As. has been made for a certain Dr. Connelly and One Campbell of Fort Pitt since Lord Dunmore left that Place, somewhere about the great Falls, This Survey is very publickly said to be made in consequence of Some grant or promise of his Lordship when there to these Men together with the nomination or preference of the Spot, but of the express quantity I cannot be certain--and Connelly its said is now at Williamsbgh Expecting a Confirmation of the Survey. I think this matter, which in substance I believe to be fact, also argues in favour.
[Note 1: 1 The office of surveyor-general was conferred on the Faculty of the College [of William and Mary] by the sixteenth section of the charter, which enjoins that the professors "shall nominate and substitute such and so many particular surveyors for the particular counties of our Colony of Virginia as our governor in chief, and the council of our said Colony, shall think fit and necessary;" for which service they were to receive "the profits and appurtenances of the office," which were already established by law.--HUGH BLAIR GRIGSBY. As surveyors-general the officers of the College appointed all surveyors in Virginia.--TYLER.]
If weather & the River Potomack admit, I hope my Son, now returning from a Visit here, to his present Station near the Rappahanock will have the pleasure of delivering you this Scrawl at Mountvernon. He has some thoughts of moving from that Place, and Some intimations of another vacancy perhaps more agreeable at a place of which I immagin you have some acquaintance--but this intention to remove for prudential reasons he does not chuse to be known where he now lives, until he can be better determin'd, and on this point I know I need not ask you to render him any assistance you may think of Service to him. As to his Character, altho' I believe you wou'd forgive me, I rather leave that to other people, and so far as it may be a necessary foundation of your letter or advice, I beg leave to refer you to Doctor Mercer or Some of the Gentlemen where he lives, One of whom being a Member of yr. General Assembly for the County of Lancaster you undoubtedly know,1 but as I expect he will either see you, or write you soon, I shall not farther trespass,--But that I am
[Note 1: 1 Richard Mitchell and Charles Carter represented lancaster County in the Virginia Assembly in 1773.]
Dear Coll: with great truth & Esteem
... Your Most Obedt. humble Servt:
... JOHN ARMSTRONG
SPRING GARDIN Decembr 29th 1773
SIR
Som People about 10 or 12 in number has gon on your Chart[i]er Land within this few days and there is no geting them of without by Force of Arms They are in Couraged by Majr. ward Brother to Colo croghan ho Claims the Land and says he has grant a grant from Crown for that Land and he will indemnifie them if they will set in any house where no Person is Living and also offers the Land for Sail warranting the Purcher a Lawfull title, he farther ads that Colo Croghan says you and my self has used his brother Colo Croghan very ill in pretending to buy his Land and did not, but went and took the best of it, and would not agree to pay him and that was the Reason offered for Seling the Land to any Person who Should Chuse to by
I think Such Proceeding as those if not stopd will soon set the Hole County in ruin those men have not bought of him, but took your Land and say the will Keep it, I cold Drive them away but they will com back Emedetly as soon as my back is turnd, They man I put on the Land they have drove away and Built a house so Colse to his dore he cannot get into the house at the dore
Inclosed you have a faint Draft maid by Gess of the Way his Land has bin Claimd and run and the way his Deed from the Endien Given to him is, one in the Fork of the two Rivers one at the Mouth of Sewegely1 on Youchagany. and the Grant he dose make so much noyse about is they Grant on the Ohio and Rockoon2 first Run by Capt. William Thompson is the Limits of his grant as I have found sence by a Coppy of the hole 3 grants from Philedelphia. The Line Run by Mr Campbell to the Mouth of Petters Creek is over and above his grant Much More the Line Run by Mr Hooper to the Litle Readstone which is nearly four times as much as his Endien Deed Calls for What Protention he can have for the other Land I am at a Looss to now.
[Note 1: 1 Sewickley Creek.]
[Note 2: 2 Raccoon Creek.]
Your Land is 2 Miles and better from the utmost Limits of his Land as you will see by how it is Laid Down on the Run calld. Millers Run
When Thompson run the Land and maid out the Draft and Delivered it to him Colo Croghan said it was not Run right. Then he imploy Mr Campbell and told him that the River Must be Travist1 up to the Mouth of Peters Creek as that was they bounds of his Land, and when Mr Campbell and had run the Line as Markd and Delivered to him Coloo Croghan said we had not run the Land right we should have allowd him 10 Degrees for veration of the Compass and then he got Mr Hooper and Run this Last Line as you See Marked Then he imployd Mr Pentecost for to Run 30 thousand Acres on the head of Shirtees Creek and Cross Creek this still Left you out, but sence Mjr. Ward taks you and My Self and Lun Washington in and says Colo Croghan has a grant from the Crown for the Land and has given him that part as Low as the mouth of Wheeling and has had a Survayor Laying of Tracts of Land till they have bin stoped by the People how they will Proceed farther I now not I can Recover the Land by Law of this Province or at least Great part as the Land is well improved as any in the Country where no person Lives but this will be Costly and Troublesom I shall wait your answear before I proceed as probable you may fall on som other way as som Late accounts from Philedelphia say the new Proprietory goverment has falen through and that the Goverment is to remain in the hands of Lord Dunmore which I hop will put us in a better footing than we are Likd to [be] under the present State of Matters if it should be true
[Note 1: 1 traversed.]
when Lord Dumore was at my house he give me the promise he would interseed for a District of Survaying on the Ohio for me and now he will have it in his power if he Pleases to give me one and I have wrot to him on that head I should be Glad if you would help me in that as it is or will be in your Power to help me Should Matter fall in that Channell Should I get any thing of the sort I should be glad to have one Joyning me as it would be near me and sute me much the best, under the Present Surcomstance what Lays betwen me and the Survays I have maid will not be much all the Land worth anything is alredy survayd. but if you can do any pray do as [it] will then be in my Power to be of Sarvis to you and my self two and our friends
You probably may get your Land on Chart[i]ers Creek patented that would put an end to farther Trouble but this I will Leve to your own Judgement
... I am your very Hume Sarvant
... W CRAWFORD
NEW KENT Decr. 30, 1773.
DEAR SIR/
I now am to give you an Account of my Proceedings with Mr. Black which I am afraid will not prove so satisfactory as I could wish.
After going to the Office in King William & geting what Papers I could find I went to Mr. Black's for further information, but could not see him, I then left a Letter informing him that I should wait on him from King William Court with Mr. Wythe's Opinion and, in case he was satisfied with the title, with a Deed from him to you, and desired he might then be at home to execute it, In the mean time I sent the Papers to Mr. Wythe who sent the writings (of which the inclosed is a copy) & a Deed, and as I knew you thought the bargain an advantageous one for Mr. Custis, I thought I might venture to confirm it and for that purpose would have gone to Mr. Black's at the time appointed, but I heard at Court that instead of staying to meet me, he went to James River as soon as he heard I had been there, and I was again disappointed tho' I waited several days in King William for his return. I then thought it best to leave a Letter at Col. Moore's, with yours inclosed, to be delivered to Black as soon as he came home, & if he did not come before the 25th. to be delivered to Mrs. Black, in this I informed him of the defects in his Title, but undertook to confirm the bargain on his & Mrs. Black's executing the Deed & his undertaking that all defects should be supplied, & desired he would appoint a day when he would be at home ready to execute the Deed & I would attend him with it, of which the Bearer was to give me notice, this Letter was delivered to him by Mr. Davenport before the 25th. of the month, but I did not receive his Answer time enough to go over again before Christmas, he could not be prevailed on to write and his verbal Answer was, that he should be at home for a Week and was ready to execute the Deed at any time, but Mrs. Black declared she would not relinquish her Dower, in consequence of this I went over on Munday last, and found Black at home, he at first refused to sign the Deed saying that as there was disputes about his Title and Mrs. Black was unwilling to acknowledge her right, the bargain might as well drop, which could do Mr. Custis no injury, with other excuses: but at length he consented & signed the Deed which he said Mrs. Black would do (tho she refused from the begining) and after I had waited all Day at Black's request persisted in her refusal, he then desired me to leave the Deed with Mr. Bernard Moore junr. and, when Mrs. Black was willing to relinquish which he expected would shortly be the case, he would give Mr. Moore notice of it, & Mr. Moore promised to have her acknowledgment properly taken. I know nothing of the motives for Black's conduct and am altogether at a loss to guess what they can be, as he really is the most unaccountable mortal I ever met with, I am satisfied Mrs. Black acts by his direction, sometimes he said Mrs. Black wanted some Negroes made over to her child, & at other times that she expected you would make her a present of a suit of Cloths which she had been informed was customary on such occasions, Mrs. Black said you could not blame her, as she never promised to relinquish her right or was asked to do it by you, but if she had promised she would have complied, neither persuasions nor threats seem to affect them in the least, but in the most serious conversation I would draw them into on this momentous Subject Mrs. Black's ride in the Chariott with you, was frequently introduced with other trifleing matters--
I saw Mr. Hill soon after you went up & he asked my Opinion as to his renting the place to Black, which I advised him against, & that is his resolution, Black now says he has a right to stay in the House 'til his other place is prepared for his reception and the weather is better, & that he must finish his Crop & keep his Stock on the Land until they eat the Fodder, but he says your Overseer & Negroes are welcome to be there also. I have wrote to Mr. Hill advising him not to consent to let Black stay a day, but if he will stay to take such possession as he is willing to give 'til he has further directions from you--
I hope I have now given you all the necessary information in my power about this Affair, and thought at such a distance it was best to be particular, tho a little tiresome, If I can be of service in any thing further I hope you will freely command me, I have wrote to Mr. Wythe on this Subject & shall do any thing he thinks necessary 'til I hear from you. I had almost forgot to mention that Black required his Bond for making you a title to be delivered up when Mrs. Black executed the Deed, this I have not got--
It may not be amiss to let you know that all the Land from Ruffin's to yours must shortly be sold, and it's likely under it's value, Mr. Ruffin bought Sweethall for half what it must be really worth--
I will now trouble you no further than to desire you will let my Sister know that our Family are well, and that my Mother & Sister Bassett with the Family were well lately when I heard from them, my Sister Aylett is in King Wm. on her way up the Country, Be pleased to give my Love to my Sister & Nephew in which Molly and the Children join me, and the whole Family join me in wishing you all health & happiness & the Complimts. of the Season, I am
... Dear Sir
... Your very affect. hble Servt.
... B DANDRIDGE
[Note 1: 1 This letter without date was probably written in 1772 or 1773.]
SIR
I should be Glad to know Maters was Setled at Fredricksburgh at the Last Meeting of the Officiers in regard to our Lands under his Majesties Proclamation.
You may Depend on my taking Every Step in my Power to finish the Soldiers Land this fall and winter and as soon as any can be don it shall be sent to you by the hand of som person ho shall bring it to you Emedetly
I waited on Colo Mason on my Return hom and have agreed with him to Survay the Ohio Land as soon as the Land for the Solders is done
I am indepted to Mr Hite for som goods had Last Spring of him before I went down the River and I am obliged to give him an order on you for som mony which I hop youl pay as soon as you get it in your hands, Any news you may have toward the new Goverment that may concearn me I should be glad to hear as soon as Convenant Your Land on Chart[i]ers is Safe yeat but how Long they may Continue so I dont now as the People at that time going to Setle on them that we come down was Droven of and attempt to Return in the Spring, I shall Setle som man on them if Posable and hop by that means to Secure them Every thing in my Power shall be don and they must be Stronger then me and my Party if the take them I have Agreed to pay twenty pounds for Mr Stephensons Estate to you Which I should be Obliged to you for and I am With due Regard your very
... Hume Sarvant
... W .. CRAWFORD
[Note 1: 1 Born in 1748; died February 7, 1776. Married Elizabeth Dandridge, sister of Martha Washington, April 10, 1773.]
1774 January -- 1.--
DEAR SIR.
There is a deed of gift from your Lady, for several Slaves, to her Brother Bartholomew Dandridge, in Trust, for the Joint use of her decd. Sister and her Sister Aylett, recorded in new Kent county court. The deed expresses the Slaves were alloted to her, by her Brother W Dandridge, as, and for a proportionable, or Childs part, of the value of the Slaves, of Colo Dandridges estate.
I shall be very much obliged to you, to inform me, whether the Slaves, said to be alloted, were ever delivered, to Mrs. Washington: by whom the allotment was made, and whether, if it was not made by her Bror William, he ever assented to it.--
Betsy Joins me in Love to your Lady Self & Mr. Custis----and am ... Dr Sir.--
... Your most obedt Servt--
... JOHN AYLETT
PS--
... direct to me, at Colo Bassetts - - -
... JA.--2
[Note 2: 2 MOUNT VERNON Jan: 8th. 1774
... DR SIR
In answer to your enquiries of the Ist Inst. I have to profess an entire ignorance of every matter, & thing respecting the Deed of Trust mentioned in your Letter, so far as relates to any personal knowledge; upon discoursing however with Mrs. Washington on this Subject, I learn, that the Negro's were never delivered to her, that she desired Mr. Barthu. or her Mother (she does not recollect which) to have the matter transacted between herself & Sisters; but whether Mr. Willm. Dandridge was in the Country, consenting thereto, or not, she does not recollect.----This Sir is all the information I have it in my power to give you--Mrs. Washington joins me in love to Mrs Aylett & yourself and I am ... Dr Sir
... Yr. Most Obedt.
... G W----N
... (Washington's reply.)]
[Note 1: 1 Indorsed "January 7. 1774."]
DEAR SIR
I am favoured with yours, as Also for Mr. Young which I have delivered him; he seems Satisfyed with your proposal and senceable that he will save more than he Could in Such a place as Bladensburgh from the Wages he had there, And now waits upon you himself--I have Dropt two lines to the Doctr. desireing to let me know if there was any particular reason for his leaveing his Employ when I receive an Answer I shall Comunicate it to you--
In regard to the duty if it was petitioned for to be Local Im doubtfull some difficulty would Arise in transporting Rum from on[e] district to another by which it might Injure the trade of the Other Rivers in the Same way we are Situated with Maryland it is Customary to transport Rum from One District to Another with a Permitte, that, it has been Legally entered & paid the duty Suppose this District was exempted from duty & that sum made good in the manner proposed, Any Rum transported from this River to any other the permitte could Only express that it had been entered but no duty paid, it must therefore be Subject to the duty if carryed to any other district, or be Runn in to these Rivers in the same manner it is from Maryland here, And this I'm Affraid would be too much the Case, but were there no inconvenances of this kind I'm Certain the Mode proposed would Raise a larger Sum than is at present Colected at the Office, and was it possible to have the Law made Generall I'm Confident it would Raise more than is at present Colected from all the Offices but this might be better Acertained upon a further enquiry Should the Plan proposed not take it might be the means of introducing some other wc. might answer the same purpose I wish some thing Effectual could be done, its both a pity & a Shame that this River & Country Around Should be so Effectually debared from Carrying on A Trade that in must benefit allmost every Individual and whose its Natural Channel should be from the West Indies here, and not the Round about way from Philadelphia here at Second hand, I am in hopes some plan may be fallen on for our Relief And I hope you will Interest your self in our behalf till we may by perseverance perhaps gain some Relief
... I am Sir
... Your Most Humb: Servant
... ROBERT ADAM
[Note 1: 1 Angus McDonald was of Scotch descent. He was in active service throughout Dunmore's war, but was arrested as a dangerous loyalist at the outbreak of the Revolution, for attempting, with Alexander McDonald, to raise a regiment "against the liberties of America." The home of the McDonalds, "Glengary," was near Winchester, Va. It was named after the Highland clan to which the family had belonged in Scotland.]
FREDERICK COUNTY 8th. Jany. 1774
SIR/
you have aplantation on powtomack about 12 miles above the warm spring and near my aplantation, there is on[e] worthington Lives on your Land that dos you no good. if you will Send me directions I will Put some body on it that will Either pay rent or make some Improvement I am Sir with Esteem your obedient
... Servant
... ANGUS MCDONALD2
[Note 2: 2 On the 28th. of this Inst. Jany. I gave the within Majr. McDonald a power to Rent the Land there mentiond from year to year or for a term of years not exceeding five to the best advantage he could and to receive the Rents for my use.--
... G WASHINGTON
... 1774
... (Note on the back of manuscript.)]
January 7th. 1774
SIR
I am favoured with yours and have given particular Attention to the Contents, it gives me some relief, when you say you are not, nor has been prejudiced with me, Concious I am, that to my knowledge I never did any thing to merit it, If I have not been so fortunate for some time past as I had a reasonable prosspect of, my endeavours has in no respect been the Less I am Subjected to good & bad luck, like the rest of mankind but think I have bore a greater Share of the latter for these three years past than my general Application to Business has deserved nor have I my Self to accuse for makeing a bad use of any thing and may truely say that I barely enjoy the necessarys of life and allmost a Stranger to the Innocent Amusements of it,--It was far from me to think there was any thing harsh or unreasonable in your haveing the Mortgage Executed. I frequently thought of mentioning it to you my self to have it done, when Mr. Harrison first produced it to me, he desired me read it over, I took notice of Something in the Concluseion that I thought uncommon, and mentioned it to him, at the same time told him if it was your desire that I was satisfyed and would Execute it immediately this was in my Counting Room and at that time there was no person to Witness it that we knew would Attend that Court, I told him that Mr. Campbell would be at home in a day or two if he would be so kind as Call, he, himself & some other person would be at Court, which he promised me he would do I never heard any more of till I received a very Short message from you to come that moment to Mr. Hawkins and Execute the Mortgage I must Confess it Struck me with a little Surprise, as there was Several Gentn. at that Instant with me, And soon as I could gett Clear of them I came down, The Balle which will be due from this last years dealing I fully Intended should be paid within or nigh the time mentioned I am not certain as to the exact time I had the first of your Course Flower I think it was in February or March, and was to pay for it within the 12 Mo. At the time I made that engagement I did not depend on makeing the payment out of the Commodity itself but had several other very reasonable prosspects to have received that sum from but to my no small mortification have failed in them all and particularly in that of Mr. Amblers where I thought I had an Intire dependence, he not only disapointed me, but Insults me for telling him my necessity and the particular engagemts. I was under to pay certain Sums, you was present When Smith Ashured the payment to me Novr. 12 Mo. he then putt me off till April. & told me he had sold Ambler the Land on purpose to raise money to discharge my debt refered me to him & give me a letter for paymt. Mr. Campbell went down on purpose to receive the money, & gott him to Ashume [assume???] & pay to Amount of £300 the whole Amounting to £900 & odd in Novr. last waited on him again when I received the Inclosed letter from him, I dont offer these things as any excuses Only to Mitigate in some small Degree my disapointing you Add to this the Advantages which many taks of the present times and will not make us any payments, Out of my whole Fishing last year I have received 15 punceons of Jamaica Rum & three Hhd. Sugar this is my whole Amount received for 1000 Barrels herrings all the Rum Excepting 2 hhd. remains on hand--You say I bought your Coarse Flower very reasonable I must beg leave to State this matter Fairly to you & In the first place there was a very great Misunderstanding between you & I in our Original Agreemt. what I offered you was 10/ for your Middlings & Ship Stuff on an Average but they were to be putt up Seperately, that I might use them as Occation required to the best Advantage, in place of which for the better half of all I had I gott only the Ship Stuff with a very large proportion of shorts that I never Once Dreamt of, and in the Whole delivery I had not one Barrell of Middlings This was so far from being any Bargain on my Side that I do declare to you it was the worst of the kind I ever made. I had every day in my office much better Stuff than the first part half of yours was for 9/ to pay when and in what Commodity I choice--I acquiess in every thing as you represent them and that you ought to be pointedly paid As I understod the matter I was to pay you within or at the expiration of 12 Mo. from the delivery of the first of ye Flower which I think was in March as no Invoice was sent with it I have not the exact time and by that time if I live I hope to pay you, its not in my power at this time I have no money but as fast as I receive it you shall have it, it would be more pleasing to me to pay before the time than after, I have dealt largely with you when there was not so many purchasers and allways given you good prices and upon the whole have not disapointed you greatly I believe I must now sett my self down Contented and see others trade with more Success the path I made for them As you have frequent Applications made to you for Fishing Landings and Fish I have in your Fish House above 2000 Bushs good Salt which as its Stored I think well worth 2/ per Bushel I shall also have from 800 to 1000 full Bound Barrels & there is upwards of 200 hhd. in & about the House all of which I empower you to sell and receive the Amount if any such offer should fall in your way The Barrels Cost me 4/ & the hhds. 9 should be willing to take the same price for I congratulate you on your Success in Selling your Flower at aso good a price I wish if you should be pinched to make up the quantity youd take in 150 or 200 Barrels of mine at 14/ & you may depend it shall not be inferior in quality as its made of the best White Wheat, I am Blamed for raising the price [mutilated] Wheat, When I have not Cash I cannot expect to purchase as they [covered by seal] with Cash in hand if I pay in Commoditys I must expect to give a [covered by seal] more & have not exceeded 5/ for the best some for 4/3 4/6 & 4/7--
May you live long & be happy, and forever be a Stranger to the uneaseyness of Mind that I at present feel, I am with a grateful sense of all your Favours & Indulgences
Your Much Oblidged and Humble
... Servt.
... ROBERT ADAM
Mr. Washington informed me that the Gentleman, that purchased your Flower wanted 400 Barrels Bread I wish you had thought of Recomending him to me it would have been a great help to me I could have furnished him in a reasonable time with the quantity and such good Bread as he could not have gott on the Continent at the same price (14/ per bl.) if its not too late I should be Glad youd yet mention it by letter to him, we cannot turn our Bread into Cash I do not beleve in all your quantity of Stuff & my own which was nearly the same I have ever received £50--yet its a Branch of Business I'm in some measure Obliged to Carry on but requires a long time to come to any head or as we may say turn in again [mutilated] assisting, in the Course of our Business--
SPRING GARDIN Janavary 10th 1774
DR SIR
Sence I wrote you Doctor Connolly calld on me on his way from Williamsburgh and tells me that it is now without Dout that the new Goverment is fallen through and Lord Dunmore to take Charge of this Quarter what falls out Pensilvania and he further told me that you had aplyd for my Land as an Officer and Cold not obtain it without a Sertificat or my being Present which puts me to a Loss in Som Meashure how to take it aspeatcaly [especially] as you have not wrot me on that head Lord Dunmore promised me most faithfully that when I sent him the Draft of the Land on the Little Kanhaway that he would Patent it for me, and in my Letter to you I mentioned it to you but have not heard any thing from you Relating to it
I understand by the Doctor that the hole is to be Laid out in Countys if so I hop I may have a Chance for a County to Survay, as Lord Dumore promised me to Serve me that way if it should be in his power Should the Collony of Virga. take place on the West of Pensilvania. I should think you might get a partent for your Land on Millers Run and that would put an end to any farther Disputs
I should be Glad to hear the opinion of the Governor about Colo Croghans Grant if posable and if he is allowd the Grant on what footing it will be, Doctor Connolly says that Lord Dumore told him Colo Croghans Grant was good which is much Disputed hear as there has bin so many attemps made by Colo. Croghan to Deceive the people
I should be very Glad to hear in what Light he stands amongst the Gentlemen of Virginia as to the bounds of his Grant it stands as I have showd you in my Letter both what he has a Write by his Endien Deed for and what he has taken Over and Above his Deed
Doctor Conoly also informs me that you and Colo Baset intends up in the Spring very soon in order to proceed Down the River if so Let me now as soon as Convenant and what number of hands you take as I may Provid for you Accordingly If I can make the Canoe without any falt in the Ice I beleve I can mak one that will take you and Colo Baset and all your Stock of Provisions and you shall have one for your People and there Provisions and then you will not be incumbred, Your vesel shall be Light and Run well as I have got the best Method of Building them and has Laterly maid som of the best Canoes on the River there is a Large Company Going Down in the Spring
... I am Sir your very Humb. Sarvant
... W CRAWFORD
KINGS COLLEGE, N YORK, Jan. 10. 1774.
GOOD SIR,
I have received Yours and Mr. Custis's Letters of the 15th. of December. For the many polite. Expressions of Regard, in Both, I beg Leave to return my just Acknowledgements. I hope and earnestly wish, the young Adventurer may enjoy every Pleasure, in his new State, which his Imagination hath already formed and from every Account of the young Lady's Disposition and Qualifications, and from my own Knowledge of His, I cannot but think, that they bid very fair for Happiness: I pray Heaven they may obtain it.1
[Note 1: 1 John Parke Custi was married to Eleanor Calvert February 3, 1774.]
The Monies You left in my Hands were nearly expended when Mr. Custis went to Virginia; what remained not being sufficient to pay the Tutors the Stipulated quarterly Salary. Since the Rect. of Your's, I have called in all the Bills that I could think of: amongst which are two of considerable Sums: viz. Rivington's of 19. 2. 3.£ and Graham, a Taylor's, of £58 3. 10½. Besides these, there are several Small ones; of all which, together with an exact Account of my own Payments, You shall receive the Sums, by the next Post, I say the Sums, on Account of the Postage, the Bills themselves, as well [as] those already paid, with Rects. to them, as those not yet discharged being equally at your Service, if You think proper to have them.
The Amount, taken collectively, seems large, but you will find, on Consideration, that ye really Collegiate Expences are no ways high. The Death of Miss Custis brought on a considerable Charge; but then the Articles are in Being. The Chair, The Horse, the Money given to Mr. Custis for travelling Expences swell the Bill exceedingly; but then, the two former Articles are nearly worth as much, I presume, at this Time, as they were then. The Money laid out in papering the Room &c must be sunk of course: the furniture has been sold at Auction under the Care of Mr. Harper, into whose Hands Mr. Vardill committed the Business, upon his sailing for England. The same person has pack'd up Mr. C's Clothes &c, & sent them as directed. You will find that ye. Professors have just been paid their constant Wages; with which they have no Reason to be dissatisfied; tho they much lament Mr. Custis's unexpected Departure. For my own Part, it is impossible to make any Charge at all: I have no Idea of it.1
[Note 1: 1 "You will now receive a Draft on Messrs. Osgood, Hanbury & Co,--for £65, Sterling,--which please to dispose of, & with the money arising, discharge the several claims which you have taken the trouble to collect, against Mr. Custis; whose residence at Kings College, I little expected would have been of such short duration; otherwise, I shou'd not (as his guardian) have thought myself justified in incurring so great an expense; not that I think he could have got conveniently & agreeably fixed in the College for less than what is charged on that account, but then, for the benefit of only three months residence there, this might have been avoided,--however, as his discontinuance at it, is an act of his own, & much against my judgment, he can only blame me (if he blames at all) for yielding too easily to his importunities, supported by the concurrence of his relations.--I could have wished, Sir, you had been pleased to make a charge in the accot for your own trouble, or that I knew what was customary & proper to be allowed on these occasions."--Washington to Dr. Cooper, April 15, 1774.]
I should have been happy in waiting upon You at Mount Vernon: but Circumstances, not to be foreseen, utterly put it out of my power to begin my Journey, till such Time as I was convinced You must have set off for Williamsburgh: so that I was not disappointed. perhaps upon some future Occasion, I may be more fortunate It would afford me much pleasure to spend a few days with you and Mr. Custis, any where: and, I hope it is not unsupposeable that you and He (after he has been sometime an Husband) may take another journey to the northward.
I will write to Mr. C. when I send the Accounts. In the mean Time I beg my best Regards to Him, & am, Dr. Sr. with great Esteem & Respect, Your
... Most obedt. Servt. &c. &c.
... M COOPER
You must excuse the Scrawl for the
Ink, every second, freezes in my Pen.
ALEXANDRIA January 12th. 1774
SI
I am favoured with yours and Observe the Contents I am very senceable of the disadvantages a person must Labour under who who wants experimental knowledge in any undertakeing whatever & more especially in the plan that you have to execute at present. And that James Clievland is by farr a properer person for such Business,1 but what Induced me to think of recomending Mr. Young, was you mentioning Mr. Thompson I thought him rather fitter for your purpose as he would be engaged in no other Business but that of Looking after your people and the other proposed doing a little in the Tradeing way for him self--I have Communicated your letter to Mr. Young he is exceedingly sencable of your favour in Offering him employment of any kind and will very Chearfully engage in your Service for One Year the Wages he had from Doctr. Ross was he tells me Twenty Five Guineas and he thinks that less would not keep him in Cloaths he is willing to take the same from you, And I hope (should the Terms be agreeable to you) that he will endeavour to give you full Content in whatever you may think fitt to employ him in, and is realy thankfull for getting into some employment. The Objection you make on the Reason of his leaveing Doctr. Ross, Its very necessary you should be fully satisfied in and your reasons for it are exceedingly just. It was the first thing I ask'd him befor I ever mentioned any thing of your Business to him, he told me there was no particular reason for his leaveing him Only he had little for him to do, and haveing a relation lately come in to him who had been Missfortunate in Trade at home he was under some Obligation to give him Bread, And that he was suffered to do all the Business, he says that after the Arrivall of the Doctrs. Friend he thought he Observed a little Coolness more than was Common, and that he took an opertunity to Ask him if any part of his Conduct had given any Offence or if he thought him in any thing short of his duty, he Frankly told him that he had no Cause of Complaint, only being under the necessity of doing some thing for his Friend he had not Sufficient employ for both upon which Mr. Young told him he would immediately look out for some employment else where, and Accordingly came straight over here I hope & trust he is perfectly Honest, that the Doctr. has trusted him in generall with his Business and in receiveing Considerable Sums of of Money I do know of my own knowledge, but in Order to Satisfy yo. more fully he will when he goes over for his Cloaths to Bladensburgh bring you a Line from the Doctr. soon as the River Opens--If he answers your expectations it will be realy pleaseing to me As nothing gives me more real Satisfaction than rendering you any Services in my power
[Note 1: 1 The agreement with and instructions to James Cleveland in the capacity of overseer of the improvements to be put upon Washington's lands on the Ohio are bound in a volume of miscellaneous manuscripts, and are dated January 10, 1775.]
... I am Respectfully
... Si Your Most Humb: Servt.
... ROBERT ADAM
SPRING GARDIN Jany. 15th 1774
DR SIR/
Inclosed is the Expences of Last Summers Trip a Survaying the Soliders Land, and two Small things omited in the former Acounts four Bags Roted out the first Trip in the Wett weather and the Kaggs was let go on the Difrent time com up for Provision to people and maid use of going Down to put flower and Salt in
Should you have Setled with the Company for the hole never mind them you may Strick them out of the account
I do not Remember wheather I mentioned Coll Muses Account to you in my other letters, he Drew an order to me on you which Sum is the Expence of Deviding the Ld. and I know he intends Charging you More, but I do not think he Ought to be paid any Other, as he has Expended Double as much as there was any Occasion for
I have Drawn an order on you in fever of John Hite for fifty pounds, which pay when it suts you; I have wrote him I must wait your time; as you had not got your Affairs Setled, I cold not Draw Emedetly on you for Cash, as I did not now that you had Receved any part of the mony.
I Should be Glad if you can help my Brother Vale. Crawford to any mony or any thing he wants without Disoblidgeing your self; and any thing you want in the Spring that I can help you to it shall be Ready for you, if you will let me know by the first Opertunity I Intend Publick house keeping and I am prepared for it now, As I can Live no Longer without that, or Ruining my Self, Such number Constantly Traveling the Road and no body Keeping any thing for horses but my Self, som Days now If I hed Rum I cold mak three pounds a day: I have sent for Rum by V Crawford, and can Suply you with what you want as Cheep as you can bring it hear for, if you Cary it your Self Your favour done me now among others Shall be thankfully
... Repaid by your most Humb. Sarvt--
... W .. CRAWFORD
WESTMORELAND GOAL Feby. 1st. 1774.
DEAR SIR
I wrote you from Fredericksburgh on my return into this Country, apologizing for my not waiting on you, as I could have wished, & conformable to my promise--I hope you will excuse me for thus intruding upon you, when warranted by so slight an Acquaintance; but the importance of the Subject, with the desire I have to further our intimacy, (I flatter myself) will render me pardonable.
When we slightly touched upon the Pennsylvania Claim to this Western Country,1 (which I could have wished to have enlarged upon) I was at that time before, & often since much surprized at the neglect of your Country, in allowing their Claim here, to lie dormant; when every equitable pretensions can be urged in her favor. There is now an ample field open for you, & as I think a foundation which will admit of a valuable Superstructure.--As the Agents of Pennsylvania have latterly extended their Jurisdiction as far West, as the Settlements are formed; the Inhabitants being grievously oppressed, by the enormous expence attending such a course of Justice, applied to His Excellency Lord Dunmore to afford them Relief; As I was well convinced that Pittsburgh, Red-Stone, & all the other Western Settlements, could not properly be within the Limits of Pennsylvania, & despising usurpation, as well as feeling the distress of the poor People, I urged the matter warmly to his Lordship, & He hath been pleased, to appoint a number of Magistrates at Pittsburgh, & to the Westward; determining to concert such measures with the Honorabe. House, as might bring the Pennsylvanians to some equitable determination of their Western Boundary; which his Lordship conceived could not be more effectually accomplished than by erecting a New County to include Pittsburgh. As I was an Officer appointed, I have been committed to Goal for denying the Jurisdiction of Pennsyla. at Pittsburgh, & attempting to act under a Commission from Virginia--You may now observe (Sir) what an extraordinary field you have now to look into, & examine your Rights here, compared with Pennsylvania, which most undoubtedly hath usurped Jurisdiction, as well as Territory, (in my humble opinion) affrontive to a Royal Colony. How dangerous to admit of such proceedings, permit me to shew you, by transcribing part of Lord Campden's opinion on the dispute between Connecticut & Pennsylva.
[Note 1: 1 The boundary controversy between Pennsylvania and Virginia dated back as far as 1752, and was not finally settled until the completion of the Mason and Dixon line. To effect a cessation of differences, Alexander McClean, of Pennsylvania, and Joseph Neville, of Virginia, were appointed in 1781 to complete this line as a temporary boundary between these States until the country should be at peace and able to give the subject proper consideration. In 1783, the Rev. John Ewing, David Rittenhouse, John Lukens, and Thomas Hutchins were appointed by Pennsylvania, and Bishop Madison, Rev. Robert Andrews, John Page, and Andrew Elliott of Maryland, by Virginia, commissioners for running this line. Their report was adopted December, 1784, and this long dispute settled for all time.]
"If all the Colonies of North America were to "remain at this day bounded, in point of right, as "they are described in the original Grant of each, "I do not believe there is one Settlement in that "part of the Globe, that has not, in some measure, "either been encroached upon, or else usurped upon, "its Neighbours, so that if the Grants themselves "were the only Rule between the contending Plantations, "there never could be an end of their disputes, "without unsettling large Tracts of Land, when the "Inhabitants have no better Rights Title to produce, than "either Possession, or Posterior Grants, which in "point of Law would be superseded by prior Charters. "Hence I conceive, that many other Circumstances "must be taken into consideration besides "the Parchment Boundary; for that may at this day "be extended or narrowed by POSSESSION, ACQUESCENCE, "or AGREEMENT, by the situation & condition "of the Territory at the time of the Grant, as well "as by various other matters.
This opinion was given in the year 1761, & from hence you may observe the Scheme of the Proprietaries, which indeed their officers do not fear to conceal, the [y] say as Willm. Penn's Grant by King Charles could not be properly executed, owing to a prior Grant of King James' to Lord Baltimore, which prevented him from extending as far South, as the Charter specified, & therefore obliged Him to purchase from Lord Baltimore the deficiency from Lord Baltimore; by virtue of occupancy to the Westward, & the extension of their Jurisdiction, they will insist upon an adequate proportion of the Crown's Lands, on the Ohio. How equitable this Claim may be, as well as modest, I submit to your opinion, but I am certain however, that if Virginia doth not vigorously exert hereself upon this occasion, not withstanding the just pretensions of that Colony, by prior occupancy, Grants, & Conquest, yet I am sure Pennsylvania will carry the point, by a steady & politic adherence to her Interest. As you (Dear Sir) have had a principal part in defending this his Majesty's Territory, from against the attacks of an open & publick Enemy, you will also (I flatter myself) contribute no small assistance, in defeating the same sinister designs of a private one.1
[Note 1: 1 When John Connolly returned to Pittsburg, he brought with him an appointment by Lord Dunmore as commandant at Fort Pitt, which had been demolished by the King's orders, and magistrate of Augusta County, including Pittsburg and its environs. His instructions were to reëstablish the fort, and to take forcible possession of the town and surrounding country in the name of Virginia. On January 24, Connolly was arrested by Arthur St. Clair, then a magistrate of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, for the distribution of "an advertisement requiring the people to meet as a militia" to sustain the action of Virginia.--Pennsylvania Archives and FORCE'S American Archives. Being released on parole, he proceeded openly with his plans, raised militia to garrison Fort Pitt, which he renamed Dunmore, and arrested several Pennsylvania magistrates, and committed them to Staunton jail, Virginia. When the day for his appearance at court arrived he kept his parole, but came with an escort of militia sufficient to set Pennsylvania authority at defiance. He continued to occupy the fort, and, according to many depositions of the neighboring inhabitants, committed extraordinary outrages upon the property and persons of all who questioned his authority or the jurisdiction of Virginia. Connolly was again arrested in July, and again in November, 1775. The latter arrest was made in consequence of a letter written to John Gibson expressing loyalty to the King, and a strong condemnation of the prevailing tendencies, and resulted in a five years' imprisonment for its unlucky author.]
... I am Dear Sir
... Your Frd: & most obedt: Servt:
... JOHN CONNOLLY
N: B: Please to make my Compliments to Col: Mason your Neighbour, & if you judge proper, you may shew my Letter. I am to be enlarged To Morrow on my Parole of honor, to surrender myself to the Sherif when demanded, & shall set off for Pittsburgh.
febry 2 1774
DR SIR
I Receved youres Dated 15 of Desembr the 30 of Janary and as Soon as the wether is Good as waggins Can travil I Shall Send you three or fore hundrid Bushils of Good whete and more if I find I have it to Spare and if you Can not make payment in April I must weaight till you Can as I have purchised Mr Huges Rigt of Land I Shold be much obliged to you if in yourepower to Send me by the Barer Mr Gist a surtifecat that he wase an ofiser [mutilated] you and Shold be much obliged to you to Derect me in what manner to prosed as he is Confined in fredrick Gale in moreland and I no not when he will be Got out or how youre Dereckshons in the above will Graitley oblige youre most obedent
... Humbil Sarvant
ED SNICKERS
KING'S COLL: NEW YORK, Feb. 5, 1774.
DEAR SIR,
I did myself the pleasure of writing to Colo. Washington ye. 10th. of last month, and promised, in that Letter, to write to You, & send the State of your Accounts, by the next Week's post.
My Intention was good--but I could not act up to it, as the Accounts could not so soon be collected. I have, now, I hope, got them all. I do not send them inclosed, on Account of ye. Postage: but Mr. Harper, who knows much more of Figures than myself, has taken the Trouble to digest them; and in such a Manner as, I hope, will make them intelligible enough, to a person skilled in Business at least, however they might perplex One unused to such like Transactions.
I am apprehensive the Sum of them rises higher than your Expectation: I own it is higher, by much, than I supposed it would have been. Graham's Bill is an heavy one: but You best know what Articles You had of him. I always heard him reckoned a dear Fellow--as I once told You;--whether he is honest or not, is another Question: But it is certain he is a violent Presbyterian.
You will, I hope, not take it merely as a Compliment--to which Kind of Business You know I am not much addicted--when I assure You of my being very sensibly affected upon your leaving this College. The Regard I had conceived for You, from the Regularity of your Conduct, and the Goodness of your Disposition, could not possibly produce any other Effect upon me. However, I doubt not, from ye. Amiableness of your Lady-that is-or Lady-that is to be's Deportment, Character, and Accomplishments, that she will make You happy at home, which is more than most People, I fear, find themselves to be abroad.
Our good Governor is very much indisposed, &, I presume, will hasten away to England with all possible Expedition.--Miss Bell Auchmuty, I hear, is on ye. point of Marriage, to a Mr. Barton, an English Gentleman of considerable Fortune, settled at Brunswick. This is all the News I recollect. Indeed my Hands are so full of Business since Mr. Vardill's Departure, that I cannot often stir abroad, add to which, that, for upwards of a Week past, I have been so much indisposed with a most violent Cold, as not to be able to leave even my Room.
What is become of Mr. Boucher? I wrote to him, presently after my Return from Maryland; but not one Word have I heard of him since. I hope you will not be so totally engaged, after Marriage, as our Friend seems to have been
With my best Wishes for your Happiness, and best Respects to Colo. Washington, whom, You kn [mutilated] highly esteem,
... I am, dear Sir, yr. very
... affecte. Friend,
... and very hble Servt.
... MYLES COOPER.
[Note 1: 1 Governor of Virginia from 1802 to 1804. He was born at Rosewell, Gloucester County, April, 17, 1744; died at Richmond, Virginia, October 11, 1808.]
Febry. 14th. 1774
DEAR SIR,
I have at last purchas'd Mr. John Rootes Land for you. He this Day assign'd the Governors Warrant for it, to me, for your Use. I don't chuse to inclose it, for fear my Letter may miscarry, and am in hopes it will suit your Purpose as well, to receive it at Fredericksburg, the first Day of April; when I expect to have the Pleasure of meeting with you there. No Money will be requir'd of you, 'til I see you, and you think the Land sufficiently secur'd.
... I am Sir,
... Your very Servt.
... JOHN PAGE
ALEXANDRIA, Feby. 14th. 1774
SIR
In regard to your Design of importing Palantines into Virginia I believe it would be attended with some difficulty from severall Circumstances, they are in generall much prejudiced against coming into Virginia or Maryland as in either they are not allowed the same liberty of Conscience in enjoying their own Religion this Naturally Inclines them more to Pensilvania, as well as the Number of their Countrymen Allready Settled in that Government, They are generally brought in there by Return ships that have carried Sugar or Rice to some port of Holland, And I am informed the [y] have not the same Liberty of transporting themselves they usually had, and that the same Number does not come to Pensila. that formerly did, they are brought off now as it were by Stealth, and not suffered to bring any Effects with them There are no Cargoes that can be shiped from this Country to Holld. till they are first Landed in some port of England. As many of the Glasgow ships go there with Tobo. if you intend such a plan it would be best to engage one of them to bring them out, on the best terms you could They are generally put on Board at so much a freight a full grown person makes a freight under sixteen years of age three persons make two freights and Children in proportion, the Vessels make them pay I believe about Eight pound Sterling a freight after they come into this Country but if the Money was Advanced them in Holland I suppose better might be made perhaps between 4 or 5 £ a freight, There would be a necessity for you to send a trusty Dutch Man or German home to engage the people & make them fully acquainted with the encouragement you intend ym. in Order to help to wipe of the generall Dissgust they have at comeing to this Country. but I should imagine the Scotch or Irish Farmers would Suit you as well & would be much easyer gott in, many of them Might be gott here at this time, as they are much distressed in their own Country--I shall endeavour to inform my self better of the Palantine Trade & inform you hereafter--
There is no Currant[s] to be had in town nor D. Refined Sugar I have sent two Loaves of Single Refd. & a pe. Common Check which I suppose will Answer the purpose you intend it, the Molasses I bespoke for you some time ago is gone Mr. Henly says Mr. Washington was to Advise him in a day or two if he took it and not hearing from him disposed of it, Capt. Conway has none I can gett you a Hhd. from Mr. Hartshorn, he says very good but I have not yet seen it, There is Reasins to be gott if they will do in place of the Currants I am Respectfully
... Sir Your Most Humb: Sert.
... ROBERT ADAM
your boy has been detained a
little as I have but just now
received the lette[r], wc. he had me mention
NEW KENT Feby 16, 1774.
DEAR SIR /
I am sorry my Letter was so long on its passage to you as the most perfect Account of my proceeding with Black could not be very satisfactory, As I have not seen or heard from Mr. Hill I took what I thought the best conveyance by a Gentleman who was going directly from hence to Fredericksburg & promised me he would deliver the Letter to Col. Lewis which he has since informed me he did with my request that it might be immediately sent to you, Col. Bassett was so kind as to send yours to me this Evening and promises to deliver this to Capt. Crawford You may depend on my care of the Bond, and compliance with every thing you desire, which will give me great pleasure if it proves any way serviceable, I had a Letter from Mr. Wythe since I wrote to you in which he says, he did not know any thing more I could do with Black than I had done, unless it was to tender him the Bond you now have sent upon his complying with the Condition of it, I have not seen or heard from Mr. Moore so that I cannot inform you whether Mr. Black's mind is yet altered or not but tomorrow at King William Court I expect to hear something of the matter, I always concluded that Col. Byrd's Trustees would not make a Conveyance to Black until he had complied with his bargain with you, and that I take to be your best Security for Mrs. Black's relinquishing her Dower, as she cannot but be sensible that it is greatly for her advantage to do it. Mr. Wythe's saying "she would not be intitled "to Dower in the Lands in King William the legal "titles whereof are in other Person" seems inconsistent with his former Opinion, now Col. Moore's Deed to his Trustees is found & must be a mistake, I have no doubt but she will be intitled to Dower in all except the Mill & 100 Acres of Land purchased of Seton, and altho Mr. Lyons has engaged that he & Col. Pendleton will join in a conveyance to you of Romoncocke he thinks it not necessary & I hope it is not, I shall apply to Mr. Lyons & Mr. Power tomorrow for performance of their promise of a Conveyance of the Mill &c.
As it was necessary that the Serjeants & Soldiers who I contracted with for their Lands should make a personal application to the Governor, I desired them all to go down at the Court of Oyer & Terminer & not being there myself, sent a letter by Mr. Aylett desiring a person there to act on my behalf with directions what to do, but Mr. Aylett was so careless to loose the Letter, and my not being there or any Person to act for me furnished them with an excuse for selling their Lands at a better price that then offered, few of them were honest enough to abide by their bargain with me, & the others were not informed how to direct their Warrants, but this last mistake I did not know of til now, when I heard that a sufficient number of Warrants had not been delivered to Mr. Craig I sent some others, but he chose to return them as he apprehended it near too late for your purpose, I have but one Serjeant's Warrant by me in Augusta which I inclose & which you are welcome to use if you have Occasion, if not, it will be no disadvantage to me to have it returned when it suits you, your keeping the others has been attended with no prejudice to me as I should not have used them, The Assemblys sitting will hinder as much time as I can spare from my other business or more, & I am a little at a loss what to do with my Warrants the principal of which is a Lieutenants 2000. Acres.
Be pleased to make a tender of my sincere Affection to my Sister, in which My Wife joins me Nancy & the Boys send their Duty to their Uncle & Aunt, I am
... Dr. Sir
... Your very affectionate hble Servt.
... B DANDRIDGE
Be pleased to tell Me. Custis
& his Lady that We sincerely
congratulate them on their
Nuptials & wish them all
happiness.
N. B. I have generally thought that Mrs. Black's unwillingness to acknowledge her right was feigned for some mean purpose of Black's, but sometimes I am inclined to think that she is afraid Black will by some means prevent her having a right to Dower in the Jas. River land after she has acknowledged the other, this may be done, & he is capable of it.
My Paper has accidentally got dirty & I have not time to write it over.
[Note 1: 1 Born in Charles County, Maryland, in 1751; died in Bladensburg, December 18, 1813. Benjamin Stoddert's signature in later years, as Secretary of the Navy (1798--1801), is without the middle name; but as the handwriting and signature are otherwise similar to the manuscript letter of February 17, 1774, it seems probable that Secretary Stoddert, of Bladensburg, and Benjamin C. Stoddert, of Bladensburg, are identical.]
BLADGH. 17th. Feby. 1774--
SIR
I have a Tickett No. 5272, in Lord Stirlings Lottery, the Gentn. from whom I bought it, tells me the Lottery is drawn, & that you wou'd be kind enough to inform me of the success of my Tickett, which if you do, by a Line directed to me at Bladensburgh, You will much Oblige
... Sir, Yr. Obedt. Sert.
... BENJ CAN [?] STODDERT
[Note 1: 1 Master of Indian school, William and Mary College, grandson of John Jones, of Anglesea, Wales, and son of the Reverend Emmanuel Jones, who came to Virginia in 1700, and was rector of Petsworth Parish, Gloucester, until his death in 1739. Immanuel Jones married Miss Macon, of New Kent County; their son was Emmanuel Macon Jones, of Essex County.]
BRASSERTON, 18th Feby. 1774.
DEAR SIR,
Your favour of the 25th Jany I receiv'd last night, & am sorry to tell You that my Voice was long since engaged to Mr. Madison (our Professor of Mathematics) for his Brother: had my good friend Col: Washington made the least mention to me of Capn: Crawford, he might have been assur'd, I would gladly have oblig'd him. The Revd: Mr. Thruston the 1st Instant wrote to me recommending Capn: Wm. Rutherford (who deliver'd the letter) and Capn: Crawford; I told Capn: Rutherford, that I should take great pleasure in serving them both, but was afraid I could not, as I had heard Capn: Bullett's ill conduct had occasion'd an order of Council not to appoint any more Extra-Surveyors how true this report may be, I cannot with certainty affirm.
The best method that I can point out for Capn: Crawford is to get a Deputation from the Surveyor of the County in whose Precinct the Part he desires is contain'd; if he can do that, I hope he will succeed, especially if he is expeditious in his Application. Our City has long expected the Arrival of Lady Dunmore: Bon-fires, Illuminations &c. have been order'd these ten Days, but none yet lighted. My best respects attend Mrs. Washington, who I should be very glad in having the pleasure once more to see,
... I am Dr Sir,
... Yr most obedt: hble Servt.
... EMMANUEL JONES.
LONDON ye 18th Feb. 1774
SR --
Having already wrote You by this Conveyance the Chief purpose of this is to acknowledge the rect. of yours of the 10 Decr.--We have accepted your Order to Mr. Eden for £66. 16. 4 & delivered the other at Mr. Hanburys house, we did not see him but the Clerks said the 12 hhds were not disposed off, but we shall see him Ourselves in a day or two We are
... Sr
... Yr Most Obedt Servts.
... ROBERT CARY & CO.
LONDON 19 feby 1774
SIR
We are favour'd with yours of the 18 Octr. with 4 hhds Tobo. per Capt Boucher, which are landed in good order & will be dispos'd of to the best advantage in our power for your Interest & the Acct Sales render'd as soon as sold. --
Capt Boucher we hope will meet with such dispatch this Voyage as will enable him to get home with his Cargo to an early Market & as Tobo. will be much wanted this Summer we have no doubt but prices will keep up --
The favour of your further Commands per return of Capt Boucher will much oblige
... Sir
... Yr mo. obedt. hume. Servts.
... THOS EDEN & CO.
[Note 1: 1 For the following information in regard to the direct ancestry of Robert Brent I am indebted to Robert Brent Mosher, Esq., of the Department of State, his great great-grandson.
George Brent, son of George Brent and Marianna, daughter of Sir John Peyton Dunnington, in the Isle of Ely, came to Virginia in the seventeenth century, and settled at Woodstock, in the town of Aquia, in Stafford County. He married first the daughter of Captain William Green, and niece of Sir William Layton, and secondly the daughter of Lady Baltimore by her first husband Henry Sewell. Robert, third son of George Brent, of Woodstock, married Susannah, granddaughter of Florentin Seymour, governor of Bermuda. Their eldest son George married Catherine Tremingham, of Bermuda. Robert Brent, eldest son of George and Catherine (Tremingham) Brent, died in Stafford County, Virginia, in 1780. He was educated by the Jesuits at the College of St. Omer in the Netherlands. He married Anne, daughter of Daniel Carroll, and the sister of the archbishop. Robert Brent was on the committee of Stafford County in 1774. He owned the quarries at Aquia that later furnished the stone for the central part of the Capitol. His second son, Robert Brent, who married Mary, daughter of Notley Young, was the first mayor of the city of Washington, and also held, among other public trusts, the offices of Judge of the Orphans' Court, and Paymaster of the Army. The sister of Robert Brent married George Mason, of Gunston Hall.]
AQUIA Feby: 19th 1774
SIR
I have to acknowledge the receipt of both your letters to Wm Brent Esqr & Self--That you have not recieved an answer sooner to your first, be kind enough to admit of ye following Apology. It was deliver'd to me by the Bearer on my way to Dumfries; As he had to proceed to Aquia, I desired him to stay till I came home; I met him early ye next Morning, on his return, fearful of being detained by ye. Weather, and expecting to find me in Dumfries. I ordered him to acquaint his Mistress, I propos'd sending ye following week a messenger with an Answer to your Letter, and intended to Fairfax January Court. The immediate severity and hardness of ye Weather prevented my compliance with either ye one, or ye other. Mr Wm Brent depended on my answering it.
Its with the greatest reluctance, I must still entreat your accepting the Trust and Qualifying under the Will. I am very sensible of ye Multiplicity of your business, and coul'd wish my situation was such, that I coul'd ease you of this. But for many reasons it Will be totally out of my power. Of This, Sir, I made my Aunt Sensible, the Last time I saw her. and begg'd she would appoint some one else, who woul'd have it in their power to Serve her more effectually, than I was sensible I could. Its true, amongst others, I principally recommended her to you on ye occasion. She declar'd that with pleasure she woul'd appoint you to ye trust, coul'd she be satisfied you woul'd accept of it. But did not care to do any thing in the matter, before you were consulted. It was on this Occasion I waited on you. I must acknowledge your then reluctancy in agreeing to have your name inserted, and was but too sensible of ye cogency of your reasons on ye Occasion--Indeed as matters has turn'd out, I could have wishd you had refus'd altogether, in that case, Another woul'd have been Appointed, who, tho I am convinc'd, woul'd not have Managed ye affairs better, than they'll be if undertaken by You, yet woul'd have more time and Leisure to attend to them. It gives me much uneasiness, that I should be any ways the cause of taking you from your family, or depriving you in any part of your recreation or pleasure. I flatter myself the matter will give you not any great trouble Its more than probable Mrs Slaughter from this time will Live in a State of Seperation from her Husband. If that is ye case, the trust may be said in some measure to have ceas'd, as it does on her becoming a Widow.
I did intend up to Fairfax this Court: But the uncertainty of ye Magistrates sitting added to the deepness of ye Roads has caus'd me to defer til March, When I will most undoubtedly be up --
... I am with the greatest respect
... Dr Sir --
... Yr. most Obt He Sert
... ROB BRENT
MOUNT AIRY Feby 20th. 1774
HOND. SIR
How to express fully my Thankfulness for the many kind Offers you have lately made Nelly & myself; I find great Loss of Words; and shall endeavour by my future Behaviour & Actions to testify the sincere & just Regard I entertain of them, it would give me great Uneasiness to lay under such irreparable Obligations, were I not confident that they proceeded from a Generous & disinterested Mind, and that the only returns required, were Effection and regard--both of which did I not posess in the highest Degree for You; I should look upon myself to be the most insensible & Ungrateful Being on Earth; and shall strenuously endeavour by my future Conduct, to merit a Continuance of your regard and Esteem.
I had resolv'd to send Joe over to morrow, to enquire about your Healths, but the Arrival of Giles has agreably alter'd my Plan, and satisfied me in that Particular, about which I grew anxious.--I shall dispatch Joe up to Annapolis to-morrow, with your Letters, the Answers to which I shal forward to you, as soon as I receive them, which I hope will be Monday, & you will receive them on Tuesday.
All the Family present their respectful Complements & return Thanks; for your kind Enquiry after their Healths they are all well, & expect to see you on Tuesday It. of March, if the Weather permits. -- Nelly joins me in Love to Mamma & Yourself, and am
... with true Regard & Effection
... your much oblig'd
... JOHN PARKE CUSTIS.
PISCATAWAY 24th. February 1774
SIR
I was unluckily from home, when Mr. Young brought your Letter of the 22d.1 to this place, otherwise an answer would have been sent you by him.
[Note 1: 1 This letter, incompletely published in the Writings of Washington and in Mr. W. C. Ford's Washington as an Employer and Importer of Labor, is bound with the manuscript letters to Washington.
... MOUNT VERNON Febry 22d. 1774 --
SIR
Mr Young, hearing me express a desire of Importing Palatines to Settle on my Lands on the Ohio, tells me, that, in discoursing of this matter in your Company, you suggested an expedient which might, probably, be attended with Success; and if I Inclined to Adopt it, wish'd to be inform'd before the sailing of your Ship. --
The desire of seating and Improving of my Lands on the Ohio is founded on interested, as well as Political Views; but the intention of importing Palantines for this Purpose, was more the effect of sudden, and undigested thought than mature Consideration; because I am totally unacquainted with the manner, as well as expence of doing it; and was led into the notion, principally, from a report of either this or some other Ship of your's, being blamed for not taking an offerd freight of these Germans at Forty Shillings Sterling--This induced me to think if this Charge was not much Accumulated by other Expences, that I could fall upon no better expedient to Settle my lands with Industrious People, than by such an Importation.
The Terms upon which I have thought of Importing Palatines, or People from Ireland, or Scotland (both of which have been Recommended to me) are these --
To Import them at my expence, when they are unable to transport themselves at their own, into this River, and from hence to the Ohio.
To have them in the first case engaged to me under Indenture; In the second, by some other Contract equally valid, to become Tenants upon the Terms hereafter mentioned; as without these Securities, I would not encounter the Expence, trouble, and hazard of such an Importation. but
To make Matters as easy, and as agreeable as Possible to these Emigrants, I will engage on my part, that these Indentures shall be considered in no Other light than as a Security for Reimbursing me every Expence I am run to (with Interest) in importing them.--Removing them to the Land--& supporting them there, till they can raise a Crop for their own Subsistance. Giving up the said Indentures, and considering them altogether as freemen and Tenants, so soon as this shall happen; not to each person or Family Respectively, but when the whole Accumulated Expence is discharged; as I must for my own Safty, consider them as jointly bound to this payment till the Expiration of the Indented Terms, Otherwise I must be an inevitable looser by every death, and other Accident; whilst they cannot (in the worst light) be consider'd as more than Servants at Large, during the Indented term.
I can also engage to set them down upon as good Land as any in that Country; and where there is neither house built, nor Land clear'd, will allow them an Exemption of Rent four Years; and where there is a house Erected, and five Acres of Land clear d and fit for Cultivation two Years. --
I will also engage the Land to them upon lease for Twenty one Years under the usual Covenants; and also at an annual Rent (after the first becomes due) of Four pounds Sterling for each Hundred Acres; allowing each Family to take more or less as Inclination or convenience may Prompt them.--And I will moreover engage to Renew the leases at the Expiration of the above Twenty one years: and in like manner at the end of every Seven Afterwards, upon an Increased Rent to be agreed on between the Landlord and tenant; or, in order to fix the matter absolutely if this shall be more Agreeable, the Rent may be Increasd at these periods in Proportion to the increased Value of that, or the adjoinening Lands, possessed of equal advantages of Soil and Situation. --
These are the Terms on which I thought to Import, and Plant People on my Ohio Lands, which are for the Quantity, equal if not Superior to any in that Country; laying altogether upon the Ohio or Great Kanhawa; two fine Inland Navigable Rivers (Resembling the Rhine in Germany) and abound in Fish and Wild fowl of all sorts, as the Lands do in wild Meats of the best kinds.
From Alexandria to the Navigable Waters of Ohio along a much frequented road used by Waggon's, is, according to the Computed distance 200 Miles.--this Land Carriage if the Inland Navigation of Potomack should be effected, than which I think nothing easier, will be reduced to sixty miles as matters now stand; some say 40; and Others are of Opinion to twenty Miles; but call it the greater distance, any Commodity made upon any part of these Lands (of mine) may be transported along a very easy water Communication to the Settlement of Red-Stone where the Land Carriage at this time begins; To say Nothing therefore of the Advantages of raising stock of all kinds, and Horses, which will carry themselves to Market, and are now and will, from the Nature of things Continue to be in great demand in the Interior parts of this Great Continent; Hemp, Flax, Pott ash, Indigo &ca. &ca. will well afford the Expence of this Land Carriage (admitting it never is reduced) and can be Cultivated to Great Advantage on the River bottom's in that Country, as most, indeed all, of these Lands of mine Consist. --
Having thus exhibited a general View of my design, I shall now be obliged to you Sir, to Inform me with as much Precission as you can what certainty there is of your ship's gowing to Holland? what probable certainty there is of its getting Palatines if it does go there? when they might be expected in this Country? What would be the freight; and, as near as you can judge the whole Incident Expence attending each Person deliverd at Alexandria? And Moreover whether it would be expected that the whole of these Charges (Including freight) should be paid down upon the Arrival of the Ship here, as it must Appear rather hard, to make a Certain Provision for an uncertain Event. --
I was near forgetting to observe that, I should not choose to be Incumberd with a great Number of small people (Children) because they would add greatly to my trouble and Expence, at the same time that they contributed nothing to my design.--I do not however by this mean to be Totally exempt from them; but in case of choice, to avoid those Families which have too many of the small fry in them.--It may not be amiss further to observe, that, I see no prospect of these People being restrained in the smallest degree either in their Civil, or Religious Principles; which I take notice of, because these are Priviledges which Mankind are sollicitous to enjoy, and Emigrants must be Anxious to know. --
I had wrote to Philadelphia by the last post (previous to the receipt of your Message) for full information of the manner and Charges of Importing these People from Holland.--And if your Account in Answer to this Letter should prove Agreeable to my wishes; I could send a more descriptive Account of the Lands, I want to Settle, as well as Copies of the plots and do any other matter or thing which might be judged necessary to further the design. --
... And am Sir
... Yr Most Hble Servt.
... GO: WASHINGTON]
When Mr. Young mentioned in conversation your desire of importing Palatines to settle your Lands on the Ohio, the remembrance of Capt. Hyndmans having refused to accept a freight of 500 of these People, produced in me a thought, that perhaps through the channell of our Companys Agent at Rotterdam, the number you want might be procured; and as our Ships frequently came from thence to this Country, the importing them might be of advantage to both of us--This reflexion induced me to acquaint you by Mr. Young, that a trial of this kind could be made, which if agreeable to you, I would do my utmost to make successfull. But here it is necessary to inform you that my only view of profit in this Scheme, is from the freight--I have no other--I would propose, that you should be charged with the money advanced for procuring the Palantines--if imported at your expense, and to be liable for Interest on that money till paid--also to be accountable for the freight when the People are landed here, which is customary.
With regard to the success of this Scheme I can give you no certainty--The Capt. who refused the freight, above mentioned, told me, that the German Princes whose Territorys lie upon the Rhine, had prohibited their Subjects from emigrating to America, but that the People get away privately, come down the Rhine in famillys, and land at Rotterdam, where they wait for Shipping--The 500 Palatines or Germans offered him were such People as above described--they had money sufficient to bring them here, and offered two Guineas per Poll freight, they to lay in their own Provisions--A Ship bound to Philadelphia accepted the offer.
The only way I can point out for making a trial of this kind, is; for you to write a Letter of Instruction, in which can be inserted the terms on which you would chuse to contract with Germans--the Provision you have in view for them, and any other things which may tend to bend the minds of these People to a settlement in Virginia, and also to point out the distinction in making contracts with those who may have money sufficient to bear their charges--and those who may not. This Letter of Instruction I would forward immediately, that means may be used to engage the People, before the Ships arrival at Rotterdam, and if the Plan succeeds, I will agree to transport them to this Country for Two Pounds Sterling per Poll, you to be at the expense of laying in their Provisions and Stores, we to find them Ship room, and to land them either at your Landing, or at Alexandria.
I can certainly say that some of our Companys Ships will go to Rotterdam this ensuing Summer, and it is probable this will be the destination of the Ship to load at the Mouth of Piscataway Creek, if so, her arrival in this Country from thence, may be in August or September; But I cannot with precision say, what the Germans may cost you landed here.--For my own part I am unacquainted with the Business, any farther than the information which Capt. Hyndman gave me last Summer--from what he said, I conjecture that the Germans imported into this Country lately, have paid their own Charges, but how they are provided for, or dispose of themselves after being imported, is what I am intirely ignorant of, however this I could know by writing to Philadelphia.
It would give me pleasure to be of service to you, in this importation And I am
... Sir ... Your very hble Servt
... HENRY RIDDELL
PISCATAWAY 2d. March 1774
SIR
I cannot certainly engage to import the number of Germans mentioned in your Letter of the 1st, for owing to my ignorance of the Trade, I have no consistent principle, or anything like a certainty, to induce me, to enter on a positive Agreement, for the delivery of these people here. But should you chuse it, I can forward to Rotterdam the terms you offer such Germans as are able to export themselves,--and also the terms you offer those who are not, and therefore must come under Indenture before exportation. Should the people accept of these terms--the Ship will bring them out--if not, you will be subjected to no other inconvenience than a delay in the settlement of your Lands for a few Months, With regard to those People who are able to export themselves--no money will be required from you or us to set them down here; but in exporting the Indented Servants, some charges which do not now occur to us, may be required--would it not therefor be proper that you inform me of the price per Poll you would be satisfyed to give, for the delivery of such Servants here, that in calculating the expense, my Friened might keep within your limits. Altho the number you mention is small, yet if you chuse to be troubled with no more for the present, I will endeavour to get you these, but can make no positive Agreement to deliver them here, It will be necessary that you mention the number of years the Indented Servants must agree for, and should you relish this Plan, I will give orders that no others than such as you describe shall be agreed engaged I am
... Sir
... Your most obedt Servant
... HENRY RIDDELL1
[Note 1: 1 Washington's reply is bound with the manuscript letters to Washington.
... MOUNT VERNON March 5th. 1774
SIR
The Reasons which you Assign for not undertaking positively to furnish me with the number & kind of Palatines mentioned in my last Letter, I must Confess are cogent; at the same time it obliges me, under that uncertainty, to lay aside the Scheme till I can be advis'd from Phila. (to which place I had written for Information previous to your first conversation with Mr Young) of the expence & certanty attending a measure of this kind: For the disadvantage on my side, of Standing bound to provide for these people if they do come, & haveing no certainty of receiveing them, is, that if any other Scheme Shoud cast up in the mean while, I dare not embrace it, or engage Tenants singly, as they occasionally may offer; as I have no doubt of many doing, when there are Houses and fields prepared to there hands; otherwise I might be involv'd in difficulties from which I could not easily extricate myself; but if it is Necessary to you to know (on Acc. of giveing the earliest Information to your Correspondent) whether these people will be wanting, or not before I can return from Berkeley, Frederick &c. I shall have no objection towards Importing the Number & kinds mentioned in my last, provided they will come indented to me, or my Assigns in the Usual manner for Four years; and be sold, if I Find it my Interest to do so (as they are in philadelphia as common Servants, dureing that term.--I cannot suffer much from the Uncertainty, if they are to be had upon these terms, & I see no reason why they may not as well come here as to Phila. except that the latter is the general rendezvous of them: It may therefore rest with you, Sir, to write immediately, or not, for Eighty or a Hundred of such kinds as I mentioned in my last; as you shall find it your Interest; and I will upon their arrival at Piscataway, pay you the Freight down; as also the contingent charges with Interest as soon after as I possibly can, in case I should not find it convenient to deposit the whole sum at once; --
If you should not think this project of consequence enough to the Interest of your Ship, to attempt it, I must decline the importation altogether, for the present.--If on the other Hand you Incline to make the experiment, I shall rely on your Friendship to recommend to the Captn. or person who is to provide the Stores, to lay them in upon upon the best terms, & be governed by the customary allowance; both in respect to quantity & quallity, takeing care to have no stint of the first as the Surplusage can be accounted for upon the delivery here, I shall add no more at present than that
... I am Sir,
... Your Most Obedt Hble. Servt
... GO. WASHINGTON]
[Note 1: 1 Born in Country Donegal, Ireland, December 25, 1729; died at his home, Smithfields, in Montgomery Country, Va., July 28, 1783. Colonel Preston, himself a man of no little prominence, was the father of Governor James Patton Preston and General Francis Preston, and the grandfather of General John Smith Preston, Major Thomas Lewis Preston, Senator William Campbell Preston, William Ballard Preston, Secretary of the Navy during the latter part of Zachary Taylor's administration, and William Preston, U. S. Minister to Spain under Buchanan. In 1761, Colonel Preston married Susanna Smith, of Hanover County.]
FINCASTLE2 March 7th. 1774
[Note 2: 2 In 1773, William Preston was appointed county surveyor of what was then Fincastle County. This county, formed from Botetourt in 1772, was in 1776 divided into Kentucky, Montgomery, and Washington counties. It embraced all southwest Virginia and Kentucky.]
SIR
I recd. your Letter Inclosing a Warrant for 2000 Acres, & a Certificate of Mr. Crawford's for 2050 Acres in the Fork of the great Kanhawa and Cole River, by favour of Mr Young.
Be assured Sir that nothing could have given me greater Pleasure than to have complied with your Request had it been in my Power; and the rather as I see nothing in it that is unreasonable or unprecedented. When I was last at Wms.burg his Lordship presented me with two Platts of 2000 Acres each one for Doctr. Connilly & the other for one Warrenstaff and requested, nay even urged me to sign them; as they had been Accurately Surveyed by Mr. Douglas, an Assistant to Capt. Bullet who had been regularly appointed by the College, I with some Reluctance Signed the Certificates by which those Gentlemen immediately obtained Patents. This Transaction has made a great deal of Noise; & indeed it is the Opinion of many good Judges that the Patents are altogether illegal. This alone is my Reason for not complying with your Request, and the promise I then made to Colo. Lewis on your Behalf; for at that Time I could not foresee any ill Consequence that could attend such a Step.
I have Advertized the Officers who obtained Warrants from Lord Dunmore to meet my Assistants at the Mouth of New River the 14th. of April. Two of these Assis the Assistants will go from hence down the River, and not far from the mouth of Cole River they intend to provide Canoes to proceed down the Ohio. I can think of no better Method than what Colo. Lewis has proposed; which is, that one of them on his way down shall Survey the Land and by the first Opportunity send me the Plan to be recorded. Colo. Lewis says he will endeavour to persuade his Son to go, or send a Surveyor, to lay off the Tract you have in Botetourt, & that he will return from thence imediately: Should the Colo. Succeed in this, then my Assistant could send up the Plan, & by that Means & Mr. Lewis & myself might have it in our Power to send you the Certificates before the rising of the next Session of Assembly.--If Mr. Lewis can neither go, or send down the River at that Time, I shall leave no method in my Power unattempted to have your Survey made and returned to you before the Assembly rises, or to Colo. Bassett afterwards, who I suppose will transact the Business for you.--In the mean time I shall Enter the Land on my Book & send you a Copy this I suppose will secure it to you untill it can be legally Surveyed.
The 2000 Acres on Salt River which Capt. Bullet mentioned to you & which he laid off last year, has been Entered some Time ago by Capt. Christian. Mr. Young has a Copy of the Entry. I believe all the Salt Springs discovered in that Country have been Entered.
I am Sorry it was not in my Power to comply with your Request, but for the Reasons I have given I hope you will excuse me, and the more so as I shall do all I can to have your Land Surveyed early in the Season, for which purpose I have kept Mr. Crawfords Certificate that it may be laid off accordingly.
I am with great Regard Sir
... Your most Obedt. hble Servt.
... WM. PRESTON
RICHFIELD BOTETOURT COUNTY March 9th 1774
DEAR SIR--
Your favour by Mr. Young I recd. and am Sorry as Matters have turned out that I did not instid of returning You Your Warants &c. Put them in the hands of the diffrant Surveyers which would have saved you the expence of this Express. however this is the Only loss You can sustain on that Account As fare as I can judge for I have keept it a secreat, that those two Surveys You Send ye worth of are Not Part of ye 200000 Acres--My Son Who is Surveyer of this County is Out on Green-Brier Surveying & Will not return from that Quarter for some time. however as I am soon to go out to that place Shall Put Your Warant in his hand and as he will have other Lands to Survey in that Quarter shall desire that he or his Assistant shall go down and Survey Yours in Particular so that if Posable ye Works may be Sent down to You in Williamsburg before the last of the Approching Session of Assembly If you Will take the trouble To look in the Law with regard to ye appointment of Surveyers and theire duty in that Office. You will with me be of Opinion with me that a Patent Procured on the Works which You desire to be Signed, would be ilegal and Voyd to all intents & purposes If ever it came to be disputed, Not to Mention Anything of the Surveyer forfeting is Bond. Doctr. Connolys Obtaining a Patent in a way similar to what You desire, has made so great a Noise that it is in every bodys Mouth & in Particular the Lawyers who say that it may be set aside at any time, and indeed a man who has a Warant for two thousand Acres has entred the Very Land that ye Docter Obtained a Patent for, & I am told is incuraged & inclined to disput ye matter. So that on the whole My Dr. Sir I would advise You by all means to strictly follow ye Steps of the Law that your title afture Obtaining it may be Proof aganst ye Artifices of Designing Men. I have wrote by Mr. Young to Colo. Preston and desired him in case he should think you and himself unsafe in immediately signing a certificat of ye Work as done by Mr. Crawford to Order one of his Surveyers as they go down to ye Ohio to Survey ye Lands by the Works You have sent him and to send you ye certificat so that you may have it at Williamsburg. Apriel ye 14th day is the time Advertized in the Gazee. for the Diffrant Claiments to met ye Surveyers at ye Mouth of ye Great Kanawa, so that by all Probability an Oppertunity will offer of sending the Field Work to Colo. Preston so that You may have Certificat as above. As soon as I see the Clark of this County I shall direct him to apply to the Aprl. Court, for we have no Court this Month, for an Order to Value Your Improvements. but whether ye Court will Issue it Blank or not is the doubt, it is Customary to Name ye Persons in ye Order. but a still greater Objection stands in the way. that of having The Men Who Makes ye Valuation Sworen by a Majestrate of this County, and indeed I do not at Present know of any that will be in that quarter about that time. If no such Opportunity should Offer it would be best to have ye Men Sworn before A Justice at Fort Pitt as I understand there are Several in that quarter added to ye didemos of Augusta. This would not be exactly according to Law but it is the only remedde I can think of--
For some days past we have had repeted advices by travelers that the Creeks Cherokees & Chocktaws have joined in a war aganst Our Southeran Provences, that a Number of familys were cut off that since that first strock several Battles have been fought in the most of which ye Indians had the Advantage. at first I payed but little regard to those reports. but since I wrote ye above I am from certant Information persuaded that it is a Melancoly truth several Persons' who has been Eye Witnesses of the dredfull effects of Savage Cruelty, & they further add that five-hundred Creeks are at this time amongst the Cherokees prepared to make a stroke, but where no person can tell. So Allarming is the Accts. that Our Settlers on The Holston & other Rivers in that quarter are Forting up & Scouts are Keept out to watch the approch of ye Enemie. Indeed I am afread that the Ohio Indians are in the Plot at least I am confident that they were Acquanted of the designs of ye Southeron Indians. And that nothing deters them from Joining the others but theire being so Near Nighbours to Our Settlements below Fort Pitt. They ought to be Strictly Watched from Fort Pitt & if it can be discovered that they are about to Move theire familys they may be expected Open Enemies. If those troubles encress or even continue it will put a stop to Our designs On ye Ohio, I was Obleged to Lay aside this Letter for an hour or two in Order to Make the Governar Acqueanted with the Reports. as Capt. Russell of Fincastle is on his way in behalf of Our Holston Settlements--
I hop to have the Pleasure of seeing You in Williamsburg On the Assembly. Were it not for that Meeting I should have thought, and indeed was fully determined to take a trip down the Ohio, as well to see the Country in general as to have my 5000 Acres Layed off, but how fare we might be Justifiable in laying Ourselves at the Merce of the Savages, as Matters are like to turn Out, is to be considered. however in a short time we shall be able to judge better of their dispositions & conections--
I hop to be able to discharge the Acct. You inclosed Me on Our Meeting in May at which time I shall mention my thoughts as to ye Manner Mr. Crawford has Layed of Our Lands Some of us has Suffered exceedingly by the takeing in bad Lands with out his being under the Least Necessity of so doing only that ye Surveying it to Advantage would have taken a little more time & trouble, I shall be more particular when I see You. I heartily wish that John Smiths Lot which I payed him for had been Patented in my Name or rather that I had been Mentioned in the Patent as Assignee of John Smith. I have been told that he has been tempted by a a Man Who I know to be a Villian to sell it, but perhaps My Not leaveing Smiths Assignment with You may be the cause of Smiths Name being in ye Patent in [mutilated] of mine. this may give me some trouble tho I think [mutilated] loose ye Lands I shall put an end to a letter spu [mulilated] to an unreasonable Lenth. by saying that I am with [mutilated]
... Regard Dr. Sir Youre
... Most Obedt. Servant
... ANDW. LEWIS
JOHNSON HALL March, 10th 1774
DEAR SIR
though it is a long time since I have had the Pleasure of writing to you, it is not so, with Respect of my inquiries of your health and Happiness and the accounts my Lord Sterling gave me last summer were very agreeable his Lordship informed me he spent Some time with you in Virginia Very Happily
I am informed my Lord Dumore is now Granting lands to the Officers who served in the Virga. Regiments during last war--my Poor Brother Colbys Services and Misfortune1 will I should think indebt his heir who I am to a Grant, and as it is Very inconvenient for me to attend Upon his Lordship my Self I have desired my friend and Relation Mr. Madison to make the application and for fear of any Objections my Excellent friend and Benefactor Sir William Johnson has wrote a few Lines to my Lord on the subject I flater my Self I may Claim your favour and friendship in this Matter, and the more so when I inform you that for some years I have met with such Losses and Misfortunes that I have been oblidged to begin the world anew, and have fixed upon this part of the Country for no other Reason than the Continuance and Favour of Sir William, I am sure if a Grant is Obtained in my favour you will Extend your kindness and give Mr. Madison your Advice where to make the survey
[Note 1: 1 Vol. iii. p. 113.]
I should be Very Happy to have the Honour of a few Lines from you and know your sentiments of the New Government on the Ohio, which I believe gives the Indians much uneasiness as they are more in fear of our Countrymen than all the Rest of the Colonies, and therefore dread their Neighbourhood--I wish the Breach that's made to the southward may not Extend further to the North. I am sure Sir William is much afraid of it and takes Every step he possibly Can to prevent it
I know your goodness will Excuse this Liberty in an unfortunate old Acquaintance who is with the greatest Esteem Respect and best Wishes for your Happiness
... Dear sir
... Your most Obedt.
... Hble Servt.
... JOS CHEW
March 12 1774 FREDRICK TOWN GALE1
[Note 1: 1 gaol.]
GOOD SR/
I am hears Confined in prison and has Bin for about two yeres and if you will only Right a fue Lines to Govener Eden to See if he will for Give me his part of the fees I am in hopes to Git out of this place as I have no frind on Earth as I no of only Mr. Snickers Coll Bird has Sent me a Seritificat by Capt price for my Being a ofiser in the Rigement if you think I am intileled to Dockter Johnstons Claim as Exeter ples to Leve a sertificat with Mr. Snickers for that and he has promised to Send it to me as when I Git those two worntes2 it may inable me to pay my Detes and Git Sumthing to hide my nackidness your faver in those Requestes will for Ever oblige me to pray for you re Goodness wellfare and may God Reword you for the Same all from youre most obedent
[Note 2: 2 warrants.]
... Humble Sarvnt
... WILLIAM HUGHES
NB Mr Snickers advises
me to Goe to the Governer
my Self for the worntes
if I Can Git out or to
Git you to Git them for me for God Sake Let me no
what you think Best
... I am yours W H
[Note 1: 1 This name in vol. iii. is erroneously given as William M. Gachen.]
BALTIMORE March 13th. 1774
DEAR SIR
I received your very agreeable favour by Mr Crawford I have done my self the pleasure to give him every assistance in my power and has purchased for you Four men convicts four Indented servants for three years and a man & his wife for four years the price Is I think rather high but as they are country likely people and you at present wanted them Mr Crawford said he imagined you would be well satisfied with our Bargain I have agreed to pay £110 Sterling for them the first of next may which I hope you will be pleased with should you want any more there is a ship expected this month with country convicts I suppose six months credit may [be] got for a parcel of them on the same terms I have bought the parcel now sent you as they are at present scarce and in demand I shall always take pleasure in doing every thing in my power to serve you here I am respectfully
... Dear sir Your most Obdt Hum Servt
... WILL MCGACHEN
PISCATAWAY 18th. March 1774
SIR
I return you Mr. Ross's Letter, and will think no further of importing Germans,1 the difficulty attending it being so great.
[Note 1: 1 FROM JOHN ROSS TO ROBERT ADAMS.
... PHILADELPHIA 1st March 1774
SIR
I have before me your favour of 18th. Ulta come only to my hand by this post, and in Answer, have to inform you that the expenses attending the Importation of German Passengers have been so great of late years, that it is not by any Means an object of attention to have any concern in that Trade.--I have had no connection in that way these three or four years, and those who have embarked pretty much therein, have get so heart sick of their concern in that way, that they have now totally declined it. Rotterdam is the place where the Germans are shipped from, but the charges attending each before you can Secure them & get them on Board, Prove at times so considerable, that those who have not been concerned, can Scarsely credit it.--The Germans cannot easily be prevailed on to embark to any part of America, but that of Pennsylvania, Most of those that leave the Count[r]y have many connections in this Province, and no condition can Possibly reconcile the generality of them, to embark for any of the other Provinces.--Flour is entyrely Prohibited in Holland, nor can I think of any thing that might Answer from this Country to be sent thither.
When Logwood paid a Freight, the Shipping employed in that Trade, took in frequently a Cargo of Wood at the Bay with Which they proceeded in the Winter or early in the Spring for Rottdm.--But that Business being quite overdone, Most of the Vessells goes from England or some Ports in Eurrope in Ballast, and Credit on London to take their Reimbursement for the Charges of the Vessells outfitts &ca--Such a Vessell as May have about two hundred Freights, will probably require from a thousand to £1500 Sterg outfits, possibly more as it depends on the debts the People may contract in geting down from Germany to Holland.
I could not undertake the delivery of any Number of Germans with you, knowing the difficulty of geting them to agree to their going to any other Province Exceipt that of Pennsyla[???] where they have hopes of meeting their Relations, or old Acquaintances.--Some Family might possibly be engaged after [covered by seal] to this place but as they have their own terms to make respecting the time they serve to redeem them, it is no easy matter to treat with them.--A Native of Germany that resided in your Country, & coud describe such Advantages as they might have by going thither, might help to Influence them,
Excuse hurry--In the Meantime believe me to be with Respect
... Sir
... Your very humble Servt
... JNO. ROSS]
... I am with Esteem
... Sir
... Your most hble Servt
... HENRY RIDDELL
FREDO 21 March 1774
DEAR SIR,
Ever since I understood that the Land whereon Mrs Washington lived joining Mr Hunters was for Sale I have had an Inclination to purchase it, but till now was not in circumstances to propose the matter to you--I have heard that the Tract contains about 600 Acres and that it is held at £3 per Acre--If these are your lowest terms, I would not dispute them, were my terms of Payment agreeable to you--that is one third of the purchase Money to be paid in a Twelvemonth after the Sale & the Same Sum yearly afterwards till the Whole is discharged--Interest to commence from the Sale--
I should be glad to have a line from you on this Subject and am with great Esteem
... Dear Sir
... Your most obedt St
... HUGH MERCER
[Note 1: 1 Familiarly known in the Virginia regiment during the French and Indian war, throughout which he served, as Sergeant David Wilper. He attained a higher rank during the Revolution, however, for Washington (recommending him for promotion) refers to him as a first lieutenant, and on July 17, 1776, he was appointed by Congress Captain of a "company to be added to the German battalion."]
PHILADELPHIA March 23th. 1774:
HONNOURD SIR!
When I Return, Last from Williams Burg, I was Favourt with your Letter, Dated feby 7th: I most Humble pegg your parton, In not, observing my Duty, upon your favour, Recd. Dated, the 1 of Nov, 1773: I was In expectaision to have the Honnour, to [have] waited upon you, In a little Time, affter I Recd it, but I was prevented by the wather,--
My Tract of Land, which I have by, Governors Dunwoodie, proclamaision, I Sold it, Last when I come up from Wms: Burg, I am greatly oblige to you, for your addveice,--
If your Honnour Choose to buy my Claim, of the 2000 acers, for which I got my warrant, in the kings proclamaision, 1763. you are will come to it, If you can get the warrant altherd, to a Nother County, where you pleas,
Sir, as you have Some Intainsion, to Impord Some of my Countery man, To Sattlen your Land, and to Resolve your Quistion, which you has macke, to your Servant, To which I will give you, my Humble answer, to the best of my knowledge, and Informaision, by the oldish1 pallataions Importer Samuel Howel, as for The
[Note 1: 1 Oldest]
[Note 1: 1 ready.]
[Note 2: 2 procured.]
[Note 1: 1 cheaper.]
[Note 1: 1 their necessaries.]
[Note 2: 2 baggage.]
I went to Some Frind, bud Non Could give me better advice, then, what I know, and Mr. Howel Toll me, I most Humble aquint, you with, all particulars who this Famelis can be had, and Imported, Mr. Howel, atweeisses, and Tincks,3 it will be best for a man, gos up to Garmany, he will bring them Chiper4 and So maing as him pleases, as they Generally are Imported, as I maintiond in the 5th. articual, with good powers of adorny,5 and on agrayment, how you will hold them upon the Land,--
[Note 3: 3 advises and thinks.]
[Note 4: 4 cheaper.]
[Note 5: 5 attorney.]
Hond: Sir, you was pleassd. to ask me, If I would Inclaine to go, to Holland/: It is True, I macke a Sort of a promiss, to not to go to Sea again, If your Honr: Shall Intrusst me with, I will act that, you Shall have no Reason to Complain against me, If God Spare my Leife and health,--
As for Terms, I will Liffe it to your Honr: Selft: you know werry wel when a man Travels, he cant: Save as when he is at hom, a man must be all most a yarr6 to go from Till his Return, I shall keep good hause, as it Lais in my power, you know werry well, that I am no Drincker or Spent Extranody,
[Note 6: 6 year.]
That this peopell, will come over, upon better Terms, and morre the better, as half So moch, as they Commonly Stand, a Fraight will not Stand, So hight, to bring them Down, upon the Land, on Ohio, as they Stand, when they come to Philada:--
That they may Loock upon them Self, as your Property, Is no morre, but Just, Till they Reimburse your monye again, affter, this to get a Leais, for one or morre 100 acers, to pay Rent, and affter the Times is expaiert,1 to Renew it again--That you expect, that they would be Jointly bound, togather for their proformens, It will be Just.--
[Note 1: 1 expired.]
When I shall have the Honr: to waited upon you, I would proposs to you, which will be I believe farr better, to your Indress, That is to Saiy--Some fraight will be, that come over from Holld: or Garmany, will be Singel men, or women, Those can be Disspossd of, and Rathy2 Cash Recd. for them, this Cash Can be aployd. for expences, to Transport, their Famelis Down to your Land,--
[Note 2: 2 ready.]
Sir, as I have answerd to your Disseuer,3 I will proposse Some Thing to you, If you, Tack it, in your Consiteraision, I belive, it would be best, and not half So moch expences, as to Import Some Garmans,--
[Note 3: 3 desire.]
That is to Saiy, To Draw an agrayment how you want to Settlen your Land, and to get it printed, and a man, go from Court to Court house, in Court Times, That you promiss to Tack them up, in a Sertain place, on the Roath4 to bring them to Pitts Burg, and to provoid for them Therre to Tack them Down by wather, as farr as the Connoss,5 can go up and Down, and find them/: Till they macke a Crop:/ with provisions as you Thinck proper, as to Reimburssment, the Saime, as by the Garmans.--
[Note 4: 4 road.]
[Note 5: 5 canoes.]
Sir, I, belive, you will get as mainy as you pleass This Famelis will know allratty, how to worck in this parts, In particular, If you provoid Some Stock for those which are going, for 3 yarrs, and then to Devoid the Stock, by this mains you will get your monye, Sooner, as by the former when you get your Chair of Cattels,1 There will be Enough again to buy your Cattels, and when they have Some Steers, you Tack them, on you for your payment, or on your Debt,--If it Cost you So mainy pounds, as to bring in Garmans, with Expences, and to buy Cattels, and Expences to Pitts Burg, and If one accident Shall happnet by them, that a men Died--There will be constand a nother that will Tack the widow, By the others if a father Died and a passall of Smal Children be Lefft, what will you Do with them--
[Note 1: 1 share of cattle.]
Hond: Sir, If you Shall Choose the first, It will be best to Imploy a vessell heire, and Load it, with Tobaco, In failling of Tobaco, Sent it to Carrolina, to get Reice, Tarre, and pitch, which will Save, agreatyle2 expences, and therre muss be made out, Some agent in Holland, in good Times, to procurr good and Sound provision, and all Nessisarys, and in Need Some monye, I Supposs your Honr. has a Corresponds in Engeland, If not. Mr. Howel, herr will/: I belive:/ macke out one for you in Holland, The vessell muss be Rathy, finish when they peopel, come Down the River Rhine, to Tack them In, which will Save, agreatilly expences--
[Note 2: 2 a great deal.]
Honnourd Sir I am your Most Humble, and Most Obet:
... Servt:
... D: WOELPPER.
QUEEN ANNS COUNTY March 26 1774
SIR) Inclosed you Have Mr potters Ret for Seven pounds paid for--the Schooling and Bording St Larence Posey1 which Money has actualy [mutilated] paid By me, for the Receving of which I have no other Expecktation, than from you--Should you Be Kind enough & pay please Lodge It in the Hands of Messes Daniel Son and Wallace--which will
[Note 1: 1 Red of Mr. Francis Baker this 20 15th. May 1773 the Sum of 7 Pounds for Board & School of St. Lawrence Posey from Novr. 25th. 1771 to April ye. 6th. 1772--Pr me
JOS. POTTER
March 26th. 1774 I hereby cetify that Joseph Potter is Master of the Free school of Queen Anns County in the province of Maryland by the Admission of the Visitors of sd School--
JAS. EARLE Register
An entry in Washington's Account Book dated November 5, 1774, shows that he continued to keep Lawrence Posey at school.
By Cash pd. Jno. Price Posey on acct. of his Fathers ordr. for Board & Schooling of Lawrence Posey £17. Pena ... 13. 12. 0]
... Greatly oblidge Sir your
... Vy Humbel Sr
... FRS BAKER
[Note 1: 1 The progenitor of the Fowler family in Virginia was Francis Fowler, who in 1635 patented nine hundred acres in James City County, "against Jowing poynt," near the Chickahominy River. Francis Fowler was a member of the House of Burgesses in 1642.]
CAMER [mutilated] April 1774--
SIR.
I am doubtful you blame the Conduct of the Sheriff and myself for taking Mr. Crawford in your house you may be assured very sincerely that I had been informd he intended out on Monday morning and having been well informd that he had once escaped did not know but he might attempt it again and certain it is I suspended the Action untill the last hour. when I left home I heard he was at Johnsons Ferry where I expected he woud be servd with the Process and had no thought of going as far as we did when we Set out, but as I had been so repeatedly disappointed and deceived both by Letters and promeses and a [mutilated] uch blamed for Extending a Credit of that dignity to that Gentleman, that I thought it was my duty & the Sheriffs to Act as we did, and more particularly a Company of Merchants failing in London we were immediately call[ed] on for a larger Sum than we coud possibly raise on a sudden, especially when frequently meeting Such disappointments ourselves which reasons I hope will convince you that it was more through necessity that I was induced to act as I did than out of any pleasure I coud take in such an Action and of our necessity I first made Mr. Crawford privately Acquainted hoping it might bring him more seriously to consider --I really had been informd and I think from some of his Friends that he woud escape if in his power a Sufficient reason for the Sheriff to Act with Caution, I did intend to pay the Cost myself as I then told the Sheriff in case it was Settled I am really extremely sorry that I had in any case disobliged and humbly hope these reasons will render us something more excusable & am yor. mot. Obedt. Hble Servt.
... GEO: FOWLER.
NEW KENT April 2. 1774
DEAR SIR/
Mrs. Black has at last consented to execute the Deed to you which is done & now in my possession. Col. Pendleton & Mr Lyons have also acknowledged a Deed in King Wm. Court to confirm your title to Romoncock, & Mr. Lyons & Mr. Power have acknowledged a Deed as Attos. of Seton for the Mill & 100 Acres of Land, there seems to be nothing wanting now to compleat your title but a Deed from Col. T. Moore for 100 Acres of land adjoining the Mill which was never conveyed to Seton, this I expect shortly to have, I understand Black gave up possession of every Thing & only stayed in the House 'til he could remove which I suppose he has done by this time, he also agreed to account for the Toll of the Mill but had not fully done it when I last heard from him, If I hear nothing from you I shall send the Deed & all the other Papers to Mr. Wythe by the first of the General Court that they may be ready for Black's acknowledgmt. whenever he comes down, and if he will not acknowledge it in Court I suppose three of the Witnesses must go down & prove it, I could get but four to the execution of it & Mr. Moore neglected to get more afterwards,--
I expect the pleasure of seeing yourself & Family within a Month and shall now only add that my Wife joins me in Love to my Sister, Mr. Custis & his Lady and that I am sincerely
... Dr. Sir
... Your very affect. hble Servt.
... B DANDRIDGE
FREDG 6th Apl 1774
DEAR SIR,
Your favour of 28th March relating to the land adjoining Mr Hunters I should have acknowledg'd last Week but had hopes of seeing you here at the Race--The Terms of Two Thousand Pounds will suit me at five Annual payments--I expect to discharge the Debt sooner, but as you are willing to let the money remain in my hands on Interest--will accept of that Indulgence--Be so good to inform me when I may be put in possession or when it will suit you to make the Conveyance--
I am very respectfully Dr Sir
... Your most obedt St
... HUGH MERCER
LONDON 8th April 1774
DEAR SIR
Our Mutual Friend the Honble Geo. Willm. Fairfax Esqr. having communicated to me that since his Return to England1 a Person has offered to purchase the Blomary which he has in conjunction with Mr. Carlisle Dalton &c. tho not the whole of the land belonging to it & he being desirous of not only parting with it but of putting an End to that Matter entirely has executed a Power of Attorney to this purpose & which Power of Attorney accompanys this to you--The Reason of my troubling you on this Occasion is my having long had an Inclination to a small Tract on Shenandoe & finding by my Frd. possibly a Gentleman in the Neighbourhood of the Blomary may sell a little Matter which he has there I should wish to know if that is the Case what are is Terms & whether you think them eligible if you should our Mutual Friend seems to think that the land which belongs to the Blomary & which the purchaser of it does not mean to take & which as you will find by the Power our Friend wishes to have divided into four parts of equal Value in order to put an End to the partnership Acct. & as this Tract lays contiguous to that which may possibly be sold--He has intimated to me his entire inclination & wish that his Fourth part or proportion might adjoin to that which I am disposed to purchase as our Friend if I was to become a purchaser would let me have that which would make the purchase compact & more compleat--our Friend has wrote to you & pointed out the Estate above hinted, & if you would make the Enquiry you would oblige me very particularly tho I could wish the Enquiry not to be made in my Name I know not how or in what Manner I shall be able to return the Civility but if I should have it in my Power I trust you would not find me Ungrateful.
[Note 1: 1 George William Fairfax went to England in 1773 and never returned to America.]
I am with Esteem
... Dear Sir
... Your obligd. & Obt. Servt.
... SAML. ATHAWES.
... (Copy.)
[Note 1: 1 Born at "The Hermitage," on Chester River, Maryland, December 6, 1716. Mr. Tilghman began the practice of law in Annapolis, but in 1760 moved to Philadelphia. In 1765, he accepted the position of secretary of the Land Office of Pennsylvania. During the Revolution he was arrested as a loyalist, but was released on parole. Later the parole was removed, and he died at his home in Chestertown, Md., August 29, 1793. He was the brother of Matthew Tilghman, and father of William and Tench Tilghman.]
PHILADELPHIA 7th.. April 1774
DEAR SIR
The Reason of my not giving a speedier Answer to yours of the 17th.. February,2 was owing to my being out of Town when it arrived. I have had some Conversation upon the Subject of it with some of the Gentlemen in the Palatine Trade, and shall think myself fortunate, if any Information that I can give, may be of the least Service to You in the Affair. I have talked about it particularly with Mr. Robert Morris, whose Judgment in a Matter of this Nature I would rely upon sooner than that of any Man I know. His Opinion is against your sending out a Ship for Palatines for the following Reasons, which to me, appear good.
[Note 2: 2 The draft of this letter is bound with the manuscript letters to Washington.
DR SIR
I am going to give you a little trouble because I am persuaded you will excuse it.--No good reason you'll say, but the best I can offer for such a liberty.--Interested, as well as political Motives, render it necessary for me to seat the Lands which I have Patented on the Ohio in the Cheapest, most expeditious, & effectual manner; many expedients have been proposed to accomplish this, & none in my judgement, so likely as by Importing of Palatines: but how to do this, upon the best terms, is a question I wish to be resolved in.--Few of these kind of People ever come to Virginia; whether because it is out of the common course of its Trade, or because they people they themselves object to it I know not am unable to determine. I shall take it very kind of you, therefore to let me know resolve the following questions, which I am persuaded you can do with precision, by enquiring of these such Gentlemen as have been engaged in this business;--
Whether there is any difficulty in getting them in Holland?--What the difficulty proceeds from & from whence does this it ?--Whether they are to be had at one season of the year, readier than another & what season? all times or at particular reason only, & when--Whether they are engagd previous to the [illegible word erased] sending for them, & in what manner?--or do ships take their Chance after getting there? Upon what terms are they generally engaged there?--and how much pr. Poll do they generally commonly stand the Importer, Landed at Phila. Is it Customary to send an Intelligent German in the ship that is to bring these Palatines?--Does Vessells ever go immediately to Holland for them, and if they do, what Cargo's [do they] carry? or, are they, to go round, & what round,--In short, what what Plan would be recommended to me by the knowing ones, to me; as best to Import a ship full freight, say two or three hundred, or more, to Alexandria?--in case when of a full freight how are the numbers generally proportiond to the Tonage of a Vessell?--
Your favour in having these sevl. Queries answerd, with any other Information which you may think necessary for me to be inform'd [of] I shall gratefully receive as as I am totally unacquainted with every thing of the kind.--
The hard & continued Frost since ye m of J [month of January] has confind every body to their own homes, so that I have nothing new to entertain you with.--Wheat in Alexa. has been in brisk demand all the year & kept almost invariably at 57 per Bushl.--Flour has also met with a pretty ready Sale at 1276 at 127.--Jack Custis could not be content till he had got a Yoke fellow in Miss Nelly Calvert to whom he was Married, the 3d. Inst. I hope tho you have remov'd from us, this part of the world you do not mean to forsake us altogether and that it is unnecessary to add, that I shall at all times be happy in seeing of you at this place.--My best respects attend your good Father, Sisters & Brother's, & with very sincere regard I remain Dr Sir Yr.]
The Expence of chartering a Ship, and the Money that must be advanced in the purchase of the Servants/ for We are not allowed to send any Thing from hence to Holland/ would be exceeding high, and the Loss to which the Importer is subject by their dying is often very great and always considerable; their being crowded together a great Number of them in a Ship makes contagious Disorders frequent amongst them, which often carry off great Numbers of them, especially if they happen to have a tedious passage. But granting no Accident of this Sort should happen, Mr: Morris is of Opinion that you may purchase them in Philadelphia upon much better Terms than you can import them. The Reason of it is this; the People here generally prefer the Children to the Men and Women, so that the latter are commonly left upon the Importers Hands after the former are all sold, and as the Expence of maintaining them is very heavy, they are willing to get rid of them upon any Terms. Mr: Morris told Me that the last Fall he would have sold thirty or forty Families such as you want for one half what they cost him. Another Advantage in purchasing here, is that you may get 12 or 18 Month's Credit for the Payment of them. Mr: Morris thinks the Trade so troublesome and precarious, that he has declined it but was kind enough to tell Me that he would gladly give his Advice and Assistance in procuring them upon the easiest Terms, which I know will be very much in his Power, should you conclude to purchase here; or should you determine rather to import them yourself, he will in that Case, supply you with necessary and full Directions on that Head.
I have passed but a gloomy Winter in Philadelphia; my Disorder was more deeply rooted than I at first imagined. I am now tolerably well recovered; the sweet Spring seems to have brought Me a fresh Supply of Hea[l]th & Spirits, and I hope shortly to be once more Myself. My Happiness is still encreased by the agreeable Prospect that I have of shortly seeing all my Friends in Virginia, I shall leave Philadelphia in a Week, and in one Week more hope to pay a Visit to Mount Vernon. be good enough to present my best Compt. to Mrs: Washington, Mr: & Mrs: Custis, & Mr: L. Washington, and believe Me
... Most Respectfully & Sincerely
... Yrs:
... JAMES TILGHMAN JUNR:
WILLIAMSBURG 9th. April 1774.
DEAR SIR.
I unluckily happen'd to be from Home, when your Favour arrived, so that I could not answer it by the last Post. It is not in my Power to give you an exact Account of what the Duties on Liquors ought to yield, as the Naval Officers all complain of the Tardiness of many Importers, & the Sums paid into the Treasury for the last two years consist partly of old Arrears. The whole Sum received for the four last half yearly Payments I find amounts to £13,540,, 16,, 3; the Receipts of each half year are by no Means equal, but the Average may be reckon'd at £6 or £7000 nearly per Annum. Of the above Sum the officer on Potowmack paid only £539.6.10 in the two years; this Gentleman has repeatedly complain'd of the Difficulties he meets with in collecting the Duties, which are actually bonded & I have as often desired him to put the Bonds in Suit, without Respect of Persons. I am well satisfied, from frequent Representations, of the Disadvantages the Virga. Merchants on this River must labour under from their peculiar Situation; tho, at the same time, I should suppose that these Inconveniencies might, in a great Measure, be avoided by a vigorous Exertion of the Powers of Magistracy. It would give me much Pleasure to contribute towards the Relief of our Trade in every Instance; but the Duties on Liquors afford the principal Part of the Revenue appropriated for discharging the current Expences of the Country; this Duty is complain'd of by the Importers in general, & I am persuaded that great Frauds are committed in almost every Quarter; how the Legislature can allow an Exemption to one part of the Community, without giving too great Umbrage to all others, I do not know; however, if it can be done, consistent with good Policy & the general Interest, I am sure that I shall have no Objection to it. The Extent & Business of the Country encreases so rapidly that it will be found that all the Money paid into the Treasury will not be sufficient to support it's Credit; so that I am apprehensive we shall be obliged to look out for new Subjects.
You once mention'd Mr. Ramsay's Proposal to pay his Balce. of Taxes thro' your Hands; if you could contrive to have this done, without Inconvenience to yourself, I should esteem it a favour; I have wrote repeatedly to him & Mr. Adam his Security, but to little Purpose, & fear I shall be obliged to issue an Exon at last; this I would avoid for many Reasons; a principal one is that I find as great Difficulties in getting Money out of most Sherits Hands, as from the original Debtors. Several of the Inspectors of your County are greatly in Arrear; Colo. West has a List of them & I should esteem it a singular Favr. in you both, if you would be pleased to represent to them how absolutely necessary it is to have their Accts. all closed & the Balances fully paid up.
I observe, from the Paper, that Mr. Custis is made happy in the Lady of his Choice & do most cordially felicitate you all on the Occasion. I am, Dr. Sir, with much Esteem
... Yr. mo. obt. Servt.
... RO. C. NICHOLAS
NORFOLK April 19 1774
SIR
I Received yours covering an invoice for 60 Barrels four [of] which is sold at 16/8 & freight payable at the Octbr. meeting next. at present there is a prospect of flour's being in demand & believe you may venture to send one or two hundred barrels unless you can sell at nearly the same price as above at Alexandria for our market is but uncertain at best, as one week there is a demand & the next we are full from the differant rivers. I have been offer'd for the Brig Ann & Eliza. three hundred pounds payable in Octbr next which if youre inclinable to take you may send her down imediatly, tho I wou'd advise to take a trial at publick sale here, as the charge of that is only one pistole & she may sell for more as every one that wants will have an oppertunity of bidding for her & we alway's find that it is the best way to dispose off a vessell here as many wants that are not known in a private way. Shou'd it suit you to give Credit untill this time twelve months you will get double interest for your money as I am very certain She would sell for ten per Ct at least more that for ready money.
Herrings will not sell here at more than fifteen shillings a barrel & a slow market at that price.
fine flour from fourteen to fifteen but you'll please to note that the freight will [be] taken out of these prices which reduces it Seven pence per hundr. tho if you should send the brig down you'l save that freight as you may ballast her with those articles together with the superfine flour. I do not think it worth your while to take a West India freight as believe this vessell wou'd not sell in any of the Islands as she is not calculated for their purposes, I have one of the same built (for a Guineaman) that has been ordered for sale at least a dozen voyages but cou'd never dispose [of] her & the freight of so small a vessell seldom answers as the Port charges are very high. I know of no better market than this at present for disposing of her as vessells are now in great demand, & shou'd you incline to send her down you'l please to forward as fast as possible that she may get here before our Assembly meets. I am
... Yr. Most Hble Servt.
... THOMAS NEWTON JR.
URBANNA April 25th. 1774--
SIR
Having an oppty: from here of a Young Gentleman going to Dumfries, I have just step'd aside to write you this. I wrote you some time agoe which was intended up by my Son, but he was taken on the road with the Measles, which prevented him and sent the Letter by a Chance oppty: to you, and as I am doubtfull it may have miscarried, I shall here give you the heads. How soon your Letter came to me which was a long while after date, every thing was Comply'd with imediately, I only wanted your promise they shoud be delivered up, there was only one which was material to me, That from the Trustees to you & this I have not yet got, however when demanded I doubt not but Mr. Wythe will deliver it to the speaker. The principal Occasion of this as well as my former, in which I was much more partr., is thus. Very contrary to my expectation, Mrs. Black was extremely unwilling to leave the place, & this alone was, I really believe, the only Reason of her unwillingness to Acknowledge her Dower and not any expectation of any present, which on Shewing her your Letter, she was much disturb'd, and declar'd she never had the most distant Expectation of any Such thing, nor woud she have Recd. any such had it been offered. but She had contracted a Sett of Acquaintance which she lik'd and cou'd not think of moving to a place, where this was to be again Cultivated; I said all I cou'd to make her easy and expected when She once went over to the Falls it might have been so, but I find it otherwise & her unhappiness makes me very much so. This Sir was the Occasion and Subject of my former Letter, & now of this. I have heard Mr. Custis nor his Lady has very little Inclination of coming to live here, or if they doe it will be some very considerable time hence, in which most the houses will be in Ruins, & from the nature of the materials they are in general built of are now hasting fast that way--and many say the place is so cutt off from the bulk of his other Estates that it will be very inconvenient & from the poorness of the Land, the Muskettas &c. her nor his Lady will ever like it--These Circumstances together with Mrs. Blacks very uneasy Situation has induc'd an Application, That if you wou'd incline to Relinquish this part of the Bargain at the price it went for, 2500£, You shou'd have your money Reimburs'd, the Negroes now on the place might work on your Accot. this Crop, or I wou'd allow 10£ for the fellows & 7£ for the Wenches for the year, which either way you may chuse, and Shou'd you be of opinion, I might in time part with it for more, I am willing to Engage wth. Sattisfactory Security, that if ever I part with it in my life, I shall be lyable to any damages which may be laid in the penalty. Believe me sir--My Sole and only Motive is what I have already mentioned, and I wou'd doe any thing to make Mrs. Black again happy & coud I have thought the contrary I wou'd never have carried into Execution what I did, but when I advertis'd, I firmly intended for Scotland, & her appearg. when come to the push, averse to that Measure, was the only Reason made me think of the Falls, and that I did not doe till I was in Williamsburg & on treaty with you. Tho I expect you will soon be in Town, yet I wrote this, in hopes it or my former may reach you, before you leave home, That you, as I presume yo woud, Consult Mr. Custis &c. and as you come down the Country, 'tis probable you may call to see the place and then will be a better Judge of matters, the state of the Out houses &c. &c. We have every winter for most of the time near 2 feet Water in the Cellars, wch. was surprizing at first to me, it being so high above the River. The Custom of the Mill much decreas'd from one or two newely Rebuilt & new Canals cutt to give them more water, & many left her, as I am informd, from your Miller not being Acquainted with a Geer Mill However I need not mention partrs. to one of Colo: Washingtons discernment and only shall add, that if it may be consistant with the Situation in which he Acts &c. to grant my Request, I shall look on it as his being the Means of giving Content to Mrs. Black & Consequently the Greatest Sattisfaction to
Sir Your most Obedt. & very hble servant
... WILLIAM BLACK
I have postpon'd driving all my Stock till I can know the Result of my Application--Mrs. Black has been at the falls near a month, but still the same as when She left K. & Q: I came from there a few days agoe
It is the general opinion that the K. Wm. Lands at their price is by much the best Bargain, and now Mr. Dandridge woud sell, & some say he must, a body of near 3000 Acres & a very fine new brick house, which Joins your Mill & Mr. Jno. West, it is said, wants to sell all his West point Tract & to settle lands in Fredrick where he wants to settle in lieu thereof W. B.
[Note 1: 1 Brother of Colonel William Crawford. Valentine Crawford was employed by Washington for many years as manager of his Ohio lands.]
[Note 2: 2 Indorsed by Washington: "Inclosing one dated 19th. Apl. 1774 giving an Acct. of his Movement of my People & Stores over the Mountn."]
JACOBS CREKE April 27th 1774
DEAR SIR)
Sence I wrote you My Brother Come Home and is Swore in to his Comitian and wase verey frendly treated att Stantown it wase out of his power to Send your plats to you acording [to] your desire--
I went to gilbert Simsons as Soon as I got out and gave him the bill of Scantlin you gave Me and the bill of his articles I offered him all the Sarvents till we got our Conews B[uil]d[in]g to take them to your Bottem to worke But he Refused for fair they would Run away from him as we had our Canews to build I Could Not Spare the Carpenters as I am Endevering to get Redy to start as Soon as posble I Can but it apears to be the Most trouble besness I Ever under tuck in My Life but I Shall Endever to goe thrugh it with all Reselution I posably can I would faign hope to give you Satisfaction But I am afraid it is out of My power
I Shell wright you verey fall in My Next before I Start and I am Dear Sir your Most faithfull frend and Most Hble Servent
... VALE: CRAWFORD
N B. I hope I Shall be able
to Start in four or five days V C
PITTSBURGH May Ist. 1774
DEAR SIR
I just snatch this minute by Major McDonald to acqu [mutilated] You, that we are all in infinite confusion at this place, owing to [mutilated] tilities now actually begun, & subsisting between us, & the Indians; [mutilated] Amount of which I have in a brief manner mentioned to His Exce [mutilated] Lord Dunmore--I have this day sent Expresses into the different parts of the Country, to collect the Militia, & to imp [mutilated] all Tools & instruments necessary towards making this place defe [mutilated] against the Enemy; & at the same time have despatched pressing [mutilated] down the River to order our People to desist from farther host [mutilated] with a View to bring about an amicable Reconciliation, tho really am apprehensive, the attempt will be unsuccessfull
I flatter myself that upon this occasion not [mutilated] ing our Government disputes, that we will be unaimous in oppo [mutilated] common Enemy: & therefore hope we will not stand in need of [mutilated] Assistanc below: at any rate, I expect we will be enabl [mutilated] stand our ground, long enough at least, to acquaint you wit [mutilated] inabilities to Resist alone, & to pray Assistance from your Qu [mutilated]
Excuse (Dr. Sir) the inaccuracies of this Let [mutilated] this multiplicity of perplexing Circumstances which now engages [mutilated] attention, flowing from the Source mentioned, prevent me from [mutilated] as copious, on the Subject as I could wish; & therefore p [mutilated] me to subscribe myself
... Your Friend & obedt Servt
... JOHN CONNELLY
May: ye: 4: 1774
SR This Coms To Let you know That the Cuntry is at This Time in Great Confusion By Means of The indians deClairing War against us1 and i suppose There has Brook up and Gon off at Leest Five hundred Familys Within one Weak past But i determain To Stand To the Last or Loos My Lif With What i have : There has Ben Two or Three Scrimages With White people and indians There has Been Nineteen indians killd and one White Man kild and Thre Wounded all Between The Mingo Town and pitsburg and i do beleive it has been The White peoples Fault altogether i intend With The Conclusion of The Neibours Next Weak To Build a Foort Wheare i Live it Being Concluded a Conveniant plais and i May as Well Be Ruend one Way as the other For To Flie i Must Loos Great part of What Little i have so i deClare To Stand as Long as i Can See The Lest hoops and Goo on With your Mill Sr i hope it May be in your power To Send or Contrive Sum help of Men after a While To help The Cuntry My Regard To The plase has Causd me To by By a Vise Rifel Gun yesterday and i Must buy More Guns if i Can Get them So No More
[Note 1: 1 The red race and the white were now coming into close quarters. The tide of emigration had broken through the barrier the Alleghanies opposed to it, and threatened to inundate the valley of the Ohio, which had been for centuries the Indian stronghold. About the middle of April, 1774, the skirmishes between them began to assume that serious aspect which rapidly developed into "Dunmore's War."]
... But Remain your to Command--
... GILBT. SIMPSON
... YOUGH A GAHAHALAY
N B: Mr Vaul Craford Came To Me and oferd To Send Me Sum of your Carpenders With in Two or Three days after i Got home But i Was Not in order To Them Take them But am now and the Mill Wright is Now heare and if i Can Goo on in Saifty i Shall Strive for the Mill Which is begun
[Note 1: 1 Major-General Arthur St. Clair was born in Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, in 1734; died in Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818.]
LIGONIER May 5th. 1774
SIR
Tho I am an utter Stranger I have taken the Liberty to write to you and request your Advice and Assistance for the Bearer Mrs. Fraser the Widow of Mr. John Fraser2 late of Bedford in this Province--
[Note 2: 2 Lieutenant John Fraser, whose home on the Monongahela, six miles south of the site of Fort Du Quesne, was seized by the French in 1754, and who, with Captain Trent, was tried by a court-martial for absence from the fort when it was surrendered to the French by Ensign Ward, April 17, 1754; but was exonerated and afterwards promoted.]
Mr. Fraser has in his lifetime often mentioned to me a great loss he met with at the Battle of the Meadows, and amongst his Papers, after his Death, an Account of it was found--The Colony of Virginia have always been so Generous to People who suffered in the War that she is encouraged to apply to it for some Satisfaction, and if it be as Mr. Fraser told me, she has a right to expect it, the Goods having been lost in consequence of his Horses being impressed for some Service to the Colony--
Mr. Fraser has left a Widow and seven Children very slenderly provided for, which to a Gentleman of your Humanity would recommend them to your Assistance, and if the Claim be a reasonable One will also engage you to direct her to the proper Mode of Application.
I should have done myself the Honour to wait on you on purpose, as it was Mr. Frasers dying request, that I would endeavour to recover this Claim for his Children, and I had procured introductory Letters from Mr. Allen & Doctor Smith, but some Affairs that have lately happened in this Country, render it improper for me to Go to Virginia at present--the Storm will blow over by & by when I shall have an Opportunity to deliver them. I Am
... Sir
... Your very Humble and most Obedient Servant
... AR. ST. CLAIR
[Note 1: 1 Indorsed by Washington: "Inclosing a deed and giving an Acct. of my Servants and the business which was entrusted to his management."]
JACOBS CREEKE May 6th 1774
DEAR COLO)
I am Sorry to Enform you the disturbence between the white people and the Indens has prevented My going down the River as all the Jentlemen that went down is Returned and Chefley Lost all there bagage as I have wrote More pertickler in My other and will Refair you to My Brother Letter for the News
I got My Canews and all My provisions Redy and Should have Set of in 2 or 3 days but for this aruption braking out which I bleve wase as much the White people falt as the Indens which has all Most Runed all the Setlers over the Monongahela as the[y] Ran as bad as they did in the year 1756 and fifty Sevin down in Fredrick Country there wase More then one thousand people Crosed the Monongahela in one day--So that I thought it dangrous to goe down with So Much of your property and So Came to a Resolution to Send my Son down to you to know what I must doe with your Sarvents and goods and how I must act with your hirelings as to the goods I have Stored them up and I went to Mr Simson as Soon as I Came up and ofered him Som of the Carpenters and all the Sarvents but he Refused taking of them for fear they would Run away but he has Now agreed to take Som of both the Carpenters to get the framing for the mill and the Sarvents to dig the Reace
Stephens Say he Is agreed to quit on provisor the Indens Should be att peace and you will Employ him again as he has got all his tools out here and it is out of His power as he has got now Carages to get them back again and I am afraid I Shall be oblige to Build a fort till this aruption is over which I am in hopes will Not Last Long But I hope you will write me full Instrutions what I must doe Mr Simson yesterday Seemed verey Much Sceard But I Cheard him up all I Could Butt him and his Neibours Seemed to ConClude to Build a fort if times growd any worse and I am abuilding of a Kind of block house My Selfe and have Employd Som of your Carpenters in hilping of me which I Shell Setle with you for I have Run you to as Little Cost as posable I Can for provisor as our Jurney is Stopt but if peace Should be Made Soon I Shall proced as I have My Canews Redy with out you order Me to the Contrarey when My Son Returns as you are Largeley Engaged for Me and So Kindley wase My Security to the Sheriff I have Sent you a Bill of Sale [?] of my Land I Live on for fear of accidaents in war as you are the Last man in the world I Should Chuse to be Looser by by Me En Case if I Cant goe down the River for you if you Should Chuse to Sell the Sarvants My Brother William Crawford wants two of them and I want two of them but if there is the Lest Chance of going I am Redy and willing to Serve you to the best of My ability
and am dear Sir your Most Hble Sarvent
... VALE: CRAWFORD
JACOBS CREEKE May 7th 1774
DEAR SIR)
I am Sorrey to Enform you the Indens have Stopt all the Jentlemen from going down the River In the first place the Indens Kild one Murphy a trader and wounded and a Nother and Robed the Canews which Elarmed the Jentlemen verey Much and Michal Crisop tuck [a] partey of Men and went and way Laid Som Canews that wase going down the River and Shot two Endins out of them and Scalped them and Emedently Raised a party and tuck Canews and forlowed a party of Endens from wheeling down to the Little Conaway and Came up with them and Kild three and wounded Severell the the Endens wounded three one of which wase verey Bad he wase Shot through and the other two but Slightly and on Saterday Last about 12 Clock thare was one greete house and about 20 men fell on a party of Endens at the Mouth of yalow Creek and Kild 10 of them and brought away one Child a prisoner which is Now att my Brother william Crawfords1 all this Alarming Surcomstances has put it out of My power to Execute your bisness I therefore Come to a Reselution to Send My Son down to you to Let you know of this Disagreeable disapiontment we have Met with and allso to know what I must doe with your Carpenters Sarvents and goods for this Elarm has Made the people Move from over the Monongahela of[f] Shirtee and Racoon as fast as Ever you Saw them in the year 1756 or 57 down in fredrick County in virginia there Wase more than one thousand people Crosed the Monongahela in one day at three ferreys that is Not one Mile apart Mr Simson Seems Much fritned att this alarm Butt I went to him the day after I got home to Jacobs Creeke and offered him all the Servts and Som of the Carpenters as I wase oblige [to] Make My Canews our Selves the Carpenters was oblige to worke att them and jest as I had got our Canews and got our provisons and Every thing to Start we wase Stopt by the Elarms as above I have Stored up all your goods and twools Safe and if the Indens Should Com to a peace I am Redy to Start att the Shortest warning your Sarvents is all in verey good health and if you Should Incline Selling of them I bleve I Could Sell them for Cash out here to Deferent people My Brother william Crawford wants two of them and I would take two of them My Selfe or if this disturbance Should be Setled I Could push down the River emedently and Could doe a great dale this fall and in the Mean time your Men Might Build Som houses att your Bottom or att the great Medows or as I Mentioned the Carpenters would be willing to be Discharged if you would be willing to Employ them again as Soon [as] this disturbance is over pray give Me full Instrutions how to act in this trouble afair and I am dear Sir your Most Hble Sarvent
[Note 1: 1 The massacre of Logan's family and people at Yellow Creek by Daniel Greathouse, and the party of thirty-two borderers he had collected for the purpose, occurred on April 30, 1774.]
... VALE: CRAWFORD
May ye 8th 1774
SIR/
Inclosed you have the Drafts of the round bottom and your Shirtees Land don Agreeable to Mr Lewis Derection1--I Should have Sent it them from Stanton but Mr Lewis had set out for Cheet river before I got there, and I wanted him to See the Returns before I Sent them to you I was Still Disopinted, before I cold Return back again Mr Lewis Sit [out for] hom again and I understand he will be in williamsburgh soon, If the Returns Dose not do you can have them altred., if you Should not Chuse to enter them Names in the Return now maid for the round bottom I have Sent you a blank to fill up which you may do your self--I Supose by this time Varrious reports has reached you I have given my Self Som Trouble to aquint my Self with the truth of matters but there is Som Douts remains in Som facts but as well as I can I shall give you best Account I can
[Note 1: 1 Thomas Lewis, surveyor of Augusta County, Va. During the year 1774, Crawford surveyed and returned to his office 4153 acres for different persons.--BUTTERFIELD.]
The Survayors that went Down the Kanaway1 as reports gos wos Stopt by the Shawnee Endiens upon which Som of the white People Sit on Som Endiens and has Killd Severall, took 30 horse Loads of Skins near the mouth of Syorha,2 on which news and Expecting a Endien war Mr Crisap and Som other people fell on Som other Endiens at the mouth of Pipe Creek and Killd 3 Ediens and Scalped them Daniel Great house and Som others fell on Som at the mouth of Yellow Creek and Killd and Scalpd teen and took one Child about 2 Months old which is now at my house have taken the Child from a woman that it had bin given to
[Note 1: 1 A notice of a meeting of "several assistant surveyors" and the soldiers claiming bounty land, to be held on April 14, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, was published by William Preston in the Maryland Gazette on March 10, 1774.]
[Note 2: 2 Scioto.]
Our inhabitints is much Alarmd, many hundreds haveing gon over the mountain and the hole Country Avactquated3 as far as monongahalia and many on this Side monongahalia is gone over the Mountain in Short a war is every momint Expected we have a Council now with them what will be the event I do not now4
[Note 3: 3 evacuated.]
[Note 4: 4 "There were several Chiefs of the Delawares, and the Deputy of the Six Nations (Goyasutha), with eight others of the Seneca tribe, at Pittsburg, by Mr. Croghan's advice. They were called together and I made a short speech to them; they received it with pleasure, and in return gave the strongest assurances that they wished for nothing more than to continue in peace with this Province, and to become as one people. I think there can be no doubt of the sincerity of the Delawares."--Arthur St. Clair to Governor Penn, May 29, 1774, American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. i. p. 386. It is probable that this council would have prevented the horrors of an Indian war, had it not been for the vengeance of Logan, the Mingo chief, and the persistency of Lord Dunmore and Captain Connolly.]
I am now Seting out to Fort pitt at the head of one hundred men many other[s] is to meet me at Fort pitt and Wheeling where we shall watch the Motions of the Endiens and shall Act Accordingly
we are in great want of some Proper person to Direct us ho may have comand Mr Connely ho now comands haveing Accurd1 the Displeashure of the People being but unably to do it, for two Reasons, one is that Contrediction betwen us and the pensilvaniens and the other he Rather cary Matters to much in the Military way, and not able to go through with it
[Note 1: 1 incurred.]
I have Som hope that we may Still have matters Setled with the Endiens upon a Method Properly adopted for that perpose
It Seems that the[y] Say the[y] have not bin paid any thing for the Land, I mean the Shawnees and Delaways, the Six nations Say the[y] have no right to any of the mony, the Land being not there property
I would not mean to Say any thing against Mr Connalys Conduct only he can not cary things on as he cold wish, his not being so well Aquinted with the nature of the People he has to Deal with
Fair means would do better, and he cold get any thing he wanted more handy
In cass of a war much Dependence from this place Lys one you Sir, as being well Aquinted with our Sircomstance
Should not matters be Setled with the Endiens soon I supose you will Proceed on with the improvement of your Lands if not you will Discharge your people and of Course Your Sarvants will be Sold, in that case I Should be Glad to take 2 of them if you are Willing in a few day[s] you will be better Advised and the[n] you will be more able to Determine one maters
... I am Sir your most
... Hume Sarvant
... W CRAWFORD
GISTS1 the 13th of May 1774
[Note 1: 1 Now Mount Braddock, Fayette County, Pa., the former home, it will be remembered, of Christopher Gist, the first white settler west of the Alleghany Mountains. Gist was not alive at the above date.--BUTTERFIELD.]
DEAR SIR
to Lett you Now all your Sarvents is well and None Runaway Mr Simson has got as Meney of the Carpenters as he Can fine work for and hes got Som of the Sarvents Esisting about the Seat for the Mill till this Storm of the Indens Blows over
we this day Receved Som News from wheeling and Severall of the Inhabitanes of that part is gon Back and planten of there Corn David Shephard2 that Lives down att wheeling Moved his fameley up to My house but he is gon back him Selfe and is planting of his Corn So I am Shore if he Can Stay att wheeling I Can goe down with your men and goe to worke untill the on your Land Butt tell My Son whence I have Sent to you Returns I Shall Lett Mr Simson Keep all the Men he Chuses both Carpenters and Sarvents as for the Labour[er]s I Employd both for you and Docter Crake I have dischargd [them] and they are gon with My brother william under pay as Militia to gard the people down about Shirtee to get there Stocks away as meney of the Inhabitanes Ran away and Left Every thing they had behind them butt there is Numbers of them Sene Returning back and planting there Corn butt has Left there wifes and Children behind them in our Neabourhood So I would fain hope to goe down yeat if we have No worse News in a Short time butt waights for My Son Returning with an answer from you I wrote you very fully by him and Write this Line or two by Mr Johnson1 as he wase agoing Straight to williamsburg where he would meet with you So pray wright Me verey fully how I am to act and I am dear Sir your Most Hble Servt.
[Note 2: 2 David Shepherd was long a prominent citizen of the West. As Lieutenant of Ohio County, Va., he rendered very efficient service, during the Revolution, in protecting the country along the Ohio River, above and below Wheeling, from savage incursions.--BUTTERFIELD.]
[Note 1: 1 Addressed, "pr favour of Mr Ben Johnson."]
... VALE: CRAWFORD
NB
I Saw Som Jentlemen Who Cam verey
Letly from williamsburg att My house
Last Night and they Say there will [be]
a New County take pleac and the Lordonmore2has Set for the procklimation that he will find
both Men and Money to Defend our Counties
So as I gave you a hint before I hope you wont ferget me and My Son as we are determed to Stay on the frounteers and a Comition would be of great adventage to us and it will ad to the favours from
[Note 2: 2 Lord Dunmore.]
... VC
ALEXANDRIA May 17th. 1774
SIR
Our Rum Petition and also one for the Inspection of herrings was forwarded to you yesterday by Post and hope it will be in time, Along with each there is a little Memorandum for your perruseall, As the greatest difficulty seems to Arise in raiseing a Sum equivalent to that now raised on Rum imported I am in great hopes that will in some measure be Obviated when the Mode now proposed is duely Considered I think it must at least Raise a Sum equall to any that has been Yearly Colected for some time past, and as the present fund is rather declineing than encreassing, it might be some encouragement for Adopting the other, which would in all probability yearly incresse, Add to this the many Advantages [that] would Arise to ye. Community from the natureall incress we might reasonably expect in the West India Trade, gives some hopes your Honourable House will judge it reasonable and make tryal of it, if only for a short time, when the Advantages of it may more Clearly appear, I wish heartly it may Succeed
The other Petition for herrings we have just hinted what we thought most essentiall, and as both Collo. West & you are well aquanted in that Branch we hope you will add any thing you think may be wanting to it and we hope if the Law is past it will be the Means of fixing the Credit of our Fishing in Potowmack River--You have also another petition which I have but lately heard of, that is praying an Addition to our town, The extraordinary price that Lotts have lately sold for here does very Sufficiently show the real necessity there is for an Addition, there has been within this month a Number of very respectable people tradesmen & others come here to Settle, and for want of Houses to Sett down in and the prospect of getting any part of a Lott on reasonable terms, have been Oblidged to return from whence they came, You Are very Senceable that the Success and raise of this place must be a very great Advantage to the Country around it in generall and as a Friend to both I hope you will use all your Influence to Obtain it, it is imagined by some, that it will meet with some Oposition from some of Mr John Alexanders Friends on Account of his present Melancholy Situation and his not joining in the Petition, should that be the case, and they should not incline to Include his Land in the Additions we would rather than Fail in it have an equal Number of Lotts Added to the uper part of the Town on Mr. Baldwin Dades Land who has Signed & Consented to its being done as Also Mr Carlyle & Mr. Charles Alexanders, No Advantages is intended to be taken of Mr. Alexander, Indeed the Addition will rather be against the present holders of Lotts in Alexandria as it must lessen Considerably their Value for a While, but considered as a real Benefit its generally agreed to--And hope & wish for your Friendly Assistance--
Mr. Lund Washington comunicated to me part of your letter regarding the Damage done the Wheat, There will undoubtedly be a very great & generall Loss but I have great reason to believe that it will not be so bad as its generaly represented in Loudon there will be I'm told about half Crops or rather [covered by seal] this I have from Isrel Thompson & others. I do not think it will [covered by seal] Efect our present Markets in Flower And I think you had better sell your Flower as opertunitys offer at a reasonable price, but you will by this time from Information be better able to judge when you can Spare a leasure Moment I should be much Oblidged to you for a Line what Success you think our petition will meet with
... I am Most Respectfully
... Sir Your Most Humb: Servt.
... ROBERT ADAM
EDWARD SNICKERS May 20th. 1774.--
DEAR SIR,
I have received a Letter from Mr. Hughes directed to you,1 and One to William Bird Esqre. to your care; which please to deliver; And the Contents (I believe) is, to get him his Warrants for his Lands, which, I hope, you will endeavour to do, and send them to me by the Bearer, Mr. Smith, and I will take them to him immediately, that he may make Sale of One of them to get himself out of Prison. I offered to be his Bail, to deliver him safe back to Prison, provided they wou'd let him have One Month, to go to Williamsburg and get this Land, which they r [mutilated] do; without Security that lived in the Country, for his good [mutilated] ur; And to pay his Prison fees down; which is Eighty Pounds, or upwards: And without you and Colonel Bird will stand his friends, and get his Warrants for him, he has no other Chance. All from,
[Note 1: 1 See ante, p. 353.]
... Your Most Obedient
... Humble Servant
NB. If we cou'd make up
... a Subscription, to get him
... out, I will pay Ten pounds.1
[Note 1: 1 "Enclosed you will receive Mr. Hughes's warrant in his own right, for two thousand acres of land, the getting of which, at this time, he must look upon as a very great favor, as the Governor has dispensed with two positive instructions to oblige him. ... I got a gentleman of my acquaintance in Maryland to mention his case to Governor Eden, who promised to have the matter inquired into, and do what he could for his relief. Why it has not been done, I cannot tell; but if my contributing twenty or twenty-five pounds to his relief will procure his liberty, you may set me down for that sum."--Washington's reply, SPARKS' Writings of Washington, vol. ii. p. 387.]
ALEXANDRIA May the 21st: 1774
DEAR SIR
We have obtained a Judgement vs Doctor Savage for the whole Sum that we expected, amounting to £600, and upwards. I have since spoke to Doctor Savage on the Matter. He now proposes to leave the Affair to Arbitration, alledging the Equity he might have in a Court of Chancery on Account of the Deed of Relinquishment entered into or executed by Mrs. Savage before she left Virginia. I have told him that my opinion was that we had no Right so to do. However having promised to write to You to know your Sentiments I shall be glad to be informed of them, and also your opinion as to what is next proper to be done. He intimates that the Affair may Still be long before it is determined as he has it or will have it in his Power to appeal, and offers to pay the Annuity from the Time that Mrs. Savage left his House in Ireland, and to settle an Annuity in Rents for the future. This Letter being intended only for this Business, I shall only add that I am
... Dr Sir Yr. most Obedt. Sert.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX
JACOBS CREEK May 25th 1774
DEAR COLO
I Embrace this oppertunity by the Exprass that Coneley Sent to [the] governer to Let you Know all your Sarvents is well and None Run away
from Everey acounts Capt Coneley Can get from the Enden towns they are determed for ware and Coneley has Sent to all the inhabetance of Monongalah to Let them no there is a Large Numbr of the Shanee Indens Left there towns in order to Cut of[f] the fronteer Inhabetance which has Elarmed the people of our Neabourhood So Much that they are Moving over the Mountains verey fast but I have with the Esistance of Som of your Carpenters and Sarvents Built a verey Strong Block house and the Neabours what few of them are Not Run away is Joynd Me and we are a building of a Stockade Fort att My House and Mr Simson and his Neabours is begun to Build a fort att the your Botom and we Live in hopes that we Can Stand our ground tell we Can get Som Esistance from below I Expect My Son back Everey our from you with orders what I must doe tell then I am Much att a Loss what to doe with your people and goods I[n] Case I am oblige to Move what Must [I] doe with your Nails and goods as it will be hard to get Carages to bring them over the Mountains again So I shall be glad you will Send Me a letter by the Express as I Expect you will Rec[ei]ve this in Williamsburg and with1 have an oppertunity to Send Me back an answer Emedently by the Express who Careys this and if any thing More occurs you Can write Me Sence the Letters I Sent you by My Son So I am your
[Note 1: 1 will.]
... Most Hble Sert
... VALE: CRAWFORD
DUBLIN Fishamble Street May 25th. 1774
SIR/
I had the favor of yours of the 22d. of Decr. -- 73 which came to hand the 10th. of Febry -- 74, your polite attention to me, and the elegant manner you acknowledge the rect. of my Letters require more expressions of Gratitude than I am Mistress of, I feel my Situation, and trust in God ere long your behaviour on this occasion will be rewarded in some publick manner, to induce others to follow your great example, Charity with us is common, but steady friendship founded on that principle almost without a president, this troublesome suit you have embark'd in is the cause of virtue, and but for your assistance the wretched object for aught I know might have perished in the Street, 'tis true our protection has preserv'd her Life hitherto, but you, good Sir, began the Work, ours is but a mite comparatively speaking, we have reason to hope from your last, that Mrs. Savage's affairs in Virginia are now near a conclusion, let me assure you with truth She merits a Continuation of your friendship for her, no dout you have often heard the the Contrary, but believe me Sir, I wou'd not on any act. assist a falsehood, 'tis now two Years last March Since She became one of our Family, more virtue, and propriety of behaviour, founded on good understanding and Religion, as far as I am a judge, cannot be met in the Person of any one Mortal who must bear the Capricious frailalties of their nature about them while they continue on this side of the Grave, your bountifull advancement to her I have declin'd acknowledging as it came to hand shortly after Mrs. Savage became one of our Household, and as I well know a Generous Mind declines applause, esspecially when their actions have a good foundation, thought it wou'd, at that time in me, be premature, but least the Letter She wrote from Whitehaven (which conveyed her thanks) Shou'd have miscarried, in her name I repeat her greatfull acknowledgements for that, and all other favors, one request on my own account I presume to make to Coll. Washington, that is a Continuation of his Correspondence 'tho there shou'd be no demand relative to business, I have conceived the highest opinion of his Worth, his Abilities speak themselves--therefore shou'd you decline this gratification I shou'd be tempted to lament the effect, 'tho the event wou'd be desirable--
-- ... I am Sir, with great respect,
... Your Obedient humble
... Servant SARAH BOMFORD
Mrs. Bomford requests Coll. Washington will be so obliging as to excuse her not addressing him on Paper suitable to his Station, and agreeable to the Character in Life she wou'd wish to support, but as Guilt Paper wou'd require a double Cover, Mrs. Bomford imagines on this occation it wou'd be quite improper to put Coll. Washington to any trouble or expence that cou'd possibly be avoided--
Mrs. Savage was much distress'd at the black Was on Coll. Washington's last Letter, begs to hear his friends are well if not to troublesome presents her best respects to Mrs. Washington, if Mrs. Washington wou'd do me the favor to accept of my best sincere regards aded to hers, she wou'd do me honor1
[Note 1: 1 The following autograph draft of Washington's reply to Mrs. Bomford is bound in the manuscripts with her letter. As almost a half sheet of the paper on which it is written is missing, it has the appearance of being a fragment, which probably accounts for its not appearing in either Sparks' or Ford's editions of the Writings of Washington. It contains an interesting reference to the beginning of the Revolution, and is among the few specimens extant of Washington in correspondence with the other sex.
MADAM--In acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favour of the 25th. of May which came to my hands a few days ago) I should find myself more much at a loss than I can at present if I did not consider the many flattering expressions contained in it as more the effect of your politeness rather than not of my deserts--however if in my part of the my transaction of Mrs. Savages's Business in this Country I have been able to satisfy her, & her Friends to give satisfaction to that Lady & convince them that I have her Interest has been the governing Motive of my Conduct I shall think myself happy, more especially as the unaccountable unreasonable delay, which hathve attended the prosecution of this Suit woud naturally lead one Strangers to believe that there had been a very great remissness somewhere--A few Months ago I expected flattered myself into a belief that we were upon the verge eve of remitting the Money having obtained judgement for immediately upon which I ordered Execution for but when behold I as the Doctr. had one card more to play havg playd all ye Game but that he was resolvd not to give it Up the Game without it, & stop'd the Execution by obtaining an Inju[n]ction in Chancery wch. however as we were determind to ferret him out of this hold as soon as possible would not have availd him long had it not been for a circumstance which is a publick misfortune to this Country as well as peculiarly unlucky & injurious to Mrs. Savage & that is a total stop to all judicial proceedings for want of a Fee Bill which we were deprivd of by a sudden & unexpected Dissolution of our Assembly (or Parliament) in May last, & by the unhappy differences which at this time prevails subsists betwn. Great Britain & her Colonies which has thrown every thing into great confusion & disorder from whence I cannot with certainty, say when we shall be reliev'd--
This being the Situation of things, it does in my opinion behooves Mrs Savage I think not to be unprovid[ed] with a will as by the Doctrs. Bond her Annuity is devisable, and if her obligation's to your Family did not call for a grateful return it woud be a wrong to suffer the small pittance she reserved to herself at the time of her unhappy Marriage to fall into the hands of a V---n who I suppose would not afford her Bread has not only endeavourd to wrong [her] of it but wou'd I suppose deprive her of the very means of Existence if he could do it.--I should do injustice to my own feelings at the same time I should discover a very great want of taste if I was to decline a correspondence which does me confers so mch hon. upon me as yours does Mrs Washington also thanks you for your polite atten notice of her & begs your acceptance of her Compliments & that you will take the trouble of presenting them to Mrs. Savage at ye same time to whom please also to make a tender of my best respects. & inform her (as I have also done in a former Letter wch. I suppose has miscarried) that the black Wax on my Letter was occasioned by the death of Miss Custis whom we were unhappily deprivd of in June--73.--though unknown, I take the liberty of presenting my Complimts. to Mr. Bomford & to assure you that I with great regard have the bonr. to be
... Madn. yr. Most obt. & Oblg
... Hble. Servt.
... G: W---N Augt. 28th. 1774]
Letters to Washington
AND
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS
PUBLISHED BY
THE SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES
OF AMERICA
EDITED BY
STANISLAUS MURRAY HAMILTON
Editor of the Writings of James Monroe
VOL. V
1774, 1775
GENERAL INDEX
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
The Riverside Press, Cambridge
... 1902
COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY
THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FINCASTLE May 27th. 1774.
DEAR SIR
Agreeable to my Promise I directed Mr. Floyd an Assistant to Survey your Land on Cole River on his Way to the Ohio, which he did and in a few Days afterwards sent me the Plot by Mr. Thomas Hog. Mr. Spotswood Dandridge who left the Surveyors on the Ohio after Hog Parted with them, wrote me that Mr. Hog and two other Men with him had never since been heard of. I have had no Opportunity of writing to Mr. Floyd Since. Tho' I suppose he will send me the Courses by the first Person that comes up, if so I shall make out the Certificate and send it down. This I directed him to do when we parted to prevent Accidents. But I am realy affraid the Indians will hinder them from doing any Business of Vallue this Season as the Company being only 33 and dayly decreasing were under the greatest Apprehension of Danger when Mr. Dandridge parted with them.
It has been long disputed by our Hunters whether Louisa or Cumberland Rivers was the Boundary between us and the Cherokees. I have taken the Liberty to inclose to you a Report made by some Scouts who were out by my Order; and which Sets that matter beyond a Doubt.1 It is say'd the Cherrokees claim the Land to the Westward of the Louisa & between Cumberland M [mutilated] and the ohio. If so, and our Government gives it up we loose all the most Valluable part of that Country. The Northern Indians Sold that Land to the English at the Treaty of Lancaster in 1744. by the Treaty of Logs Town in 1752 and by that at Fort Stanwix in 1768. At that Time the Cherrokees laid no Claim to that Land & how the[y] come to do it now I cannot imagine.
[Note 1: 1 FINCASTLE COUNTY SCR.
Richard Stanton Edward Sharp Ephraim Drake, and William Harrel came before me a Justice of the Peace for the said County and made Oath on the Holy Evangelist of Almighty God: that Agreeable to Instructions given by Colo. William Preston to William Russell your Deponents were Employ'd as Runners to Scout to the Westward of Clinch Settlement; and to Reconnoitre the Rivers of Cumberland & Louisa so far down as to be able to Judge and return a Just account upon Oath Not only of the approach of an Enemy; but also a true account which of the aforesaid Rivers the Boundary Line Terminates on: which was Settled by Colo. Donalson between Virginia and the Cheerekees
In Obedience thereto Your Deponents Marched 15th Day of April towards Powells Valley and after geting there finding no fresh Indian Signs: Your Deponents Agreeable to Orders; did about four Miles below the mouth of the Upper North fork of Powells River begin to trace the Lines and with much Difficulty followed the Same crossing first Cumberland Mountain then falling on one fork of Cumberland River, Which the line kept down about Ten Miles, your Deponents there finding the Line Left the aforesd. watercourse did trace the Same crossing a Ridge of Mountains about a North North West Course till it Struck another branch of Cumberland called the North fork thence continuing near the Same course across the North for of Cumberland over another Mountain the Line Struck a fork of Louisa River, which Colo. Donalsons Company had marke[d] about Ten Miles down; Your Deponents then Marched down the same creek to where it emptyed into the main North fork of Louisa which is the longest of any of the branches of Said River; your Deponents farther Marched down the River till they came to Such Hunters Camps which from the Letters of their Names on trees fully Satisfied Your Deponents it is the Verry River Called by the Hunters Louisa Since called Kentucky which empties about seventy five Miles above the Falls into Ohio and your Deponents declare they afterwards Returned the most Suspected Ware Paths Indians used to travel through that Country but saw no fresh Signs; and farther your Deponents say they lost no more time than the Nature of the Journey did require and returned to their Homes the 6th Day of May
... Sworn before me this 7th Day of May, 1774
... WM. RUSSELL
[Brigadier-General Russell, whose son, Colonel William Russell, represented Fayette County in the Kentucky legislature from 1789 to 1823.]]
I have wrote twice to his Lordship on this Subject. If it is not disagreeable to you I would take it as a great Favour if you would Converse with his Excellency on this Matter; and endeavour to have it considered in Council. Most of the officers have Entered their Lands below the Louisa; but I am almost certain the Surveyors will not Survey any there, untill they have further Instructions. My Reasons for taking Enter [mutilated] below that River was, that his Lordship gave Connolly and Warrenstaff Warrants for their Claims at the Falls; but I am doubtful that would not be a sufficient Warrant for me to Survey the Land & Sign Certificates.
Your taking some Trouble on this Head will be doing a great Service to the Officers, and a very particular Favour to
Dr Sir your most Obedt. and very hble Servt.
... WM. PRESTON
[Note 1: 1 This letter without a signature, and written in another hand, appears to have been dictated by Connolly.]
... FORT DUNMORE may 28th. 177 [mutilated]
DR. SIR/
The infinite confusion into which this country [mutilated] by our disagreement with the indians, has heretfore put it on [mutilated] power to continue a desirable correspondence with you, but [mutilated] importance of the Subject urges, and your interest may be par [mutilated] servicable; together with the pleasure I feel in maintaining an [mutilated] ctive intercourse with you, I snatch this moment to write [mutilated]
I have accq acquainted his Excellency Lord dunmore [mutilated] my Oppinion of matters here, in a concise manner; and oft [mutilated] which I judg'd necessary toward the advantage of this promi [mutilated] Settlement; & in order to evince the propriety of my argument [mutilated] transmitted a Coppy of my Journal Since the beginning of ou [mutilated] with the natives, which I apprehend his Lordship will lay [mutilated] the Honourable House -- --
The Shawanese (Sir) have long since looked upon [mutilated] Commencing Settlements down the Ohio with a most jeal [mutilated] and have Frequently express'd their disapprobation--as they [mutilated] Remarkable for a haughty, violent & unthinking tribe; they [mutilated] latterly committed many Robberies & Murders upon different [mutilated] going down the River, and their impertinent answer to ou [mutilated] lence message1 sent to them by the Delawares in consequen [mutilated] what had happened to their people, together with their di [mutilated] perations for open Hostillities convinces me that chastise [mutilated] will ever prevail upon them to admit of a peacable Sit [mutilated] at the Kanhawa--If the Government mean to encourage [mutilated] ration down the River, so much coveted by people in Gen [mutilated] Stockade Fort at the Kanhawa is absolutely necessary to pr [mutilated] adventurers & prevent the Frequent interuptions to the cultiv [mutilated] the country, which otherwise inevitably will be the case [mutilated] distance from the Kanhawa across to the Kiscapoux Shaw [mutilated] is but inconsiderable it will constantly overawe them, [mutilated] that from thence, inroads may be expeditiously made into [mutilated] Country, & every purpose we may desire effectually accom [mutilated] as to the expence, I humbly presume it will be but Trifling for the Garrison might be defended by the Militia of the country who would undoubtedly fly there on every emergency -- I also conceive (Sir) the [mutilated] Shawanese ought upon this occasion to be thoroughly chastised and convinced [mutilated] their insignificancy, which will in the first place prove exemplary to [mutilated] Contiguous Neighbours, and in the next place it will clearly point to [mutilated] that half doing nothing matters of this nature with Indians can never answer any Salutary purpose, for, had the Shawanese been so much under our Frowns Power as the Delawar's were, when Col: Bouquet marched into their country, their Language would not had have been so haughty to day, but on [mutilated] contrary would have been consonant to the tone of their more peacable [mutilated] ghbours. as I expect nothing but a war with them so i flatter my [mutilated] they may be convinced to their Sorrow, that their Rashness will Su [mutilated] punish them in drawing our just Resentment upon them, I have [mutilated] the Begining of this dispute worked with never ceasing hurry at [mutilated] place & now have it in a good posture of defence, so that for this Spot, I fear [mutilated] thing, but my heart melts for the distress of the people, who fly, in dire [mutilated] abandoning all their promising hopes--We have great numbes here, and I do Everything in my Power to comfort them, but the [mutilated] ing difficultys under which we Labour prevent me from giving [mutilated] the aid and comfort I could wish to afford. I have drawn together [mutilated] day one Hundred active men & ordered them to march down to whee [mutilated] Keeping near the River, so that they might be enabled to discovery any [mutilated] ts leading into the country, and I am in Great hopes they may [mutilated] nately meet Some of the Shawanese parties and defeat them, for [mutilated] the first impression made, greatly depends our Success toward a [mutilated] accommodation with the other Nations; a hint of which I gave all [mutilated] Officers of militia--I cannot conclude without assuring you that [mutilated] Government of Virginia having taken place at this critical [mutilated] has been the Sole preservative of the country, otherwise I [mutilated] imagine the whole Settlement must have been abandoned --
[Note 1: 1 The Shawanese then delivered the following Answer to the Condolence Speeches and Message sent them: --
"Brothers: (Captain Connolly, Mr. McKee, and Mr. Croghan,) We have received your Speeches by White Eyes, and as to what Mr. Croghan and Mr. McKee says, we look upon it all to be lies, and perhaps what you say may be lies also, but as it is the first time you have spoke to us we listen to you, and expect that what we may hear from you will be more confined to truth than what we usually hear from the white people. It is you who are frequently passing up and down the Ohio, and making settlements upon it, and as you have informed as that your wise people have met together to consult upon this matter, we desire you to be strong and consider it well. Brethren: We see you speak to us at the head of your warriors, who you have collected together at sundry places upon this river, where we understand they are building forts, and as you have requested us to listen to you, we will do it, but in the same manner that you appear to speak to us. Our people at the Lower Towns have no Chiefs among them, but are all warriors, and are also preparing themselves to be in readiness, that they may be better able to hear what you have to say.
"You tell us not to take any notice of what your people have done to us; we desire you likewise not to take any notice of what our young men may now be doing, and as no doubt you can command your warriors when you desire them to listen to you, we have reason to expect that ours will take the same advice when we require it, that is, when we have heard from the Governour of Virginia."--American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. 1. p. 479.]
... I am with much Regard
... Dr Sir
... Your most Obedt. Servt.
LONDON 31 MAY 1774 --
SIR --
Being without any of your favours since our last respects per Capt Boucher we have chiefly to hand you Account sales of the 4 hhds Tobo you favour'd us with per the Sim Nett proceeds to [mutilated] £14.17.2 which considering the quality & situation of our Markets, was the most we could obtain for them--Our prices are a little mended now particularly--real good Tobo sells very well --
... We remain very Respectfully
... Sir
... Yr mo. huml. Servt:
... THOSS. EDEN & CO
FORT DUNMORE June 7th. 1774.
DEAR SIR.
I have by the Bearer hereof acquainted His Lordship with the late Murders committed by the Savages upon our Inhabitants in this quarter: and at the same time, have taken the liberty to make a Requisition of assistance, & to recommend some Matters to His Lordship's consideration.
I shall here take the liberty of speaking to you, well knowing that you must be a competant Judge of measures necessary to be pursued, upon this critical occasion.--As the Shawanese have for these some years past constantly shook the Tomahawk over our heads, & threatened to strike should our People ever attempt to pass below the Kanhawa; a Stockade there for very many & obvious Reasons must be necessary, & another one opposite to Hokocking River; from which places we may be enabled to send terror into their Country for the present, & keep them from annoying our Settlements; & hereafter will forever deter them from daring to affront our Adventurers in the prosecution of their lawfull designs down the Ohio. Mr: Croghan intends going to Williamsburgh: you must well know how specious He is, but you may be assured that His business there is not for the publick good, but to answer private, & ungenerous designs; which I hope you will use your utmost to defeat 1--His principle View is to endeavour to secure his Indian Grant in Virginia, after the great Government Scheme is blown over; which like the Mountain in labor has bro't forth a Mouse. As He is specious where unknown He may impose & carry points; but I can assure you on the Word of a Man of Honor, that if the Legislature of Virginia listens to him, that He will involve the Colony, in trouble, & difficulties, nothing to its credit--I could unfold many matters scarcely credible, but I forbear.--I am afraid that the Shawanese have been told that they were to permit no People to Settle on the Ohio, below the Kanhawa. --
[Note 1: 1 "Mr. Croghan, who has been grossly abused by our Bashaw [John Connolly], lately is gone to Williamsburg to represent every part of his conduct to the Governour and Council, in its true light; although others doubt, I am very certain Mr. Croghan is earnest and sincere respecting that intention, for he joins the rest of the inhabitants, in charging all our present calamity to the Doctor's account."--Eneas Mackey to Governor Penn, American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. i. p. 471.]
This Place is in such confusion that I must beg leave to finish this hasty Scrawl by subscribing Myself.
... Dr Sir
... Your obliged Frd & Servt:
... JNO: CONNOLLY.
DEAR SIR/
SPRING GARDIN June ye 8th 1774
I recevd your Letters by Mr: Cristy dated 27th of May and I am Sory to[o] you seem to be in confusion as well as us,1 as that renders our Case more Deplorable.
[Note 1: 1 It was on the 26th of May that Lord Dunmore dissolved the Virginia Assembly. and on the 27th that they met at the Raleigh tavern.]
Saterday Last we had Six person Killd on Dunkard Creek about ten Mils from the Mouth Cheat river on the west Sid of Monongahalia, and there is three mising, a Sunday a man ho Left a party is suposed to be Killd as he Went of to hunt Som horses and 5 guns was h[e]ard go of, and the horse he rood away returnd to the house where the party was, they Set out in Search of Enemies found the Mans Coat and Saw a Number of Tracks but cold not find the man
Our hole Country is in Forts, what is Left, but the Majr. Part is gon Over the Mountain
With Much a do I have prevaild on about Duzen of Famelys to Joyn me in a Fort Over again my house Which has bin Accomplished with Much Difiquelty and a Considerable Expence to me, and Val Crawford has Built an Other at the Same rate
It was with great Difiqueulty any Cold be prevaild to Stay, Such was the Panick that Sezed the people if Som thing is not Soon don, I am much afraid the hole Country must fall into the hands of the Enemies, the Dolaways1 Seem to be on our Sid as yeat, but then on them there is not much Dependence I beleve an Endien War is unavoidable
[Note 1: 1 Delawares. The Delawares remained neutral throughout Dunmore's war.]
I have bin on a Scouting party as Low as Grave Creek Since Mr Johnston Went Down to Williamsburg but cold [see] no Sign of any parties but as Soon as I Returnd a party Crossd the river that did that Mischef.
Fort pit is Stockcaded in and they inhabitants of the town is about Picketing the town in, the[y] have about on[e] hundred Men fit for Arms in town and Fort Which I do not think Sufficient to Protect them places
I Shall take the opertunity of the first Scouting party Down the River and Comply with your requist in Regard to the round bottom and send you a plot and an other to Mr Lewis and then I have no dore Will be left Open for Disopintment
As to the Variation of the Compass it has bin taken by Mr Leet and Mr McClain from Mr Dickson and Masons Calculations and they find it to be 4d. 10m. Westerly and there Work I beleve may be Depended on as they are both Able Survayors
I am at a Loss what to Advise you to do or Val Crawford in regard to your People as tims I am Afraid will be very Troublesom I am Afraid Should that be the Case Litle would be don for your Advantigue, in Your Letter to V Crawford you Wrot Som of a Mistake in Laying a new County
I aprehended by Lord Dumore there was a new County intended on the west of the Mountain
... Sir I am your most
... Huml Sarvent
... W CRAWFORD
NB we are in Great want
... of Guns and
... Amonition
JACOBS CREEKE June 8th 1774
DEAR COLO
I Receved your Letter by Mr Cresley of the 27th of May and am Sorrey for the Sudint Braking up of the Esembly before they hitt on Som Method to Releve our Distress Situation Butt it is a happey Scurcumstance for us Lordonmore1 being So warm in our favour which gives us great Reselution to Stand our ground what few of us is Left though the Contra2 is very thin we have Bilt Sevrell Forts out Hear which wase a verey great Means of the people Standing there ground I have built one att My house and have got Som Men to garde it and Mr. Simson has Built a Fort att the place where they are Building of your Mill3 by the Esistence of His Neabours and part of your Carpenters and I have been there Severell times and have Encuraged him all I can to Stand his ground and I have Severell times oferd him all the Carpenters and all the Sarvants but he would not take aney of the Sarvants and but four of the best of the Carpenters his Reason for not taking of the Sarvents as there wase a great dale of Companey att the Fort and drink Midling plenty it would be out of his power to govern them and he Said they would Run away from him and as to Carpenters he and Stephens the Millwright had Engaged Som Carpenters them Selves before this Erouption broake out with the Indens and are Louth to discharge them and take in these you Engaged for me to take down the ohio or att Least aney More of them than Can Convenently work as he Says from the Noys of the Indens and the Crowds of people that Come to the Fort he Cant get Nothing don with the Small Number of hands he has but I will goe to Simson to Morrow-morning and Consult him farther on the afair and doe Every thing in My power for your Entrast the thoughts of Selling of the Sarvents Elarmed them verey Much for they dont want to be Sold but the hole of the Sarvents have had Som Short Spells of Sickness and Som others Cut them Selfes with an ax and Lay bye Som time and one of the best of Stephens Men Cut him Selfe with an adze the worst I Ever Saw aney body Cut in My Life So that he has Not been able to doe one Strok for Near one Month this hapened in digin the Canews I have Sent you a Scetch1 of Stephens article when I waite on Simson if he does Not take the Carpenters all I Shall Ether Sett them to building of a house att the big Meadows or discharge them Intirely for it Seems all Most Emposable to Ceep2 Men Close to bisness att a Fort where there is So meney people and So much Confusion if they Can doe Eney thing it Must be att the Medow as they will be to them Selfes and as Stevens Seems to be verey Loth to be discharged and Says he Left Som very good Jobs to Serve you
[Note 1: 1 Lord Dunmore]
[Note 2: 2 Country.]
[Note 3: 3 This mill was built on the site of the present town of Perryopolis.]
[Note 1: 1 Sketch.]
[Note 2: 2 Keep.]
and as on Sunday Evning about 4 Miles over over Monongalahela the Endens Murderd one famely Consisting of Six and tuck two boys prisoners and att another place the[y] Kild 3 which Makes in the hole Nine and two prisoners and if we had Not had forts Built there would Not [have] been ten Famelys of this Side of the Mountains Besides what wase at Fort pitt but we have Sent out Scouts after the Mourder[er]s but we have Not heard that they have falin in with them yeat and we have att this time att Least 300 Men out after the Indens Som of which is gon down to wheeling and I bleve Som is gon down as Low as the Litle Conaway So I am in hopes they will give them a Stom1 for Som of the Scouting Companey Say they will goe to there towns but they will get Scalps
[Note 1: 1 Storm?]
Mr George Mccormick who Carreys you this is to Return Emedently and will bring Me an answer to this as to your Neals2 and other things I have built [a] Strong Store house and Stored them up Safe and if we could hope for peace Soon I think No people Could Execute your bisness beter than thease sarvants as they will be Hardend to the ways of this Countra and they Seem verey well Satisfid and I bleve wont Run away or att Least Say they wont Run away from you but Sarve out there time honstly
[Note 2: 2 Nails.]
So I am der Sir your Most Hble
... Sert to Comand
... VALE CRAWFORD
give My Love to Mr
Lund washington and tell
him his people is well but
has Moved in to a fort Near his
place3
[Note 3: 3 Lund Washington's land on the Ohio is referred to in an entry in Washington's Journal October 15, 1770: "I Intended to have visited the Land which Crawford procured for Lund Washington this day also, but time falling short I was obligd to Postpone it."]
My Son which I Sent down wase taken with a bad Spell of Sickness and has Never Returnd to Me which gives Me great uneasiness who I Sopose has got the other Letter you Mention for I have Never Receved one Line from you Sence I Left your house and have wrote you Severell More Letters then you have Receved But as I mentioned before I will goe to Simson tomorrow and I will write you what Ever we Conclude on as to Selling of the Sarvents Sarvents there apears to be but a por Chance as there is but few purches and who has a Little Cash Seems to Keep [it] to Bear his Expences in case he Should be oblige to Run Away as to My provisions that I bought for My Selfe and Men I have great part of [them] Stored up in a house att the river Near My Brothers Still hoping that we Should have News of peace and then to Start down the River But this Last acount from the Indens put out of all doupt our going down this Season and stephens Seems to be willing to be discharged on Condition you Will give him the offer of the Job when Ever you under take it again
... I am yours
... V C1
[Note 1: 1 The following is bound with this letter in the manuscripts: "Extract from an Article of Agreement made between George Washington Esqr. and William Stevens Febry. 21st. 1774
"And lastly said William Stevens doth hereby consent and agree, that if by sickness or any other unavoidable means he, or any of the five persons engaged by him shall loose any time, a deduction is to be made from his or their wages for the time so lost in proportion to what they are to receive.
"NB. The Agreement of Bennet Jenkins and Jason Jenkins is the same --"]
VALE CRAWFORD June 8th 1774
DEAR SIR/ Sence I wrote you this Moment we Receved an acount of Several parteys of Indens Coming in to the Ihabsentences1 and yesterday Kild and Scalped one Man in Sight of the Fort on the Mon[on]ga[he]la of one of the vanmates2 and there wase two Men Sworen that they yesterday Saw 30 Indens and these two men Mett with about 30 Men of the Scouts about five Miles from the place where the Indens were Seen and Emedently pursued them But we have Not heard farther of them But the party that Murderd the famely as I wrote you in my other Letter wase ferlowd by one pigman [?] a young Man that Conneley apointed a Lutenant with a party of aBout 30 Men overtuck them and Releved Som prisoners and Retuck Sexteen horses and Mears3 and a good dale of plunder they had tuck from people houses but Kilk Now Indens there has been Severell parteys of Indens Seen within these two or three days and all Seem to be Making toward the Larrell hill or Mountain So that the people are afraid to travell the Road by geses4 Butt goes a Nigh way by Enden Creek or Rides in the Night to My Brothers and So He has Concluded to tak all your men and Sarvents into pay as Militia and Keep our ground tell we Can get Relefe from be Low Your Letter which I have Sho[w]n to Severell people has been of Infinite Sarvice to us as it incurags5 Meney people to Stand there ground in hopes of Relefe from what you wrote Butt there is one unhapy Surcomstance our Contra1 is verey Scarce of Emonition and arms and I have therefore tuck the Liberty to wright to you to get Me 2 quarters of a Hundred Caskes of powder and Send it as far as Balls Run to My Mothers2 or Colo Samuell Washington['s] or att Keyses Ferrey where I can get up here by pack horses I want Now Lead as we have a plenty of Lead up here So I beg of you to Esist with your Intrest as you are a better Judge of our distrass than all Most aney other Jentleman as you from your Letters to Me and My Brother Seem to be as well aquanted with our distrass as if you where here in person your Selfe So I beg of you to write to Me verey fully in your Next and I am dear Sir your
[Note 1: 1 inhabitants.]
[Note 2: 2 inmates?]
[Note 3: 3 mares.]
[Note 4: 4 Gists?]
[Note 5: 5 encourages.]
[Note 1: 1 Country.]
[Note 2: 2 The mother of William and Valentine Crawford had long been a widow. Her maiden name was Onora Grimes. Crawford, her first husband, died when the two boys were young. She then married Richard Stephenson. Five sons and one daughter were born of the second marriage, when the second husband died. The mother, in her prime, as a woman of uncommon energy and great physical strength, yet kind in disposition, and very attentive to her children. She died in 1776.--BUTTERFIELD.]
... Most Sencer frend and Most
... Hble Servent
VALEN CRAWFORD.
NORFOLK June 27. 1774 --
SIR
Agreeable to my promise I now beg leave to inform you that I am of opinion flour will answer at this market; that is, it will sell for 16/8 & the freight. the two hundred barrells received whilst I was in Williamsburg is sold for that price & make no doubt that I cou'd dispose of as much more for the same. The bread still sticks on hand, tho I am in hopes it will go off in a short time. should you incline to send any down please to let it come by the first oppertunity as the season coming is no way favorable to this article. I am in hopes of establishing some constant customers for your flour, as I have at last prevailed on the bakers to make a tryall of some of it & the baker who has purchased has all flying to him for bread, which makes me think he will be glad of a constant supply. I am
... Yr. Hble Servt.
THOMAS NEWTON JR.
NB. I have forwarded the
the herrings to Coll Bassett
[Note 1: 1 This letter is addressed to "George Washington Esq Virginia To be left at Mr. Calverts"]
ANNAPOLIS 28 June 1774 --
SIR
I take the Freedom to inclose you the Resolutions of our general Committee for the Province in the Bills respecting the Massachusetts Governmt. and the Act for blocking up the Harbour of Boston2--If our general Scheme of Conduct should be adopted by the Congress I think even so strict an Association will be kept by the people of Maryland with good Faith I have sanguine Hopes that your Colony will readily join in effectual Measures--I am sorry to hear that your abrupt Dissolution has thrown you into Difficulties about Officers Fees we have unhappily been for some Time much embarrassed about the Fees of Office here and as you may remember have had some Controversial Pieces on the Subject I preserved a paper which contains the last no Answer having been yet given to it and inclose it to you as indeed I would all on the Subject if I had them not from any Opinion the Matter may not be as well handled in Virginia as with us but from an Apprehension that any Thing on the Subject which may tend to an Investigation of the Truth will at this Time be agreeable to you. I have strong Expectations from Pensylvania but have heard Nothing material from New York.
[Note 2: 2 The Maryland Convention was held at Annapolis June 22--25, 1774.]
... I am Sir
... Your most obedt. Servant
... THS. JOHNSON JUNR
TOWLSTON July the 3d: 1774.
DEAR SIR,
I am a little surprised that You had not reced my Letter relating to Doctor Savage when You wrote to Mr. Harrison. I wrote because it was necessary to consult You upon the occasion, tho' I believed you would be no more inclinable than myself to agree to any Arbitration. It seems to me a very odd practice this of obtaining Injunctions out of Court when the Equity of it can't appear sufficiently. It will be necessary to have an Answer ready before the next Court.
Till I could have an Opportunity of advising with You about a proper Fee to be paid Mr. Harrison who has taken some pains to do Mr. Savage Justice, I have paid him only the legal Fee of 16/3 and 10/3 which he paid to Mr. Waller for his Advice in regard to a particular part of the proceedings.
I shall be glad to know whether you may be inclinable at this time to purchase my Kittocktan Tract. I run round it last Fall and found it to contain 1400 Acres, 150 of which Mr. Threlkeld claims; the rents of it & of 100 Acres adjoining amounts to £27 per Annum, besides the Sum of 4£ to be paid by a Man I placed on the part Mr. Threlkeld claims in order to keep possession till He ascertains his Bounds, which I can't prevail wth him to do. I shall be willing to let you have it for what I owe to you & Mr. Custis. Altho' I think the price low, yet I must own it to be more than Mr. Threlkeld offers, which nothing will induce me to take but real necessity. If the Tennants could raise the money some of them would give almost as much I believe for one half of it. I am so much obliged to You for your Favours that I would let you have it cheaper rather than delay a Payment when Money is so scarce If you thought it ought to be sold for less.
Several Gentlemen of this County have been kind enough to propose me as a Candidate at the next Election. As it would give me a particular pleasure to serve with You, I have thought it very unlucky that it should happen at this time. I have been forced to decline it chiefly because I thought I could not give Satisfaction in general upon this Occasion.1 For I should think Myself bound to oppose violent Measures now. The Entering upon a Plan of having no Trade would be an arduous Undertaking, I mean if persisted in, and if once entered upon it ought to be strictly kept. I therefore think it would be more proper to try what Effect a petition might have towards obtaining a repeal of the Duty. I would willingly give the Parliament a fair Opportunity to do it, and therefore should be for a petition unaccompanied with any Threats or Claims (for we have already used them) and if such an Opportunity should be missed, we might then be better able to judge of their real Intention towards us. If the Parliament had ever so good a Right to lay a Tax on the Colonies which has [been] much disputed, it is certainly very unjust to exercise that Right; But in opposing this we should consider all the Consequences that may follow. Threatenings at this time I am of opinion will have no Effect: I think Whenever they are used they must be followed by a steady perseverance This must occasion so great Inconveniencess, that many will probably fall off and so by degrees the whole, which would bring us into Disgrace. For which reason I am for postponing it till the Effect of a Petition be first tryed. I don't speak upon my own Account, for I verily believe that there are not many if the Country entered into a general non Importation agreement, who would submit to greater hardships than myself. I should be for persevering to the End, and therefore slow in entering upon it.
[Note 1: 1 Colonel John West had also declined to become a candidate for election to the House of Burgesses. George Washington and Major Charles Broadwater were elected to represent Fairfax County.]
There are scarce any at Alexandria of my opinion, and tho' the few I have elsewhere conversed with on the Subject are so, yet from them I could learn that many thought otherwise, so that I believe I should at this time give general Dissatisfaction, and therefore it wd. be more proper to decline it even upon this Account as well as because it would necessarily lead me into great Expences which my Circumstances will not allow of. My Wife & Sally join me in Compliments to Mrs. Washington & I remain
... DrSir Yr. most obliged & obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
BRYAN FAIRFAX July the 17th. 1774.
To
... GEORGE WASHINGTON, ESQR;
Having been twice lately at Alexandria, and the Business I am engaged in being liable to suffermuch by my Absence, I hope I shall be excused for not attending at this Time. As it is necessary however for every one to give his Sentiments on this occasion, I beg Leave to address myself in this manner to You, Sir, as Chairman of the Meeting, and hope it will answer as well as if I were personally present.1
[Note 1: 1 This general meeting of the inhabitants of Fairfax County, over which Washington presided, was held in Alexandria July 18. The resolutions, then presented in the court-house by a committee appointed at a former meeting (July 5), are to be found entire in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. i. p. 597, and in Sparks's Writings of Washington, vol. ii. p. 488.]
Some Resolves being prepared by the Committee, It is now proper to consider them, and to collect the general Sense of the Inhabitants on the Subject: and whatever legal Measures are determined on by the Majority ought to be conformed to by the rest, as a perfect Unanimity ought to appear among us.
I am precluded from saying a great deal of what I intended to mention at the first Meeting, by observing that a Petition to the King is now recommended as the first Step that ought to be taken at the Congress.
I could have wished that it had been the only Step taken by the Colonies at this time, as to give the Parliament a good Opportunity to repeal the Acts complained of would be the likeliest way to effect it. But this is not generally believed. On the contrary it is supposed that there is a regular System for enforcing the principle of Taxation. This is the very point on which our difference in opinion is founded. Those who believe in such a plan being determined on will readily approve of most of the measures proposed. Those who think with me that no such Intention plainly appears will rather postpone them to another Time. A Political opinion, as well as a religious one, is often formed by degrees. It is owing to a Train of Thoughts on the Subject of Contemplation, many of which escape the Memory so that they cannot be brought in support of one's Opinion; and this is the Reason sometimes, that of two Men of opposite Sentiments neither is able to convince the other; tho' different opinions are generally owing to a difference in Constitution &c: I will however make a few Remarks as to this point. The late Acts are thought to be a full Proof of the Parliament's Intention to enforce the Payment of Taxes. In considering this we should make an Allowances for the Prejudices of others. An Englishman however clear he may be in Opinion as to the Rights of Taxation, ought to consider the Motives from which an Opposition in America arises. He ought to consider that it springs from virtuous, tho' (as he may think) erroneous principles. In like Manner the Americans ought to consider the Majority of the english Parliament, or a great part, as acting from honest tho' erroneous principles. Could they, under the persuasion that they had a right to impose the Duty on Tea, avoid taking Notice of what had happened at Boston? However great their Exertion of Power has been, they might conceive themselves bound to protect their Trade, and to take some Measures similar to what they have done without a farther design to enforce the principle of Taxation. From the late Speeches it appears that some of those, who opposed the Repeal, did so, because of it's being unseasonable; and others, because they thought the Americans would be still encroaching, not because they were averse to it if a decent opportunity were given them. If this is the Case we deprive ourselves by hasty Resolutions of what we can never recover. It will be too late hereafter to petition. We must effect what we desire by compulsion. This must be the Work of years: for after what has already happened our Threats will not be hastily regarded. They must be convinced from Experience of our Perseverance; and we shall find It will require a great Exertion of Virtue for that Purpose. Whatever Corruption there may be in the Parliament, whatever unjust designs some Men may have, we ought to gain the Affections of those who mean well; we should strive to conciliate the Affections of the Nation, and make Allowance for their Prejudices. We should have an eye to the next Parliament, and avoid every measure that might justly exasperate the People. It is incredible how far a mild Behavior contributes to a Reconciliation in any dispute between Man & Man, and how much the Spectators are always engaged on the side of the Man of Moderation. It is the same in public Contentions. They who divest themselves of Resentment, and seem desirous of peace, go a great Way towards obtaining it. For these Reasons I ardently wish that no Resolves had been now entered into: But as most of the Colonies seem determined on them, and many Counties here are also entering into them; perhaps it would be prudent in this County to join also, as the Colonies ought to be unanimous. However, I hope it will be recommended, that, if a Petition should be agreed upon, and sent Home by the general Congress, No Conditional Resolutions, which may be formed at the time, should be published until it is known that the Petition has had no Effect. For we should otherwise destroy the very Intention of it. To petition and to threaten at the same time seems to be inconsistent. It might be of Service with the Ministry, if they have evil Designs, to know the Dispositions of the People here. I am sure that sufficiently appears from what has been already published. And if that appears, no Threatenings ought to accompany the Petition. It ought to be as modest as possible without descending to Meanness. There is one Expression then in one of our Resolves on this Subject, which I must object to; that is, a Hint to the King that if his Majesty will not comply, there lies but one Appeal.1 This ought surely to be erased. There are two Methods proposed to effect a Repeal; the one by Petition, the other by Compulsion. They ought then to be kept separate and distinct. And we shall find few for joining them together, but what are rather against the Former.
[Note 1: 1 The 23d of the Fairfax County resolves is as follows: "Resolved, That it be recommended to the deputies of the general Congress to draw up and transmit an humble and dutiful petition and remonstrance to his Majesty, asserting with decent firmness our just and constitutional rights and privileges; lamenting the fatal necessity of being compelled to enter into measures disgusting to his Majesty and his Parliament, or injurious to our fellow-subjects in Great Britain; declaring, in the strongest terms, our duty and affection to his Majesty's person, family, and government, and our desire to continue our dependence upon great Britain; and most humbly conjuring and beseeching his Majesty not to reduce his faithful subjects of America to a state of desperation, and to reflect, that from our sovereign there can be but one appeal."]
As to the other great point of Dispute, whether we should have no Imports only, or we should debar ourselves from both Exports and Imports; If we should be forced to take some such Measures, I had rather vote for the latter as the more effectual, provided it can be done consistent with the Justice that is due to those to whom we are indebted. If we have Exports it is to be feared that the Ships which come for those Exports will bring Imports. We cannot store those Goods without acting illegally. If we wish to avoid a Civil War we must do Nothing illegal. We must depend on our own Virtue. On the other Hand, if we have no Exports, Provisions will be very cheap and plenty. Plenty of provisions, together with a great demand for Manufactures, will invite Manufacturers in great Numbers from any Country where they happen to be cheap from too great an Abundance: Thus we may meet with some Retribution for our Sufferings, and Great Britain some Diminution for her Injustice.
I come now to consider a Resolve which ought to be the most objected to, as tending more to widen the Breach, and prevent a Reconciliation than any other. I mean that wherein the Authority of Parliament is almost in every Instance denied. Something similar to this, tho' more imprudent, is the most exceptionable part of the Conduct of some in New England. It has been asserted in the House of Commons, that the Americans have been gradually encroaching; that as they have given up points we have insisted on more. The Fact is true as to Encroachment, but the Reason assigned is wrong. It is not because they have given up Points, but because they have not given them up, that we out of Resentment demand more than we at first thought of. But however natural it is to people incensed to increase their Claims, and whatever our Anger may induce us to say; In calm deliberations we should not insist on any Thing unreasonable. We have all along submitted to the Authority of Parliament. From the first Settlement of the Colonies I believe there never was an Act of Parliament disputed 'till the famous Stamp Act. It is a maxim in Law that all Acts made since the Settlement of the Colonies do not extend here, unless the Colonies are particularly named; therefore all Acts wherein they are included do extend here. When the Stamp-Act was repealed it was said, and I did not hear it contradicted, that the Americans objected to internal Taxes, but not to external Duties. When the Duty on Tea was laid as an external Duty we objected to it, and with some Reason, because it was not for the regulation of Trade, but for the express purpose of raising a Revenue. This was deemed a small encroachment on our first Demands. Some now object to the Authority which has established & regulated the Post-Office, a very useful Regulation. Others deny their Authority in regard to our Internal Affairs. If we go on at this Rate it is impossible that the Troubles of America should ever have an End. Whatever we may wish to be the Case, it becomes good Subjects to submit to the Constitution of their Country. Whenever a political Establishment has been settled, it ought to be considered what that is, and not what it ought to be. To fix a contrary principle is to lay the Foundation of continual Broils & Revolutions.
The Parliament from Prescription have a Right to make Laws binding on the Colonies, except those imposing Taxes. From Prescription the Americans are exempted from Taxation. Let us stand upon good Ground in our Opposition, otherwise many upon Reflection may desert the Cause. Therefore I hope some Alteration will be made in the 2d. Resolve, or that Nothing under this Head will be mentioned.
Thus, Sir, I have made some Objections as it appeared incumbent on me to do, and hope that you will cause this Letter to be read as containing my Sentiments on this important Occasion.1
[Note 1: 1 "Your letter of the 17th," writes Washington in reply, "was not presented to me till after the resolutions (which were adjudged advisable for this county to come to), had been revised, altered, and corrected in the committee; nor till we had gone into a general meeting in the court-house, and my attention was necessarily called every moment to the business before us. I did, however, upon receipt of it, in that hurry and bustle, hastily run it over, and I handed it round to the gentlemen on the bench, of whom there were many; but, as no person present seemed in the least disposed to adopt your sentiments, as there appeared a perfect satisfaction and acquiescence in the measures proposed (except from Mr. Williamson, who was for adopting your advice literally, without obtaining a second voice on his side), and as the gentlemen, to whom the letter was shown, advised me not to have it read, as it was not likely to make a convert, and was repugnant, some of them thought, to every principle we were contending for, I forbore to offer it otherwise than in the manner above mentioned, which I shall be sorry for, if it gives you any dissatisfaction that your sentiments were not read to the county at large, instead of being communicated to the first people in it, by offering them the letter in the manner I did."]
I am with great Respect & Regard,
... Sir Yr. most obedt. Servt.
BRYAN FAIRFAX
JACOBS CREEK July 27th 1774
DEAR COLO
on Sunday Evining or Munday Morning william ore one of the Most orderley Men I thought I had Ran away and has tuck a horse and other things as I have Sent you an advertisement of1 and I am Convinced he will Make for Som Ship in potomack River I have Sent two Men after them and furnished them with horses and Money and have wrote to My Brother Richard Stephenson in Berkeley and James Mccormick to Esco[r]t the Men I Sent to forward this Letter and advertisment to you I Should have fralowed him My Sellfe but all the Men Except Som old men are gon with My Brothers down to the Enden towns1 and Sence the Started there has been Seen Seen about the Monongahala Som parteys of endens a Coming in to the Enhabetance and we owerLey2 Expect them to Strike Somwhere the Indens has Kild and taken with in this ten days 13 people up about the forks of Cheat River which is about 25 Miles from Me and I would have folowd this Man My Selfe but I have the Charge of Both My Brothers fameley tell there Return and if I would Leve home the people would all give up My Fort and Move over the Mountains for I have above 200 people in My Fort att this time Cheifley women and Cildren for all the Men is gon to the towns and Ever Sen[c]e the Men Set off to the town Evrey bodys is flew to the Forts and it Seems to Me our Standing of our ground here a good Dele depends on the Sucsess of our Men that is gon agains the towns the govener wrote very Ernestly to Capt. Conely to give My Brother Wm Crawford the Comand of all the Men that Is gon against the towns3 which amount to about 700 men Encluding all the Militia that Came from Below and Conely him Selfe to Reside att Fort pitt Mjer Macdonald Came up here and is gon down [to] wheelin in order to take the Comand But I have Seen Severell Letters from Lordonmore2 both to My Brother and to Conely and he has Not Mentioned Macdonalds Name in them but I hered by Mr. Brown the express who told Me him Selfe that on thirsday Last he parted with Lordonmore att winchester and he wase to perseed amedently to this Neabour Hood Where I hope he will Reglate Maters him Selfe.
[Note 1: 1 FIVE POUNDS REWARD.
Run away from the Subscriber living on Jacobs Creek near Steward Crossings in Westmoreland County Pennsylvania, on Sunday Night the 24th Inst. A Convict Servant Man named Wm: Orre the Property of Conl. George Washington, he is a well made Man about 5 foot to Inches high, and about 24 Years of Age, he was born in Scotland and talks that Dialect pretty much, he is of a Red Complection & very full Faced, with short Sandy coulard Hair, and very Remarkable Thumbs they being both crooked; he had on and took with him, an old Felt Hatt, bound with black Binding, one White Cotton Coat and Jacket with black Horn Buttons, one old brown Jacket, one pair of Snuff coulard Breeches, one pair of Trowzers made in Sailers Fash 1 on and they are made of Sail Duck and have not been washed, a pair of Red Leggins and Shoes tied with Strings, two Osnabrigs Shirts, and one Holland Shirt marked V. C. which he Stole and a Blanket. He Stole likewise a Black Horse about 14 hands high, branded on the near Shoulder and Buttock R. W. & shod before, he has neither Bridle nor Saddle that we know of, I expect he will make to some Seaport Town, as he has been much used to the Seas. Whoever takes up said Servant and Secures him, so that he and Horse may be had again, shall Receive the above Reward; or Three Pounds for the Man alone, and Reasonable Charges if brought home paid by Me---
... VALE CRAWFORD
... for CONL GEO. WASHINGTON
... July 25th 1774
N. B. all Masters of Vessels are forbid taking him out of the Country on their Peril. --
... V. C.
... [This advertisement is not in Valentine Crawford's handwriting.]]
[Note 1: 1 This expedition was commanded by Major Angus McDonald, who was instructed to destroy the Shawanese or Wappatomica towns. In this he was easily successful, as the savage foe had fled when he reached their villages, but the Indians under Logan continued to harass the settlers long after the troops had returned to the fort at Wheeling.]
[Note 2: 2 hourly.]
[Note 3: 3 "It is highly necessary that you continue at Fort Dunmore, and I think therefore, that you could not do better than send Captain William Crawford with what men you can spare to join him, and to co-operate with Colonel Lewis, or to strike a stroke himself if he thinks he can do it with safety. I know him to be prudent, active, and resolute, and therefore very fit to go on such an expedition."--Lord Dunmore to John Connolly, June 20, 1774, American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. i. p. 473.]
[Note 2: 1 Lord Dunmore.]
I have Sold all the Men but two and I bleve Should have Sold them but the Man that is Run away had a verey Sore foot he Cut with an ax which wase Not Long well and John Smith wase Not well of the fould disorder which he had when he Left Your House I Sold peter Miller and John Wood to one Mr Edward Coke for £45 the Money to be aplied to use of building you Mill and I Sold Thomas Mcfarson and his Wife and James Low to Majer John Mccoluck and Mr James Enis for £65 pounds paible in Six Month with Interest from the date and My Brother Wm tuck Thomas White and the Boy John Knight and is Ether to pay you for them or Return them in Case you Could prosacute your design down the River and I taik John Smith and Wm Ore on the same terms So that In Justice I am acountable to you for the Man Iff he Is Never got But I Should have Sold Sold the hole of the Sarvents agreeable to your Letter if I Could a got Cash or good pay but the Confusion of times put it out of My power and out here we had one day peace and the Next day ware So it wase hard to Know how to act Even if you were here your Selfe for I have been Confind att home Ever Sen[c]e I Come up here I onley went down to Fort pitt a day or two and two of My own Sarvant and two Milition Men Ran away and I folowd them My Selfe and Koch them all down att bedford and brought them back and while I wase gon from home two of your Men John Wood and peeter Miller had Stole a quantity of bacon and bred and wase to a Started the verey Night I got home but a man of Mine discovered on them there design and I Sold them Emedently and I would have Sold the hole if I Could or delivered them to Mr Simson but he would Not be Concarnd with them att Eney Reate my waggon and team had been att worke att your Mill for Som time a halling of the timber Stone and Lime and Sand for your Mill and I went over to the [mill] to Esist in haling of Som of the Largest of the timber but the Leate Elarming acoumpt of the Indens the workemen has all Stopt and I have broate home My team and I ken [covered by seal] a pitey it wase Ever begun in these [covered by seal] Som times as it apears to me it will be a verey Expencive Job to you before it is done pay all the Carpentrs I brought out for you those Stopt the Sixth of May Except Som of them that wase att work att your Mill I Contnued them Longer but I pay them My Selfe I Shell obsarve your orders in Regard to Setling with the Carpentrs pray take all peans you Can in Advertising of this Man to prevent his geting off by water
... So I am Sir your Most Hble
... Savent
... VALE: CRAWFORD
TOWLSTON August the 5th.1774.
DEAR SIR,
I received your Favour of the 20th: of July, and must own that I thought it odd at first that my Letter was not read till I considered that I had no Right to have it done, as every one who chose it ought to have been present, and till I perceived by you Letter that the Committee were against it. If there had been no Reason for refusing it but a Persuasion that the Sentiments contained it it were erroneous I don't think it would have been a just one. I am satisfied with your Reasons as I had no Desire to make a Party or oppose my opinion to that of a large Majority; I sent it down, as I could not go in person without great Inconvenience, that I might not hereafter reproach myself with being silent on the Occasion. However I am inclined, since the Receipt of yours, to think I am mistaken about the Plan determined on at Home. You have no Reason Sir to doubt your opinion; It is I that have Reason to doubt mine when so many Men of superior Understanding think otherwise. It has in Fact caused me to examine it again & again; but if I was not convinced of an Error, it appeared to me that it shewed as much Cowardice in a Man not to maintain his opinions when real as Obstinacy to persevere in them contrary to Conviction. Mr. Williamson told me the other day that he found afterwards that there were a great many of his opinion in the Court House who did not care to speak because they thought it would be to no Purpose; and it may be so, because a Person, present when he was telling me so, said he was at the Meeting and did secretly object to some of the Resolves but could not speak his Mind. That You may not think my Sentiments quite so singular as they appeared to be, I must observe, that the second Person's Opinion I heard after the Arrival of the Boston Port Bill was Mr. Dalton's, who asked me what I thought of it; whether I did not think that the Parliament were bound to do what they did or something like it to secure the Trade of their Merchants? If the same outrage had been committed in any foreign Port whether the Government could have acquiesced without demanding and enforcing Restitution? or something to this Purpose. And it really appeared to me then a distinct Thing from enforcing the Payment of the Duty. The next Person whose opinion I heard was Mr. Williamson's; and the next Mr. Henderson's, with this difference, that the Bostonians ought to have destroyed the Tea, but should have sent home the Payment for it immediately. But that the Government could not avoid taking the Steps &c. He joined with me in opinion that the People at Boston were blameable in their Behavior in other Respects; And when I expressed my Concern at the Bill then talked of for altering their Charter, he observed that the Measure might be necessary considering the factious Conduct of the people; and They have all along appeared to me to shew a different Spirit from the Rest of the Colonies; and if ever we have a civil War I think without some Check they will be at the head of it, and I can't conceive any thing Worse for America at present. I know not whether Mr. Henderson told me this in Confidence or not; In case He should I beg that You won't mention his opinion, altho' he don't reserve this Caution. By mentioning the word Check, I don't mean to approve of All or scarce one of the Measures lately exercised on N: England. A Charter should not be altered without the Consent or consulting with the Majority of the people, or upon some very flagrant or violent Occasions wherein the good of the whole is endangered. But even the consent of the whole ought to be obtained. No Constitution as I mentioned in my Letter should be altered unless the Consent of every part concerned can be had. We have no right to alter our Constitution without the consent of the King & Parliament. For the same Reason none of our Constitutions should be altered without our Consent: For the Parliament according to the opinion of good Civilians have no Right to alter the Constitution of England, without taking or obtaining a Sanction from the Voice of the people if it could be had; because the Constitution is fixed when the people's Representatives are chosen And therefore they must Act according to it and can't alter it. It may possibly be for the good of the Colony of Massachusetts to alter the Constitution Governor Hutchinson a Native and a Man of good Character advised it, it is true, but he may have too arbitrary Notions. As the People who first went to settle chose such a Form of Government and obtained it, they ought to be the best Judges of the Conveniencies or Inconveniencies attending it. I wish our's was altered with respect to the Council: but it is dangerous medling in it such Matters; it might be a bad precedent in troublesome times. And as to ye Act for transporting Criminals to England for Trial tho' I wish every man could obtain strict Justice, and that no man in civil Disputes should be tried till the Passions of Men have a little subsided, I dislike it as much as any Man; But in regard to the Boston Port Bill I own I have no objection to it, except to the Power given to the Crown of shutting up the Port after the Tea may be paid for. I can see no Difference between demanding Satisfaction first, and sending a Fleet to demand it with conditional orders to block up the Port upon Refusal, or till Satisfaction is made. I own too that I have been inclined to think that the Tea ought to have been paid for before the other Colonies had joined in Support of Boston; but I suppose I am wrong as so many others think otherwise. However upon this occasion I can't help mentioning, that at a very full Meeting of Gentlemen at York relating to the Middlesex Election that there were only two, one a namesake of mine, who dissented from the whole Assembly; consequently their opinions were very unpopular. And yet I have lived [to] see some coming over to their opinion and as strongly of their opinion; two of them at least, Mr. Harrison and Mr. Grayson, as ever they were of a contrary one. This Example (if this Assembly were mistaken) would serve to shew, if there were not Many Instances in History where large Bodies of Men have been mistaken, that a Man, however doubtful he may become when he perceives a great Number to think otherwise, ought not to be too hasty in giving up his opinion.
I have been uneasy to find, that any one should look upon the Letter sent down as repugnant to the principle we were contending for; and therefore when You have leisure I shall take it as a Favor if you will let me know wherein it was thought so. I must make an Apology for these long Letters which I trouble you with. I have scarce passed a day without anxious thoughts upon the Subject. I beg leave to look upon you as a Friend and it is a great Relief to unbosom ones thoughts to a Friend; besides, the Information and Correction to my Errors I may obtain from a Correspondence is a great Inducement to it; For I am convinced that no Man in the Colony wishes it's Prosperity more, would go Greater Lengths to serve it, nor is at the same time a better Subject to the Crown. Pray excuse these Compliments--They may be tolerable in a Friend.
I can't recollect any Expression that could give any Reason for the Supposition just mentioned. As to Taxes I was never of opinion that the Parliament had a Right to impose them, and hardly ever had a Doubt upon the Subject of their taking our Money from us without our Consent; Tho' as to the Duty on Tea I never was so clear in opinion as to sign any Paper in Opposition to the Right; but as it is certainly unjust, I may refuse to trade with a Nation exercising that Injustice even if the Right was ever so clear. But I don't remember that I mentioned any doubt upon the Subject. Since I got so far I have been reading King James's Charters to the first Virginia Companys at the End of Stith's History; there is one Expression in the 2d: Charter a Little different from the Quotation of it which I have in the House, and which I can't understand perfectly, at least without considering a subsequent Clause. Sect. 19. And for their further Encouragement, of our special Grace and Favour, we do, by these presents, for Us, our Heirs & Successors, Yield and Grant, to and with the said Treasurer and Company, and their Successsors, and every of them, their Factors and Assigns, that they and every of them shall be free of all Subsidies and Customs in Virginia, for the Space of one & twenty years, and from all Taxes and Impositions, for ever, (here the Quotation stops) upon any Goods or Merchandises, at any time or times hereafter, either upon Importation thither, or exportation from thence, into to our Realm of England, or into any other of our Realms or Dominions, by the said Treasurers and Company, and their Successors &c: Except only the five pounds per Cent due for Custom, upon all such Goods and Merchandises, as shall be brought or imported into our Realm of England, or any other of these our Dominions according to the ancient Trade of Merchants; &c. In the 21st. Sect. are these words (after directing what duties Strangers and foreigners are to pay over & their Successors, is, or hereafter shall be, to pay) And the same Sums of Money and Benefit as aforesaid for and during the Space of one and twenty years shall be wholly employed to the Benefit, Use, and Behoof of the said Colony and Plantation; And after the said one and twenty years ended, the same shall be taken to the use of Us, our heirs and Successors, by such Officers and Ministers, as by us our heirs and Successors, shall be thereunto assigned and appointed, as is specified in the said former Letters Patents.
I shall be glad of your opinion upon this. If you would read over all the Charters anew some Thoughts might occur on both sides of the Question. The distinction that was made some years ago in the Colonies between the Right to impose Duties for the Regulation of Trade which has been allowed, and the Right to impose Duties for raising a Revenue I don't understand so well as I wish to do, tho' I can see a great difference between the propriety or Justice in laying a small Duty or Duties for the former purpose, and a declared, or apparent Intention to raise a considerable Revenue by degrees.
There is a new opinion now lately advanced in Virginia that the Parliament have no right to make any or scarce any Laws binding on the Colonies. It has given me much Uneasiness. For altho' I wish as much as any one that we were legally exempted from it, yet I hold it clearly that we ought to abide by our Constitution. The common Consent and Acquiescence in the Colonies for such a Length of time is to me a clear Proof of their having a Right. And altho' it is said that it has only been exercised in Matters of Trade, it will be found to be a Mistake. The Act for the Alteration of the Style was unquestionably received and assented to--The Act for the Regulation of the Post-Office, I mean the first Act: the Act empowering Officers to enlist Servants just imported, and to pay the Owners for them; The Acts relating to the Provincial Troops the last War &c have no Relation to Trade; but they were enacted when the Acts of any single Assembly could not have answered the End. And upon these occasions they have been passed without the least Objection that ever I heard to the contrary. When I first heard the Subject of Taxation mentioned, a Tax was talked of to be laid by Parliament on the Lands in America. Colo. Mason who was present spoke as much as usual upon the Subject, upon the Im[pro]priety I believe of taxing Infant Colonies, and the nature or excessiveness of it compared to the value of Lands &c. but I did not hear him make one Objection as to the Right of Parliament. When I came afterwards to hear the Right called in Question I recollected the Conversation, and was surprised that I had not heard a Man of his understanding and readiness to find fault with every thing irregular, take Notice of it; And Tho' he may not have considered the Matter as a new point, yet it is a proof that the Idea of the Parliament having no Right to make any Laws for us had not ever entered into his Mind before. I saw Colo. Richard Henry Lee act as a Justice of the peace under the Act relating to Servants, and insist upon the Right he had to act on Shipboard because the Act of Parliament had given power to all Justices in America to act without confining them to their respective Counties. I have often heard mention made of uniting some of the Colonies by Act of Parliament, of some in Pennsylvania having thought of petitioning to have their Charter abrogated and a new Government formed. And all this without any Objection to the Right; which looks to me like a common Consent. But I am almost Unwilling to advance any Opinion now. I shou'd not, but in hopes that you will give me yours upon this Point.
By the first Charter granted to Virginia, the Council were to govern the Colony according to such Laws Ordinances and Instructions as they were to receive from the Crown. By the second Charter they were to be governed by such Laws Orders &c as should be made by the Council for the Colony appointed in & to reside in London; who were to make ordain and establish all Manner of Laws, Orders, Directions, Instructions, forms and Ceremonies of Governmt. and Magistracy, fit and necessary for the said Colony; and the first government was annulled. Pursuant to these Charters and the third the Council and Company in England made an Ordinance for holding an Assembly in Virginia, with power to make Laws, in the year 1721--with a proviso that no Law made was to be in force till it had obtained their Assent at Home.
When I have considered these Disputes I have often wished to know the Sentiments of the first Settlers here. In Capt. Smith's History there is mention of Taxes by the Parliament, and some one in Virginia, makes the same Objections to it as we do at this day. Much about the same time I perceive that the Assembly had petitioned the Parliament for Relief; They thought themselves ill used by the King--who I am mistaken in saying that the Assembly petitioned. It was the Company at Home, petitioned, being encouraged it is said by the Parliament having taken the Case of the Plantation Tobacco in Consideration. The Assembly petitioned the King to continue and even farther to confirm the Government, under which they then lived. But if the Government must be altered they desired &c. and in their Letter to the Lords of the Council they expressed a Desire that the Governors sent over might not have absolute Authority, but might be restrained to the Consent of the Council; and that they might still retain the liberty of their general Assemblies. This was the Style & Situation of our Ancestors in the Infancy of the Colony. The English Government was a long time arriving to Maturity also. I don't think the Constitution was properly settled till the Revolution. And then immediately were sown the Seeds of its Ruin. The Parliament then first began to borrow Money and consume in one year the amount of some year's Taxes. And within ten or twelve years Corruption was introduced in order to keep out the Tory Interest. I am very sorry we happen to differ in opinion. I hope however that our Sentiments will again coincide as in other Matters: I wish they could with regard to Storing the Goods. Perhaps it is only intended as a Threat to the Merchants. But if it is otherwise, and they should send any over, I am afraid that we shd. lie at the Mercy or Generosity of those Merchants whether they will apply to [the] Government for Troops to release those Goods or not. If the End could be answered otherwise it would be better. If there was Virtue enough in the Country to abstain from only half the Goods commonly consumed it might probably answer in a few years. If every man of Influence would encourage his Neighbour to persevere perhaps we might hold out; especially if the Names of those Merchants should be published who sell or import contrary to the Desire of the general Sense of the Country; As it might prevent others from doing the like. I am sorry to hear what you Mention of General Gage. I did not imagine he had been so weak as to call Resolutions not to trade with Great Britain by the name of Treason.
I must again apologize for this Letter, hoping You'l excuse it and believe that I am with great Regard.
... Dear Sir
... Your most obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX
(To The Committee of Correspondence of Fairfax County, Virginia.)
PORTBO. Augst. 9th. 1774 --
GENT.
We are just informed of the Arrival of the Brige Mary & Jane Capt. Chapman from London with a large Quantity of Tea destined for Norfolk and Consigned to Neil Jamisson & Co. Geo & Jno. Bowness & Jno Laurence & Co.--The Brige. now lyes in Wecomicoe River in Maryland and we are informed will either sail to Norfolk & deliver the Tea or it will be sent in small Craft from where the Vessell now lyes. There is also a Quantity of Tea on board the above Vessell for several Gent on Potomack River, particularly Geo Town Bladensburgh, Chapticoe & Leonard Town and this place. We think it our duty to prevent any of it being Landed here & for that end have this day called a meeting; We think it not only our duty to obstruct its being Landed here, but also to Afford our Friends an opportunity of doing the same if they chuse to join in frustrating the destructive plan which seems to have been laid by the Consigners of that detestable Article, And for that purpose we have given information to George Town, Bladensburgh & Piscattaway & forwarded dispatches to Norfolk--And that you may be guarded be pleased to receive this intelligence from
... Gent
... Yr most Ob Servts.
... THE COMMITTEE OF CHARLES COUNTY
it is imagined there will be an Attempt to Land it at Dumfries or Allexa. privately if they find they cannot do it in Maryland.1
[Note 1: 1 The following is written upon the back of this letter: "Mr Clifford Be pleased to send your Boat over to Alexandria with this Letter, immediately on receit of it, with instructions to your people to deliver it into the hands of Mr Ro. Harrison, & you will very much Oblige Yr most Obt Servt. R Hooe]
SMITHFIELD August 15th. 1774.
DEAR SIR.
Mr. Thomas Hog who brought the Platt of Your Land on Cole River from Capt Floyd in April last with two other Men has never since been heard of, so that there is no Doubt of their being killed or taken, but I fear the former is the Case. Capt. Floyd with three others came in last Saturday. The other Surveyors with a Party of Men are still out but there is some Reason to hope they are safe.
Mr. Floyd at my Request immediately made out your Plan which I have Recorded & takes this Opportunity to Send it to Colo. Fielding Lewis either to be forwarded to you or sent to Town as you choose. I had no Opporty to send it directly down, otherwise I should have done it & sent the Patent Fee & had it put in at Once.
The Bearer Mr. Nash lives in Faquier but he has given me his Positive Promise that he will send the Letter immediately to Fredericksburg
We are greatly harrased in this Country by the Enemy. A Small Party got in about ten Days ago & killed 5 Persons mostly Children & took three Prisoners, about 15 Miles from this Place; which is greatly Exposed. I began yesterday to build a Fort about my House for the Defence of my Family,
I am with great Esteem Dr Sir your most Obedt. & very hble Servt
... WM. PRESTON
August:ye:20:1774: honoerd Sr This Coms To Let you know that your Mill is Likely To Goo By Christmas provided I Can Get Iron Which I Cannot Tell at This Time how it is Too Bee Got Without you Can Get it Waggond To Tittles or To The Little Meadows From Thens I Can Get it pact over on horsses: The Mill Work has Been Much Backend By By the War and Will I do Beleive Cost Neare one hundred pounds More Than She Would have doon had it Continued a pees But in all probabilaty it Will Soon Com Back again For Grain Will Likely Beear a high price This seven years To Come For provision is Ris To Great hight Which is To your Cost and My Great Fetuge 1 For I am Sum Times almost at My Wits End To Tell What To do But Shall allways Endevour To do For The Best as I Think your Mill Lys at Neare 230 Cost at This Time For Which I have Strant My Credet To a Great hight and I Beleive She Will Cost Neare 700 in The hool 2 But it is The Speech of almost all people That Sees The Work and The Convenins of the plase That They Would Bee hard To perswade To Take 3000 For her and 150 aCers of Land Joining her For She is Compleatly doon 3 So Far Sr It Being altogether out of My power To Com down I have Sent My Soon For Money For I Cant doo any longer Without and I hope you Will Send about 250 With him and Should Bee oblige To you To Caussion him To Bee Carefull in Coming out altho I have Given a Great Charge alreydey To him For he Will Goo Well armd and is a Good Guner and I do beleive he Would Not Lack Currage When put To The Shift and I know him To Bee a Steddey Sober Lad and There Will Bee Two or Three hearty Stout young Men With him So I beleive That There Will Not Bee The Lest danger of his Coming Safe your Blankits Weare all prest at Jolifs So I have Been Forst To Make all Shifts as I Could By Lodging The Work men on My own Beeds and Beed Cloths Which has Not Been No Small dammage To them Sr as To any Thing Concerning The War and other affairs My Soon Can Give you an account of Them and God Willing I intend down This Fall provided There is a pees Which at This Time Looks Likely So Sr No Mor But I hope These Lines Will Find your honour and all yours in perfect Good helth as I and My Famyly is at This Time Thanks To almighty God For The Same and I Remain yours To Command
[Note 1: 1 Fatigue?]
[Note 2: 2 whole.]
[Note 3: 3 The mill here, which Crawford saw "go for the first time of its running" in the spring of 1776, was thoroughly repaired in the summer of 1859 by George Anderson. The tradition that Washington superintended in person the laying of the stone of its cellar is, of course, without foundation in fact.--BUTTERFIELD.]
... GILBT. SIMPSON
... YOUGHAGAHALEY
... FOORT TRIALL
N:B:
... Your Mill has
Twenty Eight Feet Fall
[Note 1: 1 Lieutenant Mackenzie, it will be remembered, had served as a captain in the Virginia regiment in the French war, and afterwards obtained a commission in the regular army.]
BOSTON CAMP Septr. 13th. 1774
DEAR SIR
I am happy to take the Advantage of my Friend Mr. Atchison's Return to Virginia to pay my Respects where they are so much due as to yourself, especially as he expects to find you at Philadelphia engaged in the present important Affairs in America.2 No Class of People wish more cordially for a happy Accommodation than those of my Profession, and among them there is not one who is under stronger Obligations to do so than myself --
[Note 2: 2 The Continental Congress was at this time in session at Philadelphia.]
Mr. Atchison can sufficiently inform you of the State of this unhappy Province, of their tyrannical Oppression over one another, of their fixed Aim at total Independance, of the Weakness and Temper of the main Springs that set the whole in Motion, and how necessary it is that abler Heads and better Hearts shd. draw a Line for their Guidance: Even when this is done 'tis much to be feared they will follow it no further than where it coincides with their present Sentiments.
Amidst all these Jarrings we have until lately lived as in a Camp of Pleasure, but the rebellious and numerous Meetings of Men in Arms, their scandalous and ungenerous Attacks upon the best Characters in the Province, obliging them to save their Lives by Flight, and their repeated but feeble Threats to dispossess the Troops have furnished sufficient Reasons to Genl. Gage to put the Town in a formidable State of Defence, about which we are now fully employed, and which will be shortly accomplished to their great Mortification1 --
[Note 1: 1 Charles Francis Adams (Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, iv. 69) states that this letter was written for the purpose of influencing Washington to oppose the policy of the Massachusetts delegates in Philadelphia, and that it was on its receipt that he "spent the afternoon with the Boston gentlemen" (Washington's Journal, September 28). "It seems to have settled all Washington's doubts, if he had any," writes Mr. Adams, "for instead of noisy, brawling demagogues, meaning mischief only, he found the delegates plain, downright practical men, seeking safety from oppression, and contemplating violence only as a result of an absolute necessity forced on them by the government at home. The effect of this conference is made visible in his answer to MacKenzie."]
I shall endeavour to quit this disagreeable Scene when the Regiments retire into Quarters, and hope that going or returning from James's River to pay my Respects in Person --
Col. Robt. Stuart, Dr. John Stuart, and Col. Mercer were among the last Persons I parted with in London last April--I mention them as your Acquaintances--'Tho they all had a long Detail of Grievances, neither their Health or Spirits seem to have suffered at that Time --
... I have the Honour to be
... Dear Sir
... Your very respectful
... and most obedient Servant
... ROBERT MACKENZIE
... Lieutt. 43d. Fort --
STEWART CROSSING, Sepr. 20th 1774
SIR
It has not bin in my Power Since your Letter cam to my hand requesting me to Run the Land Over again at the round bottom I am now agoing to Set out for our new Expedition1 and taking my Instruments With me and Shall Comply with you in Each Article as far as is in my Power
[Note 1: 1 William Crawford, now a major, belonged to the northern division of Lord Dunmore's army, which was commanded by Colonel Adam Stephen, and which his Lordship accompanied to the scene of action. The southern division, commanded by General Andrew Lewis, was comprised of the borderers on the west and southwest of the Blue Ridge. The two divisions, each containing about fifteen hundred men, were to march by different routes to the mouth of the Great Kanawha, from which point the united army were to invade the Indian country northwest of the Ohio, and spare neither town nor person.]
I have I belive as much Land Lying on the Litle Kanhaway as will mak up your [mutilated] antity you want that I intended to Lay [mutilated] Warrents on but if you want it you [mutilated] have it and I will Try to get Other Land for that porpuss it Lys about 15 or 20 Mils up the Litle Kanhaway on the Lower Side and is all ready Run out on Tract of about 3000 Som od acres the other about 2500 well Marked and bounded as Soon as I can return I will Send you the Draft maid out but has not time to have it don now I do not here any of Cresaps Cla[i]m now more then as no person Lives on that Land, or any any of your Land now Since the Endens broke out I Spoke to Lord Dunmore in regard to it, and him Claim in what manner your properly to its Claim and those people took possession of the Land1 [mutilated] it [mutilated] n make no [mutilated] ds you as you have the first Claim and a patent besids So that I belive it is out the power of any Person to PredjuDiss him against you
[Note 1: 1 Crawford's meaning in this sentence is decidedly obscure.]
I this day am Set out with the first Devision for the Mouth of Hockhaking and there to Arect a post on your bottom where the hole troops is to Rendevouse2 and from thence to Proceed to the Shawnee Towns if the Endiens do no[t] Comply with his Lordship's Terms which is to give 6 Hostages for there good beheaviour which I believe the [y] will do
[Note 2: 2 When Lord Dunmore arrived at Wheeling he changed his plans, much to the discomfiture of the troops under General Lewis, who had already preceded him to the rendezvous at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, where the battle of Point Pleasant was fought. His Lordship sent Major Crawford with his company and the horses and cattle by land to the mouth of Hockhocking, to which point he, with the remainder of the northern divison, proceeded by water. Here he built a small stockade called Fort Gower, and marched on by land to within eight miles of the Shawnee town Chilicothe, on the Scioto.]
Lord Dunmore has had a Confance3 with them but I do not [k] now what [mutilated] don as yeat but they will meet him [mutilated] where I belive we Shall Setle all matters
[Note 3: 3 Conference.]
Your Other matters here Mr young will inform you how they are Settled
Val Crawford Says Som person has bin indeaviouring to Predjudiss you against him about your bisness in his Care as far as I [k]now or belive he has don all he cold do for you, and has bin at much risk and Expence but you will be better able to Judge when you See his return
Lord dunmore has orders from home by the Last Mail to [take] charge of all the new Purches and to Exarsise the Law of Virginia till his royal Pleashure is farther nown
I am Sir Your most [mutilated]
[mutilated] CRAWFORD
September: ye: 24: 1774: Sr This Coms To Let you know That My Son Returnd Safe With The Money and I am Sorrey you Should Think The Cost of your Mill So high When it Was your own desire To Me To have her Compleatly don in all her Brantches and as to The Bignes of The house it was no desire Nor Thought of Mine To have So Large a building But Sr your Bill of Timbers I have To Tell that all The Rest of The Work Must be don according But Sr at all Events I Count you Wise in your own projecting The building in The Manner you did and I make No doubt But you Will Think your Money Well Laid out if plees God you Live To See her Compleatly don and I Shoul[d] Bee oblige To you To Write To Me how or in What Manner you Would Chuse To Let out your Mill When She is Reydey To bee Let So Sr I Conclude Myself your umble Servent To Command as Mr young Can Tell you all how Every Thing Stands at This Time
... GILBT: SIMPSON
... YOUGAGAHALAY
... FORT TRIALL
FORT FINCASTLE1 otobr 1th 1774
[Note 1: 1 Afterwards Fort Henry. This fort was situated on the site of the present city of Wheeling, W. Va.]
DEAR SIR
In the Hurrey of My Bisness I have just time to give you a Line or two by Lord Donmore Express to Lett you Now how we goe on in this quarter with the Inden war Which is as follow--his Lord Ship Erived here yesterday with about 1200 Men 700 of which Came by water with His Lord Ship and 500 Come under My Brother william Com by Land with the Bulocks and his Lord Ship has Sent him with 500 Men and 50 pack horses and 200 Bulocks to Mee[t] Colo Lewis att the Mouth of Hockhocking Below the Mouth of the Litle Kenaway and he is to build a Stockade fort or a Large block house which he is to build in one of your bottoms below the Mouth of the Kenaway and his Lord Ship is to goe by water with the Rest [of the] Troups in a few days we where in hopes of a peace being Concluded between his Lord Ship and the Indens but on Wensday Morni[n]g Last we had Marked by the Indens one man and his wife and Several prisoners tacken of ten Miles Creeke which Elarmed his Lord Ship Much as the Indens had been pesable for Som time and Som of the differant Nations had Mett him att Fort Donmore and has promisd to Meet [him] att the Mouth [of] Hockken2 to aComadate a peace which we all hope for if we Can get it on good terms that we May be able to [be] Esisting you in Releving the poer Distrass Bostonins if the Report here is true that generall gage has Bumbaded the City of Boston which is a Most Elarming Circumstance and Calls on Every frend to the Liberty of his Contra [to] Exert them Selves at this time in our Contras Case1
[Note 2: 2 Hockhocking.]
[Note 1: 1 Country's Cause.]
you Seeme to Scencer2 Me hard in My Condoct of your bisness but times has been in great Confusion here with us and Som of the people I had to deale with wase vere grate vilons and tuck great advantages of the times I wrote you verey fully how your affairs in My hands wase and I hope you Excuse My Not giving of Mr young as Saterfactray acount of things as I Could Wish and I Most Solemly declar I Sent you Severell Litters which you Say Never Came to hand and you Likewise Make Mention of Som Letters you wrote Me which I have Never Seen I Expect to if pleas god I am Speard to bee down att your house by Crismas and to Remove those Reports you have heard of My Conduct and Setle Every thing as Much to your Satisfaction as in My power
[Note 2: 2 Censure.]
... and I am dere Sir your Most
... Hble Sarvent
... VALE: CRAWFORD
NB My trip down the River this
Somer will Much Inable Me if you
Should Chuse to send Me down on
your bisness Next Spring in Case a pese is Concluded with the Indens give My Compliments to doctr Crage if you should see him
TOWLSTON Octor. the 27th. 1774.
DEAR SIR
I have disposed of the Kittocktan Tract to Mr. Threlkeld for something more than you mentioned; but I would not have done it for £50 more if I had thought You wanted it and was not in immediate Want of Money.
I shall be glad to know what Sort of Money You would choose to receive and at what Rates, and when You sett off to Williamsburg that if possible I may wait on You in Time.
Our Compliments to Mrs. Washington & Mr. & Mrs. Custis,
... I am Dear Sir
... Yr. most obedt. Servt.
... BRYAN FAIRFAX.
[Note 1: 1 "Every County, besides, is now arming a Company of men, whom they call an Independent Company, for the avowed purpose of protecting their Committees, and to be employed against Government, if occasion require. The Committee of one County has proceeded so far as to swear the men of their Independent Company, to execute all orders which shall be given them from the Committee of their County."--Lord Dunmore to the Earl of Dartmouth, December 24, 1774, American Archives.]
ALEXANDRIA, Octr: 19th: 1774
SIR/
In compliance with an order made at a meeting of forty nine subscribers of the Fairfax Independant Company, we take the Liberty to request, (if it does not interfere with the more important business you are engaged in) that you will please to make some enquiries with regard to the furnishing the company with a pair of Colours, two Drums, two Fifes, and two Halberts, if they are to be had in Philadelphia, which may be sent round by the first Vessel for Alexandria.
We leave it to you, Sir, to determine whether it may be proper or necessary to vary from the usual Colours that are carried by the Regulars or Militia.
We are Sir
with the greastest respect
yr. most Obedt. hble Servts.
WM RAMSEY
... ROB H: HARRISON
... JOHN FITZGERALD1
[Note 1: 1 Colonel John Fitzgerald, the father of Elizabeth and Jane Fitzgerald [first, and second wife of Francis Lightfoot Lee], was a native of Ireland, who had settled at Alexandria some time before the Revolution, and had become a prosperous merchant of that town. During the war he served for some time upon General Washington's staff, and the friendship begun at that time appears to have continued throughout their lives. Very frequent mention is made in Washington's diary of visits to Colonel Fitzgerald at Alexandria. He was at one time mayor of that town. -- EDMUND JENNINGS LEE, in Lee of Virginia.]
[Note 2: 2 Major-General William Alexander (called by courtesy Lord Stirling) was born in New York City in 1726; died at Albany, January 15, 1783. His father, James Alexander, claimed the right to the Scottish earldom of Stirling, which claim William Alexander made an unsuccessful attempt to establish before the House of Lords in 1756.]
BASKENRIDGE (New Jersey) Octor. 31st. 1774
DEAR SIR
The Delaware Lottery haveing been drawn Last Month, I now; (which is as soon as the printer hath put it in my power) send you enclosed some of the printed List of the Numbers of the Tickets which have been so fortunate as to draw the prizes in that Lottery. On the foot' thereof you have the state of the Tickets sent you, out of which you will be pleased to deduct such Cash prizes as are due to any of the Tickets now in your possession; and then be pleasd to Transmit the Ballance due with those Tickets to James Cocke Esqre. (Williamsburg). you will be pleased at the same time or as soon as is Convenient to you to Transmit to James Cocke Esqr. or to myself the Names of the persons to be inserted in the Deeds for such Land prizes, as the Tickets you had have been fortunate enough to Draw; which shall be inserted Accordingly.--and am
... Your Most Hume: Servt.
... STIRLING
Colonel.. Washington ... Dr.
... To Tickets ... delivered. 60.
... Cr.
... By do. ... returned ... 42
... 18 at 10 dollars ... 180
LONDON 8th Novemr. 1774.
SIR
The inclosed Bill, J Syms on Richd Ford & Co. sent hither by Mr Fairfax for Negociation, being protested for Nonpayment; it is his Desire that it be forwarded to you immediately. This Conveyance being the first is therefore made use of.
... I am, for Mr Athawes
... Sir,
... Your very obedt Servt
... JOSEPH BEEVERS
Copy
PHILADA. 8th. Novemr. 1774
HONBL. SIR/
by this days post I have enclosed a bill lading to Mr. Addams for the goods on board of Capt. George Rowe he sailed from this place on fryday last, & perhap will Arrive Nearly as soon as this, you will find every Article in the Barrel No 5, except the Graplings, I blieve I have Omitted Nothing, my Wife has not met with any More Cruels yet, but will as soon as possible fullfill the Compliment wanted, any Commands, Sir, I shall with pleasure, readily Obey, & beg leave at present to subscribe
Your Most Obedt. Humble Servt --
... WM. MILNOR --
NB. Mr James Tilghman is Arived & Called to see me yesterday I suppose he Writes you by this post --
the peach trees from Mr Meredith are on board Cap Rowe
November y: 9th 1774
SR I have sent my Son to you: for some money: to pay off the men that is at work at the Mill: which they want Clothing and Cannot get any Cloths for the want [of] money: the walls of [the] Mill is done and the Race is not done by Reason for the want [of] Powder by which it Could not be had: and the frame is all got but the Rafters and they are about them now: I expect the House will be done by the 10th of Next month and the Dam will be done in about 10 Days from this Date and the fore bay is all fraimed Ready to put Down: the work that is Done is Count'd the best of work. Mr Stephens is so Pertiqular about the Mill that he will have it Done in the best manner if he is a Little the Longer about it and hand is been very hard to get which it is backard the work: Sr. it is not in my Power to come Down for I cannot Leave the worke: and Provision very hard to get and I have Done my Utmost indeavor to foread the work all that in my Power lay Sr. I should be glad if you Could sent me Three Hundread Pound at Least: if you can by my Son for the money that I have sent to you will hardily pay the Expence that I have been at: and as to our Pardner Ship is all well Sr I made three Hundread Bushels of Corn I have nothing more to Relate to you & my Family is all well at Present
... Sr I am your Humble Servant
... GILBERT SIMPSON
STEWARTS CROSSING November 14th. 1774
SIR
I yesterday returd from our Late Expedition against the Shawnees,1 and I think we may with Propriety Say we have had Great Sucksess as we have maid them Senceable of their Vileny and weekness, and I hop maid peace with them on such a footing as will be Lasting if we make them adhare to the termes of the agreement which is as follows
[Note 1: 1 After the battle of Point Pleasant, October 10, 1774, General Lewis marched his division of the Virginia forces, according to orders received on the 9th, to join Lord Dunmore's division on the Pickaway plains. From this point the plan of action was to push forward and destroy the Indian towns. Upon their arrival, however, they found that the Shawnees had already sued for peace, and a treaty was in progress at Camp Charlotte, which was speedily effected. For the successful termination of the War Lord Dunmore received many letters of thanks and congratulation from the Virginians (American Archives, 4th series, vol. i. p. 1019), although later, probably on account of his attitude in the beginning of the Revolution, they questioned so seriously his motives in the management of this Indian War.]
First they have to give up all the Prisoners taken ever by them in war both white People and Negro's and all the horses Stolen or taken by them Since Last War, and further no Endien for the futer is to hunt on the East side of the Ohio nor no white man one the West side as that seems to have bin the Cause of Som of the Disturbence between our people and them, and for the performence of the Same the have given up four Chief men to be Keept as Hostages for there futer behaviour Which is to be Releved yearly or as they may Chuse They Shawnees has Complyd with the Terms but the mingoes Did not Like the Conditions and had a mind to deceive us but Lord Dunmore discoverd there intentions which was to Slip of, while we was Setling matters with the Shawnees the mingoes intended to Slip of to the Lakes and take there Prisoners with them and horses which the had Stole1
[Note 1: 1 It is well known that Logan, the Mingo chief, was not present at the treaty of Camp Charlotte, and that it was there that his famous speech is supposed to have been delivered to Lord Dunmore by Gibson. If so, its eloquence evidently made no impression on Major Crawford, for he does not refer to it.]
Lord Dunmore ordered my self with 240 men to set out in the Night which was to march to a Town about 40 Miles Distant from our Camp & up Siotha, where we understood the hole of the mingoes was to Rendezvous at the Day following in order to pursue there Journey This inteligence came by Johnny Mounture2 Son of Captain Monture hom you formerly knew.
[Note 2: 2 John Montour, son of Andrew Montour, a half-blood Indian, was a man of information and education, but a great savage. His father, whose Indian name was Sattelihu, was the oldest son of Madame Montour, a French-Canadian woman, and Roland Montour, a Seneca brave. Andrew, who was known to Washington, was a captain of a company of Indians in the English service in the Old French War, and rose to be a major. -- BUTTERFIELD.]
from the number of Endiens there in our Camp, we marched out of camp under Pretence of going to Hockhaken for more Provisions few new of our seting of any how and none new where we was going to, till the Next Day, our march was performd with as much speed as Posable and arrived at a Town calld the Salt Lick town they ensuing night and at day break we got round the Town (or half) and the remainder was sent to a small town3 at half a miles distance, but unfortunetly one of our men was Discovered by the Endiens ho Lay out from the town at a distance at a Log which the man was Creeping up Which obblidged the man to Kill the Endien as he was discovered by them this hapned before daylight which did us much Damage as Chief part [of the Indians] maid there Eascap in the dark but we got 14 Prisoners and Killd 6 and wound Saveral more, got all there bagage and horses 10 of there Guns and two1 white Prisoners, the mount of the Plunder sold for £400 beside what was returnd to a mohake Endien that was there the hole [of the Mingoes] was ready for to start and was to have set of on that morning tha[t] we attackd them, Lord Dunmore has got 11 Prisoners and has Returned the rest to the nation, and the reast is to be returnd upon Complyence with his Lord ship Demand for other Perticequalors I refair you to Majr Connallys. Letter
[Note 3: 3 Major Crawford probably means that they surrounded the town with one half their force, and sent the remainder, etc.]
[Note 1: 1 Butterfield (Washington-Crawford Letters) prints this "200," inserting "two" in brackets; but it is plainly "two" in the manuscript, not 200.]
I have Run your Land at the round bottom Again and will Send you a new Draft of it, by Val Crawford ho is to be at your house in a few Days at or before Christmass I would send it now but the Bearer cannot wait as he is on his Journey Them Drafts of Land on the Litle Kahaway I shall send them to you and Leve you at your Choyce to do as you Like
One faviour I would ask you if it did not sute, when Those Negros of Mercers are Sold and they are Sold at Creadit (12 months) I would be Glad to Purchess a boy and Girle about 14 or 15 years old Each or older if Such are Sold Tho I would not have you put your Self to any Trouble more for me than Sutes you1
[Note 1: 1 Crawford, like Washington, was a slave-owner. At his death in 1782 he was possessed of several slaves. In that part of the trans-Alleghany country where Crawford lived, which was finally confirmed to Pennsylvania, no slaves were enumerated after the year 1800. -- BUTTERFIELD.]
I spooke to Lord Dunmore about your Land at Charters and the round bottom and it hapned that Mr Cresap was present when we spooke of it Cresap was Laying Down his Claim and I was walking by Camp [He] wanted it run for him by a warrent which he had Purchest and [I] then told his Lordship the nature of your Claim before Cresaps farce2 upon which he said no more at that time but wanted me to Survay it for him also and return it
[Note 2: 2 face.]
I told him I cold not at any rate do such a thing as I had survayd it for you
We have Built you a house at your Land opposite the mouth of Hockhaking and Cleard about 8 acres of Land of all the Small Timber my Brother Val Crawford Says if you Proceed on in improving your Land next Summer he would Still do it for you as usel he has had the Misfortune to Loose his son Moses he Died with the Biles3 fever I am Sir your most Huml Sarvant
[Note 3: 3 Bilious.]
... W,, CRAWFORD
PHILADA. Novr. 29th 1774 --
HONBL SIR/
your favour of the 17th. Inst. came to hand on fryday last, I have made the strictest search, after a Sash and have sent the only one, that is to be had in this City, I am sorry to inform you, tis not intirely New tho', not much changed. I have bought it Conditionally if not approved of, to be sir returned by the first post & taken again, I had no Alternative, as no Other Could be had, the Epaulette is inclosed with the pamphlets -- the Gorget is Making, & will come by the Next post, -- after the strictest inquiry, I could find no Other Treatise on Military Dicipline, but the one I have sent you, -- I have enclosed you a Vile pamphlet said to be wrote by Dr. Cooper of New York, & likewise another small pamphlet called Strictures on the former, said to be wrote by General Lee of this City -- here I must beg youl. excuse my presumeing to exceed your Orders, as 'tis with an intintion to amuse. for if you have patience to read the first, I think you will be diverted with the last, --
I have Applyed to two Gunsmiths, -- One palmer tells me he Can make one hundred by May next, And Nicholson says he Can make the like Number by March, they both agree in the price at £3..15.. this Currcy. Palmer says Mr Cadvalder had agreed With him for 100 at that price, a Jersy Musquet was brought to palmer for a patern, Mr. Shreive Hatter of Allexandira has one of that sort, which you may see, & if you Conclude to have any, please to inform me by the first post, as the Gunsmiths I blieve will soon be preengaged, & there is not one Musquet to be bought in this City at present, if you should Chose any Alteration, from that Musquet please to let us know -- Mr. Flexen assures me the Drums Coulers &c shall be ready to come with the first Vessels & you May be Assured I shall forward them by with the Utmost speed
... I am Dear sir with the greatest respect,
... Your Most Obedt. humble Ser t
... WILLIAM MILNOR --
GEO. MUSE 30th Novr. 1774
SIR
As there is a peace with the Indians shall be Obliged to you to have Deeds Executed for the land I Exchang'd wth. you as soon as conveniancy will permit, in Order to have it saved, if you have an inclination to purchase please let me know by Mr Morton what you would give [mutilated] Acknowledge the receipt of 20£ by Colo. [mutilated] endleton for which I am Obliged to you, I Suppose Colo. Pendleton inform'd you that the deeds was Executed for the 80 Acres. from Sir yr. Most Hle. and Most Obedient Servt.
... GEO. MUSE
ALEXANDRIA Decr. 9th. 1774
SIR
The bearer hereof Mr. Young is a young man that came a perfet Stranger to me about three years ago, enquireing for employmt. as an Assistant or Clerk And from his Appearance then I thought there was something promiseing in his looks or that bid fair for doing well haveing at that time no occation for any person myself I recomended him to Doctr. Ross who I had heard say wanted such a person, he was accordingly employed by him & has since that time till now been with the Doctr. & most part of the time at his Iron Works, till the floods last March Demolished greatly their Dams &c. -- his encouragement with the Doctr. being but small & his not haveing much Occation for any person in his way Induced him to Look out for Bussiness else where On my Return from you, he called upo me and made me acquanted with his Intentions of getting in to some other employ or trying what he could do for him self in Jamaica, Recolecting our Conversation Yesterday, I asked him how he would like a trip to the new Countrey1 and mentioned you wanting a trusty person for some months to Over look some hands you purposed sending there to make some improvements and give him just a little Sketch of your intentions that way, he very Frankly offered his best endeavours to serve in that way as far as he was Capable, I realy beleve he will suite you he is Smart and Active & has a pretty good turn for any thing I believe him to be a very Sober Young Man & Strictly Honest and from the Conversation I have had with [him] on that Subject I think he will Exert himself to give you entire Satisfaction in any Bussiness you entrust him with, he seems pleased with the plan, as he hopes after haveing done some Bussiness for you he might from his knowledge of these parts be able to procure a piece of Good Land for himself, which is very probable, he waits upon [you] with this, that you may have an opertunity of Converseing with him, I have said nothing to him of what encouragement you will give he will I believe leave that matter to your self till he gives you proof of his Abilitys and will sett out as soon as you please and in mean time would gladly be employed in any way to save his Expences he is a good Recountant and well acquanted with keeping books -- If you think he will answer your purpose it will give me particular pleasure in recomending him to you ... I am Sir
[Note 1: 1 The country over the Alleghanies.]
... Your Most Obedient & very
... Humble Servant
... ROBERT ADAM
PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY
... Extracts from the Minutes of the independant
... Company of Cadets of the 11th: Novr. 1774. --
WILLIAM GRAYSON Gentleman Chairman
Resolved that the Motto of this Company shall be, Aut liber, aut nullus.
Resolved unanimously that Thomas Blackburn,1 Richard Graham2 and Philip Richard Francis Lee3 Gentlemen, do wait upon Collonel George Washington, and request of him to take the command of this Company as their Field Officer, and that he will be pleas'd to direct the fashion of their uniform; That they also acquaint him with the Motto of the Company which is to be fixed on their Colours.
[Note 1: 1 Of "Ripon Lodge;" born in 1740, died in 1807. Thomas Blackburn was the son of Richard Blackburn, of Ripon, Yorkshire, England, and Mary Watts. One of his sisters married the Hon. Bushrod Washington.]
[Note 2: 2 Probably the son of John Graham, whose daughter Mary married Dr. William Wyatt in 1781, and father of George and John Graham, who held important offices during the administrations of Jefferson and Madison.]
[Note 3: 3 Captain in Continental army; wounded at the battle of Brandywine. Edmund Jennings Lee, in Lee of Virgnia, presumes that this Captain Philip Richard Francis Lee was the son of Richard Lee, of Maryland, who married first Sarah Brooke, second, Grace Ashton, daughter of Henry Ashton of Westmoreland County. As we find him here among the Virginia volunteers, this supposition is probably not correct.]
... per Order
... EVAN WILLIAMS4 Clk
[Note 4: 4 Pierre Williams, sergeant-at-law, London, England, had three grandsons who emigrated to America: John settled in South Carolina; Otho in Maryland, and was ancestor of General Otho Holland Williams, of the Revolutionary Army, from Maryland; William located in Virginia.--HAYDEN. Evan Williams was probably descended from William.]
december; 18: 1774
Sr I am heartyly Sorrey To heare your uneaseyness Concerning Mills Costing so Mutch; as it is in all Likelyhood To Bee Complte and Strong in all Branches and I Make No doubt But She Will Grind With as Little Wayter as by Eyther Mill Within 150 Miles of her and The Setuation Wheareon She Stands is in all Likelehod of Becoming a popolus plase For I am Shure in My own Mind The Main Rood Will Bee Turnd Within one Quarter of Mile of her and There is The Convenens of haveing a Fine Rood To The River and and Good Ford in Time of Looe Water and only one Small Mile to The River and The Land Belonging To you is Most Level and Fine Meadows To Bee Maid and a Most Sutable plase For Stors publick hous or Bllack Sinth Shoops1 So That if at any Time Sr you or yours Should incline To Send out any proper person That is Well Calculated For Buisness With a pasel of Goods Sutable To The Cuntry I Make No doubt But your profets arriseing From The Whole Might Make you an ample Satisfaction in a very Ful2 years of Which I am Cleare in My own Mind The Mill Will Not Fail doing her part and as To Mr youngs Saying She Was Seatted of your Land it was altogether a Mistak For There is Neither part Nor parsel of her But What is on your own Land The Land of one George Smith Runs Near To her For Which Reason I agred With Smith To Take in Two acers of his Land as Near as We Could Gees Joining The Mill and Marked it out: it is True. She has alreydy Cost you double The Money I Ever Expect She Was To Cost and She Will Cost a Great deel More yet For Which Reason as all Things Mearly Taken out of The Fire To Get Tools all other Neserys3 Towards The Building of her has Given Me Such a years Troble and Loos of Time and hinderanse of My people and horses doing work on The plantation That in The Whole I Would Not under Take The Like again For The Beest Sixty Guineys That Ever I recived But would Sooner Eat hand Mill and Morter Beten Meal all The days of Life or Such as Mils affor in This Cuntry Which is No Better For Reayly it is only Wasting Time and grain To Goe To Such Mills But Need Must So That all This trouble of Mine is Just To have The Satisfaction of Eating of Better Bread heraeafter if I Should Live: But Sr Concidering your Costs is Vast Extensef and will Bee as I Money is Make No doubt But Mony has Been very dead This year in Curculation Neither Sr do I Beleive That your orchads Bears Gold of Tree kind But The almighty God has Blest With other orchads Which has Made Gold and I hope Will Continue To do so always For all Thinks in My oppinion offer To The advantag of your or yours intrist heareafter and Sr if Such gentlemen as you dont do Sumthing For The Benefit of a New Cuntry as Well as your own intrist Espe[cial]ly heare Wheare you have an immensd and Lasting Estate it Would Bee impossable For poor Men To Set Things on Foo[t] To There presen[t] or Futer advantage Sr all Things is [mutilated] ell as I Trust in The Great Sovren of all Things That you and all Belonging to you are and I Remain Sr your humble Ser To Command
[Note 1: 1 Blacksmith Shops,]
[Note 2: 2 Few?]
[Note 3: 3 Necessaries.]
... GILBT. SIMPSON
... YOUGHAGUHALAY
NORFOLK Decr. 21-- 1774.
SIR
I Received yours & am extreemly sorry for the disapointment at the meeting in October. I was not wanting in my endeavours to collect the whole that was due to you, but such was the scarcity of Cash that it cou'd not be got & beleive in generall the worst payments that ever were known was made at that meeting.
I will use my utmost endeavours to get your money by the meeting of the Assembly, tho I have little hopes of doing it before the Aprill Court. The biscuit I am afraid I shall never be able to to render you a satisfactory acct. of. Mr. Balfour refused it & I was obliged to get rid of it as I cou'd, but must defer the particulars relating to it untill I have the pleasure of seeing you & can only say that I have done for you as I should have done for myself & can assure you that that biscuit has given me more uneasiness than every disapointment I ever met with in my whole trade. Flour sells here at 2d superfine & 15/ Common payable in Aprill & June, tho (as you have experienced) we are often disapointed when the day of payment comes, therefore shall leave it altogether to yourself to choose whether you'l send any or not, if you should send any, I will do as well for you as lies in my power. I shall take due care of Mr. Custis wine when it comes to hand. I have hand in my care Mr. Custis desk & book case which I will send by the first oppertunity. Capt. Curtis of your Brig call'd here to get seamen & an anchor which I supply'd him with amount £20--2. to your debit, he desired me to inform you that his vessell was no worse than when he wrote you & that he should imidiately proceed to sea. The two Seamen run away from him in Potomack, Jno. Young & Robt. Scott he imagin'd had return'd to Alexa. by th was in hopes you'd make an example of them.
I am
... Yr. Hble. Sert.
... THOS. NEWTON JUNR.
[Note 1: 1 James Balfour, see vol. iv. p. 124. "Last Thursday Mr. Robert Taylor of Norfolk to Miss Sally Barraud, eldest dau. of Mr. Daniel Barraud, merchant in that place." --Virginia Gazette, October 3, 1771. General Robert Barraud Taylor was the son of this marriage.]
LITTLE ENGLAND2 25th. Decemr. 1774
[Note 2: 2 On the west side of the river lived in these early days that very quiet character in our early history called William Capps, who resided at "Little England," anciently known as Capp's Point, and who in 1619 represented Kecoughtan in the first American Legislature. -- Old Kecoughtan,William and Mary Quarterly.]
SIR,
We have occasion for about a Thousand Barrs. flour & a few hundred Bars. of bread but it must be ready by the first day of March at farthest --
We have sent Mr. Leonard Tarrant properly impowered, any bargain he may make with you shall be binding on us & faithfully comply'd with --
one half to be paid at next April the other at June Courts
We have signed an agreement the quantity & price to be filled up by Mr. Tarrant -- We have a Ship that will be soon in your River to load --
... We are Sir ... Your obt. Servts
... BALFOUR & BARRAUD --
please to send us by Mr. Tarrant ½ doz Bars. flour for our own use -- B. B.1
[Note 1: 1 "Agreed between Coll George Washington and Balfour & Barraud to wit
The said Washington Agrees to deliver unto the said Balfour & Barraud at his Mill on Potomack one thousand Barrels of fine barr flour & [???] Barrels of good well baked biscuit for a long Voyage for which Balfour & Barraud agrees to pay at the rate of Sixteen Shillings per hundred for the Flour & at the rate of [???] per hundred for the bread, one half to be paid at April the other at June October Court next ensuing, the flour & Bread must be and is agreed to be all ready by the first day of March next.
... Witness our hands and Seals this
... 4th day of January 1775
... BALFOUR & BARRAUD ... [???]
... GO. WASHINGTON ... [???]
Note.
It is agreed by Geo:
Washington to lend his Boat
to assist in getting the Flour from
the Mill door to the Ship at the Mouth
of the Creek."]
PHILADA. Decem 27th. 1774
HONBLE SIR/
I recievd your favour yesterday with your Order on Mr. James Tilghman for £ 20..12..6 which I will deliver the first Oppertunity, & shall carefully comply with every request in your letter I have sent you herewith 7 pamphlets the Cost of which the whole are six shills. which I have Charged to your Acct, the Drums &c. Comes in Capt James Cobourn who sails from here, the latter end of this week, as he stops at Dumfries first, I shall order him to leave those for prince William with Mr. Wm. Grason agreable to your directions I am Dr sir in hast
... Your Most Obdt. humle. Sert
... the post Just going of ... WILLIAM MILNOR
LONDON Decr 28th 1774. --
SR
I hope you will excuse this Freedom after you have time to Consider the purport of this Letter --
Being One of the Correspondent members of the Society for the encouragement of Arts Manufactorys and Commerce in London and by my own knowledge and their Assistance I have made myself master of the Agriculture and in making and manufactoring the Articles hereafter mention'd (First Woad in Latin Glastum Sativum) or Satis Sativa) this Woad makes Indigo and is the verry foundation of all Colours in the Woolen Manufactory Particularly in Blacks and Blues this prepared Woad if Sold at 8d per pound will bring great proffits to ye planter and will to the Dyer Dye as much as a pound of the best Indigo this will be a verry great Help to our Woolen Cloth in America -- I have with great interest procured as much of the seed of woad as will plant 50 Acres of Land it has been kept a great secret amongst the manufactorys all over England they have 3 Crops in a year but in turkey they Often have 5 Crops & Our Virginia is much in the same Latitude the Ground is prepared the same as for Wheat it grows much about the size and Length of the Windsor Bean and the Tobacco Howes are Calculated well enough to prepare it for Market Every Acre of this Valuable Article will bring the farmer £20 Sterling Allowing it only sells at £20 per Ton One Hand will plant & attend to Acres but it is now in London 26 per Ton I have also the seed of Wooll and have the thorough knowledge of the Culture of it and use of it It is the fundamental die for yellow and pompadour both in Woolen Cotton & Linnen and yields great profit to the farmer it is sold in London at 5 Sh per Sheaf About the size of a Wheat Sheaf--I have also procured & have pack'd up 10,000 Plants of Madder in Latin Rubia Tinctorum I have made myself Master of the Culture & preparing it for the Market and have also all the materials for Manufactoring all the aforemention'd Articles--Madder is the Foundation of all Colours and there are great Quantities usd of it in London it is often sold from £10 to 14£ per Hundred Wt and no longer than last year I paid in Virginia 3 Shilling per pound, in England--It must be 3 years in the Ground before it can come to perfection now in Turkey its only 2 years therefore am in hopes in Virginia the same--I am verry certain our Lands in Virginia will each Acre produce about 2000 Wt the Land is prepard - the same as for wheat it is planted in Ridges the same as Celery is in Gardens --
I have Ship'd this useful commodity for our Country on Board the Randolph Capt Mc Nabb for James River which will sail about ye 20th Jany first I have great Variety of Valuable Seeds & Roots which I hope will be of service to the Country. --
I have also sundry Spinning Machines for Spinning of Cotton yt spins 25 threads with one person this Machine I have invented myself & received ye Premium for it of the Society--I cannot conclude without giving you a more particular Acct of that Valuable Article of Madder as Madder is an Ingredient so very essential in dying of Cloth & staining of Linnen that neither of them two Manufactorys can be carry'd on without it it is of the Greatest Consequence to those Branches of Trade to have a Constant suply of that Valuable commodity & at as low a rate as possible--And not depend upon a Neighboring Country when it may be in their power to advance ye Price or with hold it from us, there can be no doubt of ye utility of Cultivating Madder in America when it is known that the Dutch have received from England for many years past upon an Average more than one Hundred & Eighty Thousand pounds per year, & as the Demand Increases undoubtedly our Neighbours the Dutch, Spanish & Ports, have Increased their Prices their is an Opening for America to become Master of this valuable Article I hope in two or three Years to be Able to furnish the Planters in Virginia with Plants to Plant 10,000 Acres. --
I shall refer you to enquire of my Characters & Abilities What I have set forth from Mr Robert Rutherford Mr Isaac Izens Colonel Stevens in Frederick County I intend propogating all the Foremention'd Articles for the Benefit of the Publick in America particularly in Virginia to Which place I am a Sincere Welwisher.
The Parliament is broke up till the 19th of next Month but all the ministerial party are for using Ye American resentment (as the call it) by force God knows what will be the End of it but all hope you'll be steady in what you have undertaken & hope God will prosper you all. --
I Desire you will inform all the Gentlemen in your Neighborhood who are willing to become planters of any of the Aforemention'd Articles & I remain
... Sr Your Most Obedt Humble Servt
... JAMES STEWART
DUMFRIES Decr. 27th. 1774
DEAR SIR
I had the honor of your favor of the 12th. of this instant, soon after it was wrote; which I should have immediately answered; but never had it in my power to convene the independant Company, till yesterday when it appear'd that several of the soldiers had purchas'd muskets in the Country, and that some others had imploy'd our own gunsmiths to make them proper arms.
The gentlemen of the Company return their thanks to you for your kind offer, and will be much oblig'd to you, to write to Philada. for forty muskets with bayonets, Cartouch boxes, or Pouches, and slings, to be made in such a manner, as you shall think proper to direct; I have not sent the subscription paper, but think I can venture to assure you, that the gunsmith who undertakes the business, will be paid on demand, as the subscribers are jointly & severally responsible for the whole; among whom there are a number of respectable gentlemen: Mr Robert Graham, who conveys this to you has promis'd to lodge yr. letter in the Post Office in Colchester this evening, that no time may be lost.
... I am with great respect
... Yr. Most obedt. Servt.
... WILLM. GRAYSON.
NB.
... Yr. Letter to Mr. Bullett I sent on the Saturday preceding Fairfax Court --
... W. G.
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Carlyle was one of the executors of the estate of Washington's brother Augustine.]
JOHN CARLYLE Decr. 29 1774
SIR/
On my Looking over my Settlement with The Court I find it In March 1768 & the ballance then In my hands was 12l .. 19s .. 6d Curry. Since In Augt 1769 Mrs. Auge Washington gave an order Upon me to Mr Templeman for her Rent & I paid Mr Adams 60 Tobo. Clarks fees Since I have recover d from Danl Lawrence A ballance that was due the Estate In Loudon Court of 7:15.6 which is All that I have to Settle with the Estate --
I would have Sent you A Copy for yr Satisfaction but had not time, If you desire it I will doe the Same few days hence --
... I am with Compts to yr Lady
... Yr Very Hble Sert
... JOHN CARLYLE
P.S my Compts to Mr L: Washington & the barer has his book
Yr Servant Staying in Town
Longer than I Expected I have Since Seen
the Captain who has the Lime Stone he Desires me to Acquaint You that he Expects to get Away In A few days & If You will take the Stone you may have the Whole at first Cost which He Says is 2/8½ Irish Sterling per Ton or English Sterlig is 1/1 In Ireland I am as Above Yrs J C.
PHILADA January 3d. 1775 --
HBL SIR/
your favour 29th. Ulto. Came to hand last night, I engaged 40 Musquets this Morning, Mr Palmer says he will Certainly have them all ready by the first of Aprill the Cartouch boxes, I have agreed for, at a Dollar each--I intend having one Musquet & one Cartouch box finished & put on board of Capt. Cobourn, who is now ready to sail, but the navigation being intirely stop d, with the Ice must wait for the first slatch, the Drums Coulers & fifes are already on board, please to let me know whether you will have the Musquets Number'd, & whether any letters on them, this will be no additional Expence, the Cartouch boxes likewise may be letter d without Expence --
Mr. Wilper thanks you for the trouble you have taken in sending after his Money, he would be glad you would inform him, whether the governers peace, with the Indians may be depended on, as he doubts the Authenticity of the News papers.
My wife Joins me in the Complimts of the season wishing many happy New Years to you with your Lady, be pleased to remember me to Mr Lund Washington, & blive me to be Dr sir Your Most Obdt. Humbl Servt
... WILLIAM MILNOR
PS Capt Cobourn says that when he
Comes Nearly Opisite to Mount Vernon
he will hoist his Jack at his Mast head so that if you would chose to have the Drums &c for fairfax landed at your house may send the boat on board if not he will proceed to Allexandria with them
... [A Copy.]
CAROLINE Jany 6. '75.
SIR,
I rec'd your letter dated the 5th Decr by the hands of the Rev Andrew Watson, [?] I approve of the method of dividing the land between Capt Brenan [?] Doctor Craig & myself; and instead of deeds being made to me for the 2000 acres of land, you will please to make them in the name of my Son Battaile Muse as I have trusted my right to him, my infirmness and old age rendering it impracticable for me to go thro' these fatigues.
You may treat with my Son for the land who lives at Col Warner Lewis' in Gloucester County. There are some few expenses concerning the land. I hope you will settle them when matters are brot' to a conclusion, which, I hope, Sir may be done with all expedition.
... Yr obedt servant
... GEO MUSE.
... 6 Jany 1775
EDMD. PENDLETON Jany. 10th: 1775
DR SIR,
Mr. Valentine Crawford and Mr. John Neavill have given bonds to Mr. Benjamin Temple for £400. for Lands sold them on the Ohio, in which a brother of mine is Interested--the remote Situation of those Gentn. makes it difficult to know how to come at the money, and they think your Connection with that Country, & particularly wth. Mr. Crawford will enable you to serve them in it, as they would be happy in getting the money into your hands. They requested I would write you on the subject, and if it should be in your power to serve them without trouble or inconvenience, I shall esteem it a favr. & shall be glad of a line by Post of its probability.
I hope you found yr. Family well & are by this time recruited so as to make the Assembly Campaign in February. My Compts. to Mrs. Washington, Mr. Custis & his Lady. I am
... Sir Yr. mo.hble Servt.
... EDMD. PENDLETON
ANNAPOLIS 17 Jany 1775.
SIR
Mr. Normand Bruce of our province has lately done me the Favour of shewing me some very pretty Samples of Hempen Lint and Tow raised and prepared in his own ffamily without the help of a Mill or any such Engine and gave me the Reading a Manuscript pamphlet on the Subject--his Drift is to persuade people in general to manufacture coarse Linnens in earnest, to shew that Hemp is the proper Material for us to rely on much in preference of Flax on many Accounts, and to give the necessary Directions to effect it--from my Knowledge of the Gent. I can rely on what he asserts as Facts and so far as I can judge I think his Observations & Directions will prove very useful Something of the Kind is necessary with us and I suppose with you he wishes for your Encouragement of a Work so well intended and requests the Favour of you to advise him if you think any Number of Copies could readily be disposed of in your Parts--His not being personally acquainted with you prevented his writing to you himself and induced me to join him in his Request.
... I am Sir
... Your most obedt hble Servant
... THS. JOHNSON JUNR.
ANNAPO 24 Jany 1775.
DEAR SR.
Our printer assuring us in his last weeks paper that there would be a further prorogation of our Assembly and the very doubtful State of American Affairs induced me to think that Nothing would probably be attempted in your Assembly the ensuing Session. This Morning about 11 OClock I reced your two Letters by Mr. Stewart dated the 20 Instant and this Afternoon Mr. Ballendine came to see me on the Subject of them
I should have needed Nothing more than your Desire to have waited on the Gent. at Alexandria on Thursday if it was in my power but I am so circumstanced that I cannot oblige you My Time has been lately so much engrossed with Committee Business and Things of the kind that I have been obliged for a Week or ten Days past to be plodding over my Law Affairs every Oppertunity with more than common Assiduity and I shall with great Difficulty be able to get my Terms pleading done by the last Day of this Month against which Day they must be finished I believe owing to an Anxiety which I cannot quiet on public Matters I am in but an indifferent State of Health nor could I, if for that Reason alone, just now undertake the proposed journey with tolerable Convenience I had resolved therefore to send you off my Thoughts tomorrow which I do by Mr. Ballendine though the Time will not allow me to reduce them to the full Draft of a Bill and despairing of ever seeing Poto. made navigable on the plan I most wished it you may depend on my best Endeavours to get a Bill passed here similar to yours whether upon giving a ffee Simple in fiat & invariable Tolls or having the Tolls ascertained anew from Time to Time with onlye to a limitted profit per Cent in the Cost and Repairs of the Work or giving a Term only with a still higher profit. I may possibly be insensibly led by my own particular Interest to view the Advantages of Navigation on the River as more general and extensive than I ought but I really believe if I had not a ffoot of Land above the ffalls I should be as warm a ffriend to the Scheme Unless the our Assembly will so far assist us as to emit a Sum of Money for Loan to the Subscribers I do assure you I do not think that those on our Side who would most willingly subscribe will be able to do any Thing clever. I myself am in such a Situation that I cannot raise any Sum of Money without selling a part of the very Estate to be benefited by the Scheme on very low Terms at present in these Times and manny with whom I have spoke on the Subject are circumstanced as myself I should think nothing of risking a good deal and might prudently do it all Chances considered but in these Times many want to borrow and but few to lend Money I do not know where 500£ could be got on the Secty of 5000.
Genl Lees plan has been delayed some Time for a plate I am told it is now nearly doue & I hope to have the pleasure of sending you some Copies soon--There has been more Alacrity shewn by our people than I expected but we are but illy prepared with Arms &c I am apprehensive that the vigilance of the Govt. at home will make it necessary for us to turn our Thoughts towards an internal Supply of Materials1
[Note 1: 1 At this time committees were forming, militia being raised, and taxes levied for arms and ammunition all over the country. Others there were in America who looked upon the advocates of liberty as a handful of reckless and dangerous fantics. "in the Philadelphia Papers," writes a gentleman from Baltimore, January 27, 1775, "you will perceive that some persons in this Town have had the imbecility to approve of the frantick proceedings of certain men, who lately styled themselves Delegates to a Provincial Congress, (with the same truth and propricty, indeed, they might have called themselves Electors of the Holy Roman Empire,) abandoned to every sense of decency, propriety, and loyalty, have also in their turn, haberdashed certain Resolves extremely curious. This Town is chiefly settled by Scotch-Irish, (in liberality of sentiment at least three centuries behind even the other British subjects in America,) and it is a melancholy truth, that such are to a man, violently bent on supporting the good old cause (that is the cause of fanaticism and sedition,) by taking Arms against the best Government (with all its imperfections) on earth. You see, sir, they have ordered three thousand pounds of Powder, and twelve thousand pounds of Lead, to be immediately purchased. While I compassionate their delusion, I cannot forbear smiling at their insanity, and at their gasconades. They have assessed the immense sum of ten thousand Pounds currency, (by-the-bye, it is not yet raised, though they accept the humble sums of two Shillings and six Pence from subscribers,) to oppose an Empire, who, last war, for years, expended only the triffing sums of twenty millions Sterling annually." Others again wrote: "We by no means desire to shake off our duty or allegiance to our lawful Sovereign, but on the contrary, shall ever glory in being the loyal subjects of a Protestant Prince, descended, from such illustrious progenitors ... but if no pacifick measures shall be proposed or adopted by Great Britain, and our enemies will attempt to dragoon us out of those inestimable privileges, which we are entitled to as subjects, and to reduce us to a state of slavery, we declare that we are deliberately and resolutely determined never to surrender them to any power upon earth, but at the expense of our lives." A less conservative element still was expressed by Adam Stephen writing to Richard Henry Lee: "Let us be firm, and the gates of hell cannot prevail against us. A handful of men in Canada, six broken Regiments from France, withstood, for five years, all the force of British Fleets and Armies, from home, and fifteen or twenty thousand Americans, every campaign. They gained several victories over us, and chance had a great hand in their reduction at last. What can we do, if united? We only want a Navy to give law to the world, and we have it in our power to get it."]
I am sr. with the greatest Regard
... Your most obedt. Servant
... THS: JOHNSON JUNR
ED SNICKERS Janry 26. 1775
DER SER/
the whete I have all Redey halled to you of the Estate of Coll George mercer Comes to £70--10--0 besides the thrathing and what is to hall and you peaid me £18 pounds at the Sale and I Shald take it as a grait faver if you Cald Send me fifty pounds by the Barer ISac Edwards it will much oblige me as I wont to Settel with all the waginers and thrathers and as Soon as his whete is all Down I Shall Send the Remander of my one from Loudon amedetely and when you Return from the Esembly I will weaight on you to Settel the account of Mr mercers Estate all from youre most obedent
... Humbil Sarvent
... ED SNICKERS
NB if you are not Inployed
with aman to Impruve youre
Land I think Mr Reed wald be
the Best man you Cald Git
I am youres E S
... Mr Alexander has gote George
... Rice Securety for page and I have Gote
... the morgige to Gite Recorded I am yours
... E S
Jany 27th 1775
DEAR SIR
Your Letter of the 26th. Decr. came to Hand yesterday. I have inclosed a Certificate of the Survey made by Mr. Floyd at the Mouth of Cole River,1 But as the Members for this County set off two Days ago I shall not have an Opportunity of Sending this till Colo. Fleming goes down which I hear will be some time in February. I understand that worthy Gentleman intends to make Application to Your House for some Yearly Allowance from the Country for his being disabled in its Service; I would fain hope the same Notice will be taken of his Merit that has been to many other Officers who were Wounded in the Service of the Country on former Occasions.
[Note 1: 1 Survey'd for Col. George Washington Assignee of Charles Myn Thurston a Lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment under the Command of Col. Byrd, By Virtue of the Governors Warrant, and agreeable to the Royal Proclamation of 1763. 2,000 acres of Land in Fincastle County, and bounded as follows. Viz. Beginning at a Sycamore at the mouth of a Draught on the bank of Cole River, marked GW. and running down the sveral Courses thereof and binding thereon 588 poles to its Junction with the Great Kanhawa, and up the several courses thereof and binding thereon 1400 poles to a Sycamore at the mouth of a small draught marked GW. then leaving the River S45°. W. 170 po. to the Hill side and along the same 660 poles to the beginning.
... WM. PRESTON S. F. C.
... 18th. Apl. 1774]
There is no doubt but the Expence of the late Expedition, & the forces employed for the Protection of the Frontiers will be very great. But as the Frontiers were in a great Measure defended & the Enemy Subdued there is reason to hope not only the Peace will be lasting, but that the Expence will be paid with the greater Cheerfulness; and the rather as the Men engaged in the Service with uncommon Ardour, depending wholly on the Publick Faith, as there was no Money in hand for defraying any part of the Charge or given as encouragement to men to inlist. The former well known Justice and Generosity of the Assembly, together with the Safety of the Country from our old inveterate Enemies appeared to me to be the only Motives which induc'd Men to engage so readily in the Service.
I am Dr sir with great Esteem your most Obedt Servt
... WM. PRESTON
FINCASTLE Jany. 31st. 1775
DR. SIR
I wrote to you some days ago inclosing a Certificate of your Survey at the Mouth of Cole River & intended to have sent the Letter by Colo. Fleming, but meeting with Capt. Meredith who intends to Town in a few Days I got the favour of him to be the Bearer.
Capt. Floyd came here last night & has drawn up his charge which with my Account, I have (at your Request) inclosed. The money may be paid to Mr. Trigg a Member for this County whose rect. shall be good against Mr. Floyd & Myself.
I make no doubt but Col Lewis has informed you of a large Purchase made by one Colo. Henderson of North Carolina from the Cherokees.1 Since I wrote to Colo. Lewis on this Subject I hear that Henderson talks with great Freedom & Indecency of the Governor of Virginia, Sets the Government at Defiance & says if he h once had five hundred good Fellows Settled in that Country he would not Value Virginia, that the Officers & Soldiers Who have Lands Surveyed there must h hold under him otherwise they shall not enjoy an Inch there. This & such like Stuff has a great Effect upon ignorant People & will be a Means to induce great Numbers to settle in that Country next Spring.
[Note 1: 1 Richard Henderson, of Granville County, N. C., early in 1775, formed a company, designated as the Transylvania Company, to purchase from the Cherokees all their land lying south of the Kentucky River, embracing a large portion of the present States of Kentucky and Tennessee. Governor Martin and Lord Dunmore took immediate action to declare this purchase illegal under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and directed that if Henderson, or any member of his company, attempted to take possession of these lands, they were to be seized, and fined or imprisoned. In spite of all opposition, however, the Transylvania Company took active steps to improve and settle the country purchased. Daniel Boone was employed to survey it and construct a fort, called by Colonel Henderson Fort Boone, of which he took possession April 20, 1775. On the 23d of the same month, fifty-four town lots were drawn for by lottery, and the town of Henderson, afterwards Boonsborough, Madison County, Ky., was thus begun. Henderson addressed a memorial to the Continental Congress in 1775, petitioning that Transylvania might be added to the United Colonies. For Henderson's Proposals, and the proclamations of Governors Martin and Dunmore, see North Carolina Colonial Records, vol. ix. pp. 1122, 1129, and 1169.]
There is now at Wautag [mutilated] eighty Indians & upwards of 700 more are expected to the Treaty whi [mutilated] to be held there some time next Month in order to receive the Goods which now amount to eight waggon loads & to Confirm the Sale by Conveying the Land.1
[Note 1: 1 The Transylvania purchase was concluded at the Sycamore Shoals Treaty, held on the Watauga River, March 17, 1775.]
This in my Opinion will soon become a Serious Affair, & highly deserves the Attention of the Government. For it is certain that a vast Number of People are preparing to go out and Settle on this Purchase; and if once they get fixed there, it will be next to impossible to remove them or reduce them to Obedience; as they are so far from the Seat of Government. Indeed it may be the Cherokees will support them.
I am most respectfully Sir your very hble Servt:
... WM. PRESTON
[Note 1: 1 Of St. James Parish, Anne Arundel County, Md. Washington's journals show that Mr. Magowan was a frequent visitor at Mount Vernon.]
ST. JAMES'S 3d Feby 1775
SIR
Yours of the 30th. Decmr. I received the 15th. Ult: and should have sent the inclosed sooner, had I not expected to have received the Cash for the Tickets sold by me;2 it is not in my power at present to advise you of the names of those who had them, because the gentimn. to whom I delivered them sold them out afterwards, but shall ascertain them by the time that I come over to see you which shall be soon. I have inclosed two Orders one on Mr. Ross, the other on Mr. Gibson,1 being apprehensive that Mr. Ross may be out of the way, as I have not heard from him for three months past; by Mr. Ross's advertisement, the Debts contracted by him on Accot. of the Company are to be discharged by Mr. Gibson, who I hope will accept my Order, in case of his Absence.
[Note 1: 1 SIR
Please pay to Colo. George Washington or his order the Sum of one hundred and twenty Dollars on demand, and with the Same Debit the Accot. of
... Sir
... Your Hble. Servt.
... WALTER MAGOWAN
... 3d. Feby 1775
ToMR. JOHN GIBSON
... Mercht. in Colchester]
I hope you'll be kind enough to excuse my troubling you with the Order, which I woul'd not have done, if I had the Money by me. With my Compts. to your Lady, Mr. & Mrs. Custis, I am
... Sir Your Much obliged Hble. Servt.
... WALTER MAGOWAN
[Note 2: 2 Son of Josias Adams, of Charles County, Md., and grandson of Francis Adams, of "Trooper's Rendezous." Daniel J. Adams was major of the 7th Battalion Maryland Regulars in the Revolution. He married Anna, daughter of Timothy Hanson, of Kent County, Del., and died at Wilmington, Del., in 1796. He was a nephew of Daniel Jenifer.]
PORTBACCO Feby. 4th. 1775
HONOUR'D SIR
Since I saw you last, I have Wrote to my Uncle at Anapolis Acquainting Him of my Sisters3 contending for the Land you Attach'd, He has Since Wrote to them Touching the Matter, and they are Agreed to give the Land up on conditions they can keep it this Year, as they are prepareing for a Crop and has Sav'd some Considerable Quantity of Wheat, and I immagine it will make no Odds with you, as it will be two late for to Rent the Land Out by the time you can have it Condemn'd I have desir'd Mr. Stones to let the Land be condemn'd next Court, if its your desire--Lately Stromatt has brought Sute Against me for the Bond that was Forfeited at Anapolis in the Loan Office, He was the cause of the Bonds being forfeited, and convinc'd was it defended properly He coul'd not recover it, Untill the Limited time of Payment, but you to Act as you think proper, as he will have an Undoubted right to fall on the Land as soon as He Obtains a Judgement, which will be next Court if it is not defended--am
[Note 3: 3 Elizabeth Mason and Alma Adams.]
... Hon. Sir
... Your Most Obedient
... and Mo. Hum: Servt.
... DANL J. ADAMS1
[Note 1: 1 In the schedule of property attached to Washington's will this land is described as 600 acreas in Charles County, Md., and quoted at $3600. In a note to this entry Washington says: "I am but little acquainted with this land, although I have once been on it. It was receiv'd (many years since) in discharge of a debt due to me from Daniel Jenifer Adams, at the value annexed thereto, and must be worth more.--It is very level, lyes near the River Potomack."]
GUNSTON HALL February 6th. 1775.
DEAR SIR,
My Friend Colo. Harrison (who is now at yr. House) promised to spend a Day or two with me on his way down. I beg the Favour of you to present my Compliments to Him; and excuse my being under the disagreeable Necessity of being from Home, until the latter End of this Week; when if He is not gone down, I shall be very glad to see Him here.--Poor Mrs. Eilbeck has had a Cancer on her Breast for several Months which has increased so much lately as to affect the whole Breast, upon which the Doctor has determined that there is a Necessity for extirpating it imediatly by amputation of the Breast, before any of the Roots or Fibres of the Cancer affect the Vital Parts; & when I came Home Yester from Alexandria, I found a Messenger here, desiring me to go over to-day upon this Occasion, Wth. my Daughter Nancy; I apprehend such an Opperation must be a very dangerous one, & therefore shall not care to leave Mrs. Eilbeck for two or three Days after it is perform'd. --
Inclosed you have a Copy of the plan I drew for embodying the people of this County; in which you'll be pleased to make such Alterations as you think necessary.--You will observe I have made it as general as I well cou'd, this I thought better at first than to descend to particulars to Uniform &c. which perhaps may be more easily done, when the Companys are made up.1 --
[Note 1: 1 "Threatened with the Destruction of our antient Laws & Liberty, and the Loss of all that is dear to British Subjects & Freemen,--justly alarmed with the Prospect of impending Ruin,--firmly determined, at the hazard of our Lives, to transmit to our Children & Posterity those sacred Rights to which Ourselves were born; & thoroughly convinced that a well regulated Militia, composed of the Gentlemen Freeholders & other Freemen, is the natural Strength, and only safe & stable Security of a free Government, & that such Militia will relieve our Mother Country from any Expence in our Protection & Defence, will obviate the Pretence of a necessity for taxing us on that Account, & render it unnecessary to keep any standing Army (ever dangerous to Liberty) in this Colony. We the Subscribers, Inhabitants of Fairfax County, have freely & voluntarily agreed, & hereby do agree & solemnly promise to inroll & Embody ourselves into a Militia for this County, intended to consist of all the able-bodied Freemen from eighteen to fifty Years of Age, under Officers of their own Choice; & for that Purpose to form ourselves into distinct Companies of Sixty eight Men each; and so soon as the said Companies, or any of them in convenient neighbourhoods & Districts are completed, to chuse from among our Friends and Acquaintance, upon whose Justice Humanity & Bravery we can relie, a Captain, two Lieutenants, an Ensign & four Serjeants for each Company; every Captain respectively to appoint four Corporals & a Drummer for his Company, which Election of Officers is to be annual in any Company, if the Majority of the Company think fit; & whenever a sufficient Number of Companies shall be made up; all the said Companies are to be formed into a Regiment, under the Command of a Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel, & Major, to be chosen by the Captains, Lieutenants & Ensigns of the said Companies; which Election of Field-Officers is to be annual also, if the Majority of the Officers think fit.--And such of us as have, or can procure Riphel Guns, & understand the use of them, will be ready to form a Company of Marksmen or Light-Infantry for the said Regiment, chusing our own Officers as aforesaid, & distinguishing our Dress, when we are upon Duty, from that of the other Companies, by painted Hunting-Shirts, and Indian Boots, or Caps; as shall be found most convenient.--Which Regulation & Establishment is to be preserved & continued, until a regular and proper Militia Law for the Defence of the Country shall be enacted by the Legislature of this Colony--And we do Each of us, for ourselves respectively, promise and engage to keep a good Firelock in proper Order, & to furnish Ourselves as soon as possible with, & always keep by us, one Pound of Gun Powder, four Pounds of Lead, one Dozen Gun-Flints, & a pair of Bullet-Moulds, with a Cartouch-Box, or powder-horn & Bag for Balls--That we will use our best Endeavours to perfect Ourselves in the Military Exercise & Discipline, & therefore will pay due Obedience to our Officers, & regularly attend such private & general Musters as they shall appoint--And that we will always hold Ourselves in Readiness, in Case of Necessity, Hostile-Invasion, or real Danger, to defend & preserve to the utmost of our Power, Our Religion, the Laws of our Country, & and the just Rights & Privileges of our fellow-Subjects, Our Posterity, & Ourselves, upon the Principles of the English Constitution."--The above plan is bound in manuscript with George Mason's letter to Washington. It is also to be found in Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. i. p. 1145.]
I suppose you have seen the King's Speech & the Addresses of both Houses in the last Maryland Paper; from the Style in which they Speak of the Americans, I think we have little Hopes of a Speedy Redress of Grievances; but on the Contrary we may expect to see coercive & vindictive Measures still pursued. It seems as if the King either had not received or was determined to take no Notice of the proceedings of the Congress --
I beg my Comps. to Mrs. Washington & the Family at Mount-Vernon, and am
... Dear Sir Yr. affecte. & obedt. Sert.
... G MASON
vid: postscript on
-- another paper
P.S. I beg pardon for having almost forgot to say anything in Answer to yr. favr respecting the Choice of Delegates from this County to attend the Convention at Richmond. It appears to Me that the Burgesses for the County are our proper Representatives upon this Occasion; and that the best Method to remove all Doubt or Objection, as well as to save Trouble, will be for the County Committee to meet & declare make an Entry & Declaration of this, as their Opinion. --
Would it not be proper for the Committee of Correspondence to write to the two Mr. Fitzhughs, Mr. Turberville, & such other Gentlemen as live out of this County & have Quarters in it1 acquainting them wth: the ordr: of the Committee relative to the Payment of 3/ for each Tytheable, & desiring them to give their Overseers, or Agents here Orders accordingly? --
[Note 1: 1 This probably refers to Henry Fitzugh, of "Eagle's Nest," Stafford County, who among other estates owned "Ravensworth," in Fairfax County; William Fitzhugh, of "Marmion," Stafford County, who had also property interests in Fairfax; and John Turberville, who lived at that time in Westmoreland County, but on whose property in Fairfax near the Little Falls, the town of Turberville was established in 1798.]
... G M --
Febuary: ye: 6: 1775
SR
This Coms To acquaint you of a Sceem That is Now in hand Which is Concerning a County Court Being Fixt Which I understand Mr Crisop has Set on Foot and a Number of people has Sind The paypers To Carey it The Court To Reed Stoon Foort1 Which I am informd is Mutch out of the Center and a Most Mountanies part insomuch That There Can Bee No hopes of any Land Carrages pasing and Repasing Moreover The Situation of The plase Lies in a Mear hole Now heare Lies The Curcumstans of The Whool Matter I verely Beelieve it is Now in your power To have The Town on your Land For The Mejority inclines To to have it Neare your Mill and Reyly great Reason They have So To inclin For very Metarel Reasons For in The First palce There Coms The Best Rood on This Side Lorrel hill in The Nex The Situation Lies on a Most Butifull drye Sandey Rigs altogether to Take The Winters Soon2 attended With Three Fine Spring[s] and Within a Tue Roods3 There is Fine Eart[h] For Brick Sand and Lime is as Convenant as Cold Bee desird Without haveing it on The Spot and as For Meadow Land. There Cant Bee Less Than 300 acers of your own joining The Situation Besids What Belongs To other Men: and but one Small Mile To yough River and That Fine Level way and a Good Ford over The Rive[r] in Time of Loe Water and There is all probeble signs of iron owr But it has Never Been Sought after Then There is your Mill Which is Within one Quarter of a Mile Besids Just beloe her is Formd By Nature The most Conveniant Seats For Booth Fulling and Saw Mills1 Now Sr I hope you Will [take] it into your Most Wise Concideration and Set Things on a Right Foot and please To Let me know by Jams Cleveland When he Coms out For if you Cant Com out your Self Early in The Simmer Which I dont immagon you Can as I Expect your businis is Ergently upon other affairs Concerning the Good of Amerecay -- Sr all is Well With Me Except one of my Little Sons Which has had The Slow Fever This Seven Weaks but is Now on The Mending hand Sr plase To Send by Jams Cleveland money To defray The Mill Costs Which I believe you are Tired of Sending and I am Sorey your Letter Never Came To me Concerning you provisions Which I am Certain has been a Stout Sum out of your Way For I Could have bought at Reasonable Rates So No more But I hope The Same God Will Continue To b[1]ess your Store as has blest of old as your out Goings is Great and I Remain your Most humble Servent To Command
[Note 1: 1 Redstone Fort.]
[Note 2: 2 The meaning is here somewhat obscure.]
[Note 3: 3 Two Roads.]
[Note 1: 1 The site of the county court of Youghiogheny County was chosen December 8, 1776. It was located on the farm of Andrew Heath, on the Monongahela, nearly opposite what is now Elizabethtown, Allegheny County, Pa. Redstone Fort was on the site of Brownsville, Fayette County. The ancient county of Youghiogheny was formed, with Ohio and Monongalia, in 1776. The lines of these three counties were adjusted in 1778. When the boundary question of Pennsylvania and Virginia was settled, a large portion of Youghiogheny County fell within the limits of Pennsylvania, and became a part of the new county of Washington. In 1784 the attention of the Virginia court was called to "the destitute situation of that Small remnant of the County of Yohogany which still remains within the bounds of the Commonwealth," as it was "without the Authority of Govt. civil or military." (Calender of Virginia State Papers.) Being too small to form a separate county, it was added, in 1785, to Ohio County, and Youghiogheny became extinct.]
... GILBT. SIMPSON
... y [seal] River
W: CRAWFORD Feby. ye. 7th 1775
SIR/
Your Letter by Mr Cleveland was Safe Delivered to me but I did not get the Letter you mentiond by Mr Willis till yesterday
I was out Survaying when Mr Cleveland cam over the mountain and he set of hom as soon as I cam hom and Matters was Settled I have got a memorandom of what is Wanting for your People Down the river and I shall have it ready against the time the com over the Mountain I would have Sent Down your plats by Mr Cleveland but he cold not wait till the cold be done but Val Crawford is coming to Williamsburgh and then you shall have the plats sent by him to you, he will be Down in a few days which will I hop sute you as well as he is coming and will call at Mount Vernon on his way down Sir I am at a Loss ho to return you thanks for your Generious Presant all that I can do any tim shall allways be don, if I can go Down the river when you com I will and if you will Let me know what you may want got ready it shall be don I have a neet Connoe that will Sute to run Down with or you may go by Land as there is a road Cut to Hock-hocking
I Shall write you more fully by Val Crawford as Mr. Cleveland is in great hast to go to you as he want to be up again as soon as posable I wis you all Happyness and I am your most
... Hume
... Sarvant
... W: CRAWFORD
DUMFRIES Feby. 8th. 1775.
DR. SIR.
I have receiv'd your favor, and shall punctually attend to the contents; I have givn the Gentlemen notice to pay in their subscriptions to Wm. Carr, which I am confident will be done in a few days and of which I will further inform you at Fairfax Court;
The colours drums &c. have come safe to hand by Capt. Coburn; I shall be oblig'd to you to send the bill of costs, that Mr. Carr who has made a present of them to the company may have an oppertunity of paying for them: We have seen the gun sent from Philada., about which there are different opinions; it is however altogether submitted to you, to have the others made in whatever manner you judge most suitable;
... I am with great respect
... Yr. Most Obedt. Servt.
... WILLM. GRAYSON
WINCHESTER Feby: 9th. 1775.
DEAR SIR.
I was this far determined to proceed to Williamsburgh, to lay before His Excellency some matters which concerned the interest of this Government, & the Frontiers in particular; but finding that my immediate return to Pittsburgh was indispensably necessary, I have despatched my Servant Express to my Lord, by whom I now write you. --
As His Lordship in the late treaty with the Indians, acquainted them, that He would, by a preparative Message let them know at what time it would suit Him to meet the Chiefs in the Spring at Pittsburgh, to settle every minute matter; & the destracted affairs of Government will now (I fear) put it out of his power to attend personally, I have requested, that His Excellency would let me know, how I should deport myself towards the Indians, & in what manner, I am to act with the prisoner Mingoes now in my Cus[to]dy; as they begin to think their Nation rather more severely dealt with, than the Shawanese, & without some proper measures are pursued, these troublesome People may again disturb our sittlements.--If I have proper orders how to proceed, everything may be extremely well adjusted, & I think much to the honor of [this] Government.
I have desired my Man to leave this letter in the office at Fredericksburgh to be conveyed to you as expeditiously as possible, & I hope I shall be favored with an Answer, & your opinion by the Return Express.
I have transmitted a Copy of the Treaty to his Excellency, & should have sent you one also, only as I have desired the Journal of the Expedition to be printed including the whole, I deemed it unnecessary.
... I am
... Dr Sir
... Your most obedt. Servt.
... JNO: CONNOLLY.
[Note 1: 1 Employed by Washington as manager of his business on the Ohio, January 10, 1775, and instructed to proceed with servants, necessary provisions, and tools, to settle a tract on the Great Kanawha of 10,990 acres. Owing to the illness of James Cleveland, the charge was in March intrusted to William Stevens, but was resumed by Cleveland in April of the same year.]
February ye 13 - 1775
SIR)
I arrive'd home on Saturday Night ye 11th of the Said instant but with much Difficulty being taken very ill with the Slow Fever ye 7 of the Month and am worse since I came home and may Probably not be able to come to you for Some time
when I got over I found nothing purchas'd and I found it hard to get the commoditys on any terms I roed twelve or thirteen Days before I bought one individual and in this time I got intiligence of some I bougt the Corn and Bacon that you directed at least near the quantity but the greater Part of the Corn at 5 S per bushell the Bacon at 8 d per lb also 3 and ½ 1/8 bushels salt at 17 S3 6 d per bushel one Pair of Hand Mill Stones at 20 S Casks agreed for to put the Corn and Salt in and Part of them Deliver'd and I laid all in at Gilber Simpsons; Concerning Mr Vauld Crofford the nails and tools that you gave me an accompt of that is there I could not get mov'd the going being so bad that nobody would engage to do it at that time1 Major Crofford is to have it done without fail one Coat two westcoats and 3 one Pair of Stockings Breeches not to be found Major Croffod has under taken to prepare the other things by the time they will be wanting without fail; Craft enough to carry the war[e]s having several ready made by him ten axes and four Mattocks and Irons for the Hand Mill Mr. Crofford having a plenty of Iron in Store is very glad to serve you the two Servants he is willing to give up Mr. Vaulentine Crofford chuses to keep his. Major M. Culluks Bond I have taken up and delivered as directed2
[Note 1: 1 "If Mr Simpson has not already moved all the Tools, and necessarys which were carried out for me last spring, from Valo. Crawfords, let it be done as soon as you get out."--Washington's Instructions for Mr. James Cleveland.]
[Note 2: 2 "As I am told that there are three of the servants which I sent out last spring still at Mr. Valo. Crawfords, and his Brother Captain Crawfords, ready to be employed in my service; you may direct them to stay where they are, and be ready again the 15th. of March, or if Gilbert Simpson wants hands for my mill work, let them be employed (instead of hir[e]lings) there till the 15th. of March aforesaid. ---
"As the rest of the servants were sold, and the money by this time become due I have desired Mr. Valo. Crawford if he has received it, to pay it to you, and if he has not to let you have the purchasers bonds, which give to Mr Simpson, and desire him to Collect the money and Apply it towards Payment of the mill Accounts."--Instructions for Mr. James Cleveland.]
... I am your Hble. Servt
... JAMES CLEVELAND
NB I received four half Joes of Vaulentine Crofford and three half Joes one thirty Shillin bill and three Dollars of Major Crofford he has referd perticulars to me that I cannot relate at present Sir,
just as I had Seald the Letter Cap Rugel Sent Me Wourd that he Should Not brack up the Garrason Tho he has orders From Lord Dunmore Near Six Weackes so that you May Not Depend on My gitting the things I Rote you I had the Promis of he is a gwine to send to the Congress about it As the Indances does Not Seem SattesFied But I had rather Run the Chance of being Scart then to have so Many Scuuling in the Woods if they We are gone the game would Soon return again so I Conclud yours to Comand
... JAMES CLEVELAND
JAMES CLEVELAIN February ye 15th
SIR/
I being much Confusd in mind as well as indispos'd in body have not been able to give yuo a regular accompt of my Procedure I cannot get a common House Carpender under 6£ per Month good hunters is not to be had under 5£ per Month and Plantation Labourers 4£ or 4£ 10 S
... I am yours to Command
... JAMES CLEVELAIN
FOUR MILE RUN1 febry 16) 1775
[Note 1: 1 An entry in Washington's Ledger under "Coll. George Mercer," and dated March 12, 1775, reads: "By your moiety of the Four Mile Run Tract . . 446 -- --." Washington bequeathed to George Washington Parke Custis "the tract I hold on four mile Run in the Vicinity of Alexandria containing one thousd two hundred acres more or less." A facsimile of a survey of this tract made by Washington in 1799 is printed in G. W. P. Custis's Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, p. 445.]
SIR/
I have thought of the affair we were talking about & should have communicated my Proposals sooner but have been very unwell for some time past if you will advance me Five Hundd. Pounds Viz £100 -- when I begin the Mill £100 more when she is half done & the other £800 when fit for work & give me a Lease for 100 Acres of Land adjoyning her during my Life & the Lives of my two children I will Build a Convenient Mill both for Mercht. & Country work & Perhaps a Saw Mill & if I think Country Manufactur'd Cloth is likely to be Encourag'd will also Build a good Fulling Mill--I & my Successors shall keep the works all in repair & pay your Forty Pounds per Annum--with this Proviso that on repaying you the sum you Advance within a certain time to be agreed on the rent shall be reduc'd Six per Ct. for Each Hundd. Pounds so paid --
I am convinc'd it will cost more than the sum I have mentioned to make the Improvments I intend but think I can doe with that & what I have, if the Proposals are worth your Acceptance Please let me Know & I will wait on you for if we agree I would loose no time in Preparing for I woud willingly have her goe next fall I am Sir
... Yr. most Hble Servt.
... JACOB GOODING
BALTIMORE 17th. Febry. 1775
SIR)
Mr Valentine Crawford got Credit for Some Goods from Capt. William Mc.Gachen Some time ago on your Accot:: and promised to pay for them in a Short time after he Recd. them but a twelvemonth has now allmost elaps'd and have never heard from him--at Capt. Mc. Gachens departure for England he left me his Attorney, and beg'd I would request the favour of you to endeavour to get the Money for him, as he told me he was a manager for you in the Back woods, I hope it will not be a difficult Mater for You to procure payment from him, Inclosed you have his Accot.1 and Shall take it as a Singular favour if you will drop me a few Lines to let me know whither you will be able to effect it or not, as I am realy in great want of money at this present time. ... And Am
[Note 1: 1 BALTO. March the 12th 1774
Mr. Valentine Crawford
... Bot of William Mo. Gachen
... To Sundrys per. bill furnish'd---£22 .. 9 .. 9 1/3
... To Int. on the above Accot. from the 12th. Augt.
1774 till paid at 6 per Ct.---]
... Sir
... Your Most obt. hume. servt.
... ALEXR. COWAN
GUNSTON HALL Febry. 17th. 1775.
DEAR SIR.
I return'd from Maryland but last Night, not being able to leave Mrs. Eilbeck sooner, & don't know how quickly I may be called there again, as I think She is far from being out of Danger, & the Doctor has some Apprehensions of a Mortification. I will if I can, be at Alexandria on Monday;1 but it is uncertain, as well for the reason above mentioned, as that I am at this time unwell with a bad Cold & a little Pain in my Breast.
[Note 1: 1 On Monday, February 20, the Fairfax Committee met to choose the delegates for the convention, at Richmond, of March 20, 1775.]
I can't conceive how Mr. Harper cou'd make such a Mistake as to buy double the Quantity of Powder wanted for this County, when He had the Order in Writing signd by You & Me: if there is any Ambiguity in the said Writing (for I don't now recollect the Words) by which Mr. Harper might be led into such a Mistake, I think We are in Honour bound to take the whole off his Hands; otherwise it does not appear to Me that He can reasonably expect it; tho' I am exceedingly concern'd that any kind of Misunderstanding shou'd happen in an Affir, which must have given Mr. Harper a good deal of Trouble, & which I am convinced was undertaken by him merely from public Motives, & a Desire to oblige the Committee.--I remember your mentioning, in Conversation, to Mr. Harper, an Application made to You from Loudoun County to procure a Quantity of Powder for their Committee, upon six Months Credit, & telling Him if it coud be purchased in Philadelphia upon such Credit, You wou'd see the Money paid when it became due; to which He answered that Powder was generally a ready-Money Article there, & at this time in particular, He did not imagine it cou'd be got upon Credit. I speak from Recollection (having had no Concern in that Affair) but as nearly as I can remember, this is the Substance of what passed between You & Him respecting the Loudoun Committee, & may possibly have occasioned the Mistake; at least I can account for it in no other way.
I have already paid Messrs. Mc. Crea & Maire half their Acct. and my half the Money due to Mr. Harper for the Articles ordered for Fairfax County, is at any Minute ready, having kept a Sum in Gold by Me for that Purpose, that Mr. Harper shou'd not be disappointed in the Payment; but if it will be attended wth. no Inconvenience to Him, it will suit Me better to make the Payment ten Days hence than now; because I think in that time I can collect a good Part of the Money from the People, and as the Collection will be partly in Paper Dollars & Pensilvania Money, which from Mr. Harper's Connections to the Northward, may suit him as well, or perhaps better than Gold, yet it will not replace the Gold wth. equal Convenience to Me; I mention this only as Matter of Mutual Convenience, at the same time making a point not to disappoint Mr. Harper; & I must beg the favour of You Sir to communicate this to Him, that I may send up the Money whenever He wants it, without giving Him any Trouble on the Subject.
I shall send my Son George out imediatly to make what Collections He can, being furnish'd with a List of Tytheables for that Purpose: if You incline to do any thing of that kind, You shall have a Copy of the List, distinguishing those who have paid to Him. I think this Method will reimburse Us sooner, & save Commissions & Trouble to the Sherif--1
[Note 1: 1 The Committee of Fairfax County, which had been organized on January 16, 1775, and was in session on the 17th and 18th (Washington presiding), had on the 18th resolved that it was "indispensably necessary that a quantity of Ammunition should be immediately provided," and had recommended "that the sum of three Shillings per poll, for the purpose Aforesaid, be paid by, and for every tithable person in this County, to the Sheriff, or such other Collector as may be appointed, who is to render the same to this Committee, with a list of the names of such persons as shall refuse to pay the same, if any such there be."--See Washington's Manuscript Diary, and Force's American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. i. p. 1145.]
I had gone a good Way thro' the Bill for improving the Navigation of Potomack, before I went to Maryland, & am happy in finding that I had fallen into many of Mr. Johnston's Sentiments, [word erased] tho' I was a Stranger to them, 'til I recd. yr. Letter upon my Return last Night. I wish it was in my Power to spend a Day wth: him on the Subject. Some of his Remarks are not so intelligible to me as they would be, if I had all the Queries which He seems to answer. What He mentions of some kind of Jealousy least the Virginians should have some advantage, & that there should be some Equality between the Maryland & Virga. Subscriptions, I can have no Idea of.--What Matter is it whether the Majority of the Subscribers are Marylanders or Virginians if their Property is put upon an equal Footing, & the Work is of general advantage to both Provinces? Nor can I think his Notion of Proportioning the Tolls to the average Profits [several words erased] can well be reduced to Practice. A Sufficient Sum can't be raised by those only who are locally interested; Men who are not, will not advance their Money, upon so great a Risque, but wth. Views of great & increasing Profit, not to depend upon future Alterations: the Tolls, to be sure, must be moderate, such as the Commodities will bear, with advantage to the Makers; it is probable for some Years they will Yield very little profit to the Undertakers, perhaps none; they must run the Risque of this, as well as of the utter Failure of the Undertaking, & surely if they Succeed they have a just Right to the increased Profits; tho' in Process of Time they may become very great: if I am not misinform'd, this is the Principle upon which every thing of this Nature has been succesfully executed in other Countrys.--My Paper will not Permit Me to add more at present, than that I am ... Dr Sir
... Yr. affecte. & obedt. Servt.
... G. MASON
GUNSTON-HALL Febry. 18th. 1775.
DEAR SIR.
I shall always think myself obliged to any Friend to communicate wth. Freedom & Candour whatever Doubts He may have of my Conduct towards him, as the most effectual means of preventing Misrepresentation; and I hope You will believe Me when I assure that You have greatly misconstrued my Intentions in making the Collection I mentioned.1 Was either of Us to take the Advantage of receiving what He cou'd from those who are most able & willing to pay, leaving the other to scuffle as He cou'd wth. the Rest, it wou'd not only be unequal & ungenerous, but absolutely dishonest: the thing is self-evident, & needs no Proof. --
[Note 1: 1 See ante, p. 109.]
I thought that the Collection wou'd not be made by the Sherif 'til late in the Summer & that therefore collecting as much as We cou'd ourselves wou'd not only save Commissions, but expedite the Business, & reimburse Us so much the sooner. I had also another Reason; not finding that Similar Measures were adopted in the other Countys, I was, & still am of Opinion, that the Collection may be more easily made now than some time hence. I hinted Your taking the same Measures, & offered a Copy of the List of Tytheables, distinguishing such as had paid to Me: by these means I imagined We cou'd between Us, collect the greatest Part of the Money in two or three Weeks when a Dividend of what We had both received cou'd be easily made; leaving the Rest to be collected by the Sherif or by any other Person (if the Sherif refused) at his Leisure; & as I expected a good deal might be paid in Pensilvania Curcy. & paper Dollars, I thought, if Mr. Harper wou'd wait a few Days, I shou'd get such Money off my Hands (instead of being obliged to keep it upon my own Acct., without Injury to any one; for otherwise the advancing or not advancing the Money just at this time, makes not a farthing odds to Me, having kept a Sum by Me on Purpose; and nothing cou'd be further from my Mind than the Idea of making a partial Collection for my own seperate Benefit; it cannot but give Me Concern that I shou'd be thought capable of such disingenuous Conduct. I may perhaps be blameable for not explaining Myself fully before; but in a Matter so palpable, I had no Conception that it was necessary. --
It has not been in my Power to do do anything, since I came from Maryland, towards the Potomack River Bill; but I will apply to it as soon as I can, & when finish'd forward it to You. --
By a Letter from Maryland Yesterday I am inform'd that his Majesty has ordered his Embassadors at the different Courts in Europe to declare his American Subjects in a State of Rebellion. --
I am, wth. my Comps. to Mrs. Washington & the Family at Mount Vernon, Dr Sir
... Yr. affecte. & obdt. Servt.
... G MASON
PHILADA. Febrey. 21st. 1775 --
HONBL SIR/
Your favour of the 22d. Janry. I have before me, As to Sashes, the Maker tells me, he thinks, he cannot get Silk Enough, for more than three, those he will have done in three weeks, they will come at Nine pounds each perhaps by the time they are done we may find more Silk --. The Gorgets, Shoulder Knots &c I have bespoke & will send all, as soon as possible --
I enquired of Mr. Palmer how soon he could finish One hundred Stand more of Musquets, he says by the first of July, but he declares that by a true Estimate he finds, he has not a living price, tho, willing to finish the 40, agreable to Contract, he cannot engage any more, for less than four pounds each --
Nicholson, and Dunwick, would willingly engage them at the £3 .. 15, but I am told, they will neither be so punctual, nor have it in their power to finish them so well, if you should be pleased to order them, I shall act agreable to your directions --
The Books Containing the Mannual Exercise &c, I have sent to Boston for, & expect to receive them in three weeks--The Letter to Mr Ross, has been deliver'd & the Order excepted--I have the pleasure to inform you that I mended on riding & arrived safe at home on thursday1 & found my family well--I am with best respects & Complmts. to Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Custis & Miss Posey
[Note 1: 1 Washington's diary shows that Mr. Milnor dined with him at Mount Vernon on the 8th of February, and on the 10th spent the night there.]
Your Most Obedt. Hume Sert.
PS ... WILLIAM MILNOR
my respects to Mr Lund Washington
& to Mr. Custis informing them their Guns
will come by the first opertunity --
[Note 1: 1 This letter without date is indorsed "The Hon John Tayloe Esq 22 Feb. 1775"--]
DEAR SIR
Your favor of Nov: 20inst. reached me only the 8 instant when I found it on my way to Fredriksburg. I am heartily glad you concluded the troublesome business of setling Col. Mercers estate so well without any of my assistance which was greatly concerned that my bad health would not afford you from which I recovered by disuse of Coffee except a bad cold of which have but lately recovered though I am not conscious that I would have been of any use to you in this State & I am glad you concluded it so much to satisfaction as the distress of the times (should think) would sufficiently excuse any deficiency from the valuation in 1767 & doubt not you took such such securities as at this time are judged very good & I hope may prove so. Doubtless every precaution will be necessary in the buying of bills & I think they ought to be drawn payable to the persons to whom the money is due, for under such fickle times I shall be as averse to endorsing bills as you can be but think we may readily adopt the plan above. I am sorry to tell you that yesterday our country [lost] a good Councellor & able judge myself a good friend in the death of Philip Ludwell Lee Esq2--best compliments to your lady concludes Dr Sir
[Note 2: 2 John Tayloe and Philip Ludwell Lee were closely associated as members of the Virginia Council from 1760 until the death of the latter in 1775. They were also members of the Ohio Company. One of John Tayloe's daughters (Rebecca) married Francis Lightfoot Lee.]
... Your obliged friend &
... obedient humble servant
... JOHN TAYLOE
ANNAPO 25 ffebry 1775.
SIR
Mr. Jacques last Night communicated to me your Letter to him I sent to the post Office early this Morning and got your Letter from thence of the 2d Inst. Mr Stewart generally sends me those Les1 when the postage is paid but omitted this which is the Occasion of my not having answered it--Your Suspicion or rather Information that Adams is wasting the Timber I am apprehensive is too well founded Major Jenifer's Discourse intimated as much as if he suspected or had heard the same and he promised to interfere as far as he could to prevent it. If Daniel J. Adams will not make a Conveyance of the Lands or and his Sisters are determined not to quit their pretentions to the Land which was not conveyed to old Adams in his Lifetime you will not be able to obtain a Remedy but in our Chancery Court the Delay and Trouble of pursuing which to save only about 100£ of your Debt after an Advance of near 500£ Sterl more appears to me to be scarce worth your while But I cannot think but Major Jenifer will, as he always said he would, prevail on the Sisters to do you Justice and if his Endeavours should not succeed I dare say it will be owing to the bad Conduct of D J Adams himself and the Influence he may have on his Sisters. Our adjourned provincial Court is to sit the second Tuesday of next Month when I shall make use of the Oppty of talking with Majr. Jenifer and Mr. Stone together and will inform you of what passes on the Subject--The Loans in our Office are not for the 10 or 12 years that the Money circulates the Borrowers may pay in as soon as they please and the Counsols1 are left at Discretion to call in any particular Loan when they please whilst the Securities remain good they have not called in any but Securities may by the Act pay the Money at any Time they please have an Assignmt. of the Bond for their Use and stand in the same advantags. State as the Counsols themselves if the Money has been actually paid into the Office I think you would be obliged to an immediate Repayment if the Bond has been only changed I suppose the Counsols would permit another Change of the Bond and so discharge the person whose Name has been made use of I am very sorry that this Business of Adams has given and is likely to give you so much Trouble and you may be asured Sr. that it would be with very great pleasure to myself that I could oblige you in this or any thing else.
[Note 1: 1 Letters.]
[Note 1: 1 Consols.]
Genl Lees plan and Directions are not yet done if they are not likely to be soon finished I'll have a Manuscript Copy made for you--it is but short --
ffrom what I hear it is designed our Assembly should sit about the last of March against that Time I should be glad to have through Mr. Calvert's Hands or any other convenient Conveyance Colo. Masons Estimate his Remarks and the other pages I sent you by Mr. Ballendine I shall in a Day or two go to Balt. and there hope to learn exactly what Opposition is intended to our late Road Law or Potowmack; from what I have yet under heard I expect some narrow designing Men intend to get the people of Balt and a part of this Count as well as of ffrederick County to petition for a repeal of the Road Law or to have such alterations made as will render it ineffectual--I have heard too that the Rogues intentions for this County are to be instructed by their Constituents to vote against any Improvement of potowmack but I do not believe that the people in general of this County are weak enough to be led into any Resolution which could reflect so much on themselves if I am mistaken & such an Instruction should be really made it will greatly embarrass me I am much averse from engaging in a more active Way in politicks but if petitions or Instructions should be sollicited either against the Improvemt. of our Roads or the River I must endeavour to counteract such proceedings if an Attempt should be made against either the Roads or River I wish both may be attacked at once which will explain the Motive as it truly is to shut out the Back people altogether from a Market. I shall most thankfully receive any further Information of any further Thoughts that may have occurred to you or Colo. Mason relative to clearing poto. and the Draft of the Bill itself if Colo. Mason has made [it] and if not I shall with pleasure do it as well as I am able--You will excuse Mr. Jacque's Silence and my taking up the Subject of your Letter to him as his lame Arm will scarcely allow him to write his Name.
... I am sr.
... Your most obedt. hble Servant
... TH JOHNSON JUNR.
[Note 1: 1 Son of Philip and Martha (Dandridge) Aylett, and brother of John Aylett who married Elizabeth, daughter of Bartholomew Dandridge. William Aylett married Mary Macon, daughter of Colonel James Macon and Elizabeth, daughter of Augustine Moore.]
KING WILLIAM Feby 26. 1775
DEAR SIR
At the request of John Gizage Frazer I apply'd to you in Williamsburg to sign a letter of license which most if not all his other creditors had acceded to, as he had given up all his property, & that their best chance of geting paid was from his future acquisitions, as he is well acquainted with, and has had repeated good offers of employment, in the West India trade. you answer'd me that you had put your demand into the hands of Mr Lyons and whatever he agreed to would be satisfactory to you. I then apply'd to Mr Lyons who did not choose to come into the measure without your express direction. Some time last week I was about delivering Mr Frazer up to the Sherrif as his Special Bail at your Suit, (as I did not choose to risque his going to the West Indias, where he intends going immediately in a Vessell that is to be consign'd him) but as Mr Lyon was present at the Court house, Mr Frazer desir'd I would again apply to him, and I receiv'd for answer, that provided I would not let Mr Frazer know it, he would acquit me as Special Bail, tis that probably he might procure some kind of Security or that he might if successful & thinking me bound make a point of paying this debt first, but I at this time told Mr Lyons, that Mr Frazer had a letter from you, expressing your willingness to abide by his Mr Lyons determination. but Mr Frazer was mistaken, it was a letter from me wrote in Williamsburg informing him of your answer, as before mentioned. I have not since apply'd to Mr. Lyons for the promis'd acquital, expecting he will not be fond of taking any step without your permission in writing, altho I believe he is satisfied that you have no chance of geting paid by any other plan. and I have so good an Opinion of Frazer that I verrily believe he intends to pay his debts, if he is so fortunate as to have it in his power. and this altogether depends upon his having liberty to leave the Country, and as I have no Interest in it, it is too great a risque for me to run, indeed he does not desire it, but intends to acquit himself by the Insolvent Oath (which will mortify his Vanity) if he can not otherwise be at liberty. Your answer by the first post, directed to the post office Aylett's1 will much oblige me, I am with the highest respect & esteem
Sir
[Note 1: 1 Aylett's P. O. now exists in King William County.--Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1894--95.]
Your mo Obt Sert
... W AYLETT
Mrs Aylett joins me in Compts. to self
Lady, &c.,
ALEXANDRIA Feby 26. 1775
DEAR SIR
Your favor of the 24 I received, and having Examined the Record furnished by Mr Wagener, I find it is so full, and contains so clear a state of [mutilated] proceedings which have been had in the Cause, from the original Writ, down to the Execution & Sheriffs Return thereupon, that I cannot say any thing that will give you or Mr Pendleton a clearer Idea or conception of the matter: he will discover from the Extraordinary motion made about Entering Special Bail when the suit was first called the Errors filed upon obtaining a Verdict to arrest the Judgement, & finally the Injunction in Chancery, that the Doctor1 and his Counsel have practiced every possible manoeuvre to defer the payment of the money which Justice and Generosity call upon him [mutilated] dly for. Mr Pendleton will procure from the Secretaries office a Copy of his Bill in order have your & Mr Fairfax's Answer drawn, [mutilated] hich I flatter myself will do away every [mutilated] harge of Equity he may have Suggested, I am [mutilated] it will, for it [mutilated] this case he can have none I am D Sir
[Note 1: 1 Doctor Savage.]
... with much regard
... Your Obligd Servt
... ROBT H. HARRISON
PS. Should the Answer be
... drawn here It will be
... necessary to have these
... Proceedings
... Yrs R H H
NEWTON March 2d: 1775
MY DEAR SIR
Your very obliging favor of the 15th of November last, I received only the 23d Ulto:. Immediately upon which, I wrote to London to know whether any Ships would be now sent to America, and have for answer, that one would Sail about the 8th instant.
Therefore I sett down to acquaint you, that I had, so far engaged a Horse for you, as only to wait this month for your directions, and its luckey enough they came in time, for I think I should have ventured to have given more than you seem to incline, tho' much under the Price before mentioned.--The uncertainty of your Return, from the Service of the Country, I suppose prevented either Mr. Peyton, or Willis waiting on You, indeed I should not like that they should be to troublesome. Mr. Willis may have his Reasons for Postponing the Sale, and Renting the House &c: to so late a Season as the 5th Decr:; but I should have thought (If the Stock was to be Sold) the time you fixed would have been more Eligable, indeed a better time for the whole. As to the Furniture Remaing: I can only repeat, that, unless we can gett near the Value of that in the Chinch Room, I should like to have it sent Over if Possible, meaning only the Curtains, Couterpains and Covers of the Chairs, and that entire in the Blue, or Dressing Room, I must beg your acceptance of, and the sooner its taken away the better. You kindly mentioned, some time ago, that the House at Belvoir leaked very much, and that it was necessary to have it new Cover'd. Pray my good Sir direct Mr: Willis to gett it done, or whatever you may now, or hereafter think proper to be done in the best manner, you, I dare say, can Order the best Shingles from this the dismal, Plank may be either bought or sawed in the Neck to cover the Rooff: or other Services, for I would by all mean keep the House tight, and will without, whatever it may be within.
I am exceedingly sorry to hear, that you, & our Friend Colo. Tayloe were engaged in so disagreeable a business, as the Sale of poor Colo. Mercers Estate, it's what I apprehended, and do sincerely wish it may fetch as much as TB and Mr: Ballendine Estimated it at last Spring, when the Colonel sent it me, to put my name to it, which I was sorry to decline, as I felt much for Him, yett I thought I could not do it against my own Opinion, and give the Mortgagees cause to Censure Me hereafter
It astonishes me very much, my good Sir, to find that you have had so many Prov'd Accots. presented against me. You Sir, indeed I might almost say, the whole Colony knew, or heard of my intention of going to England, for Years, and its well known, that I Advertised it some time before [I] Embarked, desiring Persons, having any Claim to bring them in, in Order to be discharged, and I thought myself happy in Leaving few or no Debts unpaid. But no sooner than my Back is turned, and not able to Face these Artfull and ill designing People, they are brought in and above all are sworn to. I mention these things my Friend, rather to justify myself a little to You, not to stop any just Debts being paid. and could ask Jonathan Stone, Bryan Allison &c. why they did not bring in their Accts: when I was present? which I absolutely say they did not. I must Confess my Book, or Ledger was not kept as I could have, and now wish it had been, yett I thought few excepting yourself, and Merchts. could be much more regular, in taking of Receipts, or minuiting in a little long Clasp Book, and a Marble cover'd one; the Money I paid, and also in keeping together such Accots: and Receipts, as I did not think worth raising an Accot: for.--I could say much more on this Subject, but I fear I have tired your patience already, and that I shall carry it beyond the bounds of a Letter, espetially when I am shortened as to time, being again called upon a Committee appointed to draw up a Petition to the C--n in favour of America. Therefore must only beg that You'll lett Mr: Peyton (if He has not them already) have the two little Books mentioned, the loose Accot: and Receipt, (for I cannot think of taking up either your, or your Clerks time) with directions to pay those that are just and right, without giving you the trouble, for I am truly and sincerely ashamed of the trouble you have had in my affairs, and I want Words to express my acknowledgment of them.--Here I must return a little, and inform you, that [I] Employ'd Jonathan Stone rather out of Charity, and lett him have Money, or Orders upon the Mercht: at Colchester whenever he wanted, and frequently was largely in advance, during which He told me as well, as he was able, a melancholy Tale of his having a right to some Land in Maryland. I took Councel for him, and Employed Mr: Johnston who Pleaded in that Province, in Order that the poor Man should have justice, upon this He grew negligent, worked only part of days, and charged me with whole ones, often gave in a greater number of Rails than either Andrew Taws, or Daniel Stone, after him rendered an Accot: of, which I dare say can appears, and if He ment the Honest thing, He must acknowledge, that I had frequently offer'd him if any Ballce: there was, upon a just and fair settlement, if he could make it appear, I would pay it. But He was foolishly obstinate, and I did not care to be imposed upon, by paying for Services not performed. As to poor Honest Daniel Stone, He preferred Twenty Pounds, standing Wages, to a Share of the Crop, had it whenever he pleas'd, and often urged me to keep it in my hands to buy a young Negroe, which his heart seemed to be sett upon, but being disappointed. I indulged him with the one He fancied of mine the very morning I saw you last, at a less value than Mr: Willis sett her at, and then clos'd and Sign'd the Accot: so that I apprehend if Mr: Willis was to examine that Accot: he will find that fifteen or Sixteen pounds was not at that time due to Daniel, but would be the Janry: or Febry: following the time that his Wages commenced, and then I dare say I desired him to pay the Ballance, as indeed I would do every Mans, espetially an honest poor Labouer, who I never ment to injure, in my Life, but on the contrary have assisted many. -- Pardon my good Sir this digression as I cannot help feeling the malignity of such Accusers.--Now to return to your last I am sorry to find that Mr: Willis should give you the trouble of writing about the Tobacco, or any part of his Duty, tho' ultimately it may turn out to my Advantage that no more than seven Hhds: were Shipt, yett I wish that the whole had been sent, for this is the time I stand most in need.--I hope before this, that Mess Adam, Campbell & Dalton have ventured upon the Bloomery Accot: which I was anxious of doing Years ago, & applyed to Mess'': Ross, Henderson and Lawson for that purpose, but owing to the difficulties of getting the parties together, or some other Cause, that I am a stranger to, It was omitted untill the day before we left Belvoir, when it was impossible to Enter upon so Perplexed a business. Mr: Campbell being then there readily offered his very kind assistance, I gave him the little Trunk, containing those Papers, and willingly consented to leave it to him, Mr: Dalton and others named in a peice of paper. If I mistake not, Mr: Dalton was in the House, the morning you & Lady, was so good as to come and see Us the day we Embarked, You possibilly may remember (as I do to my great uneasyness) that Mr: Willis only came the Eveng: before or that very morning, by which, things were left in such confusion, instead of his coming there to reside, as was my Plan.
What can, or dare I say, about the unhappy difference between this Country and America. That you are condemned by the M--y, and their dependents, and much Aplauded by ever [y] welwisher to the Antient and Constitutional Right of Englishmen, whether on this, or the other side of the Atlantic; of which there are a great Majority in this County. You'l hear probabelly before this reatches you, what Steps have been taken, how supported, and defended, and at last how inconsistantly they have Acted in the great World, various are the Conjectures about the much talked of Motion,1 and sudden change, some thinks it proceeds from unfavourable Accounts from the Continent of Europe, some that they are frightened at the Expence, and others that it was only intend: to Intimidate, and cause a disension in the Colonys, But I rather think that they find they have gone far enough, that the Americans are not so easily Duped, and that a War cross the Atlantic will be the most expences one they have had, and the difficulty of raising the Supplys to support so unnatural a one. It is pretty certain that the M--r has lost ground, that many of his Friends did desert him upon the late Question, and such a jealousy has arose, that its thought, a change in the M--y must soon take Place.--God grant, that it may be for the better, worse I think it cannot be, consequently we all hope for an Amendment, yett I fear it never will happen while the Premier, has so many lucrative Places in his disposal, and People grow more and more Extravigant, However this We can, and I believe very justly say, that Law is on our side, for all the Law Lords that do not fill some high Office, and many great disinterested Gentn: in the Commons, are in support of America, and by examining the List, you may find that many of the Worthies are sent from this part of the Kingdom.
[Note 1: 1 Lord North's conciliatory motion, passed in the House of Commons (274 against 88), February 20, 1775.]
It is reported in London, that you are Training the People of Virginia to the Use of Arms, I hope you do not find those of your own County the most defficient, or that they misbecome their new uniform. They are going to have a General Review of all the Militia here, but for what I know not, as it's not Customary, time only will shew the Event of all things, and God grant you, your Privilages and a happy and speedy Reconciliation upon Constitutional Principles, is the daily Prayer of Dear Sir
... Your Affect: and Most Obliged humble
... Servt:
... G: W: FAIRFAX
LONDON 3d March 1775
DEAR SIR,
The very short Crop & Capt: Pendersons Conduct not proving altogether Satisfactory to myself nor many of my Friends has induced me to take 200 Hhds in the Liberty Capt: Outram I would have agreed for 50 or even 100 more but he could not accommodate me with them however if there should be a Surplus, there is another Ship going out which he is to have the Loading of & in which they are to be put on board He will apply to you for my good Friend The Honble: Geo: Wm. Fairfax Esqrs. Tobo. & I doubt not, you will give him the necessary Instructions respecting them. The Revd. Mr. Moseley who I make no Question but you must have heard our mutual Friend mention, was with me this morning, he had seen them but a few Days ago, & has since had a Letter which he shew'd me, & I am happy in informing you they are both very well.
... I am with Respect
... Dear Sir,
... Your very obedt. Servt --
... SAML: ATHAWES.1
[Note 1: 1 This letter is duplicated in the manuscripts.]
ANNAPOLIS 3d. March 1775.
SIR/
Convinced of your attachment to your country, and of your desire to promote its prosperity, I write this letter to recommend to your patronage, a Pamphlet now in our Press on ye. culture, & management of Hemp. I am well acquainted with the author, who has told me, that his knowledge of ye. Subject is has not been learnt from Theory, but obtained by his own practical experience. I have read his little treatise over with attention; it pleased, & instructed me: it will be particularly useful, I think, to these Colonies at this time, and indeed at all others. It was read to several gentlemen of the Committee in this town, who all so far expressed their approbation of ye. performance, that, they recommended it to be printed. Inclosed you have the first sheet, as a specimen, the only one, that is yet struck off. If you should think this Pamphlet will sell well in Virga., the gentleman, who superintends ye. press, proposes to send you several copies to be sold at your provincial meeting at Richmond, by which means the most advantageous method of cultivating & preparing hemp will be generally known throughout yr. Province, and I hope succesfully practised. The price of the Pamphlet will be half a crown our Currency: the purchasers will have no occasion to grudge the money if the [y] steadily pursue the directions of the author--How many copies do you imagine may be sold in Virga.? if you can form any computation of the number that may be disposed of it will be to me direction and guide how many to send. If you can conveniently carry with you to Richmond a parcel of these Pamphlets, it will save to the author ye. expence of a special Messenger to Richmond, and they may be sent from hence to your house; some trusty person may be pitched on at Richmond, who for a small commission will undertake to retail these Pamphlets. My father desires me to present his complts to you, accept also of mine, and believe me to be with real esteem
... Sir/ Yr. most hum: Sert.
... CH. CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
PORTBACCO March 5th. 1775
SIR
I understand you have thought of undertaking the payment of the Debts of Josias Adams late of this County--If you do I will wait twelve Months for the Sum due John Glassford & Compys Store here, being thirteen pounds five Shillings & one farthing Currency & am
... Sir
... Your mo. obed Servt.
... ROBERT MANDELL
PORTOBACCO 5 March 1775
SIR
I am inform'd by Mr Jenifer that you have some thoughts of Paying the Debts due from Josias Adams Deceasd If you Agree to the Proposal I will wait for what the Estate is due me Twelve Months from this Date I am with Respect
... sir
... Your very Ob servt
... GEORGE GRAY
STEWARTS CROSSINGS March ye 6th 1775
DR SIR/
Yours by Dotr. Connellys man dated Febry 24th I am sory for your in Convenency in regard to your carying on your improvements on your Land as you seem to have bad Luck
any sarvice I can be of two You it shall be don with Cheerfulness
Mr Cleveland told me he Bought a nough for him and the hands imployd
and Bacson1 as much as was wanting axs. hoes and such Tools what was wanting I Shall See Provided for you and as I think Val. will be with you befor my son you and him can fix on what will be wanting You seemd to be at a Loos for Som Person to help out with your sarvants I cold not help you to a better hand than my son ho has com down for that porpose to asist your People out he is usd to Traveling and may be of Som sarvice in hastning there march out I have order'd him to be steedy to Each order you shall think proper to give him till he arrives here and then I shall see them set out from here my self and see that they are fited out with what they may [need] as far as in my Power See in that Mr Simpson of in regard to the County town2 Your place is Very near the Senter of the Country now but when the Country coms to be more Setled then your Chart[i]ers Land will be near the Senter of the Setlement but that will be a Matter to be setled when the Line is Determd betwen the two Provinces till then I do not think it will be worth while to do any thing about it
[Note 1: 1 Bacon.]
[Note 2: 2 This should probably read, "See in that of Mr. Simpson in regard to the county town," and refers to Gilbert Simpson's letter, p. 97, ante.]
Inclosed you have two plats Which you must fix Warrants to your self, and the dats also of the Warrants
They Land on the river I mentioned to you two men is Disputing with me about it they are Living on the Land and intend to give me som Trouble about it in your Letter seem not willing to Enter into any Disput If I can have the matter setled so as to sute you I will and if not I will Lay it on Land that will sute you as I [k]now of som that has no person Living on it or but mear Trifling improvements that can be Easeyly setled
The Land in the 2 plats is very good Land on the Little Kanaway as you cold wish Your other plat shall be sent to you be the first opertunity cold not get it run out now
... I am Sir your most
... Hume. Sarvant
... W .. CRAWFORD
PHILADA 7th. March 1775
HONBLE SIR/
I have Just been informd by Mr. Wiltbert of his going your way, I have Just to mention that the Sashes are all like to be done soon, Silk enough for the whole is procured, the Gorgets will be done about the same time the shoulder Knots are all finished, I hope I shall have them all to send by Peter Jones, he leaves this place on the 19th. Inst: I have sent you Two pamphlets, one is said to be the performance of Mr Galloway, the other I know not the Auther he lashes those few who dared to publish the the sentiments of Many without their knowledg I am in hast Dr sir Your Most Obt
... Hum bl Sert
... WILLIAM MILNOR
GUNSTON HALL March 9th. 1775.
DEAR SIR,
I have at last finished the Potomack River Bill; which I now send You, together with some very long Remarks thereon, & a Letter to Mr. Johnston; into which You'll be pleased to put a Wafer when You forward the other Papers to Him. -- I also return the Act of Assembly, & Mr. Johnston's Notes, which You sent Me.--This Affair has taken Me five times as long as I expected; and I do assure You I never engaged in any thing which puzzled Me more; there were such a Number of Contingencys to provide for, & drawing of up Laws a thing so much out of my way--I shall be well pleased if the pains we have bestowed upon the Subject prove of any Service to so great an Undertaking; but by what I can understand, there will be so strong an Opposition from Baltimore, & the Head of the Bay, as will go near to prevent its passage thro' the Maryland Assembly, in any Shape it can be offered. --
I suppose You have heard of the late Purchase made by some north Carolina Gentlemen from the Cherokee Indians, of all the Country between the Great Conhaway & the Tennissee Rivers--I think, considering this Colony has just expended abt: £100,000, upon the Defence of that Country, that this is a pretty bold Stroke of the Gentlemen--It is suspected some of our Virga: Gentlemen are privately concerned in it. --
I have always expected that the new fangled Doctrine lately broach'd, of the Crown's having no Title beyond the Alleghany Mountains 'til after the purchase at Fort Stanwix wou'd produce a thousand other Absurdities & Squabbles.--However, if I am not mistaken, the Crown, at that Treaty, purchased of the six Nations all the Lands as low as the Tenissee River. So now I suppose, we must have a formal Tryal whether the six Nations or the Cherokees had the legal Right; but whether this is to be done by Ejectment, Writ of Enquiry, Writ of partition, or what other process let those who invented this curious Distinction determine.--The Inattention of our Assembly to so grand an Object; as the Right of this Colony to the Western Lands, is inexcusable, & the Confusion it will introduce endless. --
If I knew when You set off for the Convention at Richmond, I wou'd trouble You wth. two or three Vira Curcy.. Bills, to make my second payment to Mr Mizzay, as I may not perhaps have an Opportunity of sending it in April.
We make but a poor Hand of collecting; very few pay, tho' every body promises, except Mr. Hartshorn, of Alexandria; who flatly refused: his Conscience I suppose wou'd not suffer him to be concern'd in paying for the Instruments of Death.1 George has been very unwell for some Days past, as soon as He gets well, He intends up into the Forrest, where He has not yet been. --
[Note 1: 1 William Hartshorn, a prominent merchant of Alexandria, was related to the Quaker family of the same name in New Jersey and Philadelphia.]
The Family here join in their Compliments to Mrs. Washington, & the Family at Mount Vernon, with Dr Sir
... Your affecte. Hble Servt.
... G MASON
GUNS [seal] HALL March 9th. 1775.
DEAR SIR
I had wrote the inclosed Letter last Night, & was Just sending my Man off with it, & the other Papers, when Your Messenger came; by whom You will now receive them, made up in within the Cover of the Acts of Assembly. --
I beg You to inform Mr. Johnston that the Bill I have drawn is intended only as a Ground-work, & that I desire every part of it may be submitted to his Correction. --
My Son George has been unwell some time, He went Yesterday wth. his Sister to Mrs. Eilbeck's, as soon as He returns, & has a little Leisure, He will make out a Copy of the List of Tytheables. You will be pleased to leave Directions Wth. Mr. Lund Washington about the Collection. We have had an Opportunity of speaking to most of the Gentlemen out of the County, who have Tytheables in it, & they have promised to give Directions for the Payment; I don't now recollect any whom it will be necessary to write to, but Colo. Henry Fitzhugh of Stafford, & Mr. John Turbeville of Westmoreland. --
I take the Liberty of inclosing You £18 ..--Virga. Curcy., out of which I must beg the favour of you to pay to Mr. Nicholas, or Mr. Mizzay, £ 12 .. 10--Str: for my second payment in the Wine Compy: due the 1st. of May next, & take a Rect. accordingly: I had not Bills to come nearer the Sum; but the Balle. You can repay Me when You return.--I send You the Cherry Grafts You desire, but am afraid they are rather too forward: the bundle wth: the white stick in it is May-Dukes; the other the large black May Cherrys.--I am DrSir
... Yr. affecte. & obdt Sert
... G MASON
NORFOLK March 14th. 1775.
DEAR SIR
I am truely concerned to find myself under a necessity to depart from Virginia without the Pleasure of having paid my Respects at Mount Vernon, which was one of the principal Objects I had in View leaving Boston, my only possible Attempt being frustrated by the pressing Necessity of a Friend, with whom I travelled, to return to James River sooner than I intended. When I shall again have a Chance for this Honour depends upon Events too intricate to foresee at present, tho' I anxiously hope they will terminate so favorably as to allow me a longer Indulgence in the Course of next Year. In the mean Time I beg you will accept this as an Assurance of the permanent Respect and best Wishes of,
... Dr Sir your most obedient and
... most humble Servant
... ROBERT MACKENZIE.
PORT--TOBACCO. March 15th. 1775.
SIR
Yours of the 8th. Instat, came safe to hand, wherein you mention, you have come to the resolution of taking upon your Self the payment of my Fathers debts, provided I will Suffer a Condemnation of the Attach'd Effects--join my Sisters in Conveying the Lands to you--& Surrender possession of the Negros &ca.
To all this I and my Sisters will comply with, but Sir I think it will be very Necessary for you to give from under your hand at the time of Conveyance, that there shall no debt, or debts, hereafter paid come Against me, or my Sisters, that my Fathers Estate is now liable to,--I am in hopes Sir, After my giving up every thing I have to you, you will Set me at liberty, for I do not think I am altogether acting the honest part, by giving up any all that I am worth to you and my Other Creditors to go Intirely without, which if I was to give up to my Creditors and take the benefit of the Act,1 every Creditor would have an equal part, Agreeable to their Claim, which was my resolution to have Acted, but as you are such a considerable Looser, I am willing to make all Satisfaction I possibly can, and comply with the request of my Friends, and for my Other Creditors I must trust to Providence for their lenity & Favor, but I have little right to expect any Favor from them, as they do not Share a part with you, in the Estate. I have wated on Stromatt, and he gave me the Inclos'd to send to you, and tells me he does not expect any thing for his Travelling expences, but thinks it reasonable he Should be paid the Cost of Suit, which Mr. Clapham at Annapolis inform'd me woul'd be about five pounds common Curcy. and what the Cost of the Scinfacious [?] will be, I am not acquainted, but Stromatt told me it would be 3 or 4 Hundred pounds Tobacco, that paid off at 12/6 per Cwt.--As you Observe the Sooner Matters is Settled the better I am of your Oppinion, and am ready at any time to have Matters Executed,--I have wated on Some of the Creditors with your letters, and they Seem very well Satisfy'd with them --
[Note 1: 1 Hening, vol. v. p. 537.]
I have One favor to ask of your Hon'or, and would Strongly recommend it to you, to comply with my request, the Negroe you Attach'd was brought up in the Family, has always been a favorate Negroe in the Family, and has been much Indulg'd he has now a Wife and Several Children which he Seems to have a great Affection for, and has declar'd Several times that he will Loose his life, or had rather Submit to Death than go to Virginia to leave his Wife a[nd] Children, and do immagine from his declirations that he has made he will be Troublesome to any Master in Virginia, tho as fine a Slave as any in Maryland if you will be kind enought to favor this Poor wretch, he can get a Master who will he is willing to Serve, and will give you more than he is Apprais'd to, which is a great price, the Fellow is About five or Six in. Thirty very hefty and well made, but Sickly, at times.
The Horse you Attach'd I Swap'd away last Fall, for another Horse and gave five pounds to boot, as the Horse you Attach'd was very Infurm and I was affraid he would not have got Over it, but you may have this Horse Valued, as he is worth considerably more than the Other, or if you will let him Stay on the Plantation till Plowing time is Over you may have him at the Same, the Other Horse was Valued to --
I should Immagine the best way to Act to Save expence Would be to have the Attachment Stop'd as Soon as Possible and for I and my Sisters to make the Land and Effects Over to you, which I should Suppose would give you as good a Weight as if they were Condemn'd by Law--I am Sir
... Your Mo. Obt. & Mo. Hum Servt
... DANL. J. ADAMS
[Note 1: 1 Judge of the General Court of Virginia; born, 1733; died, 1785. Thomson Mason was a brother of George Mason, and the father of Stevens Thomson Mason.]
RASBERRY PLAIN 15th March 1775
MY DEAR SIR
As I presume You intend shortly for Richmond Town, I have taken the Liberty of inclosing You a Note of Colo. T. Mann Randolphs, for Ninety one pounds two Shillings, including Interest, which I must entreat the Favour of You to receive for me; I must also beg your Care of the inclosed Letter to Captain James Gunn, who I have desired to pay You a Sum of Money for me, whatever You receive of those Gentlemen, I shall esteem it a singular Act of Kindness, if You will contrive to me on your Return by my Friend Mr Robert Hanson Harrison of Alexandria, or Mr. Alexander Henderson of Colchester. I sincerely wish You an agreeable Convention, and am Dear Sir with the greatest Respect
... Your most obedt humble Servant
... THOMSON MASON
March 17th 1775 --
The Independant Company of Richmond County present their most respectful Compliments to Colo. Washington and beg leave to inform him that they have unanimously chosen him their Commander, should they be obliged to have recourse to Arms to defend their King and Country; they flatter themselves from their Assiduity they shall be able to make a tolerable appearance some time in the Summer, and should look on themselves as highly honoured if the Colonel would be pleased to review them when most Convenient to him, in the mean time they would be glad to be favoured with any Instructions he should think proper to give, and Assure him they are with respect
... His most hble servants
... THE COMPANY
[Note 1: 1 Colonel Thomas, like his son Captain Michael, was a well-known Indian trader. He emigrated from Yorkshire, England, when about fifteen years old. At thirty he married--Johnson, and at eighty years of age married a second time. J. J. Jacobs states (Life of Captain Cresap, p. 40) that when about one hundred years old Colonel Cresap performed a journey, partly by sea and partly by land, from his residence at Old Town to an island near Nova Scotia, and returned in safety.]
SKIPTON Mar 21, 1775.
SR.
I have just now Received Yours of Feby 7 : last, wherein you tell me that the Executors of Your Brother have been lately informed ofmy having taken Possession of some Lands belonging to him, which Information is not true; for I only claim my Own which I have been always in Possession of, And the very Person who made that Complaint has Rented it of me these two Years past and being called on for Rent thinks to come off from paying by this Method and carrying a Falshood. I have been in peaceable Possession upwards of Twenty Years, and what Buildings there are on the Land which I claim, was Built by me. Your Brother has a Lott adjoining to mine, which was mine, I having bought it of one Pindergras in the presence of several Gentlemen & paid him the Money down of the spot; after which he Sold it to your Bror. When Your Bror. came to understand the Matter, he informed me of it, and there being a good Understandg between him & me (& to prevent a Law-suit) I told him I wod. give him my Right to it, As Pindergras had run away and cod. not be come at, therefore must have lost his Money. This Complainant has Lived sevl Years on Your Brother's Land and Claims it as his Own.
I have no Objection to by or Sell, if You shod. have any inclination. ... I am Sr.
... Yr. most Obedt. Servt.
... THS. CRESAP
MOUNT VARNON March 23d 1775
DEAR COLO
I Came to this place on fryday Evening and I Should have Com down Sooner But I Never Receved your Drafts till a fews days before I Came down and thinking you Might be gon to the Congrass I thought it advisable to Send them to you by Capt. Rutherford as you Might Meet Mr Lewis there and have the plats Examenid by Lewis your Selfe
I hope you will Excuse My My Not bring down att1 My acounts and Expenses in Trancating2 of your bisness over the Mount [mutilated] as it is Not in My power to Setle till I have Som Conversation with your Selfe and then I [mutilated] I am in great hopes Setle Every thing to your Satisfaction as I am informed there has been various Storeys told you In Regard to My Conduct but Had you been on the Spot your Selfe it would have Confused you to [have] heard the Complaints of the distresed poor people that Came to My fort and I frequenly Desired of Mr Simson to take the Sarvents and Employ them att worke att your mill [mutilated] and said they would Run away. [a line mutilated] and the Man that Run away I Sent two men after him and found Each of them Horses and Money to Bere there Expenses the one went to baltimore and the other down through virginia which were gon Near three weeks and I Could Not get the axact amount of there expencis but it will be verey modest. But I hope to be down Some time in June and I will I hope Setle Every thing to your Satisfaction and as you [have] Ever been a good frend to me and att1 My familey and am in hopes for your Kiness to Me you Shall Never Sufer as I am fully Convin[c]ed it will be in My power to pay Everey Man I owe one Shilling by Next fall if My Life is Spared if I Cant Reas that Money for fowler I will you may depend deliver My Selfe up to the gaol and Clear you but you May depend without Som unfortenat acidence hapen Me I Shall be able to [mutilated] Considerable Som by fall as I have got So much god Land for Saill that will Comand Money I Should have waited till you Com home but I wanted to get home Emedently and you May depend Everey Esistance in My power I will give to Mr Cleveland in fiting of him out or down the River and when I Com down in June I will bring a State of Every thing I did for you and hope to give you full Satisfaction for Every frendship done for your frend and
[Note 1: 1 bringing down all.]
[Note 2: 2 Transacting.]
[Note 1: 1 all.]
... Most Hble Sert
... VAL: CRAWFORD
B I have Left your Honour a belt of peace Which I hope you will Receve from yrs V C
LITTLE ENGLAND March 25th. 1775
SIR
My Partner Mr, Barraud writes me that he has procur'd ev'ry thing in your Order that cou'd be got--I have been confin'd to my Bed for near Six Weeks occasion'd as the Old Women say by a Stone Bruise on my Heel be what bruise it may it had liked to have carry'd me to my long Home thank God I am now out of all danger tho' still confin'd to my Bed--this has retarded sometime sending for the Flour --
Our Brig George & Charlotte Capt. Wilkinson Barzey now calls for it--I am well convinc'd that the Flour will be ship'd in good Order with dispatch--shou'd Capt Barzey have occasion for any necessary's or money please to supply him which shall be return'd on demand with thanks by Sir with great respect & regard --
... Your most Obt hum: Servt
... JAMES BALFOUR
March 26th. By Letter's this moment recd. from our Friend O. Hanbury Esqr. he is appointed by the North American Merchants & Traders one of a Committee of 23 to prepare & bring in a Petition to the House of Commons for a repeal of all the obnoxious American Acts in which he says they have the greatest prospect of Success --
[Note 1: 1 There is in Hening (vol. x. p. 488) an act authorizing Henry McCabe, only son of the author of the above letter, who died intestate in 1780, to dispose of his father's property in Loudoun County and in Alexandria.]
ALEXANDRIA March 31st. 1775
SIR
Having Purchac'd A Farm Adjoining the Town of Leesburg, am in want of Some money to Assist in Purchaceing Horses, Implements of Husbandry &c. if you can Supply me with one hundred & fifty pounds, I will give you Security on the land; or on the Stone house in that Town, Or if you would rather Choose to be secured in this County will give you A Mortgage on my Houses in this place. Your Answer to Mr James Kirk will highly Oblige me I am with Difference & Regard, Truly
... Sir
... Your Most hble Servt.
... HENRY MCCABE
FREDERICK TOWN FREDERICK COUNTY 31st March--1775 --
SIR --
I some Time Past Purchased of the Reverend Mr Walter Magowan, a Parcell of Ticketts in Earl Stirling s Land and Cash Lottery, in the Provinces of New York and New Jersey, I am since Informed that the Lottery is drawn and that you have an Acct of the Prizes in the Lottery--I have therefore taken the Liberty to write to you upon this Subject, and shall be Extremely obliged to you to Favour me with a Line, and that you would give me some Information of the Prizes among those Tickets that you had the Disposal off--I hope your goodness will excuse this Fredom, as I am very remote from Mr Magowan, and should be glad to know the Fate of my Tickets, your Compliance in this request wil Particularly oblige Sir
... Your Obet Hum Sert
... ALEXR. HAMILTON, SMITH
Please to direct to Doctr Alex
Hamilton Smith, in Frederick
Town Frederick County, Maryland, to the cair of Mr Charlton --
[Note 1: 1 This name is so spelled in the signature and indorsement.]
... YAUGH RIVER
DENNISS STIPHENS April 3d. 1775
HONOUR'D SR.) I have had the mortification of Seing a letter from under your hand directed to Mr. Gilbert Simpson dated march, the purport of which demonstrates, to me that I have incurd your displeasure greatly by Omiting my duty with Respect to your mill, What you particularly Seem to alledge is my Extravigance in drinking and also that She never will be finis. d which allegations I humbly acknowledge were they sufficiently Authenticated are Sufficient to fill you with Invitarecy and dislike to me, But Worthy Sr. as it is and has been an Antiently A Custom for the Sons of men first to be convicted and then Executed I would ask the favour of you to grant me a lot in those antient priveledges, As for Instance I do Aver and am ready to maintain that I have used the Utmost of my Endevours to Comply with Every thing that Should concur with Your Interest, and as for drinking I have drank nothing Spirituous Since the first day of January last Or before on any other mans money but my own which I think Every free man has a right to convert to whatever use he thinks most proper, I am Extreamly Sorry that your pen Should be thus Enslav. d or your mind perplex. d by malicious desighning persons to answer their purposes, I hav not the least reason to doubt Should you come out in august next which I understand you intend but you will look on your authaurity with an Eye of Contempt and not take in hand to asperce the charracter of any Individual in consequence of the like Slender Information, your water wheel is contained within the house and your plans Executed as direct as lay in my power and when She turns round those Bablers will thereby be Silenced, and your honour I hope be mutially Satisfied and the Labourer who now is unworthy of the Character of a man be Restord, Be pleased to Consult Mr. John Ballendine a good man of the most celebrated character Void of partiallity Whether my abillities or quallifications are thus to be cald in question, Should you upon the whole after mature consideration on the matter look on it you are Imposed upon I have a partner at hand who will Jointly purchase your mill with a little Indulgence and Refund your money which you So greatly Commented upon I am Your most Obedt. humble servt.
... DENNISS STIPHENS
April ye 3: 1775
SR
I Reced your letter by Mr William Stephens dated in March in Which I find you are verey Much disturved at the Cost of your Mill and I find that after all My Care and troble To Serve you in a thing of this kind to the great disadvantage of my plantation as Well as the discruttion of my Bedind and houshold furneture and that all for Nothing Except that of incuring your ill Will and being Censured for Litely and Laishly Squading away your money pray What advantage do you immagon I Could Reap by Giveing men high Wages and kee[p]ing them idle. you Cant have forgot that you Sent a Bill of trust timber to bee Got of such a sise then how Was this house to bee built Without takeing the trust Within the Walls and Sr you Cant have forgot tha[t] you Gave me Strict Char[g]e to git her built Strong and Compleat in all her br[a]nches and to have the Walls two storey high and to bee laid in Strong Lime marter Could you possably think Such a Mill Was to only Cost Three or Four hundred pounds No Sr heare is a three hundred pound Mill within about Seven Mils of this plase Which Was two years in building and only began to Grind Last Spring and is Now likely to drop to pesses and is a perpetual Cost and I make no doubt but in Les than Seven years She will Cost more than yours and then not Worth one hundred pounds and I Expect that yours in the Same Length of time Will not Cost Five pounds and I am Sorrey that Mr Stephens To heare him So Redeculd for he allway declard from the first to make her the most Compleat Mill and to go With the Lest Wayter that he Ever built and I believe he Will accomplish his desine in a Short thime for I must bee of oppinion not only of my own knowledg but by by of judgment of them that I beleive to bee judges and men thome have seen your Mill at home Who allows that there is no Compareson in the Workmanship and it is further said by them Who knows best the men that Stephens is able to teech this Same Barel [?] in all the Milwrights buseness but Sr I beleive that you must think that you are to have no Customers to this mill and by that meens never to Get yor own again but I Can inform you better for there is near or Quite Seventy familys Custom at this time depending on her but Sr When you Com to See and bee Clearly informd that you Will bee of another way of th[i]nking but if your mind then Continues as it appears to bee at this time I have a partner at hand that With a Little indulges Will make you Whole With intrust and as for Mr Stephens he has not drank one of Sperets sens nine year but has always indevourd to bee as near your intirest as was in his power I have had very fue men imployd sens Last fall and fueer now and there fore have discharged non So Sr no more but am very Sorrey to think that all I gane is your displesure and that you dont as much as Wish me Good Lock in any of your Letters
... I Remain your humble Servant
... GILBT SIMPSON
... YOUGH RIVER
DUMFRIES Apll. 5th. 1775.
DR SIR
I have the honor of your favor of the 2nd. of Aprill; in answer to which, it is the desire of our officers, that if they can't be furnishd with such sashes, as are proper, they would not incline to have any; but this matter is altogether left to yourself, as the person most capable of determining; with respect to the mode of conveying the arms from Philada to this place; I cannot at this time determine, the Company will meet on friday next; after which time, I will do myself the pleasure of informing you particularly on the subject; We are extremely obliged to you, for the book of exercise of 1764. Mr. Daviss does not at present exercise the Company, but I will take care that the same shall be conformd to, in every instance, agreable to yr. orders,
... I am with great respect
... Yr. Most Obedt. Servt
... WILLM. GRAYSON
ED SNICKERS April 6 1775
DER SIR/
I Receved a letter from youre miller in Regard to the whete I Sent Last to youre mill whare in he is under Som mistake to think the whete Belonged to Mr Wormley for the whete wase my property but it Came from one of Mr Wormleys quarters as he wase in Due me for whete I Sent him Last fall from my plantation in Loudon to Soe and youre miller wase much in the Right to waye it and Give a Resait for what meaid it as Good as my one as I Shall be Sorry to Let you have Bad whete you have Got all my crope from Loudon now--------
I have at Last Got Mr Hughes from Bondig and Got him to my hous and am with Regard youre Sincere frind and
... Humbl Sarvnt
... ED SNICKERS
NB when the herrins
Runes I must Beeg
you will Save me
20 Barrils of the first
Running for which I will pay you the same
price as I Did for the Last I am yours
... ES
[Note 1: 1 George Digges, of Warburton, Prince George County, was in the Maryland Senate in 1787. For genealogy of the Digges family, see William and Mary Quarterly, vol. i.]
WARBURTON April 7. 1775.
DEAR SIR
My Father & Mr Hawkins will take four hundred Bushels of your Salt, & I will copy a few Advertisements to be put up in this Neighbourhood--your Vessel may come a long side of our Warf, which I apprehend would be more Conveniant for the people in the N that may want to purchase, The family Join in Complt. to all at MtVernon, with
... Dear Sir
... Your Mos Ob Ser
... GEO DIGGES.
WM. PRESTON April 9th. 1775.
DEAR SIR
Yours of the 27th. Ult. came to hand yesterday with my Fee & that to Mr. Floyd with which we are sattisfied.
Henderson I hear has made the Purchase & got a Conveyance of the great and Valluable Country below the Kentucky from the Cherokees. He and about 300 adventurers are gone out to take Possession, who it is said intends to set up an independant Government & form a Code of Laws for themselves. How this may be I cant say, but I am affraid the steps taken by the Government have been too late. Before the Purchase was made had the Governor interfered it is beleived the Indians would not have sold. abt. 12 or 1300 of them met at the Treaty & I hear near one half went off much displeased, as they shared no part of the Goods given by the Company.
Mr. Floyd has sent you a Description of 3000 Acres of Land he surveyed last Summer and which has not been appropriated. Should this suit, let me know by a Line & I will make out a Certificate & send it to any Place you direct. As I imagine you will receive this before you set off for the Congress, you can send an Answer to the Care of Alexr Craig in Wms.burg at the meeting of the Merchants from whence I can readily get it
But if this Land will not answer your Purpose I can readily have a Tract Surveyed as Floyd sets off to morrow for the Ohio & I can when I receive your Letter have an Oppy. of writing to him. The Warrant should be lodged with me, if it is sent to Mr. Craig I can get it safe.
I am with profound Respect Dr Sir your
... most hble Servt.
... WM. PRESTON
THE BANCKS OF THE YAUGHIOGY April 10th 1775
SIR/
With much Difictualy I got out the fifth Day of April to gilberts Simpsons; Wheare I found all the Hands but under stood that ther Was but two Canneu--Next Day I Went to Majs Crawfords to see Stephenes & And Crawfords Stephenes told me that he had been there Tenn Days, gitting the tules I asket him how did you did Expect to git Down he said he had made the hands Digg one Weick,1 he said made three, I told him two of them seemed old he Told me that tha were the Canneus that weare Got last year For Col Gorge washington I asket him if he Could Not have Got Canneus made by this Time, he said he Could but Major Crawford deseved him by telling him from time to time, that he would Provid Canneus I Asket him if Crawford had faild In So Truth full a promis as he had made to me which you have been informed as you Came by my house I told him he wass to blame then I spock with Crawford But reserved but littel sattes faction then I spock with Mr pasten [?] and asket him what he had Done he told Me he had got the Corn that I ingaged for Mr young & bought bacon & made his Canneus and was Ready to go Down I left Crawfords & have got two More & have got all the bacon that is left & all The rest Except three Caskes of Corn left at Sympsons I am in hopes you Can Contrive to bring With you as I am Shore I shall want it as there Is but 21 Casks left the Caskes holds 3 1/2 busheles of Corn the bacon is all gone but 2 1/2 Casks
[Note 1: 1 Week ?]
SIR
Major Crawford Chues to keep John nite he has sent thomas White but he has such a Wound on his foot that I Dont think proper to tack him Down with me he is baten very bad besides & has a very bad Name with all pursons Next he has but one Shirt So I have Directed Him to return home to Crawford again as he keeps the good & let him have the bad we have Got but 16 Axes & 8 hilling hoes two mataxes which Is Not tueles a nuf but I shall doe the best I Can While You Come out then Please to bring as much of Every thing as you thinck Proper vallaintine Crawford being from home Stepens has not Got All the things but as I have not had Time to Settele with him I Cant give you al Full a Count of matters as I might Doe one of the Cannues is to Pay for yet 22/6 is the prise one bell at 11/6 these I bought of Gilbert Sympson it being pennsylvania money Intend Down the river to Day if god Permits I am told that I Cant go tell rain Comes but I Intend To trie my best I am so furleaged [?] at this time That prohaps I may Not thinck of all that I Might Do No more at present but but If you Will Give me leave to Subcribe my Selef your Frind & humbel Sart
... JAMES CLEVELAND
N B Please to let Mr John west know that That All his provisions is all lost & two of his Staves one of the best & the thura best As All of his things was lost & one Cros Cut Saw & Seven axes And one pot as I was about five miles from the plase I went to the Spot and have got all my things and Put them in one of the Cannues which is to Be Down this morning if my Cannues Can Swim I Shall go Down with them & Stevens & the remainder of the hands I find I might leave one of the sarvents with Mr. Sympson as he Cant Travil & we are loded to the brim all most I have Directed him to sell him if he Cant to Put him to the mill to worck as Soon as he is abel So I Conclud your as above
[Note 1: 1 There is the strongest presumption that the Contees (about the time of their arrival closely connected with the family of Governor Seymour, and lately represented by the gallant John Contee, of Java) came also, originally, from France; though there is evidence of the fact that they had lived at Barnstaple, in Devonshire, as did some of the most distinguished Huguenots in other parts of England before their emigration to other countries. The arrival, however, of the Contees in Maryland was late. I doubt if it was before the year 1690.--G. L. DAVIS.]
GEORGE TOWN April 11. 1775
SIR
I have Just received your Terms for the Brigantine Farmer and her Apparel, the New Boat Excepted, I agree to your proposal and Capt. Bradstreet will take her in Charge when or as Soon as you please. The Eighty pounds Bills will be paid you on receipt of the Vessel and the Cash you may rely on by or before the first day of May next. I am Sir your very humble Servant
THOS. CONTEE
[Note 2: 2 Colonel James Taylor, of Midway, Caroline County, Va., eldest son of James and Alice (Thornton) Taylor, and grandson of James and Martha (Thompson) Taylor, married Elizabeth (Fitzhugh) Conway, daughter of John Fitzhugh, of "Belle Air," and widow of Captain Francis Conway. Colonel Taylor, prominent himself in the politics of the day, was the father of General James Taylor, of Newport, Ky., and nearly related to General Zachary Taylor and James Madison.]
JAMES TAYLOR JU. 12th. April 1775
SIR
I mentd. Mr. Mortons affair to Mr. Boylor & Mr. Lowry and they Absolutely refuse entering into any engagements on that persons account, Mr. Boylor says he never was Applied to, nor knew such a thing was expected from him 'till I mentioned it to him the evening we parted in our return from Richmond I am
... Sir
... Very Respectfully
... Your Servt.
... JAMES TAYLOR JU.
NORFOLK 12, April 1775
SIR
I Received your favor of 3d instant, I also have received the herrings 60 Bars of which I have sold at 15/ & am in hopes of getting clear of the remainder at the same price payable next October. the ship stuff is still on hand tho I hope to get ten shillings for it soon. I will endeavor to get a vessell to bring up the sand tho I am afraid I shall not procure it to be done under 5d or 6d the bushell . . superfine flour I think will answer here that is it now sells for 2d & freight, shou'd you incline to send any please to let it be soon. I am
... Yr. Hble. Servt
... THOMAS NEWTON JR.
Mrs. Balfour died on saturday last sunddenly --
WILLIAMSBURG 18th. April 1775
SIR
I have received your letter dated the 3d. Instant. The information you have received that the Patents granted for the Lands under the Proclamation of 1754 would be declared Null and Void, is founded on a report that the Surveyor who Surveyed those Lands did not qualify agreeable to the Act of Assembly directing the duty and qualification of Surveyors,1 if this is the Case the Patents will of Consquence be declared Null and void.
[Note 1: 1 Hening, vol. vi. p. 33.]
I am Sir
... Your most Obedient
... humble Servant
... DUNMORE
PHILADA. April 18th. 1775
HONBLE SIR/
Your favour by Mr. Whilper as was well as2 that by yesterdays post, I have received, and I have acted exactly agreable to your directions, respecting the Sashes, as I forbid the Maker to proceed any farther with them, immediately on seeing the first he made, which I sent to Mr. Gilpin, the Arms are all ready to be sent Agreable to any directions that Comes --
[Note 2: 2 was as well as.]
I think you have not Mentioned the receiving the Shoulder knots, which I sent some time agone by the post, & likewise the 6 Copies of Manual Exercise, The Gorgets I have not been able to get from the workmen yet, but I have them now in a persons hands who I blive will finish them soon --
I am glad to hear your people have began to fish but I was very much Alarmed yesterday, to see two of the Coopers returned, whom I had sent down to the assistance of James Lawrason, as I am sure he is very backward in his preparations, I think to be on my Journey down, the begining of Next week, I have no More to Add but that I have removed from the house you saw me in, up into Arch street Near the Corner of front street, where I am Much more pleasantly situated than before, & where, I hope, to have Company of Colonel Washington as often as it may suite him to Call while in Philada.1--I am with respect & Esteem
[Note 1: 1 All the best and richest merchants dwelt under the same roofs with their stores, situated then in Water or Front Street. Some of the richest and genteelest merchants dwelt in Water Street till the year 1793, and several of them afterwards.--WATSON'S Annals of Philadelphia.]
... Dear Sir Your Obedt. Humble Servt
... WILLIAM MILNOR
EDMD. PENDLETON Apl. 21. 1775.
DR. SIR
I have procured a Copy of Dr. Savage's Bill which I now inclose you with the other papers, as I imagine yr. Answer may be drawn above with more convenience to you. As to the Release he sets up, 'twil be necessary to set forth where it was made by your consents, or on her privy examination in Court, so far as you are acquainted wth. the Facts. it will be time enough to have the Answer agt. October, & indeed I fear 'twil be of no use then, as all late Accounts from [mutilated] itain seem to promise Us other emploiment before that time. We have a loose Report that the Govr. has taken the Key of the Magazine, & that a sloop with a Company of Marines was lying in each of the Creeks, which it was supposed were to take the Arms & Ammunition from thence. Some of our Independants had a strong inclination to go immediately & secure the Arms & Ammunition.
I have as yet heard nothing from the Speaker fixing the time of our setting out, indeed from some disturbances in the City, by the Slaves I doubt whether he will go--I purpose however to set off at all events Wednesday morning .the 3d. & shall be glad to meet you at upper Mabrough thursday night.1 My Compts. to Mrs. Washington and the young pair. I am
[Note 1: 1 On the morning of April 21 a delegation, consisting of the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Council of Williamsburg, presented to Lord Dunmore, by Peyton Randolph, an address protesting against the secret removal of the powder from the magazine, and calling attention to the fact that they were threatened with a negro insurrection. The Governor replied that, "hearing of an insurrection in a neighboring county, he had removed the Powder from the Magazine where he did not think it secure, to a place where it would be in perfect security; and that, upon his word and honour, whenever it was wanted on any insurrection, it should be delivered in half an hour. That he had removed it in the night to prevent any alarm; and that Captain Collins had his express commands for the part he had acted. He was surprised to hear the people were under arms on this occasion, and that he should not think it prudent to put Powder into their hands in such a situation.--American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. ii. p. 372. This diplomatic reply so incensed the people that the learders had some difficulty in preventing the companies from marching upon the palace at Williamsburg.]
... Dr Sr.
... Yr mo hble Servt.
... EDMD. PENDLETON
[Note 1: 1 Son of Elias Yates, of Fredericksburg. Charles Yates was, in 1796, appointed one of the trustees of the charity school of Fredericksburg.]
FREDS.BURG April 25th. 1775 --
Sir
Mr Robert Rutherford has put into my hands a Letter directed to you in Wmsburg, or in case of your not being there to Colo. F. Lewis--the purport of which is to request your paying me Fifty Pounds agreeable to the tenour of a Subscription you signed--and has put into my custody a Bond properly executed for repayment of said Fifty Pounds which I am to deliver on recpt. of the Money--Colo. F Lewis tells me he had your instructions to pay the above mentioned Sum to R. R. last Octor. but thinks it best to have them renewed & has desired me to apply to you for that purpose before you go to the Norward
Your directing Colo. Lewis to settle that much with me at Williamsburg will Oblige Sir
... Your most Obedt hble Servt
... CHS. YATES.
ALEXANDRIA April 25. 1775
SIR
We are under some doubt whether we did not agree at the last meeting2 to take the fashion of the Hunting Shirt Cap & Gaiters from you, and shall be glad to be informed by the return of Mr Johnson whether you Intend to send yours up that we may get the fashion, or that you will give your direction about the same.
[Note 2: 2 At Alexandria, April 15.]
... We are Sir
... very respectfully
... Your Most Obedt. Ser [mutilated]
... JAMES HENDRICKS
... GEO GILPIN
... ROB H HARRISON
FREDERICKSBG. April 26th. 1775
SIR)
By intelligence from Williamsburg it appears that Capt. Collins of his Majesty s Navy at the head of 15 Marines carried off the Powder from the Magazine in that City on the night of Thursday last and conveyed it on board his Vessell by Order of the Governor. The Gentlemen of the Independant Company of this Town think this first Public insult is not to be tamely submitted to and determine with your approbation to join any other bodies of armed Men who are willing to appear in support of the honour of Virginia as well as to secure any the Military Stores yet remaining in the Magazine. It is proposed to March on Saturday next1 for Williamsburg properly accoutred as Light Horsemen.
[Note 1: 1 April the 29th.]
Expresses are sent off to inform the Commanding Officers of Companies in the adjacent Counties of this our Resolution & we shall wait prepared for your Instructions & their assistance. We are Sir Your humble Servants
... HUGH MERCER1
... G. WEEDON2
... ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD3
... JOHN WILLIS4----
[Note 1: 1 General Hugh Mercer was at this time a practising physician in Fredericksburg. "His house, in which was his apothecary-shop, stood on the s.w. corner of Princess Ann and Amelia sts.: it was a long frame building, of antique architecture, and a story and a half in height."--HOWE, Virginia History and Antiquities.]
[Note 2: 2 General George Weedon was commissioned a lieutenant in the Virginia regiment by Washington, July 26, 1757, and served through the Forbes campaign. During the interval between the French war and the Revolution, Howe tells us that he was an innkeeper in Fredericksburg.]
[Note 3: 3 General Alexander Spotswood, son of John and Mary (Dandridge) Spotswood, and grandson of Governor Alexander Spotswood, was born in Virginia, and died there December 20, 1818. He married Elizabeth Washington, a niece of George Washington.]
[Note 4: 4 Probably a grandson or grandnephew of Colonel Henry Willis, the founder of Fredericksburg, who married Mildred, only daughter of Lawrence and Mildred (Warner) Washington.]
As we are not sufficiently supplied with Powder, it may be proper to request the Gentlemen who join us from Fairfax or Prince William, to come provided with an over pro portion of that Article.
DUMFRIES 26th. Apl. 1775.
SIR
We have just received a letter from the Officers of the Independant Company of Spotsylvania which I have herewith inclos'd;5 I immediately call'd together this Company and had the vote put whether they would march to Williamsburgh for the purposes mentioned in that letter which was carried unanimously.
[Note 5: 5 ... FREDRICKSBURG 24th. April 1775.
SIR/
From undoubted Authority we receiv'd here this day Morning the very disagreeable Intelligence that in the Night of Thursday last, Capt. Collins Commander of one of his Majesty's Sloops of War by Command of his Excellency the Governor assisted by a Company of Marines carried off all the powder from the Magazine in the City of Williamsburg & deposited it on board his Vessell which lay at Burwell's fferry, about five miles below the City.
The said Authority informs us that the Corporn. of the City of Wms.burg addressed the Govr on that Occasion The people had receiv'd no Satisfaction nor are they likely to recover the powder tho' it is so very necessary for the security of the Country.
This being a day of Meeting the independt. Co. of this Town, they considered it necessary, to take the Matter into serious Considn. and are come to an unanimous Resolution that Submission to so arbitrary an Exertion of Government may not only prejudice the common Cause by introducing a suspicion of a defection of this Colony from the noble pursuit but will encourage the tools of despotism to commit further Acts of Violence in this Colony and more especially subject the Arms in the Magazine to the same fate of the powder.
In these sentiments this Compy. could but determine that a Number of public spirited Gentn. should embrace this opporty. of shewing their Zeal in the grand Cause by marching to Wms.bg to enquire into this Affair and there to take such steps as may best answer the purpose of recovering the powder & securing the Arms now in the Magazine to this End they have determined to hold themselves in readiness to march from this place as light horse on Saturday Morning and in the mean time to submit the Mre to the determn. of yours & the neighbouring Countys to whom Expresses are purposely forwarded We address you in the Name of our Co. as their Officers & are Sir Yr. very hble Servt
... HUGH MERCER ... G WEEDON
... ALEXR SPOTSWOOD ... JNO WILLIS
To CAPT. WM. GRAYSON ... (Copy)]
I have nothing more to add but that we are Well assured you may depend on them either for that or any other service which respects the liberties of America. We expect yr. answer & determination by Mr. Daviss. We have the honor to be
... Yr. Most Obedt. Servts.
... WILLM. GRAYSON.
... PHIL. RD. FRANS: LEE
By order of the Co.
CHARLOTTESVILLE 29 April 1775
SIR/
The County of Albemarle in General & the Gentlemen Volunteers in particular are truly alarmed, & highly incensed with the unjustifiable proceedings of Lord Dunmore, who we are informed has Clandestinly taken possesion of our ammunition lodged in the Magazine, we should have attended at Fredericksburgh in order to have proceeded to Williamsburgh to demand a return of the powder, had the Alarm reached us before an account of Security being given for its delivery--however to assure you, & the world of our readiness, & willingness to resent every encroachment of Arbit[r]ary power, we now declare to you, should it be necessary, that the first Company of Independants for Albemarle will attend in Williamsburgh properly equiped (& if not to be obtained otherwise) to enforce an immediate delivery of the powder, or die in the Attempt, with respect we remain ready to obey your commands.
... CHAS. LEWIS Capt.
... GEORGE GILMER Lieutt.1
... JOHN MARKS Lieu 2nd.2
[Note 1: 1 A member of the Albemarle Committee of Safety; married Eliza Anderson. Their son, Thomas Walker Gilmer, was Secretary of the Navy under Tyler.]
[Note 2: 2 The Marks family of Albemarle was connected with the Martins, Carrs, Lewises, Minors, Wallers, etc.]
P.S. The Company will stand under arms all day on Tuesday waiting your answer &c
ALEXR SPOTSWOOD april 30th 1775
SR/ It is Immagin'd the first thing, that will Come on the Carpet at the Meeting of the Congress, Will bet that, of Establishing Regular Armies throughout the Continent on pay, if the such a prop thing, Shd. Take place, their is not the least doubt But youl have the Command of the Whole forces in this Collony -- and in that Case, Shall ever Esteem you as my greatest friend, if you'l use yr. Intrest in procureing me a Commission -- or Shd. the powr. of Chuseing officers, be vested in you -- & you Shd. think proper to Confer so great an honr. on me, as to Quallifying me, as one of yr. officers, you'l find me, as I have Always been, Ready to serve my Country, in the Glorious cause of liberty, at the Risk of my life & fortune Gratis --
I am extremely glad to inform you that after a Long debate it was at last agreed we Shd. not March to Williamsburg
... I am with Respect
... yr obt St
... ALEXR SPOTSWOOD
... No 7 ... May 12th 1775
... KANHAWA AT THE GREAT BEND
SIR
These Fue lines Comes to let you know that we are all Well & & & And on April 5 I Got to Gilbert Sympsons Whear I Found all the hands, & Nothing Ready but What I Gave you & Account of but the Articles hear after menched;1 one Cannoe Made by your one hands, two Do Made last year; 9 Axes So I Bought one Cannoe of Sympson at 20/ And one more I Got Which Made Five With my one after I had got loaded I found I Could Not Tacke in all; So I left three barells of Corn which I hope you would bring with you, Cpt Crawford Came Down To Me just as I was ready to set of, & said he thought I was Loaded to Deap & Would have me to tack one of Mr John wests [canoes] I Ded Refuse to do it at First as my let Ter was Seald; but Remembring your In Structsions was to Consult him2 but I had reason to Wish I had Not For it was Stove, tho I Could Not See it So I Was obliged to leave hur he all so Prest me To tack white & he turns out well as yet I tuck him After the letter was Seald If you have got any of the letters They are all Numberd but the First & SeCont. on the 10 of The Same Instant I Inbarcket For the Canhawa but the Winds weare so high that I Could Not go above half time on the 18 of the Same Instant I had the miss Fortain to Loos the best Cannoe & Six barells of Corn one gun [?], on the 22 of the same Instant I got to the land then I sot the hands To helveing & fixen, that No time might be lost I proseded To Search out a place I Spent three Dayes be Fore I Could Fix on the Spot Cald the great bend & on the 26 Day of The same Instant I got to the Spot Wheare I proseded as Directe[d] First the peach Carnals petatoes Seads Corn that Night Two of the Sarvents Run a way by warter I set out With Five hands & the Night after got back with them; on the 3 Day of This Instant Five of them Run a way I proseded with fore hand Down the ohio as low as giaudot [?] by this I thought I must have pst them then I made to search the Indians Shore wheare I got the head man & a rifel which he had stole from the camp he said thay set out for Pensacole [?] but saw me Pass them Thay Concluded to go to the Shawne town on great musk kingdom as he had been lost five Dayes from the rest I thought I Could ketch them before Thay Could git to the town So Marchet a Day but found I Could Not by the tracks I saw so I returnd To The Camp to provide For the jurney & this Day Sets out to the town With one hand the best Diat in the last viorge1 was warter And wild Weads Which Made Willum Skilling & one of Stefenes hands Give out & weare two Dayes & half before thay Made the Camp, the Sarvents keeps me & the hiord hands huntting of them I am bulding a house to lock them in of Nights as there is Nother Way to kep them tell you Come out & See What is to be Done For this Place Would Not Doe for Sarvints Was Not my Credet at Stack I should have given up For the time I loos is More then thay are Worth I have the porest set of hands In flesh That I ever saw & at this time has but 28 bushells of Corn our Meat Is all out & Game is as Scase hear as it is in loudoun so that We have No meat & the fish would Not bite or there is None To bite you know how many hands you have hear Stefenes has got all his hands & I thinck thay are good I hired one hand so that you are abel to judg how long our Corn would last I have searcht my Sellf for game but finds there is None to Speak of in less then 25 or 35 miles & that right threw the hills Wheare Scarsell a man Can go I have been buy Warter But finds No game that the hunters are Not in fault I am Told fish would be very plenty soon if so I shall Want lines As I have hunters & game to be had at a great Distance I am Resolved to Mack all I Can by Skines when thay are in Season If We ketch fish I should be glad to have some flower but that or Corn Must be had for all hands & there is None to be had hear of What I have tell you Come out & See What you Can bring For us I have put betwen 15 & 20 acres in Corn Which is all I Can tend as I have but 8 hoes & them Stumps one of Which Is brock the lands hear is the Worst to Clear that Ever I saw I am a Mind to trie Which is the spediest way bulding or Clearing I am shore that Clearing is if it weare Not so bad with treaes Grubes & at this time the Weade & Grass is wast high & some more As I have Not got much done yet And am at a great Distance from it may appear to you that more might [have] been Done but you must not thinck that ther is any time lost white I am hear that Can be hope1 had Not the Sarvents run a way I Mought have had more Done the peoples Cloes Would be wore out Except britches & hats by the faul Shues ma[y] be had hear
[Note 1: 1 Mentioned?]
[Note 2: 2 "Engage upon the best terms you can, such, and so many Canoes as, are absolutely necessary to transport your Provisions and Tools down the River -- And to avoid the Expense of bags as much as Possible, try if one of the Canoes cannot be fitted up in such a Manner as to carry your corn and Bacon with the assistance of one or two only. -- Perhaps the Canoes built for me last year may again be got. -- Speak to Major Crawford on this head." -- Washington's Instructions for Mr. James Cleveland.]
[Note 1: 1 voyage.]
[Note 1: 1 helped.]
This Garroson I understand is to be brock up there is plenty of Mataxes for Sail Near 100 head of Cattel Fine Cowes And Calves Cpt Russel sayes he thincks thay would sell As high as 3 pound or three pound tenn Such I have Not Seen but I have No money or I would by some of them & Draw on you For the Cash I have had some talck with him about it he has promist To let Me have a Fue of them if I get them & you should Bring Flower out with you it Would Mack up For this Bead liven1 this Letter Would Come Soon to hand If you should Not aProve of it let me know it as soon as you Can as it Would bee about 5 or 6 weackes before thay are sold if I Find thay go at the price that some thincks thay would I shall try to by the roll2 What you would not Want I Would kep if you please but let me know by the first Letter you send to me I All so intend to by mataxes as I have but two there is No hilling hoes & we want some As We have Done one house & Directed to praise as we go I thinck I have three of the most Proper hands sworn before Cp Russell Majistrate of Finncasel County to apraise the Worck Done on this tract3
[Note 1: 1 believing?]
[Note 2: 2 whole?]
[Note 3: 3 This letter is without a signature, but is indorsed "from Mr. James Cleveland."]
... No 9 -- May 21th 1775 -- KANHAWA GREAT BEND
SIR
I Am So well Sattisfied that you have Got the Last letter that I Shall Not right So Full as I Should If I thought that Could fail as I Give you a Full aCount of all My Prosedeurs & that the sarvents Plaged me Much At that Time Fore of them Ware gone to the Indanes town & that Day I Should Set out after them but Concluded To Send Stefenes after them & he Returnd to me Last Night With two of them & the Man that I have Sent with him as a pilet is gone one to the other town as these Two ware So fare Spent that thay Could hardell Git home & are know both of them Sick & So pore that if thay live Thay Would Not be abel to worck in less than tenn Dayes the best aCount I Can Give you is that one of them is Starved to Deth as he Could Not Swim thay Left him With out fire tacklen & as thay weare 17 Dayes out So that he Must be Dead but if he Should Git to any of the towns I shall Git him because I have Got Capt Russell to right to the king of the Indanes & he has promist if any of his hunters Comes a Cross him he Shall be brought in Safe but I thinck he is Dead for When the rest left him he Was all Most Spent his Name is Edward Cu [mutilated] & John baley & W brazer [?] & Charles Stefenes & Willum trase the head man, this trip he is a good hand or I would Sell him the other fore When I Stand by Cant Do as Much as he Can but tenn pounds is the most that I have been oferd for ither of them & that Molisk [?] Pay so that I Do Not know What to Do but as thay Would Not stay at home & Good for Nothing When there & all the hiord hands wore out I am resolved to part With them tho you Would Be a loser the time after them is is more as I have Lost 49 Dayes after them besides Expences so that My Improvements is small as yet but small as there Are ther has been No lost time Nor shall Not bee While I live
I have got but 25 ½ bushells of Corn at this time & None to be had hear I hope you would be hear soon [?] And bring us Corn or flower & I thinck flower is As Cheap as Corn be Cause in broth it goes further & that is Chef of our Diat When we Can Git any thing to Mack it I am bulding know & hope to Right better to you Next time I have had so Much lost Time that my Worck Done is Not worth menching So I ConClude
... your To Command
... JAMES CLEVELAND
NB Pray let me know how
Matters Stands betwen Great
Britton & america
June 7th 1775 CANHAWA GREAT BEND
SIR
These lines Comes to Let you know how I go one With improven First I Cleard & got in Corn abote 20 or 25 acares or More Which is More then I rote Before I have bult as Much as Would be praised To about 160 Pounds by the Men that is to praise It as the lands is hard to Clear & rail timber very Schase [?] I find from Expearance that buldin is the Best Way I have rote So Much about the Sarvents That I Shall Say No more about them as I got All them from the Townes but one & the king Brought him a Cross the ohio to Fort blare but Before I Could git their he had Swam over So That I have him to go after a gain & as I have lost 60 od Dayes all ready I am resolved Not to Fetch him home again I Must Tack any thing I Can git again these that are hear I am a Bliged to Watch I rote to you that one of them Must be drownded but the indanes Saved his life So I have got him again the The time Lost And Expences is More then I Can sell them for I have but 12 bushells of Corn at this time & know Meat to be had & the hands threatenes to run a Way know & When there is No bread thay will Not stay so I thinck it best to Trie to git some Down & as I am a blige to send up to the botomes I have Sent three of the Sarvents To Major Crawford & Directed him to Sell them on the best Turmes he Can I have No Cash to Send for provisions but Gives & order on you Which I Expect will Doe if Not to bring the Corn I left at Sympsons & if got to leave & Exxact a Count of it & all That Thay bring so that When you Call for it you May know what stock I have Cpt. Russell Who has Assisted Me in Gitting of The Sarvents has all so promist Me Salt And some Meat & three Cowes tho it Tis Contrary To his Directions the Letter No 9 I thought to a Bought all the Cattel but as the Indians At this time is Not sattesfied about the treaty And ar Ware en1 the white Skalpe that thay Got last year I Shall Not by any thing that I Can Do With thout the improvement seames Two Small Which mackes me Desiros that you Should Come out as soon as Possebele you Can. But if the affares of aMerica Would Not aMit of that Right very full to Me about your affares hear & all so let me know: affares is ther When you look at the Worck Done remember That fore of the hands has Done Nare Dayes Worck sence Thay Came hear & Lost time & know thay must go by Warter for it tis as Much as thay Can Doe to walck know about As I have menchioned in the letters before aBout Close Some of which Will Come to hand Be Cause I inClosed them To Mr John peak & pr favour of Mr Roberts Lewtenant So I Con Clude yours to Command
[Note 1: 1 Wearing.]
... JAMES CLEVELAND
[Note 2: 2 Born in Malden, Essex County, England, in 1728; died in New York City, April 10, 1806.]
TRAVELLERS-REST3 22th. June 1775
[Note 3: 3 The name of General Gates's plantation in Berkeley County, Va.]
DEAR GENERAL
Last night I was Honourd by the receipt of your Obliging Letter of 17th: Instant, I shall Obey your Commands with all possible Expedition,4 & hope to be in Philadelphia Thursday next, & wish earnestly to find you there. I must take the Liberty to entreat it of you, not to leave the Congress, until you are provided not only with all the Powers, but all the Means, their Power can bestow, -- if it is indispensibly necessary you should leave Philadelphia before I get there, I hope to find with Colonel Harrison, your possitive & particular Commands, in regard to any business you may leave unsettled behind you -- the request for the Riffle Men was well received in this Province, and in Maryland, Major Stevenson Commands one of the Companys from hence, & I believe Capn: Morgan the other. both excellent for the Service, Col Cresap told me on Monday morning that his Son had Eighty Riffle Men ready to March, those go for one of the Companys from Maryland. -- Immediately upon the Arrival of your Express, I dispatch'd your Packets to your Brother, & Col: Stephen. if their Answers don't come in half an hour, I will bring them with me --
[Note 4: 4 Washington was unanimously elected Commander-in-Chief of the United Colonies, June 15, 1775.]
My Grateful Thanks are most Respectfully due to the Congress, for the very Handsome manner in which they conferr'd their Commission1 --
[Note 1: 1 General Gates was commissioned, by the Continental Congress of June, 1775, adjutant-general, with the rank of brigadier-general. His was the first name proposed by Washington when asked to nominate officers for the Revolutionary Army, although he was later a member of the "Conway Cabal" that endeavored to supplant Washington in the chief command of the army.]
I will not intrude more upon that Time, which is now so precious to you, only to assure you I will not lose a moment in paying you my personal attendance, with the greatest respect for your Character, & the sincerest attachment to your Person, I am
... Dear General
... Your most Faithfull,
... &
... Obedient Humble Servant,
... HORATIO GATES
JACOBS CREEK June 24th 1775
DEAR SIR
I [am] verey Sorry to Enform you I Recved a Letter from Mr Cleaveland of the 7th of June where in in he seems to be in a good dale of Destress five of the Sarvents has Run away and plagued him a good dale the got to the Indens towns Butt by the Esesten1 of one Mr Duncan a trader he has got them again and he has sent three of them up By a Man he had hired with a Letter to My Brother willim or My Selfe to Sell them for you, but the man Sold them him Selfe Som where about wheeling on his way up and Never brought them to us for £20 pen Currency and give one years Credit which wase verry Low and he did Not Receve one Shilling which wase Contrary to Cleavelands orders to him as he wase to Raes Som Cash by the Sails for to purches provesons2 and I think it wod be advisable if the Men they are Sold tow is Nott good to take them from them and Sell them again but the Man Shant be Stopt for want of Money for I will furnesh him and will Esest Mr Simson in geting Started as quick as posable with his Canew and provesons Mr Cleaveland Left Som Corn att Mr Simsons when he went down and I will get him Som Flower to Load his Canew Mr Cleaveland Sank a Canew a going down and Lost five or Six Casks of Corn and Severell other things and James Mccormick and Charles Morgan found a bag of Cloths and Severell other things a few days after as the wase a going [down] the River [and] deliverd them to Mr Cleaveland again as the New they belong to His Company By Som papers they found in the Bundle Mr Cleaveland dose Not Mention of geting Eney but the three Sarvents he he Sent to be Sold but Mr Duncan told Me yesterday att fort don More that he had got the hole five that Ran away Docter Crakes1 Manager has had very Bad Luck for in the Canew that wase Sunk he Lost all his papers and wase much att a Loss to find his Land or att Least to find the Corner trees but I have Sent him all the plats and Instructions I had from the docter Least a Letter I have wrote to him Should Miscarry you Can Enform him I hope to be down in Fairfax as Soon as Ever I Reap My harvest and will Setle all My accompts with you
[Note 1: 1 Assistance.]
[Note 2: 2 provisions.]
[Note 1: 1 Craik's?]
we had Chose Cometees out here and are a Rasing Independent Company and Regualate Maters the best we Can but an unhappy Confusion hapend the other day the pencelvanas Come to fort pitt and tuck Majer Coneley about Mid Night with the Sheriff and about 20 men and Carred him as far [as] Ligonier the verey Night Before we wase to have the [meeting?] with the Indens1 and Severell of the pencelvania traders by the Indens story wase Indeavouring to put Ill in the Minds of the Indens But on Majer Coneley being taken the people of Shirtee Come in in a Companey and Seised three of the pencla Magistrats who where Concernd in taking of Coneley -- George Willson Joseph Speer and dedrick2 Smith and Sent them in an old Leakey Boat down to Fort fincastle under a gard Butt our Court had Now hand in this Butt it wase done by a Mob or Sett of Coneleys frends that Lives on Shirtees Creek
[Note 1: 1 According to Connolly's own account (Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vols, xii. and xiii), he had effected all that he desired, in this general meeting of the Indians, before he was arrested. His secret object was to enlist the savages on the side of royalty, and he claims to have had their promise of allegiance to the king.]
[Note 2: 2 devereux?]
But there wase all the Members of our Cometee wrote a verey Sperited Letter to the gentlemen of pen Cometee to demand Coneley Back and all Signd and Sent it with an express on the Recpt of which they amedently Sent Majer Conely Back and things seemes to be a Little Moderated and I bleve the Indens wants Nothing but peace but it Seemd to Elarm [them] verey Much to here our grate Man wase Stole and Indeed it Elarmed us all verey Much as Majer Coneley wase the Man that had done and transacted all the bisness with them before Now other person wase So able to Setle bisness with them as him So I hope you will Excux the Lenth of My Letter and
... I am dr
... Sir your Most Hble Savet
... VALE: CRAWFORD
NB pleas to give My Complements
to Mr Lund Washington and tell him
his people is well and in a verey
good way to Make a good Crop of Corn
... V C
PHILADELPHIA June 29th: 1775. --
SIR,
The Bearer hereof Mr; John Parke has taken his degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts in the College in this City, and studied the law under one of us (Mr. Mc;Kean) for almost four years -- He is an Ensign in the 2d. Battalion of the Militia here, and is desirous of serving his country as a Volunteer under you. He has frequently drawn his pen and is now resolved to draw his sword in support of the American cause. We therefore beg leave to recommend him particularly to your countenance and favor, and hope you will distinguish him agreeable to his merit as soon as an oppertunity of promotion presents.
We wish you health, success, happiness and every blessing Heaven can bestow, and are; Sir,
... Your most obedient humble servants
... CÆSAR RODNEY1
... THOS MC:KEAN2
[Note 1: 1 Born in Dover, Del., October 7, 1728; died there June 29, 1784.]
[Note 2: 2 Born in New London, Chester County, Pa., March 19, 1734; died in Philadelphia, June 24, 1817.]
[Note 3: 3 Born in Stratford, Westmoreland County, Va., January 20, 1732; died in Chantilly, Va., June 19, 1794.]
PHILADELPHIA 29th June 1775
DEAR SIR,
Nothing material has occurred since you left this place, except the imperfect accounts we have of the Charlestown battle, which upon the whole seems to have nothing unfavorable to our great cause, but the loss of Dr. Warren -- To an infant Country, it is loss indeed, to be deprived of wise, virtuous, and brave Citizens. I hope however, still to hear, that our Enemies have lost Characters very useful to them. We received the account of this engagement late on Saturday evening last, and a few of us immediately applied to, and prevailed with the Committee of this City, to dispatch 90 odd quarter Casks of powder to the Camp, which I hope will arrive safe and in good time.
We are this day informed in Congress that the six Nations and Canada Indians are firmly disposed to observe a strict nieutrality, and I think we shall endeavor to cultivate their friendship.
The Congress have been engaged these two days about the meeting and military regulations, and at last we shall adopt those of Massachusetts with very few alterations. You will see that we have again taken up the business of entering Canada, and have left the propriety of it to Gener. Schuyler. If it can be done, in a manner agreeable to the Canadians, it will certainly shut the door against dangerous tampering with the Indians on all our Western frontiers. Nothing has yet been done about a Military Hospital, and I suppose we shall wait for your return of the state of the Army -- Dr. Shippen says that three young Gentlemen here, perfectly compitent, will be ready when called on, to serve in the capacity of Surgeons
I have only to assure you, that it will always make me happy to hear from you, and that I am, with great regard, dear Sir. Your Affect. and obedient servant
... RICHARD HENRY LEE
[Note 1: 1 Born in Albany, N. Y., November 22, 1733; died there November 18, 1804.]
Saturday July 1st. 1775.
SIR
I do myself the Honor to advise your Excellency that the Connecticut Troops, that arrived in this Colony under the Command of Brigadier Wooster are encamped within two Miles of this Town, -- I have not yet had a Return of their Numbers as soon as my Order for that Purpose is complied with I shall transmit it.
Inclose You Sir a Copy of the Resolutions of the Hono: the Continental Congress of the 27th. inst I shall prepare with all possible Dispatch to carry into Execution their Views and propose leaving this for Albany in my Way to Ticonderoga on Monday next.1
[Note 1: 1 IN CONGRESS JUNE 27TH. 1775.
Resolved, That Major General Schuyler be directed to repair as soon as conveniently he can to the Posts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point to examine into the State thereof and of the Troops now stationed there and how they are supplied with Provision & Necessaries stores -- into the State also of the Sloop & other Navigation on the Lakes -- also to obtain the best Intelligence he can of the Disposition of the Canadians and Indians of Canada -- that he confer with Colo: Hinman & Colo. Arnold on the Subject of Colo. Arnolds Letter to this Congress and report as soon as possible the State of the whole as near as it can be ascertained to this Congress, And that he give Orders for the Necessary Preparation of Boats and Stores for Securing, to the United Colonies the Command of those Waters adjacent to Crown Point and Ticonderoga.
Resolved, That as Governor Carlton is making Preparations to invade these Colonies & is instigating the Indian Nations to take up the Hatchet against them. Major General Schuyler do his utmost Power to destroy or take all Vessels Boats or Floating Batteries preparing by said Governor or by his Order on or near the Waters of the Lakes.
Resolved, That if General Schuyler finds it practicable and that it will not be disagreeable to the Canadians, he do immediately take Possesion of St. John's Montreal and pursue any other Measures in Canada, which may have a Tendency to promote the Peace & Security of these Colonies.
Resolved, That if General Schuyler shall have Occasion for a larger Quantity of ready Money & Ammunition for Carrying on such Expedition, than he can in Convenient Time procure from the Provincial Convention of the Colony of New York, he do in such Case apply to the Governor of Connecticut for such Supplies as can be furnished by that Colony; and that Govr. Trumbull be desired to furnish such Supplies and that this Congress will make Provision for reimbursing the same.
... A true Copy from the Minutes
... CHAS. THOMSON Secy.]
Eight Transports with Troops, that have been at Sandy Hook since Thursday last are to sail from thence to Day, Reports prevail that the Men on Board have mutinied, that they refused to go to Boston, of this however I have not been able to get any Certainty, Hand Bills have been introduced amongst them to encourage them to quit on the first favorable Opportunity a Service which must render them odious to all honest Men.
Governor Tryon's Conduct has hitherto been unexceptionable, and from the Information I have been able to procure, some of which I put great Confidence in, I have reason to believe that the Line he has chalked out for himself is such as we would wish he should hold.1
[Note 1: 1 "Keep a watchful eye upon Governor Tryon, and, if you find him directly or indirectly attempting any measures inimical to the common cause, use every means in your power to frustrate his designs." -- Washington to General Schuyler, June 25, 1775.]
I believe the Commissions for this Department were already forwarded to You before my Letter (In Obedience to Your Order) to the Congress on that Subject arrived, If they are to be sent back, I beg of You to Order them to be directed to the President of the Provincial Convention here. --
No Preparation has as yet been made to occupy a Post in the Highlands, by what I can learn the Provincial Convention have Doubts about the Propriety (which they have or mean to state to Congress) arising from the Want of Ammunition, to maintain the Post after it shall be completed.
A Ship from London in five Weeks advises that the Remonstrance sent by the Assembly of this Colony to the House of Commons has been rejected by them as containing Sentiments derogatory to the Rights of Parliament: This Manoevre has already had Salutary Effects, many whose Sentiments are friendly to America, but who differed as to the Mode of procuring Redress, now publickly declare that they will no longer sit idle Spectators of their Country's Wrongs. -- That Success and Happiness equal to the Merit & Virtue of my General may crown all his Operations is the Wish of every honest American by none more sincerely than me,
... I am
... Your Excellency's
... Most Obedt.
... & Most Hume. Servt.
... PH: SCHUYLER
In the Continental Congress on June 15, 1775, Thomas Johnson, delegate from Maryland, moved the unanimous election of George Washington, Esquire, as General and Commander-in-Chief of all the forces raised or to be raised by the United Colonies in defense of their liberties. The motion was carried as put and in the course of his speech accepting the trust Washington said: "As to pay, Sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to have accepted this arduous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit form it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I desire."
These accounts had to be reduced to a common basis, so they were translated, where necessary, into "Lawful" or coin currency value, generally called "hard money." the rate of exchange varied throughout the war and varied with the locality, the different Colonies having each its own currency. While in New England Washington kept his account, as he had started them, in terms of Pennsylvania currency. The New England rate of exchange at the beginning of the Revolution was six shillings to the Spanish milled dollar, or piece-of-eight of seventeen penny-weight; but specie value itself fluctuated during the war and computation of the exchange was an ever exasperating task.
Debit Entries
1775, June--James Mease, a Philadelphia merchant, later Commissary to the Pennsylvania troops and, for a time, Clothier-General of the Continental Army. One of the horses was "a bay, warranted sound," purchased from Thomas Wellbank, of Philadelphia, for £39.
1775, June 22--Dr. Peter Renaudet, a Philadelphia physician
The phaeton harness from William Todd was neatly ornamented with brass and the sum of £7. 15s. includes certain alterations and a "chair saddle."
The saddlery item was for leather work and canteen repairing, saddle, bridle stirrup leathers, coat straps, etc., purchased from Elias Botner, William A. Forbes, and Christopher Binks. The letter-case or portmanteau was of Russian leather and was bought from Robert Aiken, a Philadelphia bookseller and publisher, at a cost of £3.
Benjamin Hemmings, a Philadelphia stableman. He appears to have accompanied Washington to Cambridge.
The Commander-in-chief left Philadelphia June 23, accompanied by Major-Generals Charles Lee and Philip Schuyler, two of the four Major-Generals first appointed by Congress, Joseph Reed, Thomas Mifflin, and Samuel Griffin, who was Aide-de-Camp to Lee and later became Colonel and Deputy Adjutant-General of the Flying Camp, an organization afterwards succeeded by the Light Infantry. The route from Philadelphia to Cambridge was by way of Trenton, New Brunswick, Newark, Hoboken, New York City, which was reached June 25, Kingsbridge, New Rochelle, New Haven, Hartford, Wethersfield, Springfield, Worcester, Watertown and Cambridge, which was reached July 2. The next day Washington took command of the troops then besieging Boston and appointed Thomas Mifflin his Aide-de-Camp and Joseph Reed his Military Secretary. Mifflin later became Quartermaster-General of the Continental Army, Brigadier and Major-General, delegate to the Continental Congress from Pennsylvania, and member of the Board of War. His jealous ambition led him to join the infamous "Conway Cabal" against Washington. Joseph Reed later became President of the State of Pennsylvania.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1775, July--This gun was sold to a chairman of one of the committees appointed by several of the counties of Massachusetts to purchase arms for the militia.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1775, July--the sundry sums expended include an item for upholstery work by Joseph Cox, in New York City, a portmanteau trunk, writing paper, sealing wax, and other stationary from Hugh Gaines, the New York Printer and publisher, who later cast his lot with the Loyalists, and £7 10s. 6d. for wine purchased from Abraham Duryee, the New York merchant, a member of the New York chamber of Commerce and one of the Committee of One hundred that managed the affairs of the city.
1775, July 5--Nicholas Sparhawk's account was for 9 yards of Damascus cloth for table linen, purchased from [William] Vans & Sparhawk, Salem merchants.
Samuel Griffin's account was for part of the expenses of the journey from Philadelphia to Cambridge.
The east coast of Boston Harbor was through Winnisimmet, or what is now Chelsea and East Boston.
1775, July 15--The item of $333 1/3 marks the beginning of the official secret service activities. Some information was sent in to Washington by a Mr. Hitchborne, and James Lovell, later a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, was active in securing intelligence through spies; but how many and who were employed during the siege of Boston is not known.
The Marblehead regiment was the 21st Massachusetts, commanded by Colonel John Glover. It took eight days' cleaning to render the house habitable. This was the house of John Vassal, now known as the Craigie-Longfellow house.
1775, July 19--Ebenezer Austin was engaged as steward at Headquarters July 12, 1775, at £7 10s. per month for the services of himself, his wife and daughter. The separate account book kept by him is a small, hand-ruled blank-book, about 7 X 8 inches in size and shows the daily expenditure for butter, milk, eggs, beef, vegetables, etc., for the"family," as the Commander-in-Chief and his staff were called. This account was balanced every week or ten days and cleared by warrant on the Paymaster-General. The monthly expense averages of $1000, though in the first months of the war it was well below that figure. It is interesting to note that among the first entries, soon after Washington's arrival in Cambridge, is one for the purchase of oysters.
1775, July 24--The French cook was Adam Foutz, later a member of the Commander-in-chief's Guard.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1775, July 19--Colonel Joseph Trumbull was a son of Governor Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut. He had been Commissary-General of Connecticut troops, a delegate to the Continental Congress, and was, at this time, Commissary-General of stores of the Continental Army. Later he became Commissary-General of purchases and member of the Board of War; but resigned from ill-health in April, 1778, and died in July of that year.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1775, August 1--William Howe, a Cambridge shopkeeper. His account was for cloth and thread.
1775, August 5--A complete list of the names of the servants at Headquarters in 1775 is difficult to give. Those we know were Edward Hunt, a cook; Mrs. Morrison, kitchen-woman; Mary Kettel, washerwoman; Eliza Chapman, Timothy Austin, James Munro, Dinah, a negro woman, and Peter, a negro man; William Lee, Washington's body-servant and generally known as "Billy," was there, of course.
1775, August 8--William Vans, of Vans & Sparhawk. The account was for tea, tablespoons, a cask of Madeira, bottles, corks and other sundries.
1775, August 17--Daniel Isley, a Watertown, Massachusetts, carter. His account was for transporting Brigadier-General Benedict Arnold's baggage from Casco Bay to Cambridge.
1775, August 18--Giles Alexander, a tailor employed at Headquarters from July, 1775, apparently to the end of the war. This account was for miscellaneous tailoring work done for the servants.
Reuben Colburn, of Gardinerstone, on the Kennebec River. This account was for sawing planks preparatory to building batteaux for Arnold's expedition into Canada.
1775, August 25--James Campbell's voucher does not particularize the necessaries and that of Jehoiakim Youkin is missing from the Washington Papers.
1775, September 1--The particulars of this theft of the Commander-in-Chief's pistols do not appear to be available.
1775, September 7--Isaac Pierce, Jr., was Aide-de-Camp to Major-General Horatio Gates.
1775, September 7--Colburn's account was for expenses in sending Dennis Getchell and Samuel Berry as scouts to explore the route for Arnold and report on the obstacles to be encountered. Colburn raised a company of artificers and marched with Arnold against Quebec.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1775, September 7--Samuel Blatchley Webb was Lieutenant in the 2d Connecticut Regiment and Major and Aide-de-Camp to Major-General Israel Putnam; later he became Lieutenant-Colonel and Aide to Washington and Colonel of one of the Sixteen Additional Continental Regiments. He was wounded at White Plains and at Trenton, was captured by the British in 1777 and held prisoner for a number of years. Major Christopher French, of the 22d Foot, British Army, had been seized by the civil authorities of Pennsylvania in 1775, while on his way to join Gage at Boston. he was held a prisoner of war for about five years and during the first months of his imprisonment addressed a constant stream of letters to Washington complaining of ill-treatment received by himself and other British prisoners.
1775, September 18--The south and west shore of Boston Harbor was through the Roxbury lines, whence came the final move of seizing Dorchester Heights which compelled the British to evacuate Boston.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1775, August--James Warren, a Plymouth merchant, was appointed Paymaster-General of the Continental Army July 27, 1775. He resigned in August, 1776, and later became president of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts.
1775, August--Eleazer Oswald, an Englishman who came to America in 1770. He served as a volunteer under Arnold in the Quebec expedition and this was the unexpended balance of the money advanced him to bear his expenses to join that expedition at Ticonderoga. He was taken prisoner in the assault on Quebec, December 31, 1775. He became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 2d Continental Artillery and was praised for bravery at Monmouth. He left the army in July, 1778, and joined William Goddard in the publishing business. He was related to Richard Oswald, the principal British negotiator of the peace of 1783 which ended the Revolutionary War.
1775, August--James Barrett [spelled here Barry] was Chairman of the Committee of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, to purchase arms.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1775, September 28--Ebenezer Gray was Lieutenant in the 3d Connecticut Regiment and later Regimental Quartermaster of the 11th Continental Infantry and Lieutenant-Colonel of the 6th Connecticut Regiment. this expense was for carrying the printed copies of Washington's Address to the Canadians to Arnold just before the latter started on the Quebec expedition.
1775, September 28--William Van's account was for Madeira wine.
1775, September 28--Oswald's account was for a part of his expenses to Ticonderoga.
1775, October 2--Expenses at the Mystic were incurred in an inspection of the left wing of the army under the command of Lee, which reached from the center, at Cambridge, to the Mystic or Medford River.
1775, October 3--The vouchers for the field bedstead, curtains, etc., are not among the Washington Papers.
1775, October 3--The mare purchased from White was a bay. He signed the receipt for payment, "Anthy. W: Outerbridge White." Later he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 3d New Jersey Regiment and Lieutenant-Colonel of the 4th and 1st Continental Dragoons and Colonel of the latter in 1780. He was captured by Tarleton in South Carolina in 1780, but was exchanged in time to participate in the Yorktown Campaign.
1775, October 6--William Ritchie, a Cambridge merchant. The account was for Madeira wine.
1775, October 10--William Ryan's account was for gelding a pair of stallions.
1775, October 30--Josiah and Moses Fessenden were frequently employed by Washington as express riders and it was no uncommon thing for bearers of dispatches from Headquarters to keep the saddle, day and night, with changes of mounts, until the dispatches were delivered. We have no positive data on which to calculate the speed of these riders, but there is ample evidence to show that the time made was excellent. This account of Moses Fessenden was for carrying dispatches and orders for armed privateers then fitting out at Salem, Derry, and Plymouth.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1775, November 5--George Baylor served on Washington's staff as Aide until appointed Colonel of the 3d Continental Dragoons, January 9, 1777. As a reward for his bravery at Trenton he carried the news of that victory to Congress. His command was surprised at Tappan, New York, in September, 1778, and he was severely wounded by a bayonet thrust through the lungs. Later he became Colonel of the 1st Continental Dragoons. This account was for postage, silk thread, and buckram.
1775, November 30--Elijah Bennett; perhaps the most trusted of all the official express riders. This account was for carrying dispatches to Major-General Schuyler, then at Ticonderoga.
1775, December 1--Otway Byrd, Aide-de-Camp to Major-General Charles Lee. This and succeeding accounts were for his pay as Aide.
1775, December 5--John Dunlap, an Irishman who came to America and entered the printing business with his uncle, Thomas Dunlap, in Philadelphia, when eighteen years old. In November, 1771, he commenced the publication of The Pennsylvania Packet, one of the best known and widely read newspapers of the Revolution. He was appointed printer to the Continental Congress and it was from his press that the first printed copies of the Declaration of Independence were issued. He was an officer in the Philadelphia troop of cavalry, and during the discouraging year of 1780 he advanced £4000 to the Continental Army with which to buy provisions. The account here entered was for stationery supplies.
1775, December 19--William Van's account was for Madeira, 108 bottles, bought October 11, and 109 bottles, October 22.
1776, January 9--Austin's household accounts show that from August to December, 1775, milk was furnished to Headquarters by a Joseph Smith.
1776, January 9--Nowhere is Washington's open-handed charity so well shown as in his accounts, both public and private, the detailed statements of which note numerous gratuities and gifts to deserving indigents. The distress of the wives and children of the Marblehead and Cape Ann soldiers may have been a result of the precipitate enthusiasms for enlisting at the beginning of the war, which often times left families illy provided for when the men remained away longer than had been expected.
1776, January 20--Pascal N. Smith, a Cambridge merchant. His account was for one pipe of Madeira wine.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1776, January 25--Matthew Irwin, a Cambridge merchant. The account was for furniture-cloth and linen.
1776, January 29--Baylor had been sent to Norwalk, Connecticut, on business connected with the fitting-out of privateers to cruise against the British.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1775, December 26--Colonel James Frye's Massachusetts Regiment.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1776, February 5--The articles purchased by Baylor were cakepans, saucepans, candlesticks, and like miscellany from William Lowder, of Cambridge.
1776, February 7--In Austin's accounts are items, under February 12, for slippers and mending shoes for Lady Washington and for sewing done for the servants by Margaret Thomas.
1776, March 2--Thomas Patton's account was for a saddle, cloth-holster, and snaffle-bridle. The frequency of expense items for saddle repairs or for new saddlery is evidence both of the time spent in the saddle by the Commander-in-Chief and also of his fastidiousness in all matters of horsemanship.
1776, March 4--Dorchester Heights were seized and fortified the night of March 4. This move placed the British forces in Boston in jeopardy, and on March 16, when the works were pushed to Nooks Hill on Dorchester Point, Boston laid open to bombardment and rendered untenable. March 17, the British evacuated the town. Washington entered Boston March 20.
1776, March 19--William Bartlett was Continental Agent for Armed Vessels at Beverly, Massachusetts. This account was for a cask of porter, 2 cases of claret, 32 gallons of spirits, and 4 loaves of sugar.
1776, March 23--Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron Woedtke, a Major in the Prussian Army under Frederick the Great, was one of the foreign officers who came to America to aid the Colonies. Congress appointed him a Brigadier-General in March, 1776, and ordered him to the Northern Army. Washington's cash advance was to help defray the expenses of the journey thither. Woedtke died in July, 1776, at Lake George, before he rendered any service of importance.
1776, March 25--William Hollingshead, a Boston merchant. His account was for case-knives, forks, camp-cups, and other utensils.
1776, March 28--Joseph Stanbury, the poet and Philadelphia merchant who later sided with the British. The account was for cut-glass vinegar cruets and salt-cellars.
1776, March 30--These men had returned from Arnold's disastrous expedition against Quebec and the receipt specifically states that the advance is made to enable them to join their commands, from which they had been detached for service on the Canadian expedition, and was to be repaid from the money due them in back pay. Birmingham and Feely belonged to Captain Daniel Morgan's Virginia Riflemen and Burns to Captain William Hendrick's company of Thompson's Pennsylvania Rifle Battalion.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1776, April 1--The memoranda of accounts for secret service expenditures were carefully destroyed and it is now impossible fully to identify many of the American spies. Later in the war Major Benjamin Tallmadge was placed in charge of the Secret Service, and in the Washington Papers is a letter from him in which he incautiously mentioned the name of one of his spies. It has been so heavily scored over by the pen of the Commander-in-Chief as to defy deciphering and Washington's answer to Tallmadge's letter contains a sharp rebuke to the major for having needlessly exposed the spy to such a risk of discovery.
1776, April 2--Captain Oakley may possibly be Miles Oakley, of the 4th Massachusetts Regiment, sent to Providence in connection with the reported British intention to invade Rhode Island.
1776, April 2--Steacy Read's account was for making and mending halters.
1776, April 2--Jonathan Hastings, Continental postmaster for the district of Boston and Cambridge. The Continental Post Office had been established in 1775 with Benjamin Franklin as Postmaster-General and was then furnishing an even better service than the old Royal Mail. Washington used it where the importance of his letter did not seem to demand rapid transit or secrecy, for the Commander-in-Chief's mail was frequently tampered with at various times during the war. Richard Bache succeeded Franklin as Postmaster-General in November, 1776.
1776, April 2--Among Austin's household accounts is an interesting item of fish sent to Headquarters in March, 1776, which includes 239 pounds of cod, and one of April 2, from Zaccheus Morton, a Cambridge baker, for bread furnished from February 26 to April 2, at a cost of £6 8s.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1776, March 29--Dummer Jewett, Chairman of the Committee of Essex County, Massachusetts, to purchase arms.
1776, March 30--Colonel John Mitchell, Deputy Quartermaster-General.
1776, April 3--James Barrett, Chairman of the Committee of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, to purchase arms.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1776, April--This inspection of the harbor islands was to decide on the location of fortifications necessary for defending Boston.
1776, April--Among the household accounts from March 12 to April 3 is one for 113 quarts of milk delivered by Parsons Smith, of Cambridge, at a cost of £1 5s. 1/2d.; one for bread baked by Zaccheus Morton, of Cambridge, from February 26 to April 2, £6 8s.; one for tailoring work done by Richard Peacock, Cambridge, and an account with Elisha Avery, Commissary at Cambridge, for cider, red wine, soft soap, and candles. Among the uncharged vouchers for this period which are, however, entered as separate accounts in the back of the daily expense book, are entries of purchases from Mrs. Ann Van Horne and Lloyd Danbury for wine; from John Clark, a New York merchant, for a mahogany case and ivory-handled and black-handled table knives; from Elizabeth Moore for table linen; John Deas and Dorothy Shewcroft for furniture; and from a Mr. Rhinelander for crockery.
1776, April 4--Elizabeth Hunt was one of the washerwomen at Cambridge. Her account on April 4 was for £1 1s. 0d.
1776, April 6--Governor Nicholas Cooke, of Rhode Island. the expenses incurred were those of Emanuel Pliarne and Pierre Penet on their journey to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia. It was reported at camp that these two French gentlemen had brought twenty tons of powder to Washington; they had been of undoubted assistance to the Colonies, and before they returned to France Penet was brevetted Aide-de-Camp to Washington, the only honorary aide ever appointed to the Commander-in-Chief.
1776, April 13--After the evacuation of Boston the British fleet and troop ships lay in the lower harbor, out of range of cannon-shot for ten days. When they finally sailed, their destination could only be conjectured, though it was assumed to be New York. There were rumors of an intent against Rhode Island and then against New London; but the British has actually sailed for Halifax and Sir William Howe's expedition did not arrive at Sandy Hook until June 29. This uncertainty as to where the fleet would appear caused Washington to take the route along Long Island Sound. He left Cambridge April 4 and passed through Providence, Norwich, New London, and New Haven, arriving at New York April 13. Lieutenant-Colonel William Palfrey, who kept the expense account of this journey, was Aide-de-Camp from March 6 to April 27, 1776, and afterwards Paymaster-General of the Continental Army from July, 1776, to November, 1780, when he was appointed United States Consul to France. He was lost at sea on the voyage to his post.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1776, April 13--Majors Richard Cary and George Baylor. Cary was appointed Aide, June 21, 1776; but served only a short time. Congress later advanced the rank of all aides to the Commander-in-chief to Lieutenant-Colonel.
1776, April 15--Six regiments and all the Riflemen started from Cambridge on their march to New York, March 18, the day after the British evacuated Boston. The rest of the army followed after the British fleet sailed from the harbor. The troops marched from Cambridge to New London and there embarked for New York under the protection of the small Continental Navy, of which Commodore Ezek Hopkins was Commander-in-Chief. The express sent to him was to convey warning of the rumored intention of the British to blockade New London where the Continental troops were then embarking.
1776, April 15--One of the measures adopted to retain the Indians on the side of the Colonies was to have the chiefs visit Headquarters, where they would not only be entertained with becoming dignity, but opportunity could be found to impress them by a display of the strength of the army.
DEBIT ENTRIES
The Account here shifts into New York Currency
1776, April 25--The reconnoitering tours of Staten and Long Islands and the North River [as the Hudson was often called] were, in anticipation of the arrival of the British, to devise plans to dispute their landing.
1776, May 11--Robert Porter, a Philadelphia merchant. His account was for a pair of leather-covered canteens and kitchen bottles.
1776, May 11--Benjamin Harbeson, a Philadelphia merchant. His account was for a nest of camp-kettles, canisters and tin dishes.
1776, May 11--Plunket Fleeson, of Philadelphia. His account was for making a large dining marquee, with a double front and another large marqueewith an arched "chamber tent" of ticking; 52 yards of red striped Flanders ticking, a large baggage tent, with pins, cord, poles, etc.; 18 walnut camp-stools, studded with brass nails, 3 walnut camp-tables, and 3 iron clamped packing cases. this and sundry other accounts are receipted to Andrew Hodge, Jr.
1776, May 28--Major John G. Frazier, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster and Major of the 6th Continental Infantry. He purchased this hair traveling trunk from John Head, a Boston merchant.
1776, June 4--John Sparhawk, a Philadelphia bookseller. The maps were a series of "The Topography of North America and the West Indies."
FROM May 14 to June 4 there are vouchers of John Bower, of New York, for making bed curtains, £12, and John Martin, of Philadelphia, for making a green baize bookcase, 8s. ½d., which are noted by William Simmons, one of the Treasury clerks who audited Washington's accounts at the close of the war, as: "These vouchers we do not find charged in the Genl's account."
1776, June 4--Washington left New York, May 21, for Philadelphia, having been requested by Congress to appear before it to concert plans for the military activities of the coming campaign. He passed through Amboy, New Jersey, May 22, and arrived at Philadelphia May 23. The expense account of the journey was kept by Robert Hanson Harrison, who had been appointed Lieutenant-Colonel and Aide, November 5, 1775, and Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief, May 16, 1776. In this capacity he served until March 25, 1781, when he resigned to become Chief Justice of the State of Maryland. Washington offered him a place upon the Supreme Court of the United States in 1789, which he declined. The route of the journey to Philadelphia lay through Paulus Hook, Brown's Ferry, Elizabethtown, Newark, Woodbridge, and Amboy, [a short tour of inspection of Staten Island and adjacent places was made to fix upon possible places for fortification], Hicks's Tavern, Brunswick Ferry [Jacob Hyde, ferryman], Princeton, Trenton, Neshaminy Ferry, Red Lion Tavern, and Philadelphia. Among the items of expense in Philadelphia are: the tavern bill of Daniel smith; Jacob Hiltzheimer's [who in February, 1778, was Continental Agent for the purchase of wagons] and Benjamin Fleming's [Hemming's?] stablage bills; Benjamin Randall for board and lodging; and 7s. 6d. to a lame rifleman returning to Virginia.
The expense of Washington's return journey to New York is meager of details. Minnie Voorshies, of Brunswick, and William Graham, at Elizabethtown, figure in the expenditures, and the concluding expense appears to have been a dinner eaten at Samuel Fraunces's alias Black Sam, in New York City. Washington was in New York by June 7.
1776, June 14--Baylor's account was for the expenses incurred by Washington on his journey from Boston to New York and some expenses in the latter city. It covers the dates from April 4 to April 18 and includes, among other items, stockings, tailoring work, and an ink-stand.
1776, June 26--Duryee's account was for Madeira wine for Major-General Charles Lee.
For June 27 there is a voucher from Samuel Fraunces, tavern-keeper in New York, for one dozen bottles of Madeira wine, which is not entered in the accounts.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1776, May--Mrs. Mary Smith acted as housekeeper at Headquarters from April 12 to June 26, 1776. She appears to have remained at Headquarters until July, when she was succeeded by Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson, of New York City, who was paid £50 a year for her services.
1776, June 26--James Mease and Samuel Caldwell, Clothier-General and Deputy Clothier-General, respectively, of the Continental Army.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1776, June--Mamaroneck in Westchester County, New York.
1776, June 26--Captain Caleb Gibbs, afterwards Major-Commandant of the Commander-in-Chief's Guard. While never an Aide-de-Camp to Washington, he was, of course, on duty at Headquarters and performed considerable secretarial work. He accompanied Hamilton on that delicate mission to obtain from Major-General Horatio Gates, after the Saratoga victory, Morgan's Riflemen and other troops so greatly needed for the reinforcement of Washington. When Mrs. Mary Smith's services terminated as housekeeper, Gibbs took charge and exercised general supervision over matters at Headquarters until transferred from the Guard to the 2d Massachusetts Regiment in 1781. He was wounded at Yorktown. Among his household accounts for this period is one for baking bread, in April, from William Lowder, and a similar one from Philip Oswald for the months of June, July, and August. Michael Sice furnished bread from August 17 to September 4.
1776, July 15--Timothy Wood, a cobbler. His account was for half-soling a pair of boots for William Lee, Washington's body servant, and for making shoes for another servant.
1776, July 15--George Lewis, Aide to Washington by special appointment. Her served from May, 1776, until some time in the year 1777.
1776, July 15--Fort Lee, on the Jersey side of the Hudson River, nearly opposite West 160th Street.
1776, July 23--Among the accounts covered in under household expenses is one for washing by a Mrs. Marschalk, July 27; and one of John Osborne's for furniture, August 12; Thomas Marston, for Madeira, in September; and Andrew McAlpine and Alexander Milne, for vegetables, for the latter month.
1776, September 1--The record of servants at Headquarters for the year 1776, while probably not entirely complete, furnishes us with the following names in addition to those mentioned in the preceding year: Patrick McGuire, who came from Philadelphia to act as steward and served from May, 177, until March, 1778; Hannah, the negro servant of Rev. John Mason; she was to receive 40s. a month which were to be left in the hands of Captain Gibbs until £58 had accumulated, after which she was to receive her wages herself to be applied to the purchase of her freedom; Servant Jack and Sailor Jack [these two appear to be different individuals]; Margaret Thomas, who did sewing in February, 1776, and washing from October, 1776, to February, 1778; Negro James; Stephen Sims; Negroes Lydia, Jenny, Cato, and Isaac, the latter a servant of Captain John Johnson, of Bergen county, New Jersey. He was to receive 40s. a month of his wages of £7; he also cooked for Washington from June, 1777, to June, 1780; John and Frank, hostlers; a Mrs. Lake and Peggy. John Whitehead also served at Headquarters from April, 1776, for one year at a wage of $5 per month.
The period between August 9 and September 1, for which there are no entries, was crowded with activity. Sir William Howe's army had arrived in New York Bay from Halifax, July 3, and on August 7 Sir Henry Clinton, with the force that had been repulsed at Charleston, arrived and landed. August 22 the combined British forces landed at Gravesend Bay, Long Island, and met and defeated the Continental Troops under Major-General John Sullivan, in what is known as the Battle of Long Island, August 27. Washington took command of the shattered force and, in person, directed the skillful retreat on the night and morning of August 29-30, by which the army was extricated from its dangerous position and afforded a temporary breathing spell on Manhattan Island.
DEBIT ENTRIES
On September 13 the main body of the Continental Army was moving slowly northward toward the high ground of Harlem Heights and Kingsbridge, as a council of war had decided that it was impossible to hold New York City. September 15 the British crossed from Long Island and landed in Kip's Bay, which is about at the foot of East 34th Street. The panic of the American troops on this occasion has furnished us a record of one of the rare instances of Washington's rage overbalancing his judgment. The next day these same troops checked the British at Harlem Heights and for a fortnight thereafter the two armies faced each other without accomplishing anything of moment. An attempted flanking movement by the British, up Long Island Sound, then compelled Washington to give ground and the Continental forces gradually fell back to Valentine's Hill, the British following. Another test of strength was made at White Plains, October 28, with indecisive results; but it served to stop the further advance of the British.
1776, October 2--Richard Peacock's account was for tailoring work, mending clothes for William and the coachman, furnishing linings and thread and mending Peter's breeches.
1776, October 25--Plunket Fleeson's account was for making a mattress of wool and hair.
1776, October 25--Jean Louis Imbert, a French engineer officer who had been given a commission as Captain of Engineers in the Continental Army.
On November 6 the British fell back toward Kingsbridge, inclining toward the Hudson, which induced Washington to send the larger part of the army across into New Jersey. November 16 Fort Washington was attacked and, after some resistance, surrendered and Cornwallis crossed the river in pursuit of Washington. Weakened by the loss of the troops surrendered at Fort Washington and by the delay of Major-General Charles Lee's division to join him, it became impossible to hold Fort Lee in the face of the British advance, so it was evacuated and the retreat through the Jerseys began. The British were so close at Washington's heels that at Newark their advance guard entered one side of the town as the Continental rear left the other. The line of retreat lay through Hackensack, November 18; Newark, November 24; New Brunswick, November 29; Princeton, and Trenton, which was reached December 3. Washington crossed the Delaware December 8, seized all the watercraft and destroyed the bridges. When the British reached the river there was not so much as a plank left to aid them in crossing. On Christmas night Washington made his daring dash over the ice-choked river at McKonkey's Ferry and on the morning of December 26 surprised and routed the Hessians at Trenton. From this point to the close of the war Washington's military genius completely controlled the situation, and from this point onward the progress of the war steadily developed toward the final victory for the Colonies, though this could not have been clearly perceived at the time. Long Island, Fort Washington, and Fort Lee were results from entrusting matters to the hands and judgment of his officers. The heavy losses of troops and munitions at Fort Washington and Major-General Charles Lee's purposeful and criminal delay, compelled the retreat through the Jerseys. The surprise at Trenton marked the point from which Washington no longer deferred to the opinions of his generals when those opinions conflicted with his own judgment. Trenton, brilliant exploit though it was, failed of being more than a raid through Cadwalader's inability to cooperate as ordered; but he succeeded in crossing the river the next day and moved forward to Burlington. December 30 Washington again crossed into Jersey with plans matured to strike at the British base of supplies at Brunswick. The Trenton reverse shook the complacency of the enemy and his troops were rapidly concentrated at Princeton while reinforcements were hurried from New York City.
A memorandum of hard money, sent to Washington from Philadelphia by Robert Morris on December 31, shows the scant sum of 410 Spanish milled dollars, 2 English crowns, 10½ English shillings, and ½ a French crown, amounting to £155 9s. 6d. Pennsylvania currency, or £124 7s. 8d. lawful money. These and other funds and the Continental bills enabled Washington to hold the time-expired and dissatisfied New England troops until the army reached its winter quarters at Morristown. [See note to Credit Entries, 1777, January, .
1776, December--Gibbs was absent only occasionally, and not continuously, in transporting the baggage of Headquarters, during the movements of the troops, as the record shows he was in action at White Plains, at Trenton, the Assanpink, and at Princeton
DEBIT ENTRIES
1777, January 1--Joseph Reed, Lieutenant-Colonel and Aide to Washington and Adjutant-General of the Continental Army from June, 1776, to January, 1777.
1777, January 1--No vouchers for these sundry expenses are not to be found among the Washington Papers.
1777, January 1--From the Warrant Books of the Commander-in-Chief we find that Lawrence Mascoll was paid August 23, 1776, for going into the enemy's line to obtain information and September 29, Joshua Davis was paid for a like service. Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Reed expended $238 for secret services, January 25, 1777, and February 4 Nathaniel Sacket was paid $500 for his efforts to obtain secret intelligence. Major-General Adam Stephen was granted $200 for secret service expenditures in April, 1777, and in May Major-General Benjamin Lincoln was given $450 for arms and secret service.
January 2 the British advanced in force from Princeton. Moving toward Trenton in three columns they soon came in contact with the Continental advance guard which was strongly reinforced and gave ground but slowly. Some idea of the stubbornness of this resistance may be formed from the fact, stated by Trevelyan in his American Revolution, that the British advance did not reach the houses of Trenton until four o'clock in the afternoon. In the face of Washington's resistance it had taken them eight hours to advance eight miles. Three times Cornwallis attempted to cross the unfordable Assanpink at the bridge and three times he was bloodily repulsed. He was not facing dispirited troops nor yet defeated ones! That night Washington stole away and the next morning struck and scattered the British regiments that lay across his path at Princeton. Rapidity of movement was everything; but the heavy fighting of the day before and the midnight march in zero weather had taxed the endurance of his troops to the limit. It was physically impossible for his weary soldiers to make the forced march necessary to reach Brunswick before the approaching reinforcements from New York, or even much in advance of Cornwallis's outwitted but now rapidly moving troops from Trenton. The Brunswick part of the plan was abandoned and the army turned northward toward Morristown where the militia was gathering. The Continentals reached Somerset Court House, January 3, and bivouacked at Pluckamin that night, twenty-six miles north of Princeton, having broken through the British lines and not only reached a position of safety, but one actually threatening Cornwallis's entire line of communication with New York. The army went into winter quarters at Morristown as Cornwallis precipitately fell back to Brunswick and Amboy, leaving all of West Jersey free.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1777, January 12--The Memorandum Book referred to is not now among the Washington Papers.
1777, February--Colonel George Weedon commanded the 3d Virginia Regiment, He was Acting Adjutant-General in February, 1777, temporarily filling the place left vacant by Joseph Reed.
1778, March 8--Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson, who succeeded Mrs. Mary Smith in July, acted as housekeeper until the end of the war.
1777, April 11--Benjamin Hemmings, the hostler.
1777, April 19--The memorandum for the amount given to Greene is in the handwriting of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Hanson Harrison, for $10 hard money, from His Excellency's private stock. The secret service of this period was more or less of a haphazard affair and was largely conducted by the commanders of the dragoon outposts and picket officers on the lines. While in New Jersey the secret intelligence was obtained through patriotic country folks, as there were then few regular secret service agents. Later in the war the service was developed into a machine that rendered invaluable assistance to the Commander-in-Chief. During this period a Mr. Smith was captured and sent into Philadelphia, charged with being a British spy. Washington ordered his release, as he was, in reality, an American spy; at the same time the Commander-in-Chief cautioned that the release or escape must be so managed that no suspicion would be aroused as to the man's true character.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1777, February 14--Major-General John Sullivan. This and the preceding entry are explained in the notes to the Debit Entries 1776, December, ante. Regarding this Morris credit Washington wrote to James Milligan, Comptroller of the Treasury, in 1784, during the settlement of these accounts: "£124. 7. 6. I remember to have received;--the time and circumstances of it being too remarkable ever to be forgotten by me."
DEBIT ENTRIES
1777, June 1--During the campaign around Trenton the management of the secret service was largely in the hands of Major John Clark, Jr., who had been Aide to Major-General Nathanael Greene, and was then Major of the 2d Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp. Later he became the Auditor of Accounts for the Main Army.
1777, June 1--John Parke Custis, the only son of Martha Washington, was Captain of Virginia Militia and acted as a volunteer, extra aide to Washington, but without rank or appointment as such, during the Yorktown campaign. He contracted camp-fever from exposure at that siege and died at Eltham, Virginia, November 5, 1781.
1777, August--Colonel Stephen Moylan, formerly Muster-Master-General of the Continental Army. Appointed Aide to Washington, March 6, 1776, and Quartermaster-General in June of that year; he resigned, as Quartermaster-General, but acted as Aide-de-Camp until appointed Colonel of the 4th Continental Dragoons, June 5, 1777. The horse purchased from him was one captured from the British light cavalry.
1777, August 28--The army remained in winter quarters at Morristown until May 28 when it moved to Middlebrook. There it remained until June 24; it advanced to Quibbletown June 25 on the retirement of the British from Brunswick to Amboy. To this threat Sir William Howe at once replied by advancing with his whole force and Washington fell back to Middlebrook. July 1 the British again retreated and this time crossed over to Staten Island, leaving Jersey entirely free. Washington then returned to Morristown--the accounts show that on July 3 he stopped at Bullion's Tavern and the expense totaled £3--as a central location from which aid could be given to either the Highlands of the Hudson or Philadelphia in case the British moved either way. An advance up the Hudson to meet Burgoyne's expedition from Canada being the more probable, Washington moved Sullivan's brigade toward that river as far as Pompton and, on July 11, the entire army marched to Suffern's Tavern at the entrance of Smith's Clove, a valley or gorge, behind the West Point Mountains. The daily expense account shows that on July 11 £2 11s. was paid to Mr. Hathaway for the use of his house near Pompton Plains; July 14 Mrs. Van Twiller, near Suffern's, was paid £5 12s. 6d. for the use of her house and the trouble caused thereby. This same day the General Orders are dated from Van Aulen's. Suffern's was reached July 15 and July 21 a letter is dated from "11 miles in the Clove"; this was at Galloway's, who was paid, July 23, £4 5s. for the use of his house. On receiving intelligence of Howe's fleet having sailed from Sandy Hook, Washington immediately moved south and July 23 the army was at Ramapo, New Jersey; July 25 it reached Pompton; July 26 the accounts show an expense of £2 5s. for the use of house room at Mandeville's; July 26 Washington was at Morristown; July 28 at Flemingtown; July 29 a Mrs. Lowry was paid £1 2s. 6d. and that same day the troops began crossing the Delaware at Coryell's Ferry, sixteen miles above Trenton. August 1 Washington inspected the river defenses of Philadelphia, Fort Mifflin on Mud Island, Fort Mercer at Red Bank, and the fortifications at Billingsport on the Jersey side of the Delaware. He was at Marcus Hook, now Linwood, eighteen miles southeast of Philadelphia, and dined and supped at Chester, Pennsylvania, that same day. August 2 he returned to Philadelphia. The British fleet, after entering Delaware Bay, put out to sea again July 31 and the Continental Army waited at Schuylkill Falls until August 8 before Washington, hearing nothing of the fleet, again started the army slowly back toward the Hudson. From August 4 to 8 the orders are dated from Colonel Hill's Roxboro. August 5 Daniel Smith was paid £263 4s. for the use of his tavern during this period of uncertainty. August 6 Washington was at Germantown, and August 13 there is an item of 17s. 6d. paid to Colonel Henry Hill's servants in gratuities for their trouble in cleaning the house in Indian Queen Lane, one mile east of Schuylkill falls, after Headquarters left it. At Neshaminy Camp, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Washington received word that the British fleet had been seen off Sinepuxent, Maryland. The army halted, and Washington established his Headquarters at Mrs. Moland's house, a stone dwelling, about half a mile above Hartsville on the old York Road, known then as Cross Roads, Pennsylvania. Here he remained until August 23, when definite information was received that the British fleet was actually in the Chesapeake Bay. Mrs. Moland was paid £5 5s. for the use of her house and furniture and through Philadelphia to Berby and Wilmington, which was reached as the British commenced landing at the Head of Elk, as the head of the Chesapeake Bay is called. On the reconnoissance of August 26 Washington, with all of the cavalry except Sheldon's regiment, went within tow miles of the Head of Elk. August 27 the accounts show an item of £63 12s. paid to George Forsyth, at Wilmington, for lodging. August 29 to September 2 Washington spent in examining the country and the different roads, and the expense account from August 30 to September 2 shows bills at Elk, at Eagle Tavern, Chester, Derby, Ciscill's, and Christiana Bridge, Delaware. On September 3 the first encounter with the British took place at Wilmington and September 6 the army marched to Newport, Delaware, there or four miles from Wilmington and about eight or ten from the enemy. September 9 the orders are dated from Birmingham, and that day the Continentals fell back to Chad's Ford on the Brandywine and there awaited the British.
DEBIT ENTRIES
September 11, 1777, occurred the battle of Brandywine, in which Cornwallis, through Sullivan's misinformation, succeeded in outflanking Washington and compelling his retreat. [In daily expense account there is an entry under date of February 7, 1778, of £22 10s. paid to Benjamin Ring at Brandywine.] September 12, Washington was at Derby and Chester, Pennsylvania, and the next day at Schuylkill Falls. September 14, the army recrossed the Schuylkill, and advanced to Buck's Tavern, about nine miles northeast of Philadelphia. September 15, the orders are dated near Warren Tavern and the expense account shows £3 10s. paid to Mr. George [?] Syngs for breakfast and £9 4s. to Mr. Waggoner at the Sorrel House Tavern, Radnor township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The next day the Continental Army engaged the enemy near White Horse Tavern, when a heavy rain set in and rendered the ammunition useless. The Continentals then marched to Yellow Springs, five miles to the northward, and the expense account shows that Mr. Malin was paid, September 16, £7 10s. for the use of his house "and trouble--[rainy day]." On the 18th £7 10s. was paid to Mr. Olds at Reading Furnace, and on the 19th, Washington breadfasted at Mr. Kennedy's at Fatland Ford, the account being £3 10s. for sundries and trouble. The army recrossed the Schuylkill this day and moved down the east side of the river to Pott's Grove, Washington using William Antin's house at that place, September 26, and paying him £5 10s. for this use and the extra trouble caused. This same day the British took possession of Philadelphia and the Continental Army reached Pennypacker's [or Pennebecker's, formerly Paullin's or Pawling's] Mills the next. September 29, £5 10s. was paid for the use of the house at "Paullin's Mill" and the extra trouble caused and Washington reached Skippack September 30. [March 6, 1778, there is any entry in the expense account for £7 15s. paid to Owen Caney, at Paullin's for sundries.] October 2, at Worcester, Pennsylvania, the orders are dated from Peter Wentz's and Joseph Smith's house was used by the Commander-in-Chief; the accounts show a payment of £2 5s. for this and the trouble caused and for sundries to the amount of £11 19s. 6d. The next night the army moved to attack the British at Germantown; but the delay at the Chew House and a heavy morning fog interfered with the planned cooperation of the various brigades and caused confusion on the field, from which the troops unaccountably retreated at the very moment that victory seemed assured them. October 4, Headquarters were at Peter Wentz's and he was paid £2 10s. for butter, vegetables, etc. October 5, the Headquarters were at Perkiomen and on the 8th the Commander-in-Chief expended £5 for the use of a house and the trouble caused at that place.
October 9, Washington was at Towamencin, and the expenses show an item, under October 16, of £28 5s. 4d. paid to Frederick Wampole [spelled "Wambole" in the accounts] for the use of his house and the trouble caused thereby. The army moved to Worcester in an effort to divert the British into lightening the pressure they were exerting upon the forts on the Delaware and, on October 19, Sir William Howe drew in his troops and commenced throwing up earthworks and redoubts around Philadelphia. On this day Peter Wentz's was again used as Headquarters, the bill being £7 13s. 5d. for food supplies and £1 2s. 6d. extra for the trouble caused in the house. The Delaware River forts, after stubbornly resisting bombardment for nearly a month, were evacuated when they had become mere ruins and, on December 4, the whole British army advanced against Washington. A series of skirmishes ensued until the British again withdrew into Philadelphia, December 8; on December 11, the Continental Army took up its march for winter quarters at Valley Forge. Here it built huts and, until they were ready for occupancy, Washington continued to live in his tent, in order to share with his troops the discomforts of the season. According to the expense account Christmas Day was the date on which he left his tent for more comfortable quarters in the house of Deborah Hewes.
The location of this house cannot, as yet, be definitely fixed. Deborah Hewes, who had been Deborah Pyewell Potts, the wife of Thomas Potts, married Caleb Hewes, or Hughes, after the death of her first husband in 1762; Caleb Hewes also appears to have died before the end of 1777. After the battle of Brandywine the buildings at Valley Forge were destroyed by a British raiding party, on or about September 21, 1777, and there is no credible evidence to show that any of them were repaired before Washington arrived in December of that year or that Isaac Potts owned the stone house at that time, which is believed to have been the Headquarters, or had anything to do with the iron works before the close of the war. In 1773, Joseph Potts, the then owner of the Forge, conveyed an undivided moiety in the Mount Joy Forge to William Dewees, who had married into the Potts family and had been acting manager of the Forge since 1771. In the Dewees claim before Congress from 1794 to 1832 and before that, in his petition to the Continental Congress in 1785, for reimbursement for the loss by the British destruction of his entire property, he styles himself the proprietor and owner of Valley Forge. Washington so calls him in the general order of April 29, 1778, and, in the schedule of the property destroyed, which Dewees gives with his petition to the Continental Congress the first item is that of "Two large Stone Dwelling Houses" which he values at £600. These facts are fully sufficient to cast grave doubts upon the prevailing belief that what is now called the Isaac Potts House was in habitable condition during the winter of 1777-78, and until all the facts respecting Mrs. Deborah Hewes can be definitely determined the belief in the Isaac Potts Headquarters is called seriously into question. The statement that Washington's Headquarters were at Pott's house appears to rest largely upon tradition which has little better foundation than the recollection of aged individuals many years after the Revolution. [See note under1778, June 18, post.]
1778, January--The campaign to save Philadelphia was rendered more difficult by the fact that the country through which Washington manoeuvered was filled with loyalists. It was well-nigh impossible for the Commander-in-Chief to obtain intelligence of the enemy's movements, and to this, in large measure, may be attributed the success of Cornwallis's flanking movement at Brandywine. However, the Warrant Books give us the names of at least two firm patriots--October 23, 1777, Henry Hesmire was paid $160 for secret services, and, on April 11, 1778, Jacob Bankson was paid $100 for similar services.
1778, January 29--Among the household expenses for this period is an agreement with Peggy Lee to wash for the Commander-in-Chief for forty shillings per month and to do the washing for the military family for four shillings per dozen pieces. Margaret Thomas had done this work from October, 1776, and, apparently, she continued to do washing until April, 1779. At Valley Forge occurred what is probably the first public recognition of Washington's birthday. The Daily Expense Account shows that the band of Colonel Thomas Proctor's 4th Continental Artillery apparently took it upon itself to serenade the Commander-in-Chief, for we find under date of February 22, 1778, the following entry: "Cash paid the 22d Inst. to Proctr. band by the G.O. ...15s."--"G.O." being here properly translated, "by the General's order."
1778, June 5--Captain John Barry, of the Continental Navy. When the British blockaded the Delaware River, Barry joined Washington's army for the time being and rendered valuable service with the artillery during the Trenton campaign.
1778, June 18--Early in the morning of June 18, the British evacuated Philadelphia and commenced their march across Jersey to New York. The news reached Washington about 10 o'clock a.m., and in half an hour three brigades of Continentals were in pursuit; in the afternoon three more brigades followed and the rest of the army broke camp and marched early the following morning. For this day there is a receipt among the Washington Papers, and also an entry in the Daily Expense Account, of £100 Pennsylvania currency paid to Mrs. Hewes for the use of her house and furniture at Valley Forge. There is no evidence in the Washington Papers to show that Washington's Headquarters at Valley Forge were in the stone house, afterwards owned by Isaac Potts.
DEBIT ENTRIES
The route of the army was by way of Doylestown and Coryell's Ferry. the orders for June 19 are dated from Doctor Shannon's, and on June 20 £1 17s. 6d. were distributed in gratuities to Shannon's servants. June 21, at Coryell's Ferry, John Fell was paid £6 for breakfast, dinner, and supper for the Commander-in-Chief and his suite. June 23, in Hopewell, New Jersey, the orders are dated from Hunt's house and Richard Holcombe was paid £10 17s. 6d.; June 25, Washington was at Kingston; June 26, at Cranberry; and June 27, at Penolopen and Englishtown. Early in the morning of June 28, the army moved on Monmouth and about noon came in contact with the enemy. The British were forced from the field and, that night, leaving their dead and wounded behind, they retreated so silently that Poor's Brigade, which lay nearest them, was unaware of the movement. On discovering the enemy's escape, Washington, the next morning, took up his march toward the Highlands of the Hudson by way of Englishtown, Brunswick, and Paramus. July 14, £4 10s. were distributed to Mrs. Provost's servants, near Haverstraw, New York, and July 15, at that same place, Jacob Hardin's bill amounted to £3 8s. July 17, there is an entry of £2 8s. paid a boatman on the Hudson for carrying Washington to West Point, and July 19, the Commander-in-Chief's orders are dated from Delavan's house on the east side of the river. July 21, he was at Wright's Mills, White Plains, and from there he wrote to Thomas Nelson, in Virginia: "It is not a little pleasing, nor less wonderful to contemplate, that after two years' manoeuvring and undergoing the strangest vicissitudes, that perhaps ever attended any one contest since the creation, both armies are brought back to the very point they set out from, and that which was the offending party in the beginning is now reduced to the use of the spade and pickaxe for defense." Yet he could, with truth, have pushed the parallel further and likened the retreat of the British across the Jerseys to the retreat of the Continentals before them through the same region in 1776.
July 27 and 28, there are items amounting to £30 18s. 10d. paid to Reuben Wright, of White Plains.
1778, September--The result of this reconnoiter was to encamp the army for the winter at Fredericksburg, in Dutchess County, New York, as a central location from which to protect either the Highlands of the Hudson or New England.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1778, August 3--Daniel Sullivan, an Indian Interpreter from Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1778, September--Washington was at West Point September 19 and there is an expense item of £9 12s. for victualing the servants at Jacob Mandeville's this same day, which was, however, not paid until November 18, 1779.
1778, September 6--Brigadier-General Charles Scott, whose headquarters were at Bedford, New York. The second installment of 25 guineas, September 25, was receipted for by James Paton, Lieutenant, 2d Continental Dragoons, then acting as aide to Scott. We have a record that one A. R., who, doubtless, was Asher FitzRandolph, of Woodbridge, New Jersey, went into New York City during the campaign of 1778, eight different ties to obtain intelligence; but whether or not he was one of Scott's spies cannot be definitely stated. In 1780, he was employed as a secret agent by Colonel Moses Hazen, of the 2d Canadian Regiment. September 28, Thomas Wicks was paid $234 for secret services, and November 15, a spy by the name of I. Jagger, though this may have been an alias, obtained and sent in an accurate return of the British forces in Westchester, at Harlem and other places. John Vanderhovan, of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, was active in obtaining intelligence in October, 1778, and rendered important services in this respect during the remainder of the war. Members of his family, Cornelius and Elizabeth Vanderhovan, assisted him. He corresponded with Major Benjamin Tallmadge and with Headquarters direct, over the signatures of "Littel D." and "L. D.," and, either as a means of obtaining information, or to allay suspicion, he appears to have enlisted in the Loyalist Regiment of The Guides and Pioneers. Major Tallmadge, of the 2d Continental Dragoons, was placed at the the head of the Secret Service for the Main Army in 1778 and developed it to a high point of efficiency. He correspondence with the various spies under the alias of John Bolton. Sir James Jay, a brother of John Jay and a scientist of considerable repute, furnished Washington with a chemical compound which was used by the American spies as an invisible ink. It could be brought to view only by painting the communication with a "counterpart" or reacting mixture. Many of the secret communications were written with this mixture between the lines of an ordinary letter, in ordinary ink; but usually they were sent in the form of a blank sheet, or sheets preceded by an inconsequential communication.
1778, October 4--On British reinforcements going to the posts on Staten Island and in New Jersey and a display of other signs of activity in that quarter, Washington ordered Major-General Israel Putnam across the Hudson to protect West Point and went himself to Fishkill. The rumors and appearance of an intent to evacuate New York rendered it expedient to put the army in a position to protect Boston in case of an attempt on that city. Washington, therefore, established the Continental troops in winter quarters stretching over the arc of a great circle swinging from Danbury, Connecticut, over to the Hudson River, through the Highlands and down to Middlebrook in New Jersey. This would serve to cover New England and permit of speedy concentration of the troops to protect the Highlands or the Middle States, whichever way the British might turn. Three brigades went into winter quarters in the vicinity of Danbury and Washington's visit thither was to examine the country to fix upon their location. The Commander-in-Chief's Headquarters were not established at Middlebrook until December 13, although he set out from Fredericksburg November 28. November 17, £20 1s. were paid to Reed Ferriss for sundries furnished for the family on September 25, at Fredericksburg. November 28, John Keane [as it is spelled in the accounts] at Fredericksburg was paid £57 12 s. for the use of his house. November 29, Washington was at Fishkill; December 4, he was at Elizabethtown; December 6, at Paramus; on December 8, he retraced his steps and was again at Elizabethtown, having learned that Sir Henry Clinton had sailed up the Hudson with a considerable force. The British commander, however, proceeded only as far as King's Ferry and, without attempting anything, returned to New York City. December 12, the orders dated from Raritan and December 13, Headquarters were at Middlebrook.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1779, February 6--Washington left Middlebrook December 22, and arrived at Philadelphia that same day. Congress desired to consult with him as to plans for the campaign of 1779. The Commander-in-Chief returned to Middlebrook February 5
1779, February 15--Major-General Alexander McDougall, commanding in the Highlands. John Laurance had been Paymaster of the 1st New York Regiment; but at this date was Judge-Advocate-General of the Continental Army, as which he acted until June, 1782.
1779, March 3--Colonel William Malcom, who had been Colonel of one of the Sixteen Additional Continental Regiments and Adjutant-General of the Northern Department, and was them commanding a regiment of New York Levies.
1779, March 15--Colonel John Mitchell, Deputy Quartermaster-General and a trusted friend of Washington's.
1779, June--That part of the army that has wintered at Middlebrook commenced its march toward the Highlands, June 2, in consequence of the rumored intention of a British movement in that direction. The line of march was by way of Morristown, Troy, Pompton, Ringwood, and Smith's Clove. The accounts show a payment, June 4, 1779, to John Wallace, at Middlebrook, for the use of his house and furniture for winter quarters, of $1000, or £375. June 5, the orders are dated at Ringwood; June 6 at Slott's, and June 7, Smith's Tavern. June 19 in Smith's Clove there is an entry of £15 4s. to Francis Smith for 19 dinners. By June 23, the Commander-in-Chief was established in Headquarters at New Windsor; July 15, his letters are dated from Fort Montgomery in the Highlands and July 17, the orders are dated from Stony Point.
1779, July--The British had moved up the Hudson and fortified Stony Point, and on June 6, they bombarded the small American redoubt on Verplanck's Point, on the opposite side of the river. Aided by their ships, a land detachment succeeded in capturing the work that same day. This put the enemy in complete possession of King's Ferry and blocked the most convenient thoroughfare across the Hudson, interfering greatly with the communication between New England and Middle States. A counter move was made in the form of an assault on the Stony Point works, and on the morning of July 16, "Mad Anthony" Wayne at the head of the light infantry took the place by storm at the point of the bayonet. August 15, a warrant for $1500 was given to Wayne to be distributed among the first five men who had entered the works at Stony Point. After the capture it was found impracticable to hold the Point against bombardment from the British ships in the river, so the works were demolished and the place evacuated, July 18. Two days later the British again took unmolested possession; but voluntarily evacuated the post toward the end of September
CREDIT ENTRIES
1779, June--Washington had requested these five hundred guineas from Congress and they were forwarded to him through Major Auguste Despini`eres reached America in March, 1777, before Lafayette, and was commissioned by Congress a Major in the Continental Army.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1779, November 6 - December 23--Among the itemized expenses covering the months of November and December, 1779, is one of December 8 of a payment of £102 to Lieutenant-Colonel Tench Tilghman for the expenses of the Commander-in-Chief and suite from West Point to Pompton, which Washington reached November 30, and back. December 23, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Kidder Meade was paid £82 10s. for expenses of the General and suite from West Point to Morristown. Washington's return to West Point from Pompton, before going to Morristown, is but one of the unsuspected disclosures of his movements that a close scrutiny of his accounts reveals. On Christmas Day of this year there is an item of £15 paid for a band of music.
1780, January 29 - March 28--According to the household expenses Daniel Dyer was an assistant cook at Headquarters in January, 1780, and Sergeant Bildad Edwards, of the Guard, acted as steward in March of this year. Hannah Till was added to the servants at Headquarters in June, 1780, and James Dady served as hostler in October. We have no complete record of dismissals or how long the various servants were at Headquarters; but it is improbable that new ones were added to the force without some of the old ones being dropped. We have an expense item of £17 10s. for the expenses of Major Caleb Gibbs in going to meet Mrs. Washington, and to Philadelphia, February 14, 1780. On March 28, is an entry of £487 10s. paid to Lewis Luther, John Greag, and David Marony for cleaning and stoning Mrs. Ford's well. Mrs. Theodosia Ford was the widow of Jacob Ford, Jr., at whose house the Morristown Headquarters of this period were established. There is also an item under March 15, 1780, for plastering work done on this house, amounting to £75. April 7, a dinner for the Commander-in-Chief and his suite at Springfield cost £21 7s. 6d.
1780, April 14--This visit to Elizabethtown and outposts of the army was a tour of inspection in company with the Chevalier de la Luzerne, the French Minister to the United States and Don Juan de Miralles, the unofficial representative of the Spanish Court. The latter died at camp two weeks later and was buried at Morristown with all military honors.
1780, June 15--The British advanced from Elizabethtown Point against Springfield Heights, or Short Hills, the next day. The enemy then fell back to Elizabethtown. Washington remained at Springfield until June 22, when he moved with the larger part of the troops toward Rockaway Bridge and Whippany, leaving Major-General Nathanael Greene in command at Springfield. We have a voucher, dated June 21, 1780, for $1015 given to Greene for contingent expenses while on this command. Also there is one, of this same date, for Major-General Henry Knox's expenses to Trenton, whither he had gone to arrange for forwarding flour to the Hudson River, amounting to $1200, and one for $60 to Briant Durant for repairing Washington's spyglass. June 22, Jacob Briant, of Springfield, was paid $800 for sundries furnished while Washington stopped at his house. June 25, Uzal Coe, at Whippany, was paid for cheese, mutton, and lodging, $180. On this date also Mrs. Doremus, at Pequanock, was paid $40, presumably for the use of her dwelling. June 28, Isaac Vanderbeck, at Totaway Bridge, was paid $452, and July 1, an account of Mr. Hopper, at whose house in Ramapo, Washington established his Headquarters, September 6, was settled for $200. The orders from September 5 to September 18 are dated Steenrapie. July 29, Washington distributed $50 in gratuities to the servants at Colonel Theunis Dey's, at whose house in Preakness he had established his Headquarters the beginning of July.
Toward the end of July Washington moved the army toward the Hudson. He himself crossed the river and was at Robinson's house, July 30 and at Peekskill the 31st. During this period many of the expense vouchers are for express-rider services: William Dunn rode express to Trenton, June 18; Joseph Hunter, a light dragoon, in Moylan's regiment, arrived with dispatches from Newport, Rhode Island, respecting the French troops, and his expenses amounted to £260 7s.; Hugh Mooney rode express to Congress at Philadelphia, June 26, and Charles Tatum and John Miller, likewise, in the first week in July. Among the vouchers for August is one dated the 8th at Tappan, to Mrs. Talman, for $80.
1780, August 29--Colonel Morris Graham, commanding one of the regiments of New York levies.
1780, September 2--Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Kidder Meade served as Aide-de-Camp to Washington from March 2, 1777, to the end of the war, and among the memoranda of this account is an item of $600 to Major Sebastian Bauman, of the 2d Continental Artillery, who was conducting some artillery range experiments at West Point.
1780, September 11--Richard Humphreys, a Philadelphia merchant from whom were purchased tablespoons and cups by Colonel Clement Biddle, Commissary-General of Forage until June, 1780; Quartermaster-General of Pennsylvania from September, 1781, to the end of the war, and a friend of Washington's.
1780, September 11--Bergen County, New Jersey, and Bergen Neck. On this reconnoiter Washington went into the vicinity of Hackensack.
Washington left the Hopper House, September 18, for Hartford, Connecticut, to confer with Lieutenant-General Comte de Rochambeau and Admiral Chevalier de Ternay, the commanders-in-chief of the French land and naval forces that arrived in Rhode Island, July 12.
1780, September 30--There seem to be no receipts preserved of the expenses of this journey to Hartford.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1780, October 16--John Mercereau, a Captain of New Jersey militia, commenced his secret service operations as early as 1777 and furnished valuable information throughout the war. At this time he enlisted the services of four spies whose identities may be guessed at : P. R., who received six guineas per month; J. C., probably John Cork, at four guineas per month; A. R., who was Asher FitzRandolph, at four guineas, and J. M., who probably was Mercereau's brother Joshua, at four guineas. Joshua later served as Deputy Commissary of prisoners and was sent by Washington on a confidential mission to Rutland, Massachusetts, to mingle with the Hessian prisoners of war captured at Saratoga and endeavor to alienate them from the British by the usual method of offering them freedom, exemption from military service, and farm land, in return for taking the oath of allegiance to the United States. Baker Hendricks, here mentioned, was a Captain of the New Jersey militia, and the five guineas given him were for John Vandruver, a spy in New York City. Baker was probably the brother of John Hendricks who sometimes sent in secret intelligence over the signature of Elizabeth Vanderhovan.
1780, October 16--It was impossible for Tallmadge's spies to get their intelligence through British lines to the north of New York City, so the back-door route, by the way of Long Island and Westchester County, was used. The agents in this circuit had, in addition to the invisible ink, a cipher for their communications and many of their reports are a difficult succession of numerals and decimal points that well concealed the information forwarded.
1780, October 18--Colonel Lewis, a chief of the Caughnawagas, a tribe of New York Indians. He was the friend of Major-General Philip Schuyler and frustrated the efforts of Joseph Brant to enlist the Caughnawagas in the British cause.
1780, November--The army was distributed in winter quarters at Morristown, Smith's Cove, the Highlands of the Hudson, and Albany, and Washington selected New Windsor as his Headquarters and sent Major Gibbs from Preakness, November 21, to select a house at the former place for that purpose. The Commander-in-Chief's route from Morristown was as given in this entry, for the detailed expenses of which vouchers are not now among Washington's papers. December 8, the orders are dated from New Windsor.
1780, November 15--Timothy Pickering was Colonel and Adjutant-General of the Continental Army from June, 1777, to January, 1778, and Quartermaster-General from August, 1780, to July 1783, succeeding Major-General Nathanael Greene in the latter position.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1780, December 14--Tench Tilghman volunteered as Aide to Washington in August, 1776, and served without pay or rank until April, 1777, when he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel and Aide and served to the close of the war. Washington conferred upon him the honor of carrying to Congress the dispatches announcing the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1781, February--Lieutenant William Colfax, of the Commander-in-Chief's Guard. He had enlisted as a private in the 13th Continental Infantry in May, 1775. Discharged at the end of the year he enlisted again. He was Sergeant-Major of the 10th Continental Infantry and was wounded at White Plains; discharged again, he was appointed Ensign in the 1st Connecticut Regiment, became Second Lieutenant in 1778, and at Valley Forge was assigned to the Commander-in-chief's Guard. He became Lieutenant-Commandant of the Guard in 1781; was wounded again at Yorktown and served to the close of the war. From 1781 on, he acted as general superintendent of Headquarters and cashier to Washington.
In this month occurred what is, probably, the first public celebration of Washington's birthday, just as Proctor's band gave the first public recognition of that event in 1778 at Valley Forge. Comte de Rochambeau, with true French politeness, declared a holiday for the French troops, February 12, 1781, as February 11 of that year fell on Sunday. Washington was born February 11, 1732, and the Gregorian calendar was not officially adopted by England until 1752. In the readjustment then necessary to harmonize the calendar and begin the year January 1 instead of March 25, eleven days were omitted between September 3 and September 14 in 1752, which caused Washington's birthday in 1753 and all succeeding years to fall on February 22.
1781, May--On receiving dispatches from France, Rochambeau requested an interview with Washington, who set out, May 18, for Wethersfield, Connecticut, the designated place of meeting, which he reached the next day. At his conference a joint attack on New York City was decided upon and Washington returned to New Windsor, May 25. [See entry under March 10, 1782, post.]
DEBIT ENTRIES
1781, August--Captain William Dobbs, of Fishkill, New York, sea captain and pilot; the other pilots were: Daniel Shaw, Patrick Dennis, Abraham H. Martlings, of Peekskill, and Captain William Redfield, of Connecticut. They waited at Baskingridge, New Jersey, for the expected French fleet under Comte de Grasse until the latter part of August.
1781, August 28--The news that Chesapeake Bay was De Grasse's intended destination caused a sudden shift of plans. The attempt against New York was secretly given up and measures taken to transport the allied American and French armies to Virginia to cooperate with De Grasse. The armies crossed the Hudson at King's Ferry, August 21 to 25, and the march to New Brunswick was so skillfully managed as to create the impression at New York City of an intended attack by way of Staten Island with the cooperation of De Grasse's fleet which was known to be coming. Trenton was reached, August 29, and Philadelphia August 30, before Sir Henry Clinton, in New York, awoke to the real meaning of the movement. Washington himself left Philadelphia for the South, September 5.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1781, February--Lieutenant-Colonel John Pierce was appointed Paymaster-General, January 17, 1781, and served in that capacity to the end of the war.
1781, March--Mr. Burwell was Deputy Paymaster-General Jonathan Burrall, who served in this capacity from January, 1781, to the close of the war.
CREDIT ENTRIES
1781, October--David Ross, at one time Major in Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment, and at this time Commissioner of Trade for Virginia. Thomas Pleasants, Jr., a Virginia merchant. Robert Morris, Superintendent of Finance of the United States.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1781, September 8--Daniel Grant, owner of the Fountain Inn, Baltimore. His account was for eight dinners for Washington and his suite and also for seven servants. September 9, sixteen horses were cared for by him.
1781, September 8--Lieutenant-Colonel William Stephens Smith appears to have been the Aide who accompanied Washington. He had been Aide to Sullivan and also to Lafayette. He served as Aide to the Commander-in-Chief from July, 1781, to the end of the war. His account gives the route taken by Washington and Rochambeau from Philadelphia to Baltimore as: Chester, Wilmington, Delaware, Christiana Bridge, Wormsley, Susquehannah Ferry, Darling's, Nottingham, and Baltimore.
1781, September 8--Lieutenant-Colonel Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., was at this time Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief.
1781, September 17--The route from Mount Vernon to Williamsburg was by way of Colchester, Dumfries, Garrat's, Fredericksburg, Bolling, or Bowling Green, Aylett's, Frank's, and Williamsburg, which was reached September 14.
1781, September 17--The interview with Comte de Grasse on board the French flagship, Ville de Paris, off Cape Henry, settled the general plan of operations against Cornwallis at Yorktown. The allied armies besieged that place September 28, and, three weeks later, October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered.
1781, October 31--The tailoring work was done by William Riley and was for a pair of riding breeches for William. Another voucher shows that there were two new servants at Headquarters at this time, one named Barton and the other Philip Wamsley or Walmsley.
1781, October 31--The express-rider was Richard Woolfolk, Jr.
1781, November 1--John Likley, a Philadelphia merchant. The tea was purchased when the army passed through that city in September.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1781, December 1--Colonel Trumbull's expense account shows the route to have been Bryrd's [spelled "Bird's" in the voucher], Hanover Court House, Lynch's, Bowling Green [spelled "Bolling Green" in the previous voucher], Garrat's, Dumfries, Colchester, and Mount Vernon.
1781, December 1--Colonel Smith's voucher for the expenses of a part of the military family from Colonel Basset's, at Eltham, to Mount Vernon, gives the route as: Frank's, Ruffin's Ferry, Slaughter's, Aylett's, Bowling Green, Todd's, Fredericksburg, Garrat's, Dumfries, Colchester Ferry, and Mount Vernon.
From Mount Vernon to Philadelphia the route was: Alexandria, Rawlin's Tavern, South Ferry, Annapolis, and Baltimore. From Baltimore to Philip's Ravern, Susquehannah Ferry and Susquehannah Tavern, Head of Elk, Christiana, Delaware, Wilmington, Chester, Schuylkill, and Philadelphia which was reached November 26.
1782, March 20--Lieutenant-Colonel John Laurens, who was a volunteer Aide to the Commander-in-Chief in 1777 and was regularly appointed in March, 1779, had gone to France under orders of Congress to urge the grant of further loans from the French Court. After returning to America he was killed in a skirmish at Combahee Ferry, South Carolina, in August, 1782.
1782, March 22--Among the items of expense in Philadelphia is one for the purchase of a pair of large bear-skins from Dugee & Stephens. The Commander-in-Chief remained in Philadelphia, by the request of Congress, until March 22, 1782, when he set out for Newburgh, on the Hudson. The places from which Washington's letters are dated show that he passed through Trenton, Morristown, and Pompton.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1782, March--William Engle's account was for capturing a deserter from the 5th Massachusetts Regiment.
1782, June--Washington arrived at Albany June 26; at Saratoga, June 29; Schenectady, June 30; he returned to Albany this same day and reached Newburgh July 2.
1782, July--The Commander-in-Chief reached Philadelphia, July 14, in response to a request from Comte de Rochambeau for an interview. He left Philadelphia to return to Newburgh July 24.
1782, July--George Evans, at the City Tavern. The account runs from July 15 to the 24th and shows three dinners, July 21; five breakfasts, July 23; two breakfasts, July 24, and four "gentleman's breakfasts" this same day at a cost of fifteen shillings. There were punch and beverages, beer and cider and three bottles of wine for the sick included, as was also $185 on a former account for St. Patrick's Day, while Washington was in Philadelphia prior to going to Newburgh.
1782, July--The account of expenses to Pott's Grove and Bethlehem was kept by Trumbull and gives the route taken as: Pott's Grove, Bethlehem, Bethlehem Ferry, Easton, Warwick, Robinson's Ferry, and Moravian Mills.
1782, July--Major Benjamin Walker, formerly Aide to Baron Steuben and Lieutenant-Colonel and Aide to Washington from January, 1782, to the close of the war. His account shows miscellaneous payments made to David Claypoole, stationer and publisher in Philadelphia, at the City Ravern, at Bennet's, Robinson's Ferry, Haslet's, Sussex Court House, Baird's, and Chester.
1782, August--Captain John Pray, of the 1st Massachusetts Regiment, was in charge of the scout boats on the Hudson River and this account was for ten guineas for secret services.
1782, September--Major Tallmadge's voucher is dated September 15, for secret services. There is a record of I. Jagger having gone into New York City three times in September, 1781, presumably in an effort to obtain information as to Sir Henry Clinton's measures to relieve Cornwallis. Another spy, whom we know only as "S. M.", reconnoitered the enemy three times in September, 1782, and "S. W." performed the same service on the lines at Kingsbridge and Fort Knyphausen in October of this year. The daring of the American secret service agents by this time is attested by the presence among Washington's Papers of a general return of the strength of the entire British Army on April 1, 1782; a huge official tabular statement bearing the signature of the British Adjutant-General. Such a paper could have been obtained only from the Headquarters itself of the British Army.
1782, September--The French troops from Yorktown had joined the Continental Army, September 14, and the allied forces were encamped at Verplanck's Point on the Hudson. Philipsburg, more correctly Philipse Manor, at what is now Yonkers, New York.
1782, October 10--The post at Dobb's Ferry was designated the official place at which flags of truce and all communications from the enemy must be received.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1782, November--There are no vouchers of expense for this tour to Poughkeepsie now among the Washington Papers. The Hudson was crossed, presumably at Esopus, and Washington was at Kingston, November 16. What the Commander-in-Chief called the western frontier of New York could not, at this time, have been so very far west of Kingston, hardly farther than the Catskill Mountains, as he was again at Newburgh November 19.
1783, March 10--this Sheldon account [probably Thomas Sheldon] dated back to the journey from New Windsor to Wethersfield in May, 1781. It was for the entertainment of the General and suite at Litchfield, Connecticut, probably on the return journey, May 24.
1783, April--The Secretary at War was Benjamin Lincoln, formerly Major-General in the Continental Army. He had been forced to surrender to the British at Charleston, South Carolina, and, as a sort of poetic justice, Washington placed him in charge of the ceremonies of the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Ringwood was in Passaic County, New Jersey, about thirty miles northeast of Morristown. The British prisoners of war were under guard in camps at Frederick, Maryland, Winchester, Virginia, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and a few hundred at Reading, Pennsylvania. The arrangements were to free them as rapidly as possible. The Frederick and Winchester prisoners were to march to either Baltimore or Wilmington, Delaware, there to embark on vessels to be sent for that purpose by Sir Guy Carleton; the Pennsylvania prisoners to embark at Philadelphia or march overland to Elizabethtown, New Jersey, there to be turned over to the British.
1783, May--This interview with the British Commander-in-Chief was at Washington's request and was held at Dobbs's Ferry. The meeting took place May 6, on a British warship in the Hudson River. The contractors for supplying provisions to the army at this date were Daniel Parker & Company. Parker was a New York merchant; he was later appointed by Washington as one of the United States Commissioners to superintend the embarkation of the British at New York City.
Birdsall's was probably Benjamin Birdsall's in the Newburgh precinct.
Washington's quarters during the two days' stay were at Major Johannes Joseph Blauvelt's, at Orangetown.
Apparently Washington returned to Newburgh by water. But it is not known whether he went up the river in one of Captain Pray's guardboats or in his own barge.
DEBIT ENTRIES
This note, made July 1, 1783, after balancing the account that day, related to the accounts which were adjusted and cleared December 4, 1783, on Major Benjamin Tallmadge's voucher. [See under that date.] It is to the credit of the American spies of the Revolution that no claims were made in after years for payment for the valuable services rendered. With the close of the war, the withdrawal of the British troops, and the disbandment of the Continental Army, the matter ended.
DEBIT ENTRIES
Major-General Alexander McDougall. This expenditure for secret services was made while he was in command in the Highlands in 1781.
CREDIT ENTRIES
The depreciation in value of the Continental bills was early and rapid; not the least of the causes of which was the generous counterfeiting of them by the British, who indulged their humor at times by furnishing the Loyalists with counterfeit notes with which they could pay their Continental taxes. A glance at Washington's table is sufficient to show the financial depths to which the currency sank. Congress attempted to stem the tide by establishing a lawful rate of depreciation, a measure as futile as it was economically inane.
DEBIT ENTRIES
Austin's Memorandum Books, two in number, are small paper-covered octavo volumes, dating from July 18, 1775, to April 4, 1776. They contain the daily record of expenditures at Headquarters for food supplies, together with some items of expense of a miscellaneous nature.
DEBIT ENTRIES
The Household Expense Book, kept by Gibbs, is a folio volume dating from July 15, 1776, to November 21, 1780. It shows the daily expenditures at Headquarters for supplies of all kinds, foodstuffs and miscellaneous articles purchased, bills paid for the use of houses for Headquarters, repairs of all kinds, to clothing and accouterments, gratuities to servants, etc., etc.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1783, July 1--Washington submitted his expense account for the entire war to the Continental Board of Treasury on this date and this page duplicates page 96 ante, in accordance with the marginal note thereon. With Mrs. Washington's traveling expenses the Commander-in-Chief's account with the public was closed to date, the balance due Washington being £1972, 9s., 4d.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1782, August 5--The expense account of this Northern Tour is on a folio sheet, in the handwriting of Martha Washington, among the Washington Papers. It is headed "Expences [in which those of Governor Clinton and other gentelmen who accompanied me are included] on a Tour to Crown point to the Northward--and Fort Schuyler and Otsege lake to the westward." The account shows expenses at: Kinder Hook; Cohoes and the ferry near them; the widow Javer, whose bill was £11 4s.; Saratoga, going and returning; tavern at Fort Edward; Fort George, going and returning; carrying place between Lake George and Champlain, where the boats were transported; Crown Point; Putnam's Point; Ticonderoga; Fort Edward; Ball's Town; the tavern five miles from Schenectady--while at Schenectady Washington is said to have stopped at Colonel Henry Glen's; tavern at old Fort Johnson; Fort Rensselaer and German Flats. From various sources it appears that Washington was accompanied on this trip by Governor George Clinton, Brigadier-General Edward Hand, Lieutenant-Colonel David Humphreys, Washington's Aide, Alexander Hamilton, and Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholas Fish, of the 2d New York Regiment.
A rough memorandum, noted as "Cash laid out to the Westward for the family," shows that supplies were purchased in Schenectady from Robert Lewis and Alexander Mercer; an account paid to Mr. Foxes at Fort Herkimer; Dr. Petrie was paid for a horse; Lieutenant Thornton, possibly John Thornton, of Colonel Marinus Willet's regiment of New York levies, for two sheep and butter; a Mrs. Warmmout's bill was £15, Adam Leip's was for horse-keeping, and John B. Van Eps's for ferryage.
1783, August 5--The Deputy Paymaster-General was Jonathan Burrall.
1783, August 22--The expense account of this journey to Princeton where the Continental Congress was then sitting, was kept by Lieutenant-Colonel Benjamin Walker and shows the route to have been: West Point to Tappan, Hackensack, Acquackanonck Ferry, Elizabethtown, Brunswick, and Princeton. At Princeton there is an expense account from a Mr. Winters, from August 23 to 31, showing among other things the purchase of four watermelons on August 27.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1783, October 6--This Trenton account was on the journey back to West Point and is lacking in details of value.
1783, October 9--Christopher Beekman's tavern in Princeton.
1783, November 3--Philip Wamsley, or Walmsley, of New York, a servant who accompanied Washington from West Point to Mount Vernon.
1783, November 10--James Dady, a private in the Guard, to which he had been detailed at Valley Forge in March, 1778. Ebenezer Carleton and Adam Foutz were both members of the Commander-in-Chief's Guard. The extra wages for faithful service to Carleton and Foutz "at Providore" is a pen slip which renders the meaning doubtful. It may be that these two acted as stewards, or as providers, at sundry times and that the gratuity was for the extra services. The assistant in the stable was probably Stephen Amos, a private in the Guard. The name of the Hessian cook appears to have been Renor Baker.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1783, November 14--Lieutenant-Colonel Benjamin Walker's expense account shows the route from Rocky Hill to have been: Brunswick, Elizabethtown, Second River Ferry, Hackensack, Tappan, King's Ferry, and from King's Ferry to West Point by barge.
1783, November 17--The interview with George Clinton at Poughkeepsie was to arrange to take possession of the city of New York on its evacuation by the British.
1783, November 21--The Commander-in-Chief moved down toward New York, on the east side of the Hudson, as the British preparations to evacuate neared completion. Lieutenant-Colonel David Humphreys had been Aide-de-Camp to both Putnam and Greene; he acted as Aide to Washington from June, 1780, to the end of 1783. Congress voted him a sword for his services. His account shows the expenses of the dragoon guard while at Tarrytown as rendered by Sergeant Extine. Lieutenant-Colonel Walker's account shows expenses with the Commander-in-Chief at Pugsby's [Stephen Pugsley's? in Dutchess County], the ferry at Tarrytown, and Hunt's Tavern.
1783, November 21--Joseph Appleby's at Philipse's Manor, New York.
1783, November 26--William Shattuck, of New Hampshire Grants, had been commissioned by Washington to arrest Luke Knoulton, Judge and Town Clerk of Newfane, Vermont. He and Samuel Wells, of Brattleboro, had been ordered arrested by the Continental Congress on the ground that they were carrying on a seditious correspondence with the British. A previous attempt to seize these two men had failed because of a warning, sent to them, it was charged, by Jonathan Arnold, a delegate to the Continental Congress from Rhode Island.
At Samuel Fraunces's Tavern in New York where Washington established his quarters from November 26 to December 4, the expense was £113 1s. 3d., and notes an entertainment given, November 30, at a cost of £35. The selection of Fraunces's Tavern furnished an interesting sidelight upon Washington. Fraunces wrote to the Commander-in-Chief in August, 1783, asking for a certificate of his services to the patriot cause to stop the mouth of calumny. The request complied with August 18, in the form of a letter that, from Washington, was unusual, both in wording and length. Its broad, general acknowledgment of the value of Fraunces's services is such as to justify the idea that Washington had but hearsay knowledge of the matter, were it not for the fact that the length of the document is out of all proportion to the usual terse paragraph which the Commander-in-Chief wrote on such occasions, when he did not indeed decline to make any acknowledgment. The will to oblige Fraunces is plainly evident; but the restraint of expression is equally so. When it is remembered that the tavern-keeper had been in New York City during the entire time of the British occupation, from 1776 to 1783, and that in August, 1783, the British still held possession of the city, the reason for Washington's cautious use of words seems plain. Only the alias under which Fraunces sent secret intelligence is missing. And the last touch is given by Washington making use of the tavern for his lodgings for over a week. Can we say that this tavern was selected because Washington realized the indefinite character of his written certificate? Certainly the patriotism of Samuel Fraunces has never been questioned since December 4, 1783.
1783, December 4--Tallmadge's account finished up the expenses for secret services. It gives only two names in full, I. Jagger and John Cork. The other spies are entered by initials only. The first on the list is I. K., who is paid ten guineas; the next is A. R., who was, as has been before stated, Asher FitzRandolph; S.C., Jr., who was Samuel Culper, Jr., which was an alias; J. D., who may have been John Vandruver; J. H., who may have been John Hendricks; G. S., S. M., and S. W. are the other initials given. Their identities probably will never be known.
1783, December 4--A Spanish doubloon was a gold coin, so called from being double the value of a Spanish pistole; it was worth about eight dollars. A johannes was a gold coin of Portugal, so called from having first been minted in the reign of King John. A half-joe was worth about four dollars and a half.
1783, December 8--Lieutenant-Colonel David Cobb was a surgeon in 1775. He acted as Aide to Washington from June 1781. This account shows the expenses of the Commander-in-Chief on the journey from New York City to Philadelphia. The route was by way of Elizabethtown, Brunswick, Princeton, Trenton, Bristol, Neshaminy Ferry, and Philadelphia.
1783, December 8--It is possible that the £3 paid to the bargemen from New York accounts, to that extent, for the entry of expenditures by the Commander-in-Chief himself. The vouchers show a stay at the City Tavern, Philadelphia,--then managed by Patrick Cunningham,--December 8, and the morning of December 9. On the 8th, there is a charge for dinner to Washington and three other gentlemen and also for fourteen other dinners, which were, of course, for the servants and the retinue. December 9, the account was for fourteen breakfasts. In the city the dragoon escort was stationed at Mrs. Mary Robinson's on Seventh Street. Her account shows that the escort consisted of nine dragoons.
1783, December 8--Bezaleel Howe was Captain in the 1st New Hampshire Regiment. He had been wounded at Stillwater and was detailed to the Commander-in-Chief's Guard at Newburgh, September 5, 1783. He transported Washington's papers and heavy baggage to Mount Vernon from the last Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, leaving that place, November 9.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1783, December 13--Washington was in Philadelphia in attendance on the Continental Congress and submitted his account on this date for the preceding six months. The two pages of accounts that follow show the very last items of the public expenses of the Commander-in-Chief, the settlement of which, by a Treasury warrant, was not noted by Washington in this record.
DEBIT ENTRIES
1783, December 13--Among Washington's accounts during his stay in Philadelphia is one of Jacob Hiltzheimer for stabling horses from December 9 to December 14; one of Henry Moses, for saddlery and leather work, December 14; and one of Thomas Craig, December 15, for the board and lodging of five servants.
1783, December 23--General George Washington resigned his commission, as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, to the Continental Congress, at Annapolis, Maryland.
1783, December 27--Lieutenant-Colonel Walker's account for the traveling expenses from Philadelphia to Annapolis shows the route taken to have been by way of Chester, Wilmington, Head of Elk, Susquehannah Ferry, Bush Town, Leggit's, Baltimore, Mrs. Urquehart's, and Annapolis. From Annapolis to Mount Vernon he went by way of South River Ferry, with no mention of specific places beyond that point. This statement of 149 60/90 Dollars is reckoned in Pennsylvania currency which had been made the basis of value by Congress while sitting in Philadelphia. The Spanish milled dollar was equivalent to 7s. 6d., or 90 pence, Pennsylvania currency, so that a Pennsylvania penny was considered one-ninetieth of a dollar.
1783, December 28--Humphreys had to return to Connecticut, Cobb to Massachusetts, and Walker to New York. Washington was home at Mount Vernon on Christmas Day, 1783.
When Washington's accounts were finally settled, the skilled accountants of the Treasury found that there was a discrepancy of 89/90 of one dollar more due to Washington than his accounts showed. James Milligan, then Comptroller of the Treasury, indulged in a most unusual proceeding when he drew off the totals from the Treasury books and transmitted them to Washington. Impelled by the enthusiasm of the trained accountant he paid the tribute of professional admiration to the remarkable accuracy and precision shown in keeping straight a record of a complicated mass of accounts through a period of eight stormy and trying years. In his letter of January 13, 1784, transmitting this r`esum`e of accounts, Milligan wrote: "As all accounts when liquidated are regularly entered in the Treasury Books, and the original papers carefully filed, it is not deemed necessary, for Accountants to receive any official papers, unless a Warrant for the balance, if any due; But your Excellency having in your Accounts, clearly displayed that degree of Candor & truth, and that attention you have constantly paid to every denomination of Civil Establishments, which invariably distinguish all your actions. I could not resist the inclination I felt, of transmitting you these papers, in hopes it may prove a matter of some satisfaction to you."